{"id": "pubmed23n0024_0", "title": "The role of myocardial ischemia in pacing-induced elevation of arterial pressure.", "content": "One hundred sixteen patients with suspected or proven coronary arterial disease underwent rapid atrial pacing until the occurrence of pain in the chest or a heart rate of at least 160 beats per minute. Significant elevation of arterial systolic pressure of 25 percent or more above control was observed in 17 patients. Each of these patients had significant coronary arterial disease shown by coronary arteriographic studies. During rapid atrial pacing, each of these 17 patients had pain in the chest and ST-segment changes suggesting ischemia, and 15 had abnormal (less than 10 percent) extraction of myocardial lactate. In the 99 patients who did not have increased arterial systolic pressure during rapid atrial pacing, the frequencies of coronary arterial disease, ischemic ST-segment changes, and abnormal extraction of lactate during rapid atrial pacing were significantly (P less than 0.05) less. Increased arterial systolic pressure during rapid atrial pacing appears to be highly indicative of coronary arterial disease and myocardial ischemia. We suggest that myocardial ischemia may, under certain circumstances, be responsible for short-term increases in arterial pressure.", "contents": "The role of myocardial ischemia in pacing-induced elevation of arterial pressure. One hundred sixteen patients with suspected or proven coronary arterial disease underwent rapid atrial pacing until the occurrence of pain in the chest or a heart rate of at least 160 beats per minute. Significant elevation of arterial systolic pressure of 25 percent or more above control was observed in 17 patients. Each of these patients had significant coronary arterial disease shown by coronary arteriographic studies. During rapid atrial pacing, each of these 17 patients had pain in the chest and ST-segment changes suggesting ischemia, and 15 had abnormal (less than 10 percent) extraction of myocardial lactate. In the 99 patients who did not have increased arterial systolic pressure during rapid atrial pacing, the frequencies of coronary arterial disease, ischemic ST-segment changes, and abnormal extraction of lactate during rapid atrial pacing were significantly (P less than 0.05) less. Increased arterial systolic pressure during rapid atrial pacing appears to be highly indicative of coronary arterial disease and myocardial ischemia. We suggest that myocardial ischemia may, under certain circumstances, be responsible for short-term increases in arterial pressure.", "PMID": 699647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1", "title": "Thoracoscopy: technique and results in eighteen patients with pleural effusion.", "content": "Eighteen patients with pleural effusion were examined. Nine patients had malignant neoplasm and in one the pleura was diffusely involved. Nine patients had pleural effusion of inflammatory origin. One of these was due to tuberculosis, one to trichinosis and the other seven were nonspecific. Thoracotomy in three of these seven failed to add additional information. All patients tolerated pneumothorax well with equilibration of pleural space and atmospheric pressure.", "contents": "Thoracoscopy: technique and results in eighteen patients with pleural effusion. Eighteen patients with pleural effusion were examined. Nine patients had malignant neoplasm and in one the pleura was diffusely involved. Nine patients had pleural effusion of inflammatory origin. One of these was due to tuberculosis, one to trichinosis and the other seven were nonspecific. Thoracotomy in three of these seven failed to add additional information. All patients tolerated pneumothorax well with equilibration of pleural space and atmospheric pressure.", "PMID": 699648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2", "title": "Perplexing pleural effusion.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients with perplexing pleural effusion were studied to determine clinical outcome. The value of performing pleuroscopic examination or open pleural biopsy (or both) in search of a diagnosis was assessed. After a mean follow-up period of six months, a diagnosis was reached in 16 patients, while 11 patients had no diagnosis after a mean follow-up period of 24 months. The causes for the effusions were neoplasm (eight patients), tuberculosis (one patient), blastomycosis (one patient), systemic lupus erythematosus (one patient), pulmonary infarction (two patients), and fractures of the ribs (three patients). The diagnosis was made by pleuroscopic examination or open biopsy in five patients, by autopsy in four, and by long-term follow-up studies in seven patients. When neoplasm or granulomatous disease was not suspected before surgery, pleuroscopic examination or open biopsy or both were nondiagnostic. These data support a policy of selecting patients for these procedures when a presumptive diagnosis of neoplasm or granulomatous disease is made but cannot be confirmed by less invasive methods. When the clinical data are too nonspecific to formulate a meaningful clinical impression, a more conservative approach is recommended.", "contents": "Perplexing pleural effusion. Twenty-seven patients with perplexing pleural effusion were studied to determine clinical outcome. The value of performing pleuroscopic examination or open pleural biopsy (or both) in search of a diagnosis was assessed. After a mean follow-up period of six months, a diagnosis was reached in 16 patients, while 11 patients had no diagnosis after a mean follow-up period of 24 months. The causes for the effusions were neoplasm (eight patients), tuberculosis (one patient), blastomycosis (one patient), systemic lupus erythematosus (one patient), pulmonary infarction (two patients), and fractures of the ribs (three patients). The diagnosis was made by pleuroscopic examination or open biopsy in five patients, by autopsy in four, and by long-term follow-up studies in seven patients. When neoplasm or granulomatous disease was not suspected before surgery, pleuroscopic examination or open biopsy or both were nondiagnostic. These data support a policy of selecting patients for these procedures when a presumptive diagnosis of neoplasm or granulomatous disease is made but cannot be confirmed by less invasive methods. When the clinical data are too nonspecific to formulate a meaningful clinical impression, a more conservative approach is recommended.", "PMID": 699649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3", "title": "Detection of ventricular ectopy in patients with coronary heart disease and normal subjects by exercise testing and ambulatory electrocardiography.", "content": "Maximal exercise testing and 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic recording (Holter monitor) were utilized in the detection of ventricular ectopy in 90 patients with stable chronic coronary heart disease and in 30 normal subjects. Although the occurrence of any ventricular ectopic activity, as detected by either or both methods, was common, the incidence was significantly higher (P less than 0.001) in patients with coronary heart disease (86 percent; 77/90), as compared to that in normal subjects (40 percent; 12/30). Ventricular arrhythmia was more frequently detected by the 24-hour continuous electrocardiographic recording, being found in 70 of the 90 patients with coronary heart disease and in ten of the 30 normal subjects. In comparison, exercise testing disclosed ventricular ectopy in 56 of the 90 patients with coronary heart disease and in two of the 30 normal subjects. Multiform and repetitive patterns of ventricular ectopy were detected twice as commonly by continuous electrocardiographic recording than with exercise testing, and these patterns were present in one-half of the patients with coronary heart disease. Both methods of examination adjunctively disclosed more ventricular ectopy than either method alone.", "contents": "Detection of ventricular ectopy in patients with coronary heart disease and normal subjects by exercise testing and ambulatory electrocardiography. Maximal exercise testing and 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic recording (Holter monitor) were utilized in the detection of ventricular ectopy in 90 patients with stable chronic coronary heart disease and in 30 normal subjects. Although the occurrence of any ventricular ectopic activity, as detected by either or both methods, was common, the incidence was significantly higher (P less than 0.001) in patients with coronary heart disease (86 percent; 77/90), as compared to that in normal subjects (40 percent; 12/30). Ventricular arrhythmia was more frequently detected by the 24-hour continuous electrocardiographic recording, being found in 70 of the 90 patients with coronary heart disease and in ten of the 30 normal subjects. In comparison, exercise testing disclosed ventricular ectopy in 56 of the 90 patients with coronary heart disease and in two of the 30 normal subjects. Multiform and repetitive patterns of ventricular ectopy were detected twice as commonly by continuous electrocardiographic recording than with exercise testing, and these patterns were present in one-half of the patients with coronary heart disease. Both methods of examination adjunctively disclosed more ventricular ectopy than either method alone.", "PMID": 699651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4", "title": "Diastolic rumbles with porcine heterograft prosthesis in the atrioventricular position. Normal or abnormal prosthesis?", "content": "Three patients with porcine atrioventricular valves (two mitral, one tricuspid) with diastolic rumbles and presystolic murmurs are presented. Full hemodynamic and angiographic studies demonstrated moderate to severe prosthetic stenosis, even in the one patient who was minimally symptomatic. Diastolic murmurs across atrioventricular porcine heterografts indicate prosthetic stenosis until proved otherwise by full hemodynamic and angiographic studies. If the studies indicate normal function of the device and calculated prosthetic valve area that is small for the patient, then it must be recognized that the device is hemodynamically \"stenotic\" for that particular patient (valve prosthesis--patient mismatch).", "contents": "Diastolic rumbles with porcine heterograft prosthesis in the atrioventricular position. Normal or abnormal prosthesis? Three patients with porcine atrioventricular valves (two mitral, one tricuspid) with diastolic rumbles and presystolic murmurs are presented. Full hemodynamic and angiographic studies demonstrated moderate to severe prosthetic stenosis, even in the one patient who was minimally symptomatic. Diastolic murmurs across atrioventricular porcine heterografts indicate prosthetic stenosis until proved otherwise by full hemodynamic and angiographic studies. If the studies indicate normal function of the device and calculated prosthetic valve area that is small for the patient, then it must be recognized that the device is hemodynamically \"stenotic\" for that particular patient (valve prosthesis--patient mismatch).", "PMID": 699652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5", "title": "Myocardial involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. A noninvasive study of left ventricular function.", "content": "A relatively high incidence of heart failure is noted among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) without clearly defined clinical causes. To evaluate left ventricular performance in patients with SLE without evidence of cardiovascular disease, noninvasive measurement of the systolic time intervals was carried out. Simultaneous recording of the electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram and carotid arterial pulsation were obtained in 25 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and compared with 22 normal subjects. The patients with SLE had a shorter left ventricular ejection time (P less than 0.05), a longer pre-ejection period (P less than 0.02) and an increased ratio of pre-ejection period/left ventricular ejection time (P less than 0.005). These abnormalities on ventricular function were independent of age, duration of the disease, hypertension, renal involvement, anemia, immunologic activity and corticosteroid treatment. Several etiologic possibilities are discussed and the clinical usefulness of this method to detect and follow-up the cardiac dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus is emphasized.", "contents": "Myocardial involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. A noninvasive study of left ventricular function. A relatively high incidence of heart failure is noted among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) without clearly defined clinical causes. To evaluate left ventricular performance in patients with SLE without evidence of cardiovascular disease, noninvasive measurement of the systolic time intervals was carried out. Simultaneous recording of the electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram and carotid arterial pulsation were obtained in 25 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and compared with 22 normal subjects. The patients with SLE had a shorter left ventricular ejection time (P less than 0.05), a longer pre-ejection period (P less than 0.02) and an increased ratio of pre-ejection period/left ventricular ejection time (P less than 0.005). These abnormalities on ventricular function were independent of age, duration of the disease, hypertension, renal involvement, anemia, immunologic activity and corticosteroid treatment. Several etiologic possibilities are discussed and the clinical usefulness of this method to detect and follow-up the cardiac dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus is emphasized.", "PMID": 699653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6", "title": "An effect of paraquat on the lungs of rabbits. Its implications in smoking contaminated marihuana.", "content": "Thirty-six rabbits received the herbicide, paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridylium dichloride), by selective intrabronchial instillation in doses ranging from 0.1 gm to 1 pg. Sixteen additional rabbits were given paraquat dichloride (25 mg/kg of body weight) intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, intravenously, or orally. The lung of the rabbit proved to be highly sensitive to paraquat administered by intrabronchial deposition, moderately sensitive to intravenously administered paraquat, and resistant to the chemical when given intraperitoneally or subcutaneously. One picogram of paraquat dichloride delivered by bronchial catheter produced a 1.0-mm pulmonary lesion consisting of focal hemorrhage, congestion of capillaries, intra-alveolar macrophages, and moderate thickening of the alveolar septa. This finding suggests that pulmonary damage could potentially result from smoking marihuana that has been sprayed with paraquat.", "contents": "An effect of paraquat on the lungs of rabbits. Its implications in smoking contaminated marihuana. Thirty-six rabbits received the herbicide, paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridylium dichloride), by selective intrabronchial instillation in doses ranging from 0.1 gm to 1 pg. Sixteen additional rabbits were given paraquat dichloride (25 mg/kg of body weight) intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, intravenously, or orally. The lung of the rabbit proved to be highly sensitive to paraquat administered by intrabronchial deposition, moderately sensitive to intravenously administered paraquat, and resistant to the chemical when given intraperitoneally or subcutaneously. One picogram of paraquat dichloride delivered by bronchial catheter produced a 1.0-mm pulmonary lesion consisting of focal hemorrhage, congestion of capillaries, intra-alveolar macrophages, and moderate thickening of the alveolar septa. This finding suggests that pulmonary damage could potentially result from smoking marihuana that has been sprayed with paraquat.", "PMID": 699654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7", "title": "Correlation of biochemical and morphologic manifestations of acute pulmonary fibrosis in rats administered paraquat.", "content": "Rats were administered 24 mg/kg of paraquat intraperitoneally. One, two, three, six and seven days after this injection, the rats were evaluated by several toxicologic, biochemical, and morphologic criteria. These included determinations of weight loss, visible lung hemorrhage, pulmonary edema, in vitro protein and collagen biosynthesis rates of lung tissue, and staining properties of lung sections. Morphologic evidence of mild edema was seen at day 1, while more severe edema was observed at days 2 through 7. Weight loss was apparent from day 1 throughout the experiment. In vitro protein biosynthesis rates by tissue were elevated above control values from day 3 onwards, while collagen biosynthesis rates were elevated from day 2 onwards. Increased staining with the Gomori reagent was observed from day 1, while increased staining with van Gieson's or Masson's trichrome appeared by day 2 or 3.", "contents": "Correlation of biochemical and morphologic manifestations of acute pulmonary fibrosis in rats administered paraquat. Rats were administered 24 mg/kg of paraquat intraperitoneally. One, two, three, six and seven days after this injection, the rats were evaluated by several toxicologic, biochemical, and morphologic criteria. These included determinations of weight loss, visible lung hemorrhage, pulmonary edema, in vitro protein and collagen biosynthesis rates of lung tissue, and staining properties of lung sections. Morphologic evidence of mild edema was seen at day 1, while more severe edema was observed at days 2 through 7. Weight loss was apparent from day 1 throughout the experiment. In vitro protein biosynthesis rates by tissue were elevated above control values from day 3 onwards, while collagen biosynthesis rates were elevated from day 2 onwards. Increased staining with the Gomori reagent was observed from day 1, while increased staining with van Gieson's or Masson's trichrome appeared by day 2 or 3.", "PMID": 699655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8", "title": "Dynamic tricuspid valve insufficiency produced by a right ventricular thrombus from a pacemaker.", "content": "Acquired tricuspid valve incompetence was caused by a mobile thrombus attached to a permanent right ventricular endocardial electrode wire. The rarity of this complication is noted and the importance of its consideration in the proper setting is stressed. Diagnosis was made by angiography and confirmed at surgery.", "contents": "Dynamic tricuspid valve insufficiency produced by a right ventricular thrombus from a pacemaker. Acquired tricuspid valve incompetence was caused by a mobile thrombus attached to a permanent right ventricular endocardial electrode wire. The rarity of this complication is noted and the importance of its consideration in the proper setting is stressed. Diagnosis was made by angiography and confirmed at surgery.", "PMID": 699661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9", "title": "Chylous reflux syndrome involving the pericardium and lung.", "content": "A ten-year-old boy with symptom-free pulmonary interstitial edema and pericardial effusion was found to have a chylous reflux syndrome involving the pericardium and lung. Evidence suggests that unlike patients with isolated primary chylopericardium in whom pericardial window and/or ligation of the thoracic duct is curative, those with chylous reflux should be managed medically since the morbidity and mortality of surgical treatment is high in this syndrome.", "contents": "Chylous reflux syndrome involving the pericardium and lung. A ten-year-old boy with symptom-free pulmonary interstitial edema and pericardial effusion was found to have a chylous reflux syndrome involving the pericardium and lung. Evidence suggests that unlike patients with isolated primary chylopericardium in whom pericardial window and/or ligation of the thoracic duct is curative, those with chylous reflux should be managed medically since the morbidity and mortality of surgical treatment is high in this syndrome.", "PMID": 699662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10", "title": "Trifascicular and complete heart block with anterior myocardial infarction. Electrocardiographic patterns and long-term medical management.", "content": "A 45-year-old man exhibited various patterns of delay in trifascicular conduction, culminating in complete heart block during acute myocardial infarction. A temporary pacemaker was utilized for the short period of heart block. Delay in ventricular conduction subsided, and the patient refused implantation of a permanent pacemaker. Ventricular irritability, which was detected eight months later, was suppressed with administration of digitalis, guided by testing with acetylstrophanthidin. Neither heart block nor delay in ventricular conduction recurred during 43 months after the infarction. In certain patients with heart block complicating anterior myocardial infarction, long-term prognosis may be dictated by coronary and myocardial residual function, rather than by the hazard of recurrent heart block.", "contents": "Trifascicular and complete heart block with anterior myocardial infarction. Electrocardiographic patterns and long-term medical management. A 45-year-old man exhibited various patterns of delay in trifascicular conduction, culminating in complete heart block during acute myocardial infarction. A temporary pacemaker was utilized for the short period of heart block. Delay in ventricular conduction subsided, and the patient refused implantation of a permanent pacemaker. Ventricular irritability, which was detected eight months later, was suppressed with administration of digitalis, guided by testing with acetylstrophanthidin. Neither heart block nor delay in ventricular conduction recurred during 43 months after the infarction. In certain patients with heart block complicating anterior myocardial infarction, long-term prognosis may be dictated by coronary and myocardial residual function, rather than by the hazard of recurrent heart block.", "PMID": 699663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11", "title": "Papillomas of the tracheobronchial tree with malignant degeneration.", "content": "Papillomas are rare tumors of the respiratory tract, which are usually considered benign. We studied a male patient with adult onset of squamous papillomatosis involving both the trachea and the bronchi, with malignant degeneration. When we obtained specimens bronchoscopically, only the bronchial lesions showed carcinomatous changes. Thoracotomy demonstrated carcinoma in the tracheal lesion as well. We conclude that transbronchoscopic biopsy may be inadequate in the evaluation of papillomatosis.", "contents": "Papillomas of the tracheobronchial tree with malignant degeneration. Papillomas are rare tumors of the respiratory tract, which are usually considered benign. We studied a male patient with adult onset of squamous papillomatosis involving both the trachea and the bronchi, with malignant degeneration. When we obtained specimens bronchoscopically, only the bronchial lesions showed carcinomatous changes. Thoracotomy demonstrated carcinoma in the tracheal lesion as well. We conclude that transbronchoscopic biopsy may be inadequate in the evaluation of papillomatosis.", "PMID": 699664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12", "title": "Aortic valve replacement for ochronosis of the aortic valve.", "content": "A patient with generalized ochronosis developed severe cardiovascular symptoms related to ochronotic deposits on the aortic valve and in the coronary arteries. A transvalvular gradient of 100 mm Hg and obstruction of the left anterior descending coronary artery were found by catheterization. Aortic valvular replacement and aortocoronary bypass were performed successfully, and the patient has been well two years since operation. This represented the first reported case of aortic valve replacement for this rare metabolic condition. With increased mobility of these patients due to aggressive orthopedic joint treatment, more patients with this syndrome may require surgery for cardiovascular symptoms.", "contents": "Aortic valve replacement for ochronosis of the aortic valve. A patient with generalized ochronosis developed severe cardiovascular symptoms related to ochronotic deposits on the aortic valve and in the coronary arteries. A transvalvular gradient of 100 mm Hg and obstruction of the left anterior descending coronary artery were found by catheterization. Aortic valvular replacement and aortocoronary bypass were performed successfully, and the patient has been well two years since operation. This represented the first reported case of aortic valve replacement for this rare metabolic condition. With increased mobility of these patients due to aggressive orthopedic joint treatment, more patients with this syndrome may require surgery for cardiovascular symptoms.", "PMID": 699665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_13", "title": "Electrocardiographic changes in concussion.", "content": "A patient is described in whom electrocardiographic changes simulating acute nontransmural myocardial infarction occurred in association with head trauma. Despite extensive noninvasive investigation, including computerized axial tomography and myocardial scanning, no acute structural central nervous system or cardiac abnormality could be detected. A review of the literature failed to reveal a similar case of these electrocardiographic changes occurring in the absence of organic brain or cardiac pathology.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic changes in concussion. A patient is described in whom electrocardiographic changes simulating acute nontransmural myocardial infarction occurred in association with head trauma. Despite extensive noninvasive investigation, including computerized axial tomography and myocardial scanning, no acute structural central nervous system or cardiac abnormality could be detected. A review of the literature failed to reveal a similar case of these electrocardiographic changes occurring in the absence of organic brain or cardiac pathology.", "PMID": 699666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_14", "title": "Streptomycin pharmacokinetics in malnutrition.", "content": "Pharmacokinetic parameters of streptomycin such as plasma concentration, plasma half-life, urinary excretion, and in vitro and in vivo binding to plasma proteins were studied in undernourished and well-nourished individuals. None of the parameters studied were different in undernourished subjects as compared to those in well-nourished, in spite of significant differences in mean albumin values between the two groups. This may be attributed to unaltered protein binding of the drug in undernourished subjects in spite of low serum albumin levels, since streptomycin binds to globulins, in addition to albumin.", "contents": "Streptomycin pharmacokinetics in malnutrition. Pharmacokinetic parameters of streptomycin such as plasma concentration, plasma half-life, urinary excretion, and in vitro and in vivo binding to plasma proteins were studied in undernourished and well-nourished individuals. None of the parameters studied were different in undernourished subjects as compared to those in well-nourished, in spite of significant differences in mean albumin values between the two groups. This may be attributed to unaltered protein binding of the drug in undernourished subjects in spite of low serum albumin levels, since streptomycin binds to globulins, in addition to albumin.", "PMID": 699674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_15", "title": "Combined antiviral effect of DNA inhibitors on adenovirus multiplication.", "content": "9 purine or pyrimidine analogues or other inhibitors of DNA synthesis were studied on their single and combined inhibitory effect on the multiplication of adenovirus 9--15 in HeLa cell cultures. The criterium of inhibition was the total suppression of the formation of infectious virus. Inhibiting concentrations were derived from isobolograms. 34 of 36 drug pairs acted in a synergistic manner, one pair showed additive and one no interaction.", "contents": "Combined antiviral effect of DNA inhibitors on adenovirus multiplication. 9 purine or pyrimidine analogues or other inhibitors of DNA synthesis were studied on their single and combined inhibitory effect on the multiplication of adenovirus 9--15 in HeLa cell cultures. The criterium of inhibition was the total suppression of the formation of infectious virus. Inhibiting concentrations were derived from isobolograms. 34 of 36 drug pairs acted in a synergistic manner, one pair showed additive and one no interaction.", "PMID": 699675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_16", "title": "In vitro antibiotic sensitivity of Moraxella species.", "content": "Minimal inhibitory concentrations of 17 antibacterial agents for 34 Moraxella strains were determined using a plate dilution method. A strain of Moraxella nonliquefaciens was found which produced beta-lactamase and was resistant to ampicillin and carbenicillin but not to cephalothin. Several strains were relatively resistant to erythromycin and sulfisoxazole. Disk sensitivity tests could be used to reliably predict penicillin and erythromycin resistance but not sulfisoxazole resistance.", "contents": "In vitro antibiotic sensitivity of Moraxella species. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of 17 antibacterial agents for 34 Moraxella strains were determined using a plate dilution method. A strain of Moraxella nonliquefaciens was found which produced beta-lactamase and was resistant to ampicillin and carbenicillin but not to cephalothin. Several strains were relatively resistant to erythromycin and sulfisoxazole. Disk sensitivity tests could be used to reliably predict penicillin and erythromycin resistance but not sulfisoxazole resistance.", "PMID": 699676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_17", "title": "In vitro comparison of the antifungal activities of R34,000, miconazole and amphotericin B.", "content": "In vitro susceptibilities of 78 isolates of pathogenic filamentous fungi to the imidazole compounds R34,000 and miconazole and to amphotericin B were determined using an agar dilution technique. Allescheria boydii, Sporothrix schenckii and the dematiaceous fungi (Cladosporium, Fonsecaea and Phialophora spp.) were most susceptible to miconazole with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from less than or equal to 0.25 to 32 microgram/ml and with geometric mean MIC (G-MIC) values of 0.56-1.24 microgram/ml. Isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus were more susceptible to amphotericin B and miconazole than to R34,000 with G-MIC values of 1.20 and 3.48 microgram/ml, respectively. Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis were highly susceptible to all three drugs (G-MICs greater than 1 microgram/ml); R34,000 was the most active of the three compounds against C. immitis (G-MIC = 0.44 microgram/ml).", "contents": "In vitro comparison of the antifungal activities of R34,000, miconazole and amphotericin B. In vitro susceptibilities of 78 isolates of pathogenic filamentous fungi to the imidazole compounds R34,000 and miconazole and to amphotericin B were determined using an agar dilution technique. Allescheria boydii, Sporothrix schenckii and the dematiaceous fungi (Cladosporium, Fonsecaea and Phialophora spp.) were most susceptible to miconazole with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from less than or equal to 0.25 to 32 microgram/ml and with geometric mean MIC (G-MIC) values of 0.56-1.24 microgram/ml. Isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus were more susceptible to amphotericin B and miconazole than to R34,000 with G-MIC values of 1.20 and 3.48 microgram/ml, respectively. Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis were highly susceptible to all three drugs (G-MICs greater than 1 microgram/ml); R34,000 was the most active of the three compounds against C. immitis (G-MIC = 0.44 microgram/ml).", "PMID": 699677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_18", "title": "Combined effect of procarbazine and ionizing radiation on mouse jejunal crypts.", "content": "The interaction between procarbazine and gamma-radiation on animal survival and on cell proliferation in the jejunum of the mouse was investigated. Procarbazine (501 mg/kg) injected intraperitoneally enhanced the effect of the gastrointestinal radiation syndrome in whole-body lethality studies by reducing the 7-day LD50 by 269 rads. Similar lethality responses were noted whether the drug was administered immediately before or after irradiation. In a series of temporal response studies, 501 mg/kg procarbazine injected intraperitoneally affected intestinal crypt cell proliferative activity in a manner similar to the effect of 1,000 rads of gamma-radiation, by an increase to above-normal proliferative activity. The indices of proliferative activity employed were tritiated thymidine activity per milligram intestine, tritiated thymidine activity per crypt, labeled nuclei per crypt, and mitotic figures per crypt. When procarbazine was injected 15 min prior to irradiation, the crypt cell proliferative activity decreased but never recovered, thus indicating an enhanced response with combined treatment.", "contents": "Combined effect of procarbazine and ionizing radiation on mouse jejunal crypts. The interaction between procarbazine and gamma-radiation on animal survival and on cell proliferation in the jejunum of the mouse was investigated. Procarbazine (501 mg/kg) injected intraperitoneally enhanced the effect of the gastrointestinal radiation syndrome in whole-body lethality studies by reducing the 7-day LD50 by 269 rads. Similar lethality responses were noted whether the drug was administered immediately before or after irradiation. In a series of temporal response studies, 501 mg/kg procarbazine injected intraperitoneally affected intestinal crypt cell proliferative activity in a manner similar to the effect of 1,000 rads of gamma-radiation, by an increase to above-normal proliferative activity. The indices of proliferative activity employed were tritiated thymidine activity per milligram intestine, tritiated thymidine activity per crypt, labeled nuclei per crypt, and mitotic figures per crypt. When procarbazine was injected 15 min prior to irradiation, the crypt cell proliferative activity decreased but never recovered, thus indicating an enhanced response with combined treatment.", "PMID": 699678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_19", "title": "Fate of patients 1--6 years after operation on account of coronary artery disease.", "content": "The authors analyzed the fate of 234 patients 1--6 years after operation of the coronary arteries. In the majority of patients they recorded alleviation of complaints and improved physical performance. Part of the patients resumed employment. Successful revascularization of the heart muscle improved the mechanical function of the left ventricle. Indirect comparisons suggest that the number of patients who survived late myocardial infarction and late mortality are lower in operated patients than in similar patients treated only conservatively. Final evaluation of all possible methods of surgical treatment of the coronary arteries will call for further work. The experience as regards indications, surgical tactics and techniques in postoperative care assembled during the past period improve fundamentally the immediate results of surgical treatment of coronary artery disease and this must be manifested also in the subsequent fate of these patients.", "contents": "Fate of patients 1--6 years after operation on account of coronary artery disease. The authors analyzed the fate of 234 patients 1--6 years after operation of the coronary arteries. In the majority of patients they recorded alleviation of complaints and improved physical performance. Part of the patients resumed employment. Successful revascularization of the heart muscle improved the mechanical function of the left ventricle. Indirect comparisons suggest that the number of patients who survived late myocardial infarction and late mortality are lower in operated patients than in similar patients treated only conservatively. Final evaluation of all possible methods of surgical treatment of the coronary arteries will call for further work. The experience as regards indications, surgical tactics and techniques in postoperative care assembled during the past period improve fundamentally the immediate results of surgical treatment of coronary artery disease and this must be manifested also in the subsequent fate of these patients.", "PMID": 699711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_20", "title": "Aimed sympathetic denervation of the heart.", "content": "The authors describe various denervation operations, and based on their findings, propose their own method of aimed sympathetic denervation of the heart. The results assembled in acute and chronic experiments on dogs indicate that by this operation the sympathetic activation of the heart during adequate physical strain is suppressed; this does not occur, however, in complete ischaemia of the brain. Vagus innervation of the heart is also preserved and thus also the parasympathetic regulation of its rhythm. The authors discuss the importance of aimed sympathetic denervation of the heart for the surgical treatment of ischaemic heart disease.", "contents": "Aimed sympathetic denervation of the heart. The authors describe various denervation operations, and based on their findings, propose their own method of aimed sympathetic denervation of the heart. The results assembled in acute and chronic experiments on dogs indicate that by this operation the sympathetic activation of the heart during adequate physical strain is suppressed; this does not occur, however, in complete ischaemia of the brain. Vagus innervation of the heart is also preserved and thus also the parasympathetic regulation of its rhythm. The authors discuss the importance of aimed sympathetic denervation of the heart for the surgical treatment of ischaemic heart disease.", "PMID": 699712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_21", "title": "Effect of blood flow on the fate of venous grafts in the arterial circulation.", "content": "The paper deals experimentally with the influence of the blood flow on the long-term fate of venous grafts in the arterial circulation. Based on the results of experiments, and applying the laws of haemodynamics, the paper provides evidence that the blood flow has a decisive influence on the behavior of the implanted vein. Veins with a mean flow of 364.5 ml/min, dilate by 70% while the external diameter of veins with a mean flow of 65.4 ml/min. remain without major changes. This difference in the behaviour is statistically significant at the 1% level. From the results ensues that the vein is suited for reconstructions where a blood flow of 50--200 ml/min. may be expected.", "contents": "Effect of blood flow on the fate of venous grafts in the arterial circulation. The paper deals experimentally with the influence of the blood flow on the long-term fate of venous grafts in the arterial circulation. Based on the results of experiments, and applying the laws of haemodynamics, the paper provides evidence that the blood flow has a decisive influence on the behavior of the implanted vein. Veins with a mean flow of 364.5 ml/min, dilate by 70% while the external diameter of veins with a mean flow of 65.4 ml/min. remain without major changes. This difference in the behaviour is statistically significant at the 1% level. From the results ensues that the vein is suited for reconstructions where a blood flow of 50--200 ml/min. may be expected.", "PMID": 699714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_22", "title": "Amino acid metabolism in the heart muscle in subjects with ischaemic heart disease at rest and during pacing.", "content": "In nine patients with ischaemic heart disease at rest and during pacing differences of free plasma amino acids, lactate, ammonia and uric acid between arterial blood and blood in the coronary sinus (a-cs differences) were investigated. At rest one single significant difference was found, i.e. a positive a-cs difference in aspartate. During pacing significant positive differences were recorded in aspartate, glutamate, leucine and isoleucine and significant negative a-cs differences in cystine-cysteine, glutamine and aspartic acid and in alanine. Among the correlations between a-cs differences the negative relationship between lactate and alanine and the negative correlation between cystine-cysteine and leucine, isoleucine and glutamine is significant. There is a positive relationship between the a-cs difference of alanine and glutamine and between the differences of leucine, isoleucine and glutamate. The a-cs differences of ammonia and uric acid correlate negatively.", "contents": "Amino acid metabolism in the heart muscle in subjects with ischaemic heart disease at rest and during pacing. In nine patients with ischaemic heart disease at rest and during pacing differences of free plasma amino acids, lactate, ammonia and uric acid between arterial blood and blood in the coronary sinus (a-cs differences) were investigated. At rest one single significant difference was found, i.e. a positive a-cs difference in aspartate. During pacing significant positive differences were recorded in aspartate, glutamate, leucine and isoleucine and significant negative a-cs differences in cystine-cysteine, glutamine and aspartic acid and in alanine. Among the correlations between a-cs differences the negative relationship between lactate and alanine and the negative correlation between cystine-cysteine and leucine, isoleucine and glutamine is significant. There is a positive relationship between the a-cs difference of alanine and glutamine and between the differences of leucine, isoleucine and glutamate. The a-cs differences of ammonia and uric acid correlate negatively.", "PMID": 699715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_23", "title": "'Chemical' splenectomy and the number of haematopoietic stem cells.", "content": "In mice subjected to chemical splenectomy by means of ethyl palmitate the number of CFU-S and CFU-C in bone marrow and spleen was assessed. In the bone marrow of chemically splenectomized mice a rise of CFU-S as well as CFU-C was found. In the spleen of mice after chemical splenectomy the number of CFU-S was reduced, while the number of CFU-C was elevated.", "contents": "'Chemical' splenectomy and the number of haematopoietic stem cells. In mice subjected to chemical splenectomy by means of ethyl palmitate the number of CFU-S and CFU-C in bone marrow and spleen was assessed. In the bone marrow of chemically splenectomized mice a rise of CFU-S as well as CFU-C was found. In the spleen of mice after chemical splenectomy the number of CFU-S was reduced, while the number of CFU-C was elevated.", "PMID": 699716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_24", "title": "Nucleoli in lymphocytes of the peripheral blood in Hodgkin's disease: I. Changes in the course of the disease.", "content": "The authors examined systematically for three years in 38 patients with Hodgkin lymphomas the diagnostic value of nucleoli in lymphocytes of peripheral blood. A total of 241 examinations were made of 23 variables of the lymphocytic nucleolar test and other haematological values. Twelve healthy persons were subjected to the same examinations five times in two-week intervals. In untreated patients the authors proved in particular the diagnostically significant increase in the number of active nucleoli and micronucleoli, the elevated red cell sedimentation rate, the decline of lymphocytes in peripheral blood, uninucleolar lymphocytes and ring-shaped forms of nucleoli. These changes were potentiated in relapse and stagnate in remission of the disease. The authors introduced a new indicator--the percentage increase of red cell sedimentation after the second hour which is one of the most sensitive of the investigated variables.", "contents": "Nucleoli in lymphocytes of the peripheral blood in Hodgkin's disease: I. Changes in the course of the disease. The authors examined systematically for three years in 38 patients with Hodgkin lymphomas the diagnostic value of nucleoli in lymphocytes of peripheral blood. A total of 241 examinations were made of 23 variables of the lymphocytic nucleolar test and other haematological values. Twelve healthy persons were subjected to the same examinations five times in two-week intervals. In untreated patients the authors proved in particular the diagnostically significant increase in the number of active nucleoli and micronucleoli, the elevated red cell sedimentation rate, the decline of lymphocytes in peripheral blood, uninucleolar lymphocytes and ring-shaped forms of nucleoli. These changes were potentiated in relapse and stagnate in remission of the disease. The authors introduced a new indicator--the percentage increase of red cell sedimentation after the second hour which is one of the most sensitive of the investigated variables.", "PMID": 699718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_25", "title": "Developmental stages of human embryos.", "content": "The embryonic period of human development was divided into eight main stages described as 1--unicellular, 2--blastomere stage, 3--blastoderm stage, 4--bilaminar stage, 5--trilaminar stage, 6--early somite stage, 7--stage of limb development, 8--late embryonic stage. These main groups were divided into further sub-groups. For description the decimal classification was used. The recommended classification is suitable for comparative purposes and was compared with hitherto used classifications of human embryos, in particular with Streeter's horizons.", "contents": "Developmental stages of human embryos. The embryonic period of human development was divided into eight main stages described as 1--unicellular, 2--blastomere stage, 3--blastoderm stage, 4--bilaminar stage, 5--trilaminar stage, 6--early somite stage, 7--stage of limb development, 8--late embryonic stage. These main groups were divided into further sub-groups. For description the decimal classification was used. The recommended classification is suitable for comparative purposes and was compared with hitherto used classifications of human embryos, in particular with Streeter's horizons.", "PMID": 699719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_26", "title": "Peroperative fine-needle aspiration biopsy: an aid to differential diagnosis between diverticular disease and colonic cancer? A preliminary report.", "content": "Fine-needle aspiration biopsy was performed at laparotomy on 15 patients in whose cases differential diagnosis between colonic diverticulitis and colonic cancer on the basis of preoperative and peroperative examinations was impossible. Histologic examination confirmed the cytologic diagnosis to be correct in 14 cases, in four of them correctly positive for tumor cells. There was one false-negative result. Culture of swabs taken from 11 patients after puncture showed growth of intestinal bacteria in five cases, but no complication developed in association with or after the punctures. Peroperative fine-needle aspiration biopsy is a cheap, simple, rapid and safe method that seems to offer a reliable aid to differential diagnosis between diverticulitis and carcinoma. With the use of a rapid staining technique, the result can be available as early as that of frozen-section microscopic examination.", "contents": "Peroperative fine-needle aspiration biopsy: an aid to differential diagnosis between diverticular disease and colonic cancer? A preliminary report. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy was performed at laparotomy on 15 patients in whose cases differential diagnosis between colonic diverticulitis and colonic cancer on the basis of preoperative and peroperative examinations was impossible. Histologic examination confirmed the cytologic diagnosis to be correct in 14 cases, in four of them correctly positive for tumor cells. There was one false-negative result. Culture of swabs taken from 11 patients after puncture showed growth of intestinal bacteria in five cases, but no complication developed in association with or after the punctures. Peroperative fine-needle aspiration biopsy is a cheap, simple, rapid and safe method that seems to offer a reliable aid to differential diagnosis between diverticulitis and carcinoma. With the use of a rapid staining technique, the result can be available as early as that of frozen-section microscopic examination.", "PMID": 699721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_27", "title": "Alcohol ingestion-induced changes in the human rectal mucosa: light and electron microscopic studies.", "content": "Histologic and ultrastructural examination of specimens of rectal mucosa from 11 patients who had recently consumed excessive quantities of alcohol revealed marked pathologic changes. Goblet cells were decreased and a dense mononuclear cell infiltrate was seen on light microscopic study. Electron microscopy revealed swollen, distorted mitochondria and dilated and vesicular endoplasmic reticulum. These abnormalities disappeared after two weeks' abstinence. It is suggested that disordered organelle structure and function might contribute to the diarrhea frequently observed following excessive alcohol intake.", "contents": "Alcohol ingestion-induced changes in the human rectal mucosa: light and electron microscopic studies. Histologic and ultrastructural examination of specimens of rectal mucosa from 11 patients who had recently consumed excessive quantities of alcohol revealed marked pathologic changes. Goblet cells were decreased and a dense mononuclear cell infiltrate was seen on light microscopic study. Electron microscopy revealed swollen, distorted mitochondria and dilated and vesicular endoplasmic reticulum. These abnormalities disappeared after two weeks' abstinence. It is suggested that disordered organelle structure and function might contribute to the diarrhea frequently observed following excessive alcohol intake.", "PMID": 699722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_28", "title": "Multiple lymphoid polyposis and familial polyposis of the colon: a genetic relationship.", "content": "A case of multiple lymphoid polyposis of the colon and terminal ileum occurring in a family of familial polyposis is presented. Only one other such case has been reported. Other cases where an association between the conditions was mentioned are reviewed. There is a genetic factor in the etiology of the condition, and a definite link with familial polyposis of the colon is found to exist. Differentiation of the conditions on clinical grounds could be very difficult.", "contents": "Multiple lymphoid polyposis and familial polyposis of the colon: a genetic relationship. A case of multiple lymphoid polyposis of the colon and terminal ileum occurring in a family of familial polyposis is presented. Only one other such case has been reported. Other cases where an association between the conditions was mentioned are reviewed. There is a genetic factor in the etiology of the condition, and a definite link with familial polyposis of the colon is found to exist. Differentiation of the conditions on clinical grounds could be very difficult.", "PMID": 699723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_29", "title": "Subcutaneous emphysema of the lower extremity of gastrointestinal origin.", "content": "Two cases of subcutaneous emphysema of the left lower extremity secondary to perforations of the rectum ,nd sigmoid colon are presented. Although this is an extremely rare syndrome, the true incidence is probably higher, as some cases will be misdiagnosed as gas gangrene unless careful clinical and postmortem examinations are performed. Only rapid recognition of the probable origin of the gas, coupled with aggressive, definitive therapy, can prevent the usually fatal course of this condition. In the absence of trauma to the chest or infection in a previously normal leg, subcutaneous emphysema of a limb should alert the physician to the possibility of a gastrointestinal perforation as a source of the gas. Perforations of the gastrointestinal tract into the subcutaneous tissue can occur anywhere from the neck to the lower extremities.", "contents": "Subcutaneous emphysema of the lower extremity of gastrointestinal origin. Two cases of subcutaneous emphysema of the left lower extremity secondary to perforations of the rectum ,nd sigmoid colon are presented. Although this is an extremely rare syndrome, the true incidence is probably higher, as some cases will be misdiagnosed as gas gangrene unless careful clinical and postmortem examinations are performed. Only rapid recognition of the probable origin of the gas, coupled with aggressive, definitive therapy, can prevent the usually fatal course of this condition. In the absence of trauma to the chest or infection in a previously normal leg, subcutaneous emphysema of a limb should alert the physician to the possibility of a gastrointestinal perforation as a source of the gas. Perforations of the gastrointestinal tract into the subcutaneous tissue can occur anywhere from the neck to the lower extremities.", "PMID": 699726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_30", "title": "Obstructive colonic cancer.", "content": "The clinical courses of 68 patients with obstructive colonic cancers were reviewed. For the majority of patients with an acutely obstructing cancer of the left colon a conventional staged procedure remains the most appropriate treatment. Primary resection is suitable for the more proximal colonic cancer with obstruction. The operative mortality rate was 13.6 per cent, but with the addition of two nonoperative deaths, the figure rises to 16.2 per cent. Only six patients are known to have survived five years.", "contents": "Obstructive colonic cancer. The clinical courses of 68 patients with obstructive colonic cancers were reviewed. For the majority of patients with an acutely obstructing cancer of the left colon a conventional staged procedure remains the most appropriate treatment. Primary resection is suitable for the more proximal colonic cancer with obstruction. The operative mortality rate was 13.6 per cent, but with the addition of two nonoperative deaths, the figure rises to 16.2 per cent. Only six patients are known to have survived five years.", "PMID": 699724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_31", "title": "Crohn's disease of the appendix: report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of Crohn's disease of the appendix that simulated a cecal tumor is presented and 27 additional cases are reviewed. Crohn's disease of the appendix most commonly occurs in the younger patient, with 90 per cent in the second and third decades of life. Before operation, appendicitis or an appendiceal abscess is commonly diagnosed. Appendectomy should be performed, if possible; otherwise a limited ileocolectomy should be done. These patients should have a long-term follow-up program because inflammation can develop later in any part of the bowel. Crohn's disease of the appendix should be included in the differential diagnosis of pain or a palpable mass in the right lower quadrant, especially in the young adult patient.", "contents": "Crohn's disease of the appendix: report of a case and review of the literature. A case of Crohn's disease of the appendix that simulated a cecal tumor is presented and 27 additional cases are reviewed. Crohn's disease of the appendix most commonly occurs in the younger patient, with 90 per cent in the second and third decades of life. Before operation, appendicitis or an appendiceal abscess is commonly diagnosed. Appendectomy should be performed, if possible; otherwise a limited ileocolectomy should be done. These patients should have a long-term follow-up program because inflammation can develop later in any part of the bowel. Crohn's disease of the appendix should be included in the differential diagnosis of pain or a palpable mass in the right lower quadrant, especially in the young adult patient.", "PMID": 699727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_32", "title": "Progressive systemic sclerosis: report of a case with colonic involvement.", "content": "A case of progressive systemic sclerosis associated with colonic involvement is described. Barium-enema examination revealed segmental involvement. Colonoscopic examination of the whole range of the involved colon revealed wide-mouthed diverticula with interspersed rigid areas and numerous ulcerations. These colonoscopic findings appeared to be distinct from those associated with tuberculosis and Crohn's disease.", "contents": "Progressive systemic sclerosis: report of a case with colonic involvement. A case of progressive systemic sclerosis associated with colonic involvement is described. Barium-enema examination revealed segmental involvement. Colonoscopic examination of the whole range of the involved colon revealed wide-mouthed diverticula with interspersed rigid areas and numerous ulcerations. These colonoscopic findings appeared to be distinct from those associated with tuberculosis and Crohn's disease.", "PMID": 699728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_33", "title": "Condylomata acuminata in an infant and mother: Report of a case.", "content": "A case of a 16-month-old child who had had perianal condylomata acuminata since the age of 3 months, born to a 20-year-old mother who had had extensive anorectal and vulvovaginal condylomas during her pregnancy and delivery, is presented. The probable mode of transmission of the condyloma virus and its application to this case are discussed.", "contents": "Condylomata acuminata in an infant and mother: Report of a case. A case of a 16-month-old child who had had perianal condylomata acuminata since the age of 3 months, born to a 20-year-old mother who had had extensive anorectal and vulvovaginal condylomas during her pregnancy and delivery, is presented. The probable mode of transmission of the condyloma virus and its application to this case are discussed.", "PMID": 699729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_34", "title": "Giardiasis and intestinal malabsorption: Report of a case.", "content": "The possibility of giardiasis should be considered in any case in which the patient has watery diarrhea and malabsorption syndrome. Investigation should include examination of at least three separate fecal specimens for Giardia lamblis. In case of negative results, this examination should be followed by aspiration of duodenal contents to search for the trophozoites. Treatment with metronidazole in the case reported resulted in a good clinical response, with disappearance of the patient's chronic diarrhea and intestinal malabsorption.", "contents": "Giardiasis and intestinal malabsorption: Report of a case. The possibility of giardiasis should be considered in any case in which the patient has watery diarrhea and malabsorption syndrome. Investigation should include examination of at least three separate fecal specimens for Giardia lamblis. In case of negative results, this examination should be followed by aspiration of duodenal contents to search for the trophozoites. Treatment with metronidazole in the case reported resulted in a good clinical response, with disappearance of the patient's chronic diarrhea and intestinal malabsorption.", "PMID": 699730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_35", "title": "Abdominal actinomycosis: A complication of colonic perforation.", "content": "Actinomycosis is a chronic, suppurative, mycotic infection, which tends to form abscesses and fistulas. The organism is a saprophyte of the human mouth. When a break in the normal contiguity of the gastrointestinal tract occurs, the organism may gain access to the surrounding tissues and become almost impossible to eradicate without surgical extirpation and administration of a long course of antibiotics. The diagnosis of actinomycosis should be considered for any patient in whom persistent or unusual enterocutaneous fistulas develop, when there is a recent history of perforated viscus or surgical intervention involving the gastrointestinal tract, such as appendectomy. The diagnosis is confirmed by the presence of \"sulfur granules\" in the fistulous tracts.", "contents": "Abdominal actinomycosis: A complication of colonic perforation. Actinomycosis is a chronic, suppurative, mycotic infection, which tends to form abscesses and fistulas. The organism is a saprophyte of the human mouth. When a break in the normal contiguity of the gastrointestinal tract occurs, the organism may gain access to the surrounding tissues and become almost impossible to eradicate without surgical extirpation and administration of a long course of antibiotics. The diagnosis of actinomycosis should be considered for any patient in whom persistent or unusual enterocutaneous fistulas develop, when there is a recent history of perforated viscus or surgical intervention involving the gastrointestinal tract, such as appendectomy. The diagnosis is confirmed by the presence of \"sulfur granules\" in the fistulous tracts.", "PMID": 699731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_36", "title": "Primary carcinoma of the duodenum producing a malignant duodenocolic fistula.", "content": "A unique case of primary duodenal carcinoma with a malignant duodenocolic fistula is reported. En-bloc resection of the lesion with pancreatico-duodenectomy and right hemicolectomy resulted in a 15-month disease-free interval.", "contents": "Primary carcinoma of the duodenum producing a malignant duodenocolic fistula. A unique case of primary duodenal carcinoma with a malignant duodenocolic fistula is reported. En-bloc resection of the lesion with pancreatico-duodenectomy and right hemicolectomy resulted in a 15-month disease-free interval.", "PMID": 699738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_37", "title": "Impotence after proctectomy for inflammatory disease of the bowel.", "content": "During 1964 through 1973, 76 men underwent abdominoperineal resection as part of or subsequent to resection for inflammatory bowel disease. No instance of permanent impotence was found. Proctectomy should not be deferred because of the risk of impotence.", "contents": "Impotence after proctectomy for inflammatory disease of the bowel. During 1964 through 1973, 76 men underwent abdominoperineal resection as part of or subsequent to resection for inflammatory bowel disease. No instance of permanent impotence was found. Proctectomy should not be deferred because of the risk of impotence.", "PMID": 699739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_38", "title": "Toxic idiopathic megacolon: fatal outcome in a mentally retarded adolescent.", "content": "The case of an 18-year-old mentally retarded boy who had long standing idiopathic megacolon and pica is presented. Acute toxic dilatation of the colon complicating pseudomembranous colitis developed, with a rapidly fatal outcome. No similar case of relatively benign idiopathic megacolon complicated by pseudomembranous colitis and toxic megacolon has been reported. The pathophysiology of this rare combination is discussed.", "contents": "Toxic idiopathic megacolon: fatal outcome in a mentally retarded adolescent. The case of an 18-year-old mentally retarded boy who had long standing idiopathic megacolon and pica is presented. Acute toxic dilatation of the colon complicating pseudomembranous colitis developed, with a rapidly fatal outcome. No similar case of relatively benign idiopathic megacolon complicated by pseudomembranous colitis and toxic megacolon has been reported. The pathophysiology of this rare combination is discussed.", "PMID": 699734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_39", "title": "The management of colonic and rectal injuries.", "content": "One hundred fifty cases of patients treated at the Henry Ford Hospital with traumatic injuries of the colon and rectum are reviewed. Five of 119 patients treated with exteriorization died, two of them from multiple visceral injuries, shortly after operation. The mortality rate for the primary-closure group of 24 patients was 8.3 per cent. In this group, 11 patients had postoperative complications. Thirty-nine of the 119 patients in Group II nad 62 complications. Infection was the predominant problem in both groups of patients. We still believe that exteriorization of the injured colon remains the safest method of managing these patients.", "contents": "The management of colonic and rectal injuries. One hundred fifty cases of patients treated at the Henry Ford Hospital with traumatic injuries of the colon and rectum are reviewed. Five of 119 patients treated with exteriorization died, two of them from multiple visceral injuries, shortly after operation. The mortality rate for the primary-closure group of 24 patients was 8.3 per cent. In this group, 11 patients had postoperative complications. Thirty-nine of the 119 patients in Group II nad 62 complications. Infection was the predominant problem in both groups of patients. We still believe that exteriorization of the injured colon remains the safest method of managing these patients.", "PMID": 699740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_40", "title": "Fournier's gangrene complicating perinal abscess: report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of Fournier's gangrene in which toxemia and gangrene of the scrotum developed due to perianal abscesses are described. Cultures of anaerobic gram-negative Bacteroides with a mixed flora of Pseudomonas, E. coli and Proteus were obtained. Early diagnosis, wide and deep incisions, debridement of the necrotic tissue, and adequate antibiotic therapy can prevent a fatal outcome of this disease. A high mortality rate is still prevalent.", "contents": "Fournier's gangrene complicating perinal abscess: report of two cases. Two cases of Fournier's gangrene in which toxemia and gangrene of the scrotum developed due to perianal abscesses are described. Cultures of anaerobic gram-negative Bacteroides with a mixed flora of Pseudomonas, E. coli and Proteus were obtained. Early diagnosis, wide and deep incisions, debridement of the necrotic tissue, and adequate antibiotic therapy can prevent a fatal outcome of this disease. A high mortality rate is still prevalent.", "PMID": 699732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_41", "title": "Dissolution of Barium-impaction ileus by Gastrografin.", "content": "Ileus caused by impaction of hardened residual barium stagnated in the colon-a rare complication of barium-meal examination-constitutes a particularly serious problem when it occurs following abdominal operations, leading to postoperative ileus. The administration of Gastrografin in such cases has proven efficacy in the dissolution of inspissated barium, refractory to routine means of evacuation. Four case reports provide an illustration of this problem. The satisfactory results obtained, and the hitherto reported lack of side effects of this compound, justify recommendation of Gastrografin as a safe, simple method for use in the management of these cases.", "contents": "Dissolution of Barium-impaction ileus by Gastrografin. Ileus caused by impaction of hardened residual barium stagnated in the colon-a rare complication of barium-meal examination-constitutes a particularly serious problem when it occurs following abdominal operations, leading to postoperative ileus. The administration of Gastrografin in such cases has proven efficacy in the dissolution of inspissated barium, refractory to routine means of evacuation. Four case reports provide an illustration of this problem. The satisfactory results obtained, and the hitherto reported lack of side effects of this compound, justify recommendation of Gastrografin as a safe, simple method for use in the management of these cases.", "PMID": 699741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_42", "title": "Absorption of sodium from hypertonic sodium phosphate enema solutions.", "content": "Absorption of sodium from hypertonic sodium phosphate enema solutions has been studied in 11 patients by means of labeling the contained sodium with added 24Na and determining the radioactivity of body fluids after administration of the enemas. The sodium absorption thus estimated is a maximal figure and may represent an overestimate, since radioactivity can enter the body fluids by ion exchange without net transport of sodium. An average of 5.5 per cent of the instilled radioactivity was absorbed, corresponding to not more than 228 mg sodium. Absorption of such a quantity of sodium does not appear to represent a source of concern in the management of salt-restricted patients.", "contents": "Absorption of sodium from hypertonic sodium phosphate enema solutions. Absorption of sodium from hypertonic sodium phosphate enema solutions has been studied in 11 patients by means of labeling the contained sodium with added 24Na and determining the radioactivity of body fluids after administration of the enemas. The sodium absorption thus estimated is a maximal figure and may represent an overestimate, since radioactivity can enter the body fluids by ion exchange without net transport of sodium. An average of 5.5 per cent of the instilled radioactivity was absorbed, corresponding to not more than 228 mg sodium. Absorption of such a quantity of sodium does not appear to represent a source of concern in the management of salt-restricted patients.", "PMID": 699742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_43", "title": "Leiomyosarcoma of the rectum: report of three cases.", "content": "Three cases of leiomyosarcoma of the rectum are reported. The first patient underwent palliative surgery and died 18 months after diagnosis; local radiotherapy was not effective and chemotherapy failed as well. The second patient underwent radical surgical treatment but monetheless the tumor recurred and the patient died 37 months after diagnosis. The third patient underwent radical surgery for a tumor that was in an early stage, has been followed for several months without evidence of disease. Review of the literature indicates that leiomyosarcoma of the rectum is the most malignant sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract, and has a 20 per cent five-year survival rate. Even radical surgical treatment yields disappointing results. Following localized operations, recurrences appear in most cases, and this treatment is not recommended. Should an effective chemotherapeutic combination be found, chemotherapy as an adjuvant to surgery will probably be indicated.", "contents": "Leiomyosarcoma of the rectum: report of three cases. Three cases of leiomyosarcoma of the rectum are reported. The first patient underwent palliative surgery and died 18 months after diagnosis; local radiotherapy was not effective and chemotherapy failed as well. The second patient underwent radical surgical treatment but monetheless the tumor recurred and the patient died 37 months after diagnosis. The third patient underwent radical surgery for a tumor that was in an early stage, has been followed for several months without evidence of disease. Review of the literature indicates that leiomyosarcoma of the rectum is the most malignant sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract, and has a 20 per cent five-year survival rate. Even radical surgical treatment yields disappointing results. Following localized operations, recurrences appear in most cases, and this treatment is not recommended. Should an effective chemotherapeutic combination be found, chemotherapy as an adjuvant to surgery will probably be indicated.", "PMID": 699743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_44", "title": "[Trichinosis: epidemiology, clinical features and diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "After ingestion of wild boar meat 58 patients developed typical clinical signs and symptoms of trichinosis. All patients had marked blood eosinophilia. In 45% of the patients GOT and GPT and in 62% HBDH were moderately increased, while in 76% LDH and in 86% creatine-kinase showed abnormally high values. CK-MB was increased in three patients. 92% of muscle biopsies showed typical morphological changes in skeletal muscles. Latexagglutination, complement-fixation and agar-gel diffusion tests were not reliable. In most of the examined cases clinical symptoms and histological results correlated well with the indirect haemagglutination test, the microprecipitation test with living larvae of Trichinella spiralis and evidence of specific antibodies (IgG, IgM, IgE) by indirect immunofluorescence and the ELISA technique. 25 patients were treated with thiabendazole (Minzolum), 19 of them successfully.", "contents": "[Trichinosis: epidemiology, clinical features and diagnosis (author's transl)]. After ingestion of wild boar meat 58 patients developed typical clinical signs and symptoms of trichinosis. All patients had marked blood eosinophilia. In 45% of the patients GOT and GPT and in 62% HBDH were moderately increased, while in 76% LDH and in 86% creatine-kinase showed abnormally high values. CK-MB was increased in three patients. 92% of muscle biopsies showed typical morphological changes in skeletal muscles. Latexagglutination, complement-fixation and agar-gel diffusion tests were not reliable. In most of the examined cases clinical symptoms and histological results correlated well with the indirect haemagglutination test, the microprecipitation test with living larvae of Trichinella spiralis and evidence of specific antibodies (IgG, IgM, IgE) by indirect immunofluorescence and the ELISA technique. 25 patients were treated with thiabendazole (Minzolum), 19 of them successfully.", "PMID": 699765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_45", "title": "[Serum antibody findings in trichinosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum samples of 66 persons who had eaten meat from a wild boar were tested two to three times within 11 months for antibodies against extracts from Trichinella larvae. Watery extract of Trichinella spiralis larvae served as antigen. Complement-fixation was of little use because of its lack of sensitivity. Indirect haemagglutination and the ELISA test (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) gave uncertain results only in individual cases. There was a relationship between the clinical picture and the mean antibody concentration, clearer in the ELISA test than the indirect haemagglutination one. A fall in antibody titre was observed within the period of observation in only one third of patients. Results with sera of control subjects were of only limited use in relation to the specificity of the demonstrated antibodies.", "contents": "[Serum antibody findings in trichinosis (author's transl)]. Serum samples of 66 persons who had eaten meat from a wild boar were tested two to three times within 11 months for antibodies against extracts from Trichinella larvae. Watery extract of Trichinella spiralis larvae served as antigen. Complement-fixation was of little use because of its lack of sensitivity. Indirect haemagglutination and the ELISA test (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) gave uncertain results only in individual cases. There was a relationship between the clinical picture and the mean antibody concentration, clearer in the ELISA test than the indirect haemagglutination one. A fall in antibody titre was observed within the period of observation in only one third of patients. Results with sera of control subjects were of only limited use in relation to the specificity of the demonstrated antibodies.", "PMID": 699766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_46", "title": "[Ultrasound in differential diagnosis of intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholestasis (author's transl)].", "content": "116 patients with clinically suspected obstructive jaundice were subjected to primary sonographic examination by means of the \"real-time\" method to differentiate between intrahepatic (internal) and extrahepatic (surgical) cholestasis. Diagnosis was finally confirmed by observing the clinical course, by further examinations, and in 63 cases by surgery or PM. Sonographic examination revealed the direct cause of the extrahepatic obstruction in 82 of 87 patients (94.3%) with extrahepatic cholestasis; in case of dilatation of the bile duct, the approximate site of the obstruction could be determined. In about 75% of the cases, the cause of biliary obstruction was correctly identified. Intrahepatic tumours or metastases were present in 10 of 27 patients with intrahepatic cholestasis; sonographic identification was effected in all cases and histologically or cytologically confirmed with aspiration material from fine-needle biopsies. The high accuracy and uncomplicated technique avoiding discomfort or harm to the patient, make sonography a useful method in differential diagnosis of cholestasis.", "contents": "[Ultrasound in differential diagnosis of intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholestasis (author's transl)]. 116 patients with clinically suspected obstructive jaundice were subjected to primary sonographic examination by means of the \"real-time\" method to differentiate between intrahepatic (internal) and extrahepatic (surgical) cholestasis. Diagnosis was finally confirmed by observing the clinical course, by further examinations, and in 63 cases by surgery or PM. Sonographic examination revealed the direct cause of the extrahepatic obstruction in 82 of 87 patients (94.3%) with extrahepatic cholestasis; in case of dilatation of the bile duct, the approximate site of the obstruction could be determined. In about 75% of the cases, the cause of biliary obstruction was correctly identified. Intrahepatic tumours or metastases were present in 10 of 27 patients with intrahepatic cholestasis; sonographic identification was effected in all cases and histologically or cytologically confirmed with aspiration material from fine-needle biopsies. The high accuracy and uncomplicated technique avoiding discomfort or harm to the patient, make sonography a useful method in differential diagnosis of cholestasis.", "PMID": 699786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_47", "title": "[Clinical comparison of hemoFEC with Hemoccult II (author's transl)].", "content": "Two technically improved methods of testing for occult blood in stool--hemoFEC and Hemoccult II--were compared by parallel tests in 1500 successive unselected out-patients. HemoFEC was positive in 1.9%, Hemoccult in 2.3%, the difference is not statistically significant. But there was a difference in the colour development of the two tests. Six cases of carcinoma, 14 of large polyps and six other sources of bleeding from the colon were revealed in the course of this study.", "contents": "[Clinical comparison of hemoFEC with Hemoccult II (author's transl)]. Two technically improved methods of testing for occult blood in stool--hemoFEC and Hemoccult II--were compared by parallel tests in 1500 successive unselected out-patients. HemoFEC was positive in 1.9%, Hemoccult in 2.3%, the difference is not statistically significant. But there was a difference in the colour development of the two tests. Six cases of carcinoma, 14 of large polyps and six other sources of bleeding from the colon were revealed in the course of this study.", "PMID": 699787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_48", "title": "[Treatment of essential hypertension with a combination of propranolol, spironolactone-thiabutazide and dihydralazine (author's transl)].", "content": "In 61 out-patients with essential hypertension, grade I or II, propranolol was administered alone in increasing doses (3 x 40 mg/d or 3 x 80 mg/d) or, if there was insufficient response, with a double or triple combination consisting additionally of spironolactone (50 mg/d)-thiabutazide (5 mg/d) and dihydralazine (3 x 25 mg/d). This treatment schedule achieved normal pressures in 51 patients, in 22 on 40 mg, in 7 on 80 mg propranolol, in 16 after the addition of the diuretic, and in 6 with the triple combination. Four patients had to be excluded from the study because they developed either marked bradycardia or anxiety states or paraesthesias after propranolol (3 x 40 mg/d). On chronic beta-adrenergic blockade the serum potassium level increased slightly, but remained within normal limits. The initial value of plasma-renin activity was highest in the group of those who responded to the propranolol treatment.", "contents": "[Treatment of essential hypertension with a combination of propranolol, spironolactone-thiabutazide and dihydralazine (author's transl)]. In 61 out-patients with essential hypertension, grade I or II, propranolol was administered alone in increasing doses (3 x 40 mg/d or 3 x 80 mg/d) or, if there was insufficient response, with a double or triple combination consisting additionally of spironolactone (50 mg/d)-thiabutazide (5 mg/d) and dihydralazine (3 x 25 mg/d). This treatment schedule achieved normal pressures in 51 patients, in 22 on 40 mg, in 7 on 80 mg propranolol, in 16 after the addition of the diuretic, and in 6 with the triple combination. Four patients had to be excluded from the study because they developed either marked bradycardia or anxiety states or paraesthesias after propranolol (3 x 40 mg/d). On chronic beta-adrenergic blockade the serum potassium level increased slightly, but remained within normal limits. The initial value of plasma-renin activity was highest in the group of those who responded to the propranolol treatment.", "PMID": 699788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_49", "title": "[Syndrome of symphalangism and stapes fixation: an autosomal dominant hereditary disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The autosomal dominant hereditary syndrome of symphalangism and stapes fixation consists of multiple synostoses, most frequently symphalangism, in addition to synostoses of carpal and tarsal bones and radio-ulnar synostoses, various other malformations of the limbs (restricted joint movement or syndactylism) and variable degrees of conduction disorders due to stapes fixation, starting in childhood. A family tree of four successive generations with various forms of the syndrome is described.", "contents": "[Syndrome of symphalangism and stapes fixation: an autosomal dominant hereditary disease (author's transl)]. The autosomal dominant hereditary syndrome of symphalangism and stapes fixation consists of multiple synostoses, most frequently symphalangism, in addition to synostoses of carpal and tarsal bones and radio-ulnar synostoses, various other malformations of the limbs (restricted joint movement or syndactylism) and variable degrees of conduction disorders due to stapes fixation, starting in childhood. A family tree of four successive generations with various forms of the syndrome is described.", "PMID": 699789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_50", "title": "[The hypertensive heart. VI. Ventricular function and coronary artery haemodynamics as influnced by digitalis glycosides (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of intravenous digoxin (0.01 mg/kg) on ventricular function, coronary arterial haemodynamics and myocardial oxygen uptake was studied in 12 patients with essential hypertension but no heart failure, significant left ventricular hypertrophy and normal coronary arteriogram. There was a definite, velocity-related increase in the inotropic function of the left ventricle, by 19.4%, 50 min after digoxin injection, while ventricular pumping function decreased by between 6.5 and 11.2%. Coronary blood flow through the left ventricle decreased by 8.8%. On the other hand, coronary vascular resistance and coronary arteriovenous oxygen difference increased by 11 and 5.9%, respectively. Oxygen uptake remained essentially unchanged (-2.1%). These results indicate that the increase in inotropism caused by intravenous digoxin in essential hypertension without heart failure produces not only no therapeutically useful improvement in left ventricular pumping function: there is also a coronary constrictor and ischaemia-inducing effect on the coronary arterial system.", "contents": "[The hypertensive heart. VI. Ventricular function and coronary artery haemodynamics as influnced by digitalis glycosides (author's transl)]. The effect of intravenous digoxin (0.01 mg/kg) on ventricular function, coronary arterial haemodynamics and myocardial oxygen uptake was studied in 12 patients with essential hypertension but no heart failure, significant left ventricular hypertrophy and normal coronary arteriogram. There was a definite, velocity-related increase in the inotropic function of the left ventricle, by 19.4%, 50 min after digoxin injection, while ventricular pumping function decreased by between 6.5 and 11.2%. Coronary blood flow through the left ventricle decreased by 8.8%. On the other hand, coronary vascular resistance and coronary arteriovenous oxygen difference increased by 11 and 5.9%, respectively. Oxygen uptake remained essentially unchanged (-2.1%). These results indicate that the increase in inotropism caused by intravenous digoxin in essential hypertension without heart failure produces not only no therapeutically useful improvement in left ventricular pumping function: there is also a coronary constrictor and ischaemia-inducing effect on the coronary arterial system.", "PMID": 699800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_51", "title": "[Hepatitis risk of human plasma-fraction concentrates of pooled plasma (author's transl)].", "content": "In 1975/76 the risk of hepatitis from human clotting preparations (fibrinogen, prothrombin complex) prepared from pooled plasma was studied prospectively in patients who had undergone open-heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Of 247 patients 25 (10%) developed hepatitis postoperatively, while of 17 recipients of plasma-fraction concentrates 12 developed hepatitis (71%). Even taking into account other potential risk factors this rate of hepatitis is statistically significant. It demonstrates that even with the most modern screening methods it is not possible to produce clotting preparations from \"large pool\" human plasma which is free of hepatitis risk, unless additional virus-inactivating measures are taken.", "contents": "[Hepatitis risk of human plasma-fraction concentrates of pooled plasma (author's transl)]. In 1975/76 the risk of hepatitis from human clotting preparations (fibrinogen, prothrombin complex) prepared from pooled plasma was studied prospectively in patients who had undergone open-heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Of 247 patients 25 (10%) developed hepatitis postoperatively, while of 17 recipients of plasma-fraction concentrates 12 developed hepatitis (71%). Even taking into account other potential risk factors this rate of hepatitis is statistically significant. It demonstrates that even with the most modern screening methods it is not possible to produce clotting preparations from \"large pool\" human plasma which is free of hepatitis risk, unless additional virus-inactivating measures are taken.", "PMID": 699801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_52", "title": "[On the histology of malignant tumours in infants and children (author's transl)].", "content": "Autopsy and biopsy material obtained between 1967 and 1976 at the Institute of General Pathology and Pathological Anatomy of the Medical Academy Erfurt included 260 malignant tumours in infants and children. Male to female ratio was 54.6:45.4. There were slight peaks for the fourth and sixth year of life. The most frequent site was the CNS (44.2%), followed by the haematopoetic-lymphatic system (28.1%), skeletal system (7.7%), sympathetic nervous system including adrenal medulla (6.2%) and kidneys (4.6%). Among tumour types the neurogenic ones were most frequent at 50.8%, followed by leukaemias (18.1%) sarcomas (12.3%), malignant non-Hodgkin lymphomas (7.3%) and mixed tumours (6.5%). Comparing these results with those quoted in the literature and earlier personal studies indicates that the higher frequency of CNS tumours is probably due to regional factors. Linked to this is a percentage increase of neurogenic tumours and a relative decrease in leukaemias. Additional changes in distribution among the different forms of tumour are due to the introduction of the group of malignant non-Hodgkin lymphomas.", "contents": "[On the histology of malignant tumours in infants and children (author's transl)]. Autopsy and biopsy material obtained between 1967 and 1976 at the Institute of General Pathology and Pathological Anatomy of the Medical Academy Erfurt included 260 malignant tumours in infants and children. Male to female ratio was 54.6:45.4. There were slight peaks for the fourth and sixth year of life. The most frequent site was the CNS (44.2%), followed by the haematopoetic-lymphatic system (28.1%), skeletal system (7.7%), sympathetic nervous system including adrenal medulla (6.2%) and kidneys (4.6%). Among tumour types the neurogenic ones were most frequent at 50.8%, followed by leukaemias (18.1%) sarcomas (12.3%), malignant non-Hodgkin lymphomas (7.3%) and mixed tumours (6.5%). Comparing these results with those quoted in the literature and earlier personal studies indicates that the higher frequency of CNS tumours is probably due to regional factors. Linked to this is a percentage increase of neurogenic tumours and a relative decrease in leukaemias. Additional changes in distribution among the different forms of tumour are due to the introduction of the group of malignant non-Hodgkin lymphomas.", "PMID": 699802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_53", "title": "[Pan American seminar on education and health care].", "content": "This is the Final Report of the Seminar, which was held at Caracas last February under the sponsorship of the World Federation of Medical Education and the World Health Organization, and organized by the Pan American Federation of Medical Schools and the Pan American Health Organization. The Seminar was attended by delegates from universities, ministries of education and health, social security administrations, medical educators, officers of national and international agencies, and other special guests from the Region of the Americas. These participants made up a broad-spectrum interinstitutional and interprofessional working group that brought an interdisciplinary analytical approach to the subjects dealt with. The Seminar examined the context of the relationship between education and health care, and discussed the following specific topics: need for coordination between education and health services, present systems of interrelationships, mechanisms for productive interrelations and a plan of action. The topics were considered in general sessions and then analyzed in discussion group meetings. The Report contains summaries of the presentations and commentaries on each subject and the consolidated reports of the discussion groups.", "contents": "[Pan American seminar on education and health care]. This is the Final Report of the Seminar, which was held at Caracas last February under the sponsorship of the World Federation of Medical Education and the World Health Organization, and organized by the Pan American Federation of Medical Schools and the Pan American Health Organization. The Seminar was attended by delegates from universities, ministries of education and health, social security administrations, medical educators, officers of national and international agencies, and other special guests from the Region of the Americas. These participants made up a broad-spectrum interinstitutional and interprofessional working group that brought an interdisciplinary analytical approach to the subjects dealt with. The Seminar examined the context of the relationship between education and health care, and discussed the following specific topics: need for coordination between education and health services, present systems of interrelationships, mechanisms for productive interrelations and a plan of action. The topics were considered in general sessions and then analyzed in discussion group meetings. The Report contains summaries of the presentations and commentaries on each subject and the consolidated reports of the discussion groups.", "PMID": 699861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_54", "title": "[Experimental studies of the duration of hexobarbital sleep and of the level of cytochrom P-450 and B5 in the microsomal fraction of rat liver after propoxur treatment].", "content": "Male sex-mature rats of the Wistar Strain with weight of 180--20 gm were treated per os daily for a period of 60 days with 1/10 of LD50 of Propoxur (10 mg of body weight per day of 2-isopropoxiphenyl-N-methylcarbamate). There was induction of cytochromosomal P-450 and B5 in the end of the first week after the intoxication was induced and shortening of hexobarbital sleep during the same period as well as on the thirtieth day since the onset of the experiment.", "contents": "[Experimental studies of the duration of hexobarbital sleep and of the level of cytochrom P-450 and B5 in the microsomal fraction of rat liver after propoxur treatment]. Male sex-mature rats of the Wistar Strain with weight of 180--20 gm were treated per os daily for a period of 60 days with 1/10 of LD50 of Propoxur (10 mg of body weight per day of 2-isopropoxiphenyl-N-methylcarbamate). There was induction of cytochromosomal P-450 and B5 in the end of the first week after the intoxication was induced and shortening of hexobarbital sleep during the same period as well as on the thirtieth day since the onset of the experiment.", "PMID": 699864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_55", "title": "[Infrared spectroscopy of erythrocyte membranes].", "content": "The authors examined the properties of erythrocyte membranes, obtained from young and old erythrocytes of 2-old rats by means of infrared spectroscopy. The films, prepared on CeF2 plates were recorded before and after 30 minutes treatment with methanol, ethyl and isopropil alcohol respectively. There were age differences. The young erythrocytes contained 25% beta, 27% alpha, 28% random (diforderly) and 20% beta-antiparallel conformed proteins. The old erythrocyte membranes contained 45% alpha and 55% proteins, structured disorderly. After treatment of the films for a period of 30 minutes with methanol, ethyl or isopropil alcohol there were changes, which manifested beta structures in young erythrocytes around 31% and in old erythrocytes around 30% of the intensity of the total absorption of the membrane proteins. Methanol caused maximal increase of the disorderly structure in the young membranes and maximal beta structure in the old erythrocytes in comparison with the remaining alcohols. Ethanol caused maximal increase of beta structure in young membranes and maximal increase of disorderly structure in the old membranes. Isopropanol caused changes close to those induced by methanol. The observed changes in accordance with the age of erythrocyte membranes before and after treatment with alcohol manifested peculiarities in the conformation of the membranes proteins. These data corresponded to the discovered quantitative changes in the content of the erythrocyte membrane in the process of erythrocyte aging.", "contents": "[Infrared spectroscopy of erythrocyte membranes]. The authors examined the properties of erythrocyte membranes, obtained from young and old erythrocytes of 2-old rats by means of infrared spectroscopy. The films, prepared on CeF2 plates were recorded before and after 30 minutes treatment with methanol, ethyl and isopropil alcohol respectively. There were age differences. The young erythrocytes contained 25% beta, 27% alpha, 28% random (diforderly) and 20% beta-antiparallel conformed proteins. The old erythrocyte membranes contained 45% alpha and 55% proteins, structured disorderly. After treatment of the films for a period of 30 minutes with methanol, ethyl or isopropil alcohol there were changes, which manifested beta structures in young erythrocytes around 31% and in old erythrocytes around 30% of the intensity of the total absorption of the membrane proteins. Methanol caused maximal increase of the disorderly structure in the young membranes and maximal beta structure in the old erythrocytes in comparison with the remaining alcohols. Ethanol caused maximal increase of beta structure in young membranes and maximal increase of disorderly structure in the old membranes. Isopropanol caused changes close to those induced by methanol. The observed changes in accordance with the age of erythrocyte membranes before and after treatment with alcohol manifested peculiarities in the conformation of the membranes proteins. These data corresponded to the discovered quantitative changes in the content of the erythrocyte membrane in the process of erythrocyte aging.", "PMID": 699865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_56", "title": "[Effects of imidazole, papaverine and theophylline on the picrotoxin convulsion-seizure threshold. The correlation with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and diazepam].", "content": "The author carried out studies on male white rats and examined the effect of imidazol, papaverine and theophyline (drugs affecting the activity of phosphodiesterase), singly or in correlation with GAMA and diazepam on picrotoxic seizure threshold (PSAT). He found that imidazol had various effects on PSAT in accordance with the interval of application and antagonized the effects of GAMA. Papaverine in low doses was ineffective, but in higher doses lowered PSAT; it antagonized the effect of GAMA, elevating the threshold. Papaverine in combination with CAMF antagonized the effect of GAMA, elevating the threshold. Theophyline lowered PSAT; it did not influence the effects of the combined application of GAMA and DIA. He thinks that the obtained changes in PSAT could partly be connected with the mediating influence of imidazol, papaverine and phe theophyline on cerebral phosphodiesterase both after their single application and after examination of their correlations with GAMA or DIA, used singly or in comibination, and partly with their own pharmacologic action.", "contents": "[Effects of imidazole, papaverine and theophylline on the picrotoxin convulsion-seizure threshold. The correlation with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and diazepam]. The author carried out studies on male white rats and examined the effect of imidazol, papaverine and theophyline (drugs affecting the activity of phosphodiesterase), singly or in correlation with GAMA and diazepam on picrotoxic seizure threshold (PSAT). He found that imidazol had various effects on PSAT in accordance with the interval of application and antagonized the effects of GAMA. Papaverine in low doses was ineffective, but in higher doses lowered PSAT; it antagonized the effect of GAMA, elevating the threshold. Papaverine in combination with CAMF antagonized the effect of GAMA, elevating the threshold. Theophyline lowered PSAT; it did not influence the effects of the combined application of GAMA and DIA. He thinks that the obtained changes in PSAT could partly be connected with the mediating influence of imidazol, papaverine and phe theophyline on cerebral phosphodiesterase both after their single application and after examination of their correlations with GAMA or DIA, used singly or in comibination, and partly with their own pharmacologic action.", "PMID": 699866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_57", "title": "[Comparative cytogenetic studies of newborn infants and adults].", "content": "The authors examined comparatively the frequencies of genomic, counted and structural chromosomal aberrations and associations of acrocentric chromosomes (AAC) in lymphocytic cultures from 35 phenotipic healthy newborns and 15 clinically healthy persons over 60 years of age. Polyploidy was found in 0,16% of the cells in the newborns and in 0,47% of the cells of the adults (0,1 greater than P greater than 0,05). Aneuploidy was established in 0% of the cells of the newborns and in 5,7% of those of the adults (P less than 0,05). In the hyperploid karyotypes 1,3% of the cells of the adults the additional chromosomes were of group C and D. Structural aberrations were observed in 0,58% of the cells of the newborns and in 3,6% of those of the adults (P less than 0,05%. Chromosomal and chromatoid breaks with or without the presence of fragment predominated. Cells with AAC in the newborns were 61,7% against 81,4% in the adult persons (P less than 0,001). The number of the associating chromosomes increased with advancement of age--19,2% in the newborns and 31,9% in the adults (P less than 0,001). In the newborns 21,5% of the chromosomes from group G participated in associations and 17,7% of chromosomes from group D; in the adults both groups were equally engaged--31,3% of the chromosomes G and 32,4% of the chromosomes D.", "contents": "[Comparative cytogenetic studies of newborn infants and adults]. The authors examined comparatively the frequencies of genomic, counted and structural chromosomal aberrations and associations of acrocentric chromosomes (AAC) in lymphocytic cultures from 35 phenotipic healthy newborns and 15 clinically healthy persons over 60 years of age. Polyploidy was found in 0,16% of the cells in the newborns and in 0,47% of the cells of the adults (0,1 greater than P greater than 0,05). Aneuploidy was established in 0% of the cells of the newborns and in 5,7% of those of the adults (P less than 0,05). In the hyperploid karyotypes 1,3% of the cells of the adults the additional chromosomes were of group C and D. Structural aberrations were observed in 0,58% of the cells of the newborns and in 3,6% of those of the adults (P less than 0,05%. Chromosomal and chromatoid breaks with or without the presence of fragment predominated. Cells with AAC in the newborns were 61,7% against 81,4% in the adult persons (P less than 0,001). The number of the associating chromosomes increased with advancement of age--19,2% in the newborns and 31,9% in the adults (P less than 0,001). In the newborns 21,5% of the chromosomes from group G participated in associations and 17,7% of chromosomes from group D; in the adults both groups were equally engaged--31,3% of the chromosomes G and 32,4% of the chromosomes D.", "PMID": 699867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_58", "title": "[Vascularization of the human esophageal mucosa].", "content": "The authors carried out studies on the vascularization of the oesophagal mucosa in 14 individuals at various age after preliminary administration of Indian ink-gelatine in blood. On the basis of the performed studies they found that mucosal vascular bed of the oesophagus had two vascular plexuses: deep, located in the propria and superficial--under the epithelium of the mucosa. The deep vascular plexus is of spacial character but the superficial--plane. From the latter loop capillaries are separated on vide basis, which are directed vertically to the epithelium together with conic connective-tissue papillae. The authors interpret also some age peculiarities of the mucosal bed of the oesophagus.", "contents": "[Vascularization of the human esophageal mucosa]. The authors carried out studies on the vascularization of the oesophagal mucosa in 14 individuals at various age after preliminary administration of Indian ink-gelatine in blood. On the basis of the performed studies they found that mucosal vascular bed of the oesophagus had two vascular plexuses: deep, located in the propria and superficial--under the epithelium of the mucosa. The deep vascular plexus is of spacial character but the superficial--plane. From the latter loop capillaries are separated on vide basis, which are directed vertically to the epithelium together with conic connective-tissue papillae. The authors interpret also some age peculiarities of the mucosal bed of the oesophagus.", "PMID": 699868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_59", "title": "[Characteristics of the aortic rheogram (an experimental study)].", "content": "The authors aim to describe aortic rheogram and examine its changes under the influence of some agents, to compare with the phases of the heart activity and to explain the origin of the curve. They use experimental animals (cats), to whom aortic rheogram is recorded by means of a probe-electrode, as well as atreiral blood pressure, phonocardiogram and electrocardiogram. The changes in the aortic rheogram are recorded after elevation or diminition of arterial blood pressure (medicamentous and mechanical), replacement of a part of the abdominal aorta with nonelastic prothesis and application of a model heart-aorta-vascular bed, in which the \"systolic volume\" is changeable as well as the \"peripheral vascular resistance\". The authors come to the conclusion that the aortic rheogram, recorded by a probe-electrode, is a reflection of the fluctuations in the volume velocity of the blood flow. Furthermore the general amplitude of the curve is in direct dependence of the systolic volume of the left ventricle. The peripheral vascular resistance and elasticity of the aortic wall do not affect substantially the form and amplitude of the rheogram. The value of the mean arterial blood pressure itself does not influence the form and the value of the curves.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the aortic rheogram (an experimental study)]. The authors aim to describe aortic rheogram and examine its changes under the influence of some agents, to compare with the phases of the heart activity and to explain the origin of the curve. They use experimental animals (cats), to whom aortic rheogram is recorded by means of a probe-electrode, as well as atreiral blood pressure, phonocardiogram and electrocardiogram. The changes in the aortic rheogram are recorded after elevation or diminition of arterial blood pressure (medicamentous and mechanical), replacement of a part of the abdominal aorta with nonelastic prothesis and application of a model heart-aorta-vascular bed, in which the \"systolic volume\" is changeable as well as the \"peripheral vascular resistance\". The authors come to the conclusion that the aortic rheogram, recorded by a probe-electrode, is a reflection of the fluctuations in the volume velocity of the blood flow. Furthermore the general amplitude of the curve is in direct dependence of the systolic volume of the left ventricle. The peripheral vascular resistance and elasticity of the aortic wall do not affect substantially the form and amplitude of the rheogram. The value of the mean arterial blood pressure itself does not influence the form and the value of the curves.", "PMID": 699869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_60", "title": "[Significance of spontaneous and evoked temperature changes in the brain in applying the thermoclearance technic to the determination of cerebral blood flow].", "content": "The authors carried out studies on cats under urethane narcosis and found that the presence of spontaneous temperature changes in two neighbouring regions of the cerebral cortex, were discovered at a distance of 5 mm from each other in a parallel course. After administration of pharmacological agents such as papaverine, nivaline, etc. in the region of the cerebral cortex there were quick transitory temperature changes as in the two neighbouring regions of the cortex these changes had one-way course, but not a parallel one. This caused the occurrence of changes in the temperature difference between them, which was recorded by switching of the differential amplifier. These changes could be indicated as \"zero reaction\", having in mind the essence of the thermoclearance methods by means of which additional source of heat was introduced in one of the two regions. The real changes in the blood flow of the brain under the influence of the administered pharmacological agent represented the difference between the recorded and the so called zero reaction. The established facts oblige to take into consideration a possible presence of \"zero reaction\" during usage of thermoclearance method for determination of blood flow in other organs as well.", "contents": "[Significance of spontaneous and evoked temperature changes in the brain in applying the thermoclearance technic to the determination of cerebral blood flow]. The authors carried out studies on cats under urethane narcosis and found that the presence of spontaneous temperature changes in two neighbouring regions of the cerebral cortex, were discovered at a distance of 5 mm from each other in a parallel course. After administration of pharmacological agents such as papaverine, nivaline, etc. in the region of the cerebral cortex there were quick transitory temperature changes as in the two neighbouring regions of the cortex these changes had one-way course, but not a parallel one. This caused the occurrence of changes in the temperature difference between them, which was recorded by switching of the differential amplifier. These changes could be indicated as \"zero reaction\", having in mind the essence of the thermoclearance methods by means of which additional source of heat was introduced in one of the two regions. The real changes in the blood flow of the brain under the influence of the administered pharmacological agent represented the difference between the recorded and the so called zero reaction. The established facts oblige to take into consideration a possible presence of \"zero reaction\" during usage of thermoclearance method for determination of blood flow in other organs as well.", "PMID": 699870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_61", "title": "Gastrointestinal fiberoptic endoscopy in pediatric patients and juveniles.", "content": "Over a period of 8 years 351 upper gastrointestinal endoscopies and 72 coloscopies were performed in infants, children and juvenile patients. Development of special pediatric instruments provides increasing application even to the youngest patients. Fiberendoscopy is a safe and sensitive diagnostic tool also in the pediatric age group; furthermore the therapeutic possibilities of operative endoscopy can be used without disadvantage.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal fiberoptic endoscopy in pediatric patients and juveniles. Over a period of 8 years 351 upper gastrointestinal endoscopies and 72 coloscopies were performed in infants, children and juvenile patients. Development of special pediatric instruments provides increasing application even to the youngest patients. Fiberendoscopy is a safe and sensitive diagnostic tool also in the pediatric age group; furthermore the therapeutic possibilities of operative endoscopy can be used without disadvantage.", "PMID": 699880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_62", "title": "Intraoperative endoscopy in oesophageal atresia and anorectal anomalies.", "content": "In four children with oesophageal atresia and two children with high anorectal anomalies a magnetic bougienage respectively a magnetic pull-through procedure have been performed. In all cases the cylinders have been placed under endoscopic control. The endoscopic intraoperative procedure has proved to be very useful in these 6 cases. Having performed a successful bougienage the cylinder of the upper segment can pass distal to the thread in the stomach and can then be grasped with a flexible endoscope via gastrostomy. Endoscopy after magnetic pull-through procedure in anorectal anomalies is necessary in order to control the newly created pathway together with manometry and x-ray studies.", "contents": "Intraoperative endoscopy in oesophageal atresia and anorectal anomalies. In four children with oesophageal atresia and two children with high anorectal anomalies a magnetic bougienage respectively a magnetic pull-through procedure have been performed. In all cases the cylinders have been placed under endoscopic control. The endoscopic intraoperative procedure has proved to be very useful in these 6 cases. Having performed a successful bougienage the cylinder of the upper segment can pass distal to the thread in the stomach and can then be grasped with a flexible endoscope via gastrostomy. Endoscopy after magnetic pull-through procedure in anorectal anomalies is necessary in order to control the newly created pathway together with manometry and x-ray studies.", "PMID": 699881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_63", "title": "Endoscopy of the biliary tract and the pancreas in children.", "content": "ERCP is a useful method in adults for diagnosing bilio-pancreatic disorders. The application of this technique in children is limited until now according to the rare case reports in the literature. Our experience with this procedure, based on the examination of six children and 12 youths, shows that ERCP can be employed with great benefit, when taking into account the correct indication. ERCP is mainly applied to clarify obstructive jaundice, especially when anomalies of the bile duct system are suspected, and to discover a reason for relapsing pancreatitis where other procedures fail. Blunt abdominal traumata with upper GI bleeding may well be another reason. In general our first reported data are encouraging.", "contents": "Endoscopy of the biliary tract and the pancreas in children. ERCP is a useful method in adults for diagnosing bilio-pancreatic disorders. The application of this technique in children is limited until now according to the rare case reports in the literature. Our experience with this procedure, based on the examination of six children and 12 youths, shows that ERCP can be employed with great benefit, when taking into account the correct indication. ERCP is mainly applied to clarify obstructive jaundice, especially when anomalies of the bile duct system are suspected, and to discover a reason for relapsing pancreatitis where other procedures fail. Blunt abdominal traumata with upper GI bleeding may well be another reason. In general our first reported data are encouraging.", "PMID": 699882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_64", "title": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) in children.", "content": "ERCP was successfully carried out 6 times in 4 children with suspected round worm infestation of the biliary tree. A general anaesthetic was given in all cases, and an adult duodenofibrescope was used. Early experience indicates that the procedure is feasible and of value even in small children weighing 12 kg. As in adults, ERCP should be considered whenever a precise outline of the pancreato-biliary system is required, and when infusion cholangiography fails to give the desired information.", "contents": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) in children. ERCP was successfully carried out 6 times in 4 children with suspected round worm infestation of the biliary tree. A general anaesthetic was given in all cases, and an adult duodenofibrescope was used. Early experience indicates that the procedure is feasible and of value even in small children weighing 12 kg. As in adults, ERCP should be considered whenever a precise outline of the pancreato-biliary system is required, and when infusion cholangiography fails to give the desired information.", "PMID": 699883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_65", "title": "Gastric neoplasm in the West of Ireland: an endoscopic survey.", "content": "The results of endoscopic examination, biopsy taken at endoscopy and cytology of brush smears and/or gastric lavage specimens in 100 patients with proven malignant gastric lesions are described. Overall, a correct pre-operative diagnosis was achieved in 98 cases. Endoscopic appearance was a more accurate criterion in cases of exophytic advanced carcinoma, malignant ulcer and lymphoma than in diffuse infiltrative carcinoma or in early carcinoma, where biopsy and cytology were more accurate. Nine per cent of neoplasms were malignant lymphomas, which is much higher than the usual reported incidence. Early carcinoma was found in 5% of cases. In spite of readily available facilities for endoscopic diagnosis, most cases of gastric neoplasm were already advanced at the time of examination.", "contents": "Gastric neoplasm in the West of Ireland: an endoscopic survey. The results of endoscopic examination, biopsy taken at endoscopy and cytology of brush smears and/or gastric lavage specimens in 100 patients with proven malignant gastric lesions are described. Overall, a correct pre-operative diagnosis was achieved in 98 cases. Endoscopic appearance was a more accurate criterion in cases of exophytic advanced carcinoma, malignant ulcer and lymphoma than in diffuse infiltrative carcinoma or in early carcinoma, where biopsy and cytology were more accurate. Nine per cent of neoplasms were malignant lymphomas, which is much higher than the usual reported incidence. Early carcinoma was found in 5% of cases. In spite of readily available facilities for endoscopic diagnosis, most cases of gastric neoplasm were already advanced at the time of examination.", "PMID": 699884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_66", "title": "Out-patient gastroscopy risks.", "content": "Complications in out-patient gastroscopy were evaluated retrospectively in 995 examinations performed in 625 patients. At the examination seven complications were registered in the gastroscopy record. Two complications: perforation of the stomach and cardiac arrhythmia, required hospitalisation. None of the complications was lethal. Inquiries to the referring general practitioners revealed 5 cases where the gastroscopy had led to consultations because of minor complaints after the examination. Considering all complaints as complications the frequency of complications in out-patient gastroscopy was 1.2%.", "contents": "Out-patient gastroscopy risks. Complications in out-patient gastroscopy were evaluated retrospectively in 995 examinations performed in 625 patients. At the examination seven complications were registered in the gastroscopy record. Two complications: perforation of the stomach and cardiac arrhythmia, required hospitalisation. None of the complications was lethal. Inquiries to the referring general practitioners revealed 5 cases where the gastroscopy had led to consultations because of minor complaints after the examination. Considering all complaints as complications the frequency of complications in out-patient gastroscopy was 1.2%.", "PMID": 699885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_67", "title": "Endoscopic examination of Egyptian mummies.", "content": "Three Pharaonic mummies, preserved for thousand of years, had fiberoptic endoscopy carried out of the cranial, thoracic and abdominal cavities. The aim of the study was to gather medical data and ascertain the extent of damage of these mummies before undertaking restoration procedues. The endoscopic examinations revealed some valuable data concerning certain points of historical interest.", "contents": "Endoscopic examination of Egyptian mummies. Three Pharaonic mummies, preserved for thousand of years, had fiberoptic endoscopy carried out of the cranial, thoracic and abdominal cavities. The aim of the study was to gather medical data and ascertain the extent of damage of these mummies before undertaking restoration procedues. The endoscopic examinations revealed some valuable data concerning certain points of historical interest.", "PMID": 699886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_68", "title": "Peroral cholangioscopy in choledocho-duodenostomy--patients using the pediatric fiberscope.", "content": "In patients with wide-open bilio-digestive anastomoses peroral cholangioscopy using the pediatric endoscope GIF-P2 is easily performed. The common bile duct is visualised down to the papilla and up to the distributaries of the hepatic ducts. The instrumentation channel allows mobilisation of incarcerated concretions, extraction of food particles (cholangiophytiasis) and guided biopsy of pathological findings. The experience in 12 patients with this method is promising.", "contents": "Peroral cholangioscopy in choledocho-duodenostomy--patients using the pediatric fiberscope. In patients with wide-open bilio-digestive anastomoses peroral cholangioscopy using the pediatric endoscope GIF-P2 is easily performed. The common bile duct is visualised down to the papilla and up to the distributaries of the hepatic ducts. The instrumentation channel allows mobilisation of incarcerated concretions, extraction of food particles (cholangiophytiasis) and guided biopsy of pathological findings. The experience in 12 patients with this method is promising.", "PMID": 699887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_69", "title": "Descending sphincterotomy of the papilla of Vater through the T-drain under endoscopic view. Variants of endoscopic papillotomy (EPT).", "content": "An indwelling T-drain is a valuable access to the common bile duct if the conventional EPT fails in the case of choledocholithiasis. It is often easier to cannulate the duodenal papilla from the common bile duct than from the duodenum. A papillotome of the Erlangen type introduced through the T-drain into the papilla spontaneously has the correct cutting direction. The incision is controlled endoscopically. If a patient has undergone Billroth II operation, the particularly difficult cannulation and incision of the papilla is make much easier by the descending technique. Two variants of the endoscopically controlled descending electropapillotomy were successfully performed.", "contents": "Descending sphincterotomy of the papilla of Vater through the T-drain under endoscopic view. Variants of endoscopic papillotomy (EPT). An indwelling T-drain is a valuable access to the common bile duct if the conventional EPT fails in the case of choledocholithiasis. It is often easier to cannulate the duodenal papilla from the common bile duct than from the duodenum. A papillotome of the Erlangen type introduced through the T-drain into the papilla spontaneously has the correct cutting direction. The incision is controlled endoscopically. If a patient has undergone Billroth II operation, the particularly difficult cannulation and incision of the papilla is make much easier by the descending technique. Two variants of the endoscopically controlled descending electropapillotomy were successfully performed.", "PMID": 699888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_70", "title": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) through artificial endoscopic choledocho-duodenal fistula.", "content": "A new endoscopic method for retrograde cholangiography in cases of unsuccessful cannulation of the papilla is described. In 1 patient with obstructive jaundice, severe diabetes and a previous history of biliary pain traditional ERC failed. An endoscopic artificial choledocho-duodenal fistula by means of a diathermic cutter (needle type) was performed at the lower end of the intramural portion of the common bile duct for retrograde cholangiography. X-ray showed an obstruction of the common bile duct due to a carcinoma of the head of the pancreas. Complications did not occur during the procedure and in the post-operative period. It is concluded that the described method may be helpful when traditional selective ERC fails, moreover it may permit an endoscopic choledocho-duodenostomy for choledocholithiasis in cases of unsuccessful endoscopic papillo-sphincterotomy.", "contents": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) through artificial endoscopic choledocho-duodenal fistula. A new endoscopic method for retrograde cholangiography in cases of unsuccessful cannulation of the papilla is described. In 1 patient with obstructive jaundice, severe diabetes and a previous history of biliary pain traditional ERC failed. An endoscopic artificial choledocho-duodenal fistula by means of a diathermic cutter (needle type) was performed at the lower end of the intramural portion of the common bile duct for retrograde cholangiography. X-ray showed an obstruction of the common bile duct due to a carcinoma of the head of the pancreas. Complications did not occur during the procedure and in the post-operative period. It is concluded that the described method may be helpful when traditional selective ERC fails, moreover it may permit an endoscopic choledocho-duodenostomy for choledocholithiasis in cases of unsuccessful endoscopic papillo-sphincterotomy.", "PMID": 699889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_71", "title": "Perforation of the oesophagus with an oblique--viewing endoscope in a patient with caustic stenosis.", "content": "A case of accidental oesophageal perforation during endoscopy in an elderly woman with acute alimentary obstruction of a caustic stenosis is presented. This demonstrates the risks in routine use of oblique-viewing endoscopes, especially in oesophageal exploration. The lesion was successfully treated by internal splinting with a Celestin tube. The indications for this kind of treatment arise in elderly patients with poor general condition in whom a preexisting stenosis guarantees the tight fitting of the tube.", "contents": "Perforation of the oesophagus with an oblique--viewing endoscope in a patient with caustic stenosis. A case of accidental oesophageal perforation during endoscopy in an elderly woman with acute alimentary obstruction of a caustic stenosis is presented. This demonstrates the risks in routine use of oblique-viewing endoscopes, especially in oesophageal exploration. The lesion was successfully treated by internal splinting with a Celestin tube. The indications for this kind of treatment arise in elderly patients with poor general condition in whom a preexisting stenosis guarantees the tight fitting of the tube.", "PMID": 699890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_72", "title": "Caroli's disease: diagnosed by ERCP and ultrasonography.", "content": "A patient with Caroli's syndrome is reported; diagnosis was made by ERCP and ultrasonography. Caroli's disease occurred in its \"pure\" form in this patient, i.e. dilatation was present only in the intrahepatic biliary system while the extrahepatic bile ducts were normal. Pathogenesis and differential diagnosis are surveyed on the basis of available data. Further, the possibilities of treatment and prognosis are dealt with.", "contents": "Caroli's disease: diagnosed by ERCP and ultrasonography. A patient with Caroli's syndrome is reported; diagnosis was made by ERCP and ultrasonography. Caroli's disease occurred in its \"pure\" form in this patient, i.e. dilatation was present only in the intrahepatic biliary system while the extrahepatic bile ducts were normal. Pathogenesis and differential diagnosis are surveyed on the basis of available data. Further, the possibilities of treatment and prognosis are dealt with.", "PMID": 699891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_73", "title": "Overfilling of a pancreatic segment in endoscopic retrograde pancreaticography.", "content": "A case of parenchymal opacification of a segment of the pancreatic head without severe clinical sequelae is described. The authors discuss the pitfalls of the technique of duct filling and wedging of the cannula in a segment of the pancreatic duct. They call attention to the risks of such complications in patients with intolerance to i.v. administration of contrast medium.", "contents": "Overfilling of a pancreatic segment in endoscopic retrograde pancreaticography. A case of parenchymal opacification of a segment of the pancreatic head without severe clinical sequelae is described. The authors discuss the pitfalls of the technique of duct filling and wedging of the cannula in a segment of the pancreatic duct. They call attention to the risks of such complications in patients with intolerance to i.v. administration of contrast medium.", "PMID": 699892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_74", "title": "Endoscopic extraction of a perforating paperclip from the stomach.", "content": "Report on succesful endoscopic removal of a metal clip perforating the gastric wall for about 2 cm.", "contents": "Endoscopic extraction of a perforating paperclip from the stomach. Report on succesful endoscopic removal of a metal clip perforating the gastric wall for about 2 cm.", "PMID": 699893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_75", "title": "Serum creatine kinase isoenzymes in progressive muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Creatine kinase isoenzymes in sera and muscle biopsies obtained from 50 controls, 72 patients with progressive muscular dystrophy (PMD), 68 patients with other neuromuscular disorders, 17 carriers of Duchenne-type PMD and 15 patients with myocardial infarction were studied. MB isoenzyme was detected in the sera of 58 patients with PMD and 56 out of 61 muscle biopsies. The MB activity varied between 4 and 400 IU/1 or 3.4--22% of total activity. The MB activity was demonstrated in a considerably smaller number of cases with polymyositis, dystrophic myotonia and Kugelberg-Welander disease. The MB isoenzyme in sera of PMD persisted for many years. It is admitted that the MB isoenzyme in the serum of patients with PMD originates chiefly from skeletal muscle.", "contents": "Serum creatine kinase isoenzymes in progressive muscular dystrophy. Creatine kinase isoenzymes in sera and muscle biopsies obtained from 50 controls, 72 patients with progressive muscular dystrophy (PMD), 68 patients with other neuromuscular disorders, 17 carriers of Duchenne-type PMD and 15 patients with myocardial infarction were studied. MB isoenzyme was detected in the sera of 58 patients with PMD and 56 out of 61 muscle biopsies. The MB activity varied between 4 and 400 IU/1 or 3.4--22% of total activity. The MB activity was demonstrated in a considerably smaller number of cases with polymyositis, dystrophic myotonia and Kugelberg-Welander disease. The MB isoenzyme in sera of PMD persisted for many years. It is admitted that the MB isoenzyme in the serum of patients with PMD originates chiefly from skeletal muscle.", "PMID": 699895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_76", "title": "Developmental profile of enzyme activity in several tissues of the C57BL/6 mouse between birth and 35 days of age.", "content": "The activity of 19 liver enzymes as well as the level of activity of a lesser number of enzymes in brain, kidney and heart tissue was measured in C57BL/6 mice at various ages between birth and 35 days. Several enzymes were present at significant levels in the liver at earlier ages than reported for rat liver. The time course of the development, the magnitude of the charges and the direction of the changes are often significantly different from the profiles observed in rat tissues, thus the mouse may respond differently than other species to dietary alterations and/or hormonal stimulations during the developmental period.", "contents": "Developmental profile of enzyme activity in several tissues of the C57BL/6 mouse between birth and 35 days of age. The activity of 19 liver enzymes as well as the level of activity of a lesser number of enzymes in brain, kidney and heart tissue was measured in C57BL/6 mice at various ages between birth and 35 days. Several enzymes were present at significant levels in the liver at earlier ages than reported for rat liver. The time course of the development, the magnitude of the charges and the direction of the changes are often significantly different from the profiles observed in rat tissues, thus the mouse may respond differently than other species to dietary alterations and/or hormonal stimulations during the developmental period.", "PMID": 699896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_77", "title": "Vitamin B6 metabolism in human red cells. I. Variations in normal subjects.", "content": "Physiologic and pharmacologic factors affecting intracellular red cell vitamin B6 metabolism in normal human subjects were studied using a new assay for pyridoxine kinase (PnK) together with saturated and total aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities as indirect indices of intracellular pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP) availability. The presence of reduced PnK activity in Blacks was confirmed but this could not be explained on the basis of increased enzyme inactivation during red cell aging in vivo. Racial differences were also noted in the metabolism of AST and, in Caucasians, net dissociation of PLP from the apoprotein was demonstrated to occur in vivo. Despite the wide variation in Pn5 activity, AST levels were maintained within relatively narrow limits. However, when pharmacologic doses of pyridoxine were administered, PnK and AST activities increased proportionately. These findings suggest that when the supply of B6 vitamers is not limiting, PnK may play a role in regulating red cell PLP levels.", "contents": "Vitamin B6 metabolism in human red cells. I. Variations in normal subjects. Physiologic and pharmacologic factors affecting intracellular red cell vitamin B6 metabolism in normal human subjects were studied using a new assay for pyridoxine kinase (PnK) together with saturated and total aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities as indirect indices of intracellular pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP) availability. The presence of reduced PnK activity in Blacks was confirmed but this could not be explained on the basis of increased enzyme inactivation during red cell aging in vivo. Racial differences were also noted in the metabolism of AST and, in Caucasians, net dissociation of PLP from the apoprotein was demonstrated to occur in vivo. Despite the wide variation in Pn5 activity, AST levels were maintained within relatively narrow limits. However, when pharmacologic doses of pyridoxine were administered, PnK and AST activities increased proportionately. These findings suggest that when the supply of B6 vitamers is not limiting, PnK may play a role in regulating red cell PLP levels.", "PMID": 699897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_78", "title": "Actins from mammals, bird, fish and slime mold characterized by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels.", "content": "Actins isolated from a variety of tissues and cultured cells were compared by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels in the presence of 9 M urea and 2% Nonidet P40. Actins isolated from muscle tissue with a sarcomeric structure like skeletal muscle and heart muscle invariably display, as previously shown, one single band with a pI of approximately 5.4 (alpha-actin) in isoelectric focusing gels. Actins isolated from mammalian or avian non-muscle tissue and cultured mammalian cells display two polypeptide bands (beta and gamma-actins) focusing at a slightly higher pH than alpha-actin as a closely spaced doublet. A gamma-like actin is the predominant species in chicken gizzard actin. However, this gamma-like form is not isoelectrically identical with gamma-actin from brain. These results are discussed in relation with the currently available amino acid sequence data known for different actins. Actin isolated from the liver of the electric fish Torpedo marmorata appears to consist of a single isoelectric species with an apparent isoelectric point similar to the beta-actin component of mammalian brain. The actin from the slime mold Physarum polycephalum shows only one single major band in isofocusing gels with an isoelectric point lower than that of alpha-actin.", "contents": "Actins from mammals, bird, fish and slime mold characterized by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels. Actins isolated from a variety of tissues and cultured cells were compared by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels in the presence of 9 M urea and 2% Nonidet P40. Actins isolated from muscle tissue with a sarcomeric structure like skeletal muscle and heart muscle invariably display, as previously shown, one single band with a pI of approximately 5.4 (alpha-actin) in isoelectric focusing gels. Actins isolated from mammalian or avian non-muscle tissue and cultured mammalian cells display two polypeptide bands (beta and gamma-actins) focusing at a slightly higher pH than alpha-actin as a closely spaced doublet. A gamma-like actin is the predominant species in chicken gizzard actin. However, this gamma-like form is not isoelectrically identical with gamma-actin from brain. These results are discussed in relation with the currently available amino acid sequence data known for different actins. Actin isolated from the liver of the electric fish Torpedo marmorata appears to consist of a single isoelectric species with an apparent isoelectric point similar to the beta-actin component of mammalian brain. The actin from the slime mold Physarum polycephalum shows only one single major band in isofocusing gels with an isoelectric point lower than that of alpha-actin.", "PMID": 699900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_79", "title": "The mechanism of action of cytochrome P-450. Occurrence of the 'NIH shift' during hydroperoxide-dependent aromatic hydroxylations.", "content": "The mechanism of liver microsomal aromatic hydroxylation has been investigated by using cumene hydroperoxide as the hydroxylating agent and comparing this reaction with the NADPH-dependent reaction. The conversion of [4-(3)H]acetanilide to 4-hydroxyacetanilide by rat liver microsomes (or purified cytochrome P-450) in the presence of either cumene hydroperoxide or NADPH is attended by comparable 'NIH shifts'. This indicates that hydroxylation in the two systems proceeds via a common intermediate, presumably an arene oxide. The intermediacy of an arene oxide, phenanthrene-9,10-oxide, is established by incubating [3-(3)H]-phenanthrene with rat-liver microsomes and cumene hydroperoxide in the presence of either non-radioactive phenanthrene-9,10-oxide as a 'trap' or in the presence of cyclohexene oxide, an inhibitor of the enzyme epoxide hydrase. Incubation of phenanthrene with cumene hydroperoxide in an 18O-enriched medium has confirmed that the oxygen atom in phenanthrene-9,10-oxide is derived from the hydroperoxide and not from the medium.", "contents": "The mechanism of action of cytochrome P-450. Occurrence of the 'NIH shift' during hydroperoxide-dependent aromatic hydroxylations. The mechanism of liver microsomal aromatic hydroxylation has been investigated by using cumene hydroperoxide as the hydroxylating agent and comparing this reaction with the NADPH-dependent reaction. The conversion of [4-(3)H]acetanilide to 4-hydroxyacetanilide by rat liver microsomes (or purified cytochrome P-450) in the presence of either cumene hydroperoxide or NADPH is attended by comparable 'NIH shifts'. This indicates that hydroxylation in the two systems proceeds via a common intermediate, presumably an arene oxide. The intermediacy of an arene oxide, phenanthrene-9,10-oxide, is established by incubating [3-(3)H]-phenanthrene with rat-liver microsomes and cumene hydroperoxide in the presence of either non-radioactive phenanthrene-9,10-oxide as a 'trap' or in the presence of cyclohexene oxide, an inhibitor of the enzyme epoxide hydrase. Incubation of phenanthrene with cumene hydroperoxide in an 18O-enriched medium has confirmed that the oxygen atom in phenanthrene-9,10-oxide is derived from the hydroperoxide and not from the medium.", "PMID": 699902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_80", "title": "Isolation and characterization of secretory actin . DNAase I complex from rat pancreatic juice.", "content": "DNAase I isolated from rat pancreatic juice was always found in association with a protein of molecular weight 43 000. This association leads to inhibition of the isolated rat pancreatic DNAase I activity by 66%. The molecular weight of the complex was found to be 74 000 by gel filtration indicating a 1 : 1 molar association of both proteins. Since the protein of molecular weight 43 000 has a number of properties similar to skeletal muscle actin such as filament formation, nucleotide binding, inhibition of the rat pancreatic DNAase I activity and comigration with skeletal muscle actin on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of dodecylsulfate, it is concluded that DNAase I is bound to actin in rat pancreatic juice in a 1 : 1 complex. It is demonstrated that a protein fraction from bile is able to activate the DNAase I enzymatic activity of the rat secretory actin . DNAase I complex.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of secretory actin . DNAase I complex from rat pancreatic juice. DNAase I isolated from rat pancreatic juice was always found in association with a protein of molecular weight 43 000. This association leads to inhibition of the isolated rat pancreatic DNAase I activity by 66%. The molecular weight of the complex was found to be 74 000 by gel filtration indicating a 1 : 1 molar association of both proteins. Since the protein of molecular weight 43 000 has a number of properties similar to skeletal muscle actin such as filament formation, nucleotide binding, inhibition of the rat pancreatic DNAase I activity and comigration with skeletal muscle actin on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of dodecylsulfate, it is concluded that DNAase I is bound to actin in rat pancreatic juice in a 1 : 1 complex. It is demonstrated that a protein fraction from bile is able to activate the DNAase I enzymatic activity of the rat secretory actin . DNAase I complex.", "PMID": 699903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_81", "title": "Human erythrocyte membrane acetylcholinesterase. Incorporation into the lipid bilayer structure of liposomes.", "content": "Human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase was incorporated into liposomes of different phospholipid composition by detergent depletion methods. Complete incorporation of activity into liposomes was achieved. Either by gel filtration or by dialysis 99.96% of the sodium deoxycholate originally present was removed. The preferred method of liposome formation involved the use of dialysis followed by gel filtration, as gel filtration alone resulted in liposomes heterogeneous in size. The liposomes had a diameter of about 30 nm (determined by electron microscopy and gel filtration). Studies involving the use of Triton X-100 and proteolytic enzymes revealed that at least 70% of the incorporated activity was located on the outer-side of the liposomes; this percentage was even higher in small liposomes.", "contents": "Human erythrocyte membrane acetylcholinesterase. Incorporation into the lipid bilayer structure of liposomes. Human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase was incorporated into liposomes of different phospholipid composition by detergent depletion methods. Complete incorporation of activity into liposomes was achieved. Either by gel filtration or by dialysis 99.96% of the sodium deoxycholate originally present was removed. The preferred method of liposome formation involved the use of dialysis followed by gel filtration, as gel filtration alone resulted in liposomes heterogeneous in size. The liposomes had a diameter of about 30 nm (determined by electron microscopy and gel filtration). Studies involving the use of Triton X-100 and proteolytic enzymes revealed that at least 70% of the incorporated activity was located on the outer-side of the liposomes; this percentage was even higher in small liposomes.", "PMID": 699904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_82", "title": "Purification and characterisation of prostatic binding protein and its subunits.", "content": "The prostatic binding protein, previously described in rat ventral prostate, was isolated. The purified protein binds pregnenolone with an affinity of 1.2 X 10(6) M-1 and contains an average of 0.84 binding site per molecular. Its carbohydrate content is 3.2%. Its Mr, estimated by gel filtration, is 51 000 but in the presence of 6 M guanidine hydrochloride or 0.1% dodecylsulfate it dissociates into two subunits (S and F), which can be separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or by chromatography on hydroxyapatite. The Mr of these subunits is about 17 000, when estimated by gel filtration in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride, or 19 000 for subunit F and 20 000 for subunit S, when measured by dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Their isoelectric points, estimated by isoelectric focusing in 8 M urea, are 4.6 for subunit F and 4.9 for subunit S. Prostatic binding protein and both subunits have a very similar amino acid composition. Upon reduction of disulfide bridges each subunit dissociates further into two components: one of these components is the same in both subunits.", "contents": "Purification and characterisation of prostatic binding protein and its subunits. The prostatic binding protein, previously described in rat ventral prostate, was isolated. The purified protein binds pregnenolone with an affinity of 1.2 X 10(6) M-1 and contains an average of 0.84 binding site per molecular. Its carbohydrate content is 3.2%. Its Mr, estimated by gel filtration, is 51 000 but in the presence of 6 M guanidine hydrochloride or 0.1% dodecylsulfate it dissociates into two subunits (S and F), which can be separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or by chromatography on hydroxyapatite. The Mr of these subunits is about 17 000, when estimated by gel filtration in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride, or 19 000 for subunit F and 20 000 for subunit S, when measured by dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Their isoelectric points, estimated by isoelectric focusing in 8 M urea, are 4.6 for subunit F and 4.9 for subunit S. Prostatic binding protein and both subunits have a very similar amino acid composition. Upon reduction of disulfide bridges each subunit dissociates further into two components: one of these components is the same in both subunits.", "PMID": 699905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_83", "title": "Structure-activity relationships for the lipid-mobilising action of locust adipokinetic hormone. Synthesis and activity of a series of hormone analogues.", "content": "A series of compounds structurally related to adipokinetic hormone, the decapeptide neurohormone less than Glu-Leu-Asn-Phe-Thr-Pro-Asn-Trp-Gly-Thr-NH2, have been prepared by synthesis and by enzymic cleavages of synthetic hormone. Their relative agonist activities in mobilising lipids over a fixed time interval (1 h) in locusts were assessed. The similar time courses for lipid release shown by two of the peptide analogues and adipokinetic hormone suggest that the analogues and the hormone are transported to the receptors on the fat body cells, and are also degraded, at similar rates. Consequently, the analogue activities can be correlated with the structural requirements of the locust fat body hormone receptors. The requirements for activity demonstrated in this study are as follows. Residues 1--8 from the N-terminus are necessary to elicit some activity (20%). Residues 5 and 7 in the octapeptide can be changed without affecting activity but L-pyroglutamic acid as the N-terminal residue is necessary formaximum activity both in the octapeptide and the decapeptide. Full activity is achieved only by adding the dipeptide glycyl threonine amide to the active octapeptide 'core'. In the decapeptide, residues cannot be interchanged to the same extent as in the octapeptide without reducing activity. The peptide probably has to be uncharged. Inactive analogues of seven residues or less do not interfere in the hormone-receptor interaction.", "contents": "Structure-activity relationships for the lipid-mobilising action of locust adipokinetic hormone. Synthesis and activity of a series of hormone analogues. A series of compounds structurally related to adipokinetic hormone, the decapeptide neurohormone less than Glu-Leu-Asn-Phe-Thr-Pro-Asn-Trp-Gly-Thr-NH2, have been prepared by synthesis and by enzymic cleavages of synthetic hormone. Their relative agonist activities in mobilising lipids over a fixed time interval (1 h) in locusts were assessed. The similar time courses for lipid release shown by two of the peptide analogues and adipokinetic hormone suggest that the analogues and the hormone are transported to the receptors on the fat body cells, and are also degraded, at similar rates. Consequently, the analogue activities can be correlated with the structural requirements of the locust fat body hormone receptors. The requirements for activity demonstrated in this study are as follows. Residues 1--8 from the N-terminus are necessary to elicit some activity (20%). Residues 5 and 7 in the octapeptide can be changed without affecting activity but L-pyroglutamic acid as the N-terminal residue is necessary formaximum activity both in the octapeptide and the decapeptide. Full activity is achieved only by adding the dipeptide glycyl threonine amide to the active octapeptide 'core'. In the decapeptide, residues cannot be interchanged to the same extent as in the octapeptide without reducing activity. The peptide probably has to be uncharged. Inactive analogues of seven residues or less do not interfere in the hormone-receptor interaction.", "PMID": 699907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_84", "title": "Studies on the biosynthesis of bacterio-opsin. Demonstration of the existence of protein species structurally related to bacterio-opsin.", "content": "1. The kinetics of processing newly synthesized bacterio-opsin from the non-crystalline state within the brown membrane to the crystalline state within the purple membrane was followed by pulse-chase experiments. 2. Biosynthesis of bacterio-opsin was found to be highly resistant to RNA-synthesis inhibitors like rifampicin and ethidium bromide. In the presence of ethidium bromide, only five protein species continue to be synthesized in halobacteria, one of them being bacterio-opsin. 3. In spheroplasts, synthesis of bacterio-opsin is found to be selectively disturbed. The purple membrane isolated from spheroplasts contains new, additional protein species with apparent molecular weights of 19 000, 23 000 and 29 000. These proteins share common amino acid sequences with bacterio-opsin. 4. In the halobacterial cell membrane, two membrane proteins with apparent molecular weights of 30 000 and 36 000 were detected which are structurally related to bacterio-opsin. 5. Bacterio-opsin as well as the 30 000 Mr and 36 000-Mr proteins contain covalently bound sulphate.", "contents": "Studies on the biosynthesis of bacterio-opsin. Demonstration of the existence of protein species structurally related to bacterio-opsin. 1. The kinetics of processing newly synthesized bacterio-opsin from the non-crystalline state within the brown membrane to the crystalline state within the purple membrane was followed by pulse-chase experiments. 2. Biosynthesis of bacterio-opsin was found to be highly resistant to RNA-synthesis inhibitors like rifampicin and ethidium bromide. In the presence of ethidium bromide, only five protein species continue to be synthesized in halobacteria, one of them being bacterio-opsin. 3. In spheroplasts, synthesis of bacterio-opsin is found to be selectively disturbed. The purple membrane isolated from spheroplasts contains new, additional protein species with apparent molecular weights of 19 000, 23 000 and 29 000. These proteins share common amino acid sequences with bacterio-opsin. 4. In the halobacterial cell membrane, two membrane proteins with apparent molecular weights of 30 000 and 36 000 were detected which are structurally related to bacterio-opsin. 5. Bacterio-opsin as well as the 30 000 Mr and 36 000-Mr proteins contain covalently bound sulphate.", "PMID": 699908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_85", "title": "Ethanol oxidation by isolated rat-liver cells. Stimulatory effects of fructose.", "content": "Isolated liver cells from starved or fed rats were used to examine the mechanisms by which fructose stimulates hepatic ethanol oxidation, particularly in relation to the role of intercompartmental hydrogen transfer. The presence of added fructose stimulated ethanol oxidation, the degree of stimulation being directly related to the initial fructose concentration up to a level of 10--20 mM. In the presence of fructose and ethanol, sorbitol, glycerol and glycerol 3-phosphate accumulated. The stimulation of ethanol oxidation by fructose could be attributed to its ability to promote the oxidation of cytoplasmic NADH by the provision both of cytoplasmic hydrogen sinks and components of the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle. Shuttles mediated by malate dehydrogenase were unimportant for fructose-stimulated ethanol oxidation. Rates of respiration and gluconeogenesis were similar over a fructose range of 5--20 mM although ethanol oxidation was faster at higher fructose concentrations. Hence the stimulation of ethanol oxidation by fructose is not merely a direct function of the energy demands of gluconeogenesis.", "contents": "Ethanol oxidation by isolated rat-liver cells. Stimulatory effects of fructose. Isolated liver cells from starved or fed rats were used to examine the mechanisms by which fructose stimulates hepatic ethanol oxidation, particularly in relation to the role of intercompartmental hydrogen transfer. The presence of added fructose stimulated ethanol oxidation, the degree of stimulation being directly related to the initial fructose concentration up to a level of 10--20 mM. In the presence of fructose and ethanol, sorbitol, glycerol and glycerol 3-phosphate accumulated. The stimulation of ethanol oxidation by fructose could be attributed to its ability to promote the oxidation of cytoplasmic NADH by the provision both of cytoplasmic hydrogen sinks and components of the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle. Shuttles mediated by malate dehydrogenase were unimportant for fructose-stimulated ethanol oxidation. Rates of respiration and gluconeogenesis were similar over a fructose range of 5--20 mM although ethanol oxidation was faster at higher fructose concentrations. Hence the stimulation of ethanol oxidation by fructose is not merely a direct function of the energy demands of gluconeogenesis.", "PMID": 699909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_86", "title": "Two structurally closely related polypeptides encoded by 14-S mRNA isolated from rat lens.", "content": "14-S mRNA from rat lens codes for two subunits of alpha-crystallin, A2 (Mr 20 000) and AIns (Mr 24 000, previously referred to as alphaX). Structural relationship between both translation products has been proved by immunoprecipitation with antisera directed against the different crystallin classes. Competition immunoprecipitation showed that the 14-S mRNA translation products are precipitated by common antibodies, specific for the A subunit of alpha-crystallin. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and peptide analysis provided further evidence that the 24 000-Mr polypeptide, synthesized in vitro under direction of 14-S mRNA, is identical with native alphaAIns. Although the structures of alphaA2 and alphaAIns are very similar, no precursor-product relationship exists between both 14-S-mRNA-encoded polypeptides.", "contents": "Two structurally closely related polypeptides encoded by 14-S mRNA isolated from rat lens. 14-S mRNA from rat lens codes for two subunits of alpha-crystallin, A2 (Mr 20 000) and AIns (Mr 24 000, previously referred to as alphaX). Structural relationship between both translation products has been proved by immunoprecipitation with antisera directed against the different crystallin classes. Competition immunoprecipitation showed that the 14-S mRNA translation products are precipitated by common antibodies, specific for the A subunit of alpha-crystallin. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and peptide analysis provided further evidence that the 24 000-Mr polypeptide, synthesized in vitro under direction of 14-S mRNA, is identical with native alphaAIns. Although the structures of alphaA2 and alphaAIns are very similar, no precursor-product relationship exists between both 14-S-mRNA-encoded polypeptides.", "PMID": 699910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_87", "title": "Rat alpha-crystallin A chain with an insertion of 22 residues.", "content": "Rat lens alpha-crystallin contains, besides the usual alphaA and alphaB subunits, an additional minor chain. This subunit was purified by ion-exchange chromatography and its primary structure studied. It appeared to be an elongated alphaA-like chain, having an insertion of 22 residues between position 63 and 64 of an otherwise normal alphaA2 chain. Therefore this subunit was called alphaAIns, i.e. an alphaA chain with an inserted sequence. This inserted region, which contains three methionyl, five basic and no acidic residues, apparently results in an adequately functioning alphaAIns chain. The alphaAIns chain may be the product of a gene which has originated, after duplication of the alphaA gene, by insertion in one of the copies of a stretch of 66 nucleotides of unknown origin, or alternatively be the result of unusual transcription or processing of precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA), leaving an extra 66 nucleotides internally in the mRNA to be translated.", "contents": "Rat alpha-crystallin A chain with an insertion of 22 residues. Rat lens alpha-crystallin contains, besides the usual alphaA and alphaB subunits, an additional minor chain. This subunit was purified by ion-exchange chromatography and its primary structure studied. It appeared to be an elongated alphaA-like chain, having an insertion of 22 residues between position 63 and 64 of an otherwise normal alphaA2 chain. Therefore this subunit was called alphaAIns, i.e. an alphaA chain with an inserted sequence. This inserted region, which contains three methionyl, five basic and no acidic residues, apparently results in an adequately functioning alphaAIns chain. The alphaAIns chain may be the product of a gene which has originated, after duplication of the alphaA gene, by insertion in one of the copies of a stretch of 66 nucleotides of unknown origin, or alternatively be the result of unusual transcription or processing of precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA), leaving an extra 66 nucleotides internally in the mRNA to be translated.", "PMID": 699911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_88", "title": "Spectral properties of chlorophyll a monolayers in the presence of an exogenous electron donor and acceptor.", "content": "Chlorophyll a monolayers are studied at a nitrogen-water interface in the presence of a reducing or oxidizing agent: sodium ascorbate and benzyl viologen, respectively. Absorption spectra of the films are measured directly on the aqueous surface. With the aid of a computer, fourth derivative and difference spectra are determined. In the presence of ascorbate, a bathochromic shift of the absorption maximum to 693 nm can be induced as compared to 683 nm for a chlorophyll monolayer without any additives. In the presence of ascorbate, chlorophyll species at 676, 712 and 750 nm (present in a pure chlorophyll monolayer) are decreased or diminished. Illumination causes no change in the position of these absorption maxima; however, there is an increase of the absorbance of the main red absorption band. In the presence of benzyl viologen there is a hypsochromic shift of the red absorption maximum to 679 nm. Chlorophyll species at 670, 694, 712 and 740 nm (present in pure chlorophyll monolayers) are decreased or diminished upon addition of benzyl viologen. Upon illumination, there is a decrease in absorbance at 686 nm. It appears that the redox reagents induce the formation of specific chlorophyll aggregates, in the interfacial system, which might be analogous to the various chlorophyll species observed in green plant photosynthesis.", "contents": "Spectral properties of chlorophyll a monolayers in the presence of an exogenous electron donor and acceptor. Chlorophyll a monolayers are studied at a nitrogen-water interface in the presence of a reducing or oxidizing agent: sodium ascorbate and benzyl viologen, respectively. Absorption spectra of the films are measured directly on the aqueous surface. With the aid of a computer, fourth derivative and difference spectra are determined. In the presence of ascorbate, a bathochromic shift of the absorption maximum to 693 nm can be induced as compared to 683 nm for a chlorophyll monolayer without any additives. In the presence of ascorbate, chlorophyll species at 676, 712 and 750 nm (present in a pure chlorophyll monolayer) are decreased or diminished. Illumination causes no change in the position of these absorption maxima; however, there is an increase of the absorbance of the main red absorption band. In the presence of benzyl viologen there is a hypsochromic shift of the red absorption maximum to 679 nm. Chlorophyll species at 670, 694, 712 and 740 nm (present in pure chlorophyll monolayers) are decreased or diminished upon addition of benzyl viologen. Upon illumination, there is a decrease in absorbance at 686 nm. It appears that the redox reagents induce the formation of specific chlorophyll aggregates, in the interfacial system, which might be analogous to the various chlorophyll species observed in green plant photosynthesis.", "PMID": 699913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_89", "title": "Studies on lipid A from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis lipopolysaccharide. Isolation and general characterization.", "content": "Lipid A was isolated from lipopolysaccharide of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis S form (strain 341, subtype IB) using mild hydrolysis with acetic acid. The purified material (yield about 25%, molecular weight about 2900) contained D-glucosamine (11%), fatty acids (54%), protein concomitant (9.7%) and phosphorus (approximately 2%). Dodecanoic and 3-hydroxy-tetradecanoic acids in a molar ratio of 1 : 3.6 were detected as major fatty acid constituents. The hydroxyl groups of D-glucosamine were acylated with the residues of both fatty acids, while the amino groups were substituted with the residue of 3-hydroxy-tetradecanoic acid. Such a simple fatty acid composition is reminiscent of that found in lipid A in Y. pestis.", "contents": "Studies on lipid A from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis lipopolysaccharide. Isolation and general characterization. Lipid A was isolated from lipopolysaccharide of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis S form (strain 341, subtype IB) using mild hydrolysis with acetic acid. The purified material (yield about 25%, molecular weight about 2900) contained D-glucosamine (11%), fatty acids (54%), protein concomitant (9.7%) and phosphorus (approximately 2%). Dodecanoic and 3-hydroxy-tetradecanoic acids in a molar ratio of 1 : 3.6 were detected as major fatty acid constituents. The hydroxyl groups of D-glucosamine were acylated with the residues of both fatty acids, while the amino groups were substituted with the residue of 3-hydroxy-tetradecanoic acid. Such a simple fatty acid composition is reminiscent of that found in lipid A in Y. pestis.", "PMID": 699914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_90", "title": "Changes of mitochondrial DNA polymerase-gamma activity in synchronized mouse cell cultures.", "content": "Following synchronization by a double hydroxyurea block, mouse cell cultures exhibited a period of accelerated precursor incorporation into mitochondrial DNA during the late nuclear S phase. Peak activity of mitochondrial DNA polymerase-gamma occurred concurrent to the interval of accelerated organelle DNA synthesis. Mixing experiments suggested that the variations in mitochondrial DNA polymerase activity during the cell cycle were not due to free inhibitors in the enzyme preparations examined.", "contents": "Changes of mitochondrial DNA polymerase-gamma activity in synchronized mouse cell cultures. Following synchronization by a double hydroxyurea block, mouse cell cultures exhibited a period of accelerated precursor incorporation into mitochondrial DNA during the late nuclear S phase. Peak activity of mitochondrial DNA polymerase-gamma occurred concurrent to the interval of accelerated organelle DNA synthesis. Mixing experiments suggested that the variations in mitochondrial DNA polymerase activity during the cell cycle were not due to free inhibitors in the enzyme preparations examined.", "PMID": 699915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_91", "title": "The conformation of membrane-bound and detergent-solubilised bovine rhodopsin. A comparative hydrogen-isotope exchange study.", "content": "The conformations of the intrinsic membrane protein, rhodopsin, in its membrane-bound and detergent-solubilised states have been compared by hydrogen isotope exchange measurements. The infrared peptide exchange data show that the highly hydrophobic nature of rhodopsin is conserved in the presence of the two detergents used: Cemulsol LA 90 and Ammonyx LO. Only about 50% of the peptide hydrogens exchange under conditions where about 80% would exchange in most soluble proteins. The conformational stability of rhodopsin in these two detergents is also demonstrated by the similarity of the tritium exchange-out kinetics and the infrared amide I band frequencies for both membrane-bound and detergent-solubilised rhodopsin. Upon illumination of rhodopsin (bleaching) in the presence of detergents, the hydrogen exchange rates are greatly increased and shifts in the amide I band frequencies are observed, indicative of a large conformation change. No such change occurs upon bleaching membrane-bound rhodopsin. We conclude that the conformation of rhodopsin is not altered by solubilisation in non-ionic detergents. However, in agreement with previously published results, bleached rhodopsin is stabilised by the membrane but does not retain a native conformation in these detergents.", "contents": "The conformation of membrane-bound and detergent-solubilised bovine rhodopsin. A comparative hydrogen-isotope exchange study. The conformations of the intrinsic membrane protein, rhodopsin, in its membrane-bound and detergent-solubilised states have been compared by hydrogen isotope exchange measurements. The infrared peptide exchange data show that the highly hydrophobic nature of rhodopsin is conserved in the presence of the two detergents used: Cemulsol LA 90 and Ammonyx LO. Only about 50% of the peptide hydrogens exchange under conditions where about 80% would exchange in most soluble proteins. The conformational stability of rhodopsin in these two detergents is also demonstrated by the similarity of the tritium exchange-out kinetics and the infrared amide I band frequencies for both membrane-bound and detergent-solubilised rhodopsin. Upon illumination of rhodopsin (bleaching) in the presence of detergents, the hydrogen exchange rates are greatly increased and shifts in the amide I band frequencies are observed, indicative of a large conformation change. No such change occurs upon bleaching membrane-bound rhodopsin. We conclude that the conformation of rhodopsin is not altered by solubilisation in non-ionic detergents. However, in agreement with previously published results, bleached rhodopsin is stabilised by the membrane but does not retain a native conformation in these detergents.", "PMID": 699918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_92", "title": "Selenium content of human milk, cow's mild and cow's milk infant formulas.", "content": "The selenium content of human milk, cow's milk and cow's milk infant formula were estimated by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The highest values were found in 3 samples of human colostrum (524--865 x 10(-9) g/g dry weight). There was a significant decrease with increasing time post partum. Mature human milk exhibited a selenium content of 230 +/- 79 x 10(-9) g/g dry weight. The selenium content of 45 samples of cow's milk from the north-western area of Germany was 200 +/- 39 x 10(-9) g/g dry weight. While there was no significant difference between the values of mature human milk and of cow's milk, cow's milk infant formula exhibited significantly (P less than 0.01) lower values than human milk. The average selenium content of 107 samples of 10 different commercially available fluid and powdered cow's milk infant formulas (range: 18--171 x 10(-9) g/g dry weight) amounted to about only one third of that in mature human milk.", "contents": "Selenium content of human milk, cow's mild and cow's milk infant formulas. The selenium content of human milk, cow's milk and cow's milk infant formula were estimated by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The highest values were found in 3 samples of human colostrum (524--865 x 10(-9) g/g dry weight). There was a significant decrease with increasing time post partum. Mature human milk exhibited a selenium content of 230 +/- 79 x 10(-9) g/g dry weight. The selenium content of 45 samples of cow's milk from the north-western area of Germany was 200 +/- 39 x 10(-9) g/g dry weight. While there was no significant difference between the values of mature human milk and of cow's milk, cow's milk infant formula exhibited significantly (P less than 0.01) lower values than human milk. The average selenium content of 107 samples of 10 different commercially available fluid and powdered cow's milk infant formulas (range: 18--171 x 10(-9) g/g dry weight) amounted to about only one third of that in mature human milk.", "PMID": 699919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_93", "title": "Design of a multiple longitudinal study of growth and health in teenagers.", "content": "This paper describes the design of a study to follow the development of boys and girls in secondary schools from the age of 12 through 17 on an annual basis, in order to acquire more information concerning the growth and development of teenagers. In this study, both physical and psychological characteristics are measured. Normal daily diets, usual physical activity, and attitudes towards physical education are measured to assess their influence on physical and psychological characteristics. In view of the inadequacies of pure-longitudinal and of cross-sectional designs, a multiple longitudinal design has been chosen in which four repeated measurements are made in two overlapping cohorts by which age-, time of measurement-, and cohort-effects can be distinguished. Test effects are isolated by comparing the data from the test cohorts with data from an independent sample of identical cohorts from a second \"control\" school.", "contents": "Design of a multiple longitudinal study of growth and health in teenagers. This paper describes the design of a study to follow the development of boys and girls in secondary schools from the age of 12 through 17 on an annual basis, in order to acquire more information concerning the growth and development of teenagers. In this study, both physical and psychological characteristics are measured. Normal daily diets, usual physical activity, and attitudes towards physical education are measured to assess their influence on physical and psychological characteristics. In view of the inadequacies of pure-longitudinal and of cross-sectional designs, a multiple longitudinal design has been chosen in which four repeated measurements are made in two overlapping cohorts by which age-, time of measurement-, and cohort-effects can be distinguished. Test effects are isolated by comparing the data from the test cohorts with data from an independent sample of identical cohorts from a second \"control\" school.", "PMID": 699920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_94", "title": "Maple syrup urine disease: treatment of the acutely ill newborn.", "content": "Three patients with maple syrup urine disease were treated during the acute neonatal stage. Multiple exchange transfusions proved to be a satisfactory means of achieving rapid clinical and biochemical improvement during this phase. On the other hand, evidence is provided suggesting that in addition to exchange transfusions, a high calorie intake above 150 Cal/kg body weight/day is necessary to lower the plasma concentration of the branched chain amino acids to near-normal levels. As long as this calorie intake was not provided, further exchange transfusions failed to lower the plasma leucine concentration to below 17 mg/100 ml in one patient. It is assumed that this high calorie intake is necessary to prevent the breakdown of endogenous protein. Treatment of acute episodes in maple syrup urine disease should therefore not only eliminate the elevated alpha-keto acids and branched chain amino acids quickly (i.e. by multiple exchange transfusions or peritoneal dialysis), but in addition should provide a high calorie intake.", "contents": "Maple syrup urine disease: treatment of the acutely ill newborn. Three patients with maple syrup urine disease were treated during the acute neonatal stage. Multiple exchange transfusions proved to be a satisfactory means of achieving rapid clinical and biochemical improvement during this phase. On the other hand, evidence is provided suggesting that in addition to exchange transfusions, a high calorie intake above 150 Cal/kg body weight/day is necessary to lower the plasma concentration of the branched chain amino acids to near-normal levels. As long as this calorie intake was not provided, further exchange transfusions failed to lower the plasma leucine concentration to below 17 mg/100 ml in one patient. It is assumed that this high calorie intake is necessary to prevent the breakdown of endogenous protein. Treatment of acute episodes in maple syrup urine disease should therefore not only eliminate the elevated alpha-keto acids and branched chain amino acids quickly (i.e. by multiple exchange transfusions or peritoneal dialysis), but in addition should provide a high calorie intake.", "PMID": 699921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_95", "title": "Association of neonatal respiratory distress with birth asphyxia and deficiency of red cell mass in premature infants.", "content": "Red cell mass (RCM) was estimated using 125I-labelled human serum albumin in 128 premature infants born after 26 to 36 weeks gestation. Infants of three different gestational periods (26--29, 30--32, and 33--36 weeks) with respiratory distress (RD) averaged lower one-minute Apgar scores and lower RCM than infants without RD (P less than 0.05). The incidence of RD was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher in infants with Apgar scores below 6 and in infants with RCM of less than 35 ml/kg than in the infants with greater values. The highest incidence of RD and the highest mortality rate were found in the infants with low Apgar scores and low RCM values. Prematures with similar Apgar scores showed a higher incidence of RD when RCM was low, and infants with similar RCM showed a higher incidence of RD when Apgar scores were low. Our results suggest that both birth asphyxia and deficiency of red cell mass interfere with postnatal cardio-respiratory adaptation. In high-risk premature infants, erythrocytes should be transfused when the venous haematocrit is below 0.459", "contents": "Association of neonatal respiratory distress with birth asphyxia and deficiency of red cell mass in premature infants. Red cell mass (RCM) was estimated using 125I-labelled human serum albumin in 128 premature infants born after 26 to 36 weeks gestation. Infants of three different gestational periods (26--29, 30--32, and 33--36 weeks) with respiratory distress (RD) averaged lower one-minute Apgar scores and lower RCM than infants without RD (P less than 0.05). The incidence of RD was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher in infants with Apgar scores below 6 and in infants with RCM of less than 35 ml/kg than in the infants with greater values. The highest incidence of RD and the highest mortality rate were found in the infants with low Apgar scores and low RCM values. Prematures with similar Apgar scores showed a higher incidence of RD when RCM was low, and infants with similar RCM showed a higher incidence of RD when Apgar scores were low. Our results suggest that both birth asphyxia and deficiency of red cell mass interfere with postnatal cardio-respiratory adaptation. In high-risk premature infants, erythrocytes should be transfused when the venous haematocrit is below 0.459", "PMID": 699922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_96", "title": "Achalasia sicca--juvenile Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome with achalasia and gastric hyposecretion.", "content": "Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome (SS) in its classical form, which includes keratoconjunctivitis sicca, xerostomia and recurrent enlargement of the salivary glands, is associated with a connective tissue disease in at least half the patients. According to the present study of three patients with SS, achalasia and gastric hyposecretion seem to be either further manifestations of SS, or separate phenomena associated with SS. The gastric hyposecretion involves both the hydrochloric acid and the total volume of the secretion, but the gastric mucosa has a normal appearance on microscopy. Because of the simultaneous presence of achalasia, gastric hyposecretion and reduced salivation, we have called the combination \"achalasia sicca\". The reduction in the secretions of the upper gastrointestinal tract might have a pathogenic association with achalasia.", "contents": "Achalasia sicca--juvenile Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome with achalasia and gastric hyposecretion. Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome (SS) in its classical form, which includes keratoconjunctivitis sicca, xerostomia and recurrent enlargement of the salivary glands, is associated with a connective tissue disease in at least half the patients. According to the present study of three patients with SS, achalasia and gastric hyposecretion seem to be either further manifestations of SS, or separate phenomena associated with SS. The gastric hyposecretion involves both the hydrochloric acid and the total volume of the secretion, but the gastric mucosa has a normal appearance on microscopy. Because of the simultaneous presence of achalasia, gastric hyposecretion and reduced salivation, we have called the combination \"achalasia sicca\". The reduction in the secretions of the upper gastrointestinal tract might have a pathogenic association with achalasia.", "PMID": 699923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_97", "title": "Influence of the phenylalanine dose on the aromatic acid excretion in phenylketonuric heterozygotes and controls after oral loading.", "content": "Heterozygotes for phenylketonuria and controls were given oral loads of 100 mg and 200 mg L-phenylalanine per kilogram body weight. The concentrations of urinary aromatic acids were determined by gas-chromatography after isolation by ion-exchange chromatography and ethylacetate extraction. On an intake of 100 mg L-phenylalanine per kilogram, controls and carriers of classical phenylketonuria excreted nearly the same amounts of aromatic acids (P greater than 0.05). However on an intake of 200 mg per kilogram L-phenylalanine they could be distinguished from one another (P less than 0.001).", "contents": "Influence of the phenylalanine dose on the aromatic acid excretion in phenylketonuric heterozygotes and controls after oral loading. Heterozygotes for phenylketonuria and controls were given oral loads of 100 mg and 200 mg L-phenylalanine per kilogram body weight. The concentrations of urinary aromatic acids were determined by gas-chromatography after isolation by ion-exchange chromatography and ethylacetate extraction. On an intake of 100 mg L-phenylalanine per kilogram, controls and carriers of classical phenylketonuria excreted nearly the same amounts of aromatic acids (P greater than 0.05). However on an intake of 200 mg per kilogram L-phenylalanine they could be distinguished from one another (P less than 0.001).", "PMID": 699924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_98", "title": "Premature closure of the foramen ovale with levoatriocardinal vein.", "content": "Two cases of the hypoplastic left heart syndrome with premature closure of the foramen ovale and levoatriocardinal veins are described and the literature is reviewed. One of the patients is the only case with both mitral and aortic valve atresia. The other is associated with the asplenia syndrome, double-outlet right ventricle without ventricular septal defect, and an anomalous connection of the left atrium to the right auricle.", "contents": "Premature closure of the foramen ovale with levoatriocardinal vein. Two cases of the hypoplastic left heart syndrome with premature closure of the foramen ovale and levoatriocardinal veins are described and the literature is reviewed. One of the patients is the only case with both mitral and aortic valve atresia. The other is associated with the asplenia syndrome, double-outlet right ventricle without ventricular septal defect, and an anomalous connection of the left atrium to the right auricle.", "PMID": 699925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_99", "title": "The syndromes of familial atrioventricular block with sinus bradycardia: prognostic indices, electrophysiologic and histopathologic correlates.", "content": "A family with adult onset heart block (AOHB) and sinus bradycardia (SB) was investigated 5 yr after previous study. A 44-yr-old female previously 'normal' presented ECG evidence of 1st-degree and 2nd-degree atrioventricular block (AVB) with normal intraventricular conduction and episodic 3rd-degree AVB. His bundle electrocardiography (HBE) demonstrated A--H prolongation (245msec) with normal H--V time during sinus rhythm and 3rd-degree AV nodal block with a His bundle escape rhythm. Sinus node function served in first-order relatives. HBE and sinus node function were normal in a 38-yr-old sister with new SB. 37 families with familial 3rd-degree AVB were reviewed with attention to prognostic indices and electrophysiologic-pathologic correlates. The incidence of conduction abnormalities supported an autosomal dominant transmission with variable penetrance. Subsidiary pacemaker rate and QRS morphology showed no discriminative value with respect to prognosis. HBS identified A--H prolongation in 2 patients with AOHB and 2 with AOHB and SB, with coexistent H--V conduction delay in 2 cases of AOHB and SB with abnormal QRS morphology. Histopathology was variable, but the finding of multiple lesions in 2 of 5 patients with congenital heart block and each of 2 with AOHB and SB suggests that mixed conduction system disease is prevalent in familial heart block.", "contents": "The syndromes of familial atrioventricular block with sinus bradycardia: prognostic indices, electrophysiologic and histopathologic correlates. A family with adult onset heart block (AOHB) and sinus bradycardia (SB) was investigated 5 yr after previous study. A 44-yr-old female previously 'normal' presented ECG evidence of 1st-degree and 2nd-degree atrioventricular block (AVB) with normal intraventricular conduction and episodic 3rd-degree AVB. His bundle electrocardiography (HBE) demonstrated A--H prolongation (245msec) with normal H--V time during sinus rhythm and 3rd-degree AV nodal block with a His bundle escape rhythm. Sinus node function served in first-order relatives. HBE and sinus node function were normal in a 38-yr-old sister with new SB. 37 families with familial 3rd-degree AVB were reviewed with attention to prognostic indices and electrophysiologic-pathologic correlates. The incidence of conduction abnormalities supported an autosomal dominant transmission with variable penetrance. Subsidiary pacemaker rate and QRS morphology showed no discriminative value with respect to prognosis. HBS identified A--H prolongation in 2 patients with AOHB and 2 with AOHB and SB, with coexistent H--V conduction delay in 2 cases of AOHB and SB with abnormal QRS morphology. Histopathology was variable, but the finding of multiple lesions in 2 of 5 patients with congenital heart block and each of 2 with AOHB and SB suggests that mixed conduction system disease is prevalent in familial heart block.", "PMID": 699934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_100", "title": "Patients with intractable angina: free thyroxine index, immunoreactive insulin and free fatty acids in blood, free adrenaline and noradrenaline in urine.", "content": "The activity of adrenergic system, thyroid gland and blood levels of insulin and FFA were studied in 120 patients with intractable angina. Noradrenaline excretion was normal but that of adrenaline was augmented in a vast majority of patients and even doubled in 27% of cases. Free thyroxine index values were abnormally high in 22% of cases and inversely correlated with ergometric performance. A diabetic-like insulin response after 50.0 g oral glucose intake was found in 10 out of 26 examined patients. Abnormally high values of FFA were observed in 66%. The mechanisms likely to account for these alterations and their suspected influence on clinical course of intractable angina are discussed.", "contents": "Patients with intractable angina: free thyroxine index, immunoreactive insulin and free fatty acids in blood, free adrenaline and noradrenaline in urine. The activity of adrenergic system, thyroid gland and blood levels of insulin and FFA were studied in 120 patients with intractable angina. Noradrenaline excretion was normal but that of adrenaline was augmented in a vast majority of patients and even doubled in 27% of cases. Free thyroxine index values were abnormally high in 22% of cases and inversely correlated with ergometric performance. A diabetic-like insulin response after 50.0 g oral glucose intake was found in 10 out of 26 examined patients. Abnormally high values of FFA were observed in 66%. The mechanisms likely to account for these alterations and their suspected influence on clinical course of intractable angina are discussed.", "PMID": 699935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_101", "title": "Mean electromechanical delta P/ delta t and systolic time intervals in coronary artery disease.", "content": "Mean electromechanical deltaP/deltat and systolic time intervals were measured in 30 patients with coronary artery disease. Total electromechanical systole (QS2), left ventricular ejection time (LVET) and preejection period (PEP) were measured and PEP/LVET calculated. Systolic time intervals were obtained noninvasively. Mean electromechanical deltaP/deltat was calculated by means of systemic diastolic blood pressure, pulmonary wedge pressure and PEP. Left ventricular ejection fraction (EF), pulmonary wedge pressure and stroke index were determined by catheterization and left ventriculography. PEP (r = -0.69) and PEP/LVET (r = -0.68) were better correlated to EF than mean electromechanical delatP/deltat (r = 0.63). Patients with previous myocardial infarction were found to have significantly longer PEP (P less than 0.02) and higher PEP/LVET (P less than 0.01) than patients without infarction. Neither of the methods showed significant differences between the groups of patients with 1-, 2- and 3-vessel disease. Although systolic time intervals cannot be used in predicting invasive measurements such as EF, the findings indicate that PEP and PEP/LVET may be useful supplement to clinical examination in evaluating left ventricular function in coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Mean electromechanical delta P/ delta t and systolic time intervals in coronary artery disease. Mean electromechanical deltaP/deltat and systolic time intervals were measured in 30 patients with coronary artery disease. Total electromechanical systole (QS2), left ventricular ejection time (LVET) and preejection period (PEP) were measured and PEP/LVET calculated. Systolic time intervals were obtained noninvasively. Mean electromechanical deltaP/deltat was calculated by means of systemic diastolic blood pressure, pulmonary wedge pressure and PEP. Left ventricular ejection fraction (EF), pulmonary wedge pressure and stroke index were determined by catheterization and left ventriculography. PEP (r = -0.69) and PEP/LVET (r = -0.68) were better correlated to EF than mean electromechanical delatP/deltat (r = 0.63). Patients with previous myocardial infarction were found to have significantly longer PEP (P less than 0.02) and higher PEP/LVET (P less than 0.01) than patients without infarction. Neither of the methods showed significant differences between the groups of patients with 1-, 2- and 3-vessel disease. Although systolic time intervals cannot be used in predicting invasive measurements such as EF, the findings indicate that PEP and PEP/LVET may be useful supplement to clinical examination in evaluating left ventricular function in coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 699936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_102", "title": "Effects of nifedipine on creatine kinase release during myocardial ischemia in dogs.", "content": "25 anesthetized mongrel dogs underwent a left thoracotomy. Creatine kinase (CK) activity was measured in serial blood samples drawn simultaneously from the aorta and a coronary vein. The distribution of myocardial perfusion was determined by a continuous infusion of krypton-81m (half-life 13 sec) into the aortic sinuses. Heart rate and arterial blood pressure were also measured throughout the procedure. In 20 dogs regional myocardial ischemia was produced by ligation of a major branch of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Five of these dogs received 1 microgram.kg-1 nifedipine i.v. and a further 5 received 13 microgram.kg-1. Thoracotomy alone produced a slight rise in plasma CK activity but the arteriovenous difference (AV) across the segment of the heart remained positive over 5 h. Myocardial ischemia in the untreated dogs caused a considerable increase in CK activity and the AV difference became negative at 90 min. Treatment with the lower dose of nifedipine considerably reduced the plasma CK activity and the AV difference did not become negative until 3 h. Regional myocardial perfusion showed a significant improvement. Conversely, the higher dose of nifedipine produced a marked increase in the area of ischemia and an acceleration of CK release from the heart. This was associated with a decrease in arterial pressure and an increase in heart rate. These results show that nifedipine can be beneficial in experimental myocardial infarction but care must be taken to avoid hypotension and increases in heart rate.", "contents": "Effects of nifedipine on creatine kinase release during myocardial ischemia in dogs. 25 anesthetized mongrel dogs underwent a left thoracotomy. Creatine kinase (CK) activity was measured in serial blood samples drawn simultaneously from the aorta and a coronary vein. The distribution of myocardial perfusion was determined by a continuous infusion of krypton-81m (half-life 13 sec) into the aortic sinuses. Heart rate and arterial blood pressure were also measured throughout the procedure. In 20 dogs regional myocardial ischemia was produced by ligation of a major branch of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Five of these dogs received 1 microgram.kg-1 nifedipine i.v. and a further 5 received 13 microgram.kg-1. Thoracotomy alone produced a slight rise in plasma CK activity but the arteriovenous difference (AV) across the segment of the heart remained positive over 5 h. Myocardial ischemia in the untreated dogs caused a considerable increase in CK activity and the AV difference became negative at 90 min. Treatment with the lower dose of nifedipine considerably reduced the plasma CK activity and the AV difference did not become negative until 3 h. Regional myocardial perfusion showed a significant improvement. Conversely, the higher dose of nifedipine produced a marked increase in the area of ischemia and an acceleration of CK release from the heart. This was associated with a decrease in arterial pressure and an increase in heart rate. These results show that nifedipine can be beneficial in experimental myocardial infarction but care must be taken to avoid hypotension and increases in heart rate.", "PMID": 699937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_103", "title": "Intravenous and oral practolol in the acute stages of myocardial infarction.", "content": "The influence of routine administration of the beta adrenoceptor blocking drug practolol on the outcome of acute myocardial infarction has been studied in 94 patients. The study was restricted to patients under the age of 70 experiencing their first myocardial infarction and in whom there was no contraindication to beta blockade. In the treated group an initial dose intravenous practolol 15 mg was followed by five oral doses of practolol 200 mg at 12 h intervals. A significant reduction in heart rate and systolic blood pressure was apparent in the treated group within 2 h. No difference was detectable in the course of the acute stage of the illness between treated and control patients, apart from a significant reduction in the incidence of atrial fibrillation among those receiving practolol. Patients with inferior infarctions showed a tendency to develop potentially harmful bradycardia and hypotension on receiving practolol which lead to withdrawal of the drug in many cases. At regular review over 7 mth no detectable difference emerged between the treated and control groups in the incidence of cardiac failure, death or reinfarction.", "contents": "Intravenous and oral practolol in the acute stages of myocardial infarction. The influence of routine administration of the beta adrenoceptor blocking drug practolol on the outcome of acute myocardial infarction has been studied in 94 patients. The study was restricted to patients under the age of 70 experiencing their first myocardial infarction and in whom there was no contraindication to beta blockade. In the treated group an initial dose intravenous practolol 15 mg was followed by five oral doses of practolol 200 mg at 12 h intervals. A significant reduction in heart rate and systolic blood pressure was apparent in the treated group within 2 h. No difference was detectable in the course of the acute stage of the illness between treated and control patients, apart from a significant reduction in the incidence of atrial fibrillation among those receiving practolol. Patients with inferior infarctions showed a tendency to develop potentially harmful bradycardia and hypotension on receiving practolol which lead to withdrawal of the drug in many cases. At regular review over 7 mth no detectable difference emerged between the treated and control groups in the incidence of cardiac failure, death or reinfarction.", "PMID": 699938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_104", "title": "Atypical echocardiographic pattern of the posterior leaflet motion in mitral stenosis.", "content": "In 10% of cases of mitral stenosis the echocardiogram shows a normal backward movement of the posterior mitral leaflet. On the basis of a personal observation the authors suggest that this atypical pattern is related to the type (commissural) and degree (slight) of the valvular involvement.", "contents": "Atypical echocardiographic pattern of the posterior leaflet motion in mitral stenosis. In 10% of cases of mitral stenosis the echocardiogram shows a normal backward movement of the posterior mitral leaflet. On the basis of a personal observation the authors suggest that this atypical pattern is related to the type (commissural) and degree (slight) of the valvular involvement.", "PMID": 699939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_105", "title": "Ileum-like congenital elongation of the proximal descending aorta.", "content": "A case of extraordinary congenital elongation of the proximal descending aorta giving origin to multiple aortic loops, packed in the left-postero-superior mediastinum, is presented. Clinical findings, that is, mid-late systolic ejection murmur, a delayed peak of the femoral pulse, blood pressure in the legs slightly lower than in the arms, were considered noncontributory from the diagnostic point of view, since they may also be present in mild aortic coarctation and in aortic kinking. Chest roentgenogram and fluoroscopy showing 2 pulsating masses protruding to the left of the proximal descending aorta suggested the presence of a more complex aortic malformation. Only angiography provided a correct diagnosis and detected some associated abnormalities as well.", "contents": "Ileum-like congenital elongation of the proximal descending aorta. A case of extraordinary congenital elongation of the proximal descending aorta giving origin to multiple aortic loops, packed in the left-postero-superior mediastinum, is presented. Clinical findings, that is, mid-late systolic ejection murmur, a delayed peak of the femoral pulse, blood pressure in the legs slightly lower than in the arms, were considered noncontributory from the diagnostic point of view, since they may also be present in mild aortic coarctation and in aortic kinking. Chest roentgenogram and fluoroscopy showing 2 pulsating masses protruding to the left of the proximal descending aorta suggested the presence of a more complex aortic malformation. Only angiography provided a correct diagnosis and detected some associated abnormalities as well.", "PMID": 699940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_106", "title": "Congenital apical aneurysm of the left ventricle: surgical removal in two infants.", "content": "The case histories are described of 2 infants, representing either type of congenital apical left ventricular aneurysm. Case 1 had a finger-like, pulsatile, actively contracting aneurysm which was associated with a split distal end of the sternum and a ventral hernia. In contrast to most of the 55--60 cases hitherto described, no other cardiovascular anomalies were detected at heart catheterization with angiocardiography. The aneurysm was resected at the age of 23 days. Postoperative angiocardiography demonstrated a normal-sized left ventricle with good contractions and no residual aneurysm. He was last seen at the age of 15 mth, doing well. Case 2 had a noncontractile aneurysm and congenital pyloric stenosis, which hitherto has not been found in association with this type of aneurysm in the about 20 reported cases. The aneurysm was resected at the age of 9 mth; the estimated reduction of the left ventricular cavity was 20%. 1 yr after operation the patient was doing well, but the chest roentgenogram was unchanged and at angiocardiography the left ventricular appearance was largely unchanged compared to the preoperative findings. He was last seen at the age of 2 yr, doing well. The long-term prognosis in the latter type of aneurysm has still to be elucidated.", "contents": "Congenital apical aneurysm of the left ventricle: surgical removal in two infants. The case histories are described of 2 infants, representing either type of congenital apical left ventricular aneurysm. Case 1 had a finger-like, pulsatile, actively contracting aneurysm which was associated with a split distal end of the sternum and a ventral hernia. In contrast to most of the 55--60 cases hitherto described, no other cardiovascular anomalies were detected at heart catheterization with angiocardiography. The aneurysm was resected at the age of 23 days. Postoperative angiocardiography demonstrated a normal-sized left ventricle with good contractions and no residual aneurysm. He was last seen at the age of 15 mth, doing well. Case 2 had a noncontractile aneurysm and congenital pyloric stenosis, which hitherto has not been found in association with this type of aneurysm in the about 20 reported cases. The aneurysm was resected at the age of 9 mth; the estimated reduction of the left ventricular cavity was 20%. 1 yr after operation the patient was doing well, but the chest roentgenogram was unchanged and at angiocardiography the left ventricular appearance was largely unchanged compared to the preoperative findings. He was last seen at the age of 2 yr, doing well. The long-term prognosis in the latter type of aneurysm has still to be elucidated.", "PMID": 699941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_107", "title": "The effect of drugs on enzyme release from the hypoxic myocardium.", "content": "The leakage of enzymes from the myocardial cell can be used as an index of the onset and severity of tissue damage. A study has been carried out using the isolated perfused hypoxic rat heart in which the ability of various doses of isoprenaline, dobutamine, propranolol, glucose, insulin, mannitol, adenosine triphosphate and hydrocortisone to increase or decrease myocardial enzyme leakage has been evaluated.", "contents": "The effect of drugs on enzyme release from the hypoxic myocardium. The leakage of enzymes from the myocardial cell can be used as an index of the onset and severity of tissue damage. A study has been carried out using the isolated perfused hypoxic rat heart in which the ability of various doses of isoprenaline, dobutamine, propranolol, glucose, insulin, mannitol, adenosine triphosphate and hydrocortisone to increase or decrease myocardial enzyme leakage has been evaluated.", "PMID": 699942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_108", "title": "Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the main pulmonary artery.", "content": "A case of anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the main pulmonary artery, in a previously asymptomatic young woman, is presented. Direct transposition into the aortic root of the anomalous vessel was performed. To our knowledge this is the 4th case of this malformation to be successfully corrected.", "contents": "Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the main pulmonary artery. A case of anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the main pulmonary artery, in a previously asymptomatic young woman, is presented. Direct transposition into the aortic root of the anomalous vessel was performed. To our knowledge this is the 4th case of this malformation to be successfully corrected.", "PMID": 699943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_109", "title": "Chronic ventricular ectopic activity and sudden death.", "content": "The majority of deaths from coronary heart disease (CHD) occur before the victims receive medical attention. Chronic ventricular ectopic activity (VEA) is a well-established predictor of coronary mortality as well as sudden death. Evidence that chronic VEA is independently and causally related to sudden death, however, remains equivocal. Only more advanced grades of chronic VEA appear to be significant. Arrhythmias are clearly more common in patients with advanced coronary obstruction, and therefore prone to new ischemic events and their associated electrical disturbances. Autopsy studies are limited in their ability to identify an acute myocardial infarction in patients who die suddenly, but experience with the mobile coronary care units has reemphasized the role of acute ischemia. The prospective, randomized trial, including reliable assessment of VEA, offers the only definitive means of identifying the contribution of chronic VEA to the incidence of sudden death from CHD.", "contents": "Chronic ventricular ectopic activity and sudden death. The majority of deaths from coronary heart disease (CHD) occur before the victims receive medical attention. Chronic ventricular ectopic activity (VEA) is a well-established predictor of coronary mortality as well as sudden death. Evidence that chronic VEA is independently and causally related to sudden death, however, remains equivocal. Only more advanced grades of chronic VEA appear to be significant. Arrhythmias are clearly more common in patients with advanced coronary obstruction, and therefore prone to new ischemic events and their associated electrical disturbances. Autopsy studies are limited in their ability to identify an acute myocardial infarction in patients who die suddenly, but experience with the mobile coronary care units has reemphasized the role of acute ischemia. The prospective, randomized trial, including reliable assessment of VEA, offers the only definitive means of identifying the contribution of chronic VEA to the incidence of sudden death from CHD.", "PMID": 699944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_110", "title": "Use and abuse of electrocardiographic classification systems in epidemiologic studies.", "content": "An analytical study is performed to examine the utility of the Minnesota Code ECG classification for estimation of the prevalence and incidence of coronary and hypertensive heart disease. A statistical model is introduced which permits comparative analysis of the contribution of human coding errors to the overall fraction of misclassified records. It is demonstrated that the poor sensitivity and visual coding variability can seriously limit the usefulness and obscure the meaning of ECG coding results if the disease prevalence or annual event incidence is low. Gross over- or underestimation of prevalence and incidence data takes place frequently. Occasionally, reasonably good estimates are made on the basis of false evidence, for instance when false classifications 'compensate' for a high miss rate. Visual classification errors may contribute a substantial fraction to the overall misclassifications. It is pointed out that the traditional method of estimating classification errors by repeated coding of a given set of records gives a false impression of coding reliability. It is concluded that a substantial reduction of coding variation and an overall improvement of diagnostic accuracy will be required in order to justify continued use of ECG classification in population studies.", "contents": "Use and abuse of electrocardiographic classification systems in epidemiologic studies. An analytical study is performed to examine the utility of the Minnesota Code ECG classification for estimation of the prevalence and incidence of coronary and hypertensive heart disease. A statistical model is introduced which permits comparative analysis of the contribution of human coding errors to the overall fraction of misclassified records. It is demonstrated that the poor sensitivity and visual coding variability can seriously limit the usefulness and obscure the meaning of ECG coding results if the disease prevalence or annual event incidence is low. Gross over- or underestimation of prevalence and incidence data takes place frequently. Occasionally, reasonably good estimates are made on the basis of false evidence, for instance when false classifications 'compensate' for a high miss rate. Visual classification errors may contribute a substantial fraction to the overall misclassifications. It is pointed out that the traditional method of estimating classification errors by repeated coding of a given set of records gives a false impression of coding reliability. It is concluded that a substantial reduction of coding variation and an overall improvement of diagnostic accuracy will be required in order to justify continued use of ECG classification in population studies.", "PMID": 699947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_111", "title": "Multiple ventricular premature beats in five adolescents.", "content": "Multiple, short runs of repetitive ventricular premature beats are present in 5 adolescents. These premature beats are continually present, uniform, long and variably  coupled and occasionally fuse with sinus beats. This pattern is constant over several years and is associated with generally healthy individuals and otherwise normal hearts. Four of the subjects are completely asymptomatic without syncope or palpitations. The 5th case was asymptomatic for 2 yr until she died suddenly during sleep. Autopsy revealed a pathology of the specialized conduction system in the region of the AV junction. The distinctive pattern and characteristics of this arrhythmia suggest a congenital etiology and a mechanism different from other forms of ventricular ectopia. The single incident of sudden death indicates that this disorder is not benign.", "contents": "Multiple ventricular premature beats in five adolescents. Multiple, short runs of repetitive ventricular premature beats are present in 5 adolescents. These premature beats are continually present, uniform, long and variably  coupled and occasionally fuse with sinus beats. This pattern is constant over several years and is associated with generally healthy individuals and otherwise normal hearts. Four of the subjects are completely asymptomatic without syncope or palpitations. The 5th case was asymptomatic for 2 yr until she died suddenly during sleep. Autopsy revealed a pathology of the specialized conduction system in the region of the AV junction. The distinctive pattern and characteristics of this arrhythmia suggest a congenital etiology and a mechanism different from other forms of ventricular ectopia. The single incident of sudden death indicates that this disorder is not benign.", "PMID": 699949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_112", "title": "Electrocardiographic signs in experimental myocardial ischemia and infarction.", "content": "Epicardial ECG signs have been studied in 26 anesthetized and thoracotomized dogs in an attempt to follow the progress of tissue damage during regional myocardial ischemia. Epicardial ECG's were recorded before and during 15 min, 1 and 5 h of severe left anterior descending coronary artery narrowing. Epicardial ST segment elevation followed a complicated natural history. An analysis of variance showed the significant effects of respiration, heart rate and changes in time during myocardial ischemia. Regional epicardial R waves showed a transient increase in amplitude following coronary narrowing. There was no loss of electrically active myocardium following 15 min of ischemia. Irreversible loss of R waves were noted at between 30 and 45 min and progressed to full development within 5 h following coronary artery narrowing. The loss of electrically active myocardium (R loss plus Q waves) at 5 h was closely related to the myocardial depletion of creatine kinase activity (mu/mg DNA-1) at 24 h in each dog. The early manifestation of myocardial ischemia (ST segment elevation at 17 min) was closely related in the later evidence of cell death (R loss plus Q waves) in each dog. These relationships were less precise when the results were combined and this showed the variability between dogs in heart size and infarct size. The study suggested that the individual complete natural history of these ECG signs must be studied before they can be used to assess the extent and progress of myocardial ischemia and cell death.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic signs in experimental myocardial ischemia and infarction. Epicardial ECG signs have been studied in 26 anesthetized and thoracotomized dogs in an attempt to follow the progress of tissue damage during regional myocardial ischemia. Epicardial ECG's were recorded before and during 15 min, 1 and 5 h of severe left anterior descending coronary artery narrowing. Epicardial ST segment elevation followed a complicated natural history. An analysis of variance showed the significant effects of respiration, heart rate and changes in time during myocardial ischemia. Regional epicardial R waves showed a transient increase in amplitude following coronary narrowing. There was no loss of electrically active myocardium following 15 min of ischemia. Irreversible loss of R waves were noted at between 30 and 45 min and progressed to full development within 5 h following coronary artery narrowing. The loss of electrically active myocardium (R loss plus Q waves) at 5 h was closely related to the myocardial depletion of creatine kinase activity (mu/mg DNA-1) at 24 h in each dog. The early manifestation of myocardial ischemia (ST segment elevation at 17 min) was closely related in the later evidence of cell death (R loss plus Q waves) in each dog. These relationships were less precise when the results were combined and this showed the variability between dogs in heart size and infarct size. The study suggested that the individual complete natural history of these ECG signs must be studied before they can be used to assess the extent and progress of myocardial ischemia and cell death.", "PMID": 699950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_113", "title": "The impact of computers on electrocardiography.", "content": "The development of the electrocardiograph was the culmination of a scientific effort aimed at perfection of a device conceived for the elucidation of a physiologic phenomenon. The development of the digital computer was the culmination of a scientific effort aimed at perfection of warfare. Both of these fairly recent innovations of modern technology have been moderately successful in their initial objectives. Electrocardiography has had a profound influence on the practice of medicine. On the global scene, computers have so far had an insignificant influence on the practice of electrocardiography. In North America, however, computer interpretation of ECGs has already made a modest impact, perhaps more in terms of commercial gains rather than producing a substantial benefits to health care. The introduction of computers into clinical electrocardiography has not resulted in any widespread application of improved diagnostic criteria. The automation of ECG interpretation has not resulted in reduction of the cost of health care, on the contrary, in general it has increased the cost. Perhaps the most dismal failure has been the negligible use of computers in epidemiologic studies and heart disease prevention efforts. Palmistry, astrology, the art of palpation of the pulse, auscultation and acupuncture have had a more profound influence on the practice of medicine than computer analysis of the electrocardiogram. On the positive side, one of the beneficial effects of the use of computers has been the increasing awareness of the limited diagnostic accuracy of currently used ECG criteria, and the recognition of the fact that a substantial improvement is warranted; if such improvement can not be achieved in the foreseeable future, electrocardiography will lose much of its current clinical utility. Computers have had a profound influence on research in electrocardiology, and although a very few tangible concrete results have thus far diffused into clinical electrocardiography, their impact can be expected during the last two decades of this century. Computers will produce at least containment of costs if not actual net cost reduction in clinical electrocardiography. Computer analysis will rapidly antiquate the present primitive visual ECG classification in epidemiologic studies and clinical heart disease intervention trials. Computer analysis will enhance the diagnostic accuracy of the electrocardiogram. However, a radical departure from the current ECG display and interpretation practice will be mandatory before any substantial breakthrough can be materialized. All these anticipated evolutionary and perhaps even revolutionary changes will require a continuing intensive research effort, a change in the professional attitude of practicing electrocardiographers and a considerable effort in professional education. Finally, the elucidation and exploration of the full diagnostic and predictive value of the ECG remains the challenge of first magnitude in electrocardiography...", "contents": "The impact of computers on electrocardiography. The development of the electrocardiograph was the culmination of a scientific effort aimed at perfection of a device conceived for the elucidation of a physiologic phenomenon. The development of the digital computer was the culmination of a scientific effort aimed at perfection of warfare. Both of these fairly recent innovations of modern technology have been moderately successful in their initial objectives. Electrocardiography has had a profound influence on the practice of medicine. On the global scene, computers have so far had an insignificant influence on the practice of electrocardiography. In North America, however, computer interpretation of ECGs has already made a modest impact, perhaps more in terms of commercial gains rather than producing a substantial benefits to health care. The introduction of computers into clinical electrocardiography has not resulted in any widespread application of improved diagnostic criteria. The automation of ECG interpretation has not resulted in reduction of the cost of health care, on the contrary, in general it has increased the cost. Perhaps the most dismal failure has been the negligible use of computers in epidemiologic studies and heart disease prevention efforts. Palmistry, astrology, the art of palpation of the pulse, auscultation and acupuncture have had a more profound influence on the practice of medicine than computer analysis of the electrocardiogram. On the positive side, one of the beneficial effects of the use of computers has been the increasing awareness of the limited diagnostic accuracy of currently used ECG criteria, and the recognition of the fact that a substantial improvement is warranted; if such improvement can not be achieved in the foreseeable future, electrocardiography will lose much of its current clinical utility. Computers have had a profound influence on research in electrocardiology, and although a very few tangible concrete results have thus far diffused into clinical electrocardiography, their impact can be expected during the last two decades of this century. Computers will produce at least containment of costs if not actual net cost reduction in clinical electrocardiography. Computer analysis will rapidly antiquate the present primitive visual ECG classification in epidemiologic studies and clinical heart disease intervention trials. Computer analysis will enhance the diagnostic accuracy of the electrocardiogram. However, a radical departure from the current ECG display and interpretation practice will be mandatory before any substantial breakthrough can be materialized. All these anticipated evolutionary and perhaps even revolutionary changes will require a continuing intensive research effort, a change in the professional attitude of practicing electrocardiographers and a considerable effort in professional education. Finally, the elucidation and exploration of the full diagnostic and predictive value of the ECG remains the challenge of first magnitude in electrocardiography...", "PMID": 699951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_114", "title": "Endocardial and His bundle electrocardiograms.", "content": "Endocardial electrocardiograms permit the analysis of auricular depolarization and contribute to the study of ventricular activation. Direct recording of auriculograms from the right atrium and indirect recording of the left auriculograms through the coronary sinus and pulmonary artery, show the different auricular activation pathways in common atrial flutter, atrial tachycardia and in case of retrograde atrial depolarization (via the AV node, septal or parietal accessory pathway). His bundle electrograms obtained via the femoral vein or, less easy, via the brachial vein, has introduced an essential mark in the analysis of intracardiac activation enabling us to precisely locate lesions of the AV conduction system, making easier differential diagnosis between aberrant ventricular conduction and ventricular ectopic rhythms and contributing to the study of ventricular preexcitation. Endocavitary stimulation at increasing rate and by the single extrastimulus technique is the complement of intracardiac electrocardiography in evaluating sinus node function, conduction times and refractory periods at different levels, electrophysiological properties of accessory pathways and studies of the antiarrhythmic drugs. Programmed stimulation allows the recognition of reentry as the mechanism of many tachyarrhythmias. The recording of monophasic action potential by the suction--electrode technique is another step in the intracavitary electrophysiological investigation.", "contents": "Endocardial and His bundle electrocardiograms. Endocardial electrocardiograms permit the analysis of auricular depolarization and contribute to the study of ventricular activation. Direct recording of auriculograms from the right atrium and indirect recording of the left auriculograms through the coronary sinus and pulmonary artery, show the different auricular activation pathways in common atrial flutter, atrial tachycardia and in case of retrograde atrial depolarization (via the AV node, septal or parietal accessory pathway). His bundle electrograms obtained via the femoral vein or, less easy, via the brachial vein, has introduced an essential mark in the analysis of intracardiac activation enabling us to precisely locate lesions of the AV conduction system, making easier differential diagnosis between aberrant ventricular conduction and ventricular ectopic rhythms and contributing to the study of ventricular preexcitation. Endocavitary stimulation at increasing rate and by the single extrastimulus technique is the complement of intracardiac electrocardiography in evaluating sinus node function, conduction times and refractory periods at different levels, electrophysiological properties of accessory pathways and studies of the antiarrhythmic drugs. Programmed stimulation allows the recognition of reentry as the mechanism of many tachyarrhythmias. The recording of monophasic action potential by the suction--electrode technique is another step in the intracavitary electrophysiological investigation.", "PMID": 699952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_115", "title": "Advances in the understanding of conduction disturbances.", "content": "The interest towards intraventricular conduction defects started some 10 yr after the introduction of the string galvanometer by Einthoven. As early as 1910, it was known that conduction blockade could occur along either branch of the intraventricular conducting pathway. It took some 20 yr to identify properly the electrocardiographic manifestations of right and left bundle branch blocks. A further 30 yr were needed to obtain a sound correlation between these functional disorders and the presence of anatomical lesions. The more recent introduction of the concept of left hemiblocks further improved our understanding of intraventricular conduction defects. The latter concept is based on the hypothesis of the anatomical and functional bifascicularity of the left bundle branch, a hypothesis which cannot be accepted without some reservations. Later developments indicated that left hemiblocks associated with right bundle branch block represent manifestations of bilateral conduction disturbances (incomplete bilateral bundle branch block). Such an association may constitute a forerunner of complete atrioventricular block, or an indicator of the possibility of sudden death. Whether these complications occur frequently or unfrequently in the setting of incomplete bilateral bundle branch block remains an unsettled question.", "contents": "Advances in the understanding of conduction disturbances. The interest towards intraventricular conduction defects started some 10 yr after the introduction of the string galvanometer by Einthoven. As early as 1910, it was known that conduction blockade could occur along either branch of the intraventricular conducting pathway. It took some 20 yr to identify properly the electrocardiographic manifestations of right and left bundle branch blocks. A further 30 yr were needed to obtain a sound correlation between these functional disorders and the presence of anatomical lesions. The more recent introduction of the concept of left hemiblocks further improved our understanding of intraventricular conduction defects. The latter concept is based on the hypothesis of the anatomical and functional bifascicularity of the left bundle branch, a hypothesis which cannot be accepted without some reservations. Later developments indicated that left hemiblocks associated with right bundle branch block represent manifestations of bilateral conduction disturbances (incomplete bilateral bundle branch block). Such an association may constitute a forerunner of complete atrioventricular block, or an indicator of the possibility of sudden death. Whether these complications occur frequently or unfrequently in the setting of incomplete bilateral bundle branch block remains an unsettled question.", "PMID": 699953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_116", "title": "Immune responses to weakly immunogenic virally induced tumors. II. Suppressive effects of the in vivo carried tumor YAC.", "content": "Unprimed spleen cells from A and C57BL/6 mice could not produce cytotoxic responses to their syngeneic tumors: a Moloney virus-induced in vitro subline YAC-1 and a Rauscher virus-induced in vitro subline RBL5, respectively. Spleen cells from A and C57BL/6 mice immunized with YAC-1 OR RBL5 (which cross-react serologically) generated significant syngeneic cytotoxicities after cultivation in vitro. The in vivo carried tumor of A mice, unlike the in vitro sublines, could not stimulate a priming effect. In contrast, YAC stimulated the formation of suppressor cells in both A and C57BL/6 mice. The suppressor cells abrogated the priming effect of the syngeneic tumors, but not the priming effect of the allogeneic tumors. Furthermore, YAC did not suppress normal allogeneic anti-tumor responses. The theoretical and the practical implications of these studies are discussed.", "contents": "Immune responses to weakly immunogenic virally induced tumors. II. Suppressive effects of the in vivo carried tumor YAC. Unprimed spleen cells from A and C57BL/6 mice could not produce cytotoxic responses to their syngeneic tumors: a Moloney virus-induced in vitro subline YAC-1 and a Rauscher virus-induced in vitro subline RBL5, respectively. Spleen cells from A and C57BL/6 mice immunized with YAC-1 OR RBL5 (which cross-react serologically) generated significant syngeneic cytotoxicities after cultivation in vitro. The in vivo carried tumor of A mice, unlike the in vitro sublines, could not stimulate a priming effect. In contrast, YAC stimulated the formation of suppressor cells in both A and C57BL/6 mice. The suppressor cells abrogated the priming effect of the syngeneic tumors, but not the priming effect of the allogeneic tumors. Furthermore, YAC did not suppress normal allogeneic anti-tumor responses. The theoretical and the practical implications of these studies are discussed.", "PMID": 699954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_117", "title": "Intrathymic pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis: transient expression of acetylcholine receptors on thymus-derived myogenic cells.", "content": "Differentiation of myogenic stem cells from undifferentiated thymic stem cells is thought to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis. The expression of membrane acetylcholine receptor (AChR) on the membranes of developing muscle clones in cultures of murine thymus reticulum was followed and found to be transient. AChR are first expressed shortly after fusion of myotubes. In subsequent stages of myogenic development, the density of homogenously distributed AChR is strongly increased, and, in addition, concentrated \"hot spot\" AChR areas appear. During further maturation, membrane AChR are lost. Highly mature myotubes (3 months in culture) lack substantial amounts of homogenous AChR, as well as hot spots.", "contents": "Intrathymic pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis: transient expression of acetylcholine receptors on thymus-derived myogenic cells. Differentiation of myogenic stem cells from undifferentiated thymic stem cells is thought to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis. The expression of membrane acetylcholine receptor (AChR) on the membranes of developing muscle clones in cultures of murine thymus reticulum was followed and found to be transient. AChR are first expressed shortly after fusion of myotubes. In subsequent stages of myogenic development, the density of homogenously distributed AChR is strongly increased, and, in addition, concentrated \"hot spot\" AChR areas appear. During further maturation, membrane AChR are lost. Highly mature myotubes (3 months in culture) lack substantial amounts of homogenous AChR, as well as hot spots.", "PMID": 699955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_118", "title": "Rat macrophage-mediated toxicity to cancer cells; effect of endotoxins and endotoxin inhibitors contained in culture media.", "content": "The cytotoxic effect of normal or BCG-activated rat macrophages on a syngeneic line of cancer cells was compared in media containing rat or bovine sera. Normal macrophages were usually cytotoxic to cancer cells in fetal or newborn bovine serum; however, they enhanced cancer cell growth in normal rat serum. BCG- activated macrophages were toxic to cancer cells regardless of the serum used in the assay. Many cell culture media or sera obtained commercially were found to be contaminated by bacterial endotoxins. When endotoxin-free reagents were used in the toxicity assay, different results were observed: normal macrophages were not cytotoxic, but rather, they often enhanced cell growth even in fetal bovine serum; toxicity of activated macrophages was significantly reduced in normal rat serum. These results suggest that endotoxin and endotoxin inhibitors play a role in the modulation of macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity. These results emphasize the importance of monitoring endotoxin contamination in cell culture reagents used in assays involving macrophages.", "contents": "Rat macrophage-mediated toxicity to cancer cells; effect of endotoxins and endotoxin inhibitors contained in culture media. The cytotoxic effect of normal or BCG-activated rat macrophages on a syngeneic line of cancer cells was compared in media containing rat or bovine sera. Normal macrophages were usually cytotoxic to cancer cells in fetal or newborn bovine serum; however, they enhanced cancer cell growth in normal rat serum. BCG- activated macrophages were toxic to cancer cells regardless of the serum used in the assay. Many cell culture media or sera obtained commercially were found to be contaminated by bacterial endotoxins. When endotoxin-free reagents were used in the toxicity assay, different results were observed: normal macrophages were not cytotoxic, but rather, they often enhanced cell growth even in fetal bovine serum; toxicity of activated macrophages was significantly reduced in normal rat serum. These results suggest that endotoxin and endotoxin inhibitors play a role in the modulation of macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity. These results emphasize the importance of monitoring endotoxin contamination in cell culture reagents used in assays involving macrophages.", "PMID": 699956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_119", "title": "Expression of HLA-A, but not of HLA-B, in mouse-human somatic cell hybrids carrying the region p21 leads to pter of human chromosome 6.", "content": "Mouse-human somatic cell hybrids containing human chromosome 17 carrying the region p21 leads to pter of human chromosome 6 and no other human chromosomes, were found to express HLA-A but not HLA-B. Counterselection of the hybrid cells in medium containing 5-bromodeoxyuridine resulted in the growth of hybrid cells that have concordantly lost the expression of HLA-A and the human translocation chromosome.", "contents": "Expression of HLA-A, but not of HLA-B, in mouse-human somatic cell hybrids carrying the region p21 leads to pter of human chromosome 6. Mouse-human somatic cell hybrids containing human chromosome 17 carrying the region p21 leads to pter of human chromosome 6 and no other human chromosomes, were found to express HLA-A but not HLA-B. Counterselection of the hybrid cells in medium containing 5-bromodeoxyuridine resulted in the growth of hybrid cells that have concordantly lost the expression of HLA-A and the human translocation chromosome.", "PMID": 699957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_120", "title": "Effects of single and multiple doses of desipramine (DMI) on endogenous levels of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol-sulfate (MOPEG-SO4) in rat brain.", "content": "A single administration of desipramine (DMI) (10 mg/kg, i. p.) decreased brain levels and probenecid-induced accumulation rate of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol-sulfate (MOPEG-SO4) in rats. To investigate the mechanism of this action, the interaction of DMI with NA receptor blockers and its effects on electrical stimulation were evaluated. It was found that phenoxybenzamine (20 mg/kg) or chlorpromazine (10 mg/kg) completely prevented the DMI-induced decrease in MOPEG-SO4 brain levels. On the other hand, DMI did not antagonize the increase in MOPEG-SO4 induced in the cortex-hippocampus by stimulation of the locus coeruleus. These observations indicate that the effect of DMI on MOPEG-SO4 is more likely to be due to a reduction of neuronal impulse flow mediated by a negative feed-back mechanism resulting from impairment of reuptake than to a direct effect on NA catabolism. In contrast to the effect of a single dose, the repeated administration of DMI (10 mg/kg, twice a day for 3 days) did not significantly reduce the rate of probenecid-induced accumulation of MOPEG-SO4. This development of tolerance to the metabolite-decreasing effects of DMI indicates that complex adaptive changes occur in the NA system upon repeated DMI administration.", "contents": "Effects of single and multiple doses of desipramine (DMI) on endogenous levels of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol-sulfate (MOPEG-SO4) in rat brain. A single administration of desipramine (DMI) (10 mg/kg, i. p.) decreased brain levels and probenecid-induced accumulation rate of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol-sulfate (MOPEG-SO4) in rats. To investigate the mechanism of this action, the interaction of DMI with NA receptor blockers and its effects on electrical stimulation were evaluated. It was found that phenoxybenzamine (20 mg/kg) or chlorpromazine (10 mg/kg) completely prevented the DMI-induced decrease in MOPEG-SO4 brain levels. On the other hand, DMI did not antagonize the increase in MOPEG-SO4 induced in the cortex-hippocampus by stimulation of the locus coeruleus. These observations indicate that the effect of DMI on MOPEG-SO4 is more likely to be due to a reduction of neuronal impulse flow mediated by a negative feed-back mechanism resulting from impairment of reuptake than to a direct effect on NA catabolism. In contrast to the effect of a single dose, the repeated administration of DMI (10 mg/kg, twice a day for 3 days) did not significantly reduce the rate of probenecid-induced accumulation of MOPEG-SO4. This development of tolerance to the metabolite-decreasing effects of DMI indicates that complex adaptive changes occur in the NA system upon repeated DMI administration.", "PMID": 699958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_121", "title": "Electrophysiological and inotropic effects of natural amino-deoxyglyco-cardenolides.", "content": "The electrophysiological, inotropic and chronotropic effects of the two first natural amino-dexoyglyco-cardenolides, mitiphylline and holarosine B, were studied. Mitiphylline has qualitatively the same properties as those of common cardiac glycosides but is more potent; holarosine B has a similar action on cardiac electrophysiological parameters of the guinea pig heart but is less potent. The difference in activity between these two compounds could be attributed to the configuration in 5-and 17-positions of the genins. Holarisone B has the particularity of increasing the action potential plateau amplitude and its duration in rat heart; this could be part of the role of the aminosugar moiety.", "contents": "Electrophysiological and inotropic effects of natural amino-deoxyglyco-cardenolides. The electrophysiological, inotropic and chronotropic effects of the two first natural amino-dexoyglyco-cardenolides, mitiphylline and holarosine B, were studied. Mitiphylline has qualitatively the same properties as those of common cardiac glycosides but is more potent; holarosine B has a similar action on cardiac electrophysiological parameters of the guinea pig heart but is less potent. The difference in activity between these two compounds could be attributed to the configuration in 5-and 17-positions of the genins. Holarisone B has the particularity of increasing the action potential plateau amplitude and its duration in rat heart; this could be part of the role of the aminosugar moiety.", "PMID": 699959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_122", "title": "The effect of gamma-acetylenic GABA, an enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitor of GABA-transaminase, on dopamine pathways of the extrapyramidal and limbic systems.", "content": "gamma-Acetylenic GABA (100 mg/kg i.p.) inhibited GABA-transaminase activity and caused a several-fold increase in the concentration of GABA in rat brain. This increased GABA concentration was associated with a decreased rate of dopamine depletion following alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine treatment and a decrease in homovanillic acid in extrapyramidal and limbic structures suggesting a decrease in dopamine turnover in both pathways. In addition, gamma-acetylenic GABA injected into the ventral mesencephalic tegmentum decreased dopamine turnover in the mesolimbic forebrain. These results are consistent with a modulatory function of GABAergic neurons on extrapyramidal and limbic dopamine pathways. Inhibitory effects on dopaminergic functions of the extrapyramidal and limbic systems were also indicated by the amphetamine and apomorphine-induced ipsilateral turning after unilateral substantia nigral injections of gamma-acetylenic GABA and by the attenuation of dopamine-induced hypermotility after bilateral injections of gamma-acetylenic GABA into the nucleus accumbens.", "contents": "The effect of gamma-acetylenic GABA, an enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitor of GABA-transaminase, on dopamine pathways of the extrapyramidal and limbic systems. gamma-Acetylenic GABA (100 mg/kg i.p.) inhibited GABA-transaminase activity and caused a several-fold increase in the concentration of GABA in rat brain. This increased GABA concentration was associated with a decreased rate of dopamine depletion following alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine treatment and a decrease in homovanillic acid in extrapyramidal and limbic structures suggesting a decrease in dopamine turnover in both pathways. In addition, gamma-acetylenic GABA injected into the ventral mesencephalic tegmentum decreased dopamine turnover in the mesolimbic forebrain. These results are consistent with a modulatory function of GABAergic neurons on extrapyramidal and limbic dopamine pathways. Inhibitory effects on dopaminergic functions of the extrapyramidal and limbic systems were also indicated by the amphetamine and apomorphine-induced ipsilateral turning after unilateral substantia nigral injections of gamma-acetylenic GABA and by the attenuation of dopamine-induced hypermotility after bilateral injections of gamma-acetylenic GABA into the nucleus accumbens.", "PMID": 699960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_123", "title": "Effects of neurotensin on isolated intestinal smooth muscles.", "content": "The effects of neurotensin were investigated in intestinal smooth muscle preparations. Neurotensin relaxed the rat ileum, and contracted the guinea-pig ileum and taenia. Neurotensin induced a biphasic response (relaxation followed by contraction) in the contracted guinea-pig ileum. In all systems, half-maximal effects were obtained with 4--5 nM neurotensin and maximal responses with 30--60 nM; tachyphylaxis occurred with higher concentrations. Tetrodotoxin did not affect the responses to neurotensin in the rat ileum and the guinea-pig taenia. Tetrodotoxin abolished the contraction or the contraction phase (but not the relaxation phase) of the biphasic response induced by neurotensin in the guinea-pig ileum. Atropine partially inhibited the Neurotensin-induced contraction in the guinea-pig ileum. These results suggest that neurotensin acts on intestinal smooth muscle both directly (relaxation of the rat and guinea-pig ileum, and contraction of the guinea-pig taenia) and through a nerve-mediated, partly cholinergic, process (contraction of the guinea-pig ileum).", "contents": "Effects of neurotensin on isolated intestinal smooth muscles. The effects of neurotensin were investigated in intestinal smooth muscle preparations. Neurotensin relaxed the rat ileum, and contracted the guinea-pig ileum and taenia. Neurotensin induced a biphasic response (relaxation followed by contraction) in the contracted guinea-pig ileum. In all systems, half-maximal effects were obtained with 4--5 nM neurotensin and maximal responses with 30--60 nM; tachyphylaxis occurred with higher concentrations. Tetrodotoxin did not affect the responses to neurotensin in the rat ileum and the guinea-pig taenia. Tetrodotoxin abolished the contraction or the contraction phase (but not the relaxation phase) of the biphasic response induced by neurotensin in the guinea-pig ileum. Atropine partially inhibited the Neurotensin-induced contraction in the guinea-pig ileum. These results suggest that neurotensin acts on intestinal smooth muscle both directly (relaxation of the rat and guinea-pig ileum, and contraction of the guinea-pig taenia) and through a nerve-mediated, partly cholinergic, process (contraction of the guinea-pig ileum).", "PMID": 699961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_124", "title": "The role of calcium in supersensitivity to the inotropic effects of norepinephrine.", "content": "Experiments using electrically stimulated rabbit left atria have demonstrated that supersensitivity to the inotropic effects of norepinephrine can be induced by either chronic reserpine pretreatment or hypothermia (lowering the temperature of the bathing medium). These two experimental conditions for inducing supersensitivity were not additive implying that they shared a common mechanism of action. Norepinephrine had no significant effect on the amplitude of a potentiated contraction of the rabbit atrium when the temperature was reduced from 37 to 30 degrees C or following pretreatment with reserpine (30 or 37 degrees C). Under these same conditions the ED50 of norepinephrine on the normal contraction was reduced. It is concluded that both reserpine pretreatment and hypothermia induce supersensitivity to the inotropic effects of norepinephrine by enhancing the cellular store of activator calcium while not affecting the ability of norepinephrine to release activator calcium.", "contents": "The role of calcium in supersensitivity to the inotropic effects of norepinephrine. Experiments using electrically stimulated rabbit left atria have demonstrated that supersensitivity to the inotropic effects of norepinephrine can be induced by either chronic reserpine pretreatment or hypothermia (lowering the temperature of the bathing medium). These two experimental conditions for inducing supersensitivity were not additive implying that they shared a common mechanism of action. Norepinephrine had no significant effect on the amplitude of a potentiated contraction of the rabbit atrium when the temperature was reduced from 37 to 30 degrees C or following pretreatment with reserpine (30 or 37 degrees C). Under these same conditions the ED50 of norepinephrine on the normal contraction was reduced. It is concluded that both reserpine pretreatment and hypothermia induce supersensitivity to the inotropic effects of norepinephrine by enhancing the cellular store of activator calcium while not affecting the ability of norepinephrine to release activator calcium.", "PMID": 699962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_125", "title": "Muscarinic modulation of acetylcholine release evoked by dimethylphenylpiperazinium and high potassium from guinea-pig myenteric plexus.", "content": "The effects of oxotremorine and atropine on the ACh release evoked from the guinea-pig myenteric plexus by dimethylphenylpiperazinium (DMPP) or by high potassium were investigated. DMPP caused an output of ACh by stimulating nicotine receptors that are probably situated on the soma-dendritic part of the cholinergic neuron. The DMPP-induced release of ACh was dose-dependently inhibited by oxotremorine and increased by atropine. The ACh output evoked by either 45 or 108 mM potassium was enhanced by atropine. Oxotremorine did not affect the ACh release by high potassium but prevented the facilitatory effect of atropine. It is concluded that the inhibitory muscarinic mechanism modulates similarly the ACh release evoked by DMPP or high potassium and the release caused by electrical stimulation. From the experiments with high potassium it is concluded that the inhibitory muscarine receptors are localized at the site of ACh release.", "contents": "Muscarinic modulation of acetylcholine release evoked by dimethylphenylpiperazinium and high potassium from guinea-pig myenteric plexus. The effects of oxotremorine and atropine on the ACh release evoked from the guinea-pig myenteric plexus by dimethylphenylpiperazinium (DMPP) or by high potassium were investigated. DMPP caused an output of ACh by stimulating nicotine receptors that are probably situated on the soma-dendritic part of the cholinergic neuron. The DMPP-induced release of ACh was dose-dependently inhibited by oxotremorine and increased by atropine. The ACh output evoked by either 45 or 108 mM potassium was enhanced by atropine. Oxotremorine did not affect the ACh release by high potassium but prevented the facilitatory effect of atropine. It is concluded that the inhibitory muscarinic mechanism modulates similarly the ACh release evoked by DMPP or high potassium and the release caused by electrical stimulation. From the experiments with high potassium it is concluded that the inhibitory muscarine receptors are localized at the site of ACh release.", "PMID": 699963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_126", "title": "Effect of imidazole on prostaglandin and thromboxane accumulation in urate arthritis.", "content": "High concentrations of prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha and much lower concentrations of thromboxane B2 occurs in joint washes of chicken 1--3 h after intra-articular injection of urate crystals. Pretreatment with 200 mg/kg imidazole i.v. reduced the concentration of prostaglandins and of thromboxane B2 in the joint washes significantly. Simultaneously, leucocyte invasion was delayed and development of oedema was inhibited. The results suggest that in urate crystal arthritis the effect on prostaglandin and thromboxane accumulation at the site of inflammation contributes to the anti-inflammatory activity of imidazole.", "contents": "Effect of imidazole on prostaglandin and thromboxane accumulation in urate arthritis. High concentrations of prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha and much lower concentrations of thromboxane B2 occurs in joint washes of chicken 1--3 h after intra-articular injection of urate crystals. Pretreatment with 200 mg/kg imidazole i.v. reduced the concentration of prostaglandins and of thromboxane B2 in the joint washes significantly. Simultaneously, leucocyte invasion was delayed and development of oedema was inhibited. The results suggest that in urate crystal arthritis the effect on prostaglandin and thromboxane accumulation at the site of inflammation contributes to the anti-inflammatory activity of imidazole.", "PMID": 699965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_127", "title": "The effects of delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol on mammary gland growth, enzyme activity and plasma prolactin levels in the mouse.", "content": "DELTA1-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta1-THC), a highly lipid soluble and active principle of cannabis, was injected each day (25 mg/kg) s.c. in mice from the estimated 13th day of pregnancy. Delta1-THC-treated mice showed no increase in the wet weight or DNA content of their mammary glands during the period of investigation from before parturition until the 12th day post-partum. A marked increase in mammary-gland lipoprotein lipase activity w,s found in control mice at parturition and this was suppressed by delta1-THC. Prolactin rose to a peak level in plasma earlier in lactation in the control mice than in the delta1-THC-treated mice. This delayed rise in plasma prolactin due to delta1-THC may account for the depression of mammary gland growth and development by the drug and for the delay in the appearance of high activities of lipoprotein lipase until later in lactation.", "contents": "The effects of delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol on mammary gland growth, enzyme activity and plasma prolactin levels in the mouse. DELTA1-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta1-THC), a highly lipid soluble and active principle of cannabis, was injected each day (25 mg/kg) s.c. in mice from the estimated 13th day of pregnancy. Delta1-THC-treated mice showed no increase in the wet weight or DNA content of their mammary glands during the period of investigation from before parturition until the 12th day post-partum. A marked increase in mammary-gland lipoprotein lipase activity w,s found in control mice at parturition and this was suppressed by delta1-THC. Prolactin rose to a peak level in plasma earlier in lactation in the control mice than in the delta1-THC-treated mice. This delayed rise in plasma prolactin due to delta1-THC may account for the depression of mammary gland growth and development by the drug and for the delay in the appearance of high activities of lipoprotein lipase until later in lactation.", "PMID": 699971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_128", "title": "Responses of central neurones to piribedil and 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine: comparison with dopamine and apomorphine.", "content": "The effects of two putative dopamine receptor agonists, piribedil and 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine were studied by means of microiontophoresis. Their effects were compared with those of dopamine and apomorphine on neurones of the frontal cortex and of the caudate nucleus both of which are rich in dopaminergic terminals. Piribedil and S. 584, its dihydroxyphenyl derivative, displayed a potent dopamine-like inhibition in both these areas. 2-Bromo-alpha-ergocryptine exerted significant inhibition on cortical neurones which were spontaneously active but only weak or negligible inhibition on cortical and caudate glutamate-driven units. These observations raise the possibilities that 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (1) mediates its inhibitory effect via a predominant presynaptic action; (2) acts preferentially on cortical neurones.", "contents": "Responses of central neurones to piribedil and 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine: comparison with dopamine and apomorphine. The effects of two putative dopamine receptor agonists, piribedil and 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine were studied by means of microiontophoresis. Their effects were compared with those of dopamine and apomorphine on neurones of the frontal cortex and of the caudate nucleus both of which are rich in dopaminergic terminals. Piribedil and S. 584, its dihydroxyphenyl derivative, displayed a potent dopamine-like inhibition in both these areas. 2-Bromo-alpha-ergocryptine exerted significant inhibition on cortical neurones which were spontaneously active but only weak or negligible inhibition on cortical and caudate glutamate-driven units. These observations raise the possibilities that 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine (1) mediates its inhibitory effect via a predominant presynaptic action; (2) acts preferentially on cortical neurones.", "PMID": 699972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_129", "title": "Precise location within the preoptic area where noradrenaline produces hypothermia.", "content": "Noradrenaline (5 microgram in 0.5 microliter) was microinjected into 87 different sites within the preoptic anterior hypothermic area of cat brain to determine the anatomical location most sensitive to the hypothermic action of the amine. At 26 of these sites noradrenaline produced a hypothermia greater than 0.5 degrees C. Such falls in body temperature were invariably accompanied by vasodilation and sometimes by a marked increase in respiratory rate. During the hypothermia most animals appeared sedated. Histological analysis of the sites where hypothermia was produced indicated that the site of maximum sensitivity occurred between the optic chiasm and the anterior commissure at A 15.0, L 2.5, H--2.5. The results are discussed in terms of the physiological control of body temperature.", "contents": "Precise location within the preoptic area where noradrenaline produces hypothermia. Noradrenaline (5 microgram in 0.5 microliter) was microinjected into 87 different sites within the preoptic anterior hypothermic area of cat brain to determine the anatomical location most sensitive to the hypothermic action of the amine. At 26 of these sites noradrenaline produced a hypothermia greater than 0.5 degrees C. Such falls in body temperature were invariably accompanied by vasodilation and sometimes by a marked increase in respiratory rate. During the hypothermia most animals appeared sedated. Histological analysis of the sites where hypothermia was produced indicated that the site of maximum sensitivity occurred between the optic chiasm and the anterior commissure at A 15.0, L 2.5, H--2.5. The results are discussed in terms of the physiological control of body temperature.", "PMID": 699973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_130", "title": "Effects of cold or restraint on incidence of gastric ulceration induced in rats by ulcerogenic drugs.", "content": "Exposure to cold (4degreesC) or restraint increased the incidence and severity of gastric ulceration induced after i.p. injection of phenylbutazone, aspirin and indomethacin but not of histamine. Oral administration of cimetidine, an H2-receptor blocker, 30 min before drug injection, prevented the occurrence of gastric lesions.", "contents": "Effects of cold or restraint on incidence of gastric ulceration induced in rats by ulcerogenic drugs. Exposure to cold (4degreesC) or restraint increased the incidence and severity of gastric ulceration induced after i.p. injection of phenylbutazone, aspirin and indomethacin but not of histamine. Oral administration of cimetidine, an H2-receptor blocker, 30 min before drug injection, prevented the occurrence of gastric lesions.", "PMID": 699974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_131", "title": "Transient effect of intracellular dantrolene on E--C coupling in skeletal muscle.", "content": "The effect of dantrolene-Na (DAN) on electrical and mechanical responses was investigated to single fibers of frog semitendinosus. Twitch tension was potentiated over 2--4 min by intracellular application of DAN and was rapidly decreased thereafter. Extracellular DAN depressed the tension with all dosages used. Although DAN had no effect on membrane potential, it exerted a biphasic action on membrane excitability. From these results, a mechanism is postulated for the release of trigger Ca2+ from T-tubules.", "contents": "Transient effect of intracellular dantrolene on E--C coupling in skeletal muscle. The effect of dantrolene-Na (DAN) on electrical and mechanical responses was investigated to single fibers of frog semitendinosus. Twitch tension was potentiated over 2--4 min by intracellular application of DAN and was rapidly decreased thereafter. Extracellular DAN depressed the tension with all dosages used. Although DAN had no effect on membrane potential, it exerted a biphasic action on membrane excitability. From these results, a mechanism is postulated for the release of trigger Ca2+ from T-tubules.", "PMID": 699975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_132", "title": "Clozapine concentrations in brain regions: relationship to dopamine metabolite increase.", "content": "Levels of clozapine in rat striatum and tuberculum olfactorium were quantitated by a gas chromatographic technique. The relationship of the increase in 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in these regions produced by clozapine to the concentration of clozapine was explored. One hour after 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg clozapine i.p. the concentration of drug increased in proportion to the dose and at each dose was similar in striatum and T.O. The percent increase in DOPAC in both areas was related to the clozapine concentration in a typical dose--response manner and was greater in the striatum than the T.O. A relatively high concentration of clozapine (40 micron) was required to produce a half-maximal elevation of DOPAC. Striatal clozapine levels were similar in acutely and chronically treated animals. The concentrations of clozapine in striatum and T.O. reflect the dose injected and do not account for its atypical properties.", "contents": "Clozapine concentrations in brain regions: relationship to dopamine metabolite increase. Levels of clozapine in rat striatum and tuberculum olfactorium were quantitated by a gas chromatographic technique. The relationship of the increase in 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in these regions produced by clozapine to the concentration of clozapine was explored. One hour after 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg clozapine i.p. the concentration of drug increased in proportion to the dose and at each dose was similar in striatum and T.O. The percent increase in DOPAC in both areas was related to the clozapine concentration in a typical dose--response manner and was greater in the striatum than the T.O. A relatively high concentration of clozapine (40 micron) was required to produce a half-maximal elevation of DOPAC. Striatal clozapine levels were similar in acutely and chronically treated animals. The concentrations of clozapine in striatum and T.O. reflect the dose injected and do not account for its atypical properties.", "PMID": 699976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_133", "title": "Yohimbine blockade of ionic channels in myocardial cells.", "content": "The effects of yohimbine, an alkaloid shown to have local anesthetic properties on nerve, were determined in isolated perfused chick embryonic (19--21-day-old) hearts. Effects on the fast Na+ channels were studied in hearts perfused with normal Ringer solution by using the maximal upstroke velocity (+Vmax) as an index of the inward current flowing during the rising phase of the normal action potential. Yohimbine (10(-5)--10(-4) M) depressed +Vmax and overshoot and prolonged the action potential. At 5 x 10(-4) M, yohimbine completely blocked the fast Na+ channels, since this dose abolished the action potential when Mn2+ (2 mM) was present to eliminate the slow Ca2+ current. Effects on the slow channels were studied in hearts in which the fast Na+ channels were voltage-inactivated by partial depolarization to about--40 mV with an elevated (25 mM) K+-Ringer solution or blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX), resulting in loss of excitability. Isoproterenol (10(-6) M) restored excitability by inducing a slowly rising overshooting electrical response (the \"slow response\") that was accompanied by contractions. At low concentrations (10(-5)--10(-4) M), yohimbine enhanced the isoproterenol-induced slow response; yohimbine induced the slow response in the absence of isoproterenol, even in the presence of a beta-adrenergic blocker. In contrast, at high concentrations (10(-3) M), yohimbine markedly depressed or blocked the slow response. Consistent with this dual action, yohimbine exerted a small positive inotropic action at low doses in hearts perfused with normal Ringer solution and exerted a considerable negative inotropic action at high doses, causing complete blockade of the contractions within 20 min. Cultured reaggregated cells obtained from chick embryo (15--17 day-old) ventricles showed a similar response to yohimbine in that both the normal action potentials and the slow responses were abolished. It is concluded that yohimbine exerts a local anesthetic-like action on myocardial cells, since both fast and slow channels were blocked, but the fast channels were more sensitive to yohimbine.", "contents": "Yohimbine blockade of ionic channels in myocardial cells. The effects of yohimbine, an alkaloid shown to have local anesthetic properties on nerve, were determined in isolated perfused chick embryonic (19--21-day-old) hearts. Effects on the fast Na+ channels were studied in hearts perfused with normal Ringer solution by using the maximal upstroke velocity (+Vmax) as an index of the inward current flowing during the rising phase of the normal action potential. Yohimbine (10(-5)--10(-4) M) depressed +Vmax and overshoot and prolonged the action potential. At 5 x 10(-4) M, yohimbine completely blocked the fast Na+ channels, since this dose abolished the action potential when Mn2+ (2 mM) was present to eliminate the slow Ca2+ current. Effects on the slow channels were studied in hearts in which the fast Na+ channels were voltage-inactivated by partial depolarization to about--40 mV with an elevated (25 mM) K+-Ringer solution or blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX), resulting in loss of excitability. Isoproterenol (10(-6) M) restored excitability by inducing a slowly rising overshooting electrical response (the \"slow response\") that was accompanied by contractions. At low concentrations (10(-5)--10(-4) M), yohimbine enhanced the isoproterenol-induced slow response; yohimbine induced the slow response in the absence of isoproterenol, even in the presence of a beta-adrenergic blocker. In contrast, at high concentrations (10(-3) M), yohimbine markedly depressed or blocked the slow response. Consistent with this dual action, yohimbine exerted a small positive inotropic action at low doses in hearts perfused with normal Ringer solution and exerted a considerable negative inotropic action at high doses, causing complete blockade of the contractions within 20 min. Cultured reaggregated cells obtained from chick embryo (15--17 day-old) ventricles showed a similar response to yohimbine in that both the normal action potentials and the slow responses were abolished. It is concluded that yohimbine exerts a local anesthetic-like action on myocardial cells, since both fast and slow channels were blocked, but the fast channels were more sensitive to yohimbine.", "PMID": 699977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_134", "title": "The in vivo binding of [3H]-desipramine and [3H]-chlorpromazine to areas in the rat brain.", "content": "The distribution of [3H]-desipramine (DMI) and of [3H]-chlorpromazine (CPZ) in rat brain was determined by the incorporation of radioactivity into various regions of the brain and by autoradiography of transverse cryostat sections. The label from [3H]-DMI was rapidly distributed in all brain regions, reaching peak levels within 30 min and considerably decreasing 1--4 h after injection. Following the selective destruction of catecholaminergic nerve terminals by intracerebral administration of 6-hydroxydopamine, a marked reduction in the incorporation of DMI, but not of CPZ, was evident in all brain areas investigated. The autoradiographed sections clearly demonstrated a preferential uptake of both drugs by the caudate nucleus. These findings suggest that DMI might be largely bound to presynaptic dopamine and norepinephrine terminals, while the CPZ binding involves postsynaptic sites.", "contents": "The in vivo binding of [3H]-desipramine and [3H]-chlorpromazine to areas in the rat brain. The distribution of [3H]-desipramine (DMI) and of [3H]-chlorpromazine (CPZ) in rat brain was determined by the incorporation of radioactivity into various regions of the brain and by autoradiography of transverse cryostat sections. The label from [3H]-DMI was rapidly distributed in all brain regions, reaching peak levels within 30 min and considerably decreasing 1--4 h after injection. Following the selective destruction of catecholaminergic nerve terminals by intracerebral administration of 6-hydroxydopamine, a marked reduction in the incorporation of DMI, but not of CPZ, was evident in all brain areas investigated. The autoradiographed sections clearly demonstrated a preferential uptake of both drugs by the caudate nucleus. These findings suggest that DMI might be largely bound to presynaptic dopamine and norepinephrine terminals, while the CPZ binding involves postsynaptic sites.", "PMID": 699978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_135", "title": "Altered state of cardiac sympathetic nerves during immunologically induced anemia.", "content": "Cardiac norepinephrine (NE) levels exhibit a marked reduction in rats suffering from hemolytic anemia induced with antibodies against rat red blood cells. Administration of antiserum via tail vein resulted in a highly reproducible 70% drop in hemoglobin levels by 72 h. At 96 h cardiac NE levels were decreased by 67%; NE levels in vas deferens and submaxillary gland were not decreased. Within 10 days, both hemoglobin and cardia NE returned to near control levels. Hearts from anemic rats showed a 68% decrease in their ability to accumulate 3H-NE administered in tracer doses at 72 h of anemia. Cardiac NE turnover rates were increased 88% in 72 h anemic animals. These results are consistent with an anemia-induced activation of cardiac sympathetic nerves. Cardiac monoamine oxidase and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activities in whole heart homogenates were similar in control and anemic animals at 72 h. These results suggest that NE depletion is not the result of decreased synthetic capacity of the nerves or degeneration of existing terminals. The data suggest that cardiac NE depletion during anemic stress is associated with the combined effects of increased NE release and a decrease in the effective NE uptake or binding capacity of sympathetic nerves. Anemia-induced depletion may, therefore, be different from the depletion associated with other forms of cardiovascular stress.", "contents": "Altered state of cardiac sympathetic nerves during immunologically induced anemia. Cardiac norepinephrine (NE) levels exhibit a marked reduction in rats suffering from hemolytic anemia induced with antibodies against rat red blood cells. Administration of antiserum via tail vein resulted in a highly reproducible 70% drop in hemoglobin levels by 72 h. At 96 h cardiac NE levels were decreased by 67%; NE levels in vas deferens and submaxillary gland were not decreased. Within 10 days, both hemoglobin and cardia NE returned to near control levels. Hearts from anemic rats showed a 68% decrease in their ability to accumulate 3H-NE administered in tracer doses at 72 h of anemia. Cardiac NE turnover rates were increased 88% in 72 h anemic animals. These results are consistent with an anemia-induced activation of cardiac sympathetic nerves. Cardiac monoamine oxidase and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activities in whole heart homogenates were similar in control and anemic animals at 72 h. These results suggest that NE depletion is not the result of decreased synthetic capacity of the nerves or degeneration of existing terminals. The data suggest that cardiac NE depletion during anemic stress is associated with the combined effects of increased NE release and a decrease in the effective NE uptake or binding capacity of sympathetic nerves. Anemia-induced depletion may, therefore, be different from the depletion associated with other forms of cardiovascular stress.", "PMID": 699979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_136", "title": "Increased adenylate cyclase activity and rapid weight loss following intraseptal injection of cholera toxin.", "content": "Cholera toxin, stereotaxically injected into the medial septal nucleus of the rat, leads within 24 h to a dramatic decrease in body weight and an increase in septal adenylate cyclase activity. Toxin-treated rats drink one-third the water of vehicle-treated animals while excreting two-and-one half times the urine. Food intake over the 24-h period is depressed to 13% of control but feces production was normal. The dramatic increase of urinary output suggests that cholera toxin activates a septal adenylate cyclase system which supressess the release of antidiuretic hormone. Cholera toxin injection into the septum may be a unique alternative to electrical stimulation for investigating septal involvement in the regulation of neuronal and metabolic processes.", "contents": "Increased adenylate cyclase activity and rapid weight loss following intraseptal injection of cholera toxin. Cholera toxin, stereotaxically injected into the medial septal nucleus of the rat, leads within 24 h to a dramatic decrease in body weight and an increase in septal adenylate cyclase activity. Toxin-treated rats drink one-third the water of vehicle-treated animals while excreting two-and-one half times the urine. Food intake over the 24-h period is depressed to 13% of control but feces production was normal. The dramatic increase of urinary output suggests that cholera toxin activates a septal adenylate cyclase system which supressess the release of antidiuretic hormone. Cholera toxin injection into the septum may be a unique alternative to electrical stimulation for investigating septal involvement in the regulation of neuronal and metabolic processes.", "PMID": 699980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_137", "title": "Interaction of serotonin and deslanoside on cardiac rhythm in the cat.", "content": "The present study was performed to determine whether increases in the tissue content of serotonin creatinine SO4 in the periphery would influence the arrhythmogenic effect of deslanoside. This was accomplished by infusing serotonin into anesthetized cats exposed to a subarrhythmic dose of deslanoside, determining doses of deslanoside required to produce ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation, and determining ventricular pacemaker rate (obtained during vagal-induced sinus node suppression). It was found that animals receiving serotonin creatinine SO4 plus deslanoside exhibited a greater increase in ventricular rate during sinus node suppression than with 5-HT infusion alone. No corresponding increase in ventricular pacemaker rate during sinus node suppression was observed with creatinine SO4 plus deslanoside. In addition, the dose of deslanoside to produce ventricular fibrillation in these animals was significantly correlated with the increase in ventricular pacemaker rate seen during th 5-HT infusion in the presence of deslanoside. Studies were also performed to determine whether the arrhythmogenic interaction of serotonin with deslanoside was associated with alterations in either cardiac tissue, blood or plasma levels of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. The data revealed a significant correlation between serotonin content in the left ventricle and the dose of deslanoside required to produce ventricular fibrillation. These results suggest that exogenous serotonin interacts with deslanoside to enhance the arrhythmogenic action of deslanoside.", "contents": "Interaction of serotonin and deslanoside on cardiac rhythm in the cat. The present study was performed to determine whether increases in the tissue content of serotonin creatinine SO4 in the periphery would influence the arrhythmogenic effect of deslanoside. This was accomplished by infusing serotonin into anesthetized cats exposed to a subarrhythmic dose of deslanoside, determining doses of deslanoside required to produce ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation, and determining ventricular pacemaker rate (obtained during vagal-induced sinus node suppression). It was found that animals receiving serotonin creatinine SO4 plus deslanoside exhibited a greater increase in ventricular rate during sinus node suppression than with 5-HT infusion alone. No corresponding increase in ventricular pacemaker rate during sinus node suppression was observed with creatinine SO4 plus deslanoside. In addition, the dose of deslanoside to produce ventricular fibrillation in these animals was significantly correlated with the increase in ventricular pacemaker rate seen during th 5-HT infusion in the presence of deslanoside. Studies were also performed to determine whether the arrhythmogenic interaction of serotonin with deslanoside was associated with alterations in either cardiac tissue, blood or plasma levels of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. The data revealed a significant correlation between serotonin content in the left ventricle and the dose of deslanoside required to produce ventricular fibrillation. These results suggest that exogenous serotonin interacts with deslanoside to enhance the arrhythmogenic action of deslanoside.", "PMID": 699982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_138", "title": "Release of beta-endorphin from rat pituitary in vitro.", "content": "The rate of release of beta-endorphin immunoreactivity from the anterior lobe of the rat pituitary in vitro increased in respone to potassium-induced depolarization in a calcium-dependent manner. Potassium-induced depolarization did not, however, change the rate of release from intermediate/posterior lobe. These findings provide support for the view that beta-endorphin may have a humoral function and suggest that beta-endorphin stores in discrete pituitary areas are regulated by different release mechanisms.", "contents": "Release of beta-endorphin from rat pituitary in vitro. The rate of release of beta-endorphin immunoreactivity from the anterior lobe of the rat pituitary in vitro increased in respone to potassium-induced depolarization in a calcium-dependent manner. Potassium-induced depolarization did not, however, change the rate of release from intermediate/posterior lobe. These findings provide support for the view that beta-endorphin may have a humoral function and suggest that beta-endorphin stores in discrete pituitary areas are regulated by different release mechanisms.", "PMID": 699983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_139", "title": "Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat. 5. Properties of and monosynaptic excitatory convergence on C3--C4 propriospinal neurones.", "content": "Recording was made in the C3--C4 segments from cell bodies of propriospinal neurones identified by their antidromic activation from more caudal segments. Monosynaptic excitatory effects from descending motor pathways and primary afferents were investigated by electrical stimulation of higher motor centres and peripheral nerves in the forelimb and neck. The cell bodies were located mainly laterally in Rexed's layer VII. Threshold mapping for single axons showed that they descend in the lateroventral part of the lateral funicle. Antidromic stimulation at different spinal cord levels showed that some neurones terminated in the forelimb segments, others in the thoracic cord or in the lumbar segments. Terminal slowing of the conduction velocity suggested axonal branching over some segments. Monosynaptic EPSPs were evoked in the neurons by stimulation of the contralateral pyramid, red nucleus and dorsal tegmentum-superior colliculus. It is concluded that corticospinal, rubrospinal and tectospinal fibres project directly to both short and long propriospinal neurones. There was marked frequency potentiation in tectospinal synapses. Convergence from two descending tracts was common and in half of the tested cells all three tracts contributed monosynaptic excitation. Experiments with collision of descending volleys and antidromic volleys from the brachial segments demonstrated that the corticospinal and rubrospinal monosynaptic projection to the propriospinal neurones is by collaterals from fibres continuing to the forelimb segments.", "contents": "Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat. 5. Properties of and monosynaptic excitatory convergence on C3--C4 propriospinal neurones. Recording was made in the C3--C4 segments from cell bodies of propriospinal neurones identified by their antidromic activation from more caudal segments. Monosynaptic excitatory effects from descending motor pathways and primary afferents were investigated by electrical stimulation of higher motor centres and peripheral nerves in the forelimb and neck. The cell bodies were located mainly laterally in Rexed's layer VII. Threshold mapping for single axons showed that they descend in the lateroventral part of the lateral funicle. Antidromic stimulation at different spinal cord levels showed that some neurones terminated in the forelimb segments, others in the thoracic cord or in the lumbar segments. Terminal slowing of the conduction velocity suggested axonal branching over some segments. Monosynaptic EPSPs were evoked in the neurons by stimulation of the contralateral pyramid, red nucleus and dorsal tegmentum-superior colliculus. It is concluded that corticospinal, rubrospinal and tectospinal fibres project directly to both short and long propriospinal neurones. There was marked frequency potentiation in tectospinal synapses. Convergence from two descending tracts was common and in half of the tested cells all three tracts contributed monosynaptic excitation. Experiments with collision of descending volleys and antidromic volleys from the brachial segments demonstrated that the corticospinal and rubrospinal monosynaptic projection to the propriospinal neurones is by collaterals from fibres continuing to the forelimb segments.", "PMID": 699994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_140", "title": "Diminution and reversal of eye movements induced by local stimulation of rabbit cerebellar flocculus after partial destruction of the inferior olive.", "content": "After the dorsal cap and adjacent ventrolateral outgrowth regions of the inferior olive had been chronically destroyed in the rabbits, the eye movements evoked by local stimulation of the flocculus were reduced in amplitude and reversed in direction, indicating that the inhibition by flocculus Purkinje cells of vestibulo-ocular relay neurons could no longer be actuated by the stimulation.", "contents": "Diminution and reversal of eye movements induced by local stimulation of rabbit cerebellar flocculus after partial destruction of the inferior olive. After the dorsal cap and adjacent ventrolateral outgrowth regions of the inferior olive had been chronically destroyed in the rabbits, the eye movements evoked by local stimulation of the flocculus were reduced in amplitude and reversed in direction, indicating that the inhibition by flocculus Purkinje cells of vestibulo-ocular relay neurons could no longer be actuated by the stimulation.", "PMID": 699997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_141", "title": "Reduction of the cerebellar stimulus effect on rat Deiters neurons after chemical destruction of the inferior olive.", "content": "After the inferior olive of the rats had been destroyed by administration of 3-Acetylpyridine, the inhibitory effect of cerebellar stimulation on Deiters neurons was substantially reduced, indicating impairment in functions of Purkinje cells and/or their axons after deprivation of climbing fiber afferents from the cerebellum.", "contents": "Reduction of the cerebellar stimulus effect on rat Deiters neurons after chemical destruction of the inferior olive. After the inferior olive of the rats had been destroyed by administration of 3-Acetylpyridine, the inhibitory effect of cerebellar stimulation on Deiters neurons was substantially reduced, indicating impairment in functions of Purkinje cells and/or their axons after deprivation of climbing fiber afferents from the cerebellum.", "PMID": 699998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_142", "title": "The response of horizontal semicircular canal afferents to sinusoidal rotation in the cat.", "content": "Dynamic characteristics of primary vestibular afferents innervating the horizontal semicircular canal were studied in decerebrate, unanesthetized cats. Activities of individual afferent fibers were recorded intracranially by glass micropipettes. Frequency of sinusoidal rotation was varied from 0.014 Hz to 0.42 Hz, and phase and gain properties were examined. All of the fibers recorded fired spontaneously, and their firing rate ranged from 7 to 128 spikes/sec. Regularity of firing, phase lags, and gains were calculated in individual fibers. There was a tendency that the units with high spontaneous firing rates showed regular firing, larger phase lags, and lower gains that the units with low spontaneous firing rates. The transfer function of the system (firing rate of the primary afferent per angular acceleration of the head) was (formula: see text). A high frequency phase lead component was needed to account for the data obtained, indicating a slight deviation from the relationship predicted by the torsion pendulum model. The present phase properties were compared with those of vestibular nucleus neurons reported previously. It was suggested that a group of vestibular nucleus neurons transmits fairly faithfully the phase properties of primary afferents, and that another group of vestibular nucleus neurons receive additional influences from central structures, exhibiting larger phase lags than primary afferents.", "contents": "The response of horizontal semicircular canal afferents to sinusoidal rotation in the cat. Dynamic characteristics of primary vestibular afferents innervating the horizontal semicircular canal were studied in decerebrate, unanesthetized cats. Activities of individual afferent fibers were recorded intracranially by glass micropipettes. Frequency of sinusoidal rotation was varied from 0.014 Hz to 0.42 Hz, and phase and gain properties were examined. All of the fibers recorded fired spontaneously, and their firing rate ranged from 7 to 128 spikes/sec. Regularity of firing, phase lags, and gains were calculated in individual fibers. There was a tendency that the units with high spontaneous firing rates showed regular firing, larger phase lags, and lower gains that the units with low spontaneous firing rates. The transfer function of the system (firing rate of the primary afferent per angular acceleration of the head) was (formula: see text). A high frequency phase lead component was needed to account for the data obtained, indicating a slight deviation from the relationship predicted by the torsion pendulum model. The present phase properties were compared with those of vestibular nucleus neurons reported previously. It was suggested that a group of vestibular nucleus neurons transmits fairly faithfully the phase properties of primary afferents, and that another group of vestibular nucleus neurons receive additional influences from central structures, exhibiting larger phase lags than primary afferents.", "PMID": 699999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_143", "title": "Visuomotor restriction of one eye in kittens reared with alternate monocular deprivation.", "content": "It is known that kittens reared in ways that restrict movement while visual stimulation is received exhibit deficits in visually guided behavior. Presumably, the behavioral dysfunction is due to a lack of sensorimotor coordination during visual exposure. The current investigation was undertaken to study this effect both physiologically and behaviorally. Two groups of kittens were normally reared until they were nearly 4 weeks old. They were then placed in a darkroom and exposed daily for 1--2 hours while one eye was occluded. On alternate days, alternate eyes were covered. One group was restrained in a body cast while a given eye was exposed, but the kittens were free to move about while the other eye received visual experience. A second control group was alternately occluded, but freely mobile during all exposures. An additional cat was also unrestrained during daily rearing periods and neither eye was ever occluded. Behavioral tests showed clear deficits when the \"passive\" eye of the restrained-unrestrained group was used. Deficiencies were found in visually guided paw placing, pursuit eye movements, and jumping behavior to a platform. Responses of single cells were studied in area 17 of the visual cortex. Ocular dominance distributions showed marked reductions in binocularity for alternated occluder cats. The eye that had received exposure while animals were active in the restrained-unrestrained group also tended to predominate but the difference was not statistically significant.", "contents": "Visuomotor restriction of one eye in kittens reared with alternate monocular deprivation. It is known that kittens reared in ways that restrict movement while visual stimulation is received exhibit deficits in visually guided behavior. Presumably, the behavioral dysfunction is due to a lack of sensorimotor coordination during visual exposure. The current investigation was undertaken to study this effect both physiologically and behaviorally. Two groups of kittens were normally reared until they were nearly 4 weeks old. They were then placed in a darkroom and exposed daily for 1--2 hours while one eye was occluded. On alternate days, alternate eyes were covered. One group was restrained in a body cast while a given eye was exposed, but the kittens were free to move about while the other eye received visual experience. A second control group was alternately occluded, but freely mobile during all exposures. An additional cat was also unrestrained during daily rearing periods and neither eye was ever occluded. Behavioral tests showed clear deficits when the \"passive\" eye of the restrained-unrestrained group was used. Deficiencies were found in visually guided paw placing, pursuit eye movements, and jumping behavior to a platform. Responses of single cells were studied in area 17 of the visual cortex. Ocular dominance distributions showed marked reductions in binocularity for alternated occluder cats. The eye that had received exposure while animals were active in the restrained-unrestrained group also tended to predominate but the difference was not statistically significant.", "PMID": 700000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_144", "title": "Systems-matching by degeneration. I. A quantitative electron microscopic study of the generation and degeneration of retinal ganglion cells in the chicken.", "content": "The total number of optic nerve fibers of the chicken was determined at twenty sequential developmental stages from incubation day 5 to 104 days after hatching. It was found that the total number of optic nerve fibers increases from 4400 on incubation day 5 to about 4.0 million on incubation days 10 and 11. Thereafter, it decreases to a final value of about 2.4 million by incubation day 18 and remains constant from that time on until adulthood. Thus, 40% of optic fibers degenerate. Degenerating ganglion cells in the retina are first detectable by incubation day 9. Initially degenerating cells are located mainly in the central retina, but on subsequent days they can be found predominantly in peripheral zones. It is postulated that cell death occurs because of competition for adequate arborization space. If more retinal afferent fibers arrive than tectal termination sites are available, supernumerary fibers may degenerate. By degeneration the two systems retina and optic tectum, are matched in size.", "contents": "Systems-matching by degeneration. I. A quantitative electron microscopic study of the generation and degeneration of retinal ganglion cells in the chicken. The total number of optic nerve fibers of the chicken was determined at twenty sequential developmental stages from incubation day 5 to 104 days after hatching. It was found that the total number of optic nerve fibers increases from 4400 on incubation day 5 to about 4.0 million on incubation days 10 and 11. Thereafter, it decreases to a final value of about 2.4 million by incubation day 18 and remains constant from that time on until adulthood. Thus, 40% of optic fibers degenerate. Degenerating ganglion cells in the retina are first detectable by incubation day 9. Initially degenerating cells are located mainly in the central retina, but on subsequent days they can be found predominantly in peripheral zones. It is postulated that cell death occurs because of competition for adequate arborization space. If more retinal afferent fibers arrive than tectal termination sites are available, supernumerary fibers may degenerate. By degeneration the two systems retina and optic tectum, are matched in size.", "PMID": 700001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_145", "title": "The effect of pentobarbital, chloralhydrate, ether and protoveratrine on the distribution of synaptic vesicles in rat cortical synaptosomes.", "content": "Rat cortical synaptosomes were incubated in a saline medium. On the addition of pentobarbital, chloralhydrate, ether and protoveratrine a redistribution of synaptic vesicles was revealed by electron microscopy. The anaesthetics decreased the number of synaptic vesicles attached to the presynaptic membrane while protoveratrine increased them. It is assumed that these agents affect the mechanism of vesicle reformation from the synaptosomal membrane and/or vesicle migration towards the synaptic cleft.", "contents": "The effect of pentobarbital, chloralhydrate, ether and protoveratrine on the distribution of synaptic vesicles in rat cortical synaptosomes. Rat cortical synaptosomes were incubated in a saline medium. On the addition of pentobarbital, chloralhydrate, ether and protoveratrine a redistribution of synaptic vesicles was revealed by electron microscopy. The anaesthetics decreased the number of synaptic vesicles attached to the presynaptic membrane while protoveratrine increased them. It is assumed that these agents affect the mechanism of vesicle reformation from the synaptosomal membrane and/or vesicle migration towards the synaptic cleft.", "PMID": 700002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_146", "title": "Short-term increase and long-term reversion of striatal cell activity after degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine system.", "content": "The spontaneous activity of neurons in the head of the striatum was studied in rats 3 days and more than 1 year after a 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesion of the nigrostriatal dopamine system in comparison to unlesioned animals. Cells were detected and tracked by stimulating the excitatory corticostriatal pathway. In unlesioned animals striatal cells discharged at very low frequencies, with a median of 0.04 impulse/second. The activity was increased to 0.28 impulses/second 3 days after the lesion. This increase was related to the degree of dopamine depletion. More than 1 year after the lesion, the frequency had decreased to a level indistinguishable from that measured in unlesioned animals, with a median of 0.03 impulses/second. Cells in 3-day lesioned animals discharged a higher number of bursts at shorter intervals as compared to unlesioned animals, while in long-term denervated animals the bursting pattern was similar to that in unlesioned animals. This demonstrates that removal of the dopaminergic input results in increased activity only during an initial phase and that adaptive processes subsequently occur. The data from this Parkinsonian model suggest that symptoms of this disease cannot simply be related to an increased striatal cellular activity. The fact that the initially increased spontaneous activity adapted indicates that functional effects of a lesion can only be evaluated when studying the resulting changes throughout a time course.", "contents": "Short-term increase and long-term reversion of striatal cell activity after degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine system. The spontaneous activity of neurons in the head of the striatum was studied in rats 3 days and more than 1 year after a 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesion of the nigrostriatal dopamine system in comparison to unlesioned animals. Cells were detected and tracked by stimulating the excitatory corticostriatal pathway. In unlesioned animals striatal cells discharged at very low frequencies, with a median of 0.04 impulse/second. The activity was increased to 0.28 impulses/second 3 days after the lesion. This increase was related to the degree of dopamine depletion. More than 1 year after the lesion, the frequency had decreased to a level indistinguishable from that measured in unlesioned animals, with a median of 0.03 impulses/second. Cells in 3-day lesioned animals discharged a higher number of bursts at shorter intervals as compared to unlesioned animals, while in long-term denervated animals the bursting pattern was similar to that in unlesioned animals. This demonstrates that removal of the dopaminergic input results in increased activity only during an initial phase and that adaptive processes subsequently occur. The data from this Parkinsonian model suggest that symptoms of this disease cannot simply be related to an increased striatal cellular activity. The fact that the initially increased spontaneous activity adapted indicates that functional effects of a lesion can only be evaluated when studying the resulting changes throughout a time course.", "PMID": 700003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_147", "title": "The control of rapid limb movement in the cat. I. Response latency.", "content": "A versatile tracking task has been developed to assess the competence of feline subjects in using sensory information to initiate and guide limb movement. In the present study we investigated the response latency and the factors which affect it in order to define temporal constraints on the underlying processing of information. The paradigm makes use of an electromechanical display of the difference between the output of transducers in a manipulandum (controlled by the cat) and a target level (controlled by the experimenter). Because of inertia and friction, a step change in target level required 230 msec to fully shift the display. The animals were trained to match the position of the manipulandum (or the force they applied to it isometrically) to the target level for a food reward. Target perturbations elicited rapid position or force adjustments of appropriate direction and magnitude at short latency. Under isometric conditions, the latency of the response was an inverse function of the extent of display motion and of the peak rate of force change attained during the adjustment. Asymptotic values of the response time, measured from the perturbation to the first change in force applied to the lever, were typically between 50 and 70 msec. Since the motor responses were invariably initiated while the display was still moving, the animals must have used information contained in the derivatives of its motion. In the absence of visual cues, deflection of the vibrissae by the sudden motion of the dispaly provided two of the four animals with sufficient information to initiate and guide their movements without changes in response latency. When vision was allowed, section of the vibrissae produced a persistent increase in response times of 15-20 msec. This difference in latency is compatible with the delays due to retinal transmission. The short time interval elapsing between stimulus and response strongly suggests that the topography and the metrics of the underlying transformations are adjusted by gating and/or biasing processes which precede the stimulus. It is concluded that sensory information can generate purposeful movements through pathways which include only a small number of central relays in series, independently of its modality.", "contents": "The control of rapid limb movement in the cat. I. Response latency. A versatile tracking task has been developed to assess the competence of feline subjects in using sensory information to initiate and guide limb movement. In the present study we investigated the response latency and the factors which affect it in order to define temporal constraints on the underlying processing of information. The paradigm makes use of an electromechanical display of the difference between the output of transducers in a manipulandum (controlled by the cat) and a target level (controlled by the experimenter). Because of inertia and friction, a step change in target level required 230 msec to fully shift the display. The animals were trained to match the position of the manipulandum (or the force they applied to it isometrically) to the target level for a food reward. Target perturbations elicited rapid position or force adjustments of appropriate direction and magnitude at short latency. Under isometric conditions, the latency of the response was an inverse function of the extent of display motion and of the peak rate of force change attained during the adjustment. Asymptotic values of the response time, measured from the perturbation to the first change in force applied to the lever, were typically between 50 and 70 msec. Since the motor responses were invariably initiated while the display was still moving, the animals must have used information contained in the derivatives of its motion. In the absence of visual cues, deflection of the vibrissae by the sudden motion of the dispaly provided two of the four animals with sufficient information to initiate and guide their movements without changes in response latency. When vision was allowed, section of the vibrissae produced a persistent increase in response times of 15-20 msec. This difference in latency is compatible with the delays due to retinal transmission. The short time interval elapsing between stimulus and response strongly suggests that the topography and the metrics of the underlying transformations are adjusted by gating and/or biasing processes which precede the stimulus. It is concluded that sensory information can generate purposeful movements through pathways which include only a small number of central relays in series, independently of its modality.", "PMID": 700004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_148", "title": "The control of rapid limb movement in the cat. II. Scaling of isometric force adjustments.", "content": "In the previous study it was shown that cats were capable of making rapid and accurate adjustments in the force they applied to a lever in accord with information provided by a compensatory display. In the present study, isometric responses were examined in greater detail to determine 1. if a general control policy (or model) governing responses of different magnitudes could be inferred from the relations among output parameters and 2. if the earliest output measures were scaled to the preceding sensory events. The force adjustments elicited by the sudden motion of the display showed a linera relation between the peak force and the peak of its first derivative, dF/dt. Similarly, the peak d2F/dt2 was a linear function of dF/dt. By contrast, the times required to achieve the peak force and the peak dF/dt were largely independent of their magnitudes. These adjustments were produced by a burst of EMG activity in agonist muscles which coincided with the rising phase of dF/dt. The observations suggest that such motor outputs are determined by a pulse-step control policy. The amplitude of the pulse would control the rate of rise of dF/dt (and therefore also the peak force since the rising phase of dF/dt was of constant duration), and the step would control the level of the terminal steady state force. Both the peak force and the preceding peak dF/dt were highly correlated with the amplitude of the perturbation. Changes in display gain, which altered the required relation between input and output magnitudes, resulted in a gradual readjustment of the output parameters. It was concluded that the motor outputs were scaled from their inception to requirements dictated by the initial sensory information. The selection by the cat of the appropriate scaling function was contingent upon its previous experience with the device.", "contents": "The control of rapid limb movement in the cat. II. Scaling of isometric force adjustments. In the previous study it was shown that cats were capable of making rapid and accurate adjustments in the force they applied to a lever in accord with information provided by a compensatory display. In the present study, isometric responses were examined in greater detail to determine 1. if a general control policy (or model) governing responses of different magnitudes could be inferred from the relations among output parameters and 2. if the earliest output measures were scaled to the preceding sensory events. The force adjustments elicited by the sudden motion of the display showed a linera relation between the peak force and the peak of its first derivative, dF/dt. Similarly, the peak d2F/dt2 was a linear function of dF/dt. By contrast, the times required to achieve the peak force and the peak dF/dt were largely independent of their magnitudes. These adjustments were produced by a burst of EMG activity in agonist muscles which coincided with the rising phase of dF/dt. The observations suggest that such motor outputs are determined by a pulse-step control policy. The amplitude of the pulse would control the rate of rise of dF/dt (and therefore also the peak force since the rising phase of dF/dt was of constant duration), and the step would control the level of the terminal steady state force. Both the peak force and the preceding peak dF/dt were highly correlated with the amplitude of the perturbation. Changes in display gain, which altered the required relation between input and output magnitudes, resulted in a gradual readjustment of the output parameters. It was concluded that the motor outputs were scaled from their inception to requirements dictated by the initial sensory information. The selection by the cat of the appropriate scaling function was contingent upon its previous experience with the device.", "PMID": 700005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_149", "title": "Cutaneous fiber groups involved in the inhibition of fictive locomotion in the rabbit.", "content": "Decorticate, paralyzed unanaesthetized rabbit preparations can display motoneuron discharges (spontaneous or elicited through various somatic stimulations) which are related to locomotion. These activities are suppressed when manual pressure is exerted on the dorso-lumbar skin. The present study indicates that: (1) locomotor discharges can also be inhibited through repetitive electrical stimulation of one of the skin nerves belonging to dorsal dermatomes (TH5 to L5); (2) other skin nerves, especially those of the limbs, do not present the same inhibitory properties; (3) among the various fiber groups composing these dorsal skin nerves, only A delta are inhibitory; other groups, on the contrary, display moderate (A alpha and A beta) or strong (unmyelinated C fibers) excitatory actions; (4) the inhibitory action of A delta fibers counteracts the excitatory action of C fibers, when both groups are stimulated together. The relationship between this form of motor inhibition and the well known phenomenon of \"reflex immobility\" is briefly considered.", "contents": "Cutaneous fiber groups involved in the inhibition of fictive locomotion in the rabbit. Decorticate, paralyzed unanaesthetized rabbit preparations can display motoneuron discharges (spontaneous or elicited through various somatic stimulations) which are related to locomotion. These activities are suppressed when manual pressure is exerted on the dorso-lumbar skin. The present study indicates that: (1) locomotor discharges can also be inhibited through repetitive electrical stimulation of one of the skin nerves belonging to dorsal dermatomes (TH5 to L5); (2) other skin nerves, especially those of the limbs, do not present the same inhibitory properties; (3) among the various fiber groups composing these dorsal skin nerves, only A delta are inhibitory; other groups, on the contrary, display moderate (A alpha and A beta) or strong (unmyelinated C fibers) excitatory actions; (4) the inhibitory action of A delta fibers counteracts the excitatory action of C fibers, when both groups are stimulated together. The relationship between this form of motor inhibition and the well known phenomenon of \"reflex immobility\" is briefly considered.", "PMID": 700006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_150", "title": "The karyotypes of the Corsican and Sardinian mountain salamanders, Euproctus montanus and E. platycephalus (Urodela: Salamandridae).", "content": "The chromosomes of Euproctus montanus and E. platycephalus were studied by means of the C-banding method and the AS-SAT technique which are useful for identifying the single pairs of the complement and for recognizing nucleolar organizer regions. According to the morpho-structural characteristics shown by the specific karyotypes, it has been possible to draw some cytotaxonomic deductions concerning the karyological evolution within the insular group.", "contents": "The karyotypes of the Corsican and Sardinian mountain salamanders, Euproctus montanus and E. platycephalus (Urodela: Salamandridae). The chromosomes of Euproctus montanus and E. platycephalus were studied by means of the C-banding method and the AS-SAT technique which are useful for identifying the single pairs of the complement and for recognizing nucleolar organizer regions. According to the morpho-structural characteristics shown by the specific karyotypes, it has been possible to draw some cytotaxonomic deductions concerning the karyological evolution within the insular group.", "PMID": 700007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_151", "title": "Cytochemical localization of surface carbohydrates on mycoplasma membranes.", "content": "Surface carbohydrate structures, containing alpha-D-glucosyl or sterically closely related residues, were visualized on mycoplasma membranes by cytochemical staining procedure with concanavalin A and iron-dextran complexes.", "contents": "Cytochemical localization of surface carbohydrates on mycoplasma membranes. Surface carbohydrate structures, containing alpha-D-glucosyl or sterically closely related residues, were visualized on mycoplasma membranes by cytochemical staining procedure with concanavalin A and iron-dextran complexes.", "PMID": 700008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_152", "title": "Two new polyploid Xenopus species from western Uganda.", "content": "2 new species of the anuran genus Xenopus have been found in western Uganda: X. ruwenzoriensis sp.n. with the hexaploid chromosome number of 108 in the Semliki Valley, west of the Ruwenzori, and X. species nova with the tetraploid chromosome number of 72 in and near lake Bunyoni.", "contents": "Two new polyploid Xenopus species from western Uganda. 2 new species of the anuran genus Xenopus have been found in western Uganda: X. ruwenzoriensis sp.n. with the hexaploid chromosome number of 108 in the Semliki Valley, west of the Ruwenzori, and X. species nova with the tetraploid chromosome number of 72 in and near lake Bunyoni.", "PMID": 700009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_153", "title": "Reoxidation of reduced hen egg white lysozyme fragment 1-123.", "content": "The reactivation of reduced lysozyme, whose 6 COOH-terminal amino acid including cysteine 127 were cut off, was studied. The results show that the disulfide bridge I-VIII as well as the COOH-terminal hexapeptide do not play a decisive role in the acquisition of the native 3-dimensional structure of the enzyme.", "contents": "Reoxidation of reduced hen egg white lysozyme fragment 1-123. The reactivation of reduced lysozyme, whose 6 COOH-terminal amino acid including cysteine 127 were cut off, was studied. The results show that the disulfide bridge I-VIII as well as the COOH-terminal hexapeptide do not play a decisive role in the acquisition of the native 3-dimensional structure of the enzyme.", "PMID": 700010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_154", "title": "Microbiological oxidation of the pentyl side chain of cannabinoids.", "content": "Syncephalastrum racemosum ATCC 18192 and Mycobacterium rhodochrous ATCC 19067 partially degrade the n-pentyl side chain of cannabidiol, cannabinol, delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol and delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Carboxylic acid and alcohol side chain derivatives are major metabolites.", "contents": "Microbiological oxidation of the pentyl side chain of cannabinoids. Syncephalastrum racemosum ATCC 18192 and Mycobacterium rhodochrous ATCC 19067 partially degrade the n-pentyl side chain of cannabidiol, cannabinol, delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol and delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Carboxylic acid and alcohol side chain derivatives are major metabolites.", "PMID": 700011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_155", "title": "Successful cryopreservation of auricle fragments from rat hearts at -196 degrees C.", "content": "The influence of electrolyte composition and glucose concentration of a cryoprotective medium on the survival of auricle fragments from adult rat hearts after storage at -196 degrees C was investigated. Using a K+-, Mg++-, Ca++-rich solution with increased glucose concentration, a high rate of surviving fragments was found after cryopreservation.", "contents": "Successful cryopreservation of auricle fragments from rat hearts at -196 degrees C. The influence of electrolyte composition and glucose concentration of a cryoprotective medium on the survival of auricle fragments from adult rat hearts after storage at -196 degrees C was investigated. Using a K+-, Mg++-, Ca++-rich solution with increased glucose concentration, a high rate of surviving fragments was found after cryopreservation.", "PMID": 700012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_156", "title": "Increased blood pressure in the SHR is not related to a deficit in renomedullary PGE2.", "content": "Synthesis of prostaglandin E2 by renal medulla from SHR and WKY rats was compared during early postnatal development. Although arterial blood pressure was significantly higher in SHR as early as 6 weeks of age, no difference in renal medullary prostaglandin synthesis was observed.", "contents": "Increased blood pressure in the SHR is not related to a deficit in renomedullary PGE2. Synthesis of prostaglandin E2 by renal medulla from SHR and WKY rats was compared during early postnatal development. Although arterial blood pressure was significantly higher in SHR as early as 6 weeks of age, no difference in renal medullary prostaglandin synthesis was observed.", "PMID": 700013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_157", "title": "Effect of exercise training on the chronotropic response of isolated rat atria to atropine.", "content": "Atria isolated from rats after 7 weeks of exercise training beat at a slower rate than did atria from sedentery controls. Atria from exercised rats showed a significant acceleration in response to atropine.", "contents": "Effect of exercise training on the chronotropic response of isolated rat atria to atropine. Atria isolated from rats after 7 weeks of exercise training beat at a slower rate than did atria from sedentery controls. Atria from exercised rats showed a significant acceleration in response to atropine.", "PMID": 700014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_158", "title": "Seasonal changes in the levels and the turnover of brain serotonin and noradrenaline in the European hamster kept under constant environment.", "content": "Seasonal changes in the content and the turnover of noradrenaline and serotonin are shown in various parts of the brain of the European hamster kept under constant conditions of light and temperature.", "contents": "Seasonal changes in the levels and the turnover of brain serotonin and noradrenaline in the European hamster kept under constant environment. Seasonal changes in the content and the turnover of noradrenaline and serotonin are shown in various parts of the brain of the European hamster kept under constant conditions of light and temperature.", "PMID": 700015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_159", "title": "Induction of electrical excitability in crustacean muscle by 4-cyclopentene-1,3-dione.", "content": "4-Cyclopentene-1,3-dione induces electrical activity in inexcitable crustacean muscle. This effect is blocked by previous treatment with p-chloromercuribenzoic acid. These results suggest that crustacean muscle becomes excitable when certain -CH2-SH side chains are converted to thioethers having carbonyl groups.", "contents": "Induction of electrical excitability in crustacean muscle by 4-cyclopentene-1,3-dione. 4-Cyclopentene-1,3-dione induces electrical activity in inexcitable crustacean muscle. This effect is blocked by previous treatment with p-chloromercuribenzoic acid. These results suggest that crustacean muscle becomes excitable when certain -CH2-SH side chains are converted to thioethers having carbonyl groups.", "PMID": 700016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_160", "title": "Proteoglycans in ovine brain.", "content": "Sulphated proteoglycans were isolated using a dissociative method of extraction. Cerebrum accounted for the major portion of proteochondroitin sulphate in brain, whereas the brain stem fraction contained over half the proteoheparan sulphate. Chemical characterization studies demonstrated that heparan sulphate from cerebellum contain more N-sulphate glucosamine residues.", "contents": "Proteoglycans in ovine brain. Sulphated proteoglycans were isolated using a dissociative method of extraction. Cerebrum accounted for the major portion of proteochondroitin sulphate in brain, whereas the brain stem fraction contained over half the proteoheparan sulphate. Chemical characterization studies demonstrated that heparan sulphate from cerebellum contain more N-sulphate glucosamine residues.", "PMID": 700017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_161", "title": "Radioautographic identification of serotonergic neurones in Aplysia.", "content": "Radioautography shows that 3H 5-HT specifically labels metacerebral and 2 other serotonergic cell bodies in Aplysia cerebroid ganglia as well as 5-HT terminals in close contact with giant neurone membrane in buccal ganglia.", "contents": "Radioautographic identification of serotonergic neurones in Aplysia. Radioautography shows that 3H 5-HT specifically labels metacerebral and 2 other serotonergic cell bodies in Aplysia cerebroid ganglia as well as 5-HT terminals in close contact with giant neurone membrane in buccal ganglia.", "PMID": 700018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_162", "title": "Cerebellar decussation of fibres from the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis in the brain of the albino rat.", "content": "The existence of a cerebellar decussation of fibres from the medial portion of each nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (Rtp) of the albino rat is indicated. Definite cell loss in the medial aspect of the most rostral third of Rtp is detectable after cerebellar hemisection involving parts or the entire depth of sublobule VIb. Cell loss in the medial aspect of the caudal half of Rtp is evident as a consequence of experimental lesions which damage both sublobules IIb and III.", "contents": "Cerebellar decussation of fibres from the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis in the brain of the albino rat. The existence of a cerebellar decussation of fibres from the medial portion of each nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (Rtp) of the albino rat is indicated. Definite cell loss in the medial aspect of the most rostral third of Rtp is detectable after cerebellar hemisection involving parts or the entire depth of sublobule VIb. Cell loss in the medial aspect of the caudal half of Rtp is evident as a consequence of experimental lesions which damage both sublobules IIb and III.", "PMID": 700019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_163", "title": "Selective activation of noradrenergic neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord of young spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "In young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) activities were examined in the brainstem nuclei. Activation of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus, A2 and spinal intermediolateral cell areas, resulting in enhanced sympathetic nervous activity in the periphery, initiates hypertension. Adrenergic neurons, unchanged in these and A1 cell areas of young SHR, are not involved in the development of hypertension in SHR.", "contents": "Selective activation of noradrenergic neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord of young spontaneously hypertensive rats. In young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) activities were examined in the brainstem nuclei. Activation of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus, A2 and spinal intermediolateral cell areas, resulting in enhanced sympathetic nervous activity in the periphery, initiates hypertension. Adrenergic neurons, unchanged in these and A1 cell areas of young SHR, are not involved in the development of hypertension in SHR.", "PMID": 700020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_164", "title": "The effects on thermoregulation of intracerebroventricular injections of L-aspartic acid in the sheep.", "content": "L-Aspartic acid was injected into a lateral cerebral ventricle of the sheep at ambient temperatures between 0 degrees and 40 degrees C. Doses of 100 or 500 nmoles-kg-1 caused a rise in heat production and/or a decrease in heat loss; rectal temperature rose. Atropine sulphate attenuated or prevented these effects.", "contents": "The effects on thermoregulation of intracerebroventricular injections of L-aspartic acid in the sheep. L-Aspartic acid was injected into a lateral cerebral ventricle of the sheep at ambient temperatures between 0 degrees and 40 degrees C. Doses of 100 or 500 nmoles-kg-1 caused a rise in heat production and/or a decrease in heat loss; rectal temperature rose. Atropine sulphate attenuated or prevented these effects.", "PMID": 700021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_165", "title": "Interaction of chlorpromazine with organic solvents and fatty acids as studied by UV-spectrophotometry.", "content": "The magnitude of the UV-spectral change of chlorpromazine increases in the presence of increasing concentrations of alcohols or fatty acids and with increasing chain length. A maximum is reached with 14.0- or 16.0-fatty acids. The differential spectrum is still larger with unsaturated fatty acids, a maximum effect being obtained with one cis-double bond. The spectral change is abolished by chaotropic and enhanced by antichaotropic agents.", "contents": "Interaction of chlorpromazine with organic solvents and fatty acids as studied by UV-spectrophotometry. The magnitude of the UV-spectral change of chlorpromazine increases in the presence of increasing concentrations of alcohols or fatty acids and with increasing chain length. A maximum is reached with 14.0- or 16.0-fatty acids. The differential spectrum is still larger with unsaturated fatty acids, a maximum effect being obtained with one cis-double bond. The spectral change is abolished by chaotropic and enhanced by antichaotropic agents.", "PMID": 700022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_166", "title": "Anti-phalloidine and anti-alpha-amanitine action of silybin in comparison with compounds similar to structural parts of silybin.", "content": "Silybin significantly antagonises the lethal poisoning of mice with alpha-amanitine or phalloidine. In the same test, taxifolin, coniferyl alcohol, fisetin and (+)-catechin were not effective.", "contents": "Anti-phalloidine and anti-alpha-amanitine action of silybin in comparison with compounds similar to structural parts of silybin. Silybin significantly antagonises the lethal poisoning of mice with alpha-amanitine or phalloidine. In the same test, taxifolin, coniferyl alcohol, fisetin and (+)-catechin were not effective.", "PMID": 700023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_167", "title": "Current(I)-voltage(V) relationships of the neuromembrane of an identifiable giant neurone of an African giant snail (Achatina fulica F\u00e9russac) in the presence of an inhibitory tripeptide, L-Lys-L-Phe-L-Tyr.", "content": "An inhibitory tripeptide, L-Lys-L-Phe-L-Tyr, caused membrane hyperpolarization of the TAN (tonically autoactive neurone) resulting in an elevated firing level. The tripeptide, however, did not markedly affect either the TAN I-V curve or the firing pattern obtained by transmembrane triangular current injection.", "contents": "Current(I)-voltage(V) relationships of the neuromembrane of an identifiable giant neurone of an African giant snail (Achatina fulica F\u00e9russac) in the presence of an inhibitory tripeptide, L-Lys-L-Phe-L-Tyr. An inhibitory tripeptide, L-Lys-L-Phe-L-Tyr, caused membrane hyperpolarization of the TAN (tonically autoactive neurone) resulting in an elevated firing level. The tripeptide, however, did not markedly affect either the TAN I-V curve or the firing pattern obtained by transmembrane triangular current injection.", "PMID": 700024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_168", "title": "Protective role of brain ascorbic acid content against lipid peroxidation.", "content": "The high ascorbic acid concentration in the brain inhibits lipid peroxidation induced by various agents in rat brain microsomes. The physiological importance of the fact is discussed.", "contents": "Protective role of brain ascorbic acid content against lipid peroxidation. The high ascorbic acid concentration in the brain inhibits lipid peroxidation induced by various agents in rat brain microsomes. The physiological importance of the fact is discussed.", "PMID": 700025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_169", "title": "Monoamine oxidase activity in tissues of spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was assayed both in central and peripheral blood vessels of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and age-matched normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKR). The activity of MAO in the brain and peripheral vasculature was essentially the same in both SHR and WKR. It can therefore be concluded that central and peripheral vascular MAO activity is not altered in the genetically hypertensive animals.", "contents": "Monoamine oxidase activity in tissues of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was assayed both in central and peripheral blood vessels of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and age-matched normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKR). The activity of MAO in the brain and peripheral vasculature was essentially the same in both SHR and WKR. It can therefore be concluded that central and peripheral vascular MAO activity is not altered in the genetically hypertensive animals.", "PMID": 700026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_170", "title": "The effect of urethane and pentobarbital anaesthesia and hepatic portal vein catheterization on liver blood flow in the rat.", "content": "The effect of urethane and pentobarbital anaesthesia and hepatic portal vein catheterization on liver blood flow was investigated in the rat. Liver blood flow with pentobarbital anaesthesia was 40% greater than with urethane. Hepatic portal vein catheterization had no effect under pentobarbital anaesthesia whereas it produced an 18% fall in liver blood flow with urethane.", "contents": "The effect of urethane and pentobarbital anaesthesia and hepatic portal vein catheterization on liver blood flow in the rat. The effect of urethane and pentobarbital anaesthesia and hepatic portal vein catheterization on liver blood flow was investigated in the rat. Liver blood flow with pentobarbital anaesthesia was 40% greater than with urethane. Hepatic portal vein catheterization had no effect under pentobarbital anaesthesia whereas it produced an 18% fall in liver blood flow with urethane.", "PMID": 700027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_171", "title": "Chemical and photooxidation of thiothixene (Navane): structure of the thiothixene fluorophor.", "content": "The spontaneous photooxidation of thiothixen (Navane) to 2-(N,N-dimethyl-sulfonamido)-9-thioxanthone is described. The corresponding sulfoxide is demonstrated to be the fluorescent species obtained upon permanganate oxidation of thiothixene in the fluorometric assay procedure of Mj\u00f6rndal and Oreland.", "contents": "Chemical and photooxidation of thiothixene (Navane): structure of the thiothixene fluorophor. The spontaneous photooxidation of thiothixen (Navane) to 2-(N,N-dimethyl-sulfonamido)-9-thioxanthone is described. The corresponding sulfoxide is demonstrated to be the fluorescent species obtained upon permanganate oxidation of thiothixene in the fluorometric assay procedure of Mj\u00f6rndal and Oreland.", "PMID": 700028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_172", "title": "Inhibitory effect of tiaramide on ADP-induced aggregation in rabbit platelets.", "content": "Tiaramide in 10(-4) or 10(-5) M depressed the ADP-induced aggregation of rabbit platelets using the turbidimetric method. In modified Chandler's loop method, tiaramide in the same concentration accelerated the restoration of the time course of disaggregation.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of tiaramide on ADP-induced aggregation in rabbit platelets. Tiaramide in 10(-4) or 10(-5) M depressed the ADP-induced aggregation of rabbit platelets using the turbidimetric method. In modified Chandler's loop method, tiaramide in the same concentration accelerated the restoration of the time course of disaggregation.", "PMID": 700029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_173", "title": "Carcinogenic activation of benzo(a)pyrene by iodine and ferric chloride in the respiratory tract of Syrian golden hamsters.", "content": "Benzo(a)pyrene (0.5 mg), in itself weakly carcinogenic, when given in combination with ferric chloride (0.16 mg) or iodine (0.2 mg), alone noncarcinogen, induced a number of tumors of different parts of the respiratory tract of Syrian golden hamsters.", "contents": "Carcinogenic activation of benzo(a)pyrene by iodine and ferric chloride in the respiratory tract of Syrian golden hamsters. Benzo(a)pyrene (0.5 mg), in itself weakly carcinogenic, when given in combination with ferric chloride (0.16 mg) or iodine (0.2 mg), alone noncarcinogen, induced a number of tumors of different parts of the respiratory tract of Syrian golden hamsters.", "PMID": 700030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_174", "title": "Nerves and taste-buds degeneration in the cat-fish Ictalurus melas.", "content": "After nerve transection, external taste-buds remain apparently normal for more than 3 weeks, become round, then disappear. Cryonecrosis of the cranial ganglia V and VII induces a loss of polarity of the buds, which, though keeping up their form for 50 and even 150 days, are progressively deprived of sensory cells. This shows a dissociation of the actions of nerve factors.", "contents": "Nerves and taste-buds degeneration in the cat-fish Ictalurus melas. After nerve transection, external taste-buds remain apparently normal for more than 3 weeks, become round, then disappear. Cryonecrosis of the cranial ganglia V and VII induces a loss of polarity of the buds, which, though keeping up their form for 50 and even 150 days, are progressively deprived of sensory cells. This shows a dissociation of the actions of nerve factors.", "PMID": 700031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_175", "title": "[Ultrastructural study of the cytological changes in the adenohypophysis of the male quail submitted to long daily photoperiods (author's transl)].", "content": "The collective data obtained at the ultrastructural level in anterior pituitaries of male Chinese quails submitted to long daily photoperiods, confirm the cytological changes observed earlier in, at least, 2 types of cells of the gland. This cellular types may be the source of avian LH and FSH.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study of the cytological changes in the adenohypophysis of the male quail submitted to long daily photoperiods (author's transl)]. The collective data obtained at the ultrastructural level in anterior pituitaries of male Chinese quails submitted to long daily photoperiods, confirm the cytological changes observed earlier in, at least, 2 types of cells of the gland. This cellular types may be the source of avian LH and FSH.", "PMID": 700032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_176", "title": "Changes in cellular noradrenaline fluorescence in the denervated rat superior cervical ganglion.", "content": "The microfluorimetrical investigation showed that in the principal perikarya of the rat superior cervical ganglion, after inhibition of noradrenaline-synthesis and unilateral preganglionic axotomy, the fluorescence of newly synthesized noradrenaline was most intense at the periphery of the perikarya of the intact side.", "contents": "Changes in cellular noradrenaline fluorescence in the denervated rat superior cervical ganglion. The microfluorimetrical investigation showed that in the principal perikarya of the rat superior cervical ganglion, after inhibition of noradrenaline-synthesis and unilateral preganglionic axotomy, the fluorescence of newly synthesized noradrenaline was most intense at the periphery of the perikarya of the intact side.", "PMID": 700033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_177", "title": "Giant pigment granules in dermal melanocytes of rat scrotal skin.", "content": "Giant melanosomes, ellipsoidal (1.5 micron X 1.3 micron) or spherical (1.1 micron-1.4 micron in diameter) exist in the scrotal skin of the black pelted Long Evans rat. They are longer and wider than normal stage IV melanosomes (0.7 micron X 0.4 micron) found in these dermal melanocytes.", "contents": "Giant pigment granules in dermal melanocytes of rat scrotal skin. Giant melanosomes, ellipsoidal (1.5 micron X 1.3 micron) or spherical (1.1 micron-1.4 micron in diameter) exist in the scrotal skin of the black pelted Long Evans rat. They are longer and wider than normal stage IV melanosomes (0.7 micron X 0.4 micron) found in these dermal melanocytes.", "PMID": 700034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_178", "title": "Lack of synaptic reorganization in inner plexiform layer (IPL) of retina following ganglion cell degeneration.", "content": "Ganglion cell degeneration in the rat retina following optic nerve lesion does not induce the formation of new synapses even after 1 year of postoperative recovery.", "contents": "Lack of synaptic reorganization in inner plexiform layer (IPL) of retina following ganglion cell degeneration. Ganglion cell degeneration in the rat retina following optic nerve lesion does not induce the formation of new synapses even after 1 year of postoperative recovery.", "PMID": 700036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_179", "title": "Lamprey biliary atresia: first model system for the human condition?", "content": "Degeneration of the bile ducts and gallbladder occurs during metamorphosis of the lamprey. Morphological aspects of this process suggest a similarity to human biliary atresia.", "contents": "Lamprey biliary atresia: first model system for the human condition? Degeneration of the bile ducts and gallbladder occurs during metamorphosis of the lamprey. Morphological aspects of this process suggest a similarity to human biliary atresia.", "PMID": 700037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_180", "title": "Ocular involvement in hamsters transplanted with a human leukemic T-cell line.", "content": "A leukemic T-cell line (TALL-1) was serially transplanted for 5 passages into newborn hamsters treated with antilymphocyte serum. This cell line was derived from a leukemic patient with clinical evidence of ocular involvement. I.p. implantation of 1--3 X 10(7) cells resulted in disseminated growth of tumors in all 15 recipients after 23--41 days and 8 of them showed leukemic infiltration of the uveal tract of one or both eyes.", "contents": "Ocular involvement in hamsters transplanted with a human leukemic T-cell line. A leukemic T-cell line (TALL-1) was serially transplanted for 5 passages into newborn hamsters treated with antilymphocyte serum. This cell line was derived from a leukemic patient with clinical evidence of ocular involvement. I.p. implantation of 1--3 X 10(7) cells resulted in disseminated growth of tumors in all 15 recipients after 23--41 days and 8 of them showed leukemic infiltration of the uveal tract of one or both eyes.", "PMID": 700038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_181", "title": "Studies of autoimmune induction in the rat lacrimal gland.", "content": "Induction of autoimmunity in the rat lacrimal gland was presently assessed. Antibodies to lacrimal gland extract were detectable in 58% of the immunized rats. Skin tests were positive at 4 week postimmunization in 70% of the animals. Histological observations revealed the presence of mononuclear cell infiltrates surrounding the ductal and acinar epithelium at 2--6 weeks.", "contents": "Studies of autoimmune induction in the rat lacrimal gland. Induction of autoimmunity in the rat lacrimal gland was presently assessed. Antibodies to lacrimal gland extract were detectable in 58% of the immunized rats. Skin tests were positive at 4 week postimmunization in 70% of the animals. Histological observations revealed the presence of mononuclear cell infiltrates surrounding the ductal and acinar epithelium at 2--6 weeks.", "PMID": 700039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_182", "title": "Plasma triiodothyronine, thyroxine and thyrotrophin levels in germfree rats.", "content": "Plasma T3, T4 and TSH levels in developing germfree rats were high, low and normal as compared with those in conventional counterparts. The high T3/T4 ratio in germfree rat plasma was lowered by cholestyramine feeding.", "contents": "Plasma triiodothyronine, thyroxine and thyrotrophin levels in germfree rats. Plasma T3, T4 and TSH levels in developing germfree rats were high, low and normal as compared with those in conventional counterparts. The high T3/T4 ratio in germfree rat plasma was lowered by cholestyramine feeding.", "PMID": 700040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_183", "title": "[Effects of reserpine on development of Oedipoda coerulescens L. (Acrididae, Orthoptera) (author's transl)].", "content": "Inhibitory  effects of reserpine on ecdysis and chromatic adaptation in Oedipoda appear to be linked with changes observed in both neural and neuro-endocrine regulating systems.", "contents": "[Effects of reserpine on development of Oedipoda coerulescens L. (Acrididae, Orthoptera) (author's transl)]. Inhibitory  effects of reserpine on ecdysis and chromatic adaptation in Oedipoda appear to be linked with changes observed in both neural and neuro-endocrine regulating systems.", "PMID": 700041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_184", "title": "Effect of acute administration of triiodothyronine in chicken. Liver glycogen depletion and amino acid incorporation to proteins.", "content": "Single injections of thyroid hormone (T3) produce liver glycogen depletion in chickens. This effect cannot be suppressed by protein synthesis inhibitors and is previous to the hormone-induced increase in protein synthesis.", "contents": "Effect of acute administration of triiodothyronine in chicken. Liver glycogen depletion and amino acid incorporation to proteins. Single injections of thyroid hormone (T3) produce liver glycogen depletion in chickens. This effect cannot be suppressed by protein synthesis inhibitors and is previous to the hormone-induced increase in protein synthesis.", "PMID": 700042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_185", "title": "An anatomical study of the microcirculation in the rabbit femur.", "content": "A technique is described which will allow a study of the microcirculation to a long bone such as the femur. It involves use of a silicone rubber compound (Microfil) in combination with the Spalteholz clearing technique. Preliminary results in the normal rabbit skeleton suggest that this technique can be used to study the changes in vascularity which occur under various pathological conditions.", "contents": "An anatomical study of the microcirculation in the rabbit femur. A technique is described which will allow a study of the microcirculation to a long bone such as the femur. It involves use of a silicone rubber compound (Microfil) in combination with the Spalteholz clearing technique. Preliminary results in the normal rabbit skeleton suggest that this technique can be used to study the changes in vascularity which occur under various pathological conditions.", "PMID": 700043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_186", "title": "The determination of extracellular space using hemoglobin.", "content": "The ECS of guinea-pig atria and frog sartorii can be determined using hemoglobin. For guinea-pig atria an ECS of (32.2 +/- 2.6)% wet wt for frog sartorii an ECS of (12.4 +/- 1.0)% wet wt can be measured.", "contents": "The determination of extracellular space using hemoglobin. The ECS of guinea-pig atria and frog sartorii can be determined using hemoglobin. For guinea-pig atria an ECS of (32.2 +/- 2.6)% wet wt for frog sartorii an ECS of (12.4 +/- 1.0)% wet wt can be measured.", "PMID": 700044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_187", "title": "Pentagastrin induction of acetylcholinesterase activity in cerebral cortex of rats.", "content": "A single injection of pentagastrin (500 microgram kg-1) produced an immediate (within 15 min) and pronounced increment (about 50%) in the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the cerebral but not in the cerebellar region of the brain. Pretreatment of rats with either actinomycin-D or cycloheximide did not fully abolish the pentagastrin-mediated stimulation of cerebral AChE activity.", "contents": "Pentagastrin induction of acetylcholinesterase activity in cerebral cortex of rats. A single injection of pentagastrin (500 microgram kg-1) produced an immediate (within 15 min) and pronounced increment (about 50%) in the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the cerebral but not in the cerebellar region of the brain. Pretreatment of rats with either actinomycin-D or cycloheximide did not fully abolish the pentagastrin-mediated stimulation of cerebral AChE activity.", "PMID": 700045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_188", "title": "Cross-linked arabinogalactan: a new affinity matrix for the purification of Ricinus communis lectins.", "content": "Arabinogalactan has been cross-linked to give a new high capacity affinity matrix for the purification of Ricinus communis lectins. It shows a capacity which is 50 times greater than that of the conventional affinity matrices.", "contents": "Cross-linked arabinogalactan: a new affinity matrix for the purification of Ricinus communis lectins. Arabinogalactan has been cross-linked to give a new high capacity affinity matrix for the purification of Ricinus communis lectins. It shows a capacity which is 50 times greater than that of the conventional affinity matrices.", "PMID": 700046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_189", "title": "Cysteine oxidase and cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase in developing rat liver.", "content": "The patterns of development of cysteine oxidase (CO) and cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSD) in rat liver are not similar. It was observed that CO is not under sex control as CSD is. The results obtained agree with the idea that, in liver, as well as in brain, CSD is the limiting factor for the regulation of taurine biosynthesis.", "contents": "Cysteine oxidase and cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase in developing rat liver. The patterns of development of cysteine oxidase (CO) and cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSD) in rat liver are not similar. It was observed that CO is not under sex control as CSD is. The results obtained agree with the idea that, in liver, as well as in brain, CSD is the limiting factor for the regulation of taurine biosynthesis.", "PMID": 700047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_190", "title": "Acid and alkaline phosphatase heterogeneity in liver, heart and intestine of the adult chick.", "content": "The molecular heterogeneity of acid and alkaline phosphatase from chick liver, intestine and heart is demonstrated by polyacrilamide disc gel electrophoresis. Liver and heart show the same number of molecular forms of acid and alkaline phosphatases. In contrast, the intestine homogenate shows electrophoretic bands different in number and in gel position from those of the liver and of the heart.", "contents": "Acid and alkaline phosphatase heterogeneity in liver, heart and intestine of the adult chick. The molecular heterogeneity of acid and alkaline phosphatase from chick liver, intestine and heart is demonstrated by polyacrilamide disc gel electrophoresis. Liver and heart show the same number of molecular forms of acid and alkaline phosphatases. In contrast, the intestine homogenate shows electrophoretic bands different in number and in gel position from those of the liver and of the heart.", "PMID": 700048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_191", "title": "Glutathione peroxidase in erythrocytes and plasma of rats during pregnancy and lactation.", "content": "The glutathione peroxidase activity in the plasma of rats on the 20th day of pregnancy was found to be 50% lower than in nulliparous control animals. During lactation, the level rose again but was still significantly different from that of the control rats on the 20th day post partum. The erythrocyte enzyme activity remained unchanged.", "contents": "Glutathione peroxidase in erythrocytes and plasma of rats during pregnancy and lactation. The glutathione peroxidase activity in the plasma of rats on the 20th day of pregnancy was found to be 50% lower than in nulliparous control animals. During lactation, the level rose again but was still significantly different from that of the control rats on the 20th day post partum. The erythrocyte enzyme activity remained unchanged.", "PMID": 700049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_192", "title": "Glutamate decarboxylase activity in preoptic and hypothalamic nuclei of the rat.", "content": "Freeze-dried samples were used for the determination of glutamate decarboxylase activity in discrete preoptic and hypothalamic nuclei. The activity showed marked regional variation in distribution.", "contents": "Glutamate decarboxylase activity in preoptic and hypothalamic nuclei of the rat. Freeze-dried samples were used for the determination of glutamate decarboxylase activity in discrete preoptic and hypothalamic nuclei. The activity showed marked regional variation in distribution.", "PMID": 700050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_193", "title": "Activity of phospholipases A and some lysosomal enzymes in rat testes at different stages of hypervitaminosis A.", "content": "Excess of vitamin A induces decrease of neutral phospholipase A1 and A2 activity in rat testes homogenates on the 4th day, and increase of beta-galactosidase activity on the 8th day of treatment. It is suggested that phospholipase A activity decrease is of great importance in development of testicular disorders, caused by disbalance of vitamin A.", "contents": "Activity of phospholipases A and some lysosomal enzymes in rat testes at different stages of hypervitaminosis A. Excess of vitamin A induces decrease of neutral phospholipase A1 and A2 activity in rat testes homogenates on the 4th day, and increase of beta-galactosidase activity on the 8th day of treatment. It is suggested that phospholipase A activity decrease is of great importance in development of testicular disorders, caused by disbalance of vitamin A.", "PMID": 700051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_194", "title": "[Inhibition of adjuvant arthritis by oxonate: influence of uricemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Adjuvant arthritis in rat is inhibited by an oxonate diet, which increases uricemia. The inhibition is proportional to blood uric acid level and not to oxonate concentration in the diet. Oxonate alone does not exert an inhibitory effect.", "contents": "[Inhibition of adjuvant arthritis by oxonate: influence of uricemia (author's transl)]. Adjuvant arthritis in rat is inhibited by an oxonate diet, which increases uricemia. The inhibition is proportional to blood uric acid level and not to oxonate concentration in the diet. Oxonate alone does not exert an inhibitory effect.", "PMID": 700052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_195", "title": "Remarks on the karyotype of the Polypteriformes. The chromosomes of Polypterus delhezi, P. endlicheri congicus and P. palmas.", "content": "The chromosomes of 3 species of bikirs (Polypterus delhezi, P. endlicheri congicus and P. palmas) were studied in somatic metaphases. The diploid number was found to be 2 n = 36 in all the species and a basic morphological identity of the karyotype emerges from karyogram comparison not only in the 3 species described herein, but also in the other Polypteriformes already studied.", "contents": "Remarks on the karyotype of the Polypteriformes. The chromosomes of Polypterus delhezi, P. endlicheri congicus and P. palmas. The chromosomes of 3 species of bikirs (Polypterus delhezi, P. endlicheri congicus and P. palmas) were studied in somatic metaphases. The diploid number was found to be 2 n = 36 in all the species and a basic morphological identity of the karyotype emerges from karyogram comparison not only in the 3 species described herein, but also in the other Polypteriformes already studied.", "PMID": 700053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_196", "title": "Contraceptive use in the United States, 1973--1976.", "content": "The pill and sterilization were the main methods used by U.S. married couples in 1976 to prevent pregnancy. In 1973 the poor were more likely than the more affluent, and blacks as likely as whites, to use the most effective methods. By 1976 this was no longer true, because more blacks turned to traditional and folk methods and the sterilization increase was largely limited to more affluent whites.", "contents": "Contraceptive use in the United States, 1973--1976. The pill and sterilization were the main methods used by U.S. married couples in 1976 to prevent pregnancy. In 1973 the poor were more likely than the more affluent, and blacks as likely as whites, to use the most effective methods. By 1976 this was no longer true, because more blacks turned to traditional and folk methods and the sterilization increase was largely limited to more affluent whites.", "PMID": 700054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_197", "title": "Abortion in the United States, 1976--1977.", "content": "In 1976, about 1.2 million, and in 1977 some 1.3 million, abortions were performed in the U.S. More than half a million women were without the abortion services that they wanted. Poor, rural, young and black women were disporportionately represented among those not yet served.", "contents": "Abortion in the United States, 1976--1977. In 1976, about 1.2 million, and in 1977 some 1.3 million, abortions were performed in the U.S. More than half a million women were without the abortion services that they wanted. Poor, rural, young and black women were disporportionately represented among those not yet served.", "PMID": 700055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_198", "title": "Does your mother know...?", "content": "Many teenagers inform their parents when they come to a family planning clinic. Most of those who do not, however, would stop coming to the clinic if their parents were told of their attendance, and a substantial proportion would have sex without using any birth control method.", "contents": "Does your mother know...? Many teenagers inform their parents when they come to a family planning clinic. Most of those who do not, however, would stop coming to the clinic if their parents were told of their attendance, and a substantial proportion would have sex without using any birth control method.", "PMID": 700056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_199", "title": "Family therapy and drug abuse: a national survey.", "content": "The following report describes the results of a national study of the role of family therapy in the drug abuse field. Characteristics of agencies that work with families are described, as well as the demographic characteristics and psychological problems of the clients most apt to be treated in family therapy. The study also looks at the role and structure of family therapy in the ecological system of the treatment institutions. A profile of the family therapists who are responsible for providing services to families is presented. An attempt was made to assess agencies' level of development with regard to family therapy by using an instrument, The Progress Index for Family Therapy Programs. Generally, findings indicated that there is considerable variation in expertise. More extensive training in family therapy techniques was of major concern, particularly among clinics with a heroin addict population.", "contents": "Family therapy and drug abuse: a national survey. The following report describes the results of a national study of the role of family therapy in the drug abuse field. Characteristics of agencies that work with families are described, as well as the demographic characteristics and psychological problems of the clients most apt to be treated in family therapy. The study also looks at the role and structure of family therapy in the ecological system of the treatment institutions. A profile of the family therapists who are responsible for providing services to families is presented. An attempt was made to assess agencies' level of development with regard to family therapy by using an instrument, The Progress Index for Family Therapy Programs. Generally, findings indicated that there is considerable variation in expertise. More extensive training in family therapy techniques was of major concern, particularly among clinics with a heroin addict population.", "PMID": 700066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_200", "title": "Deterioration in marital and family therapy: empirical, clinical, and conceptual issues.", "content": "Recent empirical evidence of deterioration during both nonbehavioral and behavioral marital and family therapy is presented. While the frequency of patient worsening in marital-family therapy does not appear to exceed that previously found for individual psychotherapy, the acceptability of the evidence for negative effects in the treatment of systems may be greater than that which exists for individual treatment. After examining the empirical evidence of negative effects in family therapy and some of the factors that influence their occurrence, the authors discuss some conceptual issues relevant to a definition of worsening in marital and family therapy and present some methodological guidelines for the assessment of deterioration in therapy with family systems. It is concluded that the study of deterioration processes in family therapy may aid the understanding of family change processes more generally.", "contents": "Deterioration in marital and family therapy: empirical, clinical, and conceptual issues. Recent empirical evidence of deterioration during both nonbehavioral and behavioral marital and family therapy is presented. While the frequency of patient worsening in marital-family therapy does not appear to exceed that previously found for individual psychotherapy, the acceptability of the evidence for negative effects in the treatment of systems may be greater than that which exists for individual treatment. After examining the empirical evidence of negative effects in family therapy and some of the factors that influence their occurrence, the authors discuss some conceptual issues relevant to a definition of worsening in marital and family therapy and present some methodological guidelines for the assessment of deterioration in therapy with family systems. It is concluded that the study of deterioration processes in family therapy may aid the understanding of family change processes more generally.", "PMID": 700067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_201", "title": "The Slovak-American \"swaddling ethos\": homeostat for family dynamics and cultural continuity.", "content": "This paper explores the systemic relationships among cultural ethos, family dynamics, personality configuration, and child-rearing patterns among multigeneration Slovak-Americans. The \"swaddling ethos\" is posited to serve as a homeostat whose regulatory function can be discerned through the analysis of family structure and process, in particular through the explication of values, affective patterns, roles, boundaries, and structural units within the family. The core of the ethos is a dependency-security complex that attaches the individual to an extended family network of obligation, indebtedness, and reciprocity (ethnic, Slovak); induces rebellion against such attachment (mainstream American); and undermines efforts toward separation-individuation, resulting in the perpetuation of an ethnic tradition.", "contents": "The Slovak-American \"swaddling ethos\": homeostat for family dynamics and cultural continuity. This paper explores the systemic relationships among cultural ethos, family dynamics, personality configuration, and child-rearing patterns among multigeneration Slovak-Americans. The \"swaddling ethos\" is posited to serve as a homeostat whose regulatory function can be discerned through the analysis of family structure and process, in particular through the explication of values, affective patterns, roles, boundaries, and structural units within the family. The core of the ethos is a dependency-security complex that attaches the individual to an extended family network of obligation, indebtedness, and reciprocity (ethnic, Slovak); induces rebellion against such attachment (mainstream American); and undermines efforts toward separation-individuation, resulting in the perpetuation of an ethnic tradition.", "PMID": 700068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_202", "title": "The family life cycle: developmental crises and their structural impact on families in a community mental health center.", "content": "A typology for troubled families was developed based on the configuration of family members and the position of the identified patient within the family structure. This typology was investigated by surveying the demographic and clinical characteristics of 110 families of patients treated in a day hospital. Four types or \"constellations\" were found in the sample population. The families in the four Constellations differed significantly from one another in the gender, age, and diagnoses of the identified patient and the income level of the families. The Constellations thus appeared to constitute distinct clinical entities in the population studied. The reasons for the differences among Constellations are discussed in terms of the stress families experience during developmental crises involving structural change.", "contents": "The family life cycle: developmental crises and their structural impact on families in a community mental health center. A typology for troubled families was developed based on the configuration of family members and the position of the identified patient within the family structure. This typology was investigated by surveying the demographic and clinical characteristics of 110 families of patients treated in a day hospital. Four types or \"constellations\" were found in the sample population. The families in the four Constellations differed significantly from one another in the gender, age, and diagnoses of the identified patient and the income level of the families. The Constellations thus appeared to constitute distinct clinical entities in the population studied. The reasons for the differences among Constellations are discussed in terms of the stress families experience during developmental crises involving structural change.", "PMID": 700069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_203", "title": "Susan smiled: on explanation in family therapy.", "content": "The contemporary psychotherapist is exposed to a variety of conceptual models and paradigms. These are usually presented as opposing truths in different doctrinal schools, but actually they are all valid from one point of view or another. And accordingly, they are all tactically useful at some point or another. I thought it was important to say this, but I did not want to write a dry, academic paper on the subject. So I will tell a clinical story that weaves the threads into a fabric.", "contents": "Susan smiled: on explanation in family therapy. The contemporary psychotherapist is exposed to a variety of conceptual models and paradigms. These are usually presented as opposing truths in different doctrinal schools, but actually they are all valid from one point of view or another. And accordingly, they are all tactically useful at some point or another. I thought it was important to say this, but I did not want to write a dry, academic paper on the subject. So I will tell a clinical story that weaves the threads into a fabric.", "PMID": 700070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_204", "title": "Some notes on the use of family sculpture in therapy.", "content": "Therapists learning to use family sculpture as a tool often find difficulty in exploiting the technique to its fullest. This article, designed to encourage therapists to take the risks involved in using a technique new to them, describes how the author and his cotherapists used sculpture in three cases in different ways. In each case, the author explains how the therapists made the choices involved in directing the therapeutic process. He suggests that even when a sculpture itself seems to have failed to produce useful information, it can elicit from clients signals that will indicate opportunities for effective use of other techniques and that a sculpture, once used, can be restaged to reinforce client behavior change.", "contents": "Some notes on the use of family sculpture in therapy. Therapists learning to use family sculpture as a tool often find difficulty in exploiting the technique to its fullest. This article, designed to encourage therapists to take the risks involved in using a technique new to them, describes how the author and his cotherapists used sculpture in three cases in different ways. In each case, the author explains how the therapists made the choices involved in directing the therapeutic process. He suggests that even when a sculpture itself seems to have failed to produce useful information, it can elicit from clients signals that will indicate opportunities for effective use of other techniques and that a sculpture, once used, can be restaged to reinforce client behavior change.", "PMID": 700071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_205", "title": "How many children do couples really want?", "content": "Program workers and policy makers may be seriously misled if they put too great a reliance on statements about preferred family size. Underlying biases toward more or fewer children than the stated number affect the timing and effectiveness of contraceptive practice, and may help explain discrepancies between desired and achieved family size.", "contents": "How many children do couples really want? Program workers and policy makers may be seriously misled if they put too great a reliance on statements about preferred family size. Underlying biases toward more or fewer children than the stated number affect the timing and effectiveness of contraceptive practice, and may help explain discrepancies between desired and achieved family size.", "PMID": 700065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_206", "title": "A multi-method investigation of two family constructs.", "content": "Two family constructs--prominence and interpersonal distance--are examined. Their origins are traced in the experimental and theoretical literature. The validity of each construct is investigated using data obtained from 15 families with a symptom-bearing child. Validity is supported in both cases through the occurrence of significant correlations among different measures of the same construct. It is suggested that the current distress of the families being studied may have increased the clarity of the prominence hierarchies and dyadic distances that emerged.", "contents": "A multi-method investigation of two family constructs. Two family constructs--prominence and interpersonal distance--are examined. Their origins are traced in the experimental and theoretical literature. The validity of each construct is investigated using data obtained from 15 families with a symptom-bearing child. Validity is supported in both cases through the occurrence of significant correlations among different measures of the same construct. It is suggested that the current distress of the families being studied may have increased the clarity of the prominence hierarchies and dyadic distances that emerged.", "PMID": 700072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_207", "title": "[Effect of ether and fluorothane on higher nervous activity].", "content": "Tests conducted with dogs by using Pavlov's method of conditioned reflexes (salivation procedure) showed fluothane to act on the central nervous system 3 times as strong as does ether. This is confirmed by a longer time necessary for the higher nervous system to normalize. Thus, awakening of the animals after the ether anesthesia, the re-establishment of the conditioned reflex activity supervened by the 7th day on the average, whereas, after the fluothane anesthesia, this occurred only on the 24th day.", "contents": "[Effect of ether and fluorothane on higher nervous activity]. Tests conducted with dogs by using Pavlov's method of conditioned reflexes (salivation procedure) showed fluothane to act on the central nervous system 3 times as strong as does ether. This is confirmed by a longer time necessary for the higher nervous system to normalize. Thus, awakening of the animals after the ether anesthesia, the re-establishment of the conditioned reflex activity supervened by the 7th day on the average, whereas, after the fluothane anesthesia, this occurred only on the 24th day.", "PMID": 700073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_208", "title": "[Action of morphine and amidopyrine against a background of mineralocorticoid hormone and its antagonist].", "content": "The effect of morphine and amidopyrine, used against the background of a mineralocorticoid hormone or its antagonist excess (multiple administration of desoxycorticosteron acetate or verospiron), is mitigated. The pain-allaying effect of analgesics and their influence on the behavioral reactions are less marked in both models than it is in intact animals and their toxocity is down.", "contents": "[Action of morphine and amidopyrine against a background of mineralocorticoid hormone and its antagonist]. The effect of morphine and amidopyrine, used against the background of a mineralocorticoid hormone or its antagonist excess (multiple administration of desoxycorticosteron acetate or verospiron), is mitigated. The pain-allaying effect of analgesics and their influence on the behavioral reactions are less marked in both models than it is in intact animals and their toxocity is down.", "PMID": 700074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_209", "title": "[Action of fentanyl, droperidol and diazepam on the contractile function of the isolated human myometrium].", "content": "The action of the analgesic phenthanyl, neuroleptic-droperidol and tranquilizer--diazepam on the contractile function of an isolated human myometrium was investigated. Phenthanyl (5.10(-8)--5.10(-7) g/ml) produced a stimulating influence on the contractility of an isolated human myometruim. When in relatively low concentrations (5.10(-7)--2.10(-6) g/ml) droperidol caused a stimulating effect and in higher concentrations (8.10(-6)--2.10(-5) g/ml) it exerted a biphasic action on the contractile function of an isolated myometrium, viz. first stimulation and then--inhibition. Diazepam (1.10(-12))--5.10(-8) g/ml suppressed the spontaneous periodic activity of an isolated human myometrium.", "contents": "[Action of fentanyl, droperidol and diazepam on the contractile function of the isolated human myometrium]. The action of the analgesic phenthanyl, neuroleptic-droperidol and tranquilizer--diazepam on the contractile function of an isolated human myometrium was investigated. Phenthanyl (5.10(-8)--5.10(-7) g/ml) produced a stimulating influence on the contractility of an isolated human myometruim. When in relatively low concentrations (5.10(-7)--2.10(-6) g/ml) droperidol caused a stimulating effect and in higher concentrations (8.10(-6)--2.10(-5) g/ml) it exerted a biphasic action on the contractile function of an isolated myometrium, viz. first stimulation and then--inhibition. Diazepam (1.10(-12))--5.10(-8) g/ml suppressed the spontaneous periodic activity of an isolated human myometrium.", "PMID": 700075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_210", "title": "[Effect of adrenaline, noradrenaline, histamine and acetylcholine on the blood flow in the vascular bed of the bone marrow].", "content": "Medullary circulation in the tibia and effect produced on it by microinjections of epinephrine (1.4.10(-5) and 2.7.10(-5) M), norepinephrine (0.2.10(-4) M), histamine (0.9.10(-4) and 1.8.10(-4) M) and acetylcholine (2.2.10(-4) were studies in acute tests on Wistar rats by using the 133Xe clearance method. The study agents significantly changed the circulation rate in the medullary vascular bed. Phasic changes of hemodynamics in the bone marrow occurring under the effect of the mentioned vasoactive substances point to the presence of alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptors and H1- and H2-receptors in the medullary vascular bed.", "contents": "[Effect of adrenaline, noradrenaline, histamine and acetylcholine on the blood flow in the vascular bed of the bone marrow]. Medullary circulation in the tibia and effect produced on it by microinjections of epinephrine (1.4.10(-5) and 2.7.10(-5) M), norepinephrine (0.2.10(-4) M), histamine (0.9.10(-4) and 1.8.10(-4) M) and acetylcholine (2.2.10(-4) were studies in acute tests on Wistar rats by using the 133Xe clearance method. The study agents significantly changed the circulation rate in the medullary vascular bed. Phasic changes of hemodynamics in the bone marrow occurring under the effect of the mentioned vasoactive substances point to the presence of alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptors and H1- and H2-receptors in the medullary vascular bed.", "PMID": 700076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_211", "title": "[Evaluation of the arrhythmogenic activity of adrenergic and cholinergic agents in calcium chloride arrhythmia].", "content": "Under conditions prevailing in an experimental chlorocalcium arrhythmia in rats an anti-arrhythmic action of the sympatholytic-rausedyl, the gamma-adrenolytic-dihydroergo toxin, the beta-adrenolytic--obsidan, the M-cholinolytics--atropine and benactyzine was ascertained. The N-cholinolytics tropacin and hexamethonium had no effect on the parameters and the outcome of the chlorocalcium arrhythmia, whereas the M-cholinomimetic-- carbacholine potentiated the arrhythmogenic action of calcium chloride. The mechanism of the chlorocalcium arrhythmia development the authors attribute to an intensified discharge of epinephrine from the functional depot of the sympathetic nerve endings and to sensitization of the alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptors of the myocardium to the mediator. In the genesis of arrhythmia the participation of M-cholinoreceptors of the myocardium is presumed.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the arrhythmogenic activity of adrenergic and cholinergic agents in calcium chloride arrhythmia]. Under conditions prevailing in an experimental chlorocalcium arrhythmia in rats an anti-arrhythmic action of the sympatholytic-rausedyl, the gamma-adrenolytic-dihydroergo toxin, the beta-adrenolytic--obsidan, the M-cholinolytics--atropine and benactyzine was ascertained. The N-cholinolytics tropacin and hexamethonium had no effect on the parameters and the outcome of the chlorocalcium arrhythmia, whereas the M-cholinomimetic-- carbacholine potentiated the arrhythmogenic action of calcium chloride. The mechanism of the chlorocalcium arrhythmia development the authors attribute to an intensified discharge of epinephrine from the functional depot of the sympathetic nerve endings and to sensitization of the alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptors of the myocardium to the mediator. In the genesis of arrhythmia the participation of M-cholinoreceptors of the myocardium is presumed.", "PMID": 700078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_212", "title": "[Pharmacology of calenduloside B, a new triterpene glycoside from the roots of Calendula officinalis].", "content": "Calendulozide B--trioside of oleanolic acid, isolated from rhizomes of Calendula officinalis, Fam. Compositae, used perorally in doses of 5, 10, 20 and 50 mg/kg exerted an antiulcerous action in 3 experimental ulcer models of different genesis (caffein-arsenic, butadion and induced by ligation of pylorus) and also displayed a certain antiphlogistic and sedative action. It did not have any effect on the cardiovascular system, the tone of intestinal smooth muscles, diuretic renal function and electrolytes excretion with urine or on the biligenic function of the liver. The drug is devoid of locally irritation properties, manifests a relatively low hemolytic activity (15000 after Kofler) and an insignificant toxicity both with its one-time and chronic administration.", "contents": "[Pharmacology of calenduloside B, a new triterpene glycoside from the roots of Calendula officinalis]. Calendulozide B--trioside of oleanolic acid, isolated from rhizomes of Calendula officinalis, Fam. Compositae, used perorally in doses of 5, 10, 20 and 50 mg/kg exerted an antiulcerous action in 3 experimental ulcer models of different genesis (caffein-arsenic, butadion and induced by ligation of pylorus) and also displayed a certain antiphlogistic and sedative action. It did not have any effect on the cardiovascular system, the tone of intestinal smooth muscles, diuretic renal function and electrolytes excretion with urine or on the biligenic function of the liver. The drug is devoid of locally irritation properties, manifests a relatively low hemolytic activity (15000 after Kofler) and an insignificant toxicity both with its one-time and chronic administration.", "PMID": 700077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_213", "title": "[Effect of amidine and guanidine derivatives on thrombocyte aggregation].", "content": "The capacity of 25 different amidines, guanidines and biguanidines to suppress the thrombocytes aggregation, induced by adenosinodiphosphate, was studied. Good prospects of a search for antiaggregation agents in this series of compounds are shown. N-benzyl-N1-propionylguanidine was found to reduce by more than 4 times the induced adhesiveness of the blood platelets.", "contents": "[Effect of amidine and guanidine derivatives on thrombocyte aggregation]. The capacity of 25 different amidines, guanidines and biguanidines to suppress the thrombocytes aggregation, induced by adenosinodiphosphate, was studied. Good prospects of a search for antiaggregation agents in this series of compounds are shown. N-benzyl-N1-propionylguanidine was found to reduce by more than 4 times the induced adhesiveness of the blood platelets.", "PMID": 700081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_214", "title": "[Change in the gastrointestinal tract and liver functions of animals due to dithiocarbamic acid derivatives].", "content": "The TMTD does not change the secretory activity of the dogs' stomach with its one-time administration by mouth in doses of 0.5--10 mg/kg. With its multiple introduction (10 mg per kg once a day for a space of consecutive 30 days) the secretion of juice increases, while the pepsin content in the juice of dags diminishes. The DEDCS, EEDMDCA, TMTD and EBDCC (singly into the stomach in a dose of 1l5LD50 per kg) bring down the glycogen-forming and secretory function of the liver in rats and inhibit the propulsive activity of the intestines in mice, stimulated with 5-oxytryptophan. The mechanism of the intestinal motor activity inhibition is caused by the inhibition of oxytryptophandecarboxylase (CP 4.1.1.28) in the intestines of the animals with the DTCA derivatives.", "contents": "[Change in the gastrointestinal tract and liver functions of animals due to dithiocarbamic acid derivatives]. The TMTD does not change the secretory activity of the dogs' stomach with its one-time administration by mouth in doses of 0.5--10 mg/kg. With its multiple introduction (10 mg per kg once a day for a space of consecutive 30 days) the secretion of juice increases, while the pepsin content in the juice of dags diminishes. The DEDCS, EEDMDCA, TMTD and EBDCC (singly into the stomach in a dose of 1l5LD50 per kg) bring down the glycogen-forming and secretory function of the liver in rats and inhibit the propulsive activity of the intestines in mice, stimulated with 5-oxytryptophan. The mechanism of the intestinal motor activity inhibition is caused by the inhibition of oxytryptophandecarboxylase (CP 4.1.1.28) in the intestines of the animals with the DTCA derivatives.", "PMID": 700083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_215", "title": "[K-strophanthin-beta complexing with calcium, magnesium and dysprosium ions].", "content": "Nuclear magnetic resonance, microcalorimetry and the use of the ion-selecting electrode evidenced that k-strophanthine-beta forms complexes with the calcium, magnesium and disprosium ions. Changes in the position of the k-strophanthine-beta carbohydrate parts and aglycones signals bear witness to their participation in the complexing.", "contents": "[K-strophanthin-beta complexing with calcium, magnesium and dysprosium ions]. Nuclear magnetic resonance, microcalorimetry and the use of the ion-selecting electrode evidenced that k-strophanthine-beta forms complexes with the calcium, magnesium and disprosium ions. Changes in the position of the k-strophanthine-beta carbohydrate parts and aglycones signals bear witness to their participation in the complexing.", "PMID": 700079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_216", "title": "[Effect of neocompensan (haemodesum) on the course of experimental myocardial infarct with arrhythmias in rabbits].", "content": "In rabbits with experimental myocardial infarction (EMI) complicated by arrhthmias the antiarrhythmic action of neocompensan (haemodesum) was ascertained for the first time. In the acute period of EMI no electrolytes shifts in the blood serum of the animals were disclosed and this justified the antiarrhythmis effect of neocompensan, occurring during the first 24 hours of the experiment, to be attributed to the influence of polyvinylpyrrolidine. Besides, the drug produced in rabbits with EMI deceleration of the total blood coagulation. Following administration of neocompensan (haemodesum) no arrhythmias were recorded. Thus, neocompensan (haemodesum) displays antiarrhytmic action, has a beneficial effect on the blood coagulation system and as a result reduces the lethality among rabbits with EMI, complicated by arrhythmias.", "contents": "[Effect of neocompensan (haemodesum) on the course of experimental myocardial infarct with arrhythmias in rabbits]. In rabbits with experimental myocardial infarction (EMI) complicated by arrhthmias the antiarrhythmic action of neocompensan (haemodesum) was ascertained for the first time. In the acute period of EMI no electrolytes shifts in the blood serum of the animals were disclosed and this justified the antiarrhythmis effect of neocompensan, occurring during the first 24 hours of the experiment, to be attributed to the influence of polyvinylpyrrolidine. Besides, the drug produced in rabbits with EMI deceleration of the total blood coagulation. Following administration of neocompensan (haemodesum) no arrhythmias were recorded. Thus, neocompensan (haemodesum) displays antiarrhytmic action, has a beneficial effect on the blood coagulation system and as a result reduces the lethality among rabbits with EMI, complicated by arrhythmias.", "PMID": 700080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_217", "title": "[Resistance to hypoglycemic sulfanilamides and biguanidines and its immune genesis].", "content": "In blood of patients with diabetes mellitus receiving bucarban or adebit antibodies to these drugs were discovered. Patients medicated with bucarban demonstrated an elevated content of antibodies to insulin. The appearance of specific antibodies occurred in rabbits and rats following introduction of bucarban, glucophage or adebit per se or when mixed with adjuvants. An increased production of antibodies to endogenous insulin was observed in all animals reveiving bucarban. Introduction to rats of inactivated (at 56 degrees C for 30 minutes) serum of patients with diabetes mellitus that contained antibodies to bucarban or adebit as well as immune rabbit sera greatly mitigated the hypoglycemic effect of the latter. Introduction to rats of the blood serum taken in patients reveiving bucarban allso attenuated the effect of exogenous insulin. These findings suggest that, possessing neutralizing properties, these antibodies to bucarban, adebit and glucophage cause habituation to these substances. Accumulation in the blood of autoantibodies to insulin following introduction of bacarban reduces the sensitivity to the exogenous hormone and manifests the existence of an immune mechanism securing the preservation of chemical homeostasis in the organism.", "contents": "[Resistance to hypoglycemic sulfanilamides and biguanidines and its immune genesis]. In blood of patients with diabetes mellitus receiving bucarban or adebit antibodies to these drugs were discovered. Patients medicated with bucarban demonstrated an elevated content of antibodies to insulin. The appearance of specific antibodies occurred in rabbits and rats following introduction of bucarban, glucophage or adebit per se or when mixed with adjuvants. An increased production of antibodies to endogenous insulin was observed in all animals reveiving bucarban. Introduction to rats of inactivated (at 56 degrees C for 30 minutes) serum of patients with diabetes mellitus that contained antibodies to bucarban or adebit as well as immune rabbit sera greatly mitigated the hypoglycemic effect of the latter. Introduction to rats of the blood serum taken in patients reveiving bucarban allso attenuated the effect of exogenous insulin. These findings suggest that, possessing neutralizing properties, these antibodies to bucarban, adebit and glucophage cause habituation to these substances. Accumulation in the blood of autoantibodies to insulin following introduction of bacarban reduces the sensitivity to the exogenous hormone and manifests the existence of an immune mechanism securing the preservation of chemical homeostasis in the organism.", "PMID": 700085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_218", "title": "[\"System of recognition\" (or \"system of preference\") for corticosteroids in the hepatocyte plasmatic membrane].", "content": "By using fluorescent probes it was shown that hydrocortisone, cortisone and estron decrease the constant of the probe binding with dimethylaminochalcone in the lipid membranes proportional to the distribution coefficient of steroids in the system lipids-water. It is only hydrocortisone and, to a lesser extent, cortisone which produce such an effect in the plasmatic membranes of the hepasytes. The presence of a \"preference system\" for corticosteroids is presumed in the membranes.", "contents": "[\"System of recognition\" (or \"system of preference\") for corticosteroids in the hepatocyte plasmatic membrane]. By using fluorescent probes it was shown that hydrocortisone, cortisone and estron decrease the constant of the probe binding with dimethylaminochalcone in the lipid membranes proportional to the distribution coefficient of steroids in the system lipids-water. It is only hydrocortisone and, to a lesser extent, cortisone which produce such an effect in the plasmatic membranes of the hepasytes. The presence of a \"preference system\" for corticosteroids is presumed in the membranes.", "PMID": 700086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_219", "title": "[Effect of an estrogen-progestin contraceptive preparation on the enzymatic acitivity of the pentosephosphate carbohydrate metabolic pathway and nucleic acid metabolic indices].", "content": "The effect of a long-term (14 days) combined introduction of mestranol and noiethinodrel in contraceptive doses on the activity of pentosophosphate routes enzymes of the carbohydrates metabolism, that of acid and basic ribonucleases and on the level of summary nucleinic acids in the uterus and liver in sexually mature female-rats was studied. It was found that the concentration of summary nucleinic acids in the tissues increases under the effect of the drug, the oxidative reactions enzymes become more active, while the activity of non-oxidative reactions enzymes of the pentosophosphate route and of acid and basic endoribonucleases in inhibited.", "contents": "[Effect of an estrogen-progestin contraceptive preparation on the enzymatic acitivity of the pentosephosphate carbohydrate metabolic pathway and nucleic acid metabolic indices]. The effect of a long-term (14 days) combined introduction of mestranol and noiethinodrel in contraceptive doses on the activity of pentosophosphate routes enzymes of the carbohydrates metabolism, that of acid and basic ribonucleases and on the level of summary nucleinic acids in the uterus and liver in sexually mature female-rats was studied. It was found that the concentration of summary nucleinic acids in the tissues increases under the effect of the drug, the oxidative reactions enzymes become more active, while the activity of non-oxidative reactions enzymes of the pentosophosphate route and of acid and basic endoribonucleases in inhibited.", "PMID": 700087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_220", "title": "[Biochemical mechanisms of the action of cimetidine on the development of experimental stomach ulcers in rats].", "content": "In tests on rats with the use of the atom-absorption spectrophotometry a direct relation between the number of ulcerative lesion in the stomach, caused by immobilization, and the Ca2+ and Na+ content in the tissues of this organ was noted. The Ca2+ level declined propotrionally to the duration of the stress, viz. after a 1-hour long action-down to 76 per cent (9.9  micron/g) m after 4 hours-down to 65 per cent (7.7 micron/g) and with the calcium level in controls--11.8 micron/g. The Na+ content then increased, viz. after a 4-hour long immobilization is comprised 116 per cent (0.169 mM/g). The drug cimetidine prevented the development of lesions in the stomach and averted shifts in the content of ions in the tissues. The authors conclude that the fall of the Ca2+ ions in the tissues bears proof to a disturbed energy exchange in the cells and in this way contributes to the development of ulcerative lesions.", "contents": "[Biochemical mechanisms of the action of cimetidine on the development of experimental stomach ulcers in rats]. In tests on rats with the use of the atom-absorption spectrophotometry a direct relation between the number of ulcerative lesion in the stomach, caused by immobilization, and the Ca2+ and Na+ content in the tissues of this organ was noted. The Ca2+ level declined propotrionally to the duration of the stress, viz. after a 1-hour long action-down to 76 per cent (9.9  micron/g) m after 4 hours-down to 65 per cent (7.7 micron/g) and with the calcium level in controls--11.8 micron/g. The Na+ content then increased, viz. after a 4-hour long immobilization is comprised 116 per cent (0.169 mM/g). The drug cimetidine prevented the development of lesions in the stomach and averted shifts in the content of ions in the tissues. The authors conclude that the fall of the Ca2+ ions in the tissues bears proof to a disturbed energy exchange in the cells and in this way contributes to the development of ulcerative lesions.", "PMID": 700084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_221", "title": "[Effect of wolfram, molybdenum, copper and arsenic on intrauterine fetal development].", "content": "Experients showed tungsten, molibdenum, copper and arsenic employed in doses producing no general toxic effect on the organism with their prolonged introduction to act adversely on the embryogenesis. Tungsten  copper and arsenic were found to increase the embryonal lethality and tungsten and molebdenum to inhibit the processes of bones ossification in fetuses. The authors presume that the embryotoxic effect of the study elements is due to their direct action on the developing organism. Tungsten molibdenum and copper amass in the organism of test fetuses without being arrested in the placenta. A possible embryotoxic effect should be taken account of in chosing biogenic doses of trace elements.", "contents": "[Effect of wolfram, molybdenum, copper and arsenic on intrauterine fetal development]. Experients showed tungsten, molibdenum, copper and arsenic employed in doses producing no general toxic effect on the organism with their prolonged introduction to act adversely on the embryogenesis. Tungsten  copper and arsenic were found to increase the embryonal lethality and tungsten and molebdenum to inhibit the processes of bones ossification in fetuses. The authors presume that the embryotoxic effect of the study elements is due to their direct action on the developing organism. Tungsten molibdenum and copper amass in the organism of test fetuses without being arrested in the placenta. A possible embryotoxic effect should be taken account of in chosing biogenic doses of trace elements.", "PMID": 700090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_222", "title": "[Effect of the antifolic preparation, tomizin, that possesses antitumor activity, on thyroid gland function].", "content": "Experimental investigations and clinical observations on the use of alkylating antineoplastic agents demonstrated these to influence the thyroid function. It is worthwhile to assess the effect of the antimetabolite tomizine, displaying antineoplastic properties, on the function of this organ. Tests conducted on rats with sarcoma M-1 disclosed the maximally tolerated doses of tomizine to produce a marked inhibition of the thyroid function. The latter is attended by a reduced accumulation of introduced 131I in the iron. Structural changes in the thyroid occurring under the effect of tomizine are characterized by the lowering of the thyroid epithelium height, increased dimensions of the follicles and a diminished volume of the insular tissue. This also points to depression of the thyroid function. Disturbances in this organ taking place under the effect of a single introduction of tomizine may be reversible. Multiple administration of the drug produces persistent functional disorders in the organ.", "contents": "[Effect of the antifolic preparation, tomizin, that possesses antitumor activity, on thyroid gland function]. Experimental investigations and clinical observations on the use of alkylating antineoplastic agents demonstrated these to influence the thyroid function. It is worthwhile to assess the effect of the antimetabolite tomizine, displaying antineoplastic properties, on the function of this organ. Tests conducted on rats with sarcoma M-1 disclosed the maximally tolerated doses of tomizine to produce a marked inhibition of the thyroid function. The latter is attended by a reduced accumulation of introduced 131I in the iron. Structural changes in the thyroid occurring under the effect of tomizine are characterized by the lowering of the thyroid epithelium height, increased dimensions of the follicles and a diminished volume of the insular tissue. This also points to depression of the thyroid function. Disturbances in this organ taking place under the effect of a single introduction of tomizine may be reversible. Multiple administration of the drug produces persistent functional disorders in the organ.", "PMID": 700088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_223", "title": "[Effect of quinolaline di-N-oxide derivatives on the DNAse and plasmocoagulase of Staphylococcus aureus].", "content": "The effect of the di-N-oxide quinoxaline on the activity and biosynthesis of DNA-ase and plasmocoagulating properties of the Staphylococcus aureus, strain Zhaev, was studied. The highest action in respect to DNA-ase of the Staphylococcus is shown to display dioxydine (1,4-di-N-oxide of 2,3-dioxymethylquinoxaline). Under its effect there takes place a significant fall of the DNA-ase activity and the plasmocoagulating properties of the staphylococcus. In cultures treated with dioxydine or its biologically active analogues the ability to biosynthetize DNA-ase with subsequent cultivationon on a medium containing no compounds is not restored. A possible mechanism of action produced by the study drugs is suggested.", "contents": "[Effect of quinolaline di-N-oxide derivatives on the DNAse and plasmocoagulase of Staphylococcus aureus]. The effect of the di-N-oxide quinoxaline on the activity and biosynthesis of DNA-ase and plasmocoagulating properties of the Staphylococcus aureus, strain Zhaev, was studied. The highest action in respect to DNA-ase of the Staphylococcus is shown to display dioxydine (1,4-di-N-oxide of 2,3-dioxymethylquinoxaline). Under its effect there takes place a significant fall of the DNA-ase activity and the plasmocoagulating properties of the staphylococcus. In cultures treated with dioxydine or its biologically active analogues the ability to biosynthetize DNA-ase with subsequent cultivationon on a medium containing no compounds is not restored. A possible mechanism of action produced by the study drugs is suggested.", "PMID": 700089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_224", "title": "Parathyroid hormone biosynthesis: structure and function of biosynthetic precursors.", "content": "Investigations over the past several years have uncovered new information concerning the processes involved in the cellular formation of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Studies of parathyroid hormone biosynthesis in vitro using intact cell preparations as well as cell-free systems have led to: identification and characterization of a biosynthetic pathway for the formation of PTH involving successive proteolytic cleavages of the hormone from a larger polypeptide precursor; identification of the subcellular locations where the proteolytic processing of the precursors takes place; isolation of the messenger RNA for the hormone; and, finally, synthesis of functionally active gene copy of the parathyroid mRNA. It is now generally recognized that biosynthetic precursors and their post-translational modifications by proteolytic cleavages are characteristic of the biosynthetic processes involved in the formation of most if not all secretory proteins, not only parathyroid hormone and other polypeptide and protein hormones, but such diverse proteins as immunoglobulins, enzymes, and albumin. Furthermore, it is now evident that these biosynthetic precursors belong to two distinct classes, preproteins and proproteins, based on several criterions, including i) the time that elapses between synthesis of the precursor and the proteolytic conversion to the product, ii) the subcellular site at which the cleavages occur, iii) the specificity of the enzymic cleavage, and iv) the characteristics of the primary structures of the precursors.", "contents": "Parathyroid hormone biosynthesis: structure and function of biosynthetic precursors. Investigations over the past several years have uncovered new information concerning the processes involved in the cellular formation of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Studies of parathyroid hormone biosynthesis in vitro using intact cell preparations as well as cell-free systems have led to: identification and characterization of a biosynthetic pathway for the formation of PTH involving successive proteolytic cleavages of the hormone from a larger polypeptide precursor; identification of the subcellular locations where the proteolytic processing of the precursors takes place; isolation of the messenger RNA for the hormone; and, finally, synthesis of functionally active gene copy of the parathyroid mRNA. It is now generally recognized that biosynthetic precursors and their post-translational modifications by proteolytic cleavages are characteristic of the biosynthetic processes involved in the formation of most if not all secretory proteins, not only parathyroid hormone and other polypeptide and protein hormones, but such diverse proteins as immunoglobulins, enzymes, and albumin. Furthermore, it is now evident that these biosynthetic precursors belong to two distinct classes, preproteins and proproteins, based on several criterions, including i) the time that elapses between synthesis of the precursor and the proteolytic conversion to the product, ii) the subcellular site at which the cleavages occur, iii) the specificity of the enzymic cleavage, and iv) the characteristics of the primary structures of the precursors.", "PMID": 700166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_225", "title": "Relationship between vitamin K-dependent carboxylation and vitamin K epoxidation.", "content": "It has been postulated that the liver microsomal conversion of vitamin K hydroquinone to its 2,3-epoxide (epoxidase activity) is coupled in some obligatory fashion to the vitamin K-dependent carboxylation (carboxylase activity) event also occurring in microsomes. This hypothesis is supported by the observations that the requirements for the two reactions are similar and that conditions that promote increased carboxylation increase the epoxidase activity. It has now been shown that both of these reactions are localized in the rough microsomal fraction of a cellular homogenate, and that both activities appear to be located on the luminal rather than the outer surface of microsomal membrane vesicles. The epoxidase activity has been found to be enriched as the microsomal carboxylase activity is fractionated, and a microsomal inhibitor of the carboxylase activity had been shown to also inhibit the epoxidase activity. The enzyme glutathione peroxidase inhibits both of these activities, suggesting that a hydroperoxide of the vitamin might be an intermediate for both reactions. The organic hydroperoxide t-butyl-OOH has also been shown to have weak vitamin K-like activity in an in vitro system. These data strengthen the hypothesis that these two reactions are related, perhaps through a common intermediate, but do not provide a definite molecular role for this interrelationship.", "contents": "Relationship between vitamin K-dependent carboxylation and vitamin K epoxidation. It has been postulated that the liver microsomal conversion of vitamin K hydroquinone to its 2,3-epoxide (epoxidase activity) is coupled in some obligatory fashion to the vitamin K-dependent carboxylation (carboxylase activity) event also occurring in microsomes. This hypothesis is supported by the observations that the requirements for the two reactions are similar and that conditions that promote increased carboxylation increase the epoxidase activity. It has now been shown that both of these reactions are localized in the rough microsomal fraction of a cellular homogenate, and that both activities appear to be located on the luminal rather than the outer surface of microsomal membrane vesicles. The epoxidase activity has been found to be enriched as the microsomal carboxylase activity is fractionated, and a microsomal inhibitor of the carboxylase activity had been shown to also inhibit the epoxidase activity. The enzyme glutathione peroxidase inhibits both of these activities, suggesting that a hydroperoxide of the vitamin might be an intermediate for both reactions. The organic hydroperoxide t-butyl-OOH has also been shown to have weak vitamin K-like activity in an in vitro system. These data strengthen the hypothesis that these two reactions are related, perhaps through a common intermediate, but do not provide a definite molecular role for this interrelationship.", "PMID": 700169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_226", "title": "Nature of the vitamin K-dependent CO2 fixation in microsomal membranes.", "content": "Vitamin K is a component of a membrane-bound enzyme complex which catalyzes the posttranslational carboxylation of peptide-bound glutamate to form the gamma-carboxyglutamate (Gla) residues of prothrombin. The reaction requires reduced vitamin K, bicarbonate, oxygen, and a carboxylase, and does not require ATP. In a Triton X-100 solubilized carboxylase system, it was found that the naphthoquinone ring structure is essential for activity, as is the 2-methyl group. Menaquinone homologs from MK-1 to MK-4 all had carboxylase activity, whereas menadione was inactive. However, dithiothreitol and other thiols form thioethers with menadione, which restores considerable carboxylation activity to the provitamin. Hydrogenation of the beta-gamma double bond in phylloquinone reduced its activity only slightly. The active species of \"CO2\" utilized in this carboxylation is CO2 and not bicarbonate. Ribosomes contain Gla residues and are labeled with CO2 when whole microsomes are incubated with CO2 in the presence of NADH and vitamin K. About 25% of the activity is releasable with puromycin, suggesting that Gla residues are formed on both the nascent chains and the structural proteins of ribosomes. The deoxycholate-solubilized carboxylase system can be dialyzed to yield membranous vesicles with enhanced carboxylase activity. The warfarin-binding protein from normal rats, but not that from warfarin-resistant rats, further enhances the carboxylase activity of these reformed vesicles.", "contents": "Nature of the vitamin K-dependent CO2 fixation in microsomal membranes. Vitamin K is a component of a membrane-bound enzyme complex which catalyzes the posttranslational carboxylation of peptide-bound glutamate to form the gamma-carboxyglutamate (Gla) residues of prothrombin. The reaction requires reduced vitamin K, bicarbonate, oxygen, and a carboxylase, and does not require ATP. In a Triton X-100 solubilized carboxylase system, it was found that the naphthoquinone ring structure is essential for activity, as is the 2-methyl group. Menaquinone homologs from MK-1 to MK-4 all had carboxylase activity, whereas menadione was inactive. However, dithiothreitol and other thiols form thioethers with menadione, which restores considerable carboxylation activity to the provitamin. Hydrogenation of the beta-gamma double bond in phylloquinone reduced its activity only slightly. The active species of \"CO2\" utilized in this carboxylation is CO2 and not bicarbonate. Ribosomes contain Gla residues and are labeled with CO2 when whole microsomes are incubated with CO2 in the presence of NADH and vitamin K. About 25% of the activity is releasable with puromycin, suggesting that Gla residues are formed on both the nascent chains and the structural proteins of ribosomes. The deoxycholate-solubilized carboxylase system can be dialyzed to yield membranous vesicles with enhanced carboxylase activity. The warfarin-binding protein from normal rats, but not that from warfarin-resistant rats, further enhances the carboxylase activity of these reformed vesicles.", "PMID": 700170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_227", "title": "Properties and biosynthesis of a vitamin K-dependent calcium binding protein in bone.", "content": "Bone, whether of endochondral or intramembranous origin, contains the vitamin K-dependent calcium binding amino acid residue gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) in a small, anionic protein we have named osteocalcin. This protein, which constitutes 0.5 to 1.0% of the total bone proteins and about 20% of the noncollagenous protein, is extractable by EDTA, and contains at least 90% of bone Gla. Analysis of purified osteocalcin from chicken bone and independent sequence studies of an analogous bovine bone protein show no apparent homology to the Gla-containing region of prothrombin. Chicken osteocalcin specifically binds 2 moles of calcium ions per 6,500 g protein. Employing coumarin drugs and vitamin K-deficient diets, vitamin K-dependent osteocalcin biosynthesis has been demonstrated in the chick before and after hatching. Organ cultures of embryonic chick bone show de novo synthesis of osteocalcin, and microsomal preparations of embryonic bone also exhibit vitamin K-dependent carboxylase activity. In addition to the presence of osteocalcin in bone, a Gla-protein of unknown function is present in normal nonmineralized kidney cortex. Furthermore, in various pathological calcifications such as hard atheromatous plaque, renal calculi, and subcutaneous ectopic calcifications other Gla-proteins are found, thus implicating such proteins and vitamin K in many facets of calcium metabolism.", "contents": "Properties and biosynthesis of a vitamin K-dependent calcium binding protein in bone. Bone, whether of endochondral or intramembranous origin, contains the vitamin K-dependent calcium binding amino acid residue gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) in a small, anionic protein we have named osteocalcin. This protein, which constitutes 0.5 to 1.0% of the total bone proteins and about 20% of the noncollagenous protein, is extractable by EDTA, and contains at least 90% of bone Gla. Analysis of purified osteocalcin from chicken bone and independent sequence studies of an analogous bovine bone protein show no apparent homology to the Gla-containing region of prothrombin. Chicken osteocalcin specifically binds 2 moles of calcium ions per 6,500 g protein. Employing coumarin drugs and vitamin K-deficient diets, vitamin K-dependent osteocalcin biosynthesis has been demonstrated in the chick before and after hatching. Organ cultures of embryonic chick bone show de novo synthesis of osteocalcin, and microsomal preparations of embryonic bone also exhibit vitamin K-dependent carboxylase activity. In addition to the presence of osteocalcin in bone, a Gla-protein of unknown function is present in normal nonmineralized kidney cortex. Furthermore, in various pathological calcifications such as hard atheromatous plaque, renal calculi, and subcutaneous ectopic calcifications other Gla-proteins are found, thus implicating such proteins and vitamin K in many facets of calcium metabolism.", "PMID": 700171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_228", "title": "Interactions of vitamin K-dependent proteins with calcium ions and phospholipid membranes.", "content": "The calcium-dependent interaction of vitamin K-dependent proteins with membranes is a complex process that minimally consists of 1) calcium binding to the protein and an essential calcium-dependent protein transition, 2) an essential calcium-membrane interaction, and 3) formation of the protein-membrane complex. Below about 5 mM calcium, the protein-membrane complex binds more calcium than the sum of the components but at higher concentrations protein-membrane binding is not accompanied by additional cation binding. These protein-menbrane interactions function in blood coagulation by increasing the binding affinity of the active site. The increased affinity results from the additive effects of protein-membrane (e.g., prothrombin-, factor Xa- and factor V-membrane) interactions and protein-protein (e.g., factor Xa- factor V and prothrombin-factor V) interactions. The prothrombinase complex can be viewed kinetically as a dissociable three-component enzyme (factor Xa, factor V, and phospholipid) acting on the soluble substrate, prothrombin.", "contents": "Interactions of vitamin K-dependent proteins with calcium ions and phospholipid membranes. The calcium-dependent interaction of vitamin K-dependent proteins with membranes is a complex process that minimally consists of 1) calcium binding to the protein and an essential calcium-dependent protein transition, 2) an essential calcium-membrane interaction, and 3) formation of the protein-membrane complex. Below about 5 mM calcium, the protein-membrane complex binds more calcium than the sum of the components but at higher concentrations protein-membrane binding is not accompanied by additional cation binding. These protein-menbrane interactions function in blood coagulation by increasing the binding affinity of the active site. The increased affinity results from the additive effects of protein-membrane (e.g., prothrombin-, factor Xa- and factor V-membrane) interactions and protein-protein (e.g., factor Xa- factor V and prothrombin-factor V) interactions. The prothrombinase complex can be viewed kinetically as a dissociable three-component enzyme (factor Xa, factor V, and phospholipid) acting on the soluble substrate, prothrombin.", "PMID": 700172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_229", "title": "The cell-to-cell channel.", "content": "Cells of most organized tissues are interconnected at their junctions by aqueous membrane channels, shown in one instance to be at least 14--16 A in diameter. During junction formation, nascent channels are detected as quantal steps in cell-to-cell conductance, growing progressively in number. The channels detected are stable. Elevation of cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration can cause graded closure of channels.", "contents": "The cell-to-cell channel. Cells of most organized tissues are interconnected at their junctions by aqueous membrane channels, shown in one instance to be at least 14--16 A in diameter. During junction formation, nascent channels are detected as quantal steps in cell-to-cell conductance, growing progressively in number. The channels detected are stable. Elevation of cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration can cause graded closure of channels.", "PMID": 700173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_230", "title": "Synaptic actions of acetylcholine: problems for future research.", "content": "Acetylcholine is currently believed to act on postsynaptic membranes by binding to a specific membrane receptor protein and inducing a conformational change that opens a channel for ion fluxes. This conformational change is viewed as rate limiting, with the agonist binding-dissociation step being very fast. The open channel has a conductance of 27 pS, and the gating molecule responsible for the channel opening and closing undergoes a dipole moment change of 50 D in making the open-closed transition. Although this picture accounts quantitatively for many aspects of acetylcholine action, certain of the underlying assumptions are untested, and the view is incomplete or unsatisfactory in several other ways. Four goals for future research, then, are: 1) To determine whether conformational change or agonist dissociation is the rate limiting step; present interpretations assume the conformation change is rate limiting, but available data are equally consistent with the alternative assumption. 2) To discover the nature and significance of direct anticholinesterase actions on the channel gating process; evidence is available that some direct actions occur, but these have not yet been studied. 3) To fit the process of desensitization into the present picture of acetylcholine actions. 4) To merge the pictures of acetylcholine-receptor interactions that are being developed concurrently by physiologists and biochemists. Achieving this goal should eventually lead to an understanding of how intrinsic proteins regulate membrane ionic fluxes.", "contents": "Synaptic actions of acetylcholine: problems for future research. Acetylcholine is currently believed to act on postsynaptic membranes by binding to a specific membrane receptor protein and inducing a conformational change that opens a channel for ion fluxes. This conformational change is viewed as rate limiting, with the agonist binding-dissociation step being very fast. The open channel has a conductance of 27 pS, and the gating molecule responsible for the channel opening and closing undergoes a dipole moment change of 50 D in making the open-closed transition. Although this picture accounts quantitatively for many aspects of acetylcholine action, certain of the underlying assumptions are untested, and the view is incomplete or unsatisfactory in several other ways. Four goals for future research, then, are: 1) To determine whether conformational change or agonist dissociation is the rate limiting step; present interpretations assume the conformation change is rate limiting, but available data are equally consistent with the alternative assumption. 2) To discover the nature and significance of direct anticholinesterase actions on the channel gating process; evidence is available that some direct actions occur, but these have not yet been studied. 3) To fit the process of desensitization into the present picture of acetylcholine actions. 4) To merge the pictures of acetylcholine-receptor interactions that are being developed concurrently by physiologists and biochemists. Achieving this goal should eventually lead to an understanding of how intrinsic proteins regulate membrane ionic fluxes.", "PMID": 700174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_231", "title": "Tolerance to alloantigens of the A and B systems in chickens.", "content": "Tolerance to alloantigens of the A and B systems in chickens has been induced by multiple injections of RBC and tested by the elimination of 51Cr-labelled RBC of the same specificity. Three doses consisting of at least 108 RBC each in the B system and 107 RBC in the A system were needed to induce tolerance in newly hatched chicks. Futhermore, it was found that large doses, 109 RBC, in both systems induced tolerance in 100% of week-old and 50% of 14-day-old chickens. With doses of 109 RBC, tolerance to the B antigen disappeared at 8 days in the absence of RBC, whereas in the case of the A antigen it disappeared after more than 50 days, and with the 107 cell doses after 35 days. The elimination of A-incompatible RBC was proportional to the amount of anti-A antibodies present in the recipient's circulation, whereas a minimal amount of antibodies was capable of considerably accelerating the elimination of B-incompatible RBC.", "contents": "Tolerance to alloantigens of the A and B systems in chickens. Tolerance to alloantigens of the A and B systems in chickens has been induced by multiple injections of RBC and tested by the elimination of 51Cr-labelled RBC of the same specificity. Three doses consisting of at least 108 RBC each in the B system and 107 RBC in the A system were needed to induce tolerance in newly hatched chicks. Futhermore, it was found that large doses, 109 RBC, in both systems induced tolerance in 100% of week-old and 50% of 14-day-old chickens. With doses of 109 RBC, tolerance to the B antigen disappeared at 8 days in the absence of RBC, whereas in the case of the A antigen it disappeared after more than 50 days, and with the 107 cell doses after 35 days. The elimination of A-incompatible RBC was proportional to the amount of anti-A antibodies present in the recipient's circulation, whereas a minimal amount of antibodies was capable of considerably accelerating the elimination of B-incompatible RBC.", "PMID": 700216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_232", "title": "Transfer to chick embryos of incompatible DNA.", "content": "After the transfer of chicken DNA to chick embryos incompatible at the B locus a retardation of growth was observed. Retarded differentiation of muscle fibres was histochemically detected in hatched chicks by the demonstration of enzymatic activities. The manifestations of apparent weakness of the dorsal muscles resembled a \"myasthenia-like\" syndrome. Infection with Marek's disease virus was not responsible for the damage caused by transferred DNA.", "contents": "Transfer to chick embryos of incompatible DNA. After the transfer of chicken DNA to chick embryos incompatible at the B locus a retardation of growth was observed. Retarded differentiation of muscle fibres was histochemically detected in hatched chicks by the demonstration of enzymatic activities. The manifestations of apparent weakness of the dorsal muscles resembled a \"myasthenia-like\" syndrome. Infection with Marek's disease virus was not responsible for the damage caused by transferred DNA.", "PMID": 700217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_233", "title": "The interaction of migration, income, and employment in Sweden.", "content": "A common approach in migration studies is to explain interregional migration by single-equation models. Such models are likely to suffer from simultaneous-equation bias when used in studies attempting to analyze migration over a long period of time.  In this study, a simultaneous-equation appraoch is applied, which takes account of the interdependence between migration and income and employment changes. The four-equation model is estimated for 70 labor market areas in Sweden.", "contents": "The interaction of migration, income, and employment in Sweden. A common approach in migration studies is to explain interregional migration by single-equation models. Such models are likely to suffer from simultaneous-equation bias when used in studies attempting to analyze migration over a long period of time.  In this study, a simultaneous-equation appraoch is applied, which takes account of the interdependence between migration and income and employment changes. The four-equation model is estimated for 70 labor market areas in Sweden.", "PMID": 700223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_234", "title": "Recent net alien immigration to the United States: its impact on population growth and native fertility.", "content": "Estimates of the size and structure of recent alien immigration to the United States are made. Substituting these revised estimates in the Series II projections of the U.S. Bureau of the Census implies a future U.S. population smaller than that implied by the Census Bureau's estimates of immigration. The analysis of Coale (1972)--which calculates the decline in native-born fertility required to accommodate immigration and, at the same time, maintain a stationary population--is replicated, using both the Census Bureau's estimates and the revised estimates reported here. The revised estimates indicate a smaller reduction in native fertility and a smaller ultimate size of the stationary population than are implied by the Census Bureau's immigration estimates. The importance of age structure in all of these calculations is demonstrated.", "contents": "Recent net alien immigration to the United States: its impact on population growth and native fertility. Estimates of the size and structure of recent alien immigration to the United States are made. Substituting these revised estimates in the Series II projections of the U.S. Bureau of the Census implies a future U.S. population smaller than that implied by the Census Bureau's estimates of immigration. The analysis of Coale (1972)--which calculates the decline in native-born fertility required to accommodate immigration and, at the same time, maintain a stationary population--is replicated, using both the Census Bureau's estimates and the revised estimates reported here. The revised estimates indicate a smaller reduction in native fertility and a smaller ultimate size of the stationary population than are implied by the Census Bureau's immigration estimates. The importance of age structure in all of these calculations is demonstrated.", "PMID": 700224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_235", "title": "Residential mobility on skid row: disaffiliation, powerlessness, and decision making.", "content": "Individual-level models of residential mobility emphasize (a) the stabilizing effects of various social, demographic, and housing characteristics and (b) the important mediating role played by decision-making variables. Data from a sample of skid row residents are analyzed to determine if these models retain their accuracy under conditions of disaffiliation and powerlessness. The findings indicate that, while older age, employment, and other characteristics may encourage residential stability on skid row, such factors influences mobility behavior in a direct fashion rather than through the intervening decision variables of residential evaluation and mobility expectation. In general, persons with weakened social attachments and little control over their lives and resources find it difficult to engage in the calculated, long-term type of decision-making process implied by mobility theory.", "contents": "Residential mobility on skid row: disaffiliation, powerlessness, and decision making. Individual-level models of residential mobility emphasize (a) the stabilizing effects of various social, demographic, and housing characteristics and (b) the important mediating role played by decision-making variables. Data from a sample of skid row residents are analyzed to determine if these models retain their accuracy under conditions of disaffiliation and powerlessness. The findings indicate that, while older age, employment, and other characteristics may encourage residential stability on skid row, such factors influences mobility behavior in a direct fashion rather than through the intervening decision variables of residential evaluation and mobility expectation. In general, persons with weakened social attachments and little control over their lives and resources find it difficult to engage in the calculated, long-term type of decision-making process implied by mobility theory.", "PMID": 700225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_236", "title": "Toward a general theory of fertility: a causal modeling approach.", "content": "A general theory of fertility is derived hypothesizing that the demand for children is primarily an outcome of social psychological processes within the family, subject to certain socioeconomic constraints. Two broad social psychological processes are posited as determinants of fertility. The first suggests that the attitudes or tastes of family members influence the demand for children. The second maintains that the nature of the husband-wife interaction (in terms of power, conflict, decision making, and marital satisfaction) determines family size. Socioeconomic variables, in the form of the normative social structure and social stratification, and economic constraints, such as income and price, are hypothesized to influence fertility through their impact on social psychological processes within the family. The overall theory is tested on two independent samples--one in Ankara, Turkey, the second in Mexico City, Mexico--using a structural equation methodology.", "contents": "Toward a general theory of fertility: a causal modeling approach. A general theory of fertility is derived hypothesizing that the demand for children is primarily an outcome of social psychological processes within the family, subject to certain socioeconomic constraints. Two broad social psychological processes are posited as determinants of fertility. The first suggests that the attitudes or tastes of family members influence the demand for children. The second maintains that the nature of the husband-wife interaction (in terms of power, conflict, decision making, and marital satisfaction) determines family size. Socioeconomic variables, in the form of the normative social structure and social stratification, and economic constraints, such as income and price, are hypothesized to influence fertility through their impact on social psychological processes within the family. The overall theory is tested on two independent samples--one in Ankara, Turkey, the second in Mexico City, Mexico--using a structural equation methodology.", "PMID": 700226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_237", "title": "Fertility and land availability in rural Brazil.", "content": "Differences between the marital fertility of the agricultural frontier and that of the more settled rural areas of southern Brazil are analyzed in this paper. Fertility rates derived from 1970 census data appear to decrease as the degree of settlement increases, suggesting an experience parallel to the decline in U.S. rural fertility in the late nineteenth century, which Easterlin and others have attributed to increased scarcity of land for starting new farm households. Multivariate analysis of the Brazilian data shows parallels between the two situations but also reveals that the importance of literacy, child survival, and access to land is relatively greater than that of the availability of land for explaining fertility differentials in Brazil.", "contents": "Fertility and land availability in rural Brazil. Differences between the marital fertility of the agricultural frontier and that of the more settled rural areas of southern Brazil are analyzed in this paper. Fertility rates derived from 1970 census data appear to decrease as the degree of settlement increases, suggesting an experience parallel to the decline in U.S. rural fertility in the late nineteenth century, which Easterlin and others have attributed to increased scarcity of land for starting new farm households. Multivariate analysis of the Brazilian data shows parallels between the two situations but also reveals that the importance of literacy, child survival, and access to land is relatively greater than that of the availability of land for explaining fertility differentials in Brazil.", "PMID": 700227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_238", "title": "Factors related to the intention to have additional children in the United States: a reanalysis of data from the 1965 and 1970 national fertility studies.", "content": "Reproductive intentions of white mothers with no more than three children in 1965 and in 1970 were analyzed for their stability and change with respect to such factors as parity, age of the youngest child, wife's employment, and husband's education. Parity and age of the youngest child were found to have a much more important effect on the intent to have additional children than were such socioeconomic variables as wife's employment and husband's education. Parity and the interval since the latest birth (or the age of the youngest child) were found to have a nonlinear effect and to interact in affecting the reproductive intention. This suggests a convergence to a two-child family as the threshold size and that the lenght of childspacing is contingent on the parity. Change during 1965--1970 in this direction was found to be greater among mothers with husbands having college or higher educations.", "contents": "Factors related to the intention to have additional children in the United States: a reanalysis of data from the 1965 and 1970 national fertility studies. Reproductive intentions of white mothers with no more than three children in 1965 and in 1970 were analyzed for their stability and change with respect to such factors as parity, age of the youngest child, wife's employment, and husband's education. Parity and age of the youngest child were found to have a much more important effect on the intent to have additional children than were such socioeconomic variables as wife's employment and husband's education. Parity and the interval since the latest birth (or the age of the youngest child) were found to have a nonlinear effect and to interact in affecting the reproductive intention. This suggests a convergence to a two-child family as the threshold size and that the lenght of childspacing is contingent on the parity. Change during 1965--1970 in this direction was found to be greater among mothers with husbands having college or higher educations.", "PMID": 700228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_239", "title": "A comparison of the probability of the dissolution of first and second marriages.", "content": "This paper applies the techniques of multiple decrement life tables to marriage histories collected as part of the 1973 National Survey of Family Growth, in an attempt to examine differences in pattern and level of marriage dissolution by marriage order. The paper considers the process of marriage dissolution in two stages--marriage to separation and separation to divorce--in addition to considering the composite of these two, marriage to divorce. Second marriages are more likely to reamin intact only for blacks. For all subgroups of whites, second marriages are either as likely or more likely to dissolve than first marriages. For both first and second marriages, blacks are considerably less likely to obtain a divorce after separation.", "contents": "A comparison of the probability of the dissolution of first and second marriages. This paper applies the techniques of multiple decrement life tables to marriage histories collected as part of the 1973 National Survey of Family Growth, in an attempt to examine differences in pattern and level of marriage dissolution by marriage order. The paper considers the process of marriage dissolution in two stages--marriage to separation and separation to divorce--in addition to considering the composite of these two, marriage to divorce. Second marriages are more likely to reamin intact only for blacks. For all subgroups of whites, second marriages are either as likely or more likely to dissolve than first marriages. For both first and second marriages, blacks are considerably less likely to obtain a divorce after separation.", "PMID": 700229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_240", "title": "Marital dissolution, remarriage, and childbearing.", "content": "Earlier models of fertility hypothesize that marital dissolution and remarriage influence subsequent childbearing. This issue is examined by comparing the fertility of those in disrupted marriages with that of those in stable marriages. The results indicate that, by transferring women into a nonmarried status, marital dissolution decreases childbearing. The data also suggest that discord reduces fertility even before separation occurs--separated women had reduced fertility during the two years just before separation. It was found that marital dissolution without remarriage operates to truncate childbearing, thus decreasing family size. Dissolution followed by remarriage, however, lengthens the childbearing span of whites and has no inflences on average family size; remarrying white women are able to make up for the childbearing lost between marriages. For nonwhites, we found that dissolution and remarriage increase the average time to childbirth, but, even more importantly, these events greatly decrease the number of children born.", "contents": "Marital dissolution, remarriage, and childbearing. Earlier models of fertility hypothesize that marital dissolution and remarriage influence subsequent childbearing. This issue is examined by comparing the fertility of those in disrupted marriages with that of those in stable marriages. The results indicate that, by transferring women into a nonmarried status, marital dissolution decreases childbearing. The data also suggest that discord reduces fertility even before separation occurs--separated women had reduced fertility during the two years just before separation. It was found that marital dissolution without remarriage operates to truncate childbearing, thus decreasing family size. Dissolution followed by remarriage, however, lengthens the childbearing span of whites and has no inflences on average family size; remarrying white women are able to make up for the childbearing lost between marriages. For nonwhites, we found that dissolution and remarriage increase the average time to childbirth, but, even more importantly, these events greatly decrease the number of children born.", "PMID": 700230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_241", "title": "Contextual and ideological dimensions of attitudes toward discretionary abortion.", "content": "This study examines the contextual and ideological dimensions of attitudes toward discretionary abortion using two national surveys. The abortion attitudes are dichotomized in terms of consistent opposition versus consistent support. Discriminant analysis, partial correlations, and stepwise regression procedures are used in the analysis. Findings indicate that education and attendance at religious services are the two most significant contextual dimensions and sexual permissiveness and fertility ideology are the two most significant ideological dimensions for explaining attitudes toward discretionary abortion. Implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Contextual and ideological dimensions of attitudes toward discretionary abortion. This study examines the contextual and ideological dimensions of attitudes toward discretionary abortion using two national surveys. The abortion attitudes are dichotomized in terms of consistent opposition versus consistent support. Discriminant analysis, partial correlations, and stepwise regression procedures are used in the analysis. Findings indicate that education and attendance at religious services are the two most significant contextual dimensions and sexual permissiveness and fertility ideology are the two most significant ideological dimensions for explaining attitudes toward discretionary abortion. Implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 700231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_242", "title": "An estimate of a rare population group: the U.S. Jewish population.", "content": "High, middle, and low estimates for a rare population group, the Jewish population of the United States, are presented together with their root mean square errors. These estimates are based upon a national sample whose essential survey design features are outlined. The features indicate that difficult-to-find populations can be sampled in adequate numbers if some sort of a list can be developed with a fair proportion of the population. To this list must be added an integrated area sample.", "contents": "An estimate of a rare population group: the U.S. Jewish population. High, middle, and low estimates for a rare population group, the Jewish population of the United States, are presented together with their root mean square errors. These estimates are based upon a national sample whose essential survey design features are outlined. The features indicate that difficult-to-find populations can be sampled in adequate numbers if some sort of a list can be developed with a fair proportion of the population. To this list must be added an integrated area sample.", "PMID": 700232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_243", "title": "Replication of mouse mammary tumor cells in monolayer cultures stimulated with embryo extract.", "content": "A particulate fraction derived from homogenized chicken embryos was added to primary monolayer cultures of mouse mammary tumor cells. All culture media contained fetal calf serum (10%). After 4 days, the extract had stimulated a twofold increase (relative to controls lacking the extract) in (1) total DNA per culture; (2) the rate of incorporation of labeled DNA precursors; (3) epithelial cell number, and (4) total protein. This integrated growth activity is discussed in terms of the nature and exogenous regulation of neoplastic growth.", "contents": "Replication of mouse mammary tumor cells in monolayer cultures stimulated with embryo extract. A particulate fraction derived from homogenized chicken embryos was added to primary monolayer cultures of mouse mammary tumor cells. All culture media contained fetal calf serum (10%). After 4 days, the extract had stimulated a twofold increase (relative to controls lacking the extract) in (1) total DNA per culture; (2) the rate of incorporation of labeled DNA precursors; (3) epithelial cell number, and (4) total protein. This integrated growth activity is discussed in terms of the nature and exogenous regulation of neoplastic growth.", "PMID": 700243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_244", "title": "Cytophotometric study of the DNA content in experimental pulmonary granuloma.", "content": "Pulmonary granulomas were induced in rabbits with Freund's complete adjuvant. Histologic alterations, the mitotic index and Feulgen-DNA amounts determined by a cytophotometric method were studied. The mitotic index and DNA amounts increased significantly within the first hours and reached peak values on the 3rd day, then showed a tendency to decrease after the 7th day. After the 3rd day, a certain dissociation was noted between the mitotic index and Feulgen-DNA amount. The change in Feulgen-DNA content reflects the functional alterations that characterize pulmonary granuloma.", "contents": "Cytophotometric study of the DNA content in experimental pulmonary granuloma. Pulmonary granulomas were induced in rabbits with Freund's complete adjuvant. Histologic alterations, the mitotic index and Feulgen-DNA amounts determined by a cytophotometric method were studied. The mitotic index and DNA amounts increased significantly within the first hours and reached peak values on the 3rd day, then showed a tendency to decrease after the 7th day. After the 3rd day, a certain dissociation was noted between the mitotic index and Feulgen-DNA amount. The change in Feulgen-DNA content reflects the functional alterations that characterize pulmonary granuloma.", "PMID": 700244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_245", "title": "Phagocytosis of latex particles in relation to the cell cycle in 3T3 cells.", "content": "Cultures of 3T3 cells, synchronised by serum deprivation, were shown to phagocytose latex beads of 0.81 micrometer diameter more avidly in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The maximum rate of about 0.12 particles/cell/hour was recorded 12 h after stimulation with 10% fetal bovine serum. After 24 h, when mitosis was beginning, the uptake fell to just above the unstimulated level of 0.06 particles/cell/hour. Exocytosis was linear and only 7% of the total cell-associated latex was released in 30 h. Internalisation of latex beads was demonstrated by electron microscopy. No uptake was detected in experiments conducted at 4 degrees C.", "contents": "Phagocytosis of latex particles in relation to the cell cycle in 3T3 cells. Cultures of 3T3 cells, synchronised by serum deprivation, were shown to phagocytose latex beads of 0.81 micrometer diameter more avidly in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The maximum rate of about 0.12 particles/cell/hour was recorded 12 h after stimulation with 10% fetal bovine serum. After 24 h, when mitosis was beginning, the uptake fell to just above the unstimulated level of 0.06 particles/cell/hour. Exocytosis was linear and only 7% of the total cell-associated latex was released in 30 h. Internalisation of latex beads was demonstrated by electron microscopy. No uptake was detected in experiments conducted at 4 degrees C.", "PMID": 700245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_246", "title": "Acute monoarticular presentation of osteoarthrosis of the knee.", "content": "A study of 387 patients aged 65 years and over presenting with an acute hot painful swollen joint as the major or only presentation of osteoarthrosis of the knee is discussed. Short-term phenylbutazone therapy is evaluated. Eighty-nine per cent of patients obtained good to complete relief of acute symptoms within 14 days.", "contents": "Acute monoarticular presentation of osteoarthrosis of the knee. A study of 387 patients aged 65 years and over presenting with an acute hot painful swollen joint as the major or only presentation of osteoarthrosis of the knee is discussed. Short-term phenylbutazone therapy is evaluated. Eighty-nine per cent of patients obtained good to complete relief of acute symptoms within 14 days.", "PMID": 700248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_247", "title": "A double-blind study of cimetidine in patients with duodenal or gastric ulcer in Greece.", "content": "The results of a double-blind study comparing oral cimetidine with placebo in the short-term treatment of endoscopically proven gastric and duodenal ulceration are presented. Cimetidine was used at a dosage of one gram per day and treatment continued over a period of 4 weeks. Greek patients' tolerance of the drug has been recorded. The outcome of treatment was significantly better for the group of patients who received cimetidine treatment.", "contents": "A double-blind study of cimetidine in patients with duodenal or gastric ulcer in Greece. The results of a double-blind study comparing oral cimetidine with placebo in the short-term treatment of endoscopically proven gastric and duodenal ulceration are presented. Cimetidine was used at a dosage of one gram per day and treatment continued over a period of 4 weeks. Greek patients' tolerance of the drug has been recorded. The outcome of treatment was significantly better for the group of patients who received cimetidine treatment.", "PMID": 700249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_248", "title": "Lack of influence of povidone-iodine on tests of thyroid function.", "content": "The external application of povidone-iodine, an antiseptic agent, was tested for its influence on thyroid function. Previous workers have described some in vitro changes in thyroid function tests following its use. In the present study topical application of povidone-iodine did not affect thyroid function as measured some days later using both in vivo and radio-active iodine in vitro test methods, despite the fact that the latter are notorious for being influenced by exogenous iodine.", "contents": "Lack of influence of povidone-iodine on tests of thyroid function. The external application of povidone-iodine, an antiseptic agent, was tested for its influence on thyroid function. Previous workers have described some in vitro changes in thyroid function tests following its use. In the present study topical application of povidone-iodine did not affect thyroid function as measured some days later using both in vivo and radio-active iodine in vitro test methods, despite the fact that the latter are notorious for being influenced by exogenous iodine.", "PMID": 700250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_249", "title": "Immunoreactive glucagon responses to oral glucose, insulin infusion and deprivation, and somatostatin in pancreatectomized man.", "content": "In a group of pancreatectomized subjects, immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) concentrations were normal after an overnight fast, increased after oral glucose, were not suppressed by somatostatin (SRIF) or insulin, and in two of four subjects they rose with an arginine infusion. Even though the SRIF infusion failed to lower IRG, there was a fall in plasma glucose concentration in both subjects. In two subjects, endogenous hyperglycemia occurred during insulin withdrawal without a rise in IRG, and, in one subject, mild diabetic ketoacidosis developed with only a minimal rise in IRG. These results support the presence of an extrapancreatic source of IRG in man. Secretion from these extrapancreatic alpha cells appears to be regulated differently than secretion from pancreatic alpha cells.", "contents": "Immunoreactive glucagon responses to oral glucose, insulin infusion and deprivation, and somatostatin in pancreatectomized man. In a group of pancreatectomized subjects, immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) concentrations were normal after an overnight fast, increased after oral glucose, were not suppressed by somatostatin (SRIF) or insulin, and in two of four subjects they rose with an arginine infusion. Even though the SRIF infusion failed to lower IRG, there was a fall in plasma glucose concentration in both subjects. In two subjects, endogenous hyperglycemia occurred during insulin withdrawal without a rise in IRG, and, in one subject, mild diabetic ketoacidosis developed with only a minimal rise in IRG. These results support the presence of an extrapancreatic source of IRG in man. Secretion from these extrapancreatic alpha cells appears to be regulated differently than secretion from pancreatic alpha cells.", "PMID": 700256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_250", "title": "Somatostatin in maturity-onset diabetes.", "content": "Plasma FFA, glucagon, insulin, glucose, and growth hormone were followed every hour during 24 hours of saline infusion, 24 hours of somatostatin (4mg.) infusion, and three hours without infusion in six nonobese and six obese maturity-onset diabetic men. Somatostatin induced the same changes in the parameters of both groups of diabetic patients: A rise in plasma FFA, which gradually disappeared after some hours of infusion, a suppression of plasma glucagon and insulin, and an augmentation of plasma glucose both postprandially and during the night. Plasma growth hormone was suppressed in the nonobese patients, but somatostatin could not further suppress the low and nonfluctuating plasma growth hormone concentration in the obese maturity-onset diabetics. The results indicate that a preparation with a pattern of hormone suppression like that of somatostatin will not be useful in the control of  maturity-onset diabetes, because it suppresses insulin and elevates the blood glucose concentration.", "contents": "Somatostatin in maturity-onset diabetes. Plasma FFA, glucagon, insulin, glucose, and growth hormone were followed every hour during 24 hours of saline infusion, 24 hours of somatostatin (4mg.) infusion, and three hours without infusion in six nonobese and six obese maturity-onset diabetic men. Somatostatin induced the same changes in the parameters of both groups of diabetic patients: A rise in plasma FFA, which gradually disappeared after some hours of infusion, a suppression of plasma glucagon and insulin, and an augmentation of plasma glucose both postprandially and during the night. Plasma growth hormone was suppressed in the nonobese patients, but somatostatin could not further suppress the low and nonfluctuating plasma growth hormone concentration in the obese maturity-onset diabetics. The results indicate that a preparation with a pattern of hormone suppression like that of somatostatin will not be useful in the control of  maturity-onset diabetes, because it suppresses insulin and elevates the blood glucose concentration.", "PMID": 700257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_251", "title": "A model of glucose-insulin homeostasis in man that incorporates the heterogeneous fast pool theory of pancreatic insulin release.", "content": "Current physiologic knowledge about glucose-insulin homeostasis in liver, brain, pancreas, kidney, peripheral tissues, and central vascular organs has been synthesized to form a whole-system mathematical model of glucose metabolism in normal, ideal man. In addition to data of other workers, results from more than 100 intravenous glucose tolerance tests, including variable dosage, variable duration of infusion, and double pulse studies, were used to determine model structure and parameters. Model and clinical testing have focused particularly on the fast phase of insulin response to vascular glucose. The model incorporates blood circulation and equilibration of substances between vascular and interstitial spaces, and it assumes constant fractional clearance of insulin by liver and kidney. Studies using a double pulse of glucose suggest that the time derivative of glucose level is not the sole or predominant influence on fast phase insulin release, but that preinfusion glucose level and/or previous glucose exposure of the pancreas are also important. Variable dosage glucose studies suggest that the amount of insulin released during the fast phase rather than the insulin release rate is regulated by the glucose level. A two-pool, heterogeneous threshold mechanism for beta cell response to glucose is presented that is compatible with the clinical results.", "contents": "A model of glucose-insulin homeostasis in man that incorporates the heterogeneous fast pool theory of pancreatic insulin release. Current physiologic knowledge about glucose-insulin homeostasis in liver, brain, pancreas, kidney, peripheral tissues, and central vascular organs has been synthesized to form a whole-system mathematical model of glucose metabolism in normal, ideal man. In addition to data of other workers, results from more than 100 intravenous glucose tolerance tests, including variable dosage, variable duration of infusion, and double pulse studies, were used to determine model structure and parameters. Model and clinical testing have focused particularly on the fast phase of insulin response to vascular glucose. The model incorporates blood circulation and equilibration of substances between vascular and interstitial spaces, and it assumes constant fractional clearance of insulin by liver and kidney. Studies using a double pulse of glucose suggest that the time derivative of glucose level is not the sole or predominant influence on fast phase insulin release, but that preinfusion glucose level and/or previous glucose exposure of the pancreas are also important. Variable dosage glucose studies suggest that the amount of insulin released during the fast phase rather than the insulin release rate is regulated by the glucose level. A two-pool, heterogeneous threshold mechanism for beta cell response to glucose is presented that is compatible with the clinical results.", "PMID": 700259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_252", "title": "The functional state of sympathetic nerves in spontaneously diabetic mice.", "content": "I investigated biochemical parameters of sympathetic nerve function in spontaneously diabetic mice(C57 BL/KsJdb/db) and in their lean littermates. The concentration of norepinephrine (NE) in organs innervated by sympathetic nerves was significantly reduced in the heart, kidney, and salivary glands of mice (24 weeks old) with severe diabetic-like symptoms (blood glucose is greater than 300 mg./100ml.). In the spleen, vas deferens, and adrenal glands of the same animals the NE levels were not changed in relation to control. Other measurements of NE in young (six weeks old) diabetic mice revealed no differences between diabetic and nondiabetic controls. The turnover of NE, a measure of the functional state of sympathetic nerves, decreased significantly in the heart and salivary glands of 24-week-old mice but remained unchanged in the kidney and spleen. In young, diabetic mice the rates of NE turnover in several organs were similar to those found in age-matched controls. The hearts of 24-week-old diabetic mice contained significantly less dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), an intraneuronal enzyme active in the terminal step of NE biosynthesis. The kidney of the same animals was hypertrophic and showed a massive elevation of monoamine oxidase (MAO), an enzyme that degrades NE to inactive products. Other experiments showed that the regeneration of sympathetic neurons that follows the reversible chemical denervation with 6-hydroxydopamine was comparable in diabetic and nondiabetic animals. It appears that mice with spontaneous diabetes show changes of sympathetic nerve function similar to those noted in diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy.", "contents": "The functional state of sympathetic nerves in spontaneously diabetic mice. I investigated biochemical parameters of sympathetic nerve function in spontaneously diabetic mice(C57 BL/KsJdb/db) and in their lean littermates. The concentration of norepinephrine (NE) in organs innervated by sympathetic nerves was significantly reduced in the heart, kidney, and salivary glands of mice (24 weeks old) with severe diabetic-like symptoms (blood glucose is greater than 300 mg./100ml.). In the spleen, vas deferens, and adrenal glands of the same animals the NE levels were not changed in relation to control. Other measurements of NE in young (six weeks old) diabetic mice revealed no differences between diabetic and nondiabetic controls. The turnover of NE, a measure of the functional state of sympathetic nerves, decreased significantly in the heart and salivary glands of 24-week-old mice but remained unchanged in the kidney and spleen. In young, diabetic mice the rates of NE turnover in several organs were similar to those found in age-matched controls. The hearts of 24-week-old diabetic mice contained significantly less dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), an intraneuronal enzyme active in the terminal step of NE biosynthesis. The kidney of the same animals was hypertrophic and showed a massive elevation of monoamine oxidase (MAO), an enzyme that degrades NE to inactive products. Other experiments showed that the regeneration of sympathetic neurons that follows the reversible chemical denervation with 6-hydroxydopamine was comparable in diabetic and nondiabetic animals. It appears that mice with spontaneous diabetes show changes of sympathetic nerve function similar to those noted in diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy.", "PMID": 700260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_253", "title": "Vascular lesions associated with impotence in diabetic and nondiabetic arterial occlusive disease.", "content": "Translumbar aortographies performed in 91 patients for limiting leg ischemia were reviewed, and stenosis was graded by points from one (normal vessel) to five (complete occlusion) for each vessel. Of 62 nondiabetic patients, 18 (29 per cent) were impotent, while of 29 diabetics, 17 (58.6 per cent) were impotent (p less than 0.01). Significantly greater stenosis (p less than 0.005) was found in the internal pudendal arteries of impotent patients when compared statistically with potent patients. This was true for the group as a whole, for diabetics and nondiabetics, and for patients over 50 years old both with and without diabetes. There was no significant difference in the extent of stenosis of the iliac arteries (common and internal) between potent and impotent patients. There was also no significant difference in the pattern of stenosis between diabetic and nondiabetic patients in the group as a whole and also in the potent and impotent subgroups analyzed separately. Neither diminished femoral pulses nor aortographic evidence of external iliac and common femoral arterial stenosis correlated significantly with impotence. These observations indicate that vascular lesions are as important in diabetics as in nondiabetics in the genesis of impotence. Clinical implications regarding diagnostic investigations and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Vascular lesions associated with impotence in diabetic and nondiabetic arterial occlusive disease. Translumbar aortographies performed in 91 patients for limiting leg ischemia were reviewed, and stenosis was graded by points from one (normal vessel) to five (complete occlusion) for each vessel. Of 62 nondiabetic patients, 18 (29 per cent) were impotent, while of 29 diabetics, 17 (58.6 per cent) were impotent (p less than 0.01). Significantly greater stenosis (p less than 0.005) was found in the internal pudendal arteries of impotent patients when compared statistically with potent patients. This was true for the group as a whole, for diabetics and nondiabetics, and for patients over 50 years old both with and without diabetes. There was no significant difference in the extent of stenosis of the iliac arteries (common and internal) between potent and impotent patients. There was also no significant difference in the pattern of stenosis between diabetic and nondiabetic patients in the group as a whole and also in the potent and impotent subgroups analyzed separately. Neither diminished femoral pulses nor aortographic evidence of external iliac and common femoral arterial stenosis correlated significantly with impotence. These observations indicate that vascular lesions are as important in diabetics as in nondiabetics in the genesis of impotence. Clinical implications regarding diagnostic investigations and treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 700261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_254", "title": "The role of calcium in glucagon release. Studies with verapamil.", "content": "The role of calcium transport into the pancreatic A2-cell in release of glucagon was studied in the perfused in vitro rat pancreas exposed to the organic calcium-antagonist verapamil (10 and 20 microns). As judged by the inhibitory effect of verapamil, a sufficient influx of calcium was required for glucagon release to be stimulated by either arginine (10 mM) or a lowering of the glucose concentration from 16.6 to 3.3 mM. However, such was not the case for glucose to inhibit the release of glucagon or when the A-2-cell was established in a stimulated state during prolonged exposure to a low, 3.3 mM, glucose concentration. These findings suggest that the role of inwardly directed transport of calcium in the secretory process of the A2-cell is of a complex nature, being dependent on the type of stimulus employed (arginine or glucose) and, in the case of glucose, on the static or dynamic state of the cell. The intimate mechanisms by which calcium exerts such complex effects on the secretory process in the A2-cell remain to be elucidated.", "contents": "The role of calcium in glucagon release. Studies with verapamil. The role of calcium transport into the pancreatic A2-cell in release of glucagon was studied in the perfused in vitro rat pancreas exposed to the organic calcium-antagonist verapamil (10 and 20 microns). As judged by the inhibitory effect of verapamil, a sufficient influx of calcium was required for glucagon release to be stimulated by either arginine (10 mM) or a lowering of the glucose concentration from 16.6 to 3.3 mM. However, such was not the case for glucose to inhibit the release of glucagon or when the A-2-cell was established in a stimulated state during prolonged exposure to a low, 3.3 mM, glucose concentration. These findings suggest that the role of inwardly directed transport of calcium in the secretory process of the A2-cell is of a complex nature, being dependent on the type of stimulus employed (arginine or glucose) and, in the case of glucose, on the static or dynamic state of the cell. The intimate mechanisms by which calcium exerts such complex effects on the secretory process in the A2-cell remain to be elucidated.", "PMID": 700262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_255", "title": "Diabetic retinopathy and pregnancy.", "content": "Diabetic retinopathy was found to be present in 12 out of a group of 67 diabetic patients supervised by us during 92 pregnancies, and 3 further pregnant diabetics were referred to us because of retinopathy. The mean duration of diabetes was 13 years (range 3--25 years). Nine patients had minimal retinopathy, 2 had background retinopathy, and the remaining 4 proliferative retinopathy. The cases with minimal retinopathy showed no progression during pregnancy. In 1 patient with background retinopathy there was deterioration. Of the 4 patients with proliferative retinopathy 1 showed regression during the pregnancy, 2 showed advance and were treated with photocoagulation (these 2 patients now have normal vision), while the patient with extensive retinitis proliferans, with retinal detachment in both eyes and previous photocoagulation remained unchanged. The prognosis during pregnancy for patients with diabetic retinopathy is reasonable and has been improved by the advent of photocoagulation.", "contents": "Diabetic retinopathy and pregnancy. Diabetic retinopathy was found to be present in 12 out of a group of 67 diabetic patients supervised by us during 92 pregnancies, and 3 further pregnant diabetics were referred to us because of retinopathy. The mean duration of diabetes was 13 years (range 3--25 years). Nine patients had minimal retinopathy, 2 had background retinopathy, and the remaining 4 proliferative retinopathy. The cases with minimal retinopathy showed no progression during pregnancy. In 1 patient with background retinopathy there was deterioration. Of the 4 patients with proliferative retinopathy 1 showed regression during the pregnancy, 2 showed advance and were treated with photocoagulation (these 2 patients now have normal vision), while the patient with extensive retinitis proliferans, with retinal detachment in both eyes and previous photocoagulation remained unchanged. The prognosis during pregnancy for patients with diabetic retinopathy is reasonable and has been improved by the advent of photocoagulation.", "PMID": 700270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_256", "title": "Effect of insulin on amino acid transport in isolated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "The effects of insulin on amino acid transport were studied in freshly prepared suspensions of isolated hepatocytes from adult rats. Insulin stimulated the active transport of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid by increasing the influx. The onset of the insulin effect was delayed by thirty to sixty min. Insulin increased by Vmax of transport by about 60% without affecting the Km. Cycloheximide and actinomycin D inhibited hormonal action by 60 to 80%. Only the \"A\" system of transport was affected by insulin. Half-maximal stimulation of transport was observed with insulin at 2 to 3nmol/l, a concentration which also occupies about 50% of insulin-specific binding sites at steady state. Insulin did not antagonize the stimulatory effect of glucagon on amino acid transport.", "contents": "Effect of insulin on amino acid transport in isolated rat hepatocytes. The effects of insulin on amino acid transport were studied in freshly prepared suspensions of isolated hepatocytes from adult rats. Insulin stimulated the active transport of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid by increasing the influx. The onset of the insulin effect was delayed by thirty to sixty min. Insulin increased by Vmax of transport by about 60% without affecting the Km. Cycloheximide and actinomycin D inhibited hormonal action by 60 to 80%. Only the \"A\" system of transport was affected by insulin. Half-maximal stimulation of transport was observed with insulin at 2 to 3nmol/l, a concentration which also occupies about 50% of insulin-specific binding sites at steady state. Insulin did not antagonize the stimulatory effect of glucagon on amino acid transport.", "PMID": 700271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_257", "title": "A modified assay system for collagen glucosyltransferase.", "content": "A simplified assay procedure has been developed for the determination of collagen glucosyltransferase activity in tissue extracts. Using degraded gelatine as acceptor it was possible to isolate the reaction product by precipitation on to a glass fibre disc. Under our conditions degraded gelatine is glucosylated with a reaction rate which is 3--4 times lower compared with the glucosylation of basement membrane derived glycopeptides. Good reproducibility is demonstrated by the coefficient of variation of 4% in the same assay and an interassay variation coefficient below 8%. As the assay allows the testing of large numbers of samples in a few hours, it should prove a useful tool to determine the enzyme level in the tissue of diabetic animals. In humans the activity of the glucosyltransferase could provide a biochemical parameter related to diabetic microangiopathy.", "contents": "A modified assay system for collagen glucosyltransferase. A simplified assay procedure has been developed for the determination of collagen glucosyltransferase activity in tissue extracts. Using degraded gelatine as acceptor it was possible to isolate the reaction product by precipitation on to a glass fibre disc. Under our conditions degraded gelatine is glucosylated with a reaction rate which is 3--4 times lower compared with the glucosylation of basement membrane derived glycopeptides. Good reproducibility is demonstrated by the coefficient of variation of 4% in the same assay and an interassay variation coefficient below 8%. As the assay allows the testing of large numbers of samples in a few hours, it should prove a useful tool to determine the enzyme level in the tissue of diabetic animals. In humans the activity of the glucosyltransferase could provide a biochemical parameter related to diabetic microangiopathy.", "PMID": 700272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_258", "title": "The effects of chlorpropamide and insulin on serum lipids, lipoproteins and fractional triglyceride removal.", "content": "The effects of chlorpropamide on serum lipids, lipoproteins and fractional triglyceride removal have been studied over 12 months on 10 maturity onset diabetics not controlled on diet alone. Similar studies were carried out in 6 maturity onset diabetics who had failed to respond to sulphonylureas and 6 new insulin requiring diabetics. In the chlorpropamide treated patients there was an initial fall in serum and VLDL triglyceride but this effect was lost at 12 months. There was no change in fractional triglyceride removal. At 12 months there was a fall in LDL and a rise in HDL choelsterol. An initial improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin secretion was maintained at 12 months. In the insulin treated group the initial fall in serum and VLDL triglyceride was maintained at 12 months and was accompanied by an increase in fractional triglyceride removal. There was also a fall in LDL and a rise in HDL cholesterol at 12 months. The failure of chlorpropamide to maintain the reduction in serum and VLDL triglyceride could be of importance in the genesis of coronary heart disease in maturity onset diabetics. The fall in LDL and rise in HDL cholesterol found both with chlorpropamide and insulin might be beneficial.", "contents": "The effects of chlorpropamide and insulin on serum lipids, lipoproteins and fractional triglyceride removal. The effects of chlorpropamide on serum lipids, lipoproteins and fractional triglyceride removal have been studied over 12 months on 10 maturity onset diabetics not controlled on diet alone. Similar studies were carried out in 6 maturity onset diabetics who had failed to respond to sulphonylureas and 6 new insulin requiring diabetics. In the chlorpropamide treated patients there was an initial fall in serum and VLDL triglyceride but this effect was lost at 12 months. There was no change in fractional triglyceride removal. At 12 months there was a fall in LDL and a rise in HDL choelsterol. An initial improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin secretion was maintained at 12 months. In the insulin treated group the initial fall in serum and VLDL triglyceride was maintained at 12 months and was accompanied by an increase in fractional triglyceride removal. There was also a fall in LDL and a rise in HDL cholesterol at 12 months. The failure of chlorpropamide to maintain the reduction in serum and VLDL triglyceride could be of importance in the genesis of coronary heart disease in maturity onset diabetics. The fall in LDL and rise in HDL cholesterol found both with chlorpropamide and insulin might be beneficial.", "PMID": 700275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_259", "title": "Osteopenia in insulin treated diabetes mellitus. Its relation to age at onset, sex and duration of disease.", "content": "Bone mineral content was measured by photon absorptiometry in 215 insulin treated diabetic out-patients aged 7--70 years. As bone mass increases until the age of 20--25 years, patients were so selected that all remained within the same phase of bone mineral storage throughout the entire course of their diabetes. Other criteria for exclusion were diseases or drugs interfering with mineral metabolism and previous use of oral antidiabetic agents. As a group the patients demonstrated a bone mineral deficit of 9.8% compared with sex- and age-matched controls (P less than 0.001). Comparison between patients who had developed diabetes before the age of 20 years and after that of 25 years revealed deficits of 14% and 7%, respectively (P less than 0.001). Sex differences were not observed. The initiation of osteopenia seemed to coincide with the onset of clinical diabetes mellitus, and significantly reduced bone mineral content was observed after 2 years of diabetes (P less than 0.001). After 3--5 years the osteopenia appeared to attain a stable level.", "contents": "Osteopenia in insulin treated diabetes mellitus. Its relation to age at onset, sex and duration of disease. Bone mineral content was measured by photon absorptiometry in 215 insulin treated diabetic out-patients aged 7--70 years. As bone mass increases until the age of 20--25 years, patients were so selected that all remained within the same phase of bone mineral storage throughout the entire course of their diabetes. Other criteria for exclusion were diseases or drugs interfering with mineral metabolism and previous use of oral antidiabetic agents. As a group the patients demonstrated a bone mineral deficit of 9.8% compared with sex- and age-matched controls (P less than 0.001). Comparison between patients who had developed diabetes before the age of 20 years and after that of 25 years revealed deficits of 14% and 7%, respectively (P less than 0.001). Sex differences were not observed. The initiation of osteopenia seemed to coincide with the onset of clinical diabetes mellitus, and significantly reduced bone mineral content was observed after 2 years of diabetes (P less than 0.001). After 3--5 years the osteopenia appeared to attain a stable level.", "PMID": 700276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_260", "title": "Pilot study of self-measurement of blood glucose using the Dextrostix-Eyetone system for juvenile-onset diabetes.", "content": "Self-measurement of blood glucose was performed by eight insulin-dependent juvenile-onset diabetics. The patients were well motivated and improved control of diabetes was obtained. The method would seem to be useful for juvenile-onset diabetics, especially of the unstable type and for pregnant diabetics.", "contents": "Pilot study of self-measurement of blood glucose using the Dextrostix-Eyetone system for juvenile-onset diabetes. Self-measurement of blood glucose was performed by eight insulin-dependent juvenile-onset diabetics. The patients were well motivated and improved control of diabetes was obtained. The method would seem to be useful for juvenile-onset diabetics, especially of the unstable type and for pregnant diabetics.", "PMID": 700277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_261", "title": "Influence of phenformin and metformin on exercise induced lactataemia in patients with diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The effect of long-term treatment with phenformin and metformin respectively on blood lactate concentrations in relation to submaximal muscular exercise has been examined in 21 maturity-onset diabetics, using a cross-over method. At similar degrees of diabetic control the mean blood lactate concentration during exercise and shortly thereafter was significantly higher when the patients had received phenformin. The mean fasting lactate concentration was 1.07 mmol/l with phenformin and 1.03 mmol/l with metformin and the peak concentration was 2.56 mmol/l and 2.19 mmol/l respectively. The mean fasting blood glucose concentration before the exercise was 11.2 mmol/l with phenformin and 11.3 mmol/l with metformin; the glucose output in the urine during the preceding 24 hours was 93 mmol and 105 mmol respectively. The mean work load during exercise was 60 watts.", "contents": "Influence of phenformin and metformin on exercise induced lactataemia in patients with diabetes mellitus. The effect of long-term treatment with phenformin and metformin respectively on blood lactate concentrations in relation to submaximal muscular exercise has been examined in 21 maturity-onset diabetics, using a cross-over method. At similar degrees of diabetic control the mean blood lactate concentration during exercise and shortly thereafter was significantly higher when the patients had received phenformin. The mean fasting lactate concentration was 1.07 mmol/l with phenformin and 1.03 mmol/l with metformin and the peak concentration was 2.56 mmol/l and 2.19 mmol/l respectively. The mean fasting blood glucose concentration before the exercise was 11.2 mmol/l with phenformin and 11.3 mmol/l with metformin; the glucose output in the urine during the preceding 24 hours was 93 mmol and 105 mmol respectively. The mean work load during exercise was 60 watts.", "PMID": 700278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_262", "title": "Characterisation of the effect of intravenous infusion of glucose and tolbutamide on the insulin delivery rate in man.", "content": "Serum insulin response to a single bolus of IV glucose or tolbutamide was measured in eight healthy subjects. Insulin disappearance rate was assessed by deconvolution from the serum insulin levels, using the measured insulin disappearance rate. The mean rate constant of insulin disappearance was 0.238 +/- 0.005 min-1 (mean +/- SEM). Basal insulin delivery rate was 8.0 to 9.0 mU/min and the delivery rate following glucose injection (0.5 g/kg body weight) showed a biphasic response, whereas that after tolbutamide injection (15.6 mg/kg body weight), a monophasic response. After glucose injection, 1.7 +/- 0.3 U of insulin was delivered during the first phase (0--10 min) and 5.6 +/- 1.6 U during the second phase (11--60 min). After tolbutamide injection, 1.5 +/- 0.3 U of insulin was delivered during the first 10 min. Between 11 and 40 min, 1.6 +/- 0.5 U of insulin was delivered. The results thus confirm and also quantitate biphasic insulin secretion after a bolus of glucose with a monophasic response after tolbutamide. The method is suitable for studies of the insulin secretogogues in man.", "contents": "Characterisation of the effect of intravenous infusion of glucose and tolbutamide on the insulin delivery rate in man. Serum insulin response to a single bolus of IV glucose or tolbutamide was measured in eight healthy subjects. Insulin disappearance rate was assessed by deconvolution from the serum insulin levels, using the measured insulin disappearance rate. The mean rate constant of insulin disappearance was 0.238 +/- 0.005 min-1 (mean +/- SEM). Basal insulin delivery rate was 8.0 to 9.0 mU/min and the delivery rate following glucose injection (0.5 g/kg body weight) showed a biphasic response, whereas that after tolbutamide injection (15.6 mg/kg body weight), a monophasic response. After glucose injection, 1.7 +/- 0.3 U of insulin was delivered during the first phase (0--10 min) and 5.6 +/- 1.6 U during the second phase (11--60 min). After tolbutamide injection, 1.5 +/- 0.3 U of insulin was delivered during the first 10 min. Between 11 and 40 min, 1.6 +/- 0.5 U of insulin was delivered. The results thus confirm and also quantitate biphasic insulin secretion after a bolus of glucose with a monophasic response after tolbutamide. The method is suitable for studies of the insulin secretogogues in man.", "PMID": 700280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_263", "title": "Diminished gastrointestinal potentiation of insulin secretion in human pregnancy.", "content": "In order to investigate whether an increased gastrointestinal potentiation of glucose-induced insulin release might be involved in the enhanced insulin response to oral glucose in pregnancy, seven normal women were subjected to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and an IV glucose infusion test (IVGI) in the last trimester of pregnancy and again four to ten weeks post-partum. The amount of glucose administered intravenously was adjusted to obtain plasma glucose concentrations similar to those of the preceding OGTT. By this technique it was possible to quantitate the amount of insulin release attributable to gastrointestinal factors. Contrary to expectations, the results revealed that the gastrointestinal potentiation of insulin secretion was reduced by more than 75% in late pregnancy (p less than 0.05). The hyperinsulinaemia of pregnancy is therefore not explained by an increased activity of the entero-insular axis. Moreover the results confirm a substantially increased beta cell sensitivity to a glycaemic stimulus in pregnancy.", "contents": "Diminished gastrointestinal potentiation of insulin secretion in human pregnancy. In order to investigate whether an increased gastrointestinal potentiation of glucose-induced insulin release might be involved in the enhanced insulin response to oral glucose in pregnancy, seven normal women were subjected to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and an IV glucose infusion test (IVGI) in the last trimester of pregnancy and again four to ten weeks post-partum. The amount of glucose administered intravenously was adjusted to obtain plasma glucose concentrations similar to those of the preceding OGTT. By this technique it was possible to quantitate the amount of insulin release attributable to gastrointestinal factors. Contrary to expectations, the results revealed that the gastrointestinal potentiation of insulin secretion was reduced by more than 75% in late pregnancy (p less than 0.05). The hyperinsulinaemia of pregnancy is therefore not explained by an increased activity of the entero-insular axis. Moreover the results confirm a substantially increased beta cell sensitivity to a glycaemic stimulus in pregnancy.", "PMID": 700281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_264", "title": "Somatotrophic diabetes: insulin release responses to arginine and glucagon in dogs.", "content": "Growth hormone injected daily in 6 dogs for 6 days caused a 20-fold elevation in fasting serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) without appreciable change in serum glucose in 1 day. In the somatotrophic diabetes that occurred after 2 days, the hyperinsulinaemia was maintained and the serum IRI/glucose (I/G) ratio declined from the early high level but remained elevated. During this treatment, in response to glucose infusion, the rise in serum IRI above the initially high fasting level was 16 times the normal. In response to glucagon, the rise in IRI was twice the normal and the rise in glucose was more prolonged, resulting in a decline in the I/G ratio. In response to arginine infusion, the rise in serum IRI was 8 times the normal and the rise in the I/G ratio was twice normal. Following a meal, the rise in serum IRI was 8 times the normal. Thus, with growth hormone treatment the insulin secretory responses to these stimulating factors were magnified over the already elevated fasting level of secretion. The insulin content of the pancreas was reduced to less than 10% of normal by growth hormone treatment for 6 days, due apparently to elevation of the rate of secretion over the rae of formation of insulin.", "contents": "Somatotrophic diabetes: insulin release responses to arginine and glucagon in dogs. Growth hormone injected daily in 6 dogs for 6 days caused a 20-fold elevation in fasting serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) without appreciable change in serum glucose in 1 day. In the somatotrophic diabetes that occurred after 2 days, the hyperinsulinaemia was maintained and the serum IRI/glucose (I/G) ratio declined from the early high level but remained elevated. During this treatment, in response to glucose infusion, the rise in serum IRI above the initially high fasting level was 16 times the normal. In response to glucagon, the rise in IRI was twice the normal and the rise in glucose was more prolonged, resulting in a decline in the I/G ratio. In response to arginine infusion, the rise in serum IRI was 8 times the normal and the rise in the I/G ratio was twice normal. Following a meal, the rise in serum IRI was 8 times the normal. Thus, with growth hormone treatment the insulin secretory responses to these stimulating factors were magnified over the already elevated fasting level of secretion. The insulin content of the pancreas was reduced to less than 10% of normal by growth hormone treatment for 6 days, due apparently to elevation of the rate of secretion over the rae of formation of insulin.", "PMID": 700282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_265", "title": "Effect of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on differentiation. II. The effect of early BUdR treatment on gastrulation of sea urchin embryos.", "content": "BUdR treatment of early cleavage stages is more effective on gastrulation the earlier the drug is administered before the 16-cell stage. The distribution of percentages of embryos gastrulating is in good agreement with the theoretical calculated values presented in part I and permit the assumption that BUdR may act by preventing normal transcription at, or shortly after, the 16-cell stage.", "contents": "Effect of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on differentiation. II. The effect of early BUdR treatment on gastrulation of sea urchin embryos. BUdR treatment of early cleavage stages is more effective on gastrulation the earlier the drug is administered before the 16-cell stage. The distribution of percentages of embryos gastrulating is in good agreement with the theoretical calculated values presented in part I and permit the assumption that BUdR may act by preventing normal transcription at, or shortly after, the 16-cell stage.", "PMID": 700283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_266", "title": "The ectomesenchymal-endodermal interaction system of Triturus alpestris in tissue culture: morphological and histochemical characterization of developing neural derivatives.", "content": "In the ectomesenchymal-endodermal interaction system (EEIS), a hanging drop culture in which an explant of neural fold from behind the prospective ear region of a Triturus alpestris neurula together with a piece of ventrolateral pharynx endoderm is cultivated, the differentiation of a variety of neural crest-derived cells (nerve cells, pigment cells, cartilage cells, perichondrial cells, Schwann cells) can be followed. While cartilage cells develop only in contact to pharynx endoderm, the differentiation of neural crest-derived neuroblasts, rhombencephalic brain derivatives and epidermis which segregate from the explant of neural fold, does not depend on the presence of pharynx endoderm. The development of neural derivatives was studied with respect to morphology and histochemistry. Outgrowing axons may be observed 2-3 days after the beginning of cultivation. The fibres increase in thickness and length during further development and frequently make contact with other cells. Cytophotometric measurements of Feulgen-stained neural crest cells in the EEIS revealed that 72% of cells had a 2c and 9% a 4c DNA content while 18% were in S phase. Nerve cells had a 2c DNA content and prospective chondroblasts were in S phase. About 60-70% of S phase and 4c cells were observed at the margin of the culture. Neural crest-derived neuroblasts and melanoblasts obviously reacted catecholamine-positive upon formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF), while axons from the brain derivative were catecholamine-negative but acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-positive. Neural crest cells prior to visible differentiation and neural crest-derived neuroblasts were AChE-negative. Catecholamine-positive (= fluorescing) cells can be recognized as either neuro- or melanoblasts prior to displaying phenotypic features. In cultures incubated with 3H-Dopa, freeze-dried, treated with the FIF-procedure, and subjected to autoradiography, only melanoblasts specifically accumulated the label.", "contents": "The ectomesenchymal-endodermal interaction system of Triturus alpestris in tissue culture: morphological and histochemical characterization of developing neural derivatives. In the ectomesenchymal-endodermal interaction system (EEIS), a hanging drop culture in which an explant of neural fold from behind the prospective ear region of a Triturus alpestris neurula together with a piece of ventrolateral pharynx endoderm is cultivated, the differentiation of a variety of neural crest-derived cells (nerve cells, pigment cells, cartilage cells, perichondrial cells, Schwann cells) can be followed. While cartilage cells develop only in contact to pharynx endoderm, the differentiation of neural crest-derived neuroblasts, rhombencephalic brain derivatives and epidermis which segregate from the explant of neural fold, does not depend on the presence of pharynx endoderm. The development of neural derivatives was studied with respect to morphology and histochemistry. Outgrowing axons may be observed 2-3 days after the beginning of cultivation. The fibres increase in thickness and length during further development and frequently make contact with other cells. Cytophotometric measurements of Feulgen-stained neural crest cells in the EEIS revealed that 72% of cells had a 2c and 9% a 4c DNA content while 18% were in S phase. Nerve cells had a 2c DNA content and prospective chondroblasts were in S phase. About 60-70% of S phase and 4c cells were observed at the margin of the culture. Neural crest-derived neuroblasts and melanoblasts obviously reacted catecholamine-positive upon formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF), while axons from the brain derivative were catecholamine-negative but acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-positive. Neural crest cells prior to visible differentiation and neural crest-derived neuroblasts were AChE-negative. Catecholamine-positive (= fluorescing) cells can be recognized as either neuro- or melanoblasts prior to displaying phenotypic features. In cultures incubated with 3H-Dopa, freeze-dried, treated with the FIF-procedure, and subjected to autoradiography, only melanoblasts specifically accumulated the label.", "PMID": 700284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_267", "title": "Effect of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on differentiation. I. Probability distribution of BUdR-containing DNA-strands in subsequent divisions.", "content": "The consequences on transcription of BUdR substitution of the normal thymidine in nuclear DNA are analyzed from a probabilistic point of view. The probability that at any stage subsequent to the administration of BUdR, a randomly chosen cell will be able to make good transcripts is calculated both under the assumption that incorporation of BUdR is complete and under the assumption that incorporation is partial. In the latter case both gradually increasing and decreasing incorporation rates are considered. The presented calculations may be of value for the investigation of any type of differentiating cells. Using the example of the sea urchin embryo it is shown how to calculate the probability that a particular group of cells, which in further development differentiate to a certain organ, will inherit as sufficient number of essential genes unaffected by BUdR in order to ensure a normal development. It is shown that the probability that the four macromeres (or micromeres) in the vegetal half of the 16-cell stage of the sea urchin embryo will contain at least one, two or four plus (or minus) strands of DNA uninfluenced by BUdR gradually decreases the earlier BUdR is administered. The theoretical calculations are in agreement with experimental observations on sea urchin embryos (described in part II).", "contents": "Effect of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on differentiation. I. Probability distribution of BUdR-containing DNA-strands in subsequent divisions. The consequences on transcription of BUdR substitution of the normal thymidine in nuclear DNA are analyzed from a probabilistic point of view. The probability that at any stage subsequent to the administration of BUdR, a randomly chosen cell will be able to make good transcripts is calculated both under the assumption that incorporation of BUdR is complete and under the assumption that incorporation is partial. In the latter case both gradually increasing and decreasing incorporation rates are considered. The presented calculations may be of value for the investigation of any type of differentiating cells. Using the example of the sea urchin embryo it is shown how to calculate the probability that a particular group of cells, which in further development differentiate to a certain organ, will inherit as sufficient number of essential genes unaffected by BUdR in order to ensure a normal development. It is shown that the probability that the four macromeres (or micromeres) in the vegetal half of the 16-cell stage of the sea urchin embryo will contain at least one, two or four plus (or minus) strands of DNA uninfluenced by BUdR gradually decreases the earlier BUdR is administered. The theoretical calculations are in agreement with experimental observations on sea urchin embryos (described in part II).", "PMID": 700285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_268", "title": "[Surgical management of ventricular septal defect and coarctation of the aorta. Observations on 40 cases, with particular references to infancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Forty patients with V.S.D. and coarctation of the aorta were operated on at Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ospedali Riuniti Bergamo. Surgical management of infants with V.S.D. and coarctation depends on the magnitude of the left to right shunt. Patients may therefore be divided into two groups: 1) those with aortic coarctation and a small V.S.D., who have normal or slightly elevated pulmonary artery pressure. If surgery is required, these patients can be successfully treated by repairing the coarctation alone. Ten cases in our series were operated on using this approach without deaths; 2) patients with coarctation and large V.S.D. and pulmonary hypertension. The management of these infants is controversial. One stage repair was used in four cases without deaths. On the other hand, nine out of 11 patients in whom the V.S.D. was left unrepaired at the same operation died, giving a 81.8% mortality rate. Repair of coarctation with simultaneous banding of the pulmonary artery was equally affected by high mortality. With this approach in 13 patients there were seven deaths, giving a 53.8% mortality rate.", "contents": "[Surgical management of ventricular septal defect and coarctation of the aorta. Observations on 40 cases, with particular references to infancy (author's transl)]. Forty patients with V.S.D. and coarctation of the aorta were operated on at Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ospedali Riuniti Bergamo. Surgical management of infants with V.S.D. and coarctation depends on the magnitude of the left to right shunt. Patients may therefore be divided into two groups: 1) those with aortic coarctation and a small V.S.D., who have normal or slightly elevated pulmonary artery pressure. If surgery is required, these patients can be successfully treated by repairing the coarctation alone. Ten cases in our series were operated on using this approach without deaths; 2) patients with coarctation and large V.S.D. and pulmonary hypertension. The management of these infants is controversial. One stage repair was used in four cases without deaths. On the other hand, nine out of 11 patients in whom the V.S.D. was left unrepaired at the same operation died, giving a 81.8% mortality rate. Repair of coarctation with simultaneous banding of the pulmonary artery was equally affected by high mortality. With this approach in 13 patients there were seven deaths, giving a 53.8% mortality rate.", "PMID": 700294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_269", "title": "[Primary repair of large ventricular septal defects in the first year of life (author's transl)].", "content": "It has been our policy at Harefield Hospital since 1971 to perform primary repair of large ventricular septal defects in the first year of life if there is severe intractable cardiac failure or persistent pulmonary hypertension in infants approaching the first year of age. Twenty-six infants underwent repair; their ages were between one and twelve months. One child died early. The remaining 25 have been followed up for between 6 and 78 months (mean 30.3 months). There have been no late deaths and all children are asymptomatic. Late, postoperative cardiac catheterization was performed in 17 patients. This showed that in all the patients the pulmonary artery pressure was normal and there were no residual shunts. It is concluded that primary repair of large ventricular septal defects in the first year of life gives good results and appears to prevent pulmonary hypertension.", "contents": "[Primary repair of large ventricular septal defects in the first year of life (author's transl)]. It has been our policy at Harefield Hospital since 1971 to perform primary repair of large ventricular septal defects in the first year of life if there is severe intractable cardiac failure or persistent pulmonary hypertension in infants approaching the first year of age. Twenty-six infants underwent repair; their ages were between one and twelve months. One child died early. The remaining 25 have been followed up for between 6 and 78 months (mean 30.3 months). There have been no late deaths and all children are asymptomatic. Late, postoperative cardiac catheterization was performed in 17 patients. This showed that in all the patients the pulmonary artery pressure was normal and there were no residual shunts. It is concluded that primary repair of large ventricular septal defects in the first year of life gives good results and appears to prevent pulmonary hypertension.", "PMID": 700295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_270", "title": "[The coarctation of the aorta in the adults. Long term results over 10 years (author's transl)].", "content": "From May 1964 through December 1976, at the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Padova, Medical School, 148 patients underwent surgery for coarctation of the aorta; 62 of them where 18 years of age or older. The Authors deal particularly with the clinical symptoms, the operative findings, the surgical technique and the postoperative complications of their series. The early (only three operative deaths) and late results are considered satisfactory, and are discussed according particularly to the type of surgical intervention.", "contents": "[The coarctation of the aorta in the adults. Long term results over 10 years (author's transl)]. From May 1964 through December 1976, at the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Padova, Medical School, 148 patients underwent surgery for coarctation of the aorta; 62 of them where 18 years of age or older. The Authors deal particularly with the clinical symptoms, the operative findings, the surgical technique and the postoperative complications of their series. The early (only three operative deaths) and late results are considered satisfactory, and are discussed according particularly to the type of surgical intervention.", "PMID": 700297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_271", "title": "[Histological study of the coronary arteries during the first six months of life (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors report on the results of a preliminary study on the histological aspects of the coronary arteries during the first six months in the life of the infant. After having reviewed the data relative to the distribution according to sex and age, the causes of death and the localization of the alterations, they draw attention to the discordant opinions still held to date on the pathogenetical interpretations of the medical reports under their observation particularly in reference to the connections with coronary arteriosclerosis in the adult.", "contents": "[Histological study of the coronary arteries during the first six months of life (author's transl)]. The Authors report on the results of a preliminary study on the histological aspects of the coronary arteries during the first six months in the life of the infant. After having reviewed the data relative to the distribution according to sex and age, the causes of death and the localization of the alterations, they draw attention to the discordant opinions still held to date on the pathogenetical interpretations of the medical reports under their observation particularly in reference to the connections with coronary arteriosclerosis in the adult.", "PMID": 700298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_272", "title": "[The control of the atrio-ventricular reciprocating tachyarrhythmias. A preliminary electrophysiological study and comparison between amiodarone and verapamil (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of amiodarone (2.5 mg/Kg i.v.) and of verapamil (0.1 mg/Kg i.v.) on refractory periods and on conduction of structures interested in the reciprocating circuit, as well as on the possible echo zones, were comparatively evaluated through electrophysiological test in 8 patients, four of which with W.P.W. from Kent bundle, and four with double A-V pass with reciprocating supraventricular tachicardia (RST) documented crises. None of the two drugs seems to have the theorical requirements of balanced effect to be chosen for the antiarrhythmic prophylaxis in patients with ventricular pre-excitement. In patients with double A-V pass, while both drugs have a sufficiently balanced and regular action on refractory periods and on conduction the irregularity of their effects on echo zones appears to restrict their validity in chronical therapy. According to the Authors, the only useful criteria for the choice of an antiarrhythmic drug for the prophilaxis of R.S.T. to be derived through extrapolation from these electrophysiological tests are: 1) the functional suppression of a circuit structure; 2) the evaluation of effects on echo zones; 3) the possibility or not the evoking R.S.T.", "contents": "[The control of the atrio-ventricular reciprocating tachyarrhythmias. A preliminary electrophysiological study and comparison between amiodarone and verapamil (author's transl)]. The effects of amiodarone (2.5 mg/Kg i.v.) and of verapamil (0.1 mg/Kg i.v.) on refractory periods and on conduction of structures interested in the reciprocating circuit, as well as on the possible echo zones, were comparatively evaluated through electrophysiological test in 8 patients, four of which with W.P.W. from Kent bundle, and four with double A-V pass with reciprocating supraventricular tachicardia (RST) documented crises. None of the two drugs seems to have the theorical requirements of balanced effect to be chosen for the antiarrhythmic prophylaxis in patients with ventricular pre-excitement. In patients with double A-V pass, while both drugs have a sufficiently balanced and regular action on refractory periods and on conduction the irregularity of their effects on echo zones appears to restrict their validity in chronical therapy. According to the Authors, the only useful criteria for the choice of an antiarrhythmic drug for the prophilaxis of R.S.T. to be derived through extrapolation from these electrophysiological tests are: 1) the functional suppression of a circuit structure; 2) the evaluation of effects on echo zones; 3) the possibility or not the evoking R.S.T.", "PMID": 700299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_273", "title": "[Doppler echocardiography in the diagnosis of tricuspid anomalies (author's transl)].", "content": "Doppler echocardiography has been applied in a study of the tricuspid and central venous blood velocity curves in a number of cases, including eleven cases of insufficiency, six cases of stenosis, five cases of steno-insufficiency of the tricuspid valve and one case of Ebstein's disease. The tracings were compared to normal reports and to those appartaining to a few patients with right ventricular failure from different causes. For six patients the venous blood velocity curve was recorded contemporaneously with the right atrioventricular pressure curves. Doppler echocardiography has proved that it can offer useful indications on tricuspid anomalies. The analysis of the central venous and tricuspid blood velocity curve allows us to detect hemodynamic alterations characteristic of this valvular disease.", "contents": "[Doppler echocardiography in the diagnosis of tricuspid anomalies (author's transl)]. Doppler echocardiography has been applied in a study of the tricuspid and central venous blood velocity curves in a number of cases, including eleven cases of insufficiency, six cases of stenosis, five cases of steno-insufficiency of the tricuspid valve and one case of Ebstein's disease. The tracings were compared to normal reports and to those appartaining to a few patients with right ventricular failure from different causes. For six patients the venous blood velocity curve was recorded contemporaneously with the right atrioventricular pressure curves. Doppler echocardiography has proved that it can offer useful indications on tricuspid anomalies. The analysis of the central venous and tricuspid blood velocity curve allows us to detect hemodynamic alterations characteristic of this valvular disease.", "PMID": 700300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_274", "title": "[Rheumatoid heart: report of a case with endomyocardial injury and severe arrhythmias (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors describe the case of a 61 year old man suffering from rheumatoid arthritis; the diagnosis of \"rheumatoid heart\" was made on the basis of the humoral findings and of the clinico-ecgraphic picture of endocardial (mitral incompetence) and myocardial injuries. The different complications impairing the heart rhythm (FA, tachycardia S.V., and episodes of tachycardia V., torsade de pointes type) and the A-V and the I.V. conduction (RBBB phase 3, LBBB phase 4, BAV 1st, 2nd and 3rd degree) which determined the recurrence of episodes of heart block and required adequate intensive cardiological treatment, are described. In conclusion, the significance of the persistance of the L.A.D. in the course of complete LBBB and the discovery of an unusual type of escape-capture bigeminy in the course of 2nd degree BAV is discussed.", "contents": "[Rheumatoid heart: report of a case with endomyocardial injury and severe arrhythmias (author's transl)]. The Authors describe the case of a 61 year old man suffering from rheumatoid arthritis; the diagnosis of \"rheumatoid heart\" was made on the basis of the humoral findings and of the clinico-ecgraphic picture of endocardial (mitral incompetence) and myocardial injuries. The different complications impairing the heart rhythm (FA, tachycardia S.V., and episodes of tachycardia V., torsade de pointes type) and the A-V and the I.V. conduction (RBBB phase 3, LBBB phase 4, BAV 1st, 2nd and 3rd degree) which determined the recurrence of episodes of heart block and required adequate intensive cardiological treatment, are described. In conclusion, the significance of the persistance of the L.A.D. in the course of complete LBBB and the discovery of an unusual type of escape-capture bigeminy in the course of 2nd degree BAV is discussed.", "PMID": 700301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_275", "title": "[Stimulation by automatic scanning in the long-term treatment of hyperkinetic arrhythmias (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of programmed stimulation in the long-term treatment of re-entry tachycardia offers encouraging perspectives. Among the others proposed the \"scanning\" system seems to be the most effective. However, an implantable stimulator with such pictures is not yet available and a temporary electrode is thus required. These difficulties have been overcome utilizing the radiofrequency as a sincronizing and stimuli-producing means. An implantable appliance was therefore designed which is triggered by the patient himself and automatically researches the zone of interruption of tachycardia by exploring the R-R cycle. The program of external transmitter which can produce one or two sincronized impulses, seams the cycle with progressive steps of 10 msec each; when tachycardia is interrupted, further stimulation is inhibited. The implanted part of the appliance connected with a normal endocavitary electrode, does not have any power supply and thus is very small. The efficacy of this method has been shown in 4 junctional reciprocating and 1 ventricular recurrent chronic tachycardias, resistent to conventional pharmacologic therapy.", "contents": "[Stimulation by automatic scanning in the long-term treatment of hyperkinetic arrhythmias (author's transl)]. The use of programmed stimulation in the long-term treatment of re-entry tachycardia offers encouraging perspectives. Among the others proposed the \"scanning\" system seems to be the most effective. However, an implantable stimulator with such pictures is not yet available and a temporary electrode is thus required. These difficulties have been overcome utilizing the radiofrequency as a sincronizing and stimuli-producing means. An implantable appliance was therefore designed which is triggered by the patient himself and automatically researches the zone of interruption of tachycardia by exploring the R-R cycle. The program of external transmitter which can produce one or two sincronized impulses, seams the cycle with progressive steps of 10 msec each; when tachycardia is interrupted, further stimulation is inhibited. The implanted part of the appliance connected with a normal endocavitary electrode, does not have any power supply and thus is very small. The efficacy of this method has been shown in 4 junctional reciprocating and 1 ventricular recurrent chronic tachycardias, resistent to conventional pharmacologic therapy.", "PMID": 700303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_276", "title": "Computed body tomography and gray scale ultrasonography: anatomic correlations and pitfalls in the upper abdomen.", "content": "From over 1,000 computed body tomographic and 10,000 gray scale ultrasonographic studies of the abdomen, a number of close anatomic relationships leading to the commonest pitfalls in diagnosis are reviewed. Scanning techniques developed to prevent interpretive errors are described.", "contents": "Computed body tomography and gray scale ultrasonography: anatomic correlations and pitfalls in the upper abdomen. From over 1,000 computed body tomographic and 10,000 gray scale ultrasonographic studies of the abdomen, a number of close anatomic relationships leading to the commonest pitfalls in diagnosis are reviewed. Scanning techniques developed to prevent interpretive errors are described.", "PMID": 700306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_277", "title": "Pancreatic pseudotumors: computed tomography.", "content": "Although pancreatic disease is suspected initially by historical or biochemical findings, the nature of the pathologic process in the past was frequently established only through invasive procedures. Inferences can be drawn from routine roentgenologic examinations, but visualization of the pancreas has only recently been achieved. Of the currently available noninvasive imaging procedures, computed tomography, in our opinion, is the screening procedure of choice. Care in the interpretation of pancreatic masses must be exercised since some of the findings can be attributed to anatomic variants, normal adjacent structures, or other neighboring pathologic processes.", "contents": "Pancreatic pseudotumors: computed tomography. Although pancreatic disease is suspected initially by historical or biochemical findings, the nature of the pathologic process in the past was frequently established only through invasive procedures. Inferences can be drawn from routine roentgenologic examinations, but visualization of the pancreas has only recently been achieved. Of the currently available noninvasive imaging procedures, computed tomography, in our opinion, is the screening procedure of choice. Care in the interpretation of pancreatic masses must be exercised since some of the findings can be attributed to anatomic variants, normal adjacent structures, or other neighboring pathologic processes.", "PMID": 700307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_278", "title": "Ultrasonic evaluation of the pancreas.", "content": "With the advent of new gray scale imaging techniques, ultrasound plays a major role in the diagnosis of pancreatic lesions. As a noninvasive, nonionizing, accurate, and inexpensive diagnostic modality that directly images the pancreatic gland, ultrasound can be used as a primary screening tool. It is helpful in confirming the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis and in detecting and following pseudocysts and other complications. Neoplasms can be detected with a high rate of accuracy, and by assessing the presence of ascites or metastatic foci in the liver, ultrasound can aid in the staging of the neoplastic process. Bowel gas and obesity remain serious limitations to adequate examination, and in these patients computed tomography offers a complementary modality.", "contents": "Ultrasonic evaluation of the pancreas. With the advent of new gray scale imaging techniques, ultrasound plays a major role in the diagnosis of pancreatic lesions. As a noninvasive, nonionizing, accurate, and inexpensive diagnostic modality that directly images the pancreatic gland, ultrasound can be used as a primary screening tool. It is helpful in confirming the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis and in detecting and following pseudocysts and other complications. Neoplasms can be detected with a high rate of accuracy, and by assessing the presence of ascites or metastatic foci in the liver, ultrasound can aid in the staging of the neoplastic process. Bowel gas and obesity remain serious limitations to adequate examination, and in these patients computed tomography offers a complementary modality.", "PMID": 700308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_279", "title": "Hepatobiliary disease: a comparative evaluation by ultrasound and computed tomography.", "content": "Ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) are both relatively new techniques for evaluating gallbladder and biliary disease. Ultrasound is more sensitive than CT for detecting the presence of gallstones because of partial volume averaging errors which occur with CT. Both modalities are sensitive methods of differentiating jaundice due to intrahepatic disease from extrahepatic obstruction. However, CT should not be considered a screening test at the present time and should be reserved for selected cases where ultrasound is unable to produce diagnostically acceptable information.", "contents": "Hepatobiliary disease: a comparative evaluation by ultrasound and computed tomography. Ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) are both relatively new techniques for evaluating gallbladder and biliary disease. Ultrasound is more sensitive than CT for detecting the presence of gallstones because of partial volume averaging errors which occur with CT. Both modalities are sensitive methods of differentiating jaundice due to intrahepatic disease from extrahepatic obstruction. However, CT should not be considered a screening test at the present time and should be reserved for selected cases where ultrasound is unable to produce diagnostically acceptable information.", "PMID": 700309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_280", "title": "Ultrasonography of abdominal fluid collections.", "content": "Ultrasonic examination of abdominal fluid collections sometimes allows identification of the nature of the contained fluid. Abscesses, hematomas, and lymphoceles tend to be ellipsoidal unless confined by particularly resistant structures. Abscesses often contain fine debris. Hematomas develop coarse clumps of strongly echoing material as they age. Lymphoceles have sharp walls and are echo-free. Ascites has an irregular outline, a sharply defined wall, and is echo-free. There may be bowel loops floating in it. Pseudocysts have a widely variable appearance. Bowel loopes that are distended with fluid often show peristalsis. Ultrasonically directed fine needle puncture allows confirmation of the nature of the fluid.", "contents": "Ultrasonography of abdominal fluid collections. Ultrasonic examination of abdominal fluid collections sometimes allows identification of the nature of the contained fluid. Abscesses, hematomas, and lymphoceles tend to be ellipsoidal unless confined by particularly resistant structures. Abscesses often contain fine debris. Hematomas develop coarse clumps of strongly echoing material as they age. Lymphoceles have sharp walls and are echo-free. Ascites has an irregular outline, a sharply defined wall, and is echo-free. There may be bowel loops floating in it. Pseudocysts have a widely variable appearance. Bowel loopes that are distended with fluid often show peristalsis. Ultrasonically directed fine needle puncture allows confirmation of the nature of the fluid.", "PMID": 700310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_281", "title": "Ultrasound and gallium for the diagnosis of abdominal and pelvic abscesses.", "content": "Two hundred and twenty-two patients presented with clinical suspicion of an abdominal or pelvic abscess. Abscesses tend to locate in the perihepatic spaces or the pelvis, and these areas can easily be examined by ultrasound, using the liver or the urinary bladder as acoustic windows. Thirty-eight of 42 abdominal abscesses, and 32 of 33 pelvic abscesses were correctly diagnosed and located by ultrasound, giving a sensitivity of 93.3%. Of the 145 patients without abscesses, 143 were correctly excluded, giving a specificity of 98.6%. Thirty of these patients also underwent gallium 67 examination. This detected all 7 true negatives and all 10 abscesses, 1 of which was missed by ultrasound. Of the remaining 13 patients with positive gallium results, 10 had nonspecific uptake in diffuse inflammatory conditions, and 3 were false positives with uptake in bowel or in a surgical wound. In those patients with nonspecific gallium uptake, ultrasound was valuable in documenting the absence of an abscess cavity. Conversely, gallium detected a left subphrenic abscess missed by ultrasound. For reasons of economy, speed, and high sensitivity, we believe that ultrasound should be the initial screening procedure for patients with clinical suspicion of abdominal or pelvic abscess. Gallium should be reserved for patients with equivocal ultrasound results of those with septic foci not revealed by ultrasound.", "contents": "Ultrasound and gallium for the diagnosis of abdominal and pelvic abscesses. Two hundred and twenty-two patients presented with clinical suspicion of an abdominal or pelvic abscess. Abscesses tend to locate in the perihepatic spaces or the pelvis, and these areas can easily be examined by ultrasound, using the liver or the urinary bladder as acoustic windows. Thirty-eight of 42 abdominal abscesses, and 32 of 33 pelvic abscesses were correctly diagnosed and located by ultrasound, giving a sensitivity of 93.3%. Of the 145 patients without abscesses, 143 were correctly excluded, giving a specificity of 98.6%. Thirty of these patients also underwent gallium 67 examination. This detected all 7 true negatives and all 10 abscesses, 1 of which was missed by ultrasound. Of the remaining 13 patients with positive gallium results, 10 had nonspecific uptake in diffuse inflammatory conditions, and 3 were false positives with uptake in bowel or in a surgical wound. In those patients with nonspecific gallium uptake, ultrasound was valuable in documenting the absence of an abscess cavity. Conversely, gallium detected a left subphrenic abscess missed by ultrasound. For reasons of economy, speed, and high sensitivity, we believe that ultrasound should be the initial screening procedure for patients with clinical suspicion of abdominal or pelvic abscess. Gallium should be reserved for patients with equivocal ultrasound results of those with septic foci not revealed by ultrasound.", "PMID": 700311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_282", "title": "Computed tomography in the diagnosis and management of abdominal abscesses.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) is effective in demonstrating abdominal abscesses and their relation to surrounding structures. The CT signs of abscess are not unlike those demonstrable radiographically and include an abnormal mass, obliteration and displacement of surrounding organs, inappropriate gas, and peripheral enhancement after intravenous contrast. Axial imaging permits selection of safe approaches through which percutaneous needle aspiration can be performed for diagnosis and therapy. When techniques similar to those employed in angiography are used, a catheter can be inserted, the abscess evacuated, and the catheter left in place as a drain. Combined with intravenous antibiotics, this method of abscess drainage has been successful in curing abscesses without surgery. Representative examples are shown.", "contents": "Computed tomography in the diagnosis and management of abdominal abscesses. Computed tomography (CT) is effective in demonstrating abdominal abscesses and their relation to surrounding structures. The CT signs of abscess are not unlike those demonstrable radiographically and include an abnormal mass, obliteration and displacement of surrounding organs, inappropriate gas, and peripheral enhancement after intravenous contrast. Axial imaging permits selection of safe approaches through which percutaneous needle aspiration can be performed for diagnosis and therapy. When techniques similar to those employed in angiography are used, a catheter can be inserted, the abscess evacuated, and the catheter left in place as a drain. Combined with intravenous antibiotics, this method of abscess drainage has been successful in curing abscesses without surgery. Representative examples are shown.", "PMID": 700312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_283", "title": "Ultrasound demonstration of lesions of the gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "An ultrasonographic pattern of mass lesions with strong central echoes appears to be specific for lesions of the luminal GI tract. Three lesions from different portions of the GI tract showing this appearance are presented. Although ultrasound is not the technique of choice in the diagnosis of lesions of the luminal gastrointestinal tract, it is sometimes preferable to perform ultrasound prior to barium studies, and hence it is important to recognize this characteristic appearance.", "contents": "Ultrasound demonstration of lesions of the gastrointestinal tract. An ultrasonographic pattern of mass lesions with strong central echoes appears to be specific for lesions of the luminal GI tract. Three lesions from different portions of the GI tract showing this appearance are presented. Although ultrasound is not the technique of choice in the diagnosis of lesions of the luminal gastrointestinal tract, it is sometimes preferable to perform ultrasound prior to barium studies, and hence it is important to recognize this characteristic appearance.", "PMID": 700313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_284", "title": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. A review of the rewards and indications.", "content": "Indications for endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERCP) have been poorly defined. We studied the symptoms in 161 patients who underwent ERCP and evaluated the results from four groups of indications: cholestasis, pancreatitis, suspected carcinoma of the pancreas, and pain of unknown etiology. The likelihood of finding abnormalities is discussed.", "contents": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. A review of the rewards and indications. Indications for endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERCP) have been poorly defined. We studied the symptoms in 161 patients who underwent ERCP and evaluated the results from four groups of indications: cholestasis, pancreatitis, suspected carcinoma of the pancreas, and pain of unknown etiology. The likelihood of finding abnormalities is discussed.", "PMID": 700314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_285", "title": "Endoscopic retrograde pancreaticocholangiography in chronic diseases of the pancreas and in papillary stenoses.", "content": "The extensive experience of the authors in endoscopic retorgrade pancreaticography is correlated with data in the literature to illustrate the spectrum of characteristic changes and diagnostic accuracy in several entities. These include chronic pancreatitis, calculous pancreatitis, necrotizing lesions and pseudocysts, carcinoma of the pancreas, and papillary stenosis, spasm, and carcinoma.", "contents": "Endoscopic retrograde pancreaticocholangiography in chronic diseases of the pancreas and in papillary stenoses. The extensive experience of the authors in endoscopic retorgrade pancreaticography is correlated with data in the literature to illustrate the spectrum of characteristic changes and diagnostic accuracy in several entities. These include chronic pancreatitis, calculous pancreatitis, necrotizing lesions and pseudocysts, carcinoma of the pancreas, and papillary stenosis, spasm, and carcinoma.", "PMID": 700315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_286", "title": "Detection of pancreatic pathology by ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.", "content": "Retrospective evaluation of the results of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and pancreatic ultrasonography in identifying those patients with a normal pancreas and those with a pancreatic abnormality revealed ultrasonography to have an overall accuracy of approximately 73%, whereas ERCP had an 85% accuracy, and both modalities had a combined accuracy of 92%. Both procedures were most accurate in the identification of patients with no disease, and both were least accurate in the identification of patients with chronic pancreatitis.", "contents": "Detection of pancreatic pathology by ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Retrospective evaluation of the results of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and pancreatic ultrasonography in identifying those patients with a normal pancreas and those with a pancreatic abnormality revealed ultrasonography to have an overall accuracy of approximately 73%, whereas ERCP had an 85% accuracy, and both modalities had a combined accuracy of 92%. Both procedures were most accurate in the identification of patients with no disease, and both were least accurate in the identification of patients with chronic pancreatitis.", "PMID": 700316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_287", "title": "Radiology of papilla of Vater stenosis.", "content": "The radiographic characteristics of the terminal pancreatic and biliary ducts were analyzed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in 25 patients with documented benign stenosis of the papilla of Vater. Demonstration of marked hypertrophy of the distal sphincter, mucosal hyperplasia or mucosal redundancy of the distal common bile duct, dilatation of the ducts, and prolonged retention of contrast media suggest papillary stenosis. The diagnosis of benign papillary stenosis, however, ultimately depends on physiologic measurements and response to therapy.", "contents": "Radiology of papilla of Vater stenosis. The radiographic characteristics of the terminal pancreatic and biliary ducts were analyzed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in 25 patients with documented benign stenosis of the papilla of Vater. Demonstration of marked hypertrophy of the distal sphincter, mucosal hyperplasia or mucosal redundancy of the distal common bile duct, dilatation of the ducts, and prolonged retention of contrast media suggest papillary stenosis. The diagnosis of benign papillary stenosis, however, ultimately depends on physiologic measurements and response to therapy.", "PMID": 700317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_288", "title": "Choledochocele: radiologic diagnosis and endoscopic management.", "content": "A case of choledochocele, missed during exploratory laparotomy but managed by endoscopic biliary surgery, is presented.", "contents": "Choledochocele: radiologic diagnosis and endoscopic management. A case of choledochocele, missed during exploratory laparotomy but managed by endoscopic biliary surgery, is presented.", "PMID": 700318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_289", "title": "Radiation exposure in patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic papillotomy.", "content": "Radiation exposure was studied in 327 patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, or endoscopic papillotomy taking into account fluoroscopy time and incident area exposure. The mean fluoroscopy time was 238 +/- 152 seconds and the incident area exposure 3,730 +/- 2,790 R X cm2. These results were compared with standard exposures in upper GI series and colon examinations as found in the literature.", "contents": "Radiation exposure in patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic papillotomy. Radiation exposure was studied in 327 patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, or endoscopic papillotomy taking into account fluoroscopy time and incident area exposure. The mean fluoroscopy time was 238 +/- 152 seconds and the incident area exposure 3,730 +/- 2,790 R X cm2. These results were compared with standard exposures in upper GI series and colon examinations as found in the literature.", "PMID": 700319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_290", "title": "Role of Clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis.", "content": "Tissue cultures were performed on stools from 189 patients to detect a cytopathic toxin which is neutralized by Clostridium sordellii antitoxin. Specimens satisfying these criteria were considered positive in the tissue culture assay. Stools from 26 of 27 patients with antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis were positive and 16 of these specimens showed toxin titers of 10(-3) dilutions or greater. The tissue culture assay was positive with specimens from 9 of 63 patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea without documented pseudomembrane formation. Stools from patients with neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, ulcerative colitis, and healthy controls were uniformly negative in this assay. Cultures were performed on stools from 38 patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea or colitis to detect clostridia which produce a cytopathic toxin in vitro. Clostridium difficile was recovered from 6 of 8 specimens which were positive in the tissue culture assay and 5 of 30 which were negative in this assay. C. sordellii was recovered in a single specimen. One hundred and nine clostridia strains were tested in the tissue culture assay and C. difficile was the only species which produced a cytopathic toxin. All strains of this organism were positive in the tissue culture assay and, in each instance, cytotoxicity was neutralized by C. sordellii antitoxin. These results indicate that C. difficile is the major cause of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis and offer an explanation for previous studies showing that the cytotoxin of stools from these patients is neutralized by C, sordellii antitoxin.", "contents": "Role of Clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. Tissue cultures were performed on stools from 189 patients to detect a cytopathic toxin which is neutralized by Clostridium sordellii antitoxin. Specimens satisfying these criteria were considered positive in the tissue culture assay. Stools from 26 of 27 patients with antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis were positive and 16 of these specimens showed toxin titers of 10(-3) dilutions or greater. The tissue culture assay was positive with specimens from 9 of 63 patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea without documented pseudomembrane formation. Stools from patients with neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, ulcerative colitis, and healthy controls were uniformly negative in this assay. Cultures were performed on stools from 38 patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea or colitis to detect clostridia which produce a cytopathic toxin in vitro. Clostridium difficile was recovered from 6 of 8 specimens which were positive in the tissue culture assay and 5 of 30 which were negative in this assay. C. sordellii was recovered in a single specimen. One hundred and nine clostridia strains were tested in the tissue culture assay and C. difficile was the only species which produced a cytopathic toxin. All strains of this organism were positive in the tissue culture assay and, in each instance, cytotoxicity was neutralized by C. sordellii antitoxin. These results indicate that C. difficile is the major cause of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis and offer an explanation for previous studies showing that the cytotoxin of stools from these patients is neutralized by C, sordellii antitoxin.", "PMID": 700321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_291", "title": "Experimentally induced intestinal metaplasia in Wistar rats by X-ray irradiation.", "content": "The gastric region of 5-week-old female Wistar rats was irradiated daily with 500 rad of X-ray up to a total of six times. Goblet cells and marker enzymes of the small intestine, such as lactase, trehalase, and maltase, appeared in the pyloric region of the glandular stomach of the rats from the 1st week after final irradiation. Intestinal type crypt without Paneth cells was observed from the 8th week. Sucrase activity appeared from the 26th week. Intestinal metaplasia with Paneth cells appeared from the 71st week. The number of goblet cells, intestinal type crypts, and Paneth cells increased with age. Gastric adenocarcinoma did not develop after irradiation.", "contents": "Experimentally induced intestinal metaplasia in Wistar rats by X-ray irradiation. The gastric region of 5-week-old female Wistar rats was irradiated daily with 500 rad of X-ray up to a total of six times. Goblet cells and marker enzymes of the small intestine, such as lactase, trehalase, and maltase, appeared in the pyloric region of the glandular stomach of the rats from the 1st week after final irradiation. Intestinal type crypt without Paneth cells was observed from the 8th week. Sucrase activity appeared from the 26th week. Intestinal metaplasia with Paneth cells appeared from the 71st week. The number of goblet cells, intestinal type crypts, and Paneth cells increased with age. Gastric adenocarcinoma did not develop after irradiation.", "PMID": 700322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_292", "title": "Immune responses in human colon cancer. I. Microcytotoxicity assay for measuring killing of adherent human colon cancer cell lines.", "content": "A short term microcytotoxicity assay system using radioisotope release as an index of target cell damage has been developed to evaluate immune killing of cultured adherent human colon cancer cell lines. Using this assay system, complement-dependent cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and spontaneous cell-mediated cytoxicity of adherent human colon cancer cell lines can be assessed in 4 hr or less. An essential step in the development of this system was the successful 51Cr-labeling of human colon cancer target cells with subsequent low spontaneous release. This was achieved through careful attention to cellular growth phase and medium pH during the labeling and assay period. In this microsystem, labeled colon cancer cells spontaneously released 51Cr at a mean rate of 2% per hr during the assay, a level low enough not to obscure specific cytotoxic responses. Complement-dependent cytoxicity was measured most conveniently over a 2-hr period, whereas antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity were optimal when measured over a 4-hr period.", "contents": "Immune responses in human colon cancer. I. Microcytotoxicity assay for measuring killing of adherent human colon cancer cell lines. A short term microcytotoxicity assay system using radioisotope release as an index of target cell damage has been developed to evaluate immune killing of cultured adherent human colon cancer cell lines. Using this assay system, complement-dependent cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and spontaneous cell-mediated cytoxicity of adherent human colon cancer cell lines can be assessed in 4 hr or less. An essential step in the development of this system was the successful 51Cr-labeling of human colon cancer target cells with subsequent low spontaneous release. This was achieved through careful attention to cellular growth phase and medium pH during the labeling and assay period. In this microsystem, labeled colon cancer cells spontaneously released 51Cr at a mean rate of 2% per hr during the assay, a level low enough not to obscure specific cytotoxic responses. Complement-dependent cytoxicity was measured most conveniently over a 2-hr period, whereas antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity were optimal when measured over a 4-hr period.", "PMID": 700323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_293", "title": "Comparison of intravenous amino acids in the stimulation of gastric secretion.", "content": "This study was undertaken to compare the potency of L- and D-isomers of natural amino acids (AA's) infused intravenously for stimulation of gastric acid secretion in 3 dogs with Heidenhain pouches (HP) and gastric fistulae. L-Isomers of all natural AA's were found to stimulate acid secretion from the HP, whereas D-isomers were significantly less effective. The most potent L-isomers of AA's were histidine, phenylalanine, glycine, tryptophan, and alanine, which caused an increase in acid output reaching, respectively, 63, 45, 42, 39, and 33% of the maximal response to histamine. The stimulation of acid secretion was not accompanied by any significant change in serum gastrin level. Distention of the HP during intravenous infusion of L-histidine or L-phenylalanie solution caused a pressure-related increase in acid output reaching a peak at 30 cm distention pressure. Decreasing the luminal pH of the HP in sequential order from 7.0 to 2.5 resulted in a stepwise reduction of the HP response to intravenous histidine or phenylalanine, falling at pH 2.5 to about 20% of the peak response achieved at pH 7.0. Metiamide caused a profound reduction of histidine but had only a slight effect on acid secretion induced by intravenous infusion of other AA's suggesting that histidine excites the oxyntic cells mainly through the transformation to histamine and activation of H2-receptors. Atropine also suppressed gastric acid secretion stimulated by intravenous AA infusion, suggesting a role of a cholinergic mechanism in this stimulation. We conclude that L- and, to a lesser degree, D-isomers of natural AA's infused intravenously cause stimulation of gastric acid secretion by a gastrin-independent mechanism sensitive to distention pressure and pH of gastric content.", "contents": "Comparison of intravenous amino acids in the stimulation of gastric secretion. This study was undertaken to compare the potency of L- and D-isomers of natural amino acids (AA's) infused intravenously for stimulation of gastric acid secretion in 3 dogs with Heidenhain pouches (HP) and gastric fistulae. L-Isomers of all natural AA's were found to stimulate acid secretion from the HP, whereas D-isomers were significantly less effective. The most potent L-isomers of AA's were histidine, phenylalanine, glycine, tryptophan, and alanine, which caused an increase in acid output reaching, respectively, 63, 45, 42, 39, and 33% of the maximal response to histamine. The stimulation of acid secretion was not accompanied by any significant change in serum gastrin level. Distention of the HP during intravenous infusion of L-histidine or L-phenylalanie solution caused a pressure-related increase in acid output reaching a peak at 30 cm distention pressure. Decreasing the luminal pH of the HP in sequential order from 7.0 to 2.5 resulted in a stepwise reduction of the HP response to intravenous histidine or phenylalanine, falling at pH 2.5 to about 20% of the peak response achieved at pH 7.0. Metiamide caused a profound reduction of histidine but had only a slight effect on acid secretion induced by intravenous infusion of other AA's suggesting that histidine excites the oxyntic cells mainly through the transformation to histamine and activation of H2-receptors. Atropine also suppressed gastric acid secretion stimulated by intravenous AA infusion, suggesting a role of a cholinergic mechanism in this stimulation. We conclude that L- and, to a lesser degree, D-isomers of natural AA's infused intravenously cause stimulation of gastric acid secretion by a gastrin-independent mechanism sensitive to distention pressure and pH of gastric content.", "PMID": 700324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_294", "title": "Effects of somatostatin on the external secretion of the pancreas of the rat.", "content": "The effects of somatostatin on the secretions of the exocrine pancreas were studied in anesthetized and conscious fistula rats. Somatostatin resulted in a dose-dependent decrease of basal secretion (flow, bicarbonate, protein) in conscious rats. In anesthetized rats, basal secretion was initially augmented by bolus injections of 10 to 50 microgram per kg and was subsequently decreased by venous infusions of somatostatin at 1.5 to 100 microgram.kg-1.hr-1. This inhibition, which was poorly dose dependent, was greater for protein secretion than for that of water and electrolytes. Somatostatin inhibited caerulein-stimulated protein secretion by 40 to 50% but had no effect on secretion stimulated by exogenous and endogenous secretin. Somatostatin markedly inhibited secretion stimulated by 2-deoxyglucose and by electrical stimulation of the vagus nerves in a dose-dependent fashion (protein and bicarbonate exhibited a maximal inhibition of 85%). Acetylcholine-stimulated secretion was also inhibited by somatostatin, but the maximal inhibitions observed were only 505 for protein and 60% for bicarbonate. These findings agree with the hypothesis that somatostatin infusion leads to both a decrease of acetylcholine release at nerve endings and to a direct inhibition at the level of pancreatic effector cells.", "contents": "Effects of somatostatin on the external secretion of the pancreas of the rat. The effects of somatostatin on the secretions of the exocrine pancreas were studied in anesthetized and conscious fistula rats. Somatostatin resulted in a dose-dependent decrease of basal secretion (flow, bicarbonate, protein) in conscious rats. In anesthetized rats, basal secretion was initially augmented by bolus injections of 10 to 50 microgram per kg and was subsequently decreased by venous infusions of somatostatin at 1.5 to 100 microgram.kg-1.hr-1. This inhibition, which was poorly dose dependent, was greater for protein secretion than for that of water and electrolytes. Somatostatin inhibited caerulein-stimulated protein secretion by 40 to 50% but had no effect on secretion stimulated by exogenous and endogenous secretin. Somatostatin markedly inhibited secretion stimulated by 2-deoxyglucose and by electrical stimulation of the vagus nerves in a dose-dependent fashion (protein and bicarbonate exhibited a maximal inhibition of 85%). Acetylcholine-stimulated secretion was also inhibited by somatostatin, but the maximal inhibitions observed were only 505 for protein and 60% for bicarbonate. These findings agree with the hypothesis that somatostatin infusion leads to both a decrease of acetylcholine release at nerve endings and to a direct inhibition at the level of pancreatic effector cells.", "PMID": 700325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_295", "title": "Hepatic iron clearance from serum in treated hemochromatosis.", "content": "Hepatic iron uptake from transferrin has been studied in 7 patients with treated hemochromatosis. When compared with a control group with similar serum iron and transferrin saturation the hemochromatotics had a significantly higher 4-hr iron uptake value. Uptake in the precirrhotic and cirrhotic hemochromatotics was not significantly different, suggesting the existence of a cellular abnormality of hepatic iron metabolism in this disease. The results provide an explanation for the development of siderosis in some patients with idiopathic hemochromatosis and a normal serum iron concentration.", "contents": "Hepatic iron clearance from serum in treated hemochromatosis. Hepatic iron uptake from transferrin has been studied in 7 patients with treated hemochromatosis. When compared with a control group with similar serum iron and transferrin saturation the hemochromatotics had a significantly higher 4-hr iron uptake value. Uptake in the precirrhotic and cirrhotic hemochromatotics was not significantly different, suggesting the existence of a cellular abnormality of hepatic iron metabolism in this disease. The results provide an explanation for the development of siderosis in some patients with idiopathic hemochromatosis and a normal serum iron concentration.", "PMID": 700326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_296", "title": "Hepatitis B surface antigen carriers--to biopsy or not to biopsy.", "content": "In order to assess the frequency of significant liver disease in hepatitis B surface antigen carriers with normal liver tests, 54 such individuals were identified and prospectively followed for 4 to 48 months with monthly liver tests. Upon testing, 4 were found to carry e antigen and 14 carried e antibody (anti-e). During follow-up, only 4 patients, none of whom were e antigen-positive, developed persisting abnormalities in liver tests. Of the 23 patients who underwent percutaneous liver biopsies, normal histologies were found in 2, nonspecific changes (ground glass hepatocytes, focal necrosis, fatty changes, etc.) in 18, and chronic persistent hepatitis (with or without other nonspecific changes) in 3. Chronic active hepatitis and/or cirrhosis, lesions which may carry more serious prognostic implications, were not seen in any biopsies. Two of the 4 e antigen-positive patients consented to biopsy, both of whom had chronic persistent hepatitis. All 6 patients with anti-e who underwent biopsy had ground glass hepatocytes, which were found in only about 50% of the remaining patients. It is concluded that hepatitis B surface antigen carriers should be followed with serial liver tests, and those whom tests remain normal should not be considered for liver biopsy.", "contents": "Hepatitis B surface antigen carriers--to biopsy or not to biopsy. In order to assess the frequency of significant liver disease in hepatitis B surface antigen carriers with normal liver tests, 54 such individuals were identified and prospectively followed for 4 to 48 months with monthly liver tests. Upon testing, 4 were found to carry e antigen and 14 carried e antibody (anti-e). During follow-up, only 4 patients, none of whom were e antigen-positive, developed persisting abnormalities in liver tests. Of the 23 patients who underwent percutaneous liver biopsies, normal histologies were found in 2, nonspecific changes (ground glass hepatocytes, focal necrosis, fatty changes, etc.) in 18, and chronic persistent hepatitis (with or without other nonspecific changes) in 3. Chronic active hepatitis and/or cirrhosis, lesions which may carry more serious prognostic implications, were not seen in any biopsies. Two of the 4 e antigen-positive patients consented to biopsy, both of whom had chronic persistent hepatitis. All 6 patients with anti-e who underwent biopsy had ground glass hepatocytes, which were found in only about 50% of the remaining patients. It is concluded that hepatitis B surface antigen carriers should be followed with serial liver tests, and those whom tests remain normal should not be considered for liver biopsy.", "PMID": 700327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_297", "title": "Dane particles-associated hepatitis B core antigen in patients with HBsAg-positive chronic hepatitis.", "content": "Dane particles-associated hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) was determined by radioimmunoassay in 61 patients with hepatitis B surface antigen (HGsAg)-positive chronic hepatitis. HBc antigenemia was observed in 61% of patients, especially in those with epidemiological risk factors. Patients with chronic active hepatitis as well as those with chronic persistent hepatitis may have HBc antigenemia. The highest levels of HBcAg were observed in male homosexuals. Follow-up determinations indicate the general tendency of HBcAg to decrease or disappear. HBcAg-positive patients with chronic active hepatitis had a poor prognosis, whereas HBcAg-negative patients frequently had a favorable clinical course of the disease (P less than 0.001). The assay of HBcAg in the serum of patients with HBsAg-positive chronic active hepatitis is a useful parameter with both clinical and epidemiological importance.", "contents": "Dane particles-associated hepatitis B core antigen in patients with HBsAg-positive chronic hepatitis. Dane particles-associated hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) was determined by radioimmunoassay in 61 patients with hepatitis B surface antigen (HGsAg)-positive chronic hepatitis. HBc antigenemia was observed in 61% of patients, especially in those with epidemiological risk factors. Patients with chronic active hepatitis as well as those with chronic persistent hepatitis may have HBc antigenemia. The highest levels of HBcAg were observed in male homosexuals. Follow-up determinations indicate the general tendency of HBcAg to decrease or disappear. HBcAg-positive patients with chronic active hepatitis had a poor prognosis, whereas HBcAg-negative patients frequently had a favorable clinical course of the disease (P less than 0.001). The assay of HBcAg in the serum of patients with HBsAg-positive chronic active hepatitis is a useful parameter with both clinical and epidemiological importance.", "PMID": 700328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_298", "title": "Full and empty Dane particles in chronic hepatitis B virus infection: relation to hepatitis B e antigen and presence of liver damage.", "content": "Circulating complete and defective hepatitis B virus forms, as represented by full, DNA polymerase-positive and empty, DNA polymerase-negative Dane particles, respectively, were investigated in sera from patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection and related to the presence of e antigen and antibody and to the histological findings on liver biopsy. Complete hepatitis B virus particles were detected in the serum of all patients postive for e antigen, their percentage ranging from 15 to 61% of the total Dane particle population. Although most of these cases had chronic persistent or chronic active hepatitis, complete viral particles were also found in serum of 3 healthy carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen who had e antigen. These results indicate that e antigen is a marker of active virus replication and support its association with infectivity. It is also associated with liver damage because production of complete virus is a feature of chronic hepatitis. In the presence of anti-e, detection of Dane particles in serum appeared to be related to the histological findings. Most of the healthy carriers had no Dane particles in serum, whereas 80% of the cases with chronic liver disease had circulating Dane particles. However, in contrast to the cases with e antigen, 98 to 100% of Dane particles in these cases appeared to be defective in nucleic acid material on electron microscopy after positive staining. All of the patients with chronic active hepatitis in this group had progressed to cirrhosis and it is possible that production of complete virus particles is reduced in the later stages of the illness.", "contents": "Full and empty Dane particles in chronic hepatitis B virus infection: relation to hepatitis B e antigen and presence of liver damage. Circulating complete and defective hepatitis B virus forms, as represented by full, DNA polymerase-positive and empty, DNA polymerase-negative Dane particles, respectively, were investigated in sera from patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection and related to the presence of e antigen and antibody and to the histological findings on liver biopsy. Complete hepatitis B virus particles were detected in the serum of all patients postive for e antigen, their percentage ranging from 15 to 61% of the total Dane particle population. Although most of these cases had chronic persistent or chronic active hepatitis, complete viral particles were also found in serum of 3 healthy carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen who had e antigen. These results indicate that e antigen is a marker of active virus replication and support its association with infectivity. It is also associated with liver damage because production of complete virus is a feature of chronic hepatitis. In the presence of anti-e, detection of Dane particles in serum appeared to be related to the histological findings. Most of the healthy carriers had no Dane particles in serum, whereas 80% of the cases with chronic liver disease had circulating Dane particles. However, in contrast to the cases with e antigen, 98 to 100% of Dane particles in these cases appeared to be defective in nucleic acid material on electron microscopy after positive staining. All of the patients with chronic active hepatitis in this group had progressed to cirrhosis and it is possible that production of complete virus particles is reduced in the later stages of the illness.", "PMID": 700329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_299", "title": "Liver copper levels in intrahepatic cholestasis of childhood.", "content": "Liver copper concentration was studied in four groups of age-matched patients and in 9 patients with Wilson's disease of comparable age. Neutron activation analysis of hepatic copper concentration revealed markedly elevated hepatic copper levels, comparable with those in Wilson's disease, in 13 of 15 patients (P less than 0.001) with intrahepatic cholestasis of childhood. In 1 patient, autopsy confirmed very high liver copper values, whereas other tissues, including brain and kidney, gave normal results. Total plasma copper values were elevated in 11 of 13 patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of childhood (P less than 0.001); 24-hr urinary copper excretion was normal in 7 of 12 patients and slightly elevated in 5 (P less than 0.001). Kayser-Fleischer rings were sought in 10 patients and were absent. Hepatic copper concentration was not accurately predicted by plasma copper or 24-hr urinary copper. However, increased urinary copper excretion was associated with hepatic copper concentration greater than 250 microgram per g. It is concluded that copper metabolism is abnormal in intrahepatic cholestastis of childhood and can be distinguished from Wilson's disease. If hepatic copper concentration is greater than 250 microgram per g, copper chelation therapy should be considered.", "contents": "Liver copper levels in intrahepatic cholestasis of childhood. Liver copper concentration was studied in four groups of age-matched patients and in 9 patients with Wilson's disease of comparable age. Neutron activation analysis of hepatic copper concentration revealed markedly elevated hepatic copper levels, comparable with those in Wilson's disease, in 13 of 15 patients (P less than 0.001) with intrahepatic cholestasis of childhood. In 1 patient, autopsy confirmed very high liver copper values, whereas other tissues, including brain and kidney, gave normal results. Total plasma copper values were elevated in 11 of 13 patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of childhood (P less than 0.001); 24-hr urinary copper excretion was normal in 7 of 12 patients and slightly elevated in 5 (P less than 0.001). Kayser-Fleischer rings were sought in 10 patients and were absent. Hepatic copper concentration was not accurately predicted by plasma copper or 24-hr urinary copper. However, increased urinary copper excretion was associated with hepatic copper concentration greater than 250 microgram per g. It is concluded that copper metabolism is abnormal in intrahepatic cholestastis of childhood and can be distinguished from Wilson's disease. If hepatic copper concentration is greater than 250 microgram per g, copper chelation therapy should be considered.", "PMID": 700330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_300", "title": "Nocturnal gallbladder storage and emptying in gallstone patients and healthy subjects.", "content": "Nocturnal hepatic bile is supersaturated with cholesterol, and increased storage of this \"lithogenic\" bile in gallstone patients might explain why they more frequently have supersaturated fasting state gallbladder bile than patients without gallstone disease. To test this possibility, we measured the fraction of nocturnal hepatic bile stored in the gallbladder in 5 patients whose gallstones had been previously dissolved by chenodeoxycholic acid, in 5 control subjects without gallstone disease matched for age, sex, and weight, and in 5 young healthy males. We developed a new method based on the use of indocyanine green as a bile marker. The hourly rate of input into the duodenum of indocyanine green was measured during its constant, prolonged intravenous infusion. When gallbladder storage occurred, indocyanine green input was less than the infusion rate; when gallbladder emptying occurred, input exceeded the infusion rate. The method was validated by showing that duodenal output of indocyanine green was identical to intravenous input of indocyanine green in 2 cholecystectomized patients. When the method was applied, emptying of the gallbladder with meals was documented, and calculations showed that more than half of the bile secreted at night bypassed the gallbladder in both gallstone patients and control subjects. No difference in \"cholecystodynamics\" was observed between gallstone patients, matched control subjects, and young healthy men. Our results validate a method for quantitating gallbladder storage and emptying in men, but fail to support the speculation that an important pathogenetic step in gallstone formation is increased storage of supersaturated nocturnal bile in the gallbladder.", "contents": "Nocturnal gallbladder storage and emptying in gallstone patients and healthy subjects. Nocturnal hepatic bile is supersaturated with cholesterol, and increased storage of this \"lithogenic\" bile in gallstone patients might explain why they more frequently have supersaturated fasting state gallbladder bile than patients without gallstone disease. To test this possibility, we measured the fraction of nocturnal hepatic bile stored in the gallbladder in 5 patients whose gallstones had been previously dissolved by chenodeoxycholic acid, in 5 control subjects without gallstone disease matched for age, sex, and weight, and in 5 young healthy males. We developed a new method based on the use of indocyanine green as a bile marker. The hourly rate of input into the duodenum of indocyanine green was measured during its constant, prolonged intravenous infusion. When gallbladder storage occurred, indocyanine green input was less than the infusion rate; when gallbladder emptying occurred, input exceeded the infusion rate. The method was validated by showing that duodenal output of indocyanine green was identical to intravenous input of indocyanine green in 2 cholecystectomized patients. When the method was applied, emptying of the gallbladder with meals was documented, and calculations showed that more than half of the bile secreted at night bypassed the gallbladder in both gallstone patients and control subjects. No difference in \"cholecystodynamics\" was observed between gallstone patients, matched control subjects, and young healthy men. Our results validate a method for quantitating gallbladder storage and emptying in men, but fail to support the speculation that an important pathogenetic step in gallstone formation is increased storage of supersaturated nocturnal bile in the gallbladder.", "PMID": 700331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_301", "title": "[Results of routine treatment with Clomiphen (author's transl)].", "content": "After 15 years of clinical experiences with Clomiphen treatment it seemed desirable to investigate the efficiency of this kind of therapy under routine conditions in a crowded out-patient clinic. 314 patients treated from 1972--1974 have been included in this study. From 242 sterility patients 730 cycles could be followed. 80.2% were ovulatory, but 23.5% had an insufficient luteal phase and 11.9% of these cycles ended with an anovulatory bleeding. The overall pregnancy rate was 30%. Side-effects were recorded in 4.5% but all of them were harmless, no overstimulation occurred. After discontinuation of Clomiphen therapy 8% of all patients had spontaneous cycles. In 36 patients with eugonadotropic secondary amenorrhea with a total of 115 treatment cycles ovulation was recorded in 58%. Pregnancy rate was 25%, the intensity of treatment 3.1. In 54 patients with anovulatory cycles 156 cycles (72,3%) became ovulatory, pregnancy rate was 24%, the intensity of treatment 3.5. In another group of 19 patients with oligomenorrhea ovulation occurred in 39 of 42 cycles, 4 patients became pregnant. In 108 patients with luteal phase defects in 338 cycles ovulation was found in 90.2%, with 26.6% of these cycles being still insufficient. The pregnancy rate was 18.5%, the intensity of treatment 3.7. 9.8% of these 338 cycles became anovulatory during clomiphen treatment. In 27 patients with \"insufficient cycles\" in 104 treatment cycles nearly all of them were ovulatory but 20% of them were found to have an insufficient corpus luteum phase. The pregnancy rate was 30%. The highest pregnancy rate was found during the first 3 treatment cycles (26%). It is consequently our policy to treat patients 4 to 6 times with clomiphen and when no pregnancy can be achieved, these patients should be treated with HMG/HCG. 65 of 73 pregnancies were followed, 52 patients were delivered with healthy babies, 12 patients aborted. Of the total number of 54 babies born, 47 were single, 6 were twins, 2 babies were stillborn. The sex ratio (male to female) was 2.2. No malformations were found. In our group of patients other factors besides ovarian dysfunction contributed to the relatively low pregnancy rate. Thus, in 116 out of 244 patients one tube was occluded, while adhesions were found in 99 treated with clomiphen as a diagnostic step to convince the patient, that stimulation of ovarian function will be possible whenever the patient desires to become pregnant. The ovulation rate in this group was 38% in addition 37% responded with anovulatory bleeding, thus, 74% of all patients experienced a positive reaction from their point of view. After discontinuation of clomiphen administration 18% of these patients continued to bleed with (7.5%) or without (10.6%) clinical signs of ovulation. A further observation is the obvious fact that clomiphen therapy free intervals can be interposed without risk of a lower success rate, compared to patients receiving continuous cycle to cycle treatment.", "contents": "[Results of routine treatment with Clomiphen (author's transl)]. After 15 years of clinical experiences with Clomiphen treatment it seemed desirable to investigate the efficiency of this kind of therapy under routine conditions in a crowded out-patient clinic. 314 patients treated from 1972--1974 have been included in this study. From 242 sterility patients 730 cycles could be followed. 80.2% were ovulatory, but 23.5% had an insufficient luteal phase and 11.9% of these cycles ended with an anovulatory bleeding. The overall pregnancy rate was 30%. Side-effects were recorded in 4.5% but all of them were harmless, no overstimulation occurred. After discontinuation of Clomiphen therapy 8% of all patients had spontaneous cycles. In 36 patients with eugonadotropic secondary amenorrhea with a total of 115 treatment cycles ovulation was recorded in 58%. Pregnancy rate was 25%, the intensity of treatment 3.1. In 54 patients with anovulatory cycles 156 cycles (72,3%) became ovulatory, pregnancy rate was 24%, the intensity of treatment 3.5. In another group of 19 patients with oligomenorrhea ovulation occurred in 39 of 42 cycles, 4 patients became pregnant. In 108 patients with luteal phase defects in 338 cycles ovulation was found in 90.2%, with 26.6% of these cycles being still insufficient. The pregnancy rate was 18.5%, the intensity of treatment 3.7. 9.8% of these 338 cycles became anovulatory during clomiphen treatment. In 27 patients with \"insufficient cycles\" in 104 treatment cycles nearly all of them were ovulatory but 20% of them were found to have an insufficient corpus luteum phase. The pregnancy rate was 30%. The highest pregnancy rate was found during the first 3 treatment cycles (26%). It is consequently our policy to treat patients 4 to 6 times with clomiphen and when no pregnancy can be achieved, these patients should be treated with HMG/HCG. 65 of 73 pregnancies were followed, 52 patients were delivered with healthy babies, 12 patients aborted. Of the total number of 54 babies born, 47 were single, 6 were twins, 2 babies were stillborn. The sex ratio (male to female) was 2.2. No malformations were found. In our group of patients other factors besides ovarian dysfunction contributed to the relatively low pregnancy rate. Thus, in 116 out of 244 patients one tube was occluded, while adhesions were found in 99 treated with clomiphen as a diagnostic step to convince the patient, that stimulation of ovarian function will be possible whenever the patient desires to become pregnant. The ovulation rate in this group was 38% in addition 37% responded with anovulatory bleeding, thus, 74% of all patients experienced a positive reaction from their point of view. After discontinuation of clomiphen administration 18% of these patients continued to bleed with (7.5%) or without (10.6%) clinical signs of ovulation. A further observation is the obvious fact that clomiphen therapy free intervals can be interposed without risk of a lower success rate, compared to patients receiving continuous cycle to cycle treatment.", "PMID": 700340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_302", "title": "[The value of determinations of human chorionic gonatrophin, human placental lactogen, progesterone and oestriol in women with threatened abortion (author's transl)].", "content": "During the antenatal care of 604 women 1629 blood samples for hormonal tests were collected. The values in 417 women with normal pregnancies were used to establish a normal curve with 99% tolerance for the serum concentrations of human chorionic gonatrophin (HCG), human placental lactogen (HPL), progesterone and oestriol. Of the 604 women 187 had bleeding during the first half of the pregnancy. Of these 187 women 57 carried the pregnancy to term and 130 had a miscarriage. Women with the symptoms of threatened abortion who carried the pregnancy to term had normal serum hormone values. The HCG values in this group were higher than normal at the time of bleeding. In 90% of the women with threatened abortion who miscarried prior to 16 weeks gestation (N = 87) and in all patients with a missed abortion (N = 16) 1 or more serum hormone concentrations were below normal. Women with early pregnancy bleeding and late abortion between 17 and 28 weeks (N = 27) showed 1 or more low hormone concentration in only 25% of the cases. Our findings show that the quantitative determination of HCG and progesterone give the most valuable tests for the evaluation of the endocrine system in the first trimester of pregnancy. In the second trimester HCG determinations are of value only in trophoblast disease. To a lesser degree determination of HPL and oestriol are of prognostic value in the second trimester of the pregnancy.", "contents": "[The value of determinations of human chorionic gonatrophin, human placental lactogen, progesterone and oestriol in women with threatened abortion (author's transl)]. During the antenatal care of 604 women 1629 blood samples for hormonal tests were collected. The values in 417 women with normal pregnancies were used to establish a normal curve with 99% tolerance for the serum concentrations of human chorionic gonatrophin (HCG), human placental lactogen (HPL), progesterone and oestriol. Of the 604 women 187 had bleeding during the first half of the pregnancy. Of these 187 women 57 carried the pregnancy to term and 130 had a miscarriage. Women with the symptoms of threatened abortion who carried the pregnancy to term had normal serum hormone values. The HCG values in this group were higher than normal at the time of bleeding. In 90% of the women with threatened abortion who miscarried prior to 16 weeks gestation (N = 87) and in all patients with a missed abortion (N = 16) 1 or more serum hormone concentrations were below normal. Women with early pregnancy bleeding and late abortion between 17 and 28 weeks (N = 27) showed 1 or more low hormone concentration in only 25% of the cases. Our findings show that the quantitative determination of HCG and progesterone give the most valuable tests for the evaluation of the endocrine system in the first trimester of pregnancy. In the second trimester HCG determinations are of value only in trophoblast disease. To a lesser degree determination of HPL and oestriol are of prognostic value in the second trimester of the pregnancy.", "PMID": 700341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_303", "title": "[The effects and side-effects of the intra-cervical application of prostaglandin F-2 alpha during early pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to avoid the traumatic dilatation of the cervix for therapeutic abortions 200 micrograms of prostaglandin F-2 alpha were injected into the cervix. The effect on dilatation of the cervix was compared with the injection of normal saline in the control group. Without side effects the injection of prostaglandin F-2 alpha resulted in dilatation of the cervix and softening of the cervix. Normal saline had no effect. At present it is unknown whether the dilatory effect of prostaglandin F-2 alpha on the cervix is local or secondary to uterine contractions.", "contents": "[The effects and side-effects of the intra-cervical application of prostaglandin F-2 alpha during early pregnancy (author's transl)]. In order to avoid the traumatic dilatation of the cervix for therapeutic abortions 200 micrograms of prostaglandin F-2 alpha were injected into the cervix. The effect on dilatation of the cervix was compared with the injection of normal saline in the control group. Without side effects the injection of prostaglandin F-2 alpha resulted in dilatation of the cervix and softening of the cervix. Normal saline had no effect. At present it is unknown whether the dilatory effect of prostaglandin F-2 alpha on the cervix is local or secondary to uterine contractions.", "PMID": 700342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_304", "title": "[Comparative studies on the termination of intact and disturbed pregnancies by intramuscular application of 15(s)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha (author's transl)].", "content": "15(S)-15-Methyl-Prostaglandin F2alpha was applied intramuscular to end 27 intact pregnancies mainly in the second trimenon and to induce abortion in 5 cases of disturbed pregnancy. The results showed a similar success of 90 percent in the cases of interruptions compared with the natural prostaglandins applied either extra- or intraamniotic; in the mean induction-abortion-interval of 16 hours the 15(S)-15-Methyl-Prostaglandin F2alpha is better than natural prostaglandins. It is much simpler to apply, the dosage is less. The initial dose is 250 mcg intramuscular, further doses depend on the success achieved, the effect on the bowel activity may be used as indicator. The intramuscular method avoids complications connected with the intraamniotic application, infections of the intracervical catheter lying for a long time and the severe side effects of the intravenous application. In cases of missed abortion and hydatidiform moles, where the use of natural prostaglandins is problematic, the use of 15(S)-15-Methyl-Prostaglandin F2alpha is a progress in this form of therapy.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on the termination of intact and disturbed pregnancies by intramuscular application of 15(s)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha (author's transl)]. 15(S)-15-Methyl-Prostaglandin F2alpha was applied intramuscular to end 27 intact pregnancies mainly in the second trimenon and to induce abortion in 5 cases of disturbed pregnancy. The results showed a similar success of 90 percent in the cases of interruptions compared with the natural prostaglandins applied either extra- or intraamniotic; in the mean induction-abortion-interval of 16 hours the 15(S)-15-Methyl-Prostaglandin F2alpha is better than natural prostaglandins. It is much simpler to apply, the dosage is less. The initial dose is 250 mcg intramuscular, further doses depend on the success achieved, the effect on the bowel activity may be used as indicator. The intramuscular method avoids complications connected with the intraamniotic application, infections of the intracervical catheter lying for a long time and the severe side effects of the intravenous application. In cases of missed abortion and hydatidiform moles, where the use of natural prostaglandins is problematic, the use of 15(S)-15-Methyl-Prostaglandin F2alpha is a progress in this form of therapy.", "PMID": 700344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_305", "title": "[Cervical smears in women under 30 years age (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given about the results of cytological examinations of cervical smears taken from women under 30 years age living in smaller towns or rural areas. Of 113 585 smears taken between 1968 and 1977 11 717 (10,35%) belonged to the mentioned age group. 29 smears were pathological. When examined histologically 19 (0,15%) showed a carcinoma in situ or a microcarcinoma. The situation in smaller towns or rural areas is the same as in urban areas. In respect of these findings the authors are asking for routinely screening of women between 20 and 30 years of age.", "contents": "[Cervical smears in women under 30 years age (author's transl)]. A report is given about the results of cytological examinations of cervical smears taken from women under 30 years age living in smaller towns or rural areas. Of 113 585 smears taken between 1968 and 1977 11 717 (10,35%) belonged to the mentioned age group. 29 smears were pathological. When examined histologically 19 (0,15%) showed a carcinoma in situ or a microcarcinoma. The situation in smaller towns or rural areas is the same as in urban areas. In respect of these findings the authors are asking for routinely screening of women between 20 and 30 years of age.", "PMID": 700345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_306", "title": "[The role scalene node biopsy in the treatment in carcinoma of the cervix (author's transl)].", "content": "Of 75 scalene node biopsies 18 (24%) were positive. In 56 metastasizing carcinomas of the cervix 11 (20%) scalene node biopsies were positive. In primary inoperable cases (57%) or in recurrent spreading cases (54%) of carcinoma of the cervix the scalene node biopsy is valuable for the treatment plan. Irrespective of treatment the patients with metastases to the scalene node survived a mean of 10--11 months. The scalene node biopsy has few complications (6.7%). In the less than 3% carcinomas of the cervix confined to metastases in the lesser pelvis, the scalene node biopsy is not necessary. 2/3 of the prescalene lymph node metastases can be palpated by an experienced examinar.", "contents": "[The role scalene node biopsy in the treatment in carcinoma of the cervix (author's transl)]. Of 75 scalene node biopsies 18 (24%) were positive. In 56 metastasizing carcinomas of the cervix 11 (20%) scalene node biopsies were positive. In primary inoperable cases (57%) or in recurrent spreading cases (54%) of carcinoma of the cervix the scalene node biopsy is valuable for the treatment plan. Irrespective of treatment the patients with metastases to the scalene node survived a mean of 10--11 months. The scalene node biopsy has few complications (6.7%). In the less than 3% carcinomas of the cervix confined to metastases in the lesser pelvis, the scalene node biopsy is not necessary. 2/3 of the prescalene lymph node metastases can be palpated by an experienced examinar.", "PMID": 700346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_307", "title": "[Desire for therapeutic abortion in the dependents of foreign workers. Outpatients psychiatric evaluation (author's transl)].", "content": "The change in paragraph 218 of the criminal code regarding abortion was responsible for new guidelines for the psychiatric evaluation regarding a therapeutic abortion is reported. The commonest indications were medical reasons such as exhaustion, and reactive depression. There was one case of schizophrenia, one case of affective psychosis, two attempted suicides, twenty reactive depressions, one character disorder, and one case of cerebral seizures. Five applications were approved. The follow-up evaluation of the women with the approved and dismissed applications for therapeutic abortions showed no physical or psychic abnormalities. A comparison with 88 German applicants showed similar results. The stringent evaluation of applications for therapeutic abortion is still necessary even after the change of the law.", "contents": "[Desire for therapeutic abortion in the dependents of foreign workers. Outpatients psychiatric evaluation (author's transl)]. The change in paragraph 218 of the criminal code regarding abortion was responsible for new guidelines for the psychiatric evaluation regarding a therapeutic abortion is reported. The commonest indications were medical reasons such as exhaustion, and reactive depression. There was one case of schizophrenia, one case of affective psychosis, two attempted suicides, twenty reactive depressions, one character disorder, and one case of cerebral seizures. Five applications were approved. The follow-up evaluation of the women with the approved and dismissed applications for therapeutic abortions showed no physical or psychic abnormalities. A comparison with 88 German applicants showed similar results. The stringent evaluation of applications for therapeutic abortion is still necessary even after the change of the law.", "PMID": 700347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_308", "title": "[Influence on haemostasis exercised by Prostaglandin F2alpha in missed abortion (author's transl)].", "content": "The changes in the coagulation and the fibrinolytic system which may be related to the dead fetus syndrome indicate an interference of the activation of both coagulation and fibrinolysis. During termination of missed abortion and missed labour disorders of the haemostasis may occur acutely. In 16 patients with intrauterine death coagulation studies were performed inducing labour with PgF2alpha intraamniotically or i.v. No essentiel changes in the plasmatic system of coagulation and fibrinolysis were found. After i.a. application of PgF2alpha, the ADP- and collagen-induced as well as the spontaneous platelet aggregation didn't change. Using PgF2alpha i.v. a diminuation of the initially increased platelet aggregation was found in all parameters, whereas desaggregation was increased. These changes may influence an already existing latent consumption of coagulation factors in a favourable way. A further advantage of prostaglandins consists in the fact that smaller traumata occur, compared with curettage, so the possibility of liberation of thrombo-plastic material is reduced.", "contents": "[Influence on haemostasis exercised by Prostaglandin F2alpha in missed abortion (author's transl)]. The changes in the coagulation and the fibrinolytic system which may be related to the dead fetus syndrome indicate an interference of the activation of both coagulation and fibrinolysis. During termination of missed abortion and missed labour disorders of the haemostasis may occur acutely. In 16 patients with intrauterine death coagulation studies were performed inducing labour with PgF2alpha intraamniotically or i.v. No essentiel changes in the plasmatic system of coagulation and fibrinolysis were found. After i.a. application of PgF2alpha, the ADP- and collagen-induced as well as the spontaneous platelet aggregation didn't change. Using PgF2alpha i.v. a diminuation of the initially increased platelet aggregation was found in all parameters, whereas desaggregation was increased. These changes may influence an already existing latent consumption of coagulation factors in a favourable way. A further advantage of prostaglandins consists in the fact that smaller traumata occur, compared with curettage, so the possibility of liberation of thrombo-plastic material is reduced.", "PMID": 700348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_309", "title": "[The diagnosis of fetal atrio-ventricular block (author's transl)].", "content": "The case is reported of a primigravida who was found to have a fetal bradycardia of 70 per minute. A caesarean section was done with the differential diagnosis intrauterine hypoxia or fetal arrhythmia. The infant was found to have a single ventricle, single atrium, a hypoplastic aortic arch and a coartation of the aorta. The infant died neonatally.--The case was reported to emphasize the necessity of fetal electrocardiography in continual antenatal monitoring to rule out an atrio-ventricular block prior to caesarean section.", "contents": "[The diagnosis of fetal atrio-ventricular block (author's transl)]. The case is reported of a primigravida who was found to have a fetal bradycardia of 70 per minute. A caesarean section was done with the differential diagnosis intrauterine hypoxia or fetal arrhythmia. The infant was found to have a single ventricle, single atrium, a hypoplastic aortic arch and a coartation of the aorta. The infant died neonatally.--The case was reported to emphasize the necessity of fetal electrocardiography in continual antenatal monitoring to rule out an atrio-ventricular block prior to caesarean section.", "PMID": 700349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_310", "title": "Changes in the relative amount of surface antigens on the living cells after treatment with insoluble protease derivatives.", "content": "Relative amount of surface antigen was compared on L 1210 leukaemia cells treated with soluble or insoluble derivatives of trypsin and papain. Trypsin or trypsin insoluble derivative do not change the amount of antigen significantly as compared with control. However, papain insoluble derivative decrease the relative amount of antigen within 45 min to the value of 0.43 or 0.55 respectively as compared with the control specimen.", "contents": "Changes in the relative amount of surface antigens on the living cells after treatment with insoluble protease derivatives. Relative amount of surface antigen was compared on L 1210 leukaemia cells treated with soluble or insoluble derivatives of trypsin and papain. Trypsin or trypsin insoluble derivative do not change the amount of antigen significantly as compared with control. However, papain insoluble derivative decrease the relative amount of antigen within 45 min to the value of 0.43 or 0.55 respectively as compared with the control specimen.", "PMID": 700504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_311", "title": "125I-labeled cell surface as a marker in preparation of microsome fraction by gel filtration.", "content": "The microsomal fraction was isolated from homogenate of 125I-labeled leukemia L 1210 ascites cells by filtration of postmitochondrial supernatant through a Sepharose 4 B column. It was found that the particles are labeled with iodine and show 5'-nucleotidase activity suggesting the presence of cell membranes in the fraction. The soluble proteins fraction were retarded on the column showed lactate dehydrogenase activity, and low activity of soluble beta-D-glucuronidase.", "contents": "125I-labeled cell surface as a marker in preparation of microsome fraction by gel filtration. The microsomal fraction was isolated from homogenate of 125I-labeled leukemia L 1210 ascites cells by filtration of postmitochondrial supernatant through a Sepharose 4 B column. It was found that the particles are labeled with iodine and show 5'-nucleotidase activity suggesting the presence of cell membranes in the fraction. The soluble proteins fraction were retarded on the column showed lactate dehydrogenase activity, and low activity of soluble beta-D-glucuronidase.", "PMID": 700505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_312", "title": "Stereologic analysis of mitochondria of hepatocyte from fasted rats in the course of digestion.", "content": "Changes of the configurational states of the rat's hepatocyte mitochondria after 18 hours fasting and then one, two, three, four hours after feeding were investigated with stereological methods. Among others morphometric parameters coefficient of share (E) was introduced to express external or internal mitochondrial compartment volume per unit of surface area of the internal membrane. For parameters variation analysis Kruskal-Wallis test was used. Application of stereological methods reveals subtle changes lying beyond the power of visual observation and make possible the recognition of ultrastructural configuration of mitochondria in hepatocyte in the course of fasting and digestion connected with the various metabolic state.", "contents": "Stereologic analysis of mitochondria of hepatocyte from fasted rats in the course of digestion. Changes of the configurational states of the rat's hepatocyte mitochondria after 18 hours fasting and then one, two, three, four hours after feeding were investigated with stereological methods. Among others morphometric parameters coefficient of share (E) was introduced to express external or internal mitochondrial compartment volume per unit of surface area of the internal membrane. For parameters variation analysis Kruskal-Wallis test was used. Application of stereological methods reveals subtle changes lying beyond the power of visual observation and make possible the recognition of ultrastructural configuration of mitochondria in hepatocyte in the course of fasting and digestion connected with the various metabolic state.", "PMID": 700506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_313", "title": "On the application of thalidomide as a block of functional groups of proteins in histochemical investigations.", "content": "An attempt was made to apply thalidomide as a block of functional protein groups in histochemical investigations. It was found that thalidomide slightly oxidizes thyrosine and blocks the SH groups mainly in the cytoplasm of rat liver. Contrary to N-ethyl-maleimide, thalidomide does not block the SH groups irreversible, and they can be reactivated with BAL. It is suggested that the teratogenic effect of thalidomide can be connected with the possibility of inactivation of the SH groups by this compound.", "contents": "On the application of thalidomide as a block of functional groups of proteins in histochemical investigations. An attempt was made to apply thalidomide as a block of functional protein groups in histochemical investigations. It was found that thalidomide slightly oxidizes thyrosine and blocks the SH groups mainly in the cytoplasm of rat liver. Contrary to N-ethyl-maleimide, thalidomide does not block the SH groups irreversible, and they can be reactivated with BAL. It is suggested that the teratogenic effect of thalidomide can be connected with the possibility of inactivation of the SH groups by this compound.", "PMID": 700507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_314", "title": "The influence of pharmacological agents on the accumulation of egzogenic noradrenalin in nervous tissue cultivated in vitro. I. Effect of desipramine.", "content": "The authors investigated absorption of noradrenalin by neurons and glia cells cultivated in vitro. Material was taken from locus coreuleus of 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 days old rats. On the basis of observations, the authors found out that absorption of egzogenic noradrenalin changes with the growth of animals. In animals less than 24 days old, noradrenalin is absorbed not only by neurons but also by glia cells. Desipramin affects the egzogenic noradrenalin absorption clearly over the 12th day of life.", "contents": "The influence of pharmacological agents on the accumulation of egzogenic noradrenalin in nervous tissue cultivated in vitro. I. Effect of desipramine. The authors investigated absorption of noradrenalin by neurons and glia cells cultivated in vitro. Material was taken from locus coreuleus of 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 days old rats. On the basis of observations, the authors found out that absorption of egzogenic noradrenalin changes with the growth of animals. In animals less than 24 days old, noradrenalin is absorbed not only by neurons but also by glia cells. Desipramin affects the egzogenic noradrenalin absorption clearly over the 12th day of life.", "PMID": 700508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_315", "title": "Approximative molecular weight of the active component in toxoplasmin.", "content": "The approximative molecular weight of toxoplasmin -- a skin reactive extract from Toxoplasma gondii -- was estimated by ultrafiltration through different Amicon membranes. The activity of the filtered and unfiltered product was compared with the aid of intradermal test on humans. The results indicate that the molecular weight of an active component in toxoplasmin is in the range from 10 000 to 50 000.", "contents": "Approximative molecular weight of the active component in toxoplasmin. The approximative molecular weight of toxoplasmin -- a skin reactive extract from Toxoplasma gondii -- was estimated by ultrafiltration through different Amicon membranes. The activity of the filtered and unfiltered product was compared with the aid of intradermal test on humans. The results indicate that the molecular weight of an active component in toxoplasmin is in the range from 10 000 to 50 000.", "PMID": 700509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_316", "title": "[Effects of various drugs on the lipolytic actions caused by catecholamines and methylxanthine derivatives in white adipose tissues. 1. Effects of procaine and xylocaine (author's transl)].", "content": "Effects of procaine and xylocaine on the lipolytic actions caused by catecholamines and methylxanthine derivatives in white adipose tissues from rats were investigated. Both procaine and xylocaine remarkably inhibited the lipolyses caused by norepinephrine, epinephrine, caffeine and theophylline. Xylocaine inhibited the lipolysis more strongly than procaine, and also inhibited the basal lipolysis. The inhibition by either procaine or xylocaine appeared 60 minutes after the addition of the norepinephrine-induced lipolytic action. The antilipolytic action of procaine was evident in medium containing 2 mM EDTA instead of Ca2+, and its antilipolytic action was accelerated by increasing Ca2+ concentration in the medium. From these positive results, we suggest that both procaine and xylocaine have an antilipolytic effect, and this effect is closely dependent on the Ca2+ concentration in the medium.", "contents": "[Effects of various drugs on the lipolytic actions caused by catecholamines and methylxanthine derivatives in white adipose tissues. 1. Effects of procaine and xylocaine (author's transl)]. Effects of procaine and xylocaine on the lipolytic actions caused by catecholamines and methylxanthine derivatives in white adipose tissues from rats were investigated. Both procaine and xylocaine remarkably inhibited the lipolyses caused by norepinephrine, epinephrine, caffeine and theophylline. Xylocaine inhibited the lipolysis more strongly than procaine, and also inhibited the basal lipolysis. The inhibition by either procaine or xylocaine appeared 60 minutes after the addition of the norepinephrine-induced lipolytic action. The antilipolytic action of procaine was evident in medium containing 2 mM EDTA instead of Ca2+, and its antilipolytic action was accelerated by increasing Ca2+ concentration in the medium. From these positive results, we suggest that both procaine and xylocaine have an antilipolytic effect, and this effect is closely dependent on the Ca2+ concentration in the medium.", "PMID": 700510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_317", "title": "[Pharmacological properties of N-(3',4'-dimethoxycinnamoyl) anthranilic acid (N-5'), a new anti-atopic agent. (3).--Influence on homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis mediated by homocytotropic antibody (author's transl)].", "content": "N-5' shows a potent inhibitory action on the homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in rats mainly through the inhibition of histamine release from mast cells. The present experiment was an attempt to clarify in detail the pharmacological properties of N-5'. Inhibition of PCA was most potent at 30 or 60 min pretreatment with N-5', and negligible at 240 min pretreatment. Given p.o., N-5' produced a dose-dependent, potent inhibitory action at 30-min pretreatment. On the other hand, disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) had little effect on PCA when given orally. On the case of i.v. administration, N-5' (20 mg/kg) and DSCG (5 mg/kg) showed a most potent inhibition of PCA at 5 min pretreatment. The inhibitory action of DSCG was, however, shorter lasting than that of N-5'. Median effective doses (ED50) of DSCG and N-5' on the PCA were estimated to be 0.79 and 8.8 mg/kg i.v., respectively. Inhibitory activity of N-5' in the adrenalectomized rat did not differ from that in sham operated animals. N-5' had a more potent inhibitory action on the PCA in infant rats than in adults. Inhibitory activity of N-5' in the case of 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks of successive administration was equipotent to that with a single administration.", "contents": "[Pharmacological properties of N-(3',4'-dimethoxycinnamoyl) anthranilic acid (N-5'), a new anti-atopic agent. (3).--Influence on homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis mediated by homocytotropic antibody (author's transl)]. N-5' shows a potent inhibitory action on the homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in rats mainly through the inhibition of histamine release from mast cells. The present experiment was an attempt to clarify in detail the pharmacological properties of N-5'. Inhibition of PCA was most potent at 30 or 60 min pretreatment with N-5', and negligible at 240 min pretreatment. Given p.o., N-5' produced a dose-dependent, potent inhibitory action at 30-min pretreatment. On the other hand, disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) had little effect on PCA when given orally. On the case of i.v. administration, N-5' (20 mg/kg) and DSCG (5 mg/kg) showed a most potent inhibition of PCA at 5 min pretreatment. The inhibitory action of DSCG was, however, shorter lasting than that of N-5'. Median effective doses (ED50) of DSCG and N-5' on the PCA were estimated to be 0.79 and 8.8 mg/kg i.v., respectively. Inhibitory activity of N-5' in the adrenalectomized rat did not differ from that in sham operated animals. N-5' had a more potent inhibitory action on the PCA in infant rats than in adults. Inhibitory activity of N-5' in the case of 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks of successive administration was equipotent to that with a single administration.", "PMID": 700511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_318", "title": "[Effects of diazepam on evoked potential recorded from basal medial amygdaloid nucleus, lateral hypothalamus and midbrain reticular formation (author's transl)].", "content": "The evoked potential in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) recorded by stimulation of basal medial amygdaloid nucleus (Abm) showed a triphasic pattern and diazepam (2 mg/kg, i. p.) decreased the late component. The evoked potential in the midbrain reticular formation (MRF) recorded by stimulation of Abm showed a fast component with a relatively short latency followed by a biphasic late component and diazepam decreased the late component. Though the evoked potential in the Abm recorded by stimulation of LH showed a triphasic pattern, diazepam had no influence on the amplitude. Diazepam increased markedly the amplitude of evoked potential in the MRF recorded by stimulation of LH. Diazepam was ineffective on the evoked potential in the Abm recorded by stimulation of MRF. Diazepam decreased markedly the late component of evoked potential in the LH recorded by stimulation of MRF. These results suggest that the depression of emotional behavior by diazepam may be particularly related to the fact that the evoked potential in the LH recorded by stimulation of Abm was decreased by diazepam.", "contents": "[Effects of diazepam on evoked potential recorded from basal medial amygdaloid nucleus, lateral hypothalamus and midbrain reticular formation (author's transl)]. The evoked potential in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) recorded by stimulation of basal medial amygdaloid nucleus (Abm) showed a triphasic pattern and diazepam (2 mg/kg, i. p.) decreased the late component. The evoked potential in the midbrain reticular formation (MRF) recorded by stimulation of Abm showed a fast component with a relatively short latency followed by a biphasic late component and diazepam decreased the late component. Though the evoked potential in the Abm recorded by stimulation of LH showed a triphasic pattern, diazepam had no influence on the amplitude. Diazepam increased markedly the amplitude of evoked potential in the MRF recorded by stimulation of LH. Diazepam was ineffective on the evoked potential in the Abm recorded by stimulation of MRF. Diazepam decreased markedly the late component of evoked potential in the LH recorded by stimulation of MRF. These results suggest that the depression of emotional behavior by diazepam may be particularly related to the fact that the evoked potential in the LH recorded by stimulation of Abm was decreased by diazepam.", "PMID": 700513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_319", "title": "[Effects of gamma-oryzanol and atropine on gastric secretion stimulated by insulin or 2-deoxy-D-glucose (author's transl)].", "content": "The inhibitory effects of gamma-oryzanol and atropine on the gastric secretion were studied using insulin and 2-deoxy-D-glucose as vagal stimulants. Pretreatment with gamma-oryzanol (100 mg/kg, s.c., once daily x 5) depressed the gastric secretion stimulated by insulin or 2-deoxy-D-glucose, but the potency was less than that with atropine (10 mg/kg, s.c.). gamma-Oryzanol had no effect on decrease in the serum glucose level or on increase in the gastrin level induced by insulin injection, while atropine enhanced these responses. From these results, it is considered that the inhibitory action of gamma-oryzanol on gastric secretion may be due to depression of the vagus system but the mode of action is different from that of atropine.", "contents": "[Effects of gamma-oryzanol and atropine on gastric secretion stimulated by insulin or 2-deoxy-D-glucose (author's transl)]. The inhibitory effects of gamma-oryzanol and atropine on the gastric secretion were studied using insulin and 2-deoxy-D-glucose as vagal stimulants. Pretreatment with gamma-oryzanol (100 mg/kg, s.c., once daily x 5) depressed the gastric secretion stimulated by insulin or 2-deoxy-D-glucose, but the potency was less than that with atropine (10 mg/kg, s.c.). gamma-Oryzanol had no effect on decrease in the serum glucose level or on increase in the gastrin level induced by insulin injection, while atropine enhanced these responses. From these results, it is considered that the inhibitory action of gamma-oryzanol on gastric secretion may be due to depression of the vagus system but the mode of action is different from that of atropine.", "PMID": 700514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_320", "title": "[Mechanisms of contraction and relaxation in the response to 5'hydroxytriptamine of isolated rat ileum (author's transl)].", "content": "The action of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the rat ileum was analysed pharmacologically. In the isolated rat ileum, either mono or biphasic contraction was induced depending on the concentrations of 5-HT. The former was induced by lower concentrations of 5-HT (less than 6.25 X 10(-7)M) and the latter by higher concentrations of 5-HT (greater than 2.5 X 10 (-6)M). The monophasic contraction and the tonic contraction in response to 5-HT were blocked by methysergide (MTG). The phasic contraction in response to 5-HT after inhibition of muscular receptor with MTG was potentiated by physostigmine and blocked by mecamylamine (MC) or tetrodo-toxin (TTX). The response to 5-HT changed from a contraction to a relaxation by preincubation with MTG plus hyoscine. The relaxation was inhibited by TTX but not by MC and such was provoked even in the ileum from rats treated with 6-hydroxydopamine. Therefore, the inhibitory neuronal receptor for 5-HT does not appear to belong to the adrenergic nervous system. At lower concentrations of 5-HT, relaxation was induced with MTG which was only partially inhibited by TTX. These results indicate that the stimulatory response to 5-HT were caused by activations of muscular receptors and of intramural parasympathetic ganglion cells while inhibitory responses were caused by activations of non-adrenergic inhibitory nerve terminals and of non-neuronal elements.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of contraction and relaxation in the response to 5'hydroxytriptamine of isolated rat ileum (author's transl)]. The action of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the rat ileum was analysed pharmacologically. In the isolated rat ileum, either mono or biphasic contraction was induced depending on the concentrations of 5-HT. The former was induced by lower concentrations of 5-HT (less than 6.25 X 10(-7)M) and the latter by higher concentrations of 5-HT (greater than 2.5 X 10 (-6)M). The monophasic contraction and the tonic contraction in response to 5-HT were blocked by methysergide (MTG). The phasic contraction in response to 5-HT after inhibition of muscular receptor with MTG was potentiated by physostigmine and blocked by mecamylamine (MC) or tetrodo-toxin (TTX). The response to 5-HT changed from a contraction to a relaxation by preincubation with MTG plus hyoscine. The relaxation was inhibited by TTX but not by MC and such was provoked even in the ileum from rats treated with 6-hydroxydopamine. Therefore, the inhibitory neuronal receptor for 5-HT does not appear to belong to the adrenergic nervous system. At lower concentrations of 5-HT, relaxation was induced with MTG which was only partially inhibited by TTX. These results indicate that the stimulatory response to 5-HT were caused by activations of muscular receptors and of intramural parasympathetic ganglion cells while inhibitory responses were caused by activations of non-adrenergic inhibitory nerve terminals and of non-neuronal elements.", "PMID": 700515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_321", "title": "[Pharmacological studies on supersensitization (IV). Site and mode of action of cocaine to potentiate acetylcholine in isolated tracheal preparation of rat (author's transl)].", "content": "Effects of cocaine on acetylcholine-induced contracture of isolated rat tracheal preparation were determined. The sensitivity of the preparation to acetylcholine but not methacholine and carbachol was increased by cocaine. The maximum responses induced by choline esters were not augmented by cocaine. The potentiation of acetylcholine was remarkable in calcium-deficient medium and cocaine augmented acetylcholine-contracture of the preparation suspended in calcium-free Tyrode solution. Calcium-contracture of the preparation susspended in isotonic 60 mM- or 100 mM-K+ Locke-Ringer solution was not augmented by cocaine. Extrapolating the time course of decrease in acetylcholine-contracture in calcium-free Tyrode solution, rates of calcium movement from and into calcium-stores were determined and it was found that cocaine did not change the calcium-content and rate of calcium-efflux but the rate of calcium-uptake was apparently increased with cocaine. The contribution of anticholinesterase activity of cocaine to potentiation of acetylcholine appeared negligible and the affinity of acetylcholine-receptor to acetylcholine and atropine was not changed with cocaine. Thus, cocaine increases acetylcholine-induced calcium-release and potentiates acetylcholine-contracture of isolated rat tracheal preparation.", "contents": "[Pharmacological studies on supersensitization (IV). Site and mode of action of cocaine to potentiate acetylcholine in isolated tracheal preparation of rat (author's transl)]. Effects of cocaine on acetylcholine-induced contracture of isolated rat tracheal preparation were determined. The sensitivity of the preparation to acetylcholine but not methacholine and carbachol was increased by cocaine. The maximum responses induced by choline esters were not augmented by cocaine. The potentiation of acetylcholine was remarkable in calcium-deficient medium and cocaine augmented acetylcholine-contracture of the preparation suspended in calcium-free Tyrode solution. Calcium-contracture of the preparation susspended in isotonic 60 mM- or 100 mM-K+ Locke-Ringer solution was not augmented by cocaine. Extrapolating the time course of decrease in acetylcholine-contracture in calcium-free Tyrode solution, rates of calcium movement from and into calcium-stores were determined and it was found that cocaine did not change the calcium-content and rate of calcium-efflux but the rate of calcium-uptake was apparently increased with cocaine. The contribution of anticholinesterase activity of cocaine to potentiation of acetylcholine appeared negligible and the affinity of acetylcholine-receptor to acetylcholine and atropine was not changed with cocaine. Thus, cocaine increases acetylcholine-induced calcium-release and potentiates acetylcholine-contracture of isolated rat tracheal preparation.", "PMID": 700516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_322", "title": "[Effects of oral hypoglycemic agents, gliclazide and tolbutamide, on the cardiovascular system (author's transl)].", "content": "Recent clinical studies have suggested an association of tolbutamide (TB) therapy with an increased incidence of cardiovascular deaths. In this study, the effects of a newly synthetized hypoglycemic agent, gliclazide (GC), on the cardiovascular system were investigated, and compared with those of TB. Results are as follows: GC was found to be about ten times as active as TB in decreasing blood glucose in rabbits. GC and TB produced a dose-dependent increase in blood pressure and little change in heart rate in rats and rabbits. In driven left rat and rabbit atria, these agents produced a positive inotropic effect. The positive inotropic effects of these drugs were not altered by pretreatment with propranolol, or theophylline. These agents produced little change in the rate in spontaneous beating rat, rabbit and guinea pig atria. Higher doses produced a slightly negative chronotropic response. Neither agent potentiated the intropic effects of isoproterenol on the rabbit and guinea pig left atria. In isolated perfused working rabbit hearts, these compounds produced a slight decrease in coronary flow. It is concluded that GC and TB possess positive inotropic effects on isolated atria, and these effects are not mediated either through adrenergic mechanisms or the cyclic AMP system.", "contents": "[Effects of oral hypoglycemic agents, gliclazide and tolbutamide, on the cardiovascular system (author's transl)]. Recent clinical studies have suggested an association of tolbutamide (TB) therapy with an increased incidence of cardiovascular deaths. In this study, the effects of a newly synthetized hypoglycemic agent, gliclazide (GC), on the cardiovascular system were investigated, and compared with those of TB. Results are as follows: GC was found to be about ten times as active as TB in decreasing blood glucose in rabbits. GC and TB produced a dose-dependent increase in blood pressure and little change in heart rate in rats and rabbits. In driven left rat and rabbit atria, these agents produced a positive inotropic effect. The positive inotropic effects of these drugs were not altered by pretreatment with propranolol, or theophylline. These agents produced little change in the rate in spontaneous beating rat, rabbit and guinea pig atria. Higher doses produced a slightly negative chronotropic response. Neither agent potentiated the intropic effects of isoproterenol on the rabbit and guinea pig left atria. In isolated perfused working rabbit hearts, these compounds produced a slight decrease in coronary flow. It is concluded that GC and TB possess positive inotropic effects on isolated atria, and these effects are not mediated either through adrenergic mechanisms or the cyclic AMP system.", "PMID": 700517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_323", "title": "[Pharmacological actions of timepidium bromide on the motility of visceral smooth muscles and the secretion of digestive juice in experimental animals (author's transl)].", "content": "Effects of timepidium bromide (TB) on the motility of various smooth muscles and the secretion of digestive juice were examined and the activity was compared with those of hyoscine-N-butylbromide (HB) and atropine sulfate (Atr). In dogs, TB inhibited the spontaneous and bethanechol-induced motility of various regions of the gastrointestinal tract, the activity being almost the same as that of Atr but stronger than that of HB. All these drugs exhibited a similar inhibitory effect on the motility of the gallbladder. On the contrary, the inhbitory effect of TB on the spontaneous motion of urinary bladder was somewhat weaker than those of HB and Atr, while this effect on the bethanechol-induced motility was nearly equal the effects of HB and Atr. It was also evident that TB inhibited the gastric acid secretion induced by bethanechol: the activity was stronger than that of HB, while it was weaker than that of Atr. Similar effects on the gastric acid secretion were also found in rats. In the case of salivary secretion, however, TB and HB produced much weaker inhibitory actions than Atr. TB even at a higher dose produced little significant effect on the pancreatic and biliary secretion of rats. The uterine contraction induced by methacholine was inhibited by all these drugs. The mydriatic activity of TB in mice was found to be the weakest among the drugs tested.", "contents": "[Pharmacological actions of timepidium bromide on the motility of visceral smooth muscles and the secretion of digestive juice in experimental animals (author's transl)]. Effects of timepidium bromide (TB) on the motility of various smooth muscles and the secretion of digestive juice were examined and the activity was compared with those of hyoscine-N-butylbromide (HB) and atropine sulfate (Atr). In dogs, TB inhibited the spontaneous and bethanechol-induced motility of various regions of the gastrointestinal tract, the activity being almost the same as that of Atr but stronger than that of HB. All these drugs exhibited a similar inhibitory effect on the motility of the gallbladder. On the contrary, the inhbitory effect of TB on the spontaneous motion of urinary bladder was somewhat weaker than those of HB and Atr, while this effect on the bethanechol-induced motility was nearly equal the effects of HB and Atr. It was also evident that TB inhibited the gastric acid secretion induced by bethanechol: the activity was stronger than that of HB, while it was weaker than that of Atr. Similar effects on the gastric acid secretion were also found in rats. In the case of salivary secretion, however, TB and HB produced much weaker inhibitory actions than Atr. TB even at a higher dose produced little significant effect on the pancreatic and biliary secretion of rats. The uterine contraction induced by methacholine was inhibited by all these drugs. The mydriatic activity of TB in mice was found to be the weakest among the drugs tested.", "PMID": 700518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_324", "title": "[Action of 4-amino-alpha-](tertbutylamino) methyl]-3, 5-dichlorobenzylalchol hydrochloride (N-AB 365, clenbuterol) on the respiratory system (author's transl)].", "content": "The bronchodilating effect and other related pharmacological properties of N-AB 365 were studied in comparison with those of isoproterenol, salbutamol and clorprenaline. N-AB 365 was found to produce a bronchodilating effect 1/20 approximately 1/100, 1/10 approximately 1/40 and was 2 to 5 times as strong as effects of isoproterenol, salbutamol and clorprenaline, respectively. The bronchodilating effect of N-AB 365 was sustained more than 10 times as long as those of isoproterenol and salbutamol, and in particular with oral administration, was much more potent. The bronchodilating effect of N-AB 365 seems to be due mainly to excitation of the adrenergic beta2-receptor and partially to papaverine-like action. N-AB 365 showed an inhibitory effect on experimentally induced bronchial asthma by spraying of bronchoconstrictors and the effect by oral administration was much stronger than those of isoproterenol and salbutamol. N-AB 365 affected neither the volume output of respiratory tract fluid nor the tracheal ciliary movement with the doses around ED50 in bronchodilating action, however, it increased ciliary activity and decreased the volume output of respiratory tract fluid with large doses. Antitussive effect was also demonstrated only with the large doses. N-AB 365 induced a moderate decrease in blood pressure through vasodilatation but did not influence respiration. The effect of N-AB 365 on heart rate varied. There were cases of no change, slight increase or slight decrease in heart rate.", "contents": "[Action of 4-amino-alpha-](tertbutylamino) methyl]-3, 5-dichlorobenzylalchol hydrochloride (N-AB 365, clenbuterol) on the respiratory system (author's transl)]. The bronchodilating effect and other related pharmacological properties of N-AB 365 were studied in comparison with those of isoproterenol, salbutamol and clorprenaline. N-AB 365 was found to produce a bronchodilating effect 1/20 approximately 1/100, 1/10 approximately 1/40 and was 2 to 5 times as strong as effects of isoproterenol, salbutamol and clorprenaline, respectively. The bronchodilating effect of N-AB 365 was sustained more than 10 times as long as those of isoproterenol and salbutamol, and in particular with oral administration, was much more potent. The bronchodilating effect of N-AB 365 seems to be due mainly to excitation of the adrenergic beta2-receptor and partially to papaverine-like action. N-AB 365 showed an inhibitory effect on experimentally induced bronchial asthma by spraying of bronchoconstrictors and the effect by oral administration was much stronger than those of isoproterenol and salbutamol. N-AB 365 affected neither the volume output of respiratory tract fluid nor the tracheal ciliary movement with the doses around ED50 in bronchodilating action, however, it increased ciliary activity and decreased the volume output of respiratory tract fluid with large doses. Antitussive effect was also demonstrated only with the large doses. N-AB 365 induced a moderate decrease in blood pressure through vasodilatation but did not influence respiration. The effect of N-AB 365 on heart rate varied. There were cases of no change, slight increase or slight decrease in heart rate.", "PMID": 700519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_325", "title": "[Studies on the influsion speed and acute toxicity of amino acid solutions in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Relationships between the infusion speed and lethal dose of several amino acid solutions of various concentrations were studied in male Sprague Dawley rats. When the amino acid solutions were continuously infused at various speeds, a functional relationship between the dose producing a cardiac arrest (DCA) and infusion speed was established. The DCA/infusion speed was characterized by two ranges with an increasing DCA as increase or decrease of infusion speed and by its intermediate range of a flat minimum with a practically constant DCA regardless of varying the infusion speed. A practically constant LD50 was obtained in the infusion of each amino acid solution within the infusion speed in the intermediate range. The LD50 of each amino acid solution was dependent on the crystalloid osmotic pressure.", "contents": "[Studies on the influsion speed and acute toxicity of amino acid solutions in rats (author's transl)]. Relationships between the infusion speed and lethal dose of several amino acid solutions of various concentrations were studied in male Sprague Dawley rats. When the amino acid solutions were continuously infused at various speeds, a functional relationship between the dose producing a cardiac arrest (DCA) and infusion speed was established. The DCA/infusion speed was characterized by two ranges with an increasing DCA as increase or decrease of infusion speed and by its intermediate range of a flat minimum with a practically constant DCA regardless of varying the infusion speed. A practically constant LD50 was obtained in the infusion of each amino acid solution within the infusion speed in the intermediate range. The LD50 of each amino acid solution was dependent on the crystalloid osmotic pressure.", "PMID": 700520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_326", "title": "[Simple and easy method for measurement of ambulatory activity in mice (author's transl)].", "content": "A hand-made apparatus which is easily manipulative, cheap, durable and clean was used to measure ambulatory activity of a mouse. The apparatus was assembled with the same type of two plastic round basins commercially available (25 cm in diameter) put one upon another. A pivot was fixed at the center of the outsurface of the inner basin (A), and its open end was inserted into the open socket fixed at the center on the bottom of the outer basin (B). Three microswitches equipped on the brim of (B) at equal intervals were activated and the counts were recorded according to the tiltings of (A) through the movements of the mouse. In order to examine accuracy of the measurement, effects of d-amphetamine (1.25 approximately 5.0 mg/kg), methamphetamine (1.0 approximately 4.0 mg/kg), cocaine (10 approximately 40 mg/kg) and morphine (5.0 approximately 20.0 mg/kg) on the ambulatory activity were investigated. Marked accelerating effects were observed dose dependently after the administrations of all the drugs. Furthermore, the patterns of the activity showed characteristic properties of each drug. This method is especially useful to measure the acute effect of drugs on the ambulatory activity in mice, and many units can be set up at the same time.", "contents": "[Simple and easy method for measurement of ambulatory activity in mice (author's transl)]. A hand-made apparatus which is easily manipulative, cheap, durable and clean was used to measure ambulatory activity of a mouse. The apparatus was assembled with the same type of two plastic round basins commercially available (25 cm in diameter) put one upon another. A pivot was fixed at the center of the outsurface of the inner basin (A), and its open end was inserted into the open socket fixed at the center on the bottom of the outer basin (B). Three microswitches equipped on the brim of (B) at equal intervals were activated and the counts were recorded according to the tiltings of (A) through the movements of the mouse. In order to examine accuracy of the measurement, effects of d-amphetamine (1.25 approximately 5.0 mg/kg), methamphetamine (1.0 approximately 4.0 mg/kg), cocaine (10 approximately 40 mg/kg) and morphine (5.0 approximately 20.0 mg/kg) on the ambulatory activity were investigated. Marked accelerating effects were observed dose dependently after the administrations of all the drugs. Furthermore, the patterns of the activity showed characteristic properties of each drug. This method is especially useful to measure the acute effect of drugs on the ambulatory activity in mice, and many units can be set up at the same time.", "PMID": 700521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_327", "title": "[Persistent erection in thiamine deficient rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Male Wistar rats weighing 75 to 85 g and maintained on a thiamine deficient diet for 33 days showed growth inhibition with the principal manifestation of significant weight loss from about the 28 day of experimental feeding. Symptoms of polyneuritis were also evident. On the 20th day of feeding and thereafter, rats on the thiamine deficient diet had a persistent erection. This was observed in 7% of the rats on a thiamine deficient group on day 20, 30.7% on day 25, 63.6% on day 30, and 100% on day 33. Effects of thiamine hydrochloride, in a single dose of 1 mg/kg given subcutaneously on the symptoms of thiamine deficiency were investigated. The treated rats recovered from the polyneuritic symptoms, and persistent erection disappeared in one out of 5 rats on the 3rd day and in 2 more rats on the 7th day. Persistent erection disappeared completely in rats maintained on a thiamine sufficient diet 3 days after single subcutaneous administration of thiamine HCl. These observations suggest that persistent erection was brought on as a consequence of thiamine deficiency.", "contents": "[Persistent erection in thiamine deficient rats (author's transl)]. Male Wistar rats weighing 75 to 85 g and maintained on a thiamine deficient diet for 33 days showed growth inhibition with the principal manifestation of significant weight loss from about the 28 day of experimental feeding. Symptoms of polyneuritis were also evident. On the 20th day of feeding and thereafter, rats on the thiamine deficient diet had a persistent erection. This was observed in 7% of the rats on a thiamine deficient group on day 20, 30.7% on day 25, 63.6% on day 30, and 100% on day 33. Effects of thiamine hydrochloride, in a single dose of 1 mg/kg given subcutaneously on the symptoms of thiamine deficiency were investigated. The treated rats recovered from the polyneuritic symptoms, and persistent erection disappeared in one out of 5 rats on the 3rd day and in 2 more rats on the 7th day. Persistent erection disappeared completely in rats maintained on a thiamine sufficient diet 3 days after single subcutaneous administration of thiamine HCl. These observations suggest that persistent erection was brought on as a consequence of thiamine deficiency.", "PMID": 700522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_328", "title": "Spontaneous segregation of a heterozygous diploid of Aspergillus niger.", "content": "A case of spontaneous segregation of a heterozygous diploid was observed with Aspergillus niger, giving rise to a somatic recombinant. Assuming an independence of markers, its genotype is suggested to be brw+lys pab+brw lys+pab.", "contents": "Spontaneous segregation of a heterozygous diploid of Aspergillus niger. A case of spontaneous segregation of a heterozygous diploid was observed with Aspergillus niger, giving rise to a somatic recombinant. Assuming an independence of markers, its genotype is suggested to be brw+lys pab+brw lys+pab.", "PMID": 700523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_329", "title": "Xylan-degrading activity in yeasts: growth on xylose, xylan and hemicelluloses.", "content": "The ability to grow in liquid media with D-xylose, xylan from decidous trees, and hemicelluloses from conifers was tested in 95 strains of 35 genera of yeasts and yeast-like organisms. Of 54 strains thriving on xylose, only 13 (genera Aureobasidium, Cryptococcus and Trichosporon) utilized xylan and hemicelluloses as growth substrates. The \u00e1rowth media of these strains were found to contain xylan-degrading enzymes splitting the substrate to xylose and a mixture of xylose oligosaccharides. The ability of these yeasts to utilize the wood components (hitherto unknown in the genus Crytococcus) makes them potential producers of microbial proteins from industrial wood wastes containing xylose oligosaccharides, xylan, and hemicelluloses as the major saccharide components without previous saccharification.", "contents": "Xylan-degrading activity in yeasts: growth on xylose, xylan and hemicelluloses. The ability to grow in liquid media with D-xylose, xylan from decidous trees, and hemicelluloses from conifers was tested in 95 strains of 35 genera of yeasts and yeast-like organisms. Of 54 strains thriving on xylose, only 13 (genera Aureobasidium, Cryptococcus and Trichosporon) utilized xylan and hemicelluloses as growth substrates. The \u00e1rowth media of these strains were found to contain xylan-degrading enzymes splitting the substrate to xylose and a mixture of xylose oligosaccharides. The ability of these yeasts to utilize the wood components (hitherto unknown in the genus Crytococcus) makes them potential producers of microbial proteins from industrial wood wastes containing xylose oligosaccharides, xylan, and hemicelluloses as the major saccharide components without previous saccharification.", "PMID": 700524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_330", "title": "Microcycle sporulation in the Claviceps purpurea 244.", "content": "The mutant strain Claviceps purpurea 244 forming hyphae composed mainly from sclerotium-like cells was found to sporulate both in liquid and solid media, particularly in the form of terminal chlamydospores (4.0 x 6.5 micrometer). Chlamydospores produced during submerged cultivation germinated, new chlamydospores being formed directly from germ tubes, or, occasionally, conidia (the so-called microcycle) or new vegetative mycelium were formed. The ultrastructures of the chlamydospores and vegetative cells was identical. The cytoplasm was filled with ribosomes and contained lipid inclusions and vacuoles with membrane invaginations. Strain 244 cultivated under submerged conditions produced 150 microgram/ml clavins, with elymoclavin predominating (82%). The parent strain Claviceps pururea 129 only produced chlamydospores on the vegetative mycelium, whereas no microcycle was detected; under submerged conditions it produced mainly agroclavin (85%) at a concentration of 4 mg/ml.", "contents": "Microcycle sporulation in the Claviceps purpurea 244. The mutant strain Claviceps purpurea 244 forming hyphae composed mainly from sclerotium-like cells was found to sporulate both in liquid and solid media, particularly in the form of terminal chlamydospores (4.0 x 6.5 micrometer). Chlamydospores produced during submerged cultivation germinated, new chlamydospores being formed directly from germ tubes, or, occasionally, conidia (the so-called microcycle) or new vegetative mycelium were formed. The ultrastructures of the chlamydospores and vegetative cells was identical. The cytoplasm was filled with ribosomes and contained lipid inclusions and vacuoles with membrane invaginations. Strain 244 cultivated under submerged conditions produced 150 microgram/ml clavins, with elymoclavin predominating (82%). The parent strain Claviceps pururea 129 only produced chlamydospores on the vegetative mycelium, whereas no microcycle was detected; under submerged conditions it produced mainly agroclavin (85%) at a concentration of 4 mg/ml.", "PMID": 700525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_331", "title": "Inhibition of Tritrichomonas foetus by vermiculine in vitro.", "content": "The macrolide aglycosidic antibiotic vermiculine, added to the cultivation medium to a concentration of 30 micogram/ml, has an in vitro inhibitory effect on Tritrichomonas foetus. The agent interacts rapidly with the cells, causing irreversible changes after several hours of action. The changes are not repaired on removing the agent; the cells suffer from a rapid inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis, the protein synthesis remaining intact.", "contents": "Inhibition of Tritrichomonas foetus by vermiculine in vitro. The macrolide aglycosidic antibiotic vermiculine, added to the cultivation medium to a concentration of 30 micogram/ml, has an in vitro inhibitory effect on Tritrichomonas foetus. The agent interacts rapidly with the cells, causing irreversible changes after several hours of action. The changes are not repaired on removing the agent; the cells suffer from a rapid inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis, the protein synthesis remaining intact.", "PMID": 700526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_332", "title": "Effect of volatile substances released from Origanum majorana and Ocimum basilicum on the rhizosphere and phyllosphere fungi of Phaseolus vulgaris.", "content": "Differences were found in the counts and occurrence of fungi in the phyllosphere and thizosphere of two representatives of the Lamiacea family, Origanum majorana and Ocimum basilicum, and in the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of Phaseolus vulgaris growing separately or in coenosis with O. majorana or O. basilicum. Both the volatile substances released from ground leaves of the two latter plant species and the root exudates affected considerably spore germination of isolated phylospheric and rhizospheric fungi. The results indicated a possible role of root exudates and volatile substances released from leaves in colonization of rhizosphere and/or phyllosphere by fungi, especially in associations of various plants.", "contents": "Effect of volatile substances released from Origanum majorana and Ocimum basilicum on the rhizosphere and phyllosphere fungi of Phaseolus vulgaris. Differences were found in the counts and occurrence of fungi in the phyllosphere and thizosphere of two representatives of the Lamiacea family, Origanum majorana and Ocimum basilicum, and in the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of Phaseolus vulgaris growing separately or in coenosis with O. majorana or O. basilicum. Both the volatile substances released from ground leaves of the two latter plant species and the root exudates affected considerably spore germination of isolated phylospheric and rhizospheric fungi. The results indicated a possible role of root exudates and volatile substances released from leaves in colonization of rhizosphere and/or phyllosphere by fungi, especially in associations of various plants.", "PMID": 700527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_333", "title": "[Electroresection and electrocoagulation as therapy for vulvar neoplasms].", "content": "A survey of the results attained by the most prominent authors of the individual therapy methods is given. After electro-resection and -coagulation of the vulvar tumor followed by roentgen or telecobalt irradiation, patients are almost without pain. The primary mortality in 332 patients was 1,5% (= 5 cases) because lymphonodectomy was performed in only 66 cases (20%). The period of hospitalization lasts about four weeks and cosmetic healing is excellent. This therapy method can also be recommended for largely extended tumors as lack of local symptoms can be achieved up to 97%. Of the 332 patients treated at our hospital, almost equal numbers of patients were seen with carcinoma stage I and II and stage III and IV. In stage I and II (negative lymph nodes) 74,5% and in stage III and IV (positive lymph nodes) 38,4% were cured. 80% were aged between 61 and 90 years. In spite of this negative selection of patients which was also combined with the intercurrent mortality rate of 13% (= 43 cases), 193 of the 332 patients or 58,1% survived five years or longer. In the last five years the survival rate was even 62,2%. A survey of the results obtained by electrocoagulation in the last 30 years is given. Especially the enormous increase of high risks as diabetes (42,2%) and the great number of over-aged patients (83,3%) are emphasized.", "contents": "[Electroresection and electrocoagulation as therapy for vulvar neoplasms]. A survey of the results attained by the most prominent authors of the individual therapy methods is given. After electro-resection and -coagulation of the vulvar tumor followed by roentgen or telecobalt irradiation, patients are almost without pain. The primary mortality in 332 patients was 1,5% (= 5 cases) because lymphonodectomy was performed in only 66 cases (20%). The period of hospitalization lasts about four weeks and cosmetic healing is excellent. This therapy method can also be recommended for largely extended tumors as lack of local symptoms can be achieved up to 97%. Of the 332 patients treated at our hospital, almost equal numbers of patients were seen with carcinoma stage I and II and stage III and IV. In stage I and II (negative lymph nodes) 74,5% and in stage III and IV (positive lymph nodes) 38,4% were cured. 80% were aged between 61 and 90 years. In spite of this negative selection of patients which was also combined with the intercurrent mortality rate of 13% (= 43 cases), 193 of the 332 patients or 58,1% survived five years or longer. In the last five years the survival rate was even 62,2%. A survey of the results obtained by electrocoagulation in the last 30 years is given. Especially the enormous increase of high risks as diabetes (42,2%) and the great number of over-aged patients (83,3%) are emphasized.", "PMID": 700544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_334", "title": "[Hormone dependent, functional gynecologic morphology in infancy and adolescence presented on the example of the cervix uteri].", "content": "Signs of different activities in the dynamic morphology of the epithelium and mucus of the cervix uteri are demonstrated in the female fetus, newborn, child and adolescent. Besides the morphological description of the ectropium, transitional zone, s.c. \"reserve-cells\", squamous cell nodes and production and secretion of mucus other investigations were done by allometry, caryometry and histochemistry. The examinations allow insight into the hormonal activities specially of the estrogenes in different periods of female life.", "contents": "[Hormone dependent, functional gynecologic morphology in infancy and adolescence presented on the example of the cervix uteri]. Signs of different activities in the dynamic morphology of the epithelium and mucus of the cervix uteri are demonstrated in the female fetus, newborn, child and adolescent. Besides the morphological description of the ectropium, transitional zone, s.c. \"reserve-cells\", squamous cell nodes and production and secretion of mucus other investigations were done by allometry, caryometry and histochemistry. The examinations allow insight into the hormonal activities specially of the estrogenes in different periods of female life.", "PMID": 700545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_335", "title": "[Arguments for a hesitamt attitude in the management of retroflexion of the pregnant uterus].", "content": "Among 5036 pregnant patients under prenatal care of a gynecologist, a retroflexion of the pregnant uterus was found in 438 cases (8.7%). The incidence of spontaneous abortion in the cases with retroflexion was 10.4%. This corresponds to the expected mean incidence of spontaneous abortion. In a control group of 1000 pregnancies without retroflexion of the uterus, the incidence of spontaneous abortion was 9.2%. The rate of premature delivery in cases with retroflexion was 5.3% and showed no difference to the control group without retroflexion (5.5%). Spontaneous anteflexion was awaited in all cases with retroflected pregnant uterus. Because of overflow incontinence manual anteflexion of the uterus at 15 weeks of gestation became necessary in one case. This pregnancy went to term. Because of our good results, we make a plea for expectant management of retroflexion of the pregnant uterus. Regular control examinations are necessary so that the lack of spontaneous anteflexion is not overlooked. Among 378 cases with a retroflected pregnant uterus which were followed to term, manual anteflexion became necessary in only one case.", "contents": "[Arguments for a hesitamt attitude in the management of retroflexion of the pregnant uterus]. Among 5036 pregnant patients under prenatal care of a gynecologist, a retroflexion of the pregnant uterus was found in 438 cases (8.7%). The incidence of spontaneous abortion in the cases with retroflexion was 10.4%. This corresponds to the expected mean incidence of spontaneous abortion. In a control group of 1000 pregnancies without retroflexion of the uterus, the incidence of spontaneous abortion was 9.2%. The rate of premature delivery in cases with retroflexion was 5.3% and showed no difference to the control group without retroflexion (5.5%). Spontaneous anteflexion was awaited in all cases with retroflected pregnant uterus. Because of overflow incontinence manual anteflexion of the uterus at 15 weeks of gestation became necessary in one case. This pregnancy went to term. Because of our good results, we make a plea for expectant management of retroflexion of the pregnant uterus. Regular control examinations are necessary so that the lack of spontaneous anteflexion is not overlooked. Among 378 cases with a retroflected pregnant uterus which were followed to term, manual anteflexion became necessary in only one case.", "PMID": 700548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_336", "title": "[Contraception with the intrauterine pessary Progestasert].", "content": "A prospective study was carried out from June 1973 to August 1976 in 131 women fitted with a newly developed IUD (Progestasert). The IUD's were removed as planned after 12 months with the exception of 4 cases in which they were retained for up to 17 months. The evaluation of the trial was performed according to the Life Table Analysis and the usual statistical methods. 1496 application months were evaluated. One case each of intrauterine and extrauterine pregnancies were observed. One patient experienced spontaneous expulsion of the IUD. In 9 cases medical reasons led to the removal of Progestasert at an earlier date. Duration, intensity, and interval of menstruation as well as frequency of spotting and dysmenorrhea were recorded. A slight increase in duration and interval of menstruation was seen whereas bleeding intensity was reduced. Increased spotting, especially during the first month after insertion, and a significant reduction of dysmenorrheal complaints were noted after 2 months. In addition to 8 removals due to bleeding disturbances, 6 other patients experienced spotting throughout the entire treatment period. Laboratory tests such as ESR, WBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit and cytological smear determinations were carried out. No pathological alterations of these parameters were found.", "contents": "[Contraception with the intrauterine pessary Progestasert]. A prospective study was carried out from June 1973 to August 1976 in 131 women fitted with a newly developed IUD (Progestasert). The IUD's were removed as planned after 12 months with the exception of 4 cases in which they were retained for up to 17 months. The evaluation of the trial was performed according to the Life Table Analysis and the usual statistical methods. 1496 application months were evaluated. One case each of intrauterine and extrauterine pregnancies were observed. One patient experienced spontaneous expulsion of the IUD. In 9 cases medical reasons led to the removal of Progestasert at an earlier date. Duration, intensity, and interval of menstruation as well as frequency of spotting and dysmenorrhea were recorded. A slight increase in duration and interval of menstruation was seen whereas bleeding intensity was reduced. Increased spotting, especially during the first month after insertion, and a significant reduction of dysmenorrheal complaints were noted after 2 months. In addition to 8 removals due to bleeding disturbances, 6 other patients experienced spotting throughout the entire treatment period. Laboratory tests such as ESR, WBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit and cytological smear determinations were carried out. No pathological alterations of these parameters were found.", "PMID": 700553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_337", "title": "[Diagnosis in diseases of the eye and orbit. Indications and value of ultrasonic diagnosis and radio computer tomography].", "content": "The principles of diagnostic ultrasound and computed X-ray tomography are briefly described. The informations to be expected can be derived. First, the clinical use in determination of size and localization of the bulbus is discussed. This proved helpful in follow-up studies of buphthalmos, localization of intraocular foreign bodies and differentiation of pseudo-protrusion and protrusion (ultrasound exophthalmometry). The differentiation and localization of intraocular disorders (e.g. retinal detachment, intraocular tumors, vitreous hemorrhages, aqueous cysts) is facilitated. In space-occupying orbital disorders both methods complement but cannot replace each other. Therefore it appears that further development of ultrasonic diagnostic techniques should be promoted to reach at least the standards which are nowadays already achieved in computed X-ray tomography.", "contents": "[Diagnosis in diseases of the eye and orbit. Indications and value of ultrasonic diagnosis and radio computer tomography]. The principles of diagnostic ultrasound and computed X-ray tomography are briefly described. The informations to be expected can be derived. First, the clinical use in determination of size and localization of the bulbus is discussed. This proved helpful in follow-up studies of buphthalmos, localization of intraocular foreign bodies and differentiation of pseudo-protrusion and protrusion (ultrasound exophthalmometry). The differentiation and localization of intraocular disorders (e.g. retinal detachment, intraocular tumors, vitreous hemorrhages, aqueous cysts) is facilitated. In space-occupying orbital disorders both methods complement but cannot replace each other. Therefore it appears that further development of ultrasonic diagnostic techniques should be promoted to reach at least the standards which are nowadays already achieved in computed X-ray tomography.", "PMID": 700555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_338", "title": "[Plasmacytoma].", "content": "Plasmocytoma is generally a systemic disorder and has to be differentiated from solitary plasmocytoma of bones and connective tissue. Diagnosis is based on the typical bone marrow findings, the demonstration of monoclonal paraprotein and the radiological skeletal changes. Prognosis is poor, life expectancy limited to about 18 months. Specific therapy with cytotoxic drugs leads in many cases to marked improvement of the general condition, relative freedom of pain and a decreased complication rate.", "contents": "[Plasmacytoma]. Plasmocytoma is generally a systemic disorder and has to be differentiated from solitary plasmocytoma of bones and connective tissue. Diagnosis is based on the typical bone marrow findings, the demonstration of monoclonal paraprotein and the radiological skeletal changes. Prognosis is poor, life expectancy limited to about 18 months. Specific therapy with cytotoxic drugs leads in many cases to marked improvement of the general condition, relative freedom of pain and a decreased complication rate.", "PMID": 700558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_339", "title": "[Inhibition of cancer cell stickiness, a model for the testing of in vivo thrombocyte aggregation inhibitors. IV. Effect of sulfinpyrazone].", "content": "It has been shown that sulfinpyrazone is able to interfere with the dynamic interaction between sticky Walker-256-carcinosarcoma cells and the vascular endothelium. This effect is due to a dose-dependent inhibition of platelet adhesiveness and aggregation to sticky circulating tumor cells and their consequent attachment to the vascular endothelium as observed by means of intravital capillary microscopy in the mesentery of rats. Further proof of these investigations was that sulfinpyrazone led to a dose-dependent inhibition of the immediate drop of circulating platelets and reduced significantly the lethal pulmonary tumor cell embolism which occurred in 57.5% of the controls within 5-10 minutes after intravenous transplantation of 1 X 10(6) Walker-256-carcinosarcoma cells. These results are interpreted in an inhibition of platelet adhesiveness and aggregation in vivo by sulfinpyrazone.", "contents": "[Inhibition of cancer cell stickiness, a model for the testing of in vivo thrombocyte aggregation inhibitors. IV. Effect of sulfinpyrazone]. It has been shown that sulfinpyrazone is able to interfere with the dynamic interaction between sticky Walker-256-carcinosarcoma cells and the vascular endothelium. This effect is due to a dose-dependent inhibition of platelet adhesiveness and aggregation to sticky circulating tumor cells and their consequent attachment to the vascular endothelium as observed by means of intravital capillary microscopy in the mesentery of rats. Further proof of these investigations was that sulfinpyrazone led to a dose-dependent inhibition of the immediate drop of circulating platelets and reduced significantly the lethal pulmonary tumor cell embolism which occurred in 57.5% of the controls within 5-10 minutes after intravenous transplantation of 1 X 10(6) Walker-256-carcinosarcoma cells. These results are interpreted in an inhibition of platelet adhesiveness and aggregation in vivo by sulfinpyrazone.", "PMID": 700559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_340", "title": "[The patho-anatomical Regional Cancer Registry of North Baden].", "content": "Since the middle of 1976, after approximately one year of preparation, the regional cancer registry of gastrointestinal tumors in the district of North Baden has been fully in operation. Meanwhile approximately 15,000 cases of cancer have been registered retrospective including 1971. Reasons for the maximum size of a population-based registry and the method of efficiently procuring the necessary data are shown.", "contents": "[The patho-anatomical Regional Cancer Registry of North Baden]. Since the middle of 1976, after approximately one year of preparation, the regional cancer registry of gastrointestinal tumors in the district of North Baden has been fully in operation. Meanwhile approximately 15,000 cases of cancer have been registered retrospective including 1971. Reasons for the maximum size of a population-based registry and the method of efficiently procuring the necessary data are shown.", "PMID": 700563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_341", "title": "[Polymyalgia arteriitica].", "content": "A description of the polymyalgia arteriitica is presented: preference of beginning in higher age, leading symptom being muscular pain at the back of the neck, around the shoulders, the upper arms, the buttocks and thighs as well as the visibly augmented erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The arteriitic manifestation being considered, the necessity of adequate corticosteroid therapy is accentuated. Prognosis depends on both factors, localization of the arteriitis and efficient corticosteroid treatment.", "contents": "[Polymyalgia arteriitica]. A description of the polymyalgia arteriitica is presented: preference of beginning in higher age, leading symptom being muscular pain at the back of the neck, around the shoulders, the upper arms, the buttocks and thighs as well as the visibly augmented erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The arteriitic manifestation being considered, the necessity of adequate corticosteroid therapy is accentuated. Prognosis depends on both factors, localization of the arteriitis and efficient corticosteroid treatment.", "PMID": 700564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_342", "title": "[Carcinoembryonic antigen in gynecological oncology].", "content": "169 CEA-determinations in sera from 119 patients with gynecologic malignancies and 30 healthy women as controls are reported. The highest percentage of positive results was found in patients with cancer of the ovaries (62%). This result is followed by 60 per cent in cancer of the collum uteri, 50 per cent in cancer of vulva and vagina and 42 per cent in cancer of the breast. Very low CEA-titers have been found in cases with cancer of corpus uteri. This method is not reliable enough for very early detection of gynecological cancer, it may be a useful help in the supervision of cancer patients who already have been treated.", "contents": "[Carcinoembryonic antigen in gynecological oncology]. 169 CEA-determinations in sera from 119 patients with gynecologic malignancies and 30 healthy women as controls are reported. The highest percentage of positive results was found in patients with cancer of the ovaries (62%). This result is followed by 60 per cent in cancer of the collum uteri, 50 per cent in cancer of vulva and vagina and 42 per cent in cancer of the breast. Very low CEA-titers have been found in cases with cancer of corpus uteri. This method is not reliable enough for very early detection of gynecological cancer, it may be a useful help in the supervision of cancer patients who already have been treated.", "PMID": 700565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_343", "title": "[Bloom syndrome: review and definition].", "content": "The cases of Bloom-syndrome as described in the literature (till...) are reviewed and this syndrome is discussed as a defined entity which can be separated from congenital poikilodermias. The prognosis of this autosomal recessive disease is dubious.", "contents": "[Bloom syndrome: review and definition]. The cases of Bloom-syndrome as described in the literature (till...) are reviewed and this syndrome is discussed as a defined entity which can be separated from congenital poikilodermias. The prognosis of this autosomal recessive disease is dubious.", "PMID": 700567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_344", "title": "[Relationship between immunoglobulin levels in cerebrospinal fluid and serum].", "content": "By means of radial immunodiffusion, immunoglobulins A, G, M and albumin were determined in serum and unconcentrated cerebrospinal fluid from 182 controls and 141 patients. Concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid and serum of patients did not correlate, not even in those groups whose elevated immunoglobulin and albumin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid resulted from damage to the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, as in inflammatory diseases and neoplastic processes of the central nervous system or of the meninges.--Concentrations of immunoglobulins in cerebrospinal fluid should therefore be evaluated independently of the serum concentrations. Cerebrospinal fluid and serum constitute samples from two separate compartments which are capable of independent immune reactions.", "contents": "[Relationship between immunoglobulin levels in cerebrospinal fluid and serum]. By means of radial immunodiffusion, immunoglobulins A, G, M and albumin were determined in serum and unconcentrated cerebrospinal fluid from 182 controls and 141 patients. Concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid and serum of patients did not correlate, not even in those groups whose elevated immunoglobulin and albumin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid resulted from damage to the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, as in inflammatory diseases and neoplastic processes of the central nervous system or of the meninges.--Concentrations of immunoglobulins in cerebrospinal fluid should therefore be evaluated independently of the serum concentrations. Cerebrospinal fluid and serum constitute samples from two separate compartments which are capable of independent immune reactions.", "PMID": 700568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_345", "title": "[Epidemiology of mental disorders and psychiatric care. Part 2. Discussion of results].", "content": "A prior analysis of treated patients is required in order to develop effectively a system of psychiatric health services. Data are presented respectively for a rural small town area of Upper Bavaria with 424,000 residents. Incidence and prevalence rates of treated mental illness are considered according to various criteria, especially diagnosis. Morbidity rates for localities of varying size are cited as an example of ecological approach. When planning, one must conclude the necessity for differentiated psychiatric treatment within the community, with emphasis on outpatient services.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of mental disorders and psychiatric care. Part 2. Discussion of results]. A prior analysis of treated patients is required in order to develop effectively a system of psychiatric health services. Data are presented respectively for a rural small town area of Upper Bavaria with 424,000 residents. Incidence and prevalence rates of treated mental illness are considered according to various criteria, especially diagnosis. Morbidity rates for localities of varying size are cited as an example of ecological approach. When planning, one must conclude the necessity for differentiated psychiatric treatment within the community, with emphasis on outpatient services.", "PMID": 700569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_346", "title": "[Studies on nucleic acid metabolism. Molecular biology and clinical significance].", "content": "All known nucleic acids contain varying amounts of modified nucleosides. In contrast to the standard nucleosides, the modified nucleosides and their nucleobases as minor nucleic acids components cannot be recycled. Only part of them can be catabolized. Therefore, many modified catabolites of nucleic acids are enriched in urine. They can be measured at the picomole level by cation exchange HPLC. Plotted against age, the excretion curves of the modified nucleobases are in accordance with the shape of the known growth velocity curve. Aberrant nucleobases excretion patterns are found in very young children, probably resulting from a specific nucleic acids equipment as well as from different relative growth velocities of different organs. In the urine of patients with neoplasms, often extremely disturbed nucleobases excretion patterns are found which can be normalized by successful cytostatic therapy. From the published and our own results it is concluded that modifications of nucleic acids should play an important regulatory role. Therefore, the analysis of modified nucleobases excretion patterns will open new diagnostic approaches.", "contents": "[Studies on nucleic acid metabolism. Molecular biology and clinical significance]. All known nucleic acids contain varying amounts of modified nucleosides. In contrast to the standard nucleosides, the modified nucleosides and their nucleobases as minor nucleic acids components cannot be recycled. Only part of them can be catabolized. Therefore, many modified catabolites of nucleic acids are enriched in urine. They can be measured at the picomole level by cation exchange HPLC. Plotted against age, the excretion curves of the modified nucleobases are in accordance with the shape of the known growth velocity curve. Aberrant nucleobases excretion patterns are found in very young children, probably resulting from a specific nucleic acids equipment as well as from different relative growth velocities of different organs. In the urine of patients with neoplasms, often extremely disturbed nucleobases excretion patterns are found which can be normalized by successful cytostatic therapy. From the published and our own results it is concluded that modifications of nucleic acids should play an important regulatory role. Therefore, the analysis of modified nucleobases excretion patterns will open new diagnostic approaches.", "PMID": 700570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_347", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics of piracetam during delivery].", "content": "The excretion of Piracetam was monitored by measuring the concentrations in maternal and fetal substrates during labor in nine volunteers. Piracetam was tolerated without side-effects and injected in the maternal cubital vein. Consecutively, maternal plasma and urine samples as well as amniotic fluid portions were collected during labor. at delivery, fetal blood from placenta and the first fetal urines were collected. Biostatistical methods showed that approximately 50% of Piracetam were eliminated 80 minutes after the injection of the drug. In amniotic fluid a continuous rise of Piracetam concentrations was monitored until delivery. In fetal plasma and urines the substance could be detected. The rapid excretion of Piracetam during labor was obviously typical for the situation sub partu; reasons are discussed.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics of piracetam during delivery]. The excretion of Piracetam was monitored by measuring the concentrations in maternal and fetal substrates during labor in nine volunteers. Piracetam was tolerated without side-effects and injected in the maternal cubital vein. Consecutively, maternal plasma and urine samples as well as amniotic fluid portions were collected during labor. at delivery, fetal blood from placenta and the first fetal urines were collected. Biostatistical methods showed that approximately 50% of Piracetam were eliminated 80 minutes after the injection of the drug. In amniotic fluid a continuous rise of Piracetam concentrations was monitored until delivery. In fetal plasma and urines the substance could be detected. The rapid excretion of Piracetam during labor was obviously typical for the situation sub partu; reasons are discussed.", "PMID": 700571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_348", "title": "[Vertebrogenic dizziness, etiology and differential diagnosis].", "content": "Cervical-induced vertigo may be caused by degenerative or functional disorders of the cervical spine. Explaining its pathophysiology, disorders of the cervical spine itself, the vertebral artery and the entire cardiovascular system must be taken into account. 66 patients with signs of cervical-induced vertigo were examined neuro-otologically, the function of the cervical spine was judged by X-ray and clinical examination. Moreover, a special provocation of the cervical spine was made--when patients were sitting and in supine position with the head in different directions--including simultaneous ENG recording. With regard to the complaints of the patients and all clinical findings, a selection could be made in 3 groups of signs: A = the degenerative cervical syndrome, B = the irritative cervical syndrome, C = the vertebralis-basilaris syndrome.", "contents": "[Vertebrogenic dizziness, etiology and differential diagnosis]. Cervical-induced vertigo may be caused by degenerative or functional disorders of the cervical spine. Explaining its pathophysiology, disorders of the cervical spine itself, the vertebral artery and the entire cardiovascular system must be taken into account. 66 patients with signs of cervical-induced vertigo were examined neuro-otologically, the function of the cervical spine was judged by X-ray and clinical examination. Moreover, a special provocation of the cervical spine was made--when patients were sitting and in supine position with the head in different directions--including simultaneous ENG recording. With regard to the complaints of the patients and all clinical findings, a selection could be made in 3 groups of signs: A = the degenerative cervical syndrome, B = the irritative cervical syndrome, C = the vertebralis-basilaris syndrome.", "PMID": 700574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_349", "title": "[The problem \"diagnosis\" demonstrated on the example of farmer's lung].", "content": "Using the farmer's lung as an example, the various problems in establishing a diagnosis are discussed. The \"instruments\" of diagnosis such as history (exposition), functional parameters, macro- and micromorphology, and laboratory findings are described. The different criteria and their value, the compatibility of informations, and the quality of definitions (\"fuzzy sets\") are analytically evaluated--all this finally leading to the \"quality\" of diagnosis and of subsequent decisions.", "contents": "[The problem \"diagnosis\" demonstrated on the example of farmer's lung]. Using the farmer's lung as an example, the various problems in establishing a diagnosis are discussed. The \"instruments\" of diagnosis such as history (exposition), functional parameters, macro- and micromorphology, and laboratory findings are described. The different criteria and their value, the compatibility of informations, and the quality of definitions (\"fuzzy sets\") are analytically evaluated--all this finally leading to the \"quality\" of diagnosis and of subsequent decisions.", "PMID": 700575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_350", "title": "[Chronic septic granulomatosis imitating exogenic allergic alveolitis (farmer's lung)].", "content": "A 17-year-old boy demonstrated clinical and immunological signs of exogenic allergic alveolitis (farmer's lung). The patient grew up in the country and suffered from recurrent \"pneumonia.\" In his serum precipitins were detected against Micropolyspora faeni, Aspergillus fumigatus and hay. Transbronchially obtained lung tissue showed histologically an inflammation of the epitheloid-cell-granulomatous type with fibrosis. A congenital defect of the neutrophilic function was suspected in view of the recurrent infections with significant polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia, accompanied by leucocytosis and neutrophilia. In vitro studies of isolated patient's neutrophils showed that he suffered from chronic granulomatous disease. CGD should be considered in adolescents and adults with a history of severe infections and unexplained pulmonary fibrosis or pulmonary fibrosis simulating exogen allergic alveolitis.", "contents": "[Chronic septic granulomatosis imitating exogenic allergic alveolitis (farmer's lung)]. A 17-year-old boy demonstrated clinical and immunological signs of exogenic allergic alveolitis (farmer's lung). The patient grew up in the country and suffered from recurrent \"pneumonia.\" In his serum precipitins were detected against Micropolyspora faeni, Aspergillus fumigatus and hay. Transbronchially obtained lung tissue showed histologically an inflammation of the epitheloid-cell-granulomatous type with fibrosis. A congenital defect of the neutrophilic function was suspected in view of the recurrent infections with significant polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia, accompanied by leucocytosis and neutrophilia. In vitro studies of isolated patient's neutrophils showed that he suffered from chronic granulomatous disease. CGD should be considered in adolescents and adults with a history of severe infections and unexplained pulmonary fibrosis or pulmonary fibrosis simulating exogen allergic alveolitis.", "PMID": 700576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_351", "title": "[Familial sarcoidosis. 4 cases in 2 families].", "content": "Among the patients of the Bundeswehrzentralkrankenhaus Koblenz two new cases of familial sarcoidosis with two cases each became known from Nov. 1977 to Feb. 1978. These cases are reported with typical x-ray-findings. The above mentioned short period of time for finding two new cases of familial sarcoidosis seems extraordinary, as in the world literature on sarcoidosis until today only 114-150 cases are reported. \"Sarcoidosis\" is described referring to the newer literature. Possible causes for acquiring sarcoidosis are discussed. Specific research by the disciplines social medicine, genetics, and hygiene of the families suffering from familial sarcoidosis is proposed, in order to analyze genetic disposition and/or environmental factors. Long-term supervision of the families afflicted with familial sarcoidosis is proposed.", "contents": "[Familial sarcoidosis. 4 cases in 2 families]. Among the patients of the Bundeswehrzentralkrankenhaus Koblenz two new cases of familial sarcoidosis with two cases each became known from Nov. 1977 to Feb. 1978. These cases are reported with typical x-ray-findings. The above mentioned short period of time for finding two new cases of familial sarcoidosis seems extraordinary, as in the world literature on sarcoidosis until today only 114-150 cases are reported. \"Sarcoidosis\" is described referring to the newer literature. Possible causes for acquiring sarcoidosis are discussed. Specific research by the disciplines social medicine, genetics, and hygiene of the families suffering from familial sarcoidosis is proposed, in order to analyze genetic disposition and/or environmental factors. Long-term supervision of the families afflicted with familial sarcoidosis is proposed.", "PMID": 700577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_352", "title": "[Alcohol abuse in children and adolescents].", "content": "There is a strong increase in the misuse of alcoholics by children and adolescents. The different phases of development towards an adolescent alcoholic are discussed. Possible causes are shown. It is especially important that children with minimal cerebral dysfunction seem to be more inclined to a later development towards alcoholism. Identification with the adult world seems to be the main reason for adolescents to drink alcohol excessively. Methods of identifying young alcoholics are discussed, preventive methods are shown. A discussion of therapeutical possibilities follows.", "contents": "[Alcohol abuse in children and adolescents]. There is a strong increase in the misuse of alcoholics by children and adolescents. The different phases of development towards an adolescent alcoholic are discussed. Possible causes are shown. It is especially important that children with minimal cerebral dysfunction seem to be more inclined to a later development towards alcoholism. Identification with the adult world seems to be the main reason for adolescents to drink alcohol excessively. Methods of identifying young alcoholics are discussed, preventive methods are shown. A discussion of therapeutical possibilities follows.", "PMID": 700578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_353", "title": "[Bile acids in the intestinal juice of infants and children with malabsorption and maldigestion syndromes].", "content": "43 gastroenterologically healthy infants and children as well as 45 patients with different malabsorption and maldigestion syndromes were investigated during the basic secretion and after injection of secretin and pancreozymin in order to establish the total quantity and also the distribution of the secreted bile acids. The total concentration and quantity were determined enzymatically; column and thinlayer chromatography were utilized to separate the bile into 30 different bile acids. While the total quantity of bile acids was found to be independent of age, the compounding of bile changed during the first years of life. Patients with coeliac disease reacted to injection of peptide hormones by producing a larger volume of secretion than did the control group. Despite the increased secretion there was at the same time a significantly higher concentration of bile acids in the duodenal juice. In this group the analysis of the bile acid distribution indicated no abnormality but striking changes were found in patients with cystic fibrosis, biliary atresia, M. Wilson, and in children after subtotal resection of the small bowel.", "contents": "[Bile acids in the intestinal juice of infants and children with malabsorption and maldigestion syndromes]. 43 gastroenterologically healthy infants and children as well as 45 patients with different malabsorption and maldigestion syndromes were investigated during the basic secretion and after injection of secretin and pancreozymin in order to establish the total quantity and also the distribution of the secreted bile acids. The total concentration and quantity were determined enzymatically; column and thinlayer chromatography were utilized to separate the bile into 30 different bile acids. While the total quantity of bile acids was found to be independent of age, the compounding of bile changed during the first years of life. Patients with coeliac disease reacted to injection of peptide hormones by producing a larger volume of secretion than did the control group. Despite the increased secretion there was at the same time a significantly higher concentration of bile acids in the duodenal juice. In this group the analysis of the bile acid distribution indicated no abnormality but striking changes were found in patients with cystic fibrosis, biliary atresia, M. Wilson, and in children after subtotal resection of the small bowel.", "PMID": 700580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_354", "title": "[Procetofen, a new lipid- and urine-acid-reducing substance].", "content": "23 patients with different forms of hyperlipidemias received procetofen (3 X 100 mg/day) over a period of fourteen days. The cholesterol concentration in blood showed a significant reduction from 322 +/- 30 mg/dl to 227 +/- 37 mg/dl, triglycerides dropped from 221 +/- 84 mg/dl to 129 +/- 34 mg/dl and uric acid diminished from 6,1 +/- 1,4 mg/dl to 4,6 +/- 0,8 mg/dl.", "contents": "[Procetofen, a new lipid- and urine-acid-reducing substance]. 23 patients with different forms of hyperlipidemias received procetofen (3 X 100 mg/day) over a period of fourteen days. The cholesterol concentration in blood showed a significant reduction from 322 +/- 30 mg/dl to 227 +/- 37 mg/dl, triglycerides dropped from 221 +/- 84 mg/dl to 129 +/- 34 mg/dl and uric acid diminished from 6,1 +/- 1,4 mg/dl to 4,6 +/- 0,8 mg/dl.", "PMID": 700582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_355", "title": "[Experiences with substitution therapy using a new pancreatic enzyme of plant origin].", "content": "The indication field of Nortase, a combination of microbial lipolytic and proteolytic enzymes, comprises the replacement therapy of maldigestion and insufficiency of pancreas. Its efficacy and tolerance were tested in 100 patients in an open study under the conditions of general practice. During the 15-day treatment the following symptoms were evaluated: anorexia, flatulence, pressure and pain in the epigastrium, nausea after the meals, belching, pyrosis, the quality of feces and the body weight. 96% of the patients showed relief of the symptoms after treatment, 65% a therapeutic result ranging from very good to good. In 53% an improvement of the quality of feces was observed and 76% reached an increase in weight. 6 patients had some small side effects, in 1 case the treatment had to be interrupted. The altogether good results confirmed the results of former investigations on the acid stability and the high lipolytic activity of lipase from Rhizopus arrhizus.", "contents": "[Experiences with substitution therapy using a new pancreatic enzyme of plant origin]. The indication field of Nortase, a combination of microbial lipolytic and proteolytic enzymes, comprises the replacement therapy of maldigestion and insufficiency of pancreas. Its efficacy and tolerance were tested in 100 patients in an open study under the conditions of general practice. During the 15-day treatment the following symptoms were evaluated: anorexia, flatulence, pressure and pain in the epigastrium, nausea after the meals, belching, pyrosis, the quality of feces and the body weight. 96% of the patients showed relief of the symptoms after treatment, 65% a therapeutic result ranging from very good to good. In 53% an improvement of the quality of feces was observed and 76% reached an increase in weight. 6 patients had some small side effects, in 1 case the treatment had to be interrupted. The altogether good results confirmed the results of former investigations on the acid stability and the high lipolytic activity of lipase from Rhizopus arrhizus.", "PMID": 700583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_356", "title": "[Prognosis of idiopathic scoliosis].", "content": "The prognosis of the scoliosis is determined by early and exact treatment, which depends on the degree of curvature, age, localization and expected of deviation. Scoliosis up to 30 degrees is treated by physical therapy. Between 30-50 degrees an active treatment with the Milwaukee-brace is recommended. Over 50 degrees surgery is required, because further progression is to be expected. The Harrington procedure should now be used in all centers of scoliosis. Paraplegia is seen in 0,5%. Minor complications and better correction can be expected by surgery carried out in special centers.", "contents": "[Prognosis of idiopathic scoliosis]. The prognosis of the scoliosis is determined by early and exact treatment, which depends on the degree of curvature, age, localization and expected of deviation. Scoliosis up to 30 degrees is treated by physical therapy. Between 30-50 degrees an active treatment with the Milwaukee-brace is recommended. Over 50 degrees surgery is required, because further progression is to be expected. The Harrington procedure should now be used in all centers of scoliosis. Paraplegia is seen in 0,5%. Minor complications and better correction can be expected by surgery carried out in special centers.", "PMID": 700584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_357", "title": "[The congenital club foot].", "content": "The congenital clubfoot of infancy to-day is curable in 90% of cases. Aim of the treatment is normalization of form, function and growth. With combined therapy according to Imh\u00e4user optimal results are possible: 1. Immediately after birth--depending on the general condition of the newborn--reposition of all components without the talipes equinus component; plastercasts are changed frequently till the third or fourth month of life; 2. surgical development of the heel; calcaneal equinus is corrected by elongating the tendocalcaneus combined with arthrolysis of the ankle joint; 3. intensive clinical treatment by physiotherapy; 4. ambulant orthopedic controls at regular intervals till the end of skeletal growth.", "contents": "[The congenital club foot]. The congenital clubfoot of infancy to-day is curable in 90% of cases. Aim of the treatment is normalization of form, function and growth. With combined therapy according to Imh\u00e4user optimal results are possible: 1. Immediately after birth--depending on the general condition of the newborn--reposition of all components without the talipes equinus component; plastercasts are changed frequently till the third or fourth month of life; 2. surgical development of the heel; calcaneal equinus is corrected by elongating the tendocalcaneus combined with arthrolysis of the ankle joint; 3. intensive clinical treatment by physiotherapy; 4. ambulant orthopedic controls at regular intervals till the end of skeletal growth.", "PMID": 700587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_358", "title": "[The fixed lumbar lordosis due to slipped disks].", "content": "The fixed lumbar lordosis is represented by a group of characteristic symptomes; they specifically happen to the LWS of adolescents which are in a specific pathogenic situation. The cause of the fixed lumbar lordosis is almost a slipped discus. The case of an adolescent is presented, who had two operations because of twice slipped discus in one year.", "contents": "[The fixed lumbar lordosis due to slipped disks]. The fixed lumbar lordosis is represented by a group of characteristic symptomes; they specifically happen to the LWS of adolescents which are in a specific pathogenic situation. The cause of the fixed lumbar lordosis is almost a slipped discus. The case of an adolescent is presented, who had two operations because of twice slipped discus in one year.", "PMID": 700589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_359", "title": "[The irritable colon syndrome. New therapeutic possibilities in the treatment of a frequent syndrome].", "content": "A double-blind clinical longterm trial with the musculotropic agent Mebeverine in 30 patients, suffering from the irritable colon syndrome, is reported. In 70% of patients, treated by this new antispasmodic preparation, most symptoms, related to the irregular activities of the lower alimentary tract--as abdominal cramps and distrubance of bowel habit--improved.  Female patients were superior in getting symptom-free. No unpleasant drug-related side effects were seen. The double-blind controlled trial showed Mebeverine to be superior to a placebo preparation regarding relief of symptoms and demonstrates this agent to be a useful drug for controlling the symptoms of this functional disorder. The usefulness is enhanced by the fact that most of the patients studied had been pretreated by other preparations with low or limited therapeutic effectiveness. Despite facing the difficulties in documenting objective criteria of improvement in a condition such as the irritable colon, defined as a \"collection of functional disorders of the colon of mixed aetiology\" (Truelove), our results demonstrate that Mebeverine is able to improve abdominal cramps and disturbances of bowel habit in this common disorder without side effects, as seen with standard anticholinergic preparations.", "contents": "[The irritable colon syndrome. New therapeutic possibilities in the treatment of a frequent syndrome]. A double-blind clinical longterm trial with the musculotropic agent Mebeverine in 30 patients, suffering from the irritable colon syndrome, is reported. In 70% of patients, treated by this new antispasmodic preparation, most symptoms, related to the irregular activities of the lower alimentary tract--as abdominal cramps and distrubance of bowel habit--improved.  Female patients were superior in getting symptom-free. No unpleasant drug-related side effects were seen. The double-blind controlled trial showed Mebeverine to be superior to a placebo preparation regarding relief of symptoms and demonstrates this agent to be a useful drug for controlling the symptoms of this functional disorder. The usefulness is enhanced by the fact that most of the patients studied had been pretreated by other preparations with low or limited therapeutic effectiveness. Despite facing the difficulties in documenting objective criteria of improvement in a condition such as the irritable colon, defined as a \"collection of functional disorders of the colon of mixed aetiology\" (Truelove), our results demonstrate that Mebeverine is able to improve abdominal cramps and disturbances of bowel habit in this common disorder without side effects, as seen with standard anticholinergic preparations.", "PMID": 700592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_360", "title": "[Carcinoembryonic antigen as a control parameter in cryosurgical treatments of patients with rectal carcinoma].", "content": "The monitoring power of CEA during cryotherapeutic management was investigated in a group of 39 patients with inoperable cancer of the rectum. By the results it is concluded that the determination of serial serum CEA levels during cryosurgery is not only a useful parameter of the results of local treatment but also a sensitive indicator of tumor metastases.", "contents": "[Carcinoembryonic antigen as a control parameter in cryosurgical treatments of patients with rectal carcinoma]. The monitoring power of CEA during cryotherapeutic management was investigated in a group of 39 patients with inoperable cancer of the rectum. By the results it is concluded that the determination of serial serum CEA levels during cryosurgery is not only a useful parameter of the results of local treatment but also a sensitive indicator of tumor metastases.", "PMID": 700593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_361", "title": "[Synchronous and metachronous processes in colo-rectal carcinoma].", "content": "Polyps are often associated with carcinoma in the colon. The incidence of colorectal polyps with single carcinoma is up to 25% and with multiple carcinoma up to 75%. Not infrequently both synchronous and metachronous carcinoma are found in the colon and rectum. These findings emanate from a sample of 367 patients (in this hospital) with colorectal carcinoma during the period 1973 to 1977. The incidence of synchronous and metachronous carcinoma as well as severe dysplasia (focal carcinoma) in adenomatous polyps was nearly 8%. In slightly more than 50% of cases involving a single carcinoma, there was no evidence of an accompanying condition or later development. In more than 20% of the cases single carcinoma was accompanied by synchronous and metachronous polyps. These figures eloquently illustrate the necessity for closely coordinated postoperative care of patients with colorectal carcinoma.", "contents": "[Synchronous and metachronous processes in colo-rectal carcinoma]. Polyps are often associated with carcinoma in the colon. The incidence of colorectal polyps with single carcinoma is up to 25% and with multiple carcinoma up to 75%. Not infrequently both synchronous and metachronous carcinoma are found in the colon and rectum. These findings emanate from a sample of 367 patients (in this hospital) with colorectal carcinoma during the period 1973 to 1977. The incidence of synchronous and metachronous carcinoma as well as severe dysplasia (focal carcinoma) in adenomatous polyps was nearly 8%. In slightly more than 50% of cases involving a single carcinoma, there was no evidence of an accompanying condition or later development. In more than 20% of the cases single carcinoma was accompanied by synchronous and metachronous polyps. These figures eloquently illustrate the necessity for closely coordinated postoperative care of patients with colorectal carcinoma.", "PMID": 700594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_362", "title": "[Heart rhythm during esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy].", "content": "The ECGs of 157 patients were registered continuously during the oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy with a R-R intervall monitoring system. The behavior of frequencies and cardiac arrhythms of 53 patients with and 104 patients without heart diseases is reported. 32 patients were premedicated with 0,5 mg Atropin intravenously, 121 patients received intramuscular premedication. The influence of the vegetative nervous system is discussed in view of the heart actions during the diagnostic procedure. A clinically relevant danger for the heart and circulatory system caused by oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy was not observed.", "contents": "[Heart rhythm during esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy]. The ECGs of 157 patients were registered continuously during the oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy with a R-R intervall monitoring system. The behavior of frequencies and cardiac arrhythms of 53 patients with and 104 patients without heart diseases is reported. 32 patients were premedicated with 0,5 mg Atropin intravenously, 121 patients received intramuscular premedication. The influence of the vegetative nervous system is discussed in view of the heart actions during the diagnostic procedure. A clinically relevant danger for the heart and circulatory system caused by oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy was not observed.", "PMID": 700596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_363", "title": "[Inhibition of gastric acid secretion and motility with trospium chloride].", "content": "The present study demonstrated a significant inhibition of gastric acid secretion and gastric motility by parenteral and oral application of trospiumchloride. Oral application of a dose inhibiting gastric acid secretion was not associated with the known side effects of anticholinergic therapy like tachycardia, reduction of salivary secretion and impairment of visual accommodation.", "contents": "[Inhibition of gastric acid secretion and motility with trospium chloride]. The present study demonstrated a significant inhibition of gastric acid secretion and gastric motility by parenteral and oral application of trospiumchloride. Oral application of a dose inhibiting gastric acid secretion was not associated with the known side effects of anticholinergic therapy like tachycardia, reduction of salivary secretion and impairment of visual accommodation.", "PMID": 700598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_364", "title": "[Therapy of reflux esophagitis. Manometric determination of the effect of bromoprid on the lower esophageal sphincter].", "content": "The effect of bromopride (4-amino-5-bromo-N-(2-diethyl-aminoethyl)-2-methoxy-benzamide) on the pressure amplitude of the lower oesophageal sphincter was examined in ten healthy subjects and fifteen patients suffering from peptic oesophagitis. Diagnosis of peptic oesophagitis was based on the histological study of a sample of the lower oesophageal mucosa.", "contents": "[Therapy of reflux esophagitis. Manometric determination of the effect of bromoprid on the lower esophageal sphincter]. The effect of bromopride (4-amino-5-bromo-N-(2-diethyl-aminoethyl)-2-methoxy-benzamide) on the pressure amplitude of the lower oesophageal sphincter was examined in ten healthy subjects and fifteen patients suffering from peptic oesophagitis. Diagnosis of peptic oesophagitis was based on the histological study of a sample of the lower oesophageal mucosa.", "PMID": 700599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_365", "title": "Morphological patterns of the liver in South American blastomycosis.", "content": "Histological features were semi-quantitatively analysed in 60 livers, obtained by necropsy, from patients who died of South American blastomycosis. These findings were classified and correlated with duration of the disease and treatment. Bile-duct lesions were prominent and a particular pattern was found in which segments of bile ducts were \"disrupted\" and replaced by inflammatory reaction. A classification of the lesions is proposed: Class o--near normal livers; Class I--predominance of necrosis and suppuration; Class II--predominance of tuberculoid granulomas; Class III--portal fibrosis and non-specific infiltrate. There has been no evidence that treatment could induce bile-duct proliferation, fatty change of liver cells, or cholestasis. On the other hand, less fibrosis was found in treated patients. Pathogenesis of the bile-duct lesions is discussed.", "contents": "Morphological patterns of the liver in South American blastomycosis. Histological features were semi-quantitatively analysed in 60 livers, obtained by necropsy, from patients who died of South American blastomycosis. These findings were classified and correlated with duration of the disease and treatment. Bile-duct lesions were prominent and a particular pattern was found in which segments of bile ducts were \"disrupted\" and replaced by inflammatory reaction. A classification of the lesions is proposed: Class o--near normal livers; Class I--predominance of necrosis and suppuration; Class II--predominance of tuberculoid granulomas; Class III--portal fibrosis and non-specific infiltrate. There has been no evidence that treatment could induce bile-duct proliferation, fatty change of liver cells, or cholestasis. On the other hand, less fibrosis was found in treated patients. Pathogenesis of the bile-duct lesions is discussed.", "PMID": 700600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_366", "title": "A comparison of the use of the \"Tru-Cut\" needle and fine needle aspiration cytology in the pre-operative diagnosis of carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "Two methods of obtaining a pre-operative diagnosis of carcinoma of the breast are compared. Tru-Cut needle biopsy was carried out on 368 consecutive patients with palpable breast lumps, and both Tru-Cut biopsy and fine needle aspiration cytology were performed during part of this study on 163 of the patients. A final histological diagnosis was obtained in each patient, at excision biopsy or mastectomy. There were 278 patients with carcinoma and 90 with benign breast disease. A correct positive diagnosis of carcinoma was made by the Tru-Cut method in 73.5% of cases, but in only 52% of cases by aspiration cytology. More importantly, there were no false positive diagnoses of carcinoma with Tru-Cut biopsy, but five cases of benign breast disease were incorrectly diagnosed as carcinoma by aspiration cytology. It is concluded that Tru-Cut biopsy is sufficiently reliable to be able to proceed direct to mastectomy following a positive diagnosis of carcinoma, in distinction to aspiration cytology with which an unacceptably high number of false positives occurs. The benefits of a pre-operative Tru-Cut biopsy diagnosis are identified.", "contents": "A comparison of the use of the \"Tru-Cut\" needle and fine needle aspiration cytology in the pre-operative diagnosis of carcinoma of the breast. Two methods of obtaining a pre-operative diagnosis of carcinoma of the breast are compared. Tru-Cut needle biopsy was carried out on 368 consecutive patients with palpable breast lumps, and both Tru-Cut biopsy and fine needle aspiration cytology were performed during part of this study on 163 of the patients. A final histological diagnosis was obtained in each patient, at excision biopsy or mastectomy. There were 278 patients with carcinoma and 90 with benign breast disease. A correct positive diagnosis of carcinoma was made by the Tru-Cut method in 73.5% of cases, but in only 52% of cases by aspiration cytology. More importantly, there were no false positive diagnoses of carcinoma with Tru-Cut biopsy, but five cases of benign breast disease were incorrectly diagnosed as carcinoma by aspiration cytology. It is concluded that Tru-Cut biopsy is sufficiently reliable to be able to proceed direct to mastectomy following a positive diagnosis of carcinoma, in distinction to aspiration cytology with which an unacceptably high number of false positives occurs. The benefits of a pre-operative Tru-Cut biopsy diagnosis are identified.", "PMID": 700601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_367", "title": "The \"Scrimp\" technique--a method for the rapid diagnosis of surgical pathology specimens.", "content": "A rapid cytological method for the diagnosis of surgical pathology specimens is reported. This procedure consists of a scrape of the tissue and an imprint of the cells and has therefore been termed the \"Scrimp\" technique. It is simple, inexpensive and accurate and is of value in routine surgical pathology in the separation of benign and malignant lesions and particularly in the determination of the adequacy of surgical excision of skin tumours.", "contents": "The \"Scrimp\" technique--a method for the rapid diagnosis of surgical pathology specimens. A rapid cytological method for the diagnosis of surgical pathology specimens is reported. This procedure consists of a scrape of the tissue and an imprint of the cells and has therefore been termed the \"Scrimp\" technique. It is simple, inexpensive and accurate and is of value in routine surgical pathology in the separation of benign and malignant lesions and particularly in the determination of the adequacy of surgical excision of skin tumours.", "PMID": 700602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_368", "title": "Chondroectodermal dysplasia (Ellis--van Creveld syndrome) with dysplasia of renal medulla and bile ducts.", "content": "A case of a 28-month-old boy with chondroectodermal dysplasia (Ellis-van Creveld syndrome) is reported. Besides polydactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, acromelic dwarfism and congenital heart defect, which are characteristic morphologic features of the syndrome, additional dysplastic developmental defects were discovered in the kidneys, liver, and lungs. Detailed histopathologic studies of the growth plates of tibia, femur and ribs disclosed an irregular, partly hyperplastic, partly dystrophic appearance of the epiphyseal cartilage, which was not resorbed properly by the invading blood vessels. Focal areas of necrosis occurred and barriers of tongue-shaped cartilaginous peninsulas persisted. Regular enchondral ossification was hindered and compensatory membrane ossification was found in the fibrosing metaphyseal bone marrow adjacent to the cartilage. Dysplasia and fibrosis of the renal medulla plus interstitial fibrosing nephritis in the cortex resulted in kidney contraction and renal failure. Hepatomegaly, portal fibrosis and bile duct hyperplasia and dysplasia were detected at autopsy, but did not have any clinical significance. These findings once again emphasize that derivatives of all three germ layers are involved in the Ellis-van Creveld syndrome. The possibility that a single metabolic or structural abnormality of the mesenchymal tissues could be responsible for the various organ dysplasias is discussed.", "contents": "Chondroectodermal dysplasia (Ellis--van Creveld syndrome) with dysplasia of renal medulla and bile ducts. A case of a 28-month-old boy with chondroectodermal dysplasia (Ellis-van Creveld syndrome) is reported. Besides polydactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, acromelic dwarfism and congenital heart defect, which are characteristic morphologic features of the syndrome, additional dysplastic developmental defects were discovered in the kidneys, liver, and lungs. Detailed histopathologic studies of the growth plates of tibia, femur and ribs disclosed an irregular, partly hyperplastic, partly dystrophic appearance of the epiphyseal cartilage, which was not resorbed properly by the invading blood vessels. Focal areas of necrosis occurred and barriers of tongue-shaped cartilaginous peninsulas persisted. Regular enchondral ossification was hindered and compensatory membrane ossification was found in the fibrosing metaphyseal bone marrow adjacent to the cartilage. Dysplasia and fibrosis of the renal medulla plus interstitial fibrosing nephritis in the cortex resulted in kidney contraction and renal failure. Hepatomegaly, portal fibrosis and bile duct hyperplasia and dysplasia were detected at autopsy, but did not have any clinical significance. These findings once again emphasize that derivatives of all three germ layers are involved in the Ellis-van Creveld syndrome. The possibility that a single metabolic or structural abnormality of the mesenchymal tissues could be responsible for the various organ dysplasias is discussed.", "PMID": 700603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_369", "title": "Endocardial fibrosis in apparently normal infant hearts.", "content": "A classification of the histological appearance of the endocardium in infants, and observers' reproducibility tests have been carried out. In a retrospective survey of 262 overtly normal hearts, what is considered to be abnormal thickening of the endocardium was found in 3.4%, and probably significant thickening in 20%. The changes occurred in unexpected home deaths as well as in hospital deaths and the lesions may be a contributing factor in some cot deaths, but a prospective study is required to confirm this.", "contents": "Endocardial fibrosis in apparently normal infant hearts. A classification of the histological appearance of the endocardium in infants, and observers' reproducibility tests have been carried out. In a retrospective survey of 262 overtly normal hearts, what is considered to be abnormal thickening of the endocardium was found in 3.4%, and probably significant thickening in 20%. The changes occurred in unexpected home deaths as well as in hospital deaths and the lesions may be a contributing factor in some cot deaths, but a prospective study is required to confirm this.", "PMID": 700604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_370", "title": "Blue naevus of the cervix: report of two cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Two cases are described of blue naevi occurring in the uterine cervix. These showed a histological appearance identical to that seen in the commoner cutaneous examples. Electron microscopy of both lesions showed the presence of melanosomes in the dendritic cells. No Schwann cell elements were identified. Previous reports of cases are reviewed and discussed.", "contents": "Blue naevus of the cervix: report of two cases and review of the literature. Two cases are described of blue naevi occurring in the uterine cervix. These showed a histological appearance identical to that seen in the commoner cutaneous examples. Electron microscopy of both lesions showed the presence of melanosomes in the dendritic cells. No Schwann cell elements were identified. Previous reports of cases are reviewed and discussed.", "PMID": 700605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_371", "title": "Multiple vascular malformation in the \"blue rubber bleb naevus\" syndrome: a case with aneurysm of vein of Galen and vascular lesions suggesting a link to the Weber-Osler-Rendu syndrome.", "content": "A case of Bean's syndrome is reported in which a wide variety of vascular malformations are illustrated. Among these were multiple arterio-venous malformations including a so-called vein of Galen aneurysm. A comparison of this case with those in the literature suggests that the pathology in patients with Bean's syndrome may be more varied than heretofore recognized, and that an overlap between this syndrome and the Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome may exist.", "contents": "Multiple vascular malformation in the \"blue rubber bleb naevus\" syndrome: a case with aneurysm of vein of Galen and vascular lesions suggesting a link to the Weber-Osler-Rendu syndrome. A case of Bean's syndrome is reported in which a wide variety of vascular malformations are illustrated. Among these were multiple arterio-venous malformations including a so-called vein of Galen aneurysm. A comparison of this case with those in the literature suggests that the pathology in patients with Bean's syndrome may be more varied than heretofore recognized, and that an overlap between this syndrome and the Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome may exist.", "PMID": 700606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_372", "title": "Community residential treatment for schizophrenia: two-year follow-up.", "content": "Two-year outcome data from a study comparing two kinds of treatment given similar groups of young, newly diagnosed, unmarried schizophrenic patients deemed in need of hospitalization are reported. The experimental program, Soteria, is a nonmedical, psychosocial program with minimal use of antipsychotic drugs; it is staffed by nonprofessionals and located in a home in the community. The control program is a short-stay, crisis-oriented inpatient service in a community mental health center where neuroleptic drugs are the principal treatment. The experimental group had significantly longer initial stays, and only 8 per cent received neuroleptics during their initial admission. Over the two-year follow-up period, there were no significant differences between the groups in readmissions or levels of symptomatology. However, experimental subjects significantly less often received medications, used less outpatient care, showed significantly better occupational levels, and were more able to live independently.", "contents": "Community residential treatment for schizophrenia: two-year follow-up. Two-year outcome data from a study comparing two kinds of treatment given similar groups of young, newly diagnosed, unmarried schizophrenic patients deemed in need of hospitalization are reported. The experimental program, Soteria, is a nonmedical, psychosocial program with minimal use of antipsychotic drugs; it is staffed by nonprofessionals and located in a home in the community. The control program is a short-stay, crisis-oriented inpatient service in a community mental health center where neuroleptic drugs are the principal treatment. The experimental group had significantly longer initial stays, and only 8 per cent received neuroleptics during their initial admission. Over the two-year follow-up period, there were no significant differences between the groups in readmissions or levels of symptomatology. However, experimental subjects significantly less often received medications, used less outpatient care, showed significantly better occupational levels, and were more able to live independently.", "PMID": 700610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_373", "title": "Psychiatric education in the emergency room: must teaching stop at 5 p.m.?", "content": "The authors surveyed psychiatric residency programs to see what educational resources were available to residents assigned to provide emergency services during evening and nighttime hours. Almost half the sample of 89 programs assigned first-year residents to provide emergency care. The primary immediate means of support for the residents was telephone assistance, in 49 per cent of the programs, or the presence of a non-psychiatrist professional, in 35 per cent. The general lack of educational resources reflects the traditional dispositional model of emergency psychiatry, the authors say, with its emphasis on briefly evaluating the patient and referring him elsewhere for services; current training practices cannot meet the goals of the crisis system model in which a comprehensive treatment program is begun in the emergency room.", "contents": "Psychiatric education in the emergency room: must teaching stop at 5 p.m.? The authors surveyed psychiatric residency programs to see what educational resources were available to residents assigned to provide emergency services during evening and nighttime hours. Almost half the sample of 89 programs assigned first-year residents to provide emergency care. The primary immediate means of support for the residents was telephone assistance, in 49 per cent of the programs, or the presence of a non-psychiatrist professional, in 35 per cent. The general lack of educational resources reflects the traditional dispositional model of emergency psychiatry, the authors say, with its emphasis on briefly evaluating the patient and referring him elsewhere for services; current training practices cannot meet the goals of the crisis system model in which a comprehensive treatment program is begun in the emergency room.", "PMID": 700611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_374", "title": "Overnight admission for psychiatric emergencies.", "content": "Patients identified as psychiatric cases on the emergency ward of a 1036-bed teaching hospital are handled in one of three ways: released with outpatient referral, admitted to a psychiatric inpatient facility, or hospitalized in a general medical holding unit with a 24-hour stay. The authors obtained demographic and diagnostic data on 377 psychiatric patients seen consecutively on the ward and then compared those admitted to the holding unit (83) with those released (193) or hospitalized (101). The three groups were demographically similar but the patients in the holding group fell between the other two groups in severity of psychopathology. More than half the patients admitted to the holding unit were released the following day. The authors discuss the advantages of overnight admission as an alternative to hospitalization or release.", "contents": "Overnight admission for psychiatric emergencies. Patients identified as psychiatric cases on the emergency ward of a 1036-bed teaching hospital are handled in one of three ways: released with outpatient referral, admitted to a psychiatric inpatient facility, or hospitalized in a general medical holding unit with a 24-hour stay. The authors obtained demographic and diagnostic data on 377 psychiatric patients seen consecutively on the ward and then compared those admitted to the holding unit (83) with those released (193) or hospitalized (101). The three groups were demographically similar but the patients in the holding group fell between the other two groups in severity of psychopathology. More than half the patients admitted to the holding unit were released the following day. The authors discuss the advantages of overnight admission as an alternative to hospitalization or release.", "PMID": 700612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_375", "title": "Ex-patient visitors to the hospital psychiatric unit.", "content": "An informal study of visits to an inpatient psychiatric unit by former patients indicated that such visiting was a common occurrence, more prevalent than staff realized. Most ex-patient visitors were chronically impaired individuals who were making a marginal community adjustment and did not use aftercare services. Of 29 expatient visitors, some of whom made multiple and even daily visits, more than half appeared to use the visits as an indirect, symbolic way of asking for help. For some the brief contacts with treatment personnel seemed to have therapeutic value. The authors suggest that, although such visits may be troublesome to staff, expatient visitors should be welcomed and offered informal brief supportive contacts when feasible.", "contents": "Ex-patient visitors to the hospital psychiatric unit. An informal study of visits to an inpatient psychiatric unit by former patients indicated that such visiting was a common occurrence, more prevalent than staff realized. Most ex-patient visitors were chronically impaired individuals who were making a marginal community adjustment and did not use aftercare services. Of 29 expatient visitors, some of whom made multiple and even daily visits, more than half appeared to use the visits as an indirect, symbolic way of asking for help. For some the brief contacts with treatment personnel seemed to have therapeutic value. The authors suggest that, although such visits may be troublesome to staff, expatient visitors should be welcomed and offered informal brief supportive contacts when feasible.", "PMID": 700613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_376", "title": "Differential diagnosis of the disturbed elderly patient.", "content": "Disturbed elderly patients too often receive a general and rather automatic diagnosis of senility when a differential diagnosis, made by a multidisciplinary team, could identify their problems more specifically. The Gerontological Treatment Center of the Psychiatric Institute of Washington, D.C., has been making such differential diagnoses for the past four years and has returned nearly 80 per cent of its 300 patients to community living after six to eight weeks at the center. The most common problem found in the patients is depression. Case examples demonstrate the need for an understanding of both physical and mental problems that elderly patients face.", "contents": "Differential diagnosis of the disturbed elderly patient. Disturbed elderly patients too often receive a general and rather automatic diagnosis of senility when a differential diagnosis, made by a multidisciplinary team, could identify their problems more specifically. The Gerontological Treatment Center of the Psychiatric Institute of Washington, D.C., has been making such differential diagnoses for the past four years and has returned nearly 80 per cent of its 300 patients to community living after six to eight weeks at the center. The most common problem found in the patients is depression. Case examples demonstrate the need for an understanding of both physical and mental problems that elderly patients face.", "PMID": 700614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_377", "title": "Movement therapy with geriatric patients in a convalescent home.", "content": "After several weeks of orientation with staff, the author, a registered dance therapist, established a movement therapy group for long-term geriatric patients in a convalescent home. The purpose was to promote socialization and expression of feelings, partly by recognizing even the most minimal participation in the group. Many patients were severely depressed and disoriented; most were in wheel chairs. Three months later a second group, functioning at a higher level, was formed. During the first six months, patients showed increases in verbalization and spontaneous expression of feelings, in interaction, and in assertiveness.", "contents": "Movement therapy with geriatric patients in a convalescent home. After several weeks of orientation with staff, the author, a registered dance therapist, established a movement therapy group for long-term geriatric patients in a convalescent home. The purpose was to promote socialization and expression of feelings, partly by recognizing even the most minimal participation in the group. Many patients were severely depressed and disoriented; most were in wheel chairs. Three months later a second group, functioning at a higher level, was formed. During the first six months, patients showed increases in verbalization and spontaneous expression of feelings, in interaction, and in assertiveness.", "PMID": 700615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_378", "title": "Obtaining informed consent for mental health treatment.", "content": "A series of forms has been developed by staff at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Seattle in response to a Washington state law requiring that patients give informed consent to treatment. The forms, which describe the nature of the treatment and possible risks and benefits, follow four models: a single consent form that meets all the needs of a clinical unit; separate consent forms for various services of a clinical unit, such as medication or group or individual therapy; a limited-consent form combined with a brochure or fact sheet; and a consent form combined with a treatment contract. The authors report that use of the forms has required very little additional staff time and has not discouraged patients from entering treatment.", "contents": "Obtaining informed consent for mental health treatment. A series of forms has been developed by staff at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Seattle in response to a Washington state law requiring that patients give informed consent to treatment. The forms, which describe the nature of the treatment and possible risks and benefits, follow four models: a single consent form that meets all the needs of a clinical unit; separate consent forms for various services of a clinical unit, such as medication or group or individual therapy; a limited-consent form combined with a brochure or fact sheet; and a consent form combined with a treatment contract. The authors report that use of the forms has required very little additional staff time and has not discouraged patients from entering treatment.", "PMID": 700616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_379", "title": "Cardiac rehabilitation program focuses on total patient.", "content": "One hospital's attempt to combat the nation's leading cause of death is presented here. This medium-sized community hospital has initiated a cardiac rehabilitation program that encompasses the psychosocial as well as the physical well-being of the patient. The three-phase plan involves regular physical examinations, educational counseling for patients and families, and individualized inpatient and outpatient exercise regimens.", "contents": "Cardiac rehabilitation program focuses on total patient. One hospital's attempt to combat the nation's leading cause of death is presented here. This medium-sized community hospital has initiated a cardiac rehabilitation program that encompasses the psychosocial as well as the physical well-being of the patient. The three-phase plan involves regular physical examinations, educational counseling for patients and families, and individualized inpatient and outpatient exercise regimens.", "PMID": 700617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_380", "title": "Automated system upgrades personnel and payroll records.", "content": "A hosital implemented a computer-based system that produces highly detailed and accurate automated personnel files, weekly time sheets, employee attendance records, itemized weekly paychecks, and other special reports. The system has reduced the time, labor, space, errors, and costs associated with producing and storing these personnel records.", "contents": "Automated system upgrades personnel and payroll records. A hosital implemented a computer-based system that produces highly detailed and accurate automated personnel files, weekly time sheets, employee attendance records, itemized weekly paychecks, and other special reports. The system has reduced the time, labor, space, errors, and costs associated with producing and storing these personnel records.", "PMID": 700620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_381", "title": "Hospital structures guidelines for coping with snowstorms.", "content": "When a snowstorm not only paralyzes a community but also isolates its hospital or hospitals, contingency plans and procedures ensure the effective administration and operation of a health care facility during the emergency. In retrospect, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, has developed specific policies, procedures, and mechanisms to identify and deal with logistical and organizational problems that MGH experienced during the 1978 blizzard.", "contents": "Hospital structures guidelines for coping with snowstorms. When a snowstorm not only paralyzes a community but also isolates its hospital or hospitals, contingency plans and procedures ensure the effective administration and operation of a health care facility during the emergency. In retrospect, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, has developed specific policies, procedures, and mechanisms to identify and deal with logistical and organizational problems that MGH experienced during the 1978 blizzard.", "PMID": 700621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_382", "title": "Patient drug self-administration improves regimen compliance.", "content": "Through a hospital's three-phase program, inpatients learned about their medications and gradually accepted responsibility for self-administration of these medications, for developing their schedules, and for adhering to their regimens. A postdischare follow-up study showed that the program had substantially improved patient compliance with medication regimens.", "contents": "Patient drug self-administration improves regimen compliance. Through a hospital's three-phase program, inpatients learned about their medications and gradually accepted responsibility for self-administration of these medications, for developing their schedules, and for adhering to their regimens. A postdischare follow-up study showed that the program had substantially improved patient compliance with medication regimens.", "PMID": 700622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_383", "title": "Does continuing education improve nursing practice?", "content": "Is a one-time mandated license enough to ensure competent, up-to-date nursing practice in today's hospital? Are present continuing education programs for nurses adequate? Is mandatory relicensure for nurses necessary? The author looks at these questions and provides some thoughtful and thought-provoking answers.", "contents": "Does continuing education improve nursing practice? Is a one-time mandated license enough to ensure competent, up-to-date nursing practice in today's hospital? Are present continuing education programs for nurses adequate? Is mandatory relicensure for nurses necessary? The author looks at these questions and provides some thoughtful and thought-provoking answers.", "PMID": 700623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_384", "title": "Hospital offers cardiac crisis program to industry.", "content": "A university medical center has initated a cardiac crisis plan that reaches out to industry to promote preventive health care among employees. The program described here served as a marketing tool for the medical center to establish its credibility among business leaders.", "contents": "Hospital offers cardiac crisis program to industry. A university medical center has initated a cardiac crisis plan that reaches out to industry to promote preventive health care among employees. The program described here served as a marketing tool for the medical center to establish its credibility among business leaders.", "PMID": 700624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_385", "title": "Central service guidelines present challenges for in-house packaging.", "content": "New standards and guidelines for in-house packaging present perplexing issues and questions regarding types of materials, procedures, and handling of packs to achieve and maintain sterility.", "contents": "Central service guidelines present challenges for in-house packaging. New standards and guidelines for in-house packaging present perplexing issues and questions regarding types of materials, procedures, and handling of packs to achieve and maintain sterility.", "PMID": 700625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_386", "title": "Local vs. regional planning: a delicate balance.", "content": "Planning at the institutional level is crucial if hospitals are to influence the initiatives of government regional regulatory agencies. Given the current intensive regulatory environment, the absence of an effective planning process could pose a threat to the very survival of some health care institutions. But most importantly, planning is necessary for every hospital, large or small, because it is the principal management tool that helps hospitals define and meet community needs. The author offers some fundamental principles and practical advice for the development of new directions in hospital planning.", "contents": "Local vs. regional planning: a delicate balance. Planning at the institutional level is crucial if hospitals are to influence the initiatives of government regional regulatory agencies. Given the current intensive regulatory environment, the absence of an effective planning process could pose a threat to the very survival of some health care institutions. But most importantly, planning is necessary for every hospital, large or small, because it is the principal management tool that helps hospitals define and meet community needs. The author offers some fundamental principles and practical advice for the development of new directions in hospital planning.", "PMID": 700631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_387", "title": "Medical malpractice suits can be avoided.", "content": "As medical treatment has become increasingly complex over the years, patient care has become more and more dehumanized. The author explains how this feeling of dehumanization can cause patients to file malpractice suits and explores ways in which hosptial administrators can attempt to remedy the situation.", "contents": "Medical malpractice suits can be avoided. As medical treatment has become increasingly complex over the years, patient care has become more and more dehumanized. The author explains how this feeling of dehumanization can cause patients to file malpractice suits and explores ways in which hosptial administrators can attempt to remedy the situation.", "PMID": 700634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_388", "title": "The hospital system takes a look at 'shrinking' itself.", "content": "Health care planning mechanisms and the dangers of the \"survival of the fittest\" method of reducing the size of the hospital system have led some hospitals and hospital associations to undertake programs of conversion of acute care beds, long-range citywide and statewide planning for reduction in the number of beds, and multiple use of beds, units, or entire hospitals.", "contents": "The hospital system takes a look at 'shrinking' itself. Health care planning mechanisms and the dangers of the \"survival of the fittest\" method of reducing the size of the hospital system have led some hospitals and hospital associations to undertake programs of conversion of acute care beds, long-range citywide and statewide planning for reduction in the number of beds, and multiple use of beds, units, or entire hospitals.", "PMID": 700635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_389", "title": "Do administrators' views show why hospitals do or don't use unit doses?", "content": "A survey of hospital administrators showed some expected correlations and some surprising contradictions between their opinions of the unit dose system and their institutions' policies on use of the system. The survey indicated that hospital administrators need to be better informed about many of the advantages and disadvantages of the unit dose system and that communication with the hospital pharmacists strongly influences their opinions.", "contents": "Do administrators' views show why hospitals do or don't use unit doses? A survey of hospital administrators showed some expected correlations and some surprising contradictions between their opinions of the unit dose system and their institutions' policies on use of the system. The survey indicated that hospital administrators need to be better informed about many of the advantages and disadvantages of the unit dose system and that communication with the hospital pharmacists strongly influences their opinions.", "PMID": 700656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_390", "title": "Cleaning, disinfecting procedures help control spread of infection.", "content": "The spread of nosocomial infection connected with the use of the fiberoptic bronchoscope can be controlled if hospital personnel are taught clear, specific procedures for the cleaning, disinfecting, and/or sterilizing of these instruments. Infection control authorities recommend that the scopes be sterilized between each patient use, but many hospitals find this to be an impractical practice. As an alternative, fiberoptic bronchoscopes can be disinfected with alkaline gluteraldehyde, a process that takes approximately 10 minutes.", "contents": "Cleaning, disinfecting procedures help control spread of infection. The spread of nosocomial infection connected with the use of the fiberoptic bronchoscope can be controlled if hospital personnel are taught clear, specific procedures for the cleaning, disinfecting, and/or sterilizing of these instruments. Infection control authorities recommend that the scopes be sterilized between each patient use, but many hospitals find this to be an impractical practice. As an alternative, fiberoptic bronchoscopes can be disinfected with alkaline gluteraldehyde, a process that takes approximately 10 minutes.", "PMID": 700657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_391", "title": "Increase control of operations to reduce linen costs.", "content": "Hospital linen managers can reduce costs most effectively by devising and imposing controls on linen operations rather than by merely limiting linen usage. Such controls include use of work load timetables for the laundry department, an itemized charge system for each linen-using department, standards for daily usage, and immediate investigation of deviations from the standards.", "contents": "Increase control of operations to reduce linen costs. Hospital linen managers can reduce costs most effectively by devising and imposing controls on linen operations rather than by merely limiting linen usage. Such controls include use of work load timetables for the laundry department, an itemized charge system for each linen-using department, standards for daily usage, and immediate investigation of deviations from the standards.", "PMID": 700658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_392", "title": "Reducing excess hospital capacity is a tough but necessary job.", "content": "Developing and implementing an effective program to reduce excess hospital capacity is an extremely difficult and complex task. But it is clearly a logical means to contain health care costs and to develope a cost-effective health system.", "contents": "Reducing excess hospital capacity is a tough but necessary job. Developing and implementing an effective program to reduce excess hospital capacity is an extremely difficult and complex task. But it is clearly a logical means to contain health care costs and to develope a cost-effective health system.", "PMID": 700667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_393", "title": "The end of the line: when a hospital closes.", "content": "Seven hospitals that closed between 1974 and 1977 were forced to shut down by a variety of factors. Several of the closings were accomplished in a relatively painless fashion. Others were difficult and created many problems. The individuals involved in the closings and their aftermath learned many lessons, the chief among which is the critical need for communication among all parties involved.", "contents": "The end of the line: when a hospital closes. Seven hospitals that closed between 1974 and 1977 were forced to shut down by a variety of factors. Several of the closings were accomplished in a relatively painless fashion. Others were difficult and created many problems. The individuals involved in the closings and their aftermath learned many lessons, the chief among which is the critical need for communication among all parties involved.", "PMID": 700668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_394", "title": "Wide range of causes found for hospital closures.", "content": "Survey conducted by the American Hospital Association has determined where hospitals have closed, what types of hospitals close, and the reasons for closing. Comparative data for a three-year period are used to show trends in a variety of factors affecting hospital closings.", "contents": "Wide range of causes found for hospital closures. Survey conducted by the American Hospital Association has determined where hospitals have closed, what types of hospitals close, and the reasons for closing. Comparative data for a three-year period are used to show trends in a variety of factors affecting hospital closings.", "PMID": 700669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_395", "title": "Impact of hospital closures on nearby hospitals studied.", "content": "An AHA study showed that hospital closures during 1975 significantly affected utilization of other hospitals in the vicinity of the closures. The degree of impact on the affected hospitals varied widely according to certain factors, such as urban or rural setting, bed size, and number of other nearby hospitals.", "contents": "Impact of hospital closures on nearby hospitals studied. An AHA study showed that hospital closures during 1975 significantly affected utilization of other hospitals in the vicinity of the closures. The degree of impact on the affected hospitals varied widely according to certain factors, such as urban or rural setting, bed size, and number of other nearby hospitals.", "PMID": 700670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_396", "title": "Planning with the community in mind can prevent hospital closings.", "content": "A study of 46 closings and mergers in New York City over a 15-year period shows the importance of public funding for the viability of hospitals and the need for sound institutional planning for hospital survival. Regulatory agencies may deny hospitals public funds if they do not respond to their communities.", "contents": "Planning with the community in mind can prevent hospital closings. A study of 46 closings and mergers in New York City over a 15-year period shows the importance of public funding for the viability of hospitals and the need for sound institutional planning for hospital survival. Regulatory agencies may deny hospitals public funds if they do not respond to their communities.", "PMID": 700671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_397", "title": "There's more to it than people shuffling.", "content": "If personnel administrators are to gain their rightful place on the hospital management team, they must be prepared to offer services well beyond the traditional, technical aspects of the personnel function. To begin to provide these services, they must be willing to make difficult choices.", "contents": "There's more to it than people shuffling. If personnel administrators are to gain their rightful place on the hospital management team, they must be prepared to offer services well beyond the traditional, technical aspects of the personnel function. To begin to provide these services, they must be willing to make difficult choices.", "PMID": 700673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_398", "title": "Catholic health care systems: a sign of the times.", "content": "Fundamental changes have been taking place both within society and within the Church and religious communities in relation to the delivery of health and hospital services. Consequently, serious attention should be given to an indepth exploration of the potential for religious congregations to continue to vitally witness to the health ministry through the alternative of a systems approach.", "contents": "Catholic health care systems: a sign of the times. Fundamental changes have been taking place both within society and within the Church and religious communities in relation to the delivery of health and hospital services. Consequently, serious attention should be given to an indepth exploration of the potential for religious congregations to continue to vitally witness to the health ministry through the alternative of a systems approach.", "PMID": 700680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_399", "title": "Justice, a goal of coordinated Christian health care.", "content": "Different systems will be needed to bring order and unity to the many health care activities existing in American dioceses. Three underlying principles, however, should direct any efforts at unification: (1) the centrality of the parish to the development of health care programs, (2) the lay ministry of the health care apostolate, and (3) the reforming role of the ministry in attempting to change society to obtain justice for all.", "contents": "Justice, a goal of coordinated Christian health care. Different systems will be needed to bring order and unity to the many health care activities existing in American dioceses. Three underlying principles, however, should direct any efforts at unification: (1) the centrality of the parish to the development of health care programs, (2) the lay ministry of the health care apostolate, and (3) the reforming role of the ministry in attempting to change society to obtain justice for all.", "PMID": 700682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_400", "title": "Dealing confidently with IRS, Part II: IRS audit and postaudit procedures.", "content": "Preparation enables an administrator to control the hospital's participation in IRS audit procedures, to fulfill the requirements essential to the institution's tax-exempt status, and to choose the most appropriate alternative at the postaudit conference.", "contents": "Dealing confidently with IRS, Part II: IRS audit and postaudit procedures. Preparation enables an administrator to control the hospital's participation in IRS audit procedures, to fulfill the requirements essential to the institution's tax-exempt status, and to choose the most appropriate alternative at the postaudit conference.", "PMID": 700683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_401", "title": "Help for the nonpromotable employee.", "content": "Over a period of time individuals become aware of their own nonpromotability, the causes of which are many and not all based in their inherent capacities. A concerned, skillful supervisor can help such employees to avoid counterproductive behavior and to experience satisfaction through restructuring positions and career paths and through counseling.", "contents": "Help for the nonpromotable employee. Over a period of time individuals become aware of their own nonpromotability, the causes of which are many and not all based in their inherent capacities. A concerned, skillful supervisor can help such employees to avoid counterproductive behavior and to experience satisfaction through restructuring positions and career paths and through counseling.", "PMID": 700684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_402", "title": "Anatomic and chromosomal anomalies in 944 induced abortuses.", "content": "A total of 944 induced abortuses, 922 of which apparently were anatomically normal and 22 of which were anatomically abnormal, were set up in culture. Of these abortuses, 910 (96.4%) were successfully karyotyped. The study can be divided into two periods. In the initial period, specimens without recovered fetal tissues were excluded, and no chromosome anomalies were found among the 182 abortuses karyotyped. In the later period of study, abortion specimens both with and without recovered fetal tissues were included, and 23 chromosomally abnormal abortuses, 9 of which were without recovered fetal tissues, were found among the 728 abortuses karyotyped. This gives a chromosome abnormality rate of 3.2%. The mean ovulation age for the 728 abortuses was 63.4 days (range 33--109 days). The mean maternal age was 28.4 years (range 15--48 years). The chromosomally abnormal abortuses included 13 (10 nonmosaic and 3 mosaic) trisomics, 7 triploids, 2 abortuses with balanced D/D translocations and an abortus with an XXq- karyotype. Among the 616 abortuses in which both amniotic and fetal tissues were karyotyped, there was complete karyotypic agreement between the two tissues. Among the 339 abortuses in which tissue samples from both sides of the body were analyzed, complete agreement was also found. Factors that may influence the prevalence of abnormal karyotypes in induced abortuses are discussed.", "contents": "Anatomic and chromosomal anomalies in 944 induced abortuses. A total of 944 induced abortuses, 922 of which apparently were anatomically normal and 22 of which were anatomically abnormal, were set up in culture. Of these abortuses, 910 (96.4%) were successfully karyotyped. The study can be divided into two periods. In the initial period, specimens without recovered fetal tissues were excluded, and no chromosome anomalies were found among the 182 abortuses karyotyped. In the later period of study, abortion specimens both with and without recovered fetal tissues were included, and 23 chromosomally abnormal abortuses, 9 of which were without recovered fetal tissues, were found among the 728 abortuses karyotyped. This gives a chromosome abnormality rate of 3.2%. The mean ovulation age for the 728 abortuses was 63.4 days (range 33--109 days). The mean maternal age was 28.4 years (range 15--48 years). The chromosomally abnormal abortuses included 13 (10 nonmosaic and 3 mosaic) trisomics, 7 triploids, 2 abortuses with balanced D/D translocations and an abortus with an XXq- karyotype. Among the 616 abortuses in which both amniotic and fetal tissues were karyotyped, there was complete karyotypic agreement between the two tissues. Among the 339 abortuses in which tissue samples from both sides of the body were analyzed, complete agreement was also found. Factors that may influence the prevalence of abnormal karyotypes in induced abortuses are discussed.", "PMID": 700699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_403", "title": "An extra band in human 9qh+ chromosomes.", "content": "Chromosome analysis of G-banded cells from nine individuals showed that 9qh+ chromosomes have an extra band in the h region in approx. 3 to 50% of the cells.", "contents": "An extra band in human 9qh+ chromosomes. Chromosome analysis of G-banded cells from nine individuals showed that 9qh+ chromosomes have an extra band in the h region in approx. 3 to 50% of the cells.", "PMID": 700700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_404", "title": "Preferential X inactivation in human placenta membranes: is the paternal X inactive in early embryonic development of female mammals?", "content": "In placenta membranes of newborn girls carrying electrophoretically distinguishable G6PD alleles, the maternally derived isozyme is expressed preferentially. This phenomenon cannot be explained by allelic differences in enzyme activity or by somatic selection directed against cells with particular G6PD phenotypes. Instead, it may be that in this tissue X inactivation is nonrandom. Preferential expression of the maternal X chromosome, as has been shown in marsupials and in extraembryonic membranes of rodents and now in man, may reflect the state of activity of the X chromosomes in the early stages of female embryonic development.", "contents": "Preferential X inactivation in human placenta membranes: is the paternal X inactive in early embryonic development of female mammals? In placenta membranes of newborn girls carrying electrophoretically distinguishable G6PD alleles, the maternally derived isozyme is expressed preferentially. This phenomenon cannot be explained by allelic differences in enzyme activity or by somatic selection directed against cells with particular G6PD phenotypes. Instead, it may be that in this tissue X inactivation is nonrandom. Preferential expression of the maternal X chromosome, as has been shown in marsupials and in extraembryonic membranes of rodents and now in man, may reflect the state of activity of the X chromosomes in the early stages of female embryonic development.", "PMID": 700701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_405", "title": "The relation of sex, smoking status, birth rank, and parental age to beta2-glycoprotein I levels and phenotypes in a sample of Australian Caucasian adults.", "content": "The serum level of beta2-glycoprotein I has been measured in a sample of 532 healthy, unrelated Caucasians resident in Melbourne. The distribution of levels is bimodal but lacks complete separation of the two modes. Samples with levels below 14.0 mg/100 ml are considered to be type I, and those above this level to be type N. The present sample contains 42 subjects of the former phenotype and 490 of the latter. The phenotypes are distributed equally between males and females and between smokers and nonsmokers and are unrelated to age, birth rank, or parental age. The gene frequencies for the Melbourne sample are compared with those found in various European samples. The beta2-glycoprotein I level of type N males is higher than that of females, and smokers have a higher level than nonsmokers. The positive regression of level on age is significant when corrections are made for sex and smoking status. beta2-glycoprotein I level is highly correlated with pseudocholinesterase activity. The pattern of inheritance of phenotypes has been examined in 17 families with a total of 56 children. In all families, this pattern is consistent with the currently accepted mode of autosomal codominant transmission.", "contents": "The relation of sex, smoking status, birth rank, and parental age to beta2-glycoprotein I levels and phenotypes in a sample of Australian Caucasian adults. The serum level of beta2-glycoprotein I has been measured in a sample of 532 healthy, unrelated Caucasians resident in Melbourne. The distribution of levels is bimodal but lacks complete separation of the two modes. Samples with levels below 14.0 mg/100 ml are considered to be type I, and those above this level to be type N. The present sample contains 42 subjects of the former phenotype and 490 of the latter. The phenotypes are distributed equally between males and females and between smokers and nonsmokers and are unrelated to age, birth rank, or parental age. The gene frequencies for the Melbourne sample are compared with those found in various European samples. The beta2-glycoprotein I level of type N males is higher than that of females, and smokers have a higher level than nonsmokers. The positive regression of level on age is significant when corrections are made for sex and smoking status. beta2-glycoprotein I level is highly correlated with pseudocholinesterase activity. The pattern of inheritance of phenotypes has been examined in 17 families with a total of 56 children. In all families, this pattern is consistent with the currently accepted mode of autosomal codominant transmission.", "PMID": 700702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_406", "title": "The gene for human peptidase A is on band 18q23 and shows triplex and uniplex dosage effect.", "content": "Gene dosage effect for the enzyme peptidase A was studied in the red cells of subjects trisomic (seven cases) or monosomic (five cases) for the segment of chromosome 18 carrying the gene. The individual levels of enzyme activity in both groups were differen from those of the controls, but with a wide overlap. The use of the ratio of the activity of each subject to the midparent activity eliminated the overlapping. The mean ratio was 0.94 for the controls, 2.36 for the trisomics, and 0.41 for the monosomics. The trisomic ratio is higher than expected on the assumption of a linear effect. Correlation with the cytogenetic data in four cases of ring 18 and one of 18q- firmly places the gene for peptidase A on band 18q23.", "contents": "The gene for human peptidase A is on band 18q23 and shows triplex and uniplex dosage effect. Gene dosage effect for the enzyme peptidase A was studied in the red cells of subjects trisomic (seven cases) or monosomic (five cases) for the segment of chromosome 18 carrying the gene. The individual levels of enzyme activity in both groups were differen from those of the controls, but with a wide overlap. The use of the ratio of the activity of each subject to the midparent activity eliminated the overlapping. The mean ratio was 0.94 for the controls, 2.36 for the trisomics, and 0.41 for the monosomics. The trisomic ratio is higher than expected on the assumption of a linear effect. Correlation with the cytogenetic data in four cases of ring 18 and one of 18q- firmly places the gene for peptidase A on band 18q23.", "PMID": 700704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_407", "title": "Isoelectric focusing of human red cell phosphoglucomutase: the distribution of variant phenotypes in a village population from the Gambia, West Africa.", "content": "A total of 637 individuals from the rural village of Keneba in The Gambia, West Africa, have been typed for red cell PGM using isoelectric focusing (pH 5--7) in polyacrylamide gels. Eight different phenotypes have been detected. The frequency of the four alleles at the PGM1 locus was found to be PGM1+(1) 0.795, PGM1-(1) 0.053, PGM2+(1) 0.133, AND PGM2-(1) 0.019. A study of the PGM phenotypes in 89 families confirmed the simple Mendelian codominant inheritance of the four alleles. Comparative population data suggest that red cell PGM typing by isoelectric focusing might prove to be a useful genetic marker in anthropological studies.", "contents": "Isoelectric focusing of human red cell phosphoglucomutase: the distribution of variant phenotypes in a village population from the Gambia, West Africa. A total of 637 individuals from the rural village of Keneba in The Gambia, West Africa, have been typed for red cell PGM using isoelectric focusing (pH 5--7) in polyacrylamide gels. Eight different phenotypes have been detected. The frequency of the four alleles at the PGM1 locus was found to be PGM1+(1) 0.795, PGM1-(1) 0.053, PGM2+(1) 0.133, AND PGM2-(1) 0.019. A study of the PGM phenotypes in 89 families confirmed the simple Mendelian codominant inheritance of the four alleles. Comparative population data suggest that red cell PGM typing by isoelectric focusing might prove to be a useful genetic marker in anthropological studies.", "PMID": 700705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_408", "title": "Red cell glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase genotypes of the population of two West African villages.", "content": "Blood samples from 1109 individuals, residents of two villages in The Gambia, West Africa, have been examined for red cell G6PD. Using both starch gel electrophoresis and a spectrophotometric assay, preliminary phenotypes were assigned to the 519 males and 590 females. The G6PD genotypes were established by reference to the family trees of the two village populations. In addition to the G6PD alleles B+, A+ and A-, a fourth allele, representing a new variant of human G6PD was discovered between the two villages, despite their being of the same tribal origin and only five miles apart.", "contents": "Red cell glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase genotypes of the population of two West African villages. Blood samples from 1109 individuals, residents of two villages in The Gambia, West Africa, have been examined for red cell G6PD. Using both starch gel electrophoresis and a spectrophotometric assay, preliminary phenotypes were assigned to the 519 males and 590 females. The G6PD genotypes were established by reference to the family trees of the two village populations. In addition to the G6PD alleles B+, A+ and A-, a fourth allele, representing a new variant of human G6PD was discovered between the two villages, despite their being of the same tribal origin and only five miles apart.", "PMID": 700706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_409", "title": "Is there a pattern of gene differentiation in the Indian populations.", "content": "Indian populations divided into a number of endogamous groups consisting of different castes, languages, religions, and tribes provide unique opportunities for examining the extent and nature of genetic differentiation at a microevolutionary stage. The genetic relationships between some of these Indian population groups have been examined using electrophoretic data from several biochemical loci in a gene diversity analysis. Does this type of analysis provide any insight into what causes such gene differentiation? What patterns of genetic variation emerge from these empirical findings? Answers are sought by relating the observed heterozygosity, genetic distance, and allied statistics to a mutation-drift hypothesis. The statistics used are: (1) interlocus mean and variance of heterozygosity, (2) mean and variance of genetic distance, and (3) correlation of heterozygosity and gene identity. The observed relationships between these sets of statistics agree well with the ones predicted by the hypothesis that different alleles at protein loci are selectively equivalent and gene frequency change occurs predominantly due to genetic drift.", "contents": "Is there a pattern of gene differentiation in the Indian populations. Indian populations divided into a number of endogamous groups consisting of different castes, languages, religions, and tribes provide unique opportunities for examining the extent and nature of genetic differentiation at a microevolutionary stage. The genetic relationships between some of these Indian population groups have been examined using electrophoretic data from several biochemical loci in a gene diversity analysis. Does this type of analysis provide any insight into what causes such gene differentiation? What patterns of genetic variation emerge from these empirical findings? Answers are sought by relating the observed heterozygosity, genetic distance, and allied statistics to a mutation-drift hypothesis. The statistics used are: (1) interlocus mean and variance of heterozygosity, (2) mean and variance of genetic distance, and (3) correlation of heterozygosity and gene identity. The observed relationships between these sets of statistics agree well with the ones predicted by the hypothesis that different alleles at protein loci are selectively equivalent and gene frequency change occurs predominantly due to genetic drift.", "PMID": 700707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_410", "title": "Ring 10 chromosome: 46,XX,r10(p15q26).", "content": "A teenage girl with mild retardation and some clinical features suggestive of the Turner syndrome was found to have an r10(p15q26) in blood and skin cells. Quantitative evaluation of 28 red cell enzymes, including two (hexokinase and glutamic-oxalocetic transaminase) known to be on chromosome 10, gave normal values.", "contents": "Ring 10 chromosome: 46,XX,r10(p15q26). A teenage girl with mild retardation and some clinical features suggestive of the Turner syndrome was found to have an r10(p15q26) in blood and skin cells. Quantitative evaluation of 28 red cell enzymes, including two (hexokinase and glutamic-oxalocetic transaminase) known to be on chromosome 10, gave normal values.", "PMID": 700708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_411", "title": "Trisomy 22 in a 20-year-old female.", "content": "Trisomy 22 was confirmed in a 20-year-old ambulatory female. Growth and mental retardation plus various dysmorphic features of this syndrome are described and compared with a previous survey. Several interesting unreported findings such as sexual immaturity and gait are discussed in regard to the 22 trisomy syndrome.", "contents": "Trisomy 22 in a 20-year-old female. Trisomy 22 was confirmed in a 20-year-old ambulatory female. Growth and mental retardation plus various dysmorphic features of this syndrome are described and compared with a previous survey. Several interesting unreported findings such as sexual immaturity and gait are discussed in regard to the 22 trisomy syndrome.", "PMID": 700709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_412", "title": "The L1210 radioimmune assay for detecting circulating immune complexes.", "content": "A radioimmune assay for the detection and quantitation of circulating immune complexes has been developed which employs the L1210 murine leukemia cell. The assay is based upon the binding of immune complexes to the L1210 through its Fc receptor followed by quantitation of the complexes with an 125I-labelled anti-IgG. The radioactivity of the cell pellet is referred to a standard curve generated by incubating the L1210 with known amounts of heat aggregated IgG (AIgG). 7S IgG of three species (human, canine, murine) do not bind significantly to the L1210 in contrast to the respective AIgG. The assay readily distinguishes between sera of healthy individuals and sera of individuals (human and canine) with diseases known to be associated with circulation immune complexes (i.e., systemic lupus erythematosus, HBAg positive acute hepatitis). The L1210 radioimmune assay is capable of detecting as little as 5 micrograms of immune complexes per ml of serum in all three species tested. The assay possesses several advantages over those currently employed, the most notable being the ability of the L1210 cell to detect immune complexes irrespective of their complement fixing properties.", "contents": "The L1210 radioimmune assay for detecting circulating immune complexes. A radioimmune assay for the detection and quantitation of circulating immune complexes has been developed which employs the L1210 murine leukemia cell. The assay is based upon the binding of immune complexes to the L1210 through its Fc receptor followed by quantitation of the complexes with an 125I-labelled anti-IgG. The radioactivity of the cell pellet is referred to a standard curve generated by incubating the L1210 with known amounts of heat aggregated IgG (AIgG). 7S IgG of three species (human, canine, murine) do not bind significantly to the L1210 in contrast to the respective AIgG. The assay readily distinguishes between sera of healthy individuals and sera of individuals (human and canine) with diseases known to be associated with circulation immune complexes (i.e., systemic lupus erythematosus, HBAg positive acute hepatitis). The L1210 radioimmune assay is capable of detecting as little as 5 micrograms of immune complexes per ml of serum in all three species tested. The assay possesses several advantages over those currently employed, the most notable being the ability of the L1210 cell to detect immune complexes irrespective of their complement fixing properties.", "PMID": 700778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_413", "title": "Differentiation and activity of mast cells following immunization in cultures of lymph-node cells.", "content": "An extensive clonal differentiation into mast cells from primitive blast cell precursors occurred when lymph node cells obtained from mice immunized with horse serum were cultured on mouse embryonic skin monolayers. Horse serum was always present in the culture as a constituent of the nutritional medium. Mast cells developed to lesser extent also in cultures prepared from non-immunized mice. However, a clear difference in mast cell-granule ultrastructure and in histamine content was noted between the two. In cultures of lymph nodes cells from non-immunized mice the granules were tiny and uniform in size and in staining density; whereas granules in the immune cultures were larger and non-uniform in size and in staining density, and the intragranular organization manifested alterations of various forms. The content of intracellular histamine per 10(6) mast cells was about equal in both cultures. However, much more free histamine (per 10(6) mast cells) gradually accumulated in cultures of the immune lymph node cells, indicating higher rates of synthesis and release of histamine. The mast cells were readily degranulated by heat-inactivated (IgG1) sera of the mice used as donors of the lymph node cells. 92% of the mast cells were degranulated and as much as 80% of the histamine was released. The degranulation was accompanied by an immediate (albeit reversible) response of the fibroblast cells in the monolayer. A shift of the well-stretched cytoplasm of the fibroblasts opened numerous 'window' over the whole monolayer. The degranulated mast cells survived the process and could be maintained further in the cultures. Moreover, they were capable of repeated degranulation, releasing 50% of their histamine, even after four degranulation cycles performed over a 7 days' period of culture. No cytotoxic effect on the mast cells was noted and the histamine content in culture, 3 days after degranulation, seemed to be higher than in the undergranulated control cultures--suggesting an intensified rate of histamine synthesis.", "contents": "Differentiation and activity of mast cells following immunization in cultures of lymph-node cells. An extensive clonal differentiation into mast cells from primitive blast cell precursors occurred when lymph node cells obtained from mice immunized with horse serum were cultured on mouse embryonic skin monolayers. Horse serum was always present in the culture as a constituent of the nutritional medium. Mast cells developed to lesser extent also in cultures prepared from non-immunized mice. However, a clear difference in mast cell-granule ultrastructure and in histamine content was noted between the two. In cultures of lymph nodes cells from non-immunized mice the granules were tiny and uniform in size and in staining density; whereas granules in the immune cultures were larger and non-uniform in size and in staining density, and the intragranular organization manifested alterations of various forms. The content of intracellular histamine per 10(6) mast cells was about equal in both cultures. However, much more free histamine (per 10(6) mast cells) gradually accumulated in cultures of the immune lymph node cells, indicating higher rates of synthesis and release of histamine. The mast cells were readily degranulated by heat-inactivated (IgG1) sera of the mice used as donors of the lymph node cells. 92% of the mast cells were degranulated and as much as 80% of the histamine was released. The degranulation was accompanied by an immediate (albeit reversible) response of the fibroblast cells in the monolayer. A shift of the well-stretched cytoplasm of the fibroblasts opened numerous 'window' over the whole monolayer. The degranulated mast cells survived the process and could be maintained further in the cultures. Moreover, they were capable of repeated degranulation, releasing 50% of their histamine, even after four degranulation cycles performed over a 7 days' period of culture. No cytotoxic effect on the mast cells was noted and the histamine content in culture, 3 days after degranulation, seemed to be higher than in the undergranulated control cultures--suggesting an intensified rate of histamine synthesis.", "PMID": 700779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_414", "title": "Trichinella spiralis infection in mice. Mechanism of the resistance in animals genetically selected for high and low antibody production.", "content": "Mice genetically selected according to their capacity to produce antibody were orally infected with fifty muscle larvae. After 1 month, the number of larvae found in low responder mice was twice the number found in high responder mice. Following a second infection, low responder mice were completely protected while high responder mice showed only partial protection. It is suggested that the better resistance of high responder mice after a primary infection is due to their high and rapid antibody production. However, at the time of a secondary infection both lines of mice possess enough antibody to act on the effector cells (macrophages, eosinophils, etc.) and resistance is then dependent on the metabolic activity of these cells, which is more intense in the low responder mice.", "contents": "Trichinella spiralis infection in mice. Mechanism of the resistance in animals genetically selected for high and low antibody production. Mice genetically selected according to their capacity to produce antibody were orally infected with fifty muscle larvae. After 1 month, the number of larvae found in low responder mice was twice the number found in high responder mice. Following a second infection, low responder mice were completely protected while high responder mice showed only partial protection. It is suggested that the better resistance of high responder mice after a primary infection is due to their high and rapid antibody production. However, at the time of a secondary infection both lines of mice possess enough antibody to act on the effector cells (macrophages, eosinophils, etc.) and resistance is then dependent on the metabolic activity of these cells, which is more intense in the low responder mice.", "PMID": 700780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_415", "title": "Effect of age on C1q and C3 levels in human serum and their presence in colostrum.", "content": "The initiating complement component (C1q) in the classical pathway of 730 subjects and the first essential component (C3) in the alternative pathway of 461 subjects in Japan were examined. The study population consisted of normal healthy newborns, infants, children, adults and the old (from birth up to 75 years of age). In cord sera, both C1q and C3 were about 60% to the total mean level. At 3 days of age, C1q markedly increased to the mean level which remained relatively invariable up to 40 years of age. And above 40 years, the C1q level increased steadily with age up to about 75 years of age. C3 reached the mean level at about 1 month of age, and was highest during infancy. This level declined at about puberty and then continued to increase steadily with age up to around 55 years. In normal healthy subjects, a moderate positive rank correlation was found between C1q and C3 amounts. No significant differences of C1q and C3 levels were evident between male and female. No C1q was demonstrable in the colostrum from which lipids were previously removed, but after concentration by precipitation in a chelating agent with a low ionic strength, C1q, measured immunochemically, was detectable at concentrations of 300 ng/ml of colostrum. C3 was also detected at concentrations of about 200 microgram/ml of colostrum.", "contents": "Effect of age on C1q and C3 levels in human serum and their presence in colostrum. The initiating complement component (C1q) in the classical pathway of 730 subjects and the first essential component (C3) in the alternative pathway of 461 subjects in Japan were examined. The study population consisted of normal healthy newborns, infants, children, adults and the old (from birth up to 75 years of age). In cord sera, both C1q and C3 were about 60% to the total mean level. At 3 days of age, C1q markedly increased to the mean level which remained relatively invariable up to 40 years of age. And above 40 years, the C1q level increased steadily with age up to about 75 years of age. C3 reached the mean level at about 1 month of age, and was highest during infancy. This level declined at about puberty and then continued to increase steadily with age up to around 55 years. In normal healthy subjects, a moderate positive rank correlation was found between C1q and C3 amounts. No significant differences of C1q and C3 levels were evident between male and female. No C1q was demonstrable in the colostrum from which lipids were previously removed, but after concentration by precipitation in a chelating agent with a low ionic strength, C1q, measured immunochemically, was detectable at concentrations of 300 ng/ml of colostrum. C3 was also detected at concentrations of about 200 microgram/ml of colostrum.", "PMID": 700781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_416", "title": "Isolation and characterization of Fc-receptors shed from human peripheral mononuclear cells.", "content": "Supernatants of human peripheral mononuclear cells containing membrane components shed in consequence of 4--37 degrees temperature shift were used as source for isolation of Fc-receptors (FcR). Aggregated IgG1 myeloma protein and TMV-anti-TMV complexes proved suitable sorbents to adsorb quantitatively and specifically the FcR-s. The isolated FcR interacts only with IgG and not with IgM. No haemagglutination was observed when the isolated FcR was incubated with sensitized human Rh+ red blood cells. Complement dependent lysis of sheep red blood cells was not inhibited by the isolated FcR-s. The interaction between IgG and SpA from Staphylococcus aureus (Cowan I) bacteria was not inhibited when red blood cells sensitized with IgG were preincubated with the isolated FcR-s. The differences between the FcR-like material isolated from supernatants of peripheral human mononuclear cells and those secreted by stimulated T cells or produced by lymphoblastoid cell lines are discussed.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of Fc-receptors shed from human peripheral mononuclear cells. Supernatants of human peripheral mononuclear cells containing membrane components shed in consequence of 4--37 degrees temperature shift were used as source for isolation of Fc-receptors (FcR). Aggregated IgG1 myeloma protein and TMV-anti-TMV complexes proved suitable sorbents to adsorb quantitatively and specifically the FcR-s. The isolated FcR interacts only with IgG and not with IgM. No haemagglutination was observed when the isolated FcR was incubated with sensitized human Rh+ red blood cells. Complement dependent lysis of sheep red blood cells was not inhibited by the isolated FcR-s. The interaction between IgG and SpA from Staphylococcus aureus (Cowan I) bacteria was not inhibited when red blood cells sensitized with IgG were preincubated with the isolated FcR-s. The differences between the FcR-like material isolated from supernatants of peripheral human mononuclear cells and those secreted by stimulated T cells or produced by lymphoblastoid cell lines are discussed.", "PMID": 700782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_417", "title": "Haemodynamic effects of hypothalamic stimulation on skin and muscle venous beds.", "content": "Twenty three points mainly located in the posterior hypothalamus were stimulated to study its effect on the pressures, flows and calculated segmental resistances of the skin and muscle venous beds of hind limbs in the dog. Stimulation of these points produced a uniform pattern of rise in pressures of the muscle veins consisting consisting of a steep rise during stimulation followed by a rapid decline to basal level on its cessation. Skin veins, on the other hand registered a gradual increase in pressure during stimulation followed by a secondary rise during post stimulatory period. Large veins of both muscle and skin exhibited comparatively smaller pressure increases than small vein. These pressure changes were accompanied by a similar marked rise in systemic arterial pressure. Out of 23 points, 21 points produced similar increases in the calculated resistances of skin and muscle veins. Two points produced greater increase of the skin vein resistance. Total venous resistance of the limb was therefore, raised by all the points stimulated. None of these points elicited any fall in the pressures or calculated resistances of either the muscle or skin venous bed. Muscle venous outflow always registered an increase while the skin venous outflow recorded either a small increase or decrease or at times no change during the hypothalamic stimulation. These findings demonstrate that hypothalamic stimulation can profoundly alter the haemodynamics of the hind limb venous beds and actively mobilize the post capillary venous sections of both skin and muscle venous beds.", "contents": "Haemodynamic effects of hypothalamic stimulation on skin and muscle venous beds. Twenty three points mainly located in the posterior hypothalamus were stimulated to study its effect on the pressures, flows and calculated segmental resistances of the skin and muscle venous beds of hind limbs in the dog. Stimulation of these points produced a uniform pattern of rise in pressures of the muscle veins consisting consisting of a steep rise during stimulation followed by a rapid decline to basal level on its cessation. Skin veins, on the other hand registered a gradual increase in pressure during stimulation followed by a secondary rise during post stimulatory period. Large veins of both muscle and skin exhibited comparatively smaller pressure increases than small vein. These pressure changes were accompanied by a similar marked rise in systemic arterial pressure. Out of 23 points, 21 points produced similar increases in the calculated resistances of skin and muscle veins. Two points produced greater increase of the skin vein resistance. Total venous resistance of the limb was therefore, raised by all the points stimulated. None of these points elicited any fall in the pressures or calculated resistances of either the muscle or skin venous bed. Muscle venous outflow always registered an increase while the skin venous outflow recorded either a small increase or decrease or at times no change during the hypothalamic stimulation. These findings demonstrate that hypothalamic stimulation can profoundly alter the haemodynamics of the hind limb venous beds and actively mobilize the post capillary venous sections of both skin and muscle venous beds.", "PMID": 700866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_418", "title": "Evaluation of certain tranquillisers and sedative premedications on the safety index of volatile anaesthetics.", "content": "Safety index (S.I.) of ether, chloroform and halothane was determined in mice following premedication with chloral hydrate, phenobarbitone, diazepam and trifluoperazine given alone or in combination with atropine or hyoscine. The S.I. of ether was significantly raised by chloral hydrate and phenobarbitone when combined with atropine while trifluoperazine in combination with atropine or hyoscine lowered it. The S.I. of chloroform and halothane was raised by chloral hydrate, phenobarbitone and diazepam. The S.I. raising effects were augmented in chloroform anaesthesia and reduced in cases of halothane (except diazepam-hyoscine) when these premedications were combined with atropine or hyoscine.", "contents": "Evaluation of certain tranquillisers and sedative premedications on the safety index of volatile anaesthetics. Safety index (S.I.) of ether, chloroform and halothane was determined in mice following premedication with chloral hydrate, phenobarbitone, diazepam and trifluoperazine given alone or in combination with atropine or hyoscine. The S.I. of ether was significantly raised by chloral hydrate and phenobarbitone when combined with atropine while trifluoperazine in combination with atropine or hyoscine lowered it. The S.I. of chloroform and halothane was raised by chloral hydrate, phenobarbitone and diazepam. The S.I. raising effects were augmented in chloroform anaesthesia and reduced in cases of halothane (except diazepam-hyoscine) when these premedications were combined with atropine or hyoscine.", "PMID": 700867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_419", "title": "A study of some nitrogenous constituents in the newborn infants and their mothers.", "content": "Blood chemistry of 50 newborn infants and their mothers were studied for nitrogenous constituents of blood, i.e. urea, uric acid, creatinine, total proteins and their fractions. Total serum proteins, albumin and fractions of globulin of infants were found significantly lower than their mothers though the cord blood showed direct relationship to that of the maternal serum proteins. Values of total serum proteins of Indian infants were low as compared to their foreign counterparts. By contrast, globulin level was higher. Though the blood urea levels of infants and their mothers were within the normal range, the mean blood urea level of infants was significantly higher than their mothers. No significant difference was found in the mean uric acid and mean creatinine levels of the cord blood and maternal blood.", "contents": "A study of some nitrogenous constituents in the newborn infants and their mothers. Blood chemistry of 50 newborn infants and their mothers were studied for nitrogenous constituents of blood, i.e. urea, uric acid, creatinine, total proteins and their fractions. Total serum proteins, albumin and fractions of globulin of infants were found significantly lower than their mothers though the cord blood showed direct relationship to that of the maternal serum proteins. Values of total serum proteins of Indian infants were low as compared to their foreign counterparts. By contrast, globulin level was higher. Though the blood urea levels of infants and their mothers were within the normal range, the mean blood urea level of infants was significantly higher than their mothers. No significant difference was found in the mean uric acid and mean creatinine levels of the cord blood and maternal blood.", "PMID": 700868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_420", "title": "Cytocidal activity and proliferative ability of macrophages infiltrating the EMT6 tumor.", "content": "The EMT6 mouse tumor was selected for use in the study of cytocidal activity and proliferative ability of infiltrating macrophages because of its high plating efficiency when explanted to culture. The plating efficiency for cells directly plated in culture from the tumor was 28 +/- 9.3%, irrespective of the size of the tumor. Of the adherent cells derived from the tumor, the fraction that was macrophages increased from 27% at 7 days to 47% at 28 days after initial injection. Time-lapse cinemicrography was used to directly observe adherent cells derived from the tumor, and macrophages were found to be cytocidal. When grown in the presence of L-cell conditioned medium no macrophage colonies were found when cultures were established from untreated mice even though most tumor cell colonies contained macrophages. When mice were first treated with 0.8 mg BCNU prior to establishment of the cultures, in order to reduce the frequency of colony-forming tumor cells, approximately half the colonies found contained only macrophages. These results show that macrophages in this tumor are cytocidal and capable of proliferation.", "contents": "Cytocidal activity and proliferative ability of macrophages infiltrating the EMT6 tumor. The EMT6 mouse tumor was selected for use in the study of cytocidal activity and proliferative ability of infiltrating macrophages because of its high plating efficiency when explanted to culture. The plating efficiency for cells directly plated in culture from the tumor was 28 +/- 9.3%, irrespective of the size of the tumor. Of the adherent cells derived from the tumor, the fraction that was macrophages increased from 27% at 7 days to 47% at 28 days after initial injection. Time-lapse cinemicrography was used to directly observe adherent cells derived from the tumor, and macrophages were found to be cytocidal. When grown in the presence of L-cell conditioned medium no macrophage colonies were found when cultures were established from untreated mice even though most tumor cell colonies contained macrophages. When mice were first treated with 0.8 mg BCNU prior to establishment of the cultures, in order to reduce the frequency of colony-forming tumor cells, approximately half the colonies found contained only macrophages. These results show that macrophages in this tumor are cytocidal and capable of proliferation.", "PMID": 700887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_421", "title": "DNA damage in liver, colon, stomach, lung and kidney of BALB/c mice treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine.", "content": "DNA single-strand breaks induced in various organs of BALB/c mice by treatment with a single dose of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) were studied by means of the alkaline elution method modified in order to allow the evaluation of DNA damage in vivo with no need of radioactive prelabelling. DNA damage was detected in liver, lung, kidney, stomach and colon mucosa, with the liver showing the greatest amount of damage. Its degree was dependent on the dose and route of administration. A differential effect was evident in colon mucosa from Swiss and C57BL/6 mice which are respectively susceptible and resistant to the induction of bowel tumors by DMH. The higher degree of DNA damage found in liver in comparison with colon mucosa is consistent with the previously reported higher degree of DNA methylation, but does not correlate with the specificity of this carcinogen in inducing tumors of the large intestine in mice given repeated subcutaneous injections.", "contents": "DNA damage in liver, colon, stomach, lung and kidney of BALB/c mice treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. DNA single-strand breaks induced in various organs of BALB/c mice by treatment with a single dose of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) were studied by means of the alkaline elution method modified in order to allow the evaluation of DNA damage in vivo with no need of radioactive prelabelling. DNA damage was detected in liver, lung, kidney, stomach and colon mucosa, with the liver showing the greatest amount of damage. Its degree was dependent on the dose and route of administration. A differential effect was evident in colon mucosa from Swiss and C57BL/6 mice which are respectively susceptible and resistant to the induction of bowel tumors by DMH. The higher degree of DNA damage found in liver in comparison with colon mucosa is consistent with the previously reported higher degree of DNA methylation, but does not correlate with the specificity of this carcinogen in inducing tumors of the large intestine in mice given repeated subcutaneous injections.", "PMID": 700888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_422", "title": "Inhibition by lymphoblastoid interferon of growth of cells derived from the human breast.", "content": "Human lymphoblastoid interferon inhibited the growth in vitro of fibroblasts and epithelial cells from normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic human breast tissue. At an interferon concentration of 10(3) inter-national units (IU) per ml, the inhibitory effects on monolayer growth were completely reversible but the growth potential of cells at lower density in colony-forming cultures was not completely recovered. Studies on the cell cycle distribution of interferon-treated cells demonstrated that the growth-inhibitory effect was not due to an effect on one specific phase of the cell cycle, but to a lengthening of all phases.", "contents": "Inhibition by lymphoblastoid interferon of growth of cells derived from the human breast. Human lymphoblastoid interferon inhibited the growth in vitro of fibroblasts and epithelial cells from normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic human breast tissue. At an interferon concentration of 10(3) inter-national units (IU) per ml, the inhibitory effects on monolayer growth were completely reversible but the growth potential of cells at lower density in colony-forming cultures was not completely recovered. Studies on the cell cycle distribution of interferon-treated cells demonstrated that the growth-inhibitory effect was not due to an effect on one specific phase of the cell cycle, but to a lengthening of all phases.", "PMID": 700890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_423", "title": "Failure of selective screening for breast cancer by combining risk factors.", "content": "The possibilities of selective screening to reduce the costs of screening programmes for breast cancer were considered. Discriminant function analysis was used in an effort to describe a high-risk group of breast cancer, which will be subjected to screening. The high-risk group consisted of females with a combination of reproductive and hormone use characteristics. One-fifth of the breast cancer cases remained in the low-risk group, when the high-risk group was small enough (two-thirds of the population) to yield a meaningful reduction in costs. Selective screening for breast cancer seems to have only limited applicability and is not effective enough for application in public health work.", "contents": "Failure of selective screening for breast cancer by combining risk factors. The possibilities of selective screening to reduce the costs of screening programmes for breast cancer were considered. Discriminant function analysis was used in an effort to describe a high-risk group of breast cancer, which will be subjected to screening. The high-risk group consisted of females with a combination of reproductive and hormone use characteristics. One-fifth of the breast cancer cases remained in the low-risk group, when the high-risk group was small enough (two-thirds of the population) to yield a meaningful reduction in costs. Selective screening for breast cancer seems to have only limited applicability and is not effective enough for application in public health work.", "PMID": 700891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_424", "title": "Effects of carcinogen dose on the characteristics of the tracheal tumor response induced by N-nitroso-N-methylurea in hamsters.", "content": "Tracheal tumors were induced by repeated intratracheal exposures to the carcinogen N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU), using a catheter system previously described. Carcinogen concentrations of 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0% were employed in 20 or 30 twice-weekly exposures. Most of the tumors developed in the mid-portion of the tracheas. Virtually all tumors developed after the end of the 10- to 15-week exposure period. Tumor incidence ranged from 20-94% with mean tumor induction times of 13-46 weeks, depending on NMU concentration and frequency of exposure (i.e., dose). At lower doses, mostly non-invasive tumors were induced; at higher doses, mostly invasive carcinomas of various histological types (epidermoid, adeno-, epidermoid-adeno, and anaplastic large- and small-cell carcinomas) were induced. Adenocarcinomas were most frequent at low NMU concentrations. The possible mechanisms of the carcinogen dose effects are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of carcinogen dose on the characteristics of the tracheal tumor response induced by N-nitroso-N-methylurea in hamsters. Tracheal tumors were induced by repeated intratracheal exposures to the carcinogen N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU), using a catheter system previously described. Carcinogen concentrations of 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0% were employed in 20 or 30 twice-weekly exposures. Most of the tumors developed in the mid-portion of the tracheas. Virtually all tumors developed after the end of the 10- to 15-week exposure period. Tumor incidence ranged from 20-94% with mean tumor induction times of 13-46 weeks, depending on NMU concentration and frequency of exposure (i.e., dose). At lower doses, mostly non-invasive tumors were induced; at higher doses, mostly invasive carcinomas of various histological types (epidermoid, adeno-, epidermoid-adeno, and anaplastic large- and small-cell carcinomas) were induced. Adenocarcinomas were most frequent at low NMU concentrations. The possible mechanisms of the carcinogen dose effects are discussed.", "PMID": 700892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_425", "title": "Inhibition of morphological transformation induced with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in cultures of hamster embryo cells by 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine-photolysis.", "content": "The present study was performed in order to determine whether type III transformed foci induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine originate from the small subpopulation of cells stimulated by the carcinogen to enter DNA synthesis. During the last 30 min of variable treatment periods using different doses of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, administered alone or in association with the thymidine analogue, 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (0.98 x 10(-5)M), the density-inhibited monolayers of hamster embryo cells were exposed to fluorescent light and then assayed for abnormal growth patterns by the focus formation method. Mock-irradiated cultures as well as monolayers whose medium lacked N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitro-soguanidine, 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, or both, served as controls. The cytotoxicity of 5'-bromo-2'- deoxyuridine + N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine + photolysis (BMP) protocol on confluent as well as logarithmically growing hamster embryo cells was estimated in single-cell survival experiments. Plating efficiency determinations have demonstrated that, unlike their actively growing counterparts, confluent hamster embryo cell monolayers are extremely resistant to the cytotoxic effects of the BMP protocol. The quantitative transformation assays indicated that: (1) in non-illuminated cultures addition of 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine to carcinogen-containing medium does affect transformation frequency of hamster embryo cells in the sense that the incidence of type III foci did not subside at later intervals during the post-carcinogen administration period as it did in the absence of the analogue; (2) irradiation of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and halogenated pyrimidine analogue-treated cultures with fluorescent light practically suppressed transformation; (3) analogue-added and analogue-removed experiments pointed out that the event(s) on which 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine fluorescent light sensitization of morphological transformation largely depends, takes place between 5 and 15 h after N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine administration, i.e., during the period of maximal carcinogen-stimulated DNA synthesis; and (4) neither fluorescent light nor 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, singly or in combination, were able to transform cultures of hamster embryo cells. These findings are strong indirect arguments for the concept that carcinogen-induced DNA synthesis and the initiation of transformed clones are causally related.", "contents": "Inhibition of morphological transformation induced with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in cultures of hamster embryo cells by 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine-photolysis. The present study was performed in order to determine whether type III transformed foci induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine originate from the small subpopulation of cells stimulated by the carcinogen to enter DNA synthesis. During the last 30 min of variable treatment periods using different doses of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, administered alone or in association with the thymidine analogue, 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (0.98 x 10(-5)M), the density-inhibited monolayers of hamster embryo cells were exposed to fluorescent light and then assayed for abnormal growth patterns by the focus formation method. Mock-irradiated cultures as well as monolayers whose medium lacked N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitro-soguanidine, 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, or both, served as controls. The cytotoxicity of 5'-bromo-2'- deoxyuridine + N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine + photolysis (BMP) protocol on confluent as well as logarithmically growing hamster embryo cells was estimated in single-cell survival experiments. Plating efficiency determinations have demonstrated that, unlike their actively growing counterparts, confluent hamster embryo cell monolayers are extremely resistant to the cytotoxic effects of the BMP protocol. The quantitative transformation assays indicated that: (1) in non-illuminated cultures addition of 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine to carcinogen-containing medium does affect transformation frequency of hamster embryo cells in the sense that the incidence of type III foci did not subside at later intervals during the post-carcinogen administration period as it did in the absence of the analogue; (2) irradiation of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and halogenated pyrimidine analogue-treated cultures with fluorescent light practically suppressed transformation; (3) analogue-added and analogue-removed experiments pointed out that the event(s) on which 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine fluorescent light sensitization of morphological transformation largely depends, takes place between 5 and 15 h after N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine administration, i.e., during the period of maximal carcinogen-stimulated DNA synthesis; and (4) neither fluorescent light nor 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, singly or in combination, were able to transform cultures of hamster embryo cells. These findings are strong indirect arguments for the concept that carcinogen-induced DNA synthesis and the initiation of transformed clones are causally related.", "PMID": 700893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_426", "title": "Secretion of plasminogen activator by normal, reactive and neoplastic human tissues cultured in vitro.", "content": "Plasminogen activator secretion by 39 primary or early-passage cultures of malignant human neoplasms has been compared with that of 16 similar cultures of benign neoplasms and 39 cultures of normal or reactive tissue. While normal cells of mesenchymal or neural origin secreted considerably less plasminogen activator than did cells from frankly malignant tissues, elevated levels of enzyme secretion were also encountered in cultures of benign neoplastic or reactive cells. In the case of epithelial tissue, no consistent relationship between plasminogen activator secretion and neoplasia could be documented. Our failure to observe, for any particular cell type, a reproducible correlation between malignancy and plasminogen activator secretion may be attributable to the artificial conditions of in vitro culture, where normal in vivo regulatory mechanisms do not obtain.", "contents": "Secretion of plasminogen activator by normal, reactive and neoplastic human tissues cultured in vitro. Plasminogen activator secretion by 39 primary or early-passage cultures of malignant human neoplasms has been compared with that of 16 similar cultures of benign neoplasms and 39 cultures of normal or reactive tissue. While normal cells of mesenchymal or neural origin secreted considerably less plasminogen activator than did cells from frankly malignant tissues, elevated levels of enzyme secretion were also encountered in cultures of benign neoplastic or reactive cells. In the case of epithelial tissue, no consistent relationship between plasminogen activator secretion and neoplasia could be documented. Our failure to observe, for any particular cell type, a reproducible correlation between malignancy and plasminogen activator secretion may be attributable to the artificial conditions of in vitro culture, where normal in vivo regulatory mechanisms do not obtain.", "PMID": 700894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_427", "title": "Interferon and spontaneous cytotoxicity in man. I. Enhancement of the spontaneous cytotoxicity of peripheral lymphocytes by human leukocyte interferon.", "content": "A purified preparation of human leukocyte interferon used at this hospital in the treatment of malignant diseases was tested for its ability to modify the spontaneous cytotoxicity of peripheral lymphocytes from healthy donors. The inhibitory effect of allogeneic lymphocytes on the (3H)thymidine incorporation of a lymphoblastoid cell line, Raji, was augmented by the presence of interferon or by pretreatment of the lymphocytes with interferon. This form of pretreatment also increased lymphocytes' capacity for reducing the number of surface-adherent tumor cells in a microassay. Moreover, lymphocytes treated with interferon exhibited an enhanced cytotoxic capacity for target cells on incubation with such cells labelled with 51CR.", "contents": "Interferon and spontaneous cytotoxicity in man. I. Enhancement of the spontaneous cytotoxicity of peripheral lymphocytes by human leukocyte interferon. A purified preparation of human leukocyte interferon used at this hospital in the treatment of malignant diseases was tested for its ability to modify the spontaneous cytotoxicity of peripheral lymphocytes from healthy donors. The inhibitory effect of allogeneic lymphocytes on the (3H)thymidine incorporation of a lymphoblastoid cell line, Raji, was augmented by the presence of interferon or by pretreatment of the lymphocytes with interferon. This form of pretreatment also increased lymphocytes' capacity for reducing the number of surface-adherent tumor cells in a microassay. Moreover, lymphocytes treated with interferon exhibited an enhanced cytotoxic capacity for target cells on incubation with such cells labelled with 51CR.", "PMID": 700895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_428", "title": "Nonspecific activation of complement by leukemic cells.", "content": "Non-specific activation of complement (NAC) on cell membranes via the alternative pathway was studied by using leukemic cells and cells from a generalized reticulohistiocytosis. The cells were treated with normal human serum in veronal-buffered saline containing ethyleneglycoltetraacetrate and MG++. Since human erythrocytes (HuE) are known to adhere to complement-reacted cell membranes in an immune adherence reaction, complement activation on the cell membrane was confirmed by the rosette formation of HuE which is due to the generation of C3b molecules on the cell membrane. Only cells from Schilling-type acute monocytic leukemias and cells from a generalized reticulohistiocytosis possessed NAC ability. All other leukemic cells tested, as well as normal hematopoietic and lymphoreticular cells, were NAC-negative. Furthermore, none of the mitogens tested generated NAC ability on normal peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "contents": "Nonspecific activation of complement by leukemic cells. Non-specific activation of complement (NAC) on cell membranes via the alternative pathway was studied by using leukemic cells and cells from a generalized reticulohistiocytosis. The cells were treated with normal human serum in veronal-buffered saline containing ethyleneglycoltetraacetrate and MG++. Since human erythrocytes (HuE) are known to adhere to complement-reacted cell membranes in an immune adherence reaction, complement activation on the cell membrane was confirmed by the rosette formation of HuE which is due to the generation of C3b molecules on the cell membrane. Only cells from Schilling-type acute monocytic leukemias and cells from a generalized reticulohistiocytosis possessed NAC ability. All other leukemic cells tested, as well as normal hematopoietic and lymphoreticular cells, were NAC-negative. Furthermore, none of the mitogens tested generated NAC ability on normal peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "PMID": 700897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_429", "title": "BCG treatment of transplanted rat tumours of spontaneous origin.", "content": "Six transplanted rat tumours (three mammary carcinomas and three fibrosarcomas), all of spontaneous origin and of limited immunogenicity, have been examined for susceptibility to immunotherapy with BCG (Glaxo). Growth of limited numbers of cells from five tumours was suppressed when cells were injected subcutaneously in admixture with BCG organisms. There was no clear correlation between the immunogenicity of tumour lines and their susceptibility to regionally applied BCG. Active specific immunotherapy, using vaccines of viable or radiation-attenuated tumour cells in admixture with BCG, was reproducibly successful with only one tumour, the mammary carcinoma Sp4, this being the most immunogenic of the tumours examined. These studies indicate that naturally arising tumours are less susceptible to BCG-mediated suppression than carcinogen-induced tumours widely used for experimental immunotherapy, but indicate that local application of BCG may give the best therapeutic response.", "contents": "BCG treatment of transplanted rat tumours of spontaneous origin. Six transplanted rat tumours (three mammary carcinomas and three fibrosarcomas), all of spontaneous origin and of limited immunogenicity, have been examined for susceptibility to immunotherapy with BCG (Glaxo). Growth of limited numbers of cells from five tumours was suppressed when cells were injected subcutaneously in admixture with BCG organisms. There was no clear correlation between the immunogenicity of tumour lines and their susceptibility to regionally applied BCG. Active specific immunotherapy, using vaccines of viable or radiation-attenuated tumour cells in admixture with BCG, was reproducibly successful with only one tumour, the mammary carcinoma Sp4, this being the most immunogenic of the tumours examined. These studies indicate that naturally arising tumours are less susceptible to BCG-mediated suppression than carcinogen-induced tumours widely used for experimental immunotherapy, but indicate that local application of BCG may give the best therapeutic response.", "PMID": 700898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_430", "title": "Neoplastic transformation of canine embryo cells in vitro by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.", "content": "A cell line derived from a normal beagle embryo was treated in vitro with various levels of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine or dimethyl sulfoxide (control). Cells treated only with the carcinogen underwent morphologic alteration in vitro, and one of these altered cell lines produced tumors subcutaneously when injected into NIH nude mice. The tumorigenic transformed line formed larger cell aggregates and grew in this aggregate form when suspended in liquid growth medium above an agar base.", "contents": "Neoplastic transformation of canine embryo cells in vitro by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. A cell line derived from a normal beagle embryo was treated in vitro with various levels of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine or dimethyl sulfoxide (control). Cells treated only with the carcinogen underwent morphologic alteration in vitro, and one of these altered cell lines produced tumors subcutaneously when injected into NIH nude mice. The tumorigenic transformed line formed larger cell aggregates and grew in this aggregate form when suspended in liquid growth medium above an agar base.", "PMID": 700899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_431", "title": "Oncogenicity of Friend-virus-infected cells: determination of origin of spleen colonies by the H-2 antigens as genetic markers.", "content": "Spleen cells from mice infected with Friend leukemia virus (FLV) inoculated by the intravenous route give rise to macroscopically visible colonies in the spleens of normal F1 histocompatible hybrid hosts. A study of H-2 antigens as generic markers for identification of strains of origin of cells constituting the spleen colonies was undertaken. The standard cytotoxic test was demonstrated to be suitable for characterizing the H-2 antigens present on the surface of spleen cells from normal of FLV-leukemic parents of F1 hybrid mice. Individual colonies dissected out of the spleen of (C3HxC57B6/6) F1 recipients (H-2k/H-2b), 10 days after the intravenous graft of FLV-infected spleen cells of C3H origin (H-2k), were all sensitive to anti-C57BL/6 antibodies. In the same way, colonies obtained from the spleens of (DBA/2xC57BL/10) F1 recipients (H-2d/H-2b) grafted with DBA/2 leukemic spleen cells (H-2d) were all sensitive to both anti-H-2b and anti-H-2d antibodies. These results directly prove that the main cell population constituing a spleen colony arises from the recipient. The authors conclude that the spleen colonies do not result from the neoplastic proliferation of injected donor cells but rather from the multiplication of host cells transformed by Friend virus produced by the grafted cells.", "contents": "Oncogenicity of Friend-virus-infected cells: determination of origin of spleen colonies by the H-2 antigens as genetic markers. Spleen cells from mice infected with Friend leukemia virus (FLV) inoculated by the intravenous route give rise to macroscopically visible colonies in the spleens of normal F1 histocompatible hybrid hosts. A study of H-2 antigens as generic markers for identification of strains of origin of cells constituting the spleen colonies was undertaken. The standard cytotoxic test was demonstrated to be suitable for characterizing the H-2 antigens present on the surface of spleen cells from normal of FLV-leukemic parents of F1 hybrid mice. Individual colonies dissected out of the spleen of (C3HxC57B6/6) F1 recipients (H-2k/H-2b), 10 days after the intravenous graft of FLV-infected spleen cells of C3H origin (H-2k), were all sensitive to anti-C57BL/6 antibodies. In the same way, colonies obtained from the spleens of (DBA/2xC57BL/10) F1 recipients (H-2d/H-2b) grafted with DBA/2 leukemic spleen cells (H-2d) were all sensitive to both anti-H-2b and anti-H-2d antibodies. These results directly prove that the main cell population constituing a spleen colony arises from the recipient. The authors conclude that the spleen colonies do not result from the neoplastic proliferation of injected donor cells but rather from the multiplication of host cells transformed by Friend virus produced by the grafted cells.", "PMID": 700900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_432", "title": "Comparative aspects of circadian rhythms in homeotherms, re-entrainment after phase shifts of the zeitgeber.", "content": "Re-entrainment of circadian activity of 3 avian species (Fringillidae: Fringilla coelebs, Carduelis chloris, Pyrrhula pyrrhula) and 4 mammalian species (Rodentia: Eutamias sibiricus, Funambulus pennanti, Glis glis, Mesocricetus auratus), subjected to 12:12 h light-dark (LD) cycles as zeitgeber, was studied after shifting the LD cycle by different amounts (hours) and in different directions (advances and delays). The properties of the zeitgeber were changed by varying light intensity during dark-time (ID) and/or light-time (IL). After 6 and 9-h advance and delay shifts of the LD cycle, the 3 species of finches similarly re-entrained their activity rhythms in the direction of the shifted zeitgeber. After 10.5 and 12-h shifts, the majority of individuals re-entrained by delay phase shifts of the rhythms. After two successive 6-h advance or delay shifts (resulting in inversion of the LD cycle) most finches responded by advances. Generally, the time needed for re-entrainment of 2/3 of the full shift (2/3 tr) in finches dependend on: (a) the direction of the phase shift ('asymmetry effect'), and (b) the phase-angle difference between onset of activity and light-on (psio) before the shift. After 12-h shifts, species-specific differences in the direction of re-entrainment and in the slope of the relationship between 2/3 tr and psio were found. In two rodents, the nocturnal golden hamster and the diurnal Siberian chipmunk, the direction of re-entrainment following inversion of the LD cycle depended on psio. In both species, 2/3 tr after inversion of the zeitgeber was significantly longer than in the common dormouse. In chipmunks, changes in 2/3 tr were correlated with changes in psio due to systematic variation of the zeitgeber properties (range and/or mean level). After 6-h phase shifts, the 'asymmetry effect' was opposite in the two nocturnal rodents, the hamster and the dormouse. It is suggested that the time course (direction and rate) of re-entrainment was influenced by differences in the characteristics of the circadian systems and their responses ('sensitivity') to light changes in the various species of birds and mammals.", "contents": "Comparative aspects of circadian rhythms in homeotherms, re-entrainment after phase shifts of the zeitgeber. Re-entrainment of circadian activity of 3 avian species (Fringillidae: Fringilla coelebs, Carduelis chloris, Pyrrhula pyrrhula) and 4 mammalian species (Rodentia: Eutamias sibiricus, Funambulus pennanti, Glis glis, Mesocricetus auratus), subjected to 12:12 h light-dark (LD) cycles as zeitgeber, was studied after shifting the LD cycle by different amounts (hours) and in different directions (advances and delays). The properties of the zeitgeber were changed by varying light intensity during dark-time (ID) and/or light-time (IL). After 6 and 9-h advance and delay shifts of the LD cycle, the 3 species of finches similarly re-entrained their activity rhythms in the direction of the shifted zeitgeber. After 10.5 and 12-h shifts, the majority of individuals re-entrained by delay phase shifts of the rhythms. After two successive 6-h advance or delay shifts (resulting in inversion of the LD cycle) most finches responded by advances. Generally, the time needed for re-entrainment of 2/3 of the full shift (2/3 tr) in finches dependend on: (a) the direction of the phase shift ('asymmetry effect'), and (b) the phase-angle difference between onset of activity and light-on (psio) before the shift. After 12-h shifts, species-specific differences in the direction of re-entrainment and in the slope of the relationship between 2/3 tr and psio were found. In two rodents, the nocturnal golden hamster and the diurnal Siberian chipmunk, the direction of re-entrainment following inversion of the LD cycle depended on psio. In both species, 2/3 tr after inversion of the zeitgeber was significantly longer than in the common dormouse. In chipmunks, changes in 2/3 tr were correlated with changes in psio due to systematic variation of the zeitgeber properties (range and/or mean level). After 6-h phase shifts, the 'asymmetry effect' was opposite in the two nocturnal rodents, the hamster and the dormouse. It is suggested that the time course (direction and rate) of re-entrainment was influenced by differences in the characteristics of the circadian systems and their responses ('sensitivity') to light changes in the various species of birds and mammals.", "PMID": 700901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_433", "title": "Seasonal fluctuations of the circadian changes in rabbit visual evoked potentials.", "content": "Two rabbits were exposed for more than a year to the natural cycles of daylight and darkness. At intervals of 2 months and less records were taken of the time course of the 24 hr rhythm appearing in constant conditions in their cortical flash-evoked responses. It appeared that the rhythm can be programmed as well by the natural light-dark alternations as by artificial cycles. In temperate zones this \"natural programming\" causes large seasonal fluctuations in the time course of the rhythm which reflects, over the major part of the year and with remarkable precision, the times of sunrise and sunset and, in consequence, the length of the day. The possible significance of fixing daylength temporarily in the nervous system is discussed in connection with B\u00fcnning's hypothesis on the causation of seasonal photoperiodism.", "contents": "Seasonal fluctuations of the circadian changes in rabbit visual evoked potentials. Two rabbits were exposed for more than a year to the natural cycles of daylight and darkness. At intervals of 2 months and less records were taken of the time course of the 24 hr rhythm appearing in constant conditions in their cortical flash-evoked responses. It appeared that the rhythm can be programmed as well by the natural light-dark alternations as by artificial cycles. In temperate zones this \"natural programming\" causes large seasonal fluctuations in the time course of the rhythm which reflects, over the major part of the year and with remarkable precision, the times of sunrise and sunset and, in consequence, the length of the day. The possible significance of fixing daylength temporarily in the nervous system is discussed in connection with B\u00fcnning's hypothesis on the causation of seasonal photoperiodism.", "PMID": 700902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_434", "title": "Circadian variations of ovarian ascorbic acid depletion in response to luteinising hormone in the rat.", "content": "The ovarian ascorbic acid (OAA) was titrated, three hours after an I.V. injection of either saline or LH, administered to 46 day-old Sprague Dawley female rats pretreated with P.M.S., H.C.G., and estradiol benzoate (and undecylate). The rats were killed at specific times along the 24-hour scale (L.D. 12:12; L 06(00) to 18(00); Ambient temperature 24 degrees C +/- 2 degrees C). The OAA content varied with a statistically significant circadian rhythm in the controls. The minimum dose of LH effecting OAA depletion varied systematically with the circadian system phase. OAA depletion increases with the dose of LH, and also depends on the circadian time that the animal is killed; it is maximum at the same time that the OAA peak is found in the controls. The slope of the linear regression (quantity of OAA as a function of the logarithm of the LH doses administered) is always significant, but varies over the 24-hour span; in consequence the LH biological titration must be carried out rapidly, the optimal circadian time for killing the animals is about 16(30).", "contents": "Circadian variations of ovarian ascorbic acid depletion in response to luteinising hormone in the rat. The ovarian ascorbic acid (OAA) was titrated, three hours after an I.V. injection of either saline or LH, administered to 46 day-old Sprague Dawley female rats pretreated with P.M.S., H.C.G., and estradiol benzoate (and undecylate). The rats were killed at specific times along the 24-hour scale (L.D. 12:12; L 06(00) to 18(00); Ambient temperature 24 degrees C +/- 2 degrees C). The OAA content varied with a statistically significant circadian rhythm in the controls. The minimum dose of LH effecting OAA depletion varied systematically with the circadian system phase. OAA depletion increases with the dose of LH, and also depends on the circadian time that the animal is killed; it is maximum at the same time that the OAA peak is found in the controls. The slope of the linear regression (quantity of OAA as a function of the logarithm of the LH doses administered) is always significant, but varies over the 24-hour span; in consequence the LH biological titration must be carried out rapidly, the optimal circadian time for killing the animals is about 16(30).", "PMID": 700903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_435", "title": "Growth rhythms of the cartilage of the mandibular condyle: effects of orthopaedic appliances.", "content": "The growth rate of the cartilage of the mandibular condyle in the young rat exhibits: - a circadian cycle with a maximum of the 3H-thymidine labelled cells around 13(00) and a minimum around 01(00); with a maximum in the number of mitoses around 21(00) and a minimum around 09(00). - a circannual cycle with a maximum in May and a minimum between November and January, and with a difference in rhythms between May and November. The condylar cartilage growth in response to orthopaedical appliances of the mandible is modified and exhibits: - circadian variations. - circannual variations. The responsiveness of the condylar cartilage to orthopaedic appliances is greater when the condylar cartilage growth rate is higher.", "contents": "Growth rhythms of the cartilage of the mandibular condyle: effects of orthopaedic appliances. The growth rate of the cartilage of the mandibular condyle in the young rat exhibits: - a circadian cycle with a maximum of the 3H-thymidine labelled cells around 13(00) and a minimum around 01(00); with a maximum in the number of mitoses around 21(00) and a minimum around 09(00). - a circannual cycle with a maximum in May and a minimum between November and January, and with a difference in rhythms between May and November. The condylar cartilage growth in response to orthopaedical appliances of the mandible is modified and exhibits: - circadian variations. - circannual variations. The responsiveness of the condylar cartilage to orthopaedic appliances is greater when the condylar cartilage growth rate is higher.", "PMID": 700904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_436", "title": "Ethical problems in clinical psychopharmacology.", "content": "The present article originates from some intriguing problems which the author, working as a clinical pharmacologist and psychiatrist, was faced with during clinical investigations. Practical difficulties appearing at first glance as of a rather methodological nature often reveal themselves as ethical questions. Investigation of psychotropic drugs in normal volunteers as well as in psychiatric patients is taken as a model to exemplify certain fundamental ethical aspects of medical research. It is emphasized that the \"solution\" of ethical problems cannot be achieved by referring to a given code of norms which themselves depend on certain historical circumstances, but rather by recognizing and reasoning the conflicts which result from various moral maxims. Clinical psychopharmacology should not only be conscious of its methodological shortcomings and future goals but also accept the justification of discussions about the ethical and legal questions involved in its dealings and take an active part in these debates. With regard to the relationship between patient and investigator, \"solidarity\" [23] instead of ongoing paternalism or legal formalism, appears to be a realistic goal. This is also true in the area of psychopharmacological research.", "contents": "Ethical problems in clinical psychopharmacology. The present article originates from some intriguing problems which the author, working as a clinical pharmacologist and psychiatrist, was faced with during clinical investigations. Practical difficulties appearing at first glance as of a rather methodological nature often reveal themselves as ethical questions. Investigation of psychotropic drugs in normal volunteers as well as in psychiatric patients is taken as a model to exemplify certain fundamental ethical aspects of medical research. It is emphasized that the \"solution\" of ethical problems cannot be achieved by referring to a given code of norms which themselves depend on certain historical circumstances, but rather by recognizing and reasoning the conflicts which result from various moral maxims. Clinical psychopharmacology should not only be conscious of its methodological shortcomings and future goals but also accept the justification of discussions about the ethical and legal questions involved in its dealings and take an active part in these debates. With regard to the relationship between patient and investigator, \"solidarity\" [23] instead of ongoing paternalism or legal formalism, appears to be a realistic goal. This is also true in the area of psychopharmacological research.", "PMID": 700905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_437", "title": "Effects of extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ on nucleic acids and proteins syntheses by tumor and normal liver cells.", "content": "The effects of increasing extracellular concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on the uptake of 14C-thymidine, 3H-uridine and 14C-leucine by Novikoff hepatoma and normal liver cells have been studied. Increasing concentrations of Ca2+ stimulate all the three incorporations while Mg2+ exhibits an inhibitory effect. Liver cells presented a higher cation permeation induced by the extracellular concentration than hepatoma cells which also seems to explain the quantitative differences observed in the studied syntheses. The importance of the extracellular cation-cell membrane interaction in these effects is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ on nucleic acids and proteins syntheses by tumor and normal liver cells. The effects of increasing extracellular concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on the uptake of 14C-thymidine, 3H-uridine and 14C-leucine by Novikoff hepatoma and normal liver cells have been studied. Increasing concentrations of Ca2+ stimulate all the three incorporations while Mg2+ exhibits an inhibitory effect. Liver cells presented a higher cation permeation induced by the extracellular concentration than hepatoma cells which also seems to explain the quantitative differences observed in the studied syntheses. The importance of the extracellular cation-cell membrane interaction in these effects is discussed.", "PMID": 700906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_438", "title": "Pharmacological reevaluation of gitoxin in man.", "content": "The aim of the present investigation was to reevaluate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of gitoxin in man. Gitoxin given as a solution is quasi-completely absorbed after oral administration in a fasting man. A dose of 1.5 mg modifies the left ventricular ejection time index (LVETI) as digoxin or digitoxin does. The biological half-life of gitoxin calculated on the basis of plasma concentrations or urinary data is about one day. The urinary elimination of gitoxin is smaller than 21% of the dose. Therefore the two main advantages of gitoxin versus digoxin or digitoxin are: 1) its short biological half-life and 2) its elimination being less dependent on the renal function of the patient.", "contents": "Pharmacological reevaluation of gitoxin in man. The aim of the present investigation was to reevaluate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of gitoxin in man. Gitoxin given as a solution is quasi-completely absorbed after oral administration in a fasting man. A dose of 1.5 mg modifies the left ventricular ejection time index (LVETI) as digoxin or digitoxin does. The biological half-life of gitoxin calculated on the basis of plasma concentrations or urinary data is about one day. The urinary elimination of gitoxin is smaller than 21% of the dose. Therefore the two main advantages of gitoxin versus digoxin or digitoxin are: 1) its short biological half-life and 2) its elimination being less dependent on the renal function of the patient.", "PMID": 700907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_439", "title": "Human myocardium and plasma digoxin concentration in patients on long-term digoxin therapy.", "content": "Digoxin concentration of 14 left ventricular papillary muscles and 36 right atrial appendages of 45 patients undergoing cardiac surgery were determined by the NEN 125J-radioimmunoassay. Blood specimens for digoxin assay were withdrawn immediately before operation, 12 to 16 hr after the last digitalis dose. Mean papillary muscle digoxin concentration was 76.1 ng/g +/- 25.5; mean ratio to plasma digoxin level, 36.8:1. The mean concentration of right atrial appendages was 41.8 ng/g; mean ratio, 29.9:1. Most of the tissue specimens were examined histologically using Hematoxylin-Eosin and van Gieson stains. No clear relation between tissue digoxin concentration and hisological alteration, i.e., the degree of fibrosis or lipomatosis, could be found, although most severe alterations were found in right atrial appendages corresponding to a higher variation in tissue concentrations and a poorer correlation to plasma digoxin (r = 0.47, respectively for papillary muscle r = 0.73).", "contents": "Human myocardium and plasma digoxin concentration in patients on long-term digoxin therapy. Digoxin concentration of 14 left ventricular papillary muscles and 36 right atrial appendages of 45 patients undergoing cardiac surgery were determined by the NEN 125J-radioimmunoassay. Blood specimens for digoxin assay were withdrawn immediately before operation, 12 to 16 hr after the last digitalis dose. Mean papillary muscle digoxin concentration was 76.1 ng/g +/- 25.5; mean ratio to plasma digoxin level, 36.8:1. The mean concentration of right atrial appendages was 41.8 ng/g; mean ratio, 29.9:1. Most of the tissue specimens were examined histologically using Hematoxylin-Eosin and van Gieson stains. No clear relation between tissue digoxin concentration and hisological alteration, i.e., the degree of fibrosis or lipomatosis, could be found, although most severe alterations were found in right atrial appendages corresponding to a higher variation in tissue concentrations and a poorer correlation to plasma digoxin (r = 0.47, respectively for papillary muscle r = 0.73).", "PMID": 700908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_440", "title": "Dose equations without protein-binding parameters.", "content": "Simple and practical dose equations for oral administration and intravenous infusion are derived by means of pharmacokinetics. These equations have no troublesome parameters for adsorption of drug on protein in blood, as these are eliminated with the help of information obtained by the pilot dosing.", "contents": "Dose equations without protein-binding parameters. Simple and practical dose equations for oral administration and intravenous infusion are derived by means of pharmacokinetics. These equations have no troublesome parameters for adsorption of drug on protein in blood, as these are eliminated with the help of information obtained by the pilot dosing.", "PMID": 700909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_441", "title": "Kinetics of drug interactions in the treatment of epilepsy.", "content": "The interactions of antiepileptic drugs in multiple drug treatment have been discussed. Although some combinations may lead to predictable increase or decrease of clearance of the respective drugs, most combinations will individually lead to a reduced predictability. Monitoring plasma concentrations may lead to adaptations of the choice of the drug and of the dosage regimen. Also physiological conditions control the individual clearance of antiepileptic drugs.", "contents": "Kinetics of drug interactions in the treatment of epilepsy. The interactions of antiepileptic drugs in multiple drug treatment have been discussed. Although some combinations may lead to predictable increase or decrease of clearance of the respective drugs, most combinations will individually lead to a reduced predictability. Monitoring plasma concentrations may lead to adaptations of the choice of the drug and of the dosage regimen. Also physiological conditions control the individual clearance of antiepileptic drugs.", "PMID": 700910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_442", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of chlordiazepoxide and metabolites following single and multiple oral doses.", "content": "Three healthy volunteers (2 male and one female) participated in single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetic studies of oral chlordiazepoxide (CDX) hydrochloride. Following single 50-mg oral doses of CDX.HCl, absorption and elimination proceeded as apparent first-order processes. Values of absorption half-life were: 14.5, 189, and 18.9 minutes; elimination half-lives were: 7.6, 9.8, and 12.6 hours. Disappearance of CDX was mirrored by appearance of its first active metabolite, desmethylchlordiazepoxide (DMCDX). During once-daily ingestion of 50 mg of CDX.HCl, observed values of CDX accumulation half-life (0.0, 5.8, and 52.5 hours) differed substantially from values predicted based upon the single-dose study; pre-dose steady-state CDX blood concentrations also differed from the predicted values. Accumulation half-lives for the metabolite DMCDX were: 17.7, 9.9, and 15.8 hours. Accumulation in blood of a second active metabolite, demoxepam (DMX), proceeded with half-life values of 21.1, 34.2, and 78.5 hours. Minimum steady-state concentrations of DMCDX and DMX exceeded those of the parent compound. Thus accumulation and persistence of at least two active metabolites during long-term treatment with chlordiazepoxide renders the drug suitable for single-daily dose therapy of anxiety.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of chlordiazepoxide and metabolites following single and multiple oral doses. Three healthy volunteers (2 male and one female) participated in single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetic studies of oral chlordiazepoxide (CDX) hydrochloride. Following single 50-mg oral doses of CDX.HCl, absorption and elimination proceeded as apparent first-order processes. Values of absorption half-life were: 14.5, 189, and 18.9 minutes; elimination half-lives were: 7.6, 9.8, and 12.6 hours. Disappearance of CDX was mirrored by appearance of its first active metabolite, desmethylchlordiazepoxide (DMCDX). During once-daily ingestion of 50 mg of CDX.HCl, observed values of CDX accumulation half-life (0.0, 5.8, and 52.5 hours) differed substantially from values predicted based upon the single-dose study; pre-dose steady-state CDX blood concentrations also differed from the predicted values. Accumulation half-lives for the metabolite DMCDX were: 17.7, 9.9, and 15.8 hours. Accumulation in blood of a second active metabolite, demoxepam (DMX), proceeded with half-life values of 21.1, 34.2, and 78.5 hours. Minimum steady-state concentrations of DMCDX and DMX exceeded those of the parent compound. Thus accumulation and persistence of at least two active metabolites during long-term treatment with chlordiazepoxide renders the drug suitable for single-daily dose therapy of anxiety.", "PMID": 700911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_443", "title": "The estimation of drug plasma levels in epileptics.", "content": "The estimation of antiepileptic drugs in plasma is an indispensble resource in the handling of seizure patients in many countries. Using our results, simple methods for the estimation of antiepileptic drugs are discussed.", "contents": "The estimation of drug plasma levels in epileptics. The estimation of antiepileptic drugs in plasma is an indispensble resource in the handling of seizure patients in many countries. Using our results, simple methods for the estimation of antiepileptic drugs are discussed.", "PMID": 700912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_444", "title": "Problems in the kinetic evaluation of capacity-limited processes by means of the analog computer MEDA 82 T.", "content": "A method for the calculation of dose-dependent pharmaco-kinetics by means of a combined zero and first-order model at the analog computer is presented. The results of the combined model can be converted into Michaelis-Menten parameters using simple equations. The method is usable for i.v. injection and for e.v. modes of application in the case of cmax greater than c = co/e.", "contents": "Problems in the kinetic evaluation of capacity-limited processes by means of the analog computer MEDA 82 T. A method for the calculation of dose-dependent pharmaco-kinetics by means of a combined zero and first-order model at the analog computer is presented. The results of the combined model can be converted into Michaelis-Menten parameters using simple equations. The method is usable for i.v. injection and for e.v. modes of application in the case of cmax greater than c = co/e.", "PMID": 700913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_445", "title": "Effect of antirheumatic drugs on proteinases in synovia of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Synovia and synovial fluid proteinases were determined in 21 patients with rheumatoid arthritis who were using different kinds of antirheumatic medications. Significantly lower cathepsin B1-like proteinase activity (only 10% of control) was found in the synovial fluid of patients with chloroquine treatment, and significantly lower neutral trypsin-substrate hydrolysing proteinase activity (about 30% of control) was found in the synovia of patients with phenylbutazone treatment. No significant differences were found with other medications: gold, indomethacin, cortisone, acetylsalicyclic acid. No definitive correlations between disease activity parameters and proteinase activities could be found.", "contents": "Effect of antirheumatic drugs on proteinases in synovia of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Synovia and synovial fluid proteinases were determined in 21 patients with rheumatoid arthritis who were using different kinds of antirheumatic medications. Significantly lower cathepsin B1-like proteinase activity (only 10% of control) was found in the synovial fluid of patients with chloroquine treatment, and significantly lower neutral trypsin-substrate hydrolysing proteinase activity (about 30% of control) was found in the synovia of patients with phenylbutazone treatment. No significant differences were found with other medications: gold, indomethacin, cortisone, acetylsalicyclic acid. No definitive correlations between disease activity parameters and proteinase activities could be found.", "PMID": 700914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_446", "title": "Estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters of digoxin from serum, saliva and urine.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of digoxin was studied in 14 healthy volunteers using concentrations measured radioimmunologically in the serum, saliva and urine. The subjects were given 0.75 mg of digoxin intravenously. Serum and saliva were obtained over a 72 hr period and urinary excretion rates over 6 or 7 days. Binding of digoxin to serum proteins was determined by ultracentrifugalization. A linear correlation between the serum and saliva concentrations was found. Salivary levels were equal to the unbound fraction in the serum. The half-lives of distribution did not differ between the serum and saliva. An erroneously short half-life of elimination was found in the serum, but in the saliva and urine it was found to be in the range previously reported. Salivary level measurements may be useful in pharmacokinetic studies and may have important clinical implications.", "contents": "Estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters of digoxin from serum, saliva and urine. The pharmacokinetics of digoxin was studied in 14 healthy volunteers using concentrations measured radioimmunologically in the serum, saliva and urine. The subjects were given 0.75 mg of digoxin intravenously. Serum and saliva were obtained over a 72 hr period and urinary excretion rates over 6 or 7 days. Binding of digoxin to serum proteins was determined by ultracentrifugalization. A linear correlation between the serum and saliva concentrations was found. Salivary levels were equal to the unbound fraction in the serum. The half-lives of distribution did not differ between the serum and saliva. An erroneously short half-life of elimination was found in the serum, but in the saliva and urine it was found to be in the range previously reported. Salivary level measurements may be useful in pharmacokinetic studies and may have important clinical implications.", "PMID": 700915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_447", "title": "Effect of clonidine (Haemiton) on plasma renin level and angiotensin sensitivity in man.", "content": "The effect of clonidine and of clonidine + spironolactone on renin activity and angiotensin sensitivity has been studied in 15 persons. Clonidine-induced angiotensin pressor dose and renin level reduction have been abolished by spironolactone. The phenomenon is explained by the contrary effects of the two drugs on renin activity and angiotensin sensitivity. Other possible mechanisms of antihypertensive clonidine effect are also discussed.", "contents": "Effect of clonidine (Haemiton) on plasma renin level and angiotensin sensitivity in man. The effect of clonidine and of clonidine + spironolactone on renin activity and angiotensin sensitivity has been studied in 15 persons. Clonidine-induced angiotensin pressor dose and renin level reduction have been abolished by spironolactone. The phenomenon is explained by the contrary effects of the two drugs on renin activity and angiotensin sensitivity. Other possible mechanisms of antihypertensive clonidine effect are also discussed.", "PMID": 700917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_448", "title": "Carcinogens and analogs: trace analysis of thirteen compounds in admixture in wastewater and human urine.", "content": "A gas chromatographic method is described for determining traces of 13 carcinogens and related compounds (aromatic amines and estrogens) in admixture in wastewater and human urine. This method was developed for use in toxicological research for monitoring the safe disposal of wastewater and to signal any accidental exposure of personnel to hazardous test substances. Salient elements of the procedure are: extraction of phenolic and neutral residues from the acidified sample, liquid--liquid partitioning cleanup and separation of neutral from phenolic residues at pH 14 and 10.2, acid hydrolysis of the neutral component, subsequent alkalinization of the sample and extraction of the basic residues as the free amines, conversion of all residues to the corresponding pentafluoropropionyl (PFP) derivatives and quantification by electron-capture gas chromatography. Residues were detectable in wastewater and urine at the 0.1 and 1 ppb levels, respectively. Additional information is provided concerning partition values for all PFP derivatives in five solvent systems, structure verification of the derivatives by mass spectrometry and the adaption of this method to the monitoring of surfaces and air in potentially contaminated work areas.", "contents": "Carcinogens and analogs: trace analysis of thirteen compounds in admixture in wastewater and human urine. A gas chromatographic method is described for determining traces of 13 carcinogens and related compounds (aromatic amines and estrogens) in admixture in wastewater and human urine. This method was developed for use in toxicological research for monitoring the safe disposal of wastewater and to signal any accidental exposure of personnel to hazardous test substances. Salient elements of the procedure are: extraction of phenolic and neutral residues from the acidified sample, liquid--liquid partitioning cleanup and separation of neutral from phenolic residues at pH 14 and 10.2, acid hydrolysis of the neutral component, subsequent alkalinization of the sample and extraction of the basic residues as the free amines, conversion of all residues to the corresponding pentafluoropropionyl (PFP) derivatives and quantification by electron-capture gas chromatography. Residues were detectable in wastewater and urine at the 0.1 and 1 ppb levels, respectively. Additional information is provided concerning partition values for all PFP derivatives in five solvent systems, structure verification of the derivatives by mass spectrometry and the adaption of this method to the monitoring of surfaces and air in potentially contaminated work areas.", "PMID": 700918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_449", "title": "N-alkylation of amino acid residues by chloromethyl groups. A potential side reaction in the solid phase peptide synthesis.", "content": "A serious side reaction in the peptide synthesis on the Merrifield resin was observed during attempts to synthesize the TMV fragment, Asn-Pro-Thr-Thr-Ala (101--105). The side reaction is consistent with N-alkylation of the amino groups by the residual chloromethyl groups on the resin, which lowers the total yield and complicates evaluation of monitoring data during the synthesis. It is shown that several amino acids can be N-alkylated in different positions in the peptide chain and in different solvents. The extent of N-alkylation is in some cases 50%.", "contents": "N-alkylation of amino acid residues by chloromethyl groups. A potential side reaction in the solid phase peptide synthesis. A serious side reaction in the peptide synthesis on the Merrifield resin was observed during attempts to synthesize the TMV fragment, Asn-Pro-Thr-Thr-Ala (101--105). The side reaction is consistent with N-alkylation of the amino groups by the residual chloromethyl groups on the resin, which lowers the total yield and complicates evaluation of monitoring data during the synthesis. It is shown that several amino acids can be N-alkylated in different positions in the peptide chain and in different solvents. The extent of N-alkylation is in some cases 50%.", "PMID": 700919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_450", "title": "Determination of the intramolecular tyrosine-tryptophan distance in a 7-peptide related to the C-terminal sequence of cholecystokinin.", "content": "The solution conformation of a 7-peptide with the C-terminal sequence of cholecystokinin was investigated by evaluation of intramolecular resonance energy transfer between tyrosine (donor) in position 1 and tryptophan (acceptor) in position 4. From the relative enhancement of acceptor fluorescence a transfer efficiency of 0.70 +/- 0.04 was determined. The use of this parameter in F\u00f6rster's equation permitted the calculation of the average intramolecular tyrosine-tryptophan separation, whereby the assumption of random donor-acceptor orientation was made. The resulting average distance of 10.0 +/- 0.3 A suggests some type of a folded conformation and excludes the existence of a fully extended chain in the N-terminal part of the peptide. A comparison with tyrosine-tryptophan distances observed in other biologically active polypeptides is made.", "contents": "Determination of the intramolecular tyrosine-tryptophan distance in a 7-peptide related to the C-terminal sequence of cholecystokinin. The solution conformation of a 7-peptide with the C-terminal sequence of cholecystokinin was investigated by evaluation of intramolecular resonance energy transfer between tyrosine (donor) in position 1 and tryptophan (acceptor) in position 4. From the relative enhancement of acceptor fluorescence a transfer efficiency of 0.70 +/- 0.04 was determined. The use of this parameter in F\u00f6rster's equation permitted the calculation of the average intramolecular tyrosine-tryptophan separation, whereby the assumption of random donor-acceptor orientation was made. The resulting average distance of 10.0 +/- 0.3 A suggests some type of a folded conformation and excludes the existence of a fully extended chain in the N-terminal part of the peptide. A comparison with tyrosine-tryptophan distances observed in other biologically active polypeptides is made.", "PMID": 700920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_451", "title": "Solid-phase synthesis of oxytocin, desaminooxytocin and 4-Thr-oxytocin using active esters in presence of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole.", "content": "Using appropriate amino acid active esters (3 eq.) in presence of HOBt (1 eq.) and employing DPM protection for the thiol function of cysteine, a rapid synthesis of oxytocin in the solid phase has been accomplished. The DPM group has been removed by sodium-liquid ammonia reduction since boiling TFA is ineffective. Desaminooxytocin and 4-Thr-oxytocin have been synthesized using lesser quantities of amino acid active esters (1.5 eq.) in presence of HOBt (1 eq.), but the durations of coupling are longer. The solid-phase synthesis of desamino-oxytocin using appropriate Boc-amino acids in presence of DCCI in toluene medium has been described. Toluene does not exert any significant accelerating influence on the coupling rate as it does when active esters are employed.", "contents": "Solid-phase synthesis of oxytocin, desaminooxytocin and 4-Thr-oxytocin using active esters in presence of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole. Using appropriate amino acid active esters (3 eq.) in presence of HOBt (1 eq.) and employing DPM protection for the thiol function of cysteine, a rapid synthesis of oxytocin in the solid phase has been accomplished. The DPM group has been removed by sodium-liquid ammonia reduction since boiling TFA is ineffective. Desaminooxytocin and 4-Thr-oxytocin have been synthesized using lesser quantities of amino acid active esters (1.5 eq.) in presence of HOBt (1 eq.), but the durations of coupling are longer. The solid-phase synthesis of desamino-oxytocin using appropriate Boc-amino acids in presence of DCCI in toluene medium has been described. Toluene does not exert any significant accelerating influence on the coupling rate as it does when active esters are employed.", "PMID": 700921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_452", "title": "betah-endorphin: antidiuretic effects in rats.", "content": "Human beta-endorphin (betah-EP) inhibits urine flow in rats. This antidiuretic effect of the peptide occurs after intravenous and intraventricular injections. Intravenously, betah-EP is 24 times more potent than morphine. Intraventricularly, betah-EP is 24 times more potent than morphine. Intraventricularly, betah-EP is effective at doses (0.45 microgram) which have no antidiuretic activity when injected intravenously. This fact suggests that one site of the antidiuretic action of betah-endorphin may be in the central nervous system. Animals tolerant to morphine are also tolerant to the antidiuretic effects of betah-endorphin.", "contents": "betah-endorphin: antidiuretic effects in rats. Human beta-endorphin (betah-EP) inhibits urine flow in rats. This antidiuretic effect of the peptide occurs after intravenous and intraventricular injections. Intravenously, betah-EP is 24 times more potent than morphine. Intraventricularly, betah-EP is 24 times more potent than morphine. Intraventricularly, betah-EP is effective at doses (0.45 microgram) which have no antidiuretic activity when injected intravenously. This fact suggests that one site of the antidiuretic action of betah-endorphin may be in the central nervous system. Animals tolerant to morphine are also tolerant to the antidiuretic effects of betah-endorphin.", "PMID": 700922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_453", "title": "Teaching psychological medicine on hospital rounds: a liaison experiment.", "content": "An unusual version of liaison psychiatry is described in which the object of the liaison is the practicing physician in the hospital setting. Hospital work rounds were used as teaching rounds at frequent intervals over a relatively long time span. The paper demonstrates the usefulness and feasibility of such a project. The processes and principles of teaching psychological medicine in this way are described and exemplified.", "contents": "Teaching psychological medicine on hospital rounds: a liaison experiment. An unusual version of liaison psychiatry is described in which the object of the liaison is the practicing physician in the hospital setting. Hospital work rounds were used as teaching rounds at frequent intervals over a relatively long time span. The paper demonstrates the usefulness and feasibility of such a project. The processes and principles of teaching psychological medicine in this way are described and exemplified.", "PMID": 700924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_454", "title": "Psychiatric and biochemical correlates of respiratory decompensation in a terminal and non-terminal chronic pulmonary disease patient.", "content": "A psychiatric and biochemical study was undertaken at the request of two patients who were thought to be terminally ill by the medical staff. One patient accepted dying and expired from her disease. The other patient wished to continue living and did not die. The dying patient exhibited abnormally high levels of catecholamine excretion which were not associated with verbal reports of anxiety or discomfort and did not seem upset or uncomfortable to the physician and nurses caring for her. The patient who lived had relatively low levels of catecholamine excretion and was anxious, irritable and uncomfortable. The behavior of these two patients differed during the period of acute respiratory failure. The dying patient had given up and felt that she was engaging in goal-directed activity which she would or could not shut off. The patient who lived was frightened of dying and felt that she would overcome her current difficulties and that she was not ready or willing to die. The major cardiovascular differences were those of a significantly lower blood pressure and higher heart rate in the patient who died.", "contents": "Psychiatric and biochemical correlates of respiratory decompensation in a terminal and non-terminal chronic pulmonary disease patient. A psychiatric and biochemical study was undertaken at the request of two patients who were thought to be terminally ill by the medical staff. One patient accepted dying and expired from her disease. The other patient wished to continue living and did not die. The dying patient exhibited abnormally high levels of catecholamine excretion which were not associated with verbal reports of anxiety or discomfort and did not seem upset or uncomfortable to the physician and nurses caring for her. The patient who lived had relatively low levels of catecholamine excretion and was anxious, irritable and uncomfortable. The behavior of these two patients differed during the period of acute respiratory failure. The dying patient had given up and felt that she was engaging in goal-directed activity which she would or could not shut off. The patient who lived was frightened of dying and felt that she would overcome her current difficulties and that she was not ready or willing to die. The major cardiovascular differences were those of a significantly lower blood pressure and higher heart rate in the patient who died.", "PMID": 700926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_455", "title": "Sexual dysfunction in renal failure: a survey of chronic hemodialysis patients.", "content": "Eighteen chronic hemodialysis patients were interviewed by staff trained in sex therapy. Compared with the pre-uremic phase, sexual satisfaction was less in nine subjects, greater in four; frequency of intercourse had declined in ten subjects. Dysfunctions of sexual response were reported by five men and six women. Analysis of physical factors, medication and depression showed no clear association with sexual dysfunction, suggesting the importance of psychosocial factors. A trial of sex therapy in renal patients in proposed.", "contents": "Sexual dysfunction in renal failure: a survey of chronic hemodialysis patients. Eighteen chronic hemodialysis patients were interviewed by staff trained in sex therapy. Compared with the pre-uremic phase, sexual satisfaction was less in nine subjects, greater in four; frequency of intercourse had declined in ten subjects. Dysfunctions of sexual response were reported by five men and six women. Analysis of physical factors, medication and depression showed no clear association with sexual dysfunction, suggesting the importance of psychosocial factors. A trial of sex therapy in renal patients in proposed.", "PMID": 700925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_456", "title": "Evaluating liaison program effectiveness: the use of unobtrusive measurement.", "content": "The author suggests that the goal of liaison psychiatry as well as its organizational and clinical properties require the use of measures which are non-reactive and developmental in nature. In this paper four categories are theorized as representing the implicit working assumptions of nonpsychiatric housestaff in clinical formulation. By analyzing the overt and latent assumptions of the questions presented to a liaison psychiatrist in patient care conferences, the author illustrates how the assumptions can change through six levels of development. Changes within the assumptions are then used as criteria for program effectiveness since the working assumptions represent preconditions to holistic care. Potential uses of this global scheme for evaluating liaison programs are suggested.", "contents": "Evaluating liaison program effectiveness: the use of unobtrusive measurement. The author suggests that the goal of liaison psychiatry as well as its organizational and clinical properties require the use of measures which are non-reactive and developmental in nature. In this paper four categories are theorized as representing the implicit working assumptions of nonpsychiatric housestaff in clinical formulation. By analyzing the overt and latent assumptions of the questions presented to a liaison psychiatrist in patient care conferences, the author illustrates how the assumptions can change through six levels of development. Changes within the assumptions are then used as criteria for program effectiveness since the working assumptions represent preconditions to holistic care. Potential uses of this global scheme for evaluating liaison programs are suggested.", "PMID": 700927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_457", "title": "Digitalis delirium: psychiatric considerations.", "content": "Digitalis is a ubiquitous drug in modern clinical medicine and digitoxicity is one of the more common iatrogenic disorders. Psychiatric problems are often overlooked as manifestations of digitalis excess and may range from mild disorientation, lethargy, or restlessness to full blown delirium. In this paper we discuss two patients who presented to a psychiatric inpatient unit and were later found to be digitoxic. Psychiatrists are advised to consider digitalis as a possible cause of mental abnormalities and are reminded that psychiatric signs may be the first indication of a potentially lethal drug toxicity. Psychiatric patients may also be at special risk for the development of digitoxicity because of erratic drug taking, electrolyte imbalance or increased autonomic tone.", "contents": "Digitalis delirium: psychiatric considerations. Digitalis is a ubiquitous drug in modern clinical medicine and digitoxicity is one of the more common iatrogenic disorders. Psychiatric problems are often overlooked as manifestations of digitalis excess and may range from mild disorientation, lethargy, or restlessness to full blown delirium. In this paper we discuss two patients who presented to a psychiatric inpatient unit and were later found to be digitoxic. Psychiatrists are advised to consider digitalis as a possible cause of mental abnormalities and are reminded that psychiatric signs may be the first indication of a potentially lethal drug toxicity. Psychiatric patients may also be at special risk for the development of digitoxicity because of erratic drug taking, electrolyte imbalance or increased autonomic tone.", "PMID": 700928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_458", "title": "The liaison psychiatrist in cardiovascular rehabilitation: an overview.", "content": "Depression, anxiety and fear of recurrence following myocardial infarction often lead to disability in excess of actual cardiac impairment in a large number of patients. The high social, economic and emotional cost of psychogenic cardiac invalidism has stimulated the development of cardiovascular rehabilitation programs throughout the country. The liaison psychiatrist can play a critical role in the rehabilitation effort. This paper describes the psychological impact of the rehabilitation process in combating psychogenic cardiac disability. The conflicts of the post-infarction patient and their management by the rehabilitation team are presented from the perspective of the team psychiatrist. Cardiovascular rehabilitation as described is a productive area for psychiatric liaison, through individual consultation, group therapy sessions and team meetings which address the psychosocial issues of convalescence.", "contents": "The liaison psychiatrist in cardiovascular rehabilitation: an overview. Depression, anxiety and fear of recurrence following myocardial infarction often lead to disability in excess of actual cardiac impairment in a large number of patients. The high social, economic and emotional cost of psychogenic cardiac invalidism has stimulated the development of cardiovascular rehabilitation programs throughout the country. The liaison psychiatrist can play a critical role in the rehabilitation effort. This paper describes the psychological impact of the rehabilitation process in combating psychogenic cardiac disability. The conflicts of the post-infarction patient and their management by the rehabilitation team are presented from the perspective of the team psychiatrist. Cardiovascular rehabilitation as described is a productive area for psychiatric liaison, through individual consultation, group therapy sessions and team meetings which address the psychosocial issues of convalescence.", "PMID": 700930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_459", "title": "Teaching family psychodynamics in a family practice center: one experience.", "content": "This paper describes a method of teaching family psychodynamics in a new family practice center. Initially, there were difficulties in engaging staff because of inappropriate teaching methods and personal and professional identity conflicts. Ultimately, a sequential program of video playbacks, live interviews and case conferences was developed. The residents' four-month rotation in psychiatry proved essential for developing comfort with psychological and familial aspects of psyical illness.", "contents": "Teaching family psychodynamics in a family practice center: one experience. This paper describes a method of teaching family psychodynamics in a new family practice center. Initially, there were difficulties in engaging staff because of inappropriate teaching methods and personal and professional identity conflicts. Ultimately, a sequential program of video playbacks, live interviews and case conferences was developed. The residents' four-month rotation in psychiatry proved essential for developing comfort with psychological and familial aspects of psyical illness.", "PMID": 700929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_460", "title": "Xenon-133 muscular flow measurements in surgery for arterial disease of the lower limbs.", "content": "Muscular flow measurements were carried out in 34 patients with peripheral chronic arterial occlusive disease using the 133-xenon clearance method. The reactive hyperemia technique was preferred to the walking test. All the patients were investigated by angiography and 46 limbs were available for assessment. Control flow measurements were done after treatment in the following groups: arterial reconstruction in ten limbs of nine patients, unilateral lumbar sympathectomy in three and medical therapy in seven. Follow-up was from three to 12 months. The findings of flow measurements were of limited value in identifying the distribution of the arterial disease, but they provided a reliable means to predict the results of direct arterial repair in various procedures. They also proved to be a valuable method to assess the results of surgery. This does not seem to apply to lumbar sympathectomy or conservative treatment.", "contents": "Xenon-133 muscular flow measurements in surgery for arterial disease of the lower limbs. Muscular flow measurements were carried out in 34 patients with peripheral chronic arterial occlusive disease using the 133-xenon clearance method. The reactive hyperemia technique was preferred to the walking test. All the patients were investigated by angiography and 46 limbs were available for assessment. Control flow measurements were done after treatment in the following groups: arterial reconstruction in ten limbs of nine patients, unilateral lumbar sympathectomy in three and medical therapy in seven. Follow-up was from three to 12 months. The findings of flow measurements were of limited value in identifying the distribution of the arterial disease, but they provided a reliable means to predict the results of direct arterial repair in various procedures. They also proved to be a valuable method to assess the results of surgery. This does not seem to apply to lumbar sympathectomy or conservative treatment.", "PMID": 700933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_461", "title": "Changing concepts in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery in the last twenty-four years: 10,000 thoracic and cardiovascular operations.", "content": "On July 27, 1977, the ten thousandth operation was performed by the author in commemoration of the twentieth anniversary of the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Sapporo Medical College, Sapporo. Changing concepts in modern or postwar thoracic and cardiovascular surgery during the past two decades are discussed.", "contents": "Changing concepts in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery in the last twenty-four years: 10,000 thoracic and cardiovascular operations. On July 27, 1977, the ten thousandth operation was performed by the author in commemoration of the twentieth anniversary of the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Sapporo Medical College, Sapporo. Changing concepts in modern or postwar thoracic and cardiovascular surgery during the past two decades are discussed.", "PMID": 700932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_462", "title": "Results of operative treatment of Fraley's syndrome.", "content": "Relying on their own observations, the authors describe nine patients in whom Fraley's syndrome was diagnosed and treated operatively. In six of them, calycopyeloneostomy was performed. In three of the patients, because of complications, the upper pole of the kidney was excised together with the changed calyx. In noncomplicated cases the calycopyeloneostomy with a transposition of the artery beyond the cervix of the upper calyx allows to retain the active parenchyma of the upper pole of the kidneys.", "contents": "Results of operative treatment of Fraley's syndrome. Relying on their own observations, the authors describe nine patients in whom Fraley's syndrome was diagnosed and treated operatively. In six of them, calycopyeloneostomy was performed. In three of the patients, because of complications, the upper pole of the kidney was excised together with the changed calyx. In noncomplicated cases the calycopyeloneostomy with a transposition of the artery beyond the cervix of the upper calyx allows to retain the active parenchyma of the upper pole of the kidneys.", "PMID": 700940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_463", "title": "Esophageal reflux after gastrectomy: a hazard after Billroth-I subtotal gastrectomy.", "content": "One hundred and seventy-six patients were evaluated for esophageal reflux after gastrectomy. Apart from proximally and totally gastrectomized cases, the conventional Billroth-I type of distal subtotal gastrectomy destroys many esophageal reflux preventive mechanisms. The Roux-en-Y type of repair should be adopted for the prevention of reflux.", "contents": "Esophageal reflux after gastrectomy: a hazard after Billroth-I subtotal gastrectomy. One hundred and seventy-six patients were evaluated for esophageal reflux after gastrectomy. Apart from proximally and totally gastrectomized cases, the conventional Billroth-I type of distal subtotal gastrectomy destroys many esophageal reflux preventive mechanisms. The Roux-en-Y type of repair should be adopted for the prevention of reflux.", "PMID": 700935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_464", "title": "Preoperative work-up in breast surgery.", "content": "Our patients who are to undergo breast surgery are placed into one of four groups with a number of subdivisions. Each has a variable amount of preoperative work-up depending on the patient's age and constitutional status, the degree of suspicion as to the malignancy of the lesion, the type of anesthesia (local or general), the place where the biopsy is being done (in-patient or out-patient)and on the type of informed consent signed by the patient. Breast x-rays are used on a judicious and selective basis and thermography and ultrasound are used routinely.", "contents": "Preoperative work-up in breast surgery. Our patients who are to undergo breast surgery are placed into one of four groups with a number of subdivisions. Each has a variable amount of preoperative work-up depending on the patient's age and constitutional status, the degree of suspicion as to the malignancy of the lesion, the type of anesthesia (local or general), the place where the biopsy is being done (in-patient or out-patient)and on the type of informed consent signed by the patient. Breast x-rays are used on a judicious and selective basis and thermography and ultrasound are used routinely.", "PMID": 700931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_465", "title": "The use of tissue adhesive \"Chirurcoll-Polfa\" in surgical fixation of the kidney.", "content": "Experimental and clinical investigations were carried out on the application of tissue adhesive \"Chirurcoll-Polfa\" in surgical fixation of the kidney. It was found that the adhesive gives firm tissue adhesion without causing inflammatory reaction, and can be safely used in operations for fixation of the kidneys.", "contents": "The use of tissue adhesive \"Chirurcoll-Polfa\" in surgical fixation of the kidney. Experimental and clinical investigations were carried out on the application of tissue adhesive \"Chirurcoll-Polfa\" in surgical fixation of the kidney. It was found that the adhesive gives firm tissue adhesion without causing inflammatory reaction, and can be safely used in operations for fixation of the kidneys.", "PMID": 700941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_466", "title": "Treatment of testicular hypofunction with gonadotrophic hormones.", "content": "The paper reports on the response to gonadotrophic hormone treatment in cases of male infertility. The report includes 119 cases treated between 1971 and 1975. The evaluation of the results of gonadotrophic hormone treatment led to the following conclusions. Treatment with Praedyn has been relatively successful and the rate of success was directly dependent on the number of applied ampoules. Pergonal 500 brought a considerable improvement in all the treated patients. A meaningful comparison of the effect of Praedyn and Pergonal 500, respectively, was not possible because of the relatively small number of patients treated with Pergonal. Treatment with gonadotrophic hormones, especially Pergonal 500, seems to be indicated in cases of oligoasthenospermia, hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (or secondary hypogonadism) and at least a short-dated correction of the spermiogram to normal can be expected in approximately one fourth of cases. A long-term testosterone (Agovirin) administration has a beneficial effect on the qualitative aspect of the treatment in that it enhances sperm motility.", "contents": "Treatment of testicular hypofunction with gonadotrophic hormones. The paper reports on the response to gonadotrophic hormone treatment in cases of male infertility. The report includes 119 cases treated between 1971 and 1975. The evaluation of the results of gonadotrophic hormone treatment led to the following conclusions. Treatment with Praedyn has been relatively successful and the rate of success was directly dependent on the number of applied ampoules. Pergonal 500 brought a considerable improvement in all the treated patients. A meaningful comparison of the effect of Praedyn and Pergonal 500, respectively, was not possible because of the relatively small number of patients treated with Pergonal. Treatment with gonadotrophic hormones, especially Pergonal 500, seems to be indicated in cases of oligoasthenospermia, hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (or secondary hypogonadism) and at least a short-dated correction of the spermiogram to normal can be expected in approximately one fourth of cases. A long-term testosterone (Agovirin) administration has a beneficial effect on the qualitative aspect of the treatment in that it enhances sperm motility.", "PMID": 700942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_467", "title": "Operative management of variocele by high retroperitoneal ligation of the spermatic vein.", "content": "High retroperitoneal ligation of the internal spermatic vein has been performed in 30 cases of varicocele. Renospermatic reflux had been demonstrated by preoperative phlebography in every case. Retrograde pressure brought to bear on the spermatic vein from the renal vein has been ascertained by intraoperative measurements of the pressures in the internal spermatic vein. On the ground of the results, high ligation of the spermatic vein is regarded as suitable for the surgical management of varicocele in case of renospermatic reflux.", "contents": "Operative management of variocele by high retroperitoneal ligation of the spermatic vein. High retroperitoneal ligation of the internal spermatic vein has been performed in 30 cases of varicocele. Renospermatic reflux had been demonstrated by preoperative phlebography in every case. Retrograde pressure brought to bear on the spermatic vein from the renal vein has been ascertained by intraoperative measurements of the pressures in the internal spermatic vein. On the ground of the results, high ligation of the spermatic vein is regarded as suitable for the surgical management of varicocele in case of renospermatic reflux.", "PMID": 700943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_468", "title": "Selection for surgery and long-term results in renovascular hypertension.", "content": "From 1960 to December 1977, 251 patients with renovascular hypertension (RVH) were observed; 219 were operated upon. Long-term results were assessed in 130 patients. Selection for surgery follows three steps: 1) screening of patients with renal artery disease, which is done by angiography; 2) diagnosis of RVH, which is reached mainly by differential renal function studies and renal vein renin measurements (ancillary methods are intravenous pyelography and sequential scintigraphy; the significance of renin measurements is discussed); and 3) prediction of the results of surgery and choice of technique. An original dynamic test of the authors is employed and reconstruction of the renal artery is the procedure of choice. This is done in the majority of cases by aortorenal bypass grafts using dacron prostheses. Techniques and complications are discussed and comparison with venous autograft is made. Hospital mortality was 3.2%. Overall long-term results were favorable in 78%. Long-term mortality was 6% and occurred mainly in patients who remained hypertensive. Results in atherosclerotic patients are compared with those obtained in fibrous stenoses. Results of renal artery reconstructions were far better than those of nephrectomies and lead us to restrict indications for such a procedure.", "contents": "Selection for surgery and long-term results in renovascular hypertension. From 1960 to December 1977, 251 patients with renovascular hypertension (RVH) were observed; 219 were operated upon. Long-term results were assessed in 130 patients. Selection for surgery follows three steps: 1) screening of patients with renal artery disease, which is done by angiography; 2) diagnosis of RVH, which is reached mainly by differential renal function studies and renal vein renin measurements (ancillary methods are intravenous pyelography and sequential scintigraphy; the significance of renin measurements is discussed); and 3) prediction of the results of surgery and choice of technique. An original dynamic test of the authors is employed and reconstruction of the renal artery is the procedure of choice. This is done in the majority of cases by aortorenal bypass grafts using dacron prostheses. Techniques and complications are discussed and comparison with venous autograft is made. Hospital mortality was 3.2%. Overall long-term results were favorable in 78%. Long-term mortality was 6% and occurred mainly in patients who remained hypertensive. Results in atherosclerotic patients are compared with those obtained in fibrous stenoses. Results of renal artery reconstructions were far better than those of nephrectomies and lead us to restrict indications for such a procedure.", "PMID": 700939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_469", "title": "Washout urography in the diagnosis of renal hypertension.", "content": "Washout urography was used as a screening test for 100 hypertensive patients. Eleven patients had renal hypertension. These were 4 cases of unilateral renal artery stenosis, 6 cases of unilateral pyelonephritis and one case of bilateral pyelonephritis with atherosclerosis of the right renal artery. The increase in size of the affected kidneys after Lasix injection was much restricted relatvie to the normal contralateral kidneys. The test proved valuable for screening cases of renovascular hypertension and unilateral pyelonephritis.", "contents": "Washout urography in the diagnosis of renal hypertension. Washout urography was used as a screening test for 100 hypertensive patients. Eleven patients had renal hypertension. These were 4 cases of unilateral renal artery stenosis, 6 cases of unilateral pyelonephritis and one case of bilateral pyelonephritis with atherosclerosis of the right renal artery. The increase in size of the affected kidneys after Lasix injection was much restricted relatvie to the normal contralateral kidneys. The test proved valuable for screening cases of renovascular hypertension and unilateral pyelonephritis.", "PMID": 700944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_470", "title": "Seasonal variations in urinary excretion of calcium and magnesium in healthy subjects and patients with renal calculus and chronic renal failure.", "content": "Renal excretion of calcium in healthy subjects and in patients with renal stones increases in the summer, as compared to the winter values. In patients with chronic renal failure calciuria shows no seasonal variations. No essential difference in the monthly excretion of magnesium in 24-hour urine has been found between healthy persons and patients with renal stones.", "contents": "Seasonal variations in urinary excretion of calcium and magnesium in healthy subjects and patients with renal calculus and chronic renal failure. Renal excretion of calcium in healthy subjects and in patients with renal stones increases in the summer, as compared to the winter values. In patients with chronic renal failure calciuria shows no seasonal variations. No essential difference in the monthly excretion of magnesium in 24-hour urine has been found between healthy persons and patients with renal stones.", "PMID": 700945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_471", "title": "Effects of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 on serum calcium and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone in patients with chronic renal insufficiency.", "content": "Six patients with chronic renal failure on regular dialysis treatment were given low doses (0.5--1.0 microgram/day) of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3, monitoring the serum calcium, inorganic phosphate, immunoreactive parathyroid hormone concentration (IPTH) and alkaline phosphatase activity. The serum calcium rose in all patients after 7 days' treatment, in some subjects to hypercalcemic range; this effect persisted 6--14 days after withdrawal of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3. The elevated serum IPTH rose in the first days of treatment, but later decreased to normal values. It is suggested that active vitamin D metabolites are necessary for normal response of parathyroid glands to variation in serum calcium. Low-dose 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 treatment appears to be a promising method of correcting hypocalcemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure. Careful control of serum calcium is necessary, as hypercalcemia may occur even after minute doses of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3.", "contents": "Effects of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 on serum calcium and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Six patients with chronic renal failure on regular dialysis treatment were given low doses (0.5--1.0 microgram/day) of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3, monitoring the serum calcium, inorganic phosphate, immunoreactive parathyroid hormone concentration (IPTH) and alkaline phosphatase activity. The serum calcium rose in all patients after 7 days' treatment, in some subjects to hypercalcemic range; this effect persisted 6--14 days after withdrawal of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3. The elevated serum IPTH rose in the first days of treatment, but later decreased to normal values. It is suggested that active vitamin D metabolites are necessary for normal response of parathyroid glands to variation in serum calcium. Low-dose 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 treatment appears to be a promising method of correcting hypocalcemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure. Careful control of serum calcium is necessary, as hypercalcemia may occur even after minute doses of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3.", "PMID": 700946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_472", "title": "Asymptomatic kidney tumors incidentally diagnosed in two patients.", "content": "In the years 1962--1975, at the Urological Department of the District Hospital in Warsaw, 1607 patients were operated on because of nephrolithiasis. In two cases coexistence of nephrolithiasis with renal tumour was demonstrated during operation. Physical and preoperative X-ray examinations suggested neither tumour nor metastatic foci in these two patients. The coexistence of nephrolithiasis and tumour of the kidney is a rarity (in our material 0.12%). Lumbotomy carried out because of nephrolithiasis makes possible a precise evaluation of the kidney condition and early discovery of tumour producing no clinical symptoms or X-ray changes.", "contents": "Asymptomatic kidney tumors incidentally diagnosed in two patients. In the years 1962--1975, at the Urological Department of the District Hospital in Warsaw, 1607 patients were operated on because of nephrolithiasis. In two cases coexistence of nephrolithiasis with renal tumour was demonstrated during operation. Physical and preoperative X-ray examinations suggested neither tumour nor metastatic foci in these two patients. The coexistence of nephrolithiasis and tumour of the kidney is a rarity (in our material 0.12%). Lumbotomy carried out because of nephrolithiasis makes possible a precise evaluation of the kidney condition and early discovery of tumour producing no clinical symptoms or X-ray changes.", "PMID": 700948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_473", "title": "Bilateral renal dysplasia (case report).", "content": "Bilateral renal dysplasia is a very rare condition, unlike unilateral renal dysplasia. We came across three cases. In one of them there were other multiple congenital anomalies. In all the cases the ureters and renal blood vessels were rudimentary. The condition is incompatible with life. The different theories explaining this congenital anomaly and the incidence of the disease are being discussed.", "contents": "Bilateral renal dysplasia (case report). Bilateral renal dysplasia is a very rare condition, unlike unilateral renal dysplasia. We came across three cases. In one of them there were other multiple congenital anomalies. In all the cases the ureters and renal blood vessels were rudimentary. The condition is incompatible with life. The different theories explaining this congenital anomaly and the incidence of the disease are being discussed.", "PMID": 700949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_474", "title": "Horseshoe kidney and its therapeutic problems. (A review of seventy-one clinical cases).", "content": "A review of 71 cases of horseshoe kidney accounting for 0.12% of the total number of patients seen at the Department of Urology, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, over 25 years is presented. The incidence of the abnormality has been found twice as high in males as in females. The proportion of surgical cases has been 57.8%, in agreement with published data. The radiodiagnostic investigations, particularly the functional diagnostic studies, are dealt with in detail. Their decisive importance in the considerations for or against surgery is emphasized.", "contents": "Horseshoe kidney and its therapeutic problems. (A review of seventy-one clinical cases). A review of 71 cases of horseshoe kidney accounting for 0.12% of the total number of patients seen at the Department of Urology, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, over 25 years is presented. The incidence of the abnormality has been found twice as high in males as in females. The proportion of surgical cases has been 57.8%, in agreement with published data. The radiodiagnostic investigations, particularly the functional diagnostic studies, are dealt with in detail. Their decisive importance in the considerations for or against surgery is emphasized.", "PMID": 700950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_475", "title": "Sensitizing activity of 9,13-dicis retinal in bleached photoreceptors of the skate.", "content": "9,13-dicis Retinal was externally applied to photoreceptors of isolated skate retina that previously had been desensitized by bleaching irradiation. This treatment led to a significant lowering of photoreceptor threshold and to the intracellular formation of isorhodopsin II, an artificial visual pigment containing 9,13-dicis retinal as its chromophore. These results suggest that isorhodopsin II can function in situ to promote an increase in the visual sensitivity of skate photoreceptors.", "contents": "Sensitizing activity of 9,13-dicis retinal in bleached photoreceptors of the skate. 9,13-dicis Retinal was externally applied to photoreceptors of isolated skate retina that previously had been desensitized by bleaching irradiation. This treatment led to a significant lowering of photoreceptor threshold and to the intracellular formation of isorhodopsin II, an artificial visual pigment containing 9,13-dicis retinal as its chromophore. These results suggest that isorhodopsin II can function in situ to promote an increase in the visual sensitivity of skate photoreceptors.", "PMID": 700952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_476", "title": "Distribution of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, and lysosomal hyaluronidase in the anterior segment of the rabbit eye.", "content": "Distribution of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, and lysosomal hyaluronidase in the anterior segment of the rabbit eye was studied biochemically. Acid phosphatase activity was higher in the anterior uvea and cornea but lower in the sclera. Beta-Glucuronidase activity was higher in the anterior uvea but lower in the corneoscleral tissues. Lysosomal hyaluronidase activity was higher in the anterior uvea. The inner layer of the corneoscleral junction showed the highest specific activity of beta-glucuronidase and lysosomal hyaluronidase among the corneoscleral tissues. Lysosomal hyaluronidase activity was detected in all corneoscleral tissues.", "contents": "Distribution of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, and lysosomal hyaluronidase in the anterior segment of the rabbit eye. Distribution of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, and lysosomal hyaluronidase in the anterior segment of the rabbit eye was studied biochemically. Acid phosphatase activity was higher in the anterior uvea and cornea but lower in the sclera. Beta-Glucuronidase activity was higher in the anterior uvea but lower in the corneoscleral tissues. Lysosomal hyaluronidase activity was higher in the anterior uvea. The inner layer of the corneoscleral junction showed the highest specific activity of beta-glucuronidase and lysosomal hyaluronidase among the corneoscleral tissues. Lysosomal hyaluronidase activity was detected in all corneoscleral tissues.", "PMID": 700953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_477", "title": "Direct delivery of anticancer agents: experimental treatment of intraocular malignancy.", "content": "Two anticancer agents, one lipophilic, 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU), and one hydrophilic, 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno) imidazol-4-carboxamide (DTIC), were used to treat Brown-Pearce epithelioma in the anterior chamber of rabbit eyes. The BCNU test animals were divided into three groups: one treated by direct injection of the drug into the subconjuntival space or the anterior chamber, the second by both direct injections and intravenous administration, and the third by intravenous injection alone. The DTIC test animals were treated with only local injection into the subconjunctival space or anterior chamber. Dosage, delivery system, and effectiveness were compared following clinical observation and histopathologic examination. Direct delivery of BCNU or DTIC in subconjuntival space or anterior chamber delayed the growth of Brown-Pearce epithelioma in rabbit eye. The effectiveness of this treatment was significnatly enhanced by combining direct injection with systemic administration of a lower dose of BCNU.", "contents": "Direct delivery of anticancer agents: experimental treatment of intraocular malignancy. Two anticancer agents, one lipophilic, 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU), and one hydrophilic, 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno) imidazol-4-carboxamide (DTIC), were used to treat Brown-Pearce epithelioma in the anterior chamber of rabbit eyes. The BCNU test animals were divided into three groups: one treated by direct injection of the drug into the subconjuntival space or the anterior chamber, the second by both direct injections and intravenous administration, and the third by intravenous injection alone. The DTIC test animals were treated with only local injection into the subconjunctival space or anterior chamber. Dosage, delivery system, and effectiveness were compared following clinical observation and histopathologic examination. Direct delivery of BCNU or DTIC in subconjuntival space or anterior chamber delayed the growth of Brown-Pearce epithelioma in rabbit eye. The effectiveness of this treatment was significnatly enhanced by combining direct injection with systemic administration of a lower dose of BCNU.", "PMID": 700954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_478", "title": "Phagocytosis and surface morphology in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells.", "content": "Phagocytosis of latex spheres was studied in explant cultures of retinal pigment epithelium from rabbit, calf, and rat (normal and dystrophic). Calf and rabbit pigment epithelial cells showed a \"latent period\" of about 12 and 17 hr, respectively, during which latex spheres were not ingested even when the cultures were pre-incubated for up to 24 hr prior to exposure. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated a profusion of apical processes on the surface of cells from both species that was present throughout the latent period. In contrast, rat pigment epithelial cells showed no latent period and phagocytosed latex spheres after a pulse of 1 hr. It was concluded that the latent period is not common to all species and, when present, is not due to an absence of apical processes. The surfaces of normal and dystrophic pigment epithelial cells showed abundant apical processes that did not differ from each other in morphology, number, or distribution. In cells from pigmented species (calf and rat), frequent fusions were observed between latex phagosomes and melanosomes or melanin granules.", "contents": "Phagocytosis and surface morphology in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. Phagocytosis of latex spheres was studied in explant cultures of retinal pigment epithelium from rabbit, calf, and rat (normal and dystrophic). Calf and rabbit pigment epithelial cells showed a \"latent period\" of about 12 and 17 hr, respectively, during which latex spheres were not ingested even when the cultures were pre-incubated for up to 24 hr prior to exposure. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated a profusion of apical processes on the surface of cells from both species that was present throughout the latent period. In contrast, rat pigment epithelial cells showed no latent period and phagocytosed latex spheres after a pulse of 1 hr. It was concluded that the latent period is not common to all species and, when present, is not due to an absence of apical processes. The surfaces of normal and dystrophic pigment epithelial cells showed abundant apical processes that did not differ from each other in morphology, number, or distribution. In cells from pigmented species (calf and rat), frequent fusions were observed between latex phagosomes and melanosomes or melanin granules.", "PMID": 700956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_479", "title": "Fluorescent pigment accumulation in retinal pigment epithelium of antioxidant-deficient rats.", "content": "A yellow autofluorescent pigment, generally thought to be indicative of membrane autoxidation, was found to accumulate in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of rats maintained for 32 weeks on diets producing physiological antioxidant deficiency. The largest build-up of fluorescent pigment occurred in rats fed a diet high in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and deficient in alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), selenium, sulfur-containing amino acids, and chromium. These latter four nutrients have all been implicated in maintaining the antioxidant status of tissues, whereas PUFAs are pro-oxidants. Dietary supplementation with methionine and chromium significantly reduced the amount of fluorescent pigment accumulated in the RPE. Supplementation with all four nutrients further reduced the amount of fluorescent pigment to a very low level. Rats maintained on a normal laboratory diet, relatively low in PUFAs and presumably adequate in other nutrients, accumulated relatively small amounts of fluorescent pigment in the RPE. Of all tissues in the retina and choroid, the autofluorescent pigment was found to be almost entirely restricted to the RPE. The autofluorescence produced in the RPE by antioxidant deficiency was more concentrated than that produced in the testes, kidney, intestine, and heart. This suggests that the RPE is particularly sensitive to physiological antioxidant deficiencies. The increased fluorescent pigment build-up in the RPE of antioxidant-deficient rats appears to correlate with a decreased RPE melanin content. Similar changes in pigmentation have been reported to occur in human RPE with age and in dominantly inherited retinitis pigmentosa. Thus, with respect to its effect on RPE pigmentation, antioxidant deficiency appears to mimic aging and possibly some aspects of one type of retinitis pigmentosa.", "contents": "Fluorescent pigment accumulation in retinal pigment epithelium of antioxidant-deficient rats. A yellow autofluorescent pigment, generally thought to be indicative of membrane autoxidation, was found to accumulate in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of rats maintained for 32 weeks on diets producing physiological antioxidant deficiency. The largest build-up of fluorescent pigment occurred in rats fed a diet high in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and deficient in alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), selenium, sulfur-containing amino acids, and chromium. These latter four nutrients have all been implicated in maintaining the antioxidant status of tissues, whereas PUFAs are pro-oxidants. Dietary supplementation with methionine and chromium significantly reduced the amount of fluorescent pigment accumulated in the RPE. Supplementation with all four nutrients further reduced the amount of fluorescent pigment to a very low level. Rats maintained on a normal laboratory diet, relatively low in PUFAs and presumably adequate in other nutrients, accumulated relatively small amounts of fluorescent pigment in the RPE. Of all tissues in the retina and choroid, the autofluorescent pigment was found to be almost entirely restricted to the RPE. The autofluorescence produced in the RPE by antioxidant deficiency was more concentrated than that produced in the testes, kidney, intestine, and heart. This suggests that the RPE is particularly sensitive to physiological antioxidant deficiencies. The increased fluorescent pigment build-up in the RPE of antioxidant-deficient rats appears to correlate with a decreased RPE melanin content. Similar changes in pigmentation have been reported to occur in human RPE with age and in dominantly inherited retinitis pigmentosa. Thus, with respect to its effect on RPE pigmentation, antioxidant deficiency appears to mimic aging and possibly some aspects of one type of retinitis pigmentosa.", "PMID": 700957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_480", "title": "Leukocytes and experimental corneal vascularization.", "content": "The growth of blood vessels toward corneal burns was compared in normal rabbits and those depleted of their white cells by exposure to X-irradiation. By the fourth day following injury, new vessels were present in all control and leukopenic animals. Histologic examination failed to demonstrate infiltrating cells in the leukopenic animals. In the absence of inflammatory cells, the cornea has the capacity to undergo vascularization in response to an injury. It is suggested that the epithelium is a source of a vasostimulating substance.", "contents": "Leukocytes and experimental corneal vascularization. The growth of blood vessels toward corneal burns was compared in normal rabbits and those depleted of their white cells by exposure to X-irradiation. By the fourth day following injury, new vessels were present in all control and leukopenic animals. Histologic examination failed to demonstrate infiltrating cells in the leukopenic animals. In the absence of inflammatory cells, the cornea has the capacity to undergo vascularization in response to an injury. It is suggested that the epithelium is a source of a vasostimulating substance.", "PMID": 700958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_481", "title": "Essential fatty acid deficiency and photoreceptor membrane renewal--a reappraisal.", "content": "The earlier reports from this laboratory that the renewal of rat photoreceptor membranes was dependent on essential fatty acids have not been confirmed in more recent studies.", "contents": "Essential fatty acid deficiency and photoreceptor membrane renewal--a reappraisal. The earlier reports from this laboratory that the renewal of rat photoreceptor membranes was dependent on essential fatty acids have not been confirmed in more recent studies.", "PMID": 700960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_482", "title": "Septic choroiditis with serous detachment of the retina in dogs.", "content": "The present study describes a model of multifocal septic choroiditis with serous retinal detachment after intracarotid injection of Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus faecalis. The fundus lesions occurred mainly in the tapetal area and, on ophthalmoscopic examination, were more extensive after S. aureus than after S. faecalis injection. On histopathologic examination there were microabscesses in the inner choroid and subretinal space, disrupting the outer retina but sparing the inner retina.", "contents": "Septic choroiditis with serous detachment of the retina in dogs. The present study describes a model of multifocal septic choroiditis with serous retinal detachment after intracarotid injection of Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus faecalis. The fundus lesions occurred mainly in the tapetal area and, on ophthalmoscopic examination, were more extensive after S. aureus than after S. faecalis injection. On histopathologic examination there were microabscesses in the inner choroid and subretinal space, disrupting the outer retina but sparing the inner retina.", "PMID": 700961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_483", "title": "Monochromatic (red-free) photography and ophthalmoscopy of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer.", "content": "The appearance of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (PRNFL) is crucial in the evaluation of patients with presumed optic neuropathies as well as in the differentiation of true optic disc edema from pseudopapilledema. Monochromatic (red-free) photography performed at 2 + magnification with a Zeiss fundus camera, a filter with maximum transmission at 540 nm, and Kodak Plus-X black-and-white film provides excellent PRNFL detail. Since direct ophthalmoscopy depends upon maximum illumination, which in turn depends upon increased color temperature of the light source, use of a direct ophthalmoscope with a gas-surrounded tungsten filament light source driven at 4.5 V raises color temperature sufficiently to allow practical use of monochromatic, red-free filters for optimum PRNFL evaluation.", "contents": "Monochromatic (red-free) photography and ophthalmoscopy of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer. The appearance of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (PRNFL) is crucial in the evaluation of patients with presumed optic neuropathies as well as in the differentiation of true optic disc edema from pseudopapilledema. Monochromatic (red-free) photography performed at 2 + magnification with a Zeiss fundus camera, a filter with maximum transmission at 540 nm, and Kodak Plus-X black-and-white film provides excellent PRNFL detail. Since direct ophthalmoscopy depends upon maximum illumination, which in turn depends upon increased color temperature of the light source, use of a direct ophthalmoscope with a gas-surrounded tungsten filament light source driven at 4.5 V raises color temperature sufficiently to allow practical use of monochromatic, red-free filters for optimum PRNFL evaluation.", "PMID": 700962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_484", "title": "Electroretinography with noncorneal and corneal electrodes.", "content": "The noncorneal ERG is essential for certain patients in which corneal recording is contraindicated. A preliminary report is presented investigating ERGs from three noncorneal montages and their correlation with the corneal ERG. Statistical analysis showed that an electrode at the medial canthus combined with medial viewing gave the closest correlation to the corneal ERG. Repeatability was good for all montages. The inner canthus electrode was considered preferable for noncorneal recording because it was less affected by other time-locked activity; it correlated well with the corneal ERG and can be used in conjunction with the electro-oculogram.", "contents": "Electroretinography with noncorneal and corneal electrodes. The noncorneal ERG is essential for certain patients in which corneal recording is contraindicated. A preliminary report is presented investigating ERGs from three noncorneal montages and their correlation with the corneal ERG. Statistical analysis showed that an electrode at the medial canthus combined with medial viewing gave the closest correlation to the corneal ERG. Repeatability was good for all montages. The inner canthus electrode was considered preferable for noncorneal recording because it was less affected by other time-locked activity; it correlated well with the corneal ERG and can be used in conjunction with the electro-oculogram.", "PMID": 700963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_485", "title": "Extraocular muscle and Harderian gland degeneration and regeneration after exposure of rats to continuous fluorescent illumination.", "content": "Exposure of adult albino rats to continuous cool-white fluorescent illumination caused extensive destruction to the extraocular skeletal muscles (EOM's) and Harderian glands. After 1 day of exposure, leukocytes and macrophages invaded the damaged area and were found among and within the myofibers. After 48 hr of exposure, myoblasts and short myotubes extending from the damaged fibers indicated that regeneration had begun. In spite of constant illumination of the animals, the EOM's continued to reconstitute, and by the seventh day of exposure, regeneration was almost complete. At this time, small loci of degeneration and leucocytic infiltration resembling those seen in the 1-day stage again occurred. Results supported the speculation that differentiated myofibers were susceptible to the damaging effects of continuous fluorescent illumination, but that myoblasts myotubes, and early undifferentiated myofibers were not. Although the tubular epithelium proliferated in damaged Harderian glands, very few other regenerative changes were observed during the 7-day exposure period. When animals with one eye occluded with a plastic contact lens and the other unoccluded were exposed to continuous illumination, the pattern of tissue destruction in unoccluded eyes was identical to that described in the above series. However, EOM's in occluded eyes were unaffected, and Harderian glands had minimal damage limited to unshielded areas at the conjunctival fornix. Glands apparently were more susceptible to injury than EOM's. Orbital tissue destruction in these animals seemingly was due directly to a radiant energy-dependent mechanism.", "contents": "Extraocular muscle and Harderian gland degeneration and regeneration after exposure of rats to continuous fluorescent illumination. Exposure of adult albino rats to continuous cool-white fluorescent illumination caused extensive destruction to the extraocular skeletal muscles (EOM's) and Harderian glands. After 1 day of exposure, leukocytes and macrophages invaded the damaged area and were found among and within the myofibers. After 48 hr of exposure, myoblasts and short myotubes extending from the damaged fibers indicated that regeneration had begun. In spite of constant illumination of the animals, the EOM's continued to reconstitute, and by the seventh day of exposure, regeneration was almost complete. At this time, small loci of degeneration and leucocytic infiltration resembling those seen in the 1-day stage again occurred. Results supported the speculation that differentiated myofibers were susceptible to the damaging effects of continuous fluorescent illumination, but that myoblasts myotubes, and early undifferentiated myofibers were not. Although the tubular epithelium proliferated in damaged Harderian glands, very few other regenerative changes were observed during the 7-day exposure period. When animals with one eye occluded with a plastic contact lens and the other unoccluded were exposed to continuous illumination, the pattern of tissue destruction in unoccluded eyes was identical to that described in the above series. However, EOM's in occluded eyes were unaffected, and Harderian glands had minimal damage limited to unshielded areas at the conjunctival fornix. Glands apparently were more susceptible to injury than EOM's. Orbital tissue destruction in these animals seemingly was due directly to a radiant energy-dependent mechanism.", "PMID": 700964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_486", "title": "Anterior segment permeability to fluorescein-labeled dextrans in the rat.", "content": "Permeability of the anterior segment of adult Wistar-Furth rats to fluorescein-labeled dextrans (FITC-dextrans) was evaluated by fluorescein angiography following intravenous injection of 0.2 ml of a 33% FITC-dextran solution. Permeation of each fluorescent compound into the anterior chamber was evaluated by (1) initial appearance of fluorescence in iris vessels, (2) the appearance of fluorescence at the pupil, (3) contrast between the iris vessels and their surroundings, and (4) disappearance of FITC-dextrans from the iris blood column. Permeability of FITC-dex 3 (molecular weight, 3000; effective diffusion radius, 12 A) was similar to that of sodium fluorescein in that both entered the aqueous rapidly and showed diffuse aqueous fluorescence within 3 min. As the molecular weight of the FITC-dextrans increased (m.w. of 20,000, 40,000, 70,000, and 150,000 were used), the FITC-dextrans exhibited decreased aqueous permeation, and iris vessel contrast persisted. For FITC-dex 150 (m.w. 150,000; 85 A) no fluorescence was visible in the pupil at times as long as 1 hr. Since these fluorescent compounds exhibit aqueous permeability properties based upon molecular size and thus are similar to blood proteins, they should be useful for in vivo and in vitro quantitative study of the blood-aqueous barrier in animals.", "contents": "Anterior segment permeability to fluorescein-labeled dextrans in the rat. Permeability of the anterior segment of adult Wistar-Furth rats to fluorescein-labeled dextrans (FITC-dextrans) was evaluated by fluorescein angiography following intravenous injection of 0.2 ml of a 33% FITC-dextran solution. Permeation of each fluorescent compound into the anterior chamber was evaluated by (1) initial appearance of fluorescence in iris vessels, (2) the appearance of fluorescence at the pupil, (3) contrast between the iris vessels and their surroundings, and (4) disappearance of FITC-dextrans from the iris blood column. Permeability of FITC-dex 3 (molecular weight, 3000; effective diffusion radius, 12 A) was similar to that of sodium fluorescein in that both entered the aqueous rapidly and showed diffuse aqueous fluorescence within 3 min. As the molecular weight of the FITC-dextrans increased (m.w. of 20,000, 40,000, 70,000, and 150,000 were used), the FITC-dextrans exhibited decreased aqueous permeation, and iris vessel contrast persisted. For FITC-dex 150 (m.w. 150,000; 85 A) no fluorescence was visible in the pupil at times as long as 1 hr. Since these fluorescent compounds exhibit aqueous permeability properties based upon molecular size and thus are similar to blood proteins, they should be useful for in vivo and in vitro quantitative study of the blood-aqueous barrier in animals.", "PMID": 700965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_487", "title": "The corneal and conjunctival surface in vitamin A deficiency: a scanning electron microscopy study.", "content": "A model system of acute vitamin A deficiency in the guinea pig was used to investigate changes in corneal and conjunctival morphology. Hypovitaminosis A was induced by feeding experimental animals a purified gel diet deficient in vitamin A, while a control group received a vitamin A enriched diet. By the fifth week experimental animals exhibited a significant decrease in plasma vitamin A levels compared to controls. Animals were sacrificed at intervals from 5 to 9 weeks, and the corneas and conjunctivae were examined histologically and by scanning electron microscopy. Conjunctivae from control animals showed large numbers of goblet cells, whereas 16 of 18 experimental conjunctivae were completely devoid of goblet cells. Tarsal, palpebral, and cul-de-sac epithelia from deficient animals all showed many superficial squamous cells uplifted from the surface. Also, rugae were notably absent from the palpebral and cul-de-sac conjunctivae. The corneas of vitamin A--deficient animals exhibited varying degrees of superficial epithelial cell desquamation and keratinization. In addition, reduced numbers of microprojections and membrane breakdown were observed. These morphological and clinical findings are correlated with the possible role of vitamin A in cellular physiology.", "contents": "The corneal and conjunctival surface in vitamin A deficiency: a scanning electron microscopy study. A model system of acute vitamin A deficiency in the guinea pig was used to investigate changes in corneal and conjunctival morphology. Hypovitaminosis A was induced by feeding experimental animals a purified gel diet deficient in vitamin A, while a control group received a vitamin A enriched diet. By the fifth week experimental animals exhibited a significant decrease in plasma vitamin A levels compared to controls. Animals were sacrificed at intervals from 5 to 9 weeks, and the corneas and conjunctivae were examined histologically and by scanning electron microscopy. Conjunctivae from control animals showed large numbers of goblet cells, whereas 16 of 18 experimental conjunctivae were completely devoid of goblet cells. Tarsal, palpebral, and cul-de-sac epithelia from deficient animals all showed many superficial squamous cells uplifted from the surface. Also, rugae were notably absent from the palpebral and cul-de-sac conjunctivae. The corneas of vitamin A--deficient animals exhibited varying degrees of superficial epithelial cell desquamation and keratinization. In addition, reduced numbers of microprojections and membrane breakdown were observed. These morphological and clinical findings are correlated with the possible role of vitamin A in cellular physiology.", "PMID": 700966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_488", "title": "Glycosidases of the retinal pigment epithelium.", "content": "The pH optima and apparent Km and Vmax values were determined for nine glycosidases of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of the calf. In terms of micromoles of substrate cleaved per milligram protein per hour, the following relative order of enzymatic activities was observed: beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase greater than alpha-glucosidase = beta-N-acetylgalactosaminidase greater than alpha-mannosidase greater than beta-galactosidase greater than beta-glucosidase greater than alpha-fucosidase greater than alpha-galactosidase greater than beta-glucuronidase. The pH optimum of each of these enzymes was in the acidic range (below pH 6). All these findings refer to enzymatic activities of bovine RPE preparations obtained by the brushing procedure of Glocklin and Potts and washing as described by Berman and Feeney. Thus they may relate to those activities associated with particulate components of the RPE cell and not to the more soluble glycosidases. The distribution of the glycosidases between the washes of the cells and the final pellet of bovine RPE cells was examined. The activities of 10 glycosidases in the RPE of the embryonic chick were also examined. Neither beta-mannosidase nor beta-fucosidase activities could be detected in washed bovine RPE cells, although beta-mannosidase was detected in RPE of the embryonic chick. The presence of isoenzymes of beta-glucuronidase in bovine RPE was indicated. Specificity by beta-glucuronidase of bovine RPE for synthetic substrates was observed.", "contents": "Glycosidases of the retinal pigment epithelium. The pH optima and apparent Km and Vmax values were determined for nine glycosidases of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of the calf. In terms of micromoles of substrate cleaved per milligram protein per hour, the following relative order of enzymatic activities was observed: beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase greater than alpha-glucosidase = beta-N-acetylgalactosaminidase greater than alpha-mannosidase greater than beta-galactosidase greater than beta-glucosidase greater than alpha-fucosidase greater than alpha-galactosidase greater than beta-glucuronidase. The pH optimum of each of these enzymes was in the acidic range (below pH 6). All these findings refer to enzymatic activities of bovine RPE preparations obtained by the brushing procedure of Glocklin and Potts and washing as described by Berman and Feeney. Thus they may relate to those activities associated with particulate components of the RPE cell and not to the more soluble glycosidases. The distribution of the glycosidases between the washes of the cells and the final pellet of bovine RPE cells was examined. The activities of 10 glycosidases in the RPE of the embryonic chick were also examined. Neither beta-mannosidase nor beta-fucosidase activities could be detected in washed bovine RPE cells, although beta-mannosidase was detected in RPE of the embryonic chick. The presence of isoenzymes of beta-glucuronidase in bovine RPE was indicated. Specificity by beta-glucuronidase of bovine RPE for synthetic substrates was observed.", "PMID": 700967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_489", "title": "Small-angle light scattering studies on xylose cataract formation in bovine lenses.", "content": "Using polarized light scattered in the I'' and I+ modes, we determined the relative contributions of density and orientation fluctuation to the opacity of bovine lenses. In both the cortex and the nucleus of bovine lenses cultured in xylose column, we found that the increase in hydration effects the optical anisotropy (birefringence) first, before the lake formation will contribute heavily to the density fluctuation.", "contents": "Small-angle light scattering studies on xylose cataract formation in bovine lenses. Using polarized light scattered in the I'' and I+ modes, we determined the relative contributions of density and orientation fluctuation to the opacity of bovine lenses. In both the cortex and the nucleus of bovine lenses cultured in xylose column, we found that the increase in hydration effects the optical anisotropy (birefringence) first, before the lake formation will contribute heavily to the density fluctuation.", "PMID": 700968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_490", "title": "Different loci suggested to mediate tilt and spiral motion aftereffects.", "content": "Interocular transfer of two figural aftereffects was examined in orthotropes and strabismic subjects. Within both groups there were persons with an appreciable degree of stereoacuity and others who had little or none. Experimental evidence from a variety of sources has suggested that stereopsis depends upon binocularity of units in the geniculostriate system. For the tilt aftereffect, interocular transfer correlated with stereoacuity among both orthotropes and strabismics. For the spiral motion aftereffect, interocular transfer did not correlate with stereoacuity; it was present among orthotropes and absent among strabismic individuals. The correlation of stereoacuity with interocular transfer of the tilt aftereffect agrees with previous observations and is consistent with the interpreation that this effect is mediated at a cortical level. The lack of a correlation between stereoacuity and interocular transfer of the spiral motion aftereffect suggests that this effect is mediated by units other than those responsible for stereopsis. Richards and Smith, on the basis of certain phenomenal differences between the spiral motion aftereffect and other figural aftereffects, have suggested that the former is mediated at a midbrain level. If strabismic persons lack binocular units in midbrain, the present results are consistent with their hypothesis.", "contents": "Different loci suggested to mediate tilt and spiral motion aftereffects. Interocular transfer of two figural aftereffects was examined in orthotropes and strabismic subjects. Within both groups there were persons with an appreciable degree of stereoacuity and others who had little or none. Experimental evidence from a variety of sources has suggested that stereopsis depends upon binocularity of units in the geniculostriate system. For the tilt aftereffect, interocular transfer correlated with stereoacuity among both orthotropes and strabismics. For the spiral motion aftereffect, interocular transfer did not correlate with stereoacuity; it was present among orthotropes and absent among strabismic individuals. The correlation of stereoacuity with interocular transfer of the tilt aftereffect agrees with previous observations and is consistent with the interpreation that this effect is mediated at a cortical level. The lack of a correlation between stereoacuity and interocular transfer of the spiral motion aftereffect suggests that this effect is mediated by units other than those responsible for stereopsis. Richards and Smith, on the basis of certain phenomenal differences between the spiral motion aftereffect and other figural aftereffects, have suggested that the former is mediated at a midbrain level. If strabismic persons lack binocular units in midbrain, the present results are consistent with their hypothesis.", "PMID": 700969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_491", "title": "Binocular vision tested with visual evoked potentials in children and infants.", "content": "Evoked potentials (EP's) in response to phase-alternating gratings were recorded from normal and stereoblind or stereodefective subjects (adults and children) under monocular and binocular viewing conditions. The amplitude of the binocular EP was found to exceed the larger monocular EP in normal but not in stereodefective subjects, no matter whether the amplitudes of the two monocular EP's were the same or not. This finding provides an objective method for screening out defects of binocular vision. EP's recorded from a group of infants 2 to 18 months old suggest that a larger amplitude of the binocular EP, as compared with the monocular EP's, is the norm even in the earliest period of life.", "contents": "Binocular vision tested with visual evoked potentials in children and infants. Evoked potentials (EP's) in response to phase-alternating gratings were recorded from normal and stereoblind or stereodefective subjects (adults and children) under monocular and binocular viewing conditions. The amplitude of the binocular EP was found to exceed the larger monocular EP in normal but not in stereodefective subjects, no matter whether the amplitudes of the two monocular EP's were the same or not. This finding provides an objective method for screening out defects of binocular vision. EP's recorded from a group of infants 2 to 18 months old suggest that a larger amplitude of the binocular EP, as compared with the monocular EP's, is the norm even in the earliest period of life.", "PMID": 700970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_492", "title": "Missing evidence for HLA antigen association with Eales' disease, chorioretinitis, central serous retinopathy, and malignant choroidal melanoma.", "content": "Patients with Eales' disease, chorioretinitis, central serous retinopathy, or malignant choroidal melanoma were tested for HLA antigen deviation. When corrected p values (pc) are used, the first three disorders did not show any significant deviation, whereas a significant increase of HLA-Aw32 (pc = 0.026) was found in the malignant melanoma group. For conclusive evidence the latter finding needs confirmation by analysis of a greater number of patients with this disorder.", "contents": "Missing evidence for HLA antigen association with Eales' disease, chorioretinitis, central serous retinopathy, and malignant choroidal melanoma. Patients with Eales' disease, chorioretinitis, central serous retinopathy, or malignant choroidal melanoma were tested for HLA antigen deviation. When corrected p values (pc) are used, the first three disorders did not show any significant deviation, whereas a significant increase of HLA-Aw32 (pc = 0.026) was found in the malignant melanoma group. For conclusive evidence the latter finding needs confirmation by analysis of a greater number of patients with this disorder.", "PMID": 700971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_493", "title": "Absence of an effect of timolol on the pupil.", "content": "Timolol, a relatively new beta-adrenergic blocker which has been found to lower the intraocular pressure in man, has not been observed to have any side effects upon the visual system. This study utilized pupillography to determine the effect of conjunctival instillation of 0.5% timolol ophthalmic solution upon pupillary size and reaction. No clinically significant effect was observed, but a statistically significant decrease in the amplitude of redilation of the pupil was found in the eye that received timolol.", "contents": "Absence of an effect of timolol on the pupil. Timolol, a relatively new beta-adrenergic blocker which has been found to lower the intraocular pressure in man, has not been observed to have any side effects upon the visual system. This study utilized pupillography to determine the effect of conjunctival instillation of 0.5% timolol ophthalmic solution upon pupillary size and reaction. No clinically significant effect was observed, but a statistically significant decrease in the amplitude of redilation of the pupil was found in the eye that received timolol.", "PMID": 700972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_494", "title": "Instrumented measurement of human joint motion.", "content": "Accurate measurement of human joint motion is essential to the design and evaluation of internal joint prostheses and artificial limb replacements. A triaxial electrogoniometer instrumented by three miniature precision potentiometers was developed to fulfill this task. A special linkage was used to attach this apparatus externally to the joint. Three-dimensional angular motion following the classical Eulerian angle definition was measured in real time. The error due to exoskeletal attachment was corrected by the method of 4 x 4 matrix. This technique is now being routinely used for objective functional evaluation on the patients with abnormal hip, knee and ankle joints as well as lower extremity amputees fitted with artificial limbs.", "contents": "Instrumented measurement of human joint motion. Accurate measurement of human joint motion is essential to the design and evaluation of internal joint prostheses and artificial limb replacements. A triaxial electrogoniometer instrumented by three miniature precision potentiometers was developed to fulfill this task. A special linkage was used to attach this apparatus externally to the joint. Three-dimensional angular motion following the classical Eulerian angle definition was measured in real time. The error due to exoskeletal attachment was corrected by the method of 4 x 4 matrix. This technique is now being routinely used for objective functional evaluation on the patients with abnormal hip, knee and ankle joints as well as lower extremity amputees fitted with artificial limbs.", "PMID": 700993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_495", "title": "Impact characteristics of articular cartilage.", "content": "A rigid l m high stainless steel drop tower employing linear bearings has been used to study the impact characteristics of human articular cartilage. Instrumentation included a specially designed optoelctronic position transducer, piezoelectric force transducer, and high speed storage oscilloscope. Forty-eight 9 mm diameter samples of living articular cartilage and subchondral bone from the tibial plateaus of 4 human donors have been impacted at strains from 10 to 50%, and strain rates of 500s-1 and 1000 s-1. The integral bone/cartilage samples were mounted in polymethyl methacrylate for testing. Bone and cement impact characteristics have been studied separately. Stress, strain, and energy absorption data have been assembled for all the samples. Chondrocyte viability subsequent to impact has been investigated with the use of tritum labeled proline and autoradiography. Viability has been studied in relation to both the mechanical data and structural damage.", "contents": "Impact characteristics of articular cartilage. A rigid l m high stainless steel drop tower employing linear bearings has been used to study the impact characteristics of human articular cartilage. Instrumentation included a specially designed optoelctronic position transducer, piezoelectric force transducer, and high speed storage oscilloscope. Forty-eight 9 mm diameter samples of living articular cartilage and subchondral bone from the tibial plateaus of 4 human donors have been impacted at strains from 10 to 50%, and strain rates of 500s-1 and 1000 s-1. The integral bone/cartilage samples were mounted in polymethyl methacrylate for testing. Bone and cement impact characteristics have been studied separately. Stress, strain, and energy absorption data have been assembled for all the samples. Chondrocyte viability subsequent to impact has been investigated with the use of tritum labeled proline and autoradiography. Viability has been studied in relation to both the mechanical data and structural damage.", "PMID": 700994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_496", "title": "Endocarditis and ventricular septal defect: surgical vs. conservative treatment.", "content": "Three patients with ventricular septal defect and bacterial endocarditis are reported. Because of the very frequent spontaneous closure of the defect, especially in children, and the rarity and benign nature of bacterial endocarditis superimposed on ventricular septal defect, it is suggested that the condition be treated conservatively. An exception to this is the rare case with recurrent endocarditis, mainly in older individuals, in whom surgery may be contemplated.", "contents": "Endocarditis and ventricular septal defect: surgical vs. conservative treatment. Three patients with ventricular septal defect and bacterial endocarditis are reported. Because of the very frequent spontaneous closure of the defect, especially in children, and the rarity and benign nature of bacterial endocarditis superimposed on ventricular septal defect, it is suggested that the condition be treated conservatively. An exception to this is the rare case with recurrent endocarditis, mainly in older individuals, in whom surgery may be contemplated.", "PMID": 700995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_497", "title": "Congenital QT interval prolongation. A review with a survey of three families.", "content": "The prolonged QT interval syndrome without hearing loss (Romano-Ward syndrome) is described in three families with 48 affected members. Syncope or dizziness caused by different ventricular tachyarrhythmias were the presenting symptoms in the symptomatic patients. Four of the subjects died suddenly. Right stellate ganglionectomy was performed in one patient in order to abolish the ventricular dysrhythmia. beta-blockers are considered the drug of choice in patients with hereditary prolonged QT interval; if the beta-blockers fail to abolish the syncopal attacks of severe bradycardia complicates the clinical course, a pharmacological blockade of the stellate ganglia should be performed and its results carefully evaluated in order to establish whether a stellate ganglionectomy is justified.", "contents": "Congenital QT interval prolongation. A review with a survey of three families. The prolonged QT interval syndrome without hearing loss (Romano-Ward syndrome) is described in three families with 48 affected members. Syncope or dizziness caused by different ventricular tachyarrhythmias were the presenting symptoms in the symptomatic patients. Four of the subjects died suddenly. Right stellate ganglionectomy was performed in one patient in order to abolish the ventricular dysrhythmia. beta-blockers are considered the drug of choice in patients with hereditary prolonged QT interval; if the beta-blockers fail to abolish the syncopal attacks of severe bradycardia complicates the clinical course, a pharmacological blockade of the stellate ganglia should be performed and its results carefully evaluated in order to establish whether a stellate ganglionectomy is justified.", "PMID": 700996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_498", "title": "Echocardiographic left ventricular function in mitral stenosis.", "content": "Left ventricular function was measured by echocardiography in 22 patients with pure mitral stenosis. Thirteen patients underwent closed transventricular mitral valvulotomy and nine underwent open mitral valvulotomy using cardiopulmonary bypass. Preoperative left ventricular function was normal in most patients but was depressed in older subjects (P less than 0.05) and in those undergoing a second operation on the mitral valve (P less than 0.001). The decrease in left ventricular function was probably related to the duration of mitral valve disease, with fibrosis and rigidity of the subvalvar apparatus and posterobasal left ventricular wall. There was no change in ventricular dimensions or in left ventricular function as measured by percentage shortening of the left ventricular diameter and ejection fraction 7 to 12 days after open or closed mitral valvulotomy.", "contents": "Echocardiographic left ventricular function in mitral stenosis. Left ventricular function was measured by echocardiography in 22 patients with pure mitral stenosis. Thirteen patients underwent closed transventricular mitral valvulotomy and nine underwent open mitral valvulotomy using cardiopulmonary bypass. Preoperative left ventricular function was normal in most patients but was depressed in older subjects (P less than 0.05) and in those undergoing a second operation on the mitral valve (P less than 0.001). The decrease in left ventricular function was probably related to the duration of mitral valve disease, with fibrosis and rigidity of the subvalvar apparatus and posterobasal left ventricular wall. There was no change in ventricular dimensions or in left ventricular function as measured by percentage shortening of the left ventricular diameter and ejection fraction 7 to 12 days after open or closed mitral valvulotomy.", "PMID": 700997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_499", "title": "Lymphoproliferative disorders in four patients receiving chronic diphenylhydantoin therapy: etiologic correlation or chance association?", "content": "The occurrence of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy, Hodgkin's disease or IgG-lambda multiple myeloma is described in four patients receiving chronic diphenylhydantoin (DILANTIN) therapy. Although the association between diphenylhydantoin therapy and the development of immunosuppression and lymphoma is well documented, the role of the drug in the etiology of these disorders is still controversial. It is suggested that periodic examination of patients receiving diphenylhydantoin for lymphadenopathy and repeated serum electrophoresis may be useful in detecting early aberrations of the immune system in these individuals.", "contents": "Lymphoproliferative disorders in four patients receiving chronic diphenylhydantoin therapy: etiologic correlation or chance association? The occurrence of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy, Hodgkin's disease or IgG-lambda multiple myeloma is described in four patients receiving chronic diphenylhydantoin (DILANTIN) therapy. Although the association between diphenylhydantoin therapy and the development of immunosuppression and lymphoma is well documented, the role of the drug in the etiology of these disorders is still controversial. It is suggested that periodic examination of patients receiving diphenylhydantoin for lymphadenopathy and repeated serum electrophoresis may be useful in detecting early aberrations of the immune system in these individuals.", "PMID": 700999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_500", "title": "Lead-erythrocyte protoporphyrin correlation in blood of exposed workers.", "content": "A systematic survey of blood samples from 174 industrial workers occupationally exposed to lead fumes and lead dust, revealed some poor correlations between the lead (Pb) level and the free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) level. In addition to those workers who had an expected correlation (normal Pb-normal FEP or elevated Pb-elevated FEP) there were two groups with atypical correlations. In one group a normal Pb level was associated with an elevated FEP level and in the other group an elevated Pb level was associated with a normal FEP level. This shows that neither the Pb nor the FEP test can substitute for the other. Since the individual FEP response to Pb absorption is unpredictable, both tests should be carried out routinely. This would make it possible to determine simultaneously the degree of absorption (Pb level) and the degree of intoxication (FEP level) and would improve significantly the assessment of undue lead absorption of occupationally exposed workers. If, however, only one of these tests is used for screening the other test should always be carried out as a confirmatory test when the screening detects an elevated Pb or FEP level.", "contents": "Lead-erythrocyte protoporphyrin correlation in blood of exposed workers. A systematic survey of blood samples from 174 industrial workers occupationally exposed to lead fumes and lead dust, revealed some poor correlations between the lead (Pb) level and the free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) level. In addition to those workers who had an expected correlation (normal Pb-normal FEP or elevated Pb-elevated FEP) there were two groups with atypical correlations. In one group a normal Pb level was associated with an elevated FEP level and in the other group an elevated Pb level was associated with a normal FEP level. This shows that neither the Pb nor the FEP test can substitute for the other. Since the individual FEP response to Pb absorption is unpredictable, both tests should be carried out routinely. This would make it possible to determine simultaneously the degree of absorption (Pb level) and the degree of intoxication (FEP level) and would improve significantly the assessment of undue lead absorption of occupationally exposed workers. If, however, only one of these tests is used for screening the other test should always be carried out as a confirmatory test when the screening detects an elevated Pb or FEP level.", "PMID": 701012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_501", "title": "Demand for medical care in a rural setting: racial comparisons.", "content": "Household data from a southern rural community are used to examine racial differences in the utilization of medical care services, and both monetary and nonmonetary determinants of demand are considered. Regression analysis results indicate that office waiting time (for black households) and travel time to the provider (for both black and white households) have a greater impact on demand than price. Racial differences exist in the effects of health insurance coverage and household income on household medical visit expenditures, and both need and household size are found to be consequential determinants of demand.", "contents": "Demand for medical care in a rural setting: racial comparisons. Household data from a southern rural community are used to examine racial differences in the utilization of medical care services, and both monetary and nonmonetary determinants of demand are considered. Regression analysis results indicate that office waiting time (for black households) and travel time to the provider (for both black and white households) have a greater impact on demand than price. Racial differences exist in the effects of health insurance coverage and household income on household medical visit expenditures, and both need and household size are found to be consequential determinants of demand.", "PMID": 701054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_502", "title": "Parameters affecting hospital occupancy and implications for facility sizing.", "content": "Simulation is used to investigate the effects on hospital occupancy of the number of beds in the facility, the percentage of patients who are emergencies, the percentage of elective patients who are scheduled, and the average lengths of stay of emergency and elective patients. A practical method is presented for estimating the optimum size of a short-term hospital on the basis of expected demand, and use of the results in planning is discussed.", "contents": "Parameters affecting hospital occupancy and implications for facility sizing. Simulation is used to investigate the effects on hospital occupancy of the number of beds in the facility, the percentage of patients who are emergencies, the percentage of elective patients who are scheduled, and the average lengths of stay of emergency and elective patients. A practical method is presented for estimating the optimum size of a short-term hospital on the basis of expected demand, and use of the results in planning is discussed.", "PMID": 701055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_503", "title": "Estimating the need for additional primary care physicians.", "content": "A systems approach is used to assess the primary health care delivery system in Indiana. The output (office visits) of primary care physicians is estimated and compared with the demand for their services. Indexes of demand, supply, cost, and need are derived and used to determine the additional number of primary care physicians needed in each area. The results of this study are being used to encourage graduating medical students to practice in areas in need of additional primary medical care.", "contents": "Estimating the need for additional primary care physicians. A systems approach is used to assess the primary health care delivery system in Indiana. The output (office visits) of primary care physicians is estimated and compared with the demand for their services. Indexes of demand, supply, cost, and need are derived and used to determine the additional number of primary care physicians needed in each area. The results of this study are being used to encourage graduating medical students to practice in areas in need of additional primary medical care.", "PMID": 701056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_504", "title": "[New antibiotics in the treatment of urinary tract infections].", "content": "Based on the frequency of the isolated bacteria the antibiotics and chemotherapeutics commonly used in infections of the urinary tract are discussed. It turns out that ampicillin and sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim are still the drugs of choice in the treatment of these bacterial diseases. A true advance is achieved by the introduction of carbenicillin and the new aminoglycoside amikacin. Carbenicillin can be used in Pseudomonas infections and is characterized by its low toxicity. Amikacin is the drug of choice against aminoglycoside-resistant gramnegative bacteria.", "contents": "[New antibiotics in the treatment of urinary tract infections]. Based on the frequency of the isolated bacteria the antibiotics and chemotherapeutics commonly used in infections of the urinary tract are discussed. It turns out that ampicillin and sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim are still the drugs of choice in the treatment of these bacterial diseases. A true advance is achieved by the introduction of carbenicillin and the new aminoglycoside amikacin. Carbenicillin can be used in Pseudomonas infections and is characterized by its low toxicity. Amikacin is the drug of choice against aminoglycoside-resistant gramnegative bacteria.", "PMID": 701059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_505", "title": "[Factors which influence the size of calcium oxalat crystals during their formation from saturated solutions].", "content": "The nucleation and growth of Ca-oxalate crystals from metastable and instable solutions was studied in some detail to find out the dependence of the crystal size on the absolute calcium resp. oxalate concentration, further on their molar ratio, on the presence resp. absence of crystal seeds, on the agitation resp. stagnation of the Ca-oxalate solution, on the duration of crystallization and on the renewing of the Ca-oxalate containing supernatant, thus simulating a prolonged (dietary) oxalate load in vivo. The most important findings are the clear inhibition of crystal growth at higher and very high calcium concentrations (in contrary to the unhindered crystal enlargement at high oxalate concentrations), further the eminent role of the oxalate in the formation of big crystals and crystal aggregates, as well as the substantial crystal enlargement at the persistent oxalate load.", "contents": "[Factors which influence the size of calcium oxalat crystals during their formation from saturated solutions]. The nucleation and growth of Ca-oxalate crystals from metastable and instable solutions was studied in some detail to find out the dependence of the crystal size on the absolute calcium resp. oxalate concentration, further on their molar ratio, on the presence resp. absence of crystal seeds, on the agitation resp. stagnation of the Ca-oxalate solution, on the duration of crystallization and on the renewing of the Ca-oxalate containing supernatant, thus simulating a prolonged (dietary) oxalate load in vivo. The most important findings are the clear inhibition of crystal growth at higher and very high calcium concentrations (in contrary to the unhindered crystal enlargement at high oxalate concentrations), further the eminent role of the oxalate in the formation of big crystals and crystal aggregates, as well as the substantial crystal enlargement at the persistent oxalate load.", "PMID": 701060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_506", "title": "[Prevention of urinary calculi with covalitin and by general measures].", "content": "The prophylaxis of the urinary lithiasis by means of drugs (alkalinisants, Eisemberg's syrup, allopurinol, etc.) obtains a very good result against uric acid and urate stones. The prevention of stones of oxalates, phosphates, carbonates, etc. is possible by trichlormethiazide (if hypercalciuria is present) and especially by a new drug, the Covalitin. Naturally diet and hydrotherapy. Decalogue for the stone's prophylaxis is done.", "contents": "[Prevention of urinary calculi with covalitin and by general measures]. The prophylaxis of the urinary lithiasis by means of drugs (alkalinisants, Eisemberg's syrup, allopurinol, etc.) obtains a very good result against uric acid and urate stones. The prevention of stones of oxalates, phosphates, carbonates, etc. is possible by trichlormethiazide (if hypercalciuria is present) and especially by a new drug, the Covalitin. Naturally diet and hydrotherapy. Decalogue for the stone's prophylaxis is done.", "PMID": 701061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_507", "title": "[Normocalcemic nephrolithiasis and primary hyperparathyroidism].", "content": "In normocalciuric and in hypercalciuric renal stone formers tubular calcium reabsorption (TRCa) was studied before and during an intravenous calcium infusion. In addition two patients with proven primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) were studied. TRCa was decreased in hypercalciuric stone formers whereas an increase was noted both in pHPT and in normocalciuric subjects. It is concluded that normocalciuric nephrolithiasis may be a manifestation of mild and/or early pHPT.", "contents": "[Normocalcemic nephrolithiasis and primary hyperparathyroidism]. In normocalciuric and in hypercalciuric renal stone formers tubular calcium reabsorption (TRCa) was studied before and during an intravenous calcium infusion. In addition two patients with proven primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) were studied. TRCa was decreased in hypercalciuric stone formers whereas an increase was noted both in pHPT and in normocalciuric subjects. It is concluded that normocalciuric nephrolithiasis may be a manifestation of mild and/or early pHPT.", "PMID": 701062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_508", "title": "[Use of a human fibrin adhesive in nephrotomies].", "content": "Report on the use of a physiologic adhesive, a human fibrin product, in surgery of nephrotomies; the new technique allows the performance of nephrotomies for the removal of complicated and extensive lithiasis with minimal trauma to the renal parenchyma.", "contents": "[Use of a human fibrin adhesive in nephrotomies]. Report on the use of a physiologic adhesive, a human fibrin product, in surgery of nephrotomies; the new technique allows the performance of nephrotomies for the removal of complicated and extensive lithiasis with minimal trauma to the renal parenchyma.", "PMID": 701063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_509", "title": "[Testosterone, FSH and LH level in the serum of patients with prostatic neoplasms, treated with female hormones].", "content": "Testosterone, FSH and LH were measured in serum of patients suffering from prostatic carcinoma. The efficacy of treatment with 1 mg diethylstilbestrol/d (Cyren A) was shown by suppressed serum levels of testosterone, FSH and LH comparable to castration in a follow-up until 560 weeks after beginning of therapy. Prolactin was raised in all patients under treatment.", "contents": "[Testosterone, FSH and LH level in the serum of patients with prostatic neoplasms, treated with female hormones]. Testosterone, FSH and LH were measured in serum of patients suffering from prostatic carcinoma. The efficacy of treatment with 1 mg diethylstilbestrol/d (Cyren A) was shown by suppressed serum levels of testosterone, FSH and LH comparable to castration in a follow-up until 560 weeks after beginning of therapy. Prolactin was raised in all patients under treatment.", "PMID": 701064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_510", "title": "[Histologic change of a prostatic leiomyosarcoma. Case report].", "content": "Case report on a leiomyoma of the prostate, becoming a leiomyosarcoma within 15 months. The patient was cured by radical surgery. The difficulties of histological diagnosis and proper surgical treatment are discussed.", "contents": "[Histologic change of a prostatic leiomyosarcoma. Case report]. Case report on a leiomyoma of the prostate, becoming a leiomyosarcoma within 15 months. The patient was cured by radical surgery. The difficulties of histological diagnosis and proper surgical treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 701066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_511", "title": "[Immunologic studies for the diagnosis of chronic prostatitis].", "content": "A prospective study comparing the results of Antibody-Coating-Test (ABC) in semen and aspiration biopsy of the prostate with immunodiffusion of the former was carried out. In 143 patients with clinical signs of prostatitis only 98 showed a positive ABC in their ejaculates. IGA-specific ABC was positive in 75%, IGG-specific ABC in 48%, and IGM-specific ABC in 9.6% respectively. Specimens gained by aspiration biopsy of the prostate were also demonstrating positive ABC. Consistently negative was the ABC in 15 healthy male who served as a control. In 30 patients the ABC-Test of ejaculate speciments was compared with complement (C3) and coeruloplasmin content of the ejaculates using immunodiffusion technique. Contrary to the reports in the literature, however, elevated levels of complement (C3) and coeruloplasmin were not correlated with local infection of the prostate proven by ABC.", "contents": "[Immunologic studies for the diagnosis of chronic prostatitis]. A prospective study comparing the results of Antibody-Coating-Test (ABC) in semen and aspiration biopsy of the prostate with immunodiffusion of the former was carried out. In 143 patients with clinical signs of prostatitis only 98 showed a positive ABC in their ejaculates. IGA-specific ABC was positive in 75%, IGG-specific ABC in 48%, and IGM-specific ABC in 9.6% respectively. Specimens gained by aspiration biopsy of the prostate were also demonstrating positive ABC. Consistently negative was the ABC in 15 healthy male who served as a control. In 30 patients the ABC-Test of ejaculate speciments was compared with complement (C3) and coeruloplasmin content of the ejaculates using immunodiffusion technique. Contrary to the reports in the literature, however, elevated levels of complement (C3) and coeruloplasmin were not correlated with local infection of the prostate proven by ABC.", "PMID": 701067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_512", "title": "[HL-A antigenicity in bladder tumors].", "content": "30 patients with papillary transitional bladder tumours were treated by TUR. The stage O and A tumour specimens obtained were examined for presence or loss of antigenicity by the specific red cell adherence test (SRCA). The patients were followed up between 4 and 17 years. A correlation between loss of antigenicity and secondary occurrence of tumours with more aggressive biological behaviour was apparent. Possible therapeutic consequences are discussed.", "contents": "[HL-A antigenicity in bladder tumors]. 30 patients with papillary transitional bladder tumours were treated by TUR. The stage O and A tumour specimens obtained were examined for presence or loss of antigenicity by the specific red cell adherence test (SRCA). The patients were followed up between 4 and 17 years. A correlation between loss of antigenicity and secondary occurrence of tumours with more aggressive biological behaviour was apparent. Possible therapeutic consequences are discussed.", "PMID": 701068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_513", "title": "[Positive demonstration of bladder tumors by means of double contrast cystography].", "content": "Using a contrast medium mixture adhering to the mucosa of the bladder, tumors with a diameter of only a few millimeters are to be seen positive in the double contrast cystogram. Evaluation of dimension and location is possible. The method is simple and the radiation dose is lower than in other cystographic procedures.", "contents": "[Positive demonstration of bladder tumors by means of double contrast cystography]. Using a contrast medium mixture adhering to the mucosa of the bladder, tumors with a diameter of only a few millimeters are to be seen positive in the double contrast cystogram. Evaluation of dimension and location is possible. The method is simple and the radiation dose is lower than in other cystographic procedures.", "PMID": 701069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_514", "title": "[Genital mycoplasma strains as a cause of male infertility].", "content": "Mycoplasma hominis, M. fermentans, M. orale, M. gallisepticum and Ureaplasma urealyticum are able to reduce the motility of spermatozoa. Electron microscopical investigation confirmed an affinity of these mycoplasmas to the structures of the cell-membranes of the spermatozoa. Simultaneously there could be observed extensive destructions in spermatozoa.", "contents": "[Genital mycoplasma strains as a cause of male infertility]. Mycoplasma hominis, M. fermentans, M. orale, M. gallisepticum and Ureaplasma urealyticum are able to reduce the motility of spermatozoa. Electron microscopical investigation confirmed an affinity of these mycoplasmas to the structures of the cell-membranes of the spermatozoa. Simultaneously there could be observed extensive destructions in spermatozoa.", "PMID": 701070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_515", "title": "[Treatment of the neurogenic detrusor-sphincter dyssynergy with lioresal].", "content": "A double-blind placebo trial was taken with Lioresal, and antispasticity drug acting on the spinal cord level. The drug produced improvement of voiding function in 13 paraplegics with upper motor neuron lesions and detrusor external sphincter dyssynergia. As a main result, the opening time was reduced.", "contents": "[Treatment of the neurogenic detrusor-sphincter dyssynergy with lioresal]. A double-blind placebo trial was taken with Lioresal, and antispasticity drug acting on the spinal cord level. The drug produced improvement of voiding function in 13 paraplegics with upper motor neuron lesions and detrusor external sphincter dyssynergia. As a main result, the opening time was reduced.", "PMID": 701072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_516", "title": "[Conservative-surgical therapy of the neurogenic bladder].", "content": "If physical therapy and drugs remain unsuccessful in the treatment of the neurogenic bladder, conservative-operative interventions should be performed prior to urinary diversion. Bladder neck incision, supraselective neurectomy and implantation of a bladder pacemaker in highly selected patients offer a good chance of avoiding diversion. In 64 cases of bladder neck incision, 80% improved or were cured. Experience with the neurectomy in patients with hyperactive detrusor is still limited. The preliminary results, however, proved that this technique should be included in the treatment of neurogenic bladder. 8 of 11 patients in whom a bladder pacemaker was implanted showed voiding following implantation. 7 patients displayed reflex evacuation.", "contents": "[Conservative-surgical therapy of the neurogenic bladder]. If physical therapy and drugs remain unsuccessful in the treatment of the neurogenic bladder, conservative-operative interventions should be performed prior to urinary diversion. Bladder neck incision, supraselective neurectomy and implantation of a bladder pacemaker in highly selected patients offer a good chance of avoiding diversion. In 64 cases of bladder neck incision, 80% improved or were cured. Experience with the neurectomy in patients with hyperactive detrusor is still limited. The preliminary results, however, proved that this technique should be included in the treatment of neurogenic bladder. 8 of 11 patients in whom a bladder pacemaker was implanted showed voiding following implantation. 7 patients displayed reflex evacuation.", "PMID": 701073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_517", "title": "[The continent colon-conduit stoma].", "content": "A conduit occlusor is presented consisting of a tube surrounded by foam rubber and covered by a latex membrane, with a polyurethane cap attached to the other end. A valve imbedded in the cap allows voluntary urine drainage. This atraumatic, pneumatic, non-invasive occlusor device was used quite succesfully in 3 volunteers who had had a colon conduit urinary diversion. The device was well-tolerated, leakage was effectively prevented. Further experience, however, will be necessary for final evaluation.", "contents": "[The continent colon-conduit stoma]. A conduit occlusor is presented consisting of a tube surrounded by foam rubber and covered by a latex membrane, with a polyurethane cap attached to the other end. A valve imbedded in the cap allows voluntary urine drainage. This atraumatic, pneumatic, non-invasive occlusor device was used quite succesfully in 3 volunteers who had had a colon conduit urinary diversion. The device was well-tolerated, leakage was effectively prevented. Further experience, however, will be necessary for final evaluation.", "PMID": 701074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_518", "title": "[Animal experimental and clinical experiences with carbon polymer stomas].", "content": "Biocarbon implants consist of 99.9% pure carbon and are characterized by chemical inactivity and good tissue compatibility. Biocarbon was used for subfascial implantations, as well as coecostomies, ileostomies and cystostomie on mongrel dogs. The most important clinical results was the good healing over of the material without adverse reaction. The cystostomies showed only a very slight tendency to form incrustations. Drainage was watertight without signs of leakage. The satisfying results with two patients who were provided with a cystostoma are reported and further uses of the procedure, such as ureterocutaneostomy, iliac and colonic conduit, are discussed.", "contents": "[Animal experimental and clinical experiences with carbon polymer stomas]. Biocarbon implants consist of 99.9% pure carbon and are characterized by chemical inactivity and good tissue compatibility. Biocarbon was used for subfascial implantations, as well as coecostomies, ileostomies and cystostomie on mongrel dogs. The most important clinical results was the good healing over of the material without adverse reaction. The cystostomies showed only a very slight tendency to form incrustations. Drainage was watertight without signs of leakage. The satisfying results with two patients who were provided with a cystostoma are reported and further uses of the procedure, such as ureterocutaneostomy, iliac and colonic conduit, are discussed.", "PMID": 701075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_519", "title": "[Case report on acute scrotum].", "content": "Torsion of the vestigial appendix testis may cause acute intermittent pain in the scrotum, which can arrise difficulties in diagnosis.", "contents": "[Case report on acute scrotum]. Torsion of the vestigial appendix testis may cause acute intermittent pain in the scrotum, which can arrise difficulties in diagnosis.", "PMID": 701076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_520", "title": "[Selective catheterization of peripheral arteries for the monitoring of patients in intensive care units].", "content": "In critical ill patients, determination of blood gases is a crucial part of patient evaluation and management. In intensive care situations many blood-gas determinations are required in a single day. The introduction of an arterial catheter into a small peripheral artery is an invaluable technique that allows continuous blood-sampling. During the past three years we had catheterized either the radial, ulnar or the pedal artery in 450 instances. The arterial catheter was left in place from 1 to 15 days. There were no serious complication. Haemorrhage due to accidental opening of the catheter occurred in three occasions. No case of ischaemia was encountered after a single artery catheterization. Temporary ischaemia of the upper limb appeared in three patients after simultaneous catheterization of both ulnar and radial arteries. The infection rate was nil. Arterial catheterization and maintenance of indwelling catheter for repeated blood-samples is a simple and safe procedure with minimal complications, invaluable in the management of critical ill patients.", "contents": "[Selective catheterization of peripheral arteries for the monitoring of patients in intensive care units]. In critical ill patients, determination of blood gases is a crucial part of patient evaluation and management. In intensive care situations many blood-gas determinations are required in a single day. The introduction of an arterial catheter into a small peripheral artery is an invaluable technique that allows continuous blood-sampling. During the past three years we had catheterized either the radial, ulnar or the pedal artery in 450 instances. The arterial catheter was left in place from 1 to 15 days. There were no serious complication. Haemorrhage due to accidental opening of the catheter occurred in three occasions. No case of ischaemia was encountered after a single artery catheterization. Temporary ischaemia of the upper limb appeared in three patients after simultaneous catheterization of both ulnar and radial arteries. The infection rate was nil. Arterial catheterization and maintenance of indwelling catheter for repeated blood-samples is a simple and safe procedure with minimal complications, invaluable in the management of critical ill patients.", "PMID": 701077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_521", "title": "[Indications and late results in the treatment of femur neck fractures with femur head arthroplasty].", "content": "On the basis of the case histories of 45 subcapital fractures of the femoral neck treated by hip arthroplasty (endoprothesis) indication and long-term results are demonstrated (average period after operation 54 months, longest period 16 years). Late complications (acetabular erosion, loosening) and possibilities to prevent them are discussed.", "contents": "[Indications and late results in the treatment of femur neck fractures with femur head arthroplasty]. On the basis of the case histories of 45 subcapital fractures of the femoral neck treated by hip arthroplasty (endoprothesis) indication and long-term results are demonstrated (average period after operation 54 months, longest period 16 years). Late complications (acetabular erosion, loosening) and possibilities to prevent them are discussed.", "PMID": 701080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_522", "title": "Hemoglobins Lepore and anti-Lepore.", "content": "The structure, properties, genetics, and clinical and biochemical expression of hemoglobins Lepore (deltabeta) and anti-Lepore (betadelta) are described. In addition to the three Lepore variants (Lepore Hollandia, Lepore Baltimore and Lepore Washington) at least four anti-Lepore variants (Miyada, P Nilotic (P Congo), Coventry and Lincoln Park) are known at the present time. All known hemoglobins Lepore and anti-Lepore are products of non-homologous crossing-over between the delta and the beta genes. Although the Hb Lepore condition is expressed phenotypically and clinically as beta thalassemia, the presence of about 10% of Hb Lepore distinguishes the condition hematologically from beta thalassemia. Data on the hematological and biochemical expression of this hemoglobinopathy are presented. In contrast to the anemia in the Lepore condition, there is no phenotypic evidence of thalassemia in persons with hemoglobin anti-Lepore, because no beta chain deficiency accompanies the latter condition. Although no adequate explanation has been advanced concerning the factors which maintain a low synthesis of the Lepore and anti-Lepore chains, it has been suggested that multiple rare codons may introduce rate-limiting steps or that the deltabeta and betadelta mRNAs may be unstable. Data on the geographical distribution and structural identification of Hb Lepore are presented.", "contents": "Hemoglobins Lepore and anti-Lepore. The structure, properties, genetics, and clinical and biochemical expression of hemoglobins Lepore (deltabeta) and anti-Lepore (betadelta) are described. In addition to the three Lepore variants (Lepore Hollandia, Lepore Baltimore and Lepore Washington) at least four anti-Lepore variants (Miyada, P Nilotic (P Congo), Coventry and Lincoln Park) are known at the present time. All known hemoglobins Lepore and anti-Lepore are products of non-homologous crossing-over between the delta and the beta genes. Although the Hb Lepore condition is expressed phenotypically and clinically as beta thalassemia, the presence of about 10% of Hb Lepore distinguishes the condition hematologically from beta thalassemia. Data on the hematological and biochemical expression of this hemoglobinopathy are presented. In contrast to the anemia in the Lepore condition, there is no phenotypic evidence of thalassemia in persons with hemoglobin anti-Lepore, because no beta chain deficiency accompanies the latter condition. Although no adequate explanation has been advanced concerning the factors which maintain a low synthesis of the Lepore and anti-Lepore chains, it has been suggested that multiple rare codons may introduce rate-limiting steps or that the deltabeta and betadelta mRNAs may be unstable. Data on the geographical distribution and structural identification of Hb Lepore are presented.", "PMID": 701081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_523", "title": "Hemoglobin Hoshida (beta43 (cd-2) Glu leads to Gln), a new hemoglobin variant discovered in Japan.", "content": "An electrophoretically G-like hemoglobin variant, Hb Hoshida, was detected from a ten year old girl and her mother. No clinical and hematological abnormalities were seen in the individuals heterozygous for this mutant gene. Structural studies of this abnormal hemoglobin demonstrated a previously undescribed substitution of beta43 (CD-2) Glu leads to Gln. The proportion of the abnormal hemoglobin in hemolysate was 42.1 per cent. The hemoglobin revealed neither instabilities nor functional abnormalities.", "contents": "Hemoglobin Hoshida (beta43 (cd-2) Glu leads to Gln), a new hemoglobin variant discovered in Japan. An electrophoretically G-like hemoglobin variant, Hb Hoshida, was detected from a ten year old girl and her mother. No clinical and hematological abnormalities were seen in the individuals heterozygous for this mutant gene. Structural studies of this abnormal hemoglobin demonstrated a previously undescribed substitution of beta43 (CD-2) Glu leads to Gln. The proportion of the abnormal hemoglobin in hemolysate was 42.1 per cent. The hemoglobin revealed neither instabilities nor functional abnormalities.", "PMID": 701082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_524", "title": "Hemoglobin Legnano (alpha2 141 (HC3) Arg replaced by Leu beta2): a new abnormal human hemoglobin with high oxygen affinity.", "content": "An abnormal, fast moving hemoglobin was noted in a 34-yr-old male patient living in Legnano (northern Italy) affected with renal failure and iron deficiency anemia, not related to the presence of the Hb variant. Structural studies have demonstrated a previously undescribed amino acid substitution, alpha 141 Arg replaced by Leu. This new variant has been named Hb Legnano, and is characterized by an increased oxygen affinity and a low cooperativity, at least as far as preliminary functional studies carried out on whole blood have indicated. Family studies are reported: three other heterozygous carriers were observed among the relatives of the propositus, all showing a mild polycythemia which, however, does not seem to produce appreciable clinical consequences.", "contents": "Hemoglobin Legnano (alpha2 141 (HC3) Arg replaced by Leu beta2): a new abnormal human hemoglobin with high oxygen affinity. An abnormal, fast moving hemoglobin was noted in a 34-yr-old male patient living in Legnano (northern Italy) affected with renal failure and iron deficiency anemia, not related to the presence of the Hb variant. Structural studies have demonstrated a previously undescribed amino acid substitution, alpha 141 Arg replaced by Leu. This new variant has been named Hb Legnano, and is characterized by an increased oxygen affinity and a low cooperativity, at least as far as preliminary functional studies carried out on whole blood have indicated. Family studies are reported: three other heterozygous carriers were observed among the relatives of the propositus, all showing a mild polycythemia which, however, does not seem to produce appreciable clinical consequences.", "PMID": 701083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_525", "title": "Allosteric effect of o-iodobenzoate on hemoglobin.", "content": "O-Iodobenzoate interacts non-covalently with hemoglobin and lowers the oxygen affinity of the protein. In contrast to 2,3-diphosphoglycerate or inositol hexaphosphate, its interaction does not depend upon the presence of free amino groups at the beta-chain amino terminals. Lysine beta82 is one of its oxygenation linked binding sites. As with the organic phosphates, the halogenated benzoate reacts preferentially with deoxy-hemoglobin to shift the allosteric equilibrium from R to T.", "contents": "Allosteric effect of o-iodobenzoate on hemoglobin. O-Iodobenzoate interacts non-covalently with hemoglobin and lowers the oxygen affinity of the protein. In contrast to 2,3-diphosphoglycerate or inositol hexaphosphate, its interaction does not depend upon the presence of free amino groups at the beta-chain amino terminals. Lysine beta82 is one of its oxygenation linked binding sites. As with the organic phosphates, the halogenated benzoate reacts preferentially with deoxy-hemoglobin to shift the allosteric equilibrium from R to T.", "PMID": 701084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_526", "title": "Semiquantitative computerized image analysis of fetal hemoglobin distribution patterns in sickle cell anemia and its variants.", "content": "Computerized, semiquantitative image analysis of 2913 erythrocytes from 29 young patients with sickle cell anemia and its variants was conducted utilizing a modified method for determination of fetal hemoglobin distribution by an acid elution procedure. Histograms of eight arbitrary levels of staining intensity, proportional to fetal hemoglobin levels, were analyzed in relationship to both computer-generated, mathematical parameters of erythrocytic shape abnormalities and clinical parameters of disease severity. Shifts in fetal hemoglobin distribution were observed in analysis of sequential specimens. An inverse correlation was observed between angularity of erythrocytes and their individual fetal hemoglobin content (p less than or equal to 0.05). A positive correlation was noted between growth percentiles and percentage erythrocyte ghosts by acid elution (p less than or equal to 0.01).", "contents": "Semiquantitative computerized image analysis of fetal hemoglobin distribution patterns in sickle cell anemia and its variants. Computerized, semiquantitative image analysis of 2913 erythrocytes from 29 young patients with sickle cell anemia and its variants was conducted utilizing a modified method for determination of fetal hemoglobin distribution by an acid elution procedure. Histograms of eight arbitrary levels of staining intensity, proportional to fetal hemoglobin levels, were analyzed in relationship to both computer-generated, mathematical parameters of erythrocytic shape abnormalities and clinical parameters of disease severity. Shifts in fetal hemoglobin distribution were observed in analysis of sequential specimens. An inverse correlation was observed between angularity of erythrocytes and their individual fetal hemoglobin content (p less than or equal to 0.05). A positive correlation was noted between growth percentiles and percentage erythrocyte ghosts by acid elution (p less than or equal to 0.01).", "PMID": 701087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_527", "title": "Hb Nottingham (alpha2beta2 (FG5) 98 val leads to gly) in a Caucasian male: clinical and biosynthetic studies.", "content": "A second instance of the unstable mutant Hb Nottingham (alpha2beta2 (FG5) 98 Val leads to Gly) is reported in a 7-year-old boy. Because of splenomegaly, cholelithiasis, and frequent episodes of abdominal pain, he underwent a splenectomy and cholecystectomy at age 6. The surgery resulted in both an amelioration of his RBC destruction and an acceleration of his rate of growth.", "contents": "Hb Nottingham (alpha2beta2 (FG5) 98 val leads to gly) in a Caucasian male: clinical and biosynthetic studies. A second instance of the unstable mutant Hb Nottingham (alpha2beta2 (FG5) 98 Val leads to Gly) is reported in a 7-year-old boy. Because of splenomegaly, cholelithiasis, and frequent episodes of abdominal pain, he underwent a splenectomy and cholecystectomy at age 6. The surgery resulted in both an amelioration of his RBC destruction and an acceleration of his rate of growth.", "PMID": 701088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_528", "title": "Hemoglobin H disease in Sardinia: phenotypic and genetic observations.", "content": "In this study the clinical and hematological characteristics, the transmission pattern and the relative rates of globin chain synthesis were determined in the members of four Sardinian families with 14 patients affected by hemoglobin H disease. The severity of hemoglobin H disease in Sardinian subjects shows a high degree of variability. Clinically it usually appears intermediate between the hemoglobin H disease found in Oriental and Negro populations. The alpha/beta specific activity ratio was 0.42 +/- 0.10 indicating an analogous biochemical defect like that described in the Chinese. On the basis of hematological data and alpha/beta ratio, the genetics of hemoglobin H disease in Sardinians seem to follow a pattern similar to that observed in Orientals: one parent showing alpha-thalassemia-1 trait and the other alpha-thalassemia-2 trait. Parent offspring transmission of hemoglobin H disease did occur in 2 out of 6 hemoglobin H matings with spouses carrying the alpha-thalassemia-1 gene. This observation indicates either a high frequency of alpha-thalassemia trait in Sardinians or a high incidence of inbreeding. In one family the mating of a patient with hemoglobin H disease and a normal person produces 6/6 offspring with alpha-thalassemia-1. The genetic implications of this transmission pattern are discussed.", "contents": "Hemoglobin H disease in Sardinia: phenotypic and genetic observations. In this study the clinical and hematological characteristics, the transmission pattern and the relative rates of globin chain synthesis were determined in the members of four Sardinian families with 14 patients affected by hemoglobin H disease. The severity of hemoglobin H disease in Sardinian subjects shows a high degree of variability. Clinically it usually appears intermediate between the hemoglobin H disease found in Oriental and Negro populations. The alpha/beta specific activity ratio was 0.42 +/- 0.10 indicating an analogous biochemical defect like that described in the Chinese. On the basis of hematological data and alpha/beta ratio, the genetics of hemoglobin H disease in Sardinians seem to follow a pattern similar to that observed in Orientals: one parent showing alpha-thalassemia-1 trait and the other alpha-thalassemia-2 trait. Parent offspring transmission of hemoglobin H disease did occur in 2 out of 6 hemoglobin H matings with spouses carrying the alpha-thalassemia-1 gene. This observation indicates either a high frequency of alpha-thalassemia trait in Sardinians or a high incidence of inbreeding. In one family the mating of a patient with hemoglobin H disease and a normal person produces 6/6 offspring with alpha-thalassemia-1. The genetic implications of this transmission pattern are discussed.", "PMID": 701089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_529", "title": "Amino acid sequence of the hemoglobin of raccoon (Procyon lotor).", "content": "The amino acid sequences of the hemoglobin alpha- and beta-chains of raccoon have been determined by a combination of manual and automatic sequencing procedures. The raccoon beta-chain shows 16 amino acid differences from that of dog. The alpha chain shows 10 differences. These values are identical with those predicted by analogy from their tryptic peptide compositions.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of the hemoglobin of raccoon (Procyon lotor). The amino acid sequences of the hemoglobin alpha- and beta-chains of raccoon have been determined by a combination of manual and automatic sequencing procedures. The raccoon beta-chain shows 16 amino acid differences from that of dog. The alpha chain shows 10 differences. These values are identical with those predicted by analogy from their tryptic peptide compositions.", "PMID": 701090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_530", "title": "Hemoglobin A and B of the cat: occurrence in the same cell.", "content": "The two major hemoglobins found in domestic cat blood occur within the same erythrocyte. A putative asymmetrical hybrid, alpha2betaAbetaB, is shown to be present in the cell by isoelectric focusing.", "contents": "Hemoglobin A and B of the cat: occurrence in the same cell. The two major hemoglobins found in domestic cat blood occur within the same erythrocyte. A putative asymmetrical hybrid, alpha2betaAbetaB, is shown to be present in the cell by isoelectric focusing.", "PMID": 701091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_531", "title": "[The indications for revision radical maxillary sinus surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Surgery of the maxillary sinus is one of the commonest in otorhinolaryngology. The classical Caldwell-Luc procedure however is not infrequently followed by infraorbital or some other facial neuralgia or discomfort. In 1976,246 patients were assessed for revision maxillary sinus surgery, and the symptomatology, clinical, transnasal endoscopic and radiological (polytomography) findings were documented. 59 revision operations were performed and a critical analysis of the preoperative, operative and postoperative findings are presented. Polytomography together with sinus endoscopy is a very valuable assessment of the need for revision surgery. Careful sublabial periosteal wound closure is emphasized, and as an alternative to the Caldwell-Luc procedure the intranasal antrostomy under endoscopic control is recommended.", "contents": "[The indications for revision radical maxillary sinus surgery (author's transl)]. Surgery of the maxillary sinus is one of the commonest in otorhinolaryngology. The classical Caldwell-Luc procedure however is not infrequently followed by infraorbital or some other facial neuralgia or discomfort. In 1976,246 patients were assessed for revision maxillary sinus surgery, and the symptomatology, clinical, transnasal endoscopic and radiological (polytomography) findings were documented. 59 revision operations were performed and a critical analysis of the preoperative, operative and postoperative findings are presented. Polytomography together with sinus endoscopy is a very valuable assessment of the need for revision surgery. Careful sublabial periosteal wound closure is emphasized, and as an alternative to the Caldwell-Luc procedure the intranasal antrostomy under endoscopic control is recommended.", "PMID": 701100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_532", "title": "[Surgical or conservative treatment in orbital complications of sinus inflammations (author's transl)].", "content": "47 patients with orbital complications resulting from acute sinusitis have been treated at the Freiburg ENT Department during the last seven years. Acute ethmoiditis predominated in children, while pansinusitis was more common in adults. Previous sinus surgery did not prevent orbital complications arising from the same sinus. Orbital involvement was classified into periostitis, subperiosteal abscess and orbital cellulitis. According to clinical findings, 44.7% of the patients were managed conservatively. Prognosis was best in periostitis, whereas consersative treatment was unsafe in orbital cellulits. Children usually respond well to appropriate antibiotic coverage but the occurrence of common upper respiratory or anaerobic pathogens should be kept in mind.", "contents": "[Surgical or conservative treatment in orbital complications of sinus inflammations (author's transl)]. 47 patients with orbital complications resulting from acute sinusitis have been treated at the Freiburg ENT Department during the last seven years. Acute ethmoiditis predominated in children, while pansinusitis was more common in adults. Previous sinus surgery did not prevent orbital complications arising from the same sinus. Orbital involvement was classified into periostitis, subperiosteal abscess and orbital cellulitis. According to clinical findings, 44.7% of the patients were managed conservatively. Prognosis was best in periostitis, whereas consersative treatment was unsafe in orbital cellulits. Children usually respond well to appropriate antibiotic coverage but the occurrence of common upper respiratory or anaerobic pathogens should be kept in mind.", "PMID": 701101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_533", "title": "[How good is the inferior meatal antrostomy in chronic maxillary sinusitis? (author's transl)].", "content": "44 inferior meatal antrostomies in 32 patients with chronic maxillary sinusitis were followed at two month intervals over a period of two years. Closure of the antrostomy occurred in 29.4% of the cases reported. Allergy was unimportant for the operative result, nor was an increased frequency of infections demonstrated following surgery. Subsequently, improvement of sinusitis was noticable, even after closure of the fenestration. In contrast to other reports in the literature, mucociliary drainage from the maxillary sinus to the nose occurs through the operatively placed fenestra.", "contents": "[How good is the inferior meatal antrostomy in chronic maxillary sinusitis? (author's transl)]. 44 inferior meatal antrostomies in 32 patients with chronic maxillary sinusitis were followed at two month intervals over a period of two years. Closure of the antrostomy occurred in 29.4% of the cases reported. Allergy was unimportant for the operative result, nor was an increased frequency of infections demonstrated following surgery. Subsequently, improvement of sinusitis was noticable, even after closure of the fenestration. In contrast to other reports in the literature, mucociliary drainage from the maxillary sinus to the nose occurs through the operatively placed fenestra.", "PMID": 701102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_534", "title": "[A contribution to the operative treatment of diplopia in patients with long-standing orbital floor fractures. A combined operative technique by an ophthalmologist and an otorhinolaryngologist is described (author's transl)].", "content": "A patient with an 8-month old orbital floor fracture presented with inferior displacement of the globe, enophthalpmus and diplopia on upward gaze due to an entrapped inferior rectus muscle. In a combined approach, the orbital floor was first repaired by an otorhinolaryngologist. The ophthalmologist then severed the adhesions of the inferior rectus muscle, and a piece of silicone sheeting was sutured to periorbital tissue under the muscle to prevent the formation of new adhesions as well as to provide a smooth surface for the muscle to slide on. This approach restored the muscle function which has remained intact 13 months postoperatively. The simplicity of the procedure is stressed.", "contents": "[A contribution to the operative treatment of diplopia in patients with long-standing orbital floor fractures. A combined operative technique by an ophthalmologist and an otorhinolaryngologist is described (author's transl)]. A patient with an 8-month old orbital floor fracture presented with inferior displacement of the globe, enophthalpmus and diplopia on upward gaze due to an entrapped inferior rectus muscle. In a combined approach, the orbital floor was first repaired by an otorhinolaryngologist. The ophthalmologist then severed the adhesions of the inferior rectus muscle, and a piece of silicone sheeting was sutured to periorbital tissue under the muscle to prevent the formation of new adhesions as well as to provide a smooth surface for the muscle to slide on. This approach restored the muscle function which has remained intact 13 months postoperatively. The simplicity of the procedure is stressed.", "PMID": 701103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_535", "title": "[A method for management of midfacial fractures (author's transl)].", "content": "In the treatment of severe \"dish-face\" deformities which result from Le Fort II and III middle face fractures, reposition and fixation of the maxilla can be achieved by an extraoral cranial fixation apparatus. We describe a modification of the Georgiade head frame which achieves higher stability in fixing the maxilla and arch wires. The joints applied to the rigid wire connecting the arch bar to the head frame make an adaptation to the upper lip possible; traction of the maxilla to maintain its fixation can be applied extra-orally so that closure of the lips with correction of occlusion is possible, making easier the uptake of nourishment.", "contents": "[A method for management of midfacial fractures (author's transl)]. In the treatment of severe \"dish-face\" deformities which result from Le Fort II and III middle face fractures, reposition and fixation of the maxilla can be achieved by an extraoral cranial fixation apparatus. We describe a modification of the Georgiade head frame which achieves higher stability in fixing the maxilla and arch wires. The joints applied to the rigid wire connecting the arch bar to the head frame make an adaptation to the upper lip possible; traction of the maxilla to maintain its fixation can be applied extra-orally so that closure of the lips with correction of occlusion is possible, making easier the uptake of nourishment.", "PMID": 701104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_536", "title": "[Head and neck manifestations of lymphogranulomatosis X (author's transl)].", "content": "Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy was first described in the german literature in 1975 by Lennert as \"Lymphogranulomatosis X.\" The disease is characterized by generalized lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, dysproteinemia, fever and hyperergic reactions such as pruritus, skin rush and eosinophilia. The first ORL occurrence of the disease in Waldeyer's ring and cervical lymph nodes is reported. The histologic picture is characterized by a vascular proliferation with immunoblasts, plasma cells and interstitial amorphous acidophilic material but without Sternberg cells. The origin of the disease from primary malignant neoplasia or hyperergic reactions has not yet been defined. Although prognosis is uncertain and therapy limited, the best management involves small doses of corticoids, supplemented by antibiotics.", "contents": "[Head and neck manifestations of lymphogranulomatosis X (author's transl)]. Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy was first described in the german literature in 1975 by Lennert as \"Lymphogranulomatosis X.\" The disease is characterized by generalized lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, dysproteinemia, fever and hyperergic reactions such as pruritus, skin rush and eosinophilia. The first ORL occurrence of the disease in Waldeyer's ring and cervical lymph nodes is reported. The histologic picture is characterized by a vascular proliferation with immunoblasts, plasma cells and interstitial amorphous acidophilic material but without Sternberg cells. The origin of the disease from primary malignant neoplasia or hyperergic reactions has not yet been defined. Although prognosis is uncertain and therapy limited, the best management involves small doses of corticoids, supplemented by antibiotics.", "PMID": 701105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_537", "title": "[High tone audiometry I. Dominant sidedness of hearing (author's transl)].", "content": "Tests for determining the dominant hearing ear by use of high tone audiometry (18 to 16 KHz) on 100 male and female \"normal hearing\" patients aged between 5 and 71 years of age demonstrated a relationship with whole body laterality (eye dominance, preferred tongue side, vocal cord asymmetry and hand and foot dominance). Right ear dominance was found in 62 of 85 right-handed individuals, whereas left ear dominance was found in only 3 of 10 left-handed individuals. In 5 with ambidexterity high tone audiometry failed to show any significant preference. High tone audiometry clearly clarifies cerebral hemisphere dominance and this auditory dominance can be utilized therapeutically as well as prognostically.", "contents": "[High tone audiometry I. Dominant sidedness of hearing (author's transl)]. Tests for determining the dominant hearing ear by use of high tone audiometry (18 to 16 KHz) on 100 male and female \"normal hearing\" patients aged between 5 and 71 years of age demonstrated a relationship with whole body laterality (eye dominance, preferred tongue side, vocal cord asymmetry and hand and foot dominance). Right ear dominance was found in 62 of 85 right-handed individuals, whereas left ear dominance was found in only 3 of 10 left-handed individuals. In 5 with ambidexterity high tone audiometry failed to show any significant preference. High tone audiometry clearly clarifies cerebral hemisphere dominance and this auditory dominance can be utilized therapeutically as well as prognostically.", "PMID": 701106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_538", "title": "[High tone audiometry. II. Clinical application (author's transl)].", "content": "High tone audiometry, which is the testing of the auditory threshold between 8 and 16 KHz, increases the clinical usefulness of pure tone audiometry. Specific patterns of audiograph were obtained from 100 children and adults with auditory dysfunction of varied cause. The clinical application of high tone audiometry as an audiological aid to specific diagnosis should be pursued.", "contents": "[High tone audiometry. II. Clinical application (author's transl)]. High tone audiometry, which is the testing of the auditory threshold between 8 and 16 KHz, increases the clinical usefulness of pure tone audiometry. Specific patterns of audiograph were obtained from 100 children and adults with auditory dysfunction of varied cause. The clinical application of high tone audiometry as an audiological aid to specific diagnosis should be pursued.", "PMID": 701107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_539", "title": "[Bronchoscopies under etomidat general anesthesis (author's transl)].", "content": "64 bronhcoscopies performed in 1977 under general anesthesia are reported from the ENT Department of the Protestant Hospital, Oldenburg, West Germany. Indications for bronchoscopy were primarily for the diagnosis of bronchial tumors, but also included treatment of foreign body aspirations as well as the definition of tracheal stenoses and injuries from intubation anesthesias. The hypnotic agent \"Etomidat\" was used as anesthesia, during which the parameters of heart and peripheral circulation were carefully monitored. These remained stable; patients needed only a short time to waken, and were quickly able to again cooperate with the doctor.", "contents": "[Bronchoscopies under etomidat general anesthesis (author's transl)]. 64 bronhcoscopies performed in 1977 under general anesthesia are reported from the ENT Department of the Protestant Hospital, Oldenburg, West Germany. Indications for bronchoscopy were primarily for the diagnosis of bronchial tumors, but also included treatment of foreign body aspirations as well as the definition of tracheal stenoses and injuries from intubation anesthesias. The hypnotic agent \"Etomidat\" was used as anesthesia, during which the parameters of heart and peripheral circulation were carefully monitored. These remained stable; patients needed only a short time to waken, and were quickly able to again cooperate with the doctor.", "PMID": 701108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_540", "title": "Lack of effect of vagal afferent input on central neural respiratory afterdischarge.", "content": "The effect of respiratory inhibition caused by vagal stimulation or lung inflation on the central neural mechanism that maintains respiration after cessation of a facilitatory stimulus was studied in anesthetized cats. Phrenic activity was increased by carotid sinus nerve stimulation or by squeezing or stretching calf muscle. On cessation of stimulation there was an immediate decrease in respiratory output followed by a slow decrease (afterdischarge) over a period of 5 min. Vagal stimulation or lung inflation,  which caused marked inhibition of inspiration, had no effect on the development of the afterdischarge or on the course of the subsequent recovery process. The mechanism causing afterdischarge is probably a buildup of activity in a neural network in the medulla and pons. Since its activity is unaffected by vagal inhibition of respiration, it can be concluded that the network is separate from inspiratory output neurons and those involved in phase switching and that it is not dependent on increased central inspiratory neuron activity.", "contents": "Lack of effect of vagal afferent input on central neural respiratory afterdischarge. The effect of respiratory inhibition caused by vagal stimulation or lung inflation on the central neural mechanism that maintains respiration after cessation of a facilitatory stimulus was studied in anesthetized cats. Phrenic activity was increased by carotid sinus nerve stimulation or by squeezing or stretching calf muscle. On cessation of stimulation there was an immediate decrease in respiratory output followed by a slow decrease (afterdischarge) over a period of 5 min. Vagal stimulation or lung inflation,  which caused marked inhibition of inspiration, had no effect on the development of the afterdischarge or on the course of the subsequent recovery process. The mechanism causing afterdischarge is probably a buildup of activity in a neural network in the medulla and pons. Since its activity is unaffected by vagal inhibition of respiration, it can be concluded that the network is separate from inspiratory output neurons and those involved in phase switching and that it is not dependent on increased central inspiratory neuron activity.", "PMID": 701117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_541", "title": "Effect of altitude on dietary-induced thermogenesis at rest and during light exercise in man.", "content": "Measurements of metabolic rate and the thermic response (specific dynamic action) of a 400-kcal liquid meal were made in six subjects at rest and during light exercise. The tests were conducted before (LA1) and after (LA2) a 3-wk sojourn (HA1, HA2, HA3) at 3,650 m on the Monte Rosa. Fasting metabolic rate at rest increased inittally and then fell, as did fasting and fed exercising metabolic rates. The fall in metabolic rates, but not the initial increases, can be ascribed to the change in body weight. Resting thermic responses at altitude were only slightly lower than normal, although peak values were significantly depressed at HA2 (P less than 0.05). The mean exercising thermic response was also significantly lower at HA2 (P less than 0.05) but recovered in HA3 and LA2. In the time taken for thermic responses to decrease and recover there were interindividual differences that were best explained by the previous altitude experience of the subjects. The possibility of a cardiovascular shift during hypoxic exercise causing depression of postprandial metabolism is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of altitude on dietary-induced thermogenesis at rest and during light exercise in man. Measurements of metabolic rate and the thermic response (specific dynamic action) of a 400-kcal liquid meal were made in six subjects at rest and during light exercise. The tests were conducted before (LA1) and after (LA2) a 3-wk sojourn (HA1, HA2, HA3) at 3,650 m on the Monte Rosa. Fasting metabolic rate at rest increased inittally and then fell, as did fasting and fed exercising metabolic rates. The fall in metabolic rates, but not the initial increases, can be ascribed to the change in body weight. Resting thermic responses at altitude were only slightly lower than normal, although peak values were significantly depressed at HA2 (P less than 0.05). The mean exercising thermic response was also significantly lower at HA2 (P less than 0.05) but recovered in HA3 and LA2. In the time taken for thermic responses to decrease and recover there were interindividual differences that were best explained by the previous altitude experience of the subjects. The possibility of a cardiovascular shift during hypoxic exercise causing depression of postprandial metabolism is discussed.", "PMID": 701118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_542", "title": "Effects of exercise, altitude, and food on blood hormone and metabolite levels.", "content": "Measurements of blood glucose and plasma free fatty acids (FFA), thyroxine (T4), free thyroxine (FT4), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were made on samples taken from fed and fasted human subjects while at rest and immediately after 20 min moderate exercise. Six subjects were studied on successive weeks before (LA1), during (HA1, HA2, HA3), and after (LA2) a 3-wk sojourn at high altitude (3,650 m). The subjects and location were the same as those used for the energy expenditure measurements described in the preceding paper (J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 45:345--349, 1978). The most marked effect of altitude was to potentiate the rise in FFA due to exercise. This effect was most noticeable in fed subjects during HA1 and HA2. Changes in the plasma levels of the thyroid hormones correlated with the FFA changes and, once again, exercise at altitude caused the greatest increase in circulating levels. Possible causes of the parallel changes in FFA and thyroid hormone levels and their relationship to changes in energy metabolism are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of exercise, altitude, and food on blood hormone and metabolite levels. Measurements of blood glucose and plasma free fatty acids (FFA), thyroxine (T4), free thyroxine (FT4), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were made on samples taken from fed and fasted human subjects while at rest and immediately after 20 min moderate exercise. Six subjects were studied on successive weeks before (LA1), during (HA1, HA2, HA3), and after (LA2) a 3-wk sojourn at high altitude (3,650 m). The subjects and location were the same as those used for the energy expenditure measurements described in the preceding paper (J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 45:345--349, 1978). The most marked effect of altitude was to potentiate the rise in FFA due to exercise. This effect was most noticeable in fed subjects during HA1 and HA2. Changes in the plasma levels of the thyroid hormones correlated with the FFA changes and, once again, exercise at altitude caused the greatest increase in circulating levels. Possible causes of the parallel changes in FFA and thyroid hormone levels and their relationship to changes in energy metabolism are discussed.", "PMID": 701119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_543", "title": "Regional lung expansion at total lung capacity in intact vs. excised canine lungs.", "content": "A computer-based biplane videoroentgenographic recording technique that determines the spatial coordinates of radiopaque lung parenchymal markers was used to compare regional lung expansion at total lung capacity (TLC) in the intact dog (prone and supine) and after removal from the chest. The reproducibility of the technique was examined by repeated determinations of intermarker distances at various static lung volumes during stepwise inflation and deflation of the lungs. Most of the variability in repeated determinations of intermarker distances at any lung volume was due to cardiogenic motion. When marker positions were determined repeatedly at the same phase of the cardiac cycle, the maximum coefficient of variation was less than 3% for a marker pair separated by 16.5 mm. At TLC, distances between all intralobar marker pairs in the intact thorax (prone and supine) and excised were highly linearly related (r = 0.96-0.99), whereas distances between interlobar marker pairs did not correlate as well (r = 0.77-0.86). We conclude that at TLC 1) the intact thorax does not distort the shape of the individual lobes from the state of isotropic expansion, and 2) in different body positions, overall lung shape may be different due to displacementof lobes relative to each other, but individual lobes remain uniformly expanded.", "contents": "Regional lung expansion at total lung capacity in intact vs. excised canine lungs. A computer-based biplane videoroentgenographic recording technique that determines the spatial coordinates of radiopaque lung parenchymal markers was used to compare regional lung expansion at total lung capacity (TLC) in the intact dog (prone and supine) and after removal from the chest. The reproducibility of the technique was examined by repeated determinations of intermarker distances at various static lung volumes during stepwise inflation and deflation of the lungs. Most of the variability in repeated determinations of intermarker distances at any lung volume was due to cardiogenic motion. When marker positions were determined repeatedly at the same phase of the cardiac cycle, the maximum coefficient of variation was less than 3% for a marker pair separated by 16.5 mm. At TLC, distances between all intralobar marker pairs in the intact thorax (prone and supine) and excised were highly linearly related (r = 0.96-0.99), whereas distances between interlobar marker pairs did not correlate as well (r = 0.77-0.86). We conclude that at TLC 1) the intact thorax does not distort the shape of the individual lobes from the state of isotropic expansion, and 2) in different body positions, overall lung shape may be different due to displacementof lobes relative to each other, but individual lobes remain uniformly expanded.", "PMID": 701120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_544", "title": "Time course of sympathoadrenal adaptation to endurance exercise training in man.", "content": "One possible reason for the lower exercise heart rate after endurance exercise training is that the sympathetic drive to the heart is reduced. We have studied the relationship between plasma catecholamines and heart rate during exercise in the course of a 7-wk training program. Six untrained subjects exercised vigorously (on bicycle ergometers and by running) 30--50 min/day for 7 wk. Prior to the beginning of training and at weekly intervals thereafter, participants were subjected to a 5-min strenuous bicycle ergometer test. In the test prior to training, plasma epinephrine increased to 0.5 ng/ml and norepinephrine increased to 3.0 ng/ml. The major proportion of the training-induced decrement in catecholamine response was reached at the end of the 3rd wk when epinephrine increased to 0.17 ng/ml and norepinephrine increased to 1.5 ng/ml in response to the same test. Heart rate during exercise continued to decrease even after the catecholamine response had plateaued, implying that the reduced sympathetic response is not solely responsible for the reduced exercise heart rate.", "contents": "Time course of sympathoadrenal adaptation to endurance exercise training in man. One possible reason for the lower exercise heart rate after endurance exercise training is that the sympathetic drive to the heart is reduced. We have studied the relationship between plasma catecholamines and heart rate during exercise in the course of a 7-wk training program. Six untrained subjects exercised vigorously (on bicycle ergometers and by running) 30--50 min/day for 7 wk. Prior to the beginning of training and at weekly intervals thereafter, participants were subjected to a 5-min strenuous bicycle ergometer test. In the test prior to training, plasma epinephrine increased to 0.5 ng/ml and norepinephrine increased to 3.0 ng/ml. The major proportion of the training-induced decrement in catecholamine response was reached at the end of the 3rd wk when epinephrine increased to 0.17 ng/ml and norepinephrine increased to 1.5 ng/ml in response to the same test. Heart rate during exercise continued to decrease even after the catecholamine response had plateaued, implying that the reduced sympathetic response is not solely responsible for the reduced exercise heart rate.", "PMID": 701121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_545", "title": "Estimating central and peripheral respiratory resistance.", "content": "An analytic approach for fractionating total respiratory resistance into central (Rc) and peripheral (Rp) components is presented. In the analysis, linear regression equations relating the logarithm of the measured total resistance to the logarithm of frequency are derived for data spanning the frequency range 1-16 Hz. The computed slope and intercept are used to obtain estimates of the fraction of the resistance in the periphery (Fp) and of Rp and Rc. Data from anesthetized, closed-chested dogs in a control state and with an external resistor (1.37 cmH2O.1-1.s) were used to test the approach. Mean values +/- SE's for control data were: Fp = 0.400 +/- 0.039, Rp = 1.37 +/- 0.16 cm H2O.1-1.s, and Rc = 1.98 +/- 0.10 cmH2O.1-1.s. Mean values of Rp obtained with and without added resistance were not significantly different (P less than 0.1). The increase in the mean values of Rc represented 85% of the value of the added resistance but was significantly different from the known value of the external resistance (P less than 0.05). These data suggest that it may be possible to fractionate total respiratory resistance into central and peripheral components using the frequency dependence of forced oscillatory resistance.", "contents": "Estimating central and peripheral respiratory resistance. An analytic approach for fractionating total respiratory resistance into central (Rc) and peripheral (Rp) components is presented. In the analysis, linear regression equations relating the logarithm of the measured total resistance to the logarithm of frequency are derived for data spanning the frequency range 1-16 Hz. The computed slope and intercept are used to obtain estimates of the fraction of the resistance in the periphery (Fp) and of Rp and Rc. Data from anesthetized, closed-chested dogs in a control state and with an external resistor (1.37 cmH2O.1-1.s) were used to test the approach. Mean values +/- SE's for control data were: Fp = 0.400 +/- 0.039, Rp = 1.37 +/- 0.16 cm H2O.1-1.s, and Rc = 1.98 +/- 0.10 cmH2O.1-1.s. Mean values of Rp obtained with and without added resistance were not significantly different (P less than 0.1). The increase in the mean values of Rc represented 85% of the value of the added resistance but was significantly different from the known value of the external resistance (P less than 0.05). These data suggest that it may be possible to fractionate total respiratory resistance into central and peripheral components using the frequency dependence of forced oscillatory resistance.", "PMID": 701122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_546", "title": "Oxygen consumption during constant-load exercise.", "content": "Previous investigators have reported that oxygen consumption (VO2) continues to rise after the initial 2- to 3-min transient period of exercise when work exceeds approximately 60% of VO2 max. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the possible causes of this slow rise in VO2. Eighteen subjects exercised for 20 min at 65% and at 80% of VO2 max on the bicycle ergometer. VO2, ventilation (VE), and respiratory exchange ratio were monitored by a continuous computer-based system. Blood lactate concentration and rectal temperatures were measured at 2- to 3-min intervals during the exercise. VO2 increased significantly from the 5th to 20th min of exercise in 81% of the tests at both levels of work intensity. The magnitude of the rise was not different for the two work loads. No evidence was found to support the lactacid explanation proposed for this rise. Increased temperature could account for 30% of the rise; the estimated cost of increased VE could account for 30 and 81% of the rise at the two work loads. The sum of these factors could account for 60 and 111% of the rise in VO2 at the 65 and 80% of VO2 max work loads.", "contents": "Oxygen consumption during constant-load exercise. Previous investigators have reported that oxygen consumption (VO2) continues to rise after the initial 2- to 3-min transient period of exercise when work exceeds approximately 60% of VO2 max. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the possible causes of this slow rise in VO2. Eighteen subjects exercised for 20 min at 65% and at 80% of VO2 max on the bicycle ergometer. VO2, ventilation (VE), and respiratory exchange ratio were monitored by a continuous computer-based system. Blood lactate concentration and rectal temperatures were measured at 2- to 3-min intervals during the exercise. VO2 increased significantly from the 5th to 20th min of exercise in 81% of the tests at both levels of work intensity. The magnitude of the rise was not different for the two work loads. No evidence was found to support the lactacid explanation proposed for this rise. Increased temperature could account for 30% of the rise; the estimated cost of increased VE could account for 30 and 81% of the rise at the two work loads. The sum of these factors could account for 60 and 111% of the rise in VO2 at the 65 and 80% of VO2 max work loads.", "PMID": 701123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_547", "title": "Effects of lung volume and electrode position on the esophageal diaphragmatic EMG.", "content": "In anesthetized dogs studied both supine and prone, the electromyogram (EMG) of the diaphragm recorded directly from three portions of the diaphragm (crural, anterior, and costal) was compared with simultaneous recordings of the diaphragmatic EMG recorded from 10 sites in the esophagus and stomach. Effects upon the EMG of lung volume change and esophageal electrode position change were determined during bilateral supramaximal tetanic phrenic stimulation with airway occluded. Lung volume change had little effect upon the directly recorded EMG. The effect of lung volume change upon the EMG recorded from the esophagus was somewhat greater and marked change was noted as the esophageal recording site was varied. In supine dogs two sites of maximal signal were observed, one 1 cm above the cardia and the other 4--6 cm below the cardia. In prone dogs a single site for maximal signal was observed 3 cm above the cardia. An electrode site as close to the cardia as possible appears to be optimal from the point of view of variation in signal due to lung volume change and due to body position change. Gastric balloon stabilization is recommended. Proximity of the electrode and posterior gastric wall to the diaphragmatic crura may explain the maximal EMG signal recorded below the cardia.", "contents": "Effects of lung volume and electrode position on the esophageal diaphragmatic EMG. In anesthetized dogs studied both supine and prone, the electromyogram (EMG) of the diaphragm recorded directly from three portions of the diaphragm (crural, anterior, and costal) was compared with simultaneous recordings of the diaphragmatic EMG recorded from 10 sites in the esophagus and stomach. Effects upon the EMG of lung volume change and esophageal electrode position change were determined during bilateral supramaximal tetanic phrenic stimulation with airway occluded. Lung volume change had little effect upon the directly recorded EMG. The effect of lung volume change upon the EMG recorded from the esophagus was somewhat greater and marked change was noted as the esophageal recording site was varied. In supine dogs two sites of maximal signal were observed, one 1 cm above the cardia and the other 4--6 cm below the cardia. In prone dogs a single site for maximal signal was observed 3 cm above the cardia. An electrode site as close to the cardia as possible appears to be optimal from the point of view of variation in signal due to lung volume change and due to body position change. Gastric balloon stabilization is recommended. Proximity of the electrode and posterior gastric wall to the diaphragmatic crura may explain the maximal EMG signal recorded below the cardia.", "PMID": 701124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_548", "title": "Effects of angiotensin antagonism at rest and during exercise in sodium-deplete man.", "content": "Mean intra-arterial pressure (P-), heart rate (HR), cardiac index (CI), total peripheral resistance index (TPRI), and plasma renin activity (PRA), norepinephrine (PNE), and epinephrine (PE) were estimated in five normal male subjects placed on a low-sodium diet for the previous 7 days. Subjects were studied during rest in recumbency and during intravenous infusion of either glucose or saralasin in a) recumbent position, b) sitting position on the bicycle ergometer, and c) during submaximal graded exercise. At rest recumbent saralasin induced pressure changes that were closely related to logPRA. During exercise the increase in P- was significantly lower during saralasin as compared to glucose from 110 W on, related to a greater reduction in TPRI. The increase of PRA during exercise was about three times greater with saralasin as compared to glucose, but the rises in PNE and PE were similar in both series of tests. Angiotensin II may thus have a role in the maintenance of P- in the supine sodium-deplete normal subjects, and stimulation of the renin angiotensin system during physical exercise contributes to a minor extent to the increase in P- in these conditions.", "contents": "Effects of angiotensin antagonism at rest and during exercise in sodium-deplete man. Mean intra-arterial pressure (P-), heart rate (HR), cardiac index (CI), total peripheral resistance index (TPRI), and plasma renin activity (PRA), norepinephrine (PNE), and epinephrine (PE) were estimated in five normal male subjects placed on a low-sodium diet for the previous 7 days. Subjects were studied during rest in recumbency and during intravenous infusion of either glucose or saralasin in a) recumbent position, b) sitting position on the bicycle ergometer, and c) during submaximal graded exercise. At rest recumbent saralasin induced pressure changes that were closely related to logPRA. During exercise the increase in P- was significantly lower during saralasin as compared to glucose from 110 W on, related to a greater reduction in TPRI. The increase of PRA during exercise was about three times greater with saralasin as compared to glucose, but the rises in PNE and PE were similar in both series of tests. Angiotensin II may thus have a role in the maintenance of P- in the supine sodium-deplete normal subjects, and stimulation of the renin angiotensin system during physical exercise contributes to a minor extent to the increase in P- in these conditions.", "PMID": 701125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_549", "title": "Plasma volume changes with movement to supine and standing positions.", "content": "The chronology of hemoconcentration and hemodilution associated with changes in posture, and the reliability of venous hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), and plasma proteins (PP) as indicators in evaluating changes in plasma volume were determined in seven male subjects. Red cell mass was also measured by the CO method at the termination of the erect and supine positions. Movement to and from supine and erect positions produced consistent, rapid, and progressive changes in Hct, Hb, and PP. Thirty-five minutes in a supine position resulted in a 440-ml expansion of plasma volume. Resumption of the standing position resulted in an increase of 10.3 and 10.8% for Hct and Hb, respectively, and an increase in PP of 20.8%. A fluid efflux of 593 ml reduced blood and plasma volume by 9.5 and 16.2%, respectively. Red cell mass was unaffected by changes in posture. The significance of these postures on the reported alterations in plasma volumes consequent to the imposition of stresses on man are discussed.", "contents": "Plasma volume changes with movement to supine and standing positions. The chronology of hemoconcentration and hemodilution associated with changes in posture, and the reliability of venous hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), and plasma proteins (PP) as indicators in evaluating changes in plasma volume were determined in seven male subjects. Red cell mass was also measured by the CO method at the termination of the erect and supine positions. Movement to and from supine and erect positions produced consistent, rapid, and progressive changes in Hct, Hb, and PP. Thirty-five minutes in a supine position resulted in a 440-ml expansion of plasma volume. Resumption of the standing position resulted in an increase of 10.3 and 10.8% for Hct and Hb, respectively, and an increase in PP of 20.8%. A fluid efflux of 593 ml reduced blood and plasma volume by 9.5 and 16.2%, respectively. Red cell mass was unaffected by changes in posture. The significance of these postures on the reported alterations in plasma volumes consequent to the imposition of stresses on man are discussed.", "PMID": 701126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_550", "title": "Blood flow and relative tissue PO2 of brain and muscle: role of carotid chemoreceptors.", "content": "The effects of inspiration of low O2 and/or high CO2 gas mixtures on relative tissue PO2 and perfusion of brain and muscle were studied in 60 pentobarbital-anesthetized spontaneously respiring rats. These animals were studied in intact condition, after administration of phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride, 2 mg/kg, or after bilateral denervation of their carotid bodies. In the intact rats, the relative tissue PO2 ratio of biceps brachii to cerebral white matter always decreased after exposure to the above gas mixtures. This indicated a better maintenance of O2 supply to demand in the brain than in muscle. After either carotid denervation or alpha adrenergic blockade, this change in the ratio was no longer significant. Further, cerebral blood flow responses to these gas mixtures were attenuated (avg + 5.3%) compared to previous work in intact rats. It is concluded that the brain is best protected against hypoxia and/or hypercapnia when the carotid chemoreflex is intact.", "contents": "Blood flow and relative tissue PO2 of brain and muscle: role of carotid chemoreceptors. The effects of inspiration of low O2 and/or high CO2 gas mixtures on relative tissue PO2 and perfusion of brain and muscle were studied in 60 pentobarbital-anesthetized spontaneously respiring rats. These animals were studied in intact condition, after administration of phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride, 2 mg/kg, or after bilateral denervation of their carotid bodies. In the intact rats, the relative tissue PO2 ratio of biceps brachii to cerebral white matter always decreased after exposure to the above gas mixtures. This indicated a better maintenance of O2 supply to demand in the brain than in muscle. After either carotid denervation or alpha adrenergic blockade, this change in the ratio was no longer significant. Further, cerebral blood flow responses to these gas mixtures were attenuated (avg + 5.3%) compared to previous work in intact rats. It is concluded that the brain is best protected against hypoxia and/or hypercapnia when the carotid chemoreflex is intact.", "PMID": 701127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_551", "title": "Glycogen depletion in exercising rats infused with glucose, lactate, or pyruvate.", "content": "The influence of an intravenous infusion of glucose, lactate, or pyruvate on the work capacity and rates of glycogen depletion in the liver and hindlimb skeletal muscles of rats has been studied. Running time to exhaustion at a speed of 21 m/min on a treadmill at a +10 degrees incline was prolonged by glucose infusion but shortened by lactate or pyruvate infusions. Blood glucose concentrations were only lowered in the terminal stages of the exercise, whereas at this point lactate was elevated. Declines in liver and muscle glycogen concentrations were retarded by glucose infusion but accelerated by either lactate or pyruvate infusions. In all cases a marked depletion of both muscle and liver glycogen existed at the point of exhaustion. It is concluded from the lack of any major elevation of glucose, lactate, or pyruvate in the blood of the rats during running that these materials were taken up and oxidized, presumably by the working muscles. These observations suggest that skeletal muscle can take up large amounts of glucose and when it is supplied from an external source this can exert a glycogen sparing effect on the liver and working skeletal muscles.", "contents": "Glycogen depletion in exercising rats infused with glucose, lactate, or pyruvate. The influence of an intravenous infusion of glucose, lactate, or pyruvate on the work capacity and rates of glycogen depletion in the liver and hindlimb skeletal muscles of rats has been studied. Running time to exhaustion at a speed of 21 m/min on a treadmill at a +10 degrees incline was prolonged by glucose infusion but shortened by lactate or pyruvate infusions. Blood glucose concentrations were only lowered in the terminal stages of the exercise, whereas at this point lactate was elevated. Declines in liver and muscle glycogen concentrations were retarded by glucose infusion but accelerated by either lactate or pyruvate infusions. In all cases a marked depletion of both muscle and liver glycogen existed at the point of exhaustion. It is concluded from the lack of any major elevation of glucose, lactate, or pyruvate in the blood of the rats during running that these materials were taken up and oxidized, presumably by the working muscles. These observations suggest that skeletal muscle can take up large amounts of glucose and when it is supplied from an external source this can exert a glycogen sparing effect on the liver and working skeletal muscles.", "PMID": 701128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_552", "title": "Evaporative water loss in man in a gravity-free environment.", "content": "Daily evaporative water losses (EWL) during the three Skylab missions were measured indirectly using mass and water-balance techniques. The mean daily values of EWL for the nine crew members who averaged 1 h of daily exercise were: preflight 1,750 +/- 37 (SE) ml or 970 +/- 20 ml/m2 and inflight 1,560 +/- 26 ml or 860 +/- 14 ml/m2. Although it was expected the EWL would increase in the hypobaric environment of Skylab (one-third atmosphere). an average decrease from preflight sealevel conditions of 11% was measured. The results suggest that weightlessness decreased sweat losses during exercise and possibly reduced insensible skin losses as well. The weightlessness environment apparently promotes the formation of an observed sweat film on the skin surface during exercise by reducing convective flow and sweat drippage, resulting in high levels of skin wettedness that favor sweat suppression.", "contents": "Evaporative water loss in man in a gravity-free environment. Daily evaporative water losses (EWL) during the three Skylab missions were measured indirectly using mass and water-balance techniques. The mean daily values of EWL for the nine crew members who averaged 1 h of daily exercise were: preflight 1,750 +/- 37 (SE) ml or 970 +/- 20 ml/m2 and inflight 1,560 +/- 26 ml or 860 +/- 14 ml/m2. Although it was expected the EWL would increase in the hypobaric environment of Skylab (one-third atmosphere). an average decrease from preflight sealevel conditions of 11% was measured. The results suggest that weightlessness decreased sweat losses during exercise and possibly reduced insensible skin losses as well. The weightlessness environment apparently promotes the formation of an observed sweat film on the skin surface during exercise by reducing convective flow and sweat drippage, resulting in high levels of skin wettedness that favor sweat suppression.", "PMID": 701129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_553", "title": "Pressure outside the extrapulmonary airway in dogs.", "content": "We have measured the static and dynamic transmural pressures of extrapulmonary airways during positive pressure lung inflation in anesthetized dogs suspended in the standing position. Thin, fluid-filled catheters measured pressures within and on the anterior surface of the airways in the mediastinum and neck. The change from mediastinal to cervical static extra-airway pressures (Pea) was not abrupt but occurred through the thoracic outlet and the root of the neck. The static Pea in the mediastinum was more positive than pleural pressure when lung volume was increased with positive pressures. During forced deflation equal pressure points (EPP) were in labor bronchi from which airway narrowing extended towards the mouth. Under these conditions, the dynamic mediastinal Pea mouthward of the EPP remained close to pleural pressures even at high volumes. This suggested that forces of restitution generated in the surrounding tissues by the narrowing of the airways did have a small effect in reducing the pressure affecting their anterior surface.", "contents": "Pressure outside the extrapulmonary airway in dogs. We have measured the static and dynamic transmural pressures of extrapulmonary airways during positive pressure lung inflation in anesthetized dogs suspended in the standing position. Thin, fluid-filled catheters measured pressures within and on the anterior surface of the airways in the mediastinum and neck. The change from mediastinal to cervical static extra-airway pressures (Pea) was not abrupt but occurred through the thoracic outlet and the root of the neck. The static Pea in the mediastinum was more positive than pleural pressure when lung volume was increased with positive pressures. During forced deflation equal pressure points (EPP) were in labor bronchi from which airway narrowing extended towards the mouth. Under these conditions, the dynamic mediastinal Pea mouthward of the EPP remained close to pleural pressures even at high volumes. This suggested that forces of restitution generated in the surrounding tissues by the narrowing of the airways did have a small effect in reducing the pressure affecting their anterior surface.", "PMID": 701130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_554", "title": "Effects of lung inflation on pulmonary arterial pressure in dogs with pulmonary edema.", "content": "The effects of lung inflation from positive airway pressure (Paw) on pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa) and the slope deltaPpa/deltaPaw were studied in normal dogs and dogs with pulmonary edema. Under base-line zone 2 conditions with the lungs perfused at constant flow (100 ml/kg per min) and vascular pressures measured relative to pleural (atmospheric) pressure, the slope deltaPpa/deltaPaw was nearly one (at Paw greater than or equal to 5 cmH2O). Pulmonary edema from high capillary pressure and oleic acid caused deltaPpa/deltaPaw and Ppa to decrease at high lung volumes and Ppa to increase at low lung volumes. These changes were not simulated by vasoactive drugs (adenosine and norepinephrine) but were reproduced by instilling dextran into the lungs and, in part, by occluding the right intermediate bronchus. In pulmonary edema the increased Ppa at low lung volumes is caused by the effects of decreases in the caliber of extra-alveolar vessels, by trapped air or liquid raising alveolar pressure, or by both; the decreased deltaPpa/deltaPaw and Ppa at high volumes is caused mainly by nonuniform distribution of driving pressures and blood flow.", "contents": "Effects of lung inflation on pulmonary arterial pressure in dogs with pulmonary edema. The effects of lung inflation from positive airway pressure (Paw) on pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa) and the slope deltaPpa/deltaPaw were studied in normal dogs and dogs with pulmonary edema. Under base-line zone 2 conditions with the lungs perfused at constant flow (100 ml/kg per min) and vascular pressures measured relative to pleural (atmospheric) pressure, the slope deltaPpa/deltaPaw was nearly one (at Paw greater than or equal to 5 cmH2O). Pulmonary edema from high capillary pressure and oleic acid caused deltaPpa/deltaPaw and Ppa to decrease at high lung volumes and Ppa to increase at low lung volumes. These changes were not simulated by vasoactive drugs (adenosine and norepinephrine) but were reproduced by instilling dextran into the lungs and, in part, by occluding the right intermediate bronchus. In pulmonary edema the increased Ppa at low lung volumes is caused by the effects of decreases in the caliber of extra-alveolar vessels, by trapped air or liquid raising alveolar pressure, or by both; the decreased deltaPpa/deltaPaw and Ppa at high volumes is caused mainly by nonuniform distribution of driving pressures and blood flow.", "PMID": 701131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_555", "title": "Impedance cardiography for estimating cardiac output during submaximal and maximal work.", "content": "Impedance cardiography was used to estimate cardiac output in 10 men during rest and within 5 s after exercise on a bicycle ergometer, including work up to and including maximal aerobic capacity. An indwelling venous catheter permitted simultaneous sampling of venous blood for observing changes in hematocrit associated with each exercise level. Cardiac output, calculated from a standard equation which assumes a constant value of 150 omega.cm for the electrical resistivity of blood, was compared with corresponding calculations in which blood resistivity was individually determined as a function of hematocrit. It is concluded that many of the discrepancies in the literature related to values for cardiac output obtained during exercise by the impedance method may be inherent in calculations that do not consider the changing electrical resistivity of the blood with a changing hematocrit.", "contents": "Impedance cardiography for estimating cardiac output during submaximal and maximal work. Impedance cardiography was used to estimate cardiac output in 10 men during rest and within 5 s after exercise on a bicycle ergometer, including work up to and including maximal aerobic capacity. An indwelling venous catheter permitted simultaneous sampling of venous blood for observing changes in hematocrit associated with each exercise level. Cardiac output, calculated from a standard equation which assumes a constant value of 150 omega.cm for the electrical resistivity of blood, was compared with corresponding calculations in which blood resistivity was individually determined as a function of hematocrit. It is concluded that many of the discrepancies in the literature related to values for cardiac output obtained during exercise by the impedance method may be inherent in calculations that do not consider the changing electrical resistivity of the blood with a changing hematocrit.", "PMID": 701133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_556", "title": "Role of physical effort in the etiology of rat heatstroke injury and mortality.", "content": "A total of 171 untrained, unacclimatized, and unanesthetized rats were used to evaluate the effects of sedentary and work-induced hyperthermia on the incidence of mortality and cellular injury, 24 h postexposure. Cellular injury was defined as serum transaminase activity (SGPT and SGOT) exceeding 1,000 IU/l (heatstroke levels). Both the percent mortality and the percentage of 24-h survivors with transaminase levels above 1,000 IU/l were plotted against maximum core temperatures. Exertion-induced hyperthermia produced a significantly higher incidence of cellular injury and heatstroke death at lower core temperatures than hyperthermia alone. With hyperthermia only, the SGPT and SGOT dose-response curves were identical. When work was combined with hyperthermia, there was a greater incidence of elevated SGOT at lower core temperatures. These curves bore a striking resemblance to curves reflecting heat- and/or work-induced mortality in humans. The results suggest a direct role of physical effort in causing heatstroke injury and mortality.", "contents": "Role of physical effort in the etiology of rat heatstroke injury and mortality. A total of 171 untrained, unacclimatized, and unanesthetized rats were used to evaluate the effects of sedentary and work-induced hyperthermia on the incidence of mortality and cellular injury, 24 h postexposure. Cellular injury was defined as serum transaminase activity (SGPT and SGOT) exceeding 1,000 IU/l (heatstroke levels). Both the percent mortality and the percentage of 24-h survivors with transaminase levels above 1,000 IU/l were plotted against maximum core temperatures. Exertion-induced hyperthermia produced a significantly higher incidence of cellular injury and heatstroke death at lower core temperatures than hyperthermia alone. With hyperthermia only, the SGPT and SGOT dose-response curves were identical. When work was combined with hyperthermia, there was a greater incidence of elevated SGOT at lower core temperatures. These curves bore a striking resemblance to curves reflecting heat- and/or work-induced mortality in humans. The results suggest a direct role of physical effort in causing heatstroke injury and mortality.", "PMID": 701134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_557", "title": "Cold-induced pulmonary hypertension in cattle.", "content": "The frequency with which cattle develop right-heart failure during the winter at high altitude suggested that cold might contribute to hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Indeed in a preliminary study conducted out-of-doors during early Spring, two calves with known hyperreactive pulmonary vessels showed elevated pulmonary arterial pressures attributed to their prior exposure to nighttime cold (-5 degrees C). In a second study five hyperreactive calves had increases in mean pulmonary arterial pressure from 29 to 45 Torr (+ 55%) during 48 h of exposure to cold (0 to -5 degrees C) in a climatic chamber. Three calves with less reactive lung vessels increased their pressures from 25 to 36 Torr (+ 44%). In a more complete study, six calves selected as potential hyperresponders showed increases in pulmonary arterial pressure (+ 60%), blood flow (+ 18%), and vascular resistance (+ 38%) during 48 h of cold exposure. Arterial PO2 decreased (-10 Torr) and PCO2 rose (+6 Torr) suggesting hypoventilation. Oxygen breathing returned pulmonary pressures and resistance to near control values, suggesting that cold had induced a hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and an increased blood flow. Thus, a cold produced pulmonary hypertension in cattle at the modest altitude of 1,524 m and the pressor responses were greater in calves with more reactive lung vessels.", "contents": "Cold-induced pulmonary hypertension in cattle. The frequency with which cattle develop right-heart failure during the winter at high altitude suggested that cold might contribute to hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Indeed in a preliminary study conducted out-of-doors during early Spring, two calves with known hyperreactive pulmonary vessels showed elevated pulmonary arterial pressures attributed to their prior exposure to nighttime cold (-5 degrees C). In a second study five hyperreactive calves had increases in mean pulmonary arterial pressure from 29 to 45 Torr (+ 55%) during 48 h of exposure to cold (0 to -5 degrees C) in a climatic chamber. Three calves with less reactive lung vessels increased their pressures from 25 to 36 Torr (+ 44%). In a more complete study, six calves selected as potential hyperresponders showed increases in pulmonary arterial pressure (+ 60%), blood flow (+ 18%), and vascular resistance (+ 38%) during 48 h of cold exposure. Arterial PO2 decreased (-10 Torr) and PCO2 rose (+6 Torr) suggesting hypoventilation. Oxygen breathing returned pulmonary pressures and resistance to near control values, suggesting that cold had induced a hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and an increased blood flow. Thus, a cold produced pulmonary hypertension in cattle at the modest altitude of 1,524 m and the pressor responses were greater in calves with more reactive lung vessels.", "PMID": 701135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_558", "title": "An electromagnetic valve for inspiratory occlusion pressures.", "content": "An electromagnetically powered respiratory valve to occlude a respiratory circuit for short (30--300ms) periods of the respiratory cycle may be inexpensively constructed from available laboratory instruments and controlled by an electronic circuit. Occlusion of the inspiratory breathing circuit may be repeated at different levels of ventilation without altering slopes or intercepts of CO2 rebreathing curves. The early phases of airway occlusion (P0.1) may therefore be studied in conscious unanesthetized human subjects.", "contents": "An electromagnetic valve for inspiratory occlusion pressures. An electromagnetically powered respiratory valve to occlude a respiratory circuit for short (30--300ms) periods of the respiratory cycle may be inexpensively constructed from available laboratory instruments and controlled by an electronic circuit. Occlusion of the inspiratory breathing circuit may be repeated at different levels of ventilation without altering slopes or intercepts of CO2 rebreathing curves. The early phases of airway occlusion (P0.1) may therefore be studied in conscious unanesthetized human subjects.", "PMID": 701136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_559", "title": "A cell membrane theory of endothelial repair and vertical cell loss after cataract surgery.", "content": "Endothelial cell counts were taken of the superior, central and inferior corneas of controls, immediate post-operative cases and a four year post-operative case. A vertical mean cell density was found to correlate well with central densities, and mean vertical cell loss (42%) compared well with central cell loss (44%). There was no trend for vertical cell disparity (VCD) in control eye, but a definite disparity was seen in all post-operative eyes, including the one four years after surgery. A cell membrane stimulus theory is proposed for endothelial cell reparation after endothelial damage describing cessation of cell migration once the defect is covered.", "contents": "A cell membrane theory of endothelial repair and vertical cell loss after cataract surgery. Endothelial cell counts were taken of the superior, central and inferior corneas of controls, immediate post-operative cases and a four year post-operative case. A vertical mean cell density was found to correlate well with central densities, and mean vertical cell loss (42%) compared well with central cell loss (44%). There was no trend for vertical cell disparity (VCD) in control eye, but a definite disparity was seen in all post-operative eyes, including the one four years after surgery. A cell membrane stimulus theory is proposed for endothelial cell reparation after endothelial damage describing cessation of cell migration once the defect is covered.", "PMID": 701138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_560", "title": "Experience with the Russian made Fyodorov intraocular lens.", "content": "One hundred cases have been operated using the Fyodorov Russian made lens. The installation and the postoperative course have been no more difficult that that experienced with other lens styles.", "contents": "Experience with the Russian made Fyodorov intraocular lens. One hundred cases have been operated using the Fyodorov Russian made lens. The installation and the postoperative course have been no more difficult that that experienced with other lens styles.", "PMID": 701141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_561", "title": "Management of some complications of the medallion circular loop lens.", "content": "Iris damage in the area with loop contact can be prevented by lowering the dosage of steroids. An already damaged iris can be saved with phospholine iodide followed by phospholine iodide combined with atropine to immobilize the iris. On a low dose keratic precipitate-like spots will be formed on the pseudophakos, but they will disappear spontaneously. This lens does not tolerate pilocarpine in the first month after surgery. A small pupil needs mydriatics. Retinoscopy is always possible because of the large optic part. On intracapsular cataract extraction this lens seems to be the most safe, stable and convenient lens.", "contents": "Management of some complications of the medallion circular loop lens. Iris damage in the area with loop contact can be prevented by lowering the dosage of steroids. An already damaged iris can be saved with phospholine iodide followed by phospholine iodide combined with atropine to immobilize the iris. On a low dose keratic precipitate-like spots will be formed on the pseudophakos, but they will disappear spontaneously. This lens does not tolerate pilocarpine in the first month after surgery. A small pupil needs mydriatics. Retinoscopy is always possible because of the large optic part. On intracapsular cataract extraction this lens seems to be the most safe, stable and convenient lens.", "PMID": 701142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_562", "title": "Biometric analysis of intraocular lens power required to produce emmetropia: results of 450 implants.", "content": "We analyzed 450 consecutive cases of intraocular lens implantation (omitting only two inadvertent implantations in patients with high myopia) to determine the dioptric lens power in each case required to produce emmetropia. The mean was 18.3 D with a standard deviation of 2.6 D. The data did not conform to a normal or Gaussian distribution because of an abnormally high number of cases that required greater than 25 D to achieve emmetropia and clustering between 17 to 19 D. The deviation from a normal distribution may be explained by our considering patients with high hyperopia and high myopia (which are for the most part excluded from intraocular lens data) to be separate populations. The data are valuable to the intraocular lens surgeons, in that they demonstrate the range and frequency of intraocular lens powers needed to achieve emmetropia in a large population sample.", "contents": "Biometric analysis of intraocular lens power required to produce emmetropia: results of 450 implants. We analyzed 450 consecutive cases of intraocular lens implantation (omitting only two inadvertent implantations in patients with high myopia) to determine the dioptric lens power in each case required to produce emmetropia. The mean was 18.3 D with a standard deviation of 2.6 D. The data did not conform to a normal or Gaussian distribution because of an abnormally high number of cases that required greater than 25 D to achieve emmetropia and clustering between 17 to 19 D. The deviation from a normal distribution may be explained by our considering patients with high hyperopia and high myopia (which are for the most part excluded from intraocular lens data) to be separate populations. The data are valuable to the intraocular lens surgeons, in that they demonstrate the range and frequency of intraocular lens powers needed to achieve emmetropia in a large population sample.", "PMID": 701144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_563", "title": "Save the endothelium.", "content": "The health of the corneal endothelium is a critical factor in the final outcome of intraocular surgery . With the advent of intraocular lens implantation, the hazard of inadvertent endothelial trauma is greatly increased. A rigorous technique has been presented which will minimize the risk of such trauma in extracapsular cataract surgery with implantation of Binkhorst type intraocular lenses.", "contents": "Save the endothelium. The health of the corneal endothelium is a critical factor in the final outcome of intraocular surgery . With the advent of intraocular lens implantation, the hazard of inadvertent endothelial trauma is greatly increased. A rigorous technique has been presented which will minimize the risk of such trauma in extracapsular cataract surgery with implantation of Binkhorst type intraocular lenses.", "PMID": 701147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_564", "title": "Kelman anterior chamber lens: a preliminary report.", "content": "The Kelman anterior chamber lens is thin and lightweight. Its design is unique for introduction through a small limbal incision following phacoemulsification or as a secondary implant. It can be used easily in conjunction with intracapsular or extra-capsular surgery. The postoperative course is quiet and short, and the patient has rapid visual rehabilitation with a comfortable eye.", "contents": "Kelman anterior chamber lens: a preliminary report. The Kelman anterior chamber lens is thin and lightweight. Its design is unique for introduction through a small limbal incision following phacoemulsification or as a secondary implant. It can be used easily in conjunction with intracapsular or extra-capsular surgery. The postoperative course is quiet and short, and the patient has rapid visual rehabilitation with a comfortable eye.", "PMID": 701148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_565", "title": "Ciliochoroidal detachment and pseudophakos implantation.", "content": "Ciliochoroidal detachment perhaps occurs more frequently than is actually recognized and/or looked for. The majority of cases spontaneously resolve without sequelae. A pre-operatively soft eye and a well-closed, clean wound are the best prophylactic measures; even then, detachment may not be prevented. Perhaps something could be said for the lower incidence of wound separation when the limbal incision is small. Extreme caution and care must be exercised when the plastic lens approaches corneal endothelium. The possiblity of ciliochoroidal detachment must be contemplated. Depending upon the type of impant and its relationship to the corneal endothelium, early surgical intervention may be indicated.", "contents": "Ciliochoroidal detachment and pseudophakos implantation. Ciliochoroidal detachment perhaps occurs more frequently than is actually recognized and/or looked for. The majority of cases spontaneously resolve without sequelae. A pre-operatively soft eye and a well-closed, clean wound are the best prophylactic measures; even then, detachment may not be prevented. Perhaps something could be said for the lower incidence of wound separation when the limbal incision is small. Extreme caution and care must be exercised when the plastic lens approaches corneal endothelium. The possiblity of ciliochoroidal detachment must be contemplated. Depending upon the type of impant and its relationship to the corneal endothelium, early surgical intervention may be indicated.", "PMID": 701149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_566", "title": "Extracapsular surgery in lens implantation (Binkhorst lecture). Part iv. Some anatomical and pathophysiological implications.", "content": "Extracapsular surgery is an ideal type of cataract surgery in combination with lens implantation in that stability and fixation of the lens is greatly enhanced. However, a number of complications can be expected. The main problem of extracapsular surgery is posterior capsule opacification. This is due to regeneration of germinal lens fibres. To prevent this a complete removal of cortical lens matter is advisable, even in lens implantation. This however requires special lenses which have additional iris fixation. The author's technique for extracapsular surgery is described. The clinically protective effect of extracapsular surgery for the macula has led to the discovery of a new antomical structure in front of the macula, the bursa premacularis. The bursa premacularis is a well-defined fluid-filled space inside the vitreous body in front of the macula. It is postulated to have a protective function for the macula in a hydrodynamic and biochemical sense. A number of pathological conditions could be explained as primarily determined by toxic substances in the premacular bursa or defective detachment of the premacular bursa in the course of posterior vitreous detachment. If this latter condition exists, intracapsular surgery will cause cystoid macular edema, as aqueous can enter the perimacular retina. Cystoid macular edema therefore is postulated to be anatomically predetermined.", "contents": "Extracapsular surgery in lens implantation (Binkhorst lecture). Part iv. Some anatomical and pathophysiological implications. Extracapsular surgery is an ideal type of cataract surgery in combination with lens implantation in that stability and fixation of the lens is greatly enhanced. However, a number of complications can be expected. The main problem of extracapsular surgery is posterior capsule opacification. This is due to regeneration of germinal lens fibres. To prevent this a complete removal of cortical lens matter is advisable, even in lens implantation. This however requires special lenses which have additional iris fixation. The author's technique for extracapsular surgery is described. The clinically protective effect of extracapsular surgery for the macula has led to the discovery of a new antomical structure in front of the macula, the bursa premacularis. The bursa premacularis is a well-defined fluid-filled space inside the vitreous body in front of the macula. It is postulated to have a protective function for the macula in a hydrodynamic and biochemical sense. A number of pathological conditions could be explained as primarily determined by toxic substances in the premacular bursa or defective detachment of the premacular bursa in the course of posterior vitreous detachment. If this latter condition exists, intracapsular surgery will cause cystoid macular edema, as aqueous can enter the perimacular retina. Cystoid macular edema therefore is postulated to be anatomically predetermined.", "PMID": 701157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_567", "title": "Intraocular pressures and visual fields following pseudophakos implantation.", "content": "9 of 636 pseudophakos patients developed post-operative intraocular pressure elevations. All were treated successfully, 5 medically and 4 surgically. No permanent glaucomas resulted. Goldmann perimetry on 210 representative patients showed no glaucomatous or peripheral defects.", "contents": "Intraocular pressures and visual fields following pseudophakos implantation. 9 of 636 pseudophakos patients developed post-operative intraocular pressure elevations. All were treated successfully, 5 medically and 4 surgically. No permanent glaucomas resulted. Goldmann perimetry on 210 representative patients showed no glaucomatous or peripheral defects.", "PMID": 701158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_568", "title": "Endothelial cell loss in intraocular lens placement.", "content": "Endothelial cell counts were done on eyes selected to fall into four categories: unoperated, intracapsular cataract extraction without implantation, and intracapsular cataract extraction with easy or difficult insertion of an intraocular implant. Uncomplicated cataract extraction resulted in less than 9% cell loss. Implantation in \"easy\" eyes resulted in 12% cell loss (p greater than 0.3). Eyes in which implantation was difficult suffered an average loss of 65% of the endothelial cells (p less than .001). The reasons for cell loss are discussed and some improvements in techniques are mentioned with examples of the value of analysis of motion picture records of the surgery. The obvious lesson to be learned is that everything possible must be done to optimize routinely the conditions for lens implantation. The surgeon who finds conditions unfavorable for lens implantation must consider that persistence will mean sacrificing, on the average, two-thirds of the corneal endothelial cells.", "contents": "Endothelial cell loss in intraocular lens placement. Endothelial cell counts were done on eyes selected to fall into four categories: unoperated, intracapsular cataract extraction without implantation, and intracapsular cataract extraction with easy or difficult insertion of an intraocular implant. Uncomplicated cataract extraction resulted in less than 9% cell loss. Implantation in \"easy\" eyes resulted in 12% cell loss (p greater than 0.3). Eyes in which implantation was difficult suffered an average loss of 65% of the endothelial cells (p less than .001). The reasons for cell loss are discussed and some improvements in techniques are mentioned with examples of the value of analysis of motion picture records of the surgery. The obvious lesson to be learned is that everything possible must be done to optimize routinely the conditions for lens implantation. The surgeon who finds conditions unfavorable for lens implantation must consider that persistence will mean sacrificing, on the average, two-thirds of the corneal endothelial cells.", "PMID": 701159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_569", "title": "Lens injury in children treated with irido-capsular supported intra-ocular lenses.", "content": "The treatment of lens injury in children with irido-capsular supported intraocular lenses is described. A consecutive series of 73 children is analyzed as to the functional results and complications. Surgery and anesthesia are discussed in detail. Guidelines are given for future straight-forward management of eye injury in children, using this promising possibility of visual rehabilitation.", "contents": "Lens injury in children treated with irido-capsular supported intra-ocular lenses. The treatment of lens injury in children with irido-capsular supported intraocular lenses is described. A consecutive series of 73 children is analyzed as to the functional results and complications. Surgery and anesthesia are discussed in detail. Guidelines are given for future straight-forward management of eye injury in children, using this promising possibility of visual rehabilitation.", "PMID": 701164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_570", "title": "The uveitis-glaucoma-hyphema syndrome associated with the Mark VIII anterior chamber lens implant.", "content": "An update on the percentage of my patients showing the UGH syndrome associated with the Mark VIII anterior chamber lens implant as manufactured by Surgidev is given. Of seven patients having the syndrome sufficiently severe to warrant removal of the offending lens, six have now been reimplanted, two each with Rayner, IOLAB, and PC lenses. Whereas, other physicians have observed a similar UGH syndrome associated with iris chafing and erosions, this process was not particularly apparent in my cases involving the Surgidev lens. As for the chafing phenomenon, one could logically assume that it could be in large part eliminated by significantly increasing the curvature of the lens and simply vault the iris to a greater degree than is obtainable with lenses currently on the market. Perhaps too much emphasis has been placed on avoiding the endothelium and not enough emphasis on avoiding the iris.", "contents": "The uveitis-glaucoma-hyphema syndrome associated with the Mark VIII anterior chamber lens implant. An update on the percentage of my patients showing the UGH syndrome associated with the Mark VIII anterior chamber lens implant as manufactured by Surgidev is given. Of seven patients having the syndrome sufficiently severe to warrant removal of the offending lens, six have now been reimplanted, two each with Rayner, IOLAB, and PC lenses. Whereas, other physicians have observed a similar UGH syndrome associated with iris chafing and erosions, this process was not particularly apparent in my cases involving the Surgidev lens. As for the chafing phenomenon, one could logically assume that it could be in large part eliminated by significantly increasing the curvature of the lens and simply vault the iris to a greater degree than is obtainable with lenses currently on the market. Perhaps too much emphasis has been placed on avoiding the endothelium and not enough emphasis on avoiding the iris.", "PMID": 701165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_571", "title": "Retinal detachment with intraocular lenses.", "content": "Of 740 patients undergoing intracapsular cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation by the same surgeon, 18 (2.43) experienced retinal detachment. Analysis of the data of these 18 patients reveals:--the series covered 6.25 years (75 months).--there were 13 males and 5 females (72% males).--their average age at the time of cataract surgery was 63.--the median duration between cataract surgery and retinal detachment was 11 months. The shortest interval was 5 weeks, the longest was 39 months.--a predisposing fall was documented in 17%.--33% suffered vitreous loss at the time of cataract extraction.--of the 18 patients, 15 (83%) underwent retinopexy; of the remaining 3, one eye (6%) was not repairable and 2 patients (11%) refused detachment surgery.--only 6 (33%) of the 18 achieved useful post-detachment vision.", "contents": "Retinal detachment with intraocular lenses. Of 740 patients undergoing intracapsular cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation by the same surgeon, 18 (2.43) experienced retinal detachment. Analysis of the data of these 18 patients reveals:--the series covered 6.25 years (75 months).--there were 13 males and 5 females (72% males).--their average age at the time of cataract surgery was 63.--the median duration between cataract surgery and retinal detachment was 11 months. The shortest interval was 5 weeks, the longest was 39 months.--a predisposing fall was documented in 17%.--33% suffered vitreous loss at the time of cataract extraction.--of the 18 patients, 15 (83%) underwent retinopexy; of the remaining 3, one eye (6%) was not repairable and 2 patients (11%) refused detachment surgery.--only 6 (33%) of the 18 achieved useful post-detachment vision.", "PMID": 701166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_572", "title": "Comparison of titanium loop and supramid loop lens implants: 100 patients.", "content": "One-hundred patients having intracapsular cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation are compared with 139 patients having routine intracapsular cataract extraction. All patients were operated on by one surgeon, utilizing one technique, and, where implantation was performed, utilizing one style of lens from one manufacturer. Follow-up period was 6 to 28 months. Seventy-four percent of the implant patients achieved VA greater than or equal to 20/40, compared to 84.2% of the routine cataract patients. Of patients receiving Supramid/Prolene-supported lenses, 84.7% had VA greater than or equal to 20/40. Those patients with titanium-supported loops have a much higher incidence of CME resulting in decreased VA, indicating that this type of lens should not be used. Dislocation of intraocular lenses was the same, whether or not the loops were sutured.", "contents": "Comparison of titanium loop and supramid loop lens implants: 100 patients. One-hundred patients having intracapsular cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation are compared with 139 patients having routine intracapsular cataract extraction. All patients were operated on by one surgeon, utilizing one technique, and, where implantation was performed, utilizing one style of lens from one manufacturer. Follow-up period was 6 to 28 months. Seventy-four percent of the implant patients achieved VA greater than or equal to 20/40, compared to 84.2% of the routine cataract patients. Of patients receiving Supramid/Prolene-supported lenses, 84.7% had VA greater than or equal to 20/40. Those patients with titanium-supported loops have a much higher incidence of CME resulting in decreased VA, indicating that this type of lens should not be used. Dislocation of intraocular lenses was the same, whether or not the loops were sutured.", "PMID": 701171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_573", "title": "Endothelial cell loss and trauma during intraocular lens implantation: a specular microscopic study.", "content": "We analyzed the results of a retrospective specular microscopic study of 80 cases with unilateral medallion suture implants and contralateral unoperated eyes. In all cases a clinical estimation of operative endothelial trauma (ET), graded from 0 to 3+, was made at the time of surgery. The mean decrease in endothelial cell density (compared to the unoperated eye) for those 33 patients with ET 0 was 19%. There was a direct correlation between ET and decrease in endothelial cell density up to a mean of 59% for those 18 patients graded ET 2.5 to 3.0. The role of sample bias and small case sampling is significant in explaining the large discrepancy in endothelial cell loss after intraocular lens implantation reported in the literature.", "contents": "Endothelial cell loss and trauma during intraocular lens implantation: a specular microscopic study. We analyzed the results of a retrospective specular microscopic study of 80 cases with unilateral medallion suture implants and contralateral unoperated eyes. In all cases a clinical estimation of operative endothelial trauma (ET), graded from 0 to 3+, was made at the time of surgery. The mean decrease in endothelial cell density (compared to the unoperated eye) for those 33 patients with ET 0 was 19%. There was a direct correlation between ET and decrease in endothelial cell density up to a mean of 59% for those 18 patients graded ET 2.5 to 3.0. The role of sample bias and small case sampling is significant in explaining the large discrepancy in endothelial cell loss after intraocular lens implantation reported in the literature.", "PMID": 701172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_574", "title": "Choyce lens warp testing: effect of temperature and pressure changes.", "content": "Choyce-style lenses made from sheer PMMA (ICI Perspex CQ) have a different thermal response than lenses made of Rohm & Haas injection molded PMMA: Perspex lenses are more resistant to high temperature deformation. However, under simulated physiologic temperatures and pressures, there is no apparent lens deformation, nor is there a difference in response between lens types. In general, the susceptibility of all thermoplastics to heat, and the ease with which high temperatures may be achieved in transportation, require improved packaging; great care must be taken to protect and inspect intraocular lenses before implantation. Demonstrated variation in thermal response from lens to lens, and even from foot to foot, further mandates such care and also cautions against the acceptance of claims based on inadequate or incomplete data. All lenses should be checked, with the best clinical test for flatness being that in which each foot is depressed to check for rocking or lift.", "contents": "Choyce lens warp testing: effect of temperature and pressure changes. Choyce-style lenses made from sheer PMMA (ICI Perspex CQ) have a different thermal response than lenses made of Rohm & Haas injection molded PMMA: Perspex lenses are more resistant to high temperature deformation. However, under simulated physiologic temperatures and pressures, there is no apparent lens deformation, nor is there a difference in response between lens types. In general, the susceptibility of all thermoplastics to heat, and the ease with which high temperatures may be achieved in transportation, require improved packaging; great care must be taken to protect and inspect intraocular lenses before implantation. Demonstrated variation in thermal response from lens to lens, and even from foot to foot, further mandates such care and also cautions against the acceptance of claims based on inadequate or incomplete data. All lenses should be checked, with the best clinical test for flatness being that in which each foot is depressed to check for rocking or lift.", "PMID": 701173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_575", "title": "Anticoagulation, intraocular bleeding and pupillary paralysis following Choyce intraocular lens implantation.", "content": "Four cases of pupillary paralysis are presented which followed implantation of the Surgidev version of the Choyce Mark VIII implant. In three of these cases the lenses were removed. Of the four cases, two had been anticoagulated and showed massive vitreous or anterior chamber hemorrhages, the appearance of which was related by time, or in severity, to the anticoagulation with coumadin.", "contents": "Anticoagulation, intraocular bleeding and pupillary paralysis following Choyce intraocular lens implantation. Four cases of pupillary paralysis are presented which followed implantation of the Surgidev version of the Choyce Mark VIII implant. In three of these cases the lenses were removed. Of the four cases, two had been anticoagulated and showed massive vitreous or anterior chamber hemorrhages, the appearance of which was related by time, or in severity, to the anticoagulation with coumadin.", "PMID": 701175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_576", "title": "Solar retinitis, photic maculopathy and the pseudophakic eye.", "content": "The pseudophakic retina is shown to be at greater risk than the normal retina to photochemical damage from solar observation because current polymethylmethacrylate intraocular lenses allow greater ultraviolet retinal irradiances and higher retinal temperature increases than crystalline lenses. The implications of this finding are presented in terms of mechanisms for photic retinal damage, and relationships between photic maculopathy and degenerative retinal diseases are discussed.", "contents": "Solar retinitis, photic maculopathy and the pseudophakic eye. The pseudophakic retina is shown to be at greater risk than the normal retina to photochemical damage from solar observation because current polymethylmethacrylate intraocular lenses allow greater ultraviolet retinal irradiances and higher retinal temperature increases than crystalline lenses. The implications of this finding are presented in terms of mechanisms for photic retinal damage, and relationships between photic maculopathy and degenerative retinal diseases are discussed.", "PMID": 701182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_577", "title": "Cystoid macular edema following the implantation of anterior chamber lenses.", "content": "Three out of 10 eyes (30%) in which injection molded anterior chamber lenses from McGhan were used developed cystoid macular edema, compared to a much lower incidence with the use of lathe-cut anterior chamber lenses from Rayner.", "contents": "Cystoid macular edema following the implantation of anterior chamber lenses. Three out of 10 eyes (30%) in which injection molded anterior chamber lenses from McGhan were used developed cystoid macular edema, compared to a much lower incidence with the use of lathe-cut anterior chamber lenses from Rayner.", "PMID": 701183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_578", "title": "One man's experience with the Choyce Mark VIII anterior chamber lens.", "content": "Twenty implantations of the Choyce Mark VIII lens were accomplished over a one-year period, with an implant moratorium then being placed on this lens by this particular surgeon. I have set forth a tenable explanation for the disheartening results I achieved.", "contents": "One man's experience with the Choyce Mark VIII anterior chamber lens. Twenty implantations of the Choyce Mark VIII lens were accomplished over a one-year period, with an implant moratorium then being placed on this lens by this particular surgeon. I have set forth a tenable explanation for the disheartening results I achieved.", "PMID": 701186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_579", "title": "Quantitative studies on the maturation of central and peripheral parts of individual ventral motoneuron axons. II. Internodal length.", "content": "The lengths of internodes on peripheral and central stretches of the same ventral motoneuron axons were measured in 6 day rats. The former were more than twice as long as the latter. The distribution of peripheral internodal lengths was broader, and was shifted to the right, relative to that of central internodes. Short internodes were present centrally and peripherally throughout the early period of rapid myelination occurring immediately after birth. All such internodes appeared normal centrally, as did a proportion found peripherally. Some peripheral examples appeared to be degenerating. Evidence is presented suggesting that some short internodes, both peripherally and centrally, increase in length to achieve a normal appearance. Many central stretches of central motoneuron axons which were myelinated at some levels, at other levels possessed unmyelinated segments covered by numberous short glial processes. Such bare stretches commonly occurred immediately deep to the cord surface. The lengths of the unmyelinated stretches decreased as age advanced, perhpas due to the extension of adjacent myelinated segments along them.", "contents": "Quantitative studies on the maturation of central and peripheral parts of individual ventral motoneuron axons. II. Internodal length. The lengths of internodes on peripheral and central stretches of the same ventral motoneuron axons were measured in 6 day rats. The former were more than twice as long as the latter. The distribution of peripheral internodal lengths was broader, and was shifted to the right, relative to that of central internodes. Short internodes were present centrally and peripherally throughout the early period of rapid myelination occurring immediately after birth. All such internodes appeared normal centrally, as did a proportion found peripherally. Some peripheral examples appeared to be degenerating. Evidence is presented suggesting that some short internodes, both peripherally and centrally, increase in length to achieve a normal appearance. Many central stretches of central motoneuron axons which were myelinated at some levels, at other levels possessed unmyelinated segments covered by numberous short glial processes. Such bare stretches commonly occurred immediately deep to the cord surface. The lengths of the unmyelinated stretches decreased as age advanced, perhpas due to the extension of adjacent myelinated segments along them.", "PMID": 701187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_580", "title": "A quantitative study of peripheral nerve fibres in the mouse following the administration of drugs. 1. Age changes in untreated CBA mice from 3 to 21 months of age.", "content": "This study is concerned with the quantification of changes which occur in peripheral nerves of normal mice from the onset of maturity to old age. The parameters chosen were total fibre area and axon area. Size distributions of these were expressed in the form of histograms. From the area data notional fibre and axon diameters were calculated, together with the thickness of the myelin sheath. The notional diameters were contrasted with the comparable myelin sheath thickness in the form of scatter diagrams. These results are intended to provide a reference scale for subsequent assessment of changes induced by drugs administered throughout life. The are in general accord with previous observations, but were obtained quickly, and with less margins of error, by using a Quantimet 720.", "contents": "A quantitative study of peripheral nerve fibres in the mouse following the administration of drugs. 1. Age changes in untreated CBA mice from 3 to 21 months of age. This study is concerned with the quantification of changes which occur in peripheral nerves of normal mice from the onset of maturity to old age. The parameters chosen were total fibre area and axon area. Size distributions of these were expressed in the form of histograms. From the area data notional fibre and axon diameters were calculated, together with the thickness of the myelin sheath. The notional diameters were contrasted with the comparable myelin sheath thickness in the form of scatter diagrams. These results are intended to provide a reference scale for subsequent assessment of changes induced by drugs administered throughout life. The are in general accord with previous observations, but were obtained quickly, and with less margins of error, by using a Quantimet 720.", "PMID": 701188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_581", "title": "The T-tubule system in the specialized and general myocardium of the rat.", "content": "The T-tubule system in cardiac muscle cells has been investigated with the electron microscope in 10 adult rats after infiltration with horseradish peroxidase. All cardiac muscle cells possess a T-system, but its complexity varies according to the region of the heart. It is most extensive in the general ventricular myocardium where there are primary, secondary and tertiary transverse tubules as well as longitudinal elements, and there are numerous couplings between the T-system and the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). The T-system and associated SR couplings are less extensive in the atrium and in the atrioventricular conducting system. It is least well developed in the nodes, particularly in the sinuatrial node, where it is restricted to primary T-tubules. There are numerous SR couplings with the sarcolemma in all types of cardiac muscle cells. Where intercalated discs occur, SR couplings are associated with non-specialized parts of the disc. The possible significance of these ultrastructural features in regard to the speed of conduction by myocardial tissues, and in the excitation-contraction sequence is discussed.", "contents": "The T-tubule system in the specialized and general myocardium of the rat. The T-tubule system in cardiac muscle cells has been investigated with the electron microscope in 10 adult rats after infiltration with horseradish peroxidase. All cardiac muscle cells possess a T-system, but its complexity varies according to the region of the heart. It is most extensive in the general ventricular myocardium where there are primary, secondary and tertiary transverse tubules as well as longitudinal elements, and there are numerous couplings between the T-system and the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). The T-system and associated SR couplings are less extensive in the atrium and in the atrioventricular conducting system. It is least well developed in the nodes, particularly in the sinuatrial node, where it is restricted to primary T-tubules. There are numerous SR couplings with the sarcolemma in all types of cardiac muscle cells. Where intercalated discs occur, SR couplings are associated with non-specialized parts of the disc. The possible significance of these ultrastructural features in regard to the speed of conduction by myocardial tissues, and in the excitation-contraction sequence is discussed.", "PMID": 701190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_582", "title": "Observations on the development of the connective tissues of developing human nerve.", "content": "Trochlear nerves from two human fetuses, and digital nerves from a third, have been examined by electron microscopy. Very marked differences in maturation were found between trochlear nerves of fetuses of ages differing only by 2--3 weeks, and between proximal and distal parts of the same trochlear nerve. Immaturity was reflected in paucity of endoneurial space and collagen and in the rarity, or virtual absence, of endoneurial fibroblasts. Circumstantial evidence of collagen formation by Schwann cells has been presented and discussed.", "contents": "Observations on the development of the connective tissues of developing human nerve. Trochlear nerves from two human fetuses, and digital nerves from a third, have been examined by electron microscopy. Very marked differences in maturation were found between trochlear nerves of fetuses of ages differing only by 2--3 weeks, and between proximal and distal parts of the same trochlear nerve. Immaturity was reflected in paucity of endoneurial space and collagen and in the rarity, or virtual absence, of endoneurial fibroblasts. Circumstantial evidence of collagen formation by Schwann cells has been presented and discussed.", "PMID": 701191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_583", "title": "Pyramid-like basket cells in the granular layer of the dentate gyrus in the rat.", "content": "Basket cells of the dentate gyrus were identified using Nissl (cresyl violet) staining. It has been found that the ratio between basket and granule cells is 1:150--210. Only a few glial cells, mainly astroglia, were found in the granular layer of the dentate gyrus. In accordance with earlier data it was found that the granule cells and glial cells originate mainly postnatally, but the basket cells, like the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus, originate prenatally.", "contents": "Pyramid-like basket cells in the granular layer of the dentate gyrus in the rat. Basket cells of the dentate gyrus were identified using Nissl (cresyl violet) staining. It has been found that the ratio between basket and granule cells is 1:150--210. Only a few glial cells, mainly astroglia, were found in the granular layer of the dentate gyrus. In accordance with earlier data it was found that the granule cells and glial cells originate mainly postnatally, but the basket cells, like the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus, originate prenatally.", "PMID": 701192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_584", "title": "The effect of position on the migration of muscle.", "content": "The tibial insertion of the M. semitendinosus of young rabbits was moved to a new location on the shaft of the tibia, either 5 or 10 mm proximal, or 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 mm distal to its original position. The animals were killed 8.5 months later. The results show that the greatest amount of proximal migration of the experimental muscles was 11.3 mm and this occurred in the muscles moved 10 mm distally. This compared with a migration of 12.8 mm for control muscles. The amount of proximal migration decreased progressively when the insertion was moved more or less than 10 mm distally. There was a small amount of distal migration in the 10 mm proximal, and the 40 and 50 mm distal groups. These results confirm experiments reported earlier in which muscles were not moved more than 20 mm distally. They support the hypothesis that migration is controlled by the position on the growing bone rather than by the tension in the muscle.", "contents": "The effect of position on the migration of muscle. The tibial insertion of the M. semitendinosus of young rabbits was moved to a new location on the shaft of the tibia, either 5 or 10 mm proximal, or 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 mm distal to its original position. The animals were killed 8.5 months later. The results show that the greatest amount of proximal migration of the experimental muscles was 11.3 mm and this occurred in the muscles moved 10 mm distally. This compared with a migration of 12.8 mm for control muscles. The amount of proximal migration decreased progressively when the insertion was moved more or less than 10 mm distally. There was a small amount of distal migration in the 10 mm proximal, and the 40 and 50 mm distal groups. These results confirm experiments reported earlier in which muscles were not moved more than 20 mm distally. They support the hypothesis that migration is controlled by the position on the growing bone rather than by the tension in the muscle.", "PMID": 701193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_585", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of endogenous peroxidase in human parotid and submandibular glands.", "content": "The localization of endogenous peroxidase was studied in human parotid and submandibular glands using the medium of Strum & Karnovsky either at pH 7 or at pH 8.3, after a short fixation of the tissues with a low concentration of glutaraldehyde. At pH 7 reaction product was found in seromucous cells of both glands in the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, in the elements of the Golgi apparatus, and in secretory products. However, while in the parotid gland all secretory granules showed peroxidase activity, in the submandibular gland some of the granules were left unstained. At pH 8.3 the pattern of reactivity was practically unchanged in the submandibular gland, whereas the amount of precipitate noticeable in the secretory granules of the parotid gland was greatly reduced. The method of Novikoff et al. for catalase revealed the presence of a number of small bodies having in the characteristics of peroxisomes. Acid phosphatase was not demonstrable in the secretory granules of either parotid or submandibular glands. The lead precipitate indicating enzyme activity was observed only in lysosomes and, occasionally, in the elements of the Golgi apparatus of some sermucous cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of endogenous peroxidase in human parotid and submandibular glands. The localization of endogenous peroxidase was studied in human parotid and submandibular glands using the medium of Strum & Karnovsky either at pH 7 or at pH 8.3, after a short fixation of the tissues with a low concentration of glutaraldehyde. At pH 7 reaction product was found in seromucous cells of both glands in the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, in the elements of the Golgi apparatus, and in secretory products. However, while in the parotid gland all secretory granules showed peroxidase activity, in the submandibular gland some of the granules were left unstained. At pH 8.3 the pattern of reactivity was practically unchanged in the submandibular gland, whereas the amount of precipitate noticeable in the secretory granules of the parotid gland was greatly reduced. The method of Novikoff et al. for catalase revealed the presence of a number of small bodies having in the characteristics of peroxisomes. Acid phosphatase was not demonstrable in the secretory granules of either parotid or submandibular glands. The lead precipitate indicating enzyme activity was observed only in lysosomes and, occasionally, in the elements of the Golgi apparatus of some sermucous cells.", "PMID": 701194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_586", "title": "Neuronal numbers in the superior cervical ganglion of the neonatal rat.", "content": "Neuronal numbers in the neonatal rat superior cervical ganglion were estimated from counts made on paraffin wax sections stained with cresyl violet. The raw data were separately processed in accordance with the correction procedures of Abercrombie (1946) and of Hendry (1976). The results do not support the view that there is histogenic neuronal loss during the first 30 days post-partum. Figures corrected by the Abercrombie method indicated that the neuronal population is held stable throughout the first month of neonatal life at a level of about 35000 neurons. On the other hand, when the data was corrected by Hendry's method, the population appears to increase from less than 20000 to about 45000 neurons in the first week, and is then held at that level until the end of the study period. Moreover, histochemical studies using the acid-phosphatase reaction have previously indicated that there is little or no cell degeneration during this period.", "contents": "Neuronal numbers in the superior cervical ganglion of the neonatal rat. Neuronal numbers in the neonatal rat superior cervical ganglion were estimated from counts made on paraffin wax sections stained with cresyl violet. The raw data were separately processed in accordance with the correction procedures of Abercrombie (1946) and of Hendry (1976). The results do not support the view that there is histogenic neuronal loss during the first 30 days post-partum. Figures corrected by the Abercrombie method indicated that the neuronal population is held stable throughout the first month of neonatal life at a level of about 35000 neurons. On the other hand, when the data was corrected by Hendry's method, the population appears to increase from less than 20000 to about 45000 neurons in the first week, and is then held at that level until the end of the study period. Moreover, histochemical studies using the acid-phosphatase reaction have previously indicated that there is little or no cell degeneration during this period.", "PMID": 701196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_587", "title": "Aspects of the human pharyngeal hypophysis in normal and anencephalic fetuses and neonates and their possible significance in the mechanism of its control.", "content": "Aspects of the pharyngeal hypophysis in normal and anencephalic human fetuses and neonates have been described. Volumetric and histological changes in the normal gland similar to those observed previously in the adult are noted. The sellar and pharyngeal hypophyses develop in parallel during intrauterine life, but the latter has reached its maximum development by the time of birth. It is suggested that the control of the pharyngeal hypophysis is mediated through factors in the blood, and that the nature of the control and the vascular route vary at particular periods in both fetal and adult life. From a study of the anencephalic material it appears that the individual cells of the pharyngeal hypophysis are capable of marked response to a specific endocrine imbalance, but the capacity of the pharyngeal hypophysis as a whole to compensate significantly for deficiencies of the sellar adenohypophysis is strictly limited by its inability to hypertrophy to any marked degree.", "contents": "Aspects of the human pharyngeal hypophysis in normal and anencephalic fetuses and neonates and their possible significance in the mechanism of its control. Aspects of the pharyngeal hypophysis in normal and anencephalic human fetuses and neonates have been described. Volumetric and histological changes in the normal gland similar to those observed previously in the adult are noted. The sellar and pharyngeal hypophyses develop in parallel during intrauterine life, but the latter has reached its maximum development by the time of birth. It is suggested that the control of the pharyngeal hypophysis is mediated through factors in the blood, and that the nature of the control and the vascular route vary at particular periods in both fetal and adult life. From a study of the anencephalic material it appears that the individual cells of the pharyngeal hypophysis are capable of marked response to a specific endocrine imbalance, but the capacity of the pharyngeal hypophysis as a whole to compensate significantly for deficiencies of the sellar adenohypophysis is strictly limited by its inability to hypertrophy to any marked degree.", "PMID": 701197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_588", "title": "A longitudinal radiographic study of the growth of the rat skull.", "content": "The growth of the skull of the rat was longitudinally from 23 to 140 day PC from radiographs. Four measurements were made on each animal at each age studied. The velocity graphs of these measurements showed that for two, namely neurocranium length and bizygomatic width, the peak rate of growth occurred before birth. Viscerocranium length and neurocranium width showed peak rates after birth. Males became significantly larger than females in each of the absolute measurements studied, but in cranial index and facial index there were no significant differences between the sexes. Both these indices showed strain differences when compared to the results obtained by other workers.", "contents": "A longitudinal radiographic study of the growth of the rat skull. The growth of the skull of the rat was longitudinally from 23 to 140 day PC from radiographs. Four measurements were made on each animal at each age studied. The velocity graphs of these measurements showed that for two, namely neurocranium length and bizygomatic width, the peak rate of growth occurred before birth. Viscerocranium length and neurocranium width showed peak rates after birth. Males became significantly larger than females in each of the absolute measurements studied, but in cranial index and facial index there were no significant differences between the sexes. Both these indices showed strain differences when compared to the results obtained by other workers.", "PMID": 701198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_589", "title": "The pattern of lymphatic drainage of the rat testis.", "content": "The basic pattern of the lymphatic drainage of the testis is described in the mature albino rat following studies in vivo and the examination of dissected specimens in vitro. Microlymphography was undertaken using various contrast media. Three groups of lymphatics leave the surface of the testis--superior, medial and inferior, from the upper pole, from the mediastinum and from the lower pole respectively.", "contents": "The pattern of lymphatic drainage of the rat testis. The basic pattern of the lymphatic drainage of the testis is described in the mature albino rat following studies in vivo and the examination of dissected specimens in vitro. Microlymphography was undertaken using various contrast media. Three groups of lymphatics leave the surface of the testis--superior, medial and inferior, from the upper pole, from the mediastinum and from the lower pole respectively.", "PMID": 701199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_590", "title": "Teaching janitorial skills to the mentally retarded: acquisition, generalization, and maintenance.", "content": "A task analysis of janitorial skills required for cleaning a restroom was performed. Six subtasks with a total of 181 component responses were identified. Subjects were required to progress through a series of four prompt levels ordered generally from more to less direct assistance for 20 of the most difficult component steps. Another series of four prompts, ordered from less to more direct assistance, was used to teach the other 161 responses. Subjects progressed to the next more intense prompt level contingent on a failure to respond appropriately with less assistance. A multiple baseline across subjects as well as the six subtasks was employed to evaluate the efficacy of the procedures. Six moderately retarded adolescents were trained in their public school. The results show rapid response acquisition, skill generalization to a second restroom, and maintenance of the newly learned behavior. The present research provides evidence of a model for analyzing and training vocational skills to the mentally retarded.", "contents": "Teaching janitorial skills to the mentally retarded: acquisition, generalization, and maintenance. A task analysis of janitorial skills required for cleaning a restroom was performed. Six subtasks with a total of 181 component responses were identified. Subjects were required to progress through a series of four prompt levels ordered generally from more to less direct assistance for 20 of the most difficult component steps. Another series of four prompts, ordered from less to more direct assistance, was used to teach the other 161 responses. Subjects progressed to the next more intense prompt level contingent on a failure to respond appropriately with less assistance. A multiple baseline across subjects as well as the six subtasks was employed to evaluate the efficacy of the procedures. Six moderately retarded adolescents were trained in their public school. The results show rapid response acquisition, skill generalization to a second restroom, and maintenance of the newly learned behavior. The present research provides evidence of a model for analyzing and training vocational skills to the mentally retarded.", "PMID": 701203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_591", "title": "Measuring client gains from staff-implemented programs.", "content": "Confidence in the adequacy with which staff implement training programs requires an analysis of the impact on the client. In two experiments, measures, were devised to reflect this impact. In the first, a measure of the consistency with which clients participated in a toilet-training program revealed their participation to be erratic. Consistent participation occurred after a public display of the consistency of participation was introduced. In Experiment II, detailed measures were devised to reflect the client's performance during the implementation of two physical-therapy programs: range-of-motion and ambulation. Additionally, standardized measures of the benefits that accrued from their participation in these programs were devised. Improvements in both measures were slight and unstable during a condition of immediate feedback (supervisor praise) to staff but substantial improvements were obtained with the addition of a public display of the client's performance.", "contents": "Measuring client gains from staff-implemented programs. Confidence in the adequacy with which staff implement training programs requires an analysis of the impact on the client. In two experiments, measures, were devised to reflect this impact. In the first, a measure of the consistency with which clients participated in a toilet-training program revealed their participation to be erratic. Consistent participation occurred after a public display of the consistency of participation was introduced. In Experiment II, detailed measures were devised to reflect the client's performance during the implementation of two physical-therapy programs: range-of-motion and ambulation. Additionally, standardized measures of the benefits that accrued from their participation in these programs were devised. Improvements in both measures were slight and unstable during a condition of immediate feedback (supervisor praise) to staff but substantial improvements were obtained with the addition of a public display of the client's performance.", "PMID": 701204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_592", "title": "An index for assessing weight change in children: weight/height ratios.", "content": "Weight and height data from two studies were recomputed, and original data were computed using a Weight Index formula that accounts for the interaction of actual weight/height changes in growing children and compares this ratio with that of normed weight/height ratios for equal-aged children. Recomputing the data of one study showed that the Weight Index is a more sensitive procedure for assessing long-term behavioral treatment of obesity for girls than weight alone. Recomputing the data of a second study showed that the Weight Index formula is consistent for boys and girls and is a more sensitive procedure for assessing long-term effects of a variety of medical treatments for obesity than the Ponderal Index or weight alone. Computation of the data for 17 \"normal\" children in a preschool class showed a zero Weight Index score before and after a six-month interval elapsed without treatment. The procedure may be useful in assessing ponderosity or anorexia over intervals of six months or more with growing children or difference between actual and normed weight over shorter intervals.", "contents": "An index for assessing weight change in children: weight/height ratios. Weight and height data from two studies were recomputed, and original data were computed using a Weight Index formula that accounts for the interaction of actual weight/height changes in growing children and compares this ratio with that of normed weight/height ratios for equal-aged children. Recomputing the data of one study showed that the Weight Index is a more sensitive procedure for assessing long-term behavioral treatment of obesity for girls than weight alone. Recomputing the data of a second study showed that the Weight Index formula is consistent for boys and girls and is a more sensitive procedure for assessing long-term effects of a variety of medical treatments for obesity than the Ponderal Index or weight alone. Computation of the data for 17 \"normal\" children in a preschool class showed a zero Weight Index score before and after a six-month interval elapsed without treatment. The procedure may be useful in assessing ponderosity or anorexia over intervals of six months or more with growing children or difference between actual and normed weight over shorter intervals.", "PMID": 701205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_593", "title": "Factors influencing mothers' compliance with a medication regimen for asthmatic children.", "content": "This study lends support to the utility of a compliance-adapted health belief framework for exploring mothers' differential adherence to medication regiments prescribed for their asthmatic children. Most of the Model components behaved as hypothesized in predicting mothers' drug administration. The findings offer empirical evidence which can be applied to the purposes of identifying potential noncompliers and designating those specific, health-related orientations of the mother which are related to poor cooperation with therapy. Based on an educational diagnosis, the clinician may thus intervene to alter inappropriate health beliefs in order to enhance the likelihood of compliance for the asthmatic patient.", "contents": "Factors influencing mothers' compliance with a medication regimen for asthmatic children. This study lends support to the utility of a compliance-adapted health belief framework for exploring mothers' differential adherence to medication regiments prescribed for their asthmatic children. Most of the Model components behaved as hypothesized in predicting mothers' drug administration. The findings offer empirical evidence which can be applied to the purposes of identifying potential noncompliers and designating those specific, health-related orientations of the mother which are related to poor cooperation with therapy. Based on an educational diagnosis, the clinician may thus intervene to alter inappropriate health beliefs in order to enhance the likelihood of compliance for the asthmatic patient.", "PMID": 701219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_594", "title": "Glucosamine-containing sphingoglycolipids from sheep erythrocytes.", "content": "Glucosamine-containing sphingoglycolipids were isolated from sheep erythrocyte membranes, and the presence of glycolipids with long carbohydrate chains was demonstrated. The purification of highly polar glycolipids was achieved by high-performance liquid chromatography of acetylated samples followed by deacetylation with sodium methoxide. Their structures were elucidated by conventional methylation studies, oxidation with chromium trioxide and the direct measurement of permethylated glycolipids by GC-MS. Forssman-active glycolipid2 was a major component of sheep erythrocytes and lacto-N-neotetraosylceramide (LcnOse4Cer) was found to be one of the components. The amount of tetraglycosylceramide was only 5% of that of Forssman-active glycolipid. Three highly polar glycolipid components with ten to twelve carbohydrate residues were also found in sheep erythrocytes.", "contents": "Glucosamine-containing sphingoglycolipids from sheep erythrocytes. Glucosamine-containing sphingoglycolipids were isolated from sheep erythrocyte membranes, and the presence of glycolipids with long carbohydrate chains was demonstrated. The purification of highly polar glycolipids was achieved by high-performance liquid chromatography of acetylated samples followed by deacetylation with sodium methoxide. Their structures were elucidated by conventional methylation studies, oxidation with chromium trioxide and the direct measurement of permethylated glycolipids by GC-MS. Forssman-active glycolipid2 was a major component of sheep erythrocytes and lacto-N-neotetraosylceramide (LcnOse4Cer) was found to be one of the components. The amount of tetraglycosylceramide was only 5% of that of Forssman-active glycolipid. Three highly polar glycolipid components with ten to twelve carbohydrate residues were also found in sheep erythrocytes.", "PMID": 701233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_595", "title": "Cellular factors for stimulation of nucleosomal template activity for in vitro DNA synthesis.", "content": "Nucleosomes isolated from Yoshida sarcoma chromatin by micrococcal nuclease treatment were relatively inactive as templates for in vitro DNA synthesis. However, the template activity increased by trypsin digestion of nucleosomes or addition of heparin to the reaction mixture. This indicates that the nucleosomal template activity is masked. A crude extract of Yoshida sarcoma cells stimulated the nucleosomal template activity. The stimulatory factor was separated into three peaks by DEAE cellulose column chromatography. The same three peaks were observed in normal rat liver extract with much lower activities, but enhanced in regenerating liver. The factors seem to stimulate DNA synthesis by activating DNA template in nucleosomes without degrading histones or changing the primary structure of nucleosomal DNA.", "contents": "Cellular factors for stimulation of nucleosomal template activity for in vitro DNA synthesis. Nucleosomes isolated from Yoshida sarcoma chromatin by micrococcal nuclease treatment were relatively inactive as templates for in vitro DNA synthesis. However, the template activity increased by trypsin digestion of nucleosomes or addition of heparin to the reaction mixture. This indicates that the nucleosomal template activity is masked. A crude extract of Yoshida sarcoma cells stimulated the nucleosomal template activity. The stimulatory factor was separated into three peaks by DEAE cellulose column chromatography. The same three peaks were observed in normal rat liver extract with much lower activities, but enhanced in regenerating liver. The factors seem to stimulate DNA synthesis by activating DNA template in nucleosomes without degrading histones or changing the primary structure of nucleosomal DNA.", "PMID": 701234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_596", "title": "Methylamine dehydrogenases of Pseudomonas sp. J and Pseudomonas AM1. Study on subunit structure by dimethyl suberimidate.", "content": "Methylamine dehydrogenase (MW: 105,000) of Pseudomonas sp. J was treated with a bifunctional cross-linking reagent, dimethyl suberimidate. Cross-linked proteins having different molecular -eights of 53,000, 64,000, 80,000, 93,000, and 103,000 were found in addition to 13,000 (light subunit) and 40,000 (heavy subunit) by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Isolated light and heavy subunits were separately treated with the reagent. The product having a molecular weight of 80,000 was found to be a major cross-linked protein for the heavy subunit but no product was found for the light subunit. A similar electrophoretic pattern was also obtained for the reconstituted enzyme from the subunits of Pseudomonas sp. J and for methylamine dehydrogenase of Pseudomonas AM1. These results suggest that methylamine dehydrogenases obtained from these two bacteria are both the alpha2beta2-type subunit enzyme and have a geometrically analogous subunit structure.", "contents": "Methylamine dehydrogenases of Pseudomonas sp. J and Pseudomonas AM1. Study on subunit structure by dimethyl suberimidate. Methylamine dehydrogenase (MW: 105,000) of Pseudomonas sp. J was treated with a bifunctional cross-linking reagent, dimethyl suberimidate. Cross-linked proteins having different molecular -eights of 53,000, 64,000, 80,000, 93,000, and 103,000 were found in addition to 13,000 (light subunit) and 40,000 (heavy subunit) by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Isolated light and heavy subunits were separately treated with the reagent. The product having a molecular weight of 80,000 was found to be a major cross-linked protein for the heavy subunit but no product was found for the light subunit. A similar electrophoretic pattern was also obtained for the reconstituted enzyme from the subunits of Pseudomonas sp. J and for methylamine dehydrogenase of Pseudomonas AM1. These results suggest that methylamine dehydrogenases obtained from these two bacteria are both the alpha2beta2-type subunit enzyme and have a geometrically analogous subunit structure.", "PMID": 701235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_597", "title": "Selective cleavage of peptide bonds by a serine protease from rat skeletal muscle.", "content": "The selective cleavage of peptide bonds by a serine protease from skeletal muscle (SK-protease) was examined using glucagon and neurotensin as substrates. Among the peptide bonds cleaved in these substrates, the most susceptible were Phe-Thr-Ser, Tyr-Leu, Trp-Leu, and Tyr-Ile. These results indicate that the SK-protease hydrolyzed the carboxyl side of aromatic amino acid residues under the experimental conditions. When the amino acid on the carboxyl side of aromatic amino acid residues was serine, threonine or glutamic acid, these peptide bonds, such as Phe-Thr, Tyr-Ser, and Tyr-Glu, were not susceptible to another serine protease from small intestine (SI-protease) under the same experimental conditions. The peptide bond between the arginines of Pro-Arg-Arg-Pro in neurotensin was hydrolyzed by the SI-protease, but not by the SK-protease. Thus the specificity of the SK-protease differs from that of the SI-protease. These results suggest that the specificity of the hydrolytic action of the SK-protease is more like that of bovine chymotrypsin A than like that of porcine chymotrypsin C and of the SI-protease.", "contents": "Selective cleavage of peptide bonds by a serine protease from rat skeletal muscle. The selective cleavage of peptide bonds by a serine protease from skeletal muscle (SK-protease) was examined using glucagon and neurotensin as substrates. Among the peptide bonds cleaved in these substrates, the most susceptible were Phe-Thr-Ser, Tyr-Leu, Trp-Leu, and Tyr-Ile. These results indicate that the SK-protease hydrolyzed the carboxyl side of aromatic amino acid residues under the experimental conditions. When the amino acid on the carboxyl side of aromatic amino acid residues was serine, threonine or glutamic acid, these peptide bonds, such as Phe-Thr, Tyr-Ser, and Tyr-Glu, were not susceptible to another serine protease from small intestine (SI-protease) under the same experimental conditions. The peptide bond between the arginines of Pro-Arg-Arg-Pro in neurotensin was hydrolyzed by the SI-protease, but not by the SK-protease. Thus the specificity of the SK-protease differs from that of the SI-protease. These results suggest that the specificity of the hydrolytic action of the SK-protease is more like that of bovine chymotrypsin A than like that of porcine chymotrypsin C and of the SI-protease.", "PMID": 701236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_598", "title": "Metabolism of putrescine to 2-pyrrolidone by rat liver slices.", "content": "The metabolism of [14C]putrescine was studied in sliced rat liver in vitro. delta1-Pyrroline and gamma-aminobutyric acid, known metabolic products of putrescine, were found in the medium. However, 2-pyrrolidone was the major product of the metabolism of putrescine secreted into the medium. 2-Pyrrolidone was also synthesized from putrescine by spleen and lung, but not by kidney, brain, heart, or muscle. This is the first demonstration of the synthesis of 2-pyrrolidone in a biological system.", "contents": "Metabolism of putrescine to 2-pyrrolidone by rat liver slices. The metabolism of [14C]putrescine was studied in sliced rat liver in vitro. delta1-Pyrroline and gamma-aminobutyric acid, known metabolic products of putrescine, were found in the medium. However, 2-pyrrolidone was the major product of the metabolism of putrescine secreted into the medium. 2-Pyrrolidone was also synthesized from putrescine by spleen and lung, but not by kidney, brain, heart, or muscle. This is the first demonstration of the synthesis of 2-pyrrolidone in a biological system.", "PMID": 701237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_599", "title": "Studies on cobalt myoglobins and hemoglobins. Proton magnetic resonance investigation of the subunit interaction in iron-cobalt hybrid hemoglobins.", "content": "The paramagnetically shiftedd proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of iron-cobalt hybrid hemoglobins [alpha(Co)2beta(Fe)2 and alpha(Fe)2beta(Co)2], as well as those of deoxy forms of cobalt hemoglobin, iron hemoglobin, and their isolated chains, have been measured at 360 MHz. The proton NMR signals of the deoxy forms of iron and cobalt hemoglobins were individually assigned to each subunit. The NMR spectral characteristics of the alpha subunits in deoxycobalt hemoglobin, as well as those in deoxy-alpha(Co)2beta(Fe)2, were found to be quite different from those of beta(Co)2 subunits or isolated alpha-SH chain. Upon ligation of carbon monoxide to the beta(Fe)2 subunits in alpha(Co)2beta(Fe)2, the spectral properties of deoxy-alpha(Co)2 subunits became similar to those of the deoxy-beta(Co)2 subunits. No significant change in the NMR spectrum of the beta(Co)2 subunits was observed in alpha(Fe)2beta(Co)2 upon ligation of carbon monoxide to the alpha(Fe)2 subunits. These observations show the linkage of the electronic structure of the prosthetic groups with the subunits cooperativity in hemoglobin, as well as the inequivalence of the subunits. This is the first report on the paramagnetically shifte proton NMR spectra of the cobalt-substituted hemoproteins.", "contents": "Studies on cobalt myoglobins and hemoglobins. Proton magnetic resonance investigation of the subunit interaction in iron-cobalt hybrid hemoglobins. The paramagnetically shiftedd proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of iron-cobalt hybrid hemoglobins [alpha(Co)2beta(Fe)2 and alpha(Fe)2beta(Co)2], as well as those of deoxy forms of cobalt hemoglobin, iron hemoglobin, and their isolated chains, have been measured at 360 MHz. The proton NMR signals of the deoxy forms of iron and cobalt hemoglobins were individually assigned to each subunit. The NMR spectral characteristics of the alpha subunits in deoxycobalt hemoglobin, as well as those in deoxy-alpha(Co)2beta(Fe)2, were found to be quite different from those of beta(Co)2 subunits or isolated alpha-SH chain. Upon ligation of carbon monoxide to the beta(Fe)2 subunits in alpha(Co)2beta(Fe)2, the spectral properties of deoxy-alpha(Co)2 subunits became similar to those of the deoxy-beta(Co)2 subunits. No significant change in the NMR spectrum of the beta(Co)2 subunits was observed in alpha(Fe)2beta(Co)2 upon ligation of carbon monoxide to the alpha(Fe)2 subunits. These observations show the linkage of the electronic structure of the prosthetic groups with the subunits cooperativity in hemoglobin, as well as the inequivalence of the subunits. This is the first report on the paramagnetically shifte proton NMR spectra of the cobalt-substituted hemoproteins.", "PMID": 701238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_600", "title": "Structural evidence for methionine at the reactive site of human alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor.", "content": "An unadecapeptide, obtained by papain digestion of denatured human alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha-1-PI), has been isolated and sequenced. The structure of this fragment overlaps with the NH2-terminal sequence of modified inhibitor (alpha-1-PI) prepared from dissociated complexes of alpha-1-PI with trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase. Furthermore, structural homology with the reactive centers of proteinase inhibitors from other sources is readily detectable. Methionine has been found to occupy the apparent P1 position in alpha-1-PI and the potential inactivation of the inhibitor by oxidation of this critical residue may be important in obtaining a biochemical link with the development of lung disease.", "contents": "Structural evidence for methionine at the reactive site of human alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor. An unadecapeptide, obtained by papain digestion of denatured human alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha-1-PI), has been isolated and sequenced. The structure of this fragment overlaps with the NH2-terminal sequence of modified inhibitor (alpha-1-PI) prepared from dissociated complexes of alpha-1-PI with trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase. Furthermore, structural homology with the reactive centers of proteinase inhibitors from other sources is readily detectable. Methionine has been found to occupy the apparent P1 position in alpha-1-PI and the potential inactivation of the inhibitor by oxidation of this critical residue may be important in obtaining a biochemical link with the development of lung disease.", "PMID": 701239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_601", "title": "Membrane potential-sensitive fluorescence changes during Na+-dependent D-glucose transport in renal brush border membrane vesicles.", "content": "When D-glucose was added to a suspension of renal brush border membrane vesicles equilibrated in a Na+-containing medium, there was a rapid transient increase in the fluorescence of the probe, 3,3'-dipropyl thiodicarbocyanine iodide (DiS-C3-(5)). This sugar-induced response was stereospecific for the D isomer, dependent on Na+, inhibited by phlorizin, and blocked by ionophores, valinomycin plus nigericin, which dissipate ionic gradients. The enhancement in fluorescence suggests the entrance into the vesicle of Na+, cotransported with the sugar. This would lead to the interior of the membrane vesicle becoming more positive, resulting in depolarization of the membrane potential. That the sugar induced the transport of Na+ was confirmed by direct measurement of 22Na+ uptake. Thus, the Na+-sugar co-transport system provides a mechanism for D-glucose to stimulate the flux of Na+ as well as for the Na+ electrochemical gradient to enhance the transport of D-glucose.", "contents": "Membrane potential-sensitive fluorescence changes during Na+-dependent D-glucose transport in renal brush border membrane vesicles. When D-glucose was added to a suspension of renal brush border membrane vesicles equilibrated in a Na+-containing medium, there was a rapid transient increase in the fluorescence of the probe, 3,3'-dipropyl thiodicarbocyanine iodide (DiS-C3-(5)). This sugar-induced response was stereospecific for the D isomer, dependent on Na+, inhibited by phlorizin, and blocked by ionophores, valinomycin plus nigericin, which dissipate ionic gradients. The enhancement in fluorescence suggests the entrance into the vesicle of Na+, cotransported with the sugar. This would lead to the interior of the membrane vesicle becoming more positive, resulting in depolarization of the membrane potential. That the sugar induced the transport of Na+ was confirmed by direct measurement of 22Na+ uptake. Thus, the Na+-sugar co-transport system provides a mechanism for D-glucose to stimulate the flux of Na+ as well as for the Na+ electrochemical gradient to enhance the transport of D-glucose.", "PMID": 701240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_602", "title": "Preparation of protease-free and ribonuclease-free pancreatic deoxyribonuclease.", "content": "When pancreatic DNase I is used as a specific biochemical reagent in the preparation of nuclear ribonucleic acids or nuclear proteins, freedom from contaminating ribonucleases or proteases is an important property of the enzyme preparation. A simple one-step procedure has been developed to effect complete removal of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and chymotrypsinogen by a combination of affinity chromatography and salting-out adsorption on lima bean protease inhibitor coupled to Sepharose (a column (0.9 X 60 cm) operated in series with a regeneratable 1-ml bed). Commercial preparations of DNase (about 10 mg) give a quantitative yield of the enzyme that is protease-free as evidenced by full stability for more than 10 days at pH 8 and 37 degrees C even in the absence of the protecting action of Ca2+. Removal of the last traces of RNase has been accomplished by affinity chromatography on a column (0.4 X 72 cm) of 5'-(4-aminophenyl-phosphoryl)-uridine 2'(3')-phosphate-Sepharose; the product is a highly active DNase that gives no detectable hydrolysis of RNA by assay on radioactive substrates.", "contents": "Preparation of protease-free and ribonuclease-free pancreatic deoxyribonuclease. When pancreatic DNase I is used as a specific biochemical reagent in the preparation of nuclear ribonucleic acids or nuclear proteins, freedom from contaminating ribonucleases or proteases is an important property of the enzyme preparation. A simple one-step procedure has been developed to effect complete removal of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and chymotrypsinogen by a combination of affinity chromatography and salting-out adsorption on lima bean protease inhibitor coupled to Sepharose (a column (0.9 X 60 cm) operated in series with a regeneratable 1-ml bed). Commercial preparations of DNase (about 10 mg) give a quantitative yield of the enzyme that is protease-free as evidenced by full stability for more than 10 days at pH 8 and 37 degrees C even in the absence of the protecting action of Ca2+. Removal of the last traces of RNase has been accomplished by affinity chromatography on a column (0.4 X 72 cm) of 5'-(4-aminophenyl-phosphoryl)-uridine 2'(3')-phosphate-Sepharose; the product is a highly active DNase that gives no detectable hydrolysis of RNA by assay on radioactive substrates.", "PMID": 701244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_603", "title": "Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase. Mechanistic studies of the 1'-4 coupling reaction with 2-fluorogeranyl pyrophosphate.", "content": "The mechanism of the 1'-4 coupling reaction between isopentenyl pyrophosphate and geranyl pyrophosphate catalyzed by farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase from porcine liver was studied with the allylic substrate analogue 2-fluorogeranyl pyrophosphate. 2-Fluorogeranyl pyrophosphate is an alternate substrate for the enzyme, yielding 6-fluorofarnesyl pyrophosphate upon condensation with isopentenyl pyrophosphate. The Michaelis constant for the fluoroanalogue, Km = 1.1 micron, is similar to that measured for geranyl pyrophosphate, Km = 0.7 micron. However, the rate of condensation with the fluoroanalogue was only 8.4 X 10(-4) that of the normal reaction. A similar rate of depression (4.4 X 10(-3)) was found for solvolysis of geranyl methanesulfonate and the corresponding 2-fluoro derivative, reactions known to proceed via cationic intermediates. In contrast, displacement of chlorine from geranyl chloride and 2-fluorogeranyl chloride by cyanide showed a small (2-fold) rate enhancement for the fluoro compound. Finally, 2-fluorogeranyl pyrophosphate is a competitive inhibitor against geranyl pyrophosphate. These data are interpreted in terms of an ionization-condensation-elimination mechanism for the 1'-4 coupling reaction.", "contents": "Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase. Mechanistic studies of the 1'-4 coupling reaction with 2-fluorogeranyl pyrophosphate. The mechanism of the 1'-4 coupling reaction between isopentenyl pyrophosphate and geranyl pyrophosphate catalyzed by farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase from porcine liver was studied with the allylic substrate analogue 2-fluorogeranyl pyrophosphate. 2-Fluorogeranyl pyrophosphate is an alternate substrate for the enzyme, yielding 6-fluorofarnesyl pyrophosphate upon condensation with isopentenyl pyrophosphate. The Michaelis constant for the fluoroanalogue, Km = 1.1 micron, is similar to that measured for geranyl pyrophosphate, Km = 0.7 micron. However, the rate of condensation with the fluoroanalogue was only 8.4 X 10(-4) that of the normal reaction. A similar rate of depression (4.4 X 10(-3)) was found for solvolysis of geranyl methanesulfonate and the corresponding 2-fluoro derivative, reactions known to proceed via cationic intermediates. In contrast, displacement of chlorine from geranyl chloride and 2-fluorogeranyl chloride by cyanide showed a small (2-fold) rate enhancement for the fluoro compound. Finally, 2-fluorogeranyl pyrophosphate is a competitive inhibitor against geranyl pyrophosphate. These data are interpreted in terms of an ionization-condensation-elimination mechanism for the 1'-4 coupling reaction.", "PMID": 701246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_604", "title": "Mechanism of methemoglobin reduction by ascorbic acid under anaerobic conditions.", "content": "The time course of methemoglobin reduction by ascorbic acid under anaerobic conditions was analyzed by using isoelectric focusing on Ampholine plate gel in order to compare results obtained by studies of the changes in absorption during the reaction. The intermediate hemoglobin which appeared all through the reaction was single and identified as the alpha3+beta2+ valency hybrid. In the presence of inositol hexaphosphate, reduction of methemoglobin was considerably accelerated and this acceleration was restricted to the step in which methemoglobin is reduced to the alpha3+beta2+ valency hybrid. The phase containing alpha3+beta2+ valency hybrid reduction to deoxyhemoglobin was not affected by the presence of this organic phosphate. The reaction rate constant of each phase was estimated by the analysis of the changes in three components such as methemoglobin, alpha3+beta2+ valency hybrid, and deoxyhemoglobin. The specific attack of beta-methemoglobin chains in methemoglobin tetramer by ascorbic acid was explained by the functional differences in alpha- and beta-methemoglobin chains in the protein.", "contents": "Mechanism of methemoglobin reduction by ascorbic acid under anaerobic conditions. The time course of methemoglobin reduction by ascorbic acid under anaerobic conditions was analyzed by using isoelectric focusing on Ampholine plate gel in order to compare results obtained by studies of the changes in absorption during the reaction. The intermediate hemoglobin which appeared all through the reaction was single and identified as the alpha3+beta2+ valency hybrid. In the presence of inositol hexaphosphate, reduction of methemoglobin was considerably accelerated and this acceleration was restricted to the step in which methemoglobin is reduced to the alpha3+beta2+ valency hybrid. The phase containing alpha3+beta2+ valency hybrid reduction to deoxyhemoglobin was not affected by the presence of this organic phosphate. The reaction rate constant of each phase was estimated by the analysis of the changes in three components such as methemoglobin, alpha3+beta2+ valency hybrid, and deoxyhemoglobin. The specific attack of beta-methemoglobin chains in methemoglobin tetramer by ascorbic acid was explained by the functional differences in alpha- and beta-methemoglobin chains in the protein.", "PMID": 701247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_605", "title": "Orientation of the band 3 polypeptide from human erythrocyte membranes. Identification of NH2-terminal sequence and site of carbohydrate attachment.", "content": "The NH2-terminal sequence and carbohydrate attachment site of the 95,000-dalton transmembrane polypeptide (Band 3) from human erythrocyte membranes have been studied. The blocked NH2-terminal sequence is Ac-Met-Glu-Glu; the presence of this sequence in specific fragments of the polypeptide confirms that the end of the polypeptide which is inside the cell is the NH2-terminal. The carbohydrate associated with the Band 3 polypeptide appears to be attached at a single site in the COOH-terminal third of the molecule, to a region with composition Asx1Ser2; this confirms that part of the polypeptide toward the COOH-terminal is outside the cell. The carbohydrate structure appears to be extremely heterogeneous both in size and composition, which probably causes the Band 3 polypeptide to migrate as a diffuse band on dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "Orientation of the band 3 polypeptide from human erythrocyte membranes. Identification of NH2-terminal sequence and site of carbohydrate attachment. The NH2-terminal sequence and carbohydrate attachment site of the 95,000-dalton transmembrane polypeptide (Band 3) from human erythrocyte membranes have been studied. The blocked NH2-terminal sequence is Ac-Met-Glu-Glu; the presence of this sequence in specific fragments of the polypeptide confirms that the end of the polypeptide which is inside the cell is the NH2-terminal. The carbohydrate associated with the Band 3 polypeptide appears to be attached at a single site in the COOH-terminal third of the molecule, to a region with composition Asx1Ser2; this confirms that part of the polypeptide toward the COOH-terminal is outside the cell. The carbohydrate structure appears to be extremely heterogeneous both in size and composition, which probably causes the Band 3 polypeptide to migrate as a diffuse band on dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis.", "PMID": 701248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_606", "title": "Kinetic analysis of rabbit liver tRNA nucleotidyltransferase.", "content": "The kinetic properties of rabbit liver tRNA nucleotidyltransferase were examined. Our results indicate that incorporation of AMP into tRNA-C-C at pH 9.4 proceeds by a rapid equilibrium Random Bi Bi mechanism. This conclusion was supported by bisubstrate initial velocity studies, dead end and product inhibition, and isotope exchange at equilibrium and during the net reaction. This analysis has made possible calculation of the dissociation constants of various substrates and substrate analogs. The data indicate that binding of either a substrate or substrate analog greatly decreases the affinity of the enzyme for the second substrate. Comparison of binding constants for tRNAs revealed that affinities for the enzyme are tRNA-C-C greater than tRNA-C-Cp greater than tRNA-C-C-A. Also, ATP binds considerably more tightly than ADP. The apparent equilibrium constant of the forward reaction was determined and found to be about 1500 at pH 9.4, and about 50 at pH 7.0. Analysis of the reaction at pH 7.0 suggested that it proceeds by a similar mechanism, but that the dissociation of tRNA-C-C-A becomes more important. The relation of these in vitro properties of the enzyme to its cellular function are discussed.", "contents": "Kinetic analysis of rabbit liver tRNA nucleotidyltransferase. The kinetic properties of rabbit liver tRNA nucleotidyltransferase were examined. Our results indicate that incorporation of AMP into tRNA-C-C at pH 9.4 proceeds by a rapid equilibrium Random Bi Bi mechanism. This conclusion was supported by bisubstrate initial velocity studies, dead end and product inhibition, and isotope exchange at equilibrium and during the net reaction. This analysis has made possible calculation of the dissociation constants of various substrates and substrate analogs. The data indicate that binding of either a substrate or substrate analog greatly decreases the affinity of the enzyme for the second substrate. Comparison of binding constants for tRNAs revealed that affinities for the enzyme are tRNA-C-C greater than tRNA-C-Cp greater than tRNA-C-C-A. Also, ATP binds considerably more tightly than ADP. The apparent equilibrium constant of the forward reaction was determined and found to be about 1500 at pH 9.4, and about 50 at pH 7.0. Analysis of the reaction at pH 7.0 suggested that it proceeds by a similar mechanism, but that the dissociation of tRNA-C-C-A becomes more important. The relation of these in vitro properties of the enzyme to its cellular function are discussed.", "PMID": 701250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_607", "title": "Glucose transport characteristics of quiescent thymocytes.", "content": "Rat thymocyte populations contain \"active\" cells which equilibrate quickly with 3-O-methylglucose and \"quiescent\" cells which equilibrate slowly. Glucose transport stimuli make quiescent cells behave like active cells as regards glucose transport. Glucose transport in quiescent cells was inhibited by phloretin and cytochalasin B. Active cells were heterogeneous in their susceptibility to inhibition by 0.1 micron cytochalasin B, half of them being inhibited about 95%, while half were inhibited modestly. The methylglucose entry Km of quiescent cells was 3 times that of active and stimulated cells. The methylglucose entry Vmax of quiescent cells was one-eighth that of stimulated cells. A fixed internal methylglucose concentration increased the influx Km of quiescent cells but not that of active or stimulated cells. These findings and others are compatible with a model in which the carrier of quiescent cells is masked by an alteration (such as ligand binding) which is relatively specific for empty as opposed to sugar-loaded carrier and rather indifferent as to in versus out carrier orientation. The masking alteration stabilizes inward-facing and outward-facing unloaded carrier against both translocation and loading. The data fail to show evidence of a masking alteration of loaded carrier.", "contents": "Glucose transport characteristics of quiescent thymocytes. Rat thymocyte populations contain \"active\" cells which equilibrate quickly with 3-O-methylglucose and \"quiescent\" cells which equilibrate slowly. Glucose transport stimuli make quiescent cells behave like active cells as regards glucose transport. Glucose transport in quiescent cells was inhibited by phloretin and cytochalasin B. Active cells were heterogeneous in their susceptibility to inhibition by 0.1 micron cytochalasin B, half of them being inhibited about 95%, while half were inhibited modestly. The methylglucose entry Km of quiescent cells was 3 times that of active and stimulated cells. The methylglucose entry Vmax of quiescent cells was one-eighth that of stimulated cells. A fixed internal methylglucose concentration increased the influx Km of quiescent cells but not that of active or stimulated cells. These findings and others are compatible with a model in which the carrier of quiescent cells is masked by an alteration (such as ligand binding) which is relatively specific for empty as opposed to sugar-loaded carrier and rather indifferent as to in versus out carrier orientation. The masking alteration stabilizes inward-facing and outward-facing unloaded carrier against both translocation and loading. The data fail to show evidence of a masking alteration of loaded carrier.", "PMID": 701251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_608", "title": "Structures of the acidic oligosaccharides isolated from rat sublingual glycoprotein.", "content": "Alkaline borohydride reductive cleavage of the major glycoprotein fraction of rat sublingual gland resulted in the release of a series of reduced oligosaccharides. Five sialic acid-containing oligosaccharides composed of 9, 10, 12, 13, and 15 sugar residues, respectively, have been purified from the acidic oligosaccharide fraction. The structures of these oligosaccharides, as determined by sequential digestion with specific glycosidases, periodate oxidation and methylation analyses of the native and desialyzed compounds, are proposed to be (formula: see text).", "contents": "Structures of the acidic oligosaccharides isolated from rat sublingual glycoprotein. Alkaline borohydride reductive cleavage of the major glycoprotein fraction of rat sublingual gland resulted in the release of a series of reduced oligosaccharides. Five sialic acid-containing oligosaccharides composed of 9, 10, 12, 13, and 15 sugar residues, respectively, have been purified from the acidic oligosaccharide fraction. The structures of these oligosaccharides, as determined by sequential digestion with specific glycosidases, periodate oxidation and methylation analyses of the native and desialyzed compounds, are proposed to be (formula: see text).", "PMID": 701252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_609", "title": "Association of diphtheria toxin with Vero cells. Demonstration of a receptor.", "content": "The interaction of radiolabeled diphtheria toxin with highly sensitive mammalian cell lines was studied. Toxin bound to (or was taken up by) Vero cells at 4 and 37 degrees C in a highly specific manner. At both temperatures, excess unlabeled toxin competed for up to 90% of the cell-associated label. The association at 37 degrees C was biphasic, increasing to a peak at 1 to 2 h and falling thereafter. At 4 degrees C, association increased with time to a steady state. Both fragment B and CRM-197 competed for the association of labeled toxin with cells. The magnitude of association correlated with the cytotoxic sensitivity of several cell lines. Both pH and exogenous nucleotides affected the association in a manner consistent with effects on cytotoxicity. The label associated with cells at 4 degrees C was largely intact toxin, while that at 37 degrees C was degraded. At 4 degrees C, the association was saturable (K = 9 X 10(8) liters/mol), was reversible, and indicated about 1 to 2 X 10(5) binding sites/cell.", "contents": "Association of diphtheria toxin with Vero cells. Demonstration of a receptor. The interaction of radiolabeled diphtheria toxin with highly sensitive mammalian cell lines was studied. Toxin bound to (or was taken up by) Vero cells at 4 and 37 degrees C in a highly specific manner. At both temperatures, excess unlabeled toxin competed for up to 90% of the cell-associated label. The association at 37 degrees C was biphasic, increasing to a peak at 1 to 2 h and falling thereafter. At 4 degrees C, association increased with time to a steady state. Both fragment B and CRM-197 competed for the association of labeled toxin with cells. The magnitude of association correlated with the cytotoxic sensitivity of several cell lines. Both pH and exogenous nucleotides affected the association in a manner consistent with effects on cytotoxicity. The label associated with cells at 4 degrees C was largely intact toxin, while that at 37 degrees C was degraded. At 4 degrees C, the association was saturable (K = 9 X 10(8) liters/mol), was reversible, and indicated about 1 to 2 X 10(5) binding sites/cell.", "PMID": 701254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_610", "title": "Carbon monoxide binding to a fish hemoglobin under photostationary conditions.", "content": "Determinations of carbon monoxide binding curves for hemoglobin from Brevoortia tyrannus under equilibrium and photostationary conditions show that in the light, the curve is shifted to the right and altered in shape. The Bohr effect is much less in the light. The kinetics of the transition between equilibrium and photostationary states has been examined. All of the results are satisfactorily described using the two-state model of Monod, J. Wyman, J., and Changeux, J.P. (1965) J. Mol. Biol. 12, 88-118 with the assumption that light produces an additive increase in the rate of dissociation of ligand from the R and T states.", "contents": "Carbon monoxide binding to a fish hemoglobin under photostationary conditions. Determinations of carbon monoxide binding curves for hemoglobin from Brevoortia tyrannus under equilibrium and photostationary conditions show that in the light, the curve is shifted to the right and altered in shape. The Bohr effect is much less in the light. The kinetics of the transition between equilibrium and photostationary states has been examined. All of the results are satisfactorily described using the two-state model of Monod, J. Wyman, J., and Changeux, J.P. (1965) J. Mol. Biol. 12, 88-118 with the assumption that light produces an additive increase in the rate of dissociation of ligand from the R and T states.", "PMID": 701255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_611", "title": "Isolation of monomeric cytochrome f from Japanese radish and a mechanism of autoreduction.", "content": "Monomeric cytochrome f from Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus L. var acanthiformis Makino) leaves was isolated in a homogeneous state with an A420.5/A277 of 7.6. Radish cytochrome f is a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of about 33,000. The midpoint potential is 350 mV. The amino acid analysis indicates the existence of 3 residues of half-cystine. Radish cytochrome f contains one thiol group which reacts with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) only after denaturation by sodium dodecyl sulfate. Ferricytochrome f is reduced by the superoxide radical at the rate of 6 X 10(6) M-1 s-1 at pH 7.8. Radish ferricytochrome f is also reduced slowly without an exogenous electron donor. A kinetic study and the effect of the thiol reagent indicate that the autoreduction is an intramolecular reaction and that the thiol group is an electron donor.", "contents": "Isolation of monomeric cytochrome f from Japanese radish and a mechanism of autoreduction. Monomeric cytochrome f from Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus L. var acanthiformis Makino) leaves was isolated in a homogeneous state with an A420.5/A277 of 7.6. Radish cytochrome f is a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of about 33,000. The midpoint potential is 350 mV. The amino acid analysis indicates the existence of 3 residues of half-cystine. Radish cytochrome f contains one thiol group which reacts with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) only after denaturation by sodium dodecyl sulfate. Ferricytochrome f is reduced by the superoxide radical at the rate of 6 X 10(6) M-1 s-1 at pH 7.8. Radish ferricytochrome f is also reduced slowly without an exogenous electron donor. A kinetic study and the effect of the thiol reagent indicate that the autoreduction is an intramolecular reaction and that the thiol group is an electron donor.", "PMID": 701259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_612", "title": "The asparagine-linked sugar chains of subcomponent C1q of the first component of human complement.", "content": "Human C1q, a subcomponent of the first component of complement, contains six asparagine-linked sugar chains in 1 molecule. The sugar chains are exclusively located in the COOH-terminal globular region which is composed of 330 amino acid residues. The sugar chains were liberated from the polypeptide portion by hydrazinolysis, and their structures were studied by the combination of sequential exoglycosidase digestion and methylation analysis. Based on the results, the structures NeuAcalpha2 leads to 6Galbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 2Manalpha1 leads to 6(+/- NeuAcalpha2 leads to 6Galbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 2Manalpha1 leads to 3)Manbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 4(+/-Fucalpha1 leads to 6)GlcNAc were confirmed.", "contents": "The asparagine-linked sugar chains of subcomponent C1q of the first component of human complement. Human C1q, a subcomponent of the first component of complement, contains six asparagine-linked sugar chains in 1 molecule. The sugar chains are exclusively located in the COOH-terminal globular region which is composed of 330 amino acid residues. The sugar chains were liberated from the polypeptide portion by hydrazinolysis, and their structures were studied by the combination of sequential exoglycosidase digestion and methylation analysis. Based on the results, the structures NeuAcalpha2 leads to 6Galbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 2Manalpha1 leads to 6(+/- NeuAcalpha2 leads to 6Galbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 2Manalpha1 leads to 3)Manbeta1 leads to 4GlcNAcbeta1 leads to 4(+/-Fucalpha1 leads to 6)GlcNAc were confirmed.", "PMID": 701260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_613", "title": "Characterization of intermediate hemoglobin produced during methemoglobin reduction by ascorbic acid.", "content": "Methemoglobin reduction by ascorbic acid was found apparently to cease halfway without further reduction. Studies by isoelectric focusing on Ampholine plate gel revealed that the solutions of the halfway reduced methemoglobin are composed of about 6% oxyhemoglobin, 59% intermediate hemoglobin, and 35% methemoglobin. The intermediate hemoglobin was isolated by CM Sephadex C-50 column chromatography and identified as alpha3+beta2+ valency hybrid by studies using the pattern of isoelectric focusing of p-chloromercuribenzoate-treated intermediate hemoglobin on Ampholine plate gel, absorption spectra, and difference spectra induced by the addition of inositol hexaphosphate in comparison with the reconstituted valency hybrids, alpha3+beta2+ and alpha2+beta3+. Essentially no alpha2+beta3+ valency hybrid was included in the intermediate hemoglobin solutions. These results suggest that methemoglobin reduction by ascorbic acid is mainly initiated by the attack of beta-methemoglobin chains accompanied by the following scheme. Methemoglobin leads to alpha3+beta2+ valency hybrid leads to oxyhemoglobin. The course of methemoglobin reduction by ascorbic acid through alpha2+beta3+ is likely to be small.", "contents": "Characterization of intermediate hemoglobin produced during methemoglobin reduction by ascorbic acid. Methemoglobin reduction by ascorbic acid was found apparently to cease halfway without further reduction. Studies by isoelectric focusing on Ampholine plate gel revealed that the solutions of the halfway reduced methemoglobin are composed of about 6% oxyhemoglobin, 59% intermediate hemoglobin, and 35% methemoglobin. The intermediate hemoglobin was isolated by CM Sephadex C-50 column chromatography and identified as alpha3+beta2+ valency hybrid by studies using the pattern of isoelectric focusing of p-chloromercuribenzoate-treated intermediate hemoglobin on Ampholine plate gel, absorption spectra, and difference spectra induced by the addition of inositol hexaphosphate in comparison with the reconstituted valency hybrids, alpha3+beta2+ and alpha2+beta3+. Essentially no alpha2+beta3+ valency hybrid was included in the intermediate hemoglobin solutions. These results suggest that methemoglobin reduction by ascorbic acid is mainly initiated by the attack of beta-methemoglobin chains accompanied by the following scheme. Methemoglobin leads to alpha3+beta2+ valency hybrid leads to oxyhemoglobin. The course of methemoglobin reduction by ascorbic acid through alpha2+beta3+ is likely to be small.", "PMID": 701262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_614", "title": "Enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitors of L-ornithine:2-oxoacid aminotransferase. Demonstration of mechanistic features of the inhibition of ornithine aminotransferase by 4-aminohex-5-ynoic acid and gabaculine and correlation with in vivo activity.", "content": "L-Ornithine:2-oxoacid aminotransferase is a specific enzyme with respect to the amino group donor. Nevertheless it was found that this enzyme is inhibited by some 4-aminobutyrate analogs, 4-aminohex-5-ynoic acid and 5-amino-1,3-cyclohexadienyl-carboxylic acid (gabaculine), which are currently considered to be enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitors of 4-aminobutyrate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. The inhibitory mechanisms for the two omega-aminotransferases are identical. A close structural analog of these inhibitors, 4-aminohex-5-enoic acid, is not inhibitory for ornithine aminotransferase, whereas it effectively inhibits 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase. The reasons for this difference are discussed. The in vitro findings are entirely transferable to the in vivo situation: 4-aminohex-5-ynoic acid and gabaculine cause a long-lasting inhibition of ornithine aminotransferase in brain and liver, and reduce significantly in vivo ornithine degradation, whereas 4-aminohex-5-enoic acid is inactive both in vivo and in vitro toward this enzyme. The enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitors allow one for the first time to study the physiological consequences of irreversible ornithine aminotransferase inhibition.", "contents": "Enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitors of L-ornithine:2-oxoacid aminotransferase. Demonstration of mechanistic features of the inhibition of ornithine aminotransferase by 4-aminohex-5-ynoic acid and gabaculine and correlation with in vivo activity. L-Ornithine:2-oxoacid aminotransferase is a specific enzyme with respect to the amino group donor. Nevertheless it was found that this enzyme is inhibited by some 4-aminobutyrate analogs, 4-aminohex-5-ynoic acid and 5-amino-1,3-cyclohexadienyl-carboxylic acid (gabaculine), which are currently considered to be enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitors of 4-aminobutyrate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. The inhibitory mechanisms for the two omega-aminotransferases are identical. A close structural analog of these inhibitors, 4-aminohex-5-enoic acid, is not inhibitory for ornithine aminotransferase, whereas it effectively inhibits 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase. The reasons for this difference are discussed. The in vitro findings are entirely transferable to the in vivo situation: 4-aminohex-5-ynoic acid and gabaculine cause a long-lasting inhibition of ornithine aminotransferase in brain and liver, and reduce significantly in vivo ornithine degradation, whereas 4-aminohex-5-enoic acid is inactive both in vivo and in vitro toward this enzyme. The enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitors allow one for the first time to study the physiological consequences of irreversible ornithine aminotransferase inhibition.", "PMID": 701263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_615", "title": "Comparison of the NH2-terminal sequence of ovalbumin as synthesized in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "The sequence of the NH2-terminal 35 residues of chicken ovalbumin was found to be identical with that of the product translated in vitro from the corresponding mRNA. Together with our previous results (Palmiter, R.D., Gagnon, J., and Walsh, K.A. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 94-98), these data show that the only co-translational processing event at the NH2 terminus of the primary translation product is the replacement of the initiator methionine by an acetyl group. Thus, secretion of this major protein by chick oviduct does not involve the cleavage of a \"signal peptide\" as is characteristic of three other egg white proteins secreted by the same cells.", "contents": "Comparison of the NH2-terminal sequence of ovalbumin as synthesized in vitro and in vivo. The sequence of the NH2-terminal 35 residues of chicken ovalbumin was found to be identical with that of the product translated in vitro from the corresponding mRNA. Together with our previous results (Palmiter, R.D., Gagnon, J., and Walsh, K.A. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 94-98), these data show that the only co-translational processing event at the NH2 terminus of the primary translation product is the replacement of the initiator methionine by an acetyl group. Thus, secretion of this major protein by chick oviduct does not involve the cleavage of a \"signal peptide\" as is characteristic of three other egg white proteins secreted by the same cells.", "PMID": 701265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_616", "title": "Purification of specific DNA sequences by sulfhydryl-Sepharose chromatography of mercurated polynucleotides.", "content": "Recombinant plasmid DNA has been used to purify complementary cDNA by hybridization using a modification of sulfhydryl-Sepharose chromatography described by Dale and Ward ((1975) Biochemistry 14, 2458). Plasmid DNA containing cloned mouse globin or immunoglobulin sequences was mercurated and hybridized in solution to unpurified cDNA. The resulting hybrids were passed over a sulfhydryl-Sepharose column where mercurated polynucleotides are retained. After washing, cDNA hybridized to the mercurated plasmid DNA was melted in situ and eluted while the mercurated plasmid DNA remained bound to the column. The conditions for purification of DNA and RNA sequences are described. The purity of the cDNAs obtained by this method is analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by hybridization. In addition, this nucleic acid purification procedure has been applied to two problems of general interest: (i) the sensitive titration of specific genes by saturation hybridization; (ii) the purification of DNA fragments bearing specific sequences from restriction endonuclease digests of total cellular DNA. The procedure is generally applicable to the purification by hybridization of any DNA or RNA sequence complementary to an available probe.", "contents": "Purification of specific DNA sequences by sulfhydryl-Sepharose chromatography of mercurated polynucleotides. Recombinant plasmid DNA has been used to purify complementary cDNA by hybridization using a modification of sulfhydryl-Sepharose chromatography described by Dale and Ward ((1975) Biochemistry 14, 2458). Plasmid DNA containing cloned mouse globin or immunoglobulin sequences was mercurated and hybridized in solution to unpurified cDNA. The resulting hybrids were passed over a sulfhydryl-Sepharose column where mercurated polynucleotides are retained. After washing, cDNA hybridized to the mercurated plasmid DNA was melted in situ and eluted while the mercurated plasmid DNA remained bound to the column. The conditions for purification of DNA and RNA sequences are described. The purity of the cDNAs obtained by this method is analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by hybridization. In addition, this nucleic acid purification procedure has been applied to two problems of general interest: (i) the sensitive titration of specific genes by saturation hybridization; (ii) the purification of DNA fragments bearing specific sequences from restriction endonuclease digests of total cellular DNA. The procedure is generally applicable to the purification by hybridization of any DNA or RNA sequence complementary to an available probe.", "PMID": 701268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_617", "title": "Fractionation of human parotid saliva proteins.", "content": "A chromatographic procedure for purification of the proteins in human parotid saliva has been developed. The eluates of a Sephadex G-150 and two ion exchange columns have been analyzed simultaneously by several physical and chemical tests; these include three optical properties of proteins, assays for neutral sugars, sialic acid and zinc, and disc gel electrophoresis. The ratios of the different variables have been used to determine the homogeneity and complexity of the protein distribution in the various peaks of the chromatographic eluates. By chromatographic methods, it has been possible to purify a glycoprotein with unusual staining characteristics and amino acid composition. Glycoproteins with similar properties comprise a major portion of the proteins in parotid saliva and appear to constitute a family of related proteins which differ in molecular size, carbohydrate and sialic acid content, and electrophoretic mobility. The fractionation of several enzymes in parotid saliva is also reported.", "contents": "Fractionation of human parotid saliva proteins. A chromatographic procedure for purification of the proteins in human parotid saliva has been developed. The eluates of a Sephadex G-150 and two ion exchange columns have been analyzed simultaneously by several physical and chemical tests; these include three optical properties of proteins, assays for neutral sugars, sialic acid and zinc, and disc gel electrophoresis. The ratios of the different variables have been used to determine the homogeneity and complexity of the protein distribution in the various peaks of the chromatographic eluates. By chromatographic methods, it has been possible to purify a glycoprotein with unusual staining characteristics and amino acid composition. Glycoproteins with similar properties comprise a major portion of the proteins in parotid saliva and appear to constitute a family of related proteins which differ in molecular size, carbohydrate and sialic acid content, and electrophoretic mobility. The fractionation of several enzymes in parotid saliva is also reported.", "PMID": 701270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_618", "title": "Development of hormone receptors and hormone responsiveness in vitro. Effect of prolonged insulin treatment on hexose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.", "content": "Exposure of insulin-responsive, differentiated 3T3-L1 cells (adipocytes) to 0.1 to 1.0 microgram/ml of insulin for 3 to 48 h resulted in a persistent state of enhanced 2-deoxy-D-glucose and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose uptake. Elevated basal transport activity was retained under conditions where 125I-insulin binding activity remained unchanged and exchangeable insulin was dissociated from cell surface receptors. The appearance of enhanced hexose transport activity was prevented by cycloheximide and could be distinguished from the activation of the glucose transport system observed in these and other cells during glucose deprivation. Rigorously washed adipocytes, exhibiting insulin-induced elevations in basal transport activity, were refractory to further stimulation by insulin during hexose uptake assays. Insulin-unresponsive 3T3-L1 preadipocytes failed to increase hexose uptake activity when  treated under conditions that elicited an optimal response in adipocytes.", "contents": "Development of hormone receptors and hormone responsiveness in vitro. Effect of prolonged insulin treatment on hexose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Exposure of insulin-responsive, differentiated 3T3-L1 cells (adipocytes) to 0.1 to 1.0 microgram/ml of insulin for 3 to 48 h resulted in a persistent state of enhanced 2-deoxy-D-glucose and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose uptake. Elevated basal transport activity was retained under conditions where 125I-insulin binding activity remained unchanged and exchangeable insulin was dissociated from cell surface receptors. The appearance of enhanced hexose transport activity was prevented by cycloheximide and could be distinguished from the activation of the glucose transport system observed in these and other cells during glucose deprivation. Rigorously washed adipocytes, exhibiting insulin-induced elevations in basal transport activity, were refractory to further stimulation by insulin during hexose uptake assays. Insulin-unresponsive 3T3-L1 preadipocytes failed to increase hexose uptake activity when  treated under conditions that elicited an optimal response in adipocytes.", "PMID": 701271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_619", "title": "Subunit composition and molecular weights of the developmentally regulated lectins from Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "Discoidin I, the developmentally regulated carbohydrate binding protein from Dictyostelium discoideum, migrated as a broad band during electrophoretic analysis using 10% polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The band could be resolved into two components by electrophoresis on 15% polyacrylamide gels. All highly purified preparations of discoidin I contained equal amounts of the two components, suggesting they are nonidentical subunits of the protein. The subunit molecular weights of discoidin I and discoidin II were found to be 29,500 and 26,500, values somewhat larger than those previously reported.", "contents": "Subunit composition and molecular weights of the developmentally regulated lectins from Dictyostelium discoideum. Discoidin I, the developmentally regulated carbohydrate binding protein from Dictyostelium discoideum, migrated as a broad band during electrophoretic analysis using 10% polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The band could be resolved into two components by electrophoresis on 15% polyacrylamide gels. All highly purified preparations of discoidin I contained equal amounts of the two components, suggesting they are nonidentical subunits of the protein. The subunit molecular weights of discoidin I and discoidin II were found to be 29,500 and 26,500, values somewhat larger than those previously reported.", "PMID": 701272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_620", "title": "Hemin controls the expression of the beta minor globin gene in Friend erythroleukemic cells at the pretranslational level.", "content": "When clone 745 Friend erythroleukemia cells are induced to differentiate by treatment with 1 X 10(-4) M hemin, the beta minor globin gene is preferentially expressed over the beta major gene. An analysis of the beta-mRNA molecules in in vitro translation systems indicates that essentially only the beta minor message is available for translation. This indicates that in Friend erythroleukemia cells hemin selectively controls the expression of the beta minor globin gene at the pretranslational level.", "contents": "Hemin controls the expression of the beta minor globin gene in Friend erythroleukemic cells at the pretranslational level. When clone 745 Friend erythroleukemia cells are induced to differentiate by treatment with 1 X 10(-4) M hemin, the beta minor globin gene is preferentially expressed over the beta major gene. An analysis of the beta-mRNA molecules in in vitro translation systems indicates that essentially only the beta minor message is available for translation. This indicates that in Friend erythroleukemia cells hemin selectively controls the expression of the beta minor globin gene at the pretranslational level.", "PMID": 701273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_621", "title": "The different molecular weight forms of bovine liver rhodanese.", "content": "Sedimentation equilibrium studies show that there are two forms of bovine liver rhodanese in crystalline enzyme preparations of full specific activity. One form dissociates to a species with a limiting molecular weight close to 19,000. The second form is nondissociable under the same experimental conditions. It exhibits a molecular weight of approximately 33,000. These conclusions are augmented by data from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and molecular exclusion chromatography. They serve to explain apparent inconsistencies in previous reports on this enzyme.", "contents": "The different molecular weight forms of bovine liver rhodanese. Sedimentation equilibrium studies show that there are two forms of bovine liver rhodanese in crystalline enzyme preparations of full specific activity. One form dissociates to a species with a limiting molecular weight close to 19,000. The second form is nondissociable under the same experimental conditions. It exhibits a molecular weight of approximately 33,000. These conclusions are augmented by data from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and molecular exclusion chromatography. They serve to explain apparent inconsistencies in previous reports on this enzyme.", "PMID": 701274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_622", "title": "Peroxisomal localization of serine:pyruvate aminotransferase in human liver.", "content": "The distribution of L-serine:pyruvate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.51) in human liver was examined by centrifugation in a sucrose density gradient. The enzyme was located only in the peroxisomes and in the soluble fraction. The peroxisomal and soluble enzymes were highly purified and characterized. The two enzyme preparations had nearly identical properties, suggesting that the soluble enzyme is from broken peroxisomes. The two enzyme preparations showed different properties from rat liver serine:pyruvate aminotransferase (Noguchi, T., Okuno, E., and Kido, R. (1976) Biochem. J. 159, 607-613).", "contents": "Peroxisomal localization of serine:pyruvate aminotransferase in human liver. The distribution of L-serine:pyruvate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.51) in human liver was examined by centrifugation in a sucrose density gradient. The enzyme was located only in the peroxisomes and in the soluble fraction. The peroxisomal and soluble enzymes were highly purified and characterized. The two enzyme preparations had nearly identical properties, suggesting that the soluble enzyme is from broken peroxisomes. The two enzyme preparations showed different properties from rat liver serine:pyruvate aminotransferase (Noguchi, T., Okuno, E., and Kido, R. (1976) Biochem. J. 159, 607-613).", "PMID": 701275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_623", "title": "Postsynthetic modification of high mobility group proteins. Evidence that high mobility group proteins are acetylated.", "content": "High mobility group proteins were isolated from calf thymus and duck erythrocyte nuclei and the possibility was investigated that these proteins undergo acetylation similar to that occurring in some histones. Dinitrophenylation of the proteins followed by acid hydrolysis and amino acid analysis indicated that 2 to 3% of the lysine residues present were unavailable for reaction with fluorodinitrobenzene. Extensive enzymatic degradation with trypsin and pronase and subsequent amino acid analysis showed a significant amount of material eluting at the position of epsilon-N-acetyllysine. Recovery and acid hydrolysis of this material generated a peak eluting in the lysine position. In vitro radioactive labeling of calf thymus nuclei with [3H]acetate yielded labeled high mobility group proteins. All of these findings are in accord with the conclusion that high mobility group proteins are acetylated and that acetylation occurs as a postsynthetic modification of these proteins.", "contents": "Postsynthetic modification of high mobility group proteins. Evidence that high mobility group proteins are acetylated. High mobility group proteins were isolated from calf thymus and duck erythrocyte nuclei and the possibility was investigated that these proteins undergo acetylation similar to that occurring in some histones. Dinitrophenylation of the proteins followed by acid hydrolysis and amino acid analysis indicated that 2 to 3% of the lysine residues present were unavailable for reaction with fluorodinitrobenzene. Extensive enzymatic degradation with trypsin and pronase and subsequent amino acid analysis showed a significant amount of material eluting at the position of epsilon-N-acetyllysine. Recovery and acid hydrolysis of this material generated a peak eluting in the lysine position. In vitro radioactive labeling of calf thymus nuclei with [3H]acetate yielded labeled high mobility group proteins. All of these findings are in accord with the conclusion that high mobility group proteins are acetylated and that acetylation occurs as a postsynthetic modification of these proteins.", "PMID": 701276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_624", "title": "Glycosylation of interferons. Effects of tunicamycin on human immune interferon.", "content": "Human immune interferon, induced in leukocytes by phytohemagglutinin, was prepared in the absence and presence of tunicamycin, an antibiotic which selectively inhibits the glycosylation of newly synthesized glycoproteins. Interferon preparations, produced in the absence of the antibiotic, displayed a considerable chromatographic heterogeneity on: (a) concanavalin A-agarose, (b) phenyl-agarose, (c) Cibacron Blue F3GA-agarose, and (d) polyuridylic acid-agarose. This heterogeneity was completely eliminated when tunicamycin (2 microgram/ml) was present during induction of interferon; all activity was then recovered in the breakthrough fractions from all sorbents. The level of interferon activity in leukocyte culture fluid was not affected by tunicamycin within the range of concentration 0.05 to 2.0 microgram/ml. These data indicate that (a) human immune interferon undergoes glycosylation, and tunicamycin is an effective inhibitor of this process. Thus, it appears that (b) at least some of the carbohydrates of human immune interferon are N-glycosidically linked. Moreover, it seems that (c) glycosylation is not necessary for an interferon molecule to either be secreted by the cell or (d) to express its antiviral function. Such properties of human immune interferon as (e) the apparent hydrophobicity and (f) an affinity for a polyribonucleotide are conferred only when its glycosylation is unimpaired.", "contents": "Glycosylation of interferons. Effects of tunicamycin on human immune interferon. Human immune interferon, induced in leukocytes by phytohemagglutinin, was prepared in the absence and presence of tunicamycin, an antibiotic which selectively inhibits the glycosylation of newly synthesized glycoproteins. Interferon preparations, produced in the absence of the antibiotic, displayed a considerable chromatographic heterogeneity on: (a) concanavalin A-agarose, (b) phenyl-agarose, (c) Cibacron Blue F3GA-agarose, and (d) polyuridylic acid-agarose. This heterogeneity was completely eliminated when tunicamycin (2 microgram/ml) was present during induction of interferon; all activity was then recovered in the breakthrough fractions from all sorbents. The level of interferon activity in leukocyte culture fluid was not affected by tunicamycin within the range of concentration 0.05 to 2.0 microgram/ml. These data indicate that (a) human immune interferon undergoes glycosylation, and tunicamycin is an effective inhibitor of this process. Thus, it appears that (b) at least some of the carbohydrates of human immune interferon are N-glycosidically linked. Moreover, it seems that (c) glycosylation is not necessary for an interferon molecule to either be secreted by the cell or (d) to express its antiviral function. Such properties of human immune interferon as (e) the apparent hydrophobicity and (f) an affinity for a polyribonucleotide are conferred only when its glycosylation is unimpaired.", "PMID": 701277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_625", "title": "Electron-accepting properties of cytochrome o purified from Vitreoscilla.", "content": "The reduction of cytochrome o which contains two hemes/molecule required two electrons/molecule when titrated with dithionite under anaerobic conditions. Two types of spectral transitions occurred during this reduction, first a decrease in absorption bands for the oxidized protein at 540 and 405 nm and then a shift in the absorption maxima to 555 and 425 nm, respectively. Each of these two transitions required approximately one electron, evidence that the two hemes reduced separately. Preliminary estimates of the midpoint potentials of the two hemes enabled the selection of two suitable oxidation-reduction dyes, toluylene blue (E'o = +0.115 V) and indigo carmine (E'o = -0.125 V) which were used to estimate more accurately the midpoint potentials of the high and low potential hemes, respectively, using equilibrium photochemical titrations with EDTA and flavin mononucleotide. The midpoint potentials of the two hemes of cytochrome o determined by this technique were +0.118 and -0.122 V.", "contents": "Electron-accepting properties of cytochrome o purified from Vitreoscilla. The reduction of cytochrome o which contains two hemes/molecule required two electrons/molecule when titrated with dithionite under anaerobic conditions. Two types of spectral transitions occurred during this reduction, first a decrease in absorption bands for the oxidized protein at 540 and 405 nm and then a shift in the absorption maxima to 555 and 425 nm, respectively. Each of these two transitions required approximately one electron, evidence that the two hemes reduced separately. Preliminary estimates of the midpoint potentials of the two hemes enabled the selection of two suitable oxidation-reduction dyes, toluylene blue (E'o = +0.115 V) and indigo carmine (E'o = -0.125 V) which were used to estimate more accurately the midpoint potentials of the high and low potential hemes, respectively, using equilibrium photochemical titrations with EDTA and flavin mononucleotide. The midpoint potentials of the two hemes of cytochrome o determined by this technique were +0.118 and -0.122 V.", "PMID": 701279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_626", "title": "Copolymers of chondroitin 4-sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate in chick embryo epiphyses and other cartilage.", "content": "Tetrasaccharides were prepared from chondroitin sulfate by means of a limited degradation with chondroitinase ABC. Tetrasaccharides containing one sulfate per disaccharide unit were isolated and were found to be of three types: a tetrasaccharide with two 6-sulfated disaccharide units, a tetrasaccharide with two 4-sulfated disaccharide units, and a tetrasaccharide with one 4-sulfated disaccharide unit and one 6-sulfated disaccharide unit. Samples of each of these three types of tetrasaccharides were obtained from chick embryo epiphyseal cartilage and from a mixture of bovine tracheal cartilage and shark cartilage. The presence of both a 4-sulfated disaccharide unit and a 6-sulfated disaccharide unit in the same tetrasaccharide molecule indicates the existence of mixed 4 and 6 sulfation on the same chondroitin sulfate chain.", "contents": "Copolymers of chondroitin 4-sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate in chick embryo epiphyses and other cartilage. Tetrasaccharides were prepared from chondroitin sulfate by means of a limited degradation with chondroitinase ABC. Tetrasaccharides containing one sulfate per disaccharide unit were isolated and were found to be of three types: a tetrasaccharide with two 6-sulfated disaccharide units, a tetrasaccharide with two 4-sulfated disaccharide units, and a tetrasaccharide with one 4-sulfated disaccharide unit and one 6-sulfated disaccharide unit. Samples of each of these three types of tetrasaccharides were obtained from chick embryo epiphyseal cartilage and from a mixture of bovine tracheal cartilage and shark cartilage. The presence of both a 4-sulfated disaccharide unit and a 6-sulfated disaccharide unit in the same tetrasaccharide molecule indicates the existence of mixed 4 and 6 sulfation on the same chondroitin sulfate chain.", "PMID": 701280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_627", "title": "mRNA(nucleoside-2'-)-methyltransferase from vaccinia virus. Purification and physical properties.", "content": "An S-adenosyl-L-methionine:mRNA(nucleoside-2'-)-methyltransferase, one of at least three activities required for the 5'-terminal modification of mRNA, has been purified from vaccinia virus particles. Employing brome mosaic virus RNA ending in m7G(5')pppG- as substrate, a simple DEAE-cellulose filter assay measuring the incorporation of methyl groups from S-adenosyl[methyl-3H]methionine to position 2' of the penultimate nucleoside was devised. Starting from disrupted vaccinia virus cores, a 350-fold enzyme purification was achieved by successive chromatography on columns of DEAE-cellulose, CM-Sephadex, and APP-agarose. Analysis of the isolated enzyme by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide discontinuous gel electrophoresis revealed a single polypeptide with a molecular weight of 38,000. Similar molecular weights were obtained by sucrose gradient centrifugation and gel filtration of the native methyltransferase. The isoelectric point of the purified enzyme occurs at pH 8.4.", "contents": "mRNA(nucleoside-2'-)-methyltransferase from vaccinia virus. Purification and physical properties. An S-adenosyl-L-methionine:mRNA(nucleoside-2'-)-methyltransferase, one of at least three activities required for the 5'-terminal modification of mRNA, has been purified from vaccinia virus particles. Employing brome mosaic virus RNA ending in m7G(5')pppG- as substrate, a simple DEAE-cellulose filter assay measuring the incorporation of methyl groups from S-adenosyl[methyl-3H]methionine to position 2' of the penultimate nucleoside was devised. Starting from disrupted vaccinia virus cores, a 350-fold enzyme purification was achieved by successive chromatography on columns of DEAE-cellulose, CM-Sephadex, and APP-agarose. Analysis of the isolated enzyme by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide discontinuous gel electrophoresis revealed a single polypeptide with a molecular weight of 38,000. Similar molecular weights were obtained by sucrose gradient centrifugation and gel filtration of the native methyltransferase. The isoelectric point of the purified enzyme occurs at pH 8.4.", "PMID": 701281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_628", "title": "mRNA(nucleoside-2'-)-methyltransferase from vaccinia virus. Characteristics and substrate specificity.", "content": "An mRNA(nucleoside-2'-)-methyltransferase purified from vaccinia virus was shown to methylate the penultimate nucleoside of RNA ending in m7G(5')pppN-. By contrast, RNAs ending in pN-, ppN-, or even G(5')pppN- are not methyl acceptors. This specificity indicates that 2'-O-methylation is the final step in the formation of the m7G(5')pppNm- cap structure. Both adenosine and guanosine are methylated, in accordance with the presence of these nucleosides in the penultimate position of vaccinia virus mRNAs. Studies with homopolyribonucleotides containing m7G(5')pppN ends indicated that poly(A) and poly(I) were the best methyl acceptors while significant but much less activity was obtained with poly(G), poly(U), and poly(C). Simple dinucleotides of the type m7G(5')pppN, however, are poor substrates and do not compete with capped RNA. Additional studies indicate that the methyltransferase has a pH optimum of 7.5, does not require divalent cations, is inhibited by S-adenosylhomocysteine, has a Km of 2.0 micrometer for S-adenosylmethionine, a Km of approximately 5 nM for brome mosaic virus RNA, and kinetics consistent with a random bireactant mechanism.", "contents": "mRNA(nucleoside-2'-)-methyltransferase from vaccinia virus. Characteristics and substrate specificity. An mRNA(nucleoside-2'-)-methyltransferase purified from vaccinia virus was shown to methylate the penultimate nucleoside of RNA ending in m7G(5')pppN-. By contrast, RNAs ending in pN-, ppN-, or even G(5')pppN- are not methyl acceptors. This specificity indicates that 2'-O-methylation is the final step in the formation of the m7G(5')pppNm- cap structure. Both adenosine and guanosine are methylated, in accordance with the presence of these nucleosides in the penultimate position of vaccinia virus mRNAs. Studies with homopolyribonucleotides containing m7G(5')pppN ends indicated that poly(A) and poly(I) were the best methyl acceptors while significant but much less activity was obtained with poly(G), poly(U), and poly(C). Simple dinucleotides of the type m7G(5')pppN, however, are poor substrates and do not compete with capped RNA. Additional studies indicate that the methyltransferase has a pH optimum of 7.5, does not require divalent cations, is inhibited by S-adenosylhomocysteine, has a Km of 2.0 micrometer for S-adenosylmethionine, a Km of approximately 5 nM for brome mosaic virus RNA, and kinetics consistent with a random bireactant mechanism.", "PMID": 701282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_629", "title": "Release of phospholipase A and triglyceride lipase from rat liver.", "content": "A new, rapid, and sensitive assay for phospholipase A, utilizing commercially available [14C]phosphatidylethanolamine with 14C label in both palmitic acid moieties, was used to study phospholipase A release from perfused liver, hepatocytes, and intestinal cells from rats. Heparin triggered a prompt release of phospholipase A from perfused liver. Phospholipase A and triglyceride lipase were released from hepatocytes at a linear rate for 1 h and 30 min, respectively. Heparin (20 u/ml) doubled the release of phospholipase A and triglyceride lipase from hepatocytes. Colchicine (0.1 mM), but not puromycin (0.2 mM), inhibited basal and heparin-stimulated phospholipase A release by 40%. Since the amount of phospholipase A and triglyceride lipase released into the medium greatly exceeded intracellular activities, it is possible that secretion is coupled with intracellular conversion from inactive to active forms of the enzymes. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP (1 mM) inhibited phospholipase A (48%) and triglyceride lipase (82%) release from hepatocytes. Epinephrine, dexamethasone, and clofibrate inhibited release of triglyceride lipase but not phospholipase A. Phospholipase A activity of intestinal cells was greater than in hepatocytes, but neither heparin nor dibutyryl cyclic AMP affected phospholipase A release from intestinal cells. These results suggest that the liver is a major source of phospholipase A of postheparin plasma. The fact that dibutyryl cyclic AMP affects the release of these enzymes suggests an additional mechanism for hormonal regulation of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism.", "contents": "Release of phospholipase A and triglyceride lipase from rat liver. A new, rapid, and sensitive assay for phospholipase A, utilizing commercially available [14C]phosphatidylethanolamine with 14C label in both palmitic acid moieties, was used to study phospholipase A release from perfused liver, hepatocytes, and intestinal cells from rats. Heparin triggered a prompt release of phospholipase A from perfused liver. Phospholipase A and triglyceride lipase were released from hepatocytes at a linear rate for 1 h and 30 min, respectively. Heparin (20 u/ml) doubled the release of phospholipase A and triglyceride lipase from hepatocytes. Colchicine (0.1 mM), but not puromycin (0.2 mM), inhibited basal and heparin-stimulated phospholipase A release by 40%. Since the amount of phospholipase A and triglyceride lipase released into the medium greatly exceeded intracellular activities, it is possible that secretion is coupled with intracellular conversion from inactive to active forms of the enzymes. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP (1 mM) inhibited phospholipase A (48%) and triglyceride lipase (82%) release from hepatocytes. Epinephrine, dexamethasone, and clofibrate inhibited release of triglyceride lipase but not phospholipase A. Phospholipase A activity of intestinal cells was greater than in hepatocytes, but neither heparin nor dibutyryl cyclic AMP affected phospholipase A release from intestinal cells. These results suggest that the liver is a major source of phospholipase A of postheparin plasma. The fact that dibutyryl cyclic AMP affects the release of these enzymes suggests an additional mechanism for hormonal regulation of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism.", "PMID": 701283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_630", "title": "De novo purine synthesis in avian liver. Co-purification of the enzymes and properties of the pathway.", "content": "The enzymes of the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway have been partially co-purified from pigeon liver by a method dependent upon the use of the nonionic polymer polyethylene glycol for enzyme stabilization and cofractionation. Although the enzymes did not appear to constitute a large macromolecular complex it was evident that some particular inter-relationship between them was preserved during the purification procedure. Analysis of the end products and pathway intermediates was carried out primarily by sensitive high pressure liquid chromatographic techniques. Substrate and cofactor requirements were confirmed and optimal conditions of pH, temperature, and K+ ion activation established. At phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PP-ribose-P) concentrations below 0.3 mM the activity of the first pathway enzyme amidophosphoribosyltransferase was rate-limiting, and the inhibition of this enzyme by AMP regulated the rate of purine ring synthesis. At higher concentrations of PP-ribose-P, aminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase, the fifth enzyme of the pathway became rate limiting and was subject to inhibition by added AMP. It was evident that the regulation of purine synthesis was quite complex and that AMP inhibition (perhaps reflected in a low adenylate energy charge) can be effected at different points on the purine pathway.", "contents": "De novo purine synthesis in avian liver. Co-purification of the enzymes and properties of the pathway. The enzymes of the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway have been partially co-purified from pigeon liver by a method dependent upon the use of the nonionic polymer polyethylene glycol for enzyme stabilization and cofractionation. Although the enzymes did not appear to constitute a large macromolecular complex it was evident that some particular inter-relationship between them was preserved during the purification procedure. Analysis of the end products and pathway intermediates was carried out primarily by sensitive high pressure liquid chromatographic techniques. Substrate and cofactor requirements were confirmed and optimal conditions of pH, temperature, and K+ ion activation established. At phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PP-ribose-P) concentrations below 0.3 mM the activity of the first pathway enzyme amidophosphoribosyltransferase was rate-limiting, and the inhibition of this enzyme by AMP regulated the rate of purine ring synthesis. At higher concentrations of PP-ribose-P, aminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase, the fifth enzyme of the pathway became rate limiting and was subject to inhibition by added AMP. It was evident that the regulation of purine synthesis was quite complex and that AMP inhibition (perhaps reflected in a low adenylate energy charge) can be effected at different points on the purine pathway.", "PMID": 701284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_631", "title": "Assignment of the cysteinyl 13C nuclear magnetic resonances and comparison of other aliphatic amino acid resonances of Clostridium acidi-urici, Clostridium pasteurianum, and Peptococcus aerogenes ferredoxins.", "content": "13C NMR spectra of Clostridium acidi-urici, Clostridium pasteurianum, and Peptococcus aerogenes ferredoxins show that some 13C resonances of the aliphatic amino acid residues are shifted significantly from their corresponding resonance positions in the spectra of model polypeptides or apoferredoxin. Thirteen 13C resonances are shifted into the 80- to 120-ppm (from CS2) region, and have been assigned to the cysteinyl alpha and beta carbon atoms. The remaining shifted resonances in the 120- to 190-ppm region are tentatively assigned to amino acid residues that may be close to [4Fe-4S] clusters of the oxidized and reduced ferredoxins. The similarity in the shift pattern of the corresponding 13C resonances of the cysteinyl alpha and beta carbon atoms in the three ferredoxins studied suggests that the three-dimensional amino acid environments of the corresponding [4Fe-4S] clusters in each protein are similar.", "contents": "Assignment of the cysteinyl 13C nuclear magnetic resonances and comparison of other aliphatic amino acid resonances of Clostridium acidi-urici, Clostridium pasteurianum, and Peptococcus aerogenes ferredoxins. 13C NMR spectra of Clostridium acidi-urici, Clostridium pasteurianum, and Peptococcus aerogenes ferredoxins show that some 13C resonances of the aliphatic amino acid residues are shifted significantly from their corresponding resonance positions in the spectra of model polypeptides or apoferredoxin. Thirteen 13C resonances are shifted into the 80- to 120-ppm (from CS2) region, and have been assigned to the cysteinyl alpha and beta carbon atoms. The remaining shifted resonances in the 120- to 190-ppm region are tentatively assigned to amino acid residues that may be close to [4Fe-4S] clusters of the oxidized and reduced ferredoxins. The similarity in the shift pattern of the corresponding 13C resonances of the cysteinyl alpha and beta carbon atoms in the three ferredoxins studied suggests that the three-dimensional amino acid environments of the corresponding [4Fe-4S] clusters in each protein are similar.", "PMID": 701285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_632", "title": "Selective binding of mouse estradiol.receptor complexes to oligo(dT)-cellulose.", "content": "As a model for the nonspecific interaction of steroid receptors with DNA, the binding of estradiol.receptor complexes of mouse kidney and uterine cytosols to oligo(dT)-cellulose was studied in detail. A limited concentration range of monovalent cationic salts was required for optimal binding, regardless of prior activation of the receptor complexes or the oligomer ligand. Thermal activation of the receptor complexes did not facilitate binding. The reaction was selective for intracellular steroid hormone.receptor complexes, as extracellular proteins binding estradiol with low affinity (bovine serum albumin) or high affinity (mouse alpha-fetoprotein) were inactive. Both crude and partially purified kidney cytosol receptor complexes bound preferentially to oligo(dT)- and oligo(dC)-celluloses, rather than oligo(dA)-celluloses. These findings suggest that at least part of the nonspecific interaction of estradiol.receptor complexes with native DNA is through a salt-sensitive binding of the complex to pyrimidine-rich surfaces of the DNA.", "contents": "Selective binding of mouse estradiol.receptor complexes to oligo(dT)-cellulose. As a model for the nonspecific interaction of steroid receptors with DNA, the binding of estradiol.receptor complexes of mouse kidney and uterine cytosols to oligo(dT)-cellulose was studied in detail. A limited concentration range of monovalent cationic salts was required for optimal binding, regardless of prior activation of the receptor complexes or the oligomer ligand. Thermal activation of the receptor complexes did not facilitate binding. The reaction was selective for intracellular steroid hormone.receptor complexes, as extracellular proteins binding estradiol with low affinity (bovine serum albumin) or high affinity (mouse alpha-fetoprotein) were inactive. Both crude and partially purified kidney cytosol receptor complexes bound preferentially to oligo(dT)- and oligo(dC)-celluloses, rather than oligo(dA)-celluloses. These findings suggest that at least part of the nonspecific interaction of estradiol.receptor complexes with native DNA is through a salt-sensitive binding of the complex to pyrimidine-rich surfaces of the DNA.", "PMID": 701286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_633", "title": "Mechanism of luteinizing hormone regulation of prostaglandin synthesis in rat granulosa cells.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to examine the mechanism by which luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates prostaglandin (PG) synthesis in rat granulosa cells. Immature rats were injected with 20 IU of pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin and granulosa cells isolated 48 h later. LH (5 microgram/ml) stimulated PGE synthesis markedly over the control with no additions in 6-h incubations (1.98 +/- 0.24 and 0.24 +/- 0.05 ng/2 X 10(6) cells, respectively, n = 6). When arachidonic acid (100 microgram/ml) was included during the last hour of incubation, further increases to 15.4 +/- 2.9 and 2.48 +/- 0.48 ng of PGE/2 X 10(6) cells in LH and control incubations were observed. The cause of the increased response to a 1-h incubation with arachidonic acid in the LH-treated cells did not appear to be a stimulation of fatty acid uptake. In addition, when cellular lipids were labeled by a 2-h incubation with radioactive arachidonic acid, LH did not stimulate intra- or extracellular release of arachidonic acid. A 5-fold stimulation of prostaglandin synthetase activity, however, was observed in cells incubated with LH for 5 h. Our results, therefore, indicate that LH acts at a step in the prostaglandin pathway after hydrolysis of arachidonic acid esters and produces an increase in prostaglandin synthetase activity.", "contents": "Mechanism of luteinizing hormone regulation of prostaglandin synthesis in rat granulosa cells. The present study was undertaken to examine the mechanism by which luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates prostaglandin (PG) synthesis in rat granulosa cells. Immature rats were injected with 20 IU of pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin and granulosa cells isolated 48 h later. LH (5 microgram/ml) stimulated PGE synthesis markedly over the control with no additions in 6-h incubations (1.98 +/- 0.24 and 0.24 +/- 0.05 ng/2 X 10(6) cells, respectively, n = 6). When arachidonic acid (100 microgram/ml) was included during the last hour of incubation, further increases to 15.4 +/- 2.9 and 2.48 +/- 0.48 ng of PGE/2 X 10(6) cells in LH and control incubations were observed. The cause of the increased response to a 1-h incubation with arachidonic acid in the LH-treated cells did not appear to be a stimulation of fatty acid uptake. In addition, when cellular lipids were labeled by a 2-h incubation with radioactive arachidonic acid, LH did not stimulate intra- or extracellular release of arachidonic acid. A 5-fold stimulation of prostaglandin synthetase activity, however, was observed in cells incubated with LH for 5 h. Our results, therefore, indicate that LH acts at a step in the prostaglandin pathway after hydrolysis of arachidonic acid esters and produces an increase in prostaglandin synthetase activity.", "PMID": 701287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_634", "title": "Inhibition of elongation steps of protein synthesis at reduced potassium concentrations in reticulocytes and reticulocyte lysate.", "content": "We treated intact reticulocytes with nystatin to make them permeable to small cations and varied the concentration of K+ in the medium; the ionic strength was kept constant by adjusting Na+. As the intracellular K+ was lowered, the rate of protein synthesis decreased. In a reticulocyte lysate, the dependence of the rate of protein synthesis on K+ concentration (at constant ionic strength) was similar to that seen in nystatin-treated cells. We observed no loss of polysomes at low K+. Even when initiation was blocked with aurintricarboxylic acid, decreased K+ inhibited protein synthesis. Analysis of the kinetics of synthesis showed that lowering the K+ concentration inhibits the rate of elongation of nascent chains, but has little effect on the relative rate of initiation of chains.", "contents": "Inhibition of elongation steps of protein synthesis at reduced potassium concentrations in reticulocytes and reticulocyte lysate. We treated intact reticulocytes with nystatin to make them permeable to small cations and varied the concentration of K+ in the medium; the ionic strength was kept constant by adjusting Na+. As the intracellular K+ was lowered, the rate of protein synthesis decreased. In a reticulocyte lysate, the dependence of the rate of protein synthesis on K+ concentration (at constant ionic strength) was similar to that seen in nystatin-treated cells. We observed no loss of polysomes at low K+. Even when initiation was blocked with aurintricarboxylic acid, decreased K+ inhibited protein synthesis. Analysis of the kinetics of synthesis showed that lowering the K+ concentration inhibits the rate of elongation of nascent chains, but has little effect on the relative rate of initiation of chains.", "PMID": 701288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_635", "title": "Active site studies of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate.", "content": "There are 16 epsilon-amino groups of lysyl residues which are essential for the activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. These lysyl residues formed a Schiff base with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate which was stabilized by NaBH4 reduction. The stoichiometry of covalently bound pyridoxal 5'-phosphate after NaBH4 reduction was determined spectrophotometrically with a derived molar extinction coefficient of 4800 M-1 cm-1. The incorporation of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate into the protein was accompanied by loss of the carboxylase and oxygenase activities, but the ratio of their activities remained constant. Vmax, but not Km, values were changed by this modification of the amino acid groups. Half of the epsilon-amino groups of lysine appeared to be at the 8 catalytic sites and half at the 8 activator sites for CO2, as indicated by kinetics of reactivation of the enzyme activity during dissociation of the Schiff base between pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and the protein. Reduction with NaB3H4 revealed that all 16 of the lysyl residues were on the large subunit. Ribulose-1,5-bis-phosphate alone protected 16 amino groups from Schiff base formation with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, and the enzyme activity was fully conserved. NaHCO3 increased and MgCl2 lowered slightly the protective effect of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. Modification of sulfhydryl groups by p-chloromercuribenzoic acid inhibited the enzyme and excluded binding of 8 equivalents of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. Upon removal of the mercuribenzoate groups with excess dithiothreitol, the loss of enzyme activity was exponentially correlated with the binding of 8 mol of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate/mol of enzyme. In contrast to p-chloromercuribenzoic acid, iodoacetamide, which inhibited the catalysis, had no influence on the binding of the 16 pyridoxal 5'-phosphate/mol of enzyme. It is suggested that the CO2 activator site with one epsilon-amino group for binding of CO2 and the catalytic site with one epsilon-amino group of a yet unknown function are located closely together on the large subunits of the enzyme. The results are consistent with a sulfhydryl group as the proton acceptor opposite carbon 3 of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate, and when this sulfhydryl group is blocked by the bulky mercuribenzoate group, but not by the small carboxyamidomethyl group, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate binding is modified.", "contents": "Active site studies of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. There are 16 epsilon-amino groups of lysyl residues which are essential for the activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. These lysyl residues formed a Schiff base with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate which was stabilized by NaBH4 reduction. The stoichiometry of covalently bound pyridoxal 5'-phosphate after NaBH4 reduction was determined spectrophotometrically with a derived molar extinction coefficient of 4800 M-1 cm-1. The incorporation of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate into the protein was accompanied by loss of the carboxylase and oxygenase activities, but the ratio of their activities remained constant. Vmax, but not Km, values were changed by this modification of the amino acid groups. Half of the epsilon-amino groups of lysine appeared to be at the 8 catalytic sites and half at the 8 activator sites for CO2, as indicated by kinetics of reactivation of the enzyme activity during dissociation of the Schiff base between pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and the protein. Reduction with NaB3H4 revealed that all 16 of the lysyl residues were on the large subunit. Ribulose-1,5-bis-phosphate alone protected 16 amino groups from Schiff base formation with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, and the enzyme activity was fully conserved. NaHCO3 increased and MgCl2 lowered slightly the protective effect of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. Modification of sulfhydryl groups by p-chloromercuribenzoic acid inhibited the enzyme and excluded binding of 8 equivalents of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. Upon removal of the mercuribenzoate groups with excess dithiothreitol, the loss of enzyme activity was exponentially correlated with the binding of 8 mol of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate/mol of enzyme. In contrast to p-chloromercuribenzoic acid, iodoacetamide, which inhibited the catalysis, had no influence on the binding of the 16 pyridoxal 5'-phosphate/mol of enzyme. It is suggested that the CO2 activator site with one epsilon-amino group for binding of CO2 and the catalytic site with one epsilon-amino group of a yet unknown function are located closely together on the large subunits of the enzyme. The results are consistent with a sulfhydryl group as the proton acceptor opposite carbon 3 of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate, and when this sulfhydryl group is blocked by the bulky mercuribenzoate group, but not by the small carboxyamidomethyl group, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate binding is modified.", "PMID": 701292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_636", "title": "Adhesion of chicken hepatocytes to polyacrylamide gels derivatized with N-acetylglucosamine.", "content": "Complex carbohydrates on the surfaces of eukaryotic cells are thought to participate in a wide variety of cell-cell interactions. A model system has therefore been developed to study these processes. In the present experiments, the ability of chicken hepatocytes to recognize and adhere to sugars covalently linked to polyacrylamide gels was investigated. The gels were snythesized by two methods. Type I gels were prepared from a co-polymer of an active ester of acrylic acid (N-succinimidyl acrylate), acrylamide, and bisacrylamide. The \"activated\" polyacrylamide gel was then treated with the desired ligand containing an amino group, such as 6-aminohexyl O- or S-glycoside. Type II gels were formed by treating similar ligands with acryloyl chloride, followed by co-polymerization of the resulting N-substituted acrylamide with acrylamide and N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide. These polyacrylamide derivatives offer many advantages for studies with intact cells. They are not toxic to any cell type studied, can be cast in any desired shape, are transparent and stable over a wide range of pH values, and contain no cationic and low to negligible levels of anionic charge (charged groups can be introduced if desired), and the polyacrylamide matrix is stable to common biological agents such as bacteria and enzymes. In addition, type I gels can be synthesized using a broad range of molecules containing amino groups, such as glycopeptides, proteins, etc. The hepatocytes were prepared by collagenase perfusion of intact chicken livers. The rate and extent of adhesion of the cells to the derivatized gels was determined by measuring lactate dehydrogenase in these cells. This enzyme was also used to assay viability and cell \"leakiness.\" At 37 degrees C, 70 to 100% of the cells adhered within 60 min to gels derivatized with N-acetylglucosamine, i.e. gels derivatized with 6-aminohexyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside (or the corresponding thioglycoside). By contrast, less than 5% of the cells adhered to polyacrylamide or to gels derivatized with 6-aminohexanol or the 6-aminohexyl glycosides of beta-D-glucose, beta-D-galactose, alpha-D-mannose, beta-D-maltose, beta-D-melibiose, beta-D-cellobiose, and (alpha or beta)-D-lactose. Kinetic studies with the chicken hepatocytes and N-acetylglucosamine gels showed that cell-gel binding was dependent upon Ca2+ and was decreased at low temperatures. Binding was inhibited by N-acetylglucosamine or by glycosides of this sugar, the most effective inhibitor being orosomucoid (alpha1-acid glycoprotein) pretreated with sialidase and beta-galactosidase. The cell surface receptor(s) involved in this interaction is not known, but may be related or identical to the chicken liver binding protein described by Lunney and Ashwell (Lunney, J., and Ashwell, G. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 73, 341--343). The present results suggest that this model system should prove useful in delineating cell surface interactions with carbohydrates.", "contents": "Adhesion of chicken hepatocytes to polyacrylamide gels derivatized with N-acetylglucosamine. Complex carbohydrates on the surfaces of eukaryotic cells are thought to participate in a wide variety of cell-cell interactions. A model system has therefore been developed to study these processes. In the present experiments, the ability of chicken hepatocytes to recognize and adhere to sugars covalently linked to polyacrylamide gels was investigated. The gels were snythesized by two methods. Type I gels were prepared from a co-polymer of an active ester of acrylic acid (N-succinimidyl acrylate), acrylamide, and bisacrylamide. The \"activated\" polyacrylamide gel was then treated with the desired ligand containing an amino group, such as 6-aminohexyl O- or S-glycoside. Type II gels were formed by treating similar ligands with acryloyl chloride, followed by co-polymerization of the resulting N-substituted acrylamide with acrylamide and N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide. These polyacrylamide derivatives offer many advantages for studies with intact cells. They are not toxic to any cell type studied, can be cast in any desired shape, are transparent and stable over a wide range of pH values, and contain no cationic and low to negligible levels of anionic charge (charged groups can be introduced if desired), and the polyacrylamide matrix is stable to common biological agents such as bacteria and enzymes. In addition, type I gels can be synthesized using a broad range of molecules containing amino groups, such as glycopeptides, proteins, etc. The hepatocytes were prepared by collagenase perfusion of intact chicken livers. The rate and extent of adhesion of the cells to the derivatized gels was determined by measuring lactate dehydrogenase in these cells. This enzyme was also used to assay viability and cell \"leakiness.\" At 37 degrees C, 70 to 100% of the cells adhered within 60 min to gels derivatized with N-acetylglucosamine, i.e. gels derivatized with 6-aminohexyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside (or the corresponding thioglycoside). By contrast, less than 5% of the cells adhered to polyacrylamide or to gels derivatized with 6-aminohexanol or the 6-aminohexyl glycosides of beta-D-glucose, beta-D-galactose, alpha-D-mannose, beta-D-maltose, beta-D-melibiose, beta-D-cellobiose, and (alpha or beta)-D-lactose. Kinetic studies with the chicken hepatocytes and N-acetylglucosamine gels showed that cell-gel binding was dependent upon Ca2+ and was decreased at low temperatures. Binding was inhibited by N-acetylglucosamine or by glycosides of this sugar, the most effective inhibitor being orosomucoid (alpha1-acid glycoprotein) pretreated with sialidase and beta-galactosidase. The cell surface receptor(s) involved in this interaction is not known, but may be related or identical to the chicken liver binding protein described by Lunney and Ashwell (Lunney, J., and Ashwell, G. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 73, 341--343). The present results suggest that this model system should prove useful in delineating cell surface interactions with carbohydrates.", "PMID": 701294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_637", "title": "Isolation and characterization of flavin-linked glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from rabbit skeletal muscle mitochondria and comparison with the enzyme from rabbit brain.", "content": "Mitochondrial glycerol-3-P dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.99.5) has been purified in 20% yield from both rabbit skeletal muscle and brain using a four step procedure involving osmotic shock, solubilization with Triton X-100, hydrophobic chromatography, gel filtration, and preparative column isoelectrofocusing. The active muscle and brain enzymes were found to be 95% and 80% homogeneous, respectively. Final purification was performed on the denatured subunit. The active enzyme from each of the tissues focused at pH 5.25 +/- 0.12 and each produced similar biphasic thermal inactivation plots at 50 degrees C. Mixtures of the purified brain and muscle enzymes co-migrated in discontinuous electrophoresis gels and each enzyme exhibited a single polypeptide component on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gels either when run separately or in mixtures. The subunit molecular weight was shown to be 76,000 +/- 3,000 by SDS-gel electrophoresis and gel filtration in 6 M guanidine HCl. One mole of noncovalently bound FAD and 1 mole of iron were measured per Mr = 100,000. The amino acid composition was determined based on the assumption of 70 aspartate residues per subunit to give a Mr = 76,000. The absorption spectrum has a maximum at 416 nm and a shoulder at 450 to 460 nm which is bleached on treatment with sodium dithionite. The maximum at 416 nm is removed by treatment with mersalyl.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of flavin-linked glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from rabbit skeletal muscle mitochondria and comparison with the enzyme from rabbit brain. Mitochondrial glycerol-3-P dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.99.5) has been purified in 20% yield from both rabbit skeletal muscle and brain using a four step procedure involving osmotic shock, solubilization with Triton X-100, hydrophobic chromatography, gel filtration, and preparative column isoelectrofocusing. The active muscle and brain enzymes were found to be 95% and 80% homogeneous, respectively. Final purification was performed on the denatured subunit. The active enzyme from each of the tissues focused at pH 5.25 +/- 0.12 and each produced similar biphasic thermal inactivation plots at 50 degrees C. Mixtures of the purified brain and muscle enzymes co-migrated in discontinuous electrophoresis gels and each enzyme exhibited a single polypeptide component on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gels either when run separately or in mixtures. The subunit molecular weight was shown to be 76,000 +/- 3,000 by SDS-gel electrophoresis and gel filtration in 6 M guanidine HCl. One mole of noncovalently bound FAD and 1 mole of iron were measured per Mr = 100,000. The amino acid composition was determined based on the assumption of 70 aspartate residues per subunit to give a Mr = 76,000. The absorption spectrum has a maximum at 416 nm and a shoulder at 450 to 460 nm which is bleached on treatment with sodium dithionite. The maximum at 416 nm is removed by treatment with mersalyl.", "PMID": 701295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_638", "title": "Enzyme immobilization on heparin.", "content": "We describe the preparation and some of the properties of heparin-bound alpha-chymotrypsin that were obtained via activation of heparin with water-soluble carbodiimide. Immobilized enzyme has unchanged kinetic characteristics toward low-molecular- weight and macromolecular substrates. The heparin-bound enzymes could have a wide range of medical applications.", "contents": "Enzyme immobilization on heparin. We describe the preparation and some of the properties of heparin-bound alpha-chymotrypsin that were obtained via activation of heparin with water-soluble carbodiimide. Immobilized enzyme has unchanged kinetic characteristics toward low-molecular- weight and macromolecular substrates. The heparin-bound enzymes could have a wide range of medical applications.", "PMID": 701296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_639", "title": "Transport properties of hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile.", "content": "Measurements of the permeability coefficients of various compounds up-to a molecular weight of about 70,000 have shown clearly that membranes prepared from hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile are about 10 times more permeable than those made of poly(2-hydroxyethyl) methacrylate. The higher permeability is probably due more to the higher water content (about 75%) than to the type of network. The high mechanical strength of the membranes and their good permeability to compounds possessing a comparatively high molecular weight seem to designate the material for some new applications in medicine.", "contents": "Transport properties of hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile. Measurements of the permeability coefficients of various compounds up-to a molecular weight of about 70,000 have shown clearly that membranes prepared from hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile are about 10 times more permeable than those made of poly(2-hydroxyethyl) methacrylate. The higher permeability is probably due more to the higher water content (about 75%) than to the type of network. The high mechanical strength of the membranes and their good permeability to compounds possessing a comparatively high molecular weight seem to designate the material for some new applications in medicine.", "PMID": 701297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_640", "title": "Interactions of bovine thrombin and plasma albumin with low-energy surfaces.", "content": "Surface configurations are vessels fabricated from tubing and plate, films deposited on the surface of vessels, and beads confined in vessels. The average association constant between thrombin and sites on commercial poly(methyl methacrylate) surface (Lucite) is near 4 X 10(8) liters/mole at 22 degrees C, pH 7.0, and ionic strength 0.15. Depending on Lucite composition, average adsorption U, in molecules/cm2 of apparent solution-surface interface, ranges from 0.7 to 8.8 X 10(11). Analysis based on the assumptions that solution dimensions are preserved, adsorption is random, and surface rearrangement is negligible indicates a paucity of surface sites. Plasma albumin competes with thrombin for surface sites. Attempts to detect, by thrombin adsorption, the presence of free sites at 4.5 X 10-9M albumin or the displacement of bound albumin indicate an albumin-site association contrast greater than 1.6 X 10(9). Cross-linked poly(methyl acrylate) bead surface has U less than 5 X 10(10). In contrast to acrylic resins are silicone gum, polypropylene, and polyisobutylene, for which U ranges from 15 to 20 X 10(11). Analysis as above indicates that sites are of frequent occurrence. Material composition suggests that thrombin can interact with nonpolar groups. Further characteristics of low-energy surfaces are that progressive surface denaturation is small and there is a large variance between nominally equivalent configurations.", "contents": "Interactions of bovine thrombin and plasma albumin with low-energy surfaces. Surface configurations are vessels fabricated from tubing and plate, films deposited on the surface of vessels, and beads confined in vessels. The average association constant between thrombin and sites on commercial poly(methyl methacrylate) surface (Lucite) is near 4 X 10(8) liters/mole at 22 degrees C, pH 7.0, and ionic strength 0.15. Depending on Lucite composition, average adsorption U, in molecules/cm2 of apparent solution-surface interface, ranges from 0.7 to 8.8 X 10(11). Analysis based on the assumptions that solution dimensions are preserved, adsorption is random, and surface rearrangement is negligible indicates a paucity of surface sites. Plasma albumin competes with thrombin for surface sites. Attempts to detect, by thrombin adsorption, the presence of free sites at 4.5 X 10-9M albumin or the displacement of bound albumin indicate an albumin-site association contrast greater than 1.6 X 10(9). Cross-linked poly(methyl acrylate) bead surface has U less than 5 X 10(10). In contrast to acrylic resins are silicone gum, polypropylene, and polyisobutylene, for which U ranges from 15 to 20 X 10(11). Analysis as above indicates that sites are of frequent occurrence. Material composition suggests that thrombin can interact with nonpolar groups. Further characteristics of low-energy surfaces are that progressive surface denaturation is small and there is a large variance between nominally equivalent configurations.", "PMID": 701298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_641", "title": "Mathematical models for the release of drugs from matrix tablets.", "content": "A previously derived cubic equation describing the release of drugs from matrix tablets is compared with a more complex equation recently presented. Using data obtained from cylindrical hydrocortisone matrix tablets, it is shown that the simpler cubic equation affords an equally acceptable description of drug release. Because the cubic equation contains a release-rate constant Kr that is independent of tablet shape, a congruency between this equation and other historical models of diffusion may be demonstrated. It is suggested, given the complexity of drug disposition in vivo, that simplicity in modeling is a desirable goal.", "contents": "Mathematical models for the release of drugs from matrix tablets. A previously derived cubic equation describing the release of drugs from matrix tablets is compared with a more complex equation recently presented. Using data obtained from cylindrical hydrocortisone matrix tablets, it is shown that the simpler cubic equation affords an equally acceptable description of drug release. Because the cubic equation contains a release-rate constant Kr that is independent of tablet shape, a congruency between this equation and other historical models of diffusion may be demonstrated. It is suggested, given the complexity of drug disposition in vivo, that simplicity in modeling is a desirable goal.", "PMID": 701299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_642", "title": "Defects in failed stems of hip prostheses.", "content": "A study has been made of the fractures and associated material from 34 prostheses broken in service. All the fractures appear to be of the fatigue type. Search by metallographic analysis for cracklike generating defects in material near the fracture reveals such conditions as abnormally coarse crystals, large nonmetallic inclusions, large inclusion population, undissolved master alloy particles, abnormal carbide segregation, interdendritic segregation, shrinkage, and gas porosity. Recommendations are made for the choice of metallic alloys for femoral stem application.", "contents": "Defects in failed stems of hip prostheses. A study has been made of the fractures and associated material from 34 prostheses broken in service. All the fractures appear to be of the fatigue type. Search by metallographic analysis for cracklike generating defects in material near the fracture reveals such conditions as abnormally coarse crystals, large nonmetallic inclusions, large inclusion population, undissolved master alloy particles, abnormal carbide segregation, interdendritic segregation, shrinkage, and gas porosity. Recommendations are made for the choice of metallic alloys for femoral stem application.", "PMID": 701300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_643", "title": "A novel technique for studying the adsorption of plasma proteins on hydrophobic surfaces.", "content": "A method is shown for deducing the surface area of a pendant drop from the same profile photograph as is normally used to determine interfacial tension. Manipulation of such drops by a micrometer syringe then enables the pendant drop to be used as a surface balance for studying adsorption from bulk solutions. Results are given for the compression of films from solutions of albumin, gamma-globulin, fibrinogen, albumin-gamma-globulin mixture and albumin-gamma-globulin-fibrinogen mixture, and from serum, plasma, and blood at the isooctane-buffer interface. It is suggested that gamma-globulin and fibrinogen films are unfolded at the interface but that albumin films are different in that they consist of an inner, unfolded layer and an outer, globular layer. A film from serum resembles that from gamma-globulin alone, and not that from albumin-gamma-globulin mixture, whereas a film from plasma resembles that of fibrinogen at low compression and that of albumin-gamma-globulin-fibrinogen mixture at high compression. A film from blood is shown to resemble that from plasma.", "contents": "A novel technique for studying the adsorption of plasma proteins on hydrophobic surfaces. A method is shown for deducing the surface area of a pendant drop from the same profile photograph as is normally used to determine interfacial tension. Manipulation of such drops by a micrometer syringe then enables the pendant drop to be used as a surface balance for studying adsorption from bulk solutions. Results are given for the compression of films from solutions of albumin, gamma-globulin, fibrinogen, albumin-gamma-globulin mixture and albumin-gamma-globulin-fibrinogen mixture, and from serum, plasma, and blood at the isooctane-buffer interface. It is suggested that gamma-globulin and fibrinogen films are unfolded at the interface but that albumin films are different in that they consist of an inner, unfolded layer and an outer, globular layer. A film from serum resembles that from gamma-globulin alone, and not that from albumin-gamma-globulin mixture, whereas a film from plasma resembles that of fibrinogen at low compression and that of albumin-gamma-globulin-fibrinogen mixture at high compression. A film from blood is shown to resemble that from plasma.", "PMID": 701301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_644", "title": "A high-modulus polymer for porous orthopedic implants: biomechanical compatibility of porous implants.", "content": "A high-modulus polymer, polysulfone, was evaluated as a porous bone implant material. The bone ingrowth into canine cortical pellets of sintered polysulfone particles was assessed by microradiography and histology. The shear strength of the porous polysulfone-bone interface was determined by push-out and pull-out tests of cortical and trochanteric implants, respectively. Results indicated that the bone ingrowth into porous polysulfone specimens proceeded in such a fashion as to mimic the normal repair at the site. Mechanical testing of cortical and cancellous implants revealed that the interfacial shear strength of the porous polysulfone-bone composite was similar to that achieved using porous metals.", "contents": "A high-modulus polymer for porous orthopedic implants: biomechanical compatibility of porous implants. A high-modulus polymer, polysulfone, was evaluated as a porous bone implant material. The bone ingrowth into canine cortical pellets of sintered polysulfone particles was assessed by microradiography and histology. The shear strength of the porous polysulfone-bone interface was determined by push-out and pull-out tests of cortical and trochanteric implants, respectively. Results indicated that the bone ingrowth into porous polysulfone specimens proceeded in such a fashion as to mimic the normal repair at the site. Mechanical testing of cortical and cancellous implants revealed that the interfacial shear strength of the porous polysulfone-bone composite was similar to that achieved using porous metals.", "PMID": 701302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_645", "title": "Antibiotics in acrylic bone cement. In vitro studies.", "content": "The effect of combining gentamicin and cephalothin with Surgical Simplex bone cement was tested in vitro. Experiments were designed to determine (1) quantitative elution rates and period of time the antibiotics were eluted and (2) effective bactericidal qualities. Both antibiotics were eluted from polymerized acrylic cement in large quantities within 24--48 hr after coming in contact with fluid and continued to be released in smaller amounts for 21 days to more than 175 days. This varied with the antibiotic, concentration of antibiotic in the cement, surface area of cement, and volume of elution fluid. Quantitative determinations of numbers of bacteria in broth cultures demonstrated that sufficient quantities of antibiotics were released to be bactericidal to microorganisms within 45 min to 20 hr. This was dependent on the type of antibiotic, type of bacteria, concentration of antibiotic in the cement, and time of contact.", "contents": "Antibiotics in acrylic bone cement. In vitro studies. The effect of combining gentamicin and cephalothin with Surgical Simplex bone cement was tested in vitro. Experiments were designed to determine (1) quantitative elution rates and period of time the antibiotics were eluted and (2) effective bactericidal qualities. Both antibiotics were eluted from polymerized acrylic cement in large quantities within 24--48 hr after coming in contact with fluid and continued to be released in smaller amounts for 21 days to more than 175 days. This varied with the antibiotic, concentration of antibiotic in the cement, surface area of cement, and volume of elution fluid. Quantitative determinations of numbers of bacteria in broth cultures demonstrated that sufficient quantities of antibiotics were released to be bactericidal to microorganisms within 45 min to 20 hr. This was dependent on the type of antibiotic, type of bacteria, concentration of antibiotic in the cement, and time of contact.", "PMID": 701303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_646", "title": "Adsorption of plasma proteins on hydrophobic surfaces. III. Serum, plasma, and blood.", "content": "Liquid-air and liquid-liquid interfaces were used as models for the liquid-solid system of plasma proteins and hydrophobic surfaces in the study of adsorption of serum, plasma, and blood onto these surfaces. The interfacial tension is determined for three phases: air, methylene iodide, and isooctane. Curves of interfacial tension versus time for the various systems are given from which a triple-intersection point, where the protein solution is in equilibrium with each surface, is found. It is shown that albumin, gamma-globulin, and a mixed solution of these at in vivo concentrations behave in characteristic and constant manners at the three interfaces of air, methylene iodide, and isooctane. A range of synthetic surfaces which have constant behavior at equilibrium is deduced and it is concluded that any soft tissue response differences between such surfaces could not be the result of albumin or gamma-globulin.", "contents": "Adsorption of plasma proteins on hydrophobic surfaces. III. Serum, plasma, and blood. Liquid-air and liquid-liquid interfaces were used as models for the liquid-solid system of plasma proteins and hydrophobic surfaces in the study of adsorption of serum, plasma, and blood onto these surfaces. The interfacial tension is determined for three phases: air, methylene iodide, and isooctane. Curves of interfacial tension versus time for the various systems are given from which a triple-intersection point, where the protein solution is in equilibrium with each surface, is found. It is shown that albumin, gamma-globulin, and a mixed solution of these at in vivo concentrations behave in characteristic and constant manners at the three interfaces of air, methylene iodide, and isooctane. A range of synthetic surfaces which have constant behavior at equilibrium is deduced and it is concluded that any soft tissue response differences between such surfaces could not be the result of albumin or gamma-globulin.", "PMID": 701304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_647", "title": "Corrosion behavior of cast and forged cobalt-based alloys for double-alloy joint endoprostheses.", "content": "An ideal combination of mechanical and corrosion properties of long-term implants such as joint endoprostheses has yet to be found. Besides being resistant to pitting and crevice attack, which can lead to corrosion fatigue and stress corrosion cracking failures, the implant material must be highly resistant to wear and abrasion. Two cobalt-based alloys, wrought CoNiMoTi and air-cast CoCrMo, were subjected to a number of selected in vitro electrochemically and chemically accelerated corrosion tests in chloride-containing solutions with wrought AISI-316L used as a reference alloy. A limited number of immersion tests in FeCl3 and acidified FeCl3 solutions were also conducted. It is found that the mechanical properties of wrought CoNiCrMoTi alloy qualify it as a substitute for cast CoCrMo alloy and wrought AISI-316L in anchorage shaft production for all types of joint endoprostheses. Wrought CoNiCrMoTi has a higher resistance to fatigue cracking compared with cast CoCrMo and is as resistant to selective corrosion phenomena such as stress corrosion cracking.", "contents": "Corrosion behavior of cast and forged cobalt-based alloys for double-alloy joint endoprostheses. An ideal combination of mechanical and corrosion properties of long-term implants such as joint endoprostheses has yet to be found. Besides being resistant to pitting and crevice attack, which can lead to corrosion fatigue and stress corrosion cracking failures, the implant material must be highly resistant to wear and abrasion. Two cobalt-based alloys, wrought CoNiMoTi and air-cast CoCrMo, were subjected to a number of selected in vitro electrochemically and chemically accelerated corrosion tests in chloride-containing solutions with wrought AISI-316L used as a reference alloy. A limited number of immersion tests in FeCl3 and acidified FeCl3 solutions were also conducted. It is found that the mechanical properties of wrought CoNiCrMoTi alloy qualify it as a substitute for cast CoCrMo alloy and wrought AISI-316L in anchorage shaft production for all types of joint endoprostheses. Wrought CoNiCrMoTi has a higher resistance to fatigue cracking compared with cast CoCrMo and is as resistant to selective corrosion phenomena such as stress corrosion cracking.", "PMID": 701305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_648", "title": "Partial or complete resection of the hemipelvis. An alternative to hindquarter amputation for periacetabular chondrosarcoma of the pelvis.", "content": "After excision of the hemipelvis through a combined subnatal and anterior incision preserving the lower extremity, five patients with periacetabular chondrosarcoma, after a follow-up of three to six years, were able to walk with no support or with minimum lateral support and had resumed their preoperative occupations. None had either the instability that might have been anticipated or incapacitating discomfort from the neoarthrosis, and there was no evidence of spread or recurrence of tumor in any of the five patients. The procedure, which has the same basic indications as a hindquarter amputation, is a rewarding substitute for that mutilating operation, although the follow-up is too short and the series is too small to warrant conclusions as to the cure rate.", "contents": "Partial or complete resection of the hemipelvis. An alternative to hindquarter amputation for periacetabular chondrosarcoma of the pelvis. After excision of the hemipelvis through a combined subnatal and anterior incision preserving the lower extremity, five patients with periacetabular chondrosarcoma, after a follow-up of three to six years, were able to walk with no support or with minimum lateral support and had resumed their preoperative occupations. None had either the instability that might have been anticipated or incapacitating discomfort from the neoarthrosis, and there was no evidence of spread or recurrence of tumor in any of the five patients. The procedure, which has the same basic indications as a hindquarter amputation, is a rewarding substitute for that mutilating operation, although the follow-up is too short and the series is too small to warrant conclusions as to the cure rate.", "PMID": 701307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_649", "title": "Resection and reconstruction for primary neoplasms involving the innominate bone.", "content": "Using described criteria for the selection of patients for excision or resection of tumors involving various portions of the innominate bone, as opposed to hemipelvectomy, fifty-seven out of the more than 200 patients evaluated were judged to be candidates for a curative procedure. Of these, twenty-five were selected for hemipelvectomy and thirty-two, for non-amputative procedures. Depending on the location and extent of the lesion as determined by complete preoperative work-ups, three types of procedures were performed singly or in combination:(1) wide excision or radical resection of the iliac wing; (2) periacetabular wide excision or radical resection; or (3) wide excision or radical resection of the pubis. Reconstruction was accomplished when the hip joint was excised by fusion or the creation of a pseudarthrosis either medially in relation to the pubis or laterally in relation to the ilium or wing of the sacrum. The results after follow-ups of one to seventeen years were assessed in terms of the immediate goals of surgery, control of the disease, and function. The findings were as follows: With the preoperative assessment and operative techniques described, an oncologically adequate procedure was performed in two-thirds of the cases. In the remaining cases, the adequacy of the procedure was compromised by poorly planned biopsies, occult microextensions, and surgical errors. The recurrence rate was high after the inadequate procedure (100 per cent) and low (4 per cent) after the adequately accomplished procedures. Function was nearly normal when the hip joint was preserved. If the hip joint was removed and fusion was obtained, the results were good, but fusion was obtained in only 50 percent of the cases in which it was attempted. If the hip joint was removed and pseudarthrosis resulted, the results ranged from good to poor. Sciatic-nerve involvement necessitating resection of the nerve was not a contraindication to a non-amputative procedure.", "contents": "Resection and reconstruction for primary neoplasms involving the innominate bone. Using described criteria for the selection of patients for excision or resection of tumors involving various portions of the innominate bone, as opposed to hemipelvectomy, fifty-seven out of the more than 200 patients evaluated were judged to be candidates for a curative procedure. Of these, twenty-five were selected for hemipelvectomy and thirty-two, for non-amputative procedures. Depending on the location and extent of the lesion as determined by complete preoperative work-ups, three types of procedures were performed singly or in combination:(1) wide excision or radical resection of the iliac wing; (2) periacetabular wide excision or radical resection; or (3) wide excision or radical resection of the pubis. Reconstruction was accomplished when the hip joint was excised by fusion or the creation of a pseudarthrosis either medially in relation to the pubis or laterally in relation to the ilium or wing of the sacrum. The results after follow-ups of one to seventeen years were assessed in terms of the immediate goals of surgery, control of the disease, and function. The findings were as follows: With the preoperative assessment and operative techniques described, an oncologically adequate procedure was performed in two-thirds of the cases. In the remaining cases, the adequacy of the procedure was compromised by poorly planned biopsies, occult microextensions, and surgical errors. The recurrence rate was high after the inadequate procedure (100 per cent) and low (4 per cent) after the adequately accomplished procedures. Function was nearly normal when the hip joint was preserved. If the hip joint was removed and fusion was obtained, the results were good, but fusion was obtained in only 50 percent of the cases in which it was attempted. If the hip joint was removed and pseudarthrosis resulted, the results ranged from good to poor. Sciatic-nerve involvement necessitating resection of the nerve was not a contraindication to a non-amputative procedure.", "PMID": 701308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_650", "title": "Reconstruction of the pelvic ring following tumor resection.", "content": "Two patients with chondrosarcoma of the periacetabular region were treated by local resection and reconstruction of the pelvic ring and hip, implanting a Charnley-Mueller total hip replacement and reconstituting the pelvic ring with cement reinforced by K\u00fcntscher rods and heavy Kirschner wires. The first patient, in whom adequate resection was accomplished, was well five years later and was able to walk with a mild lurch and without a cane except when walking long distances on rough ground. Despite a fall causing a fracture of the ipsilateral tibial plateau at two years and a fatigue fracture of the ipsilateral ischium which healed at 4.5 years, the implant had remained intact. In the other patient, for whom hemipelvectomy was advised but who refused it, the resection was not adequate and although he was able to walk with a cane for short distances postoperatively, he died of metastases at two years. Based on these two cases, it would appear that reconstruction of the pelvic ring and hip may be feasible in a few very carefully selected cases of periacetabular tumors.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the pelvic ring following tumor resection. Two patients with chondrosarcoma of the periacetabular region were treated by local resection and reconstruction of the pelvic ring and hip, implanting a Charnley-Mueller total hip replacement and reconstituting the pelvic ring with cement reinforced by K\u00fcntscher rods and heavy Kirschner wires. The first patient, in whom adequate resection was accomplished, was well five years later and was able to walk with a mild lurch and without a cane except when walking long distances on rough ground. Despite a fall causing a fracture of the ipsilateral tibial plateau at two years and a fatigue fracture of the ipsilateral ischium which healed at 4.5 years, the implant had remained intact. In the other patient, for whom hemipelvectomy was advised but who refused it, the resection was not adequate and although he was able to walk with a cane for short distances postoperatively, he died of metastases at two years. Based on these two cases, it would appear that reconstruction of the pelvic ring and hip may be feasible in a few very carefully selected cases of periacetabular tumors.", "PMID": 701309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_651", "title": "The Jones fracture revisited.", "content": "Twenty-two patients with twenty-three fractures of the proximal part of the diaphysis of the fifth metatarsal, an injury originally described by Jones, are reported. The average follow-up was 3.5 years. Delayed union occurred in twelve (66.7 per cent) of eighteen patients treated conservatively. Four patients were operated on within two weeks of injury. The clinical picture in nine of the twenty-two patients suggested that the injury was a stress fracture. Force-platform analysis in eleven cases confirmed that the injury results from vertical and mediolateral forces concentrated over the fifth metatarsal and that it is not caused by inversion. Thirteen of the twenty-three fractures were in young athletes, often occurring during training and causing significant disability. In this group of patients, and in a select number of recreational athletes and non-athletes with delayed union, intramedullary screw fixation of the fracture is advised.", "contents": "The Jones fracture revisited. Twenty-two patients with twenty-three fractures of the proximal part of the diaphysis of the fifth metatarsal, an injury originally described by Jones, are reported. The average follow-up was 3.5 years. Delayed union occurred in twelve (66.7 per cent) of eighteen patients treated conservatively. Four patients were operated on within two weeks of injury. The clinical picture in nine of the twenty-two patients suggested that the injury was a stress fracture. Force-platform analysis in eleven cases confirmed that the injury results from vertical and mediolateral forces concentrated over the fifth metatarsal and that it is not caused by inversion. Thirteen of the twenty-three fractures were in young athletes, often occurring during training and causing significant disability. In this group of patients, and in a select number of recreational athletes and non-athletes with delayed union, intramedullary screw fixation of the fracture is advised.", "PMID": 701310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_652", "title": "Arthroscopy of the knee. Evaluation of an out-patient preocedure under local anesthesia.", "content": "In 228 knees submitted to arthrotomy following arthroscopy, there were eleven diagnostic errors in those knees examined under general anesthesia and five diagnostic errors in those knees examined under local anesthesia with a diagnostic accuracy of 91.1 and 95.2 per cent, respectively. Therefore, we concluded that accuracy is not diminished by performing arthroscopic examinations under local anesthesia on ambulatory out-patients. In 297 knees examined under local anesthesia, no complications were encountered. In 282 knees examined under general or spinal anesthesia, there was one pulmonary embolus and two significant hemarthroses. Except when there are specific overriding considerations, local anesthesia is preferable in the performance of diagnostic arthroscopy.", "contents": "Arthroscopy of the knee. Evaluation of an out-patient preocedure under local anesthesia. In 228 knees submitted to arthrotomy following arthroscopy, there were eleven diagnostic errors in those knees examined under general anesthesia and five diagnostic errors in those knees examined under local anesthesia with a diagnostic accuracy of 91.1 and 95.2 per cent, respectively. Therefore, we concluded that accuracy is not diminished by performing arthroscopic examinations under local anesthesia on ambulatory out-patients. In 297 knees examined under local anesthesia, no complications were encountered. In 282 knees examined under general or spinal anesthesia, there was one pulmonary embolus and two significant hemarthroses. Except when there are specific overriding considerations, local anesthesia is preferable in the performance of diagnostic arthroscopy.", "PMID": 701311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_653", "title": "Arthrodesis in failed total knee replacement.", "content": "Compression arthrodesis can be used as a salvage procedure in failed total knee replacement. In fourteen patients so treated, the fusion failed in five. As regards the cause of failure, the most important factor was technical inadequacy of the arthrodesis procedure; that is, the required stable fixation and solid bone-to-bone contact. In procedures that we considered technically adequate, there was fusion in seven of the nine knees. The fusion seemed to be delayed in these patients, averaging 5.3 months (range, two to twelve months). Fixation with a double clamp seemed to be more effective than with a single clamp.", "contents": "Arthrodesis in failed total knee replacement. Compression arthrodesis can be used as a salvage procedure in failed total knee replacement. In fourteen patients so treated, the fusion failed in five. As regards the cause of failure, the most important factor was technical inadequacy of the arthrodesis procedure; that is, the required stable fixation and solid bone-to-bone contact. In procedures that we considered technically adequate, there was fusion in seven of the nine knees. The fusion seemed to be delayed in these patients, averaging 5.3 months (range, two to twelve months). Fixation with a double clamp seemed to be more effective than with a single clamp.", "PMID": 701312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_654", "title": "Hoke triple arthrodesis.", "content": "One hundred and nine cases of the Hoke triple arthrodesis which were done between 1945 and 1974 are reviewed. The results of the procedure are similar to other series insofar as correction of the deformity and the non-union rate are concerned. There was, however, an over-all incidence of aseptic necrosis of the talus of 6.5 per cent. A change in technique, in which the origin of the artery to the tarsal canal was left intact, has eliminated this complication. Excessive stress on the ankle joint as a result of the triple arthrodesis, although theoretically a problem, was not significant during follow-up of these patients. In the fourteen patients with myelomeningocele, there was acceleration of degeneration of the ankle joint, but Charcot joints did not develop.", "contents": "Hoke triple arthrodesis. One hundred and nine cases of the Hoke triple arthrodesis which were done between 1945 and 1974 are reviewed. The results of the procedure are similar to other series insofar as correction of the deformity and the non-union rate are concerned. There was, however, an over-all incidence of aseptic necrosis of the talus of 6.5 per cent. A change in technique, in which the origin of the artery to the tarsal canal was left intact, has eliminated this complication. Excessive stress on the ankle joint as a result of the triple arthrodesis, although theoretically a problem, was not significant during follow-up of these patients. In the fourteen patients with myelomeningocele, there was acceleration of degeneration of the ankle joint, but Charcot joints did not develop.", "PMID": 701313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_655", "title": "Results of reduction and stabilization of the severely fractured thoracic and lumbar spine.", "content": "From 1962 to 1976, ninety-five patients with fracture-dislocations of the spine were treated with Harrington instrumentation and fusion within ninety days of injury. This report presents the results of this procedure related to reduction, stabilization, return of neural function, and total hospital stay. Mean follow-up was twenty-one months. Reduction and stabilization were attained without a substantial number of complications, but no more return of neural function in the patients was evident than has been reported in the literature for patients treated with postural reduction and bed rest. Total hospital stay averaged 107 days from day of injury.", "contents": "Results of reduction and stabilization of the severely fractured thoracic and lumbar spine. From 1962 to 1976, ninety-five patients with fracture-dislocations of the spine were treated with Harrington instrumentation and fusion within ninety days of injury. This report presents the results of this procedure related to reduction, stabilization, return of neural function, and total hospital stay. Mean follow-up was twenty-one months. Reduction and stabilization were attained without a substantial number of complications, but no more return of neural function in the patients was evident than has been reported in the literature for patients treated with postural reduction and bed rest. Total hospital stay averaged 107 days from day of injury.", "PMID": 701314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_656", "title": "Congenital thoracic lordosis.", "content": "The rare spinal deformity of congenital thoracic lordosis is illustrated in five patients. Often this deformity is progressive and may cause severe pulmonary deficits and death. In the two patients most recently treated, early spine fusion (one anterior and one posterior) showed promising results--halting of the progression of deformity and even some amelioration of the lordosis. In two patients in whom active attempts were made to correct the lordosis, the complications were severe--one patient died and quadriparesis developed in the other.", "contents": "Congenital thoracic lordosis. The rare spinal deformity of congenital thoracic lordosis is illustrated in five patients. Often this deformity is progressive and may cause severe pulmonary deficits and death. In the two patients most recently treated, early spine fusion (one anterior and one posterior) showed promising results--halting of the progression of deformity and even some amelioration of the lordosis. In two patients in whom active attempts were made to correct the lordosis, the complications were severe--one patient died and quadriparesis developed in the other.", "PMID": 701315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_657", "title": "Osteotomy for tibia vara in Paget's disease under cover of calcitonin.", "content": "Five women with Paget's disease of the tibia were seen with pain in the knee, ankle, or both, as well as with tibial bone pain. All had tibia vara and internal torsion of the tibial shaft. Osteotomy to correct the deformities was preceded by a course of calcitonin which relieved the bone pain but did not relieve the articular pain. Relief after satisfactory correction of the tibial deformity was achieved in all patients. Calcitonin effectively minimized bleeding at the osteotomy site and complications were not encountered.", "contents": "Osteotomy for tibia vara in Paget's disease under cover of calcitonin. Five women with Paget's disease of the tibia were seen with pain in the knee, ankle, or both, as well as with tibial bone pain. All had tibia vara and internal torsion of the tibial shaft. Osteotomy to correct the deformities was preceded by a course of calcitonin which relieved the bone pain but did not relieve the articular pain. Relief after satisfactory correction of the tibial deformity was achieved in all patients. Calcitonin effectively minimized bleeding at the osteotomy site and complications were not encountered.", "PMID": 701316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_658", "title": "Arterial hypertension induced by femoral lengthening. A canine model.", "content": "In a canine experimental model, femora were lengthened 2.5 to 3.0 centimeters over a one-minute period. Systolic blood-pressure elevation averaged forty millimeters of mercury and diastolic blood-pressure elevation, twenty-two millimeters of mercury. The average peak arterial pressure was 193/115 millimeters of mercury. The effects of sympatholytic agents on the experimental model were tested. Alpha-adrenergic blockade by phenoxybenzamine, total-body catecholamine depletion by reserpine, and sympathetic ganglionic blockade by trimethaphan camphorsulfonate all inhibited the rise in arterial pressure, but beta-adrenergic blockade by propranolol did not. A differential spinal anesthetic with Xylocaine solution dramatically decreased the elevation in arterial pressure.", "contents": "Arterial hypertension induced by femoral lengthening. A canine model. In a canine experimental model, femora were lengthened 2.5 to 3.0 centimeters over a one-minute period. Systolic blood-pressure elevation averaged forty millimeters of mercury and diastolic blood-pressure elevation, twenty-two millimeters of mercury. The average peak arterial pressure was 193/115 millimeters of mercury. The effects of sympatholytic agents on the experimental model were tested. Alpha-adrenergic blockade by phenoxybenzamine, total-body catecholamine depletion by reserpine, and sympathetic ganglionic blockade by trimethaphan camphorsulfonate all inhibited the rise in arterial pressure, but beta-adrenergic blockade by propranolol did not. A differential spinal anesthetic with Xylocaine solution dramatically decreased the elevation in arterial pressure.", "PMID": 701317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_659", "title": "Treatment of unicameral bone cysts by curettage and packing with plaster-of-Paris pellets.", "content": "Long-term follow-up of twenty-six patients with unicameral bone cysts treated by curettage and packing with plaster-of-Paris pellets showed a recurrence in only two cases and no serious complications.", "contents": "Treatment of unicameral bone cysts by curettage and packing with plaster-of-Paris pellets. Long-term follow-up of twenty-six patients with unicameral bone cysts treated by curettage and packing with plaster-of-Paris pellets showed a recurrence in only two cases and no serious complications.", "PMID": 701318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_660", "title": "Treatment of orthopaedic infections with electrically generated silver ions. A preliminary report.", "content": "Electrically generated silver ions have been shown previously to be a potent antibacterial agent with an exceptionally broad spectrum as indicated by in vitro testing. The present study reports on clinical experience using electrically generated silver ions as adjunctive treatment in the management of chronic osteomyelitis. Fourteen patients had fifteen treatment attempts: thirteen for chronic osteomyelitis of the tibia, one for acute and chronic pyarthrosis and osteomyelitis of the knee, and one for a chronically draining sinus after total hip replacement. Wound d\u00e9bridement, silver ion iontophoresis, and subsequent wound care (usually provided by the patient) resulted in control of the infection in twelve of the fifteen treatment attempts and in healing of the non-union after follow-up ranging from three to thirty-six months. The other three attempts led to two partial and one complete failure.", "contents": "Treatment of orthopaedic infections with electrically generated silver ions. A preliminary report. Electrically generated silver ions have been shown previously to be a potent antibacterial agent with an exceptionally broad spectrum as indicated by in vitro testing. The present study reports on clinical experience using electrically generated silver ions as adjunctive treatment in the management of chronic osteomyelitis. Fourteen patients had fifteen treatment attempts: thirteen for chronic osteomyelitis of the tibia, one for acute and chronic pyarthrosis and osteomyelitis of the knee, and one for a chronically draining sinus after total hip replacement. Wound d\u00e9bridement, silver ion iontophoresis, and subsequent wound care (usually provided by the patient) resulted in control of the infection in twelve of the fifteen treatment attempts and in healing of the non-union after follow-up ranging from three to thirty-six months. The other three attempts led to two partial and one complete failure.", "PMID": 701335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_661", "title": "Genu recurvatum in spastic cerebral palsy. Report on findings by gait analysis.", "content": "Using high-speed motion pictures, electromyography, a dynamic piezoelectric force plate, and computer analysis of the data, the gait patterns of fifteen children, four to sixteen years old, with spastic cerebral palsy and genu recurvatum were analyzed to determine the mechanisms producing genu recurvatum and the effect of fixed-ankle below-the-knee orthoses. In all children the recurvatum during stance phase began when the tibia stopped moving forward and disappeared when tibial movement resumed. In six patients (Group I), excessive activity of the calf muscles in response to the increasing dorsiflexion moment about the ankle produced by the foot-floor reaction force arrested the forward motion of the tibia. In six others (Group II), the contraction of the calf muscles was not sufficiently strong to resist the dorsiflexion moment and the tibia moved forward until maximum dorsiflexion had occurred and then stopped. In both instances recurvatum was produced when the femur continued to move forward over the stationary tibia and an extension moment was produced at the knee. In no patient did activity of the knee flexors prevent recurvatum, which was eliminated only by resumption of forward movement of the tibia. This movement of the tibia was produced either by heel-off (Group I) or by sudden unweighting of the limb due to opposite heel-strike (Group II). In Group I, when tibial motion stopped in the first half of stance phase the position of the hip rapidly changed from flexion to extension and there was forward leaning of the trunk, while in Group II the change from hip flexion to extension occurred with backward leaning of the trunk. The fixed-ankle below-the-knee orthosis, by preventing excessive dorsiflexion and plantar flexion, produced more normal moments about all joints, especially the knee. In the three children (Group III) whose recurvatum was permanently corrected by the brace, no explanation for the improvement was evident in these studies.", "contents": "Genu recurvatum in spastic cerebral palsy. Report on findings by gait analysis. Using high-speed motion pictures, electromyography, a dynamic piezoelectric force plate, and computer analysis of the data, the gait patterns of fifteen children, four to sixteen years old, with spastic cerebral palsy and genu recurvatum were analyzed to determine the mechanisms producing genu recurvatum and the effect of fixed-ankle below-the-knee orthoses. In all children the recurvatum during stance phase began when the tibia stopped moving forward and disappeared when tibial movement resumed. In six patients (Group I), excessive activity of the calf muscles in response to the increasing dorsiflexion moment about the ankle produced by the foot-floor reaction force arrested the forward motion of the tibia. In six others (Group II), the contraction of the calf muscles was not sufficiently strong to resist the dorsiflexion moment and the tibia moved forward until maximum dorsiflexion had occurred and then stopped. In both instances recurvatum was produced when the femur continued to move forward over the stationary tibia and an extension moment was produced at the knee. In no patient did activity of the knee flexors prevent recurvatum, which was eliminated only by resumption of forward movement of the tibia. This movement of the tibia was produced either by heel-off (Group I) or by sudden unweighting of the limb due to opposite heel-strike (Group II). In Group I, when tibial motion stopped in the first half of stance phase the position of the hip rapidly changed from flexion to extension and there was forward leaning of the trunk, while in Group II the change from hip flexion to extension occurred with backward leaning of the trunk. The fixed-ankle below-the-knee orthosis, by preventing excessive dorsiflexion and plantar flexion, produced more normal moments about all joints, especially the knee. In the three children (Group III) whose recurvatum was permanently corrected by the brace, no explanation for the improvement was evident in these studies.", "PMID": 701336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_662", "title": "Postural sway in amputees and normal subjects.", "content": "The postural sway of amputees was investigated quantitatively in fifty patients with above-the-knee amputations and in twenty-nine patients with below-the-knee amputations. The factors evaluated were: (1) the mean speed of sway: (2) the range of movement in the sagittal and coronal planes; and (3) the dependence on vision as indicated by the ratio of eyes-open to eyes-closed values. The results demonstrated that in amputees there is an increased dependence on vision for maintenance of the erect posture. Postural sway in patients with below-the-knee amputations was found to be significantly greater than that in those with above-the-knee amputations. Postural sway increased with age; but the visual dependence for the control of postural sway was independent of age.", "contents": "Postural sway in amputees and normal subjects. The postural sway of amputees was investigated quantitatively in fifty patients with above-the-knee amputations and in twenty-nine patients with below-the-knee amputations. The factors evaluated were: (1) the mean speed of sway: (2) the range of movement in the sagittal and coronal planes; and (3) the dependence on vision as indicated by the ratio of eyes-open to eyes-closed values. The results demonstrated that in amputees there is an increased dependence on vision for maintenance of the erect posture. Postural sway in patients with below-the-knee amputations was found to be significantly greater than that in those with above-the-knee amputations. Postural sway increased with age; but the visual dependence for the control of postural sway was independent of age.", "PMID": 701337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_663", "title": "Anterior cruciate ligament repair for rotatory instability: the Lindemann dynamic muscle-transfer procedure.", "content": "The Lindemann operation, originally performed in 1950 as a reconstructive procedure for the anterior cruciate ligament, was performed in the knees of eight patients suffering from rotatory instability. Although the instability persisted, as shown by roentgenographic and clinical examination, treatment with the tendon transfer appears to have provided dynamic stabilization. Seven of the eight patients so treated were subjectively improved, and they returned to sports or activities which they had not been able to perform prior to surgery.", "contents": "Anterior cruciate ligament repair for rotatory instability: the Lindemann dynamic muscle-transfer procedure. The Lindemann operation, originally performed in 1950 as a reconstructive procedure for the anterior cruciate ligament, was performed in the knees of eight patients suffering from rotatory instability. Although the instability persisted, as shown by roentgenographic and clinical examination, treatment with the tendon transfer appears to have provided dynamic stabilization. Seven of the eight patients so treated were subjectively improved, and they returned to sports or activities which they had not been able to perform prior to surgery.", "PMID": 701338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_664", "title": "Fractures of the odontoid process in young children.", "content": "We reviewed eleven patients less than seven years old with fractures of the odontoid process in an effort to establish a more standard form of treatment for the injury and to determine what complications, if any, occur as a result of fractures of the odontoid process in pediatric patients. Our study showed that children with odontoid fractures that are recognized and treated promptly usually do well. The fracture can usually be reduced by passive manipulation or by the \"hanging head technique\". Support in the reduced position for two to three months in a Minerva jacket or halo cast should be long enough to permit healing. Our study suggests that fractures of the odontoid process in young patients almost always heal.", "contents": "Fractures of the odontoid process in young children. We reviewed eleven patients less than seven years old with fractures of the odontoid process in an effort to establish a more standard form of treatment for the injury and to determine what complications, if any, occur as a result of fractures of the odontoid process in pediatric patients. Our study showed that children with odontoid fractures that are recognized and treated promptly usually do well. The fracture can usually be reduced by passive manipulation or by the \"hanging head technique\". Support in the reduced position for two to three months in a Minerva jacket or halo cast should be long enough to permit healing. Our study suggests that fractures of the odontoid process in young patients almost always heal.", "PMID": 701339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_665", "title": "The spine in osteogenesis imperfecta.", "content": "A high incidence of spinal curvature, approaching 80 per cent in patients more than twelve years old, was found in a large series of patients with osteogenesis imperfecta. Curves showed early progression and a predictable pattern. In the age range between one and five years the incidence of scoliosis was 26 per cent; thereafter, it rose precipitously. The degree of curvature was greater in the older children. The Milwaukee brace was ineffective in the treatment of the scoliosis and the complications of its use were detrimental. In several patients it deformed the rib cage. It had little or no effect on the progression of the curve. The incidence and degree of curvature was related to the type of bone present. Patients with chest deformities and those who were not ambulatory seemed to have a predilection for scoliosis.", "contents": "The spine in osteogenesis imperfecta. A high incidence of spinal curvature, approaching 80 per cent in patients more than twelve years old, was found in a large series of patients with osteogenesis imperfecta. Curves showed early progression and a predictable pattern. In the age range between one and five years the incidence of scoliosis was 26 per cent; thereafter, it rose precipitously. The degree of curvature was greater in the older children. The Milwaukee brace was ineffective in the treatment of the scoliosis and the complications of its use were detrimental. In several patients it deformed the rib cage. It had little or no effect on the progression of the curve. The incidence and degree of curvature was related to the type of bone present. Patients with chest deformities and those who were not ambulatory seemed to have a predilection for scoliosis.", "PMID": 701340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_666", "title": "Survival and ambulation following hip fracture.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of the outcomes in 360 patients with fractures of the hip showed return to preinjury ambulatory status in 51 per cent. One year after injury 27 per cent of the patients had died and 22 per cent were non-ambulatory. For the first eight months after injury the death rate in the fracture population exceeded that of the population at large, while afterward it was the same. Factors that increased the probability of death and non-ambulation included advanced age, preoperative presence of cerebral dysfunction, and male sex.", "contents": "Survival and ambulation following hip fracture. A retrospective analysis of the outcomes in 360 patients with fractures of the hip showed return to preinjury ambulatory status in 51 per cent. One year after injury 27 per cent of the patients had died and 22 per cent were non-ambulatory. For the first eight months after injury the death rate in the fracture population exceeded that of the population at large, while afterward it was the same. Factors that increased the probability of death and non-ambulation included advanced age, preoperative presence of cerebral dysfunction, and male sex.", "PMID": 701341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_667", "title": "Segmental fractures of the femur treated by closed intramedullary nailing.", "content": "Twenty acute segmental fractures of the femoral shaft were treated with closed intramedullary nailing. The severity of the soft-tissue damage and associated injuries necessitated careful preoperative care. The surgical technique and means of reduction are outlined. Follow-up of at least one year on all patients showed a 100 per cent rate of union with no infections. Major complications included splitting of the greater trochanter during nailing (one case) and an 11-degree valgus deformity (one case). Maximum shortening was 1.5 centimeters. Knee flexion averaged 135 degrees in these acute fractures. The results in this series indicate that closed intramedullary nailing is an excellent method of treatment for this difficult fracture.", "contents": "Segmental fractures of the femur treated by closed intramedullary nailing. Twenty acute segmental fractures of the femoral shaft were treated with closed intramedullary nailing. The severity of the soft-tissue damage and associated injuries necessitated careful preoperative care. The surgical technique and means of reduction are outlined. Follow-up of at least one year on all patients showed a 100 per cent rate of union with no infections. Major complications included splitting of the greater trochanter during nailing (one case) and an 11-degree valgus deformity (one case). Maximum shortening was 1.5 centimeters. Knee flexion averaged 135 degrees in these acute fractures. The results in this series indicate that closed intramedullary nailing is an excellent method of treatment for this difficult fracture.", "PMID": 701342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_668", "title": "Total hip arthroplasty in chronically dislocated hips. Follow-up study on the protrusio socket technique.", "content": "The so-called protrusio socket technique of total hip arthroplasty was shown to be very effective in a series of twenty-two chronically dislocated or subluxated hips. In seventeen patients with follow-up of sixteen to fifty-nine months, excellent results were obtained in all but two hips. Obesity and rheumatoid arthritis or other systemic causes of osteopenia are considered contraindications to the procedure.", "contents": "Total hip arthroplasty in chronically dislocated hips. Follow-up study on the protrusio socket technique. The so-called protrusio socket technique of total hip arthroplasty was shown to be very effective in a series of twenty-two chronically dislocated or subluxated hips. In seventeen patients with follow-up of sixteen to fifty-nine months, excellent results were obtained in all but two hips. Obesity and rheumatoid arthritis or other systemic causes of osteopenia are considered contraindications to the procedure.", "PMID": 701343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_669", "title": "Kinematics of the wrist. II. Clinical applications.", "content": "A reproducible method of measuring carpal height and carpal-ulnar distance and expressing them as ratios of these distances to the length of the third metacarpal, as reported in a previous paper9, was applied to serial roentgenograms of seventeen patients with rheumatoid disease and six patients with Kienb\u00f6ck's disease. These ratios provide an accurate expression of the extent of carpal collapse and of ulnar translation. However, once carpal collapse has occurred, the trajectory of hand motion becomes flattened, and, as a result, the carpal height ratio will vary as the wrist moves from maximum radial to maximum ulnar deviation. These ratios may be of use in predicting a patient's clinical course, but a larger clinical study is necessary before use of the measurements for this purpose can be recommended with assurance.", "contents": "Kinematics of the wrist. II. Clinical applications. A reproducible method of measuring carpal height and carpal-ulnar distance and expressing them as ratios of these distances to the length of the third metacarpal, as reported in a previous paper9, was applied to serial roentgenograms of seventeen patients with rheumatoid disease and six patients with Kienb\u00f6ck's disease. These ratios provide an accurate expression of the extent of carpal collapse and of ulnar translation. However, once carpal collapse has occurred, the trajectory of hand motion becomes flattened, and, as a result, the carpal height ratio will vary as the wrist moves from maximum radial to maximum ulnar deviation. These ratios may be of use in predicting a patient's clinical course, but a larger clinical study is necessary before use of the measurements for this purpose can be recommended with assurance.", "PMID": 701344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_670", "title": "Acute ulnar neuropathy with fractures at the wrist.", "content": "Injury to the ulnar nerve associated with or following a fracture at the wrist is unusual. Three cases of this association are presented. Previously reported cases have been reviewed. The associated lesions tend to occur in young adults after higher-energy trauma and more dorsal displacement of the distal radial fragment than are generally seen in patients with Colles fractures. The return of function in the three wrists was related to the promptness and accuracy of reduction of the fracture and to the decompression of the ulnar nerve in Guyon's canal. We present a regimen for treatment of this injury stressing accurate reduction of the fracture and early surgical decompression when necessary.", "contents": "Acute ulnar neuropathy with fractures at the wrist. Injury to the ulnar nerve associated with or following a fracture at the wrist is unusual. Three cases of this association are presented. Previously reported cases have been reviewed. The associated lesions tend to occur in young adults after higher-energy trauma and more dorsal displacement of the distal radial fragment than are generally seen in patients with Colles fractures. The return of function in the three wrists was related to the promptness and accuracy of reduction of the fracture and to the decompression of the ulnar nerve in Guyon's canal. We present a regimen for treatment of this injury stressing accurate reduction of the fracture and early surgical decompression when necessary.", "PMID": 701345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_671", "title": "Numerical assessment of bone scintigraphy in primary bone tumors and tumor-like conditions.", "content": "Fifty-four tumors or tumor-like conditions in bone were studied by numerically assessed 99m-technetium polyphosphate scintigraphy. The uptake was expressed as a ratio of the uptake in the tumor region to the uptake in a corresponding region in the contralateral part of the body. In the malignant tumors there was marked variation in the uptake within each individual tumor group, a variation that rendered a differential diagnosis impossible. In general, the uptake was fairly high in malignant tumors and lower in benign ones. A ratio below 1.5 suggested the likelihood that the lesion was benign. The ratios also varied considerably with the site of the tumor and the patients' ages. Relatively low ratios were found for tumors of the trunk and for juxta-articular tumors in children, whereas higher and more varied ratios were observed in tumors of the peripheral skeleton in adults. It is concluded that numerically assessed scintigraphy is not a useful supplement to other methods used for diagnosing bone tumors.", "contents": "Numerical assessment of bone scintigraphy in primary bone tumors and tumor-like conditions. Fifty-four tumors or tumor-like conditions in bone were studied by numerically assessed 99m-technetium polyphosphate scintigraphy. The uptake was expressed as a ratio of the uptake in the tumor region to the uptake in a corresponding region in the contralateral part of the body. In the malignant tumors there was marked variation in the uptake within each individual tumor group, a variation that rendered a differential diagnosis impossible. In general, the uptake was fairly high in malignant tumors and lower in benign ones. A ratio below 1.5 suggested the likelihood that the lesion was benign. The ratios also varied considerably with the site of the tumor and the patients' ages. Relatively low ratios were found for tumors of the trunk and for juxta-articular tumors in children, whereas higher and more varied ratios were observed in tumors of the peripheral skeleton in adults. It is concluded that numerically assessed scintigraphy is not a useful supplement to other methods used for diagnosing bone tumors.", "PMID": 701346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_672", "title": "Results of surgical treatment for non-union after high tibial osteotomy in osteoarthritis of the knee.", "content": "In a series of 280 high tibial osteotomies performed for osteoarthritis of the knee between 1969 and 1975, there were ten cases of pseudarthrosis, an incidence of 3.6 per cent. These ten knees (and an additional two that were referred to us) were reoperated on. In most cases the pseudarthrosis was resected and stabilized with the Charnley transfixation-compression method. Other procedures involved resection without compression (one knee), compression blade-plate fixation, and arthroplasty with a hinge endoprosthesis. All osteotomies healed eventually with the knee in satisfactory position. In spite of the initial non-union and repeated operation, all twelve patients eventually had satisfactory correction of the preosteotomy deformity, and none had a loss in walking ability. All but two patients had freedom from pain. We concluded that patients with non-union following high tibial osteotomy for osteoarthritis of the knee should undergo resection of the pseudarthrosis and transfixation compression as the treatment of choice. Endoprosthetic replacement then can be used as a salvage procedure if it is needed.", "contents": "Results of surgical treatment for non-union after high tibial osteotomy in osteoarthritis of the knee. In a series of 280 high tibial osteotomies performed for osteoarthritis of the knee between 1969 and 1975, there were ten cases of pseudarthrosis, an incidence of 3.6 per cent. These ten knees (and an additional two that were referred to us) were reoperated on. In most cases the pseudarthrosis was resected and stabilized with the Charnley transfixation-compression method. Other procedures involved resection without compression (one knee), compression blade-plate fixation, and arthroplasty with a hinge endoprosthesis. All osteotomies healed eventually with the knee in satisfactory position. In spite of the initial non-union and repeated operation, all twelve patients eventually had satisfactory correction of the preosteotomy deformity, and none had a loss in walking ability. All but two patients had freedom from pain. We concluded that patients with non-union following high tibial osteotomy for osteoarthritis of the knee should undergo resection of the pseudarthrosis and transfixation compression as the treatment of choice. Endoprosthetic replacement then can be used as a salvage procedure if it is needed.", "PMID": 701347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_673", "title": "Neurofilament proteins of rat peripheral nerve and spinal cord.", "content": "Intact neurofilaments were isolated in parallel from rat peripheral nerve and spinal cord by osmotic shock into hypotonic media containing divalent cation chelators. Isolated neurofilaments were washed and separated by multiple centrifugations in 0.1 M NaCl. Abundant intact neurofilaments were identified in the washed pellets by negative staining techniques. Their origin from neurofilaments was confirmed by immune electron microscopy. Washed neurofilaments were extracted from lipid and membranous components with 8 M urea. Analyses of neurofilament isolates on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels showed that proteins of 200,000, 150,000, and 69,000 mol wt were the major components of intact neurofilaments derived from rat peripheral and central nervous systems. These same proteins were identified in whole tissue homogenates of both sources and became enriched during the isolation of intact neurofilaments. A minor component of 64,000 mol wt arose during isolation. Other proteins were identified as contaminants. Small amounts of proteins with electrophoretic migration of tubulin and actin remain in neurofilament isolates.", "contents": "Neurofilament proteins of rat peripheral nerve and spinal cord. Intact neurofilaments were isolated in parallel from rat peripheral nerve and spinal cord by osmotic shock into hypotonic media containing divalent cation chelators. Isolated neurofilaments were washed and separated by multiple centrifugations in 0.1 M NaCl. Abundant intact neurofilaments were identified in the washed pellets by negative staining techniques. Their origin from neurofilaments was confirmed by immune electron microscopy. Washed neurofilaments were extracted from lipid and membranous components with 8 M urea. Analyses of neurofilament isolates on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels showed that proteins of 200,000, 150,000, and 69,000 mol wt were the major components of intact neurofilaments derived from rat peripheral and central nervous systems. These same proteins were identified in whole tissue homogenates of both sources and became enriched during the isolation of intact neurofilaments. A minor component of 64,000 mol wt arose during isolation. Other proteins were identified as contaminants. Small amounts of proteins with electrophoretic migration of tubulin and actin remain in neurofilament isolates.", "PMID": 701353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_674", "title": "Heterogeneous nuclear RNA-protein fibers in chromatin-depleted nuclei.", "content": "The heterogeneous nuclear RNA-protein (hnRNP) fibers in HeLa cell nuclei are visualized by a nuclear subfractionation technique which removes 96% of the chromatin in a single step and 99% in a two-step elution but leaves the bulk of the hnRNA complexed with the remnant nuclear structure or lamina. Both steady-state and newly synthesized (approximately 15-s label) hnRNA are associated with the remnant nuclei to about the same extent. This association does not appear to depend on the presence of chromatin and exists in addition to any possible association of hnRNP with chromatin itself. Electron microscopy of partially purified nuclear hnRNA complexes shows that the hnRNP fibers form a ribonucleoprotein network throughout the nucleus, whose integrity is dependent on the RNA. Autoradiography confirms that hnRNA is a constituent of the fibers. The RNA network visualized in these remnant nuclei may be similar to RNA networks seen in intact cells. The hnRNA molecules appear to be associated with the nuclear lamina, at least in part, by unusual hnRNA sequences. More than half of the recovered poly(A) and double-stranded hnRNA regions remains associated with the nuclear structures or the laminae after digestion with RNase and elution with 0.4 M ammonium sulfate. In contrast, the majority of oligo(A), another ribonuclease resistant segment, is released together with most of the partially digested but still acid-precipitable single-stranded hnRNA and the hnRNP proteins not eluted by the ammonium sulfate alone. These special RNA regions appear to be tightly bound and may serve as points of attachment of the hnRNA to nuclear substructures. It is suggested that hnRNA metabolism does not take place in a soluble nucleoplasmic compartment but on organized structures firmly bound to the nuclear structure.", "contents": "Heterogeneous nuclear RNA-protein fibers in chromatin-depleted nuclei. The heterogeneous nuclear RNA-protein (hnRNP) fibers in HeLa cell nuclei are visualized by a nuclear subfractionation technique which removes 96% of the chromatin in a single step and 99% in a two-step elution but leaves the bulk of the hnRNA complexed with the remnant nuclear structure or lamina. Both steady-state and newly synthesized (approximately 15-s label) hnRNA are associated with the remnant nuclei to about the same extent. This association does not appear to depend on the presence of chromatin and exists in addition to any possible association of hnRNP with chromatin itself. Electron microscopy of partially purified nuclear hnRNA complexes shows that the hnRNP fibers form a ribonucleoprotein network throughout the nucleus, whose integrity is dependent on the RNA. Autoradiography confirms that hnRNA is a constituent of the fibers. The RNA network visualized in these remnant nuclei may be similar to RNA networks seen in intact cells. The hnRNA molecules appear to be associated with the nuclear lamina, at least in part, by unusual hnRNA sequences. More than half of the recovered poly(A) and double-stranded hnRNA regions remains associated with the nuclear structures or the laminae after digestion with RNase and elution with 0.4 M ammonium sulfate. In contrast, the majority of oligo(A), another ribonuclease resistant segment, is released together with most of the partially digested but still acid-precipitable single-stranded hnRNA and the hnRNP proteins not eluted by the ammonium sulfate alone. These special RNA regions appear to be tightly bound and may serve as points of attachment of the hnRNA to nuclear substructures. It is suggested that hnRNA metabolism does not take place in a soluble nucleoplasmic compartment but on organized structures firmly bound to the nuclear structure.", "PMID": 701354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_675", "title": "Retrieval and recycling of synaptic vesicle membrane in pinched-off nerve terminals (synaptosomes).", "content": "The morphological features of pinched-off presynaptic nerve terminals (synaptosomes) from rat brain were examined with electron microscope techniques; in many experiments, an extracellular marked (horseradish peroxidase or colloidal thorium dioxide) was included in the incubation media. When incubated in physiological saline, most terminals appeared approximately spherical, and were filled with small (approximately 400-A diameter) \"synaptic vesicles\"; mitochondria were also present in many of the terminals. In a number of instances the region of synaptic contact, with adhering portions of the postsynaptic cell membrane and postsynaptic density, could be readily discerned. Approximately 20--30% of the terminals in our preparations exhibited clear evidence of damage, as indicated by diffuse distribution of extracellular markers in the cytoplasm; the markers appeared to be excluded from the intraterminal vesicles under these circumstances. The markers were excluded from the cytoplasm in approximately 70--80% of the terminals, which may imply that these terminals have intact plasma membranes. When the terminals were treated with depolarizing agents (veratridine or K-rich media), in the presence of Ca, many new, large (600--900-A diameter) vesicles and some coated vesicles and new vacuoles appeared. When the media contained an extracellular marker, the newly formed structures frequently were labeled with the marker. If the veratridine-depolarized terminals were subsequently treated with tetrodotoxin (to repolarize the terminals) and allowed to \"recover\" for 60--90 min, most of the large marker-containing vesicles disappeared, and numerous small (approximately 400-A diameter) marker-containing vesicles appeared. These observations are consistent with the idea that pinched-off presynaptic terminals contain all of the machinery necessary for vesicular exocytosis and for the retrieval and recycling of synaptic vesicle membrane. The vesicle membrane appears to be retrieval primarily in the form of large diameter vesicles which are subsequently reprocessed to form new \"typical\" small-diameter synaptic vesicles.", "contents": "Retrieval and recycling of synaptic vesicle membrane in pinched-off nerve terminals (synaptosomes). The morphological features of pinched-off presynaptic nerve terminals (synaptosomes) from rat brain were examined with electron microscope techniques; in many experiments, an extracellular marked (horseradish peroxidase or colloidal thorium dioxide) was included in the incubation media. When incubated in physiological saline, most terminals appeared approximately spherical, and were filled with small (approximately 400-A diameter) \"synaptic vesicles\"; mitochondria were also present in many of the terminals. In a number of instances the region of synaptic contact, with adhering portions of the postsynaptic cell membrane and postsynaptic density, could be readily discerned. Approximately 20--30% of the terminals in our preparations exhibited clear evidence of damage, as indicated by diffuse distribution of extracellular markers in the cytoplasm; the markers appeared to be excluded from the intraterminal vesicles under these circumstances. The markers were excluded from the cytoplasm in approximately 70--80% of the terminals, which may imply that these terminals have intact plasma membranes. When the terminals were treated with depolarizing agents (veratridine or K-rich media), in the presence of Ca, many new, large (600--900-A diameter) vesicles and some coated vesicles and new vacuoles appeared. When the media contained an extracellular marker, the newly formed structures frequently were labeled with the marker. If the veratridine-depolarized terminals were subsequently treated with tetrodotoxin (to repolarize the terminals) and allowed to \"recover\" for 60--90 min, most of the large marker-containing vesicles disappeared, and numerous small (approximately 400-A diameter) marker-containing vesicles appeared. These observations are consistent with the idea that pinched-off presynaptic terminals contain all of the machinery necessary for vesicular exocytosis and for the retrieval and recycling of synaptic vesicle membrane. The vesicle membrane appears to be retrieval primarily in the form of large diameter vesicles which are subsequently reprocessed to form new \"typical\" small-diameter synaptic vesicles.", "PMID": 701355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_676", "title": "Amniotic fluid fibronectin. Characterization and synthesis by cells in culture.", "content": "A glycoprotein immunologically related to plasma cold-insoluble globulin (CIG) and fetal skin fibroblast fibronectin has been purified from second-trimester human amniotic fluid. This protein (amniotic fluid fibronectin) migrated more slowly than CIG on sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis and showed greater polydispersity which could result, at least in part, from heterogeneity in glycosylation. Cloned human amniotic fluid epithelioid and fibroblastic cells synthesized and secreted a protein with similar properties into the culture medium. Fibronectin was shown to be associated with the pericellular and extracellular matrix of cultured amniotic fluid cells by immunofluorescence, lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination, and labeling with ferritin-conjugated antibodies. The kinetics of secretion of the protein were consistent with its role as a matrix protein. We anticipate that amniotic fluid fibronectin will prove to be the same protein which elsewhere in the body is incorporated into connective tissues and basement membranes. Amniotic fluid could, therefore, serve as a convenient source of in vivo synthesized fibronectin for biological and structural studies.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid fibronectin. Characterization and synthesis by cells in culture. A glycoprotein immunologically related to plasma cold-insoluble globulin (CIG) and fetal skin fibroblast fibronectin has been purified from second-trimester human amniotic fluid. This protein (amniotic fluid fibronectin) migrated more slowly than CIG on sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis and showed greater polydispersity which could result, at least in part, from heterogeneity in glycosylation. Cloned human amniotic fluid epithelioid and fibroblastic cells synthesized and secreted a protein with similar properties into the culture medium. Fibronectin was shown to be associated with the pericellular and extracellular matrix of cultured amniotic fluid cells by immunofluorescence, lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination, and labeling with ferritin-conjugated antibodies. The kinetics of secretion of the protein were consistent with its role as a matrix protein. We anticipate that amniotic fluid fibronectin will prove to be the same protein which elsewhere in the body is incorporated into connective tissues and basement membranes. Amniotic fluid could, therefore, serve as a convenient source of in vivo synthesized fibronectin for biological and structural studies.", "PMID": 701356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_677", "title": "Acetylcholine compartments in mouse diaphragm. Comparison of the effects of black widow spider venom, electrical stimulation, and high concentrations of potassium.", "content": "We have studied the effects of 25 mM potassium, electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerve, and crude black widow spider venom on the ultrastructure, electrophysiology, and acetylcholine (ACh) contents of mouse diaphragms. About 65% of the ACh in diaphragms is contained in a depletable store in the nerve terminals. The rest of the ACh is contained in a nondepletable store that may correspond to the store that remains in denervated muscles and includes, in addition, ACh in the intramuscular branches of the phrenic nerve. About 4% of the ACh released from the depletable store at rest is secreted as quanta and may come from the vesicles, while 96% is secreted in a nonquantized form and comes from an extravesicular pool. The size of the extravesicular pool is uncertain: it could be less than 10%, or as great as 50%, of the depletable store. K causes a highly (but perhaps not perfectly) selective increase in the rate of quantal secretion so that quanta account for about 50% of the total ACh released from K-treated diaphragms. K, or electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerve, depletes both the vesicular and extravesicular pools of ACh when hemicholinium no. 3 (HC-3) is present. However, most of the vesicles are retained under these conditions so that the diaphragms are able to increase slightly their rates of release of ACh when K is added. Venom depletes the terminals of their vesicles and abolishes the release of quanta of ACh. It depletes the vesicular pool of ACh (since it depletes the vesicles), but may only partially deplete the extravesicular pool (since it reduces resting release only 10--40%). The rate of release of ACh from the residual extravesicular pool does not increase when 25 mM K is added. Although we cannot exclude the possibility that stimulation may double the rate of release of ACh from the extravesicular pool, our results are compatible with the idea that the ACh released by stimulation comes mainly from the vesicles and that, when synthesis is inhibited by HC-3, ACh may be exchanged between the extravesicular pool and recycled vesicles.", "contents": "Acetylcholine compartments in mouse diaphragm. Comparison of the effects of black widow spider venom, electrical stimulation, and high concentrations of potassium. We have studied the effects of 25 mM potassium, electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerve, and crude black widow spider venom on the ultrastructure, electrophysiology, and acetylcholine (ACh) contents of mouse diaphragms. About 65% of the ACh in diaphragms is contained in a depletable store in the nerve terminals. The rest of the ACh is contained in a nondepletable store that may correspond to the store that remains in denervated muscles and includes, in addition, ACh in the intramuscular branches of the phrenic nerve. About 4% of the ACh released from the depletable store at rest is secreted as quanta and may come from the vesicles, while 96% is secreted in a nonquantized form and comes from an extravesicular pool. The size of the extravesicular pool is uncertain: it could be less than 10%, or as great as 50%, of the depletable store. K causes a highly (but perhaps not perfectly) selective increase in the rate of quantal secretion so that quanta account for about 50% of the total ACh released from K-treated diaphragms. K, or electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerve, depletes both the vesicular and extravesicular pools of ACh when hemicholinium no. 3 (HC-3) is present. However, most of the vesicles are retained under these conditions so that the diaphragms are able to increase slightly their rates of release of ACh when K is added. Venom depletes the terminals of their vesicles and abolishes the release of quanta of ACh. It depletes the vesicular pool of ACh (since it depletes the vesicles), but may only partially deplete the extravesicular pool (since it reduces resting release only 10--40%). The rate of release of ACh from the residual extravesicular pool does not increase when 25 mM K is added. Although we cannot exclude the possibility that stimulation may double the rate of release of ACh from the extravesicular pool, our results are compatible with the idea that the ACh released by stimulation comes mainly from the vesicles and that, when synthesis is inhibited by HC-3, ACh may be exchanged between the extravesicular pool and recycled vesicles.", "PMID": 701357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_678", "title": "Membrane proteins synthesized but not processed by isolated maize chloroplasts.", "content": "One-dimensional maps of proteolytic fragments generated by digestion with Staphylococcus aureus protease in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were used to identify three polypeptides synthesized by isolated Zea mays chloroplasts. This technique does not depend upon proper incorporation of the newly synthesized polypeptides into a more complex structure for their identification. The only preliminary purification required is electrophoretic separation on SDS-polyacrylamide gels. The pattern of radioactive fragments from labeled proteins which co-migrate with the alpha and beta subunits of chloroplast coupling factor (CF1) corresponds precisely to the pattern of stainable fragments derived from subunits of the purified enzyme. A 34,500-dalton protein is the major membrane-associated product of protein synthesis by isolated maize chloroplasts. From the similarity in the fragments formed by digestion with S. aureus protease, it appears that this radioactive protein is probably a precursor of a 32,000-dalton protein which is a component of the thylakoid. The alpha and beta subunits of CF1 newly synthesized by isolated chloroplasts are not fully extractable by procedures which normally solubilize the enzyme from membranes. The 34,500-dalton protein is not processed to the 32,000-dalton form in any great amount by isolated chloroplasts. A 19,000-dalton fragment of the 32,000-dalton protein is protected from digestion when thylakoids are treated with proteases, while the newly synthesized 34,500-dalton protein is fully susceptible. The isolated chloroplast does not appear to be able to fully integrate these newly made proteins into the membrane structure.", "contents": "Membrane proteins synthesized but not processed by isolated maize chloroplasts. One-dimensional maps of proteolytic fragments generated by digestion with Staphylococcus aureus protease in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were used to identify three polypeptides synthesized by isolated Zea mays chloroplasts. This technique does not depend upon proper incorporation of the newly synthesized polypeptides into a more complex structure for their identification. The only preliminary purification required is electrophoretic separation on SDS-polyacrylamide gels. The pattern of radioactive fragments from labeled proteins which co-migrate with the alpha and beta subunits of chloroplast coupling factor (CF1) corresponds precisely to the pattern of stainable fragments derived from subunits of the purified enzyme. A 34,500-dalton protein is the major membrane-associated product of protein synthesis by isolated maize chloroplasts. From the similarity in the fragments formed by digestion with S. aureus protease, it appears that this radioactive protein is probably a precursor of a 32,000-dalton protein which is a component of the thylakoid. The alpha and beta subunits of CF1 newly synthesized by isolated chloroplasts are not fully extractable by procedures which normally solubilize the enzyme from membranes. The 34,500-dalton protein is not processed to the 32,000-dalton form in any great amount by isolated chloroplasts. A 19,000-dalton fragment of the 32,000-dalton protein is protected from digestion when thylakoids are treated with proteases, while the newly synthesized 34,500-dalton protein is fully susceptible. The isolated chloroplast does not appear to be able to fully integrate these newly made proteins into the membrane structure.", "PMID": 701358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_679", "title": "Nerve growth factor prevents the death and stimulates the neuronal differentiation of clonal PC12 pheochromocytoma cells in serum-free medium.", "content": "The PC12 clone is a noradrenergic cell line derived from a rat pheochromocytoma. In culture medium containing horse serum, PC12 cells undergo mitosis; when nerve growth factor (NGF) is included in the medium, the cells cease multiplication and extend neuritis. It is shown here: (a) that PC12 cells are not viable in serum-free medium. When serum is withdrawn, 90 percent of the cells die within 4-6 days and 99 percent by 2-3 wk. (b) If NGF is added at the time of serum withdrawal, the cells undergo one doubling and remain viable for at least 1 mo. (c) Addition of NGF to cultures after more than 2 days in serum-free conditions results in maintenance of surviving cells, but not in an increase in cell number. (d) NGD also induces neurite outgrowth from PC12 cells in serum-free medium. (e) NGF-treated cells exhibit much less cell-cell and neurite-neurite aggregation in the absence than in the presence of serum. (f) The apparent minimum level of 2.5S NGF required for PC12 survival and morphological differentiation in serum-free medium is about 10 ng/ml (approximately 0.4 nM). (g) Withdrawal of NGF in serum-free conditions results in degeneration of neurites and loss of cell viability. (h) Experiments with campotothecin demonstrate that the effects of NGF on survival and neurite outgrowth may be uncoupled and suggest that the survival effects are transcriptionally independent. The present results also suggest that PC12 cells have a requirement for NGF (similar to that of normal sympathetic neurons) and that serum may substitute for this requirement. In addition, the present system of maintaining a highly differentiated cell line in a chemically defined medium suggests certain experimental opportunities.", "contents": "Nerve growth factor prevents the death and stimulates the neuronal differentiation of clonal PC12 pheochromocytoma cells in serum-free medium. The PC12 clone is a noradrenergic cell line derived from a rat pheochromocytoma. In culture medium containing horse serum, PC12 cells undergo mitosis; when nerve growth factor (NGF) is included in the medium, the cells cease multiplication and extend neuritis. It is shown here: (a) that PC12 cells are not viable in serum-free medium. When serum is withdrawn, 90 percent of the cells die within 4-6 days and 99 percent by 2-3 wk. (b) If NGF is added at the time of serum withdrawal, the cells undergo one doubling and remain viable for at least 1 mo. (c) Addition of NGF to cultures after more than 2 days in serum-free conditions results in maintenance of surviving cells, but not in an increase in cell number. (d) NGD also induces neurite outgrowth from PC12 cells in serum-free medium. (e) NGF-treated cells exhibit much less cell-cell and neurite-neurite aggregation in the absence than in the presence of serum. (f) The apparent minimum level of 2.5S NGF required for PC12 survival and morphological differentiation in serum-free medium is about 10 ng/ml (approximately 0.4 nM). (g) Withdrawal of NGF in serum-free conditions results in degeneration of neurites and loss of cell viability. (h) Experiments with campotothecin demonstrate that the effects of NGF on survival and neurite outgrowth may be uncoupled and suggest that the survival effects are transcriptionally independent. The present results also suggest that PC12 cells have a requirement for NGF (similar to that of normal sympathetic neurons) and that serum may substitute for this requirement. In addition, the present system of maintaining a highly differentiated cell line in a chemically defined medium suggests certain experimental opportunities.", "PMID": 701359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_680", "title": "Electron microscope localization of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in the superior cervical ganglion of the cat. I. Normal ganglion.", "content": "The distributions of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) of the cat were determined by electron microscopy (EM) with the bis-(thioacetoxy)aurate (I), or Au(TA)2, method. Before the infusion of fixative, one of the enzymes was selectively, irreversibly inactivated in vivo, as confirmed by light microscope (LM) examination of sections of the stellate ganglion stained by the more specific copper thiocholine method. Physostigmine-treated controls, for inhibition of AChE or BuChE, were stained concomitantly with tissue for enzyme localization by the Au(TA)2 method for EM examination in each experiment. It was concluded that most of the AChE of the cat SCG is present in the plasma membranes of the preganglionic axons and their terminals, and in the dendritic and perikaryonal plasma membranes of the postsynaptic ganglion cells. BuChE is confined largely to the postsynaptic neuronal plasma membranes. Reasons for the discrepancies between the localizations found by the present direct EM observations and those deduced earlier from LM comparisons of normal and denervated SCG are discussed. It is proposed that a trophic factor released by the preganglionic terminals is probably required for the synthesis of postsynaptic neuronal AChE, and that BuChE may serve as a precursor of AChE at that site.", "contents": "Electron microscope localization of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in the superior cervical ganglion of the cat. I. Normal ganglion. The distributions of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) of the cat were determined by electron microscopy (EM) with the bis-(thioacetoxy)aurate (I), or Au(TA)2, method. Before the infusion of fixative, one of the enzymes was selectively, irreversibly inactivated in vivo, as confirmed by light microscope (LM) examination of sections of the stellate ganglion stained by the more specific copper thiocholine method. Physostigmine-treated controls, for inhibition of AChE or BuChE, were stained concomitantly with tissue for enzyme localization by the Au(TA)2 method for EM examination in each experiment. It was concluded that most of the AChE of the cat SCG is present in the plasma membranes of the preganglionic axons and their terminals, and in the dendritic and perikaryonal plasma membranes of the postsynaptic ganglion cells. BuChE is confined largely to the postsynaptic neuronal plasma membranes. Reasons for the discrepancies between the localizations found by the present direct EM observations and those deduced earlier from LM comparisons of normal and denervated SCG are discussed. It is proposed that a trophic factor released by the preganglionic terminals is probably required for the synthesis of postsynaptic neuronal AChE, and that BuChE may serve as a precursor of AChE at that site.", "PMID": 701360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_681", "title": "Fat body protein granules and storage proteins in the silkmoth, Hyalophora cecropia.", "content": "Fat body cells of silkmoth pupae (Hyalophora cecropia ) contain granules, showing a less dense outer zone and a denser, often crystalline, inner portion appear after cocoon spinning and increase until the larval-pupal ecdysis; more granules are formed in females than in males. Urate granules, appearing fibrous in internal structure, first form about the same time, but their accumulation is more gradual, and continues in the pupa. Both types have been isolated by centrifugation. Protein granules dissolve in buffers to yield proteins 1 and 2, with distinct electrophoretic and antigenic properties. These proteins have been isolated individually from pupal fat body extracts by using their different thermal stabilities in phosphate buffer containing MgCl2 and (NH4)2SO4, respectively, and purification was completed by gel chromatography. Protein 1 has a molecular weight of 480,000 and a subunit of 85,000 daltons, while protein 2 gives values of 530,000 and 89,000, respectively. Their amino acid compositions are similar but distinct. Proteins 1 and 2 accumulate in the hemolymph, beginning 3 days before spinning, reach maximal levels at spinning, and then decline in the hemolymph while granules are formed in the fat body, although the total hemolymph protein concentration does not decline at this time. It is concluded that the fat body of the late, feeding larva synthesizes two related \"storage proteins\" and secretes them in partially crystalline granules as protein reserves for metamorphosis.", "contents": "Fat body protein granules and storage proteins in the silkmoth, Hyalophora cecropia. Fat body cells of silkmoth pupae (Hyalophora cecropia ) contain granules, showing a less dense outer zone and a denser, often crystalline, inner portion appear after cocoon spinning and increase until the larval-pupal ecdysis; more granules are formed in females than in males. Urate granules, appearing fibrous in internal structure, first form about the same time, but their accumulation is more gradual, and continues in the pupa. Both types have been isolated by centrifugation. Protein granules dissolve in buffers to yield proteins 1 and 2, with distinct electrophoretic and antigenic properties. These proteins have been isolated individually from pupal fat body extracts by using their different thermal stabilities in phosphate buffer containing MgCl2 and (NH4)2SO4, respectively, and purification was completed by gel chromatography. Protein 1 has a molecular weight of 480,000 and a subunit of 85,000 daltons, while protein 2 gives values of 530,000 and 89,000, respectively. Their amino acid compositions are similar but distinct. Proteins 1 and 2 accumulate in the hemolymph, beginning 3 days before spinning, reach maximal levels at spinning, and then decline in the hemolymph while granules are formed in the fat body, although the total hemolymph protein concentration does not decline at this time. It is concluded that the fat body of the late, feeding larva synthesizes two related \"storage proteins\" and secretes them in partially crystalline granules as protein reserves for metamorphosis.", "PMID": 701361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_682", "title": "Sulfation of fucoidin in Fucus embryos. III. Required for localization in the rhizoid wall.", "content": "Zygotes of the brown alga Fucus distichus L. Powell accumulate a sulfated polysaccharide (fucoidin) in the cell wall at the site of rhizoid formation. Previous work indicated that zygotes grown in seawater minus sulfate do not sulfate the preformed fucan (an unsulfated fucoidin) but form rhizoids. Under these conditions, we determined whether sulfation of the fucan is required for its localization in the rhizoid wall. This was accomplished by developing a specific stain for both the fucan and fucoidin. Using a precipitin assay, we demonstrated in vitro that the lectin ricin (RCA(I)) specifically complexes with both the sulfated and desulfated polysaccharide. No precipitate is observed when either is incubated in 0.1 M D-galactose or when RCA(I) is mixed with laminarin or alginic acid, the other major polysaccharides in Fucus. RCA(I) conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) is also shown to bind specifically to fucoidin using a filter paper (DE81) assay. When added to zygotes, RCA(I)-FITC binds only to the site of fucoidin localization, i.e., the rhizoid cell wall. However, RCA(I)-FITC is not observed in the rhizoid wall of zygotes grown in the absence of sulfate. This observation is not due to inability of RCA(I)-FITC to bind to the fucan in vivo. Chemically desulfated cell walls that contained fucoidin in the rhizoid wall bind RCA(I)-FITC only in the rhizoid region. Also, the concentration of fucose-containing polymers and polysaccharides that form precipitates with RCA(I) is the same in embryos grown in the presence or absence of sulfate. If sulfate is added back to cultures of zygotes grown without sulfate, fucoidin is detected at the rhizoid tip by RCA(I)-FITC several hours later. These results support the conclusion that the enzymatic sulfation of the fucan is a modification of the polysaccharide required for its localization and/or assembly into a specific region of the cell wall.", "contents": "Sulfation of fucoidin in Fucus embryos. III. Required for localization in the rhizoid wall. Zygotes of the brown alga Fucus distichus L. Powell accumulate a sulfated polysaccharide (fucoidin) in the cell wall at the site of rhizoid formation. Previous work indicated that zygotes grown in seawater minus sulfate do not sulfate the preformed fucan (an unsulfated fucoidin) but form rhizoids. Under these conditions, we determined whether sulfation of the fucan is required for its localization in the rhizoid wall. This was accomplished by developing a specific stain for both the fucan and fucoidin. Using a precipitin assay, we demonstrated in vitro that the lectin ricin (RCA(I)) specifically complexes with both the sulfated and desulfated polysaccharide. No precipitate is observed when either is incubated in 0.1 M D-galactose or when RCA(I) is mixed with laminarin or alginic acid, the other major polysaccharides in Fucus. RCA(I) conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) is also shown to bind specifically to fucoidin using a filter paper (DE81) assay. When added to zygotes, RCA(I)-FITC binds only to the site of fucoidin localization, i.e., the rhizoid cell wall. However, RCA(I)-FITC is not observed in the rhizoid wall of zygotes grown in the absence of sulfate. This observation is not due to inability of RCA(I)-FITC to bind to the fucan in vivo. Chemically desulfated cell walls that contained fucoidin in the rhizoid wall bind RCA(I)-FITC only in the rhizoid region. Also, the concentration of fucose-containing polymers and polysaccharides that form precipitates with RCA(I) is the same in embryos grown in the presence or absence of sulfate. If sulfate is added back to cultures of zygotes grown without sulfate, fucoidin is detected at the rhizoid tip by RCA(I)-FITC several hours later. These results support the conclusion that the enzymatic sulfation of the fucan is a modification of the polysaccharide required for its localization and/or assembly into a specific region of the cell wall.", "PMID": 701362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_683", "title": "Spatial orientation of glycoproteins in membranes of rat liver rough microsomes. I. Localization of lectin-binding sites in microsomal membranes.", "content": "Carbohydrate-containing structures in rat liver rough microsomes (RM) were localized and characterized using iodinated lectins of defined specificity. Binding of [125I]Con A increased six- to sevenfold in the presence of low DOC (0.04--0.05%) which opens the vesicles and allows the penetration of the lectins. On the other hand, binding of [125I]WGA and [125I]RCA increased only slightly when the microsomal vesicles were opened by DOC. Sites available in the intact microsomal fraction had an affinity for [125I]Con A 14 times higher than sites for lectin binding which were exposed by the detergent treatment. Lectin-binding sites in RM were also localized electron microscopically with lectins covalently bound to biotin, which, in turn, were visualized after their reaction with ferritin-avidin (F-Av) markers. Using this method, it was demonstrated that in untreated RM samples, binding sites for lectins are not present on the cytoplasmic face of the microsomal vesicles, even after removal of ribosomes by treatment with high salt buffer and puromycin, but are located on smooth membranes which contaminate the rough microsomal fraction. Combining this technique with procedures which render the interior of the microsomal vesicles accessible to lectins and remove luminal proteins, it was found that RM membranes contain binding sites for Con A and for Lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA) located exclusively on the cisternal face of the membrane. No sites for WGA, RCA, soybean (SBA) and Lotus tetragonobulus (LTA) agglutinins were detected on either the cytoplasmic or the luminal faces of the rough microsomes. These observations demonstrate that: (a) sugar moieties of microsomal glycoproteins are exposed only on the luminal surface of the membranes and (b) microsomal membrane glycoproteins have incomplete carbohydrate chains without the characteristic terminal trisaccharides N-acetylglucosamine comes from galactose comes from sialic acid or fucose present in most glycoproteins secreted by the liver. The orientation and composition of the carbohydrate chains in microsomal glycoproteins indicate that the passage of these glycoproteins through the Golgi apparatus, followed by their return to the endoplasmic reticulum, is not required for their biogenesis and insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane.", "contents": "Spatial orientation of glycoproteins in membranes of rat liver rough microsomes. I. Localization of lectin-binding sites in microsomal membranes. Carbohydrate-containing structures in rat liver rough microsomes (RM) were localized and characterized using iodinated lectins of defined specificity. Binding of [125I]Con A increased six- to sevenfold in the presence of low DOC (0.04--0.05%) which opens the vesicles and allows the penetration of the lectins. On the other hand, binding of [125I]WGA and [125I]RCA increased only slightly when the microsomal vesicles were opened by DOC. Sites available in the intact microsomal fraction had an affinity for [125I]Con A 14 times higher than sites for lectin binding which were exposed by the detergent treatment. Lectin-binding sites in RM were also localized electron microscopically with lectins covalently bound to biotin, which, in turn, were visualized after their reaction with ferritin-avidin (F-Av) markers. Using this method, it was demonstrated that in untreated RM samples, binding sites for lectins are not present on the cytoplasmic face of the microsomal vesicles, even after removal of ribosomes by treatment with high salt buffer and puromycin, but are located on smooth membranes which contaminate the rough microsomal fraction. Combining this technique with procedures which render the interior of the microsomal vesicles accessible to lectins and remove luminal proteins, it was found that RM membranes contain binding sites for Con A and for Lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA) located exclusively on the cisternal face of the membrane. No sites for WGA, RCA, soybean (SBA) and Lotus tetragonobulus (LTA) agglutinins were detected on either the cytoplasmic or the luminal faces of the rough microsomes. These observations demonstrate that: (a) sugar moieties of microsomal glycoproteins are exposed only on the luminal surface of the membranes and (b) microsomal membrane glycoproteins have incomplete carbohydrate chains without the characteristic terminal trisaccharides N-acetylglucosamine comes from galactose comes from sialic acid or fucose present in most glycoproteins secreted by the liver. The orientation and composition of the carbohydrate chains in microsomal glycoproteins indicate that the passage of these glycoproteins through the Golgi apparatus, followed by their return to the endoplasmic reticulum, is not required for their biogenesis and insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane.", "PMID": 701363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_684", "title": "Direct measurement of species-specific cohesion in cellular slime molds.", "content": "Partially differentiated cells of two species of cellular slime molds, Dictyostelium discoideum and Dictyostelium purpureum, were labeled with isothiocyanate derivatives of fluorescent dyes. The labeled cells of each species segregated promptly when mixed and placed on moist filters. We determined whether cells studied at a time when they demonstrated this capacity to segregate showed a preferential adherence to cells of the same species. When labeled dissociated cells of each species were interacted with an unlabeled immobilized layer of cells of each species under appropriate conditions, binding was, in part, species-specific.", "contents": "Direct measurement of species-specific cohesion in cellular slime molds. Partially differentiated cells of two species of cellular slime molds, Dictyostelium discoideum and Dictyostelium purpureum, were labeled with isothiocyanate derivatives of fluorescent dyes. The labeled cells of each species segregated promptly when mixed and placed on moist filters. We determined whether cells studied at a time when they demonstrated this capacity to segregate showed a preferential adherence to cells of the same species. When labeled dissociated cells of each species were interacted with an unlabeled immobilized layer of cells of each species under appropriate conditions, binding was, in part, species-specific.", "PMID": 701365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_685", "title": "Spatial orientation of glycoproteins in membranes of rat liver rough microsomes. II. Transmembrane disposition and characterization of glycoproteins.", "content": "Rat liver microsomal glycoproteins were purified by affinity chromatography on concanavalin A Sepharose columns from membrane and content fractions, separated from rough microsomes (RM) treated with low concentrations of deoxycholate (DOC). All periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive glycoproteins of RM showed affinity for concanavalin A Sepharose; even after sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) acrylamide gel electrophoresis, most of the microsomal glycoproteins bound [125I]concanavalin A added to the gels, as detected by autoradiography. Two distinct sets of glycoproteins are present in the membrane and content fractions derived from RM. SDS acrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that RM membranes contain 15--20 glycoproteins (15--22% of the total microsomal protein) which range in apparent mol wt from 23,000 to 240,000 daltons. A smaller set of glycoproteins (five to seven polypeptides), with apparent mol wt between 60,000 and 200,000 daltons, was present in the microsomal content fraction. The disposition of the membrane glycoproteins with respect to the membrane plane was determined by selective iodination with the lactoperoxidase (LPO) technique. Intact RM were labeled on their outer face with 131I and, after opening of the vesicles with 0.05% DOC, in both faces with 125I. An analysis of iodination ratios for individual proteins separated electrophoretically showed that in most membrane glycoproteins, tyrosine residues are predominantly exposed on the luminal face of the vesicles, which is the same face on which the carbohydrate moieties are exposed. Several membrane glycoproteins are also exposed on the cytoplasmic surface and therefore have a transmembrane disposition. In this study, ribophorins I and II, two integral membrane proteins (mol wt 65,000 and 63,000) characteristic of RM, were found to be transmembrane glycoproteins. It is suggested that the transmembrane disposition of the ribophorins may be related to their possible role in ribosome binding and in the vectorial transfer of nascent polypeptides into the microsomal lumen.", "contents": "Spatial orientation of glycoproteins in membranes of rat liver rough microsomes. II. Transmembrane disposition and characterization of glycoproteins. Rat liver microsomal glycoproteins were purified by affinity chromatography on concanavalin A Sepharose columns from membrane and content fractions, separated from rough microsomes (RM) treated with low concentrations of deoxycholate (DOC). All periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive glycoproteins of RM showed affinity for concanavalin A Sepharose; even after sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) acrylamide gel electrophoresis, most of the microsomal glycoproteins bound [125I]concanavalin A added to the gels, as detected by autoradiography. Two distinct sets of glycoproteins are present in the membrane and content fractions derived from RM. SDS acrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that RM membranes contain 15--20 glycoproteins (15--22% of the total microsomal protein) which range in apparent mol wt from 23,000 to 240,000 daltons. A smaller set of glycoproteins (five to seven polypeptides), with apparent mol wt between 60,000 and 200,000 daltons, was present in the microsomal content fraction. The disposition of the membrane glycoproteins with respect to the membrane plane was determined by selective iodination with the lactoperoxidase (LPO) technique. Intact RM were labeled on their outer face with 131I and, after opening of the vesicles with 0.05% DOC, in both faces with 125I. An analysis of iodination ratios for individual proteins separated electrophoretically showed that in most membrane glycoproteins, tyrosine residues are predominantly exposed on the luminal face of the vesicles, which is the same face on which the carbohydrate moieties are exposed. Several membrane glycoproteins are also exposed on the cytoplasmic surface and therefore have a transmembrane disposition. In this study, ribophorins I and II, two integral membrane proteins (mol wt 65,000 and 63,000) characteristic of RM, were found to be transmembrane glycoproteins. It is suggested that the transmembrane disposition of the ribophorins may be related to their possible role in ribosome binding and in the vectorial transfer of nascent polypeptides into the microsomal lumen.", "PMID": 701364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_686", "title": "Evidence that contact with connective tissue matrix is required for normal interaction between Schwann cells and nerve fibers.", "content": "Explants of fetal rat sensory ganglia, cultured under conditions allowing axon and Schwann cell outgrowth in the absence of fibroblasts, occasionally develop nerve fascicles that are partially suspended in culture medium above the collagen substrate. In these suspended regions, fascicles are abnormal in that Schwann cells are decreased in number, are confined to occasional clusters along the fascicle, provide ensheathment for only a few axons at the fascicle periphery, and do not form myelin. When these fascicles are presented with a substrate of reconstituted rat-tail collagen, Schwann cell numbers increase, ensheathment of small nerve fibers occurs normally, and larger axons are myelinated. We conclude that, for normal development, Schwann cells require contact with extracellular matrix as well as axons. The Schwann cell abnormalities in suspended fascicles are similar to those observed in nerve roots of dystrophic mice.", "contents": "Evidence that contact with connective tissue matrix is required for normal interaction between Schwann cells and nerve fibers. Explants of fetal rat sensory ganglia, cultured under conditions allowing axon and Schwann cell outgrowth in the absence of fibroblasts, occasionally develop nerve fascicles that are partially suspended in culture medium above the collagen substrate. In these suspended regions, fascicles are abnormal in that Schwann cells are decreased in number, are confined to occasional clusters along the fascicle, provide ensheathment for only a few axons at the fascicle periphery, and do not form myelin. When these fascicles are presented with a substrate of reconstituted rat-tail collagen, Schwann cell numbers increase, ensheathment of small nerve fibers occurs normally, and larger axons are myelinated. We conclude that, for normal development, Schwann cells require contact with extracellular matrix as well as axons. The Schwann cell abnormalities in suspended fascicles are similar to those observed in nerve roots of dystrophic mice.", "PMID": 701366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_687", "title": "The effects of temperature and glucose on protein biosynthesis by immature (round) spermatids from rat testes.", "content": "A method is described for the preparation of highly purified fractions (greater than 80% pure) of immature spermatids (round, steps 1--8) from rat testes by centrifugal elutriation in sufficient yields for biochemical studies when four rat testes are used. Electron microscopy established the identity of the cells and demonstrated that the cell membrane is intact. Some cells develop nuclear and cytoplasmic vacuoles during the 2 h required for preparation. Immature spermatids prepared by this method use glucose with an increase in oxygen consumption, lactate production, and protein synthesis over control levels (no glucose). The testicular cell suspension from which spermatids are separated, like whole testis and spermatids themselves, show higher incorporation of amino acids into TCA-precipitable material at 34 degrees C than at 38 degrees C and in the presence of glucose. A subcellular system prepared from immature spermatids with excess ATP shows greater incorporation of amino acids into TCA-precipitable material at 34 degrees C than at 38 degrees C. This difference does not result from increased breakdown of protein. It is concluded that body temperature (38 degrees C) inhibits some aspect(s) of protein synthesis in addition to previously reported effects on amino acid transport and production of ATP (Means and Hall. 1969. Endocrinology. 84:285--297.).", "contents": "The effects of temperature and glucose on protein biosynthesis by immature (round) spermatids from rat testes. A method is described for the preparation of highly purified fractions (greater than 80% pure) of immature spermatids (round, steps 1--8) from rat testes by centrifugal elutriation in sufficient yields for biochemical studies when four rat testes are used. Electron microscopy established the identity of the cells and demonstrated that the cell membrane is intact. Some cells develop nuclear and cytoplasmic vacuoles during the 2 h required for preparation. Immature spermatids prepared by this method use glucose with an increase in oxygen consumption, lactate production, and protein synthesis over control levels (no glucose). The testicular cell suspension from which spermatids are separated, like whole testis and spermatids themselves, show higher incorporation of amino acids into TCA-precipitable material at 34 degrees C than at 38 degrees C and in the presence of glucose. A subcellular system prepared from immature spermatids with excess ATP shows greater incorporation of amino acids into TCA-precipitable material at 34 degrees C than at 38 degrees C. This difference does not result from increased breakdown of protein. It is concluded that body temperature (38 degrees C) inhibits some aspect(s) of protein synthesis in addition to previously reported effects on amino acid transport and production of ATP (Means and Hall. 1969. Endocrinology. 84:285--297.).", "PMID": 701367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_688", "title": "Persistence of an amine uptake system in cultured rat sympathetic neurons which use acetylcholine as their transmitter.", "content": "Cultures of dissociated rat superior cervical ganglion neurons (SCGN) were treated with the sympatholytic agent, guanethidine. When treated within the first couple of weeks in vitro, the neurons were rapidly destroyed. The cells grew less susceptible to the toxic effects of guanethidine with age in vitro. Moreover, the apparent affinity, Km, of the transport molecule for norepinephrine (NE) and guanethidine remained essentially unchanged between 2 and 7 wk in culture, as did the maximum velocity of transport (Vmax). This is at a time when previous studies have shown these neurons to be using acetylcholine (ACh) as their neurotransmitter. Cultures which were grown without supporting cells and from which cholinergic synaptic interactions were recorded physiologically were processed for autoradiography after incubation with [3H]NE. All cell bodies and processes seen had silver grains accumulated over them. These experiments show that sympathetic neurons in vitro maintain their amine uptake system relatively unchanged, even though they use ACh as their transmitter. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Persistence of an amine uptake system in cultured rat sympathetic neurons which use acetylcholine as their transmitter. Cultures of dissociated rat superior cervical ganglion neurons (SCGN) were treated with the sympatholytic agent, guanethidine. When treated within the first couple of weeks in vitro, the neurons were rapidly destroyed. The cells grew less susceptible to the toxic effects of guanethidine with age in vitro. Moreover, the apparent affinity, Km, of the transport molecule for norepinephrine (NE) and guanethidine remained essentially unchanged between 2 and 7 wk in culture, as did the maximum velocity of transport (Vmax). This is at a time when previous studies have shown these neurons to be using acetylcholine (ACh) as their neurotransmitter. Cultures which were grown without supporting cells and from which cholinergic synaptic interactions were recorded physiologically were processed for autoradiography after incubation with [3H]NE. All cell bodies and processes seen had silver grains accumulated over them. These experiments show that sympathetic neurons in vitro maintain their amine uptake system relatively unchanged, even though they use ACh as their transmitter. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 701368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_689", "title": "Ca++-dependent disassembly and reassembly of occluding junctions in guinea pig pancreatic acinar cells. Effect of drugs.", "content": "Incubation of guinea pig pancreatic lobules in Ca++-free Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution (KRB) containing 0.5 mM ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N,N',N'-tetraacetate (EGTA) results in the progressive fragmentation of the occluding zonulae (ZO) with formation of multiple discrete junctions (fasciae occludentes) localized in the lateral and lumenal plasmalemma. After 1--2 h of such incubation, most ZO appear completely disassembled. This results in the disappearance of the heterogeneity in density of intramembrane particles on the P-fracture faces of the basolateral and lumenal plasmalemma. If Ca++ ions are reintroduced into the incubation fluid at this point, continous zonulae reform around the apices of the cells; in contrast, the density of intramembrane particles (imp) at the lumenal plasmalemma remains the same as in the basolateral region, at least for 3 h after Ca++ reintroduction. When added to the incubation fluid, cycloheximide (at a dose known to inhibit protein synthesis greater than 95%) and cytochalasin B (at doses which disrupt microfilaments and modify the cell shape) had no effect on the organization of ZO, on their disassembly in Ca++-free, EGTA medium, or on their Ca++-dependent reformation. Likewise, the organization and disassembly of ZO were unaffected by colchicine; however, after treatment with the latter drug the reassembly was defective, with formation of strand networks on the lateral surface and incomplete segregation of the lumenal region. Antimycin A, on the other hand, when added to the Ca++-EGTA medium, induced a large proliferation of long, infrequently anastomosed junctional strands, usually arranged to form ribbons, festoons, and other bizarre arrays. The possible relationship of these in vitro findings to the in vivo biogenesis and turnover of occluding junctions is discussed. It is suggested that the impairment of reassembly of zonulae by colchicine might be correlated with the disorder induced by the drug on the general organization of pancreatic exocrine cells. Moreover, antimycin A could act by promoting the aggregation of a pool of free junctional strand components (or precursors) that might exist normally in pancreatic exocrine cells.", "contents": "Ca++-dependent disassembly and reassembly of occluding junctions in guinea pig pancreatic acinar cells. Effect of drugs. Incubation of guinea pig pancreatic lobules in Ca++-free Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution (KRB) containing 0.5 mM ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N,N',N'-tetraacetate (EGTA) results in the progressive fragmentation of the occluding zonulae (ZO) with formation of multiple discrete junctions (fasciae occludentes) localized in the lateral and lumenal plasmalemma. After 1--2 h of such incubation, most ZO appear completely disassembled. This results in the disappearance of the heterogeneity in density of intramembrane particles on the P-fracture faces of the basolateral and lumenal plasmalemma. If Ca++ ions are reintroduced into the incubation fluid at this point, continous zonulae reform around the apices of the cells; in contrast, the density of intramembrane particles (imp) at the lumenal plasmalemma remains the same as in the basolateral region, at least for 3 h after Ca++ reintroduction. When added to the incubation fluid, cycloheximide (at a dose known to inhibit protein synthesis greater than 95%) and cytochalasin B (at doses which disrupt microfilaments and modify the cell shape) had no effect on the organization of ZO, on their disassembly in Ca++-free, EGTA medium, or on their Ca++-dependent reformation. Likewise, the organization and disassembly of ZO were unaffected by colchicine; however, after treatment with the latter drug the reassembly was defective, with formation of strand networks on the lateral surface and incomplete segregation of the lumenal region. Antimycin A, on the other hand, when added to the Ca++-EGTA medium, induced a large proliferation of long, infrequently anastomosed junctional strands, usually arranged to form ribbons, festoons, and other bizarre arrays. The possible relationship of these in vitro findings to the in vivo biogenesis and turnover of occluding junctions is discussed. It is suggested that the impairment of reassembly of zonulae by colchicine might be correlated with the disorder induced by the drug on the general organization of pancreatic exocrine cells. Moreover, antimycin A could act by promoting the aggregation of a pool of free junctional strand components (or precursors) that might exist normally in pancreatic exocrine cells.", "PMID": 701369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_690", "title": "Distribution of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-anti-HRP immune complexes in mouse spleen with special reference to follicular dendritic cells.", "content": "The distribution of immune complexes has been studied in mouse spleen stimulated to contain many germinal centers (GC's). Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-anti-HRP complexes were used as an appropriately precise and sensitive model. We were primarily interested in the relative abilities of three cell types to interact with complexes: lymphocytes, macrophages, and follicular dendritic cells (FDC's). The latter are distinctive, nonendocytic, stellate cells located primarily at the transition of mantle and GC zones of 2 degrees lymphoid follicles (Chen, L. L., J. C. Adams, and R. M. Steinman, 1978, J. Cell Biol. 77:148). Binding of immune complexes to lymphocytes could not be visualized in situ. Macrophages avidly interiorized complexes into lysosomes, but did not retain them extracellularly. In contrast, FDC's could retain HRP-anti-HRP extracellularly under appropriate conditions, but did not endocytose them. Cytochemical reactivity accumulated progressively on FDC's 1--6 h after administration of complexes i.v., remained stable in amount and location for 1 day, and then was progressively lost over a 1- to 5-day period. Several variables in the association of complexes with macrophages and FDC's were pursued. Only 1 microgram of complexed HRP had to be administered to visualize binding to both cell types. Macrophages interiorized complexes formed in a wide range of HRP/anti-HRP ratios, while FDC's associated with complexes formed in HRP excess only. Quantitative studies with [125I]HRP-anti-HRP demonstrated that 20% of the splenic load of HRP associated with FDC's. Complexes formed with an F(ab')2 anti-HRP were distributed primarily in macrophages. When the levels of the third component of serum complement were depleted by prior treatment with cobra venom factor, uptake of complexes by macrophages was reduced some 50% whereas association with FDC's was abolished. The fact that antigen excess complexes are retained extracellularly strengthens the idea that they are immunogenic. Finally, the association of complexes with FDC's seems to retard the entry of antigen into the GC proper.", "contents": "Distribution of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-anti-HRP immune complexes in mouse spleen with special reference to follicular dendritic cells. The distribution of immune complexes has been studied in mouse spleen stimulated to contain many germinal centers (GC's). Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-anti-HRP complexes were used as an appropriately precise and sensitive model. We were primarily interested in the relative abilities of three cell types to interact with complexes: lymphocytes, macrophages, and follicular dendritic cells (FDC's). The latter are distinctive, nonendocytic, stellate cells located primarily at the transition of mantle and GC zones of 2 degrees lymphoid follicles (Chen, L. L., J. C. Adams, and R. M. Steinman, 1978, J. Cell Biol. 77:148). Binding of immune complexes to lymphocytes could not be visualized in situ. Macrophages avidly interiorized complexes into lysosomes, but did not retain them extracellularly. In contrast, FDC's could retain HRP-anti-HRP extracellularly under appropriate conditions, but did not endocytose them. Cytochemical reactivity accumulated progressively on FDC's 1--6 h after administration of complexes i.v., remained stable in amount and location for 1 day, and then was progressively lost over a 1- to 5-day period. Several variables in the association of complexes with macrophages and FDC's were pursued. Only 1 microgram of complexed HRP had to be administered to visualize binding to both cell types. Macrophages interiorized complexes formed in a wide range of HRP/anti-HRP ratios, while FDC's associated with complexes formed in HRP excess only. Quantitative studies with [125I]HRP-anti-HRP demonstrated that 20% of the splenic load of HRP associated with FDC's. Complexes formed with an F(ab')2 anti-HRP were distributed primarily in macrophages. When the levels of the third component of serum complement were depleted by prior treatment with cobra venom factor, uptake of complexes by macrophages was reduced some 50% whereas association with FDC's was abolished. The fact that antigen excess complexes are retained extracellularly strengthens the idea that they are immunogenic. Finally, the association of complexes with FDC's seems to retard the entry of antigen into the GC proper.", "PMID": 701370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_691", "title": "Physiological and morphological evidence for coupling in mouse salivary gland acinar cells.", "content": "Three experimental techniques were employed to examine coupling between acinar cells of the mouse salivary gland. Passage of DC current pulses via intracellular microelectrodes between neighboring cells showed that small ions could be directly passed from one cell to another. Intracellular iontophoresis of the dye Lucifer Yellow CH into a single cell indicated that small molecules could spread by means of intercellular cytoplasmic bridges througout an acinus and, occasionally, into cells of adjacent acini. Freeze-fracture replicas of acinar cell membranes indicated the presence of gap junctions which were correlated with both electrical and dye coupling experiments. Suggestions are made for the function of direct intercellular exchange in salivary secretory cells. The role of electrical coupling in coordination of the activity of different secretory cell types is discussed as one possible function.", "contents": "Physiological and morphological evidence for coupling in mouse salivary gland acinar cells. Three experimental techniques were employed to examine coupling between acinar cells of the mouse salivary gland. Passage of DC current pulses via intracellular microelectrodes between neighboring cells showed that small ions could be directly passed from one cell to another. Intracellular iontophoresis of the dye Lucifer Yellow CH into a single cell indicated that small molecules could spread by means of intercellular cytoplasmic bridges througout an acinus and, occasionally, into cells of adjacent acini. Freeze-fracture replicas of acinar cell membranes indicated the presence of gap junctions which were correlated with both electrical and dye coupling experiments. Suggestions are made for the function of direct intercellular exchange in salivary secretory cells. The role of electrical coupling in coordination of the activity of different secretory cell types is discussed as one possible function.", "PMID": 701371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_692", "title": "Quantitative studies on the localization of the cholinergic receptor protein in the normal and denervated electroplaque from Electrophorus electricus.", "content": "Electroplaques dissected from the electric organ of Electrophorus electricus are labeled by tritiated alpha1-isotoxin from Naja nigricollis, a highly selective reagent of the cholinergic (nicotinic) receptor site. Preincubation of the cell with an excess of unlabeled alpha-toxin and with a covalent affinity reagent or labeling in the presence of 10(-4) M decamethonium reduces the binding of [3H]alpha-toxin by at least 75%. Absolute surface densities of alpha-toxin sites are estimated by high-resolution autoradiography on the basis of silver grain distribution and taking into account the complex geopmetry of the cell surface. Binding of [3H]alpha-toxin on the noninnervated face does not differ from background. Labeled sites are observed on the innervated membrane both between the synapses and under the nerve terminals but the density of sites is approx. 100 times higher at the level of the synapses than in between. Analysis of the distance of silver grains from the innervated membrane shows a symmetrical distribution centered on the postsynaptic plasma membrane under the nerve terminal. In extrasynaptic areas, the barycenter of the distribution lies approximately 0.5 micrometer inside the cell, indicating that alpha-toxin sites are present on the membrane of microinvaginations, or caveolae, abundant in the extrajunctional areas. An absolute density of 49,600 +/- 16,000 sites/micrometer2 of postsynaptic membrane is calculated; it is in the range of that found at the crest of the folds at the neuromuscular junction and expected from a close packing of receptor molecules. Electric organs were denervated for periods up to 142 days. Nerve transmission fails after 2 days, and within a week all the nerve terminals disappear and are subsequently replaced by Schwann cell processes, whereas the morphology of the electroplaque remains unaffected. The denervated electroplaque develops some of the electrophysiological changes found with denervated muscles (increases of membrane resting resistance, decrease of electrical excitability) but does not become hypersensitive to cholinergic agonists. Autoradiography of electroplaques dissected from denervated electric organs reveals, after labeling with [3H]alpha-toxin, patches of silver grains with a surface density close to that found in the normal electroplaque. The density of alpha-toxin binding sites in extrasynaptic areas remains close to that observed on innervated cells, confirming that denervation does not cause an increase in the number of cholinergic receptor sites. The patches have the same distribution, shape,and dimensions as in subneural areas of the normal electroplaque, and remnants of nerve terminal or Schwann cells are often found at the level of the patches. They most likely correspond to subsynaptic areas which persist with the same density of [3H]alpha-toxin sites up to 52 days after denervation. In the adult synapse, therefore, the receptor protein exhibits little if any tendency for lateral diffusion.", "contents": "Quantitative studies on the localization of the cholinergic receptor protein in the normal and denervated electroplaque from Electrophorus electricus. Electroplaques dissected from the electric organ of Electrophorus electricus are labeled by tritiated alpha1-isotoxin from Naja nigricollis, a highly selective reagent of the cholinergic (nicotinic) receptor site. Preincubation of the cell with an excess of unlabeled alpha-toxin and with a covalent affinity reagent or labeling in the presence of 10(-4) M decamethonium reduces the binding of [3H]alpha-toxin by at least 75%. Absolute surface densities of alpha-toxin sites are estimated by high-resolution autoradiography on the basis of silver grain distribution and taking into account the complex geopmetry of the cell surface. Binding of [3H]alpha-toxin on the noninnervated face does not differ from background. Labeled sites are observed on the innervated membrane both between the synapses and under the nerve terminals but the density of sites is approx. 100 times higher at the level of the synapses than in between. Analysis of the distance of silver grains from the innervated membrane shows a symmetrical distribution centered on the postsynaptic plasma membrane under the nerve terminal. In extrasynaptic areas, the barycenter of the distribution lies approximately 0.5 micrometer inside the cell, indicating that alpha-toxin sites are present on the membrane of microinvaginations, or caveolae, abundant in the extrajunctional areas. An absolute density of 49,600 +/- 16,000 sites/micrometer2 of postsynaptic membrane is calculated; it is in the range of that found at the crest of the folds at the neuromuscular junction and expected from a close packing of receptor molecules. Electric organs were denervated for periods up to 142 days. Nerve transmission fails after 2 days, and within a week all the nerve terminals disappear and are subsequently replaced by Schwann cell processes, whereas the morphology of the electroplaque remains unaffected. The denervated electroplaque develops some of the electrophysiological changes found with denervated muscles (increases of membrane resting resistance, decrease of electrical excitability) but does not become hypersensitive to cholinergic agonists. Autoradiography of electroplaques dissected from denervated electric organs reveals, after labeling with [3H]alpha-toxin, patches of silver grains with a surface density close to that found in the normal electroplaque. The density of alpha-toxin binding sites in extrasynaptic areas remains close to that observed on innervated cells, confirming that denervation does not cause an increase in the number of cholinergic receptor sites. The patches have the same distribution, shape,and dimensions as in subneural areas of the normal electroplaque, and remnants of nerve terminal or Schwann cells are often found at the level of the patches. They most likely correspond to subsynaptic areas which persist with the same density of [3H]alpha-toxin sites up to 52 days after denervation. In the adult synapse, therefore, the receptor protein exhibits little if any tendency for lateral diffusion.", "PMID": 701372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_693", "title": "In vitro fusion of Acanthamoeba phagolysosomes. II Quantitative characterization of in vitro vacuole fusion by improved electron microscope and new light microscope techniques.", "content": "To investigate the properties of phagolysosome (PL) fusion in Acanthamoeba homogenates, it was necessary to develop reliable methods for measuring in vitro PL fusion. The need to distinguish PL fusion from PL adhesion was met by the development of a quantitative electron microscope assay. Initial characterization of the fusion reaction by this method was followed by the development of a more rapid light microscope assay. Results obtained by the two methods were found to be in close agreement. By use of these new techniques, the in vitro PL fusion reaction was demonstrated to occur in a quantitatively reproducible manner. Under the present conditions employed, PL breakdown was not detected at any time during the in vitro incubation, while PL fusion was observed to proceed linearly for approximately 10 min, at which time the reaction ceased. Incubation of mixtures of two distinct PL types resulted in increases in hybrid PL types that were paralleled by decreases in nonhybrid PL types. The relative changes in PL concentrations observed were quantitatively consistent with PL fusion occurring randomly with respect to PL type. PL fusion was strongly inhibited by low concentrations of KF (50% inhibition at 2.7 mM), and by approximately tenfold higher concentrations of KCl, while KCN and 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) had little effect. In addition to further defining the nature of the PL fusion reaction in this system, these results demonstrate that, by use of the techniques described, quantitative study of the biochemical properties of this reaction is now possible.", "contents": "In vitro fusion of Acanthamoeba phagolysosomes. II Quantitative characterization of in vitro vacuole fusion by improved electron microscope and new light microscope techniques. To investigate the properties of phagolysosome (PL) fusion in Acanthamoeba homogenates, it was necessary to develop reliable methods for measuring in vitro PL fusion. The need to distinguish PL fusion from PL adhesion was met by the development of a quantitative electron microscope assay. Initial characterization of the fusion reaction by this method was followed by the development of a more rapid light microscope assay. Results obtained by the two methods were found to be in close agreement. By use of these new techniques, the in vitro PL fusion reaction was demonstrated to occur in a quantitatively reproducible manner. Under the present conditions employed, PL breakdown was not detected at any time during the in vitro incubation, while PL fusion was observed to proceed linearly for approximately 10 min, at which time the reaction ceased. Incubation of mixtures of two distinct PL types resulted in increases in hybrid PL types that were paralleled by decreases in nonhybrid PL types. The relative changes in PL concentrations observed were quantitatively consistent with PL fusion occurring randomly with respect to PL type. PL fusion was strongly inhibited by low concentrations of KF (50% inhibition at 2.7 mM), and by approximately tenfold higher concentrations of KCl, while KCN and 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) had little effect. In addition to further defining the nature of the PL fusion reaction in this system, these results demonstrate that, by use of the techniques described, quantitative study of the biochemical properties of this reaction is now possible.", "PMID": 701373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_694", "title": "Identification of macrophage external membrane proteins and their possible role in cell adhesion.", "content": "Starch-activated mouse peritoneal macrophages (STpMAC) plated on plastic demonstrate the adhesive properties typical for activated pMAC: attaching as round cells and, within 15 min, spreading out with marginal membrane ruffles. These attached STpMAC were labeled by lactoperoxidase-catalysed 125I surface iodination, sodium dodecyl-sulfate-lysed, and the lysates electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gels which were examined by autoradiography. The STpMAC morphological phenotype correlates with the labeling of a particular protein (195,000, estimated mol wt). Normal pMAC (NpMAC), from unstimulated mice, do not spread and do not display the 195,000 band. Both pMAC band patterns, including the 195,000 band, are relatively resistant to trypsin digestion, as is pMAC adhesion itself trypsin-resistant. Neither class of pMAC exhibits fibronectin (Cell Adhesion Factor, LETS protein) which is a component in the adhesive matrix of cells forming trypsin-sensitive monolayers. When pMAC are tested against antifibronectin antibody, these cells do not give immunofluorescent staining. In summary, two functions in pMAC adhesion, enzyme resistance and the ability to spread, appear related to molecular properties distinctive for pMAC surface protein.", "contents": "Identification of macrophage external membrane proteins and their possible role in cell adhesion. Starch-activated mouse peritoneal macrophages (STpMAC) plated on plastic demonstrate the adhesive properties typical for activated pMAC: attaching as round cells and, within 15 min, spreading out with marginal membrane ruffles. These attached STpMAC were labeled by lactoperoxidase-catalysed 125I surface iodination, sodium dodecyl-sulfate-lysed, and the lysates electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gels which were examined by autoradiography. The STpMAC morphological phenotype correlates with the labeling of a particular protein (195,000, estimated mol wt). Normal pMAC (NpMAC), from unstimulated mice, do not spread and do not display the 195,000 band. Both pMAC band patterns, including the 195,000 band, are relatively resistant to trypsin digestion, as is pMAC adhesion itself trypsin-resistant. Neither class of pMAC exhibits fibronectin (Cell Adhesion Factor, LETS protein) which is a component in the adhesive matrix of cells forming trypsin-sensitive monolayers. When pMAC are tested against antifibronectin antibody, these cells do not give immunofluorescent staining. In summary, two functions in pMAC adhesion, enzyme resistance and the ability to spread, appear related to molecular properties distinctive for pMAC surface protein.", "PMID": 701374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_695", "title": "Open junctions in the endothelium of the postcapillary venules of the diaphragm.", "content": "We have previously established that approximately 30% of the endothelial junctions in the pericytic venules of the mouse diaphragm are open to a gap of approximately 30--60 A, and are fully permeated by hemeundecapeptide (H11P) (mol diam approximately 20 A). To estimate the size limit for molecules that can permeate these junctions, we have administered graded tracers intravenously and studied their behavior at the level of pericytic venules in bipolar microvascular fields (BMFs) in the mouse diaphragm. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (mol diam approximately 50 A) permeated only approximately 50% of the open junctions of the venular endothelium. Outflow through venular junctions appeared to be modest since the tracer remained restricted to the perivenular spaces. Hemoglobin (Hb, mol diam 64 x 55 x 50 A) permeated only a few (less than 5%), and ferritin (mol diam 110 A), practically none, of the endothelial junctions of the pericytic venules. The findings suggest that under normal conditions the size limit for permeant molecules for open venular junctions is approximately 60 A. Replicas of freeze-fracture preparations from appropriate regions in BMF showed that the intercellular junctions of the venular endothelium have the same organization as previously described for the corresponding segments of the microvasculature in the omentum and mesentery: discontinuous creases or grooves either free of or marked by few intramembrane particles only. Administration of histamine (topically or systemically) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) (topically) resulted in typical focal separations of the endothelial junctions and intramural deposits of large tracer particles (carbon black) in the postcapillary venules.", "contents": "Open junctions in the endothelium of the postcapillary venules of the diaphragm. We have previously established that approximately 30% of the endothelial junctions in the pericytic venules of the mouse diaphragm are open to a gap of approximately 30--60 A, and are fully permeated by hemeundecapeptide (H11P) (mol diam approximately 20 A). To estimate the size limit for molecules that can permeate these junctions, we have administered graded tracers intravenously and studied their behavior at the level of pericytic venules in bipolar microvascular fields (BMFs) in the mouse diaphragm. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (mol diam approximately 50 A) permeated only approximately 50% of the open junctions of the venular endothelium. Outflow through venular junctions appeared to be modest since the tracer remained restricted to the perivenular spaces. Hemoglobin (Hb, mol diam 64 x 55 x 50 A) permeated only a few (less than 5%), and ferritin (mol diam 110 A), practically none, of the endothelial junctions of the pericytic venules. The findings suggest that under normal conditions the size limit for permeant molecules for open venular junctions is approximately 60 A. Replicas of freeze-fracture preparations from appropriate regions in BMF showed that the intercellular junctions of the venular endothelium have the same organization as previously described for the corresponding segments of the microvasculature in the omentum and mesentery: discontinuous creases or grooves either free of or marked by few intramembrane particles only. Administration of histamine (topically or systemically) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) (topically) resulted in typical focal separations of the endothelial junctions and intramural deposits of large tracer particles (carbon black) in the postcapillary venules.", "PMID": 701375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_696", "title": "Localization of cellular antigens in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels.", "content": "A procedure is described for localizing antigen-antibody complexes in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gels using 125I-labeled protein A from Staphylococcus aureus. We use the procedure to probe antigenic cross-reactivities between Strongylocentrotus and Chlamydomonas alpha- and beta-tubulins; we also domonstrate how the procedure can detect minor antibody species in an antiserum directed against a cell membrane.", "contents": "Localization of cellular antigens in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. A procedure is described for localizing antigen-antibody complexes in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gels using 125I-labeled protein A from Staphylococcus aureus. We use the procedure to probe antigenic cross-reactivities between Strongylocentrotus and Chlamydomonas alpha- and beta-tubulins; we also domonstrate how the procedure can detect minor antibody species in an antiserum directed against a cell membrane.", "PMID": 701376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_697", "title": "The corpus luteum of the guinea pig. II. Cytochemical studies on the Golgi complex, GERL, and lysosomes in luteal cells during maximal progesterone secretion.", "content": "This study characterizes the cytochemical properties of the Golgi complex, the structure which corresponds to Golgi complex-endoplasmic reticulum-lysosomes (GERL), and the granule population in luteal cells of guinea pigs at the time of maximum progesterone secretion, in material fixed by vascular perfusion, a method particularly suited for preserving both fine structure and enzyme activity. The distribution of several marker enzymes was determined by electron microscope cytochemistry. Acid phosphatase (ACPase) and arylsulfatase were used to identify structures containing lysosomal proteins. To resolve specific problems, additional cytochemical markers were employed: localization of thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPPase) (in the Golgi complex) and alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) (a plasma membrane marker), and prolonged osmication (a generally accepted method of marking the outer cisterna of the Golgi complex). The results demonstrate that at the time of peak steroid secretion the Golgi complex in luteal cells, in marked contrast to that of most other cell types, typically displays intense ACPase activity in all of its cisternae. Similarly, all Golgi cisternae stain after prolonged osmication and may show TPPase activity. On the other hand, GERL in luteal cells of this age, unlike that in most cells, commonly shows low levels of, or lacks, ACPase activity. However, GERL resembles that of other cell types in being TPPase-negative and in being unstained by treatment with aqueous OsO4. GERL and some Golgi cisternae are reactive for ALPase. The granule population in luteal cells of this stage consists of lysosomes, multivesicular bodies, electrontransparent vacuoles, and microperoxisome-like bodies. These results form a base line with which luteolytic changes described in the companion study (Paavola, L.G. 1978. The corpus luteum of the guinea pig. III. Cytochemical studies on the Golgi complex and GERL during normal postpartum regression of luteal cells, emphasizing the origin of lysosomes and autophagic vacuoles. J. Cell. Biol. 79:59--73.) can be compared.", "contents": "The corpus luteum of the guinea pig. II. Cytochemical studies on the Golgi complex, GERL, and lysosomes in luteal cells during maximal progesterone secretion. This study characterizes the cytochemical properties of the Golgi complex, the structure which corresponds to Golgi complex-endoplasmic reticulum-lysosomes (GERL), and the granule population in luteal cells of guinea pigs at the time of maximum progesterone secretion, in material fixed by vascular perfusion, a method particularly suited for preserving both fine structure and enzyme activity. The distribution of several marker enzymes was determined by electron microscope cytochemistry. Acid phosphatase (ACPase) and arylsulfatase were used to identify structures containing lysosomal proteins. To resolve specific problems, additional cytochemical markers were employed: localization of thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPPase) (in the Golgi complex) and alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) (a plasma membrane marker), and prolonged osmication (a generally accepted method of marking the outer cisterna of the Golgi complex). The results demonstrate that at the time of peak steroid secretion the Golgi complex in luteal cells, in marked contrast to that of most other cell types, typically displays intense ACPase activity in all of its cisternae. Similarly, all Golgi cisternae stain after prolonged osmication and may show TPPase activity. On the other hand, GERL in luteal cells of this age, unlike that in most cells, commonly shows low levels of, or lacks, ACPase activity. However, GERL resembles that of other cell types in being TPPase-negative and in being unstained by treatment with aqueous OsO4. GERL and some Golgi cisternae are reactive for ALPase. The granule population in luteal cells of this stage consists of lysosomes, multivesicular bodies, electrontransparent vacuoles, and microperoxisome-like bodies. These results form a base line with which luteolytic changes described in the companion study (Paavola, L.G. 1978. The corpus luteum of the guinea pig. III. Cytochemical studies on the Golgi complex and GERL during normal postpartum regression of luteal cells, emphasizing the origin of lysosomes and autophagic vacuoles. J. Cell. Biol. 79:59--73.) can be compared.", "PMID": 701377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_698", "title": "The corpus luteum of the guinea pig. III. Cytochemical studies on the Golgi complex and GERL during normal postpartum regression of luteal cells, emphasizing the origin of lysosomes and autophagic vacuoles.", "content": "The postpartum involution of corpora lutea was examined by electron microscope cytochemistry of guinea pig ovaries previously fixed by vascular perfusion, a method which produces optimal preservation of steroid-secreting cells and yet maintains enzyme activity. The intracellular digestive apparatus was identified through the localization of two acid hydrolases, acid phosphatase (ACPase) and arylsulfatase. Other marker enzymes localized were thiamine pyrophosphatase (in Golgi cisternae) and alkaline phosphatase (along plasma membranes). Prolonged osmication was used to mark the outer Golgi cisterna. The results demonstrate that luteal cell regression is characterized by a striking increase in the number of lysosomes and the appearance of numerous, double-walled autophagic vacuoles. Both lysosomes and the space between the double walls of autophagic vacuoles exhibit ACPase and arylsulfatase activity. In contrast to earlier periods, just before and during regression, Golgi complex-endoplasmic reticulum-lysosomes (GERL) is markedly hypertrophied, displaying intense acid hydrolase activity. On the basis of various criteria, GERL is proposed to function in the formation of lysosomes and autophagic vacuoles. Lysosomes seem to develop from GERL as focal protuberances of varying size and shape, which detach from the parent structure. Double-walled autophagic vacuoles, often large and complex in structure, initially are produced as GERL cisternae envelop small areas of cytoplasm. Lytic enzymes, perhaps furnished by the engulfing membranes and trapped lysosomes, presumably bring about digestion of the contents of these vacuoles, producing first aggregate-type inclusions, then, as the contents are further degraded, myelin figure-filled residual bodies. ACPase activity occasionally appears within smooth endoplasmic reticulum tubules and cisternae in advanced regression, possibly suggesting that lytic enzymes utilize this membrane system as an access route to GERL. These data indicate that cellular autophagy is a prominent mechanism underlying luteal cell involution during normal postpartum degeneration of guinea pig corpora lutea. Furthermore they suggest that in regressing luteal cells GERL is responsible for packaging acid hydrolases into lytic bodies.", "contents": "The corpus luteum of the guinea pig. III. Cytochemical studies on the Golgi complex and GERL during normal postpartum regression of luteal cells, emphasizing the origin of lysosomes and autophagic vacuoles. The postpartum involution of corpora lutea was examined by electron microscope cytochemistry of guinea pig ovaries previously fixed by vascular perfusion, a method which produces optimal preservation of steroid-secreting cells and yet maintains enzyme activity. The intracellular digestive apparatus was identified through the localization of two acid hydrolases, acid phosphatase (ACPase) and arylsulfatase. Other marker enzymes localized were thiamine pyrophosphatase (in Golgi cisternae) and alkaline phosphatase (along plasma membranes). Prolonged osmication was used to mark the outer Golgi cisterna. The results demonstrate that luteal cell regression is characterized by a striking increase in the number of lysosomes and the appearance of numerous, double-walled autophagic vacuoles. Both lysosomes and the space between the double walls of autophagic vacuoles exhibit ACPase and arylsulfatase activity. In contrast to earlier periods, just before and during regression, Golgi complex-endoplasmic reticulum-lysosomes (GERL) is markedly hypertrophied, displaying intense acid hydrolase activity. On the basis of various criteria, GERL is proposed to function in the formation of lysosomes and autophagic vacuoles. Lysosomes seem to develop from GERL as focal protuberances of varying size and shape, which detach from the parent structure. Double-walled autophagic vacuoles, often large and complex in structure, initially are produced as GERL cisternae envelop small areas of cytoplasm. Lytic enzymes, perhaps furnished by the engulfing membranes and trapped lysosomes, presumably bring about digestion of the contents of these vacuoles, producing first aggregate-type inclusions, then, as the contents are further degraded, myelin figure-filled residual bodies. ACPase activity occasionally appears within smooth endoplasmic reticulum tubules and cisternae in advanced regression, possibly suggesting that lytic enzymes utilize this membrane system as an access route to GERL. These data indicate that cellular autophagy is a prominent mechanism underlying luteal cell involution during normal postpartum degeneration of guinea pig corpora lutea. Furthermore they suggest that in regressing luteal cells GERL is responsible for packaging acid hydrolases into lytic bodies.", "PMID": 701378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_699", "title": "Flagellar membrane agglutination and sexual signaling in the conditional GAM-1 mutant of Chlamydomonas.", "content": "The temperature-sensitive gametogenesis-defective mutant, gam-1 is sex-limited, expressed only in mating type minus (mt-), and can sexually agglutinate but not fuse at the restrictive temperature (35 degrees C) with gametes of wild type (wt) mt+. Thin-section, freeze-cleave, and scanning electron microscopy reveal that the gam-1 phenotype is dependent on both the temperature at which the cells undergo nitrogen starvation (and therefore gamete formation) and the temperature at which the cells are maintained during the 12 h before mating. Under all conditions of gametogenesis at 35 degrees C, each gam-1 cell produces a normal-appearing membrane-associated mating structure that fails to activate in response to flagellar agglutination. Varying with the conditions of gametogenesis, on the other hand, are the agglutination and signaling properties of the gam-1 flagella. The two mutant phenotypes displayed by gam-1 have been denoted gam-1-I and gam-1-II. An agglutination reaction involving gam-1-I cells does not result in activation of the wt mt+ mating structure. A more stable agglutination reaction, which can result in activation of the wt mt+ mating structure, is characteristic of gam-1-II cells, but because the gam-1 mt- mating sturcture still fails to activate, cell fusion is precluded. We conclude that the gam-1 mutation affects flagellar component(s) involved in establishing an effective, signal-generating agglutination reaction.", "contents": "Flagellar membrane agglutination and sexual signaling in the conditional GAM-1 mutant of Chlamydomonas. The temperature-sensitive gametogenesis-defective mutant, gam-1 is sex-limited, expressed only in mating type minus (mt-), and can sexually agglutinate but not fuse at the restrictive temperature (35 degrees C) with gametes of wild type (wt) mt+. Thin-section, freeze-cleave, and scanning electron microscopy reveal that the gam-1 phenotype is dependent on both the temperature at which the cells undergo nitrogen starvation (and therefore gamete formation) and the temperature at which the cells are maintained during the 12 h before mating. Under all conditions of gametogenesis at 35 degrees C, each gam-1 cell produces a normal-appearing membrane-associated mating structure that fails to activate in response to flagellar agglutination. Varying with the conditions of gametogenesis, on the other hand, are the agglutination and signaling properties of the gam-1 flagella. The two mutant phenotypes displayed by gam-1 have been denoted gam-1-I and gam-1-II. An agglutination reaction involving gam-1-I cells does not result in activation of the wt mt+ mating structure. A more stable agglutination reaction, which can result in activation of the wt mt+ mating structure, is characteristic of gam-1-II cells, but because the gam-1 mt- mating sturcture still fails to activate, cell fusion is precluded. We conclude that the gam-1 mutation affects flagellar component(s) involved in establishing an effective, signal-generating agglutination reaction.", "PMID": 701379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_700", "title": "Growth-related fluctuation in messenger RNA utilization in animal cells.", "content": "Monkey fibroblasts maintained in culture regulate their levels of intracellular protein throughout the growth cycle by means of variations in the rate of protein biosynthesis. Cytoplasmic mRNA in stationary phase cells was compared to that in exponential phase cells. In stationary phase cells 56% of the cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA was found in the 40--90S postpolysomal region of sucrose sedimentation gradients, while only 23% was found in this region in exponential phase cells. Analysis of electron micrographs of sectioned exponential and stationary phase cells revealed that this shift in polyadenylated RNA location is accompanied by a loss of polysome-like aggregates of ribosomes. Most if not all of this species of postpolysomal polyadenylated RNA is not being translated by single ribosomes since no detectable amounts of nascent peptide were present in this region. This nonpolysomal polyadenylated RNA is comparable in size to polysomal polyadenylated RNA. The length of the 3'-poly(A) tract was also comparable for these two species. The extent of capping of poly(A)-containing molecules was also comparable for these two species. The template activity of nonpolysomal RNA in a wheat germ extract was comparable to that of polysomal RNA. The peptides produced by these two preparations were of a similar large size. Furthermore, most of the nonpolysomal polyadenylated RNA of stationary phase cells was driven into polysomes in the presence of a low dose of cycloheximide. Therefore, we conclude that the untranslated mRNA that accumulates in stationary phase cells is structurally intact, is fully capable of being translated, and is not being translated due to the operation of a translational initiation block.", "contents": "Growth-related fluctuation in messenger RNA utilization in animal cells. Monkey fibroblasts maintained in culture regulate their levels of intracellular protein throughout the growth cycle by means of variations in the rate of protein biosynthesis. Cytoplasmic mRNA in stationary phase cells was compared to that in exponential phase cells. In stationary phase cells 56% of the cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA was found in the 40--90S postpolysomal region of sucrose sedimentation gradients, while only 23% was found in this region in exponential phase cells. Analysis of electron micrographs of sectioned exponential and stationary phase cells revealed that this shift in polyadenylated RNA location is accompanied by a loss of polysome-like aggregates of ribosomes. Most if not all of this species of postpolysomal polyadenylated RNA is not being translated by single ribosomes since no detectable amounts of nascent peptide were present in this region. This nonpolysomal polyadenylated RNA is comparable in size to polysomal polyadenylated RNA. The length of the 3'-poly(A) tract was also comparable for these two species. The extent of capping of poly(A)-containing molecules was also comparable for these two species. The template activity of nonpolysomal RNA in a wheat germ extract was comparable to that of polysomal RNA. The peptides produced by these two preparations were of a similar large size. Furthermore, most of the nonpolysomal polyadenylated RNA of stationary phase cells was driven into polysomes in the presence of a low dose of cycloheximide. Therefore, we conclude that the untranslated mRNA that accumulates in stationary phase cells is structurally intact, is fully capable of being translated, and is not being translated due to the operation of a translational initiation block.", "PMID": 701380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_701", "title": "Fractionation of nucleosomes by salt elution from micrococcal nuclease-digested nuclei.", "content": "The solubilization of nucleosomes and histone H1 with increasing concentrations of NaCl has been investigated in rat liver nuclei that had been digested with micrococcal nuclease under conditions that did not substantially alter morphological properties with respect to differences in the extent of chromatin condensation. The pattern of nucleosome and H1 solubilization was gradual and noncoordinate and at least three different types of nucleosome packing interactions could be distinguished from the pattern. A class of nucleosomes containing 13--17% of the DNA and comprising the chromatin structures most available for micrococcal nuclease attack was eluted by 0.2 M NaCl. This fraction was solubilized with an acid-soluble protein of apparent molecular weight of 20,000 daltons and no histone H1. It differed from the nucleosomes released at higher NaCl concentrations in content of nonhistone chromosomal proteins. 40--60% of the nucleosomes were released by 0.3 M NaCl with 30% of the total nuclear histone H1 bound. The remaining nucleosomes and H1 were solublized by 0.4 M or 0.6 M NaCl. H1 was not nucleosome bound at these ionic strengths, and these fractions contained, respectively, 1.5 and 1.8 times more H1 per nucleosome than the population released by 0.3 M NaCl. These fractions contained the DNA least available for micrococcal nuclease attach. The strikingly different macromolecular composition, availability for nuclease digestion, and strength of the packing interactions of the nucleosomes released by 0.2 M NaCl suggest that this population is involved in a special function.", "contents": "Fractionation of nucleosomes by salt elution from micrococcal nuclease-digested nuclei. The solubilization of nucleosomes and histone H1 with increasing concentrations of NaCl has been investigated in rat liver nuclei that had been digested with micrococcal nuclease under conditions that did not substantially alter morphological properties with respect to differences in the extent of chromatin condensation. The pattern of nucleosome and H1 solubilization was gradual and noncoordinate and at least three different types of nucleosome packing interactions could be distinguished from the pattern. A class of nucleosomes containing 13--17% of the DNA and comprising the chromatin structures most available for micrococcal nuclease attack was eluted by 0.2 M NaCl. This fraction was solubilized with an acid-soluble protein of apparent molecular weight of 20,000 daltons and no histone H1. It differed from the nucleosomes released at higher NaCl concentrations in content of nonhistone chromosomal proteins. 40--60% of the nucleosomes were released by 0.3 M NaCl with 30% of the total nuclear histone H1 bound. The remaining nucleosomes and H1 were solublized by 0.4 M or 0.6 M NaCl. H1 was not nucleosome bound at these ionic strengths, and these fractions contained, respectively, 1.5 and 1.8 times more H1 per nucleosome than the population released by 0.3 M NaCl. These fractions contained the DNA least available for micrococcal nuclease attach. The strikingly different macromolecular composition, availability for nuclease digestion, and strength of the packing interactions of the nucleosomes released by 0.2 M NaCl suggest that this population is involved in a special function.", "PMID": 701381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_702", "title": "Rates of protein synthesis by hepatocytes isolated from rats of various ages.", "content": "The rate of total protein synthesis in isolated hepatocytes was determined. The incorporation of L-[3H]valine into protein is linear for at least two hours of incubation and is affected by the concentration of amino acids in the medium. Uptake of valine by hepatocytes from 1.5- and 18-month-old rats was identical and appears to occur by simple passive diffusion. Within five minutes, the specific activities of the intracellular and extracellular valine pools are equivalent. The specific activities of these pools are saturated by 1.6mM valine and remain constant for 60 minutes of incubation. The rates of protein synthesis by hepatocytes from 1- to 2-month-old rats is 96.8 pmoles of valine per minute per milligram protein. This is comparable to rates of protein synthesis reported for perfused liver and liver in vivo and is approximately 64% higher than the rate of protein synthesis by hepatocytes from 18-month-old rats.", "contents": "Rates of protein synthesis by hepatocytes isolated from rats of various ages. The rate of total protein synthesis in isolated hepatocytes was determined. The incorporation of L-[3H]valine into protein is linear for at least two hours of incubation and is affected by the concentration of amino acids in the medium. Uptake of valine by hepatocytes from 1.5- and 18-month-old rats was identical and appears to occur by simple passive diffusion. Within five minutes, the specific activities of the intracellular and extracellular valine pools are equivalent. The specific activities of these pools are saturated by 1.6mM valine and remain constant for 60 minutes of incubation. The rates of protein synthesis by hepatocytes from 1- to 2-month-old rats is 96.8 pmoles of valine per minute per milligram protein. This is comparable to rates of protein synthesis reported for perfused liver and liver in vivo and is approximately 64% higher than the rate of protein synthesis by hepatocytes from 18-month-old rats.", "PMID": 701382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_703", "title": "Expression of transformation in cell hybrids. II. Nonsuppression of the transformed phenotype in hybrids between a chemically transformed and nontransformed derivatives of Balb/3T3.", "content": "Hybrid clones derived from a nitrosocarbaryl-transformed Balb/3T3 cell line, Clone H, and a nontransformed cell line THO2 resemble the transformed parent in the clone morphology, higher saturation density, colony formation in medium with reduced serum concentration, growth in agarose and ability to form clones on Balb/3T3 monolayer. Results are discussed in the framework of genetic models which permit or require dominant mutations for the expression of transformed phenotype.", "contents": "Expression of transformation in cell hybrids. II. Nonsuppression of the transformed phenotype in hybrids between a chemically transformed and nontransformed derivatives of Balb/3T3. Hybrid clones derived from a nitrosocarbaryl-transformed Balb/3T3 cell line, Clone H, and a nontransformed cell line THO2 resemble the transformed parent in the clone morphology, higher saturation density, colony formation in medium with reduced serum concentration, growth in agarose and ability to form clones on Balb/3T3 monolayer. Results are discussed in the framework of genetic models which permit or require dominant mutations for the expression of transformed phenotype.", "PMID": 701383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_704", "title": "Glucocorticoid induction of proline oxidase in LLC-RK1 cells.", "content": "Dexamethasone induced proline oxidase in cultured LLC-RK1 cells, an epithelial cell line derived from rabbit kidney. The dexamethasone-mediated increase in enzyme activity was concentration and time dependent. Although the effect could be dissociated from cell growth and cell density, it was dependent on protein and RNA synthesis. A comparison of the enzyme isolated from control and dexamethasone-treated cells showed that the increased activity was not due to an alteration in the affinity of the enzyme for proline. These findings suggest that glucocorticoids induce the synthesis of proline oxidase in mammalian cells.", "contents": "Glucocorticoid induction of proline oxidase in LLC-RK1 cells. Dexamethasone induced proline oxidase in cultured LLC-RK1 cells, an epithelial cell line derived from rabbit kidney. The dexamethasone-mediated increase in enzyme activity was concentration and time dependent. Although the effect could be dissociated from cell growth and cell density, it was dependent on protein and RNA synthesis. A comparison of the enzyme isolated from control and dexamethasone-treated cells showed that the increased activity was not due to an alteration in the affinity of the enzyme for proline. These findings suggest that glucocorticoids induce the synthesis of proline oxidase in mammalian cells.", "PMID": 701384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_705", "title": "Responsiveness to insulin is a dominant characteristic in somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "The mouse melanoma cell line PG19 has been found to be unresponsive to the growth-stimulatory action of insulin, although it responds well to other growth factors present in serum. Insulin stimulates DNA synthesis in mouse embryo fibroblasts, and responsiveness to insulin has been found to be a dominant characteristic in mouse fibroblast x PG19 hybrids. To examine the possibility that the unresponsiveness to insulin of the melanoma cells is attributable to a lack of insulin receptors, we have measured the binding of 125I-labeled insulin to the fibroblasts, melanoma cells, and fibroblast x melanoma hybrids. Insulin binds to the surface of the melanoma cells; however, the binding affinity appears to be lower than that observed for binding to diploid fibroblasts. In addition, the dissociation of insulin from the melanoma cells is not accelerated by excess unbound insulin, a kinetic effect observed in the dissociation of insulin from the fibroblasts and fibroblast x melanoma hybrids. This suggests that the class of insulin receptors characterized by this effect is absent on the PG19 cells, and present on the fibroblasts and fibroblast x PG19 hybrids.", "contents": "Responsiveness to insulin is a dominant characteristic in somatic cell hybrids. The mouse melanoma cell line PG19 has been found to be unresponsive to the growth-stimulatory action of insulin, although it responds well to other growth factors present in serum. Insulin stimulates DNA synthesis in mouse embryo fibroblasts, and responsiveness to insulin has been found to be a dominant characteristic in mouse fibroblast x PG19 hybrids. To examine the possibility that the unresponsiveness to insulin of the melanoma cells is attributable to a lack of insulin receptors, we have measured the binding of 125I-labeled insulin to the fibroblasts, melanoma cells, and fibroblast x melanoma hybrids. Insulin binds to the surface of the melanoma cells; however, the binding affinity appears to be lower than that observed for binding to diploid fibroblasts. In addition, the dissociation of insulin from the melanoma cells is not accelerated by excess unbound insulin, a kinetic effect observed in the dissociation of insulin from the fibroblasts and fibroblast x melanoma hybrids. This suggests that the class of insulin receptors characterized by this effect is absent on the PG19 cells, and present on the fibroblasts and fibroblast x PG19 hybrids.", "PMID": 701385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_706", "title": "Differential effects of hydrocortisone on both growth and collagen metabolism of human fibroblasts from normal and keloid tissue.", "content": "Cultured fibroblasts isolated from normal and keloid tissue do not differ in their growth characteristics or in the rate of collagen synthesis under routine culture conditions. The addition of hydrocortisone to the culture media results in significant differences in both growth and collagen synthesis between these cell types. Collagen synthesis is inhibited 60% in normal cultures by hydrocortisone (0,5 micrograms/ml) and the population size at which density-dependent growth inhibition is achieved is increased. Keloid-derived fibroblasts grow to a lower maximum density in the presence of hydrocortisone, while their rate of collagen synthesis is not significantly reduced. The rate of non-collagen protein synthesis is increased significantly by hydrocortisone in both cell types. Comparison of normal and keloid-derived cultures obtained from a single individual suggests that the keloid phenotype with respect to both growth and collagen synthesis is restricted to the fibroblasts isolated from the keloid nodule.", "contents": "Differential effects of hydrocortisone on both growth and collagen metabolism of human fibroblasts from normal and keloid tissue. Cultured fibroblasts isolated from normal and keloid tissue do not differ in their growth characteristics or in the rate of collagen synthesis under routine culture conditions. The addition of hydrocortisone to the culture media results in significant differences in both growth and collagen synthesis between these cell types. Collagen synthesis is inhibited 60% in normal cultures by hydrocortisone (0,5 micrograms/ml) and the population size at which density-dependent growth inhibition is achieved is increased. Keloid-derived fibroblasts grow to a lower maximum density in the presence of hydrocortisone, while their rate of collagen synthesis is not significantly reduced. The rate of non-collagen protein synthesis is increased significantly by hydrocortisone in both cell types. Comparison of normal and keloid-derived cultures obtained from a single individual suggests that the keloid phenotype with respect to both growth and collagen synthesis is restricted to the fibroblasts isolated from the keloid nodule.", "PMID": 701387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_707", "title": "Inhibition of sugar uptake in adenosine-treated 3T3 cells.", "content": "Addition of 5 to 250 micromolar adenosine to the culture medium resulted in a 30-80% inhibition of the rate of uptake of 2-deoxyglucose or 3-0-methylglucose by sparse or confluent 3T3 cells within three hours. The inhibition of deoxyglucose uptake could be reversed partially by changing the cells to medium without adenosine for two hours and could be prevented completely by the addition of persantin, an inhibitor of nucleoside uptake. The adenosine effect is not due to inhibition of pyrimidine synthesis, since it is not prevented by uridine. It is not seen in 3T6 cells lacking adenosine kinase. The inhibition could be observed on confluent cells whose deoxyglucose uptake was stimulated by insulin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), calf serum or calcium phosphate. Although the percentage stimulation over control by these factors varied, the percentage inhibition by addition of adenosine of the stimulated rates, as well as the unstimulated rate, was relatively constant. EGF, insulin and calcium phosphate caused little or no stimulation of deoxyglucose uptake by sparse cells, whether adenosine treated or untreated. The results suggest that adenosine acts intracellularly after phosphorylation to regulate sugar uptake through a mechanism which is independent of the regulation by hormones and cell density.", "contents": "Inhibition of sugar uptake in adenosine-treated 3T3 cells. Addition of 5 to 250 micromolar adenosine to the culture medium resulted in a 30-80% inhibition of the rate of uptake of 2-deoxyglucose or 3-0-methylglucose by sparse or confluent 3T3 cells within three hours. The inhibition of deoxyglucose uptake could be reversed partially by changing the cells to medium without adenosine for two hours and could be prevented completely by the addition of persantin, an inhibitor of nucleoside uptake. The adenosine effect is not due to inhibition of pyrimidine synthesis, since it is not prevented by uridine. It is not seen in 3T6 cells lacking adenosine kinase. The inhibition could be observed on confluent cells whose deoxyglucose uptake was stimulated by insulin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), calf serum or calcium phosphate. Although the percentage stimulation over control by these factors varied, the percentage inhibition by addition of adenosine of the stimulated rates, as well as the unstimulated rate, was relatively constant. EGF, insulin and calcium phosphate caused little or no stimulation of deoxyglucose uptake by sparse cells, whether adenosine treated or untreated. The results suggest that adenosine acts intracellularly after phosphorylation to regulate sugar uptake through a mechanism which is independent of the regulation by hormones and cell density.", "PMID": 701388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_708", "title": "Uridine transport and phosphorylation in mouse cells in culture: effect of growth-promoting factors, cell cycle transit and oncogenic transformation.", "content": "The rapid increase in uridine uptake produced by the addition of serum to quiescent cultures of fibroblasts is primarily caused by an enhanced rate of nucleoside phosphorylation. While quiescent and serum-stimulated cells display identical initial rates of transport, they show a considerable change in the composition of the acid-soluble pools labelled with [3H] uridine for five seconds. The radioactivity recovered in the phosphorylated pools increases 2-, 3-, 4- and 6-fold after addition of serum to cultures of Swiss 3T3 cells, tertiary mouse embryo fibroblasts, Swiss 3T6 and Balb 3T3, cells respectively. Furthermore, insulin, a growth factor isolated from medium conditioned by SV40 BHK cells (FDGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) also stimulate uridine phosphorylation within minutes. The initial rate of uridine uptake is 2- to 3-fold faster in rapidly growing normal and Simian virus 40 or polyoma virus transformed 3T3 cells as compared to untransformed 3T3 cells in the quiescent state. When quiescent cultures of 3T3 or mouse embryo cells are stimulated to leave G1 and enter into DNA synthesis, transport increases several hours after addition of serum and apparently coincides with the S phase of the cell cycle. The results demonstrate that an increase in uridine phosphorylation is a rapid metabolic response elicited by growth-promoting agents in a variety of cell types and that uridine transport and phosphorylation are independently regulated.", "contents": "Uridine transport and phosphorylation in mouse cells in culture: effect of growth-promoting factors, cell cycle transit and oncogenic transformation. The rapid increase in uridine uptake produced by the addition of serum to quiescent cultures of fibroblasts is primarily caused by an enhanced rate of nucleoside phosphorylation. While quiescent and serum-stimulated cells display identical initial rates of transport, they show a considerable change in the composition of the acid-soluble pools labelled with [3H] uridine for five seconds. The radioactivity recovered in the phosphorylated pools increases 2-, 3-, 4- and 6-fold after addition of serum to cultures of Swiss 3T3 cells, tertiary mouse embryo fibroblasts, Swiss 3T6 and Balb 3T3, cells respectively. Furthermore, insulin, a growth factor isolated from medium conditioned by SV40 BHK cells (FDGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) also stimulate uridine phosphorylation within minutes. The initial rate of uridine uptake is 2- to 3-fold faster in rapidly growing normal and Simian virus 40 or polyoma virus transformed 3T3 cells as compared to untransformed 3T3 cells in the quiescent state. When quiescent cultures of 3T3 or mouse embryo cells are stimulated to leave G1 and enter into DNA synthesis, transport increases several hours after addition of serum and apparently coincides with the S phase of the cell cycle. The results demonstrate that an increase in uridine phosphorylation is a rapid metabolic response elicited by growth-promoting agents in a variety of cell types and that uridine transport and phosphorylation are independently regulated.", "PMID": 701389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_709", "title": "The cell cycle during the vegetative stage of Dictyostelium discoideum and its response to temperature change.", "content": "The cell cycle in amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum has been analysed in cells growing asynchronously in axenic medium. For cells growing at the optimum growth temperature of 22 degrees C with a culture doubling time of 8 h the average times for the cell cycle phases are as follows: G1, 1.5 h; S, 2.1 h; G2, 4.4 h; M, 15.2 min. When amoebae are grown at temperatures below 22 degrees C, culture doubling time increases and the cell cycle phases are altered in ways characteristic for each phase. G2 is the most variable period and may occupy up to 70% of the total cell cycle time; S and G1 are the least affected, increasing by only 20% when the cell generation time is doubled. When cells which have reached the stationary phase of growth in liquid medium are washed and reinoculated into fresh medium they divide synchronously after a lag period of 5 h. By following cell number increase and nuclear DNA synthesis in these cultures we have shown that stationary phase cells are arrested in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. Finally, although more than 97% of amoebae grown on a bacterial food source are uninucleate, when grown axenically up to 35% of the cell population may become multinucleate. Our results suggest that these cells probably arise through the failure of cytokinesis to follow karyokinesis. Multinucleate cells appear to have a slightly longer G2 period than mononucleate cells.", "contents": "The cell cycle during the vegetative stage of Dictyostelium discoideum and its response to temperature change. The cell cycle in amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum has been analysed in cells growing asynchronously in axenic medium. For cells growing at the optimum growth temperature of 22 degrees C with a culture doubling time of 8 h the average times for the cell cycle phases are as follows: G1, 1.5 h; S, 2.1 h; G2, 4.4 h; M, 15.2 min. When amoebae are grown at temperatures below 22 degrees C, culture doubling time increases and the cell cycle phases are altered in ways characteristic for each phase. G2 is the most variable period and may occupy up to 70% of the total cell cycle time; S and G1 are the least affected, increasing by only 20% when the cell generation time is doubled. When cells which have reached the stationary phase of growth in liquid medium are washed and reinoculated into fresh medium they divide synchronously after a lag period of 5 h. By following cell number increase and nuclear DNA synthesis in these cultures we have shown that stationary phase cells are arrested in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. Finally, although more than 97% of amoebae grown on a bacterial food source are uninucleate, when grown axenically up to 35% of the cell population may become multinucleate. Our results suggest that these cells probably arise through the failure of cytokinesis to follow karyokinesis. Multinucleate cells appear to have a slightly longer G2 period than mononucleate cells.", "PMID": 701391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_710", "title": "The osmotic properties of the acrosome of guinea-pig sperm.", "content": "The osmotic behaviour of the acrosome in intact guinea-pig sperm has been examined by light and electron microscopy. Because the acrosome is retained within the cell, it can only experience the changes in tonicity of the cytoplasm and these have first to be related to the changes in tonicity in the external medium. Nevertheless, a qualitative description of the osmotic properties of the acrosome can be obtained. The evidence suggests that the acrosomal contents are normally close to their limit of compression. It has been proposed that a hydrostatic pressure is exerted inwards on the acrosomal membrane and that this is responsible for the maintenance of acrosomal shape. Swelling of the acrosome when sperm are suspended in hypotonic medium suggests that the acrosomal membrane does not have an abnormally low water permeability. Two-thirds of the acrosomal volume are occupied by a single matrix which undergoes cavitation in the course of the acrosome reaction. It also undergoes cavitation when guinea-pig sperm are suspended in calcium-free medium containing the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100. This suggests that cavitation is caused by the loss of integrity of the plasma and acrosomal membranes. A mechanism for cavitation is proposed in which a colloid osmotic pressure within the acrosomal matrix is allowed expression when the crystalloids of the external medium pass into it, this internal colloid osmotic pressure forcing the matrix apart to produce a cavity.", "contents": "The osmotic properties of the acrosome of guinea-pig sperm. The osmotic behaviour of the acrosome in intact guinea-pig sperm has been examined by light and electron microscopy. Because the acrosome is retained within the cell, it can only experience the changes in tonicity of the cytoplasm and these have first to be related to the changes in tonicity in the external medium. Nevertheless, a qualitative description of the osmotic properties of the acrosome can be obtained. The evidence suggests that the acrosomal contents are normally close to their limit of compression. It has been proposed that a hydrostatic pressure is exerted inwards on the acrosomal membrane and that this is responsible for the maintenance of acrosomal shape. Swelling of the acrosome when sperm are suspended in hypotonic medium suggests that the acrosomal membrane does not have an abnormally low water permeability. Two-thirds of the acrosomal volume are occupied by a single matrix which undergoes cavitation in the course of the acrosome reaction. It also undergoes cavitation when guinea-pig sperm are suspended in calcium-free medium containing the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100. This suggests that cavitation is caused by the loss of integrity of the plasma and acrosomal membranes. A mechanism for cavitation is proposed in which a colloid osmotic pressure within the acrosomal matrix is allowed expression when the crystalloids of the external medium pass into it, this internal colloid osmotic pressure forcing the matrix apart to produce a cavity.", "PMID": 701392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_711", "title": "Chromatin influence on the function and formation of the nuclear envelope shown by laser-induced psoralen photoreaction.", "content": "Potorous tridactylis (PTK2) cells growing in culture were treated with psoralen derivatives and dividing cells were located by phase-contrast microscopy. Psoralens, light-sensitive DNA-photoadducting drugs, were reacted with mitotic chromosomes through exposure to 365-nm light from an argon laser microbeam system. It was found that following mitosis and photoreaction, cells without nuclear envelopes were produced when psoralen-treated cells received 60 light pulses over their entire chromosome complement. These 'non-nuclear membrane' cells were found to incorporate [3H]uridine and, to a lesser extent, [3H]thymidine by autoradiography. Reduction of the light exposure by half (30 near-u.v. pulses) over the entire chromosome complement in the presence of psoralen also produced non-nuclear-membrane cells as seen by light microscopy. Further examination of these cells (30 light pulses) by single-cell electron microscopy revealed that unlike the high light exposure (60 near-u.v. pulses), the low light dosage resulted in cells with membrane patches associated with their chromatin. Since neither actinomycin D nor cycloheximide impeded nuclear envelope reformation, the psoralen-DNA reaction is concluded to produce non-nuclear-membrane cells by a mechanism other than transcription or translation inhibition. The association of Golgi with areas of nuclear membrane patches gives indirect evidence of a possible Golgi contribution to the reformation of the nuclear envelope after mitosis. It is concluded that DNA plays a role in envelope reformation.", "contents": "Chromatin influence on the function and formation of the nuclear envelope shown by laser-induced psoralen photoreaction. Potorous tridactylis (PTK2) cells growing in culture were treated with psoralen derivatives and dividing cells were located by phase-contrast microscopy. Psoralens, light-sensitive DNA-photoadducting drugs, were reacted with mitotic chromosomes through exposure to 365-nm light from an argon laser microbeam system. It was found that following mitosis and photoreaction, cells without nuclear envelopes were produced when psoralen-treated cells received 60 light pulses over their entire chromosome complement. These 'non-nuclear membrane' cells were found to incorporate [3H]uridine and, to a lesser extent, [3H]thymidine by autoradiography. Reduction of the light exposure by half (30 near-u.v. pulses) over the entire chromosome complement in the presence of psoralen also produced non-nuclear-membrane cells as seen by light microscopy. Further examination of these cells (30 light pulses) by single-cell electron microscopy revealed that unlike the high light exposure (60 near-u.v. pulses), the low light dosage resulted in cells with membrane patches associated with their chromatin. Since neither actinomycin D nor cycloheximide impeded nuclear envelope reformation, the psoralen-DNA reaction is concluded to produce non-nuclear-membrane cells by a mechanism other than transcription or translation inhibition. The association of Golgi with areas of nuclear membrane patches gives indirect evidence of a possible Golgi contribution to the reformation of the nuclear envelope after mitosis. It is concluded that DNA plays a role in envelope reformation.", "PMID": 701393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_712", "title": "Genetic analysis of developmental mechanisms in hydra. V. Cell lineage and development of chimera hydra.", "content": "Chimeric hydra were produced by making use of a strain (nf-1) which lacks interstitial cells, nerve cells and nematocytes. This strain arises by spontaneous loss of interstitial cells from its parental strain (sf-1) (Sugiyama & Fujisawa, 1978). Reintroduction of interstitial cells from other strains into nf-1 leads to the creation of chimeric strains that consisted of epithelial cells derived from strain sf-1 and interstitial cells and their derivatives (nerves and nematocytes) from other strains. In chimeras, interstitial or epithelial cells apparently maintain very stable cell lineages; no indication was obtained that suggested interstitial cell differentiation into epithelial cells or dedifferentiation in the opposite direction during the long courses of chimera cultures (up to one year). Developmental characters of chimeras were examined and compared to those of the epithelial cell (sf-1) and the interstitial cell donors. Almost all of the chimera's characters examined (growth rate, budding rate, tentacle numbers, polyp size, regenerative capacity, etc.) closely resembled those of the epithelial cell donor, but not of the interstitial cell donors. This suggests that epithelial cells, rather than interstitial or nerve cells, are the primary determinant of most, if not all, of hydra developmental characters.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of developmental mechanisms in hydra. V. Cell lineage and development of chimera hydra. Chimeric hydra were produced by making use of a strain (nf-1) which lacks interstitial cells, nerve cells and nematocytes. This strain arises by spontaneous loss of interstitial cells from its parental strain (sf-1) (Sugiyama & Fujisawa, 1978). Reintroduction of interstitial cells from other strains into nf-1 leads to the creation of chimeric strains that consisted of epithelial cells derived from strain sf-1 and interstitial cells and their derivatives (nerves and nematocytes) from other strains. In chimeras, interstitial or epithelial cells apparently maintain very stable cell lineages; no indication was obtained that suggested interstitial cell differentiation into epithelial cells or dedifferentiation in the opposite direction during the long courses of chimera cultures (up to one year). Developmental characters of chimeras were examined and compared to those of the epithelial cell (sf-1) and the interstitial cell donors. Almost all of the chimera's characters examined (growth rate, budding rate, tentacle numbers, polyp size, regenerative capacity, etc.) closely resembled those of the epithelial cell donor, but not of the interstitial cell donors. This suggests that epithelial cells, rather than interstitial or nerve cells, are the primary determinant of most, if not all, of hydra developmental characters.", "PMID": 701394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_713", "title": "Developmental roles of epithelial and interstitial cell lineages in hydra: analysis of chimeras.", "content": "Chimeric hydra were prepared by recombining epithelial and interstitial cells between 3 strains of hydra of different sizes (maxi, normal, and mini strains). The resulting chimeras generally resembled the epithelial cell parent more than the interstitial cell parent in size, budding rate, tentacle number, and form. This suggests that epithelial cells normally exert considerable influence over hydra morphogenesis. However, the chimeras show some differences ascribable to interstitial cell origin. Furthermore, the 3 original strains, when deprived of interstitial cells, lose their distinguishing size differences. Thus both epithelial and interstitial cells (or interstitial cell derivatives) mutually participate in hydra's development.", "contents": "Developmental roles of epithelial and interstitial cell lineages in hydra: analysis of chimeras. Chimeric hydra were prepared by recombining epithelial and interstitial cells between 3 strains of hydra of different sizes (maxi, normal, and mini strains). The resulting chimeras generally resembled the epithelial cell parent more than the interstitial cell parent in size, budding rate, tentacle number, and form. This suggests that epithelial cells normally exert considerable influence over hydra morphogenesis. However, the chimeras show some differences ascribable to interstitial cell origin. Furthermore, the 3 original strains, when deprived of interstitial cells, lose their distinguishing size differences. Thus both epithelial and interstitial cells (or interstitial cell derivatives) mutually participate in hydra's development.", "PMID": 701395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_714", "title": "The ultrastructure of non-membranous nuclear ghosts.", "content": "Non-membranous HeLa cell nuclear ghosts, representing non-membranous nuclear envelope or 'skeletal' components, have been examined in whole-mount fashion by transmission electron microscopy. Major components of the ghosts include annuli with inner and outer diameters of 43 and 90 nm, respectively, which are consistent in dimensions with nuclear pore complexes. Also present are rod-like images (260 nm in length and 50 nm in width or diameter) representing either previously unobserved nuclear structures, or condensations of repeating functional units not otherwise observable. The annular and rod-like images were also observed when various steps in the ghost isolation procedure, such as the use of detergents, 0.5 M MgCl2 and polylysine attachment of the ghosts to electron-microscope grids, were circumvented. The annular and rod-like images are connected into linear and polygonal arrays by strands (15-30 nm in width) that are sensitive to DNase I and DNase II but resistant to nuclease S1. Thus, although the non-membranous ghosts from HeLa cells are composed primarily of protein, enzymic dissection indicates that their gross integrity is markedly dependent on double-stranded DNA. Nuclear ghosts prepared from a wide range of species including mammals, birds and plants, exhibited essentially the same components and organization.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of non-membranous nuclear ghosts. Non-membranous HeLa cell nuclear ghosts, representing non-membranous nuclear envelope or 'skeletal' components, have been examined in whole-mount fashion by transmission electron microscopy. Major components of the ghosts include annuli with inner and outer diameters of 43 and 90 nm, respectively, which are consistent in dimensions with nuclear pore complexes. Also present are rod-like images (260 nm in length and 50 nm in width or diameter) representing either previously unobserved nuclear structures, or condensations of repeating functional units not otherwise observable. The annular and rod-like images were also observed when various steps in the ghost isolation procedure, such as the use of detergents, 0.5 M MgCl2 and polylysine attachment of the ghosts to electron-microscope grids, were circumvented. The annular and rod-like images are connected into linear and polygonal arrays by strands (15-30 nm in width) that are sensitive to DNase I and DNase II but resistant to nuclease S1. Thus, although the non-membranous ghosts from HeLa cells are composed primarily of protein, enzymic dissection indicates that their gross integrity is markedly dependent on double-stranded DNA. Nuclear ghosts prepared from a wide range of species including mammals, birds and plants, exhibited essentially the same components and organization.", "PMID": 701396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_715", "title": "Developmental stages in the formation of inverted gap junctions during turnover in the adult horseshoe crab, Limulus.", "content": "Stages leading to the formation of inverted gap junctions between certain basal replacement or interstitial cells in the mid-gut of adult Limulus can be followed by freeze-fracturing. Free, 13-nm EF intramembranous particles first appear to be organized into short linear arrays or small clusters of particles, which then become transformed into anastomosing particulate networks covering a considerable surface area. These subsequently become concentrated into smaller, more nearly circular, macular plaques of EF particles or PF pits. These EF particles, both when free or assembled into macular arrays, possess a central channel or pore. Numerous formed gap junctions are present in Limulus mid-gut, which suggests that cell-to-cell communication is an important feature of the mature tissue. The results show that arthropod tissues can be used to study the development of gap junctions not only in differentiating systems but also in adult tissues during normal cell turnover.", "contents": "Developmental stages in the formation of inverted gap junctions during turnover in the adult horseshoe crab, Limulus. Stages leading to the formation of inverted gap junctions between certain basal replacement or interstitial cells in the mid-gut of adult Limulus can be followed by freeze-fracturing. Free, 13-nm EF intramembranous particles first appear to be organized into short linear arrays or small clusters of particles, which then become transformed into anastomosing particulate networks covering a considerable surface area. These subsequently become concentrated into smaller, more nearly circular, macular plaques of EF particles or PF pits. These EF particles, both when free or assembled into macular arrays, possess a central channel or pore. Numerous formed gap junctions are present in Limulus mid-gut, which suggests that cell-to-cell communication is an important feature of the mature tissue. The results show that arthropod tissues can be used to study the development of gap junctions not only in differentiating systems but also in adult tissues during normal cell turnover.", "PMID": 701397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_716", "title": "Development of intercellular junctions in the pulmonary epithelium of the foetal lamb.", "content": "The integrity of epithelial tight junctions in foetal mammalian lungs is essential to maintain the unique ionic composition of lung liquid, and to prevent leakage of serum proteins into peripheral air spaces. In the present study the development of intercellular junctions of the lining epithelium of foetal lamb lungs during gestation was examined by light and electron microscopy. Both thin sections and freeze-fracture replicas were examined by electron microscopy. By 39 days of gestation, epithelial tight junctions consist of a minimum of 3.1 +/- 1.6 (s.D.) and a maximum of 5.8 +/- 2.0 discontinuous rows of particles and short segments of strands on P face ridges and in complementary E face grooves, while from 58 to 76 days they are composed of a network of 4.3 +/- 1.6 to 7.7 +/- 1.9 focally interrupted P face strands. Complementary replicas show that many of the discontinuities on the P face are due to separation of junctional particles on to the E face during fracturing, and not to an absence of junctional particles. From 76 days to term, epithelial tight junctions (exclusive of upper airway epithelium which was not examined) resemble those of adult lungs, and consist of a continuous network of 4.5 +/- 2.0 to 7.5 +/- 2.5 P face strands and complementary particle-free grooves. Permeability measurements, published elsewhere, indicate that the epithelium is functionally 'tight' from 69 days onwards. Tight junctions in peripheral air-space epithelium, therefore, are structurally continuous and functionally 'tight' early in foetal lung development, and form seals at one end of long, narrow intercellular spaces; these features may be important for coupled ion and water transport. When the bounding epithelial cells become flattened, these narrow intercellular spaces remain intact as a result of complex interdigitations of adjacent cell membranes. Desmosomes were present throughout gestation near the abluminal side of the tight junctions and occasionally near the base of the intercellular space. These junctions may serve to connect cells to each other at a time when tight junctions may be mechanically weak. In addition, gap junctions are associated with tight junctions from the glandular through the canalicular stages of lung development. They disappear by 120 days when the epithelial cells are differentiated.", "contents": "Development of intercellular junctions in the pulmonary epithelium of the foetal lamb. The integrity of epithelial tight junctions in foetal mammalian lungs is essential to maintain the unique ionic composition of lung liquid, and to prevent leakage of serum proteins into peripheral air spaces. In the present study the development of intercellular junctions of the lining epithelium of foetal lamb lungs during gestation was examined by light and electron microscopy. Both thin sections and freeze-fracture replicas were examined by electron microscopy. By 39 days of gestation, epithelial tight junctions consist of a minimum of 3.1 +/- 1.6 (s.D.) and a maximum of 5.8 +/- 2.0 discontinuous rows of particles and short segments of strands on P face ridges and in complementary E face grooves, while from 58 to 76 days they are composed of a network of 4.3 +/- 1.6 to 7.7 +/- 1.9 focally interrupted P face strands. Complementary replicas show that many of the discontinuities on the P face are due to separation of junctional particles on to the E face during fracturing, and not to an absence of junctional particles. From 76 days to term, epithelial tight junctions (exclusive of upper airway epithelium which was not examined) resemble those of adult lungs, and consist of a continuous network of 4.5 +/- 2.0 to 7.5 +/- 2.5 P face strands and complementary particle-free grooves. Permeability measurements, published elsewhere, indicate that the epithelium is functionally 'tight' from 69 days onwards. Tight junctions in peripheral air-space epithelium, therefore, are structurally continuous and functionally 'tight' early in foetal lung development, and form seals at one end of long, narrow intercellular spaces; these features may be important for coupled ion and water transport. When the bounding epithelial cells become flattened, these narrow intercellular spaces remain intact as a result of complex interdigitations of adjacent cell membranes. Desmosomes were present throughout gestation near the abluminal side of the tight junctions and occasionally near the base of the intercellular space. These junctions may serve to connect cells to each other at a time when tight junctions may be mechanically weak. In addition, gap junctions are associated with tight junctions from the glandular through the canalicular stages of lung development. They disappear by 120 days when the epithelial cells are differentiated.", "PMID": 701398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_717", "title": "Cell wall differentiation and stages involved with intercellular gas space opening.", "content": "The development of the intercellular gas system has been followed during the growth of Pisum sativum root and Phaseolus aureus hypocotyl by means of ultrastructural cytochemistry. The extension of the system is sequential and takes place according to a defined programme of cell wall reconstruction. Contrary to current views, the actual pectic middle lamella does not seem to be directly engaged in the initiation of the aerating system, which conversely appears subordinate to the presence of specialized substructures within the wall. The process is characterized by the early differentiation of a particular layer of wall called the 'splitting layer'. The splitting layer differs from the pectic middle lamella particularly in its insolubility in an incubating medium which removes the wall subunits (EDTA, DMSO, pectinases, cellulases) and its non-reactivity to polysaccharide test involving periodic oxidation (PATAg staining). With ultracryotomy, it displays a distinctive beta-glycerophosphatase activity. The layer gradually splits apart from lateral sites in a manner which somewhat evokes the opening of a zip fastener. The primordial opening, and later the intercellular space, keeps a thin (10-20 nm) extramural coat which is apparently non-glucidic and derives from the splitting layer. Ultimately, local shifts and resorptions of the wall lead to fusion of the early intercellular channels. One of the peculiarities of the opening of the air-space is that because of the mechanism involved the polysaccharides of the wall are not left naked. The processes observed are compared with other cases of cell wall separation.", "contents": "Cell wall differentiation and stages involved with intercellular gas space opening. The development of the intercellular gas system has been followed during the growth of Pisum sativum root and Phaseolus aureus hypocotyl by means of ultrastructural cytochemistry. The extension of the system is sequential and takes place according to a defined programme of cell wall reconstruction. Contrary to current views, the actual pectic middle lamella does not seem to be directly engaged in the initiation of the aerating system, which conversely appears subordinate to the presence of specialized substructures within the wall. The process is characterized by the early differentiation of a particular layer of wall called the 'splitting layer'. The splitting layer differs from the pectic middle lamella particularly in its insolubility in an incubating medium which removes the wall subunits (EDTA, DMSO, pectinases, cellulases) and its non-reactivity to polysaccharide test involving periodic oxidation (PATAg staining). With ultracryotomy, it displays a distinctive beta-glycerophosphatase activity. The layer gradually splits apart from lateral sites in a manner which somewhat evokes the opening of a zip fastener. The primordial opening, and later the intercellular space, keeps a thin (10-20 nm) extramural coat which is apparently non-glucidic and derives from the splitting layer. Ultimately, local shifts and resorptions of the wall lead to fusion of the early intercellular channels. One of the peculiarities of the opening of the air-space is that because of the mechanism involved the polysaccharides of the wall are not left naked. The processes observed are compared with other cases of cell wall separation.", "PMID": 701399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_718", "title": "The role of Golgi bodies in polysaccharide sulphation in Fucuszygotes.", "content": "The cell wall of 24-h zygotes of Fucus serratus is composed of 3 layers--an inner fibrillar layer (sulphated fucan), an outer fibrillar layer (alginic aicd/cellulose) and an exterior amorphous layer (sulphated fucan, alginic acid). The 2 layers containing sulphated fucan are preferentially thickened at the rhizoid pole. Light- and electron-microscope autoradiographic pulse-chase experiments on 22-h zygotes using 35SO2-(4) show the Golgi bodies to be the sites of fucan sulphation. The isolation and characterization of isolated Golgi-rich fractions from 22-h zygotes shows that the first detectable labelled macromolecule is associated with these fractions 2 min after addition of 35SO2-(4). The sulphate acceptor molecule has been partially characterized. 35S-APS and 35S-paps are detectable in the soluble fraction 0.5 min after addition of 35SO2-(4). The results are discussed in relation to other published work on the differentiation of Fucus embryos and on polysaccharide sulphation.", "contents": "The role of Golgi bodies in polysaccharide sulphation in Fucuszygotes. The cell wall of 24-h zygotes of Fucus serratus is composed of 3 layers--an inner fibrillar layer (sulphated fucan), an outer fibrillar layer (alginic aicd/cellulose) and an exterior amorphous layer (sulphated fucan, alginic acid). The 2 layers containing sulphated fucan are preferentially thickened at the rhizoid pole. Light- and electron-microscope autoradiographic pulse-chase experiments on 22-h zygotes using 35SO2-(4) show the Golgi bodies to be the sites of fucan sulphation. The isolation and characterization of isolated Golgi-rich fractions from 22-h zygotes shows that the first detectable labelled macromolecule is associated with these fractions 2 min after addition of 35SO2-(4). The sulphate acceptor molecule has been partially characterized. 35S-APS and 35S-paps are detectable in the soluble fraction 0.5 min after addition of 35SO2-(4). The results are discussed in relation to other published work on the differentiation of Fucus embryos and on polysaccharide sulphation.", "PMID": 701400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_719", "title": "Structural differences contrast higher plant and animal Golgi apparatus.", "content": "The intercisternal spacings between cisternae of dictyosomes of higher plants differ from those of mammalian dictyosomes. In plants, the spacings increase from an average of about 8.0 nm at the forming face to about 14.0 nm at the maturing face. The increase in spacing coincides with the appearance within the intercisternal space of parallel filaments called intercisternal elements. In mammals, the intercisternal spacings are more nearly constant, and intercisternal elements have not been observed. Plant and animal dictyosomes may differ as well in the relative widths of the cisternal lumina, the widths of the intercisternal spacings, and in more subtle ways involving the appearance of the membranes. These structural differences may be indicative of some functional differences that contrast higher plant and animal Golgi apparatus.", "contents": "Structural differences contrast higher plant and animal Golgi apparatus. The intercisternal spacings between cisternae of dictyosomes of higher plants differ from those of mammalian dictyosomes. In plants, the spacings increase from an average of about 8.0 nm at the forming face to about 14.0 nm at the maturing face. The increase in spacing coincides with the appearance within the intercisternal space of parallel filaments called intercisternal elements. In mammals, the intercisternal spacings are more nearly constant, and intercisternal elements have not been observed. Plant and animal dictyosomes may differ as well in the relative widths of the cisternal lumina, the widths of the intercisternal spacings, and in more subtle ways involving the appearance of the membranes. These structural differences may be indicative of some functional differences that contrast higher plant and animal Golgi apparatus.", "PMID": 701401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_720", "title": "The effects of surfactants on cell aggregation.", "content": "Trypsin-dissociated HeLa and human amnion cells were employed to investigate the effects of an anionic, a cationic, and a non-ionic surfactant on cell reaggregation. All the surfactants inhibited the reaggregation process, the effect increasing with surfactant concentration, and becoming significant at concentrations of about 10(-6) M for the anionic surfactant and about 10(-5) M for the others. The effects of temperature and ionic strength on HeLa cell aggregation, and of surfactants on the electrophoretic mobility of HeLa cells and the release of sialic acid from their surfaces by neuraminidase, were also examined. The results indicate that although electrostatic effects occur and are likely to be of importance in cell reaggregation, the effect of surfactants cannot be accounted for on this basis alone, and it is suggested that interactions involving the cell-surface glycoproteins, possibly indirectly via effects on the fluidity of the cell membrane, are also significant in this respect.", "contents": "The effects of surfactants on cell aggregation. Trypsin-dissociated HeLa and human amnion cells were employed to investigate the effects of an anionic, a cationic, and a non-ionic surfactant on cell reaggregation. All the surfactants inhibited the reaggregation process, the effect increasing with surfactant concentration, and becoming significant at concentrations of about 10(-6) M for the anionic surfactant and about 10(-5) M for the others. The effects of temperature and ionic strength on HeLa cell aggregation, and of surfactants on the electrophoretic mobility of HeLa cells and the release of sialic acid from their surfaces by neuraminidase, were also examined. The results indicate that although electrostatic effects occur and are likely to be of importance in cell reaggregation, the effect of surfactants cannot be accounted for on this basis alone, and it is suggested that interactions involving the cell-surface glycoproteins, possibly indirectly via effects on the fluidity of the cell membrane, are also significant in this respect.", "PMID": 701402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_721", "title": "Invasive locomotory behaviour between malignant human melanoma cells and normal fibroblasts filmed in vitro.", "content": "Explants of human malignant melanoma (MM96), normal adult human skin fibroblasts (HSF) and embryonic chick ventricle were confronted in pairs. The 2 outwandering populations in each confrontation eventually met in a situation where each could potentially invade the other. The human explants were artificially prepared from dissociated cells. The primary objective of the study was to compare the relative invasive capacities of the malignant and nonmalignant human cell populations against a standard population of chick heart fibroblasts (CHF). Relative invasiveness was also compared for (a) malignant human melanoma cells against human and avian fibroblasts; (b) the 2 different fibroblast populations against MM96; and (c) the 2 fibroblast populations against each other. Time-lapse films were prepared for each confrontation. Each cell population was also filmed in a free or unconfronted state. The films were analysed in terms of (a) cell speeds in relation to numbers of contacts; (b) the net radial outward velocity; (c) directional frequencies of movements; and (d) cell behavior resulting from heterologous collisions. Replicate cultures were fixed and stained 24--40 h after junction. Measurements from these indicated relative distances travelled by each population towards the opposing population and towards free space. Nuclear overlap and population density measurements were also recorded. MM96 cells invaded the standard chick fibroblast population but eventually encountered moderate obstruction. Invasion was mainly by oriented movement between successive pairs of chick cells. Contact paralysis of ruffling of MM96 was not seen. Human fibroblasts did not invade the CHF population. They were contact inhibited by chick cells and typically reversed their direction of movement. MM96 cells invaded the human fibroblast population without obstruction. They were not usually inhibited by HSF and several different pathways for locomotory invasion, including overlapping, were involved. Cells of both fibroblast populations were contact inhibited by leading-edge collisions with MM96 cells. Fibroblast invasion of MM96 was by underlapping of orthogonally oriented, bipolar melanocytes or dendritic processes. Human fibroblasts were less obstructed than chick fibroblasts during invasion of MM96. Initiation of invasion of HSF by chick cells was apparently orientation dependent. Invasion by CHF was assisted by the alignment, morphology and contact-mediated withdrawal of the human cells. Heterologous contact inhibition was not apparently defective for either cell type. In all confrontations involving both malignant and non-malignant cells, the extent and pattern of invasion could be related to apparent deficiencies in heterologous contact inhibition of locomotion.", "contents": "Invasive locomotory behaviour between malignant human melanoma cells and normal fibroblasts filmed in vitro. Explants of human malignant melanoma (MM96), normal adult human skin fibroblasts (HSF) and embryonic chick ventricle were confronted in pairs. The 2 outwandering populations in each confrontation eventually met in a situation where each could potentially invade the other. The human explants were artificially prepared from dissociated cells. The primary objective of the study was to compare the relative invasive capacities of the malignant and nonmalignant human cell populations against a standard population of chick heart fibroblasts (CHF). Relative invasiveness was also compared for (a) malignant human melanoma cells against human and avian fibroblasts; (b) the 2 different fibroblast populations against MM96; and (c) the 2 fibroblast populations against each other. Time-lapse films were prepared for each confrontation. Each cell population was also filmed in a free or unconfronted state. The films were analysed in terms of (a) cell speeds in relation to numbers of contacts; (b) the net radial outward velocity; (c) directional frequencies of movements; and (d) cell behavior resulting from heterologous collisions. Replicate cultures were fixed and stained 24--40 h after junction. Measurements from these indicated relative distances travelled by each population towards the opposing population and towards free space. Nuclear overlap and population density measurements were also recorded. MM96 cells invaded the standard chick fibroblast population but eventually encountered moderate obstruction. Invasion was mainly by oriented movement between successive pairs of chick cells. Contact paralysis of ruffling of MM96 was not seen. Human fibroblasts did not invade the CHF population. They were contact inhibited by chick cells and typically reversed their direction of movement. MM96 cells invaded the human fibroblast population without obstruction. They were not usually inhibited by HSF and several different pathways for locomotory invasion, including overlapping, were involved. Cells of both fibroblast populations were contact inhibited by leading-edge collisions with MM96 cells. Fibroblast invasion of MM96 was by underlapping of orthogonally oriented, bipolar melanocytes or dendritic processes. Human fibroblasts were less obstructed than chick fibroblasts during invasion of MM96. Initiation of invasion of HSF by chick cells was apparently orientation dependent. Invasion by CHF was assisted by the alignment, morphology and contact-mediated withdrawal of the human cells. Heterologous contact inhibition was not apparently defective for either cell type. In all confrontations involving both malignant and non-malignant cells, the extent and pattern of invasion could be related to apparent deficiencies in heterologous contact inhibition of locomotion.", "PMID": 701403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_722", "title": "Selecting somatic cell hybrids with hat media and nystatin methyl ester.", "content": "The structurally modified polyene antibiotic nystatin methyl ester (NME) has been utilized as a half-selection agent for isolating interspecific mouse--Syrian hamster hybrids. By using HAT media supplmented with NME we have isolated hybrid clones from polyethylene glycol-fused cultures of biochemically defective mouse (A9 or B82) and genetically normal Syrian hamster (KHK/C13) cells. Unfused parental cells were killed in HAT-NME media as a result of their genetic defect, absence of hypoxanthine guanine-phosphoribosyl transferase-HGPRT-(A9) or thymidine kinase--TK-(B82), or innate sensitivity to NME (BHK/C13). In contrast, hybrid cells proliferated and clones were isolated after 3 weeks growth in HAT-NME media, indicating the genetic complementation had occurred and polyene resistance was expressed as a dominant phenotypic property in the hybrids. The presently described technique is efficient in eliminating unfused parental cells and should prove useful in isolating other types of hybrids formed between genetically defective and normal parental cells.", "contents": "Selecting somatic cell hybrids with hat media and nystatin methyl ester. The structurally modified polyene antibiotic nystatin methyl ester (NME) has been utilized as a half-selection agent for isolating interspecific mouse--Syrian hamster hybrids. By using HAT media supplmented with NME we have isolated hybrid clones from polyethylene glycol-fused cultures of biochemically defective mouse (A9 or B82) and genetically normal Syrian hamster (KHK/C13) cells. Unfused parental cells were killed in HAT-NME media as a result of their genetic defect, absence of hypoxanthine guanine-phosphoribosyl transferase-HGPRT-(A9) or thymidine kinase--TK-(B82), or innate sensitivity to NME (BHK/C13). In contrast, hybrid cells proliferated and clones were isolated after 3 weeks growth in HAT-NME media, indicating the genetic complementation had occurred and polyene resistance was expressed as a dominant phenotypic property in the hybrids. The presently described technique is efficient in eliminating unfused parental cells and should prove useful in isolating other types of hybrids formed between genetically defective and normal parental cells.", "PMID": 701404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_723", "title": "A scanning electron-microscopic study of the local degeneration of cilia during sexual reproduction in Paramecium.", "content": "The location and extent of local degeneration of cilia during sexual reproduction of Paramecium was studied using scanning electron microscopy to examine cells undergoing conjugation and autogamy. At some time during the mating reaction, but prior to conjugant pair formation, ciliary degeneration begins at the antero-ventral tip of cells and proceeds posteriorly along the suture. In the anterior part of the cell, degeneration occurs on both sides of the suture, but in the posterior part it is restricted to the right side of the suture. In 5 species of Paramecium examined, degeneration occurred in nearly the same region. No degeneration of cilia is observed in natural autogamy of P. tetraurelia, whereas in chemically induced autogamy of P. caudatum degeneration occurs as in ordinary conjugation. Conjugant pairs never expose any deciliated cell surface except at the postero-ventral tip. The maximum extent of ciliary degeneration is best seen in the chemically induced autogamous cells: 7 kinetics (rows of unit teritories) at the anterior-left, 4 kinetics at the anterior-right, 10 or more kinetics at the posterior-right and the right wall of the vestibule of the mouth. Before complete disappearance of the cilia, many short cilia are observed. This suggests that ciliary degeneration is due to resorption. Degeneration extends more rapidly in cells with stronger mating reactivity. The relations between mating reactivity, ciliary degeneration and nuclear activation are discussed.", "contents": "A scanning electron-microscopic study of the local degeneration of cilia during sexual reproduction in Paramecium. The location and extent of local degeneration of cilia during sexual reproduction of Paramecium was studied using scanning electron microscopy to examine cells undergoing conjugation and autogamy. At some time during the mating reaction, but prior to conjugant pair formation, ciliary degeneration begins at the antero-ventral tip of cells and proceeds posteriorly along the suture. In the anterior part of the cell, degeneration occurs on both sides of the suture, but in the posterior part it is restricted to the right side of the suture. In 5 species of Paramecium examined, degeneration occurred in nearly the same region. No degeneration of cilia is observed in natural autogamy of P. tetraurelia, whereas in chemically induced autogamy of P. caudatum degeneration occurs as in ordinary conjugation. Conjugant pairs never expose any deciliated cell surface except at the postero-ventral tip. The maximum extent of ciliary degeneration is best seen in the chemically induced autogamous cells: 7 kinetics (rows of unit teritories) at the anterior-left, 4 kinetics at the anterior-right, 10 or more kinetics at the posterior-right and the right wall of the vestibule of the mouth. Before complete disappearance of the cilia, many short cilia are observed. This suggests that ciliary degeneration is due to resorption. Degeneration extends more rapidly in cells with stronger mating reactivity. The relations between mating reactivity, ciliary degeneration and nuclear activation are discussed.", "PMID": 701405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_724", "title": "Adenosinetriphosphate, calcium and temperature requirements for the final steps of exocytosis in Paramecium cells.", "content": "In Paramecium cells a synchronized discharge of trichocysts (which involves only the final exocytosis steps of membrane fusion, content discharge and membrane resealing) was achieved with ATPase-blockers, Ca2+-ionophores, lipid solvents (including lysolecithin), polyethyleneglycol, anaesthetics (Dibucain) and cationic detergents (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMAB) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). Only Dibucain--and to some extent cationic detergents--can trigger exocytosis independently of extracellular Ca2+, possibly by mobilizing intracellular Ca2+. The internal free [Ca2+] necessary for exocytosis can be estimated to be greater than 10(-6) to 10(-4) M. Membrane-free trichocyst contents were isolated by density gradient centrifugation; they are converted from the contracted to the expanded state by Dibucain, CTMAB and CPC, and also by exogenous ATPase (Apyrase). Thus, it is possible to de-couple the discharge (stretching) process from membrane-related phenomena. Since only the latter are inhibited by low temperature (0 degrees C), membrane lipids probably have to be in a fluid state for exocytosis to occur. At least 2 steps appear to be involved: when membrane fusion is initiated, an independent matrix-bound system is activated for the synchronized stretching process. The energy requirement for one discharge event is estimated to be about 14 X 10(6) ATP molecules.", "contents": "Adenosinetriphosphate, calcium and temperature requirements for the final steps of exocytosis in Paramecium cells. In Paramecium cells a synchronized discharge of trichocysts (which involves only the final exocytosis steps of membrane fusion, content discharge and membrane resealing) was achieved with ATPase-blockers, Ca2+-ionophores, lipid solvents (including lysolecithin), polyethyleneglycol, anaesthetics (Dibucain) and cationic detergents (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMAB) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). Only Dibucain--and to some extent cationic detergents--can trigger exocytosis independently of extracellular Ca2+, possibly by mobilizing intracellular Ca2+. The internal free [Ca2+] necessary for exocytosis can be estimated to be greater than 10(-6) to 10(-4) M. Membrane-free trichocyst contents were isolated by density gradient centrifugation; they are converted from the contracted to the expanded state by Dibucain, CTMAB and CPC, and also by exogenous ATPase (Apyrase). Thus, it is possible to de-couple the discharge (stretching) process from membrane-related phenomena. Since only the latter are inhibited by low temperature (0 degrees C), membrane lipids probably have to be in a fluid state for exocytosis to occur. At least 2 steps appear to be involved: when membrane fusion is initiated, an independent matrix-bound system is activated for the synchronized stretching process. The energy requirement for one discharge event is estimated to be about 14 X 10(6) ATP molecules.", "PMID": 701406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_725", "title": "Microtubules in protozoan cells. III. Ultrastructural changes during disintegration and reformation of heliozoan microtubules.", "content": "In the heliozoan, Echinosphaerium nucleofilum strain MA, cold temperature (2 degrees C) induced axopodial retraction to about 36% of the initial length after 3 h. By electron microscopy, it was found that such axopodial shortening is accompanied by degradation of axonemal microtubules (25 nm in diameter), followed by the appearance of macrotubles (37 nm in diameter) and filamentous structures (14 nm in diameter) of a tubular and twisted appearance. All of these structures (microtubules, macrotubules and filamentous structures) were found to be depolymerized completely by applying 10 mM colchicine for 1-2 h, and to be replaced by regions with low electron density. Axopodial re-extension was induced rapidly by returning the cold-treated organisms to room temperature (20 degrees C). At a very early stage of axopodial re-extension, the filamentous structures were often observed to be continuous with the macrotubules. At a late stage of axopodial re-extension, the reforming axoneme was composed only of normal microtubules, while the macrotubules and filamentous structures had disappeared. On the basis of these results, the processes of disintegration and reformation of microtubules are discussed.", "contents": "Microtubules in protozoan cells. III. Ultrastructural changes during disintegration and reformation of heliozoan microtubules. In the heliozoan, Echinosphaerium nucleofilum strain MA, cold temperature (2 degrees C) induced axopodial retraction to about 36% of the initial length after 3 h. By electron microscopy, it was found that such axopodial shortening is accompanied by degradation of axonemal microtubules (25 nm in diameter), followed by the appearance of macrotubles (37 nm in diameter) and filamentous structures (14 nm in diameter) of a tubular and twisted appearance. All of these structures (microtubules, macrotubules and filamentous structures) were found to be depolymerized completely by applying 10 mM colchicine for 1-2 h, and to be replaced by regions with low electron density. Axopodial re-extension was induced rapidly by returning the cold-treated organisms to room temperature (20 degrees C). At a very early stage of axopodial re-extension, the filamentous structures were often observed to be continuous with the macrotubules. At a late stage of axopodial re-extension, the reforming axoneme was composed only of normal microtubules, while the macrotubules and filamentous structures had disappeared. On the basis of these results, the processes of disintegration and reformation of microtubules are discussed.", "PMID": 701407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_726", "title": "Macrotubules induced by halothane: in vitro assembly.", "content": "The formation of macrotubules by the volatile anaesthetic halothane was investigated in vitro using microtubule-enriched fractions of crayfish nerve cords. Sequential studies showed that macrotubules assemble from helical ribbons of 18-20 laterally associated microtubule protofilaments which fold upon themselves to form intact macrotubules averaging 48 nm in diameter. The initial rate of macrotubule assembly is dependent on the concentration of halothane employed and is stimulated by calcium. Glycerol pretreatment blocked macrotubule formation by halothane and caused preformed macrotubules to reassemble rapidly into typical microtubules. These experiments show that microtubules and macrotubules require different conditions for assembly and support the contention that macrotubule formation by halothane is due to a direct interaction between the anaesthetic molecule and the microtubule subunit.", "contents": "Macrotubules induced by halothane: in vitro assembly. The formation of macrotubules by the volatile anaesthetic halothane was investigated in vitro using microtubule-enriched fractions of crayfish nerve cords. Sequential studies showed that macrotubules assemble from helical ribbons of 18-20 laterally associated microtubule protofilaments which fold upon themselves to form intact macrotubules averaging 48 nm in diameter. The initial rate of macrotubule assembly is dependent on the concentration of halothane employed and is stimulated by calcium. Glycerol pretreatment blocked macrotubule formation by halothane and caused preformed macrotubules to reassemble rapidly into typical microtubules. These experiments show that microtubules and macrotubules require different conditions for assembly and support the contention that macrotubule formation by halothane is due to a direct interaction between the anaesthetic molecule and the microtubule subunit.", "PMID": 701408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_727", "title": "[Axillary-femoral by passes. Technic. Complications. Results (92 patients) (author's transl)].", "content": "Between January 1970 and October 1977, 95 operations of revascularisation of 124 lower limbs were carried out using the axillary artery in 92 patients. 84 patients had very severe ischemia, acute or chronic, which threatened the survival of the limb. In all, direct surgery was too dangerous (77 cases) or impossible owing to local or regional problems (7 cases). The results gave a mortality during the first two months of 13% in which infective complications of the technic accounted for 3.5%. The latter were frequent (12%) but a certain number of them could have been prevented (6%). 55 patients (65%) had a good result at two months (weight-bearing conserved) whilst 20%, i.e. 18 patients were amputated, of which five had a permeable by pass which permitted conservation of the knee. We observed the highest percentage of deaths (3/8 i.e. 37%) in bilateral emergency revascularisations for acute ischemia. We observed a very low percentage of early thrombosis (4%) in axillary bifemoral by pass performed for chronic ischemia. The operation is of great value when no other direct surgical technic is possible and only in these cases. 8 patients underwent an axillary by pass to treat infective complications of aorto-iliac surgery. 4 early deaths showed the severity of this complication (50%). Tactical aspects are discussed briefly.", "contents": "[Axillary-femoral by passes. Technic. Complications. Results (92 patients) (author's transl)]. Between January 1970 and October 1977, 95 operations of revascularisation of 124 lower limbs were carried out using the axillary artery in 92 patients. 84 patients had very severe ischemia, acute or chronic, which threatened the survival of the limb. In all, direct surgery was too dangerous (77 cases) or impossible owing to local or regional problems (7 cases). The results gave a mortality during the first two months of 13% in which infective complications of the technic accounted for 3.5%. The latter were frequent (12%) but a certain number of them could have been prevented (6%). 55 patients (65%) had a good result at two months (weight-bearing conserved) whilst 20%, i.e. 18 patients were amputated, of which five had a permeable by pass which permitted conservation of the knee. We observed the highest percentage of deaths (3/8 i.e. 37%) in bilateral emergency revascularisations for acute ischemia. We observed a very low percentage of early thrombosis (4%) in axillary bifemoral by pass performed for chronic ischemia. The operation is of great value when no other direct surgical technic is possible and only in these cases. 8 patients underwent an axillary by pass to treat infective complications of aorto-iliac surgery. 4 early deaths showed the severity of this complication (50%). Tactical aspects are discussed briefly.", "PMID": 701409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_728", "title": "[Four original cases of splenic venous infarction during pancreatic disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report 4 cases of splenic complications occurring during chronic pancreatic disease and emphasize the vascular origin of the lesions observed in the spleen whether rupture, pseudo-cysts, hematic cysts, infarction or necrosis. The symptoms in each case seemed identical in their pathogenesis and linked to trunkular or radicular splenic venous thrombosis.", "contents": "[Four original cases of splenic venous infarction during pancreatic disease (author's transl)]. The authors report 4 cases of splenic complications occurring during chronic pancreatic disease and emphasize the vascular origin of the lesions observed in the spleen whether rupture, pseudo-cysts, hematic cysts, infarction or necrosis. The symptoms in each case seemed identical in their pathogenesis and linked to trunkular or radicular splenic venous thrombosis.", "PMID": 701410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_729", "title": "[Bony tumors of the thoracic wall. Report of 35 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report 35 cases of bony tumours of the thoracic wall and emphasize:--the necessity of wide removal even in the case of benign tumours to avoid possible relapses;--the use of rigid material which in the case of anterior parietal breaches, is alone able to give satisfactory solidity to the thoracic wall which is essential to ensure satisfactory respiratory mechanics;--the interest of surgery whether or not associated with radiotherapy or chemotherapy.", "contents": "[Bony tumors of the thoracic wall. Report of 35 cases (author's transl)]. The authors report 35 cases of bony tumours of the thoracic wall and emphasize:--the necessity of wide removal even in the case of benign tumours to avoid possible relapses;--the use of rigid material which in the case of anterior parietal breaches, is alone able to give satisfactory solidity to the thoracic wall which is essential to ensure satisfactory respiratory mechanics;--the interest of surgery whether or not associated with radiotherapy or chemotherapy.", "PMID": 701411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_730", "title": "Gas chromatographic--mass spectrometric analysis of optically active metabolites and drugs on a novel chiral stationary phase.", "content": "Chirasil-Val, a novel chiral polysiloxane-type stationary phase is capable of separating the enantiomers of optically active drugs and metabolites of several compound classes; alpha-amino acides, alpha-amino alcohols, glycols, aromatic and aliphatic alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acids and amines. Due to their high thermal stability, columns coated with Chirasil-Val may be coupled to a mass spectrometer. Potential applications of the new stationary phase include analysis of the optical purity of enantiomeric drugs, determination of the configuration of metabolites, and quantitation of optically active drugs and metabolites using the unnatural enantiometer as internal standard. Direct separation of enantimoers on Chirasil-Val is especially useful if only minute amounts of the optically active compounds are availalbe for analysis.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic--mass spectrometric analysis of optically active metabolites and drugs on a novel chiral stationary phase. Chirasil-Val, a novel chiral polysiloxane-type stationary phase is capable of separating the enantiomers of optically active drugs and metabolites of several compound classes; alpha-amino acides, alpha-amino alcohols, glycols, aromatic and aliphatic alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acids and amines. Due to their high thermal stability, columns coated with Chirasil-Val may be coupled to a mass spectrometer. Potential applications of the new stationary phase include analysis of the optical purity of enantiomeric drugs, determination of the configuration of metabolites, and quantitation of optically active drugs and metabolites using the unnatural enantiometer as internal standard. Direct separation of enantimoers on Chirasil-Val is especially useful if only minute amounts of the optically active compounds are availalbe for analysis.", "PMID": 701418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_731", "title": "New tyrosine metabolites in humans: hawkinsin and cis- and trans-4-hydroxycyclohexylacetic acids. Unusual adsorption of deuterated and non-deuterated hawkinsin during gas chromatography.", "content": "In a new inborn error of metabolism, where obviously a defect of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.27) exists, hawkinsin [(2-cystein-S-yl-1,4-dihydroxycyclohex-5-en-1-yl) acetic acid] and cis- and trans-hydroxycyclohexylacetic acids were found in the urine. A partially reversible adsorption of deuterated and non-deuterated hawkinsin (as the penta-trimethylsilyl derivative) in gas chromatography--mass spectrometry has inhibited a mass fragmentographic quantitation of this compound to date. However, quantitation seems to be possible using mass framentography of 1,4-dihydroxycyclohexylacetic acid, formed by desulfuration of the sample with active nickel.", "contents": "New tyrosine metabolites in humans: hawkinsin and cis- and trans-4-hydroxycyclohexylacetic acids. Unusual adsorption of deuterated and non-deuterated hawkinsin during gas chromatography. In a new inborn error of metabolism, where obviously a defect of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.27) exists, hawkinsin [(2-cystein-S-yl-1,4-dihydroxycyclohex-5-en-1-yl) acetic acid] and cis- and trans-hydroxycyclohexylacetic acids were found in the urine. A partially reversible adsorption of deuterated and non-deuterated hawkinsin (as the penta-trimethylsilyl derivative) in gas chromatography--mass spectrometry has inhibited a mass fragmentographic quantitation of this compound to date. However, quantitation seems to be possible using mass framentography of 1,4-dihydroxycyclohexylacetic acid, formed by desulfuration of the sample with active nickel.", "PMID": 701419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_732", "title": "Quantitative analysis of beta-phenylpyruvic acid by single ion monitoring. Evaluation of isomeric internal standards.", "content": "Quantitative single ion monitoring of beta-phenylpyruvic acid at high sensitivity is possible after derivatization first with omicron-phenylenediamine and then with a silylating reagent. The resulting o-trimethyl-silyl-quinoxalinol (O-TMS-Q) has previously been shown to be highly stable during storage and on chromatography. As an internal standard the isomeric omicron-methylphenylglyoxylic (omicron-toluylformic) acid is introduced. The mass spectra of both O-TMS-Q's are characterized by abundant [M]+. at m/e 308. The concept of \"class specific metabolic profiling\" is discussed in relation to quantitative gas chromatography--mass spectrometry detection of aliphatic and aromatic alpha-ketoacids.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of beta-phenylpyruvic acid by single ion monitoring. Evaluation of isomeric internal standards. Quantitative single ion monitoring of beta-phenylpyruvic acid at high sensitivity is possible after derivatization first with omicron-phenylenediamine and then with a silylating reagent. The resulting o-trimethyl-silyl-quinoxalinol (O-TMS-Q) has previously been shown to be highly stable during storage and on chromatography. As an internal standard the isomeric omicron-methylphenylglyoxylic (omicron-toluylformic) acid is introduced. The mass spectra of both O-TMS-Q's are characterized by abundant [M]+. at m/e 308. The concept of \"class specific metabolic profiling\" is discussed in relation to quantitative gas chromatography--mass spectrometry detection of aliphatic and aromatic alpha-ketoacids.", "PMID": 701420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_733", "title": "Quantitation of adrenaline and noradrenaline from human plasma by combined gas chromatography--high-resolution mass fragmentography.", "content": "A gas chromatographic--high-resolution mass fragmentographic method for the simultaneous determination of adrenaline and noradrenaline from human plasma is presented. The catecholamines are separted by adsorption on alumina and converted by a selective, two-step procedure to the corresponding N-trifluoroacetyl-N-trimethylsilyl derivatives. The benzylic fragment C16H31O3Si3 (m/e 355.1568) of these derivatives is detected at a mass spectrometric resolving power of 5000. This high resolution detection was necessary to differentiate this fragment from others with the same nominal mass of 355 originating from the biological matrix and/or the bleeding from column and septum.", "contents": "Quantitation of adrenaline and noradrenaline from human plasma by combined gas chromatography--high-resolution mass fragmentography. A gas chromatographic--high-resolution mass fragmentographic method for the simultaneous determination of adrenaline and noradrenaline from human plasma is presented. The catecholamines are separted by adsorption on alumina and converted by a selective, two-step procedure to the corresponding N-trifluoroacetyl-N-trimethylsilyl derivatives. The benzylic fragment C16H31O3Si3 (m/e 355.1568) of these derivatives is detected at a mass spectrometric resolving power of 5000. This high resolution detection was necessary to differentiate this fragment from others with the same nominal mass of 355 originating from the biological matrix and/or the bleeding from column and septum.", "PMID": 701421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_734", "title": "Quantitative analysis of prazepam and its metabolites by electron capture gas chromatography and selected ion monitoring. Application to diaplacetal passage and fetal hepatic metabolism in early human pregnancy.", "content": "Methods have been developed for the determination of the benzodiazepine tranquilizer prazepam and its metabolites desmethyl diazepam, 3-hydroxy-prazepam and oxazepam by electron capture gas chromatography and selected ion monitoring with diazepam as the internal standard. The benzodiazepines were isolated from blood serum or homogenized tissue samples, either by extraction with ethyl acetate or on small Extrelut columns packed with porous silica. The concentrated extracts were directly injected into the gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector. Following trimethylsilylation, analysis on a gas chromatography--mass spectrometry--computer system operated in the selected ion-monitoring mode was performed. Using 50--200 mg (microliter) biological material, concentrations of prazepam and metabolites of 5 ng/g(ml) could be determined with signal-to-noise ratios of greater than 10. Using 1 g(ml) samples, the same signal-to-noise ratios were obtained with 1 ng/g(ml) concentrations. The methods developed were applied to the analysis of the diaplacental transfer of prazepam and desmethyl diazepam in early human pregnancy. Furthermore, prazepam metabolism in human fetal liver and cell cultures was studied.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of prazepam and its metabolites by electron capture gas chromatography and selected ion monitoring. Application to diaplacetal passage and fetal hepatic metabolism in early human pregnancy. Methods have been developed for the determination of the benzodiazepine tranquilizer prazepam and its metabolites desmethyl diazepam, 3-hydroxy-prazepam and oxazepam by electron capture gas chromatography and selected ion monitoring with diazepam as the internal standard. The benzodiazepines were isolated from blood serum or homogenized tissue samples, either by extraction with ethyl acetate or on small Extrelut columns packed with porous silica. The concentrated extracts were directly injected into the gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector. Following trimethylsilylation, analysis on a gas chromatography--mass spectrometry--computer system operated in the selected ion-monitoring mode was performed. Using 50--200 mg (microliter) biological material, concentrations of prazepam and metabolites of 5 ng/g(ml) could be determined with signal-to-noise ratios of greater than 10. Using 1 g(ml) samples, the same signal-to-noise ratios were obtained with 1 ng/g(ml) concentrations. The methods developed were applied to the analysis of the diaplacental transfer of prazepam and desmethyl diazepam in early human pregnancy. Furthermore, prazepam metabolism in human fetal liver and cell cultures was studied.", "PMID": 701422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_735", "title": "Automated quantitative gas--liquid chromatography of intact lipids. I. Preparation and calibration of the column.", "content": "A method for quantitative gas chromatographic determination of plasma lipids (free cholesterol, cholesteryl esters and triglycerides) in the low concentration range is described. This method permits a determination of not only the lipid classes mentioned above, but also their fractions according to molecular weight, down to 10 ng, without previous derivatization. Special attention was devoted to the preparation of columns with high efficiency and minimal losses of the test substances. The best results were obtained with a glass column 0.5 m x 2.0 mm I.D., packed with 1% OV-1 on Gas-Chrom Q (100--120 mesh). The processing of results is fully automated, using an MDS-2400 computer and includes the calculation of a non-linear calibration plot for each substance analyzed, accuracy control of the measured values, tabulation of the fwr values and the calculation for analyses of biological samples. For the calibration, the pure substances were used at 15 concentrations within a range of 10--1000 ng. The coefficient of variation calculated from 20 duplicate measurements of the calibration mixture did not exceed 5% for any component in the interval from 10 to 100 ng or 3% within range from 100 to 1000 ng.", "contents": "Automated quantitative gas--liquid chromatography of intact lipids. I. Preparation and calibration of the column. A method for quantitative gas chromatographic determination of plasma lipids (free cholesterol, cholesteryl esters and triglycerides) in the low concentration range is described. This method permits a determination of not only the lipid classes mentioned above, but also their fractions according to molecular weight, down to 10 ng, without previous derivatization. Special attention was devoted to the preparation of columns with high efficiency and minimal losses of the test substances. The best results were obtained with a glass column 0.5 m x 2.0 mm I.D., packed with 1% OV-1 on Gas-Chrom Q (100--120 mesh). The processing of results is fully automated, using an MDS-2400 computer and includes the calculation of a non-linear calibration plot for each substance analyzed, accuracy control of the measured values, tabulation of the fwr values and the calculation for analyses of biological samples. For the calibration, the pure substances were used at 15 concentrations within a range of 10--1000 ng. The coefficient of variation calculated from 20 duplicate measurements of the calibration mixture did not exceed 5% for any component in the interval from 10 to 100 ng or 3% within range from 100 to 1000 ng.", "PMID": 701423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_736", "title": "Isolation of immunoreactive components from experimental and human tumour tissues and serums by high-performance gel chromatography.", "content": "A method for the rapid separation of proteinous fractions by high-performance gel chromatography was described. Homogenates from tumorous and healthy tissues and blood were eluted by saline on a column packed with rigid hydrophilic macroporous particles of O-glucose--Spheron 300. Fractions were collected and subjected to further analyses. Their antigenic activity was determined by the leucocyte adherence inhibition test method. For the specific immunoactive fractions a dependence of leucocyte adherence inhibition test values on the clinical state of sample donators has been found.", "contents": "Isolation of immunoreactive components from experimental and human tumour tissues and serums by high-performance gel chromatography. A method for the rapid separation of proteinous fractions by high-performance gel chromatography was described. Homogenates from tumorous and healthy tissues and blood were eluted by saline on a column packed with rigid hydrophilic macroporous particles of O-glucose--Spheron 300. Fractions were collected and subjected to further analyses. Their antigenic activity was determined by the leucocyte adherence inhibition test method. For the specific immunoactive fractions a dependence of leucocyte adherence inhibition test values on the clinical state of sample donators has been found.", "PMID": 701424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_737", "title": "[Deterimination of aldosterone in urine and plasma (author's transl)].", "content": "The method described permits an exact and rapid determination of aldosterone in urine and plasma. The reliability of the method is based on the separation of aldosterone from contaminating steroids by thin-layer chromatography. The mobile phase used was: cyclohexane--ethyl acetate (20:80). The steroids were extracted by dichloromethane. Plasma was extracted directly, and urine after hydrolysis with sulfuric acid (pH = 1). Recovery before radioimmunological analysis of aldosterone was 54.8 +/- 7.2 (S.D.)%(N = 40) for urine samples, and 39.1 +/- 4.4% (n = 60) for plasma samples. The coefficient of variation for multiple determinations of aldosterone was for urine 8.2% for low (n = 10) and 7.8% (n = 10). The sensitivity of the determination of aldosterone was for urine 0.04 microgram per 24-h volume (n = 10) and for plasma 4.4 ng per 100 ml (n = 10). The method avoids pitfalls due to the cross-reaction of anti-aldosterone serum with other materials.", "contents": "[Deterimination of aldosterone in urine and plasma (author's transl)]. The method described permits an exact and rapid determination of aldosterone in urine and plasma. The reliability of the method is based on the separation of aldosterone from contaminating steroids by thin-layer chromatography. The mobile phase used was: cyclohexane--ethyl acetate (20:80). The steroids were extracted by dichloromethane. Plasma was extracted directly, and urine after hydrolysis with sulfuric acid (pH = 1). Recovery before radioimmunological analysis of aldosterone was 54.8 +/- 7.2 (S.D.)%(N = 40) for urine samples, and 39.1 +/- 4.4% (n = 60) for plasma samples. The coefficient of variation for multiple determinations of aldosterone was for urine 8.2% for low (n = 10) and 7.8% (n = 10). The sensitivity of the determination of aldosterone was for urine 0.04 microgram per 24-h volume (n = 10) and for plasma 4.4 ng per 100 ml (n = 10). The method avoids pitfalls due to the cross-reaction of anti-aldosterone serum with other materials.", "PMID": 701425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_738", "title": "Determination of cytosine arabinoside in human plasma by gas chromatography with a nitrogen-sensitive detector and by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry.", "content": "A method for the determination of cytosine arabinoside in the plasma of leukemic patients being treated with this drug is described using either gas--liquid chromatography with a nitrogen-sensitive flame ionization detector or gas chromatography--mass spectrometry (GC-MS). To increase volatility, a double derivative of cytosine arabinoside was used, prepared by acetylation and subsequent methylation. Cytidine was used as internal standard for the GC procedure. GC--MS was performed with either cytidine as internal standard and detection by single-ion monitoring or by the use of [2H3] acetate-methyl derivative of cytosine arabinoside as internal standard and subsequent multiple-ion monitoring. Attempted extraction of cytosine arabinoside from plasma with various organic solvents was unsuccessful, but protein precipitation with ethanol or trichloroacetic acid followed by washing of the aqueous residue with organic solvents to remove as many of the interfering substances as possible gave satisfactory results. The minimum detectable quantity of pure cytosine arabinoside was similar for both techniques (approximately 500 pg). However, with GC using a nitrogen-sensitive detector, the lower limit of detection from plasma was found to be approximately 40--70 ng per ml plasma whilst GC--MS showed greater analytical selectivity with a detection limit in some cases as low as 1 ng per ml plasma.", "contents": "Determination of cytosine arabinoside in human plasma by gas chromatography with a nitrogen-sensitive detector and by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. A method for the determination of cytosine arabinoside in the plasma of leukemic patients being treated with this drug is described using either gas--liquid chromatography with a nitrogen-sensitive flame ionization detector or gas chromatography--mass spectrometry (GC-MS). To increase volatility, a double derivative of cytosine arabinoside was used, prepared by acetylation and subsequent methylation. Cytidine was used as internal standard for the GC procedure. GC--MS was performed with either cytidine as internal standard and detection by single-ion monitoring or by the use of [2H3] acetate-methyl derivative of cytosine arabinoside as internal standard and subsequent multiple-ion monitoring. Attempted extraction of cytosine arabinoside from plasma with various organic solvents was unsuccessful, but protein precipitation with ethanol or trichloroacetic acid followed by washing of the aqueous residue with organic solvents to remove as many of the interfering substances as possible gave satisfactory results. The minimum detectable quantity of pure cytosine arabinoside was similar for both techniques (approximately 500 pg). However, with GC using a nitrogen-sensitive detector, the lower limit of detection from plasma was found to be approximately 40--70 ng per ml plasma whilst GC--MS showed greater analytical selectivity with a detection limit in some cases as low as 1 ng per ml plasma.", "PMID": 701426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_739", "title": "Routine direct injection gas--liquid chromatographic procedure for the analysis of volatile halogenated anaesthetics in whole blood using a new external injection port.", "content": "This communication describes the design and construction of a new external injection port for the direct gas--liquid chromatographic analysis of volatile compounds in whole blood. Aliquots (4--40 microliter) of EDTA anti-coagulated blood containing the volatile compound and a weighed quantity of the internal standard, isobutanol, were injected into the disposable glass wool filter of the carrier gas stream directly onto the chromatographic column. Typical data are presented from chromatography performed with dual 6 ft. x 2 mm I.D. glass columns containing Chromosorb 101 programmed from 110--180 degrees at 6 degrees/min and the external injection port maintained at 180 degrees. The method eliminated the problems usually associated with direct injection methods and permitted the accurate analysis of halothane, methoxyflurane, diethyl ether and ethanol over the approximate range 1--100 mg%. Using this analytical procedure the distribution of halothane between the cells and plasma of human blood at 4 degrees was found to be 2.0 +/- 0.2.", "contents": "Routine direct injection gas--liquid chromatographic procedure for the analysis of volatile halogenated anaesthetics in whole blood using a new external injection port. This communication describes the design and construction of a new external injection port for the direct gas--liquid chromatographic analysis of volatile compounds in whole blood. Aliquots (4--40 microliter) of EDTA anti-coagulated blood containing the volatile compound and a weighed quantity of the internal standard, isobutanol, were injected into the disposable glass wool filter of the carrier gas stream directly onto the chromatographic column. Typical data are presented from chromatography performed with dual 6 ft. x 2 mm I.D. glass columns containing Chromosorb 101 programmed from 110--180 degrees at 6 degrees/min and the external injection port maintained at 180 degrees. The method eliminated the problems usually associated with direct injection methods and permitted the accurate analysis of halothane, methoxyflurane, diethyl ether and ethanol over the approximate range 1--100 mg%. Using this analytical procedure the distribution of halothane between the cells and plasma of human blood at 4 degrees was found to be 2.0 +/- 0.2.", "PMID": 701427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_740", "title": "Assay of pemoline in human plasma, saliva and urine by capillary gas chromatography with nitrogen-selective detection.", "content": "A simple gas chromatographic assay of the psycho-stimulant pemoline in human urine, plasma and saliva has been developed. Instead of direct extraction of the drug from urine, plasma and saliva, it is hydrolyzed to 5-phenyl-2,4-oxazolidine-dione with 1 N hydrochloric acid. After extraction this compound is methylated with diazomethane and determined by gas-liquid chromatography using a capillary SCOT column with a mixed stationary phase, a solid injection system and a nitrogen-selective detector. 5-Phenyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione, which was also found to be a metabolite of pemoline, could be determined quantitatively in human urine.", "contents": "Assay of pemoline in human plasma, saliva and urine by capillary gas chromatography with nitrogen-selective detection. A simple gas chromatographic assay of the psycho-stimulant pemoline in human urine, plasma and saliva has been developed. Instead of direct extraction of the drug from urine, plasma and saliva, it is hydrolyzed to 5-phenyl-2,4-oxazolidine-dione with 1 N hydrochloric acid. After extraction this compound is methylated with diazomethane and determined by gas-liquid chromatography using a capillary SCOT column with a mixed stationary phase, a solid injection system and a nitrogen-selective detector. 5-Phenyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione, which was also found to be a metabolite of pemoline, could be determined quantitatively in human urine.", "PMID": 701438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_741", "title": "Purification of acetylcholinesterase from pig cerebral cortex by affinity chromatography.", "content": "Acetylcholinesterase from pig cerebral cortex was solubilised with 1% (w/v) Triton X-100 and purified by affinity chromatography. Three different ligands were investigated and details are given for their preparation. The elution profile depended on the presence of Triton X-100, the ionic strength and the inhibitor used to remove the enzyme from the column as well as the nature of the affinity material. The most efficient purification was obtained when the enzyme was eluted from a column containing the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor [1-methyl-9-(Nbeta-epsilon-amino-caproyl)-beta-aminopropylamino] acridinium bromide hydrobromide covalently linked to Sepharose 4B. A recovery of 44% of the applied enzyme was eluted from the column with a specific activity of 148 mumoles min-1 mg-1 and a purification of 900-fold.", "contents": "Purification of acetylcholinesterase from pig cerebral cortex by affinity chromatography. Acetylcholinesterase from pig cerebral cortex was solubilised with 1% (w/v) Triton X-100 and purified by affinity chromatography. Three different ligands were investigated and details are given for their preparation. The elution profile depended on the presence of Triton X-100, the ionic strength and the inhibitor used to remove the enzyme from the column as well as the nature of the affinity material. The most efficient purification was obtained when the enzyme was eluted from a column containing the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor [1-methyl-9-(Nbeta-epsilon-amino-caproyl)-beta-aminopropylamino] acridinium bromide hydrobromide covalently linked to Sepharose 4B. A recovery of 44% of the applied enzyme was eluted from the column with a specific activity of 148 mumoles min-1 mg-1 and a purification of 900-fold.", "PMID": 701439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_742", "title": "Affinity chromatography of an S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferase using immobilized S-adenosylhomocysteine. Purification of the indolethylamine N-methyltransferases of phalaris tuberosa.", "content": "In the cases that have been studied so far, S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) is a powerful inhibitor of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) binding to SAM-dependent methyltransferases. We deduced, from the available data on the binding of SAM and SAH analogues to SAM dependent methyltransferases, that linkage of SAH through the carboxyl group to an immobilized support would lead to a more general affinity adsorbent for SAM-dependent methyltransferases than linkage through other functional groups. This paper describes the synthesis of this affinity adsorbent and its use to purify the two indolethylamine N-methyltransferases of Phalaris tuberosa.", "contents": "Affinity chromatography of an S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferase using immobilized S-adenosylhomocysteine. Purification of the indolethylamine N-methyltransferases of phalaris tuberosa. In the cases that have been studied so far, S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) is a powerful inhibitor of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) binding to SAM-dependent methyltransferases. We deduced, from the available data on the binding of SAM and SAH analogues to SAM dependent methyltransferases, that linkage of SAH through the carboxyl group to an immobilized support would lead to a more general affinity adsorbent for SAM-dependent methyltransferases than linkage through other functional groups. This paper describes the synthesis of this affinity adsorbent and its use to purify the two indolethylamine N-methyltransferases of Phalaris tuberosa.", "PMID": 701440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_743", "title": "The development of British pharmacopoeia monographs for idoxuridine and idoxuridine eye drops using high-pressure liquid chromatography for assay and for controlling related impurities.", "content": "The monograph published in the 1973 edition of the British Pharmacopoeia (BP) for idoxuridine required revision because it contained a non-specific assay and no tests for related impurities. It was also necessary to prepare a new monograph for idoxuridine eye drops. The Japanese Pharmacopoeia contains a thin-layer chromatographic test for impurities but this was not considered ideal. Improved thin-layer chromatographic tests were sought but when this was unsuccessful, methods using high-pressure liquid chromatography were examined. A system using reversed-phase chromatography was selected for inclusion in BP Addendum 1977 since it provided a specific assay method and limit test for related impurities which could be applied to both the drug substance and the eye drops.", "contents": "The development of British pharmacopoeia monographs for idoxuridine and idoxuridine eye drops using high-pressure liquid chromatography for assay and for controlling related impurities. The monograph published in the 1973 edition of the British Pharmacopoeia (BP) for idoxuridine required revision because it contained a non-specific assay and no tests for related impurities. It was also necessary to prepare a new monograph for idoxuridine eye drops. The Japanese Pharmacopoeia contains a thin-layer chromatographic test for impurities but this was not considered ideal. Improved thin-layer chromatographic tests were sought but when this was unsuccessful, methods using high-pressure liquid chromatography were examined. A system using reversed-phase chromatography was selected for inclusion in BP Addendum 1977 since it provided a specific assay method and limit test for related impurities which could be applied to both the drug substance and the eye drops.", "PMID": 701441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_744", "title": "Gas chromatographic determination of nalidixic acid in tablets.", "content": "A gas chromatographic method has been established for the quantitative analysis of nalidixic acid. The method is based on the derivatization of nalidixic acid with diazomethane, and 5-alpha-cholestane is used as an internal standard. The sample is chromatographed on a glass column packed with 1% OV-1 on Chromosorb W. Quantitation is achieved by measuring peak-height ratios. The improved simplicity, specificity and accuracy of the method has been demonstrated for the quantitation of nalidixic acid in tablets.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic determination of nalidixic acid in tablets. A gas chromatographic method has been established for the quantitative analysis of nalidixic acid. The method is based on the derivatization of nalidixic acid with diazomethane, and 5-alpha-cholestane is used as an internal standard. The sample is chromatographed on a glass column packed with 1% OV-1 on Chromosorb W. Quantitation is achieved by measuring peak-height ratios. The improved simplicity, specificity and accuracy of the method has been demonstrated for the quantitation of nalidixic acid in tablets.", "PMID": 701442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_745", "title": "Rapid micro-method for the measurement of phenobarbitone, primidone and phenytoin in blood plasma or serum by gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "A rapid gas-liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the analysis of phenobarbitone, primidone and phenytoin in small (50 microliter) volumes of either blood plasma or serum. Neither solvent transfer nor evaporation are required in the extraction, which takes less than 3 min to complete, and a quantitative analysis may be performed, in duplicate, within 20 min. Sources of interference in the assay are minimal, and prior treatment of the column with gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane facilitates the measurement of as little as 10 ng of underivatized drug \"on-column\" using a flame-ionisation detector. The method has proved valuable when used for detection and measurement of these three compounds at concentrations of 2 mg/1 or greater.", "contents": "Rapid micro-method for the measurement of phenobarbitone, primidone and phenytoin in blood plasma or serum by gas-liquid chromatography. A rapid gas-liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the analysis of phenobarbitone, primidone and phenytoin in small (50 microliter) volumes of either blood plasma or serum. Neither solvent transfer nor evaporation are required in the extraction, which takes less than 3 min to complete, and a quantitative analysis may be performed, in duplicate, within 20 min. Sources of interference in the assay are minimal, and prior treatment of the column with gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane facilitates the measurement of as little as 10 ng of underivatized drug \"on-column\" using a flame-ionisation detector. The method has proved valuable when used for detection and measurement of these three compounds at concentrations of 2 mg/1 or greater.", "PMID": 701443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_746", "title": "Quantitative determination of 1,3-bis(tetrahydro-2- furanyl)-5-fluoro-2,4-pyrimidinedione and its metabolites in plasma by high-pressure liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass fragmentography.", "content": "1,3-Bis(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluoro-2,4-pyrimidinedione has been developed clinically as an antitumor agent. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method was developed with which it could be measured in plasma with a sensitivity of 0.050 microgram/ml. Two of its metabolites, 1-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluoro-2,4-pyrimidinedione and 3-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluoro-2,4-pyrimidinedione, could be determined at the same time with a sensitivity of 0.025 microgram/ml. A gas chromatographic-mass fragmentographic method was developed for the specific determination of the third metabolite, 5-fluoro-2,4-pyrimidinedione, as its silylated derivative with a sensitivity of 0.001 microgram/ml. The precision and sensitivity of the assay appear to be satisfactory for determination of the plasma level of the drug.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of 1,3-bis(tetrahydro-2- furanyl)-5-fluoro-2,4-pyrimidinedione and its metabolites in plasma by high-pressure liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass fragmentography. 1,3-Bis(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluoro-2,4-pyrimidinedione has been developed clinically as an antitumor agent. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method was developed with which it could be measured in plasma with a sensitivity of 0.050 microgram/ml. Two of its metabolites, 1-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluoro-2,4-pyrimidinedione and 3-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluoro-2,4-pyrimidinedione, could be determined at the same time with a sensitivity of 0.025 microgram/ml. A gas chromatographic-mass fragmentographic method was developed for the specific determination of the third metabolite, 5-fluoro-2,4-pyrimidinedione, as its silylated derivative with a sensitivity of 0.001 microgram/ml. The precision and sensitivity of the assay appear to be satisfactory for determination of the plasma level of the drug.", "PMID": 701444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_747", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatography of amino acids, peptides and proteins. V. Separation of thyroidal iodo-amino acids by hydrophilic ion-paired reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "The separation of thyroidal iodoamino acids has been carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography in phase systems consisting of chemically bonded C18-hydrophobic supports as the stationary phase and water-organic solvent mixtures containing phosphoric acid or other ion-pairing reagents as the mobile phase. Under conditions of hydrophilic ion-pair formation, excellent resolution of the iodoamino acids is observed. This method permits the rapid separation and, hence, analysis of mixtures containing thyroxine, 3,3',5-triiodothyronine and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine and related compounds in ca. 30 min with sensitivity, using a UV monitor at 210 nm, at the 1-10-pmole level.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatography of amino acids, peptides and proteins. V. Separation of thyroidal iodo-amino acids by hydrophilic ion-paired reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The separation of thyroidal iodoamino acids has been carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography in phase systems consisting of chemically bonded C18-hydrophobic supports as the stationary phase and water-organic solvent mixtures containing phosphoric acid or other ion-pairing reagents as the mobile phase. Under conditions of hydrophilic ion-pair formation, excellent resolution of the iodoamino acids is observed. This method permits the rapid separation and, hence, analysis of mixtures containing thyroxine, 3,3',5-triiodothyronine and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine and related compounds in ca. 30 min with sensitivity, using a UV monitor at 210 nm, at the 1-10-pmole level.", "PMID": 701445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_748", "title": "Ion-pair liquid chromatography of amitriptyline and metabolites in plasma.", "content": "A method is described for the determination of amitriptyline and nortriptyline in the plasma of patients during treatment. The method is based on liquid chromatography of the amines as ion-pairs with perchlorate. The separation column is packed with silica gel, and a mixture of diisopropyl ether, dichloromethane, methanol and water containing the counter ion is used as eluent. High efficacy and stability of the system is achieved. The separation of metabolites is demonstrated. The cis- and trans-10-hydroxy isomers of amitriptyline and nortriptyline are easily resolved with this chromatographic system.", "contents": "Ion-pair liquid chromatography of amitriptyline and metabolites in plasma. A method is described for the determination of amitriptyline and nortriptyline in the plasma of patients during treatment. The method is based on liquid chromatography of the amines as ion-pairs with perchlorate. The separation column is packed with silica gel, and a mixture of diisopropyl ether, dichloromethane, methanol and water containing the counter ion is used as eluent. High efficacy and stability of the system is achieved. The separation of metabolites is demonstrated. The cis- and trans-10-hydroxy isomers of amitriptyline and nortriptyline are easily resolved with this chromatographic system.", "PMID": 701446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_749", "title": "Immunoglobulin M antibody response against Mycoplasma pneumoniae lipid antigen in patients with acute pancreatitis.", "content": "Serial serum samples from patients with acute pancreatitis showed a significant increase in antibodies against methanol-chloroform-extracted lipid antigen from Mycoplasma pneumoniae when tested by complement fixation. The antibodies did not react with antigens prepared from other human mycoplasmas or from pancreatic tissue by lipid extraction. The antibodies were predominantly immunoglobulin M (IgM). No correlation with cold agglutinins or cardiolipid complement-fixing antibodies was found. The IgM antibody response seemed to be prolonged: after 3 to 4 weeks the antibodies were still in many cases exclusively IgM. Similar IgM responses were also found in certain cases of acute meningoencephalitis. We postulate that during the disease antigenic components identical or very similar to major determinants in the M. pneumoniae lipid antigen are revealed and elicit the IgM antibody response. Their resemblance to natural antibodies and their possible biological role is discussed.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin M antibody response against Mycoplasma pneumoniae lipid antigen in patients with acute pancreatitis. Serial serum samples from patients with acute pancreatitis showed a significant increase in antibodies against methanol-chloroform-extracted lipid antigen from Mycoplasma pneumoniae when tested by complement fixation. The antibodies did not react with antigens prepared from other human mycoplasmas or from pancreatic tissue by lipid extraction. The antibodies were predominantly immunoglobulin M (IgM). No correlation with cold agglutinins or cardiolipid complement-fixing antibodies was found. The IgM antibody response seemed to be prolonged: after 3 to 4 weeks the antibodies were still in many cases exclusively IgM. Similar IgM responses were also found in certain cases of acute meningoencephalitis. We postulate that during the disease antigenic components identical or very similar to major determinants in the M. pneumoniae lipid antigen are revealed and elicit the IgM antibody response. Their resemblance to natural antibodies and their possible biological role is discussed.", "PMID": 701458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_750", "title": "Determination of human immunoglobulin M rheumatoid factor by a solid-phase radioimmunoassay which uses human immunoglobulin G in antigen-antibody complexes.", "content": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for the rapid determination of human immunoglobulin M (IgM) rheumatoid factor (RF) has been developed. Preparation of the solid phase for the assay involved the formation of complexes between respiratory syncytial virus-specific human IgG antibodies and virus antigen on the surface of polystyrene balls. Binding of serum RF to IgG in the immune complex was subsequently detected by 125I-labeled mu-chain-specific antibodies to human IgM. The amount of radioactive indicator antibody bound was converted to units of RF by comparison to the standard curve for an RF reference-serum pool. This assay should prove useful in studies of the physiological role of RF, since it can effectively measure low levels of circulating RF.", "contents": "Determination of human immunoglobulin M rheumatoid factor by a solid-phase radioimmunoassay which uses human immunoglobulin G in antigen-antibody complexes. A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for the rapid determination of human immunoglobulin M (IgM) rheumatoid factor (RF) has been developed. Preparation of the solid phase for the assay involved the formation of complexes between respiratory syncytial virus-specific human IgG antibodies and virus antigen on the surface of polystyrene balls. Binding of serum RF to IgG in the immune complex was subsequently detected by 125I-labeled mu-chain-specific antibodies to human IgM. The amount of radioactive indicator antibody bound was converted to units of RF by comparison to the standard curve for an RF reference-serum pool. This assay should prove useful in studies of the physiological role of RF, since it can effectively measure low levels of circulating RF.", "PMID": 701459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_751", "title": "Human infections caused by thiamine- or menadione-requiring Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Stable dwarf forms of Staphylococcus aureus have been identified in clinical specimens as the sole or predominant isolate in eight cases. These organisms have been shown to be menadione or thiamine dependent, i.e., cultivation in the presence of one of these agents has permitted growth of colonies which appear typical of S. aureus. In vitro resistance to aminoglycosides was overcome by cultivation in the presence of menadione or thiamine. Menadione- or thiamine-requiring S. aureus can be considered as causative agents in severe human infections. Special care must be taken if they are to be identified in pathological specimens. Their antibiotic sensitivity testing should be done comparatively on supplemented and nonsupplemented media.", "contents": "Human infections caused by thiamine- or menadione-requiring Staphylococcus aureus. Stable dwarf forms of Staphylococcus aureus have been identified in clinical specimens as the sole or predominant isolate in eight cases. These organisms have been shown to be menadione or thiamine dependent, i.e., cultivation in the presence of one of these agents has permitted growth of colonies which appear typical of S. aureus. In vitro resistance to aminoglycosides was overcome by cultivation in the presence of menadione or thiamine. Menadione- or thiamine-requiring S. aureus can be considered as causative agents in severe human infections. Special care must be taken if they are to be identified in pathological specimens. Their antibiotic sensitivity testing should be done comparatively on supplemented and nonsupplemented media.", "PMID": 701460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_752", "title": "Abortion in mice associated with Pasteurella pneumotropica.", "content": "Pasteurella pneumotropica was isolated from the uteri, fetuses, lungs, and spleens of aborting Swiss Carworth mice. Male mice in the colony carried P. pneumotropica in pharynges, testes, and seminal vesicles. Normal pregnant and nongravid females carried P. pneumotropica in the eye of 1 and in the uteri of 4 of 11. Pregnant mice from another colony did not abort when injected with P. pneumotropica. Necrotizing and suppurative metritis was found among aborting females with P. pneumotropica infections. Occurrence of malignant lymphoma and mammary adenocarcinoma among animals in this colony likely resulted in immunosuppression which could have predisposed animals to the diseases seen.", "contents": "Abortion in mice associated with Pasteurella pneumotropica. Pasteurella pneumotropica was isolated from the uteri, fetuses, lungs, and spleens of aborting Swiss Carworth mice. Male mice in the colony carried P. pneumotropica in pharynges, testes, and seminal vesicles. Normal pregnant and nongravid females carried P. pneumotropica in the eye of 1 and in the uteri of 4 of 11. Pregnant mice from another colony did not abort when injected with P. pneumotropica. Necrotizing and suppurative metritis was found among aborting females with P. pneumotropica infections. Occurrence of malignant lymphoma and mammary adenocarcinoma among animals in this colony likely resulted in immunosuppression which could have predisposed animals to the diseases seen.", "PMID": 701461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_753", "title": "Mycoplasmas in human pyelonephritis: demonstration of antibodies in serum and urine.", "content": "This study was carried out to elucidate by serological examination the etiological significance of mycoplasmas isolated from the upper urinary tract of patients with pyelonephritis. The occurrence of antibodies in patients with acute pyelonephritis, chronic pyelonephritis with or without exacerbation, or noninfectious urinary tract disease was compared by the indirect hemagglutination method. Antibody response was demonstrated significantly more often in patients yielding growth of Mycoplasma hominis from the upper urinary tract than in patients not yielding growth. Antibodies against M. hominis were demonstrated in ureteric and bladder urine from three patients with acute pyelonephritis and from one patient with exacerbation of chronic pyelonephritis. M. hominis was isolated from the upper urinary tract of all four patients. Urine antibodies could not be demonstrated in any other cases. Thus, it seems highly possible that M. hominis may play a role in pyelonephritis of humans. The investigations did not disclose a similar role for Ureaplasma urealyticum.", "contents": "Mycoplasmas in human pyelonephritis: demonstration of antibodies in serum and urine. This study was carried out to elucidate by serological examination the etiological significance of mycoplasmas isolated from the upper urinary tract of patients with pyelonephritis. The occurrence of antibodies in patients with acute pyelonephritis, chronic pyelonephritis with or without exacerbation, or noninfectious urinary tract disease was compared by the indirect hemagglutination method. Antibody response was demonstrated significantly more often in patients yielding growth of Mycoplasma hominis from the upper urinary tract than in patients not yielding growth. Antibodies against M. hominis were demonstrated in ureteric and bladder urine from three patients with acute pyelonephritis and from one patient with exacerbation of chronic pyelonephritis. M. hominis was isolated from the upper urinary tract of all four patients. Urine antibodies could not be demonstrated in any other cases. Thus, it seems highly possible that M. hominis may play a role in pyelonephritis of humans. The investigations did not disclose a similar role for Ureaplasma urealyticum.", "PMID": 701462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_754", "title": "Possible use of frequency-pulse-modulated electron capture gas-liquid chromatography to identify septic and aseptic causes of pleural effusions.", "content": "Frequency-pulse-modulated electron capture gas-liquid chromatography was used in conjunction with appropriate derivatization procedures to obtain chromatograms from extracts of pleural effusions. These chromatograms were used to rapidly classify the various types of pleural effusions. With this method we have been able to distinguish among a limited number of effusions caused by congestive heart failure, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and some other types of bacterial empyemas and pleural effusions.", "contents": "Possible use of frequency-pulse-modulated electron capture gas-liquid chromatography to identify septic and aseptic causes of pleural effusions. Frequency-pulse-modulated electron capture gas-liquid chromatography was used in conjunction with appropriate derivatization procedures to obtain chromatograms from extracts of pleural effusions. These chromatograms were used to rapidly classify the various types of pleural effusions. With this method we have been able to distinguish among a limited number of effusions caused by congestive heart failure, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and some other types of bacterial empyemas and pleural effusions.", "PMID": 701463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_755", "title": "Evaluation of twenty-three blood culture media.", "content": "Several investigators have evaluated clinically a variety of commercially available blood culture media. No agreement has been reached as to which of these media is optimal for detection of bacteremia. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of recovery of microorganisms from various blood culture media. A total of 23 blood culture media were inoculated with 7 to 15 microorganisms per bottle in the presence or absence of an erythrocyte-serum mixture. The results demonstrated that blood culture media differed in their ability to support the growth of microorganisms. At 4 days after inoculation, only 10 of the 23 blood culture media supported the growth of 91% (10 of the 11) or more of the test microorganisms. The recovery rate of microorganisms depended not only upon the type of medium but also upon the manufacturer of the type of blood culture medium. The addition of an erythrocyte-serum mixture to the blood culture media did not influence the difference in the recovery rate of microorganisms among media and the same type of medium prepared by different manufacturers. The majority (15 of the 23) of the blood culture media supplemented with the erythrocyte-serum mixture failed to support the growth of 91% or more of the test microorganisms at 4 days after inoculation. These results have demonstrated that blood culture media need to be improved. Better quality control measures should also be implemented to evaluate commercial blood culture media.", "contents": "Evaluation of twenty-three blood culture media. Several investigators have evaluated clinically a variety of commercially available blood culture media. No agreement has been reached as to which of these media is optimal for detection of bacteremia. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of recovery of microorganisms from various blood culture media. A total of 23 blood culture media were inoculated with 7 to 15 microorganisms per bottle in the presence or absence of an erythrocyte-serum mixture. The results demonstrated that blood culture media differed in their ability to support the growth of microorganisms. At 4 days after inoculation, only 10 of the 23 blood culture media supported the growth of 91% (10 of the 11) or more of the test microorganisms. The recovery rate of microorganisms depended not only upon the type of medium but also upon the manufacturer of the type of blood culture medium. The addition of an erythrocyte-serum mixture to the blood culture media did not influence the difference in the recovery rate of microorganisms among media and the same type of medium prepared by different manufacturers. The majority (15 of the 23) of the blood culture media supplemented with the erythrocyte-serum mixture failed to support the growth of 91% or more of the test microorganisms at 4 days after inoculation. These results have demonstrated that blood culture media need to be improved. Better quality control measures should also be implemented to evaluate commercial blood culture media.", "PMID": 701464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_756", "title": "Microtitration agglutination for detection of Treponema hyodysenteriae antibody.", "content": "A microtitration agglutination test for the detection of Treponema hyodysenteriae antibody in swine and rabbit sera is described. The following methods provided the best test results: antigen produced from the spirochete after a culturing period of 36 to 44 h at 38 degrees C, washed antigen inactivated with 0.01% Merthiolate at 4 degrees C for 24 to 36 h, sera heated at 56 degrees C for 30 min, a diluent of phosphate-buffered saline (0.01 M, pH 7.2), and test results read macroscopically after 18 to 24 h of incubation at 38 degrees C. The test enabled detection of antibody against pathogenic T. hyodysenteriae with a high level of consistency and sensitivity. Sera against nonpathogenic T. hyodysenteriae produced low agglutinating titers (less than or equal to 1:8) when reacted against antigen from pathogenic isolates. Inactivated antigen remained stable for 7 to 10 days. Specificity of the reaction in the agglutination test was shown by absorption studies.", "contents": "Microtitration agglutination for detection of Treponema hyodysenteriae antibody. A microtitration agglutination test for the detection of Treponema hyodysenteriae antibody in swine and rabbit sera is described. The following methods provided the best test results: antigen produced from the spirochete after a culturing period of 36 to 44 h at 38 degrees C, washed antigen inactivated with 0.01% Merthiolate at 4 degrees C for 24 to 36 h, sera heated at 56 degrees C for 30 min, a diluent of phosphate-buffered saline (0.01 M, pH 7.2), and test results read macroscopically after 18 to 24 h of incubation at 38 degrees C. The test enabled detection of antibody against pathogenic T. hyodysenteriae with a high level of consistency and sensitivity. Sera against nonpathogenic T. hyodysenteriae produced low agglutinating titers (less than or equal to 1:8) when reacted against antigen from pathogenic isolates. Inactivated antigen remained stable for 7 to 10 days. Specificity of the reaction in the agglutination test was shown by absorption studies.", "PMID": 701465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_757", "title": "Comparison of three blood culture media with tryptic soy broth.", "content": "Four consecutive studies comparing commercially prepared bottles that contained brain heart infusion, brucella (vented and unvented), and Trypticase soy broths with Tryptic soy broth failed to demonstrate significant differences in rates of isolation of organisms from blood. Statistically significant differences between bottles were limited to the average times required to detect growth of viridans streptococci in one study and of all organisms in another.", "contents": "Comparison of three blood culture media with tryptic soy broth. Four consecutive studies comparing commercially prepared bottles that contained brain heart infusion, brucella (vented and unvented), and Trypticase soy broths with Tryptic soy broth failed to demonstrate significant differences in rates of isolation of organisms from blood. Statistically significant differences between bottles were limited to the average times required to detect growth of viridans streptococci in one study and of all organisms in another.", "PMID": 701466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_758", "title": "Dental care and spread of hepatitis B virus infection.", "content": "Sera from 576 healthy adults were tested for the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (anti-HBs) to evaluate the role of routine dental care as a factor in the spread of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Serological evidence of prior HBV infection, manifested by acquisition of anti-HBs, was detected in 97 (16.8%) individuals, and 6 (1.0%) were identified to be asymptomatic HBsAg carriers. The anticipated correlations of HBsAg and anti-HBs with age, country of birth, and socioeconomic status were observed in the study population. However, prevalences of both HBsAg and anti-HBs were inversely related to the lifetime total of dental care visits. These findings indicated that, in a region in which the HBsAg carrier state and hepatitis B are prevalent, routine dental care is not identified as an important factor in the spread of HBV infection. While the results do not exclude the obvious possibility that cross-infections with HBV may occur during dental care in specific situations, they indicate that this mode of infection is exceptional.", "contents": "Dental care and spread of hepatitis B virus infection. Sera from 576 healthy adults were tested for the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (anti-HBs) to evaluate the role of routine dental care as a factor in the spread of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Serological evidence of prior HBV infection, manifested by acquisition of anti-HBs, was detected in 97 (16.8%) individuals, and 6 (1.0%) were identified to be asymptomatic HBsAg carriers. The anticipated correlations of HBsAg and anti-HBs with age, country of birth, and socioeconomic status were observed in the study population. However, prevalences of both HBsAg and anti-HBs were inversely related to the lifetime total of dental care visits. These findings indicated that, in a region in which the HBsAg carrier state and hepatitis B are prevalent, routine dental care is not identified as an important factor in the spread of HBV infection. While the results do not exclude the obvious possibility that cross-infections with HBV may occur during dental care in specific situations, they indicate that this mode of infection is exceptional.", "PMID": 701467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_759", "title": "Carbon substrate utilization studies of some cultures of Alcaligenes denitrificans, Alcaligenes faecalis, and Alcaligenes odorans isolated from clinical specimens.", "content": "One hundred and sixty-two cultures of Alcaligenes species (A. denitrificans, A. faecalis, and A. odorans) of clinical origin were characterized by routine diagnostic and carbon substrate utilization techniques. The microorganisms were tested for their ability to utilize a total of 188 substrates. Substrate utilization was assayed by (i) growth stimulation and (ii) substrate alkalinization. The A. denitrificans and A. odorans cultures had unique substrate utilization profiles for each species. The A. faecalis isolates were redefined by colonial morphology into two biotypes: (i) biotype I, morphologically and biochemically similar to the A. denitrificans cultures and (ii) biotype II, morphologically similar to the A. odorans cultures.", "contents": "Carbon substrate utilization studies of some cultures of Alcaligenes denitrificans, Alcaligenes faecalis, and Alcaligenes odorans isolated from clinical specimens. One hundred and sixty-two cultures of Alcaligenes species (A. denitrificans, A. faecalis, and A. odorans) of clinical origin were characterized by routine diagnostic and carbon substrate utilization techniques. The microorganisms were tested for their ability to utilize a total of 188 substrates. Substrate utilization was assayed by (i) growth stimulation and (ii) substrate alkalinization. The A. denitrificans and A. odorans cultures had unique substrate utilization profiles for each species. The A. faecalis isolates were redefined by colonial morphology into two biotypes: (i) biotype I, morphologically and biochemically similar to the A. denitrificans cultures and (ii) biotype II, morphologically similar to the A. odorans cultures.", "PMID": 701468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_760", "title": "Search for Acinetobacter calcoaceticus subsp. anitratus: enrichment of fecal samples.", "content": "None of 50 healthy individuals and only 2 of 50 hospitalized patients (with Acinetobacter anitratus elsewhere) yielded A. anitratus on enrichment from fecal samples.", "contents": "Search for Acinetobacter calcoaceticus subsp. anitratus: enrichment of fecal samples. None of 50 healthy individuals and only 2 of 50 hospitalized patients (with Acinetobacter anitratus elsewhere) yielded A. anitratus on enrichment from fecal samples.", "PMID": 701469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_761", "title": "Double-label fluorescence immunoassay of bacteria.", "content": "Fluorescence of sensitized bacterial suspensions, reactive with either fluorescein-labeled or rhodamine-labeled antiglobulins, could be quantitatively distinguished in dual-labeled preparations by fluorescence immunoassay.", "contents": "Double-label fluorescence immunoassay of bacteria. Fluorescence of sensitized bacterial suspensions, reactive with either fluorescein-labeled or rhodamine-labeled antiglobulins, could be quantitatively distinguished in dual-labeled preparations by fluorescence immunoassay.", "PMID": 701470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_762", "title": "Renal net glucose release in vivo and its contribution to blood glucose in rats.", "content": "This study describes the contribution of de novo glucose synthesis by the kidney to blood glucose homeostasis in rats. The net glucose release by the kidney in vivo was measured by an isotope-dilution method, which calculated the extent of dilution of injected [(14)C]glucose by glucose newly synthesized in the kidney. The extent of dilution was determined from the difference between the decrease of the actual blood glucose concentration and that of the radioactivity of [(14)C]glucose, after injecting [(14)C]glucose into functionally hepatectomized rats. The results indicate that the net glucose release by the kidney in vivo in normal fed rats was 0.75+/-0.13 mg/dl per min, and that its contribution to blood glucose was 25.9+/-5.0%. When unilateral nephrectomy was performed, under the same conditions, renal net glucose release was one-half of that in rats with two intact kidneys, which indicates the quantitative accuracy of the isotope-dilution method employed in this study. In rats starved for 24 h, the renal net glucose release increased to 0.99+/-0.08 mg/dl per min. Diabetic rats showed a remarkably higher renal net glucose of 2.28+/-0.33 mg/dl per min, which was 360% of the normal level. Treatment of diabetic rats with insulin, restored the renal net glucose release to the normal level. In acidotic rats, renal net glucose release was as great as 1.03+/-0.15 mg/dl per min, which suggests that the acid-base balance participates in control of renal glucose output. Measurements every 6 h throughout the day showed that glucose was supplied from the kidney at a constant rate without any circadian rhythm. These data suggest that renal gluconeogenesis is of physiological importance in the maintenance of homeostasis of blood glucose.", "contents": "Renal net glucose release in vivo and its contribution to blood glucose in rats. This study describes the contribution of de novo glucose synthesis by the kidney to blood glucose homeostasis in rats. The net glucose release by the kidney in vivo was measured by an isotope-dilution method, which calculated the extent of dilution of injected [(14)C]glucose by glucose newly synthesized in the kidney. The extent of dilution was determined from the difference between the decrease of the actual blood glucose concentration and that of the radioactivity of [(14)C]glucose, after injecting [(14)C]glucose into functionally hepatectomized rats. The results indicate that the net glucose release by the kidney in vivo in normal fed rats was 0.75+/-0.13 mg/dl per min, and that its contribution to blood glucose was 25.9+/-5.0%. When unilateral nephrectomy was performed, under the same conditions, renal net glucose release was one-half of that in rats with two intact kidneys, which indicates the quantitative accuracy of the isotope-dilution method employed in this study. In rats starved for 24 h, the renal net glucose release increased to 0.99+/-0.08 mg/dl per min. Diabetic rats showed a remarkably higher renal net glucose of 2.28+/-0.33 mg/dl per min, which was 360% of the normal level. Treatment of diabetic rats with insulin, restored the renal net glucose release to the normal level. In acidotic rats, renal net glucose release was as great as 1.03+/-0.15 mg/dl per min, which suggests that the acid-base balance participates in control of renal glucose output. Measurements every 6 h throughout the day showed that glucose was supplied from the kidney at a constant rate without any circadian rhythm. These data suggest that renal gluconeogenesis is of physiological importance in the maintenance of homeostasis of blood glucose.", "PMID": 701471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_763", "title": "Role of plasma vasopressin in impaired water excretion of glucocorticoid deficiency.", "content": "In the present study, the effect of selective glucocorticoid deficiency on renal water excretion was investigated in conscious, trained, adrenalectomized dogs. The animals were studied before and after a water load while on replacement therapy of desoxycorticosterone acetate, 5 mg/day, and dexamethasone, 0.8 mg/day (group I), and while off dexamethasone for 5-9 days (group II). Before the water load the weight, inulin space, cardiac output, blood pressure, glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, plasma osmolality, and plasma antidiuretic hormone measured by radioimmunoassay were similar in both groups I and II. However, after a 40 ml/kg water load a marked impairment in renal water excretion in the glucocorticoid deficient dogs became apparent. Maximal free water clearance was -0.046+/-0.16 vs. 6.51+/-0.72 ml/min (P < 0.001) and minimal urinary osmolality was 425+/-56 vs. 82+/-3.5 mosmol/kg H(2)O (P < 0.001) in group II as compared to group I. Plasma antidiuretic hormone was maximally suppressed during the water load in group I to 0.34+/-0.08 pg/ml but remained elevated at 9.18+/-1.79 pg/ml (P < 0.005) in group II. This nonsuppressibility of plasma antidiuretic hormone during water loading in group II was associated with a significant tachycardia of 145+/-6 vs. 87+/-6 beats/min (P < 0.001) in group I and a significantly lower stroke volume of 27+/-0 vs. 59+/-0.5 ml/beat (P < 0.001). In conclusion, our results implicate a persistent secretion of antidiuretic hormone as an important factor in the impaired water excretion of glucocorticoid deficiency. A deleterious effect of glucocorticoid deficiency on cardiac function was observed and this hemodynamic alteration could be involved in initiating a nonosmolar, baroreceptor-mediated release of vasopressin.", "contents": "Role of plasma vasopressin in impaired water excretion of glucocorticoid deficiency. In the present study, the effect of selective glucocorticoid deficiency on renal water excretion was investigated in conscious, trained, adrenalectomized dogs. The animals were studied before and after a water load while on replacement therapy of desoxycorticosterone acetate, 5 mg/day, and dexamethasone, 0.8 mg/day (group I), and while off dexamethasone for 5-9 days (group II). Before the water load the weight, inulin space, cardiac output, blood pressure, glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, plasma osmolality, and plasma antidiuretic hormone measured by radioimmunoassay were similar in both groups I and II. However, after a 40 ml/kg water load a marked impairment in renal water excretion in the glucocorticoid deficient dogs became apparent. Maximal free water clearance was -0.046+/-0.16 vs. 6.51+/-0.72 ml/min (P < 0.001) and minimal urinary osmolality was 425+/-56 vs. 82+/-3.5 mosmol/kg H(2)O (P < 0.001) in group II as compared to group I. Plasma antidiuretic hormone was maximally suppressed during the water load in group I to 0.34+/-0.08 pg/ml but remained elevated at 9.18+/-1.79 pg/ml (P < 0.005) in group II. This nonsuppressibility of plasma antidiuretic hormone during water loading in group II was associated with a significant tachycardia of 145+/-6 vs. 87+/-6 beats/min (P < 0.001) in group I and a significantly lower stroke volume of 27+/-0 vs. 59+/-0.5 ml/beat (P < 0.001). In conclusion, our results implicate a persistent secretion of antidiuretic hormone as an important factor in the impaired water excretion of glucocorticoid deficiency. A deleterious effect of glucocorticoid deficiency on cardiac function was observed and this hemodynamic alteration could be involved in initiating a nonosmolar, baroreceptor-mediated release of vasopressin.", "PMID": 701472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_764", "title": "Cold-insoluble globulin (fibronectin) in connective tissues of adult human lung and in trophoblast basement membrane.", "content": "Cold-insoluble globulin (CIG), which is immunochemically indistinguishable from the fibroblast surface protein known as large external transformation-sensitive glycoprotein and fibronectin, was detected immunologically in connective tissue fractions from adult human lung. The fractions tested were (a) intact parenchyma, (b) acidic structural glycoproteins (ASG) extracted from lung parenchyma with 0.3 M acetic acid, and (c) isolated alveolar basement membrane (ABM). For comparison with ABM, preparations of human glomerular basement membrane and human trophoblast basement membrane (TBM) were tested. CIG was not detected in glomerular basement membrane but was present in large amounts in TBM. The CIG antigen could be solubilized from the parenchyma and from ABM by collagenase digestion which indicates that CIG occurs in lung connective tissue in association with collagen. Fibrinogen antigenic determinants were present in the ASG fraction, but the question of whether CIG and fibrin(ogen) are associated in lung connective tissue requires further study. When CIG was quantified by electroimmunoassay, intact lung parenchyma contained  approximately equal to 0.4% CIG, ASG contained 3-4.5% CIG, ABM contained 0.1-0.9% CIG and TBM contained 1.5%-7.2% Cg. the evidence suggests that CIG is a chemical constituent of lung connective tissue matrix where it may influence the function of alveoli.", "contents": "Cold-insoluble globulin (fibronectin) in connective tissues of adult human lung and in trophoblast basement membrane. Cold-insoluble globulin (CIG), which is immunochemically indistinguishable from the fibroblast surface protein known as large external transformation-sensitive glycoprotein and fibronectin, was detected immunologically in connective tissue fractions from adult human lung. The fractions tested were (a) intact parenchyma, (b) acidic structural glycoproteins (ASG) extracted from lung parenchyma with 0.3 M acetic acid, and (c) isolated alveolar basement membrane (ABM). For comparison with ABM, preparations of human glomerular basement membrane and human trophoblast basement membrane (TBM) were tested. CIG was not detected in glomerular basement membrane but was present in large amounts in TBM. The CIG antigen could be solubilized from the parenchyma and from ABM by collagenase digestion which indicates that CIG occurs in lung connective tissue in association with collagen. Fibrinogen antigenic determinants were present in the ASG fraction, but the question of whether CIG and fibrin(ogen) are associated in lung connective tissue requires further study. When CIG was quantified by electroimmunoassay, intact lung parenchyma contained  approximately equal to 0.4% CIG, ASG contained 3-4.5% CIG, ABM contained 0.1-0.9% CIG and TBM contained 1.5%-7.2% Cg. the evidence suggests that CIG is a chemical constituent of lung connective tissue matrix where it may influence the function of alveoli.", "PMID": 701473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_765", "title": "Prostaglandin suppression of mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes in vitro. Changes with mitogen dose and preincubation.", "content": "In this study we further characterize the properties of the prostaglandin-producing suppressor cell. Overnight preincubation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells results in an increased response of the cells to phytohemagglutinin or Concanavalin A compared to the response of fresh cells. This increase in mitogen response with preincubation was similar in magnitude to the increase in mitogen response of fresh cells after the addition of indomethacin. The two manipulations were not additive; that is, after preincubation, indomethacin caused much less enhancement of mitogen stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (100 +/- 12% increase before preincubation vs. 12 +/- 6% after preincubation; mean+/-SEM, P < 0.001). Preincubated cells also lose sensitivity to inhibition by exogenous prostaglandin E(2). It requires the addition of 100- to > 1,000-fold more exogenous PGE(2) to produce comparable inhibition of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated preincubated cells than is required for inhibition of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated fresh cells. The enhancing effect of indomethacin increases with decreasing doses of phytohemagglutinin. Indomethacin causes a 1,059+/-134% increase in [(3)H]thymidine incorporation at the lowest dose of phytohemagglutinin (0.2 mug/ml), and a 4+/-3% increase at the highest dose (20 mug/ml). This increase in response to indomethacin with a lower dose of phytohemagglutinin is due to increased sensitivity to inhibition by PGE(2) at lower mitogen doses. The prostaglandin-producing suppressor cell assay and the short-lived suppressor cell assay measure over-lapping phenomena. The increased suppressive effect of the prostaglandin-producing suppressor at suboptimal mitogen dose must be taken into account in the interpretation of any study where the response to a range of mitogen doses is studied.", "contents": "Prostaglandin suppression of mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes in vitro. Changes with mitogen dose and preincubation. In this study we further characterize the properties of the prostaglandin-producing suppressor cell. Overnight preincubation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells results in an increased response of the cells to phytohemagglutinin or Concanavalin A compared to the response of fresh cells. This increase in mitogen response with preincubation was similar in magnitude to the increase in mitogen response of fresh cells after the addition of indomethacin. The two manipulations were not additive; that is, after preincubation, indomethacin caused much less enhancement of mitogen stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (100 +/- 12% increase before preincubation vs. 12 +/- 6% after preincubation; mean+/-SEM, P < 0.001). Preincubated cells also lose sensitivity to inhibition by exogenous prostaglandin E(2). It requires the addition of 100- to > 1,000-fold more exogenous PGE(2) to produce comparable inhibition of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated preincubated cells than is required for inhibition of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated fresh cells. The enhancing effect of indomethacin increases with decreasing doses of phytohemagglutinin. Indomethacin causes a 1,059+/-134% increase in [(3)H]thymidine incorporation at the lowest dose of phytohemagglutinin (0.2 mug/ml), and a 4+/-3% increase at the highest dose (20 mug/ml). This increase in response to indomethacin with a lower dose of phytohemagglutinin is due to increased sensitivity to inhibition by PGE(2) at lower mitogen doses. The prostaglandin-producing suppressor cell assay and the short-lived suppressor cell assay measure over-lapping phenomena. The increased suppressive effect of the prostaglandin-producing suppressor at suboptimal mitogen dose must be taken into account in the interpretation of any study where the response to a range of mitogen doses is studied.", "PMID": 701474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_766", "title": "Role of large arteries in regulation of cerebral blood flow in dogs.", "content": "Previous studies have demonstrated a significant pressure gradient from carotid artery to pial or middle cerebral arteries. This pressure gradient suggests that large cerebral arteries contribute to cerebral resistance. We have tested the hypothesis that large cerebral arteries contribute to regulation of cerebral blood flow during changes in blood gases and arterial pressure. Microspheres were used to measure brain blood flow in anesthetized dogs. Resistance of large cerebral arteries was estimated by determining the pressure gradient between common carotid and wedged vertebral artery catheters. Systemic hypercapnia and hypoxia dilated large cerebral arteries, and hypocapnia constricted large cerebral arteries. Resistance of large arteries was 0.6+/-0.1 (mean +/- SE) mm Hg per ml/min per 100 g during normocapnia. During hypercapnia and hypoxia, large artery resistance decreased significantly to 0.2 +/- 0.03 and 0.3 +/- 0.05, respectively. During hypocapnia large artery resistance increased significantly to 1.0 +/- 0.1. In other experiments, we found that large cerebral arteries participate in auto-regulatory responses to hemorrhagic hypotension. When arterial pressure was reduced from 110 to 58 mm Hg, autoregulation maintained cerebral blood flow constant, and resistance of large cerebral arteries decreased significantly from 1.0 +/- 0.2 to 0.6 +/- 0.1 mm Hg per ml/min per 100 g. In absolute terms, we calculated that 20-45% of the change in total cerebral resistance during these interventions was accounted for by changes in large artery resistance. These studies indicate that large cerebral arteries, as well as arterioles, participate actively in regulation of cerebral blood flow during changes in arterial blood gases and during autoregulatory responses to hemorrhagic hypotension.", "contents": "Role of large arteries in regulation of cerebral blood flow in dogs. Previous studies have demonstrated a significant pressure gradient from carotid artery to pial or middle cerebral arteries. This pressure gradient suggests that large cerebral arteries contribute to cerebral resistance. We have tested the hypothesis that large cerebral arteries contribute to regulation of cerebral blood flow during changes in blood gases and arterial pressure. Microspheres were used to measure brain blood flow in anesthetized dogs. Resistance of large cerebral arteries was estimated by determining the pressure gradient between common carotid and wedged vertebral artery catheters. Systemic hypercapnia and hypoxia dilated large cerebral arteries, and hypocapnia constricted large cerebral arteries. Resistance of large arteries was 0.6+/-0.1 (mean +/- SE) mm Hg per ml/min per 100 g during normocapnia. During hypercapnia and hypoxia, large artery resistance decreased significantly to 0.2 +/- 0.03 and 0.3 +/- 0.05, respectively. During hypocapnia large artery resistance increased significantly to 1.0 +/- 0.1. In other experiments, we found that large cerebral arteries participate in auto-regulatory responses to hemorrhagic hypotension. When arterial pressure was reduced from 110 to 58 mm Hg, autoregulation maintained cerebral blood flow constant, and resistance of large cerebral arteries decreased significantly from 1.0 +/- 0.2 to 0.6 +/- 0.1 mm Hg per ml/min per 100 g. In absolute terms, we calculated that 20-45% of the change in total cerebral resistance during these interventions was accounted for by changes in large artery resistance. These studies indicate that large cerebral arteries, as well as arterioles, participate actively in regulation of cerebral blood flow during changes in arterial blood gases and during autoregulatory responses to hemorrhagic hypotension.", "PMID": 701475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_767", "title": "Mechanism of effect of hypoxia on renal water excretion.", "content": "The effect of lowering the pressure of oxygen from 80 to 34 mm Hg was examined in anesthetized dogs that were undergoing a water diuresis. This degree of hypoxia was associated with an antidiuresis as urine osmolality (Uosm) increased from 107 to 316 mosmol/kg H(2)O (P < 0.001) and plasma arginine vasopressin increased from 0.06 to 7.5 muU/ml, (P < 0.05). However, hypoxia was not associated with significant changes in cardiac output (CO, from 4.2 to 4.7 liters/ min), mean arterial pressure (MAP, from 143 to 149 mm Hg), glomerular filtration rate (GFR, from 46 to 42 ml/min), solute excretion rate (SV, from 302 to 297 mosmol/min), or filtration fraction (from 0.26 to 0.27, NS). Hypoxia was associated with an increase in renal vascular resistance (from 0.49 to 0.58 mm Hg/ml per min, P < 0.01). The magnitude of hypoxia-induced antidiuresis was the same in innervated kidneys and denervated kidneys. To further examine the role of vasopressin in this antidiuresis, hypoxia was induced in hypophysectomized animals. The effect of hypoxia on CO, MAP, GFR, SV, and renal blood flow in hypophysectomized animals was the same as in intact animals. In contrast to intact animals, however, hypoxia did not induce a significant antidiuresis in hypophysectomized animals (Uosm from 72 to 82 mosmol/kg H(2)O). To delineate the afferent pathway for hypoxia-stimulated vasopressin release, hypoxia was induced in dogs with either chemo- or baroreceptor denervation. The effect of hypoxia on CO, MAP, GFR, SV, and renal blood flow in the denervated animals was the same as in nondenervated animals. Hypoxia resulted in an antidiuresis in chemoreceptor (Uosm from 113 to 357 mosmol/kg H(2)O, P < 0.001) but not in baroreceptor (Uosm from 116 to 138 mosmol/kg H(2)O, NS) denervated animals. To determine if hypoxia alters renal response to vasopressin, exogenous vasopressin was administered to normoxic and hypoxic groups of dogs. The antidiuretic effect of vasopressin was no different in these two groups. These results demonstrate that hypoxia induces an antidiuresis which is independent of alterations in CO, MAP, SV, filtration fraction, renal nerves, or renal response to vasopressin and occurs through baroreceptor-mediated vasopressin release. The nature of the baroreceptor stimulation remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Mechanism of effect of hypoxia on renal water excretion. The effect of lowering the pressure of oxygen from 80 to 34 mm Hg was examined in anesthetized dogs that were undergoing a water diuresis. This degree of hypoxia was associated with an antidiuresis as urine osmolality (Uosm) increased from 107 to 316 mosmol/kg H(2)O (P < 0.001) and plasma arginine vasopressin increased from 0.06 to 7.5 muU/ml, (P < 0.05). However, hypoxia was not associated with significant changes in cardiac output (CO, from 4.2 to 4.7 liters/ min), mean arterial pressure (MAP, from 143 to 149 mm Hg), glomerular filtration rate (GFR, from 46 to 42 ml/min), solute excretion rate (SV, from 302 to 297 mosmol/min), or filtration fraction (from 0.26 to 0.27, NS). Hypoxia was associated with an increase in renal vascular resistance (from 0.49 to 0.58 mm Hg/ml per min, P < 0.01). The magnitude of hypoxia-induced antidiuresis was the same in innervated kidneys and denervated kidneys. To further examine the role of vasopressin in this antidiuresis, hypoxia was induced in hypophysectomized animals. The effect of hypoxia on CO, MAP, GFR, SV, and renal blood flow in hypophysectomized animals was the same as in intact animals. In contrast to intact animals, however, hypoxia did not induce a significant antidiuresis in hypophysectomized animals (Uosm from 72 to 82 mosmol/kg H(2)O). To delineate the afferent pathway for hypoxia-stimulated vasopressin release, hypoxia was induced in dogs with either chemo- or baroreceptor denervation. The effect of hypoxia on CO, MAP, GFR, SV, and renal blood flow in the denervated animals was the same as in nondenervated animals. Hypoxia resulted in an antidiuresis in chemoreceptor (Uosm from 113 to 357 mosmol/kg H(2)O, P < 0.001) but not in baroreceptor (Uosm from 116 to 138 mosmol/kg H(2)O, NS) denervated animals. To determine if hypoxia alters renal response to vasopressin, exogenous vasopressin was administered to normoxic and hypoxic groups of dogs. The antidiuretic effect of vasopressin was no different in these two groups. These results demonstrate that hypoxia induces an antidiuresis which is independent of alterations in CO, MAP, SV, filtration fraction, renal nerves, or renal response to vasopressin and occurs through baroreceptor-mediated vasopressin release. The nature of the baroreceptor stimulation remains to be elucidated.", "PMID": 701476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_768", "title": "Pemphigus antibody interaction with human epidermal cells in culture.", "content": "The mechanism of pemphigus acantholysis has been studied with an in vitro system. Freshly prepared human skin epidermal cells were incubated in F-10 medium which contained the immunoglobulin G fraction from either pemphigus serum or normal human serum. During 18-h incubation periods, the pemphigus antibody became bound to the surface of the epidermal cells, caused the destruction of 75% of the viable cells as compared to only 14% in the normal immunoglobulin G controls (trypan blue exclusion), prevented the accumulation of newly synthesized proteins by nearly 60% as determined by radioactive tracer studies, and caused a dramatic shift in distribution of the newly synthesized proteins from an insoluble cell-associated fraction to an extracellular soluble fraction. These effects on the accumulation and partitioning of newly synthesized proteins were antibody concentration-dependent. Kinetic studies showed that at a fixed pemphigus antibody concentration the inhibition of protein accumulation preceded solubilization by about 1 h, at which time rapid solubilization of up to 70% of the insoluble cellular material occurred. Several lines of evidence suggested that this phenomenon was caused by enzymatic activity. Epidermal extracts solubilized a prepared substrate of radioactivity labeled insoluble epidermal cell material. This activity was heat labile and pH dependent, with pH optima ranging from 4.5 to 6.5. Enzymes with pH optima between 6 and 6.5 were recovered in the culture medium after a 2-day incubation of pure, intact epidermis with the pemphigus antibody. We proposed the following hypothesis to account for pemphigus acantholysis. The pemphigus antibody reacts with the epidermal cell surface and produces such a severe disturbance that the integrity of the cell surface is lost. As a result of these primary perturbations, the cell is killed and during the process, responds by release or activiation of soluble hydrolytic enzymes. This autolytic process results in the characteristic acantholysis of pemphigus.", "contents": "Pemphigus antibody interaction with human epidermal cells in culture. The mechanism of pemphigus acantholysis has been studied with an in vitro system. Freshly prepared human skin epidermal cells were incubated in F-10 medium which contained the immunoglobulin G fraction from either pemphigus serum or normal human serum. During 18-h incubation periods, the pemphigus antibody became bound to the surface of the epidermal cells, caused the destruction of 75% of the viable cells as compared to only 14% in the normal immunoglobulin G controls (trypan blue exclusion), prevented the accumulation of newly synthesized proteins by nearly 60% as determined by radioactive tracer studies, and caused a dramatic shift in distribution of the newly synthesized proteins from an insoluble cell-associated fraction to an extracellular soluble fraction. These effects on the accumulation and partitioning of newly synthesized proteins were antibody concentration-dependent. Kinetic studies showed that at a fixed pemphigus antibody concentration the inhibition of protein accumulation preceded solubilization by about 1 h, at which time rapid solubilization of up to 70% of the insoluble cellular material occurred. Several lines of evidence suggested that this phenomenon was caused by enzymatic activity. Epidermal extracts solubilized a prepared substrate of radioactivity labeled insoluble epidermal cell material. This activity was heat labile and pH dependent, with pH optima ranging from 4.5 to 6.5. Enzymes with pH optima between 6 and 6.5 were recovered in the culture medium after a 2-day incubation of pure, intact epidermis with the pemphigus antibody. We proposed the following hypothesis to account for pemphigus acantholysis. The pemphigus antibody reacts with the epidermal cell surface and produces such a severe disturbance that the integrity of the cell surface is lost. As a result of these primary perturbations, the cell is killed and during the process, responds by release or activiation of soluble hydrolytic enzymes. This autolytic process results in the characteristic acantholysis of pemphigus.", "PMID": 701477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_769", "title": "Influence of methylprednisolone of the sequential redistribution of cathepsin D and other lysosomal enzymes during myocardial ischemia in rabbits.", "content": "Occlusion of the circumflex coronary artery induced a profound redistribution in ischemic rabbit myocardium of several lysosomal acid hydrolases, including cathepsin D, B-acetylglycosaminidase, and acid phosphatase. 30-45 min after ligation non-sedimentable cathepsin D activity rose from 36% of the total activity to 42-48%, and in immunohistochemical preparations cathepsin D appeared to have diffused from lysosomes into the cytosol of injured cells. A pharmacologic dose of methylprednisolone (50mg/kg) significantly delayed the subcellular redistribution of cathepsin D and the other hydrolases in ischemic heart. Thus, in treated hearts the nonsedimentable activity of cathepsin D rose to only 38% after 30 min of ischemia and 42% after 45 min (P is less than 0.05 compared to untreated ischemia at each time). Similarly, unlike untreated hearts, noevidence of enzyme diffusion from lysosomes could be demonstrated immunohistochemically in corticosteroid-treated ischemic hearts for over 45 min. After 1-2 h of ischemia, however, steroid-protected myocytes deteriorated and the biochemical activity and anatomical distribution of cathepsin D were indistinguishable from untreated ischemic hearts. This study demonstrates that corticosteroid pretreatment does not prevent alterations in cardiac lysosomes during severe ischemia indefinitely, but does delay their development significantly.", "contents": "Influence of methylprednisolone of the sequential redistribution of cathepsin D and other lysosomal enzymes during myocardial ischemia in rabbits. Occlusion of the circumflex coronary artery induced a profound redistribution in ischemic rabbit myocardium of several lysosomal acid hydrolases, including cathepsin D, B-acetylglycosaminidase, and acid phosphatase. 30-45 min after ligation non-sedimentable cathepsin D activity rose from 36% of the total activity to 42-48%, and in immunohistochemical preparations cathepsin D appeared to have diffused from lysosomes into the cytosol of injured cells. A pharmacologic dose of methylprednisolone (50mg/kg) significantly delayed the subcellular redistribution of cathepsin D and the other hydrolases in ischemic heart. Thus, in treated hearts the nonsedimentable activity of cathepsin D rose to only 38% after 30 min of ischemia and 42% after 45 min (P is less than 0.05 compared to untreated ischemia at each time). Similarly, unlike untreated hearts, noevidence of enzyme diffusion from lysosomes could be demonstrated immunohistochemically in corticosteroid-treated ischemic hearts for over 45 min. After 1-2 h of ischemia, however, steroid-protected myocytes deteriorated and the biochemical activity and anatomical distribution of cathepsin D were indistinguishable from untreated ischemic hearts. This study demonstrates that corticosteroid pretreatment does not prevent alterations in cardiac lysosomes during severe ischemia indefinitely, but does delay their development significantly.", "PMID": 701478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_770", "title": "Adherence of glucan-positive and glucan-negative streptococcal strains to normal and damaged heart valves.", "content": "The adherence of 18 strains of streptococci to sections of normal canine and human aortic, mitral, and tricuspid valves and to canine interatrial septum was compared in an in vitro system. Quantitative measurements of adherence ratios were performed by two independent methods. Adherence ratios for Streptococcus mutans, S. sanguis, S. bovis, and Group D streptococci were higher (0.0058-0.0101) than for the other streptococcal strains studied (0.0025-0.0041). With the exception of Group D streptococci, adherence ratios for each bacterial strain were similar with the aortic, mitral, and tricuspid valve sections. Adherence ratios with normal human and canine valve leaflets were similar, but adherence ratios with interatrial septum were lower than with normal valve sections. Adherence ratios for glucan-positive and glucan-negative strains of streptococci with normal and with damaged aortic valve leaflets were also compared. The adherence ratios of the glucan-positive streptococci (S. mutans, S. sanguis, and S. bovis) and one glucan-negative enterococcal strain (KG-3) were approximately five times higher with damaged aortic valves (0.039-0.051) than with normal aortic valves (0.009-0.010). For glucan-positive strains, adherence ratios with normal aortic leaflets were similar when bacteria were grown in media which contains or lacks sucrose. In striking contrast, growth of the glucan-positive strains in medium which lacks sucrose, with resultant deficiency of glucan production, decreased the adherence ratios with damaged aortic valve leaflets to those found with normal aortic leaflets. Treatment of glucan-positive strains with dextranase resulted in a decrease in their adherence ratios to levels seen with bacteria grown in medium lacking sucrose, but the higher adherence ratios could be restored in the presence of exogenous dextran.It is concluded that glucan production is one quantitatively important factor that contributes to the greater adherence of glucan-positive streptococci to damaged rather than to normal aortic heart valve leaflets. However, glucan production is not the only factor that determines preferential adherence of streptococci to damaged heart valves, because glucan-negative strains may also show some degree of increased adherence to damaged valves. Thus, bacterial glucan production is one of the factors that could contribute to the pathogenesis of bacterial endocarditis.", "contents": "Adherence of glucan-positive and glucan-negative streptococcal strains to normal and damaged heart valves. The adherence of 18 strains of streptococci to sections of normal canine and human aortic, mitral, and tricuspid valves and to canine interatrial septum was compared in an in vitro system. Quantitative measurements of adherence ratios were performed by two independent methods. Adherence ratios for Streptococcus mutans, S. sanguis, S. bovis, and Group D streptococci were higher (0.0058-0.0101) than for the other streptococcal strains studied (0.0025-0.0041). With the exception of Group D streptococci, adherence ratios for each bacterial strain were similar with the aortic, mitral, and tricuspid valve sections. Adherence ratios with normal human and canine valve leaflets were similar, but adherence ratios with interatrial septum were lower than with normal valve sections. Adherence ratios for glucan-positive and glucan-negative strains of streptococci with normal and with damaged aortic valve leaflets were also compared. The adherence ratios of the glucan-positive streptococci (S. mutans, S. sanguis, and S. bovis) and one glucan-negative enterococcal strain (KG-3) were approximately five times higher with damaged aortic valves (0.039-0.051) than with normal aortic valves (0.009-0.010). For glucan-positive strains, adherence ratios with normal aortic leaflets were similar when bacteria were grown in media which contains or lacks sucrose. In striking contrast, growth of the glucan-positive strains in medium which lacks sucrose, with resultant deficiency of glucan production, decreased the adherence ratios with damaged aortic valve leaflets to those found with normal aortic leaflets. Treatment of glucan-positive strains with dextranase resulted in a decrease in their adherence ratios to levels seen with bacteria grown in medium lacking sucrose, but the higher adherence ratios could be restored in the presence of exogenous dextran.It is concluded that glucan production is one quantitatively important factor that contributes to the greater adherence of glucan-positive streptococci to damaged rather than to normal aortic heart valve leaflets. However, glucan production is not the only factor that determines preferential adherence of streptococci to damaged heart valves, because glucan-negative strains may also show some degree of increased adherence to damaged valves. Thus, bacterial glucan production is one of the factors that could contribute to the pathogenesis of bacterial endocarditis.", "PMID": 701479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_771", "title": "Patients with congenital factor V deficiency have decreased factor Xa binding sites on their platelets.", "content": "Human platelets have binding sites for plasma coagulation Factor X(a) that are available only after the platelet release reaction. Platelets from 15 normal donors bound 216+/-52 (SD) molecules of Factor X(a) per platelet. The association of Factor X(a) with its platelet surface receptor results in a 300,000-fold increase in the catalytic activity of Factor X(a) in forming thrombin from prothrombin. The turnover number for platelet-bound Factor X(a) was 1,850+/-460 mol thrombin/ml per min per mol Factor X(a) in experiments with platelets from 15 normal donors. Platelets from five patients with varying degrees of Factor V deficiency were investigated to determine whether or not coagulation Factor V participates in either aspect of the Factor X(a)-platelet interaction. The binding of Factor X(a) to platelets and the accompanying increase in rate of thrombin formation were either reduced in parallel or absent in each case with values ranging from 0 to 45% of control values. The apparent affinity of Factor X(a) from Factor V-deficient patients was normal when platelet binding was detected. The supernate from thrombin-treated control platelets, which contains Factor V activity, corrected the Factor X(a) binding deficiency of the platelets from three patients tested. Immunoreactive Factor V determined with an homologous antibody corresponded to the functional Factor V activity of platelets from one patient with Factor V deficiency, suggesting that the patient's platelets have a decreased amount of normal Factor V. The ability of platelets from the patients to bind Factor X(a) and increase the rate of thrombin formation correlated with the severity of each patient's bleeding disorder better than the plasma level of Factor V. The results indicate that Factor V is required for the Factor X(a)-platelet interaction and that thrombin formation at the platelet surface is important in normal hemostasis.", "contents": "Patients with congenital factor V deficiency have decreased factor Xa binding sites on their platelets. Human platelets have binding sites for plasma coagulation Factor X(a) that are available only after the platelet release reaction. Platelets from 15 normal donors bound 216+/-52 (SD) molecules of Factor X(a) per platelet. The association of Factor X(a) with its platelet surface receptor results in a 300,000-fold increase in the catalytic activity of Factor X(a) in forming thrombin from prothrombin. The turnover number for platelet-bound Factor X(a) was 1,850+/-460 mol thrombin/ml per min per mol Factor X(a) in experiments with platelets from 15 normal donors. Platelets from five patients with varying degrees of Factor V deficiency were investigated to determine whether or not coagulation Factor V participates in either aspect of the Factor X(a)-platelet interaction. The binding of Factor X(a) to platelets and the accompanying increase in rate of thrombin formation were either reduced in parallel or absent in each case with values ranging from 0 to 45% of control values. The apparent affinity of Factor X(a) from Factor V-deficient patients was normal when platelet binding was detected. The supernate from thrombin-treated control platelets, which contains Factor V activity, corrected the Factor X(a) binding deficiency of the platelets from three patients tested. Immunoreactive Factor V determined with an homologous antibody corresponded to the functional Factor V activity of platelets from one patient with Factor V deficiency, suggesting that the patient's platelets have a decreased amount of normal Factor V. The ability of platelets from the patients to bind Factor X(a) and increase the rate of thrombin formation correlated with the severity of each patient's bleeding disorder better than the plasma level of Factor V. The results indicate that Factor V is required for the Factor X(a)-platelet interaction and that thrombin formation at the platelet surface is important in normal hemostasis.", "PMID": 701480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_772", "title": "Immunoglobulin secreting cells in normal human bronchial lavage fluids.", "content": "Immunoglobulin secreting cells were quantitated in the bronchial lavage fluids of 12 normal volunteers and compared with immunoglobulin secreting cells in peripheral blood, by a reverse hemolytic plaque assay. The mean number of cells secreting immunoglobulin (Ig)G in bronchial lavage fluids was 489 per million lymphocytes vs. a mean of 175 IgG secreting cells per million lymphocytes in peripheral blood (P < 0.02). The mean number of IgA secreting cells in bronchial lavage fluids was 633 per million lymphocytes as compared to 100 per million lymphocytes in peripheral blood (P < 0.005). Thus, compared to peripheral blood, cells from the lavage fluids were relatively enriched for both IgG and IgA secreting cells. However, IgA secreting cells were the major class of immunoglobulin secreting cells in bronchial lavage fluids, whereas IgG secreting cells predominated in peripheral blood. The prominence of IgA secreting cells in bronchial lavage fluids was further demonstrated by a mean ratio of IgA/IgG secreting cells in bronchial lavage fluids of 1.26 compared to a ratio in peripheral blood of 0.57 (P < 0.02). Cells secreting IgM were identified in only four of seven bronchial lavage fluid samples studied but in all peripheral blood samples. IgE secreting cells were not present in normal peripheral blood but could be demonstrated in 5 of 11 lavage fluid specimens. Thus, cells actively secreting immunoglobulins can be identified in the lower bronchial-alveolar tree of normal human subjects. Cells secreting IgG, IgA, or IgM may function in local lung defenses against infection; cells secreting IgE may contribute to hypersensitivity reactions in the lung.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin secreting cells in normal human bronchial lavage fluids. Immunoglobulin secreting cells were quantitated in the bronchial lavage fluids of 12 normal volunteers and compared with immunoglobulin secreting cells in peripheral blood, by a reverse hemolytic plaque assay. The mean number of cells secreting immunoglobulin (Ig)G in bronchial lavage fluids was 489 per million lymphocytes vs. a mean of 175 IgG secreting cells per million lymphocytes in peripheral blood (P < 0.02). The mean number of IgA secreting cells in bronchial lavage fluids was 633 per million lymphocytes as compared to 100 per million lymphocytes in peripheral blood (P < 0.005). Thus, compared to peripheral blood, cells from the lavage fluids were relatively enriched for both IgG and IgA secreting cells. However, IgA secreting cells were the major class of immunoglobulin secreting cells in bronchial lavage fluids, whereas IgG secreting cells predominated in peripheral blood. The prominence of IgA secreting cells in bronchial lavage fluids was further demonstrated by a mean ratio of IgA/IgG secreting cells in bronchial lavage fluids of 1.26 compared to a ratio in peripheral blood of 0.57 (P < 0.02). Cells secreting IgM were identified in only four of seven bronchial lavage fluid samples studied but in all peripheral blood samples. IgE secreting cells were not present in normal peripheral blood but could be demonstrated in 5 of 11 lavage fluid specimens. Thus, cells actively secreting immunoglobulins can be identified in the lower bronchial-alveolar tree of normal human subjects. Cells secreting IgG, IgA, or IgM may function in local lung defenses against infection; cells secreting IgE may contribute to hypersensitivity reactions in the lung.", "PMID": 701481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_773", "title": "Interaction of collagen with the lipids of tendon xanthomata.", "content": "To determine the physical state of lipids in tendon xanthomata, six specimens surgically removed from three patients with familial hypercholesterolemia were studied by microscopy, calorimetry, and x-ray diffraction. The major constituents of the xanthomata were lipid (33% of dry weight) and collagen (24% of dry weight). The principal lipids were cholesterol ester and cholesterol. Light microscopy and thin-section electron microscopy showed occasional clusters of foam cells separated by masses of extracellular collagen. Polarized light microscopy of fresh, minced tissue showed rare droplets of free cholesterol ester. When heated, the tissue shrank abruptly at approximately equal to 70 degrees C and, consequently, a large amount of cholesterol ester was released. Scanning calorimetry of fresh pieces of xanthoma showed a single, broad, reversible liquid crystalline transition of cholesterol ester with peak temperature from 32 to 38 degrees C. The enthalpy (0971 +/- 0.07 cal/g) was reduced compared with the isolated cholesterol ester from each xanthoma (1.1+/-0.01 cal/g). There was a large irreversible collagen denaturation endotherm (peak temperature = 67 degrees C; enthalpy 9.9 cal/g collagen) that corresponded to the tissue shrinkage noted by microscopy. After the collagen denaturation, the sample displayed double-peaked reversible liquid crystalline transitions of cholesterol ester, of enthalpy 1.18 +/- 0.1 cal/g, that were identical to transitions of isolated cholesterol ester. Fibers dissected fron xanthomata were examined by X-ray diffraction at temperatures below and above the cholesterol ester transition. At 20 degrees C there was a weakly oriented equatorial reflection of Bragg spacing 36A, which corresponded to the smectic phase of cholesterol ester, and a series of oriented collagen reflections. At 42 degrees C the cholesterol ester reflection disappeared. Stretched fibers examined at 10 degrees C showed good orientation of collagen and cholesterol ester reflections, and in addition, meridional spacings which indicated oriented crystallization of cholesterol ester. These studies suggest that a major component of tendon xanthomata is extracellular cholesterol ester which displays altered melting and molecular orientation as a result of an interaction with collagen. At xanthoma temperatures, the cholesterol ester is in a smectic liquid crystalline state, probably layered between collagen fibrils, with the long axis of the cholesterolester molecules perpendicular to the axis of the collagen fiber. Such collagen-cholesterol ester interactions may favor the extracellular deposition of cholesterol ester derived either from intracellular sources or directly from plasma lipoproteins.", "contents": "Interaction of collagen with the lipids of tendon xanthomata. To determine the physical state of lipids in tendon xanthomata, six specimens surgically removed from three patients with familial hypercholesterolemia were studied by microscopy, calorimetry, and x-ray diffraction. The major constituents of the xanthomata were lipid (33% of dry weight) and collagen (24% of dry weight). The principal lipids were cholesterol ester and cholesterol. Light microscopy and thin-section electron microscopy showed occasional clusters of foam cells separated by masses of extracellular collagen. Polarized light microscopy of fresh, minced tissue showed rare droplets of free cholesterol ester. When heated, the tissue shrank abruptly at approximately equal to 70 degrees C and, consequently, a large amount of cholesterol ester was released. Scanning calorimetry of fresh pieces of xanthoma showed a single, broad, reversible liquid crystalline transition of cholesterol ester with peak temperature from 32 to 38 degrees C. The enthalpy (0971 +/- 0.07 cal/g) was reduced compared with the isolated cholesterol ester from each xanthoma (1.1+/-0.01 cal/g). There was a large irreversible collagen denaturation endotherm (peak temperature = 67 degrees C; enthalpy 9.9 cal/g collagen) that corresponded to the tissue shrinkage noted by microscopy. After the collagen denaturation, the sample displayed double-peaked reversible liquid crystalline transitions of cholesterol ester, of enthalpy 1.18 +/- 0.1 cal/g, that were identical to transitions of isolated cholesterol ester. Fibers dissected fron xanthomata were examined by X-ray diffraction at temperatures below and above the cholesterol ester transition. At 20 degrees C there was a weakly oriented equatorial reflection of Bragg spacing 36A, which corresponded to the smectic phase of cholesterol ester, and a series of oriented collagen reflections. At 42 degrees C the cholesterol ester reflection disappeared. Stretched fibers examined at 10 degrees C showed good orientation of collagen and cholesterol ester reflections, and in addition, meridional spacings which indicated oriented crystallization of cholesterol ester. These studies suggest that a major component of tendon xanthomata is extracellular cholesterol ester which displays altered melting and molecular orientation as a result of an interaction with collagen. At xanthoma temperatures, the cholesterol ester is in a smectic liquid crystalline state, probably layered between collagen fibrils, with the long axis of the cholesterolester molecules perpendicular to the axis of the collagen fiber. Such collagen-cholesterol ester interactions may favor the extracellular deposition of cholesterol ester derived either from intracellular sources or directly from plasma lipoproteins.", "PMID": 701482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_774", "title": "Effect of aspirin on thrombin-induced adherence of platelets to cultured cells from the blood vessel wall.", "content": "An in vitro method was used to detect adherence of (51)Cr-labeled platelets to monolayers of cultured human endothelial, fibroblast, and smooth muscle cells. Washed platelets did not adhere to untreated or aspirin-treated endothelial monolayers in the absence of thrombin. In contrast, thrombin-induced platelet aggregates adhered to all of the monolayers but adherence to endothelium was significantly less than to the other cells. Additional evidence for adherence of platelets to the endothelium was provided by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Thrombin-induced platelet adherence to endothelium was inhibited by hirudin. Platelet adherence induced by thrombin was enhanced significantly by treatment of the endothelial monolayer with 1-2 mM aspirin. This increase in adherence was seen even when aspirin-treated platelets were used; adherence values approached those seen with fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. An aspirin concentration of 0.1 mM was sufficient to block thrombin-induced malonaldehyde production in platelets but it did not interfere with the inhibitory effect of the endothelium against platelet adherence. The effect of aspirin on the endothelium was temporary and inhibitory activity of the endothelium was restored 1 h after aspirin had been removed from the incubation system. The ability of thrombin to cause adherence of platelets to undamaged endothelium, and the potential for aspirin to enhance this adherence have implications for mechanisms which operate in platelet interaction with the blood vessel wall.", "contents": "Effect of aspirin on thrombin-induced adherence of platelets to cultured cells from the blood vessel wall. An in vitro method was used to detect adherence of (51)Cr-labeled platelets to monolayers of cultured human endothelial, fibroblast, and smooth muscle cells. Washed platelets did not adhere to untreated or aspirin-treated endothelial monolayers in the absence of thrombin. In contrast, thrombin-induced platelet aggregates adhered to all of the monolayers but adherence to endothelium was significantly less than to the other cells. Additional evidence for adherence of platelets to the endothelium was provided by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Thrombin-induced platelet adherence to endothelium was inhibited by hirudin. Platelet adherence induced by thrombin was enhanced significantly by treatment of the endothelial monolayer with 1-2 mM aspirin. This increase in adherence was seen even when aspirin-treated platelets were used; adherence values approached those seen with fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. An aspirin concentration of 0.1 mM was sufficient to block thrombin-induced malonaldehyde production in platelets but it did not interfere with the inhibitory effect of the endothelium against platelet adherence. The effect of aspirin on the endothelium was temporary and inhibitory activity of the endothelium was restored 1 h after aspirin had been removed from the incubation system. The ability of thrombin to cause adherence of platelets to undamaged endothelium, and the potential for aspirin to enhance this adherence have implications for mechanisms which operate in platelet interaction with the blood vessel wall.", "PMID": 701483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_775", "title": "Decreased insulin sensitivity of forearm muscle in myotonic dystrophy.", "content": "Previous studies of patients with myotonic dystrophy have demonstrated hyperinsulinism after glucose loading. This hyperinsulinism has been attributed by some investigators to tissue insulin resistance. We have directly studied insulin sensitivity of forearm muscle in patients having such hyperinsulinism. The effect of an intrabrachial arterial insulin infusion (100 mu U/kg per min) on glucose uptake was determined in six cases of myotonic dystrophy, six normal subjects, and in seven disease control subjects with myotonia or wasting from other disorders. There was no significant difference in insulin tolerance comparing myotonic dystrophy patients to the normal and disease control groups. Glucose tolerance and basal insulin levels were normal in the myotonic dystrophy patients, but hyperinsulinism occurred after glucose ingestion. After 25 min of intra-arterial insulin, the mean peak muscle glucose uptake in myotonic dystrophy was 2.54 +/- 0.54 mu mol/min per 100 ml forearm compared to 5.24 +/- 0.86 mu mol/min per 100 ml for disease controls (P is less than 0.05). Myotonic dystrophy patients showed a peak glucose uptake increment of only 2.6 +/- 0.2-fold over basal contrasted with the disease control value of 6.5 +/- 1.0-fold (P is less than 0.02) and the normal control value of 8.8 +/- 1.1-fold (P is less than 0.01). Thus, there was an absolute as well as a relative decrease in muscle insulin sensitivity in myotonic dystrophy patients compared to both control groups. The peak increments in arterio-superficial venous glucose concentration differences after insulin infusion were not significantly different comparing myotonic dystrophy and control groups. These data suggest that in myotonic dystrophy, there is insulin insensitivity of skeletal muscle.", "contents": "Decreased insulin sensitivity of forearm muscle in myotonic dystrophy. Previous studies of patients with myotonic dystrophy have demonstrated hyperinsulinism after glucose loading. This hyperinsulinism has been attributed by some investigators to tissue insulin resistance. We have directly studied insulin sensitivity of forearm muscle in patients having such hyperinsulinism. The effect of an intrabrachial arterial insulin infusion (100 mu U/kg per min) on glucose uptake was determined in six cases of myotonic dystrophy, six normal subjects, and in seven disease control subjects with myotonia or wasting from other disorders. There was no significant difference in insulin tolerance comparing myotonic dystrophy patients to the normal and disease control groups. Glucose tolerance and basal insulin levels were normal in the myotonic dystrophy patients, but hyperinsulinism occurred after glucose ingestion. After 25 min of intra-arterial insulin, the mean peak muscle glucose uptake in myotonic dystrophy was 2.54 +/- 0.54 mu mol/min per 100 ml forearm compared to 5.24 +/- 0.86 mu mol/min per 100 ml for disease controls (P is less than 0.05). Myotonic dystrophy patients showed a peak glucose uptake increment of only 2.6 +/- 0.2-fold over basal contrasted with the disease control value of 6.5 +/- 1.0-fold (P is less than 0.02) and the normal control value of 8.8 +/- 1.1-fold (P is less than 0.01). Thus, there was an absolute as well as a relative decrease in muscle insulin sensitivity in myotonic dystrophy patients compared to both control groups. The peak increments in arterio-superficial venous glucose concentration differences after insulin infusion were not significantly different comparing myotonic dystrophy and control groups. These data suggest that in myotonic dystrophy, there is insulin insensitivity of skeletal muscle.", "PMID": 701484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_776", "title": "Inhibition of erythrocyte sickling in vitro by pyridoxal.", "content": "To test the antisickling activity of pyridoxal, we compared the oxygen affinity and the percent sickling at low PO2 of untreated erythrocytes with values for cells from the same blood sample incubated with pyridoxal, glyceraldehyde, or pyridoxine. Pyridoxal increased oxygen affinity much more than glyceraldehyde. 20 mM pyridoxal and glyceraldehyde had equivalent antisickling activity. At PO2 levels above 20 mm Hg, both agents reduced sickling to less than 2%. In samples examined by electron microscopy, pyridoxal reduced the percent sickled cells and the percent cells that contain hemoglobin S fibers by the same amount (from 74 to 3%). Pyridoxine had no effect on oxygen affinity or sockling. Pyridoxal reacts with intracellular hemoglobin to increase oxygen affinity, which inhibits hemoglobin S polymerization and sickling.", "contents": "Inhibition of erythrocyte sickling in vitro by pyridoxal. To test the antisickling activity of pyridoxal, we compared the oxygen affinity and the percent sickling at low PO2 of untreated erythrocytes with values for cells from the same blood sample incubated with pyridoxal, glyceraldehyde, or pyridoxine. Pyridoxal increased oxygen affinity much more than glyceraldehyde. 20 mM pyridoxal and glyceraldehyde had equivalent antisickling activity. At PO2 levels above 20 mm Hg, both agents reduced sickling to less than 2%. In samples examined by electron microscopy, pyridoxal reduced the percent sickled cells and the percent cells that contain hemoglobin S fibers by the same amount (from 74 to 3%). Pyridoxine had no effect on oxygen affinity or sockling. Pyridoxal reacts with intracellular hemoglobin to increase oxygen affinity, which inhibits hemoglobin S polymerization and sickling.", "PMID": 701485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_777", "title": "Cell bodies of origin of reticular projections from the superior colliculus in the cat: an experimental study with the use of horseradish peroxidase as a tracer.", "content": "By use of the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), the projection from the superior colliculus (SC) to the brain stem reticular formation (RF) was investigated in the cat. A 0.2-0.5 microliter of a 50% suspension of Sigma VI HRP was injected stereotactically in various portions of the pontomedullary RF, and, as a control to the injection to the RF, in the inferior olive or in the spinal cord. Labeled cells were found within and deep to the intermediate gray layer of the SC in the cats which survived for two or three days after HRP injection. The number of the labeled cells varied, according to the difference in the site of injection and the amount of injected HRP. About 400 labeled cells in twenty 50-micron sections, taken every fifth of the SC, occurred throughout its rostrocaudal extent, particularly in the case where the medial portion of the border zone of the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis and caudalis (R.p.o.-R.p.c. zone) or the border zone of the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis and the gigantocellularis (R.p.c.-R.gc. zone) was heavily stained after three days of survival period. From 10 to 15% of these labeled cells were large in size (more than 40 micron in diameter), 20-30% were medium sized and the rest (60-70%) were small (10-25 micron). On the other hand, when HRP was placed in the inferior olive only eight cells were labeled in the SC, seven of which were small and medium-sized. When HRP was injected in the gray matter of C1-C3 level of the spinal cord, a total of 70 tectal cells (14, 42, and 14 were large, medium, and small cells, respectively) were observed to be labeled. The findings of the tectoreticular neurons are discussed and compared with those of the tectoolivary and the tectospinal neurons. Thus the three kinds of tectal neurons are located within and deep to the intermediate gray layer. The number of the labeled cells and the percentages of the collicular neurons of different sizes are obviously different among the three different projections. Topographic correlations between the SC and the RF could not be discerned in the present materials. These results were discussed in relation to possible influences of the tectoreticular neurons upon the extraocular and the spinal motoneurons.", "contents": "Cell bodies of origin of reticular projections from the superior colliculus in the cat: an experimental study with the use of horseradish peroxidase as a tracer. By use of the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), the projection from the superior colliculus (SC) to the brain stem reticular formation (RF) was investigated in the cat. A 0.2-0.5 microliter of a 50% suspension of Sigma VI HRP was injected stereotactically in various portions of the pontomedullary RF, and, as a control to the injection to the RF, in the inferior olive or in the spinal cord. Labeled cells were found within and deep to the intermediate gray layer of the SC in the cats which survived for two or three days after HRP injection. The number of the labeled cells varied, according to the difference in the site of injection and the amount of injected HRP. About 400 labeled cells in twenty 50-micron sections, taken every fifth of the SC, occurred throughout its rostrocaudal extent, particularly in the case where the medial portion of the border zone of the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis and caudalis (R.p.o.-R.p.c. zone) or the border zone of the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis and the gigantocellularis (R.p.c.-R.gc. zone) was heavily stained after three days of survival period. From 10 to 15% of these labeled cells were large in size (more than 40 micron in diameter), 20-30% were medium sized and the rest (60-70%) were small (10-25 micron). On the other hand, when HRP was placed in the inferior olive only eight cells were labeled in the SC, seven of which were small and medium-sized. When HRP was injected in the gray matter of C1-C3 level of the spinal cord, a total of 70 tectal cells (14, 42, and 14 were large, medium, and small cells, respectively) were observed to be labeled. The findings of the tectoreticular neurons are discussed and compared with those of the tectoolivary and the tectospinal neurons. Thus the three kinds of tectal neurons are located within and deep to the intermediate gray layer. The number of the labeled cells and the percentages of the collicular neurons of different sizes are obviously different among the three different projections. Topographic correlations between the SC and the RF could not be discerned in the present materials. These results were discussed in relation to possible influences of the tectoreticular neurons upon the extraocular and the spinal motoneurons.", "PMID": 701486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_778", "title": "Laminar origins of spinothalamic projections in the cat as determined by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.", "content": "The method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to identify the locations of cells of origin of the spinothalamic tract in the cat. Injections of from 0.2-3.0 microliter of 30% HRP were made unilaterally in various regions of the somatosensory thalamus. Massive injections of the caudal thalamus in several cats showed the spinothalamic cells of origin to be located mainly in laminae I, VII and VIII in the lumbar enlargement, and in laminae I, V and VII-VIII in the cervical enlargement. Small injections of HRP were made into the three major spinothalamic terminal zones in the thalamus, to determine the laminar origins(s) of the spinal projections to each zone. Neurons in lamina I in both cervical and lumbar enlargements were found to project almost exclusively to the rostral VB-caudal VL border zone. A small number of neurons in laminae VII and VIII also project there but a larger number project to the intralaminar region. Neurons projecting to the PO regions were located mainly in laminae IV and V. This anatomical segregation of thalamic afferents probably reflects a functional segregation of input, since the functional properties of spinal neurons vary according to their laminar location. Comparison of these data with the differential projection of spinothalamic neurons in the rat and monkey indicate that it is unlikely that the proposed \"paleo-\" and \"neospinothalamic\" systems would arise from anatomically separate groups of spinal neurons.", "contents": "Laminar origins of spinothalamic projections in the cat as determined by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. The method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to identify the locations of cells of origin of the spinothalamic tract in the cat. Injections of from 0.2-3.0 microliter of 30% HRP were made unilaterally in various regions of the somatosensory thalamus. Massive injections of the caudal thalamus in several cats showed the spinothalamic cells of origin to be located mainly in laminae I, VII and VIII in the lumbar enlargement, and in laminae I, V and VII-VIII in the cervical enlargement. Small injections of HRP were made into the three major spinothalamic terminal zones in the thalamus, to determine the laminar origins(s) of the spinal projections to each zone. Neurons in lamina I in both cervical and lumbar enlargements were found to project almost exclusively to the rostral VB-caudal VL border zone. A small number of neurons in laminae VII and VIII also project there but a larger number project to the intralaminar region. Neurons projecting to the PO regions were located mainly in laminae IV and V. This anatomical segregation of thalamic afferents probably reflects a functional segregation of input, since the functional properties of spinal neurons vary according to their laminar location. Comparison of these data with the differential projection of spinothalamic neurons in the rat and monkey indicate that it is unlikely that the proposed \"paleo-\" and \"neospinothalamic\" systems would arise from anatomically separate groups of spinal neurons.", "PMID": 701487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_779", "title": "Anatomical and physiological properties of ipsilaterally projecting spinothalamic neurons in the second cervical segment of the cat's spinal cord.", "content": "Anatomical and electrophysiological methods were used to investigate the projections and response properties of neurons in the second cervical (C2) spinal segment of the cat giving origin to a previously undescribed projection to the ipsilateral thalamus. The method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to identify neurons in C2 giving rise to thalamic projections. Following large (3.0 microliter) thalamic HRP injections, a large number of labeled neurons was observed in lateral laminae VII-VIII of C2 ipsilateral to the injections. They occurred as small clusters of cells along the longitudinal axis of C2. Labeled neurons were also observed contralaterally in the lateral cervical nucleus, dorsal horn (especially medial lamina VI), and loosely distributed in the ventral horn. The ipsilaterally projecting neurons were also labeled following small (0.2--0.5 microliter) HRP injections restricted to individual spinothalamic terminal zones (intralaminar nuclei, ventrobasal complex-nucleus ventralis lateralis border zone, medial division of the posterior nuclei), indicating that as a group they project widely throughout the thalamus. Single unit recording methods were used to obtain complementary information on the functional properties of these neurons. The antidromic stimulation method was applied to identify units in C2 projecting to the ipsilateral thalamus in anesthetized, paralyzed cats. Three categories of ipsilaterally projecting C2 units were identified: (1) units not driven by any type of natural stimulation; (2) units having large cutaneous receptive fields (RFs) and wide dynamic response ranges (\"widefield\"), and (3) units with smaller RFs and varied properties (\"other\"). Widefield units with bilaterally symmetrical and asymmetrical RFs were observed. Co-stimulation of different portions of an excitatory RF produced summation of the unit response. Inhibitory RF components were identified in one-third of the widefield units. Unit recordings after spinal tract lesions revealed that the afferent input passed via the ipsilateral lateral and/or ventral funiculi. Widefield unit responses to somatosensory stimuli could be inhibited by dorsal column conditioning stimulation. Several \"other\" units resembled widefield units, while a second group had small RFs restricted to the C2 dermatome. Possible functional roles of the projecting C2 neurons in somatosensory and non-specific systems are discussed.", "contents": "Anatomical and physiological properties of ipsilaterally projecting spinothalamic neurons in the second cervical segment of the cat's spinal cord. Anatomical and electrophysiological methods were used to investigate the projections and response properties of neurons in the second cervical (C2) spinal segment of the cat giving origin to a previously undescribed projection to the ipsilateral thalamus. The method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to identify neurons in C2 giving rise to thalamic projections. Following large (3.0 microliter) thalamic HRP injections, a large number of labeled neurons was observed in lateral laminae VII-VIII of C2 ipsilateral to the injections. They occurred as small clusters of cells along the longitudinal axis of C2. Labeled neurons were also observed contralaterally in the lateral cervical nucleus, dorsal horn (especially medial lamina VI), and loosely distributed in the ventral horn. The ipsilaterally projecting neurons were also labeled following small (0.2--0.5 microliter) HRP injections restricted to individual spinothalamic terminal zones (intralaminar nuclei, ventrobasal complex-nucleus ventralis lateralis border zone, medial division of the posterior nuclei), indicating that as a group they project widely throughout the thalamus. Single unit recording methods were used to obtain complementary information on the functional properties of these neurons. The antidromic stimulation method was applied to identify units in C2 projecting to the ipsilateral thalamus in anesthetized, paralyzed cats. Three categories of ipsilaterally projecting C2 units were identified: (1) units not driven by any type of natural stimulation; (2) units having large cutaneous receptive fields (RFs) and wide dynamic response ranges (\"widefield\"), and (3) units with smaller RFs and varied properties (\"other\"). Widefield units with bilaterally symmetrical and asymmetrical RFs were observed. Co-stimulation of different portions of an excitatory RF produced summation of the unit response. Inhibitory RF components were identified in one-third of the widefield units. Unit recordings after spinal tract lesions revealed that the afferent input passed via the ipsilateral lateral and/or ventral funiculi. Widefield unit responses to somatosensory stimuli could be inhibited by dorsal column conditioning stimulation. Several \"other\" units resembled widefield units, while a second group had small RFs restricted to the C2 dermatome. Possible functional roles of the projecting C2 neurons in somatosensory and non-specific systems are discussed.", "PMID": 701488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_780", "title": "Distribution of the crossed olivocochlear bundle in the chinchilla's cochlea.", "content": "The efferent crossed olivocochlear bundle (COCB) was transected in the brain stem of the chinchilla, and the animals sacrificed 7 to 96 days later. Electron microscopy revealed that all the large efferent nerve endings on outer hair cells in the basalmost 2 mm (round window region) of the cochlea had degenerated, 87.5% in the remainder of the first turn, 70% in the second turn and 43% in the third turn. Only a few degenerating nerve fibers were seen in the medial spiral tract (inner spiral and tunnel bundles) of the experimental animals. Nerve fibers were counted in the medial spiral tracts of the cochleas of control animals as well as in those animals whose COCB had been transected. There were considerable individual variations in the fiber numbers, and statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the numbers of nerve fibers in normal and experimental animals. The cochlear microphonics (CM) and nerve action potentials (AP) of acute animals were assessed before and after COCB section. The CM and AP of the chronic experimental animals were compared with responses from normals. Overall, no changes in a physiological response of the anesthetized chinchilla could be attributed to complete section of the COCB.", "contents": "Distribution of the crossed olivocochlear bundle in the chinchilla's cochlea. The efferent crossed olivocochlear bundle (COCB) was transected in the brain stem of the chinchilla, and the animals sacrificed 7 to 96 days later. Electron microscopy revealed that all the large efferent nerve endings on outer hair cells in the basalmost 2 mm (round window region) of the cochlea had degenerated, 87.5% in the remainder of the first turn, 70% in the second turn and 43% in the third turn. Only a few degenerating nerve fibers were seen in the medial spiral tract (inner spiral and tunnel bundles) of the experimental animals. Nerve fibers were counted in the medial spiral tracts of the cochleas of control animals as well as in those animals whose COCB had been transected. There were considerable individual variations in the fiber numbers, and statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the numbers of nerve fibers in normal and experimental animals. The cochlear microphonics (CM) and nerve action potentials (AP) of acute animals were assessed before and after COCB section. The CM and AP of the chronic experimental animals were compared with responses from normals. Overall, no changes in a physiological response of the anesthetized chinchilla could be attributed to complete section of the COCB.", "PMID": 701489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_781", "title": "Differential projections of cat medullary raphe neurons demonstrated by retrograde labelling following spinal cord lesions.", "content": "Neurons of the medullary raphe nuclei in cats were retrogradely labelled following injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the L6 spinal cord segment. Brainstems were cut in sagittal section to facilitate examination of the rostral-caudal extent of raphe neurons projecting to the spinal cord. Large numbers of HRP-labelled neurons were found in nucleus raphe magnus, nucleus raphe pallidus, and nucleus raphe obscurus (as well as a few neurons in nucleus raphe pontis). Dorsal or ventral hemisections at the T12-L1 level restricted HRP retrograde transport to those pathways within the intact portion of spinal cord, allowing a determination of the part of the cord through which raphe neurons project to the lumbar enlargement. Neurons of nucleus raphe magnus were found to project primarily in dorsolateral fasciculus. A significant number of neurons of nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis also project in dorsolateral fasciculus. Nucleus raphe obscurus neurons were found to project primarily in ventral funiculus, while nucleus raphe pallidus neurons project in the ventrolateral fasciculi and ventral funiculus. The serotonergic (5HT) fibers described by Dahlstr\u00f6m and Fuxe ('65) to terminate in the dorsal horn, intermediolateral cell column, and ventral horn are likely to coincide with the raphe-spinal projections documented in this work.", "contents": "Differential projections of cat medullary raphe neurons demonstrated by retrograde labelling following spinal cord lesions. Neurons of the medullary raphe nuclei in cats were retrogradely labelled following injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the L6 spinal cord segment. Brainstems were cut in sagittal section to facilitate examination of the rostral-caudal extent of raphe neurons projecting to the spinal cord. Large numbers of HRP-labelled neurons were found in nucleus raphe magnus, nucleus raphe pallidus, and nucleus raphe obscurus (as well as a few neurons in nucleus raphe pontis). Dorsal or ventral hemisections at the T12-L1 level restricted HRP retrograde transport to those pathways within the intact portion of spinal cord, allowing a determination of the part of the cord through which raphe neurons project to the lumbar enlargement. Neurons of nucleus raphe magnus were found to project primarily in dorsolateral fasciculus. A significant number of neurons of nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis also project in dorsolateral fasciculus. Nucleus raphe obscurus neurons were found to project primarily in ventral funiculus, while nucleus raphe pallidus neurons project in the ventrolateral fasciculi and ventral funiculus. The serotonergic (5HT) fibers described by Dahlstr\u00f6m and Fuxe ('65) to terminate in the dorsal horn, intermediolateral cell column, and ventral horn are likely to coincide with the raphe-spinal projections documented in this work.", "PMID": 701490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_782", "title": "The synaptic terminations of certain midbrain-olivary fibers in the opossum.", "content": "The nuclear origin and distribution of midbrain-olivary fibers has been described in a previous study utilizing axonal transport techniques (Linauts and Martin, '78a). The present report extends their results to the electron microscopic level and details the postsynaptic distribution of such fibers. Lesions within the ventral periaqueductal grey and adjacent tegmentum, the red nucleus or the nucleus subparafascicularis result in electron dense axon terminals within the olive at survival times of 48, 72 and 96 hours. At 72 hours, many degenerating presynaptic profiles shrink, become irregular in shape and are totally or partially surrounded by glial processes. The principal olivary nucleus contains the majority of these profiles. However, the subparafascicular terminals are more abundant in the rostral and intermediate parts of the medial accessory nucleus and the rubral terminals are concentrated within the dorsal lamella of the principal nucleus. The nuclear location of the degenerating terminals was determined by examination of 1 micrometer plastic sections cut in the transverse plane from each block face prior to thin sectioning. Degenerating terminals were counted in three cases, one from each of the three lesion sites described above. When taken together these cases show that just over 50% of the degenerating terminals are presynaptic to spiny appendages and are located within the synaptic clusters (glomeruli) described previously (King, '76). The percentage of degenerating terminals in the glomeruli increases to 70% when the lesion is in the ventral periaqueductal grey and adjacent tegmentum. The remaining degenerating terminals contact dendritic shafts outside the astrocytic boundaries of the synaptic clusters. The synpatic vesicle populations within the degenerating terminals vary with the location of the lesion. Lesions in the ventral periaqueductal grey and the adjacent tegmentum result in the degeneration of terminals with either clear spherical vesicles or endings with both clear spherical vesicles and a variable number of large dense core vesicles. In contrast, the primary degenerative changes that occur after destruction of the red nucleus or the nucleus subparafascicularis are in terminals with clear spherical vesicles. When the synaptic complex was present in the plane of section, regardless of the site of the lesion, the degenerating terminals could be classified as Gray's type I. Thus, we have demonstrated that afferents from the mesencephalon terminate within synpatic clusters located in the principal and medial accessory (part A) subnuclei of the inferior olive. Although the mesencephalic afferents have multiple origins (Linauts and Martin, '78a), many of their synaptic terminals contact spiny appendages within the synaptic clusters. This postsynaptic site also receives cerebellar terminals (King et al., '76). The origin of presynaptic profiles within the synaptic clusters that contain clear pleomorphlic vesicles is yet to be determined.", "contents": "The synaptic terminations of certain midbrain-olivary fibers in the opossum. The nuclear origin and distribution of midbrain-olivary fibers has been described in a previous study utilizing axonal transport techniques (Linauts and Martin, '78a). The present report extends their results to the electron microscopic level and details the postsynaptic distribution of such fibers. Lesions within the ventral periaqueductal grey and adjacent tegmentum, the red nucleus or the nucleus subparafascicularis result in electron dense axon terminals within the olive at survival times of 48, 72 and 96 hours. At 72 hours, many degenerating presynaptic profiles shrink, become irregular in shape and are totally or partially surrounded by glial processes. The principal olivary nucleus contains the majority of these profiles. However, the subparafascicular terminals are more abundant in the rostral and intermediate parts of the medial accessory nucleus and the rubral terminals are concentrated within the dorsal lamella of the principal nucleus. The nuclear location of the degenerating terminals was determined by examination of 1 micrometer plastic sections cut in the transverse plane from each block face prior to thin sectioning. Degenerating terminals were counted in three cases, one from each of the three lesion sites described above. When taken together these cases show that just over 50% of the degenerating terminals are presynaptic to spiny appendages and are located within the synaptic clusters (glomeruli) described previously (King, '76). The percentage of degenerating terminals in the glomeruli increases to 70% when the lesion is in the ventral periaqueductal grey and adjacent tegmentum. The remaining degenerating terminals contact dendritic shafts outside the astrocytic boundaries of the synaptic clusters. The synpatic vesicle populations within the degenerating terminals vary with the location of the lesion. Lesions in the ventral periaqueductal grey and the adjacent tegmentum result in the degeneration of terminals with either clear spherical vesicles or endings with both clear spherical vesicles and a variable number of large dense core vesicles. In contrast, the primary degenerative changes that occur after destruction of the red nucleus or the nucleus subparafascicularis are in terminals with clear spherical vesicles. When the synaptic complex was present in the plane of section, regardless of the site of the lesion, the degenerating terminals could be classified as Gray's type I. Thus, we have demonstrated that afferents from the mesencephalon terminate within synpatic clusters located in the principal and medial accessory (part A) subnuclei of the inferior olive. Although the mesencephalic afferents have multiple origins (Linauts and Martin, '78a), many of their synaptic terminals contact spiny appendages within the synaptic clusters. This postsynaptic site also receives cerebellar terminals (King et al., '76). The origin of presynaptic profiles within the synaptic clusters that contain clear pleomorphlic vesicles is yet to be determined.", "PMID": 701491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_783", "title": "Experimental studies on the ultrastructural localization of acetylcholinesterase in the mediobasal hypothalamus of the rat.", "content": "Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity has been demonstrated ultrastructurally in neurons of the arcuate nucleus and associated with fibers in the arcuate nucleus neuropil and the median eminence (ME) of the rat. In addition, the effects of neonatal monosodium glutamate (MSG) treatment and Hal\u00e1sz deafferentation on the AChE staining and localization have been studied. Neonatal MSG-treatment resulted in loss of the majority of AChE-positive neurons in the arcuate nucleus while leaving neuropil staining intact. Hal\u00e1sz deafferentation caused a loss of arcuate neuropil activity while leaving the neuronal staining unaltered. These observations are consistent with previous biochemical results suggesting the existence of a cholinergic tuberoinfundibular system with nerve cells in the arcuate nucleus and terminals in the median eminence. In addition, the deafferentation experiments indicated that extra-hypothalamic cholinergic fibers may innervate the arcuate nucleus. Supporting evidence from other biochemical studies and the curious paucity of histochemical and biochemical AChE activity in the ME are also discussed.", "contents": "Experimental studies on the ultrastructural localization of acetylcholinesterase in the mediobasal hypothalamus of the rat. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity has been demonstrated ultrastructurally in neurons of the arcuate nucleus and associated with fibers in the arcuate nucleus neuropil and the median eminence (ME) of the rat. In addition, the effects of neonatal monosodium glutamate (MSG) treatment and Hal\u00e1sz deafferentation on the AChE staining and localization have been studied. Neonatal MSG-treatment resulted in loss of the majority of AChE-positive neurons in the arcuate nucleus while leaving neuropil staining intact. Hal\u00e1sz deafferentation caused a loss of arcuate neuropil activity while leaving the neuronal staining unaltered. These observations are consistent with previous biochemical results suggesting the existence of a cholinergic tuberoinfundibular system with nerve cells in the arcuate nucleus and terminals in the median eminence. In addition, the deafferentation experiments indicated that extra-hypothalamic cholinergic fibers may innervate the arcuate nucleus. Supporting evidence from other biochemical studies and the curious paucity of histochemical and biochemical AChE activity in the ME are also discussed.", "PMID": 701492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_784", "title": "The organization of the hippocampus of the fence lizard: a light microscopic study.", "content": "The hippocampus of the fence lizard (Sceloporus undulatus) is composed of two laminated regions that are readily distinguishable on the basis of position and perikaryal size in Nissl preparations: the small-celled (Hsc) and the large-celled (Hlc) hippocampal divisions. Based upon cellular and fibrillar characteristics, the layers of the Hsc are: (1) the superficial plexiform layer; (2) the cellular layer; (3) the deep plexiform layer; (4) the layer of deep fibers, or alveus; and, (5) the ventricular ependyma. The layers of the Hlc are: (1) the tangential layer; (2) the molecular layer; (3) the pyramidal layer; (4) the deep plexiform layer; (5) the alveus; and, (6) the ventricular ependyma. The neurons of each hippocampal layer were grouped into classes based upon somal position and appearance, and dentritic and axonal arborization patterns in Golgi sections. Neurons of the Hsc are more numerous and pleomorphic than those of the Hlc. Data do not suggest an intrinsic organization that closely parallels that found in the mammalian hippocampus.", "contents": "The organization of the hippocampus of the fence lizard: a light microscopic study. The hippocampus of the fence lizard (Sceloporus undulatus) is composed of two laminated regions that are readily distinguishable on the basis of position and perikaryal size in Nissl preparations: the small-celled (Hsc) and the large-celled (Hlc) hippocampal divisions. Based upon cellular and fibrillar characteristics, the layers of the Hsc are: (1) the superficial plexiform layer; (2) the cellular layer; (3) the deep plexiform layer; (4) the layer of deep fibers, or alveus; and, (5) the ventricular ependyma. The layers of the Hlc are: (1) the tangential layer; (2) the molecular layer; (3) the pyramidal layer; (4) the deep plexiform layer; (5) the alveus; and, (6) the ventricular ependyma. The neurons of each hippocampal layer were grouped into classes based upon somal position and appearance, and dentritic and axonal arborization patterns in Golgi sections. Neurons of the Hsc are more numerous and pleomorphic than those of the Hlc. Data do not suggest an intrinsic organization that closely parallels that found in the mammalian hippocampus.", "PMID": 701493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_785", "title": "Development of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in the cat.", "content": "The development of the lateral geniculate nucleus has been studied systematically in Nissl preparations from a series of cats that ranged in age from newborn to adult. In addition, preliminary observations are reported at two stages of fetal development. It was found that laminae develop in the lateral geniculate nucleus near the time of birth and continue to differentiate during the first postnatal week. During development the major axis of the lateral geniculate rotates approximately 180 degrees in the sagittal plane. The rotation begins prenatally and is not completed until after the twentieth postnatal week. The volume of the lateral geniculate was computed at different ages and it was determined that during the first postnatal month the nucleus attains two-thirds of its adult size. However, the rate of growth declines markedly thereafter, and final volume, like final position, is not achieved until late in development. The cross-sectional areas of lateral geniculate neurons were measured at four locations in the nucleus in each animal. The locations represented the following parts of the visual field: the paracentral and inferior peripheral fields in the binocular segment of lamina A; the monocular segment of lamina A; and the paracentral field in lamina A1. Neurons in each of these locations grow at approximately the same rate and are essentially fully grown by 56 days. Cell size histograms show that more large cells are found in lamina A1 and more small cells in the monocular segment than elsewhere in the dorsal laminae. Unlike the retina, there appears not to be a gradient of development in the lateral geniculate nucleus from center to periphery, at least in terms of cell body size at the ages studied. On the contrary, that part of the lateral geniculate nucleus which represents the paracentral visual field is the last segment in the dorsal laminae to achieve a mature cell size distribution. Finally, a discrete class of small spindle-shaped neurons was observed in the lateral geniculate nucleus ventral and caudal to the C laminae during the first two postnatal weeks. These cells possess a leading and trailing cytoplasmic process and are distinctly different from cells in the main laminae. It is suggested that these spindle-shaped cells may be neurons that are still in the process of migration or differentiation in the postnatal animal.", "contents": "Development of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in the cat. The development of the lateral geniculate nucleus has been studied systematically in Nissl preparations from a series of cats that ranged in age from newborn to adult. In addition, preliminary observations are reported at two stages of fetal development. It was found that laminae develop in the lateral geniculate nucleus near the time of birth and continue to differentiate during the first postnatal week. During development the major axis of the lateral geniculate rotates approximately 180 degrees in the sagittal plane. The rotation begins prenatally and is not completed until after the twentieth postnatal week. The volume of the lateral geniculate was computed at different ages and it was determined that during the first postnatal month the nucleus attains two-thirds of its adult size. However, the rate of growth declines markedly thereafter, and final volume, like final position, is not achieved until late in development. The cross-sectional areas of lateral geniculate neurons were measured at four locations in the nucleus in each animal. The locations represented the following parts of the visual field: the paracentral and inferior peripheral fields in the binocular segment of lamina A; the monocular segment of lamina A; and the paracentral field in lamina A1. Neurons in each of these locations grow at approximately the same rate and are essentially fully grown by 56 days. Cell size histograms show that more large cells are found in lamina A1 and more small cells in the monocular segment than elsewhere in the dorsal laminae. Unlike the retina, there appears not to be a gradient of development in the lateral geniculate nucleus from center to periphery, at least in terms of cell body size at the ages studied. On the contrary, that part of the lateral geniculate nucleus which represents the paracentral visual field is the last segment in the dorsal laminae to achieve a mature cell size distribution. Finally, a discrete class of small spindle-shaped neurons was observed in the lateral geniculate nucleus ventral and caudal to the C laminae during the first two postnatal weeks. These cells possess a leading and trailing cytoplasmic process and are distinctly different from cells in the main laminae. It is suggested that these spindle-shaped cells may be neurons that are still in the process of migration or differentiation in the postnatal animal.", "PMID": 701494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_786", "title": "The olivocerebellar projection in the cat studied with the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. VII. The projection to lobulus simplex, crus I and II.", "content": "The olivocerebellar projection to lobulus simplex, crus I and II in the cat was investigated by means of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The distribution of labeled cells in the inferior olive following HRP injections in lobulus simplex, crus I and II confirmed the findings by Brodal ('40b) that the rostral half of the principal olive projects to these areas of the cerebellar hemisphere. However, concerning details there are some differences in so far as the heaviest contribution to crus I comes from the medial parts of the ventral and dorsal lamella, that to crus II from its lateral part, especially the ventral bend. The present findings show that in addition the rostral part of the medial and the rostromedial part of the dorsal accessory olive project to these areas of the cerebellar cortex. Further details in the projection are shown in figure 8B. The findings agree fairly well with the electrophysiological results of Armstrong et al. ('74) and the experimental anatomical data of Groenewegen and Voogd ('77a,b). An attempt is made to correlate the findings with the pattern of longitudinal zonal subdivision of the cerebellum. There is evidence for a topical organization within the projection to crus I and II and parts of their projection areas in the principal olive. The distribution of the labeled cells which project to lobulus simplex, crus I and II is discussed in relation to afferent pathways to the inferior olive.", "contents": "The olivocerebellar projection in the cat studied with the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. VII. The projection to lobulus simplex, crus I and II. The olivocerebellar projection to lobulus simplex, crus I and II in the cat was investigated by means of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The distribution of labeled cells in the inferior olive following HRP injections in lobulus simplex, crus I and II confirmed the findings by Brodal ('40b) that the rostral half of the principal olive projects to these areas of the cerebellar hemisphere. However, concerning details there are some differences in so far as the heaviest contribution to crus I comes from the medial parts of the ventral and dorsal lamella, that to crus II from its lateral part, especially the ventral bend. The present findings show that in addition the rostral part of the medial and the rostromedial part of the dorsal accessory olive project to these areas of the cerebellar cortex. Further details in the projection are shown in figure 8B. The findings agree fairly well with the electrophysiological results of Armstrong et al. ('74) and the experimental anatomical data of Groenewegen and Voogd ('77a,b). An attempt is made to correlate the findings with the pattern of longitudinal zonal subdivision of the cerebellum. There is evidence for a topical organization within the projection to crus I and II and parts of their projection areas in the principal olive. The distribution of the labeled cells which project to lobulus simplex, crus I and II is discussed in relation to afferent pathways to the inferior olive.", "PMID": 701495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_787", "title": "Computer assisted tomography in primary malignant lymphomas of the brain.", "content": "Computer assisted tomography (CAT) data from 10 patients with histologically verified primary malignant lymphomas of the brain are reported. Studies both prior to and after contrast medium administration were done on nine patients. In all these patients, tumor nodules presented with slightly increased density in the precontrast scan and considerable contrast enhancement. The appearance of malignant lymphomas in the CAT scan may be similar to that of meningiomas. Pituitary adenoma, medulloblastoma, and metastasis of malignant melanoma may not be ruled out in a particular case from the CAT picture alone. Blurred margin of the tumor after contrast enhancement was found in half the patients. Diffusely growing malignant lymphomas produce low density areas in the CAT scan without contrast medium uptake.", "contents": "Computer assisted tomography in primary malignant lymphomas of the brain. Computer assisted tomography (CAT) data from 10 patients with histologically verified primary malignant lymphomas of the brain are reported. Studies both prior to and after contrast medium administration were done on nine patients. In all these patients, tumor nodules presented with slightly increased density in the precontrast scan and considerable contrast enhancement. The appearance of malignant lymphomas in the CAT scan may be similar to that of meningiomas. Pituitary adenoma, medulloblastoma, and metastasis of malignant melanoma may not be ruled out in a particular case from the CAT picture alone. Blurred margin of the tumor after contrast enhancement was found in half the patients. Diffusely growing malignant lymphomas produce low density areas in the CAT scan without contrast medium uptake.", "PMID": 701496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_788", "title": "Computed tomography in primary malignant lymphoma of the brain.", "content": "Primary malignant lymphoma of the brain is a rare lesion characterized clinically by varied nonspecific neurologic deficits and usually a rapid fulminant deterioration and death. This course may be altered by radiotherapy, and early diagnosis assumes major importance. Laboratory tests, EEG, radionuclide scans, angiography, and pneumoencephalography may not show definite abnormality in the early stages. This report concerns four cases in which good correlation between the location of the brain lesion and the abnormality on computed tomography scan was demonstrated.", "contents": "Computed tomography in primary malignant lymphoma of the brain. Primary malignant lymphoma of the brain is a rare lesion characterized clinically by varied nonspecific neurologic deficits and usually a rapid fulminant deterioration and death. This course may be altered by radiotherapy, and early diagnosis assumes major importance. Laboratory tests, EEG, radionuclide scans, angiography, and pneumoencephalography may not show definite abnormality in the early stages. This report concerns four cases in which good correlation between the location of the brain lesion and the abnormality on computed tomography scan was demonstrated.", "PMID": 701497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_789", "title": "Computed tomography of the optic nerve: part I. Normal results.", "content": "In vivo visualization of the optic nerve (ON) by computed tomography (CT) has important clinical applications, both realized and potential. An accurate CT analysis of the ON is, however, hampered by a number of technical limitations. Sinuosity and gaze-shift-related motility of the ON tend to increase the difficulties of demonstrating in a consistently satisfactory fashion this anatomical structure. Nevertheless, if rigid imaging criteria are followed, adequate visualization of the ON may be attained in the majority of patients. Simultaneous visualization of the ON and the eyeball permits establishment of a neuroocular index for clinical use.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the optic nerve: part I. Normal results. In vivo visualization of the optic nerve (ON) by computed tomography (CT) has important clinical applications, both realized and potential. An accurate CT analysis of the ON is, however, hampered by a number of technical limitations. Sinuosity and gaze-shift-related motility of the ON tend to increase the difficulties of demonstrating in a consistently satisfactory fashion this anatomical structure. Nevertheless, if rigid imaging criteria are followed, adequate visualization of the ON may be attained in the majority of patients. Simultaneous visualization of the ON and the eyeball permits establishment of a neuroocular index for clinical use.", "PMID": 701498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_790", "title": "Computed tomography of the optic nerve: part II. Size and shape modifications in papilledema.", "content": "Increase in the caliber and course tortuosity of the optic nerve (ON) can be demonstrated by computed tomography (CT) in cases of papilledema due to intracranial tumors, hydrocephalus, pseudotumor cerebri, and other conditions causing increased intracranial pressure. The enlargement of the ON in these conditions is generally bilateral, although one of the nerves, usually of the side of the tumoral pathology, may be thicker. Enlargement on the ON may also be demonstrated by CT in papilledema due to optic neuritis. Occasionally, the thickened ON also display increased attenuation coefficient values.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the optic nerve: part II. Size and shape modifications in papilledema. Increase in the caliber and course tortuosity of the optic nerve (ON) can be demonstrated by computed tomography (CT) in cases of papilledema due to intracranial tumors, hydrocephalus, pseudotumor cerebri, and other conditions causing increased intracranial pressure. The enlargement of the ON in these conditions is generally bilateral, although one of the nerves, usually of the side of the tumoral pathology, may be thicker. Enlargement on the ON may also be demonstrated by CT in papilledema due to optic neuritis. Occasionally, the thickened ON also display increased attenuation coefficient values.", "PMID": 701499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_791", "title": "White matter of the cerebellum demonstrated by computed tomography: normal anatomy and physical principles.", "content": "Although computed tomography (CT) delineation of normal white matter of the cerebral hemispheres has been well documented, there has been no description of white matter within the cerebellum. Through the use of phantom studies, CT number correlations between cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres, and anatomic correlation with in vitro specimens, the ability to visualize cerebellar white matter is demonstrated. Thin sections decrease volume averaging and enable consistent imaging of these structures. Size and shape of the corpus medullaris on CT scan may vary with the scan angle and level of section. Representative examples of various normal appearances are illustrated.", "contents": "White matter of the cerebellum demonstrated by computed tomography: normal anatomy and physical principles. Although computed tomography (CT) delineation of normal white matter of the cerebral hemispheres has been well documented, there has been no description of white matter within the cerebellum. Through the use of phantom studies, CT number correlations between cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres, and anatomic correlation with in vitro specimens, the ability to visualize cerebellar white matter is demonstrated. Thin sections decrease volume averaging and enable consistent imaging of these structures. Size and shape of the corpus medullaris on CT scan may vary with the scan angle and level of section. Representative examples of various normal appearances are illustrated.", "PMID": 701500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_792", "title": "Computed tomography in surgical pancreatic emergencies.", "content": "The findings observed with computed tomography (CT) in such pancreatic emergencies as necrotic-hemorrhagic pancreatitis, pancreatic abscess, broken pseudocyst, and pancreatic ascites with mediastinitis are presented. The value of CT in these conditions, which often require surgical intervention, is discussed. Computed tomography appears to be the ideal diagnostic procedure, especially for surgical treatment planning in pancreatic abscess. No deaths occurred in a group of pancreatic abscesses treated surgically with CT assistance.", "contents": "Computed tomography in surgical pancreatic emergencies. The findings observed with computed tomography (CT) in such pancreatic emergencies as necrotic-hemorrhagic pancreatitis, pancreatic abscess, broken pseudocyst, and pancreatic ascites with mediastinitis are presented. The value of CT in these conditions, which often require surgical intervention, is discussed. Computed tomography appears to be the ideal diagnostic procedure, especially for surgical treatment planning in pancreatic abscess. No deaths occurred in a group of pancreatic abscesses treated surgically with CT assistance.", "PMID": 701501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_793", "title": "Localization of the head of the pancreas using the junction of the left renal vein and the inferior vena cava.", "content": "The junction of the left renal vein with the inferior vena cava is visualized on most computed tomography studies of the abdomen. This junction is a useful guide in localizing the pancreatic head, just as the superior mesenteric artery is used to localize the body of the pancreas.", "contents": "Localization of the head of the pancreas using the junction of the left renal vein and the inferior vena cava. The junction of the left renal vein with the inferior vena cava is visualized on most computed tomography studies of the abdomen. This junction is a useful guide in localizing the pancreatic head, just as the superior mesenteric artery is used to localize the body of the pancreas.", "PMID": 701502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_794", "title": "Absence of thoracic osteophytosis in the area adjacent to the aorta: computed tomography demonstration.", "content": "Computed tomography of the chest shows that right-sided unilateral thoracic osteophytosis is a common phenomenon. The cross-sectional images obtained appear to support the thesis that aortic pulsations have a preventive effect on the formation of left-sided osteophytes.", "contents": "Absence of thoracic osteophytosis in the area adjacent to the aorta: computed tomography demonstration. Computed tomography of the chest shows that right-sided unilateral thoracic osteophytosis is a common phenomenon. The cross-sectional images obtained appear to support the thesis that aortic pulsations have a preventive effect on the formation of left-sided osteophytes.", "PMID": 701503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_795", "title": "Internal structures of the knee visualized by computed tomography.", "content": "The internal structures of specimens of the knee can be visualized by computed tomography, although visualization is directly dependent on a thin (3 mm) scan in the coronal or sagittal plane with air used as a contrast agent.", "contents": "Internal structures of the knee visualized by computed tomography. The internal structures of specimens of the knee can be visualized by computed tomography, although visualization is directly dependent on a thin (3 mm) scan in the coronal or sagittal plane with air used as a contrast agent.", "PMID": 701504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_796", "title": "Standardization of computed tomography images by means of a material-selective beam hardening correction.", "content": "Polychromaticity of the X-rays used in computed tomography (CT) has made it difficult to establish an absolute scale for CT values and has made quantitative comparisons between patients unreliable. The spectral shift of the X-rays depends on the material distribution within the structure measured and is significant if substantial amounts of bone, fat, or injected contrast material are present. A material-selective beam hardening correction procedure has been developed that allows the reconstruction of good approximations of linear attenuation coefficients with respect to a reference energy. With the aid of mathematical simulations and measurements on a physical phantom, the feasibility of the procedure and its insensitivity with regard to energy settings and other machine parameters are documented.", "contents": "Standardization of computed tomography images by means of a material-selective beam hardening correction. Polychromaticity of the X-rays used in computed tomography (CT) has made it difficult to establish an absolute scale for CT values and has made quantitative comparisons between patients unreliable. The spectral shift of the X-rays depends on the material distribution within the structure measured and is significant if substantial amounts of bone, fat, or injected contrast material are present. A material-selective beam hardening correction procedure has been developed that allows the reconstruction of good approximations of linear attenuation coefficients with respect to a reference energy. With the aid of mathematical simulations and measurements on a physical phantom, the feasibility of the procedure and its insensitivity with regard to energy settings and other machine parameters are documented.", "PMID": 701505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_797", "title": "Computer reconstructed sagittal and coronal computed tomography head scans: clinical applications.", "content": "Recent technical advances to computed tomography (CT) have enabled evaluation of the head in multiple planes. A technique that utilizes computer reconstruction of data from 3 mm contiguous transverse scans to display images in sagittal and coronal planes is described. The clinical usefulness of this technique is discussed and illustrative cases are presented. Multiple plane CT evaluation has proven a valuable adjunct to axial plane CT scanning, which can provide better definition of the extent of lesions, facilitate treatment, and improve diagnostic accuracy in many cases.", "contents": "Computer reconstructed sagittal and coronal computed tomography head scans: clinical applications. Recent technical advances to computed tomography (CT) have enabled evaluation of the head in multiple planes. A technique that utilizes computer reconstruction of data from 3 mm contiguous transverse scans to display images in sagittal and coronal planes is described. The clinical usefulness of this technique is discussed and illustrative cases are presented. Multiple plane CT evaluation has proven a valuable adjunct to axial plane CT scanning, which can provide better definition of the extent of lesions, facilitate treatment, and improve diagnostic accuracy in many cases.", "PMID": 701506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_798", "title": "Effective atomic number and electron density as measured with a computed tomography scanner: computation and correlation with brain tumor histology.", "content": "The mathematical basis and methodology for determining the effective atomic number and electron density of a tissue are presented. Cranial computed tomography (CT) scanning is performed at two different energy levels, both with and without contrast enhancement. The histology of 15 brain tumors has been correlated with the effective atomic number and electron density of the tumor, with parameters of the linear attenuation coefficient, and with statistical values of the CT numbers. The most useful value in separating gliomas from meningiomas from metastases appears to be the percentage change of effective atomic number following contrast enhancement.", "contents": "Effective atomic number and electron density as measured with a computed tomography scanner: computation and correlation with brain tumor histology. The mathematical basis and methodology for determining the effective atomic number and electron density of a tissue are presented. Cranial computed tomography (CT) scanning is performed at two different energy levels, both with and without contrast enhancement. The histology of 15 brain tumors has been correlated with the effective atomic number and electron density of the tumor, with parameters of the linear attenuation coefficient, and with statistical values of the CT numbers. The most useful value in separating gliomas from meningiomas from metastases appears to be the percentage change of effective atomic number following contrast enhancement.", "PMID": 701507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_799", "title": "Case report: computed tomography in the diagnosis of primary lymphoma of the central nervous system.", "content": "A case of primary central nervous system lymphoma is presented with characteristics shown by computed tomography (CT) closely resembling those of the only other case reported in the literature. The combination of the arteriographic and CT appearances suggests the diagnosis of this radiosensitive group of tumors.", "contents": "Case report: computed tomography in the diagnosis of primary lymphoma of the central nervous system. A case of primary central nervous system lymphoma is presented with characteristics shown by computed tomography (CT) closely resembling those of the only other case reported in the literature. The combination of the arteriographic and CT appearances suggests the diagnosis of this radiosensitive group of tumors.", "PMID": 701508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_800", "title": "Case report: computed tomography of cystadenoma of the pancreas.", "content": "Cystadenoma is an unusual pancreatic tumor characterized by large-sized polycystic components. It is located totally within the pancreas and may cause retroperitoneal collateral venous return. These characteristics can be easily visualized by computed tomography, thus making it a very effective modality in the differential diagnosis of pancreatic lesions.", "contents": "Case report: computed tomography of cystadenoma of the pancreas. Cystadenoma is an unusual pancreatic tumor characterized by large-sized polycystic components. It is located totally within the pancreas and may cause retroperitoneal collateral venous return. These characteristics can be easily visualized by computed tomography, thus making it a very effective modality in the differential diagnosis of pancreatic lesions.", "PMID": 701509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_801", "title": "Case report: echinococcal cyst of the liver seen on computed tomography.", "content": "A case of a single, large noncalcified echinococcal cyst of the liver demonstrated by computed tomography (CT) and verified at surgery is presented. To our knowledge, no previous CT pictorial display of such a lesion has been reported in the literature. The cyst appears as a radiolucent, sharply demarcated lesion of water density.", "contents": "Case report: echinococcal cyst of the liver seen on computed tomography. A case of a single, large noncalcified echinococcal cyst of the liver demonstrated by computed tomography (CT) and verified at surgery is presented. To our knowledge, no previous CT pictorial display of such a lesion has been reported in the literature. The cyst appears as a radiolucent, sharply demarcated lesion of water density.", "PMID": 701512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_802", "title": "A simple method of localizing the level of computed tomography cross sectioning.", "content": "Before computed tomography (CT) scanning, a preliminary radiograph of the area of interest is obtained with a Bell-Thompson ruler on the table top parallel to the spine. This allows precise localization of the level of CT sectioning in relation to the vertebral column.", "contents": "A simple method of localizing the level of computed tomography cross sectioning. Before computed tomography (CT) scanning, a preliminary radiograph of the area of interest is obtained with a Bell-Thompson ruler on the table top parallel to the spine. This allows precise localization of the level of CT sectioning in relation to the vertebral column.", "PMID": 701513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_803", "title": "Computed tomography in the evaluation of mediastinal lipomatosis.", "content": "Mediastinal abnormalities can present a challenging differential diagnosis. One of the many causes of superior mediastinal widening is excess deposition of fat or mediastinal lipomatosis. Mediastinal widening was evaluated by routine chest radiography, conventional tomography, and computed tomography in four patients with steroid induced Cushing's syndrome or simple obesity. Computed tomography was the only modality that definitively diagnosed mediastinal lipomatosis in each case.", "contents": "Computed tomography in the evaluation of mediastinal lipomatosis. Mediastinal abnormalities can present a challenging differential diagnosis. One of the many causes of superior mediastinal widening is excess deposition of fat or mediastinal lipomatosis. Mediastinal widening was evaluated by routine chest radiography, conventional tomography, and computed tomography in four patients with steroid induced Cushing's syndrome or simple obesity. Computed tomography was the only modality that definitively diagnosed mediastinal lipomatosis in each case.", "PMID": 701514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_804", "title": "Evaluation of abdominal abscess with computed tomography.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) is valuable in providing a specific diagnosis of abdominal abscess and in determining its site and extent. Computed tomography is also capable of excluding an abscess with a high degree of certainty. In 31 of 34 patients with proven abdominal abscess, CT suggested the correct diagnosis and accurately defined the extent of involvement. In nine patients, the CT findings were specific for abscess. The CT appearance of abscess is diverse, largely depending on its location. The most common appearance is a low density mass often with higher density at the periphery. The presence of gas distributed within the mass or an extraalimentary air--fluid level allows an extremely confident diagnosis of abscess. Differential diagnostic possibilities are reviewed with emphasis on interpretive problems.", "contents": "Evaluation of abdominal abscess with computed tomography. Computed tomography (CT) is valuable in providing a specific diagnosis of abdominal abscess and in determining its site and extent. Computed tomography is also capable of excluding an abscess with a high degree of certainty. In 31 of 34 patients with proven abdominal abscess, CT suggested the correct diagnosis and accurately defined the extent of involvement. In nine patients, the CT findings were specific for abscess. The CT appearance of abscess is diverse, largely depending on its location. The most common appearance is a low density mass often with higher density at the periphery. The presence of gas distributed within the mass or an extraalimentary air--fluid level allows an extremely confident diagnosis of abscess. Differential diagnostic possibilities are reviewed with emphasis on interpretive problems.", "PMID": 701515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_805", "title": "Computed tomography in the evaluation of the solitary or unilateral nonfunctioning kidney.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) using the EMI CT5000/5005 scanner was performed on 14 patients with a solitary functioning kidney demonstrated by other radiological investigations. Examinations before and after intravenous injection of contrast material have been undertaken. In the majority of cases, the patients were referred as a \"nonfunctioning kidney\" following excretion urography. Other referrals included previous nephrectomy or solitary kidneys. In all cases, the CT scan made possible the definitive diagnosis. The diagnosis included unsuspected hydronephrosis, vestigial kidney, contracted kidney secondary to chronic pyelonephritis and calculus, recurrence of a hypernephroma, and lymphomatous infiltration. Valuable information was obtained about the vascular pedicle, the renal collecting systems, the perinephric space, and the retroperitoneal space including the paraaortic lymph nodes. Furthermore, the increased sensitivity of the technique in detecting lower concentrations of iodine provided information regarding renal function. It is concluded that the noninvasive nature of CT makes it a valuable adjunct in the further investigation of such patients.", "contents": "Computed tomography in the evaluation of the solitary or unilateral nonfunctioning kidney. Computed tomography (CT) using the EMI CT5000/5005 scanner was performed on 14 patients with a solitary functioning kidney demonstrated by other radiological investigations. Examinations before and after intravenous injection of contrast material have been undertaken. In the majority of cases, the patients were referred as a \"nonfunctioning kidney\" following excretion urography. Other referrals included previous nephrectomy or solitary kidneys. In all cases, the CT scan made possible the definitive diagnosis. The diagnosis included unsuspected hydronephrosis, vestigial kidney, contracted kidney secondary to chronic pyelonephritis and calculus, recurrence of a hypernephroma, and lymphomatous infiltration. Valuable information was obtained about the vascular pedicle, the renal collecting systems, the perinephric space, and the retroperitoneal space including the paraaortic lymph nodes. Furthermore, the increased sensitivity of the technique in detecting lower concentrations of iodine provided information regarding renal function. It is concluded that the noninvasive nature of CT makes it a valuable adjunct in the further investigation of such patients.", "PMID": 701516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_806", "title": "Computed tomographic patterns of pulmonary thromboembolism and infarction.", "content": "A wedge shaped pulmonary density with its broad base against a peripheral pleural surface and with its tip pointing to the parahilar area is suggestive of pulmonary infarction. This pattern can be shown more often with computed tomography (CT) scanning than in plain chest X-ray films. In 16 patients with clinical evidence of pulmonary thromboembolism, often corroborated by diagnostic procedures other than CT, a variety of CT patterns of increased attenuation were noted. In seven (44%) of these cases, a distinct wedge shaped appearance was observed.", "contents": "Computed tomographic patterns of pulmonary thromboembolism and infarction. A wedge shaped pulmonary density with its broad base against a peripheral pleural surface and with its tip pointing to the parahilar area is suggestive of pulmonary infarction. This pattern can be shown more often with computed tomography (CT) scanning than in plain chest X-ray films. In 16 patients with clinical evidence of pulmonary thromboembolism, often corroborated by diagnostic procedures other than CT, a variety of CT patterns of increased attenuation were noted. In seven (44%) of these cases, a distinct wedge shaped appearance was observed.", "PMID": 701517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_807", "title": "Lack of visualization of the portal venous tree in cirrhosis of the liver: a computed tomography finding with possible diagnostic significance.", "content": "During computed tomography (CT) scanning of the liver, the inferior vena cava can be identified as a separate structure of lesser density adjacent to the caudate lobe in two-thirds of patients without known hepatocellular disease. In patients with alcoholic (portal) cirrhosis of moderate to severe degree, intrahepatic portal veins may not be identified on CT scans, even though their inferior vena cavas can be definitely distinguished from the caudate lobe. Portal cirrhosis causes distortion and obliteration of the portal triads, which is presumably reflected by lack of visualization of intrahepatic portal veins during CT scanning.", "contents": "Lack of visualization of the portal venous tree in cirrhosis of the liver: a computed tomography finding with possible diagnostic significance. During computed tomography (CT) scanning of the liver, the inferior vena cava can be identified as a separate structure of lesser density adjacent to the caudate lobe in two-thirds of patients without known hepatocellular disease. In patients with alcoholic (portal) cirrhosis of moderate to severe degree, intrahepatic portal veins may not be identified on CT scans, even though their inferior vena cavas can be definitely distinguished from the caudate lobe. Portal cirrhosis causes distortion and obliteration of the portal triads, which is presumably reflected by lack of visualization of intrahepatic portal veins during CT scanning.", "PMID": 701518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_808", "title": "Computer tomography of the larynx.", "content": "Evaluation of computed tomography of the normal larynx has been performed utilizing corresponding tomographic and anatomic planes. The transaxial, coronal, and sagittal planes have been evaluated. While all three planes have distinct potential diagnostic value, the transaxial plane offers a unique view of laryngeal structures not afforded by any other technique. It is hoped that diagnostic criteria developed in this study will prove applicable to the evaluation of clinical laryngeal disease.", "contents": "Computer tomography of the larynx. Evaluation of computed tomography of the normal larynx has been performed utilizing corresponding tomographic and anatomic planes. The transaxial, coronal, and sagittal planes have been evaluated. While all three planes have distinct potential diagnostic value, the transaxial plane offers a unique view of laryngeal structures not afforded by any other technique. It is hoped that diagnostic criteria developed in this study will prove applicable to the evaluation of clinical laryngeal disease.", "PMID": 701519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_809", "title": "Computed tomography in olfactory neuroblastoma: one case of esthesioneuroepithelioma and four cases of esthesioneuroblastoma.", "content": "Five cases of histologically confirmed olfactory neuroblastoma (esthesioneuroblastomas) have been studied by computed tomography (CT). Both the clinical symptoms (in particular, unilateral nasal obstruction and recurring epistaxis) and radiological findings (opacity of the paranasal sinuses) are nonspecific. Computed tomography shows a contrast enhancing mass-lesion and is more useful than conventional tomography in estimating its extension and the associated bone destruction, secondary reaction of sinusitis, and tumoral calcification. In the two cases in which the tumor was associated with exophthalmos, CT demonstrated that the muscular cone acts as a barrier preventing tumoral invasion. In cases wtih intracranial involvement, it appears that the attenuation values can be useful for differentiating between invasion by contiguity (two cases) versus metastasis (one case). Computed tomography is valuable in the follow-up and during and after radiotherapy of the tumor.", "contents": "Computed tomography in olfactory neuroblastoma: one case of esthesioneuroepithelioma and four cases of esthesioneuroblastoma. Five cases of histologically confirmed olfactory neuroblastoma (esthesioneuroblastomas) have been studied by computed tomography (CT). Both the clinical symptoms (in particular, unilateral nasal obstruction and recurring epistaxis) and radiological findings (opacity of the paranasal sinuses) are nonspecific. Computed tomography shows a contrast enhancing mass-lesion and is more useful than conventional tomography in estimating its extension and the associated bone destruction, secondary reaction of sinusitis, and tumoral calcification. In the two cases in which the tumor was associated with exophthalmos, CT demonstrated that the muscular cone acts as a barrier preventing tumoral invasion. In cases wtih intracranial involvement, it appears that the attenuation values can be useful for differentiating between invasion by contiguity (two cases) versus metastasis (one case). Computed tomography is valuable in the follow-up and during and after radiotherapy of the tumor.", "PMID": 701520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_810", "title": "Intracranial pearly tumors: the roles of computed tomography, angiography, and pneumoencephalography.", "content": "The findings is computed tomography (CT) and other radiological examinations in nine histologically proven cases of intracranial pearly tumors are presented. The CT findings include a low density lesion with no enhancement after contrast medium injection and in some cases a lesser degree of mass effect than would be expected from the size and site of such lesions. Pneumoencephalography is superior to CT in detecting suprasellar pearly tumors when they are isodense with the cerebrospinal fluid.", "contents": "Intracranial pearly tumors: the roles of computed tomography, angiography, and pneumoencephalography. The findings is computed tomography (CT) and other radiological examinations in nine histologically proven cases of intracranial pearly tumors are presented. The CT findings include a low density lesion with no enhancement after contrast medium injection and in some cases a lesser degree of mass effect than would be expected from the size and site of such lesions. Pneumoencephalography is superior to CT in detecting suprasellar pearly tumors when they are isodense with the cerebrospinal fluid.", "PMID": 701521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_811", "title": "Computer assisted tomography in experimentally induced orbital pseudotumor.", "content": "Induction of an entity that is comparable to pseudotumor of the orbit in humans has been performed successfully in the rabbit. Injection of a retrobulbar antigen in a previously sensitized rabbit produced a profound inflammatory mass. Proptosis, soft tissue swelling, and an orbital mass effect were grossly visible after a short interval. Computer assisted tomography disclosed dense orbital mass and uveoscleral thickening. Exenteration specimens confirmed as inflammatory cell mass similar to the histology associated with pseudotumor of the human orbit.", "contents": "Computer assisted tomography in experimentally induced orbital pseudotumor. Induction of an entity that is comparable to pseudotumor of the orbit in humans has been performed successfully in the rabbit. Injection of a retrobulbar antigen in a previously sensitized rabbit produced a profound inflammatory mass. Proptosis, soft tissue swelling, and an orbital mass effect were grossly visible after a short interval. Computer assisted tomography disclosed dense orbital mass and uveoscleral thickening. Exenteration specimens confirmed as inflammatory cell mass similar to the histology associated with pseudotumor of the human orbit.", "PMID": 701522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_812", "title": "Bismuth encephalopathy and cerebral computed tomography.", "content": "Five cases of severe encephalopathy due to chronic ingestion of bismuth have been studied by cerebral computed tomography (CT). In every case, areas of increased attenuation coefficient in the basal ganglia and the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres were demonstrated. These regions of increased attenuation were diffuse with irregular, patchy denser areas. The increased attenuation in the gray matter territories contrasted with decreased attenuation of the white matter, particularly evident in the centrum semiovale of each hemisphere and probably related to edema. Some ventricular dilatation was also present in three cases. In one patient, areas of increased attenuation were demonstrated in the cerebellum. Follow-up CT studies of one patient revealed regression of the pathological findings. This regression accompanied the clinical improvement, which, in every case, followed the termination of the bismuth intake.", "contents": "Bismuth encephalopathy and cerebral computed tomography. Five cases of severe encephalopathy due to chronic ingestion of bismuth have been studied by cerebral computed tomography (CT). In every case, areas of increased attenuation coefficient in the basal ganglia and the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres were demonstrated. These regions of increased attenuation were diffuse with irregular, patchy denser areas. The increased attenuation in the gray matter territories contrasted with decreased attenuation of the white matter, particularly evident in the centrum semiovale of each hemisphere and probably related to edema. Some ventricular dilatation was also present in three cases. In one patient, areas of increased attenuation were demonstrated in the cerebellum. Follow-up CT studies of one patient revealed regression of the pathological findings. This regression accompanied the clinical improvement, which, in every case, followed the termination of the bismuth intake.", "PMID": 701523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_813", "title": "Computed tomography in leptomeningeal spread of tumor.", "content": "Computed tomography proved insensitive to leptomeningeal spread of hematologic malignancies including leukemia, lymphoma, and malignant histiocytosis. In only 3% of patients did it directly demonstrate leptomeningeal tumor. In comparison, the detection rate of leptomeningeal tumor secondary to carcinoma was 44% and for melanoma, 100%. Intracranial subarachnoid seeding from primary brain gliomas was detected in each instance. The simultaneous presence of parenchymal metastases with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis occurred in 18% of patients with nonhematologic malignancies. Computed tomography evidence of communicating hydrocephalus, previously thought to be a major factor in clinical symptomatology, occurred in only 11% of patients.", "contents": "Computed tomography in leptomeningeal spread of tumor. Computed tomography proved insensitive to leptomeningeal spread of hematologic malignancies including leukemia, lymphoma, and malignant histiocytosis. In only 3% of patients did it directly demonstrate leptomeningeal tumor. In comparison, the detection rate of leptomeningeal tumor secondary to carcinoma was 44% and for melanoma, 100%. Intracranial subarachnoid seeding from primary brain gliomas was detected in each instance. The simultaneous presence of parenchymal metastases with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis occurred in 18% of patients with nonhematologic malignancies. Computed tomography evidence of communicating hydrocephalus, previously thought to be a major factor in clinical symptomatology, occurred in only 11% of patients.", "PMID": 701524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_814", "title": "Cranial computed tomography findings in xeroderma pigmentosum with neurologic manifestations (De Sanctis-Cacchione syndrome).", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) scans in two young patients with xeroderma pigmentosum with neurologic manifestations (De Sanctis-Cacchione syndrome) showed ventricular dilatation and cerebral cortical atrophy. The brainstem appeared small. In addition, an abnormal thickening of the calvarial bones was noted in both patients. These CT findings of the brain were compared with the neuropathologic features of this syndrome reported in the literature.", "contents": "Cranial computed tomography findings in xeroderma pigmentosum with neurologic manifestations (De Sanctis-Cacchione syndrome). Computed tomography (CT) scans in two young patients with xeroderma pigmentosum with neurologic manifestations (De Sanctis-Cacchione syndrome) showed ventricular dilatation and cerebral cortical atrophy. The brainstem appeared small. In addition, an abnormal thickening of the calvarial bones was noted in both patients. These CT findings of the brain were compared with the neuropathologic features of this syndrome reported in the literature.", "PMID": 701525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_815", "title": "Computer assisted tomography of unoperated subdural hematoma: short- and long-term follow-up.", "content": "Six recent and six long-term follow-up patients with subdural hematoma studied by computer assisted tomography are reported. This method was used to demonstrate progressive resolution of the hematoma in five of the recent patients as well as enlargement of the hematoma in one of the patients who subsequently was sent to surgery. Computer assisted tomography was also used to demonstrate absence of subdural hematoma in long-term follow-up of unoperated patients. The possible difficulty in visualizing an isodense subdural hematoma is discussed, as is the use of additional coronal views to improve subdural detection.", "contents": "Computer assisted tomography of unoperated subdural hematoma: short- and long-term follow-up. Six recent and six long-term follow-up patients with subdural hematoma studied by computer assisted tomography are reported. This method was used to demonstrate progressive resolution of the hematoma in five of the recent patients as well as enlargement of the hematoma in one of the patients who subsequently was sent to surgery. Computer assisted tomography was also used to demonstrate absence of subdural hematoma in long-term follow-up of unoperated patients. The possible difficulty in visualizing an isodense subdural hematoma is discussed, as is the use of additional coronal views to improve subdural detection.", "PMID": 701526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_816", "title": "Noise limitations in X-ray computed tomography.", "content": "A lower bound for the statistical accuracy in X-ray computed tomography, which, under certain conditions, is independent of the reconstruction algorithm, is derived. An evaluation of this bound indicates that little improvement is possible over the performance of the convolutional algorithm.", "contents": "Noise limitations in X-ray computed tomography. A lower bound for the statistical accuracy in X-ray computed tomography, which, under certain conditions, is independent of the reconstruction algorithm, is derived. An evaluation of this bound indicates that little improvement is possible over the performance of the convolutional algorithm.", "PMID": 701527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_817", "title": "Polychromatic streak artifacts in computed tomography images.", "content": "A series of artifacts in computed tomography (CT) images, consisting of streaks coming off edges and flares surrounding the object being scanned, is shown to be due to polychromaticity of the X-ray beam. These artifacts are seldom seen on conventional CT brain scans. They are helpful in understanding artifacts such as those seen around the petrous bone of the skull. Following this, a comparison is made between \"single energy\" and \"dual energy\" correction schemes for poly-artifacts. The theoretical assumptions underlying either method are analyzed, and the importance of these concepts in dual energy reconstructions is stressed. A new test phantom is suggested to evaluate different poly-correction schemes. All the simulated projection data in this study are noise free and are reconstructed using an industrial convolution-back projection technique. In addition, reconstructions are shown of the phantom using real data taken with and without a water bag path length compensator.", "contents": "Polychromatic streak artifacts in computed tomography images. A series of artifacts in computed tomography (CT) images, consisting of streaks coming off edges and flares surrounding the object being scanned, is shown to be due to polychromaticity of the X-ray beam. These artifacts are seldom seen on conventional CT brain scans. They are helpful in understanding artifacts such as those seen around the petrous bone of the skull. Following this, a comparison is made between \"single energy\" and \"dual energy\" correction schemes for poly-artifacts. The theoretical assumptions underlying either method are analyzed, and the importance of these concepts in dual energy reconstructions is stressed. A new test phantom is suggested to evaluate different poly-correction schemes. All the simulated projection data in this study are noise free and are reconstructed using an industrial convolution-back projection technique. In addition, reconstructions are shown of the phantom using real data taken with and without a water bag path length compensator.", "PMID": 701528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_818", "title": "Nuclear scattering radiography of the spine and sphenoid bone.", "content": "Nuclear scattering radiographs of a portion of a spine and a sphenoid bone have been obtained using a 1 GeV proton beam. The ability of the method to yield three-dimensional representations is illustrated by three series of adjacent pictures corresponding to the three orthogonal planes (elementary volume: 5.2 mm3 and 0.9 mm3). The sensitivity of the method is discussed. Nuclear scattering radiographs are compared with ones obtained by conventional X-ray tomography and computed tomography. Nuclear scattering radiography also may be used to analyze the partition of hydrogen within the tissures. Hydrogen radiographs obtained in this way are shown.", "contents": "Nuclear scattering radiography of the spine and sphenoid bone. Nuclear scattering radiographs of a portion of a spine and a sphenoid bone have been obtained using a 1 GeV proton beam. The ability of the method to yield three-dimensional representations is illustrated by three series of adjacent pictures corresponding to the three orthogonal planes (elementary volume: 5.2 mm3 and 0.9 mm3). The sensitivity of the method is discussed. Nuclear scattering radiographs are compared with ones obtained by conventional X-ray tomography and computed tomography. Nuclear scattering radiography also may be used to analyze the partition of hydrogen within the tissures. Hydrogen radiographs obtained in this way are shown.", "PMID": 701529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_819", "title": "Ruptured teratoid tumor in the pineal region.", "content": "Distinctive plain X-ray and computer assisted tomography (CAT) findings led to the diagnosis in a case of teratoma in the pineal region and helped avoid invasive investigations. The demonstration by CAT of the location and size of the tumor as well as the presence of marked hydrocephalus directed the patient's therapy to ventriculoperitoneal shunting and radiation.", "contents": "Ruptured teratoid tumor in the pineal region. Distinctive plain X-ray and computer assisted tomography (CAT) findings led to the diagnosis in a case of teratoma in the pineal region and helped avoid invasive investigations. The demonstration by CAT of the location and size of the tumor as well as the presence of marked hydrocephalus directed the patient's therapy to ventriculoperitoneal shunting and radiation.", "PMID": 701530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_820", "title": "Computed tomography of anatomic specimens.", "content": "To obtain high quality computed tomographic (CT) images of specimens, the specimens must be submerged in water and immobilized. We describe a simple, effective technique for imaging brain specimens in various CT scanners. Anatomic sections that correspond exactly to the plane of the CT image may be obtained", "contents": "Computed tomography of anatomic specimens. To obtain high quality computed tomographic (CT) images of specimens, the specimens must be submerged in water and immobilized. We describe a simple, effective technique for imaging brain specimens in various CT scanners. Anatomic sections that correspond exactly to the plane of the CT image may be obtained", "PMID": 701531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_821", "title": "Chromomycosis.", "content": "Chromomycosis is a general term to express human and animal fungal infections caused by members of the family Dematiaceae (dark brown or black fungi). Unique host-parasite relationships produce a wide spectrum of clinical disease, sometimes difficult to treat. Four major categories are recognized: 1) Superficial Chromomycosis--A pigmented macule produced by fungus inhabiting exclusively the dead horny layer (stratum corneum) of the skin, as in tinea nigra palmaris. 2) Chromoblastomycosis--A verrucous, slow growing nodule or plaque produced by fungi, characteristically and exclusively present as large brown spherical bodies (chromo bodies) in the dermis. 3) Chromohyphomycosis--A dermal nodule produced by fungi displaying typical brown septated hyphae. Rarely, the fungus may appear as a yeast. It may occur in deeper tissues, i.e., muscles, bone and brain or it may also involve the eye (Keratomycosis). 4) Chromomycetoma--Tumefaction, draining sinuses and presence of colony of organisms as \"grain\". Dematiaceae are found more frequently in veterinary than in human medicine.", "contents": "Chromomycosis. Chromomycosis is a general term to express human and animal fungal infections caused by members of the family Dematiaceae (dark brown or black fungi). Unique host-parasite relationships produce a wide spectrum of clinical disease, sometimes difficult to treat. Four major categories are recognized: 1) Superficial Chromomycosis--A pigmented macule produced by fungus inhabiting exclusively the dead horny layer (stratum corneum) of the skin, as in tinea nigra palmaris. 2) Chromoblastomycosis--A verrucous, slow growing nodule or plaque produced by fungi, characteristically and exclusively present as large brown spherical bodies (chromo bodies) in the dermis. 3) Chromohyphomycosis--A dermal nodule produced by fungi displaying typical brown septated hyphae. Rarely, the fungus may appear as a yeast. It may occur in deeper tissues, i.e., muscles, bone and brain or it may also involve the eye (Keratomycosis). 4) Chromomycetoma--Tumefaction, draining sinuses and presence of colony of organisms as \"grain\". Dematiaceae are found more frequently in veterinary than in human medicine.", "PMID": 701532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_822", "title": "Surface architecture of X-irradiated hair follicles.", "content": "The combined use of scanning electron-microscopy and chemical separation of epidermis permitted the study of the irradiated and normal hair follicle surface characteristics. Irradiation reduced the length and density of the hair follicles, producing at the same time marked alterations and deformities of the individual follicles. As most of these changes were dose- and time-dependent, these structures, studied by these techniques, provide an interesting model as biological indicators of radiation dose.", "contents": "Surface architecture of X-irradiated hair follicles. The combined use of scanning electron-microscopy and chemical separation of epidermis permitted the study of the irradiated and normal hair follicle surface characteristics. Irradiation reduced the length and density of the hair follicles, producing at the same time marked alterations and deformities of the individual follicles. As most of these changes were dose- and time-dependent, these structures, studied by these techniques, provide an interesting model as biological indicators of radiation dose.", "PMID": 701533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_823", "title": "Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn.", "content": "Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn (SFNN) developed in a 1-week-old black boy. His mother had received numerous medications for eclampsia. Birth was by Caesarean section and complicated by meconium aspiration. There were numerous nodules over the back, buttocks and extremities that yielded a caseous-like material. Microscopically, these nodules showed crystallization and necrosis of the fat. Hypoglycemia, pneumonia, oliguria, thrombocytopenia, seizures and urinary infection were associated with the cutaneous problem and led to a fatal outcome 2 weeks after birth.", "contents": "Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn. Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn (SFNN) developed in a 1-week-old black boy. His mother had received numerous medications for eclampsia. Birth was by Caesarean section and complicated by meconium aspiration. There were numerous nodules over the back, buttocks and extremities that yielded a caseous-like material. Microscopically, these nodules showed crystallization and necrosis of the fat. Hypoglycemia, pneumonia, oliguria, thrombocytopenia, seizures and urinary infection were associated with the cutaneous problem and led to a fatal outcome 2 weeks after birth.", "PMID": 701534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_824", "title": "Reiter's syndrome, immunodepression and strongyloidiasis. Report of a fatal case.", "content": "We present the case of a 52-year-old white male who showed arthritis, conjunctivitis and non-gonococcal urethritis. Besides those manifestations, the patient also showed mucocutaneous lesions that were both clinically and histologically indistinguishable from those of pustular psoriasis. Due to the severity of the disease it was necessary to treat this patient with corticosteroids and immunosuppressors. With this therapy the clinical manifestations of Reiter's Syndrome disappeared but sudden abdominal and bronchopulmonary symptoms complicated the picture and the patient died in a septical shock. The autopsy findings revealed massive Strongyloidiasis with the presence of larvae in several organs, particularly in the intestinal wall, the lungs and the liver.", "contents": "Reiter's syndrome, immunodepression and strongyloidiasis. Report of a fatal case. We present the case of a 52-year-old white male who showed arthritis, conjunctivitis and non-gonococcal urethritis. Besides those manifestations, the patient also showed mucocutaneous lesions that were both clinically and histologically indistinguishable from those of pustular psoriasis. Due to the severity of the disease it was necessary to treat this patient with corticosteroids and immunosuppressors. With this therapy the clinical manifestations of Reiter's Syndrome disappeared but sudden abdominal and bronchopulmonary symptoms complicated the picture and the patient died in a septical shock. The autopsy findings revealed massive Strongyloidiasis with the presence of larvae in several organs, particularly in the intestinal wall, the lungs and the liver.", "PMID": 701535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_825", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of rate casein proteins.", "content": "Casein was isolated from rat milk by high speed centrifugation. Polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis of the whole casein yielded three major protein zones designated C.1, C.2, and C.3 in order of their decreasing electrophoretic mobility in the alkaline system. Zone 3 subsequently contained two possibly related bands, C.3.1 and C.3.2. The presence of phosphate in all four zones was indicated by staining and conformed by phosphorus-32 labeling studies. A glycoprotein character was indicated by all zones. Separation of the constituents of rat casein by diethylaminoethyl-cellulose ion exchange chromatography yielded the same four major protein entities. Three milk-specific phosphoproteins unique to rat whey cluted from such columns in the same general region as the casein constituents but appear to be otherwise unrelated to the four major components of micellar casein. Gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate systems yielded apparent molecular weight estimates of approximately 24,000 for C.1, 38,000 for C.2, and 28,000 for c.3.1 and c.3.2.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of rate casein proteins. Casein was isolated from rat milk by high speed centrifugation. Polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis of the whole casein yielded three major protein zones designated C.1, C.2, and C.3 in order of their decreasing electrophoretic mobility in the alkaline system. Zone 3 subsequently contained two possibly related bands, C.3.1 and C.3.2. The presence of phosphate in all four zones was indicated by staining and conformed by phosphorus-32 labeling studies. A glycoprotein character was indicated by all zones. Separation of the constituents of rat casein by diethylaminoethyl-cellulose ion exchange chromatography yielded the same four major protein entities. Three milk-specific phosphoproteins unique to rat whey cluted from such columns in the same general region as the casein constituents but appear to be otherwise unrelated to the four major components of micellar casein. Gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate systems yielded apparent molecular weight estimates of approximately 24,000 for C.1, 38,000 for C.2, and 28,000 for c.3.1 and c.3.2.", "PMID": 701537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_826", "title": "Comparison between tail vein and jugular vein cannulation in cattle.", "content": "Blood samples obtained simultaneously from the jugular and tail (coccygeal) veins during induction of bovine mastitis infection and after administration of 250 IU of adrenocorticotropin did not differ in percentage of hematocrit, concentration of total corticosteroid in plasma, or concentrations of total circulating erythrocytes and leukocytes. Patency of the tail vein cannula was maintained for 1 mo. Tail vein cannulation is a practical alternative to jugular cannulation in cattle.", "contents": "Comparison between tail vein and jugular vein cannulation in cattle. Blood samples obtained simultaneously from the jugular and tail (coccygeal) veins during induction of bovine mastitis infection and after administration of 250 IU of adrenocorticotropin did not differ in percentage of hematocrit, concentration of total corticosteroid in plasma, or concentrations of total circulating erythrocytes and leukocytes. Patency of the tail vein cannula was maintained for 1 mo. Tail vein cannulation is a practical alternative to jugular cannulation in cattle.", "PMID": 701538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_827", "title": "The nasolabial flap for reconstruction of the alae nasi.", "content": "Cicatrizing basal-cell carcinomas, especially in the area of the alae nasi, require radical therapeutic treatment. Surgical removal, therefore, often results in penetrating defects. The nasolabial flap is recommended in such cases as a relatively simple operative method of reconstructing the lateral part of the nose. This technique offers favorable results in a curative and esthetic respect.", "contents": "The nasolabial flap for reconstruction of the alae nasi. Cicatrizing basal-cell carcinomas, especially in the area of the alae nasi, require radical therapeutic treatment. Surgical removal, therefore, often results in penetrating defects. The nasolabial flap is recommended in such cases as a relatively simple operative method of reconstructing the lateral part of the nose. This technique offers favorable results in a curative and esthetic respect.", "PMID": 701581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_828", "title": "Treatment of an epithelioma cuniculatum plantare by local excision and a plantar skin flap.", "content": "Differentiation between benign and malignant lesions on the plantar surfaces is sometimes clinically impossible and requires biopsy. A case of epithelioma cuniculatum plantare is reported that was futilely treated for years as a plantar wart and then upon proper diagnosis was successfully treated by complete excision and rotation of a flap of plantar skin.", "contents": "Treatment of an epithelioma cuniculatum plantare by local excision and a plantar skin flap. Differentiation between benign and malignant lesions on the plantar surfaces is sometimes clinically impossible and requires biopsy. A case of epithelioma cuniculatum plantare is reported that was futilely treated for years as a plantar wart and then upon proper diagnosis was successfully treated by complete excision and rotation of a flap of plantar skin.", "PMID": 701582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_829", "title": "Management of alopecia of the scalp by a combination of excisions and transplantations.", "content": "Since the number of grafts that are available in any given patient is a fixed quantity, significant benefits may be derived by surgically reducing the size of the area of alopecia in combination with prior and later punch hair transplantation. This paper outlines and describes techniques of excisions that achieve such reductions.", "contents": "Management of alopecia of the scalp by a combination of excisions and transplantations. Since the number of grafts that are available in any given patient is a fixed quantity, significant benefits may be derived by surgically reducing the size of the area of alopecia in combination with prior and later punch hair transplantation. This paper outlines and describes techniques of excisions that achieve such reductions.", "PMID": 701586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_830", "title": "Beads of a dextran polymer for the local treatment of cutaneous ulcers.", "content": "A new polymer of dextran in the form of beads, 0.1 to 0.3 mm in diameter, was applied topically to 39 cutaneous ulcers of various causes. The material, which is powerfully hydrophilic, promptly absorbed serous and purulent exudate from the surfaces of the ulcers. This action decreased the bacterial load and prevented crust formation. Healthy granulation tissue then developed quickly in many ulcers and healing time seemed to be shorter in some cases. The exudate-absorbing capability of the beads of dextran was particularly beneficial in ulcers that had uneven surfaces, undercut margins, and sinus tracts. Complete healing was achieved in some of these cases that had previously resisted many kinds of treatment. The most important undesirable effect of the beads of dextran is their tendency to dehydrate the bases of ulcers too much, which slows or stops healing in some cases. This effect may be overcome by alternating applications of the material with hydrating forms of treatment or changing entirely to such treatment when applications of the beads has removed all exudate from the ulcers. No allergic, irritant, or toxic reaction from the dextran was encountered.", "contents": "Beads of a dextran polymer for the local treatment of cutaneous ulcers. A new polymer of dextran in the form of beads, 0.1 to 0.3 mm in diameter, was applied topically to 39 cutaneous ulcers of various causes. The material, which is powerfully hydrophilic, promptly absorbed serous and purulent exudate from the surfaces of the ulcers. This action decreased the bacterial load and prevented crust formation. Healthy granulation tissue then developed quickly in many ulcers and healing time seemed to be shorter in some cases. The exudate-absorbing capability of the beads of dextran was particularly beneficial in ulcers that had uneven surfaces, undercut margins, and sinus tracts. Complete healing was achieved in some of these cases that had previously resisted many kinds of treatment. The most important undesirable effect of the beads of dextran is their tendency to dehydrate the bases of ulcers too much, which slows or stops healing in some cases. This effect may be overcome by alternating applications of the material with hydrating forms of treatment or changing entirely to such treatment when applications of the beads has removed all exudate from the ulcers. No allergic, irritant, or toxic reaction from the dextran was encountered.", "PMID": 701588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_831", "title": "Differential diagnosis of ulcers on legs of vascular cause.", "content": "This article reviews the clinical features of the different types of leg ulcers due to vascular insufficiency. Diagnostic tests available to confirm or deny clinical impressions are discussed.", "contents": "Differential diagnosis of ulcers on legs of vascular cause. This article reviews the clinical features of the different types of leg ulcers due to vascular insufficiency. Diagnostic tests available to confirm or deny clinical impressions are discussed.", "PMID": 701590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_832", "title": "Multiple vascular anomalies: report of a case.", "content": "A patient with multiple congenital vascular anomalies is described. The lesions are a nevus flammeus on the face, a nevus anemicus on the trunk, and asymmetric reticulated mottling of a lower extremity that had undergone spontaneous ulceration. The characteristics of these lesions are reviewed and the difficulty of differential diagnosis of the reticulated lesion is discussed. The ulcerations healed after administration of reserpine intraarterially followed by oral administration of phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride.", "contents": "Multiple vascular anomalies: report of a case. A patient with multiple congenital vascular anomalies is described. The lesions are a nevus flammeus on the face, a nevus anemicus on the trunk, and asymmetric reticulated mottling of a lower extremity that had undergone spontaneous ulceration. The characteristics of these lesions are reviewed and the difficulty of differential diagnosis of the reticulated lesion is discussed. The ulcerations healed after administration of reserpine intraarterially followed by oral administration of phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride.", "PMID": 701589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_833", "title": "Treatment with benzoyl peroxide of ulcers on legs within lesions of necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum.", "content": "A lotion of 20% benzoyl peroxide was applied to ulcers on legs from necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum. The ulcers healed rapidly and uneventfully, leaving firm, yellow scars. The efficacy and simplicity of use of topical benzoyl peroxide therapy is discussed.", "contents": "Treatment with benzoyl peroxide of ulcers on legs within lesions of necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum. A lotion of 20% benzoyl peroxide was applied to ulcers on legs from necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum. The ulcers healed rapidly and uneventfully, leaving firm, yellow scars. The efficacy and simplicity of use of topical benzoyl peroxide therapy is discussed.", "PMID": 701591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_834", "title": "The healing of wounds in the skin of piglets treated with benzoyl peroxide.", "content": "Clinical and microscopic changes in the healing of dermal wounds in the skin of piglets that were treated with a 20% benzoyl peroxide lotion were compared with untreated wounds in the same animal. The wounds treated with benzoyl peroxide showed more rapid healing clinically, and a very pronounced foreign-body giant-cell infiltrate and very vascular granulation tissue microscopically. It may be that benzoyl peroxide promotes wound healing by attracting macrophages and histiocytes into the wound.", "contents": "The healing of wounds in the skin of piglets treated with benzoyl peroxide. Clinical and microscopic changes in the healing of dermal wounds in the skin of piglets that were treated with a 20% benzoyl peroxide lotion were compared with untreated wounds in the same animal. The wounds treated with benzoyl peroxide showed more rapid healing clinically, and a very pronounced foreign-body giant-cell infiltrate and very vascular granulation tissue microscopically. It may be that benzoyl peroxide promotes wound healing by attracting macrophages and histiocytes into the wound.", "PMID": 701592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_835", "title": "On the use of comfortable listening levels in speech experiments.", "content": "In order to investigate the effect of presentation subjects' labeling of speechlike sound patterns, synthetic stimuli were constructed, varying systematically FO contours, VOT, and F2 transitions. These stimuli were presented in random sequences at levels between 15 and 105 dB SPL to subjects with normal hearing. No significant response variation was observed in the range 40--100 dB SPL. Subjects' labeling behavior suddenly breaks down below levels of around 35 dB SPL. The secondary findings of the study are also discussed in terms of different specific processing strategies for different specific speech features.", "contents": "On the use of comfortable listening levels in speech experiments. In order to investigate the effect of presentation subjects' labeling of speechlike sound patterns, synthetic stimuli were constructed, varying systematically FO contours, VOT, and F2 transitions. These stimuli were presented in random sequences at levels between 15 and 105 dB SPL to subjects with normal hearing. No significant response variation was observed in the range 40--100 dB SPL. Subjects' labeling behavior suddenly breaks down below levels of around 35 dB SPL. The secondary findings of the study are also discussed in terms of different specific processing strategies for different specific speech features.", "PMID": 701613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_836", "title": "Temporal summation of constant and gliding tones at masked auditory threshold.", "content": "Masked thresholds for constant and gliding tones were determined by the method of adjustment for durations between 0.5 and 5000 ms in three overlapping frequency regions between 0.25 and 3.3 kHz. The masker was a continuous white noise at 70-dB SPL. Listening was monaural; subjects had normal hearing. Below 10 ms the thresholds for upward glides were lower and those for downward glides higher than the thresholds for constant tones. In the 10--300 ms duration range, which encompasses formant transitions of speech, the highest thresholds are for downward glides and the lowest ones for constant tones. These differences could result from different time courses of neural decay and inhibition for constant tones, upward and downward glides. The differences between upward and downward glides indicate that the phase spectra influence sound detectability. The thresholds for constant tones reach minimum around 1 s. The thresholds for glides continue to decrease at least up to 5 s. The \"critical\" duration for constant tone integration can result from the overriding of integration effects by adaptation effects, the latter ones being eliminated by changing frequency. The curves for constant-tone threshold between 10- and 1000-ms duration were fitted by a product of exponential and hyperbolic functions.", "contents": "Temporal summation of constant and gliding tones at masked auditory threshold. Masked thresholds for constant and gliding tones were determined by the method of adjustment for durations between 0.5 and 5000 ms in three overlapping frequency regions between 0.25 and 3.3 kHz. The masker was a continuous white noise at 70-dB SPL. Listening was monaural; subjects had normal hearing. Below 10 ms the thresholds for upward glides were lower and those for downward glides higher than the thresholds for constant tones. In the 10--300 ms duration range, which encompasses formant transitions of speech, the highest thresholds are for downward glides and the lowest ones for constant tones. These differences could result from different time courses of neural decay and inhibition for constant tones, upward and downward glides. The differences between upward and downward glides indicate that the phase spectra influence sound detectability. The thresholds for constant tones reach minimum around 1 s. The thresholds for glides continue to decrease at least up to 5 s. The \"critical\" duration for constant tone integration can result from the overriding of integration effects by adaptation effects, the latter ones being eliminated by changing frequency. The curves for constant-tone threshold between 10- and 1000-ms duration were fitted by a product of exponential and hyperbolic functions.", "PMID": 701614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_837", "title": "On the role of spatial and temporal cues in the perception of the pitch of complex tones.", "content": "This paper describes a new approach to pitch perception. It focuses attention on the slight difference between the pitch of complex tone and the pitch of a pure tone with the same (fundamental) frequency. This approach is based on the assumption that pitch perception is based on both spatial and temporal cue analysis. In this study, the values provided by the temporal cue are calculated from physiological data from the auditory nerve fibers. The possible ratios of the pitch of complex tones relative to the pitch of pure tones at various frequencies are predicted. Psychophysical experimental results strongly support this prediction. In addition, another experiment suggests that the above psychophysical effect is not based upon a mutual masking effect in the spatial domain.", "contents": "On the role of spatial and temporal cues in the perception of the pitch of complex tones. This paper describes a new approach to pitch perception. It focuses attention on the slight difference between the pitch of complex tone and the pitch of a pure tone with the same (fundamental) frequency. This approach is based on the assumption that pitch perception is based on both spatial and temporal cue analysis. In this study, the values provided by the temporal cue are calculated from physiological data from the auditory nerve fibers. The possible ratios of the pitch of complex tones relative to the pitch of pure tones at various frequencies are predicted. Psychophysical experimental results strongly support this prediction. In addition, another experiment suggests that the above psychophysical effect is not based upon a mutual masking effect in the spatial domain.", "PMID": 701615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_838", "title": "Adaptation of the acoustic reflex.", "content": "The characteristics of acoustic reflex adaptation were studied in human subjects. Contralateral stapedial reflex measurements were made by monitoring changes in acoustic conductance and susceptance with a 220-Hz probe. The reflex activators included four tonal stimuli (500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz) and broadband noise presented for 180 s at 96, 104, and 112 dB SPL. The data are presented as change in acoustic admittance and in percent of maximum admittance change. The static admittance of the ear was found to drift systematically toward lower admittance values in the absence of contralateral stimulation. All stimulus conditions demonstrated some reflex adaptation. The half-life and time of onset of adaptation were found to vary directly with intensity and inversely with frequency. The effects of stimulus parameters on the rates of reflex adaptation are discussed. A previously described exponential model of reflex adaptation provided a reasonable first approximation to the data.", "contents": "Adaptation of the acoustic reflex. The characteristics of acoustic reflex adaptation were studied in human subjects. Contralateral stapedial reflex measurements were made by monitoring changes in acoustic conductance and susceptance with a 220-Hz probe. The reflex activators included four tonal stimuli (500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz) and broadband noise presented for 180 s at 96, 104, and 112 dB SPL. The data are presented as change in acoustic admittance and in percent of maximum admittance change. The static admittance of the ear was found to drift systematically toward lower admittance values in the absence of contralateral stimulation. All stimulus conditions demonstrated some reflex adaptation. The half-life and time of onset of adaptation were found to vary directly with intensity and inversely with frequency. The effects of stimulus parameters on the rates of reflex adaptation are discussed. A previously described exponential model of reflex adaptation provided a reasonable first approximation to the data.", "PMID": 701617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_839", "title": "Fluorescent lighting: a purported source of hyperactive behavior.", "content": "Seven first-grade children with conduct disorders and/or hyperactivity attended full-day sessions at a laboratory school classroom. During an 8-week period, the classroom lighting conditions alternated at the end of each week. During odd-numbered weeks, the classroom was illuminated by a standard cool-white fluorescent system. On even-numbered weeks, illumination was a daylight-simulating fluorescent system of equal footcandles with controls for purported soft X rays and radio frequency (RF). There were no effects of lighting conditions on hyperactive behavior as assessed by (a) independent observations of task orientation or (b) ratings of activity level. A Critical Flicker Fusion (CFF) measure, a reported indicator of visual-sensory fatigue, indicated that the daylight-simulating condition was associated with a decreasing CFF across weeks.", "contents": "Fluorescent lighting: a purported source of hyperactive behavior. Seven first-grade children with conduct disorders and/or hyperactivity attended full-day sessions at a laboratory school classroom. During an 8-week period, the classroom lighting conditions alternated at the end of each week. During odd-numbered weeks, the classroom was illuminated by a standard cool-white fluorescent system. On even-numbered weeks, illumination was a daylight-simulating fluorescent system of equal footcandles with controls for purported soft X rays and radio frequency (RF). There were no effects of lighting conditions on hyperactive behavior as assessed by (a) independent observations of task orientation or (b) ratings of activity level. A Critical Flicker Fusion (CFF) measure, a reported indicator of visual-sensory fatigue, indicated that the daylight-simulating condition was associated with a decreasing CFF across weeks.", "PMID": 701640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_840", "title": "Hyperactivity from fluorescent lighting--fact or fancy: a commentary on the report by O'Leary, Rosenbaum, and Hughes.", "content": "The following commentary is designed to explain the experimental differences between the foregoing negative article by O'Leary, Rosenbaum, and Hughes and the original articles in this field, whose results were positive. These differences fall under the general categories of subjects, lights, measurements, and design.", "contents": "Hyperactivity from fluorescent lighting--fact or fancy: a commentary on the report by O'Leary, Rosenbaum, and Hughes. The following commentary is designed to explain the experimental differences between the foregoing negative article by O'Leary, Rosenbaum, and Hughes and the original articles in this field, whose results were positive. These differences fall under the general categories of subjects, lights, measurements, and design.", "PMID": 701641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_841", "title": "Sensory extinction: a procedure form eliminating self-stimulatory behavior in developmentally disabled children.", "content": "This study was designed to investigate the role of sensory reinforcement in the motivation of self-stimulation. If self-stimulatory behavior is maintained by its sensory consequences, such as the proprioceptive, auditory, or visual stimulation it produces, then such behavior should extinguish when those sensory consequences are not permitted. The present study introduces a new procedure, Sensory Extinction, in which certain sensory consequences are masked or removed, to examine whether self-stimulation is operant behavior maintained by sensory reinforcement. The effectiveness of Sensory Extinction was assessed by a reversal design for each of three autistic children, and the results showed the following. First, self-stimulation reliably extinguished when a certain sensory consequence was removed, then increased when that consequence was permitted. This was replicable within and across children. Second, different Sensory Extinction procedures were required for different self-stimulatory behaviors, since the sensory reinforcers supporting them were idiosyncratic across children. Finally, regarding clinical gains, the data suggest that Sensory Extinction may be a relatively convenient and rapid alternative for the treatment of self-stimulation. The present findings extend the efficacy of extinction as a behavior-modification technique to instances in which the reinforcer is purely sensory. The implications of these results for the treatment of other forms of deviant behavior are discussed.", "contents": "Sensory extinction: a procedure form eliminating self-stimulatory behavior in developmentally disabled children. This study was designed to investigate the role of sensory reinforcement in the motivation of self-stimulation. If self-stimulatory behavior is maintained by its sensory consequences, such as the proprioceptive, auditory, or visual stimulation it produces, then such behavior should extinguish when those sensory consequences are not permitted. The present study introduces a new procedure, Sensory Extinction, in which certain sensory consequences are masked or removed, to examine whether self-stimulation is operant behavior maintained by sensory reinforcement. The effectiveness of Sensory Extinction was assessed by a reversal design for each of three autistic children, and the results showed the following. First, self-stimulation reliably extinguished when a certain sensory consequence was removed, then increased when that consequence was permitted. This was replicable within and across children. Second, different Sensory Extinction procedures were required for different self-stimulatory behaviors, since the sensory reinforcers supporting them were idiosyncratic across children. Finally, regarding clinical gains, the data suggest that Sensory Extinction may be a relatively convenient and rapid alternative for the treatment of self-stimulation. The present findings extend the efficacy of extinction as a behavior-modification technique to instances in which the reinforcer is purely sensory. The implications of these results for the treatment of other forms of deviant behavior are discussed.", "PMID": 701643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_842", "title": "The hyperactive child at adolescence: cognitive, emotional, and social functioning.", "content": "In view of the paucity of detailed follow-up studies on hyperactive children, the performance of 15 adolescents diagnosed hyperactive 5 years previously was compared to that of a control group of equivalent age, sex, intelligence, and social class. Eleven cognitive tests measuring sustained attention, visual-motor and motor skills, abstraction, and reading ability, as well as three self-assessment tests examining self-esteem, activity level, social functioning, academic status, and career aspirations were administered. The hyperactives performed significantly worse than the controls on the sustained attention, visual-motor, and motor tasks, and on two of the four reading tests. They also gave themselves significantly lower ratings on some of the self-esteem and sociability items. It would appear that the hyperactives at adolescence still have attentional and stimulus-processing difficulties, which affect not only their academic performance but also their social functioning.", "contents": "The hyperactive child at adolescence: cognitive, emotional, and social functioning. In view of the paucity of detailed follow-up studies on hyperactive children, the performance of 15 adolescents diagnosed hyperactive 5 years previously was compared to that of a control group of equivalent age, sex, intelligence, and social class. Eleven cognitive tests measuring sustained attention, visual-motor and motor skills, abstraction, and reading ability, as well as three self-assessment tests examining self-esteem, activity level, social functioning, academic status, and career aspirations were administered. The hyperactives performed significantly worse than the controls on the sustained attention, visual-motor, and motor tasks, and on two of the four reading tests. They also gave themselves significantly lower ratings on some of the self-esteem and sociability items. It would appear that the hyperactives at adolescence still have attentional and stimulus-processing difficulties, which affect not only their academic performance but also their social functioning.", "PMID": 701644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_843", "title": "Body movement and inattention in learning-disabled and normal children.", "content": "Four experiments were conducted to test various aspects of an optimal level of arousal model of hyperactivity in learning-disabled children. Vigilance performance and level of body movement were measured while learning-disabled and control children performed in an auditory vigilance task. The results suggested that body movement increased throughout the vigilance task, increased rates of external stimulation result in decreased level of body movement, and learning-disabled children differed from controls in showing higher levels of body movement and poorer vigilance performance. The results were discussed in terms of changes in arousal level and compensatory stimulus-seeking behavior.", "contents": "Body movement and inattention in learning-disabled and normal children. Four experiments were conducted to test various aspects of an optimal level of arousal model of hyperactivity in learning-disabled children. Vigilance performance and level of body movement were measured while learning-disabled and control children performed in an auditory vigilance task. The results suggested that body movement increased throughout the vigilance task, increased rates of external stimulation result in decreased level of body movement, and learning-disabled children differed from controls in showing higher levels of body movement and poorer vigilance performance. The results were discussed in terms of changes in arousal level and compensatory stimulus-seeking behavior.", "PMID": 701645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_844", "title": "Behavioral correlates of the hyperactivity factor of the Conners Teacher Questionnaire.", "content": "The present study assesses whether ratings on the Conners Teacher Questionnaire, Hyperactivity Factor, corresponded to observed behavioral and attitudinal differences in hyperactive and nonhyperactive males. Boys in the present study were rated on the questionnaire and then observed in a free-play situation. The boys' scores on the Teacher Questionnaire were later compared with their activity level, judgments about their behavior, and interview questions about their experience in the study. Several of these measures were found to correlate significantly with the Teacher Questionnaire scores, suggesting that it successfully taps observable dimensions of hyperactivity in novel situations.", "contents": "Behavioral correlates of the hyperactivity factor of the Conners Teacher Questionnaire. The present study assesses whether ratings on the Conners Teacher Questionnaire, Hyperactivity Factor, corresponded to observed behavioral and attitudinal differences in hyperactive and nonhyperactive males. Boys in the present study were rated on the questionnaire and then observed in a free-play situation. The boys' scores on the Teacher Questionnaire were later compared with their activity level, judgments about their behavior, and interview questions about their experience in the study. Several of these measures were found to correlate significantly with the Teacher Questionnaire scores, suggesting that it successfully taps observable dimensions of hyperactivity in novel situations.", "PMID": 701646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_845", "title": "Prevalence of maladaptive behavior in retarded children as a function of IQ and age.", "content": "One hundred and twenty-eight mentally retarded children, ages 6 to 14, from a special school were assessed by teachers in terms of nine maladaptive behaviors. The results indicated that the prevalence of some maladaptive behaviors changed as a function of IQ and age, and that there were splits of such changes as IQ-dependent and as age-dependent by maladaptive behavior.", "contents": "Prevalence of maladaptive behavior in retarded children as a function of IQ and age. One hundred and twenty-eight mentally retarded children, ages 6 to 14, from a special school were assessed by teachers in terms of nine maladaptive behaviors. The results indicated that the prevalence of some maladaptive behaviors changed as a function of IQ and age, and that there were splits of such changes as IQ-dependent and as age-dependent by maladaptive behavior.", "PMID": 701647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_846", "title": "Developing and maintaining social interaction in profoundly retarded young males.", "content": "Social interaction was increased in five profoundly retarded males using formal training, stimulus control, and rewarded generalization procedures. Seven behaviors were monitored for each boy to determine whether correlated changes occurred in maladaptive behaviors as social interaction varied over the several phases of a withdrawal design that included multiple-baseline features. All five boys increased their social interaction and reduced unoccupied and self-stimulatory behavior. These changes were maintained as continuous reinforcement was reduced to a single response-contingent reinforcer per 15-minute session. Four follow-up probes showed the stability of the changes.", "contents": "Developing and maintaining social interaction in profoundly retarded young males. Social interaction was increased in five profoundly retarded males using formal training, stimulus control, and rewarded generalization procedures. Seven behaviors were monitored for each boy to determine whether correlated changes occurred in maladaptive behaviors as social interaction varied over the several phases of a withdrawal design that included multiple-baseline features. All five boys increased their social interaction and reduced unoccupied and self-stimulatory behavior. These changes were maintained as continuous reinforcement was reduced to a single response-contingent reinforcer per 15-minute session. Four follow-up probes showed the stability of the changes.", "PMID": 701648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_847", "title": "Aspects of body image perception in obese and normal-weight youngsters.", "content": "Perceptual and projective aspects of body image in obese youngsters (not in psychological treatment) and normal-weight youngsters 8-9 years of age and 12-13 years of age were investigated. The results indicate that perceptual distortions in estimating various body dimensions of oneself are primarily a function of age rather than weight status. The accuracy of estimating the weight of peers and an adult showed an association with the sex of the subject. No group differences were found in terms of projective aspects of body image as measured by barrier and penetration responses. This study suggests that obese youngsters in the middle childhood and entering puberty periods in comparison to normal-weight youngsters of the same age do not manifest differences in perceptual factors of body image.", "contents": "Aspects of body image perception in obese and normal-weight youngsters. Perceptual and projective aspects of body image in obese youngsters (not in psychological treatment) and normal-weight youngsters 8-9 years of age and 12-13 years of age were investigated. The results indicate that perceptual distortions in estimating various body dimensions of oneself are primarily a function of age rather than weight status. The accuracy of estimating the weight of peers and an adult showed an association with the sex of the subject. No group differences were found in terms of projective aspects of body image as measured by barrier and penetration responses. This study suggests that obese youngsters in the middle childhood and entering puberty periods in comparison to normal-weight youngsters of the same age do not manifest differences in perceptual factors of body image.", "PMID": 701649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_848", "title": "Affective communication differences between distressed and nondistressed mother--adolescent dyads.", "content": "An assessment technique of having mothers and young adolescents describe in brief written form what they like and dislike about each other was evaluated. Distressed dyads (N = 38) produced responses that were rated significantly more negative (Demanding, Personal Attack, Anger and Hostility, Complaining About Unfairness or Disrespect) and less positive (Good Relationship, Appreciation of Other, Complimentary, and Enjoyment) than nondistressed dyads (N = 40). Evidence of reliability was reported. Ratings of the written responses correlated significantly with independently obtained codings of tape-recorded interactions, thus offering support for validity of the method.", "contents": "Affective communication differences between distressed and nondistressed mother--adolescent dyads. An assessment technique of having mothers and young adolescents describe in brief written form what they like and dislike about each other was evaluated. Distressed dyads (N = 38) produced responses that were rated significantly more negative (Demanding, Personal Attack, Anger and Hostility, Complaining About Unfairness or Disrespect) and less positive (Good Relationship, Appreciation of Other, Complimentary, and Enjoyment) than nondistressed dyads (N = 40). Evidence of reliability was reported. Ratings of the written responses correlated significantly with independently obtained codings of tape-recorded interactions, thus offering support for validity of the method.", "PMID": 701650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_849", "title": "Evaluation of behavioral group counseling for parents of learning-disabled children.", "content": "The present study evaluated the effectiveness of a behavioral group counseling program for parent members of the Association for Children with Learning Disabilities. Twenty-two mothers were assigned to two treatment groups (N = 5 and N = 6) and a control group (N = 11). Treatment-group mothers received a series of eight weekly 1 1/2-hour sessions in which they were taught basic principles and procedures of behavior modification which they could apply to specific child-rearing problems. Multiple-success criteria (maternal reports, direct observation, frequency counts, and attitudinal measures) were employed to provide a broad-based measurement of outcome. Results indicated that treatment ratings of childrens' conduct and disruption and parental postbehavioral observations of mother-child interactions showed improvement for the behavioral-counseling groups while control-group ratings and behavior observations remained the same. All treatment-group changes were maintained at 3-month follow-up. Consistency of treatment-group data across measures and over time suggests the effectiveness of this approach as a training method. Implications for future research were discussed.", "contents": "Evaluation of behavioral group counseling for parents of learning-disabled children. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of a behavioral group counseling program for parent members of the Association for Children with Learning Disabilities. Twenty-two mothers were assigned to two treatment groups (N = 5 and N = 6) and a control group (N = 11). Treatment-group mothers received a series of eight weekly 1 1/2-hour sessions in which they were taught basic principles and procedures of behavior modification which they could apply to specific child-rearing problems. Multiple-success criteria (maternal reports, direct observation, frequency counts, and attitudinal measures) were employed to provide a broad-based measurement of outcome. Results indicated that treatment ratings of childrens' conduct and disruption and parental postbehavioral observations of mother-child interactions showed improvement for the behavioral-counseling groups while control-group ratings and behavior observations remained the same. All treatment-group changes were maintained at 3-month follow-up. Consistency of treatment-group data across measures and over time suggests the effectiveness of this approach as a training method. Implications for future research were discussed.", "PMID": 701651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_850", "title": "A comparison of the disturbingness of behaviors related to learning disability and emotional disturbance.", "content": "Behaviors thought to be characteristic of emotional disturbance or learning disabilities were investigated through ratings of teachers with regard to the relative disturbingness of the behaviors. Obtained differences suggested that behaviors characteristic of emotional disturbance were rated as more disturbing than those of learning disabilities; differences within sets of characteristic behaviors were also indicated. Results are discussed with regard to implications for teacher expectancies and labeling research.", "contents": "A comparison of the disturbingness of behaviors related to learning disability and emotional disturbance. Behaviors thought to be characteristic of emotional disturbance or learning disabilities were investigated through ratings of teachers with regard to the relative disturbingness of the behaviors. Obtained differences suggested that behaviors characteristic of emotional disturbance were rated as more disturbing than those of learning disabilities; differences within sets of characteristic behaviors were also indicated. Results are discussed with regard to implications for teacher expectancies and labeling research.", "PMID": 701652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_851", "title": "Stimulus-governance and the hyperkinetic syndrome.", "content": "The hypothesis that hyperkinetic children are stimulus-governed was tested. In a sample of 39 nonmedicated hyperkinetic boys 26 were found to be stimulus-governed. In a control sample of 20 nonmedicated boys 6 were found to be stimulus-governed. An association was found between the hyperkinetic syndrome and stimulus-governance. The hypothesis is raised that response to methylphenidate is related to stimulus-governance. Several issues raised by the research are discussed.", "contents": "Stimulus-governance and the hyperkinetic syndrome. The hypothesis that hyperkinetic children are stimulus-governed was tested. In a sample of 39 nonmedicated hyperkinetic boys 26 were found to be stimulus-governed. In a control sample of 20 nonmedicated boys 6 were found to be stimulus-governed. An association was found between the hyperkinetic syndrome and stimulus-governance. The hypothesis is raised that response to methylphenidate is related to stimulus-governance. Several issues raised by the research are discussed.", "PMID": 701653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_852", "title": "A laboratory evaluation of immune complexes in patients on inhalant immunotherapy.", "content": "Patients with allergic rhinitis receiving maintenance inhalant immunotherapy and two control groups were studied for evidence of circulating immune complexes. The first control group contained patients with allergic rhinitis who had never received immunotherapy. The second control group contained normal volunteers. Patients in the treatment group had no proteinuria. When compared with the control group, the treatment group had no statistically significant differences in incidence of Clq binding immune complexes, cryoglobulinemia, rheumatoid factor, or complement depletion. This initial study suggests that maintenance immunotherapy does not result in an increase of circulating immune complexes.", "contents": "A laboratory evaluation of immune complexes in patients on inhalant immunotherapy. Patients with allergic rhinitis receiving maintenance inhalant immunotherapy and two control groups were studied for evidence of circulating immune complexes. The first control group contained patients with allergic rhinitis who had never received immunotherapy. The second control group contained normal volunteers. Patients in the treatment group had no proteinuria. When compared with the control group, the treatment group had no statistically significant differences in incidence of Clq binding immune complexes, cryoglobulinemia, rheumatoid factor, or complement depletion. This initial study suggests that maintenance immunotherapy does not result in an increase of circulating immune complexes.", "PMID": 701654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_853", "title": "Acquired angioedema associated with rectal carcinoma and its response to danazol therapy. Acquired angioedema treated with danazol.", "content": "Cases of the acquired form of angioedema have been recognized as a separate entity since 1972. Previously reported cases have been related to various hematologic malignancies. We have recently studied a patient with rectal carcinoma who manifests a complement pattern compatible with the acquired form of angioedema. No previous personal or family history of allergic disease or angioedema was present. Because the episodes of angioedema were laryngeal in location and required emergency intubation to maintain an adequate airway, a trial of danazol prophylaxis, which has been shown to be effective in hereditary angioedema, was undertaken. His beneficial response to this form of therapy is also documented.", "contents": "Acquired angioedema associated with rectal carcinoma and its response to danazol therapy. Acquired angioedema treated with danazol. Cases of the acquired form of angioedema have been recognized as a separate entity since 1972. Previously reported cases have been related to various hematologic malignancies. We have recently studied a patient with rectal carcinoma who manifests a complement pattern compatible with the acquired form of angioedema. No previous personal or family history of allergic disease or angioedema was present. Because the episodes of angioedema were laryngeal in location and required emergency intubation to maintain an adequate airway, a trial of danazol prophylaxis, which has been shown to be effective in hereditary angioedema, was undertaken. His beneficial response to this form of therapy is also documented.", "PMID": 701655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_854", "title": "Small vessel vasculitis caused by hepatitis B virus immune complexes. Small vessel vasculitis and HBsAG.", "content": "In a comprehensive study of 80 patients with vasculitis, 4 had concurrent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Polyarteritis nodosa was present in 2 and in the other 2, cutaneous vasculitis, presenting clinically as palpable or Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura. In one of these patients skin biopsies demonstrated granular deposits of IgM, C3, C4, and the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and electron-dense deposits of aggregated 20-nm particles resembling HBsAg in postcapillary venules. Evidence for circulating HBsAg-immune complexes included increased serum Clq binding activity, decreased serum complement, and a cryoprecipitate containing both HBsAg and IgM anti-HBs. Aggregated 20-nm particles resembling intact HBsAg were also seen by negative staining electron microscopy of the serum cryoprecipitate. This patient fulfills all the criteria for a specific immune complex vasculitis caused by his immune response to a chronic HBV infection. These findings emphasize that HBV infection may be associated with small vessel vasculitis as well as polyarteritis nodosa, mixed cryoglobulinemia, and glomerulonephritis. A similar immune response to other viral infections may be expressed as palpable (Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein) purpura also.", "contents": "Small vessel vasculitis caused by hepatitis B virus immune complexes. Small vessel vasculitis and HBsAG. In a comprehensive study of 80 patients with vasculitis, 4 had concurrent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Polyarteritis nodosa was present in 2 and in the other 2, cutaneous vasculitis, presenting clinically as palpable or Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura. In one of these patients skin biopsies demonstrated granular deposits of IgM, C3, C4, and the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and electron-dense deposits of aggregated 20-nm particles resembling HBsAg in postcapillary venules. Evidence for circulating HBsAg-immune complexes included increased serum Clq binding activity, decreased serum complement, and a cryoprecipitate containing both HBsAg and IgM anti-HBs. Aggregated 20-nm particles resembling intact HBsAg were also seen by negative staining electron microscopy of the serum cryoprecipitate. This patient fulfills all the criteria for a specific immune complex vasculitis caused by his immune response to a chronic HBV infection. These findings emphasize that HBV infection may be associated with small vessel vasculitis as well as polyarteritis nodosa, mixed cryoglobulinemia, and glomerulonephritis. A similar immune response to other viral infections may be expressed as palpable (Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein) purpura also.", "PMID": 701656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_855", "title": "Cyclic platelet dysfunction in IgE-mediated allergy.", "content": "Diminished platelet aggregation responses to one or more aggregating agents were found in 25 of 32 patients with nasal allergy studied at the peak of the allergy season. Abnormal in-season platelet aggregation induced by epinephrine and collagen was significantly improved when repeated out-of-season, while incomplete platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and thrombin was unchanged. Recombination of an in-season serum factor with autologous, out-of-season normally aggregating platelets caused market inhibition of platelet aggregation. Mean bleeding times of 20 symptomatic patients were also prolonged during the height of the pollination season. These data suggest that the allergic diathesis is a model for the study of cyclic, nondrug induction of platelet dysfunction.", "contents": "Cyclic platelet dysfunction in IgE-mediated allergy. Diminished platelet aggregation responses to one or more aggregating agents were found in 25 of 32 patients with nasal allergy studied at the peak of the allergy season. Abnormal in-season platelet aggregation induced by epinephrine and collagen was significantly improved when repeated out-of-season, while incomplete platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and thrombin was unchanged. Recombination of an in-season serum factor with autologous, out-of-season normally aggregating platelets caused market inhibition of platelet aggregation. Mean bleeding times of 20 symptomatic patients were also prolonged during the height of the pollination season. These data suggest that the allergic diathesis is a model for the study of cyclic, nondrug induction of platelet dysfunction.", "PMID": 701657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_856", "title": "The radioallergosorbent test in the diagnosis of canine atopic disease.", "content": "The radioallergosorbent test (RAST) was adapted for use in the dog employing purified anti-canine IgE. The agreement between positive RAST and positive skin test ranged from 82% for ragweed to only 12.5% for dandelion. Agreement between negative tests in the case of all allergens was 100%. Further developmental studies of canine RAST are warranted in view of the value of the dog as an experimental model of atopic disease.", "contents": "The radioallergosorbent test in the diagnosis of canine atopic disease. The radioallergosorbent test (RAST) was adapted for use in the dog employing purified anti-canine IgE. The agreement between positive RAST and positive skin test ranged from 82% for ragweed to only 12.5% for dandelion. Agreement between negative tests in the case of all allergens was 100%. Further developmental studies of canine RAST are warranted in view of the value of the dog as an experimental model of atopic disease.", "PMID": 701658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_857", "title": "Suppression of reaginic antibody formation in guinea pigs by anti-idiotypic antibodies.", "content": "Syngeneic immunization of strain 2 and strain 13 guinea pigs with purified antibodies against benzyl-penicilloyl bovine IgG (BPO-BGG) produces anti-idiotypic antibodies which specifically inhibit antigen-induced T cell proliferation in vitro. In sensitized guinea pigs, passive administration (either intravenously or subcutaneously in complete Freund's adjuvant [CFA] of these anti-idiotypic antibodies has a reversible suppressive effect on IgG and IgM responses. In addition, preimmunization with idiotypes effects a long-term and specific suppression of the production of homocytotropic antibodies against a hapten-protein conjugate (BPO-BGG). The suppression of the homocytotropic antibody response in already sensitized outbred guinea pigs was attampted by immunization with autologous serum, autologous antibodies, or autologous lymphoid cells. With all immunization procedures used so far, no significant suppressive effects could be demonstrated. The significance of these findings, in terms of the practical potential of autoanti-idiotypic immunization for the management of allergic diseases, is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Suppression of reaginic antibody formation in guinea pigs by anti-idiotypic antibodies. Syngeneic immunization of strain 2 and strain 13 guinea pigs with purified antibodies against benzyl-penicilloyl bovine IgG (BPO-BGG) produces anti-idiotypic antibodies which specifically inhibit antigen-induced T cell proliferation in vitro. In sensitized guinea pigs, passive administration (either intravenously or subcutaneously in complete Freund's adjuvant [CFA] of these anti-idiotypic antibodies has a reversible suppressive effect on IgG and IgM responses. In addition, preimmunization with idiotypes effects a long-term and specific suppression of the production of homocytotropic antibodies against a hapten-protein conjugate (BPO-BGG). The suppression of the homocytotropic antibody response in already sensitized outbred guinea pigs was attampted by immunization with autologous serum, autologous antibodies, or autologous lymphoid cells. With all immunization procedures used so far, no significant suppressive effects could be demonstrated. The significance of these findings, in terms of the practical potential of autoanti-idiotypic immunization for the management of allergic diseases, is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 701661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_858", "title": "Benzylpenicillin preparations can evoke a systemic anaphylactic reaction in guinea pigs.", "content": "All of the five commercially available benzylpenicillin preparations obtained from different sources and a PcG preparation prepared by filtration of a commercial PcG on Sephadex G10 elicited the systemic anaphylactic reactions in guinea pigs which had been immunized with benzylpenicilloyl (BPO)-Ascaris extract conjugate (BPO-As) mixed with aluminum bydroxide gel. These preparations could evoke no such reactions in guinea pigs immunized with BPO-bovine gamma globulin conjugate (BPO-BGG) emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant. The severity of the systemic anaphylactic reactions correlated significantly with the titers of either 8-day passive cutaneous anaphylactic (8-day PCA) reactions or 4-hr PCA reactions evoked with the same benzylpenicillin preparations. In vitro benzylpenicillin preparation contracted the tracheas of the guinea pigs immunized with BPO-As. These results indicated that the commercially available benzylpenicillin preparations have enough antigenicity to evoke systemic anaphylactic reactions in guinea pigs immunized with BPO-As mixed with aluminum hydroxide gel. Such guinea pigs represent an animal model for investigation of penicillin allergy.", "contents": "Benzylpenicillin preparations can evoke a systemic anaphylactic reaction in guinea pigs. All of the five commercially available benzylpenicillin preparations obtained from different sources and a PcG preparation prepared by filtration of a commercial PcG on Sephadex G10 elicited the systemic anaphylactic reactions in guinea pigs which had been immunized with benzylpenicilloyl (BPO)-Ascaris extract conjugate (BPO-As) mixed with aluminum bydroxide gel. These preparations could evoke no such reactions in guinea pigs immunized with BPO-bovine gamma globulin conjugate (BPO-BGG) emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant. The severity of the systemic anaphylactic reactions correlated significantly with the titers of either 8-day passive cutaneous anaphylactic (8-day PCA) reactions or 4-hr PCA reactions evoked with the same benzylpenicillin preparations. In vitro benzylpenicillin preparation contracted the tracheas of the guinea pigs immunized with BPO-As. These results indicated that the commercially available benzylpenicillin preparations have enough antigenicity to evoke systemic anaphylactic reactions in guinea pigs immunized with BPO-As mixed with aluminum hydroxide gel. Such guinea pigs represent an animal model for investigation of penicillin allergy.", "PMID": 701662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_859", "title": "Normal human monocytes inhibit tumor cell growth in vitro.", "content": "Normal human monocytes were evaluated in an in vitro assay of growth inhibition of tumor cells. Monocytes were isolated from the blood of 6 normal subjects by Ficoll-Hypaque separation and adherence to plastic microtest wells. Cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa) were added to the microwells to result in a ratio of 50 monocytes to one HeLa cell. Cultures were then incubated for 6 to 46 hr. Growth inhibition was evaluated by measuring the uptake of 3H-thymidine over a 4-hr pulse period after 2, 18, or 42 hr of monocyte-HeLa interaction. Inhibition of HeLa growth by monocytes was 23.8% +/- 8.6% over 6 hr, 22.0% +/- 8.9% over 22 hr. and 68.3% +/- 7.5% over 46 hr. Growth inhibition of HeLa cells was confirmed by direct enumeration of HeLa cells at the end of coincubation. Attachment of monocytes to the HeLa cells was confirmed by light and scanning electron micrographs. Granulocytes, lymphocytes, and other cell lines did not comparably inhibit HeLa growth and media replenishment did not ablate the effect. These data demonstrate that normal human monocytes can inhibit the growth of a malignant cell line in vitro in the absence of overt activation procedures.", "contents": "Normal human monocytes inhibit tumor cell growth in vitro. Normal human monocytes were evaluated in an in vitro assay of growth inhibition of tumor cells. Monocytes were isolated from the blood of 6 normal subjects by Ficoll-Hypaque separation and adherence to plastic microtest wells. Cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa) were added to the microwells to result in a ratio of 50 monocytes to one HeLa cell. Cultures were then incubated for 6 to 46 hr. Growth inhibition was evaluated by measuring the uptake of 3H-thymidine over a 4-hr pulse period after 2, 18, or 42 hr of monocyte-HeLa interaction. Inhibition of HeLa growth by monocytes was 23.8% +/- 8.6% over 6 hr, 22.0% +/- 8.9% over 22 hr. and 68.3% +/- 7.5% over 46 hr. Growth inhibition of HeLa cells was confirmed by direct enumeration of HeLa cells at the end of coincubation. Attachment of monocytes to the HeLa cells was confirmed by light and scanning electron micrographs. Granulocytes, lymphocytes, and other cell lines did not comparably inhibit HeLa growth and media replenishment did not ablate the effect. These data demonstrate that normal human monocytes can inhibit the growth of a malignant cell line in vitro in the absence of overt activation procedures.", "PMID": 701663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_860", "title": "Poylmerized whole ragweed: an improved method of immunotherapy.", "content": "A single-blind study compared the effectiveness of glutaraldehyde-treated polymerized ragweed with nonpolymerized monomeric ragweed. These studies are an extension of those previously reported for polymerized AgE using a readily available ragweed preparation containing all ragweed antigens. Nineteen ragweed-sensitive patients were randomized into 2 groups; 10 received the polymerized form and 9 received the monomeric form. Four parameters were followed: serum-specific IgE against antigen E, total blocking antibody against antigen E, local and systemic reactions to injection therapy, and symptom score indices. Pretreatment levels of antigen E--specific IgE and blocking antibody activity were similar in both groups. After a total of 15,000 protein nitrogen units (PNU) had been given, blocking antibody activity in the monomer group rose from a mean of 170 ng AgE bound per ml to a mean of 2,813. The rise in blocking antibody activity in the polymer group was from a mean of 181 ng AgE bound per ml to 1,574. At 15,000 PNU, blocking antibody activity levels were not statistically different in the 2 groups. After 1 year of treatment, no consistent decrease in postseasonal specific IgE rise could be shown in either group. Forty times less erythema and 15 times less induration were found with polymerized ragweed. There were 7 systemic reactions with the monomer and none with the polymer. Both groups experienced symptomatic improvement with treatment.", "contents": "Poylmerized whole ragweed: an improved method of immunotherapy. A single-blind study compared the effectiveness of glutaraldehyde-treated polymerized ragweed with nonpolymerized monomeric ragweed. These studies are an extension of those previously reported for polymerized AgE using a readily available ragweed preparation containing all ragweed antigens. Nineteen ragweed-sensitive patients were randomized into 2 groups; 10 received the polymerized form and 9 received the monomeric form. Four parameters were followed: serum-specific IgE against antigen E, total blocking antibody against antigen E, local and systemic reactions to injection therapy, and symptom score indices. Pretreatment levels of antigen E--specific IgE and blocking antibody activity were similar in both groups. After a total of 15,000 protein nitrogen units (PNU) had been given, blocking antibody activity in the monomer group rose from a mean of 170 ng AgE bound per ml to a mean of 2,813. The rise in blocking antibody activity in the polymer group was from a mean of 181 ng AgE bound per ml to 1,574. At 15,000 PNU, blocking antibody activity levels were not statistically different in the 2 groups. After 1 year of treatment, no consistent decrease in postseasonal specific IgE rise could be shown in either group. Forty times less erythema and 15 times less induration were found with polymerized ragweed. There were 7 systemic reactions with the monomer and none with the polymer. Both groups experienced symptomatic improvement with treatment.", "PMID": 701664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_861", "title": "In vitro activation of the alternative pathway of complement by settled grain dust.", "content": "Settled grain dust was collected from several active grain elevators in the Superior-Duluth areas of the United States. Particle size distribution (47% less than 5 micrometer) and endotoxin contamination (429 ng/gm) of the dust were similar to those reported for the airborne parent dust. Human complement uas activated in vitro in a dose-response manner which could be quantified. This hemolytic consumption was via the alternative pathway as defined by ethylenediaminetertraacetic acid/ethylene-glycol-bis-(beta-amino-ethyl ether) N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EDTA/EGTA) differential serum chelation, factor B conversion, and complement reductions in serum from guinea pigs deficient in C4. It is proposed that continuous low-dose exposure to aerosolized, biologically active rafter dust could contribute to the respiratory insult of grain workers.", "contents": "In vitro activation of the alternative pathway of complement by settled grain dust. Settled grain dust was collected from several active grain elevators in the Superior-Duluth areas of the United States. Particle size distribution (47% less than 5 micrometer) and endotoxin contamination (429 ng/gm) of the dust were similar to those reported for the airborne parent dust. Human complement uas activated in vitro in a dose-response manner which could be quantified. This hemolytic consumption was via the alternative pathway as defined by ethylenediaminetertraacetic acid/ethylene-glycol-bis-(beta-amino-ethyl ether) N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EDTA/EGTA) differential serum chelation, factor B conversion, and complement reductions in serum from guinea pigs deficient in C4. It is proposed that continuous low-dose exposure to aerosolized, biologically active rafter dust could contribute to the respiratory insult of grain workers.", "PMID": 701665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_862", "title": "School nutrition programs in perspective.", "content": "From a meager beginning with the passage in 1946 of the initial National School Lunch Act, school nutrition programs have grown until today they are \"big business,\" employing some 350,000 persons in more than 89,000 units, and representing more than $1 billion in volume. As programs have expanded, the need for more professionalism in the field has been felt, and a number of educational and certifying programs have emerged. A new aspect, just being implemented as a result of 1977 legislation, is the nutrition education facet implicit in serving school meals. A driving force in meeting nutritional goals of school foodservice programs is the American School Food Service Association, an organization of some 67,000 members.", "contents": "School nutrition programs in perspective. From a meager beginning with the passage in 1946 of the initial National School Lunch Act, school nutrition programs have grown until today they are \"big business,\" employing some 350,000 persons in more than 89,000 units, and representing more than $1 billion in volume. As programs have expanded, the need for more professionalism in the field has been felt, and a number of educational and certifying programs have emerged. A new aspect, just being implemented as a result of 1977 legislation, is the nutrition education facet implicit in serving school meals. A driving force in meeting nutritional goals of school foodservice programs is the American School Food Service Association, an organization of some 67,000 members.", "PMID": 701668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_863", "title": "Consumption and plate waste of menu items served in the National School Lunch Program.", "content": "Plate waste was determined in fifty-eight elementary and high schools in the USDA Western, Midwestern, and Southwestern Regions. By weighing sample trays and edible waste, the percentage of food served that was consumed was measured for 23,000 lunches. Highest consumption was recorded for milk, with 88 and 94 per cent consumed in the fifth and tenth grades respectively. Most entr\u00e9es and starches were well consumed; vegetables and salads showed much less acceptability. Regional differences in food acceptability were minor, and high school students consistently wasted less food in all categories than did elementary pupils.", "contents": "Consumption and plate waste of menu items served in the National School Lunch Program. Plate waste was determined in fifty-eight elementary and high schools in the USDA Western, Midwestern, and Southwestern Regions. By weighing sample trays and edible waste, the percentage of food served that was consumed was measured for 23,000 lunches. Highest consumption was recorded for milk, with 88 and 94 per cent consumed in the fifth and tenth grades respectively. Most entr\u00e9es and starches were well consumed; vegetables and salads showed much less acceptability. Regional differences in food acceptability were minor, and high school students consistently wasted less food in all categories than did elementary pupils.", "PMID": 701669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_864", "title": "Automated purchasing: Forecasts to determine stock levels and print orders.", "content": "An automated purchasing system to optimize inventory levels of frozen foods, including meat items, while minimizing stock outages, was developed and implemented. Menu item forecast data were coordinated with on-hand quantities to automate the calculation of order quantities and printing purchase requisitions. The model selected also incorporated: (a) Safety stock level, (b) accumulated forecasts, and (c) accumulated orders already placed. The project was smoothly integrated into an on-going computer-assisted management system. All programs functioned as planned; computer documents were complete and accurate. The system design was retained for use in the foodservice operation.", "contents": "Automated purchasing: Forecasts to determine stock levels and print orders. An automated purchasing system to optimize inventory levels of frozen foods, including meat items, while minimizing stock outages, was developed and implemented. Menu item forecast data were coordinated with on-hand quantities to automate the calculation of order quantities and printing purchase requisitions. The model selected also incorporated: (a) Safety stock level, (b) accumulated forecasts, and (c) accumulated orders already placed. The project was smoothly integrated into an on-going computer-assisted management system. All programs functioned as planned; computer documents were complete and accurate. The system design was retained for use in the foodservice operation.", "PMID": 701670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_865", "title": "Thermal destruction of folacin in microwave and conventional heating.", "content": "Folacin derivatives were found to vary greatly in thermal stability. It is worth mention that pteroylmonoglutamic acid (PGA), the folate used therapeutically and in food supplementation, was extremely stable to heat under the experimental conditions, that is, at 100 degrees C. in neutral solution. Under these conditions, 5-formyl-THFA also exhibited marked stability; neither form was affected significantly by microwave radiation. In view of the increasing data indicating the abundance of 5-methyl-THFA and other derivatives of THFA in foods, the thermal lability of these forms was especially interesting. THFA was found to be an extremely labile folate, while 5-methyl-THFA had intermediate stability among the forms tested. Microwave heating of 5-methyl-THFA resulted in a faster rate of degradation than conventional heating at the same temperature. The mechanism of this action needs further research.", "contents": "Thermal destruction of folacin in microwave and conventional heating. Folacin derivatives were found to vary greatly in thermal stability. It is worth mention that pteroylmonoglutamic acid (PGA), the folate used therapeutically and in food supplementation, was extremely stable to heat under the experimental conditions, that is, at 100 degrees C. in neutral solution. Under these conditions, 5-formyl-THFA also exhibited marked stability; neither form was affected significantly by microwave radiation. In view of the increasing data indicating the abundance of 5-methyl-THFA and other derivatives of THFA in foods, the thermal lability of these forms was especially interesting. THFA was found to be an extremely labile folate, while 5-methyl-THFA had intermediate stability among the forms tested. Microwave heating of 5-methyl-THFA resulted in a faster rate of degradation than conventional heating at the same temperature. The mechanism of this action needs further research.", "PMID": 701671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_866", "title": "Nutritional assessment of Virgin Islands school children.", "content": "A group of 427 students on St. Thomas, Virgin Islands was studied to obtain baseline data on some anthropometric measures, biochemical values, food habits, and educational parameters. Body weight was similar for four-to-seven-year-old students. Nine per cent of the sample appeared to be excessively stout. The mean hemoglobin and hematocrit levels exceeded \"acceptable\" ranges of the Ten-State Nutrition Survey. Differences were noted in the food habits of students in public vs. parochial schools and by birth place. The reasons for the differences were not determined. When comparisons were made with a previous survey of V.I. adolescents, mean intakes of the vegetable-fruit and meat groups were higher. A trend existed between poor academic achievement and low food score. The extent of the contribution of the various factors on the assessed status needs to be appraised.", "contents": "Nutritional assessment of Virgin Islands school children. A group of 427 students on St. Thomas, Virgin Islands was studied to obtain baseline data on some anthropometric measures, biochemical values, food habits, and educational parameters. Body weight was similar for four-to-seven-year-old students. Nine per cent of the sample appeared to be excessively stout. The mean hemoglobin and hematocrit levels exceeded \"acceptable\" ranges of the Ten-State Nutrition Survey. Differences were noted in the food habits of students in public vs. parochial schools and by birth place. The reasons for the differences were not determined. When comparisons were made with a previous survey of V.I. adolescents, mean intakes of the vegetable-fruit and meat groups were higher. A trend existed between poor academic achievement and low food score. The extent of the contribution of the various factors on the assessed status needs to be appraised.", "PMID": 701672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_867", "title": "Nebraska physicians' attitudes and practices in the field of infant feeding and nutrition.", "content": "A questionnaire was mailed to all pediatricians, family practitioners, and general practitioners in Nebraska to determine their attitudes and practices concerning infant feeding and nutrition. One hundred seventy responded. Their attitudes and practices regarding infant feeding and nutrition generally seemed to be positive. Areas in which they were undecided were often nutrition concerns which are currently being researched.", "contents": "Nebraska physicians' attitudes and practices in the field of infant feeding and nutrition. A questionnaire was mailed to all pediatricians, family practitioners, and general practitioners in Nebraska to determine their attitudes and practices concerning infant feeding and nutrition. One hundred seventy responded. Their attitudes and practices regarding infant feeding and nutrition generally seemed to be positive. Areas in which they were undecided were often nutrition concerns which are currently being researched.", "PMID": 701673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_868", "title": "Dietary treatment of tyrosinemia type I: importance of methionine restriction.", "content": "A patient with tyrosinemia type I was treated with formula 3200 AB. This dietary approach lowered the elevated plasma phenylalanine and tyrosine levels but failed to eliminate the hypermethioninemia and the concomitant clinical abnormalities of ascites and other abnormal liver functions. Strict control of dietary intake of methionine, as well as phenylalanine and tyrosine, by a synthetic amino acid mixture or by a combination with formula 3200 AB maintained all plasma amino acids within the normal limits, permitted normal physical growth, and eliminated all hepatic and renal abnormalities. We suggest that restriction of only phenylalanine and tyrosine is inadequate in treating tyrosinemia type I during the acute phase. In such cases, the dietitian should use 3200 AB formula with caution until the acute phase of the disease subsides and plasma methionine levels return to normal.", "contents": "Dietary treatment of tyrosinemia type I: importance of methionine restriction. A patient with tyrosinemia type I was treated with formula 3200 AB. This dietary approach lowered the elevated plasma phenylalanine and tyrosine levels but failed to eliminate the hypermethioninemia and the concomitant clinical abnormalities of ascites and other abnormal liver functions. Strict control of dietary intake of methionine, as well as phenylalanine and tyrosine, by a synthetic amino acid mixture or by a combination with formula 3200 AB maintained all plasma amino acids within the normal limits, permitted normal physical growth, and eliminated all hepatic and renal abnormalities. We suggest that restriction of only phenylalanine and tyrosine is inadequate in treating tyrosinemia type I during the acute phase. In such cases, the dietitian should use 3200 AB formula with caution until the acute phase of the disease subsides and plasma methionine levels return to normal.", "PMID": 701680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_869", "title": "Nutrient intakes of children on the hyperkinesis diet.", "content": "The nutrient intakes of fifty-four hyperactive children during a baseline period and while following the hyperkinesis diet were calculated. During both periods, mean dietary intakes compared favorably with the Recommended Dietary Allowances. A comparison of three-day food records showed that, relative to baseline values, nutrient intakes did not change significantly while the children followed the hyperkinesis diet. The majority of the children reported intakes sufficient to meet the recommended allowances during both the baseline and diet periods.", "contents": "Nutrient intakes of children on the hyperkinesis diet. The nutrient intakes of fifty-four hyperactive children during a baseline period and while following the hyperkinesis diet were calculated. During both periods, mean dietary intakes compared favorably with the Recommended Dietary Allowances. A comparison of three-day food records showed that, relative to baseline values, nutrient intakes did not change significantly while the children followed the hyperkinesis diet. The majority of the children reported intakes sufficient to meet the recommended allowances during both the baseline and diet periods.", "PMID": 701681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_870", "title": "Programmed instruction in institutional purchasing for dietetic students.", "content": "A programmed instruction unit in institutional purchasing for dietetic students was developed and evaluated. The unit is compact, simple to use, and could serve as an overview or review of institutional purchasing by dietetic students. Subjects were forty-five dietetic students in coordinated undergraduate dietetic programs, dietetic internships, and dietetic traineeships, with two institutions represented in each group. The programmed unit was effective, because cognitive achievement post-test scores were significantly higher (24 per cent) than pre-test scores. The unit was equally effective with the three groups, which did not differ significantly in pre- and post-test scores, gain test scores, or attitude toward programmed instruction scale scores at the end of the unit. Interns had higher grad point averages (GPA) than students in coordinated undergraduate programs. All students spent an average of 1 hr. completing the unit, although trainees used more times. An attitude scale showed favorable attitudes by the students toward programmed instruction. Significant positive relationships were found between pre-test scores and GPAs, and post-test scores and GPAs. A questionnaire showed that instructors liked the unit, found it useful, and would use it again. The findings of this study suggest that programmed instruction units in other phases of dietetic education could be developed and used to present factual material, give an overview of a topic, help students to review, and/or save time in classroom instruction.", "contents": "Programmed instruction in institutional purchasing for dietetic students. A programmed instruction unit in institutional purchasing for dietetic students was developed and evaluated. The unit is compact, simple to use, and could serve as an overview or review of institutional purchasing by dietetic students. Subjects were forty-five dietetic students in coordinated undergraduate dietetic programs, dietetic internships, and dietetic traineeships, with two institutions represented in each group. The programmed unit was effective, because cognitive achievement post-test scores were significantly higher (24 per cent) than pre-test scores. The unit was equally effective with the three groups, which did not differ significantly in pre- and post-test scores, gain test scores, or attitude toward programmed instruction scale scores at the end of the unit. Interns had higher grad point averages (GPA) than students in coordinated undergraduate programs. All students spent an average of 1 hr. completing the unit, although trainees used more times. An attitude scale showed favorable attitudes by the students toward programmed instruction. Significant positive relationships were found between pre-test scores and GPAs, and post-test scores and GPAs. A questionnaire showed that instructors liked the unit, found it useful, and would use it again. The findings of this study suggest that programmed instruction units in other phases of dietetic education could be developed and used to present factual material, give an overview of a topic, help students to review, and/or save time in classroom instruction.", "PMID": 701682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_871", "title": "HACCP models for quality control of entr\u00e9e production in hospital foodservice systems. I. Development of hazard analysis critical control point models.", "content": "HACCP models were developed as part of a research project for quality control of entr\u00e9e production in three types of hospital foodservice systems: Conventional, cook/chill, and cook/freeze. Critical control points at process stages were identified. Time-temperature was a critical control point throughout entr\u00e9e production in each model; time-temperature parameters were established for critical control points. Equipment sanitation and personnel sanitation are critical control points for which standards must be established by each foodservice system. Determination of the effectiveness of control measures included continuous monitoring of critical control points for time-temperature. Sanitation of equipment and personnel should be monitored using standards established by the foodservice system.", "contents": "HACCP models for quality control of entr\u00e9e production in hospital foodservice systems. I. Development of hazard analysis critical control point models. HACCP models were developed as part of a research project for quality control of entr\u00e9e production in three types of hospital foodservice systems: Conventional, cook/chill, and cook/freeze. Critical control points at process stages were identified. Time-temperature was a critical control point throughout entr\u00e9e production in each model; time-temperature parameters were established for critical control points. Equipment sanitation and personnel sanitation are critical control points for which standards must be established by each foodservice system. Determination of the effectiveness of control measures included continuous monitoring of critical control points for time-temperature. Sanitation of equipment and personnel should be monitored using standards established by the foodservice system.", "PMID": 701683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_872", "title": "HACCP models for quality control of entr\u00e9e production in hospital foodservice systems. II. Quality assessment of beef loaves utilizing HACCP models.", "content": "HACCP models were developed for quality control of entr\u00e9e production in three hospital foodservice systems: Conventional, cook/chill, and cook/freeze (1). The three systems were stimulated in a laboratory to evaluate the effectiveness of the HACCP models for quality control and to generate quantitative data for evaluating and comparing the quality of beef loaves produced under controlled conditions. Attributes measured were weight (yield) and microbiologic, nutritional, and sensory qualities. The only significant difference in the beef loaves among systems was sensory quality. Scores for overall acceptability of beef loaves in the conventional system were significantly greater (P less than 0.05) than for those of the cook/chill and cook/freeze systems. The HACCP models were effective quality control tools for entr\u00e9e production; implementation of the HACCP system is recommended for hospital foodservices. The importance of the time-temperature critical point for monitoring control points in hospital foodservice systems is emphasized.", "contents": "HACCP models for quality control of entr\u00e9e production in hospital foodservice systems. II. Quality assessment of beef loaves utilizing HACCP models. HACCP models were developed for quality control of entr\u00e9e production in three hospital foodservice systems: Conventional, cook/chill, and cook/freeze (1). The three systems were stimulated in a laboratory to evaluate the effectiveness of the HACCP models for quality control and to generate quantitative data for evaluating and comparing the quality of beef loaves produced under controlled conditions. Attributes measured were weight (yield) and microbiologic, nutritional, and sensory qualities. The only significant difference in the beef loaves among systems was sensory quality. Scores for overall acceptability of beef loaves in the conventional system were significantly greater (P less than 0.05) than for those of the cook/chill and cook/freeze systems. The HACCP models were effective quality control tools for entr\u00e9e production; implementation of the HACCP system is recommended for hospital foodservices. The importance of the time-temperature critical point for monitoring control points in hospital foodservice systems is emphasized.", "PMID": 701684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_873", "title": "The evolution of geriatric medicine.", "content": "The evolution of geriatric medicine has been associated with increasing knowledge about aging--social, psychologic and biologic--and its effect on the clinical presentation of illness. It also has been associated with varying patterns of the historical development of medical care in different countries. Overall, two main forms of geriatric medicine are developing worldwide--one an accredited specialty practiced within a State medical service, the other based in large hospitals for the aged where physicians train themselves but are not accredited. The system of geriatric care in Great Britain is described and the importance is emphasized of: 1) assessment before admission, 2) progressive care of the patient, and 3) the day hospital. Future developments in relation to internal medicine and family practice are considered. Research into the causes of atheromatous vascular disease and senile dementia is of fundamental importance for the whole future of geriatric medicine.", "contents": "The evolution of geriatric medicine. The evolution of geriatric medicine has been associated with increasing knowledge about aging--social, psychologic and biologic--and its effect on the clinical presentation of illness. It also has been associated with varying patterns of the historical development of medical care in different countries. Overall, two main forms of geriatric medicine are developing worldwide--one an accredited specialty practiced within a State medical service, the other based in large hospitals for the aged where physicians train themselves but are not accredited. The system of geriatric care in Great Britain is described and the importance is emphasized of: 1) assessment before admission, 2) progressive care of the patient, and 3) the day hospital. Future developments in relation to internal medicine and family practice are considered. Research into the causes of atheromatous vascular disease and senile dementia is of fundamental importance for the whole future of geriatric medicine.", "PMID": 701692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_874", "title": "Spectrum of severity and control of diabetes mellitus in skilled nursing facilities.", "content": "A descriptive and quality assessment study was made of 359 elderly patients with a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in 39 Skilled Nursing Facilities (SNF) in upstate New York. The diagnostic prevalence of diabetes was about 12 percent--similar to that in a National Health Survey of nursing homes, but higher than that reported for the non-institutional elderly. Greater frequency and severity were observed among the females, but the median age for all the diabetic patients was about the same as that for the general SNF population. Several of the other disorders believed to be associated with diabetes were found to be of greater frequency in the SNF diabetic group, but some were not; also, inadequate control of diabetes was associated with some, but not all of these disorders. The severity of diabetes in this elderly SNF population with adult-onset diabetes was usually mild, with a low frequency of complications and of poor control. Problems arose with respect to the ascertainment and recording of diagnostic and control data, most often related to the responsibilities of the attending physicians. There were also problems of uncertainty as to the cause-and-effect relationship between thecontrol of blood glucose levels and treatment outcomes. The establishment of criteria and standards for medical care evaluation studies is discussed.", "contents": "Spectrum of severity and control of diabetes mellitus in skilled nursing facilities. A descriptive and quality assessment study was made of 359 elderly patients with a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in 39 Skilled Nursing Facilities (SNF) in upstate New York. The diagnostic prevalence of diabetes was about 12 percent--similar to that in a National Health Survey of nursing homes, but higher than that reported for the non-institutional elderly. Greater frequency and severity were observed among the females, but the median age for all the diabetic patients was about the same as that for the general SNF population. Several of the other disorders believed to be associated with diabetes were found to be of greater frequency in the SNF diabetic group, but some were not; also, inadequate control of diabetes was associated with some, but not all of these disorders. The severity of diabetes in this elderly SNF population with adult-onset diabetes was usually mild, with a low frequency of complications and of poor control. Problems arose with respect to the ascertainment and recording of diagnostic and control data, most often related to the responsibilities of the attending physicians. There were also problems of uncertainty as to the cause-and-effect relationship between thecontrol of blood glucose levels and treatment outcomes. The establishment of criteria and standards for medical care evaluation studies is discussed.", "PMID": 701693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_875", "title": "Genitourinary disorders of old age: therapeutic considerations including counseling for sexual dysfunction.", "content": "Genitourinary tissues undergo physical changes with advancing age, due partly to hormonal alterations. However, the greatest influence on continuing sexual function during aging is emotional and is directly related to the psychologic history of the individual patient. The interested professional can help his patient substantially by simply taking time to listen, a process which permits identification of any psychogenic basis for the sexual dysfunction. The entire approach and method of counseling presuppose that psychogenic impotence is the most common form of the problem. This preliminary effort can do no harm. Should it fail, the patient can be referred to other consultants who use more protracted or sophisticated modalities. With the elderly, the clinician can advise patients to share interpersonal warmth and to enjoy the satisfaction of body contact at any age at which this desire and capacity persist. To the aging person, the totality of sexual meaning is more significant than performance or technique. The sympathetic counselor who renders supportive reassurance to the patient usually can expect beneficial results.", "contents": "Genitourinary disorders of old age: therapeutic considerations including counseling for sexual dysfunction. Genitourinary tissues undergo physical changes with advancing age, due partly to hormonal alterations. However, the greatest influence on continuing sexual function during aging is emotional and is directly related to the psychologic history of the individual patient. The interested professional can help his patient substantially by simply taking time to listen, a process which permits identification of any psychogenic basis for the sexual dysfunction. The entire approach and method of counseling presuppose that psychogenic impotence is the most common form of the problem. This preliminary effort can do no harm. Should it fail, the patient can be referred to other consultants who use more protracted or sophisticated modalities. With the elderly, the clinician can advise patients to share interpersonal warmth and to enjoy the satisfaction of body contact at any age at which this desire and capacity persist. To the aging person, the totality of sexual meaning is more significant than performance or technique. The sympathetic counselor who renders supportive reassurance to the patient usually can expect beneficial results.", "PMID": 701694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_876", "title": "Major gynecologic surgical procedures in the aged.", "content": "The results of major gynecologic operations in 160 women over the age of 65 were reviewed and compared with the results in 120 younger women 40--55 years old. Most of the complaints of the elderly group were related to genital prolapse. These conditions caused daily discomfort and anxiety. Contrary to the practice in the younger group, most of the operations in the elderly were vaginal. Vaginal hysterectomy was the preferred procedure in most cases of uterine prolapse. Spinal anesthesia was used, as it is rarely contraindicated in the elderly. Postoperative complications were few and did not cause prolongation of hospital stay. There was only one postoperative death, a mortality rate of 0.6 percent. When care is exercised in medical evaluation, choice of anesthesia, and performance of the operation, the elderly patient usually can tolerate major gynecologic surgical procedures well, and should not be lightly disqualified from receiving the benefits.", "contents": "Major gynecologic surgical procedures in the aged. The results of major gynecologic operations in 160 women over the age of 65 were reviewed and compared with the results in 120 younger women 40--55 years old. Most of the complaints of the elderly group were related to genital prolapse. These conditions caused daily discomfort and anxiety. Contrary to the practice in the younger group, most of the operations in the elderly were vaginal. Vaginal hysterectomy was the preferred procedure in most cases of uterine prolapse. Spinal anesthesia was used, as it is rarely contraindicated in the elderly. Postoperative complications were few and did not cause prolongation of hospital stay. There was only one postoperative death, a mortality rate of 0.6 percent. When care is exercised in medical evaluation, choice of anesthesia, and performance of the operation, the elderly patient usually can tolerate major gynecologic surgical procedures well, and should not be lightly disqualified from receiving the benefits.", "PMID": 701695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_877", "title": "Duodenal stump tumor.", "content": "A rare case of duodenal stump tumor is described. The patient was an 84-year-old woman who had undergone a subtotal gastrectomy nine years previously. The polypoid tumor of the duodenal stump may have been a factor in the production of extrahepatic biliary obstruction, for which surgical treatment was required. The aged patient withstood the operation well.", "contents": "Duodenal stump tumor. A rare case of duodenal stump tumor is described. The patient was an 84-year-old woman who had undergone a subtotal gastrectomy nine years previously. The polypoid tumor of the duodenal stump may have been a factor in the production of extrahepatic biliary obstruction, for which surgical treatment was required. The aged patient withstood the operation well.", "PMID": 701696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_878", "title": "Senile-presenile dementia: follow-up data on an effective psychotherapy-anticoagulant regimen.", "content": "This report contains follow-up data on the effects of an anticoagulant-psychotherapy regimen in presenile and senile dementia. Over a two-year period, 49 such patients who were seriously ill were treated with a Coumadin-psychotherapy regimen; 34 (69 percent) improved (4 of them dramatically) and 15 (31 percent) did not improve or became worse. The underlying pathologic processes are discussed, with the rationale for therapy.", "contents": "Senile-presenile dementia: follow-up data on an effective psychotherapy-anticoagulant regimen. This report contains follow-up data on the effects of an anticoagulant-psychotherapy regimen in presenile and senile dementia. Over a two-year period, 49 such patients who were seriously ill were treated with a Coumadin-psychotherapy regimen; 34 (69 percent) improved (4 of them dramatically) and 15 (31 percent) did not improve or became worse. The underlying pathologic processes are discussed, with the rationale for therapy.", "PMID": 701697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_879", "title": "Depression in old age.", "content": "We are increasingly becoming a society of older people. The most prevalent emotional disturbance in this group is depression. Its management is an urgent concern to professionals in the mental health field. A review is presented of the clinical management of depression in old age in the special out-patient setting of an Affective Disorders Clinic. Sociologic, psychologic, and biologic factors as they affected the aging process are discussed in the frame of a developmental approach to aging. Illustrative clinical material shows the value of this approach in the assessment and management of depression in the aged.", "contents": "Depression in old age. We are increasingly becoming a society of older people. The most prevalent emotional disturbance in this group is depression. Its management is an urgent concern to professionals in the mental health field. A review is presented of the clinical management of depression in old age in the special out-patient setting of an Affective Disorders Clinic. Sociologic, psychologic, and biologic factors as they affected the aging process are discussed in the frame of a developmental approach to aging. Illustrative clinical material shows the value of this approach in the assessment and management of depression in the aged.", "PMID": 701698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_880", "title": "Health habits in relation to aging.", "content": "A review of the literature and a study of 52 patients of the 80+ age group confirmed the premise that good health habits have a positive effect on the quantity and quality of life. Not all persons can live beyond 80, but those who do can lead a better life if they live properly. A profile of these 52 subjects aged 80 or older revealed that they were of average size or thin, and of a happy temperament; they ate well and regularly, slept adequately, avoided excessive amounts of alcohol, did not smoke, used drugs sparingly, and led an active life, physically and mentally. Also, it was apparent that the rugged elderly can withstand the impact of a major illness or a surgical operation with associated anesthesia. The following factors are important for longevity: 1) pick the right grandparents, 2) keep active physically and mentally, 3) eat properly, 4) stay thin, 5) drink alcohol moderately if at all, and 6) do not smoke.", "contents": "Health habits in relation to aging. A review of the literature and a study of 52 patients of the 80+ age group confirmed the premise that good health habits have a positive effect on the quantity and quality of life. Not all persons can live beyond 80, but those who do can lead a better life if they live properly. A profile of these 52 subjects aged 80 or older revealed that they were of average size or thin, and of a happy temperament; they ate well and regularly, slept adequately, avoided excessive amounts of alcohol, did not smoke, used drugs sparingly, and led an active life, physically and mentally. Also, it was apparent that the rugged elderly can withstand the impact of a major illness or a surgical operation with associated anesthesia. The following factors are important for longevity: 1) pick the right grandparents, 2) keep active physically and mentally, 3) eat properly, 4) stay thin, 5) drink alcohol moderately if at all, and 6) do not smoke.", "PMID": 701699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_881", "title": "Fatal cerebral injury in the elderly.", "content": "A medical examiner's series of 71 elderly patients with fatal internal cerebral injuries demonstrated age differences with respect to the type of cerebral lesion and the causal incident. The elderly showed relatively fewer severe cerebral contusions than did a young group, but a higher incidence of subdural and intraparenchymal hematomas. Falls, the most common cause of injury in the elderly, were often precipitated by physical illness or ingestion of alcohol. Consumption of alcohol was also a prominent factor in the fatal assault cases.", "contents": "Fatal cerebral injury in the elderly. A medical examiner's series of 71 elderly patients with fatal internal cerebral injuries demonstrated age differences with respect to the type of cerebral lesion and the causal incident. The elderly showed relatively fewer severe cerebral contusions than did a young group, but a higher incidence of subdural and intraparenchymal hematomas. Falls, the most common cause of injury in the elderly, were often precipitated by physical illness or ingestion of alcohol. Consumption of alcohol was also a prominent factor in the fatal assault cases.", "PMID": 701700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_882", "title": "Fever of unknown origin in the elderly.", "content": "An extensive literature survey was performed and hospital records were reviewed in order to identify cases of fever of undetermined origin in patients aged 65 or older. Analysis of the 111 cases discovered demonstrates a characteristic but not unique spectrum of underlying disorders. Potentially curable entities such as abdominal abscess, bacterial endocarditis, tuberculosis and giant-cell arteritis account for more than half of the serious illnesses presenting with prolonged pyrexia in elderly subjects. A diagnostic approach to the management of the persistently febrile geriatric patient is discussed.", "contents": "Fever of unknown origin in the elderly. An extensive literature survey was performed and hospital records were reviewed in order to identify cases of fever of undetermined origin in patients aged 65 or older. Analysis of the 111 cases discovered demonstrates a characteristic but not unique spectrum of underlying disorders. Potentially curable entities such as abdominal abscess, bacterial endocarditis, tuberculosis and giant-cell arteritis account for more than half of the serious illnesses presenting with prolonged pyrexia in elderly subjects. A diagnostic approach to the management of the persistently febrile geriatric patient is discussed.", "PMID": 701701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_883", "title": "Fractures of the hip: a three-year survey in one hospital, including experience with the Pugh nail procedure.", "content": "Records were reviewed on 445 patients with fracture of the hip admitted to St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada, during the period 1973--1975 inclusive. The epidemiologic factors were analyzed: age, sex, where and when the accident occurred, site of the fracture, the treatment procedure, length of time in hospital, complications, associated conditions, and final placement of the patient. Of the patients, 286 (64 percent) were more than 70 years of age. Among the 260 causal accidents in the patients' home living space or in the hospital, 35 involved toileting. The great majority of the fractured hips (330) were treated by open operation and internal fixation with the Pugh nail; the remainder were treated by conservative methods, various other devices, or arthroplasty. Within 30 days, 121 patients were discharged to their own homes and 68 to a major rehabilitation hospital. A total of 289 patients eventually returned to their own homes. The Pugh nail method of fixation permits early physiotherapy and early walking exercises, beginning within the first few days postoperatively. This largely accounts for the low complication rate, rapid achievement of functional status, and reduced hospital stay. Among the 445 patients there were 43 deaths, including 10 which occurred before operation could be undertaken.", "contents": "Fractures of the hip: a three-year survey in one hospital, including experience with the Pugh nail procedure. Records were reviewed on 445 patients with fracture of the hip admitted to St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada, during the period 1973--1975 inclusive. The epidemiologic factors were analyzed: age, sex, where and when the accident occurred, site of the fracture, the treatment procedure, length of time in hospital, complications, associated conditions, and final placement of the patient. Of the patients, 286 (64 percent) were more than 70 years of age. Among the 260 causal accidents in the patients' home living space or in the hospital, 35 involved toileting. The great majority of the fractured hips (330) were treated by open operation and internal fixation with the Pugh nail; the remainder were treated by conservative methods, various other devices, or arthroplasty. Within 30 days, 121 patients were discharged to their own homes and 68 to a major rehabilitation hospital. A total of 289 patients eventually returned to their own homes. The Pugh nail method of fixation permits early physiotherapy and early walking exercises, beginning within the first few days postoperatively. This largely accounts for the low complication rate, rapid achievement of functional status, and reduced hospital stay. Among the 445 patients there were 43 deaths, including 10 which occurred before operation could be undertaken.", "PMID": 701702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_884", "title": "Problems in rehabilitation after age sixty-five.", "content": "Of 100 patients on the Rehabilitation Service of a general hospital (New England Memorial), 75 were past 65 years of age. In this age group, recovery from illness or an accident is longer and slower, with many more complications. Rehabilitation that accomplishes independence in daily-living skills is extremely important for the elderly and those who care for them. Of the 75 elderly in this study, 40 could be discharged to their own homes; 36 had to be transferred to extended care facilities chiefly because of complications secondary to associated disorders. Even the patients who did not attain the conference-determined rehabilitation goal still benefited from the coordinated rehabilitation procedure. The value of rehabilitation services for the disabled elderly should not be minimized.", "contents": "Problems in rehabilitation after age sixty-five. Of 100 patients on the Rehabilitation Service of a general hospital (New England Memorial), 75 were past 65 years of age. In this age group, recovery from illness or an accident is longer and slower, with many more complications. Rehabilitation that accomplishes independence in daily-living skills is extremely important for the elderly and those who care for them. Of the 75 elderly in this study, 40 could be discharged to their own homes; 36 had to be transferred to extended care facilities chiefly because of complications secondary to associated disorders. Even the patients who did not attain the conference-determined rehabilitation goal still benefited from the coordinated rehabilitation procedure. The value of rehabilitation services for the disabled elderly should not be minimized.", "PMID": 701703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_885", "title": "Contribution of the consultant pharmacist to rational drug usage in the long-term care facility.", "content": "In a rural 116-bed skilled nursing facility, a study was made of the influence of a Consultant Pharmacist on drug usage over a one-year period. Lines of communication were established with the six attending physicians by means of work rounds, telephone calls, and both official and unofficial memoranda. Daily pharmacy rounds were conducted with health-care students and the nursing supervisor, who facilitated physician-pharmacist communication. The physician-nurse-pharmacist team studied each patient's problems, the status of the therapeutic endpoint, and the need of and usage of each regularly scheduled or pro re nata (PRN) drug. Stop-order and standing-order protocols were developed. During the one-year period, the number of regularly scheduled drugs per patient was reduced from 3.30 to 2.66 (19.4 percent decrease), and of PRN drugs from 3.92 to 2.12 (45.9 percent decrease). The overall significant reduction was associated with the protocol and stop-order discontinuances of routinely scheduled drugs, and with the duplicated orders for drugs to relieve pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, colds and cough. Implications for optimal care of the patients, and for the economics of this federally-mandated system of consultant pharmacists are discussed.", "contents": "Contribution of the consultant pharmacist to rational drug usage in the long-term care facility. In a rural 116-bed skilled nursing facility, a study was made of the influence of a Consultant Pharmacist on drug usage over a one-year period. Lines of communication were established with the six attending physicians by means of work rounds, telephone calls, and both official and unofficial memoranda. Daily pharmacy rounds were conducted with health-care students and the nursing supervisor, who facilitated physician-pharmacist communication. The physician-nurse-pharmacist team studied each patient's problems, the status of the therapeutic endpoint, and the need of and usage of each regularly scheduled or pro re nata (PRN) drug. Stop-order and standing-order protocols were developed. During the one-year period, the number of regularly scheduled drugs per patient was reduced from 3.30 to 2.66 (19.4 percent decrease), and of PRN drugs from 3.92 to 2.12 (45.9 percent decrease). The overall significant reduction was associated with the protocol and stop-order discontinuances of routinely scheduled drugs, and with the duplicated orders for drugs to relieve pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, colds and cough. Implications for optimal care of the patients, and for the economics of this federally-mandated system of consultant pharmacists are discussed.", "PMID": 701704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_886", "title": "Dopamine and the aged.", "content": "Regardless of the age of the patient, dopamine is a valuable agent for treating shock associated with an abdominal catastrophe. However, when the time is appropriate for withdrawal of dopamine, the aged do not react as do younger patients. Despite apparent adequate hydration, additional volume loading is required to avert renal failure, and the dosage of dopamine has to be decreased gradually until withdrawal is complete.", "contents": "Dopamine and the aged. Regardless of the age of the patient, dopamine is a valuable agent for treating shock associated with an abdominal catastrophe. However, when the time is appropriate for withdrawal of dopamine, the aged do not react as do younger patients. Despite apparent adequate hydration, additional volume loading is required to avert renal failure, and the dosage of dopamine has to be decreased gradually until withdrawal is complete.", "PMID": 701705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_887", "title": "A corneal irritation uniquely produced by hydrogel lathed lenses and its resolution.", "content": "This paper discusses the presence of an irritation (arc-line abrasion) on the corneas of some patients wearing hydrogel lenses. The author discusses many procedures for resolution and many failures. Only when fenestrations were employed did the irritation subside and disappear.", "contents": "A corneal irritation uniquely produced by hydrogel lathed lenses and its resolution. This paper discusses the presence of an irritation (arc-line abrasion) on the corneas of some patients wearing hydrogel lenses. The author discusses many procedures for resolution and many failures. Only when fenestrations were employed did the irritation subside and disappear.", "PMID": 701710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_888", "title": "Optometric residency programs.", "content": "Residency programs are very new to the optometric profession. In order for optometry to continue its growth, Residency programs must attain its appropriate role in the development of the profession. A committee has been established to support the concept of specialized residency programs in many aspects of optometric care. Initial goals and objections of the committee as well as future endeavors are discussed.", "contents": "Optometric residency programs. Residency programs are very new to the optometric profession. In order for optometry to continue its growth, Residency programs must attain its appropriate role in the development of the profession. A committee has been established to support the concept of specialized residency programs in many aspects of optometric care. Initial goals and objections of the committee as well as future endeavors are discussed.", "PMID": 701711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_889", "title": "Biofeedback treatment of strabismus: case studies.", "content": "This project demonstrates the use of neuromuscular reeducation biofeedback as a treatment for strabismus. Of the three subjects treated, an exotrope and an esotrope were cured according to pre-defined criteria and an exotrope with a dense monocular cataract was improved. Treatment consisted of monitoring eye positions using infrared sensors and feeding back information on relative ocular deviations coded in the form of a tone.", "contents": "Biofeedback treatment of strabismus: case studies. This project demonstrates the use of neuromuscular reeducation biofeedback as a treatment for strabismus. Of the three subjects treated, an exotrope and an esotrope were cured according to pre-defined criteria and an exotrope with a dense monocular cataract was improved. Treatment consisted of monitoring eye positions using infrared sensors and feeding back information on relative ocular deviations coded in the form of a tone.", "PMID": 701712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_890", "title": "Interdisciplinary health care: part II.", "content": "There are a number of problems which facilitate against the development and implementation of a successful effective team. These problems include the traditional model of separating the teaching of professional students, the feelings of omnipotence of the physician, the social and psychological barriers among professionals, the lack of role responsibilities of professionals, the fear of identity loss of allied health profession, the feeling of autonomy by independent health professionals and others. These problems are being studied because the benefits of team care, e.g. increased quality and quantity of care, professional recognition and decreasing the cost of care, are important to the delivery of health care.", "contents": "Interdisciplinary health care: part II. There are a number of problems which facilitate against the development and implementation of a successful effective team. These problems include the traditional model of separating the teaching of professional students, the feelings of omnipotence of the physician, the social and psychological barriers among professionals, the lack of role responsibilities of professionals, the fear of identity loss of allied health profession, the feeling of autonomy by independent health professionals and others. These problems are being studied because the benefits of team care, e.g. increased quality and quantity of care, professional recognition and decreasing the cost of care, are important to the delivery of health care.", "PMID": 701714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_891", "title": "A comparison of two fixation disparity targets.", "content": "A simple homemade fixation disparity test is compared with the standard Mallett Test. Sixty-four clinical patients were tested and 25 percent of them were found to have fixation disparity on either one or both tests. Age distribution is shown. Comparisons are made as to the direction of fixation disparity and magnitude of associated heterophoria found with each test.", "contents": "A comparison of two fixation disparity targets. A simple homemade fixation disparity test is compared with the standard Mallett Test. Sixty-four clinical patients were tested and 25 percent of them were found to have fixation disparity on either one or both tests. Age distribution is shown. Comparisons are made as to the direction of fixation disparity and magnitude of associated heterophoria found with each test.", "PMID": 701715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_892", "title": "Functional relationship between myopia, accommodative stress and against-the-rule astigmia: a hypothesis.", "content": "A model is proposed to explain the well-established tendency for against-the-rule astigmatism to precede and be predictive of the later development of myopia. It is hypothesized that the against-the-rule astigmatism is a functional adaptation to reduce near point stress by permitting reduced accommodative output (increased lag of accommodation) while maintaining resolution for the primarily vertically-oriented characters of the English language.", "contents": "Functional relationship between myopia, accommodative stress and against-the-rule astigmia: a hypothesis. A model is proposed to explain the well-established tendency for against-the-rule astigmatism to precede and be predictive of the later development of myopia. It is hypothesized that the against-the-rule astigmatism is a functional adaptation to reduce near point stress by permitting reduced accommodative output (increased lag of accommodation) while maintaining resolution for the primarily vertically-oriented characters of the English language.", "PMID": 701716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_893", "title": "Dimensional stability of lathe cut C.A.B. lenses.", "content": "Measurements of the back central optical radius in the course of 336 hours of hydration of lathe cut corneal lenses disclosed changes in curvature which were more rapid and of greater magnitude than those previously reported for poly (methyl methacrylate) lenses.", "contents": "Dimensional stability of lathe cut C.A.B. lenses. Measurements of the back central optical radius in the course of 336 hours of hydration of lathe cut corneal lenses disclosed changes in curvature which were more rapid and of greater magnitude than those previously reported for poly (methyl methacrylate) lenses.", "PMID": 701717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_894", "title": "Easier and more productive study and desk work.", "content": "This article is a uniquely optometric public service. Working from an optometric model of vision, the authors collected and condensed extensive information from many professions and scientific fields, developed additional material, field-tested the information, and created an original, easy-to-apply handbook to help the very large segment of the population that does near tasks. Only an optometric model of vision can tell us how near tasks produce a general tightening of the musculature and undesirable changes in visual status, which in turn lower efficiency at near tasks; and that the way to counteract this process is to have minimal obstructions to movement at such tasks (thus, the information on chair and table design, shoes, etc.). Only an optometric model of vision makes us aware of the value of breaks to offset tightening, and tells us when to take breaks, what to do during breaks, and specific exercises to reduce near task stress. Only an optometric model tells us that the lighting which others consider adequate is often excessive and leads to fatigue, and allows us to determine the proper amount of lighting in general and for the individual. And only an optometric model of vision tells us of the value of adjustable arm typing stands. Because of its approach, \"Easier and More Productive Study and Desk Work\" reinforces the view of optometry as a broad-based discipline which relates vision to all areas of human performance.", "contents": "Easier and more productive study and desk work. This article is a uniquely optometric public service. Working from an optometric model of vision, the authors collected and condensed extensive information from many professions and scientific fields, developed additional material, field-tested the information, and created an original, easy-to-apply handbook to help the very large segment of the population that does near tasks. Only an optometric model of vision can tell us how near tasks produce a general tightening of the musculature and undesirable changes in visual status, which in turn lower efficiency at near tasks; and that the way to counteract this process is to have minimal obstructions to movement at such tasks (thus, the information on chair and table design, shoes, etc.). Only an optometric model of vision makes us aware of the value of breaks to offset tightening, and tells us when to take breaks, what to do during breaks, and specific exercises to reduce near task stress. Only an optometric model tells us that the lighting which others consider adequate is often excessive and leads to fatigue, and allows us to determine the proper amount of lighting in general and for the individual. And only an optometric model of vision tells us of the value of adjustable arm typing stands. Because of its approach, \"Easier and More Productive Study and Desk Work\" reinforces the view of optometry as a broad-based discipline which relates vision to all areas of human performance.", "PMID": 701718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_895", "title": "Interdisciplinary health care: part III.", "content": "Since the spring of 1974, the University of Houston, College of Optometry has been involved in teaching optometry students the benefits of interdisciplinary health care. Optometry students have worked and learned with allied health, dietetic, nursing, pharmacy and social work students in a disadvantaged area in Houston. The primary purposes of the course were to assist students to learn about the expertise of other professional students, to work in an interdisciplinary team, and to learn about the multifaceted components of health care and the health resources of a community. This paper discusses the program and suggests this model of the Houston experience as one way of teaching interdisciplinary care.", "contents": "Interdisciplinary health care: part III. Since the spring of 1974, the University of Houston, College of Optometry has been involved in teaching optometry students the benefits of interdisciplinary health care. Optometry students have worked and learned with allied health, dietetic, nursing, pharmacy and social work students in a disadvantaged area in Houston. The primary purposes of the course were to assist students to learn about the expertise of other professional students, to work in an interdisciplinary team, and to learn about the multifaceted components of health care and the health resources of a community. This paper discusses the program and suggests this model of the Houston experience as one way of teaching interdisciplinary care.", "PMID": 701719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_896", "title": "Effectiveness of optometric vision therapy.", "content": "One hundred consecutive optometric vision therapy patients' records were evaluated to determine what changes occurred in the visual processing system. An ordinal visual performance scale was utilized to rate visual functioning on a one hundred point scale. The scale divides the visual processing system into 10 functions of 10 points each. Each of the 10 functions improved at the .001 level of significance as a consequence of the binocular vision therapy treatment program.", "contents": "Effectiveness of optometric vision therapy. One hundred consecutive optometric vision therapy patients' records were evaluated to determine what changes occurred in the visual processing system. An ordinal visual performance scale was utilized to rate visual functioning on a one hundred point scale. The scale divides the visual processing system into 10 functions of 10 points each. Each of the 10 functions improved at the .001 level of significance as a consequence of the binocular vision therapy treatment program.", "PMID": 701721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_897", "title": "Glaucomatous cupping--appearance, pathogenesis, detection.", "content": "Increased optic disc cupping has long been associated with glaucoma. In this paper the appearance, pathogenesis, and detection of glaucomatous cupping is reviewed. Emphasis is given to the increase in cup-disc ratio and appearance of the peripapillary area as being diagnostic of glaucomatous atrophy. The vascular theory for producing these changes is outlined and represents the most comprehensive attempt at explaining the changes of the disc in glaucoma.", "contents": "Glaucomatous cupping--appearance, pathogenesis, detection. Increased optic disc cupping has long been associated with glaucoma. In this paper the appearance, pathogenesis, and detection of glaucomatous cupping is reviewed. Emphasis is given to the increase in cup-disc ratio and appearance of the peripapillary area as being diagnostic of glaucomatous atrophy. The vascular theory for producing these changes is outlined and represents the most comprehensive attempt at explaining the changes of the disc in glaucoma.", "PMID": 701722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_898", "title": "Maturational variations and genetic-dynamic issues.", "content": "Psychic issues may influence apparatus functioning, and thus may lead to maturational variations. However, in this papper I have emphasized the converse: the influence of maturational variations on psychic issues. I have singled out for discussion three areas of the originally autonomous sphere: perception, motility, and language. The variations on which I have elaborated include: special sensitivities, maturational delays, and lags in achievement which we may perceive in the genetic background of our analytic patients. If such variations occur in the beginning of life, they primarily affect ego structuring, and anxiety and aggression potentials. In addition, they may leave imprints which may find later psychological expression as well. If they occur after the emergence of speech, symbolic thinking, and selfawareness, the resultant problems will contribute mainly to neurotic elaborations. Most important in tracing variations and their effects appears to be the organizing, integrative function. This function, already at work at the start of life, develops in accordance with its own biologically predetermined timetable. Viewed in this way, I would suggest that the organizing function itself may well be autonomous, since it does not arise out of conflict, and since, to use Hartmann's phrasing, it is \"not acquired,\" but \"rests on constitutional givens.\"", "contents": "Maturational variations and genetic-dynamic issues. Psychic issues may influence apparatus functioning, and thus may lead to maturational variations. However, in this papper I have emphasized the converse: the influence of maturational variations on psychic issues. I have singled out for discussion three areas of the originally autonomous sphere: perception, motility, and language. The variations on which I have elaborated include: special sensitivities, maturational delays, and lags in achievement which we may perceive in the genetic background of our analytic patients. If such variations occur in the beginning of life, they primarily affect ego structuring, and anxiety and aggression potentials. In addition, they may leave imprints which may find later psychological expression as well. If they occur after the emergence of speech, symbolic thinking, and selfawareness, the resultant problems will contribute mainly to neurotic elaborations. Most important in tracing variations and their effects appears to be the organizing, integrative function. This function, already at work at the start of life, develops in accordance with its own biologically predetermined timetable. Viewed in this way, I would suggest that the organizing function itself may well be autonomous, since it does not arise out of conflict, and since, to use Hartmann's phrasing, it is \"not acquired,\" but \"rests on constitutional givens.\"", "PMID": 701734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_899", "title": "Boyhood gender aberrations: treatment issues.", "content": "Although it is not yet clear what boyhood behaviors indicate an adult homosexual outcome, femininity is one reliable marker. The earlier and greater the femininity, the more likely will it be resistant to treatment, in childhood or adult life. Once an evaluation has revealed the femininity is intense, treatment should quickly begin and, when possible, include both mother and father. If the boy is to become more masculine, his mother will have to allow--encourage--him finally to separate from her, and his father will have to start serving as an adequate model for masculinity.", "contents": "Boyhood gender aberrations: treatment issues. Although it is not yet clear what boyhood behaviors indicate an adult homosexual outcome, femininity is one reliable marker. The earlier and greater the femininity, the more likely will it be resistant to treatment, in childhood or adult life. Once an evaluation has revealed the femininity is intense, treatment should quickly begin and, when possible, include both mother and father. If the boy is to become more masculine, his mother will have to allow--encourage--him finally to separate from her, and his father will have to start serving as an adequate model for masculinity.", "PMID": 701736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_900", "title": "[Foetoscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "Foetoscopy consists of the introduction into the ovular cavity, at the beginning of the second trimester of pregnancy, of an optical device in order to be able to observe the foetus and the foetal surface of the placenta. It may be used to detect certain foetal malformations which are not seen by echography and to collect foetal red cells by direct puncture of a placental vein. Its major indication is the prenatal diagnosis of homozygous forms of haemoglobinopathies: sickle cell disease and beta-thalassaemia. It is a dangerous investigation which requires great experience and perfect organisation.", "contents": "[Foetoscopy (author's transl)]. Foetoscopy consists of the introduction into the ovular cavity, at the beginning of the second trimester of pregnancy, of an optical device in order to be able to observe the foetus and the foetal surface of the placenta. It may be used to detect certain foetal malformations which are not seen by echography and to collect foetal red cells by direct puncture of a placental vein. Its major indication is the prenatal diagnosis of homozygous forms of haemoglobinopathies: sickle cell disease and beta-thalassaemia. It is a dangerous investigation which requires great experience and perfect organisation.", "PMID": 701738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_901", "title": "[The pregnancy occuring during oral contraception or intra uterine device (i.u.d.) (author's transl)].", "content": "It seems possible to answer most of the questions asked by our patients after failure of the contraception. The pill stopped within the first five weeks of gestation has never been responsible of congenital malformations. When this treatment is prolonged during the pregnancy, a risk of masculinisation of female fetus exists. No severe malformations has been reported. The I.U.D. does not play a role in the frequency of tubal pregnancy. The I.U.D. must be removed when a pregnancy occurs to prevent the risk of sepsis.", "contents": "[The pregnancy occuring during oral contraception or intra uterine device (i.u.d.) (author's transl)]. It seems possible to answer most of the questions asked by our patients after failure of the contraception. The pill stopped within the first five weeks of gestation has never been responsible of congenital malformations. When this treatment is prolonged during the pregnancy, a risk of masculinisation of female fetus exists. No severe malformations has been reported. The I.U.D. does not play a role in the frequency of tubal pregnancy. The I.U.D. must be removed when a pregnancy occurs to prevent the risk of sepsis.", "PMID": 701739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_902", "title": "[Post-partum contraception (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have come to the conclusion that the ideal time to start female contraception is when the periods return following delivery. They arrived at this conclusion after studying the disadvantages of the various methods of hormone contraception and of mechanical female contraception immediately following delivery. Directly after delivery contraception should be in the hands of the man and not the woman. If better information is given to the couple during pregnancy and in the postnatal period it should direct them towards such formations of contraception. The problem, however, of grand multipara who are feckless, ignorant and of low social class, still remains. Medroxyprogesterone, if it is used at all immediately after delivery, should be given in a dose of 150 mg. As far as tubal ligation by mini-laparotomy after delivery goes this is permanent contraception and its indications should be considered with very great care.", "contents": "[Post-partum contraception (author's transl)]. The authors have come to the conclusion that the ideal time to start female contraception is when the periods return following delivery. They arrived at this conclusion after studying the disadvantages of the various methods of hormone contraception and of mechanical female contraception immediately following delivery. Directly after delivery contraception should be in the hands of the man and not the woman. If better information is given to the couple during pregnancy and in the postnatal period it should direct them towards such formations of contraception. The problem, however, of grand multipara who are feckless, ignorant and of low social class, still remains. Medroxyprogesterone, if it is used at all immediately after delivery, should be given in a dose of 150 mg. As far as tubal ligation by mini-laparotomy after delivery goes this is permanent contraception and its indications should be considered with very great care.", "PMID": 701740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_903", "title": "[Avoidable perinatal deaths and prenatal consultation (author's transl)].", "content": "Perinatal deaths may be avoided by the prenatal consultation. We show that women with a previous preterm delivery may have a term child if they are correctly followed, that adolescent pregnancies can have term birth with good social support and medical support. We show that uterine height (pubis-fundus) is a good measure of fetal development, giving a better prediction of term weight compared to echotomography from 28 to 36 weeks, afterwhat echo is obviously better. This means that simple clinical measures can reduce during pregnancy important causes of perinatal deaths.", "contents": "[Avoidable perinatal deaths and prenatal consultation (author's transl)]. Perinatal deaths may be avoided by the prenatal consultation. We show that women with a previous preterm delivery may have a term child if they are correctly followed, that adolescent pregnancies can have term birth with good social support and medical support. We show that uterine height (pubis-fundus) is a good measure of fetal development, giving a better prediction of term weight compared to echotomography from 28 to 36 weeks, afterwhat echo is obviously better. This means that simple clinical measures can reduce during pregnancy important causes of perinatal deaths.", "PMID": 701741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_904", "title": "[The avoidable neonatal injuries during delivery (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe their approach which was designed to meet three imperatives, namely: --to prevent severe foetal distress, --to detect severe foetal distress by systematic use of the cardiotocography, --to avoid unnecessary interventions by supervising the metabolic state of the mother and the foetus which makes it possible to distinguish foetal acidosis by hypoxia necessitating rapid intervention from foetal acidosis of maternal origin for which extraction is not generally necessary. Their action has made it possible to reduce the number of caesarian during labour which achieving extremely low perinatal mortality and morbidity rates.", "contents": "[The avoidable neonatal injuries during delivery (author's transl)]. The authors describe their approach which was designed to meet three imperatives, namely: --to prevent severe foetal distress, --to detect severe foetal distress by systematic use of the cardiotocography, --to avoid unnecessary interventions by supervising the metabolic state of the mother and the foetus which makes it possible to distinguish foetal acidosis by hypoxia necessitating rapid intervention from foetal acidosis of maternal origin for which extraction is not generally necessary. Their action has made it possible to reduce the number of caesarian during labour which achieving extremely low perinatal mortality and morbidity rates.", "PMID": 701742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_905", "title": "[The pathological secretion of prolactin (author's transl)].", "content": "The problem of hyperprolactinaemia is dominated by the search for an active pituitary adenoma, which, if it is at all large, requires neuro-surgical operation. In cases where a microadenoma is responsible or where the pathological secretion of prolactin is istrogenic, the most serious consequence is sterility. Hyperprolactinaemia in fact works at two levels: on cyclical gonadotrophic activity and on luteal function. Whatever the cause is, bromocriptine allows hyperprolactinaemia to be corrected together with the disturbances of ovulation resulting from it.", "contents": "[The pathological secretion of prolactin (author's transl)]. The problem of hyperprolactinaemia is dominated by the search for an active pituitary adenoma, which, if it is at all large, requires neuro-surgical operation. In cases where a microadenoma is responsible or where the pathological secretion of prolactin is istrogenic, the most serious consequence is sterility. Hyperprolactinaemia in fact works at two levels: on cyclical gonadotrophic activity and on luteal function. Whatever the cause is, bromocriptine allows hyperprolactinaemia to be corrected together with the disturbances of ovulation resulting from it.", "PMID": 701743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_906", "title": "[Instruments in microsurgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Instruments are at the basis of microsurgery. An operating microscope is the main element and the most important and expensive thing to buy. Yet it is possible to begin with a simple microscope as the ZEISS OMPI 1, or its copy by BAG. Five or six intruments are necessary except irrigation set up, clamps, bipolar coagulation. Suture material will be selected for each times. Microsurgery demands an important training before applying it in the operating room. A good operating position will also be required in order to perform efficiently.", "contents": "[Instruments in microsurgery (author's transl)]. Instruments are at the basis of microsurgery. An operating microscope is the main element and the most important and expensive thing to buy. Yet it is possible to begin with a simple microscope as the ZEISS OMPI 1, or its copy by BAG. Five or six intruments are necessary except irrigation set up, clamps, bipolar coagulation. Suture material will be selected for each times. Microsurgery demands an important training before applying it in the operating room. A good operating position will also be required in order to perform efficiently.", "PMID": 701744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_907", "title": "[Tubal microsurgery: methodology (author's transl)].", "content": "--A few assessments concerning general methodology of microsurgery and surgical repair of the Fallopian tubes are presented. --Some serials on the operating room setting-up are proposed on a practical point of view. --The value of the microsurgical approach is then reviewed for each particular technique of tuboplasty.", "contents": "[Tubal microsurgery: methodology (author's transl)]. --A few assessments concerning general methodology of microsurgery and surgical repair of the Fallopian tubes are presented. --Some serials on the operating room setting-up are proposed on a practical point of view. --The value of the microsurgical approach is then reviewed for each particular technique of tuboplasty.", "PMID": 701746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_908", "title": "[The value of echography in cases of threatened abortion in the first trimester of pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Echographic examination brings to the screening and determination of the seriousness of a threatened abortion features of prime importance. These are such as to change greatly the management. They are concerned with: --on the one hand the morphology of the oocyte, --and on the other hand the recognition and evaluation objectively of the criteria of the viability of the embryo and the activity of its heart and its motility.", "contents": "[The value of echography in cases of threatened abortion in the first trimester of pregnancy (author's transl)]. Echographic examination brings to the screening and determination of the seriousness of a threatened abortion features of prime importance. These are such as to change greatly the management. They are concerned with: --on the one hand the morphology of the oocyte, --and on the other hand the recognition and evaluation objectively of the criteria of the viability of the embryo and the activity of its heart and its motility.", "PMID": 701749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_909", "title": "[Artificial insemination with the sperm of the husband (author's transl)].", "content": "--128 women underwent artificial insemination with husband's semen (A I H) after an over 3 years period of sterility. --The most frequently recorded indication was low sperm density and/or reduced sperm motility. To increase sperm concentration and motility split ejaculates were most often utilised but also different other methods. --The pregnancy rate was 31 p. 100 and the success rate per cycle was 5 p. 100.", "contents": "[Artificial insemination with the sperm of the husband (author's transl)]. --128 women underwent artificial insemination with husband's semen (A I H) after an over 3 years period of sterility. --The most frequently recorded indication was low sperm density and/or reduced sperm motility. To increase sperm concentration and motility split ejaculates were most often utilised but also different other methods. --The pregnancy rate was 31 p. 100 and the success rate per cycle was 5 p. 100.", "PMID": 701752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_910", "title": "[Hirsutism (author's transl)].", "content": "Hirsutism may arise from two different causes: an increased production of active androgens by the adrenals and/or an increased utilization of circulating androgens by the target cells of the skin i.e. idiopathic hirsutism. Plasma testosterone and androstenedione levels are the best indexes of androgen production. Testosterone 5 alpha-reductase capacity in the skin and urinary 3 alpha-androstanediol reflect androgen utilization. In most hirsutisms, the only plasma testosterone level give sufficient information: it is normal with normal ovulatory cycles in idiopathic hirsutism, it is slightly elevated in ovarian dystrophy, the most frequent causes of hirsutism. More sophisticated investigations are only needed when testosterone levels appear to be over 1.50 ng/ml. In these cases, one could expect an uncommon etiology such as virilizing tumor on a delayed onset of congenital adrenal hyperplasia.", "contents": "[Hirsutism (author's transl)]. Hirsutism may arise from two different causes: an increased production of active androgens by the adrenals and/or an increased utilization of circulating androgens by the target cells of the skin i.e. idiopathic hirsutism. Plasma testosterone and androstenedione levels are the best indexes of androgen production. Testosterone 5 alpha-reductase capacity in the skin and urinary 3 alpha-androstanediol reflect androgen utilization. In most hirsutisms, the only plasma testosterone level give sufficient information: it is normal with normal ovulatory cycles in idiopathic hirsutism, it is slightly elevated in ovarian dystrophy, the most frequent causes of hirsutism. More sophisticated investigations are only needed when testosterone levels appear to be over 1.50 ng/ml. In these cases, one could expect an uncommon etiology such as virilizing tumor on a delayed onset of congenital adrenal hyperplasia.", "PMID": 701753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_911", "title": "[The onset of labour. A reminder of its physiology (author's transl)].", "content": "Until recently the onset of labour was considered to be due to changes in maternal hormone levels which were represented by a drop in the progesterone and a rise in the oxytocin levels. Recent work has shown that onset of labour is associated with several phenomena which take place parallel to one another, and they are immunological, haemodynamic, biochemical, mechanical, psychological and hormonal. The last of these are far and away the most important and have three sources: a placental source; a maternal source of sex steroids, oxytocin and prostaglandins and; of fetal origin, adrenal and posterior pituitary hormones. It seems that the prostaglandins and the maturation of the fetal brain are at present considered to be all-important. Better knowledge of the physiology of the onset of labour has led to greater success in pharmaco-dynamically induced labour, but this is not yet truly physiological. Therefore except in cases of pathology it does not seem right to undertake the risks of inducing labour more or less systematically.", "contents": "[The onset of labour. A reminder of its physiology (author's transl)]. Until recently the onset of labour was considered to be due to changes in maternal hormone levels which were represented by a drop in the progesterone and a rise in the oxytocin levels. Recent work has shown that onset of labour is associated with several phenomena which take place parallel to one another, and they are immunological, haemodynamic, biochemical, mechanical, psychological and hormonal. The last of these are far and away the most important and have three sources: a placental source; a maternal source of sex steroids, oxytocin and prostaglandins and; of fetal origin, adrenal and posterior pituitary hormones. It seems that the prostaglandins and the maturation of the fetal brain are at present considered to be all-important. Better knowledge of the physiology of the onset of labour has led to greater success in pharmaco-dynamically induced labour, but this is not yet truly physiological. Therefore except in cases of pathology it does not seem right to undertake the risks of inducing labour more or less systematically.", "PMID": 701754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_912", "title": "Pharmacological alterations in the clotting mechanism: use in microvascular surgery.", "content": "At the present time there is confusion as to what pharmacological adjuncts are helpful toward increasing patency rates of microvascular repairs. To select a drug rationally, an understanding of the clotting mechanism in small vessels is essential so that agents may be selected that alone or in combination will react with the elements of the blood and will allow for continued perfusion without risk of hemorrhage or toxicity. Drugs which are Federal Drug Aministration approved and currently available are drugs having nonspecific effects involving more than one aspect of the clotting mechanism; they often in undesirable as well as desirable effects. Further development will result in the use of more selective and sophisticated agents. Presently it would appear desirable to employ agents to (1) increase blood flow and decrease blood viscosity, such as dextran 70; (2) decrease platelet functions, such as aspirin-type drugs; (3) mitigate against the actions of thrombin on platelets and fibrinogen using low-dose heparin; (4) reduce anxiety and vasospasm using chlorpromazine or Thorazine.", "contents": "Pharmacological alterations in the clotting mechanism: use in microvascular surgery. At the present time there is confusion as to what pharmacological adjuncts are helpful toward increasing patency rates of microvascular repairs. To select a drug rationally, an understanding of the clotting mechanism in small vessels is essential so that agents may be selected that alone or in combination will react with the elements of the blood and will allow for continued perfusion without risk of hemorrhage or toxicity. Drugs which are Federal Drug Aministration approved and currently available are drugs having nonspecific effects involving more than one aspect of the clotting mechanism; they often in undesirable as well as desirable effects. Further development will result in the use of more selective and sophisticated agents. Presently it would appear desirable to employ agents to (1) increase blood flow and decrease blood viscosity, such as dextran 70; (2) decrease platelet functions, such as aspirin-type drugs; (3) mitigate against the actions of thrombin on platelets and fibrinogen using low-dose heparin; (4) reduce anxiety and vasospasm using chlorpromazine or Thorazine.", "PMID": 701764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_913", "title": "Free muscle transplantation to provide active finger flexion.", "content": "Free muscle transplatation is a procedure which involves the transfer of a skeletal muscle from one location in the body to another. Viability is maintained by microvascular anastomoses of the muscle's artery and vein to a suitable artery and vein in the recipient site. Voluntary muscle contraction is obtained by suturing of the muscle's motor nerve to an appropriate motor nerve in the recipient site. Two cases are presented; one using the gracilis and the other using the pectoralis major muscle. The indication for each transplantation was the traumatic loss of long flexor musculature to the digits. In both cases transplanted muscles survived and are functioning well. Excellent grip strength and nearly a full range of finger movement were provided by the transplanted muscle.", "contents": "Free muscle transplantation to provide active finger flexion. Free muscle transplatation is a procedure which involves the transfer of a skeletal muscle from one location in the body to another. Viability is maintained by microvascular anastomoses of the muscle's artery and vein to a suitable artery and vein in the recipient site. Voluntary muscle contraction is obtained by suturing of the muscle's motor nerve to an appropriate motor nerve in the recipient site. Two cases are presented; one using the gracilis and the other using the pectoralis major muscle. The indication for each transplantation was the traumatic loss of long flexor musculature to the digits. In both cases transplanted muscles survived and are functioning well. Excellent grip strength and nearly a full range of finger movement were provided by the transplanted muscle.", "PMID": 701765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_914", "title": "Intraosseous wiring of the digital skeleton.", "content": "One hundred cases of osteosynthesis done by the use of intraosseous wiring are presented. Two techniques of wiring are described, one used in transverse fractures and arthrodeses in which an additional Kirschner wire is employed, the other in which No. 0 monofilament wire can be placed perpendicular to the line of osteosynthesis. Forty-seven fractures were treated and there was union in all cases; 53 arthrodeses were performed, with failure in five, due, it is believed, to a failure to observe the essential elements of the technique, namely the need to obtain congruous bone ends and to maintain all internal fixation until there is clinical evidence of union. Overall, 83.2% of the maximum attainable total active range of motion was achieved in the 100 cases.", "contents": "Intraosseous wiring of the digital skeleton. One hundred cases of osteosynthesis done by the use of intraosseous wiring are presented. Two techniques of wiring are described, one used in transverse fractures and arthrodeses in which an additional Kirschner wire is employed, the other in which No. 0 monofilament wire can be placed perpendicular to the line of osteosynthesis. Forty-seven fractures were treated and there was union in all cases; 53 arthrodeses were performed, with failure in five, due, it is believed, to a failure to observe the essential elements of the technique, namely the need to obtain congruous bone ends and to maintain all internal fixation until there is clinical evidence of union. Overall, 83.2% of the maximum attainable total active range of motion was achieved in the 100 cases.", "PMID": 701766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_915", "title": "Polydactyly and the triphalangeal thumb.", "content": "Polydactyly associated with triphalangeal thumb is not rare, as among the records of 1,269 patients with congenital deformation of the upper extremity at the University of Iowa there were 21 patients with 32 hands with such involvement. More detailed classification based on Wassel's work was made. Treatment should be early, with removal of the radial digit if equal in size, excision of all accessory parts including delta bone when present, reconstruction of joint ligaments or joint fusion and osteotomy for correction of deviations. Care should be taken to avoid leaving a narrow first web space.", "contents": "Polydactyly and the triphalangeal thumb. Polydactyly associated with triphalangeal thumb is not rare, as among the records of 1,269 patients with congenital deformation of the upper extremity at the University of Iowa there were 21 patients with 32 hands with such involvement. More detailed classification based on Wassel's work was made. Treatment should be early, with removal of the radial digit if equal in size, excision of all accessory parts including delta bone when present, reconstruction of joint ligaments or joint fusion and osteotomy for correction of deviations. Care should be taken to avoid leaving a narrow first web space.", "PMID": 701767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_916", "title": "Immune competence and diabetes mellitus: pyogenic human hand infections.", "content": "An unexpectedly high incidence of diabetes mellitus was found in 12 patients with pyogenic hand infections. Three patients had overt diabetes, four had latent diabetes, and only five were normal when tested after resolution of the acute inflamatory state. Cellular immunity, assessed in five patients by intradermal injections of common antigens and the topical application of the neoantigen, dinitrochlorobenzene, appeared to be grossly normal in all patients. If changes in immunity were present, it is likely that the skin tests were not sensitive enough to detect these alterations.", "contents": "Immune competence and diabetes mellitus: pyogenic human hand infections. An unexpectedly high incidence of diabetes mellitus was found in 12 patients with pyogenic hand infections. Three patients had overt diabetes, four had latent diabetes, and only five were normal when tested after resolution of the acute inflamatory state. Cellular immunity, assessed in five patients by intradermal injections of common antigens and the topical application of the neoantigen, dinitrochlorobenzene, appeared to be grossly normal in all patients. If changes in immunity were present, it is likely that the skin tests were not sensitive enough to detect these alterations.", "PMID": 701769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_917", "title": "Doppler hemodynamic assessment of obscure symptomatology in the upper extremity.", "content": "Thirty-eight patients were studied because of symptoms thought to be vascular in origin. In 18 patients in whom angiography was performed, the presence or absence of hemodynamically significant vascular occlusive lesions was predicted correctly by Doppler ultrasound techniques. Normal Doppler studies in the remaining 20 patients expedited nonvascular diagnostic evaluation and treatment and helped to avoid unnecessary angiography. Studies required 15 to 20 minutes and no complications occurred. Noninvasive Doppler evaluation is inexpensive, free of risk, and provides an accurate means of determining alterations in upper extremety hemodynamics.", "contents": "Doppler hemodynamic assessment of obscure symptomatology in the upper extremity. Thirty-eight patients were studied because of symptoms thought to be vascular in origin. In 18 patients in whom angiography was performed, the presence or absence of hemodynamically significant vascular occlusive lesions was predicted correctly by Doppler ultrasound techniques. Normal Doppler studies in the remaining 20 patients expedited nonvascular diagnostic evaluation and treatment and helped to avoid unnecessary angiography. Studies required 15 to 20 minutes and no complications occurred. Noninvasive Doppler evaluation is inexpensive, free of risk, and provides an accurate means of determining alterations in upper extremety hemodynamics.", "PMID": 701770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_918", "title": "The spiral oblique retinacular ligament (SORL).", "content": "A procedure is described for reconstruction of the oblique retinacular ligament using a small tendon graft in a spiral fashion to act as a dynamic tenodesis to restore distal interphalangeal extension and to restrain proximal interphalangeal hyperextension. The method has been uniformly successful in the treatment of post-traumatic \"swan-neck\" or \"mallet\" deformity. Although the concept is simple, the procedure demands thorough understanding of digital anatomy for successful completion.", "contents": "The spiral oblique retinacular ligament (SORL). A procedure is described for reconstruction of the oblique retinacular ligament using a small tendon graft in a spiral fashion to act as a dynamic tenodesis to restore distal interphalangeal extension and to restrain proximal interphalangeal hyperextension. The method has been uniformly successful in the treatment of post-traumatic \"swan-neck\" or \"mallet\" deformity. Although the concept is simple, the procedure demands thorough understanding of digital anatomy for successful completion.", "PMID": 701771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_919", "title": "Palmaris longus tendon transfer for augmentation of the thenar musculature in low median palsy.", "content": "The palmaris tendon may be lengthened by a distal strip of palmar fascia and transferred subcutaneously to the tendon of insertion of the abductor pollicis brevis for augmentation of thumbs elevation from the palm. The transfer attempts to duplicate abductor brevis function in the complex act of opposition. The palmaris has appropriate strength, excursion, and direction for this purpose. It is properly phased for pinch activity and requires minimal retraining. Twenty-eight cases of transfer have been performed successfully and without difficulty. The uses of the transfer have included cases of carpal tunnel syndrome with thenar atrophy, injury to thenar muscles, and direct trauma to the median nerve in the forearm.", "contents": "Palmaris longus tendon transfer for augmentation of the thenar musculature in low median palsy. The palmaris tendon may be lengthened by a distal strip of palmar fascia and transferred subcutaneously to the tendon of insertion of the abductor pollicis brevis for augmentation of thumbs elevation from the palm. The transfer attempts to duplicate abductor brevis function in the complex act of opposition. The palmaris has appropriate strength, excursion, and direction for this purpose. It is properly phased for pinch activity and requires minimal retraining. Twenty-eight cases of transfer have been performed successfully and without difficulty. The uses of the transfer have included cases of carpal tunnel syndrome with thenar atrophy, injury to thenar muscles, and direct trauma to the median nerve in the forearm.", "PMID": 701772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_920", "title": "The S-H-A-F-T syndrome in the upper extremity.", "content": "The S-H-A-F-T syndrome is a passive form of Munchausen's syndrome in which a patient submits to multiple surgical procedures to a part of the upper extremity. Apart from the obvious connotation, the title emphasizes that the patients are sad, hostile, anxious, frustrating, and tenacious, with psychological problems similar to those of patients with Munchausen's disease--problems which are aimed at secondary gain from a psychological and/or financial nature. Three representative patients are described who had a total of 25 operations as well as multiple injections of cortisone performed by 11 doctors in five different states. Early recognition to avoid progressively mutilating operations is urged.", "contents": "The S-H-A-F-T syndrome in the upper extremity. The S-H-A-F-T syndrome is a passive form of Munchausen's syndrome in which a patient submits to multiple surgical procedures to a part of the upper extremity. Apart from the obvious connotation, the title emphasizes that the patients are sad, hostile, anxious, frustrating, and tenacious, with psychological problems similar to those of patients with Munchausen's disease--problems which are aimed at secondary gain from a psychological and/or financial nature. Three representative patients are described who had a total of 25 operations as well as multiple injections of cortisone performed by 11 doctors in five different states. Early recognition to avoid progressively mutilating operations is urged.", "PMID": 701773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_921", "title": "A study of bacteria contaminating refrigerated cooked chicken; their spoilage potential and possible origin.", "content": "Cooked chicken was allowed to spoil in a normal kitchen refrigerator (variable temperature) and at a standard 4C. After 10 days' storage, bacteria were isolated from the chicken. It was found that the numbers of organisms at variable refrigeration temperature were tenfold higher than those at a uniform 4C. In an attempt to find the sources of contamination, swabs were made of different areas of the kitchen. Many of the bacteria isolated from the spoiled chicken, were also isolated from the kitchen environment. When pure cultures of organisms isolated from spoiled chicken were inoculated into sterile cooked chicken and held at 4C, the main spoilage organisms were found to be Pseudomonas putida and Aeromonas hydrophila, which were also isolated from the refrigerator where the chickens were stored in the kitchen. Aeromonas hydrophila was found in significantly high numbers on plates, cutting knives, chopping boards and cold water taps.", "contents": "A study of bacteria contaminating refrigerated cooked chicken; their spoilage potential and possible origin. Cooked chicken was allowed to spoil in a normal kitchen refrigerator (variable temperature) and at a standard 4C. After 10 days' storage, bacteria were isolated from the chicken. It was found that the numbers of organisms at variable refrigeration temperature were tenfold higher than those at a uniform 4C. In an attempt to find the sources of contamination, swabs were made of different areas of the kitchen. Many of the bacteria isolated from the spoiled chicken, were also isolated from the kitchen environment. When pure cultures of organisms isolated from spoiled chicken were inoculated into sterile cooked chicken and held at 4C, the main spoilage organisms were found to be Pseudomonas putida and Aeromonas hydrophila, which were also isolated from the refrigerator where the chickens were stored in the kitchen. Aeromonas hydrophila was found in significantly high numbers on plates, cutting knives, chopping boards and cold water taps.", "PMID": 701783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_922", "title": "The problem of paralytic poliomyelitis in the urban and rural population around Lucknow, India.", "content": "A house to house survey was done from October 1972 to March 1974, covering 528952 individuals of urban population at Lucknow and 50,156 individuals of rural population of Unnao district, to find out the incidence of polio-like paralysis in our population. Among 12874 urban children up to 8 years old 8.2/1000 had polio-like paralysis while 4.6/1000 children of the rural population of 13554 children were affected. The incidence was significantly higher in the urban population. In the preschool age group almost 1 out of every 100 children was affected. A higher number of children were affected during 1968-9 and 1971-2, though it did not reach epidemic proportion. The findings show that paralytic polio is a serious problem in our country where poliomyelitis is endemic: this is contrary to the views generally held so far.", "contents": "The problem of paralytic poliomyelitis in the urban and rural population around Lucknow, India. A house to house survey was done from October 1972 to March 1974, covering 528952 individuals of urban population at Lucknow and 50,156 individuals of rural population of Unnao district, to find out the incidence of polio-like paralysis in our population. Among 12874 urban children up to 8 years old 8.2/1000 had polio-like paralysis while 4.6/1000 children of the rural population of 13554 children were affected. The incidence was significantly higher in the urban population. In the preschool age group almost 1 out of every 100 children was affected. A higher number of children were affected during 1968-9 and 1971-2, though it did not reach epidemic proportion. The findings show that paralytic polio is a serious problem in our country where poliomyelitis is endemic: this is contrary to the views generally held so far.", "PMID": 701784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_923", "title": "Field trials of brodifacoum (WBA 8119) against the house mouse (Mus musculus L.).", "content": "The anticoagulant rodenticide brodifacoum was tested against house mice (Mus musculus L.) infesting farm buildings. In six trials, treatment success was assessed from the results of census baitings conducted before and after treatment. With 0.005% brodifacoum in canary seed/corn oil bait, the control achieved ranged between 92.7% and 100%, mean 98.8%. Two mouse populations were eradicated in 3 to 4 weeks but a few individuals survived each of the other four treatments which lasted 6 weeks. The effectiveness of brodifacoum against mice is compared with that of 0.1% calciferol and 0.025% warfarin in combination. It is concluded that brodifacoum and calciferol warfarin are equally effective in controlling M. musculus but that brodifacoum treatments need to be conducted for a relatively longer period.", "contents": "Field trials of brodifacoum (WBA 8119) against the house mouse (Mus musculus L.). The anticoagulant rodenticide brodifacoum was tested against house mice (Mus musculus L.) infesting farm buildings. In six trials, treatment success was assessed from the results of census baitings conducted before and after treatment. With 0.005% brodifacoum in canary seed/corn oil bait, the control achieved ranged between 92.7% and 100%, mean 98.8%. Two mouse populations were eradicated in 3 to 4 weeks but a few individuals survived each of the other four treatments which lasted 6 weeks. The effectiveness of brodifacoum against mice is compared with that of 0.1% calciferol and 0.025% warfarin in combination. It is concluded that brodifacoum and calciferol warfarin are equally effective in controlling M. musculus but that brodifacoum treatments need to be conducted for a relatively longer period.", "PMID": 701785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_924", "title": "Klebsiella serotyping by counter-current immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "The development of a Klebsiella serotyping method by counter-current immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) is described. Antisera were prepared against the capsular antigens of 72 type strains and tested for the specificity and strength of their precipitin reactions with antigens from homologous and heterologous serotypes. All antisera produced strong reactions with their homologous antigen: when diluted to titre 63 were highly specific, 3 cross-reacted strongly and 6 weakly with one other antigen. Pools of antisera for screening purposes were constructed on the basis of common crossreactions: component serotypes of each pool could be detected strongly and specifically. The technique is simple to perform, fairly rapid, and economical in the use of antisera. Results can be read easily and quickly and the intensity of cross-reactions compared directly. The technique appears to be more specific and is less time consuming than the Quellung method, but further assessment of its efficacy in typing routine clinical cultures is necessary.", "contents": "Klebsiella serotyping by counter-current immunoelectrophoresis. The development of a Klebsiella serotyping method by counter-current immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) is described. Antisera were prepared against the capsular antigens of 72 type strains and tested for the specificity and strength of their precipitin reactions with antigens from homologous and heterologous serotypes. All antisera produced strong reactions with their homologous antigen: when diluted to titre 63 were highly specific, 3 cross-reacted strongly and 6 weakly with one other antigen. Pools of antisera for screening purposes were constructed on the basis of common crossreactions: component serotypes of each pool could be detected strongly and specifically. The technique is simple to perform, fairly rapid, and economical in the use of antisera. Results can be read easily and quickly and the intensity of cross-reactions compared directly. The technique appears to be more specific and is less time consuming than the Quellung method, but further assessment of its efficacy in typing routine clinical cultures is necessary.", "PMID": 701786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_925", "title": "Myxomatosis in the Mallee region of Victoria, Australia.", "content": "Sharp reductions in the wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.)) population in the Mallee are associated with annual myxomatosis epizootics. The extent to which the population reductions are the direct result of the epizootics varies with time of epizootic occurrence. All grazing animals in the Mallee are under nutritional stress each summer and autumn. When the epizootic occurs during the early summer heavy losses occur in a previously healthy population. Similar losses which occur in the late summer and autumn are the result of a nutritional stress - epizootic complex. The end result in each case is a population reduction of about 80%. This reduction occurs in a population which is the most resistant to myxomatosis known in Victoria and in association with epizootics caused by field strains of myxoma virus of moderate virulence only. The earlier summer epizootics are of considerable economic importance because they sharply reduce the pressure on the limited food available for other grazing animals.", "contents": "Myxomatosis in the Mallee region of Victoria, Australia. Sharp reductions in the wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.)) population in the Mallee are associated with annual myxomatosis epizootics. The extent to which the population reductions are the direct result of the epizootics varies with time of epizootic occurrence. All grazing animals in the Mallee are under nutritional stress each summer and autumn. When the epizootic occurs during the early summer heavy losses occur in a previously healthy population. Similar losses which occur in the late summer and autumn are the result of a nutritional stress - epizootic complex. The end result in each case is a population reduction of about 80%. This reduction occurs in a population which is the most resistant to myxomatosis known in Victoria and in association with epizootics caused by field strains of myxoma virus of moderate virulence only. The earlier summer epizootics are of considerable economic importance because they sharply reduce the pressure on the limited food available for other grazing animals.", "PMID": 701787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_926", "title": "Myxomatosis: the occurrence of antibody to a soluble antigen of myxoma virus in wild rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.), in Victoria, Australia.", "content": "The occurrence of antibody of myxoma virus in wild rabbits following epizootics is highest in the semi-arid north-west of Victoria and lowest in temperate southern Victoria. Occurrence ranges up to about 90% in the north-west and to about 70% in the south except on the Western Plains where epizootics are rare and antibody occurrence seldom exceeds 30%. The establishment of the European rabbit flea may be changing the pattern of occurrence of antibody in the north-west by causing spring outbreaks of myxomatosis. It is suggested that the effects of the replacement of a simple recurring system of epizootic and breeding season several months apart by the occurrence of myxomatosis twice in the same year, once coincident with the breeding season, will be complex. The occurrence of detectable antibody may be less dependent on the infection rate and may be dependent to some extent on the relative timing of spring myxomatosis and the breeding season.", "contents": "Myxomatosis: the occurrence of antibody to a soluble antigen of myxoma virus in wild rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.), in Victoria, Australia. The occurrence of antibody of myxoma virus in wild rabbits following epizootics is highest in the semi-arid north-west of Victoria and lowest in temperate southern Victoria. Occurrence ranges up to about 90% in the north-west and to about 70% in the south except on the Western Plains where epizootics are rare and antibody occurrence seldom exceeds 30%. The establishment of the European rabbit flea may be changing the pattern of occurrence of antibody in the north-west by causing spring outbreaks of myxomatosis. It is suggested that the effects of the replacement of a simple recurring system of epizootic and breeding season several months apart by the occurrence of myxomatosis twice in the same year, once coincident with the breeding season, will be complex. The occurrence of detectable antibody may be less dependent on the infection rate and may be dependent to some extent on the relative timing of spring myxomatosis and the breeding season.", "PMID": 701788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_927", "title": "A survey of Nairobi sheep disease antibody in sheep and goats, wild ruminants and rodents within Kenya.", "content": "The distribution of antibody to Nairobi sheep disease in sheep and goats in Kenya was found to coincide closely with that of the tick, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. The proportions of a population in an enzootic area with antibody was similar in the different age groups. No antibody to the virus was found in rodent sera and while some low titres were found in some wild ruminant sera, these were considered to be most likely cross reactions with antibody to related viruses.", "contents": "A survey of Nairobi sheep disease antibody in sheep and goats, wild ruminants and rodents within Kenya. The distribution of antibody to Nairobi sheep disease in sheep and goats in Kenya was found to coincide closely with that of the tick, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. The proportions of a population in an enzootic area with antibody was similar in the different age groups. No antibody to the virus was found in rodent sera and while some low titres were found in some wild ruminant sera, these were considered to be most likely cross reactions with antibody to related viruses.", "PMID": 701789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_928", "title": "Nairobi sheep disease in Kenya. The isolation of virus from sheep and goats, ticks and possible maintenance hosts.", "content": "Nairobi sheep disease was seen principally upon movement of susceptible animals into the enzootic areas. This occurred most frequently for marketing purposes near the main centres of population. Other outbreaks followed local breakdowns in tick control measures. The disease did not occur in epizootic form during the period under consideration. Nairobi sheep disease was isolated from pools of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus but not from many pools of other tick species. No virus was isolated from the blood or tissues of a range of wild ruminants and rodents.", "contents": "Nairobi sheep disease in Kenya. The isolation of virus from sheep and goats, ticks and possible maintenance hosts. Nairobi sheep disease was seen principally upon movement of susceptible animals into the enzootic areas. This occurred most frequently for marketing purposes near the main centres of population. Other outbreaks followed local breakdowns in tick control measures. The disease did not occur in epizootic form during the period under consideration. Nairobi sheep disease was isolated from pools of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus but not from many pools of other tick species. No virus was isolated from the blood or tissues of a range of wild ruminants and rodents.", "PMID": 701790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_929", "title": "Contaminated roof-collected rainwater as a possible cause of an outbreak of salmonellosis.", "content": "Roof-collected rainwater is a common water source in subtropical regions and has not been associated with human illness. In Trinidad, the West Indies, a church group, attending a rural camp, developed gastrointestinal illness, caused by Salmonella arechevalata. This rare serotype was isolated from stool specimens of campers, foods eaten at the camp, and a water tap, which was supplied by a storage tank of roof-collected rainwater. The surface of the roof, used as water catchment, was covered with bird faeces. It is postulated that rainwater, falling on the roof, washed off animal excrement which contained S. arechevalata and led to the outbreak of salmonellosis through camper ingestion of contaminated food and water.", "contents": "Contaminated roof-collected rainwater as a possible cause of an outbreak of salmonellosis. Roof-collected rainwater is a common water source in subtropical regions and has not been associated with human illness. In Trinidad, the West Indies, a church group, attending a rural camp, developed gastrointestinal illness, caused by Salmonella arechevalata. This rare serotype was isolated from stool specimens of campers, foods eaten at the camp, and a water tap, which was supplied by a storage tank of roof-collected rainwater. The surface of the roof, used as water catchment, was covered with bird faeces. It is postulated that rainwater, falling on the roof, washed off animal excrement which contained S. arechevalata and led to the outbreak of salmonellosis through camper ingestion of contaminated food and water.", "PMID": 701791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_930", "title": "The safety of the Trexler isolator as judged by some physical and biological criteria: a report of experimental work at two centres.", "content": "We have assessed the effectiveness of flexible-film negative-pressure isolators by physical and biological means. We found that they afford a high degree of containment and therefore also of safety to hospital staff. We offer some recommendations on the operation of these isolators to ensure the optimum degree of protection.", "contents": "The safety of the Trexler isolator as judged by some physical and biological criteria: a report of experimental work at two centres. We have assessed the effectiveness of flexible-film negative-pressure isolators by physical and biological means. We found that they afford a high degree of containment and therefore also of safety to hospital staff. We offer some recommendations on the operation of these isolators to ensure the optimum degree of protection.", "PMID": 701792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_931", "title": "Absence of binding of MDP, a synthetic immunoadjuvant, to anti-peptidoglycan antibodies.", "content": "The binding of the synthetic immunoadjuvant N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP, for muramyl dipeptide) to human and rabbit sera containing peptidoglycan (PG) antibodies was investigated. Studies were performed by employing the corresponding 14C or 125I-labeled compounds in Farr-type binding and inhibition assays. Whereas MDP did not react with naturally occurring or experimentally induced PG-antibodies, the analog of MDP MDP-L-Lys-D-Ala did bind to hyperimmune rabbit anti-PG sera, but not to the human sera tested. These studies indicate that the radioimmunoassays employed basically are applicable for the selection of nonimmumogenic MDP analogs possessing immunoadjuvant activity.", "contents": "Absence of binding of MDP, a synthetic immunoadjuvant, to anti-peptidoglycan antibodies. The binding of the synthetic immunoadjuvant N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP, for muramyl dipeptide) to human and rabbit sera containing peptidoglycan (PG) antibodies was investigated. Studies were performed by employing the corresponding 14C or 125I-labeled compounds in Farr-type binding and inhibition assays. Whereas MDP did not react with naturally occurring or experimentally induced PG-antibodies, the analog of MDP MDP-L-Lys-D-Ala did bind to hyperimmune rabbit anti-PG sera, but not to the human sera tested. These studies indicate that the radioimmunoassays employed basically are applicable for the selection of nonimmumogenic MDP analogs possessing immunoadjuvant activity.", "PMID": 701793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_932", "title": "The effect of complement depletion on the course of Sindbis virus infection in mice.", "content": "The course of Sindbis virus infection in 12-day-old BALB/c mice was altered significantly in animals depleted of the third component of complement (C3) by treatment with purified cobra venom factor (CoVF). Although the same percentage of C3-depleted and normal animals died (30%) after the subcutaneous inoculation of 1000 PFU Sindbis virus, the mean day of death was later in C3-depleted mice (8.4 days) than in controls (6.5 days). In addition, morbidity was prolonged in C3-depleted mice. Growth of virus at the inoculation site in the foot was not different; however, viremia was prolonged and the amount of virus in the brain was 1000-fold greater 6 days after infection in C3-depleted animals. These studies demonstrated that complement plays an important role in the host's response to Sindbis virus infection by participating in both beneficial and immunopathologic responses to the infection.", "contents": "The effect of complement depletion on the course of Sindbis virus infection in mice. The course of Sindbis virus infection in 12-day-old BALB/c mice was altered significantly in animals depleted of the third component of complement (C3) by treatment with purified cobra venom factor (CoVF). Although the same percentage of C3-depleted and normal animals died (30%) after the subcutaneous inoculation of 1000 PFU Sindbis virus, the mean day of death was later in C3-depleted mice (8.4 days) than in controls (6.5 days). In addition, morbidity was prolonged in C3-depleted mice. Growth of virus at the inoculation site in the foot was not different; however, viremia was prolonged and the amount of virus in the brain was 1000-fold greater 6 days after infection in C3-depleted animals. These studies demonstrated that complement plays an important role in the host's response to Sindbis virus infection by participating in both beneficial and immunopathologic responses to the infection.", "PMID": 701795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_933", "title": "Regulation of human lymphocyte function by a soluble extract from normal human liver.", "content": "The blastogenic and DNA synthetic response of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and allogeneic cells can be inhibited by a nontoxic aqueous extract (LEx) of normal human liver. LEx reversibly inhibits the activation of PBL by PHA, arrests ongoing DNA synthesis, and limits the duration of the DNA synthetic response to PHA at concentrations as low as 0.7 to 1.5 microgram LEx protein/culture. In contrast, human T lymphocyte E rosette formation is unaffected by LEx concentrations in excess of 900 microgram/culture. LEx has been partially purified by ultracentrifugation, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and molecular exclusion chromatography and appears to be a heat labile protein with a m.w. of approximately 65,000 and an isoelectric point of approximately 4.08. LEx is distinct from other previously described human immunoregulatory molecules and is potentially releasable in vivo from injured or necrotic liver cells. Because of its potency and anatomic distribution LEx may potentially modulate immunopathogenetic events responsible for assorted inflammatory and neoplastic liver diseases.", "contents": "Regulation of human lymphocyte function by a soluble extract from normal human liver. The blastogenic and DNA synthetic response of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and allogeneic cells can be inhibited by a nontoxic aqueous extract (LEx) of normal human liver. LEx reversibly inhibits the activation of PBL by PHA, arrests ongoing DNA synthesis, and limits the duration of the DNA synthetic response to PHA at concentrations as low as 0.7 to 1.5 microgram LEx protein/culture. In contrast, human T lymphocyte E rosette formation is unaffected by LEx concentrations in excess of 900 microgram/culture. LEx has been partially purified by ultracentrifugation, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and molecular exclusion chromatography and appears to be a heat labile protein with a m.w. of approximately 65,000 and an isoelectric point of approximately 4.08. LEx is distinct from other previously described human immunoregulatory molecules and is potentially releasable in vivo from injured or necrotic liver cells. Because of its potency and anatomic distribution LEx may potentially modulate immunopathogenetic events responsible for assorted inflammatory and neoplastic liver diseases.", "PMID": 701796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_934", "title": "Kinetic analysis of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity: evidence for noncompetitive inhibition by autologous lymphoid cells.", "content": "Inhibition of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by autologous lymphocytes was analyzed by using classical techniques for enzyme-substrate interactions. We determined empirically that the interaction of murine spleen cells with antibody-coated targets to produce lysis was analogous to the interactions that have been described for an enzyme with its substrate. Varying numbers of antibody-coated target cells (\"substrate\") were mixed with a constant number of spleen cells (\"enzyme\") and the number of target cells killed (\"product\") was measured as a function of time. By analogy with Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics, two parameters of the reaction were determined: Vmax, the maximum velocity of lysis that is proportional to the number of killer cells present, and K1/2, an intrinsic property of the killer cells. These parameters were found to be independent variables. Addition of autologous lymph node cells produced a dose-dependent decrease in Vmax whereas K1/2 was not significantly changed. By analogy with enzyme kinetics, this inhibition is noncompetitive, suggesting that the autologous lymphocytes inactivate the killer cells rather than competing for the cell-cell binding sites.", "contents": "Kinetic analysis of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity: evidence for noncompetitive inhibition by autologous lymphoid cells. Inhibition of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by autologous lymphocytes was analyzed by using classical techniques for enzyme-substrate interactions. We determined empirically that the interaction of murine spleen cells with antibody-coated targets to produce lysis was analogous to the interactions that have been described for an enzyme with its substrate. Varying numbers of antibody-coated target cells (\"substrate\") were mixed with a constant number of spleen cells (\"enzyme\") and the number of target cells killed (\"product\") was measured as a function of time. By analogy with Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics, two parameters of the reaction were determined: Vmax, the maximum velocity of lysis that is proportional to the number of killer cells present, and K1/2, an intrinsic property of the killer cells. These parameters were found to be independent variables. Addition of autologous lymph node cells produced a dose-dependent decrease in Vmax whereas K1/2 was not significantly changed. By analogy with enzyme kinetics, this inhibition is noncompetitive, suggesting that the autologous lymphocytes inactivate the killer cells rather than competing for the cell-cell binding sites.", "PMID": 701798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_935", "title": "Myeloma-induced immunosuppression: a multistep mechanism.", "content": "Hosts of plasma cell tumors have a depressed primary antibody response. We have investigated the ability of cell homogenates and culture fluids from short-term cultures of spleen cells and tumor cells of mice bearing the MOPC-315 plasmacytoma to suppress the in vivo primary antibody response to sheep red blood cells. The homogenates and culture fluids of both MOPC-315 spleen cells and tumor cells suppress the antibody response in a dose-dependent manner. Culture fluids of spleen cells from tumor-bearing mice contain a 10,000- to 20,000-dalton immunosuppressive factor. Culture fluids of non-adherent tumor cells contain a high m.w. suppressor. Injection of the high m.w. tumor suppressive factor into normal mice induces the expression or appearance of host cells that secrete the 10,000- to 20,000-dalton immunosuppressor. The tumor suppressive factor, but not the spleen factor, causes an alteration of lymphocyte membranes such that the anti-DNP activity of the MOPC-315 myeloma protein can be detected on the circulating lymphocytes of injected mice.", "contents": "Myeloma-induced immunosuppression: a multistep mechanism. Hosts of plasma cell tumors have a depressed primary antibody response. We have investigated the ability of cell homogenates and culture fluids from short-term cultures of spleen cells and tumor cells of mice bearing the MOPC-315 plasmacytoma to suppress the in vivo primary antibody response to sheep red blood cells. The homogenates and culture fluids of both MOPC-315 spleen cells and tumor cells suppress the antibody response in a dose-dependent manner. Culture fluids of spleen cells from tumor-bearing mice contain a 10,000- to 20,000-dalton immunosuppressive factor. Culture fluids of non-adherent tumor cells contain a high m.w. suppressor. Injection of the high m.w. tumor suppressive factor into normal mice induces the expression or appearance of host cells that secrete the 10,000- to 20,000-dalton immunosuppressor. The tumor suppressive factor, but not the spleen factor, causes an alteration of lymphocyte membranes such that the anti-DNP activity of the MOPC-315 myeloma protein can be detected on the circulating lymphocytes of injected mice.", "PMID": 701801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_936", "title": "Clonal nature of the immune response to phosphocholine. VI. Molecular uniformity of a single idiotype among BALB/c mice.", "content": "The molecular heterogeneity of IgG antibodies to phosphocholine (PC) having a defined idiotype was examined in BALB/c mice immunized with PC-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Specific antibodies were separated by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels and characterized for PC-binding, idiotype, and isotype by direct in situ labeling with 125I-labeled reagents followed by autoradiography. After immunization with PC-KLH, BALB/c produce 20 to 100 microgram/ml of IgM and 80 to 300 microgram/ml of IgG anti-PC antibody. The dominant fraction of anti-PC antibodies in BALB/c (and a lesser fraction in other strains) possesses idiotypic determinants found on a PC-binding myeloma, TEPC-15. Among 65 BALB/c examined, all produced an identical spectrotypic pattern of antibodies possessing T15 idiotypic determinants. Three major sets of T15-idiotype bearing bands were observed, but they belonged to three different IgG subclasses: IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3. These data support the germ line origin for this dominant set of antibodies in the anti-PC repertoire of BALB/c and indicate that they arise from a single rather than multiple VH-VL pairs.", "contents": "Clonal nature of the immune response to phosphocholine. VI. Molecular uniformity of a single idiotype among BALB/c mice. The molecular heterogeneity of IgG antibodies to phosphocholine (PC) having a defined idiotype was examined in BALB/c mice immunized with PC-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Specific antibodies were separated by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels and characterized for PC-binding, idiotype, and isotype by direct in situ labeling with 125I-labeled reagents followed by autoradiography. After immunization with PC-KLH, BALB/c produce 20 to 100 microgram/ml of IgM and 80 to 300 microgram/ml of IgG anti-PC antibody. The dominant fraction of anti-PC antibodies in BALB/c (and a lesser fraction in other strains) possesses idiotypic determinants found on a PC-binding myeloma, TEPC-15. Among 65 BALB/c examined, all produced an identical spectrotypic pattern of antibodies possessing T15 idiotypic determinants. Three major sets of T15-idiotype bearing bands were observed, but they belonged to three different IgG subclasses: IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3. These data support the germ line origin for this dominant set of antibodies in the anti-PC repertoire of BALB/c and indicate that they arise from a single rather than multiple VH-VL pairs.", "PMID": 701802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_937", "title": "Target antigens of cell-mediated lympholysis discrimination of HLA subtypes by cytotoxic lymphocytes.", "content": "The evolution of HLA specificities has been toward ever-increasing refinement; one example is a subdivision of HLA-B5, the supertype specificity originally defined as 4a. HLA-B5 can now be further subdivided into Bw51 amd Bw52 by serologic means. Whereas the specificity Bw51 can be detected by specific sera, the identification of Bw52 must frequently be deduced from knowledge of B5 and Bw51, although serology has progressed rapidly. There has been no comparable development in identifying fine specificities by cellular cytotoxicity in populations. We have now found that cytotoxic effectors of exquisite specificity can be generated against Bw52 by sensitization of cells from a Bw51 donor and vice versa; Bw51 and Bw52 can in this way be recognized with equal ease. This may set a precedent for recognizing fine specificities of other HLA antigens that cannot yet be identified serologically or can be identified only imprecisely. These fine distinctions may have great relevance in allotransplantation and in understanding disease susceptibility.", "contents": "Target antigens of cell-mediated lympholysis discrimination of HLA subtypes by cytotoxic lymphocytes. The evolution of HLA specificities has been toward ever-increasing refinement; one example is a subdivision of HLA-B5, the supertype specificity originally defined as 4a. HLA-B5 can now be further subdivided into Bw51 amd Bw52 by serologic means. Whereas the specificity Bw51 can be detected by specific sera, the identification of Bw52 must frequently be deduced from knowledge of B5 and Bw51, although serology has progressed rapidly. There has been no comparable development in identifying fine specificities by cellular cytotoxicity in populations. We have now found that cytotoxic effectors of exquisite specificity can be generated against Bw52 by sensitization of cells from a Bw51 donor and vice versa; Bw51 and Bw52 can in this way be recognized with equal ease. This may set a precedent for recognizing fine specificities of other HLA antigens that cannot yet be identified serologically or can be identified only imprecisely. These fine distinctions may have great relevance in allotransplantation and in understanding disease susceptibility.", "PMID": 701804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_938", "title": "Double expression of VH region a2 and a3 allotypes in individual rabbit lymphocytes.", "content": "This study provides evidence that two VH region a group allotypic specificities are synthesized by individual peripheral blood lymphocytes from a2,3 rabbits. After removal of both allotypes from the cell surface with pronase, three types of allotype-bearing cells, a2, a3, and a2,3 were demonstrable after overnight culture in serum-free medium. Frequently, greater than 50% of the cells that contained allotype on the surface resynthesized both allotypes. In culture, reappearance of allotype was first detectable at 4 hr and increased progressively thereafter to a maximum at 18 hr. During regrowth, the relative proportion of cells showing both markers was maintained. The predominance of cells exhibiting only a3 over those displaying only a2 was also maintained. Reappearance of allotype was inhibited by cycloheximide but was manifested when the antibiotic was washed out. Monospecific anti-a2 antibodies could completely suppress the resynthesis of homologous allotype in culture and prevent the regeneration of a2 in double-bearing cells. Likewise, anti-a3 in cultures was usually specifically suppressive for a3 allotype; however, the double producers were only partially depleted.", "contents": "Double expression of VH region a2 and a3 allotypes in individual rabbit lymphocytes. This study provides evidence that two VH region a group allotypic specificities are synthesized by individual peripheral blood lymphocytes from a2,3 rabbits. After removal of both allotypes from the cell surface with pronase, three types of allotype-bearing cells, a2, a3, and a2,3 were demonstrable after overnight culture in serum-free medium. Frequently, greater than 50% of the cells that contained allotype on the surface resynthesized both allotypes. In culture, reappearance of allotype was first detectable at 4 hr and increased progressively thereafter to a maximum at 18 hr. During regrowth, the relative proportion of cells showing both markers was maintained. The predominance of cells exhibiting only a3 over those displaying only a2 was also maintained. Reappearance of allotype was inhibited by cycloheximide but was manifested when the antibiotic was washed out. Monospecific anti-a2 antibodies could completely suppress the resynthesis of homologous allotype in culture and prevent the regeneration of a2 in double-bearing cells. Likewise, anti-a3 in cultures was usually specifically suppressive for a3 allotype; however, the double producers were only partially depleted.", "PMID": 701805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_939", "title": "Biosynthesis of the first component of complement by human and guinea pig peritoneal macrophages: evidence for an independent production of the C1 subunits.", "content": "The first component of complement, C1, was produced by human as well as guinea pig macrophages. Supernatants from serum-free cultured macrophage monolayers, tested separately for C1q and C1 activity, showed a ratio of 15:1, respectively, and a different time course of C1q and C1 production, indicating that the subcomponents of C1 are synthesized independently. Heat-inactivated fetal calf or guinea pig serum (2 hr, 56 degrees C), added to the culture medium, were found to be inhibitory for C1 but not for C1q activity, obviously due to still active C1 inhibitor in these sera. De novo synthesis was confirmed by reversible inhibition of C1 and C1q production by cycloheximide (0.5 microgram/ml) and puromycin (1 microgram/ml), by incorporation of radiolabeled amino acids into the C1s subcomponent, and by uptake of incorporated radioactivity by EA, which was sensitive to EDTA. In additional experiments, 2,2'-dipyridyl markedly reduced C1q and also C1 secretion in the supernatants. Inhibition of the prolyl and lysyl hydroxylation and, as a consequence, structural instability of the collagenous region in the C1q molecule, is discussed as the cause of this effect which is analogous to collagen biosynthesis.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of the first component of complement by human and guinea pig peritoneal macrophages: evidence for an independent production of the C1 subunits. The first component of complement, C1, was produced by human as well as guinea pig macrophages. Supernatants from serum-free cultured macrophage monolayers, tested separately for C1q and C1 activity, showed a ratio of 15:1, respectively, and a different time course of C1q and C1 production, indicating that the subcomponents of C1 are synthesized independently. Heat-inactivated fetal calf or guinea pig serum (2 hr, 56 degrees C), added to the culture medium, were found to be inhibitory for C1 but not for C1q activity, obviously due to still active C1 inhibitor in these sera. De novo synthesis was confirmed by reversible inhibition of C1 and C1q production by cycloheximide (0.5 microgram/ml) and puromycin (1 microgram/ml), by incorporation of radiolabeled amino acids into the C1s subcomponent, and by uptake of incorporated radioactivity by EA, which was sensitive to EDTA. In additional experiments, 2,2'-dipyridyl markedly reduced C1q and also C1 secretion in the supernatants. Inhibition of the prolyl and lysyl hydroxylation and, as a consequence, structural instability of the collagenous region in the C1q molecule, is discussed as the cause of this effect which is analogous to collagen biosynthesis.", "PMID": 701808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_940", "title": "An automatic multi-programmed affinity chromatographic system.", "content": "An automatic immunospecific affinity-chromatographic system for continuous operation is described. The system comprises time-controlled sample application, washing and elution steps and automatic dialysis of eluted fractions. The applicability of the system is illustrated by the purification of pregnancy zone protein on immunosorbent gel.", "contents": "An automatic multi-programmed affinity chromatographic system. An automatic immunospecific affinity-chromatographic system for continuous operation is described. The system comprises time-controlled sample application, washing and elution steps and automatic dialysis of eluted fractions. The applicability of the system is illustrated by the purification of pregnancy zone protein on immunosorbent gel.", "PMID": 701810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_941", "title": "A simple, sensitive assay for determining DNA in mononuclear phagocytes and other leukocytes.", "content": "An assay for determining the DNA content of mononuclear phagocytes is described. The assay is efficient and very sensitive, measuring as little as 1 microgram of DNA. Content of DNA is a linear function of the number of mononuclear phagocytes in the sample. One million murine macrophages contain 10.1 +/- 0.36 microgram of DNA. Consequently, samples of as few as 100,000 macrophages can be accurately quantified to be related to other biochemical analyses.", "contents": "A simple, sensitive assay for determining DNA in mononuclear phagocytes and other leukocytes. An assay for determining the DNA content of mononuclear phagocytes is described. The assay is efficient and very sensitive, measuring as little as 1 microgram of DNA. Content of DNA is a linear function of the number of mononuclear phagocytes in the sample. One million murine macrophages contain 10.1 +/- 0.36 microgram of DNA. Consequently, samples of as few as 100,000 macrophages can be accurately quantified to be related to other biochemical analyses.", "PMID": 701811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_942", "title": "A modified Marbrook chamber which is cheap and disposable.", "content": "The conventional Marbrook culture system has several disadvantages; the preparation and assembly of the chambers is time consuming, the size of the culture vessels limits the number of replicates that may be set up, and placing the cells in the inner chamber is a cumbersome and slow process. We have modified this system by the introduction of a glass ring to make the culture chamber; this is small enough to fit inside a plastic Petri dish which serves as the outer reservoir. The modified Marbrook cultures are easy to manipulate, cheap to produce, disposable, and give comparable results to those obtained with the conventional system.", "contents": "A modified Marbrook chamber which is cheap and disposable. The conventional Marbrook culture system has several disadvantages; the preparation and assembly of the chambers is time consuming, the size of the culture vessels limits the number of replicates that may be set up, and placing the cells in the inner chamber is a cumbersome and slow process. We have modified this system by the introduction of a glass ring to make the culture chamber; this is small enough to fit inside a plastic Petri dish which serves as the outer reservoir. The modified Marbrook cultures are easy to manipulate, cheap to produce, disposable, and give comparable results to those obtained with the conventional system.", "PMID": 701812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_943", "title": "Quantitation of protein adsorbance to glass and plastics: investigation of a new tube with low adherence.", "content": "Four different tubes were tested for adherence of human albumin, aggregated and non-aggregated human IgG and rabbit IgG: glass, polystyrene and cellulose nitrate tubes, and a new plastic tube, Minisorp. From the viewpoint of low protein adherence, the new tube was superior to the others, in the following test situation: (i) low concentration of proteins; (ii) 0.9% NaCl used as diluent; and (iii) when detergents in the tests are undesirable.", "contents": "Quantitation of protein adsorbance to glass and plastics: investigation of a new tube with low adherence. Four different tubes were tested for adherence of human albumin, aggregated and non-aggregated human IgG and rabbit IgG: glass, polystyrene and cellulose nitrate tubes, and a new plastic tube, Minisorp. From the viewpoint of low protein adherence, the new tube was superior to the others, in the following test situation: (i) low concentration of proteins; (ii) 0.9% NaCl used as diluent; and (iii) when detergents in the tests are undesirable.", "PMID": 701813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_944", "title": "Modification of the Farr assay using ethanol-ammonium acetate precipitation and its application to the measurement of affinity of anti-HCG produced in several species.", "content": "A double isotope modified Farr assay was used to determine the total binding sites and affinity of antibodies to human chorionic gonadotrophin. Precipitation of the antigen--antibody complex at equilibrium with ammonium sulphate gave very high levels of nonspecific binding. Good discrimination over background was observed using a specific anti-immunoglobulin serum. However since we were interested in measuring the affinity of antibodies raised in several animal species it was more appropriate to use a single nonspecies precipitating reagent. We found that the use of a mixture of ethanol-ammonium acetate gave very low levels of non-specific binding in baboons, marmosets, rabbits and mice.", "contents": "Modification of the Farr assay using ethanol-ammonium acetate precipitation and its application to the measurement of affinity of anti-HCG produced in several species. A double isotope modified Farr assay was used to determine the total binding sites and affinity of antibodies to human chorionic gonadotrophin. Precipitation of the antigen--antibody complex at equilibrium with ammonium sulphate gave very high levels of nonspecific binding. Good discrimination over background was observed using a specific anti-immunoglobulin serum. However since we were interested in measuring the affinity of antibodies raised in several animal species it was more appropriate to use a single nonspecies precipitating reagent. We found that the use of a mixture of ethanol-ammonium acetate gave very low levels of non-specific binding in baboons, marmosets, rabbits and mice.", "PMID": 701814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_945", "title": "Phagocytosis of technetium-99m sulfur colloid by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "This study characterizes a new phagocytic assay system utilizing technetium-99m sulfur colloid as the phagocytic particle. Uptake of sulfur colloid by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes is a time and temperature dependent process that requires glucose for optimal uptake. In contrast to many other systems, sulfur colloid phagocytosis appears to be serum and divalent cation independent. An attractive feature of this system is the 10-fold increase in particle uptake with phagocytosis as compared to that at zero time.", "contents": "Phagocytosis of technetium-99m sulfur colloid by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. This study characterizes a new phagocytic assay system utilizing technetium-99m sulfur colloid as the phagocytic particle. Uptake of sulfur colloid by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes is a time and temperature dependent process that requires glucose for optimal uptake. In contrast to many other systems, sulfur colloid phagocytosis appears to be serum and divalent cation independent. An attractive feature of this system is the 10-fold increase in particle uptake with phagocytosis as compared to that at zero time.", "PMID": 701815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_946", "title": "A rapid photoelectric method for reading cell migration.", "content": "A rapid photoelectric method for reading macrophage migration is described which eliminates drawing and planimetry of cell fans. The results obtained are shown to be concordant with those obtained by planimetry. The time required to read a cell migration experiment is reduced from several hours to a few minutes.", "contents": "A rapid photoelectric method for reading cell migration. A rapid photoelectric method for reading macrophage migration is described which eliminates drawing and planimetry of cell fans. The results obtained are shown to be concordant with those obtained by planimetry. The time required to read a cell migration experiment is reduced from several hours to a few minutes.", "PMID": 701816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_947", "title": "Immune adherence: a quantitative and kinetic analysis.", "content": "Quantitative and kinetic analysis of the immune-adherence reaction (IA) between C3b fragments and IA receptors as an agglutination reaction is difficult. Analysis is possible, however, by use of radio-iodinated bovine serum albumin as antigen at low concentrations (less than 200 ng/ml) and optimal concentration of antibody to avoid precipitation of antigen--antibody complexes with human erythrocytes without participation of complement. Antigen and antibody are reacted at 37 degree C, complement is added, the mixture incubated and human erythrocytes added; after further incubation, ice-cold EDTA containing buffer is added and the erythrocytes centrifuged and assayed for radioactivity. Control cells reacted with heated guinea pig serum retained less than 5% of the added radioactivity. The method facilitates measurement of IA reactivity and permits more detailed analysis of the mechanism underlying the reaction.", "contents": "Immune adherence: a quantitative and kinetic analysis. Quantitative and kinetic analysis of the immune-adherence reaction (IA) between C3b fragments and IA receptors as an agglutination reaction is difficult. Analysis is possible, however, by use of radio-iodinated bovine serum albumin as antigen at low concentrations (less than 200 ng/ml) and optimal concentration of antibody to avoid precipitation of antigen--antibody complexes with human erythrocytes without participation of complement. Antigen and antibody are reacted at 37 degree C, complement is added, the mixture incubated and human erythrocytes added; after further incubation, ice-cold EDTA containing buffer is added and the erythrocytes centrifuged and assayed for radioactivity. Control cells reacted with heated guinea pig serum retained less than 5% of the added radioactivity. The method facilitates measurement of IA reactivity and permits more detailed analysis of the mechanism underlying the reaction.", "PMID": 701817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_948", "title": "Epidermodysplasia verruciformis: viral particles in early malignant lesions.", "content": "Two cases of epidermodysplasia verruciformis were studied histologically and electron microscopically. Four lesions examined were histologically benign, and had viral particles morphologically similar to that of common human warts. Two lesions on the forehead and the face were histologically in the stages of malignant transformation, the intraepidermal epithelioma and the early invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Similar viral particles were also observed in the upper layers of these 2 lesions. These results suggest that at least some of the virus-induced lesions of epidermodysplasia verruciformis actually become malignant.", "contents": "Epidermodysplasia verruciformis: viral particles in early malignant lesions. Two cases of epidermodysplasia verruciformis were studied histologically and electron microscopically. Four lesions examined were histologically benign, and had viral particles morphologically similar to that of common human warts. Two lesions on the forehead and the face were histologically in the stages of malignant transformation, the intraepidermal epithelioma and the early invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Similar viral particles were also observed in the upper layers of these 2 lesions. These results suggest that at least some of the virus-induced lesions of epidermodysplasia verruciformis actually become malignant.", "PMID": 701842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_949", "title": "The stability of vitamin A-induced metaplasia of mouse vibrissa follicles in vitro.", "content": "Tests were made of the stability of the previously described glandular morphogenesis and mucous metaplasia of embryonic mouse vibrissa follicles produced in vitro by excess vitamin A. The changes in individual follicles were observed in living tissue explants and serial sections. Upper lip skin of 13.5-day embryos underwent budding from vibrissa follicles to form branching glands which secreted mucus after 10--14 days in medium containing 4.7 microgram/ml retinol. If this medium was replaced with standard medium after 7 days, glandular morphogenesis and metaplasia continued unaffected, although some hair follicle bases returned to their original morphogenetic program. Similar results were obtained with skin of 13-day embryos treated with vitamin A (6.0 MG/ML) for only 3 days. The moderate degree of glandular morphogenesis in 15-day skin with vitamin A (4.7 microgram/ml) was not altered by the simultaneous addition of a high dose of cortisol (18 microgram/ml). It is suggested that the initiation of glandular morphogenesis of follicles differs from the initiation of mucous metaplasia in embryonic chick epidermis by vitamin A, in that it resembles a new secondary embryonic induction rather than a modulation of the epithelium.", "contents": "The stability of vitamin A-induced metaplasia of mouse vibrissa follicles in vitro. Tests were made of the stability of the previously described glandular morphogenesis and mucous metaplasia of embryonic mouse vibrissa follicles produced in vitro by excess vitamin A. The changes in individual follicles were observed in living tissue explants and serial sections. Upper lip skin of 13.5-day embryos underwent budding from vibrissa follicles to form branching glands which secreted mucus after 10--14 days in medium containing 4.7 microgram/ml retinol. If this medium was replaced with standard medium after 7 days, glandular morphogenesis and metaplasia continued unaffected, although some hair follicle bases returned to their original morphogenetic program. Similar results were obtained with skin of 13-day embryos treated with vitamin A (6.0 MG/ML) for only 3 days. The moderate degree of glandular morphogenesis in 15-day skin with vitamin A (4.7 microgram/ml) was not altered by the simultaneous addition of a high dose of cortisol (18 microgram/ml). It is suggested that the initiation of glandular morphogenesis of follicles differs from the initiation of mucous metaplasia in embryonic chick epidermis by vitamin A, in that it resembles a new secondary embryonic induction rather than a modulation of the epithelium.", "PMID": 701843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_950", "title": "Plasma membranes in psoriatic cells. A freeze-fracture study.", "content": "A freeze-fracture study of affected and unaffected psoriatic skin has demonstrated the presence of marked modification of the plasma membrane in the psoriatic lesion. In the lower layers of the epidermis, an increase of membrane associated particles was observed in many keratinocytes, possibly representing the morphological intramembranous equivalent of changes in the outer cell membrane demonstrated with cytochemical techniques. Furthermore, in the malphighian layer, numerous gap junctions have been found, which may be interpreted as a phenomenon compensating the uncontrolled proliferation, and may represent a point of differentiation between cell proliferation in psoriasis and neoplasia. This technique confirmed the poor tendency to adhesion of keratinocytes in extrajunctional areas, which had already been shown by other morphological techniques.", "contents": "Plasma membranes in psoriatic cells. A freeze-fracture study. A freeze-fracture study of affected and unaffected psoriatic skin has demonstrated the presence of marked modification of the plasma membrane in the psoriatic lesion. In the lower layers of the epidermis, an increase of membrane associated particles was observed in many keratinocytes, possibly representing the morphological intramembranous equivalent of changes in the outer cell membrane demonstrated with cytochemical techniques. Furthermore, in the malphighian layer, numerous gap junctions have been found, which may be interpreted as a phenomenon compensating the uncontrolled proliferation, and may represent a point of differentiation between cell proliferation in psoriasis and neoplasia. This technique confirmed the poor tendency to adhesion of keratinocytes in extrajunctional areas, which had already been shown by other morphological techniques.", "PMID": 701844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_951", "title": "Greater promotion in sister chromatid exchanges by trimethylpsoralen than by 8-methoxypsoralen in the presence of UV-light.", "content": "The number of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) was determined in normal human leukocytes following exposure in vitro to UV light (365 nm, UV-A) and either 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) or 4,5'8 trimethylpsoralen (TMP). Both psoralens produced an increase in SCEs, proportional to UV dose and concentration of drug. Neither drug alone nor UV alone promoted SCEs. The number of SCEs per cell was greater in leukocytes irradiated in the presence of TMP than in the presence of equimolar 8-MOP. At equimolar concentrations, TMP formed more cross-links than did 8-MOP. The difference in the effects of these 2 agents on various cell functions may relate to quantitative and qualitative differences in the photoadducts they form.", "contents": "Greater promotion in sister chromatid exchanges by trimethylpsoralen than by 8-methoxypsoralen in the presence of UV-light. The number of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) was determined in normal human leukocytes following exposure in vitro to UV light (365 nm, UV-A) and either 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) or 4,5'8 trimethylpsoralen (TMP). Both psoralens produced an increase in SCEs, proportional to UV dose and concentration of drug. Neither drug alone nor UV alone promoted SCEs. The number of SCEs per cell was greater in leukocytes irradiated in the presence of TMP than in the presence of equimolar 8-MOP. At equimolar concentrations, TMP formed more cross-links than did 8-MOP. The difference in the effects of these 2 agents on various cell functions may relate to quantitative and qualitative differences in the photoadducts they form.", "PMID": 701845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_952", "title": "The evaluation of topical anti-inflammatory activity on rat ears subjected to thermal injury.", "content": "Topical anti-inflammatory activity of steroidal and non-steroidal agents was assessed on inflammation produced by heat. A burn was produced on the ears of rats and the inflammation was quantitated gravimetrically. Steroidal anti-inflammatory agents were ranked in order of decreasing activity: triamcinolone acetonide, dexamethasone, prednisolone and hydrocortisone acetate. The nonsteroidal agents phenylbutazone and indomethacin were also effective in inhibiting the inflammation. Cholesterol, a steroid devoid of anti-inflammatory activity, was inactive in this test. Hydrocortisone acetate, in particular, appears to be less effective in inhibiting this type of inflammation than inflammation produced by croton oil.", "contents": "The evaluation of topical anti-inflammatory activity on rat ears subjected to thermal injury. Topical anti-inflammatory activity of steroidal and non-steroidal agents was assessed on inflammation produced by heat. A burn was produced on the ears of rats and the inflammation was quantitated gravimetrically. Steroidal anti-inflammatory agents were ranked in order of decreasing activity: triamcinolone acetonide, dexamethasone, prednisolone and hydrocortisone acetate. The nonsteroidal agents phenylbutazone and indomethacin were also effective in inhibiting the inflammation. Cholesterol, a steroid devoid of anti-inflammatory activity, was inactive in this test. Hydrocortisone acetate, in particular, appears to be less effective in inhibiting this type of inflammation than inflammation produced by croton oil.", "PMID": 701846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_953", "title": "The epidermolytic toxin of Staphylococcus aureus: its failure to bind to cells and its detection in blister fluids of patients with bullous impetigo.", "content": "Radioiodinated staphylococcal epidermolytic toxin was found not to bind to erythrocytes, blood leukocytes, trypsin-dispersed keratinocytes, epidermis or whole skin. Moreover the toxin could not be found to bind to murine epithelia by indirect immunofluorescence methods. However, the toxin, measured by radioimmunoassay, could be eluted from the skin of mice undergoing epidermolysis following intraperitoneal injection of toxinogenic Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, epidemolysin was measured in the blister fluid of 3 of 5 children with bullous impetigo but not in blister fluid from control patients with other blistering eruptions. Thus epidermolysin has been demonstrated to be present in lesions of the staphylococcal epidermolytic toxin syndrome but its mechanism of action does not involve binding to cells.", "contents": "The epidermolytic toxin of Staphylococcus aureus: its failure to bind to cells and its detection in blister fluids of patients with bullous impetigo. Radioiodinated staphylococcal epidermolytic toxin was found not to bind to erythrocytes, blood leukocytes, trypsin-dispersed keratinocytes, epidermis or whole skin. Moreover the toxin could not be found to bind to murine epithelia by indirect immunofluorescence methods. However, the toxin, measured by radioimmunoassay, could be eluted from the skin of mice undergoing epidermolysis following intraperitoneal injection of toxinogenic Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, epidemolysin was measured in the blister fluid of 3 of 5 children with bullous impetigo but not in blister fluid from control patients with other blistering eruptions. Thus epidermolysin has been demonstrated to be present in lesions of the staphylococcal epidermolytic toxin syndrome but its mechanism of action does not involve binding to cells.", "PMID": 701847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_954", "title": "Therapy with hyperbaric oxygen for experimental osteomyelitis due to Staphylococcus aureus in rabbits.", "content": "Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) is used as adjunctive therapy of chronic osteomyelitis, but its efficacy remains controversial. A recently developed rabbit model for osteomyelitis due to Staphylococcus aureus was used to compare the results of treatment with HBO, cephalothin, a combination of both, or no treatment. Cultures of bone were positive in 10 (91%) of 11 control animals (untreated), five (36%) of 14 animals treated with HBO, eight (47%) of 17 treated with cephalothin, and six (40%) of 15 treated with HBO plus cephalothin. All three treatment groups differed significantly from untreated controls in the number of positive cultures obtained (P less than 0.01), but there were no significant differences among treatment groups. In vitro growth and killing curves (1.0 microgram of cephalothin/ml) constructed after exposure to HBO revealed no change from parallel control studies in ambient air. These data demonstrate that therapy with HBO is at least as effective as antibiotic therapy. The therapeutic effectiveness of HBO does not appear to be related to antibacterial activity.", "contents": "Therapy with hyperbaric oxygen for experimental osteomyelitis due to Staphylococcus aureus in rabbits. Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) is used as adjunctive therapy of chronic osteomyelitis, but its efficacy remains controversial. A recently developed rabbit model for osteomyelitis due to Staphylococcus aureus was used to compare the results of treatment with HBO, cephalothin, a combination of both, or no treatment. Cultures of bone were positive in 10 (91%) of 11 control animals (untreated), five (36%) of 14 animals treated with HBO, eight (47%) of 17 treated with cephalothin, and six (40%) of 15 treated with HBO plus cephalothin. All three treatment groups differed significantly from untreated controls in the number of positive cultures obtained (P less than 0.01), but there were no significant differences among treatment groups. In vitro growth and killing curves (1.0 microgram of cephalothin/ml) constructed after exposure to HBO revealed no change from parallel control studies in ambient air. These data demonstrate that therapy with HBO is at least as effective as antibiotic therapy. The therapeutic effectiveness of HBO does not appear to be related to antibacterial activity.", "PMID": 701849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_955", "title": "Participation of immunoglobulin and the alternative complement pathway in opsonization of Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron.", "content": "Studies were conducted to determine the requirements for immunoglobulin and complement for opsonization of Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. The ability of human sera depleted of immunoglobulin or complement components to promote phagocytosis and intracellular killing of the strains of Bacteroides by human leukocytes was measured in vitro under anaerobic conditions. Neither hypogammaglobulinemic sera nor pooled normal human serum (PNHS) heated at 56 C for 30 min supported phagocytosis and killing of the strains of Bacteroides. Sera depleted of terminal complement components by treatment with inulin or cobra venom factor and C8-deficient human serum did not support phagocytosis of the test strains. PNHS depleted of C3, factor B, or factor D also did not support phagocytosis of either strain. Dose-dependent restoration of the opsonic activity of factor B-depleted serum was accomplished by purified human factor B but not by human C2. The results indicated that immunoglobulin and components of the alternative complement pathway participate in opsonization of the strains of Bacteroides tested in this study.", "contents": "Participation of immunoglobulin and the alternative complement pathway in opsonization of Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Studies were conducted to determine the requirements for immunoglobulin and complement for opsonization of Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. The ability of human sera depleted of immunoglobulin or complement components to promote phagocytosis and intracellular killing of the strains of Bacteroides by human leukocytes was measured in vitro under anaerobic conditions. Neither hypogammaglobulinemic sera nor pooled normal human serum (PNHS) heated at 56 C for 30 min supported phagocytosis and killing of the strains of Bacteroides. Sera depleted of terminal complement components by treatment with inulin or cobra venom factor and C8-deficient human serum did not support phagocytosis of the test strains. PNHS depleted of C3, factor B, or factor D also did not support phagocytosis of either strain. Dose-dependent restoration of the opsonic activity of factor B-depleted serum was accomplished by purified human factor B but not by human C2. The results indicated that immunoglobulin and components of the alternative complement pathway participate in opsonization of the strains of Bacteroides tested in this study.", "PMID": 701850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_956", "title": "Reactivation of herpes simplex virus after decompression of the trigeminal nerve root.", "content": "Reactivation of herpes simplex virus was prospectively studied in patients after microneurosurgical decompression of the trigeminal sensory root, a new operation for trigeminal neuralgia in which the nerve is not sectioned. Reactivation was detected in 28 (50%) of 56 patients. Virus was cultured from oropharyngeal secretions in 25 patients, and 21 patients developed cutaneous herpetic lesions. Seven patients had positive throat-wash (TW) cultures but did not develop lesions, and the converse occurred in three patients. Eighteen patients had both positive TW cultures and herpetic lesions. In eight of nine instances in which a sequence was determinable, TW cultures were positive before lesions developed. A history of recurrent herpes labialis was associated with a higher risk of developing reactivation postoperatively (59.4% vs. 31.6%, P less than 0.05). These observations suggest that minimal stimulation or inapparent trauma to the trigeminal sensory root is sufficient to activate latent herpes simplex virus in humans. These patients provide unique opportunities to study immunologic responses and therapeutic measures.", "contents": "Reactivation of herpes simplex virus after decompression of the trigeminal nerve root. Reactivation of herpes simplex virus was prospectively studied in patients after microneurosurgical decompression of the trigeminal sensory root, a new operation for trigeminal neuralgia in which the nerve is not sectioned. Reactivation was detected in 28 (50%) of 56 patients. Virus was cultured from oropharyngeal secretions in 25 patients, and 21 patients developed cutaneous herpetic lesions. Seven patients had positive throat-wash (TW) cultures but did not develop lesions, and the converse occurred in three patients. Eighteen patients had both positive TW cultures and herpetic lesions. In eight of nine instances in which a sequence was determinable, TW cultures were positive before lesions developed. A history of recurrent herpes labialis was associated with a higher risk of developing reactivation postoperatively (59.4% vs. 31.6%, P less than 0.05). These observations suggest that minimal stimulation or inapparent trauma to the trigeminal sensory root is sufficient to activate latent herpes simplex virus in humans. These patients provide unique opportunities to study immunologic responses and therapeutic measures.", "PMID": 701851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_957", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid otorrhoea and otorhinorrhoea following closed head injury.", "content": "A discussion of acute traumatic CSF otorrhoea and otorhinorrhoea is presented. The incidence of meningeal infection is reviewed and the management of these cases is outlined with special emphasis on the indications for surgical intervention and the otological procedures available. Two patients who sustained transverse fractures of the petrous temporal bone are described in whom subsequent attacks of meningitis were prevented by a new, simple yet effective operation.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid otorrhoea and otorhinorrhoea following closed head injury. A discussion of acute traumatic CSF otorrhoea and otorhinorrhoea is presented. The incidence of meningeal infection is reviewed and the management of these cases is outlined with special emphasis on the indications for surgical intervention and the otological procedures available. Two patients who sustained transverse fractures of the petrous temporal bone are described in whom subsequent attacks of meningitis were prevented by a new, simple yet effective operation.", "PMID": 701976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_958", "title": "Further observations on the vestibulo-dural channel.", "content": "A channel between the vestibular aqueduct and the dura, corresponding in texture to the main aqueduct, has been observed in an un-negligible number of cases. All attempts to establish a connection between this phenomenon and a variety of clinical entities, among them Meni\u00e8re's disease, have so far been unsuccessful.", "contents": "Further observations on the vestibulo-dural channel. A channel between the vestibular aqueduct and the dura, corresponding in texture to the main aqueduct, has been observed in an un-negligible number of cases. All attempts to establish a connection between this phenomenon and a variety of clinical entities, among them Meni\u00e8re's disease, have so far been unsuccessful.", "PMID": 701977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_959", "title": "Otogenic intracranial hypertension. Otitic hydrocephalus.", "content": "Otogenic intracranial hypertension is a rare complication of suppurative otitis media. Two patients with the typical features of the disease are presented. An historical review of the literature on the subject and a discussion of the differential diagnosis have been carried out. In the light of recent neuro-otological advances the management has been reappraised.", "contents": "Otogenic intracranial hypertension. Otitic hydrocephalus. Otogenic intracranial hypertension is a rare complication of suppurative otitis media. Two patients with the typical features of the disease are presented. An historical review of the literature on the subject and a discussion of the differential diagnosis have been carried out. In the light of recent neuro-otological advances the management has been reappraised.", "PMID": 701978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_960", "title": "Malignant otitis externa.", "content": "A case is described of malignant otitis externa which was cured by a regime of general and local treatment, including the use of the antibiotic Tobramycin and timely mastoid surgery. The origins, progression, diagnosis and treatment of the disease are discussed with reference to some of the increasingly numerous reports in the literature. Reports disclose an increasing incidence and also an improved prognosis. The former is probably related to the survival of more elderly diabetics and the latter to a better understanding of the disease process and to early medical and, if necessary, surgical treatment. An important feature regarding treatment has been the advent of powerful specific antibiotics including Tobramycin.", "contents": "Malignant otitis externa. A case is described of malignant otitis externa which was cured by a regime of general and local treatment, including the use of the antibiotic Tobramycin and timely mastoid surgery. The origins, progression, diagnosis and treatment of the disease are discussed with reference to some of the increasingly numerous reports in the literature. Reports disclose an increasing incidence and also an improved prognosis. The former is probably related to the survival of more elderly diabetics and the latter to a better understanding of the disease process and to early medical and, if necessary, surgical treatment. An important feature regarding treatment has been the advent of powerful specific antibiotics including Tobramycin.", "PMID": 701981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_961", "title": "A rare case of malignant otitis externa in a non-diabetic patient.", "content": "A case of an elderly non-diabetic patient suffering from malignant otitis externa is reported. The organisms were resistant to Gentamicin and the cause of death was a sub-dural abscess causing pressure on the pons.", "contents": "A rare case of malignant otitis externa in a non-diabetic patient. A case of an elderly non-diabetic patient suffering from malignant otitis externa is reported. The organisms were resistant to Gentamicin and the cause of death was a sub-dural abscess causing pressure on the pons.", "PMID": 701982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_962", "title": "Leiomyoma of the nasal cavity. Report of a case.", "content": "A 76-year-old woman had a leiomyoma of the nasal cavity. There are three cases of leiomyomas of the nasal cavity previously reported.", "contents": "Leiomyoma of the nasal cavity. Report of a case. A 76-year-old woman had a leiomyoma of the nasal cavity. There are three cases of leiomyomas of the nasal cavity previously reported.", "PMID": 701983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_963", "title": "Oesophageal papillomata in the child.", "content": "This is a case report of a 6-year-old female child with asymptomatic multiple squamous papillomatosis involving the hypopharynx and the entire length of the oesophagus. Total spontaneous regression of the papillomata occurred within  2 years of presentation. Associated asymptomatic laryngeal papillomata were removed by suction diathermy under general anaesthesia. The diagnosis was confirmed by direct microlaryngoscopy, oesophagoscopy, barium swallow and histology. The laryngeal hypopharyngeal and oesophageal lesions were identical histologically and macroscopically.", "contents": "Oesophageal papillomata in the child. This is a case report of a 6-year-old female child with asymptomatic multiple squamous papillomatosis involving the hypopharynx and the entire length of the oesophagus. Total spontaneous regression of the papillomata occurred within  2 years of presentation. Associated asymptomatic laryngeal papillomata were removed by suction diathermy under general anaesthesia. The diagnosis was confirmed by direct microlaryngoscopy, oesophagoscopy, barium swallow and histology. The laryngeal hypopharyngeal and oesophageal lesions were identical histologically and macroscopically.", "PMID": 701985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_964", "title": "A schwannoma of the parotid gland. Report of a case.", "content": "An unusual case of multiple schwannomas of the parotid gland in a 44-year-old male is presented, and the natural history of the disease is discussed. Neural tumours of the salivary glands are rare, and the treatment of choice is surgery. Recurrence seems to be unusual unless the excision is incomplete.", "contents": "A schwannoma of the parotid gland. Report of a case. An unusual case of multiple schwannomas of the parotid gland in a 44-year-old male is presented, and the natural history of the disease is discussed. Neural tumours of the salivary glands are rare, and the treatment of choice is surgery. Recurrence seems to be unusual unless the excision is incomplete.", "PMID": 701986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_965", "title": "Changes in oestradiol-17beta binding in the hypothalami and pituitary glands of persistently infertile ewes previously exposed to oestrogenic subterranean clover: evidence of alterations to oestradiol receptors.", "content": "The binding of [3H]oestradiol-17beta to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland of clover-affected permanently infertile and control ovariectomized ewes was compared in vivo and in vitro. When [3H]oestradiol-17beta was infused into the carotid artery (10 ng/min), the total homogenate and the nuclear and protamine-precipitable cytosol fractions of hypothalami and pituitary glands from clover-affected ewes bound significantly more[3H]oestradiol than those of the controls. Cytoplasmic oestradiol-17beta receptors from the pituitary glands of clover-affected ewes showed a significantly lower apparent association constant and a higher number of binding sites/mg protein in vitro. It is suggested that the hypothalami and pituitary glands of ewes made permanently infertile by oestrogenic clover are less sensitive to feedback regulation of oestradiol-17beta at physiological levels.", "contents": "Changes in oestradiol-17beta binding in the hypothalami and pituitary glands of persistently infertile ewes previously exposed to oestrogenic subterranean clover: evidence of alterations to oestradiol receptors. The binding of [3H]oestradiol-17beta to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland of clover-affected permanently infertile and control ovariectomized ewes was compared in vivo and in vitro. When [3H]oestradiol-17beta was infused into the carotid artery (10 ng/min), the total homogenate and the nuclear and protamine-precipitable cytosol fractions of hypothalami and pituitary glands from clover-affected ewes bound significantly more[3H]oestradiol than those of the controls. Cytoplasmic oestradiol-17beta receptors from the pituitary glands of clover-affected ewes showed a significantly lower apparent association constant and a higher number of binding sites/mg protein in vitro. It is suggested that the hypothalami and pituitary glands of ewes made permanently infertile by oestrogenic clover are less sensitive to feedback regulation of oestradiol-17beta at physiological levels.", "PMID": 702012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_966", "title": "Elimination of infused arginine-vasopressin and its long-acting deaminated analogue in rats.", "content": "Arginine-vasopressin (AVP) and deamino-arginine-vasopressin (dAVP) were infused into rats. When the concentrations of the two peptides were steady, the rate of clearance of AVP from the plasma was six times the rate of clearance of alphaAVF. Only 6% of the infused AVP was excreted unchanged in the urine, whereas approximately 100% of the dAVP was excreted. When the infusions were stopped, AVP disappeared from the plasma much more rapidly than dAVP. The plasma concentrations of the two peptides did not decay as simple exponential functions, suggesting that both AVP and dAVP entered a slowly exchanging compartment or compartments during prolonged infusion. These differences in the metabolic clearance of AVP and dAVP may well explain the prolonged antidiuretic effect of dAVP in rats.", "contents": "Elimination of infused arginine-vasopressin and its long-acting deaminated analogue in rats. Arginine-vasopressin (AVP) and deamino-arginine-vasopressin (dAVP) were infused into rats. When the concentrations of the two peptides were steady, the rate of clearance of AVP from the plasma was six times the rate of clearance of alphaAVF. Only 6% of the infused AVP was excreted unchanged in the urine, whereas approximately 100% of the dAVP was excreted. When the infusions were stopped, AVP disappeared from the plasma much more rapidly than dAVP. The plasma concentrations of the two peptides did not decay as simple exponential functions, suggesting that both AVP and dAVP entered a slowly exchanging compartment or compartments during prolonged infusion. These differences in the metabolic clearance of AVP and dAVP may well explain the prolonged antidiuretic effect of dAVP in rats.", "PMID": 702013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_967", "title": "Reversal of betamethasone-induced inhibition of intestinal calcium absorption by 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol.", "content": "The intestinal absorption of calcium has been studied in conscious, unstressed pigs, using a modification of the double isotope technique. The oral administration of betamethasone (1 mg/day) to four pigs (25--33 kg) for 4 weeks reduced the calcium absorption coefficient, calculated after the intravenous and oral administration of 47Ca2+, by a mean value of 66%. The oral administration of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (2 microgram/day) in combination with beta-methasone (1 mg/day) for a further 4 weeks returned the absorption coefficient to the control value.", "contents": "Reversal of betamethasone-induced inhibition of intestinal calcium absorption by 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol. The intestinal absorption of calcium has been studied in conscious, unstressed pigs, using a modification of the double isotope technique. The oral administration of betamethasone (1 mg/day) to four pigs (25--33 kg) for 4 weeks reduced the calcium absorption coefficient, calculated after the intravenous and oral administration of 47Ca2+, by a mean value of 66%. The oral administration of 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (2 microgram/day) in combination with beta-methasone (1 mg/day) for a further 4 weeks returned the absorption coefficient to the control value.", "PMID": 702014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_968", "title": "Foetal and maternal plasma concentrations of 13, 14-dihydro-15-oxo-prostaglandin F in the mare during late pregnancy and at parturition.", "content": "The concentrations of 13, 14-dihydro-15-oxo-prostaglandin F(PGFM), the stable metabolite of prostaglandin F, were measured in the plasma of catheterized mares and foetuses and non-catheterized thoroughbred mares and ponies during the last months of gestation. The plasma concentration of PGFM increased gradually towards term in all groups of animals. During the operation for insertion of catheters, maternal and foetal concentrations of PGFM were high, but the values fell to basal levels 24--48 h after the operation. It was found the preoperative starvation (24 h) led to a rise in the concentration of PGFM in the maternal plasma. The raised concentrations of PGFM during the operation were associated with low progestogen and high oestrogen concentrations in umbilical venous plasma. The subsequent survival period of the catheterized foal was inversely related to the maximum concentration of PGFM were studied during normal parturition in thoroughbred mares, during oxytocin-induced delivery in non-catheterized ponies and during premature delivery or abortion in the catheterized animals. The greatest increase in the concentration of PGFM was seen in the thoroughbred animals during second-stage labour; oxytocin also resulted in a very rapid rise in the level of PGFM, which remained high until delivery. In the catheterized animals, the birth of live foetuses was associated with a rise in the concentration of PGFM in both foetal and maternal plasma during the last 2 h before delivery. Less consistent changes were found during abortion.", "contents": "Foetal and maternal plasma concentrations of 13, 14-dihydro-15-oxo-prostaglandin F in the mare during late pregnancy and at parturition. The concentrations of 13, 14-dihydro-15-oxo-prostaglandin F(PGFM), the stable metabolite of prostaglandin F, were measured in the plasma of catheterized mares and foetuses and non-catheterized thoroughbred mares and ponies during the last months of gestation. The plasma concentration of PGFM increased gradually towards term in all groups of animals. During the operation for insertion of catheters, maternal and foetal concentrations of PGFM were high, but the values fell to basal levels 24--48 h after the operation. It was found the preoperative starvation (24 h) led to a rise in the concentration of PGFM in the maternal plasma. The raised concentrations of PGFM during the operation were associated with low progestogen and high oestrogen concentrations in umbilical venous plasma. The subsequent survival period of the catheterized foal was inversely related to the maximum concentration of PGFM were studied during normal parturition in thoroughbred mares, during oxytocin-induced delivery in non-catheterized ponies and during premature delivery or abortion in the catheterized animals. The greatest increase in the concentration of PGFM was seen in the thoroughbred animals during second-stage labour; oxytocin also resulted in a very rapid rise in the level of PGFM, which remained high until delivery. In the catheterized animals, the birth of live foetuses was associated with a rise in the concentration of PGFM in both foetal and maternal plasma during the last 2 h before delivery. Less consistent changes were found during abortion.", "PMID": 702015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_969", "title": "Effect of luteinizing hormone of the lipid composition of rat ovaries.", "content": "The lipid composition of immature rat ovaries was examined after induction of ovulation with pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin and human chorionic gonadotrophin and subsequent (7--8 days later) stimulation with 10 micgogram LH. Two hours after the administration of LH, there was a decrease of approximately 50% in the concentration of cholesteryl esters in the ovary. The percentages (by weight) of sterol esters containing stearate, linoleate, eicosatrienoate and arachidonate were reduced by LH treatment, whereas the percentage of the C24:4 acid increased. No changes were observed in either the concentrations or fatty acid composition of phospholipids and triglycerides. These observations suggest that the metabolism of cholesteryl esters is acutely affected by LH and that sterol esters bearing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are preferentially mobilized. Liberation of these unsaturated fatty acyl moieties may have significant effects on metabolism in the ovarian cell.", "contents": "Effect of luteinizing hormone of the lipid composition of rat ovaries. The lipid composition of immature rat ovaries was examined after induction of ovulation with pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin and human chorionic gonadotrophin and subsequent (7--8 days later) stimulation with 10 micgogram LH. Two hours after the administration of LH, there was a decrease of approximately 50% in the concentration of cholesteryl esters in the ovary. The percentages (by weight) of sterol esters containing stearate, linoleate, eicosatrienoate and arachidonate were reduced by LH treatment, whereas the percentage of the C24:4 acid increased. No changes were observed in either the concentrations or fatty acid composition of phospholipids and triglycerides. These observations suggest that the metabolism of cholesteryl esters is acutely affected by LH and that sterol esters bearing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are preferentially mobilized. Liberation of these unsaturated fatty acyl moieties may have significant effects on metabolism in the ovarian cell.", "PMID": 702016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_970", "title": "Action of prostaglandin E2 on the release of catecholamines from the canine adrenal gland and its interaction with acetylcholine.", "content": "The effect of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on the secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline by the adrenal gland and the interaction between PGE2 and acetylcholine in the adrenal medulla were examined in anaesthetized dogs. In splanchnicotomized dogs, i.v. injection of PGE2 failed to induce any secretion of catecholamines from the adrenal gland, whereas administration of PGE2 into the lumboadrenal artery resulted in a slight, approximately dose-dependent increase in catecholamine secretion within 2 min of the injection. This effect of PGE2 was unaffected by i.v. administration of atropine. Intravenous administration of acetylcholine 1 min after the administration of PGE2 into the lumboadrenal artery of splanchnicotomized atropine-treated dogs had a markedly greater effect on adrenal catecholamine secretion; the resultant output was about twice that evoked by acetylcholine in the absence of PGE2. The effect was more than additive, since the response to acetylcholine was at least one order of magnitude greater than that to PGE2. This indicates that PGE2 and acetycholine may act synergistically in the adrenal medulla.", "contents": "Action of prostaglandin E2 on the release of catecholamines from the canine adrenal gland and its interaction with acetylcholine. The effect of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on the secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline by the adrenal gland and the interaction between PGE2 and acetylcholine in the adrenal medulla were examined in anaesthetized dogs. In splanchnicotomized dogs, i.v. injection of PGE2 failed to induce any secretion of catecholamines from the adrenal gland, whereas administration of PGE2 into the lumboadrenal artery resulted in a slight, approximately dose-dependent increase in catecholamine secretion within 2 min of the injection. This effect of PGE2 was unaffected by i.v. administration of atropine. Intravenous administration of acetylcholine 1 min after the administration of PGE2 into the lumboadrenal artery of splanchnicotomized atropine-treated dogs had a markedly greater effect on adrenal catecholamine secretion; the resultant output was about twice that evoked by acetylcholine in the absence of PGE2. The effect was more than additive, since the response to acetylcholine was at least one order of magnitude greater than that to PGE2. This indicates that PGE2 and acetycholine may act synergistically in the adrenal medulla.", "PMID": 702017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_971", "title": "Effects of low calcium and low phosphorus diets on the duodenal absorption of calcium in betamethasone-treated chicks.", "content": "The effect of oral administration of betamethasone (25 microgram kg-1 day-1) on the duodenal absorption of calcium has been studied in chicks using the ligated loop technique in vivo. The chicks were fed normal calcium, normal phosphorus (NCaNP), low calcium, normal phosphorus (LCaNP) or normal calcium, low phosphorus (NCaLP) diets. Daily oral administration of betamethasone for 2-3 weeks markedly reduced the absorption of calcium in chicks fed the NCaNP diet, but did not significantly affect the adaptation in absorption when the NCaLP or LCaNP diets were fed for the same period of time. In one group of chicks, betamethasone was administered daily for 10 days before the birds were transferred to the NCaLP or LCaNP diets. Adaptation was again unaffected by betamethasone treatment. Administration of betamethasone caused a marked retardation in growth-rate, hypercalcaemia and an increased percentage of ash in the tibiae.", "contents": "Effects of low calcium and low phosphorus diets on the duodenal absorption of calcium in betamethasone-treated chicks. The effect of oral administration of betamethasone (25 microgram kg-1 day-1) on the duodenal absorption of calcium has been studied in chicks using the ligated loop technique in vivo. The chicks were fed normal calcium, normal phosphorus (NCaNP), low calcium, normal phosphorus (LCaNP) or normal calcium, low phosphorus (NCaLP) diets. Daily oral administration of betamethasone for 2-3 weeks markedly reduced the absorption of calcium in chicks fed the NCaNP diet, but did not significantly affect the adaptation in absorption when the NCaLP or LCaNP diets were fed for the same period of time. In one group of chicks, betamethasone was administered daily for 10 days before the birds were transferred to the NCaLP or LCaNP diets. Adaptation was again unaffected by betamethasone treatment. Administration of betamethasone caused a marked retardation in growth-rate, hypercalcaemia and an increased percentage of ash in the tibiae.", "PMID": 702018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_972", "title": "Rate of testicular maturation, in relation to gonadotrophin and testosterone levels, in quail exposed to various artificial photoperiods and to natural daylengths.", "content": "Rates of testicular growth and plasma levels of FSH, LH and testosterone were determined in Japanese quail exposed to various fixed photoperiods (number of hours of light: number of hours of darkness): 12L : 12D, 13L : 11D, 14L : 10D, 16L : 8D and 20L : 4D and to natural daylengths. All five artificial photoperiods stimulated spermatogenesis, with the testes reaching maturity after 30-40 days. Maximum rates of testicular growth occurred with 14L : 10D, 16L : 8D or 20L : 4D but the rate was reduced by 50% in birds exposed to 12L : 12D.. This reduction was due to decreased growth in the seminiferous tubule epithelium (and hence in tubule diameter); the duration of spermatogenesis hardly being affected. Near maximum growth rates occurred with 13L : 11D. The hormone profiles offer an explanation for the differential rates of testicular growth. In the three longest photoperiods, FSH rose from 20 ng/ml to peak levels of 300-400 ng/ml after 10 days. As the testes matured, so the level of FSH decreased to 50-100 ng/ml. This pattern was not seen under 12L : 12D ; the level of FSH rose slowly to about 100 ng/ml and showed no peak of secretion. With 13L : 11D a small peak was found, which decreased at maturity. In quail with testes is greater than 1500 mg, the level of FSH was invariably about 100 ng/ml. Patterns of LH secretion were rather similar with all treatments, but testosterone was affected by photoperiod; lower levels were found under 12L : 12D than 20L : 4D. The rate of photoperiodically induced testicular growth was proportional to the levels of FSH, and possibly also testosterone, in the circulation. Outdoors, testicular growth began when daylengths reached about 12 h. Maturity occurred within the next 40 days. The levels of FSH rose steadily but did not show a peak of secretion. In general, the highest levels of hormone were found in July just before gonadal regression which occurred when the daylengths were still quite long.", "contents": "Rate of testicular maturation, in relation to gonadotrophin and testosterone levels, in quail exposed to various artificial photoperiods and to natural daylengths. Rates of testicular growth and plasma levels of FSH, LH and testosterone were determined in Japanese quail exposed to various fixed photoperiods (number of hours of light: number of hours of darkness): 12L : 12D, 13L : 11D, 14L : 10D, 16L : 8D and 20L : 4D and to natural daylengths. All five artificial photoperiods stimulated spermatogenesis, with the testes reaching maturity after 30-40 days. Maximum rates of testicular growth occurred with 14L : 10D, 16L : 8D or 20L : 4D but the rate was reduced by 50% in birds exposed to 12L : 12D.. This reduction was due to decreased growth in the seminiferous tubule epithelium (and hence in tubule diameter); the duration of spermatogenesis hardly being affected. Near maximum growth rates occurred with 13L : 11D. The hormone profiles offer an explanation for the differential rates of testicular growth. In the three longest photoperiods, FSH rose from 20 ng/ml to peak levels of 300-400 ng/ml after 10 days. As the testes matured, so the level of FSH decreased to 50-100 ng/ml. This pattern was not seen under 12L : 12D ; the level of FSH rose slowly to about 100 ng/ml and showed no peak of secretion. With 13L : 11D a small peak was found, which decreased at maturity. In quail with testes is greater than 1500 mg, the level of FSH was invariably about 100 ng/ml. Patterns of LH secretion were rather similar with all treatments, but testosterone was affected by photoperiod; lower levels were found under 12L : 12D than 20L : 4D. The rate of photoperiodically induced testicular growth was proportional to the levels of FSH, and possibly also testosterone, in the circulation. Outdoors, testicular growth began when daylengths reached about 12 h. Maturity occurred within the next 40 days. The levels of FSH rose steadily but did not show a peak of secretion. In general, the highest levels of hormone were found in July just before gonadal regression which occurred when the daylengths were still quite long.", "PMID": 702020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_973", "title": "Drug effects on responding maintained by stimulus-reinforcer and response-reinforcer contingencies.", "content": "The effects of pentobarbital and d-amphetamine were assessed on key pecking by pigeons under conventional single-key multiple schedules and under two-key multiple schedules in which discriminative stimuli appeared on one key (stimulus key) while pecks on a second key (constant key) produced food. Pecks on the stimulus key had no scheduled consequences. A 60-second variable-interval schedule operated in one component of each multiple schedule: either extinction or a 60-second variable-time schedule operated in the alternate component. When the alternate-component schedule was extinction, a high rate of responding was maintained in the variable-interval component of the single-key schedule; responding on both keys was maintained in the variable-interval component of the two-key schedule. Pentobarbital increased responding in the variable-interval component of the single-key schedule and increased stimulus-key, but not constant-key responding in that component of the two-key schedule. When the alternate-component schedule was changed to variable time, responding declined in the variable-interval component of the single-key schedule; stimulus-key responding was no longer maintained under the two-key schedule. Pentobarbital decreased responding in the variable-interval component of both schedules. With an exception, d-amphetamine only decreased responding in the variable-interval component of the single- and two-key schedules both when the alternate-component schedule was extinction and when it was variable time. The results suggest that the effects of pentobarbital, but not d-amphetamine, depend on the nature of the contingency (stimulus-reinforcer, response-reinforcer) that maintains responding.", "contents": "Drug effects on responding maintained by stimulus-reinforcer and response-reinforcer contingencies. The effects of pentobarbital and d-amphetamine were assessed on key pecking by pigeons under conventional single-key multiple schedules and under two-key multiple schedules in which discriminative stimuli appeared on one key (stimulus key) while pecks on a second key (constant key) produced food. Pecks on the stimulus key had no scheduled consequences. A 60-second variable-interval schedule operated in one component of each multiple schedule: either extinction or a 60-second variable-time schedule operated in the alternate component. When the alternate-component schedule was extinction, a high rate of responding was maintained in the variable-interval component of the single-key schedule; responding on both keys was maintained in the variable-interval component of the two-key schedule. Pentobarbital increased responding in the variable-interval component of the single-key schedule and increased stimulus-key, but not constant-key responding in that component of the two-key schedule. When the alternate-component schedule was changed to variable time, responding declined in the variable-interval component of the single-key schedule; stimulus-key responding was no longer maintained under the two-key schedule. Pentobarbital decreased responding in the variable-interval component of both schedules. With an exception, d-amphetamine only decreased responding in the variable-interval component of the single- and two-key schedules both when the alternate-component schedule was extinction and when it was variable time. The results suggest that the effects of pentobarbital, but not d-amphetamine, depend on the nature of the contingency (stimulus-reinforcer, response-reinforcer) that maintains responding.", "PMID": 702026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_974", "title": "Electron microscopic studies on the structure of motile primordial germ cells of Xenopus laevis in vitro.", "content": "Primordial germ cells (PGCs) of Xenopus laevis have been isolated from early embryos and kept alive in vitro, in order to study the structural basis of their motility, using the transmission and scanning electron microscope. The culture conditions used mimicked as closely as possible the in vivo environment of migrating PGCs, in that isolated PGCs were seeded onto monolayers of amphibian mesentery cells. In these conditions we have demonstrated that: (a) No significant differences were found between the morphology of PGCs in vitro and in vivo. (b) Structural features involved in PGC movement in vitro include (i) the presence of a filamentous substructure, (ii) filipodial and blunt cell processes, (iii) cell surface specializations. These features are also characteristic of migratory PGCs studied in vivo. (c) PGCs in vitro have powers of invasion similar to those of migrating PGCs in vivo. They occasionally become completely surrounded by cells of the monolayer and, in this situation, bear striking resemblance to PGCs moving between mesentery cells to the site of the developing gonad in stage-44 tadpoles. We conclude that as far as it is possible to assess, the behaviour of isolated PGCs in these in vitro conditions mimics their activities in vivo. This allows us to study the ultrastructural basis of their migration.", "contents": "Electron microscopic studies on the structure of motile primordial germ cells of Xenopus laevis in vitro. Primordial germ cells (PGCs) of Xenopus laevis have been isolated from early embryos and kept alive in vitro, in order to study the structural basis of their motility, using the transmission and scanning electron microscope. The culture conditions used mimicked as closely as possible the in vivo environment of migrating PGCs, in that isolated PGCs were seeded onto monolayers of amphibian mesentery cells. In these conditions we have demonstrated that: (a) No significant differences were found between the morphology of PGCs in vitro and in vivo. (b) Structural features involved in PGC movement in vitro include (i) the presence of a filamentous substructure, (ii) filipodial and blunt cell processes, (iii) cell surface specializations. These features are also characteristic of migratory PGCs studied in vivo. (c) PGCs in vitro have powers of invasion similar to those of migrating PGCs in vivo. They occasionally become completely surrounded by cells of the monolayer and, in this situation, bear striking resemblance to PGCs moving between mesentery cells to the site of the developing gonad in stage-44 tadpoles. We conclude that as far as it is possible to assess, the behaviour of isolated PGCs in these in vitro conditions mimics their activities in vivo. This allows us to study the ultrastructural basis of their migration.", "PMID": 702027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_975", "title": "Postembryonic development of the visual system of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria. II. An experimental investigation of the formation of the retina-lamina projection.", "content": "In the compound eye of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria, neurons from the retina project to the lamina in a precise topographical mapping. The formation of this projection was investigated in grafting experiments which altered the spatial or temporal relationship between the retina and the lamina. The results show that retina axons tend to grow along the paths of adjacent axons, with no indication of specificity for their normal termination sites. It is suggested that the orderly sequence of retina differentiation during normal development plays a major role in imposing pattern both upon the developing projection and, through some form of inductive interaction between retina and lamina neurons, upon the lamina.", "contents": "Postembryonic development of the visual system of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria. II. An experimental investigation of the formation of the retina-lamina projection. In the compound eye of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria, neurons from the retina project to the lamina in a precise topographical mapping. The formation of this projection was investigated in grafting experiments which altered the spatial or temporal relationship between the retina and the lamina. The results show that retina axons tend to grow along the paths of adjacent axons, with no indication of specificity for their normal termination sites. It is suggested that the orderly sequence of retina differentiation during normal development plays a major role in imposing pattern both upon the developing projection and, through some form of inductive interaction between retina and lamina neurons, upon the lamina.", "PMID": 702028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_976", "title": "Studies on dwarf larvae developed from isolated blastomeres of the starfish. Asterina pectinifera.", "content": "Not only a whole denuded egg, but also blastomeres isolated from 2-, 4- and 8-cell starfish embryos developed into morphologically normal, but dwarf bipinnariae, the sizes of which were roughly proportionate to that of the respective original blastomeres. Some of the blastomeres isolated from the 16-cell stage were also capable of developing into the larval stage. All isolated blastomeres divided in good synchrony with the control embryos. Blastulae of all groups gastrulated within quite a short range of time, around 14-5 h after insemination at 20+/-1 degrees C, although one-third of the 1/8-blastula missed this chance but gastrulated by 19.5 h. The number of constituent cells of the 1/8-gastrula was counted to be about 560, which corresponds roughly to one-half that of the 1/4-, one-fourth of the 1/2- and one-eight of the 1/1-gastrula. This ratio also fitted roughly for the total cell volume. The results are compared with those of other invertebrate species, as well as of some vertebrates, and are discussed in connexion not only with the concepts of 'regulative' and 'mosaic' eggs, but also with a criterion that does not fit into either of these; the developmental system of the mammals.", "contents": "Studies on dwarf larvae developed from isolated blastomeres of the starfish. Asterina pectinifera. Not only a whole denuded egg, but also blastomeres isolated from 2-, 4- and 8-cell starfish embryos developed into morphologically normal, but dwarf bipinnariae, the sizes of which were roughly proportionate to that of the respective original blastomeres. Some of the blastomeres isolated from the 16-cell stage were also capable of developing into the larval stage. All isolated blastomeres divided in good synchrony with the control embryos. Blastulae of all groups gastrulated within quite a short range of time, around 14-5 h after insemination at 20+/-1 degrees C, although one-third of the 1/8-blastula missed this chance but gastrulated by 19.5 h. The number of constituent cells of the 1/8-gastrula was counted to be about 560, which corresponds roughly to one-half that of the 1/4-, one-fourth of the 1/2- and one-eight of the 1/1-gastrula. This ratio also fitted roughly for the total cell volume. The results are compared with those of other invertebrate species, as well as of some vertebrates, and are discussed in connexion not only with the concepts of 'regulative' and 'mosaic' eggs, but also with a criterion that does not fit into either of these; the developmental system of the mammals.", "PMID": 702029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_977", "title": "In vivo and in vitro studies on the hypoblast and definitive endoblast of avian embryos.", "content": "An unusual example of the invasion of one tissue by another occurs during gastrulation in the chick embryo when the definitive endoblast becomes inserted into the hypoblast. The two tissues were examined morphologically by SEM and TEM. They resemble each other in being of an epithelial type, though neither possesses a basal lamina. The definitive endoblast cells are flatter than the hypoblast cells and more closely attached to one another. When they were explanted in hanging drop cultures, the two tissues were found to exhibit differences in their behaviour. In comparison with the definitive endoblast, the hypoblast cells attached more readily to the glass, produced larger ruffle membranes, moved more rapidly, showed poorer contact-inhibition of locomotion and showed a greater tendency to break away from the main explant. When a hypoblast explant was confronted with a definitive endoblast explant, the hypoblast cells became displaced by the definitive endoblast. The hypoblast explant tended to fragment into smaller groups of cells, many of which migrated around the definitive endoblast, thus mimicking the situation in vivo. Control experiments comprised confronting hypoblast with hypoblast, hypoblast with somites, definitive endoblast with definitive endoblast, and definitive endoblast with somites. The hypoblast explants behaved in a consistent manner, always fragmenting when coming into contact with cells from a confronting explant. The definitive endoblast explants showed more contact inhibition of locomotion when confronted with definitive endoblast or with somites than when confronted with hypoblast. It is suggested therefore that the ability of the hypoblast cells to separate from one another may play an important role in the penetration of the hypoblast by the definitive endoblast both in vitro and in vivo.", "contents": "In vivo and in vitro studies on the hypoblast and definitive endoblast of avian embryos. An unusual example of the invasion of one tissue by another occurs during gastrulation in the chick embryo when the definitive endoblast becomes inserted into the hypoblast. The two tissues were examined morphologically by SEM and TEM. They resemble each other in being of an epithelial type, though neither possesses a basal lamina. The definitive endoblast cells are flatter than the hypoblast cells and more closely attached to one another. When they were explanted in hanging drop cultures, the two tissues were found to exhibit differences in their behaviour. In comparison with the definitive endoblast, the hypoblast cells attached more readily to the glass, produced larger ruffle membranes, moved more rapidly, showed poorer contact-inhibition of locomotion and showed a greater tendency to break away from the main explant. When a hypoblast explant was confronted with a definitive endoblast explant, the hypoblast cells became displaced by the definitive endoblast. The hypoblast explant tended to fragment into smaller groups of cells, many of which migrated around the definitive endoblast, thus mimicking the situation in vivo. Control experiments comprised confronting hypoblast with hypoblast, hypoblast with somites, definitive endoblast with definitive endoblast, and definitive endoblast with somites. The hypoblast explants behaved in a consistent manner, always fragmenting when coming into contact with cells from a confronting explant. The definitive endoblast explants showed more contact inhibition of locomotion when confronted with definitive endoblast or with somites than when confronted with hypoblast. It is suggested therefore that the ability of the hypoblast cells to separate from one another may play an important role in the penetration of the hypoblast by the definitive endoblast both in vitro and in vivo.", "PMID": 702030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_978", "title": "Cell adhesiveness and embryonic differentiation.", "content": "The aim of the investigation was to decide whether changes in cell to cell adhesiveness took place during embryonic differentiation. The technique of Curtis (1969) was used to measure the adhesive behaviour of several types of ectodermal, neural and mesodermal cells of the chick embryo at stages 7 and 12 of differentiation. Cells dissected from segmented mesoderm were found to be more adhesive than cells from unsegmented mesoderm. Cells from the ectoderm were more adhesive than those from the neural tissue, at both stages 7 and 12. Cells from both ectoderm and neural tissue became more adhesive between stages 7 and 12. It is concluded that an increase in adhesiveness may play a role in somite segmentation, but not in neural tube formation.", "contents": "Cell adhesiveness and embryonic differentiation. The aim of the investigation was to decide whether changes in cell to cell adhesiveness took place during embryonic differentiation. The technique of Curtis (1969) was used to measure the adhesive behaviour of several types of ectodermal, neural and mesodermal cells of the chick embryo at stages 7 and 12 of differentiation. Cells dissected from segmented mesoderm were found to be more adhesive than cells from unsegmented mesoderm. Cells from the ectoderm were more adhesive than those from the neural tissue, at both stages 7 and 12. Cells from both ectoderm and neural tissue became more adhesive between stages 7 and 12. It is concluded that an increase in adhesiveness may play a role in somite segmentation, but not in neural tube formation.", "PMID": 702031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_979", "title": "[Cytophysiologic differentiation in the epithelial region of the uropygial gland in the duck embryo Anas platyrhynchos].", "content": "The uropygial gland (preen gland), an epidermal derivative, is a bilobed, lipid-secreting gland located over the base of the tail of most birds. In the duck embryo Anas platyrhynchos, the internal branching morphogenesis of preen gland is set up at the 17th day of incubation. Each glandular lobe is made of numerous epidermal columns each of which is terminated by a bulb or end-bud. The functional differentiation of the end-buds and the development of the cellular columns into collecting ducts were investigated. The ductal epithelium, separated from the mesoderm by a continuous basal lamina, is keratinized just as in normal embryonic avian epidermis. The features which indicate glandular differentiation in the end-buds were described. Lipogenesis results from progressive cellular differentiation characterized by proliferation and development of smooth membranes. The direct ecto-mesodermal contacts, which were observed at the end-buds after the establishment of morphogenetic pattern and before the onset of glandular secretory activity, suggest that a new interaction mechanism would be required to initiate the functional differentiation.", "contents": "[Cytophysiologic differentiation in the epithelial region of the uropygial gland in the duck embryo Anas platyrhynchos]. The uropygial gland (preen gland), an epidermal derivative, is a bilobed, lipid-secreting gland located over the base of the tail of most birds. In the duck embryo Anas platyrhynchos, the internal branching morphogenesis of preen gland is set up at the 17th day of incubation. Each glandular lobe is made of numerous epidermal columns each of which is terminated by a bulb or end-bud. The functional differentiation of the end-buds and the development of the cellular columns into collecting ducts were investigated. The ductal epithelium, separated from the mesoderm by a continuous basal lamina, is keratinized just as in normal embryonic avian epidermis. The features which indicate glandular differentiation in the end-buds were described. Lipogenesis results from progressive cellular differentiation characterized by proliferation and development of smooth membranes. The direct ecto-mesodermal contacts, which were observed at the end-buds after the establishment of morphogenetic pattern and before the onset of glandular secretory activity, suggest that a new interaction mechanism would be required to initiate the functional differentiation.", "PMID": 702032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_980", "title": "Biochemical changes in developmentally retarded Xenopus laevis larvae. I. The lens crystallin transition.", "content": "Premetamorphic tadpoles of Xenopus laevis reared in water containing 0.01% propylthiouracil are developmentally retarded and metamorphosis is prevented. When uncrowded, they continue to grow to a giant size. Moderate crowding leads to a slower rate of growth. Thus morphologically premetamorphic tadpoles were produced with lens diameters appropriate to either normal premetamorphic, climactic or post-metamorphic animals. The lens crystallins of such tadpoles have been separated by immunoelectrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The crystallin pattern was correlated with lens diameter rather than with body stage. Giant retarded larvae possessed crystallin patterns identical to those or normal adults. The thyroid antagonist propylthiouracil is therefore unable to prevent the lens crystallin transition, the beginning of which is normally temporally correlated with metamorphosis.", "contents": "Biochemical changes in developmentally retarded Xenopus laevis larvae. I. The lens crystallin transition. Premetamorphic tadpoles of Xenopus laevis reared in water containing 0.01% propylthiouracil are developmentally retarded and metamorphosis is prevented. When uncrowded, they continue to grow to a giant size. Moderate crowding leads to a slower rate of growth. Thus morphologically premetamorphic tadpoles were produced with lens diameters appropriate to either normal premetamorphic, climactic or post-metamorphic animals. The lens crystallins of such tadpoles have been separated by immunoelectrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The crystallin pattern was correlated with lens diameter rather than with body stage. Giant retarded larvae possessed crystallin patterns identical to those or normal adults. The thyroid antagonist propylthiouracil is therefore unable to prevent the lens crystallin transition, the beginning of which is normally temporally correlated with metamorphosis.", "PMID": 702033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_981", "title": "Regional differences in mesenchymal cell morphology and glycosaminoglycans in early neural-fold stage rat embryos.", "content": "Rat embryos with two to four pairs of somites (day 9 of gestation) were examined by scanning electron microscopy and Alcian blue staining. The neural folds, which represent only future brain region at this stage, form a pair of elongated hemispheres with a deep neural groove between them. In transverse section the neural ectoderm is biconvex; the cranial mesenchyme cells beneath them are widely separated by extracellular matrix (ECM) and are joined to each other and to the ectodermal basement membrane by fine cytoplasmic processes and strands of ECM material. In contrast, mesenchyme cells close to the primitive streak are closely packed, having broad areas of surface contact and only small amounts of ECM. The nature and distribution of ECM, cell surface, and basement membrane glycosaminoglycans (GAG) were investigated by staining with Alcian blue at specific pH values in combination with enzyme pretreatments, and at various critical electrolyte concentrations. The results indicate that the GAG of the ectodermal basement membrane, mesenchymal ECM and mesenchymal cell surfaces are in continuity with each other and consist largely of hyaluronate and chondroitin sulphates. Differences in morphology and histochemistry of neural fold and primitive streak regions are discussed in relation to their possible morphogenetic significance.", "contents": "Regional differences in mesenchymal cell morphology and glycosaminoglycans in early neural-fold stage rat embryos. Rat embryos with two to four pairs of somites (day 9 of gestation) were examined by scanning electron microscopy and Alcian blue staining. The neural folds, which represent only future brain region at this stage, form a pair of elongated hemispheres with a deep neural groove between them. In transverse section the neural ectoderm is biconvex; the cranial mesenchyme cells beneath them are widely separated by extracellular matrix (ECM) and are joined to each other and to the ectodermal basement membrane by fine cytoplasmic processes and strands of ECM material. In contrast, mesenchyme cells close to the primitive streak are closely packed, having broad areas of surface contact and only small amounts of ECM. The nature and distribution of ECM, cell surface, and basement membrane glycosaminoglycans (GAG) were investigated by staining with Alcian blue at specific pH values in combination with enzyme pretreatments, and at various critical electrolyte concentrations. The results indicate that the GAG of the ectodermal basement membrane, mesenchymal ECM and mesenchymal cell surfaces are in continuity with each other and consist largely of hyaluronate and chondroitin sulphates. Differences in morphology and histochemistry of neural fold and primitive streak regions are discussed in relation to their possible morphogenetic significance.", "PMID": 702034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_982", "title": "The role of the cell surface in the migration of primordial germ cells in early chick embryos: effects of concanavalin A.", "content": "Effects of concanavalin A (Con A) on the morphology and migration of primordial germ cells (PGCs) in stage-6 to -12 chick embryos were investigated. Con A, at a sublethal dose (10 microgram/ml), inhibited migration of PGCs from the germinal crescent area to other parts of the embryo. Affected PGCs were more rounded without the usual cytoplasmic extensions, but the integrity of other structures was unaffected. Nearly identical results were obtained with another lectin, wheat germ agglutinin (10 microgram/ml). Histochemistry using Con A-horseradish peroxidase revealed that PGCs in control embryos had a thin, rather uniform layer of extracellular coat material (ECM). Con A appeared to alter the distribution of ECM on PGCs, i.e. some parts of the cell surface were devoid of any detectable ECM, while others had small, scattered patches of ECM. Con A effects were alleviated by alpha-methyl-D-mannoside. Overall results of the present study indicated that the observed inhibition of PGC migration in early chick embryos is a consequence of Con A-induced alterations of cell surface properties.", "contents": "The role of the cell surface in the migration of primordial germ cells in early chick embryos: effects of concanavalin A. Effects of concanavalin A (Con A) on the morphology and migration of primordial germ cells (PGCs) in stage-6 to -12 chick embryos were investigated. Con A, at a sublethal dose (10 microgram/ml), inhibited migration of PGCs from the germinal crescent area to other parts of the embryo. Affected PGCs were more rounded without the usual cytoplasmic extensions, but the integrity of other structures was unaffected. Nearly identical results were obtained with another lectin, wheat germ agglutinin (10 microgram/ml). Histochemistry using Con A-horseradish peroxidase revealed that PGCs in control embryos had a thin, rather uniform layer of extracellular coat material (ECM). Con A appeared to alter the distribution of ECM on PGCs, i.e. some parts of the cell surface were devoid of any detectable ECM, while others had small, scattered patches of ECM. Con A effects were alleviated by alpha-methyl-D-mannoside. Overall results of the present study indicated that the observed inhibition of PGC migration in early chick embryos is a consequence of Con A-induced alterations of cell surface properties.", "PMID": 702035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_983", "title": "Cell proliferation and cell density of mesenchyme in the maxillary process and adjacent regions during facial development in the chick embryo.", "content": "Cell proliferation, as measured by DNA labeling indices was analyzed during the early development of the maxillary process. Chick embryos were labeled with [3H]thymidine for 1 h and processed for autoradiography. The percentage of labeled mesenchymal cells was determined within delineated areas in the maxillary processes and in adjacent regions. Analysis of labeling indices in each of the areas at successive stages of development demonstrated a pattern of declining rates of cell proliferation with advancing developmental age. Cell proliferation in adjacent regions declined earlier and, in some instances, faster than it did in the maxillary process. Cell density was measured in the maxillary process and the roof of the stomodeum and was found to be higher in the maxillary process throughout the period studied. Cell density and cell proliferation data were analyzed with reference to the operation of 'density-dependent inhibition' of growth as a regulatory mechanism for the observed changes. 'Density-dependent inhibition' of growth was not a satisfactory explanation for the observed differences between the maxillary process and adjacent regions.", "contents": "Cell proliferation and cell density of mesenchyme in the maxillary process and adjacent regions during facial development in the chick embryo. Cell proliferation, as measured by DNA labeling indices was analyzed during the early development of the maxillary process. Chick embryos were labeled with [3H]thymidine for 1 h and processed for autoradiography. The percentage of labeled mesenchymal cells was determined within delineated areas in the maxillary processes and in adjacent regions. Analysis of labeling indices in each of the areas at successive stages of development demonstrated a pattern of declining rates of cell proliferation with advancing developmental age. Cell proliferation in adjacent regions declined earlier and, in some instances, faster than it did in the maxillary process. Cell density was measured in the maxillary process and the roof of the stomodeum and was found to be higher in the maxillary process throughout the period studied. Cell density and cell proliferation data were analyzed with reference to the operation of 'density-dependent inhibition' of growth as a regulatory mechanism for the observed changes. 'Density-dependent inhibition' of growth was not a satisfactory explanation for the observed differences between the maxillary process and adjacent regions.", "PMID": 702036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_984", "title": "Ultrastructural study of the development of the auditory tympana in the cricket Teleogryllus commodus (Walker).", "content": "The cuticle in the tympanal area of immature crickets, Teleogryllus commodus (Walker), is ultrastructurally indistinguishable from that elsewhere on the prothoracic leg. It is only in the pharate adult that changes associated with development of the tympana first appear. In pharate adults and adults the external layer of the tympana consists of a layer of electron-dense material overlying a layer where the electron-dense material is interspersed with cuticle in which the bundles of microfibrils are coarser and more loosely arranged than elsewhere in the leg. The innermost portion of the tympana consists of this same type of cuticle without the electron-dense material. Associated with the appearance of the electron-dense material in the tympana of the pharate adult is a change in the toluidine blue staining properties from blue to deep purple. The reaction of the tympana in acid and base is consistent with their being composed of chitin. There are no major deposits of resilin in the tympana. In the first few days following the imaginal ecdysis the posterior tympanum and underlying trachea come into tight apposition due to the withdrawal of the epidermal cells. The epidermal cells do not withdraw from beneath the anterior tympanum. The surrounding non-tympanal cuticle continues to thicken for several weeks with the result that in the mature adult the posterior tympanum serves as an acoustic window in the thick cuticle of the leg. The functional significance of the anterior tympanum has not been established.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of the development of the auditory tympana in the cricket Teleogryllus commodus (Walker). The cuticle in the tympanal area of immature crickets, Teleogryllus commodus (Walker), is ultrastructurally indistinguishable from that elsewhere on the prothoracic leg. It is only in the pharate adult that changes associated with development of the tympana first appear. In pharate adults and adults the external layer of the tympana consists of a layer of electron-dense material overlying a layer where the electron-dense material is interspersed with cuticle in which the bundles of microfibrils are coarser and more loosely arranged than elsewhere in the leg. The innermost portion of the tympana consists of this same type of cuticle without the electron-dense material. Associated with the appearance of the electron-dense material in the tympana of the pharate adult is a change in the toluidine blue staining properties from blue to deep purple. The reaction of the tympana in acid and base is consistent with their being composed of chitin. There are no major deposits of resilin in the tympana. In the first few days following the imaginal ecdysis the posterior tympanum and underlying trachea come into tight apposition due to the withdrawal of the epidermal cells. The epidermal cells do not withdraw from beneath the anterior tympanum. The surrounding non-tympanal cuticle continues to thicken for several weeks with the result that in the mature adult the posterior tympanum serves as an acoustic window in the thick cuticle of the leg. The functional significance of the anterior tympanum has not been established.", "PMID": 702037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_985", "title": "Retino-tectal projections from half-ventral and half-dorsal eye rudiments in Xenopus.", "content": "When the ventral half of a developing eye in Xenopus larvae was removed at stage 32, the remaining fragment rounded up and developed into an eye which looked macroscopically normal by mid-larval stages. Eyes from half-dorsal rudiments were usually small, had more than one ventral fissure, and showed abnormal pupils. The contralateral retinotectal projection was always found to be normally ordered when mapped in later tadpole stages, or, just after metamorphosis. No mirror-image duplicated maps were seen, as was found previously in eyes deriving from half-nasal and half-temporal rudiments. It is concluded that the 'rule of distal transformation' does not apply to eyes which are generated from embryonic rudiments.", "contents": "Retino-tectal projections from half-ventral and half-dorsal eye rudiments in Xenopus. When the ventral half of a developing eye in Xenopus larvae was removed at stage 32, the remaining fragment rounded up and developed into an eye which looked macroscopically normal by mid-larval stages. Eyes from half-dorsal rudiments were usually small, had more than one ventral fissure, and showed abnormal pupils. The contralateral retinotectal projection was always found to be normally ordered when mapped in later tadpole stages, or, just after metamorphosis. No mirror-image duplicated maps were seen, as was found previously in eyes deriving from half-nasal and half-temporal rudiments. It is concluded that the 'rule of distal transformation' does not apply to eyes which are generated from embryonic rudiments.", "PMID": 702038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_986", "title": "Identification and distribution of gap junctions in the mesoderm of the developing chick limb bud.", "content": "Sub-ridge, core, anterior and posterior borders of mesoderm were dissected from stages 22-24 chick wing buds to investigate whether structures for intercellular coupling develop between mesenchymal cells. Fine structure was examined using techniques of transmission electron microscopy, freeze-fracture and scanning electron microscopy. Gap (communicating) junctions which were observed between mesenchymal cells of all limb bud regions were distributed between apposed cell bodies, points of contact between cell processes and other cell bodies, and between contacting tips of slender cell projections. In addition particularly in the the subridge region, filopodia were observed to extend through the intercellular matrix to contact other cells several micrometers distant. The observations reported in this paper show that mesodermal cells throughout the limb have the structural capability for electrotonic and metabolic coupling during a critical period of morphogenesis in the avian limb. Whether intercellular signals which are thought to be transmitted through gap junctions are active in normal limb development remains to be investigated.", "contents": "Identification and distribution of gap junctions in the mesoderm of the developing chick limb bud. Sub-ridge, core, anterior and posterior borders of mesoderm were dissected from stages 22-24 chick wing buds to investigate whether structures for intercellular coupling develop between mesenchymal cells. Fine structure was examined using techniques of transmission electron microscopy, freeze-fracture and scanning electron microscopy. Gap (communicating) junctions which were observed between mesenchymal cells of all limb bud regions were distributed between apposed cell bodies, points of contact between cell processes and other cell bodies, and between contacting tips of slender cell projections. In addition particularly in the the subridge region, filopodia were observed to extend through the intercellular matrix to contact other cells several micrometers distant. The observations reported in this paper show that mesodermal cells throughout the limb have the structural capability for electrotonic and metabolic coupling during a critical period of morphogenesis in the avian limb. Whether intercellular signals which are thought to be transmitted through gap junctions are active in normal limb development remains to be investigated.", "PMID": 702039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_987", "title": "Neurones in the leech that facilitate an avoidance behaviour following nearfield water disturbances.", "content": "1. A multimodel, multisegmental interneurone (R\u00f6hde's fibre, RF) and previously identified mechanoreceptors (T-cells) are shown to respond to nearfield disturbances. Both the T-cells and RF can fire for hundreds of milliseconds following a brief stimulus, and both have subthreshold excitatory synapses onto motor neurones that cause longitudinal contraction of the body wall, an avoidance response. 2. Natural stimulation or electrical stimulation of T-cells in one hemiganglion causes synaptic excitation of T-cells in adjacent ipsilateral hemiganglia and re-excitation of T-cells in the hemiganglion stimulated. A model of repetitive T-cell activity that incorporates previously described synapses among T-cells is presented: the T-cells in adjacent ipsilateral hemiganglia form a reverberatory circuit, re-exciting one another via electrical synapses; repetitive firing is terminated by synaptic inhibition onto T-cells provided by an interneurone excited by the T-cells. With repeated stimulation (0.1--0.2 Hz, 0.2 ms pulses) of a segmental root (directly exciting all the T-cells of a hemiganglion), the number of T-cell impulses per stimulus decreases. Facilitation of inhibition may contribute to the response decrement. 3. The T-cell-RF pathway is investigated. T-cell stimulation can elicit RF impulses in the same and in adjacent ganglia. The long delay between mechanoreceptor stimulation and a response in the interneurone suggests that spatial and temporal summation of T-cell inputs may be required to reach firing threshold in the interneurone. 4. The impulse frequency of the RF response was compared for a travelling surface wave that is approaching a segment v. one that is moving away from the segment. It was found that the frequency was greater as the stimulus approaches; this should allow more effective temporal summation of the subthreshold synaptic potentials which RF evokes in motor neurones that cause longitudinal contraction of the body wall. Therefore, the probability of contraction is greater in segments toward which a stimulus is moving.", "contents": "Neurones in the leech that facilitate an avoidance behaviour following nearfield water disturbances. 1. A multimodel, multisegmental interneurone (R\u00f6hde's fibre, RF) and previously identified mechanoreceptors (T-cells) are shown to respond to nearfield disturbances. Both the T-cells and RF can fire for hundreds of milliseconds following a brief stimulus, and both have subthreshold excitatory synapses onto motor neurones that cause longitudinal contraction of the body wall, an avoidance response. 2. Natural stimulation or electrical stimulation of T-cells in one hemiganglion causes synaptic excitation of T-cells in adjacent ipsilateral hemiganglia and re-excitation of T-cells in the hemiganglion stimulated. A model of repetitive T-cell activity that incorporates previously described synapses among T-cells is presented: the T-cells in adjacent ipsilateral hemiganglia form a reverberatory circuit, re-exciting one another via electrical synapses; repetitive firing is terminated by synaptic inhibition onto T-cells provided by an interneurone excited by the T-cells. With repeated stimulation (0.1--0.2 Hz, 0.2 ms pulses) of a segmental root (directly exciting all the T-cells of a hemiganglion), the number of T-cell impulses per stimulus decreases. Facilitation of inhibition may contribute to the response decrement. 3. The T-cell-RF pathway is investigated. T-cell stimulation can elicit RF impulses in the same and in adjacent ganglia. The long delay between mechanoreceptor stimulation and a response in the interneurone suggests that spatial and temporal summation of T-cell inputs may be required to reach firing threshold in the interneurone. 4. The impulse frequency of the RF response was compared for a travelling surface wave that is approaching a segment v. one that is moving away from the segment. It was found that the frequency was greater as the stimulus approaches; this should allow more effective temporal summation of the subthreshold synaptic potentials which RF evokes in motor neurones that cause longitudinal contraction of the body wall. Therefore, the probability of contraction is greater in segments toward which a stimulus is moving.", "PMID": 702040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_988", "title": "The metabolic cost of flight in unrestrained birds.", "content": "Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were measured during flight in unrestrained starlings by a new method. Mean RQ after the first 30 min of flight was 0.69 +/- 0.08 (+/- S.D.). Mean rate of carbon dioxide production was 19.7 +/- 2.2 ml CO2/min, which corresponds to a metabolic rate of 8.9 +/- 1 W. Metabolic rate during flight did not change significantly over a range of air speeds from 8 to 18 m/s and birds would not fly at speeds outside of this range. Current theories of bird flight predict a large change in metabolic rate over the same range of speeds. Wingbeat frequency was constant at 12 +/- 0.5 Hz. Wingbeat amplitude reached a minimum at a speed of 14 m/s and increased at both higher and lower speeds. Angle between the body and horizontal was least at high speeds and increased at low speeds. As existing theories do not take into account the change of drag resulting from changes in body attitude, this may be a cause of the discrepancies between theory and observation.", "contents": "The metabolic cost of flight in unrestrained birds. Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were measured during flight in unrestrained starlings by a new method. Mean RQ after the first 30 min of flight was 0.69 +/- 0.08 (+/- S.D.). Mean rate of carbon dioxide production was 19.7 +/- 2.2 ml CO2/min, which corresponds to a metabolic rate of 8.9 +/- 1 W. Metabolic rate during flight did not change significantly over a range of air speeds from 8 to 18 m/s and birds would not fly at speeds outside of this range. Current theories of bird flight predict a large change in metabolic rate over the same range of speeds. Wingbeat frequency was constant at 12 +/- 0.5 Hz. Wingbeat amplitude reached a minimum at a speed of 14 m/s and increased at both higher and lower speeds. Angle between the body and horizontal was least at high speeds and increased at low speeds. As existing theories do not take into account the change of drag resulting from changes in body attitude, this may be a cause of the discrepancies between theory and observation.", "PMID": 702041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_989", "title": "Evaporative cooling and water balance during flight in birds.", "content": "The rate of evaporative cooling was calculated from the rate of mass loss in starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) during 90 min flights in a wind-tunnel. Evaporative heat loss ranged from 5% of the metabolic rate at -5 degrees C to 19% of the metabolic rate at 29 degrees C. Radiation and convection accounted for the balance of the heat loss. On average, starlings dehydrated during flights at all temperatures above 7 degrees C. The comparison of these results with data from field studies, which indicate that long-distance migrants do not dehydrate, suggests that migrants may maintain water balance by ascending to colder air in which convection carries off most of the heat produced.", "contents": "Evaporative cooling and water balance during flight in birds. The rate of evaporative cooling was calculated from the rate of mass loss in starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) during 90 min flights in a wind-tunnel. Evaporative heat loss ranged from 5% of the metabolic rate at -5 degrees C to 19% of the metabolic rate at 29 degrees C. Radiation and convection accounted for the balance of the heat loss. On average, starlings dehydrated during flights at all temperatures above 7 degrees C. The comparison of these results with data from field studies, which indicate that long-distance migrants do not dehydrate, suggests that migrants may maintain water balance by ascending to colder air in which convection carries off most of the heat produced.", "PMID": 702042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_990", "title": "Neuronal control of swimming in the medicinal leech. IV. Identification of a network of oscillatory interneurones.", "content": "Four oscillatory interneurones that appear to be the principal components of the central swim oscillator of Hirudo medicinalis have been identified on each side of the segmental ganglia of the ventral nerve cord. During 'swimming' episodes of an isolated nerve cord preparation each interneurone undergoes a polarization rhythm that is phase-locked with the impulse burst rhythm of the motor neurones known to drive the swimming movement. Passage of current into any of the interneurones can shift the phase of the swim rhythm. One of the interneurones projects its axon rearward to posterior ganglia and the other three project their axons frontward to anterior ganglia. The oscillatory interneurones are connected both intra- and interganglionically to form a topologically complex intersegmental network of concatenated ring circuits that possess the feature of recurrent cyclic inhibition. Theoretical analysis and electronic analogue models show that the network is inherently oscillatory and can produce both a cycle period and intra- and intersegmental phase relations of its elements that are appropriate for generating the body wave of the swimming movement.", "contents": "Neuronal control of swimming in the medicinal leech. IV. Identification of a network of oscillatory interneurones. Four oscillatory interneurones that appear to be the principal components of the central swim oscillator of Hirudo medicinalis have been identified on each side of the segmental ganglia of the ventral nerve cord. During 'swimming' episodes of an isolated nerve cord preparation each interneurone undergoes a polarization rhythm that is phase-locked with the impulse burst rhythm of the motor neurones known to drive the swimming movement. Passage of current into any of the interneurones can shift the phase of the swim rhythm. One of the interneurones projects its axon rearward to posterior ganglia and the other three project their axons frontward to anterior ganglia. The oscillatory interneurones are connected both intra- and interganglionically to form a topologically complex intersegmental network of concatenated ring circuits that possess the feature of recurrent cyclic inhibition. Theoretical analysis and electronic analogue models show that the network is inherently oscillatory and can produce both a cycle period and intra- and intersegmental phase relations of its elements that are appropriate for generating the body wave of the swimming movement.", "PMID": 702043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_991", "title": "Neuronal control of swimming in the medicinal leech. V. Connexions between the oscillatory interneurones and the motor neurones.", "content": "A network of intra- and intersegmental synaptic connexions has been identified in the ventral nerve cord of the leech that links the set of oscillatory interneurones of the central swim oscillator to the motor neurones commanding the swimming rhythm. Excitatory connexions lead from oscillatory interneurones to both excitatory and inhibitory motor neurones, whereas inhibitory connexions lead from oscillatory interneurones to only the inhibitory motor neurones. Connexions leading from a motor neurone back to the oscillatory interneurones were found in only one exceptional case, an inhibitory motor neurone previously known to have access to the central swim oscillator. This network of identified connexions can account reasonably well for the mechanism by which the oscillatory interneurones drive their follower motor neurones into the phasic activity pattern characteristic of the swimming movement.", "contents": "Neuronal control of swimming in the medicinal leech. V. Connexions between the oscillatory interneurones and the motor neurones. A network of intra- and intersegmental synaptic connexions has been identified in the ventral nerve cord of the leech that links the set of oscillatory interneurones of the central swim oscillator to the motor neurones commanding the swimming rhythm. Excitatory connexions lead from oscillatory interneurones to both excitatory and inhibitory motor neurones, whereas inhibitory connexions lead from oscillatory interneurones to only the inhibitory motor neurones. Connexions leading from a motor neurone back to the oscillatory interneurones were found in only one exceptional case, an inhibitory motor neurone previously known to have access to the central swim oscillator. This network of identified connexions can account reasonably well for the mechanism by which the oscillatory interneurones drive their follower motor neurones into the phasic activity pattern characteristic of the swimming movement.", "PMID": 702044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_992", "title": "Regulation of arterial blood pressure in Australian tiger snakes.", "content": "1. Blood pressure was measured in the dorsal aorta of restrained, unanaesthetized tiger snakes (Notechis scutatus) at different body temperatures during graded, passive tilt. Aortic blood pressure in horizontal snakes showed no significant change over a range of body temperatures between 18 and 33 degrees C (mean of measurements on 16 snakes = 42.2 +/- I.98 mmHg), while heart rate increased logarithmically (Q10 approximately 2.5). Blood pressure was stable during heating and cooling between body temperatures of 15 and 30 degrees C, but the pressure was 10--50% higher during heating than during cooling. 2. Head-up tilt usually caused a brief fall in pressure at heart level followed by partial or complete recovery and tachycardia. At the cessation of tilt, there was a characteristic overshoot of the blood pressure followed by readjustment to control (pretilt) levels. Head-down tilt typically increased pressure which then either stabilized or returned toward pretilt levels. Heart rate changes during head-down tilt were not consistent in direction or magnitude. Stabilized pressures at mid-body usually increased following head-up tilt and decreased following head-down tilt, indicating physiological adjustment to posture change. Blood pressure control was evident at body temperatures ranging from 10 to 38 degrees C, but was most effective at the higher and behaviourally preferred temperatures. 3. Propranolol lowered heart rate but did not influence pressure in horizontal snakes. During head-up tilt propranolol eliminated or reduced tachycardia and sometimes reduced the efficacy of pressure compensation for tilt. Phentolamine increased heart rate, lowered blood pressure, and eliminated pressure regulation during tilt. The results suggest that sympathetically mediated reflexes assist central blood pressure regulation in the tiger snake, with vasomotor adjustments having greater importance than changes in heart rate.", "contents": "Regulation of arterial blood pressure in Australian tiger snakes. 1. Blood pressure was measured in the dorsal aorta of restrained, unanaesthetized tiger snakes (Notechis scutatus) at different body temperatures during graded, passive tilt. Aortic blood pressure in horizontal snakes showed no significant change over a range of body temperatures between 18 and 33 degrees C (mean of measurements on 16 snakes = 42.2 +/- I.98 mmHg), while heart rate increased logarithmically (Q10 approximately 2.5). Blood pressure was stable during heating and cooling between body temperatures of 15 and 30 degrees C, but the pressure was 10--50% higher during heating than during cooling. 2. Head-up tilt usually caused a brief fall in pressure at heart level followed by partial or complete recovery and tachycardia. At the cessation of tilt, there was a characteristic overshoot of the blood pressure followed by readjustment to control (pretilt) levels. Head-down tilt typically increased pressure which then either stabilized or returned toward pretilt levels. Heart rate changes during head-down tilt were not consistent in direction or magnitude. Stabilized pressures at mid-body usually increased following head-up tilt and decreased following head-down tilt, indicating physiological adjustment to posture change. Blood pressure control was evident at body temperatures ranging from 10 to 38 degrees C, but was most effective at the higher and behaviourally preferred temperatures. 3. Propranolol lowered heart rate but did not influence pressure in horizontal snakes. During head-up tilt propranolol eliminated or reduced tachycardia and sometimes reduced the efficacy of pressure compensation for tilt. Phentolamine increased heart rate, lowered blood pressure, and eliminated pressure regulation during tilt. The results suggest that sympathetically mediated reflexes assist central blood pressure regulation in the tiger snake, with vasomotor adjustments having greater importance than changes in heart rate.", "PMID": 702045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_993", "title": "Control of the acute phase response. Demonstration of C-reactive protein synthesis and secretion by hepatocytes during acute inflammation in the rabbit.", "content": "To determine the cell of origin of C-reactive protein (CRP) and to cast light on the mechanisms leading to the acute phase response, we used an immunoenzymatic technique to visualize this protein in livers from rabbits at intervals after intramuscular injection of turpentine. CRP was detected only in hepatocytes. 8 h after turpentine injection, CRP was demonstrated in occasional periportal hepatocytes. With time, larger numbers of positive cells were detected successively in perilobular, midlobular, and centrilobular areas. On electron microscopy, CRP was detected in rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), and Golgi apparatus (GA). When colchicine was administered to inhibit cellular secretion of CRP, intensity of reaction and number of CRP-containing hepatocytes were substantially greater than without colchicine, but the sequence of intralobular distribution was similar. At peak serum response 38 h after turpentine injection, CRP could be demonstrated in most hepatocytes. Electron microscopic studies showed accumulation of CRP on membranes and lumina of RER, SER, GA, and in cytoplasmic vacuoles. These findings indicate that CRP is produced by progressively increasing numbers of hepatocytes after inflammatory stimulus and suggest that a mediator, acting initially in portal zones, is responsible for recruitment of cells to CRP production.", "contents": "Control of the acute phase response. Demonstration of C-reactive protein synthesis and secretion by hepatocytes during acute inflammation in the rabbit. To determine the cell of origin of C-reactive protein (CRP) and to cast light on the mechanisms leading to the acute phase response, we used an immunoenzymatic technique to visualize this protein in livers from rabbits at intervals after intramuscular injection of turpentine. CRP was detected only in hepatocytes. 8 h after turpentine injection, CRP was demonstrated in occasional periportal hepatocytes. With time, larger numbers of positive cells were detected successively in perilobular, midlobular, and centrilobular areas. On electron microscopy, CRP was detected in rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), and Golgi apparatus (GA). When colchicine was administered to inhibit cellular secretion of CRP, intensity of reaction and number of CRP-containing hepatocytes were substantially greater than without colchicine, but the sequence of intralobular distribution was similar. At peak serum response 38 h after turpentine injection, CRP could be demonstrated in most hepatocytes. Electron microscopic studies showed accumulation of CRP on membranes and lumina of RER, SER, GA, and in cytoplasmic vacuoles. These findings indicate that CRP is produced by progressively increasing numbers of hepatocytes after inflammatory stimulus and suggest that a mediator, acting initially in portal zones, is responsible for recruitment of cells to CRP production.", "PMID": 702046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_994", "title": "Leukocyte surface origin of human alpha1-acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid).", "content": "Specific antibodies against human alpha1-acid glycoprotein reacted with human lymphocytes, granulocytes, and monocytes. The antigen on the leukocytes is an externally located integral membrane glycoprotein which is made by the cells and has an apparent mol wt of 52,000. It is released from cells in vitro to the culture medium. The mol wt of the soluble fragment is 41,000, which corresponds to that of alpha1-acid glycoprotein in serum and urine. Peptide mapping confirmed that the main part of the cellular membrane antigen consists of alpha1-acid glycoprotein with an additional, probably hydrophobic fragment. This finding may partially explain the increase in the serum levels of alpha1-acid glycoprotein observed in many disorders involving leukocyte proliferation. In addition, the known sequence homology of alpha1-acid glycoprotein with immunoglobulins can now be more easily understood by their origin in similar cell types.", "contents": "Leukocyte surface origin of human alpha1-acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid). Specific antibodies against human alpha1-acid glycoprotein reacted with human lymphocytes, granulocytes, and monocytes. The antigen on the leukocytes is an externally located integral membrane glycoprotein which is made by the cells and has an apparent mol wt of 52,000. It is released from cells in vitro to the culture medium. The mol wt of the soluble fragment is 41,000, which corresponds to that of alpha1-acid glycoprotein in serum and urine. Peptide mapping confirmed that the main part of the cellular membrane antigen consists of alpha1-acid glycoprotein with an additional, probably hydrophobic fragment. This finding may partially explain the increase in the serum levels of alpha1-acid glycoprotein observed in many disorders involving leukocyte proliferation. In addition, the known sequence homology of alpha1-acid glycoprotein with immunoglobulins can now be more easily understood by their origin in similar cell types.", "PMID": 702047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_995", "title": "Isolation and characterization of IgG molecules expressing latent group b allotypes from pedigreed b4b4 rabbits.", "content": "Latent group b markers were detected in sera, in IgG preparations, and on isolated L chains from rabbits bred for homozygosity at the b locus. Serologic analysis of sera from an extended family of homozygous b4 rabbits revealed the presence of latent b allotypes in 5 of 37 sera tested. Latent b5 and b9 markers were identified; none of the sera tested contained latent b6. In two instances, the level of latent b9 allotypes was sufficiently high to permit isolation and detailed serologic characterization of the immunoglobulin population bearing this allotype. The fact that latent allotypes were detected in pedigreed homozygous rabbits minimizes the possibility that lymphoid cell chimerism is involved in latent allotype expression. Furthermore, characterization of the b9 IgG population indicates that the latent allotypic determinants do not reside on a subset of molecules with dual allotypic reactivity.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of IgG molecules expressing latent group b allotypes from pedigreed b4b4 rabbits. Latent group b markers were detected in sera, in IgG preparations, and on isolated L chains from rabbits bred for homozygosity at the b locus. Serologic analysis of sera from an extended family of homozygous b4 rabbits revealed the presence of latent b allotypes in 5 of 37 sera tested. Latent b5 and b9 markers were identified; none of the sera tested contained latent b6. In two instances, the level of latent b9 allotypes was sufficiently high to permit isolation and detailed serologic characterization of the immunoglobulin population bearing this allotype. The fact that latent allotypes were detected in pedigreed homozygous rabbits minimizes the possibility that lymphoid cell chimerism is involved in latent allotype expression. Furthermore, characterization of the b9 IgG population indicates that the latent allotypic determinants do not reside on a subset of molecules with dual allotypic reactivity.", "PMID": 702048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_996", "title": "An approach to the development of new drugs for African trypanosomiasis.", "content": "The inability of the bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei brucei to decompose hydrogen peroxide forms the basis of our attempt to develop new pharmacological agents to kill these organisms. Approximately 1-3% of the oxygen consumed by these parasites appears in the form of hydrogen peroxide. Our previous observation that free radical initiators such as heme and hematoporphyrin D proved to be trypanocidal in vitro and in vivo, respectively, prompted this investigation into the mechanism of action of this class of compounds to enhance their therapeutic efficacy. The locus of H2O2 production within the trypanosome was examined using cell-free homogenates. Experiments described herein suggest that H2O2 is formed by the alpha-glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase in an adventitious manner, and that no enzymatic means of disposing of this potentially toxic compound are present with the organisms. Naphthoquinones were found to substantially increase the rate of both oxygen consumption and H2O2 production by trypanosomal mitochondrial preparations. Presumably, the naphthoquinones are acting as coenzyme Q analogues. The addition of sublytic concentrations of both naphthoquinones and heme leads to a synergistic lysis of the organisms in vitro. Another approach to increasing the susceptibility of T. b. brucei to free radical damage involved reduction of the intracellular concentration of glutathione. This was accomplished through the use of trypanocidal arsenicals. Melarsenoxide and heme acted synergistically in vitro, an effect which was further enhanced via addition of a naphthoquinone. Moreover, hematoporphyrin D and tryparsamide were shown to have a synergistic effect in T. b. brucei-infected mice.", "contents": "An approach to the development of new drugs for African trypanosomiasis. The inability of the bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei brucei to decompose hydrogen peroxide forms the basis of our attempt to develop new pharmacological agents to kill these organisms. Approximately 1-3% of the oxygen consumed by these parasites appears in the form of hydrogen peroxide. Our previous observation that free radical initiators such as heme and hematoporphyrin D proved to be trypanocidal in vitro and in vivo, respectively, prompted this investigation into the mechanism of action of this class of compounds to enhance their therapeutic efficacy. The locus of H2O2 production within the trypanosome was examined using cell-free homogenates. Experiments described herein suggest that H2O2 is formed by the alpha-glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase in an adventitious manner, and that no enzymatic means of disposing of this potentially toxic compound are present with the organisms. Naphthoquinones were found to substantially increase the rate of both oxygen consumption and H2O2 production by trypanosomal mitochondrial preparations. Presumably, the naphthoquinones are acting as coenzyme Q analogues. The addition of sublytic concentrations of both naphthoquinones and heme leads to a synergistic lysis of the organisms in vitro. Another approach to increasing the susceptibility of T. b. brucei to free radical damage involved reduction of the intracellular concentration of glutathione. This was accomplished through the use of trypanocidal arsenicals. Melarsenoxide and heme acted synergistically in vitro, an effect which was further enhanced via addition of a naphthoquinone. Moreover, hematoporphyrin D and tryparsamide were shown to have a synergistic effect in T. b. brucei-infected mice.", "PMID": 702049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_997", "title": "Inhibition of human erythropoietic colony formation in culture by treatment with Ia antisera.", "content": "Incubation with Ia antiserum, followed by complement, markedly inhibited erythroid colonies arising from hematopoietic cells present in the nonadherent low density fractions of normal bone marrow. Both erythropoietin-dependent colonies and bursts were eliminated at dilutions of antiserum equivalent to, or greater than the dilutions required to abolish the granulocyte-macrophage colony formation. The inhibitory effect of the Ia antiserum was abolished by absorption with B but not T cells from lymphoid lines. Available evidence suggested that Ia determinants are expressed on the erythropoietin-sensitive progenitors of the erythroid series in precise analogy to their sequence of expression on the granulocyte lineage. In both lineages, as shown previously, the Ia determinants become undetectable during subsequent stages of differentiation.", "contents": "Inhibition of human erythropoietic colony formation in culture by treatment with Ia antisera. Incubation with Ia antiserum, followed by complement, markedly inhibited erythroid colonies arising from hematopoietic cells present in the nonadherent low density fractions of normal bone marrow. Both erythropoietin-dependent colonies and bursts were eliminated at dilutions of antiserum equivalent to, or greater than the dilutions required to abolish the granulocyte-macrophage colony formation. The inhibitory effect of the Ia antiserum was abolished by absorption with B but not T cells from lymphoid lines. Available evidence suggested that Ia determinants are expressed on the erythropoietin-sensitive progenitors of the erythroid series in precise analogy to their sequence of expression on the granulocyte lineage. In both lineages, as shown previously, the Ia determinants become undetectable during subsequent stages of differentiation.", "PMID": 702050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_998", "title": "Type-specific radioimmunoassays for the gp70s of mink cell focus-inducing murine leukemia viruses: expression of a cross-reacting antigen in cells infected with the Friend strain of the spleen focus-forming virus.", "content": "We have isolated the gp70 of a helper-independent strain of a Friend mink cell focus-inducing (MCF) virus, Fr-MCF-1. This recombinant virus, like the previously described AKR-MCF viruses, has been shown by both biological and biochemical means to be an envelope gene recombinant between Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV) and a mouse xenotropic virus. Utilizing (125)I- labeled Fr-MCF-1 gp70 and antiserum prepared against an MCF strain of Moloney type-C virus (Mol-MCF(83)), we have developed a radioimmunoassay which detects immunological determinant (s)contained in the gp70s of MCF viruses derived from F-MuLV, Mol-MuLV, and AKR-MuLV. This MCF determinant(s) is not detected in the ecotropic parents of each of these MCF viruses, nor in helper-independent murine xenotropic viruses derived from Swiss or BALB/c mice. A protein partially cross-reactive with the MCF gp70 determinant(s) is detected in a replicating xenotropic virus derived from NZB mice. Utilizing this MCF gp70 specific immunoassay, we can detect a cross-reacting gene product coded for by the Friend strain of the spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) in rat fibroblasts nonproductively infected with SFFV. The results support earlier molecular hybridization studies which indicated that the genome of SFFV contains genetic information derived from both F-MuLV and xenotropic virus, and that the xenotropic-related sequences in SFFV are highly related to those found in MCF murine type-C viruses.", "contents": "Type-specific radioimmunoassays for the gp70s of mink cell focus-inducing murine leukemia viruses: expression of a cross-reacting antigen in cells infected with the Friend strain of the spleen focus-forming virus. We have isolated the gp70 of a helper-independent strain of a Friend mink cell focus-inducing (MCF) virus, Fr-MCF-1. This recombinant virus, like the previously described AKR-MCF viruses, has been shown by both biological and biochemical means to be an envelope gene recombinant between Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV) and a mouse xenotropic virus. Utilizing (125)I- labeled Fr-MCF-1 gp70 and antiserum prepared against an MCF strain of Moloney type-C virus (Mol-MCF(83)), we have developed a radioimmunoassay which detects immunological determinant (s)contained in the gp70s of MCF viruses derived from F-MuLV, Mol-MuLV, and AKR-MuLV. This MCF determinant(s) is not detected in the ecotropic parents of each of these MCF viruses, nor in helper-independent murine xenotropic viruses derived from Swiss or BALB/c mice. A protein partially cross-reactive with the MCF gp70 determinant(s) is detected in a replicating xenotropic virus derived from NZB mice. Utilizing this MCF gp70 specific immunoassay, we can detect a cross-reacting gene product coded for by the Friend strain of the spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) in rat fibroblasts nonproductively infected with SFFV. The results support earlier molecular hybridization studies which indicated that the genome of SFFV contains genetic information derived from both F-MuLV and xenotropic virus, and that the xenotropic-related sequences in SFFV are highly related to those found in MCF murine type-C viruses.", "PMID": 702051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_999", "title": "Comparison of wild-type and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis strains of measles virus. Neurovirulence in ferrets and biological properties in cell cultures.", "content": "The neurovirulence of two wild type (wt) and seven Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE) measles virus strains was tested in young adult ferrets by intracerebral (IC) inoculation of infected Vero cell suspensions. Wt strains Edmonston and Woodfolk and SSPE strains Mantooth, Halle, and LEC-S did not produce a detectable encephalitis in the ferrets, but caused a significant formation of serum antibodies against measles virus. SSPE strains LEC, IP-3, Biken, and D.R., on the other hand, were all neurovirulent in ferrets, particularly strain D.R. which caused an acute encephalitis in all inoculated animals. Strain Biken was of particular interest since it caused a subacute encephalitis in four of seven ferrets. The subacute encephalitis was characterized by a long incubation time, persistence of virus in the brain for at least 8 mo, widespread inflammatory lesions, and production of measles virus specific IgG in the brain. A study of the biological properties of the various measles virus strains showed that wt strains Edmonston and Woodfolk and SSPE strains Mantooth, Halle, and LEC-S produced free virus particles in significant titers both in Vero and ferret brain (FB) cultures. Cytopathic effect (CPE) with cell-fusion was marked in Vero cultures, whereas only minimal CPE and no cell-fusion were observed in the FB cultures. SSPE strains LEC, IP-3, Biken, and D.R., on the other hand, were mostly cell-associated in Vero and FB cultures, although atypical cell-free particles were produced by strains Biken and IP-3. All four strains showed cell-fusing activity in FB cultures, particularly strain D.R., which was the only strain that spread more actively by fusion in FB than in Vero cultures. The results are discussed in relation to the neurovirulence of the various measles virus strains in adult ferrets. Pronounced cell-fusing activity in FB cells and cell-association with minimal or no production of cell-free virus seem to be essential to establish a brain infection in the animals.", "contents": "Comparison of wild-type and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis strains of measles virus. Neurovirulence in ferrets and biological properties in cell cultures. The neurovirulence of two wild type (wt) and seven Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE) measles virus strains was tested in young adult ferrets by intracerebral (IC) inoculation of infected Vero cell suspensions. Wt strains Edmonston and Woodfolk and SSPE strains Mantooth, Halle, and LEC-S did not produce a detectable encephalitis in the ferrets, but caused a significant formation of serum antibodies against measles virus. SSPE strains LEC, IP-3, Biken, and D.R., on the other hand, were all neurovirulent in ferrets, particularly strain D.R. which caused an acute encephalitis in all inoculated animals. Strain Biken was of particular interest since it caused a subacute encephalitis in four of seven ferrets. The subacute encephalitis was characterized by a long incubation time, persistence of virus in the brain for at least 8 mo, widespread inflammatory lesions, and production of measles virus specific IgG in the brain. A study of the biological properties of the various measles virus strains showed that wt strains Edmonston and Woodfolk and SSPE strains Mantooth, Halle, and LEC-S produced free virus particles in significant titers both in Vero and ferret brain (FB) cultures. Cytopathic effect (CPE) with cell-fusion was marked in Vero cultures, whereas only minimal CPE and no cell-fusion were observed in the FB cultures. SSPE strains LEC, IP-3, Biken, and D.R., on the other hand, were mostly cell-associated in Vero and FB cultures, although atypical cell-free particles were produced by strains Biken and IP-3. All four strains showed cell-fusing activity in FB cultures, particularly strain D.R., which was the only strain that spread more actively by fusion in FB than in Vero cultures. The results are discussed in relation to the neurovirulence of the various measles virus strains in adult ferrets. Pronounced cell-fusing activity in FB cells and cell-association with minimal or no production of cell-free virus seem to be essential to establish a brain infection in the animals.", "PMID": 702052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1000", "title": "Association of low C2 and C4 serum levels with the HLA-DW2 allele in healthy individuals.", "content": "HLA typed unrelated healthy individuals (HLA-DW2 positive n = 64, and HLA-DW2 negative n = 72) were investigated for their C2 functional activity and C4 serum protein levels. For the C2 and C4 levels a bimodal distribution was found in HLA-DW2 positive and HLA-DW2 negative individuals. HLA-DW2 positive persons had a significantly higher incidence of low C2 and C4 serum levels. Our data support the concept that genes governing C2 as well as C4 serum levels are in linkage disequilibrium with the HLA-DW2 allele of the major histocompatibility complex.", "contents": "Association of low C2 and C4 serum levels with the HLA-DW2 allele in healthy individuals. HLA typed unrelated healthy individuals (HLA-DW2 positive n = 64, and HLA-DW2 negative n = 72) were investigated for their C2 functional activity and C4 serum protein levels. For the C2 and C4 levels a bimodal distribution was found in HLA-DW2 positive and HLA-DW2 negative individuals. HLA-DW2 positive persons had a significantly higher incidence of low C2 and C4 serum levels. Our data support the concept that genes governing C2 as well as C4 serum levels are in linkage disequilibrium with the HLA-DW2 allele of the major histocompatibility complex.", "PMID": 702053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1001", "title": "Thromboxane generation by human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "Human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes were stimulated to generate thromboxane B2 in a time- and concentration-dependent fashion upon exposure to serum-treated zymosan particles. Conversion by stimulated PMN of [14C] arachidonic acid to [14C]thromboxane B2 was confirmed by thin-layer radiochromatography, radio-gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry. Generation of thromboxane B2 was independent of platelet contamination and could be inhibited by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin. Cells rendered incapable of ingesting particles by treatment with cytochalasin B generated comparable amounts of thromboxane B2. These results suggest that human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes synthesize thromboxanes in response to surface stimulation independently of phagocytosis.", "contents": "Thromboxane generation by human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes were stimulated to generate thromboxane B2 in a time- and concentration-dependent fashion upon exposure to serum-treated zymosan particles. Conversion by stimulated PMN of [14C] arachidonic acid to [14C]thromboxane B2 was confirmed by thin-layer radiochromatography, radio-gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry. Generation of thromboxane B2 was independent of platelet contamination and could be inhibited by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin. Cells rendered incapable of ingesting particles by treatment with cytochalasin B generated comparable amounts of thromboxane B2. These results suggest that human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes synthesize thromboxanes in response to surface stimulation independently of phagocytosis.", "PMID": 702055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1002", "title": "Abelson virus-induced lymphomagenesis in mice.", "content": "The salient facts which have emerged from our study of Abelson virus (MuLV-A)lymphomagenesis in mice are that lymphoma induction is (a) age dependent, (b) virus dose dependent, and (c) under the control of host genes unrelated to other genes known to control murine leukemia (e.g., Fv-1 on Fv-2). Of 16 strains tested, only BALB/c and some of its derivative strains showed high sensitivity. Studies from CXB recombinant inbred strains and hybrids between them are interpreted to indicate that BALB/c carries dominant sensitivity alleles at two loci, tentatively designated Av-1 and Av-2, which conferon these mice partial susceptibility to MuLV-A lymphoma induction. In addition, H-2 may play a minor role in determining the susceptibility of mice to MuLV-A, its effect being seen only in mice homozygous for resistance at both Av-1 and Av-2. Virologic studies indicate that the resistance of adult B6 mice is not related to restriction on the helper virus replication, but is specific for the defective transforming virus genome.", "contents": "Abelson virus-induced lymphomagenesis in mice. The salient facts which have emerged from our study of Abelson virus (MuLV-A)lymphomagenesis in mice are that lymphoma induction is (a) age dependent, (b) virus dose dependent, and (c) under the control of host genes unrelated to other genes known to control murine leukemia (e.g., Fv-1 on Fv-2). Of 16 strains tested, only BALB/c and some of its derivative strains showed high sensitivity. Studies from CXB recombinant inbred strains and hybrids between them are interpreted to indicate that BALB/c carries dominant sensitivity alleles at two loci, tentatively designated Av-1 and Av-2, which conferon these mice partial susceptibility to MuLV-A lymphoma induction. In addition, H-2 may play a minor role in determining the susceptibility of mice to MuLV-A, its effect being seen only in mice homozygous for resistance at both Av-1 and Av-2. Virologic studies indicate that the resistance of adult B6 mice is not related to restriction on the helper virus replication, but is specific for the defective transforming virus genome.", "PMID": 702054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1003", "title": "A macrophage tumor cell line and plasminogen activator. A potential model system for macrophage regulation of enzyme production.", "content": "The macrophage cell line, RAW264.10, synthesizes and secretes plasminogen activator. Production of this enzyme is inhibited by low concentrations of glucocorticoids and increased by phorbol myristate acetate. It is proposed that this line could be a suitable model for the regulation of enzyme synthesis by mouse peritoneal macrophages.", "contents": "A macrophage tumor cell line and plasminogen activator. A potential model system for macrophage regulation of enzyme production. The macrophage cell line, RAW264.10, synthesizes and secretes plasminogen activator. Production of this enzyme is inhibited by low concentrations of glucocorticoids and increased by phorbol myristate acetate. It is proposed that this line could be a suitable model for the regulation of enzyme synthesis by mouse peritoneal macrophages.", "PMID": 702056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1004", "title": "The first component of complement. A quantitative comparison of its biosynthesis in culture by human epithelial and mesenchymal cells.", "content": "Epithelial and mesenchymal cells synthesized and secreted all three subcomponents of the first component of complement (C1): C1q, C1r, and C1s. Quantitatively, however, columnar and transitional epithelial cells secreted 400--3,700 times more hemolytically active C1 than monocytes or fibroblasts. Only columnar epithelial cells synthesized C1 subcomponents with subunit structures similar to their serum counterparts. Transitional epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and monocytes produced C1q and C1s with subunits of apparent molecular weights larger than reported values. C1r from all cell lines was physiochemically similar to serum C1r.", "contents": "The first component of complement. A quantitative comparison of its biosynthesis in culture by human epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Epithelial and mesenchymal cells synthesized and secreted all three subcomponents of the first component of complement (C1): C1q, C1r, and C1s. Quantitatively, however, columnar and transitional epithelial cells secreted 400--3,700 times more hemolytically active C1 than monocytes or fibroblasts. Only columnar epithelial cells synthesized C1 subcomponents with subunit structures similar to their serum counterparts. Transitional epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and monocytes produced C1q and C1s with subunits of apparent molecular weights larger than reported values. C1r from all cell lines was physiochemically similar to serum C1r.", "PMID": 702057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1005", "title": "Degradation of serum amyloid A protein by surface-associated enzymes of human blood monocytes.", "content": "Peripheral blood monocytes incubated in a serum-free medium degraded serum amyloid A (SAA) protein along three pathways. Of 20 normal subjects, 8 degraded SAA completely with no detectable intermediates. Eight subjects transiently produced an amyloid A (AA)-like intermediate which comigrated on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) with tissue AA protein and reacted with antisera to AA, whereas four subjects yielded a persistent AA-like intermediate on PAGE. This group also failed to degrade tissue AA protein. Cells from 10 patients with amyloidosis fell into the second group. The responsible enzymes appear to be serine proteases because they are inhibited by disopropyl fluorophosphate. They were not affected by epsilon-amino caproic acid, L-1-tosylamide-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone, or N-alpha-p-tosyl-L-lysine chlormethyl ketone. It appears possible that the enzymes are associated with the outer membrane of the cell because only a small fraction of the activity is secreted into the medium and because enzyme activity remains after fixation of the cells with glutaraldehyde which completely stops phagocytosis. Perhaps differences in patterns of proteolysis may play a role in the predisposition to amyloidosis.", "contents": "Degradation of serum amyloid A protein by surface-associated enzymes of human blood monocytes. Peripheral blood monocytes incubated in a serum-free medium degraded serum amyloid A (SAA) protein along three pathways. Of 20 normal subjects, 8 degraded SAA completely with no detectable intermediates. Eight subjects transiently produced an amyloid A (AA)-like intermediate which comigrated on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) with tissue AA protein and reacted with antisera to AA, whereas four subjects yielded a persistent AA-like intermediate on PAGE. This group also failed to degrade tissue AA protein. Cells from 10 patients with amyloidosis fell into the second group. The responsible enzymes appear to be serine proteases because they are inhibited by disopropyl fluorophosphate. They were not affected by epsilon-amino caproic acid, L-1-tosylamide-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone, or N-alpha-p-tosyl-L-lysine chlormethyl ketone. It appears possible that the enzymes are associated with the outer membrane of the cell because only a small fraction of the activity is secreted into the medium and because enzyme activity remains after fixation of the cells with glutaraldehyde which completely stops phagocytosis. Perhaps differences in patterns of proteolysis may play a role in the predisposition to amyloidosis.", "PMID": 702058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1006", "title": "Human C4-binding protein. II. Role in proteolysis of C4b by C3b-inactivator.", "content": "We recently described the isolation from human serum of a high molecular weight protein with specific binding affinity for fluid-phase activated C4. We show here that the C4-binding protein (C4-Bp) functions as an essential cofactor in the proteolysis of C4b in the presence of C3b-inactivator (C3bINA). C4-bp, together with C3bINA, cleave the alpha'-chain of C4b into three fragments called alpha2, alpha3, and alpha4, with mol wt of 47,000, 25,000, and 17,000 daltons, respectively. The alpha2 fragment was dissociated from C4b without reduction, whereas the alpha3 and alpha4 fragments were disulfide bonded the other chains of C4b. The reaction did not occur when either C4-bp or C3bINA were omitted, nor in the presence of either protein in combination with beta1H. Native C4 was not affected by C3bINA aand C4-bp. C4b was not cleaved when incubated in serum of a patient with genetic deficiency of C3bINA. However, when purified C3bINA was added, the alpha'-chain of C4b was cleaved and fragments with the same molecular weight as alpha2, alpha3, and alpha4 were generated.", "contents": "Human C4-binding protein. II. Role in proteolysis of C4b by C3b-inactivator. We recently described the isolation from human serum of a high molecular weight protein with specific binding affinity for fluid-phase activated C4. We show here that the C4-binding protein (C4-Bp) functions as an essential cofactor in the proteolysis of C4b in the presence of C3b-inactivator (C3bINA). C4-bp, together with C3bINA, cleave the alpha'-chain of C4b into three fragments called alpha2, alpha3, and alpha4, with mol wt of 47,000, 25,000, and 17,000 daltons, respectively. The alpha2 fragment was dissociated from C4b without reduction, whereas the alpha3 and alpha4 fragments were disulfide bonded the other chains of C4b. The reaction did not occur when either C4-bp or C3bINA were omitted, nor in the presence of either protein in combination with beta1H. Native C4 was not affected by C3bINA aand C4-bp. C4b was not cleaved when incubated in serum of a patient with genetic deficiency of C3bINA. However, when purified C3bINA was added, the alpha'-chain of C4b was cleaved and fragments with the same molecular weight as alpha2, alpha3, and alpha4 were generated.", "PMID": 702059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1007", "title": "Suppression of the immune response in C3H/HeJ mice by protein-free lipopolysaccharides.", "content": "The experiments described herein demonstrate the plaque-forming cell response of C3H/HeJ mice can be suppressed by a Boivin type lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and a deproteinized glycolipid. Suppression was observed both in vivo and in vitro, and could be transferred to normal cells in coculture experiments. This newly discovered effect of LPS in C3H/HeJ mice indicates that the adjuvant and inhibitory action of LPS may be distinct phenomena which are under different genetic regulation. Thus, the C3H/HeJ strain provides a convenient animal model for study of immunosuppression independent of the adjuvant effect.", "contents": "Suppression of the immune response in C3H/HeJ mice by protein-free lipopolysaccharides. The experiments described herein demonstrate the plaque-forming cell response of C3H/HeJ mice can be suppressed by a Boivin type lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and a deproteinized glycolipid. Suppression was observed both in vivo and in vitro, and could be transferred to normal cells in coculture experiments. This newly discovered effect of LPS in C3H/HeJ mice indicates that the adjuvant and inhibitory action of LPS may be distinct phenomena which are under different genetic regulation. Thus, the C3H/HeJ strain provides a convenient animal model for study of immunosuppression independent of the adjuvant effect.", "PMID": 702060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1008", "title": "Increased sialylation of surface glycopeptides of human trophoblast compared with fetal cells from the same conceptus.", "content": "The surface glycopeptides of human trophoblastic cells have been compared with those of fetal cells from the same embryos using double-labeling methods with isotopes of L-fucose and D-glucosamine. A faster eluting, neuraminidase-sensitive, fraction was observed on Sephadex chromatography of the trophoblast spectra when D-glucosamine was used as precursor. Labeling with fucose did not appear to result in any differences, thus suggesting that the glycopeptides characertistic of trophoblast contained glucosamine-derived metabolic products, including sialic acid, but excluding fucose. This increased sialylation is similar to, but not identical with, modifications observed in neoplastic cells, and on this basis it is postulated that two species of glycopeptides may be involved in atypical cellular behavior. The first contains sialic acid and other sugars excluding fucose, and is associated with localized cellular growth and invasion. The second contains both sialic acid and fucose and is characteristic of neoplastic cells.", "contents": "Increased sialylation of surface glycopeptides of human trophoblast compared with fetal cells from the same conceptus. The surface glycopeptides of human trophoblastic cells have been compared with those of fetal cells from the same embryos using double-labeling methods with isotopes of L-fucose and D-glucosamine. A faster eluting, neuraminidase-sensitive, fraction was observed on Sephadex chromatography of the trophoblast spectra when D-glucosamine was used as precursor. Labeling with fucose did not appear to result in any differences, thus suggesting that the glycopeptides characertistic of trophoblast contained glucosamine-derived metabolic products, including sialic acid, but excluding fucose. This increased sialylation is similar to, but not identical with, modifications observed in neoplastic cells, and on this basis it is postulated that two species of glycopeptides may be involved in atypical cellular behavior. The first contains sialic acid and other sugars excluding fucose, and is associated with localized cellular growth and invasion. The second contains both sialic acid and fucose and is characteristic of neoplastic cells.", "PMID": 702061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1009", "title": "Protein kinase activity associated with the surface of guinea pig macrophages.", "content": "Protein kinase activity has been detected associated with the outer surface of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages. Macrophages incubated with [gamma-32P]ATP incorporated 32P-phosphate into cell-associated proteins. Inorganic phosphate did not compete, nor could inorganic [32P]phosphate substitute as the phosphate donor, demonstrating that transfer of phosphate from ATP to protein is direct and extracellular. The macrophage-associated protein kinase was also shown to phosphorylate added acceptor protein (histone) and to be tightly associated with the cell surface. Thus, a new ectoenzyme, a protein kinase, has been detected in macrophages.", "contents": "Protein kinase activity associated with the surface of guinea pig macrophages. Protein kinase activity has been detected associated with the outer surface of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages. Macrophages incubated with [gamma-32P]ATP incorporated 32P-phosphate into cell-associated proteins. Inorganic phosphate did not compete, nor could inorganic [32P]phosphate substitute as the phosphate donor, demonstrating that transfer of phosphate from ATP to protein is direct and extracellular. The macrophage-associated protein kinase was also shown to phosphorylate added acceptor protein (histone) and to be tightly associated with the cell surface. Thus, a new ectoenzyme, a protein kinase, has been detected in macrophages.", "PMID": 702062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1010", "title": "The effect of complement on the ingestion of soluble antigen-antibody complexes and IgM aggregates by mouse peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "Complement was found to stimulate markedly the ingestion of soluble antigen-antibody complexes by mouse peritoneal macrophages. This was shown indirectly by measuring the release of degradation products when the complexes were labeled with 125I, or directly when the antigen, that was human transferrin, was labeled with 59Fe. In this case, the metal which was released from human transferrin inside the cells was not excreted, and its accumulation in the macrophages was a direct index of the uptake of immune complexes. The decay of radioactivity in macrophages after ingestion of 125I-labeled complexes was similar when they were taken up with or without complement, indicating that complement acts primarily on ingestion and not on digestion or excretion. The ingestion of complexes was morphologically confirmed using fluorescein-labeled antigen in the immune complexes. The opsonic effect of complement was also observed with IgM aggregates indicating that soluble complexes can be ingested through complement receptors without involvement of Fc-receptors, as required for particulate antigen-antibody complexes.", "contents": "The effect of complement on the ingestion of soluble antigen-antibody complexes and IgM aggregates by mouse peritoneal macrophages. Complement was found to stimulate markedly the ingestion of soluble antigen-antibody complexes by mouse peritoneal macrophages. This was shown indirectly by measuring the release of degradation products when the complexes were labeled with 125I, or directly when the antigen, that was human transferrin, was labeled with 59Fe. In this case, the metal which was released from human transferrin inside the cells was not excreted, and its accumulation in the macrophages was a direct index of the uptake of immune complexes. The decay of radioactivity in macrophages after ingestion of 125I-labeled complexes was similar when they were taken up with or without complement, indicating that complement acts primarily on ingestion and not on digestion or excretion. The ingestion of complexes was morphologically confirmed using fluorescein-labeled antigen in the immune complexes. The opsonic effect of complement was also observed with IgM aggregates indicating that soluble complexes can be ingested through complement receptors without involvement of Fc-receptors, as required for particulate antigen-antibody complexes.", "PMID": 702063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1011", "title": "Activation of measles virus from silently infected human lymphocytes.", "content": "Lymphocytes were incubated with measles virus for 4 days in the absence of a lymphocyte stimulating agent. Such nonstimulated lymphocytes, infected with measles virus, did not express the virus antigens that are detectable by cytotoxic antibodies. Approximately 1 out of 5,000, or even fewer, of such lymphocytes produced virus as demonstrated by the infectious center assay; in the supernate only 10--100 infectious viruses per milliliter were detected. No virus structures could be observed by means of an electron microscope. However, such lymphocytes showed no reaction to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in terms of DNA synthesis in a subsequent culture in the presence of antibodies against measles to prevent spreading of the infection to other cells. Although stimulation by PHA did not result in a significant increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation, measles virus was activated; 32 h after the addition of PHA nearly 80% of the cells were killed by measles virus antibodies and complement. The number of virus-producing cells increased to approximately 1 in 300 or more, and at 72 h the virus titer in the supernate had risen to 10(6) infectious particles per ml. This reactivation of measles virus was still obtained when PHA was added as late as 8 or more days after the initial infection.", "contents": "Activation of measles virus from silently infected human lymphocytes. Lymphocytes were incubated with measles virus for 4 days in the absence of a lymphocyte stimulating agent. Such nonstimulated lymphocytes, infected with measles virus, did not express the virus antigens that are detectable by cytotoxic antibodies. Approximately 1 out of 5,000, or even fewer, of such lymphocytes produced virus as demonstrated by the infectious center assay; in the supernate only 10--100 infectious viruses per milliliter were detected. No virus structures could be observed by means of an electron microscope. However, such lymphocytes showed no reaction to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in terms of DNA synthesis in a subsequent culture in the presence of antibodies against measles to prevent spreading of the infection to other cells. Although stimulation by PHA did not result in a significant increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation, measles virus was activated; 32 h after the addition of PHA nearly 80% of the cells were killed by measles virus antibodies and complement. The number of virus-producing cells increased to approximately 1 in 300 or more, and at 72 h the virus titer in the supernate had risen to 10(6) infectious particles per ml. This reactivation of measles virus was still obtained when PHA was added as late as 8 or more days after the initial infection.", "PMID": 702064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1012", "title": "The Qa-1 antigenic system. Relation of Qa-1 phenotypes to lymphocyte sets, mitogen responses, and immune functions.", "content": "The antiserum (B6 X A-Tlab) anti-A (Tlaa) defines several TL antigens expressed exclusively on thymocytes. When reacted with peripheral lymphocytes, the same antiserum defines another antigenic system, provisionally termed Qa-1. The genotypic disparity distinguishing the recipients and donors in this immunization comprises a section of chromosome 17 extending from a crossover point between H-2D and Tla to a presently unmarked point beyond Tla. Therefore although Qa-1 may constitute a single cell surface component, it is equally probable that the Qa-1 system defines two or more cell surface components determined by genes in this region, each of which may be expressed on a different cell set. Cytotoxicity assays indicate that Qa-1 antigen is expressed on Lyt-1 cells and Lyt-123 cells, and may serve to subclassify these two cell sets; it is not known whether Qa-1+ cells may occur within the small Lyt-23 set. There may be also be a cell set with the phenotype Thy-1--:Qa-1+. Another distinctive feature of the Qa-1 system is the characteristic profile of responses to mitogens exhibited by spleen cell populations from which Qa-1+ cells have been eliminated; in conventional assay of [3H]thymidine incorporation the response to lipopolysaccharide was essentially unchanged, the response to phytohemagglutinin M (PHA-M) was virtually abolished, and the response to concanavalin A (Con A) was reduced by 40%. The third distinctive feature of the Qa-1 system is the characteristic profile of changes which elimination of Qa-1+ cells produces in tests of immune function in vitro: (a) proliferation, measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation, in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) with major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-incompatible stimulator cells, was not affected. (b) in tests of cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) of MHC-incompatible target cells, neither the generation nor the effector functions of cytotoxic lymphocytes was affected, implying that Lyt-23 prekiller and killer cells are Qa-1--. (c) primary and secondary responses to SRBC were considerably augmented, suggesting that Qa-1+ cells may be responsible for suppression in this test system. (d) accordingly the suppression of the anti-sheep erythrocyte (SRBC) response normally engendered in spleen cells by culture with SRBC was profoundly reduced by elimination of Qa-1+ cells, either before or after culture. (e) the suppression of the anti-SRBC response normally engendered in spleen cells cultured with Con A was reduced by removal of Qa-1+ cells before but not after culture with Con A. Although analysis is as yet far from complete, the Qa-1 system should already be of considerable value because it distinguishes a population of lymphocytes that is not defined by any other antigenic system, according to three criteria: (a) representation of Qa-1 cells among T-cell sets defined by Lyt phenotypes, (b) the profile of responses to mitogens exhibited by lymphocyte populations depleted of Qa-1+ cells, and (c) the profile of immune responses of lymphocyte populations depleted of Qa-1+ cells.", "contents": "The Qa-1 antigenic system. Relation of Qa-1 phenotypes to lymphocyte sets, mitogen responses, and immune functions. The antiserum (B6 X A-Tlab) anti-A (Tlaa) defines several TL antigens expressed exclusively on thymocytes. When reacted with peripheral lymphocytes, the same antiserum defines another antigenic system, provisionally termed Qa-1. The genotypic disparity distinguishing the recipients and donors in this immunization comprises a section of chromosome 17 extending from a crossover point between H-2D and Tla to a presently unmarked point beyond Tla. Therefore although Qa-1 may constitute a single cell surface component, it is equally probable that the Qa-1 system defines two or more cell surface components determined by genes in this region, each of which may be expressed on a different cell set. Cytotoxicity assays indicate that Qa-1 antigen is expressed on Lyt-1 cells and Lyt-123 cells, and may serve to subclassify these two cell sets; it is not known whether Qa-1+ cells may occur within the small Lyt-23 set. There may be also be a cell set with the phenotype Thy-1--:Qa-1+. Another distinctive feature of the Qa-1 system is the characteristic profile of responses to mitogens exhibited by spleen cell populations from which Qa-1+ cells have been eliminated; in conventional assay of [3H]thymidine incorporation the response to lipopolysaccharide was essentially unchanged, the response to phytohemagglutinin M (PHA-M) was virtually abolished, and the response to concanavalin A (Con A) was reduced by 40%. The third distinctive feature of the Qa-1 system is the characteristic profile of changes which elimination of Qa-1+ cells produces in tests of immune function in vitro: (a) proliferation, measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation, in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) with major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-incompatible stimulator cells, was not affected. (b) in tests of cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) of MHC-incompatible target cells, neither the generation nor the effector functions of cytotoxic lymphocytes was affected, implying that Lyt-23 prekiller and killer cells are Qa-1--. (c) primary and secondary responses to SRBC were considerably augmented, suggesting that Qa-1+ cells may be responsible for suppression in this test system. (d) accordingly the suppression of the anti-sheep erythrocyte (SRBC) response normally engendered in spleen cells by culture with SRBC was profoundly reduced by elimination of Qa-1+ cells, either before or after culture. (e) the suppression of the anti-SRBC response normally engendered in spleen cells cultured with Con A was reduced by removal of Qa-1+ cells before but not after culture with Con A. Although analysis is as yet far from complete, the Qa-1 system should already be of considerable value because it distinguishes a population of lymphocytes that is not defined by any other antigenic system, according to three criteria: (a) representation of Qa-1 cells among T-cell sets defined by Lyt phenotypes, (b) the profile of responses to mitogens exhibited by lymphocyte populations depleted of Qa-1+ cells, and (c) the profile of immune responses of lymphocyte populations depleted of Qa-1+ cells.", "PMID": 702065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1013", "title": "Alteration of clonal profile. I. Effect of sublethal irradiation on the responses to phosphorylcholine in BALB/c mice.", "content": "BALB/c mice exhibit greater than 90% H8 clonal dominance in the immune response to phosphorylcholine. Adult mice exposed to 500 rads were initally unable to produce a humoral immune response to both phosphorylcholine and trinitrophenol antigens, and the direct plaque-forming cell response was slowly regained over several weeks. Clonotypic analysis wity antisera directed against the H8 idiotype showed that the H8 clone initially dominated the recovery of the response to phosphorycholine but that 60 days after the irradiation significant numbers of non-H8 clones could be detected. This same pattern could be seen in mice irradiated with 100 rads, a dose that does not completely abrogate the H8 response to phosphorylcholine. Sublethal irradiation of neonates before they had acquired responsiveness to phosphorylcholine could also eventually lead to the emergence of non-H8 idiotypes. Thus, a radiosensitive element regulates the expression of clonal dominance in anti-phosphorylcholine responses of BALB/c mice.", "contents": "Alteration of clonal profile. I. Effect of sublethal irradiation on the responses to phosphorylcholine in BALB/c mice. BALB/c mice exhibit greater than 90% H8 clonal dominance in the immune response to phosphorylcholine. Adult mice exposed to 500 rads were initally unable to produce a humoral immune response to both phosphorylcholine and trinitrophenol antigens, and the direct plaque-forming cell response was slowly regained over several weeks. Clonotypic analysis wity antisera directed against the H8 idiotype showed that the H8 clone initially dominated the recovery of the response to phosphorycholine but that 60 days after the irradiation significant numbers of non-H8 clones could be detected. This same pattern could be seen in mice irradiated with 100 rads, a dose that does not completely abrogate the H8 response to phosphorylcholine. Sublethal irradiation of neonates before they had acquired responsiveness to phosphorylcholine could also eventually lead to the emergence of non-H8 idiotypes. Thus, a radiosensitive element regulates the expression of clonal dominance in anti-phosphorylcholine responses of BALB/c mice.", "PMID": 702066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1014", "title": "Three approaches to the recognition of affective disorders in family practice: clinical, pharmacological, and self-rating scales.", "content": "No single approach to the recognition of affective disorders worked in a ten percent sample of a family practice population, screened in the summer of 1975. Among 298 adults followed prospectively for two years, about six percent developed an affective disorder (3.8 percent anxiety, 1.9 percent depression, and 0.4 percent episodes of both). The sex ratio was predominantly female (2.7:1). Most of the cases were recognized by clinical problem lists, but 23 percent of the cases would have been missed without a computerized search of prescribed drug profiles. Self-rating tests (Zung for depression and Reeder for anxiety) performed poorly at predicting cases prospectively, and unimpressively in retrospect. The burden of these disorders is considerable, with a prevalence in this population of at least 19 percent. Of these cases, 22 percent had \"mixed\" episodes of depression, anxiety, and combinations seen at various visits. Criteria for diagnosis need to be clarified for more precise diagnosis, proper medication, as well as better estimates of incidence and patient load.", "contents": "Three approaches to the recognition of affective disorders in family practice: clinical, pharmacological, and self-rating scales. No single approach to the recognition of affective disorders worked in a ten percent sample of a family practice population, screened in the summer of 1975. Among 298 adults followed prospectively for two years, about six percent developed an affective disorder (3.8 percent anxiety, 1.9 percent depression, and 0.4 percent episodes of both). The sex ratio was predominantly female (2.7:1). Most of the cases were recognized by clinical problem lists, but 23 percent of the cases would have been missed without a computerized search of prescribed drug profiles. Self-rating tests (Zung for depression and Reeder for anxiety) performed poorly at predicting cases prospectively, and unimpressively in retrospect. The burden of these disorders is considerable, with a prevalence in this population of at least 19 percent. Of these cases, 22 percent had \"mixed\" episodes of depression, anxiety, and combinations seen at various visits. Criteria for diagnosis need to be clarified for more precise diagnosis, proper medication, as well as better estimates of incidence and patient load.", "PMID": 702069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1015", "title": "Exploring the doctor-patient relationship: a sociocultural pilot study in a family practice residency.", "content": "Family physicians' growing attention to the nature of their patients' live should include the social and cultural factors that influence patient health and illness behavior. Patient visits to a family practice residency program were found to be influenced by the patients' beliefs about symptoms and the beliefs of their significant others, and symptom interference with valued activities. Data from physician-patient encounters suggest that physician attention to such sociocultural information as occupation and family structure may have positively influenced rapport. Results from this pilot study confirm the feasibility of observational research by physician-behavioral scientist teams in a primary care setting.", "contents": "Exploring the doctor-patient relationship: a sociocultural pilot study in a family practice residency. Family physicians' growing attention to the nature of their patients' live should include the social and cultural factors that influence patient health and illness behavior. Patient visits to a family practice residency program were found to be influenced by the patients' beliefs about symptoms and the beliefs of their significant others, and symptom interference with valued activities. Data from physician-patient encounters suggest that physician attention to such sociocultural information as occupation and family structure may have positively influenced rapport. Results from this pilot study confirm the feasibility of observational research by physician-behavioral scientist teams in a primary care setting.", "PMID": 702070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1016", "title": "Obstetrics in family practice: a model for residency training.", "content": "Family physicians have a unique service to offer families at the time of their reproduction, and have a role to play that cannot be duplicated by an obstetrician-gynecologist or pediatrician. The process of a family integrating a new member is a natural concept to family practice and lends itself to a family-centered model of care seldom seen in medicine. Practicing obstetrics has a positive effect on a family physician's practice for without obstetrics a practice largely of episodic adult internal medicine develops. Obstetrical care provided by a family physician is a natural answer to the currently articulated public need for personalized, sensitive, family-centered, and expert childbirth care. Obstetrical training in the family practice residency needs to include a longitudinal pregnancy care experience in addition to block rotation on hospital services to teach residents skills of good obstetrical practice and to develop an attitude of family-centered health-care advocacy. A detailed program of family-centered patient education classes practical for a private group practice has been developed to extend throughout the entire course of pregnancy and includes classes after delivery.", "contents": "Obstetrics in family practice: a model for residency training. Family physicians have a unique service to offer families at the time of their reproduction, and have a role to play that cannot be duplicated by an obstetrician-gynecologist or pediatrician. The process of a family integrating a new member is a natural concept to family practice and lends itself to a family-centered model of care seldom seen in medicine. Practicing obstetrics has a positive effect on a family physician's practice for without obstetrics a practice largely of episodic adult internal medicine develops. Obstetrical care provided by a family physician is a natural answer to the currently articulated public need for personalized, sensitive, family-centered, and expert childbirth care. Obstetrical training in the family practice residency needs to include a longitudinal pregnancy care experience in addition to block rotation on hospital services to teach residents skills of good obstetrical practice and to develop an attitude of family-centered health-care advocacy. A detailed program of family-centered patient education classes practical for a private group practice has been developed to extend throughout the entire course of pregnancy and includes classes after delivery.", "PMID": 702071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1017", "title": "A required program in geriatrics for medical students.", "content": "Very few medical schools in the United States have compulsory training in geriatrics for medical students. A program has been developed in the Department of Family Practice at Southern Illinois UniversitySchool of Medicine. This has become a required component of the undergraduate family practice clerkship. The initial format is described together with changes which occurred as result of student, faculty, and patient feedback, practical problems encountered in conducting the program, and changes in educational goals.", "contents": "A required program in geriatrics for medical students. Very few medical schools in the United States have compulsory training in geriatrics for medical students. A program has been developed in the Department of Family Practice at Southern Illinois UniversitySchool of Medicine. This has become a required component of the undergraduate family practice clerkship. The initial format is described together with changes which occurred as result of student, faculty, and patient feedback, practical problems encountered in conducting the program, and changes in educational goals.", "PMID": 702072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1018", "title": "Attitudes and patterns of practice: a comparison of graduates of a residency program in family medicine and controls.", "content": "Two groups of graduates of the University of Western Ontario Faculty of Medicine were compared. The study group had satisfactorily completed a two-year residency program in family medicine at the University, commencing at graduation from medical school; the controls had completed a one-year internship after graduation, but had not pursued specific residency training in family medicine. Both groups were engaged in family practice in Ontario at the time of the study. As predicted, the groups differed in their attitudes; the graduates were more satisfied with practice than the controls and placed more importance on emotional factors in illness. Anticipated differences in patterns of care provided were also found. Family medicine graduates of conducted proportionately more noninstitutional care. The findings were not generalized beyond the one program. The advantages and limitations of program evaluation through studies of graduates are discussed.", "contents": "Attitudes and patterns of practice: a comparison of graduates of a residency program in family medicine and controls. Two groups of graduates of the University of Western Ontario Faculty of Medicine were compared. The study group had satisfactorily completed a two-year residency program in family medicine at the University, commencing at graduation from medical school; the controls had completed a one-year internship after graduation, but had not pursued specific residency training in family medicine. Both groups were engaged in family practice in Ontario at the time of the study. As predicted, the groups differed in their attitudes; the graduates were more satisfied with practice than the controls and placed more importance on emotional factors in illness. Anticipated differences in patterns of care provided were also found. Family medicine graduates of conducted proportionately more noninstitutional care. The findings were not generalized beyond the one program. The advantages and limitations of program evaluation through studies of graduates are discussed.", "PMID": 702073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1019", "title": "Toward the evaluation of family practice: development of a family utilization index.", "content": "This paper describes a research project that establishes criteria for utilization patterns of a family practice that could be used to develop evaluation techniques for family practice as a method of delivering primary medical care. The criteria are summarized in a Family Utilization Index,  which measures the utilization patterns of a family unit. Changes in the Utilization Index are compared over a five-year period. Changes in attitudes and opinions about family practice in general and the specific Family Medicine Clinic are also compared over time and related to changes in the Family Utilization Index. Utilization patterns have significantly shifted over a five-year period, with more total visits to the clinic due to an increase in the number of family members per family unit using the clinic. Both the utilization patterns and attitudes toward the role of the family physician have shifted, indicating an increased acceptance of family practice.", "contents": "Toward the evaluation of family practice: development of a family utilization index. This paper describes a research project that establishes criteria for utilization patterns of a family practice that could be used to develop evaluation techniques for family practice as a method of delivering primary medical care. The criteria are summarized in a Family Utilization Index,  which measures the utilization patterns of a family unit. Changes in the Utilization Index are compared over a five-year period. Changes in attitudes and opinions about family practice in general and the specific Family Medicine Clinic are also compared over time and related to changes in the Family Utilization Index. Utilization patterns have significantly shifted over a five-year period, with more total visits to the clinic due to an increase in the number of family members per family unit using the clinic. Both the utilization patterns and attitudes toward the role of the family physician have shifted, indicating an increased acceptance of family practice.", "PMID": 702075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1020", "title": "Nuclear transplantation in Bombina orientalis and utilization of the Pale mutation as a nuclear marker.", "content": "The discoglossid frog, Bombina orientalis, displays many characteristics that make it desirable as a laboratory animal. We report here the first successful transplantation of embryonic nuclei into enucleated eggs of this organism. The participation of the grafted nucleus in the development of the transplant embryos was confirmed with the use of a genetic marker, the Pale mutation. Frogs homozygous for this recessive gene are much lighter in appearance than the wild-type animals. The use of this trait in appropriate experiments demonstrated that nuclear transplantation in B. orientalis provides embryos whose nuclei may be reliably interpreted as being derived from the injected nucleus.", "contents": "Nuclear transplantation in Bombina orientalis and utilization of the Pale mutation as a nuclear marker. The discoglossid frog, Bombina orientalis, displays many characteristics that make it desirable as a laboratory animal. We report here the first successful transplantation of embryonic nuclei into enucleated eggs of this organism. The participation of the grafted nucleus in the development of the transplant embryos was confirmed with the use of a genetic marker, the Pale mutation. Frogs homozygous for this recessive gene are much lighter in appearance than the wild-type animals. The use of this trait in appropriate experiments demonstrated that nuclear transplantation in B. orientalis provides embryos whose nuclei may be reliably interpreted as being derived from the injected nucleus.", "PMID": 702081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1021", "title": "Breakdown of the germinal vesicle in bovine oocytes cultivated in vitro.", "content": "Breakdown of the germinal vesicle (GV) was studied in bovine follicular oocytes cultivated in vitro. The intact GV of control oocytes did not correspond to the findings in porcine oocytes (GV I). Instead it was characterized by a nuclear membrane and a few chromocenters in finely granular nucleoplasm (GV II). After two and three hours of cultivation, GV III predominated (50% and 64% respectively). Faintly-staining chromatin and after a longer interval in the form of filaments also appeared round the chromocenters. After four hours, 35.8% of the oocytes were still at stage GV III but the GV of 46.6% of the oocytes already contained filamentous bivalents (GV IV). After five hours, GV IV (59.7%) was typical, with a less distinct nuclear membrane and condensing bivalents. GV breakdown was completed in 30.4% of the oocytes after five hours of cultivation and in 92.5% after six hours.", "contents": "Breakdown of the germinal vesicle in bovine oocytes cultivated in vitro. Breakdown of the germinal vesicle (GV) was studied in bovine follicular oocytes cultivated in vitro. The intact GV of control oocytes did not correspond to the findings in porcine oocytes (GV I). Instead it was characterized by a nuclear membrane and a few chromocenters in finely granular nucleoplasm (GV II). After two and three hours of cultivation, GV III predominated (50% and 64% respectively). Faintly-staining chromatin and after a longer interval in the form of filaments also appeared round the chromocenters. After four hours, 35.8% of the oocytes were still at stage GV III but the GV of 46.6% of the oocytes already contained filamentous bivalents (GV IV). After five hours, GV IV (59.7%) was typical, with a less distinct nuclear membrane and condensing bivalents. GV breakdown was completed in 30.4% of the oocytes after five hours of cultivation and in 92.5% after six hours.", "PMID": 702082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1022", "title": "Testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone inhibit both growth and spermatogenesis in the remaining testis in partially castrated adult newts, Notophthalmus viridescens.", "content": "The testis of the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens, undergoes hypertrophy following partial castration. Injections of either testosterone or 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone are equally effective in inhibiting the increase in testis weight which follows partial castration. In addition, both of these androgens inhibit spermatogenesis, i.e., spermatogonia appear to be inhibited resulting in early cessation of spermatogenesis and a precocious division of the testis into separate spermatogonia and sperm compartments.", "contents": "Testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone inhibit both growth and spermatogenesis in the remaining testis in partially castrated adult newts, Notophthalmus viridescens. The testis of the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens, undergoes hypertrophy following partial castration. Injections of either testosterone or 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone are equally effective in inhibiting the increase in testis weight which follows partial castration. In addition, both of these androgens inhibit spermatogenesis, i.e., spermatogonia appear to be inhibited resulting in early cessation of spermatogenesis and a precocious division of the testis into separate spermatogonia and sperm compartments.", "PMID": 702083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1023", "title": "Temperature dependence of sperm-egg fusion and post-fusion events in hamster fertilization.", "content": "The effects of temperature (4--37 degrees C) on sperm-egg fusion and the post-fusion events were studied. At 4--10 degrees C, acrosome-reacted spermatozoa bound to egg plasma membranes, but could not fuse with them. At 25 degrees C or above, both binding and fusion took place. The post-fusion events could occur over a broad temperature range (4--37 degrees C) but the events progressed faster with increasing temperature. An abnormal development of egg pronucleus, possibly due to an incomplete functioning of the meiotic spindle mechanism, was observed in eggs inseminated at 37 degrees C and cultured at 25 degrees C.", "contents": "Temperature dependence of sperm-egg fusion and post-fusion events in hamster fertilization. The effects of temperature (4--37 degrees C) on sperm-egg fusion and the post-fusion events were studied. At 4--10 degrees C, acrosome-reacted spermatozoa bound to egg plasma membranes, but could not fuse with them. At 25 degrees C or above, both binding and fusion took place. The post-fusion events could occur over a broad temperature range (4--37 degrees C) but the events progressed faster with increasing temperature. An abnormal development of egg pronucleus, possibly due to an incomplete functioning of the meiotic spindle mechanism, was observed in eggs inseminated at 37 degrees C and cultured at 25 degrees C.", "PMID": 702084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1024", "title": "Increase in concanavalin A binding sites in mouse blastocysts during implantation.", "content": "The number of concanavalin A (Con A) binding sites were determined in mouse blastocysts before and during implantation. In intact pregnant mice (Day 1 = day of finding vaginal plug), the Con A binding sites per blastocyst were increased from 169 million on Day 4 morning to 1160 million on Day 5 morning when implantation was under way. In pregnant mice ovariectomized on Day 3 and treated daily with 1 mg progesterone, the Con A binding sites per blastocyst on Day 9 (inactive) were 363 million; if the mice had received an additional injection of estradiol 24 hours earlier to induce implantation, the Con A binding sites were increased to 1211 millions. Thus, a more than twofold increase in the Con A binding sites occurs in the mouse blastocyst during implantation.", "contents": "Increase in concanavalin A binding sites in mouse blastocysts during implantation. The number of concanavalin A (Con A) binding sites were determined in mouse blastocysts before and during implantation. In intact pregnant mice (Day 1 = day of finding vaginal plug), the Con A binding sites per blastocyst were increased from 169 million on Day 4 morning to 1160 million on Day 5 morning when implantation was under way. In pregnant mice ovariectomized on Day 3 and treated daily with 1 mg progesterone, the Con A binding sites per blastocyst on Day 9 (inactive) were 363 million; if the mice had received an additional injection of estradiol 24 hours earlier to induce implantation, the Con A binding sites were increased to 1211 millions. Thus, a more than twofold increase in the Con A binding sites occurs in the mouse blastocyst during implantation.", "PMID": 702085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1025", "title": "Apparent trophoblast giant cell production in vitro by core cells isolated from cultured mouse inner cell masses.", "content": "Mouse ICM's that were isolated from blastocysts by immunosurgery and subsequently cultured for four to five days were tested for their ability to form trophoblast giant cells (TGC's) in vitro. The cores were isolated from such ICM's by a second immunosurgery and cultured for 7 to 14 days. After two days of culture a variable percentage (30%--90%) of the ICM cores produced outgrowths containing cells that resembled those of cultured ectoplacental cone. Then the outgrowths became amitotic and produced vascuolated cells that enlarged to dimensions of 200 X 375 micrometer with nuclei as large as 53 micrometer in diameter. The time course of their development from the ICM cores, their morphology and their nuclear diameters suggest that these large cells were TGC's.", "contents": "Apparent trophoblast giant cell production in vitro by core cells isolated from cultured mouse inner cell masses. Mouse ICM's that were isolated from blastocysts by immunosurgery and subsequently cultured for four to five days were tested for their ability to form trophoblast giant cells (TGC's) in vitro. The cores were isolated from such ICM's by a second immunosurgery and cultured for 7 to 14 days. After two days of culture a variable percentage (30%--90%) of the ICM cores produced outgrowths containing cells that resembled those of cultured ectoplacental cone. Then the outgrowths became amitotic and produced vascuolated cells that enlarged to dimensions of 200 X 375 micrometer with nuclei as large as 53 micrometer in diameter. The time course of their development from the ICM cores, their morphology and their nuclear diameters suggest that these large cells were TGC's.", "PMID": 702087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1026", "title": "The effect of oxygen on the development of preimplantation mouse embryos in vitro.", "content": "The optimal oxygen tension for development of preimplantation mouse embryos to the blastocyst stage in vitro was found to be between 2.5% and 5%. One- and two-cell embryos had a more sharply defined range of oxygen tension capable of supporting development than 8-cell and morula stages. At all stages of development, more embryos developed to the blastocyst stage under 5% O2 compared to the numbers of developing under higher oxygen tensions (20% and 40% O2). The blastocysts developing under 20% O2 had fewer blastomeres than those which developed under 5% O2. As the time required for development to the blastocyst stage in vitro increased, there were fewer blastomeres present at the blastocyst stage. These results indicate that the cleaving mouse embryo has an optimal oxygen requirement in vitro of about 5%. At higher oxygen tensions, fewer embryos develop to the blastocyst stage and in those which do develop, there are fewer cell divisions. If a gradient of oxygen tension exists across the blastomeres from the outside of the embryo to its centre, the blastomeres might be using this gradient to obtain imformation about their location within the embryo and respond accordingly. Thus blastomeres on the outside at a higher oxygen tension would divide at a slower rate and form trophectoderm whereas those on the inside at a lower oxygen tension would divide more rapidly and contribute to the inner cell mass.", "contents": "The effect of oxygen on the development of preimplantation mouse embryos in vitro. The optimal oxygen tension for development of preimplantation mouse embryos to the blastocyst stage in vitro was found to be between 2.5% and 5%. One- and two-cell embryos had a more sharply defined range of oxygen tension capable of supporting development than 8-cell and morula stages. At all stages of development, more embryos developed to the blastocyst stage under 5% O2 compared to the numbers of developing under higher oxygen tensions (20% and 40% O2). The blastocysts developing under 20% O2 had fewer blastomeres than those which developed under 5% O2. As the time required for development to the blastocyst stage in vitro increased, there were fewer blastomeres present at the blastocyst stage. These results indicate that the cleaving mouse embryo has an optimal oxygen requirement in vitro of about 5%. At higher oxygen tensions, fewer embryos develop to the blastocyst stage and in those which do develop, there are fewer cell divisions. If a gradient of oxygen tension exists across the blastomeres from the outside of the embryo to its centre, the blastomeres might be using this gradient to obtain imformation about their location within the embryo and respond accordingly. Thus blastomeres on the outside at a higher oxygen tension would divide at a slower rate and form trophectoderm whereas those on the inside at a lower oxygen tension would divide more rapidly and contribute to the inner cell mass.", "PMID": 702089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1027", "title": "Mitochondria and other calcium buffers of squid axon studied in situ.", "content": "Continuous nondestructive monitoring of intracellular ionized calcium in isolated squid axons by differential absorption spectroscopy (using arsenazo III and antipyrylazo III) was used to study uptake of calcium by carbonyl cyanide, p-trifluoromethoxy-phenylhydrazone (FCCP)- and (or) cyanide (CN)-sensitive and insensitive constituents of axoplasm. Known calcium loads imposed on the axon by stimulation produced proportional increments of free axoplasmic calcium. Measurement of increments in ionized calcium as a function of load confirmed earlier reports of buffering in normal and FCCP- and (or) CN-poisoned axons. Measurement of rates of calcium uptake by presumed mitochondria showed little uptake at ambient Ca below 200--400 nM, with sigmoidal rise to about 20--30 mumol/kg axoplasm per min (calculated to be about 200 mmol/kg mitochondrial protein per min) at 50 micrometer, indicating a functional threshold for presumed mitochondrial uptake well above physiological ionized calcium concentration. Treatment of stimulated axons with cyanide, to release calcium from presumed mitochondria, showed that the sensitivity to cyanide decreased progressively with time after stimulation (t 1/2 = 3--10 min) implying transfer of sequestered calcium into a less metabolically labile form.", "contents": "Mitochondria and other calcium buffers of squid axon studied in situ. Continuous nondestructive monitoring of intracellular ionized calcium in isolated squid axons by differential absorption spectroscopy (using arsenazo III and antipyrylazo III) was used to study uptake of calcium by carbonyl cyanide, p-trifluoromethoxy-phenylhydrazone (FCCP)- and (or) cyanide (CN)-sensitive and insensitive constituents of axoplasm. Known calcium loads imposed on the axon by stimulation produced proportional increments of free axoplasmic calcium. Measurement of increments in ionized calcium as a function of load confirmed earlier reports of buffering in normal and FCCP- and (or) CN-poisoned axons. Measurement of rates of calcium uptake by presumed mitochondria showed little uptake at ambient Ca below 200--400 nM, with sigmoidal rise to about 20--30 mumol/kg axoplasm per min (calculated to be about 200 mmol/kg mitochondrial protein per min) at 50 micrometer, indicating a functional threshold for presumed mitochondrial uptake well above physiological ionized calcium concentration. Treatment of stimulated axons with cyanide, to release calcium from presumed mitochondria, showed that the sensitivity to cyanide decreased progressively with time after stimulation (t 1/2 = 3--10 min) implying transfer of sequestered calcium into a less metabolically labile form.", "PMID": 702105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1028", "title": "Calcium buffering in presynaptic nerve terminals. II. Kinetic properties of the nonmitochondrial Ca sequestration mechanism.", "content": "The kinetic properties of the nonmitochondrial ATP-dependent Ca sequestering mechanism in disrupted nerve terminal (synaptosome) preparations have been investigated with radioactive tracer techniques; all solutions contained DNP, NaN3, and oligomycin, to block mitochondrial Ca uptake. The apparent half-saturation constant, KCa, for the nonmitochondrial Ca uptake is approximately 0.4 micrometer Ca; the Hill coefficient is approximately 1.6. Mg is also required for the Ca uptake, and the apparent KMg is approximately 80 micrometer. ATP and deoxy-ATP, but not CTP, GTP, ITP, UTP, ADP, or cyclic AMP, promote Ca uptake; the KATP, is approximately 10 micrometer. ATP analogs with blocked gamma-phosphate groups are unable to replace ATP. Particulate fractions from the disrupted synaptosomes possess Ca-dependent ATPase activity in the presence of Mg; the apparent KCa for this activity is 0.4--0.8 micrometer Ca, and the Hill coefficient is approximately 1.6. The Ca uptake and ATPase kinetic data suggest that the hydrolysis of 1 ATP may energize the transport of two Ca2+ ions into the storage vesicles. The second part of the article concerns the intraterminal distribution of Ca in \"intact\" terminals. When the terminals are disrupted after 45Ca loading, about one-half of the 45Ca is retained in the particulate material; some of this Ca, presumably stored in mitochondria, is released by the uncoupler, FCCP. Some of the 45Ca is released by A-23187, but not by FCCP; this fraction may be Ca stored in the nonmitochondrial sites described above. The proportion of 45Ca stored in the nonmitochondrial sites is increased when the Ca load is reduced or when the mitochondria are blocked with ruthenium red. These data indicate that the nonmitochondrial Ca storage sites are involved in intraterminal Ca buffering; they may play an important role in synaptic facilitation and post-tetanic potentiation, which result from Ca retention after neural activity.", "contents": "Calcium buffering in presynaptic nerve terminals. II. Kinetic properties of the nonmitochondrial Ca sequestration mechanism. The kinetic properties of the nonmitochondrial ATP-dependent Ca sequestering mechanism in disrupted nerve terminal (synaptosome) preparations have been investigated with radioactive tracer techniques; all solutions contained DNP, NaN3, and oligomycin, to block mitochondrial Ca uptake. The apparent half-saturation constant, KCa, for the nonmitochondrial Ca uptake is approximately 0.4 micrometer Ca; the Hill coefficient is approximately 1.6. Mg is also required for the Ca uptake, and the apparent KMg is approximately 80 micrometer. ATP and deoxy-ATP, but not CTP, GTP, ITP, UTP, ADP, or cyclic AMP, promote Ca uptake; the KATP, is approximately 10 micrometer. ATP analogs with blocked gamma-phosphate groups are unable to replace ATP. Particulate fractions from the disrupted synaptosomes possess Ca-dependent ATPase activity in the presence of Mg; the apparent KCa for this activity is 0.4--0.8 micrometer Ca, and the Hill coefficient is approximately 1.6. The Ca uptake and ATPase kinetic data suggest that the hydrolysis of 1 ATP may energize the transport of two Ca2+ ions into the storage vesicles. The second part of the article concerns the intraterminal distribution of Ca in \"intact\" terminals. When the terminals are disrupted after 45Ca loading, about one-half of the 45Ca is retained in the particulate material; some of this Ca, presumably stored in mitochondria, is released by the uncoupler, FCCP. Some of the 45Ca is released by A-23187, but not by FCCP; this fraction may be Ca stored in the nonmitochondrial sites described above. The proportion of 45Ca stored in the nonmitochondrial sites is increased when the Ca load is reduced or when the mitochondria are blocked with ruthenium red. These data indicate that the nonmitochondrial Ca storage sites are involved in intraterminal Ca buffering; they may play an important role in synaptic facilitation and post-tetanic potentiation, which result from Ca retention after neural activity.", "PMID": 702106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1029", "title": "Nexal membrane permeability to anions.", "content": "The permeability of the septa of the earthworm in the median axon has been calculated for the anions fluorescein and its halogen derivatives. The values ranged from 5.4 X 10(-5) to 4 X 10(-6) cm/s. Previously, the septa had been shown to contain nexuses. By using freeze-fracture material, the surface area of nexus on the septal membranes was determined to be 4.5%, very similar to the percentage of nexus in the intercalated disk of mammalian myocardium. Plasma membrane permeability to these dyes was also calculated and shown to be much less than that of the septal membranes. In addition, an estimate of cytoplasmic binding for each dye was made, and most dyes showed little or no binding with the exception of aminofluorescein.", "contents": "Nexal membrane permeability to anions. The permeability of the septa of the earthworm in the median axon has been calculated for the anions fluorescein and its halogen derivatives. The values ranged from 5.4 X 10(-5) to 4 X 10(-6) cm/s. Previously, the septa had been shown to contain nexuses. By using freeze-fracture material, the surface area of nexus on the septal membranes was determined to be 4.5%, very similar to the percentage of nexus in the intercalated disk of mammalian myocardium. Plasma membrane permeability to these dyes was also calculated and shown to be much less than that of the septal membranes. In addition, an estimate of cytoplasmic binding for each dye was made, and most dyes showed little or no binding with the exception of aminofluorescein.", "PMID": 702107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1030", "title": "Anion inhibitor-sensitive unidirectional sodium movements in the human erythrocyte.", "content": "The increased unidirectional sodium influx found when human erythrocytes are suspended in isotonic salt solutions containing bicarbonate ions as a replacement for chloride ions was examined. The increased sodium movement appears to have the transport characteristics of anion movement. Inhibitors of anion transport such as furosemide, fluorodinitrobenzene (FDNB), and 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyano-stilbene-2-2'-disulfonic acid (SITS) drastically inhibit these augmented sodium movements. An ion-pair mechanism appears to phenomenologically describe much of the data. A possible role for carbamino groups is considered. Such a model, however, required additional assumptions to explain the selectivity and the anion inhibitor effects.", "contents": "Anion inhibitor-sensitive unidirectional sodium movements in the human erythrocyte. The increased unidirectional sodium influx found when human erythrocytes are suspended in isotonic salt solutions containing bicarbonate ions as a replacement for chloride ions was examined. The increased sodium movement appears to have the transport characteristics of anion movement. Inhibitors of anion transport such as furosemide, fluorodinitrobenzene (FDNB), and 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyano-stilbene-2-2'-disulfonic acid (SITS) drastically inhibit these augmented sodium movements. An ion-pair mechanism appears to phenomenologically describe much of the data. A possible role for carbamino groups is considered. Such a model, however, required additional assumptions to explain the selectivity and the anion inhibitor effects.", "PMID": 702108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1031", "title": "Cation selectivity of the apical membrane of the turtle colon: sodium entry in the presence of lithium.", "content": "Exposure of the apical surface of the isolated turtle colon to Li produced a marked transient in short-circuit current (ISC) and total tissue conductance (GT) which was abolished by amiloride but was unaffected by ouabain or by removing Na or Cl from the mucosal bathing solution. Despite marked changes in Isc, Na uptake across the apical membrane was a linear function of time during exposure to Li-containing solutions, and except at very high Li concentrations, the initial rate of Na uptake, JiNa, was identical to its pre-Li value. In the presence of Li, however, JiNa was significantly less than the total Isc. The apparent \"transference number\" for Na in the apical membranes was a function of the Li:Na concentration ratio in the mucosal bathing solution. These results suggest that Li can carry substantial amounts of current through amiloride-sensitive channels in the apical membrane of the colon without having any effect on the rate coefficient for Na entry. This behavior is not consistent with \"competition\" of Na and Li for a membrane \"carrier\" but rather suggests that the Na entry mechanism may be a population of pores or channels through which Na and Li may pass with negligible interaction.", "contents": "Cation selectivity of the apical membrane of the turtle colon: sodium entry in the presence of lithium. Exposure of the apical surface of the isolated turtle colon to Li produced a marked transient in short-circuit current (ISC) and total tissue conductance (GT) which was abolished by amiloride but was unaffected by ouabain or by removing Na or Cl from the mucosal bathing solution. Despite marked changes in Isc, Na uptake across the apical membrane was a linear function of time during exposure to Li-containing solutions, and except at very high Li concentrations, the initial rate of Na uptake, JiNa, was identical to its pre-Li value. In the presence of Li, however, JiNa was significantly less than the total Isc. The apparent \"transference number\" for Na in the apical membranes was a function of the Li:Na concentration ratio in the mucosal bathing solution. These results suggest that Li can carry substantial amounts of current through amiloride-sensitive channels in the apical membrane of the colon without having any effect on the rate coefficient for Na entry. This behavior is not consistent with \"competition\" of Na and Li for a membrane \"carrier\" but rather suggests that the Na entry mechanism may be a population of pores or channels through which Na and Li may pass with negligible interaction.", "PMID": 702109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1032", "title": "Effects of veratridine on Ca fluxes and the release of oxytocin and vasopressin from the isolated rat neurohypophysis.", "content": "Uptake of radioactive calcium, 45Ca efflux, and hormone release from the isolated rat neurohypophysis were monitored in vitro after the addition of veratridine to the incubation medium. Veratridine dramatically increased hormone release, but the release was not sustained and had declined by about 90% after 2 h. Removal of external Na+ prevented hormone release as did addition to the incubation medium of tetrodotoxin or the calcium antagonists D600 and Mn2+ ions. Veratridine increased 45Ca uptake into the isolated neurohypophysis and the increase could be prevented by addition of tetrodotoxin or D600 to the medium. Efflux of 45Ca was not changed by addition of veratridine. The results underline the importance of both Na+ and Ca+2 channels in the regulation of secretion of neurosecretory products.", "contents": "Effects of veratridine on Ca fluxes and the release of oxytocin and vasopressin from the isolated rat neurohypophysis. Uptake of radioactive calcium, 45Ca efflux, and hormone release from the isolated rat neurohypophysis were monitored in vitro after the addition of veratridine to the incubation medium. Veratridine dramatically increased hormone release, but the release was not sustained and had declined by about 90% after 2 h. Removal of external Na+ prevented hormone release as did addition to the incubation medium of tetrodotoxin or the calcium antagonists D600 and Mn2+ ions. Veratridine increased 45Ca uptake into the isolated neurohypophysis and the increase could be prevented by addition of tetrodotoxin or D600 to the medium. Efflux of 45Ca was not changed by addition of veratridine. The results underline the importance of both Na+ and Ca+2 channels in the regulation of secretion of neurosecretory products.", "PMID": 702110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1033", "title": "Intracellular characteristics and responses of taste bud and lingual cells of the mudpuppy.", "content": "Intracellular recordings of membrane potentials of mudpuppy lingual cells were made with micropipette electrodes. Three types of cells were distinguished by their responses to chemical stimulation. Surface epithelial (SE) cells outside of taste buds responded with large membrane potential and resistance changes to a variety of stimuli representing the four taste qualities. Salts and acids evoked particularly large potential changes, and MgCl2, acids, and quinine greatly increased the membrane resistance. One type of taste bud cell (TB-1) was characterized by large depolarizations to K salts, and the other type of taste bud cell (TB-2) characteristically hyperpolarized to MgCl2, acid, and sugar solutions. Membrane resistance changes accompanying TB-1 and TB-2 cell responses were relatively small compared to those of SE cells. Electrotonic coupling was observed between pairs of SE and TB-2 cells but not for pairs of TB-1 cells nor cells of different types. After recording cell responses, dye-marking allowed verification of results in situ and histologically. From the identification of cells in section, it is hypothesized the TB-1 and TB-2 cells correspond to light and dark cells, respectively. Responses of TB-1 cells imply a taste receptive function; wheras TB 2-cell responses suggest secretory, supportive, and (or) receptive functions. Factors affecting cellular characteristics, non-taste  bud cell responsiveness, response mechanisms, and function of electrotonic coupling are discussed in relation to taste reception.", "contents": "Intracellular characteristics and responses of taste bud and lingual cells of the mudpuppy. Intracellular recordings of membrane potentials of mudpuppy lingual cells were made with micropipette electrodes. Three types of cells were distinguished by their responses to chemical stimulation. Surface epithelial (SE) cells outside of taste buds responded with large membrane potential and resistance changes to a variety of stimuli representing the four taste qualities. Salts and acids evoked particularly large potential changes, and MgCl2, acids, and quinine greatly increased the membrane resistance. One type of taste bud cell (TB-1) was characterized by large depolarizations to K salts, and the other type of taste bud cell (TB-2) characteristically hyperpolarized to MgCl2, acid, and sugar solutions. Membrane resistance changes accompanying TB-1 and TB-2 cell responses were relatively small compared to those of SE cells. Electrotonic coupling was observed between pairs of SE and TB-2 cells but not for pairs of TB-1 cells nor cells of different types. After recording cell responses, dye-marking allowed verification of results in situ and histologically. From the identification of cells in section, it is hypothesized the TB-1 and TB-2 cells correspond to light and dark cells, respectively. Responses of TB-1 cells imply a taste receptive function; wheras TB 2-cell responses suggest secretory, supportive, and (or) receptive functions. Factors affecting cellular characteristics, non-taste  bud cell responsiveness, response mechanisms, and function of electrotonic coupling are discussed in relation to taste reception.", "PMID": 702111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1034", "title": "Differences in cellular contractile protein contents among porcine smooth muscles: evidence for variation in the contractile system.", "content": "Cellular myosin, actin, and tropomyosin contents and ratios were determined for arterial (carotid, aorta, and coronary), intestinal (circular and longitudinal), esophageal, uterine, and tracheal smooth muscles inthe pig. Tissue protein contents were estimated by densitometry of polyacrylamide gels after electrophoresis of sodium dodecyl sulfate-treated tissue homogenates. Cellular contractile protein contents were estimated by correction for extracellular spaces. Cellular myosin contents were similar in each tissue (average +/- 1 SEM = 19.6 +/- 0.8 mg/g cell wet wt). However, the cellular contents of the thin filament proteins, actin and tropomyosin, were significantly higher in the arteries than in the nonarterial tissues. The calculated weight ratios of actin: myosin averaged 2.6 +/- 0.2 in the three arterial tissues and 1.5 +/- 0.1 in the nonarterial tissues, which may be compared with 0.36 in vertebrate striated muscles. The actin:tropomyosin weight ratios for all tissues were 3.7 +/- 0.1,  a value comparable to the skeletal muscle ratio. The physiological implications of variations in the cellular thin filament protein contents are unknown, but these variations probably contribute to the observed differences in contractile function among various smooth muscles.", "contents": "Differences in cellular contractile protein contents among porcine smooth muscles: evidence for variation in the contractile system. Cellular myosin, actin, and tropomyosin contents and ratios were determined for arterial (carotid, aorta, and coronary), intestinal (circular and longitudinal), esophageal, uterine, and tracheal smooth muscles inthe pig. Tissue protein contents were estimated by densitometry of polyacrylamide gels after electrophoresis of sodium dodecyl sulfate-treated tissue homogenates. Cellular contractile protein contents were estimated by correction for extracellular spaces. Cellular myosin contents were similar in each tissue (average +/- 1 SEM = 19.6 +/- 0.8 mg/g cell wet wt). However, the cellular contents of the thin filament proteins, actin and tropomyosin, were significantly higher in the arteries than in the nonarterial tissues. The calculated weight ratios of actin: myosin averaged 2.6 +/- 0.2 in the three arterial tissues and 1.5 +/- 0.1 in the nonarterial tissues, which may be compared with 0.36 in vertebrate striated muscles. The actin:tropomyosin weight ratios for all tissues were 3.7 +/- 0.1,  a value comparable to the skeletal muscle ratio. The physiological implications of variations in the cellular thin filament protein contents are unknown, but these variations probably contribute to the observed differences in contractile function among various smooth muscles.", "PMID": 702112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1035", "title": "Interaction of external alkali metal ions with the Na-K pump of human erythrocytes: a comparison of their effects on activation of the pump and on the rate of ouabain binding.", "content": "The effects of external alkali metal ions on the rate of ouabain binding and on the rate of the Na-K pump were examined in human red blood cells. In Na-containing solutions, K, Cs, and Li decreased the rate of ouabain binding. For K and Cs, the kinetics of this effect were similar to those for their activation of the pump. In Na-free (choline-substituted) solutions the rate of ouabain binding was decreased by K whereas it was promoted by Cs and Li. External Na increased the rate of ouabain binding whether or not external K was present, and the kinetics of this effect were not the same as those for inhibition of the pump by Na. These findings are interpreted to mean that not only do the cations affect ouabain binding at the external loading sites on the pump from which ions are translocated inward, but that there are additional sites on the external aspect of the pump at which cations can promote ouabain binding, and that these sites can be occupied by Li, Na, and Cs. It is postulated that these latter sites are those from which Na is discharged after outward translocation by the pump.", "contents": "Interaction of external alkali metal ions with the Na-K pump of human erythrocytes: a comparison of their effects on activation of the pump and on the rate of ouabain binding. The effects of external alkali metal ions on the rate of ouabain binding and on the rate of the Na-K pump were examined in human red blood cells. In Na-containing solutions, K, Cs, and Li decreased the rate of ouabain binding. For K and Cs, the kinetics of this effect were similar to those for their activation of the pump. In Na-free (choline-substituted) solutions the rate of ouabain binding was decreased by K whereas it was promoted by Cs and Li. External Na increased the rate of ouabain binding whether or not external K was present, and the kinetics of this effect were not the same as those for inhibition of the pump by Na. These findings are interpreted to mean that not only do the cations affect ouabain binding at the external loading sites on the pump from which ions are translocated inward, but that there are additional sites on the external aspect of the pump at which cations can promote ouabain binding, and that these sites can be occupied by Li, Na, and Cs. It is postulated that these latter sites are those from which Na is discharged after outward translocation by the pump.", "PMID": 702113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1036", "title": "Differences in sialic acid content of human interferons.", "content": "Human leucocyte, lymphoblastoid and fibroblast interferons were separately treated with sialidase and the effect of this on their isoelectric focusing was examined using a system in which full dissociation of complexes occurred. Both leucocyte and lymphoblastoid interferons showed a single form with an isoelectric point which was unaltered by treatment with sialidase. In contrast, fibroblast interferon showed three forms which were reduced to one by treatment with the enzyme.", "contents": "Differences in sialic acid content of human interferons. Human leucocyte, lymphoblastoid and fibroblast interferons were separately treated with sialidase and the effect of this on their isoelectric focusing was examined using a system in which full dissociation of complexes occurred. Both leucocyte and lymphoblastoid interferons showed a single form with an isoelectric point which was unaltered by treatment with sialidase. In contrast, fibroblast interferon showed three forms which were reduced to one by treatment with the enzyme.", "PMID": 702115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1037", "title": "The ocr gene function of bacterial viruses T3 and T7 prevents host-controlled modification.", "content": "On pre-infection of the host Escherichia coli B with u.v.-inactivated T3 or T7 phage able to express their early genes (like 0.3), B-specific modification of superinfecting, successfully multiplying viruses does not take place. The ocr gene function (gene 0.3) of T3 and T7 not only prevents host-specific DNA restriction but also modification, probably by inhibiting the same late step in the interaction between the restriction enzyme and DNA.", "contents": "The ocr gene function of bacterial viruses T3 and T7 prevents host-controlled modification. On pre-infection of the host Escherichia coli B with u.v.-inactivated T3 or T7 phage able to express their early genes (like 0.3), B-specific modification of superinfecting, successfully multiplying viruses does not take place. The ocr gene function (gene 0.3) of T3 and T7 not only prevents host-specific DNA restriction but also modification, probably by inhibiting the same late step in the interaction between the restriction enzyme and DNA.", "PMID": 702116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1038", "title": "Solid-phase radioimmunoassay determination of virus-specific IgM antibody levels in a follow-up patients with naturally acquired measles infections.", "content": "The question of the exact disappearance time or possible persistence of measles-specific IgM antibodies after naturally acquired measles virus infections was studied with a sensitive solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) method. A total of 30 patients were analyzed with follow-up times varying from 4.5 to 8 months; all were measles IgM positive in the first serum specimen obtained after the onset of rash. In 29 of 30 patients, the measles IgM declined to undetectable levels by approximately 90 days. The remaining patient developed postmeasles encephalitis, however, and was found to have a prolonged measles IgM antibody response. For comparison, the measles-specific IgG response was also studied and was found to develop only slightly later than the IgM response, with levels then remaining high and stable up to 8 months later. Although apparent measles IgM antibodies were found in 1 of 64 nonmatched adult controls, they were due to the presence of high levels of IgM-class rheumatoid factor. The data presented indicate that measles IgM antibodies begin to decline soon after the onset of rash and reach negative levels 1 to 3 months later; in complicated infections, however, measles IgM antibody synthesis may not terminate normally.", "contents": "Solid-phase radioimmunoassay determination of virus-specific IgM antibody levels in a follow-up patients with naturally acquired measles infections. The question of the exact disappearance time or possible persistence of measles-specific IgM antibodies after naturally acquired measles virus infections was studied with a sensitive solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) method. A total of 30 patients were analyzed with follow-up times varying from 4.5 to 8 months; all were measles IgM positive in the first serum specimen obtained after the onset of rash. In 29 of 30 patients, the measles IgM declined to undetectable levels by approximately 90 days. The remaining patient developed postmeasles encephalitis, however, and was found to have a prolonged measles IgM antibody response. For comparison, the measles-specific IgG response was also studied and was found to develop only slightly later than the IgM response, with levels then remaining high and stable up to 8 months later. Although apparent measles IgM antibodies were found in 1 of 64 nonmatched adult controls, they were due to the presence of high levels of IgM-class rheumatoid factor. The data presented indicate that measles IgM antibodies begin to decline soon after the onset of rash and reach negative levels 1 to 3 months later; in complicated infections, however, measles IgM antibody synthesis may not terminate normally.", "PMID": 702117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1039", "title": "Mother-stranger discrimination in three-month-old infants and subsequent Gesell performance.", "content": "The amount of vocalization, motor activity, and smiling in response to vocal stimulation by the mother and by a stranger was recorded from 14 normal male infants when they were 3, 5, 7, and 9 months old. The Gesell Developmental Schedules were administered to them at age 9 months. High Gesell developmental quotient infants showed different vocalization and motor activity responses to the mother versus the stranger as early as 3 months. These differences diminished progressively to a minimum at 9 months. Low Gesell developmental quotient infants showed no differential responses to mother versus stranger. The results suggest that mother-stranger discrimination at age 3 months may be used as an indicator of subsequent cognitive development, and further suggest that bright babies may attain permanence for the mother's schema as early as 3 months of age.", "contents": "Mother-stranger discrimination in three-month-old infants and subsequent Gesell performance. The amount of vocalization, motor activity, and smiling in response to vocal stimulation by the mother and by a stranger was recorded from 14 normal male infants when they were 3, 5, 7, and 9 months old. The Gesell Developmental Schedules were administered to them at age 9 months. High Gesell developmental quotient infants showed different vocalization and motor activity responses to the mother versus the stranger as early as 3 months. These differences diminished progressively to a minimum at 9 months. Low Gesell developmental quotient infants showed no differential responses to mother versus stranger. The results suggest that mother-stranger discrimination at age 3 months may be used as an indicator of subsequent cognitive development, and further suggest that bright babies may attain permanence for the mother's schema as early as 3 months of age.", "PMID": 702118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1040", "title": "Comparison of normal and learning disabled children on a nonverbal short-term memory serial position task.", "content": "A serial recall task was used to compare performance of 15 normal and 15 learning disabled elementary school children matched on CA, IQ, and sex with two and three dimensional representations of nonverbal eight-point shapes. Two a priori assumptions were not supported: (a) no differences in recall were found between groups and (b) no differences in recall were found for either group using two or three dimensional stimuli. Three dimensional stimuli did facilitate visual rehearsal at the primacy position for both groups. Learning disabled children's performance was consistent with the mediation deficiency hypothesis found with normal children.", "contents": "Comparison of normal and learning disabled children on a nonverbal short-term memory serial position task. A serial recall task was used to compare performance of 15 normal and 15 learning disabled elementary school children matched on CA, IQ, and sex with two and three dimensional representations of nonverbal eight-point shapes. Two a priori assumptions were not supported: (a) no differences in recall were found between groups and (b) no differences in recall were found for either group using two or three dimensional stimuli. Three dimensional stimuli did facilitate visual rehearsal at the primacy position for both groups. Learning disabled children's performance was consistent with the mediation deficiency hypothesis found with normal children.", "PMID": 702119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1041", "title": "Delay of reinforcement effects with reflective and impulsive children.", "content": "Reflective, impulsive, fast-accurate, and slow-inaccurate second grade boys and girls (N = 156) learned a discrimination task with one of three reinforcement delay conditions: No delay; 10 sec delay with an attentional aid filling the delay period; and 10 sec delay with an unfilled interval. The attentional aid was expected to lead to improved learning task performance (vis-\u00e0-vis delay without an aid), especially for impulsive children who would focus on the task more with an aid during the delay. The results indicated that all children learned less well with a delay of feedback, and the attentional aid was ineffective (possibly because it did not prevent competing responses from occurring). The children who did best on the test of Conceptual Tempo (the MFF), the fast-accurates, learned with the fewest errors, while the slow-inaccurate children made the most errors in learning. The results did not support the contention that impulsive children are poor attenders, but did indicate that some components of Conceptual Tempo are related to discrimination learning.", "contents": "Delay of reinforcement effects with reflective and impulsive children. Reflective, impulsive, fast-accurate, and slow-inaccurate second grade boys and girls (N = 156) learned a discrimination task with one of three reinforcement delay conditions: No delay; 10 sec delay with an attentional aid filling the delay period; and 10 sec delay with an unfilled interval. The attentional aid was expected to lead to improved learning task performance (vis-\u00e0-vis delay without an aid), especially for impulsive children who would focus on the task more with an aid during the delay. The results indicated that all children learned less well with a delay of feedback, and the attentional aid was ineffective (possibly because it did not prevent competing responses from occurring). The children who did best on the test of Conceptual Tempo (the MFF), the fast-accurates, learned with the fewest errors, while the slow-inaccurate children made the most errors in learning. The results did not support the contention that impulsive children are poor attenders, but did indicate that some components of Conceptual Tempo are related to discrimination learning.", "PMID": 702123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1042", "title": "Responses of boys and girls to aggressive, assertive, and passive behaviors of male and female characters.", "content": "Boys and girls in grades 4, 6, and 8 answered five questions after reading stories in which a male or female character behaved aggressively, assertively, or passively. As hypothesized, the results indicated differential degrees of approval for aggressive, assertive, and passive behavior depending upon the sex of the character engaged in the behavior. Boys and girls also responded in different ways to the three types of behavior. Developmental trends indicated an increasingly positive evaluation of the effectiveness of passive behavior by females and an increasingly negative evaluation by males with age. The implications for the acquisition of sex-stereotyped behavior patterns are discussed.", "contents": "Responses of boys and girls to aggressive, assertive, and passive behaviors of male and female characters. Boys and girls in grades 4, 6, and 8 answered five questions after reading stories in which a male or female character behaved aggressively, assertively, or passively. As hypothesized, the results indicated differential degrees of approval for aggressive, assertive, and passive behavior depending upon the sex of the character engaged in the behavior. Boys and girls also responded in different ways to the three types of behavior. Developmental trends indicated an increasingly positive evaluation of the effectiveness of passive behavior by females and an increasingly negative evaluation by males with age. The implications for the acquisition of sex-stereotyped behavior patterns are discussed.", "PMID": 702124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1043", "title": "Successive visual discrimination of forms in 10-month-old infants.", "content": "The purpose of this research was to assess the infant's ability to make successive discriminations in the size of a figure. The Ss were 90 10-month-old infants who were habituated to a block figure and dishabituated on different subtle size transformations of that figure. Dishabituation data revealed that the infants were able to detect transformations which increased the area of the habituated figure by 7 percent. There was no evidence of a differentiated sensitivity to detect a change in any special location of the original figure.", "contents": "Successive visual discrimination of forms in 10-month-old infants. The purpose of this research was to assess the infant's ability to make successive discriminations in the size of a figure. The Ss were 90 10-month-old infants who were habituated to a block figure and dishabituated on different subtle size transformations of that figure. Dishabituation data revealed that the infants were able to detect transformations which increased the area of the habituated figure by 7 percent. There was no evidence of a differentiated sensitivity to detect a change in any special location of the original figure.", "PMID": 702125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1044", "title": "Agoraphobia: newer treatment approaches.", "content": "Agoraphobia is the commonest and most severe form of phobic disorder. Techniques presently available for its treatment fall into the broad categories of behavior therapy, pharmacotherapy, and psychotherapy. Of the behavioral approaches in current use flooding is probably most effective. Group exposure methods are valuable and have the advantage of conserving therapist time. Pharmacological agents of demonstrated value include monoamine oxidase inhibitors (phenelzine) and tricyclic antidepressants (imipramine). These drugs are capable of preventing the spontaneous panic attacks observed in agoraphobic patients. Psychotherapy, once the mainstay of treatment, has largely become an adjunctive procedure.", "contents": "Agoraphobia: newer treatment approaches. Agoraphobia is the commonest and most severe form of phobic disorder. Techniques presently available for its treatment fall into the broad categories of behavior therapy, pharmacotherapy, and psychotherapy. Of the behavioral approaches in current use flooding is probably most effective. Group exposure methods are valuable and have the advantage of conserving therapist time. Pharmacological agents of demonstrated value include monoamine oxidase inhibitors (phenelzine) and tricyclic antidepressants (imipramine). These drugs are capable of preventing the spontaneous panic attacks observed in agoraphobic patients. Psychotherapy, once the mainstay of treatment, has largely become an adjunctive procedure.", "PMID": 702127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1045", "title": "A multivariate analysis and modification of a preattentive, perceptual dysfunction in schizophrenia.", "content": "Preattentive information processing was examined in matched samples of process nonparanoid schizophrenics, reactive paranoid schizophrenics, and nonschizophrenic psychiatric inpatients. Three measures of visual preattentive processing were administered under standard conditions and also enriched conditions in which preattentive discriminability was enhanced through increased perceptual grouping and segregation. Nonparanoid schizophrenics displayed a differential performance deficit under standard conditions on each measure. Under conditions of enhanced preattentive discriminability, nonparanoid schizophrenics differentially improved to the extent that no significant differences were found between groups on two of the measures. Paranoid schizophrenics and psychiatric controls did not differ significantly across measures or conditions.", "contents": "A multivariate analysis and modification of a preattentive, perceptual dysfunction in schizophrenia. Preattentive information processing was examined in matched samples of process nonparanoid schizophrenics, reactive paranoid schizophrenics, and nonschizophrenic psychiatric inpatients. Three measures of visual preattentive processing were administered under standard conditions and also enriched conditions in which preattentive discriminability was enhanced through increased perceptual grouping and segregation. Nonparanoid schizophrenics displayed a differential performance deficit under standard conditions on each measure. Under conditions of enhanced preattentive discriminability, nonparanoid schizophrenics differentially improved to the extent that no significant differences were found between groups on two of the measures. Paranoid schizophrenics and psychiatric controls did not differ significantly across measures or conditions.", "PMID": 702128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1046", "title": "Cognitive and evoked response measures of information processing in schizophrenics with and without a family history of schizophrenia.", "content": "Twenty-four male schizophrenics, 12 (SFH) with schizophrenia in the immediate family and 12 (SNFH) with no evidence of schizophrenia in the family background, and 24 male control subjects, 12 highly educated (HEC), and 12 minimally educated (MEC), were assessed for premorbid social adjustment and were administered the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, a size estimation task, and the EEG average evoked response (AER) at different levels of stimulus intensity. As predicted from the stimulus redundancy formulation, the SFH patients were poorer in premorbid adjustment, were less often paranoid, functioned at a lower level of cognitive efficiency (poor digit symbol and greater absolute error on size estimation), were more chronic, and, in some respects, had size estimation indices of minimal scanning. Contrary to prediction, the SFH group had the strongest and most sustained augmenting response on AER, while the SNFH group shifted from an augmenting to a reducing pattern of response. The relationship between an absence of AER reducing and the presence of cognitive impairment in the SFH group was a major focus of discussion.", "contents": "Cognitive and evoked response measures of information processing in schizophrenics with and without a family history of schizophrenia. Twenty-four male schizophrenics, 12 (SFH) with schizophrenia in the immediate family and 12 (SNFH) with no evidence of schizophrenia in the family background, and 24 male control subjects, 12 highly educated (HEC), and 12 minimally educated (MEC), were assessed for premorbid social adjustment and were administered the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, a size estimation task, and the EEG average evoked response (AER) at different levels of stimulus intensity. As predicted from the stimulus redundancy formulation, the SFH patients were poorer in premorbid adjustment, were less often paranoid, functioned at a lower level of cognitive efficiency (poor digit symbol and greater absolute error on size estimation), were more chronic, and, in some respects, had size estimation indices of minimal scanning. Contrary to prediction, the SFH group had the strongest and most sustained augmenting response on AER, while the SNFH group shifted from an augmenting to a reducing pattern of response. The relationship between an absence of AER reducing and the presence of cognitive impairment in the SFH group was a major focus of discussion.", "PMID": 702129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1047", "title": "Urinary catecholamines and amphetamine excretion in hyperactive and normal boys.", "content": "Urinary catecholamines and metabolites and urinary amphetamine excretion were examined for hyperactive and normal boys following a single dose of dextroamphetamine (0.5 mg/kg) and placebo. Hyperactive children showed a significantly faster rate of excretion of amphetamine which could not be accounted for by previous exposure to drug or by signs of neurological involvement. Urinary norepinephrine (NE) was significantly higher for hyperactive than for normal children, but NE excretion did not correlate with motor activity or any measures of arousal. The single dose of amphetamine produced a significant rise in urinary epinephrine excretion (EP) for the normal children but not for the hyperactive group, supporting the notion of a more sluggish catecholamine response to stimulants for hyperkinetic children.", "contents": "Urinary catecholamines and amphetamine excretion in hyperactive and normal boys. Urinary catecholamines and metabolites and urinary amphetamine excretion were examined for hyperactive and normal boys following a single dose of dextroamphetamine (0.5 mg/kg) and placebo. Hyperactive children showed a significantly faster rate of excretion of amphetamine which could not be accounted for by previous exposure to drug or by signs of neurological involvement. Urinary norepinephrine (NE) was significantly higher for hyperactive than for normal children, but NE excretion did not correlate with motor activity or any measures of arousal. The single dose of amphetamine produced a significant rise in urinary epinephrine excretion (EP) for the normal children but not for the hyperactive group, supporting the notion of a more sluggish catecholamine response to stimulants for hyperkinetic children.", "PMID": 702130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1048", "title": "A method for determining median nerve conduction velocity across the carpal tunnel.", "content": "Palmar stimulation was used to assess median nerve conduction across the carpal tunnel. In 50 hands from 25 control subjects, motor and sensory latencies in the wrist-to-palm segment (mean +/- SD: 1.15 +/- 0.21 msec and 1.12 +/- 0.21 msec respectively) were less than half the conventional terminal latencies in the wrist-to-muscle and wrist-to-digit segment (3.01 +/- 0.44 msec and 2.47 +/- 0.39 msec). Motor and sensory conduction velocities (MNCV and SNCV) in the wrist-to-palm segment (56.0 +/- 7.6 m/sec and 58.7 +/- 7.5 m/sec respectively) were comparable to those in the elbow-to-wrist segment (57.0 +/- 4.5 m/sec and 62.4 +/- 5.7 m/sec). In 20 symptomatic hands from 13 patients with mild carpal tunnel syndrome, delay in motor and sensory terminal latencies (3.91 +/- 0.67 msec and 2.90 +/- 0.57 msec) was primarily attributable to increased conduction time in the wrist-to-palm segment (1.96 +/- 0.59 msec and 1.58 +/- 0.49 msec) and not in the remaining more distal portions. Consequently, MNCV and SNCV were significantly (P less than 0.001) slowed when calculated in the segment across the carpal tunnel (36.6 +/- 11.2 m/sec and 44.9 +/- 11.8 m/sec), even though the conventional terminal latencies from the stimulus site at the wrist were often within normal limits.", "contents": "A method for determining median nerve conduction velocity across the carpal tunnel. Palmar stimulation was used to assess median nerve conduction across the carpal tunnel. In 50 hands from 25 control subjects, motor and sensory latencies in the wrist-to-palm segment (mean +/- SD: 1.15 +/- 0.21 msec and 1.12 +/- 0.21 msec respectively) were less than half the conventional terminal latencies in the wrist-to-muscle and wrist-to-digit segment (3.01 +/- 0.44 msec and 2.47 +/- 0.39 msec). Motor and sensory conduction velocities (MNCV and SNCV) in the wrist-to-palm segment (56.0 +/- 7.6 m/sec and 58.7 +/- 7.5 m/sec respectively) were comparable to those in the elbow-to-wrist segment (57.0 +/- 4.5 m/sec and 62.4 +/- 5.7 m/sec). In 20 symptomatic hands from 13 patients with mild carpal tunnel syndrome, delay in motor and sensory terminal latencies (3.91 +/- 0.67 msec and 2.90 +/- 0.57 msec) was primarily attributable to increased conduction time in the wrist-to-palm segment (1.96 +/- 0.59 msec and 1.58 +/- 0.49 msec) and not in the remaining more distal portions. Consequently, MNCV and SNCV were significantly (P less than 0.001) slowed when calculated in the segment across the carpal tunnel (36.6 +/- 11.2 m/sec and 44.9 +/- 11.8 m/sec), even though the conventional terminal latencies from the stimulus site at the wrist were often within normal limits.", "PMID": 702179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1049", "title": "Altered tissue carnitine levels in animals with hereditary muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Low levels of muscle carnitine have been found in patients with Duchenne dystrophy, a case possibly of Becker dystrophy, and limb-girdle syndrome as well as in patients with the recently described muscle carnitine deficiency syndrome. Tissues of the mouse, hamster, and chicken were analyzed to determine whether tissue carnitine levels were altered in the animal models of muscular dystrophy. Significantly higher levels of carnitine were found in dystrophic mouse muscle, but carnitine levels in plasma, liver and heart were normal. Histological changes in the skeletal muscle of dystrophic hamsters were relatively mild, and both skeletal muscle and plasma levels were normal. The liver carnitine level was higher than normal levels. The dystrophic hamster also had an inherited cardiomyopathy, and interestingly its heart carnitine level was much lower than normal. The red muscle of the normal chicken contained 5 times the level of carnitine found in white muscle. The dystrophic chicken had higher than normal levels of carnitine in the white muscle, but normal levels in the red muscle. Although all 3 animal models of muscular dystrophy studied have altered levels of carnitine in some tissue, none of the animal models had the same pattern of altered tissue carnitine levels seen in human patients.", "contents": "Altered tissue carnitine levels in animals with hereditary muscular dystrophy. Low levels of muscle carnitine have been found in patients with Duchenne dystrophy, a case possibly of Becker dystrophy, and limb-girdle syndrome as well as in patients with the recently described muscle carnitine deficiency syndrome. Tissues of the mouse, hamster, and chicken were analyzed to determine whether tissue carnitine levels were altered in the animal models of muscular dystrophy. Significantly higher levels of carnitine were found in dystrophic mouse muscle, but carnitine levels in plasma, liver and heart were normal. Histological changes in the skeletal muscle of dystrophic hamsters were relatively mild, and both skeletal muscle and plasma levels were normal. The liver carnitine level was higher than normal levels. The dystrophic hamster also had an inherited cardiomyopathy, and interestingly its heart carnitine level was much lower than normal. The red muscle of the normal chicken contained 5 times the level of carnitine found in white muscle. The dystrophic chicken had higher than normal levels of carnitine in the white muscle, but normal levels in the red muscle. Although all 3 animal models of muscular dystrophy studied have altered levels of carnitine in some tissue, none of the animal models had the same pattern of altered tissue carnitine levels seen in human patients.", "PMID": 702180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1050", "title": "A clinical study of chronic childhood spinal muscular atrophy. A review of 141 cases.", "content": "The case histories and clinical details of 141 children (67 males and 74 females) with chronic childhood spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) have been reviewed. Hundred of these children were alive at the time of the study. The cases comprise a consecutive unselected series of all with this disease who presented to two large English neurological centres over a 10-year tracing period. Chronic childhood SMA is defined here as a progressive disease of anterior horn cells with initial proximal selectivity, which does not of itself cause death before 18 months of age. Clinical signs are first manifest between birth and 8 years of age, but in 95% before 3 years. Cumulative frequency tables for motor skills are presented; 46% of children never walked, even with orthopaedic aids; 37.6% were able to walk unaided at some stage. No child was able to run after 12 years of age. Late-presenting sporadic cases retain motor skills longer than do familial cases. A sex influence on the clinical course of the disease has been demonstrated, males being more severely affected. Cumulative frequency curves for age-at-onset and age-at-presentation have been compiled. A sib of an affected index case, still clinically normal at 2 years of age, has passed 90 percent of his risk period; the use of such cumulative frequency curves for studies of carrier-frequency and incidence is discussed. The median age at death for this disease exceeds 10 years. The range encompassed by the clinical spectrum is discussed.", "contents": "A clinical study of chronic childhood spinal muscular atrophy. A review of 141 cases. The case histories and clinical details of 141 children (67 males and 74 females) with chronic childhood spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) have been reviewed. Hundred of these children were alive at the time of the study. The cases comprise a consecutive unselected series of all with this disease who presented to two large English neurological centres over a 10-year tracing period. Chronic childhood SMA is defined here as a progressive disease of anterior horn cells with initial proximal selectivity, which does not of itself cause death before 18 months of age. Clinical signs are first manifest between birth and 8 years of age, but in 95% before 3 years. Cumulative frequency tables for motor skills are presented; 46% of children never walked, even with orthopaedic aids; 37.6% were able to walk unaided at some stage. No child was able to run after 12 years of age. Late-presenting sporadic cases retain motor skills longer than do familial cases. A sex influence on the clinical course of the disease has been demonstrated, males being more severely affected. Cumulative frequency curves for age-at-onset and age-at-presentation have been compiled. A sib of an affected index case, still clinically normal at 2 years of age, has passed 90 percent of his risk period; the use of such cumulative frequency curves for studies of carrier-frequency and incidence is discussed. The median age at death for this disease exceeds 10 years. The range encompassed by the clinical spectrum is discussed.", "PMID": 702181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1051", "title": "A study of environmental factors in relation to fatal infantile spinal muscular atrophy (SMA type I). An analysis of birth order and parental age effects, social class, seasonal influence, and clustering in time and place.", "content": "Major studies of the childhood spinal muscular atrophies have suggested that environmentally-produced phenocopies might occur, and that environmental factors might be important in some clinical features of these diseases. A formal analysis of some possible intra-uterine and post-natal influences has been undertaken in 78 index cases (72 families) of acute infantile SMA (acute Werdnig-Hoffmann disease; SMA Type I). There is no evidence to suggest that social class, parental age, birth order, or season of birth influences this disease or that clustering in time and place occurs.", "contents": "A study of environmental factors in relation to fatal infantile spinal muscular atrophy (SMA type I). An analysis of birth order and parental age effects, social class, seasonal influence, and clustering in time and place. Major studies of the childhood spinal muscular atrophies have suggested that environmentally-produced phenocopies might occur, and that environmental factors might be important in some clinical features of these diseases. A formal analysis of some possible intra-uterine and post-natal influences has been undertaken in 78 index cases (72 families) of acute infantile SMA (acute Werdnig-Hoffmann disease; SMA Type I). There is no evidence to suggest that social class, parental age, birth order, or season of birth influences this disease or that clustering in time and place occurs.", "PMID": 702182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1052", "title": "Morphological evidence for 6-hydroxydopamine-induced sprouting or noradrenergic neurons in the cerebellum.", "content": "Intracisternal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into young rats during the first 24 hours after birth resulted in a significant elevation of cerebellar norepinephrine by day 9. This elevation continued through 120 days. Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated an increased fluorescence in all layers of the cerebellar cortex in treated rats from 9 days after treatment through 120 days. This was considerably greater than the normal developmental change observed in control rats and appeared to be due to an increased number of fluorescent terminals. Quantitative electron-microscopic analysis indicated that all layers of the cerebellar cortex of treated rats contained significantly more boutons with small dense-cored vesicles (SGV), a morphologic marker for catecholamines, than controls. No significant difference in the number of SGVs per bouton was observed in 6-OHDA treated rats.", "contents": "Morphological evidence for 6-hydroxydopamine-induced sprouting or noradrenergic neurons in the cerebellum. Intracisternal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into young rats during the first 24 hours after birth resulted in a significant elevation of cerebellar norepinephrine by day 9. This elevation continued through 120 days. Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated an increased fluorescence in all layers of the cerebellar cortex in treated rats from 9 days after treatment through 120 days. This was considerably greater than the normal developmental change observed in control rats and appeared to be due to an increased number of fluorescent terminals. Quantitative electron-microscopic analysis indicated that all layers of the cerebellar cortex of treated rats contained significantly more boutons with small dense-cored vesicles (SGV), a morphologic marker for catecholamines, than controls. No significant difference in the number of SGVs per bouton was observed in 6-OHDA treated rats.", "PMID": 702183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1053", "title": "Lipid abnormalities in hereditary neuropathy. Part 3. Plasma and erythrocyte lipids of HMSN-III (Dejerine-Sottas disease).", "content": "Plasma glucosylceramide levels of 5 patients with Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathy Type III (Dejerine-Sottas disease) were approximately 50% higher than in controls. Erythrocyte glucosylceramides, however, were within the range of normal values. Elevated plasma glucosylceramide levels provide further evidence that an abnormality of lipid metabolism may underlie this recessively inherited hypertrophic neuropathy. No abnormality was observed among other glycosphingolipid fractions. An altered sphingomyelin fatty acid composition and reduced phosphatidylcholine level was also found, but this may not be disease-specific.", "contents": "Lipid abnormalities in hereditary neuropathy. Part 3. Plasma and erythrocyte lipids of HMSN-III (Dejerine-Sottas disease). Plasma glucosylceramide levels of 5 patients with Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathy Type III (Dejerine-Sottas disease) were approximately 50% higher than in controls. Erythrocyte glucosylceramides, however, were within the range of normal values. Elevated plasma glucosylceramide levels provide further evidence that an abnormality of lipid metabolism may underlie this recessively inherited hypertrophic neuropathy. No abnormality was observed among other glycosphingolipid fractions. An altered sphingomyelin fatty acid composition and reduced phosphatidylcholine level was also found, but this may not be disease-specific.", "PMID": 702184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1054", "title": "Further observations on myelinated axon numbers in normal and dystrophic mice.", "content": "Counts of the number of myelinated axons in the nerves to slow-twitch soleus and fast-twitch plantaris muscles of 129 ReJ dy/dy dystrophic mice at 4, 15 and 24 weeks of age have shown statistically significant reductions when compared to normal values. In addition muscle fibre losses had occurred in both muscles at the earliest age point studied. There was no suggestion of a progressive loss of myelinated axons. There was a greater percentage reduction in the soleus than in the plantaris nerves. The number of myelinated axons in the nerves to the plantaris and soleus muscles of the 129 ReJ +/+ normal animals was approximately the same, in contrast to the C57BL/6J strain where the soleus nerve always contained a greater number. Statistically significant reductions in the number of myelinated axons in the nerves to the medial gastrocnemius muscles of C57BL/6J dy2J/dy2J dystrophic mice have been observed at both 15 and 72 weeks of age. Muscle fibre losses have also been recorded in 72 weeks dystrophic medial gastrocnemius muscles.", "contents": "Further observations on myelinated axon numbers in normal and dystrophic mice. Counts of the number of myelinated axons in the nerves to slow-twitch soleus and fast-twitch plantaris muscles of 129 ReJ dy/dy dystrophic mice at 4, 15 and 24 weeks of age have shown statistically significant reductions when compared to normal values. In addition muscle fibre losses had occurred in both muscles at the earliest age point studied. There was no suggestion of a progressive loss of myelinated axons. There was a greater percentage reduction in the soleus than in the plantaris nerves. The number of myelinated axons in the nerves to the plantaris and soleus muscles of the 129 ReJ +/+ normal animals was approximately the same, in contrast to the C57BL/6J strain where the soleus nerve always contained a greater number. Statistically significant reductions in the number of myelinated axons in the nerves to the medial gastrocnemius muscles of C57BL/6J dy2J/dy2J dystrophic mice have been observed at both 15 and 72 weeks of age. Muscle fibre losses have also been recorded in 72 weeks dystrophic medial gastrocnemius muscles.", "PMID": 702185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1055", "title": "The organization of endoneural collegen in peripheral nerves as revealed with the scanning electron microscope.", "content": "Transmission electron microscopy of isolated nerve fibers of rat sciatic nerve and scanning microscopy of small groups of fibers reveal that the majority of collagen fibrils form tightly woven cuffs around individual nerve fibers. Only a small fraction of the fibrils is not associated with individual nerve fibers and forms a loose, wide-meshed net between them. These observations reconfirm the pre-electron-microscopic concept of a sheath of Key and Retzius or of Plenk and Laidlaw, respectively.", "contents": "The organization of endoneural collegen in peripheral nerves as revealed with the scanning electron microscope. Transmission electron microscopy of isolated nerve fibers of rat sciatic nerve and scanning microscopy of small groups of fibers reveal that the majority of collagen fibrils form tightly woven cuffs around individual nerve fibers. Only a small fraction of the fibrils is not associated with individual nerve fibers and forms a loose, wide-meshed net between them. These observations reconfirm the pre-electron-microscopic concept of a sheath of Key and Retzius or of Plenk and Laidlaw, respectively.", "PMID": 702186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1056", "title": "Respective importance of different nerve conduction velocities in leprosy.", "content": "Motor and sensory nerve conduction studies were performed in the distal part of the ulnar, median and radial nerves of 12 tuberculoid and 12 lepromatous leprosy patients, compared with 15 normal subjects. Slowing of sensory conduction velocity (SCV) was shown in all nerves with no difference between tuberculoid and lepromatous patients. The radial SCV slowing is correlated (P less than 0.001) with the clinical findings. Impairment of motor distal latencies was observed only in tuberculpoid patients. It is concluded that the radial SCV is the most reliable conduction test and is proposed as an early diagnostic test for leprosy.", "contents": "Respective importance of different nerve conduction velocities in leprosy. Motor and sensory nerve conduction studies were performed in the distal part of the ulnar, median and radial nerves of 12 tuberculoid and 12 lepromatous leprosy patients, compared with 15 normal subjects. Slowing of sensory conduction velocity (SCV) was shown in all nerves with no difference between tuberculoid and lepromatous patients. The radial SCV slowing is correlated (P less than 0.001) with the clinical findings. Impairment of motor distal latencies was observed only in tuberculpoid patients. It is concluded that the radial SCV is the most reliable conduction test and is proposed as an early diagnostic test for leprosy.", "PMID": 702187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1057", "title": "Vitamin B-6 absorption in children with acute celiac disease and in control subjects.", "content": "The concentration of serum pyridoxal phosphate was determined before and 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes following an oral load test with 5 mg pyridoxine hydrochloride/kg body weight in 14 children with acute celiac disease and in 15 control subjects. Children with acute celiac disease suffer from a biochemical vitamin B-6 deficiency. The increase in pyridoxal phosphate of children with acute celiac disease after loading was significantly decreased when compared with that of control subjects. In children with celiac disease maximal concentration of serum pyridoxal phosphate appeared later (after 60 minutes) and was decreased in comparison to control subjects (after 30 minutes). A positive correlation existed between the net increase of pyridoxal phosphate 60 minutes following pyridoxine loading and the net increase of blood xylose 60 minutes after oral loading. The results are compatible both with a malabsorption of pyridoxine in childhood celiac disease and a shifting of the site of pyridoxine absorption from the upper part of jejunum into the more distal parts of intestine.", "contents": "Vitamin B-6 absorption in children with acute celiac disease and in control subjects. The concentration of serum pyridoxal phosphate was determined before and 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes following an oral load test with 5 mg pyridoxine hydrochloride/kg body weight in 14 children with acute celiac disease and in 15 control subjects. Children with acute celiac disease suffer from a biochemical vitamin B-6 deficiency. The increase in pyridoxal phosphate of children with acute celiac disease after loading was significantly decreased when compared with that of control subjects. In children with celiac disease maximal concentration of serum pyridoxal phosphate appeared later (after 60 minutes) and was decreased in comparison to control subjects (after 30 minutes). A positive correlation existed between the net increase of pyridoxal phosphate 60 minutes following pyridoxine loading and the net increase of blood xylose 60 minutes after oral loading. The results are compatible both with a malabsorption of pyridoxine in childhood celiac disease and a shifting of the site of pyridoxine absorption from the upper part of jejunum into the more distal parts of intestine.", "PMID": 702197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1058", "title": "Tryptophan and threonine requirements of fingerling channel catfish.", "content": "Growth studies, utilizing a 24% crude protein diet containing an amino acid pattern similar to whole egg protein, indicate that the tryptophan requirement for fingerling channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) is about 0.12% of the diet (dry weight basis) or 0.5% of the dietary protein. Similar studies indicate that the threonine requirement for the same fish is about 0.53% of the diet (dry weight basis) or 2.21% of the dietary protein. The dietary requirement of threonine was confirmed by serum free threonine analysis. A marked increase in serum free threonine occurred at a dietary threonine level of approximately 0.5% of the diet. None of the gross pathological changes previously reported for tryptophan deficiency in sockeye salmon and rainbow trout were observed in channel catfish.", "contents": "Tryptophan and threonine requirements of fingerling channel catfish. Growth studies, utilizing a 24% crude protein diet containing an amino acid pattern similar to whole egg protein, indicate that the tryptophan requirement for fingerling channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) is about 0.12% of the diet (dry weight basis) or 0.5% of the dietary protein. Similar studies indicate that the threonine requirement for the same fish is about 0.53% of the diet (dry weight basis) or 2.21% of the dietary protein. The dietary requirement of threonine was confirmed by serum free threonine analysis. A marked increase in serum free threonine occurred at a dietary threonine level of approximately 0.5% of the diet. None of the gross pathological changes previously reported for tryptophan deficiency in sockeye salmon and rainbow trout were observed in channel catfish.", "PMID": 702201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1059", "title": "Starvation and refeeding in rats: effect on organismic respiration, cytoplasmic constituents of liver, and succinic dehydrogenase activity in liver, kidney, and heart.", "content": "An analysis of starvation and starvation followed by refeeding was undertaken to characterize some organismic, organ, and mitochondrial responses to these two circumstances. Body weight, organismic respiration as well as weight protein and succinic dehydrogenase activity for liver, kidney, and heart were determined over the course of 6 days of starvation and 5 days refeeding for adult male rats. Assays of marker enzyme activities for mitochondria (cytochrome oxidase), lysosomes (acid phosphatase), endoplasmic reticulum (glucose-6-phosphatase), and plasma membranes (5'-nucleotidase) were conducted for liver in addition to quantitations of mitochondrial protein. All enzyme determinations were done on whole tissue homogenates and reported as total organ activity. Liver mitochondria were harvested quantitatively directly from whole liver homogenates by zonal centrifugation for determination of mitochondrial protein. Starvation resulted in a major loss of body weight, organ weight, and organ protein; liver greater than kidney greater than heart. These changes were accompanied by a major reduction in organ succinic dehydrogenase activity; liver greater than kidney. In heart, succinic dehydrogenase was doubled in activity at day 2 of starvation and subsequently diminished to values not significantly lower than controls. In liver, mitochondrial mass (protein) was severely diminished. From analysis of marker enzyme activities, it appeared that lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and plasma membrane were also decreased. Refeeding restored the greatest part of these losses within 5 days.", "contents": "Starvation and refeeding in rats: effect on organismic respiration, cytoplasmic constituents of liver, and succinic dehydrogenase activity in liver, kidney, and heart. An analysis of starvation and starvation followed by refeeding was undertaken to characterize some organismic, organ, and mitochondrial responses to these two circumstances. Body weight, organismic respiration as well as weight protein and succinic dehydrogenase activity for liver, kidney, and heart were determined over the course of 6 days of starvation and 5 days refeeding for adult male rats. Assays of marker enzyme activities for mitochondria (cytochrome oxidase), lysosomes (acid phosphatase), endoplasmic reticulum (glucose-6-phosphatase), and plasma membranes (5'-nucleotidase) were conducted for liver in addition to quantitations of mitochondrial protein. All enzyme determinations were done on whole tissue homogenates and reported as total organ activity. Liver mitochondria were harvested quantitatively directly from whole liver homogenates by zonal centrifugation for determination of mitochondrial protein. Starvation resulted in a major loss of body weight, organ weight, and organ protein; liver greater than kidney greater than heart. These changes were accompanied by a major reduction in organ succinic dehydrogenase activity; liver greater than kidney. In heart, succinic dehydrogenase was doubled in activity at day 2 of starvation and subsequently diminished to values not significantly lower than controls. In liver, mitochondrial mass (protein) was severely diminished. From analysis of marker enzyme activities, it appeared that lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and plasma membrane were also decreased. Refeeding restored the greatest part of these losses within 5 days.", "PMID": 702202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1060", "title": "Effect of dietary vitamin E and vitamin C on respiration and swelling of guinea pig liver mitochondria.", "content": "The effect of dietary vitamin C on vitamin E status and function was studied with weanling male Hartley guinea pigs. Thirty guinea pigs fed a basal diet free of vitamins E and C were divided into two groups; only one group received 2 mg/100 g body weight/day of vitamin C. Each group was further divided into three subgroups and received 0, 0.2, and 0.4 IU/100 g body weight/day of vitamin E. After 5 weeks the animals were killed. Degree of erythrocyte hemolysis induced by dialuric acid, level of plasma vitamin E and extent of liver lipid peroxidation were determined. Liver mitochondria were isolated and in vitro oxygen uptake was measured. The rate of swelling of mitochondria in two media was also determined. The results showed that the adequate dietary vitamin C supplementation did not affect the extent of erythrocyte hemolysis induced by dialuric acid, but increased the plasma vitamin E level and lowered liver lipid peroxidation. It also maintained the normal respiration and swelling rates of liver mitochondria when vitamin E was inadequate.", "contents": "Effect of dietary vitamin E and vitamin C on respiration and swelling of guinea pig liver mitochondria. The effect of dietary vitamin C on vitamin E status and function was studied with weanling male Hartley guinea pigs. Thirty guinea pigs fed a basal diet free of vitamins E and C were divided into two groups; only one group received 2 mg/100 g body weight/day of vitamin C. Each group was further divided into three subgroups and received 0, 0.2, and 0.4 IU/100 g body weight/day of vitamin E. After 5 weeks the animals were killed. Degree of erythrocyte hemolysis induced by dialuric acid, level of plasma vitamin E and extent of liver lipid peroxidation were determined. Liver mitochondria were isolated and in vitro oxygen uptake was measured. The rate of swelling of mitochondria in two media was also determined. The results showed that the adequate dietary vitamin C supplementation did not affect the extent of erythrocyte hemolysis induced by dialuric acid, but increased the plasma vitamin E level and lowered liver lipid peroxidation. It also maintained the normal respiration and swelling rates of liver mitochondria when vitamin E was inadequate.", "PMID": 702203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1061", "title": "Effect of age and dietary fat level on fatty acid oxidation in the neonatal pig.", "content": "A total of 35 pigs were obtained by cesarean section, placed in individual sterile isolators, and randomly allotted to treatment groups. Thirty pigs received purified, isoenergetic liquid diets containing 2 or 32% butterfat (dry matter basis) and were killed at 1, 7, or 21 days of age. Five pigs were killed at 2 hours post delivery and received no diet. Twenty-one-day old pigs showed a tendency for higher weight gain and feed consumption when consuming the 32% fat diet although the differences were not significant. The rate of oxidation of [U-14C]palmitate to CO2 and acid soluble products was measured in homogenates of liver, kidney, heart, and leg muscle (biceps femoris) from pigs 0, 1, 7, and 21 days of age. The relative rates of oxidation of [U-14C]myristate, [U-14C]palmitate, and [U-14C]stearate were measured in homogenates of liver from 7-day old pigs. Palmitate oxidation was stimulated by carnitine in all four tissues and the rate of carnitine-stimulated palmitate oxidation to acid soluble products in heart and to CO2 in liver was higher in tissues from pigs consuming the 32% fat diet. The rate of palmitate oxidation increased with age in liver, kidney and leg muscle tissues and was maximum at 21 days in kidney and leg muscle and at 7 days in liver. The rate of palmitate oxidation in heart tended to decrease with animal age. In homogenates of liver from 7-day old pigs, palmitate was oxidized at a faster rate than stearate or myristate. The activities of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) (EC 2.3.1a) and succinate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.1) in mitochondria isolated from liver, kidney, heart, and leg muscle did not vary considerably with age although CPT activity tended to be higher in those tissues from pigs consuming the high fat diet. Changes in the rate of palmitate oxidation with age tended to parallel changes in the level of mitochondrial protein per g of wet tissue and suggested an increased ability to utilize fat as an energy substrate during early development of the neonatal pig.", "contents": "Effect of age and dietary fat level on fatty acid oxidation in the neonatal pig. A total of 35 pigs were obtained by cesarean section, placed in individual sterile isolators, and randomly allotted to treatment groups. Thirty pigs received purified, isoenergetic liquid diets containing 2 or 32% butterfat (dry matter basis) and were killed at 1, 7, or 21 days of age. Five pigs were killed at 2 hours post delivery and received no diet. Twenty-one-day old pigs showed a tendency for higher weight gain and feed consumption when consuming the 32% fat diet although the differences were not significant. The rate of oxidation of [U-14C]palmitate to CO2 and acid soluble products was measured in homogenates of liver, kidney, heart, and leg muscle (biceps femoris) from pigs 0, 1, 7, and 21 days of age. The relative rates of oxidation of [U-14C]myristate, [U-14C]palmitate, and [U-14C]stearate were measured in homogenates of liver from 7-day old pigs. Palmitate oxidation was stimulated by carnitine in all four tissues and the rate of carnitine-stimulated palmitate oxidation to acid soluble products in heart and to CO2 in liver was higher in tissues from pigs consuming the 32% fat diet. The rate of palmitate oxidation increased with age in liver, kidney and leg muscle tissues and was maximum at 21 days in kidney and leg muscle and at 7 days in liver. The rate of palmitate oxidation in heart tended to decrease with animal age. In homogenates of liver from 7-day old pigs, palmitate was oxidized at a faster rate than stearate or myristate. The activities of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) (EC 2.3.1a) and succinate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.1) in mitochondria isolated from liver, kidney, heart, and leg muscle did not vary considerably with age although CPT activity tended to be higher in those tissues from pigs consuming the high fat diet. Changes in the rate of palmitate oxidation with age tended to parallel changes in the level of mitochondrial protein per g of wet tissue and suggested an increased ability to utilize fat as an energy substrate during early development of the neonatal pig.", "PMID": 702204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1062", "title": "Splenic protein synthesis in magnesium deficiency: mechanism of the inhibition.", "content": "To investigate the basis for the depressed protein synthesis in vivo in magnesium deficient spleens, the activities of splenic subcellular fractions in polypeptide synthesis were studied in vitro. Splenic ribosomes from Mg deficient animals were normal structurally and functionally. In contrast, supernatant fractions from the deficient spleens had a reduced ability to incorporate labeled amino acids into protein, both in the presence of endogenous mRNA and in the presence of added polyuridylic acid. The specific defects observed in the Mg deficient supernatants were twofold: There was a modest reduction in the rate of acylation of tRNA and a more marked reduction in the activity of the elongation factors, EF-I and EF-II. The reduction in elongation factor activity was quantitatively sufficient to account for the inhibition of protein synthesis in vivo.", "contents": "Splenic protein synthesis in magnesium deficiency: mechanism of the inhibition. To investigate the basis for the depressed protein synthesis in vivo in magnesium deficient spleens, the activities of splenic subcellular fractions in polypeptide synthesis were studied in vitro. Splenic ribosomes from Mg deficient animals were normal structurally and functionally. In contrast, supernatant fractions from the deficient spleens had a reduced ability to incorporate labeled amino acids into protein, both in the presence of endogenous mRNA and in the presence of added polyuridylic acid. The specific defects observed in the Mg deficient supernatants were twofold: There was a modest reduction in the rate of acylation of tRNA and a more marked reduction in the activity of the elongation factors, EF-I and EF-II. The reduction in elongation factor activity was quantitatively sufficient to account for the inhibition of protein synthesis in vivo.", "PMID": 702205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1063", "title": "Fatty acid composition of submandibular salivary gland lipids in essential fatty acid deficient rats.", "content": "Essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency was induced in young weanling rats by feeding a fat-free diet or a diet containing 7% Hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO). At intervals of 4, 8, and 16 weeks, rats from the deficient and the control groups were killed and their Submandibular Salivary Glands (SMSG) were dissected out and extracted for lipids. The fatty acid composition of total lipids, triglycerides (TG), free fatty acids (FFA), phosphatidyl choline (PC), and phosphatidyl ethanola-mine (PE) fractions was determined. The levels of 16:1 and 18:1 were increased whereas those of 18:2 and 20:4 were decreased in the EFA-deficient groups as compared to the controls. 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid (20:3 omega9) accumulated in the total lipids as well as other lipid fractions of the SMSG from the deficient rats. The levels of this fatty acid increased as the EFA-deficiency progressed. Changes in fatty acid composition of SMSG lipids of EFA-deficient rats were associated with a reduction in flow rate of whole saliva. Protein concentration and amylase activity of saliva was the same in the two groups.", "contents": "Fatty acid composition of submandibular salivary gland lipids in essential fatty acid deficient rats. Essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency was induced in young weanling rats by feeding a fat-free diet or a diet containing 7% Hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO). At intervals of 4, 8, and 16 weeks, rats from the deficient and the control groups were killed and their Submandibular Salivary Glands (SMSG) were dissected out and extracted for lipids. The fatty acid composition of total lipids, triglycerides (TG), free fatty acids (FFA), phosphatidyl choline (PC), and phosphatidyl ethanola-mine (PE) fractions was determined. The levels of 16:1 and 18:1 were increased whereas those of 18:2 and 20:4 were decreased in the EFA-deficient groups as compared to the controls. 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid (20:3 omega9) accumulated in the total lipids as well as other lipid fractions of the SMSG from the deficient rats. The levels of this fatty acid increased as the EFA-deficiency progressed. Changes in fatty acid composition of SMSG lipids of EFA-deficient rats were associated with a reduction in flow rate of whole saliva. Protein concentration and amylase activity of saliva was the same in the two groups.", "PMID": 702206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1064", "title": "Adipose cellularity and body composition in polygenic obese mice as influenced by preweaning nutrition.", "content": "Male mice from a line selected for rapid postweaning growth (M16) and an unselected control (ICR) were reared from birth to 3 weeks either in litters of eight (N8) or 14 (N14). Body weight gain and feed intake of M16 mice were greater than ICR. These high rates of gain and feed intake also were extended to an older age in M16 (10 weeks) than in ICR (6 weeks). The M16 line exceeded the ICR line and N8 mice exceeded N14 for fat, lean, ash, and live body weights at 4, 6, 10, 16, and 30 weeks of age. Fat percentage was greater in N8 than N14 for both ICR and M16. The adipose cellularity of the epididymal fat pads of M16 indicated a hypertrophic-hyperplastic form of obesity at 10, 16, and 30 weeks. Within each line, the N14 mice had fewer and slightly smaller fat cells than N8. However, M16-N14 mice still had considerably more and larger fat cells than ICR-N8. Restriction of energy intake from birth to 3 weeks reduced subsequent feed intake and degree of obesity. After 4 weeks, the genetic effect exerted a greater influence on the development of obesity than the preweaning nutritional regimen.", "contents": "Adipose cellularity and body composition in polygenic obese mice as influenced by preweaning nutrition. Male mice from a line selected for rapid postweaning growth (M16) and an unselected control (ICR) were reared from birth to 3 weeks either in litters of eight (N8) or 14 (N14). Body weight gain and feed intake of M16 mice were greater than ICR. These high rates of gain and feed intake also were extended to an older age in M16 (10 weeks) than in ICR (6 weeks). The M16 line exceeded the ICR line and N8 mice exceeded N14 for fat, lean, ash, and live body weights at 4, 6, 10, 16, and 30 weeks of age. Fat percentage was greater in N8 than N14 for both ICR and M16. The adipose cellularity of the epididymal fat pads of M16 indicated a hypertrophic-hyperplastic form of obesity at 10, 16, and 30 weeks. Within each line, the N14 mice had fewer and slightly smaller fat cells than N8. However, M16-N14 mice still had considerably more and larger fat cells than ICR-N8. Restriction of energy intake from birth to 3 weeks reduced subsequent feed intake and degree of obesity. After 4 weeks, the genetic effect exerted a greater influence on the development of obesity than the preweaning nutritional regimen.", "PMID": 702207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1065", "title": "Effect of postweaning feed restriction on adipose cellularity and body compositon in polygenic obese mice.", "content": "The M16 line of mice, selected for rapid postweaning gain, exhibits polygenically controlled obesity and hyperphagia. The effect of limiting postweaning energy intake on the subsequent growth and development of obesity in M16 mice was investigated. Male mice from M16 and an unselected line (ICR) were provided either ad libitum or limited (congruent to 70% of ad libitum) feed during the rapid postweaning growth period from 4 to 6 weeks of age. Body weights (g) at 6 weeks of age were: ad libitum ICR (31.0 +/- 0.6), restricted ICR (23.8 +/- 0.7), ad libitum M16 (45.0 +/- 0.6) and restricted M16 (30.1 +/- 0.6). In both lines, restricted feed intake severely depressed body fat, lean, ash, and water at 6 weeks. In addition, percent triacylglycerol, fat cell size and number in the epididymal fat pads were lower. Restricted M16 and ICR mice showed a marked compensatory gain in all body components when subsequently fed ad libitum for 10 weeks. All measurements of adiposity at 16 weeks were similar for the restricted and ad libitum regimens within each line. The relative amounts of energy deposited as fat and lean between 4 and 16 weeks were not influenced by restricted feeding, but M16 mice deposited a larger proportion of energy as fat than as lean when compared with ICR mice. The results suggest that fat cell number is determined at a relatively early age in mice and is primarily under genetic control.", "contents": "Effect of postweaning feed restriction on adipose cellularity and body compositon in polygenic obese mice. The M16 line of mice, selected for rapid postweaning gain, exhibits polygenically controlled obesity and hyperphagia. The effect of limiting postweaning energy intake on the subsequent growth and development of obesity in M16 mice was investigated. Male mice from M16 and an unselected line (ICR) were provided either ad libitum or limited (congruent to 70% of ad libitum) feed during the rapid postweaning growth period from 4 to 6 weeks of age. Body weights (g) at 6 weeks of age were: ad libitum ICR (31.0 +/- 0.6), restricted ICR (23.8 +/- 0.7), ad libitum M16 (45.0 +/- 0.6) and restricted M16 (30.1 +/- 0.6). In both lines, restricted feed intake severely depressed body fat, lean, ash, and water at 6 weeks. In addition, percent triacylglycerol, fat cell size and number in the epididymal fat pads were lower. Restricted M16 and ICR mice showed a marked compensatory gain in all body components when subsequently fed ad libitum for 10 weeks. All measurements of adiposity at 16 weeks were similar for the restricted and ad libitum regimens within each line. The relative amounts of energy deposited as fat and lean between 4 and 16 weeks were not influenced by restricted feeding, but M16 mice deposited a larger proportion of energy as fat than as lean when compared with ICR mice. The results suggest that fat cell number is determined at a relatively early age in mice and is primarily under genetic control.", "PMID": 702208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1066", "title": "Stimulatory effect of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol-like substances from Solanum malacoxylon and Cestrum diurnum on phosphate transport in chick jejunum.", "content": "Extracts of the calcinogenic plants Solanum malocoxylon and Cestrum diurnum stimulate phosphate absorption by the jejunum of vitamin D-deficient chicks, as determined by everted gut sac technique. Their action on cellular pathways of transepithelial phosphate transport is indistinguishable thereby from that of cholecalciferol. Increased net absorption from the lumen was due to enhanced uptake of phosphate from the luminal side, while leakage of tissue phosphate in the opposite direction was apparently unaffected. Steep serosa/mucosa concentration gradients were observed as consequence of enhanced levels of transepithelial phosphate flux in the mucosa-to-serosa direction. With respect to their stimulatory action on phosphate absorption, the calcinogenic plant factors retained their biological activity when phosphate transport was depressed by a high strontium diet. Their action in overcoming the strontium inhibition of phosphate absorption, calcium-binding protein synthesis, and alkaline phosphatase activity, was comparable to the effect of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. On the basis of these biological responses, the action of the plant factors from Solanum malacoxylon and Cestrum diurnum provides further evidence for their close resemblance to the hormonally active sterol.", "contents": "Stimulatory effect of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol-like substances from Solanum malacoxylon and Cestrum diurnum on phosphate transport in chick jejunum. Extracts of the calcinogenic plants Solanum malocoxylon and Cestrum diurnum stimulate phosphate absorption by the jejunum of vitamin D-deficient chicks, as determined by everted gut sac technique. Their action on cellular pathways of transepithelial phosphate transport is indistinguishable thereby from that of cholecalciferol. Increased net absorption from the lumen was due to enhanced uptake of phosphate from the luminal side, while leakage of tissue phosphate in the opposite direction was apparently unaffected. Steep serosa/mucosa concentration gradients were observed as consequence of enhanced levels of transepithelial phosphate flux in the mucosa-to-serosa direction. With respect to their stimulatory action on phosphate absorption, the calcinogenic plant factors retained their biological activity when phosphate transport was depressed by a high strontium diet. Their action in overcoming the strontium inhibition of phosphate absorption, calcium-binding protein synthesis, and alkaline phosphatase activity, was comparable to the effect of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. On the basis of these biological responses, the action of the plant factors from Solanum malacoxylon and Cestrum diurnum provides further evidence for their close resemblance to the hormonally active sterol.", "PMID": 702209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1067", "title": "Effect of malnutrition and rehabilitation on the metabolism of polyamines in rat liver.", "content": "In adult male rats the activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMD) and the concentration of putrescine and spermidine increased markedly 3 to 4 weeks after feeding the animals a 6% casein diet. Incorporation of [14C]orotic acid into nuclear RNA also increased during this period of time. In contrast, spermine concentration remained unchanged. During the fifth week of protein restriction enzyme activities, putrescine and spermidine concentrations and orotic acid incorporation returned to control levels. After the restricted rats were put on a control diet there was a rapid increase above control levels in ODC activity and a proportionally smaller increase in SAMD activity. Putrescine and spermidine concentration also increase above control levels. Both enzyme activities and polyamine concentrations were within normal levels 96 hours after refeeding. Spermine values were unmodified by refeeding. After a transient rise 12 hours after refeeding, incorporation of labeled orotic acid into RNA decreased significantly for the rest of the experiment.", "contents": "Effect of malnutrition and rehabilitation on the metabolism of polyamines in rat liver. In adult male rats the activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMD) and the concentration of putrescine and spermidine increased markedly 3 to 4 weeks after feeding the animals a 6% casein diet. Incorporation of [14C]orotic acid into nuclear RNA also increased during this period of time. In contrast, spermine concentration remained unchanged. During the fifth week of protein restriction enzyme activities, putrescine and spermidine concentrations and orotic acid incorporation returned to control levels. After the restricted rats were put on a control diet there was a rapid increase above control levels in ODC activity and a proportionally smaller increase in SAMD activity. Putrescine and spermidine concentration also increase above control levels. Both enzyme activities and polyamine concentrations were within normal levels 96 hours after refeeding. Spermine values were unmodified by refeeding. After a transient rise 12 hours after refeeding, incorporation of labeled orotic acid into RNA decreased significantly for the rest of the experiment.", "PMID": 702210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1068", "title": "The effect of dietary fat or cholesterol and cholic acid on the rate of synthesis of rat liver glucose-6-P dehydrogenase.", "content": "The effect of dietary fat or cholesterol and cholic acid on the rate of synthesis of rat liver glucose-6-P dehydrogenase was measured by isolating hepatocytes from the livers of rats fed diets containing various amounts and types of lipid. Hepatocyte proteins were labeled with [3H]leucine and glucose-6-P dehydrogenase was immunoprecipitated with a specific antiserum. The immunoprecipitates were electrophoresed on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels and the radioactivity in the glucose-6-P dehydrogenase subunit was used to calculate the relative rate of synthesis of the enzyme. It is concluded that the activity of glucose-6-P dehydrogenase is primarily regulated by alterations in the rate at which the enzyme is synthesized. Dietary fat may decrease the rate of degradation of glucose-6-P dehydrogenase.", "contents": "The effect of dietary fat or cholesterol and cholic acid on the rate of synthesis of rat liver glucose-6-P dehydrogenase. The effect of dietary fat or cholesterol and cholic acid on the rate of synthesis of rat liver glucose-6-P dehydrogenase was measured by isolating hepatocytes from the livers of rats fed diets containing various amounts and types of lipid. Hepatocyte proteins were labeled with [3H]leucine and glucose-6-P dehydrogenase was immunoprecipitated with a specific antiserum. The immunoprecipitates were electrophoresed on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels and the radioactivity in the glucose-6-P dehydrogenase subunit was used to calculate the relative rate of synthesis of the enzyme. It is concluded that the activity of glucose-6-P dehydrogenase is primarily regulated by alterations in the rate at which the enzyme is synthesized. Dietary fat may decrease the rate of degradation of glucose-6-P dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 702211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1069", "title": "A hypertension control program based on the workplace. Report on the Chicago Center.", "content": "In several large Chicago companies and institutions, workplace screening of 7,151 persons yielded 833 suspect hypertensives. Of these, 91% attended a follow-up verification visit, where for 513 persons high diastolic pressure was confirmed. One-half of these persons were referred to their physicians for treatment and one-half were randomly assigned to be treated directly by HDFP, in a step-wise pharmacologic regimen to normalize diastolic pressure. Of the 257 persons assigned to program treatment, 94% accepted such treatment, and over 90% of these still living in the community were active participants at one year. Average diastolic pressure of these active participants was 83.1 mm Hg at one year, compared to 102.6 at first screen and 98.8 at the second confirmatory screening. A strenuous effort has been made to reduce or eliminate obstacles to treatment, including lack of understanding of the need for long-term therapy, cost barriers and barriers of inconvenience of treatment. The medical team conducting the program combined physicians with nonphysician therapist-health counselors, plus \"outreach\" staff, to maximize program adherence. Preliminary experiences in the Chicago Center of the Hypertension Detection and Follow-Up Program (HDFP) give encouraging evidence that the workplace is a useful base for successful hypertension control efforts.", "contents": "A hypertension control program based on the workplace. Report on the Chicago Center. In several large Chicago companies and institutions, workplace screening of 7,151 persons yielded 833 suspect hypertensives. Of these, 91% attended a follow-up verification visit, where for 513 persons high diastolic pressure was confirmed. One-half of these persons were referred to their physicians for treatment and one-half were randomly assigned to be treated directly by HDFP, in a step-wise pharmacologic regimen to normalize diastolic pressure. Of the 257 persons assigned to program treatment, 94% accepted such treatment, and over 90% of these still living in the community were active participants at one year. Average diastolic pressure of these active participants was 83.1 mm Hg at one year, compared to 102.6 at first screen and 98.8 at the second confirmatory screening. A strenuous effort has been made to reduce or eliminate obstacles to treatment, including lack of understanding of the need for long-term therapy, cost barriers and barriers of inconvenience of treatment. The medical team conducting the program combined physicians with nonphysician therapist-health counselors, plus \"outreach\" staff, to maximize program adherence. Preliminary experiences in the Chicago Center of the Hypertension Detection and Follow-Up Program (HDFP) give encouraging evidence that the workplace is a useful base for successful hypertension control efforts.", "PMID": 702219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1070", "title": "Perimetry of contrast detection thresholds of moving spatial sine wave patterns. I. The near peripheral visual field (eccentricity 0 degrees-8 degrees).", "content": "Contrast detection thresholds for moving spatial sine wave gratings were obtained, at the fovea, and at eccentricities of 1 degree, 2 degrees, 4 degrees, 6 degrees, and 8 degrees on the nasal horizontal meridan, for two subjects. The target field subtended 30 X 30 minutes of arc. The spatial frequency range extended from 2 cpd up to the spatial resolution limit, the temporal frequency range from 0.1 Hz up to the CFF. Mean retinal illuminance was 10 trolands. We find for these conditions: (i) Contrast detection thresholds are higher, the higher the spatial and/or temporal frequency of the stimulus. (ii) Acuity appears to be independent of the temporal frequency, the CFF appears to be independent of the spatial frequency. (iii) The higher the eccentricity, the higher the contrast detection threshold for any drifting sine wave pattern. The threshold doubles roughly any 2 degrees-3 degrees for spatial frequencies of 2-20 cpd, except that the visual field for a given fineness of grating is blind beyond a certain critical eccentricity. This critical eccentricity is a monotonically decreasing function of the spatial frequency of the grating. These measurements do not support the hypothesis that coarse patterns are preferentially detected at extrafoveal sites in the visual field.", "contents": "Perimetry of contrast detection thresholds of moving spatial sine wave patterns. I. The near peripheral visual field (eccentricity 0 degrees-8 degrees). Contrast detection thresholds for moving spatial sine wave gratings were obtained, at the fovea, and at eccentricities of 1 degree, 2 degrees, 4 degrees, 6 degrees, and 8 degrees on the nasal horizontal meridan, for two subjects. The target field subtended 30 X 30 minutes of arc. The spatial frequency range extended from 2 cpd up to the spatial resolution limit, the temporal frequency range from 0.1 Hz up to the CFF. Mean retinal illuminance was 10 trolands. We find for these conditions: (i) Contrast detection thresholds are higher, the higher the spatial and/or temporal frequency of the stimulus. (ii) Acuity appears to be independent of the temporal frequency, the CFF appears to be independent of the spatial frequency. (iii) The higher the eccentricity, the higher the contrast detection threshold for any drifting sine wave pattern. The threshold doubles roughly any 2 degrees-3 degrees for spatial frequencies of 2-20 cpd, except that the visual field for a given fineness of grating is blind beyond a certain critical eccentricity. This critical eccentricity is a monotonically decreasing function of the spatial frequency of the grating. These measurements do not support the hypothesis that coarse patterns are preferentially detected at extrafoveal sites in the visual field.", "PMID": 702222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1071", "title": "Perimetry of contrast detection thresholds of moving spatial sine patterns. II. The far peripheral visual field (eccentricity 0 degrees-50 degrees).", "content": "Contrast detection thresholds for moving sine wave gratings were obtained at the fovea and at eccentricities of 6 degrees, 12 degrees, 21 degrees, 32 degrees, and 50 degrees on the nasal horizontal meridian. The field subtended 4 degrees X 4 degrees. Spatial frequencies ranged from 0.25 cpd up to the resolution limit, temporal frequencies from 0.1 Hz up to the CFF. Mean retinal illuminance was 10 trolands. We find for these conditions: (i) For any eccentricity there exists a unique combination of spatial frequency and velocity for which the threshold is a minimum. (Extremes are 2 cpd and 2 degrees s-1 at the fovea, and 0.5 cpd and 12 degrees s-1 at an eccentricity of 50 degrees. (ii) Acuity depends little on velocity, the CFF only little on spatial frequency. (iii) The higher the eccentricity, the higher the threshold for any drifting sine wave pattern. Except for this the qualitative threshold behavior as a function of spatial and temporal frequency is identical at the fovea and at eccentricities up to 50 degrees. The thresholds double every 12 degrees for spatial frequencies of 0.25-2 cpd. For a given spatial frequency the visual field is blind beyond a certain critical eccentricity. This critical eccentricity is a monotonically decreasing function of spatial frequency.", "contents": "Perimetry of contrast detection thresholds of moving spatial sine patterns. II. The far peripheral visual field (eccentricity 0 degrees-50 degrees). Contrast detection thresholds for moving sine wave gratings were obtained at the fovea and at eccentricities of 6 degrees, 12 degrees, 21 degrees, 32 degrees, and 50 degrees on the nasal horizontal meridian. The field subtended 4 degrees X 4 degrees. Spatial frequencies ranged from 0.25 cpd up to the resolution limit, temporal frequencies from 0.1 Hz up to the CFF. Mean retinal illuminance was 10 trolands. We find for these conditions: (i) For any eccentricity there exists a unique combination of spatial frequency and velocity for which the threshold is a minimum. (Extremes are 2 cpd and 2 degrees s-1 at the fovea, and 0.5 cpd and 12 degrees s-1 at an eccentricity of 50 degrees. (ii) Acuity depends little on velocity, the CFF only little on spatial frequency. (iii) The higher the eccentricity, the higher the threshold for any drifting sine wave pattern. Except for this the qualitative threshold behavior as a function of spatial and temporal frequency is identical at the fovea and at eccentricities up to 50 degrees. The thresholds double every 12 degrees for spatial frequencies of 0.25-2 cpd. For a given spatial frequency the visual field is blind beyond a certain critical eccentricity. This critical eccentricity is a monotonically decreasing function of spatial frequency.", "PMID": 702223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1072", "title": "Perimetry of contrast detection thresholds of moving spatial sine wave patterns. III. The target extent as a sensitivity controlling parameter.", "content": "Contrast detection thresholds for moving sine wave gratings were obtained at the fovea and at eccentricities of 6 degrees, 21 degrees, and 50 degrees on the nasal horizontal meridian. The targets subtended from 30 X 30 minutes of arc up to 16 degrees X 16 degrees. We have found that the contrast detection thresholds depend critically on the extent of the target field. If this extent is large enough peripheral detection thresholds are on a par with those measured at the fovea, only the sensitivity range is shifted to lower spatial frequencies. We show that if the just resolvable distance at any eccentricity is taken as a yardstick, and field width and spatial frequency are scaled accordingly, then the spatio-temporal contrast detection thresholds become identical over the whole visual field. It is shown that a smaller area, measuring several just resolvable distances across, has to be stimulated before successive or simultaneous contrast detection is possible at all. Detection performance improves if the stimulated area is enlarged up to diameters of at least 10(2) just resolvable distances. The just resolvable distance correlates well with mean interganglion cell distance, and with the cortical magnification factor.", "contents": "Perimetry of contrast detection thresholds of moving spatial sine wave patterns. III. The target extent as a sensitivity controlling parameter. Contrast detection thresholds for moving sine wave gratings were obtained at the fovea and at eccentricities of 6 degrees, 21 degrees, and 50 degrees on the nasal horizontal meridian. The targets subtended from 30 X 30 minutes of arc up to 16 degrees X 16 degrees. We have found that the contrast detection thresholds depend critically on the extent of the target field. If this extent is large enough peripheral detection thresholds are on a par with those measured at the fovea, only the sensitivity range is shifted to lower spatial frequencies. We show that if the just resolvable distance at any eccentricity is taken as a yardstick, and field width and spatial frequency are scaled accordingly, then the spatio-temporal contrast detection thresholds become identical over the whole visual field. It is shown that a smaller area, measuring several just resolvable distances across, has to be stimulated before successive or simultaneous contrast detection is possible at all. Detection performance improves if the stimulated area is enlarged up to diameters of at least 10(2) just resolvable distances. The just resolvable distance correlates well with mean interganglion cell distance, and with the cortical magnification factor.", "PMID": 702224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1073", "title": "Perimetry of contrast detection thresholds of moving spatial sine wave patterns. IV. The influence of the mean retinal illuminance.", "content": "Contrast detection thresholds for moving sine wave gratings were obtained at the fovea and at eccentricities of 6 degrees, 21 degrees, and 50 degrees on the nasal horizontal meridian. The targets subtended from 30 X 30 minutes of arc up to 16 degrees X 16 degrees. Mean retinal illuminance was varied between 10 and 0.01 trolands. The transition from the de Vries-Rose to the Weber region occurs in the far peripheral visual field at a 2-3 decades lower illuminance level than at the fovea. The spatio-temporal contrast detection thresholds become comparable over the whole visual field if the mean distance between retinal ganglion cells is taken as a yardstick, and field width, spatial frequency, and quantum density are scaled accordingly. This means that at scotopic illuminance levels coarse or medium gratings are preferentially detected at other than foveal locations. (The fine gratings cannot be resolved at all at such levels.) It is argued that both electrophysiological and psychophysical evidence indicates that Weber behavior starts whenever some small fixed number of quantum absorptions occur within an area of 1 mean interganglion cell distance across. Or, equivalently, if a fixed small number of \"neural quanta\" enters a 100 X 100 micron2 area of the visual cortex.", "contents": "Perimetry of contrast detection thresholds of moving spatial sine wave patterns. IV. The influence of the mean retinal illuminance. Contrast detection thresholds for moving sine wave gratings were obtained at the fovea and at eccentricities of 6 degrees, 21 degrees, and 50 degrees on the nasal horizontal meridian. The targets subtended from 30 X 30 minutes of arc up to 16 degrees X 16 degrees. Mean retinal illuminance was varied between 10 and 0.01 trolands. The transition from the de Vries-Rose to the Weber region occurs in the far peripheral visual field at a 2-3 decades lower illuminance level than at the fovea. The spatio-temporal contrast detection thresholds become comparable over the whole visual field if the mean distance between retinal ganglion cells is taken as a yardstick, and field width, spatial frequency, and quantum density are scaled accordingly. This means that at scotopic illuminance levels coarse or medium gratings are preferentially detected at other than foveal locations. (The fine gratings cannot be resolved at all at such levels.) It is argued that both electrophysiological and psychophysical evidence indicates that Weber behavior starts whenever some small fixed number of quantum absorptions occur within an area of 1 mean interganglion cell distance across. Or, equivalently, if a fixed small number of \"neural quanta\" enters a 100 X 100 micron2 area of the visual cortex.", "PMID": 702225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1074", "title": "Revaccination of previous recipients of killed measles vaccine: clinical and immunologic studies.", "content": "Clinical and immunologic studies were performed in association with revaccination with live measles vaccine in 75 adolescents 11 to 14 years after immunization with killed measles vaccine. Ten subjects had local pain with swelling or erythema or both at the injection site; in three, the local reactions were severe and disturbing systemic complaints were also noted. These marked reactions were more common in subjects in whom the interval between the last dose of killed vaccine and the dose of live vaccine of the primary immunization series was less than or equal to 2 months, in subjects with prevaccination serum HAI antibody titers of less than or equal to 5, and in subjects with high measles antigen specific lymphocyte stimulation ratios. Serum complement levels could not be correlated with clinical reactions. Measles specific lymphocyte stimulation ratios were significantly higher in recipients of killed vaccine than in three compara,ive groups, in subjects with a killed-live interval in the initial vaccine series of less than or equal to 2 months as compared with greater than or equal to 3 months, and in subjects with prevaccination HAI antibody titers of less than or equal to 5 as compared with titers greater than or equal to 10. Although both low serum antibody and high measles specific lymphocyte reactivity were associated with marked local reactions, and probably indicative of susceptibility to atypical measles, our findings suggest that exaggerated lymphocyte reactivity is of greater importance in the adverse clinical response.", "contents": "Revaccination of previous recipients of killed measles vaccine: clinical and immunologic studies. Clinical and immunologic studies were performed in association with revaccination with live measles vaccine in 75 adolescents 11 to 14 years after immunization with killed measles vaccine. Ten subjects had local pain with swelling or erythema or both at the injection site; in three, the local reactions were severe and disturbing systemic complaints were also noted. These marked reactions were more common in subjects in whom the interval between the last dose of killed vaccine and the dose of live vaccine of the primary immunization series was less than or equal to 2 months, in subjects with prevaccination serum HAI antibody titers of less than or equal to 5, and in subjects with high measles antigen specific lymphocyte stimulation ratios. Serum complement levels could not be correlated with clinical reactions. Measles specific lymphocyte stimulation ratios were significantly higher in recipients of killed vaccine than in three compara,ive groups, in subjects with a killed-live interval in the initial vaccine series of less than or equal to 2 months as compared with greater than or equal to 3 months, and in subjects with prevaccination HAI antibody titers of less than or equal to 5 as compared with titers greater than or equal to 10. Although both low serum antibody and high measles specific lymphocyte reactivity were associated with marked local reactions, and probably indicative of susceptibility to atypical measles, our findings suggest that exaggerated lymphocyte reactivity is of greater importance in the adverse clinical response.", "PMID": 702235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1075", "title": "Activity of the alternative pathway of complement in the newborn infant.", "content": "Levels of C3, properdin, factor B, and C3 to C9 activity were markedly reduced in cord sera taken from 94 normal newborn infants. Nevertheless, cord serum supported complete activation of its own alternative pathway by zymosan or CoF. Lysis of a target cell, however, was defective; nearly 75% of cord sera had reduced rabbit erythrocyte CH50 titers. These were partially increased by the addition of factor B and properdin, and totally restored by adding factor B, properdin, and C3 to C9. Therefore, although the alternative pathway of the neonate is intact, it appears to be limited in its ability to generate an adequate number of stable and active enzymatic sites on a target cell membrane.", "contents": "Activity of the alternative pathway of complement in the newborn infant. Levels of C3, properdin, factor B, and C3 to C9 activity were markedly reduced in cord sera taken from 94 normal newborn infants. Nevertheless, cord serum supported complete activation of its own alternative pathway by zymosan or CoF. Lysis of a target cell, however, was defective; nearly 75% of cord sera had reduced rabbit erythrocyte CH50 titers. These were partially increased by the addition of factor B and properdin, and totally restored by adding factor B, properdin, and C3 to C9. Therefore, although the alternative pathway of the neonate is intact, it appears to be limited in its ability to generate an adequate number of stable and active enzymatic sites on a target cell membrane.", "PMID": 702236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1076", "title": "The phenotypic variability of diastrophic dysplasia.", "content": "To determine the relationship between so-called \"diastrophic variant\" and diastrophic dysplasia, four patients considered to have the variant condition were studied in detail and compared to 67 patients (including 17 sets of affected sibs) considered to have classical diastrophic dysplasia. Analysis of the combined clinical, radiographic, histologic, and genetic data indicates that there is wide variability in the phenotypic expression of diastrophic dysplasia, even within sibships, and that those individuals previously labeled as having \"diastrophic variant\" appear to have mild diastrophic dysplasia.", "contents": "The phenotypic variability of diastrophic dysplasia. To determine the relationship between so-called \"diastrophic variant\" and diastrophic dysplasia, four patients considered to have the variant condition were studied in detail and compared to 67 patients (including 17 sets of affected sibs) considered to have classical diastrophic dysplasia. Analysis of the combined clinical, radiographic, histologic, and genetic data indicates that there is wide variability in the phenotypic expression of diastrophic dysplasia, even within sibships, and that those individuals previously labeled as having \"diastrophic variant\" appear to have mild diastrophic dysplasia.", "PMID": 702237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1077", "title": "Randomized trial of early closure of symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in small preterm infants.", "content": "As a result of randomized assignment, 15 preterm infants weighing 1,500 gm or less at birth and who had a symptomatic PDA were treated according to a medical management protocol, and ten according to an early surgical closure protocol. All infants required mechanical ventilation at the time of study entry, which was one week after birth. Birth weight, gestational age, age at onset of congestive failure, age at study entry, and the initial morbidity of members of the two groups were similar. The nine surviving infants managed according to the surgical closure protocol were weaned from mechanical ventilation sooner, had a decreased need for digoxin and furosemide, achieved gastrointestinal function sooner, and had a smaller hospital bill than the 12 survivors of the medical management group. These results indicate that infants with a symptomatic PDA still requiring mechanical ventilation at one week after birth will benefit from surgical closure of the ductus at that time.", "contents": "Randomized trial of early closure of symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in small preterm infants. As a result of randomized assignment, 15 preterm infants weighing 1,500 gm or less at birth and who had a symptomatic PDA were treated according to a medical management protocol, and ten according to an early surgical closure protocol. All infants required mechanical ventilation at the time of study entry, which was one week after birth. Birth weight, gestational age, age at onset of congestive failure, age at study entry, and the initial morbidity of members of the two groups were similar. The nine surviving infants managed according to the surgical closure protocol were weaned from mechanical ventilation sooner, had a decreased need for digoxin and furosemide, achieved gastrointestinal function sooner, and had a smaller hospital bill than the 12 survivors of the medical management group. These results indicate that infants with a symptomatic PDA still requiring mechanical ventilation at one week after birth will benefit from surgical closure of the ductus at that time.", "PMID": 702245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1078", "title": "Digoxin therapy in low-birth-weight infants with patent ductus arteriosus.", "content": "Digoxin therapy was evaluated retrospectively in a group of 30, and prospectively in a group of 16 low-birth-weight, premature infants with cardiorespiratory symptoms due to persistent patency of the ductus arteriosus. The response to decongestive therapy was equivocal. Digoxin levels in serum varied between 1.5 and 13 ng/ml. Digoxin half-life in serum exceeded three days in four patients. Fourteen of the combined group of 46 infants had signs of toxicity of digoxin. High dosage, inadvertent  overadministration, and variable clearance of digoxin, as well as special characteristics of the patients studied, are postulated as explanations for the high incidence of toxicity. This study suggests that digoxin therapy in low-birth-weight, premature infants with patent ductus arteriosus is not without risk.", "contents": "Digoxin therapy in low-birth-weight infants with patent ductus arteriosus. Digoxin therapy was evaluated retrospectively in a group of 30, and prospectively in a group of 16 low-birth-weight, premature infants with cardiorespiratory symptoms due to persistent patency of the ductus arteriosus. The response to decongestive therapy was equivocal. Digoxin levels in serum varied between 1.5 and 13 ng/ml. Digoxin half-life in serum exceeded three days in four patients. Fourteen of the combined group of 46 infants had signs of toxicity of digoxin. High dosage, inadvertent  overadministration, and variable clearance of digoxin, as well as special characteristics of the patients studied, are postulated as explanations for the high incidence of toxicity. This study suggests that digoxin therapy in low-birth-weight, premature infants with patent ductus arteriosus is not without risk.", "PMID": 702246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1079", "title": "Surgical resection for pulmonary interstitial emphysema in the newborn infant.", "content": "Three patients with pulmonary interstitial emphysema are presented in whom the course was similar and progressive. Eventually all three infants developed respiratory insufficiency and chronic dependence on mechanical ventilation, cardiovascular complications of patent ductus arteriosus with congestive heart failure, and seizures probably secondary to intermittent periods of asphyxia and hypoxemia. All infants underwent lobectomy and recovered rapidly. Follow-up examinations have shown some residual pulmonary abnormalities. All three infants are progressing within the normal range for motor development.", "contents": "Surgical resection for pulmonary interstitial emphysema in the newborn infant. Three patients with pulmonary interstitial emphysema are presented in whom the course was similar and progressive. Eventually all three infants developed respiratory insufficiency and chronic dependence on mechanical ventilation, cardiovascular complications of patent ductus arteriosus with congestive heart failure, and seizures probably secondary to intermittent periods of asphyxia and hypoxemia. All infants underwent lobectomy and recovered rapidly. Follow-up examinations have shown some residual pulmonary abnormalities. All three infants are progressing within the normal range for motor development.", "PMID": 702247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1080", "title": "Neonatal transport: a controlled study of skilled assistance. Mortality and morbidity of neonates less than 1.5 kg birth weight.", "content": "To attempt to demonstrate the need for skilled care of sick neonates in transport, a modified randomized controlled study of infants being transported to this institution was carried out. Although special equipment was used, ambulances were not modified. Results of the first phase reported here show that infants weighing less than 1.5 kg at birth, transported by a trained physician and nurse, were significantly warmer, less hypotensive, and less acidotic on admission to the NICU. Mortality was significantly reduced, first week morbidity somewhat lessened, and duration of stay in hospital reduced by more than one third (P less than 0.01).", "contents": "Neonatal transport: a controlled study of skilled assistance. Mortality and morbidity of neonates less than 1.5 kg birth weight. To attempt to demonstrate the need for skilled care of sick neonates in transport, a modified randomized controlled study of infants being transported to this institution was carried out. Although special equipment was used, ambulances were not modified. Results of the first phase reported here show that infants weighing less than 1.5 kg at birth, transported by a trained physician and nurse, were significantly warmer, less hypotensive, and less acidotic on admission to the NICU. Mortality was significantly reduced, first week morbidity somewhat lessened, and duration of stay in hospital reduced by more than one third (P less than 0.01).", "PMID": 702248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1081", "title": "Pulmonary pressure/volume relationships during the last phase of delivery and the first postnatal breaths in human subjects.", "content": "Intrathoracic pressure and volume changes during delivery and the first postpartum breaths were measured in 17 term infants. The following findings emerged: (1) Infants were often exposed to high pressures during delivery, when significant volumes of lung fluid were expressed. (2) Despite this, none of the infants' lungs reinflated by passive \"elastic recoil.\" (3) The active inspiratory effort required for reinflation was usually small or moderate, and an \"opening pressure\" did not appear to be necessary for the initial rise in volume. It is believed that diaphragm and intercostal muscle tone falls or disappears during delivery and returns during the first breath.", "contents": "Pulmonary pressure/volume relationships during the last phase of delivery and the first postnatal breaths in human subjects. Intrathoracic pressure and volume changes during delivery and the first postpartum breaths were measured in 17 term infants. The following findings emerged: (1) Infants were often exposed to high pressures during delivery, when significant volumes of lung fluid were expressed. (2) Despite this, none of the infants' lungs reinflated by passive \"elastic recoil.\" (3) The active inspiratory effort required for reinflation was usually small or moderate, and an \"opening pressure\" did not appear to be necessary for the initial rise in volume. It is believed that diaphragm and intercostal muscle tone falls or disappears during delivery and returns during the first breath.", "PMID": 702249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1082", "title": "Plasma concentrations of phenobarbital in mother and child after combined prenatal and postnatal administration for prophylaxis of hyperbilirubinemia.", "content": "Phenobarbital is known to reduce serum bilirubin concentration in the newborn infant, but optimal dosage is unknown. Ten pregnant women and their infants were given a standard regimen including prenatal maternal administration and postnatal administration to the infant during the first week of life. The plasma levels of phenobarbital in the infants were found to increase during the period of administration, and to remain high for many days beyond the period of hyperbilirubinemia. Optimal dose schedules for phenobarbital should be based both upon pharmacologic effects (including those other than bilirubin disposition) and upon the pharmacokinetic profile of the drug in the newborn infant.", "contents": "Plasma concentrations of phenobarbital in mother and child after combined prenatal and postnatal administration for prophylaxis of hyperbilirubinemia. Phenobarbital is known to reduce serum bilirubin concentration in the newborn infant, but optimal dosage is unknown. Ten pregnant women and their infants were given a standard regimen including prenatal maternal administration and postnatal administration to the infant during the first week of life. The plasma levels of phenobarbital in the infants were found to increase during the period of administration, and to remain high for many days beyond the period of hyperbilirubinemia. Optimal dose schedules for phenobarbital should be based both upon pharmacologic effects (including those other than bilirubin disposition) and upon the pharmacokinetic profile of the drug in the newborn infant.", "PMID": 702253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1083", "title": "Behavioral consequences of congenital rubella.", "content": "Psychiatric and behavioral consequences of congenital rubella are reported for 243 children studies during the preschool period, and for 205 of these who were re-examined at ages 8 to 9. At preschool 37% were retarded, with the skew toward severe and profound; 15% had reactive behavior disorder and 7% had autism. At school age retardation diminished to 25%, but neurotic problems and behavioral pathology due to neurologic damage both increased. There were two remissions and three new instances of autism.", "contents": "Behavioral consequences of congenital rubella. Psychiatric and behavioral consequences of congenital rubella are reported for 243 children studies during the preschool period, and for 205 of these who were re-examined at ages 8 to 9. At preschool 37% were retarded, with the skew toward severe and profound; 15% had reactive behavior disorder and 7% had autism. At school age retardation diminished to 25%, but neurotic problems and behavioral pathology due to neurologic damage both increased. There were two remissions and three new instances of autism.", "PMID": 702254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1084", "title": "Use of the psychological test report in the course of psychotherapy.", "content": "Most studies predicting psychotherapy outcome involve the use of a particular test or group of tests. Very little is found concerning the use or usefulness of what is more generally available, the psychological test report. This article discusses the psychological test report not only as a useful instrument to predict outcome of psychotherapy, but also as an objective measure to assist in understanding the progress of psychotherapy and to alert the therapist of potentially very critical and delicate situations. Case examples are included illustrating the use of the psychological test report during the course of psychotherapy.", "contents": "Use of the psychological test report in the course of psychotherapy. Most studies predicting psychotherapy outcome involve the use of a particular test or group of tests. Very little is found concerning the use or usefulness of what is more generally available, the psychological test report. This article discusses the psychological test report not only as a useful instrument to predict outcome of psychotherapy, but also as an objective measure to assist in understanding the progress of psychotherapy and to alert the therapist of potentially very critical and delicate situations. Case examples are included illustrating the use of the psychological test report during the course of psychotherapy.", "PMID": 702267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1085", "title": "A reply to Stricker's criteria for insurance reimbursement for psychological assessments.", "content": "Stricker (1978) proposes a set of criteria which has been offered as a guideline to determine third party payments for psychological assessments. While the author views these as generally reasonable for adult assessments, he suggests that a different set of criteria be used for child assessments.", "contents": "A reply to Stricker's criteria for insurance reimbursement for psychological assessments. Stricker (1978) proposes a set of criteria which has been offered as a guideline to determine third party payments for psychological assessments. While the author views these as generally reasonable for adult assessments, he suggests that a different set of criteria be used for child assessments.", "PMID": 702268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1086", "title": "Locus of control, learned helplessness, and control of heart rate using biofeedback.", "content": "Subjects were 24 male undergraduate students. False biofeedback was provided to give the impression of success or failure (helplessness) on a preliminary task. Authentic biofeedback was then provided for control of heart rate. Subjects were administered pre- and post-locus of control scales using Levenson's multidimensional scales. A significant relationship between locus of control and success or failure conditions added validity to Levenson's approach. Results and future research are discussed.", "contents": "Locus of control, learned helplessness, and control of heart rate using biofeedback. Subjects were 24 male undergraduate students. False biofeedback was provided to give the impression of success or failure (helplessness) on a preliminary task. Authentic biofeedback was then provided for control of heart rate. Subjects were administered pre- and post-locus of control scales using Levenson's multidimensional scales. A significant relationship between locus of control and success or failure conditions added validity to Levenson's approach. Results and future research are discussed.", "PMID": 702269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1087", "title": "Cross-situational consistency among problem adolescents: an application of the two-factor model.", "content": "A study was conducted to measure cross-situational consistency of the orthogonal dimensions of the two-factor model of social-emotional functioning. According to this model, large proportions of variance in social-emotional functioning can be accounted for by two orthogonal, highly replicable dimensions. The setting was Hawthorne-Cedar Knolls, a long-term institution for emotionally disturbed and delinquent youths; the subjects were 206 residents of varied ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds. Cross-situational correlations between school and cottage settings were found to be .52 for Factor II (Cooperation-Compliance versus Anger-Defiance) and .42 for Factor I (Interest-Participation versus Apathy-Withdrawal). The results confirm the consistency and discriminant validity hypotheses--specifically, correlations between the corresponding factors of different instruments measuring behavior in different settings were large, whereas correlations between noncorresponding factors were very low. The value of using broad, higher order factors in personality research on the trait versus situation issue is discussed.", "contents": "Cross-situational consistency among problem adolescents: an application of the two-factor model. A study was conducted to measure cross-situational consistency of the orthogonal dimensions of the two-factor model of social-emotional functioning. According to this model, large proportions of variance in social-emotional functioning can be accounted for by two orthogonal, highly replicable dimensions. The setting was Hawthorne-Cedar Knolls, a long-term institution for emotionally disturbed and delinquent youths; the subjects were 206 residents of varied ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds. Cross-situational correlations between school and cottage settings were found to be .52 for Factor II (Cooperation-Compliance versus Anger-Defiance) and .42 for Factor I (Interest-Participation versus Apathy-Withdrawal). The results confirm the consistency and discriminant validity hypotheses--specifically, correlations between the corresponding factors of different instruments measuring behavior in different settings were large, whereas correlations between noncorresponding factors were very low. The value of using broad, higher order factors in personality research on the trait versus situation issue is discussed.", "PMID": 702270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1088", "title": "Absorption of oral tetracycline in patients with Billroth-II gastrectomy.", "content": "The bioavailability of a single 250-mg oral dose of tetracycline hydrochloride was studied in seven patients following Billroth-II gastrectomy in comparison with seven control subjects matched for age and body weight. There were no significance differences between control subjects and gastrectomized patients in the apparent lag time prior to the start of absorption (23.6 vs. 22.8 min), peak serum tetracycline concentration (1.72 vs. 1.75 microgram/ml), the time of attainment of peak concentrations (3.35 vs. 3.42 hr), the apparent first-order absorption half-life (1.8 vs. 1.4 hr), or the apparent first-order elimination half-life (8.0 vs. 8.7 hr). Completeness of tetracycline absorption, as judged by area under the 24-hr serum concentration curve, did not differ significantly between the two groups, nor did 24-hr urinary excretion of tetracycline. Thus the abnormalities of gastrointestinal structure and function produced by Billroth-II gastrectomy do not result in impairment of the rate and completeness of tetracycline absorption.", "contents": "Absorption of oral tetracycline in patients with Billroth-II gastrectomy. The bioavailability of a single 250-mg oral dose of tetracycline hydrochloride was studied in seven patients following Billroth-II gastrectomy in comparison with seven control subjects matched for age and body weight. There were no significance differences between control subjects and gastrectomized patients in the apparent lag time prior to the start of absorption (23.6 vs. 22.8 min), peak serum tetracycline concentration (1.72 vs. 1.75 microgram/ml), the time of attainment of peak concentrations (3.35 vs. 3.42 hr), the apparent first-order absorption half-life (1.8 vs. 1.4 hr), or the apparent first-order elimination half-life (8.0 vs. 8.7 hr). Completeness of tetracycline absorption, as judged by area under the 24-hr serum concentration curve, did not differ significantly between the two groups, nor did 24-hr urinary excretion of tetracycline. Thus the abnormalities of gastrointestinal structure and function produced by Billroth-II gastrectomy do not result in impairment of the rate and completeness of tetracycline absorption.", "PMID": 702271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1089", "title": "Enzyme induction following a single dose of amobarbital in dogs.", "content": "The elimination of amobarbital in dogs was investigated by injecting various doses of amobarbital into a given animal. At low doses (3 mg/kg) serum levels declined in a first-order fashion. Superficially, at high doses (20 mg/kg) the relationship between serum concentration and time could be quantitatively characterized by simple one-compartment saturable kinetics. Indeed, qualitatively, saturation of the amobarbital-metabolizing enzymes was indicated by a shallower initial slope of the semilogarithmic concentration--time profile at the high than at the low dose. However, in addition, an acute enzyme induction phenomenon was observed which was indicated by a shorter terminal half-life of amobarbital at the high dose than after the low dose and also by a shortening in antipyrine half-life.", "contents": "Enzyme induction following a single dose of amobarbital in dogs. The elimination of amobarbital in dogs was investigated by injecting various doses of amobarbital into a given animal. At low doses (3 mg/kg) serum levels declined in a first-order fashion. Superficially, at high doses (20 mg/kg) the relationship between serum concentration and time could be quantitatively characterized by simple one-compartment saturable kinetics. Indeed, qualitatively, saturation of the amobarbital-metabolizing enzymes was indicated by a shallower initial slope of the semilogarithmic concentration--time profile at the high than at the low dose. However, in addition, an acute enzyme induction phenomenon was observed which was indicated by a shorter terminal half-life of amobarbital at the high dose than after the low dose and also by a shortening in antipyrine half-life.", "PMID": 702272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1090", "title": "Pharmacokinetic analysis of percutaneous absorption: evidence of parallel penetration pathways for methotrexate.", "content": "Compartmental models were developed to describe the penetration of a drug from a topically applied vehicle through the skin. Data for in vitro penetration of methotrexate through hairless mouse skin from vehicles varying in pH from 3.5 to 6.5 were computer-fitted to estimate model parameters. Comparison of lag time and the exponential coefficient suggested that parallel penetration pathways exist. The fraction of drug penetrating through the shunt pathway increased as vehicle pH and ionization increased. Penetration curves were quantitatively partitioned into bulk tissue and shunt contributions. At pH 6.5, flux through the shunt pathway predominated.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic analysis of percutaneous absorption: evidence of parallel penetration pathways for methotrexate. Compartmental models were developed to describe the penetration of a drug from a topically applied vehicle through the skin. Data for in vitro penetration of methotrexate through hairless mouse skin from vehicles varying in pH from 3.5 to 6.5 were computer-fitted to estimate model parameters. Comparison of lag time and the exponential coefficient suggested that parallel penetration pathways exist. The fraction of drug penetrating through the shunt pathway increased as vehicle pH and ionization increased. Penetration curves were quantitatively partitioned into bulk tissue and shunt contributions. At pH 6.5, flux through the shunt pathway predominated.", "PMID": 702273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1091", "title": "Correlation between in vitro and in vivo drug metabolism rate: oxidation of ethoxybenzamide in rat.", "content": "In vitro and in vivo correlations of the microsomal oxidation of drugs were examined, using ethoxybenzamide as a model drug. Ethoxybenzamide disappearance time course from rat plasma in vivo was analyzed by a two-compartment model assuming a Michaelis-Menten type elimination process. Ethoxybenazmide oxidation in vitro was measured by the appearance rate of salicylamide in rat liver microsomal suspension. Parameters obtained were Vmax = 3.46 and 3.77 mumoles/min/kg body weight and Km = 0.378 and 0.192 mM, in vitro and in vivo, respectively.", "contents": "Correlation between in vitro and in vivo drug metabolism rate: oxidation of ethoxybenzamide in rat. In vitro and in vivo correlations of the microsomal oxidation of drugs were examined, using ethoxybenzamide as a model drug. Ethoxybenzamide disappearance time course from rat plasma in vivo was analyzed by a two-compartment model assuming a Michaelis-Menten type elimination process. Ethoxybenazmide oxidation in vitro was measured by the appearance rate of salicylamide in rat liver microsomal suspension. Parameters obtained were Vmax = 3.46 and 3.77 mumoles/min/kg body weight and Km = 0.378 and 0.192 mM, in vitro and in vivo, respectively.", "PMID": 702274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1092", "title": "Progestin permeation through polymer membranes I: diffusion studies on plasma-soaked membranes.", "content": "The potential of several commercially available polymeric materials for use in controlled-release drug delivery devices was investigated. Progesterone was used as a model hydrophobic drug. The progesterone permeation rates through polydimethylsiloxane, two polyether urethanes, a hydroxyethyl methacrylate, a polyether urethan--polydimethylsiloxane blend, and a cellulosic membrane were determined. The permeabilities were obtained on nonsoaked membranes and on membranes soaked in plasma for varying times. The purpose of the plasma soaks was to examine the effects of lipid absorption and degradative processes within the membrane on progesterone permeability. This study identified several polymers that show potential for use in controlled-release drug delivery devices. The plasma treatment studies showed that several polymers may not be acceptable. The plasma soak studies were interpreted in terms of the mechanisms of drug permeation through the membranes.", "contents": "Progestin permeation through polymer membranes I: diffusion studies on plasma-soaked membranes. The potential of several commercially available polymeric materials for use in controlled-release drug delivery devices was investigated. Progesterone was used as a model hydrophobic drug. The progesterone permeation rates through polydimethylsiloxane, two polyether urethanes, a hydroxyethyl methacrylate, a polyether urethan--polydimethylsiloxane blend, and a cellulosic membrane were determined. The permeabilities were obtained on nonsoaked membranes and on membranes soaked in plasma for varying times. The purpose of the plasma soaks was to examine the effects of lipid absorption and degradative processes within the membrane on progesterone permeability. This study identified several polymers that show potential for use in controlled-release drug delivery devices. The plasma treatment studies showed that several polymers may not be acceptable. The plasma soak studies were interpreted in terms of the mechanisms of drug permeation through the membranes.", "PMID": 702276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1093", "title": "Progestin permeation through polymer membranes II: diffusion studies on hydrogel membranes.", "content": "The potential use of hydrogels in controlled-release drug delivery systems for contraceptive steroids was investigated. The permeabilities, diffusion coefficients, and partition coefficients for progesterone were determined for hydrogels made from hydroxyethyl methacrylate containing varying amounts of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate. In addition, copolymers of hydroxyethyl methacrylate with methoxyethyl methacrylate and methoxyethoxyethyl methacrylate were investigated. The results were interpreted in terms of the mechanisms of permeation of progesterone through the hydrogels. This study showed that progesterone permeated these membranes primarily through loose pores in the hydrogel network except at high concentrations of the cross-linker, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, where dissolution and diffusion of the progesterone in the polymer network was the dominant mechanism.", "contents": "Progestin permeation through polymer membranes II: diffusion studies on hydrogel membranes. The potential use of hydrogels in controlled-release drug delivery systems for contraceptive steroids was investigated. The permeabilities, diffusion coefficients, and partition coefficients for progesterone were determined for hydrogels made from hydroxyethyl methacrylate containing varying amounts of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate. In addition, copolymers of hydroxyethyl methacrylate with methoxyethyl methacrylate and methoxyethoxyethyl methacrylate were investigated. The results were interpreted in terms of the mechanisms of permeation of progesterone through the hydrogels. This study showed that progesterone permeated these membranes primarily through loose pores in the hydrogel network except at high concentrations of the cross-linker, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, where dissolution and diffusion of the progesterone in the polymer network was the dominant mechanism.", "PMID": 702277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1094", "title": "Comparison of effects of quinidine and dihydroquinidine on canine heart.", "content": "Various cardiac effects of quinidine and dihydroquinidine were tested in isolated dog hearts and in vivo in dogs. No significant differences were found in the negative inotropic, chronotropic, and dromotropic effects. Dihydroquinidine was more potent than quinidine in decreasing coronary arterial pressure.", "contents": "Comparison of effects of quinidine and dihydroquinidine on canine heart. Various cardiac effects of quinidine and dihydroquinidine were tested in isolated dog hearts and in vivo in dogs. No significant differences were found in the negative inotropic, chronotropic, and dromotropic effects. Dihydroquinidine was more potent than quinidine in decreasing coronary arterial pressure.", "PMID": 702278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1095", "title": "Plasma propranolol levels in beagle dogs after administration of propranolol hemisuccinate ester.", "content": "The hemisuccinate ester of propranolol was administered to beagle dogs to test its applicability as a potential prodrug of propranolol. Following oral administration of propranolol hemisuccinate, plasma propranolol levels were eight times higher than after an equivalent dose of propranolol hydrochloride. The hemisuccinate was absorbed rapidly, with peak plasma levels observed at 0.5--1 hr. Following intravenous dosing, the disappearance half-life of the prodrug from the plasma was 0.5 hr while the propranolol half-life was 1.7 hr. This study demonstrated the potential usefulness of the prodrug approach when a highly metabolized drug such as propranolol is protected from first-pass elimination.", "contents": "Plasma propranolol levels in beagle dogs after administration of propranolol hemisuccinate ester. The hemisuccinate ester of propranolol was administered to beagle dogs to test its applicability as a potential prodrug of propranolol. Following oral administration of propranolol hemisuccinate, plasma propranolol levels were eight times higher than after an equivalent dose of propranolol hydrochloride. The hemisuccinate was absorbed rapidly, with peak plasma levels observed at 0.5--1 hr. Following intravenous dosing, the disappearance half-life of the prodrug from the plasma was 0.5 hr while the propranolol half-life was 1.7 hr. This study demonstrated the potential usefulness of the prodrug approach when a highly metabolized drug such as propranolol is protected from first-pass elimination.", "PMID": 702279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1096", "title": "Simple procedure for determining octanol--aqueous partition, distribution, and ionization coefficients by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "The described simple, accurate, and precise reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure is in excellent agreement with 1-octanol shake-flask partition or distribution coefficients over a 3.5 log range. A chemically bonded octadecylsilane support is persilated and coated with 1-octanol. With 1-octanol-saturated buffers as mobile phases, a stable baseline (compared to 1-octanol adsorbed on silica) is obtained rapidly, and the log relative retention times are highly correlated with unit slope to log distribution or partition coefficients obtained from the classical shake-flask procedures. Only relatively basic, unhindered pyridines deviate, probably because of binding with residual silinol sites. In addition, if the apparent pKa or pKab of an ionizable compound lies within the pH operating range of the column support, the apparent pKa or pKab usually can be determined simultaneously with log P by measuring the log distribution coefficient at several pH values. The procedure gives rapid results, requires little material, and can tolerate impurities.", "contents": "Simple procedure for determining octanol--aqueous partition, distribution, and ionization coefficients by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. The described simple, accurate, and precise reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure is in excellent agreement with 1-octanol shake-flask partition or distribution coefficients over a 3.5 log range. A chemically bonded octadecylsilane support is persilated and coated with 1-octanol. With 1-octanol-saturated buffers as mobile phases, a stable baseline (compared to 1-octanol adsorbed on silica) is obtained rapidly, and the log relative retention times are highly correlated with unit slope to log distribution or partition coefficients obtained from the classical shake-flask procedures. Only relatively basic, unhindered pyridines deviate, probably because of binding with residual silinol sites. In addition, if the apparent pKa or pKab of an ionizable compound lies within the pH operating range of the column support, the apparent pKa or pKab usually can be determined simultaneously with log P by measuring the log distribution coefficient at several pH values. The procedure gives rapid results, requires little material, and can tolerate impurities.", "PMID": 702280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1097", "title": "Substituted tetralins VI: Tentative assignment of absolute stereochemistry of 1-methyl-1-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3-naphthoic acid and N,N,1-trimethyl-1-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3-naphthylamine isomers.", "content": "The absolute configurations of the enantiomers of N,N,1-trimethyl-cis- and trans-1-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3-naphthylamines (Ia and Ib) were assigned tentatively from the circular dichroism spectrum of a bridged ketone derived by cyclization of optically active 1-methyl-cis-1-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3-naphthoic acid (IIa). Thus, (--)-IIa and the corresponding amine, (--)-Ia, were assigned the (2S, 4R)-configuration. Epimerization of (--)-IIa through its methyl ester yielded the trans-acid, (--)-IIb, which established the absolute configuration of (--)-IIb and the corresponding amine, (--)-Ib, as (2R, 4R).", "contents": "Substituted tetralins VI: Tentative assignment of absolute stereochemistry of 1-methyl-1-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3-naphthoic acid and N,N,1-trimethyl-1-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3-naphthylamine isomers. The absolute configurations of the enantiomers of N,N,1-trimethyl-cis- and trans-1-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3-naphthylamines (Ia and Ib) were assigned tentatively from the circular dichroism spectrum of a bridged ketone derived by cyclization of optically active 1-methyl-cis-1-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3-naphthoic acid (IIa). Thus, (--)-IIa and the corresponding amine, (--)-Ia, were assigned the (2S, 4R)-configuration. Epimerization of (--)-IIa through its methyl ester yielded the trans-acid, (--)-IIb, which established the absolute configuration of (--)-IIb and the corresponding amine, (--)-Ib, as (2R, 4R).", "PMID": 702281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1098", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of drug permeation through human skin.", "content": "Based on sorption and permeation characteristics of scopolamine in human skin in vitro and drug elimination kinetics obtained from pharmacokinetic studies, a mathematical model was developed for estimating and optimizing the temporal pattern of scopolamine delivery from a transdermal therapeutic system through human skin in vivo. Experimentally measured scopolamine delivery in vivo conformed to this model.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of drug permeation through human skin. Based on sorption and permeation characteristics of scopolamine in human skin in vitro and drug elimination kinetics obtained from pharmacokinetic studies, a mathematical model was developed for estimating and optimizing the temporal pattern of scopolamine delivery from a transdermal therapeutic system through human skin in vivo. Experimentally measured scopolamine delivery in vivo conformed to this model.", "PMID": 702282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1099", "title": "Enhancement of bioavailability of a hydrophobic amine antimalarial by formulation with oleic acid in a soft gelatin capsule.", "content": "The relative availability of the orally administered hydrophobic antimalarial alpha-(dibutylaminomethyl)-6,8-dichloro-2-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-4-quinolinemethanol (I) from two dosage forms was determined in beagle dogs. Compound I was soluble in oleic acid to the extent of 23.5% (w/w), and oleic acid was suitable for encapsulation in soft gelatin capsules. The availability of I formulated as its hydrochloride salt in a standard hard gelatin capsule formulation was significantly lower than that of I formulated in a soft gelatin capsule with oleic acid as the solvent. A 20% solution of I in oleic acid (soft gelatin capsules) maintained at 23 degrees provided 4% of the oleic acid ester of I iwithin 1 month. Further reaction, however, was not seen over 2 years.", "contents": "Enhancement of bioavailability of a hydrophobic amine antimalarial by formulation with oleic acid in a soft gelatin capsule. The relative availability of the orally administered hydrophobic antimalarial alpha-(dibutylaminomethyl)-6,8-dichloro-2-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-4-quinolinemethanol (I) from two dosage forms was determined in beagle dogs. Compound I was soluble in oleic acid to the extent of 23.5% (w/w), and oleic acid was suitable for encapsulation in soft gelatin capsules. The availability of I formulated as its hydrochloride salt in a standard hard gelatin capsule formulation was significantly lower than that of I formulated in a soft gelatin capsule with oleic acid as the solvent. A 20% solution of I in oleic acid (soft gelatin capsules) maintained at 23 degrees provided 4% of the oleic acid ester of I iwithin 1 month. Further reaction, however, was not seen over 2 years.", "PMID": 702283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1100", "title": "Heterocyclic tricycles as potential CNS agents I: 4-aminoalkylindeno[1,2-c]pyrazoles.", "content": "Series of 4-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-4-hydroxyindeno[1,2-c]pyrazoles and 4-(1-methyl-4-piperidyl)-4-hydroxyindeno[1,2-c-]pyrazoles were synthesized and identified. The compounds were evaluated as potential CNS agents using spontaneous and forced motor activity in mice as an initial test. 2-Ethyl-3-methyl-4-(1-methyl-4-piperidyl)-4-hydroxyindeno[1,2-c]pyrazole possessed significant biological activity.", "contents": "Heterocyclic tricycles as potential CNS agents I: 4-aminoalkylindeno[1,2-c]pyrazoles. Series of 4-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-4-hydroxyindeno[1,2-c]pyrazoles and 4-(1-methyl-4-piperidyl)-4-hydroxyindeno[1,2-c-]pyrazoles were synthesized and identified. The compounds were evaluated as potential CNS agents using spontaneous and forced motor activity in mice as an initial test. 2-Ethyl-3-methyl-4-(1-methyl-4-piperidyl)-4-hydroxyindeno[1,2-c]pyrazole possessed significant biological activity.", "PMID": 702284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1101", "title": "Interactions of caffeine and theophylline with p-cresol: UV studies.", "content": "UV absorption studies demonstrated the formation of weakly bonded charge transfer complexes between caffeine and theophylline with p-cresol in chloroform. The transitions involved were detected at wavelengths longer than those of the single pure substances. Equilibrium constants from the Benesi-Hildebrand equation could be measured together with other thermodynamic constants and molar extinction coefficients. In general, the equilibrium constants were very small while the entropies of formation were quite high. Even though the equilibrium constants of caffeine--p-cresol were independent of wavelength over a narrow range, the apparent enthalpies of formation of both complexes indicated wavelength dependence.", "contents": "Interactions of caffeine and theophylline with p-cresol: UV studies. UV absorption studies demonstrated the formation of weakly bonded charge transfer complexes between caffeine and theophylline with p-cresol in chloroform. The transitions involved were detected at wavelengths longer than those of the single pure substances. Equilibrium constants from the Benesi-Hildebrand equation could be measured together with other thermodynamic constants and molar extinction coefficients. In general, the equilibrium constants were very small while the entropies of formation were quite high. Even though the equilibrium constants of caffeine--p-cresol were independent of wavelength over a narrow range, the apparent enthalpies of formation of both complexes indicated wavelength dependence.", "PMID": 702285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1102", "title": "Hardness increase induced by partial moisture loss in compressed tablets and its effect on in vitro dissolution.", "content": "The hardness increase induced by partial moisture loss in compressed tablets was studied. Several factors such as the type and percentage of the excipient, the water solubility and hygroscopicity of the excipient or drug, and the influence of frequently used binders were investigated. The results indicate that the tablets increased in hardness by the recrystallization of the soluble excipient or the soluble drug in the void spaces This recrystallization occurred because of the moisture loss after expulsion of the solution of the excipient or drug in the void spaces on compression. The large increase in hardness induced by the partial moisture loss did not decrease in vitro dissolution appreciably. This result was clearly different from the hardness increase caused by higher compression loads in the absence of a moisture-induced effect, which showed a decrease in the in vitro dissolution as the hardness was increased.", "contents": "Hardness increase induced by partial moisture loss in compressed tablets and its effect on in vitro dissolution. The hardness increase induced by partial moisture loss in compressed tablets was studied. Several factors such as the type and percentage of the excipient, the water solubility and hygroscopicity of the excipient or drug, and the influence of frequently used binders were investigated. The results indicate that the tablets increased in hardness by the recrystallization of the soluble excipient or the soluble drug in the void spaces This recrystallization occurred because of the moisture loss after expulsion of the solution of the excipient or drug in the void spaces on compression. The large increase in hardness induced by the partial moisture loss did not decrease in vitro dissolution appreciably. This result was clearly different from the hardness increase caused by higher compression loads in the absence of a moisture-induced effect, which showed a decrease in the in vitro dissolution as the hardness was increased.", "PMID": 702286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1103", "title": "Hemodynamic alterations in isoproterenol-induced cardiac arrhythmias in corticoid-treated rats.", "content": "Hemodynamic alterations were studied to determine their role in isoproterenol-induced cardiac arrhythmias in the desoxycorticosterone acetate--saline-treat rat. Since epinephrine, a catecholamine possessing an alpha-adrenergic receptor agonist component, was considerably less potent as an arrhythmogenic agent, an elevation in blood pressure was thought to be protective against arrhythmias. Both albuterol, a beta2-adrenergic agonist, alone and epinephrine administered following tolazoline, an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, decreased blood pressure to that of isoproterenol but failed to elicit significant arrhythmias. Phenylephrine administered prior to isoproterenol resulted in significant arrhythmias despite the maintenance of mean blood pressure at normal levels. The study shows that blood pressure alterations are not important in the etiology of isoproterenol-induced arrhythmias in the corticoid-pretreated rat.", "contents": "Hemodynamic alterations in isoproterenol-induced cardiac arrhythmias in corticoid-treated rats. Hemodynamic alterations were studied to determine their role in isoproterenol-induced cardiac arrhythmias in the desoxycorticosterone acetate--saline-treat rat. Since epinephrine, a catecholamine possessing an alpha-adrenergic receptor agonist component, was considerably less potent as an arrhythmogenic agent, an elevation in blood pressure was thought to be protective against arrhythmias. Both albuterol, a beta2-adrenergic agonist, alone and epinephrine administered following tolazoline, an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, decreased blood pressure to that of isoproterenol but failed to elicit significant arrhythmias. Phenylephrine administered prior to isoproterenol resulted in significant arrhythmias despite the maintenance of mean blood pressure at normal levels. The study shows that blood pressure alterations are not important in the etiology of isoproterenol-induced arrhythmias in the corticoid-pretreated rat.", "PMID": 702287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1104", "title": "Semiautomated system for high-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of dissolution rate of fludrocortisone acetate tablets.", "content": "A new semiautomated high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) system is described to determine the dissolution rate of fludrocortisone acetate tablets. The system uses a miniaturized dissolution basket and shaft assembly having the same geometry as that given in USP XIX. This reduced size permits use of smaller volumes of dissolution medium, allowing most very low dose oral solid dosage forms to be handled. The USP dissolution kettle was also replaced with a new miniaturized vessel that continuously filters the sample solution before it enters the flow system. Volumes of dissolution medium as small as 15 ml can be accommodated, depending on the sensitivity of the assay employed and the solubility of the drug substance under study. The concentration of fludrocortisone acetate in solution was monitored by a new HPLC system employing a reversed-phase column compatible with the aqueous dissolution medium used. A comparative dissolution study of different lots was made using different basket rotation speeds.", "contents": "Semiautomated system for high-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of dissolution rate of fludrocortisone acetate tablets. A new semiautomated high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) system is described to determine the dissolution rate of fludrocortisone acetate tablets. The system uses a miniaturized dissolution basket and shaft assembly having the same geometry as that given in USP XIX. This reduced size permits use of smaller volumes of dissolution medium, allowing most very low dose oral solid dosage forms to be handled. The USP dissolution kettle was also replaced with a new miniaturized vessel that continuously filters the sample solution before it enters the flow system. Volumes of dissolution medium as small as 15 ml can be accommodated, depending on the sensitivity of the assay employed and the solubility of the drug substance under study. The concentration of fludrocortisone acetate in solution was monitored by a new HPLC system employing a reversed-phase column compatible with the aqueous dissolution medium used. A comparative dissolution study of different lots was made using different basket rotation speeds.", "PMID": 702288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1105", "title": "Bioavailability of sulfonamide suspensions I: Dissolution profiles of sulfamethizole using paddle method.", "content": "A comparative bioavailability study was performed using two commercially available, chemically equivalent brands of sulfamethizole suspension. One gram of each suspension was administered to 12 different subjects following a completely randomized crossover design. Serum levels and derived pharmacokinetic parameters were compared statistically. There were no significant differences in the extent of sulfamethizole absorption from the two suspensions as evidenced by the area under the serum level--time curves. Significant differences (p less than 0.05) in the mean serum levels at 0.5 and 0.75 hr and differences in Cmax and tmax indicated that the absorption rate differed for the two products. In vitro tests including particle-size analysis and dissolution studies were performed. The size--frequency distribution of particles in the suspensions was studied using a resistance particle counter. The dissolution characteristics of the two products were studied using the Food and Drug Administration's paddle method and the spin-filter apparatus. Suspension A had a significantly greater amount of drug dissolved at 15 and 30 min using either method. It also had a greater percentage of particles at the smaller size range, indicating that the greater dissolution rate may be related directly to the decreased particle size. A comparison of the in vivo and in vitro results demonstrated a definite rank-order correlation between the dissolution performance of the two suspensions and the in vivo parameters reflecting the absorption rate. Suspension A had a greater amount of drug dissolved at 15 and 30 min and resulted in higher serum levels at 0.5 and 0.75 hr, a higher Cmax, and a shorter tmax.", "contents": "Bioavailability of sulfonamide suspensions I: Dissolution profiles of sulfamethizole using paddle method. A comparative bioavailability study was performed using two commercially available, chemically equivalent brands of sulfamethizole suspension. One gram of each suspension was administered to 12 different subjects following a completely randomized crossover design. Serum levels and derived pharmacokinetic parameters were compared statistically. There were no significant differences in the extent of sulfamethizole absorption from the two suspensions as evidenced by the area under the serum level--time curves. Significant differences (p less than 0.05) in the mean serum levels at 0.5 and 0.75 hr and differences in Cmax and tmax indicated that the absorption rate differed for the two products. In vitro tests including particle-size analysis and dissolution studies were performed. The size--frequency distribution of particles in the suspensions was studied using a resistance particle counter. The dissolution characteristics of the two products were studied using the Food and Drug Administration's paddle method and the spin-filter apparatus. Suspension A had a significantly greater amount of drug dissolved at 15 and 30 min using either method. It also had a greater percentage of particles at the smaller size range, indicating that the greater dissolution rate may be related directly to the decreased particle size. A comparison of the in vivo and in vitro results demonstrated a definite rank-order correlation between the dissolution performance of the two suspensions and the in vivo parameters reflecting the absorption rate. Suspension A had a greater amount of drug dissolved at 15 and 30 min and resulted in higher serum levels at 0.5 and 0.75 hr, a higher Cmax, and a shorter tmax.", "PMID": 702289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1106", "title": "Disposition of norgestimate in the presence and absence of ethinyl estradiol after oral administration to humans.", "content": "The disposition of radioactivity following oral administration of 14C-norgestimate was compared to that following administration of the drug in combination with 3H-ethinyl estradiol in humans. Seven normal, healthy female subjects were each administered one capsule orally containing 14C-norgestimate either alone (74.4 muCi, 0.50 mg) or in combination (73.5 muCi, 0.49 mg) with 3H-ethinyl estradiol (103 muCi, 0.14 mg) in polyethylene glycol 400. Peak levels of radioactivity due to carbon-14 and tritium in plasma occurred within 2 hr after drug administration, followed by distribution and elimination phases. The mean apparent elimination half-life and mean cumulative elimination of radioactivity in the urine and feces following 14C-norgestimate administration were not significantly different than those following administration of the combination dose. Approximately 50% of the administered radioactivity due to carbon-14 was excreted in the urine following administration of 14C-norgestimate both in the presence and absence of coadministered 3H-ethinyl estradiol.", "contents": "Disposition of norgestimate in the presence and absence of ethinyl estradiol after oral administration to humans. The disposition of radioactivity following oral administration of 14C-norgestimate was compared to that following administration of the drug in combination with 3H-ethinyl estradiol in humans. Seven normal, healthy female subjects were each administered one capsule orally containing 14C-norgestimate either alone (74.4 muCi, 0.50 mg) or in combination (73.5 muCi, 0.49 mg) with 3H-ethinyl estradiol (103 muCi, 0.14 mg) in polyethylene glycol 400. Peak levels of radioactivity due to carbon-14 and tritium in plasma occurred within 2 hr after drug administration, followed by distribution and elimination phases. The mean apparent elimination half-life and mean cumulative elimination of radioactivity in the urine and feces following 14C-norgestimate administration were not significantly different than those following administration of the combination dose. Approximately 50% of the administered radioactivity due to carbon-14 was excreted in the urine following administration of 14C-norgestimate both in the presence and absence of coadministered 3H-ethinyl estradiol.", "PMID": 702290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1107", "title": "Molecular connectivity study of muscarinic receptor affinity of acetylcholine antagonists.", "content": "A correlation between three molecular connectivity indexes and the muscarinic receptor affinity of 104 acetylcholine antagonists was found. Analysis of structure from these indexes reveals not only the importance of the onium and the bulky portions of the molecule but also their virtual independence of each other on the affinity. Analysis of the onium group portion of the molecules indicates that its contribution to the experimental affinity is virtually constant through a variety of structural variations. The influence of the bulky side chains, in contrast, is quite structure dependent. The equation relating connectivity indexes to muscarinic affinity of antagonists is capable of predicting the affinity of other antagonists as well as a number of agonist molecules.", "contents": "Molecular connectivity study of muscarinic receptor affinity of acetylcholine antagonists. A correlation between three molecular connectivity indexes and the muscarinic receptor affinity of 104 acetylcholine antagonists was found. Analysis of structure from these indexes reveals not only the importance of the onium and the bulky portions of the molecule but also their virtual independence of each other on the affinity. Analysis of the onium group portion of the molecules indicates that its contribution to the experimental affinity is virtually constant through a variety of structural variations. The influence of the bulky side chains, in contrast, is quite structure dependent. The equation relating connectivity indexes to muscarinic affinity of antagonists is capable of predicting the affinity of other antagonists as well as a number of agonist molecules.", "PMID": 702291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1108", "title": "Facile separation of sulfonamides from their degradates by liquid--liquid extraction.", "content": "Regulation of acidity for protonation of the free N4-amine can provide for the selective liquid--liquid extraction isolation of a sulfonamide from its degradation products. This principle is applied for the stability-indicating determination of sulfacetamide in the presence of sulfanilamide, sulfaquinoxaline in feed, and sulfabromomethazine in dosage forms. In solution, sulfabromomethazine can exhibit photodecomposition to sulfamethazine. The mean relative errors of the these methods and the precision, represented by relative standard deviations, are each typically less than 2%.", "contents": "Facile separation of sulfonamides from their degradates by liquid--liquid extraction. Regulation of acidity for protonation of the free N4-amine can provide for the selective liquid--liquid extraction isolation of a sulfonamide from its degradation products. This principle is applied for the stability-indicating determination of sulfacetamide in the presence of sulfanilamide, sulfaquinoxaline in feed, and sulfabromomethazine in dosage forms. In solution, sulfabromomethazine can exhibit photodecomposition to sulfamethazine. The mean relative errors of the these methods and the precision, represented by relative standard deviations, are each typically less than 2%.", "PMID": 702292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1109", "title": "Simultaneous solubilization of steroid hormones I: estrogens and C21 steroids.", "content": "The simultaneous solubilization of some estrogens and C21 steroids in aqueous polysorbate 40, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide, and sodium lauryl sulfate was studied. The less soluble estrogen estradiol was solubilized independently of the C21 steroids. The micellar solubilities of ethinyl estradiol and both corticosterone and hydrocortisone were independnet of the presence of each other while the solubility of 11alpha-hydroxyprogesterone was enhanced by ethinyl estradiol. The solubilizations of ethinyl estradiol and the two C21 steroids, progesterone and 21-hydroxyprogesterone, were dependent on each other so that a varying amount of the steroid solubilized first was precipitated by an excess of the second steroid. If saturated solutions of the two steroids were mixed, no precipitation occurred. A possible mechanism for the simultaneous solubilization of steroids and its relation to structure are discussed.", "contents": "Simultaneous solubilization of steroid hormones I: estrogens and C21 steroids. The simultaneous solubilization of some estrogens and C21 steroids in aqueous polysorbate 40, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide, and sodium lauryl sulfate was studied. The less soluble estrogen estradiol was solubilized independently of the C21 steroids. The micellar solubilities of ethinyl estradiol and both corticosterone and hydrocortisone were independnet of the presence of each other while the solubility of 11alpha-hydroxyprogesterone was enhanced by ethinyl estradiol. The solubilizations of ethinyl estradiol and the two C21 steroids, progesterone and 21-hydroxyprogesterone, were dependent on each other so that a varying amount of the steroid solubilized first was precipitated by an excess of the second steroid. If saturated solutions of the two steroids were mixed, no precipitation occurred. A possible mechanism for the simultaneous solubilization of steroids and its relation to structure are discussed.", "PMID": 702293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1110", "title": "Fate of 14C-3-methylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole hydrochloride in rats and dogs.", "content": "The fate of 14C-3-methylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole hydrochloride, a potential psychotherapeutic agent, was studied in rats and dogs. Rats were given a single oral or intraperitoneal dose while dogs received the drug either orally or intravenously. Radioactivity in plasma samples and excreta was determined by liquid scintillation counting. In addition, 14C-levels in various rat tissues were estimated. The drug appeared to be well absorbed in both species. 14C-levels were highest in liver and lung and lowest in plasma. Excretion was primarily urinary and was more complete within the first 96 hr in the rat than in the dog, which suggested a longer 14C-half-life in the dog. No evidence was seen that the drug was demethylated.", "contents": "Fate of 14C-3-methylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole hydrochloride in rats and dogs. The fate of 14C-3-methylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole hydrochloride, a potential psychotherapeutic agent, was studied in rats and dogs. Rats were given a single oral or intraperitoneal dose while dogs received the drug either orally or intravenously. Radioactivity in plasma samples and excreta was determined by liquid scintillation counting. In addition, 14C-levels in various rat tissues were estimated. The drug appeared to be well absorbed in both species. 14C-levels were highest in liver and lung and lowest in plasma. Excretion was primarily urinary and was more complete within the first 96 hr in the rat than in the dog, which suggested a longer 14C-half-life in the dog. No evidence was seen that the drug was demethylated.", "PMID": 702294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1111", "title": "Simulated respiratory system for in vitro evaluation of two inhalation delivery systems using selected steroids.", "content": "A simulated respiratory system was developed for the in vitro evaluation of two differently designed oral inhalation delivery systems. The deposition properties of a newly designed delivery system used for triamcinolone acetonide were compared to the more conventional, commercially available adapter utilized for an aerosol containing beclomethasone dipropionate. The simulated respiratory system was constructed so that the delivered dose of active ingredient could be classified into two fractions: the fraction that would be deposited in the oral cavity and throat and the fraction that would reach the desired site of activity in the respiratory tract. Based on this method, the newly designed system delivered more than 95% of the labeled dose to the desired site. The beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol system, which was observed to discharge the active ingredient with a greater intensity, delivered approximately 40% of the labeled dose. The particle-size distribution of the dose dispensed from the newly designed delivery system attached to the triamcinolone acetonide aerosol was determined using an impactor technique. No effort was made to correlate these results with an in vivo response.", "contents": "Simulated respiratory system for in vitro evaluation of two inhalation delivery systems using selected steroids. A simulated respiratory system was developed for the in vitro evaluation of two differently designed oral inhalation delivery systems. The deposition properties of a newly designed delivery system used for triamcinolone acetonide were compared to the more conventional, commercially available adapter utilized for an aerosol containing beclomethasone dipropionate. The simulated respiratory system was constructed so that the delivered dose of active ingredient could be classified into two fractions: the fraction that would be deposited in the oral cavity and throat and the fraction that would reach the desired site of activity in the respiratory tract. Based on this method, the newly designed system delivered more than 95% of the labeled dose to the desired site. The beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol system, which was observed to discharge the active ingredient with a greater intensity, delivered approximately 40% of the labeled dose. The particle-size distribution of the dose dispensed from the newly designed delivery system attached to the triamcinolone acetonide aerosol was determined using an impactor technique. No effort was made to correlate these results with an in vivo response.", "PMID": 702295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1112", "title": "Thiazole derivatives as potential chemotherapeutic agents: homolytic arylation of thiazole with phenylazotriphenylmethane.", "content": "The homolytic arylation of thiazole with phenylazotriphenylmethane (as a free radical source) was carried out to explore the potential chemotherapeutic activity of the resulting triphenylmethyl derivatives. The experimental data differed from similar results on other isosteric heterocycles: one compound only was obtained, having both phenyl and triphenylmethyl groups in the heterocyclic nucleus. The structure of 2-phenyl-5-triphenylmethylthiazole was established by IR, 1H-NMR, and mass spectroscopy. In particular, the mass spectral investigation indicated the cleavage of the 2,3- and 4,5-ring bonds, in contrast with the usual behavior of other thiazole derivatives with no triphenylmethyl substituent.", "contents": "Thiazole derivatives as potential chemotherapeutic agents: homolytic arylation of thiazole with phenylazotriphenylmethane. The homolytic arylation of thiazole with phenylazotriphenylmethane (as a free radical source) was carried out to explore the potential chemotherapeutic activity of the resulting triphenylmethyl derivatives. The experimental data differed from similar results on other isosteric heterocycles: one compound only was obtained, having both phenyl and triphenylmethyl groups in the heterocyclic nucleus. The structure of 2-phenyl-5-triphenylmethylthiazole was established by IR, 1H-NMR, and mass spectroscopy. In particular, the mass spectral investigation indicated the cleavage of the 2,3- and 4,5-ring bonds, in contrast with the usual behavior of other thiazole derivatives with no triphenylmethyl substituent.", "PMID": 702296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1113", "title": "Improved synthesis of N-(2,6-dimethylphenylcarbamoylmethyl) iminodiacetic acid and analogs.", "content": "A new synthesis of N-(2,6-dimethylphenylcarbamoyl-methyl)iminodiacetic acid directly from nitrilotriacetic acid was developed. Six analogs also were synthesized. Their technetium Tc 99m complexes were prepared and characterized. Electrophoresis and chromatography were used to determine the radiochemical purity of each complex.", "contents": "Improved synthesis of N-(2,6-dimethylphenylcarbamoylmethyl) iminodiacetic acid and analogs. A new synthesis of N-(2,6-dimethylphenylcarbamoyl-methyl)iminodiacetic acid directly from nitrilotriacetic acid was developed. Six analogs also were synthesized. Their technetium Tc 99m complexes were prepared and characterized. Electrophoresis and chromatography were used to determine the radiochemical purity of each complex.", "PMID": 702297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1114", "title": "Dissolution profiles of drugs from tablets.", "content": "A theoretical equation to describe the drug dissolution from a tablet was derived by combining and equation for the disintegration rate of a tablet with an equation for the dissolution of particles. The theory is based on the assumptions that: (a) dissolution occurs only from the particles released in a medium by tablet disintegration, (b) the number of particles released into a medium obeys the equation N = NO(T/Td)m, and (c) the dissolution of particles, which are spherical in shape, is represented by the equation previously given by Brooke. Tablet dissolution versus time plots, obtained by calculating the equation with a computer, gave an S-shaped curve between the dissolution curve for particles starting at time zero and the curve for particles starting at the tablet disintegration time. The joint influences of disintegration and particle dissolution on the overall tablet dissolution profile also were examined. When dissolution of powders was rapid, disintegration of a tablet directly influenced its dissolution. When powders intrinsically dissolved slowly, the effect of disintegration on the tablet dissolution profile was slight.", "contents": "Dissolution profiles of drugs from tablets. A theoretical equation to describe the drug dissolution from a tablet was derived by combining and equation for the disintegration rate of a tablet with an equation for the dissolution of particles. The theory is based on the assumptions that: (a) dissolution occurs only from the particles released in a medium by tablet disintegration, (b) the number of particles released into a medium obeys the equation N = NO(T/Td)m, and (c) the dissolution of particles, which are spherical in shape, is represented by the equation previously given by Brooke. Tablet dissolution versus time plots, obtained by calculating the equation with a computer, gave an S-shaped curve between the dissolution curve for particles starting at time zero and the curve for particles starting at the tablet disintegration time. The joint influences of disintegration and particle dissolution on the overall tablet dissolution profile also were examined. When dissolution of powders was rapid, disintegration of a tablet directly influenced its dissolution. When powders intrinsically dissolved slowly, the effect of disintegration on the tablet dissolution profile was slight.", "PMID": 702298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1115", "title": "Conductivity of drugs used for iontophoresis.", "content": "The electrical conductivities of drugs were measured in vitro using a conductivity MHO-meter. These experiments indicate that local anesthetics, vasoconstrictors, some corticosteroids, several anticancer drugs, and several antiviral agents are suitable for iontophoresis. The contribution to conductivity of buffers and nonspecific ions in the same solution with the drug also was defined.", "contents": "Conductivity of drugs used for iontophoresis. The electrical conductivities of drugs were measured in vitro using a conductivity MHO-meter. These experiments indicate that local anesthetics, vasoconstrictors, some corticosteroids, several anticancer drugs, and several antiviral agents are suitable for iontophoresis. The contribution to conductivity of buffers and nonspecific ions in the same solution with the drug also was defined.", "PMID": 702299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1116", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of oral cephalosporins: cephradine cephalexin.", "content": "A crossover experiment was utilized to compare the pharmacokinetics of a 1-g dose of cephalexin tablets, cephalexin capsules, or cephradine capsules in nine normal human volunteers. These antibiotics were administered as three formulations: two 500-mg capsulin every 6 hr for five doses, and one 1000-mg tablet of cephalexin every 6 hr for five doses. Pharmacokinetic parameters in the experimental groups showed no statistical differences (p greater than 0.1), indicating that these drugs are equivalent pharmacokinetically.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of oral cephalosporins: cephradine cephalexin. A crossover experiment was utilized to compare the pharmacokinetics of a 1-g dose of cephalexin tablets, cephalexin capsules, or cephradine capsules in nine normal human volunteers. These antibiotics were administered as three formulations: two 500-mg capsulin every 6 hr for five doses, and one 1000-mg tablet of cephalexin every 6 hr for five doses. Pharmacokinetic parameters in the experimental groups showed no statistical differences (p greater than 0.1), indicating that these drugs are equivalent pharmacokinetically.", "PMID": 702300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1117", "title": "Versatile kinetic-approach to analysis of dissolution data.", "content": "A new kinetically based dissolution equation is presented that considers dissolution of polydisperse systems and disintegrating solid dosage forms. The equation is applicable under sink as well as nonsink conditions and enables the specific dissolution rate parameter, the dispersion parameter, the disintegration lag time, and a newly introduced parameter, the dissolution availability, to be evaluated simultaneously and directly from percent of label claim dissolved versus time data. The equation showed excellent fit to dissolution data for aminophylline tablets. The kinetic significance of the estimated parameters of the equation is discussed. The method of analysis is compared to an approach employing an empirical equation based on a modified Weibull distribution function.", "contents": "Versatile kinetic-approach to analysis of dissolution data. A new kinetically based dissolution equation is presented that considers dissolution of polydisperse systems and disintegrating solid dosage forms. The equation is applicable under sink as well as nonsink conditions and enables the specific dissolution rate parameter, the dispersion parameter, the disintegration lag time, and a newly introduced parameter, the dissolution availability, to be evaluated simultaneously and directly from percent of label claim dissolved versus time data. The equation showed excellent fit to dissolution data for aminophylline tablets. The kinetic significance of the estimated parameters of the equation is discussed. The method of analysis is compared to an approach employing an empirical equation based on a modified Weibull distribution function.", "PMID": 702301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1118", "title": "Bioavailability of three commercial sustained-release tablets of quinidine in maintenance therapy.", "content": "The bioavailability of three quinidine formulations was estimated during a dosing interval at steady state following their administration in 12 selected patients in accordance with a Latin-square 3 x 3. Each subject received the three dosage forms as two tablets every 12 hr for 6 days. Blood and urine samples were taken on the 7th day during the regular 12-hr dosing interval. Unchanged quinidine was determined by a reported spectrofluorometric procedure. The total fluorescence of plasma quinidine and metabolites also was monitored. The data obtained indicate that one dosage form gave a high peak level followed by a fall in the concentration. The two other forms presented a relatively lower peak followed by a plateau and then a decline. The differences between the dose-corrected values of Cp,max were statistically significant. Secondary effects were observed particularly with one dosage form and could be related to the high Cp,max value and/or the high percentage of quinidine liberated rapidly in the GI tract. Blood and urinary data indicated an equivalent degree of absorption. The dissolution behavior of the formulations and their absorption data suggest that there is a correlation between the quantity dissolved at 30 min and Cp,max.", "contents": "Bioavailability of three commercial sustained-release tablets of quinidine in maintenance therapy. The bioavailability of three quinidine formulations was estimated during a dosing interval at steady state following their administration in 12 selected patients in accordance with a Latin-square 3 x 3. Each subject received the three dosage forms as two tablets every 12 hr for 6 days. Blood and urine samples were taken on the 7th day during the regular 12-hr dosing interval. Unchanged quinidine was determined by a reported spectrofluorometric procedure. The total fluorescence of plasma quinidine and metabolites also was monitored. The data obtained indicate that one dosage form gave a high peak level followed by a fall in the concentration. The two other forms presented a relatively lower peak followed by a plateau and then a decline. The differences between the dose-corrected values of Cp,max were statistically significant. Secondary effects were observed particularly with one dosage form and could be related to the high Cp,max value and/or the high percentage of quinidine liberated rapidly in the GI tract. Blood and urinary data indicated an equivalent degree of absorption. The dissolution behavior of the formulations and their absorption data suggest that there is a correlation between the quantity dissolved at 30 min and Cp,max.", "PMID": 702302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1119", "title": "Rapid and micro high-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of plasma phenytoin levels.", "content": "A rapid and simple high-pressure liquid chromatographic microanalytical method was developed for the determination of clinically encountered plasma phenytoin levels. This method is accurate down to about 1 microgram of phenytoin/ml of plasma and requires as little as 10 microliter of sample. Total analysis time is about 10 min. The method involves deproteinizing with acetonitrile followed by monitoring the deproteinized sample at 254 nm. Phenytoin's primary metabolite in humans, 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin, also can be quantitated when present in moderately high clinically encountered concentrations. Plasma profiles of phenytoin and its metabolite were followed with time after an intravenous bolus injection to a rabbit.", "contents": "Rapid and micro high-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of plasma phenytoin levels. A rapid and simple high-pressure liquid chromatographic microanalytical method was developed for the determination of clinically encountered plasma phenytoin levels. This method is accurate down to about 1 microgram of phenytoin/ml of plasma and requires as little as 10 microliter of sample. Total analysis time is about 10 min. The method involves deproteinizing with acetonitrile followed by monitoring the deproteinized sample at 254 nm. Phenytoin's primary metabolite in humans, 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin, also can be quantitated when present in moderately high clinically encountered concentrations. Plasma profiles of phenytoin and its metabolite were followed with time after an intravenous bolus injection to a rabbit.", "PMID": 702303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1120", "title": "Comparison of adsorbed films of a polyvinylpyrrolidone copolymer with spread monolayers.", "content": "The adsorption of a polyvinylpyrrolidone-polyvinyl acetate graft copolymer from solution was studied by surface pressure measurement. Adsorption from the dilute solutions was slow, limited, in part, by diffusion of polymer molecules to the surface. When absorbed monolayers were compressed on a surface balance, the resulting surface pressure values paralled those of a spread monolayer, strongly suggesting that the structures of adsorbed and spread monolayers are the same.", "contents": "Comparison of adsorbed films of a polyvinylpyrrolidone copolymer with spread monolayers. The adsorption of a polyvinylpyrrolidone-polyvinyl acetate graft copolymer from solution was studied by surface pressure measurement. Adsorption from the dilute solutions was slow, limited, in part, by diffusion of polymer molecules to the surface. When absorbed monolayers were compressed on a surface balance, the resulting surface pressure values paralled those of a spread monolayer, strongly suggesting that the structures of adsorbed and spread monolayers are the same.", "PMID": 702304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1121", "title": "Polarographic analysis of cephalexin.", "content": "Cephalexin was found to be polarographically reducible after hydrolysis in an acidic medium, producing two polarographic waves. Both waves were diffusion controlled. The concentration-diffusion plot method was used for the analysis of cephalexin in capsules.", "contents": "Polarographic analysis of cephalexin. Cephalexin was found to be polarographically reducible after hydrolysis in an acidic medium, producing two polarographic waves. Both waves were diffusion controlled. The concentration-diffusion plot method was used for the analysis of cephalexin in capsules.", "PMID": 702305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1122", "title": "Analysis of prazosin in plasma by a sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic-fluorescence method.", "content": "A specific high-performance liquid chromatographic-fluorescence method for the quantitative analysis of prazosin in plasma at concentrations down to 0.2 ng/ml is described. The method involves the coextraction of drug and an internal standard from alkalinized plasma followed by a simple purification step prior to evaporation and high-performance liquid chromatographic-fluorescence analysis. The method is sufficiently sensitive to allow pharmacokinetic analyses of 1-mg doses through five half-lives, with a relative standard deviation of 12%.", "contents": "Analysis of prazosin in plasma by a sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic-fluorescence method. A specific high-performance liquid chromatographic-fluorescence method for the quantitative analysis of prazosin in plasma at concentrations down to 0.2 ng/ml is described. The method involves the coextraction of drug and an internal standard from alkalinized plasma followed by a simple purification step prior to evaporation and high-performance liquid chromatographic-fluorescence analysis. The method is sufficiently sensitive to allow pharmacokinetic analyses of 1-mg doses through five half-lives, with a relative standard deviation of 12%.", "PMID": 702306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1123", "title": "Synthesis of 1-methyl-2-phenylcarbamoylpyrazolidines as potential anticonvulsant agents.", "content": "Lithium aluminum hydride reduction of 1,4-dimethyl-3-pyrazolidinone yielded 1,4-dimethylpyrazolidine. The latter compound and 1-methylpyrazolidine reacted with aryl isocyanates to produce 1-methyl-2-phenylcarbamoylpyrazolidines. Several of these adducts displayed significant anticonvulsant activity in the maximal electroshock seizure and pentylenetetrazol seizure threshold tests.", "contents": "Synthesis of 1-methyl-2-phenylcarbamoylpyrazolidines as potential anticonvulsant agents. Lithium aluminum hydride reduction of 1,4-dimethyl-3-pyrazolidinone yielded 1,4-dimethylpyrazolidine. The latter compound and 1-methylpyrazolidine reacted with aryl isocyanates to produce 1-methyl-2-phenylcarbamoylpyrazolidines. Several of these adducts displayed significant anticonvulsant activity in the maximal electroshock seizure and pentylenetetrazol seizure threshold tests.", "PMID": 702307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1124", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of Azadirachta indica extract.", "content": "A crude extract of the leaves of Azadirachta indica was studied for its effects on the cardiovascular system of anesthetized guinea pigs and rabbits. These effects include profound hypotension and a minimal negative chronotropic effect, which increased at higher doses. In one rabbit, 200 mg of extract/kg decreased the heart rate from 280 to 150 beats/min. The extract also exhibited a weak antiarrhythmic activity in rabbits against ouabain-induced dysrhythmia.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of Azadirachta indica extract. A crude extract of the leaves of Azadirachta indica was studied for its effects on the cardiovascular system of anesthetized guinea pigs and rabbits. These effects include profound hypotension and a minimal negative chronotropic effect, which increased at higher doses. In one rabbit, 200 mg of extract/kg decreased the heart rate from 280 to 150 beats/min. The extract also exhibited a weak antiarrhythmic activity in rabbits against ouabain-induced dysrhythmia.", "PMID": 702308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1125", "title": "Use of guinea pigs as model to study galactose-induced cataract formation.", "content": "Because the dietary requirement for ascorbic acid is similar in humans and guinea pigs, galactose-induced cataract research with the guinea pig as an experimental model instead of the rat might be appropriate and may represent a closer analogy to galactosemic cataract formation in humans. In this study, dietary ascorbic acid was found in all guinea pigs to have a retarding or delaying effect on the development of galactose-induced cataracts.", "contents": "Use of guinea pigs as model to study galactose-induced cataract formation. Because the dietary requirement for ascorbic acid is similar in humans and guinea pigs, galactose-induced cataract research with the guinea pig as an experimental model instead of the rat might be appropriate and may represent a closer analogy to galactosemic cataract formation in humans. In this study, dietary ascorbic acid was found in all guinea pigs to have a retarding or delaying effect on the development of galactose-induced cataracts.", "PMID": 702309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1126", "title": "Quinazolinylformamidines and quinazolinediylbisformamidines as antihypertensive agents.", "content": "Eleven quinazolinylformamidines and quinazolinediylbisformamidines were synthesized and investigated for antihypertensive activity in spontaneous hypertensive rats. Several compounds showed moderate antihypertensive activity at 100 mg/kg po. The same compounds were not hypotensive in the normotensive dog.", "contents": "Quinazolinylformamidines and quinazolinediylbisformamidines as antihypertensive agents. Eleven quinazolinylformamidines and quinazolinediylbisformamidines were synthesized and investigated for antihypertensive activity in spontaneous hypertensive rats. Several compounds showed moderate antihypertensive activity at 100 mg/kg po. The same compounds were not hypotensive in the normotensive dog.", "PMID": 702310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1127", "title": "Quantitative determination of cephalexin in cephradine by NMR spectroscopy.", "content": "An NMR method to determine quantitatively the presence of cephalexin in cephradine was developed. The method is applicable to the chemical itself as well as to capsules and oral suspension formulations. The determination is based on the NMR signal arising from the five aromatic protons of the cephalexin molecule. Integration of this signal relative to a signal from cephradine provides the data necessary to determine the percentage of cephalexin present. The precision at the 2% cephalexin levels is +/- 0.18%. The time required to carry out a single analysis is about 10 min, and five analyses can be done in about 0.5 hr.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of cephalexin in cephradine by NMR spectroscopy. An NMR method to determine quantitatively the presence of cephalexin in cephradine was developed. The method is applicable to the chemical itself as well as to capsules and oral suspension formulations. The determination is based on the NMR signal arising from the five aromatic protons of the cephalexin molecule. Integration of this signal relative to a signal from cephradine provides the data necessary to determine the percentage of cephalexin present. The precision at the 2% cephalexin levels is +/- 0.18%. The time required to carry out a single analysis is about 10 min, and five analyses can be done in about 0.5 hr.", "PMID": 702311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1128", "title": "Mass fragmentographic determination of methadyl acetate in urine using stable isotope labeled analog as internal standard.", "content": "A quantitative GLC-mass spectrometric assay was developed for the determination of methadyl acetate in urine. The assay utilized selective ion focusing to monitor, in a GLC effluent, the M--15 ion generated by electron-impact ionization of methadyl acetate. Methadyl acetate-d4 was used as an internal standard. The assay can measure 10 ng of drug/ml with about 6% precision. The curve relating the amounts of drug added to control urine versus the amounts experimentally found over a large concentration range is a straight line with a slope of 0.98 +/- 0.02 and a nearly zero intercept. Assay specificity was confirmed by complete identity of the mass spectrum of methadyl acetate in the biological extract with that of the authentic material. The method was used for the urinary analysis of methadyl acetate in a rabbit given a single intravenous dose. The animal excreted less than 1% of the intact drug with a half-life of approximately 15 hr. Consequently, the long-acting characteristic of methadyl acetate must be attributed to its metabolism into active metabolites.", "contents": "Mass fragmentographic determination of methadyl acetate in urine using stable isotope labeled analog as internal standard. A quantitative GLC-mass spectrometric assay was developed for the determination of methadyl acetate in urine. The assay utilized selective ion focusing to monitor, in a GLC effluent, the M--15 ion generated by electron-impact ionization of methadyl acetate. Methadyl acetate-d4 was used as an internal standard. The assay can measure 10 ng of drug/ml with about 6% precision. The curve relating the amounts of drug added to control urine versus the amounts experimentally found over a large concentration range is a straight line with a slope of 0.98 +/- 0.02 and a nearly zero intercept. Assay specificity was confirmed by complete identity of the mass spectrum of methadyl acetate in the biological extract with that of the authentic material. The method was used for the urinary analysis of methadyl acetate in a rabbit given a single intravenous dose. The animal excreted less than 1% of the intact drug with a half-life of approximately 15 hr. Consequently, the long-acting characteristic of methadyl acetate must be attributed to its metabolism into active metabolites.", "PMID": 702312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1129", "title": "Color analysis of dextrose solutions using a color difference meter.", "content": "A method for quantitating color measurements in dextrose solutions by using a color difference meter is described. This method was shown to correlate well with standard American Public Health Association (APHA) color measurements. A mathematical relationship was developed relating yellowness index values to APHA numbers as described in the USP for dextrose solutions. This relationship was tested by comparing the results from standard APHA color tests on laboratory samples of autoclaved dextrose solutions to APHA numbers calculated from yellowness index values for the same samples.", "contents": "Color analysis of dextrose solutions using a color difference meter. A method for quantitating color measurements in dextrose solutions by using a color difference meter is described. This method was shown to correlate well with standard American Public Health Association (APHA) color measurements. A mathematical relationship was developed relating yellowness index values to APHA numbers as described in the USP for dextrose solutions. This relationship was tested by comparing the results from standard APHA color tests on laboratory samples of autoclaved dextrose solutions to APHA numbers calculated from yellowness index values for the same samples.", "PMID": 702313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1130", "title": "Evaluation of commercial ginseng products.", "content": "The variation in panaxoside content of roots and commercial products of Panax ginseng and P. quinquefolium was evaluated by a new spectrodensitometric TLC method. The method is rapid and applicable to all commercial products, and it has a relative standard deviation of 6.4%. Panaxoside patterns of slurry-filled capsules and root extracts most closely resembled those of whole roots. Tablets did not contain detectable panaxosides while teas and granules for infusion yielded only low concentrations. The wide variation among these products indicates the need for more rigid control.", "contents": "Evaluation of commercial ginseng products. The variation in panaxoside content of roots and commercial products of Panax ginseng and P. quinquefolium was evaluated by a new spectrodensitometric TLC method. The method is rapid and applicable to all commercial products, and it has a relative standard deviation of 6.4%. Panaxoside patterns of slurry-filled capsules and root extracts most closely resembled those of whole roots. Tablets did not contain detectable panaxosides while teas and granules for infusion yielded only low concentrations. The wide variation among these products indicates the need for more rigid control.", "PMID": 702314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1131", "title": "Use of a nitrogen detector for GLC determination of fluorouracil in plasma during single- and combined-agent chemotherapy.", "content": "A GLC assay for fluorouracil was developed and used to monitor plasma drug levels in patients on both single- and combined-agent chemotherapy. Fluorouracil is extracted from plasma, derivatized by flash methylation, and estimated using a thermionic nitrogen-phosphorus detector. The GLC determination was accurate at concentrations as low as Q.1 microgram/ml of human plasma. Other drugs commonly used in combination with fluorouracil did not interfere with the assay.", "contents": "Use of a nitrogen detector for GLC determination of fluorouracil in plasma during single- and combined-agent chemotherapy. A GLC assay for fluorouracil was developed and used to monitor plasma drug levels in patients on both single- and combined-agent chemotherapy. Fluorouracil is extracted from plasma, derivatized by flash methylation, and estimated using a thermionic nitrogen-phosphorus detector. The GLC determination was accurate at concentrations as low as Q.1 microgram/ml of human plasma. Other drugs commonly used in combination with fluorouracil did not interfere with the assay.", "PMID": 702315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1132", "title": "Studies on bitolterol, di-p-toluate ester of N-tert.-butylarterenol: a new long-acting bronchodilator with reduced cardiovascular effects.", "content": "The bronchodilator activity of bitolterol, the di-p-toluate ester of N-tert.-butylarterenol (N-t-B) was evaluated by comparing it with the activity of the parent compound (N-t-B), isoproterenol and in some experiments with salbutamol in the anesthetized, open-chest dog maintained under artificial respiration. Bronchodilation was expressed as percent inhibition of the control bronchoconstriction induced by intravenous carbachol or histamine. At equiactive intravenous bronchodilator doses, the duration of action of bitolterol was 10 times that of N-t-B or isoproterenol. In the cardiovascular studies in anesthetized dogs, chronotropic, inotropic and blood pressure effects of bitolterol were markedly reduced relative to its bronchodilator effect. The bronchodilator/heart rate ratio for bitolterol was 22 times that of isoproterenol and 6 times that of N-t-B or salbutamol suggesting greater selectivity for beta2 adrenoreceptors for bitolterol. A good intraduodenal bronchodilator activity with a prolonged duration of action was obtained with bitolterol when compared with N-t-B and isoproterenol. The intraduodenal/intravenous bronchodilator dose ratio for bitolterol was 2 compared with 240 and 960 for N-t-B and isoproterenol, respectively. Bitolterol showed a significantly less (P less  than .01) chronotropic effect than salbutamol at equibronchodilator doses (ED60) by intraduodenal or aerosol administration. A similar difference in chronotropic effect was observed in the unanesthetized dog. The prolonged bronchodilator effect of bitolterol was attributed to high concentration of the ester in lung tissues and to its slow hydrolysis, gradually releasing the active catecholamine, N-t-B.", "contents": "Studies on bitolterol, di-p-toluate ester of N-tert.-butylarterenol: a new long-acting bronchodilator with reduced cardiovascular effects. The bronchodilator activity of bitolterol, the di-p-toluate ester of N-tert.-butylarterenol (N-t-B) was evaluated by comparing it with the activity of the parent compound (N-t-B), isoproterenol and in some experiments with salbutamol in the anesthetized, open-chest dog maintained under artificial respiration. Bronchodilation was expressed as percent inhibition of the control bronchoconstriction induced by intravenous carbachol or histamine. At equiactive intravenous bronchodilator doses, the duration of action of bitolterol was 10 times that of N-t-B or isoproterenol. In the cardiovascular studies in anesthetized dogs, chronotropic, inotropic and blood pressure effects of bitolterol were markedly reduced relative to its bronchodilator effect. The bronchodilator/heart rate ratio for bitolterol was 22 times that of isoproterenol and 6 times that of N-t-B or salbutamol suggesting greater selectivity for beta2 adrenoreceptors for bitolterol. A good intraduodenal bronchodilator activity with a prolonged duration of action was obtained with bitolterol when compared with N-t-B and isoproterenol. The intraduodenal/intravenous bronchodilator dose ratio for bitolterol was 2 compared with 240 and 960 for N-t-B and isoproterenol, respectively. Bitolterol showed a significantly less (P less  than .01) chronotropic effect than salbutamol at equibronchodilator doses (ED60) by intraduodenal or aerosol administration. A similar difference in chronotropic effect was observed in the unanesthetized dog. The prolonged bronchodilator effect of bitolterol was attributed to high concentration of the ester in lung tissues and to its slow hydrolysis, gradually releasing the active catecholamine, N-t-B.", "PMID": 702319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1133", "title": "The cardiovascular effects of the antihypertensive drug debrisoquin: A contribution to the pharmacology of chronic treatment. II. Eight-week administration to dogs.", "content": "Debrisoquin was administered twice daily at the dose of 2.5 mg/kg p.o. to normotensive mongrel dogs for 8 weeks. Weekly measurements of systolic blood pressure in the conscious animals revealed a drug-induced fall by 10 to 12 mm Hg which was fully developed after 2 weeks and was maintained throughout the treatment period. Body weight, blood volume, hematocrit and plasma sodium and potassium did not change significantly under debrisoquin while there was a slight but just significant increase in plasma volume. No adverse effects were observed. Sixteen hours after the last dose, the animals were anesthetized with chloralose-urethane and subjected to several hemodynamic and biochemical measurements. The following results obtained after prolonged treatment with debrisoquin were not different from those after subacute administration (1-week treatment) reported in the preceding paper: decrease in blood pressure and cardiac output, reduction of the pressor response to bilateral carotid occlusion and of the vasoconstrictor effect of sympathetic nerve stimulation in the perfused hind legs and the isolated perfused mesenteric arteries, decrease in sympathetic tone to the vasculature of the hind leg and depletion of norepinephrine from adrenergic nerve endings. The sensitivity of arterial blood vessels to norepinephrine was not altered. However, the bradycardic effects of debrisoquin did fade in the course of the treatment. The results indicate the absence of the development of tolerance to nearly all cardiovascular effects of debrisoquin during a treatment of 8 weeks.", "contents": "The cardiovascular effects of the antihypertensive drug debrisoquin: A contribution to the pharmacology of chronic treatment. II. Eight-week administration to dogs. Debrisoquin was administered twice daily at the dose of 2.5 mg/kg p.o. to normotensive mongrel dogs for 8 weeks. Weekly measurements of systolic blood pressure in the conscious animals revealed a drug-induced fall by 10 to 12 mm Hg which was fully developed after 2 weeks and was maintained throughout the treatment period. Body weight, blood volume, hematocrit and plasma sodium and potassium did not change significantly under debrisoquin while there was a slight but just significant increase in plasma volume. No adverse effects were observed. Sixteen hours after the last dose, the animals were anesthetized with chloralose-urethane and subjected to several hemodynamic and biochemical measurements. The following results obtained after prolonged treatment with debrisoquin were not different from those after subacute administration (1-week treatment) reported in the preceding paper: decrease in blood pressure and cardiac output, reduction of the pressor response to bilateral carotid occlusion and of the vasoconstrictor effect of sympathetic nerve stimulation in the perfused hind legs and the isolated perfused mesenteric arteries, decrease in sympathetic tone to the vasculature of the hind leg and depletion of norepinephrine from adrenergic nerve endings. The sensitivity of arterial blood vessels to norepinephrine was not altered. However, the bradycardic effects of debrisoquin did fade in the course of the treatment. The results indicate the absence of the development of tolerance to nearly all cardiovascular effects of debrisoquin during a treatment of 8 weeks.", "PMID": 702320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1134", "title": "A study of the effect of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) on mammalian salivary flow.", "content": "delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) caused no change in either pilocarpine or acetylcholine (ACh)-stimulated salivary flow of the cat but significantly decreased salivary flow from the submaxillary gland of the car and dog during electrical stimulation of the chorda tympani. In contributing to this effect, delta 9-THC significantly decreased (47%) basal arterial blood flow to the submaxillary gland of the dog and markedly reduced (51%) the stimulated blood flow to the gland produced by electrical stimulation of the chorda tympani. The decrease in stimulated blood flow by delta 9-THC suggested an effect on the ACh of the gland. No decrease in the synthesis of ACh could be demonstrated in the submaxillary gland of the dog. A significant decrease (37%) in the release of ACh from transmurally stimulated guinea-pig ileum, a model tissue, was produced by delta 9-THC. These data suggest that delta 9-THC decreases electrically stimulated salivary flow by a mechanism involving the decrease in release of ACh which results in a reduction of blood flow to the submaxillary gland, and, also, less ACh for stimulation of the secretory cells of the gland.", "contents": "A study of the effect of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) on mammalian salivary flow. delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) caused no change in either pilocarpine or acetylcholine (ACh)-stimulated salivary flow of the cat but significantly decreased salivary flow from the submaxillary gland of the car and dog during electrical stimulation of the chorda tympani. In contributing to this effect, delta 9-THC significantly decreased (47%) basal arterial blood flow to the submaxillary gland of the dog and markedly reduced (51%) the stimulated blood flow to the gland produced by electrical stimulation of the chorda tympani. The decrease in stimulated blood flow by delta 9-THC suggested an effect on the ACh of the gland. No decrease in the synthesis of ACh could be demonstrated in the submaxillary gland of the dog. A significant decrease (37%) in the release of ACh from transmurally stimulated guinea-pig ileum, a model tissue, was produced by delta 9-THC. These data suggest that delta 9-THC decreases electrically stimulated salivary flow by a mechanism involving the decrease in release of ACh which results in a reduction of blood flow to the submaxillary gland, and, also, less ACh for stimulation of the secretory cells of the gland.", "PMID": 702321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1135", "title": "Hepatotoxicity and metabolism of iproniazid and isopropylhydrazine.", "content": "Iproniazid (1-isonicotinoyl-2-isopropylhydrazine), an antidepressant drug removed from clinical use because of hepatic injury, and isopropylhydrazine, a metabolite of iproniazid, were found to be potent hepatotoxins in rats. This animal model was used in studies in vivo and in vitro to define better the biochemical and chemical mechanism(s) by which iproniazid and isopropylhydrazine mediate hepatotoxicity. Phenobarbital, an inducer of a class of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 enzymes, greatly potentiated the necrosis, whereas inhibitors of these microsomal enzymes such as cobalt chloride, piperonyl butoxide and alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate, prevented the necrosis. Bis-para-nitrophenyl phosphate, an inhibitor of esterase and amidase enzymes, prevented the necrosis caused by iproniazid but had no effect on the necrosis caused by isopropylhydrazine. Iproniazid and isopropylhydrazine labeled with tritium or carbon-14 in the isopropyl group were found to bind covalently to hepatic tissue macromolecules, and those pretreatments that increased hepatic necrosis significantly increased covalent binding, whereas those pretreatments which prevented necrosis significantly decreased covalent binding. Iproniazid labeled with tritium in the pyridine ring or carbon-14 in the carbonyl group did not bind significantly to hepatic tissue. Rats that were given iproniazid or isopropylhydrazine, labeled specifically with tritium and carbon-14 on the c-2 methine position of the isopropyl group, expired acetone and carbon dioxide labeled with carbon-14. More importantly, propane was expired and contained a ratio of 3H/14C that was identical to that in the administered iproniazid or isopropylhydrazine and also identical to the 3H/14C ratio of the metabolite that was covalently bound to hepatic tissue macromolecules. Experiments carried out with rat liver microsomes and isopropylhydrazine specifically labeled with deuterium, tritium and carbon-14 support the view that isopropylhydrazine is the metabolite of iproniazid that is oxidized by a microsomal P-450 enzyme to a species that alkylates tissue macromolecules. Some of the urinary metabolites excreted by rats that were administered hepatotoxic doses of iproniazid and isopropylhydrazine have been identified by cochromatography and isotope dilution with synthetic standards and by comparative mass spectra. Compounds excreted into the urine of rats dosed with iproniazid include iproniazid, iproniazid-1-oxide, isonicotinic acid, isonicotinoyl glycine, acetylisoniazid, isopropylhydrazine, 1-acetyl-2-isopropylhydrazine and acetone. Isopropylhydrazine, 1-acetyl-2-isopropylhydrazine, and acetone have been found in the urine of animals administered toxic doses of isopropylhydrazine.", "contents": "Hepatotoxicity and metabolism of iproniazid and isopropylhydrazine. Iproniazid (1-isonicotinoyl-2-isopropylhydrazine), an antidepressant drug removed from clinical use because of hepatic injury, and isopropylhydrazine, a metabolite of iproniazid, were found to be potent hepatotoxins in rats. This animal model was used in studies in vivo and in vitro to define better the biochemical and chemical mechanism(s) by which iproniazid and isopropylhydrazine mediate hepatotoxicity. Phenobarbital, an inducer of a class of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 enzymes, greatly potentiated the necrosis, whereas inhibitors of these microsomal enzymes such as cobalt chloride, piperonyl butoxide and alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate, prevented the necrosis. Bis-para-nitrophenyl phosphate, an inhibitor of esterase and amidase enzymes, prevented the necrosis caused by iproniazid but had no effect on the necrosis caused by isopropylhydrazine. Iproniazid and isopropylhydrazine labeled with tritium or carbon-14 in the isopropyl group were found to bind covalently to hepatic tissue macromolecules, and those pretreatments that increased hepatic necrosis significantly increased covalent binding, whereas those pretreatments which prevented necrosis significantly decreased covalent binding. Iproniazid labeled with tritium in the pyridine ring or carbon-14 in the carbonyl group did not bind significantly to hepatic tissue. Rats that were given iproniazid or isopropylhydrazine, labeled specifically with tritium and carbon-14 on the c-2 methine position of the isopropyl group, expired acetone and carbon dioxide labeled with carbon-14. More importantly, propane was expired and contained a ratio of 3H/14C that was identical to that in the administered iproniazid or isopropylhydrazine and also identical to the 3H/14C ratio of the metabolite that was covalently bound to hepatic tissue macromolecules. Experiments carried out with rat liver microsomes and isopropylhydrazine specifically labeled with deuterium, tritium and carbon-14 support the view that isopropylhydrazine is the metabolite of iproniazid that is oxidized by a microsomal P-450 enzyme to a species that alkylates tissue macromolecules. Some of the urinary metabolites excreted by rats that were administered hepatotoxic doses of iproniazid and isopropylhydrazine have been identified by cochromatography and isotope dilution with synthetic standards and by comparative mass spectra. Compounds excreted into the urine of rats dosed with iproniazid include iproniazid, iproniazid-1-oxide, isonicotinic acid, isonicotinoyl glycine, acetylisoniazid, isopropylhydrazine, 1-acetyl-2-isopropylhydrazine and acetone. Isopropylhydrazine, 1-acetyl-2-isopropylhydrazine, and acetone have been found in the urine of animals administered toxic doses of isopropylhydrazine.", "PMID": 702322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1136", "title": "Brain and plasma concentrations of amphetamine isomers in mice.", "content": "Brain and plasma concentrations of (+)- and (-)-amphetamine were compared as a function of dose and time after administration to mice. Doses of an amphetamine isomer contained 12 muCi of [14C]-(+) or (-)-amphetamine. Thirty minutes after administration of 2.5, 5 or 10 mg/kg i.p., (+)-amphetamine/(-)-amphetamine concentration ratios in the brain were significantly greater than 1; this ratio was less than 1 for the 15 mg/kg dose. Plasma concentration ratios were significantly greater than 1 for all doses. The ratios of +/-isomers were consistently greater than 1 in brain and plasma when determined at various times (7.5--120 min) after 2.5 and 10 mg/kg i.p. By contrast, i.v. administration of these doses resulted in no isomeric differences in brain amphetamine, alhough plasma (+)-amphetamine/(-)-amphetamine ratios remained somewhat elevated. After SKF 525-A pretreatment, the i.p. and i.v. routes resulted in similar (+)-amphetamince/(-)-amphetamine concentration ratios. These results suggest that (-)-amphetamine has a higher apparent volume of distribution (Vd) than (+)-amphetamine [Vd for (+)- and (-)-amphetamine, 2.5 mg/kg i.v. = 3.35 and 4.61 liters/kg, respectively; Vd for (+)- and (-)-amphetamine 10 mg/kg i.v. = 2.36 and 4.61 liters/kg, respectively] and that the (-)-isomer may be extracted more efficiently by the liver [plasma clearance (V) for (+)- and (-)-amphetamine 2.5 mg/kg i.v. = 6.91 and 9.09 liters/hr/kg respectively; V for (+)- and (-)-amphetamine 10 mg/kg i.v. = 2.85 and 4.33 liters/hr/kg, respectively] resulting in lower plasma and brain concentrations after i.p. administration.", "contents": "Brain and plasma concentrations of amphetamine isomers in mice. Brain and plasma concentrations of (+)- and (-)-amphetamine were compared as a function of dose and time after administration to mice. Doses of an amphetamine isomer contained 12 muCi of [14C]-(+) or (-)-amphetamine. Thirty minutes after administration of 2.5, 5 or 10 mg/kg i.p., (+)-amphetamine/(-)-amphetamine concentration ratios in the brain were significantly greater than 1; this ratio was less than 1 for the 15 mg/kg dose. Plasma concentration ratios were significantly greater than 1 for all doses. The ratios of +/-isomers were consistently greater than 1 in brain and plasma when determined at various times (7.5--120 min) after 2.5 and 10 mg/kg i.p. By contrast, i.v. administration of these doses resulted in no isomeric differences in brain amphetamine, alhough plasma (+)-amphetamine/(-)-amphetamine ratios remained somewhat elevated. After SKF 525-A pretreatment, the i.p. and i.v. routes resulted in similar (+)-amphetamince/(-)-amphetamine concentration ratios. These results suggest that (-)-amphetamine has a higher apparent volume of distribution (Vd) than (+)-amphetamine [Vd for (+)- and (-)-amphetamine, 2.5 mg/kg i.v. = 3.35 and 4.61 liters/kg, respectively; Vd for (+)- and (-)-amphetamine 10 mg/kg i.v. = 2.36 and 4.61 liters/kg, respectively] and that the (-)-isomer may be extracted more efficiently by the liver [plasma clearance (V) for (+)- and (-)-amphetamine 2.5 mg/kg i.v. = 6.91 and 9.09 liters/hr/kg respectively; V for (+)- and (-)-amphetamine 10 mg/kg i.v. = 2.85 and 4.33 liters/hr/kg, respectively] resulting in lower plasma and brain concentrations after i.p. administration.", "PMID": 702323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1137", "title": "Carrier-mediated transport of the organic cation procaine amide ethobromide by isolated rat liver parenchymal cells.", "content": "Using hepatocytes isolated by collagenase perfusion, we studied the kinetic characteristics of the uptake process for procaine amide ethobromide (PAEB). Determination of initial uptake velocities (Vo) at substrate concentrations from 30 to 400 micrometer demonstrated a saturable process with a Km of 54 +/- 10 micrometer and a Vmax of 0.13 +/- 0.01 nmol/min/mg of protein. Pretreatment of cells with metabolic inhibitors and reduction of the incubation temperature significantly reduced the Vo of 100 micrometer PAEB. Replacement of sodium ions with lithium had no effect, while replacement with choline decreased Vo by 75%. The intracellular concentration of PAEB was 18 times the medium concentration after 90 min, but 33% of that was in the acetylated form. Uptake of N4-acetyl PAEB occurred at a much lower rate and reached a cell/medium ratio of only 6 after 90 min. Only one of seven quaternary amines tested inhibited PAEB uptake at an inhibitor/substrate ratio (I/S) of 7.5, while four out of five tertiary amines significantly decreased Vo at an I/S of 0.75 and all five decreased it at a ratio of 7.5. Some organic acids and steroidal compounds also significantly decreased PAEB Vo at an I/S of 0.75, while others from each group had no effect at an I/S of 7.5. Because uptake is saturable, requires metabolic energy, and occurs against an electrochemical gradient, it is suggested that the hepatic accumulation of PAEB occurs via an active, carrier-medicated transport process.", "contents": "Carrier-mediated transport of the organic cation procaine amide ethobromide by isolated rat liver parenchymal cells. Using hepatocytes isolated by collagenase perfusion, we studied the kinetic characteristics of the uptake process for procaine amide ethobromide (PAEB). Determination of initial uptake velocities (Vo) at substrate concentrations from 30 to 400 micrometer demonstrated a saturable process with a Km of 54 +/- 10 micrometer and a Vmax of 0.13 +/- 0.01 nmol/min/mg of protein. Pretreatment of cells with metabolic inhibitors and reduction of the incubation temperature significantly reduced the Vo of 100 micrometer PAEB. Replacement of sodium ions with lithium had no effect, while replacement with choline decreased Vo by 75%. The intracellular concentration of PAEB was 18 times the medium concentration after 90 min, but 33% of that was in the acetylated form. Uptake of N4-acetyl PAEB occurred at a much lower rate and reached a cell/medium ratio of only 6 after 90 min. Only one of seven quaternary amines tested inhibited PAEB uptake at an inhibitor/substrate ratio (I/S) of 7.5, while four out of five tertiary amines significantly decreased Vo at an I/S of 0.75 and all five decreased it at a ratio of 7.5. Some organic acids and steroidal compounds also significantly decreased PAEB Vo at an I/S of 0.75, while others from each group had no effect at an I/S of 7.5. Because uptake is saturable, requires metabolic energy, and occurs against an electrochemical gradient, it is suggested that the hepatic accumulation of PAEB occurs via an active, carrier-medicated transport process.", "PMID": 702324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1138", "title": "Choleresis associated with metabolism and biliary excretion of diethyl maleate in the rat and dog.", "content": "Diethyl maleate (DEM) induces a choleresis in the rat and dog that appears to be canalicular in origin (bile flow and erythritol clearance increase equally) and occurs in the absence of an increase in bile salt excretion. Increased bile flow is probably accounted for by the osmotic activity of DEM compounds excreted into bile. These compounds represent the glutathione conjugate of DEM (DEM-GSH) and its subsequent metabolic products. Conjugation of DEM largely accounts for the depletion of hepatic GSH.", "contents": "Choleresis associated with metabolism and biliary excretion of diethyl maleate in the rat and dog. Diethyl maleate (DEM) induces a choleresis in the rat and dog that appears to be canalicular in origin (bile flow and erythritol clearance increase equally) and occurs in the absence of an increase in bile salt excretion. Increased bile flow is probably accounted for by the osmotic activity of DEM compounds excreted into bile. These compounds represent the glutathione conjugate of DEM (DEM-GSH) and its subsequent metabolic products. Conjugation of DEM largely accounts for the depletion of hepatic GSH.", "PMID": 702325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1139", "title": "Electroencephalographic and behavioral effects of D-ala2-methionine-enkephalinamide and morphine in the rat.", "content": "Rats were prepared with chronic cortical and temporalis muscle electrodes and bilateral intraventricular (i.vt.) cannulae. The direct and voltage integrated electroencephalogram (EEG) and integrated electromyogram as well as gross behavior were monitored after the i.vt. injection of D-enkephalin (10--240 microgram), morphine (2.5--40 microgram), naloxone (25--50 microgram) or sterile water (10 microliter). EEG high-amplitude slow-frequency waves (EEG slow bursts) occurred after i.vt. morphine or D-enkephalin and were associated with behavioral stupor. The behavioral depressant effect was followed by behavioral arousal and EEG activation. The EEG voltage output during morphine or D-enkephalin-induced EEG slow-wave activity was dose-dependent and was correlated with the behavioral state of the rat. D-Enkephalin was less potent and shorter-acting than morphine but produced a greater maximal response with respect to increasing the EEG voltage output. The effects of D-enkephalin and morphine were antagonized by pretreatment with naloxone (10 mg/kg s.c.). On the other hand, the i.vt. injection of naloxone alone or sterile water had no disruptive effect of the EEG or behavior of the rat. The results of this study established a dose-response relationship for the i.vt. administration of morphine and D-enkephalin using the direct and voltage integrated EEG. The demonstrated difference in maximal EEG response between morphine and D-enkephalin supports the contention that heterogenous opiate receptors in the brain may mediate their effects.", "contents": "Electroencephalographic and behavioral effects of D-ala2-methionine-enkephalinamide and morphine in the rat. Rats were prepared with chronic cortical and temporalis muscle electrodes and bilateral intraventricular (i.vt.) cannulae. The direct and voltage integrated electroencephalogram (EEG) and integrated electromyogram as well as gross behavior were monitored after the i.vt. injection of D-enkephalin (10--240 microgram), morphine (2.5--40 microgram), naloxone (25--50 microgram) or sterile water (10 microliter). EEG high-amplitude slow-frequency waves (EEG slow bursts) occurred after i.vt. morphine or D-enkephalin and were associated with behavioral stupor. The behavioral depressant effect was followed by behavioral arousal and EEG activation. The EEG voltage output during morphine or D-enkephalin-induced EEG slow-wave activity was dose-dependent and was correlated with the behavioral state of the rat. D-Enkephalin was less potent and shorter-acting than morphine but produced a greater maximal response with respect to increasing the EEG voltage output. The effects of D-enkephalin and morphine were antagonized by pretreatment with naloxone (10 mg/kg s.c.). On the other hand, the i.vt. injection of naloxone alone or sterile water had no disruptive effect of the EEG or behavior of the rat. The results of this study established a dose-response relationship for the i.vt. administration of morphine and D-enkephalin using the direct and voltage integrated EEG. The demonstrated difference in maximal EEG response between morphine and D-enkephalin supports the contention that heterogenous opiate receptors in the brain may mediate their effects.", "PMID": 702326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1140", "title": "Central cholinergic and noradrenergic stimulation in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "In order to test the integrity of central receptors, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) of the Okamoto strain and weight-matched control rats of the Wistar Kyoto (WKY) strain were given intracerebroventricular (i.vt.) injections of carbachol and norepinephrine. The rats, in an unanesthetized, unrestrained state, were tested for drinking, antidiuretic and pressor responses. Antidiuretic hormone release was determined by using water loaded, diuresing rats as their own antidiuretic hormone bioassay. Blood pressure was measured directly from a femoral artery catheter. Drinking responses to i.vt. carbachol and antidiuretic responses to i.vt. carbachol and norepinephrine infusions were not different between SHR and WKY while pressor responses were potentiated in SHR. The potentiated pressor responses to central carbachol and norepinephrine injections were the result of increased vascular responsiveness to the antidiuretic hormone released by these drugs. A second, neurally mediated, factor was also apparent to i.vt. carbachol injections. This additional factor could be increased sympathetic outflow to central drug stimulation, increased vascular reactivity to sympathetic outflow, decreased baroreflex responses or a combination of the above.", "contents": "Central cholinergic and noradrenergic stimulation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. In order to test the integrity of central receptors, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) of the Okamoto strain and weight-matched control rats of the Wistar Kyoto (WKY) strain were given intracerebroventricular (i.vt.) injections of carbachol and norepinephrine. The rats, in an unanesthetized, unrestrained state, were tested for drinking, antidiuretic and pressor responses. Antidiuretic hormone release was determined by using water loaded, diuresing rats as their own antidiuretic hormone bioassay. Blood pressure was measured directly from a femoral artery catheter. Drinking responses to i.vt. carbachol and antidiuretic responses to i.vt. carbachol and norepinephrine infusions were not different between SHR and WKY while pressor responses were potentiated in SHR. The potentiated pressor responses to central carbachol and norepinephrine injections were the result of increased vascular responsiveness to the antidiuretic hormone released by these drugs. A second, neurally mediated, factor was also apparent to i.vt. carbachol injections. This additional factor could be increased sympathetic outflow to central drug stimulation, increased vascular reactivity to sympathetic outflow, decreased baroreflex responses or a combination of the above.", "PMID": 702327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1141", "title": "Handling of triamterene by the isolated perfused rat kidney.", "content": "Quantitative studies on the renal handling of [3H]triamterene were performed in an isolated perfused rat kidney with near normal function and in an isolated kidney with negligible filtration rate, but preserved perfusate flow rate. The excretory pattern for [3H]triamterene is compatible with that of other weak bases such as quinine and quinacrine. Tubular secretion of [3H]triamterene is strongly inhibited by anoxia and iodoacetate. Tubular reabsorption of [3H]triamterene becomes pronounced when the urine is alkaline. Clearances were reported with and without correction for perfusate albumin binding which is about 75%. Bidirectional transport processes are operative in that [3H]triamterene is secreted by the renal tubule and passively diffuses back across the tubular epithelium by a pH-dependent mechanism.", "contents": "Handling of triamterene by the isolated perfused rat kidney. Quantitative studies on the renal handling of [3H]triamterene were performed in an isolated perfused rat kidney with near normal function and in an isolated kidney with negligible filtration rate, but preserved perfusate flow rate. The excretory pattern for [3H]triamterene is compatible with that of other weak bases such as quinine and quinacrine. Tubular secretion of [3H]triamterene is strongly inhibited by anoxia and iodoacetate. Tubular reabsorption of [3H]triamterene becomes pronounced when the urine is alkaline. Clearances were reported with and without correction for perfusate albumin binding which is about 75%. Bidirectional transport processes are operative in that [3H]triamterene is secreted by the renal tubule and passively diffuses back across the tubular epithelium by a pH-dependent mechanism.", "PMID": 702330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1142", "title": "Methadone-induced respiratory depression in the dog: comparison of steady-state and rebreathing techniques and correlation with serum drug concentration.", "content": "The respiratory effect of di-methadone administered subcutaneously was examined in awake, unsedated female Labrador retrievers in which a chronic tracheostomy had been established. Respiratory depression was determined from the change in ventilatory response to carbon dioxide. Two methods for assessing the response were evaluated and compared, namely the classical steady-state and rebreathing techniques. Maximal methadone-induced respiratory depression after administration of 2 mg/kg of dl-methadone occurred by 1 hr as detected by both methods, but the magnitude of the response as detected by the steady-state technique was significantly greater. At 8 hr significant respiratory depression was still detectable by the steady-state but not by the rebreathing technique. At comparable serum drug levels, the rebreathing method consistently detected a smaller degree of drug-induced respiratory depression. Methadone administration produced a decrease in slope of the ventilation-response curve which was significant at 1 and 2 hr for both methods. Slopes of the response curves obtained at pretreatment control measurements were markedly different for the two techniques, being significantly greater for the rebreathing method. Serum dl-methadone concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay. The mean serum half-life of methadone was 4.7 hr. There was excellent correlation between the logarithm of serum drug concentration and drug-induced respiratory depression as measured by either technique.", "contents": "Methadone-induced respiratory depression in the dog: comparison of steady-state and rebreathing techniques and correlation with serum drug concentration. The respiratory effect of di-methadone administered subcutaneously was examined in awake, unsedated female Labrador retrievers in which a chronic tracheostomy had been established. Respiratory depression was determined from the change in ventilatory response to carbon dioxide. Two methods for assessing the response were evaluated and compared, namely the classical steady-state and rebreathing techniques. Maximal methadone-induced respiratory depression after administration of 2 mg/kg of dl-methadone occurred by 1 hr as detected by both methods, but the magnitude of the response as detected by the steady-state technique was significantly greater. At 8 hr significant respiratory depression was still detectable by the steady-state but not by the rebreathing technique. At comparable serum drug levels, the rebreathing method consistently detected a smaller degree of drug-induced respiratory depression. Methadone administration produced a decrease in slope of the ventilation-response curve which was significant at 1 and 2 hr for both methods. Slopes of the response curves obtained at pretreatment control measurements were markedly different for the two techniques, being significantly greater for the rebreathing method. Serum dl-methadone concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay. The mean serum half-life of methadone was 4.7 hr. There was excellent correlation between the logarithm of serum drug concentration and drug-induced respiratory depression as measured by either technique.", "PMID": 702333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1143", "title": "Interaction of methadone and ethanol metabolism.", "content": "To determine whether there might be a physiologic basis for the abuse of ethanol by methadone maintenance patients, studies of methadone metabolism were conducted in vivo and in vitro after acute and chronic ethanol administration to rats. Acute administration of ethanol resulted in increased brain and liver concentrations of methadone at two time periods and decreased biliary output of pharmacologically active methadone measured by radioactive tracer technique with [3H]methadone. In vitro, ethanol inhibited N-demethylation of methadone by microsomes from livers of naive rats, with a Ki averaging 32 mM (146 mg/kl). Also, methadone metabolism was inhibited by carbon monoxide indicating cytochrome P-450 dependence as is the case for ethanol. Chronic administration of ethanol to rats led to decreased levels of unmetabolized methadone in brain and liver, in vivo, and to increased microsomal N-demethylation of methadone, in vitro, compared to pair-fed controls. Therefore, acute ethanol administration may enhance cerebral effects of methadone by interfering with degradation of methadone at liver microsomal sites. Chronic ethanol administration increases methadone metabolism by stimulating degradation in liver microsomes.", "contents": "Interaction of methadone and ethanol metabolism. To determine whether there might be a physiologic basis for the abuse of ethanol by methadone maintenance patients, studies of methadone metabolism were conducted in vivo and in vitro after acute and chronic ethanol administration to rats. Acute administration of ethanol resulted in increased brain and liver concentrations of methadone at two time periods and decreased biliary output of pharmacologically active methadone measured by radioactive tracer technique with [3H]methadone. In vitro, ethanol inhibited N-demethylation of methadone by microsomes from livers of naive rats, with a Ki averaging 32 mM (146 mg/kl). Also, methadone metabolism was inhibited by carbon monoxide indicating cytochrome P-450 dependence as is the case for ethanol. Chronic administration of ethanol to rats led to decreased levels of unmetabolized methadone in brain and liver, in vivo, and to increased microsomal N-demethylation of methadone, in vitro, compared to pair-fed controls. Therefore, acute ethanol administration may enhance cerebral effects of methadone by interfering with degradation of methadone at liver microsomal sites. Chronic ethanol administration increases methadone metabolism by stimulating degradation in liver microsomes.", "PMID": 702334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1144", "title": "The effect of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the conversion of [3H]trypotphan to 5-[3H] hydroxytryptamine in the mouse brain.", "content": "The effects of a 30-min pretreatment with varying doses of delta9-tetrahydrocannibinol (delta9-THC) on the synthesis of 5-[3H]hydroxytryptamine (5-[3H]HT) from an intravenous 10-min pulse of L-[3H]tryptophan ([3H]try) were measured in the mouse brain. We also determined the effects of delta9-THC on several parameters believed to influence the synthesis of brain 5-HT, including total and free plasma tryptophan and the high-affinity synaptosomal uptake of tryptophan. Delta9-THC was found to increase the amount of [3H]try accumulated by the brain as well as the amount of 5-[3H]HT synthesized. This effect was greater at intermediate doses than at the highest dose tested. However, delta9-THC was determined to have no effect on the actual rate of conversion of [3H]try into 5-[3H]HT at any dose tested. Delta9-THC had no effect on either plasma tyrosine ot free tryptophan levels. However, delta9-THC decreased total plasma tryptophan at low and intermediate doses, but had no effect at the highest dose tested. Synaptosomal uptake of [3H]try was unaffected by pretreatment with delta9-THC at any dose tested. These data suggest that delta9-THC increases the synthesis of 5-HT, not by altering the actual rate of conversion of tryptophan to 5-HT, but by altering, via an unknown mechanism, the quantity of tryptophan available for conversion to 5-HT.", "contents": "The effect of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the conversion of [3H]trypotphan to 5-[3H] hydroxytryptamine in the mouse brain. The effects of a 30-min pretreatment with varying doses of delta9-tetrahydrocannibinol (delta9-THC) on the synthesis of 5-[3H]hydroxytryptamine (5-[3H]HT) from an intravenous 10-min pulse of L-[3H]tryptophan ([3H]try) were measured in the mouse brain. We also determined the effects of delta9-THC on several parameters believed to influence the synthesis of brain 5-HT, including total and free plasma tryptophan and the high-affinity synaptosomal uptake of tryptophan. Delta9-THC was found to increase the amount of [3H]try accumulated by the brain as well as the amount of 5-[3H]HT synthesized. This effect was greater at intermediate doses than at the highest dose tested. However, delta9-THC was determined to have no effect on the actual rate of conversion of [3H]try into 5-[3H]HT at any dose tested. Delta9-THC had no effect on either plasma tyrosine ot free tryptophan levels. However, delta9-THC decreased total plasma tryptophan at low and intermediate doses, but had no effect at the highest dose tested. Synaptosomal uptake of [3H]try was unaffected by pretreatment with delta9-THC at any dose tested. These data suggest that delta9-THC increases the synthesis of 5-HT, not by altering the actual rate of conversion of tryptophan to 5-HT, but by altering, via an unknown mechanism, the quantity of tryptophan available for conversion to 5-HT.", "PMID": 702335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1145", "title": "N,N-Di-n-propyl dopamine: a qualitatively different dopamine vascular agonist.", "content": "N,N-di-n-propyl dopamine (DPDA) dilates the renal vascular bed by action on dopamine (DA) vascular receptors. In phenoxybenzamine-treated dogs DPDA caused dose-related increments in renal blood flow with an ED50 approximately 15 to 30 times greater than DA. The renal vasodilation was not antagonized by propranolol, antihistamines, atropine or hexamethonium, but was attenuated specifically by the DA antagonists metoclopramide and haloperidol. DPDA lacked beta adrenergic activity. In doses up to 480 microgram/kg i.v. DPDA had no effect on cardiac contractile force, whereas the minimal effective dose of DA is usually less than 8 microgram/kg. Increments in femoral or renal blood flow produced by DPDA were not antagonized by propranolol. DPDA and DA also differed in their effects on the femoral vascular bed. Before administration of phenoxybenzamine DPDA caused vasodilation while DA typically produced dose-related vasoconstriction. DPDA-induced femoral vasodilation was markedly attenuated by phenoxybenzamine and hexamethonium in contrast to renal vasodilation which was not affected by these drugs. DPDA was also a weaker vasoconstrictor than DA. These findings demonstrate that it is possible to synthesize DA vascular agonists with qualitatively different pharmacological profile than DA.", "contents": "N,N-Di-n-propyl dopamine: a qualitatively different dopamine vascular agonist. N,N-di-n-propyl dopamine (DPDA) dilates the renal vascular bed by action on dopamine (DA) vascular receptors. In phenoxybenzamine-treated dogs DPDA caused dose-related increments in renal blood flow with an ED50 approximately 15 to 30 times greater than DA. The renal vasodilation was not antagonized by propranolol, antihistamines, atropine or hexamethonium, but was attenuated specifically by the DA antagonists metoclopramide and haloperidol. DPDA lacked beta adrenergic activity. In doses up to 480 microgram/kg i.v. DPDA had no effect on cardiac contractile force, whereas the minimal effective dose of DA is usually less than 8 microgram/kg. Increments in femoral or renal blood flow produced by DPDA were not antagonized by propranolol. DPDA and DA also differed in their effects on the femoral vascular bed. Before administration of phenoxybenzamine DPDA caused vasodilation while DA typically produced dose-related vasoconstriction. DPDA-induced femoral vasodilation was markedly attenuated by phenoxybenzamine and hexamethonium in contrast to renal vasodilation which was not affected by these drugs. DPDA was also a weaker vasoconstrictor than DA. These findings demonstrate that it is possible to synthesize DA vascular agonists with qualitatively different pharmacological profile than DA.", "PMID": 702336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1146", "title": "Structure-activity relationships of natural and synthetic cannabinoids in suppression of humoral and cell-mediated immunity.", "content": "Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC) a psychoactive constituent of marihuana, has been shown in previous studies to suppress humoral and cell-mediated immunity. The objective of this study was to determine whether structural modification of delta-9-THC would result in a more potent immunosuppressant agent devoid of central nervous system activity. The ED50 for reduction of the humoral immune response to sheep erythrocytes as measured by spleen plaque forming cells/10(6) spleen cells was 70 mg/kg for delta-9-THC. Delta-8-THC, 1-methyl delta-8-THC and abnormal delta-8-THC were more potent with ED50 values of 14, 13 and 8 mg/kg, respectively. Cell-mediated immunity was evaluated by a delayed-type hypersensitivity response to sheep erythrocytes. At doses of 100 mg/kg s.c. for 4 days, the cannabinoids suppressed the delayed-type hypersensitivity response from 35 to 64%. These data show that the cannabinoids can cause immunosuppression which is not related to central nervous system activity since 1-methyl delta-8-THC and abnormal delta-8-THC have minimal central nervous system activity.", "contents": "Structure-activity relationships of natural and synthetic cannabinoids in suppression of humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC) a psychoactive constituent of marihuana, has been shown in previous studies to suppress humoral and cell-mediated immunity. The objective of this study was to determine whether structural modification of delta-9-THC would result in a more potent immunosuppressant agent devoid of central nervous system activity. The ED50 for reduction of the humoral immune response to sheep erythrocytes as measured by spleen plaque forming cells/10(6) spleen cells was 70 mg/kg for delta-9-THC. Delta-8-THC, 1-methyl delta-8-THC and abnormal delta-8-THC were more potent with ED50 values of 14, 13 and 8 mg/kg, respectively. Cell-mediated immunity was evaluated by a delayed-type hypersensitivity response to sheep erythrocytes. At doses of 100 mg/kg s.c. for 4 days, the cannabinoids suppressed the delayed-type hypersensitivity response from 35 to 64%. These data show that the cannabinoids can cause immunosuppression which is not related to central nervous system activity since 1-methyl delta-8-THC and abnormal delta-8-THC have minimal central nervous system activity.", "PMID": 702337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1147", "title": "Kinetics of metabolite formation and elimination in the perfused rat liver preparation: differences between the elimination of preformed acetaminophen and acetaminophen formed from phenacetin.", "content": "Both [14C]phenacetin and [3H]acetaminophen in tracer concentrations were perfused simultaneously once through the rat liver preparation at a constant perfusate flow rate (10 ml/min), and the rates of appearance of [14C]acetaminophen and [3H]acetaminophen in the effluent were compared. The data indicated that the extraction ratio of [14C]acetaminophen derived from [14C]phenacetin was smaller than that of the preformed [3H]acetaminophen added to the input perfusate (exogenously), i.e., the availability of the metabolite formed in situ was higher than the availability obtained when the metabolite was presented in the input blood. The observed availability of the acetaminophen derived from phenacetin was usually greater than that predicted by a \"well-stirred\" model and less than that predicted by a \"parallel tube\" model of hepatic drug clearance; the former model describes the liver as a well-stirred compartment with the drug in liver in equilibrium with that in the hepatic venous blood, and the latter model describes the liver as a group of identical and parallel uints with enzymes distributed evenly in hepatocytes lining the tubes. We conclude that the liver may be viewed as an imperfectly mixed compartment with regard to the availability of the metabolite which is generated from a precursor.", "contents": "Kinetics of metabolite formation and elimination in the perfused rat liver preparation: differences between the elimination of preformed acetaminophen and acetaminophen formed from phenacetin. Both [14C]phenacetin and [3H]acetaminophen in tracer concentrations were perfused simultaneously once through the rat liver preparation at a constant perfusate flow rate (10 ml/min), and the rates of appearance of [14C]acetaminophen and [3H]acetaminophen in the effluent were compared. The data indicated that the extraction ratio of [14C]acetaminophen derived from [14C]phenacetin was smaller than that of the preformed [3H]acetaminophen added to the input perfusate (exogenously), i.e., the availability of the metabolite formed in situ was higher than the availability obtained when the metabolite was presented in the input blood. The observed availability of the acetaminophen derived from phenacetin was usually greater than that predicted by a \"well-stirred\" model and less than that predicted by a \"parallel tube\" model of hepatic drug clearance; the former model describes the liver as a well-stirred compartment with the drug in liver in equilibrium with that in the hepatic venous blood, and the latter model describes the liver as a group of identical and parallel uints with enzymes distributed evenly in hepatocytes lining the tubes. We conclude that the liver may be viewed as an imperfectly mixed compartment with regard to the availability of the metabolite which is generated from a precursor.", "PMID": 702339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1148", "title": "Disposition of clonidine in rats as determined by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "The disposition of the potent antihypertensive drug clonidine has been poorly understood through the lack of a convenient and sensitive assay. A radioimmunoassay for clonidine has been developed and is capable of detecting as little as 10 pg of clonidine. 2,6-Dichlorophenyl-guanidine, a known metabolite of clonidine, did not cross-react with the antiserum whereas another metabolite, 4-hydroxyclonidine, was as potent as clonidine in displacing labeled clonidine from the antibody. However, a simple solvent extraction step before the radioimmunoassay selectively extracted clonidine from a mixture of clonidine and 4-hydroxyclonidine in alkaline plasma and this procedure permitted a specific assay for clonidine. The plasma levels of clonidine in rats after the administration of a hypotensive dose (100 microgram/kg i.v.) were determined by radioimmunoassay and these data indicated that the disposition of clonidine conforms to an open two-compartment, pharmacokinetic model. Clonidine rapidly accumulated in the brain as shown by the attainment of peak concentrations within 2 min of i.v. injection.", "contents": "Disposition of clonidine in rats as determined by radioimmunoassay. The disposition of the potent antihypertensive drug clonidine has been poorly understood through the lack of a convenient and sensitive assay. A radioimmunoassay for clonidine has been developed and is capable of detecting as little as 10 pg of clonidine. 2,6-Dichlorophenyl-guanidine, a known metabolite of clonidine, did not cross-react with the antiserum whereas another metabolite, 4-hydroxyclonidine, was as potent as clonidine in displacing labeled clonidine from the antibody. However, a simple solvent extraction step before the radioimmunoassay selectively extracted clonidine from a mixture of clonidine and 4-hydroxyclonidine in alkaline plasma and this procedure permitted a specific assay for clonidine. The plasma levels of clonidine in rats after the administration of a hypotensive dose (100 microgram/kg i.v.) were determined by radioimmunoassay and these data indicated that the disposition of clonidine conforms to an open two-compartment, pharmacokinetic model. Clonidine rapidly accumulated in the brain as shown by the attainment of peak concentrations within 2 min of i.v. injection.", "PMID": 702340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1149", "title": "Spin-label study of phenothiazine interactions with erythrocyte ghost membranes: a possible membrane-mediated antisickling action.", "content": "Erythrocyte membrane alterations by 11 phenothiazine derivatives known to inhibit the sickling phenomenon in vitro have been evaluated in ghosts by the spin-labeling technique. Four sulfydryl-reactive spin labels were employed: 4-maleimido-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinooxyl; 4-(2-iodoacetamido)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinooxyl; 3-[(2-iodoacetamido)methyl]-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxyl; and 3-(maleimidomethyl)-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidiny-loxyl. The latter spin label was judged most useful since its spectrum was sensitive to subtle perturbations by drugs spanning a considerable potency range. An increase in spin-probe immobilization was induced by each drug with approximate relative potencies given by the order: desmethylchlorpromazine congruent to thioridazine congruent to fluphenazine congruent to prochlorperazine congruent to trifluoperazine greater than acetophenazine congruent to triflupromazine congruent to chlorpromazine greater than promazine greater than promethazine greater than perphenazine. This order correlates (P less than .01) with their antisickling potency in vitro.", "contents": "Spin-label study of phenothiazine interactions with erythrocyte ghost membranes: a possible membrane-mediated antisickling action. Erythrocyte membrane alterations by 11 phenothiazine derivatives known to inhibit the sickling phenomenon in vitro have been evaluated in ghosts by the spin-labeling technique. Four sulfydryl-reactive spin labels were employed: 4-maleimido-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinooxyl; 4-(2-iodoacetamido)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinooxyl; 3-[(2-iodoacetamido)methyl]-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxyl; and 3-(maleimidomethyl)-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidiny-loxyl. The latter spin label was judged most useful since its spectrum was sensitive to subtle perturbations by drugs spanning a considerable potency range. An increase in spin-probe immobilization was induced by each drug with approximate relative potencies given by the order: desmethylchlorpromazine congruent to thioridazine congruent to fluphenazine congruent to prochlorperazine congruent to trifluoperazine greater than acetophenazine congruent to triflupromazine congruent to chlorpromazine greater than promazine greater than promethazine greater than perphenazine. This order correlates (P less than .01) with their antisickling potency in vitro.", "PMID": 702341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1150", "title": "Renal effects of bumetanide.", "content": "Effects of bumetanide (2.5, 25 and 250 microgram/kg i.v.) on renal hemodynamics and function were investigated in anesthetized dogs using clearance methods, stop-flow analysis and radioactive microsphere. Under conditions of mild isotonic saline loading, significant diuresis was observed within 5 min after the injection of 25 and 250 microgram/kg of the drug, and with the higher dose, a maximal fractional sodium excretion of 34% was observed. The dose of 250 microgram/kg of bumetanide caused a significant 44% increase in blood flow 5 min after the injection. In a hydropenic condition, the reabsorption of free water was significantly reduced, thus suggesting an inhibitory effect on the ascending limb of Henle's loop. In stop-flow experiments, inhibition of sodium reabsorption at the distal tubule was evident. Bumetanide increased blood flow in the juxtamedullary more so than in the superficial area. The increased blood flow in the juxtamedullary area also may contribute to the diuretic action of bumetanide through enhancement of the countercurrent exchange system in the renal medulla.", "contents": "Renal effects of bumetanide. Effects of bumetanide (2.5, 25 and 250 microgram/kg i.v.) on renal hemodynamics and function were investigated in anesthetized dogs using clearance methods, stop-flow analysis and radioactive microsphere. Under conditions of mild isotonic saline loading, significant diuresis was observed within 5 min after the injection of 25 and 250 microgram/kg of the drug, and with the higher dose, a maximal fractional sodium excretion of 34% was observed. The dose of 250 microgram/kg of bumetanide caused a significant 44% increase in blood flow 5 min after the injection. In a hydropenic condition, the reabsorption of free water was significantly reduced, thus suggesting an inhibitory effect on the ascending limb of Henle's loop. In stop-flow experiments, inhibition of sodium reabsorption at the distal tubule was evident. Bumetanide increased blood flow in the juxtamedullary more so than in the superficial area. The increased blood flow in the juxtamedullary area also may contribute to the diuretic action of bumetanide through enhancement of the countercurrent exchange system in the renal medulla.", "PMID": 702342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1151", "title": "Pharmacological analysis of the action of diuretics in the newborn pig.", "content": "The effects of furosemide, ethacrynic acid, hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride on renal function of newborn piglets, 5 to 10 days old, were evaluated. Furosemide and ethacrynic acid were the most effective diuretics. Furosemide infusion at 0.5 mg/kg/hr inhibited reabsorption of 21% filtered sodium and ethacrynic acid, 1 mg/kg/hr, increased fractional sodium excretion to 29%. Hydrochlorothiazide infusion produced a milder natriuresis than furosemide or ethacrynic acid. Infusion of hydrochlorothiazide at 1.0 mg/kg/hr increased fractional sodium excretion from 0.3% during the control period to 7.2%. Furosemide, ethacrynic acid and hydrochlorothiazide each increased potassium excretion to near 20 microEq/min. amiloride (1.0 mg/kg/hr) increased fractional sodium excretion from 0.2% during control period to 2.8% during drug infusion but did not affect potassium excretion. When infused in combination with furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide, amiloride increased the natriuresis and decreased the kaliuresis of both diuretics. It is concluded that the unanesthetized piglet is a good model for renal function of immature mammals and responds to diuretics in a manner qualitatively similar to adults.", "contents": "Pharmacological analysis of the action of diuretics in the newborn pig. The effects of furosemide, ethacrynic acid, hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride on renal function of newborn piglets, 5 to 10 days old, were evaluated. Furosemide and ethacrynic acid were the most effective diuretics. Furosemide infusion at 0.5 mg/kg/hr inhibited reabsorption of 21% filtered sodium and ethacrynic acid, 1 mg/kg/hr, increased fractional sodium excretion to 29%. Hydrochlorothiazide infusion produced a milder natriuresis than furosemide or ethacrynic acid. Infusion of hydrochlorothiazide at 1.0 mg/kg/hr increased fractional sodium excretion from 0.3% during the control period to 7.2%. Furosemide, ethacrynic acid and hydrochlorothiazide each increased potassium excretion to near 20 microEq/min. amiloride (1.0 mg/kg/hr) increased fractional sodium excretion from 0.2% during control period to 2.8% during drug infusion but did not affect potassium excretion. When infused in combination with furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide, amiloride increased the natriuresis and decreased the kaliuresis of both diuretics. It is concluded that the unanesthetized piglet is a good model for renal function of immature mammals and responds to diuretics in a manner qualitatively similar to adults.", "PMID": 702345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1152", "title": "Cyclophosphamide. I. Effects of survival and colony-forming cells in BDF1 L-1210-bearing mice.", "content": "A new technique is described in which L-1210 colony-forming cells and myelopoietic colony-forming cells can be assessed simultaneously from hemopoietic organs of L-1210-bearing mice. This technique was utilized to evaluate the effects of cyclophosphamide on the recovery of myelopoietic function in tumor-bearing mice. In general, changes in L-1210 colony-forming cells in bone marrows and spleens of cyclophosphamide-treated L-1210-bearing mice correlated with their mean survival time. Injection of L-1210 cells alone enhanced myelopoiesis in the spleen and injection of both cyclophosphamide and L-1210 cells resulted in a synergistic enhancement of myelopoiesis in the spleen. The results in this paper are also compatible with the hypothesis that the host defense system does regulate the growth of L-1210 cells in BDF mice.", "contents": "Cyclophosphamide. I. Effects of survival and colony-forming cells in BDF1 L-1210-bearing mice. A new technique is described in which L-1210 colony-forming cells and myelopoietic colony-forming cells can be assessed simultaneously from hemopoietic organs of L-1210-bearing mice. This technique was utilized to evaluate the effects of cyclophosphamide on the recovery of myelopoietic function in tumor-bearing mice. In general, changes in L-1210 colony-forming cells in bone marrows and spleens of cyclophosphamide-treated L-1210-bearing mice correlated with their mean survival time. Injection of L-1210 cells alone enhanced myelopoiesis in the spleen and injection of both cyclophosphamide and L-1210 cells resulted in a synergistic enhancement of myelopoiesis in the spleen. The results in this paper are also compatible with the hypothesis that the host defense system does regulate the growth of L-1210 cells in BDF mice.", "PMID": 702348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1153", "title": "Interaction of hydralazine with tension development and mechanisms of calcium accumulation in K+-stimulated rabbit aortic strips.", "content": "A study was made of the effects of hydralazine on K+ contractures in rabbit aortic strips. Measurements were made of effects on tension generation, Ca++ accumulation measured using 45Ca++ (lanthanum method) and 45Ca++ efflux. Hydralazine relaxed established K+ contractures and inhibited tension development when tissue exposure to hydralazine preceded K+ depolarization. Both the threshold and the maximum tension responses of strips to Ca++ (K+-depolarized tissues) were altered by hydralazine in a dose-dependent manner. The Ca++ uptake associated with K+ depolarization was inhibited by relaxant doses of hydralazine; however, hydralazine did not significantly affect the rate of 45Ca++ efflux. Hydralazine also raised the threshold to the inhibitory (relaxant) effects of higher (greater than 2.5 mM) bath concentrations of Ca++. It is suggested that hydralazine inhibits K+ contractures in aortic strips by interference with the entry of Ca++ into the cell, reflecting an effect of hydralazine at the cell surface membrane.", "contents": "Interaction of hydralazine with tension development and mechanisms of calcium accumulation in K+-stimulated rabbit aortic strips. A study was made of the effects of hydralazine on K+ contractures in rabbit aortic strips. Measurements were made of effects on tension generation, Ca++ accumulation measured using 45Ca++ (lanthanum method) and 45Ca++ efflux. Hydralazine relaxed established K+ contractures and inhibited tension development when tissue exposure to hydralazine preceded K+ depolarization. Both the threshold and the maximum tension responses of strips to Ca++ (K+-depolarized tissues) were altered by hydralazine in a dose-dependent manner. The Ca++ uptake associated with K+ depolarization was inhibited by relaxant doses of hydralazine; however, hydralazine did not significantly affect the rate of 45Ca++ efflux. Hydralazine also raised the threshold to the inhibitory (relaxant) effects of higher (greater than 2.5 mM) bath concentrations of Ca++. It is suggested that hydralazine inhibits K+ contractures in aortic strips by interference with the entry of Ca++ into the cell, reflecting an effect of hydralazine at the cell surface membrane.", "PMID": 702349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1154", "title": "The voltage- and time-dependent effects of (-)-verapamil on the slow inward current in isolated cat ventricular myocardium.", "content": "The effects of (-)-verapamil on the slow inward current in cat papillary muscle were investigated under voltage clamp conditions. The following results, which correlate significantly with the negative inotropic effect of the drug, were obtained: (-)-verapamil reduced the slow inward current in a highly frequency dependent manner, with greater reduction at higher frequency; at cycle intervals longer than 10 sec, the inhibition practically disappeared. As an associated phenomenon there was a stepwise decrease of slow inward current subsequent to an increase in frequency. This \"staircase\" of the current was facilitated with lowering the holding potential and was diminished by hyperpolarization. Possible mechanisms underlying the membrane action of (-)-verapamil are discussed.", "contents": "The voltage- and time-dependent effects of (-)-verapamil on the slow inward current in isolated cat ventricular myocardium. The effects of (-)-verapamil on the slow inward current in cat papillary muscle were investigated under voltage clamp conditions. The following results, which correlate significantly with the negative inotropic effect of the drug, were obtained: (-)-verapamil reduced the slow inward current in a highly frequency dependent manner, with greater reduction at higher frequency; at cycle intervals longer than 10 sec, the inhibition practically disappeared. As an associated phenomenon there was a stepwise decrease of slow inward current subsequent to an increase in frequency. This \"staircase\" of the current was facilitated with lowering the holding potential and was diminished by hyperpolarization. Possible mechanisms underlying the membrane action of (-)-verapamil are discussed.", "PMID": 702350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1155", "title": "A mechanism to explain the antihypertensive action of propranolol.", "content": "The present experiments were designed to measure the direct effects of propranolol on carotid sinus pressoreceptor nerve activity in the semi-isolated, superfused sinus of the cat. Propranolol (5 microgram/ml) significantly enhanced carotid sinus nerve activity at perfusion pressures of 100, 150 and 250 mm Hg. The enhancement was due primarily to the recruitment of new fibers. In similar preparations, perfused at constant flow, propranolol increased sinus resistance in parallel with the increase in sinus discharge. These effects were rapidly dissipated by rinsing with drug-free perfusion solution. The evidence suggests that propranolol may produce a change in either the elastic or autoregulatory modalities of sinus smooth muscle. This may produce a functional \"resetting\" of the sinus and provide a mechanism to explain the antihypertensive effect of propranolol.", "contents": "A mechanism to explain the antihypertensive action of propranolol. The present experiments were designed to measure the direct effects of propranolol on carotid sinus pressoreceptor nerve activity in the semi-isolated, superfused sinus of the cat. Propranolol (5 microgram/ml) significantly enhanced carotid sinus nerve activity at perfusion pressures of 100, 150 and 250 mm Hg. The enhancement was due primarily to the recruitment of new fibers. In similar preparations, perfused at constant flow, propranolol increased sinus resistance in parallel with the increase in sinus discharge. These effects were rapidly dissipated by rinsing with drug-free perfusion solution. The evidence suggests that propranolol may produce a change in either the elastic or autoregulatory modalities of sinus smooth muscle. This may produce a functional \"resetting\" of the sinus and provide a mechanism to explain the antihypertensive effect of propranolol.", "PMID": 702351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1156", "title": "A novel vascular relaxing agent, N-(6--aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalensulfonamide which affects vascular smooth muscle actomyosin.", "content": "The relaxing effect and possible mechanism of N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide (W-7) on isolated rabbit artery were investigated. The addition of W-7 in concentrations ranging from 1 X 10(-6) to 3 X 10(-4) M caused a significant relaxation of isolated rabbit vascular strips contracted by KCl, prostaglandin F2alpha, norepinephrine, histamine, CaCl2, serotonin or angiotensin II. W-7 also caused a shift to the right of the dose-response curves for all agonists tested. Propranolol and atropine did not affect W-7 induced relaxation, suggesting that this drug does not act through beta adrenergic or cholinergic receptors. Superprecipitation of actomyosin from bovine aorta smooth muscle was inhibited by the addition of W-7 in a dose-dependent fashion. The concentration of W-7 which inhibited superprecipitation of bovine aorta smooth muscle actomyosin was in good agreement with the dose producing relaxation of isolated vascular strips. These facts suggest that W-7 produces relaxation of isolated vascular strips by inhibiting actin and myosin interaction.", "contents": "A novel vascular relaxing agent, N-(6--aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalensulfonamide which affects vascular smooth muscle actomyosin. The relaxing effect and possible mechanism of N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide (W-7) on isolated rabbit artery were investigated. The addition of W-7 in concentrations ranging from 1 X 10(-6) to 3 X 10(-4) M caused a significant relaxation of isolated rabbit vascular strips contracted by KCl, prostaglandin F2alpha, norepinephrine, histamine, CaCl2, serotonin or angiotensin II. W-7 also caused a shift to the right of the dose-response curves for all agonists tested. Propranolol and atropine did not affect W-7 induced relaxation, suggesting that this drug does not act through beta adrenergic or cholinergic receptors. Superprecipitation of actomyosin from bovine aorta smooth muscle was inhibited by the addition of W-7 in a dose-dependent fashion. The concentration of W-7 which inhibited superprecipitation of bovine aorta smooth muscle actomyosin was in good agreement with the dose producing relaxation of isolated vascular strips. These facts suggest that W-7 produces relaxation of isolated vascular strips by inhibiting actin and myosin interaction.", "PMID": 702353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1157", "title": "A bilateral antidiuresis to renal artery infusion of prostaglandin E1 in dogs treated with phenylbutazone.", "content": "1. In acute experiments, high levels of endogenous prostaglandins, provoked by operative stress, could obscure or alter the actions of infused prostaglandins on the kidney. For this reason we decided to compare the effects of infusing prostaglandin E(1) into the renal artery of the dog before and after the administration of phenylbutazone, a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor.2. Infusion of prostaglandin E(1) into the left renal artery of the pre-phenylbutazone treated dog undergoing a mannitol diuresis increased renal plasma flow, glomerular filtration rate and the excretion of salt and water. The findings are in general agreement with those reported by others.3. Following phenylbutazone administration the vascular and saluretic actions of prostaglandin E(1) were unchanged but a reduced diuretic effect was observed. The response to a low dose of prostaglandin E(1) (0.05 mug/min) was reduced from 1.46 +/- 0.15 to 0.96 +/- 0.16 ml./min (P < 0.001) and the response to a high dose (0.5 mug/min) from 1.82 +/- 0.19 to 0.99 +/- 0.31 ml./min (P < 0.002).4. A significantly less dilute urine was excreted during prostaglandin infusion in the dog after phenylbutazone treatment than before. The reduction in the diuretic response was of the same order as the decrease in the free water clearance response, while the increase in osmolar clearance was unchanged.5. In water-loaded dogs treated with phenylbutazone, infusion of prostaglandin E(1) into the left renal artery had a biphasic effect on urine output from the left kidney. An initial diuretic response to a low dose of prostaglandin E(1) disappeared with the infusion of higher doses, and antidiuresis developed in the immediate post-infusion period.6. As prostaglandin was infused into the left kidney progressive antidiuresis was seen in the non-infused right kidney.7. It is concluded that endogenous prostaglandins do not obscure or alter the vascular and saluretic actions of intrarenal prostaglandin E(1). The findings question the proposed link between the vascular and saluretic actions of this compound.8. It is suggested that the reduced diuretic effect of prostaglandin E(1) in series no. 1, and the antidiuresis in the water-loaded dogs, are caused by the release of endogenous ADH. It is further suggested that phenylbutazone unmasks this release by removing the endogenous prostaglandins. If these deductions are correct, the findings support the anti-ADH role assigned to endogenous prostaglandins by Anderson, Berl, McDonald & Schrier (1975).", "contents": "A bilateral antidiuresis to renal artery infusion of prostaglandin E1 in dogs treated with phenylbutazone. 1. In acute experiments, high levels of endogenous prostaglandins, provoked by operative stress, could obscure or alter the actions of infused prostaglandins on the kidney. For this reason we decided to compare the effects of infusing prostaglandin E(1) into the renal artery of the dog before and after the administration of phenylbutazone, a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor.2. Infusion of prostaglandin E(1) into the left renal artery of the pre-phenylbutazone treated dog undergoing a mannitol diuresis increased renal plasma flow, glomerular filtration rate and the excretion of salt and water. The findings are in general agreement with those reported by others.3. Following phenylbutazone administration the vascular and saluretic actions of prostaglandin E(1) were unchanged but a reduced diuretic effect was observed. The response to a low dose of prostaglandin E(1) (0.05 mug/min) was reduced from 1.46 +/- 0.15 to 0.96 +/- 0.16 ml./min (P < 0.001) and the response to a high dose (0.5 mug/min) from 1.82 +/- 0.19 to 0.99 +/- 0.31 ml./min (P < 0.002).4. A significantly less dilute urine was excreted during prostaglandin infusion in the dog after phenylbutazone treatment than before. The reduction in the diuretic response was of the same order as the decrease in the free water clearance response, while the increase in osmolar clearance was unchanged.5. In water-loaded dogs treated with phenylbutazone, infusion of prostaglandin E(1) into the left renal artery had a biphasic effect on urine output from the left kidney. An initial diuretic response to a low dose of prostaglandin E(1) disappeared with the infusion of higher doses, and antidiuresis developed in the immediate post-infusion period.6. As prostaglandin was infused into the left kidney progressive antidiuresis was seen in the non-infused right kidney.7. It is concluded that endogenous prostaglandins do not obscure or alter the vascular and saluretic actions of intrarenal prostaglandin E(1). The findings question the proposed link between the vascular and saluretic actions of this compound.8. It is suggested that the reduced diuretic effect of prostaglandin E(1) in series no. 1, and the antidiuresis in the water-loaded dogs, are caused by the release of endogenous ADH. It is further suggested that phenylbutazone unmasks this release by removing the endogenous prostaglandins. If these deductions are correct, the findings support the anti-ADH role assigned to endogenous prostaglandins by Anderson, Berl, McDonald & Schrier (1975).", "PMID": 702355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1158", "title": "Tactile sensibility in the human hand: receptive field characteristics of mechanoreceptive units in the glabrous skin area.", "content": "1. Impulses in tactile units innervating the glabrous skin of the hand recorded from the median nerve of adult human subjects. The recording electrodes which were made of tungsten were inserted percutaneously in the upper arm. 2. The units were classified on the basis of their sensitivity to sustained identation and to remote stimuli. Two types of rapidly adapting  units and two types of slowly adapting units were found. In accordance with earlier reports they were denoted RA and PC units, and SA I and SA II units. 3. The sensitivity profiles of the receptive fields were analysed by measuring the extent of the receptive field as a function of the identation amplitude. 4. The RA and SA I units had receptive fields with several zones of maximal sensitivity distributed over an approximately circular or oval area typically covering five to ten papillary ridges. Within this area the sensitivity was high, whereas the sensitivity diminished steeply with increasing distance from this area. 5. The PC and SA II units had receptive fields with a single zone of maximal sensitivity and gentle continuous threshold increase outside this zone. 6. The relation between the identation amplitude and the receptive field size of a unit was described by a power function. The power exponent for the RA and SA I units was well below unity, whereas the PC and SA II units had exponenets greater than unity. The variation in exponent was very small among the RA and among the SA I units. Their average exponents were therefore regarded as characteristics of the unit type. 7. The SA II units were qualitatively studied with regard to their sensitivity to lateral skin stretch. Three different types of SA II units were described with regard to the directional pattern of this sensitivity. 8. The relation of the present findings to the problem of correlation between morphological structures of nerve end-organs and physiologically defined unit types is considered. 9. Moreover, the findings, indicate that the RA and SA I units are well suited for the analysis of mechanical events on the skin surface with a high degree of spatial selectivity, whereas the PC and SA II units are suited for analysis of other mechanical events, e.g. vibration and various forms of tension in the skin and related tissues.", "contents": "Tactile sensibility in the human hand: receptive field characteristics of mechanoreceptive units in the glabrous skin area. 1. Impulses in tactile units innervating the glabrous skin of the hand recorded from the median nerve of adult human subjects. The recording electrodes which were made of tungsten were inserted percutaneously in the upper arm. 2. The units were classified on the basis of their sensitivity to sustained identation and to remote stimuli. Two types of rapidly adapting  units and two types of slowly adapting units were found. In accordance with earlier reports they were denoted RA and PC units, and SA I and SA II units. 3. The sensitivity profiles of the receptive fields were analysed by measuring the extent of the receptive field as a function of the identation amplitude. 4. The RA and SA I units had receptive fields with several zones of maximal sensitivity distributed over an approximately circular or oval area typically covering five to ten papillary ridges. Within this area the sensitivity was high, whereas the sensitivity diminished steeply with increasing distance from this area. 5. The PC and SA II units had receptive fields with a single zone of maximal sensitivity and gentle continuous threshold increase outside this zone. 6. The relation between the identation amplitude and the receptive field size of a unit was described by a power function. The power exponent for the RA and SA I units was well below unity, whereas the PC and SA II units had exponenets greater than unity. The variation in exponent was very small among the RA and among the SA I units. Their average exponents were therefore regarded as characteristics of the unit type. 7. The SA II units were qualitatively studied with regard to their sensitivity to lateral skin stretch. Three different types of SA II units were described with regard to the directional pattern of this sensitivity. 8. The relation of the present findings to the problem of correlation between morphological structures of nerve end-organs and physiologically defined unit types is considered. 9. Moreover, the findings, indicate that the RA and SA I units are well suited for the analysis of mechanical events on the skin surface with a high degree of spatial selectivity, whereas the PC and SA II units are suited for analysis of other mechanical events, e.g. vibration and various forms of tension in the skin and related tissues.", "PMID": 702358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1159", "title": "Influences of cones upon chromatic- and luminosity-type horizontal cells in pikeperch retinas.", "content": "1. The spectral sensitivity and spatial organization of cones and horizontal cells have been analysed by intracellular recording in pikeperch retinas. 2. The vast majority of cone recordings were obtained from orange-sensitive cones. They have an action spectrum which peaks at about 605 nm. Recordings from several green-sensitive cones have also been obtained. 3. The results of action spectrum measurements and spectral screening tests indicate that the vast majority of luminosity-type horizontal cells receive predominant input from the orange-sensitive cones. 4. Chromatic-type horizontal cells were recorded at more proximal levels of the retina than luminosity-type cells and were the classic red-depolarizing, green hyperpolarizing (R/G) type. 5. The action spectra of the depolarizing and hyperpolarizing responses of chromatic horizontal cells peak at about 650 and 530 nm, respectively. When the depolarizing mechanism is selectively depressed by a red background field, the action spectrum of the hyperpolarizing mechanism shows an enhanced sensitivity, peaks at 530--540 nm, and may approximate the action spectrum of the green-sensitive cones. 6. Small red fields evoke depolarizing responses from chromatic-type horizontal cells but do not seem to significantly activate the depolarizing surround mechanism of cones. 7. These and other results suggest that the colour-opponent properties of the chromatic-type horizontal cells are not fundamentally dependent upon feed-back to cones but rather originate from antagonistic interactions generated in post-receptor networks.", "contents": "Influences of cones upon chromatic- and luminosity-type horizontal cells in pikeperch retinas. 1. The spectral sensitivity and spatial organization of cones and horizontal cells have been analysed by intracellular recording in pikeperch retinas. 2. The vast majority of cone recordings were obtained from orange-sensitive cones. They have an action spectrum which peaks at about 605 nm. Recordings from several green-sensitive cones have also been obtained. 3. The results of action spectrum measurements and spectral screening tests indicate that the vast majority of luminosity-type horizontal cells receive predominant input from the orange-sensitive cones. 4. Chromatic-type horizontal cells were recorded at more proximal levels of the retina than luminosity-type cells and were the classic red-depolarizing, green hyperpolarizing (R/G) type. 5. The action spectra of the depolarizing and hyperpolarizing responses of chromatic horizontal cells peak at about 650 and 530 nm, respectively. When the depolarizing mechanism is selectively depressed by a red background field, the action spectrum of the hyperpolarizing mechanism shows an enhanced sensitivity, peaks at 530--540 nm, and may approximate the action spectrum of the green-sensitive cones. 6. Small red fields evoke depolarizing responses from chromatic-type horizontal cells but do not seem to significantly activate the depolarizing surround mechanism of cones. 7. These and other results suggest that the colour-opponent properties of the chromatic-type horizontal cells are not fundamentally dependent upon feed-back to cones but rather originate from antagonistic interactions generated in post-receptor networks.", "PMID": 702361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1160", "title": "Localization of the effect of acetylcholine in regulating intestinal ion transport.", "content": "1. The location of the site involved in the secretory response of rat jejunum and colon to ACh was investigated by selectively damaging either the villi of the jejunum and the surface epithelium of the colon or the crypts. 2. The secretory response induced by ACh was measured both in terms of changes in electrical activity and chloride fluxes. 3. Exposure of the mucosa to 2 M-Na2SO4 for 30 min selectively damaged the jejunal villi and colonic surface epithelium but did not reduce the increased potential difference and current generated by ACh. 4. When resistance changes were taken into account the colonic response was markedly increased after Na2SO4 treatment although the jejunal response was unchanged. Under control conditions ACh reduced net Na absorption and stimulated Cl secretion by the colon. After exposure to Na2SO4 only the Cl secretory component of the ACh response remained, thus accounting for the enhanced effect. 5. Cycloheximide, administered I.V. at a dose of 12 mg/kg, damaged the crypts after 2 hr without affecting the villi of the jejunum or the surface epithelium of the colon. After cycloheximide treatment the increased potential difference, current and net Cl secretion induced by ACh were significantly reduced. 6. The crypts therefore appear to be the site primarily involved in the secretory response of rat jejunum and colon to ACh, although in the colon an inhibitory effect on the Na transport process located in the surface epithelium was observed.", "contents": "Localization of the effect of acetylcholine in regulating intestinal ion transport. 1. The location of the site involved in the secretory response of rat jejunum and colon to ACh was investigated by selectively damaging either the villi of the jejunum and the surface epithelium of the colon or the crypts. 2. The secretory response induced by ACh was measured both in terms of changes in electrical activity and chloride fluxes. 3. Exposure of the mucosa to 2 M-Na2SO4 for 30 min selectively damaged the jejunal villi and colonic surface epithelium but did not reduce the increased potential difference and current generated by ACh. 4. When resistance changes were taken into account the colonic response was markedly increased after Na2SO4 treatment although the jejunal response was unchanged. Under control conditions ACh reduced net Na absorption and stimulated Cl secretion by the colon. After exposure to Na2SO4 only the Cl secretory component of the ACh response remained, thus accounting for the enhanced effect. 5. Cycloheximide, administered I.V. at a dose of 12 mg/kg, damaged the crypts after 2 hr without affecting the villi of the jejunum or the surface epithelium of the colon. After cycloheximide treatment the increased potential difference, current and net Cl secretion induced by ACh were significantly reduced. 6. The crypts therefore appear to be the site primarily involved in the secretory response of rat jejunum and colon to ACh, although in the colon an inhibitory effect on the Na transport process located in the surface epithelium was observed.", "PMID": 702364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1161", "title": "Role of calcium ions in transient inward currents and aftercontractions induced by strophanthidin in cardiac Purkinje fibres.", "content": "1. Under the influence of strophantidin, Purkinje fibres exhibit transient inward current (TI) which contributes to arrhythmogenic activity. Voltage-clamp experiments were carried out to study the role of Ca ions in this phenomenon. 2. The amplitude of TI varied directly with the extracellular Ca concentration, CaO. Magnesium ions had an antagonistic effect. 3. TI was closely associated with a phasic increase in force (\"aftercontraction\"). Like TI, the aftercontraction was evoked by a preceding action potential or by the break of a strong depolarizing pulse. 4. TI and the aftercontraction displayed similar wave forms although peak current preceded peak force by 50--100 msec. Both transients were enhanced by increasing the strength or duration of the preceding depolarization pulse. Both events were slowed as the potential level following the pulse was displaced in the negative direction. 5. TI and the aftercontraction could be evoked in the absence of cardiotonic steroids by strongly elevating CaO. 6. Additional experiments were carried out to test the hypothesis the TI reflects an influx of Ca2+ ions. Moninhibited TI but the developed and removal of the inbibition lagged far behind the effects on the slow inward current. 7. TI could be suppressed and eventually inverted by varying the membrane potential in the positive direction. The inversion potential averaged -5mV and was not consistent with a Ca-specific pathway. The aftercontraction was more closely related to the phasic conductance change underlying the current than to thecurrent flow itself. 8. The results are consistent with the idea that an oscillatory release of Ca from an intracellular store is the primary event underlying both the aftercontraction and the conductance change which generates TI. Digitalis intoxication or very high CaO may promote such events by elevating intracellular Ca levels.", "contents": "Role of calcium ions in transient inward currents and aftercontractions induced by strophanthidin in cardiac Purkinje fibres. 1. Under the influence of strophantidin, Purkinje fibres exhibit transient inward current (TI) which contributes to arrhythmogenic activity. Voltage-clamp experiments were carried out to study the role of Ca ions in this phenomenon. 2. The amplitude of TI varied directly with the extracellular Ca concentration, CaO. Magnesium ions had an antagonistic effect. 3. TI was closely associated with a phasic increase in force (\"aftercontraction\"). Like TI, the aftercontraction was evoked by a preceding action potential or by the break of a strong depolarizing pulse. 4. TI and the aftercontraction displayed similar wave forms although peak current preceded peak force by 50--100 msec. Both transients were enhanced by increasing the strength or duration of the preceding depolarization pulse. Both events were slowed as the potential level following the pulse was displaced in the negative direction. 5. TI and the aftercontraction could be evoked in the absence of cardiotonic steroids by strongly elevating CaO. 6. Additional experiments were carried out to test the hypothesis the TI reflects an influx of Ca2+ ions. Moninhibited TI but the developed and removal of the inbibition lagged far behind the effects on the slow inward current. 7. TI could be suppressed and eventually inverted by varying the membrane potential in the positive direction. The inversion potential averaged -5mV and was not consistent with a Ca-specific pathway. The aftercontraction was more closely related to the phasic conductance change underlying the current than to thecurrent flow itself. 8. The results are consistent with the idea that an oscillatory release of Ca from an intracellular store is the primary event underlying both the aftercontraction and the conductance change which generates TI. Digitalis intoxication or very high CaO may promote such events by elevating intracellular Ca levels.", "PMID": 702368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1162", "title": "Ionic basis of transient inward current induced by strophanthidin in cardiac Purkinje fibres.", "content": "1. Voltage clamp experiements studied the ionic basis of the strophathidin-induced transient inward current (TI) in cardiac Purkinje fibres. 2. The reversal potential of TI (Erev) was determined in the presence of various bathing solutions. Erev averaged --5 m V in the standard modified Tyrode solution (Kass, Lederer, Tsien & Weingart, 1978). Erev was displaced toward more negative potentials when the external Na concentration (NaO) was reduced by replacement of NaCl with Tris Cl, choline Cl or sucrose. 3. A sudden reduction of NaO evoked a temporary increase in TI, followed after a few minutes by a sustained diminution. The initial increase was closely paralleled by an enhanced aftercontraction and could be explained by an indirect effect of NaO on internal Ca. The subsequent fall in TI amplitude could be accounted for by the reduced driving force, E--Erev. 4. Erev was not significantly changed by replacing extracellular Cl with methyl-sulphate, or by limited variations in external Ca (2.7--16.2 mM) or external K (1--8 MM). 5. These results are consistent with an increase in membrane permeability to Na and perhaps K. 6. TI was not directly affected by TTX, which blocks excitatory Na channels, or by Cs, which inhibits inwardly rectifying K channels.  TI may be distinguished from the slow inward current by its kinetic, pharmacological and ionic properties. 7. TI might be carried by a pre-existing ionic pathway such as the 'leak' channel which provides inward current underlying normal pace-maker depolarization. Another possibility is that TI reflects Ca extrusion by an electrogenic Ca--Na exchange.", "contents": "Ionic basis of transient inward current induced by strophanthidin in cardiac Purkinje fibres. 1. Voltage clamp experiements studied the ionic basis of the strophathidin-induced transient inward current (TI) in cardiac Purkinje fibres. 2. The reversal potential of TI (Erev) was determined in the presence of various bathing solutions. Erev averaged --5 m V in the standard modified Tyrode solution (Kass, Lederer, Tsien & Weingart, 1978). Erev was displaced toward more negative potentials when the external Na concentration (NaO) was reduced by replacement of NaCl with Tris Cl, choline Cl or sucrose. 3. A sudden reduction of NaO evoked a temporary increase in TI, followed after a few minutes by a sustained diminution. The initial increase was closely paralleled by an enhanced aftercontraction and could be explained by an indirect effect of NaO on internal Ca. The subsequent fall in TI amplitude could be accounted for by the reduced driving force, E--Erev. 4. Erev was not significantly changed by replacing extracellular Cl with methyl-sulphate, or by limited variations in external Ca (2.7--16.2 mM) or external K (1--8 MM). 5. These results are consistent with an increase in membrane permeability to Na and perhaps K. 6. TI was not directly affected by TTX, which blocks excitatory Na channels, or by Cs, which inhibits inwardly rectifying K channels.  TI may be distinguished from the slow inward current by its kinetic, pharmacological and ionic properties. 7. TI might be carried by a pre-existing ionic pathway such as the 'leak' channel which provides inward current underlying normal pace-maker depolarization. Another possibility is that TI reflects Ca extrusion by an electrogenic Ca--Na exchange.", "PMID": 702372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1163", "title": "Ocular dominance in layer IV of the cat's visual cortex and the effects of monocular deprivation.", "content": "1. The relation between the physiological pattern of ocular dominance and the anatomical distribution of geniculocortical afferents serving each eye was studied in layer IV of the primary visual cortex of normal and monocularly deprived cats. 2. One eye was injected with radioactive label. After allowing sufficient time for transeuronal transport, micro-electrode recordings were made, and the geniculocoritcal afferents serving the injected eye were located autoradiographically. 3. In layer IV of normal cats, cell were clustered according to eye preference, and fewer cells were binocularly driven than in other layers. Points of transition between groups of cells dominated by one eye and those dominated by the other were marked with electrolytic lesions. A good correspondence was found between the location of cells dominated by the injected eye and the patches of radioactively labelled geniculocortical afferents. 4. Following prolonged early monocular deprivation, the patches of geniculocortical afferents in layer IV serving the deprived eye were smaller, and those serving the non-deprived eye larger, than normal. Again there was a coincidence between the patches of radioactively labelled afferents and the location of cells dominated by the injected eye. 5. The deprived eye was found to dominate a substantial fraction (22%) of cortical cells in the fourth layer. In other cortical layers, only 7% of the cells were dominated by the deprived eye. 6. These findings suggest that the thalamocortical projection is physically rearranged as a consequence of monocular deprivation, as has been demonstrated for layer IVc of the monkey's visual cortex (Hubel, Wiesel & Le Vay, 1977).", "contents": "Ocular dominance in layer IV of the cat's visual cortex and the effects of monocular deprivation. 1. The relation between the physiological pattern of ocular dominance and the anatomical distribution of geniculocortical afferents serving each eye was studied in layer IV of the primary visual cortex of normal and monocularly deprived cats. 2. One eye was injected with radioactive label. After allowing sufficient time for transeuronal transport, micro-electrode recordings were made, and the geniculocoritcal afferents serving the injected eye were located autoradiographically. 3. In layer IV of normal cats, cell were clustered according to eye preference, and fewer cells were binocularly driven than in other layers. Points of transition between groups of cells dominated by one eye and those dominated by the other were marked with electrolytic lesions. A good correspondence was found between the location of cells dominated by the injected eye and the patches of radioactively labelled geniculocortical afferents. 4. Following prolonged early monocular deprivation, the patches of geniculocortical afferents in layer IV serving the deprived eye were smaller, and those serving the non-deprived eye larger, than normal. Again there was a coincidence between the patches of radioactively labelled afferents and the location of cells dominated by the injected eye. 5. The deprived eye was found to dominate a substantial fraction (22%) of cortical cells in the fourth layer. In other cortical layers, only 7% of the cells were dominated by the deprived eye. 6. These findings suggest that the thalamocortical projection is physically rearranged as a consequence of monocular deprivation, as has been demonstrated for layer IVc of the monkey's visual cortex (Hubel, Wiesel & Le Vay, 1977).", "PMID": 702379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1164", "title": "A morphological study of the axons and recurrent axon collaterals of cat alpha-motoneurones supplying different hind-limb muscles.", "content": "1. Intracellular injections with horseradish peroxidasewere performed in cat alpha-motoneurones supplying various hind-limb muscles. 2. Ten alpha-motoneurones from each of the quadriceps, posterior biceps, gastrocnemius-soleus and anterior tibial pools as well as from the pool supplying the short plantar muscles were collected for morphological analysis of the intramedullary axonal systems including the recurrent axon collaterals. 3. The diameter of the alpha-motor axons showed considerable variation within each motoneurone pool, the total range being from 4.6 to 9.0 micrometer. No significant difference in mean axon diameter was obtained between the different pools. 4. All alpha-motoneurones supplying the short plantar muscles and one single alpha-motoneurone supplying the quadriceps muscle lacked collaterals completely, while the remaining motoneurones gave off one to five collaterals. 5. The number of axon collateral outbulgings, interpreted as synaptic boutons, wihch originated from a single alpha-motoneurone showed large variation within each pool that possessed axon collaterals, the total range being from seventeen of 158. The mean number varied from forty-four (quadriceps) to eighty-two (anterior tibial). 6. The axon collateral outbulgings were distributed not only in the Renshaw cell area ventromedial to the main motor nuclei but also in those parts of the motor nuclei which were located in the vicinity of the parent cell bodies. In the rostrocaudal direction, the outbulgings were distributed within a distances of less than 1 mm around the position of the parent cell bodies. 7. Some physiological implications of the lack of axon collaterals from alpha-motoneurones supplying the short plantar muscles were discussed in relation to the functional characteristics of plantar muscles and motor units.", "contents": "A morphological study of the axons and recurrent axon collaterals of cat alpha-motoneurones supplying different hind-limb muscles. 1. Intracellular injections with horseradish peroxidasewere performed in cat alpha-motoneurones supplying various hind-limb muscles. 2. Ten alpha-motoneurones from each of the quadriceps, posterior biceps, gastrocnemius-soleus and anterior tibial pools as well as from the pool supplying the short plantar muscles were collected for morphological analysis of the intramedullary axonal systems including the recurrent axon collaterals. 3. The diameter of the alpha-motor axons showed considerable variation within each motoneurone pool, the total range being from 4.6 to 9.0 micrometer. No significant difference in mean axon diameter was obtained between the different pools. 4. All alpha-motoneurones supplying the short plantar muscles and one single alpha-motoneurone supplying the quadriceps muscle lacked collaterals completely, while the remaining motoneurones gave off one to five collaterals. 5. The number of axon collateral outbulgings, interpreted as synaptic boutons, wihch originated from a single alpha-motoneurone showed large variation within each pool that possessed axon collaterals, the total range being from seventeen of 158. The mean number varied from forty-four (quadriceps) to eighty-two (anterior tibial). 6. The axon collateral outbulgings were distributed not only in the Renshaw cell area ventromedial to the main motor nuclei but also in those parts of the motor nuclei which were located in the vicinity of the parent cell bodies. In the rostrocaudal direction, the outbulgings were distributed within a distances of less than 1 mm around the position of the parent cell bodies. 7. Some physiological implications of the lack of axon collaterals from alpha-motoneurones supplying the short plantar muscles were discussed in relation to the functional characteristics of plantar muscles and motor units.", "PMID": 702381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1165", "title": "A morphological study of the axons and recurrent axon collaterals of cat alpha-motoneurones supplying different functional types of muscle unit.", "content": "1. Cat alpha-motoneurones supplying muscle units of the soleus S type and gastrocnemius S, FR and FF types were injected intracellularly with horseradish peroxidase. 2. Ten alpha-motoneurones of each motor unit type were collected for morphological analysis of the intramedullary parts of their axonal systems including the recurrent axon collaterals. 3. The alpha-motor axon diameters in the spinal cord white matter were significantly smaller for the soleus motor units (mean = 5.2 micrometer) than for the gastrocnemius S units (mean = 6.4 micrometer), which in turn differed significantly from those of the gastrocnemius FR (mean 7.4 micrometer) and FF (mean = 7.3 micrometer types. 4. The number of axon collateral outbulgings, interpreted as synaptic terminals, which originated from the soleus motor axons (mean = 27.8) was significantly smaller, white that of the gastrocnemius FF motor axons (mean = 98.1) was significantly larger, than the number of outbulgings from the gastrocnemius S (mean = 44.4) and FR (mean = 53.8) motor axons. The latter two types were not significantly different. 5. In transverse sections the axon collateral outbulgings were found not only in the classical Renshaw cell area ventromedial to the main motor nuclei but also within the homonymous motor nucleus. However, only some of the neurones projected to the latter area. Rostrocaudally, the outbulgings were distributed within a distance of less than 1 mm around the position of the parent cell bodies. 6. Some physiological implications of the observed differences between axon collateral systems of various functional types of alpha-motoneurones were discussed in relation to the present knowledge of the effects of the recurrent axon collaterals during different types of involuntary and voluntary activation of the alpha-motoneurones.", "contents": "A morphological study of the axons and recurrent axon collaterals of cat alpha-motoneurones supplying different functional types of muscle unit. 1. Cat alpha-motoneurones supplying muscle units of the soleus S type and gastrocnemius S, FR and FF types were injected intracellularly with horseradish peroxidase. 2. Ten alpha-motoneurones of each motor unit type were collected for morphological analysis of the intramedullary parts of their axonal systems including the recurrent axon collaterals. 3. The alpha-motor axon diameters in the spinal cord white matter were significantly smaller for the soleus motor units (mean = 5.2 micrometer) than for the gastrocnemius S units (mean = 6.4 micrometer), which in turn differed significantly from those of the gastrocnemius FR (mean 7.4 micrometer) and FF (mean = 7.3 micrometer types. 4. The number of axon collateral outbulgings, interpreted as synaptic terminals, which originated from the soleus motor axons (mean = 27.8) was significantly smaller, white that of the gastrocnemius FF motor axons (mean = 98.1) was significantly larger, than the number of outbulgings from the gastrocnemius S (mean = 44.4) and FR (mean = 53.8) motor axons. The latter two types were not significantly different. 5. In transverse sections the axon collateral outbulgings were found not only in the classical Renshaw cell area ventromedial to the main motor nuclei but also within the homonymous motor nucleus. However, only some of the neurones projected to the latter area. Rostrocaudally, the outbulgings were distributed within a distance of less than 1 mm around the position of the parent cell bodies. 6. Some physiological implications of the observed differences between axon collateral systems of various functional types of alpha-motoneurones were discussed in relation to the present knowledge of the effects of the recurrent axon collaterals during different types of involuntary and voluntary activation of the alpha-motoneurones.", "PMID": 702385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1166", "title": "Vascular and metabolic responses to adrenergic stimulation in isolated canine subcutaneous adipose tissue at normal and reduced temperature.", "content": "1. The circulatory and metabolic effects of temperature reduction were studied in autoperfused canine subcutaneous adipose tissue in situ. 2. Cooling the adipose tissue sufficiently to reduce venous effluent temperature by 5--6 degrees C decreased blood flow from an average of 6.4--4.1 ml. min-1 . 100g-1. 3. Vasoconstrictor responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation (4 HZ) and injected noradrenaline (5 n-mole) were potentiated by cooling while vasodilator components of the vascular responses, such as autoregulatory escape and post-stimulatory hyperaemia, were virtually abolished by this treatment. 4. Oxygen uptake was reduced by cooling without signs of tissue hypoxia. This reduced oxygen demand may partly cause the decrease in adipose tissue blood flow. 5. Cooling inhibited glycerol mobilization from the adipose tissue during sympathetic nerve stimulation. Post-stimulatory lipolysis was, however, not inhibited. In vitro studies with 'perifused' rat fat cells suggest that this may be due to impaired inactivation of the lipolytic process, rather than to changes in transmitter removal, following stimulation at low temperature. 6. Cooling inhibited the mobilization of fatty acids more than that of glycerol, suggesting increased re-esterification of fatty acids within the tissue at low temperature. 7. It is concluded that cooling increases the sensitivity to vasoconstrictor stimuli and that inhibition of metabolic vasodilator mechanisms play a role for this effect. The stimultaneous inhibition of activating and inactivating mechanisms could explain the unchanged vascular and lipolytic responses to brief stimuli. Some possible implications of the present findings for the physiology of adipose tissue during cooling are discussed.", "contents": "Vascular and metabolic responses to adrenergic stimulation in isolated canine subcutaneous adipose tissue at normal and reduced temperature. 1. The circulatory and metabolic effects of temperature reduction were studied in autoperfused canine subcutaneous adipose tissue in situ. 2. Cooling the adipose tissue sufficiently to reduce venous effluent temperature by 5--6 degrees C decreased blood flow from an average of 6.4--4.1 ml. min-1 . 100g-1. 3. Vasoconstrictor responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation (4 HZ) and injected noradrenaline (5 n-mole) were potentiated by cooling while vasodilator components of the vascular responses, such as autoregulatory escape and post-stimulatory hyperaemia, were virtually abolished by this treatment. 4. Oxygen uptake was reduced by cooling without signs of tissue hypoxia. This reduced oxygen demand may partly cause the decrease in adipose tissue blood flow. 5. Cooling inhibited glycerol mobilization from the adipose tissue during sympathetic nerve stimulation. Post-stimulatory lipolysis was, however, not inhibited. In vitro studies with 'perifused' rat fat cells suggest that this may be due to impaired inactivation of the lipolytic process, rather than to changes in transmitter removal, following stimulation at low temperature. 6. Cooling inhibited the mobilization of fatty acids more than that of glycerol, suggesting increased re-esterification of fatty acids within the tissue at low temperature. 7. It is concluded that cooling increases the sensitivity to vasoconstrictor stimuli and that inhibition of metabolic vasodilator mechanisms play a role for this effect. The stimultaneous inhibition of activating and inactivating mechanisms could explain the unchanged vascular and lipolytic responses to brief stimuli. Some possible implications of the present findings for the physiology of adipose tissue during cooling are discussed.", "PMID": 702388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1167", "title": "The generation of resting membrane potentials in an inner ear hair cell system.", "content": "1. The macula sacculi in the mudpuppy is an inner ear sensory area accessible for intracellular recordings in vitro and in vivo. 2. The resting potentials recorded in vitro can be explained by the electrodiffusion theory assuming a uniform ionic selective in the membranes of the neuroepithelial cells. 3. The resting potentials recorded in vivo are significantly larger than predicted by the electrodiffusion theory, probably because of an electrogenic metabolic process present in the neuroepithelial cells. 4. An equivalent circuit is proposed to explain the resting electrogenesis in the neuroepithelial cells present in the sensory area.", "contents": "The generation of resting membrane potentials in an inner ear hair cell system. 1. The macula sacculi in the mudpuppy is an inner ear sensory area accessible for intracellular recordings in vitro and in vivo. 2. The resting potentials recorded in vitro can be explained by the electrodiffusion theory assuming a uniform ionic selective in the membranes of the neuroepithelial cells. 3. The resting potentials recorded in vivo are significantly larger than predicted by the electrodiffusion theory, probably because of an electrogenic metabolic process present in the neuroepithelial cells. 4. An equivalent circuit is proposed to explain the resting electrogenesis in the neuroepithelial cells present in the sensory area.", "PMID": 702400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1168", "title": "Specificity of initial synaptic contacts made on guinea-pig superior cervical ganglion cells during regeneration of the cervical sympathetic trunk.", "content": "1. Largely appropriate synaptic connexions are formed with neurones in the superior cervical ganglion at long intervals after interruption of the preganglionic nerve. In the present study we have assessed the accuracy of connexions during the early stages of re-innervation by observing end-organ responses to ventral root stimulation in vivo, and by recording intracellularly from ganglion cells during ventral root stimulation in isolated preparations. 2. Appropriate, but weak, end-organ responses were elicited by stimulation of the first and fourth thoracic ventral roots (T1 and T4) 15--30 days after freezing the cervical sympathetic trunk. 3. Intracellular recordings from ganglion cells during stimulation of the ventral roots C8--T7 in vitro showed that synaptic contacts are first re-established 8--11 days after freezing the preganglionic nerve. The proportion of re-innervated cells, and the strength of innervation of individual neurones, increased rapidly for up to about 3 months after nerve injury, but showed little change thereafter. Innervation remained weaker than normal even after 6 months. 4. Patterns of segmental innervation recorded intracellularly during the early stages of regeneration were similar to, but more restricted than normal. Even 13--19 days after interruption of the preganglionic nerve, neurones re-innervated by more than one spinal cord segment tended to be innervated by a contiguous subset of the spinal segments which contribute innervation to the ganglion. The incidence of neurones receiving innervation from a discontinuous segmental subset was about the same at early and late stages or re-innervation. 5. Throughout the course of nerve regeneration, re-innervated neurones tended to receive dominant synaptic input from axons arising at a particular spinal level, as do normal cells, with adjacent segments contributing a synaptic influence that diminished as a function of distance from the dominant segment. 6. The results of these experiments argue against the initial formation of imprecise connexions with subsequent retention of appropriate contacts and a loss of inappropriate ones. Rather our findings suggest that the re-innervation of ganglion cells proceeds by a gradual accumulation of synaptic connexions which are, from the outset, appropriate.", "contents": "Specificity of initial synaptic contacts made on guinea-pig superior cervical ganglion cells during regeneration of the cervical sympathetic trunk. 1. Largely appropriate synaptic connexions are formed with neurones in the superior cervical ganglion at long intervals after interruption of the preganglionic nerve. In the present study we have assessed the accuracy of connexions during the early stages of re-innervation by observing end-organ responses to ventral root stimulation in vivo, and by recording intracellularly from ganglion cells during ventral root stimulation in isolated preparations. 2. Appropriate, but weak, end-organ responses were elicited by stimulation of the first and fourth thoracic ventral roots (T1 and T4) 15--30 days after freezing the cervical sympathetic trunk. 3. Intracellular recordings from ganglion cells during stimulation of the ventral roots C8--T7 in vitro showed that synaptic contacts are first re-established 8--11 days after freezing the preganglionic nerve. The proportion of re-innervated cells, and the strength of innervation of individual neurones, increased rapidly for up to about 3 months after nerve injury, but showed little change thereafter. Innervation remained weaker than normal even after 6 months. 4. Patterns of segmental innervation recorded intracellularly during the early stages of regeneration were similar to, but more restricted than normal. Even 13--19 days after interruption of the preganglionic nerve, neurones re-innervated by more than one spinal cord segment tended to be innervated by a contiguous subset of the spinal segments which contribute innervation to the ganglion. The incidence of neurones receiving innervation from a discontinuous segmental subset was about the same at early and late stages or re-innervation. 5. Throughout the course of nerve regeneration, re-innervated neurones tended to receive dominant synaptic input from axons arising at a particular spinal level, as do normal cells, with adjacent segments contributing a synaptic influence that diminished as a function of distance from the dominant segment. 6. The results of these experiments argue against the initial formation of imprecise connexions with subsequent retention of appropriate contacts and a loss of inappropriate ones. Rather our findings suggest that the re-innervation of ganglion cells proceeds by a gradual accumulation of synaptic connexions which are, from the outset, appropriate.", "PMID": 702401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1169", "title": "The role of the cat choroid plexus in regulating cerebrospinal fluid magnesium.", "content": "1. The regulation of c.s.f. Mg concentration was studied using the cat choroid plexus isolated in a chamber in situ. 2. An increase in plasma Mg concentration was accompanied by the usual reciprocal decrease in plasma Ca concentration. Chamber fluid Ca concentration was unaffected. 3. Hypermagnesemia (plasma Mg concentration greater than 6 m-equiv/1.) caused relatively small increases in c.s.f. Mg concentration (delta plasma [Mg]/ delta c.s.f. [Mg] = 4). 4. Various chamber fluid Mg concentrations (0, 2.4 or 4.8 m-equiv/1.) were rapidly (within 30--60 min) returned to near the control value of 1.83 m-equiv/1. 5. When plasma and chamber fluid Mg concentrations were altered simultaneously, the final chamber fluid Mg concentration was returned towards normal with or against a concentration gradient. 6. The data indicate that the choroid plexus is involved in maintaining the constancy of the c.s.f. Mg concentration by sensing changes in the normal c.s.f. Mg concentration and altering approximately its rate of active secretion of Mg.", "contents": "The role of the cat choroid plexus in regulating cerebrospinal fluid magnesium. 1. The regulation of c.s.f. Mg concentration was studied using the cat choroid plexus isolated in a chamber in situ. 2. An increase in plasma Mg concentration was accompanied by the usual reciprocal decrease in plasma Ca concentration. Chamber fluid Ca concentration was unaffected. 3. Hypermagnesemia (plasma Mg concentration greater than 6 m-equiv/1.) caused relatively small increases in c.s.f. Mg concentration (delta plasma [Mg]/ delta c.s.f. [Mg] = 4). 4. Various chamber fluid Mg concentrations (0, 2.4 or 4.8 m-equiv/1.) were rapidly (within 30--60 min) returned to near the control value of 1.83 m-equiv/1. 5. When plasma and chamber fluid Mg concentrations were altered simultaneously, the final chamber fluid Mg concentration was returned towards normal with or against a concentration gradient. 6. The data indicate that the choroid plexus is involved in maintaining the constancy of the c.s.f. Mg concentration by sensing changes in the normal c.s.f. Mg concentration and altering approximately its rate of active secretion of Mg.", "PMID": 702402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1170", "title": "Regulation of glycolysis in intermittent exercise in man.", "content": "1. Seven healthy male volunteers performed intermittent exercise (15 sec work--15 sec rest) at a high work load for 60 min and six subjects performed continuous exercise at an equally high load to exhaustion, which occurred after 4--6 min. 2. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the lateral portion of the quadriceps muscle before intermittent exercise and after the end of a work period and the end of the subsequent rest period at 5, 15, 30 and 60 min of exercise, as well as before, immediately after and about 15, 30, 60 and 180 sec after continuous exercise. 3. The reduction in glycogen content was smaller and glucose-6-phosphate, glycerol-1-phosphate, lactate and malate contents were lower after both work and rest periods in intermittent compared with continuous exercise, indicating a lower rate of glycolysis. 4. ATP and CP levels had decreased at the end of work periods in intermittent exercise but increased to slightly below basal in the subsequent rest periods. A still larger decrease in ATP and CP levels was found after continuous exercise to exhaustion and a progressive increase occurred over the 3 min of recovery. 5. In each rest period during intermittent exercise citrate levels increased to reach above basal. They increased also in the recovery phase after continuous exercise, although more slowly. 6. The findings support the assumption that ATP, CP and citrate act as regulatory factors of glycolysis in human muscle by retarding certain rate limiting steps. The increase in G-6-P/F-1-6-P2 ratio in rest periods of intermittent intense exercise and in the recovery phase of continuous intense exercise suggests that glycolysis is retarded at the phosphofructokinase reaction. 7. The factors mentioned may therefore contribute to the relative increase in lipid utilization during intense intermittent compared to continuous exercise.", "contents": "Regulation of glycolysis in intermittent exercise in man. 1. Seven healthy male volunteers performed intermittent exercise (15 sec work--15 sec rest) at a high work load for 60 min and six subjects performed continuous exercise at an equally high load to exhaustion, which occurred after 4--6 min. 2. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the lateral portion of the quadriceps muscle before intermittent exercise and after the end of a work period and the end of the subsequent rest period at 5, 15, 30 and 60 min of exercise, as well as before, immediately after and about 15, 30, 60 and 180 sec after continuous exercise. 3. The reduction in glycogen content was smaller and glucose-6-phosphate, glycerol-1-phosphate, lactate and malate contents were lower after both work and rest periods in intermittent compared with continuous exercise, indicating a lower rate of glycolysis. 4. ATP and CP levels had decreased at the end of work periods in intermittent exercise but increased to slightly below basal in the subsequent rest periods. A still larger decrease in ATP and CP levels was found after continuous exercise to exhaustion and a progressive increase occurred over the 3 min of recovery. 5. In each rest period during intermittent exercise citrate levels increased to reach above basal. They increased also in the recovery phase after continuous exercise, although more slowly. 6. The findings support the assumption that ATP, CP and citrate act as regulatory factors of glycolysis in human muscle by retarding certain rate limiting steps. The increase in G-6-P/F-1-6-P2 ratio in rest periods of intermittent intense exercise and in the recovery phase of continuous intense exercise suggests that glycolysis is retarded at the phosphofructokinase reaction. 7. The factors mentioned may therefore contribute to the relative increase in lipid utilization during intense intermittent compared to continuous exercise.", "PMID": 702403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1171", "title": "Propagating calcium spikes in an axon of Aplysia.", "content": "1. Intracellular recordings were obtained from the axon of the giant neurone R2 of Aplysia in order to study the ionic dependency of action potentials. 2. The overshoot potential of the axon spike increases with Na concentration in the manner predicted for a Na electrode. The maximum rate of rise (Vm) is linearly related to Na concentration. The overshoot potential is insensitive to Ca concentration at Na concentrations as low as 250 mM. 3. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) or replacement of Na with Tris abolishes action potentials in the axon but not soma of R2. Addition of 4-aminopyridine to a Na-free solution permits axon spikes to be generated. These action potentials are blocked by 30 mM-Co2+, but not by TTX. The overshoot potential and Vm of these action potentials increase monotonically with Ca concentration. 4. Axonal action potentials can be generated when an equimolar concentration of Sr is substituted for all of the Ca and Mg in Na-free medium. These action potentials are abolished by 30 mM-Ca2+ or mM-Co2+, and increase with Sr concentration. 5. TTX-resistant Ba spikes can similarly be elicited in R2 axon. These action potentials are reduced by Ca, Co, or Cd, and enhanced by raising the Ba concentration. 6. The Vm of Na spikes in the absence of Ca is greater in the axon than in the soma of R2, whereas the Vm of divalent spikes is greater in the soma. 7. During repetitive stimulation the axon spikes incrase in duration. This broadening is inhibited by replacing Ca in the bath with Mn or by the addition of 30 mM-CoCl2, and is enhanced by raising the Ca concentration by 30 mM. 8. The action potention of R2 axon has a mixed Na/Ca dependency. The density of Ca current may be greater in the some than in the axon of this cell.", "contents": "Propagating calcium spikes in an axon of Aplysia. 1. Intracellular recordings were obtained from the axon of the giant neurone R2 of Aplysia in order to study the ionic dependency of action potentials. 2. The overshoot potential of the axon spike increases with Na concentration in the manner predicted for a Na electrode. The maximum rate of rise (Vm) is linearly related to Na concentration. The overshoot potential is insensitive to Ca concentration at Na concentrations as low as 250 mM. 3. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) or replacement of Na with Tris abolishes action potentials in the axon but not soma of R2. Addition of 4-aminopyridine to a Na-free solution permits axon spikes to be generated. These action potentials are blocked by 30 mM-Co2+, but not by TTX. The overshoot potential and Vm of these action potentials increase monotonically with Ca concentration. 4. Axonal action potentials can be generated when an equimolar concentration of Sr is substituted for all of the Ca and Mg in Na-free medium. These action potentials are abolished by 30 mM-Ca2+ or mM-Co2+, and increase with Sr concentration. 5. TTX-resistant Ba spikes can similarly be elicited in R2 axon. These action potentials are reduced by Ca, Co, or Cd, and enhanced by raising the Ba concentration. 6. The Vm of Na spikes in the absence of Ca is greater in the axon than in the soma of R2, whereas the Vm of divalent spikes is greater in the soma. 7. During repetitive stimulation the axon spikes incrase in duration. This broadening is inhibited by replacing Ca in the bath with Mn or by the addition of 30 mM-CoCl2, and is enhanced by raising the Ca concentration by 30 mM. 8. The action potention of R2 axon has a mixed Na/Ca dependency. The density of Ca current may be greater in the some than in the axon of this cell.", "PMID": 702405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1172", "title": "[Studies on the excitation-metabolism coupling mechanism in brown adipose tissues, 2; Effects of K+ and norepinephrine on the lipolysis in brown adipose tissues (author's transl)].", "content": "This investigation was undertaken to clarify the lipolytic response caused by K+ and norepinephrine in brown adipose tissues. 1. Lipolytic response was obviously observed at the concentration of 50 mM in the K+-induced stimulation, and at 1.0 microgram/ml in the norepinephrine-induced stimulation, respectively. 2. K+- and norepinephrine-stimulated lipolysis were inhibited in the Ca2+-deficient tissues, and were inhibited by the addition of Mg2+, Mn2+ and La3+. 3. In the K+-stimulated lipolysis Ca2+ could be substituted only by Sr2+, while in the norepinephrine-stimulated lipolysis the substitution was possible with both Sr2+ and Ba2+. 4. K+- and norepinephrine-stimulated lipolysis were inhibited by the addition of propranolol and procaine. Accordingly, these positive results suggest that K+- and norepinephrine-stimulated lipolysis are dependent on the presence of Ca2+, and are related to the movements of Ca2+ and cyclic AMP system in the cells.", "contents": "[Studies on the excitation-metabolism coupling mechanism in brown adipose tissues, 2; Effects of K+ and norepinephrine on the lipolysis in brown adipose tissues (author's transl)]. This investigation was undertaken to clarify the lipolytic response caused by K+ and norepinephrine in brown adipose tissues. 1. Lipolytic response was obviously observed at the concentration of 50 mM in the K+-induced stimulation, and at 1.0 microgram/ml in the norepinephrine-induced stimulation, respectively. 2. K+- and norepinephrine-stimulated lipolysis were inhibited in the Ca2+-deficient tissues, and were inhibited by the addition of Mg2+, Mn2+ and La3+. 3. In the K+-stimulated lipolysis Ca2+ could be substituted only by Sr2+, while in the norepinephrine-stimulated lipolysis the substitution was possible with both Sr2+ and Ba2+. 4. K+- and norepinephrine-stimulated lipolysis were inhibited by the addition of propranolol and procaine. Accordingly, these positive results suggest that K+- and norepinephrine-stimulated lipolysis are dependent on the presence of Ca2+, and are related to the movements of Ca2+ and cyclic AMP system in the cells.", "PMID": 702409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1173", "title": "Financial support for research in general practice.", "content": "I have tried to identify all the main sources of financial support for general-practice research and to classify the work and the sources of support.The Department of Health is the biggest single source and the total sums involved exceed pound1 million.About a quarter of the money is spent by academic departments of general practice, about a quarter by research units directed by practising general practitioners, and the remaining half is spent by other academic departments such as social research, medical sociology, or community health.", "contents": "Financial support for research in general practice. I have tried to identify all the main sources of financial support for general-practice research and to classify the work and the sources of support.The Department of Health is the biggest single source and the total sums involved exceed pound1 million.About a quarter of the money is spent by academic departments of general practice, about a quarter by research units directed by practising general practitioners, and the remaining half is spent by other academic departments such as social research, medical sociology, or community health.", "PMID": 702422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1174", "title": "Confidentiality and medical records.", "content": "Protecting confidential information disclosed to doctors has been one of the most important ethical traditions of the medical profession. However, the patient's right to such confidentiality is threatened because it is legally unclear how far ownership by Government of the paper on which NHS records are kept or of the computer system in which they are stored confers right of access.We hope the medical profession will examine this problem urgently and offer some suggestions as to how patients' confidences can continue to be protected in the future.", "contents": "Confidentiality and medical records. Protecting confidential information disclosed to doctors has been one of the most important ethical traditions of the medical profession. However, the patient's right to such confidentiality is threatened because it is legally unclear how far ownership by Government of the paper on which NHS records are kept or of the computer system in which they are stored confers right of access.We hope the medical profession will examine this problem urgently and offer some suggestions as to how patients' confidences can continue to be protected in the future.", "PMID": 702427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1175", "title": "Referral letters--the enclosure of the general practitioner's computerized record.", "content": "The computerization of general practice records in group practices often makes it possible for a print-out of the record to be sent to hospital specialists on referral. I examined the assessments made by consultants of the value of this. While general practitioners and consultants do not agree on the content of the ideal referral letter, the addition of a computer print-out would aid about a third of consultants.", "contents": "Referral letters--the enclosure of the general practitioner's computerized record. The computerization of general practice records in group practices often makes it possible for a print-out of the record to be sent to hospital specialists on referral. I examined the assessments made by consultants of the value of this. While general practitioners and consultants do not agree on the content of the ideal referral letter, the addition of a computer print-out would aid about a third of consultants.", "PMID": 702432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1176", "title": "Unusual presentations of thyroid disease in general practice.", "content": "We report nine cases of unusual presentations of thyroid disease seen in our practice during a period of about two years. We discuss the implications and management of these cases in general practice.", "contents": "Unusual presentations of thyroid disease in general practice. We report nine cases of unusual presentations of thyroid disease seen in our practice during a period of about two years. We discuss the implications and management of these cases in general practice.", "PMID": 702433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1177", "title": "General practice in New Zealand and the UK.", "content": "The morbidity and referrals in a New Zealand and an English practice are described and compared, and the results analysed and discussed.", "contents": "General practice in New Zealand and the UK. The morbidity and referrals in a New Zealand and an English practice are described and compared, and the results analysed and discussed.", "PMID": 702435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1178", "title": "Manipulation for locked knee.", "content": "There is a type of locked knee in which the last 10 to 40 degrees of extension are lost. The manipulation used in the treatment of six patients is described. Manipulation in this instance should primarily be regarded as a first aid procedure to restore function and to stop the pain. The condition is usually caused by an abnormality of the lateral meniscus and meniscectomy may be required later.", "contents": "Manipulation for locked knee. There is a type of locked knee in which the last 10 to 40 degrees of extension are lost. The manipulation used in the treatment of six patients is described. Manipulation in this instance should primarily be regarded as a first aid procedure to restore function and to stop the pain. The condition is usually caused by an abnormality of the lateral meniscus and meniscectomy may be required later.", "PMID": 702436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1179", "title": "Pulled elbow.", "content": "Pulled elbow (distal subluxation of the radial head) is a common, painful condition in young children. Although it has been well documented it is often missed, often mistreated, and generally over-investigated. Treatment is simple and effective. Without treatment the condition can continue for several days.", "contents": "Pulled elbow. Pulled elbow (distal subluxation of the radial head) is a common, painful condition in young children. Although it has been well documented it is often missed, often mistreated, and generally over-investigated. Treatment is simple and effective. Without treatment the condition can continue for several days.", "PMID": 702437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1180", "title": "General practice in remote areas: attractions, expectations, and experiences.", "content": "Interviews with a sample of general practitioners in remote areas of Scotland revealed a strong commitment to a wide family counsellor role as well as a wish to use clinical skills more fully. While many urban doctors express similar orientations we believe that rural practitioners feel better able to implement their preferred style of work which combines personal and professional elements.", "contents": "General practice in remote areas: attractions, expectations, and experiences. Interviews with a sample of general practitioners in remote areas of Scotland revealed a strong commitment to a wide family counsellor role as well as a wish to use clinical skills more fully. While many urban doctors express similar orientations we believe that rural practitioners feel better able to implement their preferred style of work which combines personal and professional elements.", "PMID": 702438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1181", "title": "Early infant feeding and weight gain.", "content": "Three hundred and one babies were surveyed for one year in an infant welfare clinic in North London. There was no significant difference at six months and one year of age in the mean weights of babies breast-fed for more than one month and those not breast-fed at all.At six months, the mean weight of those babies given solid food before three months of age was significantly higher than the mean weight of those babies given solids only after three months of age. This difference had disappeared by one year of age.", "contents": "Early infant feeding and weight gain. Three hundred and one babies were surveyed for one year in an infant welfare clinic in North London. There was no significant difference at six months and one year of age in the mean weights of babies breast-fed for more than one month and those not breast-fed at all.At six months, the mean weight of those babies given solid food before three months of age was significantly higher than the mean weight of those babies given solids only after three months of age. This difference had disappeared by one year of age.", "PMID": 702442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1182", "title": "The reliability and validity of the age-sex register as a population denominator in general practice.", "content": "I report evidence which raises doubts about the reliability and validity of age-sex registers as true population denominators in general practice in the UK. These have potentially disturbing implications for the interpretation of data based on the presumed precision of age-sex registers. I am undertaking a prospective study to identify and quantify sources of inaccuracy to try to establish a method of estimating the true population at risk and its true age-sex characteristics. This would greatly enhance the utility of the age-sex register as the most valuable tool in general-practice research.", "contents": "The reliability and validity of the age-sex register as a population denominator in general practice. I report evidence which raises doubts about the reliability and validity of age-sex registers as true population denominators in general practice in the UK. These have potentially disturbing implications for the interpretation of data based on the presumed precision of age-sex registers. I am undertaking a prospective study to identify and quantify sources of inaccuracy to try to establish a method of estimating the true population at risk and its true age-sex characteristics. This would greatly enhance the utility of the age-sex register as the most valuable tool in general-practice research.", "PMID": 702443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1183", "title": "The operation of a health centre after a catastrophe in Finland.", "content": "In April 1976 the most disastrous peace-time accident in Finland took place in the town of Lapua, where a cartridge-filling station in an ammunition factory exploded and 40 people were killed. I was in charge of the local health centre activities, and describe what happened.", "contents": "The operation of a health centre after a catastrophe in Finland. In April 1976 the most disastrous peace-time accident in Finland took place in the town of Lapua, where a cartridge-filling station in an ammunition factory exploded and 40 people were killed. I was in charge of the local health centre activities, and describe what happened.", "PMID": 702445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1184", "title": "Tolerating uncertainty in family medicine.", "content": "In family practice, early undifferentiated signs and symptoms dominate many consultations. A physician must learn to tolerate uncertainty in addition to managing well-defined pathological processes. A series of steps are presented on how to approach the uncertain. I hope these will stimulate further comment and help to develop a body of organized and testable knowledge on the skills of managing the uncertain problems in family practice.", "contents": "Tolerating uncertainty in family medicine. In family practice, early undifferentiated signs and symptoms dominate many consultations. A physician must learn to tolerate uncertainty in addition to managing well-defined pathological processes. A series of steps are presented on how to approach the uncertain. I hope these will stimulate further comment and help to develop a body of organized and testable knowledge on the skills of managing the uncertain problems in family practice.", "PMID": 702447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1185", "title": "The Department of General Practice at the Erasmus University of Rotterdam.", "content": "The philosophy which provides the framework for looking after patients, teaching, and research at the University Department of General Practice in Rotterdam is described and the need stressed that this philosophy should be discussed continually with other departments and with local general practitioners.In particular I believe that young doctors need to be trained in the skill of deciding whether patients in general practice need any treatment at all and who is the most appropriate adviser. Analysis of the doctor-patient relationship is essential in order to train young doctors to develop supportive rather than authoritarian relationships with patients.", "contents": "The Department of General Practice at the Erasmus University of Rotterdam. The philosophy which provides the framework for looking after patients, teaching, and research at the University Department of General Practice in Rotterdam is described and the need stressed that this philosophy should be discussed continually with other departments and with local general practitioners.In particular I believe that young doctors need to be trained in the skill of deciding whether patients in general practice need any treatment at all and who is the most appropriate adviser. Analysis of the doctor-patient relationship is essential in order to train young doctors to develop supportive rather than authoritarian relationships with patients.", "PMID": 702448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1186", "title": "Training practices in the Oxford region.", "content": "Considerably more time for training has been made available by trainers in the Oxford region since July 1976, with regular tutorials being held in all training practices. However, in spite of this by January 1978 nearly half the trainees still received training which was largely unplanned, and some of the reasons for this are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Training practices in the Oxford region. Considerably more time for training has been made available by trainers in the Oxford region since July 1976, with regular tutorials being held in all training practices. However, in spite of this by January 1978 nearly half the trainees still received training which was largely unplanned, and some of the reasons for this are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 702449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1187", "title": "Evaluation of structured and unstructured training for general practice.", "content": "Twenty-four general-practice trainees were assessed at the beginning and end of their training year. They improved significantly in their factual recall and problem-solving ability. Sixteen young principals who had had an unstructured training for general practice were assessed at the same time and were initially of the same standard but their results showed no difference over the same year.", "contents": "Evaluation of structured and unstructured training for general practice. Twenty-four general-practice trainees were assessed at the beginning and end of their training year. They improved significantly in their factual recall and problem-solving ability. Sixteen young principals who had had an unstructured training for general practice were assessed at the same time and were initially of the same standard but their results showed no difference over the same year.", "PMID": 702451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1188", "title": "General-practice teaching in Australia.", "content": "There have been several important changes in the aims and organization of general-practice teaching in Australia in recent years. During a visit to Australia I had the opportunity to see many of these and to discuss others. This report describes the features I found of most interest.", "contents": "General-practice teaching in Australia. There have been several important changes in the aims and organization of general-practice teaching in Australia in recent years. During a visit to Australia I had the opportunity to see many of these and to discuss others. This report describes the features I found of most interest.", "PMID": 702452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1189", "title": "The aetiology of consultation: a threefold classification.", "content": "A threefold classification of aetiological factors in consultation is suggested, for use in day-to-day clinical general practice.", "contents": "The aetiology of consultation: a threefold classification. A threefold classification of aetiological factors in consultation is suggested, for use in day-to-day clinical general practice.", "PMID": 702454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1190", "title": "The primary prevention of atherosclerosis in general practice.", "content": "The prevention of atherosclerosis, especially ischaemic heart disease, in general practice is important. The evidence for and against the various risk factors is reviewed, and the rationale for screening and health education is examined. I conclude that health education and screening for risk factors are likely to be more successful in decreasing morbidity and mortality than treating established disease.There are arguments for and against screening and health education and about the effectiveness of various schemes. Much of the routine work of health education and screening can be carried out by suitably trained health visitors, practice nurses, or community nurses.", "contents": "The primary prevention of atherosclerosis in general practice. The prevention of atherosclerosis, especially ischaemic heart disease, in general practice is important. The evidence for and against the various risk factors is reviewed, and the rationale for screening and health education is examined. I conclude that health education and screening for risk factors are likely to be more successful in decreasing morbidity and mortality than treating established disease.There are arguments for and against screening and health education and about the effectiveness of various schemes. Much of the routine work of health education and screening can be carried out by suitably trained health visitors, practice nurses, or community nurses.", "PMID": 702455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1191", "title": "Talking out of alcoholism: results from a survey of Alcoholics Anonymous in England and Wales.", "content": "A national survey of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) produced data on the way AA members talk about their experiences and the role this plays in achieving and maintaining sobriety. The survey was based on self-completion questionnaires given to one in four members attending meetings of a one in ten random sample of AA groups operating in England and Wales. Only 1.8 per cent of current members had never spoken at a meeting, while 62.5 per cent spoke regularly. Hearing other people's personal stories was felt by members to be the most useful part of AA meetings. At some time 81.9 per cent of members had told their own story and there was some relationship between dropping out and not telling personal stories. The great majority of those who had told stories reported changes in their content over time; 58.0 per cent of these changes involved a shift of emphasis from drinking to recovery. The results suggest that AA enables people to change the way they perceive and evaluate themselves. It enables them to talk themselves out of alcoholism.", "contents": "Talking out of alcoholism: results from a survey of Alcoholics Anonymous in England and Wales. A national survey of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) produced data on the way AA members talk about their experiences and the role this plays in achieving and maintaining sobriety. The survey was based on self-completion questionnaires given to one in four members attending meetings of a one in ten random sample of AA groups operating in England and Wales. Only 1.8 per cent of current members had never spoken at a meeting, while 62.5 per cent spoke regularly. Hearing other people's personal stories was felt by members to be the most useful part of AA meetings. At some time 81.9 per cent of members had told their own story and there was some relationship between dropping out and not telling personal stories. The great majority of those who had told stories reported changes in their content over time; 58.0 per cent of these changes involved a shift of emphasis from drinking to recovery. The results suggest that AA enables people to change the way they perceive and evaluate themselves. It enables them to talk themselves out of alcoholism.", "PMID": 702456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1192", "title": "Screening the aged in general practice.", "content": "We describe a comprehensive screening project in a general practice in which patients over the age of 65 were assessed both socially and medically. We conclude from our results that there was little treatable but previously undiagnosed illness within the community studied.", "contents": "Screening the aged in general practice. We describe a comprehensive screening project in a general practice in which patients over the age of 65 were assessed both socially and medically. We conclude from our results that there was little treatable but previously undiagnosed illness within the community studied.", "PMID": 702457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1193", "title": "The benefits to an elderly population of continuing geriatric assessment.", "content": "There is currently great interest in the care of the elderly in general practice and discussion about the role of surveillance programmes. We report a comparison between two surveys of an elderly population carried out with a view to determining the difference in findings between two surveys of the same population.Each patient had an average of 4.8 problems at the time of the second assessment. The number of active and unknown problems fell from 6.4 per patient at the initial assessment.The greatest improvements were found in such topics as clothing, bedding, heating, dentition, diet, vision, and hearing, and the least in such aspects as dependency, home hazards, and problems with a caring relative.We remain convinced that a continuing programme of geriatric assessment is valuable in general practice.", "contents": "The benefits to an elderly population of continuing geriatric assessment. There is currently great interest in the care of the elderly in general practice and discussion about the role of surveillance programmes. We report a comparison between two surveys of an elderly population carried out with a view to determining the difference in findings between two surveys of the same population.Each patient had an average of 4.8 problems at the time of the second assessment. The number of active and unknown problems fell from 6.4 per patient at the initial assessment.The greatest improvements were found in such topics as clothing, bedding, heating, dentition, diet, vision, and hearing, and the least in such aspects as dependency, home hazards, and problems with a caring relative.We remain convinced that a continuing programme of geriatric assessment is valuable in general practice.", "PMID": 702458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1194", "title": "Integration of general-practitioner and specialist antenatal care.", "content": "Despite the growing role of specialist obstetricians in intranatal care the importance of the general practitioner's role, especially in antenatal and postnatal care, is being increasingly recognized. We describe a new way of sharing care which involves the consultant obstetrician attending antenatal sessions at fortnightly intervals in the practice. In addition the antenatal record is retained by the patient herself who brings it to all attendances, both in the practice and at the hospital.We analysed the results of this arrangement and compared them with a controlled series of hospital patients and found some advantages for shared care arrangements including, in particular, a reduction in the number of different doctors seen by patients, a big reduction in the number of patients who were seen by more than three doctors, and an increase in the breast feeding rate at the time of discharge from hospital.", "contents": "Integration of general-practitioner and specialist antenatal care. Despite the growing role of specialist obstetricians in intranatal care the importance of the general practitioner's role, especially in antenatal and postnatal care, is being increasingly recognized. We describe a new way of sharing care which involves the consultant obstetrician attending antenatal sessions at fortnightly intervals in the practice. In addition the antenatal record is retained by the patient herself who brings it to all attendances, both in the practice and at the hospital.We analysed the results of this arrangement and compared them with a controlled series of hospital patients and found some advantages for shared care arrangements including, in particular, a reduction in the number of different doctors seen by patients, a big reduction in the number of patients who were seen by more than three doctors, and an increase in the breast feeding rate at the time of discharge from hospital.", "PMID": 702459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1195", "title": "Home and hospital: a comparison of the experiences of mothers having home and hospital confinements.", "content": "A survey of women delivered in 24 different districts compared the patients' reports of their experiences of delivery in hospital with delivery at home.Among the findings were that labour lasted a significantly shorter time at home, significantly fewer women were left alone at home, and significantly fewer had episiotomies at home.Husbands played much more of a role at home and 76 per cent were present at the birth compared with 30 per cent in hospital.Of the mothers at home 57 per cent held their baby \"as long as they wanted\" compared with 29 per cent in hospital.These and other factors suggest that more needs to be done to improve the qualitative aspects of delivery in hospital and especially to promote warmer human relationships within the patient's family.", "contents": "Home and hospital: a comparison of the experiences of mothers having home and hospital confinements. A survey of women delivered in 24 different districts compared the patients' reports of their experiences of delivery in hospital with delivery at home.Among the findings were that labour lasted a significantly shorter time at home, significantly fewer women were left alone at home, and significantly fewer had episiotomies at home.Husbands played much more of a role at home and 76 per cent were present at the birth compared with 30 per cent in hospital.Of the mothers at home 57 per cent held their baby \"as long as they wanted\" compared with 29 per cent in hospital.These and other factors suggest that more needs to be done to improve the qualitative aspects of delivery in hospital and especially to promote warmer human relationships within the patient's family.", "PMID": 702460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1196", "title": "Survey of a Royal Air Force practice in Germany.", "content": "Throughout 1974 records were kept of all patients seen by the medical staff at Royal Air Force Bruggen, an RAF Station in Germany. Full details of patients and diagnoses were recorded and an analysis was made of the patterns of consultation and morbidity. The method of storing and analysis the information on punched cards is discussed, and the results are compared with service and civilian general practice in the UK and abroad.", "contents": "Survey of a Royal Air Force practice in Germany. Throughout 1974 records were kept of all patients seen by the medical staff at Royal Air Force Bruggen, an RAF Station in Germany. Full details of patients and diagnoses were recorded and an analysis was made of the patterns of consultation and morbidity. The method of storing and analysis the information on punched cards is discussed, and the results are compared with service and civilian general practice in the UK and abroad.", "PMID": 702461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1197", "title": "Altitude sickness.", "content": "Ten climbers were studied trekking from 1,950 to 4,650 m (6,500 ft to 15,500 ft) in the Nanda Devi Sanctuary of the Garwhal Himalaya. All developed altitude sickness, one seriously. Pulse, blood pressure, and peak flow rate were monitored daily in an attempt to predict the onset of altitude sickness. Prediction was uncertain though the one climber who became seriously cyanosed at 4,200 m (14,000 ft) had a consistently higher blood pressure than his colleagues.", "contents": "Altitude sickness. Ten climbers were studied trekking from 1,950 to 4,650 m (6,500 ft to 15,500 ft) in the Nanda Devi Sanctuary of the Garwhal Himalaya. All developed altitude sickness, one seriously. Pulse, blood pressure, and peak flow rate were monitored daily in an attempt to predict the onset of altitude sickness. Prediction was uncertain though the one climber who became seriously cyanosed at 4,200 m (14,000 ft) had a consistently higher blood pressure than his colleagues.", "PMID": 702462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1198", "title": "The vital role of the cottage-community hospital.", "content": "The history of general-practitioner hospitals is reviewed and a case made for their retention and extension. Among the advantages they provide are: a local service for patients, less expensive hospital care than is possible in a district general hospital, less travelling expenses for patients, valuable postgraduate education for doctors, and improvement of general-practitioner morale.", "contents": "The vital role of the cottage-community hospital. The history of general-practitioner hospitals is reviewed and a case made for their retention and extension. Among the advantages they provide are: a local service for patients, less expensive hospital care than is possible in a district general hospital, less travelling expenses for patients, valuable postgraduate education for doctors, and improvement of general-practitioner morale.", "PMID": 702464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1199", "title": "Symptom prevalence in the community.", "content": "The prevalence of physical symptoms among a sample of patients registered at a health centre is described as recorded from home interviews. The number of physical symptoms per person is then correlated with personal characteristics and environmental factors, using computer programmes.", "contents": "Symptom prevalence in the community. The prevalence of physical symptoms among a sample of patients registered at a health centre is described as recorded from home interviews. The number of physical symptoms per person is then correlated with personal characteristics and environmental factors, using computer programmes.", "PMID": 702465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1200", "title": "The future of the College.", "content": "THE COLLEGE SHOULD NOW PLAN ITS FUTURE POLICIES ACCORDING TO THE FOLLOWING SIX PRINCIPLES: (1) Preventive and therapeutic services must be integrated. (2) Such action falls naturally to neighbourhood doctors. (3) A positive practical approach to health should replace the traditional disease dominated emphasis in medical training. (4) There are important manpower implications for general practice, both for doctors and their staff. (5) The need to alter the life-style of patients means that practical preventive medicine increasingly means achieving change in human behaviour. (6) The Royal College of General Practitioners should increasingly emerge as the voice of progress by publicizing successful developments in general practices and by campaigning for public support for these principles.", "contents": "The future of the College. THE COLLEGE SHOULD NOW PLAN ITS FUTURE POLICIES ACCORDING TO THE FOLLOWING SIX PRINCIPLES: (1) Preventive and therapeutic services must be integrated. (2) Such action falls naturally to neighbourhood doctors. (3) A positive practical approach to health should replace the traditional disease dominated emphasis in medical training. (4) There are important manpower implications for general practice, both for doctors and their staff. (5) The need to alter the life-style of patients means that practical preventive medicine increasingly means achieving change in human behaviour. (6) The Royal College of General Practitioners should increasingly emerge as the voice of progress by publicizing successful developments in general practices and by campaigning for public support for these principles.", "PMID": 702466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1201", "title": "Nonspecific inflammatory bowel disease in two general hospitals.", "content": "During 1976, 50 patients were admitted to two general hospitals for the investigation or treatment of nonspecific inflammatory bowel disease. There were more patients admitted with Crohn's disease (23) than proctocolitis (11). Half of those patients admitted with Crohn's disease required surgical treatment, the majority for small bowel obstruction. Five patients were admitted for the treatment of an acute attack of proctocolitis; these patients were all previously undiagnosed, were all admitted urgently and all responded to medical treatment.", "contents": "Nonspecific inflammatory bowel disease in two general hospitals. During 1976, 50 patients were admitted to two general hospitals for the investigation or treatment of nonspecific inflammatory bowel disease. There were more patients admitted with Crohn's disease (23) than proctocolitis (11). Half of those patients admitted with Crohn's disease required surgical treatment, the majority for small bowel obstruction. Five patients were admitted for the treatment of an acute attack of proctocolitis; these patients were all previously undiagnosed, were all admitted urgently and all responded to medical treatment.", "PMID": 702480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1202", "title": "Radioactive oxygen 15O studies in cerebral neoplasms.", "content": "Methods of diagnosis and anatomical localization of cerebral neoplasms have reached a high level of efficiency. A new method of studying cerebral circulation and metabolism by a simple noninvasive technique of steady-state imaging during the inhalation of radioactive oxygen and radioactive oxygen-labelled CO2 is described. The results of preliminary studies of a group of cerebral neoplasms of various histological types are presented and the implications discussed.", "contents": "Radioactive oxygen 15O studies in cerebral neoplasms. Methods of diagnosis and anatomical localization of cerebral neoplasms have reached a high level of efficiency. A new method of studying cerebral circulation and metabolism by a simple noninvasive technique of steady-state imaging during the inhalation of radioactive oxygen and radioactive oxygen-labelled CO2 is described. The results of preliminary studies of a group of cerebral neoplasms of various histological types are presented and the implications discussed.", "PMID": 702481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1203", "title": "Do we overtreat patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate?", "content": "Two hundred unselected patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate have been surveyed. The routine use of endotracheal intubation, muscle relaxants, intermittent positive pressure respiration, intravenous fluids and postoperative sedation was avoided whereever possible. The results of this survey are presented and indicate that such measures can be omitted from the management of patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate with no significant increase in morbidity or mortality and, indeed, morbidity and mortality may be decreased by their exclusion.", "contents": "Do we overtreat patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate? Two hundred unselected patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate have been surveyed. The routine use of endotracheal intubation, muscle relaxants, intermittent positive pressure respiration, intravenous fluids and postoperative sedation was avoided whereever possible. The results of this survey are presented and indicate that such measures can be omitted from the management of patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate with no significant increase in morbidity or mortality and, indeed, morbidity and mortality may be decreased by their exclusion.", "PMID": 702482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1204", "title": "The recognition of depressive disorder in children.", "content": "A study of 547 children aged between 3 and 17 years, attending a child psychiatric clinic, showed that 23% were rated as having the symptom of morbid depression present. This group was compared with a control group from the same clinic without depression. The depressed children had a number of symptoms which were significantly associated with depression and formed a characteristic pattern of symptoms that could be defined as a specific depressive disorder.", "contents": "The recognition of depressive disorder in children. A study of 547 children aged between 3 and 17 years, attending a child psychiatric clinic, showed that 23% were rated as having the symptom of morbid depression present. This group was compared with a control group from the same clinic without depression. The depressed children had a number of symptoms which were significantly associated with depression and formed a characteristic pattern of symptoms that could be defined as a specific depressive disorder.", "PMID": 702492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1205", "title": "Hydradenitis suppurativa.", "content": "The surgical treatment of a group of 24 patients with hydradenitis suppurativa is described and the clinical features, aetiological factors and other methods of treatment are reviewed. An abnormally high incidence of atopy is noted within the group.", "contents": "Hydradenitis suppurativa. The surgical treatment of a group of 24 patients with hydradenitis suppurativa is described and the clinical features, aetiological factors and other methods of treatment are reviewed. An abnormally high incidence of atopy is noted within the group.", "PMID": 702494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1206", "title": "Kikuyu grass poisoning of cattle in Natal.", "content": "The clinical findings in six natural and two experimental cases of Kikuyu grass poisoning in Natal, South Africa, are described and compared with findings in cases of toxicity reported elsewhere. The toxic factor has not been identified but a mycotoxin is suspected.", "contents": "Kikuyu grass poisoning of cattle in Natal. The clinical findings in six natural and two experimental cases of Kikuyu grass poisoning in Natal, South Africa, are described and compared with findings in cases of toxicity reported elsewhere. The toxic factor has not been identified but a mycotoxin is suspected.", "PMID": 702504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1207", "title": "Geeldikkop: preservation of toxic material.", "content": "Wilted Tribulus terrestris plants were harvested from a camp in which geeldikkop had just previously broken out. The plants were treated in various ways in an attempt to preserve their toxicity. The only successful method of preservation found was rapid freezing of harvested material. Three kg of plants were kept frozen for six weeks and then dosed via rumen fistula to a sheep which subsequently developed characteristic symptoms and lesions of geeldikkop.", "contents": "Geeldikkop: preservation of toxic material. Wilted Tribulus terrestris plants were harvested from a camp in which geeldikkop had just previously broken out. The plants were treated in various ways in an attempt to preserve their toxicity. The only successful method of preservation found was rapid freezing of harvested material. Three kg of plants were kept frozen for six weeks and then dosed via rumen fistula to a sheep which subsequently developed characteristic symptoms and lesions of geeldikkop.", "PMID": 702505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1208", "title": "An outbreak of \"kikuyu poisoning\" in Western Transvaal.", "content": "An outbreak of mortality in cattle grazing kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) pastures on a farm in the western Transvaal is described. These pastures had been heavily infested with army worm (Spodoptera exempta) two weeks preceding the onset of deaths. The main symptoms were excessive salivation, paresis of the tongue and pharynx, localized fine muscular tremors, ruminal tympany and stasis and congested or cyanotic mucous membranes. Significant clinical pathological findings were leukocytosis, elevated blood sugar levels and lowered serum magnesium and sodium levels. Autopsy findings of interest were patchy or diffuse hyperaemia of the rumen and abomasum and small haemorrhages in especially the lymph nodes, heart and tracheal mucosa. The most important histopathological finding was superficial or deep necrosis of the ruminal epithelium with marked neutrophile infiltration. All forms of treatment, including intravenous administration of magnesium sulphate, were of no avail. The condition closely resembles so-called \"Kikuyu poisoning\" in New Zealand.", "contents": "An outbreak of \"kikuyu poisoning\" in Western Transvaal. An outbreak of mortality in cattle grazing kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) pastures on a farm in the western Transvaal is described. These pastures had been heavily infested with army worm (Spodoptera exempta) two weeks preceding the onset of deaths. The main symptoms were excessive salivation, paresis of the tongue and pharynx, localized fine muscular tremors, ruminal tympany and stasis and congested or cyanotic mucous membranes. Significant clinical pathological findings were leukocytosis, elevated blood sugar levels and lowered serum magnesium and sodium levels. Autopsy findings of interest were patchy or diffuse hyperaemia of the rumen and abomasum and small haemorrhages in especially the lymph nodes, heart and tracheal mucosa. The most important histopathological finding was superficial or deep necrosis of the ruminal epithelium with marked neutrophile infiltration. All forms of treatment, including intravenous administration of magnesium sulphate, were of no avail. The condition closely resembles so-called \"Kikuyu poisoning\" in New Zealand.", "PMID": 702506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1209", "title": "Field observations on the occurrence of rabies in cattle in the magisterial districts of Soutpansberg and Messina.", "content": "The field manifestation of rabies in cattle is discussed. The observations cover the period 1974--1977 with emphasis on the geographical spread, vectors, symptoms and immunization of cattle with the Flury H.E.P. (high egg passage) rabies vaccine as prepared by the Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute.", "contents": "Field observations on the occurrence of rabies in cattle in the magisterial districts of Soutpansberg and Messina. The field manifestation of rabies in cattle is discussed. The observations cover the period 1974--1977 with emphasis on the geographical spread, vectors, symptoms and immunization of cattle with the Flury H.E.P. (high egg passage) rabies vaccine as prepared by the Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute.", "PMID": 702508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1210", "title": "Porcine arthritis and meat hygiene in South Africa.", "content": "The incidence, economic implications, aetiology and possible public health significance or porcine arthritis in South African slaughter pigs is discussed. An investigation into the aetiology and pathology of porcine arthritis as found at a South African abbattoir revealed that Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was present in 48% of the affected joints and Streptococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp. and Staphylococcus spp. in 20%, 4% and 2% respectively. The joints showed various degress of subacute to chronic proliferative sero-fibrinous to fibrinopurulent arthritis regardless of whether bacteria were isolated. It is essential that the Lnn. axillares primae costae which drain the forelimb joints also be examined routinely during meat inspection.", "contents": "Porcine arthritis and meat hygiene in South Africa. The incidence, economic implications, aetiology and possible public health significance or porcine arthritis in South African slaughter pigs is discussed. An investigation into the aetiology and pathology of porcine arthritis as found at a South African abbattoir revealed that Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was present in 48% of the affected joints and Streptococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp. and Staphylococcus spp. in 20%, 4% and 2% respectively. The joints showed various degress of subacute to chronic proliferative sero-fibrinous to fibrinopurulent arthritis regardless of whether bacteria were isolated. It is essential that the Lnn. axillares primae costae which drain the forelimb joints also be examined routinely during meat inspection.", "PMID": 702509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1211", "title": "Evaluation of neurological examination of sheep.", "content": "One hundred clinically negative Merino sheep were examined neurologically in an attempt to establish normal responses. Dependable results were obtained regarding eye muscle integrity, corneal sensitivity, the optic papilla and righting reflexes and to some extent the knee jerk reflex. The elicitation of other reflexes was inconsistent and unreliable except the placing reflex as shown by raising and lowering the forequarters.", "contents": "Evaluation of neurological examination of sheep. One hundred clinically negative Merino sheep were examined neurologically in an attempt to establish normal responses. Dependable results were obtained regarding eye muscle integrity, corneal sensitivity, the optic papilla and righting reflexes and to some extent the knee jerk reflex. The elicitation of other reflexes was inconsistent and unreliable except the placing reflex as shown by raising and lowering the forequarters.", "PMID": 702510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1212", "title": "Biochemical mechanisms causing tick resistance.", "content": "Three general biochemical mechanisms can cause ticks to be resistant to acaricides: an alteration in the properties of the site of action, a change in the rate of transportation and a change in the rate of metabolism. The first mechanism enables increased concentrations of acaricide at the site of action to be tolerated, while the last two mechanisms result in a decreased concentration and/or persistence of the acaricide at the site of action. These mechanisms are discussed in detail with reference to a range or acaricides, particular emphasis being given to blue tick strains occurring in Southern Africa.", "contents": "Biochemical mechanisms causing tick resistance. Three general biochemical mechanisms can cause ticks to be resistant to acaricides: an alteration in the properties of the site of action, a change in the rate of transportation and a change in the rate of metabolism. The first mechanism enables increased concentrations of acaricide at the site of action to be tolerated, while the last two mechanisms result in a decreased concentration and/or persistence of the acaricide at the site of action. These mechanisms are discussed in detail with reference to a range or acaricides, particular emphasis being given to blue tick strains occurring in Southern Africa.", "PMID": 702511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1213", "title": "Health and disease in intensive aquaculture.", "content": "The paper deals with the increasing importance of aquaculture in South Africa and with the possible importance of disease problems following intensification and importation. It deals specifically with some infectious, parasitic and metabolic diseases found in South African eels. Attention is drawn to the role of fish as a public health hazard and to the need for increased attention to the provision of fish as food.", "contents": "Health and disease in intensive aquaculture. The paper deals with the increasing importance of aquaculture in South Africa and with the possible importance of disease problems following intensification and importation. It deals specifically with some infectious, parasitic and metabolic diseases found in South African eels. Attention is drawn to the role of fish as a public health hazard and to the need for increased attention to the provision of fish as food.", "PMID": 702512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1214", "title": "Fatal parasitism among free living bushbabies (galago crassicaudatus).", "content": "Four cases of severe parasitism due to Primasubulura otolicini in adult bush babies (Galago crassicaudatus) are described.", "contents": "Fatal parasitism among free living bushbabies (galago crassicaudatus). Four cases of severe parasitism due to Primasubulura otolicini in adult bush babies (Galago crassicaudatus) are described.", "PMID": 702513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1215", "title": "Embryo transfer in cattle: an evaluation of the current situation.", "content": "A technique for the transcervical recovery of ova in cattle is described. The donors recipient pool consisted of 122 cows of different ages and 4 different breeds. Of these 102 cows were superovulated. For recovery of ova an apparatus consisting of a metal catheter glued to the inside of a 3-way Foley catheter was used. The technique used for embryo transfer was basically the same as for collecting the embryos. The 102 donors yielded at slaughter a total of 956 corpora lutea i.e. an average of 9,4 per cow. Of the ova released 294 or 30% were recovered on transcervical flushing of the uterus. 40% of the inovulated cows conceived. The future development of inovulation in cattle is discussed on the basis of the results recorded and on those previously documented.", "contents": "Embryo transfer in cattle: an evaluation of the current situation. A technique for the transcervical recovery of ova in cattle is described. The donors recipient pool consisted of 122 cows of different ages and 4 different breeds. Of these 102 cows were superovulated. For recovery of ova an apparatus consisting of a metal catheter glued to the inside of a 3-way Foley catheter was used. The technique used for embryo transfer was basically the same as for collecting the embryos. The 102 donors yielded at slaughter a total of 956 corpora lutea i.e. an average of 9,4 per cow. Of the ova released 294 or 30% were recovered on transcervical flushing of the uterus. 40% of the inovulated cows conceived. The future development of inovulation in cattle is discussed on the basis of the results recorded and on those previously documented.", "PMID": 702516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1216", "title": "Some effects of trinitrocresolate and valinomycin on Na and K transport across thin lipid bilayer membranes: a steady-state analysis with simultaneous tracer and electrical measurements.", "content": "This paper describes the effect of trinitrocresolate anions (TNC-) on the electrical conductance (Gm), and tracer-measured unidirectional Na and K fluxes (MNa and MK) across bilayers formed from sheep red cell lipids dissolved in decane. In the absence of TNC-, typical low conductances were observed, while the cation fluxes were too low to measure by our techniques (less than 10(-12) moles cm-2 sec-1). In the presence of TNC- (10(-2) M), Gm increased and TNC- was the main charge carrier in the system. The cationic fluxes were also much increased, but the membranes showed no significant selectivity between K and Na. Furthermore, the Na and K fluxes were at least two orders of magnitude larger than the ionic fluxes calculated from Gm. Thus, almost all of the K and Na transport across the membrane in the presence of TNC- is electrically silent and is probably carried out as KTNC and NaTNC ion pairs. In the presence of valinomycin (10(-6) M) and no TNC-, both the ion fluxes and Gm were 10(3) times larger in KCl than in NaCl, thus exhibiting the characteristic high selectivity of valinomycin for K over Na. In the presence of both valinomycin (10(-6) M) and TNC- (10(-2) M), this selectivity disappeared in that both Gm and MNa in the NaCl system were similar to the respective values in the KCl system. Even under these conditions, most of the Na is still transported by a process which does not carry charge. Both Gm and Mx increased alike and monotonically with increasing temperature over the range 7 to 30 degrees C. In the absence of TNC- the enthalpies of activation were invariably higher in KCl than in NaCl. Addition of TNC- produced equal enthalpies of activation for both Na and K containing systems suggesting a common, temperature-dependent, rate-determining step in charge transfer and the electrically silent cation fluxes.", "contents": "Some effects of trinitrocresolate and valinomycin on Na and K transport across thin lipid bilayer membranes: a steady-state analysis with simultaneous tracer and electrical measurements. This paper describes the effect of trinitrocresolate anions (TNC-) on the electrical conductance (Gm), and tracer-measured unidirectional Na and K fluxes (MNa and MK) across bilayers formed from sheep red cell lipids dissolved in decane. In the absence of TNC-, typical low conductances were observed, while the cation fluxes were too low to measure by our techniques (less than 10(-12) moles cm-2 sec-1). In the presence of TNC- (10(-2) M), Gm increased and TNC- was the main charge carrier in the system. The cationic fluxes were also much increased, but the membranes showed no significant selectivity between K and Na. Furthermore, the Na and K fluxes were at least two orders of magnitude larger than the ionic fluxes calculated from Gm. Thus, almost all of the K and Na transport across the membrane in the presence of TNC- is electrically silent and is probably carried out as KTNC and NaTNC ion pairs. In the presence of valinomycin (10(-6) M) and no TNC-, both the ion fluxes and Gm were 10(3) times larger in KCl than in NaCl, thus exhibiting the characteristic high selectivity of valinomycin for K over Na. In the presence of both valinomycin (10(-6) M) and TNC- (10(-2) M), this selectivity disappeared in that both Gm and MNa in the NaCl system were similar to the respective values in the KCl system. Even under these conditions, most of the Na is still transported by a process which does not carry charge. Both Gm and Mx increased alike and monotonically with increasing temperature over the range 7 to 30 degrees C. In the absence of TNC- the enthalpies of activation were invariably higher in KCl than in NaCl. Addition of TNC- produced equal enthalpies of activation for both Na and K containing systems suggesting a common, temperature-dependent, rate-determining step in charge transfer and the electrically silent cation fluxes.", "PMID": 702517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1217", "title": "Amiloride and calcium effect on the outer barrier of the frog skin.", "content": "Amiloride (0.1 mM) as well as Ca++ (10 mM) inhibit Na+ transport across frog skin by blocking Na+ entrance across the outer barrier of the epithelium. The inhibition produced by amiloride consists of an \"early\" and a \"late\" phase which together account for almost a total inhibition of the short-circuit current (SCC). The analysis of the time course indicates that the two phases are due to the inhibition of superficially and deeply located Na sites, respectively, Ca++, instead, only blocks a fraction of the SCC, and this fraction seems to correspond to the inhibition of the same population of Na sites blocked by the \"late\" phase of amiloride effect. The location of the two populations of Na sites as well as the possible relationship between them are discussed in terms of maturation of the outermost cell layer.", "contents": "Amiloride and calcium effect on the outer barrier of the frog skin. Amiloride (0.1 mM) as well as Ca++ (10 mM) inhibit Na+ transport across frog skin by blocking Na+ entrance across the outer barrier of the epithelium. The inhibition produced by amiloride consists of an \"early\" and a \"late\" phase which together account for almost a total inhibition of the short-circuit current (SCC). The analysis of the time course indicates that the two phases are due to the inhibition of superficially and deeply located Na sites, respectively, Ca++, instead, only blocks a fraction of the SCC, and this fraction seems to correspond to the inhibition of the same population of Na sites blocked by the \"late\" phase of amiloride effect. The location of the two populations of Na sites as well as the possible relationship between them are discussed in terms of maturation of the outermost cell layer.", "PMID": 702518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1218", "title": "Studies on chloride permeability of the skin of Leptodactylus ocellatus: I. Na+ and Cl- effect on passive movements of Cl-.", "content": "The outflux of chloride through the isolated skin (JCl31) of the South American frog Leptodactylus ocellatus (L.) is carried by a mechanism that saturates at high concentration of chloride on the inside, and is stimulated by the presence of Cl- in the outer solution (trans side). The presence of Na+ on the outside, by itself, does not increase JCl31. However, when JCl31 is already increased by chloride on the trans side, the addition of Na+ produces a significant further increase. At low concentration of Cl- on the outside JCl31 is carried by an exchange diffusion mechanism. At high concentrations of Cl- outside, JCl31 proceeds through a route which involves changes in electrical parameters. The results suggest that both mechanisms are located on the cell membranes and, therefore, that the fluxes would cross through the cytoplasm of the cells. Na+ stimulates the second mechanism only.", "contents": "Studies on chloride permeability of the skin of Leptodactylus ocellatus: I. Na+ and Cl- effect on passive movements of Cl-. The outflux of chloride through the isolated skin (JCl31) of the South American frog Leptodactylus ocellatus (L.) is carried by a mechanism that saturates at high concentration of chloride on the inside, and is stimulated by the presence of Cl- in the outer solution (trans side). The presence of Na+ on the outside, by itself, does not increase JCl31. However, when JCl31 is already increased by chloride on the trans side, the addition of Na+ produces a significant further increase. At low concentration of Cl- on the outside JCl31 is carried by an exchange diffusion mechanism. At high concentrations of Cl- outside, JCl31 proceeds through a route which involves changes in electrical parameters. The results suggest that both mechanisms are located on the cell membranes and, therefore, that the fluxes would cross through the cytoplasm of the cells. Na+ stimulates the second mechanism only.", "PMID": 702519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1219", "title": "Studies on chloride permeability of the skin of Leptodactylus ocellatus: II. Na+ and Cl- effect of inward movements of Cl-.", "content": "At low concentration (1 mM) of Cl- in the outer solution, the influx of chloride through the isolated skin (JCl13) of the South American frog Leptodactylus ocellatus (L.) seems to be carried by two mechanisms: (i) a passive one that exhibits the characteristics of an exchange diffusion process, and (ii) an active penetration. Studies of the influx and efflux of chloride (JCl13 and JCl31) indicate that the presence of a high (107 mM) concentration of Cl- in the outer solution activates the translocation of this ion through the cells. Studies of the unidirectional flux of Cl- across the outer barrier (JCl12) indicate that Na+ out stimulates the penetration of Cl- at this level. Cl- out, in turn, stimulates the JNa12, but this effect is only detected at low concentrations of Na+ out.", "contents": "Studies on chloride permeability of the skin of Leptodactylus ocellatus: II. Na+ and Cl- effect of inward movements of Cl-. At low concentration (1 mM) of Cl- in the outer solution, the influx of chloride through the isolated skin (JCl13) of the South American frog Leptodactylus ocellatus (L.) seems to be carried by two mechanisms: (i) a passive one that exhibits the characteristics of an exchange diffusion process, and (ii) an active penetration. Studies of the influx and efflux of chloride (JCl13 and JCl31) indicate that the presence of a high (107 mM) concentration of Cl- in the outer solution activates the translocation of this ion through the cells. Studies of the unidirectional flux of Cl- across the outer barrier (JCl12) indicate that Na+ out stimulates the penetration of Cl- at this level. Cl- out, in turn, stimulates the JNa12, but this effect is only detected at low concentrations of Na+ out.", "PMID": 702520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1220", "title": "Studies on chloride permeability of the skin of Leptodactylus ocellatus: III. Na+ and Cl- effect on electrical phenomena.", "content": "During their flux through the skin of the frog Leptodactylus ocellatus, Na+ and Cl- interact with each other. This interaction gives rise to electrical phenomena which are studied in the present paper. The skin is mounted in Na2SO4 Ringer's with 115 mM Na+ on the inside, and a variety of outer solutions. The osmolarity of all solutions is kept constant at 237.8 mosmol by adding sucrose. When the main anion used on the outside is SO=4 the electrical potential difference (deltapsi) rises steadily with the concentration of sodium (Na+)0 up to 87 mV, which is reached at about 20 mM. Thereafter deltapsi remains constant. When the main anion is Cl- it is observed that deltapsi rises steadily with (NaCl)0 with a slope similar to the curve obtained with SO=4 (37 mV per decade), but with a lower intercept attributed to an inward Cl pumping which is characteristic of this frog species. At 2--9 mM (NaCl)0 a Cl-specific channel is activated. Further increases of (NaCl)0 produce a decrease of deltapsi. The specificity of the activation of this site by monovalent cations and its use by monovalent anions is also studied.", "contents": "Studies on chloride permeability of the skin of Leptodactylus ocellatus: III. Na+ and Cl- effect on electrical phenomena. During their flux through the skin of the frog Leptodactylus ocellatus, Na+ and Cl- interact with each other. This interaction gives rise to electrical phenomena which are studied in the present paper. The skin is mounted in Na2SO4 Ringer's with 115 mM Na+ on the inside, and a variety of outer solutions. The osmolarity of all solutions is kept constant at 237.8 mosmol by adding sucrose. When the main anion used on the outside is SO=4 the electrical potential difference (deltapsi) rises steadily with the concentration of sodium (Na+)0 up to 87 mV, which is reached at about 20 mM. Thereafter deltapsi remains constant. When the main anion is Cl- it is observed that deltapsi rises steadily with (NaCl)0 with a slope similar to the curve obtained with SO=4 (37 mV per decade), but with a lower intercept attributed to an inward Cl pumping which is characteristic of this frog species. At 2--9 mM (NaCl)0 a Cl-specific channel is activated. Further increases of (NaCl)0 produce a decrease of deltapsi. The specificity of the activation of this site by monovalent cations and its use by monovalent anions is also studied.", "PMID": 702521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1221", "title": "Sodium uptake across the apical border of the isolated turtle colon: confirmation of the two-barrier model.", "content": "The initial rate of Na uptake by the turtle colon from the mucosal bathing solution consists of two operationally distinct components. One component is a linear function of mucosal Na concentration, is unaffected by amiloride, and appears to represent Na uptake into the paracellular shunt path. The major component of Na uptake is abolished by amiloride and is virtually equal to the short-circuit current over a wide range of mucosal Na concentrations, suggesting that this portion of Na uptake represents Na movement into Na-transporting cells of the colon. The amiloride-sensitive component of Na uptake, at low mucosal Na concentrations, was unaffected if net Na transport was abolished by ouabain. Similarly, at low mucosal Na concentrations the amiloride-sensitive conductance of the colon was identical in the presence and in the absence of net Na transport. These results show that the isolated turtle colon behaves as two distinct barriers to transmural Na transport, an apical barrier blocked by amiloride and a more basal-lying barrier where active, transmural Na transport is blocked by ouabain. In addition, these experiments appear to provide the first unambiguous demonstration that the initial-rate isotope uptake technique can provide a direct measure of the properties of the amiloride-sensitive barrier to transmural Na movement, presumably the apical membranes of the Na-transporting cells. The results are consistent with the notion that the rate of transmural active Na transport and the conductance of the active Na-transport path are determined by the properties of the apical membrane.", "contents": "Sodium uptake across the apical border of the isolated turtle colon: confirmation of the two-barrier model. The initial rate of Na uptake by the turtle colon from the mucosal bathing solution consists of two operationally distinct components. One component is a linear function of mucosal Na concentration, is unaffected by amiloride, and appears to represent Na uptake into the paracellular shunt path. The major component of Na uptake is abolished by amiloride and is virtually equal to the short-circuit current over a wide range of mucosal Na concentrations, suggesting that this portion of Na uptake represents Na movement into Na-transporting cells of the colon. The amiloride-sensitive component of Na uptake, at low mucosal Na concentrations, was unaffected if net Na transport was abolished by ouabain. Similarly, at low mucosal Na concentrations the amiloride-sensitive conductance of the colon was identical in the presence and in the absence of net Na transport. These results show that the isolated turtle colon behaves as two distinct barriers to transmural Na transport, an apical barrier blocked by amiloride and a more basal-lying barrier where active, transmural Na transport is blocked by ouabain. In addition, these experiments appear to provide the first unambiguous demonstration that the initial-rate isotope uptake technique can provide a direct measure of the properties of the amiloride-sensitive barrier to transmural Na movement, presumably the apical membranes of the Na-transporting cells. The results are consistent with the notion that the rate of transmural active Na transport and the conductance of the active Na-transport path are determined by the properties of the apical membrane.", "PMID": 702522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1222", "title": "Water exchange across red cell membranes: II. Measurements by nuclear magnetic resonance T1, T2, and T12 hybrid relaxation. The effects of osmolarity, cell volume, and medium.", "content": "We have used the nuclear magnetic relaxation of water protons to measure the diffusional permeability (Pw) of human red blood cells to water as a function of concentration of nonpermeable and permeable solutes. Measurements of T1, T2, and a hybrid of the two were made and yielded the same Pw. In the presence of the nonpermeable electrolyte NaCl, membrane permeability is constant between the volumes of 70 and 105 micron3 and increases both as the cells swell and shrink beyond these limits. Changes in both the internal and external osmolarity, using the permeable solutes urea and ammonium chloride, do not affect membrane permeability. The composition of the suspending medium also has a significant effect on membrane permeability. Cells suspended in plasma have a cell water lifetime about 30% longer than cells of the same volume suspended in serum, or isotonic saline with human serum albumin. Addition of a crude preparation of fibrinogen in physiological amounts to isotonic saline and human serum albumin restores the cell water lifetime to a value similar to that observed in plasma.", "contents": "Water exchange across red cell membranes: II. Measurements by nuclear magnetic resonance T1, T2, and T12 hybrid relaxation. The effects of osmolarity, cell volume, and medium. We have used the nuclear magnetic relaxation of water protons to measure the diffusional permeability (Pw) of human red blood cells to water as a function of concentration of nonpermeable and permeable solutes. Measurements of T1, T2, and a hybrid of the two were made and yielded the same Pw. In the presence of the nonpermeable electrolyte NaCl, membrane permeability is constant between the volumes of 70 and 105 micron3 and increases both as the cells swell and shrink beyond these limits. Changes in both the internal and external osmolarity, using the permeable solutes urea and ammonium chloride, do not affect membrane permeability. The composition of the suspending medium also has a significant effect on membrane permeability. Cells suspended in plasma have a cell water lifetime about 30% longer than cells of the same volume suspended in serum, or isotonic saline with human serum albumin. Addition of a crude preparation of fibrinogen in physiological amounts to isotonic saline and human serum albumin restores the cell water lifetime to a value similar to that observed in plasma.", "PMID": 702523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1223", "title": "Effects of insulin on the adenylyl cyclase activity of isolated fat cell membranes.", "content": "Insulin decreased markedly the adenylyl cyclase activity associated with fat cell membranes purified by centrifugation in sucrose gradients. The hormone effect was not readily evident in crude membrane preparations. The kinetics of this effect indicate that some time was required for the onset of the insulin-induced inactivation. This lag period decreased when the insulin concentration was increased. The hormone dose dependence for adenylyl cyclase inactivation measured at a fixed time (3 min) showed a 10 to 15% decrease in activity at 1 to 30 muU per ml insulin; 30 to 40% at 100 to 1000 muU per ml; and 75% at 0.1 U per ml. The insulin effect was completely abolished by 0.1 mM GMP-P(NH)P, 10mM fluoride, or 50 ng per ml glucagon, or by increasing the Mn++ concentration to 4 mM. In addition, it was partially reversed by the addition of a fraction from the sucrose gradient, which contained soluble factors. The kinetics of the adenyl cyclase-catalyzed reaction were studied using ATP or AMP-P(NH)P as adenylyl donor, and Mn++ or Mg++ as divalent cation, in the absence or presence of insulin. With ATP and Mg++ there was a striking reduction of the transient reaction rates after 1.5 min of incubation. Under these conditions the insulin effect was not evident. On the contrary, with ATP and Mn++ this spontaneous reduction of activity was less evident; however, in the presence of insulin there was a clear and marked reduction of the transient reaction rate measured after 1.5 min of incubation. With AMP-P(NH)P the kinetic data were qualitatively similar to those observed with ATP. It is concluded that under certain assay conditions adenylyl cyclase may be converted to an inactive enzyme form, and that such a conversion is more evident in the presence of Mg++ than with Mn++. In the latter case, insulin appears to enhance the rate of this conversion.", "contents": "Effects of insulin on the adenylyl cyclase activity of isolated fat cell membranes. Insulin decreased markedly the adenylyl cyclase activity associated with fat cell membranes purified by centrifugation in sucrose gradients. The hormone effect was not readily evident in crude membrane preparations. The kinetics of this effect indicate that some time was required for the onset of the insulin-induced inactivation. This lag period decreased when the insulin concentration was increased. The hormone dose dependence for adenylyl cyclase inactivation measured at a fixed time (3 min) showed a 10 to 15% decrease in activity at 1 to 30 muU per ml insulin; 30 to 40% at 100 to 1000 muU per ml; and 75% at 0.1 U per ml. The insulin effect was completely abolished by 0.1 mM GMP-P(NH)P, 10mM fluoride, or 50 ng per ml glucagon, or by increasing the Mn++ concentration to 4 mM. In addition, it was partially reversed by the addition of a fraction from the sucrose gradient, which contained soluble factors. The kinetics of the adenyl cyclase-catalyzed reaction were studied using ATP or AMP-P(NH)P as adenylyl donor, and Mn++ or Mg++ as divalent cation, in the absence or presence of insulin. With ATP and Mg++ there was a striking reduction of the transient reaction rates after 1.5 min of incubation. Under these conditions the insulin effect was not evident. On the contrary, with ATP and Mn++ this spontaneous reduction of activity was less evident; however, in the presence of insulin there was a clear and marked reduction of the transient reaction rate measured after 1.5 min of incubation. With AMP-P(NH)P the kinetic data were qualitatively similar to those observed with ATP. It is concluded that under certain assay conditions adenylyl cyclase may be converted to an inactive enzyme form, and that such a conversion is more evident in the presence of Mg++ than with Mn++. In the latter case, insulin appears to enhance the rate of this conversion.", "PMID": 702524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1224", "title": "Kinetic studies of adenylyl cyclase of fat cell membranes. I. Comparisons of activities measured in the presence of Mg++-ATP and Mn++-ATP. Effects of insulin, GMP-P(NH)P, isoproterenol, and fluoride.", "content": "The kinetic behavior of the adenylyl cyclase activity associated with fat cell membranes purified by centrifugation on sucrose gradients was studied. Under most of the conditions explored, with either Mn++ or Mg++ as the divalent cation in the assay mixtures, the time courses of the reaction were not linear. In the absence of modifiers (i.e., basal activity) or in the presence of insulin, the rate tended to decrease with time; on the other hand, with fluoride or GMP-P(NH)P the curves were concave upwards. To simplify analysis of the results, two kinetic components were defined: an \"initial component\" corresponding to the transient rate measured between zero time and 1.5 min of assay and a \"final component\" corresponding to the transient rate determined between 3 and 5 min. Over the entire range of Mn++ concentration explored (0.5 to 6.0 mM), the basal initial rates were slightly higher than the final ones. With Mg++ in the range between 1.5 and 2.5 mM, the final rates were fourfold lower than the initial ones. Higher or lower Mg++ concentrations gave velocity ratios equivalent to those observed with Mn++. Insulin clearly decreased the final rates at Mn++ concentrations up to 2.5 mM. With higher concentrations the effects were completely reversed. The effects of insulin on initial rates measured with Mn++, or the initial or final rates measured with Mg++, were less evident. Stimulation of adenylyl cyclase activity by fluoride was most pronounced on the final rates. In addition, this stimulation was higher with Mg++ than with Mn++. Isoproterenol stimulation of adenylyl cyclase was negligible in the presence of Mn++ (0.5 to 6.0 mM). With Mg++ (0.5 to 6.0 mM), stimulation was more evident on the final rates. GMP-P(NH)P inhibited the initial but activated the final components of the reaction. The extent of this inhibition or activation was more pronounced with Mg++ than with Mn++. Under conditions which lead to maximal inactivation of the final component, adenylyl cyclase activity was tenfold or more higher with Mn++ than with Mg++. Similar effects were observed with GMP-P(NH)P on the initial component. However, insulin, isoproterenol and fluoride decreased the Mn++ dependence of the final component. With fluoride, the final rates measured with Mg++ were almost equivalent to those found in assays containing Mn++. Under the conditions used for measurements of adenylyl cyclase activity, the enzyme system slowly interconverts between active and inactive forms.", "contents": "Kinetic studies of adenylyl cyclase of fat cell membranes. I. Comparisons of activities measured in the presence of Mg++-ATP and Mn++-ATP. Effects of insulin, GMP-P(NH)P, isoproterenol, and fluoride. The kinetic behavior of the adenylyl cyclase activity associated with fat cell membranes purified by centrifugation on sucrose gradients was studied. Under most of the conditions explored, with either Mn++ or Mg++ as the divalent cation in the assay mixtures, the time courses of the reaction were not linear. In the absence of modifiers (i.e., basal activity) or in the presence of insulin, the rate tended to decrease with time; on the other hand, with fluoride or GMP-P(NH)P the curves were concave upwards. To simplify analysis of the results, two kinetic components were defined: an \"initial component\" corresponding to the transient rate measured between zero time and 1.5 min of assay and a \"final component\" corresponding to the transient rate determined between 3 and 5 min. Over the entire range of Mn++ concentration explored (0.5 to 6.0 mM), the basal initial rates were slightly higher than the final ones. With Mg++ in the range between 1.5 and 2.5 mM, the final rates were fourfold lower than the initial ones. Higher or lower Mg++ concentrations gave velocity ratios equivalent to those observed with Mn++. Insulin clearly decreased the final rates at Mn++ concentrations up to 2.5 mM. With higher concentrations the effects were completely reversed. The effects of insulin on initial rates measured with Mn++, or the initial or final rates measured with Mg++, were less evident. Stimulation of adenylyl cyclase activity by fluoride was most pronounced on the final rates. In addition, this stimulation was higher with Mg++ than with Mn++. Isoproterenol stimulation of adenylyl cyclase was negligible in the presence of Mn++ (0.5 to 6.0 mM). With Mg++ (0.5 to 6.0 mM), stimulation was more evident on the final rates. GMP-P(NH)P inhibited the initial but activated the final components of the reaction. The extent of this inhibition or activation was more pronounced with Mg++ than with Mn++. Under conditions which lead to maximal inactivation of the final component, adenylyl cyclase activity was tenfold or more higher with Mn++ than with Mg++. Similar effects were observed with GMP-P(NH)P on the initial component. However, insulin, isoproterenol and fluoride decreased the Mn++ dependence of the final component. With fluoride, the final rates measured with Mg++ were almost equivalent to those found in assays containing Mn++. Under the conditions used for measurements of adenylyl cyclase activity, the enzyme system slowly interconverts between active and inactive forms.", "PMID": 702525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1225", "title": "Kinetic studies of adenylyl cyclase of fat cell membranes. II. Comparison of activities measured in the presence of Mn++-AMP-P(NH)P and Mg++-AMP-P(NH)P. Effects of insulin, fluoride, isoproterenol, and GMP-P(NH)P.", "content": "The kinetics of fat cell adenylyl cyclase were studied, with AMP-P(NH)P and Mn++ or Mg++ as the divalent cation. In general, the reaction times were not linear. In the presence of fluoride or GMP-P(NH)P, the time curves were concave upwards; in other cases (i.e., basal activity, insulin, or isoproterenol), transient rates tended to decrease with time during the assay. Kinetic data were analyzed according to a previously described procedures (Torres et al., 1978b) which isolates two kinetic components: initial and final. With AMP-P(NH)P, kinetic activities were about ten times lower than those for ATP. With Mn++, activities were at least two-times higher than for Mg++. Spontaneous inactivation of adenylyl cyclase was higher in assays containing Mg++ than in those supplemented with Mn++. In the latter case, insulin was able to increase the inactivation rate. Fluoride and isoproterenol both activated adenylyl cyclase in both the initial and final kinetic components; under most of the conditions explored, their effects on the final component appeared to be more dramatic. Assays with GMP-P(NH)P showed inhibited activity in the initial component and increased activity in the final one. When the results obtained with AMP-P(NH)P are compared with those of ATP (Torres et al., 1978b. J. Membrane Biol. 43:000), the following differences were found: (i) in the presence of insulin and Mn++, cyclase inactivation was higher with AMP-P(NH)P than with ATP; (ii) fluoride stimulation of the final component was more marked with ATP than with AMP-P(NH)P; (iii) cyclase stimulation by isoproterenol was slightly higher with the nucleotide analog; and (iv) GMP-P(NH)P stimulation of the final component resulted in higher activity with ATP than with AMP-P(NH)P.", "contents": "Kinetic studies of adenylyl cyclase of fat cell membranes. II. Comparison of activities measured in the presence of Mn++-AMP-P(NH)P and Mg++-AMP-P(NH)P. Effects of insulin, fluoride, isoproterenol, and GMP-P(NH)P. The kinetics of fat cell adenylyl cyclase were studied, with AMP-P(NH)P and Mn++ or Mg++ as the divalent cation. In general, the reaction times were not linear. In the presence of fluoride or GMP-P(NH)P, the time curves were concave upwards; in other cases (i.e., basal activity, insulin, or isoproterenol), transient rates tended to decrease with time during the assay. Kinetic data were analyzed according to a previously described procedures (Torres et al., 1978b) which isolates two kinetic components: initial and final. With AMP-P(NH)P, kinetic activities were about ten times lower than those for ATP. With Mn++, activities were at least two-times higher than for Mg++. Spontaneous inactivation of adenylyl cyclase was higher in assays containing Mg++ than in those supplemented with Mn++. In the latter case, insulin was able to increase the inactivation rate. Fluoride and isoproterenol both activated adenylyl cyclase in both the initial and final kinetic components; under most of the conditions explored, their effects on the final component appeared to be more dramatic. Assays with GMP-P(NH)P showed inhibited activity in the initial component and increased activity in the final one. When the results obtained with AMP-P(NH)P are compared with those of ATP (Torres et al., 1978b. J. Membrane Biol. 43:000), the following differences were found: (i) in the presence of insulin and Mn++, cyclase inactivation was higher with AMP-P(NH)P than with ATP; (ii) fluoride stimulation of the final component was more marked with ATP than with AMP-P(NH)P; (iii) cyclase stimulation by isoproterenol was slightly higher with the nucleotide analog; and (iv) GMP-P(NH)P stimulation of the final component resulted in higher activity with ATP than with AMP-P(NH)P.", "PMID": 702526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1226", "title": "The fate mapping of the eleventh and twelfth day mouse otocyst: an in vitro study of the sites of origin of the embryonic inner ear sensory structures.", "content": "An experiment was undertaken to determine which sensory structures of the mouse embryo inner ear developed from what portion of the mouse otocyst. Otocysts of gestation days 10, 11, 12, and 13 were divided by surgical dissection into six anatomical groups: dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, medial and lateral halves. They were organ cultured separately. After a period of ten days, the explanted tissues were harvested and processed histologically for microscopic analysis. The surgical control specimens fixed at the time of explantation were composed of undifferentiated ectodermal cells for tissues of gestation days 10, 11, and 12. Otocysts of gestation days 11, and 12 showed, during the course of their subsequent growth, that the three semicircular ducts and their associated cristae developed from the dorsal and lateral halves. Only the anterior and posterior canals and cristae originated from the medial portion. The posterior half gave rise to the posterior crista and the anterior half provided for the development of the anterior and lateral cristae. The cochlear duct and its sensory epithelium developed in all the anatomical groups except the dorsal half. The utricle developed in the dorsal section of the middle third of the otocyst, while the utricular macula developed in the anterior half of the same section of the otocyst. The saccule and its macula differentiated from the ventral section of the middle third of the anterior half.", "contents": "The fate mapping of the eleventh and twelfth day mouse otocyst: an in vitro study of the sites of origin of the embryonic inner ear sensory structures. An experiment was undertaken to determine which sensory structures of the mouse embryo inner ear developed from what portion of the mouse otocyst. Otocysts of gestation days 10, 11, 12, and 13 were divided by surgical dissection into six anatomical groups: dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, medial and lateral halves. They were organ cultured separately. After a period of ten days, the explanted tissues were harvested and processed histologically for microscopic analysis. The surgical control specimens fixed at the time of explantation were composed of undifferentiated ectodermal cells for tissues of gestation days 10, 11, and 12. Otocysts of gestation days 11, and 12 showed, during the course of their subsequent growth, that the three semicircular ducts and their associated cristae developed from the dorsal and lateral halves. Only the anterior and posterior canals and cristae originated from the medial portion. The posterior half gave rise to the posterior crista and the anterior half provided for the development of the anterior and lateral cristae. The cochlear duct and its sensory epithelium developed in all the anatomical groups except the dorsal half. The utricle developed in the dorsal section of the middle third of the otocyst, while the utricular macula developed in the anterior half of the same section of the otocyst. The saccule and its macula differentiated from the ventral section of the middle third of the anterior half.", "PMID": 702532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1227", "title": "Re-regeneration of lower jaws and the dental lamina in adult urodeles.", "content": "Transverse amputations were carried out through one-third fully regenerated jaw segments and through normal tissue of the mandible on the same and opposite sides of the jaw in adults of Notophthalmus viridescens. Collectively the results suggest that, in adult urodeles, the mandible and the dental lamina can be replaced in an identical manner more than one time. Although the major histological events are the same in jaw regeneration and re-regeneration, regrowth is more rapid in re-regeneration. It appears that recently differentiated tissues of the regenerate have a higher capacity for regeneration than normal tissues amputated for the first time. Re-regeneration of the jaw occurs by growth of the original regenerate cartilage which has undergone reorganization. In re-regeneration, the skeletal elements exhibit no polarity and regrowth occurs in both directions, while the dental lamina possesses an anterior-posterior polarity and can regrow in an anterior direction only. Information concerning the mechanisms involved in the regenerative events remain to be determined.", "contents": "Re-regeneration of lower jaws and the dental lamina in adult urodeles. Transverse amputations were carried out through one-third fully regenerated jaw segments and through normal tissue of the mandible on the same and opposite sides of the jaw in adults of Notophthalmus viridescens. Collectively the results suggest that, in adult urodeles, the mandible and the dental lamina can be replaced in an identical manner more than one time. Although the major histological events are the same in jaw regeneration and re-regeneration, regrowth is more rapid in re-regeneration. It appears that recently differentiated tissues of the regenerate have a higher capacity for regeneration than normal tissues amputated for the first time. Re-regeneration of the jaw occurs by growth of the original regenerate cartilage which has undergone reorganization. In re-regeneration, the skeletal elements exhibit no polarity and regrowth occurs in both directions, while the dental lamina possesses an anterior-posterior polarity and can regrow in an anterior direction only. Information concerning the mechanisms involved in the regenerative events remain to be determined.", "PMID": 702533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1228", "title": "Associations of cancer mortality with halomethanes in drinking water.", "content": "Associations between site- and sex-specific county cancer mortality rates and levels of trihalomethanes (THM's) in drinking water were examined after adjustment of rates for the influence of multiple socioeconomic, industrial, and demographic factors. U.S. counties with sampled supplies were grouped by percent of the county population receiving water from the supply, as well as by region of the country. For two sites (bladder and lung), county rates were also adjusted for the activity level in specific high-risk industries. Positive correlations with THM levels were observed for several cancers, including bladder and brain cancers in both sexes, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and kidney cancer in males. Stomach cancer in females showed a negative association. Bladder cancer mortality rates showed the strongest and most consistent association with a THM exposure index, after control for differences in social class, ethnic group, urban versus rural residence, region of the United States, and industrialization of the county. These ecologic associations suggested that further evaluation in analytic investigations is warranted.", "contents": "Associations of cancer mortality with halomethanes in drinking water. Associations between site- and sex-specific county cancer mortality rates and levels of trihalomethanes (THM's) in drinking water were examined after adjustment of rates for the influence of multiple socioeconomic, industrial, and demographic factors. U.S. counties with sampled supplies were grouped by percent of the county population receiving water from the supply, as well as by region of the country. For two sites (bladder and lung), county rates were also adjusted for the activity level in specific high-risk industries. Positive correlations with THM levels were observed for several cancers, including bladder and brain cancers in both sexes, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and kidney cancer in males. Stomach cancer in females showed a negative association. Bladder cancer mortality rates showed the strongest and most consistent association with a THM exposure index, after control for differences in social class, ethnic group, urban versus rural residence, region of the United States, and industrialization of the county. These ecologic associations suggested that further evaluation in analytic investigations is warranted.", "PMID": 702538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1229", "title": "Study of irreversibly sickled cells in an animal model.", "content": "Erythrocytes (RBCs) from six patients with sickle cell anemia were transfused to laboratory rats in order to study the intravascular survival of irreversibly sickled cells (ISCs). Fifteen minutes after transfusion, a mean of 48.8 percent (range 23-95 percent) of the ICSs injected were present in the rats' blood, a value that was significantly lower than that for the total population of sickle cell anemia erythrocytes transfused (mean 82.4 percent, range 36-114 percent). The intravascular half-life of ISCs was also lower (mean 0.83 hours \u00b1 0.18 SD) than that observed for the total sickle cell anemia erythrocytes (mean 1.62 hours \u00b1 0.19 SD) during the initial two hours of the transfusion experiments. The irreversibly sickled cells that remained in the rats' blood thereafter survived as well as those cells that were not irreversibly sickled. Severe hypoxia in the recipient animals did not appear to selectively remove ISCs from circulation. These data are consistent with heterogeneity of ISCs in terms of their intravascular viability. Some ISCs may have adapted to the stress of circulation despite their abnormal shape.", "contents": "Study of irreversibly sickled cells in an animal model. Erythrocytes (RBCs) from six patients with sickle cell anemia were transfused to laboratory rats in order to study the intravascular survival of irreversibly sickled cells (ISCs). Fifteen minutes after transfusion, a mean of 48.8 percent (range 23-95 percent) of the ICSs injected were present in the rats' blood, a value that was significantly lower than that for the total population of sickle cell anemia erythrocytes transfused (mean 82.4 percent, range 36-114 percent). The intravascular half-life of ISCs was also lower (mean 0.83 hours \u00b1 0.18 SD) than that observed for the total sickle cell anemia erythrocytes (mean 1.62 hours \u00b1 0.19 SD) during the initial two hours of the transfusion experiments. The irreversibly sickled cells that remained in the rats' blood thereafter survived as well as those cells that were not irreversibly sickled. Severe hypoxia in the recipient animals did not appear to selectively remove ISCs from circulation. These data are consistent with heterogeneity of ISCs in terms of their intravascular viability. Some ISCs may have adapted to the stress of circulation despite their abnormal shape.", "PMID": 702541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1230", "title": "Health policy and the underserved.", "content": "Historically, the provision of health benefits and health services has been wedded to the needs of an industrial society to maintain a productive labor force. The casual observer will note that since the late 19th century the role of government as a participant either in the provision for health services or the delivery of health services has been strongly tied to the labor movement in Western Europe. Overtime benefits, initially procured for the worker, were expanded to include the dependents of the worker and, finally, to include the former worker who was no longer able to work due to age or infirmity. The provision of health care to the poor was considered an act of charity and was never liberal enough to reward poverty nor was it essentially humane, for poverty was a condition to be punished. The rise of \"alms houses\" and public hospitals for the poor provided constant physical reassurance to the worker that he was, indeed, successful. Such institutions were also warnings to the worker lest he slip into the numbers of the poor.", "contents": "Health policy and the underserved. Historically, the provision of health benefits and health services has been wedded to the needs of an industrial society to maintain a productive labor force. The casual observer will note that since the late 19th century the role of government as a participant either in the provision for health services or the delivery of health services has been strongly tied to the labor movement in Western Europe. Overtime benefits, initially procured for the worker, were expanded to include the dependents of the worker and, finally, to include the former worker who was no longer able to work due to age or infirmity. The provision of health care to the poor was considered an act of charity and was never liberal enough to reward poverty nor was it essentially humane, for poverty was a condition to be punished. The rise of \"alms houses\" and public hospitals for the poor provided constant physical reassurance to the worker that he was, indeed, successful. Such institutions were also warnings to the worker lest he slip into the numbers of the poor.", "PMID": 702542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1231", "title": "Race-related differences in HLA association with ankylosing spondylitis and Reiter's disease in American blacks and whites.", "content": "Ankylosing spondylitis is three times less common in American blacks than in whites. It is extremely rare in African blacks of unmixed ancestry. A histocompatibility antigen HLA-B27, which does not exist in African blacks of unmixed ancestry, and is present in eight percent of white and two to four percent of the American black population, is strongly associated with ankylosing spondylitis and Reiter's disease. B27 is present in more than 80 percent of white patients with ankylosing spondylitis or Reiter's disease but in less than 60 percent of American black patients. Other genetic and environmental factors may be of major importance in the genesis of these diseases in American blacks. For diagnostic purposes the absence of B27 is of less importance in excluding these diseases in blacks than in whites.", "contents": "Race-related differences in HLA association with ankylosing spondylitis and Reiter's disease in American blacks and whites. Ankylosing spondylitis is three times less common in American blacks than in whites. It is extremely rare in African blacks of unmixed ancestry. A histocompatibility antigen HLA-B27, which does not exist in African blacks of unmixed ancestry, and is present in eight percent of white and two to four percent of the American black population, is strongly associated with ankylosing spondylitis and Reiter's disease. B27 is present in more than 80 percent of white patients with ankylosing spondylitis or Reiter's disease but in less than 60 percent of American black patients. Other genetic and environmental factors may be of major importance in the genesis of these diseases in American blacks. For diagnostic purposes the absence of B27 is of less importance in excluding these diseases in blacks than in whites.", "PMID": 702543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1232", "title": "Ventilation corrected oxygen tension in lethal pulmonary embolism.", "content": "Lethal pulmonary embolism is associated with hypoxemia and hypocapnia in the vast majority of cases. The easily calculated ventilation corrected oxygen tension was a very sensitive test in patients breathing air. It yielded no normals, four percent mild hypoxemia, and 96 percent moderate to extreme hypoxemia. The alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference and oxygen ratio were equally sensitive during air breathing. During oxygen inhalation, alveolar-arterial oxygen difference was most sensitive; oxygen ratio was second best; and oxygen saturation was the least sensitive test.", "contents": "Ventilation corrected oxygen tension in lethal pulmonary embolism. Lethal pulmonary embolism is associated with hypoxemia and hypocapnia in the vast majority of cases. The easily calculated ventilation corrected oxygen tension was a very sensitive test in patients breathing air. It yielded no normals, four percent mild hypoxemia, and 96 percent moderate to extreme hypoxemia. The alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference and oxygen ratio were equally sensitive during air breathing. During oxygen inhalation, alveolar-arterial oxygen difference was most sensitive; oxygen ratio was second best; and oxygen saturation was the least sensitive test.", "PMID": 702544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1233", "title": "The anastomotic leak syndrome.", "content": "To evaluate the mechanisms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the anastomotic complex, 151 anastomotic disruptions (representing a 20-year-study) were analyzed from records of St. Frances General Hospital, Pittsburgh. These leaks are serious postoperative problems which require individualized treatment. Prevention should be the main approach to controlling the syndrome.", "contents": "The anastomotic leak syndrome. To evaluate the mechanisms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the anastomotic complex, 151 anastomotic disruptions (representing a 20-year-study) were analyzed from records of St. Frances General Hospital, Pittsburgh. These leaks are serious postoperative problems which require individualized treatment. Prevention should be the main approach to controlling the syndrome.", "PMID": 702545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1234", "title": "Remote afterloading for intracavitary irradiation of cervix carcinoma.", "content": "The technique of remote afterloading for intracavitary radiotherapy was developed by Henschke et al 15 years ago, and since then the technique has received wide acceptance, both abroad and in the United States. Here at Howard University, it plays an integral part in the intracavitary portion of the treatment of cervix carcinoma. Most applications are done on an outpatient basis without anesthesia or sedation. This has become possible by dilating the cervical canal painlessly with thin laminaria rods. Spread of the lateral colpostats is accomplished by inflating a Foley balloon secured to the applicator with contrast medias, instead of using the customary gauze packing for increased rectal distance.A single cobalt-60 source of 1 mm diameter and 3 to 7 Curies is used, which can be moved during the treatment to simulate linear sources of different lengths and loading. Our present treatment policy calls for 4,000 rad given to the whole pelvis in 20 fractions of 200 rad three times per week plus eight fractions of 400 rad by the remote afterloading technique given one fraction per week concomtant with the external irradiation. Only 18 patients have been treated to date with minimal adverse tissue reactions. There is only an 18-month maximum follow-up, so survival figures are still pending but all patients so treated are currently living without recurrence.", "contents": "Remote afterloading for intracavitary irradiation of cervix carcinoma. The technique of remote afterloading for intracavitary radiotherapy was developed by Henschke et al 15 years ago, and since then the technique has received wide acceptance, both abroad and in the United States. Here at Howard University, it plays an integral part in the intracavitary portion of the treatment of cervix carcinoma. Most applications are done on an outpatient basis without anesthesia or sedation. This has become possible by dilating the cervical canal painlessly with thin laminaria rods. Spread of the lateral colpostats is accomplished by inflating a Foley balloon secured to the applicator with contrast medias, instead of using the customary gauze packing for increased rectal distance.A single cobalt-60 source of 1 mm diameter and 3 to 7 Curies is used, which can be moved during the treatment to simulate linear sources of different lengths and loading. Our present treatment policy calls for 4,000 rad given to the whole pelvis in 20 fractions of 200 rad three times per week plus eight fractions of 400 rad by the remote afterloading technique given one fraction per week concomtant with the external irradiation. Only 18 patients have been treated to date with minimal adverse tissue reactions. There is only an 18-month maximum follow-up, so survival figures are still pending but all patients so treated are currently living without recurrence.", "PMID": 702546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1235", "title": "Value of radiotherapy in superior vena cava syndrome.", "content": "The superior vena cava syndrome is among the most important radiotherapeutic emergencies currently known. It is almost always due to malignant disease and therefore no time should be wasted in establishing the histological diagnosis of the malignant tumor which causes the superior vena cava obstruction. The conventional slow, low-dose irradiation is a safe method of treatment. High-dose irradiation in this condition might further compromise the respiratory distress already present thus leading to sudden death.", "contents": "Value of radiotherapy in superior vena cava syndrome. The superior vena cava syndrome is among the most important radiotherapeutic emergencies currently known. It is almost always due to malignant disease and therefore no time should be wasted in establishing the histological diagnosis of the malignant tumor which causes the superior vena cava obstruction. The conventional slow, low-dose irradiation is a safe method of treatment. High-dose irradiation in this condition might further compromise the respiratory distress already present thus leading to sudden death.", "PMID": 702549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1236", "title": "Abdominal tuberculosis: observations in three cases.", "content": "Although pulmonary tuberculosis has decreased, extra pulmonary tuberculosis has shown a relative increase in frequency during the past decade. This paper discusses three cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis which presented with abdominal signs. The patients were completely evaluated and surgery was done, followed by antituberculosis therapy with survival and rehabilitation of all three patients.", "contents": "Abdominal tuberculosis: observations in three cases. Although pulmonary tuberculosis has decreased, extra pulmonary tuberculosis has shown a relative increase in frequency during the past decade. This paper discusses three cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis which presented with abdominal signs. The patients were completely evaluated and surgery was done, followed by antituberculosis therapy with survival and rehabilitation of all three patients.", "PMID": 702550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1237", "title": "The placenta: a diagnostic tool in sickle cell disorders.", "content": "Examination of the placenta for the presence of sickling is an accurate, simple, inexpensive, and readily available technique for determining the presence of sickle cell disorders. There were 24 placental specimens out of 904 which showed evidence of sickling. The importance of this confirming procedure can be seen in the uncovering of two cases of false negative reports from conventional testing.", "contents": "The placenta: a diagnostic tool in sickle cell disorders. Examination of the placenta for the presence of sickling is an accurate, simple, inexpensive, and readily available technique for determining the presence of sickle cell disorders. There were 24 placental specimens out of 904 which showed evidence of sickling. The importance of this confirming procedure can be seen in the uncovering of two cases of false negative reports from conventional testing.", "PMID": 702553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1238", "title": "Racism, narcissism, and integrity.", "content": "Recently there has been much literature pertaining to the psychodynamics of narcissism and its relation to psychopathological and normal psychic functions. While these models of the mind are primarily aimed at understanding individual behavior in the therapeutic relationship, they are also useful in clarifying one's thinking about racism, which can be approached both from an individual and social viewpoint.The author demonstrates that the racist individual suffers from a defect in narcissistic personality development, which precludes the subsequent development of such qualities as creativity, empathy, and integrity.", "contents": "Racism, narcissism, and integrity. Recently there has been much literature pertaining to the psychodynamics of narcissism and its relation to psychopathological and normal psychic functions. While these models of the mind are primarily aimed at understanding individual behavior in the therapeutic relationship, they are also useful in clarifying one's thinking about racism, which can be approached both from an individual and social viewpoint.The author demonstrates that the racist individual suffers from a defect in narcissistic personality development, which precludes the subsequent development of such qualities as creativity, empathy, and integrity.", "PMID": 702554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1239", "title": "Gallbladder polyp mimicking an obstructive calculus.", "content": "The second documented case of obstructing polyp of the gallbladder-an extremely rare lesion-is presented. Symptoms were indistinguishable from those of acute obstructive cholecystitis. The mechanism of obstruction is hypothesized.", "contents": "Gallbladder polyp mimicking an obstructive calculus. The second documented case of obstructing polyp of the gallbladder-an extremely rare lesion-is presented. Symptoms were indistinguishable from those of acute obstructive cholecystitis. The mechanism of obstruction is hypothesized.", "PMID": 702555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1240", "title": "Postmortem examination of an x-ray tube.", "content": "During rapid sequence radiographics in a special procedure room, unexplained random loss of contrast was observed. The effective focal-spot size, output, and the half-value layer of the tube was measured. The focal-spot size was within the +50 percent established by the National Electrical Manufacturer's Association (NEMA). The half-value layer was within the limits suggested in Table 6 of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP) Report Number 33, but the output was half the suggested value.", "contents": "Postmortem examination of an x-ray tube. During rapid sequence radiographics in a special procedure room, unexplained random loss of contrast was observed. The effective focal-spot size, output, and the half-value layer of the tube was measured. The focal-spot size was within the +50 percent established by the National Electrical Manufacturer's Association (NEMA). The half-value layer was within the limits suggested in Table 6 of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP) Report Number 33, but the output was half the suggested value.", "PMID": 702556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1241", "title": "Dizziness: surgical treatment.", "content": "The purpose of ths paper is to discuss the various surgical procedures which are available for the treatment of dizziness and vertigo. Special emphasis will be placed on the indications for these operations and the advantages of each. Dizziness is a common complaint of patients seen by general medical physicians and otolaryngologists. At the Otologic Medical Group in Los Angeles about one third of our new patients seek assistance because of dizziness. The etiologies of these various types of dizziness are multiple. It is not the intent of this paper to discuss the differential diagnosis or methods of evaluation. However, it is important to understand the various types of etiological factors as they are important in successful treatment.", "contents": "Dizziness: surgical treatment. The purpose of ths paper is to discuss the various surgical procedures which are available for the treatment of dizziness and vertigo. Special emphasis will be placed on the indications for these operations and the advantages of each. Dizziness is a common complaint of patients seen by general medical physicians and otolaryngologists. At the Otologic Medical Group in Los Angeles about one third of our new patients seek assistance because of dizziness. The etiologies of these various types of dizziness are multiple. It is not the intent of this paper to discuss the differential diagnosis or methods of evaluation. However, it is important to understand the various types of etiological factors as they are important in successful treatment.", "PMID": 702557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1242", "title": "The Health Science Institute: an experience in learning.", "content": "The Health Science Institute of Howard University was initiated during the summer of 1973 by students and faculty members in the Colleges of Liberal Arts and Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences to address one of the major problems related to the overall poor status of health-care delivery for residents of the nation's underserved areas-the critical health manpower shortage.", "contents": "The Health Science Institute: an experience in learning. The Health Science Institute of Howard University was initiated during the summer of 1973 by students and faculty members in the Colleges of Liberal Arts and Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences to address one of the major problems related to the overall poor status of health-care delivery for residents of the nation's underserved areas-the critical health manpower shortage.", "PMID": 702558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1243", "title": "Splenic abscess in a tropical zone.", "content": "Abscess of the spleen is uncommon. The reported incidence varies widely and early observations of an association with tropical fevers are no longer evident. The pathogenesis is ill-understood and diagnosis is difficult and usually late. A careful clinical examination combined with the recent utilization of (99)Technitium scanning and splenic arteriography now permit early diagnosis. Splenectomy is the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Splenic abscess in a tropical zone. Abscess of the spleen is uncommon. The reported incidence varies widely and early observations of an association with tropical fevers are no longer evident. The pathogenesis is ill-understood and diagnosis is difficult and usually late. A careful clinical examination combined with the recent utilization of (99)Technitium scanning and splenic arteriography now permit early diagnosis. Splenectomy is the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 702559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1244", "title": "Service and teaching issues in an inner-city university-based psychiatry clinic.", "content": "The provision of quality out-patient psychiatric care to a predominately black inner-city population, in a University setting such as ours, is a complex and challenging task. This paper addresses service and teaching issues related to the provision of that care in the Adult Unit of the Howard University Hospital Mental Health Clinic. In this setting there is a mandate for clinical teaching and research as well, two vital components in the delivery of quality psychiatric service by knowledgeable and skilled health care providers.", "contents": "Service and teaching issues in an inner-city university-based psychiatry clinic. The provision of quality out-patient psychiatric care to a predominately black inner-city population, in a University setting such as ours, is a complex and challenging task. This paper addresses service and teaching issues related to the provision of that care in the Adult Unit of the Howard University Hospital Mental Health Clinic. In this setting there is a mandate for clinical teaching and research as well, two vital components in the delivery of quality psychiatric service by knowledgeable and skilled health care providers.", "PMID": 702560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1245", "title": "Therapy for Asian Americans.", "content": "IN ORDER THAT ASIAN AMERICANS BE MORE ADEQUATELY PROVIDED WITH MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, IT WILL BE NECESSARY TO: (1) have a thorough educational campaign over a long period of time to help Asians overcome their negative prejudices against mental illness, (2) devise culturally relevant diagnostic techniques, and (3) have treatment consonant with the cultural backgrounds of the patients and befitting the role expectations of the patients. It is likely that even with an excellent educational campaign, appropriate diagnoses, and culturally sensitive treatment methods, the first patients we will see will be those most seriously and chronically disturbed, probably when the family feels no longer able to cope with their psychotic behavior. We hope that subsequently, through the educational campaign and also through the outreach efforts of the Asian Mental Health Clinic, Asian Americans who are not psychotic but who want relief from psychosomatic symptoms, tension, depression, or help with family or marital problems will apply.", "contents": "Therapy for Asian Americans. IN ORDER THAT ASIAN AMERICANS BE MORE ADEQUATELY PROVIDED WITH MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, IT WILL BE NECESSARY TO: (1) have a thorough educational campaign over a long period of time to help Asians overcome their negative prejudices against mental illness, (2) devise culturally relevant diagnostic techniques, and (3) have treatment consonant with the cultural backgrounds of the patients and befitting the role expectations of the patients. It is likely that even with an excellent educational campaign, appropriate diagnoses, and culturally sensitive treatment methods, the first patients we will see will be those most seriously and chronically disturbed, probably when the family feels no longer able to cope with their psychotic behavior. We hope that subsequently, through the educational campaign and also through the outreach efforts of the Asian Mental Health Clinic, Asian Americans who are not psychotic but who want relief from psychosomatic symptoms, tension, depression, or help with family or marital problems will apply.", "PMID": 702561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1246", "title": "Diagnosis and management of early carcinoma of the endometrium.", "content": "Early (stage I) carcinoma of the endometrium is increasing in frequency. Outpatient diagnostic methods play a role in this increase. Prognostic factors such as histologic grade, uterine size, myometrial invasion, age, lymph node involvement, and cervical spread are important in determining five-year survival. Therapeutic options for early-stage disease are discussed.", "contents": "Diagnosis and management of early carcinoma of the endometrium. Early (stage I) carcinoma of the endometrium is increasing in frequency. Outpatient diagnostic methods play a role in this increase. Prognostic factors such as histologic grade, uterine size, myometrial invasion, age, lymph node involvement, and cervical spread are important in determining five-year survival. Therapeutic options for early-stage disease are discussed.", "PMID": 702564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1247", "title": "Fibrous epulis: experience in clinical presentation and treatment of 39 cases.", "content": "The clinical features and treatment of 39 cases of fibrous epulis are described. Many of the epulides attained giant sizes before patients sought treatment. A few large or recurrent fibrous epulides were mistaken for malignant lesions, such as fibrosarcoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, or squamous cell carcinoma. Adequate excision and histological examination of all tissues excised were found to be the best management procedure for fibrous epulis.", "contents": "Fibrous epulis: experience in clinical presentation and treatment of 39 cases. The clinical features and treatment of 39 cases of fibrous epulis are described. Many of the epulides attained giant sizes before patients sought treatment. A few large or recurrent fibrous epulides were mistaken for malignant lesions, such as fibrosarcoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, or squamous cell carcinoma. Adequate excision and histological examination of all tissues excised were found to be the best management procedure for fibrous epulis.", "PMID": 702565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1248", "title": "Myocardial rupture in acute myocardial infarction: report of experience and review.", "content": "A review of eight cases of myocardial rupture following myocardial infarction confirmed the association of rupture with advanced age, a preponderance of females, hypertension, and physical exercise after infarction. In four patients, electrocardiograms recording the events of rupture showed further S-T elevation, supraventricular tachycardia, and conduction defects. One case of septal rupture showed increase in the amplitude of the P waves. The combination of these changes with sudden reappearance of chest pain, development or worsening of congestive cardiac failure with hypotension, and the appearance of a precordial systolic murmur should aid in the earlier diagnosis of this complication which may be amenable to surgery. Successful repair of rupture has been reported during the acute phase of infarction and after variable periods of delay.", "contents": "Myocardial rupture in acute myocardial infarction: report of experience and review. A review of eight cases of myocardial rupture following myocardial infarction confirmed the association of rupture with advanced age, a preponderance of females, hypertension, and physical exercise after infarction. In four patients, electrocardiograms recording the events of rupture showed further S-T elevation, supraventricular tachycardia, and conduction defects. One case of septal rupture showed increase in the amplitude of the P waves. The combination of these changes with sudden reappearance of chest pain, development or worsening of congestive cardiac failure with hypotension, and the appearance of a precordial systolic murmur should aid in the earlier diagnosis of this complication which may be amenable to surgery. Successful repair of rupture has been reported during the acute phase of infarction and after variable periods of delay.", "PMID": 702567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1249", "title": "Therapeutic group home care for adolescent girls: an interagency development.", "content": "In the District of Columbia, because of inappropriate placement resources, crisis units in mental health centers are keeping children long after treatment evaluation has taken place. It was thought that disturbed adolescents might be served in a small family-type setting with live-in house parents, direct clinical services, and back-up from the mental health center.This paper discusses an attempt to provide services to some disturbed adolescents in an interagency therapeutic group home. The study experience is limited, but the design of the program and the problems encountered may be of some value to health and child care agencies.", "contents": "Therapeutic group home care for adolescent girls: an interagency development. In the District of Columbia, because of inappropriate placement resources, crisis units in mental health centers are keeping children long after treatment evaluation has taken place. It was thought that disturbed adolescents might be served in a small family-type setting with live-in house parents, direct clinical services, and back-up from the mental health center.This paper discusses an attempt to provide services to some disturbed adolescents in an interagency therapeutic group home. The study experience is limited, but the design of the program and the problems encountered may be of some value to health and child care agencies.", "PMID": 702568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1250", "title": "Nutritional programming for the elderly.", "content": "It is impossible to talk about nutrition and the elderly without reviewing related factors such as program funding levels, income and purchasing power, education, medical implications, and resulting social costs.Although we have witnessed a tremendous increase in federal appropriations for Title VII programs, many senior citizens have not and will not benefit from nutrition programs. As the ratio of elderly citizens to total population increases, we may expect: (1) an increase in program budgets with a concomitant decrease in the proportion of senior citizens served; and (2) a regressed government attitude toward income-related support programs, causing decreased purchasing power, ineffective nutrition programs, and little relative improvement in the health of our elderly population.", "contents": "Nutritional programming for the elderly. It is impossible to talk about nutrition and the elderly without reviewing related factors such as program funding levels, income and purchasing power, education, medical implications, and resulting social costs.Although we have witnessed a tremendous increase in federal appropriations for Title VII programs, many senior citizens have not and will not benefit from nutrition programs. As the ratio of elderly citizens to total population increases, we may expect: (1) an increase in program budgets with a concomitant decrease in the proportion of senior citizens served; and (2) a regressed government attitude toward income-related support programs, causing decreased purchasing power, ineffective nutrition programs, and little relative improvement in the health of our elderly population.", "PMID": 702569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1251", "title": "Hidradenitis suppurativa: a closer look.", "content": "The following is a review of the literature concerning hidradenitis suppurativa with emphasis on aspects of this disease which suggest that it may be a result of altered host-defense mechanisms.Deep fistula formation, anemia, and the development of carcinoma are complications seen only in disease affecting the perianal area. The term perianal is used loosely to describe the buttock, perineum, pubic, and genital areas.A variety of treatment regimens has been used with limited success. Surgery has evolved as the treatment of choice for advanced and chronic disease.", "contents": "Hidradenitis suppurativa: a closer look. The following is a review of the literature concerning hidradenitis suppurativa with emphasis on aspects of this disease which suggest that it may be a result of altered host-defense mechanisms.Deep fistula formation, anemia, and the development of carcinoma are complications seen only in disease affecting the perianal area. The term perianal is used loosely to describe the buttock, perineum, pubic, and genital areas.A variety of treatment regimens has been used with limited success. Surgery has evolved as the treatment of choice for advanced and chronic disease.", "PMID": 702570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1252", "title": "Neonatal meningitis due to Enterobacter cloacae.", "content": "Enterobacter species, in recent years, have been divided into E aerogenes, E hafniae, E liquefaciens, and E cloacae. Early reviews of neonatal meningitis include some cases due to Klebsiella-Aerobacter,(1) and recent reviews(2,3) include Enterobacter which did not divide them into species of Enterobacter. Reported here is a case of neonatal meningitis due to a gram-negative organism, Enterobacter cloacae.", "contents": "Neonatal meningitis due to Enterobacter cloacae. Enterobacter species, in recent years, have been divided into E aerogenes, E hafniae, E liquefaciens, and E cloacae. Early reviews of neonatal meningitis include some cases due to Klebsiella-Aerobacter,(1) and recent reviews(2,3) include Enterobacter which did not divide them into species of Enterobacter. Reported here is a case of neonatal meningitis due to a gram-negative organism, Enterobacter cloacae.", "PMID": 702571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1253", "title": "Surgical treatment of keloids secondary to ear piercing.", "content": "Keloids are medically benign, but often psychologically and cosmetically malignant lesions. They are most commonly located on the posterior aspect of the ear lobes. The author's treatment of choice is the combined intralesional steroid and surgical approach. Surgically, the best results are obtained when some of the skin overlying the keloid is used as a split thickness graft after all of the keloidal tissue has been removed. Explicit postoperative wound care instructions are important in insuring complication-free surgery.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of keloids secondary to ear piercing. Keloids are medically benign, but often psychologically and cosmetically malignant lesions. They are most commonly located on the posterior aspect of the ear lobes. The author's treatment of choice is the combined intralesional steroid and surgical approach. Surgically, the best results are obtained when some of the skin overlying the keloid is used as a split thickness graft after all of the keloidal tissue has been removed. Explicit postoperative wound care instructions are important in insuring complication-free surgery.", "PMID": 702572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1254", "title": "On the subject of caring for and caring about patients.", "content": "Recognition of the growing familiarity on the part of physicians in approaching patients is presented with discussion of alternative approaches to establishing rapport and, at the same time, respecting the rights and preserving the dignity of the patient.", "contents": "On the subject of caring for and caring about patients. Recognition of the growing familiarity on the part of physicians in approaching patients is presented with discussion of alternative approaches to establishing rapport and, at the same time, respecting the rights and preserving the dignity of the patient.", "PMID": 702573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1255", "title": "Preliminary clinical experience with intraoperative radiotherapy.", "content": "Intraoperative radiotherapy is the term applied to the irradiation of unresectable tumors, partially resectable tumors, and regional lymph nodes with external beam radiation at the time of surgical exposure. Since only one treatment is given at the time of surgery, one should consider the intraoperative technique as \"boost\" therapy which may allow us to raise the conventional external beam dose to the tumor by 50 to 100 percent. At Howard University Hospital and Cancer Research Center, seven advanced-stage cancer patients have been treated since 1976 with single doses of electron beam irradiation in the range of 1,300 to 2,000 rad. The preliminary evaluation of these patients has shown no serious acute radiation reactions.", "contents": "Preliminary clinical experience with intraoperative radiotherapy. Intraoperative radiotherapy is the term applied to the irradiation of unresectable tumors, partially resectable tumors, and regional lymph nodes with external beam radiation at the time of surgical exposure. Since only one treatment is given at the time of surgery, one should consider the intraoperative technique as \"boost\" therapy which may allow us to raise the conventional external beam dose to the tumor by 50 to 100 percent. At Howard University Hospital and Cancer Research Center, seven advanced-stage cancer patients have been treated since 1976 with single doses of electron beam irradiation in the range of 1,300 to 2,000 rad. The preliminary evaluation of these patients has shown no serious acute radiation reactions.", "PMID": 702577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1256", "title": "Benign esophageal stricture in a tropical African population.", "content": "In North America, the most common causes of benign esophageal stricture are hiatal hernia and reflux esophagitis. These are localized to the lower end of the esophagus.At the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, the most common cause of benign esophageal stricture is ingestion of corrosives. The ingestion is accidental, suicidal, or for medicinal purposes. This stricture is long, narrow, and irregular. Most extend from the cervical esophagus to the cardioesophageal junction.A surgical procedure that has given good results is the use of left colon pedicled on the left colic artery for retrosternal isoperistaltic esophagocoloplasty.", "contents": "Benign esophageal stricture in a tropical African population. In North America, the most common causes of benign esophageal stricture are hiatal hernia and reflux esophagitis. These are localized to the lower end of the esophagus.At the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, the most common cause of benign esophageal stricture is ingestion of corrosives. The ingestion is accidental, suicidal, or for medicinal purposes. This stricture is long, narrow, and irregular. Most extend from the cervical esophagus to the cardioesophageal junction.A surgical procedure that has given good results is the use of left colon pedicled on the left colic artery for retrosternal isoperistaltic esophagocoloplasty.", "PMID": 702578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1257", "title": "Alternative pathway activation in sickle cell disease and beta-thalassemia major.", "content": "Total hemolytic complement activity (CH50), immuno-electrophoretic conversion of Factor B (C3PA), and of C3 were studied in 16 patients with sickle cell disease in a steady state, eight patients in crisis, and ten patients with \u03b2-thalassemia major anemia maintained on a constant transfusion regimen. Patients with sickle cell disease in a steady state have moderatley 56 (percent) depressed conversion of Factor B in addition to markedly decreased conversion of C3 in four of ten patients. One of the three sickle cell patients and two of the four thalassemia patients with low C3 conversion levels have died subsequent to the studies. The combination of chronically decreased Factor B conversion in the face of markedly decreased C3 conversion may make these patients occasionally vulnerable to overwhelming infection analagous to the situation seen in postsplenectomy cases.", "contents": "Alternative pathway activation in sickle cell disease and beta-thalassemia major. Total hemolytic complement activity (CH50), immuno-electrophoretic conversion of Factor B (C3PA), and of C3 were studied in 16 patients with sickle cell disease in a steady state, eight patients in crisis, and ten patients with \u03b2-thalassemia major anemia maintained on a constant transfusion regimen. Patients with sickle cell disease in a steady state have moderatley 56 (percent) depressed conversion of Factor B in addition to markedly decreased conversion of C3 in four of ten patients. One of the three sickle cell patients and two of the four thalassemia patients with low C3 conversion levels have died subsequent to the studies. The combination of chronically decreased Factor B conversion in the face of markedly decreased C3 conversion may make these patients occasionally vulnerable to overwhelming infection analagous to the situation seen in postsplenectomy cases.", "PMID": 702579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1258", "title": "Rotation technique for superficial total body electron beam irradiation.", "content": "Low megavoltage electrons, because of their limited penetration, have been found very useful in the treatment of generalized superficial malignancies. However, because of the complexity of the human body contour, it is extremely difficult to achieve uniform dose distribution over the entire body surface. To achieve this, various techniques ranging from two to six fields have been used. In this paper, we discuss the disadvantages of these techniques and describe a new technique, \"the rotation technique,\" which is superior.", "contents": "Rotation technique for superficial total body electron beam irradiation. Low megavoltage electrons, because of their limited penetration, have been found very useful in the treatment of generalized superficial malignancies. However, because of the complexity of the human body contour, it is extremely difficult to achieve uniform dose distribution over the entire body surface. To achieve this, various techniques ranging from two to six fields have been used. In this paper, we discuss the disadvantages of these techniques and describe a new technique, \"the rotation technique,\" which is superior.", "PMID": 702580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1259", "title": "Measurement of diastolic events by apexcardiogram: correlation with hemodynamic state and prognosis after myocardial infarction.", "content": "Apexcardiograms and hemodynamic studies were performed in 32 postmyocardial infarction patients. Group 1 patients (5) had markedly elevated left ventricular end diastolic (LVED) pressures but normal LVED volumes; apexcardiograms included tall A waves (31 percent of the E to O points), prolonged A-wave durations of 134 msec or greater, short rapid filling wave durations (55 msec) and slow-filling waves replaced by plateaus in three patients. Group 2 patients (10) had markedly elevated LVED pressures and elevated LVED volumes, and had similar apexcardiographic findings: A-wave heights had a mean of 23.4 percent of E to O points, A-wave durations were 113 msec or more, rapid filling wave (RFW) durations were 93 msec and diastolic plateaus occurred in five patients. Group 3 patients (11) had intermediate hemodynamic findings and the apexcardiograms were varied; three patients with mild congestive heart failure (CHF) had apexcardiograms similar to Group 1 and five without CHF had apexcardiograms similar to those in Group 4. Group 4 patients (6) had normal hemodynamic findings; the mean A-wave height was 6 percent of the E to O point height, A-wave durations 90 msec or less RFW durations were 117.5 msec or more and the slow-filling wave duration (SFW) was normal in the configuration. Fourteen of 15 patients in Groups 1 and 2 developed CHF and six died on follow-up. Group 4 patients showed no evidence of CHF on follow-up and there were no deaths. Group differences were significantly different for A-wave height and duration, and for RFW duration at 0.05 or 0.01.Tall prolonged A waves and short RFWs were associated with poor left ventricular (LV) compliance and dysfunction, and diastolic plateau immediately following the RFW when present were confirmatory. Thus, the apexcardiogram is a reproducible useful noninvasive tool for clinical assessment, and predicting prognosis in postmyocardial infarction patients.", "contents": "Measurement of diastolic events by apexcardiogram: correlation with hemodynamic state and prognosis after myocardial infarction. Apexcardiograms and hemodynamic studies were performed in 32 postmyocardial infarction patients. Group 1 patients (5) had markedly elevated left ventricular end diastolic (LVED) pressures but normal LVED volumes; apexcardiograms included tall A waves (31 percent of the E to O points), prolonged A-wave durations of 134 msec or greater, short rapid filling wave durations (55 msec) and slow-filling waves replaced by plateaus in three patients. Group 2 patients (10) had markedly elevated LVED pressures and elevated LVED volumes, and had similar apexcardiographic findings: A-wave heights had a mean of 23.4 percent of E to O points, A-wave durations were 113 msec or more, rapid filling wave (RFW) durations were 93 msec and diastolic plateaus occurred in five patients. Group 3 patients (11) had intermediate hemodynamic findings and the apexcardiograms were varied; three patients with mild congestive heart failure (CHF) had apexcardiograms similar to Group 1 and five without CHF had apexcardiograms similar to those in Group 4. Group 4 patients (6) had normal hemodynamic findings; the mean A-wave height was 6 percent of the E to O point height, A-wave durations 90 msec or less RFW durations were 117.5 msec or more and the slow-filling wave duration (SFW) was normal in the configuration. Fourteen of 15 patients in Groups 1 and 2 developed CHF and six died on follow-up. Group 4 patients showed no evidence of CHF on follow-up and there were no deaths. Group differences were significantly different for A-wave height and duration, and for RFW duration at 0.05 or 0.01.Tall prolonged A waves and short RFWs were associated with poor left ventricular (LV) compliance and dysfunction, and diastolic plateau immediately following the RFW when present were confirmatory. Thus, the apexcardiogram is a reproducible useful noninvasive tool for clinical assessment, and predicting prognosis in postmyocardial infarction patients.", "PMID": 702581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1260", "title": "Becoming an independent Community Mental Health Center: perils of the process.", "content": "Over the past 12 years, since the inception of the Community Mental Health Center (CMHC) movement, there has been increasing concern that local communities have more input; in fact, that they actually have the opportunity to operate the mental health programs that they deem necessary for their communities.(1)Under the Amendments to the Community Mental Health Act (P.L.94-63) 1975, CMHCs were given such options as independence or governance. The whole process of governance presents numerous problems as well as opportunities. An overview of the vicissitudes of this process is presented in this paper.", "contents": "Becoming an independent Community Mental Health Center: perils of the process. Over the past 12 years, since the inception of the Community Mental Health Center (CMHC) movement, there has been increasing concern that local communities have more input; in fact, that they actually have the opportunity to operate the mental health programs that they deem necessary for their communities.(1)Under the Amendments to the Community Mental Health Act (P.L.94-63) 1975, CMHCs were given such options as independence or governance. The whole process of governance presents numerous problems as well as opportunities. An overview of the vicissitudes of this process is presented in this paper.", "PMID": 702582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1261", "title": "Constipation.", "content": "Constipation pervades our society. It is associated with emotional stress, lack of dietary fiber, and ignorance. Laxative stimulants, bulk forming agents, stool softeners, and osmotic cathartics may all be needed to treat endstage constipation initially, but \"weaning\" should be possible in most cases. Endstage constipation, in rare cases, can be life threatening due to urinary tract or colonic obstruction or perforation.", "contents": "Constipation. Constipation pervades our society. It is associated with emotional stress, lack of dietary fiber, and ignorance. Laxative stimulants, bulk forming agents, stool softeners, and osmotic cathartics may all be needed to treat endstage constipation initially, but \"weaning\" should be possible in most cases. Endstage constipation, in rare cases, can be life threatening due to urinary tract or colonic obstruction or perforation.", "PMID": 702587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1262", "title": "Physical examinations in inner-city preschools.", "content": "This paper describes the physical examination program started in March 1974 and carried out by the Anacostia Headstart Program in Washington DC. Annual totals of 362, 274, and 458 preschool children were examined in 16 schools during the 1973-1974, 1974-1975, and 1975-1976 school years, respectively. For these years, 8, 9, and 12 percent, respectively, had heart murmurs. The rates for abdominal hernias were higher, 11, 17, and 16 percent, respectively. Eczema was also a common problem. Parents had easy access to counseling from health professionals who worked in the program.", "contents": "Physical examinations in inner-city preschools. This paper describes the physical examination program started in March 1974 and carried out by the Anacostia Headstart Program in Washington DC. Annual totals of 362, 274, and 458 preschool children were examined in 16 schools during the 1973-1974, 1974-1975, and 1975-1976 school years, respectively. For these years, 8, 9, and 12 percent, respectively, had heart murmurs. The rates for abdominal hernias were higher, 11, 17, and 16 percent, respectively. Eczema was also a common problem. Parents had easy access to counseling from health professionals who worked in the program.", "PMID": 702588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1263", "title": "The effectiveness of sickle cell education in New York City public elementary schools.", "content": "The present study attempts to ascertain the effectiveness of the health education component of the Queens Hospital Center Sickle Cell Education & Screening Program. The study is limited to children in grades four through six in the New York City public school system. Such elementary school students, representing a large segment of the population, are easily accessible and can be effectively educated about sickle cell disease. The findings indicate that professional sickle cell educators can successfully teach young children about the disease and can do so more effectively than the average schoolteacher.", "contents": "The effectiveness of sickle cell education in New York City public elementary schools. The present study attempts to ascertain the effectiveness of the health education component of the Queens Hospital Center Sickle Cell Education & Screening Program. The study is limited to children in grades four through six in the New York City public school system. Such elementary school students, representing a large segment of the population, are easily accessible and can be effectively educated about sickle cell disease. The findings indicate that professional sickle cell educators can successfully teach young children about the disease and can do so more effectively than the average schoolteacher.", "PMID": 702589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1264", "title": "Liver cirrhosis, tobacco, alcohol, and cancer among blacks.", "content": "Attributes of age, tobacco use, and alcohol consumption were studied in order to elucidate their roles in the increased risks of blacks for selected neoplasms. Black cancer patients with and without liver cirrhosis were compared by cancer sites, age, tobacco usage, and alcohol consumption. Subsequently, non-cirrhotic blacks and whites with cancer were characterized on the same variables.Black males with cancer and liver cirrhosis, when compared with similar males without liver cirrhosis, were significantly younger and had more than triple the frequencies of esophageal and hepatic cancers but less than one fourth the frequencies of gastric and prostatic cancers. Cirrhotic patients were rarely nondrinkers but drank whiskey excessively. Noncirrhotic blacks, when compared with noncirrhotic whites, had very high risks of liver, stomach, and prostate cancers and smoked less heavily but drank significantly more whiskey. Hence, factors associated with patterns of smoking cigarettes and drinking, especially whiskey, if not these habits themselves, are probably related to the increased risks of blacks for stomach and liver cancers when compared with non-cirrhotic whites and for esophageal and hepatic cancers when compared with non-cirrhotic blacks.", "contents": "Liver cirrhosis, tobacco, alcohol, and cancer among blacks. Attributes of age, tobacco use, and alcohol consumption were studied in order to elucidate their roles in the increased risks of blacks for selected neoplasms. Black cancer patients with and without liver cirrhosis were compared by cancer sites, age, tobacco usage, and alcohol consumption. Subsequently, non-cirrhotic blacks and whites with cancer were characterized on the same variables.Black males with cancer and liver cirrhosis, when compared with similar males without liver cirrhosis, were significantly younger and had more than triple the frequencies of esophageal and hepatic cancers but less than one fourth the frequencies of gastric and prostatic cancers. Cirrhotic patients were rarely nondrinkers but drank whiskey excessively. Noncirrhotic blacks, when compared with noncirrhotic whites, had very high risks of liver, stomach, and prostate cancers and smoked less heavily but drank significantly more whiskey. Hence, factors associated with patterns of smoking cigarettes and drinking, especially whiskey, if not these habits themselves, are probably related to the increased risks of blacks for stomach and liver cancers when compared with non-cirrhotic whites and for esophageal and hepatic cancers when compared with non-cirrhotic blacks.", "PMID": 702590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1265", "title": "Gray areas in forensic psychiatry.", "content": "The field of forensic psychiatry is not always compatible with legalities in our court system, causing some cases to be in a \"gray\" area. A case is presented, demonstrating shortcomings of the M'Naghten rule, which is meant to protect the mentally ill person from being incarcerated when he is not aware of the nature or the seriousness of the crime of which he stands accused. However, this rule is not applicable when there is awareness, even if the patient is laboring under a delusional system. In the case to be considered, the individual suffers by being given a criminal record instead of being found not guilty by reason of insanity, although the end result is the same.The author feels there should be a much broader interpretation of the M'Naghten rule to encompass the full intent of protecting the mentally ill person but to exclude the sociopath and those with character disorders. The Durham rule is not workable because of this inclusion.", "contents": "Gray areas in forensic psychiatry. The field of forensic psychiatry is not always compatible with legalities in our court system, causing some cases to be in a \"gray\" area. A case is presented, demonstrating shortcomings of the M'Naghten rule, which is meant to protect the mentally ill person from being incarcerated when he is not aware of the nature or the seriousness of the crime of which he stands accused. However, this rule is not applicable when there is awareness, even if the patient is laboring under a delusional system. In the case to be considered, the individual suffers by being given a criminal record instead of being found not guilty by reason of insanity, although the end result is the same.The author feels there should be a much broader interpretation of the M'Naghten rule to encompass the full intent of protecting the mentally ill person but to exclude the sociopath and those with character disorders. The Durham rule is not workable because of this inclusion.", "PMID": 702591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1266", "title": "Synchronous cancer of the colon: a case for more definitive resection in colon cancer.", "content": "Carcinoma of the colon is reported to be the most common visceral cancer today in the United States, second only to cancer of the lung as a cause of cancer-related mortality. Three consecutive cases of multiple primary colon cancers-synchronous carcinoma, two of which were additionally associated with colonic polyps, prompted a review of the literature as it related to synchronous colon cancer. The incidence of this phenomenon seems to be in the range of three percent of colon cancers. These patients tend to have a higher than usual incidence of associated polyps and of metachronous colon cancer. Inasmuch as the colons of these patients have a clear proclivity to neoplastic transformation and recurrence, subtotal colectomy as the initial curative colon procedure is practiced. This diagnosis is more often made in retrospect. It would seem that subtotal colectomy should be the initial curative procedure for any cancer of the large bowel proximal to the rectum in otherwise healthy patients less than 60 years of age.", "contents": "Synchronous cancer of the colon: a case for more definitive resection in colon cancer. Carcinoma of the colon is reported to be the most common visceral cancer today in the United States, second only to cancer of the lung as a cause of cancer-related mortality. Three consecutive cases of multiple primary colon cancers-synchronous carcinoma, two of which were additionally associated with colonic polyps, prompted a review of the literature as it related to synchronous colon cancer. The incidence of this phenomenon seems to be in the range of three percent of colon cancers. These patients tend to have a higher than usual incidence of associated polyps and of metachronous colon cancer. Inasmuch as the colons of these patients have a clear proclivity to neoplastic transformation and recurrence, subtotal colectomy as the initial curative colon procedure is practiced. This diagnosis is more often made in retrospect. It would seem that subtotal colectomy should be the initial curative procedure for any cancer of the large bowel proximal to the rectum in otherwise healthy patients less than 60 years of age.", "PMID": 702592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1267", "title": "Health care professionals: a model for teaching the components of society-culture-personality in the delivery of care.", "content": "In recent years, the behavioral sciences have contributed tremendously tot he education of future physicians, dentists, nurses, and other health care professionals. With the inclusion of the behavioral sciences component in the National Board Examination (1972), many medical schools have revised their curricula to include sociology in the training of the future physician. However, the tremendous shortage of qualified social scientists made it difficult to meet the needs of medical schools and health programs in the country.In view of this problem, this paper will present a single conceptual model that can be used as an organizational device for teaching some basic social science concepts to health care students and to assist them in the comprehension of the impact of society-culture-personality (SCP) on the health care institution as a whole. Uses of this model have been presented elsewhere.(1,2)", "contents": "Health care professionals: a model for teaching the components of society-culture-personality in the delivery of care. In recent years, the behavioral sciences have contributed tremendously tot he education of future physicians, dentists, nurses, and other health care professionals. With the inclusion of the behavioral sciences component in the National Board Examination (1972), many medical schools have revised their curricula to include sociology in the training of the future physician. However, the tremendous shortage of qualified social scientists made it difficult to meet the needs of medical schools and health programs in the country.In view of this problem, this paper will present a single conceptual model that can be used as an organizational device for teaching some basic social science concepts to health care students and to assist them in the comprehension of the impact of society-culture-personality (SCP) on the health care institution as a whole. Uses of this model have been presented elsewhere.(1,2)", "PMID": 702593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1268", "title": "Transplacental transfer of Bancroftian filariasis.", "content": "A pregnant patient with Bancroftian filariasis and documented evidence of transplacental transfer of the larvae is the basis of this report.", "contents": "Transplacental transfer of Bancroftian filariasis. A pregnant patient with Bancroftian filariasis and documented evidence of transplacental transfer of the larvae is the basis of this report.", "PMID": 702594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1269", "title": "The stroke area: feasibility of adoption in community hospitals.", "content": "Pioneering efforts to establish what are known as stroke areas in community hospitals were made primarily by Dr Charles Bonner at Youville Hospital in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Dr. Bertram Howard at St. Luke's Hospital in New Bedford, Massachusetts during the early 1960s. Analysis of comparative data collected in subsequent years from 15 or more hospitals that followed their lead suggests that the stroke unit concept has become recognized as a medically sound approach to the management of stroke victims toward enhancing, rather than simply trying to save lives.", "contents": "The stroke area: feasibility of adoption in community hospitals. Pioneering efforts to establish what are known as stroke areas in community hospitals were made primarily by Dr Charles Bonner at Youville Hospital in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Dr. Bertram Howard at St. Luke's Hospital in New Bedford, Massachusetts during the early 1960s. Analysis of comparative data collected in subsequent years from 15 or more hospitals that followed their lead suggests that the stroke unit concept has become recognized as a medically sound approach to the management of stroke victims toward enhancing, rather than simply trying to save lives.", "PMID": 702596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1270", "title": "Intra-arterial knotted catheter.", "content": "Although cerebral arteriography is commonly employed as a diagnostic radiologic procedure its use is not entirely innocuous. Beside the usual complications of an invasive technique the retention of a knotted distal flexible catheter tip may be encountered. This report presents a case in which this occurred with subsequent extraction by way of incision of the femoral artery.", "contents": "Intra-arterial knotted catheter. Although cerebral arteriography is commonly employed as a diagnostic radiologic procedure its use is not entirely innocuous. Beside the usual complications of an invasive technique the retention of a knotted distal flexible catheter tip may be encountered. This report presents a case in which this occurred with subsequent extraction by way of incision of the femoral artery.", "PMID": 702597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1271", "title": "Demonstration of pericardial effusion by real-time ultrasonography.", "content": "Pericardial effusion has a variety of causes. Among these, inflammatory processes are the most common. Traditionally x-rays, isotopic scanning, carbon dioxide injection, and M-mode echocardiography have been used for evaluation of pericardial effusion. The most recent advance in real time scanning enables the examiner to more completely and more accurately evaluate and serially investigate pericardial effusions through a noninvasive technique.", "contents": "Demonstration of pericardial effusion by real-time ultrasonography. Pericardial effusion has a variety of causes. Among these, inflammatory processes are the most common. Traditionally x-rays, isotopic scanning, carbon dioxide injection, and M-mode echocardiography have been used for evaluation of pericardial effusion. The most recent advance in real time scanning enables the examiner to more completely and more accurately evaluate and serially investigate pericardial effusions through a noninvasive technique.", "PMID": 702598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1272", "title": "Pattern of thoracic surgical diseases in Nigeria: experience at the University College Hospital, Ibadan.", "content": "A prospective study of 595 patients treated by the Thoracic Surgical Unit (TSU) at the University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan between July 1975 and December 1977 was carried out to determine the pattern of thoracic surgical diseases in Nigeria and to prove or disprove the rarity of certain cardiopulmonary diseases in tropical Africa. This review shows that pyogenic infections of the lung and pleura constitute the largest percentage (38.5) of the thoracic surgical diseases in Nigeria. Although pulmonary tuberculosis accounts for only 23.4 percent of our total inpatient load, it constitutes about 60 percent of our outpatient clinic practice. Cardiovascular diseases form 12.9 percent, notably congenital and acquired valvular heart diseases. An interesting finding was the occasional association of pyomyositis with pyogenic pericarditis and empyema thoracis. This triad is being investigated. Chest trauma was the most common thoracic surgical emergency accounting for 9.2 percent of the total thoracic surgical pathology. The most common causes of dysphagia are strictures from corrosive esophagitis, achalasia, and carcinoma of the esophagus. Present experience confirms the rarity of hiatus hernia, reflux esophagitis, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and, perhaps, carcinoma of the lung among Nigerians.", "contents": "Pattern of thoracic surgical diseases in Nigeria: experience at the University College Hospital, Ibadan. A prospective study of 595 patients treated by the Thoracic Surgical Unit (TSU) at the University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan between July 1975 and December 1977 was carried out to determine the pattern of thoracic surgical diseases in Nigeria and to prove or disprove the rarity of certain cardiopulmonary diseases in tropical Africa. This review shows that pyogenic infections of the lung and pleura constitute the largest percentage (38.5) of the thoracic surgical diseases in Nigeria. Although pulmonary tuberculosis accounts for only 23.4 percent of our total inpatient load, it constitutes about 60 percent of our outpatient clinic practice. Cardiovascular diseases form 12.9 percent, notably congenital and acquired valvular heart diseases. An interesting finding was the occasional association of pyomyositis with pyogenic pericarditis and empyema thoracis. This triad is being investigated. Chest trauma was the most common thoracic surgical emergency accounting for 9.2 percent of the total thoracic surgical pathology. The most common causes of dysphagia are strictures from corrosive esophagitis, achalasia, and carcinoma of the esophagus. Present experience confirms the rarity of hiatus hernia, reflux esophagitis, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and, perhaps, carcinoma of the lung among Nigerians.", "PMID": 702599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1273", "title": "Immunologic defect of the alternate pathway-of-complement activation postsplenectomy: a possible relation between splenectomy and infection.", "content": "Total hemolytic complement (CH50) and activation of the alternate mechanism were measured in eight patients before and after splenectomy and compared to similar measurements made in a control group of patients following other abdominal surgery. In the splenectomy group, alternate-pathway-mediated activation of C3 was significantly different from the controls. The mean five-day postsplenectomy value of 16 percent for the immunoelectrophoretic conversion of C3 to C3i was depressed (p<0.001) from the presplenectomy value of 85 percent and five-month postsplenectomy level of 71 percent (p<0.01). The difference between presplenectomy and five-month postsplenectomy values was not significant. Further, activation of C3 in patients five days postsplenectomy was significantly less (p<0.01) than in the five-day postoperative controls. In both the splenectomized patients and control group, five-day postoperative determinations indicated an increase in CH50 values and a decrease in degree of activation of Factor B. The spleen appears to manufacture certain substances required for activation of C3 via the alternate mechanism. That the manufacture is eventually assumed by other immune-competent organs is shown by the eventual increase of activation toward preoperative levels five months postsplenectomy. This defect in C3 activation may account for the tendency of splenectomized patients to have an increased incidence of bacterial infections and sepsis in the postoperative period.", "contents": "Immunologic defect of the alternate pathway-of-complement activation postsplenectomy: a possible relation between splenectomy and infection. Total hemolytic complement (CH50) and activation of the alternate mechanism were measured in eight patients before and after splenectomy and compared to similar measurements made in a control group of patients following other abdominal surgery. In the splenectomy group, alternate-pathway-mediated activation of C3 was significantly different from the controls. The mean five-day postsplenectomy value of 16 percent for the immunoelectrophoretic conversion of C3 to C3i was depressed (p<0.001) from the presplenectomy value of 85 percent and five-month postsplenectomy level of 71 percent (p<0.01). The difference between presplenectomy and five-month postsplenectomy values was not significant. Further, activation of C3 in patients five days postsplenectomy was significantly less (p<0.01) than in the five-day postoperative controls. In both the splenectomized patients and control group, five-day postoperative determinations indicated an increase in CH50 values and a decrease in degree of activation of Factor B. The spleen appears to manufacture certain substances required for activation of C3 via the alternate mechanism. That the manufacture is eventually assumed by other immune-competent organs is shown by the eventual increase of activation toward preoperative levels five months postsplenectomy. This defect in C3 activation may account for the tendency of splenectomized patients to have an increased incidence of bacterial infections and sepsis in the postoperative period.", "PMID": 702600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1274", "title": "Evaluation and treatment of patients with impotence.", "content": "Impotence is a common problem of adult males. Thorough history from both partners, physical examination, and laboratory work uncover a small minority who are suffering from an organic cause. The majority of such patients have a psychological basis for the condition. In the absence of demonstrated organic disease, psychiatric consultation is indicated. Surgery is helpful in erectile impotence.", "contents": "Evaluation and treatment of patients with impotence. Impotence is a common problem of adult males. Thorough history from both partners, physical examination, and laboratory work uncover a small minority who are suffering from an organic cause. The majority of such patients have a psychological basis for the condition. In the absence of demonstrated organic disease, psychiatric consultation is indicated. Surgery is helpful in erectile impotence.", "PMID": 702601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1275", "title": "Marijuana and the adolescent.", "content": "Growing marijuana use among young people, among teenagers in particular, poses serious problems that involve parents, society, law enforcement agencies, legislators, and health care professionals. This paper discusses the multifaceted problems surrounding marijuana use and suggests possible solutions.", "contents": "Marijuana and the adolescent. Growing marijuana use among young people, among teenagers in particular, poses serious problems that involve parents, society, law enforcement agencies, legislators, and health care professionals. This paper discusses the multifaceted problems surrounding marijuana use and suggests possible solutions.", "PMID": 702602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1276", "title": "Teenage pregnancy, a national disaster: a significant factor in black teenage unemployment.", "content": "Pregnancy is an unfortunate event in the life of preteen and teenagers. Yet, it is occurring with increasing frequency among children between the ages of 12 and 16. The magnitude of this growing problem is so great it demands the assistance of all segments of society to find a solution.While it is true that pregnancy is often a social, economic, and psychological burden to the young mother, the outlook for the baby may be even more bleak. Homes and schools are not meeting the needs for rearing and training these unplanned progeny to become productive citizens. Already, some of them are entering the labor market with few, if any, marketable skills.Preventive measures seem to offer the best prospects for dealing with this human dilemma. Since the majority of the unwed teens under discussion are black, the black physician must apply his talents and resources to finding a workable solution.", "contents": "Teenage pregnancy, a national disaster: a significant factor in black teenage unemployment. Pregnancy is an unfortunate event in the life of preteen and teenagers. Yet, it is occurring with increasing frequency among children between the ages of 12 and 16. The magnitude of this growing problem is so great it demands the assistance of all segments of society to find a solution.While it is true that pregnancy is often a social, economic, and psychological burden to the young mother, the outlook for the baby may be even more bleak. Homes and schools are not meeting the needs for rearing and training these unplanned progeny to become productive citizens. Already, some of them are entering the labor market with few, if any, marketable skills.Preventive measures seem to offer the best prospects for dealing with this human dilemma. Since the majority of the unwed teens under discussion are black, the black physician must apply his talents and resources to finding a workable solution.", "PMID": 702604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1277", "title": "The relationship between sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "content": "As the initial problems of trauma have been resolved, patients may survive the immediate period following critical injury only to succumb later to the effects of sepsis. We previously noted a correlation between multiple organ failure and intravascular clotting. The present study evaluated the incidence of infection complications following proven disseminated intravascular coagulation. Detailed analysis of multiple clotting factor changes following critical surgical illness (Factors I, II, V, VIII, IX, X, XI, and platelets, fibrin degradation products and plasminogen) were carried out prospectively in 48 patients. Twenty-one of the 48 were classified as having a severe degree of intravascular coagulation on the basis of hematologic evidence. Only one survived without evidence of infection; 16 showed changes consistent with a moderate degree of intravascular coagulation, and ten subsequently developed evidence of infection. Of the 11 patients with minimal evidence of intravascular coagulation, infection developed in only one.", "contents": "The relationship between sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. As the initial problems of trauma have been resolved, patients may survive the immediate period following critical injury only to succumb later to the effects of sepsis. We previously noted a correlation between multiple organ failure and intravascular clotting. The present study evaluated the incidence of infection complications following proven disseminated intravascular coagulation. Detailed analysis of multiple clotting factor changes following critical surgical illness (Factors I, II, V, VIII, IX, X, XI, and platelets, fibrin degradation products and plasminogen) were carried out prospectively in 48 patients. Twenty-one of the 48 were classified as having a severe degree of intravascular coagulation on the basis of hematologic evidence. Only one survived without evidence of infection; 16 showed changes consistent with a moderate degree of intravascular coagulation, and ten subsequently developed evidence of infection. Of the 11 patients with minimal evidence of intravascular coagulation, infection developed in only one.", "PMID": 702605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1278", "title": "A method for comparing survival of burn patients to a standard survival curve.", "content": "A method is presented which enables individual institutions to compare their patient survival rates to a standard survival curve. The method can be used for survival following any sort of trauma, here illustrated for survival of burned patients. The only requirements is that a standard survival curve be available which gives predicted probabilities of survival for each patient. The procedure is simple and can be easily computed with a small calculator. It requires fewer patients than does a corresponding Chi-square test, and can be used with as few as 30 patients. The power for a specified alternative can be calculated. Detailed examples are given applying the procedure to a randomly selected set of 50 patients from the National Burn Information Exchange registry, Ann Arbor, Michigan.", "contents": "A method for comparing survival of burn patients to a standard survival curve. A method is presented which enables individual institutions to compare their patient survival rates to a standard survival curve. The method can be used for survival following any sort of trauma, here illustrated for survival of burned patients. The only requirements is that a standard survival curve be available which gives predicted probabilities of survival for each patient. The procedure is simple and can be easily computed with a small calculator. It requires fewer patients than does a corresponding Chi-square test, and can be used with as few as 30 patients. The power for a specified alternative can be calculated. Detailed examples are given applying the procedure to a randomly selected set of 50 patients from the National Burn Information Exchange registry, Ann Arbor, Michigan.", "PMID": 702606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1279", "title": "Myocardial contusion: effect of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation on cardiac output.", "content": "Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABCP) improves impaired left ventricular (LV) performance associated with myocardial ischemia. We have evaluated the effect of IABCP on cardiac output (CO) after blunt trauma to the heart where LV performance is impaired by myocardial contusion but coronary blood flow is normal. Contusion of 20 to 40% of the LV in 13 dogs decreased CO by 41% +/- 6.4. A 30-minute period of IABCP was followed by 30 minutes without IABCP with three assist periods in each animal unless death occurred. Immediate IABCP after injury in six dogs increased CO 14% +/- 3.8 (p less than 0.01). Treatment was delayed for 30 minutes in seven dogs, and CO further decreased 0.7% +/- 3.2; initiation of IABCP then increased CO 9.2% +/- 6.5 (p less than 0.05). When CO was decreased less than 25% or greater than 50% after injury, IABCP had no effect on CO. In midrange when CO decreased 25 to 50%, IABCP increased CO 12.5% +/- 3.2 (p less than 0.001 initially, 9.3% +/- 1.3 (p less than 0.005) with second assist, and third assist 5.6% +/- 2(NS). It is concluded that IABCP improves LV performance following myocardial contusion, especially when applied early after injury.", "contents": "Myocardial contusion: effect of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation on cardiac output. Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABCP) improves impaired left ventricular (LV) performance associated with myocardial ischemia. We have evaluated the effect of IABCP on cardiac output (CO) after blunt trauma to the heart where LV performance is impaired by myocardial contusion but coronary blood flow is normal. Contusion of 20 to 40% of the LV in 13 dogs decreased CO by 41% +/- 6.4. A 30-minute period of IABCP was followed by 30 minutes without IABCP with three assist periods in each animal unless death occurred. Immediate IABCP after injury in six dogs increased CO 14% +/- 3.8 (p less than 0.01). Treatment was delayed for 30 minutes in seven dogs, and CO further decreased 0.7% +/- 3.2; initiation of IABCP then increased CO 9.2% +/- 6.5 (p less than 0.05). When CO was decreased less than 25% or greater than 50% after injury, IABCP had no effect on CO. In midrange when CO decreased 25 to 50%, IABCP increased CO 12.5% +/- 3.2 (p less than 0.001 initially, 9.3% +/- 1.3 (p less than 0.005) with second assist, and third assist 5.6% +/- 2(NS). It is concluded that IABCP improves LV performance following myocardial contusion, especially when applied early after injury.", "PMID": 702607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1280", "title": "An operative repair of acromioclavicular separation.", "content": "Sixteen patients underwent an open reduction for complete acromioclavicular separation with a loop of woven Dacron arterial graft. This technique of internal fixation permits an early range of shoulder motion and eliminates the need for a second procedure to remove wire or pins. Experience in vascular reconstruction suggests that fibroblastic ingrowth might occur to substitute for the disrupted ligament complex. All but two of the 16 patients showed excellent results: full restoration of shoulder function, satisfactory cosmesis, and complete relief of pain. One required reoperation for an improperly placed loop, and one had definite over-reduction of the clavicle on the acromion but remained asymptomatic. In several, X-rays showed evidence of pressure resorption and periosteal new-bone formation along the clavicle at the site of the loop, but no loss of fixation. This approach was used successfully in acute trauma and as late as one year following injury.", "contents": "An operative repair of acromioclavicular separation. Sixteen patients underwent an open reduction for complete acromioclavicular separation with a loop of woven Dacron arterial graft. This technique of internal fixation permits an early range of shoulder motion and eliminates the need for a second procedure to remove wire or pins. Experience in vascular reconstruction suggests that fibroblastic ingrowth might occur to substitute for the disrupted ligament complex. All but two of the 16 patients showed excellent results: full restoration of shoulder function, satisfactory cosmesis, and complete relief of pain. One required reoperation for an improperly placed loop, and one had definite over-reduction of the clavicle on the acromion but remained asymptomatic. In several, X-rays showed evidence of pressure resorption and periosteal new-bone formation along the clavicle at the site of the loop, but no loss of fixation. This approach was used successfully in acute trauma and as late as one year following injury.", "PMID": 702608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1281", "title": "Doppler ultrasound and digital plethysmography to determine the need for sympathetic blockade after frostbite.", "content": "Thirty patients seen following frostbite injury during a 2-week period were treated with rapid rewarming in a saline bath. Vascular laboratory evaluations including digital plethysmograms and Doppler ultrasound mapping of digital vessels and distal palmar and pedal arches revealed three general degrees of vascular response to cold injury after rewarming. The most common, the hyperdynamic response, implying patent digital vessels, was often clinically apparent, with warm, red digits. Regional sympathectomy may be troublesome in these patients. Patients without a hyperdynamic response, including those whose Doppler and plethysmographic examinations were within normal limits for noncold exposed individuals, had evidence of vascular compromise at the digital level and benefited from regional sympathectomy with intra-arterial reserpine.", "contents": "Doppler ultrasound and digital plethysmography to determine the need for sympathetic blockade after frostbite. Thirty patients seen following frostbite injury during a 2-week period were treated with rapid rewarming in a saline bath. Vascular laboratory evaluations including digital plethysmograms and Doppler ultrasound mapping of digital vessels and distal palmar and pedal arches revealed three general degrees of vascular response to cold injury after rewarming. The most common, the hyperdynamic response, implying patent digital vessels, was often clinically apparent, with warm, red digits. Regional sympathectomy may be troublesome in these patients. Patients without a hyperdynamic response, including those whose Doppler and plethysmographic examinations were within normal limits for noncold exposed individuals, had evidence of vascular compromise at the digital level and benefited from regional sympathectomy with intra-arterial reserpine.", "PMID": 702609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1282", "title": "Urinary tract abnormalities presenting as a result of blunt abdominal trauma.", "content": "Fourteen patients with unsuspected urinary tract abnormalities had their disorders diagnosed at the time of their evaluation for blunt abdominal trauma. The trauma was generally inconsequential but all of the patients had gross or microscopic hematuria. The diagnosis could be made by intravenous pyelography or physical examination in all of these patients, although in some patients the abnormality was not evident until the patient had an arteriogram. These disorders are usually detected in children, but 12 of our 14 patients were 19 years of age or older. The importance of the urogram for all patients with hematuria and minor abdominal trauma is emphasized by this group of patients.", "contents": "Urinary tract abnormalities presenting as a result of blunt abdominal trauma. Fourteen patients with unsuspected urinary tract abnormalities had their disorders diagnosed at the time of their evaluation for blunt abdominal trauma. The trauma was generally inconsequential but all of the patients had gross or microscopic hematuria. The diagnosis could be made by intravenous pyelography or physical examination in all of these patients, although in some patients the abnormality was not evident until the patient had an arteriogram. These disorders are usually detected in children, but 12 of our 14 patients were 19 years of age or older. The importance of the urogram for all patients with hematuria and minor abdominal trauma is emphasized by this group of patients.", "PMID": 702610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1283", "title": "Hemorrhagic shock treatment with hot intravenous fluid in dogs.", "content": "In hot climates, only high temperature fluids (are greater than 100 F) may be available for treatment of blood loss shock in combat casualties. Can the hot fluid be used safely and effectively? We compared hot Ringer's lactate (51.7% C/125 F) resuscitation (n=10) to body-temperature (100 F) fluid resuscitation (n=10) in a hemorrhagic shock dog model. One liter of 125 F fluid, as part of the resuscitation, did not cause hyperthermia, red blood cell hemolysis, or any significantly different response in the cardiovascular system when compared to body-temperature fluid. All animals in both groups survived. These findings suggest that battlefield use of hot fluids in controlled amounts can be safe and effective for treatment of blood loss shock in human combat casualties.", "contents": "Hemorrhagic shock treatment with hot intravenous fluid in dogs. In hot climates, only high temperature fluids (are greater than 100 F) may be available for treatment of blood loss shock in combat casualties. Can the hot fluid be used safely and effectively? We compared hot Ringer's lactate (51.7% C/125 F) resuscitation (n=10) to body-temperature (100 F) fluid resuscitation (n=10) in a hemorrhagic shock dog model. One liter of 125 F fluid, as part of the resuscitation, did not cause hyperthermia, red blood cell hemolysis, or any significantly different response in the cardiovascular system when compared to body-temperature fluid. All animals in both groups survived. These findings suggest that battlefield use of hot fluids in controlled amounts can be safe and effective for treatment of blood loss shock in human combat casualties.", "PMID": 702611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1284", "title": "A preliminary report on the spray application of topical silver sulfadiazine to burn wounds.", "content": "A simple, flexible system for spray application of topical antimicrobials has been developed in the Burn Unit at Hennepin County Medical Center. In contrast to previous attempts, this method allows spray application of silver sulfadiazine without dilution. Because of the viscosity of the micronized cream, aerosol spread is minimal. Inexpensive commercially available components are used without modification. This system can be readily adapted to most hospital situations and provides rapid topical antimicrobial application. Time required for dressing changes has been reduced in our Burn Unit by 75% and fewer nursing personnel are required. Spray application avoids direct physical contact with burn wounds, eliminating potential contamination and greatly reducing pain associated with dressing changes. Patient acceptance is high.", "contents": "A preliminary report on the spray application of topical silver sulfadiazine to burn wounds. A simple, flexible system for spray application of topical antimicrobials has been developed in the Burn Unit at Hennepin County Medical Center. In contrast to previous attempts, this method allows spray application of silver sulfadiazine without dilution. Because of the viscosity of the micronized cream, aerosol spread is minimal. Inexpensive commercially available components are used without modification. This system can be readily adapted to most hospital situations and provides rapid topical antimicrobial application. Time required for dressing changes has been reduced in our Burn Unit by 75% and fewer nursing personnel are required. Spray application avoids direct physical contact with burn wounds, eliminating potential contamination and greatly reducing pain associated with dressing changes. Patient acceptance is high.", "PMID": 702612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1285", "title": "Methylmethacrylate as an adjunct in the internal fixation of intertrochanteric fractures of the femur.", "content": "Twenty-eight unstable four-part intertrochanteric fractures in 27 elderly patients with severely osteoporotic femurs were treated by means of internal fixation (commonly the 130 or 95 A.O. blade plate) in combination with methylmethacrylate. Of the 28, ten patients with eleven fractures were recalled and reexamined; 12 had died; five were lost to followup (1 1/2-8 1/2 years) at the time of this review but sufficient documentation existed for their inclusion. There were no deep wound infections. We did not encounter any hypotension during surgery or as a result of the methylmethacrylate. One patient developed a pulmonary embolus 5 days postoperation and responded well to anticoagulant therapy. There were three failures; one femoral shaft fracture at the plate end, one nonunion, both requiring total hip replacemens, and the third failure was due to malreduction of fracture and was later revised. Where bone fragments were in contact, union occurred rapidly and the presence of cement did not interfere with bone union in any way. The patients were pain free and began full weight bearing the day after surgery.", "contents": "Methylmethacrylate as an adjunct in the internal fixation of intertrochanteric fractures of the femur. Twenty-eight unstable four-part intertrochanteric fractures in 27 elderly patients with severely osteoporotic femurs were treated by means of internal fixation (commonly the 130 or 95 A.O. blade plate) in combination with methylmethacrylate. Of the 28, ten patients with eleven fractures were recalled and reexamined; 12 had died; five were lost to followup (1 1/2-8 1/2 years) at the time of this review but sufficient documentation existed for their inclusion. There were no deep wound infections. We did not encounter any hypotension during surgery or as a result of the methylmethacrylate. One patient developed a pulmonary embolus 5 days postoperation and responded well to anticoagulant therapy. There were three failures; one femoral shaft fracture at the plate end, one nonunion, both requiring total hip replacemens, and the third failure was due to malreduction of fracture and was later revised. Where bone fragments were in contact, union occurred rapidly and the presence of cement did not interfere with bone union in any way. The patients were pain free and began full weight bearing the day after surgery.", "PMID": 702613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1286", "title": "Injuries caused by seatbelts in stationary vehicles.", "content": "A new injury caused by seatbelts in the legs of automobile passengers in stationary cars not involved in accidents is described. The authors have treated 11 such injuries since 1974 in Hungary. Prevention of this injury by educating passengers to replace seatbelts before leaving their cars is recommended.", "contents": "Injuries caused by seatbelts in stationary vehicles. A new injury caused by seatbelts in the legs of automobile passengers in stationary cars not involved in accidents is described. The authors have treated 11 such injuries since 1974 in Hungary. Prevention of this injury by educating passengers to replace seatbelts before leaving their cars is recommended.", "PMID": 702614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1287", "title": "Microsurgical vascular anastomosis for traumatic middle cerebral artery occlusion.", "content": "A unique case is reported in which extracranial to intracranial arterial anastomosis was used to treat persisting traumatic middle cerebral artery occlusion. The rationale and indications for use of cerebral revascularization are discussed. Trauma surgeons are encouraged to consider extracranial to intracranial anastomosis in patients with cerebrovascular occlusion inappropriate for operations in the neck.", "contents": "Microsurgical vascular anastomosis for traumatic middle cerebral artery occlusion. A unique case is reported in which extracranial to intracranial arterial anastomosis was used to treat persisting traumatic middle cerebral artery occlusion. The rationale and indications for use of cerebral revascularization are discussed. Trauma surgeons are encouraged to consider extracranial to intracranial anastomosis in patients with cerebrovascular occlusion inappropriate for operations in the neck.", "PMID": 702615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1288", "title": "Claw hammer technique for extraction of knives.", "content": "A knife deeply imbedded in a patient's shoulder could not be pulled out easily before post-withdrawal angiographic study. The claw of a hammer was placed beneath the hilt of the knife for additional leverage, and the weapon was thereupon successfully removed. The advantage of a post-withdrawal angiogram to assess the degree of extravasation is stressed.", "contents": "Claw hammer technique for extraction of knives. A knife deeply imbedded in a patient's shoulder could not be pulled out easily before post-withdrawal angiographic study. The claw of a hammer was placed beneath the hilt of the knife for additional leverage, and the weapon was thereupon successfully removed. The advantage of a post-withdrawal angiogram to assess the degree of extravasation is stressed.", "PMID": 702616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1289", "title": "Traumatic intrapericardial rupture of the diaphragm.", "content": "A 60 year-old woman sustained an intrapericardial rupture of the diaphragm with herniation of a loop of transverse colon into the pericardium. There are ten previous reports of this condition. Reduction of the hernia and repair of the defect were readily accomplished through an upper midline abdominal incision.", "contents": "Traumatic intrapericardial rupture of the diaphragm. A 60 year-old woman sustained an intrapericardial rupture of the diaphragm with herniation of a loop of transverse colon into the pericardium. There are ten previous reports of this condition. Reduction of the hernia and repair of the defect were readily accomplished through an upper midline abdominal incision.", "PMID": 702617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1290", "title": "Acute uraemic encephalopathy in tropical countries.", "content": "This is a prospective study on 24 patients with chronic renal failure. Thirteen of them had evidence of acute uraemic encephalopathy. Of those 9 patients were found to have dilutional hyponatraemia, two patients severe salt and water depletion and one patient septicaemia. Hyponatraemia was associated with pulmonary oedema in 3 patients. Correction of salt and water disturbances and treatment of heart failure improved cerebral functions in 10 (77%) patients. It is therefore concluded that dilutional hyponatraemia probably leading to cerebral oedema is a reversibe major factor in the development of acute uraemic encephalopathy. This, if left uncorrected, may prove fatal especially in tropical countries.", "contents": "Acute uraemic encephalopathy in tropical countries. This is a prospective study on 24 patients with chronic renal failure. Thirteen of them had evidence of acute uraemic encephalopathy. Of those 9 patients were found to have dilutional hyponatraemia, two patients severe salt and water depletion and one patient septicaemia. Hyponatraemia was associated with pulmonary oedema in 3 patients. Correction of salt and water disturbances and treatment of heart failure improved cerebral functions in 10 (77%) patients. It is therefore concluded that dilutional hyponatraemia probably leading to cerebral oedema is a reversibe major factor in the development of acute uraemic encephalopathy. This, if left uncorrected, may prove fatal especially in tropical countries.", "PMID": 702618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1291", "title": "Hycanthone therapy in selected patients with S. mansoni and S. haematobium infections in the Sudan.", "content": "The results of a clinical trial of hycanthone in 601 selected Sudanese patients with S. mansoni and S. haematobium infections are reported. Hycanthone was given as a single intramuscular injection at a dose of 3.0 mg per kilogramme body weight. The commonest side effects were nausea and vomiting which occurred in 35 per cent and 32 per cent respectively. No incidence of acute hepatic damage and no deaths were encountered. About one third of patients reported for follow-up. Cure rate for S. mansoni was 90 per cent at 6 weeks of treatment and 97 per cent at three months and six months, while for S. haematobium infection it was 82 per cent at 6 weeks and 91 per cent at 3 months and 6 months. A significant reduction in egg excretion was achieved in those who were not cured.", "contents": "Hycanthone therapy in selected patients with S. mansoni and S. haematobium infections in the Sudan. The results of a clinical trial of hycanthone in 601 selected Sudanese patients with S. mansoni and S. haematobium infections are reported. Hycanthone was given as a single intramuscular injection at a dose of 3.0 mg per kilogramme body weight. The commonest side effects were nausea and vomiting which occurred in 35 per cent and 32 per cent respectively. No incidence of acute hepatic damage and no deaths were encountered. About one third of patients reported for follow-up. Cure rate for S. mansoni was 90 per cent at 6 weeks of treatment and 97 per cent at three months and six months, while for S. haematobium infection it was 82 per cent at 6 weeks and 91 per cent at 3 months and 6 months. A significant reduction in egg excretion was achieved in those who were not cured.", "PMID": 702619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1292", "title": "Hypogammaglobulinaemic sprue in tropics: Report of an Indian patient.", "content": "Acquired hypogammaglobulinaemia is a rare disease and has not been reported from tropical regions before. A fourteen year old boy, who had symptoms of intestinal malabsorption since the age of seven years, was investigated and found to be suffering from severe hypogammaglobulinaemic sprue which ended fatally. The problems in diagnosis and management of this rare disorder have been highlighted.", "contents": "Hypogammaglobulinaemic sprue in tropics: Report of an Indian patient. Acquired hypogammaglobulinaemia is a rare disease and has not been reported from tropical regions before. A fourteen year old boy, who had symptoms of intestinal malabsorption since the age of seven years, was investigated and found to be suffering from severe hypogammaglobulinaemic sprue which ended fatally. The problems in diagnosis and management of this rare disorder have been highlighted.", "PMID": 702620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1293", "title": "Lassa fever--an autopsy report from the eastern part of Nigeria.", "content": "Autopsy findings of a case of Lassa fever from the Eastern part of Nigeria are presented. The authors suggest that in Lassa fever there is an involvement of the brain in the nature of encephalitis.", "contents": "Lassa fever--an autopsy report from the eastern part of Nigeria. Autopsy findings of a case of Lassa fever from the Eastern part of Nigeria are presented. The authors suggest that in Lassa fever there is an involvement of the brain in the nature of encephalitis.", "PMID": 702621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1294", "title": "Diarrhoea, constipation and intestinal transit in a northern Nigerian population.", "content": "Healthy Nigerians from Zaria have a short intestinal transit time. It is usual for them to open their bowels daily and their concept of diarrhoea and constipation differs widely from the standard medical definition. To avoid confusion care must be taken to inquire exactly what patients mean when they present with these symptoms.", "contents": "Diarrhoea, constipation and intestinal transit in a northern Nigerian population. Healthy Nigerians from Zaria have a short intestinal transit time. It is usual for them to open their bowels daily and their concept of diarrhoea and constipation differs widely from the standard medical definition. To avoid confusion care must be taken to inquire exactly what patients mean when they present with these symptoms.", "PMID": 702622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1295", "title": "Serological evidence for the presence of antibodies to Salmonella typhi among slaughtered pigs, goats and sheep.", "content": "A serological search for healthy carriers of S. typhi was undertaken among regularly slaughtered pigs, goats and sheep. Serum samples from 49 pigs, 40 goats and 35 sheep were tested for the presence of antibodies to S. typhi by the tube agglutination (TAG) and indirect haemagglutination (IHA) methods. Of the 49 pig sera screened, a total number of 39 cases were positive, of which 27 were positive by both IHA and TAG methods, and 12 one test only. Twenty-two of the pig sera but none of the sheep and goat sera were positive at higher titre. These findings suggest that pigs may harbour S. typhi and may act as carriers in transmitting infection to man.", "contents": "Serological evidence for the presence of antibodies to Salmonella typhi among slaughtered pigs, goats and sheep. A serological search for healthy carriers of S. typhi was undertaken among regularly slaughtered pigs, goats and sheep. Serum samples from 49 pigs, 40 goats and 35 sheep were tested for the presence of antibodies to S. typhi by the tube agglutination (TAG) and indirect haemagglutination (IHA) methods. Of the 49 pig sera screened, a total number of 39 cases were positive, of which 27 were positive by both IHA and TAG methods, and 12 one test only. Twenty-two of the pig sera but none of the sheep and goat sera were positive at higher titre. These findings suggest that pigs may harbour S. typhi and may act as carriers in transmitting infection to man.", "PMID": 702624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1296", "title": "Typhoid fever manifesting with haematemesis, hepatitis and haemolysis.", "content": "A patient with documented typhoid fever had several uncommon manifestations. These included (1) haematemesis as the presenting feature, (2) hepatocellular jaundice with hepatic encephalopathy, (3) acute intravascular haemolysis and (4) probable disseminated intravascular coagulation. Haematemesis as the presenting feature in typhoid fever has not been reported previously.", "contents": "Typhoid fever manifesting with haematemesis, hepatitis and haemolysis. A patient with documented typhoid fever had several uncommon manifestations. These included (1) haematemesis as the presenting feature, (2) hepatocellular jaundice with hepatic encephalopathy, (3) acute intravascular haemolysis and (4) probable disseminated intravascular coagulation. Haematemesis as the presenting feature in typhoid fever has not been reported previously.", "PMID": 702625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1297", "title": "Blood pressures of South African black schoolchildren aged 10--12 years.", "content": "In South Africa, in urban but not rural areas, hypertension in Black adults is commoner than in local White adults. To throw light on this situation, blood pressures have been determined in series of South African Blacks, initially on children aged 10--12 years, in rural and urban areas. Mean data are among the lowest recorded. They are lower (p less than 0.01) in the main than those of Black children in U.S.A. Neither levels of salt nor sugar intakes appeared influential. Evidently, noxious factors promotive of hypertension in urban Black adults are not yet in operation in children.", "contents": "Blood pressures of South African black schoolchildren aged 10--12 years. In South Africa, in urban but not rural areas, hypertension in Black adults is commoner than in local White adults. To throw light on this situation, blood pressures have been determined in series of South African Blacks, initially on children aged 10--12 years, in rural and urban areas. Mean data are among the lowest recorded. They are lower (p less than 0.01) in the main than those of Black children in U.S.A. Neither levels of salt nor sugar intakes appeared influential. Evidently, noxious factors promotive of hypertension in urban Black adults are not yet in operation in children.", "PMID": 702628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1298", "title": "Seven complementation groups of respiratory syncytial virus temperature-sensitive mutants.", "content": "Fifteen temperature-sensitive mutants of the RSN-2 strain of respiratory syncytial virus have been classified into six complementation groups, two of which appeared to be homologous with two of the three complementation groups of the A2 strain described by Wright et al. (P. F. Wright, M. A. Gharpure, D. S. Hodes, and R. M. Chanock, Arch. Gesamte Virusforsch, 41:238--247). Thus seven complementation groups of respiratory syncytial virus, designated A, B, C, D, E, F, and G, have been defined. The frequency and type of mutant isolated varied according to strain; group C was unique to the A2 strain, and groups D, E, F, and G were unique to the RSN-2 strain. The highest complementation indexes were obtained by preincubation for 7 h at permissive temperature, followed by incubation at restrictive temperature for 40 to 50 h in the case of A2 strain mutants or 80 to 90 h for RSN-2 strain mutants. Genetic recombination was not detected.", "contents": "Seven complementation groups of respiratory syncytial virus temperature-sensitive mutants. Fifteen temperature-sensitive mutants of the RSN-2 strain of respiratory syncytial virus have been classified into six complementation groups, two of which appeared to be homologous with two of the three complementation groups of the A2 strain described by Wright et al. (P. F. Wright, M. A. Gharpure, D. S. Hodes, and R. M. Chanock, Arch. Gesamte Virusforsch, 41:238--247). Thus seven complementation groups of respiratory syncytial virus, designated A, B, C, D, E, F, and G, have been defined. The frequency and type of mutant isolated varied according to strain; group C was unique to the A2 strain, and groups D, E, F, and G were unique to the RSN-2 strain. The highest complementation indexes were obtained by preincubation for 7 h at permissive temperature, followed by incubation at restrictive temperature for 40 to 50 h in the case of A2 strain mutants or 80 to 90 h for RSN-2 strain mutants. Genetic recombination was not detected.", "PMID": 702637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1299", "title": "Genetic characterization of Mu-like bacteriophage D108.", "content": "Infection of Escherichia coli by bacteriophage D108 was shown to result in the generation of apparently random chromosomal mutations. Approximately 1% of the cells lysogenized by D108, as with Mu, acquired new auxotrophic mutations. D108-induced mutations were nonreverting and were most probably the result of insertion of the D108 genome into regions of genetic function. D108 and Mu shared many similar properties but were heteroimmune and had different host ranges. Lytic infections of Mu lysogens with D108 and D108 lysogens with Mu resulted in 100-fold increases in release of phage with prophage markers over those due to spontaneous induction. Phenotypic mixing was common, with most phage carrying the prophage immunity being packaged in particles with the host range of the superinfecting phage. A fraction of the superinfecting phage genomes were, however, packaged in particles with the prophage-specified host range. Although 10% of the prophage progeny were D108-Mu genetic hybrids, superinfecting phage-induced release of the prophage with reciprocal phenotypic mixing occurred in recA hosts, in which the frequency of D108-Mu genetic hybrids was reduced 100-fold.", "contents": "Genetic characterization of Mu-like bacteriophage D108. Infection of Escherichia coli by bacteriophage D108 was shown to result in the generation of apparently random chromosomal mutations. Approximately 1% of the cells lysogenized by D108, as with Mu, acquired new auxotrophic mutations. D108-induced mutations were nonreverting and were most probably the result of insertion of the D108 genome into regions of genetic function. D108 and Mu shared many similar properties but were heteroimmune and had different host ranges. Lytic infections of Mu lysogens with D108 and D108 lysogens with Mu resulted in 100-fold increases in release of phage with prophage markers over those due to spontaneous induction. Phenotypic mixing was common, with most phage carrying the prophage immunity being packaged in particles with the host range of the superinfecting phage. A fraction of the superinfecting phage genomes were, however, packaged in particles with the prophage-specified host range. Although 10% of the prophage progeny were D108-Mu genetic hybrids, superinfecting phage-induced release of the prophage with reciprocal phenotypic mixing occurred in recA hosts, in which the frequency of D108-Mu genetic hybrids was reduced 100-fold.", "PMID": 702638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1300", "title": "Structural studies on Rauscher murine leukemia virus: isolation and characterization of viral envelopes.", "content": "A preparative method for isolating pure viral envelopes from a type-C RNA tumor virus, Rauscher murine leukemia virus, is described. Fractionation of virions of Rauscher murine leukemia virus was studied after disruption of the virions with the detergents sodium dodecyl sulfate of Nonidet P-40 in combination with ether. Fractionation was performed through flotation in a discontinuous sucrose gradient and, as appeared from electron microscopic examination, a pure viral envelope fraction was obtained in this way. By use of sensitive competition radioimmunoassays or sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after immunoprecipitation with polyvalent and monospecific antisera directed against Rauscher murine leukemia virus proteins, the amount of the gag and env gene-encoded structural polypeptides in the virions and the isolated envelope fraction was compared. The predominant viral structural polypeptides in the purified envelope fraction were the env gene-encoded polypeptides gp70, p15(E), and p12(E), whereas, except for p15, there was only a relatively small amount of the gag gene-encoded structural polypeptides in this fraction.", "contents": "Structural studies on Rauscher murine leukemia virus: isolation and characterization of viral envelopes. A preparative method for isolating pure viral envelopes from a type-C RNA tumor virus, Rauscher murine leukemia virus, is described. Fractionation of virions of Rauscher murine leukemia virus was studied after disruption of the virions with the detergents sodium dodecyl sulfate of Nonidet P-40 in combination with ether. Fractionation was performed through flotation in a discontinuous sucrose gradient and, as appeared from electron microscopic examination, a pure viral envelope fraction was obtained in this way. By use of sensitive competition radioimmunoassays or sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after immunoprecipitation with polyvalent and monospecific antisera directed against Rauscher murine leukemia virus proteins, the amount of the gag and env gene-encoded structural polypeptides in the virions and the isolated envelope fraction was compared. The predominant viral structural polypeptides in the purified envelope fraction were the env gene-encoded polypeptides gp70, p15(E), and p12(E), whereas, except for p15, there was only a relatively small amount of the gag gene-encoded structural polypeptides in this fraction.", "PMID": 702639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1301", "title": "Evolution of bacteriophage phi X174. IV. Restriction enzyme cleavage map of St-1.", "content": "The St-1 genome is about 6,050 base pairs in size, approximately 10% larger than phiX174 (5,375 base pairs). The DNA fragments obtained by HincII, HaeIII, and EcoRI digestion were ordered and aligned into a colinear map, and the single BglI cleavage site was located.", "contents": "Evolution of bacteriophage phi X174. IV. Restriction enzyme cleavage map of St-1. The St-1 genome is about 6,050 base pairs in size, approximately 10% larger than phiX174 (5,375 base pairs). The DNA fragments obtained by HincII, HaeIII, and EcoRI digestion were ordered and aligned into a colinear map, and the single BglI cleavage site was located.", "PMID": 702640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1302", "title": "Evolution of bacteriophage phi C174. V. Alignment of the phi X174, G4, and St-1 restriction enzyme cleavage maps.", "content": "The restriciton enzyme cleavage maps of bacteriophage phiS174, G4, and St-1 were aligned by two-dimensional filter hybridization. These studies show that the basic genome structure of phiX174 is conserved in the other two bacteriophage. However, the data also suggest the existence of regions of nonhomology.", "contents": "Evolution of bacteriophage phi C174. V. Alignment of the phi X174, G4, and St-1 restriction enzyme cleavage maps. The restriciton enzyme cleavage maps of bacteriophage phiS174, G4, and St-1 were aligned by two-dimensional filter hybridization. These studies show that the basic genome structure of phiX174 is conserved in the other two bacteriophage. However, the data also suggest the existence of regions of nonhomology.", "PMID": 702641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1303", "title": "Gene expression and stability of mRNA affected by DNA-arrested synthesis in gene 59, 46, and 47 mutants of bacteriophage T4.", "content": "The effect of bacteriophage T4 gene 59 mutations (DNA-arrested synthesis) on kinetics of DNA synthesis, gene expression, and stability of mRNA has been studied. When Escherichia coli B was infected by a T4 gene 59 mutant, DNA synthesis proceeded to increase linearly after initiation, but started to decrease at 8 min and was completely arrested at 12 min at 37 degrees C. At various incubation temperatures (20 to 42 degrees C), the initial rates and times of arrest of DNA synthesis were different, but the total amount of DNA synthesized was constant. This result supports the hypothesis that function of gene 59 is required for the conversion of 63S DNA molecules to other replicative intermediates (39). The abnormality in protein synthesis caused by gene 59 mutation is manifested by (i) a delayed shutoff in the expression of early proteins (gene 43, 46, 39, 52, 63, 42-45, and some unidentified proteins), (ii) a reduced rate of late gene expression (gene 34, 37, 18, 20, 23, wac, 24, 22, 38, and 19), and (iii) an absence of cleavage of certain late proteins (23, 24, IPIII and 22 to 23(*), 24(*), IPIII(*), and small fragments). It appears that there was no effect on the expression of gene 33, 55, and 32 by a mutation in gene 59. Results obtained from an addition of rifampin at the prereplicative cycle after infection indicated that mRNA from genes 43, rIIA, 46, 39, 52, and 63 are more stable in T4amC5 (gene 59) than in wild-type-infected cells. mRNA remained functional longer in mutant-infected cells, and this may explain the prolonged synthesis of certain early proteins. The gene expression of other DNA arrested mutants-those in genes 46 and 47-showed a pattern of abnormal protein synthesis similar to that found in gene 59 mutant-infected cells, except more late proteins are synthesized. The gene expression in terms of phage DNA structure is discussed.", "contents": "Gene expression and stability of mRNA affected by DNA-arrested synthesis in gene 59, 46, and 47 mutants of bacteriophage T4. The effect of bacteriophage T4 gene 59 mutations (DNA-arrested synthesis) on kinetics of DNA synthesis, gene expression, and stability of mRNA has been studied. When Escherichia coli B was infected by a T4 gene 59 mutant, DNA synthesis proceeded to increase linearly after initiation, but started to decrease at 8 min and was completely arrested at 12 min at 37 degrees C. At various incubation temperatures (20 to 42 degrees C), the initial rates and times of arrest of DNA synthesis were different, but the total amount of DNA synthesized was constant. This result supports the hypothesis that function of gene 59 is required for the conversion of 63S DNA molecules to other replicative intermediates (39). The abnormality in protein synthesis caused by gene 59 mutation is manifested by (i) a delayed shutoff in the expression of early proteins (gene 43, 46, 39, 52, 63, 42-45, and some unidentified proteins), (ii) a reduced rate of late gene expression (gene 34, 37, 18, 20, 23, wac, 24, 22, 38, and 19), and (iii) an absence of cleavage of certain late proteins (23, 24, IPIII and 22 to 23(*), 24(*), IPIII(*), and small fragments). It appears that there was no effect on the expression of gene 33, 55, and 32 by a mutation in gene 59. Results obtained from an addition of rifampin at the prereplicative cycle after infection indicated that mRNA from genes 43, rIIA, 46, 39, 52, and 63 are more stable in T4amC5 (gene 59) than in wild-type-infected cells. mRNA remained functional longer in mutant-infected cells, and this may explain the prolonged synthesis of certain early proteins. The gene expression of other DNA arrested mutants-those in genes 46 and 47-showed a pattern of abnormal protein synthesis similar to that found in gene 59 mutant-infected cells, except more late proteins are synthesized. The gene expression in terms of phage DNA structure is discussed.", "PMID": 702642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1304", "title": "Sporulation-converting bacteriophages for Bacillus pumilus.", "content": "Thirty-three sporulation-converting bacteriophages for Bacillus pumilus NRS576 were assigned to two apparently unrelated groups on the basis of morphology and antiserum neutralization. Bacterial sporulation mutants responded similarly (conversion or nonconversion) to representatives of both phage groups. Evidence is presented indicating that PMB1 and related phages specify a restriction and/or modification system.", "contents": "Sporulation-converting bacteriophages for Bacillus pumilus. Thirty-three sporulation-converting bacteriophages for Bacillus pumilus NRS576 were assigned to two apparently unrelated groups on the basis of morphology and antiserum neutralization. Bacterial sporulation mutants responded similarly (conversion or nonconversion) to representatives of both phage groups. Evidence is presented indicating that PMB1 and related phages specify a restriction and/or modification system.", "PMID": 702643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1305", "title": "Absence of phospholipase activity in bacteriophage T4.", "content": "We assayed phospholipase activity in T4Dt+ and in t mutant phage grown under permissive and restrictive conditions. There was no correlation between the presence of the t+ gene product and phospholipase activity. Phospholipase activity in phage lysates could be attributed to the presence of bacterial debris or to the use of commercial DNase which contains phospholipase.", "contents": "Absence of phospholipase activity in bacteriophage T4. We assayed phospholipase activity in T4Dt+ and in t mutant phage grown under permissive and restrictive conditions. There was no correlation between the presence of the t+ gene product and phospholipase activity. Phospholipase activity in phage lysates could be attributed to the presence of bacterial debris or to the use of commercial DNase which contains phospholipase.", "PMID": 702644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1306", "title": "Purification and characterization of an early protein (E14K) from adenovirus type 2-infected cells.", "content": "One adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) early protein, with an apparent molecular weight of 14,000 in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels (E14K), was purified to homogeneity. Purification involved fractionation of cytoplasmic extracts, precipitation at low pH, and DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose, and hydroxylapatite chromatography. The yield was around 12 microgram of purified protein per 10(9) HeLa cells. The two Ad2 DNA binding proteins with molecular weights of 75,000 and 45,000 (E75K and E45K) were purified by the same procedure. Tryptic peptide analyses indicated that the E14K protein is unrelated to the DNA binding proteins. The purified E14K protein has a high content of basic amino acids and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.5S in the native state, corresponding to a molecular weight of around 95,000. Pulse-chase experiments suggest that the E14K polypeptide is a primary translation product. Immunoprecipitation with a monospecific antiserum against the E14K protein revealed that it is exclusively localized in the cytoplasm of infected cells. E14K started to be synthesized at 2 hpostinfection, with a maximal rate of synthesis at 4 to 6 h postinfection. Immunoprecipitation of cell extracts from four different Ad2-transformed hamster embryo cell lines revealed that only one (Ad2HE4) of them expresses this protein. The adenovirus-simian virus 40 hybrid virus (Ad2ND1) does not express this protein, suggesting that the gene for the E14K protein is located in the part of the Ad2 genome which is deleted in this hybrid virus.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of an early protein (E14K) from adenovirus type 2-infected cells. One adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) early protein, with an apparent molecular weight of 14,000 in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels (E14K), was purified to homogeneity. Purification involved fractionation of cytoplasmic extracts, precipitation at low pH, and DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose, and hydroxylapatite chromatography. The yield was around 12 microgram of purified protein per 10(9) HeLa cells. The two Ad2 DNA binding proteins with molecular weights of 75,000 and 45,000 (E75K and E45K) were purified by the same procedure. Tryptic peptide analyses indicated that the E14K protein is unrelated to the DNA binding proteins. The purified E14K protein has a high content of basic amino acids and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.5S in the native state, corresponding to a molecular weight of around 95,000. Pulse-chase experiments suggest that the E14K polypeptide is a primary translation product. Immunoprecipitation with a monospecific antiserum against the E14K protein revealed that it is exclusively localized in the cytoplasm of infected cells. E14K started to be synthesized at 2 hpostinfection, with a maximal rate of synthesis at 4 to 6 h postinfection. Immunoprecipitation of cell extracts from four different Ad2-transformed hamster embryo cell lines revealed that only one (Ad2HE4) of them expresses this protein. The adenovirus-simian virus 40 hybrid virus (Ad2ND1) does not express this protein, suggesting that the gene for the E14K protein is located in the part of the Ad2 genome which is deleted in this hybrid virus.", "PMID": 702645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1307", "title": "Chemical cross-linking of proteins of Semliki Forest virus: virus particles and plasma membranes from BHK-21 cells treated with colchicine or dibucaine.", "content": "Chemical cross-linking of the proteins of Semliki Forest virus has been performed in virus particles and in baby hamster kidney-21 (BHK-21) cells infected with Semliki Forest virus. Most of the studies were done with the reversible cross-linkers dimethyl 3,3'-thiobis(propionimidate) and dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate). The identity of the cross-linked species was determined by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The results with virus particles showed extensive cross-linking of the nucleocapsid proteins and the formation of dimers of the two large envelope glycoproteins (E1 and E2). Similar patterns for the cross-linked virus proteins were observed in plasma membranes isolated from BHK-21 cells infected with Semliki Forest virus. No cross-linking of the third envelope glycoprotein (E3) was observed. Also, there was no evidence for significant cross-linking between host and virus proteins. The addition of colchicine, a drug that disrupts microtubules, to infected BHK-21 cells had no effect on the cross-linking of virus proteins in the plasma membrane. In contrast, dibucaine, a local anesthetic, greatly inhibited the formation of envelope dimers (E1-E2) in plasma membranes, but not in virus particles. The implication of these results for the involvement of the cytoskeletal system in the morphogenesis of Semliki Forest virus is discussed.", "contents": "Chemical cross-linking of proteins of Semliki Forest virus: virus particles and plasma membranes from BHK-21 cells treated with colchicine or dibucaine. Chemical cross-linking of the proteins of Semliki Forest virus has been performed in virus particles and in baby hamster kidney-21 (BHK-21) cells infected with Semliki Forest virus. Most of the studies were done with the reversible cross-linkers dimethyl 3,3'-thiobis(propionimidate) and dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate). The identity of the cross-linked species was determined by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The results with virus particles showed extensive cross-linking of the nucleocapsid proteins and the formation of dimers of the two large envelope glycoproteins (E1 and E2). Similar patterns for the cross-linked virus proteins were observed in plasma membranes isolated from BHK-21 cells infected with Semliki Forest virus. No cross-linking of the third envelope glycoprotein (E3) was observed. Also, there was no evidence for significant cross-linking between host and virus proteins. The addition of colchicine, a drug that disrupts microtubules, to infected BHK-21 cells had no effect on the cross-linking of virus proteins in the plasma membrane. In contrast, dibucaine, a local anesthetic, greatly inhibited the formation of envelope dimers (E1-E2) in plasma membranes, but not in virus particles. The implication of these results for the involvement of the cytoskeletal system in the morphogenesis of Semliki Forest virus is discussed.", "PMID": 702646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1308", "title": "Initiation and maintenance of persistent infection by respiratory syncytial virus.", "content": "Propagation of cells infected with temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus at nonpermissive temperature (39 degrees C) resulted in cytolytic, abortive, or persistent infection, depending on the mutant used to initiate infection. Five mutants from complementation group B produced cytolytic or abortive infections, whereas a single mutant (ts1) from group D and a noncomplbmenting mutant produced persistent infections. The persistently infected culture initiated by mutant ts1 (RS ts1/BS-C-1) has been maintained in serial culture for greater than 100 transfers, and infectious-center assays and immunofluorescent staining indicated that all cells harbored the RS virus genome. RS ts1/BS-C-1 cultures were resistant to superinfection by homologous and some heterologous viruses, and interferon-like activity against some heterologous viruses was present in the culture medium. Small amounts (0.002 to 0.2 PFU/cell) of infectious virus were present in the culture fluid, but autointerfering defective particles were not detected. This released virus formed small plaques and produced persistent infection of BS-C-1 cells at 37 degrees C. The RS ts1/BS-C-1 cells contained abundant RS virus antigen internally, but little at the surface, although the cells showed enhanced agglutinability by concanavalin A. Nucleocapsids and the 41,000-molecular-weight nucleoprotein were present in extracts of both nucleated and enucleated cells. No infectious RS virus was obtained by transfection of DNA from RS tsl/BS-C-1 cells to susceptible BS-C-1 or feline embryo cells under conditions allowing efficient transfection of a foamy virus proviral DNA. It was concluded that persistent infection was maintained in part by a non-ts variant of RS virus partially defective in maturation. The karyotype of the RS ts1/BS-C-1 culture differed from that of unifected cells.", "contents": "Initiation and maintenance of persistent infection by respiratory syncytial virus. Propagation of cells infected with temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus at nonpermissive temperature (39 degrees C) resulted in cytolytic, abortive, or persistent infection, depending on the mutant used to initiate infection. Five mutants from complementation group B produced cytolytic or abortive infections, whereas a single mutant (ts1) from group D and a noncomplbmenting mutant produced persistent infections. The persistently infected culture initiated by mutant ts1 (RS ts1/BS-C-1) has been maintained in serial culture for greater than 100 transfers, and infectious-center assays and immunofluorescent staining indicated that all cells harbored the RS virus genome. RS ts1/BS-C-1 cultures were resistant to superinfection by homologous and some heterologous viruses, and interferon-like activity against some heterologous viruses was present in the culture medium. Small amounts (0.002 to 0.2 PFU/cell) of infectious virus were present in the culture fluid, but autointerfering defective particles were not detected. This released virus formed small plaques and produced persistent infection of BS-C-1 cells at 37 degrees C. The RS ts1/BS-C-1 cells contained abundant RS virus antigen internally, but little at the surface, although the cells showed enhanced agglutinability by concanavalin A. Nucleocapsids and the 41,000-molecular-weight nucleoprotein were present in extracts of both nucleated and enucleated cells. No infectious RS virus was obtained by transfection of DNA from RS tsl/BS-C-1 cells to susceptible BS-C-1 or feline embryo cells under conditions allowing efficient transfection of a foamy virus proviral DNA. It was concluded that persistent infection was maintained in part by a non-ts variant of RS virus partially defective in maturation. The karyotype of the RS ts1/BS-C-1 culture differed from that of unifected cells.", "PMID": 702647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1309", "title": "Biochemical studies on bovine adenovirus type 3. IV. Transformation by viral DNA and DNA fragments.", "content": "By the calcium technique, intact DNA of bovine adenovirus type 3 (BAV3) was found to transform A31 cells, a clone of BALB/3T3. Transforming activity was resistant to RNase and Pronase but sensitive to DNase. The efficiency of transformation was approximately 5 to 10 foci per mug of DNA. Attempts were also made to test for transforming activity of BAV3 DNA fragments prepared with restriction endonucleases EcoRI and HindIII. The activity was found to associate exclusively with the EcoRI D fragment mapped in the region of 3.6 and 19.7 units (molecular weight, 3.9 x 10(6)). No transformation could be obtained with three HindIII fragments, J, E, and B, located at the left-hand end of the BAV3 genome. However, the enzymatic joining of J and E fragments (0 to 11.9 map units) with a ligase restored the transforming activity. These results suggest that all the genetic information of BAV3 required for transformation is located in the region between 3.6 and 11.9 units on the viral genome. Some properties of A31 cells transformed by BAV3 DNA EcoRI D fragment (TrD) and the ligated DNA of HindIII J and E fragments (TrJE), as well as those transformed by whole BAV3 DNA (Tr), were examined. As compared to untransformed A31 cells, all the transformed cell lines tested showed rapid growth, high saturation densities, and anchorage-independent growth. Moreover, they contained BAV3-specific T antigen and induced tumors in adult nude and BALB/c mice. These properties of Tr, TrD, and TrJE lines were similar to those of BAV3-transformed cells.", "contents": "Biochemical studies on bovine adenovirus type 3. IV. Transformation by viral DNA and DNA fragments. By the calcium technique, intact DNA of bovine adenovirus type 3 (BAV3) was found to transform A31 cells, a clone of BALB/3T3. Transforming activity was resistant to RNase and Pronase but sensitive to DNase. The efficiency of transformation was approximately 5 to 10 foci per mug of DNA. Attempts were also made to test for transforming activity of BAV3 DNA fragments prepared with restriction endonucleases EcoRI and HindIII. The activity was found to associate exclusively with the EcoRI D fragment mapped in the region of 3.6 and 19.7 units (molecular weight, 3.9 x 10(6)). No transformation could be obtained with three HindIII fragments, J, E, and B, located at the left-hand end of the BAV3 genome. However, the enzymatic joining of J and E fragments (0 to 11.9 map units) with a ligase restored the transforming activity. These results suggest that all the genetic information of BAV3 required for transformation is located in the region between 3.6 and 11.9 units on the viral genome. Some properties of A31 cells transformed by BAV3 DNA EcoRI D fragment (TrD) and the ligated DNA of HindIII J and E fragments (TrJE), as well as those transformed by whole BAV3 DNA (Tr), were examined. As compared to untransformed A31 cells, all the transformed cell lines tested showed rapid growth, high saturation densities, and anchorage-independent growth. Moreover, they contained BAV3-specific T antigen and induced tumors in adult nude and BALB/c mice. These properties of Tr, TrD, and TrJE lines were similar to those of BAV3-transformed cells.", "PMID": 702648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1310", "title": "Transcription map for adenovirus type 12 DNA.", "content": "The regions of the adenovirus type 12 genome which encode l- and r-strand-specific cytoplasmic RNA were mapped by the following procedure. Radioactive, intact, separated complementary strands of the viral genome were hybridized to saturating amounts of unlabeled late cytoplasmic RNA. The segments of each DNA strand complementary to the RNA were then purified by S1 nuclease digestion of the hybrids. The arrangement of the coding regions of each strand was deduced from the pattern of hybridization of these probes to unlabeled viral DNA fragments produced by digestion with EcoRI, BamHI, and HindIII.. The resulting map is similar, if not identical, to that of adenovirus type 2. The subset of the late cytoplasmic RNA sequences which are expressed at early times were located on the map by hybridizing labeled, early cytoplasmic RNA to both unlabeled DNA fragments and unlabeled complementary strands of specific fragments. Early cytoplasmic RNA hybridized to the r-strand to EcoRI-C and BamHI-B and to the l-strand of BamHI-E. Hybridization to BamHI-C was also observed. The relative rates of accumulation of cytoplasmic RNA complementary to individual restriction fragments was measured at both early and late times. Early during infection, most of the viral RNA appearing in the cytoplasm was derived from the molecular ends of the genome. Later (24 to 26 h postinfection) the majority of the newly labeled cytoplasmic RNA was transcribed from DNA sequences mapping between 25 and 60 map units on the genome.", "contents": "Transcription map for adenovirus type 12 DNA. The regions of the adenovirus type 12 genome which encode l- and r-strand-specific cytoplasmic RNA were mapped by the following procedure. Radioactive, intact, separated complementary strands of the viral genome were hybridized to saturating amounts of unlabeled late cytoplasmic RNA. The segments of each DNA strand complementary to the RNA were then purified by S1 nuclease digestion of the hybrids. The arrangement of the coding regions of each strand was deduced from the pattern of hybridization of these probes to unlabeled viral DNA fragments produced by digestion with EcoRI, BamHI, and HindIII.. The resulting map is similar, if not identical, to that of adenovirus type 2. The subset of the late cytoplasmic RNA sequences which are expressed at early times were located on the map by hybridizing labeled, early cytoplasmic RNA to both unlabeled DNA fragments and unlabeled complementary strands of specific fragments. Early cytoplasmic RNA hybridized to the r-strand to EcoRI-C and BamHI-B and to the l-strand of BamHI-E. Hybridization to BamHI-C was also observed. The relative rates of accumulation of cytoplasmic RNA complementary to individual restriction fragments was measured at both early and late times. Early during infection, most of the viral RNA appearing in the cytoplasm was derived from the molecular ends of the genome. Later (24 to 26 h postinfection) the majority of the newly labeled cytoplasmic RNA was transcribed from DNA sequences mapping between 25 and 60 map units on the genome.", "PMID": 702649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1311", "title": "Properties of a persistent viral infection: possible lysogeny by an enveloped nonlytic mycoplasmavirus.", "content": "MVL2, an enveloped double-stranded DNA mycoplasmavirus, causes a nonlytic infection of Acholeplasma laidlawii leading to the establishment of a persistent infection. Persistently infected clones were found to be resistant to superinfection by homologous virus, but could be infected by heterologous virus. Cells in a persistently infected culture had the potential to produce virus and transmitted this potential as a stable heritable trait. Mitomycin C and UV light induced an increase in infectious centers in persistently infected cultures.", "contents": "Properties of a persistent viral infection: possible lysogeny by an enveloped nonlytic mycoplasmavirus. MVL2, an enveloped double-stranded DNA mycoplasmavirus, causes a nonlytic infection of Acholeplasma laidlawii leading to the establishment of a persistent infection. Persistently infected clones were found to be resistant to superinfection by homologous virus, but could be infected by heterologous virus. Cells in a persistently infected culture had the potential to produce virus and transmitted this potential as a stable heritable trait. Mitomycin C and UV light induced an increase in infectious centers in persistently infected cultures.", "PMID": 702650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1312", "title": "Anomalous behavior of bacteriophage lambda polypeptides in polyacrylamide gels: resolution, identification, and control of the lambda rex gene product.", "content": "The resolution of lambia proteins was compared on the two types of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels commonly in use. The two kinds of gel differ essentially in the ratio of the cross-linker, N'-N-bismethylene-acrylamide (bisacrylamide), to acrylamide monomer. Several lambda proteins migrate relatively more slowly in gels with high bisacrylamide/acrylamide ratios (HB gels) than in gels with low ratios, although the two types of gel are of roughly equivalent porosity. This effect is illustrated by a change in relative position of both the Rex and Int proteins, with apparent increases in molecular weight of about 8 and 15%, respectively, in the HB gels. This work confirms that like repressor and Int, the 28.5-kilodalton protein, identified as Rex on HB gels, is postively regulated by the lambdacII and cIII products and negatively controlled Cro. An intact y site is required for Rex and repressor expression after infection, whereas their synthesis in a lysogen is dependent upon a functional maintenance promoter, Prm.", "contents": "Anomalous behavior of bacteriophage lambda polypeptides in polyacrylamide gels: resolution, identification, and control of the lambda rex gene product. The resolution of lambia proteins was compared on the two types of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels commonly in use. The two kinds of gel differ essentially in the ratio of the cross-linker, N'-N-bismethylene-acrylamide (bisacrylamide), to acrylamide monomer. Several lambda proteins migrate relatively more slowly in gels with high bisacrylamide/acrylamide ratios (HB gels) than in gels with low ratios, although the two types of gel are of roughly equivalent porosity. This effect is illustrated by a change in relative position of both the Rex and Int proteins, with apparent increases in molecular weight of about 8 and 15%, respectively, in the HB gels. This work confirms that like repressor and Int, the 28.5-kilodalton protein, identified as Rex on HB gels, is postively regulated by the lambdacII and cIII products and negatively controlled Cro. An intact y site is required for Rex and repressor expression after infection, whereas their synthesis in a lysogen is dependent upon a functional maintenance promoter, Prm.", "PMID": 702651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1313", "title": "Analysis of immunoprecipitated surface glycoproteins in measles virions and in membranes of infected cells.", "content": "Measles viral envelope proteins were immune precipitated from membranes of infected cells and from purified virus and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Under reducing conditions, specific precipitates contained two major polypeptide bands, designated virus glycopeptides 1 and 2 (VGP-1 and VGP-2). Both polypeptides appeared to be glycosylated, as indicated by their incorporation of [(14)C]glucosamine in infected cells. VGP-2 appeared as a single band in specific precipitates of infected cells and as a double band in precipitates of purified virus. Trypsin treatment of infected cells showed that reduced VGP-2 may be composed of two unrelated polypeptides. One may be F(1), which is unglycosylated, and the other may correspond to the proteolytic cleavage product of VGP-1, which is glycosylated. The relation of VGP-1 and VGP-2 to smaller surface antigens (X and Y) obtained by tryptic treatment of infected cells remains to be elucidated. In cells taken at various times postinfection and analyzed for viral membrane proteins, VGP-1 was detected at all times, indicating that the input virus VGP-1 was inserted into the cell and could not be differentiated from newly synthesized VGP-1. VGP-2 was not detectable before 24 h postinfection. In precipitates of cells 4 h postinfection and of infected cells incubated at pH 5.8, an additional polypeptide band migrated immediately ahead of VGP-1. We conclude that VGP-2 (molecular weight, 42,000) possibly consists of two components, one of which is the tryptic cleavage product of VGP-1 and the other of which is the unglycosylated polypeptide, F(1).", "contents": "Analysis of immunoprecipitated surface glycoproteins in measles virions and in membranes of infected cells. Measles viral envelope proteins were immune precipitated from membranes of infected cells and from purified virus and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Under reducing conditions, specific precipitates contained two major polypeptide bands, designated virus glycopeptides 1 and 2 (VGP-1 and VGP-2). Both polypeptides appeared to be glycosylated, as indicated by their incorporation of [(14)C]glucosamine in infected cells. VGP-2 appeared as a single band in specific precipitates of infected cells and as a double band in precipitates of purified virus. Trypsin treatment of infected cells showed that reduced VGP-2 may be composed of two unrelated polypeptides. One may be F(1), which is unglycosylated, and the other may correspond to the proteolytic cleavage product of VGP-1, which is glycosylated. The relation of VGP-1 and VGP-2 to smaller surface antigens (X and Y) obtained by tryptic treatment of infected cells remains to be elucidated. In cells taken at various times postinfection and analyzed for viral membrane proteins, VGP-1 was detected at all times, indicating that the input virus VGP-1 was inserted into the cell and could not be differentiated from newly synthesized VGP-1. VGP-2 was not detectable before 24 h postinfection. In precipitates of cells 4 h postinfection and of infected cells incubated at pH 5.8, an additional polypeptide band migrated immediately ahead of VGP-1. We conclude that VGP-2 (molecular weight, 42,000) possibly consists of two components, one of which is the tryptic cleavage product of VGP-1 and the other of which is the unglycosylated polypeptide, F(1).", "PMID": 702652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1314", "title": "Transcription and translation of Newcastle disease virus mRNA's in vitro.", "content": "Transcription directed in vitro by Triton-activated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was stimulated and prolonged by the presence of cytoplasmic extracts of animal cells. The RNA products closely resembled those of NDV transcription in vivo by several criteria: binding to oligodeoxythymidylic acid-cellulose, the mobility and relative abundance of each major band resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the ability to direct the accurate cell-free synthesis of polypeptides corresponding to the NDV proteins HN, F0/F1, NP, and M. Synthesis of a novel polypeptide related to NP but of higher apparent molecular weight was also detected. These results indicated that cell-free transcription under these conditions was a close facsimile of NDV transcription in vivo. In addition, both in vitro and in vivo, NDV polypeptides were synthesized in nonequimolar amounts which reflected the order of the genes in the transcriptional map: NP, F0, M, (47K, HN), L. Strains AV and HP, virulent strains which have differences in biological activities, exhibited differences in the polypeptides synthesized in infected cells and in cell-free systems.", "contents": "Transcription and translation of Newcastle disease virus mRNA's in vitro. Transcription directed in vitro by Triton-activated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was stimulated and prolonged by the presence of cytoplasmic extracts of animal cells. The RNA products closely resembled those of NDV transcription in vivo by several criteria: binding to oligodeoxythymidylic acid-cellulose, the mobility and relative abundance of each major band resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the ability to direct the accurate cell-free synthesis of polypeptides corresponding to the NDV proteins HN, F0/F1, NP, and M. Synthesis of a novel polypeptide related to NP but of higher apparent molecular weight was also detected. These results indicated that cell-free transcription under these conditions was a close facsimile of NDV transcription in vivo. In addition, both in vitro and in vivo, NDV polypeptides were synthesized in nonequimolar amounts which reflected the order of the genes in the transcriptional map: NP, F0, M, (47K, HN), L. Strains AV and HP, virulent strains which have differences in biological activities, exhibited differences in the polypeptides synthesized in infected cells and in cell-free systems.", "PMID": 702653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1315", "title": "Homologous interference mediated by defective interfering influenza virus derived from a temperature-sensitive mutant of influenza virus.", "content": "A temperature-sensitive group II mutant of influenza virus, ts-52, with a presumed defect in viral RNA synthesis, readily produced von Magnus-type defective interfering virus (DI virus) when passed serially (four times) at high multiplicity in MDBK cells. The defective virus (ts-52 DI virus) had a high hemagglutinin and a low infectivity titer, and strongly interfered with the replication of standard infectious viruses (both ts-52 and wild-type ts+) in co-infected cells. Progeny virus particles produced by co-infection of DI virus and infectious virus were also defective and also had low infectivity, high hemagglutinating activity, and a strong interfering property. Infectious viruses ts+ and ts-52 were indistinguishable from ts-52 DI viruses by sucrose velocity or density gradient analysis. Additionally, these viruses all possessed similar morphology. However, when the RNA of DI viruses was analyzed by use of polyacrylamide gels containing 6 M urea, there was a reduction in the amount of large RNA species (V1 to V4), and a number of new smaller RNA species (D1 to D6) with molecular weights ranging from 2.9 X 10(5) to 1.05 X 10(5) appeared. Since these smaller RNA species (D1 to D6) were absent in some clones of infectious viruses, but were consistently associated with DI viruses and increased during undiluted passages and during co-infection of ts-52 with DI virus, they appeared to be a characteristic of DI viruses. Additionally, the UV target size of interfering activity and infectivity of DI virus indicated that interfering activity was 40 times more resistant to UV irradiation than was infectivity, further implicating small RNA molecules in interference. Our data suggest that the loss of infectivity observed among DI viruses may be due to nonspecific loss of a viral RNA segment(s), and the interfering property of DI viruses may be due to interfering RNA segments (DIRNA, D1 to D6). ts-52 DI virus interfered with the replication of standard virus (ts+) at both permissive (34 degrees C) and nonpermissive temperatures. The infectivity of the progeny virus was reduced to 0.2% for ts+ and 0.05% for ts-52 virus without a reduction in hemagglutinin titer. Interference was dependent on the concentration of DI virus. A particle ratio of 1 between DI virus (0.001 PFU/cell) and infectious virus (1.0 PFU/cell) produced a maximal amount of interference. Infectious virus yield was reduced 99.9% without any reduction of the yield of DI viruses Interference was also dependent on the time of addition of DI virus. Interference was most effective within the first 3 h of infection by infectious virus, indicating interference with an early function during viral replication.", "contents": "Homologous interference mediated by defective interfering influenza virus derived from a temperature-sensitive mutant of influenza virus. A temperature-sensitive group II mutant of influenza virus, ts-52, with a presumed defect in viral RNA synthesis, readily produced von Magnus-type defective interfering virus (DI virus) when passed serially (four times) at high multiplicity in MDBK cells. The defective virus (ts-52 DI virus) had a high hemagglutinin and a low infectivity titer, and strongly interfered with the replication of standard infectious viruses (both ts-52 and wild-type ts+) in co-infected cells. Progeny virus particles produced by co-infection of DI virus and infectious virus were also defective and also had low infectivity, high hemagglutinating activity, and a strong interfering property. Infectious viruses ts+ and ts-52 were indistinguishable from ts-52 DI viruses by sucrose velocity or density gradient analysis. Additionally, these viruses all possessed similar morphology. However, when the RNA of DI viruses was analyzed by use of polyacrylamide gels containing 6 M urea, there was a reduction in the amount of large RNA species (V1 to V4), and a number of new smaller RNA species (D1 to D6) with molecular weights ranging from 2.9 X 10(5) to 1.05 X 10(5) appeared. Since these smaller RNA species (D1 to D6) were absent in some clones of infectious viruses, but were consistently associated with DI viruses and increased during undiluted passages and during co-infection of ts-52 with DI virus, they appeared to be a characteristic of DI viruses. Additionally, the UV target size of interfering activity and infectivity of DI virus indicated that interfering activity was 40 times more resistant to UV irradiation than was infectivity, further implicating small RNA molecules in interference. Our data suggest that the loss of infectivity observed among DI viruses may be due to nonspecific loss of a viral RNA segment(s), and the interfering property of DI viruses may be due to interfering RNA segments (DIRNA, D1 to D6). ts-52 DI virus interfered with the replication of standard virus (ts+) at both permissive (34 degrees C) and nonpermissive temperatures. The infectivity of the progeny virus was reduced to 0.2% for ts+ and 0.05% for ts-52 virus without a reduction in hemagglutinin titer. Interference was dependent on the concentration of DI virus. A particle ratio of 1 between DI virus (0.001 PFU/cell) and infectious virus (1.0 PFU/cell) produced a maximal amount of interference. Infectious virus yield was reduced 99.9% without any reduction of the yield of DI viruses Interference was also dependent on the time of addition of DI virus. Interference was most effective within the first 3 h of infection by infectious virus, indicating interference with an early function during viral replication.", "PMID": 702654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1316", "title": "Identification of lysis protein E of bacteriophage phiX174.", "content": "The product of gene E, the lysis gene of phiX174, has been identified as a distinct band in a sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electropherogram. The position of the band is consistent with the molecular weight of 10,589 calculated from the nucleotide sequence of the gene. The band is eliminated by a nonsense mutation in gene E. It is estimated that roughly 100 to 300 molecules of E protein are made in an infected cell; this appears to be less than one-tenth the amount of protein made by gene D, in which gene E is wholly contained.", "contents": "Identification of lysis protein E of bacteriophage phiX174. The product of gene E, the lysis gene of phiX174, has been identified as a distinct band in a sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electropherogram. The position of the band is consistent with the molecular weight of 10,589 calculated from the nucleotide sequence of the gene. The band is eliminated by a nonsense mutation in gene E. It is estimated that roughly 100 to 300 molecules of E protein are made in an infected cell; this appears to be less than one-tenth the amount of protein made by gene D, in which gene E is wholly contained.", "PMID": 702655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1317", "title": "Small viral RNA segment of bunyaviruses codes for viral nucleocapsid protein.", "content": "Tryptic peptide analyses have been undertaken on the nucleocapsid (N) protein of snowshoe hare (SSH) and La Crosse (LAC) bunyaviruses. Similar analyses have been performed on the N proteins of two recombinant viruses which have the large/medium/small RNA genome configurations: SSH/LAC/LAC and SSH/LAC/SSH. The results provide conclusive evidence that the S RNA of bunyaviruses codes for the the viral N protein.", "contents": "Small viral RNA segment of bunyaviruses codes for viral nucleocapsid protein. Tryptic peptide analyses have been undertaken on the nucleocapsid (N) protein of snowshoe hare (SSH) and La Crosse (LAC) bunyaviruses. Similar analyses have been performed on the N proteins of two recombinant viruses which have the large/medium/small RNA genome configurations: SSH/LAC/LAC and SSH/LAC/SSH. The results provide conclusive evidence that the S RNA of bunyaviruses codes for the the viral N protein.", "PMID": 702656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1318", "title": "Absence of detectable capping and methylating enzymes in influenza virions.", "content": "In the presence of Mg(2+) and a specific dinucleotide primer (ApG or GpG), the influenza virion transcriptase synthesizes the eight discrete segments of complementary RNA (cRNA) containing polyadenylic acid (Plotch and Krug, J. Virol. 21:24-34, 1977). Virions were examined for their ability to cap and methylate cRNA containing di- or triphosphorylated 5' termini. By using the primers ppApG, pppApG, or ppGpG, viral cRNA was synthesized in vitro with [alpha-(32)P]-GTP and S-[methyl-(3)H]adenosylmethionine as labeled precursors. DEAE-Sephadex chromatography of the RNase T2 digest of the cRNA product demonstrated no (3)H incorporation at all and the absence of a (32)P-labeled cap structure. The 5' terminus of ppApG-primed cRNA could be capped and methylated by enzymes from vaccinia virus, indicating that the two 5'-terminal phosphates derived from the primer were preserved in the product cRNA. The cap structure formed by the vaccinia enzymes and released by RNase T2 digestion as m(7)GpppA(m)pGp was radioactively labeled at its 3'-terminal phosphate only when [alpha-(32)P]CTP was used as the labeled precursor during transcription. This indicates that the 5'-terminal sequence of the cRNA is ppApGpC and that, therefore, ppApG most probably initiates transcription exactly at the 3' GpCpU(OH) terminus of the virion RNA templates. Virions were also tested for their ability to cap and methylate ppApG in the absence of transcription. No such activities were detected, whereas under the same conditions the vaccinia virus enzymes successfully capped and methylated this compound. Consequently, these experiments, together with those reported earlier, have not detected in influenza virions any capping and methylating enzymes active on the 5'-initiated termini of viral cRNA chains synthesized in vitro, whether these termini possess one, two, or three phosphates. Some mechanism for capping and methylation of viral cRNA must, however, exist, because the viral mRNA (cRNA) synthesized in the infected cell contains 5'-terminal methylated cap structures (Krug et al., J. Virol. 20:45-53, 1976). Possible mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Absence of detectable capping and methylating enzymes in influenza virions. In the presence of Mg(2+) and a specific dinucleotide primer (ApG or GpG), the influenza virion transcriptase synthesizes the eight discrete segments of complementary RNA (cRNA) containing polyadenylic acid (Plotch and Krug, J. Virol. 21:24-34, 1977). Virions were examined for their ability to cap and methylate cRNA containing di- or triphosphorylated 5' termini. By using the primers ppApG, pppApG, or ppGpG, viral cRNA was synthesized in vitro with [alpha-(32)P]-GTP and S-[methyl-(3)H]adenosylmethionine as labeled precursors. DEAE-Sephadex chromatography of the RNase T2 digest of the cRNA product demonstrated no (3)H incorporation at all and the absence of a (32)P-labeled cap structure. The 5' terminus of ppApG-primed cRNA could be capped and methylated by enzymes from vaccinia virus, indicating that the two 5'-terminal phosphates derived from the primer were preserved in the product cRNA. The cap structure formed by the vaccinia enzymes and released by RNase T2 digestion as m(7)GpppA(m)pGp was radioactively labeled at its 3'-terminal phosphate only when [alpha-(32)P]CTP was used as the labeled precursor during transcription. This indicates that the 5'-terminal sequence of the cRNA is ppApGpC and that, therefore, ppApG most probably initiates transcription exactly at the 3' GpCpU(OH) terminus of the virion RNA templates. Virions were also tested for their ability to cap and methylate ppApG in the absence of transcription. No such activities were detected, whereas under the same conditions the vaccinia virus enzymes successfully capped and methylated this compound. Consequently, these experiments, together with those reported earlier, have not detected in influenza virions any capping and methylating enzymes active on the 5'-initiated termini of viral cRNA chains synthesized in vitro, whether these termini possess one, two, or three phosphates. Some mechanism for capping and methylation of viral cRNA must, however, exist, because the viral mRNA (cRNA) synthesized in the infected cell contains 5'-terminal methylated cap structures (Krug et al., J. Virol. 20:45-53, 1976). Possible mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 702657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1319", "title": "Origin of the minor glycoproteins of murine leukemia viruses.", "content": "Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis and immunoprecipitation were used to study glycoproteins from purified Rauscher murine leukemia virus (R-MuLV) and from AKR thymic lymphoblastoid cell membranes. In addition to gp70, a minor glycoprotein of approximately 52,000 daltons (gp52) was demonstrated in purified R-MuLV preparations, which was antigenically related to gp70. Analysis of R-MuLV glycopeptides obtained after exhaustive Pronase digestion showed that gp70 has at least two different glycopeptide size classes with molecular weights of 5,100 and 2,900, respectively. gp52, however, contained only a single glycopeptide size class of approximately 5,100 daltons, indicating that the two glycoproteins contain distinct carbohydrate components. Trypsin treatment of R-MuLV converted gp70 into a product with a molecular mass of approximately 52,000 daltons as well as a 45,000-dalton minor product, with little effect on virus infectivity. Similarly, trypsin treatment of 125I-labeled glycoproteins derived from AKR mouse lymphoblastoid cell membranes generated fragments antigenically related to gp70 and similar in size to those obtained by trypsin treatment of R-MuLV. In both cases, the appearance of cleavage products was accompanied by a decrease in gp70 during trypsin treatment. The occurrence of glycosylated components antigenically related to gp70 in AKR membrane glycoprotein preparations and in purified R-MuLV preparations which were similar to those generated by trypsin treatment supports the concept that these minor components arise from proteolytic cleavage of gp70.", "contents": "Origin of the minor glycoproteins of murine leukemia viruses. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis and immunoprecipitation were used to study glycoproteins from purified Rauscher murine leukemia virus (R-MuLV) and from AKR thymic lymphoblastoid cell membranes. In addition to gp70, a minor glycoprotein of approximately 52,000 daltons (gp52) was demonstrated in purified R-MuLV preparations, which was antigenically related to gp70. Analysis of R-MuLV glycopeptides obtained after exhaustive Pronase digestion showed that gp70 has at least two different glycopeptide size classes with molecular weights of 5,100 and 2,900, respectively. gp52, however, contained only a single glycopeptide size class of approximately 5,100 daltons, indicating that the two glycoproteins contain distinct carbohydrate components. Trypsin treatment of R-MuLV converted gp70 into a product with a molecular mass of approximately 52,000 daltons as well as a 45,000-dalton minor product, with little effect on virus infectivity. Similarly, trypsin treatment of 125I-labeled glycoproteins derived from AKR mouse lymphoblastoid cell membranes generated fragments antigenically related to gp70 and similar in size to those obtained by trypsin treatment of R-MuLV. In both cases, the appearance of cleavage products was accompanied by a decrease in gp70 during trypsin treatment. The occurrence of glycosylated components antigenically related to gp70 in AKR membrane glycoprotein preparations and in purified R-MuLV preparations which were similar to those generated by trypsin treatment supports the concept that these minor components arise from proteolytic cleavage of gp70.", "PMID": 702658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1320", "title": "Effects of magnesium oxide on the crystallization of calcium salts in urine in patients with recurrent nephrolithiasis.", "content": "The effect of oral administration of magnesium oxide on the crystallization in urine of calcium oxalate and brushite was determined in 4 cases of recurrent calcium nephrolithiasis. Each patient was evaluated while on a constant metabolic diet before, during and after therapy with magnesium (1,000 mg. magnesium as magnesium oxide per day). During magnesium therapy urinary hydrogen ion concentration increased by approximately 0.5 unit in all 4 patients and urinary calcium increased about 50 mg. per day in 2. Urinary oxalate decreased significantly in 1 patient and urinary phosphorus was reduced in 2. The urinary activity product ratio of brushite (state of saturation) increased, owing largely to the rise in urinary hydrogen ion concentration but that of calcium oxalate was not changed significantly by magnesium treatment. Although urinary magnesium increased significantly there was no significant change in the urinary formation product ratio (limit of metastability) or the rate of crystal growth of brushite or calcium oxalate. Thus, no beneficial effect of magnesium therapy could be demonstrated in this short-term study.", "contents": "Effects of magnesium oxide on the crystallization of calcium salts in urine in patients with recurrent nephrolithiasis. The effect of oral administration of magnesium oxide on the crystallization in urine of calcium oxalate and brushite was determined in 4 cases of recurrent calcium nephrolithiasis. Each patient was evaluated while on a constant metabolic diet before, during and after therapy with magnesium (1,000 mg. magnesium as magnesium oxide per day). During magnesium therapy urinary hydrogen ion concentration increased by approximately 0.5 unit in all 4 patients and urinary calcium increased about 50 mg. per day in 2. Urinary oxalate decreased significantly in 1 patient and urinary phosphorus was reduced in 2. The urinary activity product ratio of brushite (state of saturation) increased, owing largely to the rise in urinary hydrogen ion concentration but that of calcium oxalate was not changed significantly by magnesium treatment. Although urinary magnesium increased significantly there was no significant change in the urinary formation product ratio (limit of metastability) or the rate of crystal growth of brushite or calcium oxalate. Thus, no beneficial effect of magnesium therapy could be demonstrated in this short-term study.", "PMID": 702659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1321", "title": "Staged ureterocolocolostomy urinary diversion.", "content": "Disappointing long-term experience with the ureterosigmoidostomy and ileal loop diversion has prompted our use of a staged ureterocolocolostomy in 3 adults with a good prognosis. Creation of a non-refluxing colon conduit was followed by conduit take-down and end-to-side colocolostomy 4 to 8 months later, when satisfactory loop function was documented (that is absence of reflux, obstruction and infection). Followup has shown stable renal function and electrolyte balance, as well as urinary/fecal continence. The staged ureterocolocolostomy, as opposed to the primary ureterosigmoidostomy, allows the partially obstructed urinary tract to decompress isolated from the fecal stream, may be used with established pyelonephritis, permits confirmation of the non-refluxing nature of the ureterocolic anastomosis prior to colocolostomy and may have a lower incidence of electrolyte imbalance. The staged procedure is contraindicated in patients with a poor prognosis, previously irradiated rectosigmoid, fecal incontinence or poor anal sphincter tone, inflammatory large bowel disease, inadequate ureteral length and strong family history of colon cancer.", "contents": "Staged ureterocolocolostomy urinary diversion. Disappointing long-term experience with the ureterosigmoidostomy and ileal loop diversion has prompted our use of a staged ureterocolocolostomy in 3 adults with a good prognosis. Creation of a non-refluxing colon conduit was followed by conduit take-down and end-to-side colocolostomy 4 to 8 months later, when satisfactory loop function was documented (that is absence of reflux, obstruction and infection). Followup has shown stable renal function and electrolyte balance, as well as urinary/fecal continence. The staged ureterocolocolostomy, as opposed to the primary ureterosigmoidostomy, allows the partially obstructed urinary tract to decompress isolated from the fecal stream, may be used with established pyelonephritis, permits confirmation of the non-refluxing nature of the ureterocolic anastomosis prior to colocolostomy and may have a lower incidence of electrolyte imbalance. The staged procedure is contraindicated in patients with a poor prognosis, previously irradiated rectosigmoid, fecal incontinence or poor anal sphincter tone, inflammatory large bowel disease, inadequate ureteral length and strong family history of colon cancer.", "PMID": 702660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1322", "title": "General resorption of intravesically instilled 5-fluorouracil.", "content": "To evaluate the resorption of intravesically instilled 5-fluorouracil a single dose of 250 or 1,000 mg. was injected into the empty bladder for 3 hours in 17 patients. The concentration of 5-fluorouracil in serum during instillation was recorded. A microbiologic agar plate method was used for the assay. No measurable 5-fluorouracil concentrations were recorded in the systemic blood of patients with undamaged bladder mucosa and low levels (less than 100 ng./ml. serum) of 5-fluorouracil were found in the systemic circulation of patients with mucosal lesions.", "contents": "General resorption of intravesically instilled 5-fluorouracil. To evaluate the resorption of intravesically instilled 5-fluorouracil a single dose of 250 or 1,000 mg. was injected into the empty bladder for 3 hours in 17 patients. The concentration of 5-fluorouracil in serum during instillation was recorded. A microbiologic agar plate method was used for the assay. No measurable 5-fluorouracil concentrations were recorded in the systemic blood of patients with undamaged bladder mucosa and low levels (less than 100 ng./ml. serum) of 5-fluorouracil were found in the systemic circulation of patients with mucosal lesions.", "PMID": 702661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1323", "title": "Corpus cavernosogram in the evaluation of carcinoma of the penis.", "content": "Treatment of carcinoma of the penis depends on the stage of the tumor, which is mainly clinical. A corpus cavernosogram was used preoperatively in 10 patients with carcinoma of the penis to assess the involvement of the corpus cavernosum, which is an important criterion in staging. In all 10 patients the involvement could be assessed correctly by this procedure, which was later confirmed by histology, and there were no complications. This is a safe, simple and valuable procedure to obtain additional information to stage correctly penile tumors preoperatively and plan the level of resection during penectomy.", "contents": "Corpus cavernosogram in the evaluation of carcinoma of the penis. Treatment of carcinoma of the penis depends on the stage of the tumor, which is mainly clinical. A corpus cavernosogram was used preoperatively in 10 patients with carcinoma of the penis to assess the involvement of the corpus cavernosum, which is an important criterion in staging. In all 10 patients the involvement could be assessed correctly by this procedure, which was later confirmed by histology, and there were no complications. This is a safe, simple and valuable procedure to obtain additional information to stage correctly penile tumors preoperatively and plan the level of resection during penectomy.", "PMID": 702662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1324", "title": "Effect of amylase on sperm motility and viability.", "content": "The effect of increasing concentrations of amylase on the percentage of active spermatozoa, the quality of their motility and the percentage of viable cells was studied in semen samples in vitro. The amount of amylase needed to liquefy viscous semen samples in vitro also was determined. The percentage of active spermatozoa and viable cells, and the quality of sperm motility were altered in relationship to the amylase levels. Significant decreases in these parameters compared to control values were seen at the higher concentrations of amylase. The lowest level of amylase did not alter these parameters significantly and was sufficient to liquefy 80 per cent of the viscous semen samples. Amylase appears to be effective at low concentrations for use in liquefying viscous semen samples, thus making them easier to analyze during routine semen examination. The level of amylase used and the interval between addition and analysis must be controlled carefully.", "contents": "Effect of amylase on sperm motility and viability. The effect of increasing concentrations of amylase on the percentage of active spermatozoa, the quality of their motility and the percentage of viable cells was studied in semen samples in vitro. The amount of amylase needed to liquefy viscous semen samples in vitro also was determined. The percentage of active spermatozoa and viable cells, and the quality of sperm motility were altered in relationship to the amylase levels. Significant decreases in these parameters compared to control values were seen at the higher concentrations of amylase. The lowest level of amylase did not alter these parameters significantly and was sufficient to liquefy 80 per cent of the viscous semen samples. Amylase appears to be effective at low concentrations for use in liquefying viscous semen samples, thus making them easier to analyze during routine semen examination. The level of amylase used and the interval between addition and analysis must be controlled carefully.", "PMID": 702663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1325", "title": "Cell-mediated immune competence in patients with prostatic carcinoma.", "content": "The immune competence of 65 patients with prostatic cancer was evaluated by 2 in vivo and 2 in vitro tests to study the contribution of host factors to the progress of the disease. Patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy served as controls. Our results indicate that the delayed skin hypersensitivity response to common microbial recall antigens (streptokinase/streptodornase, purified protein derivative, dermatophytin 0 and dermatophytin) is unaltered in advanced stages of malignancy. The ability to be sensitized by dinitrochlorobenzene declines significantly in patients with metastatic disease. Blastogenic response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin stimulation is not depressed in late stages of malignancy, although in the circulating T cells per cent and absolute values are somewhat lower in patients with metastases. Herein we show that immune competence (measured by the 4 tests) of patients with prostatic carcinoma does not decrease markedly even in the late stages of the disease. Primary sensitization to dinitrochlorobenzene is the only test showing a decline in responsiveness related to the tumor stage.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immune competence in patients with prostatic carcinoma. The immune competence of 65 patients with prostatic cancer was evaluated by 2 in vivo and 2 in vitro tests to study the contribution of host factors to the progress of the disease. Patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy served as controls. Our results indicate that the delayed skin hypersensitivity response to common microbial recall antigens (streptokinase/streptodornase, purified protein derivative, dermatophytin 0 and dermatophytin) is unaltered in advanced stages of malignancy. The ability to be sensitized by dinitrochlorobenzene declines significantly in patients with metastatic disease. Blastogenic response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin stimulation is not depressed in late stages of malignancy, although in the circulating T cells per cent and absolute values are somewhat lower in patients with metastases. Herein we show that immune competence (measured by the 4 tests) of patients with prostatic carcinoma does not decrease markedly even in the late stages of the disease. Primary sensitization to dinitrochlorobenzene is the only test showing a decline in responsiveness related to the tumor stage.", "PMID": 702665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1326", "title": "Hospital-associated candiduria: predisposing factors and review of the literature.", "content": "A series is presented of 98 patients with hospital-acquired candiduria identified by continual nosocomial infection surveillance. Analysis of the differences between case-matched controls and 20 patients indicated that there were significant increases in the duration of prior Foley catheterization (12 versus 6 days), length of time on multiple antibiotics (16 versus 7 days) and length of total hospitalization of the infected group. Review of the infected patients' charts showed that the indications for bladder catheterization and use of antibiotics were usually explicitly stated and considered valid. The English literature on primary Candida urinary tract infections is reviewed and future approaches to the problem are summarized.", "contents": "Hospital-associated candiduria: predisposing factors and review of the literature. A series is presented of 98 patients with hospital-acquired candiduria identified by continual nosocomial infection surveillance. Analysis of the differences between case-matched controls and 20 patients indicated that there were significant increases in the duration of prior Foley catheterization (12 versus 6 days), length of time on multiple antibiotics (16 versus 7 days) and length of total hospitalization of the infected group. Review of the infected patients' charts showed that the indications for bladder catheterization and use of antibiotics were usually explicitly stated and considered valid. The English literature on primary Candida urinary tract infections is reviewed and future approaches to the problem are summarized.", "PMID": 702666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1327", "title": "Significance of pyuria in urinary sediment.", "content": "Microscopic examination of the urinary sediment to determine the degree of pyuria is an accepted method to screen for urinary tract infection. We investigated the significance of pyuria in relation to the method of specimen acquistion, number of white blood cells and isolation of pathogens on culture. Only 36 per cent of our patients with more than 10 white blood cells per high power field on examination of the first random specimen had more than 10 white blood cells per high power field when a repeat clean catch midstream specimen was examined, and only 20 per cent of the patients had more than 10(5) pathogens per ml. on culture. However, the finding of more than 10 white blood cells per high power field on a clean catch mid stream specimen indicated more than 10(5) pathogens per ml. in 40 per cent of the cases. The use of a higher threshold for significant pyuria (more than 20 white blood cells per high power field) on examination of a random specimen increased the incidence of more than 10(5) bacteriuria found in specimens with initial pyuria by 43 per cent and represents the additional detection of 8.7 per cent of the total poputation studied. These data indicate that when screening for pyuria and infection one should either obtain a clean catch midstream specimen for examination of urinary sediment or increase the threshold for significant pyuria on a random specimen.", "contents": "Significance of pyuria in urinary sediment. Microscopic examination of the urinary sediment to determine the degree of pyuria is an accepted method to screen for urinary tract infection. We investigated the significance of pyuria in relation to the method of specimen acquistion, number of white blood cells and isolation of pathogens on culture. Only 36 per cent of our patients with more than 10 white blood cells per high power field on examination of the first random specimen had more than 10 white blood cells per high power field when a repeat clean catch midstream specimen was examined, and only 20 per cent of the patients had more than 10(5) pathogens per ml. on culture. However, the finding of more than 10 white blood cells per high power field on a clean catch mid stream specimen indicated more than 10(5) pathogens per ml. in 40 per cent of the cases. The use of a higher threshold for significant pyuria (more than 20 white blood cells per high power field) on examination of a random specimen increased the incidence of more than 10(5) bacteriuria found in specimens with initial pyuria by 43 per cent and represents the additional detection of 8.7 per cent of the total poputation studied. These data indicate that when screening for pyuria and infection one should either obtain a clean catch midstream specimen for examination of urinary sediment or increase the threshold for significant pyuria on a random specimen.", "PMID": 702667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1328", "title": "Significance of hematuria after trauma.", "content": "There were 142 consecutive patients with post-traumatic hematuria evaluated prospectively during a 7-month period. Of these 142 cases 22 involved penetrating injuries and 120 were secondary to blunt trauma. There were 19 patients with 24 demonstrable genitourinary injuries at urologic injury. Only 8 of the 142 patients required an operation for the urologic injuries. The degree of hematuria did not correlate with the severity of injury. Liberal use of arteriography and renal scanning is proposed to delineate precisely the urologic injury.", "contents": "Significance of hematuria after trauma. There were 142 consecutive patients with post-traumatic hematuria evaluated prospectively during a 7-month period. Of these 142 cases 22 involved penetrating injuries and 120 were secondary to blunt trauma. There were 19 patients with 24 demonstrable genitourinary injuries at urologic injury. Only 8 of the 142 patients required an operation for the urologic injuries. The degree of hematuria did not correlate with the severity of injury. Liberal use of arteriography and renal scanning is proposed to delineate precisely the urologic injury.", "PMID": 702668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1329", "title": "Computed tomography of the pelvis.", "content": "The computed tomography scan has revealed the location and size of abnormal pelvic masses as an adjunct to other diagnostic studies. We have extended its usefulness by air distension of the bladder, which accommodates to adjacent structures and, therby, highlights abnormalities in its own wall and in other organs. The patients are prepared according to a simple routine. As we attempt further economy and efficiency the cost of each study becomes justified by the information gained.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the pelvis. The computed tomography scan has revealed the location and size of abnormal pelvic masses as an adjunct to other diagnostic studies. We have extended its usefulness by air distension of the bladder, which accommodates to adjacent structures and, therby, highlights abnormalities in its own wall and in other organs. The patients are prepared according to a simple routine. As we attempt further economy and efficiency the cost of each study becomes justified by the information gained.", "PMID": 702669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1330", "title": "Iglesias articulated endoscopy teaching attachment.", "content": "A new articulated teaching attachment with a single joint is described. The attachment allows a 360-degree rotation in 3 planes (sagittal, horizontal and frontal) by the 3 rotary unions at the single joint with only 2 tubes. Simultaneous observation by 2 persons and the operator is achieved by combining 2 of these optical units. The attachment may be sterilized by soaking. It can be dismantled for cleaning and for replacement of any damaged parts. Finally, it facilitates taking still photographs, movies and television endoscopy without interference to the operator.", "contents": "Iglesias articulated endoscopy teaching attachment. A new articulated teaching attachment with a single joint is described. The attachment allows a 360-degree rotation in 3 planes (sagittal, horizontal and frontal) by the 3 rotary unions at the single joint with only 2 tubes. Simultaneous observation by 2 persons and the operator is achieved by combining 2 of these optical units. The attachment may be sterilized by soaking. It can be dismantled for cleaning and for replacement of any damaged parts. Finally, it facilitates taking still photographs, movies and television endoscopy without interference to the operator.", "PMID": 702670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1331", "title": "Detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia and dyssynergic responses: recognition and rationale for early modified transurethral sphincterotomy in complete spinal cord injury lesions.", "content": "Some characteristics are described for detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia and the dyssynergic response in spinal injury patients with complete lesions. The urodynamic evaluation and clinical problems are analyzed in 53 patients to identify the importance of early recognition of sphincter dyssynergia. Cystomanometric and urethral profile pressures vary from 30 to 150 cm. water. Although high voiding pressure, particularly associated with autonomic dysreflexia, may be indicative of sphincter dyssynergia it is not diagnostic. Relevant characteristics of patients with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia are 1) rhythmic detrusor contractions on cystomanometry with associated marked increase in electromyographic activity on attempted voiding. These characteristics enable early recognition of dyssynergia and afford expediency in its management. The modified approach to external sphincterotomy as practiced by the author provides optimal surgical approach for urological rehabilitation of dyssynergic patients. Thus, the rationale for characterization of dyssynergia and its management by modified sphincterotomy can help to terminate long-term intermittent catheterization, remove indwelling catheter, prevent renal damage and ameliorate autonomic dysreflexia.", "contents": "Detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia and dyssynergic responses: recognition and rationale for early modified transurethral sphincterotomy in complete spinal cord injury lesions. Some characteristics are described for detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia and the dyssynergic response in spinal injury patients with complete lesions. The urodynamic evaluation and clinical problems are analyzed in 53 patients to identify the importance of early recognition of sphincter dyssynergia. Cystomanometric and urethral profile pressures vary from 30 to 150 cm. water. Although high voiding pressure, particularly associated with autonomic dysreflexia, may be indicative of sphincter dyssynergia it is not diagnostic. Relevant characteristics of patients with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia are 1) rhythmic detrusor contractions on cystomanometry with associated marked increase in electromyographic activity on attempted voiding. These characteristics enable early recognition of dyssynergia and afford expediency in its management. The modified approach to external sphincterotomy as practiced by the author provides optimal surgical approach for urological rehabilitation of dyssynergic patients. Thus, the rationale for characterization of dyssynergia and its management by modified sphincterotomy can help to terminate long-term intermittent catheterization, remove indwelling catheter, prevent renal damage and ameliorate autonomic dysreflexia.", "PMID": 702671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1332", "title": "Short stay surgery in pediatric urology.", "content": "Short stay surgery represents an innovation in the delivery and cost of medical care. The short stay surgical unit at the Children's Hospital of Michigan has provided urologic care for 311 children during the most recent 12 months of its operation. Eighteen patients (5.7 per cent) required postoperative hospitalization. No children have required rehospitalization after discharge from the short stay unit. Short stay surgery in pediatric urology has resulted in more economic and efficient use of hospital facilities and has decreased cost per procedure. Morbidity has not increased. Short stay surgery is well accepted by the child, parent and referring physician, and has not posed problems for the operating surgeons. Short stay urologic surgery is safe and applicable to many diagnostic and therapeutic urologic surgical procedures.", "contents": "Short stay surgery in pediatric urology. Short stay surgery represents an innovation in the delivery and cost of medical care. The short stay surgical unit at the Children's Hospital of Michigan has provided urologic care for 311 children during the most recent 12 months of its operation. Eighteen patients (5.7 per cent) required postoperative hospitalization. No children have required rehospitalization after discharge from the short stay unit. Short stay surgery in pediatric urology has resulted in more economic and efficient use of hospital facilities and has decreased cost per procedure. Morbidity has not increased. Short stay surgery is well accepted by the child, parent and referring physician, and has not posed problems for the operating surgeons. Short stay urologic surgery is safe and applicable to many diagnostic and therapeutic urologic surgical procedures.", "PMID": 702672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1333", "title": "Renal pseudotumor on urography secondary to gallbladder empyema.", "content": "A case of gallbladder empyema is presented, which opacified initially on excretory urography and then on nephrotomography, mimicking a renal mass. Correct diagnosis was accomplished by angiography and ultrasound examination. With normal renal function gallbladder visualization on urography is indicative of a gallbladder abnormality.", "contents": "Renal pseudotumor on urography secondary to gallbladder empyema. A case of gallbladder empyema is presented, which opacified initially on excretory urography and then on nephrotomography, mimicking a renal mass. Correct diagnosis was accomplished by angiography and ultrasound examination. With normal renal function gallbladder visualization on urography is indicative of a gallbladder abnormality.", "PMID": 702673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1334", "title": "Single vaginal ectopic ureter: a case report.", "content": "The seventh case of a female subject with a single, unilateral ectopic ureter draining to the vagina is reported. The renal unit was located in the renal fossa, wheras in 3 of the 7 cases reported it was within the pelvis. Although ectopia with ureteral duplication is not an uncommon anomaly the single ectopic ureter in the female subject is the rarest form of ureteral ectopia. Use of phenazopyridine hydrochloric acid as an excertory marker was most helpful in locating the vaginal orifice.", "contents": "Single vaginal ectopic ureter: a case report. The seventh case of a female subject with a single, unilateral ectopic ureter draining to the vagina is reported. The renal unit was located in the renal fossa, wheras in 3 of the 7 cases reported it was within the pelvis. Although ectopia with ureteral duplication is not an uncommon anomaly the single ectopic ureter in the female subject is the rarest form of ureteral ectopia. Use of phenazopyridine hydrochloric acid as an excertory marker was most helpful in locating the vaginal orifice.", "PMID": 702674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1335", "title": "Management of the unsuspected ectopic ureterocele.", "content": "Five cases of ectopic ureteroceles associated with non-functioning upper pole segments are presented. Diagnosis was not made until the time of operation for correction of vesicoureteral reflux or decompression of the upper tracts through a flank approach. Options in the management of this problem are discussed.", "contents": "Management of the unsuspected ectopic ureterocele. Five cases of ectopic ureteroceles associated with non-functioning upper pole segments are presented. Diagnosis was not made until the time of operation for correction of vesicoureteral reflux or decompression of the upper tracts through a flank approach. Options in the management of this problem are discussed.", "PMID": 702675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1336", "title": "The asphyxiated bladder as a cause of delayed micturition in the newborn.", "content": "Although delayed micturition in the immediate newborn period is ofter a normal physiologic variation it may be associated with pathological states leading to a decrease in urine formation or reduction of urine flow. Recently, 5 newborns subjected to severe perinatal stress were seen, who exhibited delayed micturition despite adequate urine formation and no evidence of gross anatomic abnormalities. These patients presented with distended bladders that could be maneuvered easily by Cred\u00e9's method. We believe that these cases represent a heretofore undescribed asphyxiated bladder syndrome and suggest consideration of such a diagnosis when bladder distension occurs subsequent to an asphyxial event. In male newborns it is important to differentiate this syndrome from posterior urethral valves and if urine is not expressed easily one should consider early intervention with diagnostic studies and, perhaps, suprapubic drainage.", "contents": "The asphyxiated bladder as a cause of delayed micturition in the newborn. Although delayed micturition in the immediate newborn period is ofter a normal physiologic variation it may be associated with pathological states leading to a decrease in urine formation or reduction of urine flow. Recently, 5 newborns subjected to severe perinatal stress were seen, who exhibited delayed micturition despite adequate urine formation and no evidence of gross anatomic abnormalities. These patients presented with distended bladders that could be maneuvered easily by Cred\u00e9's method. We believe that these cases represent a heretofore undescribed asphyxiated bladder syndrome and suggest consideration of such a diagnosis when bladder distension occurs subsequent to an asphyxial event. In male newborns it is important to differentiate this syndrome from posterior urethral valves and if urine is not expressed easily one should consider early intervention with diagnostic studies and, perhaps, suprapubic drainage.", "PMID": 702676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1337", "title": "Anaerobic infection as a consequence of transrectal prostatic biopsy.", "content": "Reports on large series of prostatic needle biopsies have revealed many and varied complications but none has described anaerobic bacteremia as a complication. Herein are reported 2 such cases, with a discussion of the etiology various altered host factors and therapeutic modalities important to anaerobic infections. The consideration of anaerobic infection in the febrile patient after transrectal prostatic biopsy is emphasized.", "contents": "Anaerobic infection as a consequence of transrectal prostatic biopsy. Reports on large series of prostatic needle biopsies have revealed many and varied complications but none has described anaerobic bacteremia as a complication. Herein are reported 2 such cases, with a discussion of the etiology various altered host factors and therapeutic modalities important to anaerobic infections. The consideration of anaerobic infection in the febrile patient after transrectal prostatic biopsy is emphasized.", "PMID": 702677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1338", "title": "Probable endometrial carcinoma of the prostate, crossed renal ectopia and dermatomyositis in a 32-year-old man.", "content": "An unusual type of prostatic carcinoma associated with crossed renal ectopia and dermatomyositis is reported in a young man. Infiltration by an epithelial tumor filled the enlarged prostate with soft papillary masses. Cystoprostatectomy and removal of a single large pelvic lymph node metastasis were done. Histologically, the tumor resembled endometrial carcinoma and may have arisen from paramesonephric tissue in the prostate. Large amounts of immunoglobulins were found in the tumor tissue. The patient has survived for more than 5 years, although a slow growing urethral recurrence has been noted.", "contents": "Probable endometrial carcinoma of the prostate, crossed renal ectopia and dermatomyositis in a 32-year-old man. An unusual type of prostatic carcinoma associated with crossed renal ectopia and dermatomyositis is reported in a young man. Infiltration by an epithelial tumor filled the enlarged prostate with soft papillary masses. Cystoprostatectomy and removal of a single large pelvic lymph node metastasis were done. Histologically, the tumor resembled endometrial carcinoma and may have arisen from paramesonephric tissue in the prostate. Large amounts of immunoglobulins were found in the tumor tissue. The patient has survived for more than 5 years, although a slow growing urethral recurrence has been noted.", "PMID": 702678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1339", "title": "Coronary angiogram interpretation. Interobserver variability.", "content": "Clinicopathological correlation of premortem coronary angiograms and postmortem data was performed to determine the degree of interobserver variability in the clinical interpretation of coronary angiograms using the pathological findings as the standard of accuracy. Comparison of the independent interpretations of the antemortem coronary angiograms by three cardiologists showed no substantial difference in overall diagnostic accuracy among the three observers. In the majority of instances where a substantial angiographic lesion was found on coronary angiography, it was verified pathologically. In false-positive or false-negative interpretations, a majority opinion was accurate when compared with a pathological lesion in 50% of the instances. Despite the fact that coronary angiography is an excellent diagnostic tool, there remain limitations of the accuracy of interpretation not solved by a majority opinion.", "contents": "Coronary angiogram interpretation. Interobserver variability. Clinicopathological correlation of premortem coronary angiograms and postmortem data was performed to determine the degree of interobserver variability in the clinical interpretation of coronary angiograms using the pathological findings as the standard of accuracy. Comparison of the independent interpretations of the antemortem coronary angiograms by three cardiologists showed no substantial difference in overall diagnostic accuracy among the three observers. In the majority of instances where a substantial angiographic lesion was found on coronary angiography, it was verified pathologically. In false-positive or false-negative interpretations, a majority opinion was accurate when compared with a pathological lesion in 50% of the instances. Despite the fact that coronary angiography is an excellent diagnostic tool, there remain limitations of the accuracy of interpretation not solved by a majority opinion.", "PMID": 702698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1340", "title": "Lung tomography in cancer patients. Full-lung tomograms in screening for pulmonary metastases.", "content": "In a retrospective study of the cases of 415 patients with various malignant neoplasms, full-lung tomography and conventional chest roentgenography were compared for accuracy in the detection of pulmonary metastases. Sufficient information was available on 410 patients to permit confirmation as to whether pulmonary metastases were present at the time of screening chest roentgenographic and tomographic examinations. On screening by routine chest roentgenography, metastases were detected in 36 patients, 66.7% of the total with confirmed metastatic disease. Screening by full-lung tomography identified metastases in 51 (94.4%). Fifteen patients with normal chest roentgenograms had metastatic lesions on tomograms. Metastases were detected in 8.8% by chest roentgenograms and in 12.4% by tomograms in a population of cancer patients with a 13.2% incidence of pathologically confirmed metastatic lesions.", "contents": "Lung tomography in cancer patients. Full-lung tomograms in screening for pulmonary metastases. In a retrospective study of the cases of 415 patients with various malignant neoplasms, full-lung tomography and conventional chest roentgenography were compared for accuracy in the detection of pulmonary metastases. Sufficient information was available on 410 patients to permit confirmation as to whether pulmonary metastases were present at the time of screening chest roentgenographic and tomographic examinations. On screening by routine chest roentgenography, metastases were detected in 36 patients, 66.7% of the total with confirmed metastatic disease. Screening by full-lung tomography identified metastases in 51 (94.4%). Fifteen patients with normal chest roentgenograms had metastatic lesions on tomograms. Metastases were detected in 8.8% by chest roentgenograms and in 12.4% by tomograms in a population of cancer patients with a 13.2% incidence of pathologically confirmed metastatic lesions.", "PMID": 702699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1341", "title": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation. Complication of LeVeen peritoneovenous shunts.", "content": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) occurred in three of five patients after insertion of a LeVeen shunt for intractable ascites. Four episodes of DIC in these patients ranged in severity from progressive and life-threatening to transient and asymptomatic. Interruption of the shunt in two patients stopped the DIC. Careful monitoring for DIC following shunt insertion allows rational decisions to protect the patient against life-threatening hemorrhage or thrombosis. Disseminated intravascular coagulation occurred in two patients during a trial intravenous infusion of ascites and occurred in one patient even when the surgical procedure was modified to minimize the volume and rate of the infused ascites.", "contents": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation. Complication of LeVeen peritoneovenous shunts. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) occurred in three of five patients after insertion of a LeVeen shunt for intractable ascites. Four episodes of DIC in these patients ranged in severity from progressive and life-threatening to transient and asymptomatic. Interruption of the shunt in two patients stopped the DIC. Careful monitoring for DIC following shunt insertion allows rational decisions to protect the patient against life-threatening hemorrhage or thrombosis. Disseminated intravascular coagulation occurred in two patients during a trial intravenous infusion of ascites and occurred in one patient even when the surgical procedure was modified to minimize the volume and rate of the infused ascites.", "PMID": 702700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1342", "title": "Gentamicin tissue accumulation and nephrotoxic reactions.", "content": "In 64 adults treated with gentamicin sulfate, peak and trough serum concentrations rose gradually and declined in two phases after the final dose. Seventeen patients experienced renal damage. The 17 patients had greater amounts of gentamicin in tissues even after the first dose and before any renal effects were noted. This pharmacokinetics analysis provided evidence that patients who experience gentamicin-related nephrotoxic effects while receiving recommended doses of gentamicin could be distinguished from patients with no toxic effects because they experienced abnormal tissue accumulation before detectable changes in renal function occurred.", "contents": "Gentamicin tissue accumulation and nephrotoxic reactions. In 64 adults treated with gentamicin sulfate, peak and trough serum concentrations rose gradually and declined in two phases after the final dose. Seventeen patients experienced renal damage. The 17 patients had greater amounts of gentamicin in tissues even after the first dose and before any renal effects were noted. This pharmacokinetics analysis provided evidence that patients who experience gentamicin-related nephrotoxic effects while receiving recommended doses of gentamicin could be distinguished from patients with no toxic effects because they experienced abnormal tissue accumulation before detectable changes in renal function occurred.", "PMID": 702701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1343", "title": "The quality of perinatal care in small rural hospitals.", "content": "Iowa birth and mortality statistics were reviewed to ascertain the outcome of perinatal care provided in hospitals with different-sized obstetric services. Although the data do not resolve the issue of the minimum number of deliveries necessary to ensure quality perinatal services, they do suggest that hospitals with small maternity services (fewer than 500 deliveries per year) can achieve acceptable perinatal outcomes when appropriate high-risk screening and prenatal referral occur.", "contents": "The quality of perinatal care in small rural hospitals. Iowa birth and mortality statistics were reviewed to ascertain the outcome of perinatal care provided in hospitals with different-sized obstetric services. Although the data do not resolve the issue of the minimum number of deliveries necessary to ensure quality perinatal services, they do suggest that hospitals with small maternity services (fewer than 500 deliveries per year) can achieve acceptable perinatal outcomes when appropriate high-risk screening and prenatal referral occur.", "PMID": 702702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1344", "title": "Scintigraphic assessment of left ventricular aneurysms.", "content": "Thirty-five patients with coronary artery disease and possible left ventricular aneurysm underwent routine clinical examination, gated cardiac blood pool scintigraphy, and radionuclide cineangiography. Thirty-three of the 35 patients had coronary angiography and contrast left ventriculography. Sixteen patients had segmental left ventricular akinesia or dyskinesia, and 17 demonstrated left ventricular hypokinesis on contrast ventriculograms. Two patients had aneurysm confirmed at autopsy. Routine clinical evaluation was not sufficient to separate patients with aneurysm from those with hypokinesis. Radionuclide cineangiography correctly identified all cases of aneurysm or hypokinesis. The cinescintigraphic technique was preferable to the gated cardiac blood pool technique for qualitatively assessing and classifying abnormal ventricular wall motion. There was good correlation of the left ventricular ejection fraction by contrast ventriculograms and gated scintigrams in patients with either aneurysm or hypokinesis.", "contents": "Scintigraphic assessment of left ventricular aneurysms. Thirty-five patients with coronary artery disease and possible left ventricular aneurysm underwent routine clinical examination, gated cardiac blood pool scintigraphy, and radionuclide cineangiography. Thirty-three of the 35 patients had coronary angiography and contrast left ventriculography. Sixteen patients had segmental left ventricular akinesia or dyskinesia, and 17 demonstrated left ventricular hypokinesis on contrast ventriculograms. Two patients had aneurysm confirmed at autopsy. Routine clinical evaluation was not sufficient to separate patients with aneurysm from those with hypokinesis. Radionuclide cineangiography correctly identified all cases of aneurysm or hypokinesis. The cinescintigraphic technique was preferable to the gated cardiac blood pool technique for qualitatively assessing and classifying abnormal ventricular wall motion. There was good correlation of the left ventricular ejection fraction by contrast ventriculograms and gated scintigrams in patients with either aneurysm or hypokinesis.", "PMID": 702727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1345", "title": "Impairment of hemostasis in patients with severe hemophilia. Failure of diphenhydramine, chlorpromazine, and guaifenesin.", "content": "Twenty-three patients with severe hemophilia were given single or multiple doses of diphenhydramine hydrochloride, chlorpromazine hydrochloride, or guaifenesin to test their effects on hemostasis. In contrast with earlier studies with aspirin, bleeding times were not prolonged after ingestion of these three drugs. No patient had hemorrhage because of the drugs, and none recalled excessive bleeding following drug ingestion. These results greatly extend the clinical implications of prior observations carried out in normal subjects demonstrating that many antiplatelet drugs have no effects on in vivo hemostasis. We conclude that these drugs are probably safe for patients with bleeding disorders like hemophilia.", "contents": "Impairment of hemostasis in patients with severe hemophilia. Failure of diphenhydramine, chlorpromazine, and guaifenesin. Twenty-three patients with severe hemophilia were given single or multiple doses of diphenhydramine hydrochloride, chlorpromazine hydrochloride, or guaifenesin to test their effects on hemostasis. In contrast with earlier studies with aspirin, bleeding times were not prolonged after ingestion of these three drugs. No patient had hemorrhage because of the drugs, and none recalled excessive bleeding following drug ingestion. These results greatly extend the clinical implications of prior observations carried out in normal subjects demonstrating that many antiplatelet drugs have no effects on in vivo hemostasis. We conclude that these drugs are probably safe for patients with bleeding disorders like hemophilia.", "PMID": 702728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1346", "title": "The accuracy of the medical record as an index of outpatient drug therapy.", "content": "The records of 355 patients in outpatient clinics at Madison Veterans Administration Hospital were reviewed and compared with pharmacy files of the same patients. The records were evaluated for completeness and accuracy, with regard to the names, dosage, and directions for drugs ordered by the clinic physician. Twenty-one percent of the charts omitted the name of one or more drugs prescribed by the physicians, and 62% of the charts contained inaccuracies regarding dosage or directions. Documentation of potentially toxic drugs was not significantly different from that of less toxic drugs (p greater than .05).", "contents": "The accuracy of the medical record as an index of outpatient drug therapy. The records of 355 patients in outpatient clinics at Madison Veterans Administration Hospital were reviewed and compared with pharmacy files of the same patients. The records were evaluated for completeness and accuracy, with regard to the names, dosage, and directions for drugs ordered by the clinic physician. Twenty-one percent of the charts omitted the name of one or more drugs prescribed by the physicians, and 62% of the charts contained inaccuracies regarding dosage or directions. Documentation of potentially toxic drugs was not significantly different from that of less toxic drugs (p greater than .05).", "PMID": 702731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1347", "title": "The Russian flu. Its history and implications for this year's influenza season.", "content": "From November 1977 through mid-January 1978 the population younger than 25 years in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics experienced a widespread epidemic of mild influenza (Russian flu) caused by an H1N1 virus similar to the virus that circulated worldwide during the early 1950s. Outbreaks of Russian flu occurred in school populations and military recruits in the United States starting in mid-January. Many other countries reported outbreaks of H1N1 virus in the winter of 1978. Predictions of influenza activity are always hazardous, but most experts believe that the Russian flu may occur again in the fall and winter of 1978. Other type A and B strains may also circulate; therefore, a trivalent vaccine containing A/USSR, A/Texas, and B/Hong Kong virus strains will be available. It is recommended that the chronically ill and those 65 years and older be the target populations for annual vaccination.", "contents": "The Russian flu. Its history and implications for this year's influenza season. From November 1977 through mid-January 1978 the population younger than 25 years in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics experienced a widespread epidemic of mild influenza (Russian flu) caused by an H1N1 virus similar to the virus that circulated worldwide during the early 1950s. Outbreaks of Russian flu occurred in school populations and military recruits in the United States starting in mid-January. Many other countries reported outbreaks of H1N1 virus in the winter of 1978. Predictions of influenza activity are always hazardous, but most experts believe that the Russian flu may occur again in the fall and winter of 1978. Other type A and B strains may also circulate; therefore, a trivalent vaccine containing A/USSR, A/Texas, and B/Hong Kong virus strains will be available. It is recommended that the chronically ill and those 65 years and older be the target populations for annual vaccination.", "PMID": 702749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1348", "title": "The tricyclic antidepressants.", "content": "Because only 9.4% of depressions are recognized at initial evaluation by primary physicians, the diagnosis of depression is important. Forty percent of a group of mixed depressions will resolve in a month without treatment, and 70% will resolve with the use of tricyclic antidepressants. Research on plasma levels of tricyclic antidepressants suggest new clinical strategies for adjusting dosages; neurochemical studies may provide an appropriate selection process for choosing a tricyclic antidepressant.", "contents": "The tricyclic antidepressants. Because only 9.4% of depressions are recognized at initial evaluation by primary physicians, the diagnosis of depression is important. Forty percent of a group of mixed depressions will resolve in a month without treatment, and 70% will resolve with the use of tricyclic antidepressants. Research on plasma levels of tricyclic antidepressants suggest new clinical strategies for adjusting dosages; neurochemical studies may provide an appropriate selection process for choosing a tricyclic antidepressant.", "PMID": 702750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1349", "title": "Normal findings in oral and cholecystokinin cholecystography.", "content": "Normal findings in oral cholecystography and normal response of the gallbladder to cholecystokinin are established in 200 normal controls. These include absence of right upper quadrant pain in 98.5%, absence of spasm of the body of the gallbladder and of severe spasm in the fundus, a common bile duct diameter of 6 mm or less in those 182 that were visualized, and gallbladder size of less than 11 cm in length in about 97% and less than 4 cm in width in about 97%. If normal contraction occurs after cholecystokinin (or sincalide), an unusually large gallbladder is of no importance. Little or no gallbladder contraction in the presence of normal concentration is probably of no importance.", "contents": "Normal findings in oral and cholecystokinin cholecystography. Normal findings in oral cholecystography and normal response of the gallbladder to cholecystokinin are established in 200 normal controls. These include absence of right upper quadrant pain in 98.5%, absence of spasm of the body of the gallbladder and of severe spasm in the fundus, a common bile duct diameter of 6 mm or less in those 182 that were visualized, and gallbladder size of less than 11 cm in length in about 97% and less than 4 cm in width in about 97%. If normal contraction occurs after cholecystokinin (or sincalide), an unusually large gallbladder is of no importance. Little or no gallbladder contraction in the presence of normal concentration is probably of no importance.", "PMID": 702751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1350", "title": "Botulism and guanidine. Ten years later.", "content": "Guanidine hydrochloride was introduced as an adjunct in the treatment of botulism in 1968. It has been reported to be of benefit in 39 cases and of no benefit in 13 cases. No serious side effects have occurred with the short-term therapy required in botulism. Our two cases are similar to earlier cases in that the improvement seen with quanidine therapy is most notable in ocular muscles and least notable in respiratory muscles. Electrophysiological findings again showed an increase in the amplitude of evoked muscle-action potentials after guanidine administration.", "contents": "Botulism and guanidine. Ten years later. Guanidine hydrochloride was introduced as an adjunct in the treatment of botulism in 1968. It has been reported to be of benefit in 39 cases and of no benefit in 13 cases. No serious side effects have occurred with the short-term therapy required in botulism. Our two cases are similar to earlier cases in that the improvement seen with quanidine therapy is most notable in ocular muscles and least notable in respiratory muscles. Electrophysiological findings again showed an increase in the amplitude of evoked muscle-action potentials after guanidine administration.", "PMID": 702753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1351", "title": "Effect of atrial fibrillation on coronary circulation and blood flow distribution across the left ventricular wall in anesthetized open-chest dogs.", "content": "Effects of atrial fibrillation on coronary circulation and on blood flow distribution across the left ventricular wall were studied in anesthetized open-chest dogs. Atrial fibrillation was induced by pressing down mechanically the left atrial appendage or by stimulating electrically the left atrial appendage. Heated cross-thermocouples were used for measuring regional myocardial blood flow. The results showed a marked decrease in coronary blood flow with a significant increase in coronary vascular resistance; average values (SD) of flow and resistance during control simus rhythm were 71.6 +/- 7.36 ml/min . 100g heart muscle and 1.38 +/- 0.15 mmHg/ml/min . 100g heart muscle, respectively, and 54.0 +/- 13.60 ml/min . 100g and 1.54 +/- 0.18 mmHg/ml/min . 100gjust prior to cessation of atrial fibrillation. The termination of fibrillation caused a remarkable rise in coronary flow and a fall in coronary resistance. Pacing-induced tachycardia, similar to the average ventricular rate during atrial fibrillation, increased coronary blood flow and decreased coronary vascular resistance. These show that active coronary vasodilatation and an increase in extravascular support of coronary bed are produced by atrial fibrillation. Subendocardial myocardial blood flow during atrial fibrillation was reduced 22.0 +/- 14.8% from control levels followed by marked increase in flow after cessation of fibrillation, while subepicardial flow decreased only slightly. Thus, atrial fibrillation itself diminishes coronary flow reserve, especially in the subendocardial layer, partly due to the increase in myocardial component of coronary vascular resistance, and it is possible that irregular ventricular rhythm may play an important part in a rise in extravascular support.", "contents": "Effect of atrial fibrillation on coronary circulation and blood flow distribution across the left ventricular wall in anesthetized open-chest dogs. Effects of atrial fibrillation on coronary circulation and on blood flow distribution across the left ventricular wall were studied in anesthetized open-chest dogs. Atrial fibrillation was induced by pressing down mechanically the left atrial appendage or by stimulating electrically the left atrial appendage. Heated cross-thermocouples were used for measuring regional myocardial blood flow. The results showed a marked decrease in coronary blood flow with a significant increase in coronary vascular resistance; average values (SD) of flow and resistance during control simus rhythm were 71.6 +/- 7.36 ml/min . 100g heart muscle and 1.38 +/- 0.15 mmHg/ml/min . 100g heart muscle, respectively, and 54.0 +/- 13.60 ml/min . 100g and 1.54 +/- 0.18 mmHg/ml/min . 100gjust prior to cessation of atrial fibrillation. The termination of fibrillation caused a remarkable rise in coronary flow and a fall in coronary resistance. Pacing-induced tachycardia, similar to the average ventricular rate during atrial fibrillation, increased coronary blood flow and decreased coronary vascular resistance. These show that active coronary vasodilatation and an increase in extravascular support of coronary bed are produced by atrial fibrillation. Subendocardial myocardial blood flow during atrial fibrillation was reduced 22.0 +/- 14.8% from control levels followed by marked increase in flow after cessation of fibrillation, while subepicardial flow decreased only slightly. Thus, atrial fibrillation itself diminishes coronary flow reserve, especially in the subendocardial layer, partly due to the increase in myocardial component of coronary vascular resistance, and it is possible that irregular ventricular rhythm may play an important part in a rise in extravascular support.", "PMID": 702767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1352", "title": "Persistent left superior vena cava draining into the left atrium associated with the atrial septal defect and partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage: surgical correction with sepcially designed prosthetic material.", "content": "Anomalous drainage of the persistent left superior vena cava into the left atrium with partial anomalous pulmonary venous return and the atrial septal defect is relatively rare condition, and there reported various kinds of surgical procedures in correction for this lesion. This report describes the original and simple surgical procedure in total correction of these lesions performed in our institute, using a large Dacron patch connected with a knitted Dacron vascular graft in its center. Surgical correction was accomplished by anastomosis of a Dacron draft with the orfice of the persistent left superior vena cava into the left atrium, widening of the atrial septal defect, and reconstruction of a new atrial septum with a Dacron patch. Postoperative cardiac evaluation revealed good condition of blood stream through a Dacron draft from the left superior vena cava to the right atrium, with corrected pulmonary venous drainage into the left atrium without pulmonary venous congestion and superior vena cava syndrome.", "contents": "Persistent left superior vena cava draining into the left atrium associated with the atrial septal defect and partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage: surgical correction with sepcially designed prosthetic material. Anomalous drainage of the persistent left superior vena cava into the left atrium with partial anomalous pulmonary venous return and the atrial septal defect is relatively rare condition, and there reported various kinds of surgical procedures in correction for this lesion. This report describes the original and simple surgical procedure in total correction of these lesions performed in our institute, using a large Dacron patch connected with a knitted Dacron vascular graft in its center. Surgical correction was accomplished by anastomosis of a Dacron draft with the orfice of the persistent left superior vena cava into the left atrium, widening of the atrial septal defect, and reconstruction of a new atrial septum with a Dacron patch. Postoperative cardiac evaluation revealed good condition of blood stream through a Dacron draft from the left superior vena cava to the right atrium, with corrected pulmonary venous drainage into the left atrium without pulmonary venous congestion and superior vena cava syndrome.", "PMID": 702769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1353", "title": "Simulation study of QRS-T waves based on an eccentric spherical model of the heart.", "content": "The relationship between the difference in the action potential duration in the myocardium and the T wave investigated by a mathematical model of the electrical activity of the heart. In this study we constructed an eccentric spherical model which duplicates the ventricles except for the interventricular septum. Our model is assumed to be composed of the working myocardium and the excitation conduction system which is uniformly distributed on the endocardial surface. The ventricular gradient was defined as a linear decrease (beta msec/cm) of the duration of the action potential from the endocardium to the epicardium according to the concept proposed by Wilson. Theoretical analysis based on this model strongly suggest that the ventricular gradient of 10-40 msec/cm accounts for the normal QRS-T angle since vectorcardiographic analysis have revealed that the QRS-T angle closely correlates with the angle (theta) between the directions of the propagation waves of depolarization and repolarization. The QRST waves in the standard limb and chest leads were calculated from the sum of the time-varying dipoles derived from the action potential, assuming that the heart was in a homogenous conducting medium. Simulated QRS-T waves were compatible with the clinically observed electrocardiograms not only under normal conditions but also with changes in the spacial position of the heart and the wall thickness. Positive T waves were obtained in the left precordial leads when the ventricular gradient was more than 20 msec/cm and when the amplitude of T wave increased with the transmural gradient. Our model also indicates that differences in the velocities of the excitation wave in the conduction system and the working myocardium may affect the polarity of the T wave.", "contents": "Simulation study of QRS-T waves based on an eccentric spherical model of the heart. The relationship between the difference in the action potential duration in the myocardium and the T wave investigated by a mathematical model of the electrical activity of the heart. In this study we constructed an eccentric spherical model which duplicates the ventricles except for the interventricular septum. Our model is assumed to be composed of the working myocardium and the excitation conduction system which is uniformly distributed on the endocardial surface. The ventricular gradient was defined as a linear decrease (beta msec/cm) of the duration of the action potential from the endocardium to the epicardium according to the concept proposed by Wilson. Theoretical analysis based on this model strongly suggest that the ventricular gradient of 10-40 msec/cm accounts for the normal QRS-T angle since vectorcardiographic analysis have revealed that the QRS-T angle closely correlates with the angle (theta) between the directions of the propagation waves of depolarization and repolarization. The QRST waves in the standard limb and chest leads were calculated from the sum of the time-varying dipoles derived from the action potential, assuming that the heart was in a homogenous conducting medium. Simulated QRS-T waves were compatible with the clinically observed electrocardiograms not only under normal conditions but also with changes in the spacial position of the heart and the wall thickness. Positive T waves were obtained in the left precordial leads when the ventricular gradient was more than 20 msec/cm and when the amplitude of T wave increased with the transmural gradient. Our model also indicates that differences in the velocities of the excitation wave in the conduction system and the working myocardium may affect the polarity of the T wave.", "PMID": 702772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1354", "title": "Effects of diltiazem hydrochloride on renal hemodynamics and urinary electrolyte excretion.", "content": "Dilitazem hydrochrolide, a potent coronary dilator, was administered in 18 patients to evaluate its effect on renal hemodynamics and urinary electrolyte excretion. Renal blood flow (RBF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and cardiac output were determined in 8 ambulatory patients by means of external counting of radioisotope dilution before and 3 or 4 weeks after the medication. Althoug RBF tended to increase after the therapy, there was no statistically significant change in RBF, GFR and cardiac output. Renal fraction of cardiac output (RBF/CO) showed a significant increase by 29.5% after the therapy, indicating that the renal vascular resistance decreased to a greater extent than the extrarenal vascular resistance. Standard renal clearance was performed in 10 inpatients whom 60 mg of dilitiazem was administered orally. Renal plasma flow (RPF) showed an average increase by 15% 3 hr after the administration of the drug, which was not, however, statistically significant. There was no certain trend for GFR and filtration fraction. Urinary sodium excretion (UNaV) began to increase one hr and reached its peak 2 hr after the medication in 9 out of the 10 patients. It may be concluded that diltiazem has a direct inhibitory action against the renal tubular reabsortion of sodium, although the participation of renal hemodynamics can not be denied.", "contents": "Effects of diltiazem hydrochloride on renal hemodynamics and urinary electrolyte excretion. Dilitazem hydrochrolide, a potent coronary dilator, was administered in 18 patients to evaluate its effect on renal hemodynamics and urinary electrolyte excretion. Renal blood flow (RBF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and cardiac output were determined in 8 ambulatory patients by means of external counting of radioisotope dilution before and 3 or 4 weeks after the medication. Althoug RBF tended to increase after the therapy, there was no statistically significant change in RBF, GFR and cardiac output. Renal fraction of cardiac output (RBF/CO) showed a significant increase by 29.5% after the therapy, indicating that the renal vascular resistance decreased to a greater extent than the extrarenal vascular resistance. Standard renal clearance was performed in 10 inpatients whom 60 mg of dilitiazem was administered orally. Renal plasma flow (RPF) showed an average increase by 15% 3 hr after the administration of the drug, which was not, however, statistically significant. There was no certain trend for GFR and filtration fraction. Urinary sodium excretion (UNaV) began to increase one hr and reached its peak 2 hr after the medication in 9 out of the 10 patients. It may be concluded that diltiazem has a direct inhibitory action against the renal tubular reabsortion of sodium, although the participation of renal hemodynamics can not be denied.", "PMID": 702773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1355", "title": "Implication of renal prostaglandin E in urinary sodium excretion.", "content": "To investigate the role of renal prostaglandin in the regulation of sodium metabolism, ruinary prostaglandin E excretion, an indicator of renal prostaglandin synthesis, urinary sodium excretion, plasma renin activity and urinary aldosterone excretion were measured in 84 normal subjects and 55 patients with essential hypertension on ad lib intake of sodium. The excretion rates of urinary prostaglandin E were 736.8 +/- 32.2 ng/day in normal subjects and 394.3 +/- 28.7 ng/day in essential hypertensives. The excretion rate was significantly decreased in essential hypertensives (P less than 0.001). A significant positive correlation was found between urinary sodium excretion and urinary prostaglandin E excretion in normal subjects (r = 0.39, P less than 0.001), and in essential hypertensives (r = 0.62, P less than 0.001). There was no correlation between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and urinary prostaglandin E excretion in normal subjects as well as in essential hypertensives. The present data show that renal prostaglandin might be involved in the renal handling of sodium, and prove the possibility that the decrease of renal prostaglandin synthesis is one of the etiological factors in essential hypertension.", "contents": "Implication of renal prostaglandin E in urinary sodium excretion. To investigate the role of renal prostaglandin in the regulation of sodium metabolism, ruinary prostaglandin E excretion, an indicator of renal prostaglandin synthesis, urinary sodium excretion, plasma renin activity and urinary aldosterone excretion were measured in 84 normal subjects and 55 patients with essential hypertension on ad lib intake of sodium. The excretion rates of urinary prostaglandin E were 736.8 +/- 32.2 ng/day in normal subjects and 394.3 +/- 28.7 ng/day in essential hypertensives. The excretion rate was significantly decreased in essential hypertensives (P less than 0.001). A significant positive correlation was found between urinary sodium excretion and urinary prostaglandin E excretion in normal subjects (r = 0.39, P less than 0.001), and in essential hypertensives (r = 0.62, P less than 0.001). There was no correlation between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and urinary prostaglandin E excretion in normal subjects as well as in essential hypertensives. The present data show that renal prostaglandin might be involved in the renal handling of sodium, and prove the possibility that the decrease of renal prostaglandin synthesis is one of the etiological factors in essential hypertension.", "PMID": 702774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1356", "title": "Effect of salt loading and calcium antagonist on the pressor response to angiotensin infusion in the rat.", "content": "Elucidation of mechanisms of angiotensin tachyphylaxis will be necessary for explaning the continuous vasocontricting action of angiotensin in the vascular smooth muscle, which might be closely correlated to the high blood pressure in renin-dependent or vasoconstricting hypertension. From the results obtained sodium loading rats showed not only augmented pressor response to angiotensin but also inhibiting the appearance of its tachphylaxis under the infusion of Ca-antagonist dose enough to suppress the response to angiotensin in the rats of water drinking. Speculated mechanisms about this phenomenon has been discussed.", "contents": "Effect of salt loading and calcium antagonist on the pressor response to angiotensin infusion in the rat. Elucidation of mechanisms of angiotensin tachyphylaxis will be necessary for explaning the continuous vasocontricting action of angiotensin in the vascular smooth muscle, which might be closely correlated to the high blood pressure in renin-dependent or vasoconstricting hypertension. From the results obtained sodium loading rats showed not only augmented pressor response to angiotensin but also inhibiting the appearance of its tachphylaxis under the infusion of Ca-antagonist dose enough to suppress the response to angiotensin in the rats of water drinking. Speculated mechanisms about this phenomenon has been discussed.", "PMID": 702775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1357", "title": "Storage form of renin in the dog kidney.", "content": "A large part of renin was revealed to be stored in the remin granules as a soluble but hard to release form. Over 70% of the total renin in the granules could be released when the granules were ruptured by hypo-osmotic shock. Renin release from the isolated granules was limited within 20% of the total renin during incubation at 37C in an isotonic medium. 2. Without mechanical or osmotic shock renin granules were quite stable in a cold isotonic solution. Renin release from the isolated granules was not so much influenced by addition of cations which significantly stimulate renin release in vivo. Some cellular components may be required for the release process of renin from the granules as a mediator. 3. The molecular weight of the stored renin in the granules was shown to be 43,000 which was the regular size. Acidification of the extract of the renin granules altered neither molecular size of renin nor renin activity.", "contents": "Storage form of renin in the dog kidney. A large part of renin was revealed to be stored in the remin granules as a soluble but hard to release form. Over 70% of the total renin in the granules could be released when the granules were ruptured by hypo-osmotic shock. Renin release from the isolated granules was limited within 20% of the total renin during incubation at 37C in an isotonic medium. 2. Without mechanical or osmotic shock renin granules were quite stable in a cold isotonic solution. Renin release from the isolated granules was not so much influenced by addition of cations which significantly stimulate renin release in vivo. Some cellular components may be required for the release process of renin from the granules as a mediator. 3. The molecular weight of the stored renin in the granules was shown to be 43,000 which was the regular size. Acidification of the extract of the renin granules altered neither molecular size of renin nor renin activity.", "PMID": 702778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1358", "title": "Effects of synaptic plasma membranes on release of acetylcholine from synaptic vesicles.", "content": "The influences of synaptic plasma membranes on release of acetylcholine (ACh) from synaptic vesicles isolated from rat brain were examined. In the presence of ATP, Mg++ and Ca++ but absence of cytoplasm from the nerve endings, the synaptic plasma membranes did not increase ACh release indicating absence of a stimulating factor which is known to be present in the cytoplasm. In presence of ATP, Mg++, Ca++ and the cytoplasm, the synaptic plasma membranes inhibited ACh release from the synaptic vesicles in high K+ medium, though not in high Na+ medium. Binding of Ca++ by the synaptic plasma membranes was dependent on ATP, inhibited by Na+ and stimulated by K+. Thus, the synaptic plasma membranes may inhibit ACh release in high K+ medium due to reduction in the concentration of free Ca++.", "contents": "Effects of synaptic plasma membranes on release of acetylcholine from synaptic vesicles. The influences of synaptic plasma membranes on release of acetylcholine (ACh) from synaptic vesicles isolated from rat brain were examined. In the presence of ATP, Mg++ and Ca++ but absence of cytoplasm from the nerve endings, the synaptic plasma membranes did not increase ACh release indicating absence of a stimulating factor which is known to be present in the cytoplasm. In presence of ATP, Mg++, Ca++ and the cytoplasm, the synaptic plasma membranes inhibited ACh release from the synaptic vesicles in high K+ medium, though not in high Na+ medium. Binding of Ca++ by the synaptic plasma membranes was dependent on ATP, inhibited by Na+ and stimulated by K+. Thus, the synaptic plasma membranes may inhibit ACh release in high K+ medium due to reduction in the concentration of free Ca++.", "PMID": 702938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1359", "title": "Brainstem acetylcholine sensitive neurons activated by cutaneous impulses in cats.", "content": "In order to determine the cholinoceptive mechanism associated with cutaneous inhibition of jaw-closing and lumbar motoneurons, the area related to the inhibition produced by stimulation of the superficial radial nerve was identified by a lesion within the pontomedullary reticular formation and effects of drugs upon neurons were studied within this area. The cutaneous inhibition, as tested by the inhibition of monosynaptic reflex activity of jaw-closing and that of hindlimb spinal motoneurons was completely abolished by lesion of the medial portion of the pontomedullary reticular formation, but was little affected by lesions of the lateral portion. Intravenously administered physostigmine (0.15--0.30 mg/kg) excited 11 of 21 neurons whereas electrophoretic ACh (90 nA) excited 26 and inhibited 4 of 96 brainstem neurons located in this area. Eight of 11 physostigmine, and 4 of 26 ACh excited neurons were reticulospinal neurons with axonal conduction velocities of 20--40 m/sec. From results presented here together with those reported previously, these physostigmine sensitive and ACh excited brainstem neurons, reticulospinal and non-reticulospinal neurons, could be cholinoceptive interneurons of the polysnaptic inhibitory pathway, from the superficial radial nerve to jaw-closing and hindlimb spinal motoneurons.", "contents": "Brainstem acetylcholine sensitive neurons activated by cutaneous impulses in cats. In order to determine the cholinoceptive mechanism associated with cutaneous inhibition of jaw-closing and lumbar motoneurons, the area related to the inhibition produced by stimulation of the superficial radial nerve was identified by a lesion within the pontomedullary reticular formation and effects of drugs upon neurons were studied within this area. The cutaneous inhibition, as tested by the inhibition of monosynaptic reflex activity of jaw-closing and that of hindlimb spinal motoneurons was completely abolished by lesion of the medial portion of the pontomedullary reticular formation, but was little affected by lesions of the lateral portion. Intravenously administered physostigmine (0.15--0.30 mg/kg) excited 11 of 21 neurons whereas electrophoretic ACh (90 nA) excited 26 and inhibited 4 of 96 brainstem neurons located in this area. Eight of 11 physostigmine, and 4 of 26 ACh excited neurons were reticulospinal neurons with axonal conduction velocities of 20--40 m/sec. From results presented here together with those reported previously, these physostigmine sensitive and ACh excited brainstem neurons, reticulospinal and non-reticulospinal neurons, could be cholinoceptive interneurons of the polysnaptic inhibitory pathway, from the superficial radial nerve to jaw-closing and hindlimb spinal motoneurons.", "PMID": 702939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1360", "title": "Enhancement of 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced contraction of the guinea pig ileum by a new sulfur compound, tripropylsulfonium bromide.", "content": "In the presence of tripropylsulfonium bromide (TPS) (1 X 10(-4) g/ml), a new compound, the phasic contraction of the isolated guinea pig ileum to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) (5 X 10(-7) g/ml) was consistently enhanced (\"TPS effect\"). TPS alone increased moderatley the spontaneous movement of the ileum. When the contraction height was calculated as the percentage of that to 5-HT alone, such was observed in the \"TPS effect\" to be 167.1 +/- 3.6% (mean +/- S.E., n = 80). TPS did not enhance the contraction due to acetylcholine or histamine. The \"TPS effect\" remained unaffected in the presence of dibenzyline (1 X 10(-7) g/ml), was abolished by morphine(1 X 10(-6) g/ml), tetrodotoxin (2 X 10(-8) g/ml) adenosine (3 X 10(-6) g/ml) and atropine (1 X 10(-7) g/ml) and was not observed under anoxic conditions. Eserine (1 X 10(-8) g/ml) strengthened the \"TPS effect\" markedly. It is concluded that this effect may be the result of the potentiating effect of TPS on the action of 5-HT through the M receptors, possibly by the facilitation of the acetylcholine-liberation from the nervous tissue.", "contents": "Enhancement of 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced contraction of the guinea pig ileum by a new sulfur compound, tripropylsulfonium bromide. In the presence of tripropylsulfonium bromide (TPS) (1 X 10(-4) g/ml), a new compound, the phasic contraction of the isolated guinea pig ileum to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) (5 X 10(-7) g/ml) was consistently enhanced (\"TPS effect\"). TPS alone increased moderatley the spontaneous movement of the ileum. When the contraction height was calculated as the percentage of that to 5-HT alone, such was observed in the \"TPS effect\" to be 167.1 +/- 3.6% (mean +/- S.E., n = 80). TPS did not enhance the contraction due to acetylcholine or histamine. The \"TPS effect\" remained unaffected in the presence of dibenzyline (1 X 10(-7) g/ml), was abolished by morphine(1 X 10(-6) g/ml), tetrodotoxin (2 X 10(-8) g/ml) adenosine (3 X 10(-6) g/ml) and atropine (1 X 10(-7) g/ml) and was not observed under anoxic conditions. Eserine (1 X 10(-8) g/ml) strengthened the \"TPS effect\" markedly. It is concluded that this effect may be the result of the potentiating effect of TPS on the action of 5-HT through the M receptors, possibly by the facilitation of the acetylcholine-liberation from the nervous tissue.", "PMID": 702940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1361", "title": "Interaction of benzyl alcohol with human erythrocytes.", "content": "The uptake of benzyl alcohol by human erythrocytes and its binding to cell membranes were examined in vitro relation to its hemolytic actions. The hemolysis induced by benzyl alcohol was found to be time-, dose- and temperature-dependent. Little or no hemolysis was observed until the concentration of benzyl alcohol increased over a certain level. Radiotracer studies revealed that in contrast to the rapid cellular uptake which was independent of temperature, the binding of benzyl alcohol to membranes increased gradually with time and was dependent mainly on the temperature. The critical hemolytic levels of the alcohol bound to membranes were estimated to be about 500 nmoles/mg protein. The results obtained herein suggest that the process of hemolysis induced by benzyl alcohol depends on the binding of the alcohol to erythrocyte membranes.", "contents": "Interaction of benzyl alcohol with human erythrocytes. The uptake of benzyl alcohol by human erythrocytes and its binding to cell membranes were examined in vitro relation to its hemolytic actions. The hemolysis induced by benzyl alcohol was found to be time-, dose- and temperature-dependent. Little or no hemolysis was observed until the concentration of benzyl alcohol increased over a certain level. Radiotracer studies revealed that in contrast to the rapid cellular uptake which was independent of temperature, the binding of benzyl alcohol to membranes increased gradually with time and was dependent mainly on the temperature. The critical hemolytic levels of the alcohol bound to membranes were estimated to be about 500 nmoles/mg protein. The results obtained herein suggest that the process of hemolysis induced by benzyl alcohol depends on the binding of the alcohol to erythrocyte membranes.", "PMID": 702941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1362", "title": "Choleretic properties of ursodeoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid in dogs.", "content": "Choleretic effects and properties of ursodeoxycholic and chenodeoxycholic acids given orally were investigated in comparison with dehydrocholic acid in conscious dogs with cholecystectomy. Ursodeoxycholic acid as well as chenodeoxycholic acid increased the bile flow and the concentrations of phospholipid, cholesterol and bile acids in the bile. After administration of either ursodeoxycholic acid or chenodeoxycholic acid, a great amount of each bile acid appeared in the bile. Ursodeoxycholic and chenodeoxycholic acids increased the outputs of phospholipid, cholesterol and bilirubin in the bile. On the other hand, dehydrocholic acid markedly decreased the concentrations and outputs of all the above materials in the bile, despite a considerable increase in the bile flow. After administration of dehydrocholic acid, 3alpha, 7alpha-dihydroxy-12-keto-cholanoic acid appeared in the bile instead of dehydrocholic acid. The results suggest that ursodeoxycholic and chenodeoxycholic acids are transported into the bile from the hepatic cells where they produce a choleresis due to the bile acid-dependent mechanism. Dehydrocholic acid is metabolized in the liver and the metabolites produced hydrocholeresis.", "contents": "Choleretic properties of ursodeoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid in dogs. Choleretic effects and properties of ursodeoxycholic and chenodeoxycholic acids given orally were investigated in comparison with dehydrocholic acid in conscious dogs with cholecystectomy. Ursodeoxycholic acid as well as chenodeoxycholic acid increased the bile flow and the concentrations of phospholipid, cholesterol and bile acids in the bile. After administration of either ursodeoxycholic acid or chenodeoxycholic acid, a great amount of each bile acid appeared in the bile. Ursodeoxycholic and chenodeoxycholic acids increased the outputs of phospholipid, cholesterol and bilirubin in the bile. On the other hand, dehydrocholic acid markedly decreased the concentrations and outputs of all the above materials in the bile, despite a considerable increase in the bile flow. After administration of dehydrocholic acid, 3alpha, 7alpha-dihydroxy-12-keto-cholanoic acid appeared in the bile instead of dehydrocholic acid. The results suggest that ursodeoxycholic and chenodeoxycholic acids are transported into the bile from the hepatic cells where they produce a choleresis due to the bile acid-dependent mechanism. Dehydrocholic acid is metabolized in the liver and the metabolites produced hydrocholeresis.", "PMID": 702942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1363", "title": "New method for evaluating bronchomotor and bronchosecretory activities: Effects of prostaglandins and antigen.", "content": "We devised a new method for measuring responses of canine airway musculature, bronchosecretion and bronchial vasculature simultaneously, in situ, and investigated the effects of prostaglandins F2alpha and E2 and antigen-antibody reaction by using this model. The right bronchial artery was perfused with blood at a constant flow under artificial respiration. Airway musculature response was measured as a change in ventilation overflow with a modification of the Konzett-R\u00f6ssler method; the airway secretory activity was measured with our stopper method for secretion volume and with the glass plate method for viscosity. Close intraarterial injections of prostaglandin (PG) F2alpha, 0.01--10 microgram, into the right bronchial artery produced bronchomuscular and vascular constrictions, while those of PGE2, 0.01--3 microgram, produced dilatation in a dose dependent manner. A close intraarterial injection of 1 mg protein of ascaris suum antigen to dogs with positive skin reaction produced bronchoconstriction and vascular dilatation. Thirty min intraarterial infusions of PGF2alpha, 0.3--3 microgram/min, and ascaris antigen, 0.03--0.3 mg protein/min, resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the volume of airway secretions, while those of PGE2, 0.1--1.0 microgram/min, did not alter the secretory activity. These findings indicate that prostaglandin F2alpha in relatively high doses increases both bronchomotor tone and bronchosecretory activity, as does antigen-antibody reaction with ascaris antigen, and that the present method is useful for evaluating effect of drugs on the respiratory tract.", "contents": "New method for evaluating bronchomotor and bronchosecretory activities: Effects of prostaglandins and antigen. We devised a new method for measuring responses of canine airway musculature, bronchosecretion and bronchial vasculature simultaneously, in situ, and investigated the effects of prostaglandins F2alpha and E2 and antigen-antibody reaction by using this model. The right bronchial artery was perfused with blood at a constant flow under artificial respiration. Airway musculature response was measured as a change in ventilation overflow with a modification of the Konzett-R\u00f6ssler method; the airway secretory activity was measured with our stopper method for secretion volume and with the glass plate method for viscosity. Close intraarterial injections of prostaglandin (PG) F2alpha, 0.01--10 microgram, into the right bronchial artery produced bronchomuscular and vascular constrictions, while those of PGE2, 0.01--3 microgram, produced dilatation in a dose dependent manner. A close intraarterial injection of 1 mg protein of ascaris suum antigen to dogs with positive skin reaction produced bronchoconstriction and vascular dilatation. Thirty min intraarterial infusions of PGF2alpha, 0.3--3 microgram/min, and ascaris antigen, 0.03--0.3 mg protein/min, resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the volume of airway secretions, while those of PGE2, 0.1--1.0 microgram/min, did not alter the secretory activity. These findings indicate that prostaglandin F2alpha in relatively high doses increases both bronchomotor tone and bronchosecretory activity, as does antigen-antibody reaction with ascaris antigen, and that the present method is useful for evaluating effect of drugs on the respiratory tract.", "PMID": 702943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1364", "title": "Antihypertensive and antidiuretic effects of 3-hydrazino-6-[N, N-bis (2-hydroxyethyl) amino]-pyridazine (L 6150) in rats.", "content": "3-Hydrazino-6-[N,N-bis (2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-pyridazine (L 6150) has been reported as an antihypertensive vasodilator drug. We determined antihypertensive effect of L 6150 for 11 weeks in spontaneously hypertension due to clipping (CLIP). The effects of hydralazine (HZ) and ecarazine (EZ) were also determined for comparison. L 6150, HZ, and EZ showed antihypertensive effects in SHR, DOC and CLIP hypertensive rats. These drugs increased heart rate in SHR and DOC rats. In CLIP hypertension heart rate tended to be higher for 9--10 weeks after the treatments. These treatments diminished incidence of the vascular disease in DOC and CLIP. We also determined renal effects of L 6150, HZ and EZ in normal rats. These drugs decreased urine volume, and excretion of osmotically active solutes, Cl, Na, and K for 180 min after bicarbonate saline load. It is concluded that L 6150 is an antihypertensive drug with characteristics of the vasodilator in rats.", "contents": "Antihypertensive and antidiuretic effects of 3-hydrazino-6-[N, N-bis (2-hydroxyethyl) amino]-pyridazine (L 6150) in rats. 3-Hydrazino-6-[N,N-bis (2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-pyridazine (L 6150) has been reported as an antihypertensive vasodilator drug. We determined antihypertensive effect of L 6150 for 11 weeks in spontaneously hypertension due to clipping (CLIP). The effects of hydralazine (HZ) and ecarazine (EZ) were also determined for comparison. L 6150, HZ, and EZ showed antihypertensive effects in SHR, DOC and CLIP hypertensive rats. These drugs increased heart rate in SHR and DOC rats. In CLIP hypertension heart rate tended to be higher for 9--10 weeks after the treatments. These treatments diminished incidence of the vascular disease in DOC and CLIP. We also determined renal effects of L 6150, HZ and EZ in normal rats. These drugs decreased urine volume, and excretion of osmotically active solutes, Cl, Na, and K for 180 min after bicarbonate saline load. It is concluded that L 6150 is an antihypertensive drug with characteristics of the vasodilator in rats.", "PMID": 702944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1365", "title": "Effects of 2-(4-(2-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridyl)phenyl) propionic acid (Y-9213) and anti-inflammatory drugs on erythrocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lysosomes in vitro.", "content": "2-(4-(2-Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridyl)phenyl)propionic acid (Y-9213) with analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities significantly inhibited hemolysis of rat erythrocytes. Activity of Y-9213 (100--500 micrometer) on hemolysis was more potent than that of phenylbutazone, and less potent than that of indomethacin. The spontaneous release of enzymes from rat liver lysosomes by incubation alone was significantly inhibited by Y-9213 (1--100 micrometer) to the same degrees as phenylbutazone or tinoridine hydrochloride. Release of enzymes from the lysosomes by addition of phospholipase C (PLC, 0.03 units/ml) was slightly inhibited by Y-9213 (10--100 micrometer) and phenylbutazone (100 micrometer). Dexamethasone, prednisolone, hydrocortisone and tinoridine hydrochloride (1--10 micrometer) inhibited more potently the PLC-induced release than the spontaneous release. Y-9213 (1--100 micrometer) inhibited considerably the release of enzymes from intact lysosomes of rabbit polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes. The release of enzymes from the PMN leukocyte lysosomes preincubated at 37 degrees C for 15 min was strongly inhibited by dexamethasone, prednisolone and hydrocortisone (1--100 micrometer), but not by Y-9213, phenylbutazone and indomethacin (100 micrometer). Y-9213 (0.1--10 micrometer) also inhibited significantly the phagocytic secretion of lysosomal enzymes from PMN leukocytes without affecting phagocytosis of the particles. Activity of this agent was similar to that of phenylbutazone, and less active than that of indomethacin, dexamethasone or prednisolone. Our results suggest that Y-9213 may stabilize membranes of erythrocytes and lysosomes and inhibit phagocytic secretion of lysosomal constitutents from PMN leukocytes.", "contents": "Effects of 2-(4-(2-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridyl)phenyl) propionic acid (Y-9213) and anti-inflammatory drugs on erythrocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lysosomes in vitro. 2-(4-(2-Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridyl)phenyl)propionic acid (Y-9213) with analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities significantly inhibited hemolysis of rat erythrocytes. Activity of Y-9213 (100--500 micrometer) on hemolysis was more potent than that of phenylbutazone, and less potent than that of indomethacin. The spontaneous release of enzymes from rat liver lysosomes by incubation alone was significantly inhibited by Y-9213 (1--100 micrometer) to the same degrees as phenylbutazone or tinoridine hydrochloride. Release of enzymes from the lysosomes by addition of phospholipase C (PLC, 0.03 units/ml) was slightly inhibited by Y-9213 (10--100 micrometer) and phenylbutazone (100 micrometer). Dexamethasone, prednisolone, hydrocortisone and tinoridine hydrochloride (1--10 micrometer) inhibited more potently the PLC-induced release than the spontaneous release. Y-9213 (1--100 micrometer) inhibited considerably the release of enzymes from intact lysosomes of rabbit polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes. The release of enzymes from the PMN leukocyte lysosomes preincubated at 37 degrees C for 15 min was strongly inhibited by dexamethasone, prednisolone and hydrocortisone (1--100 micrometer), but not by Y-9213, phenylbutazone and indomethacin (100 micrometer). Y-9213 (0.1--10 micrometer) also inhibited significantly the phagocytic secretion of lysosomal enzymes from PMN leukocytes without affecting phagocytosis of the particles. Activity of this agent was similar to that of phenylbutazone, and less active than that of indomethacin, dexamethasone or prednisolone. Our results suggest that Y-9213 may stabilize membranes of erythrocytes and lysosomes and inhibit phagocytic secretion of lysosomal constitutents from PMN leukocytes.", "PMID": 702946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1366", "title": "Influence of tracheal muscular tone on the initiation of cough reflex.", "content": "We devised a canine blood-perfusion preparation which made feasible administration of drugs directly at the local tracheal site. The hypothesis of Salem and Aviado on cough mechanism that a local airway constriction induced by stimuli may be a trigger in stimulating cough receptors was investigated using this preparation. Close intraarterial injections of acetylcholine (ACh) and histamine did not elicit a cough although intense tracheal constrictions were evident. The cough reflex elicited by electrical stimulation of the mucosa of isolated upper trachea in situ was accompanied by a slight systemic hypotension, tracheal vasodilatation and tracheal muscular constriction. The latter two changes occurred after a time lag following coughs. Close intraarterial infusions of isoproterenol and papaverine caused a prominent tracheal dilatation, but did not suppress the coughs. Pretreatment with atropine sufficiently inhibited cholinergic tracheoconstriction but had no effect on the electrically induced coughs. Furthermore, an augmentation of the tracheal muscular tone produced by an infusion of ACh did not enhance the cough reflex. In light of our observations, the aforementioned hypothesis should be reconsidered.", "contents": "Influence of tracheal muscular tone on the initiation of cough reflex. We devised a canine blood-perfusion preparation which made feasible administration of drugs directly at the local tracheal site. The hypothesis of Salem and Aviado on cough mechanism that a local airway constriction induced by stimuli may be a trigger in stimulating cough receptors was investigated using this preparation. Close intraarterial injections of acetylcholine (ACh) and histamine did not elicit a cough although intense tracheal constrictions were evident. The cough reflex elicited by electrical stimulation of the mucosa of isolated upper trachea in situ was accompanied by a slight systemic hypotension, tracheal vasodilatation and tracheal muscular constriction. The latter two changes occurred after a time lag following coughs. Close intraarterial infusions of isoproterenol and papaverine caused a prominent tracheal dilatation, but did not suppress the coughs. Pretreatment with atropine sufficiently inhibited cholinergic tracheoconstriction but had no effect on the electrically induced coughs. Furthermore, an augmentation of the tracheal muscular tone produced by an infusion of ACh did not enhance the cough reflex. In light of our observations, the aforementioned hypothesis should be reconsidered.", "PMID": 702947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1367", "title": "The involvement of catecholamine in scopolamine-induced locomotor activation and rotational behaviour in mice.", "content": "Scopolamine-induced locomotor activation was studied in comparison with the responses to apomorphine and methamphetamine in mice. The responses to scopolamine and methamphetamine were markedly depressed by the pretreatment with the catecholamine synthesis inhibitor, alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, while the activation response to apomorphine was not affected. p-Chlorophenylalanine did not affect the response to scopolamine. Phenoxybenzamine reduced the responses to scopolamine and methamphetamine, but did not affect the apomorphine response. Propranolol did not affect the responses to the three agonists, scopolamine, apomorphine and methamphetamine. Antipsychotic drugs haloperidol and pimozide reduced the responses to the three agonists. Haloperidol was especially effective in this regard. These results suggest the involvement of catecholamine in the locomotor activation produced by scopolamine. In the rotational behaviour model which is sensitive to dopamine receptor stimulating agents, effects of the three agonists were studied. Scopolamine produced the ipsilateral rotation in mice with unilateral striatal 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions. Methamphetamine induced the ipsilateral rotation, while apomorphine produced the contralateral rotation. The rotations induced by three agaonists were suppressed by pimozide. The results indicate the participation of dopamine in the scopolamine-induced rotational behaviour in mice.", "contents": "The involvement of catecholamine in scopolamine-induced locomotor activation and rotational behaviour in mice. Scopolamine-induced locomotor activation was studied in comparison with the responses to apomorphine and methamphetamine in mice. The responses to scopolamine and methamphetamine were markedly depressed by the pretreatment with the catecholamine synthesis inhibitor, alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, while the activation response to apomorphine was not affected. p-Chlorophenylalanine did not affect the response to scopolamine. Phenoxybenzamine reduced the responses to scopolamine and methamphetamine, but did not affect the apomorphine response. Propranolol did not affect the responses to the three agonists, scopolamine, apomorphine and methamphetamine. Antipsychotic drugs haloperidol and pimozide reduced the responses to the three agonists. Haloperidol was especially effective in this regard. These results suggest the involvement of catecholamine in the locomotor activation produced by scopolamine. In the rotational behaviour model which is sensitive to dopamine receptor stimulating agents, effects of the three agonists were studied. Scopolamine produced the ipsilateral rotation in mice with unilateral striatal 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions. Methamphetamine induced the ipsilateral rotation, while apomorphine produced the contralateral rotation. The rotations induced by three agaonists were suppressed by pimozide. The results indicate the participation of dopamine in the scopolamine-induced rotational behaviour in mice.", "PMID": 702949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1368", "title": "Effects on atrio-ventricular conduction of propranolol, pindolol and carteolol in the dog heart in situ as assessed by automated devices.", "content": "In open-chest dogs the heart rate was controlled at 150 beats/min and drugs were given intravenously. Propranolol (30 microgram/kg--1 mg/kg) prolonged the atrioventricular (A-V) conduction time and functional refractory period of the A-V conduction system (FRP) by blockade of the existing tone of the sympathetic nerves to the heart. The prolongation of the two parameters by the non-specific depressant action of propranolol was evident only at 3 mg/kg. Propranolol (3--30 microgram/kg) shortened the A-V conduction time in the heart deprived of the vagal and sympathetic tone, suggesting some sort of sympathomimetic effect. Pindolol in a wide range of doses (0.3--300 microgram/kg) exerted virtually no effect on the A-V conduction time and FRP, and its non-specific depressant action was apparent only at 3 mg/kg. Carteolol slightly prolonged the A-V conduction time and FRP only in low doses (1--10 microgram/kg), and in high doses (30 microgram/kg--1 mg/kg) it shortened the two parameters, reflecting its predominant sympathomimetic action.", "contents": "Effects on atrio-ventricular conduction of propranolol, pindolol and carteolol in the dog heart in situ as assessed by automated devices. In open-chest dogs the heart rate was controlled at 150 beats/min and drugs were given intravenously. Propranolol (30 microgram/kg--1 mg/kg) prolonged the atrioventricular (A-V) conduction time and functional refractory period of the A-V conduction system (FRP) by blockade of the existing tone of the sympathetic nerves to the heart. The prolongation of the two parameters by the non-specific depressant action of propranolol was evident only at 3 mg/kg. Propranolol (3--30 microgram/kg) shortened the A-V conduction time in the heart deprived of the vagal and sympathetic tone, suggesting some sort of sympathomimetic effect. Pindolol in a wide range of doses (0.3--300 microgram/kg) exerted virtually no effect on the A-V conduction time and FRP, and its non-specific depressant action was apparent only at 3 mg/kg. Carteolol slightly prolonged the A-V conduction time and FRP only in low doses (1--10 microgram/kg), and in high doses (30 microgram/kg--1 mg/kg) it shortened the two parameters, reflecting its predominant sympathomimetic action.", "PMID": 702950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1369", "title": "Familial spastic paraplegia-clinical and pathologic studies in a large kindred.", "content": "Clinical studies of members of a six-generation kindred of familial spastic paraplegia support the diagnostic distinction of a pure form of this autosomal dominant disease. Onset was in the fourth decade or later and symptoms were those of progressive gait difficulties with lower limb spasticity and weakness. Sensor, cerebellar and cranial nerve changes were absent. Pathologic changes in one member were confined to the lateral corticospinal tracts and in the fasciculus gracilis.", "contents": "Familial spastic paraplegia-clinical and pathologic studies in a large kindred. Clinical studies of members of a six-generation kindred of familial spastic paraplegia support the diagnostic distinction of a pure form of this autosomal dominant disease. Onset was in the fourth decade or later and symptoms were those of progressive gait difficulties with lower limb spasticity and weakness. Sensor, cerebellar and cranial nerve changes were absent. Pathologic changes in one member were confined to the lateral corticospinal tracts and in the fasciculus gracilis.", "PMID": 703033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1370", "title": "Acute right ventricular overload: an echocardiographic clue to pulmonary thromboembolism.", "content": "Serial echocardiographic changes and angiographic correlation are presented in a patient with multiple pulmonary emboli. Interval development of right ventricular dilatation and paradoxical septal motion coincided with a clinical event which was proven angiographically to represent pulmonary thromboembolism. Echocardiographic findings suggested right ventricular pressure and/or volume overload. The differential diagnosis of this finding when acute is limited; pulmonary embolism is a prominent consideration. Echocardiography performed after the patient received anticoagulant therapy showed a complete return to normal. Echocardiographic evidence of right ventricular overload, particularly when acute, may indicate the presence of a pulmonary embolism, and may be clinically useful in selected cases.", "contents": "Acute right ventricular overload: an echocardiographic clue to pulmonary thromboembolism. Serial echocardiographic changes and angiographic correlation are presented in a patient with multiple pulmonary emboli. Interval development of right ventricular dilatation and paradoxical septal motion coincided with a clinical event which was proven angiographically to represent pulmonary thromboembolism. Echocardiographic findings suggested right ventricular pressure and/or volume overload. The differential diagnosis of this finding when acute is limited; pulmonary embolism is a prominent consideration. Echocardiography performed after the patient received anticoagulant therapy showed a complete return to normal. Echocardiographic evidence of right ventricular overload, particularly when acute, may indicate the presence of a pulmonary embolism, and may be clinically useful in selected cases.", "PMID": 703034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1371", "title": "[Psychophysiological correlations in paroxysmal forms of cardiac rhythm disorders].", "content": "Fifty-two patients with paroxysmal disorders of cardiac rhythm were under observation for periods of 6 months to 3 years. Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia was registered in 16, ventricular tachycardia in one, paroxysmal cardiac fibrillation in 35. The method of comprehensive examination of personality (modified MMPI test, Cattell's and Hekhausen's tests) made it possible to reveal certain characteristic features of the personality and the actual psychic condition of all patients. Treatment with modern psychotropic agents (predominantly tranquilizers) improved the course of arrhythmia considerably in most patients; a tendency to normalization of the psychic condition was noted simultaneously. The possible mechanisms of the effect of psychotropic agents on the course of arrhythmias are discussed.", "contents": "[Psychophysiological correlations in paroxysmal forms of cardiac rhythm disorders]. Fifty-two patients with paroxysmal disorders of cardiac rhythm were under observation for periods of 6 months to 3 years. Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia was registered in 16, ventricular tachycardia in one, paroxysmal cardiac fibrillation in 35. The method of comprehensive examination of personality (modified MMPI test, Cattell's and Hekhausen's tests) made it possible to reveal certain characteristic features of the personality and the actual psychic condition of all patients. Treatment with modern psychotropic agents (predominantly tranquilizers) improved the course of arrhythmia considerably in most patients; a tendency to normalization of the psychic condition was noted simultaneously. The possible mechanisms of the effect of psychotropic agents on the course of arrhythmias are discussed.", "PMID": 703045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1372", "title": "[Results of implanting aortic valve xenografts into the tricuspid position].", "content": "From 1968 to 1976 transplantation of the tricuspid valve was performed on 47 patients with combined form of rheumatic heart disease. Hospital mortality was 36%. The follow-up period in 30 cases ranged from one to 7 1/2 years. Ten patients died in the late postoperative periods, only in one of them the cause of death was associated with incompetence of the transplanted valve. According to the findings of dynamic clinical follow-up, the function of the transplant in the other patients was quite satisfactory; at the same time, peculiarities of the phonocardiographic picture of valves treated by different methods were revealed.", "contents": "[Results of implanting aortic valve xenografts into the tricuspid position]. From 1968 to 1976 transplantation of the tricuspid valve was performed on 47 patients with combined form of rheumatic heart disease. Hospital mortality was 36%. The follow-up period in 30 cases ranged from one to 7 1/2 years. Ten patients died in the late postoperative periods, only in one of them the cause of death was associated with incompetence of the transplanted valve. According to the findings of dynamic clinical follow-up, the function of the transplant in the other patients was quite satisfactory; at the same time, peculiarities of the phonocardiographic picture of valves treated by different methods were revealed.", "PMID": 703051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1373", "title": "[Surgical treatment of mitral stenosis].", "content": "Open and closed methods of mitral commissurotomy are appraised in comparison. Open correction of mitral stenosis was performed under conditions of extracorporeal circulation, closed correction was accomplished by the instrumental method from right and left approaches. The advantages of open mitral commissurotomy in complicated forms of the disease (intraatrial) thrombosis, calcinosis, restenosis, concomitant regurgitation) are demonstrated. The indications for both methods of surgical treatment are substantiated and recommendations for their effective application are given.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of mitral stenosis]. Open and closed methods of mitral commissurotomy are appraised in comparison. Open correction of mitral stenosis was performed under conditions of extracorporeal circulation, closed correction was accomplished by the instrumental method from right and left approaches. The advantages of open mitral commissurotomy in complicated forms of the disease (intraatrial) thrombosis, calcinosis, restenosis, concomitant regurgitation) are demonstrated. The indications for both methods of surgical treatment are substantiated and recommendations for their effective application are given.", "PMID": 703052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1374", "title": "[Late results of mitral valve prosthesis].", "content": "The late results of mitral valve prosthetics were studied in 100 patients one to six years after surgery. Survival which was estimated by the actuarial method was 79.4% (15 patients died 2 to 34 months after the operation). The data obtained confirm the effectiveness of mitral valve prosthetics by means of the Soviet made MKch--25 and MKch--27 protheses. The operation ensures normalization of hemodynamics. Thromboembolic complications and bacterial endocarditis still present a serious problem. Patients with an implanted mitral valve prosthesis should be kept under dispensary surveillance.", "contents": "[Late results of mitral valve prosthesis]. The late results of mitral valve prosthetics were studied in 100 patients one to six years after surgery. Survival which was estimated by the actuarial method was 79.4% (15 patients died 2 to 34 months after the operation). The data obtained confirm the effectiveness of mitral valve prosthetics by means of the Soviet made MKch--25 and MKch--27 protheses. The operation ensures normalization of hemodynamics. Thromboembolic complications and bacterial endocarditis still present a serious problem. Patients with an implanted mitral valve prosthesis should be kept under dispensary surveillance.", "PMID": 703053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1375", "title": "[Diagnosis of paravalvular fistulae after mitral valve prosthesis].", "content": "The phonocardiography method is appraised and the correlative dependence of the data yielded by it is compared with the hemodynamic values in the diagnosis of paravalvular fistulas following mitral valve prosthetics in 11 patients. It was revealed that the duration of the interval from the sound of aortic closure to the sound of mitral opening is in close reverse relation (r = -0.61) with the level of the mean pulmonary-capillary pressure: the shorter the interval, the more severe is the disorder of hemodynamics in patients with paravalvular mitral insufficiency and the higher is the mean pulmonary-capillary pressure. Paravalvular fistulas in the 11 patients examined were manifested by the development of a systolic murmur.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of paravalvular fistulae after mitral valve prosthesis]. The phonocardiography method is appraised and the correlative dependence of the data yielded by it is compared with the hemodynamic values in the diagnosis of paravalvular fistulas following mitral valve prosthetics in 11 patients. It was revealed that the duration of the interval from the sound of aortic closure to the sound of mitral opening is in close reverse relation (r = -0.61) with the level of the mean pulmonary-capillary pressure: the shorter the interval, the more severe is the disorder of hemodynamics in patients with paravalvular mitral insufficiency and the higher is the mean pulmonary-capillary pressure. Paravalvular fistulas in the 11 patients examined were manifested by the development of a systolic murmur.", "PMID": 703054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1376", "title": "[Analysis of the hemodynamics in patients with artificial mitral valve insufficiency].", "content": "Hemodynamic disorders which developed in 12 patients with artificial mitral incompetence were studied. A method developed in the clinic of analysing the findings of catheterization and cine-angiocardiography was used. The method of analysis of single-plane ventriculograms makes it possible to estimate the volume of blood regurgitated into the left atrium to an accuracy of several millilitres. The degree of artificial incompetence is determined from the relative regurgitation which is estimated by dividing the volume of returned blood flow by the total volume of ventricular ejection. It is concluded that the \"malignancy\" of the course of artificial incompetence is determined by a sharp reduction of the effective cardiac output (to 33--50% of the normal volume) against the background of rapid rapid exhaustion of the left ventricular myocardum.", "contents": "[Analysis of the hemodynamics in patients with artificial mitral valve insufficiency]. Hemodynamic disorders which developed in 12 patients with artificial mitral incompetence were studied. A method developed in the clinic of analysing the findings of catheterization and cine-angiocardiography was used. The method of analysis of single-plane ventriculograms makes it possible to estimate the volume of blood regurgitated into the left atrium to an accuracy of several millilitres. The degree of artificial incompetence is determined from the relative regurgitation which is estimated by dividing the volume of returned blood flow by the total volume of ventricular ejection. It is concluded that the \"malignancy\" of the course of artificial incompetence is determined by a sharp reduction of the effective cardiac output (to 33--50% of the normal volume) against the background of rapid rapid exhaustion of the left ventricular myocardum.", "PMID": 703055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1377", "title": "[Anatomical and functional assessment of mitral stenosis using echocardiography before and after commissurotomy].", "content": "In 36 patients with pure mitral stenosis verified during catheterization and operation the results of echocardiography were compared with the operative findings. The changes in the mitral echogram and the degree of valve calcification before commissurotomy were studied. The hemodynamic changes in pulmonary circulation were approximately appraised by determining the degree of delay of the EF interval on the echogram of the anterior cusp of the mitral valve. Significant conformity between the dimished rate of diastolic movement of the anterior mitral cusp and the degree of mitral stenosis was established. The importance of the advancement of the posterior mitral cusp to the front of the horizontal line passing through point C of mitral valve closure in the appraisal of the degree of its stenosis is underscored.", "contents": "[Anatomical and functional assessment of mitral stenosis using echocardiography before and after commissurotomy]. In 36 patients with pure mitral stenosis verified during catheterization and operation the results of echocardiography were compared with the operative findings. The changes in the mitral echogram and the degree of valve calcification before commissurotomy were studied. The hemodynamic changes in pulmonary circulation were approximately appraised by determining the degree of delay of the EF interval on the echogram of the anterior cusp of the mitral valve. Significant conformity between the dimished rate of diastolic movement of the anterior mitral cusp and the degree of mitral stenosis was established. The importance of the advancement of the posterior mitral cusp to the front of the horizontal line passing through point C of mitral valve closure in the appraisal of the degree of its stenosis is underscored.", "PMID": 703056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1378", "title": "[Quantitative analysis of the phonocardiogram configuration for determining the degree of aortic regurgitation in patients with combined acquired heart defects].", "content": "A phonocardiographic index for determining the presence and severity of aortic regurgitation in patients with complex combined valvular diseases is suggested. This index comprises the relation between the amplitudes of the early diastolic murmur and the second sound and the relation between the maximum oscillations in early and late systole. The first two parameters are measured from a phonocardiogram recorded from the site where the early diastolic murmur is registered best(left third or fourth intercostal space at the sternum), the last from the site where the systolic murmur of aortic origin is recorded best (right second intercostal space). The differences in the value of the index between 4 groups of patients with different degree of aortic regurgitation are statistically significant (p less than 0.05). The index makes it possible to distribute according to the phonocardiogram all patients into 4 groups with 17% classification error and 2 groups of practical importance (with and without marked regurgitation) with 5% error.", "contents": "[Quantitative analysis of the phonocardiogram configuration for determining the degree of aortic regurgitation in patients with combined acquired heart defects]. A phonocardiographic index for determining the presence and severity of aortic regurgitation in patients with complex combined valvular diseases is suggested. This index comprises the relation between the amplitudes of the early diastolic murmur and the second sound and the relation between the maximum oscillations in early and late systole. The first two parameters are measured from a phonocardiogram recorded from the site where the early diastolic murmur is registered best(left third or fourth intercostal space at the sternum), the last from the site where the systolic murmur of aortic origin is recorded best (right second intercostal space). The differences in the value of the index between 4 groups of patients with different degree of aortic regurgitation are statistically significant (p less than 0.05). The index makes it possible to distribute according to the phonocardiogram all patients into 4 groups with 17% classification error and 2 groups of practical importance (with and without marked regurgitation) with 5% error.", "PMID": 703057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1379", "title": "[Clinical anatomy of the heart in combined rheumatic heart defects].", "content": "Contrast cardioangiograms of 46 patients with combined rheumatic diseases of the heart were studied. Essential changes were found in the clinical anatomy of the heart. In accordance with these changes, the points of maximum sound and the zones of the spread of the murmurs in tricuspid valvular disease and mitral stenosis were displayed to the left, which should be borne in mind during physical examination of the heart and phonocardiography.", "contents": "[Clinical anatomy of the heart in combined rheumatic heart defects]. Contrast cardioangiograms of 46 patients with combined rheumatic diseases of the heart were studied. Essential changes were found in the clinical anatomy of the heart. In accordance with these changes, the points of maximum sound and the zones of the spread of the murmurs in tricuspid valvular disease and mitral stenosis were displayed to the left, which should be borne in mind during physical examination of the heart and phonocardiography.", "PMID": 703058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1380", "title": "[Late results of closed methods of the surgical treatment of multiple valvular rheumatic heart defects].", "content": "The late results of surgical treatment of 178 patients with follow-up periods of 6 months to 8 years are analysed. The late results were much worse in stage IV disease, marked calcinosis of the valves, concomitant mitral or tricuspid regurgitation, intraatrial thrombosis, as well as in cases with a combination of these complications. Analysis of the actuarial curve showed that unfavourable dynamics of the remote outcomes were usually associated with inadequate aortic or tricuspid commissurotomy. It is underscored that a change in the surgical tactics in the direction of aortic valve prosthetics and correction of tricuspid valve defects and complicated forms of mitral stenosis under conditions of extracorporeal circulation is necessary.", "contents": "[Late results of closed methods of the surgical treatment of multiple valvular rheumatic heart defects]. The late results of surgical treatment of 178 patients with follow-up periods of 6 months to 8 years are analysed. The late results were much worse in stage IV disease, marked calcinosis of the valves, concomitant mitral or tricuspid regurgitation, intraatrial thrombosis, as well as in cases with a combination of these complications. Analysis of the actuarial curve showed that unfavourable dynamics of the remote outcomes were usually associated with inadequate aortic or tricuspid commissurotomy. It is underscored that a change in the surgical tactics in the direction of aortic valve prosthetics and correction of tricuspid valve defects and complicated forms of mitral stenosis under conditions of extracorporeal circulation is necessary.", "PMID": 703060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1381", "title": "[Late results of closed mitral commissurotomy].", "content": "The remote results of closed mitral comissurotomy were studied in 400 patients during a follow-up period of 7 years. The results were appraised on the basis of the stage of hemodynamic disorders (classification proposed by A.N. Bakulev and E.A. Damir), disability, and working capacity. Five years after the operation good remote results were noted only in 58% of patients, which is explained by inadequate correction of the defect by the closed method due to the frequently encountered gross morphologic changes in the valve cusps. For greater objectivity in the assessment of the remote results it is suggested to use the term \"without objective improvement\" instead of \"satisfactory results\" because the former reflects the patient's condition and the state of hemodynamic disorders in greater measure.", "contents": "[Late results of closed mitral commissurotomy]. The remote results of closed mitral comissurotomy were studied in 400 patients during a follow-up period of 7 years. The results were appraised on the basis of the stage of hemodynamic disorders (classification proposed by A.N. Bakulev and E.A. Damir), disability, and working capacity. Five years after the operation good remote results were noted only in 58% of patients, which is explained by inadequate correction of the defect by the closed method due to the frequently encountered gross morphologic changes in the valve cusps. For greater objectivity in the assessment of the remote results it is suggested to use the term \"without objective improvement\" instead of \"satisfactory results\" because the former reflects the patient's condition and the state of hemodynamic disorders in greater measure.", "PMID": 703061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1382", "title": "[Indices of the sympathetic-adrenal and hypophyseal-adrenocortical system reactions in myocardial infarct patients during physical rehabilitation].", "content": "Changes in the content of hormones of the cortical and medullary layers of the adrenals in 40 patients with myocardial infarction were studied during physical rehabilitation. Increased activity of the sympathetico-adrenal and hypophyseal-adrenocortical systems after therapeutical gymnastics was revealed. The greatest shifts in all indices were noted in the first and fourth movement regimens. Changes in the blood hormone content were most obvious. The importance of studying hormones during rehabilitation of patients by means of exercise therapy is discussed. Fluorometry was employed in tests for adrenal hormones in blood and urine and for determining their concentration.", "contents": "[Indices of the sympathetic-adrenal and hypophyseal-adrenocortical system reactions in myocardial infarct patients during physical rehabilitation]. Changes in the content of hormones of the cortical and medullary layers of the adrenals in 40 patients with myocardial infarction were studied during physical rehabilitation. Increased activity of the sympathetico-adrenal and hypophyseal-adrenocortical systems after therapeutical gymnastics was revealed. The greatest shifts in all indices were noted in the first and fourth movement regimens. Changes in the blood hormone content were most obvious. The importance of studying hormones during rehabilitation of patients by means of exercise therapy is discussed. Fluorometry was employed in tests for adrenal hormones in blood and urine and for determining their concentration.", "PMID": 703063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1383", "title": "[Instructions with prophylactic therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Jurisdiction demands thorough information to be given to the patient concerning kind, extent and possible complications of diagnostic, therapeutic and prophylactic procedures.--Uncertainty prevails because reliable rules on the mode of instruction do not exist and if they would, such instructions could often affect the patient. Examples of problems of prophylactic treatment and questions to the legal experts concerning necessary instructions to be given to the patient are presented.", "contents": "[Instructions with prophylactic therapy (author's transl)]. Jurisdiction demands thorough information to be given to the patient concerning kind, extent and possible complications of diagnostic, therapeutic and prophylactic procedures.--Uncertainty prevails because reliable rules on the mode of instruction do not exist and if they would, such instructions could often affect the patient. Examples of problems of prophylactic treatment and questions to the legal experts concerning necessary instructions to be given to the patient are presented.", "PMID": 703136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1384", "title": "[Prophylaxis and explanation (author's transl)].", "content": "The doctor-patient contract results from the logical actions. As well as treating the patient to the best of his knowledge and capability the doctor has the subsidary obligation of explanation. This must be done so that the patient can estimate risks himself. There is no legal basis for the extent of the explanation. Typical complications are to be mentioned--but not all possible complications. But \"what is a typical complication\" is controversial. The less urgent the treatment, the more comprehensive the information. The responsible doctor must do the explaining himself--he may delegate this only in the case of professional hindrance because of other urgent cases. The content of the explanation should be written and countersigned by the patient. For minors and legally incapacitated the parents or the responsible persons must give their consent.", "contents": "[Prophylaxis and explanation (author's transl)]. The doctor-patient contract results from the logical actions. As well as treating the patient to the best of his knowledge and capability the doctor has the subsidary obligation of explanation. This must be done so that the patient can estimate risks himself. There is no legal basis for the extent of the explanation. Typical complications are to be mentioned--but not all possible complications. But \"what is a typical complication\" is controversial. The less urgent the treatment, the more comprehensive the information. The responsible doctor must do the explaining himself--he may delegate this only in the case of professional hindrance because of other urgent cases. The content of the explanation should be written and countersigned by the patient. For minors and legally incapacitated the parents or the responsible persons must give their consent.", "PMID": 703137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1385", "title": "[On the legal situation associated with prophylactic measures in ophthalmology (author's transl)].", "content": "Every medical procedure (diagnosis, prophylaxis, treatment) is in German law an assault and must be preceded by evidence of actual consent of the patient. Is this consent not present, then the requirements for a legal process are there. The doctor has freedom of choice of treatment, but he must explain to the patient possible side-effects and complications i.e. enlighten the patient. A significant proportion of damage- and criminal processes are due to incomplete explanation. The kind, form and complications of a procedure must be mentioned understandibly--the complications independent of their incidence. The guidelines resulting from processes are vague and ambiguous. Formed notes with confirmation by a witness are advisable. The value of an explanatory booklet seems doubtful.", "contents": "[On the legal situation associated with prophylactic measures in ophthalmology (author's transl)]. Every medical procedure (diagnosis, prophylaxis, treatment) is in German law an assault and must be preceded by evidence of actual consent of the patient. Is this consent not present, then the requirements for a legal process are there. The doctor has freedom of choice of treatment, but he must explain to the patient possible side-effects and complications i.e. enlighten the patient. A significant proportion of damage- and criminal processes are due to incomplete explanation. The kind, form and complications of a procedure must be mentioned understandibly--the complications independent of their incidence. The guidelines resulting from processes are vague and ambiguous. Formed notes with confirmation by a witness are advisable. The value of an explanatory booklet seems doubtful.", "PMID": 703138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1386", "title": "[Detachment surgery without drainage (author's transl)].", "content": "Detachment surgery without drainage was introduced in 1953 by Custodis and modified by Lincoff. In this method the retinal hole determines the surgical procedure. Subretinal fluid will disappear by fixating an explant the sclera under tension in the area of the hole. The size of the explant depends upon the size of the retinal hole. Radial orientation of the buckle proves to be an optimal tamponade for a horseshoe tear. The change from traditional extensive circumferential buckles and cerclages to radial orientation of the buckle in the area of the hole is to be considered as a logical evolution in detachment surgery. From 1970--1977 there were treated 1000 consecutive detachments with cryopexy and elastic episcleral sponges. Non drainage was done in 93% of the time. The extension of the detachments ranged in 84% of the time from over 1 to 4 quadrants. The surgical procedure, however, consisted in 96% of the cases in segmental buckles with a preference for radial orientation. Cerclage was found to be useful in 4% of the time; an aphakic detachment was no longer an indication per se for an encircling procedure. Reattachment occured in 83% of the cases after one operation and in an additional 8% after reoperation. The complications with this procedure were minor, extraocular and reversibel. In 2,7% of the time an infection was observed around the explant. After removal of the buckles infection disappeared in every eye, re-detachment did occur in none of the eyes.", "contents": "[Detachment surgery without drainage (author's transl)]. Detachment surgery without drainage was introduced in 1953 by Custodis and modified by Lincoff. In this method the retinal hole determines the surgical procedure. Subretinal fluid will disappear by fixating an explant the sclera under tension in the area of the hole. The size of the explant depends upon the size of the retinal hole. Radial orientation of the buckle proves to be an optimal tamponade for a horseshoe tear. The change from traditional extensive circumferential buckles and cerclages to radial orientation of the buckle in the area of the hole is to be considered as a logical evolution in detachment surgery. From 1970--1977 there were treated 1000 consecutive detachments with cryopexy and elastic episcleral sponges. Non drainage was done in 93% of the time. The extension of the detachments ranged in 84% of the time from over 1 to 4 quadrants. The surgical procedure, however, consisted in 96% of the cases in segmental buckles with a preference for radial orientation. Cerclage was found to be useful in 4% of the time; an aphakic detachment was no longer an indication per se for an encircling procedure. Reattachment occured in 83% of the cases after one operation and in an additional 8% after reoperation. The complications with this procedure were minor, extraocular and reversibel. In 2,7% of the time an infection was observed around the explant. After removal of the buckles infection disappeared in every eye, re-detachment did occur in none of the eyes.", "PMID": 703140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1387", "title": "[Ultrasonic investigations of the vitreous space in idiopathic retinal detachment (author's transl)].", "content": "63 patients suffering from unilateral, idiopathic detachment of the retina were examined by the A-scan ultrasound method. A vitreous degeneration always appeared in eyes with detachment of the retina, and this was severe in 52 eyes. In the other eye the degeneration of the vitreous body was much smaller and in 11 eyes it was not at all proved by ultrasound. In 24 eyes with detachment of the retina the subretinal space could be examined and it was always acoustically heterogenous. The observations concerning acoustic characteristics of the vitreous body may be important in planning of operative treatment and prophylaxis.", "contents": "[Ultrasonic investigations of the vitreous space in idiopathic retinal detachment (author's transl)]. 63 patients suffering from unilateral, idiopathic detachment of the retina were examined by the A-scan ultrasound method. A vitreous degeneration always appeared in eyes with detachment of the retina, and this was severe in 52 eyes. In the other eye the degeneration of the vitreous body was much smaller and in 11 eyes it was not at all proved by ultrasound. In 24 eyes with detachment of the retina the subretinal space could be examined and it was always acoustically heterogenous. The observations concerning acoustic characteristics of the vitreous body may be important in planning of operative treatment and prophylaxis.", "PMID": 703141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1388", "title": "[Diagnostic ultrasonography and X-ray computer tomography in space-occupying orbital lesions--a joint effort (author's transl)].", "content": "Diagnostic ultrasonography (A-and B-scans) and X-ray computer tomography are completely different in their physical bases. The yield, therefore, different informations in the examination of space-space-occupying lesions in the orbit. The informations which can be recorded from normal and pathologic tissues in the orbit are described in this paper. The value, but also the limitations, of the various diagnostic methods are demonstrated in clinical cases. The reliable diagnosis of unilateral, progressive pseudoprotrusion in high myopia by ultrasound exophthalmometry is described. Facilities and diagnostic value of ultrasonography and X-ray computer tomography in the localisation of orbital tumours and in the determination of their relationship to the orbital walls are discussed. The diagnostic management in intermittent exophthalmos, in orbital abscess and in Grave's disease is reported. The complete ophthalmic examination is followed by ultrasound exophthalmometry and--if indicated--A- and B-scan ultrasonography of orbital tissues. Computed X-ray tomography is indicated in all tumour-suspicious lesions within the orbit. The results of diagnostic ultrasonography and computed X-ray tomography may complete each other in a very helpful manner. The combined evaluation yields better results than the use of only one of these methods. In orbital varices we recommend, to supplement ultrasonography by venography and eventually arteriography. In diagnoses of orbital abscesses resulting from paranasal sinusitis it may usually suffice to combine ultrasound diagnosis with native X-ray examinations. Good interdisciplinary cooperation in diagnosis and therapy is mandatory in all patients with space-occupying orbital lesions.", "contents": "[Diagnostic ultrasonography and X-ray computer tomography in space-occupying orbital lesions--a joint effort (author's transl)]. Diagnostic ultrasonography (A-and B-scans) and X-ray computer tomography are completely different in their physical bases. The yield, therefore, different informations in the examination of space-space-occupying lesions in the orbit. The informations which can be recorded from normal and pathologic tissues in the orbit are described in this paper. The value, but also the limitations, of the various diagnostic methods are demonstrated in clinical cases. The reliable diagnosis of unilateral, progressive pseudoprotrusion in high myopia by ultrasound exophthalmometry is described. Facilities and diagnostic value of ultrasonography and X-ray computer tomography in the localisation of orbital tumours and in the determination of their relationship to the orbital walls are discussed. The diagnostic management in intermittent exophthalmos, in orbital abscess and in Grave's disease is reported. The complete ophthalmic examination is followed by ultrasound exophthalmometry and--if indicated--A- and B-scan ultrasonography of orbital tissues. Computed X-ray tomography is indicated in all tumour-suspicious lesions within the orbit. The results of diagnostic ultrasonography and computed X-ray tomography may complete each other in a very helpful manner. The combined evaluation yields better results than the use of only one of these methods. In orbital varices we recommend, to supplement ultrasonography by venography and eventually arteriography. In diagnoses of orbital abscesses resulting from paranasal sinusitis it may usually suffice to combine ultrasound diagnosis with native X-ray examinations. Good interdisciplinary cooperation in diagnosis and therapy is mandatory in all patients with space-occupying orbital lesions.", "PMID": 703142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1389", "title": "[Fluorescence angiography as a basis for successful prophylactic and therapeutic light coagulation for diabetic retinopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "The fluorescence angiogramme served as a basis for the plan of treatment and as a criterion of treatment success in 192 patients with  diabetic retinopathy who underwent xenon-light coagulation between January 1971 and October 1972. In 64 patients this success could be statistically evaluated comparing the untreated partner eye according to the exact Fisher-test. The rate of success of light coagulation showed itself to be statistically highly significant (p less than 0.01%) with regard to retinal morphology and haemodynamics, but with regard to visual acuity only statistically barely significant (p less than 5%). For the influencing of the capillary occlusion process with light coagulation no statistical significance (p = 25.19%) was found, and for the influencing of the capillary permeation disturbances with light coagulation a slight statistical significancing of the capillary permeation disturbances with light coagulation a slight statistical significnace (p less than 5%) was calculated. For avoiding or hindering present or threatened new vessel formation with light coagulation we calculated a statistical significance of p less than 1%.", "contents": "[Fluorescence angiography as a basis for successful prophylactic and therapeutic light coagulation for diabetic retinopathy (author's transl)]. The fluorescence angiogramme served as a basis for the plan of treatment and as a criterion of treatment success in 192 patients with  diabetic retinopathy who underwent xenon-light coagulation between January 1971 and October 1972. In 64 patients this success could be statistically evaluated comparing the untreated partner eye according to the exact Fisher-test. The rate of success of light coagulation showed itself to be statistically highly significant (p less than 0.01%) with regard to retinal morphology and haemodynamics, but with regard to visual acuity only statistically barely significant (p less than 5%). For the influencing of the capillary occlusion process with light coagulation no statistical significance (p = 25.19%) was found, and for the influencing of the capillary permeation disturbances with light coagulation a slight statistical significancing of the capillary permeation disturbances with light coagulation a slight statistical significnace (p less than 5%) was calculated. For avoiding or hindering present or threatened new vessel formation with light coagulation we calculated a statistical significance of p less than 1%.", "PMID": 703143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1390", "title": "[Metastatic deposits of carcinoma in the choroid (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on choroid metastatic deposits from primary tumors of other organs with regard to a survey of the literature and personal observations. 85% of the choroid secondary growths occur after breast cancer in women with an average latency of 3 1/2 years. The ophthalmological appearances and the fluorescence-angiographical phenomena are discussed with regard to the differential diagnosis of melanoma and haemangioma of the choroid. The therapeutic procedure for secondary deposits of mamma carcinoma is considered.", "contents": "[Metastatic deposits of carcinoma in the choroid (author's transl)]. The authors report on choroid metastatic deposits from primary tumors of other organs with regard to a survey of the literature and personal observations. 85% of the choroid secondary growths occur after breast cancer in women with an average latency of 3 1/2 years. The ophthalmological appearances and the fluorescence-angiographical phenomena are discussed with regard to the differential diagnosis of melanoma and haemangioma of the choroid. The therapeutic procedure for secondary deposits of mamma carcinoma is considered.", "PMID": 703144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1391", "title": "[Metabolite changes and ulcer formation in the cornea. Experiments with acid burns of varying severity (author's transl)].", "content": "Acid burns with 0,25 n H2SO4 constantly cause mild corneal opacities. Burns with 2 n acid are too severe to be investigated for more than one week. Lactate and pyruvate levels drop in the aqueous and, less pronounced, in the cornea. A very similar decrease of glucose levels in aqueous and cornea can be found depending in its degree on the acid concentration used. In milder burns the levels return to normal within 2--3 weeks. The results can be explained by changes of the blood-aqueous barrier and of the rate of aqueous flow. It seems very unlikely that the metabolite changes cause the formation of corneal ulcers, as severe ulcerations can be found along with almost normal metabolite levels.", "contents": "[Metabolite changes and ulcer formation in the cornea. Experiments with acid burns of varying severity (author's transl)]. Acid burns with 0,25 n H2SO4 constantly cause mild corneal opacities. Burns with 2 n acid are too severe to be investigated for more than one week. Lactate and pyruvate levels drop in the aqueous and, less pronounced, in the cornea. A very similar decrease of glucose levels in aqueous and cornea can be found depending in its degree on the acid concentration used. In milder burns the levels return to normal within 2--3 weeks. The results can be explained by changes of the blood-aqueous barrier and of the rate of aqueous flow. It seems very unlikely that the metabolite changes cause the formation of corneal ulcers, as severe ulcerations can be found along with almost normal metabolite levels.", "PMID": 703145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1392", "title": "[The influence of Poly-HEMA and silicone contact lenses on corneal thickness (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of permanent wear contact lenses (highly oxygen permeable silicone and less oxygen permeable highly hydrophilic Poly-HEMA) on corneal thickness was evaluated in 22 volunteers. Poly-HEMA lenses provoked a highly significant increase in corneal thickness not correlated with the fitting technique, while no significant variation in corneal thickness was observed under silicone lenses.", "contents": "[The influence of Poly-HEMA and silicone contact lenses on corneal thickness (author's transl)]. The influence of permanent wear contact lenses (highly oxygen permeable silicone and less oxygen permeable highly hydrophilic Poly-HEMA) on corneal thickness was evaluated in 22 volunteers. Poly-HEMA lenses provoked a highly significant increase in corneal thickness not correlated with the fitting technique, while no significant variation in corneal thickness was observed under silicone lenses.", "PMID": 703146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1393", "title": "[Retinal detachment in the aphakic eye (author's transl)].", "content": "The picture of retinal detachment following cataractextraction is studied in 86 cases of aphakic detachment, and the hypothesis that two different forms of detachment exists is proposed. In order to study this hypothesis the time-interval, the refraction and the type of tear is analysed. The results seem to indicate that two forms are present. The first one, the so-called \"non: aphakic\" detachment, appears in the predisposed eye and will occur after a short time-interval. The other form, the \"true\" aphakic detachment appears at a later stage and though this form more often shows no clear-cut tear the prognosis seems to be somewhat better.", "contents": "[Retinal detachment in the aphakic eye (author's transl)]. The picture of retinal detachment following cataractextraction is studied in 86 cases of aphakic detachment, and the hypothesis that two different forms of detachment exists is proposed. In order to study this hypothesis the time-interval, the refraction and the type of tear is analysed. The results seem to indicate that two forms are present. The first one, the so-called \"non: aphakic\" detachment, appears in the predisposed eye and will occur after a short time-interval. The other form, the \"true\" aphakic detachment appears at a later stage and though this form more often shows no clear-cut tear the prognosis seems to be somewhat better.", "PMID": 703147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1394", "title": "[Perimetry in glaucoma. Liminal and supraliminal stimuli (author's transl)].", "content": "With supraliminal, evenly moving targets absolute and relative glaucomatous visual field defects may be picked up as well as sensory alterations, even if static and kinetic perimetry seem to be normal. The method and their results in 53 eyes are described. Isolated findings in the nasal peripheral field are frequent and call for an accurate evaluation of this region in the search of early glaucomatous changes.", "contents": "[Perimetry in glaucoma. Liminal and supraliminal stimuli (author's transl)]. With supraliminal, evenly moving targets absolute and relative glaucomatous visual field defects may be picked up as well as sensory alterations, even if static and kinetic perimetry seem to be normal. The method and their results in 53 eyes are described. Isolated findings in the nasal peripheral field are frequent and call for an accurate evaluation of this region in the search of early glaucomatous changes.", "PMID": 703148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1395", "title": "[On Harada's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "2 cases of Harada's disease are reported: in one cases there was a most severe uveo-encephalitis, the other showed only ocular manifestation (according to Shimizu in about 95% of the cases), the diagnosis was made sure by fluorescence photography.", "contents": "[On Harada's disease (author's transl)]. 2 cases of Harada's disease are reported: in one cases there was a most severe uveo-encephalitis, the other showed only ocular manifestation (according to Shimizu in about 95% of the cases), the diagnosis was made sure by fluorescence photography.", "PMID": 703149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1396", "title": "[Pyoderma vegetans of the eye-lid (author's transl)].", "content": "A cases of Pyoderma vegetans attacking only the outer skin of the eyelid and leaving free the conjunctiva is reported. The diagnosis of this rare condition, belonging to the pemphigus diseases, depends on clinical course and especially on histological investigation. The aetiology of Pyoderma vegetans still remains unknown, an immun-pathological mechanism is discussed.", "contents": "[Pyoderma vegetans of the eye-lid (author's transl)]. A cases of Pyoderma vegetans attacking only the outer skin of the eyelid and leaving free the conjunctiva is reported. The diagnosis of this rare condition, belonging to the pemphigus diseases, depends on clinical course and especially on histological investigation. The aetiology of Pyoderma vegetans still remains unknown, an immun-pathological mechanism is discussed.", "PMID": 703150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1397", "title": "[Reversible irregular corneal astigmation in disseminated neurodermatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Neurodermitis disseminata may often involve the eyes. A case report is described with development of an irregular astigmatism of the cornea, which resolved spontaneously. Possibilities of transitory alteration of refraction are discussed.", "contents": "[Reversible irregular corneal astigmation in disseminated neurodermatitis (author's transl)]. Neurodermitis disseminata may often involve the eyes. A case report is described with development of an irregular astigmatism of the cornea, which resolved spontaneously. Possibilities of transitory alteration of refraction are discussed.", "PMID": 703151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1398", "title": "[The Bifosolar Ideal light-protection spectacles (author's transl)].", "content": "Bifosolar glass is made without heating, therefore the phototropic material keeps unchanged its original light sensitivity. A further development of the Biofosolar glass leads to the \"Bifosolar Ideal dual strenght glass\". This can be used in reduced visual acuity by combining with additional corrections up to 8.0 dioptres. The author describes the manufacture and the technical data of the various Bifosolar glasses.", "contents": "[The Bifosolar Ideal light-protection spectacles (author's transl)]. Bifosolar glass is made without heating, therefore the phototropic material keeps unchanged its original light sensitivity. A further development of the Biofosolar glass leads to the \"Bifosolar Ideal dual strenght glass\". This can be used in reduced visual acuity by combining with additional corrections up to 8.0 dioptres. The author describes the manufacture and the technical data of the various Bifosolar glasses.", "PMID": 703152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1399", "title": "Breeding and reproductive physiology of the desert gerbil, Meriones crassus.", "content": "Meriones crassus were bred under laboratory conditions. The mean gestation period was 21.6 days, with a range between 21 and 24 days. The mean litter size was 4.4. Mean litter size varied from 3.4 in October to 5.6 in April. Studies of vaginal smears revealed four phases of the estrous cycle, and the mean length of this cycle was 2--8 days. Most females experienced postpartum estrus, and the majority of postpartum matings were fertile. Mating was not observed during lactation. Implantation was delayed if the female suckled more than two young, and gestation was then prolonged to over 30 days. Young gerbils were weaned by the fourth week and attained adult size within 3 months from birth.", "contents": "Breeding and reproductive physiology of the desert gerbil, Meriones crassus. Meriones crassus were bred under laboratory conditions. The mean gestation period was 21.6 days, with a range between 21 and 24 days. The mean litter size was 4.4. Mean litter size varied from 3.4 in October to 5.6 in April. Studies of vaginal smears revealed four phases of the estrous cycle, and the mean length of this cycle was 2--8 days. Most females experienced postpartum estrus, and the majority of postpartum matings were fertile. Mating was not observed during lactation. Implantation was delayed if the female suckled more than two young, and gestation was then prolonged to over 30 days. Young gerbils were weaned by the fourth week and attained adult size within 3 months from birth.", "PMID": 703248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1400", "title": "A mask for the artificial respiration of rats.", "content": "A simple artificial respiration mask for rats was constructed from the drip chamber of an intravenous solution administration set. The mask was held in place by means of straps and a hole through which the maximillary incisors protruded. This mask permitted artificial ventilation during drug-induced respiratory paralysis, was easily and inexpensively constructed, and may be used with a variety of positive pressure respirators.", "contents": "A mask for the artificial respiration of rats. A simple artificial respiration mask for rats was constructed from the drip chamber of an intravenous solution administration set. The mask was held in place by means of straps and a hole through which the maximillary incisors protruded. This mask permitted artificial ventilation during drug-induced respiratory paralysis, was easily and inexpensively constructed, and may be used with a variety of positive pressure respirators.", "PMID": 703249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1401", "title": "Surgical removal of the pyloric antrum in weanling rats.", "content": "A method was devised for surgical removal of the pyloric antrum in 3-week-old rats. Contrary to published experiences with older rats, it was found that ligation of right and left gastroepiploic arteries was not necessary in young animals. Erythrocytes and fluids were routinely administered postoperatively, and recovered animals were denied access to water and food for 2 and 3 days, respectively. When the rats were fasted overnight prior to surgery, the recovery rate was 87% (27 of 31 attempted). Surgical sites were intact and showed minimal adhesions 2 months later. When overnight fasting was omitted, only 57% survived (8 of 14 attempted), because extensive manipulations were necessary to remove gastric contents, and this often produced shock.", "contents": "Surgical removal of the pyloric antrum in weanling rats. A method was devised for surgical removal of the pyloric antrum in 3-week-old rats. Contrary to published experiences with older rats, it was found that ligation of right and left gastroepiploic arteries was not necessary in young animals. Erythrocytes and fluids were routinely administered postoperatively, and recovered animals were denied access to water and food for 2 and 3 days, respectively. When the rats were fasted overnight prior to surgery, the recovery rate was 87% (27 of 31 attempted). Surgical sites were intact and showed minimal adhesions 2 months later. When overnight fasting was omitted, only 57% survived (8 of 14 attempted), because extensive manipulations were necessary to remove gastric contents, and this often produced shock.", "PMID": 703250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1402", "title": "An automatic apparatus for feeding successive meals to rats during predetermined time intervals.", "content": "A method was developed to control the amount, composition and timing of four meals per day for laboratory rats. Food was weighed into cups and inserted under metal covers in cages. An apparatus was built and tested for retracting each cover and exposing the food at a predetermined time of day.", "contents": "An automatic apparatus for feeding successive meals to rats during predetermined time intervals. A method was developed to control the amount, composition and timing of four meals per day for laboratory rats. Food was weighed into cups and inserted under metal covers in cages. An apparatus was built and tested for retracting each cover and exposing the food at a predetermined time of day.", "PMID": 703251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1403", "title": "Isolation of Pasteurella aerogenes from the uterus of a rabbit following abortion.", "content": "Pasteurella aerogenes was isolated from the uterus and peritoneal cavity of a rabbit which died 4 days after abortion. Histopathologic observations confirmed a bacterial infection. Mouse pathogenicity tests indicated that this organism was an opportunistic pathogen that might have been responsible for the stillbirths. The cultural and biochemical characteristics of this isolate were similar to those of the Pasteurella aerogenes isolated from swine. This is the first report describing the isolation of Pasteurella aerogenes from a rabbit.", "contents": "Isolation of Pasteurella aerogenes from the uterus of a rabbit following abortion. Pasteurella aerogenes was isolated from the uterus and peritoneal cavity of a rabbit which died 4 days after abortion. Histopathologic observations confirmed a bacterial infection. Mouse pathogenicity tests indicated that this organism was an opportunistic pathogen that might have been responsible for the stillbirths. The cultural and biochemical characteristics of this isolate were similar to those of the Pasteurella aerogenes isolated from swine. This is the first report describing the isolation of Pasteurella aerogenes from a rabbit.", "PMID": 703252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1404", "title": "Pathologic changes induced by an euthanasia agent.", "content": "Dogs and cats killed by intravenous injection of either 0.3 ml/kg body weight T-61 or 100 mg/kg body weight pentoarbital and necropsied at less than 5 minutes or at 15 minutes after injection did not have gross or microscopic pathological changes. However, dogs and cats killed with T-61 at a dose of 1.0--1.5 ml/kg body weight and necropsied at 15 minutes after injection had significant gross and microscopic pathological lesions. Grossly, the lungs were severely edematous, did not collapse, and were deep red. Microscopically, the lungs had severe pulmonary edema and endothelial necrosis. Endothelial swelling of glomerular tuft vessels was also present. These lung and kidney lesions are classified as an euthanasia artefact.", "contents": "Pathologic changes induced by an euthanasia agent. Dogs and cats killed by intravenous injection of either 0.3 ml/kg body weight T-61 or 100 mg/kg body weight pentoarbital and necropsied at less than 5 minutes or at 15 minutes after injection did not have gross or microscopic pathological changes. However, dogs and cats killed with T-61 at a dose of 1.0--1.5 ml/kg body weight and necropsied at 15 minutes after injection had significant gross and microscopic pathological lesions. Grossly, the lungs were severely edematous, did not collapse, and were deep red. Microscopically, the lungs had severe pulmonary edema and endothelial necrosis. Endothelial swelling of glomerular tuft vessels was also present. These lung and kidney lesions are classified as an euthanasia artefact.", "PMID": 703253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1405", "title": "Experimental production of longitudinal smooth muscle cells in the intima of muscular arteries.", "content": "Longitudinal smooth muscle cells were produced in the intima of muscular arteries in order to determine their method of development. Longitudinally arranged smooth muscle cells are present regularly in the intima of muscular arteries in man. Although absent in mesenteric arteries of the rat, layers of these cells were formed in these arteries after the insertion of a ligature through the mesentery. The resulting damage to, and subsequent repair of the arteries in the fibrotic area around the ligature apparently induced the development of longitudinal, intimal smooth muscle cells. When the mesentery was fixed to the diaphragm in such a way that it followd its respiratory movements with intermittent stretching of the mesenteric arteries, intimal smooth muscle cells developed only when the ligature through the mesentery caused local damage. Intermittent stretching as such had no effect.", "contents": "Experimental production of longitudinal smooth muscle cells in the intima of muscular arteries. Longitudinal smooth muscle cells were produced in the intima of muscular arteries in order to determine their method of development. Longitudinally arranged smooth muscle cells are present regularly in the intima of muscular arteries in man. Although absent in mesenteric arteries of the rat, layers of these cells were formed in these arteries after the insertion of a ligature through the mesentery. The resulting damage to, and subsequent repair of the arteries in the fibrotic area around the ligature apparently induced the development of longitudinal, intimal smooth muscle cells. When the mesentery was fixed to the diaphragm in such a way that it followd its respiratory movements with intermittent stretching of the mesenteric arteries, intimal smooth muscle cells developed only when the ligature through the mesentery caused local damage. Intermittent stretching as such had no effect.", "PMID": 703260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1406", "title": "Energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis of mitochondrial deposits in sideroblastic anemia.", "content": "Energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis was used to analyze mitochondrial and lysosomal iron-containing deposits in sideroblastic anemia. Although it has been previously known that these deposits contain iron by inference from Prussian blue staining, the possible presence of other cations as well as the nature of the anions present has not been identified. The results show that the mitochondrial deposits in erythroid cells have peaks for iron and phosphorus indicating that they do not represent calcifications which commonly occur following injury and that the  principal anion may be phosphorus. Studies of hemosiderin and ferritin aggregates in lysosomes of macrophages in the same bone marrow samples again reveal similar peaks for iron and phosphorus. The results also indicate the probable similarity of mitochondrial and macrophage deposists although ferritin itself was never identified in the mitochondrial deposits. The results illustrate the potential of this method for diagnostic and investigative pathology.", "contents": "Energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis of mitochondrial deposits in sideroblastic anemia. Energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis was used to analyze mitochondrial and lysosomal iron-containing deposits in sideroblastic anemia. Although it has been previously known that these deposits contain iron by inference from Prussian blue staining, the possible presence of other cations as well as the nature of the anions present has not been identified. The results show that the mitochondrial deposits in erythroid cells have peaks for iron and phosphorus indicating that they do not represent calcifications which commonly occur following injury and that the  principal anion may be phosphorus. Studies of hemosiderin and ferritin aggregates in lysosomes of macrophages in the same bone marrow samples again reveal similar peaks for iron and phosphorus. The results also indicate the probable similarity of mitochondrial and macrophage deposists although ferritin itself was never identified in the mitochondrial deposits. The results illustrate the potential of this method for diagnostic and investigative pathology.", "PMID": 703261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1407", "title": "Functional, biochemical, and morphologic changes in alveolar macrophages following thoracic x-irradiation.", "content": "Alveolar macrophages lavaged from mice at various times after 1800 rads of thoracic x-irradiation were compared to control mice. Determination of their numbers, size distribution, glass adherence, latex particle uptake, cytochemistry, morphology, protein, phospholipid, and hydrolytic enzyme composition showed that defective bacterial uptake and clearance, which has been demonstrated by other workers, may be related to a transient decrease in their numbers rather than activity. A decrease in numbers is explainable on the basis of a population of radiosensitive precursors in the lung interstitium. The work load in the alveolar space may prolong the duration of their residence in the alveoli as well as increase their size and content of hydrolytic enzymes and ingested surfactant components.", "contents": "Functional, biochemical, and morphologic changes in alveolar macrophages following thoracic x-irradiation. Alveolar macrophages lavaged from mice at various times after 1800 rads of thoracic x-irradiation were compared to control mice. Determination of their numbers, size distribution, glass adherence, latex particle uptake, cytochemistry, morphology, protein, phospholipid, and hydrolytic enzyme composition showed that defective bacterial uptake and clearance, which has been demonstrated by other workers, may be related to a transient decrease in their numbers rather than activity. A decrease in numbers is explainable on the basis of a population of radiosensitive precursors in the lung interstitium. The work load in the alveolar space may prolong the duration of their residence in the alveoli as well as increase their size and content of hydrolytic enzymes and ingested surfactant components.", "PMID": 703262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1408", "title": "Freeze-fracture of membrane fusions in phagocytosing polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "Freeze-fracture of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the process of phagocytosing yeast cells shows changes in storage granule and phagosome membranes essentially similar to those described in mammalian secretroy cells during exocytosis. These changes consist of the clearing of intramembrane particle from limited zones of the fusing granule and phagosome membranes. After the completion of fusion, which leads to the incorporation of storage granule membrane into the phagosome membrane, particle-free patches are no longer visible, but the phagosome membrane contains some loose aggregates of particles. These data suggest that intracellular membrane fusion in polymorphonuclear leukocytes occurs through interaction of protein-depleted areas of the involved membranes.", "contents": "Freeze-fracture of membrane fusions in phagocytosing polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Freeze-fracture of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the process of phagocytosing yeast cells shows changes in storage granule and phagosome membranes essentially similar to those described in mammalian secretroy cells during exocytosis. These changes consist of the clearing of intramembrane particle from limited zones of the fusing granule and phagosome membranes. After the completion of fusion, which leads to the incorporation of storage granule membrane into the phagosome membrane, particle-free patches are no longer visible, but the phagosome membrane contains some loose aggregates of particles. These data suggest that intracellular membrane fusion in polymorphonuclear leukocytes occurs through interaction of protein-depleted areas of the involved membranes.", "PMID": 703264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1409", "title": "Leprosy and ABO blood groups.", "content": "250 patients of Lepromatous and Non-lepromatous Leprosy were studied. The statistical analysis showed that there is no relationship between the blood groups and Lepromatous or Non-lepromatous Leprosy. The results are discussed in comparison with the work of other authors.", "contents": "Leprosy and ABO blood groups. 250 patients of Lepromatous and Non-lepromatous Leprosy were studied. The statistical analysis showed that there is no relationship between the blood groups and Lepromatous or Non-lepromatous Leprosy. The results are discussed in comparison with the work of other authors.", "PMID": 703266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1410", "title": "Syndrome of crocodile tears caused by lepra bacilli.", "content": "A case of the syndrome of crocodile tears as a result of tuberculoid type of leprosy is reported to lend support that the syndrome may be caused by this disease after a long period of its onset.", "contents": "Syndrome of crocodile tears caused by lepra bacilli. A case of the syndrome of crocodile tears as a result of tuberculoid type of leprosy is reported to lend support that the syndrome may be caused by this disease after a long period of its onset.", "PMID": 703267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1411", "title": "Effects of noise and rhythmic stimulation on the speech of stutterers.", "content": "This study was designed to investigate the effects of noise and rhythmic stimulation on stutterers' vocal fundamental frequency, vowel duration, and vocal level, and the relation these variables have to one another and to stuttering during noise and rhythmic stimulation. Measurements of speech variables were obtained from audio and graphic-level recordings and from narrow- and broad-band spectrograms. Results indicated that stuttering was significantly reduced during noise and rhythmic stimulation with the reduction during rhythmic stimulation being significantly greater than the reduction during noise. Decreases in stuttering were correlated with increases in vowel duration during both conditions for seven of nine subjects. We interpret our findings to suggest that temporal changes in speech production are related to the decrease in stuttering that occurs during noise and rhythmic stimulation.", "contents": "Effects of noise and rhythmic stimulation on the speech of stutterers. This study was designed to investigate the effects of noise and rhythmic stimulation on stutterers' vocal fundamental frequency, vowel duration, and vocal level, and the relation these variables have to one another and to stuttering during noise and rhythmic stimulation. Measurements of speech variables were obtained from audio and graphic-level recordings and from narrow- and broad-band spectrograms. Results indicated that stuttering was significantly reduced during noise and rhythmic stimulation with the reduction during rhythmic stimulation being significantly greater than the reduction during noise. Decreases in stuttering were correlated with increases in vowel duration during both conditions for seven of nine subjects. We interpret our findings to suggest that temporal changes in speech production are related to the decrease in stuttering that occurs during noise and rhythmic stimulation.", "PMID": 703271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1412", "title": "Toward measuring how well hearing-impaired children speak.", "content": "Average intelligibility scores for a group of 37 hearing-impaired and two normally hearing adolescents were determined by 50 normal listeners and were compared with nine acoustically measured speech variables. These nine variables included measurements of consonant production, vowel production, and prosody. Regression analysis of the variables showed that three of the speech variables bore a multiple correlation of 0.85 with measured intelligibility scores. Two variables alone, the mean voice-onset-time difference between /t/ and /d/ and the mean second-formant difference between /i/ and /c/, accounted for about 70% of the variance in the intelligibility scores. To cross-validate the reliability of these correlations, intelligibility scores were subsequently predicted for another group of 30 hearing-impaired adolescents and then compared with intelligibility scores as determined by another group of normal listeners. For this second group, the correlation between measured intelligibility scores and predicted scores was 0.86, which indicates that the reliability of the predicting variables is high. Five of the nine variables correlated more highly with measured speech intelligibility than did pure-tone audiometric thresholds. The average speech intelligibility of all 67 hearing-impaired subjects was 76%.", "contents": "Toward measuring how well hearing-impaired children speak. Average intelligibility scores for a group of 37 hearing-impaired and two normally hearing adolescents were determined by 50 normal listeners and were compared with nine acoustically measured speech variables. These nine variables included measurements of consonant production, vowel production, and prosody. Regression analysis of the variables showed that three of the speech variables bore a multiple correlation of 0.85 with measured intelligibility scores. Two variables alone, the mean voice-onset-time difference between /t/ and /d/ and the mean second-formant difference between /i/ and /c/, accounted for about 70% of the variance in the intelligibility scores. To cross-validate the reliability of these correlations, intelligibility scores were subsequently predicted for another group of 30 hearing-impaired adolescents and then compared with intelligibility scores as determined by another group of normal listeners. For this second group, the correlation between measured intelligibility scores and predicted scores was 0.86, which indicates that the reliability of the predicting variables is high. Five of the nine variables correlated more highly with measured speech intelligibility than did pure-tone audiometric thresholds. The average speech intelligibility of all 67 hearing-impaired subjects was 76%.", "PMID": 703272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1413", "title": "Experimental acquisition of wh-questions in language-disordered children.", "content": "Twenty-four language-disordered children were trained, through modeling with a problem-solving set, to produce a question form involving a wh- word-who, what, or where-in a structure requiring either auxiliary is or auxiliary does. Results indicated the subsequent use of the trained auxiliary across wh- words and, to a lesser extent, the subsequent use of untrained as well as trained wh- words. These results suggest that the training of one multioperation structure may result in the acquisition of two partially independent linguistic operations. Such patterns of acquisition could result in an increase in the efficiency of language training.", "contents": "Experimental acquisition of wh-questions in language-disordered children. Twenty-four language-disordered children were trained, through modeling with a problem-solving set, to produce a question form involving a wh- word-who, what, or where-in a structure requiring either auxiliary is or auxiliary does. Results indicated the subsequent use of the trained auxiliary across wh- words and, to a lesser extent, the subsequent use of untrained as well as trained wh- words. These results suggest that the training of one multioperation structure may result in the acquisition of two partially independent linguistic operations. Such patterns of acquisition could result in an increase in the efficiency of language training.", "PMID": 703273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1414", "title": "Vocal roughness and jitter characteristics of vowels produced by esophageal speakers.", "content": "Audiotape recordings of sustained vowels produced by nine esophageal speakers were subjected to acoustic and perceptual analysis. Results indicated that (1) the magnitude of vocal jitter present in the vowels was substantially larger than that observed in normal speakers and speakers with laryngeal/vocal disturbance, (2) listeners could reliably rate the severity of vocal roughness in the vowels, (3) voices of esophageal speakers were characterized by varying degrees of vocal roughness, and (4) mean fundamental frequency, mean jitter, or jitter ratio measures did not serve as useful predictors of the perceived severity of vocal roughness. These findings are interpreted to suggest that the mechanism esophageal speakers employ to regulate fundamental frequency is substantially different from that employed by normal speakers and that the identity of physical variables underlying the perception of roughness severity in naturally produced human speech is not well understood.", "contents": "Vocal roughness and jitter characteristics of vowels produced by esophageal speakers. Audiotape recordings of sustained vowels produced by nine esophageal speakers were subjected to acoustic and perceptual analysis. Results indicated that (1) the magnitude of vocal jitter present in the vowels was substantially larger than that observed in normal speakers and speakers with laryngeal/vocal disturbance, (2) listeners could reliably rate the severity of vocal roughness in the vowels, (3) voices of esophageal speakers were characterized by varying degrees of vocal roughness, and (4) mean fundamental frequency, mean jitter, or jitter ratio measures did not serve as useful predictors of the perceived severity of vocal roughness. These findings are interpreted to suggest that the mechanism esophageal speakers employ to regulate fundamental frequency is substantially different from that employed by normal speakers and that the identity of physical variables underlying the perception of roughness severity in naturally produced human speech is not well understood.", "PMID": 703274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1415", "title": "Some waveform and spectral features of vowel roughness.", "content": "Acoustic wave-period variation (jitter) and acoustic wave-amplitude variation (shimmer) associated with vowel phonations representing a range of vocal roughness were investigated. Twenty normal-speaking adult males phonated each of the vowels /u/, /i/, /v/, /a/, and /ae/, first normally and then with simulated abnormal vocal roughness. Twenty hoarse adult males, each presenting a medically diagnosed laryngeal pathology, also produced each of the five test vowels. To provide a measurable presentation of the frequency and amplitude variations of interest, each recorded vowel was band-pass filtered to isolate the fundamental frequency component. Relations of the jitter and shimmer indices (obtained from the filtered vowel waves) to acoustic spectral noise levels and to roughness ratings for the vowel phonations were studied. The findings supported the hypothesis that increases in vowel acoustic wave variability (estimated by period or amplitude variation or both) are associated with increases in vowel spectral noise levels and perceived vowel roughness. The findings also suggested, for most of the vowels studied, that cyclic peak amplitude variation may provide a better index of perceived roughness than cyclic period variation. Vowel spectral noise levels, however, may provide a more clinically useful indicant of vowel roughness than the waveform variability indices derived from the filtering procedure employed in this study.", "contents": "Some waveform and spectral features of vowel roughness. Acoustic wave-period variation (jitter) and acoustic wave-amplitude variation (shimmer) associated with vowel phonations representing a range of vocal roughness were investigated. Twenty normal-speaking adult males phonated each of the vowels /u/, /i/, /v/, /a/, and /ae/, first normally and then with simulated abnormal vocal roughness. Twenty hoarse adult males, each presenting a medically diagnosed laryngeal pathology, also produced each of the five test vowels. To provide a measurable presentation of the frequency and amplitude variations of interest, each recorded vowel was band-pass filtered to isolate the fundamental frequency component. Relations of the jitter and shimmer indices (obtained from the filtered vowel waves) to acoustic spectral noise levels and to roughness ratings for the vowel phonations were studied. The findings supported the hypothesis that increases in vowel acoustic wave variability (estimated by period or amplitude variation or both) are associated with increases in vowel spectral noise levels and perceived vowel roughness. The findings also suggested, for most of the vowels studied, that cyclic peak amplitude variation may provide a better index of perceived roughness than cyclic period variation. Vowel spectral noise levels, however, may provide a more clinically useful indicant of vowel roughness than the waveform variability indices derived from the filtering procedure employed in this study.", "PMID": 703275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1416", "title": "Correlates of psychological dimensions in talker similarity.", "content": "This investigation identifies correlates of psychological dimensions in talker similarity. Twenty adult male talkers recorded a monosyllabic word, and 13 acoustic measurements were made from spectrograms of each talker's production. All possible pairs of voices were presented to 11 adult listeners for similarity judgments via a paired-comparison paradigm. A four-dimensional INDSCAL analysis of the similarity ratings was employed to derive psychological dimensions of talker similarity. Correlations between the acoustic measurements and the INDSCAL dimensions revealed that fundamental frequency and word duration were moderately correlated with two of the psychological dimensions. The other two dimensions were not convincingly correlated with any of the acoustic measurements, but are best described as representing voice quality and talker age. A listener's familiarity with the talkers did not seem to influence his judgment of voice similarity.", "contents": "Correlates of psychological dimensions in talker similarity. This investigation identifies correlates of psychological dimensions in talker similarity. Twenty adult male talkers recorded a monosyllabic word, and 13 acoustic measurements were made from spectrograms of each talker's production. All possible pairs of voices were presented to 11 adult listeners for similarity judgments via a paired-comparison paradigm. A four-dimensional INDSCAL analysis of the similarity ratings was employed to derive psychological dimensions of talker similarity. Correlations between the acoustic measurements and the INDSCAL dimensions revealed that fundamental frequency and word duration were moderately correlated with two of the psychological dimensions. The other two dimensions were not convincingly correlated with any of the acoustic measurements, but are best described as representing voice quality and talker age. A listener's familiarity with the talkers did not seem to influence his judgment of voice similarity.", "PMID": 703276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1417", "title": "Variation in perioral reflex amplitude prior to lip muscle contraction for speech.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to examine variations in the amplitude of the perioral reflex that may occur during the reaction time interval before voluntary muscle contraction for speech. Four normal adults produced the syllable /wi/ as quickly as possible in response to a low level electric shock while electromyographic recordings of the orbicularis oris inferior muscle (OOI) were made. During the reaction time interval a precise mechanical stretch was applied at the corner of the mouth to elicit the first component of the perioral reflex. Analysis of the resulting data revealed a significant increase in perioral reflex amplitude occurring between 30 and 50 msec before the onset of voluntary OOI contraction. It is concluded that the observed increases in reflex amplitude were the result of increased excitability of brainstem interneurons and/or motoneurons mediating the perioral reflex. The central mechanisms underlying such excitability increases and their significance for understanding speech motor control are discussed.", "contents": "Variation in perioral reflex amplitude prior to lip muscle contraction for speech. The purpose of this study was to examine variations in the amplitude of the perioral reflex that may occur during the reaction time interval before voluntary muscle contraction for speech. Four normal adults produced the syllable /wi/ as quickly as possible in response to a low level electric shock while electromyographic recordings of the orbicularis oris inferior muscle (OOI) were made. During the reaction time interval a precise mechanical stretch was applied at the corner of the mouth to elicit the first component of the perioral reflex. Analysis of the resulting data revealed a significant increase in perioral reflex amplitude occurring between 30 and 50 msec before the onset of voluntary OOI contraction. It is concluded that the observed increases in reflex amplitude were the result of increased excitability of brainstem interneurons and/or motoneurons mediating the perioral reflex. The central mechanisms underlying such excitability increases and their significance for understanding speech motor control are discussed.", "PMID": 703277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1418", "title": "Acoustic-reflex dynamics for pulsed signals.", "content": "Contralateral acoustic-reflex measurements were taken for 10 normal-hearing subjects using a pulsed broadband noise as the reflex-activating signal. Acoustic impedance was measured at selected times during the on (response maximum) and off (response minimum) portions of the pulsed activator over a 2-min interval as a function of activator period and duty cycle. Major findings were that response maxima increased as a function of time for longer duty cycles and that response minima increased as a function of time for all duty cycles. It is hypothesized that these findings are attributable to the recovery characteristics of the stapedius muscle. An explanation of portions of the results from previous temporary threshold shift experiments on the basis of acoustic-reflex dynamics is proposed.", "contents": "Acoustic-reflex dynamics for pulsed signals. Contralateral acoustic-reflex measurements were taken for 10 normal-hearing subjects using a pulsed broadband noise as the reflex-activating signal. Acoustic impedance was measured at selected times during the on (response maximum) and off (response minimum) portions of the pulsed activator over a 2-min interval as a function of activator period and duty cycle. Major findings were that response maxima increased as a function of time for longer duty cycles and that response minima increased as a function of time for all duty cycles. It is hypothesized that these findings are attributable to the recovery characteristics of the stapedius muscle. An explanation of portions of the results from previous temporary threshold shift experiments on the basis of acoustic-reflex dynamics is proposed.", "PMID": 703278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1419", "title": "Central auditory function in stutterers.", "content": "Central auditory function was assessed in 10 stutterers and 10 nonstutterers. Performance of the two groups was compared for seven audiometric procedures including acoustic reflex threshold, acoustic reflex amplitude function, performance intensity function for monosyllabic phonetically balanced (PB) words, performance intensity function for Synthetic Sentence Identification, Synthetic Sentence Identification with Ipsilateral Competing Message, Synthetic Sentence Identification with Contralateral Competing Message, and the Staggered Spondaic Word test. Relative to the control group, the performance of the stuttering group was depressed on three procedures--the acoustic reflex amplitude function, Synthetic Identification with Ipsilateral Competing Message, and Staggered Spondaic Word test. As a group, the stutterers presented evidence of a central auditory deficiency. The pattern of test results suggests a disorder at the brainstem level. The subtlety of the deficiency is emphasized.", "contents": "Central auditory function in stutterers. Central auditory function was assessed in 10 stutterers and 10 nonstutterers. Performance of the two groups was compared for seven audiometric procedures including acoustic reflex threshold, acoustic reflex amplitude function, performance intensity function for monosyllabic phonetically balanced (PB) words, performance intensity function for Synthetic Sentence Identification, Synthetic Sentence Identification with Ipsilateral Competing Message, Synthetic Sentence Identification with Contralateral Competing Message, and the Staggered Spondaic Word test. Relative to the control group, the performance of the stuttering group was depressed on three procedures--the acoustic reflex amplitude function, Synthetic Identification with Ipsilateral Competing Message, and Staggered Spondaic Word test. As a group, the stutterers presented evidence of a central auditory deficiency. The pattern of test results suggests a disorder at the brainstem level. The subtlety of the deficiency is emphasized.", "PMID": 703279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1420", "title": "Measurement of attack-release times in compression hearing aids.", "content": "A system for measurement of attack-release times in hearing aids with automatic-gain-control circuitry is described, with a view toward implementing that portion of the ANSI S3.22-1976 Standard in which parameters for these measurements are specified. Signal generation is accomplished by using a phased-array loudspeaker arrangement designed to produce transient-free pulsed acoustic sinusoids. Output waveforms are captured by a commercial transient recorder, and are displayed in either an oscilloscopic or graphic mode. A specific means of calculating attack and release times is recommended whereby variously shaped output waveforms are amenable to the basic protocol outlined in the ANSI Standard.", "contents": "Measurement of attack-release times in compression hearing aids. A system for measurement of attack-release times in hearing aids with automatic-gain-control circuitry is described, with a view toward implementing that portion of the ANSI S3.22-1976 Standard in which parameters for these measurements are specified. Signal generation is accomplished by using a phased-array loudspeaker arrangement designed to produce transient-free pulsed acoustic sinusoids. Output waveforms are captured by a commercial transient recorder, and are displayed in either an oscilloscopic or graphic mode. A specific means of calculating attack and release times is recommended whereby variously shaped output waveforms are amenable to the basic protocol outlined in the ANSI Standard.", "PMID": 703280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1421", "title": "Presentation by order of difficulty of test tasks to persons with aphasia.", "content": "To determine the effects of arranging test tasks by order of difficulty, two test forms were administered to each of 20 patients with aphasia. The two test forms were split halves of the Porch Index of Communicative Ability. One of the test forms, Form EH, was presented to each patient with the subtests arranged for the individual subject in an order from easy to hard. The other test form, Form HE, was administered to each subject in the hard-to-easy order. There was no significant difference between the performance of the subjects on the Form EH and their performance on Form HE.", "contents": "Presentation by order of difficulty of test tasks to persons with aphasia. To determine the effects of arranging test tasks by order of difficulty, two test forms were administered to each of 20 patients with aphasia. The two test forms were split halves of the Porch Index of Communicative Ability. One of the test forms, Form EH, was presented to each patient with the subtests arranged for the individual subject in an order from easy to hard. The other test form, Form HE, was administered to each subject in the hard-to-easy order. There was no significant difference between the performance of the subjects on the Form EH and their performance on Form HE.", "PMID": 703281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1422", "title": "Intraoral air pressure during the production of /p/ and /b/ by children, youths, and adults.", "content": "Peak intraoral air pressures produced by 12 children (age four to six years), 12 youths (age 10 to 12 years), and 12 adults (age 19 to 46 years) were measured during the production of /p/ and /b/ in 12 stimulus words placed in a carrier phrase. Mean pressures produced by children and youths were similar but significantly higher than those for adults. Pressures associated with /p/ were significantly higher than those associated with /b/ across all age groups. Mean pressures associated with the intervocalic context were significantly higher than for the postvocalic context. An inverse relationship was found between age and variability of intraoral pressure, and the variability of pressure associated with /b/ was greater across all age groups than that associated with /p/.", "contents": "Intraoral air pressure during the production of /p/ and /b/ by children, youths, and adults. Peak intraoral air pressures produced by 12 children (age four to six years), 12 youths (age 10 to 12 years), and 12 adults (age 19 to 46 years) were measured during the production of /p/ and /b/ in 12 stimulus words placed in a carrier phrase. Mean pressures produced by children and youths were similar but significantly higher than those for adults. Pressures associated with /p/ were significantly higher than those associated with /b/ across all age groups. Mean pressures associated with the intervocalic context were significantly higher than for the postvocalic context. An inverse relationship was found between age and variability of intraoral pressure, and the variability of pressure associated with /b/ was greater across all age groups than that associated with /p/.", "PMID": 703282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1423", "title": "Inflectional morphemes in the manual English of young hearing-impaired children and their mothers.", "content": "Spontaneous sign-language samples were collected in a controlled interactive situation from 20 young hearing-impaired children and their mothers. Inflectional morphemes in the samples were described by cher attributes and classified for syntactic function within utterances. Inflectional morpheme productivity did not increase significantly with age; mean manual English morphemes per utterance did increase with age. The first six inflectional morphemes used by the children studied were the same as those used by normal-hearing children. A good predictor of the child's use of inflectional morphemes was the mother's use of these morphemes.", "contents": "Inflectional morphemes in the manual English of young hearing-impaired children and their mothers. Spontaneous sign-language samples were collected in a controlled interactive situation from 20 young hearing-impaired children and their mothers. Inflectional morphemes in the samples were described by cher attributes and classified for syntactic function within utterances. Inflectional morpheme productivity did not increase significantly with age; mean manual English morphemes per utterance did increase with age. The first six inflectional morphemes used by the children studied were the same as those used by normal-hearing children. A good predictor of the child's use of inflectional morphemes was the mother's use of these morphemes.", "PMID": 703283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1424", "title": "Comprehension of inflectional morphemes by deaf children exposed to a visual English sign system.", "content": "A test of morpheme-based concepts was administered to 67 deaf children who were exposed to Seeing Essential English (SEE). Results indicated that these children show the following order of acquisition for the inflectional morphemes tested: plural -s, past tense -ed, present progressive -ing, possessive -'s, third person present indicative -s, comparative -er, superlative -est, and present perfect -en. There were no effects of sex, age, or school from which the subjects were selected. The main contribution to the subjects' performances were their lengths of exposure to SEE.", "contents": "Comprehension of inflectional morphemes by deaf children exposed to a visual English sign system. A test of morpheme-based concepts was administered to 67 deaf children who were exposed to Seeing Essential English (SEE). Results indicated that these children show the following order of acquisition for the inflectional morphemes tested: plural -s, past tense -ed, present progressive -ing, possessive -'s, third person present indicative -s, comparative -er, superlative -est, and present perfect -en. There were no effects of sex, age, or school from which the subjects were selected. The main contribution to the subjects' performances were their lengths of exposure to SEE.", "PMID": 703284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1425", "title": "Relation between sound intensity and the latency and amplitude of the brainstem auditory evoked response.", "content": "This study investigated the relation of peak amplitude and latency to signal intensity for the brainstem auditory evoked response (BSAER). One thousand clicks were presented to obtain each averaged response. Responses were obtained to clicks presented at sensation levels of 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 dB. Five adult males who demonstrated normal hearing served as subjects. Latency and amplitude for various wavelets were plotted against signal intensity. A consistent trend of decreased peak latency occurred with increased signal intensity. Contrary to previous reports, the amplitude of Wavelet V showed a linear growth with increased signal intensity.", "contents": "Relation between sound intensity and the latency and amplitude of the brainstem auditory evoked response. This study investigated the relation of peak amplitude and latency to signal intensity for the brainstem auditory evoked response (BSAER). One thousand clicks were presented to obtain each averaged response. Responses were obtained to clicks presented at sensation levels of 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 dB. Five adult males who demonstrated normal hearing served as subjects. Latency and amplitude for various wavelets were plotted against signal intensity. A consistent trend of decreased peak latency occurred with increased signal intensity. Contrary to previous reports, the amplitude of Wavelet V showed a linear growth with increased signal intensity.", "PMID": 703285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1426", "title": "Effects of signal rise time and frequency on the brainstem auditory evoked response.", "content": "Two experiments studied the effects of signal rise time and frequency on the brainstem auditory evoked response. In Experiment 1, five different rise times were presented, fast (10 microseconds), 0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5 msec at a center frequency of 1000 Hz at three sensation levels, 20, 40, and 60 dB. As rise time was increased, response amplitude and detectability decreased and response latency increased. In Experiment 2, tonal pips were presented at 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 Hz at 40-dB sensation level. Although the effects of frequency and signal rise time were confounded, no frequency effect was apparent.", "contents": "Effects of signal rise time and frequency on the brainstem auditory evoked response. Two experiments studied the effects of signal rise time and frequency on the brainstem auditory evoked response. In Experiment 1, five different rise times were presented, fast (10 microseconds), 0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5 msec at a center frequency of 1000 Hz at three sensation levels, 20, 40, and 60 dB. As rise time was increased, response amplitude and detectability decreased and response latency increased. In Experiment 2, tonal pips were presented at 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 Hz at 40-dB sensation level. Although the effects of frequency and signal rise time were confounded, no frequency effect was apparent.", "PMID": 703286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1427", "title": "Drinking patterns in Western New York State. Comparison with national data.", "content": "A survey of 1041 adults in Western New York State revealed many of the general associations between drinking patterns and selected sociodemographic factors seen nationwide, but the absolute rates of heavy drinking were consistently higher.", "contents": "Drinking patterns in Western New York State. Comparison with national data. A survey of 1041 adults in Western New York State revealed many of the general associations between drinking patterns and selected sociodemographic factors seen nationwide, but the absolute rates of heavy drinking were consistently higher.", "PMID": 703315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1428", "title": "Drinking patterns of greater Boston adults. Subgroups differences on the QFV index.", "content": "A survey of the Boston metropolitan area correlated drinking patterns with sex, age, race, marital status and social class; findings were compared with previous studies in Boston, San Francisco and nationwide.", "contents": "Drinking patterns of greater Boston adults. Subgroups differences on the QFV index. A survey of the Boston metropolitan area correlated drinking patterns with sex, age, race, marital status and social class; findings were compared with previous studies in Boston, San Francisco and nationwide.", "PMID": 703316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1429", "title": "Tribal affiliation and prevalence of alcohol problems.", "content": "Differences in tribal culture, history and settlement may explain why Indians in eastern Oklahoma have lower rates of alcohol-related arrests and deaths than do Indians in the western part of the state.", "contents": "Tribal affiliation and prevalence of alcohol problems. Differences in tribal culture, history and settlement may explain why Indians in eastern Oklahoma have lower rates of alcohol-related arrests and deaths than do Indians in the western part of the state.", "PMID": 703317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1430", "title": "Attitudinal and normative variables as predictors of drinking behavior.", "content": "In a study of three groups of subjects, attitudes toward drinking were positively related to drinking behavior, and personal, but not social, normative beliefs were useful predictors of drinking.", "contents": "Attitudinal and normative variables as predictors of drinking behavior. In a study of three groups of subjects, attitudes toward drinking were positively related to drinking behavior, and personal, but not social, normative beliefs were useful predictors of drinking.", "PMID": 703318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1431", "title": "Effect of intravenous infusion of ethanol on plasma glucose, lactic acid and pyruvic acid concentrations in miniature swine.", "content": "Fructose, infused intravenously with ethanol, alleviated ethanol-induced hypoglycemia in adult miniature swine at all concentrations tested. Increases in plasma lactic acid and pyruvic acid concentrations also were found.", "contents": "Effect of intravenous infusion of ethanol on plasma glucose, lactic acid and pyruvic acid concentrations in miniature swine. Fructose, infused intravenously with ethanol, alleviated ethanol-induced hypoglycemia in adult miniature swine at all concentrations tested. Increases in plasma lactic acid and pyruvic acid concentrations also were found.", "PMID": 703319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1432", "title": "Lower dominance ranking associated with delay in development of aversion to ethanol in mice.", "content": "Mice with a slower development of aversion to 3% ethanol solutions were slower to develop aggressive combat skills. Plasma testosterone levels did not decrease in another similarly treated group.", "contents": "Lower dominance ranking associated with delay in development of aversion to ethanol in mice. Mice with a slower development of aversion to 3% ethanol solutions were slower to develop aggressive combat skills. Plasma testosterone levels did not decrease in another similarly treated group.", "PMID": 703321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1433", "title": "Effect of ethanol on carbohydrate metabolism. II. Influence on glucose tolerance in diabetic rats.", "content": "A single moderate dose (0.4 g per kg of body weight) of ethanol given orally with a glucose load resulted in exaggerated glucose intolerance and inhibition of glucose mediated-insulin response in mildly diabetic rats.", "contents": "Effect of ethanol on carbohydrate metabolism. II. Influence on glucose tolerance in diabetic rats. A single moderate dose (0.4 g per kg of body weight) of ethanol given orally with a glucose load resulted in exaggerated glucose intolerance and inhibition of glucose mediated-insulin response in mildly diabetic rats.", "PMID": 703320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1434", "title": "The alcoholic's spouse, children and family interactions. Substantive findings and methodological issues.", "content": "Literature on the personality characteristics of spouses of alcoholics, on the psychosocial status of children of alcoholics and on alcoholic-spouse and alcoholic--family interactions is reviewed.", "contents": "The alcoholic's spouse, children and family interactions. Substantive findings and methodological issues. Literature on the personality characteristics of spouses of alcoholics, on the psychosocial status of children of alcoholics and on alcoholic-spouse and alcoholic--family interactions is reviewed.", "PMID": 703322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1435", "title": "Correspondence between reports of problem drinkers and spouses on drinking behavior and impairment.", "content": "Correlations between patients' and spouses' reports of drinking were modest when relatively precise measures of drinking were used but stronger when more global measures were used.", "contents": "Correspondence between reports of problem drinkers and spouses on drinking behavior and impairment. Correlations between patients' and spouses' reports of drinking were modest when relatively precise measures of drinking were used but stronger when more global measures were used.", "PMID": 703323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1436", "title": "Empirical derivation of a partial personality typology of alcoholics.", "content": "Based on data from the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire, personality profiles were derived allowing partial classification of 65 to 70% of a group of alcoholics into three categories.", "contents": "Empirical derivation of a partial personality typology of alcoholics. Based on data from the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire, personality profiles were derived allowing partial classification of 65 to 70% of a group of alcoholics into three categories.", "PMID": 703324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1437", "title": "Evaluation of a Salvation Army alcoholism treatment program.", "content": "The functioning and participation of 97 men in a treatment program were analyzed in what was judged to be a cost-effective program for Skid Row alcoholics.", "contents": "Evaluation of a Salvation Army alcoholism treatment program. The functioning and participation of 97 men in a treatment program were analyzed in what was judged to be a cost-effective program for Skid Row alcoholics.", "PMID": 703325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1438", "title": "Arrests, readmissions and treatment following release from detoxication centers.", "content": "Six months following discharge from a detoxication center, almost half of the 522 men studied were arrested, more than half were readmitted to detoxication centers, more than a third entered residential treatment and a quarter began outpatient treatment.", "contents": "Arrests, readmissions and treatment following release from detoxication centers. Six months following discharge from a detoxication center, almost half of the 522 men studied were arrested, more than half were readmitted to detoxication centers, more than a third entered residential treatment and a quarter began outpatient treatment.", "PMID": 703326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1439", "title": "The impact of training on career mobility of alcoholism counselors. A follow-up study.", "content": "Graduates of a training program for alcoholism counselors were more likely to remain in the field of alcoholism treatment than were rejected applicants, but the training did not enhance their career satisfaction and advancement.", "contents": "The impact of training on career mobility of alcoholism counselors. A follow-up study. Graduates of a training program for alcoholism counselors were more likely to remain in the field of alcoholism treatment than were rejected applicants, but the training did not enhance their career satisfaction and advancement.", "PMID": 703327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1440", "title": "Social drinkers' self-regulation of alcohol intake.", "content": "When drinkers attempted to reproduce a particular drug state, the average difference between the two blood alcohol concentrations was 0.013%.", "contents": "Social drinkers' self-regulation of alcohol intake. When drinkers attempted to reproduce a particular drug state, the average difference between the two blood alcohol concentrations was 0.013%.", "PMID": 703328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1441", "title": "Alcohol-related acts of violence: who was drinking and where the acts occurred.", "content": "Most of the alcohol-related acts of violence studied were martial or other common assaults, the former usually occurring in a private residence after the offender or both spouses had been drinking and the latter likely to occur anywhere after the victim had been drinking.", "contents": "Alcohol-related acts of violence: who was drinking and where the acts occurred. Most of the alcohol-related acts of violence studied were martial or other common assaults, the former usually occurring in a private residence after the offender or both spouses had been drinking and the latter likely to occur anywhere after the victim had been drinking.", "PMID": 703329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1442", "title": "Control orientation and disulfiram.", "content": "Alcoholics electing to take disulfiram were significantly more externally oriented, as measured by Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale, than were alcoholics not electing to take disulfiram.", "contents": "Control orientation and disulfiram. Alcoholics electing to take disulfiram were significantly more externally oriented, as measured by Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale, than were alcoholics not electing to take disulfiram.", "PMID": 703330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1443", "title": "Impact on traffic safety of the introduction of Sunday alcohol sales in Perth, Western Australia.", "content": "An analysis of the number of persons killed and casualty accidents in the 3 years before and after the introduction of Sunday sales of alcoholic beverages in Perth, Western Australia, indicates that the new laws had a detrimental effect on traffic safety.", "contents": "Impact on traffic safety of the introduction of Sunday alcohol sales in Perth, Western Australia. An analysis of the number of persons killed and casualty accidents in the 3 years before and after the introduction of Sunday sales of alcoholic beverages in Perth, Western Australia, indicates that the new laws had a detrimental effect on traffic safety.", "PMID": 703332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1444", "title": "Use of breathalyzer scores in the evaluation of persons arrested for driving while intoxicated.", "content": "Because of their moderate correlation with Breathalyzer measurements of blood alcohol concentration, self-reports and clinical judgments of alcohol consumption are unreliable.", "contents": "Use of breathalyzer scores in the evaluation of persons arrested for driving while intoxicated. Because of their moderate correlation with Breathalyzer measurements of blood alcohol concentration, self-reports and clinical judgments of alcohol consumption are unreliable.", "PMID": 703333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1445", "title": "Tracheobronchial mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Clinicopathological features and results of treatment.", "content": "Mucoepidermoid carcinomas of the tracheobronchial tree are extremely uncommon and, as a result, opinions regarding their natural history are conflicting. In an effort to determine whether the tumors are aggressive or relatively benign, we have collected seven well-documented, previously unreported cases from among 4,250 primary pulmonary carcinomas and 116 bronchial adenomas. The two tracheal and five endobronchial lesions presented here include one high-grade and six low-grade tumors. Curative resections were performed, including segmental tracheal resections in two patients, lobectomy in three patients, and pneumonectomy in two patients, and the follow-up is complete to the time of this report. Long-term survivals ranging from 5 to 23 years, averaging 12.8 years, have been achieved in the six patients with a low-grade carcinoma. The one high-grade variant proved fatal within 28 months of diagnosis despite two surgical attempts at control and radiotherapy. It is concluded that these tumors exhibit a spectrum of virulence with low-grade lesions amenable to long-term surgical cure. The optimum treatment of high-grade lesions remains problematical.", "contents": "Tracheobronchial mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Clinicopathological features and results of treatment. Mucoepidermoid carcinomas of the tracheobronchial tree are extremely uncommon and, as a result, opinions regarding their natural history are conflicting. In an effort to determine whether the tumors are aggressive or relatively benign, we have collected seven well-documented, previously unreported cases from among 4,250 primary pulmonary carcinomas and 116 bronchial adenomas. The two tracheal and five endobronchial lesions presented here include one high-grade and six low-grade tumors. Curative resections were performed, including segmental tracheal resections in two patients, lobectomy in three patients, and pneumonectomy in two patients, and the follow-up is complete to the time of this report. Long-term survivals ranging from 5 to 23 years, averaging 12.8 years, have been achieved in the six patients with a low-grade carcinoma. The one high-grade variant proved fatal within 28 months of diagnosis despite two surgical attempts at control and radiotherapy. It is concluded that these tumors exhibit a spectrum of virulence with low-grade lesions amenable to long-term surgical cure. The optimum treatment of high-grade lesions remains problematical.", "PMID": 703349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1446", "title": "Endobronchial lymphoscintigraphy (EBLS). New diagnostic modality.", "content": "A safe, simple method of visualizing deep intrathoracic lymph nodes and determining regional tracheobronchial lymphatic drainage with colloidal radionuclides has been developed. The tracer is injected submucosally via a bronchoscope and lymph node scanning is performed at least 2 hours later. The technique was developed and tested in seven canine experiments. Endobronchial lymphoscintigraphy (EBLS) has been performed in 43 patients undergoing routine bronchoscopic examination. 99mTc phytate, 198Au colloid, and 99mTc antimony sulfide have been used; the last appears to have been the most satisfactory. The primary lymphatic drainage from selected sites of the tracheobronchial tree could be determined. Up to five lymph nodes have been visualized, with an average of 2.1 lymph nodes seen in those patients with lymph node visualization. Four patterns of lymphatic drainage were seen; ipsilateral ascending, contralateral ascending, descending, and no spread of injected colloid. In some cases cervical and celiac lymph nodes were seen. In combination with conventional diagnostic methods, EBLS in many cases clarified the extent and nature of underlying disease.", "contents": "Endobronchial lymphoscintigraphy (EBLS). New diagnostic modality. A safe, simple method of visualizing deep intrathoracic lymph nodes and determining regional tracheobronchial lymphatic drainage with colloidal radionuclides has been developed. The tracer is injected submucosally via a bronchoscope and lymph node scanning is performed at least 2 hours later. The technique was developed and tested in seven canine experiments. Endobronchial lymphoscintigraphy (EBLS) has been performed in 43 patients undergoing routine bronchoscopic examination. 99mTc phytate, 198Au colloid, and 99mTc antimony sulfide have been used; the last appears to have been the most satisfactory. The primary lymphatic drainage from selected sites of the tracheobronchial tree could be determined. Up to five lymph nodes have been visualized, with an average of 2.1 lymph nodes seen in those patients with lymph node visualization. Four patterns of lymphatic drainage were seen; ipsilateral ascending, contralateral ascending, descending, and no spread of injected colloid. In some cases cervical and celiac lymph nodes were seen. In combination with conventional diagnostic methods, EBLS in many cases clarified the extent and nature of underlying disease.", "PMID": 703350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1447", "title": "Tracheal growth and healing.", "content": "Studies of tracheal growth in the rat, puppy, and human being indicate that there is a linear relationship between body weight and tracheal cross-sectional area. Each tracheal cartilage grows continuously, and there appear to be no growth centers. Each cartilage enlarges by proliferation of chondrocytes on the convex surface and resorption of cartilage on the concave surface. Vertical incisions in the trachea heal by fibrous union without interruption of growth. These studies indicate that there is no optimal age for surgical repair of subglottic stenosis, since growth is constant and is not interrupted by vertical incisions in the tracheal rings.", "contents": "Tracheal growth and healing. Studies of tracheal growth in the rat, puppy, and human being indicate that there is a linear relationship between body weight and tracheal cross-sectional area. Each tracheal cartilage grows continuously, and there appear to be no growth centers. Each cartilage enlarges by proliferation of chondrocytes on the convex surface and resorption of cartilage on the concave surface. Vertical incisions in the trachea heal by fibrous union without interruption of growth. These studies indicate that there is no optimal age for surgical repair of subglottic stenosis, since growth is constant and is not interrupted by vertical incisions in the tracheal rings.", "PMID": 703351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1448", "title": "Reasonable surgery for thoracic neuroblastoma in infants and children.", "content": "Neuroblastoma is the most commonly encountered soft tissue malignant tumor of childhood. Over the past 30 years we have treated 180 patients with neuroblastoma. Sixty-five percent had primary abdominal tumors and 20 percent (41 patients) had primary chest tumors. For the 22 patients under the age of 2 years, the 2 year survival rate was 87 percent. There were 19 patients who were 2 years of age or older, and of these only seven patients have survived 2 years after the diagnosis was made. The vast majority of these patients were treated with surgery (debulking type procedure) and postoperative radiation and chemotherapy. Patients with the most differentiated tumors had a remarkably good survival rate, with no deaths. However, the tumors with lesser differentiation did not stratify enough focus to draw conclusions as to survival. Staging correlated the least with survival when compared to age or grading. The 2 year survival rates for patients with Stage I, II, III, IV, and IV-S disease were 75, 82, 100, 17, and 80 percent, respectively. In conclusion, 41 cases of documented primary thoracic neuroblastoma are reviewed, with follow-up from 2 to 27 years (average 9.3 years). We have concluded from this experience that age is the main determining factor influencing survival. Heroic and/or radical surgery is contraindicated in this disease.", "contents": "Reasonable surgery for thoracic neuroblastoma in infants and children. Neuroblastoma is the most commonly encountered soft tissue malignant tumor of childhood. Over the past 30 years we have treated 180 patients with neuroblastoma. Sixty-five percent had primary abdominal tumors and 20 percent (41 patients) had primary chest tumors. For the 22 patients under the age of 2 years, the 2 year survival rate was 87 percent. There were 19 patients who were 2 years of age or older, and of these only seven patients have survived 2 years after the diagnosis was made. The vast majority of these patients were treated with surgery (debulking type procedure) and postoperative radiation and chemotherapy. Patients with the most differentiated tumors had a remarkably good survival rate, with no deaths. However, the tumors with lesser differentiation did not stratify enough focus to draw conclusions as to survival. Staging correlated the least with survival when compared to age or grading. The 2 year survival rates for patients with Stage I, II, III, IV, and IV-S disease were 75, 82, 100, 17, and 80 percent, respectively. In conclusion, 41 cases of documented primary thoracic neuroblastoma are reviewed, with follow-up from 2 to 27 years (average 9.3 years). We have concluded from this experience that age is the main determining factor influencing survival. Heroic and/or radical surgery is contraindicated in this disease.", "PMID": 703352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1449", "title": "Effect of pulmonary microembolism on arteriovenous shunt flow.", "content": "The effects of acute pulmonary hypertension on the fraction of cardiac output shunted through pulmonary arteriovenous communications have been studied in dogs as a possible cause of hypoxia following pulmonary embolization. Pulmonary artery pressure was increased twofold and then fourfold above control values by embolization of the pulmonary vascular bed with polystyrene microspheres. Quantitative measurements of arteriovenous shunt were determined from the fraction of 50 mu radioactively labeled microspheres injected into the inferior vena cava which passed through the pulmonary circulation into systemic vascular beds. There was no increase in the fraction of pulmonary blood flow passing through pulmonary arteriovenous connections, 50 mu in diameter or greater, with pulmonary microembolism when FIo2 was 1. There was a small increase in arteriovenous shunt fraction when pulmonary artery pressure was increased with an FIo2 of 0.21. Physiological shunt measured by the oxygen technique did not increase with pulmonary embolism, but total venous admixture rose significantly. Postmortem gravimetric measurements of lung water indicated pulmonary edema. We conclude that anatomic arteriovenous shunt channels have little physiological significance after pulmonary microembolism in the dog lung. The major cause of hypoxia immediately after pulmonary microembolism is ventilation/perfusion imbalance, probably caused by pulmonary edema.", "contents": "Effect of pulmonary microembolism on arteriovenous shunt flow. The effects of acute pulmonary hypertension on the fraction of cardiac output shunted through pulmonary arteriovenous communications have been studied in dogs as a possible cause of hypoxia following pulmonary embolization. Pulmonary artery pressure was increased twofold and then fourfold above control values by embolization of the pulmonary vascular bed with polystyrene microspheres. Quantitative measurements of arteriovenous shunt were determined from the fraction of 50 mu radioactively labeled microspheres injected into the inferior vena cava which passed through the pulmonary circulation into systemic vascular beds. There was no increase in the fraction of pulmonary blood flow passing through pulmonary arteriovenous connections, 50 mu in diameter or greater, with pulmonary microembolism when FIo2 was 1. There was a small increase in arteriovenous shunt fraction when pulmonary artery pressure was increased with an FIo2 of 0.21. Physiological shunt measured by the oxygen technique did not increase with pulmonary embolism, but total venous admixture rose significantly. Postmortem gravimetric measurements of lung water indicated pulmonary edema. We conclude that anatomic arteriovenous shunt channels have little physiological significance after pulmonary microembolism in the dog lung. The major cause of hypoxia immediately after pulmonary microembolism is ventilation/perfusion imbalance, probably caused by pulmonary edema.", "PMID": 703353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1450", "title": "Sequential evaluation of DNCB reactivity in patients with primary lung cancer. Correlation with prognosis.", "content": "Delayed hypersensitivity reactions before therapy in 137 patients with lung cancer and in 50 patients with benign thoracic lesions were evaluated by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) contact sensitization using the patch test. Ninety-eight percent (49/50) of control patients and 46 percent (62/137) of patients with lung cancer were sensitized by 250 mug of DNCB. There was an excellent correlation between the initial reactivity to DNCB and resectability. In patients with resectable lung cancer, preoperative DNCB reactivity has no prognostic value. However, an excellent correlation was found between postoperative reactivity and 2 year survival, i.e., conversion from unresponsive to responsive status was observed on sequential testing. In 15 of 74 patients with resectable disease, the conversion was noted postoperatively, and among 12 patients followed for 2 years, only two patients had died. Conversion from a reactive to nonreactive status to DNCB occurred only in the terminal stage of the disease. From these observations, we found that, in order to evaluate the afferent limb of cellular immunity in patients with lung cancer who have once expressed reactivity to DNCB, one must use some new sensitizing agents which show no cross-sensitivity with each other thereafter.", "contents": "Sequential evaluation of DNCB reactivity in patients with primary lung cancer. Correlation with prognosis. Delayed hypersensitivity reactions before therapy in 137 patients with lung cancer and in 50 patients with benign thoracic lesions were evaluated by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) contact sensitization using the patch test. Ninety-eight percent (49/50) of control patients and 46 percent (62/137) of patients with lung cancer were sensitized by 250 mug of DNCB. There was an excellent correlation between the initial reactivity to DNCB and resectability. In patients with resectable lung cancer, preoperative DNCB reactivity has no prognostic value. However, an excellent correlation was found between postoperative reactivity and 2 year survival, i.e., conversion from unresponsive to responsive status was observed on sequential testing. In 15 of 74 patients with resectable disease, the conversion was noted postoperatively, and among 12 patients followed for 2 years, only two patients had died. Conversion from a reactive to nonreactive status to DNCB occurred only in the terminal stage of the disease. From these observations, we found that, in order to evaluate the afferent limb of cellular immunity in patients with lung cancer who have once expressed reactivity to DNCB, one must use some new sensitizing agents which show no cross-sensitivity with each other thereafter.", "PMID": 703354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1451", "title": "Assessment of the isolated right atrium as a pump.", "content": "The ability of the hemodynamically isolated dog right atrium to pump against a resistance equivalent to normal pulmonary artery pressure was tested in an in vivo preparation. At a preload of 10 mm. Hg, the right atrium reached a peak systolic pressure of 18.2 mm. Hg (+/- 1.3 S.E.M.) against an afterload of 12 mm. Hg, but it could eject a flow only equivalent to 53 percent (+/-6) of the dog's cardiac output (n = 6). At a preload of 15 mm. Hg, a peak systolic pressure of 21.5 mm. Hg (+/- 0.8) was recorded against an afterload of 17 mm. Hg, but again, only 55 percent +/-5) of the dog's cardiac output was ejected. It appears that the cardiac output from the nonhypertrophied right atrium is limited by the strength of the right atrial contraction and the physiological limits imposed by the venous driving pressure.", "contents": "Assessment of the isolated right atrium as a pump. The ability of the hemodynamically isolated dog right atrium to pump against a resistance equivalent to normal pulmonary artery pressure was tested in an in vivo preparation. At a preload of 10 mm. Hg, the right atrium reached a peak systolic pressure of 18.2 mm. Hg (+/- 1.3 S.E.M.) against an afterload of 12 mm. Hg, but it could eject a flow only equivalent to 53 percent (+/-6) of the dog's cardiac output (n = 6). At a preload of 15 mm. Hg, a peak systolic pressure of 21.5 mm. Hg (+/- 0.8) was recorded against an afterload of 17 mm. Hg, but again, only 55 percent +/-5) of the dog's cardiac output was ejected. It appears that the cardiac output from the nonhypertrophied right atrium is limited by the strength of the right atrial contraction and the physiological limits imposed by the venous driving pressure.", "PMID": 703355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1452", "title": "Use of microporous expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts for aorta-pulmonary shunts in infants with complex cyanotic heart disease. A report of seven cases.", "content": "Seven cyanotic infants in our institution have undergone central aorta--pulmonary artery shunt operations with a microporous expanded polytetrafluoroethlene (PTFE) graft. All of these patients have had pulmonary atresia, in four cases associated with endocardial cushion type defects. Four patients have had excellent palliation for up to 13 months. Congestive heart failure and kinking of the pulmonary artery, frequently seen with other types of central aorta-pulmonary shunts, have not been a problem. Until further experience is gained with this procedure, however, we reserve its use to the occasional cyanotic infant in whom neither open-heart repair or the Blalock-Taussig shunt is feasible.", "contents": "Use of microporous expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts for aorta-pulmonary shunts in infants with complex cyanotic heart disease. A report of seven cases. Seven cyanotic infants in our institution have undergone central aorta--pulmonary artery shunt operations with a microporous expanded polytetrafluoroethlene (PTFE) graft. All of these patients have had pulmonary atresia, in four cases associated with endocardial cushion type defects. Four patients have had excellent palliation for up to 13 months. Congestive heart failure and kinking of the pulmonary artery, frequently seen with other types of central aorta-pulmonary shunts, have not been a problem. Until further experience is gained with this procedure, however, we reserve its use to the occasional cyanotic infant in whom neither open-heart repair or the Blalock-Taussig shunt is feasible.", "PMID": 703356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1453", "title": "Use of temporarily placed epicardial atrial wire electrodes for the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias following open-heart surgery.", "content": "We retrospectively assessed our experience with the use of bipolar atrial epicardial electrodes in 70 consecutive patients following open-heart surgery. These patients, representing 1 month's experience on one of our cardiac surgical services, are a random sample of our total experience with more than 6.000 patients in whom we have routinely placed such electrodes. The atrial wire electrodes were used diagnostically and/or therapeutically in 57 patients a total of 139 times. In only 13 patients were the atrial wires not used for any reason. Atrial electrograms were recorded 63 times in 34 patients, 41 times to establish a diagnosis of an arrhythmia and 22 times to confirm the diagnosis of an arrhythmia originally suspected from interpretation of a standard or monitor electrocardiogram (ECG). Atrial pacing was used to treat abnormalities of rhythm or conduction or both in 75 instances in 49 of the 70 patients. Because of their great utility in the diagnosis and treatment of arrhythmias, we conclude that routine placement of atrial wire electrodes at the time of operation is indicated regardless of the nature of the open-heart procedure or the preoperative rhythm.", "contents": "Use of temporarily placed epicardial atrial wire electrodes for the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias following open-heart surgery. We retrospectively assessed our experience with the use of bipolar atrial epicardial electrodes in 70 consecutive patients following open-heart surgery. These patients, representing 1 month's experience on one of our cardiac surgical services, are a random sample of our total experience with more than 6.000 patients in whom we have routinely placed such electrodes. The atrial wire electrodes were used diagnostically and/or therapeutically in 57 patients a total of 139 times. In only 13 patients were the atrial wires not used for any reason. Atrial electrograms were recorded 63 times in 34 patients, 41 times to establish a diagnosis of an arrhythmia and 22 times to confirm the diagnosis of an arrhythmia originally suspected from interpretation of a standard or monitor electrocardiogram (ECG). Atrial pacing was used to treat abnormalities of rhythm or conduction or both in 75 instances in 49 of the 70 patients. Because of their great utility in the diagnosis and treatment of arrhythmias, we conclude that routine placement of atrial wire electrodes at the time of operation is indicated regardless of the nature of the open-heart procedure or the preoperative rhythm.", "PMID": 703357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1454", "title": "Quantitative evaluation of myocardial ultrastructure following hypothermic anoxic arrest.", "content": "Thirty-six anesthetized mongrel dogs were subjected to systemic hypothermia and anoxic cardiac arrest while on cardiopulmonary bypass. Myocardial fine structure in the left ventricle was evaluated by quantitative analysis in the subepicardial, mid-myocardial, and subendocardial layers. The specimens were obtained by a transmural myocardial biopsy method. Graded hypothermia was employed at 36 degrees, 30 degrees, 28 degrees, 25 degrees, and 22 degrees C. The aorta was cross-clamped for 30 minutes at 36 degrees, 30 degrees, 28 degrees, and 25 degrees C. or for 45 minutes at 25 degrees and 22 degrees C. Observations indicated that pathological changes of the myocardial fine structure were significant after anoxic arrest in the normothermic group. Lesions were most extensive in the subendocardial layer after normothermic anoxic arrest, whereas hypothermia below 30 degrees C. preserved the myocardium throughout all layers without difference in pathological changes in the fine structure among the layers. Mitochondria and glycogen granules in the mid-myocardial layer and the subendocardial layer were best preserved with hypothermia at 25 degrees and 22 degrees C. after 30 minutes or 45 minutes of anoxic arrest, and dogs in these groups had a survival rate of 100 percent. Quantitative analysis of ultrastructural changes induced in these experiments suggest that a safe duration of anoxic arrest at 22 degrees to 25 degrees C. is between 30 and 45 minutes.", "contents": "Quantitative evaluation of myocardial ultrastructure following hypothermic anoxic arrest. Thirty-six anesthetized mongrel dogs were subjected to systemic hypothermia and anoxic cardiac arrest while on cardiopulmonary bypass. Myocardial fine structure in the left ventricle was evaluated by quantitative analysis in the subepicardial, mid-myocardial, and subendocardial layers. The specimens were obtained by a transmural myocardial biopsy method. Graded hypothermia was employed at 36 degrees, 30 degrees, 28 degrees, 25 degrees, and 22 degrees C. The aorta was cross-clamped for 30 minutes at 36 degrees, 30 degrees, 28 degrees, and 25 degrees C. or for 45 minutes at 25 degrees and 22 degrees C. Observations indicated that pathological changes of the myocardial fine structure were significant after anoxic arrest in the normothermic group. Lesions were most extensive in the subendocardial layer after normothermic anoxic arrest, whereas hypothermia below 30 degrees C. preserved the myocardium throughout all layers without difference in pathological changes in the fine structure among the layers. Mitochondria and glycogen granules in the mid-myocardial layer and the subendocardial layer were best preserved with hypothermia at 25 degrees and 22 degrees C. after 30 minutes or 45 minutes of anoxic arrest, and dogs in these groups had a survival rate of 100 percent. Quantitative analysis of ultrastructural changes induced in these experiments suggest that a safe duration of anoxic arrest at 22 degrees to 25 degrees C. is between 30 and 45 minutes.", "PMID": 703359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1455", "title": "Effect of intra-aortic balloon pumping on nutrient coronary flow in normal and ischemic myocardium.", "content": "The effects of intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP) on myocardial flow distribution were studied in 50 dogs. Cardiac output was controlled by right heart bypass. In each dog the following parameters were measured with and without IABP during normal coronary perfusion and after regional ischemia was induced by anterior descending coronary vein flow by timed collection, and endocardial/epicardial flow ratios by a previously reported thermal washout technique. In nonischemic myocardium, IABP significantly (p less than 0.05) increased mean coronary sinus flow 11.5 percent +/- 5.8 percent (S.D.) and the mean endocardial/epicardial ratio, 17.3 percent +/- 0.28 percent. In the regionally ischemic myocardium, IABP significantly (p less than 0.05) increased mean segmental coronary vein flow 13.9 percent +/- 1.23 percent but decreased the endocardial/epicardial ratio 29.9 percent +/- 1.1 percent. We conclude that in the dog, IABP enhances subendocardial blood flow in perfused but not in ischemic myocardium. Contrary to common suppositions, the increase in collateral blood flow with IABP preferentially supplies epicardial layers in segmental ischemic zones, but may be shunted from the subendocardium.", "contents": "Effect of intra-aortic balloon pumping on nutrient coronary flow in normal and ischemic myocardium. The effects of intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP) on myocardial flow distribution were studied in 50 dogs. Cardiac output was controlled by right heart bypass. In each dog the following parameters were measured with and without IABP during normal coronary perfusion and after regional ischemia was induced by anterior descending coronary vein flow by timed collection, and endocardial/epicardial flow ratios by a previously reported thermal washout technique. In nonischemic myocardium, IABP significantly (p less than 0.05) increased mean coronary sinus flow 11.5 percent +/- 5.8 percent (S.D.) and the mean endocardial/epicardial ratio, 17.3 percent +/- 0.28 percent. In the regionally ischemic myocardium, IABP significantly (p less than 0.05) increased mean segmental coronary vein flow 13.9 percent +/- 1.23 percent but decreased the endocardial/epicardial ratio 29.9 percent +/- 1.1 percent. We conclude that in the dog, IABP enhances subendocardial blood flow in perfused but not in ischemic myocardium. Contrary to common suppositions, the increase in collateral blood flow with IABP preferentially supplies epicardial layers in segmental ischemic zones, but may be shunted from the subendocardium.", "PMID": 703360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1456", "title": "False aneurysm of the left ventricle. Surgical treatment.", "content": "The clinical and pathological features in three cases of false aneurysm of the left ventricle are reported. In two instances the condition developed after myocardial infarction, and in the third case a mycotic pseudoaneurysm developed after purulent pericarditis. All three patients were in intractable heart failure before urgent operation. The correct diagnosis was established preoperatively by angiography. In all three cases the aneurysms were successfully resected and the left ventricle reconstructed. An aggressive surgical approach is warranted in the management of this lesion.", "contents": "False aneurysm of the left ventricle. Surgical treatment. The clinical and pathological features in three cases of false aneurysm of the left ventricle are reported. In two instances the condition developed after myocardial infarction, and in the third case a mycotic pseudoaneurysm developed after purulent pericarditis. All three patients were in intractable heart failure before urgent operation. The correct diagnosis was established preoperatively by angiography. In all three cases the aneurysms were successfully resected and the left ventricle reconstructed. An aggressive surgical approach is warranted in the management of this lesion.", "PMID": 703362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1457", "title": "Mediastinal masses of vascular origin. A review.", "content": "Vascular lesions must be considered in the differential diagnosis of mediastinal masses. Knowledge of the vascular anatomy of the mediastinum and the clinical setting, as well as an awareness of key radiographic features, should suggest the vascular origin and guide appropriate diagnostic imaging. Although angiography is used most often, radionuclide flow studies and computed tomographic scanning may also be useful.", "contents": "Mediastinal masses of vascular origin. A review. Vascular lesions must be considered in the differential diagnosis of mediastinal masses. Knowledge of the vascular anatomy of the mediastinum and the clinical setting, as well as an awareness of key radiographic features, should suggest the vascular origin and guide appropriate diagnostic imaging. Although angiography is used most often, radionuclide flow studies and computed tomographic scanning may also be useful.", "PMID": 703363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1458", "title": "Effect of cross-clamp time, temperature, and cardioplegic agents on myocardial function after induced arrest.", "content": "To evaluate the importance of time, temperature, and cardioplegia on the ability of the canine myocardium to maintain functional and ultrastructural integrity following induced arrest, we studied 220 dogs by varying myocardial temperature (34 degrees, 24 degrees, and 11 degrees C.), arrest time (0 to 120 minutes), and cardioplegic agents. Change in left ventricular function (LVF) was defined as the arithmetic difference in the center of mass between prearrest and postarrest LVF curves and was expressed as percent recovery of left ventricular stroke work. Left ventricular biopsies were obtained for semiquantitative electron microscopic analysis. After 90 minutes of cross-clamping, only hearts protected with combined hypothermia (H) and potassium-induced cardioplegia (K) significantly recovered prearrest function (24 degrees C.--80 percent, 11 degrees C.--99 percent). Hypothermia (H) alone for 90 minutes was less protective (24 degrees C.--49 percent, 11 degrees C.--59 percent). H preserved 84 percent of function after 60 minutes and 91 percent after 45 minutes. Normothermic arrest resulted in only 39 percent return of function at 45 minutes but could be extended with potassium-induced cardioplegia(K) to 78 percent at 60 minutes and 54 percent at 90 minutes. The addition of procaine plus HK improved protection over HK alone (95 percent versus 80 percent) but by itself was not effective. Neither hydrocortisone nor pretreatment with glucose-insulin-potassium, branched chain amino acids, or propranolol increased the protective effect of HK plus procaine. Inadequately protected groups (normothermia or H without K) showed more myocytic and capillary endothelial damage than the HK groups. No technique of myocardial protection studied completely preserved LVF, but the combination of HK plus procaine resulted in maximal recovery of LVF following cross-clamping for up to 120 minutes.", "contents": "Effect of cross-clamp time, temperature, and cardioplegic agents on myocardial function after induced arrest. To evaluate the importance of time, temperature, and cardioplegia on the ability of the canine myocardium to maintain functional and ultrastructural integrity following induced arrest, we studied 220 dogs by varying myocardial temperature (34 degrees, 24 degrees, and 11 degrees C.), arrest time (0 to 120 minutes), and cardioplegic agents. Change in left ventricular function (LVF) was defined as the arithmetic difference in the center of mass between prearrest and postarrest LVF curves and was expressed as percent recovery of left ventricular stroke work. Left ventricular biopsies were obtained for semiquantitative electron microscopic analysis. After 90 minutes of cross-clamping, only hearts protected with combined hypothermia (H) and potassium-induced cardioplegia (K) significantly recovered prearrest function (24 degrees C.--80 percent, 11 degrees C.--99 percent). Hypothermia (H) alone for 90 minutes was less protective (24 degrees C.--49 percent, 11 degrees C.--59 percent). H preserved 84 percent of function after 60 minutes and 91 percent after 45 minutes. Normothermic arrest resulted in only 39 percent return of function at 45 minutes but could be extended with potassium-induced cardioplegia(K) to 78 percent at 60 minutes and 54 percent at 90 minutes. The addition of procaine plus HK improved protection over HK alone (95 percent versus 80 percent) but by itself was not effective. Neither hydrocortisone nor pretreatment with glucose-insulin-potassium, branched chain amino acids, or propranolol increased the protective effect of HK plus procaine. Inadequately protected groups (normothermia or H without K) showed more myocytic and capillary endothelial damage than the HK groups. No technique of myocardial protection studied completely preserved LVF, but the combination of HK plus procaine resulted in maximal recovery of LVF following cross-clamping for up to 120 minutes.", "PMID": 703364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1459", "title": "Surgical correction of chronic postembolic obstructions of the pulmonary arteries.", "content": "Following episodes of pulmonary embolism, the presence of thrombi in the pulmonary arteries leads to severe respiratory insufficiency and chronic right heart failure. We have operated upon 16 such patients, nine men and seven women from 23 to 68 years of age. All had severe dyspnea, 14 had chronic cor pulmonale, six had mental disturbances with syncope, and four had severe cardiac failure. The presence of clots was demonstrated by pulmonary angiography, and the permeability of the distal arterial bed was ascertained by selective injection of the bronchial arteries. In all cases but two a lateral thoracotomy was used so that the obstructed arterial branches could be approached distally. The inferior vena cava was always ligated to prevent recurrences. There were six operative deaths, three from cardiac failure, one from acute pulmonary edema, one from hemothorax, and one following a pyothorax. Ten patients are surviving after 6 months to 10 years. One is still limited because of significant pleuropulmonary sequelae. Six are enjoying good results with marked improvement in their functional limitations, a significant drop in the pulmonary artery pressure, and radiological permeability of previously obstructed arteries. Three are excellent condition--completely asymptomatic.", "contents": "Surgical correction of chronic postembolic obstructions of the pulmonary arteries. Following episodes of pulmonary embolism, the presence of thrombi in the pulmonary arteries leads to severe respiratory insufficiency and chronic right heart failure. We have operated upon 16 such patients, nine men and seven women from 23 to 68 years of age. All had severe dyspnea, 14 had chronic cor pulmonale, six had mental disturbances with syncope, and four had severe cardiac failure. The presence of clots was demonstrated by pulmonary angiography, and the permeability of the distal arterial bed was ascertained by selective injection of the bronchial arteries. In all cases but two a lateral thoracotomy was used so that the obstructed arterial branches could be approached distally. The inferior vena cava was always ligated to prevent recurrences. There were six operative deaths, three from cardiac failure, one from acute pulmonary edema, one from hemothorax, and one following a pyothorax. Ten patients are surviving after 6 months to 10 years. One is still limited because of significant pleuropulmonary sequelae. Six are enjoying good results with marked improvement in their functional limitations, a significant drop in the pulmonary artery pressure, and radiological permeability of previously obstructed arteries. Three are excellent condition--completely asymptomatic.", "PMID": 703366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1460", "title": "Conservative management of uremic pericardial effusions.", "content": "Although there has been a recent trend toward early operative treatment of uremic pericardial effusions unresponsive to intensified dialysis, this approach may be unnecessarily aggressive. Review of 787 patients in our chronic dialysis program since 1969 has shown 54 patients (6.9 percent) to have developed 56 episodes of large pericardial effusion. All were managed by increasing the frequency of dialysis. If the effusion failed to diminish or if life-threatening signs of tamponade developed, pericardiocentesis was performed. In 63 percent (35/56) the effusion resolved with increased dialysis. In 37 percent (21/56), pericardiocentesis was performed, with 57 percent (12/21) requiring only one aspiration. During a mean follow-up of 34 months (2 to 100 months) only 5.5 percent (3/54) have undergone operation: one partial pericardiectomy incidental to pulmonary decortication and two pericardiectomies for late (3 months and 5 months, respectively) constriction. There were five complications of pericardiocentesis: one pneumothorax, one pneumoperitoneum, one costochondritis, and two myocardial punctures without sequelae. The one death related to pericardial effusion in this series occurred in a home-dialysis patient who arrived in the emergency room moribund. Our experience suggests that the great majority of uremic pericardial effusions can be effectively controlled with simple needle aspiration by experienced personnel and that pericardial resection is usually not necessary.", "contents": "Conservative management of uremic pericardial effusions. Although there has been a recent trend toward early operative treatment of uremic pericardial effusions unresponsive to intensified dialysis, this approach may be unnecessarily aggressive. Review of 787 patients in our chronic dialysis program since 1969 has shown 54 patients (6.9 percent) to have developed 56 episodes of large pericardial effusion. All were managed by increasing the frequency of dialysis. If the effusion failed to diminish or if life-threatening signs of tamponade developed, pericardiocentesis was performed. In 63 percent (35/56) the effusion resolved with increased dialysis. In 37 percent (21/56), pericardiocentesis was performed, with 57 percent (12/21) requiring only one aspiration. During a mean follow-up of 34 months (2 to 100 months) only 5.5 percent (3/54) have undergone operation: one partial pericardiectomy incidental to pulmonary decortication and two pericardiectomies for late (3 months and 5 months, respectively) constriction. There were five complications of pericardiocentesis: one pneumothorax, one pneumoperitoneum, one costochondritis, and two myocardial punctures without sequelae. The one death related to pericardial effusion in this series occurred in a home-dialysis patient who arrived in the emergency room moribund. Our experience suggests that the great majority of uremic pericardial effusions can be effectively controlled with simple needle aspiration by experienced personnel and that pericardial resection is usually not necessary.", "PMID": 703367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1461", "title": "Role of angiography in cervicothoracic trauma.", "content": "The role of angiography in cervicothoracic trauma is controversial. Since 1967 the policy at San Francisco General Hospital has been to use liberal indications for angiography in hemodynamically stable patients with either penetrating or blunt cervicothoracic trauma. The 304 patients in Group 1 had emergency angiographic evaluation: 102 had penetrating cervical wounds: 202 had thoracic injuries-71 penetrating and 131 blunt trauma. During the same time period, 72 patients (Group II) had cervical or thoracic vascular injuries and underwent operative treatment without preoperative angiography. Sixty-six patients in Group 1 had significant vascular injury. Thirty patients with penetrating cervical injury had 38 vascular lesions. Thirty-six patients with gunshot or blunt chest trauma had 43 vascular lesions. Group II patients had two main indications for operation: exanguinating hemorrhage (45 patients) or suspected vascular injury, usually associated with hemorrhage (27 patients). Angiographic results were useful whether abnormal or normal. In cases with adnormal findings operative treatment was specific and improper incisions were avoided. In cases with normal angiographic results, clarification of the vascular status avoided unnecessary operations and permitted concentration of therapeutic effort upon the main clinical problems of the patients.", "contents": "Role of angiography in cervicothoracic trauma. The role of angiography in cervicothoracic trauma is controversial. Since 1967 the policy at San Francisco General Hospital has been to use liberal indications for angiography in hemodynamically stable patients with either penetrating or blunt cervicothoracic trauma. The 304 patients in Group 1 had emergency angiographic evaluation: 102 had penetrating cervical wounds: 202 had thoracic injuries-71 penetrating and 131 blunt trauma. During the same time period, 72 patients (Group II) had cervical or thoracic vascular injuries and underwent operative treatment without preoperative angiography. Sixty-six patients in Group 1 had significant vascular injury. Thirty patients with penetrating cervical injury had 38 vascular lesions. Thirty-six patients with gunshot or blunt chest trauma had 43 vascular lesions. Group II patients had two main indications for operation: exanguinating hemorrhage (45 patients) or suspected vascular injury, usually associated with hemorrhage (27 patients). Angiographic results were useful whether abnormal or normal. In cases with adnormal findings operative treatment was specific and improper incisions were avoided. In cases with normal angiographic results, clarification of the vascular status avoided unnecessary operations and permitted concentration of therapeutic effort upon the main clinical problems of the patients.", "PMID": 703368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1462", "title": "Esophagectomy without thoracotomy.", "content": "Blunt esophagectomy without thoracotomy has been performed in 26 patients: four with benign disease and 22 with carcinomas involving various levels of the esophagus (10 cervicothoracic, one upper third, five middle third, and six distal third). Continuity of the alimentary tract was restored by anastomosing the pharynx or cervical esophagus either to stomach (19 patients) or to a colonic graft (seven patients). Esophageal resection and reconstruction were performed in a single stage in 25 patients, and the esophageal substitute was positioned in the posterior mediastinum in the original esophageal bed in 24 patients. There were no deaths directly related to the technique of blunt esophagectomy. Average intraoperative blood loss was 1,350 ml. for the entire group, 1,650 ml. for those requiring concomitant laryngectomy and 1,050 ml. for those undergoing esophagectomy without laryngectomy. Complications in these patients included pneumothorax (eight), transient hoarseness (five), pleural effusion (five), anastomotic leak (four), subphrenic abscess (one), and cerebrovascular accident (one). The five deaths were due to pheumonia (two), innominate artery rupture (two), and pulmonary embolus (one). Blunt esophagectomy without thoracotomy is safe and is far better tolerated physiologically than the combined transthoracic and abdominal operations more traditionally used for exophageal resection and reconstruction.", "contents": "Esophagectomy without thoracotomy. Blunt esophagectomy without thoracotomy has been performed in 26 patients: four with benign disease and 22 with carcinomas involving various levels of the esophagus (10 cervicothoracic, one upper third, five middle third, and six distal third). Continuity of the alimentary tract was restored by anastomosing the pharynx or cervical esophagus either to stomach (19 patients) or to a colonic graft (seven patients). Esophageal resection and reconstruction were performed in a single stage in 25 patients, and the esophageal substitute was positioned in the posterior mediastinum in the original esophageal bed in 24 patients. There were no deaths directly related to the technique of blunt esophagectomy. Average intraoperative blood loss was 1,350 ml. for the entire group, 1,650 ml. for those requiring concomitant laryngectomy and 1,050 ml. for those undergoing esophagectomy without laryngectomy. Complications in these patients included pneumothorax (eight), transient hoarseness (five), pleural effusion (five), anastomotic leak (four), subphrenic abscess (one), and cerebrovascular accident (one). The five deaths were due to pheumonia (two), innominate artery rupture (two), and pulmonary embolus (one). Blunt esophagectomy without thoracotomy is safe and is far better tolerated physiologically than the combined transthoracic and abdominal operations more traditionally used for exophageal resection and reconstruction.", "PMID": 703369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1463", "title": "Gastroesophageal fundoplication for the management of reflux in infants and children.", "content": "Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) has been recognized with increasing frequency as the source of a wide variety of symptoms in infants and children. During the past 8 years at the UCLA Hospital, 74 patients under 18 years of age have been identified as having sufficiently severe symptomatic reflux to warrant gastroesophageal fundoplication. Although repeated emesis was the most common primary symptom, failure to thrive was a major symptom in 20 patients, repeated pneumonia in 18, asthma in five, and dysphagia owing to stricture in 12. Nine patients with previously repaired esophageal atresia had severe reflux. Serious neurologic disorders were present in 14 children. The diagnosis of reflux in the majority of symptomatic children was established by combining the findings of an abnormal esophagogram, Tuttle test, esophageal manometry, and esophagoscopy with biopsy. Six infants experienced repeated symptomatic GER although results of all diagnostic studies were normal. Each of the patients had undergone an unsuccessful trial of medical management before the decision to operate was made. Transabdominal Nissen fundoplication with gastrostomy was performed on each of the 74 children (28 under 1 year of age). Each of the strictures was successfully managed by postoperative dilatations. No death and no major complications occurred, but six patients experienced transient dysphagia and four had delayed gastric emptying. Every patient has been relieved of clinical reflux, and the pulmonary status in each, including the asthmatic children, has been markedly improved. On the basis of this favorable experience with 74 patients, we believe that an aggressive surgical approach should be taken in the management of symptomatic GER in infants and children who fail to respond to an adequate trial of medical management.", "contents": "Gastroesophageal fundoplication for the management of reflux in infants and children. Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) has been recognized with increasing frequency as the source of a wide variety of symptoms in infants and children. During the past 8 years at the UCLA Hospital, 74 patients under 18 years of age have been identified as having sufficiently severe symptomatic reflux to warrant gastroesophageal fundoplication. Although repeated emesis was the most common primary symptom, failure to thrive was a major symptom in 20 patients, repeated pneumonia in 18, asthma in five, and dysphagia owing to stricture in 12. Nine patients with previously repaired esophageal atresia had severe reflux. Serious neurologic disorders were present in 14 children. The diagnosis of reflux in the majority of symptomatic children was established by combining the findings of an abnormal esophagogram, Tuttle test, esophageal manometry, and esophagoscopy with biopsy. Six infants experienced repeated symptomatic GER although results of all diagnostic studies were normal. Each of the patients had undergone an unsuccessful trial of medical management before the decision to operate was made. Transabdominal Nissen fundoplication with gastrostomy was performed on each of the 74 children (28 under 1 year of age). Each of the strictures was successfully managed by postoperative dilatations. No death and no major complications occurred, but six patients experienced transient dysphagia and four had delayed gastric emptying. Every patient has been relieved of clinical reflux, and the pulmonary status in each, including the asthmatic children, has been markedly improved. On the basis of this favorable experience with 74 patients, we believe that an aggressive surgical approach should be taken in the management of symptomatic GER in infants and children who fail to respond to an adequate trial of medical management.", "PMID": 703370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1464", "title": "Gastroplasty and fundoplication in the management of complex reflux problems.", "content": "Between 1963 and 1976, 220 patients with complex reflux problems were managed by combining a modified Collis gastroplasty with a Belsey type of partial fundoplication. All patients had one or more of the following complicating conditions considered indications for the combined operation: peptic stricture (104), esophagitis and shortening without stricture (25), one or more prior hiatal repairs (65), massive herniation (33), and motor disorders associated with reflux (26). Ninety-six percent of the patients were evaluated by personal interview from 1 to 15 years after repair. The operative mortality rate was 0.5 percent. The incidence of significant symptomatic reflux requiring medical therapy was 3 percent and the incidence of troublesome dysphagia was 11 percent. No patient has required further operation for the relief of recurrent symptomatic reflux. Two patients required additional operation for severe residual dysphagia. Twenty patients managed by this repair were evaluated by preoperative, intraoperative, and sequential postoperative esophageal pressure studies. The mean postoperative pressure of 21.4 mm. Hg was more than double the preoperative value. Two publications from other centers reported on similar groups of patients managed by gastroplasty and partial fundoplication, evaluated by preoperative and postoperative esophageal pressures. In these latter publications, the percentage increase in postoperative lower esophageal pressure was significantly less than in our study, and a much higher incidence of symptomatic reflux was recorded. We suggest that the differences in postoperative pressures observed in account for the pronounced differences in the quality of results obtained.", "contents": "Gastroplasty and fundoplication in the management of complex reflux problems. Between 1963 and 1976, 220 patients with complex reflux problems were managed by combining a modified Collis gastroplasty with a Belsey type of partial fundoplication. All patients had one or more of the following complicating conditions considered indications for the combined operation: peptic stricture (104), esophagitis and shortening without stricture (25), one or more prior hiatal repairs (65), massive herniation (33), and motor disorders associated with reflux (26). Ninety-six percent of the patients were evaluated by personal interview from 1 to 15 years after repair. The operative mortality rate was 0.5 percent. The incidence of significant symptomatic reflux requiring medical therapy was 3 percent and the incidence of troublesome dysphagia was 11 percent. No patient has required further operation for the relief of recurrent symptomatic reflux. Two patients required additional operation for severe residual dysphagia. Twenty patients managed by this repair were evaluated by preoperative, intraoperative, and sequential postoperative esophageal pressure studies. The mean postoperative pressure of 21.4 mm. Hg was more than double the preoperative value. Two publications from other centers reported on similar groups of patients managed by gastroplasty and partial fundoplication, evaluated by preoperative and postoperative esophageal pressures. In these latter publications, the percentage increase in postoperative lower esophageal pressure was significantly less than in our study, and a much higher incidence of symptomatic reflux was recorded. We suggest that the differences in postoperative pressures observed in account for the pronounced differences in the quality of results obtained.", "PMID": 703371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1465", "title": "The potassium status of patients prior to open-heart surgery.", "content": "The dysrhythmia that happens after open-heart surgery has at times been attributed to potassium depletion. Therefore, in some centers, patients scheduled for open-heart surgery are routinely given potassium supplements. We have assessed the potassium status of 32 patients prior to cardiac surgery (1) by measurements of plasma, red cell, and leukocyte potassium levels and total body potassium before and after administration of potassium supplements (144 mmoles daily for 3 days) and (2) by the changes in urine potassium during the supplementation. On admission none of the patients showed evidence of a large potassium deficit, and none of them retained much of the supplemental potassium. The observations that have previously been taken as evidence of potassium depletion in such patients are discussed, and alternative explanations are suggested for all these observations.", "contents": "The potassium status of patients prior to open-heart surgery. The dysrhythmia that happens after open-heart surgery has at times been attributed to potassium depletion. Therefore, in some centers, patients scheduled for open-heart surgery are routinely given potassium supplements. We have assessed the potassium status of 32 patients prior to cardiac surgery (1) by measurements of plasma, red cell, and leukocyte potassium levels and total body potassium before and after administration of potassium supplements (144 mmoles daily for 3 days) and (2) by the changes in urine potassium during the supplementation. On admission none of the patients showed evidence of a large potassium deficit, and none of them retained much of the supplemental potassium. The observations that have previously been taken as evidence of potassium depletion in such patients are discussed, and alternative explanations are suggested for all these observations.", "PMID": 703372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1466", "title": "Arch versus femoral artery perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "Aortic arch perfusion is favored by most cardiac surgeons. Perfusion via the femoral artery is still used sporadically at reoperations for aneurysms of the ascending aorta, or for the institution of partial pump support in very sick patients prior to opening of the chest. Our over-all experience indicates that surgical complications occurred primarily in the group of patients perfused via the femoral artery. On the other hand, serious disturbance in cerebral perfusion, as determined by electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring, occurred in 7 percent of the patients perfused via the arch and 3 percent of those perfused via the femoral artery, a difference that was not statistically significant. We continue to advocate aortic arch cannulation and EEG monitoring during cardiopulmonary bypass procedures.", "contents": "Arch versus femoral artery perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass. Aortic arch perfusion is favored by most cardiac surgeons. Perfusion via the femoral artery is still used sporadically at reoperations for aneurysms of the ascending aorta, or for the institution of partial pump support in very sick patients prior to opening of the chest. Our over-all experience indicates that surgical complications occurred primarily in the group of patients perfused via the femoral artery. On the other hand, serious disturbance in cerebral perfusion, as determined by electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring, occurred in 7 percent of the patients perfused via the arch and 3 percent of those perfused via the femoral artery, a difference that was not statistically significant. We continue to advocate aortic arch cannulation and EEG monitoring during cardiopulmonary bypass procedures.", "PMID": 703374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1467", "title": "Pulmonary hyperinflation in ventricular septal defect.", "content": "Pulmonary hyperinflation (PH) has frequently been seen in patients with ventricular septal defect (VSD). Mean age of patients at the time of cardiac catherization and operation was less in Group II (PHI) than in Group I (normal pulmonary inflation). There is a statistically significant difference in the ratio of mean pulmonary to mean systemic blood flow and the ratio of mean peak pulmonary to mean peak systemic systolic pressures, with the higher values recorded for Group II. There is no statistically significant difference in the pulmonary vascular resistance in the two groups. Thirty-five of the 44 patients with PHI developed normal inflation within a month after surgical correction of VSD. Possible mechanisms of PHI in VSD are discussed. PHI is prolong and perpetuate respiratory distress and can lead to progressive lung disease. PHI is therefore another indication for early surgical correction of VSD.", "contents": "Pulmonary hyperinflation in ventricular septal defect. Pulmonary hyperinflation (PH) has frequently been seen in patients with ventricular septal defect (VSD). Mean age of patients at the time of cardiac catherization and operation was less in Group II (PHI) than in Group I (normal pulmonary inflation). There is a statistically significant difference in the ratio of mean pulmonary to mean systemic blood flow and the ratio of mean peak pulmonary to mean peak systemic systolic pressures, with the higher values recorded for Group II. There is no statistically significant difference in the pulmonary vascular resistance in the two groups. Thirty-five of the 44 patients with PHI developed normal inflation within a month after surgical correction of VSD. Possible mechanisms of PHI in VSD are discussed. PHI is prolong and perpetuate respiratory distress and can lead to progressive lung disease. PHI is therefore another indication for early surgical correction of VSD.", "PMID": 703375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1468", "title": "Successful repair of double-outlet right ventricle, complete atrioventricular canal, and atrioventricular discordance associated with dextrocardia and pulmonary stenosis.", "content": "The association of complete atrioventricular canal with other complex congenital cardiac anomalies has represented a significant challenge for the cardiac surgion. The combination of double-outlet right ventricle with complete atrioventricular canal has been particularly difficult to correct, with no surgical successes having been reported until recently. This is a report of the first successful repair of double-outlet right ventricle, complete atrioventricular canal, and atrioventricular discordance (ventricular incersion) associated with common atrium, bilateral superior venae cavae, dextrocardia, and pulmonary stenosis. The specialized conduction tissue was identified by intracardiac electrophysiological mapping, and normal sinus rhythm was preserved. Postoperative cardiac catheterization showed excellent hemodynamics. One year postoperatively, the patient was attending school, playing swimming without difficulty, and taking no cardiac medications. This good result lends encouragement for considering total repair for similar patients with the combination of double-outlet right ventricle, complete atrioventricular canal, and other associated congenital cardiac anomalies.", "contents": "Successful repair of double-outlet right ventricle, complete atrioventricular canal, and atrioventricular discordance associated with dextrocardia and pulmonary stenosis. The association of complete atrioventricular canal with other complex congenital cardiac anomalies has represented a significant challenge for the cardiac surgion. The combination of double-outlet right ventricle with complete atrioventricular canal has been particularly difficult to correct, with no surgical successes having been reported until recently. This is a report of the first successful repair of double-outlet right ventricle, complete atrioventricular canal, and atrioventricular discordance (ventricular incersion) associated with common atrium, bilateral superior venae cavae, dextrocardia, and pulmonary stenosis. The specialized conduction tissue was identified by intracardiac electrophysiological mapping, and normal sinus rhythm was preserved. Postoperative cardiac catheterization showed excellent hemodynamics. One year postoperatively, the patient was attending school, playing swimming without difficulty, and taking no cardiac medications. This good result lends encouragement for considering total repair for similar patients with the combination of double-outlet right ventricle, complete atrioventricular canal, and other associated congenital cardiac anomalies.", "PMID": 703376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1469", "title": "Atrial septal defect associated with drainage of left superior vena cava to left atrium and absence of the coronary sinus.", "content": "Atrial septal defect associated with drainage of the left superior vena cava (LSVC) to the left atrium and absence of the coronary sinus is a rare congenital cardiac complex. Management of the LSVC during operative repair is usuall by one of three methods: (1) an intra-atrial baffle of pericardium to divery flow from the LSVC to the right arrium and to close the atrial septal defect; (2) division and reimplantation of the LSVC into the right atrium; or (3) simple ligation of the LSVC. We will present an example of this cardiac lesion for which successful repair was achieved by end-to-side anastomosis of the LSVC to the main pulmonary artery when none of the aforementioned methods for handling the LSVC was feasible.", "contents": "Atrial septal defect associated with drainage of left superior vena cava to left atrium and absence of the coronary sinus. Atrial septal defect associated with drainage of the left superior vena cava (LSVC) to the left atrium and absence of the coronary sinus is a rare congenital cardiac complex. Management of the LSVC during operative repair is usuall by one of three methods: (1) an intra-atrial baffle of pericardium to divery flow from the LSVC to the right arrium and to close the atrial septal defect; (2) division and reimplantation of the LSVC into the right atrium; or (3) simple ligation of the LSVC. We will present an example of this cardiac lesion for which successful repair was achieved by end-to-side anastomosis of the LSVC to the main pulmonary artery when none of the aforementioned methods for handling the LSVC was feasible.", "PMID": 703377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1470", "title": "Pseudomonas infection of the sternum and costal cartilages. Report of three cases.", "content": "Pseudomonas osteochondritis of the chest wall and sternum has rarely been reported, but when present it has been extremely difficult to eradicate. Multiple operations to debride the involved areas and use of antibiotics have often been inadequate to control this resistant infection. This report describes our experience with three patients who had the late development of Pseudomonas osteochondritis of the chest wall. The infection occurred following crush trauma, sternotomy for congenital heart disease, and mastectomy and amputation of the upper extremity for carcinoma of the breast. Antibiotic therapy alone and with limited operations was unsuccessful in controlling the infection in all three instances. Eventually, each patient required extensive regional surgical removal of involved bone and cartilage. Complete healing followed. Our experience favors the early wide removal of bony and cartilaginous tissues in the involved region with preoperative and postoperative coverage by appropriate antibiotics. Operative management is detailed.", "contents": "Pseudomonas infection of the sternum and costal cartilages. Report of three cases. Pseudomonas osteochondritis of the chest wall and sternum has rarely been reported, but when present it has been extremely difficult to eradicate. Multiple operations to debride the involved areas and use of antibiotics have often been inadequate to control this resistant infection. This report describes our experience with three patients who had the late development of Pseudomonas osteochondritis of the chest wall. The infection occurred following crush trauma, sternotomy for congenital heart disease, and mastectomy and amputation of the upper extremity for carcinoma of the breast. Antibiotic therapy alone and with limited operations was unsuccessful in controlling the infection in all three instances. Eventually, each patient required extensive regional surgical removal of involved bone and cartilage. Complete healing followed. Our experience favors the early wide removal of bony and cartilaginous tissues in the involved region with preoperative and postoperative coverage by appropriate antibiotics. Operative management is detailed.", "PMID": 703378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1471", "title": "Ageing of chick embryo fibroblasts in vitro. II. Relationship between cell proliferation and increased multinuclear cells.", "content": "The cell lines of chick embryo fibroblasts obtained from different embryos were sequentially cultivated and relationship between growth potential and increased multinuclear cells was examined. During ageing in vitro multinuclear cells increased with decreasing growth rate. Their percentage in the senescent cell populations reached 11--15% when the cells stopped growing, and 20--25% just before the cultures died out. This phenomenon may be useful as a parameter for cellular ageing. Most of the multinuclear cells were binucleates. The mean cell volume of the cells also increased through their lifespan with a sharp rise at the latest passages.", "contents": "Ageing of chick embryo fibroblasts in vitro. II. Relationship between cell proliferation and increased multinuclear cells. The cell lines of chick embryo fibroblasts obtained from different embryos were sequentially cultivated and relationship between growth potential and increased multinuclear cells was examined. During ageing in vitro multinuclear cells increased with decreasing growth rate. Their percentage in the senescent cell populations reached 11--15% when the cells stopped growing, and 20--25% just before the cultures died out. This phenomenon may be useful as a parameter for cellular ageing. Most of the multinuclear cells were binucleates. The mean cell volume of the cells also increased through their lifespan with a sharp rise at the latest passages.", "PMID": 703398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1472", "title": "Temporal changes in histone acetylation.", "content": "The incorporation of tritiated acetate was studied in developing and aging rats. Thymus, liver and serum were collected 30 minutes after injection of acetate. The trichloroacetic acid precipitable histone fraction was then extracted from liver and thymus and its radioactivity determined. Serum and cytoplasmic fractions were also counted. Serum activity declined with age. Thymus histone and cytoplasmic fractions showed a cyclic pattern. Acetylation of liver histones showed a straight line decline to a relatively constant level. The decline in acetylation of liver histones is postulated to be due to repression of acetylation processes and is thought to parallel the change of hepatocytes from a diploid to a polyploid state.", "contents": "Temporal changes in histone acetylation. The incorporation of tritiated acetate was studied in developing and aging rats. Thymus, liver and serum were collected 30 minutes after injection of acetate. The trichloroacetic acid precipitable histone fraction was then extracted from liver and thymus and its radioactivity determined. Serum and cytoplasmic fractions were also counted. Serum activity declined with age. Thymus histone and cytoplasmic fractions showed a cyclic pattern. Acetylation of liver histones showed a straight line decline to a relatively constant level. The decline in acetylation of liver histones is postulated to be due to repression of acetylation processes and is thought to parallel the change of hepatocytes from a diploid to a polyploid state.", "PMID": 703399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1473", "title": "Relationship between glucose phosphorylating activities and erythrocyte age.", "content": "Glucose phosphorylating activity of human erythrocytes quickly decreases during cell ageing; the electrophoretic pattern suggests that this fast decrease is due mainly to the isozyme II. We have shown that in the young cells only hexokinase I and II are responsible for the glucose phosphorylation, while in the old cells another glucose phosphorylating activity, more evident at high glucose concentration, is also present. The appearance of this activity during cell ageing could be interpreted as a post-translational modification of the native hexokinase.", "contents": "Relationship between glucose phosphorylating activities and erythrocyte age. Glucose phosphorylating activity of human erythrocytes quickly decreases during cell ageing; the electrophoretic pattern suggests that this fast decrease is due mainly to the isozyme II. We have shown that in the young cells only hexokinase I and II are responsible for the glucose phosphorylation, while in the old cells another glucose phosphorylating activity, more evident at high glucose concentration, is also present. The appearance of this activity during cell ageing could be interpreted as a post-translational modification of the native hexokinase.", "PMID": 703400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1474", "title": "Age-related decline in the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans by cultured human fibroblasts (WI-38).", "content": "A gradual decline in the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans, as evidenced by reduced rates of incorporation of [35S]-sulfate and [14C]-glucosamine into total cellular and extracellular glycosaminoglycans, occurred during the last 4 to 5 passages (1 : 2 splits) of WI-38 cultures before phase out. While labelling of cellular glycosaminoglycans by both radioactive precursors was reduced to about the same extent, a relatively greater decline in [35S]-sulfate than in [14C]-glucosamine incorporation into extracellular glycosaminoglycans was observed during the last passages. These changes in glycosaminoglycan metabolism are interpreted as an expression of cellular aging and a function of glycosaminoglycans in growth regulation (and possibly in the process of cellular senescence) is discussed.", "contents": "Age-related decline in the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans by cultured human fibroblasts (WI-38). A gradual decline in the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans, as evidenced by reduced rates of incorporation of [35S]-sulfate and [14C]-glucosamine into total cellular and extracellular glycosaminoglycans, occurred during the last 4 to 5 passages (1 : 2 splits) of WI-38 cultures before phase out. While labelling of cellular glycosaminoglycans by both radioactive precursors was reduced to about the same extent, a relatively greater decline in [35S]-sulfate than in [14C]-glucosamine incorporation into extracellular glycosaminoglycans was observed during the last passages. These changes in glycosaminoglycan metabolism are interpreted as an expression of cellular aging and a function of glycosaminoglycans in growth regulation (and possibly in the process of cellular senescence) is discussed.", "PMID": 703401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1475", "title": "Specific activity of human erythrocyte superoxide dismutase as a function of donor age. A brief note.", "content": "Superoxide dismutase was assayed both immunochemically and by enzymatic activity in erythrocytes of human donors, 1 to 98 years of age. No change was observed in enzyme activity per unit enzyme antigen as a function of donor age.", "contents": "Specific activity of human erythrocyte superoxide dismutase as a function of donor age. A brief note. Superoxide dismutase was assayed both immunochemically and by enzymatic activity in erythrocytes of human donors, 1 to 98 years of age. No change was observed in enzyme activity per unit enzyme antigen as a function of donor age.", "PMID": 703402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1476", "title": "Unscheduled dna synthesis in confluent and mitotically arrested populations of aging human diploid fibroblasts.", "content": "Unscheduled DNA synthesis, used as a measure of excision repair following exposure to ultra-violet irradiation, was determined in confluent and arrested human diploid fibroblasts and correlated with in vitro age. Confluent cultures exhibited identical levels of unscheduled DNA synthesis at all in vitro ages. Cells arrested by lowering the serum concentration of the incubation medium exhibited similar levels of unscheduled DNA synthesis as did confluent cells during the first one-third of the cells' characteristic in vitro lifespan. During the last two-thirds of the lifespan, however, arrested populations exhibited a 30 to 50% increase in the amount of detectable DNA repair. This apparent increase in ability to perform unscheduled DNA synthesis was not time or dose dependent and could not be attributed to alterations in precursor pools. It was postulated that the increase may be correlated with changes in DNA structure.", "contents": "Unscheduled dna synthesis in confluent and mitotically arrested populations of aging human diploid fibroblasts. Unscheduled DNA synthesis, used as a measure of excision repair following exposure to ultra-violet irradiation, was determined in confluent and arrested human diploid fibroblasts and correlated with in vitro age. Confluent cultures exhibited identical levels of unscheduled DNA synthesis at all in vitro ages. Cells arrested by lowering the serum concentration of the incubation medium exhibited similar levels of unscheduled DNA synthesis as did confluent cells during the first one-third of the cells' characteristic in vitro lifespan. During the last two-thirds of the lifespan, however, arrested populations exhibited a 30 to 50% increase in the amount of detectable DNA repair. This apparent increase in ability to perform unscheduled DNA synthesis was not time or dose dependent and could not be attributed to alterations in precursor pools. It was postulated that the increase may be correlated with changes in DNA structure.", "PMID": 703403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1477", "title": "Genetic recombination in mammalian somatic cells: a brief note.", "content": "Crossing over in somatic cells is a likely source of genotypic modification observed in ageing and in carcinogenesis. The possible evolutionary significance of this mechanism is discussed.", "contents": "Genetic recombination in mammalian somatic cells: a brief note. Crossing over in somatic cells is a likely source of genotypic modification observed in ageing and in carcinogenesis. The possible evolutionary significance of this mechanism is discussed.", "PMID": 703404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1478", "title": "The influence of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on the ultrastructural organization of skeletal muscle fibres. Morphometric analyses on vitamin D deficient or calcium deficient growing rats.", "content": "Ultrastructural evidence was obtained from vitamin D deficient and calcium deficient rats that the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is involved in the intracellular calcium transport of the muscle cell. In the absence of vitamin D there was a relative decrease in SR volume and a compensatory increase in mitochondrial volume. Administration of exogenous doses of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol significantly increased SR volume, while mitochondrial volume correspondingly decreased. This supports the hypothesis that the production of calcium binding proteins within the SR is influenced by active metabolites of vitamin D.", "contents": "The influence of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on the ultrastructural organization of skeletal muscle fibres. Morphometric analyses on vitamin D deficient or calcium deficient growing rats. Ultrastructural evidence was obtained from vitamin D deficient and calcium deficient rats that the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is involved in the intracellular calcium transport of the muscle cell. In the absence of vitamin D there was a relative decrease in SR volume and a compensatory increase in mitochondrial volume. Administration of exogenous doses of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol significantly increased SR volume, while mitochondrial volume correspondingly decreased. This supports the hypothesis that the production of calcium binding proteins within the SR is influenced by active metabolites of vitamin D.", "PMID": 703405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1479", "title": "The changing urban-suburban distribution of medical practice in large American metropolitan areas.", "content": "The twenty largest multi-county SMSAs in the U. S. were studied for trends in the suburbanization of medical practice from 1959 to 1974. Fifteen of them allowed a distinction between suburbs and central city on the county level according to criteria developed from a New York City pilot study. In all SMSAs, the density of hospital-based physicians was higher in central cities than in suburbs and still increasing more rapidly there, though hospital practice is also starting to grow in the suburbs at an appreciable rate. The same trends were found for physicians in non-patient care activities. Office based specialists in large Northeastern SMSAs increased much more rapidly in the urbanized suburbs than in the central cities. In the Southern and Western SMSAs, on the contrary, office-based specialists continued to increase rapidly in the central cities despite concentrations already far greater than in the Northeast. Suburban desities were growing more slowly in these areas. General practitioners declined uniformly everywhere, apparently simply by attrition. Implications of these trends for health care are discussed.", "contents": "The changing urban-suburban distribution of medical practice in large American metropolitan areas. The twenty largest multi-county SMSAs in the U. S. were studied for trends in the suburbanization of medical practice from 1959 to 1974. Fifteen of them allowed a distinction between suburbs and central city on the county level according to criteria developed from a New York City pilot study. In all SMSAs, the density of hospital-based physicians was higher in central cities than in suburbs and still increasing more rapidly there, though hospital practice is also starting to grow in the suburbs at an appreciable rate. The same trends were found for physicians in non-patient care activities. Office based specialists in large Northeastern SMSAs increased much more rapidly in the urbanized suburbs than in the central cities. In the Southern and Western SMSAs, on the contrary, office-based specialists continued to increase rapidly in the central cities despite concentrations already far greater than in the Northeast. Suburban desities were growing more slowly in these areas. General practitioners declined uniformly everywhere, apparently simply by attrition. Implications of these trends for health care are discussed.", "PMID": 703407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1480", "title": "Changes in utilization patterns in a National Health Service Corps community.", "content": "Utilization patterns in two adjacent rural Utah counties were compared over a span of five years (1971-1976). In one, a three-physician National Health Service Corps site was established during the interval; the other went from one family physician to two during the same period. The Corps site showed an increase in physician utilization while the \"control\" county utilization remained unchanged. However, despite the increased utilization of physicians in the Corps site, fewer respondents identified a family physician, especially one located within the county. This is consistent with an interpretation that county residents were content to use Corps physicians, but saw them as transitory figures with whom they could form no permanent attachment. A second brief follow-up study a year later suggests that the community had already begun to acknowledge the Corps doctors as their family physicians.", "contents": "Changes in utilization patterns in a National Health Service Corps community. Utilization patterns in two adjacent rural Utah counties were compared over a span of five years (1971-1976). In one, a three-physician National Health Service Corps site was established during the interval; the other went from one family physician to two during the same period. The Corps site showed an increase in physician utilization while the \"control\" county utilization remained unchanged. However, despite the increased utilization of physicians in the Corps site, fewer respondents identified a family physician, especially one located within the county. This is consistent with an interpretation that county residents were content to use Corps physicians, but saw them as transitory figures with whom they could form no permanent attachment. A second brief follow-up study a year later suggests that the community had already begun to acknowledge the Corps doctors as their family physicians.", "PMID": 703409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1481", "title": "Work settings and job satisfaction: a study of primary care physicians and paramedical personnel.", "content": "This paper examines job satisfaction of primary care physicians and paramedical personnel in traditional office practices and in modern medical organizations. A series of two-way analyses of variance using work settings and occupational level as independent variables showed consistent effects of setting on job satisfaction. In modern organizational settings satisfaction with the work activity, with coworkers, and with income was lower than in traditional practices. Only with respect to income, were physicians, on the average, more satisfied than paramedical workers. The relationships between job satisfaction and the variety and complexity of work as well as ownership of work settings are analyzed and discussed.", "contents": "Work settings and job satisfaction: a study of primary care physicians and paramedical personnel. This paper examines job satisfaction of primary care physicians and paramedical personnel in traditional office practices and in modern medical organizations. A series of two-way analyses of variance using work settings and occupational level as independent variables showed consistent effects of setting on job satisfaction. In modern organizational settings satisfaction with the work activity, with coworkers, and with income was lower than in traditional practices. Only with respect to income, were physicians, on the average, more satisfied than paramedical workers. The relationships between job satisfaction and the variety and complexity of work as well as ownership of work settings are analyzed and discussed.", "PMID": 703410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1482", "title": "Distribution of illnesses and its implications in a rural community.", "content": "This study is a continuation of a series of reports on the utilization of health care services in a southern rural community. In this investigation the distribution of the utilization of medical care services is assessed with respect to reported illnesses and related disabilities. It is found that whites report significantly more illnesses, disabilities and physicians visits than blacks. Furthermore, even when controlling for disability and illness, whites use more physician services than blacks. The differential in utilization may be due to varying interpretations of the survey questions possibly reflecting different cultures and lifestyles and/or dissimilar expectations of the health care system in blacks having experienced greater barriers to access in the past.", "contents": "Distribution of illnesses and its implications in a rural community. This study is a continuation of a series of reports on the utilization of health care services in a southern rural community. In this investigation the distribution of the utilization of medical care services is assessed with respect to reported illnesses and related disabilities. It is found that whites report significantly more illnesses, disabilities and physicians visits than blacks. Furthermore, even when controlling for disability and illness, whites use more physician services than blacks. The differential in utilization may be due to varying interpretations of the survey questions possibly reflecting different cultures and lifestyles and/or dissimilar expectations of the health care system in blacks having experienced greater barriers to access in the past.", "PMID": 703411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1483", "title": "Cerebrospinal otorrhea and recurring meningitis: report of three cases.", "content": "Recurrent attacks of meningitis occurring independent of a systemic bacterial infection should be considered as a cerebrospinal leak either otorrhea or rhinorrhea. Three cases each with a different cause were diagnosed chiefly on the basis of the history and a bulging noninflammatory eardrum. Subsequent use of fluorescein intrathecally not only helped to confirm the diagnosis but was very useful at surgery in locating the leak in the dura of the oval window of the ear. Many materials have been used but autogenous temporal fascia or fascia lata seemed to be most effective in these cases. The sandwiching of the dura between two pieces of fascia is not only realistic but was found to be very effective. One piece of fascia between the arachnoid and dura and another between the dura and bone give a tight seal.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal otorrhea and recurring meningitis: report of three cases. Recurrent attacks of meningitis occurring independent of a systemic bacterial infection should be considered as a cerebrospinal leak either otorrhea or rhinorrhea. Three cases each with a different cause were diagnosed chiefly on the basis of the history and a bulging noninflammatory eardrum. Subsequent use of fluorescein intrathecally not only helped to confirm the diagnosis but was very useful at surgery in locating the leak in the dura of the oval window of the ear. Many materials have been used but autogenous temporal fascia or fascia lata seemed to be most effective in these cases. The sandwiching of the dura between two pieces of fascia is not only realistic but was found to be very effective. One piece of fascia between the arachnoid and dura and another between the dura and bone give a tight seal.", "PMID": 703450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1484", "title": "Laser surgery and immunotherapy in the management of laryngeal papilloma.", "content": "Twenty-three cases of laryngeal papilloma have been treated and followed for four years utilizing laser excision and laser excision/immunotherapy. Fourteen cases responded well to laser excision alone, nine did not and immunotherapy was instituted as adjunctive treatment. To date, immunotherapy has contributed little to the relief in this group of refractory cases.", "contents": "Laser surgery and immunotherapy in the management of laryngeal papilloma. Twenty-three cases of laryngeal papilloma have been treated and followed for four years utilizing laser excision and laser excision/immunotherapy. Fourteen cases responded well to laser excision alone, nine did not and immunotherapy was instituted as adjunctive treatment. To date, immunotherapy has contributed little to the relief in this group of refractory cases.", "PMID": 703451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1485", "title": "Labyrinthine trauma during ear surgery.", "content": "Surgical trauma inflicted upon the membranous labyrinth is an uncommon, but often catastrophic, complication of chronic ear surgery. Areas most vulnerable to injury are the oval window and the lateral semicircular canal. Methods of injury include subluxation of the footplate, fracture of the lateral canal by drill or chisel, and accidental opening of a fistula. Three cases of labyrinthotomy of the lateral canal during ear surgery are presented. Two occurred while drilling, and the other was associated with a dehiscence of the bony and membranous labyrinth from a cholesteatoma. The cases are documented by pre and postoperative audiograms, vestibular function tests, and photographs. Of interest is the fact that in none of these cases was cochlear function compromised. In one case the hearing actually improved. The dictum that an accidentally opened labyrinth will automatically result in a dead ear is shown to be not necessarily true. Possible explanations for this phenomenon are discussed.", "contents": "Labyrinthine trauma during ear surgery. Surgical trauma inflicted upon the membranous labyrinth is an uncommon, but often catastrophic, complication of chronic ear surgery. Areas most vulnerable to injury are the oval window and the lateral semicircular canal. Methods of injury include subluxation of the footplate, fracture of the lateral canal by drill or chisel, and accidental opening of a fistula. Three cases of labyrinthotomy of the lateral canal during ear surgery are presented. Two occurred while drilling, and the other was associated with a dehiscence of the bony and membranous labyrinth from a cholesteatoma. The cases are documented by pre and postoperative audiograms, vestibular function tests, and photographs. Of interest is the fact that in none of these cases was cochlear function compromised. In one case the hearing actually improved. The dictum that an accidentally opened labyrinth will automatically result in a dead ear is shown to be not necessarily true. Possible explanations for this phenomenon are discussed.", "PMID": 703452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1486", "title": "O.P.S.C.: improving delivery of otolaryngological surgical care.", "content": "Results of over two years' experience with an outpatient surgical center within a private otolaryngology clinic have demonstrated several advantages. Discussed herein are the history of outpatient surgical centers, and the development of our within clinic O.P.S.C. (Outpatient Surgery Center). Developmental stages described include investigation of liability exposure, securing state health department approval, enactment of state legislation, staffing, equipment, and obtaining third party carrier approval. Advantages to the patient, otolaryngologist, community, and third party carriers are enumerated. Statistics regarding types and numbers of procedures performed and types of anesthesia used are included. Experience with the O.P.S.C. indicates that it is a means of improving the delivery of otolaryngological surgical care.", "contents": "O.P.S.C.: improving delivery of otolaryngological surgical care. Results of over two years' experience with an outpatient surgical center within a private otolaryngology clinic have demonstrated several advantages. Discussed herein are the history of outpatient surgical centers, and the development of our within clinic O.P.S.C. (Outpatient Surgery Center). Developmental stages described include investigation of liability exposure, securing state health department approval, enactment of state legislation, staffing, equipment, and obtaining third party carrier approval. Advantages to the patient, otolaryngologist, community, and third party carriers are enumerated. Statistics regarding types and numbers of procedures performed and types of anesthesia used are included. Experience with the O.P.S.C. indicates that it is a means of improving the delivery of otolaryngological surgical care.", "PMID": 703454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1487", "title": "Head and neck manifestations of histiocytic medullary reticulosis.", "content": "Histiocytic medullary reticulosis represents a proliferation of malignant histiocytes which produce pancytopenia through marrow involvement and the phagocytosis of granulocytes, leukocytes and platelets. The disease is typically characterized by a fulminant febrile course which results in death from a variety of complications due to pancytopenia or intercurrent infections. Its diagnosis is based on bone marrow aspiration or tissue section in which large histiocytes can be demonstrated phagocytizing red or white blood cells and platelets. Therapy has included irradiation, steroids, antibiotics, antimetabolites, and the like, but with poor results. Two patients with head and neck manifestations of histiocytic medullary reticulosis are described in detail. It is felt that refinements in diagnosis must still be made,, since any patient survival may well be predicated by the early initiation of aggressive cytotoxic therapy.", "contents": "Head and neck manifestations of histiocytic medullary reticulosis. Histiocytic medullary reticulosis represents a proliferation of malignant histiocytes which produce pancytopenia through marrow involvement and the phagocytosis of granulocytes, leukocytes and platelets. The disease is typically characterized by a fulminant febrile course which results in death from a variety of complications due to pancytopenia or intercurrent infections. Its diagnosis is based on bone marrow aspiration or tissue section in which large histiocytes can be demonstrated phagocytizing red or white blood cells and platelets. Therapy has included irradiation, steroids, antibiotics, antimetabolites, and the like, but with poor results. Two patients with head and neck manifestations of histiocytic medullary reticulosis are described in detail. It is felt that refinements in diagnosis must still be made,, since any patient survival may well be predicated by the early initiation of aggressive cytotoxic therapy.", "PMID": 703453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1488", "title": "Pediatric tracheostomy and associated complications.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of 123 pediatric tracheostomies reveals an overall complication rate of 33%. Immediate complications were present in 12% or 15 patients. The most frequent immediate complications were pneumomediastinum and pneumothorax. Delayed complications occurred in 24% or 30 patients. The most frequent delayed complications were subglottic stenosis, fused vocal cords, and tracheal granuloma. Four patients died because of tracheostomy-related complications. Age, underlying disease, and prior endotracheal intubation had a high degree of correlation with complications. The use of a mechanical respirator following tracheostomy did not appear to be significantly related to complications. Fifty percent of the delayed complications in this series were regarded as being unrelated to the tracheostomy or the trachesotomy tube itself.", "contents": "Pediatric tracheostomy and associated complications. A retrospective analysis of 123 pediatric tracheostomies reveals an overall complication rate of 33%. Immediate complications were present in 12% or 15 patients. The most frequent immediate complications were pneumomediastinum and pneumothorax. Delayed complications occurred in 24% or 30 patients. The most frequent delayed complications were subglottic stenosis, fused vocal cords, and tracheal granuloma. Four patients died because of tracheostomy-related complications. Age, underlying disease, and prior endotracheal intubation had a high degree of correlation with complications. The use of a mechanical respirator following tracheostomy did not appear to be significantly related to complications. Fifty percent of the delayed complications in this series were regarded as being unrelated to the tracheostomy or the trachesotomy tube itself.", "PMID": 703455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1489", "title": "Surgical treatment of tympanosclerosis.", "content": "During the 5-year period (1971--1976), 45 patients at the Shea Clinic underwent reconstructive surgery for tympanosclerosis. The most common ossicular chain problem was found to be malleus and incus fixation (33%); malleus, incus, and stapes fixation (22%); and stapes fixation (13%). The most successful reconstrucitve approaches included removal of tympanosclerosis from tympanic membrane or isolated plaque from ossicular chain, the use of the Partial Ossicular Replacement Prosthesis (PORP), and the Total Ossicular Replacement Prosthesis (TORP).", "contents": "Surgical treatment of tympanosclerosis. During the 5-year period (1971--1976), 45 patients at the Shea Clinic underwent reconstructive surgery for tympanosclerosis. The most common ossicular chain problem was found to be malleus and incus fixation (33%); malleus, incus, and stapes fixation (22%); and stapes fixation (13%). The most successful reconstrucitve approaches included removal of tympanosclerosis from tympanic membrane or isolated plaque from ossicular chain, the use of the Partial Ossicular Replacement Prosthesis (PORP), and the Total Ossicular Replacement Prosthesis (TORP).", "PMID": 703456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1490", "title": "Testing for food allergy: a statistical comparison of cytotoxic and intracutaneous tests.", "content": "This study presents a comparison of in vitro cytotoxic food allergy test results with those of in vivo intracutaneous food allergy testing by both objective serial dilution titration and subjective provocation. During the study the cytotoxic test was utilized as a screening device for follow-up Lee intracutaneous testing, the latter providing statistics for both noted in vivo intracutaneous tests. The study is presented in two stages. The first stage documents almost 6000 comparison test results on 300 consecutive food-allergic otolarynogology patients. Thirty-four of the more frequently offending foods were utilized. Of the cytotoxic tests, 86% resulted in positive reactions. Of the positive cytotoxic reactors, 74% were intracutaneously re-checked. Only those negative cytotoxic reactors suspected of false negativity were so challenged, affording comparison statistics for a smaller 21% of the negative reactors. Poor correlation statistics for this select negative reacting group prompted a follow-up 30-patient study on 11 foods that appeared to possess a lesser potential for hypersensitivity production. The second stage emphasizes similar test comparisons on the negative cytotoxic reactors. The study concludes that no correlation exists between in vitro cytotoxic test determinations and those of in vivo intracutaneous testing by objective serial dilution titration or subjective provocation. Because most allergic individuals have multiple food allergies, clinical success utilizing the information obtained from any or all of these procedures may rely significantly on the tests' inherent tendency to identify multiple guilty foods for ultimate treatment.", "contents": "Testing for food allergy: a statistical comparison of cytotoxic and intracutaneous tests. This study presents a comparison of in vitro cytotoxic food allergy test results with those of in vivo intracutaneous food allergy testing by both objective serial dilution titration and subjective provocation. During the study the cytotoxic test was utilized as a screening device for follow-up Lee intracutaneous testing, the latter providing statistics for both noted in vivo intracutaneous tests. The study is presented in two stages. The first stage documents almost 6000 comparison test results on 300 consecutive food-allergic otolarynogology patients. Thirty-four of the more frequently offending foods were utilized. Of the cytotoxic tests, 86% resulted in positive reactions. Of the positive cytotoxic reactors, 74% were intracutaneously re-checked. Only those negative cytotoxic reactors suspected of false negativity were so challenged, affording comparison statistics for a smaller 21% of the negative reactors. Poor correlation statistics for this select negative reacting group prompted a follow-up 30-patient study on 11 foods that appeared to possess a lesser potential for hypersensitivity production. The second stage emphasizes similar test comparisons on the negative cytotoxic reactors. The study concludes that no correlation exists between in vitro cytotoxic test determinations and those of in vivo intracutaneous testing by objective serial dilution titration or subjective provocation. Because most allergic individuals have multiple food allergies, clinical success utilizing the information obtained from any or all of these procedures may rely significantly on the tests' inherent tendency to identify multiple guilty foods for ultimate treatment.", "PMID": 703457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1491", "title": "Presurgical counseling needs of laryngectomaes: a survey of 78 patients.", "content": "Studies of candidated for laryngectomy have revealed a wide range of misconceptions about this surgery and its siquellae. To evalute current preoperative counseling practices, counseling deficits, and needs as perceived by the patient and his family, we surveyed all persons who had undergone laryngectomy at this institution since January 1974. The data indicated that present presurgical counseling practices are inadequate for most patients. There was considerable discrepancy between the actual counseling the patients received and what they considered ideal. For example, most received preoperative information only from their surgeons. Yet many indicated that laryngectomy candidates should be counseled by nurses, speech pathologists, recovered laryngectomees, and others. Almost all reported that the spouse should be present during counseling. Many survey respondents indicated that printed materials and/or audiovisual programs would also be desirable.", "contents": "Presurgical counseling needs of laryngectomaes: a survey of 78 patients. Studies of candidated for laryngectomy have revealed a wide range of misconceptions about this surgery and its siquellae. To evalute current preoperative counseling practices, counseling deficits, and needs as perceived by the patient and his family, we surveyed all persons who had undergone laryngectomy at this institution since January 1974. The data indicated that present presurgical counseling practices are inadequate for most patients. There was considerable discrepancy between the actual counseling the patients received and what they considered ideal. For example, most received preoperative information only from their surgeons. Yet many indicated that laryngectomy candidates should be counseled by nurses, speech pathologists, recovered laryngectomees, and others. Almost all reported that the spouse should be present during counseling. Many survey respondents indicated that printed materials and/or audiovisual programs would also be desirable.", "PMID": 703458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1492", "title": "Speech rehabilitation of a laryngectomized-glossectomized patient.", "content": "A 58-year-old English speaking female, who underwent total laryngectomy and glossectomy and subsequently learned to communicate verbally via various phonatory and articulatory compensations, is described in this report. Radiologic study and empirical observation showed her to be using the inhalation method to achieve esophageal air charge. Her articulatory compensations were typical of those used by other glossectomized pateints. The extent of her recovery of verbal communication skills through alaryngeal speech suggests that glossectomized-laryngectomized patients with similar impairment might benefit from speech rehabilitation where prognosis and general health permit.", "contents": "Speech rehabilitation of a laryngectomized-glossectomized patient. A 58-year-old English speaking female, who underwent total laryngectomy and glossectomy and subsequently learned to communicate verbally via various phonatory and articulatory compensations, is described in this report. Radiologic study and empirical observation showed her to be using the inhalation method to achieve esophageal air charge. Her articulatory compensations were typical of those used by other glossectomized pateints. The extent of her recovery of verbal communication skills through alaryngeal speech suggests that glossectomized-laryngectomized patients with similar impairment might benefit from speech rehabilitation where prognosis and general health permit.", "PMID": 703459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1493", "title": "Mediastinal goiter and superior vena cava syndrome.", "content": "Mediastinal goiter as a cause of superior vena cava syndrome and tracheal compression is rare. A case is presented, the literature is reviewed and the otolaryngologic implications are emphasized.", "contents": "Mediastinal goiter and superior vena cava syndrome. Mediastinal goiter as a cause of superior vena cava syndrome and tracheal compression is rare. A case is presented, the literature is reviewed and the otolaryngologic implications are emphasized.", "PMID": 703461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1494", "title": "Metastatic sweat gland carcinoma.", "content": "In summary the diagnosis of malignant non-metastasizing sweat gland carcinoma is difficult. In cases of metastasizing malignant sweat gland carcinomas, one must distinguish this lesion from metastastic breast carcinomas. The regional lymph nodes are the most likely site of metastasis in sweat gland carcinomas. Wide excision of the primary tumor with resection of the involved regional lymph nodes is considered to be the best initial treatment. Cure rates are in general poor, based on the small number of cases and inadequate follow-up.", "contents": "Metastatic sweat gland carcinoma. In summary the diagnosis of malignant non-metastasizing sweat gland carcinoma is difficult. In cases of metastasizing malignant sweat gland carcinomas, one must distinguish this lesion from metastastic breast carcinomas. The regional lymph nodes are the most likely site of metastasis in sweat gland carcinomas. Wide excision of the primary tumor with resection of the involved regional lymph nodes is considered to be the best initial treatment. Cure rates are in general poor, based on the small number of cases and inadequate follow-up.", "PMID": 703462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1495", "title": "Alcohol induced changes of carbohydrate metabolism [author's transl].", "content": "It is evident that ethanol by itself or one of its metabolites produces alterations in transport, metabolism and disposition of carbohydrates. Ethanol acts via changes in the redox state of co-factors; e.g. ethanol-induced hypoglycemia is due, partly, to the inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis by ethanol as a consequence of the increased NADH2/NAD ratio in patients whose glycogen stores are already depleted. On the other hand, hyperglycemia has also been described in patients with alcoholism. Although its mechanism is still obscure, abnormal hormonal secretion of insulin, catecholamines and glucocorticoids has been incriminated. Finally, structural changes of the liver and pancreas such as cirrhosis and pancreatitis produced by chronic alcohol consumption should also be considered as pathogenetic factors in a variety of clinical states involving deranged carbohydrate metabolism.", "contents": "Alcohol induced changes of carbohydrate metabolism [author's transl]. It is evident that ethanol by itself or one of its metabolites produces alterations in transport, metabolism and disposition of carbohydrates. Ethanol acts via changes in the redox state of co-factors; e.g. ethanol-induced hypoglycemia is due, partly, to the inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis by ethanol as a consequence of the increased NADH2/NAD ratio in patients whose glycogen stores are already depleted. On the other hand, hyperglycemia has also been described in patients with alcoholism. Although its mechanism is still obscure, abnormal hormonal secretion of insulin, catecholamines and glucocorticoids has been incriminated. Finally, structural changes of the liver and pancreas such as cirrhosis and pancreatitis produced by chronic alcohol consumption should also be considered as pathogenetic factors in a variety of clinical states involving deranged carbohydrate metabolism.", "PMID": 703466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1496", "title": "[Alcohol induced changes of amino acid metabolism].", "content": "The effects of ethanol upon amino acid metabolism represent a complex interaction of ethanol metabolism and its products, nutritional abnormalities and pathological alterations in various organs especially the liver. The effects of chronic alcohol consumption upon amino acid absorption, digestion and transport appear largely of theoretical interest without significant impact on nitrogen balance, hepatic urea or protein synthesis or plasma amino acid patterns. Marked alterations in amino acid metabolism in the liver and other organs are observed in human alcoholics. These result in changes in plasma and tissue levels of amino acids and may explain or contribute to hepatic encephalopathy by altering levels of intermediate products such as catecholamines and neurotransmitters. Plasma amino acid changes due to ethanol may also provide a biochemical marker for the assessment of ethanol consumption in an objective fashion. Amino acid requirements in the diet may be altered in the alcoholic along with lowered protein tolerance. Administration of selected proteins or mixtures of amino acids may provide a means for maintaining nitrogen balance while avoiding or improving hepatic encephalopathy in such patients.", "contents": "[Alcohol induced changes of amino acid metabolism]. The effects of ethanol upon amino acid metabolism represent a complex interaction of ethanol metabolism and its products, nutritional abnormalities and pathological alterations in various organs especially the liver. The effects of chronic alcohol consumption upon amino acid absorption, digestion and transport appear largely of theoretical interest without significant impact on nitrogen balance, hepatic urea or protein synthesis or plasma amino acid patterns. Marked alterations in amino acid metabolism in the liver and other organs are observed in human alcoholics. These result in changes in plasma and tissue levels of amino acids and may explain or contribute to hepatic encephalopathy by altering levels of intermediate products such as catecholamines and neurotransmitters. Plasma amino acid changes due to ethanol may also provide a biochemical marker for the assessment of ethanol consumption in an objective fashion. Amino acid requirements in the diet may be altered in the alcoholic along with lowered protein tolerance. Administration of selected proteins or mixtures of amino acids may provide a means for maintaining nitrogen balance while avoiding or improving hepatic encephalopathy in such patients.", "PMID": 703467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1497", "title": "[Alcohol and gastrointestinal tract (author's transl)].", "content": "Alcohol drinking induces acute and chronic lesions of the GI tract; some other GI disorders do occur more frequently in drinkers than in other persons. Alcoholics suffer from gastroesophageal reflux, Barrett's syndrome, exophageal cancer and Mallory-Weiss syndrome as well as from hemorrhagic erosive gastritis more often than normal. It is still unsettled if chronic gastritis can be due to alcohol drinking. Alcohol inhibits to some degree the absorption of water, electrolytes, disaccharides and vitamin B12 in the small intestine; it may as well impair intestinal motility and cause diarrhea. Many aspects of the effects of alcohol on the GI tract still remain to be elucidated. The main stay of therapy is abstenence.", "contents": "[Alcohol and gastrointestinal tract (author's transl)]. Alcohol drinking induces acute and chronic lesions of the GI tract; some other GI disorders do occur more frequently in drinkers than in other persons. Alcoholics suffer from gastroesophageal reflux, Barrett's syndrome, exophageal cancer and Mallory-Weiss syndrome as well as from hemorrhagic erosive gastritis more often than normal. It is still unsettled if chronic gastritis can be due to alcohol drinking. Alcohol inhibits to some degree the absorption of water, electrolytes, disaccharides and vitamin B12 in the small intestine; it may as well impair intestinal motility and cause diarrhea. Many aspects of the effects of alcohol on the GI tract still remain to be elucidated. The main stay of therapy is abstenence.", "PMID": 703468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1498", "title": "Liver lipid alterations in rats fed arginine deficient diets.", "content": "Arginine deficiency is associated with a marked increase in liver lipids in the rat. Triglyceride accumulation accounts for most of the fatty infiltration. Cholesterol concentration per gram of liver increased approximately 280% above control rats receiving dietary arginine. The percentage of phospholipids was significantly decreased in the arginine-deficient rat liver compared to controls. The fatty acid composition revealed a significant reduction in the reduction in the percentage of palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic, and linoleic acids. However, both stearic and arachidonic acids were increased approximately 250 and 160%, respectively, in arginine-deficient livers compared to controls. Arginine deficiency in the rat causes a marked alteration in lipid metabolism similar to that observed with orotic acid feeding. The similarities or arginine deficiency and orotic acid feeding are discussed.", "contents": "Liver lipid alterations in rats fed arginine deficient diets. Arginine deficiency is associated with a marked increase in liver lipids in the rat. Triglyceride accumulation accounts for most of the fatty infiltration. Cholesterol concentration per gram of liver increased approximately 280% above control rats receiving dietary arginine. The percentage of phospholipids was significantly decreased in the arginine-deficient rat liver compared to controls. The fatty acid composition revealed a significant reduction in the reduction in the percentage of palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic, and linoleic acids. However, both stearic and arachidonic acids were increased approximately 250 and 160%, respectively, in arginine-deficient livers compared to controls. Arginine deficiency in the rat causes a marked alteration in lipid metabolism similar to that observed with orotic acid feeding. The similarities or arginine deficiency and orotic acid feeding are discussed.", "PMID": 703533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1499", "title": "Long and medium chain triglycerides increase plasma concentrations of ketone bodies in suckling rats.", "content": "The potential of medium chain triglyceride (MCT) and long chain triglyceride (LCT) as sources of plasma ketones was investigated in suckling rats. Initially high concentrations of plasma ketones in 6-, 10, and 17-day-old rats increased 2- to 3-fold after acute feeding of MCT. This feeding had the same effect in fed or fasted adult rats. Corn oil (as a source of LCT) induced a large increase in the plasma ketone concentration of suckling rats and a relatively small but significant increase in fasted adult rats. The LCT treatment did not affect plasma ketone levels in fed adult rats. The results show clearly that feeding either LCT or MCT will enhance hyperketonemia in suckling rats. In the livers of all animals, regardless of age, the capacity for incorporation of [1(-14C)]octanoate into CO2 and acetoacetate far exceeded that for [1(-14C)]palmitate. The hyperketonemic action of LCT in suckling rats was accompanied by an increased activity of carnitine palmityltransferase and increased level of carnitine.", "contents": "Long and medium chain triglycerides increase plasma concentrations of ketone bodies in suckling rats. The potential of medium chain triglyceride (MCT) and long chain triglyceride (LCT) as sources of plasma ketones was investigated in suckling rats. Initially high concentrations of plasma ketones in 6-, 10, and 17-day-old rats increased 2- to 3-fold after acute feeding of MCT. This feeding had the same effect in fed or fasted adult rats. Corn oil (as a source of LCT) induced a large increase in the plasma ketone concentration of suckling rats and a relatively small but significant increase in fasted adult rats. The LCT treatment did not affect plasma ketone levels in fed adult rats. The results show clearly that feeding either LCT or MCT will enhance hyperketonemia in suckling rats. In the livers of all animals, regardless of age, the capacity for incorporation of [1(-14C)]octanoate into CO2 and acetoacetate far exceeded that for [1(-14C)]palmitate. The hyperketonemic action of LCT in suckling rats was accompanied by an increased activity of carnitine palmityltransferase and increased level of carnitine.", "PMID": 703534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1500", "title": "Effects of synthetic and natural lysophosphatidic acids on the arterial blood pressure of different animal species.", "content": "Intravenous injection of lysophosphatidic acid was found to cause hypertension in rats and guinea pigs, but hypotension in cats and rabbits. The potencies of the pressor and depressor effects of synthetic lysophosphatidic acids in rats and cats depended on their chain length and the degree of unsaturation of their fatty acyl moieties.", "contents": "Effects of synthetic and natural lysophosphatidic acids on the arterial blood pressure of different animal species. Intravenous injection of lysophosphatidic acid was found to cause hypertension in rats and guinea pigs, but hypotension in cats and rabbits. The potencies of the pressor and depressor effects of synthetic lysophosphatidic acids in rats and cats depended on their chain length and the degree of unsaturation of their fatty acyl moieties.", "PMID": 703535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1501", "title": "[Dietary pattern of workers employed in a 3-shift system].", "content": "The studies were performed among 105 workers aged 19 to 30 years, working in a 3-shift-system for at least one year. A questionnaire method of examination was used. Each worker was asked about his usual frequency of meals, sleep time and life routine while working on different shifts, as well as about the consumption of food in the last 24 hours. Usually, regardless of the period of working shift, workers consumed few number 57 meals. Meals during the working time were eaten mostly by morning-shift workers and very rarely by night-shift workers. Comparing calorific values of the meals consumed prior to the working hours at different time of shift work it has been shown that the meals consumed before night shift had the highest values, whereas the meals consumed prior to the morning shift had the lowest values. Generally, the meals consumed by shift workers did not vary and involved a large percentage of meat products, and fats, and too little percentage of vegetables, fruit, milk and dairy products. The food consumed by the workers under examinination contained mainly fats, protein and relatively little carbohydrates and ascorbic acid. Most of the workers preferred morning shift although sleep time was longest in case of afternoon shift. Complaints typical of the night shift included great fatigue and sleepiness. The sleep time was the shortest in case of this shift and sometimes it hardly amounted to 3 hours per day. The obtained results may be used for an elaboration of the lines of most suitably arranged meals schedule for shift and night workers.", "contents": "[Dietary pattern of workers employed in a 3-shift system]. The studies were performed among 105 workers aged 19 to 30 years, working in a 3-shift-system for at least one year. A questionnaire method of examination was used. Each worker was asked about his usual frequency of meals, sleep time and life routine while working on different shifts, as well as about the consumption of food in the last 24 hours. Usually, regardless of the period of working shift, workers consumed few number 57 meals. Meals during the working time were eaten mostly by morning-shift workers and very rarely by night-shift workers. Comparing calorific values of the meals consumed prior to the working hours at different time of shift work it has been shown that the meals consumed before night shift had the highest values, whereas the meals consumed prior to the morning shift had the lowest values. Generally, the meals consumed by shift workers did not vary and involved a large percentage of meat products, and fats, and too little percentage of vegetables, fruit, milk and dairy products. The food consumed by the workers under examinination contained mainly fats, protein and relatively little carbohydrates and ascorbic acid. Most of the workers preferred morning shift although sleep time was longest in case of afternoon shift. Complaints typical of the night shift included great fatigue and sleepiness. The sleep time was the shortest in case of this shift and sometimes it hardly amounted to 3 hours per day. The obtained results may be used for an elaboration of the lines of most suitably arranged meals schedule for shift and night workers.", "PMID": 703586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1502", "title": "[Covariance of the level of activation and work performance as a method of evaluating the work load].", "content": "Assuming as proved the claim that there is a relation between the activation level and the results of work performed, which may be presented by means of a curve bearing a reversed \"U\" shape, it has been assumed that we can think of a work load when there is a negative correlation between these parameters. This assumption has been checked by comparying work load of weaving women operating two different types of looms. As an index of activation level, the frequency heart rate has been taken, whereas the rapidity of work performance and results of interpolated tests (reaction time, centre-punching, dotting, drawing a line and accuracy of observation) have been treated as the indices of capability for work. Differences in the trend of interdependence between these groups of parameters, depending on the type of activity performed and the type of loom under description, have been found, which indicates that this method may possibly be used when evaluating the load as well as pointing out its sources.", "contents": "[Covariance of the level of activation and work performance as a method of evaluating the work load]. Assuming as proved the claim that there is a relation between the activation level and the results of work performed, which may be presented by means of a curve bearing a reversed \"U\" shape, it has been assumed that we can think of a work load when there is a negative correlation between these parameters. This assumption has been checked by comparying work load of weaving women operating two different types of looms. As an index of activation level, the frequency heart rate has been taken, whereas the rapidity of work performance and results of interpolated tests (reaction time, centre-punching, dotting, drawing a line and accuracy of observation) have been treated as the indices of capability for work. Differences in the trend of interdependence between these groups of parameters, depending on the type of activity performed and the type of loom under description, have been found, which indicates that this method may possibly be used when evaluating the load as well as pointing out its sources.", "PMID": 703587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1503", "title": "[Spectrum character of vibration and clinical form of vibration disease].", "content": "300 workers of metalurgical plant exposed to vibrations were divided according to the chief work tool into the three groups: 1) moulder, 2) mould cleaner and 3) ironworker--grinder. The velocity of vibration was measured and the spectrum of vibrations examined. The product of vibration velocity excesses was evaluated within the following three bands of frequency: 16--63 Hz, 125--250 Hz, 500--2000 Hz and the frequency of occurrence of the two main forms of vibration disease, i.e. angioneurosis and osteoarthrosis was calculated. The osteoarthretic form of vibration disease was significantly more frequent when the multiplicity of surpassing the velocity of vibration occurred with low frequencies (moulders), and angioneurotic form was more frequent at high and very high frequencies. It seems, that \"the safe limit\" of vibration frequency should be transferred to frequencies higher than 500 Hz.", "contents": "[Spectrum character of vibration and clinical form of vibration disease]. 300 workers of metalurgical plant exposed to vibrations were divided according to the chief work tool into the three groups: 1) moulder, 2) mould cleaner and 3) ironworker--grinder. The velocity of vibration was measured and the spectrum of vibrations examined. The product of vibration velocity excesses was evaluated within the following three bands of frequency: 16--63 Hz, 125--250 Hz, 500--2000 Hz and the frequency of occurrence of the two main forms of vibration disease, i.e. angioneurosis and osteoarthrosis was calculated. The osteoarthretic form of vibration disease was significantly more frequent when the multiplicity of surpassing the velocity of vibration occurred with low frequencies (moulders), and angioneurotic form was more frequent at high and very high frequencies. It seems, that \"the safe limit\" of vibration frequency should be transferred to frequencies higher than 500 Hz.", "PMID": 703588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1504", "title": "[Method for evaluating the concentration of alpha radiation potential energy of thorium Rn-220 in the air].", "content": "The paper presents assumptions and a description of an improved method for measuring the potential energy of radon decay products in the air. The method is based on the detection of alpha radiation emitted by ThC', in properly selected time intervals after the process of air filtration, i.e. collecting thoron decay products on the filter has been finished. The method has been worked out for various duration of filtration, i.e. 1--15 min, with measuring time intervals from 10 to 180 min. The method obtained is fit for the measurements of concentrations in a wide range of variation. Radioactivity of the deposit is being calculated on the basis of comparative measurements of 239Pu source of known activity. The sensitivity of the method for the most sensitive range is 0.84 . 10(4) MeV/litre per 1 liter of air filtered.", "contents": "[Method for evaluating the concentration of alpha radiation potential energy of thorium Rn-220 in the air]. The paper presents assumptions and a description of an improved method for measuring the potential energy of radon decay products in the air. The method is based on the detection of alpha radiation emitted by ThC', in properly selected time intervals after the process of air filtration, i.e. collecting thoron decay products on the filter has been finished. The method has been worked out for various duration of filtration, i.e. 1--15 min, with measuring time intervals from 10 to 180 min. The method obtained is fit for the measurements of concentrations in a wide range of variation. Radioactivity of the deposit is being calculated on the basis of comparative measurements of 239Pu source of known activity. The sensitivity of the method for the most sensitive range is 0.84 . 10(4) MeV/litre per 1 liter of air filtered.", "PMID": 703589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1505", "title": "[Nerve conduction in vibratory disease].", "content": "Sensory and motor nerve conduction velocities in median and ulnar nerves of both upper limbs were examined in 30 forest-workers, felling trees with the aid of the mechanical saws, and demonstrating symptoms and signs of vibratory disease. A distinct decrease of the conduction velocity of sensory fibres and reduction of the nerve action potential amplitude of the examined nerves were found in these patients in comparison with the control group. Mean motor conduction velocity and distal motor latency of both nerves were included in the norm. No relationship occurs between the length of the work, time and the degree of the disorder of the sensory nerve conduction. The degree of the lesion of sensory fibres depends more on an individual susceptibility than on the length of the work time of workers exposed to local vibration.", "contents": "[Nerve conduction in vibratory disease]. Sensory and motor nerve conduction velocities in median and ulnar nerves of both upper limbs were examined in 30 forest-workers, felling trees with the aid of the mechanical saws, and demonstrating symptoms and signs of vibratory disease. A distinct decrease of the conduction velocity of sensory fibres and reduction of the nerve action potential amplitude of the examined nerves were found in these patients in comparison with the control group. Mean motor conduction velocity and distal motor latency of both nerves were included in the norm. No relationship occurs between the length of the work, time and the degree of the disorder of the sensory nerve conduction. The degree of the lesion of sensory fibres depends more on an individual susceptibility than on the length of the work time of workers exposed to local vibration.", "PMID": 703590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1506", "title": "[Experimental silicosis. I. Fibrogenic effect of synthetic amorphous silica].", "content": "Fibrogenic properties of two dusts of synthetic hydrated amorphous silicas, Ze-O-Sil (French production) and Arsil (Polish production) were studied. Experimental silicosis was induced by intratracheal administration to rats of a single dust dose (50 mg in 0.6 ml NaCl). Fibrogenic properties were tested 3, 6, 9 months after administration of the dust. X-ray diffraction and chemical tests did not reveal any form of crystalline. Si02 in the composition of the investigated dusts. The dusts tested as compared with quartz, were characterized by a great solubility up to 211 mg/l, which made the dust excretion from the lungs easy; after 6 month-experiment approximately 1.2 mg of Arsil dust and about 28 mg of quartz dust residue was found. Fibrogenic properties of Arsil dust, represented by wet lungs weight increase and hydroxyproline content in lungs, were more pronounced than those of Ze-O-Sil. Hydroxyproline content 3 months after administration of Arsil, Ze-O-Sil, TiO2 and weak quartz amounted to 7.3 mg, 5.1 mg, 3.8 mg and 6.0 mg, respectively. Histological and ultrastructural investigations demonstrated that disseminated, multifocal granulomas were the basic reaction to both dusts; no clear histological signs of cytolytic action on the cells of dust granulomas were found. In the lungs no silicotic nodules or degeneration of changes were revealed. Neither biochemical tests nor histological examinations revealed a progressive development of fibrous connective tissue. In result of the studies the authors suggest 2 mg/m3 as a MAC value for Arsil dust instead of 10 mg/m3--the value which has been hitherto used.", "contents": "[Experimental silicosis. I. Fibrogenic effect of synthetic amorphous silica]. Fibrogenic properties of two dusts of synthetic hydrated amorphous silicas, Ze-O-Sil (French production) and Arsil (Polish production) were studied. Experimental silicosis was induced by intratracheal administration to rats of a single dust dose (50 mg in 0.6 ml NaCl). Fibrogenic properties were tested 3, 6, 9 months after administration of the dust. X-ray diffraction and chemical tests did not reveal any form of crystalline. Si02 in the composition of the investigated dusts. The dusts tested as compared with quartz, were characterized by a great solubility up to 211 mg/l, which made the dust excretion from the lungs easy; after 6 month-experiment approximately 1.2 mg of Arsil dust and about 28 mg of quartz dust residue was found. Fibrogenic properties of Arsil dust, represented by wet lungs weight increase and hydroxyproline content in lungs, were more pronounced than those of Ze-O-Sil. Hydroxyproline content 3 months after administration of Arsil, Ze-O-Sil, TiO2 and weak quartz amounted to 7.3 mg, 5.1 mg, 3.8 mg and 6.0 mg, respectively. Histological and ultrastructural investigations demonstrated that disseminated, multifocal granulomas were the basic reaction to both dusts; no clear histological signs of cytolytic action on the cells of dust granulomas were found. In the lungs no silicotic nodules or degeneration of changes were revealed. Neither biochemical tests nor histological examinations revealed a progressive development of fibrous connective tissue. In result of the studies the authors suggest 2 mg/m3 as a MAC value for Arsil dust instead of 10 mg/m3--the value which has been hitherto used.", "PMID": 703591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1507", "title": "[Diagnosis, prophylaxis and certification of occupational hearing loss].", "content": "The paper includes some methodical guides for the physicians dealing with hearing protection in noisy industry and diagnosis and certification of occupational hearing loss. The Polish norm PN-77 N-01310 concerning the damage risk criteria, permissible levels of noise on work-posts, role and damping qualities of ear protectors as well as principles pre-employment and follow-up medical examinations are discussed. Apart from the frequency of audiometric tests the author lists in detail the standard conditions of the performance of these tests and their methodology. Then such problems are presented as the clinic of noise-induced hearing impairment, diagnostic criteria and criteria of certification, differential diagnosis and principles of evaluating capability for work in case of those suffering from hearing loss of various degree.", "contents": "[Diagnosis, prophylaxis and certification of occupational hearing loss]. The paper includes some methodical guides for the physicians dealing with hearing protection in noisy industry and diagnosis and certification of occupational hearing loss. The Polish norm PN-77 N-01310 concerning the damage risk criteria, permissible levels of noise on work-posts, role and damping qualities of ear protectors as well as principles pre-employment and follow-up medical examinations are discussed. Apart from the frequency of audiometric tests the author lists in detail the standard conditions of the performance of these tests and their methodology. Then such problems are presented as the clinic of noise-induced hearing impairment, diagnostic criteria and criteria of certification, differential diagnosis and principles of evaluating capability for work in case of those suffering from hearing loss of various degree.", "PMID": 703592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1508", "title": "[Effect of intermediate reasons on occupational accidents based on the construction of a large industrial plant].", "content": "In the report given one compared the formation of work accidents in the course of building big manufacturing chemical works during the period of two succeeding years. On the basis of the number of registered work accidents as well as clear-sighted observation the author presents a series of intermediate reasons having an effect on the rise of accidents mainly during the last year of building. Both from the contents of the report and from the conclusions drawn ways of preventing their occurrence result.", "contents": "[Effect of intermediate reasons on occupational accidents based on the construction of a large industrial plant]. In the report given one compared the formation of work accidents in the course of building big manufacturing chemical works during the period of two succeeding years. On the basis of the number of registered work accidents as well as clear-sighted observation the author presents a series of intermediate reasons having an effect on the rise of accidents mainly during the last year of building. Both from the contents of the report and from the conclusions drawn ways of preventing their occurrence result.", "PMID": 703593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1509", "title": "[Evaluation of neurological status and EEG tests in workers exposed to metallic mercury vapors].", "content": "Workers occupationally exposed to mercury vapours were examined. Concentrations of mercury vapours in the air in a plant producing thermometers did not exceed 0.02 mg/m3 whereas in a plant producing electrical lamps they ranged from 0.02 to 0.05 mg/m3. Most of the workers complained of nervous system disorders, especially of headaches, hypersensibility, dyssomnia, paresthesias. Subjective changes in form of some marks of central and peripheral nervous system impairment were found in more than 40% of working women exposed to mercury vapours, whereas in the control group--only in 4%. The symptoms of the central nervous system impairment were more frequent and diversified in the group of women working in the plant producing electrical lamps. In the EEG tests abnormal electroencephalograms amounted to 44.5%. The most frequent changes were of generalized nature (24.0%). Paroxysmal changes in form of the discharge of dysrhythmical function of theta and sharp waves, were found in 16.6%. In the control group changes in electroencephalograms were less frequent and comprised only 15.3% of those tested. Generalized and paroxysmal changes were also less frequent, 10.7% and 4.0%, respectively.", "contents": "[Evaluation of neurological status and EEG tests in workers exposed to metallic mercury vapors]. Workers occupationally exposed to mercury vapours were examined. Concentrations of mercury vapours in the air in a plant producing thermometers did not exceed 0.02 mg/m3 whereas in a plant producing electrical lamps they ranged from 0.02 to 0.05 mg/m3. Most of the workers complained of nervous system disorders, especially of headaches, hypersensibility, dyssomnia, paresthesias. Subjective changes in form of some marks of central and peripheral nervous system impairment were found in more than 40% of working women exposed to mercury vapours, whereas in the control group--only in 4%. The symptoms of the central nervous system impairment were more frequent and diversified in the group of women working in the plant producing electrical lamps. In the EEG tests abnormal electroencephalograms amounted to 44.5%. The most frequent changes were of generalized nature (24.0%). Paroxysmal changes in form of the discharge of dysrhythmical function of theta and sharp waves, were found in 16.6%. In the control group changes in electroencephalograms were less frequent and comprised only 15.3% of those tested. Generalized and paroxysmal changes were also less frequent, 10.7% and 4.0%, respectively.", "PMID": 703594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1510", "title": "[Phagocytic activity of leukocytes in acutely intoxicated persons].", "content": "Evaluation of the reaction of leukocytes in peripheral blood of people suffering from acute exogenic intoxications was undertaken. The examination comprised 47 persons aged 15--72, intoxicated with soporifics, sedatives, carbon monoxide and other substances (ethanol, methanol, lyes). The control group consisted of 26 persons, aged 18--56, in this 10 healthy persons, 10 persons with acute bacterial infections and 6 with viral infections. For evaluation of phagocytic activity of granulocytes a test of the reduction of nitrotetrazoline blue (NBT) was used. Besides the activity of non-specific esterases in monocytes and lymphocytes was determined. The data obtained demonstrated significant differences in the behaviour of the NBT test in granulocytes of acutely intoxicated persons, as compared with healthy people and those suffering from bacterial and viral diseases.", "contents": "[Phagocytic activity of leukocytes in acutely intoxicated persons]. Evaluation of the reaction of leukocytes in peripheral blood of people suffering from acute exogenic intoxications was undertaken. The examination comprised 47 persons aged 15--72, intoxicated with soporifics, sedatives, carbon monoxide and other substances (ethanol, methanol, lyes). The control group consisted of 26 persons, aged 18--56, in this 10 healthy persons, 10 persons with acute bacterial infections and 6 with viral infections. For evaluation of phagocytic activity of granulocytes a test of the reduction of nitrotetrazoline blue (NBT) was used. Besides the activity of non-specific esterases in monocytes and lymphocytes was determined. The data obtained demonstrated significant differences in the behaviour of the NBT test in granulocytes of acutely intoxicated persons, as compared with healthy people and those suffering from bacterial and viral diseases.", "PMID": 703595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1511", "title": "[Establishment of somatic development norms: new methods].", "content": "The work presents the statistic method for establishing norms of the \"general somatic development\". The method is based on experimental investigation of \"Chemar\" workers in Kielce. For this scale T1, was used which allows to compare different somatic features. The authors state that this model can be used when the best--adjusted curve for the results in the scale T1 fulfils Gauss model. In order to investigate the convergence of particular somatic features with the general somatic development the coefficient H was applied. It was stated that by means of the coefficient H one can determine which features show: very good, good, medium and weak convergence with the general somatic development.", "contents": "[Establishment of somatic development norms: new methods]. The work presents the statistic method for establishing norms of the \"general somatic development\". The method is based on experimental investigation of \"Chemar\" workers in Kielce. For this scale T1, was used which allows to compare different somatic features. The authors state that this model can be used when the best--adjusted curve for the results in the scale T1 fulfils Gauss model. In order to investigate the convergence of particular somatic features with the general somatic development the coefficient H was applied. It was stated that by means of the coefficient H one can determine which features show: very good, good, medium and weak convergence with the general somatic development.", "PMID": 703596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1512", "title": "Effect of apomorphine and piribedil on the secretion of thyrotropin and prolactin in patients with primary hypothyroidism.", "content": "The administration of apomorphine and piribedil, two dopaminergic agents, significantly reduced thyrotropin (TSH) and prolactin levels in six female patients with primary hypothyroidism. These data provide further evidence for an inhibitory role of dopaminergic stimulation on TSH secretion.", "contents": "Effect of apomorphine and piribedil on the secretion of thyrotropin and prolactin in patients with primary hypothyroidism. The administration of apomorphine and piribedil, two dopaminergic agents, significantly reduced thyrotropin (TSH) and prolactin levels in six female patients with primary hypothyroidism. These data provide further evidence for an inhibitory role of dopaminergic stimulation on TSH secretion.", "PMID": 703603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1513", "title": "Experimental cystinuria: the cycloleucine model. II. Amino acid efflux from intestinal and renal tissues.", "content": "Loading and unloading experiments using intestinal sacs and renal cortex slices were undertaken to ascertain the role of amino acid efflux in cycloleucine-induced amino-aciduria. The presence of cycloleucine, lysine, or valine on the luminal or antiluminal side of the intestine caused an increased leakage of [14C] cycloleucine, [14C] lysine, and [35S] cystine from the tissue. Similar results were obtained when using kidney cortex slices, except for cystine efflux. The latter phenomenon was inhibited by cycloleucine and lysine. Data, also obtained with renal cortex slices, suggest that cystine and cysteine are recognized by different transport sites although one (the oxidized form) may be typically extracellular and the other (the reduced form), intracellular. A comparison of these data with previous works done in our laboratory shows that cycloleucine affects efflux less than influx and further suggests that in rats given cycloleucine, renal transport is impaired only at the brush border level for cystine and at both luminal and antiluminal membranes for dibasic amino acids.", "contents": "Experimental cystinuria: the cycloleucine model. II. Amino acid efflux from intestinal and renal tissues. Loading and unloading experiments using intestinal sacs and renal cortex slices were undertaken to ascertain the role of amino acid efflux in cycloleucine-induced amino-aciduria. The presence of cycloleucine, lysine, or valine on the luminal or antiluminal side of the intestine caused an increased leakage of [14C] cycloleucine, [14C] lysine, and [35S] cystine from the tissue. Similar results were obtained when using kidney cortex slices, except for cystine efflux. The latter phenomenon was inhibited by cycloleucine and lysine. Data, also obtained with renal cortex slices, suggest that cystine and cysteine are recognized by different transport sites although one (the oxidized form) may be typically extracellular and the other (the reduced form), intracellular. A comparison of these data with previous works done in our laboratory shows that cycloleucine affects efflux less than influx and further suggests that in rats given cycloleucine, renal transport is impaired only at the brush border level for cystine and at both luminal and antiluminal membranes for dibasic amino acids.", "PMID": 703604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1514", "title": "Treatment of hypertriglyceridemia with para-aminosalicylic acid-C: a possible mechanism of action.", "content": "The effect of para-aminosalicylic acid-C (PAS-C, 8 g/day) on lipid metabolism was studied on a metabolic ward in nine subjects with primary endogenous hypertriglyceridemia. During 2 wk on a basal isocaloric liquid formula diet (40% fat, 45% carbohydrate), PAS-C reduced plasma triglyceride (-41.9 +/- 18.9%, p less than .01, -x +/- SD), cholesterol (-22.8 +/- 12.9%, p less than .005), and a very low density lipoprotein triglyceride (p less than .001) and cholesterol (p less than .01) levels without changing the cholesterol content of low density or high density lipoproteins. Similar effects occurred on a fat-free, 85% carbohydrate diet. Decreases in very low density lipoproteins correlated with changes in both total triglyceride (r = .99, p less than .01) and cholesterol (r = .70, p less than .05). Treatment with PAS-C reduced the plasma triglyceride removal rate related to lipoprotein lipase (-14.6 +/- 14.1%, p less than .02), but did not alter plasma postheparin lipolytic activity or the apparent Km for substrate-enzyme interaction. Kinetic data obtained during the prolonged heparin infusion fit the linearized Michaelis-Menten model for subjects with endogenous hypertriglyceridemia. The reduction in the plasma triglyceride concentration during PAS-C treatment was a function of the decrease in triglyceride removal rate (r = .74, p less than .025) without alternation in the maximal removal capacity related to lipoprotein lipase. This suggests that under the steady state conditions of these studies, the decrease in plasma triglyceride concentration was due to a reduction in endogenous triglyceride production. Free fatty acid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, fat absorption, and thyroid function did not change. These results suggest that PAS-C lowers plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels in hypertriglyceridemic subjects reducing endogenous very low density lipoprotein production and/or secretion into the circulation.", "contents": "Treatment of hypertriglyceridemia with para-aminosalicylic acid-C: a possible mechanism of action. The effect of para-aminosalicylic acid-C (PAS-C, 8 g/day) on lipid metabolism was studied on a metabolic ward in nine subjects with primary endogenous hypertriglyceridemia. During 2 wk on a basal isocaloric liquid formula diet (40% fat, 45% carbohydrate), PAS-C reduced plasma triglyceride (-41.9 +/- 18.9%, p less than .01, -x +/- SD), cholesterol (-22.8 +/- 12.9%, p less than .005), and a very low density lipoprotein triglyceride (p less than .001) and cholesterol (p less than .01) levels without changing the cholesterol content of low density or high density lipoproteins. Similar effects occurred on a fat-free, 85% carbohydrate diet. Decreases in very low density lipoproteins correlated with changes in both total triglyceride (r = .99, p less than .01) and cholesterol (r = .70, p less than .05). Treatment with PAS-C reduced the plasma triglyceride removal rate related to lipoprotein lipase (-14.6 +/- 14.1%, p less than .02), but did not alter plasma postheparin lipolytic activity or the apparent Km for substrate-enzyme interaction. Kinetic data obtained during the prolonged heparin infusion fit the linearized Michaelis-Menten model for subjects with endogenous hypertriglyceridemia. The reduction in the plasma triglyceride concentration during PAS-C treatment was a function of the decrease in triglyceride removal rate (r = .74, p less than .025) without alternation in the maximal removal capacity related to lipoprotein lipase. This suggests that under the steady state conditions of these studies, the decrease in plasma triglyceride concentration was due to a reduction in endogenous triglyceride production. Free fatty acid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, fat absorption, and thyroid function did not change. These results suggest that PAS-C lowers plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels in hypertriglyceridemic subjects reducing endogenous very low density lipoprotein production and/or secretion into the circulation.", "PMID": 703606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1515", "title": "Achilles tendon thickness and ischemic heart disease in familial hypercholesterolemia.", "content": "Achilles tendon thickness (ATT) of 112 patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) with and without ischemic heart disease (IHD) was measured radiographically and was compared with that of normal subjects. The mean and SD of serum cholesterol in the heterozygotes (107 cases), the homozygotes (5 cases) and the normal subjects (36 cases) were 347 +/- 63, 589 +/- 69 and 187 +/- 30 mg/dl, respectively. The mean and SEM of ATT in the heterozygotes, the homozygotes and the normal subjects were 12.5 +/- 0.4 mm, 18.6 +/- 6.6 mm, and 6.3 +/- 0.2 mm, respectively. Cutaneous xanthomas were observed in 34 out of 112 patients (30.4%). Increased ATT was observed in 95 (84.8%). IHD was diagnosed in 39 (34.8%). The ATT of FH with IHD was significantly thicker than that of FH without IHD (P less than 0.05) and that of normal subjects (p less than 0.001). Thus, the increased ATT evaluated by x-ray was the earliest clinical sign of FH and the measurement of ATT seems to be a useful adjunctive procedure for detecting familial hypercholesterolemic patients and predicting IHD in them.", "contents": "Achilles tendon thickness and ischemic heart disease in familial hypercholesterolemia. Achilles tendon thickness (ATT) of 112 patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) with and without ischemic heart disease (IHD) was measured radiographically and was compared with that of normal subjects. The mean and SD of serum cholesterol in the heterozygotes (107 cases), the homozygotes (5 cases) and the normal subjects (36 cases) were 347 +/- 63, 589 +/- 69 and 187 +/- 30 mg/dl, respectively. The mean and SEM of ATT in the heterozygotes, the homozygotes and the normal subjects were 12.5 +/- 0.4 mm, 18.6 +/- 6.6 mm, and 6.3 +/- 0.2 mm, respectively. Cutaneous xanthomas were observed in 34 out of 112 patients (30.4%). Increased ATT was observed in 95 (84.8%). IHD was diagnosed in 39 (34.8%). The ATT of FH with IHD was significantly thicker than that of FH without IHD (P less than 0.05) and that of normal subjects (p less than 0.001). Thus, the increased ATT evaluated by x-ray was the earliest clinical sign of FH and the measurement of ATT seems to be a useful adjunctive procedure for detecting familial hypercholesterolemic patients and predicting IHD in them.", "PMID": 703607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1516", "title": "[Effect of cultivation conditions on the cytochrome system of Candida mycoderma yeasts].", "content": "The effect of aeration of the medium, the source of carbon, yeast autolysate and its components (amino acids, vitamins, cytochrome precursors) on the biosynthesis of cytochromes and the ratio between them was studied in the cells of Candida mycoderma. The content of cytochromes b and c increased in the cells at the stationary phase of growth on the Rieder medium regardless of the carbon source and in the presence of elevated concentrations of iron and yeast autolysate (or one of its components, delta-aminolevulinic acid), whereas the content of cytochromes a + a3 decreased. These changes in the content of cytochromes were found in the conditions of strong oxygen deficiency in the medium during the stationary phase.", "contents": "[Effect of cultivation conditions on the cytochrome system of Candida mycoderma yeasts]. The effect of aeration of the medium, the source of carbon, yeast autolysate and its components (amino acids, vitamins, cytochrome precursors) on the biosynthesis of cytochromes and the ratio between them was studied in the cells of Candida mycoderma. The content of cytochromes b and c increased in the cells at the stationary phase of growth on the Rieder medium regardless of the carbon source and in the presence of elevated concentrations of iron and yeast autolysate (or one of its components, delta-aminolevulinic acid), whereas the content of cytochromes a + a3 decreased. These changes in the content of cytochromes were found in the conditions of strong oxygen deficiency in the medium during the stationary phase.", "PMID": 703641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1517", "title": "[Effect of inorganic electron acceptors on the bacterial formation of methane from cellulose].", "content": "The effect of nitrate, nitrogen oxide, sulphate, oxidized iron and manganese on the methane fermentation of cellulose was studied with the enrichment bacterial culture. The action of these oxidants on the enrichment culture growing on cellulose was compared to that on a pure methanosarcina culture in order to find out which stage of methane formation from cellulose was inhibited. Nitrate at the concentration of 2 g NaNO3 and more per litre of the medium inhibited the whole process of fermentation; at the concentration less than 2 g/l the production of methane was inhibited, and cellulose decomposition was accompanied with denitrification. Sulphate at the concentration of 2 g MgSO4 per litre had no effect on the formation of methane but the process was inhibited by the product of its reduction, i. e. sulphiade. Cellulose decomposition could be accompanied with sulphate reduction if sulphide produced in the process of the reduction were removed from the medium. In this case as well as in the presence of ferric iron, the production of methane was inhibited due to competition for the reducing agent.", "contents": "[Effect of inorganic electron acceptors on the bacterial formation of methane from cellulose]. The effect of nitrate, nitrogen oxide, sulphate, oxidized iron and manganese on the methane fermentation of cellulose was studied with the enrichment bacterial culture. The action of these oxidants on the enrichment culture growing on cellulose was compared to that on a pure methanosarcina culture in order to find out which stage of methane formation from cellulose was inhibited. Nitrate at the concentration of 2 g NaNO3 and more per litre of the medium inhibited the whole process of fermentation; at the concentration less than 2 g/l the production of methane was inhibited, and cellulose decomposition was accompanied with denitrification. Sulphate at the concentration of 2 g MgSO4 per litre had no effect on the formation of methane but the process was inhibited by the product of its reduction, i. e. sulphiade. Cellulose decomposition could be accompanied with sulphate reduction if sulphide produced in the process of the reduction were removed from the medium. In this case as well as in the presence of ferric iron, the production of methane was inhibited due to competition for the reducing agent.", "PMID": 703642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1518", "title": "[Carbon assimilation pathways in the methylotrophy of Pseudomonas gazotropha].", "content": "The dynamics of label distribution was studied in the products of 14CH3OH assimilation by the cells of Pseudomonas gazotropha Z-1156. Substances to be first detected were glycolate, glycine and those of the chromatogram \"start\" spot. Later, the radioactivity was detected in phosphorylated compounds and glycerate. Cell extracts of Ps. gazotropha Z-1156 contained ribosephosphate isomerase, phosphoribulokinase and glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase but not ribulosediphosphate carboxylase. Distribution of the label in the products of 14CH3OH assimilation and the presence of active hydroxypyruvate reductase in the extract suggest that the serine cycle is involved in methylotrophy of Ps. gazotropha Z-1156. This suggestion is confirmed by the presence of active formate dehydrogenase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, (NADP+, Mn2+)-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase, (NAD, Mg2+)-specific malate dehydrogenase, malate lyase, and isocitrate lyase. The citric acid cycle is open at the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase system. The dry biomass of Ps. gazotropha Z-1156 contains over 70% of protein.", "contents": "[Carbon assimilation pathways in the methylotrophy of Pseudomonas gazotropha]. The dynamics of label distribution was studied in the products of 14CH3OH assimilation by the cells of Pseudomonas gazotropha Z-1156. Substances to be first detected were glycolate, glycine and those of the chromatogram \"start\" spot. Later, the radioactivity was detected in phosphorylated compounds and glycerate. Cell extracts of Ps. gazotropha Z-1156 contained ribosephosphate isomerase, phosphoribulokinase and glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase but not ribulosediphosphate carboxylase. Distribution of the label in the products of 14CH3OH assimilation and the presence of active hydroxypyruvate reductase in the extract suggest that the serine cycle is involved in methylotrophy of Ps. gazotropha Z-1156. This suggestion is confirmed by the presence of active formate dehydrogenase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, (NADP+, Mn2+)-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase, (NAD, Mg2+)-specific malate dehydrogenase, malate lyase, and isocitrate lyase. The citric acid cycle is open at the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase system. The dry biomass of Ps. gazotropha Z-1156 contains over 70% of protein.", "PMID": 703643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1519", "title": "[Carotenoid content and the photoresistence of the energy metabolism system in fungi].", "content": "The protective role of carotenoids upon the action of light with regard to energy metabolism was studied in fungi. The energy effectiveness of the interaction between fungi and the environment was found to be more photoresistant in pigmented species than in pigmentless forms. The content of ATP and the values of the respiratory quotient were more stable in this case. Apparently, carotenoids participate in the regulation of fungi respiration in the conditions of illumination with short-wavelength visible light.", "contents": "[Carotenoid content and the photoresistence of the energy metabolism system in fungi]. The protective role of carotenoids upon the action of light with regard to energy metabolism was studied in fungi. The energy effectiveness of the interaction between fungi and the environment was found to be more photoresistant in pigmented species than in pigmentless forms. The content of ATP and the values of the respiratory quotient were more stable in this case. Apparently, carotenoids participate in the regulation of fungi respiration in the conditions of illumination with short-wavelength visible light.", "PMID": 703644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1520", "title": "[Growth of Micrococcus lysodeikticus bacteria on a deuterated medium].", "content": "The object of this work was to prepare deuterated growth media and to adapt Micrococcus lysodeikticus to a medium containing deuterated-substituted organic substances and deuterium oxide instead of water. M. lysodeikticus was grown on a medium prepared from the \"deuterated-cells\" of Chlorella, and was capable of absorbing selectively protons from such a medium containing high concentrations of deuterium. Its deuterated cells (\"monsters\") produced structures consisting of several (up to 8) smaller cells, angular in shape and having a thicker (2--3 times) cell wall. Apparently, adaptation to a deuterated medium is accompanied with changes in the cell wall biosynthesis as a result of which the separation of daughter cells is interfered with in the course of cell division, and the cells are more resistant to the action of lysozyme.", "contents": "[Growth of Micrococcus lysodeikticus bacteria on a deuterated medium]. The object of this work was to prepare deuterated growth media and to adapt Micrococcus lysodeikticus to a medium containing deuterated-substituted organic substances and deuterium oxide instead of water. M. lysodeikticus was grown on a medium prepared from the \"deuterated-cells\" of Chlorella, and was capable of absorbing selectively protons from such a medium containing high concentrations of deuterium. Its deuterated cells (\"monsters\") produced structures consisting of several (up to 8) smaller cells, angular in shape and having a thicker (2--3 times) cell wall. Apparently, adaptation to a deuterated medium is accompanied with changes in the cell wall biosynthesis as a result of which the separation of daughter cells is interfered with in the course of cell division, and the cells are more resistant to the action of lysozyme.", "PMID": 703645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1521", "title": "[Effect of various nitrogen sources on lipase formation by Rhizopus microsporus].", "content": "The effect of organic and mineral nitrogen sources on the production of lipolytic enzymes and the accumulation of biomass was studied with Rhizopus microsporus UzLT-I. Addition of mineral nitrogen sources to the growth medium weakly stimulated synthesis of lipase by the fungus. The production of lipolytic enzymes was highest on media with organic nitrogen compounds, particularly yeast autolysate and fodder yeast cells (0.1: 0.25%). The lipolytic activity of the cultural broth on media with these nitrogen sources increased by 50% cf. the control.", "contents": "[Effect of various nitrogen sources on lipase formation by Rhizopus microsporus]. The effect of organic and mineral nitrogen sources on the production of lipolytic enzymes and the accumulation of biomass was studied with Rhizopus microsporus UzLT-I. Addition of mineral nitrogen sources to the growth medium weakly stimulated synthesis of lipase by the fungus. The production of lipolytic enzymes was highest on media with organic nitrogen compounds, particularly yeast autolysate and fodder yeast cells (0.1: 0.25%). The lipolytic activity of the cultural broth on media with these nitrogen sources increased by 50% cf. the control.", "PMID": 703647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1522", "title": "[Variability of the proteolytic activity in the thermotolerant actinomycete, Thermoactinomyces vulgaris].", "content": "The thermophilic culture of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris PA-11-4a, like other actinomycetes, is characterized by a high variability. This strain produces protease. The property is maintained if spores are incubated in sterilized distilled water for 30 min after lyophilization and then inoculated onto a solid medium (Petri plates) in order to select small dark-coloured colonies. The activity of protease does not decrease if such colonies are grown on solid media during seven months at 4 degrees C.", "contents": "[Variability of the proteolytic activity in the thermotolerant actinomycete, Thermoactinomyces vulgaris]. The thermophilic culture of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris PA-11-4a, like other actinomycetes, is characterized by a high variability. This strain produces protease. The property is maintained if spores are incubated in sterilized distilled water for 30 min after lyophilization and then inoculated onto a solid medium (Petri plates) in order to select small dark-coloured colonies. The activity of protease does not decrease if such colonies are grown on solid media during seven months at 4 degrees C.", "PMID": 703646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1523", "title": "[Origin of the oxygen detected by the Viking stations in an analysis of Mars soil].", "content": "Reactions between the mineral limonite and hydrogen peroxide were studied and gases produced thereupon were analysed by gas chromatography. Oxygen did not evolve if limonite was added to hydrogen peroxide frozen at a temperature of dry ice. However, at room temperature, a vigorous chemical reaction occurred and a large amount of oxygen evolved. Apparently, the ground of Mars contains not only hydrated iron oxides but also frozen hydrogen peroxide whose thawing in the incubation chamber of Viking resulted in its catalytic degradation under the action of iron ions. The evidence thus obtained and its comparison with the data of American scientists account for considerable evolution of oxygen detected by Viking upon analysis of the Mars ground.", "contents": "[Origin of the oxygen detected by the Viking stations in an analysis of Mars soil]. Reactions between the mineral limonite and hydrogen peroxide were studied and gases produced thereupon were analysed by gas chromatography. Oxygen did not evolve if limonite was added to hydrogen peroxide frozen at a temperature of dry ice. However, at room temperature, a vigorous chemical reaction occurred and a large amount of oxygen evolved. Apparently, the ground of Mars contains not only hydrated iron oxides but also frozen hydrogen peroxide whose thawing in the incubation chamber of Viking resulted in its catalytic degradation under the action of iron ions. The evidence thus obtained and its comparison with the data of American scientists account for considerable evolution of oxygen detected by Viking upon analysis of the Mars ground.", "PMID": 703649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1524", "title": "[Extracellular polysaccharides and the taxonomy of yeasts of the genus Lipomyces].", "content": "Variations in the composition of extracellular polysaccharides in Lipomyces spp. are discussed in terms of the species differentiation within the genus. Extracellular polymers of certain mycelial lower ascomycetes (Dipodascopsis uninucleata, Dipodascus spp., Endomyces magnusii) were found to be similar, this suggesting a relationship between these organisms.", "contents": "[Extracellular polysaccharides and the taxonomy of yeasts of the genus Lipomyces]. Variations in the composition of extracellular polysaccharides in Lipomyces spp. are discussed in terms of the species differentiation within the genus. Extracellular polymers of certain mycelial lower ascomycetes (Dipodascopsis uninucleata, Dipodascus spp., Endomyces magnusii) were found to be similar, this suggesting a relationship between these organisms.", "PMID": 703650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1525", "title": "[Petroleum-oxidizing microflora of the Arctic seas of the USSR].", "content": "Active petroleum-oxidizing bacteria of the USSR arctic seas are represented by Mycobacterium mucosum (non-colored), Mycobacterium phlei and Mycobacterium brevicale (red-orange) which inhabit the Yenisei Bay, the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea. Vertical distribution of the petroleum-oxidizing mycobacteria is characterized by substitution of non-coloured forms for coloured ones with depth: \"white\" strains are found mainly in the surface layer while red and yellow-orange strains are detected in deep water layers and near the bottom.", "contents": "[Petroleum-oxidizing microflora of the Arctic seas of the USSR]. Active petroleum-oxidizing bacteria of the USSR arctic seas are represented by Mycobacterium mucosum (non-colored), Mycobacterium phlei and Mycobacterium brevicale (red-orange) which inhabit the Yenisei Bay, the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea. Vertical distribution of the petroleum-oxidizing mycobacteria is characterized by substitution of non-coloured forms for coloured ones with depth: \"white\" strains are found mainly in the surface layer while red and yellow-orange strains are detected in deep water layers and near the bottom.", "PMID": 703651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1526", "title": "[Nature of wine yeast glutamate dehydrogenase inhibition by adenylic nucleoside phosphates].", "content": "The mode of inhibition of NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase by adenylic nucleoside phosphates (ATP, ADP, AMP) was studied with Saccharomyces vini. AMP was found to be a competitive inhibitor for glutamate dehydrogenase whereas the action of ADP and ATP was of a mixed character.", "contents": "[Nature of wine yeast glutamate dehydrogenase inhibition by adenylic nucleoside phosphates]. The mode of inhibition of NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase by adenylic nucleoside phosphates (ATP, ADP, AMP) was studied with Saccharomyces vini. AMP was found to be a competitive inhibitor for glutamate dehydrogenase whereas the action of ADP and ATP was of a mixed character.", "PMID": 703652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1527", "title": "[Effect of exogenous acetyl group acceptors on cholinesterase biosynthesis in Arthrobacter simplex cells].", "content": "The presence of active acetyl or butyryl groups and their acceptors in the growth medium was found to be necessary for the high rate of cholinesterase biosynthesis in the cells of Arthrobacter simplex var. cholinesterasus. The active acetyl and butyryl groups are formed upon hydrolysis of acetylcholine and butyrylcholine as well as in the course of glucose metabolism. The following acids were shown to be the acceptors of the acetyl and butyryl groups: butyric, succinic, fumaric, malic acids and, to a less extent, alpha-ketoglutaric acid. The active acetyl and butyryl groups are bound with the acceptors under the control of coenzyme A in the reactions of fatty acid synthesis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Presumably, CoA regulates cholinesterase synthesis. The high rate of CoA binding in metabolic reactions provides conditions for the intensive synthesis of cholinesterase; the deceleration of these reactions inhibits the biosynthesis of cholinesterase.", "contents": "[Effect of exogenous acetyl group acceptors on cholinesterase biosynthesis in Arthrobacter simplex cells]. The presence of active acetyl or butyryl groups and their acceptors in the growth medium was found to be necessary for the high rate of cholinesterase biosynthesis in the cells of Arthrobacter simplex var. cholinesterasus. The active acetyl and butyryl groups are formed upon hydrolysis of acetylcholine and butyrylcholine as well as in the course of glucose metabolism. The following acids were shown to be the acceptors of the acetyl and butyryl groups: butyric, succinic, fumaric, malic acids and, to a less extent, alpha-ketoglutaric acid. The active acetyl and butyryl groups are bound with the acceptors under the control of coenzyme A in the reactions of fatty acid synthesis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Presumably, CoA regulates cholinesterase synthesis. The high rate of CoA binding in metabolic reactions provides conditions for the intensive synthesis of cholinesterase; the deceleration of these reactions inhibits the biosynthesis of cholinesterase.", "PMID": 703648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1528", "title": "Electrode system for permanent implantable defibrillators: transvenous catheter and subcutaneous plate electrodes.", "content": "The permanently implanted automatic defibrillator offers an alternative treatment for heart patients with high risk of ventricular fibrillation, who cannot be safely treated by surgery or drugs. Because of size and energy requirements, permanently implanted automatic defibrillators are not presently practical for many of these patinets, and sudden death from ventricular fibrillation remains a majof health problem. This study, which determines the optimal electrode configuration of the transvenous catheter when used in conjunction with a subcutaneous plate or disk electrode for transvenous ventricular defibrillation, attempts one of many changes needed to improve the defibrillator's efficiency so that it will be a viable alternative treatment for delicate heart patients.", "contents": "Electrode system for permanent implantable defibrillators: transvenous catheter and subcutaneous plate electrodes. The permanently implanted automatic defibrillator offers an alternative treatment for heart patients with high risk of ventricular fibrillation, who cannot be safely treated by surgery or drugs. Because of size and energy requirements, permanently implanted automatic defibrillators are not presently practical for many of these patinets, and sudden death from ventricular fibrillation remains a majof health problem. This study, which determines the optimal electrode configuration of the transvenous catheter when used in conjunction with a subcutaneous plate or disk electrode for transvenous ventricular defibrillation, attempts one of many changes needed to improve the defibrillator's efficiency so that it will be a viable alternative treatment for delicate heart patients.", "PMID": 703654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1529", "title": "A review of instrumentation and therapeutic techniques in the diagnosis and management of supraventricular tachycardia.", "content": "Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia can usually be managed without any specific therapy or with an appropriate drug program. Some patients, however, are resistant to conventional therapy. In the past decade, the electrophysiologic pathogenic mechanisms of this rhythm disorder have been elucidated, and this, coupled with progress in intracardiac instrumentation, has enabled the physician to induce specific rhythm disorders and to map them to determine an ideal, specially tailored method of treatment. As a result, the use of radiofrequency pacing and surgery are becoming increasingly important in the treatment of patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, especially those with arrhythmias related to Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.", "contents": "A review of instrumentation and therapeutic techniques in the diagnosis and management of supraventricular tachycardia. Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia can usually be managed without any specific therapy or with an appropriate drug program. Some patients, however, are resistant to conventional therapy. In the past decade, the electrophysiologic pathogenic mechanisms of this rhythm disorder have been elucidated, and this, coupled with progress in intracardiac instrumentation, has enabled the physician to induce specific rhythm disorders and to map them to determine an ideal, specially tailored method of treatment. As a result, the use of radiofrequency pacing and surgery are becoming increasingly important in the treatment of patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, especially those with arrhythmias related to Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.", "PMID": 703653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1530", "title": "[Indications and use of therapeutic component separation].", "content": "Therapeutic component separation: Clinical indications and applications. This original communication describes clinical indications, applications and results of the component separation. We have used the Hemonetics cell-separator designed for a discontinuous separation procedure. By this means component separation was rapid and plasma-exchange efficient, which offers a promising way for symptomatic treatment when a qualitative or quantitative modification of the composition of the blood is wanted (e.g. diminuation of hyperviscosity, modifications of circulating immune complexes, elimination of toxic antibodies and protein bound toxins). Component separation represents a step forward to supportive treatment and immunological reconstitution.", "contents": "[Indications and use of therapeutic component separation]. Therapeutic component separation: Clinical indications and applications. This original communication describes clinical indications, applications and results of the component separation. We have used the Hemonetics cell-separator designed for a discontinuous separation procedure. By this means component separation was rapid and plasma-exchange efficient, which offers a promising way for symptomatic treatment when a qualitative or quantitative modification of the composition of the blood is wanted (e.g. diminuation of hyperviscosity, modifications of circulating immune complexes, elimination of toxic antibodies and protein bound toxins). Component separation represents a step forward to supportive treatment and immunological reconstitution.", "PMID": 703660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1531", "title": "[Treatment results of therapy resistant acute leukemias with 7 cystostatic agents (TRAMPCO-scheme)].", "content": "Treatment of therapy-resistant acute leukemia with 7 cytostatics (TRAMPCO) 13 adult patients with acute leukemia, primarily and secondarily resistant to other combined therapy, as well as 2 untreated patients were treated with 7 cytostatic drugs according to the so called TRAMPCO-regimen. 5 complete remissions and 5 partial remissions were obtained corresponding to a degree of response of 66%. The duration of remission was relatively short with 1 to 5 months, in one case more than 6 months. The toxicity of the combined therapy could be tolerated, the personal subjective tolerance was good. The Trampco-regiment therefore represents a realistic possibility in the treatment of acute leukemia resistant to other forms of treatment.", "contents": "[Treatment results of therapy resistant acute leukemias with 7 cystostatic agents (TRAMPCO-scheme)]. Treatment of therapy-resistant acute leukemia with 7 cytostatics (TRAMPCO) 13 adult patients with acute leukemia, primarily and secondarily resistant to other combined therapy, as well as 2 untreated patients were treated with 7 cytostatic drugs according to the so called TRAMPCO-regimen. 5 complete remissions and 5 partial remissions were obtained corresponding to a degree of response of 66%. The duration of remission was relatively short with 1 to 5 months, in one case more than 6 months. The toxicity of the combined therapy could be tolerated, the personal subjective tolerance was good. The Trampco-regiment therefore represents a realistic possibility in the treatment of acute leukemia resistant to other forms of treatment.", "PMID": 703661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1532", "title": "[Long-term results after transluminal recanalization of arterial obliterations (author's transl)].", "content": "The study provides information on 22 patients in whom a total of 24 transluminal recanalization procedures were carried out because of obliterations of the A. femoralis superficialis. In addition to 6 primary failures, there were 7 occlusions within 12 hours to 6 months after treatment. Eleven patients were examined 18 to 36 months after surgery. Of these only one patient had a new occlusion. The results are compared with those of other study groups. Morphologic vascular changes are considered to be the cause of the relatively high number of primary failures. The significance of prophylaxis with anticoagulants is pointed out.", "contents": "[Long-term results after transluminal recanalization of arterial obliterations (author's transl)]. The study provides information on 22 patients in whom a total of 24 transluminal recanalization procedures were carried out because of obliterations of the A. femoralis superficialis. In addition to 6 primary failures, there were 7 occlusions within 12 hours to 6 months after treatment. Eleven patients were examined 18 to 36 months after surgery. Of these only one patient had a new occlusion. The results are compared with those of other study groups. Morphologic vascular changes are considered to be the cause of the relatively high number of primary failures. The significance of prophylaxis with anticoagulants is pointed out.", "PMID": 703663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1533", "title": "[Combined rubber band ligation and cryosurgery of hemorrhoids (author's transl)].", "content": "By means of the combined rubber band ligation and cryosurgery of hemorrhoids a good therapy result was achieved on more than 200 patients. For the treatment of not too large hemorrhoid nodes and confluent hemorrhoids the aspiration ligation is quite sufficient. In third degree hemorrhoids, particularly in large prolapsing hemorrhoids, the rubber band ligation should include also the cryodestruction. In some cases two or three weeks later the cryodestruction has to be carried out again, depending on the finding and stage progredience. The advantage of this combined method is that the treatment can be performed on outpatients, and without much pains it is an effective therapy in any kind of hemorrhoid ailments. In addition, the postoperative complaints are less than by using the cryosond only. The application of cryotherapy shows also good results in the case of marriscae and anal fissures.", "contents": "[Combined rubber band ligation and cryosurgery of hemorrhoids (author's transl)]. By means of the combined rubber band ligation and cryosurgery of hemorrhoids a good therapy result was achieved on more than 200 patients. For the treatment of not too large hemorrhoid nodes and confluent hemorrhoids the aspiration ligation is quite sufficient. In third degree hemorrhoids, particularly in large prolapsing hemorrhoids, the rubber band ligation should include also the cryodestruction. In some cases two or three weeks later the cryodestruction has to be carried out again, depending on the finding and stage progredience. The advantage of this combined method is that the treatment can be performed on outpatients, and without much pains it is an effective therapy in any kind of hemorrhoid ailments. In addition, the postoperative complaints are less than by using the cryosond only. The application of cryotherapy shows also good results in the case of marriscae and anal fissures.", "PMID": 703664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1534", "title": "[Duodenal ulcer of foreign workers (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparative study of the patients with a duodenal ulcer in our clinic in the past 3 years has shown a greater incidence of the disease in foreign workers in Germany, aged between 20 and 30 years. This difference concerns men as well as women. The consequences of this kind of ulcer and the possibilities of an indication for operation are discussed in detail.", "contents": "[Duodenal ulcer of foreign workers (author's transl)]. A comparative study of the patients with a duodenal ulcer in our clinic in the past 3 years has shown a greater incidence of the disease in foreign workers in Germany, aged between 20 and 30 years. This difference concerns men as well as women. The consequences of this kind of ulcer and the possibilities of an indication for operation are discussed in detail.", "PMID": 703667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1535", "title": "[Pseudocholinesterase in patients with and without liver diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The activity of plasma pseudocholinesterase (PChE) was determined on admission and prior to discharge from the hospital in 200 patients admitted consecutively to a medical ward specialized in liver and infectious diseases. In 24% of patients without liver diseases and without malignant growths the pseudocholinesterase-activity was below normal on admission but increased during the observation period toward normal values. There was a negative correlation between pseudocholinesterase-activity and the intensity of the inflammatory activity as measured by granulocyte count, ESR, body temperature and IgA. This correlation could be established for patients without demonstrable liver pathology as well as for liver diseases. Elevated pseudocholinesterase-levels were observed only in three cases of toxic liver injury (2 heavy drinkers, 1 case of polytoxicomania). In all patients with malignant diseases subnormal values of pseudocholinesterase were observed. Only one patient had normal pseudocholinesterase-activity on admission, but the pseudocholinesterase decreased within a few weeks to subnormal values as the underlying malignant melanoma progressed. The decrease of pseudocholinesterase-activity in malignant diseases was independent of the presence of liver metastases.", "contents": "[Pseudocholinesterase in patients with and without liver diseases (author's transl)]. The activity of plasma pseudocholinesterase (PChE) was determined on admission and prior to discharge from the hospital in 200 patients admitted consecutively to a medical ward specialized in liver and infectious diseases. In 24% of patients without liver diseases and without malignant growths the pseudocholinesterase-activity was below normal on admission but increased during the observation period toward normal values. There was a negative correlation between pseudocholinesterase-activity and the intensity of the inflammatory activity as measured by granulocyte count, ESR, body temperature and IgA. This correlation could be established for patients without demonstrable liver pathology as well as for liver diseases. Elevated pseudocholinesterase-levels were observed only in three cases of toxic liver injury (2 heavy drinkers, 1 case of polytoxicomania). In all patients with malignant diseases subnormal values of pseudocholinesterase were observed. Only one patient had normal pseudocholinesterase-activity on admission, but the pseudocholinesterase decreased within a few weeks to subnormal values as the underlying malignant melanoma progressed. The decrease of pseudocholinesterase-activity in malignant diseases was independent of the presence of liver metastases.", "PMID": 703668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1536", "title": "[Cytodiagnosis of pancreatic juice and gall (author's transl)].", "content": "In 260 cytologic examinations of pancreatic juice and gall we were able to make a reliable diagnosis in 75%. 90% of the samples were taken before an ERCP. In the cytogram the cells of the gall passages, of the duodenum, and of the pancreas are easily distinguishable. Degenerative pancreas epithelia appear not only in pancreatitis but also in pancreatic carcinoma. 78% of the cases of pancreatic cancer were cytologically positive. By combining cytological examination with ERCP we can attain a large degree of reliability in the detection of cancer.", "contents": "[Cytodiagnosis of pancreatic juice and gall (author's transl)]. In 260 cytologic examinations of pancreatic juice and gall we were able to make a reliable diagnosis in 75%. 90% of the samples were taken before an ERCP. In the cytogram the cells of the gall passages, of the duodenum, and of the pancreas are easily distinguishable. Degenerative pancreas epithelia appear not only in pancreatitis but also in pancreatic carcinoma. 78% of the cases of pancreatic cancer were cytologically positive. By combining cytological examination with ERCP we can attain a large degree of reliability in the detection of cancer.", "PMID": 703669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1537", "title": "[A contribution as to the effect of (+)-Cyanidanol-3 in chronic liver disease (author's transl)].", "content": "In an open controlled multicenter study the effectiveness of various dose levels of (+)-Cyanidanol-3 (Catergen) in patients suffering from chronic liver disease and treated over a period of 6 months is assessed. Subjective symptoms as fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting and pruritus are positively influenced at all dose levels. A statistically significant fall of the transaminases SGOT, SGPT and gamma--GT however occurs only at a dosage of 6 tablets per day (3000 mg per day) of (+)-Cyanidanol-3, which cannot be demonstrated at a dose level of 3 X 1 tablet per day. Between the dosage of 2 X 3 or 3 X 2 tablets per day is no significant difference. Side effects due to therapy could not be observed.", "contents": "[A contribution as to the effect of (+)-Cyanidanol-3 in chronic liver disease (author's transl)]. In an open controlled multicenter study the effectiveness of various dose levels of (+)-Cyanidanol-3 (Catergen) in patients suffering from chronic liver disease and treated over a period of 6 months is assessed. Subjective symptoms as fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting and pruritus are positively influenced at all dose levels. A statistically significant fall of the transaminases SGOT, SGPT and gamma--GT however occurs only at a dosage of 6 tablets per day (3000 mg per day) of (+)-Cyanidanol-3, which cannot be demonstrated at a dose level of 3 X 1 tablet per day. Between the dosage of 2 X 3 or 3 X 2 tablets per day is no significant difference. Side effects due to therapy could not be observed.", "PMID": 703670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1538", "title": "[Arrhythmias in athlets (author's transl)].", "content": "380 athletes in optimal performance were examinated within 10 years between 2 and 13 times (average: 4 times): ECG were taken at rest, during breathing tests and under maximal physical load by ergometry. 88 (23.2%) of them showed arrhythmias, 32 in the same examination different forms of premature beats. All kinds of arrhythmias were seen except atrial flatter, total av-block and paroxysmal tachycardias. Breathing tests provoked most of arrhythmias followed by the recovery after maximal physical load. Follow-up studies and clinical examinations proved that in 86 sportsmen these arrhythmias were not a symptom of heart disease. Only in 2 athletes heart injury could not be excluded. But in nearly 50% extracardial inflammations, like tonsillitis, bronchitis etc., were found. It is discussed that bradycardia and vagotonia of the highly trained sportsmen cause the arrhythmias. This vagotonia is intensified by breathing tests. But arrhythmias found in athletes should cause an examination for other chronical sicknesses.", "contents": "[Arrhythmias in athlets (author's transl)]. 380 athletes in optimal performance were examinated within 10 years between 2 and 13 times (average: 4 times): ECG were taken at rest, during breathing tests and under maximal physical load by ergometry. 88 (23.2%) of them showed arrhythmias, 32 in the same examination different forms of premature beats. All kinds of arrhythmias were seen except atrial flatter, total av-block and paroxysmal tachycardias. Breathing tests provoked most of arrhythmias followed by the recovery after maximal physical load. Follow-up studies and clinical examinations proved that in 86 sportsmen these arrhythmias were not a symptom of heart disease. Only in 2 athletes heart injury could not be excluded. But in nearly 50% extracardial inflammations, like tonsillitis, bronchitis etc., were found. It is discussed that bradycardia and vagotonia of the highly trained sportsmen cause the arrhythmias. This vagotonia is intensified by breathing tests. But arrhythmias found in athletes should cause an examination for other chronical sicknesses.", "PMID": 703672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1539", "title": "[Echocaridographic measurements of left ventricle, heart volume, and maximal oxygen uptake (author's transl)].", "content": "Echocardiograms, radiological heart volume and datas by treadmill-exercis of 50 endurance athlets were studied. There was a highly significant correlation between radiological heart volume and left ventricular dimension as well as left ventricular volume including stroke volume. Other good relations were found between echocardiographic measurements and maximal oxygen uptake. These findings of left ventricular echocardiographic dimensions compared with heart volume and oxygen uptake support the value of this method and permit its use in the analysis of physiological and pathologic changes.", "contents": "[Echocaridographic measurements of left ventricle, heart volume, and maximal oxygen uptake (author's transl)]. Echocardiograms, radiological heart volume and datas by treadmill-exercis of 50 endurance athlets were studied. There was a highly significant correlation between radiological heart volume and left ventricular dimension as well as left ventricular volume including stroke volume. Other good relations were found between echocardiographic measurements and maximal oxygen uptake. These findings of left ventricular echocardiographic dimensions compared with heart volume and oxygen uptake support the value of this method and permit its use in the analysis of physiological and pathologic changes.", "PMID": 703675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1540", "title": "[Cardiovascular tissue response to intracardiac pacemaking (author's transl)].", "content": "With transvenous intracardiac implantation of pacemakers after a few days already a fibrotic wall has developed around the impulse generator by a chronical proliferous process. Where the electrode has been advanced through the vein-wall and in the following veins the cable is wrapped cuff-like by increased collagenous fibres. Frequently these formed an adhesion with the inner vein-wall for quite some distance. Inside the heart, adhesion to the tricuspid valve may lead to insufficiency of this. The incorporation in the myocardium occurs as embedding in connective tissue. Here also chronical proliferous processes occur obviously. The electric conductiveness in the primary thrombo-cellular state after implantation is reduced rather than in late phase of hyaline building. In 12 instances of autopsy, 4 persons died a non-natural death (suicide). In one case, technical failure caused death, and once pulmonary embolism. In the other cases, the basic ailment seems to have been fatal. In four of these 6 instances, the scale of myocardial and endocardial tissue response to the pacemaker have aggravated certainly the prior process of disease. In conclusion, discerning opinions on fitness and safety in traffic and on the limitations of these therapeutical measures are ventilated.", "contents": "[Cardiovascular tissue response to intracardiac pacemaking (author's transl)]. With transvenous intracardiac implantation of pacemakers after a few days already a fibrotic wall has developed around the impulse generator by a chronical proliferous process. Where the electrode has been advanced through the vein-wall and in the following veins the cable is wrapped cuff-like by increased collagenous fibres. Frequently these formed an adhesion with the inner vein-wall for quite some distance. Inside the heart, adhesion to the tricuspid valve may lead to insufficiency of this. The incorporation in the myocardium occurs as embedding in connective tissue. Here also chronical proliferous processes occur obviously. The electric conductiveness in the primary thrombo-cellular state after implantation is reduced rather than in late phase of hyaline building. In 12 instances of autopsy, 4 persons died a non-natural death (suicide). In one case, technical failure caused death, and once pulmonary embolism. In the other cases, the basic ailment seems to have been fatal. In four of these 6 instances, the scale of myocardial and endocardial tissue response to the pacemaker have aggravated certainly the prior process of disease. In conclusion, discerning opinions on fitness and safety in traffic and on the limitations of these therapeutical measures are ventilated.", "PMID": 703676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1541", "title": "[The effects of atenolol on the heart size, on the heart rate, and on the blood pressure at rest (author's transl)].", "content": "Cardiac functions like heart size, heart rate, and blood pressure were studied at rest in 23 digitalized and 24 not digitalized patinents recovering from a myocardial infarction, in 16 patients with arterial hypertension and in 9 patients with regulatory dysfunctions of the circulation before and after a three week period of treatment with 2 x 50 mg or 2 x 100 mg atenolol per day. The heart rate and the blood pressure of every patient were significantly reduced, whereas the heart size which was determined by X-ray in lying patient showed no clear difference. Furthermore, the determination of the heart size facilitates the decision of the additional digitalization when the start of a long-term treatment with beta-blocking agents seems to be necessary in the aforementioned patient groups.", "contents": "[The effects of atenolol on the heart size, on the heart rate, and on the blood pressure at rest (author's transl)]. Cardiac functions like heart size, heart rate, and blood pressure were studied at rest in 23 digitalized and 24 not digitalized patinents recovering from a myocardial infarction, in 16 patients with arterial hypertension and in 9 patients with regulatory dysfunctions of the circulation before and after a three week period of treatment with 2 x 50 mg or 2 x 100 mg atenolol per day. The heart rate and the blood pressure of every patient were significantly reduced, whereas the heart size which was determined by X-ray in lying patient showed no clear difference. Furthermore, the determination of the heart size facilitates the decision of the additional digitalization when the start of a long-term treatment with beta-blocking agents seems to be necessary in the aforementioned patient groups.", "PMID": 703677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1542", "title": "Synergistic interaction between UV and ionizing radiation in wild-type Schizosaccharomyces pombe.", "content": "A synergistic effect of combined UV and gamma-ray exposure was observed for inactivation of wild-type Schizosaccharomyces pombe. A recombinational repair process, known to be important in restitution of damage induced by both radiations, appears to be involved; a radiation-sensitive mutant defective in this repair pathway showed essentially no synergistic interaction between UV and gamma-rays. Recovery from the synergistic effect of pre-exposure in wild-type cells did not display the expected fast gamma-recovery and slow UV-recovery kinetics previously observed for regain of resistance to further exposure to the same radiation. Rather, UV-irradiated cells recovered quickly from synergistic inactivation on subsequent gamma-exposure, while gamma-irradiated cells recovered UV-resistance slowly. Recovery from synergism thus appears to reflect the nature of the second, and not the initial, radiation.", "contents": "Synergistic interaction between UV and ionizing radiation in wild-type Schizosaccharomyces pombe. A synergistic effect of combined UV and gamma-ray exposure was observed for inactivation of wild-type Schizosaccharomyces pombe. A recombinational repair process, known to be important in restitution of damage induced by both radiations, appears to be involved; a radiation-sensitive mutant defective in this repair pathway showed essentially no synergistic interaction between UV and gamma-rays. Recovery from the synergistic effect of pre-exposure in wild-type cells did not display the expected fast gamma-recovery and slow UV-recovery kinetics previously observed for regain of resistance to further exposure to the same radiation. Rather, UV-irradiated cells recovered quickly from synergistic inactivation on subsequent gamma-exposure, while gamma-irradiated cells recovered UV-resistance slowly. Recovery from synergism thus appears to reflect the nature of the second, and not the initial, radiation.", "PMID": 703759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1543", "title": "Control of lambda repressor prophage and establishment transcription by the product of gene tof.", "content": "Control of expression of the bacteriophage lambda (lambda) repressor was studied by measuring repressor transcription in noninduced and derepressed lambda lysogens. Three distinct modes of leftward transcription were observed from cI and the adjacent  genes associated with the control of repressor synthesis: The prophage or maintenance mode Prm-cI-rex-ti repressor transcript occurs from repressed lysogens; the oop (Po-oop-to) transcript, and the lit (lit-ti) RNA, from the distal half of gene rex, both occur from induced tof+ prophage; the repressor establishment mode of transcription is observed throughout the rex-cI-tof-y-cII-oop interval between Po and ti from induced tof- prophage. The overall level of establishment mRNA synthesis is partially template dependent. However, the actual initiation step for repressor establishment transcription requires the participation of the lambda cIII, cII products, and also either requires the activity of Escherichia coli replication proteins, or is triggered by a replication initiation event. The  cII cIII products do not positively stimulate de novo initiation of establishment transcription, but rather act after an initial replication-dependent step. Initiation of the establishment mode of repressor transcription is totally inhibited by more than 125-fold, in an all or none fashion, by the lambda antirepressor (Tof), the product of gene tof (cro). Since Tof only reduces the in vivo rightward transcription of cII from Pr by about 2-fold, we suggest that Tof inhibits repressor establishment transcription by either uncoupling the replication and cII-cIII dependent events, or by inhibiting the activity rather than the expression of the cIII, cII products. Our results do not fully support either of the present hypotheses that establishment transcription is initiated from the hypothetical Pre promoter in the y-interval, or arises through antitermination of the oop RNA. Since the initiation and control of the establishment mode of repressor transcription parallels the control of lit RNA synthesis, we propose a common mechanism underlies the initiation of these transcripts.", "contents": "Control of lambda repressor prophage and establishment transcription by the product of gene tof. Control of expression of the bacteriophage lambda (lambda) repressor was studied by measuring repressor transcription in noninduced and derepressed lambda lysogens. Three distinct modes of leftward transcription were observed from cI and the adjacent  genes associated with the control of repressor synthesis: The prophage or maintenance mode Prm-cI-rex-ti repressor transcript occurs from repressed lysogens; the oop (Po-oop-to) transcript, and the lit (lit-ti) RNA, from the distal half of gene rex, both occur from induced tof+ prophage; the repressor establishment mode of transcription is observed throughout the rex-cI-tof-y-cII-oop interval between Po and ti from induced tof- prophage. The overall level of establishment mRNA synthesis is partially template dependent. However, the actual initiation step for repressor establishment transcription requires the participation of the lambda cIII, cII products, and also either requires the activity of Escherichia coli replication proteins, or is triggered by a replication initiation event. The  cII cIII products do not positively stimulate de novo initiation of establishment transcription, but rather act after an initial replication-dependent step. Initiation of the establishment mode of repressor transcription is totally inhibited by more than 125-fold, in an all or none fashion, by the lambda antirepressor (Tof), the product of gene tof (cro). Since Tof only reduces the in vivo rightward transcription of cII from Pr by about 2-fold, we suggest that Tof inhibits repressor establishment transcription by either uncoupling the replication and cII-cIII dependent events, or by inhibiting the activity rather than the expression of the cIII, cII products. Our results do not fully support either of the present hypotheses that establishment transcription is initiated from the hypothetical Pre promoter in the y-interval, or arises through antitermination of the oop RNA. Since the initiation and control of the establishment mode of repressor transcription parallels the control of lit RNA synthesis, we propose a common mechanism underlies the initiation of these transcripts.", "PMID": 703760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1544", "title": "Chloramphenicol resistance in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2): possible involvement of a transposable element.", "content": "The transfer of a Chl element, causing resistance to chloramphenicol in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), was studied in NF x SCP1- superfertile crosses. When the Chl element is on the donor side (NF) its transfer to the recombinant cells was virtually total as if the element acted as a second concomitant transfer origin. When the Chl element was on the recipient side (SCP1-) it was never displaced by the immigrant chromosome even when the region facing chl+ was selected for. A fraction of the original Chl- mutants presented a requirement for arginine (ArgB-). A Chl- mutant gave rise spontaneously to ArgB- derivatives at high frequency. The same ArgB- requirement come out at high frequency among Chl- derivatives from a cross NFChl- x SCP1-Chl+ in which neither parent required arginine or produced spontaneously arginine-less derivatives. It is suggested that the Chl element is a \"transposable element\" (Tn) presumably associated with \"insertion sequences\" (IS). The insertional inactivation of the Chl element may be accompanied or followed by a deletion in the adjacent ArgB gene.", "contents": "Chloramphenicol resistance in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2): possible involvement of a transposable element. The transfer of a Chl element, causing resistance to chloramphenicol in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), was studied in NF x SCP1- superfertile crosses. When the Chl element is on the donor side (NF) its transfer to the recombinant cells was virtually total as if the element acted as a second concomitant transfer origin. When the Chl element was on the recipient side (SCP1-) it was never displaced by the immigrant chromosome even when the region facing chl+ was selected for. A fraction of the original Chl- mutants presented a requirement for arginine (ArgB-). A Chl- mutant gave rise spontaneously to ArgB- derivatives at high frequency. The same ArgB- requirement come out at high frequency among Chl- derivatives from a cross NFChl- x SCP1-Chl+ in which neither parent required arginine or produced spontaneously arginine-less derivatives. It is suggested that the Chl element is a \"transposable element\" (Tn) presumably associated with \"insertion sequences\" (IS). The insertional inactivation of the Chl element may be accompanied or followed by a deletion in the adjacent ArgB gene.", "PMID": 703761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1545", "title": "Isolation and characterization of plasmid from the Bacillus brevis var. G.-B. cells.", "content": "The plasmid designated pAD1 was isolated from the cells of four variants of Bacillus brevis var. G.-B. The plasmid DNA has a molecular weight of about 47.1 x 10(6) daltons and contains 43.4 mole % G+C. The bulk of pAD1 DNA (96--98%) is associated with the fraction of chromosome DNA and membranes. Restriction endonucleases Sma I, Sal I and Bam HI cleaved the plasmid DNA into two, two and six fragments, respectively. The cleavage map of the pAD1 genome has been constructed for these three endonucleases. Restriction enzymes Eco RI, Hind III, Kpn I and Pst I hydrolized the plasmid DNA into 16, 21, 10 and 9 fragments, respectively. The presence of repeated sequences in the plasmid genome was shown based on pAD1 DNA cleavage by these endonucleases.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of plasmid from the Bacillus brevis var. G.-B. cells. The plasmid designated pAD1 was isolated from the cells of four variants of Bacillus brevis var. G.-B. The plasmid DNA has a molecular weight of about 47.1 x 10(6) daltons and contains 43.4 mole % G+C. The bulk of pAD1 DNA (96--98%) is associated with the fraction of chromosome DNA and membranes. Restriction endonucleases Sma I, Sal I and Bam HI cleaved the plasmid DNA into two, two and six fragments, respectively. The cleavage map of the pAD1 genome has been constructed for these three endonucleases. Restriction enzymes Eco RI, Hind III, Kpn I and Pst I hydrolized the plasmid DNA into 16, 21, 10 and 9 fragments, respectively. The presence of repeated sequences in the plasmid genome was shown based on pAD1 DNA cleavage by these endonucleases.", "PMID": 703763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1546", "title": "Separate effect of hydroxyurea on the initiation and elongation of DNA synthesis in BHK cells.", "content": "BHK21/Cl1 cells, starved for 30 h in serum deficient medium and treated for 15 h with 1 mM hydroxyorea (HO) in order to obtain a synchronous cell population in the G1/S-boundary, incorporate a residual proportion of 3H-thymidine (dThd). This residual incorporation is due to semiconservative synthesis and may not be reduced by increasing the drug concentration without affecting the reversion capacity of the cells proportionally. As shown by autoradiographic analysis, the residual DNA synthesis does not correspond to 3H-dThd incorporation within a small number of resistant cells, but is located in the nuclei of a high proportion of cells with reduced density of silver grains. After treatment with 0.05 mM HU, however, the incorporation of 3H-dThd increases considerably over the control values. The determination of the radioactivity incorporated by microgram DNA corresponding to nuclei in S phase indicates that this concentration of HU is also able to reduce the rate of DNA polymerization. Kinetic data on the appearance of this increased 3H-dThd incorporation and on the accumulation of labelled nuclei in cells growing at random and labelled continuously with the radioactive DNA precursor indicate that HU stimulates the cells to enter the S phase. The reported results are consistent with a mechanism of action of HU which affects initiation and elongation of DNA chains separately.", "contents": "Separate effect of hydroxyurea on the initiation and elongation of DNA synthesis in BHK cells. BHK21/Cl1 cells, starved for 30 h in serum deficient medium and treated for 15 h with 1 mM hydroxyorea (HO) in order to obtain a synchronous cell population in the G1/S-boundary, incorporate a residual proportion of 3H-thymidine (dThd). This residual incorporation is due to semiconservative synthesis and may not be reduced by increasing the drug concentration without affecting the reversion capacity of the cells proportionally. As shown by autoradiographic analysis, the residual DNA synthesis does not correspond to 3H-dThd incorporation within a small number of resistant cells, but is located in the nuclei of a high proportion of cells with reduced density of silver grains. After treatment with 0.05 mM HU, however, the incorporation of 3H-dThd increases considerably over the control values. The determination of the radioactivity incorporated by microgram DNA corresponding to nuclei in S phase indicates that this concentration of HU is also able to reduce the rate of DNA polymerization. Kinetic data on the appearance of this increased 3H-dThd incorporation and on the accumulation of labelled nuclei in cells growing at random and labelled continuously with the radioactive DNA precursor indicate that HU stimulates the cells to enter the S phase. The reported results are consistent with a mechanism of action of HU which affects initiation and elongation of DNA chains separately.", "PMID": 703764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1547", "title": "[Fractionation of human erythrocytes according to their sedimentation behaviour caused by gravity. I. Methodical Investigations (author's transl)].", "content": "The usefulnes of a method to differentiate erythrocytes according to their specific gravity introduced by Danon et al. is demonstrated by using blood samples of healthy children and of others with different haematological diseases. Several conditions affecting the results are investigated. For clinical purposes the simple method is only applicable, if the results are presented as intervals of density.", "contents": "[Fractionation of human erythrocytes according to their sedimentation behaviour caused by gravity. I. Methodical Investigations (author's transl)]. The usefulnes of a method to differentiate erythrocytes according to their specific gravity introduced by Danon et al. is demonstrated by using blood samples of healthy children and of others with different haematological diseases. Several conditions affecting the results are investigated. For clinical purposes the simple method is only applicable, if the results are presented as intervals of density.", "PMID": 703765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1548", "title": "[Diagnostic value of particular symptoms in monosomy X. Evaluated on the basis of experiences with 34 own cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Ten cases of monosomy X and caryotype 45,X, and 24 cases of the disorder with various forms of mosaicism are reported. The diagnostic significance of particular stigmata is underlined, and the possibility stressed to demonstrate a hidden pterygium colli by declining the patient's head laterally. Moreover, several peculiarities of individual cases are shown: In three girls with mosaicism, spontaneous puberty was observed, however, in two of them, it was followed by precocious menopause at the age of 14 and 18 years, respectively. The necessity of caryotyping in growth-retarded girls with secondary amenorrhoea or with a ren arcuatus or unilateral solitary kidney is emphasized. High values of urinary gonadotropins in girls without signs of puberty or with precocious menopause, indicate the need for substitution. This therapy leads to the appearence of secondary sex phenomena and menstruation, and at the same time prevents osteoporotic changes.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of particular symptoms in monosomy X. Evaluated on the basis of experiences with 34 own cases (author's transl)]. Ten cases of monosomy X and caryotype 45,X, and 24 cases of the disorder with various forms of mosaicism are reported. The diagnostic significance of particular stigmata is underlined, and the possibility stressed to demonstrate a hidden pterygium colli by declining the patient's head laterally. Moreover, several peculiarities of individual cases are shown: In three girls with mosaicism, spontaneous puberty was observed, however, in two of them, it was followed by precocious menopause at the age of 14 and 18 years, respectively. The necessity of caryotyping in growth-retarded girls with secondary amenorrhoea or with a ren arcuatus or unilateral solitary kidney is emphasized. High values of urinary gonadotropins in girls without signs of puberty or with precocious menopause, indicate the need for substitution. This therapy leads to the appearence of secondary sex phenomena and menstruation, and at the same time prevents osteoporotic changes.", "PMID": 703766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1549", "title": "[Sodium, potassium and magnesium in plasma and erythrocytes during haemodialysis of children (author's transl)].", "content": "In 19 children with chronic renal insufficiency sodium, potassium and magnesium in plasma and erythrocytes were measured before and after haemodialysis. Creatinine and the acid-base status were also determined. The mean predialysis values of sodium in plasma were within normal limits, in erythrocytes in the lower normal range. Potassium was elevated in plasma, and in erythrocytes within the normal linits. Magnesium was elevated in both plasma and erythrocytes. The changes during dialysis are described. Statistically significant relations of investigated variables are also described. The results are discussed.", "contents": "[Sodium, potassium and magnesium in plasma and erythrocytes during haemodialysis of children (author's transl)]. In 19 children with chronic renal insufficiency sodium, potassium and magnesium in plasma and erythrocytes were measured before and after haemodialysis. Creatinine and the acid-base status were also determined. The mean predialysis values of sodium in plasma were within normal limits, in erythrocytes in the lower normal range. Potassium was elevated in plasma, and in erythrocytes within the normal linits. Magnesium was elevated in both plasma and erythrocytes. The changes during dialysis are described. Statistically significant relations of investigated variables are also described. The results are discussed.", "PMID": 703767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1550", "title": "The medical care of mentally retarded persons in public residential facilities.", "content": "Large public residential facilities have traditionally been society's primary service resource for persons with serious mental retardation. Despite current emphasis on restricting admissions and community placement of retarded persons, approximately 175,000 people continue to reside in 230 institutions throughout the United States. This population is vulnerable to a variety of chronic medical disorders that diminish successful adaptation to a more normal life-style, especially when health services are marginal. Institutional medical staffs have been largely isolated from their physician peers, and their patients have not had access to medical care equivalent to that available in the community. We describe the recent affiliation of a teaching hospital with a Massachusetts institution. We suggest that such affiliations would assure better medical care for mentally retarded persons while increasing physicians' knowledge of attendant medical and societal problems.", "contents": "The medical care of mentally retarded persons in public residential facilities. Large public residential facilities have traditionally been society's primary service resource for persons with serious mental retardation. Despite current emphasis on restricting admissions and community placement of retarded persons, approximately 175,000 people continue to reside in 230 institutions throughout the United States. This population is vulnerable to a variety of chronic medical disorders that diminish successful adaptation to a more normal life-style, especially when health services are marginal. Institutional medical staffs have been largely isolated from their physician peers, and their patients have not had access to medical care equivalent to that available in the community. We describe the recent affiliation of a teaching hospital with a Massachusetts institution. We suggest that such affiliations would assure better medical care for mentally retarded persons while increasing physicians' knowledge of attendant medical and societal problems.", "PMID": 703769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1551", "title": "Alternative analytic methods for case-control studies of estrogens and endometrial cancer.", "content": "In a case-control study of estrogens and endometrial cancer, alternative sampling methods were used to eliminate the detection bias that arises from the increased diagnostic attention received by women with uterine bleeding after estrogen exposure. In a set of cases and controls chosen by conventional procedures the odds ratio was 11.98. In an alternative set of cases and controls at the same institution, consisting of patients who had all received dilatation and curettage or hysterectomy because of uterine bleeding, the odds ratio was 1.7. A methodologic analysis demonstrates detection bias arising from the pattern of hospital referral and shows the way in which the bias is neglected or increased by conventional sampling procedures, but reduced by the alternative procedure. The magnitude of the association between estrogens and endometrial cancer has been greatly overestimated because of detection bias; when an appropriate compensation for the bias is introduced, the odds ratio approaches a value much closer to 1.", "contents": "Alternative analytic methods for case-control studies of estrogens and endometrial cancer. In a case-control study of estrogens and endometrial cancer, alternative sampling methods were used to eliminate the detection bias that arises from the increased diagnostic attention received by women with uterine bleeding after estrogen exposure. In a set of cases and controls chosen by conventional procedures the odds ratio was 11.98. In an alternative set of cases and controls at the same institution, consisting of patients who had all received dilatation and curettage or hysterectomy because of uterine bleeding, the odds ratio was 1.7. A methodologic analysis demonstrates detection bias arising from the pattern of hospital referral and shows the way in which the bias is neglected or increased by conventional sampling procedures, but reduced by the alternative procedure. The magnitude of the association between estrogens and endometrial cancer has been greatly overestimated because of detection bias; when an appropriate compensation for the bias is introduced, the odds ratio approaches a value much closer to 1.", "PMID": 703785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1552", "title": "Red-cell uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity in porphyria cutanea tarda and in other forms of porphyria.", "content": "To test the diagnostic specificity of reduced red-cell uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity for porphyria cutanea tarda, we measured enzymic activity in 29 normal subjects and 65 patients with various forms of porphyria. Only patients with porphyria cutanea tarda had subnormal enzymic activity. Patients with acute intermittent porphyria, erythropoietic protoporphyria, variegate porphyria and hereditary coproporphyria had normal or slightly elevated activities. The enzymic activity in normal persons and patients with porphyria cutanea tarda did not differ according to sex. Reduction of iron stores did not alter the enzymic activity in porphyria cutanea tarda. We conclude that reduced red-cell uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity is a specific and intrinsic defect in porphyria cutanea tarda; measurement of this enzyme is a reliable diagnostic test for this disease.", "contents": "Red-cell uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity in porphyria cutanea tarda and in other forms of porphyria. To test the diagnostic specificity of reduced red-cell uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity for porphyria cutanea tarda, we measured enzymic activity in 29 normal subjects and 65 patients with various forms of porphyria. Only patients with porphyria cutanea tarda had subnormal enzymic activity. Patients with acute intermittent porphyria, erythropoietic protoporphyria, variegate porphyria and hereditary coproporphyria had normal or slightly elevated activities. The enzymic activity in normal persons and patients with porphyria cutanea tarda did not differ according to sex. Reduction of iron stores did not alter the enzymic activity in porphyria cutanea tarda. We conclude that reduced red-cell uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity is a specific and intrinsic defect in porphyria cutanea tarda; measurement of this enzyme is a reliable diagnostic test for this disease.", "PMID": 703786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1553", "title": "Rise in female-initiated sexual activity at ovulation and its suppression by oral contraceptives.", "content": "This study was designed to test the hypothesis that women exhibit peaks of sexual activity at ovulation, as would be predicted from estrous effects in animals. Married women who used contraceptive devices other than oral contraceptives experienced a significant increase in their sexual behavior at the time of ovulation. This peak was statistically significant for all female-initiated behavior, including both autosexual and female-initiated heterosexual behavior, but was not present for male-initiated behavior except under certain conditions of contraceptive use. Previous failures to find an ovulatory peak may be due to use of measures of sexual behavior that are primarily determined by initiation of the male partner. Women using oral contraceptives did not show a rise in female-initiated sexual activity at the corresponding time in their menstrual cycles, probably owing to the suppression of ovulatory increases in hormone secretion by the oral contraceptives.", "contents": "Rise in female-initiated sexual activity at ovulation and its suppression by oral contraceptives. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that women exhibit peaks of sexual activity at ovulation, as would be predicted from estrous effects in animals. Married women who used contraceptive devices other than oral contraceptives experienced a significant increase in their sexual behavior at the time of ovulation. This peak was statistically significant for all female-initiated behavior, including both autosexual and female-initiated heterosexual behavior, but was not present for male-initiated behavior except under certain conditions of contraceptive use. Previous failures to find an ovulatory peak may be due to use of measures of sexual behavior that are primarily determined by initiation of the male partner. Women using oral contraceptives did not show a rise in female-initiated sexual activity at the corresponding time in their menstrual cycles, probably owing to the suppression of ovulatory increases in hormone secretion by the oral contraceptives.", "PMID": 703805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1554", "title": "On rapeseed meals. Part XXVI. Some remarks on the biological value of rapeseed meal proteins after silage.", "content": "The influence of propionic bacteria on the biological value of potato-rapeseed meal protein ensilage was investigated. The inoculation of the ensilage with Propionibacterium Petersoni T 112 led to the reduction of the content of goitrogenous compounds (isothiocyanates and oxazolidinethiones) and to an increase of the nutritive value (NPU, PER) of the rapeseed protein. The increase of the protein value is greater by the application of propionic bacteria than by toasting of rapeseed meal.", "contents": "On rapeseed meals. Part XXVI. Some remarks on the biological value of rapeseed meal proteins after silage. The influence of propionic bacteria on the biological value of potato-rapeseed meal protein ensilage was investigated. The inoculation of the ensilage with Propionibacterium Petersoni T 112 led to the reduction of the content of goitrogenous compounds (isothiocyanates and oxazolidinethiones) and to an increase of the nutritive value (NPU, PER) of the rapeseed protein. The increase of the protein value is greater by the application of propionic bacteria than by toasting of rapeseed meal.", "PMID": 703817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1555", "title": "[Relationship between diet and some risk factors].", "content": "The authors evaluated data from the dietary histories of 203 individuals from Sofia and Varna who had been asked identical questions. The results of this investigation show that 42% of these these individuals have no marked liking for a certain diet (group 1), 28% prefer a high protein diet (group 2), 23% are partial to a high carbohydrate diet (group 3), and 6% give preference to a high fat diet (group 4). It was found that the individuals in group 1 showed the smallest deviations from the normal values for serum lipids. Coronary symptoms were most marked in the individuals in group 4, followed by those in the groups 3, 2 and 1. It was stated that men prefer a high protein diet to a greater extent than women. Consumers of alcohol and smokers have no liking for a high carbohydrate diet. Individuals prefering fats and a high carbohydrate diet lack a daily dietary rhythm. The latter also showed marked variations in body weight, i.e., periods of weight reduction and periods of weight increase. The most favourable findings with regard to serum lipids, body weight and dietary rhythm were obtained from individuals with obvious preference for a certain diet, i. e., those with a balanced diet. The present investigation is suited as a model for a more comprehensive epidemiological study.", "contents": "[Relationship between diet and some risk factors]. The authors evaluated data from the dietary histories of 203 individuals from Sofia and Varna who had been asked identical questions. The results of this investigation show that 42% of these these individuals have no marked liking for a certain diet (group 1), 28% prefer a high protein diet (group 2), 23% are partial to a high carbohydrate diet (group 3), and 6% give preference to a high fat diet (group 4). It was found that the individuals in group 1 showed the smallest deviations from the normal values for serum lipids. Coronary symptoms were most marked in the individuals in group 4, followed by those in the groups 3, 2 and 1. It was stated that men prefer a high protein diet to a greater extent than women. Consumers of alcohol and smokers have no liking for a high carbohydrate diet. Individuals prefering fats and a high carbohydrate diet lack a daily dietary rhythm. The latter also showed marked variations in body weight, i.e., periods of weight reduction and periods of weight increase. The most favourable findings with regard to serum lipids, body weight and dietary rhythm were obtained from individuals with obvious preference for a certain diet, i. e., those with a balanced diet. The present investigation is suited as a model for a more comprehensive epidemiological study.", "PMID": 703818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1556", "title": "[Behavior of Ethephon residues on tomatoes. Part I. Green house tomatoes].", "content": "The preparation Flordimex, which contains Ethephon (2-chloroethanephosphonic acid) as the active ingredient, is used for accelerating the ripening of tomatoes. During the years 1974--1977, tomato samples from 89 experiments were tested for Ethephon residues. The determination was performed gas chromatographically using alkali flame ionization detector as 2-chloroethanephosphonic acid dimethyl ester; the detection limit of the method was 0.01 mg/kg. The observed results must be evaluated on the basis of the permissible value (1 mg/kg) stipulated for vegetables by the Ministry of Health of the GDR. 1--2 days after the use of concentrations of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4%, respectively, the following mean residue values were found: 0.31, 0.50, 0.39 and 0.91 mg/kg, respectively, which decreased but slowly. This leads to the conclusion that formulation concentrations of more than 0.3% and applications of more than 6 1/ha should not be allowed by the Ministry. In case of repeated uses, 3-week intervals are imperative. Under the above-mentioned conditions of use, the mean residue values determined 4--5 days after application approximated 0.6 mg/kg. This period is to be regarded as a tentative waiting-period that must be respected after the treatment of glasshouse tomatoes with Flordimex.", "contents": "[Behavior of Ethephon residues on tomatoes. Part I. Green house tomatoes]. The preparation Flordimex, which contains Ethephon (2-chloroethanephosphonic acid) as the active ingredient, is used for accelerating the ripening of tomatoes. During the years 1974--1977, tomato samples from 89 experiments were tested for Ethephon residues. The determination was performed gas chromatographically using alkali flame ionization detector as 2-chloroethanephosphonic acid dimethyl ester; the detection limit of the method was 0.01 mg/kg. The observed results must be evaluated on the basis of the permissible value (1 mg/kg) stipulated for vegetables by the Ministry of Health of the GDR. 1--2 days after the use of concentrations of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4%, respectively, the following mean residue values were found: 0.31, 0.50, 0.39 and 0.91 mg/kg, respectively, which decreased but slowly. This leads to the conclusion that formulation concentrations of more than 0.3% and applications of more than 6 1/ha should not be allowed by the Ministry. In case of repeated uses, 3-week intervals are imperative. Under the above-mentioned conditions of use, the mean residue values determined 4--5 days after application approximated 0.6 mg/kg. This period is to be regarded as a tentative waiting-period that must be respected after the treatment of glasshouse tomatoes with Flordimex.", "PMID": 703819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1557", "title": "[Effect of repeated thawing of body samples and of the storage time of excrements on the changes of N-metabolites].", "content": "Frozen samples of blood plasma and corpuscular blood constituents from 10 layers were thawed two times at intervals of 36 days (during which they were stored at -30 degrees C) and analysed for changes of the trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-soluble proportion in the total nitrogen. Samples of muscle tissue, liver, and intestine were frozen in liquid nitrogen, stored at -30 degrees C, thawed three times at 36-day intervals and also analysed for TCA-soluble nitrogen. In spite of the low storage temperature, the TCA-soluble proportion in the blood fractions had significantly increased. Proteolysis could hardly be evidenced in muscle protein stored for 108 days and thawed three times. The liver and intestine samples showed significant increases of the TCA-soluble fraction after thawing, repeated freezing in liquid nitrogen and storage at -3o degrees C. In urine samples from colostomized hens, a non-linear increase of the amount of NH3 and a non-linear decrease of the amount of urea were observed after storage for 3, 6 and 12 days at 0 degrees C. The proportion of uric acid-N in the urine N was unaffected by the time of storage. The content of NH3-N in the faeces increased significantly with increasing storage time, whereas that of urea-N decreased. The use of such repeatedly thawed samples for determining N-metabolites is commented upon.", "contents": "[Effect of repeated thawing of body samples and of the storage time of excrements on the changes of N-metabolites]. Frozen samples of blood plasma and corpuscular blood constituents from 10 layers were thawed two times at intervals of 36 days (during which they were stored at -30 degrees C) and analysed for changes of the trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-soluble proportion in the total nitrogen. Samples of muscle tissue, liver, and intestine were frozen in liquid nitrogen, stored at -30 degrees C, thawed three times at 36-day intervals and also analysed for TCA-soluble nitrogen. In spite of the low storage temperature, the TCA-soluble proportion in the blood fractions had significantly increased. Proteolysis could hardly be evidenced in muscle protein stored for 108 days and thawed three times. The liver and intestine samples showed significant increases of the TCA-soluble fraction after thawing, repeated freezing in liquid nitrogen and storage at -3o degrees C. In urine samples from colostomized hens, a non-linear increase of the amount of NH3 and a non-linear decrease of the amount of urea were observed after storage for 3, 6 and 12 days at 0 degrees C. The proportion of uric acid-N in the urine N was unaffected by the time of storage. The content of NH3-N in the faeces increased significantly with increasing storage time, whereas that of urea-N decreased. The use of such repeatedly thawed samples for determining N-metabolites is commented upon.", "PMID": 703820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1558", "title": "[Contamination by lead and cadmium during smoke drying of cereals].", "content": "Direct drying of cereals with diesel oil as a fuel does not increase the lead and cadmium contents. From the viewpoint of food hygiene and in the interest of the consumer's protection, however, it is recommendable to abandon this kind of drying since previous studies have shown that it involves the risk of contamination by cancerogenic hydrocarbons.", "contents": "[Contamination by lead and cadmium during smoke drying of cereals]. Direct drying of cereals with diesel oil as a fuel does not increase the lead and cadmium contents. From the viewpoint of food hygiene and in the interest of the consumer's protection, however, it is recommendable to abandon this kind of drying since previous studies have shown that it involves the risk of contamination by cancerogenic hydrocarbons.", "PMID": 703821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1559", "title": "The biochemistry of complement.", "content": "Current biochemical studies of the complement system are illustrated by description of the activation of complement by the classical pathway after interaction with antibody aggregates. This is described in terms of the structures of the components involved, their assembly and the mechanism of activation.", "contents": "The biochemistry of complement. Current biochemical studies of the complement system are illustrated by description of the activation of complement by the classical pathway after interaction with antibody aggregates. This is described in terms of the structures of the components involved, their assembly and the mechanism of activation.", "PMID": 703835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1560", "title": "A suppressor mutation in the nematode acting on specific alleles of many genes.", "content": "A suppressor mutation has been isolated in Caenorhabditis elegans through reversion analysis of a muscle-defective mutant. The suppressor mutation acts on specific alleles of at least six genes and in one case we have been able to show that it partially restores functional gene product to a mutant otherwise lacking that product. These and other features of the suppressor suggest that it acts at some step in information transfer, perhaps through mechanisms similar to those described previously in microorganisms.", "contents": "A suppressor mutation in the nematode acting on specific alleles of many genes. A suppressor mutation has been isolated in Caenorhabditis elegans through reversion analysis of a muscle-defective mutant. The suppressor mutation acts on specific alleles of at least six genes and in one case we have been able to show that it partially restores functional gene product to a mutant otherwise lacking that product. These and other features of the suppressor suggest that it acts at some step in information transfer, perhaps through mechanisms similar to those described previously in microorganisms.", "PMID": 703836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1561", "title": "[Transport catalysis in biomembranes elucidated by the interactions of ADP, ATP-carriers in mitochondria].", "content": "A basic issue of biomembranes is their ability to facilitate specific transport of selected molecules. This transport is catalyzed by carriers which are membrane proteins and form, analogous to enzymes, carrier-substrate complexes. The ADP, ATP carrier of mitochondria is highly suitable for elucidating the mechanism of this catalysis due to its unique qualities such as great abundance in higher cells, easy isolation in native state by detergents, existence of inhibitors specific for either the in- or outward looking binding site and direct observation of a carrier-substrate complex. As central catalytic steps, the reorientation of the substrate-binding site at the carrier during translocation across the membrane could be demonstrated at the intact membrane and the isolated protein. The results are interpreted by the gated-pore mechanism where two subunits form a gate with a central binding site which radically change conformation and specificity on transition from one to the other side of the membrane.", "contents": "[Transport catalysis in biomembranes elucidated by the interactions of ADP, ATP-carriers in mitochondria]. A basic issue of biomembranes is their ability to facilitate specific transport of selected molecules. This transport is catalyzed by carriers which are membrane proteins and form, analogous to enzymes, carrier-substrate complexes. The ADP, ATP carrier of mitochondria is highly suitable for elucidating the mechanism of this catalysis due to its unique qualities such as great abundance in higher cells, easy isolation in native state by detergents, existence of inhibitors specific for either the in- or outward looking binding site and direct observation of a carrier-substrate complex. As central catalytic steps, the reorientation of the substrate-binding site at the carrier during translocation across the membrane could be demonstrated at the intact membrane and the isolated protein. The results are interpreted by the gated-pore mechanism where two subunits form a gate with a central binding site which radically change conformation and specificity on transition from one to the other side of the membrane.", "PMID": 703848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1562", "title": "Cercaricidal activity of some essential oils of plants from Brazil.", "content": "Extended screening tests on the cercaricidal activity of various plants from northeast Brazil have shown that the extracts of the leaves and fruits of Piper marginatum, Protium heptaphyllum, and Capsicum annuum show a remarkable effect on the cercaria of Schistosoma mansoni. In the case of the oils of Piper marginatum and Capsicum annuum, 90--96% of the cercaria of Schistosoma mansoni were killed within 15 min. According to the NMR spectra, the active principles of the extracts seem to be water-soluble unsaturated compounds from the oils or their hydrolysis products. Natural substances provide an attractive alternative for preventive actions against schistosomiasis, as the perturbation of the ecological equilibrium of natural waters can be avoided in this manner.", "contents": "Cercaricidal activity of some essential oils of plants from Brazil. Extended screening tests on the cercaricidal activity of various plants from northeast Brazil have shown that the extracts of the leaves and fruits of Piper marginatum, Protium heptaphyllum, and Capsicum annuum show a remarkable effect on the cercaria of Schistosoma mansoni. In the case of the oils of Piper marginatum and Capsicum annuum, 90--96% of the cercaria of Schistosoma mansoni were killed within 15 min. According to the NMR spectra, the active principles of the extracts seem to be water-soluble unsaturated compounds from the oils or their hydrolysis products. Natural substances provide an attractive alternative for preventive actions against schistosomiasis, as the perturbation of the ecological equilibrium of natural waters can be avoided in this manner.", "PMID": 703849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1563", "title": "Effect of cannabinoids on the turnover rate of acetylcholine in rat hippocampus, striatum and cortex.", "content": "The effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC), the major psychoactive compound of marijuana, and cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive component, on the acetylcholine (ACh) concentration and the turnover rate of ACh (TRACh) have been studied in various regions of the rat brain. Neither delta9-THC doses from 0.2 to 10 mg/kg nor CBD (10 OR 20 MG/KG) alter the ACh concentration in the brain areas examined 30 min, after the intravenous injection. However, delta9-THC (doses from 0.2 to 10 mg/kg) causes a marked dose-related decrease in the TRACh in hippocampus whereas CBD is without effect in this brain region even when 20 mg/kg is given. Furthermore, high doses of delta9-THC (5 mg/kg) and CBD (20 mg/kg) that produce a significant decrease in the TRACh of striatum fail to change the TRACh in parietal cortex. The low doses of delta9-THC required to reduce hippocampal TRACh suggest that an action on these cholinergic mechanisms may play a role in the psychotomimetic activity of delta9-THC.", "contents": "Effect of cannabinoids on the turnover rate of acetylcholine in rat hippocampus, striatum and cortex. The effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC), the major psychoactive compound of marijuana, and cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive component, on the acetylcholine (ACh) concentration and the turnover rate of ACh (TRACh) have been studied in various regions of the rat brain. Neither delta9-THC doses from 0.2 to 10 mg/kg nor CBD (10 OR 20 MG/KG) alter the ACh concentration in the brain areas examined 30 min, after the intravenous injection. However, delta9-THC (doses from 0.2 to 10 mg/kg) causes a marked dose-related decrease in the TRACh in hippocampus whereas CBD is without effect in this brain region even when 20 mg/kg is given. Furthermore, high doses of delta9-THC (5 mg/kg) and CBD (20 mg/kg) that produce a significant decrease in the TRACh of striatum fail to change the TRACh in parietal cortex. The low doses of delta9-THC required to reduce hippocampal TRACh suggest that an action on these cholinergic mechanisms may play a role in the psychotomimetic activity of delta9-THC.", "PMID": 703853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1564", "title": "Inhibition of the in vivo biosynthesis and changes of catecholamine levels in rat brain after alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine; time- and dose-response relationships.", "content": "Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given 0.407 mmoles/kg of D,L-alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine methylester HCl (H44/68; alpha-MT) at eleven time-points between 0--24 h, or 8 doses between 0.013--1.628 mmoles/kg of the drug at 1 h before i.v. injection of 160 micronCi tyrosine-2,6-3H. The rats were killed 15 min after tyrosine-3H and brain alpha-MT, tyrosine and catecholamines (endogenous and labelled), and plasma alpha-MT and tyrosine (--3H) were chromatographically isolated before being assayed spectrophotofluorimetrically (endogenous) or by liquid scintillation methods (labelled compounds). A delayed penetration of alpha-MT from plasma into brain, different elimination rates of alpha-MT in plasma and brain, and decreasing brain/plasma drug concentration on increasing alpha-MT dosages, indicated, that alpha-MT in brain and plasma belong to different pharmacokinetic compartments. The endogenous levels of catecholamines in the time-response experiments, declined to a minimum 4 h after alpha-MT administration, where the dopamine level was 38% and the noradrenaline level 51% of the saline controls. Kinetic data of the catecholamine elimination is given. In the dose-response experiment the decrease in the endogenous catecholamine levels was dose-related up to 0.407 mmoles/kg of alpha-MT, with no further decline on higher doses. The maximal inhibition of brain catecholamine synthesis occurred within 30 min after alpha-MT administration and the inhibition correlated better with the brain than with plasma alpha-MT content. The inhibition was dose-related with a maximal synthesis inhibition of 95% for dopamine and 80% for noradrenaline at the highest dose of alpha-MT. The duration of synthesis inhibition and storage depletion were shorter for noradrenaline (12 h) than for dopamine (16 h). Further, the ED50 for synthesis inhibition of dopamine (0.057 mmoles/kg) was half of the ED50 for synthesis inhibition of noradrenaline (0.117 mmoles/kg). This might suggest different sensitivities towards alpha-MT or different availabilities of alpha-MT in the two neuron populations. At the three highest doses of alpha-MT there were signs of interference with the uptake process for tyrosine from plasma into the brain. This was indicated by increased plasma levels and decreased brain levels of tyrosine (--3H).", "contents": "Inhibition of the in vivo biosynthesis and changes of catecholamine levels in rat brain after alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine; time- and dose-response relationships. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given 0.407 mmoles/kg of D,L-alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine methylester HCl (H44/68; alpha-MT) at eleven time-points between 0--24 h, or 8 doses between 0.013--1.628 mmoles/kg of the drug at 1 h before i.v. injection of 160 micronCi tyrosine-2,6-3H. The rats were killed 15 min after tyrosine-3H and brain alpha-MT, tyrosine and catecholamines (endogenous and labelled), and plasma alpha-MT and tyrosine (--3H) were chromatographically isolated before being assayed spectrophotofluorimetrically (endogenous) or by liquid scintillation methods (labelled compounds). A delayed penetration of alpha-MT from plasma into brain, different elimination rates of alpha-MT in plasma and brain, and decreasing brain/plasma drug concentration on increasing alpha-MT dosages, indicated, that alpha-MT in brain and plasma belong to different pharmacokinetic compartments. The endogenous levels of catecholamines in the time-response experiments, declined to a minimum 4 h after alpha-MT administration, where the dopamine level was 38% and the noradrenaline level 51% of the saline controls. Kinetic data of the catecholamine elimination is given. In the dose-response experiment the decrease in the endogenous catecholamine levels was dose-related up to 0.407 mmoles/kg of alpha-MT, with no further decline on higher doses. The maximal inhibition of brain catecholamine synthesis occurred within 30 min after alpha-MT administration and the inhibition correlated better with the brain than with plasma alpha-MT content. The inhibition was dose-related with a maximal synthesis inhibition of 95% for dopamine and 80% for noradrenaline at the highest dose of alpha-MT. The duration of synthesis inhibition and storage depletion were shorter for noradrenaline (12 h) than for dopamine (16 h). Further, the ED50 for synthesis inhibition of dopamine (0.057 mmoles/kg) was half of the ED50 for synthesis inhibition of noradrenaline (0.117 mmoles/kg). This might suggest different sensitivities towards alpha-MT or different availabilities of alpha-MT in the two neuron populations. At the three highest doses of alpha-MT there were signs of interference with the uptake process for tyrosine from plasma into the brain. This was indicated by increased plasma levels and decreased brain levels of tyrosine (--3H).", "PMID": 703854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1565", "title": "The relationship between amphetamine antagonism and depletion of brain catecholamines by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine in rats.", "content": "The time-course and the dose-response relationship for the antagonistic effect of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine methyl ester HCl H 44/68 (alpha-MT) on d-amphetamine (10.6 mumoles/kg) induced increase in motor activity was studied. The effect of amphetamine was gradually reduced from 30--60 min to a minimum at 1--4 h after the administration of 0.407 mmoles/kg of alpha-MT. From (4--) 8 h the amphetamine response started to reappear and the original response was restored completely at 16 h after alpha-MT. The dose-response curve showed, that between 0.051--0.41 mmoles/kg of alpha-MT, given 1 h before amphetamine, there was a gradual reduction of the amphetamine response; doses above 0.41 mmoles/kg did not cause any further effect. The antiamphetamine action of alpha-MT was compared with its time- and dose-dependent effects of inhibition of synthesis and reduction of stores of brain catecholamines. It was found, that the antiamphetamine action was more closely correlated with the reduction of the levels of brain dopamine, than with the brain noradrenaline levels. Further, the inhibition of catecholamine synthesis per se did not appear to be a sufficient condition for alpha-MT induced antagonism of amphetamine. These findings support the view that amphetamine is dependent on a substantial portion of the brain pool of dopamine and possibly noradrenaline rather than on very small, newly synthesized pools of these neurotransmitters.", "contents": "The relationship between amphetamine antagonism and depletion of brain catecholamines by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine in rats. The time-course and the dose-response relationship for the antagonistic effect of alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine methyl ester HCl H 44/68 (alpha-MT) on d-amphetamine (10.6 mumoles/kg) induced increase in motor activity was studied. The effect of amphetamine was gradually reduced from 30--60 min to a minimum at 1--4 h after the administration of 0.407 mmoles/kg of alpha-MT. From (4--) 8 h the amphetamine response started to reappear and the original response was restored completely at 16 h after alpha-MT. The dose-response curve showed, that between 0.051--0.41 mmoles/kg of alpha-MT, given 1 h before amphetamine, there was a gradual reduction of the amphetamine response; doses above 0.41 mmoles/kg did not cause any further effect. The antiamphetamine action of alpha-MT was compared with its time- and dose-dependent effects of inhibition of synthesis and reduction of stores of brain catecholamines. It was found, that the antiamphetamine action was more closely correlated with the reduction of the levels of brain dopamine, than with the brain noradrenaline levels. Further, the inhibition of catecholamine synthesis per se did not appear to be a sufficient condition for alpha-MT induced antagonism of amphetamine. These findings support the view that amphetamine is dependent on a substantial portion of the brain pool of dopamine and possibly noradrenaline rather than on very small, newly synthesized pools of these neurotransmitters.", "PMID": 703855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1566", "title": "Dependence of intestinal absorption in vivo on the unstirred layer.", "content": "The appearance rate of butanol, antipyrine, salicylic acid, and urea in the venous blood of rat jejunal loops perfused in vivo is increased up to 64%, if the intraluminal solution is mixed more efficiently by the simultaneous perfusion of air. The enhancement of the absorption can be attributed partly to the enlarged absorbing area but mainly to the reduction of the effective unstirred layer thickness by about 500 micrometers. The unstirred layer reduces the phenylalanine absorption at 0.1 mmol l(-1) but not at 100 mmol l(-1), since at high concentrations a full saturation of the transport system can be achieved in spite of the unstirred layer resistance. The interference of the unstirred layer increases with increasing absorbability of the substances.", "contents": "Dependence of intestinal absorption in vivo on the unstirred layer. The appearance rate of butanol, antipyrine, salicylic acid, and urea in the venous blood of rat jejunal loops perfused in vivo is increased up to 64%, if the intraluminal solution is mixed more efficiently by the simultaneous perfusion of air. The enhancement of the absorption can be attributed partly to the enlarged absorbing area but mainly to the reduction of the effective unstirred layer thickness by about 500 micrometers. The unstirred layer reduces the phenylalanine absorption at 0.1 mmol l(-1) but not at 100 mmol l(-1), since at high concentrations a full saturation of the transport system can be achieved in spite of the unstirred layer resistance. The interference of the unstirred layer increases with increasing absorbability of the substances.", "PMID": 703857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1567", "title": "[Dynamics of rabbit visual cortex neuron reaction to presentation of repetitive photic stimuli].", "content": "Responses of visual cortex neurons to repeated light flashes with frequency of 1 stimulus per 2.5 were investigated in rabbits. Two forms of response dynamics (according to the total number of spikes in the response) were found: \"fast\" and \"slow\". 5--15 stimuli were required for the stabilization of the responses of the first form and 50--100 stimuli for that of the second form. About 50% of all the neurons showed stable responses. Partial habituation of responses was revealed in 55--59% of the neurons, sensitizations of discharge in 25% and hump-shared type of the response in 17--20% of neurons. \"Slow\" dynamic modifications of the responses in most neurons were associated with modifications in the duration of the inhibitory phases in the responses.", "contents": "[Dynamics of rabbit visual cortex neuron reaction to presentation of repetitive photic stimuli]. Responses of visual cortex neurons to repeated light flashes with frequency of 1 stimulus per 2.5 were investigated in rabbits. Two forms of response dynamics (according to the total number of spikes in the response) were found: \"fast\" and \"slow\". 5--15 stimuli were required for the stabilization of the responses of the first form and 50--100 stimuli for that of the second form. About 50% of all the neurons showed stable responses. Partial habituation of responses was revealed in 55--59% of the neurons, sensitizations of discharge in 25% and hump-shared type of the response in 17--20% of neurons. \"Slow\" dynamic modifications of the responses in most neurons were associated with modifications in the duration of the inhibitory phases in the responses.", "PMID": 703898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1568", "title": "[Reactions of neurons in the reticular and ventral anterior thalamic nuclei to stimulation of the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus and motor cortex].", "content": "Responses of 137 neurons located in oral parts of reticular (R) and ventral anterior (VA) thalamic nuclei to electrical stimulation of the ventrolateral nucleus (VL) and motor cortex (MI) were studied in 17 cats immobilized with d-tubocurarine. 10.5% of the investigated neurons responded to VL stimulation by antidromic spike (latency 0.7--3.0 ms). 11.0% of the neurons responded antidromically to MI stimulation (latency 0.4--4.0 ms). Neurons with axon sending one branch to VL and the other to MI were found. 78.9% of the neurons responded to VL stimulation with orthodromic excitation (after stimulation of MI this type of response was found only in 52.5% of neurons). 55.6% of R and VA neurons responded to VL stimulation by discharges composed of 3--20 spikes with frequency of 130--530/per second. After MI stimulation discharges of the same type were observed only in 30.5% of the investigated neurons. Inhibition was found in 6.8% of the studied neurons. 55.7% of R and VA neurons demonstrated the convergence of the effects from VL and MI. Corticofugal influences from MI on responses of R and VA neurons to the VL testing stimuli could be inhibitory as well as excitatory.", "contents": "[Reactions of neurons in the reticular and ventral anterior thalamic nuclei to stimulation of the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus and motor cortex]. Responses of 137 neurons located in oral parts of reticular (R) and ventral anterior (VA) thalamic nuclei to electrical stimulation of the ventrolateral nucleus (VL) and motor cortex (MI) were studied in 17 cats immobilized with d-tubocurarine. 10.5% of the investigated neurons responded to VL stimulation by antidromic spike (latency 0.7--3.0 ms). 11.0% of the neurons responded antidromically to MI stimulation (latency 0.4--4.0 ms). Neurons with axon sending one branch to VL and the other to MI were found. 78.9% of the neurons responded to VL stimulation with orthodromic excitation (after stimulation of MI this type of response was found only in 52.5% of neurons). 55.6% of R and VA neurons responded to VL stimulation by discharges composed of 3--20 spikes with frequency of 130--530/per second. After MI stimulation discharges of the same type were observed only in 30.5% of the investigated neurons. Inhibition was found in 6.8% of the studied neurons. 55.7% of R and VA neurons demonstrated the convergence of the effects from VL and MI. Corticofugal influences from MI on responses of R and VA neurons to the VL testing stimuli could be inhibitory as well as excitatory.", "PMID": 703899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1569", "title": "[Reactions of neurons in the associative thalamic nuclei to peripheral stimulation of different modality].", "content": "Reactions of 252 neurons of the mediodorsal nucleus (MD) and 329 cells of the pulvinar-posterior-lateral complex (Pulv-LP) of the thalamus to separate the complex peripheral stimulations (visual, auditory and somatosensory) were studied in acute experiments on cats anaesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. According to the character of the neuronal responses to peripheral stimuli three types of reactions were found: acceleration of the background activity (32.0% neurons in Pulv-LP and 20.6% in MD), inhibition (21.0% neurons in Pulv-LP and 24.2% in MD) and mixed (8.8% neurons in Pulv-LP and 4.0% in MD). No responses were observed in 37.4% neurons of Pulv-LP and in 51.2% of MD. Along with certain similarity, some specific features in the organization of Pulv-LP and MD were found. According to the response latency, the neuronal reactions to stimulation were divided into three groups: with short (less than 20 ms), medium (21--40 ms) and long (over 41 ms) latent period. The second group was the most numerous.", "contents": "[Reactions of neurons in the associative thalamic nuclei to peripheral stimulation of different modality]. Reactions of 252 neurons of the mediodorsal nucleus (MD) and 329 cells of the pulvinar-posterior-lateral complex (Pulv-LP) of the thalamus to separate the complex peripheral stimulations (visual, auditory and somatosensory) were studied in acute experiments on cats anaesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. According to the character of the neuronal responses to peripheral stimuli three types of reactions were found: acceleration of the background activity (32.0% neurons in Pulv-LP and 20.6% in MD), inhibition (21.0% neurons in Pulv-LP and 24.2% in MD) and mixed (8.8% neurons in Pulv-LP and 4.0% in MD). No responses were observed in 37.4% neurons of Pulv-LP and in 51.2% of MD. Along with certain similarity, some specific features in the organization of Pulv-LP and MD were found. According to the response latency, the neuronal reactions to stimulation were divided into three groups: with short (less than 20 ms), medium (21--40 ms) and long (over 41 ms) latent period. The second group was the most numerous.", "PMID": 703900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1570", "title": "[Analysis of the spike activity of pairs of caudate nucleus neurons in cats].", "content": "Spike activity of pairs of neurons was recorded simultaneously with a single microelectrode in the caudate nucleus of lightly anaesthetized immobilized cats. A high time correlation was observed in discharges of two neurons when their background activity showed group discharges. In case of unitary background activity, correlation between spike trains was observed only in 50% of the cells; it could be both of excitatory and inhibitory type. Many neuronal pairs exhibited negative short latency correlation in the 0--4 ms range. Electrical stimulation of different afferent inputs of the caudate nucleus caused minimal correlation between neuronal discharges and, on the contrary, abolished correlation between spontaneous discharges of the same pair of neurons. The presented results are discussed from the point of view of the caudate nucleus as an associative cerebral nucleus.", "contents": "[Analysis of the spike activity of pairs of caudate nucleus neurons in cats]. Spike activity of pairs of neurons was recorded simultaneously with a single microelectrode in the caudate nucleus of lightly anaesthetized immobilized cats. A high time correlation was observed in discharges of two neurons when their background activity showed group discharges. In case of unitary background activity, correlation between spike trains was observed only in 50% of the cells; it could be both of excitatory and inhibitory type. Many neuronal pairs exhibited negative short latency correlation in the 0--4 ms range. Electrical stimulation of different afferent inputs of the caudate nucleus caused minimal correlation between neuronal discharges and, on the contrary, abolished correlation between spontaneous discharges of the same pair of neurons. The presented results are discussed from the point of view of the caudate nucleus as an associative cerebral nucleus.", "PMID": 703901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1571", "title": "[Effect of stimulation of the preoptic region of the hypothalamus on the activity of individual optic tract fibers in rabbits].", "content": "Statistical background characteristics and impulse activity of some fibres of the optical tract evoked by light flashes were compared before and after stimulation of the preoptic hypothalamic region in listenin-immobilized rabbits. It was shown that the influence of the high frequency preoptical hypothalamus stimulation correlates with the pattern of responses to light flashes observed when recording from the optical tract fibres. In most cases the preoptical hypothalamus stimulation caused an increase of the background activity and facilitation of responses to light flashes. Phasic response to a light flash with short latency (42 ms), consisting of a long train of pulses and tonic responses with long latency (155 ms) were facilitated to a greater extent. The facilitation of short-latent (35 ms) phasic responses to a light flash consisting of a short train of phases after the preoptical hypothalamus stimulation was not clearly pronounced or was inhibited.", "contents": "[Effect of stimulation of the preoptic region of the hypothalamus on the activity of individual optic tract fibers in rabbits]. Statistical background characteristics and impulse activity of some fibres of the optical tract evoked by light flashes were compared before and after stimulation of the preoptic hypothalamic region in listenin-immobilized rabbits. It was shown that the influence of the high frequency preoptical hypothalamus stimulation correlates with the pattern of responses to light flashes observed when recording from the optical tract fibres. In most cases the preoptical hypothalamus stimulation caused an increase of the background activity and facilitation of responses to light flashes. Phasic response to a light flash with short latency (42 ms), consisting of a long train of pulses and tonic responses with long latency (155 ms) were facilitated to a greater extent. The facilitation of short-latent (35 ms) phasic responses to a light flash consisting of a short train of phases after the preoptical hypothalamus stimulation was not clearly pronounced or was inhibited.", "PMID": 703902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1572", "title": "[Evoked responses of the lateral geniculate body to photic stimulation in intact and visually deprived rabbits].", "content": "Flash-evoked responses were recorded from the contralateral lateral geniculate nucleus and from the primary visual cortex in 2--3-month-old dark-reared rabbits. Experiments were performed under nembutal anaesthesia in dark-adapted animals. It was found that, in contrast to a significant decrease in the cortical primary response amplitude of visually deprived rabbits, there were no apparent differences either in amplitude or latency and duration of the geniculate nucleus response between dark-reared and control animals. These results suggest that the abnormalities evoked in visually deprived rabbits were localized mainly at the cortical level. Hypothetical mechanisms of functional abnormalities in dark-reared rabbits are discussed.", "contents": "[Evoked responses of the lateral geniculate body to photic stimulation in intact and visually deprived rabbits]. Flash-evoked responses were recorded from the contralateral lateral geniculate nucleus and from the primary visual cortex in 2--3-month-old dark-reared rabbits. Experiments were performed under nembutal anaesthesia in dark-adapted animals. It was found that, in contrast to a significant decrease in the cortical primary response amplitude of visually deprived rabbits, there were no apparent differences either in amplitude or latency and duration of the geniculate nucleus response between dark-reared and control animals. These results suggest that the abnormalities evoked in visually deprived rabbits were localized mainly at the cortical level. Hypothetical mechanisms of functional abnormalities in dark-reared rabbits are discussed.", "PMID": 703903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1573", "title": "[Effect of local iontophoretic application of acetylcholine and serotonin on rabbit superior cervical ganglion neurons].", "content": "The effect of iontophoretically applied acetylcholine and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) on the neurons of the rabbit isolated superior cervical ganglion was studied by means of intracellular recording. It is found that the ganglion cell soma has only nicotinic receptors and no muscarinic receptors; nicotinic receptors are dispersed nonuniformly on the surface of the soma membrane. Spontaneous EPSPs were observed due to ACh application, which indicates excitation of presynaptic terminals. In about a half of ganglion neurons the soma possessed serotonin receptors.", "contents": "[Effect of local iontophoretic application of acetylcholine and serotonin on rabbit superior cervical ganglion neurons]. The effect of iontophoretically applied acetylcholine and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) on the neurons of the rabbit isolated superior cervical ganglion was studied by means of intracellular recording. It is found that the ganglion cell soma has only nicotinic receptors and no muscarinic receptors; nicotinic receptors are dispersed nonuniformly on the surface of the soma membrane. Spontaneous EPSPs were observed due to ACh application, which indicates excitation of presynaptic terminals. In about a half of ganglion neurons the soma possessed serotonin receptors.", "PMID": 703904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1574", "title": "[Extracranial internal carotid aneurysms in closed brain injuries (author's transl)].", "content": "Six cases of traumatic aneurysms of the extracranial internal carotid artery are presented. It has been an unexcepted finding in all patients without actual clinical importance. Angiography has been repeated in two cases. Possible sequale of these lesions are discussed.", "contents": "[Extracranial internal carotid aneurysms in closed brain injuries (author's transl)]. Six cases of traumatic aneurysms of the extracranial internal carotid artery are presented. It has been an unexcepted finding in all patients without actual clinical importance. Angiography has been repeated in two cases. Possible sequale of these lesions are discussed.", "PMID": 703916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1575", "title": "[Increased intracranial pressure. Methods of measurement, pathophysiology and treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "After describing the various methods for measuring the intracranial pressure, the causes of the rise of pressure within the skull and the possibilities for compensation are discussed. The elasticity of the brain tissue, which can be determined by pressure/volume stress, plays a crucial role in compensating for pressure. A reciprocal influence exists between intracranial pressure, cerebral circulation and brain oedema, as well as between intracerebral pressure and peripheral circulation. The treament of raised intracranial pressure is possibly by CSF drainage, hyperventilation and hypothermia, as well as by drugs such as steroids and diuretics.", "contents": "[Increased intracranial pressure. Methods of measurement, pathophysiology and treatment (author's transl)]. After describing the various methods for measuring the intracranial pressure, the causes of the rise of pressure within the skull and the possibilities for compensation are discussed. The elasticity of the brain tissue, which can be determined by pressure/volume stress, plays a crucial role in compensating for pressure. A reciprocal influence exists between intracranial pressure, cerebral circulation and brain oedema, as well as between intracerebral pressure and peripheral circulation. The treament of raised intracranial pressure is possibly by CSF drainage, hyperventilation and hypothermia, as well as by drugs such as steroids and diuretics.", "PMID": 703917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1576", "title": "The effects on intracranial pressure of stopping controlled ventilation in patients with head injuries.", "content": "The effects on intracranial pressure (ICP) of stopping artificial ventilation, were studied in 34 of 75 patients with severe head injuries in whom early long-term respirator treatment was undertaken. The changes in ICP after switching off the ventilator appeared to be correlated with paCO2 and paO2 levels, brain elasticity and vascular reactivity.", "contents": "The effects on intracranial pressure of stopping controlled ventilation in patients with head injuries. The effects on intracranial pressure (ICP) of stopping artificial ventilation, were studied in 34 of 75 patients with severe head injuries in whom early long-term respirator treatment was undertaken. The changes in ICP after switching off the ventilator appeared to be correlated with paCO2 and paO2 levels, brain elasticity and vascular reactivity.", "PMID": 703918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1577", "title": "[Two neurinomas of the cauda in a patient with a suspected disk lesion (author's transl)].", "content": "Multiple neurinomas in the cauda equina were found in a 56-year-old patient, who had been suffered from left-sided sciatica for about one and half years. The origins were suspected in right L3 nerve root and left L4 nerve root. Multiple tumours in the cauda equina are not common; therefore, the authors discuss in this paper how rare the case is and about the difficulties of the differential diagnosis between herniated disk and tumour in the cauda equina.", "contents": "[Two neurinomas of the cauda in a patient with a suspected disk lesion (author's transl)]. Multiple neurinomas in the cauda equina were found in a 56-year-old patient, who had been suffered from left-sided sciatica for about one and half years. The origins were suspected in right L3 nerve root and left L4 nerve root. Multiple tumours in the cauda equina are not common; therefore, the authors discuss in this paper how rare the case is and about the difficulties of the differential diagnosis between herniated disk and tumour in the cauda equina.", "PMID": 703919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1578", "title": "CAT-follow up of communicating hydrocephalus after subarachnoid haemorrhage.", "content": "Consecutive CAT-Scans demonstrate the consequences of increased ventricular pressure after SAH and indicate when a shunt procedure may be necessary.", "contents": "CAT-follow up of communicating hydrocephalus after subarachnoid haemorrhage. Consecutive CAT-Scans demonstrate the consequences of increased ventricular pressure after SAH and indicate when a shunt procedure may be necessary.", "PMID": 703920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1579", "title": "[Carotid fibromuscular dysplasia].", "content": "An uncommon case, probably the first in Mexico, of fibromuscular dysplasia involving the internal, extra and intracranial carotid artery, histologically demonstrated in an 18-year old young man is presented. The few bibliographical references on the subject are reviewed and emphasis is placed on the importance of angiographic studies for the establishment of the aethiology of the disease in all cases of occlusive cerebrovascular accident.", "contents": "[Carotid fibromuscular dysplasia]. An uncommon case, probably the first in Mexico, of fibromuscular dysplasia involving the internal, extra and intracranial carotid artery, histologically demonstrated in an 18-year old young man is presented. The few bibliographical references on the subject are reviewed and emphasis is placed on the importance of angiographic studies for the establishment of the aethiology of the disease in all cases of occlusive cerebrovascular accident.", "PMID": 703921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1580", "title": "[Perception of your body. A psychoanalytical approach].", "content": "This paper discusses body-perception from a psychoanalytic point of view. Ia attempts a \"totalizing\" view of human behavior which integrates the whole of perception-thought-action-perception as a single process of organism-environment interaction. The underlying episthemological framework implies the rejection of lineal causal deterministic explanations in favor of a dynamic conception, in terms of feed-back mechanisms. Thus it discards the various false oppositions between \"body-perception\" and \"object-perception\"; and between cognition, affectivity and connation. The former is resolved through the recognition of the fact that perception is always a comparative process, which results from the organism-environment interaction. The comparative element for body-perception is the dynamic unconsious body scheme. The latter opposition is resolved through the application of the basic psychoanalytic model, which integrates the primary models for cognition, affectivity and connation.", "contents": "[Perception of your body. A psychoanalytical approach]. This paper discusses body-perception from a psychoanalytic point of view. Ia attempts a \"totalizing\" view of human behavior which integrates the whole of perception-thought-action-perception as a single process of organism-environment interaction. The underlying episthemological framework implies the rejection of lineal causal deterministic explanations in favor of a dynamic conception, in terms of feed-back mechanisms. Thus it discards the various false oppositions between \"body-perception\" and \"object-perception\"; and between cognition, affectivity and connation. The former is resolved through the recognition of the fact that perception is always a comparative process, which results from the organism-environment interaction. The comparative element for body-perception is the dynamic unconsious body scheme. The latter opposition is resolved through the application of the basic psychoanalytic model, which integrates the primary models for cognition, affectivity and connation.", "PMID": 703922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1581", "title": "Glial fibrillary acidic protein in human gliomas.", "content": "The presence of GFA protein, an astrocyte specific antigen, was investigated in surgical biopsies of ninety-five gliomas using an immunoperoxidase detection method. In some cases electron microscopy was added and also in one tumour immunoelectron microscopy. The results were correlated with the histological classification and grading of the tumours. In astrocytomas, the number of GFA positive cells decreased with increasing malignancy. Some malignant oligodendrogliomas surprisingly showed GFA in oligodendroglial and gemistocytic tumour cells. Thus, transition from oligodendroglial into astrocytic tumour cells seems to occur. In the mixed astrocytoma/oligodendrogliomas, theoli godendroglioma areas were negative. Subependymomas were strongly GFA positive, whereas ependymomas and medulloblastomas were negative. The presence or absence of GFA seems to contribute a 'hard' criterion for classifying gliomas and may be helpful in grading them according to the degree of malignancy.", "contents": "Glial fibrillary acidic protein in human gliomas. The presence of GFA protein, an astrocyte specific antigen, was investigated in surgical biopsies of ninety-five gliomas using an immunoperoxidase detection method. In some cases electron microscopy was added and also in one tumour immunoelectron microscopy. The results were correlated with the histological classification and grading of the tumours. In astrocytomas, the number of GFA positive cells decreased with increasing malignancy. Some malignant oligodendrogliomas surprisingly showed GFA in oligodendroglial and gemistocytic tumour cells. Thus, transition from oligodendroglial into astrocytic tumour cells seems to occur. In the mixed astrocytoma/oligodendrogliomas, theoli godendroglioma areas were negative. Subependymomas were strongly GFA positive, whereas ependymomas and medulloblastomas were negative. The presence or absence of GFA seems to contribute a 'hard' criterion for classifying gliomas and may be helpful in grading them according to the degree of malignancy.", "PMID": 703924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1582", "title": "Kinetics of cell proliferation in the postnatal rat dentate gyrus.", "content": "Cell cycle parameters in the dentate gyrus of the postnatal rat hippocampus were measured, using the method of percentage labelled mitoses. In animals aged 1, 6 and 12 days, cell cycle times range from 15.1 to 17.7 h, S phase duration from 10.1 to 11.7 h, length of the G2 phase from 2.5 to 3.3 h and G1 from 1.1 to 2.4 h. These figures are similar to those obtained for other precursor cell populations in the brain. On the day after birth the labelling index in the dentate hilus is 4.5% and estimated turnover time 220 h, while on day 6 the labelling index is 3.7% and estimated turnover time 310 h. It is calculated that precursor cells outnumber granule cells by at least 3:1 at birth and 2:1 by day 6.", "contents": "Kinetics of cell proliferation in the postnatal rat dentate gyrus. Cell cycle parameters in the dentate gyrus of the postnatal rat hippocampus were measured, using the method of percentage labelled mitoses. In animals aged 1, 6 and 12 days, cell cycle times range from 15.1 to 17.7 h, S phase duration from 10.1 to 11.7 h, length of the G2 phase from 2.5 to 3.3 h and G1 from 1.1 to 2.4 h. These figures are similar to those obtained for other precursor cell populations in the brain. On the day after birth the labelling index in the dentate hilus is 4.5% and estimated turnover time 220 h, while on day 6 the labelling index is 3.7% and estimated turnover time 310 h. It is calculated that precursor cells outnumber granule cells by at least 3:1 at birth and 2:1 by day 6.", "PMID": 703925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1583", "title": "Cellular reactions to subependymal plate haemorrhage in the human neonate.", "content": "The most important cause of death in human premature babies at the present time is intraventricular haemorrhage consequent to haemorrhage in the subependymal plate. Lesser degrees of plate haemorrhage can also have serious effects. It was possible to observe the reaction to such haemorrhages in twenty-seven cases whose range of gestational age extended from 23 to 36 weeks and survival from 4 to 59 days. The haemorrhage occurs in the first week of life, usually in the first few days. The earliest reaction at 4 days was the presence of mononuclear phagocytes around the haemorrhage, these evolved to iron pigment macrophages which were present in eighteen of the twenty-two cases in which some reaction was detected. Subependymal astrocytic proliferation was seen at 11 days, related to ependymal disruption, but an astrocytic reaction around the haemorrhage and related to it was not seen until 14 days. Within the subependymal plate this reaction was scanty in fibril production and the cells were thought to be derived from differentiating astrocytes in the plate. In one case a more marked reaction was detected to hypoxic damage in the adjacent thalamus. The source of the phagocytes in these sites and the reasons for the rather slow astrocytic reaction are discussed.", "contents": "Cellular reactions to subependymal plate haemorrhage in the human neonate. The most important cause of death in human premature babies at the present time is intraventricular haemorrhage consequent to haemorrhage in the subependymal plate. Lesser degrees of plate haemorrhage can also have serious effects. It was possible to observe the reaction to such haemorrhages in twenty-seven cases whose range of gestational age extended from 23 to 36 weeks and survival from 4 to 59 days. The haemorrhage occurs in the first week of life, usually in the first few days. The earliest reaction at 4 days was the presence of mononuclear phagocytes around the haemorrhage, these evolved to iron pigment macrophages which were present in eighteen of the twenty-two cases in which some reaction was detected. Subependymal astrocytic proliferation was seen at 11 days, related to ependymal disruption, but an astrocytic reaction around the haemorrhage and related to it was not seen until 14 days. Within the subependymal plate this reaction was scanty in fibril production and the cells were thought to be derived from differentiating astrocytes in the plate. In one case a more marked reaction was detected to hypoxic damage in the adjacent thalamus. The source of the phagocytes in these sites and the reasons for the rather slow astrocytic reaction are discussed.", "PMID": 703926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1584", "title": "Lysosomal storage in Swainsona spp. toxicosis: an induced mannosidosis.", "content": "Ingestion of Swainsona spp. by grazing livestock results in a chronic disease characterized by neurological disturbances and intense vacuolation of cells in most organs. Experiments were carried out using Swainsona canescens and evidence is presented to show that tissues from affected animals contain high levels of mannose-rich oligosaccharides and that the plant contains an inhibitor of lysosomal alpha-mannosidase. It is concluded that ingestion of Swainsona induces a lysosomal storage disease, biochemically and morphologically similar to genetically determined mannosidosis. The role of this process in relation to Swainsona toxicosis is discussed.", "contents": "Lysosomal storage in Swainsona spp. toxicosis: an induced mannosidosis. Ingestion of Swainsona spp. by grazing livestock results in a chronic disease characterized by neurological disturbances and intense vacuolation of cells in most organs. Experiments were carried out using Swainsona canescens and evidence is presented to show that tissues from affected animals contain high levels of mannose-rich oligosaccharides and that the plant contains an inhibitor of lysosomal alpha-mannosidase. It is concluded that ingestion of Swainsona induces a lysosomal storage disease, biochemically and morphologically similar to genetically determined mannosidosis. The role of this process in relation to Swainsona toxicosis is discussed.", "PMID": 703929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1585", "title": "Hemiparkinsonism with infarction of the ipsilateral substantia nigra.", "content": "An elderly man suffering from dementia associated with hypertension developed right-sided parkinsonism marked by rigidity and flexion. At autopsy the brain showed generalized vascular changes chiefly in the white matter, diffuse plaque and neurofibrillary tangle formation in the temporal cortex, and a discrete gliotic scar in the right substantia nigra. Hemiparkinsonism with a strictly unilateral lesion confined to the substantia nigra has, to our knowledge, not been described before, and the fact that it was ipsilateral adds to its theoretical interest.", "contents": "Hemiparkinsonism with infarction of the ipsilateral substantia nigra. An elderly man suffering from dementia associated with hypertension developed right-sided parkinsonism marked by rigidity and flexion. At autopsy the brain showed generalized vascular changes chiefly in the white matter, diffuse plaque and neurofibrillary tangle formation in the temporal cortex, and a discrete gliotic scar in the right substantia nigra. Hemiparkinsonism with a strictly unilateral lesion confined to the substantia nigra has, to our knowledge, not been described before, and the fact that it was ipsilateral adds to its theoretical interest.", "PMID": 703930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1586", "title": "Microsurgical evaluation of the pterional approach to aneurysms of the distal basilar circulation.", "content": "The microsurgical correlates the pterional approach to the distal basilar circulation were evaluated in 20 cases of posterior circulation aneurysms, 50 human cadaver dissections, and a variety of other intracranial surgical lesions. The pterional approach permitted successful clipping of the aneurysm in 13 of 15 basilar bifurcation aneurysms, 1 of 2 basilar-posterior cerebral aneurysms, and 2 of 3 basilar-superior cerebellar aneurysms. In each of the failed attempts via the pterional approach, the subtemporal route ultimately resulted in proper clip application. The interposition of the posterior clinoid process was the impediment to successful clipping in three of the four cases that could not be managed via the pterional approach. All 3 of these patients had a basilar bifurcation that was below the level of the posterior clinoid on angiography, whereas none of the remaining 17 aneurysm patients demonstrated a low-lying bifurcation. Posterior displacement of the basilar artery away from the posterior clinoid exceeded 1 cm in only 13% of our cases and was not an impediment to successful clipping of the aneurysm via the pterional route. We conclude that, when the anatomical situation is appropriate, the pterional approach offers the advantages of less brain retraction and better visualization of the parent arteries and important perforating branches when compared to the subtemporal approach.", "contents": "Microsurgical evaluation of the pterional approach to aneurysms of the distal basilar circulation. The microsurgical correlates the pterional approach to the distal basilar circulation were evaluated in 20 cases of posterior circulation aneurysms, 50 human cadaver dissections, and a variety of other intracranial surgical lesions. The pterional approach permitted successful clipping of the aneurysm in 13 of 15 basilar bifurcation aneurysms, 1 of 2 basilar-posterior cerebral aneurysms, and 2 of 3 basilar-superior cerebellar aneurysms. In each of the failed attempts via the pterional approach, the subtemporal route ultimately resulted in proper clip application. The interposition of the posterior clinoid process was the impediment to successful clipping in three of the four cases that could not be managed via the pterional approach. All 3 of these patients had a basilar bifurcation that was below the level of the posterior clinoid on angiography, whereas none of the remaining 17 aneurysm patients demonstrated a low-lying bifurcation. Posterior displacement of the basilar artery away from the posterior clinoid exceeded 1 cm in only 13% of our cases and was not an impediment to successful clipping of the aneurysm via the pterional route. We conclude that, when the anatomical situation is appropriate, the pterional approach offers the advantages of less brain retraction and better visualization of the parent arteries and important perforating branches when compared to the subtemporal approach.", "PMID": 703931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1587", "title": "Changes in brain cholinesterases in senile dementia of Alzheimer type.", "content": "Acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterase activities have been measured biochemically in normal brain tissue, in senile dementia of Alzheimer type and in mental disorders without Alzheimer-type abnormalities. Acetylcholinesterase was significantly reduced and butyrylcholinesterase significantly increased, compared with the normal, in the hippocampus and temporal cortex of the Alzheimer cases. No significant enzyme changes were seen in the other diseases investigated including multi-infarct dementia, schizophrenia and depression. There was no correlation between age and acetylcholinesterase activity, but a significant positive correlation between the butyrylcholinesterase activities with increasing age (60-90 years) was found in the hippocampus. The possible connection between cholinergic system pathology and these cholinesterase abnormalities in Alzheimer dementia is discussed.", "contents": "Changes in brain cholinesterases in senile dementia of Alzheimer type. Acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterase activities have been measured biochemically in normal brain tissue, in senile dementia of Alzheimer type and in mental disorders without Alzheimer-type abnormalities. Acetylcholinesterase was significantly reduced and butyrylcholinesterase significantly increased, compared with the normal, in the hippocampus and temporal cortex of the Alzheimer cases. No significant enzyme changes were seen in the other diseases investigated including multi-infarct dementia, schizophrenia and depression. There was no correlation between age and acetylcholinesterase activity, but a significant positive correlation between the butyrylcholinesterase activities with increasing age (60-90 years) was found in the hippocampus. The possible connection between cholinergic system pathology and these cholinesterase abnormalities in Alzheimer dementia is discussed.", "PMID": 703927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1588", "title": "General disease in 120 necropsy-proven cases of multiple sclerosis.", "content": "The general pathology in 120 necropsy-proven cases of multiple sclerosis has been compared with that of matched neurological and general controls. There was no significant difference in the incidence of coronary thrombosis, myocardial infarction, cerebral haemorrhage, thyroid atrophy and splenic haemosiderosis. There was also no significant difference in malignancy in the three groups. The implications of these findings with particular reference to immunopathology are discussed. 74% of patients with multiple sclerosis died from complications of the disease; 26% died from apparently unrelated diseases.", "contents": "General disease in 120 necropsy-proven cases of multiple sclerosis. The general pathology in 120 necropsy-proven cases of multiple sclerosis has been compared with that of matched neurological and general controls. There was no significant difference in the incidence of coronary thrombosis, myocardial infarction, cerebral haemorrhage, thyroid atrophy and splenic haemosiderosis. There was also no significant difference in malignancy in the three groups. The implications of these findings with particular reference to immunopathology are discussed. 74% of patients with multiple sclerosis died from complications of the disease; 26% died from apparently unrelated diseases.", "PMID": 703928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1589", "title": "Shunt-associated glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Six patients with glomerulonephritis in association with a ventriculovascular shunt were treated with three basic modes of therapy. Direct intraventricular instillation of antibiotic was used on seven occasions in five patients either as the definitive mode of therapy or as an adjunct to shunt removal. Ventricular fluid antibiotic concentrations were monitored in two patients and demonstrate that effective levels as compared to the specific minimal inhibitory concentration can only be achieved by this method. With resolution of the shunt infection, improvement in the clinical and laboratory parameters of renal function was noted. A recommended treatment protocol is outlined, including specific dosages for intraventricular antibiotics. The need for detailed and frequent post-treatment examination including serum immunoglobulin profile is stressed.", "contents": "Shunt-associated glomerulonephritis. Six patients with glomerulonephritis in association with a ventriculovascular shunt were treated with three basic modes of therapy. Direct intraventricular instillation of antibiotic was used on seven occasions in five patients either as the definitive mode of therapy or as an adjunct to shunt removal. Ventricular fluid antibiotic concentrations were monitored in two patients and demonstrate that effective levels as compared to the specific minimal inhibitory concentration can only be achieved by this method. With resolution of the shunt infection, improvement in the clinical and laboratory parameters of renal function was noted. A recommended treatment protocol is outlined, including specific dosages for intraventricular antibiotics. The need for detailed and frequent post-treatment examination including serum immunoglobulin profile is stressed.", "PMID": 703932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1590", "title": "Cerebral cysticercosis: occurrence in the immigrant population.", "content": "Six cases of cerebral cysticercosis have been diagnosed at the Neurological Institute of New York during the past 18 years. Three recent cases are discussed, with emphasis on the variability of signs and symptoms and the best available diagnostic techniques. One must have a high index of suspicion when evaluating patients who have immigrated to the United States from endemic areas, although the disease may be acquired through food contaminated by carriers in nonendemic areas. Conventional radiography (e.g., plain films and pneumography) and, more recently, computerized tomography are the most effective tests to confirm this diagnosis. Cerebrospinal fluid and serum eosinophilia and indirect hemagglutination titers are nonspecific but occasionally helpful. Therapy is currently confined to surgical excision of lesions where possible and symptomatic treatment otherwise.", "contents": "Cerebral cysticercosis: occurrence in the immigrant population. Six cases of cerebral cysticercosis have been diagnosed at the Neurological Institute of New York during the past 18 years. Three recent cases are discussed, with emphasis on the variability of signs and symptoms and the best available diagnostic techniques. One must have a high index of suspicion when evaluating patients who have immigrated to the United States from endemic areas, although the disease may be acquired through food contaminated by carriers in nonendemic areas. Conventional radiography (e.g., plain films and pneumography) and, more recently, computerized tomography are the most effective tests to confirm this diagnosis. Cerebrospinal fluid and serum eosinophilia and indirect hemagglutination titers are nonspecific but occasionally helpful. Therapy is currently confined to surgical excision of lesions where possible and symptomatic treatment otherwise.", "PMID": 703934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1591", "title": "Servo-controlled lumbar infusions: a clinical tool for the determination of CSF dynamics as a function of pressure.", "content": "The variable rate lumbar subarachnoid infusion technique allows rapid quantitative study of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compartment. Numerous pressure plateaus are studied in a brief time period with a servo-controlled system. The test determines the difference between rates of CSF absorption and formation as a function of pressure. On-line computer data analysis increases experimental efficiency to guarantee statistical significance. Animal and patient data are presented in the report.", "contents": "Servo-controlled lumbar infusions: a clinical tool for the determination of CSF dynamics as a function of pressure. The variable rate lumbar subarachnoid infusion technique allows rapid quantitative study of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compartment. Numerous pressure plateaus are studied in a brief time period with a servo-controlled system. The test determines the difference between rates of CSF absorption and formation as a function of pressure. On-line computer data analysis increases experimental efficiency to guarantee statistical significance. Animal and patient data are presented in the report.", "PMID": 703935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1592", "title": "Concussion: comparison of humans and rats.", "content": "Concussion is the most primitive and probably the most simple central nervous system response to an outside agent. Although millions of neurons undergo a very rapid reversal with loss and restoration of function, many physicians argue that every knockout blow leaves some residual damage, i.e., some or all of these neurons stop short of recovery. Clinical experience shows a wide discrepancy in the appearance or persistence of certain signs and symptoms after all types of head injury, but particularly after concussing blows, when third party or grievance cases are involved. Using slow motion filmstrips of boxing ring knockouts, we established a grading system for concussion and duplicated these grades in nonanesthetized rats. When we compared the performance, learning, and memory of concussed rats with their preconcussion performance and with the performance of nonconcussed controls, we were unable to find any differences.", "contents": "Concussion: comparison of humans and rats. Concussion is the most primitive and probably the most simple central nervous system response to an outside agent. Although millions of neurons undergo a very rapid reversal with loss and restoration of function, many physicians argue that every knockout blow leaves some residual damage, i.e., some or all of these neurons stop short of recovery. Clinical experience shows a wide discrepancy in the appearance or persistence of certain signs and symptoms after all types of head injury, but particularly after concussing blows, when third party or grievance cases are involved. Using slow motion filmstrips of boxing ring knockouts, we established a grading system for concussion and duplicated these grades in nonanesthetized rats. When we compared the performance, learning, and memory of concussed rats with their preconcussion performance and with the performance of nonconcussed controls, we were unable to find any differences.", "PMID": 703936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1593", "title": "Transoral exposure of the atlantoaxial region.", "content": "A broad spectrum of disease entities affects the atlantoaxial-clival region. This area is readily accessible through a transoral approach, which offers capabilities for canal decompression and fusion. A case is reported that required transoral odontoidectomy with concurrent excision of an osteophyte from the base of an ununited odontoid fracture. Operative preparation, technique, and postoperative management are described in detail. The advantage and applications of the procedure are discussed.", "contents": "Transoral exposure of the atlantoaxial region. A broad spectrum of disease entities affects the atlantoaxial-clival region. This area is readily accessible through a transoral approach, which offers capabilities for canal decompression and fusion. A case is reported that required transoral odontoidectomy with concurrent excision of an osteophyte from the base of an ununited odontoid fracture. Operative preparation, technique, and postoperative management are described in detail. The advantage and applications of the procedure are discussed.", "PMID": 703938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1594", "title": "Saccular aneurysm associated with absence of the left cervical carotid arteries.", "content": "The authors report successful surgical treatment of a patient with an anterior communicating artery aneurysm associated with absence of all of the left cervical carotid arteries. A review of the previous reports of 15 cases of intracranial aneurysm in association with absence of the internal carotid artery emphasizes the rarity of this lesion. Aneurysms with such an association have a distinct distribution different from that observed in the usual population. The data suggest that intracranial aneurysm develops more frequently in the absence of the internal carotid artery as a result of altered hemodynamics.", "contents": "Saccular aneurysm associated with absence of the left cervical carotid arteries. The authors report successful surgical treatment of a patient with an anterior communicating artery aneurysm associated with absence of all of the left cervical carotid arteries. A review of the previous reports of 15 cases of intracranial aneurysm in association with absence of the internal carotid artery emphasizes the rarity of this lesion. Aneurysms with such an association have a distinct distribution different from that observed in the usual population. The data suggest that intracranial aneurysm develops more frequently in the absence of the internal carotid artery as a result of altered hemodynamics.", "PMID": 703939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1595", "title": "Posterior fossa subdural hematoma in a hemophiliac.", "content": "A successfully managed case of posterior fossa subdural hematoma occurring in a hemophiliac is reported, and the rarity of this lesion is mentioned. The management of the hemophiliac who is a victim of craniocerebral trauma is discussed, with emphasis on the use of computerized tomographic scanning to obtain rapid diagnosis. The importance of prophylactic Factor VIII replacement is emphasized, and appropriate methods of Factor VIII administration are outlined.", "contents": "Posterior fossa subdural hematoma in a hemophiliac. A successfully managed case of posterior fossa subdural hematoma occurring in a hemophiliac is reported, and the rarity of this lesion is mentioned. The management of the hemophiliac who is a victim of craniocerebral trauma is discussed, with emphasis on the use of computerized tomographic scanning to obtain rapid diagnosis. The importance of prophylactic Factor VIII replacement is emphasized, and appropriate methods of Factor VIII administration are outlined.", "PMID": 703940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1596", "title": "Sarcoidosis of the cervical spinal canal: case report.", "content": "A patient with sarcoidosis presenting as an intradural extramedullary space-occupying lesion in the cervical spinal canal is described.", "contents": "Sarcoidosis of the cervical spinal canal: case report. A patient with sarcoidosis presenting as an intradural extramedullary space-occupying lesion in the cervical spinal canal is described.", "PMID": 703941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1597", "title": "Smoking during pregnancy. Its effect on maternal metabolism and fetoplacental function.", "content": "The effects of smoking during pregnancy on maternal body composition and the fetoplacental unit were investigated serially in well-matched groups of 29 normal, healthy primigravid smokers and 31 nonsmokers. The babies of smokers were lighter by an average of 138 g, and there was a greater proportion of small-for-dates infants among smokers compared with nonsmokers. There was a failure in expansion of mean plasma volume and total body water in patients who smoked throughout pregnancy compared with nonsmokers. No differences were demonstrated in serum protein, intravascular protein mass, serum albumin, intravascular albumin mass, serum electrolytes, serum osmolality, urinary estriol excretion, fetal biparietal diameter, or weekly growth rate between the 2 groups. The concentration of serum heat-stable alkaline phosphatase at 34 and 38 weeks' gestation, during the second stage of labor, and in the early puerperium was significantly higher in smokers. It is postulated that smoking unfavorably alters maternal body composition which is manifested in poor overall performance with the consequent production of smaller infants. The effects of tobacco smoke on the fetus may possibly be mediated via the placenta.", "contents": "Smoking during pregnancy. Its effect on maternal metabolism and fetoplacental function. The effects of smoking during pregnancy on maternal body composition and the fetoplacental unit were investigated serially in well-matched groups of 29 normal, healthy primigravid smokers and 31 nonsmokers. The babies of smokers were lighter by an average of 138 g, and there was a greater proportion of small-for-dates infants among smokers compared with nonsmokers. There was a failure in expansion of mean plasma volume and total body water in patients who smoked throughout pregnancy compared with nonsmokers. No differences were demonstrated in serum protein, intravascular protein mass, serum albumin, intravascular albumin mass, serum electrolytes, serum osmolality, urinary estriol excretion, fetal biparietal diameter, or weekly growth rate between the 2 groups. The concentration of serum heat-stable alkaline phosphatase at 34 and 38 weeks' gestation, during the second stage of labor, and in the early puerperium was significantly higher in smokers. It is postulated that smoking unfavorably alters maternal body composition which is manifested in poor overall performance with the consequent production of smaller infants. The effects of tobacco smoke on the fetus may possibly be mediated via the placenta.", "PMID": 703979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1598", "title": "Unconjugated estriol and cortisol in maternal and cord serum and amniotic fluid in normal and abnormal pregnancy.", "content": "This study investigated unconjugated E3 and cortisol in normal and abnormal (diabetes and chronic stress) pregnancies and the compartmental (maternal, fetoplacental, amniotic fluid) concentrations and relationships in simultaneous samples. It was demonstrated that in labor both steriods are higher in all compartments than in patients having an elective cesarean section. Diabetic pregnancies do not differ radically from normal, but the stressed gestations have lower E3 and elevated fetal cortisol levels. That the maternal serum unconjugated E3 reflected fetoplacental function was confirmed. Twin pregnancies that were studied presented some conflicting data.", "contents": "Unconjugated estriol and cortisol in maternal and cord serum and amniotic fluid in normal and abnormal pregnancy. This study investigated unconjugated E3 and cortisol in normal and abnormal (diabetes and chronic stress) pregnancies and the compartmental (maternal, fetoplacental, amniotic fluid) concentrations and relationships in simultaneous samples. It was demonstrated that in labor both steriods are higher in all compartments than in patients having an elective cesarean section. Diabetic pregnancies do not differ radically from normal, but the stressed gestations have lower E3 and elevated fetal cortisol levels. That the maternal serum unconjugated E3 reflected fetoplacental function was confirmed. Twin pregnancies that were studied presented some conflicting data.", "PMID": 703980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1599", "title": "Spontaneous rupture of fetal membranes after amniocentesis.", "content": "Three hundred eighty amniocenteses in 200 parturients were reviewed for success or failure in obtaining amniotic fluid, number of attempts for each amniocentesis, premature rupture of the fetal membranes, presence of blood, and the perinatal outcome. The highest success rate was in cases in which amniocentesis was performed between the symphysis and the presenting part of the fetus. The total incidence of spontaneous rupture of fetal membranes within 5 days after the last amniocentesis was 13.5%. When the amniocentesis was performed behind the fetal neck, the membranes ruptured significantly more frequently (P less than 0.05) than after amniocentesis at other sites. It is concluded that the area behind the fetal neck should be avoided if possible at amniocentesis. There were no severe be avoided if possible at amniocentesis. There were no severe fetal or neonatal complications from amniocentesis in these patients.", "contents": "Spontaneous rupture of fetal membranes after amniocentesis. Three hundred eighty amniocenteses in 200 parturients were reviewed for success or failure in obtaining amniotic fluid, number of attempts for each amniocentesis, premature rupture of the fetal membranes, presence of blood, and the perinatal outcome. The highest success rate was in cases in which amniocentesis was performed between the symphysis and the presenting part of the fetus. The total incidence of spontaneous rupture of fetal membranes within 5 days after the last amniocentesis was 13.5%. When the amniocentesis was performed behind the fetal neck, the membranes ruptured significantly more frequently (P less than 0.05) than after amniocentesis at other sites. It is concluded that the area behind the fetal neck should be avoided if possible at amniocentesis. There were no severe be avoided if possible at amniocentesis. There were no severe fetal or neonatal complications from amniocentesis in these patients.", "PMID": 703981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1600", "title": "Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein levels in cholestasis of pregnancy.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein (PSBG) were measured by specific radioimmunoassay in 211 samples from 123 normal women during the third trimester of pregnancy and in 166 samples from 68 patients with cholestasis of pregnancy. At 37--38 weeks of gestation patients with cholestasis had significantly lower PSBG levels than the normal pregnant women (P less than 0.005), whereas the levels in patients in the cholestasis had not been significantly different from those for normal pregnant women before 37 weeks. At 37--38 weeks of gestation patients with cholestasis showed a slight correlation between placnetal weight and plasma PSBS levels (r = 0.362; P less than 0.05), whereas this was not found in patients with normal pregnancy. No correlation was found between infant weight or length at birth and the PSBG concentrations in either group, and no difference was noted in PSBG concentrations between cases with and without fetal distress.", "contents": "Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein levels in cholestasis of pregnancy. Plasma concentrations of pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein (PSBG) were measured by specific radioimmunoassay in 211 samples from 123 normal women during the third trimester of pregnancy and in 166 samples from 68 patients with cholestasis of pregnancy. At 37--38 weeks of gestation patients with cholestasis had significantly lower PSBG levels than the normal pregnant women (P less than 0.005), whereas the levels in patients in the cholestasis had not been significantly different from those for normal pregnant women before 37 weeks. At 37--38 weeks of gestation patients with cholestasis showed a slight correlation between placnetal weight and plasma PSBS levels (r = 0.362; P less than 0.05), whereas this was not found in patients with normal pregnancy. No correlation was found between infant weight or length at birth and the PSBG concentrations in either group, and no difference was noted in PSBG concentrations between cases with and without fetal distress.", "PMID": 703982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1601", "title": "Ultrasonic diagnosis of the large-for-dates infant.", "content": "Data on consecutive measurement of fetal biparietal diameter (BPD) and fetal chest area in 42 normal weight infants (birthweight 10--90th percentile) and 30 large-for-dates (birthweight above the 90th percentile) are presented. Pregnancy duration varied from 32 to 40 weeks. In the normal weight group fetal BPD and chest area were above the 95th percentile fo the normal curve in 7% and 5% of the cases; in the large-for-dates group the figures were 7% and 47%. Head to chest ratio fell below the fifth percentile of the normal curve in 53% of the large-for-dates against only 2% of the normal weight infants. In the detection of the large-for-dates infant ultrasonic measurement of fetal chest area appears to be superior to ultrasonic measurement of fetal BPD.", "contents": "Ultrasonic diagnosis of the large-for-dates infant. Data on consecutive measurement of fetal biparietal diameter (BPD) and fetal chest area in 42 normal weight infants (birthweight 10--90th percentile) and 30 large-for-dates (birthweight above the 90th percentile) are presented. Pregnancy duration varied from 32 to 40 weeks. In the normal weight group fetal BPD and chest area were above the 95th percentile fo the normal curve in 7% and 5% of the cases; in the large-for-dates group the figures were 7% and 47%. Head to chest ratio fell below the fifth percentile of the normal curve in 53% of the large-for-dates against only 2% of the normal weight infants. In the detection of the large-for-dates infant ultrasonic measurement of fetal chest area appears to be superior to ultrasonic measurement of fetal BPD.", "PMID": 703983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1602", "title": "Vacuum extraction. Use in a community hospital setting.", "content": "The history of vacuum extraction and its use in a specific community hospital setting is reviewed. Basic principles for successful use of the extractor are cited. Two hundred twenty-eight consecutive vacuum extraction cases occurring in an 18-month period are evaluated for indications and outcome. The most common indications were fetal distress, 41.6%; malposition of the vertex 35%; and dysfunctional labor 14.6%. Several subjects exhibited more than one condition influencing the decision to use the extractor. Particular reference is made to the occurrence of significant trauma to the fetal scalp in 18.7% of cases. Careful choice of candidates for vacuum extraction and adherence to principles of application and traction technique are emphasized to reduce the incidence of fetal scalp trauma.", "contents": "Vacuum extraction. Use in a community hospital setting. The history of vacuum extraction and its use in a specific community hospital setting is reviewed. Basic principles for successful use of the extractor are cited. Two hundred twenty-eight consecutive vacuum extraction cases occurring in an 18-month period are evaluated for indications and outcome. The most common indications were fetal distress, 41.6%; malposition of the vertex 35%; and dysfunctional labor 14.6%. Several subjects exhibited more than one condition influencing the decision to use the extractor. Particular reference is made to the occurrence of significant trauma to the fetal scalp in 18.7% of cases. Careful choice of candidates for vacuum extraction and adherence to principles of application and traction technique are emphasized to reduce the incidence of fetal scalp trauma.", "PMID": 703984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1603", "title": "Improved neonatal survival through maternal transport.", "content": "Data on outcome from 239 consecutive infants requiring neonatal intensive care following in utero maternal transport to a regional perinatal center were contrasted with those of 642 infants born in outlying hospitals and consecutively transported as newborns to regional intensive care centers during the same 30-month period (January 1974 through June 1976). Neonatal mortality was lower for maternal transport than for newborn transport infants in comparable groups of mortality risk (based on birthweight and gestational age), reaching levels of significant difference (P less than .05) for groups of premature infants weighing less than 1500 g and born prior to 34 weeks' gestation. A high-risk maternal transport system developed subsequent to a well established newborn transport and intensive care system broadens the scope of patients afforded neonatal intensive care and further reduces neonatal mortality and morbidity in the region it serves.", "contents": "Improved neonatal survival through maternal transport. Data on outcome from 239 consecutive infants requiring neonatal intensive care following in utero maternal transport to a regional perinatal center were contrasted with those of 642 infants born in outlying hospitals and consecutively transported as newborns to regional intensive care centers during the same 30-month period (January 1974 through June 1976). Neonatal mortality was lower for maternal transport than for newborn transport infants in comparable groups of mortality risk (based on birthweight and gestational age), reaching levels of significant difference (P less than .05) for groups of premature infants weighing less than 1500 g and born prior to 34 weeks' gestation. A high-risk maternal transport system developed subsequent to a well established newborn transport and intensive care system broadens the scope of patients afforded neonatal intensive care and further reduces neonatal mortality and morbidity in the region it serves.", "PMID": 703985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1604", "title": "Fetal arrhythmia.", "content": "Seven human fetuses with intermittently recurring cardiac arrhythmias of ectopic origin were studied intensively during labor and the early neonatal period. Neonatal outcome, judged by Apgar scores and neonatal acid-base parameters, was favorable in all 7 patients. Three of the seven arrhythmias reverted spontaneously to sinus rhythm within 72 hours, and six of the seven resolved by 5 days of age. One neonate, with supraventricular tachycardia, developed congestive heart failure, necessitating digitalization, but was free of symptoms at 6 weeks and showed no evidence of congenital heart disease. The literature on fetal cardiac arrhythmias is reviewed. A number of etiologic mechanisms and several methods of pharmacologic therapy of these irregularities have been proposed. These cases suggest, however, that fetal arrhythmias of ectopic origin need not represent signs of fetal distress or cardiac anomaly and may be inocuous. Evidence to date indicates that in utero pharmacologic treatment of fetal arrhythmias is not indicated.", "contents": "Fetal arrhythmia. Seven human fetuses with intermittently recurring cardiac arrhythmias of ectopic origin were studied intensively during labor and the early neonatal period. Neonatal outcome, judged by Apgar scores and neonatal acid-base parameters, was favorable in all 7 patients. Three of the seven arrhythmias reverted spontaneously to sinus rhythm within 72 hours, and six of the seven resolved by 5 days of age. One neonate, with supraventricular tachycardia, developed congestive heart failure, necessitating digitalization, but was free of symptoms at 6 weeks and showed no evidence of congenital heart disease. The literature on fetal cardiac arrhythmias is reviewed. A number of etiologic mechanisms and several methods of pharmacologic therapy of these irregularities have been proposed. These cases suggest, however, that fetal arrhythmias of ectopic origin need not represent signs of fetal distress or cardiac anomaly and may be inocuous. Evidence to date indicates that in utero pharmacologic treatment of fetal arrhythmias is not indicated.", "PMID": 703986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1605", "title": "Effect of maternal alcohol exposure on fetal ovarian lactate dehydrogenase.", "content": "Pregnant inbred mice strain Balb/c injected intraperitoneally with 100 mu1 of 70% ethanol for 7 consecutive days (9th through 16th day of gestation). One group of mice were also injected with diethylstibestrol (DES) dissolved in 70% ethanol. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was measured 90 days postpartum in the crude extracts of ovarian tissues (obtained from mothers and offspring) as well as in testicular tissues of the male offspring. The data show that the electrophoretic pattern of LDH in these tissues does not change, but the ovarian LDH is inhibited by alcohol. The testicular LDH on the other hand is not affected by the alcohol treatment. Because of the effect of alcohol itself, the effect of DES could not be determined.", "contents": "Effect of maternal alcohol exposure on fetal ovarian lactate dehydrogenase. Pregnant inbred mice strain Balb/c injected intraperitoneally with 100 mu1 of 70% ethanol for 7 consecutive days (9th through 16th day of gestation). One group of mice were also injected with diethylstibestrol (DES) dissolved in 70% ethanol. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was measured 90 days postpartum in the crude extracts of ovarian tissues (obtained from mothers and offspring) as well as in testicular tissues of the male offspring. The data show that the electrophoretic pattern of LDH in these tissues does not change, but the ovarian LDH is inhibited by alcohol. The testicular LDH on the other hand is not affected by the alcohol treatment. Because of the effect of alcohol itself, the effect of DES could not be determined.", "PMID": 703987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1606", "title": "Elevated serum cathepsin B1 and vaginal pathology after prenatal DES exposure.", "content": "Activities of the lysosomal enzymes, cathepsin B1 (CBI), beta-glucuronidase, and beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase, as well as sialyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, and placenta-like alkaline phosphatase, were determined on blind-coded serums from 99 women exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero and 40 unexposed subjects of comparable age range. Cathepsin B1 averaged 100%, 1040% (P less than 0.001), 2720 % (P less than 0.001), and 4760% (P less than 0.001) of controls in DES-exposed women with no genital tract abnormalities (N = 11), adenosis (N = 68), adenosis with concomitant dysplasia (N = 15), and clear-cell adenocarcinoma (N = 5), respectively. The later two groups also exhibited 0.01). Activities of the other four enzymes in serums of DES-exposed women were unchanged from those controls, suggesting that alterations in CBI were not due to generalized increases in lysosomal membrane instability or other gross cellular damage. In 2 DES-exposed women with clear-cell adenocardinoma, from whom serial samples were available, preoperative levels of serum CBl fell from a mean of 4280% to values indistinguishable from controls by 7--12 days after tumor excision, concurrently with objective signs of remission. Recrudescence of serum CBI levels preceded by at least 3 months clinical evidence of persistent adenosis accompanied by vaginal dysplasia. Although the nature of the increments in CBI-like activity in the majority of subjects with DES-related pathology remains to be determined, the findings may complement present methods of physical diagnosis and prognosis.", "contents": "Elevated serum cathepsin B1 and vaginal pathology after prenatal DES exposure. Activities of the lysosomal enzymes, cathepsin B1 (CBI), beta-glucuronidase, and beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase, as well as sialyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, and placenta-like alkaline phosphatase, were determined on blind-coded serums from 99 women exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero and 40 unexposed subjects of comparable age range. Cathepsin B1 averaged 100%, 1040% (P less than 0.001), 2720 % (P less than 0.001), and 4760% (P less than 0.001) of controls in DES-exposed women with no genital tract abnormalities (N = 11), adenosis (N = 68), adenosis with concomitant dysplasia (N = 15), and clear-cell adenocarcinoma (N = 5), respectively. The later two groups also exhibited 0.01). Activities of the other four enzymes in serums of DES-exposed women were unchanged from those controls, suggesting that alterations in CBI were not due to generalized increases in lysosomal membrane instability or other gross cellular damage. In 2 DES-exposed women with clear-cell adenocardinoma, from whom serial samples were available, preoperative levels of serum CBl fell from a mean of 4280% to values indistinguishable from controls by 7--12 days after tumor excision, concurrently with objective signs of remission. Recrudescence of serum CBI levels preceded by at least 3 months clinical evidence of persistent adenosis accompanied by vaginal dysplasia. Although the nature of the increments in CBI-like activity in the majority of subjects with DES-related pathology remains to be determined, the findings may complement present methods of physical diagnosis and prognosis.", "PMID": 703988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1607", "title": "A comparative study between radioreceptor assay and radioimmunoassay for hCG in patients with trophoblastic disease.", "content": "The results of a urinary quantitative radioreceptor assay (RRA) were compared with those obtained with an established specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) for hCG in a group of patients with trophoblastic disease. A good correlation (r = 0.95) was found between the two methods for values greater than 10 mIU/ml of hCG. A specific RIA for hCG should be used when the hCG levels fall below 10 mIU/ml. With the use of this urinary RRA, the clinician can follow patients with hydatidiform more for up to 10 weeks after evacuation and have the hCG titer available on the same day the specimen is obtained.", "contents": "A comparative study between radioreceptor assay and radioimmunoassay for hCG in patients with trophoblastic disease. The results of a urinary quantitative radioreceptor assay (RRA) were compared with those obtained with an established specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) for hCG in a group of patients with trophoblastic disease. A good correlation (r = 0.95) was found between the two methods for values greater than 10 mIU/ml of hCG. A specific RIA for hCG should be used when the hCG levels fall below 10 mIU/ml. With the use of this urinary RRA, the clinician can follow patients with hydatidiform more for up to 10 weeks after evacuation and have the hCG titer available on the same day the specimen is obtained.", "PMID": 703989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1608", "title": "Abnormalities of lymphocyte transformations in women with intraepithelial carcinoma of the vulva.", "content": "Cellular immunity of the delayed type in women with intraepithelial carcinoma (carcinoma is situ) of the vulva was investigated by an in vitro assay of mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformations. Test results from 9 patients were compared to those of 23 age-matched control subjects. Lymphocyte transformation responses in counts per minute were significantly lower for women with carcinoma in situ of the vulva than for control subjects for phytohemagglutinin-P (at 50 microgram/ml) 6238 and 28,102 (P less than 0.0001); for phytohemagglutinin-P (at 165 microgram/ml 7222 and 21,417 (P less than 0.001); for concanavallin A, 14,988 and 41,888 (P less than 0.0001); and pokeweed mitogen, 20,861 and 49,601 (P less than 0.001). No significant differences in lymphocyte transformations were noted between these two groups to the specific antigens, Candida or streptokinase-streptodornase. Four patients with carcinoma in situ of the vulva were also found to have intraepithelial carcinoma of the cervix and/or vegina. The occurrence and clinical course of carcinoma in situ of the vulva in some women may be related to an underlying defect in cellular immunity. Immunosuppression may also explain the frequent association noted between carcinoma of the vulva and the development of other malignant neoplasms.", "contents": "Abnormalities of lymphocyte transformations in women with intraepithelial carcinoma of the vulva. Cellular immunity of the delayed type in women with intraepithelial carcinoma (carcinoma is situ) of the vulva was investigated by an in vitro assay of mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformations. Test results from 9 patients were compared to those of 23 age-matched control subjects. Lymphocyte transformation responses in counts per minute were significantly lower for women with carcinoma in situ of the vulva than for control subjects for phytohemagglutinin-P (at 50 microgram/ml) 6238 and 28,102 (P less than 0.0001); for phytohemagglutinin-P (at 165 microgram/ml 7222 and 21,417 (P less than 0.001); for concanavallin A, 14,988 and 41,888 (P less than 0.0001); and pokeweed mitogen, 20,861 and 49,601 (P less than 0.001). No significant differences in lymphocyte transformations were noted between these two groups to the specific antigens, Candida or streptokinase-streptodornase. Four patients with carcinoma in situ of the vulva were also found to have intraepithelial carcinoma of the cervix and/or vegina. The occurrence and clinical course of carcinoma in situ of the vulva in some women may be related to an underlying defect in cellular immunity. Immunosuppression may also explain the frequent association noted between carcinoma of the vulva and the development of other malignant neoplasms.", "PMID": 703990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1609", "title": "A temporary response of recurrent granulosa cell tumor to adriamycin.", "content": "A case is reported of recurrent granulosa cell tumor of the ovary that had failed irradiation therapy and alkylating agent plus antimetabolite chematherapy. Of particular note is the dramatic complete response to single-agent therapy with Adriamycin.", "contents": "A temporary response of recurrent granulosa cell tumor to adriamycin. A case is reported of recurrent granulosa cell tumor of the ovary that had failed irradiation therapy and alkylating agent plus antimetabolite chematherapy. Of particular note is the dramatic complete response to single-agent therapy with Adriamycin.", "PMID": 703991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1610", "title": "Enhanced red cell oxygen transport in a pregnant woman with hemoglobin SD disease.", "content": "An anemic pregnant black primigravida with hemoglobin SD disease was studied throughout pregnancy and parturition. Hemoglobin SD disease was established by agar gel electrophoresis at pH 6.2. The patient carried to term a healthy femlae infant, an unusual occurrence in a patient homozygous for hemoglobin SD disease. The increase in the red cell concentration of 2,3 disphosphoglycerate (2,3 DPG) of 18--21 micrometer/g Hb (normal 12 +/- 2 micrometer/g Hb) was associated with a decrease in red cell oxygen affinity. The patient's in vitro P50 value ranged between 35 and 45 mm Hg (normal 28 +/- 1 mmHg). The function of red cells with increased 2,3 DPG levels and decreased affinity for oxygen in a pregnant woman with hemoglobin SD disease is discussed.", "contents": "Enhanced red cell oxygen transport in a pregnant woman with hemoglobin SD disease. An anemic pregnant black primigravida with hemoglobin SD disease was studied throughout pregnancy and parturition. Hemoglobin SD disease was established by agar gel electrophoresis at pH 6.2. The patient carried to term a healthy femlae infant, an unusual occurrence in a patient homozygous for hemoglobin SD disease. The increase in the red cell concentration of 2,3 disphosphoglycerate (2,3 DPG) of 18--21 micrometer/g Hb (normal 12 +/- 2 micrometer/g Hb) was associated with a decrease in red cell oxygen affinity. The patient's in vitro P50 value ranged between 35 and 45 mm Hg (normal 28 +/- 1 mmHg). The function of red cells with increased 2,3 DPG levels and decreased affinity for oxygen in a pregnant woman with hemoglobin SD disease is discussed.", "PMID": 703992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1611", "title": "Pregnancy following removal and chemotherapy of ovarian endodermal sinus tumor.", "content": "The first reported case of successful pregnancy following unilateral adnexectomy and combination chemotherapy for nedodermal sinus tumor is presented. The rationale for conservative management of this virulent neoplasm is discussed.", "contents": "Pregnancy following removal and chemotherapy of ovarian endodermal sinus tumor. The first reported case of successful pregnancy following unilateral adnexectomy and combination chemotherapy for nedodermal sinus tumor is presented. The rationale for conservative management of this virulent neoplasm is discussed.", "PMID": 703993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1612", "title": "Benign cystic teratoma of the fallopian tube.", "content": "There have been 45 cases of cystic teratomas reported in the literature and, although all reports have been extensive, they were not summarized until 1972. Because this condition is rare, it is important to develop accurate statistics on cystic teratoma. The case reported here is the 46th to be reported and the 45th case of benign cystic teratoma.", "contents": "Benign cystic teratoma of the fallopian tube. There have been 45 cases of cystic teratomas reported in the literature and, although all reports have been extensive, they were not summarized until 1972. Because this condition is rare, it is important to develop accurate statistics on cystic teratoma. The case reported here is the 46th to be reported and the 45th case of benign cystic teratoma.", "PMID": 703994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1613", "title": "Intraoperative photography A sterile system.", "content": "A practical, sterile system for intraoperative photography by the surgeon has been developed and evaluated in numerous operative procedures. No operative or postoperative complications have occurred. Emphasis is placed on simplicity, speed, and low cost, while high quality photographic results are consistently obtained, even by a surgeon who has no specialized skill as a photographer. Details of the procedure, results, and benefits over conventional systems are presented. The potential impact of widespread use of this system on medical education, research, medical jurisprudence, and other areas is discussed. Photographs of in situpathologic processes obtained by this system will make documentation more complete when no tissue is submitted for histologic examination or where gross findings and results or microscopic examination are disparate.", "contents": "Intraoperative photography A sterile system. A practical, sterile system for intraoperative photography by the surgeon has been developed and evaluated in numerous operative procedures. No operative or postoperative complications have occurred. Emphasis is placed on simplicity, speed, and low cost, while high quality photographic results are consistently obtained, even by a surgeon who has no specialized skill as a photographer. Details of the procedure, results, and benefits over conventional systems are presented. The potential impact of widespread use of this system on medical education, research, medical jurisprudence, and other areas is discussed. Photographs of in situpathologic processes obtained by this system will make documentation more complete when no tissue is submitted for histologic examination or where gross findings and results or microscopic examination are disparate.", "PMID": 703995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1614", "title": "The closure of maternity services in Massachusetts. The impact on the obstetricians.", "content": "A survey is presented of Massachusetts physicians who were staff members at hospitals which closed their obstetric services. Both personal and practice impacts are presented as well as the physicians' evaluation of their present maternity units in comparison to the closed units. The personal impact on responding physicians was small. Few reported significant financial or patient loss. While significant practice changes were reported, adverse comments were few, and the present obstetric unit was viewed as an improvement over the closed unit in ever one-half the cases. These findings support the concept of consolidation as a component of programs for regional planning of maternity care.", "contents": "The closure of maternity services in Massachusetts. The impact on the obstetricians. A survey is presented of Massachusetts physicians who were staff members at hospitals which closed their obstetric services. Both personal and practice impacts are presented as well as the physicians' evaluation of their present maternity units in comparison to the closed units. The personal impact on responding physicians was small. Few reported significant financial or patient loss. While significant practice changes were reported, adverse comments were few, and the present obstetric unit was viewed as an improvement over the closed unit in ever one-half the cases. These findings support the concept of consolidation as a component of programs for regional planning of maternity care.", "PMID": 703996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1615", "title": "Gastro-intestinal tumors in mice of three strains maintained on fat-enriched diets.", "content": "Mice of three strains were used in the present experiments. The control mice (group 1, 7 and 9) have been kept on Purina chow only. For the experimental mice of the T.M. strain the Purina chow was supplemented with refined corn oil (group 2), crude corn oil (group 3), regined corn oil plus free fatty acids (group 4), Monoolein (group 5) and Monostearin (group 6). For the experimental mice of the BALB/c and C57 Br. strains (group 8 and 10) Purina chow was supplemented with raw egg yolk. Very few of the control mice developed tumors of the forestomach (3/195 mice in group 1 and 1/165 mice in group 9) and none of them developed pyloric or intestinal tumors. Among the mice maintained on the fat-enriched diets the incidence of tumors of the forestomach and of the pyloric glandular part of the viscus was relatively high, except for the mice in group 6, maintained on Purina chow supplemented with monostearin. Intestinal tumors were found only in mice of the BALB/c and C57 Br. strains maintained on Purina chow supplemented with egg yolk. The tumors were for the most part polyps, except for adenocarcinomas developed by three C57 Br. mice from group 10. The difference between mice of the T.M. strain, (which did not develop intestinal tumors), and those of the BALB/c and C57 Br. strains, (which developed intestinal tumors), may be due to a difference in their susceptibility or to the difference in their diets.", "contents": "Gastro-intestinal tumors in mice of three strains maintained on fat-enriched diets. Mice of three strains were used in the present experiments. The control mice (group 1, 7 and 9) have been kept on Purina chow only. For the experimental mice of the T.M. strain the Purina chow was supplemented with refined corn oil (group 2), crude corn oil (group 3), regined corn oil plus free fatty acids (group 4), Monoolein (group 5) and Monostearin (group 6). For the experimental mice of the BALB/c and C57 Br. strains (group 8 and 10) Purina chow was supplemented with raw egg yolk. Very few of the control mice developed tumors of the forestomach (3/195 mice in group 1 and 1/165 mice in group 9) and none of them developed pyloric or intestinal tumors. Among the mice maintained on the fat-enriched diets the incidence of tumors of the forestomach and of the pyloric glandular part of the viscus was relatively high, except for the mice in group 6, maintained on Purina chow supplemented with monostearin. Intestinal tumors were found only in mice of the BALB/c and C57 Br. strains maintained on Purina chow supplemented with egg yolk. The tumors were for the most part polyps, except for adenocarcinomas developed by three C57 Br. mice from group 10. The difference between mice of the T.M. strain, (which did not develop intestinal tumors), and those of the BALB/c and C57 Br. strains, (which developed intestinal tumors), may be due to a difference in their susceptibility or to the difference in their diets.", "PMID": 704034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1616", "title": "Eicosatrienoic acid omega9 in human hepatoma transplanted into athymic nude mice.", "content": "Fatty acid compositions of human hepatoma transplanted successively into athymic nude mice were analysed. Eicosatrienoic acid omega9, which occurred as an unusual positional isomer of eicosatrienoic acid in the original hepatoma tissues, was preserved in these hepatoma tissues over three transplant generations, while the content of linoleic acid in liver was higher in nude mice than in humans. It appears, therefore, that the synthesis of eicosatrienoic acid omega9 is one of the essential metabolic aberrations of human hepatoma, quite independent of nutritional condition.", "contents": "Eicosatrienoic acid omega9 in human hepatoma transplanted into athymic nude mice. Fatty acid compositions of human hepatoma transplanted successively into athymic nude mice were analysed. Eicosatrienoic acid omega9, which occurred as an unusual positional isomer of eicosatrienoic acid in the original hepatoma tissues, was preserved in these hepatoma tissues over three transplant generations, while the content of linoleic acid in liver was higher in nude mice than in humans. It appears, therefore, that the synthesis of eicosatrienoic acid omega9 is one of the essential metabolic aberrations of human hepatoma, quite independent of nutritional condition.", "PMID": 704035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1617", "title": "Correlation of immune response with clinical stage in Lewis lung tumor-bearing mice.", "content": "The effect of Lewis lung tumor growth in mice on the induction of primary immune response to SRBC, was investigated by PFC assay for measuring antibody activity and by footpad test as a correlate for delayed type hypersensitivity reactions. With the appearance of micrometastases in the lungs there was a decline in the humoral and cellular immune response to the SRBC. An increase of number and size of metastases in the lungs led to a further depression of the immune reactivity. Since the reduction of general immune response in mice bearing this tumor is not due to a direct influence of tumor cells, it might be assumed that suppressor cells or factors, are actively abrogating the general and also the tumor directed immune reactions.", "contents": "Correlation of immune response with clinical stage in Lewis lung tumor-bearing mice. The effect of Lewis lung tumor growth in mice on the induction of primary immune response to SRBC, was investigated by PFC assay for measuring antibody activity and by footpad test as a correlate for delayed type hypersensitivity reactions. With the appearance of micrometastases in the lungs there was a decline in the humoral and cellular immune response to the SRBC. An increase of number and size of metastases in the lungs led to a further depression of the immune reactivity. Since the reduction of general immune response in mice bearing this tumor is not due to a direct influence of tumor cells, it might be assumed that suppressor cells or factors, are actively abrogating the general and also the tumor directed immune reactions.", "PMID": 704036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1618", "title": "The effect of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) on two tumor cell lines in culture.", "content": "The effect of vitamin C on cell proliferation and DNA synthesis was investigated using two tumor cell lines Hep2 and KB. The results show that there was an increase in the ratio of dead to live cells and a decrease in the rate of DNA synthesis. The results also agree with other work carried out on animal experimental models which claimed that vitamin C may be involved in the arrest of neoplastic cell proliferation.", "contents": "The effect of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) on two tumor cell lines in culture. The effect of vitamin C on cell proliferation and DNA synthesis was investigated using two tumor cell lines Hep2 and KB. The results show that there was an increase in the ratio of dead to live cells and a decrease in the rate of DNA synthesis. The results also agree with other work carried out on animal experimental models which claimed that vitamin C may be involved in the arrest of neoplastic cell proliferation.", "PMID": 704037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1619", "title": "Acetylator phenotype in patients with breast cancer.", "content": "Acetylator phenotype was established by the method of Evans in 41 patients with breast cancer and 38 female controls. The results showed that the group of patients with advanced breast cancer included relatively more \"rapid\" --acetylating females (68% of \"rapid and 32% of \"slow\" acetylators) as compared with controls (37% of \"rapid\" and 63% of \"slow\" acetylators). Moreover, the level of acetylating in both \"rapid\" and \"slow\" acetylating breast cancer patients were found to be higher than in corresponding groups of controls. A possible association between changes in the activity of acetylation in breast cancer patients and the genetic regulation processes in tumor growth is discussed.", "contents": "Acetylator phenotype in patients with breast cancer. Acetylator phenotype was established by the method of Evans in 41 patients with breast cancer and 38 female controls. The results showed that the group of patients with advanced breast cancer included relatively more \"rapid\" --acetylating females (68% of \"rapid and 32% of \"slow\" acetylators) as compared with controls (37% of \"rapid\" and 63% of \"slow\" acetylators). Moreover, the level of acetylating in both \"rapid\" and \"slow\" acetylating breast cancer patients were found to be higher than in corresponding groups of controls. A possible association between changes in the activity of acetylation in breast cancer patients and the genetic regulation processes in tumor growth is discussed.", "PMID": 704038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1620", "title": "Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. V. Helminths in sheep on dryland pasture on the Transvaal highveld.", "content": "The seasonal incidence of helminth infestation on a farm in the Transvaal Highveld was determined by the slaughter of tracer lambs exposed on pasture for periods of approximately 6 weeks. Haemonchus contortus, the most prevalent nematode, was recovered in the greatest numbers from January--May 1974. Peak counts of Ostertagia circumcincta were made during March and April 1974 and in January 1975, while Trichostrongylus spp. were mainly encountered from March--June. Cooperia spp. were generally recovered from November--May and Moniezia expansa from October--April. H. contortus, O. circumcincta and Cooperia spp. all exhibited increasing degrees of arrested development in the 4th larval stage from February--June.", "contents": "Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. V. Helminths in sheep on dryland pasture on the Transvaal highveld. The seasonal incidence of helminth infestation on a farm in the Transvaal Highveld was determined by the slaughter of tracer lambs exposed on pasture for periods of approximately 6 weeks. Haemonchus contortus, the most prevalent nematode, was recovered in the greatest numbers from January--May 1974. Peak counts of Ostertagia circumcincta were made during March and April 1974 and in January 1975, while Trichostrongylus spp. were mainly encountered from March--June. Cooperia spp. were generally recovered from November--May and Moniezia expansa from October--April. H. contortus, O. circumcincta and Cooperia spp. all exhibited increasing degrees of arrested development in the 4th larval stage from February--June.", "PMID": 704040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1621", "title": "Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. VI. Helminths in calves on irrigated pastures on the transvaal highveld.", "content": "Sets of tracer calves, which were exposed for 2 months on irrigated pasture and then slaughtered, provided evidence of the extent of seasonal helminth infestation. Haemonchus spp. were the most abundant nematodes, the largest numbers of which were generally recovered from May--August. Marked inhibition of development in the 4th larval stage was noted from May--November. Trichostrongylus spp. were recovered in modest numbers with the highest burdens generally present in May, June and October. In the first year of the survey Cooperia spp. were recovered in small numbers, but in the second year burdens increased from February--June.", "contents": "Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. VI. Helminths in calves on irrigated pastures on the transvaal highveld. Sets of tracer calves, which were exposed for 2 months on irrigated pasture and then slaughtered, provided evidence of the extent of seasonal helminth infestation. Haemonchus spp. were the most abundant nematodes, the largest numbers of which were generally recovered from May--August. Marked inhibition of development in the 4th larval stage was noted from May--November. Trichostrongylus spp. were recovered in modest numbers with the highest burdens generally present in May, June and October. In the first year of the survey Cooperia spp. were recovered in small numbers, but in the second year burdens increased from February--June.", "PMID": 704041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1622", "title": "Recovery of nematodes from ruminants by migration from gastro-intestinal ingesta and mucosa gelled in agar: preliminary report.", "content": "When gastro-intestinal ingesta and mucosa containing larvae or adult Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia circumcincta. Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Strongyloides papillosus, Nematodirus spathiger, Gaigeria pachyscelis, Oesophagostomum columbianum or Chabertia ovina were suspended in 0,75--1,00% agar gel and incubated in physiological saline, a mean of 93,6% of the helminths migrated from the agar-ingesta or agar-mucosa into the physiological saline. The lowest suitable concentration of agar was 0,85--0,90% for one batch of agar and 0,65% for another. Although most of the worms had migrated from the agar gel after 3--4 h of incubation, migration usually continued for longer than 7 h. While low concentrations of formalin partially inhibited migration from the gel, slightly more worms were recovered from agar containing 1% bile than from agar alone.", "contents": "Recovery of nematodes from ruminants by migration from gastro-intestinal ingesta and mucosa gelled in agar: preliminary report. When gastro-intestinal ingesta and mucosa containing larvae or adult Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia circumcincta. Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Strongyloides papillosus, Nematodirus spathiger, Gaigeria pachyscelis, Oesophagostomum columbianum or Chabertia ovina were suspended in 0,75--1,00% agar gel and incubated in physiological saline, a mean of 93,6% of the helminths migrated from the agar-ingesta or agar-mucosa into the physiological saline. The lowest suitable concentration of agar was 0,85--0,90% for one batch of agar and 0,65% for another. Although most of the worms had migrated from the agar gel after 3--4 h of incubation, migration usually continued for longer than 7 h. While low concentrations of formalin partially inhibited migration from the gel, slightly more worms were recovered from agar containing 1% bile than from agar alone.", "PMID": 704042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1623", "title": "The activity of insect juvenile hormone mimics in larval Amblyomma hebraeum Koch (Acarina: Metastriata: Ixodidae).", "content": "A total of 14 insect juvenile hormone mimics was tested for activity in Amblyomma hebraeum by exposing newly engorged larvae to filter paper impregnated with hormone mimics. The most active compounds used in this assay were HS 103 (6-ethyl-3-pyridyl geranyl ether; EC50=0,0018 mg/cm2), ZR 512 (Ethyl 3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dienoate; EC50=0,0022 mg/cm2), HS 2 (6-methyl-3-pyridyl geranyl ether; EC50=0,0035 mg/cm2), ZR 615 (N-ethyl 3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dieneamide; EC50=0,0035 mg/cm2), ZR 777 (Prop-2-ynyl 3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dienoate; EC50=0,0039 mg/cm2) and ZR 515 (Isopropyl-11-methoxy 3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dienoate; EC50=0,0094 mg/cm2). Activity in this assay was similar to that reported in insects and was consistent with the susceptibility of these compounds to metabolic inactivation. The results suggest that ZR 615 may be of possible use in tick control.", "contents": "The activity of insect juvenile hormone mimics in larval Amblyomma hebraeum Koch (Acarina: Metastriata: Ixodidae). A total of 14 insect juvenile hormone mimics was tested for activity in Amblyomma hebraeum by exposing newly engorged larvae to filter paper impregnated with hormone mimics. The most active compounds used in this assay were HS 103 (6-ethyl-3-pyridyl geranyl ether; EC50=0,0018 mg/cm2), ZR 512 (Ethyl 3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dienoate; EC50=0,0022 mg/cm2), HS 2 (6-methyl-3-pyridyl geranyl ether; EC50=0,0035 mg/cm2), ZR 615 (N-ethyl 3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dieneamide; EC50=0,0035 mg/cm2), ZR 777 (Prop-2-ynyl 3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dienoate; EC50=0,0039 mg/cm2) and ZR 515 (Isopropyl-11-methoxy 3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dienoate; EC50=0,0094 mg/cm2). Activity in this assay was similar to that reported in insects and was consistent with the susceptibility of these compounds to metabolic inactivation. The results suggest that ZR 615 may be of possible use in tick control.", "PMID": 704043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1624", "title": "[Taxonomic analysis of Pegosomum asperum and P. saginatum (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae)].", "content": "Morphology, ecology and chromosomes of P. asperum and P. saginatum were investigated. The both species have a diploid set consisting-of 20 chromosomes with similar morphology and size of bivalents. Their karyotypes are supposed to be identical. According to their morphology and ecology the both species are clearly differentiated. A conclusion is drawn on the distinct status of these trematodes having originated as a result of simpatric speciation.", "contents": "[Taxonomic analysis of Pegosomum asperum and P. saginatum (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae)]. Morphology, ecology and chromosomes of P. asperum and P. saginatum were investigated. The both species have a diploid set consisting-of 20 chromosomes with similar morphology and size of bivalents. Their karyotypes are supposed to be identical. According to their morphology and ecology the both species are clearly differentiated. A conclusion is drawn on the distinct status of these trematodes having originated as a result of simpatric speciation.", "PMID": 704137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1625", "title": "[Embryonic and postembryonic development of Cucullanus cirratus M\u00fcller, 1777 (Nematoda, Cucullanidae)].", "content": "Embryonal development of C. cirratus is described for the first time. The cortical activity at the first stages of cleavage has been noted. The extrusion of one of thdiate type, however there are some peculiarities. At first, the blastopore has a slit-like form, then closes in the middle and thus two openings are formed. The \"tadpole\" embryo appears in 3--4 days. Hatching of the first stage larvae take place on the 10-th--12-th day after the cleavage starts. The description of it is given. The moulting occurs in water. The description of the second stage larva is also given.", "contents": "[Embryonic and postembryonic development of Cucullanus cirratus M\u00fcller, 1777 (Nematoda, Cucullanidae)]. Embryonal development of C. cirratus is described for the first time. The cortical activity at the first stages of cleavage has been noted. The extrusion of one of thdiate type, however there are some peculiarities. At first, the blastopore has a slit-like form, then closes in the middle and thus two openings are formed. The \"tadpole\" embryo appears in 3--4 days. Hatching of the first stage larvae take place on the 10-th--12-th day after the cleavage starts. The description of it is given. The moulting occurs in water. The description of the second stage larva is also given.", "PMID": 704138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1626", "title": "[Simplified methods for the isolation and preservation of axenic Lamblia cultures].", "content": "The complexity and high cost of the existing methods of obtaining and preserving axenic cultures of Giardia (Meyer, 1970) have motivated the authors to look for new ways and means of simplifying the procedure. Solid media gave fair results which substantially simplified and accelerated the process and proved to be favourable for preserving the cultures longer without repassaging. Accordingly, the method recommended by the above authors facilitates the elimination of yeast from the cultures of Giardia in 15 to 24 days and the preservation of the axenic cultures over a period of 4 to 6 months without passaging, and within first two months at least the cultivation of new populations is guaranteed.", "contents": "[Simplified methods for the isolation and preservation of axenic Lamblia cultures]. The complexity and high cost of the existing methods of obtaining and preserving axenic cultures of Giardia (Meyer, 1970) have motivated the authors to look for new ways and means of simplifying the procedure. Solid media gave fair results which substantially simplified and accelerated the process and proved to be favourable for preserving the cultures longer without repassaging. Accordingly, the method recommended by the above authors facilitates the elimination of yeast from the cultures of Giardia in 15 to 24 days and the preservation of the axenic cultures over a period of 4 to 6 months without passaging, and within first two months at least the cultivation of new populations is guaranteed.", "PMID": 704140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1627", "title": "[Micromorphological study of the skin-muscular sac of the nematode Ascaridia galli exposed to anthelmintic compounds].", "content": "The effect of antihelmintic compounds on the cuticle, hypoderm and muscular cells of Ascaridia galli was investigated in vitro. Morphological changes were studied by means of light microscopy. The most pronounced changes in the musculocutaneous sac were found to be caused by santonin, hetrasan, piperasin and phenasal. Less effective are phenotiasin, naphtamon and enteroseptol.", "contents": "[Micromorphological study of the skin-muscular sac of the nematode Ascaridia galli exposed to anthelmintic compounds]. The effect of antihelmintic compounds on the cuticle, hypoderm and muscular cells of Ascaridia galli was investigated in vitro. Morphological changes were studied by means of light microscopy. The most pronounced changes in the musculocutaneous sac were found to be caused by santonin, hetrasan, piperasin and phenasal. Less effective are phenotiasin, naphtamon and enteroseptol.", "PMID": 704139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1628", "title": "Hybridization between Brugia patei, B. pahangi and sub-periodic B. malayi.", "content": "Virgin females of Brugia malayi, B. pahangi and B. patei were mated with males of species other than their own to determine whether they would hybridize. Microfilariae were produced in all but one cross (that between B. pahangi males and B. malayi females). Hybrid infective larvae, produced in mosquitoes and inoculated intraperitoneally into jirds, grew to adults but these were unable to produce microfilariae because hybrid males did not produce spermatozoa. Hybrid females were fertile and produced microfilariae when crossed with males of their parental species.", "contents": "Hybridization between Brugia patei, B. pahangi and sub-periodic B. malayi. Virgin females of Brugia malayi, B. pahangi and B. patei were mated with males of species other than their own to determine whether they would hybridize. Microfilariae were produced in all but one cross (that between B. pahangi males and B. malayi females). Hybrid infective larvae, produced in mosquitoes and inoculated intraperitoneally into jirds, grew to adults but these were unable to produce microfilariae because hybrid males did not produce spermatozoa. Hybrid females were fertile and produced microfilariae when crossed with males of their parental species.", "PMID": 704146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1629", "title": "[Digestion of blood by Leptopsylla segnis fleas].", "content": "The digestion of blood by L. segnis was investigated by hystological and hystochemical methods. The protease activity in the stomachs of these flease was found to be very high. After the feeding erythrocytes do not stick together and fibrin precipitates only in a shape of filaments. As a result a dense clot of formed elements and plasma-proteins does not appear. Hemolysis of erythrocytes in adult fleas (maintained 7 to 10 days in the nest with the host prior to the test) ceases within 15--20 minutes while in young ones (up to 24 hours old)--within 1--1.5 hour.", "contents": "[Digestion of blood by Leptopsylla segnis fleas]. The digestion of blood by L. segnis was investigated by hystological and hystochemical methods. The protease activity in the stomachs of these flease was found to be very high. After the feeding erythrocytes do not stick together and fibrin precipitates only in a shape of filaments. As a result a dense clot of formed elements and plasma-proteins does not appear. Hemolysis of erythrocytes in adult fleas (maintained 7 to 10 days in the nest with the host prior to the test) ceases within 15--20 minutes while in young ones (up to 24 hours old)--within 1--1.5 hour.", "PMID": 704135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1630", "title": "Experimental studies of infection dynamics: infection of the definitive host by the cercariae of Transversotrema patialense.", "content": "The number of cercariae of Transversotrema patialense which attach to the fish host Brachydanio rerio, during a fixed exposure period, is shown to be directly proportional to cercarial density within an experimental infection arena. The distribution of successful infections/host is shown to change from a random pattern to an over-dispersed form as cercarial exposure density or duration of host exposure to infection increases. A stochastic simulation model is used to demonstrate that small differences in host susceptibility to infection, within a population of hosts, can generate patterns of dispersion in parasite numbers/host similar to those observed in the experimental studies. Differences in host behaviour, during the period of exposure to infection, are thought to generate variability in host susceptibility to cercarial infection.", "contents": "Experimental studies of infection dynamics: infection of the definitive host by the cercariae of Transversotrema patialense. The number of cercariae of Transversotrema patialense which attach to the fish host Brachydanio rerio, during a fixed exposure period, is shown to be directly proportional to cercarial density within an experimental infection arena. The distribution of successful infections/host is shown to change from a random pattern to an over-dispersed form as cercarial exposure density or duration of host exposure to infection increases. A stochastic simulation model is used to demonstrate that small differences in host susceptibility to infection, within a population of hosts, can generate patterns of dispersion in parasite numbers/host similar to those observed in the experimental studies. Differences in host behaviour, during the period of exposure to infection, are thought to generate variability in host susceptibility to cercarial infection.", "PMID": 704148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1631", "title": "[Dynamics of Toxoplasma gondii distribution in the organs and tissues of white mice with an acute infestation].", "content": "The dynamics of the distribution and concentration of toxoplasms of strain RH in organs and tissues of white mice infected subcutaneously was studied by the titration method during the toxoplasmatic infection. The distribution of toxoplasms in the organism was found to be active in the first 30 to 60 minutes with a subsequent fall of their concentration. In 24 hours no parasites were discovered by the bio-assay method. On the next days toxoplasms in the organs reached such abundance that caused the death of the animal. In the brain toxoplasms were found only after 3 days.", "contents": "[Dynamics of Toxoplasma gondii distribution in the organs and tissues of white mice with an acute infestation]. The dynamics of the distribution and concentration of toxoplasms of strain RH in organs and tissues of white mice infected subcutaneously was studied by the titration method during the toxoplasmatic infection. The distribution of toxoplasms in the organism was found to be active in the first 30 to 60 minutes with a subsequent fall of their concentration. In 24 hours no parasites were discovered by the bio-assay method. On the next days toxoplasms in the organs reached such abundance that caused the death of the animal. In the brain toxoplasms were found only after 3 days.", "PMID": 704143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1632", "title": "Population dynamics of snail infection by miracidia.", "content": "The essential biological features of snail infection by miracidia are incorporated into a simple model which describes the rate of change with respect to time of the number of miracidial infections/host. The model is based on the assumption that the net rate of infection is directly proportional to the density of both miracidia and hosts. Empirical evidence is provided to support this assumption. The basic framework of the model is expanded to take into account demographic stochasticity in infection and is used to predict the percentage of snails that become infected after exposure to a known number of miracidia for a set period of time. The influence of miracidial mortalities and age-dependent infectivity are examined and theoretical predictions are compared with a range of experimental results. Underlying heterogeneity in the distribution of the number of infections/snail is shown to generate an artifactual decrease in infection rates as exposure density rises, if rate estimation procedures are based on an assumption of randomness. Empirical evidence is presented to illustrate the generation of over-dispersion in the number of miracidial infections/snail under tightly controlled laboratory conditions, using supposedly homogeneous snail populations. Biological causes for underlying patterns of heterogeneity are discussed in relation to snail susceptibility to infection and 'attractiveness' to infective stages.", "contents": "Population dynamics of snail infection by miracidia. The essential biological features of snail infection by miracidia are incorporated into a simple model which describes the rate of change with respect to time of the number of miracidial infections/host. The model is based on the assumption that the net rate of infection is directly proportional to the density of both miracidia and hosts. Empirical evidence is provided to support this assumption. The basic framework of the model is expanded to take into account demographic stochasticity in infection and is used to predict the percentage of snails that become infected after exposure to a known number of miracidia for a set period of time. The influence of miracidial mortalities and age-dependent infectivity are examined and theoretical predictions are compared with a range of experimental results. Underlying heterogeneity in the distribution of the number of infections/snail is shown to generate an artifactual decrease in infection rates as exposure density rises, if rate estimation procedures are based on an assumption of randomness. Empirical evidence is presented to illustrate the generation of over-dispersion in the number of miracidial infections/snail under tightly controlled laboratory conditions, using supposedly homogeneous snail populations. Biological causes for underlying patterns of heterogeneity are discussed in relation to snail susceptibility to infection and 'attractiveness' to infective stages.", "PMID": 704149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1633", "title": "[Case of the transmission of the rat trypanosome by lice].", "content": "Data are given on the laboratory spontaneous occurrence of trypanosomiasis in young rats. It was demonstrated that the louse Polyplax spinulosa is the main mechanical vector of Trypanosoma lewisi. Unlike the case of the real host, the flea, the trypanosomes do not undergo the whole developmental cycle in the louse.", "contents": "[Case of the transmission of the rat trypanosome by lice]. Data are given on the laboratory spontaneous occurrence of trypanosomiasis in young rats. It was demonstrated that the louse Polyplax spinulosa is the main mechanical vector of Trypanosoma lewisi. Unlike the case of the real host, the flea, the trypanosomes do not undergo the whole developmental cycle in the louse.", "PMID": 704144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1634", "title": "Schistosoma mansoni: evidence for a role of serum factors in protecting artificially transformed schistosomula against antibody-mediated killing in vitro.", "content": "Artificially transformed schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni develop a consistent but small protection against the lethal effects of antibody plus complement when cultured for 24 h in a chemically defined medium. In contrast, they become rapidly resistant to antibody plus complement, when cultured in the presence of a complex medium consisting of equal parts of heat-inactivated rabbit serum and Earle's/lactalbumin or in defined medium supplemented with small amounts of heat-inactivated rabbit serum. Sephadex G-200 gel filtration revealed that the protective factor in rabbit serum is a macromolecule with a molecular weight between 7 and 19 S. Parasites cultured at 10 degrees C or in the presence of 200 microgram of puromycin show less serum-induced protection against the lethal effects of antibody plus complement than do controls.", "contents": "Schistosoma mansoni: evidence for a role of serum factors in protecting artificially transformed schistosomula against antibody-mediated killing in vitro. Artificially transformed schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni develop a consistent but small protection against the lethal effects of antibody plus complement when cultured for 24 h in a chemically defined medium. In contrast, they become rapidly resistant to antibody plus complement, when cultured in the presence of a complex medium consisting of equal parts of heat-inactivated rabbit serum and Earle's/lactalbumin or in defined medium supplemented with small amounts of heat-inactivated rabbit serum. Sephadex G-200 gel filtration revealed that the protective factor in rabbit serum is a macromolecule with a molecular weight between 7 and 19 S. Parasites cultured at 10 degrees C or in the presence of 200 microgram of puromycin show less serum-induced protection against the lethal effects of antibody plus complement than do controls.", "PMID": 704150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1635", "title": "Studies on the mode of action of beclotiamine on Eimeria tenella.", "content": "The thiamine antagonist beclotiamine showed anticoccidial activity against Eimeria tenella, although metabolites and related substances were inactive. Oocyst production in experiments employing unilateral caecal ligation suggested that the drug reached parasitized cells by downward movement through the intestinal lumen, rather than by absorption and systemic transport. In chickens given 100 p.p.m. beclotiamine in the feed over a period of 7 days, duodenal drug concentrations of approximately 5.8 p.p.m. were achieved and maintained, while concentrations in the caeca were lower, but gradually increased to 1.2 p.p.m. Caecal levels were slow to fall following drug withdrawal, whereas duodenal levels showed an immediate decrease. [3H]thiamine absorption from the caeca of normal chicks or of chicks infected with E. tenella was inhibited by oral administration of beclotiamine. Pyrithiamine showed slight anticoccidial activity at 30 p.p.m. as did 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) at 100 p.p.m. A combination of 40 p.p.m. beclotiamine and 200 p.p.m. 2,4-DNP was quite effective although weight gains were not as good as with 120 p.p.m. beclotiamine alone.", "contents": "Studies on the mode of action of beclotiamine on Eimeria tenella. The thiamine antagonist beclotiamine showed anticoccidial activity against Eimeria tenella, although metabolites and related substances were inactive. Oocyst production in experiments employing unilateral caecal ligation suggested that the drug reached parasitized cells by downward movement through the intestinal lumen, rather than by absorption and systemic transport. In chickens given 100 p.p.m. beclotiamine in the feed over a period of 7 days, duodenal drug concentrations of approximately 5.8 p.p.m. were achieved and maintained, while concentrations in the caeca were lower, but gradually increased to 1.2 p.p.m. Caecal levels were slow to fall following drug withdrawal, whereas duodenal levels showed an immediate decrease. [3H]thiamine absorption from the caeca of normal chicks or of chicks infected with E. tenella was inhibited by oral administration of beclotiamine. Pyrithiamine showed slight anticoccidial activity at 30 p.p.m. as did 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) at 100 p.p.m. A combination of 40 p.p.m. beclotiamine and 200 p.p.m. 2,4-DNP was quite effective although weight gains were not as good as with 120 p.p.m. beclotiamine alone.", "PMID": 704151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1636", "title": "[New species of Meloidodera (Nematoda, Heteroderidae) from the Maritime Territory].", "content": "A new species of endoparasitic nematodes, Meloidodera sikhotealiniensis, is described. The species was found on the roots of Betula mandshurica (Rgl.) Nakai and Spiraea sp. in the woods of the Primorye Territory. M. Sikhotealiniensis differs from the close species M. floridensis by a small size of the body and the structure of the cephalic end of females, large stylet and long gubernaculum of males, thin digitate terminus of larvae. The new species differs from M. charis in an oval shape and size of the body of females, large stylet of females and larvae, low place of the entry of the dorsal duct into the oesophagal lumen, long and slender tail of larvae.", "contents": "[New species of Meloidodera (Nematoda, Heteroderidae) from the Maritime Territory]. A new species of endoparasitic nematodes, Meloidodera sikhotealiniensis, is described. The species was found on the roots of Betula mandshurica (Rgl.) Nakai and Spiraea sp. in the woods of the Primorye Territory. M. Sikhotealiniensis differs from the close species M. floridensis by a small size of the body and the structure of the cephalic end of females, large stylet and long gubernaculum of males, thin digitate terminus of larvae. The new species differs from M. charis in an oval shape and size of the body of females, large stylet of females and larvae, low place of the entry of the dorsal duct into the oesophagal lumen, long and slender tail of larvae.", "PMID": 704145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1637", "title": "Excessive masturbation of childhood: a symptom of tactile deprivation?", "content": "Five cases of excessive masturbation are presented. All cases represent adequate parent-child relationships altered by parental change of behavior toward the child. Upon reinstitution of affectionate tactile contact by the parents, the excessive masturbation ceased. Theoretical considerations are discussed.", "contents": "Excessive masturbation of childhood: a symptom of tactile deprivation? Five cases of excessive masturbation are presented. All cases represent adequate parent-child relationships altered by parental change of behavior toward the child. Upon reinstitution of affectionate tactile contact by the parents, the excessive masturbation ceased. Theoretical considerations are discussed.", "PMID": 704195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1638", "title": "Evaluation of programs designed to increase the protection of infants in cars.", "content": "Three in-hospital educational programs for postpartum women, designed to increase the crash protection of infants in cars, were evaluated in comparison to a group that received no education. The programs consisted of (1) literature, plus making infant carriers readily accessible and convenient to purchase; (2) literature, plus a personal discussion, plus making infant carriers readily accessible and convenient to purchase; and (3) literature, plus the offer of a free infant carrier. The programs increased the extent to which infant carriers were used to transport babies in cars, but had little or no effect on the key outcome measure: use of infant carriers fastened by the car seat belt so that crash protection is provided. Rates of such use were low in all groups. It is concluded that ways of providing increased crash protection to infant and child travelers in addition to use of restraint systems requiring the active, voluntary cooperation of parents must be encouraged. \"Passive\" (automatic) protection techniques, such as air bags and vehicle interior modifications, have great potential in this regard.", "contents": "Evaluation of programs designed to increase the protection of infants in cars. Three in-hospital educational programs for postpartum women, designed to increase the crash protection of infants in cars, were evaluated in comparison to a group that received no education. The programs consisted of (1) literature, plus making infant carriers readily accessible and convenient to purchase; (2) literature, plus a personal discussion, plus making infant carriers readily accessible and convenient to purchase; and (3) literature, plus the offer of a free infant carrier. The programs increased the extent to which infant carriers were used to transport babies in cars, but had little or no effect on the key outcome measure: use of infant carriers fastened by the car seat belt so that crash protection is provided. Rates of such use were low in all groups. It is concluded that ways of providing increased crash protection to infant and child travelers in addition to use of restraint systems requiring the active, voluntary cooperation of parents must be encouraged. \"Passive\" (automatic) protection techniques, such as air bags and vehicle interior modifications, have great potential in this regard.", "PMID": 704196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1639", "title": "Simultaneous administration of live attenuated measles vaccine with DTP vaccine.", "content": "Live attenuated measles vaccine was administered to Cameroonian children 12 to 39 months of age alone or with either diphtheria-tetanus toxoids or diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis (DTP) vaccine. Among children who were initially seronegative for measles hemagglutination inhibition antibodies, seroconversion rates and postvaccination geometric mean titers were similar in all groups. Pertussis antigen in the DTP vaccine was judged to be potent by laboratory potency testing and serologic response in recipients of the vaccine. Thus, the two vaccines may be administered simultaneously without compromising their immunogenicity. These results allow greater flexibility in planning individual or mass immunization schedules.", "contents": "Simultaneous administration of live attenuated measles vaccine with DTP vaccine. Live attenuated measles vaccine was administered to Cameroonian children 12 to 39 months of age alone or with either diphtheria-tetanus toxoids or diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis (DTP) vaccine. Among children who were initially seronegative for measles hemagglutination inhibition antibodies, seroconversion rates and postvaccination geometric mean titers were similar in all groups. Pertussis antigen in the DTP vaccine was judged to be potent by laboratory potency testing and serologic response in recipients of the vaccine. Thus, the two vaccines may be administered simultaneously without compromising their immunogenicity. These results allow greater flexibility in planning individual or mass immunization schedules.", "PMID": 704197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1640", "title": "Neonatal neurobehavior in the first 48 hours of life: effect of the administration of meperidine with and without naloxone in the mother.", "content": "The early neonatal neurobehavioral scale was administered to three groups of newborns at 2, 4, and 24 hours of age. Group 1 consisted of 28 babies whose mothers had received no narcotics during labor, group 2 of 33 babies whose mothers had received meperidine hydrochloride alone during labor, and group 3 of 40 babies whose mothers had received meperidine followed by 0.4 mg of naloxone hydrochloride intravenously approximately 15 minutes before delivery. Babies who were not exposed to meperidine showed a statistically significantly greater percentage of high scores than those exposed to meperidine alone for all items on the neurobehavioral scale at 2 and 4 hours and for all items except tone and Moro response at 24 hours. Similarly, babies whose mothers had received meperidine and naloxone showed a significantly greater percentage of high scores than those whose mothers had received meperidine alone at 2 hours of age. At 4 hours a difference was found for tone and rooting and at 24 hours for overall score, placing, and total decrement score. It is concluded that naloxone given intravenously to the mother reverses the effect of meperidine on neonatal neurobehavior for approximately two hours after birth. At 4 and 24 hours, however, the neurobehavior of neonates exposed to meperidine and naloxone is depressed almost as much as that of babies exposed to meperidine alone.", "contents": "Neonatal neurobehavior in the first 48 hours of life: effect of the administration of meperidine with and without naloxone in the mother. The early neonatal neurobehavioral scale was administered to three groups of newborns at 2, 4, and 24 hours of age. Group 1 consisted of 28 babies whose mothers had received no narcotics during labor, group 2 of 33 babies whose mothers had received meperidine hydrochloride alone during labor, and group 3 of 40 babies whose mothers had received meperidine followed by 0.4 mg of naloxone hydrochloride intravenously approximately 15 minutes before delivery. Babies who were not exposed to meperidine showed a statistically significantly greater percentage of high scores than those exposed to meperidine alone for all items on the neurobehavioral scale at 2 and 4 hours and for all items except tone and Moro response at 24 hours. Similarly, babies whose mothers had received meperidine and naloxone showed a significantly greater percentage of high scores than those whose mothers had received meperidine alone at 2 hours of age. At 4 hours a difference was found for tone and rooting and at 24 hours for overall score, placing, and total decrement score. It is concluded that naloxone given intravenously to the mother reverses the effect of meperidine on neonatal neurobehavior for approximately two hours after birth. At 4 and 24 hours, however, the neurobehavior of neonates exposed to meperidine and naloxone is depressed almost as much as that of babies exposed to meperidine alone.", "PMID": 704198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1641", "title": "Early-onset Haemophilus sepsis in newborn infants: clinical, roentgenographic, and pathologic features.", "content": "Nine infants with early-onset Haemophilus sepsis were seen between January 1973 and July 1977. Of the five isolated strains that were typed, only one was type B. All infants had respiratory distress, metabolic acidosis, and large alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference gradients. Eight infants weighed less than 1,500 gm and died; one infant weighed 1,701 gm and survived. Roentgenograms in six of eight showed hyaline membrane disease. Pulmonary pathologic specimens in eight infants revealed hyaline membranes in six and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the alveolar spaces in four. In two infants, small Gram-negative bacilli were noted within proteinaceous exudates in alveolar ducts. The route and time of infection in these infants with early-onset Haemophilus sepsis are unclear. However, the possibility that the infection occurs before birth and that these infants represent septically aborted prematures is suggested by the high incidence of prematurity in infants with early-onset Haemophilus sepsis and early detection of bacteremia in three infants.", "contents": "Early-onset Haemophilus sepsis in newborn infants: clinical, roentgenographic, and pathologic features. Nine infants with early-onset Haemophilus sepsis were seen between January 1973 and July 1977. Of the five isolated strains that were typed, only one was type B. All infants had respiratory distress, metabolic acidosis, and large alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference gradients. Eight infants weighed less than 1,500 gm and died; one infant weighed 1,701 gm and survived. Roentgenograms in six of eight showed hyaline membrane disease. Pulmonary pathologic specimens in eight infants revealed hyaline membranes in six and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the alveolar spaces in four. In two infants, small Gram-negative bacilli were noted within proteinaceous exudates in alveolar ducts. The route and time of infection in these infants with early-onset Haemophilus sepsis are unclear. However, the possibility that the infection occurs before birth and that these infants represent septically aborted prematures is suggested by the high incidence of prematurity in infants with early-onset Haemophilus sepsis and early detection of bacteremia in three infants.", "PMID": 704199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1642", "title": "Enterobacter aerogenes primary bacteremia in pediatric patients.", "content": "Enterobacter aerogenes bacteremia associated with the infusion of contaminated admixed intravenous (IV) fluid occurred in seven patients in a pediatric hospital over a five-day period. Clinical illness was characterized by spiking fever in all patients. The temporal clustering of cases allowed for rapid recognition of the problem. The primary control measure was the prompt replacement of the IV fluids, although IV antibiotics were also administered. Hospital pharmacy practices for admixing IV solutions should follow published recommendations to minimize this source of potential contamination of fluids.", "contents": "Enterobacter aerogenes primary bacteremia in pediatric patients. Enterobacter aerogenes bacteremia associated with the infusion of contaminated admixed intravenous (IV) fluid occurred in seven patients in a pediatric hospital over a five-day period. Clinical illness was characterized by spiking fever in all patients. The temporal clustering of cases allowed for rapid recognition of the problem. The primary control measure was the prompt replacement of the IV fluids, although IV antibiotics were also administered. Hospital pharmacy practices for admixing IV solutions should follow published recommendations to minimize this source of potential contamination of fluids.", "PMID": 704200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1643", "title": "Decreased heart rate variation in decerebration syndrome: quantitative clinical criterion of brain death?", "content": "Heart rate variation (HRV) was measured in 12 children with brain death. Computer analysis demonstrated an overall heart rate variation (RMSM) of 3.5 to 9.6 msec (mean, 6.0 msec). The respective figures for beat-to-beat variation (RMSSD) were 4 to 16 msec (mean, 7.7 msec). Normal infants (RMSM, 20 to 30 msec) and children (RMSM, 50 to 90 msec) and infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RMSM, 10 to 20 msec) have a clearly higher HRV than those with brain death. In all subjects a periodic component of the HRV with a cycle length of 5.9 +/- 0.26 seconds was discovered. In five patients an additional periodic component was found that corresponded exactly to the rate of artificial respiration. This study demonstrated the value of accurate digital techniques in the characterization of fixed heart rate in decerebration. This phenomenon could be considered one clinical criterion of brain death.", "contents": "Decreased heart rate variation in decerebration syndrome: quantitative clinical criterion of brain death? Heart rate variation (HRV) was measured in 12 children with brain death. Computer analysis demonstrated an overall heart rate variation (RMSM) of 3.5 to 9.6 msec (mean, 6.0 msec). The respective figures for beat-to-beat variation (RMSSD) were 4 to 16 msec (mean, 7.7 msec). Normal infants (RMSM, 20 to 30 msec) and children (RMSM, 50 to 90 msec) and infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RMSM, 10 to 20 msec) have a clearly higher HRV than those with brain death. In all subjects a periodic component of the HRV with a cycle length of 5.9 +/- 0.26 seconds was discovered. In five patients an additional periodic component was found that corresponded exactly to the rate of artificial respiration. This study demonstrated the value of accurate digital techniques in the characterization of fixed heart rate in decerebration. This phenomenon could be considered one clinical criterion of brain death.", "PMID": 704201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1644", "title": "Chromosome damage in infants and children after cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography.", "content": "Current diagnostic cardiac studies in infants and children result in longer x-ray exposure times and in more angiocardiograms per patient. Blood samples removed before and immediately after such studies in 20 infants and children have shown chromosome damage in all. The damage was equal to an in vitro absorbed dose in the range of 20 to 50 rads. Since the effect was considerably greater than that calculated from the x-ray exposure dose to the patient, it is concluded that the damage is mainly due to the contrast agent used in angiocardiography. Long-term follow-up studies on such patients are indicated.", "contents": "Chromosome damage in infants and children after cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography. Current diagnostic cardiac studies in infants and children result in longer x-ray exposure times and in more angiocardiograms per patient. Blood samples removed before and immediately after such studies in 20 infants and children have shown chromosome damage in all. The damage was equal to an in vitro absorbed dose in the range of 20 to 50 rads. Since the effect was considerably greater than that calculated from the x-ray exposure dose to the patient, it is concluded that the damage is mainly due to the contrast agent used in angiocardiography. Long-term follow-up studies on such patients are indicated.", "PMID": 704202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1645", "title": "Echographic ventricular systolic time intervals in normal term and preterm neonates.", "content": "Right ventricular and left ventricular systolic time intervals (RVSTIs and LVSTIs) were measured in normal term and preterm infants from 1 hour to 90 days of life. LVSTIs in both term and preterm infants were similar in the first five days of life. The ratio of left pre-ejection period (LPEP) to left ventricular ejection time (LVET) was lower in preterm infants older than age 5 days. Estimated gestational age had no influence on LVSTI. The ratio of right pre-ejection period (RPEP) to right ventricular ejection time (RVET) was lower in preterm infants (0.32) than in term newborns (0.37). The preterm RPEP/RVET ratio decreased with age, but at a slower rate than in term babies. This was consistent with the lower pulmonary vascular resistance present in preterm infants.", "contents": "Echographic ventricular systolic time intervals in normal term and preterm neonates. Right ventricular and left ventricular systolic time intervals (RVSTIs and LVSTIs) were measured in normal term and preterm infants from 1 hour to 90 days of life. LVSTIs in both term and preterm infants were similar in the first five days of life. The ratio of left pre-ejection period (LPEP) to left ventricular ejection time (LVET) was lower in preterm infants older than age 5 days. Estimated gestational age had no influence on LVSTI. The ratio of right pre-ejection period (RPEP) to right ventricular ejection time (RVET) was lower in preterm infants (0.32) than in term newborns (0.37). The preterm RPEP/RVET ratio decreased with age, but at a slower rate than in term babies. This was consistent with the lower pulmonary vascular resistance present in preterm infants.", "PMID": 704203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1646", "title": "Ventricular tachyarrhythmia due to cardiac sarcoidosis in a child.", "content": "Cardiac involvement by systemic sarcoidosis is well known, but occurs rarely. It usually manifests as either heart block, heart failure due to direct myocardial involvement, or cor pulmonale. We present the case of a patient with cardiac sarcoidosis who had ventricular tachycardia and congestive heart failure. Although there was other organ system involvement, the cardiac manifestation was the first to become clinically apparent. Therapy consisted of quinidine sulfate to control the arrhythmias and chronic diuretic therapy to control congestive heart failure. Steroid therapy was initially associated with recurrence of the ventricular tachycardia and was discontinued. It was reinstituted 18 months later when other organ system involvement developed with no recurrence of the ventricular tachyarrhythmia. The patient responded well to therapy and is currently doing well. This case is presented to illustrate a somewhat unusual, but nevertheless important, etiology of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. The recognition of underlying sarcoidosis is critical because of the propensity for other organ system involvement by this disease process.", "contents": "Ventricular tachyarrhythmia due to cardiac sarcoidosis in a child. Cardiac involvement by systemic sarcoidosis is well known, but occurs rarely. It usually manifests as either heart block, heart failure due to direct myocardial involvement, or cor pulmonale. We present the case of a patient with cardiac sarcoidosis who had ventricular tachycardia and congestive heart failure. Although there was other organ system involvement, the cardiac manifestation was the first to become clinically apparent. Therapy consisted of quinidine sulfate to control the arrhythmias and chronic diuretic therapy to control congestive heart failure. Steroid therapy was initially associated with recurrence of the ventricular tachycardia and was discontinued. It was reinstituted 18 months later when other organ system involvement developed with no recurrence of the ventricular tachyarrhythmia. The patient responded well to therapy and is currently doing well. This case is presented to illustrate a somewhat unusual, but nevertheless important, etiology of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. The recognition of underlying sarcoidosis is critical because of the propensity for other organ system involvement by this disease process.", "PMID": 704204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1647", "title": "Evaluating indirect blood pressure measurement techniques: a comparison of three systems in infants and children.", "content": "The systemic arterial blood pressures obtained in infants and children utilizing three indirect measuring devices--Arteriosonde 1010. Infrasonde 3000, Pedisphyg system--were compared to each other and to intra-arterial pressure measured directly. The results indicate that Arteriosonde performs considerably better than Infrasonde; nevertheless, the Arteriosonde values are often only approximations of true systole and diastole. The Pedisphyg system yields accurate, reproducible values for systole; however, the system is not designed to determine diastolic blood pressure.", "contents": "Evaluating indirect blood pressure measurement techniques: a comparison of three systems in infants and children. The systemic arterial blood pressures obtained in infants and children utilizing three indirect measuring devices--Arteriosonde 1010. Infrasonde 3000, Pedisphyg system--were compared to each other and to intra-arterial pressure measured directly. The results indicate that Arteriosonde performs considerably better than Infrasonde; nevertheless, the Arteriosonde values are often only approximations of true systole and diastole. The Pedisphyg system yields accurate, reproducible values for systole; however, the system is not designed to determine diastolic blood pressure.", "PMID": 704205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1648", "title": "Sodium concentration of homemade baby foods.", "content": "Ingestion of excess salt may be an important factor in the development of hypertension in individuals who are predisposed to this disease genetically or through environmental factors. Some physicians and consumer groups have encouraged mothers to prepare their own baby foods, in part because of their concern that the physiologically unnecessary salt that is added by some commercial baby food manufacturers may lead to hypertension in adult life. This study presents data on the sodium concentration in 70 samples of homemade baby foods prepared by 36 mothers. The mean estimated amount of added salt was 0.41%/weight--64% higher than the maximum recommended by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences. Home-prepared foods had a sodium concentration 1,005% higher than similar baby food products made by Heinz and Beech-Nut and 24% higher than products made by Gerber. The data suggest that advice to parents to prepare their own baby food or to feed their infant food from the table should be tempered with the knowledge that these foods may contain higher salt concentrations than the commercial baby foods.", "contents": "Sodium concentration of homemade baby foods. Ingestion of excess salt may be an important factor in the development of hypertension in individuals who are predisposed to this disease genetically or through environmental factors. Some physicians and consumer groups have encouraged mothers to prepare their own baby foods, in part because of their concern that the physiologically unnecessary salt that is added by some commercial baby food manufacturers may lead to hypertension in adult life. This study presents data on the sodium concentration in 70 samples of homemade baby foods prepared by 36 mothers. The mean estimated amount of added salt was 0.41%/weight--64% higher than the maximum recommended by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences. Home-prepared foods had a sodium concentration 1,005% higher than similar baby food products made by Heinz and Beech-Nut and 24% higher than products made by Gerber. The data suggest that advice to parents to prepare their own baby food or to feed their infant food from the table should be tempered with the knowledge that these foods may contain higher salt concentrations than the commercial baby foods.", "PMID": 704206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1649", "title": "Hemorrhagic retinopathy in a patient with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "A 21-year-old woman with a history of chronic lung disease secondary to cystic fibrosis (CF) developed an acute hemorrhagic retinopathy during exposure to moderately high altitude. Although retinal hemorrhages are known to occur in patients with CF, we speculate that the retinopathy in this case was partially related to altitudinal change and that patients with chronic hypoxemia may be predisposed to high-altitude retinopathy at much lower altitudes.", "contents": "Hemorrhagic retinopathy in a patient with cystic fibrosis. A 21-year-old woman with a history of chronic lung disease secondary to cystic fibrosis (CF) developed an acute hemorrhagic retinopathy during exposure to moderately high altitude. Although retinal hemorrhages are known to occur in patients with CF, we speculate that the retinopathy in this case was partially related to altitudinal change and that patients with chronic hypoxemia may be predisposed to high-altitude retinopathy at much lower altitudes.", "PMID": 704207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1650", "title": "Ultrasonic diagnosis of gynecologic disorders in children.", "content": "During the last five years we have applied diagnostic ultrasound to more than 350 girls under the age of 15 for suspected obstetric and gynecologic disorders. More than 60% of these patients were pregnant and were studied before elective abortion. Many other children were studied for amenorrhea or for the evaluation of a pelvic mass. Sonography has allowed us to successfully distinguish pelvic masses of ovarian origin from those of uterine origin. We have also been able to rule out functioning endocrine tumors in children with precocious puberty. In cases of intersex, sonography has been useful in the older child prior to reconstructive surgery but has played an ancillary role to more invasive procedures in the infant.", "contents": "Ultrasonic diagnosis of gynecologic disorders in children. During the last five years we have applied diagnostic ultrasound to more than 350 girls under the age of 15 for suspected obstetric and gynecologic disorders. More than 60% of these patients were pregnant and were studied before elective abortion. Many other children were studied for amenorrhea or for the evaluation of a pelvic mass. Sonography has allowed us to successfully distinguish pelvic masses of ovarian origin from those of uterine origin. We have also been able to rule out functioning endocrine tumors in children with precocious puberty. In cases of intersex, sonography has been useful in the older child prior to reconstructive surgery but has played an ancillary role to more invasive procedures in the infant.", "PMID": 704208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1651", "title": "Sustained-release theophylline therapy for chronic childhood asthma.", "content": "The efficacy of continuous, around-the-clock sustained-release (S-R) theophylline therapy, adjusted to approximate serum or plasma steady state theophylline concentrations (Tc) of 15 microgram/ml three hours following the last dose, was assessed in 18 children suffering from moderately severe chronic asthma. Two of the three formulations studied, Slo-Phyllin Gyrocaps and Theo-Dur, had excellent bioavailability and produced stable therapeutic Tc throughout an eight-hour dosing interval, using average doses of 8.7 +/- 0.5 and 8.4 +/- 0.6 (SE) mg/kg/dose, respectively. Pulmonary function responses paralleled Tc and were also stable throughout the dosing interval. Aerolate provided comparatively less stability, and higher doses (11.3 +/- 0.7 mg/kg) were necessary to produce therapeutic Tc. Toxicity was not evident when dosage was adjusted to avoid Tc exceeding 20 microgram/ml. S-R theophylline therapy, with the use of formulations of acceptable bioavailability, provides excellent control of chronic childhood asthma, offers the advantage of extended dosing intervals, and encourages improved patient cooperation in drug compliance.", "contents": "Sustained-release theophylline therapy for chronic childhood asthma. The efficacy of continuous, around-the-clock sustained-release (S-R) theophylline therapy, adjusted to approximate serum or plasma steady state theophylline concentrations (Tc) of 15 microgram/ml three hours following the last dose, was assessed in 18 children suffering from moderately severe chronic asthma. Two of the three formulations studied, Slo-Phyllin Gyrocaps and Theo-Dur, had excellent bioavailability and produced stable therapeutic Tc throughout an eight-hour dosing interval, using average doses of 8.7 +/- 0.5 and 8.4 +/- 0.6 (SE) mg/kg/dose, respectively. Pulmonary function responses paralleled Tc and were also stable throughout the dosing interval. Aerolate provided comparatively less stability, and higher doses (11.3 +/- 0.7 mg/kg) were necessary to produce therapeutic Tc. Toxicity was not evident when dosage was adjusted to avoid Tc exceeding 20 microgram/ml. S-R theophylline therapy, with the use of formulations of acceptable bioavailability, provides excellent control of chronic childhood asthma, offers the advantage of extended dosing intervals, and encourages improved patient cooperation in drug compliance.", "PMID": 704210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1652", "title": "Child psychiatric consultation in pediatrics.", "content": "The results of a three-month study of the incidence of child psychiatric consultation requests in three different locations (emergency room, primary care center, and pediatric wards) within a pediatric service in a teaching hospital are reported here. Future trends and roles for child psychiatry and pediatric collaboration are discussed.", "contents": "Child psychiatric consultation in pediatrics. The results of a three-month study of the incidence of child psychiatric consultation requests in three different locations (emergency room, primary care center, and pediatric wards) within a pediatric service in a teaching hospital are reported here. Future trends and roles for child psychiatry and pediatric collaboration are discussed.", "PMID": 704211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1653", "title": "Split-interval illusion: size of effect with pulse-bounded durations.", "content": "The magnitude of the split-interval illusion was measured by method of constant stimuli, with variable intervals between 700 and 1300 msec. and a 1000-msec. standard. All intervals were bounded by 20-msec.-1-kHz pulses and contained a single 20-msec.-2-kHz pulse which either split the interval in a 25:75 ratio or a 75:25 ratio. Intervals split early were overestimated relative to equivalent intervals split late by an average of 8.4% of the 1000-msec. standard.", "contents": "Split-interval illusion: size of effect with pulse-bounded durations. The magnitude of the split-interval illusion was measured by method of constant stimuli, with variable intervals between 700 and 1300 msec. and a 1000-msec. standard. All intervals were bounded by 20-msec.-1-kHz pulses and contained a single 20-msec.-2-kHz pulse which either split the interval in a 25:75 ratio or a 75:25 ratio. Intervals split early were overestimated relative to equivalent intervals split late by an average of 8.4% of the 1000-msec. standard.", "PMID": 704238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1654", "title": "WAIS subtest score characteristics of institutionalized mentally retarded samples.", "content": "Scaled scores on WAIS subtests were compared among five samples of institutionalized mentally retarded (aged 16 to 71 yr.) from the East Coast (N = 509), West Coast (N = 436), and three from the Midwest (Ns = 113, 51, and 111). Four of the five samples showed high correlations between the mean profiles suggesting that the performance of the mentally retarded is reliable across geographical locations. Reasons for the discrepancies between these four samples and the fifth sample are discussed.", "contents": "WAIS subtest score characteristics of institutionalized mentally retarded samples. Scaled scores on WAIS subtests were compared among five samples of institutionalized mentally retarded (aged 16 to 71 yr.) from the East Coast (N = 509), West Coast (N = 436), and three from the Midwest (Ns = 113, 51, and 111). Four of the five samples showed high correlations between the mean profiles suggesting that the performance of the mentally retarded is reliable across geographical locations. Reasons for the discrepancies between these four samples and the fifth sample are discussed.", "PMID": 704239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1655", "title": "Failure to relate academic ability to the lateral eye-shift in elementary school children.", "content": "Correlates of academic ability such as creativity, language use, locus of control, and achievement were not related to the lateral eye-shift for 147 sixth grade children. The lack of findings suggests a developmental emphasis in future research.", "contents": "Failure to relate academic ability to the lateral eye-shift in elementary school children. Correlates of academic ability such as creativity, language use, locus of control, and achievement were not related to the lateral eye-shift for 147 sixth grade children. The lack of findings suggests a developmental emphasis in future research.", "PMID": 704240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1656", "title": "Correlates of the tourniquet ischemia pain ratio.", "content": "The Tourniquet Ischemia Pain Ratio was developed as a measure of pain. The present study examined the relationship between the ratio and other measures thought to be relevant to a patient's perception of, and reaction to, chronic pain. The ratio was correlated with the patient's estimate of the pain, the perceived impact of the pain on daily life, the degree of reactive depression, and a measure of hypochondriasis. The ratio relates to both pain and hypochondriacal tendencies.", "contents": "Correlates of the tourniquet ischemia pain ratio. The Tourniquet Ischemia Pain Ratio was developed as a measure of pain. The present study examined the relationship between the ratio and other measures thought to be relevant to a patient's perception of, and reaction to, chronic pain. The ratio was correlated with the patient's estimate of the pain, the perceived impact of the pain on daily life, the degree of reactive depression, and a measure of hypochondriasis. The ratio relates to both pain and hypochondriacal tendencies.", "PMID": 704241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1657", "title": "Effects of speech therapy on aphasics' responses to Functional Communication Profile.", "content": "Protocols of the Functional Communication Profile were compared for 17 treated and 18 untreated aphasic patients. All subjects were post-CVA, right-handed, right hemiplegic native speakers of English representing fluent, non-fluent and global aphasics. All treated patients received a minimum of a half hour of individual and an hour of group speech therapy daily, for 8 wk. during a period between 4 and 12 wk. post-onset. Statistical comparisons of treated and untreated groups did not yield significant differences. Patients who received traditional speech therapy could not be differentiated from untreated control patients.", "contents": "Effects of speech therapy on aphasics' responses to Functional Communication Profile. Protocols of the Functional Communication Profile were compared for 17 treated and 18 untreated aphasic patients. All subjects were post-CVA, right-handed, right hemiplegic native speakers of English representing fluent, non-fluent and global aphasics. All treated patients received a minimum of a half hour of individual and an hour of group speech therapy daily, for 8 wk. during a period between 4 and 12 wk. post-onset. Statistical comparisons of treated and untreated groups did not yield significant differences. Patients who received traditional speech therapy could not be differentiated from untreated control patients.", "PMID": 704242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1658", "title": "Activity analysis of operant behavior following methylphenidate administration.", "content": "13 male Long-Evans hooded rats were tested on a CRF-50 reinforcement schedule. Total response time as well as time and total activity responses away from the bar were significantly influenced by injections of methylphenidate (1.2 mg/kg I.P.). In general, the data supported previous findings of reduced response rate to the drug. However, methylphenidate (a CNS stimulant) increased activity that was not related to bar pressing. Analysis of activity response to drug should include total time and activity as well as operant rates.", "contents": "Activity analysis of operant behavior following methylphenidate administration. 13 male Long-Evans hooded rats were tested on a CRF-50 reinforcement schedule. Total response time as well as time and total activity responses away from the bar were significantly influenced by injections of methylphenidate (1.2 mg/kg I.P.). In general, the data supported previous findings of reduced response rate to the drug. However, methylphenidate (a CNS stimulant) increased activity that was not related to bar pressing. Analysis of activity response to drug should include total time and activity as well as operant rates.", "PMID": 704243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1659", "title": "Effects of tobacco, time on task, and stimulus speed on judgments of velocity and time.", "content": "16 college students were required to predict the time of target arrival for a stimulus apparently moving horizontally to a point of occlusion and to reproduce the time interval the stimulus was present under smoking and no-smoking conditions. Tobacco resulted in underestimations of velocity and time judgments particularly in the early stage of the task and for the slowest stimulus speed.", "contents": "Effects of tobacco, time on task, and stimulus speed on judgments of velocity and time. 16 college students were required to predict the time of target arrival for a stimulus apparently moving horizontally to a point of occlusion and to reproduce the time interval the stimulus was present under smoking and no-smoking conditions. Tobacco resulted in underestimations of velocity and time judgments particularly in the early stage of the task and for the slowest stimulus speed.", "PMID": 704244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1660", "title": "On validity of hypotheses derived from the Rorschach: IV. The unique affective pull of the cards.", "content": "Content analysis of the Rorschach had led to the notion that each card possessed some unique affective pull. Research testing the validity of that hypothesis was reviewed. Of all the cards only three seemed to have a unique affective connotation, viz., Cards III and X elicit pleasant affective responses, Card IV unpleasant ones. The research methodology was critically assessed and recommendations for future research were offered.", "contents": "On validity of hypotheses derived from the Rorschach: IV. The unique affective pull of the cards. Content analysis of the Rorschach had led to the notion that each card possessed some unique affective pull. Research testing the validity of that hypothesis was reviewed. Of all the cards only three seemed to have a unique affective connotation, viz., Cards III and X elicit pleasant affective responses, Card IV unpleasant ones. The research methodology was critically assessed and recommendations for future research were offered.", "PMID": 704245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1661", "title": "Field independence and attitudes toward population control.", "content": "The hypothesis that differences between field independence and dependence would lead to different attitudes about population control activities was tested using 37 students as subjects. The Hidden Figures Test was used to measure field independence while an author-developed scale assessed attitudes. Expected relationships were found; field-independent persons were more independent of the opinions of others, agreed with active population control measures, and were in favor of smaller family size.", "contents": "Field independence and attitudes toward population control. The hypothesis that differences between field independence and dependence would lead to different attitudes about population control activities was tested using 37 students as subjects. The Hidden Figures Test was used to measure field independence while an author-developed scale assessed attitudes. Expected relationships were found; field-independent persons were more independent of the opinions of others, agreed with active population control measures, and were in favor of smaller family size.", "PMID": 704246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1662", "title": "Diagnostic efficiency of the Trail Making Test as a function of cut-off score, diagnosis, and age.", "content": "This study is a reinvestigation of the effectiveness of the Trail Making Test in discriminating between brain-damaged (n = 51) and pseudoneurologic (n = 72) subjects. All subjects were hospitalized male veterans at the Allen Park Veterans Administration Hospital. An analysis of covariance showed that the pseudoneurologic subjects performed at a significantly higher level than the brain-damaged subjects. Further analysis with two different cut-off scores exhibited unequal discriminatory power throughout the whole range of Trail Making Test scores. These results suggested diagnosing only when the scores were 9 or lower and 13 or higher. This use of extreme scores resulted in an over-all hit rate of 87% in the study. Comparisons with five major subgroupings of the pseudoneurologic subjects yielded only one significant difference: more accurate discrimination with the 12 cut-off score between 10 general-medical and peripheral nerve-damaged subjects (100% correct) and 18 psychotic subjects (39% accuracy).", "contents": "Diagnostic efficiency of the Trail Making Test as a function of cut-off score, diagnosis, and age. This study is a reinvestigation of the effectiveness of the Trail Making Test in discriminating between brain-damaged (n = 51) and pseudoneurologic (n = 72) subjects. All subjects were hospitalized male veterans at the Allen Park Veterans Administration Hospital. An analysis of covariance showed that the pseudoneurologic subjects performed at a significantly higher level than the brain-damaged subjects. Further analysis with two different cut-off scores exhibited unequal discriminatory power throughout the whole range of Trail Making Test scores. These results suggested diagnosing only when the scores were 9 or lower and 13 or higher. This use of extreme scores resulted in an over-all hit rate of 87% in the study. Comparisons with five major subgroupings of the pseudoneurologic subjects yielded only one significant difference: more accurate discrimination with the 12 cut-off score between 10 general-medical and peripheral nerve-damaged subjects (100% correct) and 18 psychotic subjects (39% accuracy).", "PMID": 704247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1663", "title": "Failure of the Bender-Gestalt and Wechsler tests to differentiate children with and without seizure disorders.", "content": "The Bender-Gestalt and WISC or WISC-R performances of two groups of 19 emotionally disturbed children matched in age age (9-1 to 16-7) and Full Scale IQ were compared. Each child is one group had a medically documented seizure disorder; a matched child in the other group had no present or past indications of organicity. Neither Bender-Gestalt errors nor Wechsler IQs or Deviation Quotients differed significantly between the two groups. The emotionally disturbed children with seizure disorders could not be differentiated from the other emotionally disturbed children solely on the basis of Bender-Gestalt and Wechsler test scores.", "contents": "Failure of the Bender-Gestalt and Wechsler tests to differentiate children with and without seizure disorders. The Bender-Gestalt and WISC or WISC-R performances of two groups of 19 emotionally disturbed children matched in age age (9-1 to 16-7) and Full Scale IQ were compared. Each child is one group had a medically documented seizure disorder; a matched child in the other group had no present or past indications of organicity. Neither Bender-Gestalt errors nor Wechsler IQs or Deviation Quotients differed significantly between the two groups. The emotionally disturbed children with seizure disorders could not be differentiated from the other emotionally disturbed children solely on the basis of Bender-Gestalt and Wechsler test scores.", "PMID": 704248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1664", "title": "Some clinical interpretations of the Haptic Intelligence Scale for adult blind.", "content": "The structure of the over-all test and subtest designs of the Haptic Intelligence Scale for Adult Blind fosters inferences that what is being measured is the same, or similar to, the Performance subscales of the WAIS. The implied assumption that, while the task is similar, performance without seeing may not be interpreted differently is questioned. Theoretical notions, in part, derived from the Dutch psychologist, R\u00e9v\u00e9sz, are employed to interpret what is being assessed in terms of non-visual sensory input, resultant differences in modes of recognition and structuring of the stimulus, and tasks involved. Analysis is done on two levels: (a) The over-all test results as a measure of non-verbal cognitive adaptation to and ability to employ touch and movement in a variety of tasks; and (b) the subtests as to mental functions involved, the clinical cues that can be derived from performance of the tasks, and instances of marked differences in scores earned on one subtest relative to other subtests.", "contents": "Some clinical interpretations of the Haptic Intelligence Scale for adult blind. The structure of the over-all test and subtest designs of the Haptic Intelligence Scale for Adult Blind fosters inferences that what is being measured is the same, or similar to, the Performance subscales of the WAIS. The implied assumption that, while the task is similar, performance without seeing may not be interpreted differently is questioned. Theoretical notions, in part, derived from the Dutch psychologist, R\u00e9v\u00e9sz, are employed to interpret what is being assessed in terms of non-visual sensory input, resultant differences in modes of recognition and structuring of the stimulus, and tasks involved. Analysis is done on two levels: (a) The over-all test results as a measure of non-verbal cognitive adaptation to and ability to employ touch and movement in a variety of tasks; and (b) the subtests as to mental functions involved, the clinical cues that can be derived from performance of the tasks, and instances of marked differences in scores earned on one subtest relative to other subtests.", "PMID": 704249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1665", "title": "A novel reinforcement procedure for use in perceptual experiments with normal and language-impaired children.", "content": "A novel reinforcement procedure for use with young children with or without language impairments has been devised which adds intrinsic interest to otherwise tedious clinical or experimental sessions and has a low rate of satiation. The procedure involves the child \"winning\" colorful stickers to make a picture throughout testing sessions.", "contents": "A novel reinforcement procedure for use in perceptual experiments with normal and language-impaired children. A novel reinforcement procedure for use with young children with or without language impairments has been devised which adds intrinsic interest to otherwise tedious clinical or experimental sessions and has a low rate of satiation. The procedure involves the child \"winning\" colorful stickers to make a picture throughout testing sessions.", "PMID": 704250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1666", "title": "Empathy, gender, and training as factors in the identification of normal infant cry-signals.", "content": "The effects of empathy, gender, and training on the ability to identify 4 infant cry-signals (birth, hunger, pain, and pleasure) were studied in 89 college students (ages 18 to 30 yr.), all of whom were low in experience as caregivers to infants. Subjects with training scored significantly higher than those without in identifying all but the pleasure cry-signal. Subjects low in empathy scored significantly better than subjects high in empathy in recognizing the birth cry-signal. Gender made no difference. Brief training may make the crucial difference in the development of this ability. Implications for parenting and infant care are discussed.", "contents": "Empathy, gender, and training as factors in the identification of normal infant cry-signals. The effects of empathy, gender, and training on the ability to identify 4 infant cry-signals (birth, hunger, pain, and pleasure) were studied in 89 college students (ages 18 to 30 yr.), all of whom were low in experience as caregivers to infants. Subjects with training scored significantly higher than those without in identifying all but the pleasure cry-signal. Subjects low in empathy scored significantly better than subjects high in empathy in recognizing the birth cry-signal. Gender made no difference. Brief training may make the crucial difference in the development of this ability. Implications for parenting and infant care are discussed.", "PMID": 704251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1667", "title": "Psychometric correlates of pain perception.", "content": "There is disagreement in the literature as to whether responsivity to painful stimuli possesses psychometric correlates. A series of methodological and statistical factors are specified in this paper which could account for the equivocality of the literature. A series of experiments were performed in which (a) various methodological and statistical issues were first resolved and (b) psychometric correlates of pain perception were then identified by means of a stepwise multiple regression procedure. The criterion variable consisted of the psychophysical judgment of pain during a 2-min. exposure to a 3,000 gm. force on the periosteum of the left fore-finger's second digit. The predictor variables consisted of selected psychological states and traits measured by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Somatic Perception Questionnaire, Depression Adjective Checklist, Profile of Mood States, Eysenck Personality Inventory, and the Embedded Figures Test. The test-retest reliability of the pain test ranged from .64 to .84 across trials separated by a 3-wk. period. In the first experiment significant multiple regressions ranging between .57 and .72 were observed and psychological traits (field dependence, extraversion and trait anxiety) accounted for the variance in these analyses. In the next experiment significant multiple Rs ranging from .62 to .68 were observed. This served as cross-validation for the first experiment. The major difference was that psychological states (depression and vigor) as well as traits entered the multiple regression equations for certain of the analyses. It was concluded that selected psychological states and traits are significantly correlated with the perception of pain.", "contents": "Psychometric correlates of pain perception. There is disagreement in the literature as to whether responsivity to painful stimuli possesses psychometric correlates. A series of methodological and statistical factors are specified in this paper which could account for the equivocality of the literature. A series of experiments were performed in which (a) various methodological and statistical issues were first resolved and (b) psychometric correlates of pain perception were then identified by means of a stepwise multiple regression procedure. The criterion variable consisted of the psychophysical judgment of pain during a 2-min. exposure to a 3,000 gm. force on the periosteum of the left fore-finger's second digit. The predictor variables consisted of selected psychological states and traits measured by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Somatic Perception Questionnaire, Depression Adjective Checklist, Profile of Mood States, Eysenck Personality Inventory, and the Embedded Figures Test. The test-retest reliability of the pain test ranged from .64 to .84 across trials separated by a 3-wk. period. In the first experiment significant multiple regressions ranging between .57 and .72 were observed and psychological traits (field dependence, extraversion and trait anxiety) accounted for the variance in these analyses. In the next experiment significant multiple Rs ranging from .62 to .68 were observed. This served as cross-validation for the first experiment. The major difference was that psychological states (depression and vigor) as well as traits entered the multiple regression equations for certain of the analyses. It was concluded that selected psychological states and traits are significantly correlated with the perception of pain.", "PMID": 704252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1668", "title": "Taste profiles from single human taste papillae.", "content": "Earlier psychophysical research on single human fungiform taste papillae employed a procedure which limited subjects to selecting only one taste to describe the sensations they experienced. That procedure precludes the possibility of determining whether single papillae can mediate complex tastes, i.e., tastes consisting of more than one sensation experienced simultaneously. By using highly trained subjects and allowing them freedom to describe all sensations simultaneously elicited by a given taste stimulus, single papilla taste profiles were obtained. It is suggested that obtaining taste profiles may increase the utility of single papillae as models for study of the taste system.", "contents": "Taste profiles from single human taste papillae. Earlier psychophysical research on single human fungiform taste papillae employed a procedure which limited subjects to selecting only one taste to describe the sensations they experienced. That procedure precludes the possibility of determining whether single papillae can mediate complex tastes, i.e., tastes consisting of more than one sensation experienced simultaneously. By using highly trained subjects and allowing them freedom to describe all sensations simultaneously elicited by a given taste stimulus, single papilla taste profiles were obtained. It is suggested that obtaining taste profiles may increase the utility of single papillae as models for study of the taste system.", "PMID": 704253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1669", "title": "Perceptions of movement patterns: recall of movement.", "content": "The present study attempted to characterize the perception retention, and recall of kinaesthetic information regarding movement sequences (patterns). An attempt was made to draw on and extend conclusions relevant to simple movements (movement amplitude). One group of 10 blindfolded subjects recalled criterion movement patterns that had been actively commanded and 10 subjects recalled passively induced movements. The following conclusions were made. (1) Previous reports of algebraic errors in the recall of simple movement amplitudes are consistency with the finding that criterion perimeter, area, and depth of features were underestimated when recalled. (2) Measures of the accuracy of kinaesthetic perception do not alone account for the generally low level of pattern recall, the large range of individual differences or the underestimation of amplitude. The process of percept formation and of translating a percept into recalled movement are implicated. (3) Conclusions based on the short-term retention and recall of simple movements do not account for the coding, retention, and recall of movement sequences (patterns). (4) Percepts were formed, and patterns were recalled as a sequence of features but not as a sequence of key positions. (5) No direct difference was demonstrated between the recall of actively commanded and passively induced criterion movement patterns. However, the finding of a high gross angle change in the active condition was explained in terms of an unfavourable interaction between corollary discharge and sensory information.", "contents": "Perceptions of movement patterns: recall of movement. The present study attempted to characterize the perception retention, and recall of kinaesthetic information regarding movement sequences (patterns). An attempt was made to draw on and extend conclusions relevant to simple movements (movement amplitude). One group of 10 blindfolded subjects recalled criterion movement patterns that had been actively commanded and 10 subjects recalled passively induced movements. The following conclusions were made. (1) Previous reports of algebraic errors in the recall of simple movement amplitudes are consistency with the finding that criterion perimeter, area, and depth of features were underestimated when recalled. (2) Measures of the accuracy of kinaesthetic perception do not alone account for the generally low level of pattern recall, the large range of individual differences or the underestimation of amplitude. The process of percept formation and of translating a percept into recalled movement are implicated. (3) Conclusions based on the short-term retention and recall of simple movements do not account for the coding, retention, and recall of movement sequences (patterns). (4) Percepts were formed, and patterns were recalled as a sequence of features but not as a sequence of key positions. (5) No direct difference was demonstrated between the recall of actively commanded and passively induced criterion movement patterns. However, the finding of a high gross angle change in the active condition was explained in terms of an unfavourable interaction between corollary discharge and sensory information.", "PMID": 704254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1670", "title": "Field independence and recognition of trait names in an incidental learning paradigm.", "content": "Field-dependent individuals are known to be superior to field-independent individuals at recognizing socially relevant material in an incidental learning paradigm. The present study tested the hypothesis that this superiority is moderated by the target-relatedness of distractors. The stimuli were trait names. To assess recognition memory a recognition list was used with distractors differing in degrees of relatedness to the targets. Results indicate that the relationship of field-dependence to false recognition of distractor traits is moderated by the target-relatedness of the latter.", "contents": "Field independence and recognition of trait names in an incidental learning paradigm. Field-dependent individuals are known to be superior to field-independent individuals at recognizing socially relevant material in an incidental learning paradigm. The present study tested the hypothesis that this superiority is moderated by the target-relatedness of distractors. The stimuli were trait names. To assess recognition memory a recognition list was used with distractors differing in degrees of relatedness to the targets. Results indicate that the relationship of field-dependence to false recognition of distractor traits is moderated by the target-relatedness of the latter.", "PMID": 704256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1671", "title": "Anxiety levels of beginning Scuba students.", "content": "Anxiety levels of 29 beginning Scuba students in college classes were determined at rest and prior to standardized Scuba tests. Resting trait and state anxiety levels were significantly lower than norms. Only moderate increases in state anxiety were noticed throughout the testing sequence.", "contents": "Anxiety levels of beginning Scuba students. Anxiety levels of 29 beginning Scuba students in college classes were determined at rest and prior to standardized Scuba tests. Resting trait and state anxiety levels were significantly lower than norms. Only moderate increases in state anxiety were noticed throughout the testing sequence.", "PMID": 704257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1672", "title": "Sex differences in hemispheric asymmetry revisited.", "content": "56 male and 56 female familial right-handers were given a tachistoscopic task requiring recognition of trigrams presented binocularly and vertically in the right or left visual field for individuality determined brief durations. Both males and females obtained a significant superiority in the right visual field and significant laterality coefficients indicative of processing by the left hemisphere. Implications for research on sex differences in hemispheric asymmetry are discussed.", "contents": "Sex differences in hemispheric asymmetry revisited. 56 male and 56 female familial right-handers were given a tachistoscopic task requiring recognition of trigrams presented binocularly and vertically in the right or left visual field for individuality determined brief durations. Both males and females obtained a significant superiority in the right visual field and significant laterality coefficients indicative of processing by the left hemisphere. Implications for research on sex differences in hemispheric asymmetry are discussed.", "PMID": 704258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1673", "title": "Sex, video-taped feedback and modeling effects on motor performance.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted to investigate the interaction of augmented information feedback and sex on accuracy and form of an overarm throwing pattern. In Exp. 1, a female model on video-tape was  employed for instruction and recall of imposed form by 16 male and 16 female undergraduates. The original hypothesis that indeed there would be an interaction between the subjects' sex and type of augmented information feedback was not observed. In Exp. 2, essentially the same procedures were employed with another, similar group of subjects and several significant results were observed. The data suggest successive investigations to explore the possible effects of the model's sex on motor performance.", "contents": "Sex, video-taped feedback and modeling effects on motor performance. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the interaction of augmented information feedback and sex on accuracy and form of an overarm throwing pattern. In Exp. 1, a female model on video-tape was  employed for instruction and recall of imposed form by 16 male and 16 female undergraduates. The original hypothesis that indeed there would be an interaction between the subjects' sex and type of augmented information feedback was not observed. In Exp. 2, essentially the same procedures were employed with another, similar group of subjects and several significant results were observed. The data suggest successive investigations to explore the possible effects of the model's sex on motor performance.", "PMID": 704259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1674", "title": "Temporal patterns of the use of non-prescribed drugs: some behavioral correlates.", "content": "Previous studies of the temporal patterns of the use of non-prescribed psychoactive drugs have been primarily limited to users' self-reports. Two behavioral indicators, times of arrest for driving while intoxicated and times of calls to a drug information service, yield temporal patterns very similar to those obtained from users' reports.", "contents": "Temporal patterns of the use of non-prescribed drugs: some behavioral correlates. Previous studies of the temporal patterns of the use of non-prescribed psychoactive drugs have been primarily limited to users' self-reports. Two behavioral indicators, times of arrest for driving while intoxicated and times of calls to a drug information service, yield temporal patterns very similar to those obtained from users' reports.", "PMID": 704260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1675", "title": "Effect of heart-rate control training on heart-rate discrimination.", "content": "4 subjects were exposed to discrimination-testing procedures before and later biofeedback training to increase and decrease their heart rates. Results indicated significant increases and decreases in heart rate, as well as a significant improvement in accuracy of discrimination. The results suggest improvements in discrimination may occur as a function of feedback training.", "contents": "Effect of heart-rate control training on heart-rate discrimination. 4 subjects were exposed to discrimination-testing procedures before and later biofeedback training to increase and decrease their heart rates. Results indicated significant increases and decreases in heart rate, as well as a significant improvement in accuracy of discrimination. The results suggest improvements in discrimination may occur as a function of feedback training.", "PMID": 704261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1676", "title": "Job satisfaction and perceived congruence of attitude between workers and supervisors in a mental health setting.", "content": "The Community Mental Health Ideology Scale and Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire were administered to the staff of an outpatient treatment facility. Perceived congruence of attitude and job satisfaction including working conditions, pay, agency policy, and other variables were examined. Congruence of attitude between worker and supervisor was positively related to satisfaction with supervisor and agency policy. There were differences among the various disciplinary groups with those workers who had the least education tending to be satisfied in more spheres than those with more education or advanced professional degrees.", "contents": "Job satisfaction and perceived congruence of attitude between workers and supervisors in a mental health setting. The Community Mental Health Ideology Scale and Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire were administered to the staff of an outpatient treatment facility. Perceived congruence of attitude and job satisfaction including working conditions, pay, agency policy, and other variables were examined. Congruence of attitude between worker and supervisor was positively related to satisfaction with supervisor and agency policy. There were differences among the various disciplinary groups with those workers who had the least education tending to be satisfied in more spheres than those with more education or advanced professional degrees.", "PMID": 704262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1677", "title": "Rorschach human movement responses of acting-out and withdrawn adolescents.", "content": "Rorschach human movement responses of 20 male and 20 female acting-out and withdrawn adolescents were scored according to flexor/extensor/blocked categories. Comparison of the two groups showed: (a) All subjects produced more extensor M than the other two M categories, (b) Acting-out adolescents produced more extensor M than the withdrawn subjects, (c) The two groups did not differ in number of flexor or blocked M. Extensor M seems to tap a propensity for acting-out, while flexor and blocked M do not differentiate the two groups of children.", "contents": "Rorschach human movement responses of acting-out and withdrawn adolescents. Rorschach human movement responses of 20 male and 20 female acting-out and withdrawn adolescents were scored according to flexor/extensor/blocked categories. Comparison of the two groups showed: (a) All subjects produced more extensor M than the other two M categories, (b) Acting-out adolescents produced more extensor M than the withdrawn subjects, (c) The two groups did not differ in number of flexor or blocked M. Extensor M seems to tap a propensity for acting-out, while flexor and blocked M do not differentiate the two groups of children.", "PMID": 704263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1678", "title": "Information variables in voluntary control and classical conditioning of heart rate: field dependence and heart-rate perception.", "content": "Two experiments focused on two information variables relevant to changes in heart rate, field dependence and the ability to perceive one's own heart rate. In Exp. I, 14 field-independent and 17 field-dependent subjects completed a heart-rate perception and a voluntary heart-rate control task. The anticipated superiority in heart-rate control by field-independent subjects was detected although no evidence was found for a relationship between the amount of biofeedback available in the situation and voluntary control of the cardiovascular system. Exp. II involved 9 field-independent and 8 field-dependent subjects in a classical conditioning paradigm involving shock sensitivity. In contrast with Exp. I, in this phase of the study heart-rate increases were correlated with the ability of the subject to discriminate heart beats, especially for the field-independent group. It was concluded that field dependence and heart-rate perception are related to classically conditioned heart-rate increase for some subjects and further that field dependence may be a potent variable operating in those situations involving the voluntary control of heart rate without exteroceptive feedback.", "contents": "Information variables in voluntary control and classical conditioning of heart rate: field dependence and heart-rate perception. Two experiments focused on two information variables relevant to changes in heart rate, field dependence and the ability to perceive one's own heart rate. In Exp. I, 14 field-independent and 17 field-dependent subjects completed a heart-rate perception and a voluntary heart-rate control task. The anticipated superiority in heart-rate control by field-independent subjects was detected although no evidence was found for a relationship between the amount of biofeedback available in the situation and voluntary control of the cardiovascular system. Exp. II involved 9 field-independent and 8 field-dependent subjects in a classical conditioning paradigm involving shock sensitivity. In contrast with Exp. I, in this phase of the study heart-rate increases were correlated with the ability of the subject to discriminate heart beats, especially for the field-independent group. It was concluded that field dependence and heart-rate perception are related to classically conditioned heart-rate increase for some subjects and further that field dependence may be a potent variable operating in those situations involving the voluntary control of heart rate without exteroceptive feedback.", "PMID": 704264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1679", "title": "A review of heart-rate variability and evaluation.", "content": "A review of the literature concerning heart rate and various forms of heart-rate variability and studies of behavior associated with these variables has been presented. Emphasis has been placed on the apparent discrepancies and inconsistencies reported within the literature as well as major methodological differences which make the integration of the data presented by various researchers almost impossible.", "contents": "A review of heart-rate variability and evaluation. A review of the literature concerning heart rate and various forms of heart-rate variability and studies of behavior associated with these variables has been presented. Emphasis has been placed on the apparent discrepancies and inconsistencies reported within the literature as well as major methodological differences which make the integration of the data presented by various researchers almost impossible.", "PMID": 704266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1680", "title": "Apparent movement of successively generated subjective figures.", "content": "In the present studies a pair of random-dot frames was constructed so that two areas in the first frame (f1) were correlated with two areas in the second frame (f2). The alternation of the pair of frames (an f1--f2 sequence) gave rise to two subjective figures. When two pairs of randomdot frames (an f1--f2 sequence and an f3--f4 sequence), each of which produced two subjective figures in different locations, were thmeselves alternated, the subjective figures from the f1--f2 sequence interacted with the subjective figures from the f3--f4 sequence to produce apparent movement. With any one of the four general kinds of displays which we constructed, subjects usually perceived only one of two types of subjective-figure movement. The type of movement that was perceived with a given display depended primarily upon the degree of change (across the interval between an f1--f2 and an f3--f4 sequence) of the internal structure of the successively generated subjective figures. Relative intensity differences between the subjective figures and their backgrounds influenced the type of apparent movement seen, whereas variations in the density of elements in a display did not. We tentatively propose a two-stage model to explain the apparent movement of the subjective figures: the first stage is assumed to generate the subjective figures by means of a cross-correlation of the intensity distributions of the two frames within an f1--f2 sequence and within an f3--f4 sequence; on the basis of inputs from the first stage, the second stage generates apparent movement signals for the subjective figures.", "contents": "Apparent movement of successively generated subjective figures. In the present studies a pair of random-dot frames was constructed so that two areas in the first frame (f1) were correlated with two areas in the second frame (f2). The alternation of the pair of frames (an f1--f2 sequence) gave rise to two subjective figures. When two pairs of randomdot frames (an f1--f2 sequence and an f3--f4 sequence), each of which produced two subjective figures in different locations, were thmeselves alternated, the subjective figures from the f1--f2 sequence interacted with the subjective figures from the f3--f4 sequence to produce apparent movement. With any one of the four general kinds of displays which we constructed, subjects usually perceived only one of two types of subjective-figure movement. The type of movement that was perceived with a given display depended primarily upon the degree of change (across the interval between an f1--f2 and an f3--f4 sequence) of the internal structure of the successively generated subjective figures. Relative intensity differences between the subjective figures and their backgrounds influenced the type of apparent movement seen, whereas variations in the density of elements in a display did not. We tentatively propose a two-stage model to explain the apparent movement of the subjective figures: the first stage is assumed to generate the subjective figures by means of a cross-correlation of the intensity distributions of the two frames within an f1--f2 sequence and within an f3--f4 sequence; on the basis of inputs from the first stage, the second stage generates apparent movement signals for the subjective figures.", "PMID": 704267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1681", "title": "Reaching in very young infants.", "content": "It has been claimed that reaching to visually presented targets is a valid indicator of perceptual capacity in very young infants. In a previous report we failed to replicate the findings on which that claim is based. Here we reanalyze some of the tapes of the first report, using a less restricted criterion for what constitutes a reach, and a much more detailed analysis of the various components of reaching behaviour. A number of components are readily distinguished and reliably observed. Infants of seven to twenty-one days show great individual variation in their reaching, from no such behaviour to a great deal. Certain clusters of the components of reaching can be used to define different reaching \"styles\". The infants who reached most frequently in our sample all showed a dominant pattern of reaching, which in certain respects appears to be more mature than that of other babies. The finer analysis revealed no differences in the reaching behaviour to objects and pictures of objects, even among the most active reachers.", "contents": "Reaching in very young infants. It has been claimed that reaching to visually presented targets is a valid indicator of perceptual capacity in very young infants. In a previous report we failed to replicate the findings on which that claim is based. Here we reanalyze some of the tapes of the first report, using a less restricted criterion for what constitutes a reach, and a much more detailed analysis of the various components of reaching behaviour. A number of components are readily distinguished and reliably observed. Infants of seven to twenty-one days show great individual variation in their reaching, from no such behaviour to a great deal. Certain clusters of the components of reaching can be used to define different reaching \"styles\". The infants who reached most frequently in our sample all showed a dominant pattern of reaching, which in certain respects appears to be more mature than that of other babies. The finer analysis revealed no differences in the reaching behaviour to objects and pictures of objects, even among the most active reachers.", "PMID": 704268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1682", "title": "Generation of synthetic male and female walkers through manipulation of a biomechanical invariant.", "content": "Synthetic versions of human walkers were generated by computer as point-light displays. Previously it had been determined that the natural gaits of males and females differ according to the extent of movement at the shoulder and the hip. These movements were measured and then used to synthesize the stimuli used in the present study. These stimuli are shown here to be identified by untrained viewers as male when the shoulder movement is greater than the hip movement, and female when the configuration is reversed. Because of the coherence of the display lights representing the shoulder and hip are not necessary for gender recognition, although they do increase performance level. Hypernormality and heavy-footedness in gait are also discussed. Finally, all results are linked to an underlying biomechanical invariant, the center of moment.", "contents": "Generation of synthetic male and female walkers through manipulation of a biomechanical invariant. Synthetic versions of human walkers were generated by computer as point-light displays. Previously it had been determined that the natural gaits of males and females differ according to the extent of movement at the shoulder and the hip. These movements were measured and then used to synthesize the stimuli used in the present study. These stimuli are shown here to be identified by untrained viewers as male when the shoulder movement is greater than the hip movement, and female when the configuration is reversed. Because of the coherence of the display lights representing the shoulder and hip are not necessary for gender recognition, although they do increase performance level. Hypernormality and heavy-footedness in gait are also discussed. Finally, all results are linked to an underlying biomechanical invariant, the center of moment.", "PMID": 704269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1683", "title": "Form-colour aftereffects: selectivity to local luminance contrast.", "content": "For long periods observers fixated low spatial frequency coloured gratings. Black and white test gratings of the same spatial frequency and orientation as the adapting gratings appeared coloured with the hue complementary to the adapting patterns when the dark test stripes fell on retinal areas previously occupied by the dark adapting stripes; no colour or very weak colour was seen when the test gratings were reversed in phase (contrast reversed). No colour aftereffects were produced with coloured gratings that lacked luminance contrast. The selectivity to the polarity of local luminance contrast can be explained by mechanisms that respond conjointly to colour and luminance contrast. The aftereffects are selective to spatial phase.", "contents": "Form-colour aftereffects: selectivity to local luminance contrast. For long periods observers fixated low spatial frequency coloured gratings. Black and white test gratings of the same spatial frequency and orientation as the adapting gratings appeared coloured with the hue complementary to the adapting patterns when the dark test stripes fell on retinal areas previously occupied by the dark adapting stripes; no colour or very weak colour was seen when the test gratings were reversed in phase (contrast reversed). No colour aftereffects were produced with coloured gratings that lacked luminance contrast. The selectivity to the polarity of local luminance contrast can be explained by mechanisms that respond conjointly to colour and luminance contrast. The aftereffects are selective to spatial phase.", "PMID": 704270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1684", "title": "Form aftereffect contingent upon a colour shift.", "content": "After prolonged fixation of coloured gratings of low spatial frequency, images of the gratings can be elicited up to 90 min thereafter when the colour of a spatially homogeneous test field is suddenly changed. Only adapting gratings with luminance contrast induce clear aftereffects. Control experiments rule out afterimages as an explanation of the aftereffects.", "contents": "Form aftereffect contingent upon a colour shift. After prolonged fixation of coloured gratings of low spatial frequency, images of the gratings can be elicited up to 90 min thereafter when the colour of a spatially homogeneous test field is suddenly changed. Only adapting gratings with luminance contrast induce clear aftereffects. Control experiments rule out afterimages as an explanation of the aftereffects.", "PMID": 704271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1685", "title": "Contrast sensitivity function for stereopsis.", "content": "Contrast thresholds for stereopsis from narrow-band-filtered random-dot stereograms were compared with contrast thresholds for simple detection of similar narrow-band noise. Centre frequencies of filters were in the range 2.5--15 cycles deg(-1). It was found that the contrast sensitivity function for stereopsis is similar in shape to that for detection, suggesting that as far as contrast requirements are concerned the mechanisms of global stereopsis do not show a bias in sensitivity to any particular spatial frequency but instead require a constant level of suprathreshold contrast regardless of spatial frequency.", "contents": "Contrast sensitivity function for stereopsis. Contrast thresholds for stereopsis from narrow-band-filtered random-dot stereograms were compared with contrast thresholds for simple detection of similar narrow-band noise. Centre frequencies of filters were in the range 2.5--15 cycles deg(-1). It was found that the contrast sensitivity function for stereopsis is similar in shape to that for detection, suggesting that as far as contrast requirements are concerned the mechanisms of global stereopsis do not show a bias in sensitivity to any particular spatial frequency but instead require a constant level of suprathreshold contrast regardless of spatial frequency.", "PMID": 704272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1686", "title": "Stereopsis masking in humans is not orientationally tuned.", "content": "A stereopsis signal carried by an oriented random texture and masked by a similar noise texture is not unmasked when the orientation of the noise is rotated. This result is discussed in connection with the orientational tuning of local and global stereopsis processes.", "contents": "Stereopsis masking in humans is not orientationally tuned. A stereopsis signal carried by an oriented random texture and masked by a similar noise texture is not unmasked when the orientation of the noise is rotated. This result is discussed in connection with the orientational tuning of local and global stereopsis processes.", "PMID": 704273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1687", "title": "The cat's response to stimulus difference as attention focus and cue.", "content": "The cat's response to visual difference targets in figure-ground and figure-figure arrays (a unique target figure in a field of contrasting identical figures) was studied. Subjects approached the targets of the figure-ground arrays readily when they were presented in a training series, learning to use them as cues to the location of a food reward, and showing no disturbance when stimulus aspects of the arrays were reversed. Response to the figure-figure targets during training was more variable. Some were approached promptly, but others, especially those involving interchanging of target and background elements, required considerable training before consistent approach was achieved. Subjects selected the target with significant frequency in test series with novel figure-ground arrays, even after only brief training; they did not, however, select the target in novel figure-figure arrays until they had extended experience with training stimuli.", "contents": "The cat's response to stimulus difference as attention focus and cue. The cat's response to visual difference targets in figure-ground and figure-figure arrays (a unique target figure in a field of contrasting identical figures) was studied. Subjects approached the targets of the figure-ground arrays readily when they were presented in a training series, learning to use them as cues to the location of a food reward, and showing no disturbance when stimulus aspects of the arrays were reversed. Response to the figure-figure targets during training was more variable. Some were approached promptly, but others, especially those involving interchanging of target and background elements, required considerable training before consistent approach was achieved. Subjects selected the target with significant frequency in test series with novel figure-ground arrays, even after only brief training; they did not, however, select the target in novel figure-figure arrays until they had extended experience with training stimuli.", "PMID": 704274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1688", "title": "Analysis of the detection of a moving line.", "content": "A model is proposed to explain the effects of line motion on visual sensitivity. The model incorporates recent evidence for parallel \"pattern\" and \"flicker\" systems. An element of either system consists of a spatial filter followed by a temporal filter; the characteristics of these filters were derived from previous psychophysical measurements. The model may be used to demonstrate why visual sensitivity to optimum triangular-wave motion is greater than for optimum square-wave motion, which, in turn, is greater than for on-off presentation. The predictions of the model are in reasonable agreement with threshold-amplitude data for triangular-wave and square-wave motion; the model is also consistent with threshold-frequency data for small-amplitude sinusoidal motion.", "contents": "Analysis of the detection of a moving line. A model is proposed to explain the effects of line motion on visual sensitivity. The model incorporates recent evidence for parallel \"pattern\" and \"flicker\" systems. An element of either system consists of a spatial filter followed by a temporal filter; the characteristics of these filters were derived from previous psychophysical measurements. The model may be used to demonstrate why visual sensitivity to optimum triangular-wave motion is greater than for optimum square-wave motion, which, in turn, is greater than for on-off presentation. The predictions of the model are in reasonable agreement with threshold-amplitude data for triangular-wave and square-wave motion; the model is also consistent with threshold-frequency data for small-amplitude sinusoidal motion.", "PMID": 704275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1689", "title": "Lability of odor pleasantness: influence of mere exposure.", "content": "Subjects judged the pleasantness of various odorants both before and after intensive exposure to a pleasant, a neutral, or an unpleasant odorant, or a short period of relaxation. Intensive exposure comprised a 30 min task of intensity discrimination. The outcome implied that exposure to an odorant can modify its own pleasantness readily, but not so readily that of other odorants. Exposure to the pleasant lemon-smelling substance citral reduced its subsequent pleasantness, whereas exposure to the unpleasant rancid-smelling substance isobutyric acid reduced its subsequent unpleasantness. The results were compatible with the notion of affective habituation. Variability of the pleasantness judgments was uniform throughout the hedonic continuum. That is, subjects agreed as much about hedonically neutral odors as about extremely pleasant and unpleasant odors.", "contents": "Lability of odor pleasantness: influence of mere exposure. Subjects judged the pleasantness of various odorants both before and after intensive exposure to a pleasant, a neutral, or an unpleasant odorant, or a short period of relaxation. Intensive exposure comprised a 30 min task of intensity discrimination. The outcome implied that exposure to an odorant can modify its own pleasantness readily, but not so readily that of other odorants. Exposure to the pleasant lemon-smelling substance citral reduced its subsequent pleasantness, whereas exposure to the unpleasant rancid-smelling substance isobutyric acid reduced its subsequent unpleasantness. The results were compatible with the notion of affective habituation. Variability of the pleasantness judgments was uniform throughout the hedonic continuum. That is, subjects agreed as much about hedonically neutral odors as about extremely pleasant and unpleasant odors.", "PMID": 704276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1690", "title": "Illusory dilatation of square surfaces.", "content": "The aim of the present research was to study illusory dilatation of surfaces isolating some factors contributing to this phenomenon. A series of displays (8.5 cm x 8.5 cm) was prepared: a white square card and five square cards with a uniform pattern of black dots, increasing gradually. The displays were presented to two different groups of subjects, according to the method of paired comparisons and according to the method of limits (under conditions of reduced viewing) respectively. The subjects were asked to evaluate the relative magnitude of the displays. The textured cards significantly differed from the white standard and also among themselves. Up to a threshold, as the dots increase, the surfaces expand as well.", "contents": "Illusory dilatation of square surfaces. The aim of the present research was to study illusory dilatation of surfaces isolating some factors contributing to this phenomenon. A series of displays (8.5 cm x 8.5 cm) was prepared: a white square card and five square cards with a uniform pattern of black dots, increasing gradually. The displays were presented to two different groups of subjects, according to the method of paired comparisons and according to the method of limits (under conditions of reduced viewing) respectively. The subjects were asked to evaluate the relative magnitude of the displays. The textured cards significantly differed from the white standard and also among themselves. Up to a threshold, as the dots increase, the surfaces expand as well.", "PMID": 704277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1691", "title": "Iris pigmentation and visual-geometric illusions.", "content": "Blur or degrading of the retinal image has been shown to be a factor in the formation of visual-geometric illusions where intersecting line elements are present. Light irises allow more scattered light within the eye, which results in more image degradation than found in dark-eyed subjects. Measurements on 755 observers show that illusion magnitude varies as a function of iris pigmentation for a configuration with intersecting line elements (M\u00fcller-Lyer illusion), but not for a configuration devoid of such features (Ebbinghaus illusion).", "contents": "Iris pigmentation and visual-geometric illusions. Blur or degrading of the retinal image has been shown to be a factor in the formation of visual-geometric illusions where intersecting line elements are present. Light irises allow more scattered light within the eye, which results in more image degradation than found in dark-eyed subjects. Measurements on 755 observers show that illusion magnitude varies as a function of iris pigmentation for a configuration with intersecting line elements (M\u00fcller-Lyer illusion), but not for a configuration devoid of such features (Ebbinghaus illusion).", "PMID": 704278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1692", "title": "On reexamining Fortes' data: some implications of drawings made by children who have never drawn before.", "content": "Spontaneous drawings made by Tale subjects who had never drawn before, obtained by Fortes in the 1930s, are compared with those made by subjects coming from the same population who had learned to draw under Western influence. The disparity of styles of these drawings, it is argued, shows that it would be erroneous to suggest that a universal \"grammar of drawing\" can be derived by examination of drawings obtained from Western populations only. Such rare data from remote cultures offer therefore important safeguards against ethnocentricity in psychological theorising.", "contents": "On reexamining Fortes' data: some implications of drawings made by children who have never drawn before. Spontaneous drawings made by Tale subjects who had never drawn before, obtained by Fortes in the 1930s, are compared with those made by subjects coming from the same population who had learned to draw under Western influence. The disparity of styles of these drawings, it is argued, shows that it would be erroneous to suggest that a universal \"grammar of drawing\" can be derived by examination of drawings obtained from Western populations only. Such rare data from remote cultures offer therefore important safeguards against ethnocentricity in psychological theorising.", "PMID": 704279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1693", "title": "DDT moratorium in Arizona--agricultural residues after seven years.", "content": "The moratorium on agricultural use of DDT in Arizona that began in January 1969 proved very effective during the first 7 years of enforcement. Residues on green alfalfa declined significantly to a probable inherent level of 0.02 ppm wet weight. Soil residues of sigmaDDT-related degradation products declined significantly, averaging 23 percent; residues in desert soils declined 60 percent. The sigmaDDT half-life in irrigated soils was about 7 years; it decreased to 2.5 years in nonirrigated soils.", "contents": "DDT moratorium in Arizona--agricultural residues after seven years. The moratorium on agricultural use of DDT in Arizona that began in January 1969 proved very effective during the first 7 years of enforcement. Residues on green alfalfa declined significantly to a probable inherent level of 0.02 ppm wet weight. Soil residues of sigmaDDT-related degradation products declined significantly, averaging 23 percent; residues in desert soils declined 60 percent. The sigmaDDT half-life in irrigated soils was about 7 years; it decreased to 2.5 years in nonirrigated soils.", "PMID": 704291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1694", "title": "Mirex incorporation in estuarine animals, sediment, and water, Mississippi Gulf Coast--1972-74.", "content": "Analysis of mirex residues in estaurine animals, sediments, and waters collected from the Mississippi Gulf Coast in 1972-74 showed the following ranges of concentrations: seston, 200-3000 ppb; molluscs, 36-500 ppb; fish, 0-259 ppb; sediment, 3-5ppb; and water, 0-0.01 ppb. These data indicate that mirex in aquatic environments is localized in animal tissues and bottom substrate and that only a negligible amount is incorporated in the water.", "contents": "Mirex incorporation in estuarine animals, sediment, and water, Mississippi Gulf Coast--1972-74. Analysis of mirex residues in estaurine animals, sediments, and waters collected from the Mississippi Gulf Coast in 1972-74 showed the following ranges of concentrations: seston, 200-3000 ppb; molluscs, 36-500 ppb; fish, 0-259 ppb; sediment, 3-5ppb; and water, 0-0.01 ppb. These data indicate that mirex in aquatic environments is localized in animal tissues and bottom substrate and that only a negligible amount is incorporated in the water.", "PMID": 704293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1695", "title": "Organochlorine pesticide residues in Florida birds of prey, 1969-76.", "content": "Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide residues, especially DDT and its metabolites, were determined in 71 individuals of 14 species of predatory birds obtained in Florida between 1969 and 1976. Of the 71 birds, 68 contained p,p'-DDE or another DDT metabolite; 34 contained dieldrin. DDE was found in 93 percent of the 57 adipose tissue samples, all the 9 brain samples, and 89 percent of the 62 uropygial gland samples. Of the 65 birds taken since 1972, 61 contained DDE in at least one of these three tissues. The annual average of sigmaDDT in adipose tissue and uropygial gland over the 6-year span was approximately 5 ppm wet weight. From 1973 to 1976, no significant increase or decrease in pesticide burdens was detected. Some birds had no DDE whereas others contained up to 76 ppm sigmaDDT. None of the data suggest that any of the birds of prey had died of DDT or DDT metabolite poisoning.", "contents": "Organochlorine pesticide residues in Florida birds of prey, 1969-76. Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide residues, especially DDT and its metabolites, were determined in 71 individuals of 14 species of predatory birds obtained in Florida between 1969 and 1976. Of the 71 birds, 68 contained p,p'-DDE or another DDT metabolite; 34 contained dieldrin. DDE was found in 93 percent of the 57 adipose tissue samples, all the 9 brain samples, and 89 percent of the 62 uropygial gland samples. Of the 65 birds taken since 1972, 61 contained DDE in at least one of these three tissues. The annual average of sigmaDDT in adipose tissue and uropygial gland over the 6-year span was approximately 5 ppm wet weight. From 1973 to 1976, no significant increase or decrease in pesticide burdens was detected. Some birds had no DDE whereas others contained up to 76 ppm sigmaDDT. None of the data suggest that any of the birds of prey had died of DDT or DDT metabolite poisoning.", "PMID": 704294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1696", "title": "[Cellular immunity skin testing and sepis in intensive care patients : relationship between results and mortality (author's transl)].", "content": "In 182 critically ill patients, after admission delayed hyersensitivity skin testing have been systematically performed with 3 antigens (tuberculin, candidin, varidase). Mortality in anergic patients was 55% while it dropped to 19% when at least one response was positive. A highly significant relationship was found between anergy and mortality (p less than 10(-5)) whether death was related to sepsis (p less than 10(-4)) or not (p less than 0.02). In patients with major sepsis, anergy was more frequent (38%) than in non septic patients (21%) (p less than 0.01). In 69 patients skin testing with phytohemagglutinin was performed. Seven out of 8 unresponsive patients were anergic and 5 died. The results suggest that in critically ill patients cellular immunity skin testing may early select high risk patients exposed to septic complication. In these patients several important measures should be promptly taken including superinfections prevention, adapted nutritional intake and septic focus eradication.", "contents": "[Cellular immunity skin testing and sepis in intensive care patients : relationship between results and mortality (author's transl)]. In 182 critically ill patients, after admission delayed hyersensitivity skin testing have been systematically performed with 3 antigens (tuberculin, candidin, varidase). Mortality in anergic patients was 55% while it dropped to 19% when at least one response was positive. A highly significant relationship was found between anergy and mortality (p less than 10(-5)) whether death was related to sepsis (p less than 10(-4)) or not (p less than 0.02). In patients with major sepsis, anergy was more frequent (38%) than in non septic patients (21%) (p less than 0.01). In 69 patients skin testing with phytohemagglutinin was performed. Seven out of 8 unresponsive patients were anergic and 5 died. The results suggest that in critically ill patients cellular immunity skin testing may early select high risk patients exposed to septic complication. In these patients several important measures should be promptly taken including superinfections prevention, adapted nutritional intake and septic focus eradication.", "PMID": 704313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1697", "title": "[An indication for a permanent pacemaker : digitialis therapy for cardiac failure with disturbed atrioventricular conduction (author's transl)].", "content": "In twenty patients with advanced heart disease with severe cardiac failure and the presence of conduction disturbances before digitalis therapy, but in whom such disturbances were worsened or revealed by the treatment, it was necessary to insert a permanent pacemaker in order to make effective long term digitalisation possible without the risk of excessive bradycardia or pauses due to worsening of atrioventricular block. Six patients died within a period of 9 days to 34 months after insertion of the pacemaker, two were lost from sight, and the other 12 were followed-up regularly for an average period of 20 months, their condition remaining stationary and, in general, satisfactory.", "contents": "[An indication for a permanent pacemaker : digitialis therapy for cardiac failure with disturbed atrioventricular conduction (author's transl)]. In twenty patients with advanced heart disease with severe cardiac failure and the presence of conduction disturbances before digitalis therapy, but in whom such disturbances were worsened or revealed by the treatment, it was necessary to insert a permanent pacemaker in order to make effective long term digitalisation possible without the risk of excessive bradycardia or pauses due to worsening of atrioventricular block. Six patients died within a period of 9 days to 34 months after insertion of the pacemaker, two were lost from sight, and the other 12 were followed-up regularly for an average period of 20 months, their condition remaining stationary and, in general, satisfactory.", "PMID": 704314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1698", "title": "[The treatment of relapsing polychondritis using sulfones. One case (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of relapsing polychondritis was successfully treated with a daily dose of 120 mg of diaminodiphenylsulfone. Clinical signs (fever, fatigue, conjunctivitis, chondritis and hoarseness of the voice) rapidly regressed and remain so 8 months later, despite a decrease in the dose. Biological parameters returned to normal (sedimentation rate, plasma perchlorosoluble seromucoids, urinary acid mucopolysaccharides), and histological and ultrastructural lesions of the auricular cartilage disappeared. The pathogenic role of a herpes infection at the beginning of the disease is discussed.", "contents": "[The treatment of relapsing polychondritis using sulfones. One case (author's transl)]. A case of relapsing polychondritis was successfully treated with a daily dose of 120 mg of diaminodiphenylsulfone. Clinical signs (fever, fatigue, conjunctivitis, chondritis and hoarseness of the voice) rapidly regressed and remain so 8 months later, despite a decrease in the dose. Biological parameters returned to normal (sedimentation rate, plasma perchlorosoluble seromucoids, urinary acid mucopolysaccharides), and histological and ultrastructural lesions of the auricular cartilage disappeared. The pathogenic role of a herpes infection at the beginning of the disease is discussed.", "PMID": 704315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1699", "title": "Platelet formation in Mediterranean macrothrombocytosis.", "content": "Platelet size distribution and survival parameters were studied in control subjects and ten subjects presenting Mediterranean macrothrombocytosis. The comparison showed that the latter group maintains a normal platelet circulating mass (thrombocytocrit) by combining normal platelet survival, increased splenic pooling and production of a reduced number of greatly enlarged cells. In addition to offering new insight into the megakaryocytic mechanisms that determine platelet size, the study of Mediterranean macrothrombocytosis indicates that platelet size distributions and survival parameters should be integrated in order to provide a meaningful picture of human platelet kinetics.", "contents": "Platelet formation in Mediterranean macrothrombocytosis. Platelet size distribution and survival parameters were studied in control subjects and ten subjects presenting Mediterranean macrothrombocytosis. The comparison showed that the latter group maintains a normal platelet circulating mass (thrombocytocrit) by combining normal platelet survival, increased splenic pooling and production of a reduced number of greatly enlarged cells. In addition to offering new insight into the megakaryocytic mechanisms that determine platelet size, the study of Mediterranean macrothrombocytosis indicates that platelet size distributions and survival parameters should be integrated in order to provide a meaningful picture of human platelet kinetics.", "PMID": 704332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1700", "title": "[Electra 600 d : results of a three year study (author's transl)].", "content": "Electra 600 D has been used in our laboratory for 3 years. The Quick's prothrombine time is the only test routinely performed with satisfactory results. The measure of activated partial thromboplastin time, the assays of factor II, factor V and complex VII + X are unsatisfactory, probably because of the type of the reagents which are used.", "contents": "[Electra 600 d : results of a three year study (author's transl)]. Electra 600 D has been used in our laboratory for 3 years. The Quick's prothrombine time is the only test routinely performed with satisfactory results. The measure of activated partial thromboplastin time, the assays of factor II, factor V and complex VII + X are unsatisfactory, probably because of the type of the reagents which are used.", "PMID": 704333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1701", "title": "[Coagulometer H21: an automatic apparatus for coagulation study (author's transl)].", "content": "We describe and present a new automatic device to measure the clotting time of a plasma plus reagent mixture by recording the time of transformation : solution to gel. The apparatus is able to perform 50 tests without manual help. Indeed it automatically carries out:--the dispatching of the tested plasma,--the dispatching of the various reagents,--the recording of the clotting time of the sample,--the processing of the data through greater a printer. No contamination is allowed to occur since the tubing and the plates containing the sample are disposable. We obtain accuracy than with the manual method with a coefficient of variation below 3%.", "contents": "[Coagulometer H21: an automatic apparatus for coagulation study (author's transl)]. We describe and present a new automatic device to measure the clotting time of a plasma plus reagent mixture by recording the time of transformation : solution to gel. The apparatus is able to perform 50 tests without manual help. Indeed it automatically carries out:--the dispatching of the tested plasma,--the dispatching of the various reagents,--the recording of the clotting time of the sample,--the processing of the data through greater a printer. No contamination is allowed to occur since the tubing and the plates containing the sample are disposable. We obtain accuracy than with the manual method with a coefficient of variation below 3%.", "PMID": 704334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1702", "title": "[Assay of factors VIII and IX using an automatic system. Comparison of one- and two-stage techniques (author's transl)].", "content": "The assay of antihemophilic factors is the best test for the diagnosis of hemophilia. It is also necessary to control the products for the substitutive therapy and for monitoring the treatment. The assays may be carried out by a semi-automatic technique. The comparison between this technique and the manual techique in two stages shows that the values obtained in one stage are higher than those obtained in two stages. The automatic method in one stage is sufficiently reliable for estimating the hemophilic factors.", "contents": "[Assay of factors VIII and IX using an automatic system. Comparison of one- and two-stage techniques (author's transl)]. The assay of antihemophilic factors is the best test for the diagnosis of hemophilia. It is also necessary to control the products for the substitutive therapy and for monitoring the treatment. The assays may be carried out by a semi-automatic technique. The comparison between this technique and the manual techique in two stages shows that the values obtained in one stage are higher than those obtained in two stages. The automatic method in one stage is sufficiently reliable for estimating the hemophilic factors.", "PMID": 704335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1703", "title": "[Evaluation of an automatic clot-sensing instrument : Coag A Pet 200 (author's transl)].", "content": "The Coag A Pet 200 is an automatic clot-sensing instrument, with two channels; the variation in the optical density is detected by a photoelectric system. The results are sequentially printed out with the sample number. A critical evaluation of its performance in hospital use over 7 month, is reported. The series of tests thus automated consists of: one stage prothrombin-time, Owren test, activated partial thromboplastin time, analytical determinations of factors II, V, VII + X, VII, IX, XI, XII. The repeatibility is good: CV ranged between 0.5 to 1.5% or 2%, and a high degree of correlation with the standard manual techniques was found: R: 0.93 TO 0.99. This instrument was easy to master, use and maintain.", "contents": "[Evaluation of an automatic clot-sensing instrument : Coag A Pet 200 (author's transl)]. The Coag A Pet 200 is an automatic clot-sensing instrument, with two channels; the variation in the optical density is detected by a photoelectric system. The results are sequentially printed out with the sample number. A critical evaluation of its performance in hospital use over 7 month, is reported. The series of tests thus automated consists of: one stage prothrombin-time, Owren test, activated partial thromboplastin time, analytical determinations of factors II, V, VII + X, VII, IX, XI, XII. The repeatibility is good: CV ranged between 0.5 to 1.5% or 2%, and a high degree of correlation with the standard manual techniques was found: R: 0.93 TO 0.99. This instrument was easy to master, use and maintain.", "PMID": 704336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1704", "title": "[Results of a one year study of Trombolab (author's transl)].", "content": "The Trombolab apparatus was purchased to measure thromboplastin time and recalcification clotting time automatically. For this last test, we have not been able to get satisfactory results. However, Thrombolab gives dependable and reproducible results for the thromboplastin time. Its use is easy and its maintenance simple.", "contents": "[Results of a one year study of Trombolab (author's transl)]. The Trombolab apparatus was purchased to measure thromboplastin time and recalcification clotting time automatically. For this last test, we have not been able to get satisfactory results. However, Thrombolab gives dependable and reproducible results for the thromboplastin time. Its use is easy and its maintenance simple.", "PMID": 704337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1705", "title": "[Trial of an automatic apparatus for coagulation : Auto-Fi Dade (author's transl)].", "content": "Auto-Fi Dade has been used for thromboplastin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen determination and a few determinations of factors V, VII + X, II and VIII. The results of the thromboplastin time, using Dade Tromboplastin or thromboplastins from two other commerical firms, show a coefficient of variation (CV) ranging from 1.11 to 3.43% for short times and 1.97 to 2.64% for longer times.", "contents": "[Trial of an automatic apparatus for coagulation : Auto-Fi Dade (author's transl)]. Auto-Fi Dade has been used for thromboplastin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen determination and a few determinations of factors V, VII + X, II and VIII. The results of the thromboplastin time, using Dade Tromboplastin or thromboplastins from two other commerical firms, show a coefficient of variation (CV) ranging from 1.11 to 3.43% for short times and 1.97 to 2.64% for longer times.", "PMID": 704338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1706", "title": "[Statistical study of results of Hemalog D (author's transl)].", "content": "The data which Hemalog D obtains from blood samples of non hematologic patients have been analyzed statistically and compared with those obtained from an eye count. As well as usual statistical techniques, i.e. correlation coefficient and paired t-test, a more sophisticated multidimensional method was used : the Factorial Analysis of Correspondences. We have analyzed two samples. For the first sample, that of \"all-comers\", the reproductibility of the results given by the machine was shown to be excellent, and always superior to that of the eye count. The machinen-technician agreement is reasonably good except for the monocytes and basophiles. The preceeding conclusions were found to be true for the second sample, i.e. \"with discrepancies\", and in addition, it was shown that an eye count on 400 elements gives a result closer to that of the machine than does a reading on 100 elements.", "contents": "[Statistical study of results of Hemalog D (author's transl)]. The data which Hemalog D obtains from blood samples of non hematologic patients have been analyzed statistically and compared with those obtained from an eye count. As well as usual statistical techniques, i.e. correlation coefficient and paired t-test, a more sophisticated multidimensional method was used : the Factorial Analysis of Correspondences. We have analyzed two samples. For the first sample, that of \"all-comers\", the reproductibility of the results given by the machine was shown to be excellent, and always superior to that of the eye count. The machinen-technician agreement is reasonably good except for the monocytes and basophiles. The preceeding conclusions were found to be true for the second sample, i.e. \"with discrepancies\", and in addition, it was shown that an eye count on 400 elements gives a result closer to that of the machine than does a reading on 100 elements.", "PMID": 704339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1707", "title": "[Practical aspects of the routine hospital use of the Hemalog D (author's transl)].", "content": "Five months experience with the Hemalog D has enabled the authors to define the mode of integration of the apparatus into a central hematology laboratory of a hospital without a clinical hematology department. The incidence and importance of such factors as the alarms set off by the apparatus, the time-course of blood basophils in patients receiving heparin and the clinical picture in patients for whom the apparatus revealed a peroxidase deficiency are discussed.", "contents": "[Practical aspects of the routine hospital use of the Hemalog D (author's transl)]. Five months experience with the Hemalog D has enabled the authors to define the mode of integration of the apparatus into a central hematology laboratory of a hospital without a clinical hematology department. The incidence and importance of such factors as the alarms set off by the apparatus, the time-course of blood basophils in patients receiving heparin and the clinical picture in patients for whom the apparatus revealed a peroxidase deficiency are discussed.", "PMID": 704340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1708", "title": "[The system Hemalog D in paediatrics (author's transl)].", "content": "The Hemalog D was studied at the Childrens' Hospital to examine its performance in paediatrics. All the subjects studied were children with non-hematologic diseases; both venous and capillary blood samples were taken. The differential was performed in parallel by the Hemalog D and the technicians of the Hematology Laboratory. There was an excellent correlation between the two methods for neutrophils and lymphocytes, a good correlation for eosinophils and a weaker correlation for monocytes and basophils. No difficulties were encountered during the course of the study. It must be noted, however that capillary samples caused a Low Rate alarm to be registered.", "contents": "[The system Hemalog D in paediatrics (author's transl)]. The Hemalog D was studied at the Childrens' Hospital to examine its performance in paediatrics. All the subjects studied were children with non-hematologic diseases; both venous and capillary blood samples were taken. The differential was performed in parallel by the Hemalog D and the technicians of the Hematology Laboratory. There was an excellent correlation between the two methods for neutrophils and lymphocytes, a good correlation for eosinophils and a weaker correlation for monocytes and basophils. No difficulties were encountered during the course of the study. It must be noted, however that capillary samples caused a Low Rate alarm to be registered.", "PMID": 704341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1709", "title": "[Use of the LARC system in a laboratory specializing in hematology (author's transl)].", "content": "Two thousand consecutive white blood cell counts were simultaneously studied by the LARC system and the traditional manual method. This comparison enables the following four couclusions to be drawn.--The reproducibility of the LARC differential is superior to the traditional method;--The similarity between results obtained by the LARC and the manual method are good, as indicated by scatter-plots and calculated correlation coefficients;--The LARC system can be substituted for the traditional manual method, also for markedly pathologic samples, but in this case at the price of a slowing down of the through-put rate of the system;--The detection of abnormal white cell types is as good or better with the LARC system as compared with the manual method.", "contents": "[Use of the LARC system in a laboratory specializing in hematology (author's transl)]. Two thousand consecutive white blood cell counts were simultaneously studied by the LARC system and the traditional manual method. This comparison enables the following four couclusions to be drawn.--The reproducibility of the LARC differential is superior to the traditional method;--The similarity between results obtained by the LARC and the manual method are good, as indicated by scatter-plots and calculated correlation coefficients;--The LARC system can be substituted for the traditional manual method, also for markedly pathologic samples, but in this case at the price of a slowing down of the through-put rate of the system;--The detection of abnormal white cell types is as good or better with the LARC system as compared with the manual method.", "PMID": 704342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1710", "title": "Utilization of the Corning LARC in a clinical laboratory.", "content": "The author reports the experience of the central laboratory of the Genesee Hospital with the Larc apparatus. This is a 427 bed hospital and the laboratory does 100 to 350 differential white counts daily. The reproducibility of the Larc differential, the correlation with the results obtained manually, and the utility of the Larc in the central laboratory are discussed.", "contents": "Utilization of the Corning LARC in a clinical laboratory. The author reports the experience of the central laboratory of the Genesee Hospital with the Larc apparatus. This is a 427 bed hospital and the laboratory does 100 to 350 differential white counts daily. The reproducibility of the Larc differential, the correlation with the results obtained manually, and the utility of the Larc in the central laboratory are discussed.", "PMID": 704343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1711", "title": "[Practical experiences with the Hematrak (author's transl)].", "content": "This report is based on own practical experiences with the Hematrak during seven months of daily use in the hematologic routine in a general hospital. We describe briefly the operation of the instrument. The importance of the preparation of the slides is stressed. In this respect a device for automatic smear preparation is mentioned. To test the reliability of the instrument the differential counts of the instrument were compared with manual results and regression values calculated. The reproducibility was checked and calculated. The next point of interest was the number and kind of cells determined as \"suspect\" by the instrument. Finally we tested how pathologic cells were detected and determined by the instrument.", "contents": "[Practical experiences with the Hematrak (author's transl)]. This report is based on own practical experiences with the Hematrak during seven months of daily use in the hematologic routine in a general hospital. We describe briefly the operation of the instrument. The importance of the preparation of the slides is stressed. In this respect a device for automatic smear preparation is mentioned. To test the reliability of the instrument the differential counts of the instrument were compared with manual results and regression values calculated. The reproducibility was checked and calculated. The next point of interest was the number and kind of cells determined as \"suspect\" by the instrument. Finally we tested how pathologic cells were detected and determined by the instrument.", "PMID": 704344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1712", "title": "[A new parameter for chronic lymphocytic leukemia : determination of the large lymphocytes by means of Hemalog D (author's transl)].", "content": "The munber of large peripheral lymphoid cells and the ratio of these large unstained cells (LUC) to the total number of peripheral lymphocytes were determined by means of the Hemalog D in 57 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and in 100 controls. While the absolute number of LUC per mm3 is simply a reflection of peripheral lymphocytosis, the ratio LUC/total lymphocyte count was shown to correlate with clinical staging. In controls, this ratio ranged from 3.2% to 11.2%. In CLL is was less than 11.2% in 43 patients and less than 11.2% in 14 patients. This latter group corresponded statistically to patients with advanced disease in our clinical staging system (stages III and IV). An increase in the LUC/total lymphocyte ratio is therefore a statistical criterion of poor prognosis.", "contents": "[A new parameter for chronic lymphocytic leukemia : determination of the large lymphocytes by means of Hemalog D (author's transl)]. The munber of large peripheral lymphoid cells and the ratio of these large unstained cells (LUC) to the total number of peripheral lymphocytes were determined by means of the Hemalog D in 57 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and in 100 controls. While the absolute number of LUC per mm3 is simply a reflection of peripheral lymphocytosis, the ratio LUC/total lymphocyte count was shown to correlate with clinical staging. In controls, this ratio ranged from 3.2% to 11.2%. In CLL is was less than 11.2% in 43 patients and less than 11.2% in 14 patients. This latter group corresponded statistically to patients with advanced disease in our clinical staging system (stages III and IV). An increase in the LUC/total lymphocyte ratio is therefore a statistical criterion of poor prognosis.", "PMID": 704345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1713", "title": "[The computerization of a central hematology and immunology laboratory (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe in this paper the considerations which led to the installation of a computer in an hematology laboratory. The different functions of the system are analyzed. Reception and identification of samples, codes for patients and analysis, print out of working lists, print out of results and monitoring of archives. A new system for differential counts is also described. Advantages of the system  are discussed.", "contents": "[The computerization of a central hematology and immunology laboratory (author's transl)]. The authors describe in this paper the considerations which led to the installation of a computer in an hematology laboratory. The different functions of the system are analyzed. Reception and identification of samples, codes for patients and analysis, print out of working lists, print out of results and monitoring of archives. A new system for differential counts is also described. Advantages of the system  are discussed.", "PMID": 704346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1714", "title": "[Data processing in the clinical laboratory (author's transl)].", "content": "We will study successively:--the flow of data and biological material into the laboratory and the constitution of the primary message with its attendant areas of possible error generation;--the organization of this data, storage techniques, and methods of information transfer;--common general principles of laboratory organization, constraints to organization inherent in the nature of a given laboratory, and the system of task priority according to the type of laboratory, cases seen and tests required;--perspectives in the development in the handling of results of laboratory tests and diagnostic determinations are briefly discussed.", "contents": "[Data processing in the clinical laboratory (author's transl)]. We will study successively:--the flow of data and biological material into the laboratory and the constitution of the primary message with its attendant areas of possible error generation;--the organization of this data, storage techniques, and methods of information transfer;--common general principles of laboratory organization, constraints to organization inherent in the nature of a given laboratory, and the system of task priority according to the type of laboratory, cases seen and tests required;--perspectives in the development in the handling of results of laboratory tests and diagnostic determinations are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 704347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1715", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of the O gene and of the origin of replication in bacteriophage lambda DNA.", "content": "The nucleotide sequence of the O gene in bacteriophage lambda DNA is presented. According to two possible initiator codons, the primary structure of the O protein deduced from the DNA sequence consists of 278 or 299 amino acid residues. Structure and function of the O protein--one of the two phage initiator proteins for lambda DNA replication--are discussed in the light of a secondary structure model for the O protein. The central part of the O gene contains a cluster of symmetrical sequences extending over 160 base pairs. The point mutation of the cis-dominant replication mutant ti12 is located in this region.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of the O gene and of the origin of replication in bacteriophage lambda DNA. The nucleotide sequence of the O gene in bacteriophage lambda DNA is presented. According to two possible initiator codons, the primary structure of the O protein deduced from the DNA sequence consists of 278 or 299 amino acid residues. Structure and function of the O protein--one of the two phage initiator proteins for lambda DNA replication--are discussed in the light of a secondary structure model for the O protein. The central part of the O gene contains a cluster of symmetrical sequences extending over 160 base pairs. The point mutation of the cis-dominant replication mutant ti12 is located in this region.", "PMID": 704348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1716", "title": "A characterization of mRNA activites and their sequence complexities in Trypanosoma brucei: partial purification and properties of the VSSA mRNA.", "content": "Polyadenylated RNA isolated from a clone of Trypanosoma brucei was shown to direct the synthesis of a variety of polypeptides in a cell-free system. A predominant 58,000 dalton polypeptide was immunoprecipitated with antisera to the T. brucei variant specific surface antigen (VSSA). The mRNA that directed the synthesis of the VSSA was 2.0 kilobases (kb) long as measured by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 98% formamide. Complementary DNA was prepared with avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase and the nucleotide sequence complexities of the total polysomal poly(A)+RNA and a gel purified VSSA mRNA were measured. 20% of the total cellular poly(A)+RNA contained abundant sequences with an apparent complexity of 9.6 kb; 42% of the purified VSSA mRNA contained abundant sequences with a complexity of 7.2 kb. Complementary DNA synthesized from gel purified VSSA mRNA was hybridized to total cellular poly(A)+RNA isolated from an unrelated T. brucei clone expressing a different variant antigen. A portion of the low complexity RNA sequence component was absent in the heterologous mRNA population but the same plateau of hybridization was achieved (93%). The abundance of some of the low complexity mRNAs appears to be T. brucei clone specific.", "contents": "A characterization of mRNA activites and their sequence complexities in Trypanosoma brucei: partial purification and properties of the VSSA mRNA. Polyadenylated RNA isolated from a clone of Trypanosoma brucei was shown to direct the synthesis of a variety of polypeptides in a cell-free system. A predominant 58,000 dalton polypeptide was immunoprecipitated with antisera to the T. brucei variant specific surface antigen (VSSA). The mRNA that directed the synthesis of the VSSA was 2.0 kilobases (kb) long as measured by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 98% formamide. Complementary DNA was prepared with avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase and the nucleotide sequence complexities of the total polysomal poly(A)+RNA and a gel purified VSSA mRNA were measured. 20% of the total cellular poly(A)+RNA contained abundant sequences with an apparent complexity of 9.6 kb; 42% of the purified VSSA mRNA contained abundant sequences with a complexity of 7.2 kb. Complementary DNA synthesized from gel purified VSSA mRNA was hybridized to total cellular poly(A)+RNA isolated from an unrelated T. brucei clone expressing a different variant antigen. A portion of the low complexity RNA sequence component was absent in the heterologous mRNA population but the same plateau of hybridization was achieved (93%). The abundance of some of the low complexity mRNAs appears to be T. brucei clone specific.", "PMID": 704349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1717", "title": "Demonstration of high molecular weight poly (adenosine diphosphate ribose).", "content": "An electrophoretic system was established that resolves poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose), enzymatically synthesized polymer from NAD+, by size difference of one residue on polyacrylamide gel. The existence of a polymer of at least 65 residues was demonstrated by band counting in this system. The polymer showed a heterogeneous size distribution on the electrophoregram, and the molecular weight of the largest polymer was deduced to be more than 4.5 X 10(5) daltons. The discrepancy between the size, estimated by electrophoresis, and the chain length, determined by the ratio of total radioactivity to that derived from the terminus, suggests that the polymer has a branched structure.", "contents": "Demonstration of high molecular weight poly (adenosine diphosphate ribose). An electrophoretic system was established that resolves poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose), enzymatically synthesized polymer from NAD+, by size difference of one residue on polyacrylamide gel. The existence of a polymer of at least 65 residues was demonstrated by band counting in this system. The polymer showed a heterogeneous size distribution on the electrophoregram, and the molecular weight of the largest polymer was deduced to be more than 4.5 X 10(5) daltons. The discrepancy between the size, estimated by electrophoresis, and the chain length, determined by the ratio of total radioactivity to that derived from the terminus, suggests that the polymer has a branched structure.", "PMID": 704350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1718", "title": "Dephosphorylation of histones H1 and H3 during the isolation of metaphase chromosomes.", "content": "Histones have been extracted from isolated metaphase chromosomes prepared by the method of Wray and Sutbblefield [Exp. Cell Res 59, 469-478 (1970)] and by a Nonidet P-40 detergent procedure based on the method of Wigler and Axel [Nucleic Acids Res. 3, 1463-1471 (1976)]. Analysis of the densitometer profiles of long polyacrylamide gels shows that the mitotic phosphorylations of histone H1 (H1M) and histone H3 are extensively depleted during chromosome isolation. These data indicate that CHO metaphase chromosomes prepared by standard methodologies do not represent in vivo chromosomes with respect to their histone phosphorylations; therefore, current chemical and structural studies of isolated metaphase chromosomes may require further clarification.", "contents": "Dephosphorylation of histones H1 and H3 during the isolation of metaphase chromosomes. Histones have been extracted from isolated metaphase chromosomes prepared by the method of Wray and Sutbblefield [Exp. Cell Res 59, 469-478 (1970)] and by a Nonidet P-40 detergent procedure based on the method of Wigler and Axel [Nucleic Acids Res. 3, 1463-1471 (1976)]. Analysis of the densitometer profiles of long polyacrylamide gels shows that the mitotic phosphorylations of histone H1 (H1M) and histone H3 are extensively depleted during chromosome isolation. These data indicate that CHO metaphase chromosomes prepared by standard methodologies do not represent in vivo chromosomes with respect to their histone phosphorylations; therefore, current chemical and structural studies of isolated metaphase chromosomes may require further clarification.", "PMID": 704351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1719", "title": "Determination of the endpoints of partial deletion mutants of the attachment site of bacteriophage lambda by DNA sequencing.", "content": "The deletion mutants b508 and b522 of bacteriophage lambda both end within the attachment site. The formation of such deletions is dependent upon the presence of intact integrase, and thus the deletion endpoints may be related to the normal crossover site in site-specific recombination. We have determined the DNA sequences of the attachment site regions of these deletions. Comparison of the sequences with lambda wildtype shows that both the deletions end within the central common homology region but at different positions. The consequences of these findings for current models of site-specific recombination are discussed.", "contents": "Determination of the endpoints of partial deletion mutants of the attachment site of bacteriophage lambda by DNA sequencing. The deletion mutants b508 and b522 of bacteriophage lambda both end within the attachment site. The formation of such deletions is dependent upon the presence of intact integrase, and thus the deletion endpoints may be related to the normal crossover site in site-specific recombination. We have determined the DNA sequences of the attachment site regions of these deletions. Comparison of the sequences with lambda wildtype shows that both the deletions end within the central common homology region but at different positions. The consequences of these findings for current models of site-specific recombination are discussed.", "PMID": 704352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1720", "title": "Electron microscopic evidence for splicing of Moloney murine leukemia virus RNAs.", "content": "Poly (A) containing RNA extracted from Moloney murine leukemia virus infected mouse cells was hybridized with long single-stranded complementary DNA, prepared in detergent disrupted virions. Visualization of the hybrids in the electron microscope revealed among the structures, circles and circles with tails. Measurements performed on the circular molecules revealed two major species with circumferences corresponding to 3 and 8.2 kilobases. The latter structures had identical size to circles obtained after annealing of cDNA with the viral genome, 35S RNA. Circularization of a small viral RNA (3 kb) from infected cells in the RNA-cDNA hybrids is a direct evidence that like the 35S RNA it shares similar nucleotide sequences at both the 5' and 3' ends. The presence of 5' end sequences common to the two RNA species indicates the existence of a spliced viral RNA. Furthermore, based on the circularization of viral RNA in the hybrids, we suggest a new way to quantitate and determine the lengths of spliced RNA in retrovirus infected cells.", "contents": "Electron microscopic evidence for splicing of Moloney murine leukemia virus RNAs. Poly (A) containing RNA extracted from Moloney murine leukemia virus infected mouse cells was hybridized with long single-stranded complementary DNA, prepared in detergent disrupted virions. Visualization of the hybrids in the electron microscope revealed among the structures, circles and circles with tails. Measurements performed on the circular molecules revealed two major species with circumferences corresponding to 3 and 8.2 kilobases. The latter structures had identical size to circles obtained after annealing of cDNA with the viral genome, 35S RNA. Circularization of a small viral RNA (3 kb) from infected cells in the RNA-cDNA hybrids is a direct evidence that like the 35S RNA it shares similar nucleotide sequences at both the 5' and 3' ends. The presence of 5' end sequences common to the two RNA species indicates the existence of a spliced viral RNA. Furthermore, based on the circularization of viral RNA in the hybrids, we suggest a new way to quantitate and determine the lengths of spliced RNA in retrovirus infected cells.", "PMID": 704353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1721", "title": "MspI, an isoschizomer of hpaII which cleaves both unmethylated and methylated hpaII sites.", "content": "The cleavage of DNA by restriction endonucleases HpaII and HapII is prevented by the presence of a 5-methyl group at the internal C residue of its recognition sequence CCGG. MspI, an isoschizomer of HpaII available from New England Biolabs, cleaves DNA irrespective of the presence of a methyl group at this position. This enzyme cleaves DNA from Haemophilus parainfluenzae and Haemophilus aphrophilus readily while HpaII and HapII cannot degrade these DNAs. Practically all HpaII sites in mammalian sperm DNA are also protected by methylation at the internal C position since HpaII and HapII barely cleave this DNA (average molecular weight 40 kb). MspI, however, cleaves the DNA to an average size of about 5 kb.", "contents": "MspI, an isoschizomer of hpaII which cleaves both unmethylated and methylated hpaII sites. The cleavage of DNA by restriction endonucleases HpaII and HapII is prevented by the presence of a 5-methyl group at the internal C residue of its recognition sequence CCGG. MspI, an isoschizomer of HpaII available from New England Biolabs, cleaves DNA irrespective of the presence of a methyl group at this position. This enzyme cleaves DNA from Haemophilus parainfluenzae and Haemophilus aphrophilus readily while HpaII and HapII cannot degrade these DNAs. Practically all HpaII sites in mammalian sperm DNA are also protected by methylation at the internal C position since HpaII and HapII barely cleave this DNA (average molecular weight 40 kb). MspI, however, cleaves the DNA to an average size of about 5 kb.", "PMID": 704354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1722", "title": "A model for the single stranded random coil form of polydeoxyadenylic acid from minimum energy conformations of the dimeric subunit.", "content": "The minimum energy conformations of dApdA have been examined for their suitability as buildings blocks of the single stranded coil form of polynucleotides. Calculations of the characteristic ratio C difference = less than ro greater than 2/n liter2 were made for a polymer generated from all the low energy conformers, as well as for selected combinations. A polymer composed of a conformer with omega', omega = t*,g+,(skewed) psi = t, C-(2)-endo type pucker, in combination with the 'B' form, has a C difference equal to that observed in coils of apurinic acid (6) when the fraction of 'B' form conformers is approximately 25% and approximately 91%. The t*,g+ conformer is the second lowest energy form in the C-(2)-endo puckering domain, following the 'B' form.", "contents": "A model for the single stranded random coil form of polydeoxyadenylic acid from minimum energy conformations of the dimeric subunit. The minimum energy conformations of dApdA have been examined for their suitability as buildings blocks of the single stranded coil form of polynucleotides. Calculations of the characteristic ratio C difference = less than ro greater than 2/n liter2 were made for a polymer generated from all the low energy conformers, as well as for selected combinations. A polymer composed of a conformer with omega', omega = t*,g+,(skewed) psi = t, C-(2)-endo type pucker, in combination with the 'B' form, has a C difference equal to that observed in coils of apurinic acid (6) when the fraction of 'B' form conformers is approximately 25% and approximately 91%. The t*,g+ conformer is the second lowest energy form in the C-(2)-endo puckering domain, following the 'B' form.", "PMID": 704355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1723", "title": "The distribution of DNA repair synthesis in chromatin and its rearrangement following damage with N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene.", "content": "The distribution of DNA repair synthesis in the chromatin of confluent human diploid fibroblasts damaged with N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene has been studied. Kinetic analysis of staphylococcal nuclease digestion data revealed that initially most of the repair synthesis occurred in nuclease sensitive regions of chromatin. Continuous labeling experiments and pulse chase experiments indicated that with time much of the 3H dThd initially incorporated into nuclease sensitive regions during repair appeared in nuclease resistant regions. Agarose gel electrophoresis was used to demonstrate that these resistant regions were core DNA. In agreement with previous findings [Smerdon, M.J. and Lieberman, M.W., (1978), Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, in press], studies of the time course of this rearrangement and of repair synthesis revealed similar time dependences and suggested a relationship between rates of repair synthesis and chromatin rearrangement.", "contents": "The distribution of DNA repair synthesis in chromatin and its rearrangement following damage with N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. The distribution of DNA repair synthesis in the chromatin of confluent human diploid fibroblasts damaged with N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene has been studied. Kinetic analysis of staphylococcal nuclease digestion data revealed that initially most of the repair synthesis occurred in nuclease sensitive regions of chromatin. Continuous labeling experiments and pulse chase experiments indicated that with time much of the 3H dThd initially incorporated into nuclease sensitive regions during repair appeared in nuclease resistant regions. Agarose gel electrophoresis was used to demonstrate that these resistant regions were core DNA. In agreement with previous findings [Smerdon, M.J. and Lieberman, M.W., (1978), Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, in press], studies of the time course of this rearrangement and of repair synthesis revealed similar time dependences and suggested a relationship between rates of repair synthesis and chromatin rearrangement.", "PMID": 704356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1724", "title": "Sequence organization of the beta-globin mRNA precursor.", "content": "The sequence organization of the beta-globin mRNA precursor has been determined directly by analyzing the resistant fragments from the RNase A digestion of the precursor RNA-globin cDNA hybrid. Three fragments are obtained which proves that the beta-globin mRNA sequence in its precursor is split into three discontinuous segments. The two intervening sequences in the beta-globin gene are therefore transcribed and removed during mRNA maturation.", "contents": "Sequence organization of the beta-globin mRNA precursor. The sequence organization of the beta-globin mRNA precursor has been determined directly by analyzing the resistant fragments from the RNase A digestion of the precursor RNA-globin cDNA hybrid. Three fragments are obtained which proves that the beta-globin mRNA sequence in its precursor is split into three discontinuous segments. The two intervening sequences in the beta-globin gene are therefore transcribed and removed during mRNA maturation.", "PMID": 704357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1725", "title": "Polynucleotides. LVI. Synthesis and properties of poly(2-deoxy-2'-fluoroinosinic acid).", "content": "Poly (2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroinosinic acid) [ poly(If)] was synthesized by polymerization of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroinosine 5'-diphosphate catalyzed by Escherichia coli polynucleotide phosphorylase. Although the UV absorption properties of poly(If) closely resembled those of poly(I), thermal melting curves at Na+ concentrations of 0.15M and 0.75M suggested two ordered structures for poly(If) neutral form. CD psectra taken at 0.15M Na+ concentration showed rather larger amplitudes in both a peak at 273 nm and a trough at 246 nm, suggesting rather strong vertical stacking of bases. When complexed with poly(C), poly(If) forms a double-stranded complex, poly(If).poly(C) which has Tm's higher by 10-20 degrees than those of poly(If).poly(C) measured under the same conditions. The CD spectrum of this complex resembled that of poly(I).poly(C). The effect of the fluorine atom at the 2'-position on thermal stability of polynucleotides is discussed.", "contents": "Polynucleotides. LVI. Synthesis and properties of poly(2-deoxy-2'-fluoroinosinic acid). Poly (2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroinosinic acid) [ poly(If)] was synthesized by polymerization of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroinosine 5'-diphosphate catalyzed by Escherichia coli polynucleotide phosphorylase. Although the UV absorption properties of poly(If) closely resembled those of poly(I), thermal melting curves at Na+ concentrations of 0.15M and 0.75M suggested two ordered structures for poly(If) neutral form. CD psectra taken at 0.15M Na+ concentration showed rather larger amplitudes in both a peak at 273 nm and a trough at 246 nm, suggesting rather strong vertical stacking of bases. When complexed with poly(C), poly(If) forms a double-stranded complex, poly(If).poly(C) which has Tm's higher by 10-20 degrees than those of poly(If).poly(C) measured under the same conditions. The CD spectrum of this complex resembled that of poly(I).poly(C). The effect of the fluorine atom at the 2'-position on thermal stability of polynucleotides is discussed.", "PMID": 704358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1726", "title": "Inhibition of mammalian RNA polymerase by 5,6-dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB) and DRB triphosphate.", "content": "DRB triphosphate inhibits activity of isolated RNA polymerase B, and, to a lesser extent, that of polymerase A. The same holds true for transcription in isolated nuclei. It does not act as an initiation inhibitor. In all cases, high concentrations of DRB triphosphate are required. Cells do not phosphorylate DRB to a measurable extent. hn RNA resistant to DRB is initiated with both ATP and GTP in the presence of the drug. These experiments render the hypothesis unlikely that DRB triphosphate in the cell specifically interferes with the initiation reaction of polymerase B.", "contents": "Inhibition of mammalian RNA polymerase by 5,6-dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB) and DRB triphosphate. DRB triphosphate inhibits activity of isolated RNA polymerase B, and, to a lesser extent, that of polymerase A. The same holds true for transcription in isolated nuclei. It does not act as an initiation inhibitor. In all cases, high concentrations of DRB triphosphate are required. Cells do not phosphorylate DRB to a measurable extent. hn RNA resistant to DRB is initiated with both ATP and GTP in the presence of the drug. These experiments render the hypothesis unlikely that DRB triphosphate in the cell specifically interferes with the initiation reaction of polymerase B.", "PMID": 704359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1727", "title": "Distribution of 7-methylguanine and of replication sites in the different kinetic classes of DNA from rats treated with dimethylnitrosamine.", "content": "The distribution of 7-methylguanine in the families of repetitive and unique sequences of rat liver chromatin DNA has been studied using the technique of DNA-DNA reassociation. Rats were injected with di[14C]methylnitrosamine and chromatin DNA was prepared 3 h later. The distribution of 7-methylguanine was found to be random between these classes of DNA. We have also studied chromatin DNA from rats treated with unlabelled DMN plus [3H]thymidine in this way, in order to find if DMN affects DNA synthesis within any one kinetic class. Our results suggest that there is no difference in the extent of synthesis between these classes.", "contents": "Distribution of 7-methylguanine and of replication sites in the different kinetic classes of DNA from rats treated with dimethylnitrosamine. The distribution of 7-methylguanine in the families of repetitive and unique sequences of rat liver chromatin DNA has been studied using the technique of DNA-DNA reassociation. Rats were injected with di[14C]methylnitrosamine and chromatin DNA was prepared 3 h later. The distribution of 7-methylguanine was found to be random between these classes of DNA. We have also studied chromatin DNA from rats treated with unlabelled DMN plus [3H]thymidine in this way, in order to find if DMN affects DNA synthesis within any one kinetic class. Our results suggest that there is no difference in the extent of synthesis between these classes.", "PMID": 704360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1728", "title": "Protein dissociation from DNA in model systems and chromatin.", "content": "Salt induced dissociation of protamine, poly(L-lysine) and poly(L-arginine) from DNA was measured by relative light scattering at theta = 90 degrees and/or centrifugation. Dissociation of histones from DNA was studied using relative light scattering and intrinsic tyrosine fluorescence. Protamine was dissociated from DNA at 0.15 M MgCl2 (ionic strength mu = 0.45) or 0.53 M NaCl (mu = 0.53) based on light scattering data and at approximately 0.2 M MgCl2 (mu = 0.6) or 0.6 M NaCl based on centrifugation data. NaCl induced dissociation of poly(Lys) or poly(Arg) from natural DNAs measured by light scattering did not depend on the guanine plus cytosine content. To dissociate poly(Arg) from DNA higher ionic strength using NaCl, MgCl2, or CaCl2, similar ionic strength using NaClo4, and lower ionic strength using Na2SO4 was needed then to dissociated poly(Lys). Both the decrease in light scattering and the enhancement of tyrosine fluorescence of chromatin occurred between 0.5 and 1.5 M NaCl when histones were dissociated.", "contents": "Protein dissociation from DNA in model systems and chromatin. Salt induced dissociation of protamine, poly(L-lysine) and poly(L-arginine) from DNA was measured by relative light scattering at theta = 90 degrees and/or centrifugation. Dissociation of histones from DNA was studied using relative light scattering and intrinsic tyrosine fluorescence. Protamine was dissociated from DNA at 0.15 M MgCl2 (ionic strength mu = 0.45) or 0.53 M NaCl (mu = 0.53) based on light scattering data and at approximately 0.2 M MgCl2 (mu = 0.6) or 0.6 M NaCl based on centrifugation data. NaCl induced dissociation of poly(Lys) or poly(Arg) from natural DNAs measured by light scattering did not depend on the guanine plus cytosine content. To dissociate poly(Arg) from DNA higher ionic strength using NaCl, MgCl2, or CaCl2, similar ionic strength using NaClo4, and lower ionic strength using Na2SO4 was needed then to dissociated poly(Lys). Both the decrease in light scattering and the enhancement of tyrosine fluorescence of chromatin occurred between 0.5 and 1.5 M NaCl when histones were dissociated.", "PMID": 704361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1729", "title": "Differential susceptibilities of DNA polymerases-alpha and -beta to polyanions.", "content": "The effects of various polyanions including synthetic polynucleotides on DNApolymerases-alpha and -beta from blastulae of the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus and HeLa cells were studied. Only DNA polymerase-alpha was inhibited by polyanions, such as polyvinyl sufate, dextran sulfate, heparin, poly(G), poly(I), poly(U) and poly(ADP-Rib). Of the various polynucleotides tested, poly(G) and poly(I) were the strongest inhibitors. Kinetic studies showed that the Ki value for poly(G) was 0.3 microgram/ml and that poly(G) had 20-fold higher affinity than activated DNA for the template-primer site of DNA polymerase-alpha. Poly(U) and poly(ADP-Rib) were also inhibitory, but they were one hundredth as inhibitory as poly(G) or poly(I). Poly(A), poly(C), poly(A).poly(U) AND POLY(I).poly(C) were not inhibitory to DNA polymerase-alpha. In contrast, DNA olymerase-beta was not affected at all by these polyanions under the same conditions.", "contents": "Differential susceptibilities of DNA polymerases-alpha and -beta to polyanions. The effects of various polyanions including synthetic polynucleotides on DNApolymerases-alpha and -beta from blastulae of the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus and HeLa cells were studied. Only DNA polymerase-alpha was inhibited by polyanions, such as polyvinyl sufate, dextran sulfate, heparin, poly(G), poly(I), poly(U) and poly(ADP-Rib). Of the various polynucleotides tested, poly(G) and poly(I) were the strongest inhibitors. Kinetic studies showed that the Ki value for poly(G) was 0.3 microgram/ml and that poly(G) had 20-fold higher affinity than activated DNA for the template-primer site of DNA polymerase-alpha. Poly(U) and poly(ADP-Rib) were also inhibitory, but they were one hundredth as inhibitory as poly(G) or poly(I). Poly(A), poly(C), poly(A).poly(U) AND POLY(I).poly(C) were not inhibitory to DNA polymerase-alpha. In contrast, DNA olymerase-beta was not affected at all by these polyanions under the same conditions.", "PMID": 704362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1730", "title": "On the use of pooled receiver operating characteristic curves in the evaluation of scintigrams.", "content": "The assessment of simulated scintigraphic pictures by means of curves based on binary decisions of individual observers called pooled ROC-curves or pooled L-ROC-curves is presented. The technique of creating the curve is described. The examples of various processing techniques and the findings of various groups of observers are compared and discussed. The images of two IAEA simulated phantoms were used to perform the evaluation. The results indicate that the pooled L-ROC-curves may serve as a measure of image quality.", "contents": "On the use of pooled receiver operating characteristic curves in the evaluation of scintigrams. The assessment of simulated scintigraphic pictures by means of curves based on binary decisions of individual observers called pooled ROC-curves or pooled L-ROC-curves is presented. The technique of creating the curve is described. The examples of various processing techniques and the findings of various groups of observers are compared and discussed. The images of two IAEA simulated phantoms were used to perform the evaluation. The results indicate that the pooled L-ROC-curves may serve as a measure of image quality.", "PMID": 704363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1731", "title": "Time-dependent characteristics of Sn-complexes for preparing 99mTc-labelled radiopharmaceuticals and their bioavailabilities--a review.", "content": "A review is made of some of the factors affecting bioavailability of diagnostic 99mTc-radiopharmaceuticals currently used in the practice of nuclear medicine.", "contents": "Time-dependent characteristics of Sn-complexes for preparing 99mTc-labelled radiopharmaceuticals and their bioavailabilities--a review. A review is made of some of the factors affecting bioavailability of diagnostic 99mTc-radiopharmaceuticals currently used in the practice of nuclear medicine.", "PMID": 704364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1732", "title": "Efficacy of brain scanning in epilepsy of late onset.", "content": "Brain scans of 513 patients with epilepsy of late onset were analysed with reference to the patient's age and sex and to the nature of convulsion. Only 17 of them showed an abnormal concentration of radionuclide indicating a space-occupying lesion in the brain. The findings of those patients who had positive brain scans were correlated with EEG findings. It was found that the incidence of epilepsy of late onset is almost 3 times higher in males than in females and that the age cannot be considered as a criterion for screening the patients for brain scan investigations as far as epilepsy of late onset is concerned. In our opinion, the incidence of 3.3% is not too low. A positive brain scan finding calls for further investigation and helps in deciding the management and further line of treatment of the patients. Moreover, a normal scan rules out the presence of a space-occupying lesion and helps as a screening procedure.", "contents": "Efficacy of brain scanning in epilepsy of late onset. Brain scans of 513 patients with epilepsy of late onset were analysed with reference to the patient's age and sex and to the nature of convulsion. Only 17 of them showed an abnormal concentration of radionuclide indicating a space-occupying lesion in the brain. The findings of those patients who had positive brain scans were correlated with EEG findings. It was found that the incidence of epilepsy of late onset is almost 3 times higher in males than in females and that the age cannot be considered as a criterion for screening the patients for brain scan investigations as far as epilepsy of late onset is concerned. In our opinion, the incidence of 3.3% is not too low. A positive brain scan finding calls for further investigation and helps in deciding the management and further line of treatment of the patients. Moreover, a normal scan rules out the presence of a space-occupying lesion and helps as a screening procedure.", "PMID": 704366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1733", "title": "Iron-dextran enhancement of 67Ga-concentration in abscess relative to normal tissue.", "content": "Iron-dextran (Imferon) significantly increases the concentration of 67Ga in abscess relative to muscle, when given intravenously to abscess bearing rabbits 24 hr after intravenous, carrier-free 67Ga-citrate. This increase is achieved by accelerating the clearance of 67Ga from the blood.", "contents": "Iron-dextran enhancement of 67Ga-concentration in abscess relative to normal tissue. Iron-dextran (Imferon) significantly increases the concentration of 67Ga in abscess relative to muscle, when given intravenously to abscess bearing rabbits 24 hr after intravenous, carrier-free 67Ga-citrate. This increase is achieved by accelerating the clearance of 67Ga from the blood.", "PMID": 704367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1734", "title": "Bronchial arteries in various stages of bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "The vascularization of growing and regressing bronchogenic carcinomas was analyzed by comparison of postmortem angiographic and histologic investigations of bronchial arteries in 20 autopsy lungs with bronchogenic carcinoma. Vascular findings in bronchial arteriograms range from correct orientation of proliferating vessels to convoluted patterns of vascular growth during the early phases of tumor growth. Later spotty or smudgy extravasation may be seen in necrotic tumor areas, and increased vascular anastomoses appear between the nutritive and functional pulmonary circulations. Characteristic findings in angiography may be correlated, to a certain extent, with size and histologic type of the tumors. Our findings emphasize the role of nutritive pulmonary vessels in the vascularization of bronchogenic carcinoma at different stages of its development.", "contents": "Bronchial arteries in various stages of bronchogenic carcinoma. The vascularization of growing and regressing bronchogenic carcinomas was analyzed by comparison of postmortem angiographic and histologic investigations of bronchial arteries in 20 autopsy lungs with bronchogenic carcinoma. Vascular findings in bronchial arteriograms range from correct orientation of proliferating vessels to convoluted patterns of vascular growth during the early phases of tumor growth. Later spotty or smudgy extravasation may be seen in necrotic tumor areas, and increased vascular anastomoses appear between the nutritive and functional pulmonary circulations. Characteristic findings in angiography may be correlated, to a certain extent, with size and histologic type of the tumors. Our findings emphasize the role of nutritive pulmonary vessels in the vascularization of bronchogenic carcinoma at different stages of its development.", "PMID": 704482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1735", "title": "Thiouracil-induced myocardial fibrosis.", "content": "Rabbits were fed with thiouracil for 8 months. Subsequently their hearts were examined electron microscopically as well as biochemically for collagen and hexosamine content. Chronic treatment with thiouracil induced an increase in interstitial connective tissue collagen and hexosamine without visible necrosis. As seen by electron microscopy, the increase in collagen content might have been caused by stimulation of the fibrocytes. Furthermore, the heart muscle cells showed deep indentations and bulges of the cell membrane and an enlargement of the T-system.", "contents": "Thiouracil-induced myocardial fibrosis. Rabbits were fed with thiouracil for 8 months. Subsequently their hearts were examined electron microscopically as well as biochemically for collagen and hexosamine content. Chronic treatment with thiouracil induced an increase in interstitial connective tissue collagen and hexosamine without visible necrosis. As seen by electron microscopy, the increase in collagen content might have been caused by stimulation of the fibrocytes. Furthermore, the heart muscle cells showed deep indentations and bulges of the cell membrane and an enlargement of the T-system.", "PMID": 704483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1736", "title": "Effect on vitamin A on the development of galactosamine-induced hepatitis in rats.", "content": "In order to elucidate the role of lysosomes in experimental hepatitis caused by D-galactosamine in rats the activities of cathepsin A and D and acid carboxypeptidase were measured. Enzyme activities were assayed in liver homogenate, lysosomal supernatant fraction and lysosomal sediment fraction. Lysosomal enriched fractions were prepared according to De Duve. Vitamin A in high doses aggravates the morphological alterations observed in galactosamine treated rats. At the same time the labilization of lysosomes increases substantially. This effect was induced by doses of retinyl-palmitate that normally caused only an activation of Kupffer cells and no significant liberation of lysosomal peptidehydrolases. The activities of cathepsin A and D increased 2-fold in liver homogenate after combined treatment with galactosamine and vitamin A, whereas the activity of acid carboxypeptidase decreased markedly.", "contents": "Effect on vitamin A on the development of galactosamine-induced hepatitis in rats. In order to elucidate the role of lysosomes in experimental hepatitis caused by D-galactosamine in rats the activities of cathepsin A and D and acid carboxypeptidase were measured. Enzyme activities were assayed in liver homogenate, lysosomal supernatant fraction and lysosomal sediment fraction. Lysosomal enriched fractions were prepared according to De Duve. Vitamin A in high doses aggravates the morphological alterations observed in galactosamine treated rats. At the same time the labilization of lysosomes increases substantially. This effect was induced by doses of retinyl-palmitate that normally caused only an activation of Kupffer cells and no significant liberation of lysosomal peptidehydrolases. The activities of cathepsin A and D increased 2-fold in liver homogenate after combined treatment with galactosamine and vitamin A, whereas the activity of acid carboxypeptidase decreased markedly.", "PMID": 704484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1737", "title": "Managing infections in immunosuppressed patients.", "content": "Various infections are associated with depressed host defenses. Systemic antibiotic therapy is not useful prophylactically but should be instituted immediately in patients with known bacterial infections and in febrile patients with neutropenia. Meticulous patient care and attention to collection and evaluation of microbiologic data are the keys to early detection of infection. Nonbacterial opportunistic infections should be considered in patients with prolonged fever or fever and pulmonary infiltrates. Some ancillary measures, such as patient isolation and reconstitution of the immune system, may help in prevention or treatment of infections in immunosuppressed patients.", "contents": "Managing infections in immunosuppressed patients. Various infections are associated with depressed host defenses. Systemic antibiotic therapy is not useful prophylactically but should be instituted immediately in patients with known bacterial infections and in febrile patients with neutropenia. Meticulous patient care and attention to collection and evaluation of microbiologic data are the keys to early detection of infection. Nonbacterial opportunistic infections should be considered in patients with prolonged fever or fever and pulmonary infiltrates. Some ancillary measures, such as patient isolation and reconstitution of the immune system, may help in prevention or treatment of infections in immunosuppressed patients.", "PMID": 704492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1738", "title": "Toxic and allergic manifestations of antimicrobials.", "content": "All antimicrobial drugs may produce toxic and allergic reactions. Penicillins and cephalosporins cause the greatest number of allergic reactions and should not be used for treatment of minor infections in patients with a history of an adverse reaction. If no alternative antibiotic will suffice for treatment of a serious infection, skin testing is necessary. Two commonly used antimicrobials, clindamycin and isoniazid, can have potentially fatal toxic effects.", "contents": "Toxic and allergic manifestations of antimicrobials. All antimicrobial drugs may produce toxic and allergic reactions. Penicillins and cephalosporins cause the greatest number of allergic reactions and should not be used for treatment of minor infections in patients with a history of an adverse reaction. If no alternative antibiotic will suffice for treatment of a serious infection, skin testing is necessary. Two commonly used antimicrobials, clindamycin and isoniazid, can have potentially fatal toxic effects.", "PMID": 704493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1739", "title": "Prudent use of the aminoglycosides.", "content": "Kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin are potent aminoglycoside antibiotics useful in treatment of infections with aerobic Gram-negative bacilli. For many bacteria, no other effective agents exist. These antibiotics must be used prudently. Prescribing physicians have a responsibility to avoid unnecessary therapy with agents that have the potential of causing serious ototoxic and nephrotoxic effects and to avoid indiscriminate use that may encourage the emergence of resistant organisms. These medications are much too valuable to be rendered ineffective by unwise use.", "contents": "Prudent use of the aminoglycosides. Kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin are potent aminoglycoside antibiotics useful in treatment of infections with aerobic Gram-negative bacilli. For many bacteria, no other effective agents exist. These antibiotics must be used prudently. Prescribing physicians have a responsibility to avoid unnecessary therapy with agents that have the potential of causing serious ototoxic and nephrotoxic effects and to avoid indiscriminate use that may encourage the emergence of resistant organisms. These medications are much too valuable to be rendered ineffective by unwise use.", "PMID": 704499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1740", "title": "Anemia of chronic disease.", "content": "Anemia is one of the consistent findings with inflammation. Whether the anemia is helpful or harmful in the general context of the illness is unclear. It may be recognized by demonstration of iron-deficient erythropoiesis due to an internal block in iron supply. Only when its severity is disproportionate to the severity of the inflammatory process does it merit extensive diagnostic workup. Ordinarily, no treatment of the anemia is indicated.", "contents": "Anemia of chronic disease. Anemia is one of the consistent findings with inflammation. Whether the anemia is helpful or harmful in the general context of the illness is unclear. It may be recognized by demonstration of iron-deficient erythropoiesis due to an internal block in iron supply. Only when its severity is disproportionate to the severity of the inflammatory process does it merit extensive diagnostic workup. Ordinarily, no treatment of the anemia is indicated.", "PMID": 704500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1741", "title": "Megaloblastic anemia.", "content": "Most, but not all, megaloblastic anemia is produced by \"ineffective erythropoiesis\" in the bone marrow due to either folic acid or vitamin B12 deficiency. In folic acid deficiency the cause frequently is inadequate dietary intake, whereas vitamin B12 deficiency is almost always conditioned by some specific type of malabsorption. Anemia with oval macrocytes, few reticulocytes, moderate leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia is typical of both. Aplastic anemia, refractory anemias with cellular marrow, preleukemia, aleukemia, and erythroleukemia may have somewhat similar blood findings but are usually recognizable from bone marrow biopsy. Decreased levels of folate or vitamin B12 are the most reliable criteria of megaloblastic anemia. With these available in advance, therapy with the appropriate vitamin can be begun at once. If serum levels are unavailable or available only in retrospect, initial treatment, especially of severe anemia, should be with both vitamins. Differentiation between folate and vitamin B12 deficiency is important but impossible by blood and bone marrow morphology alone. Thus, if serum levels are unavailable, the distinction must be made, sometimes retrospectively, on the basis of other laboratory examinations, such as gastric analysis, small-bowel x-ray films, and the Schilling test.", "contents": "Megaloblastic anemia. Most, but not all, megaloblastic anemia is produced by \"ineffective erythropoiesis\" in the bone marrow due to either folic acid or vitamin B12 deficiency. In folic acid deficiency the cause frequently is inadequate dietary intake, whereas vitamin B12 deficiency is almost always conditioned by some specific type of malabsorption. Anemia with oval macrocytes, few reticulocytes, moderate leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia is typical of both. Aplastic anemia, refractory anemias with cellular marrow, preleukemia, aleukemia, and erythroleukemia may have somewhat similar blood findings but are usually recognizable from bone marrow biopsy. Decreased levels of folate or vitamin B12 are the most reliable criteria of megaloblastic anemia. With these available in advance, therapy with the appropriate vitamin can be begun at once. If serum levels are unavailable or available only in retrospect, initial treatment, especially of severe anemia, should be with both vitamins. Differentiation between folate and vitamin B12 deficiency is important but impossible by blood and bone marrow morphology alone. Thus, if serum levels are unavailable, the distinction must be made, sometimes retrospectively, on the basis of other laboratory examinations, such as gastric analysis, small-bowel x-ray films, and the Schilling test.", "PMID": 704501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1742", "title": "Hemolytic anemia: a systematic approach to management.", "content": "The recognition, investigation, diagnosis, and treatment of hemolytic anemia are reviewed on the basis of a classification of the causes of hemolysis according to whether they are disorders of the membrane, hemoglobin, or metabolism of the erythrocyte; congenital or familial or acquired; and intrinsic or extrinsic.", "contents": "Hemolytic anemia: a systematic approach to management. The recognition, investigation, diagnosis, and treatment of hemolytic anemia are reviewed on the basis of a classification of the causes of hemolysis according to whether they are disorders of the membrane, hemoglobin, or metabolism of the erythrocyte; congenital or familial or acquired; and intrinsic or extrinsic.", "PMID": 704502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1743", "title": "Electrolyte studies. 1. Sodium and water.", "content": "Hyponatremia may be due to relative excess of water or to sodium (Na+) depletion or may be artifactual due to hyperlipemia or excess osmotically active solute in plasma. The cause can be determined from the history, hydration status, and results of simple ancillary tests, eg, osmolality determinations and estimations of urine Na+ concentration. Hypernatremia almost always means water lack. The cause can be determined by correlating clinical findings with urine osmolality test results.", "contents": "Electrolyte studies. 1. Sodium and water. Hyponatremia may be due to relative excess of water or to sodium (Na+) depletion or may be artifactual due to hyperlipemia or excess osmotically active solute in plasma. The cause can be determined from the history, hydration status, and results of simple ancillary tests, eg, osmolality determinations and estimations of urine Na+ concentration. Hypernatremia almost always means water lack. The cause can be determined by correlating clinical findings with urine osmolality test results.", "PMID": 704503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1744", "title": "Sudden death and acute myocardial infarction: clues to differences in pathophysiology.", "content": "Although both sudden death and acute myocardial infarction are almost always associated with long-standing obstructive coronary artery disease, both may originate in the myocardium. Spasm has been suggested as a factor contributing to sudden death. Not all persons dying of acute myocardial infarction have narrowed coronary arteries, nor do all persons with obstructed arteries die of heart disease. The first phase of acute myocardial infarction may well involve myocardial necrosis, followed by stasis and collapse of collateral circulation and occasionally by coronary occlusion.", "contents": "Sudden death and acute myocardial infarction: clues to differences in pathophysiology. Although both sudden death and acute myocardial infarction are almost always associated with long-standing obstructive coronary artery disease, both may originate in the myocardium. Spasm has been suggested as a factor contributing to sudden death. Not all persons dying of acute myocardial infarction have narrowed coronary arteries, nor do all persons with obstructed arteries die of heart disease. The first phase of acute myocardial infarction may well involve myocardial necrosis, followed by stasis and collapse of collateral circulation and occasionally by coronary occlusion.", "PMID": 704507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1745", "title": "Urography in children: when should it be done? 1. Infection.", "content": "Radiologic evaluation of urinary tract infection in children should include both excretory urography and voiding cystourethrography. Excretory urography is done to search for anomalies predisposing to infection and for signs of previous episodes of pyelonephritis or reflux and to serve as a baseline for future studies. Voiding cystourethrography is done to search for abnormalities in the natural barriers that protect the renal medulla from infection. If reflux is found to be present and sequential reflux studies are done, they should be performed by the radionuclide method to observe changes in degree or cessation.", "contents": "Urography in children: when should it be done? 1. Infection. Radiologic evaluation of urinary tract infection in children should include both excretory urography and voiding cystourethrography. Excretory urography is done to search for anomalies predisposing to infection and for signs of previous episodes of pyelonephritis or reflux and to serve as a baseline for future studies. Voiding cystourethrography is done to search for abnormalities in the natural barriers that protect the renal medulla from infection. If reflux is found to be present and sequential reflux studies are done, they should be performed by the radionuclide method to observe changes in degree or cessation.", "PMID": 704508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1746", "title": "Blood-loss anemia.", "content": "Effective management of blood-loss anemia depends on an understanding of the physiologic response to volume loss, the pattern of marrow response to acute depletion of red cell mass, and the controlling influence of iron supply. Each of these elements must be evaluated and incorporated into the plan of management.", "contents": "Blood-loss anemia. Effective management of blood-loss anemia depends on an understanding of the physiologic response to volume loss, the pattern of marrow response to acute depletion of red cell mass, and the controlling influence of iron supply. Each of these elements must be evaluated and incorporated into the plan of management.", "PMID": 704510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1747", "title": "Incidence of congestive cardiomyopathy.", "content": "In a stable population of 250 000, the diagnosis of congestive cardiomyopathy could be firmly established in fifty-nine cases during a period of 8 years. This gives an incidence of the disease of 3/100 000/year. If cases disclosed at post-mortem during the same period are included, the frequency of the disease will equal 5/100 000/year.", "contents": "Incidence of congestive cardiomyopathy. In a stable population of 250 000, the diagnosis of congestive cardiomyopathy could be firmly established in fifty-nine cases during a period of 8 years. This gives an incidence of the disease of 3/100 000/year. If cases disclosed at post-mortem during the same period are included, the frequency of the disease will equal 5/100 000/year.", "PMID": 704513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1748", "title": "Diagnosis and natural history of congested (dilated) cardiomyopathies.", "content": "The diagnosis of primary dilated cardiomyopathy depends on the recognition of a dilated poorly contracting left ventricle with increased end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes in the absence of a detectable cause. The diagnosis is made only after exclusion both of structural heart disease and of known causes of secondary heart muscle disorder. The natural history is still largely unknown and is probably as variable as the likely causes. The left ventricular disorder does not cause symptoms until heart failure supervenes except for occasional patients who develop an early atrial or ventricular dysrhythmia, conduction defect, chest pain or murmur of mitral regurgitation. This period of latency may be short, prolonged or even permanent since it is unlikely that all cases progess to the point of failure. A few patients recover normal or near-normal cardiac function. The interplay between high blood pressure, hypertensive heart failure and dilated cardiomyopathy is illustrated by patients who recover from heart failure to become hypertensive and vice versa and in current treatment with vasodilators and diuretics for patients at either end of the spectrum.", "contents": "Diagnosis and natural history of congested (dilated) cardiomyopathies. The diagnosis of primary dilated cardiomyopathy depends on the recognition of a dilated poorly contracting left ventricle with increased end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes in the absence of a detectable cause. The diagnosis is made only after exclusion both of structural heart disease and of known causes of secondary heart muscle disorder. The natural history is still largely unknown and is probably as variable as the likely causes. The left ventricular disorder does not cause symptoms until heart failure supervenes except for occasional patients who develop an early atrial or ventricular dysrhythmia, conduction defect, chest pain or murmur of mitral regurgitation. This period of latency may be short, prolonged or even permanent since it is unlikely that all cases progess to the point of failure. A few patients recover normal or near-normal cardiac function. The interplay between high blood pressure, hypertensive heart failure and dilated cardiomyopathy is illustrated by patients who recover from heart failure to become hypertensive and vice versa and in current treatment with vasodilators and diuretics for patients at either end of the spectrum.", "PMID": 704514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1749", "title": "Prognosis and possible presymptomatic manifestations of congestive cardiomyopathy (COCM).", "content": "In order to find evidence of prognosis and of presymptomatic manifestation of congestive cardiomyopathy (COCM) in fifty-eight patients, the extent of morphological changes of endomyocardial catheter biopsy (EMCB), clinical and haemodynamic data were correlated to the clinical course. In addition, clinical, haemodynamic, angiographic, morphological and His-bundle electrographic studies were performed in patients with left bundle branch block (LBBB), normal left ventricular end-diastolic volume, and normal coronary arteries (n = 43). Related to a 10-year mortality rate of 70% from the onset of symptoms, COCM is one of the most severe heart diseases. Endomyocardial catheter biopsy (EMCB) allowed clear prognostic separation in patients with COCM and seems to be of diagnostic value in patients with only slightly enlarged hearts and in patients with a short history of symptoms. The studies also revealed much evidence that at least some patients with LBBB, normal left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) and normal coronary arteries exhibit an early stage of COCM. In these patients especially EMCB with severe changes of heart muscle cells and/or impaired left ventricular function may indicate subsequent COCM. So that there is now a new indication for performing EMCB.", "contents": "Prognosis and possible presymptomatic manifestations of congestive cardiomyopathy (COCM). In order to find evidence of prognosis and of presymptomatic manifestation of congestive cardiomyopathy (COCM) in fifty-eight patients, the extent of morphological changes of endomyocardial catheter biopsy (EMCB), clinical and haemodynamic data were correlated to the clinical course. In addition, clinical, haemodynamic, angiographic, morphological and His-bundle electrographic studies were performed in patients with left bundle branch block (LBBB), normal left ventricular end-diastolic volume, and normal coronary arteries (n = 43). Related to a 10-year mortality rate of 70% from the onset of symptoms, COCM is one of the most severe heart diseases. Endomyocardial catheter biopsy (EMCB) allowed clear prognostic separation in patients with COCM and seems to be of diagnostic value in patients with only slightly enlarged hearts and in patients with a short history of symptoms. The studies also revealed much evidence that at least some patients with LBBB, normal left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) and normal coronary arteries exhibit an early stage of COCM. In these patients especially EMCB with severe changes of heart muscle cells and/or impaired left ventricular function may indicate subsequent COCM. So that there is now a new indication for performing EMCB.", "PMID": 704515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1750", "title": "Special investigations of COCM: endomyocardial biopsies (morphological analysis).", "content": "Endomyocardial tissue obtained from 237 patients clinically suspected of suffering from congestive cardiomyopathy, has been analysed histologically, histochemically and ultrastructurally. In 51% of patients, the suspected diagnosis was morphologically confirmed and in 24.5%, no pathological evidence of a dilated heart or other pathology was found. The results in these two groups were considered helpful. It is concluded that, even though the morphology of congestive cardiomyopathy in non-specific and the number of other pathology found is small, the continuation of investigation by bioptome is justified. Parameters such as prognosis and length of history can also be assessed. Furthermore, morphological analysis is essential to interpret accurately biochemical and other types of investigations that are being carried out on biopsy material.", "contents": "Special investigations of COCM: endomyocardial biopsies (morphological analysis). Endomyocardial tissue obtained from 237 patients clinically suspected of suffering from congestive cardiomyopathy, has been analysed histologically, histochemically and ultrastructurally. In 51% of patients, the suspected diagnosis was morphologically confirmed and in 24.5%, no pathological evidence of a dilated heart or other pathology was found. The results in these two groups were considered helpful. It is concluded that, even though the morphology of congestive cardiomyopathy in non-specific and the number of other pathology found is small, the continuation of investigation by bioptome is justified. Parameters such as prognosis and length of history can also be assessed. Furthermore, morphological analysis is essential to interpret accurately biochemical and other types of investigations that are being carried out on biopsy material.", "PMID": 704516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1751", "title": "Immunological results in myocardial diseases.", "content": "Immunological studies have shown new diagnostically important changes in alcoholic and viral myocarditis, as well as in congestive cardiomyopathy. Increased heart size correlated with the degree of congestive heart failure, as well as with negative immunofluorescence and an increased IgA concentration in the serum. These findings may serve as a diagnostic aid in patients with myocardial disease due to alcohol abuse. Viral heart disease is characterized by a variety of symptoms and nuclear antibodies (IgM) can be of help in the differential diagnosis. Heart muscle tissue of patients with congestive cardiomyopathy preferentially binds IgG and IgA. In addition to the other changes these findings are of diagnostic importance. It seems likely that results similar to those obtained for humoral antibodies in congestive cardiomyopathy will apply in the correlation of the haemodynamic status of the patients. The pathophysiological implication of these findings is not clear at present, but the evolution of congestive cardiomyopathy appears to be associated with binding of immunoglobulin to the myocardium, as well as with humoral antiheart antibodies.", "contents": "Immunological results in myocardial diseases. Immunological studies have shown new diagnostically important changes in alcoholic and viral myocarditis, as well as in congestive cardiomyopathy. Increased heart size correlated with the degree of congestive heart failure, as well as with negative immunofluorescence and an increased IgA concentration in the serum. These findings may serve as a diagnostic aid in patients with myocardial disease due to alcohol abuse. Viral heart disease is characterized by a variety of symptoms and nuclear antibodies (IgM) can be of help in the differential diagnosis. Heart muscle tissue of patients with congestive cardiomyopathy preferentially binds IgG and IgA. In addition to the other changes these findings are of diagnostic importance. It seems likely that results similar to those obtained for humoral antibodies in congestive cardiomyopathy will apply in the correlation of the haemodynamic status of the patients. The pathophysiological implication of these findings is not clear at present, but the evolution of congestive cardiomyopathy appears to be associated with binding of immunoglobulin to the myocardium, as well as with humoral antiheart antibodies.", "PMID": 704517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1752", "title": "[Protocol drafting of laparotomy in the diagnosis of the cause of fever of unknown origin].", "content": "Eighteen patients with fever of unknown origin in whom other diagnostic procedures had failed, underwent exploratory laparotomy with splenectomy, hepatic biopsies and biopsies of lymph nodes, muscle and bone, while bile, urine and intestinal content were cultured. In all patients, inspection and palpation of abdominal cavity doesn't give any diagnostic orientation. With histologic examination and cultures, precise diagnosis was made in 13 cases (72 per cent). Predominant diagnosis was Hodgkin's disease. One patient died with complications of surgery.", "contents": "[Protocol drafting of laparotomy in the diagnosis of the cause of fever of unknown origin]. Eighteen patients with fever of unknown origin in whom other diagnostic procedures had failed, underwent exploratory laparotomy with splenectomy, hepatic biopsies and biopsies of lymph nodes, muscle and bone, while bile, urine and intestinal content were cultured. In all patients, inspection and palpation of abdominal cavity doesn't give any diagnostic orientation. With histologic examination and cultures, precise diagnosis was made in 13 cases (72 per cent). Predominant diagnosis was Hodgkin's disease. One patient died with complications of surgery.", "PMID": 704528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1753", "title": "[Amylase/creatinine clearance in the differential diagnosis of acute pancreatitis].", "content": "In the Department of Gastroenterology of \"El Centro M\u00e9dico La Raza, I.M.S.S.\", three groups of 20 patients were studied: group I with acute pancreatitis; group II with acute abdomen without pancreatic pathology, in both groups the diagnosis was demonstrated surgically or in necropsy; group III was formed by 20 normal voluntary persons, and served as control. A 4 per cent amilase/creatinine clearence index was considered as a high normal value. The diagnosis accuracy in group I was 90 per cent. In group II there was five false positive results, in 80 per cent of the cases the results of the amilase/creatinine clearence index was found within normal limits. The difference between group I and group III was significant (P less than 0.002). The difference between group I and group II was also significant (P less than 0.05). There was no significant difference between group II and group III. The amilase/creatinine clearence index has the advantage that it can be obtained with only one blood and urine samples taken simultaneously. We concluded that amilase/creatine clearence index is useful for the differential diagnosis in acute pancreatitis and that is probably due to an alteration in the tubular renal reabsorption.", "contents": "[Amylase/creatinine clearance in the differential diagnosis of acute pancreatitis]. In the Department of Gastroenterology of \"El Centro M\u00e9dico La Raza, I.M.S.S.\", three groups of 20 patients were studied: group I with acute pancreatitis; group II with acute abdomen without pancreatic pathology, in both groups the diagnosis was demonstrated surgically or in necropsy; group III was formed by 20 normal voluntary persons, and served as control. A 4 per cent amilase/creatinine clearence index was considered as a high normal value. The diagnosis accuracy in group I was 90 per cent. In group II there was five false positive results, in 80 per cent of the cases the results of the amilase/creatinine clearence index was found within normal limits. The difference between group I and group III was significant (P less than 0.002). The difference between group I and group II was also significant (P less than 0.05). There was no significant difference between group II and group III. The amilase/creatinine clearence index has the advantage that it can be obtained with only one blood and urine samples taken simultaneously. We concluded that amilase/creatine clearence index is useful for the differential diagnosis in acute pancreatitis and that is probably due to an alteration in the tubular renal reabsorption.", "PMID": 704529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1754", "title": "[Type III hyperlipoproteinemia--diabetes mellitus and dysglobulinemia].", "content": "This paper reports the association of diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia type III and the relation between the dose of insulin and the serum level of triglycerides and cholesterol. The coexistence of hiperglobulinemia, Bence Jones proteinuria and a positive rheumatoid factor is also reported.", "contents": "[Type III hyperlipoproteinemia--diabetes mellitus and dysglobulinemia]. This paper reports the association of diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia type III and the relation between the dose of insulin and the serum level of triglycerides and cholesterol. The coexistence of hiperglobulinemia, Bence Jones proteinuria and a positive rheumatoid factor is also reported.", "PMID": 704530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1755", "title": "[Idiopathic cardiomyopathy of the congestive type. Report of a case].", "content": "It is presented a clinical case and autopsy findings of a 72 years old male, with an illness of one month duration, which due to his symptoms was considered initially to have coronary heart disease with a myocardial infarction in evolution. During his hospitalization this picture was ruled out; however, the patient presented different cardiac arrhythmias, 3 episodes of cardiorespiratory arrest and finally refractory congestive heart failure. The patient died. Clinically the diagnosis of primary congestive cardiomyopathy was suspected, and later, correlated with the anatomopathological findings. The literature was reviewed upon the clinical and laboratory studies to reach the diagnosis; which clinically and anatomopathologically is made by exclusion. Due that we do not think very often about this entity, we consider useful the present communication.", "contents": "[Idiopathic cardiomyopathy of the congestive type. Report of a case]. It is presented a clinical case and autopsy findings of a 72 years old male, with an illness of one month duration, which due to his symptoms was considered initially to have coronary heart disease with a myocardial infarction in evolution. During his hospitalization this picture was ruled out; however, the patient presented different cardiac arrhythmias, 3 episodes of cardiorespiratory arrest and finally refractory congestive heart failure. The patient died. Clinically the diagnosis of primary congestive cardiomyopathy was suspected, and later, correlated with the anatomopathological findings. The literature was reviewed upon the clinical and laboratory studies to reach the diagnosis; which clinically and anatomopathologically is made by exclusion. Due that we do not think very often about this entity, we consider useful the present communication.", "PMID": 704532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1756", "title": "[Rupture of hepatic adenoma and oral contraceptives].", "content": "We present one case of hepatic adenoma in a patient with a long history of oral contraceptive administration. Review of the literature in similar cases points to the possibility of a cause effect relationship between this type of drugs and liver adenomas.", "contents": "[Rupture of hepatic adenoma and oral contraceptives]. We present one case of hepatic adenoma in a patient with a long history of oral contraceptive administration. Review of the literature in similar cases points to the possibility of a cause effect relationship between this type of drugs and liver adenomas.", "PMID": 704533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1757", "title": "[Disturbed glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus in the relatives of patients with the juvenile form of diabetes mellitus].", "content": "A total of 200 relatives of patients with a juvenile form of diabetes mellitus were examined. The standard oral glucose tolerance test (GTT) was used with a simultaneous determination (during the test) of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) level. GTT was found to be deranged in 39% of the patients investigated (doubtful results--in 24%, latent diabetes--in 8%, manifest diabetes--in 7%). The incidence of diabetes mellitus had a direct correlation with age and weight of the patients. During the GTT IRI was found to be high in 40.8% of the cases, and torpid type of the insulinemia curve was noted in 2% of the cases only.", "contents": "[Disturbed glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus in the relatives of patients with the juvenile form of diabetes mellitus]. A total of 200 relatives of patients with a juvenile form of diabetes mellitus were examined. The standard oral glucose tolerance test (GTT) was used with a simultaneous determination (during the test) of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) level. GTT was found to be deranged in 39% of the patients investigated (doubtful results--in 24%, latent diabetes--in 8%, manifest diabetes--in 7%). The incidence of diabetes mellitus had a direct correlation with age and weight of the patients. During the GTT IRI was found to be high in 40.8% of the cases, and torpid type of the insulinemia curve was noted in 2% of the cases only.", "PMID": 704551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1758", "title": "[Prediabetes: its pathogenetic nature and diagnosis].", "content": "A total of 186 close relatives of diabetic patients were investigated in search of methods for prediabetes diagnosis in persons with predisposition to the disease. Nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), immunoreactive insulin (IRI) content in response to glucose load, and the state of the cardiovascular system, primarily of microcirculation were investigated. Changes in the microcirculation system not infrequently preceded the development of pathological glucose tolerance test. Capillaroscopy, conjunctival biomicroscopy, rheovasography, cytochemical study of the blood cells, determination of muscular circulation, and, in individual cases, electron microscopy of the muscle bioptates, mucous membranes or the skin are referred to sensitive methods of investigation. Along with metabolic shifts in lipid metabolism, such changes were noted in 1/3 of the relatives with normal glucose tolerance tests.", "contents": "[Prediabetes: its pathogenetic nature and diagnosis]. A total of 186 close relatives of diabetic patients were investigated in search of methods for prediabetes diagnosis in persons with predisposition to the disease. Nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), immunoreactive insulin (IRI) content in response to glucose load, and the state of the cardiovascular system, primarily of microcirculation were investigated. Changes in the microcirculation system not infrequently preceded the development of pathological glucose tolerance test. Capillaroscopy, conjunctival biomicroscopy, rheovasography, cytochemical study of the blood cells, determination of muscular circulation, and, in individual cases, electron microscopy of the muscle bioptates, mucous membranes or the skin are referred to sensitive methods of investigation. Along with metabolic shifts in lipid metabolism, such changes were noted in 1/3 of the relatives with normal glucose tolerance tests.", "PMID": 704552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1759", "title": "[Growth hormone level dynamics in acromegaly in response to glucose load and measured bicycle ergometry].", "content": "The work is based on the materials of clinical examination of 67 patients with acromegaly. Study of the hypothalamo-hypophysial reaction in respect to the growth hormone secretion in patients with acromeglay revealed correlation between the clinical picture indicating the progress of the disease and pointing to the activity of the process according to the results of glucose load and dosaged veloergometry test. Dosaged physical exercise can be used to determine the activity of the process in patients with acromegaly accompanied by disturbances of the carbohydrate metabolism when glucose load was contraindicated.", "contents": "[Growth hormone level dynamics in acromegaly in response to glucose load and measured bicycle ergometry]. The work is based on the materials of clinical examination of 67 patients with acromegaly. Study of the hypothalamo-hypophysial reaction in respect to the growth hormone secretion in patients with acromeglay revealed correlation between the clinical picture indicating the progress of the disease and pointing to the activity of the process according to the results of glucose load and dosaged veloergometry test. Dosaged physical exercise can be used to determine the activity of the process in patients with acromegaly accompanied by disturbances of the carbohydrate metabolism when glucose load was contraindicated.", "PMID": 704554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1760", "title": "[Reactivity of the sympathetic-adrenal system in juvenile thyrotoxicosis].", "content": "In examination of patients with thyrotoxicosis, aged from 14 to 24 years, there was revealed a reduction of the activity of the mediatory link of the sympathico-adrenal ssystem without any connection with age, the severity and duration of the disease, and also with the efficacy of drug therapy. The functional test with insulin in patients with thyrotoxicosis permitted to detect definite reserve possibilities of the adrenergic regulation intensified with increased duration of the disease and with advance of the patient's age, but not with increased severity of the disease. The insulin test offered a possibility of assessing the sympathico-adrenal system reactivity in cases of different degree of the disease compensation.", "contents": "[Reactivity of the sympathetic-adrenal system in juvenile thyrotoxicosis]. In examination of patients with thyrotoxicosis, aged from 14 to 24 years, there was revealed a reduction of the activity of the mediatory link of the sympathico-adrenal ssystem without any connection with age, the severity and duration of the disease, and also with the efficacy of drug therapy. The functional test with insulin in patients with thyrotoxicosis permitted to detect definite reserve possibilities of the adrenergic regulation intensified with increased duration of the disease and with advance of the patient's age, but not with increased severity of the disease. The insulin test offered a possibility of assessing the sympathico-adrenal system reactivity in cases of different degree of the disease compensation.", "PMID": 704553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1761", "title": "[Method of determining testosterone in the blood on a Tsvet-104 gas chromatograph with a constant recombination rate detector].", "content": "The author suggests a method of blood testosterone level determination on gas chromatograph \"Tsvet-104\" with a constant recombination rate detector, without any use of radioactive isotopes, testosterone derivatives. The method consists in thorough preliminary extraction of endogenous testosterone from the blood, its purification in thin layers on silicalgel, and conversion into a fluoroacetoderivative with a subsequent gaseochromatographic separation on chromatone N-AW-DMCS (60--80 mesh) with a low (5%) SE-30 phase content at high temeprature regimens of gas chromatograph \"Tsvet-104\" with a high resolving power of its selective detector.", "contents": "[Method of determining testosterone in the blood on a Tsvet-104 gas chromatograph with a constant recombination rate detector]. The author suggests a method of blood testosterone level determination on gas chromatograph \"Tsvet-104\" with a constant recombination rate detector, without any use of radioactive isotopes, testosterone derivatives. The method consists in thorough preliminary extraction of endogenous testosterone from the blood, its purification in thin layers on silicalgel, and conversion into a fluoroacetoderivative with a subsequent gaseochromatographic separation on chromatone N-AW-DMCS (60--80 mesh) with a low (5%) SE-30 phase content at high temeprature regimens of gas chromatograph \"Tsvet-104\" with a high resolving power of its selective detector.", "PMID": 704556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1762", "title": "[Mineralocorticoid function of the adrenal cortex and the renin--angiotensin system in Itsenko-Cushing's disease].", "content": "Mineralocorticoid function of the adrenal cortex and the activity of the renin-angiotensin system were studied in patients with Itsenko-Cushing's disease before (36 cases) and after (27 cases) the treatment with chloditan--an adrenocortical inhibitor. Minertalocorticoid function of the adrenal cortex was assessed by the blood immunoreactive aldosterone content, urinary 18-aldosterone-glucuronide excretion, and the rate of aldosterone secretion. Condition of the renin-angiotensin system was assesed by the blood renin activity. Aldosterone and renin concentration was studied by the radioimmunological method. There proved to be a reverse relationship between the blood aldosterone concentraiton and the severity of Itsenko-Cushing's disease. Elevation of the mineralocorticoid function of the adrenal cortex in Itsenko-Cushing's disease was due to activation of the renin angiotensin system. During clinical remission of the disease following a course of chloditan treatment the patient displayed an increased blood aldosterone level and a rise of its secretion. The minralocorticoid function of the adrenal cortex was intensified at the state of clinical remission because of an increased blood corticotropin concentration.", "contents": "[Mineralocorticoid function of the adrenal cortex and the renin--angiotensin system in Itsenko-Cushing's disease]. Mineralocorticoid function of the adrenal cortex and the activity of the renin-angiotensin system were studied in patients with Itsenko-Cushing's disease before (36 cases) and after (27 cases) the treatment with chloditan--an adrenocortical inhibitor. Minertalocorticoid function of the adrenal cortex was assessed by the blood immunoreactive aldosterone content, urinary 18-aldosterone-glucuronide excretion, and the rate of aldosterone secretion. Condition of the renin-angiotensin system was assesed by the blood renin activity. Aldosterone and renin concentration was studied by the radioimmunological method. There proved to be a reverse relationship between the blood aldosterone concentraiton and the severity of Itsenko-Cushing's disease. Elevation of the mineralocorticoid function of the adrenal cortex in Itsenko-Cushing's disease was due to activation of the renin angiotensin system. During clinical remission of the disease following a course of chloditan treatment the patient displayed an increased blood aldosterone level and a rise of its secretion. The minralocorticoid function of the adrenal cortex was intensified at the state of clinical remission because of an increased blood corticotropin concentration.", "PMID": 704555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1763", "title": "[Effect of castration and testosterone propionate on 3H-noradrenaline metabolism in different brain structures in male rats].", "content": "Experimental results demonstrated that castration in male rats led to the changes in catecholamine metabolism in various regions of the brian. In particular there is an acceleration of labeled noradrenalin- disappearance (3H-noradrenaline) from the limbic system of the hypothalamus formations. Testosterone propionate restored the initial level of 3H-noradrenaline in the mentioned structures of the brain. The data obtained indicated that adrenorecption of the rynecephalo-hypothalamic complex took part in the central regulation of the gonadotropic function of the hypophysis.", "contents": "[Effect of castration and testosterone propionate on 3H-noradrenaline metabolism in different brain structures in male rats]. Experimental results demonstrated that castration in male rats led to the changes in catecholamine metabolism in various regions of the brian. In particular there is an acceleration of labeled noradrenalin- disappearance (3H-noradrenaline) from the limbic system of the hypothalamus formations. Testosterone propionate restored the initial level of 3H-noradrenaline in the mentioned structures of the brain. The data obtained indicated that adrenorecption of the rynecephalo-hypothalamic complex took part in the central regulation of the gonadotropic function of the hypophysis.", "PMID": 704559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1764", "title": "[Effect of prolonged administration of the adrenergic blockaders, fentolamin and obsidan, on the course of alloxan diabetes in rats].", "content": "Administration of phentholamine or obsidan to rats for 3 weeks sharply diminished the diabetogenic action of alloxan. The insular tissue of the pancreas became less affected, and the percentage of animals with signs of diabetes (polyuria, glucosuria, and hyperglycemia) decreased. Hyperglycemia (averaging 276 and 286 mg%) was revealed in the majority of the animals given alloxan and adrenoblockers. Phentholamine sharply suppressed the development of polyuria in rats with intact pancreas following water load, but obsidan produced no such effect. The mechanism of action of adrenoblockers used on polyuria and glucosuria in animals given alloxan is suggested on the basis of experiments with water load.", "contents": "[Effect of prolonged administration of the adrenergic blockaders, fentolamin and obsidan, on the course of alloxan diabetes in rats]. Administration of phentholamine or obsidan to rats for 3 weeks sharply diminished the diabetogenic action of alloxan. The insular tissue of the pancreas became less affected, and the percentage of animals with signs of diabetes (polyuria, glucosuria, and hyperglycemia) decreased. Hyperglycemia (averaging 276 and 286 mg%) was revealed in the majority of the animals given alloxan and adrenoblockers. Phentholamine sharply suppressed the development of polyuria in rats with intact pancreas following water load, but obsidan produced no such effect. The mechanism of action of adrenoblockers used on polyuria and glucosuria in animals given alloxan is suggested on the basis of experiments with water load.", "PMID": 704560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1765", "title": "[UDPG pyrophosphorylase and phosphoglucomutase activity in the liver of rats with alloxan diabetes].", "content": "The UDPH-pyrophosphatase and phosphomurase activity was determined in the liver homogenates of rats with manifest alloxan diabetes. In comparison with control animals, there was a statistically significant reduction of UDPH-pyrophosphorylase and phosphoglucomutase activity (by 29 and 33%, respectively) in diabetic rats. Decreased activity of the mentioned enzymes in the liver of rats with alloxan diabetes pointed to their participation in reduction of glycogen synthesis in the liver occurring in this disease.", "contents": "[UDPG pyrophosphorylase and phosphoglucomutase activity in the liver of rats with alloxan diabetes]. The UDPH-pyrophosphatase and phosphomurase activity was determined in the liver homogenates of rats with manifest alloxan diabetes. In comparison with control animals, there was a statistically significant reduction of UDPH-pyrophosphorylase and phosphoglucomutase activity (by 29 and 33%, respectively) in diabetic rats. Decreased activity of the mentioned enzymes in the liver of rats with alloxan diabetes pointed to their participation in reduction of glycogen synthesis in the liver occurring in this disease.", "PMID": 704561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1766", "title": "[State of the microcirculation in diabetes mellitus (based on conjunctival biomicroscopy data].", "content": "Conjunctival biomicroscopy was applied to the study of microcirculation in 30 healthy persons and in 112 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus before and after the treatment. Marked darangement of the end blood flow was expressed in the appearance of perivascular, vascular, and intravascular lesions, increasing with the progress of diabetes mellitus.  Adequate therapy gave positive results with the disappearance or reduction of perivascular lesions in the microcirculation, and also improvement of the rheological properties of the blood.", "contents": "[State of the microcirculation in diabetes mellitus (based on conjunctival biomicroscopy data]. Conjunctival biomicroscopy was applied to the study of microcirculation in 30 healthy persons and in 112 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus before and after the treatment. Marked darangement of the end blood flow was expressed in the appearance of perivascular, vascular, and intravascular lesions, increasing with the progress of diabetes mellitus.  Adequate therapy gave positive results with the disappearance or reduction of perivascular lesions in the microcirculation, and also improvement of the rheological properties of the blood.", "PMID": 704563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1767", "title": "[Effect of central m- and n-cholinergic agents on ovarian compensatory hypertrophy in rats].", "content": "Stimulation of the n-cholinergic structures by nicotine or depression of m-cholinergic structures by metamizyl inhibited the compensatory ovarian hypertrophy (COH) induced by hemiovariectomy in rats. Stimulation of m-cholinergic structure by arecoline or depression of n-cholinergic structures by n-cholinolytic IEM-506 eliminated the suppression of COH induced by diethylstilbestrol-propionate. The mediatory role of the central-m-cholinergic systems in the mechanisms of COH and that of n-cholinergic systems in the estrogen-induced suppression of COH is suggested.", "contents": "[Effect of central m- and n-cholinergic agents on ovarian compensatory hypertrophy in rats]. Stimulation of the n-cholinergic structures by nicotine or depression of m-cholinergic structures by metamizyl inhibited the compensatory ovarian hypertrophy (COH) induced by hemiovariectomy in rats. Stimulation of m-cholinergic structure by arecoline or depression of n-cholinergic structures by n-cholinolytic IEM-506 eliminated the suppression of COH induced by diethylstilbestrol-propionate. The mediatory role of the central-m-cholinergic systems in the mechanisms of COH and that of n-cholinergic systems in the estrogen-induced suppression of COH is suggested.", "PMID": 704564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1768", "title": "[Restoration of glucose utilization in alloxan diabetes by means of inhibiting fatty acid oxidation and gluconeogenesis].", "content": "Experiments on intact hungry rats showed hydrazine, gluconeongenesis inhibitor, to cause hypoglycemia; it failed to influence glucose utilization and oxidation, and sharply decreased oleate exidation. Hydrazine inhibition of fatty acids (oleate) oxidation and of gluconeogenesis led to practical normalization of blood glucose level, and also to the utilization and oxidation of glucose in alloxan diabetes. It is postulated that agents with an analogous action mechanism could prove to be effective antidiabetic agents.", "contents": "[Restoration of glucose utilization in alloxan diabetes by means of inhibiting fatty acid oxidation and gluconeogenesis]. Experiments on intact hungry rats showed hydrazine, gluconeongenesis inhibitor, to cause hypoglycemia; it failed to influence glucose utilization and oxidation, and sharply decreased oleate exidation. Hydrazine inhibition of fatty acids (oleate) oxidation and of gluconeogenesis led to practical normalization of blood glucose level, and also to the utilization and oxidation of glucose in alloxan diabetes. It is postulated that agents with an analogous action mechanism could prove to be effective antidiabetic agents.", "PMID": 704562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1769", "title": "[Dynamics of the changes in thyroid gland parenchyma on thyrocalcitonin administration].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on rats; a study was made of the effect of thyrocalcitonin (TCT) administration--5 Units a day--on thyroid gland. TCT administration during the first 5 days led to structural-functional reconstruction of the gland and activation of the synthesis and elimination of the iodine-containing hormones. Prolonged action of the iodine-containing hormones. Prolonged action of TCT (for 20 days) caused hypofunction of the gland, suppression of endogenous TCT production; it also intensified connective tissue proliferation, and destructive focal changes of the thyroid parenchyma.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the changes in thyroid gland parenchyma on thyrocalcitonin administration]. Experiments were conducted on rats; a study was made of the effect of thyrocalcitonin (TCT) administration--5 Units a day--on thyroid gland. TCT administration during the first 5 days led to structural-functional reconstruction of the gland and activation of the synthesis and elimination of the iodine-containing hormones. Prolonged action of the iodine-containing hormones. Prolonged action of TCT (for 20 days) caused hypofunction of the gland, suppression of endogenous TCT production; it also intensified connective tissue proliferation, and destructive focal changes of the thyroid parenchyma.", "PMID": 704567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1770", "title": "[Changes in the functional state and ultrastructure of the cells of the zona glomerulosa of the rat adrenal cortex under prolonged immobilization stress].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on male rats aged from 45 to 50 days; during the development of the general adaptation syndrome distinct functional and ultrastructural shifts originated in the adrenal cortex glomerular zone at the early and end stages of the reaction pointing to the intensification of biosynthesis and of aldosterone secretion. At the early periods (immobilization for 30 min) increased adrenocorticosteroid activity was conditioned by factors influencing the early stages of steroidogenesis, chiefly by corticotropine. Aldosterone biosynthesis and secretion stimulation after 72 hours of immobilization was connected with the activation of the renin-angiotensin system, and, possibly, with factors influencing the end stages of steroidogenesis.", "contents": "[Changes in the functional state and ultrastructure of the cells of the zona glomerulosa of the rat adrenal cortex under prolonged immobilization stress]. Experiments were conducted on male rats aged from 45 to 50 days; during the development of the general adaptation syndrome distinct functional and ultrastructural shifts originated in the adrenal cortex glomerular zone at the early and end stages of the reaction pointing to the intensification of biosynthesis and of aldosterone secretion. At the early periods (immobilization for 30 min) increased adrenocorticosteroid activity was conditioned by factors influencing the early stages of steroidogenesis, chiefly by corticotropine. Aldosterone biosynthesis and secretion stimulation after 72 hours of immobilization was connected with the activation of the renin-angiotensin system, and, possibly, with factors influencing the end stages of steroidogenesis.", "PMID": 704566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1771", "title": "[Effect of hydrocortisone on the sodium and potassium content and distribution in rat hippocampus sections].", "content": "Slices of the rat hyppocampus (CA2 region) were incubated in blood plasma, and the content of Na and K in them, and also distribution of these elements in the extra- and intracellular space (by the inulin method) after hydrocortisone (HC) administration was investigated. Special morphological studies had shown that the first slices embraced the dense neuron cell bodies layer; the next slices (deeper ones) had much less neurons. A single dose of HC given 3 hours before the experiment in doses of 1 and 5 mg per 100 g of body weight caused a decrease of intracellular Na concentration and an increase of intracellular K in the first slices; the transmembrane distribution coefficient was elevated for both ions. After 7-day HC administrattion the changes described practically disappeared. The second slices (having only a few neuron cell bodies) showed no significant changes in the electorlyte composition in all the experiments conducted.", "contents": "[Effect of hydrocortisone on the sodium and potassium content and distribution in rat hippocampus sections]. Slices of the rat hyppocampus (CA2 region) were incubated in blood plasma, and the content of Na and K in them, and also distribution of these elements in the extra- and intracellular space (by the inulin method) after hydrocortisone (HC) administration was investigated. Special morphological studies had shown that the first slices embraced the dense neuron cell bodies layer; the next slices (deeper ones) had much less neurons. A single dose of HC given 3 hours before the experiment in doses of 1 and 5 mg per 100 g of body weight caused a decrease of intracellular Na concentration and an increase of intracellular K in the first slices; the transmembrane distribution coefficient was elevated for both ions. After 7-day HC administrattion the changes described practically disappeared. The second slices (having only a few neuron cell bodies) showed no significant changes in the electorlyte composition in all the experiments conducted.", "PMID": 704565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1772", "title": "Short- and long-term effects of para-chloroamphetamine on ingestive behavior.", "content": "Para-chloroamphetamine (PCA) produces short-term decreases in eating and drinking. PCA also chronically decreases brain serotonin concentration following a single peripheral injection. The present investigation assessed short- and long-term effects of PCA on ingestive behavior and body weight in greater detail. Following an adaptation period, PCA, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg, were administered IP, to free feeding rats. A decrease in food and water consumption was observed during the 0--24 hr postinjection period. During the 24--48 hr period, water consumption was significantly increased compared to baseline. Food intakes during this same period returned to baseline levels. No long-term effects on ingestive behavior or body weight were seen during the following 30 days.", "contents": "Short- and long-term effects of para-chloroamphetamine on ingestive behavior. Para-chloroamphetamine (PCA) produces short-term decreases in eating and drinking. PCA also chronically decreases brain serotonin concentration following a single peripheral injection. The present investigation assessed short- and long-term effects of PCA on ingestive behavior and body weight in greater detail. Following an adaptation period, PCA, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg, were administered IP, to free feeding rats. A decrease in food and water consumption was observed during the 0--24 hr postinjection period. During the 24--48 hr period, water consumption was significantly increased compared to baseline. Food intakes during this same period returned to baseline levels. No long-term effects on ingestive behavior or body weight were seen during the following 30 days.", "PMID": 704648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1773", "title": "Brief communication.  Generalization of [DAla2]-enkephalinamide but not of substance P to the morphine cue.", "content": "Rats were trained to discriminate morphine (7.5 mg/kg, IP) from saline in a two bar positively reinforced lever pressing paradigm on a FR4 schedule. Morphine (IP) showed a naloxone reversible dose-related generalization to the training dose. [DAla2]-Methionine enkephalinamide (DAE) at 1 mg/kg and Substance P (SP) at 0.1 and 0.25 mg/kg showed vehicle appropriate responding after IP injection. DAE (5 mg/kg) disrupted responding completely; SP (0.5 and 0.1 mg/kg) disrupted responding in 50% of the rats. The disruption caused by IP injection of DAE was not naloxone reversible. Intraventricular injection of morphine (5 microgram/rat) and DAE (5 microgram/rat) produced generalization to the opiate cue. The effect of DAE was reversed by naloxone (1 mg/kg, SC). SP (500 and 750 ng/rat, IVT) produced saline-like responding; 1 microgram/rat disrupted responding completely. These data demonstrate that morphine and enkephalin, but not Substance P, share similar discriminative properties.", "contents": "Brief communication.  Generalization of [DAla2]-enkephalinamide but not of substance P to the morphine cue. Rats were trained to discriminate morphine (7.5 mg/kg, IP) from saline in a two bar positively reinforced lever pressing paradigm on a FR4 schedule. Morphine (IP) showed a naloxone reversible dose-related generalization to the training dose. [DAla2]-Methionine enkephalinamide (DAE) at 1 mg/kg and Substance P (SP) at 0.1 and 0.25 mg/kg showed vehicle appropriate responding after IP injection. DAE (5 mg/kg) disrupted responding completely; SP (0.5 and 0.1 mg/kg) disrupted responding in 50% of the rats. The disruption caused by IP injection of DAE was not naloxone reversible. Intraventricular injection of morphine (5 microgram/rat) and DAE (5 microgram/rat) produced generalization to the opiate cue. The effect of DAE was reversed by naloxone (1 mg/kg, SC). SP (500 and 750 ng/rat, IVT) produced saline-like responding; 1 microgram/rat disrupted responding completely. These data demonstrate that morphine and enkephalin, but not Substance P, share similar discriminative properties.", "PMID": 704649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1774", "title": "Brief communication. Inability of hexamethonium to block the discriminative stimulus (SD) property of nicotine.", "content": "Rats were trained to discriminate between levers on a white or black wall to obtain food reinforcement, using nicotine or saline administration as the discriminative stimulus (SD). When hexamethonium was administered, either peripherally or intraventricularly, before the nicotine injection these rats responded as though they had received nicotine alone. This indicates that nicotine receptors responsible for its SD property are not blocked by hexamethonium, or alternatively that it is necessary to block the peripheral and central actions simultaneously to completely eliminate the cueing effect of the nicotine injection.", "contents": "Brief communication. Inability of hexamethonium to block the discriminative stimulus (SD) property of nicotine. Rats were trained to discriminate between levers on a white or black wall to obtain food reinforcement, using nicotine or saline administration as the discriminative stimulus (SD). When hexamethonium was administered, either peripherally or intraventricularly, before the nicotine injection these rats responded as though they had received nicotine alone. This indicates that nicotine receptors responsible for its SD property are not blocked by hexamethonium, or alternatively that it is necessary to block the peripheral and central actions simultaneously to completely eliminate the cueing effect of the nicotine injection.", "PMID": 704650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1775", "title": "Brief communication. Shock-elicited flight response in chickens as an index of morphine analgesia.", "content": "Morphine influence on a flight response elicited by wing shock was examined in 17-day-old chickens. The chickens received either morphine (30 mg/kg) or saline on two days and were tested for responsivity to wing shock 30 min after each injection. On a third day all chickens received saline injections and were tested again. Tests consisted of delivering wing shock at increasing intensity to determine the threshold of a species-typical flight response. Morphine significantly increased the flight response th reshold on the first test (analgesia), but not on the second test. Shock intensity values required to elicit the flight response in morphine and saline groups did not differ significantly on the third test when all birds received saline. In contrast to previous evidence, these results demonstrate morphine analgesia in chickens using a dose that approximates the analgesic dose range reported for other species.", "contents": "Brief communication. Shock-elicited flight response in chickens as an index of morphine analgesia. Morphine influence on a flight response elicited by wing shock was examined in 17-day-old chickens. The chickens received either morphine (30 mg/kg) or saline on two days and were tested for responsivity to wing shock 30 min after each injection. On a third day all chickens received saline injections and were tested again. Tests consisted of delivering wing shock at increasing intensity to determine the threshold of a species-typical flight response. Morphine significantly increased the flight response th reshold on the first test (analgesia), but not on the second test. Shock intensity values required to elicit the flight response in morphine and saline groups did not differ significantly on the third test when all birds received saline. In contrast to previous evidence, these results demonstrate morphine analgesia in chickens using a dose that approximates the analgesic dose range reported for other species.", "PMID": 704651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1776", "title": "Glucosamine incorporation into rat cerebrum: effect of adrenalectomy, corticosterone, exercise, and training.", "content": "Incorporation of D-[I-14C]glucosamine into various metabolic fractions was studied in an experiment designed to quantify the relative influence of physiological and behavioral factors. Different physiological states were established by sham operation (S), adrenalectomy (A), and adrenalectomy plus corticosterone replacement (H). Within each physiological condition the behavioral state was varied by swim-escape training (E), swimming exercise (X) or nonswimming controls (C). Adrenalectomy caused a generalized increase in label uptake by cerebral cortex and hippocampus, but precursor levels in the blood were elevated also, suggesting a systemic physiological effect. Behavioral state had no effect on overall uptake, but did influence the distribution of label between soluble and membrane-bound glycoproteins. These results indicate that D-[I-14C]glucosamine is an effective glycoprotein and ganglioside precursor in behavioral experiments, provided corrections for the influence of systemic physiological factors are made.", "contents": "Glucosamine incorporation into rat cerebrum: effect of adrenalectomy, corticosterone, exercise, and training. Incorporation of D-[I-14C]glucosamine into various metabolic fractions was studied in an experiment designed to quantify the relative influence of physiological and behavioral factors. Different physiological states were established by sham operation (S), adrenalectomy (A), and adrenalectomy plus corticosterone replacement (H). Within each physiological condition the behavioral state was varied by swim-escape training (E), swimming exercise (X) or nonswimming controls (C). Adrenalectomy caused a generalized increase in label uptake by cerebral cortex and hippocampus, but precursor levels in the blood were elevated also, suggesting a systemic physiological effect. Behavioral state had no effect on overall uptake, but did influence the distribution of label between soluble and membrane-bound glycoproteins. These results indicate that D-[I-14C]glucosamine is an effective glycoprotein and ganglioside precursor in behavioral experiments, provided corrections for the influence of systemic physiological factors are made.", "PMID": 704652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1777", "title": "Effects of d-amphetamine on speaking in isolated humans.", "content": "The effects of oral d-amphetamine, 5--20 mg were studied in isolated humans who produced speech monologues during experimental sessions. Drug effects were studied under double-blind conditions by making repeated observations within each subject after placebo or active drug. In the first experiment, d-amphetamine 15 mg was studied in 4 isolated subjects who had received instructions that they should talk some of the time during experimental sessions. All subjects spoke more after active drug than after placebo. In the second experiment, d-amphetamine 5--20 mg was studied in 4 subjects who were instructed to talk, but who also earned points under a fixed interval 5 min schedule by speaking (i.e. by closure of a voice operated relay). Point delivery did not generally influence patterns of speech over time. Reliable drug produced increases in amount of talking were observed in 3 of 4 subjects. Adjective checklist self report scores indicating a stimulant drug effect were also sensitive to effects of d-amphetamine. Under controlled laboratory conditions, an increase in speaking is a reliable behavioral effect of d-amphetamine in isolated humans producing speech monologues.", "contents": "Effects of d-amphetamine on speaking in isolated humans. The effects of oral d-amphetamine, 5--20 mg were studied in isolated humans who produced speech monologues during experimental sessions. Drug effects were studied under double-blind conditions by making repeated observations within each subject after placebo or active drug. In the first experiment, d-amphetamine 15 mg was studied in 4 isolated subjects who had received instructions that they should talk some of the time during experimental sessions. All subjects spoke more after active drug than after placebo. In the second experiment, d-amphetamine 5--20 mg was studied in 4 subjects who were instructed to talk, but who also earned points under a fixed interval 5 min schedule by speaking (i.e. by closure of a voice operated relay). Point delivery did not generally influence patterns of speech over time. Reliable drug produced increases in amount of talking were observed in 3 of 4 subjects. Adjective checklist self report scores indicating a stimulant drug effect were also sensitive to effects of d-amphetamine. Under controlled laboratory conditions, an increase in speaking is a reliable behavioral effect of d-amphetamine in isolated humans producing speech monologues.", "PMID": 704653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1778", "title": "Dopamine in the hypothalamus of the cat: pharmacological characterization and push-pull perfusion analysis of sites mediating hypothermia.", "content": "Within the rostral diencephalon of the cat, 113 sites were examined for their reactivity to 2.33--14.0 microgram dopamine (DA) or 2.33--14.0 microgram norepinephrine (NE) microinjected in a volume of 0.75 microliter. During each experiment, colonic temperature was monitored and additional physiological measures were recorded continuously. In contrast to CSF controls, an intrahypothalamic injection of either catecholamine at circumscribed sites evoked a dose-dependent fall in the cat's body temperature, with NE ordinarily evoking a more profound hypothermic response. The morphological sites of maximum sensitivity were localized in the anterior hypothalamic, preoptic region. At some but not all sites, a prior microinjection of 3.5--7.0 microgram phentolamine attenuated the magnitude of the DA-induced hypothermia and delayed its onset. Conversely, at all loci, the pretreatment by the injection of this alpha-adrenergic antagonist markedly reduced the absolute magnitude of the NE-induced fall in the cat's temperature. Similar pretreatment of a reactive hypothalamic locus with a beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent, practolol (3.5 microgram), failed to alter the hypothermia following a microinjection of DA. Either of two DA receptor antagonists, haloperidol (0.04--7.0 microgram) or d-butaclamol (0.48--1.47 microgram), when given in a sufficient dose, effectively delayed the onset of the DA-hypothermia and reduced its absolute magnitude; however, the NE-induced decline in the cat's temperature was unaffected by DA receptor blockade. Endogenous stores of DA and/or NE in the cat's hypothalamus were radio-labeled with either 3H- or 14C-catecholamines or both, microinjected through the implanted guide tube into an identified amine-sensitive site. By using push-pull cannulae, the site was subsequently perfused for 5 min with artificial CSF at a rate of 25 microliter/min with samples collected at 15 min intervals. During either the third or fourth perfusion, the ambient temperature of the cat's chamber of 22--24 degrees C was elevated to 35--45 degrees C and maintained at this level for 15 or 30 min. This environmental warming evoked a release of either DA o; NE or both amines from certain circumscribed sites within the cat's rostral hypothalamus. Overall, these results provide pharmacological, physiological and anatomical evidence for a differential role of DA in the hypothalamic mechanism which mediates the heat loss processes.", "contents": "Dopamine in the hypothalamus of the cat: pharmacological characterization and push-pull perfusion analysis of sites mediating hypothermia. Within the rostral diencephalon of the cat, 113 sites were examined for their reactivity to 2.33--14.0 microgram dopamine (DA) or 2.33--14.0 microgram norepinephrine (NE) microinjected in a volume of 0.75 microliter. During each experiment, colonic temperature was monitored and additional physiological measures were recorded continuously. In contrast to CSF controls, an intrahypothalamic injection of either catecholamine at circumscribed sites evoked a dose-dependent fall in the cat's body temperature, with NE ordinarily evoking a more profound hypothermic response. The morphological sites of maximum sensitivity were localized in the anterior hypothalamic, preoptic region. At some but not all sites, a prior microinjection of 3.5--7.0 microgram phentolamine attenuated the magnitude of the DA-induced hypothermia and delayed its onset. Conversely, at all loci, the pretreatment by the injection of this alpha-adrenergic antagonist markedly reduced the absolute magnitude of the NE-induced fall in the cat's temperature. Similar pretreatment of a reactive hypothalamic locus with a beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent, practolol (3.5 microgram), failed to alter the hypothermia following a microinjection of DA. Either of two DA receptor antagonists, haloperidol (0.04--7.0 microgram) or d-butaclamol (0.48--1.47 microgram), when given in a sufficient dose, effectively delayed the onset of the DA-hypothermia and reduced its absolute magnitude; however, the NE-induced decline in the cat's temperature was unaffected by DA receptor blockade. Endogenous stores of DA and/or NE in the cat's hypothalamus were radio-labeled with either 3H- or 14C-catecholamines or both, microinjected through the implanted guide tube into an identified amine-sensitive site. By using push-pull cannulae, the site was subsequently perfused for 5 min with artificial CSF at a rate of 25 microliter/min with samples collected at 15 min intervals. During either the third or fourth perfusion, the ambient temperature of the cat's chamber of 22--24 degrees C was elevated to 35--45 degrees C and maintained at this level for 15 or 30 min. This environmental warming evoked a release of either DA o; NE or both amines from certain circumscribed sites within the cat's rostral hypothalamus. Overall, these results provide pharmacological, physiological and anatomical evidence for a differential role of DA in the hypothalamic mechanism which mediates the heat loss processes.", "PMID": 704654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1779", "title": "Effects of caffeine on DRL performance in the mouse.", "content": "Mice were trained to stable and efficient DRL 18 sec performance utilizing a nose-poke as the operant. Caffeine, at doses less than 48 mg/kg, increased both response bursts (IRTs less than 3 sec) and longer IRTs, and shifted the IRT distribution towards shorter, nonreinforced IRTs. Auditory feedback for responses decreased the number of bursts emitted and produced performance more resistant to drug effects. These results are similar to those previously reported for caffeine on DRL in the rat, and for amphetamine on DRL in a variety of species.", "contents": "Effects of caffeine on DRL performance in the mouse. Mice were trained to stable and efficient DRL 18 sec performance utilizing a nose-poke as the operant. Caffeine, at doses less than 48 mg/kg, increased both response bursts (IRTs less than 3 sec) and longer IRTs, and shifted the IRT distribution towards shorter, nonreinforced IRTs. Auditory feedback for responses decreased the number of bursts emitted and produced performance more resistant to drug effects. These results are similar to those previously reported for caffeine on DRL in the rat, and for amphetamine on DRL in a variety of species.", "PMID": 704655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1780", "title": "Inhibition of estrogen-induced sexual receptivity of female hamsters: comparative effects of progesterone, dihydrotestosterone and an estrogen antagonist.", "content": "In the first experiment ovariectomized female hamsters were administered varying dosages of progesterone (P), dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or CI-628 at the same time (concurrently) as estrogen (EB) or 48 hr after EB (sequentially). All groups also received 500 microgram P 4 hr before being tested for sexual receptivity. P was more effective in reducing receptivity when given sequentially with estrogen than when given concurrently. Thus, the inhibitory effect of P increased with an increased interval between EB and P treatment. More CI-628 than P was required to inhibit lordosis and unlike P, CI-628 was equally effective when given concurrently with EB as when given sequentially. DHT did not inhibit receptivity when given in either paradigm. In the second experiment ovariectomized hamsters were treated with varying dosages of DHT 12 hr before EB. An amount of DHT which had no effect in Experiment 1 significantly inhibited receptivity when given 12 hr before EB. The relative inhibitory effects of these three compounds were discussed in terms of the possible similarities and differences in their mechanisms of action for inhibiting lordosis.", "contents": "Inhibition of estrogen-induced sexual receptivity of female hamsters: comparative effects of progesterone, dihydrotestosterone and an estrogen antagonist. In the first experiment ovariectomized female hamsters were administered varying dosages of progesterone (P), dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or CI-628 at the same time (concurrently) as estrogen (EB) or 48 hr after EB (sequentially). All groups also received 500 microgram P 4 hr before being tested for sexual receptivity. P was more effective in reducing receptivity when given sequentially with estrogen than when given concurrently. Thus, the inhibitory effect of P increased with an increased interval between EB and P treatment. More CI-628 than P was required to inhibit lordosis and unlike P, CI-628 was equally effective when given concurrently with EB as when given sequentially. DHT did not inhibit receptivity when given in either paradigm. In the second experiment ovariectomized hamsters were treated with varying dosages of DHT 12 hr before EB. An amount of DHT which had no effect in Experiment 1 significantly inhibited receptivity when given 12 hr before EB. The relative inhibitory effects of these three compounds were discussed in terms of the possible similarities and differences in their mechanisms of action for inhibiting lordosis.", "PMID": 704656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1781", "title": "On the mechanism of hyperglycemia and stimulation of growth hormone secretion by L-dopa.", "content": "The mechanism of hyperglycemia produced by L-dopa was studied in normal trained dogs with 3-3H-glucose infusion to measure rates of hepatic glucose output (production) and overall glucose uptake (utilization). Infusion of L-dopa (20 mg/kg/h) increased glucose production causing hyperglycemia. Despite the hyperglycemia plasma insulin did not increase nor did glucose uptake, indicating a relative inhibition of glucose utilization. These effects resemble those produced by epinephrine infusion. Pretreatment with a decarboxylase inhibitor, carbidopa, prevented the L-dopa effect to increase glucose production and no hyperglycemia occurred. Hyperglycemia was not prevented by pimozide, a dopamine receptor blocker, nor by propranolol but was prevented by phentolamine. L-Dopa also increased plasma growth hormone levels without affecting plasma cortisol. The effect on growth hormone was prevented by carbidopa and by phentolamine but not by pimozide; propranolol potentiated the rise in growth hormone. The data suggest that the L-dopa-induced hyperglycemia is due to a peripheral action, whereas stimulation of growth hormone secretion may be due to a central action of a L-dopa metabolite.", "contents": "On the mechanism of hyperglycemia and stimulation of growth hormone secretion by L-dopa. The mechanism of hyperglycemia produced by L-dopa was studied in normal trained dogs with 3-3H-glucose infusion to measure rates of hepatic glucose output (production) and overall glucose uptake (utilization). Infusion of L-dopa (20 mg/kg/h) increased glucose production causing hyperglycemia. Despite the hyperglycemia plasma insulin did not increase nor did glucose uptake, indicating a relative inhibition of glucose utilization. These effects resemble those produced by epinephrine infusion. Pretreatment with a decarboxylase inhibitor, carbidopa, prevented the L-dopa effect to increase glucose production and no hyperglycemia occurred. Hyperglycemia was not prevented by pimozide, a dopamine receptor blocker, nor by propranolol but was prevented by phentolamine. L-Dopa also increased plasma growth hormone levels without affecting plasma cortisol. The effect on growth hormone was prevented by carbidopa and by phentolamine but not by pimozide; propranolol potentiated the rise in growth hormone. The data suggest that the L-dopa-induced hyperglycemia is due to a peripheral action, whereas stimulation of growth hormone secretion may be due to a central action of a L-dopa metabolite.", "PMID": 704657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1782", "title": "Effect of the anorectic drug, phenylpropanolamine, on blood glucose in rats.", "content": "Phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride (PPA) is a widely used decongestant and anorectic drug. The present study investigated the hypoglycemic effects of intraperitoneal PPA on rats to test the possibility that it might derive some of its anorectic properties through effects on glucostatic mechanisms. PPA tended to lower blood glucose levels in normal rats; the glycemia reducing effect was larger and statistically significant in rats made hyperglycemic by prior treatment with streptozocin to cause diabetes. This is the first evidence that PPA migh possibly reduce feeding by increasing blood sugar utilization.", "contents": "Effect of the anorectic drug, phenylpropanolamine, on blood glucose in rats. Phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride (PPA) is a widely used decongestant and anorectic drug. The present study investigated the hypoglycemic effects of intraperitoneal PPA on rats to test the possibility that it might derive some of its anorectic properties through effects on glucostatic mechanisms. PPA tended to lower blood glucose levels in normal rats; the glycemia reducing effect was larger and statistically significant in rats made hyperglycemic by prior treatment with streptozocin to cause diabetes. This is the first evidence that PPA migh possibly reduce feeding by increasing blood sugar utilization.", "PMID": 704658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1783", "title": "Dietary cholesterol-induced enhancement of hepatic biotransformation rate in male rats.", "content": "Male rats were fed a cholesterol-free diet for 5 weeks, followed by a 2% cholesterol diet for 4 weeks. Another group of rats was continuously fed a cholesterol-free diet. A third group was fed standard pelllets during the whole experiment. Hepatic microsomal protein and cholesterol contents and drug-metabolizing enzyme activities were measured. The cholesterol-rich diet increased microsomal protein content and this increase disappeared after trypsin digestion of microsomal membranes. Microsomal cholesterol content was enhanced three-fold by cholesterol feeding. Cytochrome P-450 concentration, NADPH cytochrome c reductase and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activities showed only minor changes following cholesterol feeding. The p-nitroanisole O-demethylase and ethoxycoumarin deethylase activities were doubled by cholesterol in comparison to cholesterol-free diet. Trypsin digestion activated the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzyme eight- to ten-fold on a protein basis. Trypsin treatment increased the cholesterol activation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase when compared to the activity in native microsomes. The data suggest that dietary cholesterol regulates the cholesterol content of microsomal membranes. The activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes are also altered, possibly due to the compositional changes of the membranes.", "contents": "Dietary cholesterol-induced enhancement of hepatic biotransformation rate in male rats. Male rats were fed a cholesterol-free diet for 5 weeks, followed by a 2% cholesterol diet for 4 weeks. Another group of rats was continuously fed a cholesterol-free diet. A third group was fed standard pelllets during the whole experiment. Hepatic microsomal protein and cholesterol contents and drug-metabolizing enzyme activities were measured. The cholesterol-rich diet increased microsomal protein content and this increase disappeared after trypsin digestion of microsomal membranes. Microsomal cholesterol content was enhanced three-fold by cholesterol feeding. Cytochrome P-450 concentration, NADPH cytochrome c reductase and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activities showed only minor changes following cholesterol feeding. The p-nitroanisole O-demethylase and ethoxycoumarin deethylase activities were doubled by cholesterol in comparison to cholesterol-free diet. Trypsin digestion activated the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzyme eight- to ten-fold on a protein basis. Trypsin treatment increased the cholesterol activation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase when compared to the activity in native microsomes. The data suggest that dietary cholesterol regulates the cholesterol content of microsomal membranes. The activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes are also altered, possibly due to the compositional changes of the membranes.", "PMID": 704659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1784", "title": "Evaluation of antiulcer activity of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the Shay rat test.", "content": "delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) inhibited ulcer formation in the pylorus-ligated rat (Shay rat test). However, this antiulcer activity of THC was substantially less than for the anticholinergic substance tridihexethyl chloride both in terms of degree of activity and potency. In addition, the results of the present study suggested different mechanism(s) of action for the antiulcer effects of these substances.", "contents": "Evaluation of antiulcer activity of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the Shay rat test. delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) inhibited ulcer formation in the pylorus-ligated rat (Shay rat test). However, this antiulcer activity of THC was substantially less than for the anticholinergic substance tridihexethyl chloride both in terms of degree of activity and potency. In addition, the results of the present study suggested different mechanism(s) of action for the antiulcer effects of these substances.", "PMID": 704660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1785", "title": "Carcinogenic benzo(a)pyrene metabolites bound to DNA: metabolic formation by human cultured lymphocytes and by human liver microsomes.", "content": "Sonicates of human cultured lymphocytes metabolize (benzo(a)pyrene to at least two intermediates that bind covalently to deproteinized DNA in vitro. The major peak represents the 4,5-oxide bound to nucleoside(s). No correlation is found between 'aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity' (or its inducibility) and benzo(a)pyrene metabolites generated by human lymphocytes and bound to DNA in vitro. Human liver microsomes produce in vitro at least six such reactive intermediates which, bound to deproteinized DNA nucleosides, are separable by chromatography. The major peak represents the 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxides bound to nucleoside(s): this highly reactive intermediate is believed to be one of the ultimate carcinogenic forms of benzo(a)pyrene.", "contents": "Carcinogenic benzo(a)pyrene metabolites bound to DNA: metabolic formation by human cultured lymphocytes and by human liver microsomes. Sonicates of human cultured lymphocytes metabolize (benzo(a)pyrene to at least two intermediates that bind covalently to deproteinized DNA in vitro. The major peak represents the 4,5-oxide bound to nucleoside(s). No correlation is found between 'aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity' (or its inducibility) and benzo(a)pyrene metabolites generated by human lymphocytes and bound to DNA in vitro. Human liver microsomes produce in vitro at least six such reactive intermediates which, bound to deproteinized DNA nucleosides, are separable by chromatography. The major peak represents the 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxides bound to nucleoside(s): this highly reactive intermediate is believed to be one of the ultimate carcinogenic forms of benzo(a)pyrene.", "PMID": 704661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1786", "title": "Accommodation related to the action of ethanol on frog sciatic nerve.", "content": "Index of accommodation of 32 frog sciatic nerves was studied with exponentially rising currents. Ethanol was mixed with normal Ringer's solution at the following concentrations: 42, 85, 171, and 513 mM. We found a significant increase in the accommodation index. The results were attributed to the sodium conductance change and to a drop in membrane potential elicited by ethanol. The loss of the breakdown in the nerve accommodation curve was interpreted as the ethanol acting mainly on the thinner nerve fibres rather than on the large fibres.", "contents": "Accommodation related to the action of ethanol on frog sciatic nerve. Index of accommodation of 32 frog sciatic nerves was studied with exponentially rising currents. Ethanol was mixed with normal Ringer's solution at the following concentrations: 42, 85, 171, and 513 mM. We found a significant increase in the accommodation index. The results were attributed to the sodium conductance change and to a drop in membrane potential elicited by ethanol. The loss of the breakdown in the nerve accommodation curve was interpreted as the ethanol acting mainly on the thinner nerve fibres rather than on the large fibres.", "PMID": 704662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1787", "title": "Correlations between cannabis-induced psychopathology and EEG before and after drug ingestion.", "content": "The study investigates EEG characteristics in relation to psychopathology. Tetrahydro-Cannabinol (THC) was taken orally by 12 volunteers. The EEG was recorded continuously, and THC-induced psychopathology was assessed by pre- and post-experiment questionnaires. Subjects had to signal THC experiences. EEG measurements (distribution means of frequency bands derived from EEG frequency analysis) before and after THC were correlated with THC induced psychopathology. High correlations were found before THC ingestion, and after THC during periods without experiences. Thus, the pre-drug EEG indicates predisposition to THC induced body image disturbances and euphoria, and the drug-influenced EEG in periods without experiences indicates the tendency to drug-induced experiences. The predicting EEG parameters were different for THC induced visual experiences and for body image disturbances.", "contents": "Correlations between cannabis-induced psychopathology and EEG before and after drug ingestion. The study investigates EEG characteristics in relation to psychopathology. Tetrahydro-Cannabinol (THC) was taken orally by 12 volunteers. The EEG was recorded continuously, and THC-induced psychopathology was assessed by pre- and post-experiment questionnaires. Subjects had to signal THC experiences. EEG measurements (distribution means of frequency bands derived from EEG frequency analysis) before and after THC were correlated with THC induced psychopathology. High correlations were found before THC ingestion, and after THC during periods without experiences. Thus, the pre-drug EEG indicates predisposition to THC induced body image disturbances and euphoria, and the drug-influenced EEG in periods without experiences indicates the tendency to drug-induced experiences. The predicting EEG parameters were different for THC induced visual experiences and for body image disturbances.", "PMID": 704663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1788", "title": "[Lithium balance in healthy volunteers].", "content": "Lithium sulphate in a sustained-release preparation was given to three healthy volunteers during 10 days. The following results were obtained: 1. The daily requirement needed for maintenance of an efficient lithium serum level from 0.7 to 0.8 mmol/l amounts to 30 mval. A steady state level of the serum lithium concentration was achieved after 4 to 5 days. 2. The mean value of lithium clearance amounts to 26.8 ml/min. 3. Approx. 98% of the ingested lithium could be recovered from the urine. 4. 6 days after drug withdrawal the lithium concentration in serum and urine was determined as 0. This result shows that the study of lithium balance can rely on renal excretion excluding other pathways. It is discussed that the simultaneous ingestion of psychortropic drugs and sodium chloride may influence the elimination rate of lithium.", "contents": "[Lithium balance in healthy volunteers]. Lithium sulphate in a sustained-release preparation was given to three healthy volunteers during 10 days. The following results were obtained: 1. The daily requirement needed for maintenance of an efficient lithium serum level from 0.7 to 0.8 mmol/l amounts to 30 mval. A steady state level of the serum lithium concentration was achieved after 4 to 5 days. 2. The mean value of lithium clearance amounts to 26.8 ml/min. 3. Approx. 98% of the ingested lithium could be recovered from the urine. 4. 6 days after drug withdrawal the lithium concentration in serum and urine was determined as 0. This result shows that the study of lithium balance can rely on renal excretion excluding other pathways. It is discussed that the simultaneous ingestion of psychortropic drugs and sodium chloride may influence the elimination rate of lithium.", "PMID": 704664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1789", "title": "Photon absorptiometry of soft tissue and fluid content: the method and its precision and accuracy.", "content": "Dichromatic absorptiometry (DA) is a new, non-invasive method for determining soft tissue (STC) and fluid content (FC), and their changes. The technique uses linear transmission scans made across the limbs with a congruent 125I and 241Am dual-photon source and a NaI(TI)--PMT detector. Patient measurements could be made at the bedside with the mobile system. Factors affecting the precision and accuracy were evaluated theoretically and experimentally. Repositioning and subject motion were the greatest sources of variation and limited the precision to 2--3% in normals and 3--7% in patients; instrumental variation was 0.5%. The accuracy was 4% for typical (p10%) fluid changes observed in vivo. The ease, simplicity and small errors of the technique suggest its utility in monitoring the time course and degree of fluid changes in patients.", "contents": "Photon absorptiometry of soft tissue and fluid content: the method and its precision and accuracy. Dichromatic absorptiometry (DA) is a new, non-invasive method for determining soft tissue (STC) and fluid content (FC), and their changes. The technique uses linear transmission scans made across the limbs with a congruent 125I and 241Am dual-photon source and a NaI(TI)--PMT detector. Patient measurements could be made at the bedside with the mobile system. Factors affecting the precision and accuracy were evaluated theoretically and experimentally. Repositioning and subject motion were the greatest sources of variation and limited the precision to 2--3% in normals and 3--7% in patients; instrumental variation was 0.5%. The accuracy was 4% for typical (p10%) fluid changes observed in vivo. The ease, simplicity and small errors of the technique suggest its utility in monitoring the time course and degree of fluid changes in patients.", "PMID": 704666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1790", "title": "RF magnetic field penetration, phase shift and power dissipation in biological tissue: implications for NMR imaging.", "content": "The magnetic field penetration, phase shift and power deposition in planar and cylindrical models of biological tissue exposed to a sinusoidal time-dependent magnetic field have been investigated theoretically over the frequency range 1 to 100 MHz. The results are based on measurements of the relative permittivity and resistivity dispersions of a variety of freshly excised rat tissue at 37 and 25 degrees C, and are analysed in terms of their implications for human body nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging. The results indicate that at NMR operating frequencies much greater than about 30 MHz, magnetic field amplitude and phase variations experienced by the nuclei may cause serious distortions in an image of a human torso. The maximum power deposition envisaged during an NMR imaging experiment on a human torso is likely to be comparable to existing long-term safe exposure levels, and will depend ultimately on the imaging technique and NMR frequency employed.", "contents": "RF magnetic field penetration, phase shift and power dissipation in biological tissue: implications for NMR imaging. The magnetic field penetration, phase shift and power deposition in planar and cylindrical models of biological tissue exposed to a sinusoidal time-dependent magnetic field have been investigated theoretically over the frequency range 1 to 100 MHz. The results are based on measurements of the relative permittivity and resistivity dispersions of a variety of freshly excised rat tissue at 37 and 25 degrees C, and are analysed in terms of their implications for human body nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging. The results indicate that at NMR operating frequencies much greater than about 30 MHz, magnetic field amplitude and phase variations experienced by the nuclei may cause serious distortions in an image of a human torso. The maximum power deposition envisaged during an NMR imaging experiment on a human torso is likely to be comparable to existing long-term safe exposure levels, and will depend ultimately on the imaging technique and NMR frequency employed.", "PMID": 704667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1791", "title": "Transverse section imaging of mean clearance time.", "content": "Transverse sections representing the magnitude of clearance rates or the mean transit time of radionuclide flow through known volumes of interest are computed from angular projections. First the integrated counts for all time intervals at each projection bin for each angle are computed. These modified projection sums are convolved with a filter and backprojected to form an integrated event image. A second image is formed by backprojected the sum over time of the projected values for each angle weighted time. The ratio of the second image to the first image gives a mean clearance time image with high signal to noise and accuracy after thresholding to remove noise in zero-flow regions. The algorithm is verified by computer simulations and has a major benefit in the savings of computational time by a factor of 10 for anticipated clinical studies of brain and kidney blood flow and lung ventilation and perfusion.", "contents": "Transverse section imaging of mean clearance time. Transverse sections representing the magnitude of clearance rates or the mean transit time of radionuclide flow through known volumes of interest are computed from angular projections. First the integrated counts for all time intervals at each projection bin for each angle are computed. These modified projection sums are convolved with a filter and backprojected to form an integrated event image. A second image is formed by backprojected the sum over time of the projected values for each angle weighted time. The ratio of the second image to the first image gives a mean clearance time image with high signal to noise and accuracy after thresholding to remove noise in zero-flow regions. The algorithm is verified by computer simulations and has a major benefit in the savings of computational time by a factor of 10 for anticipated clinical studies of brain and kidney blood flow and lung ventilation and perfusion.", "PMID": 704668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1792", "title": "A comparison of optimum detector spatial resolution in nuclear imaging based on statistical theory and on observer performance.", "content": "An expression for the expected image of a spherical tumour in a uniform background was derived in terms of background thickness and concentration of radioactivity, the tumour size, depth and uptake ratio, the gamma-ray energy and the detector response function. Three models of human observer performance for tumour detection were developed from different signal-to-noise ratio measures based on the statistical theory of detection. The optimum detector spatial resolution predicted by each model was then compared to that obtained from an observer performance study in which the subjects viewed computer-simulated scintigrams. The predictions from two of these models seem to be consistent with the results of the observer performance study. Model II involves a comparison of the counts integrated over the tumour region with the counts integrated over a background region of the same area. Model III compares the count density estimates of signal-plus-background and background obtained from application of non-uniform weighting functions to the image data.", "contents": "A comparison of optimum detector spatial resolution in nuclear imaging based on statistical theory and on observer performance. An expression for the expected image of a spherical tumour in a uniform background was derived in terms of background thickness and concentration of radioactivity, the tumour size, depth and uptake ratio, the gamma-ray energy and the detector response function. Three models of human observer performance for tumour detection were developed from different signal-to-noise ratio measures based on the statistical theory of detection. The optimum detector spatial resolution predicted by each model was then compared to that obtained from an observer performance study in which the subjects viewed computer-simulated scintigrams. The predictions from two of these models seem to be consistent with the results of the observer performance study. Model II involves a comparison of the counts integrated over the tumour region with the counts integrated over a background region of the same area. Model III compares the count density estimates of signal-plus-background and background obtained from application of non-uniform weighting functions to the image data.", "PMID": 704669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1793", "title": "Error propagation in quantitative biplane cineroentgenography.", "content": "The propagation of errors in quantitative biplane cineroentgenography was investigated to see which variables were the most critical. The analysis was carried out both for the propagation of root-mean-square errors and for errors as derived by a Taylor expansion of the reconstruction equations. The reconstruction is most sensitive to the measured values of the coordinates, as opposed to the parameters of the physical system. It was found that decreasing the error in one parameter to zero does not significantly affect the accuracy of the reconstruction; it is more efficient to reduce the errors for all of the parameters simultaneously.", "contents": "Error propagation in quantitative biplane cineroentgenography. The propagation of errors in quantitative biplane cineroentgenography was investigated to see which variables were the most critical. The analysis was carried out both for the propagation of root-mean-square errors and for errors as derived by a Taylor expansion of the reconstruction equations. The reconstruction is most sensitive to the measured values of the coordinates, as opposed to the parameters of the physical system. It was found that decreasing the error in one parameter to zero does not significantly affect the accuracy of the reconstruction; it is more efficient to reduce the errors for all of the parameters simultaneously.", "PMID": 704670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1794", "title": "Design of a three-dimensional positron camera for nuclear medicine.", "content": "A positron camera is proposed for nuclear medical imaging of radionuclide distributions in a series of isolated planes. This three-dimensional localisation is achieved through analysis of four time signals, whose differences directly measure the position (x, y, z) of individual positron annihilation events. A tetrahedronal symmetry is exploited, with two skewed plastic scintillator bars spanning a large sensitive volume. Phototubes on each end of both bars generate fast timing pulses uniquely determining the decay position through a time-of-flight technique. The mathematical properties of the transformation from the observed quantities to the spatial distribution of the radionuclide are investigated. A discussion of the efficiency of the system and the effects of Compton scattering in tissue is given. A one-dimensional pilot study encourages the development of the prototype three-dimensional positron camera.", "contents": "Design of a three-dimensional positron camera for nuclear medicine. A positron camera is proposed for nuclear medical imaging of radionuclide distributions in a series of isolated planes. This three-dimensional localisation is achieved through analysis of four time signals, whose differences directly measure the position (x, y, z) of individual positron annihilation events. A tetrahedronal symmetry is exploited, with two skewed plastic scintillator bars spanning a large sensitive volume. Phototubes on each end of both bars generate fast timing pulses uniquely determining the decay position through a time-of-flight technique. The mathematical properties of the transformation from the observed quantities to the spatial distribution of the radionuclide are investigated. A discussion of the efficiency of the system and the effects of Compton scattering in tissue is given. A one-dimensional pilot study encourages the development of the prototype three-dimensional positron camera.", "PMID": 704671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1795", "title": "Assessment of airborne radon daughter concentrations in dwellings in Great Britain.", "content": "Calculations of the activity concentration of RaA (218Po) in the air within living rooms and in the outside air were made at 87 dwellings in England and Scotland. From these measurements together with a determination of the ventilation rate existing in the room at the time of the measurements, the rate at which 222Rn is emanating from room surfaces into room air in pCil-1 h-1, can be calculated. For the dwellings studied the mean emanation rate is 0.54 pCil-1 h-1 and on the basis of a mean ventilation rate of one room change per hour throughout the year and assuming an occupancy factor of 0.8 the population exposure rate for the population of Great Britain to the short-lived daughters of 222Rn is estimated to be 0.15 Working Level Months per year.", "contents": "Assessment of airborne radon daughter concentrations in dwellings in Great Britain. Calculations of the activity concentration of RaA (218Po) in the air within living rooms and in the outside air were made at 87 dwellings in England and Scotland. From these measurements together with a determination of the ventilation rate existing in the room at the time of the measurements, the rate at which 222Rn is emanating from room surfaces into room air in pCil-1 h-1, can be calculated. For the dwellings studied the mean emanation rate is 0.54 pCil-1 h-1 and on the basis of a mean ventilation rate of one room change per hour throughout the year and assuming an occupancy factor of 0.8 the population exposure rate for the population of Great Britain to the short-lived daughters of 222Rn is estimated to be 0.15 Working Level Months per year.", "PMID": 704672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1796", "title": "The influence of thyroid geometry on the response of LiF and CaSO4 thermoluminescent discs to 131I and 125I irradiation.", "content": "Recent work has demonstrated that LiF and CaSO4 thermoluminescent discs may be used to monitor the effective half-life of radioiodine in the thyroid in man. To provide a firm basis for this work, the radiation field presented by model thyroids to thermoluminescent discs on the surface of a neck phantom has been examined in detail. The influence of thyroid mass, depth and lobe separation, factors which in practice are highly variable, has also been determined. The results demonstrate that the method is sufficiently sensitive to measure less than 0.5 muCi of 131I or 125I in the human thyroid, and that effective half-life determinations should not be influenced by minor positioning errors which may be encountered when placing thermoluminescent discs on the neck surface.", "contents": "The influence of thyroid geometry on the response of LiF and CaSO4 thermoluminescent discs to 131I and 125I irradiation. Recent work has demonstrated that LiF and CaSO4 thermoluminescent discs may be used to monitor the effective half-life of radioiodine in the thyroid in man. To provide a firm basis for this work, the radiation field presented by model thyroids to thermoluminescent discs on the surface of a neck phantom has been examined in detail. The influence of thyroid mass, depth and lobe separation, factors which in practice are highly variable, has also been determined. The results demonstrate that the method is sufficiently sensitive to measure less than 0.5 muCi of 131I or 125I in the human thyroid, and that effective half-life determinations should not be influenced by minor positioning errors which may be encountered when placing thermoluminescent discs on the neck surface.", "PMID": 704673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1797", "title": "A thermoluminescent fast-neutron dosemeter based on pellets of CaSO4: Dy mixed with sulphur.", "content": "The fast neutron activation reaction 32S(n, p) 32P in CaSO4: Dy has been used in the measurements of fast neutron dose by employing a post-irradiation TL accumulation method. In order to increase the efficiency of the method CaSO4: Dy powder was mixed with sulphur powder in various proportions from which pellets weighing each were made. After neutron irradiation these pellets were each burnt in an aluminium planchette and the phosphor residue with 32P beta activity on it was allowed to undergo self-irradiation for TL accumulation. The fast neutron efficiency of the system employing 10 pellets of 0.1% CaSO4: Dy was found to be about 100 times that of bare CaSO4: Dy powder.", "contents": "A thermoluminescent fast-neutron dosemeter based on pellets of CaSO4: Dy mixed with sulphur. The fast neutron activation reaction 32S(n, p) 32P in CaSO4: Dy has been used in the measurements of fast neutron dose by employing a post-irradiation TL accumulation method. In order to increase the efficiency of the method CaSO4: Dy powder was mixed with sulphur powder in various proportions from which pellets weighing each were made. After neutron irradiation these pellets were each burnt in an aluminium planchette and the phosphor residue with 32P beta activity on it was allowed to undergo self-irradiation for TL accumulation. The fast neutron efficiency of the system employing 10 pellets of 0.1% CaSO4: Dy was found to be about 100 times that of bare CaSO4: Dy powder.", "PMID": 704674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1798", "title": "The distribution and clearance of inhaled UO2 particles on the first bifurcation and trachea of rats.", "content": "The distribution of inhaled UO2 particles is described in the upper respiratory tract of rats up to 14 d after inhalation. Delayed neutron analysis was used to determine accurately nanogram quantities of UO2 present in excised tissues. The mass of UO2 in the extrapulmonary bronchi and first bifurcation decreased more slowly over 0--8 d after inhalation than the corresponding mass on the trachea. Between 8 and 14 d neither amount altered significantly. Small but significant quantities of UO2 deposited on the trachea during inhalation, remained until at least 14 d after inhalation.", "contents": "The distribution and clearance of inhaled UO2 particles on the first bifurcation and trachea of rats. The distribution of inhaled UO2 particles is described in the upper respiratory tract of rats up to 14 d after inhalation. Delayed neutron analysis was used to determine accurately nanogram quantities of UO2 present in excised tissues. The mass of UO2 in the extrapulmonary bronchi and first bifurcation decreased more slowly over 0--8 d after inhalation than the corresponding mass on the trachea. Between 8 and 14 d neither amount altered significantly. Small but significant quantities of UO2 deposited on the trachea during inhalation, remained until at least 14 d after inhalation.", "PMID": 704675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1799", "title": "Calculated responses to a thermal neutron beam for hamster and HeLa cells containing boron-10 at different concentrations.", "content": "Hamster and HeLa cells containing boron-10 at different concentrations were irradiated by a thermal neutron beam from a reactor. The survival curves were calculated according to the Katz and Sharma theory of track structure for heavy charged particles. The thickness of cell specimens irradiated was taken to be 0.02 cm to enable the first collision dose to be used. The boron-10 concentrations were 0, 2,5, 10, 20, 40 and 60 microgram per g of tissue. For comparison with the experiments of Davis et al. the effect of fast neutorns was taken into account. Values for relative biological effectiveness (RBE) are given for different boron-10 concentrations and various surviving fractions. Isosurvival dose curves are defined and drawn which show the relation between neutron fluences and absorbed dose for different boron-10 concentrations. The RBE values increase with decreasing dose and change only slightly with increasing boron-10 concentration for an equal surviving fraction. Some differences were found between the calculated results for HeLa cells in the thin layer and the experimental data for the cells in a monolayer. The results of the calculations are discussed.", "contents": "Calculated responses to a thermal neutron beam for hamster and HeLa cells containing boron-10 at different concentrations. Hamster and HeLa cells containing boron-10 at different concentrations were irradiated by a thermal neutron beam from a reactor. The survival curves were calculated according to the Katz and Sharma theory of track structure for heavy charged particles. The thickness of cell specimens irradiated was taken to be 0.02 cm to enable the first collision dose to be used. The boron-10 concentrations were 0, 2,5, 10, 20, 40 and 60 microgram per g of tissue. For comparison with the experiments of Davis et al. the effect of fast neutorns was taken into account. Values for relative biological effectiveness (RBE) are given for different boron-10 concentrations and various surviving fractions. Isosurvival dose curves are defined and drawn which show the relation between neutron fluences and absorbed dose for different boron-10 concentrations. The RBE values increase with decreasing dose and change only slightly with increasing boron-10 concentration for an equal surviving fraction. Some differences were found between the calculated results for HeLa cells in the thin layer and the experimental data for the cells in a monolayer. The results of the calculations are discussed.", "PMID": 704676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1800", "title": "Reliability of goniometric measurements.", "content": "This study determined the intratester and intertester variability and reliability of goniometric measurements taken by four physical therapists on upper and lower extremity motions of normal male subjects. The same subjects were measured once weekly for four weeks by testers with varied experience in goniometry. Data were analyzed by analyses of variance with repeated measures. Intratester variation for all measurements was less than intertester variation. Further, intertester variation was less for the three upper extremity motions than for those of the lower extremity. These findings indicate the necessity for using the same tester when effects of treatment are evaluated. When the same tester measures the same movement, increases in joint motion of at least three to four degrees determine improvement for either the upper or lower extremity. When more than one tester, however, measures the same movement, increases in joint motion should exceed five degrees for the upper extremity and six degrees for the lower extremity to determine improvement.", "contents": "Reliability of goniometric measurements. This study determined the intratester and intertester variability and reliability of goniometric measurements taken by four physical therapists on upper and lower extremity motions of normal male subjects. The same subjects were measured once weekly for four weeks by testers with varied experience in goniometry. Data were analyzed by analyses of variance with repeated measures. Intratester variation for all measurements was less than intertester variation. Further, intertester variation was less for the three upper extremity motions than for those of the lower extremity. These findings indicate the necessity for using the same tester when effects of treatment are evaluated. When the same tester measures the same movement, increases in joint motion of at least three to four degrees determine improvement for either the upper or lower extremity. When more than one tester, however, measures the same movement, increases in joint motion should exceed five degrees for the upper extremity and six degrees for the lower extremity to determine improvement.", "PMID": 704684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1801", "title": "[On the problems of the so-called implosives (author's transl)].", "content": "After a short chronology of the investigation, the author discusses the nature of the implosives and the problems resulting from their complexity and ambiguity. One of the main problems is that of the production of voice; the most satisfactory solution is offered by the 'active voice' suggested by HUSSON. From certain phenomena it can be seen that the articulation is based upon the more or less modified movements of the second phase of the act of deglutition; wherein certain reflex-conditioned interdependencies play an important part. As a result, there is not merely one phonemic constituent to be called 'implosion', but two or three different ones, depending on the points of departure of articulation. 'Implosion' is one of the most ancient and archaic manners of articulation.", "contents": "[On the problems of the so-called implosives (author's transl)]. After a short chronology of the investigation, the author discusses the nature of the implosives and the problems resulting from their complexity and ambiguity. One of the main problems is that of the production of voice; the most satisfactory solution is offered by the 'active voice' suggested by HUSSON. From certain phenomena it can be seen that the articulation is based upon the more or less modified movements of the second phase of the act of deglutition; wherein certain reflex-conditioned interdependencies play an important part. As a result, there is not merely one phonemic constituent to be called 'implosion', but two or three different ones, depending on the points of departure of articulation. 'Implosion' is one of the most ancient and archaic manners of articulation.", "PMID": 704687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1802", "title": "A before and after for tonogenesis.", "content": "The development of tone in Panjabi from the loss of certain consonants has often been cited as an instance of the consonantal origins of a tonal system. Acoustic data demonstrating the correlation between Panjabi tones and Hindi consonants are presented. Panjabi high tone matches a higher fundamental frequency on a Hindi vowel preceding a breathy voiced consonant. Panjabi low tone matches a lower fundamental frequency on a Hindi vowel following a breathy voiced consonant. It is interesting that the data exhibit the spread of the consonantal effect throughout the entire word.", "contents": "A before and after for tonogenesis. The development of tone in Panjabi from the loss of certain consonants has often been cited as an instance of the consonantal origins of a tonal system. Acoustic data demonstrating the correlation between Panjabi tones and Hindi consonants are presented. Panjabi high tone matches a higher fundamental frequency on a Hindi vowel preceding a breathy voiced consonant. Panjabi low tone matches a lower fundamental frequency on a Hindi vowel following a breathy voiced consonant. It is interesting that the data exhibit the spread of the consonantal effect throughout the entire word.", "PMID": 704688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1803", "title": "[A paraneoplastic syndrome with symptoms of Harada's disease].", "content": "As a contribution to the question of participation of the central nervous system in paraneoplastic syndromes an unusual case of hypernephrotic carcinoma with heavy immunopathological disturbances and clinical symptoms like Harada's syndrome is reported. The development of the 63 years old patient's disease, the clinical, haematological, CSF-, biochemical and other laboratory as well as neuroradiological and electrophysiological findings are discussed in detail. Immunosuppressive treatment after nephrectomy repeatedly led to a distinct improvement.", "contents": "[A paraneoplastic syndrome with symptoms of Harada's disease]. As a contribution to the question of participation of the central nervous system in paraneoplastic syndromes an unusual case of hypernephrotic carcinoma with heavy immunopathological disturbances and clinical symptoms like Harada's syndrome is reported. The development of the 63 years old patient's disease, the clinical, haematological, CSF-, biochemical and other laboratory as well as neuroradiological and electrophysiological findings are discussed in detail. Immunosuppressive treatment after nephrectomy repeatedly led to a distinct improvement.", "PMID": 704703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1804", "title": "[Phenytoin intoxication and serum level].", "content": "The symptomatology of phenytoin intoxication was observed in 8.4% of 225 adult patients and in 9.5% of 74 children, with symptoms of cerebellar affection being noted in the majority of cases. Phenytoin concentrations were found to lie between 14.4 and 77.7 microgram/ml. Interindividual differences as to the toxic limit were quite considerable: One third of the patients showing values higher than 20 microgram/ml were free of striking clinical symptoms, and one patient tolerated a serum concentration in excess of 30 microgram/ml. On the other hand, the intraindividual toxic limit did not show any major variations: The clinical symptomatology of a patient correlated with his phenytoin serum concentration. After phenytoin withdrawal, the serum concentration dropped exponentially. The half-life periods of elimination were found to be between 72 and 122 hours.", "contents": "[Phenytoin intoxication and serum level]. The symptomatology of phenytoin intoxication was observed in 8.4% of 225 adult patients and in 9.5% of 74 children, with symptoms of cerebellar affection being noted in the majority of cases. Phenytoin concentrations were found to lie between 14.4 and 77.7 microgram/ml. Interindividual differences as to the toxic limit were quite considerable: One third of the patients showing values higher than 20 microgram/ml were free of striking clinical symptoms, and one patient tolerated a serum concentration in excess of 30 microgram/ml. On the other hand, the intraindividual toxic limit did not show any major variations: The clinical symptomatology of a patient correlated with his phenytoin serum concentration. After phenytoin withdrawal, the serum concentration dropped exponentially. The half-life periods of elimination were found to be between 72 and 122 hours.", "PMID": 704704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1805", "title": "Interpersonal relationships-in quest of a science.", "content": "Interpersonal relationships pose problems additional to those arising from social behaviour. If there is to be a science of interpersonal relationships, it must rest on a firm descriptive base. It is suggested that the following categories of dimensions are likely to prove useful: the content of the interactions within the relationship; their diversity; their qualities; their relative frequency and patterning; the nature of their reciprocity v. complementarity; and the intimacy, interpersonal congruency and commitment between the participants. A science of relationships will also require principles concerned with their dynamice. Three likely categories are those concerned with social constraints, with learning, and with positive and negative feedback. Principles concerned with learning will require an adequate categorization of the resources used in interpersonal interactions. The specification of these principles depends on the adequacy of the descriptive base.", "contents": "Interpersonal relationships-in quest of a science. Interpersonal relationships pose problems additional to those arising from social behaviour. If there is to be a science of interpersonal relationships, it must rest on a firm descriptive base. It is suggested that the following categories of dimensions are likely to prove useful: the content of the interactions within the relationship; their diversity; their qualities; their relative frequency and patterning; the nature of their reciprocity v. complementarity; and the intimacy, interpersonal congruency and commitment between the participants. A science of relationships will also require principles concerned with their dynamice. Three likely categories are those concerned with social constraints, with learning, and with positive and negative feedback. Principles concerned with learning will require an adequate categorization of the resources used in interpersonal interactions. The specification of these principles depends on the adequacy of the descriptive base.", "PMID": 704705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1806", "title": "Definitions of schizophrenia: concordance and prediction of outcome.", "content": "The study reports a comparison of 10 definitions of schizophrenia (Feighner's, Taylor's, Schneider's, Longfeldt's, Spitzer's, Carpenter's, Astrachan's, 2 from Forrest & Hay and Catego) in respect of their reliability, concordance and prediction of outcome. Some (including Feighner's) proved too strict, and others (including Schneider's) were weak predictors of clinical and social state. Four definitions (Spitzer's, Langfeldt's, Carpenter's and Catego) emerged as relatively effective and these also had a somewhat more satisfactory mutual concordance.", "contents": "Definitions of schizophrenia: concordance and prediction of outcome. The study reports a comparison of 10 definitions of schizophrenia (Feighner's, Taylor's, Schneider's, Longfeldt's, Spitzer's, Carpenter's, Astrachan's, 2 from Forrest & Hay and Catego) in respect of their reliability, concordance and prediction of outcome. Some (including Feighner's) proved too strict, and others (including Schneider's) were weak predictors of clinical and social state. Four definitions (Spitzer's, Langfeldt's, Carpenter's and Catego) emerged as relatively effective and these also had a somewhat more satisfactory mutual concordance.", "PMID": 704706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1807", "title": "Behavioural syndromes identified by cluster analysis in a sample of 100 severely and profoundly retarded adults.", "content": "Very little is known about psychiatric disorders in severely and profoundly retarded adults. We have investigated these disorders by systematically recording and collecting data about the behaviour of 100 severely and profoundly retarded hospitalized adults and subjecting the data thus derived to cluster analysis. Eight clusters were isolated. The clinical psychiatric significance of these clusters is discussed and their relationship to cause retardation, duration of stay in hospital and visiting is considered. A diagnostic framework for psychiatric disorder in severely and profoundly retarded adults is put forward and some possible treatment approaches are suggested.", "contents": "Behavioural syndromes identified by cluster analysis in a sample of 100 severely and profoundly retarded adults. Very little is known about psychiatric disorders in severely and profoundly retarded adults. We have investigated these disorders by systematically recording and collecting data about the behaviour of 100 severely and profoundly retarded hospitalized adults and subjecting the data thus derived to cluster analysis. Eight clusters were isolated. The clinical psychiatric significance of these clusters is discussed and their relationship to cause retardation, duration of stay in hospital and visiting is considered. A diagnostic framework for psychiatric disorder in severely and profoundly retarded adults is put forward and some possible treatment approaches are suggested.", "PMID": 704707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1808", "title": "Have the Samaritans lowered the suicide rate? A controlled study.", "content": "Suicide rates in towns with a Samaritan branch were compared with rates in matched control towns without a branch. Four methods of choosing controls are described, all of which have advantages over those used by Bagley (1968). No statistically significant differences between Samaritan and control towns were found. The scientific case for the effectiveness of the Samaritans in reducing the suicide rate is therefore seriously weakened.", "contents": "Have the Samaritans lowered the suicide rate? A controlled study. Suicide rates in towns with a Samaritan branch were compared with rates in matched control towns without a branch. Four methods of choosing controls are described, all of which have advantages over those used by Bagley (1968). No statistically significant differences between Samaritan and control towns were found. The scientific case for the effectiveness of the Samaritans in reducing the suicide rate is therefore seriously weakened.", "PMID": 704708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1809", "title": "Suicide rates in Lusaka, Zambia: preliminary observations.", "content": "The records of all suicides and of all open verdicts in Lusaka (Zambia) over a 5-year period (1967-71) were studied. The following suicide rates (per 100 000 of the population per annum) were found: 7.4 for all races; 11.3 for men of all races; 3.0 for women of all races; 6.9 for all African residents; 11.2 for African males; 2.2 for African females; 12.8 for all Africans above the age of 14 years; 20.9 for all European residents; 20.7 for all European males; 21.0 for all European females. The male:female ratio among Africans was 5:1. There was a tendency for the suicide rate among Africans to rise with age. Differences in suicide rates between African and European residents were found not to be statistically significant. Though hanging was by far the most commonly used method of suicide by Africans, Europeans and 'doubtful suicides' among Africans preferred other methods to a statistically significant degree. It is suggested that the role of other methods in African suicides may well have been underestimated in the past. No definite seasonal variation in suicide rates was found. Domestic quarrels, mental illness and physical diseases would appear to be some of the important precipitating factors of suicide in Lusaka. It is also suggested that the question of whether or not suicide is rare in Africans cannot be answered until such time as when reliable figures are available in Africa.", "contents": "Suicide rates in Lusaka, Zambia: preliminary observations. The records of all suicides and of all open verdicts in Lusaka (Zambia) over a 5-year period (1967-71) were studied. The following suicide rates (per 100 000 of the population per annum) were found: 7.4 for all races; 11.3 for men of all races; 3.0 for women of all races; 6.9 for all African residents; 11.2 for African males; 2.2 for African females; 12.8 for all Africans above the age of 14 years; 20.9 for all European residents; 20.7 for all European males; 21.0 for all European females. The male:female ratio among Africans was 5:1. There was a tendency for the suicide rate among Africans to rise with age. Differences in suicide rates between African and European residents were found not to be statistically significant. Though hanging was by far the most commonly used method of suicide by Africans, Europeans and 'doubtful suicides' among Africans preferred other methods to a statistically significant degree. It is suggested that the role of other methods in African suicides may well have been underestimated in the past. No definite seasonal variation in suicide rates was found. Domestic quarrels, mental illness and physical diseases would appear to be some of the important precipitating factors of suicide in Lusaka. It is also suggested that the question of whether or not suicide is rare in Africans cannot be answered until such time as when reliable figures are available in Africa.", "PMID": 704709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1810", "title": "The seasonal incidence of mania and its relationship to climatic variables.", "content": "Monthly hospital admission rates (HA) for mania were classified by sex, type of admission (first, or re-admission) and by country (England and Wales or Scotland). Of the 8 classes thus created, all but one showed a statistically significant annual cycle with a peak in Summer and trough in Winter. There was no significant difference in phase or amplitude between male and female cycles. A linear increase in yearly re-admission rates was found during the 8 years of the English and the 11 years of the Scottish data. Current month's mean daily temperature (lag0) and last month's (lag1) mean day-length and mean daily hours of sunshine correlated better with admission rate than did the values for other months. In a multiple regression analysis temperature made the other 2 climatic variables redundant in accounting for variation in HA.", "contents": "The seasonal incidence of mania and its relationship to climatic variables. Monthly hospital admission rates (HA) for mania were classified by sex, type of admission (first, or re-admission) and by country (England and Wales or Scotland). Of the 8 classes thus created, all but one showed a statistically significant annual cycle with a peak in Summer and trough in Winter. There was no significant difference in phase or amplitude between male and female cycles. A linear increase in yearly re-admission rates was found during the 8 years of the English and the 11 years of the Scottish data. Current month's mean daily temperature (lag0) and last month's (lag1) mean day-length and mean daily hours of sunshine correlated better with admission rate than did the values for other months. In a multiple regression analysis temperature made the other 2 climatic variables redundant in accounting for variation in HA.", "PMID": 704710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1811", "title": "Features of children taken to juvenile court for failure to attend school.", "content": "The social reports on 84 children taken to court for failure to attend school were studied. Independent raters were able to assess reliably the presence and absence of a variety of variables concerned with the individual's behaviour, school, family, and involvement with social work agencies. In 68 instances teacher's questionnaires measuring psychiatric disturbance had been completed. There was no evidence that truancy in these circumstances is a homogenous condition. At least 3 independent sets of features appear to be involved in most cases. One involves antisocial and educational problems ('clinical truancy'), a second is concerned with adverse social factors and parental complicity ('school withdrawal'), and a third set includes a tendency to social isolation ('school refusal'). There was no evidence that individuals tend to exhibit one of these features to the exclusion of the others.", "contents": "Features of children taken to juvenile court for failure to attend school. The social reports on 84 children taken to court for failure to attend school were studied. Independent raters were able to assess reliably the presence and absence of a variety of variables concerned with the individual's behaviour, school, family, and involvement with social work agencies. In 68 instances teacher's questionnaires measuring psychiatric disturbance had been completed. There was no evidence that truancy in these circumstances is a homogenous condition. At least 3 independent sets of features appear to be involved in most cases. One involves antisocial and educational problems ('clinical truancy'), a second is concerned with adverse social factors and parental complicity ('school withdrawal'), and a third set includes a tendency to social isolation ('school refusal'). There was no evidence that individuals tend to exhibit one of these features to the exclusion of the others.", "PMID": 704711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1812", "title": "Contrasting demographic patterns of minor psychiatric morbidity in general practice and the community.", "content": "The 60-item General Health Questionnaire was completed by 90% of 4798 patients aged 15--69 years who consulted, on one day, the general practitioners of 97% of practices in the Perth Statistical Division. A point prevalence rate of minor psychiatric morbidity in various demographic groups was calculated in terms of the population at risk. The demographic pattern of morbidity was compared with that found in a probability sample of 2324 community residents drawn from the same population at risk, and surveyed at the same time using the same time using the same screening instrument. Widowed persons, British-born men who had recently migrated to Australia, and lower-social-class men with minor psychiatric morbidity were under-represented in general practice. Elderly men and women in upper-class occupations with minor psychiatric morbidity were over-represented in general practice. These differences, unlike others that were found, could not be explained by differing consulting habits or by differing completion rates of the screening instrument.", "contents": "Contrasting demographic patterns of minor psychiatric morbidity in general practice and the community. The 60-item General Health Questionnaire was completed by 90% of 4798 patients aged 15--69 years who consulted, on one day, the general practitioners of 97% of practices in the Perth Statistical Division. A point prevalence rate of minor psychiatric morbidity in various demographic groups was calculated in terms of the population at risk. The demographic pattern of morbidity was compared with that found in a probability sample of 2324 community residents drawn from the same population at risk, and surveyed at the same time using the same time using the same screening instrument. Widowed persons, British-born men who had recently migrated to Australia, and lower-social-class men with minor psychiatric morbidity were under-represented in general practice. Elderly men and women in upper-class occupations with minor psychiatric morbidity were over-represented in general practice. These differences, unlike others that were found, could not be explained by differing consulting habits or by differing completion rates of the screening instrument.", "PMID": 704712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1813", "title": "A further test of Foulds' personality and personal illness differentiae in a psychiatric group.", "content": "Test and retest scores on the Symptom Rating Test (SRT), Manifest Anxiety Scale (MAS) and Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI) were obtained from 45 non-psychotic psychiatric in-patients. The change in scores and the score distributions were examined to assess the extent to which these tests meet Foulds' criteria for measures belonging respectively to the universes of personality and personal illness. MPI Extraversion emerged as a stable, normally distributed, personality trait in contrast to the SRT which showed the characteristics of a symptom-state measure. MPI Neuroticism and MAS scores could not be allocated definitively to either universe and seemed to be hybrids. It is suggested that more attention be paid to the 'purity' of scales if meaningful interpretation is to be made in treatment assessment.", "contents": "A further test of Foulds' personality and personal illness differentiae in a psychiatric group. Test and retest scores on the Symptom Rating Test (SRT), Manifest Anxiety Scale (MAS) and Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI) were obtained from 45 non-psychotic psychiatric in-patients. The change in scores and the score distributions were examined to assess the extent to which these tests meet Foulds' criteria for measures belonging respectively to the universes of personality and personal illness. MPI Extraversion emerged as a stable, normally distributed, personality trait in contrast to the SRT which showed the characteristics of a symptom-state measure. MPI Neuroticism and MAS scores could not be allocated definitively to either universe and seemed to be hybrids. It is suggested that more attention be paid to the 'purity' of scales if meaningful interpretation is to be made in treatment assessment.", "PMID": 704713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1814", "title": "The effect of fluphenazine on basal prolactin concentrations.", "content": "The effect of fluphenazine on basal human prolactin (hPRL) concentrations was studied in 10 male schizophrenics who had received fluphenazine treatment for at least 6 months, in 10 male alcoholics before and during the first week of fluphenazine treatment and in 8 alcoholics at daily intervals before and after treatment. The results were compared with basal hPRL concentrations in 17 healthy male controls. Investigations involved giving fluphenazine (Modecate)by intramuscular injection and taking blood samples at appropriate intervals  by venepuncture. Basal hPRL concentrations were significantly increased in the schizophrenics. The alcoholics showed a significant rise in hPRL concentrations after fluphenazine but there was considerable variation in hPRL levels between individual patients. Most patients showed marked elevation of daily hPRL levels with peak concentrations occurring 5--6 days after the injection. The results demonstrate that fluphenazine elevates basal hPRL levels and the variation between levels of individual patients merits further investigation.", "contents": "The effect of fluphenazine on basal prolactin concentrations. The effect of fluphenazine on basal human prolactin (hPRL) concentrations was studied in 10 male schizophrenics who had received fluphenazine treatment for at least 6 months, in 10 male alcoholics before and during the first week of fluphenazine treatment and in 8 alcoholics at daily intervals before and after treatment. The results were compared with basal hPRL concentrations in 17 healthy male controls. Investigations involved giving fluphenazine (Modecate)by intramuscular injection and taking blood samples at appropriate intervals  by venepuncture. Basal hPRL concentrations were significantly increased in the schizophrenics. The alcoholics showed a significant rise in hPRL concentrations after fluphenazine but there was considerable variation in hPRL levels between individual patients. Most patients showed marked elevation of daily hPRL levels with peak concentrations occurring 5--6 days after the injection. The results demonstrate that fluphenazine elevates basal hPRL levels and the variation between levels of individual patients merits further investigation.", "PMID": 704714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1815", "title": "Multicompartmental analysis of amino acids: II. Tryptophan in affective disorder.", "content": "Two of the tryptophan pools in the body and their associated fluxes, as defined by multicompartmental analysis, were studied in patients with unipolar affective disorder, bipolar patients (manic) and control subjects. The 2 pools were tentatively associated with extra- and intra-cellular compartments. The investigations were performed fasting and may have been mildly stressful. Under these conditions the concentration of tryptophan in plasma and perhaps amounts in the extracellular space were reduced in unipolar depression, with intermediate values after recovery. Some model parameters were lower in females than in males. The results in unipolar affective disorder were interpreted in terms of a previously presented hypothesis that this illness may result in an idiosyncratic response to stress in which patients are unable to maintain normal amounts of tryptophan in the body. In manic patients extracellular levels of tryptophan were unchanged but intracellular and total quantities of 'freely available' tryptophan may have been reduced.", "contents": "Multicompartmental analysis of amino acids: II. Tryptophan in affective disorder. Two of the tryptophan pools in the body and their associated fluxes, as defined by multicompartmental analysis, were studied in patients with unipolar affective disorder, bipolar patients (manic) and control subjects. The 2 pools were tentatively associated with extra- and intra-cellular compartments. The investigations were performed fasting and may have been mildly stressful. Under these conditions the concentration of tryptophan in plasma and perhaps amounts in the extracellular space were reduced in unipolar depression, with intermediate values after recovery. Some model parameters were lower in females than in males. The results in unipolar affective disorder were interpreted in terms of a previously presented hypothesis that this illness may result in an idiosyncratic response to stress in which patients are unable to maintain normal amounts of tryptophan in the body. In manic patients extracellular levels of tryptophan were unchanged but intracellular and total quantities of 'freely available' tryptophan may have been reduced.", "PMID": 704715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1816", "title": "Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in chronic alcoholism.", "content": "Previous reports suggest that high serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity may be associated with vulnerability to alcoholism. However, there are also contradictory studies in the literature. Therefore we measured serum DBH  in chronic alcoholics followed for 12 months in a treatment programme after psychiatric hospitalization for acute alcoholism. Mean serum DBH activity in the alcoholics was unchanged from controls at 3 months, 6 months and 12 months following hospital discharge. These data imply that serum DBH activity does not provide a useful metabolic screen for vulnerability to chronic alcoholism. However, prospective studies of patients at high risk to develop alcoholism will be helpful in further clarification of this issue.", "contents": "Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in chronic alcoholism. Previous reports suggest that high serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity may be associated with vulnerability to alcoholism. However, there are also contradictory studies in the literature. Therefore we measured serum DBH  in chronic alcoholics followed for 12 months in a treatment programme after psychiatric hospitalization for acute alcoholism. Mean serum DBH activity in the alcoholics was unchanged from controls at 3 months, 6 months and 12 months following hospital discharge. These data imply that serum DBH activity does not provide a useful metabolic screen for vulnerability to chronic alcoholism. However, prospective studies of patients at high risk to develop alcoholism will be helpful in further clarification of this issue.", "PMID": 704716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1817", "title": "The reported film storage problem solved? 100 MM FILM MINIATURISATION USING THE Oldelft, Delcopex and Odelcard system.", "content": "The case for film miniaturisation is argued. This system as practised at Kettering General is described. Some possible future applications of the system are discussed. I hope I may have stimulated some thought, or even argument as to our future in these directions.", "contents": "The reported film storage problem solved? 100 MM FILM MINIATURISATION USING THE Oldelft, Delcopex and Odelcard system. The case for film miniaturisation is argued. This system as practised at Kettering General is described. Some possible future applications of the system are discussed. I hope I may have stimulated some thought, or even argument as to our future in these directions.", "PMID": 704803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1818", "title": "Effects of rise in food costs on hemoglobin concentrations of early school-age children, 1972-75.", "content": "In a hematologic survey conducted in 1972, microcythemia in school children was found to be associated with microcythemia in other family members. The association of cultural characteristics of chronic poverty with reduced red cell volume suggested nutritional iron deficiency. A resurvey of families was made in 1975. For 39 children between the ages of 3 and 10 years at the time of both surveys, mean hemoglobin concentration (HGB) decreased from 21.0 g/dl to 10.8 g/dl. Thirteen infants, 6 months to 3 years of age in 1972, in the resurveyed families had mean HGB of 11.5 g/dl as compared to 10.4 g/dl for 9 similarly aged children newly born into the resurvey families. The rate of somatic growth was unchanged during the interval between survey. During the interval between 1972 and 1975, food costs rose nationally, and the purchase of meat products decreased both nationally and (as found in this study) locally. The data suggest that the high cost of foods rich in micronutrients may increase the prevalence of iron deficiency in an impoverished community.", "contents": "Effects of rise in food costs on hemoglobin concentrations of early school-age children, 1972-75. In a hematologic survey conducted in 1972, microcythemia in school children was found to be associated with microcythemia in other family members. The association of cultural characteristics of chronic poverty with reduced red cell volume suggested nutritional iron deficiency. A resurvey of families was made in 1975. For 39 children between the ages of 3 and 10 years at the time of both surveys, mean hemoglobin concentration (HGB) decreased from 21.0 g/dl to 10.8 g/dl. Thirteen infants, 6 months to 3 years of age in 1972, in the resurveyed families had mean HGB of 11.5 g/dl as compared to 10.4 g/dl for 9 similarly aged children newly born into the resurvey families. The rate of somatic growth was unchanged during the interval between survey. During the interval between 1972 and 1975, food costs rose nationally, and the purchase of meat products decreased both nationally and (as found in this study) locally. The data suggest that the high cost of foods rich in micronutrients may increase the prevalence of iron deficiency in an impoverished community.", "PMID": 704799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1819", "title": "Sensitivity of ultrasound in the detection of biliary tract obstruction.", "content": "In 28 patient with varying degrees of biliary obstruction, the ultrasonic findings were correlated with the serum bilirubin levels and with the size of the bile ducts as measured by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC). With ultrasound, study of the intrahepatic ducts achieved the greatest accuracy (71%); examination of common bile ducts and the gallbladder were found to be less sensitive (54 and 53%). Ultrasound proved to be very accurate in biliary obstruction, when the serum bilirubin was above 4.8 mg/100 ml (80 mumol/1).", "contents": "Sensitivity of ultrasound in the detection of biliary tract obstruction. In 28 patient with varying degrees of biliary obstruction, the ultrasonic findings were correlated with the serum bilirubin levels and with the size of the bile ducts as measured by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC). With ultrasound, study of the intrahepatic ducts achieved the greatest accuracy (71%); examination of common bile ducts and the gallbladder were found to be less sensitive (54 and 53%). Ultrasound proved to be very accurate in biliary obstruction, when the serum bilirubin was above 4.8 mg/100 ml (80 mumol/1).", "PMID": 704805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1820", "title": "Temporo-mandibular joint changes in renal osteodystrophy.", "content": "The radiologic study of temporo-mandibular joints in patients undergoing long-term haemodialysis has led to documentation of osteodystrophic changes in 6 patients: 2 were asymptomatic and 4 had referred to pain. The roentgenologic picture of this unusual abnormally varies from a simple decrease of bone density to resorption of the condylar head.", "contents": "Temporo-mandibular joint changes in renal osteodystrophy. The radiologic study of temporo-mandibular joints in patients undergoing long-term haemodialysis has led to documentation of osteodystrophic changes in 6 patients: 2 were asymptomatic and 4 had referred to pain. The roentgenologic picture of this unusual abnormally varies from a simple decrease of bone density to resorption of the condylar head.", "PMID": 704806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1821", "title": "Pneumatosis intestinalis in a female patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "This paper presents the case history of a female patient with systemic lupus erythematosus, in whom pneumatosis intestinalis developed. The lesions disappeared in response to oxygen therapy. Arteriography revealed evidence of mesenteric arteritis. The patient subsequently developed paralytic ileus with lesions of the intestinal wall, probably based on ischemia as a result of this arteritis.", "contents": "Pneumatosis intestinalis in a female patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. This paper presents the case history of a female patient with systemic lupus erythematosus, in whom pneumatosis intestinalis developed. The lesions disappeared in response to oxygen therapy. Arteriography revealed evidence of mesenteric arteritis. The patient subsequently developed paralytic ileus with lesions of the intestinal wall, probably based on ischemia as a result of this arteritis.", "PMID": 704807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1822", "title": "Combination of lymphography and arteriography in the detection of lymph node metastases in malignant melanoma. Report of two cases.", "content": "2 cases of malignant melanoma with lymph node metastases evaluated by lymphography and arteriography are reported. This combination of methods established the extent of lymphatic dissemination which neither method alone had managed, irrespective of the sequence of the examinations.", "contents": "Combination of lymphography and arteriography in the detection of lymph node metastases in malignant melanoma. Report of two cases. 2 cases of malignant melanoma with lymph node metastases evaluated by lymphography and arteriography are reported. This combination of methods established the extent of lymphatic dissemination which neither method alone had managed, irrespective of the sequence of the examinations.", "PMID": 704808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1823", "title": "Value of biplane computerized tomography in agenesis of the corpus callosum. A case history.", "content": "A case of agenesis of the corpus callosum is described in a 21-year-old male, presenting with epilepsy. Computerized tomographic (CT) scanning was performed using axial and coronal sections. The diagnosis of agenesis was suggested by the presence of an enormous third ventricle, the coronal sections gave the definite proof. In our opinion, biplane CT scan appearances in this condition are characteristic and former investigations (PEG, cerebral angiography) become unnecessary.", "contents": "Value of biplane computerized tomography in agenesis of the corpus callosum. A case history. A case of agenesis of the corpus callosum is described in a 21-year-old male, presenting with epilepsy. Computerized tomographic (CT) scanning was performed using axial and coronal sections. The diagnosis of agenesis was suggested by the presence of an enormous third ventricle, the coronal sections gave the definite proof. In our opinion, biplane CT scan appearances in this condition are characteristic and former investigations (PEG, cerebral angiography) become unnecessary.", "PMID": 704809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1824", "title": "Radioisotope determination of fat absorption.", "content": "A diagnostic method is presented for the quantitative  determination of fat absorption. The method utilizes breath analysis of radioactive 14CO2 and involves the measurement of both the fat and fatty acid absorption curves, whereby the fat absorption curve is directly compared to the fatty acid absorption curve for a particular patient. The test results are standardized by fitting all measurements to a gamma-density function.", "contents": "Radioisotope determination of fat absorption. A diagnostic method is presented for the quantitative  determination of fat absorption. The method utilizes breath analysis of radioactive 14CO2 and involves the measurement of both the fat and fatty acid absorption curves, whereby the fat absorption curve is directly compared to the fatty acid absorption curve for a particular patient. The test results are standardized by fitting all measurements to a gamma-density function.", "PMID": 704810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1825", "title": "Radiobiological considerations in multifraction irradiation.", "content": "The initial shape of a cellular dose-survival curve is a factor of major importance in determining radiotherapy responses. It is probable that survival curves for mammalian cells exposed to X- and gamma-rays, as well as higher LET beams have an initial exponential region after which they bend downwards. The slope of this initial segment of the curve, and more importantly, the width of the shoulder before it bends significantly are the subject of the investigations to be reported. Because of the difficulty in measuring the biological effects of low doses of radiation--particularly in vivo--we have used multifraction experiments to determine the effects of the fractional doses. Such studies help determine the width of the shoulder and, with less precision, the slope of the initial part of the curve. The tissues we have studied include the bone marrow, testis, fibrovasculature, transplantable tumors, and the gastrointestinal tract. The results will be presented and some of the difficulties in their interpretation will be discussed.", "contents": "Radiobiological considerations in multifraction irradiation. The initial shape of a cellular dose-survival curve is a factor of major importance in determining radiotherapy responses. It is probable that survival curves for mammalian cells exposed to X- and gamma-rays, as well as higher LET beams have an initial exponential region after which they bend downwards. The slope of this initial segment of the curve, and more importantly, the width of the shoulder before it bends significantly are the subject of the investigations to be reported. Because of the difficulty in measuring the biological effects of low doses of radiation--particularly in vivo--we have used multifraction experiments to determine the effects of the fractional doses. Such studies help determine the width of the shoulder and, with less precision, the slope of the initial part of the curve. The tissues we have studied include the bone marrow, testis, fibrovasculature, transplantable tumors, and the gastrointestinal tract. The results will be presented and some of the difficulties in their interpretation will be discussed.", "PMID": 704811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1826", "title": "Simple computer method for equivalent square therapy field determination.", "content": "A simple BASIC computer program allows rapid determination of the equivalent squares of irregular radiation therapy fields. A port film or scale drawing of the irregular field is outlined manually on a spark tablet digitizer, and the side length of the square of equivalent area to perimeter ratio is rapidly calculated and returned by the computer.", "contents": "Simple computer method for equivalent square therapy field determination. A simple BASIC computer program allows rapid determination of the equivalent squares of irregular radiation therapy fields. A port film or scale drawing of the irregular field is outlined manually on a spark tablet digitizer, and the side length of the square of equivalent area to perimeter ratio is rapidly calculated and returned by the computer.", "PMID": 704812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1827", "title": "Malignant tumors of the larynx.", "content": "A rational choice of treatment for patients with malignant tumors of the larynx depends upon a thorough evaluation of the location, size, and extent of the lesion. Roentgenological examinations of the larynx are a valuable adjunct to clinical and laryngoscopic examinations. In interpretation of roentgenographic findings of malignant tumors of the larynx, a good knowledge of the anatomy of the head and neck, and of the nature, history, and routes of spread of the lesions of the larynx is essential. A correct interpretation needs careful scrutiny of all the roentgenograms; only a persistent abnormality should be regarded as significant. Many of the changes are subtle and require judicious elucidation. Others are quite straightforward and easily recognized. Constant attention to details and willingness to use wisely the different techniques are necessary if the maximum contribution to the diagnosis and management of malignant tumors of the laynx is to be achieved.", "contents": "Malignant tumors of the larynx. A rational choice of treatment for patients with malignant tumors of the larynx depends upon a thorough evaluation of the location, size, and extent of the lesion. Roentgenological examinations of the larynx are a valuable adjunct to clinical and laryngoscopic examinations. In interpretation of roentgenographic findings of malignant tumors of the larynx, a good knowledge of the anatomy of the head and neck, and of the nature, history, and routes of spread of the lesions of the larynx is essential. A correct interpretation needs careful scrutiny of all the roentgenograms; only a persistent abnormality should be regarded as significant. Many of the changes are subtle and require judicious elucidation. Others are quite straightforward and easily recognized. Constant attention to details and willingness to use wisely the different techniques are necessary if the maximum contribution to the diagnosis and management of malignant tumors of the laynx is to be achieved.", "PMID": 704817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1828", "title": "Myelography of the dog: problems and methods.", "content": "In the dog, myelography is complicated by problems arising from contrast media and canine anatomy, but it can still be a useful diagnostic aid when precise technique and supplemental medication are used.", "contents": "Myelography of the dog: problems and methods. In the dog, myelography is complicated by problems arising from contrast media and canine anatomy, but it can still be a useful diagnostic aid when precise technique and supplemental medication are used.", "PMID": 704823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1829", "title": "[Reappraisement of lymphangiography in Hodgkin's disease. Comparison with 109 primary staging laparatomies (author's transl)].", "content": "Accuracy of lymphangiography was estimated in 109 patients with Hodgkin's disease by comparing its results with those of primary staging laparotomy. Accurate lymphangiographic diagnosis was achieved in 90% of involved and 85% of non-involved para-aortic lymph nodes, respectively. 11 of 12 false-positive cases were due to over-interpretation of lymph nodes exhibiting no enlargement but showing filling defects. Involvement without enlargement of lymph nodes appears to be a rare, even in young patients. Although staging laparotomy is of advantage, particularly when other methods fail to give reliable results, lymphangiography is still a valuable method for staging of Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "[Reappraisement of lymphangiography in Hodgkin's disease. Comparison with 109 primary staging laparatomies (author's transl)]. Accuracy of lymphangiography was estimated in 109 patients with Hodgkin's disease by comparing its results with those of primary staging laparotomy. Accurate lymphangiographic diagnosis was achieved in 90% of involved and 85% of non-involved para-aortic lymph nodes, respectively. 11 of 12 false-positive cases were due to over-interpretation of lymph nodes exhibiting no enlargement but showing filling defects. Involvement without enlargement of lymph nodes appears to be a rare, even in young patients. Although staging laparotomy is of advantage, particularly when other methods fail to give reliable results, lymphangiography is still a valuable method for staging of Hodgkin's disease.", "PMID": 704830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1830", "title": "Patient-radiologic technologist interpersonal relationship and how it can be improved.", "content": "The \"team approach\" is the most recent innovation to patient care in this country. It is theorized that by functioning as a \"team\" medical care can be improved. This  may well be the case if everyone is a member of the \"team.\" The author believes many radiologic technologists are not on the \"team\" because educators are not providing students with the necessary skills.", "contents": "Patient-radiologic technologist interpersonal relationship and how it can be improved. The \"team approach\" is the most recent innovation to patient care in this country. It is theorized that by functioning as a \"team\" medical care can be improved. This  may well be the case if everyone is a member of the \"team.\" The author believes many radiologic technologists are not on the \"team\" because educators are not providing students with the necessary skills.", "PMID": 704825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1831", "title": "Brief encounter: origin of patient communication.", "content": "Although the amount of time a technologist spends with a patient may be brief, the attitude and approach he uses with that patient is of utmost importance. By being acutely sensitive to the often unspoken thoughts and feelings of the patient, the technologist can respond with the words, touch, or facial expression that will let the patient know he is recognized as a human being and that his needs are understood and are being responded to with empathetic concern.", "contents": "Brief encounter: origin of patient communication. Although the amount of time a technologist spends with a patient may be brief, the attitude and approach he uses with that patient is of utmost importance. By being acutely sensitive to the often unspoken thoughts and feelings of the patient, the technologist can respond with the words, touch, or facial expression that will let the patient know he is recognized as a human being and that his needs are understood and are being responded to with empathetic concern.", "PMID": 704824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1832", "title": "[Lymphographic demonstration of lymphnode fibrosis in Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "In 9 of 450 patients with Hodgkin's disease the fibrosis of retroperitoneal lymphnodes has been diagnosed by lymphangiographys. 5 cases with fibrosis were assigned to the clinical stage III B, and 4 cases to the stage IV B. According to the microscopic subclassification nodular sclerosis was diagnosed 7 times, the mixed type and lymphocytic depletion were found in 1 case. Lymphnode fibrosis developed spontaneously in 1 case, in three other patients following cytostatic treatment and in 5 patients after combination of radiation and chemotherapy. It has been concluded from these results that lymphnode fibrosis is induced mostly by therapy. Spontaneous fibrosis is a rare event in Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "[Lymphographic demonstration of lymphnode fibrosis in Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)]. In 9 of 450 patients with Hodgkin's disease the fibrosis of retroperitoneal lymphnodes has been diagnosed by lymphangiographys. 5 cases with fibrosis were assigned to the clinical stage III B, and 4 cases to the stage IV B. According to the microscopic subclassification nodular sclerosis was diagnosed 7 times, the mixed type and lymphocytic depletion were found in 1 case. Lymphnode fibrosis developed spontaneously in 1 case, in three other patients following cytostatic treatment and in 5 patients after combination of radiation and chemotherapy. It has been concluded from these results that lymphnode fibrosis is induced mostly by therapy. Spontaneous fibrosis is a rare event in Hodgkin's disease.", "PMID": 704831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1833", "title": "[Varicella pneumonia in a patient with Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Varicella and primary varicella pneumonia occurred in a patient with advanced Hodgkin's disease. The radiological characteristics are shown. Various relations between varicella, herpes zoster infections and Hodgkin's disease are discussed briefly.", "contents": "[Varicella pneumonia in a patient with Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)]. Varicella and primary varicella pneumonia occurred in a patient with advanced Hodgkin's disease. The radiological characteristics are shown. Various relations between varicella, herpes zoster infections and Hodgkin's disease are discussed briefly.", "PMID": 704832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1834", "title": "[Alterations of pulmonary patterns in roentgenographic follow up studies in respiratory distress of newborns and prematures (author's transl)].", "content": "The most common causes of respiratory distress in the newborn and the frequently rapidly changing pulmonary pattern in the follow up studies are presented. Various degrees of the hyaline membrane disease and bronchopulmonary dysplasia are demonstrated as well as the different changes of the pulmonary pattern in controlled and assisted ventilation, recurrent atelectasis, dystelectasis, emphysema, pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum. Chest film follow up series are demonstrated. The differential diagnosis includes pulmonary aspiration syndrome, the neonatal pneumonia and emergency cases in pediatric surgery (here an example of a congenital diaphragmatic hernia).", "contents": "[Alterations of pulmonary patterns in roentgenographic follow up studies in respiratory distress of newborns and prematures (author's transl)]. The most common causes of respiratory distress in the newborn and the frequently rapidly changing pulmonary pattern in the follow up studies are presented. Various degrees of the hyaline membrane disease and bronchopulmonary dysplasia are demonstrated as well as the different changes of the pulmonary pattern in controlled and assisted ventilation, recurrent atelectasis, dystelectasis, emphysema, pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum. Chest film follow up series are demonstrated. The differential diagnosis includes pulmonary aspiration syndrome, the neonatal pneumonia and emergency cases in pediatric surgery (here an example of a congenital diaphragmatic hernia).", "PMID": 704833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1835", "title": "[Pathological and roentgenographic morphology in different stages of pulmonary shock (author's transl)].", "content": "Pulmonary shock syndrome may be better understood by comparing morphological and patho-physiological alterations in different stages. In the very early stage only fine structural tracer studies in experimental animals elicit morphological alterations of the microcirculation in the alveolar wall. These findings can be related to changes of ventilatory and blood-gas parameters. After a short interval microscopic and radiological features correspond. Interstitial pulmonary edema is the main syndrome of shock lung.", "contents": "[Pathological and roentgenographic morphology in different stages of pulmonary shock (author's transl)]. Pulmonary shock syndrome may be better understood by comparing morphological and patho-physiological alterations in different stages. In the very early stage only fine structural tracer studies in experimental animals elicit morphological alterations of the microcirculation in the alveolar wall. These findings can be related to changes of ventilatory and blood-gas parameters. After a short interval microscopic and radiological features correspond. Interstitial pulmonary edema is the main syndrome of shock lung.", "PMID": 704834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1836", "title": "Flying lateral technique for thoracic myelography.", "content": "Because of the difficulty in obtaining lateral projections in thoracic myelography, this area is frequently neglected. This article discusses the technique developed at Medical Center Del Oro Hospital, Houston, Texas, for imaging the contrast filled thoracic subarachnoid space in the lateral projection.", "contents": "Flying lateral technique for thoracic myelography. Because of the difficulty in obtaining lateral projections in thoracic myelography, this area is frequently neglected. This article discusses the technique developed at Medical Center Del Oro Hospital, Houston, Texas, for imaging the contrast filled thoracic subarachnoid space in the lateral projection.", "PMID": 704829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1837", "title": "[The dynamics of roentgenographic morphology in pulmonary lesions demonstrated by miliary tuberculosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The process of disappearance of small inflammatory pulmonary lesions is demonstrated by way of miliary tuberculosis. The dynamics of the healing process are described by the roentgenographic morphology, and the alterations of remaining pulmonary infiltrates to scars within the anatomical pulmonary structures are illustrated. The concept of apparent complete restitution is explained and the importance of the recognition of late pulmonary alterations is emphasized.", "contents": "[The dynamics of roentgenographic morphology in pulmonary lesions demonstrated by miliary tuberculosis (author's transl)]. The process of disappearance of small inflammatory pulmonary lesions is demonstrated by way of miliary tuberculosis. The dynamics of the healing process are described by the roentgenographic morphology, and the alterations of remaining pulmonary infiltrates to scars within the anatomical pulmonary structures are illustrated. The concept of apparent complete restitution is explained and the importance of the recognition of late pulmonary alterations is emphasized.", "PMID": 704835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1838", "title": "Quantitative method to determine the liver size.", "content": "The need for quantitative methods to determine the liver size has not been generally recognized at the clinic. Subjective evaluation of the size of the organ in roentgenograms is unsatisfactory, which is seen when subjective records are compared with the liver volume calculated by quantitative roentgenologic method.", "contents": "Quantitative method to determine the liver size. The need for quantitative methods to determine the liver size has not been generally recognized at the clinic. Subjective evaluation of the size of the organ in roentgenograms is unsatisfactory, which is seen when subjective records are compared with the liver volume calculated by quantitative roentgenologic method.", "PMID": 704836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1839", "title": "[Combination of cystic dilatation of the hepatic, common, and intrahepatic bile ducts (author's transl)].", "content": "Common duct cysts are a rare entity. The combination of cystic alterations of the entire bile duct system is less known. Etiology, classification, and Roentgen signs are described in a case presentation with common duct cyst and marked ectasia of the intrahepatic bile ducts.", "contents": "[Combination of cystic dilatation of the hepatic, common, and intrahepatic bile ducts (author's transl)]. Common duct cysts are a rare entity. The combination of cystic alterations of the entire bile duct system is less known. Etiology, classification, and Roentgen signs are described in a case presentation with common duct cyst and marked ectasia of the intrahepatic bile ducts.", "PMID": 704837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1840", "title": "[The overgrowth of cartilaginous and fibrous structures in Paget's Disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The overgrowth of cartilaginous and fibrous tissue of the spine in Paget's disease is described in long-term follow-up studies. On cervical manifestation the disease progressed from one vertebrae to the other with destruction of the intervertebral discs, fusion of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral joints and shortening of the affected area. On the lower thoracic and lumbar spine osteomalacia with collapse of the vertebral bodies and biconvex deformities of the discs were seen in the initial period. Several years later the discs flattened, vaulted and fused in the periphery by dystrophic bone. Fusion of the corresponding intervertebral joints and ossification fo the intervertebral ligaments developed. The involved spine was shortened. The sarcroiliacal joint spaces were obliterated in cases with involvement of adjacent bones by Paget's disease. The overgrowth advanced from the periphery towards the center. Ankylosis of sacroiliacal joints has also been observed without fusion of the intervertebral disc spaces. Relatively low age, loss of height, invalidating bone pains and osteomalacia of the pelvis were the main features in cases with spinal changes. Osteomalacia of the spine followed by ossification of intervertebral ligaments and joint capsules and later by vertebral fusion are considered to be a special form of Paget's disease.", "contents": "[The overgrowth of cartilaginous and fibrous structures in Paget's Disease (author's transl)]. The overgrowth of cartilaginous and fibrous tissue of the spine in Paget's disease is described in long-term follow-up studies. On cervical manifestation the disease progressed from one vertebrae to the other with destruction of the intervertebral discs, fusion of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral joints and shortening of the affected area. On the lower thoracic and lumbar spine osteomalacia with collapse of the vertebral bodies and biconvex deformities of the discs were seen in the initial period. Several years later the discs flattened, vaulted and fused in the periphery by dystrophic bone. Fusion of the corresponding intervertebral joints and ossification fo the intervertebral ligaments developed. The involved spine was shortened. The sarcroiliacal joint spaces were obliterated in cases with involvement of adjacent bones by Paget's disease. The overgrowth advanced from the periphery towards the center. Ankylosis of sacroiliacal joints has also been observed without fusion of the intervertebral disc spaces. Relatively low age, loss of height, invalidating bone pains and osteomalacia of the pelvis were the main features in cases with spinal changes. Osteomalacia of the spine followed by ossification of intervertebral ligaments and joint capsules and later by vertebral fusion are considered to be a special form of Paget's disease.", "PMID": 704838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1841", "title": "Saddle cancers of the colon and their progression to annular carcinomas.", "content": "Twenty-five cases of flat, ulcerating colonic carcinomas with heaped-up margins and central ulcerations were studied at various stages of growth. If not found at an early stage, a flat carcinoma will progress to an annular carcinoma. A retrospective evaluation of 8 \"negative\" colon examinations revealed the tumor as a contour defect, often on only one view, 9 months to 7 years before actual radiographic diagnosis of annular carcinoma. The primary symptom in 21 of the 25 patients was bleeding and there was a high incidence of local and distant spread.", "contents": "Saddle cancers of the colon and their progression to annular carcinomas. Twenty-five cases of flat, ulcerating colonic carcinomas with heaped-up margins and central ulcerations were studied at various stages of growth. If not found at an early stage, a flat carcinoma will progress to an annular carcinoma. A retrospective evaluation of 8 \"negative\" colon examinations revealed the tumor as a contour defect, often on only one view, 9 months to 7 years before actual radiographic diagnosis of annular carcinoma. The primary symptom in 21 of the 25 patients was bleeding and there was a high incidence of local and distant spread.", "PMID": 704839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1842", "title": "Polypoid colonic lesions undetected by endoscopy.", "content": "Fifty-four endoscopically missed colonic polypoid lesions reveal the limitations of colonic endoscopy. Colonoscopy failed to identify 31 of the lesions, whereas 24 lesions were initially missed by proctosigmoidoscopy. One polypoid tumor of the rectosigmoid junction was missed by both. Most undetected lesions ranged from 0.5 to 1.5 cm. Endoscopic and radiologic diagnostic techniques are clearly complementary. Their combined diagnostic accuracy exceeds that of either technique alone. If results of the two methods conflict, one or both should be repeated. With a combined approach, completely missed lesions can be kept at a minimum.", "contents": "Polypoid colonic lesions undetected by endoscopy. Fifty-four endoscopically missed colonic polypoid lesions reveal the limitations of colonic endoscopy. Colonoscopy failed to identify 31 of the lesions, whereas 24 lesions were initially missed by proctosigmoidoscopy. One polypoid tumor of the rectosigmoid junction was missed by both. Most undetected lesions ranged from 0.5 to 1.5 cm. Endoscopic and radiologic diagnostic techniques are clearly complementary. Their combined diagnostic accuracy exceeds that of either technique alone. If results of the two methods conflict, one or both should be repeated. With a combined approach, completely missed lesions can be kept at a minimum.", "PMID": 704840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1843", "title": "Correlative studies of the histological and radiographic appearance of the breast parenchyma.", "content": "A total of 143 breast biopsies were compared with xeroradiographic images. N1 breasts showed normal stroma, ducts, and lobules; P1 breasts had mild to moderate perioductal and perilobular fibrosis with some atypical lobules and other low-grade lesions; P2 was similar to P1 but with more fibrosis and higher-grade atypical lobules; and DY was generally similar to P2 but with more high-grade atypical lobules and extensive, confluent fibrosis. The highest grades of precancerous epithelial abnormality appear to be found in P2 and DY, seldom in P1, and very rarely in N1. Xeroradiographic and histological risk grades show very close correlation.", "contents": "Correlative studies of the histological and radiographic appearance of the breast parenchyma. A total of 143 breast biopsies were compared with xeroradiographic images. N1 breasts showed normal stroma, ducts, and lobules; P1 breasts had mild to moderate perioductal and perilobular fibrosis with some atypical lobules and other low-grade lesions; P2 was similar to P1 but with more fibrosis and higher-grade atypical lobules; and DY was generally similar to P2 but with more high-grade atypical lobules and extensive, confluent fibrosis. The highest grades of precancerous epithelial abnormality appear to be found in P2 and DY, seldom in P1, and very rarely in N1. Xeroradiographic and histological risk grades show very close correlation.", "PMID": 704841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1844", "title": "Therapeutic embolization for hemorrhage from locally recurrent cancer of the breast.", "content": "Embolization therapy is reported in three patients bleeding from metastatic carcinoma of the breast. Two had life threatening hemorrhage from sternal erosion; internal mammary arteriography indicated encasement, false aneurysm formation or tumor blush. The third patient had intermittent bleeding of extensive fungating axillary and anterior chest wall metastases. Autologous clot alone was used in the first case with immediate cessation of bleeding and transient neurological symptoms secondary to back flow of thrombus into the vertebral artery were noted. The second and third patients received Oxycel-Ivalon and Gel-foam respectively; bleeding ceased and no complications were noted.", "contents": "Therapeutic embolization for hemorrhage from locally recurrent cancer of the breast. Embolization therapy is reported in three patients bleeding from metastatic carcinoma of the breast. Two had life threatening hemorrhage from sternal erosion; internal mammary arteriography indicated encasement, false aneurysm formation or tumor blush. The third patient had intermittent bleeding of extensive fungating axillary and anterior chest wall metastases. Autologous clot alone was used in the first case with immediate cessation of bleeding and transient neurological symptoms secondary to back flow of thrombus into the vertebral artery were noted. The second and third patients received Oxycel-Ivalon and Gel-foam respectively; bleeding ceased and no complications were noted.", "PMID": 704842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1845", "title": "Arteriovenous shunts involving the liver.", "content": "Arteriovenous shunting in the liver is a rare angiographic finding. Review of the literature shows that most cases are related to trauma or neoplasm. The authors discuss several entities which should also be included in the differential diagnosis, among them congenital arteriovenous malformations or hemangiomas of the liver and pancreas, cirrhosis with rearterialization of the liver, hepatic abscess, hypervascular liver metastases, and primary tumors with invasion of the portal and hepatic veins by arterial neovasculature.", "contents": "Arteriovenous shunts involving the liver. Arteriovenous shunting in the liver is a rare angiographic finding. Review of the literature shows that most cases are related to trauma or neoplasm. The authors discuss several entities which should also be included in the differential diagnosis, among them congenital arteriovenous malformations or hemangiomas of the liver and pancreas, cirrhosis with rearterialization of the liver, hepatic abscess, hypervascular liver metastases, and primary tumors with invasion of the portal and hepatic veins by arterial neovasculature.", "PMID": 704843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1846", "title": "Gossypiboma--the problem of the retained surgical sponge.", "content": "Commonly used surgical sponges and appliances all have standardized, readily recognized opaque markers visible on radiographs. When these markers are identified on postoperative radiographs, they should be assumed to represent retained surgical sponges or appliances. With the rare exception of thoracotomy dressings, these marked materials are seldom, if ever, used as external bandaging materials. AP and lateral radiographs should provide an immediate answer as to the location of any retained surgical device. The early recognition of these retained surgical sponges should eliminate most complications related to their presence.", "contents": "Gossypiboma--the problem of the retained surgical sponge. Commonly used surgical sponges and appliances all have standardized, readily recognized opaque markers visible on radiographs. When these markers are identified on postoperative radiographs, they should be assumed to represent retained surgical sponges or appliances. With the rare exception of thoracotomy dressings, these marked materials are seldom, if ever, used as external bandaging materials. AP and lateral radiographs should provide an immediate answer as to the location of any retained surgical device. The early recognition of these retained surgical sponges should eliminate most complications related to their presence.", "PMID": 704844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1847", "title": "Non-neoplastic congenital and acquired renal arteriovenous malformations and fistulas.", "content": "Abnormal renal arteriovenous communications were documented by renal angiography in 21 patients. Included were congenital malformations, traumatic fistulas and spontaneous fistulas associated with renal arterial disease. Each type exhibited characteristic angiographic features. Overt clinical manifestations were observed in more than half the cases. Specific treatment depended upon type, location and size of the arteriovenous communication. Small, covert renal fistulas and malformations were managed conservatively. Five medium size symptomatic intrarenal arteriovenous fistulas and one malformation were successfully treated by transcatheter embolization. Large lesions, especially when associated with renal arterial disease, may be more appropriately treated by surgery.", "contents": "Non-neoplastic congenital and acquired renal arteriovenous malformations and fistulas. Abnormal renal arteriovenous communications were documented by renal angiography in 21 patients. Included were congenital malformations, traumatic fistulas and spontaneous fistulas associated with renal arterial disease. Each type exhibited characteristic angiographic features. Overt clinical manifestations were observed in more than half the cases. Specific treatment depended upon type, location and size of the arteriovenous communication. Small, covert renal fistulas and malformations were managed conservatively. Five medium size symptomatic intrarenal arteriovenous fistulas and one malformation were successfully treated by transcatheter embolization. Large lesions, especially when associated with renal arterial disease, may be more appropriately treated by surgery.", "PMID": 704845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1848", "title": "The use of the bristle brush for transcatheter embolization.", "content": "Small nylon brushes with a stainless steel core have been found safe and effective for transcatheter arterial occlusion. Studies performed in 14 dogs demonstrate the brushes result in rapid occlusion of the renal artery. Follow-up studies for periods up to ten months document the safety and permanence of the occlusion. The animal studies reported herein suggest that these devices can be safely used in humans in cases where large artery occlusion is desired.", "contents": "The use of the bristle brush for transcatheter embolization. Small nylon brushes with a stainless steel core have been found safe and effective for transcatheter arterial occlusion. Studies performed in 14 dogs demonstrate the brushes result in rapid occlusion of the renal artery. Follow-up studies for periods up to ten months document the safety and permanence of the occlusion. The animal studies reported herein suggest that these devices can be safely used in humans in cases where large artery occlusion is desired.", "PMID": 704846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1849", "title": "A new, simple test for renin sampling.", "content": "In 8 of 18 patients with suspected diagnosis of renovascular hypertension, the resting renin values were inconclusive. However, following tourniquet stress, the values became positive. Sixteen of 18 patients showed significant decrease in blood pressure following surgery. The procedure was well tolerated, and its routine use is recommended.", "contents": "A new, simple test for renin sampling. In 8 of 18 patients with suspected diagnosis of renovascular hypertension, the resting renin values were inconclusive. However, following tourniquet stress, the values became positive. Sixteen of 18 patients showed significant decrease in blood pressure following surgery. The procedure was well tolerated, and its routine use is recommended.", "PMID": 704847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1850", "title": "Angiography of intimal and intramural arterial injuries.", "content": "Fifteen patients with injuries disrupting the tunica intima and media are reviewed and 5 cases demonstrating the typical angiographic appearance of these injuries described. In all 15, the tunica adventitia remained intact and pulses were present on the initial physical examination. Injuries described include subintimal hemorrhages with and without an associated tear of the intima and a complete tear of both the tunica intima and media with the tunica adventitia intact. The authors conclude that angiography is the best preoperative diagnostic procedure for these injuries; it should be used whenever the trauma involves a site near a major vessel.", "contents": "Angiography of intimal and intramural arterial injuries. Fifteen patients with injuries disrupting the tunica intima and media are reviewed and 5 cases demonstrating the typical angiographic appearance of these injuries described. In all 15, the tunica adventitia remained intact and pulses were present on the initial physical examination. Injuries described include subintimal hemorrhages with and without an associated tear of the intima and a complete tear of both the tunica intima and media with the tunica adventitia intact. The authors conclude that angiography is the best preoperative diagnostic procedure for these injuries; it should be used whenever the trauma involves a site near a major vessel.", "PMID": 704848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1851", "title": "Cardiovascular trauma from angiographic jets--validation of a theoretic concept in dogs.", "content": "The relationship of angiographic injections to cardiovascular trauma was determined. The aorta of dogs was studied by a mathematic model that (a) defines the kinetic energy of contrast-media jets emanating from the exit holes of catheters and (b) enables precise correlation of energy levels to potential trauma. A universal curve independent of the Reynolds number of the jet readily determines how far the jet penetrates intravascular blood. A traumatic histopathologic spectrum was found for those injections predicted by the model to be traumatic. The curve enables the angiographer to calculate the safe operating range of any catheter.", "contents": "Cardiovascular trauma from angiographic jets--validation of a theoretic concept in dogs. The relationship of angiographic injections to cardiovascular trauma was determined. The aorta of dogs was studied by a mathematic model that (a) defines the kinetic energy of contrast-media jets emanating from the exit holes of catheters and (b) enables precise correlation of energy levels to potential trauma. A universal curve independent of the Reynolds number of the jet readily determines how far the jet penetrates intravascular blood. A traumatic histopathologic spectrum was found for those injections predicted by the model to be traumatic. The curve enables the angiographer to calculate the safe operating range of any catheter.", "PMID": 704849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1852", "title": "Lymphatico-osseous communication and primary lymphedema.", "content": "A lymphatico-osseous communication was demonstrated by lymphangiography in a patient with primary lymphedema of the left leg. The superficial lymph vessels were markedly hyperplastic and contrast medium was visible within the epiphyseal portions of the femur, tibia, fibula, and foot bones. Biopsy of the affected femur showed no abnormality.", "contents": "Lymphatico-osseous communication and primary lymphedema. A lymphatico-osseous communication was demonstrated by lymphangiography in a patient with primary lymphedema of the left leg. The superficial lymph vessels were markedly hyperplastic and contrast medium was visible within the epiphyseal portions of the femur, tibia, fibula, and foot bones. Biopsy of the affected femur showed no abnormality.", "PMID": 704850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1853", "title": "Idiopathic hypertrophic osteoarthropathy without pachyderma.", "content": "There are two types of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy; (a) the secondary type, by far the most common and usually associated with bronchogenic carcinoma; and (b) the idiopathic type, a rare disorder occurring predominantly in males and not associated with any known disease process. Both may be associated with peculiar skin changes known as pachyderma. When idiopathic hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (IHOA) is associated with pachyderma it is called pachydermoperiostosis. In extremely rare instances, IHOA may occur without pachyderma. Three such cases are described.", "contents": "Idiopathic hypertrophic osteoarthropathy without pachyderma. There are two types of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy; (a) the secondary type, by far the most common and usually associated with bronchogenic carcinoma; and (b) the idiopathic type, a rare disorder occurring predominantly in males and not associated with any known disease process. Both may be associated with peculiar skin changes known as pachyderma. When idiopathic hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (IHOA) is associated with pachyderma it is called pachydermoperiostosis. In extremely rare instances, IHOA may occur without pachyderma. Three such cases are described.", "PMID": 704851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1854", "title": "Bedside radiographic examinations: indications and contraindications.", "content": "Indications for requesting and performing bedside radiographic examinations in an institutional setting are proposed. A prospective study of such examinations was made in a 500-bed hospital. All nursing units were evaluated for criteria used in requesting bedside examinations. It was found that general medical and surgical wards generate the greatest percentage of bedside studies, and yet their criteria for requesting such studies yielded the lowest percentage of validity. General criteria for utilization of mobile radiographic equipment could lead to better radiographs and improved allocation of equipment and personnel.", "contents": "Bedside radiographic examinations: indications and contraindications. Indications for requesting and performing bedside radiographic examinations in an institutional setting are proposed. A prospective study of such examinations was made in a 500-bed hospital. All nursing units were evaluated for criteria used in requesting bedside examinations. It was found that general medical and surgical wards generate the greatest percentage of bedside studies, and yet their criteria for requesting such studies yielded the lowest percentage of validity. General criteria for utilization of mobile radiographic equipment could lead to better radiographs and improved allocation of equipment and personnel.", "PMID": 704852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1855", "title": "Informal use of decision theory to improve radiological patient management.", "content": "Six radiologists reviewed 50 urograms to determine whether arteriography or needle aspiration should be recommended for evaluation of a space-occupying renal lesion. In addition to their usual decision methods, they were encouraged to think about the problem from a decision theory viewpoint. No computations were required. It was found that even informal, non-numerical application of decision theory resulted in improved outcomes; further improvement was noted with explicit use of numerical methods.", "contents": "Informal use of decision theory to improve radiological patient management. Six radiologists reviewed 50 urograms to determine whether arteriography or needle aspiration should be recommended for evaluation of a space-occupying renal lesion. In addition to their usual decision methods, they were encouraged to think about the problem from a decision theory viewpoint. No computations were required. It was found that even informal, non-numerical application of decision theory resulted in improved outcomes; further improvement was noted with explicit use of numerical methods.", "PMID": 704853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1856", "title": "The frequency of radiolucencies underlying cephalohematomas.", "content": "The authors studied skull radiographs of 66 infants with cephalohematoma. Twenty-three (35%) had radiolucencies in the skull; most of the radiolucent defects were associated with beginning or extensive ossification over the cephalohematoma. Radiolucency associated with cephalohematoma is a frequent finding and rarely indicates local infection.", "contents": "The frequency of radiolucencies underlying cephalohematomas. The authors studied skull radiographs of 66 infants with cephalohematoma. Twenty-three (35%) had radiolucencies in the skull; most of the radiolucent defects were associated with beginning or extensive ossification over the cephalohematoma. Radiolucency associated with cephalohematoma is a frequent finding and rarely indicates local infection.", "PMID": 704854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1857", "title": "Critical aortic stenosis in neonates.", "content": "Twelve infants with valvular aortic stenosis manifested symptoms of heart failure during the first 2 months of life. Nine became symptomatic and demonstrated cardiomegaly and pulmonary vascular congestion during the first week of life. The other 3 infants became symptomatic at 3-8 weeks. Echocardiograms revealed normal or enlarged left atrial and ventricular dimensions excluding hypoplastic left heart. Left ventriculography demonstrated segmental dysfunction in 7 infants and generalized hypokinesis in 2 others. Trabecular effacement corresponded with the sites of left ventricular dysfunction. Postoperative studies revealed a decrease in cardiac size and improvement in segmental dysfunction in most infants.", "contents": "Critical aortic stenosis in neonates. Twelve infants with valvular aortic stenosis manifested symptoms of heart failure during the first 2 months of life. Nine became symptomatic and demonstrated cardiomegaly and pulmonary vascular congestion during the first week of life. The other 3 infants became symptomatic at 3-8 weeks. Echocardiograms revealed normal or enlarged left atrial and ventricular dimensions excluding hypoplastic left heart. Left ventriculography demonstrated segmental dysfunction in 7 infants and generalized hypokinesis in 2 others. Trabecular effacement corresponded with the sites of left ventricular dysfunction. Postoperative studies revealed a decrease in cardiac size and improvement in segmental dysfunction in most infants.", "PMID": 704855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1858", "title": "Pulmonary varix in early infancy: case report with 8-year follow up.", "content": "The second case of a pulmonary varix documented in the neonatal period is reported. It is important to be aware that this entity may be encountered in the pediatric age group when considering the differential diagnosis of a solitary density in the lung of an infant or young child.", "contents": "Pulmonary varix in early infancy: case report with 8-year follow up. The second case of a pulmonary varix documented in the neonatal period is reported. It is important to be aware that this entity may be encountered in the pediatric age group when considering the differential diagnosis of a solitary density in the lung of an infant or young child.", "PMID": 704856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1859", "title": "Computed tomography of herpes simplex encephalitis, with clinicopathological correlation.", "content": "The computed tomographic (CT), clinical, and pathologic findings in 9 patients with biopsy-proven herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) were reviewed. Seventeen scans (5 plain, 12 contrast enhanced) were analyzed. The major CT finding was a low-absorption abnormality, present in 11 of 17 scans (64%), affecting primarily the temporal lobes. Mass effect was evident in 9 of 17 (52%). Of the 12 contrast-enhanced scans, 6 (50%) showed an abnormal enhancement pattern affecting primarily the sylvian fissure and opercular areas. CT abnormalities are characteristic enough that, in the proper clinical setting, they lend support to the correct diagnosis.", "contents": "Computed tomography of herpes simplex encephalitis, with clinicopathological correlation. The computed tomographic (CT), clinical, and pathologic findings in 9 patients with biopsy-proven herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) were reviewed. Seventeen scans (5 plain, 12 contrast enhanced) were analyzed. The major CT finding was a low-absorption abnormality, present in 11 of 17 scans (64%), affecting primarily the temporal lobes. Mass effect was evident in 9 of 17 (52%). Of the 12 contrast-enhanced scans, 6 (50%) showed an abnormal enhancement pattern affecting primarily the sylvian fissure and opercular areas. CT abnormalities are characteristic enough that, in the proper clinical setting, they lend support to the correct diagnosis.", "PMID": 704857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1860", "title": "Computed tomography of herpes simplex encephalitis.", "content": "On the initial computed tomographic (CT) scan in 10 of 13 patients with herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), the most characteristic finding was a unilateral, low-density lesion in the medial temporal lobe and/or insular cortex. This lesion was seen in all patients as the disease progressed. When associated with hemorrhage and streaked contrast enhancement this lesion added specificity to the CT scan, but this situation occurred in only 3 patients. Early in the course of HSE, focal CT findings localized the temporal lobe of greatest involvement in 12 patients; 1 had a normal initial CT scan.", "contents": "Computed tomography of herpes simplex encephalitis. On the initial computed tomographic (CT) scan in 10 of 13 patients with herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), the most characteristic finding was a unilateral, low-density lesion in the medial temporal lobe and/or insular cortex. This lesion was seen in all patients as the disease progressed. When associated with hemorrhage and streaked contrast enhancement this lesion added specificity to the CT scan, but this situation occurred in only 3 patients. Early in the course of HSE, focal CT findings localized the temporal lobe of greatest involvement in 12 patients; 1 had a normal initial CT scan.", "PMID": 704858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1861", "title": "Computed tomography of subcapsular splenic hematoma. Clinical and experimental studies.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) was performed in 3 patients and 2 dogs with subcapsular hematoma of the spleen. When fresh blood is in the subcapsular space, the hematoma may have the same attentuation value as the adjacent spleen, making it difficult to identify unless contrast material is injected. As the hematoma ages, the attenuation value decreases. CT appears to be a simple and accurate method of diagnosing a subcapsular splenic hematoma.", "contents": "Computed tomography of subcapsular splenic hematoma. Clinical and experimental studies. Computed tomography (CT) was performed in 3 patients and 2 dogs with subcapsular hematoma of the spleen. When fresh blood is in the subcapsular space, the hematoma may have the same attentuation value as the adjacent spleen, making it difficult to identify unless contrast material is injected. As the hematoma ages, the attenuation value decreases. CT appears to be a simple and accurate method of diagnosing a subcapsular splenic hematoma.", "PMID": 704859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1862", "title": "Diagnosis of nonopaque calculi by computed tomography.", "content": "Computed tomography can aid in the distinction of calculi from both tumors and clots in the urinary tract. Its availability, simplicity of interpretation, and noninvasiveness establish it as an important diagnostic modality in selected cases when calculus is in the differential diagnosis of upper urinary tract filling defects.", "contents": "Diagnosis of nonopaque calculi by computed tomography. Computed tomography can aid in the distinction of calculi from both tumors and clots in the urinary tract. Its availability, simplicity of interpretation, and noninvasiveness establish it as an important diagnostic modality in selected cases when calculus is in the differential diagnosis of upper urinary tract filling defects.", "PMID": 704860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1863", "title": "Computed tomographic evaluation of disorders affecting the alimentary tract.", "content": "The use of computed tomography (CT) in diagnosing disorders affecting the hollow viscera of the alimentary tract has received little attention. The authors reviewed CT scans of 43 patients on which lesions affecting the gastrointestinal tract were demonstrated. All cases were correlated with barium-enema examinations, surgical reports, or autopsy findings. CT can provide valuable information on the extraluminal extent of masses arising in the bowel, mesenteric masses, and can define and characterize extrinsic lesions. The authors's results suggest that CT is a useful adjunct in evaluating intramural or mesenteric lesions of the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Computed tomographic evaluation of disorders affecting the alimentary tract. The use of computed tomography (CT) in diagnosing disorders affecting the hollow viscera of the alimentary tract has received little attention. The authors reviewed CT scans of 43 patients on which lesions affecting the gastrointestinal tract were demonstrated. All cases were correlated with barium-enema examinations, surgical reports, or autopsy findings. CT can provide valuable information on the extraluminal extent of masses arising in the bowel, mesenteric masses, and can define and characterize extrinsic lesions. The authors's results suggest that CT is a useful adjunct in evaluating intramural or mesenteric lesions of the gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 704861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1864", "title": "Patient dosage in computed tomography.", "content": "The maximum surface dosage in most clinical CT scans seems to range from 2-10 rads/study but much larger dose per study values seem possible with both rotate-translate and rotary geometry designs. The CT scanner type in itself does not significantly reduce doses. Secondary radiation dose values were measured for critical organs and indicate that dosage from secondary radiations may be reduced significantly by external shielding. Dose values in the vicinity of most CT scanners are typically 1-2 mrad/scan at 1 meter at the parameters of a typical clinical scan.", "contents": "Patient dosage in computed tomography. The maximum surface dosage in most clinical CT scans seems to range from 2-10 rads/study but much larger dose per study values seem possible with both rotate-translate and rotary geometry designs. The CT scanner type in itself does not significantly reduce doses. Secondary radiation dose values were measured for critical organs and indicate that dosage from secondary radiations may be reduced significantly by external shielding. Dose values in the vicinity of most CT scanners are typically 1-2 mrad/scan at 1 meter at the parameters of a typical clinical scan.", "PMID": 704862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1865", "title": "Echocardiographic diagnosis of dilatation of the ascending aorta using right parasternal scanning.", "content": "With the ultrasound transducer positioned at the second or third right intercostal space, the ascending aorta was visualized in 8 patients in whom dilatation of the ascending aorta had been demonstrated radiographically. The diameter of the ascending aorta by right parasternal scan, with the transducer held perpendicular to the chest wall, measured 4.2-6 cm. The aortic root diameter (at aortic valve level) recorded by conventional left parasternal scan was normal or only slightly increased in 5 cases, but in 3 others it approached the value obtained by right parasternal scan. Aortography performed in 3 patients demonstrated marked dilatation of the ascending aorta.", "contents": "Echocardiographic diagnosis of dilatation of the ascending aorta using right parasternal scanning. With the ultrasound transducer positioned at the second or third right intercostal space, the ascending aorta was visualized in 8 patients in whom dilatation of the ascending aorta had been demonstrated radiographically. The diameter of the ascending aorta by right parasternal scan, with the transducer held perpendicular to the chest wall, measured 4.2-6 cm. The aortic root diameter (at aortic valve level) recorded by conventional left parasternal scan was normal or only slightly increased in 5 cases, but in 3 others it approached the value obtained by right parasternal scan. Aortography performed in 3 patients demonstrated marked dilatation of the ascending aorta.", "PMID": 704863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1866", "title": "High-resolution real-time ultrasound in the evaluation of the normal and obstructed biliary tract.", "content": "Ultrasound was found to be useful in the evaluation of jaundice. Extrahepatic obstruction can be diagnosed by the presence of dilated intra- or extrahepatic bile ducts. Using a high-resolution real-time mechanical sector scanner, it was possible to show the common hepatic duct as it passes anterior to the right portal vein in 98 out of 100 consecutive adults without biliary tract disease. At this level, the normal duct measures 4 mm or less in internal diameter. All patients with a duct larger than 5 mm thus far have had either biliary tract obstruction or previous cholecystectomy.", "contents": "High-resolution real-time ultrasound in the evaluation of the normal and obstructed biliary tract. Ultrasound was found to be useful in the evaluation of jaundice. Extrahepatic obstruction can be diagnosed by the presence of dilated intra- or extrahepatic bile ducts. Using a high-resolution real-time mechanical sector scanner, it was possible to show the common hepatic duct as it passes anterior to the right portal vein in 98 out of 100 consecutive adults without biliary tract disease. At this level, the normal duct measures 4 mm or less in internal diameter. All patients with a duct larger than 5 mm thus far have had either biliary tract obstruction or previous cholecystectomy.", "PMID": 704864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1867", "title": "The ultrasonic diagnosis of primary carcinoma of the gallbladder.", "content": "A case of primary carcinoma of the gallbladder with nodal metastases, diagnosed by ultrasound examination in a nonjaundiced patient, is described. The gallbladder mass was also visualized on oral cholecystography. The ultrasonic and pathologic findings are correlated.", "contents": "The ultrasonic diagnosis of primary carcinoma of the gallbladder. A case of primary carcinoma of the gallbladder with nodal metastases, diagnosed by ultrasound examination in a nonjaundiced patient, is described. The gallbladder mass was also visualized on oral cholecystography. The ultrasonic and pathologic findings are correlated.", "PMID": 704865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1868", "title": "Assessment of radionuclide angiocardiograms using color/time images.", "content": "Color images obtained directly from the CRT display of a digital computer were used to assess the passage of radionuclides through the heart. Following separation of the right and left heart images, the former was recorded as blue and the latter as red, after which a composite image of the entire heart was generated. A cardiac chamber or greater vessel may be filled during both color/time phases if an intracardiac shunt is present. On the composite image, these overlapping areas appear as either the complementary color or white.", "contents": "Assessment of radionuclide angiocardiograms using color/time images. Color images obtained directly from the CRT display of a digital computer were used to assess the passage of radionuclides through the heart. Following separation of the right and left heart images, the former was recorded as blue and the latter as red, after which a composite image of the entire heart was generated. A cardiac chamber or greater vessel may be filled during both color/time phases if an intracardiac shunt is present. On the composite image, these overlapping areas appear as either the complementary color or white.", "PMID": 704866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1869", "title": "Clinical evaluation of tumor imaging with 201 TI chloride.", "content": "201TI was used as an imaging agent in 173 malignant tumors and 76 benign lesions. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 0.64, 0.61, and 0.63, respectively. Sensitivity was good in thyroid cancer (0.91) and fair in primary lung cancer (0.70) and primary liver cancer (0.71). Compared with 67Ga, 201TI appears to have a higher sensitivity in thyroid cancer and nearly the same sensitivity in primary lung cancer. 201TI might be useful in distinguishing cold thyroid nodules and in differentiating primary liver cancer from metastases.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of tumor imaging with 201 TI chloride. 201TI was used as an imaging agent in 173 malignant tumors and 76 benign lesions. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 0.64, 0.61, and 0.63, respectively. Sensitivity was good in thyroid cancer (0.91) and fair in primary lung cancer (0.70) and primary liver cancer (0.71). Compared with 67Ga, 201TI appears to have a higher sensitivity in thyroid cancer and nearly the same sensitivity in primary lung cancer. 201TI might be useful in distinguishing cold thyroid nodules and in differentiating primary liver cancer from metastases.", "PMID": 704867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1870", "title": "A comparison of five methods for monitoring the precision of automated x-ray film processors.", "content": "Five different methods for preparing sensitometric strips used to monitor the precision of automated film processors are compared. A method for determining the sensitivity of each system to processor variations is presented; the observed statistical variability is multiplied by the system response to temperature or chemical changes. Pre-exposed sensitometric strips required the use of accurate densitometers and stringent control limits to be effective. X-ray exposed sensitometric strips demonstrated large variations in the x-ray output (2 omega approximately equal to 8.0%) over a period of one month. Some light sensitometers were capable of detecting +/- 1.0 degrees F (+/- 0.6 degrees C) variations in developer temperature in the processor and/or about 10.0 ml of chemical contamination in the processor. Nevertheless, even the light sensitometers were susceptible to problems, e.g. film emulsion selection, line voltage variations, and latent image fading. Advantages and disadvantages of the various sensitometric methods are discussed.", "contents": "A comparison of five methods for monitoring the precision of automated x-ray film processors. Five different methods for preparing sensitometric strips used to monitor the precision of automated film processors are compared. A method for determining the sensitivity of each system to processor variations is presented; the observed statistical variability is multiplied by the system response to temperature or chemical changes. Pre-exposed sensitometric strips required the use of accurate densitometers and stringent control limits to be effective. X-ray exposed sensitometric strips demonstrated large variations in the x-ray output (2 omega approximately equal to 8.0%) over a period of one month. Some light sensitometers were capable of detecting +/- 1.0 degrees F (+/- 0.6 degrees C) variations in developer temperature in the processor and/or about 10.0 ml of chemical contamination in the processor. Nevertheless, even the light sensitometers were susceptible to problems, e.g. film emulsion selection, line voltage variations, and latent image fading. Advantages and disadvantages of the various sensitometric methods are discussed.", "PMID": 704868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1871", "title": "The effects of the film/screen combination on tomographic image quality.", "content": "Several film/screen combinations were studied to evaluate their effect on thin-section tomograms of the inner ear. Hypocycloidal images of a head phantom were subjectively ranked for image quality, and contrast, spatial frequency spectra, and Wiener noise spectra were measured. Resolution appears to be significantly improved when medium-speed screens are used instead of fast, unsharp screens; observers could perceive increased detail through the higher noise of the medium-speed screens. The authors conclude that medium-speed screens yield more diagnostic information than fast, unsharp screens in thin-section tomography of the inner ear.", "contents": "The effects of the film/screen combination on tomographic image quality. Several film/screen combinations were studied to evaluate their effect on thin-section tomograms of the inner ear. Hypocycloidal images of a head phantom were subjectively ranked for image quality, and contrast, spatial frequency spectra, and Wiener noise spectra were measured. Resolution appears to be significantly improved when medium-speed screens are used instead of fast, unsharp screens; observers could perceive increased detail through the higher noise of the medium-speed screens. The authors conclude that medium-speed screens yield more diagnostic information than fast, unsharp screens in thin-section tomography of the inner ear.", "PMID": 704869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1872", "title": "Computed tomography of the lung.", "content": "Preliminary work has shown that normal lungs have predictable CT patterns and density ranges. In emphysema, there are irregular zones of extremely low density as well as an overall low mean density. CT appears to have considerable potential for early detection of pulmonary emphysema and characterization of the degree of involvement. CT can also be useful in the study of physiological phenomena such as regional blood flow.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the lung. Preliminary work has shown that normal lungs have predictable CT patterns and density ranges. In emphysema, there are irregular zones of extremely low density as well as an overall low mean density. CT appears to have considerable potential for early detection of pulmonary emphysema and characterization of the degree of involvement. CT can also be useful in the study of physiological phenomena such as regional blood flow.", "PMID": 704870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1873", "title": "Technical considerations in B-mode scanning with an aspiration transducer.", "content": "Proper orientation of the B-mode ultrasonic aspiration transducer is important for accurate imaging during aspiration biopsy. The transducer extension axis must be perpendicular to the plane of the scanning arm for accurate representation of reflector locations. Single pass scans without compound angulation of the transducer are recommended when perpendicularity is not absolute. A simple adaptor to maintain perpendicularity is described.", "contents": "Technical considerations in B-mode scanning with an aspiration transducer. Proper orientation of the B-mode ultrasonic aspiration transducer is important for accurate imaging during aspiration biopsy. The transducer extension axis must be perpendicular to the plane of the scanning arm for accurate representation of reflector locations. Single pass scans without compound angulation of the transducer are recommended when perpendicularity is not absolute. A simple adaptor to maintain perpendicularity is described.", "PMID": 704871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1874", "title": "The radiology identification card and charge card: an addressographic radiographic film borrowing system.", "content": "We describe a system using an addressograph card and tickler file to facilitate the lending and returning of radiographic jackets, which brings into accountability both the borrower and the lender.", "contents": "The radiology identification card and charge card: an addressographic radiographic film borrowing system. We describe a system using an addressograph card and tickler file to facilitate the lending and returning of radiographic jackets, which brings into accountability both the borrower and the lender.", "PMID": 704872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1875", "title": "An easy method for passing an intestinal intubation tube under fluoroscopic guidance.", "content": "A new technique (using readily available materials) for passing any single lumen tube into the duodenum is presented. This procedure usually greatly reduces the time and effort required to pass an intestinal tube through the pylorus. Once passed, the tube functions normally, without the limitations posed by duodenal tubes.", "contents": "An easy method for passing an intestinal intubation tube under fluoroscopic guidance. A new technique (using readily available materials) for passing any single lumen tube into the duodenum is presented. This procedure usually greatly reduces the time and effort required to pass an intestinal tube through the pylorus. Once passed, the tube functions normally, without the limitations posed by duodenal tubes.", "PMID": 704873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1876", "title": "International Commission on Radiological Protection: 1978 Stockholm meeting.", "content": "At its 1978 meeting, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) issued a statement explaining and modifying certain aspects of its recommendations (ICRP Publication 26) and describing its current program of work. The items discussed include estimates of radiation risk at low dose levels, the introduction of the term effective dose equivalent, and corrections of the text of ICRP Publication 26. The Commission also announced the forthcoming publication of a report on annual limits of intake for radiation workers, to replace ICRP Publication 2, together with three other reports.", "contents": "International Commission on Radiological Protection: 1978 Stockholm meeting. At its 1978 meeting, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) issued a statement explaining and modifying certain aspects of its recommendations (ICRP Publication 26) and describing its current program of work. The items discussed include estimates of radiation risk at low dose levels, the introduction of the term effective dose equivalent, and corrections of the text of ICRP Publication 26. The Commission also announced the forthcoming publication of a report on annual limits of intake for radiation workers, to replace ICRP Publication 2, together with three other reports.", "PMID": 704874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1877", "title": "ICRU and ICRP activities are important to radiologists and allied scientists.", "content": "The ICRU and ICRP, two commissions of the International Society of Radiology, have provided Internationally accepted recommendations on radiation quantities, units, measurements, and protection for the past 50 years. A few salient points covered during recent meetings of these bodies are outlined. Radiologists and allied scientists are urged to make full use of such recommendations.", "contents": "ICRU and ICRP activities are important to radiologists and allied scientists. The ICRU and ICRP, two commissions of the International Society of Radiology, have provided Internationally accepted recommendations on radiation quantities, units, measurements, and protection for the past 50 years. A few salient points covered during recent meetings of these bodies are outlined. Radiologists and allied scientists are urged to make full use of such recommendations.", "PMID": 704875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1878", "title": "The bedside examination: a time for analysis and appropriate action.", "content": "The number of mobile-unit examinations is increasing dramatically. Their disadvantages--expense, frustration, and, most importantly, poor patient care--are well known. It is imperative that the number of such examinations be reduced to a minimum. The remainder, which require studies outside the department, warrant the effort and expense of a new technology such as that developed for other \"special\" procedures.", "contents": "The bedside examination: a time for analysis and appropriate action. The number of mobile-unit examinations is increasing dramatically. Their disadvantages--expense, frustration, and, most importantly, poor patient care--are well known. It is imperative that the number of such examinations be reduced to a minimum. The remainder, which require studies outside the department, warrant the effort and expense of a new technology such as that developed for other \"special\" procedures.", "PMID": 704876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1879", "title": "Morphological and functional adaptation after massive resection of the small intestine: experiments using minipigs of the G\u00f6ttingen strain.", "content": "In order to examine the adaptation processes in young, growing animals, massive resections of the small intestine were carried out in 3-week-old minipigs. The length of the remaining terminal intestine was 65 cm, corresponding to a resection of 85%. Proximal and distal resections of the small intestine were carried out. In some animals simultaneous resection of the ileocecal valve was performed. In some of the animals a reversed intestinal segment of 8 cm in length was interposed in the intestinal tract. The adaptation processes were checked at different times by morphological and functional examinations. It was observed that in animals with proximal intestinal resection and in animals with reversed intestinal segment, the postoperative progress was much more favorable than in animals with distal intestinal resection and animals without a reversed segment. It was further demonstrated that an early oral calorie supply is an important factor in the intestinal adaptation process. Contrary to views previously expressed, calories should be given early by mouth in order to stimulate the intestinal enzymes. After massive intestinal resection, the interposition of a reversed segment should also be considered in children if difficulties are expected with the oral supply of calories caused by a too-short terminal gut or if attempts at oral feeding have failed.", "contents": "Morphological and functional adaptation after massive resection of the small intestine: experiments using minipigs of the G\u00f6ttingen strain. In order to examine the adaptation processes in young, growing animals, massive resections of the small intestine were carried out in 3-week-old minipigs. The length of the remaining terminal intestine was 65 cm, corresponding to a resection of 85%. Proximal and distal resections of the small intestine were carried out. In some animals simultaneous resection of the ileocecal valve was performed. In some of the animals a reversed intestinal segment of 8 cm in length was interposed in the intestinal tract. The adaptation processes were checked at different times by morphological and functional examinations. It was observed that in animals with proximal intestinal resection and in animals with reversed intestinal segment, the postoperative progress was much more favorable than in animals with distal intestinal resection and animals without a reversed segment. It was further demonstrated that an early oral calorie supply is an important factor in the intestinal adaptation process. Contrary to views previously expressed, calories should be given early by mouth in order to stimulate the intestinal enzymes. After massive intestinal resection, the interposition of a reversed segment should also be considered in children if difficulties are expected with the oral supply of calories caused by a too-short terminal gut or if attempts at oral feeding have failed.", "PMID": 704895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1880", "title": "Conditions for studying the exact pressure changes in the alimentary tract.", "content": "The following conditions must be observed if the actual pressure in the alimentary tract is measured and recorded with the aid of an open probe: 1. The probe must have a laterally placed opening, rather than a terminal one; 2. The opening must be as large as or larger than the internal diameter of the probe; 3. The internal diameter of the probe must be at least 1.2 mm or larger; 4. The pressure should not be measured with a nonperfusion technique if exact measurements of the intraluminal pressure are to obtained. One always has to use a perfusion, and the measured pressure depends on the speed of perfusion; 5. In order to be certain that the measured pressure corresponds to the actual pressure, one must ascertain whether the pressure will not change although the speed of perfusion is increased.", "contents": "Conditions for studying the exact pressure changes in the alimentary tract. The following conditions must be observed if the actual pressure in the alimentary tract is measured and recorded with the aid of an open probe: 1. The probe must have a laterally placed opening, rather than a terminal one; 2. The opening must be as large as or larger than the internal diameter of the probe; 3. The internal diameter of the probe must be at least 1.2 mm or larger; 4. The pressure should not be measured with a nonperfusion technique if exact measurements of the intraluminal pressure are to obtained. One always has to use a perfusion, and the measured pressure depends on the speed of perfusion; 5. In order to be certain that the measured pressure corresponds to the actual pressure, one must ascertain whether the pressure will not change although the speed of perfusion is increased.", "PMID": 704896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1881", "title": "Indications for operative treatment of fractures in childhood.", "content": "Fractures in children heal more quickly than in adults. Stiffness of joints hardly ever occurs in children, even after prolonged immobilization. Pseudoarthrosis and Sudeck's atrophy are extremely rare. Axial, lateral and longitudinal malpositioning can be largely compensated by increased growth. Only rotation malpositions remain permanent in children. By and large, the treatment of fractures in childhood is therefore still conservative. Operative treatment is recommended for some types of fractures near joints, for fractures of the neck of the femur, and for some types of the fractures around the elbow. In all other types of fractures surgery should only be undertaken when the conservative methods fail. An exception may be in adolescents over 12 to 14 years of age and children with multiple trauma, especially cerebral trauma with consecutive spasticity. In these patients, conservative treatment with extension may be difficult and an osteosynthesis may facilitate general care.", "contents": "Indications for operative treatment of fractures in childhood. Fractures in children heal more quickly than in adults. Stiffness of joints hardly ever occurs in children, even after prolonged immobilization. Pseudoarthrosis and Sudeck's atrophy are extremely rare. Axial, lateral and longitudinal malpositioning can be largely compensated by increased growth. Only rotation malpositions remain permanent in children. By and large, the treatment of fractures in childhood is therefore still conservative. Operative treatment is recommended for some types of fractures near joints, for fractures of the neck of the femur, and for some types of the fractures around the elbow. In all other types of fractures surgery should only be undertaken when the conservative methods fail. An exception may be in adolescents over 12 to 14 years of age and children with multiple trauma, especially cerebral trauma with consecutive spasticity. In these patients, conservative treatment with extension may be difficult and an osteosynthesis may facilitate general care.", "PMID": 704897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1882", "title": "Fetal surgery: general management and operative technique for creating anomalies in sheep.", "content": "Sheep are the best experimental animals for intrauterine surgical research because the fetal lamb is sufficiently large at approximately one-third of gestation to allow handling without prohibitive fetal loss, the lamb has a relatively brief period of gestation (145 days) which allows evaluation of results in a short time, the mother sheep is easily handled and cared for, anesthetic techniques produce smooth, easy induction and steady intraoperative management with a brief recovery period appropriate uterine relaxation is readily attained without dangerously deep anesthetic levels and the sheep is a relatively inexpensive laboratory animal both in initial cost and subsequent maintenance. All aspects of preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative management of intrauterine surgery in sheep is discussed in detail and examples of specific congenital anomalies which can be created in utero are discussed. Finally, the lamb at term may be delivered by caesarian section under control conditions and then studied for evidences of altered physiology and function resulting from the intrauterine procedures.", "contents": "Fetal surgery: general management and operative technique for creating anomalies in sheep. Sheep are the best experimental animals for intrauterine surgical research because the fetal lamb is sufficiently large at approximately one-third of gestation to allow handling without prohibitive fetal loss, the lamb has a relatively brief period of gestation (145 days) which allows evaluation of results in a short time, the mother sheep is easily handled and cared for, anesthetic techniques produce smooth, easy induction and steady intraoperative management with a brief recovery period appropriate uterine relaxation is readily attained without dangerously deep anesthetic levels and the sheep is a relatively inexpensive laboratory animal both in initial cost and subsequent maintenance. All aspects of preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative management of intrauterine surgery in sheep is discussed in detail and examples of specific congenital anomalies which can be created in utero are discussed. Finally, the lamb at term may be delivered by caesarian section under control conditions and then studied for evidences of altered physiology and function resulting from the intrauterine procedures.", "PMID": 704899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1883", "title": "Colonic interposition between the jejunum and ileum after massive small bowel resection in rats.", "content": "Most patients who undergo massive small bowel resection develop the \"short bowel syndrome\", which usually resolves as intestinal adaptation takes place. Some, in whom adaptation appears to be inadequate, remain severely incapacitated, and attempts have been made to improve absorption using a variety of surgical maneuvers. Successes have been recorded, but the procedures (of which reversal of a segment of small intestine to prolong the intestinal transit time has been most frequently used) are unpredictable and may actually be harmful. This study was designed to evaluate the theory that, because of the slow pattern of peristaltic activity inherent in the colon, the intestinal transit time could be safely and predictably prolonged after massive small bowel resection by transposing a segment of colon to between the jejunal and ileal remnants in an iso-peristaltic direction. The following procedures were performed, using 56 rats: (1) Resection of 80% or 90% of the small intestine. (2) Small bowel resection (80% or 90%) and iso-peristaltic jejuno-ileal colonic interposition. (3) Bowel anastomoses without resection. Intestinal function was subsequently evaluated by studying the following: (1) body weight; (2) blood count; (3) intestinal transit time (by contrast radiography); (4) intestinal absorption of sodium iodide, albumin, triolein and Vitamin B12 (using radioisotopic methods); (5) intestinal morphology. Colonic interposition did not have any significant effect following 80% small bowel resection. After 90% resection, colonic interposition increased the intestinal transit time significantly (p less than 0.001) without mortality or serious morbidity, and did not cause intestinal obstruction or prevent intestinal adaptation. Body weight and intestinal absorption were not increased significantly, but the study was too short to exclude an eventual beneficial effect in terms of body weight. It was concluded that iso-peristaltic colonic interposition is a safe and reliable method of prolonging the intestinal transit time after massive small bowel resection in the rat, thereby increasing the efficiency of absorption within the existing absorption capacity. The procedure has been found to be beneficial in dogs, and for reasons discussed, should be equally effective in man. Adjunctive surgery is not recommended at the time of resection in man, but should be considered if absorption remains severely impaired.", "contents": "Colonic interposition between the jejunum and ileum after massive small bowel resection in rats. Most patients who undergo massive small bowel resection develop the \"short bowel syndrome\", which usually resolves as intestinal adaptation takes place. Some, in whom adaptation appears to be inadequate, remain severely incapacitated, and attempts have been made to improve absorption using a variety of surgical maneuvers. Successes have been recorded, but the procedures (of which reversal of a segment of small intestine to prolong the intestinal transit time has been most frequently used) are unpredictable and may actually be harmful. This study was designed to evaluate the theory that, because of the slow pattern of peristaltic activity inherent in the colon, the intestinal transit time could be safely and predictably prolonged after massive small bowel resection by transposing a segment of colon to between the jejunal and ileal remnants in an iso-peristaltic direction. The following procedures were performed, using 56 rats: (1) Resection of 80% or 90% of the small intestine. (2) Small bowel resection (80% or 90%) and iso-peristaltic jejuno-ileal colonic interposition. (3) Bowel anastomoses without resection. Intestinal function was subsequently evaluated by studying the following: (1) body weight; (2) blood count; (3) intestinal transit time (by contrast radiography); (4) intestinal absorption of sodium iodide, albumin, triolein and Vitamin B12 (using radioisotopic methods); (5) intestinal morphology. Colonic interposition did not have any significant effect following 80% small bowel resection. After 90% resection, colonic interposition increased the intestinal transit time significantly (p less than 0.001) without mortality or serious morbidity, and did not cause intestinal obstruction or prevent intestinal adaptation. Body weight and intestinal absorption were not increased significantly, but the study was too short to exclude an eventual beneficial effect in terms of body weight. It was concluded that iso-peristaltic colonic interposition is a safe and reliable method of prolonging the intestinal transit time after massive small bowel resection in the rat, thereby increasing the efficiency of absorption within the existing absorption capacity. The procedure has been found to be beneficial in dogs, and for reasons discussed, should be equally effective in man. Adjunctive surgery is not recommended at the time of resection in man, but should be considered if absorption remains severely impaired.", "PMID": 704900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1884", "title": "Synthesis and metabolism of prostaglandins E2, F2alpha and D2 by the rat gastrointestinal tract. Stimulation by a hypertonic environment in vitro.", "content": "Whole cell preparations of rat stomach corpus, jejunum, and colon were incubated and the released prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), PGF2alpha, PGD2, 15 keto-13,14 dihydro PGE2, and 15 keto-13, 14 dihydro PGF2alpha were measured by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. All regions made PGD2 and possessed a high capacity for production 15 keto-13,14 dihydro derivatives of both PGE2 and PGF2alpha. Hypertonic sucrose solutions resulted in concentration-dependent increases in prostaglandin release, particularly of PGE2 and its metabolite. It is suggested that PG's may play a role in the local effects of luminal hyperosomolarity on digestive tract functions.", "contents": "Synthesis and metabolism of prostaglandins E2, F2alpha and D2 by the rat gastrointestinal tract. Stimulation by a hypertonic environment in vitro. Whole cell preparations of rat stomach corpus, jejunum, and colon were incubated and the released prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), PGF2alpha, PGD2, 15 keto-13,14 dihydro PGE2, and 15 keto-13, 14 dihydro PGF2alpha were measured by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. All regions made PGD2 and possessed a high capacity for production 15 keto-13,14 dihydro derivatives of both PGE2 and PGF2alpha. Hypertonic sucrose solutions resulted in concentration-dependent increases in prostaglandin release, particularly of PGE2 and its metabolite. It is suggested that PG's may play a role in the local effects of luminal hyperosomolarity on digestive tract functions.", "PMID": 704901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1885", "title": "Synthesis and biological activity of 15-arylprostaglandins.", "content": "Prostaglandin analogues in which the alkyl chain attached to C-15 in the natural compounds is replaced by an aryl group have been synthesised. Some of these compounds are potent luteolytic agents and comparisons are drawn between this series and 16-aryloxyprostaglandins.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological activity of 15-arylprostaglandins. Prostaglandin analogues in which the alkyl chain attached to C-15 in the natural compounds is replaced by an aryl group have been synthesised. Some of these compounds are potent luteolytic agents and comparisons are drawn between this series and 16-aryloxyprostaglandins.", "PMID": 704902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1886", "title": "Methylated analogues of prostaglandin E2 and the gastric mucosal barrier.", "content": "15(R)-methyl PGE2 methyl ester (15MPG) and 16,16-dimethyl PGE2 methyl ester (16DMPG) were assessed for their effect on gastric mucosal permeability to Na+ and H+ in dogs prepared by antrectomy and vagally-denervated fundic pouches. 15MPG did not increase mucosal permeability to either ion when given topically (18.75-300 microgram) or parenterally (30 microgram), and did not affect permeability increases induced by topical 5mM sodium taurocholate in acid solution. 16DMPG caused significant increases in net Na+ gain when given topically (18.75-75 microgram) but did not affect net H+ loss from the pouch lumen. Attempts to use higher doses of 16DMPG were abandoned because of bleeding from the pouch, and perforation in one animal. It is conceivable that 16DMPG could cause adverse effects on the gastric mucosal barrier if used to suppress gastric secretion therapeutically. 15MPG does not share this potentially harmful property and remains worthy of further study as an inhibitor of gastric secretion with therapeutic promise.", "contents": "Methylated analogues of prostaglandin E2 and the gastric mucosal barrier. 15(R)-methyl PGE2 methyl ester (15MPG) and 16,16-dimethyl PGE2 methyl ester (16DMPG) were assessed for their effect on gastric mucosal permeability to Na+ and H+ in dogs prepared by antrectomy and vagally-denervated fundic pouches. 15MPG did not increase mucosal permeability to either ion when given topically (18.75-300 microgram) or parenterally (30 microgram), and did not affect permeability increases induced by topical 5mM sodium taurocholate in acid solution. 16DMPG caused significant increases in net Na+ gain when given topically (18.75-75 microgram) but did not affect net H+ loss from the pouch lumen. Attempts to use higher doses of 16DMPG were abandoned because of bleeding from the pouch, and perforation in one animal. It is conceivable that 16DMPG could cause adverse effects on the gastric mucosal barrier if used to suppress gastric secretion therapeutically. 15MPG does not share this potentially harmful property and remains worthy of further study as an inhibitor of gastric secretion with therapeutic promise.", "PMID": 704903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1887", "title": "Preparation of some prostaglandin E1 and omega-homo-prostaglandin E1 esters and their inhibiting properties on rat blood platelet aggregation.", "content": "Various esters of omega-homo-prostaglandin E1 and prostaglandin E1 were prepared in a yield of 28-55% to investigate their effect on ADP-induced aggregation of rat blood platelets. The biopotency of the omega-homo-PGE1-esters is about four times higher than that of the corresponding PGE1-esters. Furthermore, the biopotency of aliphatic esters decreases with increasing chain length of the ester group.", "contents": "Preparation of some prostaglandin E1 and omega-homo-prostaglandin E1 esters and their inhibiting properties on rat blood platelet aggregation. Various esters of omega-homo-prostaglandin E1 and prostaglandin E1 were prepared in a yield of 28-55% to investigate their effect on ADP-induced aggregation of rat blood platelets. The biopotency of the omega-homo-PGE1-esters is about four times higher than that of the corresponding PGE1-esters. Furthermore, the biopotency of aliphatic esters decreases with increasing chain length of the ester group.", "PMID": 704904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1888", "title": "Inhibitory action of prostaglandin E1 on smooth muscle contraction and calcium responses.", "content": "The relation between the inhibitory action of prostaglandin (E1 (PGE1) and external Ca concentration was investigated using the guinea-pig isolated ureter and the perfused central artery of the rabbit isolated ear. PGE1 20 ng/ml reduced the ureteral contraction evoked by a single electrical stimulation. This inhibitory action of PGE1 was enhanced with a decreased external Ca concentration. PGE1 100 ng/ml also reduced Ca-induced contracture of the ureter depolarized in Ca-free K(80 mM)-Krebs' solution. Furthermore, PGE1 50 ng/ml inhibited the responses of peripheral vascular resistance to noradrenaline, and this effect increased with a reduced external Ca concentration.", "contents": "Inhibitory action of prostaglandin E1 on smooth muscle contraction and calcium responses. The relation between the inhibitory action of prostaglandin (E1 (PGE1) and external Ca concentration was investigated using the guinea-pig isolated ureter and the perfused central artery of the rabbit isolated ear. PGE1 20 ng/ml reduced the ureteral contraction evoked by a single electrical stimulation. This inhibitory action of PGE1 was enhanced with a decreased external Ca concentration. PGE1 100 ng/ml also reduced Ca-induced contracture of the ureter depolarized in Ca-free K(80 mM)-Krebs' solution. Furthermore, PGE1 50 ng/ml inhibited the responses of peripheral vascular resistance to noradrenaline, and this effect increased with a reduced external Ca concentration.", "PMID": 704905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1889", "title": "Effects of indomethacin on uterine capillary permeability and blastocyst development in rabbits.", "content": "Increased capillary permeability at implantation sites was demonstrated in rabbits by extravasation of intravascular blue dye on day 7 of pregnancy. Subcutaneous administration of indomethacin (Id, 8 mg/kg twice daily) on days 4-6 of pregnancy inhibited this uterine blueing response and appeared to reduce the size of implantation swellings. To test the latter observation blastocyst diameter and development of the embryonic disk were assessed at 144 hr post coitum. In females receiving indomethacin at the dose level which inhibited uterine blueing, blastocysts were significantly smaller than those from control females. Developmental staging of embryonic disks revealed only slight differences between the smaller (Id-treated) blastocysts and control blastocysts. No effect of Id was seen on ovarian function as judged by luteal weights and plasma progesterone and estradiol levels. Since the major biological effects of indomethacin are due to its inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, it appears that prostaglandins may play a role in the uterine response to blastocyst stimulation and in the expansion of blastocysts in the rabbit.", "contents": "Effects of indomethacin on uterine capillary permeability and blastocyst development in rabbits. Increased capillary permeability at implantation sites was demonstrated in rabbits by extravasation of intravascular blue dye on day 7 of pregnancy. Subcutaneous administration of indomethacin (Id, 8 mg/kg twice daily) on days 4-6 of pregnancy inhibited this uterine blueing response and appeared to reduce the size of implantation swellings. To test the latter observation blastocyst diameter and development of the embryonic disk were assessed at 144 hr post coitum. In females receiving indomethacin at the dose level which inhibited uterine blueing, blastocysts were significantly smaller than those from control females. Developmental staging of embryonic disks revealed only slight differences between the smaller (Id-treated) blastocysts and control blastocysts. No effect of Id was seen on ovarian function as judged by luteal weights and plasma progesterone and estradiol levels. Since the major biological effects of indomethacin are due to its inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, it appears that prostaglandins may play a role in the uterine response to blastocyst stimulation and in the expansion of blastocysts in the rabbit.", "PMID": 704906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1890", "title": "Prostaglandins restore the hyoscine-induced inhibition of the guinea-pig ileum.", "content": "Prostaglandins E1, E2 and F2alpha as well as arachidonic acid partially increase the hyoscine inhibited twitch and tetanic responses of the guinea-pig ileum to electrical stimulation. They also produce a shift to the left of the dose-effect curve for acetylcholine and histamine previously displaced to the right by the administration of hyoscine or mepyramine. These results indicate a postsynaptic sensitization effect of the prostaglandins rather than a presynaptic facilitatory activity.", "contents": "Prostaglandins restore the hyoscine-induced inhibition of the guinea-pig ileum. Prostaglandins E1, E2 and F2alpha as well as arachidonic acid partially increase the hyoscine inhibited twitch and tetanic responses of the guinea-pig ileum to electrical stimulation. They also produce a shift to the left of the dose-effect curve for acetylcholine and histamine previously displaced to the right by the administration of hyoscine or mepyramine. These results indicate a postsynaptic sensitization effect of the prostaglandins rather than a presynaptic facilitatory activity.", "PMID": 704907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1891", "title": "Radioimmunoassays for prostaglandins. I. Technical validation of prostaglandin F2alpha measurements in human plasma using sephadex G-25 gelfiltration.", "content": "Human plasma samples of 1 ml were processed according to three different procedures prior to Radioimmunoassay (RIA) of Prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha). Serial dilutions of ethyl acetate extracts as such, or combined with either silicic acid or Sephadex G-25 chromatography were assessed for linearity, homogeneity and parallelism with the corresponding standard dose response line. For plasma extracts used as such, non-parallelism is observed. Subsequent chromatography on silicic acid of such extracts gave only a limited linear and parallel portion upon serial dilution. However, purification of the extracts by gelfiltration on Sephadex G-25 results in linear and parallel lines over the full range of the standard dose response line (B/BO 0.9-0.2). Upon comparison of separation by Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and Dextran coated charcoal (DCC) in these systems, PEG proved to give the best results. It was found that in the Sephadex G-25 procedure, separation by PEG is essential. The method of gelfiltration on Sephadex G-25 is simple and reliable. Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation are 6% and 12%, respectively. Accuracy, as measured by recovery of added known amounts of PGF2alpha is 97.6%.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassays for prostaglandins. I. Technical validation of prostaglandin F2alpha measurements in human plasma using sephadex G-25 gelfiltration. Human plasma samples of 1 ml were processed according to three different procedures prior to Radioimmunoassay (RIA) of Prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha). Serial dilutions of ethyl acetate extracts as such, or combined with either silicic acid or Sephadex G-25 chromatography were assessed for linearity, homogeneity and parallelism with the corresponding standard dose response line. For plasma extracts used as such, non-parallelism is observed. Subsequent chromatography on silicic acid of such extracts gave only a limited linear and parallel portion upon serial dilution. However, purification of the extracts by gelfiltration on Sephadex G-25 results in linear and parallel lines over the full range of the standard dose response line (B/BO 0.9-0.2). Upon comparison of separation by Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and Dextran coated charcoal (DCC) in these systems, PEG proved to give the best results. It was found that in the Sephadex G-25 procedure, separation by PEG is essential. The method of gelfiltration on Sephadex G-25 is simple and reliable. Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation are 6% and 12%, respectively. Accuracy, as measured by recovery of added known amounts of PGF2alpha is 97.6%.", "PMID": 704908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1892", "title": "Inhibition of harmaline induced tremors by 16 (S)-16-methyl PGE2 in different mammalian species: a correlation with central cyclic nucleotides and prostaglandins.", "content": "Harmaline, an alcaloid of Paganum Armala, induces tremors of central origin and increases cerebellar cGMP without affecting cortical and cerebellar prostaglandin levels. 16(S)-16-methyl PGE2 protects the animals against the seizures induced by the alcaloid and prevents the concomitant rise in cerebellar cGMP. Experiment performed in cats and limited to pharmacological observations, confirmed that, the PGE2 derivative, is a powerful antitremorogenic agent at doses that are devoid of appreciable side effects.", "contents": "Inhibition of harmaline induced tremors by 16 (S)-16-methyl PGE2 in different mammalian species: a correlation with central cyclic nucleotides and prostaglandins. Harmaline, an alcaloid of Paganum Armala, induces tremors of central origin and increases cerebellar cGMP without affecting cortical and cerebellar prostaglandin levels. 16(S)-16-methyl PGE2 protects the animals against the seizures induced by the alcaloid and prevents the concomitant rise in cerebellar cGMP. Experiment performed in cats and limited to pharmacological observations, confirmed that, the PGE2 derivative, is a powerful antitremorogenic agent at doses that are devoid of appreciable side effects.", "PMID": 704910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1893", "title": "Immunoreactive urinary prostaglandins A and E in neonates, children, and adults.", "content": "Urinary prostaglandins were measured by radioimmunoassay in neonates (31-35 weeks gestational age), children (4-15 years) and adults (24-36 years). Neonates showed significantly lower levels of both iPGE and iPGA compared to children (p less than 0.01) and adults (p less than 0.01). Children also had significantly lower levels than adults (p less than 0.01). Since urinary prostaglandins reflect intrarenal levels of prostaglandins, the results support other studies that suggest prostaglandins may play a role in controlling renal blood flow in infants.", "contents": "Immunoreactive urinary prostaglandins A and E in neonates, children, and adults. Urinary prostaglandins were measured by radioimmunoassay in neonates (31-35 weeks gestational age), children (4-15 years) and adults (24-36 years). Neonates showed significantly lower levels of both iPGE and iPGA compared to children (p less than 0.01) and adults (p less than 0.01). Children also had significantly lower levels than adults (p less than 0.01). Since urinary prostaglandins reflect intrarenal levels of prostaglandins, the results support other studies that suggest prostaglandins may play a role in controlling renal blood flow in infants.", "PMID": 704911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1894", "title": "Pharmacological modification of thromboxane and prostaglandin release in cardiac anaphylaxis.", "content": "Isolated perfused sensitized guinea pig hearts release relatively large amounts of radioimmunologically measurable thromboxane B2 (TXB2) as well as smaller amounts of prostaglandin (PGs) after antigenic challenge. Using thin layer chromatography the major PG released was shown to cochromatograph with PGD2, while smaller amounts of immunoreactive PGF2alpha were found. The TX-synthetase inhibitor imidazole (100 microgram/ml) significantly decreased TXB2 release and simultaneously increased PG release during cardiac anaphylaxis. On the other hand, the beta-sympathomimetic drug isoproterenol decreased both TXB2 and PG release from the anaphylactic hearts. While isoproterenol significantly diminished anaphylactic coronary flow reduction, imidazole was without effect in this respect. PGD2 (0.5 microgram/min and 5.0 microgram/min) infused intraaortally into non-sensitized guinea pig hearts reduced coronary flow dose-dependently. These results are compatible with the view that release of TX and PGs might contribute to coronary flow reduction in cardiac anaphylaxis.", "contents": "Pharmacological modification of thromboxane and prostaglandin release in cardiac anaphylaxis. Isolated perfused sensitized guinea pig hearts release relatively large amounts of radioimmunologically measurable thromboxane B2 (TXB2) as well as smaller amounts of prostaglandin (PGs) after antigenic challenge. Using thin layer chromatography the major PG released was shown to cochromatograph with PGD2, while smaller amounts of immunoreactive PGF2alpha were found. The TX-synthetase inhibitor imidazole (100 microgram/ml) significantly decreased TXB2 release and simultaneously increased PG release during cardiac anaphylaxis. On the other hand, the beta-sympathomimetic drug isoproterenol decreased both TXB2 and PG release from the anaphylactic hearts. While isoproterenol significantly diminished anaphylactic coronary flow reduction, imidazole was without effect in this respect. PGD2 (0.5 microgram/min and 5.0 microgram/min) infused intraaortally into non-sensitized guinea pig hearts reduced coronary flow dose-dependently. These results are compatible with the view that release of TX and PGs might contribute to coronary flow reduction in cardiac anaphylaxis.", "PMID": 704912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1895", "title": "Effect of 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin-E2 given intra-arterially or intra-gastrically, on acid secretion by canine stomachs perfused ex vivo.", "content": "Isolated whole canine stomachs, perfused ex vivo with homologous blood, were used for studying the effect of 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin-E2 (dmPGE2) on gastric secretion. DmPGE2 was administered either into the gastric artery or instilled intragastrically through an esophageal cannula. Histamine, infused intra-arterially, induced acid secretion of all ex vivo stomachs and this was significantly inhibited by intra-arterially or intra-gastrically administered dmPGE2: volume of secretion, output of HCl and concentration of H+ were decreased and gastric peripheral vascular resistance was significantly reduced. The inhibitory action of dmPGE2 continued after its administration was stopped.", "contents": "Effect of 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin-E2 given intra-arterially or intra-gastrically, on acid secretion by canine stomachs perfused ex vivo. Isolated whole canine stomachs, perfused ex vivo with homologous blood, were used for studying the effect of 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin-E2 (dmPGE2) on gastric secretion. DmPGE2 was administered either into the gastric artery or instilled intragastrically through an esophageal cannula. Histamine, infused intra-arterially, induced acid secretion of all ex vivo stomachs and this was significantly inhibited by intra-arterially or intra-gastrically administered dmPGE2: volume of secretion, output of HCl and concentration of H+ were decreased and gastric peripheral vascular resistance was significantly reduced. The inhibitory action of dmPGE2 continued after its administration was stopped.", "PMID": 704913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1896", "title": "Termination of early pregnancy by ONO-802 suppositories (16,16-dimethyl-trans-delta2-PGE1 methyl ester).", "content": "ONO-802 was used in the form of vaginal suppositories for the termination of early pregnancy in 63 healthy volunteers. Fifty-four (86%) of the 63 cases had complete abortions and remaining 9 (14%) had incomplete abortions. One (1.6%) of the 63 cases complained of nausea and vomiting, and 3 (4.8%) complained of headaches. No other side effects were observed. These results suggest that ONO-802 is acceptable in the form of vaginal suppositories for the termination of early pregnancy.", "contents": "Termination of early pregnancy by ONO-802 suppositories (16,16-dimethyl-trans-delta2-PGE1 methyl ester). ONO-802 was used in the form of vaginal suppositories for the termination of early pregnancy in 63 healthy volunteers. Fifty-four (86%) of the 63 cases had complete abortions and remaining 9 (14%) had incomplete abortions. One (1.6%) of the 63 cases complained of nausea and vomiting, and 3 (4.8%) complained of headaches. No other side effects were observed. These results suggest that ONO-802 is acceptable in the form of vaginal suppositories for the termination of early pregnancy.", "PMID": 704915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1897", "title": "Release of prostaglandin F 2alpha during the bovine peripartal period.", "content": "Progesterone, estrone and 15-keto-13, 14-dihydro-PGF 2alpha levels were determined in the peripheral blood circulation during the peripartal period in 12 cows. Plasma concentrations of progesterone showed a gradual and continuous decrease during the last 60 days before parturition. This gradual decrease was followed by an abrupt decline in the progesterone concentration occurring 24-48 hours before delivery. The plasma levels of estrone started to increase about 30 days prior to parturition with high concentrations attained during the last days of pregnancy. After delivery the estrone content decreased to baseline levels. Increased levels of the PGF 2alpha metabolite were recorded 24-48 hours before parturition. These increased PGF 2alpha metabolite levels occurred before or in conjunction with prepartum luteolysis. Prostaglandin metabolite levels remained high during parturition and returned to baseline 10-20 days after delivery.", "contents": "Release of prostaglandin F 2alpha during the bovine peripartal period. Progesterone, estrone and 15-keto-13, 14-dihydro-PGF 2alpha levels were determined in the peripheral blood circulation during the peripartal period in 12 cows. Plasma concentrations of progesterone showed a gradual and continuous decrease during the last 60 days before parturition. This gradual decrease was followed by an abrupt decline in the progesterone concentration occurring 24-48 hours before delivery. The plasma levels of estrone started to increase about 30 days prior to parturition with high concentrations attained during the last days of pregnancy. After delivery the estrone content decreased to baseline levels. Increased levels of the PGF 2alpha metabolite were recorded 24-48 hours before parturition. These increased PGF 2alpha metabolite levels occurred before or in conjunction with prepartum luteolysis. Prostaglandin metabolite levels remained high during parturition and returned to baseline 10-20 days after delivery.", "PMID": 704917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1898", "title": "The effects of 11-methyl 16,16 dimethyl prostaglandin E2 on canine gastric acid secretion.", "content": "11-Methyl 16,16 dimethyl Prostaglandin E2 (TM-PGE2) at peak effectiveness inhibited acid output stimulated submaximally by histamine in the dog by 95 and 84% when administered by the intravenous and oral routes, respectively. Inhibition of secretion was maintained for 1-1/2 hours following intravenous administration while with the oral route, secretory inhibition was still present at the end of two hours after administration of the drug. The degree of inhibition of acid secretion caused by TM-PGE2, its duration of action and the lack of side effects observed following administration of this drug makes it a suitable compound for evaluation as an anti-secretory agent in man.", "contents": "The effects of 11-methyl 16,16 dimethyl prostaglandin E2 on canine gastric acid secretion. 11-Methyl 16,16 dimethyl Prostaglandin E2 (TM-PGE2) at peak effectiveness inhibited acid output stimulated submaximally by histamine in the dog by 95 and 84% when administered by the intravenous and oral routes, respectively. Inhibition of secretion was maintained for 1-1/2 hours following intravenous administration while with the oral route, secretory inhibition was still present at the end of two hours after administration of the drug. The degree of inhibition of acid secretion caused by TM-PGE2, its duration of action and the lack of side effects observed following administration of this drug makes it a suitable compound for evaluation as an anti-secretory agent in man.", "PMID": 704918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1899", "title": "The effects of 11-methyl 16,16 dimethyl prostaglandin E2 on gastric acid secretion in man.", "content": "11-Methyl 16,16 Dimethyl Prostaglandin E2 (TM-PGE) was administered orally to man in dosages of 2.5, 5,7.5 and 10 microgram/kg. Maximal inhibition of basal secretion was 52 and 78% and submaximal histamine-stimulated secretion 45 and 70% for volume and acid output, respectively. Secretory inhibition was observed for approximately two hours after ingestion of the drug. No effect was observed on serum gastrin levels. Side effects occurred with equal frequency in the placebo and drug groups. TM-PGE is well tolerated and inhibits both basal and submaximal histamine-stimulated acid secretion in man. Further evaluation may prove it to be helpful in the clinical treatment of acid hypersecretory states and peptic ulcer disease.", "contents": "The effects of 11-methyl 16,16 dimethyl prostaglandin E2 on gastric acid secretion in man. 11-Methyl 16,16 Dimethyl Prostaglandin E2 (TM-PGE) was administered orally to man in dosages of 2.5, 5,7.5 and 10 microgram/kg. Maximal inhibition of basal secretion was 52 and 78% and submaximal histamine-stimulated secretion 45 and 70% for volume and acid output, respectively. Secretory inhibition was observed for approximately two hours after ingestion of the drug. No effect was observed on serum gastrin levels. Side effects occurred with equal frequency in the placebo and drug groups. TM-PGE is well tolerated and inhibits both basal and submaximal histamine-stimulated acid secretion in man. Further evaluation may prove it to be helpful in the clinical treatment of acid hypersecretory states and peptic ulcer disease.", "PMID": 704919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1900", "title": "Termination of early pregnancy by a single-dose 3.0 mg 15-methyl PGF2alpha methyl ester vaginal suppository.", "content": "The abortifacient effect of a single-dose, long-acting vaginal suppository containing 3.0 mg of 15-methyl PGF2 alpha methyl ester was investigated in 104 early pregnancies. The pregnancy was terminated in 91 per cent of the cases. The abortion was uncomplicated in 79 patients, while 12 patients experienced prolonged bleeding. In 21 uncomplicated cases, VabraR curettage done 4 weeks after therapy revealed necrotic residual tissue in 16 patients and nonspecific endometritis in 20 patients. Residual tissue was found in about 50 per cent of the patients curettaged after 1st menstruation, but no residua was found after 2nd menstruation. In patients with prolonged bleeding, substantial amounts of necrotic residual tissue was found in all patients curettaged 4 weeks after therapy. The decline of serum hCg and plasma progesterone levels was significantly slower in these patients as compared with uneventful abortions.", "contents": "Termination of early pregnancy by a single-dose 3.0 mg 15-methyl PGF2alpha methyl ester vaginal suppository. The abortifacient effect of a single-dose, long-acting vaginal suppository containing 3.0 mg of 15-methyl PGF2 alpha methyl ester was investigated in 104 early pregnancies. The pregnancy was terminated in 91 per cent of the cases. The abortion was uncomplicated in 79 patients, while 12 patients experienced prolonged bleeding. In 21 uncomplicated cases, VabraR curettage done 4 weeks after therapy revealed necrotic residual tissue in 16 patients and nonspecific endometritis in 20 patients. Residual tissue was found in about 50 per cent of the patients curettaged after 1st menstruation, but no residua was found after 2nd menstruation. In patients with prolonged bleeding, substantial amounts of necrotic residual tissue was found in all patients curettaged 4 weeks after therapy. The decline of serum hCg and plasma progesterone levels was significantly slower in these patients as compared with uneventful abortions.", "PMID": 704921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1901", "title": "In vivo activation of renal phospholipase activity by bradykinin in the rat.", "content": "Activation of a renal acylhydrolase by bradykinin (BK) with subsequent release of prostaglandins precursor arachidonic acid has been postulated but not yet demonstrated. BK was infused into the left artery of 27 rats which were subdivided into 9 groups according to BK concentration (10, 100 and 1000 ng/min) and time of infusion (20, 40 and 60 min). The rats were then sacrificed and the left to right ratio of renal phospholipase activity was determined. The data obtained were processed by a factorial analysis of variance which allowed the effect of BK and the time of infusion to be evaluated independently as well as interdependently. The results of the statistical analysis showed that phospholipase activity depends on both BK dosage and infusion time and that there is no interaction between dose and time. These findings offer evidence for the \"in vivo\" activation of the kidney phospholipase activity by BK.", "contents": "In vivo activation of renal phospholipase activity by bradykinin in the rat. Activation of a renal acylhydrolase by bradykinin (BK) with subsequent release of prostaglandins precursor arachidonic acid has been postulated but not yet demonstrated. BK was infused into the left artery of 27 rats which were subdivided into 9 groups according to BK concentration (10, 100 and 1000 ng/min) and time of infusion (20, 40 and 60 min). The rats were then sacrificed and the left to right ratio of renal phospholipase activity was determined. The data obtained were processed by a factorial analysis of variance which allowed the effect of BK and the time of infusion to be evaluated independently as well as interdependently. The results of the statistical analysis showed that phospholipase activity depends on both BK dosage and infusion time and that there is no interaction between dose and time. These findings offer evidence for the \"in vivo\" activation of the kidney phospholipase activity by BK.", "PMID": 704922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1902", "title": "Effects of prostaglandins on the spreading, adhesion and migration of mouse peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "The effects of prostaglandins on the in vitro properties of mouse peritoneal macrophages namely spreading, adhesion and migration were investigated. PGE1 and PGE2 inhibit the spreading and adhesion of complete Freund's Adjuvant induced peritoneal macrophages significantly at concentrations of 1 ng per ml and above whereas they enhance the migration of these cells at concentrations of 100 ng per ml and above. PGA2 and PGB2 are less potent as they inhibit spreading and adhesion only at a concentration of 1 microgram per ml. At his concentration PGB2 enhances migration whereas PG2 has no effect. PGF 2alpha has no effect on the spreading, adhesion and migration of macrophages in the concentration range of 0.1 ng to 1,000 ng per ml.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandins on the spreading, adhesion and migration of mouse peritoneal macrophages. The effects of prostaglandins on the in vitro properties of mouse peritoneal macrophages namely spreading, adhesion and migration were investigated. PGE1 and PGE2 inhibit the spreading and adhesion of complete Freund's Adjuvant induced peritoneal macrophages significantly at concentrations of 1 ng per ml and above whereas they enhance the migration of these cells at concentrations of 100 ng per ml and above. PGA2 and PGB2 are less potent as they inhibit spreading and adhesion only at a concentration of 1 microgram per ml. At his concentration PGB2 enhances migration whereas PG2 has no effect. PGF 2alpha has no effect on the spreading, adhesion and migration of macrophages in the concentration range of 0.1 ng to 1,000 ng per ml.", "PMID": 704923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1903", "title": "Synthesis of ring halogenated prostaglandins (1).", "content": "The synthesis of nine mono- and difluoro prostaglandins XIII, XV, XXIV, XXVII, XXXII, XXXVIII, XLV, LI and LIV, and two monochloro prostaglandins LVII and LXI, from appropriately protected derivatives of natural PGF2 is described.", "contents": "Synthesis of ring halogenated prostaglandins (1). The synthesis of nine mono- and difluoro prostaglandins XIII, XV, XXIV, XXVII, XXXII, XXXVIII, XLV, LI and LIV, and two monochloro prostaglandins LVII and LXI, from appropriately protected derivatives of natural PGF2 is described.", "PMID": 704924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1904", "title": "Synthesis of a trans-hydrindane nuclear analog of 11-desoxy-dihydro-prostaglandin E1.", "content": "Stereospecific synthesis of trans-hydrindanone 2a, a bicyclic analog of prostaglandin E1, via the trans- hydrindane beta-keto ester 8, is described. When tested in the guinea pig, 2a exhibited no effects on blood pressure and no broncho-constriction or dilation activity. Additionally, 2a failed to inhibit both ADP and collagen induced blood platelet aggregation.", "contents": "Synthesis of a trans-hydrindane nuclear analog of 11-desoxy-dihydro-prostaglandin E1. Stereospecific synthesis of trans-hydrindanone 2a, a bicyclic analog of prostaglandin E1, via the trans- hydrindane beta-keto ester 8, is described. When tested in the guinea pig, 2a exhibited no effects on blood pressure and no broncho-constriction or dilation activity. Additionally, 2a failed to inhibit both ADP and collagen induced blood platelet aggregation.", "PMID": 704926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1905", "title": "Synthesis of thromboxane B2 metabolites.", "content": "This paper reports the synthesis of 11-dehydrothromboxane B2 methyl ester (II), 15-dehydrothromboxane B2 methyl ester (III), 15-dehydro-13, 14-dihydrothromboxane B2 (XII) and 2,3-dinorthromboxane B2 methyl ester (XV). These compounds, as their free acids, have been reported to be thromboxane metabolites.", "contents": "Synthesis of thromboxane B2 metabolites. This paper reports the synthesis of 11-dehydrothromboxane B2 methyl ester (II), 15-dehydrothromboxane B2 methyl ester (III), 15-dehydro-13, 14-dihydrothromboxane B2 (XII) and 2,3-dinorthromboxane B2 methyl ester (XV). These compounds, as their free acids, have been reported to be thromboxane metabolites.", "PMID": 704927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1906", "title": "Increase in vivo of unesterified fatty acids, prostaglandin F2 alpha but not thromboxane B2 in rat brain during drug induced convulsions.", "content": "The amount of free arachidonic acid and prostaglandin F2 alpha in rat cerebral hemispheres was increased following convulsions induced by carbachol and metrazol. The level of thromboxane B2 was not affected and prostaglandin endoperoxides could only be \"trapped\" after a very short convulsive period. Unesterified fatty acid levels at 2 minutes post-mortem were decreased by 50% in the cerebral hemispheres of phenytoin treated rats. Under the same conditions, phenobarbital and diazepam had little effect on the levels of free fatty acids in rat brain.", "contents": "Increase in vivo of unesterified fatty acids, prostaglandin F2 alpha but not thromboxane B2 in rat brain during drug induced convulsions. The amount of free arachidonic acid and prostaglandin F2 alpha in rat cerebral hemispheres was increased following convulsions induced by carbachol and metrazol. The level of thromboxane B2 was not affected and prostaglandin endoperoxides could only be \"trapped\" after a very short convulsive period. Unesterified fatty acid levels at 2 minutes post-mortem were decreased by 50% in the cerebral hemispheres of phenytoin treated rats. Under the same conditions, phenobarbital and diazepam had little effect on the levels of free fatty acids in rat brain.", "PMID": 704928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1907", "title": "Stimulation of prostaglandin production in bone by phorbol diesters and melittin.", "content": "The production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and bone resorption were studied in neonatal mouse calvaria in organ culture. Two tumor promoters 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and phorbol-12, 13-di-decanoate, but not the non-tumor promoters 4alpha-phorbol-12,13-didecanoate and phorbol, stimulated both PGE2 synthesis in bone and bone resorption. The effect of TPA was maximum at about 25 ng/ml, and half-maximum stimulation occurred at about 8 ng/ml TPA. The effects of TPA on the production of PGE2 and bone resorption were inhibited completely by indomethacin (5.6 X 10(-8) to 5.6 X 10(-7) M). The been venom toxin, melittin, was also a potent stimulator of prostaglandin synthesis in bone and bone resorption. The effect of melittin was maximum at about 25 ng/ml, and the dose-response curve was biphasic. The effects of melittin on the production of PGE2 and bone resorption were also inhbited by indomethacin. Indomethacin did not inhibit the bone resorption-stimulating activity of exogenously added PGE2. We conclude that phorbol diesters, which have irritant and tumor-promoting activity in mouse skin, and the polypeptide melittin can act directly on bone to stimulate resorption by a mechanism involving the local production of PGE2 or possible other indomethacin-inhibited metabolites odonic acid.", "contents": "Stimulation of prostaglandin production in bone by phorbol diesters and melittin. The production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and bone resorption were studied in neonatal mouse calvaria in organ culture. Two tumor promoters 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and phorbol-12, 13-di-decanoate, but not the non-tumor promoters 4alpha-phorbol-12,13-didecanoate and phorbol, stimulated both PGE2 synthesis in bone and bone resorption. The effect of TPA was maximum at about 25 ng/ml, and half-maximum stimulation occurred at about 8 ng/ml TPA. The effects of TPA on the production of PGE2 and bone resorption were inhibited completely by indomethacin (5.6 X 10(-8) to 5.6 X 10(-7) M). The been venom toxin, melittin, was also a potent stimulator of prostaglandin synthesis in bone and bone resorption. The effect of melittin was maximum at about 25 ng/ml, and the dose-response curve was biphasic. The effects of melittin on the production of PGE2 and bone resorption were also inhbited by indomethacin. Indomethacin did not inhibit the bone resorption-stimulating activity of exogenously added PGE2. We conclude that phorbol diesters, which have irritant and tumor-promoting activity in mouse skin, and the polypeptide melittin can act directly on bone to stimulate resorption by a mechanism involving the local production of PGE2 or possible other indomethacin-inhibited metabolites odonic acid.", "PMID": 704929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1908", "title": "Effect of honey bee venom on prostaglandin levels in mouse skin.", "content": "The effects of honey bee venom on prostaglandin (PG) E levels were studied in mouse skin under in vivo and in vitro conditions. Levels of PGE were increased 10.8-fold after 15 minutes exposure to reconstituted bee venom in vitro and 3.8-fold 35 minutes after a bee sting in vivo. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2), a major componet of bee venom, also caused a 10.9-fold increase in PGE levels in vitro and may be primarily responsible for this response of skin to bee venom.", "contents": "Effect of honey bee venom on prostaglandin levels in mouse skin. The effects of honey bee venom on prostaglandin (PG) E levels were studied in mouse skin under in vivo and in vitro conditions. Levels of PGE were increased 10.8-fold after 15 minutes exposure to reconstituted bee venom in vitro and 3.8-fold 35 minutes after a bee sting in vivo. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2), a major componet of bee venom, also caused a 10.9-fold increase in PGE levels in vitro and may be primarily responsible for this response of skin to bee venom.", "PMID": 704930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1909", "title": "Chemotactic activity of thromboxane B2, prostaglandins and their metabolites for polymorphonuclear leucocytes.", "content": "(1) The chemotactic activities of thromboxane B2 (TxB2), PGE2, PGF2alpha, the 15-oxo, 15-oxo-13,14-dihydro and 13,14-dihydro metabolites of PGE2, PGF2alpha, and a metabolite of TxB2 for polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) have been investigated. (2) Thromboxane B2 increased the directional migration of rat peritoneal PMN at a concentration of 2.0 micrograms/ml and of human peripheral neutrophils at a concentration of 0.5 microgram/ml. (3) Neither PGE2, PGF2alpha nor their metabolites showed chemotactic activity for rat peritoneal PMN. (4) PGF2alpha and 15-oxo-13,14-dihydro-thromboxane B2 showed no chemotactic activity for human peripheral PMN. (5) The possible role of thromboxane B2 in inflammation is discussed.", "contents": "Chemotactic activity of thromboxane B2, prostaglandins and their metabolites for polymorphonuclear leucocytes. (1) The chemotactic activities of thromboxane B2 (TxB2), PGE2, PGF2alpha, the 15-oxo, 15-oxo-13,14-dihydro and 13,14-dihydro metabolites of PGE2, PGF2alpha, and a metabolite of TxB2 for polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) have been investigated. (2) Thromboxane B2 increased the directional migration of rat peritoneal PMN at a concentration of 2.0 micrograms/ml and of human peripheral neutrophils at a concentration of 0.5 microgram/ml. (3) Neither PGE2, PGF2alpha nor their metabolites showed chemotactic activity for rat peritoneal PMN. (4) PGF2alpha and 15-oxo-13,14-dihydro-thromboxane B2 showed no chemotactic activity for human peripheral PMN. (5) The possible role of thromboxane B2 in inflammation is discussed.", "PMID": 704931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1910", "title": "Furosemide exhibits physicochemical properties similar to prostaglandins and interferes with their bioassay.", "content": "The parallel pharmacological assay system has been of inestimable value in the identification and quantification of prostaglandins. A greater degree of specificity is conferred on the bioassay system by the preparative techniques of extraction and chromatography, for substances which might interfere with the assay of prostaglandins are usually eliminated by these procedures. It would be highly unlikely for a substance to survive the extraction procedure, to exhibit chromatographic properties similar to the prostaglandins and to interfere with their bioassay. We report here such an occurrence. Thus, furosemide not only survived the acidic lipid extraction, but, in addition, it exhibited chromatographic properties identical to those of the prostaglandins of the E series and finally, furosemide, at a dose which in and of itself was without effect on the assay tissues, inhibited the responses to prostaglandins. The quantification of prostaglandins by radioimmunoassay was, on the other hand, not altered by the presence of furosemide. This latter method appears to be the one of choice when interrelations between prostaglandins and furosemide are being examined.", "contents": "Furosemide exhibits physicochemical properties similar to prostaglandins and interferes with their bioassay. The parallel pharmacological assay system has been of inestimable value in the identification and quantification of prostaglandins. A greater degree of specificity is conferred on the bioassay system by the preparative techniques of extraction and chromatography, for substances which might interfere with the assay of prostaglandins are usually eliminated by these procedures. It would be highly unlikely for a substance to survive the extraction procedure, to exhibit chromatographic properties similar to the prostaglandins and to interfere with their bioassay. We report here such an occurrence. Thus, furosemide not only survived the acidic lipid extraction, but, in addition, it exhibited chromatographic properties identical to those of the prostaglandins of the E series and finally, furosemide, at a dose which in and of itself was without effect on the assay tissues, inhibited the responses to prostaglandins. The quantification of prostaglandins by radioimmunoassay was, on the other hand, not altered by the presence of furosemide. This latter method appears to be the one of choice when interrelations between prostaglandins and furosemide are being examined.", "PMID": 704932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1911", "title": "Analytical methods for thromboxane B2 measurement and validation of radioimmunoassay by gas liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.", "content": "A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay using a 125I tracer of high specific radioactivity was developed for thromboxane B2 and was applied to the determination of the in vitro biosynthesis of this compound in some systems (i.e. human washed platelets, human platelet rich plasma (PRP) and rat spleen homogenates). The assays were also evaluated by mass spectrometry; levels measured by these two analytical methods were very similar. The results obtained for washed human platelets with a thin layer radiochromatographic method were in good agreement with the two preceeding methods.", "contents": "Analytical methods for thromboxane B2 measurement and validation of radioimmunoassay by gas liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay using a 125I tracer of high specific radioactivity was developed for thromboxane B2 and was applied to the determination of the in vitro biosynthesis of this compound in some systems (i.e. human washed platelets, human platelet rich plasma (PRP) and rat spleen homogenates). The assays were also evaluated by mass spectrometry; levels measured by these two analytical methods were very similar. The results obtained for washed human platelets with a thin layer radiochromatographic method were in good agreement with the two preceeding methods.", "PMID": 704933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1912", "title": "Fluorescent derivatives of prostaglandins and thromboxanes for liquid chromatography.", "content": "Fluorescent esters of the prostaglandins D2, E2, F2alpha, and 6-keto-F1alpha and of thromboxane B2 have been prepared using the reagent 4-bromomethyl-7-methoxycoumarin. All of these derivatives can be separated in a single run either by thin-layer or high-performance liquid chromatography (TLC or HPLC). As little as 20 ng of PGE2 can be detected after derivatization and HPLC analysis. Identification of thromboxane B2 produced by human platelets and of 6-keto-PG F1alpha produced by bovine aortic microsomes has been achieved with this method.", "contents": "Fluorescent derivatives of prostaglandins and thromboxanes for liquid chromatography. Fluorescent esters of the prostaglandins D2, E2, F2alpha, and 6-keto-F1alpha and of thromboxane B2 have been prepared using the reagent 4-bromomethyl-7-methoxycoumarin. All of these derivatives can be separated in a single run either by thin-layer or high-performance liquid chromatography (TLC or HPLC). As little as 20 ng of PGE2 can be detected after derivatization and HPLC analysis. Identification of thromboxane B2 produced by human platelets and of 6-keto-PG F1alpha produced by bovine aortic microsomes has been achieved with this method.", "PMID": 704934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1913", "title": "Separation of prostaglandin metabolites on sephadex LH 20 columns.", "content": "Sephadex LH 20 columns have been investigated for the separation of initial prostaglandin metabolites. Solvent systems are described for the separation of the free acids of 15-keto-dihydro-PGE1, 15-keto-PGE1, PGE1, and PGF1alpha. Further, one of the solvent systems is described for the separation of pulmonary metabolites of PGE1 and PGF1alpha, and another one for separation of dihydro-PGE1 and PGE1.", "contents": "Separation of prostaglandin metabolites on sephadex LH 20 columns. Sephadex LH 20 columns have been investigated for the separation of initial prostaglandin metabolites. Solvent systems are described for the separation of the free acids of 15-keto-dihydro-PGE1, 15-keto-PGE1, PGE1, and PGF1alpha. Further, one of the solvent systems is described for the separation of pulmonary metabolites of PGE1 and PGF1alpha, and another one for separation of dihydro-PGE1 and PGE1.", "PMID": 704935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1914", "title": "Plasma prostaglandin levels during early neonatal life following term and pre-term delivery.", "content": "The concentrations of prostaglandin E (PGE), prostaglandin F (PGF) and 13,14-dihydro-15-oxo-PGF (PGFM) have been measured by sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays in neonatal plasma after term and pre-term delivery. Blood samples were taken in the term delivery group from the umbilical artery at birth and on the sixth post-natal day and after pre-term delivery at 2-4 days, on the sixth day, at 2-4 weeks and at 5-8 weeks after birth. The levels of prostaglandins circulating during the first month of life were far greater than those found in normal adults. In neonates delivered at term the plasma concentration of PGE was significantly lower six days after delivery compared with the concentration at delivery whereas the concentrations of PGF and PGFM were essentially unchanged. Following pre-term delivery prostaglandin concentrations declined with increasing neonatal age although only levels of PGE at 5-8 weeks of age were within the normal range of adult values. Comparison of prostaglandin levels six days after delivery between neonates born at term and pre-term showed no significant differences. These results suggest that prematurity per se is not associated with marked abnormalities in the ability of the neonate to synthesize or metabolize prostaglandins.", "contents": "Plasma prostaglandin levels during early neonatal life following term and pre-term delivery. The concentrations of prostaglandin E (PGE), prostaglandin F (PGF) and 13,14-dihydro-15-oxo-PGF (PGFM) have been measured by sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays in neonatal plasma after term and pre-term delivery. Blood samples were taken in the term delivery group from the umbilical artery at birth and on the sixth post-natal day and after pre-term delivery at 2-4 days, on the sixth day, at 2-4 weeks and at 5-8 weeks after birth. The levels of prostaglandins circulating during the first month of life were far greater than those found in normal adults. In neonates delivered at term the plasma concentration of PGE was significantly lower six days after delivery compared with the concentration at delivery whereas the concentrations of PGF and PGFM were essentially unchanged. Following pre-term delivery prostaglandin concentrations declined with increasing neonatal age although only levels of PGE at 5-8 weeks of age were within the normal range of adult values. Comparison of prostaglandin levels six days after delivery between neonates born at term and pre-term showed no significant differences. These results suggest that prematurity per se is not associated with marked abnormalities in the ability of the neonate to synthesize or metabolize prostaglandins.", "PMID": 704936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1915", "title": "Cultural influences on delusion.", "content": "The nature and content of delusions were studied among 51 schizophrenic patients. The most common delusions in order of frequency were delusions of persecution, religious, magic, ideas of reference, passivity feelings and grandeur. The beliefs of the head of the family, or his equivalent, did not contribute directly to the content. It was concluded that the general cultural beliefs, rather than the immediate environment, play a dominant role in determining the contents of delusion.", "contents": "Cultural influences on delusion. The nature and content of delusions were studied among 51 schizophrenic patients. The most common delusions in order of frequency were delusions of persecution, religious, magic, ideas of reference, passivity feelings and grandeur. The beliefs of the head of the family, or his equivalent, did not contribute directly to the content. It was concluded that the general cultural beliefs, rather than the immediate environment, play a dominant role in determining the contents of delusion.", "PMID": 704948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1916", "title": "Primitive group treatment.", "content": "Although it has been known for many years that hallucinogenic drugs are used by witch doctors in the Peruvian jungles for therapeutic purposes, there have been no descriptions of their use. We studied one type of treatment carried out in groups of about 10 to 12 'patients', where the healer makes a magical diagnosis and provides a potion, usually ayahuasca (active hallucinogenic agent: harmine) which is drunk by the witch doctor, his assistant and the patients. The groups meet one a week in the open air in the jungle, at dawn and for an average of 5 h. The patient attends the weekly sessions until he feels well enough to leave, and only then does he pay a voluntary fee. One of our main tasks was to study the group processes.", "contents": "Primitive group treatment. Although it has been known for many years that hallucinogenic drugs are used by witch doctors in the Peruvian jungles for therapeutic purposes, there have been no descriptions of their use. We studied one type of treatment carried out in groups of about 10 to 12 'patients', where the healer makes a magical diagnosis and provides a potion, usually ayahuasca (active hallucinogenic agent: harmine) which is drunk by the witch doctor, his assistant and the patients. The groups meet one a week in the open air in the jungle, at dawn and for an average of 5 h. The patient attends the weekly sessions until he feels well enough to leave, and only then does he pay a voluntary fee. One of our main tasks was to study the group processes.", "PMID": 704949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1917", "title": "Migration, ethnicity and diagnosis.", "content": "Various studies have demonstrated an increase in mental illness in black immigrans in Britain. A retrospective study of hospital records suggests that if the culturally atypical features of paranoid and religious flavour are taken into consideration, rates are then similar to those of the British-born. An interim report from an ongoing prospective study, using the Present State Examination and a Religious Interest Questionnaire, suggests that some of the black patients with diagnoses of schizophrenia might be more reasonably considered to have acute psychotic reactions or bouff\u00e9es d\u00e9lirantes. The relative significance of culturally significant features as consitituting an entity or merely being pathoplastic is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Migration, ethnicity and diagnosis. Various studies have demonstrated an increase in mental illness in black immigrans in Britain. A retrospective study of hospital records suggests that if the culturally atypical features of paranoid and religious flavour are taken into consideration, rates are then similar to those of the British-born. An interim report from an ongoing prospective study, using the Present State Examination and a Religious Interest Questionnaire, suggests that some of the black patients with diagnoses of schizophrenia might be more reasonably considered to have acute psychotic reactions or bouff\u00e9es d\u00e9lirantes. The relative significance of culturally significant features as consitituting an entity or merely being pathoplastic is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 704950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1918", "title": "Aspects of depression in a Jewish minority group.", "content": "This paper reports some findings of a cross-cultural study of depression in which Jewish and Protestant East Londoners were measured on several parameters. In discussing the findings, differences on familial factors are attributed to the marginality of Jews and those on hostility to differences in levels of repressed anger. Tentative observations on the types of illness seen among the depressed patients suggests that one needs to be cautious in applying subdivisions of the illness cross-culturally.", "contents": "Aspects of depression in a Jewish minority group. This paper reports some findings of a cross-cultural study of depression in which Jewish and Protestant East Londoners were measured on several parameters. In discussing the findings, differences on familial factors are attributed to the marginality of Jews and those on hostility to differences in levels of repressed anger. Tentative observations on the types of illness seen among the depressed patients suggests that one needs to be cautious in applying subdivisions of the illness cross-culturally.", "PMID": 704951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1919", "title": "[Investigations on the change of diagnosis in the course of illness in cases with initial respectively final diagnosis 'schizophrenia', 'endogenous depression' or 'psychopathia' (author's transl)].", "content": "One hundred and fifty-two cases of changes in diagnosis of 'schizophrenia', 'endogenous depression' and 'psychopathia' in the course of illness, are statistically analyzed in regard to tendency of changes of diagnosis, sex, symptomatics and syndromatics, age of onset and duration of cycles. The changes of diagnosis show a clear tendency in favour of the diagnosis of 'schizophrenia' as opposed to 'psychopathia'. Among the cases with changed diagnoses, women are significantly over-represented. On the level of symptomatics, few significant changes of symptom frequencies can be found. More information can be obtained in the analysis on syndromatics: four out of six groups show significant changes in the intensity of syndromes; on the basis of similarities in syndrome profiles, derived from materials which are diagnostically homogeneous, the actual diagnostic components can be evaluated. The analysis of the age of onset shows significant differences of means corresponding to the expectations of the hypothetic diagnostic components. Regarding duration of cycles, significant differences of means between the groups are not to be found.", "contents": "[Investigations on the change of diagnosis in the course of illness in cases with initial respectively final diagnosis 'schizophrenia', 'endogenous depression' or 'psychopathia' (author's transl)]. One hundred and fifty-two cases of changes in diagnosis of 'schizophrenia', 'endogenous depression' and 'psychopathia' in the course of illness, are statistically analyzed in regard to tendency of changes of diagnosis, sex, symptomatics and syndromatics, age of onset and duration of cycles. The changes of diagnosis show a clear tendency in favour of the diagnosis of 'schizophrenia' as opposed to 'psychopathia'. Among the cases with changed diagnoses, women are significantly over-represented. On the level of symptomatics, few significant changes of symptom frequencies can be found. More information can be obtained in the analysis on syndromatics: four out of six groups show significant changes in the intensity of syndromes; on the basis of similarities in syndrome profiles, derived from materials which are diagnostically homogeneous, the actual diagnostic components can be evaluated. The analysis of the age of onset shows significant differences of means corresponding to the expectations of the hypothetic diagnostic components. Regarding duration of cycles, significant differences of means between the groups are not to be found.", "PMID": 704952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1920", "title": "[About musicogenic epilepsy (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of musicogenic epilepsy or psychomotor seizures supervening whenever the patient hears a certain tune is presented. Nearly 70 cases of musicogenic epilepsy have been documented so far. The findings in these cases including those encountered by ourselves may be summarized as follows: Musicogenic epilepsy is more common among middle-aged persons. In an unexpectedly large proportion of cases the cause is unknown. Among the organic causes, head injury is of the highest incidence. It is quite unlikely that brain bumor is responsible. There is no dementia or mental retardation as in some forms of reflex epilepsy. The seizure is overwhelmingly of the psychomotor type. The EEG pattern often suggests temporal lobe epilepsy. There seems to be no cerebral dominance. Different kinds of music can be the inducer, ranging from those primarily intended to stimulate the sense to those appealing to affect. The activating mechanism of the condition still remains obscure. In the strict sense of the word, the condition cannot be termed reflex epilepsy.", "contents": "[About musicogenic epilepsy (author's transl)]. A case of musicogenic epilepsy or psychomotor seizures supervening whenever the patient hears a certain tune is presented. Nearly 70 cases of musicogenic epilepsy have been documented so far. The findings in these cases including those encountered by ourselves may be summarized as follows: Musicogenic epilepsy is more common among middle-aged persons. In an unexpectedly large proportion of cases the cause is unknown. Among the organic causes, head injury is of the highest incidence. It is quite unlikely that brain bumor is responsible. There is no dementia or mental retardation as in some forms of reflex epilepsy. The seizure is overwhelmingly of the psychomotor type. The EEG pattern often suggests temporal lobe epilepsy. There seems to be no cerebral dominance. Different kinds of music can be the inducer, ranging from those primarily intended to stimulate the sense to those appealing to affect. The activating mechanism of the condition still remains obscure. In the strict sense of the word, the condition cannot be termed reflex epilepsy.", "PMID": 704953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1921", "title": "[The gamma ray peak efficiency determination for volume samples using a radioactive point source (author's transl)].", "content": "The peak efficiencies for volume samples in gamma spectrometry of environmental radioactive materials have been determined using a radioactive standard point source. The advantages of the method, as compared with conventional calibration method using standard volume sources, are as follows; 1) The peak efficiencies can be obtained with high accuracy and precision, 2) To be applied easily to any sample container being axial symmetry, 3) The correction for self-absorption can be performed by the simple calculation. On the other hand, the application of the method is restricted to only the cylindrical or coaxial detector.", "contents": "[The gamma ray peak efficiency determination for volume samples using a radioactive point source (author's transl)]. The peak efficiencies for volume samples in gamma spectrometry of environmental radioactive materials have been determined using a radioactive standard point source. The advantages of the method, as compared with conventional calibration method using standard volume sources, are as follows; 1) The peak efficiencies can be obtained with high accuracy and precision, 2) To be applied easily to any sample container being axial symmetry, 3) The correction for self-absorption can be performed by the simple calculation. On the other hand, the application of the method is restricted to only the cylindrical or coaxial detector.", "PMID": 704954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1922", "title": "[Determination of mercury and copper in water samples by activation analysis using preconcentration on emission spectroscopic carbon powder (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple preconcentration procedure for mercury and copper was examined in the activation analysis of water samples. The preconcentration using pure activated carbon has been reported in several papers. The authors found that the carbon powder for emission spectroscopic analysis showed the high purity equivalent to pure activated carbon. The influence of various parameters in adsorption conditions was studied by radioactive tracers 197Hg and 64Cu. It was confirmed that 100% of these elements were adsorbed on carbon powders as pyrrolidine dithiocarbonate complexes at an acidity of pH 6--8, the temperature of 50 degrees C and the stirring time of 30 minutes. This method was applied to the activation analysis of the river water samples taken from the upper stream area of the Arakawa river and the ground water samples taken from the upper stream area of the Arakawa river and the ground water samples taken from the wells of the environs of Tokyo Megapolis. The carbon powders which adsorbed these elements were filtered, dried and analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The Hg concentrations of 0.01--0.1 ppb in river water and 0.03--1.4 ppb in ground water were obtained as well as the Cu concentrations of 0.3--3.0 ppb in ground water. The limits of determination of this method are 0.01 ppb Hg and 0.2 ppb Cu in the case of 11 sample of fresh water.", "contents": "[Determination of mercury and copper in water samples by activation analysis using preconcentration on emission spectroscopic carbon powder (author's transl)]. A simple preconcentration procedure for mercury and copper was examined in the activation analysis of water samples. The preconcentration using pure activated carbon has been reported in several papers. The authors found that the carbon powder for emission spectroscopic analysis showed the high purity equivalent to pure activated carbon. The influence of various parameters in adsorption conditions was studied by radioactive tracers 197Hg and 64Cu. It was confirmed that 100% of these elements were adsorbed on carbon powders as pyrrolidine dithiocarbonate complexes at an acidity of pH 6--8, the temperature of 50 degrees C and the stirring time of 30 minutes. This method was applied to the activation analysis of the river water samples taken from the upper stream area of the Arakawa river and the ground water samples taken from the upper stream area of the Arakawa river and the ground water samples taken from the wells of the environs of Tokyo Megapolis. The carbon powders which adsorbed these elements were filtered, dried and analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The Hg concentrations of 0.01--0.1 ppb in river water and 0.03--1.4 ppb in ground water were obtained as well as the Cu concentrations of 0.3--3.0 ppb in ground water. The limits of determination of this method are 0.01 ppb Hg and 0.2 ppb Cu in the case of 11 sample of fresh water.", "PMID": 704956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1923", "title": "[Test production of 60Co sealed sources of high specific activity (author's transl)].", "content": "To establish the production technique of 60Co sources with high specific activity, test production was started in 1967 by using JRR-3 and JMTR reactors. Two kinds of cobalt targets, a wafer type (diameter 8.0 mmxthickness 2.3 mm, 1.1g) and a pellet type (diameter 1.0 mmxlength 1.0mm, 6.9 mg) were used. The former was irradiated at a maximum nvt of 4.4x10(20) neutrons per cm2, yielding a maximum specific activity of 8.5 Ci per gram, and the latter at 2.2x10(21) neutrons per cm2, yielding a maximum specific activity of 68.1 Ci per gram, and the total activity of 60Co sources amounted to 4.1 kCi. After the 60Co sources were enclosed in stainless steel capsules, these sealed sources were submitted to wipe and immersion tests to examine surface contamination and leakage. Through the test production, could be obtained much important knowledge such as irradiation method, handling of highly active materials, sources assemblage and remote welding.", "contents": "[Test production of 60Co sealed sources of high specific activity (author's transl)]. To establish the production technique of 60Co sources with high specific activity, test production was started in 1967 by using JRR-3 and JMTR reactors. Two kinds of cobalt targets, a wafer type (diameter 8.0 mmxthickness 2.3 mm, 1.1g) and a pellet type (diameter 1.0 mmxlength 1.0mm, 6.9 mg) were used. The former was irradiated at a maximum nvt of 4.4x10(20) neutrons per cm2, yielding a maximum specific activity of 8.5 Ci per gram, and the latter at 2.2x10(21) neutrons per cm2, yielding a maximum specific activity of 68.1 Ci per gram, and the total activity of 60Co sources amounted to 4.1 kCi. After the 60Co sources were enclosed in stainless steel capsules, these sealed sources were submitted to wipe and immersion tests to examine surface contamination and leakage. Through the test production, could be obtained much important knowledge such as irradiation method, handling of highly active materials, sources assemblage and remote welding.", "PMID": 704957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1924", "title": "Distribution of 67Ga-citrate in tumor tissues and various organs--macroautoradiographic and scintigraphic studies.", "content": "Localization of 67Ga in various tissues was demonstrated by whole-body autoradiography of tumor-bearing mice in order to obtain comprehensive information which would aid in making more accurate interpretations of clinical scintigrams. The macroautoradiograms (ARG's) showed the most intense accumulation of 67Ga in the reticuloendothelial tissues, the wall of the intestinal tract and tumor tissues. 67Ga nonspecifically accumulated in the abdominal region and was apparently excreted mostly from the kidneys and from the mucosa of the intestinal tract. In the reticuloendothelial system such as bone marrow, liver and lymph nodes were sometimes difficult to distinguish from the lung tumor. In the 67Ga-scintigram the high uptake of 67Ga was seen in these organs. Tumor in the lung could be readily detected as the alveolar structure is occupied with a considerable amount of air and has much lower activity per unit volume in the normal lung tissue. Thus the application of 67Ga in autoradiography in experimental animals provided useful information which should assist in analyzation of routine 67Ga-scintigrams in patients with neoplastic diseases.", "contents": "Distribution of 67Ga-citrate in tumor tissues and various organs--macroautoradiographic and scintigraphic studies. Localization of 67Ga in various tissues was demonstrated by whole-body autoradiography of tumor-bearing mice in order to obtain comprehensive information which would aid in making more accurate interpretations of clinical scintigrams. The macroautoradiograms (ARG's) showed the most intense accumulation of 67Ga in the reticuloendothelial tissues, the wall of the intestinal tract and tumor tissues. 67Ga nonspecifically accumulated in the abdominal region and was apparently excreted mostly from the kidneys and from the mucosa of the intestinal tract. In the reticuloendothelial system such as bone marrow, liver and lymph nodes were sometimes difficult to distinguish from the lung tumor. In the 67Ga-scintigram the high uptake of 67Ga was seen in these organs. Tumor in the lung could be readily detected as the alveolar structure is occupied with a considerable amount of air and has much lower activity per unit volume in the normal lung tissue. Thus the application of 67Ga in autoradiography in experimental animals provided useful information which should assist in analyzation of routine 67Ga-scintigrams in patients with neoplastic diseases.", "PMID": 704958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1925", "title": "[The effect of pentazocine on pyelo-ureteral activity. A radiological study (author's transl)].", "content": "Following 30 mg pentazocine lactate intravenous in the course of perfusion urography in 20 patients, changes in the amplitude and motor activity of the calicopyelic cavities were noted on a television circuit and spot-films were taken. An early and protracted increase in ureteral peristaltic activity was shown. A number of examples of this are presented.", "contents": "[The effect of pentazocine on pyelo-ureteral activity. A radiological study (author's transl)]. Following 30 mg pentazocine lactate intravenous in the course of perfusion urography in 20 patients, changes in the amplitude and motor activity of the calicopyelic cavities were noted on a television circuit and spot-films were taken. An early and protracted increase in ureteral peristaltic activity was shown. A number of examples of this are presented.", "PMID": 704966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1926", "title": "[Mesomelic dwarfism. Pronounced form in a female infant of a father with dyschondrosteosis and a mother with Madelung's deformity].", "content": "A serious form of mesomelic dwarfism was observed in a 4 1/2-month-old girl whose parents (first cousins) presented dyschondrosteosis and Madelung's deformity respectively. The radiological findings in all three subjects are discussed. It is suggested that the three morbid forms are expressions of the some genotypical alteration, probably at the homozygote status of mesomelic dwarfism.", "contents": "[Mesomelic dwarfism. Pronounced form in a female infant of a father with dyschondrosteosis and a mother with Madelung's deformity]. A serious form of mesomelic dwarfism was observed in a 4 1/2-month-old girl whose parents (first cousins) presented dyschondrosteosis and Madelung's deformity respectively. The radiological findings in all three subjects are discussed. It is suggested that the three morbid forms are expressions of the some genotypical alteration, probably at the homozygote status of mesomelic dwarfism.", "PMID": 704970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1927", "title": "Cardio-protective contribution of hard waters to magnesium in-take.", "content": "The reported inverse correlation between water hardness and incidence of cardiac fatalities has led to tentative hypotheses concerning the role of magnesium intake in this phenomenon. The present article reviews the evidence in favor of the magnesium hypothesis, with emphasis on differentiating between diet-derived and water-borne magnesium intake, and their respective cardio-protective potentials.", "contents": "Cardio-protective contribution of hard waters to magnesium in-take. The reported inverse correlation between water hardness and incidence of cardiac fatalities has led to tentative hypotheses concerning the role of magnesium intake in this phenomenon. The present article reviews the evidence in favor of the magnesium hypothesis, with emphasis on differentiating between diet-derived and water-borne magnesium intake, and their respective cardio-protective potentials.", "PMID": 704980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1928", "title": "[Effect of pyridoxine deficiency on fatty acid metabolism in the rat].", "content": "We have studied the effect of pyridoxine deficiency on rat liver fatty acid synthetase using acetyl-1-14C-CoA. We have observed no significant difference in the synthetase activity between the deficient and ad libitum control rats. From in vivo experiments with palmitate-1-14C, linoleate-1-14C or arachidonate-1-14C, we noted an increase in the oxidation of all fatty acids in the deficient animals. Studies with the same tracers on their incorporation rate into liver triglycerides and phospholipids showed an increase in the rate of incorporation of palmitate and linoleate within lipids of deficient rats, but no significant difference was seen with arachidonate.", "contents": "[Effect of pyridoxine deficiency on fatty acid metabolism in the rat]. We have studied the effect of pyridoxine deficiency on rat liver fatty acid synthetase using acetyl-1-14C-CoA. We have observed no significant difference in the synthetase activity between the deficient and ad libitum control rats. From in vivo experiments with palmitate-1-14C, linoleate-1-14C or arachidonate-1-14C, we noted an increase in the oxidation of all fatty acids in the deficient animals. Studies with the same tracers on their incorporation rate into liver triglycerides and phospholipids showed an increase in the rate of incorporation of palmitate and linoleate within lipids of deficient rats, but no significant difference was seen with arachidonate.", "PMID": 704981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1929", "title": "Retinal organisation in goldeye and mooneye (Teleostei: hiodontidae).", "content": "This paper presents the results of a comparative investigation of the retinas of two Hiodontids, the goldeye (Hiodon alosoides) and the Mooneye (H. tergisus) employing light and electron microscopy, cell isolation techniques as well as microspectrophotometry. Contrary to the observations of previous workers these species possess a duplex retina. The photoreceptors are bundled in groups of 20 rods and 20 cones. They exhibit features which have hitherto not been observed in vertebrates. These are a) an ellipsoid divided in two parts by the myoid: b) tubules in cone outer segments and, c) large \"lateral sacs\" (accessory outer segments). Cones are immobile but the rods and epithelial pigment are capable of movement (retinomotor responses). The prominent reflecting layer consists of cuboid and rod-like crystals composed of uric acid. The inner layers are made up of three tiers of large horizontal cells, one of amacrine cells and scarce bipolar and ganglion cells. Bundle density is 1 700 per sq. mm. Roughly, one receptor bundle projects onto one bipolar and one ganglion cell suggesting that each bundle acts as a functional unit. The visual pigment of the mooneye absorbs maximally at 535 +/- 2 nm, and is based on vitamin A2 (porphyropsin). We suggest that all non deep-sea fishes with bundled receptors have duplex retinas and the adaptive mechanisms for vision in turbid waters are based on different morphological means as illustrated by the comparison with Stizostedion.", "contents": "Retinal organisation in goldeye and mooneye (Teleostei: hiodontidae). This paper presents the results of a comparative investigation of the retinas of two Hiodontids, the goldeye (Hiodon alosoides) and the Mooneye (H. tergisus) employing light and electron microscopy, cell isolation techniques as well as microspectrophotometry. Contrary to the observations of previous workers these species possess a duplex retina. The photoreceptors are bundled in groups of 20 rods and 20 cones. They exhibit features which have hitherto not been observed in vertebrates. These are a) an ellipsoid divided in two parts by the myoid: b) tubules in cone outer segments and, c) large \"lateral sacs\" (accessory outer segments). Cones are immobile but the rods and epithelial pigment are capable of movement (retinomotor responses). The prominent reflecting layer consists of cuboid and rod-like crystals composed of uric acid. The inner layers are made up of three tiers of large horizontal cells, one of amacrine cells and scarce bipolar and ganglion cells. Bundle density is 1 700 per sq. mm. Roughly, one receptor bundle projects onto one bipolar and one ganglion cell suggesting that each bundle acts as a functional unit. The visual pigment of the mooneye absorbs maximally at 535 +/- 2 nm, and is based on vitamin A2 (porphyropsin). We suggest that all non deep-sea fishes with bundled receptors have duplex retinas and the adaptive mechanisms for vision in turbid waters are based on different morphological means as illustrated by the comparison with Stizostedion.", "PMID": 704982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1930", "title": "Possible role of fundus circulation as an intraocular colour filter in certain fishes.", "content": "The possible role of the fundus circulation as an intraocular colour filter was studied by measuring chromatic aberration in two species of fish. One species (the goldfish) has an extensive fundus circulation while the other (the rock bass) has a minimal one. Chromatic aberration was measured retinoscopically in the living eye and by determining the spectral variation in focal length of the excised lens. In the rock bass, chromatic aberration of the excised lens is always a little less than that measured by retinoscopy. In the goldfish, the retinoscopic measurements are substantially less than measurements of the excised lens. This difference is apparently due to the limitation imposed by the goldfish fundus circulation on the possibility of performing retinoscopy with blue light. It is suggested that a fundus circulation can modify the intraocular transmission of light.", "contents": "Possible role of fundus circulation as an intraocular colour filter in certain fishes. The possible role of the fundus circulation as an intraocular colour filter was studied by measuring chromatic aberration in two species of fish. One species (the goldfish) has an extensive fundus circulation while the other (the rock bass) has a minimal one. Chromatic aberration was measured retinoscopically in the living eye and by determining the spectral variation in focal length of the excised lens. In the rock bass, chromatic aberration of the excised lens is always a little less than that measured by retinoscopy. In the goldfish, the retinoscopic measurements are substantially less than measurements of the excised lens. This difference is apparently due to the limitation imposed by the goldfish fundus circulation on the possibility of performing retinoscopy with blue light. It is suggested that a fundus circulation can modify the intraocular transmission of light.", "PMID": 704983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1931", "title": "[Scotopic visual pigments in 3 Percidae: Perca flavescens, Stizostedion vitreum and S. canadense].", "content": "The scotopic visual pigments of three percids from Quebec waters, viz. the yellow perch (Perca flavescens), the walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) and the sauger (S. canadense), were studied in situ using a microspectrophotometer-computer complex. The difference spectra show that the three fishes possess a porphyropsin whose lambda max. is at 530 nm in the yellow perch, 533 nm in the walleye and at 536 in the sauger. This variation corresponds to the tendency of the visual pigments to fit the preferred environments. The three species studied also have different modes of life. The yellow perch inhabits mostly shallow, clear waters while the walleye and sauger prefer turbid waters. The retinal structure and responses also differ among them. Since the difference in lambda max. is so small, the differences in habitat and behaviour may be attributed to morphological differences in the retina rather than to its visual pigment content.", "contents": "[Scotopic visual pigments in 3 Percidae: Perca flavescens, Stizostedion vitreum and S. canadense]. The scotopic visual pigments of three percids from Quebec waters, viz. the yellow perch (Perca flavescens), the walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) and the sauger (S. canadense), were studied in situ using a microspectrophotometer-computer complex. The difference spectra show that the three fishes possess a porphyropsin whose lambda max. is at 530 nm in the yellow perch, 533 nm in the walleye and at 536 in the sauger. This variation corresponds to the tendency of the visual pigments to fit the preferred environments. The three species studied also have different modes of life. The yellow perch inhabits mostly shallow, clear waters while the walleye and sauger prefer turbid waters. The retinal structure and responses also differ among them. Since the difference in lambda max. is so small, the differences in habitat and behaviour may be attributed to morphological differences in the retina rather than to its visual pigment content.", "PMID": 704984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1932", "title": "New microbial secondary metabolites under preclinical development for cancer treatment.", "content": "Limitless numbers of various genetic structures have been formed in chromosomes and plasmids and numerous bioactive compounds are produced by microorganisms. Therefore, it may be said that compounds useful in treatment of cancer will be found more and more in microbial secondary metabolites and more effective antitumor antibiotics and their derivatives, or more effective products producing immune resistance to cancer, will be discovered. In these studies, as discussed in this paper, the most urgent problem is to establish a rational screening principle or system to select compounds worth clinical examination. This is particularly important in the analog area. Bleomycin is an analog of phleomycin chosen because of lower renal toxicity. It has become an antitumor agent of significant value. Macromycin is a new structure which has been found to bind with animal cells and inhibit growth. Neothramycin is a new benzodiazepine antibiotic which has lower toxicity than other structures studied in this class and is active against L1210, Yoshida sarcoma, and Sarcoma 180. Aclacinomycin A is an analog of adriamycin chosen for clinical study based on its low cardiac toxicity and high distribution in mouse lung and spleen. Coriolins are another new structural class. Diketocoriolin B has activity in L1210 leukemia and has been shown to inhibit Na-K-ATPase. Bestatin is a compound which inhibits aminopeptidase B and leucine aminopeptidase has been shown to increase delayed hypersensitivity. Bestatin also increases the effects of other antitumor agents such as adriamycin, and bleomycin.", "contents": "New microbial secondary metabolites under preclinical development for cancer treatment. Limitless numbers of various genetic structures have been formed in chromosomes and plasmids and numerous bioactive compounds are produced by microorganisms. Therefore, it may be said that compounds useful in treatment of cancer will be found more and more in microbial secondary metabolites and more effective antitumor antibiotics and their derivatives, or more effective products producing immune resistance to cancer, will be discovered. In these studies, as discussed in this paper, the most urgent problem is to establish a rational screening principle or system to select compounds worth clinical examination. This is particularly important in the analog area. Bleomycin is an analog of phleomycin chosen because of lower renal toxicity. It has become an antitumor agent of significant value. Macromycin is a new structure which has been found to bind with animal cells and inhibit growth. Neothramycin is a new benzodiazepine antibiotic which has lower toxicity than other structures studied in this class and is active against L1210, Yoshida sarcoma, and Sarcoma 180. Aclacinomycin A is an analog of adriamycin chosen for clinical study based on its low cardiac toxicity and high distribution in mouse lung and spleen. Coriolins are another new structural class. Diketocoriolin B has activity in L1210 leukemia and has been shown to inhibit Na-K-ATPase. Bestatin is a compound which inhibits aminopeptidase B and leucine aminopeptidase has been shown to increase delayed hypersensitivity. Bestatin also increases the effects of other antitumor agents such as adriamycin, and bleomycin.", "PMID": 705007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1933", "title": "The current status of chemotherapy for gastric cancer in Japan with special emphasis on mitomycin C.", "content": "1. Significant differences in the survival rate between the control and MMC groups were observed for carcinoma simplex, in Stage III in the first and fourth studies, and also for 5FU group in the fifth study for carcinoma simplex and Stage III. 2. For Stage I patients, chemotherapy as an adjuvant to surgery may not be necessary because it decreased the survival rates in the second, third and fourth studies. 3. Total dosage of more than 0.6 mg/kg MMC is necessary to obtain a significant difference in the survival rate between the control and the treated groups. Further controlled clinical studies are necessary to determine the effects of a long-term and multiple combined chemotherapy as an adjuvant to surgery in gastric cancer. These problems are under consideration in the following studies.", "contents": "The current status of chemotherapy for gastric cancer in Japan with special emphasis on mitomycin C. 1. Significant differences in the survival rate between the control and MMC groups were observed for carcinoma simplex, in Stage III in the first and fourth studies, and also for 5FU group in the fifth study for carcinoma simplex and Stage III. 2. For Stage I patients, chemotherapy as an adjuvant to surgery may not be necessary because it decreased the survival rates in the second, third and fourth studies. 3. Total dosage of more than 0.6 mg/kg MMC is necessary to obtain a significant difference in the survival rate between the control and the treated groups. Further controlled clinical studies are necessary to determine the effects of a long-term and multiple combined chemotherapy as an adjuvant to surgery in gastric cancer. These problems are under consideration in the following studies.", "PMID": 705008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1934", "title": "Clinical aspects of adriamycin in Japan.", "content": "Adriamycin has not been as extensively evaluated in Japan as in some other countries. This is due both to the widespread use of mitomycin C and importantly to the alopecia caused by adriamycin being particularly disturbing to Japanese patients. Japanese studies have shown the drug to be highly active in tumors such as stomach cancer (31/92), lung cancer (27/84), and malignant lymphomas (15/46). Combination studies have been mainly with 5-FU although others have also been investigated. Other approaches which have been studied include intraarterial infusion, local application in bladder cancer, intrapleural application and in the treatment of childhood malignancies.", "contents": "Clinical aspects of adriamycin in Japan. Adriamycin has not been as extensively evaluated in Japan as in some other countries. This is due both to the widespread use of mitomycin C and importantly to the alopecia caused by adriamycin being particularly disturbing to Japanese patients. Japanese studies have shown the drug to be highly active in tumors such as stomach cancer (31/92), lung cancer (27/84), and malignant lymphomas (15/46). Combination studies have been mainly with 5-FU although others have also been investigated. Other approaches which have been studied include intraarterial infusion, local application in bladder cancer, intrapleural application and in the treatment of childhood malignancies.", "PMID": 705010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1935", "title": "Synthetic analogs of antitumor drugs under development in Japan.", "content": "Synthetic studies on new antitumor drugs in Japan are mainly oriented toward analogs of known active structures. In the nitrosourea area ACNU, a pyrimidine analog of CCNU, is currently under clinical investigation and has myelosuppression as a side effect Nitrosoureas with a sugar moiety are of great interest and two compounds called GANU and MCNU are now ready for phase I study in Japan. Among new alkylating agents are included a series of bis-methanesulfonate of aminoglycols, an analog of cyclophosphamide called 4-hydroperoxy-cyclophosphamide, and aziridine derivatives which include the now commercially available carbazilquinone. In the antimetabolite field cyclocytidine is an analog of arabinosyl cytosine which has been extensively studied. A newer analog called N4-behenoyl-cytosine arabinoside is now being studied experimentally. In the fluorinated pyrimidine area Ftorafur has been extensively studied and a new compound FD-1 is of interest.", "contents": "Synthetic analogs of antitumor drugs under development in Japan. Synthetic studies on new antitumor drugs in Japan are mainly oriented toward analogs of known active structures. In the nitrosourea area ACNU, a pyrimidine analog of CCNU, is currently under clinical investigation and has myelosuppression as a side effect Nitrosoureas with a sugar moiety are of great interest and two compounds called GANU and MCNU are now ready for phase I study in Japan. Among new alkylating agents are included a series of bis-methanesulfonate of aminoglycols, an analog of cyclophosphamide called 4-hydroperoxy-cyclophosphamide, and aziridine derivatives which include the now commercially available carbazilquinone. In the antimetabolite field cyclocytidine is an analog of arabinosyl cytosine which has been extensively studied. A newer analog called N4-behenoyl-cytosine arabinoside is now being studied experimentally. In the fluorinated pyrimidine area Ftorafur has been extensively studied and a new compound FD-1 is of interest.", "PMID": 705011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1936", "title": "In vivo antitumor evaluation of antibiotics. Selected results from the Drug Evaluation Program of the National Cancer Institute, U.S.A.", "content": "A summary is given of the in vivo screening results for selected antitumor antibiotics in various stages of the National Cancer Institute drug development program. In addition a brief description of general screening practices of the program is given. After long-term usage of leukemia L1210 as a primary screen, a new screening panel is being initiated with P388 leukemia as a prescreening system. Illustrative data on anguidine, actinomycin D, macromomycin, aclacinomycin, and other fermentation products are shown.", "contents": "In vivo antitumor evaluation of antibiotics. Selected results from the Drug Evaluation Program of the National Cancer Institute, U.S.A. A summary is given of the in vivo screening results for selected antitumor antibiotics in various stages of the National Cancer Institute drug development program. In addition a brief description of general screening practices of the program is given. After long-term usage of leukemia L1210 as a primary screen, a new screening panel is being initiated with P388 leukemia as a prescreening system. Illustrative data on anguidine, actinomycin D, macromomycin, aclacinomycin, and other fermentation products are shown.", "PMID": 705014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1937", "title": "Detection and assay of antitumor antibiotics.", "content": "Cell culture techniques and antimicrobial systems can be used as detection systems for new antibiotic structures. Antimicrobial systems by virtue of their speed, economy, ease of use, and adaptation to chromatographic (bioautographic) techniques are definitely superior for assay and for dereplication purposes. A prescreen assay system which combines the advantages and minimizes the disadvantages of the two approaches is described.", "contents": "Detection and assay of antitumor antibiotics. Cell culture techniques and antimicrobial systems can be used as detection systems for new antibiotic structures. Antimicrobial systems by virtue of their speed, economy, ease of use, and adaptation to chromatographic (bioautographic) techniques are definitely superior for assay and for dereplication purposes. A prescreen assay system which combines the advantages and minimizes the disadvantages of the two approaches is described.", "PMID": 705015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1938", "title": "Microbial process translation--laboratory to pilot plant at the Frederick Cancer Research Center.", "content": "In summary, operations in the FCRC pilot plant have included training an operating staff, operability trials, equipment modification and repair, and supplementation of the original equipment to gain greater versatility. In addition to effort spent on proving and improving the capacity of the pilot plant, development studies and production operations involving translation of laboratory operations to pilot level or volume have included: 1. Development of a production process for interferon as described above. As a by-product of the interferon program, samples of cell culture have been studied in the Basic Research Division of FCRC for the production of lymphokines. 2. Production of starting materials (cell paste) for carboxypeptidase G1, using three different organisms, and production of refined material from the FCRC 252 organism as described herein. 3. Production of large quantities of crude phenylalanine ammonia lyase in the form of cell paste for Prof. Creed Abell at the University of Texas, Medical Branch, at Galveston,. 4. Production of a crude staphylococcal nuclease for the program of Dr. David Sachs, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland. 5. Developmental studies and limited production of a crude cysteine desulfhydrase according to the protocols of Dr. J. Uren, Sidney Farber Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. 6. Preliminary production studies on the agent produced by Culture FCRC 14, discovered in the CFL search program. 7. Developmental fermentation studies on the antitumor antibiotic, piperazinedione 593A [6], in preparation for production of quantities of this antibiotic to support clinical studies under the auspices of the National Cancer Institute.", "contents": "Microbial process translation--laboratory to pilot plant at the Frederick Cancer Research Center. In summary, operations in the FCRC pilot plant have included training an operating staff, operability trials, equipment modification and repair, and supplementation of the original equipment to gain greater versatility. In addition to effort spent on proving and improving the capacity of the pilot plant, development studies and production operations involving translation of laboratory operations to pilot level or volume have included: 1. Development of a production process for interferon as described above. As a by-product of the interferon program, samples of cell culture have been studied in the Basic Research Division of FCRC for the production of lymphokines. 2. Production of starting materials (cell paste) for carboxypeptidase G1, using three different organisms, and production of refined material from the FCRC 252 organism as described herein. 3. Production of large quantities of crude phenylalanine ammonia lyase in the form of cell paste for Prof. Creed Abell at the University of Texas, Medical Branch, at Galveston,. 4. Production of a crude staphylococcal nuclease for the program of Dr. David Sachs, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland. 5. Developmental studies and limited production of a crude cysteine desulfhydrase according to the protocols of Dr. J. Uren, Sidney Farber Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. 6. Preliminary production studies on the agent produced by Culture FCRC 14, discovered in the CFL search program. 7. Developmental fermentation studies on the antitumor antibiotic, piperazinedione 593A [6], in preparation for production of quantities of this antibiotic to support clinical studies under the auspices of the National Cancer Institute.", "PMID": 705017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1939", "title": "Criteria for selection of new analogs of antitumor antibiotics.", "content": "If a new analog of a known antitumor antibiotic is to justify interest, it must be demonstrated to possess either quantitative or qualitative superiority over the parent compound in pharmacologic, toxicologic, immunologic, tumor cytotoxic, or other biologic properties that are therapeutically favorable. The most commonly used criterion is in vivo activity in are therapeutically favorable. The most commonly used criterion is in vivo activity in experimental tumor systems. This may be demonstrated in primary screening systems or in secondary screening systems, or in refractory tumor systems, or in one or more tumors of a human xenograft panel. Data on adriamycin and bleomycin analogs give evidence of some of these approaches. An additional criterion for selection of analogs involves the demonstration of a broader spectrum of effectiveness against a panel of experimental systems. Actinomycin D is used as an exampled. There are a variety of factors that may be employed in determining further clinical interest for analogs of known antitumor antibiotics. It is important to delineate the limiting characteristics in the clinical application of the parent antitumor antibiotic and to the choose the appropriate systems to identify and characterize new analogs and investigate them in depth in order to determine whether they may provide some advantage either in antitumor selectivity or in the diminution of host toxicity with retention of antitumor effectiveness.", "contents": "Criteria for selection of new analogs of antitumor antibiotics. If a new analog of a known antitumor antibiotic is to justify interest, it must be demonstrated to possess either quantitative or qualitative superiority over the parent compound in pharmacologic, toxicologic, immunologic, tumor cytotoxic, or other biologic properties that are therapeutically favorable. The most commonly used criterion is in vivo activity in are therapeutically favorable. The most commonly used criterion is in vivo activity in experimental tumor systems. This may be demonstrated in primary screening systems or in secondary screening systems, or in refractory tumor systems, or in one or more tumors of a human xenograft panel. Data on adriamycin and bleomycin analogs give evidence of some of these approaches. An additional criterion for selection of analogs involves the demonstration of a broader spectrum of effectiveness against a panel of experimental systems. Actinomycin D is used as an exampled. There are a variety of factors that may be employed in determining further clinical interest for analogs of known antitumor antibiotics. It is important to delineate the limiting characteristics in the clinical application of the parent antitumor antibiotic and to the choose the appropriate systems to identify and characterize new analogs and investigate them in depth in order to determine whether they may provide some advantage either in antitumor selectivity or in the diminution of host toxicity with retention of antitumor effectiveness.", "PMID": 705018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1940", "title": "Characterization of leucine and methionine enkephalin and their interaction with morphine on the guinea pig ileal longitudinal muscle.", "content": "Using naloxone as the antagonist, a comparison of pA2 values obtained from the guinea pig ileal longitudinal muscle preparation revealed that both leucine (leu-) enkephalin and methionine (met-) enkephalin can be classified as pure narcotic agonists with pA2 values similar to that of morphine but different from that of nalorphine. In addition, cross tolerance to both met- and leu-enkephal in could be demonstrated on an ileal strip made tolerant to morphine by implantation of morphine pellets to a guinea pig for 72 hours. Pretreatment of a naive muscle strip to three increasing concentrations of leu-enkephalin was found to markedly decrease the IC50 of morphine and to sensitize the ileal strip to naloxone as was evidenced by an increase in the morphine-naloxone pA2 value. Met-enkephalin or morphine pretreatment had no effect on subsequent morphine IC50 determinations but similarly increased the morphine-naloxone pA2 value. These results suggest that although both leu- and met-enkephalin may be classified as pure narcotic agonists, their interaction with morphine on the ileal strip is markedly different. Leu-enkephalin may be an important physiological modulator of narcotic efficacy.", "contents": "Characterization of leucine and methionine enkephalin and their interaction with morphine on the guinea pig ileal longitudinal muscle. Using naloxone as the antagonist, a comparison of pA2 values obtained from the guinea pig ileal longitudinal muscle preparation revealed that both leucine (leu-) enkephalin and methionine (met-) enkephalin can be classified as pure narcotic agonists with pA2 values similar to that of morphine but different from that of nalorphine. In addition, cross tolerance to both met- and leu-enkephal in could be demonstrated on an ileal strip made tolerant to morphine by implantation of morphine pellets to a guinea pig for 72 hours. Pretreatment of a naive muscle strip to three increasing concentrations of leu-enkephalin was found to markedly decrease the IC50 of morphine and to sensitize the ileal strip to naloxone as was evidenced by an increase in the morphine-naloxone pA2 value. Met-enkephalin or morphine pretreatment had no effect on subsequent morphine IC50 determinations but similarly increased the morphine-naloxone pA2 value. These results suggest that although both leu- and met-enkephalin may be classified as pure narcotic agonists, their interaction with morphine on the ileal strip is markedly different. Leu-enkephalin may be an important physiological modulator of narcotic efficacy.", "PMID": 705020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1941", "title": "Identification of six substituted 4''-hydroxy-metabolites of of delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol in mouse liver.", "content": "4''-Hydroxylation is shown to be a major metabolic route for delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta1-THC) in the mouse. Metabolites were extracted from the livers of mice treated with delta1-THC and examined by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The 7-hydroxy-6alpha,7-dihydroxy-, 6-oxo- and 7-hydroxy-6-oxo- derivatives of 4''-hydroxy-delta1-THC together with the 4''-hydroxy- and 4'',6alpha-dihydroxy-derivatives of delta1-THC-7-oic acid were identified. Only the diol, 4'',7-dihydroxy-delta1-THC has been reported previously.", "contents": "Identification of six substituted 4''-hydroxy-metabolites of of delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol in mouse liver. 4''-Hydroxylation is shown to be a major metabolic route for delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta1-THC) in the mouse. Metabolites were extracted from the livers of mice treated with delta1-THC and examined by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The 7-hydroxy-6alpha,7-dihydroxy-, 6-oxo- and 7-hydroxy-6-oxo- derivatives of 4''-hydroxy-delta1-THC together with the 4''-hydroxy- and 4'',6alpha-dihydroxy-derivatives of delta1-THC-7-oic acid were identified. Only the diol, 4'',7-dihydroxy-delta1-THC has been reported previously.", "PMID": 705022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1942", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of novel amphetamine analogs in anesthetized rats.", "content": "In albino, adult Sprague Dawley rats, anesthetized with urethane intraperitoneally, the effects of the exo- and endo-isomers of 2-amino-5,8-dimethoxybenzonorbornene were studied on arterial blood pressure and heart rate. Both compounds produced an immediate rise in systemic arterial pressure followed by an immediate maximal depressor response. The depressor effect was sustained beyond 30 minute duration, but declined in intensity with time to nearly preinjection levels. Both compounds decreased heart rate in varying degrees. Evidence of marked bradycardia and onset of toxicity was observed at doses of 12.8 mg/kg (exo) and 19.2 mg/kg (endo). The biphasic response seen after intravenous injection of the compounds suggests an initial vasoconstrictory followed by a vasodilatory effect.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of novel amphetamine analogs in anesthetized rats. In albino, adult Sprague Dawley rats, anesthetized with urethane intraperitoneally, the effects of the exo- and endo-isomers of 2-amino-5,8-dimethoxybenzonorbornene were studied on arterial blood pressure and heart rate. Both compounds produced an immediate rise in systemic arterial pressure followed by an immediate maximal depressor response. The depressor effect was sustained beyond 30 minute duration, but declined in intensity with time to nearly preinjection levels. Both compounds decreased heart rate in varying degrees. Evidence of marked bradycardia and onset of toxicity was observed at doses of 12.8 mg/kg (exo) and 19.2 mg/kg (endo). The biphasic response seen after intravenous injection of the compounds suggests an initial vasoconstrictory followed by a vasodilatory effect.", "PMID": 705023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1943", "title": "Effects of pre- and post-treatment with EXP 561 on the amine-depleting effects of p-chloroamphetamine and 6-hydroxydopamine in rats.", "content": "EXP 561, 4-phenyl-bicyclo(2,2,2)octan-1-amine hydrochloride monohydrate, antagonized brain serotonin depletion by p-chloroamphetamine and heart norepinephrine depletion by 6-hydroxydopamine in rats. The antagonism of p-chloroamphetamine action occurred with post- as well as pre-treatment with EXP 561. Simultaneous injection of EXP 561 with p-chloroamphetamine initially antagonized serotonin depletion but the effect diminished by 24 hrs. The antagonism of 6-hydroxydopamine action could be produced only by pre-treatment with EXP 561, post-treatment having no effect. When EXP 561 was injected simultaneously with 6-hydroxydopamine, its antagonistic effect did not decline with time. The duplications of these findings for the interpretation of data on uptake inhibitor antagonism of amine depletors are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of pre- and post-treatment with EXP 561 on the amine-depleting effects of p-chloroamphetamine and 6-hydroxydopamine in rats. EXP 561, 4-phenyl-bicyclo(2,2,2)octan-1-amine hydrochloride monohydrate, antagonized brain serotonin depletion by p-chloroamphetamine and heart norepinephrine depletion by 6-hydroxydopamine in rats. The antagonism of p-chloroamphetamine action occurred with post- as well as pre-treatment with EXP 561. Simultaneous injection of EXP 561 with p-chloroamphetamine initially antagonized serotonin depletion but the effect diminished by 24 hrs. The antagonism of 6-hydroxydopamine action could be produced only by pre-treatment with EXP 561, post-treatment having no effect. When EXP 561 was injected simultaneously with 6-hydroxydopamine, its antagonistic effect did not decline with time. The duplications of these findings for the interpretation of data on uptake inhibitor antagonism of amine depletors are discussed.", "PMID": 705024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1944", "title": "Perineural microtubule inhibitors induce degenerative atrophy of central nociceptive terminals in the Rolando substance.", "content": "Short-term perineural application of a microtubule inhibitor around a peripheral nerve induces degenerative atrophy of primary central nociceptive terminals in the Rolando substance. Consequences of the local microtubule inhibitor treatment are identical, both at light- and electron microscopic levels, with those that follow transection of a peripheral nerve. Degenerative atrophy in the Rolando substance is due to arrested axoplasmic transport in, and not to Wallerian degeneration of, the peripheral axons since (1) locally applied vinblastine and vincristone do not induce peripheral degeneration at all and (2) even though local colchicine treatment may cause Wallerian degeneration of thick myelinated axons, thin Adelta and C fibers do not undergo degeneration after colchicine treatment. The intriguing possibility to use this approach in the treatment of intractable pain is discussed.", "contents": "Perineural microtubule inhibitors induce degenerative atrophy of central nociceptive terminals in the Rolando substance. Short-term perineural application of a microtubule inhibitor around a peripheral nerve induces degenerative atrophy of primary central nociceptive terminals in the Rolando substance. Consequences of the local microtubule inhibitor treatment are identical, both at light- and electron microscopic levels, with those that follow transection of a peripheral nerve. Degenerative atrophy in the Rolando substance is due to arrested axoplasmic transport in, and not to Wallerian degeneration of, the peripheral axons since (1) locally applied vinblastine and vincristone do not induce peripheral degeneration at all and (2) even though local colchicine treatment may cause Wallerian degeneration of thick myelinated axons, thin Adelta and C fibers do not undergo degeneration after colchicine treatment. The intriguing possibility to use this approach in the treatment of intractable pain is discussed.", "PMID": 705025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1945", "title": "Inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase by propiolaldehyde, a possible metabolite of pargyline.", "content": "Pargyline (Eutonyl) inhibited aldehyde dehydrogenase (AlDH) in vivo in rats as adduced by the elevation of ethanol-derived blood acetaldehyde (AcH), but had no effect in vitro on the enzyme in intact mitochondria. SKF-525A, an inhibitor of the hepatic microsomal P-450 enzyme system, completely prevented the pargyline-induced elevation of blood AcH in vivo, further implicating a metabolite of pargyline as the active inhibitor of AlDH. Of the potential pargyline metabolites tested, N-benzylpropargylamine and propargyl alcohol--like pargyline itself--readily inhibited AlDH in vivo but were without effect on the enzyme in vitro. These data implicated propiolaldehyde, a theoretically possible product of metabolism of all three of the above compounds, as the active metabolite responsible for AlDH inhibition. Indeed, propiolaldehyde at a concentration of 200 micron essentially completely inhibited the low Km AlDH of intact rat liver mitochondria.", "contents": "Inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase by propiolaldehyde, a possible metabolite of pargyline. Pargyline (Eutonyl) inhibited aldehyde dehydrogenase (AlDH) in vivo in rats as adduced by the elevation of ethanol-derived blood acetaldehyde (AcH), but had no effect in vitro on the enzyme in intact mitochondria. SKF-525A, an inhibitor of the hepatic microsomal P-450 enzyme system, completely prevented the pargyline-induced elevation of blood AcH in vivo, further implicating a metabolite of pargyline as the active inhibitor of AlDH. Of the potential pargyline metabolites tested, N-benzylpropargylamine and propargyl alcohol--like pargyline itself--readily inhibited AlDH in vivo but were without effect on the enzyme in vitro. These data implicated propiolaldehyde, a theoretically possible product of metabolism of all three of the above compounds, as the active metabolite responsible for AlDH inhibition. Indeed, propiolaldehyde at a concentration of 200 micron essentially completely inhibited the low Km AlDH of intact rat liver mitochondria.", "PMID": 705026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1946", "title": "Prostaglandin biosynthesis in platelets: demonstration and role of prostaglandin H2 leads to E2 isomerase.", "content": "Double-labeled [3H/14C]-prostaglandin endoperoxide H2 was used to assess the presence in platelets of enzymatic activity for conversion of the endoperoxides to prostaglandin E2. This enzymatic activity (prostaglandin H2 leads to E2 isomerase) involves the selective removal of a hydrogen from the C-9 carbon atom of the endoperoxide molecule and is subject to an isotope discriminatory effect against tritium-labeled molecules. Rabbit washed platelet suspension was pre-incubated for 1 min, with imidazole (1 mM) to inhibit thromboxane A2 generation and [3H/14C]--prostaglandin H2 was added. Analysis of the [3H] and [14C] radioactive products in incubations with native vs. heat denatured platelets indicated that native platelets convert the endoperoxide enzymatically to mainly prostaglandin E2. Thus, although arachidonic acid released endogenously or added exogenously to platelets is converted mainly to thromboxane B2 and 120H-17:3 acid, platelets appear to possess prostaglandin H2 leads to E2 isomerase activity which becomes manifested when thromboxane synthetase activity is inhibited.", "contents": "Prostaglandin biosynthesis in platelets: demonstration and role of prostaglandin H2 leads to E2 isomerase. Double-labeled [3H/14C]-prostaglandin endoperoxide H2 was used to assess the presence in platelets of enzymatic activity for conversion of the endoperoxides to prostaglandin E2. This enzymatic activity (prostaglandin H2 leads to E2 isomerase) involves the selective removal of a hydrogen from the C-9 carbon atom of the endoperoxide molecule and is subject to an isotope discriminatory effect against tritium-labeled molecules. Rabbit washed platelet suspension was pre-incubated for 1 min, with imidazole (1 mM) to inhibit thromboxane A2 generation and [3H/14C]--prostaglandin H2 was added. Analysis of the [3H] and [14C] radioactive products in incubations with native vs. heat denatured platelets indicated that native platelets convert the endoperoxide enzymatically to mainly prostaglandin E2. Thus, although arachidonic acid released endogenously or added exogenously to platelets is converted mainly to thromboxane B2 and 120H-17:3 acid, platelets appear to possess prostaglandin H2 leads to E2 isomerase activity which becomes manifested when thromboxane synthetase activity is inhibited.", "PMID": 705027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1947", "title": "Production of antibody toward asbestos.", "content": "Unlike normal rabbit control globulins, experimental globulins from rabbits injected with BSA-coated asbestos were found to bind with asbestos. One evidence of such binding is a decreased rate of sedimentation of asbestos in solution. Other evidence has been obtained in experiments with fluorescein-labelled reagents. These results are taken to be indicative of the presence of anti-asbestos antibody in the experimental globulins.", "contents": "Production of antibody toward asbestos. Unlike normal rabbit control globulins, experimental globulins from rabbits injected with BSA-coated asbestos were found to bind with asbestos. One evidence of such binding is a decreased rate of sedimentation of asbestos in solution. Other evidence has been obtained in experiments with fluorescein-labelled reagents. These results are taken to be indicative of the presence of anti-asbestos antibody in the experimental globulins.", "PMID": 705028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1948", "title": "Trans-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol: effects on macromolecular content of mouse liver tissue.", "content": "Mice were starved for 72 hours then injected with a total of 50 mg/kg THC over 48 hours during which time the animals were fed ad libitum. At the end of the 48 hours, the mice were sacrificed and the livers were analyzed quantitatively for DNA, RNA, protein, and glycogen. It was determined that the THC had no effect on the DNA or glycogen levels. The amount of RNA increased significantly when compared to controls while protein levels decreased by 50%.", "contents": "Trans-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol: effects on macromolecular content of mouse liver tissue. Mice were starved for 72 hours then injected with a total of 50 mg/kg THC over 48 hours during which time the animals were fed ad libitum. At the end of the 48 hours, the mice were sacrificed and the livers were analyzed quantitatively for DNA, RNA, protein, and glycogen. It was determined that the THC had no effect on the DNA or glycogen levels. The amount of RNA increased significantly when compared to controls while protein levels decreased by 50%.", "PMID": 705030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1949", "title": "The effect of dantrolene sodium on the efflux of Ca45 from rat heavy sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "The effect of dantrolene on calcium (Ca2+) efflux was studied using SR vesicles isolated at 8,000 X G from rat skeletal muscle. Dantrolene concentrations of 4 to 9 X 10(-5) M suppressed the efflux of Ca45 from the isolated vesicles in a dose-related way during the first 5 minutes of incubation. The residual Ca2+ in the sarcotubular vesicles was inversely related to the dantrolene concentrations of 4, 6 and 9 X 10(-5) M. The addition of 10mM caffeine to the efflux media offset the suppressive effects of the lower concentrations of dantrolene on Ca2+ efflux. Only dantrolene concentrations of 9 X 10(-5)M resulted in significant retention of Ca2+ in the vesicles in the presence of 10mM caffeine.", "contents": "The effect of dantrolene sodium on the efflux of Ca45 from rat heavy sarcoplasmic reticulum. The effect of dantrolene on calcium (Ca2+) efflux was studied using SR vesicles isolated at 8,000 X G from rat skeletal muscle. Dantrolene concentrations of 4 to 9 X 10(-5) M suppressed the efflux of Ca45 from the isolated vesicles in a dose-related way during the first 5 minutes of incubation. The residual Ca2+ in the sarcotubular vesicles was inversely related to the dantrolene concentrations of 4, 6 and 9 X 10(-5) M. The addition of 10mM caffeine to the efflux media offset the suppressive effects of the lower concentrations of dantrolene on Ca2+ efflux. Only dantrolene concentrations of 9 X 10(-5)M resulted in significant retention of Ca2+ in the vesicles in the presence of 10mM caffeine.", "PMID": 705031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1950", "title": "Potentiation of the toxicity of adriamycin by propranolol.", "content": "Both propranolol and adriamycin are biochemically known to inhibit mitochondrial CoQ10-enzymes of myocardial tissue in vitro. Both propranolol and adriamycin are clinically known to cause cardiotoxicity. At two dose levels of propranolol which caused no deaths to mice when administered alone, significant potentiation (p less than 0.01) of the lethality of adriamycin to mice was observed. These data, projected to the clinical situation, seem to contraindicate the administration of the beta-blocker, propranolol, for the hypertension of a cancer patient who is being treated with adriamycin.", "contents": "Potentiation of the toxicity of adriamycin by propranolol. Both propranolol and adriamycin are biochemically known to inhibit mitochondrial CoQ10-enzymes of myocardial tissue in vitro. Both propranolol and adriamycin are clinically known to cause cardiotoxicity. At two dose levels of propranolol which caused no deaths to mice when administered alone, significant potentiation (p less than 0.01) of the lethality of adriamycin to mice was observed. These data, projected to the clinical situation, seem to contraindicate the administration of the beta-blocker, propranolol, for the hypertension of a cancer patient who is being treated with adriamycin.", "PMID": 705032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1951", "title": "Chromosome banding studies in cattle.", "content": "A recent advance in the field of cytogenetics has been the ability to stain differentially specific areas or bands on the fixed chromosome. In terms of clinical and paraclinical work C- and G-bands have been of most value to date in allowing precise identification of chromosome homologues even in species such as cattle, where the vast majority of chromosomes are of a similar morphology. These methods have allowed at the gross level of the chromosome the precise identification of a number of Robertsonian translocations and certain aneuploids. In this study 1/29 Robertsonian translocations were found in three separate breeds. Also a 14/20 and a 6/16 Robertsonian translocation were identified as was a 61XXY sterile bull. In the future these techniques will allow the identification of as yet unidentified anomalies in cattle such as reciprocal translocations and paracentric inversions. Since many anomalies have been correlated with such clinical problems as early embryonic death, abortion, congenital anomalies and reduced reproductive efficiency in the mammalia, it is important to use cytogenetics as an additional laboratory aid in such investigations.", "contents": "Chromosome banding studies in cattle. A recent advance in the field of cytogenetics has been the ability to stain differentially specific areas or bands on the fixed chromosome. In terms of clinical and paraclinical work C- and G-bands have been of most value to date in allowing precise identification of chromosome homologues even in species such as cattle, where the vast majority of chromosomes are of a similar morphology. These methods have allowed at the gross level of the chromosome the precise identification of a number of Robertsonian translocations and certain aneuploids. In this study 1/29 Robertsonian translocations were found in three separate breeds. Also a 14/20 and a 6/16 Robertsonian translocation were identified as was a 61XXY sterile bull. In the future these techniques will allow the identification of as yet unidentified anomalies in cattle such as reciprocal translocations and paracentric inversions. Since many anomalies have been correlated with such clinical problems as early embryonic death, abortion, congenital anomalies and reduced reproductive efficiency in the mammalia, it is important to use cytogenetics as an additional laboratory aid in such investigations.", "PMID": 705033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1952", "title": "A method for collecting lachrymal fluid from cattle.", "content": "The bovine lachrymal duct was catheterised with an expanded polyvinyl catheter and lachrymal fluid was collected for periods of up to 8 h, 45 min. The method was simple and allowed the flow rate of lachrymal fluid to be measured.", "contents": "A method for collecting lachrymal fluid from cattle. The bovine lachrymal duct was catheterised with an expanded polyvinyl catheter and lachrymal fluid was collected for periods of up to 8 h, 45 min. The method was simple and allowed the flow rate of lachrymal fluid to be measured.", "PMID": 705034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1953", "title": "Relationship of parakeet/Netherlands/449/75 virus to other avian paramyxoviruses.", "content": "Serological and physico-chemical properties of parakeet/Netherlands/449/75 (449) virus indicated a close relationship to paramyxovirus/Turkey/Wisconsin/68.", "contents": "Relationship of parakeet/Netherlands/449/75 virus to other avian paramyxoviruses. Serological and physico-chemical properties of parakeet/Netherlands/449/75 (449) virus indicated a close relationship to paramyxovirus/Turkey/Wisconsin/68.", "PMID": 705035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1954", "title": "The effect of mebendazole in food on Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena infections in dogs.", "content": "A limited, but controlled trial with mebendazole incorporated in a prepared food and with tablets given with this food showed that with the former there was an overall reduction in the expected dog population harbouring Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena. Neither treatment was fully effective.", "contents": "The effect of mebendazole in food on Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena infections in dogs. A limited, but controlled trial with mebendazole incorporated in a prepared food and with tablets given with this food showed that with the former there was an overall reduction in the expected dog population harbouring Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena. Neither treatment was fully effective.", "PMID": 705036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1955", "title": "The effect of an antibiotic of the streptothricin family against Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena infections in dogs.", "content": "The effect of an antibiotic of the streptothricin class on Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena infections has been investigated in a trial involving 160 dogs. The drug showed significant activity in freeing dogs from Thydatigena, but the evidence for similar activity against E granulosus was less well marked. Vomiting and diarrhoea were common sequelae of dosing. The preparation tested consisted of four chemical components and the cestocidal value of each was not determined.", "contents": "The effect of an antibiotic of the streptothricin family against Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena infections in dogs. The effect of an antibiotic of the streptothricin class on Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena infections has been investigated in a trial involving 160 dogs. The drug showed significant activity in freeing dogs from Thydatigena, but the evidence for similar activity against E granulosus was less well marked. Vomiting and diarrhoea were common sequelae of dosing. The preparation tested consisted of four chemical components and the cestocidal value of each was not determined.", "PMID": 705037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1956", "title": "The effect of diuredosan on Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena infections in dogs.", "content": "Diuredosan has been tested against Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena infections in dogs. The drug showed significant activity against T hydatigena, but there was no significant dose response curve against E granulosus in this trial. Two treatments at 50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg, however, reduced the number of dogs infected with hydatid worms. Worms were still present in some dogs after three treatments at 50 mg/kg. Vomiting and diarrhoea were relatively common sequelae at and above 50 mg/kg.", "contents": "The effect of diuredosan on Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena infections in dogs. Diuredosan has been tested against Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia hydatigena infections in dogs. The drug showed significant activity against T hydatigena, but there was no significant dose response curve against E granulosus in this trial. Two treatments at 50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg, however, reduced the number of dogs infected with hydatid worms. Worms were still present in some dogs after three treatments at 50 mg/kg. Vomiting and diarrhoea were relatively common sequelae at and above 50 mg/kg.", "PMID": 705038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1957", "title": "Attempted protection of zebu cattle against trypanosomiasis using a multi-stabilate vaccine.", "content": "The protective value of double vaccination with 11 recently isolated stabilates of Trypanosoma congolense given either as live or dead organisms, followed by trypanocidal therapy, was assessed in zebu cattle subsequently challenged by nine of the original stabilates. Both vaccination regimens failed to prevent the animals becoming parasitaemic and eventually succumbing to the infection, although the mean survival times and prepatent periods of the calves which received the live vaccine were longer than those of both the groups which had received the dead vaccine and the challenge controls.", "contents": "Attempted protection of zebu cattle against trypanosomiasis using a multi-stabilate vaccine. The protective value of double vaccination with 11 recently isolated stabilates of Trypanosoma congolense given either as live or dead organisms, followed by trypanocidal therapy, was assessed in zebu cattle subsequently challenged by nine of the original stabilates. Both vaccination regimens failed to prevent the animals becoming parasitaemic and eventually succumbing to the infection, although the mean survival times and prepatent periods of the calves which received the live vaccine were longer than those of both the groups which had received the dead vaccine and the challenge controls.", "PMID": 705039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1958", "title": "Blood and tissue content of the iso-enzymes of lactate dehydrogenase in the thoroughbred.", "content": "The occasions, position and relative concentration of LDH iso-enzymes in the blood tissues of the thoroughbred horse were determined. Locomotor muscles possess a high concentration of LDH 5 whereas non-locomotor muscles have a low concentration of this iso-enzyme.", "contents": "Blood and tissue content of the iso-enzymes of lactate dehydrogenase in the thoroughbred. The occasions, position and relative concentration of LDH iso-enzymes in the blood tissues of the thoroughbred horse were determined. Locomotor muscles possess a high concentration of LDH 5 whereas non-locomotor muscles have a low concentration of this iso-enzyme.", "PMID": 705040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1959", "title": "The relationship of age and stage of gestation to the incidence of embryo death in dairy cattle.", "content": "Milk progesterone concentrations were measured thrice-weekly in approximately 200 autumn-calving cows of NIRD dairy herds in each of two successive years, about 100 being common to both years. From this, it was concluded that embryo death, later than the 14th day after artificial insemination occurred in about 10% of cows of each year. Most of the deaths occurred around the 35th day after AI, the time when the fetal membranes are becoming attached to the uterine wall. The incidence of embryo death around this time increases with age of cow.", "contents": "The relationship of age and stage of gestation to the incidence of embryo death in dairy cattle. Milk progesterone concentrations were measured thrice-weekly in approximately 200 autumn-calving cows of NIRD dairy herds in each of two successive years, about 100 being common to both years. From this, it was concluded that embryo death, later than the 14th day after artificial insemination occurred in about 10% of cows of each year. Most of the deaths occurred around the 35th day after AI, the time when the fetal membranes are becoming attached to the uterine wall. The incidence of embryo death around this time increases with age of cow.", "PMID": 705041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1960", "title": "Genetic resistance to helminths: a possible relationship between haemoglobin type and the immune responses of sheep to non-parasitic antigens.", "content": "The results of some preliminary studies on a possible association between haemoglobin type and the antibody responses of sheep to a variety of non-parasitic antigens are described. Sheep with haemoglobin AA showed a significantly better response to human serum albumin than animals of the same breed with haemoglobin BB. There was also suggestive evidence of a better response by haemoglobin AA types to rabbit red cells and horse gamma globulin. These results indicate that the greater resistance of these sheep to gastrointestinal nematodes is reflection of their superior immunological competence.", "contents": "Genetic resistance to helminths: a possible relationship between haemoglobin type and the immune responses of sheep to non-parasitic antigens. The results of some preliminary studies on a possible association between haemoglobin type and the antibody responses of sheep to a variety of non-parasitic antigens are described. Sheep with haemoglobin AA showed a significantly better response to human serum albumin than animals of the same breed with haemoglobin BB. There was also suggestive evidence of a better response by haemoglobin AA types to rabbit red cells and horse gamma globulin. These results indicate that the greater resistance of these sheep to gastrointestinal nematodes is reflection of their superior immunological competence.", "PMID": 705042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1961", "title": "Changes of plasma uric acid levels in horses after galloping.", "content": "Two horses were alternately galloped and cantered at 48 h intervals in a cross over trial. Galloping produced a rise in plasma lactic and uric acids. The lactic acid decreased in concentration whereas the uric acid increased in the hour after exercise. Plasma phosphate levels were depressed 1 h after galloping. There was no significant variation in these parameters after cantering. Possible reasons for these changes are discussed.", "contents": "Changes of plasma uric acid levels in horses after galloping. Two horses were alternately galloped and cantered at 48 h intervals in a cross over trial. Galloping produced a rise in plasma lactic and uric acids. The lactic acid decreased in concentration whereas the uric acid increased in the hour after exercise. Plasma phosphate levels were depressed 1 h after galloping. There was no significant variation in these parameters after cantering. Possible reasons for these changes are discussed.", "PMID": 705043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1962", "title": "Incidence and preliminary characterisation of a hitherto unreported, serologically distinct, avian paramyxovirus isolated in Hong Kong.", "content": "Twenty-seven apparent paramyxoviruses, unrelated to known avian paramyxoviruses, were isolated at a Hong Kong dressing plant from the trachea or cloaca of birds originating from Hong Kong and the People's Republic of China. A total of 2443 apparently healthy ducks, geese and fowls was sampled and isolation frequencies were 1.3%, 1.0% and 0.5% respectively. Twenty of the isolates were from the cloaca; 11 were obtained in association with Newcastle disease virus and one with an avian influenza virus. The majority of the isolations were made in the winter months. All 27 isolates were serologically related although 11 representative isolates differed slightly in haemagglutinin properties. A representative isolate was not pathogenic for chickens. A serological survey of poultry indicated a relatively low incidence of infection.", "contents": "Incidence and preliminary characterisation of a hitherto unreported, serologically distinct, avian paramyxovirus isolated in Hong Kong. Twenty-seven apparent paramyxoviruses, unrelated to known avian paramyxoviruses, were isolated at a Hong Kong dressing plant from the trachea or cloaca of birds originating from Hong Kong and the People's Republic of China. A total of 2443 apparently healthy ducks, geese and fowls was sampled and isolation frequencies were 1.3%, 1.0% and 0.5% respectively. Twenty of the isolates were from the cloaca; 11 were obtained in association with Newcastle disease virus and one with an avian influenza virus. The majority of the isolations were made in the winter months. All 27 isolates were serologically related although 11 representative isolates differed slightly in haemagglutinin properties. A representative isolate was not pathogenic for chickens. A serological survey of poultry indicated a relatively low incidence of infection.", "PMID": 705044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1963", "title": "The absence of Trypanosoma congolense from the lymph of an infected sheep.", "content": "The lymph draining the prefemoral lymph node of a sheep infected with Trypanosoma congolense was examined over a period of 10 days. Only six trypanosomes were detected in 1500 ml of this fluid during this time, in spite of the animal having about 65,000 organisms/ml in its blood. It is concluded that the suggestion that T congolense is a strict plasma parasite is essentially proven for this specific situation.", "contents": "The absence of Trypanosoma congolense from the lymph of an infected sheep. The lymph draining the prefemoral lymph node of a sheep infected with Trypanosoma congolense was examined over a period of 10 days. Only six trypanosomes were detected in 1500 ml of this fluid during this time, in spite of the animal having about 65,000 organisms/ml in its blood. It is concluded that the suggestion that T congolense is a strict plasma parasite is essentially proven for this specific situation.", "PMID": 705045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1964", "title": "Ultrastructure of livers of broiler chickens fed diets containing rapeseed meal.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the livers of four-week-old White Rock broiler chickens fed diets containing 50% rapeseed meal was examined. Multifocal hepatocytic necrosis was observed in most of the birds fed the experimental diets. Early degenerative changes were swelling of mitochondria and vacuolations of various sizes in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes. The reticulum fibres seen as bundles of cross striated fibrils were disorganised at the sites of the focal necrosis. Alteration of interfibrillar matrix were considered to be reason for the negative silver stain in the necrotic foci at light microscopic level reported previously. Disruption of the liver framework at the necrotic foci appeared to have caused a rupture of the sinusoids in the birds showing the haemorrhagic syndrome.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of livers of broiler chickens fed diets containing rapeseed meal. The ultrastructure of the livers of four-week-old White Rock broiler chickens fed diets containing 50% rapeseed meal was examined. Multifocal hepatocytic necrosis was observed in most of the birds fed the experimental diets. Early degenerative changes were swelling of mitochondria and vacuolations of various sizes in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes. The reticulum fibres seen as bundles of cross striated fibrils were disorganised at the sites of the focal necrosis. Alteration of interfibrillar matrix were considered to be reason for the negative silver stain in the necrotic foci at light microscopic level reported previously. Disruption of the liver framework at the necrotic foci appeared to have caused a rupture of the sinusoids in the birds showing the haemorrhagic syndrome.", "PMID": 705046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1965", "title": "Resistance of the rat to reinfection with Fasciola hepatica and the possible involvement of intestinal eosinophil leucocytes.", "content": "Rats infected three weeks previously with 30 Fasciola hepatica cysts were shown to be highly resistant to oral reinfection, as measured by the recovery of immature flukes from the peritoneal cavity 48 h after challenge and confirmed by liver recoveries three weeks after challenge. Eosinophils were prevalent in the lamina propria of the small intestine three weeks after primary infection and increased markedly after challenge.", "contents": "Resistance of the rat to reinfection with Fasciola hepatica and the possible involvement of intestinal eosinophil leucocytes. Rats infected three weeks previously with 30 Fasciola hepatica cysts were shown to be highly resistant to oral reinfection, as measured by the recovery of immature flukes from the peritoneal cavity 48 h after challenge and confirmed by liver recoveries three weeks after challenge. Eosinophils were prevalent in the lamina propria of the small intestine three weeks after primary infection and increased markedly after challenge.", "PMID": 705047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1966", "title": "Vaccination against Bordetella bronchiseptica infection in dogs using a heat-killed bacterial vaccine.", "content": "A group of eight-week-old dogs was inoculated with a heat-killed suspension of Bordetella bronchiseptica by the intramuscular route on two occasions at an interval of two weeks. All vaccinated animals developed high circulating agglutinin titres by two weeks after the second inoculation at which time the vaccinated dogs and a comparable group of unvaccinated animals were challenged by exposure to an aerosol of live B bronchiseptica. Both vaccinated and unvaccinated dogs subsequently developed clinical respiratory disease characterised by persistent coughing but the onset of disease in vaccinated animals was delayed by up to five days when compared with the controls. B bronchiseptica was isolated from the nasal cavity, tracheobronchial tree and lung parenchyma of vaccinated and control dogs.", "contents": "Vaccination against Bordetella bronchiseptica infection in dogs using a heat-killed bacterial vaccine. A group of eight-week-old dogs was inoculated with a heat-killed suspension of Bordetella bronchiseptica by the intramuscular route on two occasions at an interval of two weeks. All vaccinated animals developed high circulating agglutinin titres by two weeks after the second inoculation at which time the vaccinated dogs and a comparable group of unvaccinated animals were challenged by exposure to an aerosol of live B bronchiseptica. Both vaccinated and unvaccinated dogs subsequently developed clinical respiratory disease characterised by persistent coughing but the onset of disease in vaccinated animals was delayed by up to five days when compared with the controls. B bronchiseptica was isolated from the nasal cavity, tracheobronchial tree and lung parenchyma of vaccinated and control dogs.", "PMID": 705048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1967", "title": "Vaccination against canine bordetellosis using an aluminum hydroxide adjuvant vaccine.", "content": "Six collie dogs, eight weeks old, were inoculated intramuscularly with an aluminium hydroxide adjuvanted preparation of killed Bordetella bronchiseptica; the inoculation was repeated after two weeks. Two weeks after the second inoculation, the vaccinated dogs and a comparable group of six unvaccinated animals were challenged by exposure to an aerosol of pathogenic B bronchiseptica. All six unvaccinated control dogs developed respiratory disease characterised by persistent coughing. In contrast, four of the vaccinated dogs remained free from clinical respiratory disease while, in the other two dogs, disease was less severe and of shorter duration than in controls. At necropsy, there were only slight changes in the lungs of vaccinated dogs but in controls there was a severe tracheobronchitis with areas of exudative pneumonia. Bacteriological examination showed a marked reduction in the numbers of B bronchiseptica isolated from the respiratory tract of vaccinated animals compared with controls. An aluminium hydroxide adjuvant vaccine may be of value in controlling naturally occurring respiratory disease in dogs in which B bronchiseptica is involved.", "contents": "Vaccination against canine bordetellosis using an aluminum hydroxide adjuvant vaccine. Six collie dogs, eight weeks old, were inoculated intramuscularly with an aluminium hydroxide adjuvanted preparation of killed Bordetella bronchiseptica; the inoculation was repeated after two weeks. Two weeks after the second inoculation, the vaccinated dogs and a comparable group of six unvaccinated animals were challenged by exposure to an aerosol of pathogenic B bronchiseptica. All six unvaccinated control dogs developed respiratory disease characterised by persistent coughing. In contrast, four of the vaccinated dogs remained free from clinical respiratory disease while, in the other two dogs, disease was less severe and of shorter duration than in controls. At necropsy, there were only slight changes in the lungs of vaccinated dogs but in controls there was a severe tracheobronchitis with areas of exudative pneumonia. Bacteriological examination showed a marked reduction in the numbers of B bronchiseptica isolated from the respiratory tract of vaccinated animals compared with controls. An aluminium hydroxide adjuvant vaccine may be of value in controlling naturally occurring respiratory disease in dogs in which B bronchiseptica is involved.", "PMID": 705049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1968", "title": "Adipose tissue cells in cold-acclimatised sheep.", "content": "The morphology and lipid content of adipose tissue from sheep subjected to cold acclimatisation were examined. In two sheep the perirenal adipose tissue contained virtually no triglyceride (less than 2 mg/100 mg wet tissue) and the appearance on electron microscopy was typical of that of a depleted white fat cell. The morphological, chemical and physiological evidence indicates that, in the sheep, white adipose tissue does not revert to brown adipose tissue during depletion resulting from cold acclimatisation.", "contents": "Adipose tissue cells in cold-acclimatised sheep. The morphology and lipid content of adipose tissue from sheep subjected to cold acclimatisation were examined. In two sheep the perirenal adipose tissue contained virtually no triglyceride (less than 2 mg/100 mg wet tissue) and the appearance on electron microscopy was typical of that of a depleted white fat cell. The morphological, chemical and physiological evidence indicates that, in the sheep, white adipose tissue does not revert to brown adipose tissue during depletion resulting from cold acclimatisation.", "PMID": 705050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1969", "title": "A 14/20 Robertsonian translocation in Swiss Simmental cattle.", "content": "A chromosomal abnormality identified as a 14/20 Robertsonian translocation by measurement and banding studies has been found randomly in several Swiss Simmental cattle. These cases have all been traced back to one ancestral bull. The testicular function of three unselected male offspring, two heterozygotes and one normal was studied. All possessed apparently normal spermatogenesis. In a meiotic study no alteration of overall chiasma counts were found at diakinesis in the heterozygous bulls compared with the normal, while the presence of a trivalent confirmed the diagnosis of a Robertsonian translocation. Also in the heterozygotes a small number of secondary spermatocytes were identified but they were too few to draw any firm conclusions regarding alterations in non disjunction rate.", "contents": "A 14/20 Robertsonian translocation in Swiss Simmental cattle. A chromosomal abnormality identified as a 14/20 Robertsonian translocation by measurement and banding studies has been found randomly in several Swiss Simmental cattle. These cases have all been traced back to one ancestral bull. The testicular function of three unselected male offspring, two heterozygotes and one normal was studied. All possessed apparently normal spermatogenesis. In a meiotic study no alteration of overall chiasma counts were found at diakinesis in the heterozygous bulls compared with the normal, while the presence of a trivalent confirmed the diagnosis of a Robertsonian translocation. Also in the heterozygotes a small number of secondary spermatocytes were identified but they were too few to draw any firm conclusions regarding alterations in non disjunction rate.", "PMID": 705051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1970", "title": "Experimental bovine anaplasmosis: clinico-pathological and nutritional studies.", "content": "Groups of Brahman-cross steers maintained on two nutritional planes were infected intravenously with a stabilate of Anaplasma marginale. In general, animals on the higher plane of nutrition were more severely affected. Fever was the first clinical sign of anaplasmosis but, like anaemia, was absent in the mildest cases. When present anaemia appeared two to three weeks after infection. There was a corresponding increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rates when read after 24 h but not at 1 h. The haemolytic nature of the anaemia was indicated by a significant increase in unconjugated bilirubin during the acute phase. Some visceral damage was suggested by a significant increase of serum aspartate amino-transferase (GOT) especially in severely affected animals of the 'high' nutrition group but no significant change occurred in levels of alanine amino-transferase (GPT).", "contents": "Experimental bovine anaplasmosis: clinico-pathological and nutritional studies. Groups of Brahman-cross steers maintained on two nutritional planes were infected intravenously with a stabilate of Anaplasma marginale. In general, animals on the higher plane of nutrition were more severely affected. Fever was the first clinical sign of anaplasmosis but, like anaemia, was absent in the mildest cases. When present anaemia appeared two to three weeks after infection. There was a corresponding increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rates when read after 24 h but not at 1 h. The haemolytic nature of the anaemia was indicated by a significant increase in unconjugated bilirubin during the acute phase. Some visceral damage was suggested by a significant increase of serum aspartate amino-transferase (GOT) especially in severely affected animals of the 'high' nutrition group but no significant change occurred in levels of alanine amino-transferase (GPT).", "PMID": 705052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1971", "title": "Changes in IgG2 levels with age in British cattle.", "content": "IgG1, IgG2 and IgM levels were measured in serum samples from 282 cattle of various ages and the results analysed by least squares. There were marked increases with age in IgG2 levels in bulls, and in dairy cattle in the absence of culling for disease or low production traits. There was about a 300% increase between one year and eight years of age for IgG2 compared with the small increase of about 20% for IgG1 but there was no apparent effect of age on IgM levels. There were no differences between Hereford and Friesian bulls for any of the immunoglobulins but there were environmental differences, between AI centres, for IgG1 and IgM. No animals were found to be immunodeficient but IgG2 levels ranged widely from 1 mg/ml to 35 mg/ml in different bulls.", "contents": "Changes in IgG2 levels with age in British cattle. IgG1, IgG2 and IgM levels were measured in serum samples from 282 cattle of various ages and the results analysed by least squares. There were marked increases with age in IgG2 levels in bulls, and in dairy cattle in the absence of culling for disease or low production traits. There was about a 300% increase between one year and eight years of age for IgG2 compared with the small increase of about 20% for IgG1 but there was no apparent effect of age on IgM levels. There were no differences between Hereford and Friesian bulls for any of the immunoglobulins but there were environmental differences, between AI centres, for IgG1 and IgM. No animals were found to be immunodeficient but IgG2 levels ranged widely from 1 mg/ml to 35 mg/ml in different bulls.", "PMID": 705053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1972", "title": "Experimental infection of ducklings with Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma anatis.", "content": "Two groups of day-old ducklings were infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M anatis respectively by air sac inoculation. Clinical disease was not produced but air sacculitis was produced by both infections. M gallisepticum could be recovered readily from respiratory tissue 10 and 30 days after infections but RSA tests were negative. M anatis was not reisolated from these tissues or from the cloaca but a positive RSA test was observed on the serum of a few ducklings.", "contents": "Experimental infection of ducklings with Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma anatis. Two groups of day-old ducklings were infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M anatis respectively by air sac inoculation. Clinical disease was not produced but air sacculitis was produced by both infections. M gallisepticum could be recovered readily from respiratory tissue 10 and 30 days after infections but RSA tests were negative. M anatis was not reisolated from these tissues or from the cloaca but a positive RSA test was observed on the serum of a few ducklings.", "PMID": 705054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1973", "title": "Physiological effects of lowered blood oxygen affinity in dogs.", "content": "Ten adult Labrador retrievers were studied under control conditions and while blood oxygen affinity was lowered by intravenous infusions of glycolytic intermediates. Blood P50 was increased from 32.4 +/- 1.3 mm Hg (mean +/- SD) to 34.3 +/- 1.2 mm Hg, a highly significant increase (P less than 0.001). Blood oxygen capacity, mixed venous oxygen tension and arterial PCO2 were not significantly different in the two conditions. Cardiac output (Q) was lower with the higher P50 (89 +/- 16 ml/kg/min) than in the control state (111 +/- 31 ml/kg/min) but the difference was not statistically significant. The arteriovenous oxygen concentration difference (CaO2 - C-V(O2)) was significantly increased (P less than 0.05) from 4.4 +/- 0.6 vol % to 4.9 +/- 0.8 vol %. Oxygen consumption, the product of Q and (CaO2 - C-V(O2)), was the same in the two conditions: 4.9 +/- 1.3 ml/kg/min (control) versus 4.4 +/- 0.9 ml/kg/min. The animals responded to lowered blood oxygen affinity with increased oxygen extraction by peripheral tissues and a concomitant, although not statistically significant, fall in cardiac output.", "contents": "Physiological effects of lowered blood oxygen affinity in dogs. Ten adult Labrador retrievers were studied under control conditions and while blood oxygen affinity was lowered by intravenous infusions of glycolytic intermediates. Blood P50 was increased from 32.4 +/- 1.3 mm Hg (mean +/- SD) to 34.3 +/- 1.2 mm Hg, a highly significant increase (P less than 0.001). Blood oxygen capacity, mixed venous oxygen tension and arterial PCO2 were not significantly different in the two conditions. Cardiac output (Q) was lower with the higher P50 (89 +/- 16 ml/kg/min) than in the control state (111 +/- 31 ml/kg/min) but the difference was not statistically significant. The arteriovenous oxygen concentration difference (CaO2 - C-V(O2)) was significantly increased (P less than 0.05) from 4.4 +/- 0.6 vol % to 4.9 +/- 0.8 vol %. Oxygen consumption, the product of Q and (CaO2 - C-V(O2)), was the same in the two conditions: 4.9 +/- 1.3 ml/kg/min (control) versus 4.4 +/- 0.9 ml/kg/min. The animals responded to lowered blood oxygen affinity with increased oxygen extraction by peripheral tissues and a concomitant, although not statistically significant, fall in cardiac output.", "PMID": 705063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1974", "title": "Interspecies variation in lung lavage and tissue saturated phosphatidylcholine.", "content": "We measured the saturated phosphatidylcholine in lung lavage fluid and in lung tissue after lavage in five vertebrate species. The amount of saturated phosphatidylcholine recovered by lung lavage and from lung tissue showed a direct log linear correlation with species alveolar surface area. The saturated phosphatidylcholine content of lung lavage fluid per square meter of alveolar surface area varied in the sequence: mouse greater than rat greater than rabbit greater than dog greater than cat, and showed a direct correlation with species respiratory rate. We compared the lavage (presumably mainly alveolar) and tissue saturated phosphatidylcholine with the theoretical minimum amount required to produce a monomolecular layer over an area equal to the computed alveolar surface area. The data suggest that there is an alveolar and a tissue reserve of saturated phosphatidylcholine. The size of the alveolar reserve varied in the sequence: mouse greater than rat greater than rabbit greater than dog greater than cat. We conclude that in each species studied there is an alveolar and tissue reserve of saturated phosphatidylcholine and that both reserves are larger in animals with rapid ventilatory rates and small alveoli than in animals with slower breathing rates and larger alveoli.", "contents": "Interspecies variation in lung lavage and tissue saturated phosphatidylcholine. We measured the saturated phosphatidylcholine in lung lavage fluid and in lung tissue after lavage in five vertebrate species. The amount of saturated phosphatidylcholine recovered by lung lavage and from lung tissue showed a direct log linear correlation with species alveolar surface area. The saturated phosphatidylcholine content of lung lavage fluid per square meter of alveolar surface area varied in the sequence: mouse greater than rat greater than rabbit greater than dog greater than cat, and showed a direct correlation with species respiratory rate. We compared the lavage (presumably mainly alveolar) and tissue saturated phosphatidylcholine with the theoretical minimum amount required to produce a monomolecular layer over an area equal to the computed alveolar surface area. The data suggest that there is an alveolar and a tissue reserve of saturated phosphatidylcholine. The size of the alveolar reserve varied in the sequence: mouse greater than rat greater than rabbit greater than dog greater than cat. We conclude that in each species studied there is an alveolar and tissue reserve of saturated phosphatidylcholine and that both reserves are larger in animals with rapid ventilatory rates and small alveoli than in animals with slower breathing rates and larger alveoli.", "PMID": 705066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1975", "title": "Chicken intrapulmonary chemoreceptors: discharge at static levels of intrapulmonary carbon dioxide and their location.", "content": "We studied 54 intrapulmonary chemoreceptors in the unidirectionally ventilated left lungs of 12 thoracotomized cockerels. We ligated the left pulmonary artery to eliminate CO2 contributed by mixed venous blood. At zero PCO2 many units discharge irregularly, and some cease discharging after several seconds. Discharge frequencies at 13.7 torr PCO2 and above are described by logarithmic regressions. The slopes and intercepts of the logarithmic regressions are correlated so that the average response can be written: frequency = 3.86 -B . 1n (24.5 PCO2-1). Afferent activity above 6.8 torr PCO2 is described by 0.073 + 78.6 exp (-0.11 PCO2) -63.3 exp (-0.15 PCO2). For each unit, receptive site PCO2 in a perfused lung was assumed to be the PCO2 in the unperfused lung which gave the same discharge frequency. Location of the receptor was determined as the fraction of ventilation-perfusion region which had the same PCO2 as receptive site PCO2. Two major concentrations of receptors accounted for 85% of the total, one near the entering gas and one near the middle of the gas-exchange region. Sensitivity of individual receptors did not vary systematically with location.", "contents": "Chicken intrapulmonary chemoreceptors: discharge at static levels of intrapulmonary carbon dioxide and their location. We studied 54 intrapulmonary chemoreceptors in the unidirectionally ventilated left lungs of 12 thoracotomized cockerels. We ligated the left pulmonary artery to eliminate CO2 contributed by mixed venous blood. At zero PCO2 many units discharge irregularly, and some cease discharging after several seconds. Discharge frequencies at 13.7 torr PCO2 and above are described by logarithmic regressions. The slopes and intercepts of the logarithmic regressions are correlated so that the average response can be written: frequency = 3.86 -B . 1n (24.5 PCO2-1). Afferent activity above 6.8 torr PCO2 is described by 0.073 + 78.6 exp (-0.11 PCO2) -63.3 exp (-0.15 PCO2). For each unit, receptive site PCO2 in a perfused lung was assumed to be the PCO2 in the unperfused lung which gave the same discharge frequency. Location of the receptor was determined as the fraction of ventilation-perfusion region which had the same PCO2 as receptive site PCO2. Two major concentrations of receptors accounted for 85% of the total, one near the entering gas and one near the middle of the gas-exchange region. Sensitivity of individual receptors did not vary systematically with location.", "PMID": 705067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1976", "title": "Properties of apneusis produced by reversible cold block of the rostral pons.", "content": "Reversible cold block of the rostral pons was used to compare properties of normal and apneustic respiration in anesthetized, vagotomized, artificially ventilated cats. During apneusis we observed high frequency oscillations (HFO) in phrenic nerve activity which were reduced in frequency compared with those during a normal inspiration. Apneusis produced by mid-pontine transection or punctate pneumotaxic center (PC) lesion produced similar HFO changes. The minimal intensity of superior laryngeal nerve electrical stimulation needed to terminate a breath was higher early in an apneusis than at the same time during a normal breath. Later in apneusis the intensity required became constant and was approximately the same as that needed to end a normal inspiration at its natural termination. With intact vagi lung inflation produced a greater prolongation of expiration during apneustic respiration than during normal respiration. Apneustic type activity was observed in both phrenic and vagal inspiratory motoneurons. We suggest that: (1) HFO are generated without the PC, but the PC elevates the oscillation frequency; and (2) apneusis may result in part from a delayed activation of the normal inspiratory off-switch mechanism.", "contents": "Properties of apneusis produced by reversible cold block of the rostral pons. Reversible cold block of the rostral pons was used to compare properties of normal and apneustic respiration in anesthetized, vagotomized, artificially ventilated cats. During apneusis we observed high frequency oscillations (HFO) in phrenic nerve activity which were reduced in frequency compared with those during a normal inspiration. Apneusis produced by mid-pontine transection or punctate pneumotaxic center (PC) lesion produced similar HFO changes. The minimal intensity of superior laryngeal nerve electrical stimulation needed to terminate a breath was higher early in an apneusis than at the same time during a normal breath. Later in apneusis the intensity required became constant and was approximately the same as that needed to end a normal inspiration at its natural termination. With intact vagi lung inflation produced a greater prolongation of expiration during apneustic respiration than during normal respiration. Apneustic type activity was observed in both phrenic and vagal inspiratory motoneurons. We suggest that: (1) HFO are generated without the PC, but the PC elevates the oscillation frequency; and (2) apneusis may result in part from a delayed activation of the normal inspiratory off-switch mechanism.", "PMID": 705068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1977", "title": "Occlusion pressure in acute bronchospasm induced by methylcholine.", "content": "We measured resting minute ventilation, the pressure developed by the inspiratory muscles during the first 0.1 sec of inspiratory effect against an occluded airway (P0.1), FRC and airway resistance in normal subjects during bronchoconstriction induced by methylcholine inhalation and again after the bronchoconstriction had been reversed by inhaled isoproterenol. Methylcholine resulted in a 2- to 3-fold increase in airway resistance, FRC rose in 5/6 subjects and ventilation changed in variable fashion. P0.1 increased in all subjects with methylcholine and decreased after isoproterenol. When the subjects were considred as a group, P0.1 correlated positively with airway resistance. Normal subjects respond to bronchoconstriction as they do to external resistance loading, by increasing inspiratory muscle activity. During bronchoconstriction, all subjects demonstrated an increase of breathing frequency and a decrease in the duration of expiration; inspiratory duration did not change significantly. This response may have been due to activity of pulmonary irritant receptors. Breathing frequency and expiratory duration returned to control levels with isoproterenol, so we could not show that this response was independent of changes in lung mechanics.", "contents": "Occlusion pressure in acute bronchospasm induced by methylcholine. We measured resting minute ventilation, the pressure developed by the inspiratory muscles during the first 0.1 sec of inspiratory effect against an occluded airway (P0.1), FRC and airway resistance in normal subjects during bronchoconstriction induced by methylcholine inhalation and again after the bronchoconstriction had been reversed by inhaled isoproterenol. Methylcholine resulted in a 2- to 3-fold increase in airway resistance, FRC rose in 5/6 subjects and ventilation changed in variable fashion. P0.1 increased in all subjects with methylcholine and decreased after isoproterenol. When the subjects were considred as a group, P0.1 correlated positively with airway resistance. Normal subjects respond to bronchoconstriction as they do to external resistance loading, by increasing inspiratory muscle activity. During bronchoconstriction, all subjects demonstrated an increase of breathing frequency and a decrease in the duration of expiration; inspiratory duration did not change significantly. This response may have been due to activity of pulmonary irritant receptors. Breathing frequency and expiratory duration returned to control levels with isoproterenol, so we could not show that this response was independent of changes in lung mechanics.", "PMID": 705069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1978", "title": "Intrapulmonary and systemic CO2-chemoreceptor interaction in the control of avian respiration.", "content": "Experiments on anesthetized chickens were conducted to study interactions between afferent activity from the intrapulmonary and systemic CO2-sensitive chemoreceptors in the generation of respiratory amplitude (RA) and respiratory frequency (f). The thoracoabdominal cavity was opened, air sacs ruptured and each lung independently and unidirectionally ventilated. Intrapulmonary chemoreceptor activity was altered by changing the PCO2 of the ventilatory gas (PICO2) to the vascularly isolated right lung (VIL); systemic chemoreceptor activity was altered by changing the PICO2 to the denervated left gas exchange lung (GEL). Respiratory amplitude and frequency responses to changes in intrapulmonary PCO2 were determined at four levels of systemic arterial PCO2 (PaCO2). The results indicate that elevating PaCO2 shifts the pulmonary CO2-response curves for both RA and f to the left and increases the sensitivity of the RA-CO2 response curve but decreases the sensitivity of the f-CO2 response curve. We conclude that (1) interaction occurs between intrapulmonary and systemic afferent activity in the generation of RA and f, (2) the nature of the interaction is synergism with respect to RA and interference with respect to f, and (3) the interaction is greater during hypocapnia than hypercapnia.", "contents": "Intrapulmonary and systemic CO2-chemoreceptor interaction in the control of avian respiration. Experiments on anesthetized chickens were conducted to study interactions between afferent activity from the intrapulmonary and systemic CO2-sensitive chemoreceptors in the generation of respiratory amplitude (RA) and respiratory frequency (f). The thoracoabdominal cavity was opened, air sacs ruptured and each lung independently and unidirectionally ventilated. Intrapulmonary chemoreceptor activity was altered by changing the PCO2 of the ventilatory gas (PICO2) to the vascularly isolated right lung (VIL); systemic chemoreceptor activity was altered by changing the PICO2 to the denervated left gas exchange lung (GEL). Respiratory amplitude and frequency responses to changes in intrapulmonary PCO2 were determined at four levels of systemic arterial PCO2 (PaCO2). The results indicate that elevating PaCO2 shifts the pulmonary CO2-response curves for both RA and f to the left and increases the sensitivity of the RA-CO2 response curve but decreases the sensitivity of the f-CO2 response curve. We conclude that (1) interaction occurs between intrapulmonary and systemic afferent activity in the generation of RA and f, (2) the nature of the interaction is synergism with respect to RA and interference with respect to f, and (3) the interaction is greater during hypocapnia than hypercapnia.", "PMID": 705070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1979", "title": "Growth and decay of pulmonary function in healthy blacks and whites.", "content": "We recorded maximum expiratory flow-volume curves in 3046 healthy persons, blacks and whites, age 7 and over--a representative population of lifetime nonsmokers except for some black adult males, who were healthy smokers or ex-smokers. We computed regression equations for lung function measurements (FVC, FEV1.0, FEV10/FVC, PEF, MEF 50% and MEF 25%) as a function of age, height and weight terms for eight subgroups (by sex and race, and for children or adults). Objective statistical criteria were used to select the optimal equations. Simple linear regressions on age and height are inaccurate, in particular for young adults and for the elderly. Weight affects most function measurements: lung function first increases with weight ('muscularity effect') and decreases with further increases in weight ('obesity effect'). The regression equations allow more accurate prediction of normal lung function. In addition, the lower 95% confidence limits are closer to the predicted values and are valid regardless of height, weight and age within each subgroup.", "contents": "Growth and decay of pulmonary function in healthy blacks and whites. We recorded maximum expiratory flow-volume curves in 3046 healthy persons, blacks and whites, age 7 and over--a representative population of lifetime nonsmokers except for some black adult males, who were healthy smokers or ex-smokers. We computed regression equations for lung function measurements (FVC, FEV1.0, FEV10/FVC, PEF, MEF 50% and MEF 25%) as a function of age, height and weight terms for eight subgroups (by sex and race, and for children or adults). Objective statistical criteria were used to select the optimal equations. Simple linear regressions on age and height are inaccurate, in particular for young adults and for the elderly. Weight affects most function measurements: lung function first increases with weight ('muscularity effect') and decreases with further increases in weight ('obesity effect'). The regression equations allow more accurate prediction of normal lung function. In addition, the lower 95% confidence limits are closer to the predicted values and are valid regardless of height, weight and age within each subgroup.", "PMID": 705072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1980", "title": "Central and direct vagal dependent control of expiratory duration in anaesthetized rabbits.", "content": "In anaesthetized rabbits, total or partial (only inflation reflex nearly abolished) DC current vagal block was performed during inspiration (ITB and IPB), or expiration (ETB and EPB), or throughout the breathing cycle (CTB and CPB). During CTB inspiratory (Ti) and expiratory duration (Te) increased as after vagotomy. With ITB Ti equally Tivag; Te increased, but remained shorter than Tevag. During ETB, Ti was unchanged, Te increased, but remained shorter than Tevag. The sum of deltaTe during ITB and ETB equalled deltaTevag. During CPB and IPB, Ti and Te behaved as during ITB. With EPB, Ti was unchanged and Te shortened. Preferential stimulation of large myelinated fibers in the central vagal stumps during expiration lengthened Te. Inspiratory stimulation shortened both Ti and Te, restored breath timing of ETB, but not that of pre-vagotomy control. Hence, Te of eupneic breaths should depend on a central mechanism relating Te to preceding Ti and on expiratory vagal discharge, having both a small lengthening (from stretch receptors) and a variable shortening effect (from irritant receptors). Both central and peripheral mechanisms are affected by CO2 breathing.", "contents": "Central and direct vagal dependent control of expiratory duration in anaesthetized rabbits. In anaesthetized rabbits, total or partial (only inflation reflex nearly abolished) DC current vagal block was performed during inspiration (ITB and IPB), or expiration (ETB and EPB), or throughout the breathing cycle (CTB and CPB). During CTB inspiratory (Ti) and expiratory duration (Te) increased as after vagotomy. With ITB Ti equally Tivag; Te increased, but remained shorter than Tevag. During ETB, Ti was unchanged, Te increased, but remained shorter than Tevag. The sum of deltaTe during ITB and ETB equalled deltaTevag. During CPB and IPB, Ti and Te behaved as during ITB. With EPB, Ti was unchanged and Te shortened. Preferential stimulation of large myelinated fibers in the central vagal stumps during expiration lengthened Te. Inspiratory stimulation shortened both Ti and Te, restored breath timing of ETB, but not that of pre-vagotomy control. Hence, Te of eupneic breaths should depend on a central mechanism relating Te to preceding Ti and on expiratory vagal discharge, having both a small lengthening (from stretch receptors) and a variable shortening effect (from irritant receptors). Both central and peripheral mechanisms are affected by CO2 breathing.", "PMID": 705073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1981", "title": "I. Pulmonary-CO2 ventilatory reflex in dogs: effective range of CO2 and results of vagal cooling.", "content": "Bartoli et al. (1974) found in dogs with constant PaCO2 that an increase in PCO2 in the vascularly isolated lungs increased ventilatory drive by a vagal reflex. We have examined the range of lung PCO2 over which the reflex operates. In anaesthetized dogs we ventilated the lungs separately with O2, maintaining gas exchange with the right lung. When we occluded the left pulmonary artery, left lung PCO2 fell to 2--4 mm Hg, and phrenic nerve firing decreased significantly. Phrenic activity increased again when left lung PCO2 was raised in steps to 19, 32 and finally to 50 mm Hg. PaCO2 was unchanged. Phrenic responses were abolished by cutting the left vagus nerve or by cooling it to 7--8 degrees C. The largest increase in phrenic activity occurred when left lung PCO2 was increased from 2 to 19 mm Hg, and the smallest when PCO2 was raised from 32 to 50 mm Hg. Hence the significance of the pulmonary-CO2 ventilatory reflex may lie in depression of ventilatory drive when pulmonary CO2 falls below normal, rather than in stimulation of breathing when pulmonary CO2 increases above normal.", "contents": "I. Pulmonary-CO2 ventilatory reflex in dogs: effective range of CO2 and results of vagal cooling. Bartoli et al. (1974) found in dogs with constant PaCO2 that an increase in PCO2 in the vascularly isolated lungs increased ventilatory drive by a vagal reflex. We have examined the range of lung PCO2 over which the reflex operates. In anaesthetized dogs we ventilated the lungs separately with O2, maintaining gas exchange with the right lung. When we occluded the left pulmonary artery, left lung PCO2 fell to 2--4 mm Hg, and phrenic nerve firing decreased significantly. Phrenic activity increased again when left lung PCO2 was raised in steps to 19, 32 and finally to 50 mm Hg. PaCO2 was unchanged. Phrenic responses were abolished by cutting the left vagus nerve or by cooling it to 7--8 degrees C. The largest increase in phrenic activity occurred when left lung PCO2 was increased from 2 to 19 mm Hg, and the smallest when PCO2 was raised from 32 to 50 mm Hg. Hence the significance of the pulmonary-CO2 ventilatory reflex may lie in depression of ventilatory drive when pulmonary CO2 falls below normal, rather than in stimulation of breathing when pulmonary CO2 increases above normal.", "PMID": 705074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1982", "title": "II. Effect of CO2 on afferent vagal endings in the canine lung.", "content": "We have attempted to identify the afferent endings responsible for the pulmonary-CO2 ventilatory reflex. We recorded afferent vagal impulses arising from the left lung in anesthetized dogs with separately ventilated lungs. When the left pulmonary artery was occluded, left lung PCO2 fell to 3 mm Hg and slowly-adapting pulmonary stretch receptor activity increased 46%. Firing declined to its original intensity when left lung PCO2 was raised in steps by administration of CO2, firing decreasing most between 2 and 19 mm Hg, and least between 30 and 50 mm Hg. Irritant receptor activity also increased (from 2.8 to 7.4 impulses/sec) after pulmonary arterial occlusion, the effect being reversed by administration of CO2. These procedures caused trivial changes in pulmonary and bronchial C-fiber activity. Effects on both slowly-adapting stretch receptors and irritant receptors appeared to result from a direct action of CO2 on the endings themselves, rather than from mechanical changes in the lung. Changes in slowly-adapting stretch receptor activity provide an adequate explanation for the pulmonary-CO2 ventilatory reflex, the relationship between impulse frequency and lung PCO2 suggesting that these afferents may have a role in limiting CO2 loss under conditions causing hypocapnia, but be less effective in stimulating breathing during hypercapnia.", "contents": "II. Effect of CO2 on afferent vagal endings in the canine lung. We have attempted to identify the afferent endings responsible for the pulmonary-CO2 ventilatory reflex. We recorded afferent vagal impulses arising from the left lung in anesthetized dogs with separately ventilated lungs. When the left pulmonary artery was occluded, left lung PCO2 fell to 3 mm Hg and slowly-adapting pulmonary stretch receptor activity increased 46%. Firing declined to its original intensity when left lung PCO2 was raised in steps by administration of CO2, firing decreasing most between 2 and 19 mm Hg, and least between 30 and 50 mm Hg. Irritant receptor activity also increased (from 2.8 to 7.4 impulses/sec) after pulmonary arterial occlusion, the effect being reversed by administration of CO2. These procedures caused trivial changes in pulmonary and bronchial C-fiber activity. Effects on both slowly-adapting stretch receptors and irritant receptors appeared to result from a direct action of CO2 on the endings themselves, rather than from mechanical changes in the lung. Changes in slowly-adapting stretch receptor activity provide an adequate explanation for the pulmonary-CO2 ventilatory reflex, the relationship between impulse frequency and lung PCO2 suggesting that these afferents may have a role in limiting CO2 loss under conditions causing hypocapnia, but be less effective in stimulating breathing during hypercapnia.", "PMID": 705075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1983", "title": "Uneven perfusion and ventilation within lung regions studied with nitrogen-13.", "content": "The clearance of nitrogen-13 (13N) from the upper, mid and lower zones was measured with a gamma camera during spontaneous breathing in 10 seated subjects. The clearance was monitored after (a) an intravenous injection of 13N dissolved in saline and (b) equilibration with 13N gas in closed circuit. Subjects breathed air first, and then a 30 or 11% oxygen mixture. For any region, the time for 90% elimination (T90) was related to the volume expired by the whole lung during that time (VE90). For the mid and lower zones, the clearance was faster (VE90 smaller) after intravenous 13N than after equilibration with 13N gas. This difference persisted when 30% or 11% oxygen was inspired. For the lung overall, the physiological dead space for a mean tidal volume of 884 ml was 277 ml for intravenous 13N clearance, and 384 ml for 13N clearance after equilibration. The conclusions drawn for this study are (1) ventilation in relation to volume is uneven within lung regions (2) intraregional perfusion in relation to volume is also uneven (3) at a local level the well-ventilated units are better perfused (4) these inhomogeneities are not affected by raising or lowering the inspired oxygen concentration.", "contents": "Uneven perfusion and ventilation within lung regions studied with nitrogen-13. The clearance of nitrogen-13 (13N) from the upper, mid and lower zones was measured with a gamma camera during spontaneous breathing in 10 seated subjects. The clearance was monitored after (a) an intravenous injection of 13N dissolved in saline and (b) equilibration with 13N gas in closed circuit. Subjects breathed air first, and then a 30 or 11% oxygen mixture. For any region, the time for 90% elimination (T90) was related to the volume expired by the whole lung during that time (VE90). For the mid and lower zones, the clearance was faster (VE90 smaller) after intravenous 13N than after equilibration with 13N gas. This difference persisted when 30% or 11% oxygen was inspired. For the lung overall, the physiological dead space for a mean tidal volume of 884 ml was 277 ml for intravenous 13N clearance, and 384 ml for 13N clearance after equilibration. The conclusions drawn for this study are (1) ventilation in relation to volume is uneven within lung regions (2) intraregional perfusion in relation to volume is also uneven (3) at a local level the well-ventilated units are better perfused (4) these inhomogeneities are not affected by raising or lowering the inspired oxygen concentration.", "PMID": 705076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1984", "title": "Lung architecture volume and static mechanics in five species of lizards.", "content": "Compared with mammals, lizards have large, highly compliant lungs and a compliant body wall. High lung compliance is not necessarily associated with high body wall compliance but rather with the degree of development of the caudal and ventral dilatations of the lung. Comparison of the midinflation distance between inflation and deflation curves on standard volume--pressure diagrams indicates hysteresis may have an intrapulmonary component related to the degree of lung partitioning and an extrapulmonary component, attributable to forces hindering the free movement of the lung in the body cavity. Simultaneous consideration of lung structure, mechanical properties and certain nonrespiratory functions such as buoyancy and display indicate that the function of the lung in gas exchange may be only one of several factors important in determining lung structure in lizards.", "contents": "Lung architecture volume and static mechanics in five species of lizards. Compared with mammals, lizards have large, highly compliant lungs and a compliant body wall. High lung compliance is not necessarily associated with high body wall compliance but rather with the degree of development of the caudal and ventral dilatations of the lung. Comparison of the midinflation distance between inflation and deflation curves on standard volume--pressure diagrams indicates hysteresis may have an intrapulmonary component related to the degree of lung partitioning and an extrapulmonary component, attributable to forces hindering the free movement of the lung in the body cavity. Simultaneous consideration of lung structure, mechanical properties and certain nonrespiratory functions such as buoyancy and display indicate that the function of the lung in gas exchange may be only one of several factors important in determining lung structure in lizards.", "PMID": 705077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1985", "title": "Lung reflexes in rabbits during pulmonary stretch receptor block by sulphur dioxide.", "content": "Anaesthetized rabbits were given 200 ppm sulphur dioxide to breathe for 10 min. This abolished activity in 23 of 26 pulmonary stretch receptors, while leaving that of lung irritant receptors unimpaired. The Breuer-Hering reflex was abolished and breathing became deeper and slower. Inspiratory time (tI) was increased and expiratory time (tE) decreased. Subsequent vagotomy increased tidal volume (VT), tI and tE. In animals with stretch receptors blocked, injections of phenyl diguanide and histamine still increased breathing frequency and decreased VT, indicating that reflexes from lung irritant and J-receptors were intact. Inhalation of 8% CO2 caused a bigger increase in frequency and tidal volume in rabbits with stretch receptor block compared with controls or those after vagotomy. Induction of pneumothorax with stretch receptor block transiently prolonged tI and shortened tE; removal of the pneumothorax also transiently shortened tE and usually also decreased tI. The results suggest that lung irritant receptors reflexly shorten tE in all our experimental conditions, but have various effects on tI which may depend on the timing of the irritant receptor discharge and refractoriness of the inspiratory response.", "contents": "Lung reflexes in rabbits during pulmonary stretch receptor block by sulphur dioxide. Anaesthetized rabbits were given 200 ppm sulphur dioxide to breathe for 10 min. This abolished activity in 23 of 26 pulmonary stretch receptors, while leaving that of lung irritant receptors unimpaired. The Breuer-Hering reflex was abolished and breathing became deeper and slower. Inspiratory time (tI) was increased and expiratory time (tE) decreased. Subsequent vagotomy increased tidal volume (VT), tI and tE. In animals with stretch receptors blocked, injections of phenyl diguanide and histamine still increased breathing frequency and decreased VT, indicating that reflexes from lung irritant and J-receptors were intact. Inhalation of 8% CO2 caused a bigger increase in frequency and tidal volume in rabbits with stretch receptor block compared with controls or those after vagotomy. Induction of pneumothorax with stretch receptor block transiently prolonged tI and shortened tE; removal of the pneumothorax also transiently shortened tE and usually also decreased tI. The results suggest that lung irritant receptors reflexly shorten tE in all our experimental conditions, but have various effects on tI which may depend on the timing of the irritant receptor discharge and refractoriness of the inspiratory response.", "PMID": 705078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1986", "title": "Oxygen uptake and transport during hypoxic exposure in the sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus.", "content": "Gill ventilation, stroke volume and frequency, %O2 utilization and oxygen uptake, and dorsal aortic blood oxygen tension, content, pH and oxygen affinity have been determined during normoxia and during a range of hypoxic exposures in the sturgeon, Acipenser Transmontanus. In air-equilibrated water gill ventilation was 350 ml/kg/min, % utilization was 35--40%, and oxygen uptake at 15 degrees C was 55--60 ml O2/kg/h. Dorsal aortic blood PO2 was 90 mm Hg and blood O2 content at a normal pHa of 7.84 was 7.0 vol%. Vg fell considerably through a reduction in branchial stroke volume when PIO2 was reduced from 150 to 100 mm Hg. Although % utilization remained unchanged, VO2 was halved, clearly identifying Acipenser as an O2 conformer with a critical O2 tension just below air saturation. At a PIO2 of 60 mm Hg VO2 was only 15% of that at normoxic levels falling to only 5% at a PIO2 of 30 mm Hg. There was no hypoxic bradycardia. There was no repayment of an oxygen debt even after severe hypoxic exposure in Acipenser, and pHa remained unchanged under all experimental conditions, a response incompatible with lactate or succinate production. It is concluded that the sturgeon reduces total energy expenditure during hypoxic exposure, rather than switching from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism.", "contents": "Oxygen uptake and transport during hypoxic exposure in the sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus. Gill ventilation, stroke volume and frequency, %O2 utilization and oxygen uptake, and dorsal aortic blood oxygen tension, content, pH and oxygen affinity have been determined during normoxia and during a range of hypoxic exposures in the sturgeon, Acipenser Transmontanus. In air-equilibrated water gill ventilation was 350 ml/kg/min, % utilization was 35--40%, and oxygen uptake at 15 degrees C was 55--60 ml O2/kg/h. Dorsal aortic blood PO2 was 90 mm Hg and blood O2 content at a normal pHa of 7.84 was 7.0 vol%. Vg fell considerably through a reduction in branchial stroke volume when PIO2 was reduced from 150 to 100 mm Hg. Although % utilization remained unchanged, VO2 was halved, clearly identifying Acipenser as an O2 conformer with a critical O2 tension just below air saturation. At a PIO2 of 60 mm Hg VO2 was only 15% of that at normoxic levels falling to only 5% at a PIO2 of 30 mm Hg. There was no hypoxic bradycardia. There was no repayment of an oxygen debt even after severe hypoxic exposure in Acipenser, and pHa remained unchanged under all experimental conditions, a response incompatible with lactate or succinate production. It is concluded that the sturgeon reduces total energy expenditure during hypoxic exposure, rather than switching from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism.", "PMID": 705079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1987", "title": "Interrelation between Bohr and temperature effects on the oxygen dissociation curve in men and women.", "content": "For both sexes (7 males, 7 females) the fixed acid Bohr coefficient BCFA (delta PO2/deltapH) and the temperature coefficient TC (deltalogPO2/deltaT) were investigated in whole blood as function of oxygen saturation (SO2). BCFA which yielded maxima at midsaturation were generally lower at increased temperature (41 degrees C) and in females. Values for 50% SO2 amount to: -0.46 +/- 0.04 SD (males) and -0.37 +/- 0.06 (females) at 37 degrees C, -0.38 +/- 0.09 (MALes) and -0.31 +/- 0.04 (females) at 41 degrees C. TC, too, was generally lower in females, decreased in both sexes at falling pH, but showed no O2-saturation dependency. Mean values were 0.024 +/- 0.008 (males) and 0.017 +/- 0.003 (females) at pH 7.4, 0.019 +/- 0.008 (males) and 0.012 +/- 0.006 (females) at pH 7.2. Sex differences of both TC and BC could also be confirmed in additional experiments. While the interrelation of BC and TC and the variable saturation effect on the coefficients may be referred to known theories about ionization heats of oxylabile groups and nonuniform reactions of the single Hb4(O2)n fractions, respectively, no clear explanation was found for the sex influence.", "contents": "Interrelation between Bohr and temperature effects on the oxygen dissociation curve in men and women. For both sexes (7 males, 7 females) the fixed acid Bohr coefficient BCFA (delta PO2/deltapH) and the temperature coefficient TC (deltalogPO2/deltaT) were investigated in whole blood as function of oxygen saturation (SO2). BCFA which yielded maxima at midsaturation were generally lower at increased temperature (41 degrees C) and in females. Values for 50% SO2 amount to: -0.46 +/- 0.04 SD (males) and -0.37 +/- 0.06 (females) at 37 degrees C, -0.38 +/- 0.09 (MALes) and -0.31 +/- 0.04 (females) at 41 degrees C. TC, too, was generally lower in females, decreased in both sexes at falling pH, but showed no O2-saturation dependency. Mean values were 0.024 +/- 0.008 (males) and 0.017 +/- 0.003 (females) at pH 7.4, 0.019 +/- 0.008 (males) and 0.012 +/- 0.006 (females) at pH 7.2. Sex differences of both TC and BC could also be confirmed in additional experiments. While the interrelation of BC and TC and the variable saturation effect on the coefficients may be referred to known theories about ionization heats of oxylabile groups and nonuniform reactions of the single Hb4(O2)n fractions, respectively, no clear explanation was found for the sex influence.", "PMID": 705080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1988", "title": "Gas exchange of the fertile hen's egg: components of resistance.", "content": "The resistance to diffusion of respiratory gases falls by 50% from day 10 to day 18 in the incubating fertile hen's egg (Temple and Metcalfe, 1970). We have calculated the change in the components of this resistance with respect to incubation age. The egg shell resistance remains unchanged. The chorioallantoic membrane (including capillary endothelium) resistance decreases dramatically from day 10 to day 14 and then remains relatively unchanged. The resistance offered by the blood is unchanged from day 10 to day 12, it decreases by day 14 due to an increase in oxygen capacity and continues to decline at days 16 and 18 because of the combined effects of a continued increase in oxygen capacity and an increase in capillary volume.", "contents": "Gas exchange of the fertile hen's egg: components of resistance. The resistance to diffusion of respiratory gases falls by 50% from day 10 to day 18 in the incubating fertile hen's egg (Temple and Metcalfe, 1970). We have calculated the change in the components of this resistance with respect to incubation age. The egg shell resistance remains unchanged. The chorioallantoic membrane (including capillary endothelium) resistance decreases dramatically from day 10 to day 14 and then remains relatively unchanged. The resistance offered by the blood is unchanged from day 10 to day 12, it decreases by day 14 due to an increase in oxygen capacity and continues to decline at days 16 and 18 because of the combined effects of a continued increase in oxygen capacity and an increase in capillary volume.", "PMID": 705081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1989", "title": "Nasal resistance during infancy.", "content": "Nasal Resistance (Rn) was measured in 30 Caucasian and 13 Negro infants during the 1st year of life, using an adaptation of the posterior rhinomanometric method. Concurrent measurements of Thoracic Gas Volume (TGV) and Airway Resistance during nose breathing (Raw (n) were made using the plethysmographic technique. The percentage contribution of Rn to Raw (n) was significantly higher in the Caucasian infants (mean 49.2 +/- 7.5 (SD)%), than in the Negro infants (mean 31.1 +/- 6.8 (SD)%), which probably resulted from anatomical differences in nasal structure. In each infant, Rn was subtracted from Raw (n) in order to assess resistance, and its reciprocal, conductance (Gaw), during mouth breathing. A strong linear relationship was found to exist between Gaw (m) and TGV throughout the first year of life (r = 0.92), with no significant difference between Negro and Caucasian infants. Specific Airway Conductance during mouth breathing (SGaw (m) = Gaw (m)/TGV) was found to be considerably higher during infancy than at any other time during life, which may help to at least partially compensate for the fact that newborn infants are obligatory nose breathers.", "contents": "Nasal resistance during infancy. Nasal Resistance (Rn) was measured in 30 Caucasian and 13 Negro infants during the 1st year of life, using an adaptation of the posterior rhinomanometric method. Concurrent measurements of Thoracic Gas Volume (TGV) and Airway Resistance during nose breathing (Raw (n) were made using the plethysmographic technique. The percentage contribution of Rn to Raw (n) was significantly higher in the Caucasian infants (mean 49.2 +/- 7.5 (SD)%), than in the Negro infants (mean 31.1 +/- 6.8 (SD)%), which probably resulted from anatomical differences in nasal structure. In each infant, Rn was subtracted from Raw (n) in order to assess resistance, and its reciprocal, conductance (Gaw), during mouth breathing. A strong linear relationship was found to exist between Gaw (m) and TGV throughout the first year of life (r = 0.92), with no significant difference between Negro and Caucasian infants. Specific Airway Conductance during mouth breathing (SGaw (m) = Gaw (m)/TGV) was found to be considerably higher during infancy than at any other time during life, which may help to at least partially compensate for the fact that newborn infants are obligatory nose breathers.", "PMID": 705082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1990", "title": "Temporal differences in the detection of resistive and elastic loads to breathing.", "content": "Two series of experiments were conducted on 8 healthy subjects to test for temporal differences in the detection of added resistive and elastic loads. In one series of experiments, 5 resistive loads were presented for single inspirations for a total of 10 presentations each. Subjects pressed a signal marker as soon as possible if they detected the load. In the second series, 5 elastic loads were tested using the same protocol The detection time (Tdet) for threshold resistive loads (deltaR50) occurred in mid-inspiration near Vmax whereas the Tdet for threshold D loads (delta E50) occurred near the end of inspiration. The differences in the detection times were significant (P less than 0.001). With suprathreshold loads, detection times progressively decreased reaching a minimum value with total occlusion. These results demonstrate unique temporal differences in the patterns of sensory information generated by added resistive and elastic loads and suggest that the intensity of the information is flow dependent for resistive loads and volume dependent for elastic loads.", "contents": "Temporal differences in the detection of resistive and elastic loads to breathing. Two series of experiments were conducted on 8 healthy subjects to test for temporal differences in the detection of added resistive and elastic loads. In one series of experiments, 5 resistive loads were presented for single inspirations for a total of 10 presentations each. Subjects pressed a signal marker as soon as possible if they detected the load. In the second series, 5 elastic loads were tested using the same protocol The detection time (Tdet) for threshold resistive loads (deltaR50) occurred in mid-inspiration near Vmax whereas the Tdet for threshold D loads (delta E50) occurred near the end of inspiration. The differences in the detection times were significant (P less than 0.001). With suprathreshold loads, detection times progressively decreased reaching a minimum value with total occlusion. These results demonstrate unique temporal differences in the patterns of sensory information generated by added resistive and elastic loads and suggest that the intensity of the information is flow dependent for resistive loads and volume dependent for elastic loads.", "PMID": 705083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1991", "title": "Breathing pattern in men during inspiratory elastic loads.", "content": "Breathing pattern was studied in men during inspiratory elastic load applied throughout breathing cycle (CL) or inspiration only (DL). VT decreased similarly under both loads: 40% during 1st loaded breath (1st), 25% after 1 min (min); so did Ti (15% at 1st, 25% at min); Te decreased by 35% under CL, 25% under DL, at both times. Under DL expiratory flow started after a lag of about 0.4 sec, required to raise alveolar pressure above atmospheric. In all subjects the inspiratory muscles activity increased at 1st and in 6 out of 8 the ventilatory response at min was essentially neurogenic. At 1st all subjects recruited expiratory muscles, decreasing FRC by 100--300 ml under DL' in most this phenomenon was negligible at min. Rate of decrease of inspiratory muscle pressure during period of zero flow under DL was proportional to end-inspiratory muscle pressure (Pmuse.i.) and to Pmuse.i./Ti. At beginning of expiration dPmus/dt was greater under DL: under this period difference of Pmus between CL and DL seems mainly due to muscle intrinsic properties.", "contents": "Breathing pattern in men during inspiratory elastic loads. Breathing pattern was studied in men during inspiratory elastic load applied throughout breathing cycle (CL) or inspiration only (DL). VT decreased similarly under both loads: 40% during 1st loaded breath (1st), 25% after 1 min (min); so did Ti (15% at 1st, 25% at min); Te decreased by 35% under CL, 25% under DL, at both times. Under DL expiratory flow started after a lag of about 0.4 sec, required to raise alveolar pressure above atmospheric. In all subjects the inspiratory muscles activity increased at 1st and in 6 out of 8 the ventilatory response at min was essentially neurogenic. At 1st all subjects recruited expiratory muscles, decreasing FRC by 100--300 ml under DL' in most this phenomenon was negligible at min. Rate of decrease of inspiratory muscle pressure during period of zero flow under DL was proportional to end-inspiratory muscle pressure (Pmuse.i.) and to Pmuse.i./Ti. At beginning of expiration dPmus/dt was greater under DL: under this period difference of Pmus between CL and DL seems mainly due to muscle intrinsic properties.", "PMID": 705084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1992", "title": "An obstructive apnea in the suckling opossum.", "content": "Pressure plethysmographic measurement of ventilation and electromyographic measurement of diaphragm activation in unanesthetized suckling opossums revealed spontaneous episodes of obstructive apnea. To better understand this phenomenon, intact animals were tested under different conditions of respiratory drive and during activation of pulmonary reflexes. Results showed that obstructed breaths were usually initiated with the lungs at or near the end-inspiratory level, and they occurred more frequently during air or oxygen breathing as compared with inhalation of hypercapnic or asphyxiant test gases. The latter two gas mixtures caused increases in ventilation; but depression of breathing resulting from pentobarbital anesthesia was not accompanied by obstructed breaths. It was initially considered that a reflex laryngeal response with changes in lung volume or lung irritation might trigger obstructive apnea; but pulmonary inflation and deflation as well as ammonia inhalation did not typically produce such an effect. The results indicate that mechanisms for obstructive apnea in the suckling opossum must account for the limited incidence of obstructed breaths during both ventilatory chemostimulation and anesthetic respiratory depression.", "contents": "An obstructive apnea in the suckling opossum. Pressure plethysmographic measurement of ventilation and electromyographic measurement of diaphragm activation in unanesthetized suckling opossums revealed spontaneous episodes of obstructive apnea. To better understand this phenomenon, intact animals were tested under different conditions of respiratory drive and during activation of pulmonary reflexes. Results showed that obstructed breaths were usually initiated with the lungs at or near the end-inspiratory level, and they occurred more frequently during air or oxygen breathing as compared with inhalation of hypercapnic or asphyxiant test gases. The latter two gas mixtures caused increases in ventilation; but depression of breathing resulting from pentobarbital anesthesia was not accompanied by obstructed breaths. It was initially considered that a reflex laryngeal response with changes in lung volume or lung irritation might trigger obstructive apnea; but pulmonary inflation and deflation as well as ammonia inhalation did not typically produce such an effect. The results indicate that mechanisms for obstructive apnea in the suckling opossum must account for the limited incidence of obstructed breaths during both ventilatory chemostimulation and anesthetic respiratory depression.", "PMID": 705085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1993", "title": "Human gas exchange during water immersion.", "content": "We measured lung volumes, closing volume (CV), alveolo-arterial oxygen difference (P(A-a)O2) and steady-state diffusing lung capacity per liter ventilation (DLCO/V) in 18 men immersed up to the neck in water. The subjects were divided into 3 groups, according to relative changes in P(A-a)O2 and DLCO/V. In group 1 (n = 6), P(A-a)O2 decreased and DLCO/V increased, probably because of the hemodynamic changes induced by immersion. Their end expiratory level was above closing volume in water. In group 3 (n = 6), P(A-a)O2 increased and DLCO/V decreased, probably as a result of a decrease in ventilation in the dependent parts of the lung, considering that breathing range (ERV + VT) was less than closing volume. In group 2 (n = 6), P(A-a)O2 increased significantly and DLCO/V, only slightly. Tidal volume was only partially included in closing volume. The increase in exchange surface area was probably unable to compensate for the arterial hypoxia brought on by the decrease in ventilation in the dependent parts of the lung. The relationship between end expiratory level and closing volume, which seemed to explain the results observed during immersion, was itself a consequence of the subjects' age and body build.", "contents": "Human gas exchange during water immersion. We measured lung volumes, closing volume (CV), alveolo-arterial oxygen difference (P(A-a)O2) and steady-state diffusing lung capacity per liter ventilation (DLCO/V) in 18 men immersed up to the neck in water. The subjects were divided into 3 groups, according to relative changes in P(A-a)O2 and DLCO/V. In group 1 (n = 6), P(A-a)O2 decreased and DLCO/V increased, probably because of the hemodynamic changes induced by immersion. Their end expiratory level was above closing volume in water. In group 3 (n = 6), P(A-a)O2 increased and DLCO/V decreased, probably as a result of a decrease in ventilation in the dependent parts of the lung, considering that breathing range (ERV + VT) was less than closing volume. In group 2 (n = 6), P(A-a)O2 increased significantly and DLCO/V, only slightly. Tidal volume was only partially included in closing volume. The increase in exchange surface area was probably unable to compensate for the arterial hypoxia brought on by the decrease in ventilation in the dependent parts of the lung. The relationship between end expiratory level and closing volume, which seemed to explain the results observed during immersion, was itself a consequence of the subjects' age and body build.", "PMID": 705086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1994", "title": "Topographical distribution of VA/Q in elderly subjects using Krypton-81m.", "content": "The topography of ventilation-perfusion (VA/Q) ratios was measured in seven elderly (aged 58--69) subjects, seated erect, using the short-life (t1/2 = 13 sec) radioisotope Krypton-81m. 81mKr was inhaled (for ventilation) or infused intravenously (for perfusion) continuously for 1--2 min periods, during spontaneous ventilation, while radio-activity was recorded on a large-field gamma camera interfaced to a computer. The VA/Q ratio was computed for 15 horizontal slices of the left lung. VA/Q distribution was similar to that of young subjects. No decrease of basal VA/Q was seen; thus, if there are any changes of ventilation in the lower part of the lung in the elderly, they are matched by equal alterations of perfusion. There was no significant change when 60% oxygen was breathed. The progressive fall in arterial oxygen tension which occurs in erect subjects with increasing age does not appear to be caused by inter-regional differences of ventilation and perfusion.", "contents": "Topographical distribution of VA/Q in elderly subjects using Krypton-81m. The topography of ventilation-perfusion (VA/Q) ratios was measured in seven elderly (aged 58--69) subjects, seated erect, using the short-life (t1/2 = 13 sec) radioisotope Krypton-81m. 81mKr was inhaled (for ventilation) or infused intravenously (for perfusion) continuously for 1--2 min periods, during spontaneous ventilation, while radio-activity was recorded on a large-field gamma camera interfaced to a computer. The VA/Q ratio was computed for 15 horizontal slices of the left lung. VA/Q distribution was similar to that of young subjects. No decrease of basal VA/Q was seen; thus, if there are any changes of ventilation in the lower part of the lung in the elderly, they are matched by equal alterations of perfusion. There was no significant change when 60% oxygen was breathed. The progressive fall in arterial oxygen tension which occurs in erect subjects with increasing age does not appear to be caused by inter-regional differences of ventilation and perfusion.", "PMID": 705087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1995", "title": "Effect of ventilation with different gas mixtures on experimental lung air embolism.", "content": "In six anesthetized, curarized and mechanically ventilated dogs, air was infused via a jugular vein at 0.1 cm3/kg/min for 25 min. This induced a progressive increase in pulmonary artery pressure (Pap) while arterial PO2 (PaO2) and end tidal PCO2 (PETCO2) decreased. Systemic arterial pressure, dynamic lung compliance and total pulmonary resistances were not affected. Changes tended to plateau by 20 min with a peak increase in Pap of 80 +/- 13% and decrease in PaO2 and PETCO2 of 22.2 +/- 2.8% and 14.5 +/- 2.1% respectively. When embolization was stopped these values returned to control levels within 30 min. During air infusion (at 20 min) some dogs were switched from ventilation with air to ventilation with the following gas mixtures: SF680%-O220%, He80%-O220%, N2O80%-O220%. During the final 5 min of air infusion. He and, to a greater extent, N2O breathing results in an immediate and marked further increase in Pap and decrease in PaO2 and PETCO2. In contrast SF6 produced rapid improvement in these parameters with return to near control levels. The recovery time after stopping infusion was greatly shortened with SF6 but was unaffected by He or N2O. These results are explained by different rates of gas transfer between the intravascular bubbles and the various alveolar gases. These findings show that ventilation with SF6 results in marked improvement in the gas exchange abnormalities produced by air embolism.", "contents": "Effect of ventilation with different gas mixtures on experimental lung air embolism. In six anesthetized, curarized and mechanically ventilated dogs, air was infused via a jugular vein at 0.1 cm3/kg/min for 25 min. This induced a progressive increase in pulmonary artery pressure (Pap) while arterial PO2 (PaO2) and end tidal PCO2 (PETCO2) decreased. Systemic arterial pressure, dynamic lung compliance and total pulmonary resistances were not affected. Changes tended to plateau by 20 min with a peak increase in Pap of 80 +/- 13% and decrease in PaO2 and PETCO2 of 22.2 +/- 2.8% and 14.5 +/- 2.1% respectively. When embolization was stopped these values returned to control levels within 30 min. During air infusion (at 20 min) some dogs were switched from ventilation with air to ventilation with the following gas mixtures: SF680%-O220%, He80%-O220%, N2O80%-O220%. During the final 5 min of air infusion. He and, to a greater extent, N2O breathing results in an immediate and marked further increase in Pap and decrease in PaO2 and PETCO2. In contrast SF6 produced rapid improvement in these parameters with return to near control levels. The recovery time after stopping infusion was greatly shortened with SF6 but was unaffected by He or N2O. These results are explained by different rates of gas transfer between the intravascular bubbles and the various alveolar gases. These findings show that ventilation with SF6 results in marked improvement in the gas exchange abnormalities produced by air embolism.", "PMID": 705088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1996", "title": "Arterial PO2 and PCO2 stimulus threshold for carotid chemoreceptors and breathing.", "content": "The PaO2 and PaCO2 stimulus thresholds for activity of carotid chemoreceptors and for ventilation were investigated in twenty anesthetized adult cats at sea level. Over the range studied PaCO2 threshold for carotid chemoreceptors decreased with increasing intensity of hypoxia showing stimulus interaction. Once begun, the carotid chemoreceptor activity increased gradually at a rate that was inversely related to initial PaO2. The greater the initial hypoxia the greater was the carotid chemoreceptor activity at which the first inspiration occurred, apnea was shorter and inspiratory PaCO2 threshold lower. Hypoxia per se depressed the central mechanism for the resumption of inspiration. We conclude that (1) carotid chemoreceptor PaO2-PaCO2 stimulus thresholds are largely interdependent; (2) these receptors are activated at a lower PaO2-PaCO2 stimulus strength than ventilation is; (3) an increased input from peripheral chemoreceptors initiates breathing at a lower PaCO2 indicating that central chemoreceptor threshold is lower than the PCO2 threshold for inspiration; (4) a finite total input from the receptors is needed to start ventilation.", "contents": "Arterial PO2 and PCO2 stimulus threshold for carotid chemoreceptors and breathing. The PaO2 and PaCO2 stimulus thresholds for activity of carotid chemoreceptors and for ventilation were investigated in twenty anesthetized adult cats at sea level. Over the range studied PaCO2 threshold for carotid chemoreceptors decreased with increasing intensity of hypoxia showing stimulus interaction. Once begun, the carotid chemoreceptor activity increased gradually at a rate that was inversely related to initial PaO2. The greater the initial hypoxia the greater was the carotid chemoreceptor activity at which the first inspiration occurred, apnea was shorter and inspiratory PaCO2 threshold lower. Hypoxia per se depressed the central mechanism for the resumption of inspiration. We conclude that (1) carotid chemoreceptor PaO2-PaCO2 stimulus thresholds are largely interdependent; (2) these receptors are activated at a lower PaO2-PaCO2 stimulus strength than ventilation is; (3) an increased input from peripheral chemoreceptors initiates breathing at a lower PaCO2 indicating that central chemoreceptor threshold is lower than the PCO2 threshold for inspiration; (4) a finite total input from the receptors is needed to start ventilation.", "PMID": 705089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1997", "title": "Experimentally induced antagonism of chemical and thermal reflexes in the respiratory system of fully conscious chickens.", "content": "The joint response of the respiratory and panting centres of fully-conscious unidirectionally-ventilated chickens to simultaneous combinations of hyperthermia and hypo-/hypercapnia was examined. The response was monitored by changes in the rate and amplitude of movements of the body wall and gular apparatus respectively. The response to a combination of hyperthermia plus hypercapnia bore indications of a linear summation of the individual responses of the panting centre and respiratory centre to the respective thermal and chemical stimuli. A more complex response was elicited by a combination of hyperthermia plus hypocapnia. In this case the inhibition of respiratory movements induced by the hypocapnia (hypocapnic apnea) permitted a more forceful manifestation of the component of the thermoreflex which acts via the hyoid muscles and which is responsible for the synchronous 'gular flutterin'. The rate of gular fluttering increased by up to 150% as compared to normal panting. The experimental procedure therefore provided a technique for breaking the central linkage which normally constrains the rhythm of the hyoid muscles to the more dominant rhythm of the respiratory muscles.", "contents": "Experimentally induced antagonism of chemical and thermal reflexes in the respiratory system of fully conscious chickens. The joint response of the respiratory and panting centres of fully-conscious unidirectionally-ventilated chickens to simultaneous combinations of hyperthermia and hypo-/hypercapnia was examined. The response was monitored by changes in the rate and amplitude of movements of the body wall and gular apparatus respectively. The response to a combination of hyperthermia plus hypercapnia bore indications of a linear summation of the individual responses of the panting centre and respiratory centre to the respective thermal and chemical stimuli. A more complex response was elicited by a combination of hyperthermia plus hypocapnia. In this case the inhibition of respiratory movements induced by the hypocapnia (hypocapnic apnea) permitted a more forceful manifestation of the component of the thermoreflex which acts via the hyoid muscles and which is responsible for the synchronous 'gular flutterin'. The rate of gular fluttering increased by up to 150% as compared to normal panting. The experimental procedure therefore provided a technique for breaking the central linkage which normally constrains the rhythm of the hyoid muscles to the more dominant rhythm of the respiratory muscles.", "PMID": 705090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1998", "title": "[Pseudo-tumoral softening of the cerebellum].", "content": "The author establish an onerall picture of cerebellar infarction with brain stem compression after reviewing 63 cases published in the literature and 4 personal observations. The frequency of this affection can be compared with that of cerebellar hematomas. Diagnosis is based on its predominance in males, the early age at which it appears, its rapid and typical onset, and the delayed signs of brain stem compression. Conventional neuroradiological procedures show an expanded cerebellar volume, and the scanner can specify the ischaemic nature of the lesion. As soon as changes in consciousness occur surgical decompression is necessary, first by external drainage of C.S.F. and later, if necessary, by direct access to the postdrior fossa.", "contents": "[Pseudo-tumoral softening of the cerebellum]. The author establish an onerall picture of cerebellar infarction with brain stem compression after reviewing 63 cases published in the literature and 4 personal observations. The frequency of this affection can be compared with that of cerebellar hematomas. Diagnosis is based on its predominance in males, the early age at which it appears, its rapid and typical onset, and the delayed signs of brain stem compression. Conventional neuroradiological procedures show an expanded cerebellar volume, and the scanner can specify the ischaemic nature of the lesion. As soon as changes in consciousness occur surgical decompression is necessary, first by external drainage of C.S.F. and later, if necessary, by direct access to the postdrior fossa.", "PMID": 705167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_1999", "title": "[Disorders of heat and water regulation. Proliferative reticulo granulomatous process of hypothalamic origin (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report the anatomical and clinical findings in a 65 year old patient with a lesion in the hypothalamus presenting mainly as disorders in heat and water regulation. Disorders in heat regulation dominated the clinical picture, in relation to a poikilothermia. Conservation of reactivity to pyrogenic bacteria is debatable. Inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ISADH) by a direct effect on the supraoptico-hypophyseal aixs can account for the water and electrolyte disturbances. The anatomical lesions, due to hypothalamic changes, can be included in the circumscribed proliferative reticuloses of the CNS having a pseudo-inflammatory histological appearance.", "contents": "[Disorders of heat and water regulation. Proliferative reticulo granulomatous process of hypothalamic origin (author's transl)]. The authors report the anatomical and clinical findings in a 65 year old patient with a lesion in the hypothalamus presenting mainly as disorders in heat and water regulation. Disorders in heat regulation dominated the clinical picture, in relation to a poikilothermia. Conservation of reactivity to pyrogenic bacteria is debatable. Inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ISADH) by a direct effect on the supraoptico-hypophyseal aixs can account for the water and electrolyte disturbances. The anatomical lesions, due to hypothalamic changes, can be included in the circumscribed proliferative reticuloses of the CNS having a pseudo-inflammatory histological appearance.", "PMID": 705168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2000", "title": "Metabolism of interferon (facts and fancy).", "content": "Although the knowledge of the interferon metabolism is still incomplete, two organs are emerging as elective sites. The kidney and probably the liver may share a major role but only future research will define quantitatively their importance. Many aspects of interferon activity upon cellular processes and its possible function as a 'chalone-type' substance are reviewed.", "contents": "Metabolism of interferon (facts and fancy). Although the knowledge of the interferon metabolism is still incomplete, two organs are emerging as elective sites. The kidney and probably the liver may share a major role but only future research will define quantitatively their importance. Many aspects of interferon activity upon cellular processes and its possible function as a 'chalone-type' substance are reviewed.", "PMID": 705176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2001", "title": "Biology of the human myeloma cell population. I.Macromolecular characteristics.", "content": "Several human myeloma cell populations were studied using a combination of cytochemical (Unna-Pappenheim and naphthol yellow staining, Feulgen reaction) and autoradiographical (uridine, leucine, thymidine uptake and actinomycin binding) techniques. Progressive differentiation of the myeloma population was associated with: 1. a loss of proliferative activity, 2. decreased transcriptional capacity, 3. decreased RNA and protein synthesis, 4. increased RNA and protein concentrations, 5. greater stability of the protein synthesis template. The existence of a pre-myelomatous compartment is suggested in the light of these results and those of previous kinetic studies in vivo.", "contents": "Biology of the human myeloma cell population. I.Macromolecular characteristics. Several human myeloma cell populations were studied using a combination of cytochemical (Unna-Pappenheim and naphthol yellow staining, Feulgen reaction) and autoradiographical (uridine, leucine, thymidine uptake and actinomycin binding) techniques. Progressive differentiation of the myeloma population was associated with: 1. a loss of proliferative activity, 2. decreased transcriptional capacity, 3. decreased RNA and protein synthesis, 4. increased RNA and protein concentrations, 5. greater stability of the protein synthesis template. The existence of a pre-myelomatous compartment is suggested in the light of these results and those of previous kinetic studies in vivo.", "PMID": 705177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2002", "title": "Biology of the human myeloma cell population. II. Cytokinetic characteristics.", "content": "A kinetic study of five human myeloma cell populations before and after chemotherapy using cytochemical and autoradiographical techniques showed: 1. a large number of cells, with a DNA content intermediate between 2c and 4c, that did not incorporate thymidine ('U' cells) and were indicative of ineffective myelomapoiesis; 2. non cell cycle-specific (cyclophosphamide) followed by cell cycle-specific (vincristine) treatment led to an increase in the 3H-thymidine labelling index (LI) and activation of macromolecular synthesis (increased uridine and leucine uptake and actinomycin binding capacity) pointing to early cell recruitment. A high percentage of 'U' cells can be found even after therapy. The LI variations make it clear that recruitment after therapy is overestimated by at least 40% due to ineffective myelomapoiesis. In the light of this and previous personal studies, we propose a kinetic pattern: the myeloma population may be seen as a highly differentiating population whose non-proliferating cells cannot re-enter the cycle. By contrast, the acute leukemia populations are unable to differentiate, and the non-proliferating cells (G0) can be recalled into the cell cycle.", "contents": "Biology of the human myeloma cell population. II. Cytokinetic characteristics. A kinetic study of five human myeloma cell populations before and after chemotherapy using cytochemical and autoradiographical techniques showed: 1. a large number of cells, with a DNA content intermediate between 2c and 4c, that did not incorporate thymidine ('U' cells) and were indicative of ineffective myelomapoiesis; 2. non cell cycle-specific (cyclophosphamide) followed by cell cycle-specific (vincristine) treatment led to an increase in the 3H-thymidine labelling index (LI) and activation of macromolecular synthesis (increased uridine and leucine uptake and actinomycin binding capacity) pointing to early cell recruitment. A high percentage of 'U' cells can be found even after therapy. The LI variations make it clear that recruitment after therapy is overestimated by at least 40% due to ineffective myelomapoiesis. In the light of this and previous personal studies, we propose a kinetic pattern: the myeloma population may be seen as a highly differentiating population whose non-proliferating cells cannot re-enter the cycle. By contrast, the acute leukemia populations are unable to differentiate, and the non-proliferating cells (G0) can be recalled into the cell cycle.", "PMID": 705178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2003", "title": "Evidence for the involvement of the IgE-basophil-mastocyte system in human acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Several findings reveal the involvement of the IgE-basophil-mastocyte-platelet-activating-factor (PAF) system in human acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. In the acute phases of the disease there is a transient, marked reduction in the circulating metachromatically staining basophils, indicating an in vivo basophil degranulation. The blood reservoirs of PAF are depleted. The number of metachromatic mastocytes in renal biopsy samples was very low and morphological aspects of degranulation were present. In vitro, we demonstrated basophil degranulation and PAF release in presence of exogenous streptococcal Ags after recovery. These findings suggest that the IgE-basophil-mastocyte-PAF system may play a role in human pathology, as has been shown in immune complex (Ic) deposition in acute serum sickness in rabbits.", "contents": "Evidence for the involvement of the IgE-basophil-mastocyte system in human acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Several findings reveal the involvement of the IgE-basophil-mastocyte-platelet-activating-factor (PAF) system in human acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. In the acute phases of the disease there is a transient, marked reduction in the circulating metachromatically staining basophils, indicating an in vivo basophil degranulation. The blood reservoirs of PAF are depleted. The number of metachromatic mastocytes in renal biopsy samples was very low and morphological aspects of degranulation were present. In vitro, we demonstrated basophil degranulation and PAF release in presence of exogenous streptococcal Ags after recovery. These findings suggest that the IgE-basophil-mastocyte-PAF system may play a role in human pathology, as has been shown in immune complex (Ic) deposition in acute serum sickness in rabbits.", "PMID": 705179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2004", "title": "An automated method for evaluation of the thyroid uptake of 99mTc-pertechnetate.", "content": "A method for evaluating the thyroid uptake function, based on the work of De Garreta, Williams, Glass, Atkins, Higgins et al., was developed using 99mTc-pertechnetate and a scintillation camera connected to a minicomputer system. The method has the advantages of a single visit, a low-dose examination, and the reliability of a full automated technique. The clinical results of the studies performed to date are in close correlation with those obtained from the radioactive iodine uptake test, and in good agreement with the findings of the above-mentioned authors.", "contents": "An automated method for evaluation of the thyroid uptake of 99mTc-pertechnetate. A method for evaluating the thyroid uptake function, based on the work of De Garreta, Williams, Glass, Atkins, Higgins et al., was developed using 99mTc-pertechnetate and a scintillation camera connected to a minicomputer system. The method has the advantages of a single visit, a low-dose examination, and the reliability of a full automated technique. The clinical results of the studies performed to date are in close correlation with those obtained from the radioactive iodine uptake test, and in good agreement with the findings of the above-mentioned authors.", "PMID": 705181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2005", "title": "Erythrocyte deformability in a red cell ageing model.", "content": "The authors studied the effect of a period of storage on erythrocyte deformability in blood samples collected from 31 healthy subjects. A significant reduction in erythrocyte deformability was recorded over the course of time. The study was designed to determine whether pentoxifylline produces a dose-dependent increase in erythrocyte deformability in red cells from ageing blood. The effect of theophylline and prednisolone on this parameter was also studied. A dose-dependent increase in erythrocyte deformability was established for pentoxifylline and was measurable immediately after addition of the substance. Theophylline increased erythrocyte deformability but not to a degree which differed significantly from the controls. Prednisolone elicited a slight reduction in erythrocyte deformability, but again the change was not significant by comparison with the controls. None of the substances brought about any change in the rate of red cell ageing.", "contents": "Erythrocyte deformability in a red cell ageing model. The authors studied the effect of a period of storage on erythrocyte deformability in blood samples collected from 31 healthy subjects. A significant reduction in erythrocyte deformability was recorded over the course of time. The study was designed to determine whether pentoxifylline produces a dose-dependent increase in erythrocyte deformability in red cells from ageing blood. The effect of theophylline and prednisolone on this parameter was also studied. A dose-dependent increase in erythrocyte deformability was established for pentoxifylline and was measurable immediately after addition of the substance. Theophylline increased erythrocyte deformability but not to a degree which differed significantly from the controls. Prednisolone elicited a slight reduction in erythrocyte deformability, but again the change was not significant by comparison with the controls. None of the substances brought about any change in the rate of red cell ageing.", "PMID": 705180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2006", "title": "Inhibitory effects of vibrations on contractility of isolated rabbit papillary muscle.", "content": "The effects of vibrations on myocardial contractility have been tested in isolated rabbit papillary muscles. Sinusoidal longitudinal oscillations were found to inhibit active force in the paced preparation to an extent which depended on vibration amplitude and frequency. The inhibitory effect of vibrations on myocardial contraction resembled that previously seen in other types of muscle. Vibration during the inactive phase did not alter passive muscle tension. When the vibrator was controlled by phonocardiographic recordings from a normal subject or from patients with congenital aortic stenosis, pronounced inhibition was obtained only by vibrations corresponding to a systolic murmur. It is concluded that the myocardium is sensitive to oscillating length changes. If the ventricular muscle in vivo is exposed to vibrations during systole the cardiac function might be seriously interfered with.", "contents": "Inhibitory effects of vibrations on contractility of isolated rabbit papillary muscle. The effects of vibrations on myocardial contractility have been tested in isolated rabbit papillary muscles. Sinusoidal longitudinal oscillations were found to inhibit active force in the paced preparation to an extent which depended on vibration amplitude and frequency. The inhibitory effect of vibrations on myocardial contraction resembled that previously seen in other types of muscle. Vibration during the inactive phase did not alter passive muscle tension. When the vibrator was controlled by phonocardiographic recordings from a normal subject or from patients with congenital aortic stenosis, pronounced inhibition was obtained only by vibrations corresponding to a systolic murmur. It is concluded that the myocardium is sensitive to oscillating length changes. If the ventricular muscle in vivo is exposed to vibrations during systole the cardiac function might be seriously interfered with.", "PMID": 705225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2007", "title": "Myocardial depressant effect of vibrations in the isolated rabbit heart.", "content": "A working rabbit heart preparation was developed in which vibrations could be induced in the left ventricular outflow tract. The vibrations were produced by a special vibrator from which a metal pin was connected to a thin metal plate sutured onto the left ventricle. Vibrations of 0.3, 0.6 and 1.2 mm amplitude and frequencies of 50, 80 and 100 Hz were used. Increasing amplitudes or frequencies resulted in more pronounced reduction of cardiac output, aortic flow and left ventricular peak systolic pressure. The left ventricular end diastolic pressure increased at higher amplitudes or frequencies. The coronary flow was not significantly changed. It is suggested that vibrations of the ventricular wall might be a myocardial depressant factor of importance in valvular heart disease.", "contents": "Myocardial depressant effect of vibrations in the isolated rabbit heart. A working rabbit heart preparation was developed in which vibrations could be induced in the left ventricular outflow tract. The vibrations were produced by a special vibrator from which a metal pin was connected to a thin metal plate sutured onto the left ventricle. Vibrations of 0.3, 0.6 and 1.2 mm amplitude and frequencies of 50, 80 and 100 Hz were used. Increasing amplitudes or frequencies resulted in more pronounced reduction of cardiac output, aortic flow and left ventricular peak systolic pressure. The left ventricular end diastolic pressure increased at higher amplitudes or frequencies. The coronary flow was not significantly changed. It is suggested that vibrations of the ventricular wall might be a myocardial depressant factor of importance in valvular heart disease.", "PMID": 705226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2008", "title": "Changes in plasma volume and extracellular fluid volume after addition of prazosin to propranolol treatment in patients with hypertension.", "content": "In fifteen patients with hypertension, inadequately controlled during treatment with propranolol alone (mean dosage 333 mg/day), plasma volume (PV) and extracellular fluid volume (ECV) were determined. After addition of prazosin for 3 months (mean dosage 9 mg/day) there was a significant increase in PV and ECV, on average 8 and 5%, respectively. The decrease in supine blood pressure, systolic as well as diastolic, was very modest, on average 11 mmHg (SD +/- 12) and 4 mmHg (SD +/- 7), respectively. The changes in standing blood pressure were more pronounced. It is assumed that the expansion of PV and ECV contributes to the inadequate blood pressure response found in the present study.", "contents": "Changes in plasma volume and extracellular fluid volume after addition of prazosin to propranolol treatment in patients with hypertension. In fifteen patients with hypertension, inadequately controlled during treatment with propranolol alone (mean dosage 333 mg/day), plasma volume (PV) and extracellular fluid volume (ECV) were determined. After addition of prazosin for 3 months (mean dosage 9 mg/day) there was a significant increase in PV and ECV, on average 8 and 5%, respectively. The decrease in supine blood pressure, systolic as well as diastolic, was very modest, on average 11 mmHg (SD +/- 12) and 4 mmHg (SD +/- 7), respectively. The changes in standing blood pressure were more pronounced. It is assumed that the expansion of PV and ECV contributes to the inadequate blood pressure response found in the present study.", "PMID": 705227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2009", "title": "Hypoxanthine in cerebrospinal fluid in children.", "content": "In forty-five children the hypoxanthine concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was measured (fifty-two samples). In newborn infants (nineteen patients) the hypoxanthine levels were higher in patients with clinical conditions associated with hypoxia (idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome, asphyxia, apneic attacks) than in patients without clinical hypoxia (P less than 0.01). In hypoxic patients the hypoxanthine concentration varied between 5 and 28 mu mol/l. In children outside the neonatal period the hypoxanthine concentration in CSF varied considerably in different diseases. High levels were registered in meningitis prior to treatment, febrile convulsions and in lymphoblastic leukaemia, probably reflecting tissue hypoxia and an increased tissue catabolism.", "contents": "Hypoxanthine in cerebrospinal fluid in children. In forty-five children the hypoxanthine concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was measured (fifty-two samples). In newborn infants (nineteen patients) the hypoxanthine levels were higher in patients with clinical conditions associated with hypoxia (idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome, asphyxia, apneic attacks) than in patients without clinical hypoxia (P less than 0.01). In hypoxic patients the hypoxanthine concentration varied between 5 and 28 mu mol/l. In children outside the neonatal period the hypoxanthine concentration in CSF varied considerably in different diseases. High levels were registered in meningitis prior to treatment, febrile convulsions and in lymphoblastic leukaemia, probably reflecting tissue hypoxia and an increased tissue catabolism.", "PMID": 705228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2010", "title": "Optimum laboratory test combinations for thyroid function studies, selected by discriminant analysis.", "content": "In 430 patients with a variety of thyroid disorders, linear discriminant analysis was used to select laboratory test combinations giving optimum diagnostic efficiency in thyroid function studies. Unexpectedly, TSH was found valuable in the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism and T3 in hypothyroidism. These test combinations were found optimal for the separation of euthyroidism/hyperthyroidism: T3, TSH and T4; euthyroidism/hypothyroidism: Combined free thyroid hormone index (FTI) and TSH; and hyperthyroidism/euthyroidism/hypothyroidism: T3, TSH, T4, FTI and T3U. The latter test combination had a total efficiency of 94%. Cholesterol, achilles reflex time, PBI and radioiodine uptake measurement contributed little to the discrimination.", "contents": "Optimum laboratory test combinations for thyroid function studies, selected by discriminant analysis. In 430 patients with a variety of thyroid disorders, linear discriminant analysis was used to select laboratory test combinations giving optimum diagnostic efficiency in thyroid function studies. Unexpectedly, TSH was found valuable in the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism and T3 in hypothyroidism. These test combinations were found optimal for the separation of euthyroidism/hyperthyroidism: T3, TSH and T4; euthyroidism/hypothyroidism: Combined free thyroid hormone index (FTI) and TSH; and hyperthyroidism/euthyroidism/hypothyroidism: T3, TSH, T4, FTI and T3U. The latter test combination had a total efficiency of 94%. Cholesterol, achilles reflex time, PBI and radioiodine uptake measurement contributed little to the discrimination.", "PMID": 705229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2011", "title": "Aldosterone in primary hypertension relationship to plasma renin activity and urinary electrolytes and a comparison with normotensive subjects.", "content": "Plasma aldosterone (PA) and urinary aldosterone (Aldo-U) concentrations were studied in 123 patients with primary (essential) hypertension during basal (1 h supine rest), upright and frusemide (80 mg orally) stimulated conditions, and were related to urinary sodium and potassium excretions, supine and sitting blood pressure (BP) and the relationship to plasma renin activity (PRA). As controls, 120 normotensive subjects, matched for age and sex, were investigated identically during strictly defined out-patient conditions. No differences regarding the different mean PA levels, urinary electrolyte excretion or the urinary sodium: potassium ratio were observed between the hypertensive and the normotensive populations. However, the hypertensive subjects had significantly higher mean Aldo-U excretions than the controls. Correlations between PA and the corresponding PRA were consistently significant in the normotensive control group but weak to non-existent in the hypertensive subjects. No relationships at all could be found between the different PRA and Aldo-U values in the hypertensive population but significant correlations were noted in the control group. These findings point to a disturbed function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system even in primary hypertension.", "contents": "Aldosterone in primary hypertension relationship to plasma renin activity and urinary electrolytes and a comparison with normotensive subjects. Plasma aldosterone (PA) and urinary aldosterone (Aldo-U) concentrations were studied in 123 patients with primary (essential) hypertension during basal (1 h supine rest), upright and frusemide (80 mg orally) stimulated conditions, and were related to urinary sodium and potassium excretions, supine and sitting blood pressure (BP) and the relationship to plasma renin activity (PRA). As controls, 120 normotensive subjects, matched for age and sex, were investigated identically during strictly defined out-patient conditions. No differences regarding the different mean PA levels, urinary electrolyte excretion or the urinary sodium: potassium ratio were observed between the hypertensive and the normotensive populations. However, the hypertensive subjects had significantly higher mean Aldo-U excretions than the controls. Correlations between PA and the corresponding PRA were consistently significant in the normotensive control group but weak to non-existent in the hypertensive subjects. No relationships at all could be found between the different PRA and Aldo-U values in the hypertensive population but significant correlations were noted in the control group. These findings point to a disturbed function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system even in primary hypertension.", "PMID": 705230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2012", "title": "Determination of renal blood flow by thermodilution method.", "content": "The single bolus thermodilution method for measurement of renal vein blood flow was tested. In model experiments the thermodilution method was compared with graduated cylinder measurements over a flow range from 50 to 1050 ml/min. There was a good correlation between the two methods (r = 0.98) with a mean of differences of 5.2%. In eighteen patients measurements were performed in duplicate in thirty-one renal veins. Comparison was made between the first (x) and second (u) measurement--performed within 3 min. The correlation between the two was very good (r = 0.99; y = 1.03x - 11.48). In twelve patients bilateral renal vein blood flow measurements were performed simultaneous to blood flow measurement by PAH clearance. The correlation between total flow measured by thermodilution (y) and by the clearance method (x) was good (r = 0.98; y = 0.79x + 221). It is concluded that the thermodilution method requires catheterization of the renal veins, but is otherwise simple to perform, is inexpensive and gives reliable results. It is particularly advantageous when repeated measurements in the study of acute changes in renal haemodynamics is desirable.", "contents": "Determination of renal blood flow by thermodilution method. The single bolus thermodilution method for measurement of renal vein blood flow was tested. In model experiments the thermodilution method was compared with graduated cylinder measurements over a flow range from 50 to 1050 ml/min. There was a good correlation between the two methods (r = 0.98) with a mean of differences of 5.2%. In eighteen patients measurements were performed in duplicate in thirty-one renal veins. Comparison was made between the first (x) and second (u) measurement--performed within 3 min. The correlation between the two was very good (r = 0.99; y = 1.03x - 11.48). In twelve patients bilateral renal vein blood flow measurements were performed simultaneous to blood flow measurement by PAH clearance. The correlation between total flow measured by thermodilution (y) and by the clearance method (x) was good (r = 0.98; y = 0.79x + 221). It is concluded that the thermodilution method requires catheterization of the renal veins, but is otherwise simple to perform, is inexpensive and gives reliable results. It is particularly advantageous when repeated measurements in the study of acute changes in renal haemodynamics is desirable.", "PMID": 705231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2013", "title": "Serological diagnosis of acute hepatitis B infection.", "content": "The value of different serological assays of hepatitis B virus associated antigens and antibodies was tested in forty-eight consecutive cases of acute hepatitis negative for HBsAg by agargel diffusion. The tests included radioimmunoassay of HBsAg, IgM and IgG anti-HBs and counter-immunoelectrophoresis for anti-HBc detection. Twelve cases were identified as hepatitis B (25%). Eleven cases were positive for HBsAg by RIA, and only one case was detected by an increasing titre of antibodies alone. Further seventeen patients had an unchanged antibody titre to one or more antigens. It is concluded that a sensitive test for HBsAg is the most important tool for diagnosing acute hepatitis B infection.", "contents": "Serological diagnosis of acute hepatitis B infection. The value of different serological assays of hepatitis B virus associated antigens and antibodies was tested in forty-eight consecutive cases of acute hepatitis negative for HBsAg by agargel diffusion. The tests included radioimmunoassay of HBsAg, IgM and IgG anti-HBs and counter-immunoelectrophoresis for anti-HBc detection. Twelve cases were identified as hepatitis B (25%). Eleven cases were positive for HBsAg by RIA, and only one case was detected by an increasing titre of antibodies alone. Further seventeen patients had an unchanged antibody titre to one or more antigens. It is concluded that a sensitive test for HBsAg is the most important tool for diagnosing acute hepatitis B infection.", "PMID": 705233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2014", "title": "Determination of thiosulphate in urine.", "content": "A method is described for the determination of thiosulphate in urine. After removal of interfering compounds, including endogenous thiocyanate by ion exchange, thiosulphate is converted to thiocyanate in the presence of cyanide and cupric ions. The thiocyanate formed is concentrated by ion exchange, eluted with an acid solution of ferric ions and the ferric thiocyanate complex determined colorimetrically. Healthy human subjects excreted 31.7 +/- 12.8 mumol/24 h (mean +/- SD) thiosulphate.", "contents": "Determination of thiosulphate in urine. A method is described for the determination of thiosulphate in urine. After removal of interfering compounds, including endogenous thiocyanate by ion exchange, thiosulphate is converted to thiocyanate in the presence of cyanide and cupric ions. The thiocyanate formed is concentrated by ion exchange, eluted with an acid solution of ferric ions and the ferric thiocyanate complex determined colorimetrically. Healthy human subjects excreted 31.7 +/- 12.8 mumol/24 h (mean +/- SD) thiosulphate.", "PMID": 705234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2015", "title": "Porphyrin production and liver involvement in a patient with erythropoietic protoporphyria.", "content": "The clinical and biochemical findings in a patient with erythropoietic protoporphyria are described. The patient had an extreme accumulation of protoporphyria in his erythrocytes and there was a thirty-fold increase in stool protoporphyrin. The patient also had elevated protoporphyrin in serum, bone marrow and liver. The porphyrins of the red blood cells, bone marrow and serum had fluorescence spectra different from that of the liver. Urine showed increased copra-, hepta- and uroporphyrins. Ferrochelatase activity in the bone marrow was less than 20% of that of non-porphyric controls. In spite of the extremely high levels of red cell protoporphyrin, the patient was clinically healthy with modest changes in liver function tests and liver histology. The results are discussed in relation to the development of liver damage and the recent findings of the effect of porphyrins on cell metabolism.", "contents": "Porphyrin production and liver involvement in a patient with erythropoietic protoporphyria. The clinical and biochemical findings in a patient with erythropoietic protoporphyria are described. The patient had an extreme accumulation of protoporphyria in his erythrocytes and there was a thirty-fold increase in stool protoporphyrin. The patient also had elevated protoporphyrin in serum, bone marrow and liver. The porphyrins of the red blood cells, bone marrow and serum had fluorescence spectra different from that of the liver. Urine showed increased copra-, hepta- and uroporphyrins. Ferrochelatase activity in the bone marrow was less than 20% of that of non-porphyric controls. In spite of the extremely high levels of red cell protoporphyrin, the patient was clinically healthy with modest changes in liver function tests and liver histology. The results are discussed in relation to the development of liver damage and the recent findings of the effect of porphyrins on cell metabolism.", "PMID": 705235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2016", "title": "Skeletal muscle characteristics and carbohydrate metabolism after glucose loading in hypokalaemic periodic paralysis.", "content": "A prolonged glucose load was administered to four patients with hypokalaemic periodic paralysis and four healthy control sujbects. Muscle ATP and CP concentrations as well as lactate dehydrogenase, hexokinase and phosphorylase activities were similar in those two groups, but succinate dehydrogenase was approximately 50% higher in the control muscles. Muscles fibre composition was almost identical in the two groups, whereas patients had a higher degree of capillarization. Complete muscle weakness was produced in all patients, accompanied by hypokalaemia. Glucose loading resulted in elevated insulin levels and a minor rise in blood glucose level was seen in the patients compared to the control subjects. Glucose loading decreased hexokinase activity in controls, but increased this in the patients. At similar times, muscle and blood lactate levels and blood pyruvate values were generally higher in the patients over the course of the experiment. Initial glycogen concentrations were higher in patients, but glucose loading did not result in greatly increased glycogen values. These data suggest that patients with hypokalaemic periodic paralysis have an enhanced metabolism of carbohydrates and that insulin seems to be an important factor leading to the onset of muscle weakness.", "contents": "Skeletal muscle characteristics and carbohydrate metabolism after glucose loading in hypokalaemic periodic paralysis. A prolonged glucose load was administered to four patients with hypokalaemic periodic paralysis and four healthy control sujbects. Muscle ATP and CP concentrations as well as lactate dehydrogenase, hexokinase and phosphorylase activities were similar in those two groups, but succinate dehydrogenase was approximately 50% higher in the control muscles. Muscles fibre composition was almost identical in the two groups, whereas patients had a higher degree of capillarization. Complete muscle weakness was produced in all patients, accompanied by hypokalaemia. Glucose loading resulted in elevated insulin levels and a minor rise in blood glucose level was seen in the patients compared to the control subjects. Glucose loading decreased hexokinase activity in controls, but increased this in the patients. At similar times, muscle and blood lactate levels and blood pyruvate values were generally higher in the patients over the course of the experiment. Initial glycogen concentrations were higher in patients, but glucose loading did not result in greatly increased glycogen values. These data suggest that patients with hypokalaemic periodic paralysis have an enhanced metabolism of carbohydrates and that insulin seems to be an important factor leading to the onset of muscle weakness.", "PMID": 705237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2017", "title": "Muscle glycogen concentration during recovery after prolonged severe exercise in fasting subjects.", "content": "The influence of 12 h of fasting after prolonged severe exercise on the muscle glycogen concentration was studed in 5 normal subjects. The subjects exercised in the post absorptive state at 70% of max. Vo2 till exhaustion, then rested for 12 h. No food was allowed during recovery. Blood samples and muscle biopsies were obtained before exercise, immediately after the cessation of exercise, and after 2, 4, 6, 9 and 12 h of recovery. Muscle glycogen content decreased from 70.4 +/- 3.0 to 21.6 +/- 3.9 mmol glucosyl units/kg w.w. in response to exercise. After 4 h of recovery muscle glycogen had increased to 28.8 +/- 3.6 mmol glucosyl units/kg (P less than 0.025). During the next 8 h of recovery no further increase in glycogen concentration was observed. Mean plasma glucose concentration was observed. Mean plasma glucose concentration decreased from 5.25 +/- 0.16 to 4.37 +/- 0.18 mmol/l during exercise (P less than 0.001). No change in the plasma glucose level was observed during recovery. Immunoreactive insulin (IRI) concentration decreased from 15.9 +/- 1.0 to 10.2 +/- 0.5 micromicron/ml (P less than 0.001) during exercise, and remained at this level during recovery. It is concluded that some muscle glycogen repletion may occur after prolonged, severe exercise even under fasting conditions. It is suggested that this may proceed through an increased hepatic gluconeogenesis.", "contents": "Muscle glycogen concentration during recovery after prolonged severe exercise in fasting subjects. The influence of 12 h of fasting after prolonged severe exercise on the muscle glycogen concentration was studed in 5 normal subjects. The subjects exercised in the post absorptive state at 70% of max. Vo2 till exhaustion, then rested for 12 h. No food was allowed during recovery. Blood samples and muscle biopsies were obtained before exercise, immediately after the cessation of exercise, and after 2, 4, 6, 9 and 12 h of recovery. Muscle glycogen content decreased from 70.4 +/- 3.0 to 21.6 +/- 3.9 mmol glucosyl units/kg w.w. in response to exercise. After 4 h of recovery muscle glycogen had increased to 28.8 +/- 3.6 mmol glucosyl units/kg (P less than 0.025). During the next 8 h of recovery no further increase in glycogen concentration was observed. Mean plasma glucose concentration was observed. Mean plasma glucose concentration decreased from 5.25 +/- 0.16 to 4.37 +/- 0.18 mmol/l during exercise (P less than 0.001). No change in the plasma glucose level was observed during recovery. Immunoreactive insulin (IRI) concentration decreased from 15.9 +/- 1.0 to 10.2 +/- 0.5 micromicron/ml (P less than 0.001) during exercise, and remained at this level during recovery. It is concluded that some muscle glycogen repletion may occur after prolonged, severe exercise even under fasting conditions. It is suggested that this may proceed through an increased hepatic gluconeogenesis.", "PMID": 705238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2018", "title": "The kinetics of myoglobin in old volunteers and in patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Following pre-treatment with potassium iodide, [125I]myoglobin was administered intravenously to six old volunteers. Blood and urine samples were taken at regular intervals. Serum radioactivity was shown to be myoglobin-bound. Three rates of elimination were observed, with half-lives of 20 min, 3 h 20 min, and 18 h 30 min. The first two rates corresponded to distribution volumes of 5.2 and 211. The third rate was of zero order and had eliminated around 10% of administered radioactivity after 6 h. At this time 60% of administered radioactivity had been recovered from the urine. Around 80% appeared as non-protein bound 125I, while 10% was protein-bound. The latter fraction was not precipitable with antiserum against myoglobin, which suggests that this fraction was deconjugated globin. Only insignificant amounts were excreted as myoglobin. The elimination constants were larger than those found in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), measured by the disappearance rate of endogenous myoglobin.", "contents": "The kinetics of myoglobin in old volunteers and in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Following pre-treatment with potassium iodide, [125I]myoglobin was administered intravenously to six old volunteers. Blood and urine samples were taken at regular intervals. Serum radioactivity was shown to be myoglobin-bound. Three rates of elimination were observed, with half-lives of 20 min, 3 h 20 min, and 18 h 30 min. The first two rates corresponded to distribution volumes of 5.2 and 211. The third rate was of zero order and had eliminated around 10% of administered radioactivity after 6 h. At this time 60% of administered radioactivity had been recovered from the urine. Around 80% appeared as non-protein bound 125I, while 10% was protein-bound. The latter fraction was not precipitable with antiserum against myoglobin, which suggests that this fraction was deconjugated globin. Only insignificant amounts were excreted as myoglobin. The elimination constants were larger than those found in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), measured by the disappearance rate of endogenous myoglobin.", "PMID": 705239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2019", "title": "Factors limiting renal proximal tubular reabsorption at high glomerular filtration rate.", "content": "To examine the factors limiting proximal reabsorption, distal reabsorption was inhibited by continuous infusion of ethacrynic acid in anaesthetized dogs. During combined infusion of ethacrynic acid and 0.9% saline, autoregulation of renal blood flow is impaired and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can be varied by lowering or raising renal perfusion pressure. During lowering of GFR reabsorption of bicarbonate, chloride and sodium varied in proportion to reduction in GFR (glomerulotubular balance), but during elevation of GFR the increase in the filtered load of all three ions was excreted and a maximal rate of reabsorption was approached. Administration of acetazolamide reduced the reabsorption of bicarbonate, chloride and sodium in the ratio 1:2:3, whether GFR was at control, reduced (74% of control) or increased (124% of control). Renal blood flow was 80--90% greater at high than at low GFR. These observations indicate that bicarbonate concentration increases along the proximal tubules during elevation of GFR, until plasma bicarbonate concentration is approached at the distal end of the proximal tubules. From then on, bicarbonate reabsorption cannot be further raised by increasing GFR. Proximal tubular sodium reabsoption reaches a maximum at high GFR because NaCl reabsorption varies in proportion to bicarbonate reabsorption.", "contents": "Factors limiting renal proximal tubular reabsorption at high glomerular filtration rate. To examine the factors limiting proximal reabsorption, distal reabsorption was inhibited by continuous infusion of ethacrynic acid in anaesthetized dogs. During combined infusion of ethacrynic acid and 0.9% saline, autoregulation of renal blood flow is impaired and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can be varied by lowering or raising renal perfusion pressure. During lowering of GFR reabsorption of bicarbonate, chloride and sodium varied in proportion to reduction in GFR (glomerulotubular balance), but during elevation of GFR the increase in the filtered load of all three ions was excreted and a maximal rate of reabsorption was approached. Administration of acetazolamide reduced the reabsorption of bicarbonate, chloride and sodium in the ratio 1:2:3, whether GFR was at control, reduced (74% of control) or increased (124% of control). Renal blood flow was 80--90% greater at high than at low GFR. These observations indicate that bicarbonate concentration increases along the proximal tubules during elevation of GFR, until plasma bicarbonate concentration is approached at the distal end of the proximal tubules. From then on, bicarbonate reabsorption cannot be further raised by increasing GFR. Proximal tubular sodium reabsoption reaches a maximum at high GFR because NaCl reabsorption varies in proportion to bicarbonate reabsorption.", "PMID": 705241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2020", "title": "The applicability of the thermodilution method for determination of pulmonary blood flow and pulmonary vascular resistance in infants and children with ventricular septal defects.", "content": "The thermodilution method is accepted for measuring cardiac output in adults without shunts. It has been shown to work in animals the same size as newborn infants and has recently been used in children with congenital heart defects. We have proved its clinical applicability in determining the pulmonary blood flow, in twenty-five infants and children with VSD. The pulmonary vascular resistance can be calculated more accurately than by the Fick principle with an assumed O2 consumption, which has often had to be done in earlier studies.", "contents": "The applicability of the thermodilution method for determination of pulmonary blood flow and pulmonary vascular resistance in infants and children with ventricular septal defects. The thermodilution method is accepted for measuring cardiac output in adults without shunts. It has been shown to work in animals the same size as newborn infants and has recently been used in children with congenital heart defects. We have proved its clinical applicability in determining the pulmonary blood flow, in twenty-five infants and children with VSD. The pulmonary vascular resistance can be calculated more accurately than by the Fick principle with an assumed O2 consumption, which has often had to be done in earlier studies.", "PMID": 705242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2021", "title": "Change in P wave terminal force and systolic time intervals during exercise in patients with coronary artery disease.", "content": "P wave terminal force (Ptf) and systolic time intervals (STI) were determined non-invasively from electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram and carotid pulse wave in fifteen men with coronary artery disease, before and during exercise. Left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and stroke volume (SV) were determined at catheterization simultaneously with the non-invasive recordings. Pre-ejection period (PEP) shortened in eleven patients, left ventricular ejection time (LVET) shortened in eight and Ptf and PEP/LVET decreased in ten patients during exercise. Ptf was significantly correlated to LVEDP both at rest (r = -0.66) and during exercise (r = -0.79). The change in Ptf and LVEDP was less correlated (r = -0.52). The change in LVET (r = -0.50), the change in PEP (r = 0.62) and in the index PEP/LVET (r = 0.65) was correlated to the change in SV. The use of both Ptf and STI may be of value in estimating left ventricular function during exercise in patients with coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Change in P wave terminal force and systolic time intervals during exercise in patients with coronary artery disease. P wave terminal force (Ptf) and systolic time intervals (STI) were determined non-invasively from electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram and carotid pulse wave in fifteen men with coronary artery disease, before and during exercise. Left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and stroke volume (SV) were determined at catheterization simultaneously with the non-invasive recordings. Pre-ejection period (PEP) shortened in eleven patients, left ventricular ejection time (LVET) shortened in eight and Ptf and PEP/LVET decreased in ten patients during exercise. Ptf was significantly correlated to LVEDP both at rest (r = -0.66) and during exercise (r = -0.79). The change in Ptf and LVEDP was less correlated (r = -0.52). The change in LVET (r = -0.50), the change in PEP (r = 0.62) and in the index PEP/LVET (r = 0.65) was correlated to the change in SV. The use of both Ptf and STI may be of value in estimating left ventricular function during exercise in patients with coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 705243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2022", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of triiodothyronine and thyroxine in capillary blood.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay technique for the estimation of T3 and T4 levels in capillary blood is described and evaluated in comparison to a simultaneously drawn and equally analyzed sample from the cubital vein. A total number of 236 samples thus received from the capillary and the vein from euthyroid, hypo- and hyper-thyroid patients were collected. For both T3 and T4 a good correlation (r = 0.94) was obtained. The clinical implication would especially be for paediatric practice.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of triiodothyronine and thyroxine in capillary blood. A radioimmunoassay technique for the estimation of T3 and T4 levels in capillary blood is described and evaluated in comparison to a simultaneously drawn and equally analyzed sample from the cubital vein. A total number of 236 samples thus received from the capillary and the vein from euthyroid, hypo- and hyper-thyroid patients were collected. For both T3 and T4 a good correlation (r = 0.94) was obtained. The clinical implication would especially be for paediatric practice.", "PMID": 705244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2023", "title": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography in pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis. Differences in morphologic changes in the pancreatic duct and the bile duct.", "content": "The radiological findings in ERCP in 49 patients (ERP 49 patients and ERC 24 patients) with pancreatic diseases were evaluated blindly (24 patients with chronic pancreatitis and 25 patients with pancreatic cancer as a final diagnosis). Obstructions of the main pancreatic duct were found in 16 out of 24 patients with chronic pancreatitis and in 24 out of 25 patients with pancreatic cancer. Irregularity of obstructions was seen significantly more often in patients with cancer. Cholangiography demonstrated obstructions of the distal part of the common bile duct in both groups of patients, but irregularity of obstructions was exclusively seen in the cancer group. Though characteristic radiological features were demonstrated, a safe diagnosis must probably still rely on biopsy.", "contents": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography in pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis. Differences in morphologic changes in the pancreatic duct and the bile duct. The radiological findings in ERCP in 49 patients (ERP 49 patients and ERC 24 patients) with pancreatic diseases were evaluated blindly (24 patients with chronic pancreatitis and 25 patients with pancreatic cancer as a final diagnosis). Obstructions of the main pancreatic duct were found in 16 out of 24 patients with chronic pancreatitis and in 24 out of 25 patients with pancreatic cancer. Irregularity of obstructions was seen significantly more often in patients with cancer. Cholangiography demonstrated obstructions of the distal part of the common bile duct in both groups of patients, but irregularity of obstructions was exclusively seen in the cancer group. Though characteristic radiological features were demonstrated, a safe diagnosis must probably still rely on biopsy.", "PMID": 705245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2024", "title": "Passage of molecules through the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. I. A simple experimental model.", "content": "We describe here a simple experimental model for studying how the structural integrity of the intestinal wall is related to the transmural passage of molecules into the circulation. The model is based on the deposition of fluorescently labeled dextran in the intestine and its eventual recovery in the portal blood and mesenteric lymph. The fluorescent compound can be determined with sensitivity and ease by using fluorescence spectrometry. As judged from chromatography on Sephadex G-100, the compound was not degraded or otherwise chemically altered on its route of passage. The rate of passage was inversely proportional to the molecular size. The model may prove useful for studying factors that influence the transmission of macromolecules across the intestinal wall. Such a transmission probably underlies the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases.", "contents": "Passage of molecules through the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. I. A simple experimental model. We describe here a simple experimental model for studying how the structural integrity of the intestinal wall is related to the transmural passage of molecules into the circulation. The model is based on the deposition of fluorescently labeled dextran in the intestine and its eventual recovery in the portal blood and mesenteric lymph. The fluorescent compound can be determined with sensitivity and ease by using fluorescence spectrometry. As judged from chromatography on Sephadex G-100, the compound was not degraded or otherwise chemically altered on its route of passage. The rate of passage was inversely proportional to the molecular size. The model may prove useful for studying factors that influence the transmission of macromolecules across the intestinal wall. Such a transmission probably underlies the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases.", "PMID": 705246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2025", "title": "Malabsorption of fat and vitamin B12 before and after intestinal resection for Crohn's disease.", "content": "Intestinal absorption of fat and vitamin B12 was studied prospectively in 136 patients with Crohn's disease localized to the ileum and/or the colon. Fecal fat was measured in 3-day periods on a high fat diet, and vitamin B12 absorption was assessed by the Schilling test. When related to the extent of the ileal disease there was a poor correlation to both fecal fat excretion and the result from the Schilling tests, but an exponential and highly significant correlation was found between the results of both tests and the length of the resected ileal segment. Accepting a change in either direction not exceeding 10% of the preoperative test value as unchanged, three-fifths of the patients deteriorated and one-fifth improved in fat-absorption, whereas half the patients deteriorated and one-third improved in vitamin-B12 absorption after surgery. When related to the length of the ileum resected, the test results were about the same in patients subjected to a restorative procedure sparing the major part of the colon and in ileostomy patients. Absorption of fat and vitamin B12 did not change with time elapsing from operation, indicating that there were no compensatory mechanisms as regards absorption of these substances.", "contents": "Malabsorption of fat and vitamin B12 before and after intestinal resection for Crohn's disease. Intestinal absorption of fat and vitamin B12 was studied prospectively in 136 patients with Crohn's disease localized to the ileum and/or the colon. Fecal fat was measured in 3-day periods on a high fat diet, and vitamin B12 absorption was assessed by the Schilling test. When related to the extent of the ileal disease there was a poor correlation to both fecal fat excretion and the result from the Schilling tests, but an exponential and highly significant correlation was found between the results of both tests and the length of the resected ileal segment. Accepting a change in either direction not exceeding 10% of the preoperative test value as unchanged, three-fifths of the patients deteriorated and one-fifth improved in fat-absorption, whereas half the patients deteriorated and one-third improved in vitamin-B12 absorption after surgery. When related to the length of the ileum resected, the test results were about the same in patients subjected to a restorative procedure sparing the major part of the colon and in ileostomy patients. Absorption of fat and vitamin B12 did not change with time elapsing from operation, indicating that there were no compensatory mechanisms as regards absorption of these substances.", "PMID": 705247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2026", "title": "The inhibitory effect of secretin and glucagon on pressure responses to cholecystokinin-pancreozymin in isolated guinea-pig stomach.", "content": "Pressure responses in guinea-pig antral and fundal pouches were investigated in vitro. Secretin and glucagon in concentrations that did not significantly alter spontaneous activity significantly reduced antral responses to cholecystokinin, but had no depressive effect on the fundal responses. The antral inhibition of CCK-PZ may be specific, since responses to acetylcholine were unaffected by secretin and glucagon. The changes produced by secretin and glucagon in the antral dose-response curve to CCK-PZ suggest that the inhibition might be of a non-competitive type.", "contents": "The inhibitory effect of secretin and glucagon on pressure responses to cholecystokinin-pancreozymin in isolated guinea-pig stomach. Pressure responses in guinea-pig antral and fundal pouches were investigated in vitro. Secretin and glucagon in concentrations that did not significantly alter spontaneous activity significantly reduced antral responses to cholecystokinin, but had no depressive effect on the fundal responses. The antral inhibition of CCK-PZ may be specific, since responses to acetylcholine were unaffected by secretin and glucagon. The changes produced by secretin and glucagon in the antral dose-response curve to CCK-PZ suggest that the inhibition might be of a non-competitive type.", "PMID": 705248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2027", "title": "The endoscopic, radiological, and surgical findings in chronic duodenal ulceration.", "content": "A prospective study of the endoscopic, radiological, and surgical features of chronic duodenal ulceration has been performed. Double contrast barium meal and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were both performed within five days of elective surgery for chronic duodenal ulceration on 50 patients. The surgical diagnosis correlated with endoscopy in 88% and radiology in 82%, but if both techniques were employed, an accurate pre-operative diagnosis was achieved in 96% of cases. There was poorer correlation in determining the position of the ulcer within the bulb, with only 41% correlation between all three parameters and complete disagreement in 24%. Surgery correlated with endoscopy in 71% but with radiology in only 41%. The correlation between endoscopy and surgery in the diagnosis of duodenitis was only 42%, suggesting that this should be a histological diagnosis. This study suggests that endoscopy is slightly more precise than radiology in the diagnosis of chronic duodenal ulceration, but with a combination of the two techniques almost 100% accuracy can be achieved.", "contents": "The endoscopic, radiological, and surgical findings in chronic duodenal ulceration. A prospective study of the endoscopic, radiological, and surgical features of chronic duodenal ulceration has been performed. Double contrast barium meal and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were both performed within five days of elective surgery for chronic duodenal ulceration on 50 patients. The surgical diagnosis correlated with endoscopy in 88% and radiology in 82%, but if both techniques were employed, an accurate pre-operative diagnosis was achieved in 96% of cases. There was poorer correlation in determining the position of the ulcer within the bulb, with only 41% correlation between all three parameters and complete disagreement in 24%. Surgery correlated with endoscopy in 71% but with radiology in only 41%. The correlation between endoscopy and surgery in the diagnosis of duodenitis was only 42%, suggesting that this should be a histological diagnosis. This study suggests that endoscopy is slightly more precise than radiology in the diagnosis of chronic duodenal ulceration, but with a combination of the two techniques almost 100% accuracy can be achieved.", "PMID": 705251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2028", "title": "Fecal beta-sitosterol in patients with diverticular disease of the colon and in vegetarians.", "content": "Fecal sterol analysis showed that excretion of beta-sitosterol, a major component of poorly absorbable dietary vegetable sterols, is subnormal in patients with diverticular disease of the colon. Thus, the patients had evidently consumed a diet low in plant materials. The finding agrees with the current opinion that diverticular disease of the colon is associated with dietary fibre deficiency and suggests that fecal beta-sitosterol provides a rough measure of the vegetable intake. In vegetarians the beta-sitosterol excretion was actually high.", "contents": "Fecal beta-sitosterol in patients with diverticular disease of the colon and in vegetarians. Fecal sterol analysis showed that excretion of beta-sitosterol, a major component of poorly absorbable dietary vegetable sterols, is subnormal in patients with diverticular disease of the colon. Thus, the patients had evidently consumed a diet low in plant materials. The finding agrees with the current opinion that diverticular disease of the colon is associated with dietary fibre deficiency and suggests that fecal beta-sitosterol provides a rough measure of the vegetable intake. In vegetarians the beta-sitosterol excretion was actually high.", "PMID": 705252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2029", "title": "Enteric hyperoxaluria: dependence on small intestinal resection, colectomy, and steatorrhoea in chronic inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "The importance of intestinal resection, exclusion of the colon, and steatorrhoea for secondary hyperoxaluria was studied in 81 patients with Crohn's disease and 12 patients with ileostomy after colectomy for ulcerative colitis during a metabolic regime including a fixed oral supply of fat, calcium, and oxalate. Hyperoxaluria (greater than 48 mg (greater than 0.5 mmol) per 24 h) was present in 21 patients with Crohn's disease. All but one half or more of the colon preserved. Renal oxalate excretion was related to the amount of ileum resected. 14C-oxalate absorption was significantly higher in patients with ileal resection and the whole colon preserved than in patients with ileal resection plus hemicolectomy, despite the fact that the latter group had the most extensive ileal resections. Faecal fat and oxalate excretion agreed well in patients without ileostomy (r = 0.76, p less than 0.001), and renal oxalate excretion was significantly higher in patients with steatorrhea and the colon preserved than in patients without steatorrhoea. In all 93 patients 14C-oxalate absorption and renal oxalate excretion was positively correlated with a coefficient of correlation of 0.76 (p less than 0.001). No correlation was present between 47Ca- and 14C-oxalate absorption. The study confirm that a preserved colon is necessary for secondary hyperoxaluria and stresses the importance of ileal resection and steatorrhoea.", "contents": "Enteric hyperoxaluria: dependence on small intestinal resection, colectomy, and steatorrhoea in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. The importance of intestinal resection, exclusion of the colon, and steatorrhoea for secondary hyperoxaluria was studied in 81 patients with Crohn's disease and 12 patients with ileostomy after colectomy for ulcerative colitis during a metabolic regime including a fixed oral supply of fat, calcium, and oxalate. Hyperoxaluria (greater than 48 mg (greater than 0.5 mmol) per 24 h) was present in 21 patients with Crohn's disease. All but one half or more of the colon preserved. Renal oxalate excretion was related to the amount of ileum resected. 14C-oxalate absorption was significantly higher in patients with ileal resection and the whole colon preserved than in patients with ileal resection plus hemicolectomy, despite the fact that the latter group had the most extensive ileal resections. Faecal fat and oxalate excretion agreed well in patients without ileostomy (r = 0.76, p less than 0.001), and renal oxalate excretion was significantly higher in patients with steatorrhea and the colon preserved than in patients without steatorrhoea. In all 93 patients 14C-oxalate absorption and renal oxalate excretion was positively correlated with a coefficient of correlation of 0.76 (p less than 0.001). No correlation was present between 47Ca- and 14C-oxalate absorption. The study confirm that a preserved colon is necessary for secondary hyperoxaluria and stresses the importance of ileal resection and steatorrhoea.", "PMID": 705253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2030", "title": "Obstructive jaundice in pancreatitis investigated by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography.", "content": "Obstructive jaundice is a rare complication of alcoholic pancreatitis. In three patients with persistent jaundice, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography demonstrated either stenosis and dislocation of the common bile duct due to pancreatic pseudocysts or stenosis due to pancreatic fibrosis. These stenoses were easily differentiated from obstructions due to tumours or common duct stones. We suggest that percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography is valuable in pancreatitis with jaundice.", "contents": "Obstructive jaundice in pancreatitis investigated by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. Obstructive jaundice is a rare complication of alcoholic pancreatitis. In three patients with persistent jaundice, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography demonstrated either stenosis and dislocation of the common bile duct due to pancreatic pseudocysts or stenosis due to pancreatic fibrosis. These stenoses were easily differentiated from obstructions due to tumours or common duct stones. We suggest that percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography is valuable in pancreatitis with jaundice.", "PMID": 705254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2031", "title": "Stereomicroscopic examination of stained rectal biopsies.", "content": "The normal mucosal surface morphology in the rectum has been described by investigation of 15 rectal biopsies using a semimacroscopic technique. The structures of the mucosal surface were rendered visible by staining the biopsies as whole mounts with Alcian Green. A regular pattern of the crypt openings was found, and the goblet cells were observed in and just around the crypt openings. The density of crypt openings was calculated as the number of crypt openings per square millimetre (104 +/- 23 openings per mm2, mean and S.D.). Histologic examinations of the same biopsies were performed, and the density of crypt tubules was calculated from serial, horizontal sections (130 +/- 34 tubules per mm2, mean and S.D.). The ratio of crypt openings/crypt tubules was 1:1.25, indicating some branching of the mucosal glands in the rectum.", "contents": "Stereomicroscopic examination of stained rectal biopsies. The normal mucosal surface morphology in the rectum has been described by investigation of 15 rectal biopsies using a semimacroscopic technique. The structures of the mucosal surface were rendered visible by staining the biopsies as whole mounts with Alcian Green. A regular pattern of the crypt openings was found, and the goblet cells were observed in and just around the crypt openings. The density of crypt openings was calculated as the number of crypt openings per square millimetre (104 +/- 23 openings per mm2, mean and S.D.). Histologic examinations of the same biopsies were performed, and the density of crypt tubules was calculated from serial, horizontal sections (130 +/- 34 tubules per mm2, mean and S.D.). The ratio of crypt openings/crypt tubules was 1:1.25, indicating some branching of the mucosal glands in the rectum.", "PMID": 705255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2032", "title": "Experimental studies on fluid pathophysiology in small intestinal obstruction in the rat. V. Effects of intraluminal hyperosmolality and simultaneous intravenous infusions on the experimentally obstructed and decompressed small intestine.", "content": "An influx of fluid into the lumen of the intestine similar to that seen in simple obstructional ileus may be provoked by introducing a hyperosmolal glucose solution into the bowel. In the otherwise intact small intestine the effect of this influx of fluid will be in accordance with a simple dilution curve. The intestinal mucosa thus functions in the manner of a semipermeable membrane permitting only hypo-osmolal fluids to enter the intestinal lumen and in amounts independent of parenteral fluid infusions, regardless of osmolality. This relationship persists even after the intestine has been totally obstructed for 3 days. The influx of fluid has the same principal characteristics, and the only limiting factor on the magnitude of this fluid shift to the intestine is the lack of fluids resulting from the marked dehydration of the organism due to ileus. Prerequisites for this are normal epithelial function and normal mucosal circulation. Thus it is clear that the organism in general and the small intestine in particular, even when exposed to prolonged obstruction, are still able to counteract intraluminal hyperosmolality by dilution with hypo-osmolal fluid.", "contents": "Experimental studies on fluid pathophysiology in small intestinal obstruction in the rat. V. Effects of intraluminal hyperosmolality and simultaneous intravenous infusions on the experimentally obstructed and decompressed small intestine. An influx of fluid into the lumen of the intestine similar to that seen in simple obstructional ileus may be provoked by introducing a hyperosmolal glucose solution into the bowel. In the otherwise intact small intestine the effect of this influx of fluid will be in accordance with a simple dilution curve. The intestinal mucosa thus functions in the manner of a semipermeable membrane permitting only hypo-osmolal fluids to enter the intestinal lumen and in amounts independent of parenteral fluid infusions, regardless of osmolality. This relationship persists even after the intestine has been totally obstructed for 3 days. The influx of fluid has the same principal characteristics, and the only limiting factor on the magnitude of this fluid shift to the intestine is the lack of fluids resulting from the marked dehydration of the organism due to ileus. Prerequisites for this are normal epithelial function and normal mucosal circulation. Thus it is clear that the organism in general and the small intestine in particular, even when exposed to prolonged obstruction, are still able to counteract intraluminal hyperosmolality by dilution with hypo-osmolal fluid.", "PMID": 705256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2033", "title": "Indomethacin treatment of acute experimental pancreatitis in the rat.", "content": "Indomethacin given orally or intramuscularly before or shortly after induction of acute sodium-taurocholate or olive-oil-induced pancreatitis in rats reduced the lethality. Neither the enzyme content of serum, ascites, and pancreatic tissue nor the damage to the organ itself were changed under the influence of indomethacin. Thus a modification of systemic effects of acute pancreatitis may be responsible for the beneficial effect of indomethacin.", "contents": "Indomethacin treatment of acute experimental pancreatitis in the rat. Indomethacin given orally or intramuscularly before or shortly after induction of acute sodium-taurocholate or olive-oil-induced pancreatitis in rats reduced the lethality. Neither the enzyme content of serum, ascites, and pancreatic tissue nor the damage to the organ itself were changed under the influence of indomethacin. Thus a modification of systemic effects of acute pancreatitis may be responsible for the beneficial effect of indomethacin.", "PMID": 705258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2034", "title": "Cimetidine treatment of protein-losing gastropathy (M\u00e9n\u00e9trier's disease). A clinical and pathophysiological study.", "content": "In a 47-year-old male with M\u00e9n\u00e9trier's disease (protein-losing gastropathy) the histamine-H2-receptor antagonist Cimetidine stops the protein loss and improves the clinical condition. Gastric perfusion studies on net and bidirectional ionic fluxes, protein secretion rates, and permeability, with simultaneous recording of the transmural electrical potential difference indicate that Cimetidine decreases a paracellular protein secretion by 'tightening' the tight junctions of the gastric epithelium.", "contents": "Cimetidine treatment of protein-losing gastropathy (M\u00e9n\u00e9trier's disease). A clinical and pathophysiological study. In a 47-year-old male with M\u00e9n\u00e9trier's disease (protein-losing gastropathy) the histamine-H2-receptor antagonist Cimetidine stops the protein loss and improves the clinical condition. Gastric perfusion studies on net and bidirectional ionic fluxes, protein secretion rates, and permeability, with simultaneous recording of the transmural electrical potential difference indicate that Cimetidine decreases a paracellular protein secretion by 'tightening' the tight junctions of the gastric epithelium.", "PMID": 705259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2035", "title": "The secondary cytotoxic response to trinitrophenyl (TNP) modified syngeneic lymphocytes: effectors generated in vitro differ from those generated in vivo.", "content": "Following priming in vivo, a secondary cytotoxic response to TNP modified syngeneic lymphocytes can be generated by restimulation either in vivo or in vitro. The secondary effectors generated in vivo show H-2 restricted cytotoxicity, in that only TNP modified syngeneic targets are lysed. However, the secondary effectors generated in vitro lyse both TNP modified syngeneic targets and TNP modified congenic targets which differ only at the major histocompatibility complex.", "contents": "The secondary cytotoxic response to trinitrophenyl (TNP) modified syngeneic lymphocytes: effectors generated in vitro differ from those generated in vivo. Following priming in vivo, a secondary cytotoxic response to TNP modified syngeneic lymphocytes can be generated by restimulation either in vivo or in vitro. The secondary effectors generated in vivo show H-2 restricted cytotoxicity, in that only TNP modified syngeneic targets are lysed. However, the secondary effectors generated in vitro lyse both TNP modified syngeneic targets and TNP modified congenic targets which differ only at the major histocompatibility complex.", "PMID": 705261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2036", "title": "Comparison of the effector cells in human spontaneous cellular cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity: differential sensitivity of effector cells to in vivo and in vitro corticosteroids.", "content": "The effector cells mediating antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and spontaneous cellular cytotoxicity (SCC) in humans have been reported to possess similar characteristics. Multiple cell separation techniques were employed in an attempt to physically separate and distinguish the effector cells in these two types of cellular cytotoxicity. Subpopulations of mononuclear cells obtained by a variety of fractionation procedures which either enriched or depleted monocytes, lymphocytes bearing a receptor for sheep erythrocytes (SRBC), a receptor for complement (CRL) or an Fc receptor for IgG always had similar effects on both ADCC and SCC. Aggregated gamma globulin blockade of Fc receptors produced similar dose-dependent depressions of ADCC and SCC. Despite our inability to physically separate the effector cells of ADCC and SCC, administration of in vivo dexamethasone caused a relative increase in ADCC but a profound decrease in SCC. Furthermore, in vitro dexamethasone in pharmacologic and suprapharmacologic concentrations caused no change in ADCC but significantly decreased SCC. This study demonstrates that although the effector cells cannot be physically separated, ADCC and SCC are differentially sensitive to corticosteroids and are hence functionally distinct either on the basis of different subsets of effector cells with similar surface markers or different mechanisms of cytotoxicity by the same effector cell.", "contents": "Comparison of the effector cells in human spontaneous cellular cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity: differential sensitivity of effector cells to in vivo and in vitro corticosteroids. The effector cells mediating antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and spontaneous cellular cytotoxicity (SCC) in humans have been reported to possess similar characteristics. Multiple cell separation techniques were employed in an attempt to physically separate and distinguish the effector cells in these two types of cellular cytotoxicity. Subpopulations of mononuclear cells obtained by a variety of fractionation procedures which either enriched or depleted monocytes, lymphocytes bearing a receptor for sheep erythrocytes (SRBC), a receptor for complement (CRL) or an Fc receptor for IgG always had similar effects on both ADCC and SCC. Aggregated gamma globulin blockade of Fc receptors produced similar dose-dependent depressions of ADCC and SCC. Despite our inability to physically separate the effector cells of ADCC and SCC, administration of in vivo dexamethasone caused a relative increase in ADCC but a profound decrease in SCC. Furthermore, in vitro dexamethasone in pharmacologic and suprapharmacologic concentrations caused no change in ADCC but significantly decreased SCC. This study demonstrates that although the effector cells cannot be physically separated, ADCC and SCC are differentially sensitive to corticosteroids and are hence functionally distinct either on the basis of different subsets of effector cells with similar surface markers or different mechanisms of cytotoxicity by the same effector cell.", "PMID": 705262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2037", "title": "Corynebacterium parvum-induced peritoneal exudate cells with rapid cytolytic activity against tumour cells are non-phagocytic cells with characteristics of natural killer cells.", "content": "Peritoneal exudate cells taken from mice 3 days after intraperitoneal treatment with Corynebacterium parvum (Cp) have been shown to kill specifically certain tumour targets in vitro. We have analysed in detail such Cp-induced cytotoxic cells as to their cellular characteristics, considering the fact that size and charge characteristics of cellular subgroups are useful markers in describing their representative characteristics. We could thus show that the cytolytic cell could not be classified as a macrophage. They behaved, in every manner analysed, exactly as the previously defined natural killer cells found in the lymphoid organs of normal mice.", "contents": "Corynebacterium parvum-induced peritoneal exudate cells with rapid cytolytic activity against tumour cells are non-phagocytic cells with characteristics of natural killer cells. Peritoneal exudate cells taken from mice 3 days after intraperitoneal treatment with Corynebacterium parvum (Cp) have been shown to kill specifically certain tumour targets in vitro. We have analysed in detail such Cp-induced cytotoxic cells as to their cellular characteristics, considering the fact that size and charge characteristics of cellular subgroups are useful markers in describing their representative characteristics. We could thus show that the cytolytic cell could not be classified as a macrophage. They behaved, in every manner analysed, exactly as the previously defined natural killer cells found in the lymphoid organs of normal mice.", "PMID": 705263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2038", "title": "Lymphocyte subpopulations in man: no selective loss during isolation from defibrinated blood.", "content": "Human lymphocytes isolated from defibrinated blood are characterized especially in relation to the total yield of lymphocytes and their subpopulations identified by membrane markers. The defibrination per se gives a significant loss of monocytes and granulocytes but no loss of lymphocytes, indicating that no selective loss of lymphocytes occurs. In a comparison of heparin-stabilized and defibrinated blood no difference in yield is found during every single step of the isolation procedure. Quantitation of E-RFC and SmIg-positive lymphocytes gives no differences in comparing the respective isolated suspensions of mononuclear cells. The observed difference in EA- and EAC-RFC can freely be ascribed to the difference in monocyte contamination. Further, no correlation is found between total lymphocyte yield and the relative number of the subpopulations identified, i.e. E-RFC, SmIg-positive, Fc-receptor- and complement-receptor-bearing lymphocytes. Hence it is concluded that defibrinated blood is optimal as blood source for the isolation of mononuclear cells when lymphocyte subpopulations are studied and enumerated.", "contents": "Lymphocyte subpopulations in man: no selective loss during isolation from defibrinated blood. Human lymphocytes isolated from defibrinated blood are characterized especially in relation to the total yield of lymphocytes and their subpopulations identified by membrane markers. The defibrination per se gives a significant loss of monocytes and granulocytes but no loss of lymphocytes, indicating that no selective loss of lymphocytes occurs. In a comparison of heparin-stabilized and defibrinated blood no difference in yield is found during every single step of the isolation procedure. Quantitation of E-RFC and SmIg-positive lymphocytes gives no differences in comparing the respective isolated suspensions of mononuclear cells. The observed difference in EA- and EAC-RFC can freely be ascribed to the difference in monocyte contamination. Further, no correlation is found between total lymphocyte yield and the relative number of the subpopulations identified, i.e. E-RFC, SmIg-positive, Fc-receptor- and complement-receptor-bearing lymphocytes. Hence it is concluded that defibrinated blood is optimal as blood source for the isolation of mononuclear cells when lymphocyte subpopulations are studied and enumerated.", "PMID": 705264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2039", "title": "Lymphocyte subpopulations in man: ox erythrocytes as indicators in the EA- and EAC-rosette tests: serological and technical aspects.", "content": "Serological properties of ox erythrocytes (ORBC) make it possible to select cells which exhibit weak agglutinability despite strong antibody sensitization. This property and the non-binding of unsensitized ORBC to lymphocyte surface membranes make these cells excellently suited as indicators in techniques for the identification of erythrocyte-antibody (EA) and erythrocyte-antibody-complement (EAC) rosette-forming lymphocytes (RFC). This report describes the relevant serology for the selection of appropriate cells and antisera. Further, some of the technical aspects of these tests are discussed. A simple method for the sensitization of ORBC with complement is described. The basis for this method is the naturally occurring complement-binding anti-ORBC antibodies of the IgM class in human sera. After zymosan treatment the sera are deficient in the fifth component of complement and hence non-haemolytic, which make these sufficient as sensitizing agents in the preparation of EAC indicator cells. The relations of EA- anc EAC-RFC to be established T and B lymphocyte subpopulations are revealed by the enrichment and depletion of lymphocytes rosetting with 2-aminoethylisothiouronium bromide (AET)-treated sheep erythrocytes (SRBC).", "contents": "Lymphocyte subpopulations in man: ox erythrocytes as indicators in the EA- and EAC-rosette tests: serological and technical aspects. Serological properties of ox erythrocytes (ORBC) make it possible to select cells which exhibit weak agglutinability despite strong antibody sensitization. This property and the non-binding of unsensitized ORBC to lymphocyte surface membranes make these cells excellently suited as indicators in techniques for the identification of erythrocyte-antibody (EA) and erythrocyte-antibody-complement (EAC) rosette-forming lymphocytes (RFC). This report describes the relevant serology for the selection of appropriate cells and antisera. Further, some of the technical aspects of these tests are discussed. A simple method for the sensitization of ORBC with complement is described. The basis for this method is the naturally occurring complement-binding anti-ORBC antibodies of the IgM class in human sera. After zymosan treatment the sera are deficient in the fifth component of complement and hence non-haemolytic, which make these sufficient as sensitizing agents in the preparation of EAC indicator cells. The relations of EA- anc EAC-RFC to be established T and B lymphocyte subpopulations are revealed by the enrichment and depletion of lymphocytes rosetting with 2-aminoethylisothiouronium bromide (AET)-treated sheep erythrocytes (SRBC).", "PMID": 705265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2040", "title": "The epidemiology of primary osteoarthrosis of the knee in Greenland.", "content": "295 Greenlanders, 5% of the population of Greenland, in the age group 40 years or more, were investigated regarding primary oesteoarthrosis of the knee. The pathological changes were categorized as mid, intermediate, or severe. 86 (29%) of the subjects were found to have osteoarthrosis and the mild form accounted for 72% of these, while only one individual was found to have severe osteoarthrosis. Significantly more individuals from the West coast of Greenland (a mixed Eskimo-European population) as compared with individuals from the East coast (genuine Eskimos) were found to have osteoarthrosis of the knee (38% and 18%, respectively). An investigation of the sex distribution revealed more osteoarthrosis among West coast women than among East coast women (p is less than 0.05), whereas no such differences were found among the men. It was speculated that the difference between the prevalence rates of osteoarthrosis of the knee in the two population groups might reflect differences in occupation and possibly also a genetic predisposition.", "contents": "The epidemiology of primary osteoarthrosis of the knee in Greenland. 295 Greenlanders, 5% of the population of Greenland, in the age group 40 years or more, were investigated regarding primary oesteoarthrosis of the knee. The pathological changes were categorized as mid, intermediate, or severe. 86 (29%) of the subjects were found to have osteoarthrosis and the mild form accounted for 72% of these, while only one individual was found to have severe osteoarthrosis. Significantly more individuals from the West coast of Greenland (a mixed Eskimo-European population) as compared with individuals from the East coast (genuine Eskimos) were found to have osteoarthrosis of the knee (38% and 18%, respectively). An investigation of the sex distribution revealed more osteoarthrosis among West coast women than among East coast women (p is less than 0.05), whereas no such differences were found among the men. It was speculated that the difference between the prevalence rates of osteoarthrosis of the knee in the two population groups might reflect differences in occupation and possibly also a genetic predisposition.", "PMID": 705266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2041", "title": "Penicillamine-induced polymyositis-dermatomyositis.", "content": "Two patients with classical rheumatoid arthritis developed myopathy during treatment with penicillamine. In both patients, electromyography and muscle biopsies were indicative of polymyositis. In one patient, muscle enzymes were not examined at the appropriate time; in the other patient muscle enzymes were raised. This latter patient also had a rash and, in the dermal epidermal junction of pathological skin, granular deposits of immunoglobulin and complement were found. The myopathy subsided in both patients after withdrawal of penicillamine.", "contents": "Penicillamine-induced polymyositis-dermatomyositis. Two patients with classical rheumatoid arthritis developed myopathy during treatment with penicillamine. In both patients, electromyography and muscle biopsies were indicative of polymyositis. In one patient, muscle enzymes were not examined at the appropriate time; in the other patient muscle enzymes were raised. This latter patient also had a rash and, in the dermal epidermal junction of pathological skin, granular deposits of immunoglobulin and complement were found. The myopathy subsided in both patients after withdrawal of penicillamine.", "PMID": 705267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2042", "title": "Posterior atlanto-axial subluxation in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A case of posterior atlanto-axial subluxation is presented, together with a survey of previously reported cases. The patient's history suggested affection of the vertebral artery, and involvement of the medulla, but there were no physical signs of such. The patient was treated with posterior atlanto-axial fixation with good results.", "contents": "Posterior atlanto-axial subluxation in rheumatoid arthritis. A case of posterior atlanto-axial subluxation is presented, together with a survey of previously reported cases. The patient's history suggested affection of the vertebral artery, and involvement of the medulla, but there were no physical signs of such. The patient was treated with posterior atlanto-axial fixation with good results.", "PMID": 705268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2043", "title": "Neutrophil chemotaxis and serum chemotactic activity in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Neutrophil chemotaxis, random motility, serum chemotactic activity derived from complement activation by classical or alternative pathways, and the presence of serum inhibitors of chemotaxis were all studied in 24 patients affected by Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and in an equal number of healthy control subjects. Statistical comparison between patients and controls indicated lower chemotactic activity in patient's serum when activated by the classical pathway, and the presence in some SLE patients of a heat-labile inhibitor of the chemoattractants. Low \"classical pathway\" chemotactic indexes were correlated with low C4 values, active nephritis and recurrent infections. The presence of heat-labile inhibitor was correlated with low values of C3. Our data suggest that defective neutrophil chemotaxis could be one of the mechanisms contributing to the high incidence of infections suffered by SLE patients. The importance of conducting separate studies on cell movement and on generation of serum chemotactic activities by classical and alternative pathways in SLE patients is discussed.", "contents": "Neutrophil chemotaxis and serum chemotactic activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Neutrophil chemotaxis, random motility, serum chemotactic activity derived from complement activation by classical or alternative pathways, and the presence of serum inhibitors of chemotaxis were all studied in 24 patients affected by Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and in an equal number of healthy control subjects. Statistical comparison between patients and controls indicated lower chemotactic activity in patient's serum when activated by the classical pathway, and the presence in some SLE patients of a heat-labile inhibitor of the chemoattractants. Low \"classical pathway\" chemotactic indexes were correlated with low C4 values, active nephritis and recurrent infections. The presence of heat-labile inhibitor was correlated with low values of C3. Our data suggest that defective neutrophil chemotaxis could be one of the mechanisms contributing to the high incidence of infections suffered by SLE patients. The importance of conducting separate studies on cell movement and on generation of serum chemotactic activities by classical and alternative pathways in SLE patients is discussed.", "PMID": 705269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2044", "title": "Copper in ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "To study the role of copper in inflammatory rheumatic diseases, serum copper, serum ceruloplasmin concentration, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and radio-copper studies were performed in 11 male patients with ankylosing spondylitis, in 12 female patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in 7 normal male subjects. The occurrence of elevated serum copper and serum ceruloplasmin levels can be confirmed in our study for patients with ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis when compared with normal controls. A significant correlation was found for these parameters and the inflammatory activity, characterized by the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. If groups with similar inflammatory activity are compared, higher ceruloplasmin concentrations are found in ankylosing spondylitis than in rheumatoid arthritis, the plasma incorporation of radiocopper also being higher in ankylosing spondylitis patients. Therefore, and because of comparable total serum copper concentrations, the non-ceruloplasmin bound copper level is found to be significantly higher in rheumatoid arthritis patients than in the group of ankylosing spondylitis patients. The significant correlation between erythrocyte sedimentation rate and the cumulative 120-hour urine excretion of radiocopper is in good agreement with the chemical finding of an elevated urinary copper excretion found by others, supporting the concept that the elevation of serum and urine copper levels in inflammatory rheumatoid diseases can be considered as an acute phase response.", "contents": "Copper in ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis. To study the role of copper in inflammatory rheumatic diseases, serum copper, serum ceruloplasmin concentration, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and radio-copper studies were performed in 11 male patients with ankylosing spondylitis, in 12 female patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in 7 normal male subjects. The occurrence of elevated serum copper and serum ceruloplasmin levels can be confirmed in our study for patients with ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis when compared with normal controls. A significant correlation was found for these parameters and the inflammatory activity, characterized by the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. If groups with similar inflammatory activity are compared, higher ceruloplasmin concentrations are found in ankylosing spondylitis than in rheumatoid arthritis, the plasma incorporation of radiocopper also being higher in ankylosing spondylitis patients. Therefore, and because of comparable total serum copper concentrations, the non-ceruloplasmin bound copper level is found to be significantly higher in rheumatoid arthritis patients than in the group of ankylosing spondylitis patients. The significant correlation between erythrocyte sedimentation rate and the cumulative 120-hour urine excretion of radiocopper is in good agreement with the chemical finding of an elevated urinary copper excretion found by others, supporting the concept that the elevation of serum and urine copper levels in inflammatory rheumatoid diseases can be considered as an acute phase response.", "PMID": 705270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2045", "title": "Reversible renal side effects of intra-articular osmic acid injection.", "content": "In 101 patients treated for knee joint hydrops with intra-articular osmic acid injection, an increased incidence of proteinuria and microscopic haematuria was noted on the first day after injection. This increase subsided rapidly and had disappeared 3 days after the injection. Three patients showed transient glycosuria. No signs of permanent renal damage appeared in any patient.", "contents": "Reversible renal side effects of intra-articular osmic acid injection. In 101 patients treated for knee joint hydrops with intra-articular osmic acid injection, an increased incidence of proteinuria and microscopic haematuria was noted on the first day after injection. This increase subsided rapidly and had disappeared 3 days after the injection. Three patients showed transient glycosuria. No signs of permanent renal damage appeared in any patient.", "PMID": 705271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2046", "title": "Absence of increased frequency of degenerative joint changes after osmic acid injections.", "content": "Fifty-two adults and 31 children, who were treated with osmic acid for one knee joint, were observed for 8-18 years. No other local treatment of the knee joints was given. In adults no difference was seen in clinical or radiological findings between joints treated and not treated with osmic acid. The age of the patient had a marked influence on the development of degenerative joint disease. In children, radiological deterioration of the knee joints was marked in joints affected by radiological changes even before treatment. It is concluded that though osmic acid causes superficial damage to the cartilage, it has no significant clinical relevance. Osmic acid can still be recommended as a simple remedy in the treatment of knee joint synovitis, in both adults and children.", "contents": "Absence of increased frequency of degenerative joint changes after osmic acid injections. Fifty-two adults and 31 children, who were treated with osmic acid for one knee joint, were observed for 8-18 years. No other local treatment of the knee joints was given. In adults no difference was seen in clinical or radiological findings between joints treated and not treated with osmic acid. The age of the patient had a marked influence on the development of degenerative joint disease. In children, radiological deterioration of the knee joints was marked in joints affected by radiological changes even before treatment. It is concluded that though osmic acid causes superficial damage to the cartilage, it has no significant clinical relevance. Osmic acid can still be recommended as a simple remedy in the treatment of knee joint synovitis, in both adults and children.", "PMID": 705272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2047", "title": "Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. Biochemical changes in blood serum, urine, skin, bone, and ectopic ossification.", "content": "Increased urinary output of total hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine and uronic acid was found in two patients suffering from fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. Before treatment of one of the patients, the high molecular weight peptide fraction deriving from newly synthesised collagen was particularly increased. Treatment with disodium etidronate (diphosphonate) reduced the values. The urinary values of sodium, potassium and calcium were also depressed during treatment, and, in both patients, serum phosphate was high, while serum calcium was normal. The hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine contents in skin and bone of FOP patients did not differ from controls, while ectopic ossifications showed a considerable increase in hydroxylysine in relation to normal bone.", "contents": "Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. Biochemical changes in blood serum, urine, skin, bone, and ectopic ossification. Increased urinary output of total hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine and uronic acid was found in two patients suffering from fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. Before treatment of one of the patients, the high molecular weight peptide fraction deriving from newly synthesised collagen was particularly increased. Treatment with disodium etidronate (diphosphonate) reduced the values. The urinary values of sodium, potassium and calcium were also depressed during treatment, and, in both patients, serum phosphate was high, while serum calcium was normal. The hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine contents in skin and bone of FOP patients did not differ from controls, while ectopic ossifications showed a considerable increase in hydroxylysine in relation to normal bone.", "PMID": 705273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2048", "title": "C-reactive protein and delayed hypersensitivity in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "In patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), the delayed hypersensitivity found when skin-testing with a panel of memory antigens appeared to be reduced. Since C-reactive protein (CRP) has recently been shown to inhibit various parameters of cellular immunity in vitro, we tested the concentration of CRP in serum from 44 patients with JRA who had previously been tested for delayed hypersensitivity. The mean concentration of CRP in the patients was 32.2mg/l, while in age-and sex-matched controls it was less than 5 mg/l. By scatter diagrams and statistical analysis no association was found between the concentration of CRP and various expressions of delayed hypersensitivity in vivo.", "contents": "C-reactive protein and delayed hypersensitivity in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. In patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), the delayed hypersensitivity found when skin-testing with a panel of memory antigens appeared to be reduced. Since C-reactive protein (CRP) has recently been shown to inhibit various parameters of cellular immunity in vitro, we tested the concentration of CRP in serum from 44 patients with JRA who had previously been tested for delayed hypersensitivity. The mean concentration of CRP in the patients was 32.2mg/l, while in age-and sex-matched controls it was less than 5 mg/l. By scatter diagrams and statistical analysis no association was found between the concentration of CRP and various expressions of delayed hypersensitivity in vivo.", "PMID": 705274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2049", "title": "Quantitative 99mTc pertechnetate scanning of the sacro-iliac joints. A follow-up study of patients with suspected sacro-iliitis.", "content": "Quantitative 99mTc pertechnetate sacro-iliac scanning (QTPS) was performed in 30 patients suspected of having sacro-iliac arthritis (SI). Abnormal scanning results but lack of definite radiographic changes were noted in all of them. Twenty-four of these patients were followed-up for an average of 3.4 years; roentgenological abnormalities were found in 23 patients, or 95%, namely definite SI in 13, slight abnormalities in 1 previously normal patient, inactive changes in 3, suspected SI was unchanged in the radiographs in 5 and regression of previously observed grad-I changes was found in 1. In only 1 patient was the radiological picture unchanged normal. No definite roentgenological SI developed in any of the 12 controls (patients with normal (QTPS) we followed in the same way. A close correlation was noted between the QTPS and the patients' complaints of low back pain/stiffness and the clinical findings, including the presence of HLA-B27. The present study confirms that, despite the absence of radiographic changes, QTPS allows identification of a group of clinical and laboratory features which together are sufficiently characteristic of SI to establish that diagnosis. QTPS also enables us to discover clinically silent SI.", "contents": "Quantitative 99mTc pertechnetate scanning of the sacro-iliac joints. A follow-up study of patients with suspected sacro-iliitis. Quantitative 99mTc pertechnetate sacro-iliac scanning (QTPS) was performed in 30 patients suspected of having sacro-iliac arthritis (SI). Abnormal scanning results but lack of definite radiographic changes were noted in all of them. Twenty-four of these patients were followed-up for an average of 3.4 years; roentgenological abnormalities were found in 23 patients, or 95%, namely definite SI in 13, slight abnormalities in 1 previously normal patient, inactive changes in 3, suspected SI was unchanged in the radiographs in 5 and regression of previously observed grad-I changes was found in 1. In only 1 patient was the radiological picture unchanged normal. No definite roentgenological SI developed in any of the 12 controls (patients with normal (QTPS) we followed in the same way. A close correlation was noted between the QTPS and the patients' complaints of low back pain/stiffness and the clinical findings, including the presence of HLA-B27. The present study confirms that, despite the absence of radiographic changes, QTPS allows identification of a group of clinical and laboratory features which together are sufficiently characteristic of SI to establish that diagnosis. QTPS also enables us to discover clinically silent SI.", "PMID": 705275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2050", "title": "The need for early rehabilitation among Finnish municipal employees.", "content": "The aims of the project were to assess the quantity and quality of subjective need for rehabilitation among the employees of the City of Helsinki, and to make, through team evaluation, recommendations concerning rehabilitation measures that would improve individual situations. On the basis of questionnaire responses it was assessed that about 15% of the hourly-paid and 8% of the monthly-paid employees (10% of all the employees) need immediate medical, vocational or social measures. On the basis of the team evaluation, it was assessed that rehabilitation measures would be needed by 11-12% of the employees. The problems and methods of the study are discussed.", "contents": "The need for early rehabilitation among Finnish municipal employees. The aims of the project were to assess the quantity and quality of subjective need for rehabilitation among the employees of the City of Helsinki, and to make, through team evaluation, recommendations concerning rehabilitation measures that would improve individual situations. On the basis of questionnaire responses it was assessed that about 15% of the hourly-paid and 8% of the monthly-paid employees (10% of all the employees) need immediate medical, vocational or social measures. On the basis of the team evaluation, it was assessed that rehabilitation measures would be needed by 11-12% of the employees. The problems and methods of the study are discussed.", "PMID": 705279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2051", "title": "The average myoelectrical activity of skeletal muscles in healthy and paretic individuals in elementary movements of the limbs.", "content": "The method for evaluation of polyelectromyographic records is described. The method makes it possible to ascertain a deviation degree of myoelectric activity in sick persons with damaged central motoneuron and possibly their return to normal. A set of simple movements was polyelectromyographically examined in 30 healthy persons. These records were transformed into curves of mean value and the standard deviation was enumerated. These patterns were then compared with the pathologic records. The EMG potentials were recorded in the agonist and antagonist of the right and left upper or lower extremity in the motionless state (factor B by Tardieu), simple movement, simple movement against resistance and nociceptive irritation (Babinski phenomenon). The method can be put to good use in the evaluation of therapeutic methods, especially the therapeutic exercise in rehabilitation.", "contents": "The average myoelectrical activity of skeletal muscles in healthy and paretic individuals in elementary movements of the limbs. The method for evaluation of polyelectromyographic records is described. The method makes it possible to ascertain a deviation degree of myoelectric activity in sick persons with damaged central motoneuron and possibly their return to normal. A set of simple movements was polyelectromyographically examined in 30 healthy persons. These records were transformed into curves of mean value and the standard deviation was enumerated. These patterns were then compared with the pathologic records. The EMG potentials were recorded in the agonist and antagonist of the right and left upper or lower extremity in the motionless state (factor B by Tardieu), simple movement, simple movement against resistance and nociceptive irritation (Babinski phenomenon). The method can be put to good use in the evaluation of therapeutic methods, especially the therapeutic exercise in rehabilitation.", "PMID": 705280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2052", "title": "Application of electromyography in ergonomics: new vistas.", "content": "The application of electromyography in analysis of muscle strain in working situations is far from straight-forward. Muscle force, for instance, is not directly accessible using electromyography. New insight in electrophysiological phenomena of human muscle provides however a firm basis for analysis of localized muscle fatigue at work. Such applications entail information at the muscle fiber membrane level.", "contents": "Application of electromyography in ergonomics: new vistas. The application of electromyography in analysis of muscle strain in working situations is far from straight-forward. Muscle force, for instance, is not directly accessible using electromyography. New insight in electrophysiological phenomena of human muscle provides however a firm basis for analysis of localized muscle fatigue at work. Such applications entail information at the muscle fiber membrane level.", "PMID": 705281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2053", "title": "A control study of muscle force recovery in hemiparetic patients during treatment with functional electrical stimulation.", "content": "A group of forty-nine hemiparetic patients with limited emotional, communication and sensibility involvement and with recent lesion of cerebrovascular aetiology was randomly divided into two groups of twenty-four and twenty-five subjects. Both groups received traditional physiotherapy treatment for one hour/day, one group received twenty min/day of peroneal nerve stimulation. The maximum voluntary dorsal flexion moments of the ankle joint of the affected and non affected extremities were measured with an isometric brace twice a week for one month and for both groups. The recovery of moment in the stimulated group turned out to be about three times greater than in the control group and considerably less dependent upon age, time from lesion, initial value, side of lesion. Three patients using a peroneal brace at home as an assisting device were again evaluated two months later and a further improvement was observed. This work gives statistical support to previous observations based on very few cases and provides a statistically reliable answer concerning the entity of FES induced recovery of muscle force in hemiparetic subjects.", "contents": "A control study of muscle force recovery in hemiparetic patients during treatment with functional electrical stimulation. A group of forty-nine hemiparetic patients with limited emotional, communication and sensibility involvement and with recent lesion of cerebrovascular aetiology was randomly divided into two groups of twenty-four and twenty-five subjects. Both groups received traditional physiotherapy treatment for one hour/day, one group received twenty min/day of peroneal nerve stimulation. The maximum voluntary dorsal flexion moments of the ankle joint of the affected and non affected extremities were measured with an isometric brace twice a week for one month and for both groups. The recovery of moment in the stimulated group turned out to be about three times greater than in the control group and considerably less dependent upon age, time from lesion, initial value, side of lesion. Three patients using a peroneal brace at home as an assisting device were again evaluated two months later and a further improvement was observed. This work gives statistical support to previous observations based on very few cases and provides a statistically reliable answer concerning the entity of FES induced recovery of muscle force in hemiparetic subjects.", "PMID": 705282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2054", "title": "Feasibility and effect of physical training with maximum intensity in men after acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "The purpose of the present investigation was to study the feasibility and effect of physical training with maximum intensity in a group of symptomfree male postinfarction patients (n = 15). The patients started training one month after discharge after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The training was carried out as interval training 2 X 60 min a week during 12 months. During each session there were 5-6 intervals of 6 min's duration, during which the patients exercised with maximum intensity. The results were compared to those of an untrained control group. The groups were randomly selected. Compared to the first exercise test in the third week after AMI the final work capacity of the trained patients was increased by 101%--to 1570 kpm/min (257 W), and that of the control patients by 25%--to 1042 kpm/min. (170 W). (P less than 0.01). The corresponding estimated maximal oxygen consumption was 32 and 48 ml/kg . min. respectively. The study demonstrates that training with maximum intensity is feasible in these patients and that the work capacity, which was obtained, was 30-40% higher than usually found after training of postinfarction patients, when submaximal training intensity has been employed.", "contents": "Feasibility and effect of physical training with maximum intensity in men after acute myocardial infarction. The purpose of the present investigation was to study the feasibility and effect of physical training with maximum intensity in a group of symptomfree male postinfarction patients (n = 15). The patients started training one month after discharge after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The training was carried out as interval training 2 X 60 min a week during 12 months. During each session there were 5-6 intervals of 6 min's duration, during which the patients exercised with maximum intensity. The results were compared to those of an untrained control group. The groups were randomly selected. Compared to the first exercise test in the third week after AMI the final work capacity of the trained patients was increased by 101%--to 1570 kpm/min (257 W), and that of the control patients by 25%--to 1042 kpm/min. (170 W). (P less than 0.01). The corresponding estimated maximal oxygen consumption was 32 and 48 ml/kg . min. respectively. The study demonstrates that training with maximum intensity is feasible in these patients and that the work capacity, which was obtained, was 30-40% higher than usually found after training of postinfarction patients, when submaximal training intensity has been employed.", "PMID": 705283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2055", "title": "Assistive communication systems for the anarthric and severe dysarthric patient: a rationale for their use and criteria for their selection.", "content": "A rationale for the use of nonvocal communication systems by anarthric and severe dysarthric patients is presented. Criteria for selecting nonvocal systems are discussed in relationship to: type of motor dysfunction, intellectual and cognitive capabilities, language abilities, emotional-motivational status and system variables.", "contents": "Assistive communication systems for the anarthric and severe dysarthric patient: a rationale for their use and criteria for their selection. A rationale for the use of nonvocal communication systems by anarthric and severe dysarthric patients is presented. Criteria for selecting nonvocal systems are discussed in relationship to: type of motor dysfunction, intellectual and cognitive capabilities, language abilities, emotional-motivational status and system variables.", "PMID": 705284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2056", "title": "Exposure to xylene and ethylbenzene. I. Uptake, distribution and elimination in man.", "content": "Industrial xylene is a mixture of xylene and ethylbenzene. Twelve male subjects were exposed to industrial xylene in inspired air, six subjects in series I to 870 mg/m3 at rest (30 min) and light exercise on a bicycle ergometer (90 min) and six subjects in series II to 435 mg/m3 at rest (30 min) and during exercise of increasing work loads (90 min). The measurements of xylene uptake were performed continuously with the Douglas bag technique. In both series, about 60% of the amount of xylene supplied to the lungs was taken up. In both series, the concentration in alveolar air was relatively low throughout the entire exposure. The relative concentration in alveolar air displayed a linear correlation to the percentage uptake in the lungs. The ratio between the concentration in arterial blood (mg/kg) and alveolar air (mg/l) amounted to 30--40 at the different work loads. The total amount of xylene expired after the exposure was estimated from the alveolar concentration and alveolar ventilation. In series I, with a total uptake of 1.4 g, the subjects expired about 70 mg, i.e., about 5%. The corresponding value in series II was 40 mg of a total uptake of 1.0 g, i.e., about 4%.", "contents": "Exposure to xylene and ethylbenzene. I. Uptake, distribution and elimination in man. Industrial xylene is a mixture of xylene and ethylbenzene. Twelve male subjects were exposed to industrial xylene in inspired air, six subjects in series I to 870 mg/m3 at rest (30 min) and light exercise on a bicycle ergometer (90 min) and six subjects in series II to 435 mg/m3 at rest (30 min) and during exercise of increasing work loads (90 min). The measurements of xylene uptake were performed continuously with the Douglas bag technique. In both series, about 60% of the amount of xylene supplied to the lungs was taken up. In both series, the concentration in alveolar air was relatively low throughout the entire exposure. The relative concentration in alveolar air displayed a linear correlation to the percentage uptake in the lungs. The ratio between the concentration in arterial blood (mg/kg) and alveolar air (mg/l) amounted to 30--40 at the different work loads. The total amount of xylene expired after the exposure was estimated from the alveolar concentration and alveolar ventilation. In series I, with a total uptake of 1.4 g, the subjects expired about 70 mg, i.e., about 5%. The corresponding value in series II was 40 mg of a total uptake of 1.0 g, i.e., about 4%.", "PMID": 705285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2057", "title": "Exposure to xylene and ethylbenzene. III. Effects on central nervous functions.", "content": "The effect of exposure to the solvent xylene on performance of tests of numerical ability, reaction time (simple and choice), short-term memory, and critical flicker fusion was studied in two separate laboratory series. In the first series fifteen healthy male subjects were studied individually on three separate occasions with exposure to 435 and 1,300 mg/m3 xylene in inspired air and under control conditions. In a second series eight of the subjects were exposed to 1,300 mg/m3 xylene in inspired air. This exposure period began with 30 min of work on a bicycle ergometer (100 W) and continued during the behavioral tests. The procedure was the same under control conditions. Each exposure period lasted 70 min. At certain times during exposure, samples of the subjects alveolar air were collected. Exposure to xylene did not cause any noticeable change in performance during the first laboratory series, when the subjects' total uptake of xylene was estimated to be on an average 180 and 540 mg, respectively. In the second series the physical work induced an increase in the total uptake up to an average of 1,200 mg. In this series clear evidence of performance decrement was observed in three of the performance tests.", "contents": "Exposure to xylene and ethylbenzene. III. Effects on central nervous functions. The effect of exposure to the solvent xylene on performance of tests of numerical ability, reaction time (simple and choice), short-term memory, and critical flicker fusion was studied in two separate laboratory series. In the first series fifteen healthy male subjects were studied individually on three separate occasions with exposure to 435 and 1,300 mg/m3 xylene in inspired air and under control conditions. In a second series eight of the subjects were exposed to 1,300 mg/m3 xylene in inspired air. This exposure period began with 30 min of work on a bicycle ergometer (100 W) and continued during the behavioral tests. The procedure was the same under control conditions. Each exposure period lasted 70 min. At certain times during exposure, samples of the subjects alveolar air were collected. Exposure to xylene did not cause any noticeable change in performance during the first laboratory series, when the subjects' total uptake of xylene was estimated to be on an average 180 and 540 mg, respectively. In the second series the physical work induced an increase in the total uptake up to an average of 1,200 mg. In this series clear evidence of performance decrement was observed in three of the performance tests.", "PMID": 705287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2058", "title": "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the work atmosphere. I. Determination in an aluminum reduction plant.", "content": "The content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in a S\u00f8derberg prebaked aluminum reduction plant and an anode plant was studied. Both stationary and personal sampling were used, and the samples were analyzed by glass capillary gas chromatography. In many samples more than 30 PAH and heterocyclic compounds were identified. Comparison of the results from the different plants revealed that the atmospheric PAH content was significantly higher in the S\u00f8derberg plant than in the others. However, the relative distribution of PAH components (PAH profile) was relatively constant in the prebaked and the anode baking plant, and different in the S\u00f8derberg plant. As a consequence of the variation in the pollution level among the different job categories, personal sampling showed a broader range of PAH concentrations than the stationary method.", "contents": "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the work atmosphere. I. Determination in an aluminum reduction plant. The content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in a S\u00f8derberg prebaked aluminum reduction plant and an anode plant was studied. Both stationary and personal sampling were used, and the samples were analyzed by glass capillary gas chromatography. In many samples more than 30 PAH and heterocyclic compounds were identified. Comparison of the results from the different plants revealed that the atmospheric PAH content was significantly higher in the S\u00f8derberg plant than in the others. However, the relative distribution of PAH components (PAH profile) was relatively constant in the prebaked and the anode baking plant, and different in the S\u00f8derberg plant. As a consequence of the variation in the pollution level among the different job categories, personal sampling showed a broader range of PAH concentrations than the stationary method.", "PMID": 705288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2059", "title": "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the work atmosphere. II. Determination in a coke plant.", "content": "The content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the work atmosphere of a coke plant was investigated on two occasions. Stationary, mobile, and personal sampling were used, and the samples were analyzed by glass capillary gas chromatography. Up to 39 PAH and heterocyclic compounds were indentified in the samples. By personal sampling, the occupational exposure to PAH was determined to vary between 5 and 1,000 mg/m3. A study of the occurrence of PAH on particulate matter revealed that 98% of the PAH was respirable. No significant variation in the relative distribution of the PAH components (PAH profile) was observed during the two sampling periods. The PAH profile for the coke plant was similar to that of a S\u00f8derberg aluminum plant, but different from that of a S\u00f8derberg paste plant.", "contents": "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the work atmosphere. II. Determination in a coke plant. The content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the work atmosphere of a coke plant was investigated on two occasions. Stationary, mobile, and personal sampling were used, and the samples were analyzed by glass capillary gas chromatography. Up to 39 PAH and heterocyclic compounds were indentified in the samples. By personal sampling, the occupational exposure to PAH was determined to vary between 5 and 1,000 mg/m3. A study of the occurrence of PAH on particulate matter revealed that 98% of the PAH was respirable. No significant variation in the relative distribution of the PAH components (PAH profile) was observed during the two sampling periods. The PAH profile for the coke plant was similar to that of a S\u00f8derberg aluminum plant, but different from that of a S\u00f8derberg paste plant.", "PMID": 705289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2060", "title": "[Starch peritonitis].", "content": "Starch peritonitis is a rare postoperative complication of which 3 cases are here reported. The pathogenesis, diagnostic procedures, symptoms, treatment and prevention of starch granulomatous peritonitis are discussed.", "contents": "[Starch peritonitis]. Starch peritonitis is a rare postoperative complication of which 3 cases are here reported. The pathogenesis, diagnostic procedures, symptoms, treatment and prevention of starch granulomatous peritonitis are discussed.", "PMID": 705293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2061", "title": "[Blood cholinesterase and hepatic function: a comparison with BSP and galactose elimination as well as serum albumin concentration].", "content": "Although quantitative tests of some hepatic functions have been well established, the determination of serum cholinesterase activity continues to be commonly used in their stead. A critical comparison of the serum cholinesterase activity with these quantitative tests, however, is still lacking. Serum cholinesterase activity was therefore simultaneously compared with galactose elimination capacity (GEC), initial BSP-disappearance rate (BSP-ki), and serum albumin levels in 19 healthy control subjects and 46 patients with various chronic liver diseases. Serum cholinesterase activity was less discriminating between controls and patients than BSP-ki. It appears poorly suited, therefore, as a screening test for mild liver disease. Rank correlations between serum cholinesterase activity and GEC, BSP-ki, and serum albumin were statistically higher significant (r = 0.65, r = 0.74, and r = 0.80 respectively). On a statistical basis, serum cholinesterase activity may, therefore, be regarded as an index of the functional reserve of the liver. Evaluation of individual cases, however, revealed some clinically relevant discrepancies. It is concluded, therefore, that for accurate follow-up studies measurements of serum cholinesterase activity may be insufficient substitutes for the quantitative tests.", "contents": "[Blood cholinesterase and hepatic function: a comparison with BSP and galactose elimination as well as serum albumin concentration]. Although quantitative tests of some hepatic functions have been well established, the determination of serum cholinesterase activity continues to be commonly used in their stead. A critical comparison of the serum cholinesterase activity with these quantitative tests, however, is still lacking. Serum cholinesterase activity was therefore simultaneously compared with galactose elimination capacity (GEC), initial BSP-disappearance rate (BSP-ki), and serum albumin levels in 19 healthy control subjects and 46 patients with various chronic liver diseases. Serum cholinesterase activity was less discriminating between controls and patients than BSP-ki. It appears poorly suited, therefore, as a screening test for mild liver disease. Rank correlations between serum cholinesterase activity and GEC, BSP-ki, and serum albumin were statistically higher significant (r = 0.65, r = 0.74, and r = 0.80 respectively). On a statistical basis, serum cholinesterase activity may, therefore, be regarded as an index of the functional reserve of the liver. Evaluation of individual cases, however, revealed some clinically relevant discrepancies. It is concluded, therefore, that for accurate follow-up studies measurements of serum cholinesterase activity may be insufficient substitutes for the quantitative tests.", "PMID": 705294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2062", "title": "[Surgical therapy of axial hiatal hernias and reflux disease. 1. Results of an inquiry among Swiss surgeons in 1977].", "content": "Of the 153 heads of surgical departments in Switzerland, 152 joined in an inquiry into diagnostic procedures, surgical indications, and types of procedure in the treatment of axial hiatal hernia and reflux disease. Fundoplication is by far the most frequent procedure. Of the modifications performed in complicated reflux disease, 34% are controversial. Surgery for hiatal hernia and reflux disease is performed 3 times less frequently in the German part of Switzerland than in the other parts. German-speaking surgeons ascribe to themselves a greater willingness to perform preoperative diagnostic procedures--endoscopy, radiological and non-radiological tests of esophageal function--than the surgeons of the other parts of Switzerland. However, the German-speaking surgeons are more reluctant than the other surgeons to perform surgery in patients with esophagitis. The German-speaking surgeons are even more reluctant to perform surgery on the basis of subjective symptoms. Axial hiatal hernia is considered a relative indication for surgery by half of Swiss surgeons. Only a few surgeons consider this condition an absolute indication for surgery.", "contents": "[Surgical therapy of axial hiatal hernias and reflux disease. 1. Results of an inquiry among Swiss surgeons in 1977]. Of the 153 heads of surgical departments in Switzerland, 152 joined in an inquiry into diagnostic procedures, surgical indications, and types of procedure in the treatment of axial hiatal hernia and reflux disease. Fundoplication is by far the most frequent procedure. Of the modifications performed in complicated reflux disease, 34% are controversial. Surgery for hiatal hernia and reflux disease is performed 3 times less frequently in the German part of Switzerland than in the other parts. German-speaking surgeons ascribe to themselves a greater willingness to perform preoperative diagnostic procedures--endoscopy, radiological and non-radiological tests of esophageal function--than the surgeons of the other parts of Switzerland. However, the German-speaking surgeons are more reluctant than the other surgeons to perform surgery in patients with esophagitis. The German-speaking surgeons are even more reluctant to perform surgery on the basis of subjective symptoms. Axial hiatal hernia is considered a relative indication for surgery by half of Swiss surgeons. Only a few surgeons consider this condition an absolute indication for surgery.", "PMID": 705295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2063", "title": "[Stercoraceous perforations of the colon. 2 unusual presentations].", "content": "Two cases of stercoraceous perforation of the colon are described in a psychiatric patient and a hemodialysis patient. The unusual symptomatology was acute respiratory failure with hypovolemic shock in one case and acute rectal bleeding in the other. The etiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "[Stercoraceous perforations of the colon. 2 unusual presentations]. Two cases of stercoraceous perforation of the colon are described in a psychiatric patient and a hemodialysis patient. The unusual symptomatology was acute respiratory failure with hypovolemic shock in one case and acute rectal bleeding in the other. The etiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 705296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2064", "title": "[Clinical evaluation of ciclobendazole (C-C 2481) in the treatment of colonic helminth diseases].", "content": "A total of 105 patients with mild helminthiases have been treated with ciclobendazole, a benzimidazole derivative related to mebendazole. The treatment lasted 3 days. A group of 74 patients received 200 mg/day ciclobendazole while another 31 patients were given double this dose. The excretion rates achieved were very high at 84.2 and 83.3% respectively in trichuriasis and 93.3 and 100% respectively in ascariasis. In a relatively small number of cases of ankylostomiasis, the values were, however, considerable lower (38.5 and 20.0% respectively). Since ciclobendazole is well tolerated, there is a need for studies with higher dosages and possibly also long-term studies.", "contents": "[Clinical evaluation of ciclobendazole (C-C 2481) in the treatment of colonic helminth diseases]. A total of 105 patients with mild helminthiases have been treated with ciclobendazole, a benzimidazole derivative related to mebendazole. The treatment lasted 3 days. A group of 74 patients received 200 mg/day ciclobendazole while another 31 patients were given double this dose. The excretion rates achieved were very high at 84.2 and 83.3% respectively in trichuriasis and 93.3 and 100% respectively in ascariasis. In a relatively small number of cases of ankylostomiasis, the values were, however, considerable lower (38.5 and 20.0% respectively). Since ciclobendazole is well tolerated, there is a need for studies with higher dosages and possibly also long-term studies.", "PMID": 705298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2065", "title": "[Clinical aspects, diagnosis and therapy of tropical pulmonary eosinophilia].", "content": "In Switzerland, tropical pulmonary eosinophilia occurs in subjects who have stayed in endemic areas of lymphatic filariasis (mainly India and South East Asia) and in adopted children from these countries. Clinically, the disease manifests itself as asthmatic bronchitis or pneumonia. Blood eosinophilia is regularly present and chest X-ray shows various types of infiltrate. Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia is distinguished from Loeffler's syndrome by (a) the severe and protracted course, (b) measurable antibodies against filarial antigens, and (c) the therapeutic response to diethylcarbamazine. The pathogenesis of both syndromes may be explicable by the fact that soluble parasitic allergens bind to cellules of the respiratory tract and induce hypersensitivity reactions under the influence of reagins. Both syndromes must be differentiated from parasitoses of the lung tissue, from side effects of drugs, and from allergic, non-parasitic bronchial asthma. The clinical aspects of both syndromes are illustrated by three cases.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects, diagnosis and therapy of tropical pulmonary eosinophilia]. In Switzerland, tropical pulmonary eosinophilia occurs in subjects who have stayed in endemic areas of lymphatic filariasis (mainly India and South East Asia) and in adopted children from these countries. Clinically, the disease manifests itself as asthmatic bronchitis or pneumonia. Blood eosinophilia is regularly present and chest X-ray shows various types of infiltrate. Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia is distinguished from Loeffler's syndrome by (a) the severe and protracted course, (b) measurable antibodies against filarial antigens, and (c) the therapeutic response to diethylcarbamazine. The pathogenesis of both syndromes may be explicable by the fact that soluble parasitic allergens bind to cellules of the respiratory tract and induce hypersensitivity reactions under the influence of reagins. Both syndromes must be differentiated from parasitoses of the lung tissue, from side effects of drugs, and from allergic, non-parasitic bronchial asthma. The clinical aspects of both syndromes are illustrated by three cases.", "PMID": 705299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2066", "title": "[Treatment of iatrogenic transvenous foreign body embolism].", "content": "Embolization of central venous devices, such as infusion catheters, ventriculo-atrial drains for hydrocephalus or intracardial pacemaker leads, may cause fatal secondary complications. Removal of the embolized foreign bodies is therefore mandatory in the majority of cases. 26 in a series of 27 patients underwent removal procedures which have been successful in 24. The specific approach is described in the different subgroups of embolized foreign bodies. Removal has been achieved transvenously through the internal jugular vein in most instances of embolization of infusion or pressure catheters, using forceps or ureteric stone catheters. Thoracotomy was necessary in 8 patients, twice with with cardio-pulmonary bypass. There were no complications due to interventions for catheter extraction. This experience justifies an active approach to treatment once the diagnosis is established.", "contents": "[Treatment of iatrogenic transvenous foreign body embolism]. Embolization of central venous devices, such as infusion catheters, ventriculo-atrial drains for hydrocephalus or intracardial pacemaker leads, may cause fatal secondary complications. Removal of the embolized foreign bodies is therefore mandatory in the majority of cases. 26 in a series of 27 patients underwent removal procedures which have been successful in 24. The specific approach is described in the different subgroups of embolized foreign bodies. Removal has been achieved transvenously through the internal jugular vein in most instances of embolization of infusion or pressure catheters, using forceps or ureteric stone catheters. Thoracotomy was necessary in 8 patients, twice with with cardio-pulmonary bypass. There were no complications due to interventions for catheter extraction. This experience justifies an active approach to treatment once the diagnosis is established.", "PMID": 705300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2067", "title": "[Risk of disease in 10,500 travelers to tropical countries and 1,300 tourists to North America].", "content": "A survey on rate of illness among 10 500 tourists returning from the tropics and a control group of 1300 from the United States and Canada was performed by a questionnaire completed during the flight back to Switzerland. Only 25% from southern destinations, but 53% from North America, were never incapacitated during their travels. The vast majority of the illnesses were of no consequence, as was reflected by a low rate for bed confinement of 4% and 1% respectively. The most frequent symptoms in the tropics were diarrhea in 34% (mostly of short duration and mild degree), constipation in 14%, upper respiratory illness in 12% and insomnia in 11%. There were significant differences according to sex, age and tropical experience. The influence on pre-existing diseases was assessed. 7% of the tourists returning from the tropics were sick in the course of the year following the journey.", "contents": "[Risk of disease in 10,500 travelers to tropical countries and 1,300 tourists to North America]. A survey on rate of illness among 10 500 tourists returning from the tropics and a control group of 1300 from the United States and Canada was performed by a questionnaire completed during the flight back to Switzerland. Only 25% from southern destinations, but 53% from North America, were never incapacitated during their travels. The vast majority of the illnesses were of no consequence, as was reflected by a low rate for bed confinement of 4% and 1% respectively. The most frequent symptoms in the tropics were diarrhea in 34% (mostly of short duration and mild degree), constipation in 14%, upper respiratory illness in 12% and insomnia in 11%. There were significant differences according to sex, age and tropical experience. The influence on pre-existing diseases was assessed. 7% of the tourists returning from the tropics were sick in the course of the year following the journey.", "PMID": 705301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2068", "title": "[Autoimmune hemolytic anemia induced by mefenamic acid].", "content": "A case of autoimmunohemolytic anemia following mefenamic acid therapy is described. A free anti-erythrocytic antibody of the IgG class was found in the serum of the patient. The same antibody was also found in the eluate of the patient's red cells. No blood group specificity could be demonstrated. Direct participation of the drug in the antibody red cell reaction could be ruled out by \"facilitation\" and \"inhibition\" tests.", "contents": "[Autoimmune hemolytic anemia induced by mefenamic acid]. A case of autoimmunohemolytic anemia following mefenamic acid therapy is described. A free anti-erythrocytic antibody of the IgG class was found in the serum of the patient. The same antibody was also found in the eluate of the patient's red cells. No blood group specificity could be demonstrated. Direct participation of the drug in the antibody red cell reaction could be ruled out by \"facilitation\" and \"inhibition\" tests.", "PMID": 705303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2069", "title": "[The exhaled hydrogen test: its value in the quantitative diagnosis of carbohydrate malabsorption].", "content": "A study has been conducted to determine the accuracy of breath-H2 measurements for quantitating the malabsorption of small amounts of carbohydrate. H2 pulmonary excretion was measured after an overnight fast at 30-min intervals for 4 h in 7 healthy subjects after ingestion of 4 doses of lactulose (2.5,5,10 and 50 g). In 3 subjects the test was repeated without lactulose. The volume of H2 excreted was directly proportional to the amount of ingested lactulose: mean cumulative H2 excretion over a 2-h period after 5, 10 and 50 g was 2.9, 6.6 and 37.6 ml H2 respectively; H2 response after the 2.5-g dose was not perceptible. Individual H2 excretion before lactulose ingestion was highly variable: 0.096 +/- 0.075 mlH2 (mean +/- 1 SD); the individual base line rate over a fasting period showed marked fluctuations. It is concluded that the inter- and intraindividual variations of H2 excretion limit the accuracy of the H2 breath test for quantitating malabsorption of small amounts of carbohydrate.", "contents": "[The exhaled hydrogen test: its value in the quantitative diagnosis of carbohydrate malabsorption]. A study has been conducted to determine the accuracy of breath-H2 measurements for quantitating the malabsorption of small amounts of carbohydrate. H2 pulmonary excretion was measured after an overnight fast at 30-min intervals for 4 h in 7 healthy subjects after ingestion of 4 doses of lactulose (2.5,5,10 and 50 g). In 3 subjects the test was repeated without lactulose. The volume of H2 excreted was directly proportional to the amount of ingested lactulose: mean cumulative H2 excretion over a 2-h period after 5, 10 and 50 g was 2.9, 6.6 and 37.6 ml H2 respectively; H2 response after the 2.5-g dose was not perceptible. Individual H2 excretion before lactulose ingestion was highly variable: 0.096 +/- 0.075 mlH2 (mean +/- 1 SD); the individual base line rate over a fasting period showed marked fluctuations. It is concluded that the inter- and intraindividual variations of H2 excretion limit the accuracy of the H2 breath test for quantitating malabsorption of small amounts of carbohydrate.", "PMID": 705305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2070", "title": "[Disseminated intravascular coagulation with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and bone necrosis associated with a prostatic microcarcinoma].", "content": "Presentation of a case of disseminated intravascular coagulation with micro-angiopathic hemolytic anemia, associated with a micro-carcinoma of the prostate. In the absence of other etiology it is postulated that the carcinoma was responsible for the hematological disturbance in spite of its small size andlack of either metastases or mucin secretion. The unusual discovery in this disease of bony necroses of the vertebrae, which are attributed to ischemia following micro-thromboses, is also discussed.", "contents": "[Disseminated intravascular coagulation with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and bone necrosis associated with a prostatic microcarcinoma]. Presentation of a case of disseminated intravascular coagulation with micro-angiopathic hemolytic anemia, associated with a micro-carcinoma of the prostate. In the absence of other etiology it is postulated that the carcinoma was responsible for the hematological disturbance in spite of its small size andlack of either metastases or mucin secretion. The unusual discovery in this disease of bony necroses of the vertebrae, which are attributed to ischemia following micro-thromboses, is also discussed.", "PMID": 705306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2071", "title": "[Pathological and embryological studies on abortion cases related to the Seveso accident].", "content": "After the explosion accident on July 10, 1976 in Seveso (Italy), material from 30 interrupted pregnancies and from 4 spontaneous abortions was investigated by embryological and histomorphological studies. No indications of mutagenic, teratogenic or fetotoxic effects of TCDD could be found. The cases of spontaneous abortion, albeit more suspect for dioxin damage, showed different morphological alterations obviously due to a variety of causative factors independent of TCDD. On the other hand it is not possible to exclude entirely an embryotoxic effect of TCDD because in the majority of cases the fetal tissues were incomplete.", "contents": "[Pathological and embryological studies on abortion cases related to the Seveso accident]. After the explosion accident on July 10, 1976 in Seveso (Italy), material from 30 interrupted pregnancies and from 4 spontaneous abortions was investigated by embryological and histomorphological studies. No indications of mutagenic, teratogenic or fetotoxic effects of TCDD could be found. The cases of spontaneous abortion, albeit more suspect for dioxin damage, showed different morphological alterations obviously due to a variety of causative factors independent of TCDD. On the other hand it is not possible to exclude entirely an embryotoxic effect of TCDD because in the majority of cases the fetal tissues were incomplete.", "PMID": 705307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2072", "title": "[The oto-vertebral syndrome].", "content": "The oto-vertebral syndrome is a rare combination of malformations of the ears, spinal anomalies, and congenital heart disease. The syndrome appears to be caused by early embryonic exogenous damage during the 6th or 7th week of embryonic development. The case is reported of a 28-year-old man with bilateral aplasia of the external ear, bilateral aplasia of the ear canal, hypoplasia of the mandibula, severe thoracic scoliosis, and ventricular septal defect with pulmonary hypertension. He was admitted with dyspnea on exertion, syncope, and severe cyanosis. Cardiac catheterization revealed severe pulmonary hypertension with moderate right-to-left and slightly left-to-right shunt (Eisenmenger syndrome). Right and left ventricular function, as evaluated by angiocardiography, was slightly reduced. Because of the severe hemodynamic alterations, symptomatic therapy with digitalis, repeated venesection, and anticoagulation was initiated.", "contents": "[The oto-vertebral syndrome]. The oto-vertebral syndrome is a rare combination of malformations of the ears, spinal anomalies, and congenital heart disease. The syndrome appears to be caused by early embryonic exogenous damage during the 6th or 7th week of embryonic development. The case is reported of a 28-year-old man with bilateral aplasia of the external ear, bilateral aplasia of the ear canal, hypoplasia of the mandibula, severe thoracic scoliosis, and ventricular septal defect with pulmonary hypertension. He was admitted with dyspnea on exertion, syncope, and severe cyanosis. Cardiac catheterization revealed severe pulmonary hypertension with moderate right-to-left and slightly left-to-right shunt (Eisenmenger syndrome). Right and left ventricular function, as evaluated by angiocardiography, was slightly reduced. Because of the severe hemodynamic alterations, symptomatic therapy with digitalis, repeated venesection, and anticoagulation was initiated.", "PMID": 705308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2073", "title": "[Legionnaire's disease in Switzerland].", "content": "The sera from 2453 patients suffering from pneumonia were investigated for antibodies against the agent causing \"Legionnaires' disease\". A complement-fixing antigen developed in this institute was used for the screening of these sera, and the positive results were confirmed with the IF-test developed by CDC Atlanta. Antibodies were found in 23 Swiss patients. The clinical details from one of these patients are presented.", "contents": "[Legionnaire's disease in Switzerland]. The sera from 2453 patients suffering from pneumonia were investigated for antibodies against the agent causing \"Legionnaires' disease\". A complement-fixing antigen developed in this institute was used for the screening of these sera, and the positive results were confirmed with the IF-test developed by CDC Atlanta. Antibodies were found in 23 Swiss patients. The clinical details from one of these patients are presented.", "PMID": 705309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2074", "title": "[Lesions of the kidney and the efferent urinary tract due to cantharidine].", "content": "5 cases of cantharidin intoxication are reported. 4 patients had used cantharidin as an aphrodisiac and one to induce abortion. All presented with urinary tract symptoms. Four patients had gross hematuria. In one case non-oliguric renal failure occurred, with increase of plasma creatinine to 5.6 mg/100 ml. renal biopsy was performed in 2 cases. On light and electron microscopy glomerula showed only minimal changes such as podocyte swelling. The tubuli were markedly altered, with luminal enlargement, intraluminal cell debris, flattening and shrinking of the epithelial cells and distortion of brush borders. Whereas all 5 patients recovered completely, some deaths due to cantharidin poisoning have been reported in the literature. Since cantharidin is markedly toxic, its use in humans should be strongly discouraged.", "contents": "[Lesions of the kidney and the efferent urinary tract due to cantharidine]. 5 cases of cantharidin intoxication are reported. 4 patients had used cantharidin as an aphrodisiac and one to induce abortion. All presented with urinary tract symptoms. Four patients had gross hematuria. In one case non-oliguric renal failure occurred, with increase of plasma creatinine to 5.6 mg/100 ml. renal biopsy was performed in 2 cases. On light and electron microscopy glomerula showed only minimal changes such as podocyte swelling. The tubuli were markedly altered, with luminal enlargement, intraluminal cell debris, flattening and shrinking of the epithelial cells and distortion of brush borders. Whereas all 5 patients recovered completely, some deaths due to cantharidin poisoning have been reported in the literature. Since cantharidin is markedly toxic, its use in humans should be strongly discouraged.", "PMID": 705310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2075", "title": "Prognostic and therapeutic considerations in ischemic heart disease.", "content": "Coronary arteriography and coronary artery bypass surgery have provided a tremendous stimulus to learn more about the natural history of ischemic heart disease. It has become apparent that the most important approach to understanding prognosis involves placing patients into subsets. Clinical presentation is an entry into subsets but is an inadequate way to assess the problem. Anatomical information in the form of coronary arteriographic abnormalities and left ventricular functional abnormalities are powerful prognostic determinants. It remains important to consider matters such as increased blood pressure, cardiomegaly, and perhaps other factors such as cigarette smoking as additive to any anatomical information which can be obtained for any given subset. Premature ventricular contractions, particularly of the complicated type, may be a very powerful and important additive prognostic consideration in all patients with ischemic heart disease but especially those prone to sudden cardiac death. Coronary bypass, surgery now widely practiced in Western Europe and the United States, is an established, integral part of therapy for certain subsets of patients. It clearly cannot resolve the total issue of therapy and must be utilized selectively and critically along with other intensive medical measures to hope to control risk factors and progression of the coronary arteriosclerotic process.", "contents": "Prognostic and therapeutic considerations in ischemic heart disease. Coronary arteriography and coronary artery bypass surgery have provided a tremendous stimulus to learn more about the natural history of ischemic heart disease. It has become apparent that the most important approach to understanding prognosis involves placing patients into subsets. Clinical presentation is an entry into subsets but is an inadequate way to assess the problem. Anatomical information in the form of coronary arteriographic abnormalities and left ventricular functional abnormalities are powerful prognostic determinants. It remains important to consider matters such as increased blood pressure, cardiomegaly, and perhaps other factors such as cigarette smoking as additive to any anatomical information which can be obtained for any given subset. Premature ventricular contractions, particularly of the complicated type, may be a very powerful and important additive prognostic consideration in all patients with ischemic heart disease but especially those prone to sudden cardiac death. Coronary bypass, surgery now widely practiced in Western Europe and the United States, is an established, integral part of therapy for certain subsets of patients. It clearly cannot resolve the total issue of therapy and must be utilized selectively and critically along with other intensive medical measures to hope to control risk factors and progression of the coronary arteriosclerotic process.", "PMID": 705311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2076", "title": "Dental lead levels in Bombay inhabitants.", "content": "Lead content in teeth of Bombay inhabitants has been measured. The lead concentration in teeth ranged from 4.27--82.5 microgram/g of whole tooth with a geometrical mean concentration of 15.5 microgram/g of tooth. There is no significant difference between the lead content in the teeth of males and females. The mean lead value is compared with those from other countries.", "contents": "Dental lead levels in Bombay inhabitants. Lead content in teeth of Bombay inhabitants has been measured. The lead concentration in teeth ranged from 4.27--82.5 microgram/g of whole tooth with a geometrical mean concentration of 15.5 microgram/g of tooth. There is no significant difference between the lead content in the teeth of males and females. The mean lead value is compared with those from other countries.", "PMID": 705328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2077", "title": "Cadmium toxicity studies under long term-low level exposure (LLE) conditions. I. Metabolic patterns in rats exposed to present environmental dietary levels of Cd for two years.", "content": "A long term-low level exposure (LLE) experiment was conducted on rats to determine the metabolic patterns for realistic environmental dietary levels of cadmium. Male rats fed with 61 ppb of cadmium ad libitum, 50 labelled with 109 Cd radiotracer as cadmium chloride via drinking mineral water and 11 unlabelled via food for 2 years. The diet was characterized in its metal content by neutron activation analysis to obtain the total dietary intake of different elements. The kidney was found to be the tissue with the major concentration of cadmium which accumulated continuously during the experiment. The variation of the accumulation pattern of Cd concentration in the liver and intestine indicated an itiial rapid increase of Cd during the first 100 days. After this period an apparent equilibrium was attained in both these tissues until the end of the study. The intracellular distribution of cadmium in kidneys, liver, intestine and pancreas were similar, the cytosol fractions containing about 80% of the cellular cadmium. Dialysis experiments indicated that significant amounts of cadmium were able to be associated with cellular organelles, the mitochondria representing the most important organelle capable of binding cadmium. The cytoplasmatic Cd-profiles obtained at various stages of the experiment showed that the metal was only bound to a low-molecular-weight component, cadmium-binding protein (CdBP), which represents the specific cellular-binding component for cadmium under the long term-low level exposure (LLE) conditions. No significant variations in the concentrations of the elements in different organs were observed in animals supplemented with 109Cd untreated controls.", "contents": "Cadmium toxicity studies under long term-low level exposure (LLE) conditions. I. Metabolic patterns in rats exposed to present environmental dietary levels of Cd for two years. A long term-low level exposure (LLE) experiment was conducted on rats to determine the metabolic patterns for realistic environmental dietary levels of cadmium. Male rats fed with 61 ppb of cadmium ad libitum, 50 labelled with 109 Cd radiotracer as cadmium chloride via drinking mineral water and 11 unlabelled via food for 2 years. The diet was characterized in its metal content by neutron activation analysis to obtain the total dietary intake of different elements. The kidney was found to be the tissue with the major concentration of cadmium which accumulated continuously during the experiment. The variation of the accumulation pattern of Cd concentration in the liver and intestine indicated an itiial rapid increase of Cd during the first 100 days. After this period an apparent equilibrium was attained in both these tissues until the end of the study. The intracellular distribution of cadmium in kidneys, liver, intestine and pancreas were similar, the cytosol fractions containing about 80% of the cellular cadmium. Dialysis experiments indicated that significant amounts of cadmium were able to be associated with cellular organelles, the mitochondria representing the most important organelle capable of binding cadmium. The cytoplasmatic Cd-profiles obtained at various stages of the experiment showed that the metal was only bound to a low-molecular-weight component, cadmium-binding protein (CdBP), which represents the specific cellular-binding component for cadmium under the long term-low level exposure (LLE) conditions. No significant variations in the concentrations of the elements in different organs were observed in animals supplemented with 109Cd untreated controls.", "PMID": 705329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2078", "title": "EEG-responses caused by environmental noise during sleep their relationships to exogenic and endogenic influences.", "content": "At a certain level of intensity acoustical stimuli occurring during the night lead to sleep disorders. Whereas presumed after-effects (decrease of performance, functional and organic diseases) can as yet not be related to noise, it is evident that the primary effects which can be recorded immediately after stimulus onset are caused by noise. Because of the small number of experimental trials carried out in different investigations, the results of each single paper can only be tentative. Therefore--concerning awakening reactions and less than a change of at least one sleep stage--the data from publications of comparable method and evaluation have been summarised. With these data all calculations have been repeated. The results and influence of several exogenic and endogenic factos are demonstrated. Becuase of the different methods used only 10 out of 60 publications have been used. In spite of this restriction of data, at least as far as trends are concerned, they appear to be consistent; numerical results should at this stage only be regarded as tentative.", "contents": "EEG-responses caused by environmental noise during sleep their relationships to exogenic and endogenic influences. At a certain level of intensity acoustical stimuli occurring during the night lead to sleep disorders. Whereas presumed after-effects (decrease of performance, functional and organic diseases) can as yet not be related to noise, it is evident that the primary effects which can be recorded immediately after stimulus onset are caused by noise. Because of the small number of experimental trials carried out in different investigations, the results of each single paper can only be tentative. Therefore--concerning awakening reactions and less than a change of at least one sleep stage--the data from publications of comparable method and evaluation have been summarised. With these data all calculations have been repeated. The results and influence of several exogenic and endogenic factos are demonstrated. Becuase of the different methods used only 10 out of 60 publications have been used. In spite of this restriction of data, at least as far as trends are concerned, they appear to be consistent; numerical results should at this stage only be regarded as tentative.", "PMID": 705330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2079", "title": "Behavioral competition: a mechanism for schedule interactions.", "content": "Rats pressing a lever for food reinforcement showed large positive-contrast effects when provided with the opportunity for a competing wheel-running response. Positive and negative behavioral contrast may reflect reallocation of competing interim and terminal responses between schedule components following changes in the reinforcement conditions in one component.", "contents": "Behavioral competition: a mechanism for schedule interactions. Rats pressing a lever for food reinforcement showed large positive-contrast effects when provided with the opportunity for a competing wheel-running response. Positive and negative behavioral contrast may reflect reallocation of competing interim and terminal responses between schedule components following changes in the reinforcement conditions in one component.", "PMID": 705334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2080", "title": "Emotions are expressed more intensely on the left side of the face.", "content": "Pictures of human faces posing six distinct emotions (plus a neutral expression) and their mirror reversals were split down the midlines, and left-side and right-side composites were constructed. Subjects judged left-side composites as expressing emotions more intensely than right-side composites. The finding indicates hemispheric asymmetry in the control over emotional expression in the face.", "contents": "Emotions are expressed more intensely on the left side of the face. Pictures of human faces posing six distinct emotions (plus a neutral expression) and their mirror reversals were split down the midlines, and left-side and right-side composites were constructed. Subjects judged left-side composites as expressing emotions more intensely than right-side composites. The finding indicates hemispheric asymmetry in the control over emotional expression in the face.", "PMID": 705335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2081", "title": "Prenatal exposure to prednisone in humans and animals retards intrauterine growth.", "content": "Prednisone treatment for infertility and subsequent pregnancy maintenance in humans resulted in a significant decrease in the birth weight of full-term infants and a marked increase in the percentage of newborn infants weighing 2500 grams or less, that is, \"light for dates\" in comparison to control offspring. A parallel experiment with mice indicated that the reduction of birth weight was caused by exposure to corticosteroids rather than to maternal disease or malfunction.", "contents": "Prenatal exposure to prednisone in humans and animals retards intrauterine growth. Prednisone treatment for infertility and subsequent pregnancy maintenance in humans resulted in a significant decrease in the birth weight of full-term infants and a marked increase in the percentage of newborn infants weighing 2500 grams or less, that is, \"light for dates\" in comparison to control offspring. A parallel experiment with mice indicated that the reduction of birth weight was caused by exposure to corticosteroids rather than to maternal disease or malfunction.", "PMID": 705336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2082", "title": "Hepatic fibrosis in schistosomiasis: egg granulomas secrete fibroblast stimulating factor in vitro.", "content": "Cytosol extracts and culture supernatants of isolated egg granulomas obtained from livers of mice with Schistosoma mansoni infection stimulated fibroblasts to incorporate tritiated thymidine and to proliferate in vitro. This finding suggests that hepatic granulomas may play a role in regulating hepatic fibrosis in Schistosoma mansoni infections.", "contents": "Hepatic fibrosis in schistosomiasis: egg granulomas secrete fibroblast stimulating factor in vitro. Cytosol extracts and culture supernatants of isolated egg granulomas obtained from livers of mice with Schistosoma mansoni infection stimulated fibroblasts to incorporate tritiated thymidine and to proliferate in vitro. This finding suggests that hepatic granulomas may play a role in regulating hepatic fibrosis in Schistosoma mansoni infections.", "PMID": 705337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2083", "title": "Changing postdoctoral career patterns for biomedical scientists.", "content": "Between 1973 and 1977 the total number of Ph.D.'s holding postdoctoral appointments in the biomedical sciences increased at a rate of more than 550 individuals (12.5 percent) per year. During this same period the total number of doctorates awarded each year in these disciplines showed very little change. The postdoctoral growth can be attributed to substantial increases in both the numbers of recent graduates taking postdoctorals and the length of stay on these appointments. The lack of alternative employment opportunities has contributed heavily to the postdoctoral buildup. Continued growth is likely to have important consequences for biomedical research and research training.", "contents": "Changing postdoctoral career patterns for biomedical scientists. Between 1973 and 1977 the total number of Ph.D.'s holding postdoctoral appointments in the biomedical sciences increased at a rate of more than 550 individuals (12.5 percent) per year. During this same period the total number of doctorates awarded each year in these disciplines showed very little change. The postdoctoral growth can be attributed to substantial increases in both the numbers of recent graduates taking postdoctorals and the length of stay on these appointments. The lack of alternative employment opportunities has contributed heavily to the postdoctoral buildup. Continued growth is likely to have important consequences for biomedical research and research training.", "PMID": 705338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2084", "title": "Atmospheric reactions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: facile formation of mutagenic nitro derivatives.", "content": "Directly active mutagens are formed on exposure of the promutagen benzo[a]pyrene to gaseous pollutants in smog. In simulated atmospheres containing 1 part per million nitrogen dioxide and traces of nitric acid, directly mutagenic nitro derivatives are readily formed from both benzo[a]pyrene and perylene, a non-mutagen in the Ames reversion assay. Possible formation of direct mutagens by such reactions on sample collection filters, in exhaust effluents, and in the atmosphere should be recognized.", "contents": "Atmospheric reactions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: facile formation of mutagenic nitro derivatives. Directly active mutagens are formed on exposure of the promutagen benzo[a]pyrene to gaseous pollutants in smog. In simulated atmospheres containing 1 part per million nitrogen dioxide and traces of nitric acid, directly mutagenic nitro derivatives are readily formed from both benzo[a]pyrene and perylene, a non-mutagen in the Ames reversion assay. Possible formation of direct mutagens by such reactions on sample collection filters, in exhaust effluents, and in the atmosphere should be recognized.", "PMID": 705341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2085", "title": "Chimpanzee problem-solving: a test for comprehension.", "content": "An adult chimpanzee was shown videotaped scenes of a human actor struggling with one of eight problems and was then shown two photographs, one of which depicted an action or an object (or both) that could constitute a solution to the problem. On seven of the eight problems, the animal consistently chose the correct photograph. This test problem-solving comprehension permits the animal's knowledge about problem-solving--its ability to infer the nature of problems and to recognize potential solutions to them--to be examined.", "contents": "Chimpanzee problem-solving: a test for comprehension. An adult chimpanzee was shown videotaped scenes of a human actor struggling with one of eight problems and was then shown two photographs, one of which depicted an action or an object (or both) that could constitute a solution to the problem. On seven of the eight problems, the animal consistently chose the correct photograph. This test problem-solving comprehension permits the animal's knowledge about problem-solving--its ability to infer the nature of problems and to recognize potential solutions to them--to be examined.", "PMID": 705342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2086", "title": "Taste responses in sheep medulla: changes during development.", "content": "Response characteristics of taste neurons in the sheep solitary tract and nuclei alter during development. Solitary tract cells in younger fetuses respond to stimulation of the tongue with fewer salts and acids than do cells in older fetuses, lambs, and adults. Further, responses to specific salts and acids develop in a particular sequence, not randomly. These changes may relate to maturation of taste receptor sites.", "contents": "Taste responses in sheep medulla: changes during development. Response characteristics of taste neurons in the sheep solitary tract and nuclei alter during development. Solitary tract cells in younger fetuses respond to stimulation of the tongue with fewer salts and acids than do cells in older fetuses, lambs, and adults. Further, responses to specific salts and acids develop in a particular sequence, not randomly. These changes may relate to maturation of taste receptor sites.", "PMID": 705343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2087", "title": "Aphagia and adipsia after preferential destruction of nerve cell bodies in hypothalamus.", "content": "Microinjections of the excitatory neurotoxin kainic acid into the lateral hypothalamus of rats produced a period aphagia and adipsia. Kainate-treated rats displayed transient motor effects during the first hours after the injection but did not show the persisting sensory-motor and arousal disturbances typically observed in animals with electrolytic lesions in this part of the hypothalamus. Histological examination revealed a significant reduction in the number of nerve cell bodies in the lateral hypothalamus. Silver-stained material indicated no evidence of damage to fiber systems passing through the affected region. Assays of dopamine in hypothalamus, striatum, and telencephalon did not indicate significant differences between experimental and control animals. These results are in agreement with recent reports of the anatomical and biochemical effects of intracerebral kainic acid injections and suggest that the observed effect on feeding behavior is related to the destruction of neurons in the lateral hypothalamus.", "contents": "Aphagia and adipsia after preferential destruction of nerve cell bodies in hypothalamus. Microinjections of the excitatory neurotoxin kainic acid into the lateral hypothalamus of rats produced a period aphagia and adipsia. Kainate-treated rats displayed transient motor effects during the first hours after the injection but did not show the persisting sensory-motor and arousal disturbances typically observed in animals with electrolytic lesions in this part of the hypothalamus. Histological examination revealed a significant reduction in the number of nerve cell bodies in the lateral hypothalamus. Silver-stained material indicated no evidence of damage to fiber systems passing through the affected region. Assays of dopamine in hypothalamus, striatum, and telencephalon did not indicate significant differences between experimental and control animals. These results are in agreement with recent reports of the anatomical and biochemical effects of intracerebral kainic acid injections and suggest that the observed effect on feeding behavior is related to the destruction of neurons in the lateral hypothalamus.", "PMID": 705344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2088", "title": "Origin of the retina from both sides of the embryonic brain: a contribution to the problem of crossing at the optic chiasma.", "content": "Cells originating from one of the first two blastomeres of the frog embryo were labeled either by injecting them with horseradish peroxidase or by changing the ploidy of one blastomere. Both methods show the labeled cells confined to the same side of the brain as the labeled blastomere except for cells that have moved from the opposite side into the ventral diencephalon and ventral part of the retina. Reciprocal movement of cells from each side of the prospective forebrain into the prospective retina on the opposite side starts before the neural tube closes and results in the formation of an incipient optic chiasma which may provide the pathway for optic axons to grow from the retina to the opposite side of the brain.", "contents": "Origin of the retina from both sides of the embryonic brain: a contribution to the problem of crossing at the optic chiasma. Cells originating from one of the first two blastomeres of the frog embryo were labeled either by injecting them with horseradish peroxidase or by changing the ploidy of one blastomere. Both methods show the labeled cells confined to the same side of the brain as the labeled blastomere except for cells that have moved from the opposite side into the ventral diencephalon and ventral part of the retina. Reciprocal movement of cells from each side of the prospective forebrain into the prospective retina on the opposite side starts before the neural tube closes and results in the formation of an incipient optic chiasma which may provide the pathway for optic axons to grow from the retina to the opposite side of the brain.", "PMID": 705349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2089", "title": "Echo detection and target-ranging neurons in the auditory system of the bat Eptesicus fuscus.", "content": "Some of the neurons in the nucleus intercollicularis and auditory cortex of the echolocating bat Eptesicus fuscus respond selectively to sonar echoes occurring with specific echo delays or pulse-echo intervals. They do not respond for a wide range of other types of sounds or for sonar echoes at longer or shorter pulse-echo intervals; they may, therefore, be specialized for detection and ranging of sonar targets.", "contents": "Echo detection and target-ranging neurons in the auditory system of the bat Eptesicus fuscus. Some of the neurons in the nucleus intercollicularis and auditory cortex of the echolocating bat Eptesicus fuscus respond selectively to sonar echoes occurring with specific echo delays or pulse-echo intervals. They do not respond for a wide range of other types of sounds or for sonar echoes at longer or shorter pulse-echo intervals; they may, therefore, be specialized for detection and ranging of sonar targets.", "PMID": 705350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2090", "title": "Alterations of hemostasis associated with malignancy: etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management.", "content": "As outlined in this paper, the patient with disseminated malignancy suffers many alterations of hemostasis; in addition, hemorrhage or less commonly thrombosis is the final clinical event in many of these patients. Patients with malignancy present a major clinical challenge in this day of new oncological awareness and more aggressive care. Thus, it is important to realize that these alterations of hemostasis do exist and they must be approached in a logical manner with respect to diagnosis as well as efficacious therapy. By far the most common alteration of hemostasis in malignancy is that of hemorrhage associated with thrombocytopenia either drug-induced or from bone marrow invasion. However, hemorrhage due to disseminated intravascular coagulation is also quite common. In addition, many antineoplastic drugs, as well as radiotherapy, may lead to hemorrhage in these patients. Thrombosis, which is also commonly seen in the patient with malignancy, is usually a manifestation of disseminated intravascular coagulation manifest as an intravascular thrombotic rather than an intravascular proteolytic event. When suspecting this, confirmatory laboratory evidence must be sought and the patient treated apropriately. When approaching the patient with malignancy and either hemorrhage or thrombosis, all of the potential defects in hemostasis must be taken into account, defined from the laboratory standpoint, and treated in as precise a manner as possible.", "contents": "Alterations of hemostasis associated with malignancy: etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. As outlined in this paper, the patient with disseminated malignancy suffers many alterations of hemostasis; in addition, hemorrhage or less commonly thrombosis is the final clinical event in many of these patients. Patients with malignancy present a major clinical challenge in this day of new oncological awareness and more aggressive care. Thus, it is important to realize that these alterations of hemostasis do exist and they must be approached in a logical manner with respect to diagnosis as well as efficacious therapy. By far the most common alteration of hemostasis in malignancy is that of hemorrhage associated with thrombocytopenia either drug-induced or from bone marrow invasion. However, hemorrhage due to disseminated intravascular coagulation is also quite common. In addition, many antineoplastic drugs, as well as radiotherapy, may lead to hemorrhage in these patients. Thrombosis, which is also commonly seen in the patient with malignancy, is usually a manifestation of disseminated intravascular coagulation manifest as an intravascular thrombotic rather than an intravascular proteolytic event. When suspecting this, confirmatory laboratory evidence must be sought and the patient treated apropriately. When approaching the patient with malignancy and either hemorrhage or thrombosis, all of the potential defects in hemostasis must be taken into account, defined from the laboratory standpoint, and treated in as precise a manner as possible.", "PMID": 705351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2091", "title": "Two linear rules relate the latencies of visual responses to their critical durations.", "content": "The latency of a neural response sets a limit on its critical duration since stimulation delivered after a response has already occurred can no longer affect that response. However, this tautologic upper limit does not uniquely define the critical duration. Intracellular recordings from the lateral eye of Limulus yield two linear rules which empirically relate the critical duration of a neural response to its latency: When response magnitude (peak amplitude, spike frequency) is used to construct the temporal summation function, the critical duration is equal to the latency minus a constant. When response latency is used instead, the critical duration of the response latency is equal to the latency divided by a constant.", "contents": "Two linear rules relate the latencies of visual responses to their critical durations. The latency of a neural response sets a limit on its critical duration since stimulation delivered after a response has already occurred can no longer affect that response. However, this tautologic upper limit does not uniquely define the critical duration. Intracellular recordings from the lateral eye of Limulus yield two linear rules which empirically relate the critical duration of a neural response to its latency: When response magnitude (peak amplitude, spike frequency) is used to construct the temporal summation function, the critical duration is equal to the latency minus a constant. When response latency is used instead, the critical duration of the response latency is equal to the latency divided by a constant.", "PMID": 705352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2092", "title": "Changing response measures alters temporal summation in the receptor and spike potentials of the Limulus lateral eye.", "content": "Temporal summation and reciprocity were studied in the retinula and eccentric cells of the excised Limulus lateral eye as a function of variation in response measure: Using the latency instead of the peak of the receptor potential as a response measure produced considerably shorter critical durations. Using the area under the receptor potential as a response measure produced no critical duration up to a stimulus duration of 640 msec; instead, supersummation occurred at long durations. Similar effects were observed in the optic nerve spikes, where the response measures were first spike latency and maximum spike number sampled in time windows that ranged from 40 to 640 msec. The critical durations clearly depended on the response measure used and, when a 640-msec window was used, no critical duration occurred; supersummation again occurred. Increasing the sampling period within which maximum spike number was measured increased the critical duration and changed the formal properties from those characteristic of the receptor potential's peak to those characteristic of the receptor potential's area. The implications of the more central portions of the nervous system using different summation times for different perceptual tasks are discussed; it is suggested that the choice of response measures is crucial in studies of temporal summation.", "contents": "Changing response measures alters temporal summation in the receptor and spike potentials of the Limulus lateral eye. Temporal summation and reciprocity were studied in the retinula and eccentric cells of the excised Limulus lateral eye as a function of variation in response measure: Using the latency instead of the peak of the receptor potential as a response measure produced considerably shorter critical durations. Using the area under the receptor potential as a response measure produced no critical duration up to a stimulus duration of 640 msec; instead, supersummation occurred at long durations. Similar effects were observed in the optic nerve spikes, where the response measures were first spike latency and maximum spike number sampled in time windows that ranged from 40 to 640 msec. The critical durations clearly depended on the response measure used and, when a 640-msec window was used, no critical duration occurred; supersummation again occurred. Increasing the sampling period within which maximum spike number was measured increased the critical duration and changed the formal properties from those characteristic of the receptor potential's peak to those characteristic of the receptor potential's area. The implications of the more central portions of the nervous system using different summation times for different perceptual tasks are discussed; it is suggested that the choice of response measures is crucial in studies of temporal summation.", "PMID": 705353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2093", "title": "Audio-ocular response characteristics.", "content": "The characteristics of eye movements elicited by auditory stimuli, the audio-ocular response (AOR), differ from those made in response to visual stimuli. Their latencies are longer, their accuracies slightly worse, and their velocities slower. In addition, AOR latencies decreased with increasing stimulus eccentricity; this is opposite to the latency variation of visually evoked saccades.", "contents": "Audio-ocular response characteristics. The characteristics of eye movements elicited by auditory stimuli, the audio-ocular response (AOR), differ from those made in response to visual stimuli. Their latencies are longer, their accuracies slightly worse, and their velocities slower. In addition, AOR latencies decreased with increasing stimulus eccentricity; this is opposite to the latency variation of visually evoked saccades.", "PMID": 705354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2094", "title": "A critical examination of the use of signal detection theory in evaluating a putative analgesic--transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.", "content": "Experiments using normal human subjects were performed to determine the effect of a putative analgesic, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), on the perception of noxious thermal stimuli and also to examine critically the general applicability of signal detection theory (SDT) to the evaluation of analgesic agents. In order to provide a control for factors related to suggestion, subjects were assigned to groups in which real or sham TENS was administered. It was shown that previously suggested criteria for demonstrating actual analgesia using SDT should be reevaluated. First, discriminability changed in one of the sham groups, suggesting that discriminability can be affected by changes in mental state which may occur during the evaluation of an analgesic. Secondly, criteria changed without accompanying changes in discriminability; this was interpreted as reflecting actual analgesia, rather than only changes in response bias, produced by TENS.", "contents": "A critical examination of the use of signal detection theory in evaluating a putative analgesic--transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. Experiments using normal human subjects were performed to determine the effect of a putative analgesic, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), on the perception of noxious thermal stimuli and also to examine critically the general applicability of signal detection theory (SDT) to the evaluation of analgesic agents. In order to provide a control for factors related to suggestion, subjects were assigned to groups in which real or sham TENS was administered. It was shown that previously suggested criteria for demonstrating actual analgesia using SDT should be reevaluated. First, discriminability changed in one of the sham groups, suggesting that discriminability can be affected by changes in mental state which may occur during the evaluation of an analgesic. Secondly, criteria changed without accompanying changes in discriminability; this was interpreted as reflecting actual analgesia, rather than only changes in response bias, produced by TENS.", "PMID": 705355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2095", "title": "Directional hearing under progressive impoverishment of binaural cues.", "content": "Auditory stimuli--bursts of broadband, 4.0-kHz high-pass and 1.0-kHz low-pass noise--generated by loudspeakers arrayed in the horizontal plane were picked up by miniature microphones placed in the external ear canals and recorded on tape. When these recorded sounds were presented through headphones, listeners were able to identify the various loudspeakers that originally generated the sounds about as accurately as they could when the sounds were presented free-field. When the recorded sounds were processed so that either one or more of the interaural difference cues were removed directly or their removal was approximated, performance proficiency depended upon the frequency composition of the stimulus. It appeared that accuracy in identifying the loudspeaker that originally generated the broadband and 1.0-kHz low-pass noises could be maintained by the presence of interaural temporal differences. Accuracy on the task for the 4.0-kHz high-pass noise depended in large part on the presence of interaural intensity differences. No one performed proficiently when only interaural spectral differences were available.", "contents": "Directional hearing under progressive impoverishment of binaural cues. Auditory stimuli--bursts of broadband, 4.0-kHz high-pass and 1.0-kHz low-pass noise--generated by loudspeakers arrayed in the horizontal plane were picked up by miniature microphones placed in the external ear canals and recorded on tape. When these recorded sounds were presented through headphones, listeners were able to identify the various loudspeakers that originally generated the sounds about as accurately as they could when the sounds were presented free-field. When the recorded sounds were processed so that either one or more of the interaural difference cues were removed directly or their removal was approximated, performance proficiency depended upon the frequency composition of the stimulus. It appeared that accuracy in identifying the loudspeaker that originally generated the broadband and 1.0-kHz low-pass noises could be maintained by the presence of interaural temporal differences. Accuracy on the task for the 4.0-kHz high-pass noise depended in large part on the presence of interaural intensity differences. No one performed proficiently when only interaural spectral differences were available.", "PMID": 705356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2096", "title": "Temporal summation in the receptor potential of the Limulus lateral eye: comparison between retinula and eccentric cells.", "content": "Temporal summation and reciprocity (Bloch's law) were studied in the receptor potential recorded from the retinula and eccentric cells of the excised Limulus lateral eye. Taking the peak of the receptor potential as the response measure yielded critical durations that ranged between 65 and 170 msec, depending on the cell type and the criterion level of response. At high but not at low response levels, the critical duration is significantly longer in eccentric cells than in retinula cells. Deviations from Bloch's law were found; these deviations were largest at intermediate response levels.", "contents": "Temporal summation in the receptor potential of the Limulus lateral eye: comparison between retinula and eccentric cells. Temporal summation and reciprocity (Bloch's law) were studied in the receptor potential recorded from the retinula and eccentric cells of the excised Limulus lateral eye. Taking the peak of the receptor potential as the response measure yielded critical durations that ranged between 65 and 170 msec, depending on the cell type and the criterion level of response. At high but not at low response levels, the critical duration is significantly longer in eccentric cells than in retinula cells. Deviations from Bloch's law were found; these deviations were largest at intermediate response levels.", "PMID": 705357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2097", "title": "[Demonstration of group adherence in keratin products of the epidermis (hair, nails) using magnesium chloride].", "content": "The authors describe their own method of proving group properties from hair and nails by means of mixed aglutination using magnesium chloride. This method--as far as is known from literature --does not seem to have been used yet.", "contents": "[Demonstration of group adherence in keratin products of the epidermis (hair, nails) using magnesium chloride]. The authors describe their own method of proving group properties from hair and nails by means of mixed aglutination using magnesium chloride. This method--as far as is known from literature --does not seem to have been used yet.", "PMID": 705392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2098", "title": "[Analysis of the causes of fatal burns].", "content": "In 500 casualties who died from thermal injuries comprising 314 men and 186 women, all above 15 years of age, the causes of the injuries were analyzed. In 266 the injuries were contracted at home, 140 were industrial injuries and 94 other injuries (transport, criminal, agriculture). The authors discuss the causes of injuries and their frequency. Finally they draw attention to the adverse development of non-occupational injuries in the home.", "contents": "[Analysis of the causes of fatal burns]. In 500 casualties who died from thermal injuries comprising 314 men and 186 women, all above 15 years of age, the causes of the injuries were analyzed. In 266 the injuries were contracted at home, 140 were industrial injuries and 94 other injuries (transport, criminal, agriculture). The authors discuss the causes of injuries and their frequency. Finally they draw attention to the adverse development of non-occupational injuries in the home.", "PMID": 705393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2099", "title": "[Cardiomyopathy as a cause of sudden and unexpected death].", "content": "Sudden and unexpected death was described in a 30-year-old and a 19-year-old women and a 14-year-old boy. The cause of the death was hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "[Cardiomyopathy as a cause of sudden and unexpected death]. Sudden and unexpected death was described in a 30-year-old and a 19-year-old women and a 14-year-old boy. The cause of the death was hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.", "PMID": 705394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2100", "title": "Mothers are still mortal.", "content": "The origin, background, and mechanism of operation of the Maternal Mortality Study Committee in Wisconsin is outlined. Its value as a teaching vehicle is emphasized. Trends in maternal mortality in Wisconsin and the continued decline are presented, with 45 per 100,000 live births in 1953 to 9.2 per 100,000 live births in 1975. An appeal for standardization of terms and definitions and a continuation of these studies in each state is made. Study committees in many states are inactive. It is suggested that chairmen of maternal mortality committees in many states are inactive. It is suggested that chairmen of maternal mortality committees and representatives meet in geographic areas comparable to Districts of The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists to compare trends and statistics. Hemorrhage, once considered the important cause, has decreased from 56.4% of maternal loss to a low of 12.1% in 1975. Presently, a category listed as \"other causes\"--that is, other than hemorrhage, sepsis, and toxemia--account for approximately 60% of deaths. This group includes anesthesia, emboli and coincidental disease involving kidneys, heart, malignancy, and diabetes. An appeal is made to continue these studies.", "contents": "Mothers are still mortal. The origin, background, and mechanism of operation of the Maternal Mortality Study Committee in Wisconsin is outlined. Its value as a teaching vehicle is emphasized. Trends in maternal mortality in Wisconsin and the continued decline are presented, with 45 per 100,000 live births in 1953 to 9.2 per 100,000 live births in 1975. An appeal for standardization of terms and definitions and a continuation of these studies in each state is made. Study committees in many states are inactive. It is suggested that chairmen of maternal mortality committees in many states are inactive. It is suggested that chairmen of maternal mortality committees and representatives meet in geographic areas comparable to Districts of The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists to compare trends and statistics. Hemorrhage, once considered the important cause, has decreased from 56.4% of maternal loss to a low of 12.1% in 1975. Presently, a category listed as \"other causes\"--that is, other than hemorrhage, sepsis, and toxemia--account for approximately 60% of deaths. This group includes anesthesia, emboli and coincidental disease involving kidneys, heart, malignancy, and diabetes. An appeal is made to continue these studies.", "PMID": 705397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2101", "title": "Assessing psychologic symptoms in adolescents.", "content": "Assessing the meaning of psychologic symptoms in adolescents can be a difficult task. Pediatricians, internists, and family practitioners are often the first professionals consulted by families worried that their teen-agers may be in psychologic distress. The practitioner is faced with the difficult decision of meeting the adolescent's need himself or referring the patient to an adolescent psychiatrist for further evaluation and possible treatment. In making this decision the practitioner must carry out a complex assessment task which requires the simultaneous evaluation of multiple clinical variables. This paper presents a conceptual scheme for evaluating the psychologic status of an adolescent patient.", "contents": "Assessing psychologic symptoms in adolescents. Assessing the meaning of psychologic symptoms in adolescents can be a difficult task. Pediatricians, internists, and family practitioners are often the first professionals consulted by families worried that their teen-agers may be in psychologic distress. The practitioner is faced with the difficult decision of meeting the adolescent's need himself or referring the patient to an adolescent psychiatrist for further evaluation and possible treatment. In making this decision the practitioner must carry out a complex assessment task which requires the simultaneous evaluation of multiple clinical variables. This paper presents a conceptual scheme for evaluating the psychologic status of an adolescent patient.", "PMID": 705398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2102", "title": "Carcinoid tumor in retinitis pigmentosa.", "content": "A carcinoid tumor was discovered by chance in a 25-year-old woman with the dominant type of retinitis pigmentosa. Although a coincidental association cannot be ruled out, there is at least a possibility that the two diseases have a common embryologic origin.", "contents": "Carcinoid tumor in retinitis pigmentosa. A carcinoid tumor was discovered by chance in a 25-year-old woman with the dominant type of retinitis pigmentosa. Although a coincidental association cannot be ruled out, there is at least a possibility that the two diseases have a common embryologic origin.", "PMID": 705399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2103", "title": "Emergency operations for Crohn's disease.", "content": "Seventeen patients with Crohn's disease requiring emergency operative procedures disclosed important factors leading to successful outcome. In seven of the ten patients not known to have Crohn's disease, the history strongly suggested this diagnosis. Two patients died; three others had major complications, including two anastomotic leaks and two postoperative intraperitoneal abscesses. Wide drainage of abscesses, preservation of intestinal absorptive surface, avoidance of anastomoses in the presence of acute infection, and vigorous supportive nutrition are important features of the management of patients requiring emergency operation for complications of regional enteritis.", "contents": "Emergency operations for Crohn's disease. Seventeen patients with Crohn's disease requiring emergency operative procedures disclosed important factors leading to successful outcome. In seven of the ten patients not known to have Crohn's disease, the history strongly suggested this diagnosis. Two patients died; three others had major complications, including two anastomotic leaks and two postoperative intraperitoneal abscesses. Wide drainage of abscesses, preservation of intestinal absorptive surface, avoidance of anastomoses in the presence of acute infection, and vigorous supportive nutrition are important features of the management of patients requiring emergency operation for complications of regional enteritis.", "PMID": 705400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2104", "title": "Serum parathormone in the identification and surgical management of hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "A prospective series of 200 patients with persistent hypercalcemia had an abbreviated diagnostic work-up consisting of parathormone radioimmunoassay, chest roentgenogram, intravenous pyelography, and serum protein electrophoresis. All patients with hypercalcemia and hyperparathormonism had neck exploration if roentgenograms failed to reveal evidence of ectopic hyperparathyroidism. Serum iPTH proved to be at least 96% accurate in predicting parathyroid disease while at the same time resulting in considerable diagnostic economy. An elevated iPTH was particularly helpful in distinguishing between hypercalcemia due to destruction of bone by malignancy and primary hyperparathyroidism with a coexisting malignancy. Further, measurement of parathormone was useful in evaluation of postoperative hypercalcemia.", "contents": "Serum parathormone in the identification and surgical management of hyperparathyroidism. A prospective series of 200 patients with persistent hypercalcemia had an abbreviated diagnostic work-up consisting of parathormone radioimmunoassay, chest roentgenogram, intravenous pyelography, and serum protein electrophoresis. All patients with hypercalcemia and hyperparathormonism had neck exploration if roentgenograms failed to reveal evidence of ectopic hyperparathyroidism. Serum iPTH proved to be at least 96% accurate in predicting parathyroid disease while at the same time resulting in considerable diagnostic economy. An elevated iPTH was particularly helpful in distinguishing between hypercalcemia due to destruction of bone by malignancy and primary hyperparathyroidism with a coexisting malignancy. Further, measurement of parathormone was useful in evaluation of postoperative hypercalcemia.", "PMID": 705402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2105", "title": "Improved treatment via home monitoring refractory vertigo.", "content": "The ubiquity of dizziness in clinical practice and the complexity of diagnosis and treatment has necessitated the development of a home monitoring procedure which assists the patient in collecting information concerning the course of his condition and his condition and his response to therapy. A case report of a patient with refractory, long-term, posttraumatic vertigo is presented to demonstrate the feasibility and utility of this procedure. It was found that (1) the patient was able to monitor his progress continuously for 118 days; (2) the information generated appeared to be valid; and (3) this information was integrally associated with a functional improvement in the patient's condition.", "contents": "Improved treatment via home monitoring refractory vertigo. The ubiquity of dizziness in clinical practice and the complexity of diagnosis and treatment has necessitated the development of a home monitoring procedure which assists the patient in collecting information concerning the course of his condition and his condition and his response to therapy. A case report of a patient with refractory, long-term, posttraumatic vertigo is presented to demonstrate the feasibility and utility of this procedure. It was found that (1) the patient was able to monitor his progress continuously for 118 days; (2) the information generated appeared to be valid; and (3) this information was integrally associated with a functional improvement in the patient's condition.", "PMID": 705403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2106", "title": "Angioid streaks in pituitary tumor.", "content": "The diagnosis of angioid streaks on fundus examination allows the examiner to focus on a limited number of commonly associated conditions, such as pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Paget's disease, and sickle cell disease. There have been sporadic reports of pituitary tumors associated with angioid streaks. This is the first case report of pituitary tumor associated with angioid streaks. This is the first case report of pituitary tumor associated with angioid streaks documented by fluorescein angiography, EMI scan, and histopathologic diagnosis of the tumor, and also in which pseudoxanthoma elasticum was ruled out, both clinically and by a negative skin biopsy.", "contents": "Angioid streaks in pituitary tumor. The diagnosis of angioid streaks on fundus examination allows the examiner to focus on a limited number of commonly associated conditions, such as pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Paget's disease, and sickle cell disease. There have been sporadic reports of pituitary tumors associated with angioid streaks. This is the first case report of pituitary tumor associated with angioid streaks. This is the first case report of pituitary tumor associated with angioid streaks documented by fluorescein angiography, EMI scan, and histopathologic diagnosis of the tumor, and also in which pseudoxanthoma elasticum was ruled out, both clinically and by a negative skin biopsy.", "PMID": 705404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2107", "title": "\"Cholera solution\" in short bowel syndrome.", "content": "An oral glucose and electrolyte solution (glucose 120 mmole/liter, Na 100 mEq/liter K 10 mEq/liter, Cl 70 mEq/liter, HCO3 40mEq/liter) was used successfully in a patient with the short bowel syndrome. We believe this solution reversed fluid and electrolyte losses and was responsible for her clinical improvement.", "contents": "\"Cholera solution\" in short bowel syndrome. An oral glucose and electrolyte solution (glucose 120 mmole/liter, Na 100 mEq/liter K 10 mEq/liter, Cl 70 mEq/liter, HCO3 40mEq/liter) was used successfully in a patient with the short bowel syndrome. We believe this solution reversed fluid and electrolyte losses and was responsible for her clinical improvement.", "PMID": 705405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2108", "title": "Malignant melanoma metastatic to the gastrointestinal tract from an occult primary tumor.", "content": "We have described two cases of malignant melanoma of the small bowel which metastasized from occult primaries. Malignant melanoma in the bowel is more common than one might think, being third only to adenocarcinoma of the kidneys and squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. It appears at this time that palliative resection, along with chemotherapy and immunotherapy, is the procedure of choice in patients with this condition.", "contents": "Malignant melanoma metastatic to the gastrointestinal tract from an occult primary tumor. We have described two cases of malignant melanoma of the small bowel which metastasized from occult primaries. Malignant melanoma in the bowel is more common than one might think, being third only to adenocarcinoma of the kidneys and squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. It appears at this time that palliative resection, along with chemotherapy and immunotherapy, is the procedure of choice in patients with this condition.", "PMID": 705406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2109", "title": "Circulating anticoagulant associated with chronic active hepatitis.", "content": "Chronic active hepatitis is frequently associated with a variety of serologic abnormalities. A patient with chronic active hepatitis and a circulating anticoagulant to factors XI and XII is described. Circulating anticoagulants should be suspected in patients with chronic active hepatitis and a prolonged partial thromboplastin time. This risk of liver biopsy in these patients is unknown, but this possible hazard should be considered in all patients with chronic active hepatitis.", "contents": "Circulating anticoagulant associated with chronic active hepatitis. Chronic active hepatitis is frequently associated with a variety of serologic abnormalities. A patient with chronic active hepatitis and a circulating anticoagulant to factors XI and XII is described. Circulating anticoagulants should be suspected in patients with chronic active hepatitis and a prolonged partial thromboplastin time. This risk of liver biopsy in these patients is unknown, but this possible hazard should be considered in all patients with chronic active hepatitis.", "PMID": 705407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2110", "title": "Gram-negative endocarditis caused by Campylobacter fetus.", "content": "Campylobacter fetus is a rare cause of endocarditis that is difficult to diagnose because of the fastidiousness of the organism. The source of infection is unknown and it may involve a normal or previously damaged aortic valve. The onset is insidious, and if there is a prior history of recent onset of fever, thrombophlebitis, and diarrhea, infection caused by this organism should be considered. Echocardiography may be useful. The organism is sensitive to a variety of antibiotics, including the combination of penicillin and streptomycin. The prognosis and survival are good.", "contents": "Gram-negative endocarditis caused by Campylobacter fetus. Campylobacter fetus is a rare cause of endocarditis that is difficult to diagnose because of the fastidiousness of the organism. The source of infection is unknown and it may involve a normal or previously damaged aortic valve. The onset is insidious, and if there is a prior history of recent onset of fever, thrombophlebitis, and diarrhea, infection caused by this organism should be considered. Echocardiography may be useful. The organism is sensitive to a variety of antibiotics, including the combination of penicillin and streptomycin. The prognosis and survival are good.", "PMID": 705408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2111", "title": "Diphtheria and tetanus antitoxin levels in Thai children.", "content": "Determination of diphtheria and tetanus antitoxin levels by an indirect haemagglutination method were conducted in 101 nonimmunized schoolchildren, 155 pediatric patients and 102 blood donors. Diphtheria and tetanus antitoxin levels were found mostly adequate among immunized children. Diphtheria antitoxin levels were found adequate in 68.3% of the non-immunized schoolchildren. Tetanus antitoxin levels were found inadequate for protection in the non-immunized children and adults. Immunization of children and adults with diphtheria and tetanus toxoid are highly recommended.", "contents": "Diphtheria and tetanus antitoxin levels in Thai children. Determination of diphtheria and tetanus antitoxin levels by an indirect haemagglutination method were conducted in 101 nonimmunized schoolchildren, 155 pediatric patients and 102 blood donors. Diphtheria and tetanus antitoxin levels were found mostly adequate among immunized children. Diphtheria antitoxin levels were found adequate in 68.3% of the non-immunized schoolchildren. Tetanus antitoxin levels were found inadequate for protection in the non-immunized children and adults. Immunization of children and adults with diphtheria and tetanus toxoid are highly recommended.", "PMID": 705410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2112", "title": "Dengue with haemorrhage and shock in Jakarta, Indonesia.", "content": "Pediatric patients with fever and haemorrhage were studied in Jakarta, Indonesia between May 1973 and January 1974. Eighty-one of 104 demonstrated unequivocable evidence of dengue with clinical findings similar to those reported associated with dengue haemorrhagic fever in Thailand. The majority of patients had extremely high antibody titers against dengue measured by both hemagglutination-inhibition and by plaque reduction neutralization tests and all four types of dengue virus were isolated. Eight of the patients died.", "contents": "Dengue with haemorrhage and shock in Jakarta, Indonesia. Pediatric patients with fever and haemorrhage were studied in Jakarta, Indonesia between May 1973 and January 1974. Eighty-one of 104 demonstrated unequivocable evidence of dengue with clinical findings similar to those reported associated with dengue haemorrhagic fever in Thailand. The majority of patients had extremely high antibody titers against dengue measured by both hemagglutination-inhibition and by plaque reduction neutralization tests and all four types of dengue virus were isolated. Eight of the patients died.", "PMID": 705413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2113", "title": "A new concentration of human intestinal capillariasis on western Luzon.", "content": "A new concentration of 32 cases of human intestinal capillariasis is described. This subepidemic occurred 120 Km from the nearest previously reported cases and the disease is locally acquired. All but one patient ate raw food and all ingested the small freshwater fish Ambassis commersoni (bagsang). Although good results were obtained with a modified treatment schedule using thiabendazole, mebendazole proved to be easier to administer, was more rapid in action, and no side effects were experienced. The proposed pathological life cycle is reviewed. The need for more awareness of this potentially widespread disease amongst the professional community is discussed.", "contents": "A new concentration of human intestinal capillariasis on western Luzon. A new concentration of 32 cases of human intestinal capillariasis is described. This subepidemic occurred 120 Km from the nearest previously reported cases and the disease is locally acquired. All but one patient ate raw food and all ingested the small freshwater fish Ambassis commersoni (bagsang). Although good results were obtained with a modified treatment schedule using thiabendazole, mebendazole proved to be easier to administer, was more rapid in action, and no side effects were experienced. The proposed pathological life cycle is reviewed. The need for more awareness of this potentially widespread disease amongst the professional community is discussed.", "PMID": 705414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2114", "title": "Sewage stabilization pond: The effects on Schistosoma Mansoni transmission.", "content": "The \"facultative\" sewage-stabilization pond was investigated with respect to transmission of S. mansoni. The results of field and laboratory experiments suggest that the ecologic factors i.e., physical and chemical play important roles in a combined interplay affecting the hatchability of S. mansoni eggs, infectivity of miracidia of S. mansioni and the potential existence of the planorbid snails host, B. glabrata. The results seem to indicate the successful reduction of S. mansoni transmission in the pond itself. If the pond is designed properly in terms of depth, detention time, etc., it will serve as an efficient barrier for transmission of S. mansoni. It is expected that the same would be true for other human schistosomes.", "contents": "Sewage stabilization pond: The effects on Schistosoma Mansoni transmission. The \"facultative\" sewage-stabilization pond was investigated with respect to transmission of S. mansoni. The results of field and laboratory experiments suggest that the ecologic factors i.e., physical and chemical play important roles in a combined interplay affecting the hatchability of S. mansoni eggs, infectivity of miracidia of S. mansioni and the potential existence of the planorbid snails host, B. glabrata. The results seem to indicate the successful reduction of S. mansoni transmission in the pond itself. If the pond is designed properly in terms of depth, detention time, etc., it will serve as an efficient barrier for transmission of S. mansoni. It is expected that the same would be true for other human schistosomes.", "PMID": 705415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2115", "title": "Prevalence of Giardia lamblia in children attending an out-patient department of Siriraj Hospital.", "content": "Giardia lamblia has been considered a facultative pathogenic organism. The prevalence of this organism was found in 18.58% and 18.18% of children with and without associated symptoms. The prevalence is higher than those previous studies from Southeast Asia. Most children are commonly infected after 1 year of age. Giardiasis should be suspected in any child with unexplained chronic diarrhoea, abdominal pain and failure to gain weight. The diagnosis is important because the disease is curable after appropriate treatment.", "contents": "Prevalence of Giardia lamblia in children attending an out-patient department of Siriraj Hospital. Giardia lamblia has been considered a facultative pathogenic organism. The prevalence of this organism was found in 18.58% and 18.18% of children with and without associated symptoms. The prevalence is higher than those previous studies from Southeast Asia. Most children are commonly infected after 1 year of age. Giardiasis should be suspected in any child with unexplained chronic diarrhoea, abdominal pain and failure to gain weight. The diagnosis is important because the disease is curable after appropriate treatment.", "PMID": 705416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2116", "title": "Clinical observations on glucocorticoids in cobra envenomation.", "content": "A clinical trial of corticosteroid treatment in five cases of cobra, Naja naja, bite with systemic poisoning is reported. The results reveal that corticosteroid had no demonstrable beneficial effect in the neurotoxic poisoning of the cobra. Specific antivenom is the most important therapeutic agent for systemic poisoning. The combination of antivenom and corticosteroid had no effect on the development of local necrosis.", "contents": "Clinical observations on glucocorticoids in cobra envenomation. A clinical trial of corticosteroid treatment in five cases of cobra, Naja naja, bite with systemic poisoning is reported. The results reveal that corticosteroid had no demonstrable beneficial effect in the neurotoxic poisoning of the cobra. Specific antivenom is the most important therapeutic agent for systemic poisoning. The combination of antivenom and corticosteroid had no effect on the development of local necrosis.", "PMID": 705419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2117", "title": "Single-day treatment of trichomonas vaginitis with low dose of ornidazole.", "content": "A total of 107 cases of trichomonas vaginitis were treated with different regimens of ornidazole. The overall success rate of the treatment assessed by wet smear and clinical signs after three days in 68 cases was 98.5%. The side effects were mild and of short duration. These were noted in 14.7% of the assessable cases. No significant differences were seen in the success rate between the three drug regimens and the preliminary conclusions of the trial are that ornidazole is safe and effective in the treatment of trichomonas vaginitis in Korean women with an oral dose of 1.0 gm, 1.0 gm plus 0.5 gm intravaginally or 2.0 gm given in a single day.", "contents": "Single-day treatment of trichomonas vaginitis with low dose of ornidazole. A total of 107 cases of trichomonas vaginitis were treated with different regimens of ornidazole. The overall success rate of the treatment assessed by wet smear and clinical signs after three days in 68 cases was 98.5%. The side effects were mild and of short duration. These were noted in 14.7% of the assessable cases. No significant differences were seen in the success rate between the three drug regimens and the preliminary conclusions of the trial are that ornidazole is safe and effective in the treatment of trichomonas vaginitis in Korean women with an oral dose of 1.0 gm, 1.0 gm plus 0.5 gm intravaginally or 2.0 gm given in a single day.", "PMID": 705420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2118", "title": "Current status of schistosomiasis japonica in Sorsogon Province, Republic of the Philippines.", "content": "A resurvey of Irosin and the eight municipalities surrounding it for schistosomiasis japonica using COPT and FECT was done in order to determine the status of the disease thirty years after it was first reported in the town of Irosin in 1947. In Irosin, the results by FECT showed that there was a decrease in prevalence from 5.7% to 2.8%, however, if by COPT, then there was an increase from 5.7% to 12.2%. There is a definite trend of the disease to spread from Irosin into the surrounding municipalities. Whereas in 1951, only Irosin and Juban have been established as endemic foci for schistosomiasis, the result of previous surveys by the schisto-unit at Irosin and the present study seem to indicate that the disease has spread into seven additional towns surrounding Irosin. In like manner, the snail intermediate host, Oncomelania quadrasi has a tendency to spread to outlying areas outside of Irosin and Juban.", "contents": "Current status of schistosomiasis japonica in Sorsogon Province, Republic of the Philippines. A resurvey of Irosin and the eight municipalities surrounding it for schistosomiasis japonica using COPT and FECT was done in order to determine the status of the disease thirty years after it was first reported in the town of Irosin in 1947. In Irosin, the results by FECT showed that there was a decrease in prevalence from 5.7% to 2.8%, however, if by COPT, then there was an increase from 5.7% to 12.2%. There is a definite trend of the disease to spread from Irosin into the surrounding municipalities. Whereas in 1951, only Irosin and Juban have been established as endemic foci for schistosomiasis, the result of previous surveys by the schisto-unit at Irosin and the present study seem to indicate that the disease has spread into seven additional towns surrounding Irosin. In like manner, the snail intermediate host, Oncomelania quadrasi has a tendency to spread to outlying areas outside of Irosin and Juban.", "PMID": 705421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2119", "title": "Interactions between larvae of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in mixed experimental populations.", "content": "The interaction between larvae of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in mixed experimental populations under adequate and inadequate food supply were studied in the laboratory. The results revealed that Ae. aegypti had the beneficial effects on the development and survival of Ae. albopictus when food was adequate but adverse effects on Ae. albopictus is exterminated when Ae. aegypti is present. Urbanization and ecology of mosquitoes could be factors in the decreasing number of Ae. albopictus population in urbanized areas. Further experiments are necessary to study the interaction of mosquitoes under various conditions.", "contents": "Interactions between larvae of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in mixed experimental populations. The interaction between larvae of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in mixed experimental populations under adequate and inadequate food supply were studied in the laboratory. The results revealed that Ae. aegypti had the beneficial effects on the development and survival of Ae. albopictus when food was adequate but adverse effects on Ae. albopictus is exterminated when Ae. aegypti is present. Urbanization and ecology of mosquitoes could be factors in the decreasing number of Ae. albopictus population in urbanized areas. Further experiments are necessary to study the interaction of mosquitoes under various conditions.", "PMID": 705422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2120", "title": "VIPomas and the watery diarrhoea syndrome.", "content": "Vaso-active intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is a recently discovered polypeptide widely distributed throughout the gastro-intestinal tract and nervous system. Elevated plasma VIP levels are found in gut and neural endocrine tumours producing the watery diarrhoea syndrome. Fifty per cent of these tumours are intrinsically malignant and the mortality rate may be as high as 30% even from the bening growths owing to the serious metabolic sequelae of the syndrome. The plasma VIP level is not elevated in any other non-tumourous diarrhoeal condition. The biological action of VIP closely resembles the clinical features of the Verner-Morrison syndrome and experimental evidence strongly suggests that VIP is the causal agent. The measurement of plasma VIP is of exceptional diagnostic value, since detection of elevated levels enables early removal of the tumour and may be life-saving.", "contents": "VIPomas and the watery diarrhoea syndrome. Vaso-active intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is a recently discovered polypeptide widely distributed throughout the gastro-intestinal tract and nervous system. Elevated plasma VIP levels are found in gut and neural endocrine tumours producing the watery diarrhoea syndrome. Fifty per cent of these tumours are intrinsically malignant and the mortality rate may be as high as 30% even from the bening growths owing to the serious metabolic sequelae of the syndrome. The plasma VIP level is not elevated in any other non-tumourous diarrhoeal condition. The biological action of VIP closely resembles the clinical features of the Verner-Morrison syndrome and experimental evidence strongly suggests that VIP is the causal agent. The measurement of plasma VIP is of exceptional diagnostic value, since detection of elevated levels enables early removal of the tumour and may be life-saving.", "PMID": 705537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2121", "title": "Treatment of chronic destructive pneumonia with cephalosporins, penicillin and metronidazole.", "content": "Three hundred and ten patients with chronic destructive pneumonia (CDP), a necrotizing pneumonia probably caused by aerobic and anaerobic bacterial synergism, were treated with cephalosporins (80 of these with cephalosporins, penicillin and metronidazole). The reasons for selecting these drugs to treat CDP are given and evidence is presented which suggests that the combination of cephalosporins, penicillin and metronidazole is more effective therapy for CDP than cephalosporins alone. This finding supports the thesis that anaerobes are implicated in the aetiology of CDP.", "contents": "Treatment of chronic destructive pneumonia with cephalosporins, penicillin and metronidazole. Three hundred and ten patients with chronic destructive pneumonia (CDP), a necrotizing pneumonia probably caused by aerobic and anaerobic bacterial synergism, were treated with cephalosporins (80 of these with cephalosporins, penicillin and metronidazole). The reasons for selecting these drugs to treat CDP are given and evidence is presented which suggests that the combination of cephalosporins, penicillin and metronidazole is more effective therapy for CDP than cephalosporins alone. This finding supports the thesis that anaerobes are implicated in the aetiology of CDP.", "PMID": 705538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2122", "title": "[The role of medical services in combating disasters].", "content": "Natural and man-made disasters are an ever present threat, particularly in densely populated cities. Doctors, and other people who provide medical care, plead for comprehensive action plans to ensure survival in cases of disaster. Diaster medicine represents a new, multidisciplinary and comprehensive approach. To combat disasters, however, requires knowledge of, and participation by, many disciplines within and outside the field of medicine. Guidelines, to initiate a comprehensive and coordinated anti-disaster programme, are presented. The purpose is to ensure that all resources are used with maximum effect and that all stumbling blocks to efficiency are removed.", "contents": "[The role of medical services in combating disasters]. Natural and man-made disasters are an ever present threat, particularly in densely populated cities. Doctors, and other people who provide medical care, plead for comprehensive action plans to ensure survival in cases of disaster. Diaster medicine represents a new, multidisciplinary and comprehensive approach. To combat disasters, however, requires knowledge of, and participation by, many disciplines within and outside the field of medicine. Guidelines, to initiate a comprehensive and coordinated anti-disaster programme, are presented. The purpose is to ensure that all resources are used with maximum effect and that all stumbling blocks to efficiency are removed.", "PMID": 705539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2123", "title": "BCG vaccination of the newborn.", "content": "Newborn infants given one of three BCG vaccines at birth reacted to Heaf tuberculin testing 6-12 weeks later with a visible and palpable ring of nodules. This correlated with the Heaf grade I reaction previously describes with BCG vaccination. Review of hospital and clinic records, although regrettably incomplete, revealed no case of tuberculous meningitis or miliary tuberculosis in a vaccinated child in our area since the campaign for vaccination of newborn babies began. Tuberculosis in vaccinated babies should be carefully investigated to determine age at vaccination, type of vaccine, degree of exposure to infection and socio-economic factors which may be important in producing this \"vaccine failure\". Vaccination will give 60-80% protection to the newborn for about 5 years.", "contents": "BCG vaccination of the newborn. Newborn infants given one of three BCG vaccines at birth reacted to Heaf tuberculin testing 6-12 weeks later with a visible and palpable ring of nodules. This correlated with the Heaf grade I reaction previously describes with BCG vaccination. Review of hospital and clinic records, although regrettably incomplete, revealed no case of tuberculous meningitis or miliary tuberculosis in a vaccinated child in our area since the campaign for vaccination of newborn babies began. Tuberculosis in vaccinated babies should be carefully investigated to determine age at vaccination, type of vaccine, degree of exposure to infection and socio-economic factors which may be important in producing this \"vaccine failure\". Vaccination will give 60-80% protection to the newborn for about 5 years.", "PMID": 705540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2124", "title": "Smoking habits of blacks in industry.", "content": "A number of Black workers from a factory near Johannesburg were questioned about their smoking habits. Compared with an earlier study, a significantly greater number of younger workers now smoke-and mainly cigarettes. The roles played by the strong tobacco lobby and that of the Department of Health are considered.", "contents": "Smoking habits of blacks in industry. A number of Black workers from a factory near Johannesburg were questioned about their smoking habits. Compared with an earlier study, a significantly greater number of younger workers now smoke-and mainly cigarettes. The roles played by the strong tobacco lobby and that of the Department of Health are considered.", "PMID": 705541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2125", "title": "Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. A case report.", "content": "A patient with embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, who presented with septic criminal abortion, is discussed. The fact that the correct diagnosis was obscured by the unusual sequence of events is commented upon, and the need for critical evaluation of apparently clear-cut cases is demonstrated.", "contents": "Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. A case report. A patient with embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, who presented with septic criminal abortion, is discussed. The fact that the correct diagnosis was obscured by the unusual sequence of events is commented upon, and the need for critical evaluation of apparently clear-cut cases is demonstrated.", "PMID": 705542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2126", "title": "Water-soluble vitamins in severe liver disease.", "content": "Biochemical deficiency of thiamine, vitamin B6, ascorbic acid or nicotinic acid occurred in 71% and 88% of patients with fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) and decompensated chronic liver disease (DCLD) respectively. Transient high plasma vitamin B6 concentrations in FHF were followed by low levels later in the illness. Although patients with DCLD of alcoholic aetiology tended to have lower circulating levels of vitamins than those with non-alcoholic DCLD, the prevalence of abnormally low concentrations did not differ. Decreased dietary nutrient intake and alcohol appeared to be less important determinants of biochemical vitamin deficiency than the presence of liver disease per se. Finally, urinary excretion of these vitamins or their major metabolites in patients with severe liver disease correlated poorly with circulating levels of vitamins.", "contents": "Water-soluble vitamins in severe liver disease. Biochemical deficiency of thiamine, vitamin B6, ascorbic acid or nicotinic acid occurred in 71% and 88% of patients with fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) and decompensated chronic liver disease (DCLD) respectively. Transient high plasma vitamin B6 concentrations in FHF were followed by low levels later in the illness. Although patients with DCLD of alcoholic aetiology tended to have lower circulating levels of vitamins than those with non-alcoholic DCLD, the prevalence of abnormally low concentrations did not differ. Decreased dietary nutrient intake and alcohol appeared to be less important determinants of biochemical vitamin deficiency than the presence of liver disease per se. Finally, urinary excretion of these vitamins or their major metabolites in patients with severe liver disease correlated poorly with circulating levels of vitamins.", "PMID": 705553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2127", "title": "The influence of paraquat on the in vitro oxygen consumption of rabbit lung.", "content": "The effects of paraquat on the aerobic metabolism of rabbit lung slices were investigated. The oxygen consumption of lung slices was examined at different oxygen tensions and in the presence or absence of glucose as substrate in a Krebs-Ringer phosphate medium. In an air phase, the oxygen consumption of control lung tissue with glucose in the medium was practically the same as the oxygen consumption without glucose over a 3-hour period. In a 100% oxygen phase, glucose induced a marked increase in oxygen uptake, which persisted for about 2 hours. Thereafter, a decrease occurred in oxygen consumption which was notably faster than that of lung tissue without added glucose. With 10 mM glucose in the medium, paraquat (10(-5)M and 10(-3)M) immediately stimulated the oxygen consumption of lung slices. Although the initial increase in aerobic metabolism seemed to be glucose-dependent, the secondary inhibitory effect of paraquat appeared to be of the same magnitude in the presence or absence of glucose. Both the initial stimulation as well as the secondary inhibition were much more pronounced in a 100% oxygen atmosphere than in an air phase. These results indicate that the rabbit lung is sensitive to paraquat toxicity in vitro, and confirm that oxygen and paraquat supplement each other's toxicity in the lung.", "contents": "The influence of paraquat on the in vitro oxygen consumption of rabbit lung. The effects of paraquat on the aerobic metabolism of rabbit lung slices were investigated. The oxygen consumption of lung slices was examined at different oxygen tensions and in the presence or absence of glucose as substrate in a Krebs-Ringer phosphate medium. In an air phase, the oxygen consumption of control lung tissue with glucose in the medium was practically the same as the oxygen consumption without glucose over a 3-hour period. In a 100% oxygen phase, glucose induced a marked increase in oxygen uptake, which persisted for about 2 hours. Thereafter, a decrease occurred in oxygen consumption which was notably faster than that of lung tissue without added glucose. With 10 mM glucose in the medium, paraquat (10(-5)M and 10(-3)M) immediately stimulated the oxygen consumption of lung slices. Although the initial increase in aerobic metabolism seemed to be glucose-dependent, the secondary inhibitory effect of paraquat appeared to be of the same magnitude in the presence or absence of glucose. Both the initial stimulation as well as the secondary inhibition were much more pronounced in a 100% oxygen atmosphere than in an air phase. These results indicate that the rabbit lung is sensitive to paraquat toxicity in vitro, and confirm that oxygen and paraquat supplement each other's toxicity in the lung.", "PMID": 705554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2128", "title": "Gastric perforation in the newborn.", "content": "Three newborn infants who developed gastric perforation are reported. One infant survived and 2 died. The aetiology of neonatal gastric rupture is discussed, as well as some diagnostic features. The importance of early diagnosis and prompt surgical intervention is stressed.", "contents": "Gastric perforation in the newborn. Three newborn infants who developed gastric perforation are reported. One infant survived and 2 died. The aetiology of neonatal gastric rupture is discussed, as well as some diagnostic features. The importance of early diagnosis and prompt surgical intervention is stressed.", "PMID": 705555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2129", "title": "A child with the nephrotic syndrome associated with endemic syphilis.", "content": "A 21-month old infant with endemic syphilis who presented with nephrotic syndrome is described. Clinically, the features correlated well with those of renal disease associated with secondary syphilis. The onset of renal disease in association with syphilis after early infancy may be a valuable aid in drawing attention to the possibility of endemic syphilis. Morphologically the features were those of an immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis. We regard the presence of a large number of immature-looking glomeruli as a retrogressive phenomenon.", "contents": "A child with the nephrotic syndrome associated with endemic syphilis. A 21-month old infant with endemic syphilis who presented with nephrotic syndrome is described. Clinically, the features correlated well with those of renal disease associated with secondary syphilis. The onset of renal disease in association with syphilis after early infancy may be a valuable aid in drawing attention to the possibility of endemic syphilis. Morphologically the features were those of an immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis. We regard the presence of a large number of immature-looking glomeruli as a retrogressive phenomenon.", "PMID": 705556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2130", "title": "Complement consumption and progression to post-streptococcal nephrotic syndrome. A report of two cases.", "content": "The immunopathogenesis of the nephrotic syndrome which occurs in about 0,3% of Black children with post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis has not been clearly defined. Findings in 2 out of 582 Black children with post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis who developed nephrotic syndrome suggest that minimal activation in the blood of complement components, particularly C3, early in the nephritic process may determine progression to nephrosis. Differences reported by other workers between normocomplementaemic and hypocomplementaemic patients with post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis support this interpretation.", "contents": "Complement consumption and progression to post-streptococcal nephrotic syndrome. A report of two cases. The immunopathogenesis of the nephrotic syndrome which occurs in about 0,3% of Black children with post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis has not been clearly defined. Findings in 2 out of 582 Black children with post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis who developed nephrotic syndrome suggest that minimal activation in the blood of complement components, particularly C3, early in the nephritic process may determine progression to nephrosis. Differences reported by other workers between normocomplementaemic and hypocomplementaemic patients with post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis support this interpretation.", "PMID": 705557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2131", "title": "Mycetomas in goats.", "content": "Naturally occurring mycetomas were found in 3 goats. Two had mycetomas on their hind legs and the third on its left scapula. In 2 goats the causative agents were identified by culture, histopathology and serology as Actinomadura madurae. In the remaining goat diagnosis was based only on histopathology and the causative agent was considered to be A. pelletierii. Despite minor differences between goat and human strains of A. madurae, it would seem that goats could be useful experimental models.", "contents": "Mycetomas in goats. Naturally occurring mycetomas were found in 3 goats. Two had mycetomas on their hind legs and the third on its left scapula. In 2 goats the causative agents were identified by culture, histopathology and serology as Actinomadura madurae. In the remaining goat diagnosis was based only on histopathology and the causative agent was considered to be A. pelletierii. Despite minor differences between goat and human strains of A. madurae, it would seem that goats could be useful experimental models.", "PMID": 705558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2132", "title": "Scalp carriage of Pityrosporum species: the effect of physiological maturity, sex and race.", "content": "The change in carriage rates of Pilyrosporum sp. over the years before and after puberty were studied in Caucasoid and Negroid children using a semiquantitative cultural technique. Caucasoids yielded yeasts more often than did negroids; older or sexually mature children yielded yeasts more often than did prepubertal children. There appeared to be a decrease in numbers of yeasts isolated a few years after the pubertal peak.", "contents": "Scalp carriage of Pityrosporum species: the effect of physiological maturity, sex and race. The change in carriage rates of Pilyrosporum sp. over the years before and after puberty were studied in Caucasoid and Negroid children using a semiquantitative cultural technique. Caucasoids yielded yeasts more often than did negroids; older or sexually mature children yielded yeasts more often than did prepubertal children. There appeared to be a decrease in numbers of yeasts isolated a few years after the pubertal peak.", "PMID": 705559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2133", "title": "Trichophyton ajelloi isolated from a child.", "content": "A case of widespread tinea corporis due to Trichophyton ajelloi in a young child is presented. The fungal isolate was unusual in that abundant microconidia were produced together with typical macroconidia. It was pathogenic for the guinea pig.", "contents": "Trichophyton ajelloi isolated from a child. A case of widespread tinea corporis due to Trichophyton ajelloi in a young child is presented. The fungal isolate was unusual in that abundant microconidia were produced together with typical macroconidia. It was pathogenic for the guinea pig.", "PMID": 705560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2134", "title": "Preoperative radiotherapy for stage III carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "We have concluded from these observations in this pilot study that preoperative radiation therapy does not play a particularly helpful role in the management of patients who have the clinical finding of borderline operable carcinoma of the breast and it does not improve the survival rate. Patients within this category of locally advanced disease must be considered to have systemic metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis, as has previously been stressed by many. For this reason, any therapy directed to the regional area for local control must be combined with some form of systemic therapy if there is to be any hope for an increase in survival time.", "contents": "Preoperative radiotherapy for stage III carcinoma of the breast. We have concluded from these observations in this pilot study that preoperative radiation therapy does not play a particularly helpful role in the management of patients who have the clinical finding of borderline operable carcinoma of the breast and it does not improve the survival rate. Patients within this category of locally advanced disease must be considered to have systemic metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis, as has previously been stressed by many. For this reason, any therapy directed to the regional area for local control must be combined with some form of systemic therapy if there is to be any hope for an increase in survival time.", "PMID": 705567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2135", "title": "Colonic protection from dimethylhydrazine by a high fiber diet.", "content": "Results of this experiment showed that a high fiber bran diet had the ability to lower significantly the incidence of pathologic changes in the colon of mice receiving 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, a drug known for its specificity for causing carcinoma of the colon. This finding adds support to the hypothesis which clains that the addition of bran to the diet has the ability to lower the indicence of carcinoma of the large intestine.", "contents": "Colonic protection from dimethylhydrazine by a high fiber diet. Results of this experiment showed that a high fiber bran diet had the ability to lower significantly the incidence of pathologic changes in the colon of mice receiving 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, a drug known for its specificity for causing carcinoma of the colon. This finding adds support to the hypothesis which clains that the addition of bran to the diet has the ability to lower the indicence of carcinoma of the large intestine.", "PMID": 705568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2136", "title": "Stored blood platelets and microaggregate formation.", "content": "The structure and function of platelets in stored blood were tested for 21 days of storage with both light and electron microscopy as well as determination of platelet aggregation response to adenosine diphosphate. Observations were made for a period of 21 days of storage at 4 degrees C. These observations demonstrate the appearance of spontaneous platelet aggregates in stored blood which differ morphologically from aggregates induced by the addition of adenosine diphosphate during the first ten days of storage. The appearance of spontaneous platelet aggregates paralleled a decrease in platelet count and progressive decline in the number of morphologically normal appearing platelets. The platelets that were induced to aggregate with adenosine diphosphate formed more closely packed aggregates that those that formed spontaneously and that the adenosine diphosphate-induced aggregates could still be induced through the tenth day of storage, at which time few morphologically normal platelets could be clearly identified in the plasma. Spontaneous platelet aggregates showed no fibrin in the microaggregates but rather significant numbers of leukocytes contained in the aggregates which degenerated progressively beyond a storage period of five days.", "contents": "Stored blood platelets and microaggregate formation. The structure and function of platelets in stored blood were tested for 21 days of storage with both light and electron microscopy as well as determination of platelet aggregation response to adenosine diphosphate. Observations were made for a period of 21 days of storage at 4 degrees C. These observations demonstrate the appearance of spontaneous platelet aggregates in stored blood which differ morphologically from aggregates induced by the addition of adenosine diphosphate during the first ten days of storage. The appearance of spontaneous platelet aggregates paralleled a decrease in platelet count and progressive decline in the number of morphologically normal appearing platelets. The platelets that were induced to aggregate with adenosine diphosphate formed more closely packed aggregates that those that formed spontaneously and that the adenosine diphosphate-induced aggregates could still be induced through the tenth day of storage, at which time few morphologically normal platelets could be clearly identified in the plasma. Spontaneous platelet aggregates showed no fibrin in the microaggregates but rather significant numbers of leukocytes contained in the aggregates which degenerated progressively beyond a storage period of five days.", "PMID": 705569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2137", "title": "Football, neck muscles and head impact.", "content": "Any blow to the head may be injurious because it is the manner of response to the blow rather than the blow itself that produces the injury potential. Impacts to inanimate objects or to the heads of anesthetized animals produce data that are simplified by the fact that the involved mass is a constant, and the contact time is consistently negligible. On the football field, all the muscles in the body of the player are tensed at the snap of the ball, and the involved mass varies widely during the resulting prolonged contact time. This causes variable accelerations, variable forces and variable velocity changes as well as a varying mass which can only be measured, therefore, according to the impulse momentum theorem, Ft = deltaMV.", "contents": "Football, neck muscles and head impact. Any blow to the head may be injurious because it is the manner of response to the blow rather than the blow itself that produces the injury potential. Impacts to inanimate objects or to the heads of anesthetized animals produce data that are simplified by the fact that the involved mass is a constant, and the contact time is consistently negligible. On the football field, all the muscles in the body of the player are tensed at the snap of the ball, and the involved mass varies widely during the resulting prolonged contact time. This causes variable accelerations, variable forces and variable velocity changes as well as a varying mass which can only be measured, therefore, according to the impulse momentum theorem, Ft = deltaMV.", "PMID": 705570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2138", "title": "Evaluation of carbenicillin and a comparison of clindamycin and gentamicin combined therapy in penetrating abdominal trauma.", "content": "Results of this study suggest that an antibiotic or antibiotics to be effective in abdominal trauma must cover both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. A single drug, such as carbenicillin, appears to serve this purpose. If one is allergic to penicillin, then clindamycin along with gentamicin can be used. The routine use of an aminoglycoside in abdominal trauma is unnecessary. Aminoglycoside should be added to carbenicillin therapy only in patients with Klebsiella infections. Furthermore, we also support the recommendation made by others that antimicrobial therapy of abdominal trauma should begin preoperatively.", "contents": "Evaluation of carbenicillin and a comparison of clindamycin and gentamicin combined therapy in penetrating abdominal trauma. Results of this study suggest that an antibiotic or antibiotics to be effective in abdominal trauma must cover both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. A single drug, such as carbenicillin, appears to serve this purpose. If one is allergic to penicillin, then clindamycin along with gentamicin can be used. The routine use of an aminoglycoside in abdominal trauma is unnecessary. Aminoglycoside should be added to carbenicillin therapy only in patients with Klebsiella infections. Furthermore, we also support the recommendation made by others that antimicrobial therapy of abdominal trauma should begin preoperatively.", "PMID": 705571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2139", "title": "Chemical burns and skin preparation solutions.", "content": "Skin preparation burns associated with chemical agents are uncommon. They occur most frequently in those patients placed in the lithotomy position undergoing gynecologic operations, the burn being on the buttocks, and in those undergoing orthopedic operations, the burn being on the extremities and under a tourniquet. Thimerosal has been the most common agent to be implicated. The basic mechanism involves irritation coupled with maceration and pressure--conditions that can cause an acute pressure sore and superficial skin loss. To prevent these burns from occurring, the skin must not be abraded excessively before the final skin preparation solution is applied; the agent should not be allowed to pool and become trapped under the tourniquet or the torso of the patient, and the agent should be allowed to dry before the patient is draped. In our experience, the agent that has been the most effective and the least irritating to the skin during the time it has been used is povidone-iodine.", "contents": "Chemical burns and skin preparation solutions. Skin preparation burns associated with chemical agents are uncommon. They occur most frequently in those patients placed in the lithotomy position undergoing gynecologic operations, the burn being on the buttocks, and in those undergoing orthopedic operations, the burn being on the extremities and under a tourniquet. Thimerosal has been the most common agent to be implicated. The basic mechanism involves irritation coupled with maceration and pressure--conditions that can cause an acute pressure sore and superficial skin loss. To prevent these burns from occurring, the skin must not be abraded excessively before the final skin preparation solution is applied; the agent should not be allowed to pool and become trapped under the tourniquet or the torso of the patient, and the agent should be allowed to dry before the patient is draped. In our experience, the agent that has been the most effective and the least irritating to the skin during the time it has been used is povidone-iodine.", "PMID": 705572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2140", "title": "Colloid osmotic and pulmonary wedge pressures in acute respiratory failure following hemorrhage.", "content": "Acute respiratory failure evolved in five patients following hypovolemic shock related to trauma or surgical operation, or both. A reduction in colloid osmotic pressure, increases in pulmonary artery wedge pressure and reductions in colloid osmotic pressure-pulmonary artery wedge pressure gradient to levels which are likely to account for pulmonary edema were observed. Accordingly, reduction in the colloid hydrostatic pressure gradient may, in part, explain the development of acute respiratory failure after acute blood loss. In one instance, however, the absence of such reduction in the colloid osmotic pressure-pulmonary artery wedge pressure gradient together with increases in pulmonary vascular resistance showed that colloid osmotic pressure and pulmonary artery wedge pressure are not exclusively operative in the pathogenesis of the clinical syndrome of acute respiratory failure.", "contents": "Colloid osmotic and pulmonary wedge pressures in acute respiratory failure following hemorrhage. Acute respiratory failure evolved in five patients following hypovolemic shock related to trauma or surgical operation, or both. A reduction in colloid osmotic pressure, increases in pulmonary artery wedge pressure and reductions in colloid osmotic pressure-pulmonary artery wedge pressure gradient to levels which are likely to account for pulmonary edema were observed. Accordingly, reduction in the colloid hydrostatic pressure gradient may, in part, explain the development of acute respiratory failure after acute blood loss. In one instance, however, the absence of such reduction in the colloid osmotic pressure-pulmonary artery wedge pressure gradient together with increases in pulmonary vascular resistance showed that colloid osmotic pressure and pulmonary artery wedge pressure are not exclusively operative in the pathogenesis of the clinical syndrome of acute respiratory failure.", "PMID": 705573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2141", "title": "Observations on bladder function following radical hysterectomy using carbon dioxide cystometry.", "content": "It is suggested that carbon dioxide cystometry offers a simple, rapid method for the evaluation of bladder dysfunction in the postoperative period. Certainly, those patients recognized to have abnormal cystometric findings postoperatively are more likely to have voiding difficulties. Variable findings will be noted cystometrically, depending upon the interval between operation and cystometric studies because the pattern does become less pronounced with time.", "contents": "Observations on bladder function following radical hysterectomy using carbon dioxide cystometry. It is suggested that carbon dioxide cystometry offers a simple, rapid method for the evaluation of bladder dysfunction in the postoperative period. Certainly, those patients recognized to have abnormal cystometric findings postoperatively are more likely to have voiding difficulties. Variable findings will be noted cystometrically, depending upon the interval between operation and cystometric studies because the pattern does become less pronounced with time.", "PMID": 705574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2142", "title": "Glucose kinetics and responsiveness to insulin in the rat injured by burn.", "content": "The are persistent alterations in glucose metabolism in the rat during the first week after a 20 per cent body surface area burn injury. The basal rate of endogenous glucose production is elevated, and it is not suppressed to a normal degree by an exogenous glucose infusion. The hormonre data suggest that increased glucagon levels are responsible for the elevated rate of gluconeogenesis both before and during an exogenous glucose infusion. Basal glucose uptake was also elevated after injury, and there was a normal increment in the glucose metabolic clearance rate during an exogenous glucose infusion. The increase in the glucose metabolic clearance rate relative to the increase in the insulin concentration was equivalent in the burn and control groups of rats. This indicated a normal responsiveness to insulin after injury. Because there was no impairment in the capacity to take up an exogenous glucose infusion, we would question the insulin resistance rationale for administering insulin to patients rendered hyperglycemic by glucose infusion.", "contents": "Glucose kinetics and responsiveness to insulin in the rat injured by burn. The are persistent alterations in glucose metabolism in the rat during the first week after a 20 per cent body surface area burn injury. The basal rate of endogenous glucose production is elevated, and it is not suppressed to a normal degree by an exogenous glucose infusion. The hormonre data suggest that increased glucagon levels are responsible for the elevated rate of gluconeogenesis both before and during an exogenous glucose infusion. Basal glucose uptake was also elevated after injury, and there was a normal increment in the glucose metabolic clearance rate during an exogenous glucose infusion. The increase in the glucose metabolic clearance rate relative to the increase in the insulin concentration was equivalent in the burn and control groups of rats. This indicated a normal responsiveness to insulin after injury. Because there was no impairment in the capacity to take up an exogenous glucose infusion, we would question the insulin resistance rationale for administering insulin to patients rendered hyperglycemic by glucose infusion.", "PMID": 705576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2143", "title": "Factors leading to surgical treatment of intussusception.", "content": "We have reviewed the histories of 36 children treated operatively for 37 intussusceptions on one surgical service at this hospital during a period of ten years. Thirteen children had undergone operative procedures without attempted hydrostatic reduction. The only death that occurred was in a 800 gram premature infant. Pre-existing conditions altering intestinal motility were present in seven children. A definite lead point in the intestinal tract was present in six patients. Although hydrostatic reduction plays a major role in the management of uncomplicated intussusception in the pediatric age group, surgical treatment is sitll a necessary alternative for the management of intussusception.", "contents": "Factors leading to surgical treatment of intussusception. We have reviewed the histories of 36 children treated operatively for 37 intussusceptions on one surgical service at this hospital during a period of ten years. Thirteen children had undergone operative procedures without attempted hydrostatic reduction. The only death that occurred was in a 800 gram premature infant. Pre-existing conditions altering intestinal motility were present in seven children. A definite lead point in the intestinal tract was present in six patients. Although hydrostatic reduction plays a major role in the management of uncomplicated intussusception in the pediatric age group, surgical treatment is sitll a necessary alternative for the management of intussusception.", "PMID": 705577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2144", "title": "Parietal cell vagotomy facilitates fundoplication in the treatment of reflux esophagitis.", "content": "The technique of parietal cell vagotomy is recommended as an adjuvant procedure to be used with fundoplication operations for the treatment of reflux esophagitis. There are three reasons for recommending this procedure: it permits the performance of fundoplication with greater facility and precision; it insures the preservation of the hepatic branches of the vagus nerve, and it reduces acid secretion. These advantages can be achieved without causing the untoward effects of dumping and diarrhea that occur with truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty.", "contents": "Parietal cell vagotomy facilitates fundoplication in the treatment of reflux esophagitis. The technique of parietal cell vagotomy is recommended as an adjuvant procedure to be used with fundoplication operations for the treatment of reflux esophagitis. There are three reasons for recommending this procedure: it permits the performance of fundoplication with greater facility and precision; it insures the preservation of the hepatic branches of the vagus nerve, and it reduces acid secretion. These advantages can be achieved without causing the untoward effects of dumping and diarrhea that occur with truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty.", "PMID": 705579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2145", "title": "Evaluation of patients after augmentation mammoplasty.", "content": "The diagnosis and treatment of disease in the breast after augmentation mammoplasty requires a thorough understanding of the techniques of augmentation. Absolutely no compromise should be made because of the prosthesis. Using a careful history, physical examination, knowledge of techniques of augmentation and currently available diagnostic tools, the breast after augmentation mammoplasy can be safely and accurately treated.", "contents": "Evaluation of patients after augmentation mammoplasty. The diagnosis and treatment of disease in the breast after augmentation mammoplasty requires a thorough understanding of the techniques of augmentation. Absolutely no compromise should be made because of the prosthesis. Using a careful history, physical examination, knowledge of techniques of augmentation and currently available diagnostic tools, the breast after augmentation mammoplasy can be safely and accurately treated.", "PMID": 705580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2146", "title": "Stab wounds of the skull.", "content": "Sixteen cases of penetrating stab wounds of the head, where the knife blade has still been in situ on arrival at hospital, are presented. The indications for cerebral angiography, to establish vascular injury, and the spectrum of presentation are discussed. A technique of safe removal is described. There were no fatalities in the cases reviewed.", "contents": "Stab wounds of the skull. Sixteen cases of penetrating stab wounds of the head, where the knife blade has still been in situ on arrival at hospital, are presented. The indications for cerebral angiography, to establish vascular injury, and the spectrum of presentation are discussed. A technique of safe removal is described. There were no fatalities in the cases reviewed.", "PMID": 705584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2147", "title": "Traumatic bilateral carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas with progressive unilateral enlargement.", "content": "The authors present a patient with traumatic bilateral carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas associated with fracture of the sella turcica. Repeat angiography ten days after admission revealed that the left fistula had enlarged and was shunting the entire output of the left carotid artery and a portion of the output of the basilar artery. A muscle embolization procedure was sucessfully performed on the left side but was complicated by hemorrhage from the left cavernous sinus prior to closure. Problems associated with the enlargement of carotid-cavernous fistulas are discussed.", "contents": "Traumatic bilateral carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas with progressive unilateral enlargement. The authors present a patient with traumatic bilateral carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas associated with fracture of the sella turcica. Repeat angiography ten days after admission revealed that the left fistula had enlarged and was shunting the entire output of the left carotid artery and a portion of the output of the basilar artery. A muscle embolization procedure was sucessfully performed on the left side but was complicated by hemorrhage from the left cavernous sinus prior to closure. Problems associated with the enlargement of carotid-cavernous fistulas are discussed.", "PMID": 705585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2148", "title": "Interhemispheric subdural hematoma.", "content": "The clinical presentation and surgical management of an interhemispheric subdural hematoma, a rare entity, is presented and the literature reviewed. Either hemiparesis, worse in the lower than the upper extremity, or lower extremity monoparesis is characteristic of this lesion. Computerized tomography (CT) is the preferred diagnostic procedure. An interhemispheric hematoma, either acute or chronic, is best treated by osteoplastic craniotomy. Specific anatomical considerations, clinical features, and the recommended surgical technique is described.", "contents": "Interhemispheric subdural hematoma. The clinical presentation and surgical management of an interhemispheric subdural hematoma, a rare entity, is presented and the literature reviewed. Either hemiparesis, worse in the lower than the upper extremity, or lower extremity monoparesis is characteristic of this lesion. Computerized tomography (CT) is the preferred diagnostic procedure. An interhemispheric hematoma, either acute or chronic, is best treated by osteoplastic craniotomy. Specific anatomical considerations, clinical features, and the recommended surgical technique is described.", "PMID": 705586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2149", "title": "Effect of dose and dose schedule on the response of intracranial pressure to mannitol.", "content": "Analysis of monitoring records of 150 patients given over 1000 infusions of 20% mannitol delineared three variables affecting the response of intracranial pressure (ICP) to mannitol: the original ICP; the current dose; and the dose given over the preceding three hours. The level of ICP influenced the response to mannitol as much as the amount of mannitol; giving more mannitol than was required to bring ICP below 25 mm Hg led to the need for larger following doses. One hundred-milliliter-bolus doses were often as effective as larger doses. The results suggest that doses of mannitol given to control increased ICP should be kept as small as possible.", "contents": "Effect of dose and dose schedule on the response of intracranial pressure to mannitol. Analysis of monitoring records of 150 patients given over 1000 infusions of 20% mannitol delineared three variables affecting the response of intracranial pressure (ICP) to mannitol: the original ICP; the current dose; and the dose given over the preceding three hours. The level of ICP influenced the response to mannitol as much as the amount of mannitol; giving more mannitol than was required to bring ICP below 25 mm Hg led to the need for larger following doses. One hundred-milliliter-bolus doses were often as effective as larger doses. The results suggest that doses of mannitol given to control increased ICP should be kept as small as possible.", "PMID": 705588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2150", "title": "Late thrombosis of middle cerebral artery following clipping and coating of aneurysms.", "content": "Twenty days after clipping and coating with Aron Alpha (ethylcyanoacrylate) of two adjacent middle cerebral artery aneurysms, the patient developed a complete thrombosis of the parent vessel at the site of the aneurysms. The routine postoperative angiograms on the seventh day after surgery had revealed a patent middle cerebral artery. The possible roles of Aron Alpha and multiple Heifetz clips are discussed.", "contents": "Late thrombosis of middle cerebral artery following clipping and coating of aneurysms. Twenty days after clipping and coating with Aron Alpha (ethylcyanoacrylate) of two adjacent middle cerebral artery aneurysms, the patient developed a complete thrombosis of the parent vessel at the site of the aneurysms. The routine postoperative angiograms on the seventh day after surgery had revealed a patent middle cerebral artery. The possible roles of Aron Alpha and multiple Heifetz clips are discussed.", "PMID": 705589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2151", "title": "Arachnoid cyst producing recurrent neurological disturbances.", "content": "A patient with an arachnoid cyst of the posteriro fossa experienced repeated episodes of transient right upper extremity numbness and weakness. Review of the literature indicates that arachnoid cysts of the posterior fossa and spinal canal as well as extradural spinal cysts may present with symptoms of transient neurological deficit which often suggest the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.", "contents": "Arachnoid cyst producing recurrent neurological disturbances. A patient with an arachnoid cyst of the posteriro fossa experienced repeated episodes of transient right upper extremity numbness and weakness. Review of the literature indicates that arachnoid cysts of the posterior fossa and spinal canal as well as extradural spinal cysts may present with symptoms of transient neurological deficit which often suggest the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.", "PMID": 705590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2152", "title": "Transoval trigeminal cisternography.", "content": "A new water-soluble contrast medium, metrizamide (Amipaque) was used to visualize the subarachnoid space within Meckel's cave. By a needle introduced through the foramen ovale, successful filling of the trigeminal cistern was accomplished in 48(80%) of 60 patients. Transoval trigeminal cisternography offers a possibility to control the position of the tip of the needle in various blocking procedures of the trigeminal ganglion, and may also be used for target localization in stereotactic radiosurgery in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia.", "contents": "Transoval trigeminal cisternography. A new water-soluble contrast medium, metrizamide (Amipaque) was used to visualize the subarachnoid space within Meckel's cave. By a needle introduced through the foramen ovale, successful filling of the trigeminal cistern was accomplished in 48(80%) of 60 patients. Transoval trigeminal cisternography offers a possibility to control the position of the tip of the needle in various blocking procedures of the trigeminal ganglion, and may also be used for target localization in stereotactic radiosurgery in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia.", "PMID": 705591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2153", "title": "Acute hypertensive cerebellar hemorrhage with signs of lower brainstem compression.", "content": "A case of acute hypertensive cerebellar hemorrhage is reported. The patient was comatose on admission and successfully survived following evacuation of the hematoma. Surgically treated similar cases are reviewed in the literature. It is suggested that prompt diagnosis, immediate removal of the hematoma, prevention of rebleeding, and careful management of pre- and intra-operative anoxia may result in better results with this highly lethal condition.", "contents": "Acute hypertensive cerebellar hemorrhage with signs of lower brainstem compression. A case of acute hypertensive cerebellar hemorrhage is reported. The patient was comatose on admission and successfully survived following evacuation of the hematoma. Surgically treated similar cases are reviewed in the literature. It is suggested that prompt diagnosis, immediate removal of the hematoma, prevention of rebleeding, and careful management of pre- and intra-operative anoxia may result in better results with this highly lethal condition.", "PMID": 705592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2154", "title": "Extra-intracranial anastomosis preliminary to treatment of carotid artery-cavernous sinus fistula.", "content": "The authors emphasize the value of extra-intracranial anastomosis prior to occlusion of the cervical segment of the main cerebral arteries, and report a case of carotid-cavernous sinus fistula successfully treated by combined extra-intracranial anastomosis and intra-luminal occlusion of the carotid artery with a balloon catheter.", "contents": "Extra-intracranial anastomosis preliminary to treatment of carotid artery-cavernous sinus fistula. The authors emphasize the value of extra-intracranial anastomosis prior to occlusion of the cervical segment of the main cerebral arteries, and report a case of carotid-cavernous sinus fistula successfully treated by combined extra-intracranial anastomosis and intra-luminal occlusion of the carotid artery with a balloon catheter.", "PMID": 705593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2155", "title": "Hypogastric artery aneurysm: a very rare cause of sciatica (and a tricky diagnostic problem!).", "content": "A 68-year-old hypertensive male suffering from acute sciatica with pronounced motor disturbances and urinary retention, was found to be suffering from aneurysm of the hypogastric artery. Surgical treatment of the aneurysm resulted in an incomplete recovery. The possible relationships of the aneurysm to the symptoms and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Hypogastric artery aneurysm: a very rare cause of sciatica (and a tricky diagnostic problem!). A 68-year-old hypertensive male suffering from acute sciatica with pronounced motor disturbances and urinary retention, was found to be suffering from aneurysm of the hypogastric artery. Surgical treatment of the aneurysm resulted in an incomplete recovery. The possible relationships of the aneurysm to the symptoms and treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 705594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2156", "title": "Leiomyosarcoma metastatic to the brain.", "content": "A rare instance of leiomyosarcoma metastatic to the brain in a 60-year-old male is presented. The primary site was in the gastrointestinal tract. Previously reported cases of similar nature are reviewed.", "contents": "Leiomyosarcoma metastatic to the brain. A rare instance of leiomyosarcoma metastatic to the brain in a 60-year-old male is presented. The primary site was in the gastrointestinal tract. Previously reported cases of similar nature are reviewed.", "PMID": 705597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2157", "title": "Neurosurgical management of the elderly patient.", "content": "The records of 59 patients above the age of 65 operated on for diverse neurosurgical problems between January 1975 and September 1976 were reviewed. It was found that in only about half of the cases was the referral diagnosis correct. Most of the referred patients diagnosed as cerebrovascular accident or senile dementia were found to be suffering from intracranial space-occupying lesions or normal pressure hydrocephalus. Post-operatively there was a significant improvement in 48% of this group of geriatric patients, with no change in 23% and a poor result in 29%. when the data on patients with benign lesions were considered separately, it was found that in this group there was a significant improvement in 60%, with no change in 23% and a poor result in only 17%.", "contents": "Neurosurgical management of the elderly patient. The records of 59 patients above the age of 65 operated on for diverse neurosurgical problems between January 1975 and September 1976 were reviewed. It was found that in only about half of the cases was the referral diagnosis correct. Most of the referred patients diagnosed as cerebrovascular accident or senile dementia were found to be suffering from intracranial space-occupying lesions or normal pressure hydrocephalus. Post-operatively there was a significant improvement in 48% of this group of geriatric patients, with no change in 23% and a poor result in 29%. when the data on patients with benign lesions were considered separately, it was found that in this group there was a significant improvement in 60%, with no change in 23% and a poor result in only 17%.", "PMID": 705598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2158", "title": "A thrombosed giant aneurysm of the internal carotid artery with brain stem displacement.", "content": "A giant aneurysm with a maximum diameter of 5.2 cm arising from the right internal carotid artery grew to occupy the interpenduncular cistern and displaced the upper brain stem. Most of the lumen of the aneurysm was occluded by a thrombus and its real dimension in situ was visualized by CT scan. The neck of the aneurysm was successfully clipped but removal of the aneurysm was not feasible. Following surgery, clinical signs and symptoms gradually improved and subsequent decrease in size of the thrombosed aneurysm was documented by serial CT scans.", "contents": "A thrombosed giant aneurysm of the internal carotid artery with brain stem displacement. A giant aneurysm with a maximum diameter of 5.2 cm arising from the right internal carotid artery grew to occupy the interpenduncular cistern and displaced the upper brain stem. Most of the lumen of the aneurysm was occluded by a thrombus and its real dimension in situ was visualized by CT scan. The neck of the aneurysm was successfully clipped but removal of the aneurysm was not feasible. Following surgery, clinical signs and symptoms gradually improved and subsequent decrease in size of the thrombosed aneurysm was documented by serial CT scans.", "PMID": 705599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2159", "title": "Congenital saccular aneurysm in a 19-day-old neonate: case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A 19-day-old neonate presented with a massive intracranial hemorrhage which was found at autopsy to be due to a ruptured intracranial saccular aneurysm. Detailed histologic evaluation revealed that this was a true congenital lesion. A survey of the literature yielded 19 cases of saccular aneurysm in the first year of life. Together with this report, nine cases are now on record, containing sufficient histologic detail to suggest a congenital basis, contrary to the assertion casting doubt on the existence of the entity. Attention is drawn to the practical importance of recognizing this lesion as a rare cause of intracranial hemorrhage in the neonate, since successful surgical intervention has been reported in several cases.", "contents": "Congenital saccular aneurysm in a 19-day-old neonate: case report and review of the literature. A 19-day-old neonate presented with a massive intracranial hemorrhage which was found at autopsy to be due to a ruptured intracranial saccular aneurysm. Detailed histologic evaluation revealed that this was a true congenital lesion. A survey of the literature yielded 19 cases of saccular aneurysm in the first year of life. Together with this report, nine cases are now on record, containing sufficient histologic detail to suggest a congenital basis, contrary to the assertion casting doubt on the existence of the entity. Attention is drawn to the practical importance of recognizing this lesion as a rare cause of intracranial hemorrhage in the neonate, since successful surgical intervention has been reported in several cases.", "PMID": 705600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2160", "title": "Intrasellar fibromyxochondroma.", "content": "A case is reported in which a fibromyxochondroma grew within the sella turcica, recurred twice and was removed each time.", "contents": "Intrasellar fibromyxochondroma. A case is reported in which a fibromyxochondroma grew within the sella turcica, recurred twice and was removed each time.", "PMID": 705601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2161", "title": "Vetebral hemangiomas: spinal angiography and preoperative embolization.", "content": "Seven cases of symptomatic spinal hemangiomas are discussed. Special emphasis is given to a patient in whom pre-operative embolization was necessary. A marked reduction in the blood supply was achieved, with the result that the subsequent laminectomy was carried out without great difficulty.", "contents": "Vetebral hemangiomas: spinal angiography and preoperative embolization. Seven cases of symptomatic spinal hemangiomas are discussed. Special emphasis is given to a patient in whom pre-operative embolization was necessary. A marked reduction in the blood supply was achieved, with the result that the subsequent laminectomy was carried out without great difficulty.", "PMID": 705602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2162", "title": "Enlarging optic chiasmal glioma with stable visual acuity.", "content": "A 13 1/2-year-old girl with stable, reduced visual acuity, nystagmus and Small, pale optic discs initially noted at age nine months, developed signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure. At craniotomy, an intrinsic glioma of the optic chiasm and both optic nerves extended into both frontal lobes, the hypothalamus and the third ventricle.", "contents": "Enlarging optic chiasmal glioma with stable visual acuity. A 13 1/2-year-old girl with stable, reduced visual acuity, nystagmus and Small, pale optic discs initially noted at age nine months, developed signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure. At craniotomy, an intrinsic glioma of the optic chiasm and both optic nerves extended into both frontal lobes, the hypothalamus and the third ventricle.", "PMID": 705603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2163", "title": "Computed tomography in the differential diagnosis of low-density intracranial lesions.", "content": "Computed tomographic (CT) findings of low-density lesions of the brain were compared with the pathologic nature of the lesions. Twenty-one lesions having densities uniformly lower than those of the normal brain, most of which showing no significant early enhancement effect, were selected. Such lesions were either cystic non-neoplastic lesions, cystic tumors, solid tumors or solid but non-neoplastic lesions. Although CT proved to be the single, most sensitive diagnostic method detecting such low-density lesions, it was often difficult or even impossible to differentiate cystic from solid, or neoplastic from non-neoplastic lesions based on the CT features alone.", "contents": "Computed tomography in the differential diagnosis of low-density intracranial lesions. Computed tomographic (CT) findings of low-density lesions of the brain were compared with the pathologic nature of the lesions. Twenty-one lesions having densities uniformly lower than those of the normal brain, most of which showing no significant early enhancement effect, were selected. Such lesions were either cystic non-neoplastic lesions, cystic tumors, solid tumors or solid but non-neoplastic lesions. Although CT proved to be the single, most sensitive diagnostic method detecting such low-density lesions, it was often difficult or even impossible to differentiate cystic from solid, or neoplastic from non-neoplastic lesions based on the CT features alone.", "PMID": 705605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2164", "title": "Binasal hemianopia.", "content": "The visual fields of 100 patients referred for neuro-ophthalmologic examination were reviewed; eight cases had binasal visual field defects. Most clinicians have suspected an intracranial cause for such field defects since the classic report of Cushing and Walker in 1912. However, in this study, the cause for the binasal hemianopia was found to be ischemic optic neuropathy in two patients, and one case each of optic nerve drusen, glaucoma, congenital optic nerve pits, and retinitis pigmentosa sine pigmento. Thus 75% of the cases had an intraocular cause for the binasal hemianopia. Two patients had congenital hydrocephalus, and an intracranial basis was thus noted in 25% of these cases. The neurosurgeon should realize that the patient with binasal field defects is much more likely to have an ocular cause than an intracranial one for his problem.", "contents": "Binasal hemianopia. The visual fields of 100 patients referred for neuro-ophthalmologic examination were reviewed; eight cases had binasal visual field defects. Most clinicians have suspected an intracranial cause for such field defects since the classic report of Cushing and Walker in 1912. However, in this study, the cause for the binasal hemianopia was found to be ischemic optic neuropathy in two patients, and one case each of optic nerve drusen, glaucoma, congenital optic nerve pits, and retinitis pigmentosa sine pigmento. Thus 75% of the cases had an intraocular cause for the binasal hemianopia. Two patients had congenital hydrocephalus, and an intracranial basis was thus noted in 25% of these cases. The neurosurgeon should realize that the patient with binasal field defects is much more likely to have an ocular cause than an intracranial one for his problem.", "PMID": 705607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2165", "title": "Local hypothermia in experimental spinal cord trauma.", "content": "A series of controlled animal experiments comparing the effects of one, four, and 18 hours of local hypothermia at 6 degrees C begun four hours after compression lesions to the thoracic cord in dogs is reported. Four hours of local cooling delivered by a small silastic epidural heat exchanger, without durotomy or tissue perfusion, is shown to give greater functional benefit than cooling for one hour or 18 hours. Experimental design, pathophysiological implications, and clinical relevance are discussed.", "contents": "Local hypothermia in experimental spinal cord trauma. A series of controlled animal experiments comparing the effects of one, four, and 18 hours of local hypothermia at 6 degrees C begun four hours after compression lesions to the thoracic cord in dogs is reported. Four hours of local cooling delivered by a small silastic epidural heat exchanger, without durotomy or tissue perfusion, is shown to give greater functional benefit than cooling for one hour or 18 hours. Experimental design, pathophysiological implications, and clinical relevance are discussed.", "PMID": 705608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2166", "title": "Phrenic nerve conduction studies in the evaluation of ventilatory problems in patients with cranio-cervical trauma.", "content": "Five patients with hypoventilation and paresis of the diaphragm following trauma to the cervical spinal cord, brain stem, or both, were evaluated with phrenic nerve conduction studies while being considered for implantation of a phrenic nerve stimulator. Several distinct patterns of phrenic nerve function were elicited in the various cases, allowing accurate predictions and management decisions to be made. Phrenic nerve conduction studies are felt to be a valuable diagnostic tool in the management of the hypoventilating patient with cranio-cervical trauma. The procedure is safe, rapid, and easily performed at the bedside.", "contents": "Phrenic nerve conduction studies in the evaluation of ventilatory problems in patients with cranio-cervical trauma. Five patients with hypoventilation and paresis of the diaphragm following trauma to the cervical spinal cord, brain stem, or both, were evaluated with phrenic nerve conduction studies while being considered for implantation of a phrenic nerve stimulator. Several distinct patterns of phrenic nerve function were elicited in the various cases, allowing accurate predictions and management decisions to be made. Phrenic nerve conduction studies are felt to be a valuable diagnostic tool in the management of the hypoventilating patient with cranio-cervical trauma. The procedure is safe, rapid, and easily performed at the bedside.", "PMID": 705609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2167", "title": "Cerebral pseudoatrophy and computed tomography: two illustrative case reports.", "content": "The detection of cerebral atrophy in the demented patient is best accomplished by computed tomography (CT). However, CT is a static tool in the evaluation of cerebral disease. Two cases of \"pseudoatrophy\", one secondary to malnutrition, the other secondary to communicating hydrocephalus, will illustrate the problems in the evaluation of \"atrophic\" change on the basis of one CT examination alone.", "contents": "Cerebral pseudoatrophy and computed tomography: two illustrative case reports. The detection of cerebral atrophy in the demented patient is best accomplished by computed tomography (CT). However, CT is a static tool in the evaluation of cerebral disease. Two cases of \"pseudoatrophy\", one secondary to malnutrition, the other secondary to communicating hydrocephalus, will illustrate the problems in the evaluation of \"atrophic\" change on the basis of one CT examination alone.", "PMID": 705610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2168", "title": "Sudden visual loss secondary to an orbital varix.", "content": "A 45-year-old man presented with precipitous loss of vision and rapidly changing field defects in one eye. Computerized tomography and B-scan ultrasonography revealed a small orbital mass adjacent to the optic nerve. This was removed via lateral orbitotomy. On pathologic examination it was diagnosed as a small orbital varix. Drs. Frederick C. Blodi and Stephen Trokel comment on the case.", "contents": "Sudden visual loss secondary to an orbital varix. A 45-year-old man presented with precipitous loss of vision and rapidly changing field defects in one eye. Computerized tomography and B-scan ultrasonography revealed a small orbital mass adjacent to the optic nerve. This was removed via lateral orbitotomy. On pathologic examination it was diagnosed as a small orbital varix. Drs. Frederick C. Blodi and Stephen Trokel comment on the case.", "PMID": 705612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2169", "title": "Elimination of aniseikonia in monocular aphakia with a contact lens-spectacle combination.", "content": "Correction of monocular aphakia with contact lenses generally results in aniseikonia in the range of 7--9%; with correction by intraocular lenses, aniseikonia is approximately 2%. We present a new method of correcting aniseikonia in monocular aphakics using a contact lens-spectacle combination. A formula is derived wherein the contact lens is deliberately overcorrected; this overcorrection is then neutralized by the appropriate spectacle lens, to be worn over the contact lens. Calculated results with this system over a wide range of possible situations consistently results in an aniseikonia of 0.1%.", "contents": "Elimination of aniseikonia in monocular aphakia with a contact lens-spectacle combination. Correction of monocular aphakia with contact lenses generally results in aniseikonia in the range of 7--9%; with correction by intraocular lenses, aniseikonia is approximately 2%. We present a new method of correcting aniseikonia in monocular aphakics using a contact lens-spectacle combination. A formula is derived wherein the contact lens is deliberately overcorrected; this overcorrection is then neutralized by the appropriate spectacle lens, to be worn over the contact lens. Calculated results with this system over a wide range of possible situations consistently results in an aniseikonia of 0.1%.", "PMID": 705613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2170", "title": "Contemporary optics and ocular pathology.", "content": "A significant advantage of Fourier optics over classical optics is that it permits a differentiation between optical and retinal-neural causes of visual impairment. The basic methods of Fourier optics are introduced in a nonmathematical manner, as are their relationship to current clinical methods of measuring visual performance. Potential ophthalmic applications for Fourier optics in both clinical diagnosis and pre-operative ocular evaluation are discussed, and the importance of clinical measurement of visual performance at intermediate contrast states is emphasized.", "contents": "Contemporary optics and ocular pathology. A significant advantage of Fourier optics over classical optics is that it permits a differentiation between optical and retinal-neural causes of visual impairment. The basic methods of Fourier optics are introduced in a nonmathematical manner, as are their relationship to current clinical methods of measuring visual performance. Potential ophthalmic applications for Fourier optics in both clinical diagnosis and pre-operative ocular evaluation are discussed, and the importance of clinical measurement of visual performance at intermediate contrast states is emphasized.", "PMID": 705614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2171", "title": "Cutaneous melanoma and its relation to melanoma of the uveal tract.", "content": "Current tactics under study in the control of cutaneous melanoma may prove to be of benefit in management of uveal melanoma. These include precise staging at diagnosis and analysis of pathologic data correlated with the subsequent clinical course. The potential role of adjuvant chemotherapy and immunotherapy is discussed.", "contents": "Cutaneous melanoma and its relation to melanoma of the uveal tract. Current tactics under study in the control of cutaneous melanoma may prove to be of benefit in management of uveal melanoma. These include precise staging at diagnosis and analysis of pathologic data correlated with the subsequent clinical course. The potential role of adjuvant chemotherapy and immunotherapy is discussed.", "PMID": 705615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2172", "title": "A rapid chromatographic method for quantitation of high molecular weight fibrinogen derivatives in plasma.", "content": "High molecular weight fibrinogen derivatives were precipitated from 3 ml of plasma by 0.88 M ammonium sulphate. The resuspended precipitate was analyzed by chromatography on a 2.5 x 30 cm glass bead Bio-Gel 5 M column by using a flow rate of 60 cm/hr and continuous effluent monitoring at O. D. 280 nm. Complete elution of fibrinogen occurred in 50 min. Elution profile was handled according to the chromatographic plate theory analysis. Results obtained by our method were not significantly different from those obtained by conventional chromatography.", "contents": "A rapid chromatographic method for quantitation of high molecular weight fibrinogen derivatives in plasma. High molecular weight fibrinogen derivatives were precipitated from 3 ml of plasma by 0.88 M ammonium sulphate. The resuspended precipitate was analyzed by chromatography on a 2.5 x 30 cm glass bead Bio-Gel 5 M column by using a flow rate of 60 cm/hr and continuous effluent monitoring at O. D. 280 nm. Complete elution of fibrinogen occurred in 50 min. Elution profile was handled according to the chromatographic plate theory analysis. Results obtained by our method were not significantly different from those obtained by conventional chromatography.", "PMID": 705685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2173", "title": "Tissue thromboplastin activity of isolated human monocytes.", "content": "Certain agents that induce spreading of or increased content or release of lysosomal enzymes from human monocytes also induce a dramatic increase in tissue thromboplastin content of the cells. The increase is inhibited by cycloheximide and actinomycin D and does not appear in granulocyte, lymphocyte or platelet populations treated in the same way. The effect of several other substances on the development of monocyte tissue thromboplastin activity is reported.", "contents": "Tissue thromboplastin activity of isolated human monocytes. Certain agents that induce spreading of or increased content or release of lysosomal enzymes from human monocytes also induce a dramatic increase in tissue thromboplastin content of the cells. The increase is inhibited by cycloheximide and actinomycin D and does not appear in granulocyte, lymphocyte or platelet populations treated in the same way. The effect of several other substances on the development of monocyte tissue thromboplastin activity is reported.", "PMID": 705686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2174", "title": "The influence of residual factor VII on the sensitivity of brain thromboplastin.", "content": "One-stage prothrombin times of normal and of factor VII-deficient beagle plasma were determined with two types of beagle brain thromboplastin, one prepared from normal beagles and the other from factor VII-deficient beagles. There was little difference between the reagents in the prothrombin times obtained for normal plasma. However, when factor VII-deficient plasma was tested, reagent prepared from factor VII-deficient beagles gave considerably longer prothrombin times than were obtained with the normal reagent and the difference increased with increasing reagent concentration to a maximum at 140 mg/ml. Prothrombin times of a series of mixtures of normal and factor VII-deficient plasma indicated that the presence of only 1/90 part of normal plasma was necessary to compensate for the difference between the two reagents. Determination of the iron content of the reagent suggested that the microcirculation of an average brain contained some 1.8 g of whole blood. The finding that brain thromboplastin prepared from factor VII-deficient beagles is more sensitive to a deficiency of factor VII in plasma, presumably a result of the smaller quantity of factor VII present in the reagent, is compatible with the known kinetics of extrinsic coagulation.", "contents": "The influence of residual factor VII on the sensitivity of brain thromboplastin. One-stage prothrombin times of normal and of factor VII-deficient beagle plasma were determined with two types of beagle brain thromboplastin, one prepared from normal beagles and the other from factor VII-deficient beagles. There was little difference between the reagents in the prothrombin times obtained for normal plasma. However, when factor VII-deficient plasma was tested, reagent prepared from factor VII-deficient beagles gave considerably longer prothrombin times than were obtained with the normal reagent and the difference increased with increasing reagent concentration to a maximum at 140 mg/ml. Prothrombin times of a series of mixtures of normal and factor VII-deficient plasma indicated that the presence of only 1/90 part of normal plasma was necessary to compensate for the difference between the two reagents. Determination of the iron content of the reagent suggested that the microcirculation of an average brain contained some 1.8 g of whole blood. The finding that brain thromboplastin prepared from factor VII-deficient beagles is more sensitive to a deficiency of factor VII in plasma, presumably a result of the smaller quantity of factor VII present in the reagent, is compatible with the known kinetics of extrinsic coagulation.", "PMID": 705687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2175", "title": "The influence of thrombin on the clotting activity of factor VIII. A study with insolubilized thrombin.", "content": "An investigation of the influence of thrombin on the clotting activity of factor VIII was made. Purified factor VIII and different amounts of thrombin complexed to Sepharose 4 B were mixed and incubated for various periods of time. The factor VIII activities of these incubation mixtures were determined by the one- and two-stage analytical procedures in the presence of the thrombin-sepharose and in its absence following the latter removal from the test sample by filtration. The results so obtained confirm the view that thrombin inactivates factor VIII. Evidences for a thrombin-induced potentiation of the factor VIII activity, seen only in the thrombin-sepharose containing test samples analyzed by the one-stage method, are here interpreted as thrombin-effects peculiar to this factor VIII test system and not as potentiation by thrombin of the factor itself.", "contents": "The influence of thrombin on the clotting activity of factor VIII. A study with insolubilized thrombin. An investigation of the influence of thrombin on the clotting activity of factor VIII was made. Purified factor VIII and different amounts of thrombin complexed to Sepharose 4 B were mixed and incubated for various periods of time. The factor VIII activities of these incubation mixtures were determined by the one- and two-stage analytical procedures in the presence of the thrombin-sepharose and in its absence following the latter removal from the test sample by filtration. The results so obtained confirm the view that thrombin inactivates factor VIII. Evidences for a thrombin-induced potentiation of the factor VIII activity, seen only in the thrombin-sepharose containing test samples analyzed by the one-stage method, are here interpreted as thrombin-effects peculiar to this factor VIII test system and not as potentiation by thrombin of the factor itself.", "PMID": 705688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2176", "title": "The determination of antithrombin III. Comparison of six methods. Effect of oral contraceptive therapy.", "content": "At III levels measured with six methods in 36 people: 10 healthy controls, 10 women taking a progestagen Lynestrenol and 16 women taking a combined oestrogen-progestagen contraceptive pill. The reproducibility and the sensitivity of these methods as well as the correlation between methods were studied. The Hensen and Loeliger technique had a poor reproducibility and the results obtained with the Howie technique were not in good correlation with those obtained with other methods, especially in the group taking oral contraceptives. The two amidolytic methods using chromogenic substrates were found to be very accurate for antithrombin III activity determination. The rocket immunoelectrophoresis was more accurate and more practical than the radial immunodiffusion. With all methods--except the one of Howie--the 10 women taking progestagen Lynestrenol and the 16 taking combined oestrogen-progestagen had a low AT III and differed significantly from the 10 normals tested. No difference was observed between women taking progestagen only or an oestrogen-progestagen combination.", "contents": "The determination of antithrombin III. Comparison of six methods. Effect of oral contraceptive therapy. At III levels measured with six methods in 36 people: 10 healthy controls, 10 women taking a progestagen Lynestrenol and 16 women taking a combined oestrogen-progestagen contraceptive pill. The reproducibility and the sensitivity of these methods as well as the correlation between methods were studied. The Hensen and Loeliger technique had a poor reproducibility and the results obtained with the Howie technique were not in good correlation with those obtained with other methods, especially in the group taking oral contraceptives. The two amidolytic methods using chromogenic substrates were found to be very accurate for antithrombin III activity determination. The rocket immunoelectrophoresis was more accurate and more practical than the radial immunodiffusion. With all methods--except the one of Howie--the 10 women taking progestagen Lynestrenol and the 16 taking combined oestrogen-progestagen had a low AT III and differed significantly from the 10 normals tested. No difference was observed between women taking progestagen only or an oestrogen-progestagen combination.", "PMID": 705689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2177", "title": "Inhibition of urokinase by complex formation with human antithrombin III in absence and presence of heparin.", "content": "Human antithrombin III was purified from fresh human plasma by affinity chromatography on heparin-Sepharose, affinity chromatography on concanavalin A Sepharose, gel filtration on Ultrogel AcA 34, ion exchange chromatography on DEAE A-50 Sephadex and preparative agarose gel electrophoresis. The hydrolytic activity of urokinase (plasminogen activator from urine) on acetyl-glycyl-L-lysine methylester acetate (Ac-gly-lys-OMeAc) was inhibited by antithrombin III in a slow time-dependent manner. Heparin accelerated the reaction between activator and inhibitor. Inhibition of catalytic activity was associated with the formation of an 1:1 molar complex between activator and inhibitor as revealed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The complex was also demonstrated by crossed immunoelectrophoresis against anti-antithrombin III.", "contents": "Inhibition of urokinase by complex formation with human antithrombin III in absence and presence of heparin. Human antithrombin III was purified from fresh human plasma by affinity chromatography on heparin-Sepharose, affinity chromatography on concanavalin A Sepharose, gel filtration on Ultrogel AcA 34, ion exchange chromatography on DEAE A-50 Sephadex and preparative agarose gel electrophoresis. The hydrolytic activity of urokinase (plasminogen activator from urine) on acetyl-glycyl-L-lysine methylester acetate (Ac-gly-lys-OMeAc) was inhibited by antithrombin III in a slow time-dependent manner. Heparin accelerated the reaction between activator and inhibitor. Inhibition of catalytic activity was associated with the formation of an 1:1 molar complex between activator and inhibitor as revealed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The complex was also demonstrated by crossed immunoelectrophoresis against anti-antithrombin III.", "PMID": 705690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2178", "title": "Immunologic studies of antithrombin III heparin cofactor in the newborn.", "content": "Serial quantitative immunoelectrophoretic (IE) measurements of antithrombin III heparin cofactor (AT III) were made in groups of well and sick newborn infants classified by gestational age. Collection methods (venous vs. capillary) did not influence the results; serum IE measurements were comparable to AT III activity by a clotting method. AT III is gestational age-dependent, increasing from 28.7% of normal adult values at 28--32 weeks to 50.9% at 37--40 weeks, and shows a gradual increase to term infant levels (57.4%) by 3--4 weeks of age. Infants with the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) show lower levels of AT III in the 33--36 week group, 22% vs. 44% and in the 37--40 week group, 33.6% vs. 50.9%, then prematures without RDS. Infants of 28--32 week gestational age had only slight differences, RDS = 24%, non-RDS = 28.7%. The lowest levels of AT III were seen in patients with RDS complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation and those with necrotizing enterocolitis. Crossed IE on representative infants displayed a consistent pattern which was identical to adult controls except for appropriate decreases in the amplitude of the peaks. The thrombotic complications seen in the sick preterm infant may be related to the low levels of AT III.", "contents": "Immunologic studies of antithrombin III heparin cofactor in the newborn. Serial quantitative immunoelectrophoretic (IE) measurements of antithrombin III heparin cofactor (AT III) were made in groups of well and sick newborn infants classified by gestational age. Collection methods (venous vs. capillary) did not influence the results; serum IE measurements were comparable to AT III activity by a clotting method. AT III is gestational age-dependent, increasing from 28.7% of normal adult values at 28--32 weeks to 50.9% at 37--40 weeks, and shows a gradual increase to term infant levels (57.4%) by 3--4 weeks of age. Infants with the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) show lower levels of AT III in the 33--36 week group, 22% vs. 44% and in the 37--40 week group, 33.6% vs. 50.9%, then prematures without RDS. Infants of 28--32 week gestational age had only slight differences, RDS = 24%, non-RDS = 28.7%. The lowest levels of AT III were seen in patients with RDS complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation and those with necrotizing enterocolitis. Crossed IE on representative infants displayed a consistent pattern which was identical to adult controls except for appropriate decreases in the amplitude of the peaks. The thrombotic complications seen in the sick preterm infant may be related to the low levels of AT III.", "PMID": 705691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2179", "title": "Thrombin generation and neutralization test (TGNT) - a simple, practical, and sensitive assay for plasma heparin quantitation.", "content": "A simple, quantitative method for detection of small amounts of heparin in human plasma is described. This method is based on the activation of coagulation factor X to its enzymatic form (Xa), by a mixture of RVV platelet substitute (Esnouf and Williams 1962, Esnouf and Jobin 1967) in a plasma rendered fibrinogen free without affecting other clotting factores (Bell et al. 1968, Bell 1973), by Arvin (Ancrod). Activation of factor X, results in thrombin generation. Thrombin inactivation by its natural inhibitors depends on the time elapsed from the start-point of activation. The inactivation process is enhanced by heparin (Biggs et al. 1970, Blomb\u00e4ck et al. 1963) and this enhancement depends on the quantity of heparin in the plasma.", "contents": "Thrombin generation and neutralization test (TGNT) - a simple, practical, and sensitive assay for plasma heparin quantitation. A simple, quantitative method for detection of small amounts of heparin in human plasma is described. This method is based on the activation of coagulation factor X to its enzymatic form (Xa), by a mixture of RVV platelet substitute (Esnouf and Williams 1962, Esnouf and Jobin 1967) in a plasma rendered fibrinogen free without affecting other clotting factores (Bell et al. 1968, Bell 1973), by Arvin (Ancrod). Activation of factor X, results in thrombin generation. Thrombin inactivation by its natural inhibitors depends on the time elapsed from the start-point of activation. The inactivation process is enhanced by heparin (Biggs et al. 1970, Blomb\u00e4ck et al. 1963) and this enhancement depends on the quantity of heparin in the plasma.", "PMID": 705692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2180", "title": "Comparison of reagents for determining the activated partial thromboplastin time.", "content": "Six commercially available reagents for the determination of the activated partial thromboplastin time have been evaluated and compared with respect to their sensitivity to the coagulation factors VIII, IX and XI and to their response to heparin. Some variation was observed among the reagents regarding their sensitivity to factor XI and even greater differences were obtained with factors VIII and IX. It was also clear that none of the reagents was sensitive to the same extent to the factors tested. The sensitivity to heparin shows considerable variation, in terms of time as well as mode of response to increasing heparin levels. In four reagents this response is linear, it is logarithmic in one and the remaining one is yet again different. It seems unlikely that any standardization of the APTT determination is at present possible with the reagents studied.", "contents": "Comparison of reagents for determining the activated partial thromboplastin time. Six commercially available reagents for the determination of the activated partial thromboplastin time have been evaluated and compared with respect to their sensitivity to the coagulation factors VIII, IX and XI and to their response to heparin. Some variation was observed among the reagents regarding their sensitivity to factor XI and even greater differences were obtained with factors VIII and IX. It was also clear that none of the reagents was sensitive to the same extent to the factors tested. The sensitivity to heparin shows considerable variation, in terms of time as well as mode of response to increasing heparin levels. In four reagents this response is linear, it is logarithmic in one and the remaining one is yet again different. It seems unlikely that any standardization of the APTT determination is at present possible with the reagents studied.", "PMID": 705693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2181", "title": "Quantitative estimation of coagulation factors in liver disease. The diagnostic and prognostic value of factor XIII, factor V and plasminogen.", "content": "20 coagulation parameters were investigated in 144 patients with different liver diseases. The groups of acute hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis and liver cirrhosis were compared and the prognostic value of the coagulation analyses investigated. It is clear that the determination of the factor V activity is a good and easy test for detection of actual liver function. Repeated controls over several weeks revealed with a statistical significance (p less than 0.0005) that all patients with a factor XIII below 35% and a plasminogen below 19% will die in liver coma, if they have not died beforehand from acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage, acute infection or cardiac arrest. Plasminogen is also lower in the group of non-survivors but the values of the two groups are overlapping and of no prognostic help in a single case. The possible causes of the diminution of factor XIII activity are discussed.", "contents": "Quantitative estimation of coagulation factors in liver disease. The diagnostic and prognostic value of factor XIII, factor V and plasminogen. 20 coagulation parameters were investigated in 144 patients with different liver diseases. The groups of acute hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis and liver cirrhosis were compared and the prognostic value of the coagulation analyses investigated. It is clear that the determination of the factor V activity is a good and easy test for detection of actual liver function. Repeated controls over several weeks revealed with a statistical significance (p less than 0.0005) that all patients with a factor XIII below 35% and a plasminogen below 19% will die in liver coma, if they have not died beforehand from acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage, acute infection or cardiac arrest. Plasminogen is also lower in the group of non-survivors but the values of the two groups are overlapping and of no prognostic help in a single case. The possible causes of the diminution of factor XIII activity are discussed.", "PMID": 705694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2182", "title": "Acquired inhibitors of factor V.", "content": "The clinical and laboratory data on the 12 patients with an acquired inhibitor to factor V have been reviewed. The degree of clinical bleeding in these patients varied from none to severe, and in most patients the inhibitor was transient. The combination of a markedly prolonged partial thromboplastin time and Quick prothrombin time and failure of normal plasma to correct these tests, in the presence of a normal thrombin and prothrombin and proconvertin time, seems to be pathognomonic for a factor V inhibitor. The inhibitors have physicochemical properties of immunoglobulins and a few have been characterized as polyclonal IgG antibodies or a mixture of IgM and IgG antibodies. The etiology and pathophysiologic mechanism of their development is unknown, but there seems to be a close relationship to major surgery. When tested with inhibitor plasma, the plasmas from 9 patients with hereditary factor V deficiency from 7 unrelated families did not contain factor V antibody-neutralizing material.", "contents": "Acquired inhibitors of factor V. The clinical and laboratory data on the 12 patients with an acquired inhibitor to factor V have been reviewed. The degree of clinical bleeding in these patients varied from none to severe, and in most patients the inhibitor was transient. The combination of a markedly prolonged partial thromboplastin time and Quick prothrombin time and failure of normal plasma to correct these tests, in the presence of a normal thrombin and prothrombin and proconvertin time, seems to be pathognomonic for a factor V inhibitor. The inhibitors have physicochemical properties of immunoglobulins and a few have been characterized as polyclonal IgG antibodies or a mixture of IgM and IgG antibodies. The etiology and pathophysiologic mechanism of their development is unknown, but there seems to be a close relationship to major surgery. When tested with inhibitor plasma, the plasmas from 9 patients with hereditary factor V deficiency from 7 unrelated families did not contain factor V antibody-neutralizing material.", "PMID": 705695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2183", "title": "Treatment of congenital factor VII deficiency with a new concentrate.", "content": "A new factor VII concentrate, made from ACD plasma by a process involving successive absorptions of cryoprecipitate supernatant on DEAE Sephadex and of the resulting supernatant on A1(OH)3, was administered to 10 patients with severe factor VII deficiency. 5 patients received only one dose for treatment of a single bleeding episode, the remaining 5 were given multiple infusions (47) for spontaneous hemorrhages or for the prevention of surgical bleeding. In vivo factor VII recovery ranged from 43 to 126% (average 88%) of the assayed in vitro activity of the concentrate. A dose of 0.5 u/kg was found to produce a 1% rise of the plasma factor VII levels. The mean half-life on injected factor VII as assessed in 7 kinetic studies was 205 min (range 168--234). Spontaneous bleeding was easily controlled by the concentrate and major surgical procedures (two tonsillectomies) could be performed without complications. 1 patient developed HBSAg positive hepatitis, but otherwise no serious side effects were observed. Factor VII concentrate reduced the risk of precipitating circulatory overload associated with the use of plasma and avoids the unnecessary rise of factor II, IX and X which follows prothrombin complex concentrates.", "contents": "Treatment of congenital factor VII deficiency with a new concentrate. A new factor VII concentrate, made from ACD plasma by a process involving successive absorptions of cryoprecipitate supernatant on DEAE Sephadex and of the resulting supernatant on A1(OH)3, was administered to 10 patients with severe factor VII deficiency. 5 patients received only one dose for treatment of a single bleeding episode, the remaining 5 were given multiple infusions (47) for spontaneous hemorrhages or for the prevention of surgical bleeding. In vivo factor VII recovery ranged from 43 to 126% (average 88%) of the assayed in vitro activity of the concentrate. A dose of 0.5 u/kg was found to produce a 1% rise of the plasma factor VII levels. The mean half-life on injected factor VII as assessed in 7 kinetic studies was 205 min (range 168--234). Spontaneous bleeding was easily controlled by the concentrate and major surgical procedures (two tonsillectomies) could be performed without complications. 1 patient developed HBSAg positive hepatitis, but otherwise no serious side effects were observed. Factor VII concentrate reduced the risk of precipitating circulatory overload associated with the use of plasma and avoids the unnecessary rise of factor II, IX and X which follows prothrombin complex concentrates.", "PMID": 705696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2184", "title": "The effects of an increase in endogenous oestrogen on the haemostatic mechanism.", "content": "The effects on the haemostatic mechanism of rises in circulating human oestrogen in a group of women being treated for infertility with pituitary hormones were studied. Despite large but brief rises in oestrogen levels no changes were found.", "contents": "The effects of an increase in endogenous oestrogen on the haemostatic mechanism. The effects on the haemostatic mechanism of rises in circulating human oestrogen in a group of women being treated for infertility with pituitary hormones were studied. Despite large but brief rises in oestrogen levels no changes were found.", "PMID": 705697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2185", "title": "Blood platelets as a possible source of creatine kinase in rat plasma and serum.", "content": "The creatine kinase (CK) activity in rat plasma was found to be correlated with that in serum or platelets. Rat serum contained higher activity not only of CK but also of lactate dehydrogenase than the corresponding plasma. The plasma CK activity decreased with increasing age of rats. Only the brain-type isoenzyme of CK was found in plasma, serum and platelets. Contamination of brain-type with muscle-type isoenzyme was detected in rather exceptional cases in which the activity was high among old rats. These results suggest the possible contribution of blood platelets to the CK activity of circulating plasma as well as to the activity in serum in rats.", "contents": "Blood platelets as a possible source of creatine kinase in rat plasma and serum. The creatine kinase (CK) activity in rat plasma was found to be correlated with that in serum or platelets. Rat serum contained higher activity not only of CK but also of lactate dehydrogenase than the corresponding plasma. The plasma CK activity decreased with increasing age of rats. Only the brain-type isoenzyme of CK was found in plasma, serum and platelets. Contamination of brain-type with muscle-type isoenzyme was detected in rather exceptional cases in which the activity was high among old rats. These results suggest the possible contribution of blood platelets to the CK activity of circulating plasma as well as to the activity in serum in rats.", "PMID": 705698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2186", "title": "Creatine phosphate in rat blood platelets.", "content": "Creatine phosphate (CP) was found in rat platelets by an assay method devised to increase the specificity and sensitivity. In this method, radioactivity of [14C]ATP was measured after the reaction of CP with [14C]ADP in the presence of creatine kinase. The mean value of the CP content in rat platelets was 24.8 nmoles per 10(9) platelets. Since the molar ratio of CP and ATP was 1:2.6, it is probable that CP plays a role in the energy metabolism of rat platelets.", "contents": "Creatine phosphate in rat blood platelets. Creatine phosphate (CP) was found in rat platelets by an assay method devised to increase the specificity and sensitivity. In this method, radioactivity of [14C]ATP was measured after the reaction of CP with [14C]ADP in the presence of creatine kinase. The mean value of the CP content in rat platelets was 24.8 nmoles per 10(9) platelets. Since the molar ratio of CP and ATP was 1:2.6, it is probable that CP plays a role in the energy metabolism of rat platelets.", "PMID": 705699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2187", "title": "The role of prostaglandins in the ADP-induced aggregation of rabbit platelets shown by the use of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase.", "content": "The initial shape change and subsequent aggregation of platelets in citrated rabbit platelet-rich plasma caused by ADP in vitro was inhibited by 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase. This inhibition was NAD-dependent and was also seen when shape change and aggregation were initiated by sodium arachidonate or by collagen. The aggregation of gel-filtered rabbit platelets by thrombin was not, however, affected by removal of 15-hydroxyprostaglandins. Indomethacin was found to inhibit ADP-induced aggregation but at a concentration (250 micron) much higher than that required to inhibit collagen-induced aggregation. Moreover the platelet release reaction had not taken place 3 min after ADP stimulation. The direct role 15-hydroxyprostaglandin production in ADP-induced aggregation of rabbit platelets is proposed. The involvement of 15-hydroxyprostaglandins in platelet aggregation caused by other inducers is also discussed.", "contents": "The role of prostaglandins in the ADP-induced aggregation of rabbit platelets shown by the use of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase. The initial shape change and subsequent aggregation of platelets in citrated rabbit platelet-rich plasma caused by ADP in vitro was inhibited by 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase. This inhibition was NAD-dependent and was also seen when shape change and aggregation were initiated by sodium arachidonate or by collagen. The aggregation of gel-filtered rabbit platelets by thrombin was not, however, affected by removal of 15-hydroxyprostaglandins. Indomethacin was found to inhibit ADP-induced aggregation but at a concentration (250 micron) much higher than that required to inhibit collagen-induced aggregation. Moreover the platelet release reaction had not taken place 3 min after ADP stimulation. The direct role 15-hydroxyprostaglandin production in ADP-induced aggregation of rabbit platelets is proposed. The involvement of 15-hydroxyprostaglandins in platelet aggregation caused by other inducers is also discussed.", "PMID": 705701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2188", "title": "Plasminogen activator levels in plasma and urine during exercise and oral contraceptive use.", "content": "The effect of Demulen (ethinyl estradiol 0.05 mg and ethynodiol diacetate 1 mg) and exercise on the level of plasminogen activators was studied in 25 women (12 controls and 13 contraceptive users). Plasma plasminogen activator level was increased by the use of the oral contraceptive and further increased by exercise. Urine plasminogen activator level was unchanged by the use of Demulen but, in both groups of subjects, was decreased by exercise.", "contents": "Plasminogen activator levels in plasma and urine during exercise and oral contraceptive use. The effect of Demulen (ethinyl estradiol 0.05 mg and ethynodiol diacetate 1 mg) and exercise on the level of plasminogen activators was studied in 25 women (12 controls and 13 contraceptive users). Plasma plasminogen activator level was increased by the use of the oral contraceptive and further increased by exercise. Urine plasminogen activator level was unchanged by the use of Demulen but, in both groups of subjects, was decreased by exercise.", "PMID": 705703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2189", "title": "Fibrinolysis in decidual spiral arteries in late pregnancy.", "content": "The fibrinolytic activity of the intimal cells of decidual spiral arteries and the syncytium of placental villi was studied by electron microscopy in ten normal full-term human pregnancies using a modification of the fibrin slide technique. Endothelial cells lining the intima of the decidual spiral arteries showed a considerably greater fibrinolytic activity than intimal cytotrophoblast and the syncytiotrophoblast showed no activity. The replacement of endothelial cells by an intimal lining of cytotrophoblast, and the presence of cytotrophoblast in the media, appears to play an important role in the reduction of the fibrinolytic activity of the vessel. This inhibition of fibrinolytic activity in the utero-placental arteries may be the physiological mechanism which controls fibrin deposition in these vessels and on the placental villi.", "contents": "Fibrinolysis in decidual spiral arteries in late pregnancy. The fibrinolytic activity of the intimal cells of decidual spiral arteries and the syncytium of placental villi was studied by electron microscopy in ten normal full-term human pregnancies using a modification of the fibrin slide technique. Endothelial cells lining the intima of the decidual spiral arteries showed a considerably greater fibrinolytic activity than intimal cytotrophoblast and the syncytiotrophoblast showed no activity. The replacement of endothelial cells by an intimal lining of cytotrophoblast, and the presence of cytotrophoblast in the media, appears to play an important role in the reduction of the fibrinolytic activity of the vessel. This inhibition of fibrinolytic activity in the utero-placental arteries may be the physiological mechanism which controls fibrin deposition in these vessels and on the placental villi.", "PMID": 705704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2190", "title": "Health care for pets.", "content": "Health care for pets cannot develop satisfactorily without a proper structure. Support for practising veterinarians who provide second- and third-line care will continue to be inadequate unless a structure with built-in financial arrangements is introduced. If practising veterinarians do not pass on the costs of specialist help in full to the owners of pets, this form of service will decrease when the number of veterinarians rises to too high a level. Such a development would also threaten the advance of scientific research with regard to pets.", "contents": "Health care for pets. Health care for pets cannot develop satisfactorily without a proper structure. Support for practising veterinarians who provide second- and third-line care will continue to be inadequate unless a structure with built-in financial arrangements is introduced. If practising veterinarians do not pass on the costs of specialist help in full to the owners of pets, this form of service will decrease when the number of veterinarians rises to too high a level. Such a development would also threaten the advance of scientific research with regard to pets.", "PMID": 705741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2191", "title": "Cushing's syndrome due to adrenocortical adenoma in a cat.", "content": "An 11-year-old spayed cat was presented with clinical signs suggestive of hyperadrenocorticism. Adrenocortical function was assessed by dexamethasone suppression and by stimulation with ACTH and the results provided a tentative diagnosis of adrenocortical tumour. Via laparotomy (paracostal approach), the enlarged right adrenal gland was removed. Histopathological diagnosis was adrenocortical adenoma.", "contents": "Cushing's syndrome due to adrenocortical adenoma in a cat. An 11-year-old spayed cat was presented with clinical signs suggestive of hyperadrenocorticism. Adrenocortical function was assessed by dexamethasone suppression and by stimulation with ACTH and the results provided a tentative diagnosis of adrenocortical tumour. Via laparotomy (paracostal approach), the enlarged right adrenal gland was removed. Histopathological diagnosis was adrenocortical adenoma.", "PMID": 705743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2192", "title": "Cryosurgery of eosinophilic ulcers in cats.", "content": "The use of cryosurgery in treatment of eosinophilic granuloma in cats is described. Satisfactory results were obtained in 14 of 19 cats and 4 of the 5 cats which did not respond favorably, had multiple lesions. The simplicity of the technique and the rapidity of healing make cryosurgery a useful alternative to previous methods of treatment.", "contents": "Cryosurgery of eosinophilic ulcers in cats. The use of cryosurgery in treatment of eosinophilic granuloma in cats is described. Satisfactory results were obtained in 14 of 19 cats and 4 of the 5 cats which did not respond favorably, had multiple lesions. The simplicity of the technique and the rapidity of healing make cryosurgery a useful alternative to previous methods of treatment.", "PMID": 705744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2193", "title": "Hemodynamic and metabolic consequences of hemodilution with different diluents.", "content": "Hemodilution was performed with the crystalloid Ringer's lactate (n = 6) and the colloid Haemaccel (n = 5) in dogs during automatically controlled total cardiopulmonary bypass with constant arterial and venous pressures. Single observations were made with Macrodex and Rheomacrodex hemodilution. Hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit were used as parameters for hemodilution. Total plasma protein proved to be unsuitable. The volume needed to induce the same level of hemodilution with lactated Ringer's and Haemaccel was twice the volume needed with Macrodex and Rheomacrodex. The volume shift from intravascular to extravascular was larger during Ringer's lactate hemodilution than during Haemaccel hemodilution. The amount of volume shift was clearly related to changes in colloid osmotic pressure. Lowering of total peripheral vascular resistance, with increased arterial line flow during controlled constant arterial and venous pressures was seen during hemodilution with each of the above materials. Potassium and calcium concentrations in the blood increased significantly during hemodilution with Haemaccel. Base excess was constant during hemodilution with lactated Ringer's but decreased in all other cases. A decrease in oxygen consumption was common, and most pronounced during hemodilution with Haemaccel.", "contents": "Hemodynamic and metabolic consequences of hemodilution with different diluents. Hemodilution was performed with the crystalloid Ringer's lactate (n = 6) and the colloid Haemaccel (n = 5) in dogs during automatically controlled total cardiopulmonary bypass with constant arterial and venous pressures. Single observations were made with Macrodex and Rheomacrodex hemodilution. Hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit were used as parameters for hemodilution. Total plasma protein proved to be unsuitable. The volume needed to induce the same level of hemodilution with lactated Ringer's and Haemaccel was twice the volume needed with Macrodex and Rheomacrodex. The volume shift from intravascular to extravascular was larger during Ringer's lactate hemodilution than during Haemaccel hemodilution. The amount of volume shift was clearly related to changes in colloid osmotic pressure. Lowering of total peripheral vascular resistance, with increased arterial line flow during controlled constant arterial and venous pressures was seen during hemodilution with each of the above materials. Potassium and calcium concentrations in the blood increased significantly during hemodilution with Haemaccel. Base excess was constant during hemodilution with lactated Ringer's but decreased in all other cases. A decrease in oxygen consumption was common, and most pronounced during hemodilution with Haemaccel.", "PMID": 705745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2194", "title": "The clinical refractometer: a useful tool for the determination of specific gravity and osmolality in canine urine.", "content": "For the determination of specific gravity of canine urine the urinometer is often used. An alternative method is based on refractometry. Both methods were compared and a table for converting refractometer values to urinometer values is given. The refractometer was also compared with an osmometer. A linear relation was found between the readings of both instruments. The results clearly indicate that the refractometric method is very suitable for the small animal practitioner. The instrument appears to be a good alternative for both the urinometer and the osmometer.", "contents": "The clinical refractometer: a useful tool for the determination of specific gravity and osmolality in canine urine. For the determination of specific gravity of canine urine the urinometer is often used. An alternative method is based on refractometry. Both methods were compared and a table for converting refractometer values to urinometer values is given. The refractometer was also compared with an osmometer. A linear relation was found between the readings of both instruments. The results clearly indicate that the refractometric method is very suitable for the small animal practitioner. The instrument appears to be a good alternative for both the urinometer and the osmometer.", "PMID": 705746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2195", "title": "Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in two cats.", "content": "Esophageal carcinomas in two cats are described. The main clinical sign was regurgitation of food and fluids. Radiographic examination revealed severe esophageal abnormalities in both cats. In the second cat, the radiographic appearance of the esophagus together with the esophagoscopic findings provided a presumptive diagnosis of neoplasia. Histologic examination in both cats revealed squamous cell carcinoma with metastases.", "contents": "Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in two cats. Esophageal carcinomas in two cats are described. The main clinical sign was regurgitation of food and fluids. Radiographic examination revealed severe esophageal abnormalities in both cats. In the second cat, the radiographic appearance of the esophagus together with the esophagoscopic findings provided a presumptive diagnosis of neoplasia. Histologic examination in both cats revealed squamous cell carcinoma with metastases.", "PMID": 705748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2196", "title": "Hereditary retinal dysplasia (RD) in a family of Yorkshire terriers.", "content": "The clinical, pathological and genealogical features of Retinal Dysplasia in a family of Yorkshire terrriers were studied. The ocular changes were characterized by retinal detachment and retinal neovascularization. Dogs of three litters and their sire were affected. RD was suspected to be inherited as a recessive trait.", "contents": "Hereditary retinal dysplasia (RD) in a family of Yorkshire terriers. The clinical, pathological and genealogical features of Retinal Dysplasia in a family of Yorkshire terrriers were studied. The ocular changes were characterized by retinal detachment and retinal neovascularization. Dogs of three litters and their sire were affected. RD was suspected to be inherited as a recessive trait.", "PMID": 705749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2197", "title": "Secondary bone tumours: a case report.", "content": "Intermittent pain and hyperthermia were the major signs in a ten-year-old male Kerry Blue terrier. Extensive radiologic examination of the skeleton revealed no abnormalities. Gamma camera imaging of the skeleton revealed multiple foci of increased uptake of a bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical. Histologic examination of a bone biopsy provided a tentative diagnosis of osteomyelitis. Therapy with antibiotics was not successful. At autopsy, anaplastic carcinoma was found in the liver, spleen, several lymph nodes, ribs, both humeri, both femurs and almost all vertebrae.", "contents": "Secondary bone tumours: a case report. Intermittent pain and hyperthermia were the major signs in a ten-year-old male Kerry Blue terrier. Extensive radiologic examination of the skeleton revealed no abnormalities. Gamma camera imaging of the skeleton revealed multiple foci of increased uptake of a bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical. Histologic examination of a bone biopsy provided a tentative diagnosis of osteomyelitis. Therapy with antibiotics was not successful. At autopsy, anaplastic carcinoma was found in the liver, spleen, several lymph nodes, ribs, both humeri, both femurs and almost all vertebrae.", "PMID": 705750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2198", "title": "Urovagina associated with female pseudohermaphroditism in four bitches from one litter.", "content": "Four littermates with pseudo-hermaphroditismus ovarialis are described. Each had passive urinary incontinence caused by a urovagina. Clinical and radiographic examination and the surgical treatment are described. Results, follow-up and etiology are discussed.", "contents": "Urovagina associated with female pseudohermaphroditism in four bitches from one litter. Four littermates with pseudo-hermaphroditismus ovarialis are described. Each had passive urinary incontinence caused by a urovagina. Clinical and radiographic examination and the surgical treatment are described. Results, follow-up and etiology are discussed.", "PMID": 705751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2199", "title": "Exfoliative cytology in the diagnosis of diffuse mesothelioma in the dog. Illustration by a case report.", "content": "This report deals with a dog which was presented for ascites that appeard to be related to fluid accumulation in the pericardium. Subsequent to resection of the pericardium the ascites disappeared but a few months later there was fluid accumulation in the thorax. Cytological examination of the thoracic fluid revealed the cell aggregates (\"cell balls\") which are indicative of mesothelioma and this diagnosis was confirmed by the autopsy findings. The initial cytological diagnosis on the pericardial fluid, which was not in agreement with the histology of the excised pericardium, is also discussed.", "contents": "Exfoliative cytology in the diagnosis of diffuse mesothelioma in the dog. Illustration by a case report. This report deals with a dog which was presented for ascites that appeard to be related to fluid accumulation in the pericardium. Subsequent to resection of the pericardium the ascites disappeared but a few months later there was fluid accumulation in the thorax. Cytological examination of the thoracic fluid revealed the cell aggregates (\"cell balls\") which are indicative of mesothelioma and this diagnosis was confirmed by the autopsy findings. The initial cytological diagnosis on the pericardial fluid, which was not in agreement with the histology of the excised pericardium, is also discussed.", "PMID": 705752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2200", "title": "Heartworm infected dogs in the Netherlands.", "content": "Heartworm infected small animal patients are seldom seen in the Netherlands, because the parasite's life cycle cannot be completed in this climate. We report here four cases of the disease in dogs brought to the Netherlands from endemic heartworm areas. The initial diagnosis was based upon this knowledge and clinical signs (low exercise tolerance and coughing). The diagnosis was confirmed by the radiographic finding of variable pulmonary artery enlargement, the electrocardiographic finding of right ventricular hyperptrophy and the presence of microfilariae in the peripheral blood. Treatment resulted in recovery in three of these patients but the fourth died soon after initiation of the therapy.", "contents": "Heartworm infected dogs in the Netherlands. Heartworm infected small animal patients are seldom seen in the Netherlands, because the parasite's life cycle cannot be completed in this climate. We report here four cases of the disease in dogs brought to the Netherlands from endemic heartworm areas. The initial diagnosis was based upon this knowledge and clinical signs (low exercise tolerance and coughing). The diagnosis was confirmed by the radiographic finding of variable pulmonary artery enlargement, the electrocardiographic finding of right ventricular hyperptrophy and the presence of microfilariae in the peripheral blood. Treatment resulted in recovery in three of these patients but the fourth died soon after initiation of the therapy.", "PMID": 705753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2201", "title": "Quantitation of lysozyme in the urine of the dog for the diagnosis of proximal tubular damage in renal disease.", "content": "The serum and urine LZM levels were determined with the lysoplate assay in 26 normal experimental dogs and in 21 dogs with various renal diseases. In the dogs with decreased glomerular filtration the serum LZM levels were higher than in normal dogs (less than or equal to 1.3 mg/l). No LZM could be demonstrated in the urine of normal dogs. The presence of LZM in urine was associated with proximal tubular damage, which indicates that LZM-uria can be used as an index of renal tubular damage.", "contents": "Quantitation of lysozyme in the urine of the dog for the diagnosis of proximal tubular damage in renal disease. The serum and urine LZM levels were determined with the lysoplate assay in 26 normal experimental dogs and in 21 dogs with various renal diseases. In the dogs with decreased glomerular filtration the serum LZM levels were higher than in normal dogs (less than or equal to 1.3 mg/l). No LZM could be demonstrated in the urine of normal dogs. The presence of LZM in urine was associated with proximal tubular damage, which indicates that LZM-uria can be used as an index of renal tubular damage.", "PMID": 705754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2202", "title": "Pyogranulomatous swellings in the submandibular region of the dog, caused by Actinomyces spp.", "content": "Seven dogs with actinomycotic submandibular abscess, probably caused by penetrating wounds in the oral cavity, are described. Antibiotic treatment alone, or in combination with paracentesis, failed in all cases. Recurrences and dissemination were avoided in five of the seven cases by complete removal of the abscess, long-term drainage, flushing with 1% Polyvidon iodine and long-term antibiotic treatment. The main difficulty was a poorly defined margin of the abscess; this made complete removal impossible in three cases. In two of these there were recurrences, but in the third there was complete healing after the second treatment.", "contents": "Pyogranulomatous swellings in the submandibular region of the dog, caused by Actinomyces spp. Seven dogs with actinomycotic submandibular abscess, probably caused by penetrating wounds in the oral cavity, are described. Antibiotic treatment alone, or in combination with paracentesis, failed in all cases. Recurrences and dissemination were avoided in five of the seven cases by complete removal of the abscess, long-term drainage, flushing with 1% Polyvidon iodine and long-term antibiotic treatment. The main difficulty was a poorly defined margin of the abscess; this made complete removal impossible in three cases. In two of these there were recurrences, but in the third there was complete healing after the second treatment.", "PMID": 705755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2203", "title": "[Conditions of management and the construction of piggeries on pig-fattening farms as factors in the incidence of diseases of the lung and liver in slaughtered pigs (author's transl)].", "content": "All pigs passing along the slaughter-line in the slaughter-house of the Livestock and Meat Board of the Christian Farmers' Association of the Province of North Brabant are examined for the presence of lesions of the lung and liver. The proportions of animals without any severe lesions of the lungs and livers and the proportions of those with affected lungs, affected livers, condemned livers and pleurisy are reported every three months. Under the Animal Health Service of the Province of North Brabant, investigations were carried out on 251 farms with less than 10 per cent and 251 farm with more than 25 per cent of the animals with severe lesions of the lungs to study the effect of conditions of management on the incidence of diseases of the lung and liver. Among others, this produced the following results:--The average proportions of affected livers and those of the proportions of cases of pleurisy were higher, whereas the daily growth rate of each pig and the carcass quality were lower.--Slaughtered pigs with lesions of the lung and/or liver showed a significantly smaller daily growth rate during the fattening period. In pigs with pleurisy, retardation of growth was also observed on the breeding farm.--The proportion of affected lungs and livers is significantly affected by a number of factors on the farm. Among others, the following factors were found to be of importance: adopting the all in--all out system, removals, the origin of the piglets, the number of pigs in each compartment of the pig house and the construction of the piggery (width of pig house and slatted floor). Taking these factors into account, a \"transverse housing system\" is recommended.", "contents": "[Conditions of management and the construction of piggeries on pig-fattening farms as factors in the incidence of diseases of the lung and liver in slaughtered pigs (author's transl)]. All pigs passing along the slaughter-line in the slaughter-house of the Livestock and Meat Board of the Christian Farmers' Association of the Province of North Brabant are examined for the presence of lesions of the lung and liver. The proportions of animals without any severe lesions of the lungs and livers and the proportions of those with affected lungs, affected livers, condemned livers and pleurisy are reported every three months. Under the Animal Health Service of the Province of North Brabant, investigations were carried out on 251 farms with less than 10 per cent and 251 farm with more than 25 per cent of the animals with severe lesions of the lungs to study the effect of conditions of management on the incidence of diseases of the lung and liver. Among others, this produced the following results:--The average proportions of affected livers and those of the proportions of cases of pleurisy were higher, whereas the daily growth rate of each pig and the carcass quality were lower.--Slaughtered pigs with lesions of the lung and/or liver showed a significantly smaller daily growth rate during the fattening period. In pigs with pleurisy, retardation of growth was also observed on the breeding farm.--The proportion of affected lungs and livers is significantly affected by a number of factors on the farm. Among others, the following factors were found to be of importance: adopting the all in--all out system, removals, the origin of the piglets, the number of pigs in each compartment of the pig house and the construction of the piggery (width of pig house and slatted floor). Taking these factors into account, a \"transverse housing system\" is recommended.", "PMID": 705756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2204", "title": "[Salmonella in scrapings from meat vans (author's transl)].", "content": "Throughout a period of thirteen years (from 1965 to 1977 inclusive), samples of scrapings from meat vans were examined weekly for the presence of Salmonella. Samples were collected from the vans on the precincts of the public slaughter-house in Groningen. Of the total number of 6,751 samples studied, 213 (3.16 per cent) were positive for the presence of Salmonella. During the period from 1965 to 1970, the proportions of contaminated samples gradually decreased from 4.85 to 1.11 per cent, whereas it increased again up to 6.33 per cent in 1976. There was a limited seasonal effect on contamination of the scrapings with Salmonella, the highest rates of contamination being recorded during the period from May to October inclusive (warm and humid season). The serotypes most frequently isolated on examination were S. typhi-murium, S. brandenburg and S. panama. These serotypes were also constantly found to be present in other material such as samples of minced meat and scrapings from slaughter-house and butcher's shops. It is concluded that contaminated meat vans are a factor in maintaining cycles of contamination by Salmonella organisms in a rather large area.", "contents": "[Salmonella in scrapings from meat vans (author's transl)]. Throughout a period of thirteen years (from 1965 to 1977 inclusive), samples of scrapings from meat vans were examined weekly for the presence of Salmonella. Samples were collected from the vans on the precincts of the public slaughter-house in Groningen. Of the total number of 6,751 samples studied, 213 (3.16 per cent) were positive for the presence of Salmonella. During the period from 1965 to 1970, the proportions of contaminated samples gradually decreased from 4.85 to 1.11 per cent, whereas it increased again up to 6.33 per cent in 1976. There was a limited seasonal effect on contamination of the scrapings with Salmonella, the highest rates of contamination being recorded during the period from May to October inclusive (warm and humid season). The serotypes most frequently isolated on examination were S. typhi-murium, S. brandenburg and S. panama. These serotypes were also constantly found to be present in other material such as samples of minced meat and scrapings from slaughter-house and butcher's shops. It is concluded that contaminated meat vans are a factor in maintaining cycles of contamination by Salmonella organisms in a rather large area.", "PMID": 705757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2205", "title": "[Some aspects of veterinary education, viewed in the light of alterations of structure and renewal of programmes (author's transl)].", "content": "Attention having been paid to various aspects of the rapid expansion which scientific education has shown during the past few decades, the various structural changes in veterinary education are discussed. A number of methods are suggested, which may help in attaining the objectives.", "contents": "[Some aspects of veterinary education, viewed in the light of alterations of structure and renewal of programmes (author's transl)]. Attention having been paid to various aspects of the rapid expansion which scientific education has shown during the past few decades, the various structural changes in veterinary education are discussed. A number of methods are suggested, which may help in attaining the objectives.", "PMID": 705758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2206", "title": "HLA and thyrotoxicosis (Graves' disease) in Chinese.", "content": "HLA locus A and B typing was performed on 86 Chinese thyrotoxicosis (Graves' Disease) patients and 238 normal Chinese subjects. The frequency of HLA-Bw46 (Sin 2) was found to be significantly higher among the patients than controls (x2 = 26.15, corrected P less than .003, relative risk = 3.74). The risk associated with Bw46 was reflected in the Bw46 heterozygotes. The relative risks of the joint occurrence of Bw46/B40 and Bw46/B13 were 8.74 and 5.88 respectively.", "contents": "HLA and thyrotoxicosis (Graves' disease) in Chinese. HLA locus A and B typing was performed on 86 Chinese thyrotoxicosis (Graves' Disease) patients and 238 normal Chinese subjects. The frequency of HLA-Bw46 (Sin 2) was found to be significantly higher among the patients than controls (x2 = 26.15, corrected P less than .003, relative risk = 3.74). The risk associated with Bw46 was reflected in the Bw46 heterozygotes. The relative risks of the joint occurrence of Bw46/B40 and Bw46/B13 were 8.74 and 5.88 respectively.", "PMID": 705767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2207", "title": "Alzheimer's disease and HLA.", "content": "Thrity-four unrelated patients with Alzheimer's disease were typed for HLA-A, -B and -C serological determinants. HLA-Cw3 was increased over control antigen frequencies. This difference lost significance when corrected for the number of antigens tested.", "contents": "Alzheimer's disease and HLA. Thrity-four unrelated patients with Alzheimer's disease were typed for HLA-A, -B and -C serological determinants. HLA-Cw3 was increased over control antigen frequencies. This difference lost significance when corrected for the number of antigens tested.", "PMID": 705768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2208", "title": "HLA-A, -B, -C and -D antigens in male patients with myasthenia gravis.", "content": "HLA-A, -B, -C and -D antigens were determined in 54 male Myasthenia Gravis patients. A significant increase of the B8 antigen frequency was found among patients with an onset of the disease before the age of 35. No significant increase was found among the D antigens. In a combined male and female material with an early age at onset, thymic hyperplasia was correlated to the presence of HLA-B8.", "contents": "HLA-A, -B, -C and -D antigens in male patients with myasthenia gravis. HLA-A, -B, -C and -D antigens were determined in 54 male Myasthenia Gravis patients. A significant increase of the B8 antigen frequency was found among patients with an onset of the disease before the age of 35. No significant increase was found among the D antigens. In a combined male and female material with an early age at onset, thymic hyperplasia was correlated to the presence of HLA-B8.", "PMID": 705769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2209", "title": "HLA and glioma.", "content": "HLA typing of 80 glioma patients was determined and the antigen frequencies were compared with 176 normal controls. Increased phenotypic frequencies of Bw35 and DRw1 were observed, but when P values were corrected by the number of antigens tested (35), the results were no longer significant.", "contents": "HLA and glioma. HLA typing of 80 glioma patients was determined and the antigen frequencies were compared with 176 normal controls. Increased phenotypic frequencies of Bw35 and DRw1 were observed, but when P values were corrected by the number of antigens tested (35), the results were no longer significant.", "PMID": 705770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2210", "title": "The affected sib pair IBD distribution for HLA-linked disease susceptibility genes.", "content": "The distribution of identity by descent (IBD) scores for sib pairs affected with a disease determined by a disease susceptibility (DS) locus tightly linked to the HLA complex is derived. It is shown that the sib pair IBD distribution differs from its a priori distribution and, moreover, is completely specified by three observable population parameters--the additive and dominance variances and the prevalence of the disease in the population. An application of the model is illustrated using data on juvenile diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "The affected sib pair IBD distribution for HLA-linked disease susceptibility genes. The distribution of identity by descent (IBD) scores for sib pairs affected with a disease determined by a disease susceptibility (DS) locus tightly linked to the HLA complex is derived. It is shown that the sib pair IBD distribution differs from its a priori distribution and, moreover, is completely specified by three observable population parameters--the additive and dominance variances and the prevalence of the disease in the population. An application of the model is illustrated using data on juvenile diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 705775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2211", "title": "Secretin-like bioactivity in the duodenal mucosa in patients with peptic ulcer and chronic pancreatitis.", "content": "Biopsy specimens of the duodenal mucosa were assayed to determine their secretin-like activity in 9 controls, 9 patients with gastric ulcer, 19 patients with duodenal ulcer, 4 patients with gastric and duodenal ulcer, and 13 patients with chronic pancreatitis. The bioassay of secretin was done on the pancreatic secretion in anesthetized rats. The sensitivity was in the orcer of 0.0625 CHR unit/rat (4 ng/rat). In the range between 0.0625 and 0.5 CHR units a satisfactory dose dependency was recognized. The following results were obtained. 1) The level of duodenal mucosal secretin-like activity in patients with gastric ulcer was the same as that in the controls, but was elevated in 32% of the patients with duodenal ulcer, 50% of those with gastric and duodenal ulcer, and 8% of those with chronic pancreatitis. 2) The high level of secretin-like activity noted in patients with duodenal ulcer was suspected to be related to the hypersecretion of gastric acid which is characteristic of this disease, but there was no correlation between gastric acid secretion and secretin-like activity in the duodenal mucosa.", "contents": "Secretin-like bioactivity in the duodenal mucosa in patients with peptic ulcer and chronic pancreatitis. Biopsy specimens of the duodenal mucosa were assayed to determine their secretin-like activity in 9 controls, 9 patients with gastric ulcer, 19 patients with duodenal ulcer, 4 patients with gastric and duodenal ulcer, and 13 patients with chronic pancreatitis. The bioassay of secretin was done on the pancreatic secretion in anesthetized rats. The sensitivity was in the orcer of 0.0625 CHR unit/rat (4 ng/rat). In the range between 0.0625 and 0.5 CHR units a satisfactory dose dependency was recognized. The following results were obtained. 1) The level of duodenal mucosal secretin-like activity in patients with gastric ulcer was the same as that in the controls, but was elevated in 32% of the patients with duodenal ulcer, 50% of those with gastric and duodenal ulcer, and 8% of those with chronic pancreatitis. 2) The high level of secretin-like activity noted in patients with duodenal ulcer was suspected to be related to the hypersecretion of gastric acid which is characteristic of this disease, but there was no correlation between gastric acid secretion and secretin-like activity in the duodenal mucosa.", "PMID": 705776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2212", "title": "Age-related changes of glomerular basement membrane in normal rats.", "content": "The structural changes of the renal glomeruli in development and aging were investigated by electron microscopy in normal rats from 4 to 36 weeks of age at 4 weeks intervals after birth. Infantile rats had an uneven glomerular basement membrane which was characterized by double-layered or mossy appearances of the lamina densa. On the other hand, diffuse and hemispherical thickenings of the basement membrane were observed in older rats. These thickenings were due to the accumulation of basement membrane materials on the epithelial side of the lamina densa. In the older rats, laminae rarae interna and externa were extremely thin. Epithelial cells of the young rat had abundant cytoplasmic organelles and relatively electron-lucent secretory bodies, whereas those of the older rat had less numerous cytoplasmic organelles, many myelinated bodies suggesting autophagosomes, and electron-dense whorl-formed secretory bodies. Mesangial regions of the young rat took small parts of the glomeruli and loosely contacted with endothelial cells. With increasing age, the mesangial matrix also took a greater part of the mesangial regions. The most even figure of the basement membrane was observed in 12 to 16 week old rats.", "contents": "Age-related changes of glomerular basement membrane in normal rats. The structural changes of the renal glomeruli in development and aging were investigated by electron microscopy in normal rats from 4 to 36 weeks of age at 4 weeks intervals after birth. Infantile rats had an uneven glomerular basement membrane which was characterized by double-layered or mossy appearances of the lamina densa. On the other hand, diffuse and hemispherical thickenings of the basement membrane were observed in older rats. These thickenings were due to the accumulation of basement membrane materials on the epithelial side of the lamina densa. In the older rats, laminae rarae interna and externa were extremely thin. Epithelial cells of the young rat had abundant cytoplasmic organelles and relatively electron-lucent secretory bodies, whereas those of the older rat had less numerous cytoplasmic organelles, many myelinated bodies suggesting autophagosomes, and electron-dense whorl-formed secretory bodies. Mesangial regions of the young rat took small parts of the glomeruli and loosely contacted with endothelial cells. With increasing age, the mesangial matrix also took a greater part of the mesangial regions. The most even figure of the basement membrane was observed in 12 to 16 week old rats.", "PMID": 705777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2213", "title": "Increased weight and protein contents of the aorta and left ventricle in acute Goldblatt hypertension.", "content": "The weight and protein contents of the aorta and left ventricle were measured in rabbits with two-kidney or one-kidney Goldblatt hypertension (group 2H and group 1H) and in respective control animals (group 2C and group 1C). 14 days after a renal artery constriction the protein contents of the aorta were greater in group 2H (124+/-3 mg) than in group 2C (95+/-2 mg) (p less than 0.001) and in group 1H (124+/-5 mg) than in group 1C (102+/-4 mg) (p less than 0.001). The weight and protein contents of the aorta and of the left ventricle were also significantly greater in group 1H and group 2H than in group 1C and group 2C respectively. Furthermore in both types of hypertension the weight and protein contents of these two organs significantly correlated to the blood pressure. These results indicate that hypertrophy of the aorta as well as the left ventricle develops already in early developing stage of Goldblatt hypertension.", "contents": "Increased weight and protein contents of the aorta and left ventricle in acute Goldblatt hypertension. The weight and protein contents of the aorta and left ventricle were measured in rabbits with two-kidney or one-kidney Goldblatt hypertension (group 2H and group 1H) and in respective control animals (group 2C and group 1C). 14 days after a renal artery constriction the protein contents of the aorta were greater in group 2H (124+/-3 mg) than in group 2C (95+/-2 mg) (p less than 0.001) and in group 1H (124+/-5 mg) than in group 1C (102+/-4 mg) (p less than 0.001). The weight and protein contents of the aorta and of the left ventricle were also significantly greater in group 1H and group 2H than in group 1C and group 2C respectively. Furthermore in both types of hypertension the weight and protein contents of these two organs significantly correlated to the blood pressure. These results indicate that hypertrophy of the aorta as well as the left ventricle develops already in early developing stage of Goldblatt hypertension.", "PMID": 705778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2214", "title": "Quantitative estimation of age-related thickening of glomerular basement membrane in normal rats.", "content": "Constant age-related increases in the width of glomerular basement membrane of normal rats were ascertained by quantitative estimation on electron micrographs. The thickness of glomerular basement membrane associated with aging was expressed by a regression equation; Y=0.03X+0.96 (Y, thickness of the glomerular basement membrane in 10(3) X A; X, rat's age in weeks), and the correlation coefficient between age and basement membrane thickness was very high (r=0.95). Standard deviation of the average thickness of glomerular basement membrane also increased with aging. Individual variation in various age groups was large in the infantile and older groups, while it was smallest in the group of 16 weeks of age. Frequency distribution curves of the thickness of basement membrane in the infantile and young rats were steep, whereas those in the older rats were blunt. The peak of curves of the older rats shifted to the right.", "contents": "Quantitative estimation of age-related thickening of glomerular basement membrane in normal rats. Constant age-related increases in the width of glomerular basement membrane of normal rats were ascertained by quantitative estimation on electron micrographs. The thickness of glomerular basement membrane associated with aging was expressed by a regression equation; Y=0.03X+0.96 (Y, thickness of the glomerular basement membrane in 10(3) X A; X, rat's age in weeks), and the correlation coefficient between age and basement membrane thickness was very high (r=0.95). Standard deviation of the average thickness of glomerular basement membrane also increased with aging. Individual variation in various age groups was large in the infantile and older groups, while it was smallest in the group of 16 weeks of age. Frequency distribution curves of the thickness of basement membrane in the infantile and young rats were steep, whereas those in the older rats were blunt. The peak of curves of the older rats shifted to the right.", "PMID": 705779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2215", "title": "Long-term fate of [14C]nicotine in the mouse: retention in the bronchi, melanin-containing tissues and urinary bladder wall.", "content": "N-methyl-14C and 2'-14C-labelled nicotine were used for whole-body autoradiographic distribution studies on C57BL- and NMRI-mice. Radioactivity was retained in the melanin-containing tissues, in the bronchial walls, and in the urinary bladder wall, up to 1 month after administration. The activity levels in the bronchi decreased faster if [2'(14)C] nicotine was used. Quantitative measurements of the retention of the 2 14C-labelled nicotine preparations confirmed the autoradiographic findings. It is proposed that nicotine is N-demthylated in the bronchial mucosa, the off-coming methyl group being incorporated into the cell constituents of the mucosa. Thin-layer chromatographic studies showed that no nicotine was present in the lungs after 24 h. In melanin, however, only unmetabolized nicotine was found from 4 h on. Some reactive nicotine metabolites may be responsible for the retention in the urinary bladder wall. Also in the full-term fetuses radioactivity accumulated in the pigmented eyes and in the respiratory tract. The accumulation and long-term retention of nicotine in the melanin-containing structures might accelerate the development of drug-induced or senile changes in these tissues. The retention in the urinary bladder wall persisted even after rinsing. This may indicate an accumulatory mechanism worth considering in the pathogenesis of urinary bladder cancer.", "contents": "Long-term fate of [14C]nicotine in the mouse: retention in the bronchi, melanin-containing tissues and urinary bladder wall. N-methyl-14C and 2'-14C-labelled nicotine were used for whole-body autoradiographic distribution studies on C57BL- and NMRI-mice. Radioactivity was retained in the melanin-containing tissues, in the bronchial walls, and in the urinary bladder wall, up to 1 month after administration. The activity levels in the bronchi decreased faster if [2'(14)C] nicotine was used. Quantitative measurements of the retention of the 2 14C-labelled nicotine preparations confirmed the autoradiographic findings. It is proposed that nicotine is N-demthylated in the bronchial mucosa, the off-coming methyl group being incorporated into the cell constituents of the mucosa. Thin-layer chromatographic studies showed that no nicotine was present in the lungs after 24 h. In melanin, however, only unmetabolized nicotine was found from 4 h on. Some reactive nicotine metabolites may be responsible for the retention in the urinary bladder wall. Also in the full-term fetuses radioactivity accumulated in the pigmented eyes and in the respiratory tract. The accumulation and long-term retention of nicotine in the melanin-containing structures might accelerate the development of drug-induced or senile changes in these tissues. The retention in the urinary bladder wall persisted even after rinsing. This may indicate an accumulatory mechanism worth considering in the pathogenesis of urinary bladder cancer.", "PMID": 705796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2216", "title": "[Action of detergent products in the aquatic larvae of Chaoborus and Cloen: importance of their physiological activity (author's transl)].", "content": "For the Chaoborus larvae (Diptera), the toxic effect of detergents depend on their physiological activity: the diapausing animals are less sensitive. On other respects, the speed of this effect is linked to the chemical composition of the detergents. For the Cloeon larvae (Ephemeroptera) these products seem to interfere with the molting process: some of them induce a decrease in the molting frequency, others are without effect; on the other hand a commercial washing powder induces a real increase of this frequency.", "contents": "[Action of detergent products in the aquatic larvae of Chaoborus and Cloen: importance of their physiological activity (author's transl)]. For the Chaoborus larvae (Diptera), the toxic effect of detergents depend on their physiological activity: the diapausing animals are less sensitive. On other respects, the speed of this effect is linked to the chemical composition of the detergents. For the Cloeon larvae (Ephemeroptera) these products seem to interfere with the molting process: some of them induce a decrease in the molting frequency, others are without effect; on the other hand a commercial washing powder induces a real increase of this frequency.", "PMID": 705797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2217", "title": "Inhalation toxicity studies on cigarette smoke (VI). 6-week comparative experiments using modified flue-cured cigarettes: histopathology of the lung.", "content": "Rats were exposed twice daily for 6 weeks to diluted smoke derived from cigarettes with a range of deliveries of particulate matter. The inhaled smoke reached the alveolar surface, increased the size and number of free macrophages and provoked epithelial metaplasia but did not appear to alter the lymphoid reaction to spontaneous infection. The hypertrophy of the macrophages was typically alveolar and their hyperplasia was directly proportional to the particulate delivery of cigarettes smoked. Alveolar metaplasia was incipient, developed characteristically near the respiratory bronchiole in close association with macrophage clusters and only in rats exposed to smoke from cigarettes with the highest delivery of particulate matter.", "contents": "Inhalation toxicity studies on cigarette smoke (VI). 6-week comparative experiments using modified flue-cured cigarettes: histopathology of the lung. Rats were exposed twice daily for 6 weeks to diluted smoke derived from cigarettes with a range of deliveries of particulate matter. The inhaled smoke reached the alveolar surface, increased the size and number of free macrophages and provoked epithelial metaplasia but did not appear to alter the lymphoid reaction to spontaneous infection. The hypertrophy of the macrophages was typically alveolar and their hyperplasia was directly proportional to the particulate delivery of cigarettes smoked. Alveolar metaplasia was incipient, developed characteristically near the respiratory bronchiole in close association with macrophage clusters and only in rats exposed to smoke from cigarettes with the highest delivery of particulate matter.", "PMID": 705798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2218", "title": "Inhalation toxicity studies on cigarette smoke (VII). 6-week comparative experiments using modified flue-cured cigarettes: histopathology of the conducting airways.", "content": "Rats were exposed twice daily for 6 weeks to diluted smoke derived from cigarettes with a range of deliveries of particulate matter. The inhaled smoke caused squamous metaplasia and keratinising hyperplasia in the larynx and goblet cell hyperplasia in the nasal cavity, trachea and intrapulmonary bronchus. Squamous metaplasia occurred in the larynx of almost all rats exposed to smoke but never in their tracheas or bronchi. The degree of reaction observed for the other responses, except goblet cell hyperplasia in the trachea, was positively related, by quantitative microscopy, to the particulate delivery of cigarettes. These findings, together with other smoke-induced changes which occur in the pulmonary alveoli, provide a basis for the short-term bioassay of inhalation toxicity of cigarette smoke.", "contents": "Inhalation toxicity studies on cigarette smoke (VII). 6-week comparative experiments using modified flue-cured cigarettes: histopathology of the conducting airways. Rats were exposed twice daily for 6 weeks to diluted smoke derived from cigarettes with a range of deliveries of particulate matter. The inhaled smoke caused squamous metaplasia and keratinising hyperplasia in the larynx and goblet cell hyperplasia in the nasal cavity, trachea and intrapulmonary bronchus. Squamous metaplasia occurred in the larynx of almost all rats exposed to smoke but never in their tracheas or bronchi. The degree of reaction observed for the other responses, except goblet cell hyperplasia in the trachea, was positively related, by quantitative microscopy, to the particulate delivery of cigarettes. These findings, together with other smoke-induced changes which occur in the pulmonary alveoli, provide a basis for the short-term bioassay of inhalation toxicity of cigarette smoke.", "PMID": 705799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2219", "title": "Increased carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity after low-level ethanol consumption.", "content": "Male rats provided with a 5 or 15% (v/v) ethanol solution as the sole source of fluid consumed ethanol at a rate of 11.4 or 24.9% of total calories (4.2 or 8.3 g/kg daily). After ethanol consumption lasting 1, 2 and 3 weeks the hepatotoxicity of CCl4 (0.1 ml/kg i.p.) was elevated by determination of serum activities of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase ( GPT), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) and histological investigations. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage was significantly greater in rats provided with ethanol than in the tap-water consuming controls. This potentiation of CCl4 hepatotoxicicty was fully developed already after a 1-week exposition to ethanol and was greater in the 15% than in the 5% ethanol group. Ethanol alone did not influence serum enzyme activities but increased microsomal aniline hydroxylation. There was, however, no clear-cut parallelism between potentiation of CCl4 hepatotoxicity and activation of aniline hydroxylation.", "contents": "Increased carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity after low-level ethanol consumption. Male rats provided with a 5 or 15% (v/v) ethanol solution as the sole source of fluid consumed ethanol at a rate of 11.4 or 24.9% of total calories (4.2 or 8.3 g/kg daily). After ethanol consumption lasting 1, 2 and 3 weeks the hepatotoxicity of CCl4 (0.1 ml/kg i.p.) was elevated by determination of serum activities of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase ( GPT), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) and histological investigations. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage was significantly greater in rats provided with ethanol than in the tap-water consuming controls. This potentiation of CCl4 hepatotoxicicty was fully developed already after a 1-week exposition to ethanol and was greater in the 15% than in the 5% ethanol group. Ethanol alone did not influence serum enzyme activities but increased microsomal aniline hydroxylation. There was, however, no clear-cut parallelism between potentiation of CCl4 hepatotoxicity and activation of aniline hydroxylation.", "PMID": 705800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2220", "title": "Long-term toxicity of diethyl carbonate in mice.", "content": "Groups of 48 male and 50 female mice were given drinking-water containing 0, 50, 250 or 1000 ppm diethyl carbonate for 83 weeks. There was no effect on mortality, rate of body-weight gain or the incidence of histopathological findings, including tumors. There were isolated differences between treated and control mice in the findings of the haematological examinations and in the liver weights of female mice but these were not considered to be related treatment. It is concluded that no carcinogenic effect could be detected and that the no-untoward-effect level is 1000 ppm (approx. 140 mg/kg/day).", "contents": "Long-term toxicity of diethyl carbonate in mice. Groups of 48 male and 50 female mice were given drinking-water containing 0, 50, 250 or 1000 ppm diethyl carbonate for 83 weeks. There was no effect on mortality, rate of body-weight gain or the incidence of histopathological findings, including tumors. There were isolated differences between treated and control mice in the findings of the haematological examinations and in the liver weights of female mice but these were not considered to be related treatment. It is concluded that no carcinogenic effect could be detected and that the no-untoward-effect level is 1000 ppm (approx. 140 mg/kg/day).", "PMID": 705801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2221", "title": "Effects of vinyl chloride exposure alone and in combination with trypan blue--applied systematically during all thirds of pregnancy on the fetuses of CFY rats.", "content": "Vinyl chloride (VC) has been shown to be present in the fetal and maternal blood as well as in the amniotic fluid after the exposition of pregnant CFY rats to VC at an atmospheric concentration of 5500, 18 000 or 33 000 mg/m3 (approximately 2000, 7000 or 12 000 ppm) for 2.5 h on the 18th day of pregnancy, indicating the permeability of the placenta to the agent. Teratological investigation of the offspring of pregnant rats exposed continuously to VC at an atmospheric concentration of 4000 mg/m3 air (1500 ppm) during the first, second or last third of pregnancy has shown that VC has no teratological effect in the rat and has no embryotoxic effects either, when applied during the second or last third of pregnancy in the above concentration. Exposition to VC during the first third of pregnancy resulted in an increased fetal mortality and in the manifestation of embryotoxic effects. Fetal losses and induction of central nervous system malformation due to trypan blue administration were not potentiated by a combined exposure of pregnant rats to VC and the dye.", "contents": "Effects of vinyl chloride exposure alone and in combination with trypan blue--applied systematically during all thirds of pregnancy on the fetuses of CFY rats. Vinyl chloride (VC) has been shown to be present in the fetal and maternal blood as well as in the amniotic fluid after the exposition of pregnant CFY rats to VC at an atmospheric concentration of 5500, 18 000 or 33 000 mg/m3 (approximately 2000, 7000 or 12 000 ppm) for 2.5 h on the 18th day of pregnancy, indicating the permeability of the placenta to the agent. Teratological investigation of the offspring of pregnant rats exposed continuously to VC at an atmospheric concentration of 4000 mg/m3 air (1500 ppm) during the first, second or last third of pregnancy has shown that VC has no teratological effect in the rat and has no embryotoxic effects either, when applied during the second or last third of pregnancy in the above concentration. Exposition to VC during the first third of pregnancy resulted in an increased fetal mortality and in the manifestation of embryotoxic effects. Fetal losses and induction of central nervous system malformation due to trypan blue administration were not potentiated by a combined exposure of pregnant rats to VC and the dye.", "PMID": 705803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2222", "title": "Embryotoxic effects of benzene and its methyl derivatives: toluene, xylene.", "content": "CFY rats were exposed to inhalation of 1000 mg/m3 (313ppm) benzene, 1500 mg/m3 (399 ppm) toluene, or 1000 mg/m3 (230 ppm) xylene for 24 h/day from day 9 to day 14 of pregnancy; to that of 1500 mg/m3 (399 ppm) toluene for 24 h/day from day 1 to day 8 of pregnancy, or 1000 mg/m3 (266 ppm) toluene for 8 h/day from day 1 to day 21 of pregnancy,. CFLP mice were exposed to inhalation of 500 mg/m3 (133 ppm) toluene for 24 h/day from day 6 to day 13 of pregnancy. Untreated animals and groups inhaling pure air served as controls. None of the solvents proved to be teratogenic, the incidence of malformations did not change as a result of exposure, though an increase in skeletal anomalies (extra ribs, fused sternebrae) was observed with all 3 solvents. Benzene and toluene also caused considerable retardation of fetal development. The growth retarding effect of toluene on fetal development in early pregnancy is of particular importance from the point of view of occupational hygiene.", "contents": "Embryotoxic effects of benzene and its methyl derivatives: toluene, xylene. CFY rats were exposed to inhalation of 1000 mg/m3 (313ppm) benzene, 1500 mg/m3 (399 ppm) toluene, or 1000 mg/m3 (230 ppm) xylene for 24 h/day from day 9 to day 14 of pregnancy; to that of 1500 mg/m3 (399 ppm) toluene for 24 h/day from day 1 to day 8 of pregnancy, or 1000 mg/m3 (266 ppm) toluene for 8 h/day from day 1 to day 21 of pregnancy,. CFLP mice were exposed to inhalation of 500 mg/m3 (133 ppm) toluene for 24 h/day from day 6 to day 13 of pregnancy. Untreated animals and groups inhaling pure air served as controls. None of the solvents proved to be teratogenic, the incidence of malformations did not change as a result of exposure, though an increase in skeletal anomalies (extra ribs, fused sternebrae) was observed with all 3 solvents. Benzene and toluene also caused considerable retardation of fetal development. The growth retarding effect of toluene on fetal development in early pregnancy is of particular importance from the point of view of occupational hygiene.", "PMID": 705804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2223", "title": "Effects of chronic inhalation of dimethyl ether in the rat.", "content": "Dimethyl ether (DME) is a colourless gas with an ethereal odour. It is used mainly as a liquid refrigerant and an aerosol dispersant. Little or no data exist on the toxicology of this material. In the present study, groups of male and female rats were exposed to 0.02%, 0.2% and 2% v/v of DME in air, 6 h/day, 5 days/week for 30 weeks. At the end of the study the high-dose level male rats showed a significant reduction on liver weight compared with the control group; this was accompanied by raising SGPT levels. In high-dose female rats there was no significant effect on liver weight but the SGPT levels were raised above control values. No histological abnormalities were observed in the liver or in any other organ.", "contents": "Effects of chronic inhalation of dimethyl ether in the rat. Dimethyl ether (DME) is a colourless gas with an ethereal odour. It is used mainly as a liquid refrigerant and an aerosol dispersant. Little or no data exist on the toxicology of this material. In the present study, groups of male and female rats were exposed to 0.02%, 0.2% and 2% v/v of DME in air, 6 h/day, 5 days/week for 30 weeks. At the end of the study the high-dose level male rats showed a significant reduction on liver weight compared with the control group; this was accompanied by raising SGPT levels. In high-dose female rats there was no significant effect on liver weight but the SGPT levels were raised above control values. No histological abnormalities were observed in the liver or in any other organ.", "PMID": 705805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2224", "title": "[Experimental differentiation in animals of oral and inhaled lead burden from combined absorption of industrial emissions].", "content": "Trials in sheep and rabbits were performed in an area of industrial immissions in the summer months of 1974--1976, to differentiate oral and inhalative lead actions. The animals lived at different distances and in different directions from a lead emitting factory. Hematological and biochemical assays showed that only the measure of the activity of aminolevulinic acid dehydratase produces most significant results of the inhalative influences of lead. To state effects after oral ingestions the estimation of ALA-D and of free erythrocyte porphyrines were suitable. The inhalation of air with lead content between 2 and 14 micrograms/m3 reduced the activity of ALA-D, if the lead content of feed did not exceed the value of 35 ppm. After feeding a lead concentration of more than 35 ppm, the influence of the inhalative action was superposed by the action of the oral intake. The inhalative action can only be demonstrated after a low oral intake. The results indicate that inhalative actions of lead can be proven in an open field area around a lead emitting factory.", "contents": "[Experimental differentiation in animals of oral and inhaled lead burden from combined absorption of industrial emissions]. Trials in sheep and rabbits were performed in an area of industrial immissions in the summer months of 1974--1976, to differentiate oral and inhalative lead actions. The animals lived at different distances and in different directions from a lead emitting factory. Hematological and biochemical assays showed that only the measure of the activity of aminolevulinic acid dehydratase produces most significant results of the inhalative influences of lead. To state effects after oral ingestions the estimation of ALA-D and of free erythrocyte porphyrines were suitable. The inhalation of air with lead content between 2 and 14 micrograms/m3 reduced the activity of ALA-D, if the lead content of feed did not exceed the value of 35 ppm. After feeding a lead concentration of more than 35 ppm, the influence of the inhalative action was superposed by the action of the oral intake. The inhalative action can only be demonstrated after a low oral intake. The results indicate that inhalative actions of lead can be proven in an open field area around a lead emitting factory.", "PMID": 705806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2225", "title": "Measurement of fecal bile acid excretion in gnotobiotic rats: comparison of gas-liquid chromatography and [4(-14C)] cholesterol isotopic equilibrium.", "content": "Gas-liquid chromatography (G.L.C.) and the method of [4(-14C)] cholesterol isotopic equilibrium (C.I.E.) were used to determine the fecal bile acid excretion in gnotobiotic rats. The same samples were submitted to both methods. In these conditions, it was observed that the fecal bile acid excretions determined by G.L.C. were 38% of lower than when determined by C.I.E. In thin-layer chromatographic analyses (T.L.C.) of the bile acid extracts obtained from rats in which a [4(-14C)] cholesterol isotopic equilibrium was established, 33 to 35% of the radioactivity of this fraction was not observed in the rat primary bile acids. No bile acids could be observed in G.L.C. made with eluates obtained from the T.L.C. areas containing this radioactivity. It therefore appears that the difference observed in the results obtained by G.L.C. and C.I.E. is due to the fact that chemical species which are not measured by the former method can be determined by the latter one. T.L.C. analyses of bile acid extracts from axenic rats in which either a [26(-14C)] cholesterol or a [2,4(-3H)] cholic acid and [24(-14C)] chenodeoxycholic acid equilibrium were established, lead to the conclusion that the chemical composition of these undetermined substances is complex: part of these substances comes from the transformation of bile acids; another part is made of molecules which maintain the 26(-14C) of cholesterol.", "contents": "Measurement of fecal bile acid excretion in gnotobiotic rats: comparison of gas-liquid chromatography and [4(-14C)] cholesterol isotopic equilibrium. Gas-liquid chromatography (G.L.C.) and the method of [4(-14C)] cholesterol isotopic equilibrium (C.I.E.) were used to determine the fecal bile acid excretion in gnotobiotic rats. The same samples were submitted to both methods. In these conditions, it was observed that the fecal bile acid excretions determined by G.L.C. were 38% of lower than when determined by C.I.E. In thin-layer chromatographic analyses (T.L.C.) of the bile acid extracts obtained from rats in which a [4(-14C)] cholesterol isotopic equilibrium was established, 33 to 35% of the radioactivity of this fraction was not observed in the rat primary bile acids. No bile acids could be observed in G.L.C. made with eluates obtained from the T.L.C. areas containing this radioactivity. It therefore appears that the difference observed in the results obtained by G.L.C. and C.I.E. is due to the fact that chemical species which are not measured by the former method can be determined by the latter one. T.L.C. analyses of bile acid extracts from axenic rats in which either a [26(-14C)] cholesterol or a [2,4(-3H)] cholic acid and [24(-14C)] chenodeoxycholic acid equilibrium were established, lead to the conclusion that the chemical composition of these undetermined substances is complex: part of these substances comes from the transformation of bile acids; another part is made of molecules which maintain the 26(-14C) of cholesterol.", "PMID": 705812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2226", "title": "Corticosteroid receptors in the avian kidney.", "content": "The binding in vitro of tritiated aldosterone to domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos) kidney tissue has been investigated. Using tissue from animals on a normal diet, tritiated aldosterone was specifically bound to kidney cytosol with an apparent equilibrium dissociation constant of about 9 nM and number of binding sites in the 20 fmol/mg protein range. These values did not show statistically significant changes when the cytosol originated from animals with salt activated nasal glands. Kidney cytosols labeled with tritiated aldosterone sedimented with a single peak at 8S in a linear sucrose gradient (10--30%) and this peak was quenched by excess, radioinert aldosterone. Following incubation of labeled cytosols with crude nuclei, the cytosols became depleted of the label and aldosterone was translocated to the Tris-soluble and Tris-insoluble, 0.4 M KC1 soluble nuclear fractions. Kidney cytosols metabolized aldosterone extensively to a compound presumed to be 3alpha,5beta-tetrahydroaldosterone. However, only unchanged aldosterone became receptor-bound. It was concluded that the duck kidney possesses aldosterone receptors, though competition studies indicated that the specificity of these receptors might be different from those described in the mammalian kidney.", "contents": "Corticosteroid receptors in the avian kidney. The binding in vitro of tritiated aldosterone to domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos) kidney tissue has been investigated. Using tissue from animals on a normal diet, tritiated aldosterone was specifically bound to kidney cytosol with an apparent equilibrium dissociation constant of about 9 nM and number of binding sites in the 20 fmol/mg protein range. These values did not show statistically significant changes when the cytosol originated from animals with salt activated nasal glands. Kidney cytosols labeled with tritiated aldosterone sedimented with a single peak at 8S in a linear sucrose gradient (10--30%) and this peak was quenched by excess, radioinert aldosterone. Following incubation of labeled cytosols with crude nuclei, the cytosols became depleted of the label and aldosterone was translocated to the Tris-soluble and Tris-insoluble, 0.4 M KC1 soluble nuclear fractions. Kidney cytosols metabolized aldosterone extensively to a compound presumed to be 3alpha,5beta-tetrahydroaldosterone. However, only unchanged aldosterone became receptor-bound. It was concluded that the duck kidney possesses aldosterone receptors, though competition studies indicated that the specificity of these receptors might be different from those described in the mammalian kidney.", "PMID": 705813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2227", "title": "Angiotensin stimulates cortisol biosynthesis in human adrenal cells in vitro.", "content": "Adrenal glands obtained from patients undergoing therapeutic adrenalectomy were used to study the effects of angiotensin on human adrenal steroidogenesis. It was observed that angiotensin stimulated cortisol biosynthesis. Although this has been demonstrated to occur in canine and bovine adrenals, angiotens in-induced cortisol biosynthesis has not been established in man. The possibility that angiotensin merely stimulated glomerulosa cells to secrete precursor steroids which accumulated in the medium and then diffused into fasciculata cells to provide substrate for cortisol biosynthesis was excluded by demonstrating that 3beta-hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one (pregnenolone) and progesterone (the only pertinent precursors) did not accumulate in angiotensin-stimulated cell suspension. In addition, angiotensin stimulated cortisol biosynthesis in a fasciculata cell suspension in which angiotensin did not stimulate aldosterone production. Therefore, in human adrenal cell suspensions angiotensin appeared to act directly to stimulate cortisol synthesis by fasciculata cells. In normal subjects pre-treated with dexamethasone, angiotensin infusions failed to stimulate an increase in plasma cortisol. The physiological importance of angiotensin as a regulator of cortisol secretion remains, therefore, to be established.", "contents": "Angiotensin stimulates cortisol biosynthesis in human adrenal cells in vitro. Adrenal glands obtained from patients undergoing therapeutic adrenalectomy were used to study the effects of angiotensin on human adrenal steroidogenesis. It was observed that angiotensin stimulated cortisol biosynthesis. Although this has been demonstrated to occur in canine and bovine adrenals, angiotens in-induced cortisol biosynthesis has not been established in man. The possibility that angiotensin merely stimulated glomerulosa cells to secrete precursor steroids which accumulated in the medium and then diffused into fasciculata cells to provide substrate for cortisol biosynthesis was excluded by demonstrating that 3beta-hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one (pregnenolone) and progesterone (the only pertinent precursors) did not accumulate in angiotensin-stimulated cell suspension. In addition, angiotensin stimulated cortisol biosynthesis in a fasciculata cell suspension in which angiotensin did not stimulate aldosterone production. Therefore, in human adrenal cell suspensions angiotensin appeared to act directly to stimulate cortisol synthesis by fasciculata cells. In normal subjects pre-treated with dexamethasone, angiotensin infusions failed to stimulate an increase in plasma cortisol. The physiological importance of angiotensin as a regulator of cortisol secretion remains, therefore, to be established.", "PMID": 705814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2228", "title": "A radioimmunoassay for lithocholic acid conjugates in human serum and liver tissue.", "content": "A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for glycine and taurine conjugates of lithocholic acid (CLCA) has been developed. 3H-glycolithocholic acid (S.A. = 17Ci/mmol) was used as tracer. Separation of free from antibody-bound bile acid was carried out using ammonium sulphate (saturated solution). The antiserum showed high specificity for both glyco and tauro conjugated lithocholate (100% cross reaction) and lithocholic acid (25% cross reaction). The sensitivity of the assay (1 pmole/tube), was adequate for measuring CLCA in peripheral blood and hepatic tissue in man.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay for lithocholic acid conjugates in human serum and liver tissue. A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for glycine and taurine conjugates of lithocholic acid (CLCA) has been developed. 3H-glycolithocholic acid (S.A. = 17Ci/mmol) was used as tracer. Separation of free from antibody-bound bile acid was carried out using ammonium sulphate (saturated solution). The antiserum showed high specificity for both glyco and tauro conjugated lithocholate (100% cross reaction) and lithocholic acid (25% cross reaction). The sensitivity of the assay (1 pmole/tube), was adequate for measuring CLCA in peripheral blood and hepatic tissue in man.", "PMID": 705815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2229", "title": "Metabolism of 17beta-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethylene-5alpha-androstan-3-one in the rabbit.", "content": "An acidic metabolite, 2alpha-carboxy-5alpha-androstane-3alpha,16alpha,17alpha-triol and two neutral metabolites, 2alpha-hydroxymethyl-5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17alpha-diol, and 2alpha-hydroxymethyl-5alpha-androstane-3alpha,16alpha,17alpha-triol have been identified in the urine of rabbits orally dosed with 17beta-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethylene-5alpha-androstan-3-one. 2alpha-Hydroxymethyl-5alpha-androstane-3alpha,16alpha,17alpha-triol was previously obtained from the urine of rabbits dosed with 17beta-hydroxy-2alpha-methyl-5alpha-androstan-3-one. The acidic metabolite was the major urinary excretion product.", "contents": "Metabolism of 17beta-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethylene-5alpha-androstan-3-one in the rabbit. An acidic metabolite, 2alpha-carboxy-5alpha-androstane-3alpha,16alpha,17alpha-triol and two neutral metabolites, 2alpha-hydroxymethyl-5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17alpha-diol, and 2alpha-hydroxymethyl-5alpha-androstane-3alpha,16alpha,17alpha-triol have been identified in the urine of rabbits orally dosed with 17beta-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethylene-5alpha-androstan-3-one. 2alpha-Hydroxymethyl-5alpha-androstane-3alpha,16alpha,17alpha-triol was previously obtained from the urine of rabbits dosed with 17beta-hydroxy-2alpha-methyl-5alpha-androstan-3-one. The acidic metabolite was the major urinary excretion product.", "PMID": 705816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2230", "title": "Simultaneous radioimmunoassay of 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol and 5alpha-androstane-3beta, 17beta-diol unconjugated and conjugated in human serum.", "content": "The simultaneous determinations of both 3alpha and 3beta epimers of 5alpha-androstane-3,17beta-diol as their glucuronides, sulfates and in their unconjugated forms are described. The diol estimation is carried out by radioimmunoassay with two specific immune sera after purification of the serum by use of chromatography on Sephadex LH-20. The values obtained (mean +/- S.D.) in pg/ml for the unconjugated 3alpha and 3beta epimers were, respectively, 267 +/- 67 and 816 +/- 76 for men; 114 +/- 33 and 515 +/- 177 for women; 142+/- 77 and 779 +/- 200 for hirsute women. Among the conjugates, the most important were the sulfoconjugates, their rates being, respectively (men +/- S.D. in ng/ml 41.6 +/- 9.5 and 103+/- 40 for men; 12.4 +/- 3.1 and 51.2 +/- 14.9 for women and 36 +/- 22 and 72 +/- 36 for hirsute women. Differences in the conjugation of both epimers were also noticed.", "contents": "Simultaneous radioimmunoassay of 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol and 5alpha-androstane-3beta, 17beta-diol unconjugated and conjugated in human serum. The simultaneous determinations of both 3alpha and 3beta epimers of 5alpha-androstane-3,17beta-diol as their glucuronides, sulfates and in their unconjugated forms are described. The diol estimation is carried out by radioimmunoassay with two specific immune sera after purification of the serum by use of chromatography on Sephadex LH-20. The values obtained (mean +/- S.D.) in pg/ml for the unconjugated 3alpha and 3beta epimers were, respectively, 267 +/- 67 and 816 +/- 76 for men; 114 +/- 33 and 515 +/- 177 for women; 142+/- 77 and 779 +/- 200 for hirsute women. Among the conjugates, the most important were the sulfoconjugates, their rates being, respectively (men +/- S.D. in ng/ml 41.6 +/- 9.5 and 103+/- 40 for men; 12.4 +/- 3.1 and 51.2 +/- 14.9 for women and 36 +/- 22 and 72 +/- 36 for hirsute women. Differences in the conjugation of both epimers were also noticed.", "PMID": 705818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2231", "title": "Methoxylation of 3beta,7alpha-dihydroxychol-5-en-24-oic acid, a key intermediate of chenodeoxycholic acid biogenesis, compared with that of its 7beta-epimer.", "content": "The conventional methods of gas liquid chromatography or mass spectrometry failed to be useful for the identification of the biliary 3beta,7alpha-dihydroxychol-5-en-24-oic acid, a key intermediate of chenodeoxycholic acid biogenesis. It has been preliminarily reported that this acid in human bile was successfully identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, after the methoxylation of its allyl alcohol group. Physical as well as spectral properties of the methoxylation products derived from the acid were reported, compared with those from its 7beta-epimer.", "contents": "Methoxylation of 3beta,7alpha-dihydroxychol-5-en-24-oic acid, a key intermediate of chenodeoxycholic acid biogenesis, compared with that of its 7beta-epimer. The conventional methods of gas liquid chromatography or mass spectrometry failed to be useful for the identification of the biliary 3beta,7alpha-dihydroxychol-5-en-24-oic acid, a key intermediate of chenodeoxycholic acid biogenesis. It has been preliminarily reported that this acid in human bile was successfully identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, after the methoxylation of its allyl alcohol group. Physical as well as spectral properties of the methoxylation products derived from the acid were reported, compared with those from its 7beta-epimer.", "PMID": 705819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2232", "title": "Further consideration of systematic errors present in protein-ligand interactions.", "content": "Relatively minor systematic errors present during measurements of protein-ligand interaction can lead to large inaccuracies in the calculated values of the equilibrium dissociation constant and the total concentration of the binding protein. These errors, which include binding of the ligand to low affinity material and underestimation of bound ligand, cause the calculation of the concentration of free ligand at equilibrium to be overestimated. We report herein a model of ligand-protein binding which incorporates these errors into the mathematical formulation of the equilibrium binding equation. The effect of these errors on the Scatchard plot is presented.", "contents": "Further consideration of systematic errors present in protein-ligand interactions. Relatively minor systematic errors present during measurements of protein-ligand interaction can lead to large inaccuracies in the calculated values of the equilibrium dissociation constant and the total concentration of the binding protein. These errors, which include binding of the ligand to low affinity material and underestimation of bound ligand, cause the calculation of the concentration of free ligand at equilibrium to be overestimated. We report herein a model of ligand-protein binding which incorporates these errors into the mathematical formulation of the equilibrium binding equation. The effect of these errors on the Scatchard plot is presented.", "PMID": 705817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2233", "title": "Methoxylation of methyl 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxychol-4-en-24-oate and its 3beta-epimer. A contribution to chenodeoxycholic acid biogenesis.", "content": "By the conventional methods of gas liquid chromatography (GLC) as well as mass spectrometry, 3beta,7alpha-dihydroxychol-5-en-24-oic acid (delta5-acid), a key intermediate of chenodeoxycholic acid biogenesis and its metabolic by-product, 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxychol-4-en-24-oic acid (delta4-acid) have not yet been identified as such probably due to thermal decomposition. However, taking advantage of the observation that they are readily methoxylated in methanol containing a trace of acids, their individual methoxy-compounds were easily prepared and proved to be useful for their identification, even though they are present in minimal amounts as was the case with the human or hen bile. The present paper reported physical as well as spectral properties of the methoxy-compounds derived from methyl 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxychol-4-en-24-oate, compared with those of its 3beta-epimer.", "contents": "Methoxylation of methyl 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxychol-4-en-24-oate and its 3beta-epimer. A contribution to chenodeoxycholic acid biogenesis. By the conventional methods of gas liquid chromatography (GLC) as well as mass spectrometry, 3beta,7alpha-dihydroxychol-5-en-24-oic acid (delta5-acid), a key intermediate of chenodeoxycholic acid biogenesis and its metabolic by-product, 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxychol-4-en-24-oic acid (delta4-acid) have not yet been identified as such probably due to thermal decomposition. However, taking advantage of the observation that they are readily methoxylated in methanol containing a trace of acids, their individual methoxy-compounds were easily prepared and proved to be useful for their identification, even though they are present in minimal amounts as was the case with the human or hen bile. The present paper reported physical as well as spectral properties of the methoxy-compounds derived from methyl 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxychol-4-en-24-oate, compared with those of its 3beta-epimer.", "PMID": 705820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2234", "title": "Steroid estrogen conjugates in hens' urine II. Identifications of some minor conversion products of intramuscularly injected [4(-14C)]estrone.", "content": "[4(-14C)]Estrone was injected intramuscularly into two mature laying Rhode Island Red hens. Radioactive steroids and steroid conjugates recovered from the urine on Amberlite XAD-2 columns were fractionated on columns (100 cm) of DEAE-Sephadex A-25 by NaC1 gradients. The presence of the following were confirmed, the figures in brackets indicating average proportions as per cent of total radioactivity recovered after Sephadex column chromatography:-the 3-beta-glucuronides of estrone (10.9) and of estradiol-17alpha plus estradiol-17beta(9.8): the 17-beta-glucuronides of estradiol-17alpha plus estradiol-17beta (2.1); the 3-sulfates of estrone (14.5) and of estradiol-17alpha plus estradiol-17beta(27.4); and the disulfates of estradiol-17alpha plus estradiol-17beta (2.3). The following additional conjugates were identified:-a beta-glucuronide of 16-epiestriol (0.2) and a beta-glucuronide of 16-keto-estradiol-17beta (0.2); the 3-sulfates of 16-epiestriol (1.4), of 17-epiestriol (0.9), of 16,17-epiestriol (0.7), of 16-keto-estradiol-17beta (1.1), and of 2-methoxyestrone (0.7). Some evidence was obtained for the presence of 16,17-epoxy-estratrienol-3-sulfate (1.9).", "contents": "Steroid estrogen conjugates in hens' urine II. Identifications of some minor conversion products of intramuscularly injected [4(-14C)]estrone. [4(-14C)]Estrone was injected intramuscularly into two mature laying Rhode Island Red hens. Radioactive steroids and steroid conjugates recovered from the urine on Amberlite XAD-2 columns were fractionated on columns (100 cm) of DEAE-Sephadex A-25 by NaC1 gradients. The presence of the following were confirmed, the figures in brackets indicating average proportions as per cent of total radioactivity recovered after Sephadex column chromatography:-the 3-beta-glucuronides of estrone (10.9) and of estradiol-17alpha plus estradiol-17beta(9.8): the 17-beta-glucuronides of estradiol-17alpha plus estradiol-17beta (2.1); the 3-sulfates of estrone (14.5) and of estradiol-17alpha plus estradiol-17beta(27.4); and the disulfates of estradiol-17alpha plus estradiol-17beta (2.3). The following additional conjugates were identified:-a beta-glucuronide of 16-epiestriol (0.2) and a beta-glucuronide of 16-keto-estradiol-17beta (0.2); the 3-sulfates of 16-epiestriol (1.4), of 17-epiestriol (0.9), of 16,17-epiestriol (0.7), of 16-keto-estradiol-17beta (1.1), and of 2-methoxyestrone (0.7). Some evidence was obtained for the presence of 16,17-epoxy-estratrienol-3-sulfate (1.9).", "PMID": 705821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2235", "title": "Free radicals in cerebral ischemia.", "content": "The possibility that cerebral ischemia may initiate a series of pathological free radical reactions within the membrane components of the CNS was investigated in the cat. The normally occurring electron transport radicals require adequate molecular oxygen for orderly transport of electrons and protons. A decrease in tissue oxygen removes the controls over the electron transport radicals, and allows them to initiate pathologic radical reactions among cell membranes such as mitochondria. Pathologic radical reactions result in multiple products, each of which may be present in too small a concentration to permit their detection at early time periods. It is possible to follow the time course, however, by the decrease of a major antioxidant as it is consumed by the pathologic radical reactions. For this reason, ascorbic acid was measured in ischemic and control brain following middle cerebral artery occlusion. There was a progressive decrease in the amount of detectable ascorbic acid ranging from 25% at 1 hour to 65% at 24 hours after occlusion. The reduction of this normally occurring antioxidant and free radical scavenger may indicate consumption of ascorbic acid in an attempt to quench pathologic free radical reactions occurring within the components of cytomembranes.", "contents": "Free radicals in cerebral ischemia. The possibility that cerebral ischemia may initiate a series of pathological free radical reactions within the membrane components of the CNS was investigated in the cat. The normally occurring electron transport radicals require adequate molecular oxygen for orderly transport of electrons and protons. A decrease in tissue oxygen removes the controls over the electron transport radicals, and allows them to initiate pathologic radical reactions among cell membranes such as mitochondria. Pathologic radical reactions result in multiple products, each of which may be present in too small a concentration to permit their detection at early time periods. It is possible to follow the time course, however, by the decrease of a major antioxidant as it is consumed by the pathologic radical reactions. For this reason, ascorbic acid was measured in ischemic and control brain following middle cerebral artery occlusion. There was a progressive decrease in the amount of detectable ascorbic acid ranging from 25% at 1 hour to 65% at 24 hours after occlusion. The reduction of this normally occurring antioxidant and free radical scavenger may indicate consumption of ascorbic acid in an attempt to quench pathologic free radical reactions occurring within the components of cytomembranes.", "PMID": 705824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2236", "title": "\"Stump\" on internal carotid artery--a source for further cerebral embolic ischemia.", "content": "A series of 9 patients have experienced hemisphere and retinal ischemia at an interval after occlusion of appropriate internal carotid arteries. All had radiological evidence of a persisting proximal stump to the occluded artery and, in most, pathological evidence of thrombotic material attached to atheromatous lesions within the stump. Thromboembolism from the stump via the anastomotic supply through ipsilateral common and external carotid arteries is thought to be responsible for the ischemic events to the brain or retina despite absence of flow through the internal carotid artery. Seven of the 9 were treated by surgical excision or obliteration of the stump and, when indicated, common and external carotid endarterectomy. Turbulence in the stump contributed to progressive atherosclerotic changes and probably aggravated thrombogenesis in this location with subsequent embolization into the anastomotic arteries.", "contents": "\"Stump\" on internal carotid artery--a source for further cerebral embolic ischemia. A series of 9 patients have experienced hemisphere and retinal ischemia at an interval after occlusion of appropriate internal carotid arteries. All had radiological evidence of a persisting proximal stump to the occluded artery and, in most, pathological evidence of thrombotic material attached to atheromatous lesions within the stump. Thromboembolism from the stump via the anastomotic supply through ipsilateral common and external carotid arteries is thought to be responsible for the ischemic events to the brain or retina despite absence of flow through the internal carotid artery. Seven of the 9 were treated by surgical excision or obliteration of the stump and, when indicated, common and external carotid endarterectomy. Turbulence in the stump contributed to progressive atherosclerotic changes and probably aggravated thrombogenesis in this location with subsequent embolization into the anastomotic arteries.", "PMID": 705825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2237", "title": "Intracerebral hemorrhage following carotid endarterectomy: a hypertensive complication?", "content": "Two patients with transient ischemic attacks and subsequent minor cerebral infarction had repair of very tight carotid stenosis, 4 and 5 weeks respectively after their stroke. Each developed intracerebral hemorrhage when hypertension was uncontrolled during the post-operative period. Hypertension is a significant complication of carotid endarterectomy, and may be a prominent factor in the development of intracerebral hemorrhage post-carotid endarterectomy.", "contents": "Intracerebral hemorrhage following carotid endarterectomy: a hypertensive complication? Two patients with transient ischemic attacks and subsequent minor cerebral infarction had repair of very tight carotid stenosis, 4 and 5 weeks respectively after their stroke. Each developed intracerebral hemorrhage when hypertension was uncontrolled during the post-operative period. Hypertension is a significant complication of carotid endarterectomy, and may be a prominent factor in the development of intracerebral hemorrhage post-carotid endarterectomy.", "PMID": 705826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2238", "title": "Imaging the carotid bifurcation using continuous-wave Doppler-shift ultrasound and spectral analysis.", "content": "A non-invasive method is described for visualizing the carotid bifurcation using a continuous-wave Doppler-shift technique simultaneously with spectral analysis of the blood velocities from all parts of the vessel lumen. The system is directional so that arteries can be visualized in the presence of signals from adjacent veins. The technique uses a transducer which is attached to a position-sensing arm so that the position of the ultrasound beam on the neck, when sensing arterial blood flow-velocities, can be translated onto a storage oscilloscope. By repeated passes of the transducer across the vessel lumen a 2 dimensional image of the carotid bifurcation is formed. As each image point is marked, the full spectrum of blood-velocities corresponding to that position is continuously displayed on a second oscilloscope beside the image scope. Ultrasound images are compared with arteriograms and both continuous-wave and pulsed Doppler ultrasound imaging systems are discussed.", "contents": "Imaging the carotid bifurcation using continuous-wave Doppler-shift ultrasound and spectral analysis. A non-invasive method is described for visualizing the carotid bifurcation using a continuous-wave Doppler-shift technique simultaneously with spectral analysis of the blood velocities from all parts of the vessel lumen. The system is directional so that arteries can be visualized in the presence of signals from adjacent veins. The technique uses a transducer which is attached to a position-sensing arm so that the position of the ultrasound beam on the neck, when sensing arterial blood flow-velocities, can be translated onto a storage oscilloscope. By repeated passes of the transducer across the vessel lumen a 2 dimensional image of the carotid bifurcation is formed. As each image point is marked, the full spectrum of blood-velocities corresponding to that position is continuously displayed on a second oscilloscope beside the image scope. Ultrasound images are compared with arteriograms and both continuous-wave and pulsed Doppler ultrasound imaging systems are discussed.", "PMID": 705828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2239", "title": "Effect of aminophylline on cerebral infarction in the Mongolian gerbil.", "content": "The effects of aminophylline in Mongolian gerbils subjected to unilateral carotid ligation were studied. The drug was given in varying intraperitoneal doses at varying postoperative intervals and the animals observed for 5 days for clinical signs of stroke. Doses of 100 mg per kg caused early death and were discontinued. Doses of 50 mg per kg had no significant effect on morbidity, mortality, time until death, stroke incidence or lesion size, as compared to saline given as a control. Doses of 80 mg per kg caused a higher mortality, higher morbidity, and a shorter interval to death, but a smaller infarct. Thus, aminophylline did not have a protective effect against stroke in gerbils and was actually detrimental during the first 16 hours following the carotid ligation.", "contents": "Effect of aminophylline on cerebral infarction in the Mongolian gerbil. The effects of aminophylline in Mongolian gerbils subjected to unilateral carotid ligation were studied. The drug was given in varying intraperitoneal doses at varying postoperative intervals and the animals observed for 5 days for clinical signs of stroke. Doses of 100 mg per kg caused early death and were discontinued. Doses of 50 mg per kg had no significant effect on morbidity, mortality, time until death, stroke incidence or lesion size, as compared to saline given as a control. Doses of 80 mg per kg caused a higher mortality, higher morbidity, and a shorter interval to death, but a smaller infarct. Thus, aminophylline did not have a protective effect against stroke in gerbils and was actually detrimental during the first 16 hours following the carotid ligation.", "PMID": 705829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2240", "title": "Effect of DPPD (diphenyl-para-phenylenediamine) on stroke and cerebral edema in gerbils.", "content": "Diphenyl-para-phenylenediamine (DPPD) is an antioxidant that has been shown to decrease liver damage due to the peroxidative process of carbon tetrachloride in rats and to ameliorate cold-induced cerebral edema in cats. Because lipid peroxidation disrupts the integrity of the plasma membrane, a process believed to occur in cerebral infraction, which is a major cause of cerebral edema. DPPD was tested for its protective effect against cerebral infarction. When given intraperitoneally in gerbils with unilateral ligation of the common carotid artery, DPPD had no effect on resultant incidence, morbidity, or mortality of cerebral infarction. Despite these findings, the authors believe, on the basis of what is known about free radical pathology, that DPPD and other antioxidants deserve further laboratory trials as possible drugs in the treatment of brain trauma and cerebral edema.", "contents": "Effect of DPPD (diphenyl-para-phenylenediamine) on stroke and cerebral edema in gerbils. Diphenyl-para-phenylenediamine (DPPD) is an antioxidant that has been shown to decrease liver damage due to the peroxidative process of carbon tetrachloride in rats and to ameliorate cold-induced cerebral edema in cats. Because lipid peroxidation disrupts the integrity of the plasma membrane, a process believed to occur in cerebral infraction, which is a major cause of cerebral edema. DPPD was tested for its protective effect against cerebral infarction. When given intraperitoneally in gerbils with unilateral ligation of the common carotid artery, DPPD had no effect on resultant incidence, morbidity, or mortality of cerebral infarction. Despite these findings, the authors believe, on the basis of what is known about free radical pathology, that DPPD and other antioxidants deserve further laboratory trials as possible drugs in the treatment of brain trauma and cerebral edema.", "PMID": 705830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2241", "title": "Vasoconstrictor effect of angiotensin on pial arteries.", "content": "The effect of topical application of angiotensin on pial arterioles was examined in anesthetized cats equipped with a cranial window for the direct observation of the pial microcirculation of the parietal cortex. Angiotensin in a dose of 0.01 to 1 microgram/ml constricted pial arterioles and arteries strongly. The response of the smaller vessels was greater than that of the larger ones. Intravenous administration of angiotensin in a dose of 0.04--3.8 microgram/min raised arterial blood pressure and constricted the larger pial arteries. While the infusion of angiotensin was continued at the same dose, the blood pressure was then reduced to the control level via bleeding into a reservoir. This abolished the vasoconstriction of the larger pial arteries, showing that this effect was due to autoregulatory adjustments to the rise in blood pressure and not due to a direct effect of angiotensin. We conclude that, despite the strong constrictor effect of angiotensin on pial arteries, intravenous angiotensin can be used to study the effects of arterial hypertension on the cerebral circulation.", "contents": "Vasoconstrictor effect of angiotensin on pial arteries. The effect of topical application of angiotensin on pial arterioles was examined in anesthetized cats equipped with a cranial window for the direct observation of the pial microcirculation of the parietal cortex. Angiotensin in a dose of 0.01 to 1 microgram/ml constricted pial arterioles and arteries strongly. The response of the smaller vessels was greater than that of the larger ones. Intravenous administration of angiotensin in a dose of 0.04--3.8 microgram/min raised arterial blood pressure and constricted the larger pial arteries. While the infusion of angiotensin was continued at the same dose, the blood pressure was then reduced to the control level via bleeding into a reservoir. This abolished the vasoconstriction of the larger pial arteries, showing that this effect was due to autoregulatory adjustments to the rise in blood pressure and not due to a direct effect of angiotensin. We conclude that, despite the strong constrictor effect of angiotensin on pial arteries, intravenous angiotensin can be used to study the effects of arterial hypertension on the cerebral circulation.", "PMID": 705831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2242", "title": "Responses of isolated dog cerebral and peripheral arteries to prostaglandins after application of aspirin and polyphloretin phosphate.", "content": "In helically cut strips of dog cerebral, coronary, mesenteric and femoral arteries, the contractile response to prostaglandin (PG) F2alpha, and E2, relative to contractions induced by 30 mM K+, did not appreciably differ, whereas relaxations induced by PGE1 relative to those induced by 10(-4) M papaverine were significantly different; the least in cerebral arteries and the greatest in mesenteric arteries. The relaxation of human cerebral arteries in response to PGE1 was similar to that of dog cerebral arteries. Treatment for 60 min with polyphloretin phosphate (3 X 10(-5) and 10(-4) g/ml) suppressed the contractile response to PGF2alpha and E2 but did not alter the response to 25 mM K+. The relaxing effect of PGE1 was not influenced. Aspirin (5 X 10(-5) and 2 X 10(-4) M) significantly potentiated the contractile response to PGF2alpha and E2 but did not alter the relaxation induced by PGE1. In contrast, contractions induced by serotonin were attenuated. It is concluded that dog cerebral, coronary, mesenteric and femoral arteries relaxed differently in response to PGE1. It appears that arterial responses to vasoconstricting PGs, but not to the vasodilating PG, are significantly attenuated by polyphloretin phosphate and potentiated by aspirin.", "contents": "Responses of isolated dog cerebral and peripheral arteries to prostaglandins after application of aspirin and polyphloretin phosphate. In helically cut strips of dog cerebral, coronary, mesenteric and femoral arteries, the contractile response to prostaglandin (PG) F2alpha, and E2, relative to contractions induced by 30 mM K+, did not appreciably differ, whereas relaxations induced by PGE1 relative to those induced by 10(-4) M papaverine were significantly different; the least in cerebral arteries and the greatest in mesenteric arteries. The relaxation of human cerebral arteries in response to PGE1 was similar to that of dog cerebral arteries. Treatment for 60 min with polyphloretin phosphate (3 X 10(-5) and 10(-4) g/ml) suppressed the contractile response to PGF2alpha and E2 but did not alter the response to 25 mM K+. The relaxing effect of PGE1 was not influenced. Aspirin (5 X 10(-5) and 2 X 10(-4) M) significantly potentiated the contractile response to PGF2alpha and E2 but did not alter the relaxation induced by PGE1. In contrast, contractions induced by serotonin were attenuated. It is concluded that dog cerebral, coronary, mesenteric and femoral arteries relaxed differently in response to PGE1. It appears that arterial responses to vasoconstricting PGs, but not to the vasodilating PG, are significantly attenuated by polyphloretin phosphate and potentiated by aspirin.", "PMID": 705832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2243", "title": "Cerebral hemodynamics in Shy-Drager syndrome: variability of cerebral blood flow dysautoregulation and the compensatory role of chemical control in dysautoregulation.", "content": "Cerebrovascular autoregulation and CO2 reactivity were measured repeatedly in 3 patients with the multiple system atrophy type of autonomic insufficiency (Shy-Drager syndrome) by means of the 133Xe injection method. The degree of cerebral blood flow (CBF) dysautoregulation showed day-to-day variations in 2 of the 3 patients. The CO2 reactivity was normal or supernormal in the supine position in patients with impaired autoregulation. In the head-up position the response to CO2 was slightly suppressed in 2 of the patients, suggesting that chemical control may have tended to compensate for CBF dysautoregulation. It is concluded that the mechanism of chemical control of the cerebrovasculature is different from that which controls autoregulation and may have partially compensated for CBF dysautoregulation.", "contents": "Cerebral hemodynamics in Shy-Drager syndrome: variability of cerebral blood flow dysautoregulation and the compensatory role of chemical control in dysautoregulation. Cerebrovascular autoregulation and CO2 reactivity were measured repeatedly in 3 patients with the multiple system atrophy type of autonomic insufficiency (Shy-Drager syndrome) by means of the 133Xe injection method. The degree of cerebral blood flow (CBF) dysautoregulation showed day-to-day variations in 2 of the 3 patients. The CO2 reactivity was normal or supernormal in the supine position in patients with impaired autoregulation. In the head-up position the response to CO2 was slightly suppressed in 2 of the patients, suggesting that chemical control may have tended to compensate for CBF dysautoregulation. It is concluded that the mechanism of chemical control of the cerebrovasculature is different from that which controls autoregulation and may have partially compensated for CBF dysautoregulation.", "PMID": 705833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2244", "title": "The spectrum of infection and sensitivity of organisms isolated from African and Indian children in a Durban hospital.", "content": "A prospective study was undertaken over a period of six months to determine the spectrum of infection, sensitivity of organisms isolated, and suitability of antibiotics chosen in 520 consecutive patients admitted to a paediatric unit. Culture and sensitivity of stool, urine and blood yielded 752 isolates; in 147 cases, more than one pathogen was isolated from the same or different sites. High rates of resistance to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and kanamycin were seen in salmonellae other than Salmonella typhi, which differed in retaining its original sensitive susceptibility profile. Most Enterobacteria were sensitive to gentamicin. Penicillin-resistance was seen in 9% of meningococci, and several Haemophilus influenzae strains (20%) were resistant to ampicillin. Methicillin-resistance was encountered in 13% of Staphylococcus aureus strains and 17% of pneumococci were resistant to penicillin G. The sensitivity pattern of organisms isolated was probably directly related to widespread use of antibiotics.", "contents": "The spectrum of infection and sensitivity of organisms isolated from African and Indian children in a Durban hospital. A prospective study was undertaken over a period of six months to determine the spectrum of infection, sensitivity of organisms isolated, and suitability of antibiotics chosen in 520 consecutive patients admitted to a paediatric unit. Culture and sensitivity of stool, urine and blood yielded 752 isolates; in 147 cases, more than one pathogen was isolated from the same or different sites. High rates of resistance to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and kanamycin were seen in salmonellae other than Salmonella typhi, which differed in retaining its original sensitive susceptibility profile. Most Enterobacteria were sensitive to gentamicin. Penicillin-resistance was seen in 9% of meningococci, and several Haemophilus influenzae strains (20%) were resistant to ampicillin. Methicillin-resistance was encountered in 13% of Staphylococcus aureus strains and 17% of pneumococci were resistant to penicillin G. The sensitivity pattern of organisms isolated was probably directly related to widespread use of antibiotics.", "PMID": 705838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2245", "title": "Holter monitoring in patients with transient focal cerebral ischemia.", "content": "The value of continuous long-term ECG monitoring in patients with transient generalized neurological symptoms is well established, but its value in transient focal neurological deficits is less clear. A patient is reported who had significant dysrhythmias and transient focal cerebral symptoms which did not clear after cardiac pacing. Nineteen other patients were monitored as part of their evaluation for transient focal cerebral symptoms and were found to have essentially no cerebrally significant dysrhythmias. This report suggests cardiac dysrhythmias rarely cause such symptoms.", "contents": "Holter monitoring in patients with transient focal cerebral ischemia. The value of continuous long-term ECG monitoring in patients with transient generalized neurological symptoms is well established, but its value in transient focal neurological deficits is less clear. A patient is reported who had significant dysrhythmias and transient focal cerebral symptoms which did not clear after cardiac pacing. Nineteen other patients were monitored as part of their evaluation for transient focal cerebral symptoms and were found to have essentially no cerebrally significant dysrhythmias. This report suggests cardiac dysrhythmias rarely cause such symptoms.", "PMID": 705834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2246", "title": "Aflatoxin load of common food in savanna and forest regions of Nigeria.", "content": "Aflatoxin, one of the most widespread of the known carcinogens, is present at a high level in most common foods stored poorly for long periods in Nigeria. It may work synergistically with other carcinogens to produce the high incidence of primary liver cancer seen in young men under the age of 40. In the northern savanna areas cereals, especially sorghum and millets, as well as groundnut products are the high risk foods. In the southern forest areas, dried fish, groundnuts and oil palm products often carry unwholesome quantities of aflatoxin. Public health measures aimed at reducing the aflatoxin load in high risk foods identified should now be actively considered.", "contents": "Aflatoxin load of common food in savanna and forest regions of Nigeria. Aflatoxin, one of the most widespread of the known carcinogens, is present at a high level in most common foods stored poorly for long periods in Nigeria. It may work synergistically with other carcinogens to produce the high incidence of primary liver cancer seen in young men under the age of 40. In the northern savanna areas cereals, especially sorghum and millets, as well as groundnut products are the high risk foods. In the southern forest areas, dried fish, groundnuts and oil palm products often carry unwholesome quantities of aflatoxin. Public health measures aimed at reducing the aflatoxin load in high risk foods identified should now be actively considered.", "PMID": 705839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2247", "title": "Serological and clinical investigations of human hydatid case in Libya.", "content": "Fifty surgically confirmed cases of hydatid disease in Eastern Libya were investigated. Of these, 30 had cysts of the liver, five had extra-hepatic abdominal cysts and 15 had cysts in the chest, including the lungs. Ten cases of malignancy of the liver and five cases of malignancy of the lung were used as controls. Differential diagnosis of cancer was made by measuring the ESR and glycoprotein levels (elevated x 4 and x 3 respectively, in cancer cases). Serum bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT and serum alkaline phosphatase levels were also significantly raised in malignancy, while the total protein levels and eosinophilia were the same in both diseases. The intradermal test was positive in 88%, the haemagglutination test in 86% and the complement fixation test in 70% of cases. In the post-operative follow-up, complement-fixing antibodies disappeared somewhat faster than did the haemagglutinins. The positive skin test cases, however, remained positive throughout the 12-month follow-up period.", "contents": "Serological and clinical investigations of human hydatid case in Libya. Fifty surgically confirmed cases of hydatid disease in Eastern Libya were investigated. Of these, 30 had cysts of the liver, five had extra-hepatic abdominal cysts and 15 had cysts in the chest, including the lungs. Ten cases of malignancy of the liver and five cases of malignancy of the lung were used as controls. Differential diagnosis of cancer was made by measuring the ESR and glycoprotein levels (elevated x 4 and x 3 respectively, in cancer cases). Serum bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT and serum alkaline phosphatase levels were also significantly raised in malignancy, while the total protein levels and eosinophilia were the same in both diseases. The intradermal test was positive in 88%, the haemagglutination test in 86% and the complement fixation test in 70% of cases. In the post-operative follow-up, complement-fixing antibodies disappeared somewhat faster than did the haemagglutinins. The positive skin test cases, however, remained positive throughout the 12-month follow-up period.", "PMID": 705840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2248", "title": "Unusual axonemal doublet arrangements in the flagellum of Leishmania amastigotes.", "content": "Studies on the fine structure of Leishmania mexicana, L. enriettii and L. tropica major have revealed several unusual arrangements of microtubules in the flagellar axoneme. The anterior end of the flagellum in these three species was found to contain disarranged axonemal doublets (d) in the absence of the two central singlets(s). Leishmania amastigotes do not use their flagellum as do promastigotes for propulsion, and persistence of the usual 9d and 2s microtubular arrangement may not be necessary.", "contents": "Unusual axonemal doublet arrangements in the flagellum of Leishmania amastigotes. Studies on the fine structure of Leishmania mexicana, L. enriettii and L. tropica major have revealed several unusual arrangements of microtubules in the flagellar axoneme. The anterior end of the flagellum in these three species was found to contain disarranged axonemal doublets (d) in the absence of the two central singlets(s). Leishmania amastigotes do not use their flagellum as do promastigotes for propulsion, and persistence of the usual 9d and 2s microtubular arrangement may not be necessary.", "PMID": 705841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2249", "title": "The use of ABO blood groups as markers for mosquito biting studies.", "content": "Discrepancies between malaria inoculation rates measured entomologically and parasitologically may be explained, at least in part, if infants and children receive less mosquito bites per night than do adults. We found that this problem could be studied by choosing women and children of different ABO blood groups. In preliminary laboratory studies it was found that the blood group of a mosquito's blood meal could be determined in parous and nulliparous mosquitoes for at least 24 hours, and, nullipares up to 34 hours, after feeding. An antiserum against the O group was necessary to distinguish non A or B red cells from those of animal origin. Cross reactions did occur, presumably as a result of the digestion by mosquitoes of the red cell surfaces, but in every case the strongest and earliest developing agglutination was that of the host. Field studies were made using women and children sleeping under mosquito nets, the holes in which made the nets a trapping device. The women, on average, received over seven times more bites per night than did the children. The migration of blood-fed mosquitoes from one net to another was negligible.", "contents": "The use of ABO blood groups as markers for mosquito biting studies. Discrepancies between malaria inoculation rates measured entomologically and parasitologically may be explained, at least in part, if infants and children receive less mosquito bites per night than do adults. We found that this problem could be studied by choosing women and children of different ABO blood groups. In preliminary laboratory studies it was found that the blood group of a mosquito's blood meal could be determined in parous and nulliparous mosquitoes for at least 24 hours, and, nullipares up to 34 hours, after feeding. An antiserum against the O group was necessary to distinguish non A or B red cells from those of animal origin. Cross reactions did occur, presumably as a result of the digestion by mosquitoes of the red cell surfaces, but in every case the strongest and earliest developing agglutination was that of the host. Field studies were made using women and children sleeping under mosquito nets, the holes in which made the nets a trapping device. The women, on average, received over seven times more bites per night than did the children. The migration of blood-fed mosquitoes from one net to another was negligible.", "PMID": 705842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2250", "title": "Variation in delayed hypersensitivity in onchocerciasis.", "content": "Soluble antigen preparations were made from Onchocerca volvulus adults recovered from subcutaneous nodules, and from Necator americanus third-stage larvae. Intradermal skin tests were carried out on a total of 100 individuals clinically classified as having either the generalized form of onchocerciasis (86 cases, or the localized sowda form (14 cases). 91 of the people studied produced immediate reactions to the onchocercal antigen, but only those with sowda showed delayed reactions, though one person with generalized disease showed a doubtful delayed reaction. Reactions to N. americanus antigen, both immediate and delayed, were seen in both forms of the disease. The lack of delayed skin reaction in the generalized form of onchocerciasis is discussed, and a comparison is made with other diseases. Preliminary evidence for the existence of a true spectrum of clinical and immunological forms of onchocerciasis is suggested by one case in this study.", "contents": "Variation in delayed hypersensitivity in onchocerciasis. Soluble antigen preparations were made from Onchocerca volvulus adults recovered from subcutaneous nodules, and from Necator americanus third-stage larvae. Intradermal skin tests were carried out on a total of 100 individuals clinically classified as having either the generalized form of onchocerciasis (86 cases, or the localized sowda form (14 cases). 91 of the people studied produced immediate reactions to the onchocercal antigen, but only those with sowda showed delayed reactions, though one person with generalized disease showed a doubtful delayed reaction. Reactions to N. americanus antigen, both immediate and delayed, were seen in both forms of the disease. The lack of delayed skin reaction in the generalized form of onchocerciasis is discussed, and a comparison is made with other diseases. Preliminary evidence for the existence of a true spectrum of clinical and immunological forms of onchocerciasis is suggested by one case in this study.", "PMID": 705843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2251", "title": "Immune complexes in healthy Nigerians.", "content": "Sera from 50 healthy Caucasians resident in Britain and 50 healthy Nigerians living aroung Zaria in Northern Nigeria were tested for the presence of circulating immune complexes by three different methods. Immune complexes could not be detected in the Caucasian sera but wer present in the Nigerian sera. However, only six of the 38 sera positive for complexes by the radio-bioassay method had significant anti-complementary activity. Examination of blood films from all six subjects showed malarial parasitaemia in five. The mean IgM level of the six anti-complementary sera was significantly higher than in the remaining 44 sera. After six weeks of malarial prophylaxis, sera from four of these subjects lost their anti-complementary activity and there was a parallel fall in the serum IgM values, suggesting that complexes related to malaria may have been present originally. Tests for detecting circulating immune complexes which fix complement may be useful in identifying clinically significant infections in apparently healthy Nigerians.", "contents": "Immune complexes in healthy Nigerians. Sera from 50 healthy Caucasians resident in Britain and 50 healthy Nigerians living aroung Zaria in Northern Nigeria were tested for the presence of circulating immune complexes by three different methods. Immune complexes could not be detected in the Caucasian sera but wer present in the Nigerian sera. However, only six of the 38 sera positive for complexes by the radio-bioassay method had significant anti-complementary activity. Examination of blood films from all six subjects showed malarial parasitaemia in five. The mean IgM level of the six anti-complementary sera was significantly higher than in the remaining 44 sera. After six weeks of malarial prophylaxis, sera from four of these subjects lost their anti-complementary activity and there was a parallel fall in the serum IgM values, suggesting that complexes related to malaria may have been present originally. Tests for detecting circulating immune complexes which fix complement may be useful in identifying clinically significant infections in apparently healthy Nigerians.", "PMID": 705844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2252", "title": "Schistosoma japonicum-type infection in Malaysia--report of the first living case.", "content": "The first living patient with a Schistosoma japonicum-type infection who presented with the nephrotic syndrome is reported in detail. It is not clear whether the nephrotic syndrome was due to the schistosome infection or to the deposition of hepatitis B antigen and antibody complexes. This is the tenth case of schistosomiasis reported from aborigines in Malaysia and a sylvatic source of infection is suggested.", "contents": "Schistosoma japonicum-type infection in Malaysia--report of the first living case. The first living patient with a Schistosoma japonicum-type infection who presented with the nephrotic syndrome is reported in detail. It is not clear whether the nephrotic syndrome was due to the schistosome infection or to the deposition of hepatitis B antigen and antibody complexes. This is the tenth case of schistosomiasis reported from aborigines in Malaysia and a sylvatic source of infection is suggested.", "PMID": 705845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2253", "title": "The resistance of Trypanosoma congolense, T. vivax and T. evansi to human plasma.", "content": "Tests were made in mice on the resistance of cattle trypanosomes to human plasma. 12 stocks of Trypanosoma, congolense were tested' three were fully resistant, eight were moderately or highly resistant, and one was fully sensitive. Four stocks of T. vivax were tested; two were fully resistant, one was somewhat resistant, and one was highly sensitive. Two stocks of T. evansi were tested; both fully sensitive. The possibility is discussed that T. congolense and T. vivax might produce transient infections in man.", "contents": "The resistance of Trypanosoma congolense, T. vivax and T. evansi to human plasma. Tests were made in mice on the resistance of cattle trypanosomes to human plasma. 12 stocks of Trypanosoma, congolense were tested' three were fully resistant, eight were moderately or highly resistant, and one was fully sensitive. Four stocks of T. vivax were tested; two were fully resistant, one was somewhat resistant, and one was highly sensitive. Two stocks of T. evansi were tested; both fully sensitive. The possibility is discussed that T. congolense and T. vivax might produce transient infections in man.", "PMID": 705847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2254", "title": "Single dose doxycycline therapy for scrub typhus.", "content": "A single dose of 200 mg of doxycycline was shown to be as effective as a seven day course of tetracycline, in patients suspected of having scrub typhus. 65 (44%) of the 149 patients studied fulfilled the criteria for definite diagnosis of scrub typhus; 10 had an additional diagnosis. Rickettsia tsutsugamushi was isolated from 49 (75%) patients. There was no difference between the two treatment groups in time to defervescence, abolition of cough and headache, or in the time taken to recover well-being. There were no relapses in either group. Of the remaining 84 patients, a causal diagnosis was achieved in 52. Irrespective of a diagnosis there was no difference in apparent response to either doxycycline or tetracycline.", "contents": "Single dose doxycycline therapy for scrub typhus. A single dose of 200 mg of doxycycline was shown to be as effective as a seven day course of tetracycline, in patients suspected of having scrub typhus. 65 (44%) of the 149 patients studied fulfilled the criteria for definite diagnosis of scrub typhus; 10 had an additional diagnosis. Rickettsia tsutsugamushi was isolated from 49 (75%) patients. There was no difference between the two treatment groups in time to defervescence, abolition of cough and headache, or in the time taken to recover well-being. There were no relapses in either group. Of the remaining 84 patients, a causal diagnosis was achieved in 52. Irrespective of a diagnosis there was no difference in apparent response to either doxycycline or tetracycline.", "PMID": 705848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2255", "title": "Methods of assessing factor VIII content of stored fresh frozen plasma intended for preparation of factor VIII concentrates.", "content": "Minimally destructive methods were sought to assess the factor VIII content of fresh frozen plasma intended for large-scale fractionation and stored in five-liter polyethylene packs after pooling approximately 23 plasma donations. Although factor VII distribution in the frozen pack was not perfectly homogenous, a central \"core\" through the frozen pack gave a representative sampel of the entire contents of the pack. Coring was compared with other methods of pack sampling before large-scale cryoprecipitation. The survival of factor VIII was studied in three grades of stored plasma which had been separated and frozen within 4 hours, 8 hours, and 18 hours of blood donation. Plasma frozen after overnight storage of blood is a satisfacory starting material for the preparation of factor VIII and factor IX concentrates.", "contents": "Methods of assessing factor VIII content of stored fresh frozen plasma intended for preparation of factor VIII concentrates. Minimally destructive methods were sought to assess the factor VIII content of fresh frozen plasma intended for large-scale fractionation and stored in five-liter polyethylene packs after pooling approximately 23 plasma donations. Although factor VII distribution in the frozen pack was not perfectly homogenous, a central \"core\" through the frozen pack gave a representative sampel of the entire contents of the pack. Coring was compared with other methods of pack sampling before large-scale cryoprecipitation. The survival of factor VIII was studied in three grades of stored plasma which had been separated and frozen within 4 hours, 8 hours, and 18 hours of blood donation. Plasma frozen after overnight storage of blood is a satisfacory starting material for the preparation of factor VIII and factor IX concentrates.", "PMID": 705857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2256", "title": "An aseptic fluid transfer system for blood and blood components.", "content": "A device is described which can be attached to all blood bags. Two of these devices are heat-sealed together aseptically at any time during the storage life of the blood unit, and an opening connecting the two is created. In vitro and in vivo studies show that ten passes of a unit of blood through these devices produces no cytological changes and does not alter the in vivo survival of the unit when transfused. Further, if the unit is frozen, then thawed, and even stored at 4 C for five days after thawing, the in vivo survival is still unaffected.", "contents": "An aseptic fluid transfer system for blood and blood components. A device is described which can be attached to all blood bags. Two of these devices are heat-sealed together aseptically at any time during the storage life of the blood unit, and an opening connecting the two is created. In vitro and in vivo studies show that ten passes of a unit of blood through these devices produces no cytological changes and does not alter the in vivo survival of the unit when transfused. Further, if the unit is frozen, then thawed, and even stored at 4 C for five days after thawing, the in vivo survival is still unaffected.", "PMID": 705859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2257", "title": "The accumulation of mono-2-ethylhexylphthalate (MEHP) during storage of whole blood and plasma.", "content": "The accumulation of the plasticizer di-2-ethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) in blood and blood components has been of considerable concern for some time. We have followed the accumulation of DEHP and one of its major metabolities, mono-2-ethylhexylphthalate (MEHP) during storage of whole blood, platelet-rich plasma, platelet concentrates, and platelet-poor plasma for periods ranging from 72 hours to four weeks. Both phthalates showed a progressive increase in concentration with time. While the levels of DEHP were much greater than those of MEHP, there was nonetheless a significant and continual increase in MEHP in all preparations. The highest concentrations of both DEHP and MEHP were found in the platelet-poor plasma, indicating that platelets do not have a major role in the accumulation of the phthalates in blood. The accumulation of MEHP was shown to be a direct result of the metabolism of DEHP by plasma protein(s) rather than leaching from the blood bag.", "contents": "The accumulation of mono-2-ethylhexylphthalate (MEHP) during storage of whole blood and plasma. The accumulation of the plasticizer di-2-ethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) in blood and blood components has been of considerable concern for some time. We have followed the accumulation of DEHP and one of its major metabolities, mono-2-ethylhexylphthalate (MEHP) during storage of whole blood, platelet-rich plasma, platelet concentrates, and platelet-poor plasma for periods ranging from 72 hours to four weeks. Both phthalates showed a progressive increase in concentration with time. While the levels of DEHP were much greater than those of MEHP, there was nonetheless a significant and continual increase in MEHP in all preparations. The highest concentrations of both DEHP and MEHP were found in the platelet-poor plasma, indicating that platelets do not have a major role in the accumulation of the phthalates in blood. The accumulation of MEHP was shown to be a direct result of the metabolism of DEHP by plasma protein(s) rather than leaching from the blood bag.", "PMID": 705860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2258", "title": "Recruitment cost: a middle ground between \"free blood\" and the nonreplacement fee.", "content": "Blood banking usually is considered to be clearly divided into two opposing philosphies concerning volunteer donor recruitment. On one side is the \"community responsibility\" theory. On the other side is the \"individual responsibility\" theory. This paper will show that both systems have problems and that in practice neither is \"pure.\" We propose a new system that is an effective compromise and that has been successful in the Houston region.", "contents": "Recruitment cost: a middle ground between \"free blood\" and the nonreplacement fee. Blood banking usually is considered to be clearly divided into two opposing philosphies concerning volunteer donor recruitment. On one side is the \"community responsibility\" theory. On the other side is the \"individual responsibility\" theory. This paper will show that both systems have problems and that in practice neither is \"pure.\" We propose a new system that is an effective compromise and that has been successful in the Houston region.", "PMID": 705861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2259", "title": "Massive transfusion during major surgery in a child with anti-Knopsa and one kidney.", "content": "Massive transfusion has been defined as the replacement of one-third to one-half of the blood volume of the patient. It usually implies the presence of shock and is associated with multiple traumatic injuries. Blood replacement is almost always banked blood given in large quantities. However, massive transfusion with autologous blood can also be applied to elective cases and is becoming a useful and clinically beneficial service both in the quality of the products transfused service both in the quality of the products transfused and avoidance of diseases transmitted by blood transfusion from heterologous blood donor sources. Operations which regularly require the transfusion of three or more units of blood include open heart surgery, orthopedic reconstructive procedures, vascular surgery and abdominal surgical procedures. The case presented here, an orthopedic procedure, describes an example of elective massive transfusion, successfully performed in the presence of a rare alloantibody to red blood cells.", "contents": "Massive transfusion during major surgery in a child with anti-Knopsa and one kidney. Massive transfusion has been defined as the replacement of one-third to one-half of the blood volume of the patient. It usually implies the presence of shock and is associated with multiple traumatic injuries. Blood replacement is almost always banked blood given in large quantities. However, massive transfusion with autologous blood can also be applied to elective cases and is becoming a useful and clinically beneficial service both in the quality of the products transfused service both in the quality of the products transfused and avoidance of diseases transmitted by blood transfusion from heterologous blood donor sources. Operations which regularly require the transfusion of three or more units of blood include open heart surgery, orthopedic reconstructive procedures, vascular surgery and abdominal surgical procedures. The case presented here, an orthopedic procedure, describes an example of elective massive transfusion, successfully performed in the presence of a rare alloantibody to red blood cells.", "PMID": 705862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2260", "title": "A new antigen, McCa (McCoy), and its relationship to Kna(Knops).", "content": "The antigen McCa is detected in 98.5 and 96.7 per cent of the American Caucasian and Negro populations respectively. In population studies with anti-McCa and anti-Kna, a strong association was demonstrated between the two antigens, with 53 per cent of McC(a-) sample being Kn(a-) compared with a reported frequency for Kn(a-) of only 0.19 per cent.", "contents": "A new antigen, McCa (McCoy), and its relationship to Kna(Knops). The antigen McCa is detected in 98.5 and 96.7 per cent of the American Caucasian and Negro populations respectively. In population studies with anti-McCa and anti-Kna, a strong association was demonstrated between the two antigens, with 53 per cent of McC(a-) sample being Kn(a-) compared with a reported frequency for Kn(a-) of only 0.19 per cent.", "PMID": 705863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2261", "title": "Weak B antigen in a family.", "content": "A family is described in which six members were of a week subgroup of B. Presence of the subgroup in each individual was first indicated by lack of anti-B in that person's serum. Additional tests showed that the B subgroup red blood cells would adsorb anti-B and yield that antibody on elution, and that the saliva of two B subgroup persons tested contained B and H substances. The blood of one of the family members with the weak B antigen was inadvertently transfused to a group O recipient but caused no ill effects.", "contents": "Weak B antigen in a family. A family is described in which six members were of a week subgroup of B. Presence of the subgroup in each individual was first indicated by lack of anti-B in that person's serum. Additional tests showed that the B subgroup red blood cells would adsorb anti-B and yield that antibody on elution, and that the saliva of two B subgroup persons tested contained B and H substances. The blood of one of the family members with the weak B antigen was inadvertently transfused to a group O recipient but caused no ill effects.", "PMID": 705865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2262", "title": "A safe blood transfusion procedure for immunization against major histocompatibility complex determinants in man.", "content": "A standardized procedure is proposed for deliberate immunizations against human major histocompatibility complex determinants. The data presented demonstrate its effectiveness and, by using a number of necessary precautions, this procedure has proven to be very safe. The following points are especially important: (1) exclusive utilization of regular blood donors as immunizers; (3) use of whole blood as an immunizing agent; and (3) use of small immunizing stimuli rather than large transfusions. This procedure can be recommended for the production of monospecific anti-HLA antisera and it may be useful if and when a deliberate transfusion policy for prospective kidney recipients is adopted.", "contents": "A safe blood transfusion procedure for immunization against major histocompatibility complex determinants in man. A standardized procedure is proposed for deliberate immunizations against human major histocompatibility complex determinants. The data presented demonstrate its effectiveness and, by using a number of necessary precautions, this procedure has proven to be very safe. The following points are especially important: (1) exclusive utilization of regular blood donors as immunizers; (3) use of whole blood as an immunizing agent; and (3) use of small immunizing stimuli rather than large transfusions. This procedure can be recommended for the production of monospecific anti-HLA antisera and it may be useful if and when a deliberate transfusion policy for prospective kidney recipients is adopted.", "PMID": 705871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2263", "title": "Further studies on the relationship of anti-Ena and anti-Wrb in warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia.", "content": "The red blood cell eluates of two patients with warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) were found to have anti-dl and anti-Wrb in a study of 150 individuals with positive AHG tests.7 In that series 39 per cent of AIHA cases had anti-Wrb as part of the autoantibody specificity. The eluates of these two patients were of further interest since they showed weaker reactions with En(a-) cells than with En(a+), Wr(a+b-) cells. Further absorption of the eluates confirmed a second component that reacted with the En(a+), Wr(b-) cells but not the En(a-) cell, interpreted as autoanti-Ena. In one of the cases anti-Ena was recovered from the En(a-) absorbing cell although these cells were not agglutinated by the autoantibody. This effect was not due to polyagglutinability, the Matuhasi-Ogata phenomenon or the decreased sialic acid content of the En(a-) red blood cell membranes and remains unexplained.", "contents": "Further studies on the relationship of anti-Ena and anti-Wrb in warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The red blood cell eluates of two patients with warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) were found to have anti-dl and anti-Wrb in a study of 150 individuals with positive AHG tests.7 In that series 39 per cent of AIHA cases had anti-Wrb as part of the autoantibody specificity. The eluates of these two patients were of further interest since they showed weaker reactions with En(a-) cells than with En(a+), Wr(a+b-) cells. Further absorption of the eluates confirmed a second component that reacted with the En(a+), Wr(b-) cells but not the En(a-) cell, interpreted as autoanti-Ena. In one of the cases anti-Ena was recovered from the En(a-) absorbing cell although these cells were not agglutinated by the autoantibody. This effect was not due to polyagglutinability, the Matuhasi-Ogata phenomenon or the decreased sialic acid content of the En(a-) red blood cell membranes and remains unexplained.", "PMID": 705866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2264", "title": "Particulate material in antihemophilic factor (AHF) concentrates.", "content": "Antihemophilic factor (AHF) concentrates contain noncellular particulate material which is retained by a screen filter of 40 mu pore size. This material is composed in part of IgG, fibrinoprotein, and cold insoluble globulin. The clinical significance of this material is uncertain, but a possible association with pulmonary and cerebral microemboli is suggested.", "contents": "Particulate material in antihemophilic factor (AHF) concentrates. Antihemophilic factor (AHF) concentrates contain noncellular particulate material which is retained by a screen filter of 40 mu pore size. This material is composed in part of IgG, fibrinoprotein, and cold insoluble globulin. The clinical significance of this material is uncertain, but a possible association with pulmonary and cerebral microemboli is suggested.", "PMID": 705867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2265", "title": "Comparison of sacks and a new colloid hyperosmolar solution for hypothermic renal storage.", "content": "A new colloid hyperosmolar solution with high concentrations of proteins, potassium, and glucose has been favorably compared with a crystalloid, intracellular, and hyperosmolar solution (Sacks II) for 24-hr hypothermic storage of ischemic and nonischemic canine kidneys. Sixty minutes of warm ischemia was overcome by all kidneys flushed with the colloid hyperosmolar solution. In four of six ischemic kidneys flushed with Sacks' solution the function returned to normal limits. Hypothermic storage (24 hr) without warm ischemia did not cause any deleterious effects on either one of the flushed group of kidneys. Thirty minutes of warm ischemia followed by 24-hr hypothermic storage was tolerated by most of the kidneys (83%) flushed with the colloid hyperosmolar solution and one-half of the kidneys flushed with the crystalloid hyperosmolar solution. Sixty minutes of warm ischemia and 24-hr hypothermic storage was detrimental to 50% of the kidneys flushed with the colloid hyperosmolar solution.", "contents": "Comparison of sacks and a new colloid hyperosmolar solution for hypothermic renal storage. A new colloid hyperosmolar solution with high concentrations of proteins, potassium, and glucose has been favorably compared with a crystalloid, intracellular, and hyperosmolar solution (Sacks II) for 24-hr hypothermic storage of ischemic and nonischemic canine kidneys. Sixty minutes of warm ischemia was overcome by all kidneys flushed with the colloid hyperosmolar solution. In four of six ischemic kidneys flushed with Sacks' solution the function returned to normal limits. Hypothermic storage (24 hr) without warm ischemia did not cause any deleterious effects on either one of the flushed group of kidneys. Thirty minutes of warm ischemia followed by 24-hr hypothermic storage was tolerated by most of the kidneys (83%) flushed with the colloid hyperosmolar solution and one-half of the kidneys flushed with the crystalloid hyperosmolar solution. Sixty minutes of warm ischemia and 24-hr hypothermic storage was detrimental to 50% of the kidneys flushed with the colloid hyperosmolar solution.", "PMID": 705872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2266", "title": "Filtration characteristics of the dual-mode (Johnson and Johnson) micropore blood transfusion filter.", "content": "Stored human whole blood and red blood cells of varying age were passed through dual mode microscope blood transfusion filters. Passage through the filters resulted in markedly decreased screen filtration pressure (SFP) of the blood and increased filter weights. Numerous microaggregates were removed and SFP returned to normal. Filtration resulted in reduced platelet and white cell counts but other blood components were not adversely affected. On the basis of this research, we conclude that this micropore blood transfusion filter is effective in removing microaggregates from stored whole blood and red blood cells. It has a high capacity and rapid flow rate and is reliable during pressure transfusion.", "contents": "Filtration characteristics of the dual-mode (Johnson and Johnson) micropore blood transfusion filter. Stored human whole blood and red blood cells of varying age were passed through dual mode microscope blood transfusion filters. Passage through the filters resulted in markedly decreased screen filtration pressure (SFP) of the blood and increased filter weights. Numerous microaggregates were removed and SFP returned to normal. Filtration resulted in reduced platelet and white cell counts but other blood components were not adversely affected. On the basis of this research, we conclude that this micropore blood transfusion filter is effective in removing microaggregates from stored whole blood and red blood cells. It has a high capacity and rapid flow rate and is reliable during pressure transfusion.", "PMID": 705868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2267", "title": "Immunological enhancement of hybrid teratomas derived from yolk sac.", "content": "Visceral yolk sac displaced outside the uterus after fetectomy differentiates into benign teratomas. This differentiation only occurs in a syngeneic pregnancy but never in hybrid pregnancy. Hybrid teratomas, however, were obtained after the induction of active or passive immunological enhancement. These hybrid teratomas, although smaller than the syngeneic, contained tissues derived from the three germ layers.", "contents": "Immunological enhancement of hybrid teratomas derived from yolk sac. Visceral yolk sac displaced outside the uterus after fetectomy differentiates into benign teratomas. This differentiation only occurs in a syngeneic pregnancy but never in hybrid pregnancy. Hybrid teratomas, however, were obtained after the induction of active or passive immunological enhancement. These hybrid teratomas, although smaller than the syngeneic, contained tissues derived from the three germ layers.", "PMID": 705873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2268", "title": "Is very fresh blood needed in preparing leukocyte-poor red blood cells by inverted centrifugation?", "content": "It is recommended that units selected for inverted centrifugal preparation of leukocyte-poor red blood cells be less than 24 hours old. The reason for this is unclear and the recommendation poses practical problems. We evaluated the effectiveness of inverted centrifugation in reducing the WBC:RBC ratio in 31 units stored up to six days at 4 C. Leukocyte removal was at least as effective with six-day stored units as with less than one day old, averaging 77 per cent reduction with 76 per cent recovery of red blood cells. No reduction in leukocytes occurred with six days storage alone. It appears to be unnecessary to restrict leukocyte removal by inverted centrifugation to units less than 24 hours old.", "contents": "Is very fresh blood needed in preparing leukocyte-poor red blood cells by inverted centrifugation? It is recommended that units selected for inverted centrifugal preparation of leukocyte-poor red blood cells be less than 24 hours old. The reason for this is unclear and the recommendation poses practical problems. We evaluated the effectiveness of inverted centrifugation in reducing the WBC:RBC ratio in 31 units stored up to six days at 4 C. Leukocyte removal was at least as effective with six-day stored units as with less than one day old, averaging 77 per cent reduction with 76 per cent recovery of red blood cells. No reduction in leukocytes occurred with six days storage alone. It appears to be unnecessary to restrict leukocyte removal by inverted centrifugation to units less than 24 hours old.", "PMID": 705869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2269", "title": "Protective effect of murine sarcoma virus-superinfected mouse tumor cells against outgrowth of corresponding noninfected tumor.", "content": "Cultured lines of three newly established methylcholanthrene-induced tumors, MBK and MBL in CBA and MC57M in C57BL mice, and two mammary tumors, SBfnHC in CBA and S3W in ASW mice, were superinfected in vitro with Moloney sarcoma or leukemia virus (MSV, MLV). After superinfection, they expressed the Moloney virus-determined cell surface antigen (MCSA) and murine C-type viral p30 antigen, and produced NB-tropic C-type virus. The virus-infected tumors became more rejectable in normally susceptible syngeneic mice compared with the original noninfected line. There was no difference in 400-rad irradiated hosts. Mice that have rejected the virus-infected tumors showed an increased resistance to the corresponding noninfected tumor. The protective effect was comparable, with only one exception, to the immunizing effect of irradiated, noninfected cells. In vitro tests showed that small numbers of viable MSV-infected MBL generated cytotoxic spleen cells against both uninfected and MSV-infected MBL in syngeneic mice, while the same numbers of viable noninfected MBL did not induce cytotoxic cells. Relatively large numbers of irradiated MBL and MSV-MBL had a similar activity in inducing cytotoxic spleen cells against MBL in syngeneic hosts.", "contents": "Protective effect of murine sarcoma virus-superinfected mouse tumor cells against outgrowth of corresponding noninfected tumor. Cultured lines of three newly established methylcholanthrene-induced tumors, MBK and MBL in CBA and MC57M in C57BL mice, and two mammary tumors, SBfnHC in CBA and S3W in ASW mice, were superinfected in vitro with Moloney sarcoma or leukemia virus (MSV, MLV). After superinfection, they expressed the Moloney virus-determined cell surface antigen (MCSA) and murine C-type viral p30 antigen, and produced NB-tropic C-type virus. The virus-infected tumors became more rejectable in normally susceptible syngeneic mice compared with the original noninfected line. There was no difference in 400-rad irradiated hosts. Mice that have rejected the virus-infected tumors showed an increased resistance to the corresponding noninfected tumor. The protective effect was comparable, with only one exception, to the immunizing effect of irradiated, noninfected cells. In vitro tests showed that small numbers of viable MSV-infected MBL generated cytotoxic spleen cells against both uninfected and MSV-infected MBL in syngeneic mice, while the same numbers of viable noninfected MBL did not induce cytotoxic cells. Relatively large numbers of irradiated MBL and MSV-MBL had a similar activity in inducing cytotoxic spleen cells against MBL in syngeneic hosts.", "PMID": 705875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2270", "title": "Evaluation of renal preservation using the isolated perfused rat kidney. Ischaemic damage and the effects of inosine.", "content": "An isolated perfused rat kidney has been used to determine the response to prolonged warm ischaemia and to examine renal preservation procedures. All measurements of function declined to near zero after 90 min of warm ischaemia. Measurement of total sodium reabsorption (TNa) was the most sensitive indicator of renal damage. Inosine was without effect on subsequent renal function after 60 or 90 min of warm ischaemia, or after 24 hr of cold ischaemia. Surface cooling or hypertonic citrate solution, in the cold or at 37 degrees C, significantly improved renal function, and their use in clinical renal preservation rather than that of inosine was supported by the present results.", "contents": "Evaluation of renal preservation using the isolated perfused rat kidney. Ischaemic damage and the effects of inosine. An isolated perfused rat kidney has been used to determine the response to prolonged warm ischaemia and to examine renal preservation procedures. All measurements of function declined to near zero after 90 min of warm ischaemia. Measurement of total sodium reabsorption (TNa) was the most sensitive indicator of renal damage. Inosine was without effect on subsequent renal function after 60 or 90 min of warm ischaemia, or after 24 hr of cold ischaemia. Surface cooling or hypertonic citrate solution, in the cold or at 37 degrees C, significantly improved renal function, and their use in clinical renal preservation rather than that of inosine was supported by the present results.", "PMID": 705876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2271", "title": "[Changes in the mechanisms of the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages during aging].", "content": "A study of the phagocytic activity in young and old rats showed that the amount of functionally active cells among macrophages of the peritoneal exudate falls with ageing. The ability of macrophages to fix, absorb and digest heterologous cells (chicken erythrocytes) decreases. This decrease of phagocytic activity is to a considerable extent due to serum factors. Probably, the age changes in the macrophages functional activity play a definite role in decreasing the efficiency of defence mechanisms during senescence.", "contents": "[Changes in the mechanisms of the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages during aging]. A study of the phagocytic activity in young and old rats showed that the amount of functionally active cells among macrophages of the peritoneal exudate falls with ageing. The ability of macrophages to fix, absorb and digest heterologous cells (chicken erythrocytes) decreases. This decrease of phagocytic activity is to a considerable extent due to serum factors. Probably, the age changes in the macrophages functional activity play a definite role in decreasing the efficiency of defence mechanisms during senescence.", "PMID": 705879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2272", "title": "[Effect of ouabain on an SPEV culture].", "content": "The presence of ouabain at a concentration of 4.10(-4) M in the culture medium is shown to lead to cytophysiological and morphological alterations in the cells. The synthetic and mitotic activity of the cells is reduced after 6 hrs of the experiment. The ultrastructure of all cell organelles changed simultaneously with their metabolic activity. The dynamics of ultrastructural alterations of the cells was observed. However, changes caused by ouabain did not result in death of the cell.", "contents": "[Effect of ouabain on an SPEV culture]. The presence of ouabain at a concentration of 4.10(-4) M in the culture medium is shown to lead to cytophysiological and morphological alterations in the cells. The synthetic and mitotic activity of the cells is reduced after 6 hrs of the experiment. The ultrastructure of all cell organelles changed simultaneously with their metabolic activity. The dynamics of ultrastructural alterations of the cells was observed. However, changes caused by ouabain did not result in death of the cell.", "PMID": 705880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2273", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in dogs. I].", "content": "Disturbances typical of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) are determined to be formed already in the initial period of sensibilization. In the spinal cord the lesions appeared relatively earlier than in the brain. Just before the neurologic manifestations of EAE a deep destruction of some myelinized axons and phagocytosis of myelin by oligodendrocytes are registered in the brain and spinal cord structures. Alterations in neurocytes and degeneration of synapses of the light type are characteristic.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in dogs. I]. Disturbances typical of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) are determined to be formed already in the initial period of sensibilization. In the spinal cord the lesions appeared relatively earlier than in the brain. Just before the neurologic manifestations of EAE a deep destruction of some myelinized axons and phagocytosis of myelin by oligodendrocytes are registered in the brain and spinal cord structures. Alterations in neurocytes and degeneration of synapses of the light type are characteristic.", "PMID": 705881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2274", "title": "[Phylogenetics of Isfahan spelt wheat--T. isphahanicum Heslot].", "content": "It is found that the genomes of T. ispahanicum are incompatible with the genome of diploid wheat species. T. ispahanicum has the AB genome structure and its genotype differs from that of other wheat species by the presence of homozygous factors P, U and S. T. ispahanicum originated from T. dicoccum or T. dicoccoides as a result of genetical recombinations and subsequent selection. Its cultivation is secondary in relation to that of emmer wheat.", "contents": "[Phylogenetics of Isfahan spelt wheat--T. isphahanicum Heslot]. It is found that the genomes of T. ispahanicum are incompatible with the genome of diploid wheat species. T. ispahanicum has the AB genome structure and its genotype differs from that of other wheat species by the presence of homozygous factors P, U and S. T. ispahanicum originated from T. dicoccum or T. dicoccoides as a result of genetical recombinations and subsequent selection. Its cultivation is secondary in relation to that of emmer wheat.", "PMID": 705884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2275", "title": "Economic losses resulting from bovine cysticercosis with special reference to Botswana and Kenya.", "content": "Economic losses from cysticercosis are determined by disease prevalence, grade of animals infested, potential markets, prices of cattle and treatment costs for detained carcasses. The main features of the livestock economics of Botswana and Kenya are discussed. Botswana is more dependent on meat exports than Kenya and its cattle prices are much higher. The incidence of cysticercosis at export abattoirs in Botswana and Kenya is about 8 and 20% respectively. Annual losses in Botswana now approach 0-5 million pounds, while in Kenya they are about 1 million pounds. The loss per animal slaughtered is 2-25 pounds in Botswana and 1-50 pounds in Kenya. Some implications for veterinary research in this area are examined. Blanket treatment with a drug or vaccine would only be economical where prevalence was very high. An in vivo diagnostic test would be of use mainly with high value cattle.", "contents": "Economic losses resulting from bovine cysticercosis with special reference to Botswana and Kenya. Economic losses from cysticercosis are determined by disease prevalence, grade of animals infested, potential markets, prices of cattle and treatment costs for detained carcasses. The main features of the livestock economics of Botswana and Kenya are discussed. Botswana is more dependent on meat exports than Kenya and its cattle prices are much higher. The incidence of cysticercosis at export abattoirs in Botswana and Kenya is about 8 and 20% respectively. Annual losses in Botswana now approach 0-5 million pounds, while in Kenya they are about 1 million pounds. The loss per animal slaughtered is 2-25 pounds in Botswana and 1-50 pounds in Kenya. Some implications for veterinary research in this area are examined. Blanket treatment with a drug or vaccine would only be economical where prevalence was very high. An in vivo diagnostic test would be of use mainly with high value cattle.", "PMID": 705890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2276", "title": "[Genetic-hygienic regulation of pesticide use taking into account their potential mutagenic danger].", "content": "The principle is described of genetic-hygienic reglamentation of pesticides-mutagens application based on the estimating of the degree of their genetic hazard using several parameters characterizing the peculiarities of their mutagenic effect. Substances may be classified into groups according to their mutagenic hazard. The results are given of the evaluation of the mutagenic hazards of some pesticides and recommendations are given for the genetic-hygienic reglamentation of their application taking into account their mutagenicity.", "contents": "[Genetic-hygienic regulation of pesticide use taking into account their potential mutagenic danger]. The principle is described of genetic-hygienic reglamentation of pesticides-mutagens application based on the estimating of the degree of their genetic hazard using several parameters characterizing the peculiarities of their mutagenic effect. Substances may be classified into groups according to their mutagenic hazard. The results are given of the evaluation of the mutagenic hazards of some pesticides and recommendations are given for the genetic-hygienic reglamentation of their application taking into account their mutagenicity.", "PMID": 705887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2277", "title": "Methods to improve the health of cattle in the tropics: conclusions and economic appraisal.", "content": "The results of the immune responses of immunised and chemoprophylactically treated calves to tick-borne (Boophilus microplus) challenge indicate that the system of immunisation was effective in protecting cattle against Anaplasma marginale, Babesia argentina (bovis), and B. bigemina. However, chemoprophylaxis was effective only against Babesia spp. but not against A. marginale. Both methods showed a substantial advantage over no control system when using native cattle breeds in a zone endemic for bovine anaplasmosis and babesiosis. Based on the net economic gain per calf starting the experiment, sizeable differences were noted at 308 days between the calves in the immunised group, chemoprophylaxis group, tick and gastrointestinal parasite control group and the experiment control group.", "contents": "Methods to improve the health of cattle in the tropics: conclusions and economic appraisal. The results of the immune responses of immunised and chemoprophylactically treated calves to tick-borne (Boophilus microplus) challenge indicate that the system of immunisation was effective in protecting cattle against Anaplasma marginale, Babesia argentina (bovis), and B. bigemina. However, chemoprophylaxis was effective only against Babesia spp. but not against A. marginale. Both methods showed a substantial advantage over no control system when using native cattle breeds in a zone endemic for bovine anaplasmosis and babesiosis. Based on the net economic gain per calf starting the experiment, sizeable differences were noted at 308 days between the calves in the immunised group, chemoprophylaxis group, tick and gastrointestinal parasite control group and the experiment control group.", "PMID": 705891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2278", "title": "The influence of lorry transport on the Trypanosoma vivax infection rate in Nigerian trade cattle.", "content": "In Nigeria in 1974 and 1975 there was an apparent sharp reduction in the prevalence of trypanosomiasis of cattle at several markets and control points. Some of the decrease appears to be due to the tsetse eradication programmes and Sahelian drought, but the change to lory transport as the principal means of moving cattle from the northern grazing areas to the south-western markets, which replaced a trek of at least three weeks, was probably an important factor.", "contents": "The influence of lorry transport on the Trypanosoma vivax infection rate in Nigerian trade cattle. In Nigeria in 1974 and 1975 there was an apparent sharp reduction in the prevalence of trypanosomiasis of cattle at several markets and control points. Some of the decrease appears to be due to the tsetse eradication programmes and Sahelian drought, but the change to lory transport as the principal means of moving cattle from the northern grazing areas to the south-western markets, which replaced a trek of at least three weeks, was probably an important factor.", "PMID": 705892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2279", "title": "[Heritability and recurrence of growth traits of simmental crosses between Charolais and Kian breeds].", "content": "The heritability and repeatability coefficients for body weights and daily weight gains of crossbred calves at the age of 12, 15 and 18 months vary from 0.386 to 0.913 and 0.503 to 0.770, respectively. On this basis it is possible to preliminarily evaluate the animals according to their individual meat characters. This preliminary evaluation can be used with a reasonable degree of probability when finally evaluating the bulls on the basis of their progeny.", "contents": "[Heritability and recurrence of growth traits of simmental crosses between Charolais and Kian breeds]. The heritability and repeatability coefficients for body weights and daily weight gains of crossbred calves at the age of 12, 15 and 18 months vary from 0.386 to 0.913 and 0.503 to 0.770, respectively. On this basis it is possible to preliminarily evaluate the animals according to their individual meat characters. This preliminary evaluation can be used with a reasonable degree of probability when finally evaluating the bulls on the basis of their progeny.", "PMID": 705886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2280", "title": "[Mutagenic activity of nitrosoalkylureas and diazoketones on corn. I].", "content": "Among the nitrozoalkylureas studied, nitrozoethylurea proved to be the most effective in respect to the frequency of induced chromosome aberrations. Diazoketones, except for bis-diazoacetyl had a negligible effect on the chromosome structure. As to the frequency of induced visible mutations (M1-M3) diazoacetone, nitrosodiethylurea, bis-diazoacetyl and nitrozodimethylurea (88.8-54.3% of mutations) were the most active among 10 studied mutagens.", "contents": "[Mutagenic activity of nitrosoalkylureas and diazoketones on corn. I]. Among the nitrozoalkylureas studied, nitrozoethylurea proved to be the most effective in respect to the frequency of induced chromosome aberrations. Diazoketones, except for bis-diazoacetyl had a negligible effect on the chromosome structure. As to the frequency of induced visible mutations (M1-M3) diazoacetone, nitrosodiethylurea, bis-diazoacetyl and nitrozodimethylurea (88.8-54.3% of mutations) were the most active among 10 studied mutagens.", "PMID": 705885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2281", "title": "Isolation of a mesogenic Newcastle diseases virus from an acute disease in Indonesian ducks.", "content": "An outbreak with mortality and acute nervous signs in ducks is reported. A haemagglutinating virus was recovered from dead and sick ducks that was neutralised by Newcastle disease antiserum. The virus was a thermostable paramyxovirus that was classified as a mesogenic Newcastle disease virus. The virus induced the infection in young ducklings following intramuscular inoculation.", "contents": "Isolation of a mesogenic Newcastle diseases virus from an acute disease in Indonesian ducks. An outbreak with mortality and acute nervous signs in ducks is reported. A haemagglutinating virus was recovered from dead and sick ducks that was neutralised by Newcastle disease antiserum. The virus was a thermostable paramyxovirus that was classified as a mesogenic Newcastle disease virus. The virus induced the infection in young ducklings following intramuscular inoculation.", "PMID": 705893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2282", "title": "Epidemiology of cattle anaplasmosis in Colombia: I. prevalence and distribution of agglutinating antibodies.", "content": "A survey to detect antibodies against Anaplasma marginale, using the Card Test, was conducted on serum samples collected from cattle of Cordoba Department and north-eastern region of the Department of Antioquia in the Republic of Colombia. The samples were from native cattle of Spanish descent (Bos taurus), Zebu (Bos indicus) and various Zebu-native crosses. The age range was between three and eight year olds. The results revealed that 90.3% of the samples were positive. All breeds showed a high prevalence of antibodies.", "contents": "Epidemiology of cattle anaplasmosis in Colombia: I. prevalence and distribution of agglutinating antibodies. A survey to detect antibodies against Anaplasma marginale, using the Card Test, was conducted on serum samples collected from cattle of Cordoba Department and north-eastern region of the Department of Antioquia in the Republic of Colombia. The samples were from native cattle of Spanish descent (Bos taurus), Zebu (Bos indicus) and various Zebu-native crosses. The age range was between three and eight year olds. The results revealed that 90.3% of the samples were positive. All breeds showed a high prevalence of antibodies.", "PMID": 705897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2283", "title": "Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in Nigerian goats.", "content": "Toxoplasma gondii antibodies were detected in 27 of 848 sera from Nigerian breeds of goats. The significance of this finding in relation to livestock production and human public health in Nigeria is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in Nigerian goats. Toxoplasma gondii antibodies were detected in 27 of 848 sera from Nigerian breeds of goats. The significance of this finding in relation to livestock production and human public health in Nigeria is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 705898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2284", "title": "Anti-tick grasses as the basis for developing practical tropical tick control packages.", "content": "Of six grass species analysed, Melinis minutiflora (molasses grass) showed the highest anti-tick deterrent properties while Andropogon gayanus (Gamba grass) exhibited the ability to maintain a defined, constantly low, initial host tick infection property and lengthy but low to moderate field tick population. It was concluded that Melinis minutiflora is a species which would best be used in a tick control package within a marginal tick zone while Andropogon gayanus has the advantage within an endemic tick zone.", "contents": "Anti-tick grasses as the basis for developing practical tropical tick control packages. Of six grass species analysed, Melinis minutiflora (molasses grass) showed the highest anti-tick deterrent properties while Andropogon gayanus (Gamba grass) exhibited the ability to maintain a defined, constantly low, initial host tick infection property and lengthy but low to moderate field tick population. It was concluded that Melinis minutiflora is a species which would best be used in a tick control package within a marginal tick zone while Andropogon gayanus has the advantage within an endemic tick zone.", "PMID": 705900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2285", "title": "Studies on the livestock of southern Darfur, Sudan VI. Notes on equines.", "content": "Equines have been largely ignored in modern scientific literature on domestic animals, probably because they are not providers of meat and milk. Their contribution to the economy in the Sudan, however, is considerable and they are the principal means of transport both as baggage and as riding animals. They also play an important role in the supply of fuel and the distribution of domestic water in the larger villages and towns. Information on population structure is provided and descriptions, with particular reference to withers height and weight, are given of two types of donkey and of the horse. Growth curves have been derived, formulae for estimating weight from girth provided, and mean population weights, which can be expressed in terms of livestock units, have been calculated.", "contents": "Studies on the livestock of southern Darfur, Sudan VI. Notes on equines. Equines have been largely ignored in modern scientific literature on domestic animals, probably because they are not providers of meat and milk. Their contribution to the economy in the Sudan, however, is considerable and they are the principal means of transport both as baggage and as riding animals. They also play an important role in the supply of fuel and the distribution of domestic water in the larger villages and towns. Information on population structure is provided and descriptions, with particular reference to withers height and weight, are given of two types of donkey and of the horse. Growth curves have been derived, formulae for estimating weight from girth provided, and mean population weights, which can be expressed in terms of livestock units, have been calculated.", "PMID": 705901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2286", "title": "Surveillance of tuberculosis contacts: experience at Ealing Chest Clinic.", "content": "The results of examination of 757 contacts of 186 tuberculosis index cases seen at Ealing Chest Clinic over a period of 7 years (1968--1974 inclusive) are reviewed. The incidence of disease in non-close contacts was low and further analysis was restricted to 574 close contacts. The morbidity in this group was 9%. Asian contacts and contacts aged 15--30 years were at the greatest risk. Fourteen per cent of 151 contacts of respiratory cases positive on direct smear developed disease. The same group had the highest incidence of 'positive' tuberculin skin tests (Heaf grades 2--4). Five per cent of non-Asian contacts and 1% of Asian contacts had disease at initial examination, the excess morbidity in Asian contacts being due to disease diagnosed during follow-up.", "contents": "Surveillance of tuberculosis contacts: experience at Ealing Chest Clinic. The results of examination of 757 contacts of 186 tuberculosis index cases seen at Ealing Chest Clinic over a period of 7 years (1968--1974 inclusive) are reviewed. The incidence of disease in non-close contacts was low and further analysis was restricted to 574 close contacts. The morbidity in this group was 9%. Asian contacts and contacts aged 15--30 years were at the greatest risk. Fourteen per cent of 151 contacts of respiratory cases positive on direct smear developed disease. The same group had the highest incidence of 'positive' tuberculin skin tests (Heaf grades 2--4). Five per cent of non-Asian contacts and 1% of Asian contacts had disease at initial examination, the excess morbidity in Asian contacts being due to disease diagnosed during follow-up.", "PMID": 705903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2287", "title": "In vitro sensitivity of Mycobacterium marinum to minocycline and doxycycline.", "content": "Using a Steers replicator technique the in vitro sensitivities of 32 clinical isolates of Mycobacterium marinum to doxycycline and minocycline were tested. Of 32 strains, sensitivity to doxycycline ranged from 3 strains (9%) with a drug concentration of 2 microgram/ml to 11 strains (34%) at a concentration of 6 microgram/ml. Sensitivity to minocycline ranged from 2 strains (6%) at the 2microgram/ml concentration to 23 strains (72%) at the 8 microgram/ml concentration. Our data suggest that a significant percentage of M. marinum strains are sensitive to therapeutically achievable levels of doxycycline and minocycline. These drugs may prove clinically useful in treating infections caused by sensitive strains of M. marinum.", "contents": "In vitro sensitivity of Mycobacterium marinum to minocycline and doxycycline. Using a Steers replicator technique the in vitro sensitivities of 32 clinical isolates of Mycobacterium marinum to doxycycline and minocycline were tested. Of 32 strains, sensitivity to doxycycline ranged from 3 strains (9%) with a drug concentration of 2 microgram/ml to 11 strains (34%) at a concentration of 6 microgram/ml. Sensitivity to minocycline ranged from 2 strains (6%) at the 2microgram/ml concentration to 23 strains (72%) at the 8 microgram/ml concentration. Our data suggest that a significant percentage of M. marinum strains are sensitive to therapeutically achievable levels of doxycycline and minocycline. These drugs may prove clinically useful in treating infections caused by sensitive strains of M. marinum.", "PMID": 705904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2288", "title": "Renal tuberculosis presenting with accelerated hypertension.", "content": "Hypertension is an uncommon complication of renal tuberculosis, and the association of accelerated hypertension with renal tuberculosis has not hitherto been documented in the literature; we present such a case. The diagnosis of renal tuberculosis may be difficult, particularly in the early stages of the disease, and in this case diagnosis was made by renal biopsy. The subsequent course of the patient was also particularly interesting, in that one year after starting treatment with anti-tuberculosis and anti-hypertensive medication, he developed sarcoidosis.", "contents": "Renal tuberculosis presenting with accelerated hypertension. Hypertension is an uncommon complication of renal tuberculosis, and the association of accelerated hypertension with renal tuberculosis has not hitherto been documented in the literature; we present such a case. The diagnosis of renal tuberculosis may be difficult, particularly in the early stages of the disease, and in this case diagnosis was made by renal biopsy. The subsequent course of the patient was also particularly interesting, in that one year after starting treatment with anti-tuberculosis and anti-hypertensive medication, he developed sarcoidosis.", "PMID": 705905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2289", "title": "Tuberculosis of the liver presenting as peripheral vascular disease.", "content": "Peripheral vascular disease in African males may be associated with a tuberculous infection elsewhere in the body. The case history is described of a patient who presented with gangrenous lesions of both feet and was found to have tuberculosis of the liver. The lesions on the feet healed within 2 months of starting anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy.", "contents": "Tuberculosis of the liver presenting as peripheral vascular disease. Peripheral vascular disease in African males may be associated with a tuberculous infection elsewhere in the body. The case history is described of a patient who presented with gangrenous lesions of both feet and was found to have tuberculosis of the liver. The lesions on the feet healed within 2 months of starting anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy.", "PMID": 705906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2290", "title": "Thermal measurements on divers in hyperbaric helium-oxygen environments.", "content": "During a series of three saturation dives to simulated depths of 1000, 1200, and 1400 fsw at the Ocean Simulation Facility, measurements were made to establish the rate of heat loss of unclad divers in helium-oxygen gaseous environments. These measurements were part of a program to determine the dangers of cold stress and the temperature/time relationship tolerated by divers in cold diving bells or in hyperbaric chambers in which environmental conditions are uncontrolled. Three specific gaseous temperatures of 15, 20, and 25 degrees C were considered. In each experiment, as many as four subjects were monitored for body core and mean skin temperature over a 2-h testing period. One or two of the subjects were also monitored for mean body convective heat loss to determine physiological (shell) thermal insulation. Results of these experiments are expressed in depth-time-temperature three-dimensional graphs in whic, the temperature variable is one of the following: mean skin temperature change, mean body temperature change, or mean rectal (core) temperature change, each suitable for defining diver thermal limitations. It was also possible to rank body areas of the subjects in relation to heat loss and temperature decrease during exposure to the cold environment.", "contents": "Thermal measurements on divers in hyperbaric helium-oxygen environments. During a series of three saturation dives to simulated depths of 1000, 1200, and 1400 fsw at the Ocean Simulation Facility, measurements were made to establish the rate of heat loss of unclad divers in helium-oxygen gaseous environments. These measurements were part of a program to determine the dangers of cold stress and the temperature/time relationship tolerated by divers in cold diving bells or in hyperbaric chambers in which environmental conditions are uncontrolled. Three specific gaseous temperatures of 15, 20, and 25 degrees C were considered. In each experiment, as many as four subjects were monitored for body core and mean skin temperature over a 2-h testing period. One or two of the subjects were also monitored for mean body convective heat loss to determine physiological (shell) thermal insulation. Results of these experiments are expressed in depth-time-temperature three-dimensional graphs in whic, the temperature variable is one of the following: mean skin temperature change, mean body temperature change, or mean rectal (core) temperature change, each suitable for defining diver thermal limitations. It was also possible to rank body areas of the subjects in relation to heat loss and temperature decrease during exposure to the cold environment.", "PMID": 705939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2291", "title": "Nitrogen elimination during steady-state hyperbaric exposures.", "content": "Nitrogen elimination was measured in six divers during steady-state exposures in an oxygen-nitrogen atmosphere at 1, 2, and 3 ATA using both oxy-helium and pure O2 as washout gases. This was accomplished by using mass spectrometry to measure the expired N2 concentration breath-by-breath over periods of 120 min in all experimental conditions except for O2 breathing at 3 ATA, which was limited to 30-min periods. In all cases the area under the elimination curve increased with pressure. Total area under the curve was also greater when breathing O2 than when breathing oxy-helium, but this difference decreased with depth and washout time. Nitrogen elimination on a semilogarithmic plot falls rapidly during the first four minutes and then shows a slow linear fall for the remainder of the measurement period. Effective elimination of nitrogen decreased with depth and oxygen was more effective than oxy-helium in washing out nitrogen at all depths studied. Possible causes of the different variations noted in the washout curves during the experiment are discussed.", "contents": "Nitrogen elimination during steady-state hyperbaric exposures. Nitrogen elimination was measured in six divers during steady-state exposures in an oxygen-nitrogen atmosphere at 1, 2, and 3 ATA using both oxy-helium and pure O2 as washout gases. This was accomplished by using mass spectrometry to measure the expired N2 concentration breath-by-breath over periods of 120 min in all experimental conditions except for O2 breathing at 3 ATA, which was limited to 30-min periods. In all cases the area under the elimination curve increased with pressure. Total area under the curve was also greater when breathing O2 than when breathing oxy-helium, but this difference decreased with depth and washout time. Nitrogen elimination on a semilogarithmic plot falls rapidly during the first four minutes and then shows a slow linear fall for the remainder of the measurement period. Effective elimination of nitrogen decreased with depth and oxygen was more effective than oxy-helium in washing out nitrogen at all depths studied. Possible causes of the different variations noted in the washout curves during the experiment are discussed.", "PMID": 705941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2292", "title": "Protection against high-pressure oxygen seizures by amino-oxyacetic acid.", "content": "A variety of autonomic blocking agents, general anesthetics, and anticonvulsants have been shown to offer protection from seizures caused by hyperbaric oxygen. Amino-oxyacetic acid (AOAA) has been shown to offer rats only minimal protection from such seizures. This study investigated whether AOAA protected cats and mice from hyperbaric-oxygen-induced seizures. Cats and mice were exposed to 100% oxygen at 5 ATA until seizures occurred or for a period of up to 60 min. Approximately half of the animals were pretreated with AOAA either 30 or 240 min before oxygen exposure. Results showed that the interval between exposure and grand mal seizures increased significantly in cats pretreated 30 or 240 min before exposure with 17 to 25 mg/kg AOAA; the number of cats remaining seizure-free for 60 min also increased markedly. However, mice received little protection even at doses up to 40 mg/kg. At higher doses the AOAA itself caused seizures even in the absence of hyperbaric oxygen.", "contents": "Protection against high-pressure oxygen seizures by amino-oxyacetic acid. A variety of autonomic blocking agents, general anesthetics, and anticonvulsants have been shown to offer protection from seizures caused by hyperbaric oxygen. Amino-oxyacetic acid (AOAA) has been shown to offer rats only minimal protection from such seizures. This study investigated whether AOAA protected cats and mice from hyperbaric-oxygen-induced seizures. Cats and mice were exposed to 100% oxygen at 5 ATA until seizures occurred or for a period of up to 60 min. Approximately half of the animals were pretreated with AOAA either 30 or 240 min before oxygen exposure. Results showed that the interval between exposure and grand mal seizures increased significantly in cats pretreated 30 or 240 min before exposure with 17 to 25 mg/kg AOAA; the number of cats remaining seizure-free for 60 min also increased markedly. However, mice received little protection even at doses up to 40 mg/kg. At higher doses the AOAA itself caused seizures even in the absence of hyperbaric oxygen.", "PMID": 705942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2293", "title": "Diver adaptability during a nitrox saturation dive at 7 ATA.", "content": "The major objective of this study was to demonstrate the advantages of transforming raw scores to ipsative form (deviation scores calculated around each subject's mean), particularly in diver research characteristically involving small subject samples in a self-control design. Measures of reaction time, response accuracy, anxiety, hostility, and depression were obtained from three U.S. Navy divers (Ss) during a nitrox saturation dive at 7 ATA (bottom time 7 days). It was argued and to some extent demonstrated that normative (interindividual) statistics obscure individual differences which are clearly delineated with the scores in ipsative form. Further, this score transformation allowed for meaningful between-Ss (same measure) and between-measures (same S) comparisons. These relationships could not be demonstrated with the scores in normative form. Application of P-technique of factor analysis within each S's arrays of data suggested that the characteristic adaptive patterns of two Ss in this study reacted to the pressure-stress by directing affect inward; for the third S, affect was directed outward. However, none of the 20 scales from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory clearly discriminated among the three adaptive types.", "contents": "Diver adaptability during a nitrox saturation dive at 7 ATA. The major objective of this study was to demonstrate the advantages of transforming raw scores to ipsative form (deviation scores calculated around each subject's mean), particularly in diver research characteristically involving small subject samples in a self-control design. Measures of reaction time, response accuracy, anxiety, hostility, and depression were obtained from three U.S. Navy divers (Ss) during a nitrox saturation dive at 7 ATA (bottom time 7 days). It was argued and to some extent demonstrated that normative (interindividual) statistics obscure individual differences which are clearly delineated with the scores in ipsative form. Further, this score transformation allowed for meaningful between-Ss (same measure) and between-measures (same S) comparisons. These relationships could not be demonstrated with the scores in normative form. Application of P-technique of factor analysis within each S's arrays of data suggested that the characteristic adaptive patterns of two Ss in this study reacted to the pressure-stress by directing affect inward; for the third S, affect was directed outward. However, none of the 20 scales from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory clearly discriminated among the three adaptive types.", "PMID": 705943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2294", "title": "Decompression sickness in the goat: nature of brain and spinal cord lesions at 48 hours.", "content": "An investigation was undertaken to determine whether permanent damage to the central nervous system (CNS) is associated with transient decompression sickness in the goat. Twelve goats were compressed in air at 100 fsw for one hour. After decompression over a period of 2.5 min, seven animals showed signs of decompression sickness and four of these were treated by recompression in oxygen. Residual clinical signs after 12 h were present in one animal only. The seven affected goats were killed 48 h after decompression. Lesions in the CNS (other than hemorrhage) were confined to the spinal cord of three animals that had shown paralysis, and consisted of infarction of white matter with occasional microthrombi and perivascular proteinaceous edema of the gray matter. In all seven animals, there was hemorrhage in the spinal cord and in four, hemorrhage in the brain. Infarction of the spinal cord was not present in the four animals that had shown only slight clinical signs (limping); one of these goats had been treated by recompression in oxygen.", "contents": "Decompression sickness in the goat: nature of brain and spinal cord lesions at 48 hours. An investigation was undertaken to determine whether permanent damage to the central nervous system (CNS) is associated with transient decompression sickness in the goat. Twelve goats were compressed in air at 100 fsw for one hour. After decompression over a period of 2.5 min, seven animals showed signs of decompression sickness and four of these were treated by recompression in oxygen. Residual clinical signs after 12 h were present in one animal only. The seven affected goats were killed 48 h after decompression. Lesions in the CNS (other than hemorrhage) were confined to the spinal cord of three animals that had shown paralysis, and consisted of infarction of white matter with occasional microthrombi and perivascular proteinaceous edema of the gray matter. In all seven animals, there was hemorrhage in the spinal cord and in four, hemorrhage in the brain. Infarction of the spinal cord was not present in the four animals that had shown only slight clinical signs (limping); one of these goats had been treated by recompression in oxygen.", "PMID": 705944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2295", "title": "Susceptibility of fetal sheep to acute decompression sickness.", "content": "Studies were conducted to determine the susceptibility of the fetus to decompression sickness. Sheep were used because fetal and maternal circulation of sheep and human placentas are dynamically similar. Seven sheep that were within three weeks of parturition were used. A Doppler ultrasonic transducer was placed around an umbilical artery of the fetus in utero and the electrical leads were exteriorized. Umbilical artery blood flow could thus be monitored together with any bubbles appearing in that part of the fetal circulation. Results of 17 dives showed that exposing the mother to a 100-fsw, 25-min standard no-decompression dive produced massive air emboli in the fetus, though no bubbles were detected in the maternal circulation either by Doppler or visual inspection. An 80-fsw dive for 40 min caused an occasional bubble to appear in the fetus. Sixty-fsw dives for 60 and 70 min, respectively, did not produce bubbles in the fetal circulation.", "contents": "Susceptibility of fetal sheep to acute decompression sickness. Studies were conducted to determine the susceptibility of the fetus to decompression sickness. Sheep were used because fetal and maternal circulation of sheep and human placentas are dynamically similar. Seven sheep that were within three weeks of parturition were used. A Doppler ultrasonic transducer was placed around an umbilical artery of the fetus in utero and the electrical leads were exteriorized. Umbilical artery blood flow could thus be monitored together with any bubbles appearing in that part of the fetal circulation. Results of 17 dives showed that exposing the mother to a 100-fsw, 25-min standard no-decompression dive produced massive air emboli in the fetus, though no bubbles were detected in the maternal circulation either by Doppler or visual inspection. An 80-fsw dive for 40 min caused an occasional bubble to appear in the fetus. Sixty-fsw dives for 60 and 70 min, respectively, did not produce bubbles in the fetal circulation.", "PMID": 705945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2296", "title": "Chamber-based system for physiological monitoring of submerged exercising subjects.", "content": "A system has been designed which allows for measurement of cardiorespiratory parameters in the fully submerged subject performing graded exercise. It consists of a horizontal wet chamber; a waterproofed, electrically braked bicycle ergometer; and a low-resistance \"bag-in-a-box\" breathing apparatus. Chamber and breathing apparatus design allow for a great deal of flexibility in both positioning of the subject and instrumentation. The 200-liter \"bag-in-a-box\" configuration provides the subject with humidified gas through 2.5 in. i.d. tubing. A rolling seal spirometer provides the lung counter volume. Provision is made for breath-by-breath gas analysis with a mass spectrometer. Hydrostatic pressure on the diver's thorax relative to chamber pressure can be easily and reproducibly varied over a wide range of positive and negative static lung loads. This system has been used on over 100 man-dives to depths equivalent to 6.5 ATA with oxygen consumptions up to 4.0 liters/min.", "contents": "Chamber-based system for physiological monitoring of submerged exercising subjects. A system has been designed which allows for measurement of cardiorespiratory parameters in the fully submerged subject performing graded exercise. It consists of a horizontal wet chamber; a waterproofed, electrically braked bicycle ergometer; and a low-resistance \"bag-in-a-box\" breathing apparatus. Chamber and breathing apparatus design allow for a great deal of flexibility in both positioning of the subject and instrumentation. The 200-liter \"bag-in-a-box\" configuration provides the subject with humidified gas through 2.5 in. i.d. tubing. A rolling seal spirometer provides the lung counter volume. Provision is made for breath-by-breath gas analysis with a mass spectrometer. Hydrostatic pressure on the diver's thorax relative to chamber pressure can be easily and reproducibly varied over a wide range of positive and negative static lung loads. This system has been used on over 100 man-dives to depths equivalent to 6.5 ATA with oxygen consumptions up to 4.0 liters/min.", "PMID": 705946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2297", "title": "Chromatographic studies on a chorionic gonadotropic activity in the placenta of the rat, mouse and hamster.", "content": "Acetone-ether extracts of rat, mouse and hamster placentae were fractionated by molecular sieve chromatography on Sephadex G-200. The fractions were tested for immunoreactivity in human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), hCG-beta-subunit and alpha-subunit radio-immunoassay systems. The elution profiles were compared with those of similar chromatographic studies of a human placental extract and of purified preparations of hCG and its subunits. The results indicate that rodent placentae have a chorionic gonadotropin and that this hormone in the rat, mouse and hamster is structurally similar to hCG with its alpha- and beta-subunits. Extracts of rat and hamster placentae had a gonadotropic activity similar in concentration to that found in normal human placentae at term. Until now, it has been difficult to find an animal model for studying how the production of chorionic gonadotropin is regulated. Our results suggest that rodents may be suitable for such an investigation.", "contents": "Chromatographic studies on a chorionic gonadotropic activity in the placenta of the rat, mouse and hamster. Acetone-ether extracts of rat, mouse and hamster placentae were fractionated by molecular sieve chromatography on Sephadex G-200. The fractions were tested for immunoreactivity in human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), hCG-beta-subunit and alpha-subunit radio-immunoassay systems. The elution profiles were compared with those of similar chromatographic studies of a human placental extract and of purified preparations of hCG and its subunits. The results indicate that rodent placentae have a chorionic gonadotropin and that this hormone in the rat, mouse and hamster is structurally similar to hCG with its alpha- and beta-subunits. Extracts of rat and hamster placentae had a gonadotropic activity similar in concentration to that found in normal human placentae at term. Until now, it has been difficult to find an animal model for studying how the production of chorionic gonadotropin is regulated. Our results suggest that rodents may be suitable for such an investigation.", "PMID": 705968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2298", "title": "Early cutaneous reactions to local traumatization with heat in alloxan diabetic rats.", "content": "The effect of cutaneous traumatization with heat in connection with intravenous injection of Evans blue was studied in short-term alloxan diabetic rats. The effect of traumatization was dependent on the degree of traumatization. There was no difference between diabetic animals and controls. The water content of traumatized and non-traumatized skin was determined. There was no difference between diabetic animals and controls with regard to the increase in water content of traumatized skin. Histological and histochemical studies on the effect of surgical cutaneous traumatization did not reveal any differences between diabetic and non-diabetic animals. The results are compared with earlier observations in alloxan diabetic animals with and without ketosis and in long-term diabetes.", "contents": "Early cutaneous reactions to local traumatization with heat in alloxan diabetic rats. The effect of cutaneous traumatization with heat in connection with intravenous injection of Evans blue was studied in short-term alloxan diabetic rats. The effect of traumatization was dependent on the degree of traumatization. There was no difference between diabetic animals and controls. The water content of traumatized and non-traumatized skin was determined. There was no difference between diabetic animals and controls with regard to the increase in water content of traumatized skin. Histological and histochemical studies on the effect of surgical cutaneous traumatization did not reveal any differences between diabetic and non-diabetic animals. The results are compared with earlier observations in alloxan diabetic animals with and without ketosis and in long-term diabetes.", "PMID": 705969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2299", "title": "Studies on toxemia of pregnancy with special reference to blood pressure. I. Incidence and some characteristic features of the mothers and infants.", "content": "An investigation was made of 150 women who were diagnosed at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital, Uppsala in 1964-68 as having toxaemia of pregnancy. Eleven had eclampsia and the remainder pre-eclampsia. Toxaemia occurred in 0.88% (average) of all parturients during the study period. Some characteristics of the mothers and their infants are reported. Thus, there were more instrumental deliveries in the toxaemia group than in the non-toxaemic patients delivered in the clinic. The maternal weight at delivery was also greater in the toxaemia group. The frequency of complications among the infants was higher in the group with toxaemia. There were more stillbirths, lower birth weights and more congenital malformations. With regard to blood pressure, almost identical pressures were noted in the eclamptic and pre-eclamptic groups, with one exception. The maximum blood pressure recorded during delivery was higher in the eclamptic than in the pre-eclamptic group (198/127 and 175/117).", "contents": "Studies on toxemia of pregnancy with special reference to blood pressure. I. Incidence and some characteristic features of the mothers and infants. An investigation was made of 150 women who were diagnosed at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital, Uppsala in 1964-68 as having toxaemia of pregnancy. Eleven had eclampsia and the remainder pre-eclampsia. Toxaemia occurred in 0.88% (average) of all parturients during the study period. Some characteristics of the mothers and their infants are reported. Thus, there were more instrumental deliveries in the toxaemia group than in the non-toxaemic patients delivered in the clinic. The maternal weight at delivery was also greater in the toxaemia group. The frequency of complications among the infants was higher in the group with toxaemia. There were more stillbirths, lower birth weights and more congenital malformations. With regard to blood pressure, almost identical pressures were noted in the eclamptic and pre-eclamptic groups, with one exception. The maximum blood pressure recorded during delivery was higher in the eclamptic than in the pre-eclamptic group (198/127 and 175/117).", "PMID": 705970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2300", "title": "Thyroid carcinoma: presentation of a clinical material with special aspects on the classification and operative treatment.", "content": "During the years 1969-1975, 58 patients were treated for thyroid carcinoma. 48 patients had differentiated and 10 had anaplastic carcinomas. The material is presented with special attention given to diagnostic methods and treatment for the differentiated forms. The value of cytological examination of fine needle biopsy is clearly documented. 40 patients with differentiated carcinomas were treated with total thyroidectomy, with low complication rate. Accidental persistent recurrent nerve paralysis as well as persistent hypoparathyroidism occurred in less than 3%, Subdivision of papillary and follicular carcinomas on the basis of their local growth pattern is emphasized as being of value in the determination of subsequent therapy.", "contents": "Thyroid carcinoma: presentation of a clinical material with special aspects on the classification and operative treatment. During the years 1969-1975, 58 patients were treated for thyroid carcinoma. 48 patients had differentiated and 10 had anaplastic carcinomas. The material is presented with special attention given to diagnostic methods and treatment for the differentiated forms. The value of cytological examination of fine needle biopsy is clearly documented. 40 patients with differentiated carcinomas were treated with total thyroidectomy, with low complication rate. Accidental persistent recurrent nerve paralysis as well as persistent hypoparathyroidism occurred in less than 3%, Subdivision of papillary and follicular carcinomas on the basis of their local growth pattern is emphasized as being of value in the determination of subsequent therapy.", "PMID": 705971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2301", "title": "Comparison between videodensitometric and angiocardiographic determination of left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with cardiac disease.", "content": "Angiocardiograms have been widely used to calculate volumes of cardiac chambers. By determining the left ventricular volume in end-diastole and end-systole the ejection fraction can be calculated. The ejection fraction is considered a clinically useful index of left ventricular function and is widely used in the preoperative evaluation of patients with cardiac disease.", "contents": "Comparison between videodensitometric and angiocardiographic determination of left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with cardiac disease. Angiocardiograms have been widely used to calculate volumes of cardiac chambers. By determining the left ventricular volume in end-diastole and end-systole the ejection fraction can be calculated. The ejection fraction is considered a clinically useful index of left ventricular function and is widely used in the preoperative evaluation of patients with cardiac disease.", "PMID": 705972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2302", "title": "Primary hyperoxaluria (glycolic acid variant): a clinical and genetical investigation of eight cases.", "content": "The clinical features of eight cases of primary hyperoxaluria have been summarized. The possibility of different phenotypes is discussed. A reduction, but no normalization, of the oxalate formation during pyridoxine therapy was found. A renal transplantation performed in one of the patients failed because of the formation of nephrocalcinosis.", "contents": "Primary hyperoxaluria (glycolic acid variant): a clinical and genetical investigation of eight cases. The clinical features of eight cases of primary hyperoxaluria have been summarized. The possibility of different phenotypes is discussed. A reduction, but no normalization, of the oxalate formation during pyridoxine therapy was found. A renal transplantation performed in one of the patients failed because of the formation of nephrocalcinosis.", "PMID": 705974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2303", "title": "Total body haemoglobin estimated with the alveolar CO method as compared with a 51Cr technique.", "content": "Total body haemoglobin was estimated by the alveolar equilibrium CO method and by dilution of 51Cr-tagged erythrocytes in 22 patients with a wide range of haemoglobin concentrations (51-190 g/l). The resulting regression equation: THBCO =47 + 0.81 X THbCr, where THn is expressed in grams, shows that with increasing THb successively lower values were obtained with the THbCO method as compared with the THbCr method. Individual values were calculated for the M-factor, i.e. the ratio of the haemoglobin affinities to O2 and CO. These values were positively and significantly correlated to the red-cell content of 2.3-diphosphoglycerate. The findings are consistent with a recent hypothesis that the effect of 2.3-DPG on CO affinity may not be equivalent to its effect on oxygen affinity. The discrepancy between the two methods of estimating THb may therefore be apparent only and due to a systematic variation in the M-factor.", "contents": "Total body haemoglobin estimated with the alveolar CO method as compared with a 51Cr technique. Total body haemoglobin was estimated by the alveolar equilibrium CO method and by dilution of 51Cr-tagged erythrocytes in 22 patients with a wide range of haemoglobin concentrations (51-190 g/l). The resulting regression equation: THBCO =47 + 0.81 X THbCr, where THn is expressed in grams, shows that with increasing THb successively lower values were obtained with the THbCO method as compared with the THbCr method. Individual values were calculated for the M-factor, i.e. the ratio of the haemoglobin affinities to O2 and CO. These values were positively and significantly correlated to the red-cell content of 2.3-diphosphoglycerate. The findings are consistent with a recent hypothesis that the effect of 2.3-DPG on CO affinity may not be equivalent to its effect on oxygen affinity. The discrepancy between the two methods of estimating THb may therefore be apparent only and due to a systematic variation in the M-factor.", "PMID": 705975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2304", "title": "[Use of Aloglutamol in uremic patients on dialysis (author's transl].", "content": "The authors experimented Aloglutamol (an organic salt of aluminium) in uremic patients on dialysis to detect its phosphate-binding properties and study its use in the treatment of uremic osteodystropy. They report good results: predialysis Ca increased; serum PO4 and alcaline phosphatase levels decreased; Ca X PO4 was normalized; itch, muscular weakness and constipation decreased; no side-effects appeared, and the drug has a good taste. Therefore it is considered to be most useful in the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in uremia.", "contents": "[Use of Aloglutamol in uremic patients on dialysis (author's transl]. The authors experimented Aloglutamol (an organic salt of aluminium) in uremic patients on dialysis to detect its phosphate-binding properties and study its use in the treatment of uremic osteodystropy. They report good results: predialysis Ca increased; serum PO4 and alcaline phosphatase levels decreased; Ca X PO4 was normalized; itch, muscular weakness and constipation decreased; no side-effects appeared, and the drug has a good taste. Therefore it is considered to be most useful in the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in uremia.", "PMID": 705977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2305", "title": "[Tantalum is contrast material for the better presentation of the ureter in retrograde pyelography (author's transl)].", "content": "Suspension of Tantalum dust can be used as contrast material. It helps in producing X-ray films which are rich in contrast and details. The composition of the suspension and the technique of retrograde pyelography with the suspension is described.", "contents": "[Tantalum is contrast material for the better presentation of the ureter in retrograde pyelography (author's transl)]. Suspension of Tantalum dust can be used as contrast material. It helps in producing X-ray films which are rich in contrast and details. The composition of the suspension and the technique of retrograde pyelography with the suspension is described.", "PMID": 705978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2306", "title": "Ureteral obstruction by endometriosis.", "content": "The clinicopathological features of 2 cases of ureteral endometriosis are presented. The difficulties in diagnosis and surgical management of ureteral endometriosis are discussed. We emphasized the importance of frozen section during surgery for the lower one third of ureteral obstruction in premenopausal woman. Moreover, it is suggested that the surgical procedure for ureteral endometriosis should be uretero-ureterostomy or ureterocystoneostomy in the early stage.", "contents": "Ureteral obstruction by endometriosis. The clinicopathological features of 2 cases of ureteral endometriosis are presented. The difficulties in diagnosis and surgical management of ureteral endometriosis are discussed. We emphasized the importance of frozen section during surgery for the lower one third of ureteral obstruction in premenopausal woman. Moreover, it is suggested that the surgical procedure for ureteral endometriosis should be uretero-ureterostomy or ureterocystoneostomy in the early stage.", "PMID": 705979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2307", "title": "[Myotropic spasmolysis in the treatment of ureteric colics (author's transl)].", "content": "The effectiveness of parasympathicolytic drugs in the treatment of ureteric colics is doubtful. Bencyclane is a new myotropic substance. Its spasmolytic effect on smooth muscle is five times stronger than that of papaverine. The results of the clinical use of Bencyclane in cases of ureteric colic are described and discussed.", "contents": "[Myotropic spasmolysis in the treatment of ureteric colics (author's transl)]. The effectiveness of parasympathicolytic drugs in the treatment of ureteric colics is doubtful. Bencyclane is a new myotropic substance. Its spasmolytic effect on smooth muscle is five times stronger than that of papaverine. The results of the clinical use of Bencyclane in cases of ureteric colic are described and discussed.", "PMID": 705980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2308", "title": "Development of reflex activity of detrusor and striated sphincter muscles in experimental paraplegia.", "content": "Reflexes concerned with viscerosomatic and somatovisceral interplay in the sacral spinal cord were evaluated in spinalized animals, as part of a study on direct spinal cord stimulation of micturition. Urodynamic evaluation consisted of continuous recording of bladder pressure, urethral pressures and electromyograms of striated anal and urethral sphincters. All exteroceptive stimuli to urethral or anal mucosa caused an inappropriate increase in afferent input to the sacral micturition center: such stimuli should be avoided in the evaluation of suprasacral lesions of bladder innervation. Early in the spinal shock phase, hyperreflexia of striated pelvic floor muscles was apparent, in the absence of detrusor reflex activity. Clinical implications for early management of neurogenic bladder dysfunction are discussed. In all spinalized animals early balanced bladder function could be achieved, due to the absence of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia: the opposite is true for spinalized man.", "contents": "Development of reflex activity of detrusor and striated sphincter muscles in experimental paraplegia. Reflexes concerned with viscerosomatic and somatovisceral interplay in the sacral spinal cord were evaluated in spinalized animals, as part of a study on direct spinal cord stimulation of micturition. Urodynamic evaluation consisted of continuous recording of bladder pressure, urethral pressures and electromyograms of striated anal and urethral sphincters. All exteroceptive stimuli to urethral or anal mucosa caused an inappropriate increase in afferent input to the sacral micturition center: such stimuli should be avoided in the evaluation of suprasacral lesions of bladder innervation. Early in the spinal shock phase, hyperreflexia of striated pelvic floor muscles was apparent, in the absence of detrusor reflex activity. Clinical implications for early management of neurogenic bladder dysfunction are discussed. In all spinalized animals early balanced bladder function could be achieved, due to the absence of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia: the opposite is true for spinalized man.", "PMID": 705981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2309", "title": "The significance of bladder capacity under aspect of continence and micturition in neurogenic bladder dysfunction.", "content": "The bladder capacity of patients with a neurogenic bladder disorder was determined. Since the bladder capacity varies according to the type of neurogenic lesion (supranuclear, infranuclear), it was to be determined, whether reflex detrusor activity and duration of the lesion would influence bladder capacity. It was found that in supranuclear lesions s sufficient bladder capacity can be maintained with a balanced micturition, and that spincterotomy does not result in reduced bladder capacity. In infranuclear lesions intermittent catheterization is a good therapeutic method to preserve continence and an intact renal function as well.", "contents": "The significance of bladder capacity under aspect of continence and micturition in neurogenic bladder dysfunction. The bladder capacity of patients with a neurogenic bladder disorder was determined. Since the bladder capacity varies according to the type of neurogenic lesion (supranuclear, infranuclear), it was to be determined, whether reflex detrusor activity and duration of the lesion would influence bladder capacity. It was found that in supranuclear lesions s sufficient bladder capacity can be maintained with a balanced micturition, and that spincterotomy does not result in reduced bladder capacity. In infranuclear lesions intermittent catheterization is a good therapeutic method to preserve continence and an intact renal function as well.", "PMID": 705982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2310", "title": "Indications for bladder transection.", "content": "Over the last 8 years 64 cases of bladder hyperactivity have been subjected to bladder transection. The patients seleced have been mainly adult enuretics, but have also included some others with daytime bladder hyperactivity without nocturnal incontinence who had failed to respond to medical and simple surgical procedures. A bladder capacity greater than 400 ml under general anaesthesia was used as a major criterion in selecting the cases for operation. The operation was very successful in the enuretic syndrome where the daytime symptoms or urgency and urge incontinence were severe. Other patients who had frequency, urgency and urge incontinence without demonstrable neurological or urological abnormalities also responded well.", "contents": "Indications for bladder transection. Over the last 8 years 64 cases of bladder hyperactivity have been subjected to bladder transection. The patients seleced have been mainly adult enuretics, but have also included some others with daytime bladder hyperactivity without nocturnal incontinence who had failed to respond to medical and simple surgical procedures. A bladder capacity greater than 400 ml under general anaesthesia was used as a major criterion in selecting the cases for operation. The operation was very successful in the enuretic syndrome where the daytime symptoms or urgency and urge incontinence were severe. Other patients who had frequency, urgency and urge incontinence without demonstrable neurological or urological abnormalities also responded well.", "PMID": 705983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2311", "title": "Bladder training and surgical correction of vesicoureteral reflux: useful association.", "content": "18 children, from 1 year of age to 15, presenting lower motor neuron bladder (myelomeningocele) were studied. All had overflow incontinence and urinary infection resistant to all trials of treatment, attributed to severe vesicoureteral reflux. The failure of training on bladder emptying for urinary infection control and/or the severity of reflux and its consequences over upper urinary tract, motivated the reflux surgical correction associated to bladder training as a first step alternative treatment to urinary diversion.", "contents": "Bladder training and surgical correction of vesicoureteral reflux: useful association. 18 children, from 1 year of age to 15, presenting lower motor neuron bladder (myelomeningocele) were studied. All had overflow incontinence and urinary infection resistant to all trials of treatment, attributed to severe vesicoureteral reflux. The failure of training on bladder emptying for urinary infection control and/or the severity of reflux and its consequences over upper urinary tract, motivated the reflux surgical correction associated to bladder training as a first step alternative treatment to urinary diversion.", "PMID": 705984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2312", "title": "Urethral pressure profilometry with membrane catheter compared with perfusion catheter systems.", "content": "Urodynamic evaluation of urethral sphincter function can be carried out by constant carbon dioxide perfusion, constant water perfusion, or by the use of membrane catheters. A comparison of these 3 techniques was made in in vitro experiments. Results, and advantages and disadvantages of each technique are discussed. From all factors considered in this study--response to pressure changes, sensitivity to pressures along the urethra, and reproducibility of the profile--the membrane catheter was concluded to be superior to either of the perfusion systems.", "contents": "Urethral pressure profilometry with membrane catheter compared with perfusion catheter systems. Urodynamic evaluation of urethral sphincter function can be carried out by constant carbon dioxide perfusion, constant water perfusion, or by the use of membrane catheters. A comparison of these 3 techniques was made in in vitro experiments. Results, and advantages and disadvantages of each technique are discussed. From all factors considered in this study--response to pressure changes, sensitivity to pressures along the urethra, and reproducibility of the profile--the membrane catheter was concluded to be superior to either of the perfusion systems.", "PMID": 705985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2313", "title": "Human sympathetic bladder innervation. A morphological investigation.", "content": "A method for histochemical determination of noradrenergic nerve fibers in human bladder biopsies is described. The importance of an objective criterium for distinguishing between specific noradrenaline fluorescence and autofluorescence of connective tissue is stressed. In 2 females and 3 males without neurogenic bladder disease the noradrenergic innervation of the detrusor as well as the trigonal muscle was found very scarce.", "contents": "Human sympathetic bladder innervation. A morphological investigation. A method for histochemical determination of noradrenergic nerve fibers in human bladder biopsies is described. The importance of an objective criterium for distinguishing between specific noradrenaline fluorescence and autofluorescence of connective tissue is stressed. In 2 females and 3 males without neurogenic bladder disease the noradrenergic innervation of the detrusor as well as the trigonal muscle was found very scarce.", "PMID": 705986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2314", "title": "Gracilis interposition in fistulas following radiotherapy for cervical cancer. A retrospective study.", "content": "Irradiation fistulas following treatment for cervical cancer are a great challenge even to a skilled surgeon. Because of ischemia and necrosis around the fistula, repair is possible only by interposition of viable tissue. Interposition of 1 or 2 mm gracilis has been used at Sabbatsberg Hospital since the beginning of the 1950's. 27 vesicovaginal fistulas have been treated with this method, with a cure rate of 60%. The corresponding cure rate for 16 rectovaginal fistulas was 43%. The mean diameter of the fistulas was 2.5 cm. Considering the unfavorable circumstances caused by radiotherapy, in some cases combined with fulguration, these results seem satisfactory.", "contents": "Gracilis interposition in fistulas following radiotherapy for cervical cancer. A retrospective study. Irradiation fistulas following treatment for cervical cancer are a great challenge even to a skilled surgeon. Because of ischemia and necrosis around the fistula, repair is possible only by interposition of viable tissue. Interposition of 1 or 2 mm gracilis has been used at Sabbatsberg Hospital since the beginning of the 1950's. 27 vesicovaginal fistulas have been treated with this method, with a cure rate of 60%. The corresponding cure rate for 16 rectovaginal fistulas was 43%. The mean diameter of the fistulas was 2.5 cm. Considering the unfavorable circumstances caused by radiotherapy, in some cases combined with fulguration, these results seem satisfactory.", "PMID": 705987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2315", "title": "A study of the capacity for regeneration of rat and human Leydig cells.", "content": "The capacity of Leydig cells for regeneration was investigated in 12 patients with prostatic carcinoma, who underwent subcapsular orchidectomy, and in rats after testicular necrosis produced by cadmium chloride. In rats, reappearance of Leydig cells originating from the tunica albuginea could be demonstrated by histology. Testosterone concentrations increased parallel to regeneration of Leydig cells, while LH concentrations declined. In contrast to these findings, no rise of testosterone concentrations could be observed in patients up to 8 months after subcapsular orchidectomy. Human Leydig cells seem to have no capacity for regeneration, or endocrine function, despite the fact that some of these cells, which are present morphologically in the tunica albuginea or spermatic cord, remained.", "contents": "A study of the capacity for regeneration of rat and human Leydig cells. The capacity of Leydig cells for regeneration was investigated in 12 patients with prostatic carcinoma, who underwent subcapsular orchidectomy, and in rats after testicular necrosis produced by cadmium chloride. In rats, reappearance of Leydig cells originating from the tunica albuginea could be demonstrated by histology. Testosterone concentrations increased parallel to regeneration of Leydig cells, while LH concentrations declined. In contrast to these findings, no rise of testosterone concentrations could be observed in patients up to 8 months after subcapsular orchidectomy. Human Leydig cells seem to have no capacity for regeneration, or endocrine function, despite the fact that some of these cells, which are present morphologically in the tunica albuginea or spermatic cord, remained.", "PMID": 706003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2316", "title": "[Double malformations of the upper urinary tract: complications in adults (author's transl)].", "content": "Forty-five adult patients underwent surgical treatment for complications of double malformations of the upper urinary tract. Compared with children, the percentage of incomplete duplications rose from 3--43%, and nephrectomy was necessary in 25% instead of 0 to 8%. The possible effect of the yo-yo phenomenon is discussed. Early surgical intervention might improve the possibilities of saving the organ.", "contents": "[Double malformations of the upper urinary tract: complications in adults (author's transl)]. Forty-five adult patients underwent surgical treatment for complications of double malformations of the upper urinary tract. Compared with children, the percentage of incomplete duplications rose from 3--43%, and nephrectomy was necessary in 25% instead of 0 to 8%. The possible effect of the yo-yo phenomenon is discussed. Early surgical intervention might improve the possibilities of saving the organ.", "PMID": 706004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2317", "title": "[The susceptibility to urinary tract infections after antireflux operations (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of a prospective bacteriologic follow-up of 21 consecutive female patients, who had an antireflux operation are given. Only those patients with a proven active susceptibility to urinary tract infection at the time of operation were included in this study. Of these patients, 89% had persistent recurrent urinary tract infection, though the reflux was corrected. Bacteriologic controls and long-term chemotherapy seem warranted in those patients after operation.", "contents": "[The susceptibility to urinary tract infections after antireflux operations (author's transl)]. The results of a prospective bacteriologic follow-up of 21 consecutive female patients, who had an antireflux operation are given. Only those patients with a proven active susceptibility to urinary tract infection at the time of operation were included in this study. Of these patients, 89% had persistent recurrent urinary tract infection, though the reflux was corrected. Bacteriologic controls and long-term chemotherapy seem warranted in those patients after operation.", "PMID": 706005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2318", "title": "[Meatus stenosis of girls--clinical demonstration and therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "This report concerns meatotomies performed on 50 girls, aged 2--13 years, suffering from meatus stenosis. The symptomatic and diagnostic procedures are described. Miction difficulties, pollakiuria, and imperative micturition connected with chronic-recurrent cystides are emphasized. Calibration of the urethra is the decisive diagnostic procedure. The miction cystourethogram, however, provides only a hint as to the presence of a meatus stenosis with the pathological description of the urethra in the form of a prestenotic dilation and of an 'onion' or 'wineglass' shaped configuration. The therapeutic results are considered very good, because 48 of the 50 girls had neither subjective complaints nor urinary infections 1--2 years after the meatotomy. This represents a recovery rate of 96%.", "contents": "[Meatus stenosis of girls--clinical demonstration and therapy (author's transl)]. This report concerns meatotomies performed on 50 girls, aged 2--13 years, suffering from meatus stenosis. The symptomatic and diagnostic procedures are described. Miction difficulties, pollakiuria, and imperative micturition connected with chronic-recurrent cystides are emphasized. Calibration of the urethra is the decisive diagnostic procedure. The miction cystourethogram, however, provides only a hint as to the presence of a meatus stenosis with the pathological description of the urethra in the form of a prestenotic dilation and of an 'onion' or 'wineglass' shaped configuration. The therapeutic results are considered very good, because 48 of the 50 girls had neither subjective complaints nor urinary infections 1--2 years after the meatotomy. This represents a recovery rate of 96%.", "PMID": 706007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2319", "title": "[Influence of leakage of the bladder mucosa on the results of external ureterovesicoplasty (author's transl)].", "content": "The significance for the results of external ureterovesicoplasty of damaging the vesical mucosa was investigated in rabbits. On one side, the submucosal ureter was lengthened by myotomy, and on the other side, an additional incision of the mucosa caused the ureter to be shifted intravesically. In 10 animals, results were symmetric; in 7 cases, stasis occurred on the side of the sunken ureter; 2 animals showed marked hydronephrosis on the Gr\u00e9goir side. Increased mobility and thereby kinking of the intravesical ureter and inflammatory reaction on temporary leakage of urine are shown to be the causes of worse results following mucosa leakage. As consequence of the study importance of careful closure of any mucosal defect occurring during Gr\u00e9goir operation is stressed.", "contents": "[Influence of leakage of the bladder mucosa on the results of external ureterovesicoplasty (author's transl)]. The significance for the results of external ureterovesicoplasty of damaging the vesical mucosa was investigated in rabbits. On one side, the submucosal ureter was lengthened by myotomy, and on the other side, an additional incision of the mucosa caused the ureter to be shifted intravesically. In 10 animals, results were symmetric; in 7 cases, stasis occurred on the side of the sunken ureter; 2 animals showed marked hydronephrosis on the Gr\u00e9goir side. Increased mobility and thereby kinking of the intravesical ureter and inflammatory reaction on temporary leakage of urine are shown to be the causes of worse results following mucosa leakage. As consequence of the study importance of careful closure of any mucosal defect occurring during Gr\u00e9goir operation is stressed.", "PMID": 706008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2320", "title": "[Transureteroureterostomy in unilateral distal damage of the ureter (author's transl)].", "content": "Transureteroureterostomy creates an artificial ureter bifidus. In the common branch, the resting pressure is a little bit higher than in its bifurcation and the peristalsis of the bifurcation is never synchronous. That is why an ureteroureteral reflux may be produced by the anastomosis. The ureteroureteral reflux created by a ureteral dyskinesia, however, causes an infection in the recipient kidney only if there is a predisposition to infection or a vesicoureteral reflux in the recipient ureter. A transureteroureterostomy was performed on five female patients suffering from unilateral distal damage of the ureter, four of them after gynecologic operations. One patient had a single kidney right. The damaged ureter was anastomized with the left ureteral stump of the nephrectomied side. In one case, an abscessing retroperioneal urinoma with a serious diffuse peritonitis developed as a direct complication of the operation because of an insufficient suture. On revision, the transplanted ureter had to be drained into the skin. Despite this serious complication, the recipient ureter remained uninjured and the recipient kidney was not damaged. The four other patients had no complications.", "contents": "[Transureteroureterostomy in unilateral distal damage of the ureter (author's transl)]. Transureteroureterostomy creates an artificial ureter bifidus. In the common branch, the resting pressure is a little bit higher than in its bifurcation and the peristalsis of the bifurcation is never synchronous. That is why an ureteroureteral reflux may be produced by the anastomosis. The ureteroureteral reflux created by a ureteral dyskinesia, however, causes an infection in the recipient kidney only if there is a predisposition to infection or a vesicoureteral reflux in the recipient ureter. A transureteroureterostomy was performed on five female patients suffering from unilateral distal damage of the ureter, four of them after gynecologic operations. One patient had a single kidney right. The damaged ureter was anastomized with the left ureteral stump of the nephrectomied side. In one case, an abscessing retroperioneal urinoma with a serious diffuse peritonitis developed as a direct complication of the operation because of an insufficient suture. On revision, the transplanted ureter had to be drained into the skin. Despite this serious complication, the recipient ureter remained uninjured and the recipient kidney was not damaged. The four other patients had no complications.", "PMID": 706009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2321", "title": "[Complex urogenital malformation of the Wolffian ducts (author's transl)].", "content": "A case report of a 30-year-old man with both vasa deferentia draining into a large right seminal vesicle cyst, with an ectopic ureter opening into the left seminal vesicle and associated with agenesis of the corresponding kidney. A similar case has not been previously reported in the world literature. Preoperative studies, surgical approach, pathological findings and the embryological explanation of the malformation is discussed.", "contents": "[Complex urogenital malformation of the Wolffian ducts (author's transl)]. A case report of a 30-year-old man with both vasa deferentia draining into a large right seminal vesicle cyst, with an ectopic ureter opening into the left seminal vesicle and associated with agenesis of the corresponding kidney. A similar case has not been previously reported in the world literature. Preoperative studies, surgical approach, pathological findings and the embryological explanation of the malformation is discussed.", "PMID": 706010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2322", "title": "[The effect of varicocele on male fertility with particular consideration of progressive motility (author's transl)].", "content": "Two-hundred patients with varicocele were examined for fertility, which was found to have diminished in 75% of the cases because of a decreased sperm count (less than 40 million/ml); 40% of these, the largest group (categorized only with regard to oligospermia), had a sperm count of 21--40 million/ml. The most remarkable finding was restrained fertility in 90% of the cases because of decreased progressive motility (speed of forward progression). Here, the largest group (nearly 50%) was in the category of 21--30%. Decreased progressive motility was mostly combined with a diminished sperm count to an oligoasthenospermia. In 20% of the cases, however, fertility was restrained only by decreased progressive motility in the sense of an asthenospermia. The first effect, due to varicocele, is seen in decreased progressive motility. However, because spermatozoa acquire their progressive motility by means of maturation in the epididymis, the varicocele causes the first damage to the epididymis.", "contents": "[The effect of varicocele on male fertility with particular consideration of progressive motility (author's transl)]. Two-hundred patients with varicocele were examined for fertility, which was found to have diminished in 75% of the cases because of a decreased sperm count (less than 40 million/ml); 40% of these, the largest group (categorized only with regard to oligospermia), had a sperm count of 21--40 million/ml. The most remarkable finding was restrained fertility in 90% of the cases because of decreased progressive motility (speed of forward progression). Here, the largest group (nearly 50%) was in the category of 21--30%. Decreased progressive motility was mostly combined with a diminished sperm count to an oligoasthenospermia. In 20% of the cases, however, fertility was restrained only by decreased progressive motility in the sense of an asthenospermia. The first effect, due to varicocele, is seen in decreased progressive motility. However, because spermatozoa acquire their progressive motility by means of maturation in the epididymis, the varicocele causes the first damage to the epididymis.", "PMID": 706011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2323", "title": "[Urinary retention caused by large cyst of the M\u00fcllerian duct (author's transl)].", "content": "The rare case of urinary retention caused by a large M\u00fcllerian duct cyst in a 41-year-old man is described. The embryological fundaments and frequency of these cysts are discussed as well as the necessary diagnostic steps and operative procedures. A survey of the literature is presented and the different diagnostic findings in these and other cystic tumors of the male pelvis are shown.", "contents": "[Urinary retention caused by large cyst of the M\u00fcllerian duct (author's transl)]. The rare case of urinary retention caused by a large M\u00fcllerian duct cyst in a 41-year-old man is described. The embryological fundaments and frequency of these cysts are discussed as well as the necessary diagnostic steps and operative procedures. A survey of the literature is presented and the different diagnostic findings in these and other cystic tumors of the male pelvis are shown.", "PMID": 706012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2324", "title": "[Obstructive anuria due to renal candidiasis in a newborn male (author's transl)].", "content": "Mechanical anuria developed in a neonate during a period of intensive care following birth trauma. The obstruction of the urinary tract was due to yeast clumps from a candida pyelonephritis. Urine flow was reestablished after a unilateral nephrostomy and antimycotic therapy. There were no anatomical abnormalities of the urinary tract.", "contents": "[Obstructive anuria due to renal candidiasis in a newborn male (author's transl)]. Mechanical anuria developed in a neonate during a period of intensive care following birth trauma. The obstruction of the urinary tract was due to yeast clumps from a candida pyelonephritis. Urine flow was reestablished after a unilateral nephrostomy and antimycotic therapy. There were no anatomical abnormalities of the urinary tract.", "PMID": 706013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2325", "title": "[Inguinovaginal sling operation in the treatment of female urinary incontinence (author's transl)].", "content": "Sling operation have long occupied an established position in the treatment of severe female urinary incontinence and recidivous incontinence. The inguino vaginal sling operation as modified by Narik and Palmrich is described and the operation results for 73 female patients are differentially evaluated. A precise preoperative urodynamic clarification and a previous or simultaneous hysterectomy are prerequisites for satisfactory operation results. In certain instances, this surgical procedure represents a possible method for the restoration of continence even in the case of neurogenic bladder dysfunction.", "contents": "[Inguinovaginal sling operation in the treatment of female urinary incontinence (author's transl)]. Sling operation have long occupied an established position in the treatment of severe female urinary incontinence and recidivous incontinence. The inguino vaginal sling operation as modified by Narik and Palmrich is described and the operation results for 73 female patients are differentially evaluated. A precise preoperative urodynamic clarification and a previous or simultaneous hysterectomy are prerequisites for satisfactory operation results. In certain instances, this surgical procedure represents a possible method for the restoration of continence even in the case of neurogenic bladder dysfunction.", "PMID": 706014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2326", "title": "[Spontaneous recovery of ligature of the ureter after surgical gynecologic treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Reported are three cases of spontaneous recovery of ligature of the ureter after hysterectomy. After temporary drainage of the pelvis, showed retrograde filling or intravenous urogram the unobstructed passage after the dissolution of cat ligature. No further urologic surgical treatment was necessary.", "contents": "[Spontaneous recovery of ligature of the ureter after surgical gynecologic treatment (author's transl)]. Reported are three cases of spontaneous recovery of ligature of the ureter after hysterectomy. After temporary drainage of the pelvis, showed retrograde filling or intravenous urogram the unobstructed passage after the dissolution of cat ligature. No further urologic surgical treatment was necessary.", "PMID": 706015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2327", "title": "[The pharmacological treatment of the incontinent neurogenic bladder (author's transl)].", "content": "An attempt is made to describe the action of sympathic, parasympathic and somatic innervation of the urinary bladder by means of a receptor model and to present the theoretical basis of a successful treatment of the neurogenic bladder. Radiographic and urodynamic examination of 15 children revealed that ephedrine was successful in improving or curing urinary incontinence in 12 cases with congenital or required neurogenic bladder. The requirements and limitations of a successful sympathomimetic treatment of the neurogenic incontinence are presented.", "contents": "[The pharmacological treatment of the incontinent neurogenic bladder (author's transl)]. An attempt is made to describe the action of sympathic, parasympathic and somatic innervation of the urinary bladder by means of a receptor model and to present the theoretical basis of a successful treatment of the neurogenic bladder. Radiographic and urodynamic examination of 15 children revealed that ephedrine was successful in improving or curing urinary incontinence in 12 cases with congenital or required neurogenic bladder. The requirements and limitations of a successful sympathomimetic treatment of the neurogenic incontinence are presented.", "PMID": 706018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2328", "title": "Modified radical retropubic prostatectomy.", "content": "A significant modification of the traditional radical retropubic prostatectomy is presented. A logical stepwise surgical sequence is discussed in detail. The technique described provides excellent visualization, early ligation of vascular and lymphatic channels, decreased intraoperative blood loss, and a tension-free vesicoureteral anastomosis.", "contents": "Modified radical retropubic prostatectomy. A significant modification of the traditional radical retropubic prostatectomy is presented. A logical stepwise surgical sequence is discussed in detail. The technique described provides excellent visualization, early ligation of vascular and lymphatic channels, decreased intraoperative blood loss, and a tension-free vesicoureteral anastomosis.", "PMID": 706022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2329", "title": "Modification of Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz operation.", "content": "In a classic article published in 1949 Marshall, Marchetti, and Krantz demonstrated that stress incontinence in women without uterine prolapse could be corrected by a simple vesicourethral suspension. Beginning in 1960 one of the authors (W.E.C.) became concerned about suturing the urethra to the periosteum of the pubis. It occurred to him that use of the upper sutures only to pull up the bladder and hold its anterior wall to the back of the rectus muscles might be just as effective, and this has proved to be so.", "contents": "Modification of Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz operation. In a classic article published in 1949 Marshall, Marchetti, and Krantz demonstrated that stress incontinence in women without uterine prolapse could be corrected by a simple vesicourethral suspension. Beginning in 1960 one of the authors (W.E.C.) became concerned about suturing the urethra to the periosteum of the pubis. It occurred to him that use of the upper sutures only to pull up the bladder and hold its anterior wall to the back of the rectus muscles might be just as effective, and this has proved to be so.", "PMID": 706023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2330", "title": "Anterior urethral valves.", "content": "Three cases of anterior urethral valves, a rare congenital anomaly are reported. Anterior urethral valves probably represent an attempt at duplication of the urethra in the first twelve to fourteen weeks of intrauterine life. The most common type is cusp-like and most frequently located in the bulbar urethra. The presenting complaints are lower tract symptoms, and the diagnosis is usually made by a voiding urethrogram.", "contents": "Anterior urethral valves. Three cases of anterior urethral valves, a rare congenital anomaly are reported. Anterior urethral valves probably represent an attempt at duplication of the urethra in the first twelve to fourteen weeks of intrauterine life. The most common type is cusp-like and most frequently located in the bulbar urethra. The presenting complaints are lower tract symptoms, and the diagnosis is usually made by a voiding urethrogram.", "PMID": 706024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2331", "title": "Iatrogenic renal vascular injury.", "content": "Bilateral arteriovenous fistulas secondary to percutaneous needle biopsy of each kidney developed in a patient with malignant hypertension and chronic failure. The fistulas with aneurysmal formation and hematuria were of such magnitude that bilateral nephrectomy was required for control. The patient is now normotensive and is maintained on hemodialysis. The advisability of renal needle biopsy in uncontrolled hypertension is questioned. Cases of intrarenal arteriovenous fistulas resulting from percutaneous needle biopsy of the kidney are being reported with increasing frequency. The exact incidence of fistula formation after kidney biopsy is unknown, but several series based on arteriographic studies show an incidence as high as 18 per cent. Although many of these fistulas disappear spontaneously, approximately 4 per cent persist. A review of the literature failed to reveal the incidence of aneurysmal formation. Our case was complicated by formation of bilateral renal arteriovenous fistulas secondary to repeat bilateral percutaneous needle biopsy and right open renal biopsy. Subsequent gross hematuria from the right ureteral orifice also resulted which was proved by cystoscopy and required replacement with several units of blood. The likelihood of rupture led to bilateral nephrectomy.", "contents": "Iatrogenic renal vascular injury. Bilateral arteriovenous fistulas secondary to percutaneous needle biopsy of each kidney developed in a patient with malignant hypertension and chronic failure. The fistulas with aneurysmal formation and hematuria were of such magnitude that bilateral nephrectomy was required for control. The patient is now normotensive and is maintained on hemodialysis. The advisability of renal needle biopsy in uncontrolled hypertension is questioned. Cases of intrarenal arteriovenous fistulas resulting from percutaneous needle biopsy of the kidney are being reported with increasing frequency. The exact incidence of fistula formation after kidney biopsy is unknown, but several series based on arteriographic studies show an incidence as high as 18 per cent. Although many of these fistulas disappear spontaneously, approximately 4 per cent persist. A review of the literature failed to reveal the incidence of aneurysmal formation. Our case was complicated by formation of bilateral renal arteriovenous fistulas secondary to repeat bilateral percutaneous needle biopsy and right open renal biopsy. Subsequent gross hematuria from the right ureteral orifice also resulted which was proved by cystoscopy and required replacement with several units of blood. The likelihood of rupture led to bilateral nephrectomy.", "PMID": 706025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2332", "title": "Unusual presentation of genital tuberculosis.", "content": "We report two cases of unusual presentation of genital tuberculosis. One patient had an enlarging perineal mass as the only clinical evidence of genitourinary tract involvement. The second had a testicular mass difficult to distinguish clinically from testicular tumor. There was no evidence of upper tract disease.", "contents": "Unusual presentation of genital tuberculosis. We report two cases of unusual presentation of genital tuberculosis. One patient had an enlarging perineal mass as the only clinical evidence of genitourinary tract involvement. The second had a testicular mass difficult to distinguish clinically from testicular tumor. There was no evidence of upper tract disease.", "PMID": 706026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2333", "title": "Gonadal stromal tumor in black male.", "content": "A twenty-five-year-old black male presented with a right testicular mass which had progressively increased in size over three years. He was in good health and noted no other general abnormalities. Taking all malignant precautions, excisional biopsy of the lesion revealed gonadal stromal tumor by frozen section. The testis was left in situ, and the patient has continued to remain asymptomatic.", "contents": "Gonadal stromal tumor in black male. A twenty-five-year-old black male presented with a right testicular mass which had progressively increased in size over three years. He was in good health and noted no other general abnormalities. Taking all malignant precautions, excisional biopsy of the lesion revealed gonadal stromal tumor by frozen section. The testis was left in situ, and the patient has continued to remain asymptomatic.", "PMID": 706028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2334", "title": "Prostatic carcinoma: plasma kinetics and intraprostatic metabolism of testosterone in low-dose estrogen-treated patients in vivo.", "content": "Plasma kinetics, in vivo uptake, and intraprostatic metabolism of 3H testosterone was investigated in 9 patients with advanced carcinoma of the prostate. The metabolic effect of low-dose ethinyl estradiol was studied (estrogen suppressed testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone). The production rate of testosterone was lowered, the elimination of androgen from plasma delayed. The uptake of testosterone and metabolites by the prostatic carcinoma was suppressed. Estrogen did not alter significantly the intraprostatic androgen turnover.", "contents": "Prostatic carcinoma: plasma kinetics and intraprostatic metabolism of testosterone in low-dose estrogen-treated patients in vivo. Plasma kinetics, in vivo uptake, and intraprostatic metabolism of 3H testosterone was investigated in 9 patients with advanced carcinoma of the prostate. The metabolic effect of low-dose ethinyl estradiol was studied (estrogen suppressed testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone). The production rate of testosterone was lowered, the elimination of androgen from plasma delayed. The uptake of testosterone and metabolites by the prostatic carcinoma was suppressed. Estrogen did not alter significantly the intraprostatic androgen turnover.", "PMID": 706029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2335", "title": "Triple contrast percutaneous nephrocystography and analysis of cyst aspirate.", "content": "Accumulated experience with triple contrast percutaneous nephrocystography (water-soluble contrast, iophendylate [Pantopaque], and air) in 42 patients with avascular lesions is presented. Diagnostic studies were accomplished in 40 with surgical correlation in 11. Of the 35 patients with intracystic iophendylate, progressive cyst shrinkage was observed in the 29 with adequate x-ray follow up. The reduction in cyst size was attributed to a marked reactive inflammatory proliferative response with fibrosis of the cyst wall which was found in 6 patients after introduction of iophendylate when compared with a control group of 13 others with surgically proved cysts. Intracystic iophendylate may be especially therapeutic in the nonsurgical management of renal cysts associated with pain, calyceal obstruction, and hypertension. The cyst aspirate was analyzed for appearance, culture, cytology, fat content, and multichannel chemistries (SMA). The index accuracy of these combined tests is high although instances of false positives and negatives for tumor are stressed. The nonsurgical diagnosis of renal cystic lesions is incomplete without percutaneous cyst puncture, contrast study, and analysis of cyst aspirate.", "contents": "Triple contrast percutaneous nephrocystography and analysis of cyst aspirate. Accumulated experience with triple contrast percutaneous nephrocystography (water-soluble contrast, iophendylate [Pantopaque], and air) in 42 patients with avascular lesions is presented. Diagnostic studies were accomplished in 40 with surgical correlation in 11. Of the 35 patients with intracystic iophendylate, progressive cyst shrinkage was observed in the 29 with adequate x-ray follow up. The reduction in cyst size was attributed to a marked reactive inflammatory proliferative response with fibrosis of the cyst wall which was found in 6 patients after introduction of iophendylate when compared with a control group of 13 others with surgically proved cysts. Intracystic iophendylate may be especially therapeutic in the nonsurgical management of renal cysts associated with pain, calyceal obstruction, and hypertension. The cyst aspirate was analyzed for appearance, culture, cytology, fat content, and multichannel chemistries (SMA). The index accuracy of these combined tests is high although instances of false positives and negatives for tumor are stressed. The nonsurgical diagnosis of renal cystic lesions is incomplete without percutaneous cyst puncture, contrast study, and analysis of cyst aspirate.", "PMID": 706032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2336", "title": "[Possibility of using a pedicle flap made from the musculus latissimus dorsi for cardiopexy].", "content": "Myocardiopexy is an expedient operation for a deep sclerotic injury to the coronary vessels. In the experiments on 8 human cadavers and 24 animals the authors developed the technic of cutting out and transposition of pedicle grafts from the broadest muscle of the back to the heart. Various methods of pathomorphologic and functional investigations have proved the connection existing between the vessels of the graft and those of myocardium. This connection prevents the death of animals from myocardiac infarction following ligation of the right coronary artery above the zone of myocardiopexy.", "contents": "[Possibility of using a pedicle flap made from the musculus latissimus dorsi for cardiopexy]. Myocardiopexy is an expedient operation for a deep sclerotic injury to the coronary vessels. In the experiments on 8 human cadavers and 24 animals the authors developed the technic of cutting out and transposition of pedicle grafts from the broadest muscle of the back to the heart. Various methods of pathomorphologic and functional investigations have proved the connection existing between the vessels of the graft and those of myocardium. This connection prevents the death of animals from myocardiac infarction following ligation of the right coronary artery above the zone of myocardiopexy.", "PMID": 706087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2337", "title": "[Flap trepanation of the skull with removal of the bone plate and its replantation in traumatic brain compression].", "content": "The results of 104 operations for traumatic compression of the brain have been studied. The advantages of bone-plastic approach are demonstrated. The indications for a primary removal of a flat bone graft plate in acute and subacute traumatic compression of the brain are precised. The results of a delayed plasty of skull defects following decompression trepanation are analysed. The flap bone plates, removed (on indications) during decompression trepanation through bone-plastic approach and kept in a weak formalin solution were used as grafts. Good results were obtained in the most of cases.", "contents": "[Flap trepanation of the skull with removal of the bone plate and its replantation in traumatic brain compression]. The results of 104 operations for traumatic compression of the brain have been studied. The advantages of bone-plastic approach are demonstrated. The indications for a primary removal of a flat bone graft plate in acute and subacute traumatic compression of the brain are precised. The results of a delayed plasty of skull defects following decompression trepanation are analysed. The flap bone plates, removed (on indications) during decompression trepanation through bone-plastic approach and kept in a weak formalin solution were used as grafts. Good results were obtained in the most of cases.", "PMID": 706088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2338", "title": "[Allotendoplasty in Achilles tendon injuries].", "content": "Experimental studies and clinical observations over allotendoplasty were carried out. A new method of the combined autoloplasty of old ruptures of the Achilles tendon was developed and carried out upon 13 patients. Allotendoplasty was applied upon 31 cases of injuries to the Achilles tendon. Late results were followed up in 30 patients; in 29 out of them a complete functional restoration of the injuried extremity was obtained. Clinical and experimental data allow to recommend banked allografts for the use in reconstructive surgery.", "contents": "[Allotendoplasty in Achilles tendon injuries]. Experimental studies and clinical observations over allotendoplasty were carried out. A new method of the combined autoloplasty of old ruptures of the Achilles tendon was developed and carried out upon 13 patients. Allotendoplasty was applied upon 31 cases of injuries to the Achilles tendon. Late results were followed up in 30 patients; in 29 out of them a complete functional restoration of the injuried extremity was obtained. Clinical and experimental data allow to recommend banked allografts for the use in reconstructive surgery.", "PMID": 706089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2339", "title": "[Use of thawed and washed erythrocytes in the overall therapy of burn disease].", "content": "An experience with the transfusion of 178 doses of defreezed and washed red blood cells kept at an ultra-low temperature of --196 degree C (in liquide nitrogen) has demonstrated a good hemotherapeutic effect. The transfused suspension of washed and defreezed erythrocytes did not provoke any complications which was especially important for the patients whose reaction to the transfusion of the whole donor blood had previously been unfavourable.", "contents": "[Use of thawed and washed erythrocytes in the overall therapy of burn disease]. An experience with the transfusion of 178 doses of defreezed and washed red blood cells kept at an ultra-low temperature of --196 degree C (in liquide nitrogen) has demonstrated a good hemotherapeutic effect. The transfused suspension of washed and defreezed erythrocytes did not provoke any complications which was especially important for the patients whose reaction to the transfusion of the whole donor blood had previously been unfavourable.", "PMID": 706091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2340", "title": "[Phonography of the abdominal cavity as a diagnostic method in gastroenterology].", "content": "Phonography of the abdominal cavity has been applied in 115 patients before and after stomach resection. This method provides an additional valuable information, helps to establish a correct diagnosis and so it can be recommended as an auxilliary diagnostic method. For diagnostic purposes the phonography findings should be evaluated within the complex of clinical, X-ray and laboratory findings, and data provided by other investigations.", "contents": "[Phonography of the abdominal cavity as a diagnostic method in gastroenterology]. Phonography of the abdominal cavity has been applied in 115 patients before and after stomach resection. This method provides an additional valuable information, helps to establish a correct diagnosis and so it can be recommended as an auxilliary diagnostic method. For diagnostic purposes the phonography findings should be evaluated within the complex of clinical, X-ray and laboratory findings, and data provided by other investigations.", "PMID": 706096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2341", "title": "[Causes of anastomositis after gastric resection].", "content": "The control fibrogastroscopy of the resected stomach in patients showing the clinical picture of postoperative anastomositis has proved that the application of an unresolving suture material (caprone) for a marginal suture of gastroenteroanastomosis causes post-resection inflammation of anastomosis in about 50% of cases. For improvement of surgical results the authors suggest to substitute marginal caprone sutures with catgut or tantal agraffes.", "contents": "[Causes of anastomositis after gastric resection]. The control fibrogastroscopy of the resected stomach in patients showing the clinical picture of postoperative anastomositis has proved that the application of an unresolving suture material (caprone) for a marginal suture of gastroenteroanastomosis causes post-resection inflammation of anastomosis in about 50% of cases. For improvement of surgical results the authors suggest to substitute marginal caprone sutures with catgut or tantal agraffes.", "PMID": 706098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2342", "title": "[Effect of gastric resection on water-salt homeostasis].", "content": "In a chronic experiment on 44 dogs with 2/3 of the stomach resected it was found that stomach resection resulted in a pronounced instability of blood constants and decrease of the renal ability to keep constant values of the internal media following water load. The levelling out takes place in the late period after resection of the stomach.", "contents": "[Effect of gastric resection on water-salt homeostasis]. In a chronic experiment on 44 dogs with 2/3 of the stomach resected it was found that stomach resection resulted in a pronounced instability of blood constants and decrease of the renal ability to keep constant values of the internal media following water load. The levelling out takes place in the late period after resection of the stomach.", "PMID": 706099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2343", "title": "[Gangrene of the extremities in diabetes mellitus].", "content": "The results of the treatment of 111 patients, who have developed obliterating diseases of the arteries of the lower extremities against the background of diabetes mellitus, are set forth. The author strongly recommends not to come hastily to amputation as an intense treatment may bring about a persistent remission of the pathological process even in senile patients.", "contents": "[Gangrene of the extremities in diabetes mellitus]. The results of the treatment of 111 patients, who have developed obliterating diseases of the arteries of the lower extremities against the background of diabetes mellitus, are set forth. The author strongly recommends not to come hastily to amputation as an intense treatment may bring about a persistent remission of the pathological process even in senile patients.", "PMID": 706100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2344", "title": "[Recurrence of varicosity of the lower extremities].", "content": "The authors analyse the causes of the recurrence of varicosis of the lower extremities superficial veins in 40 patients. They believe that successful treatment of such cases in warranted by a complex clinico-functional examination including a compulsory angiography aimed at revealing of the causes of the recurrence. Surgical intervention should be reduced to the elimination of errors admitted in primary operations.", "contents": "[Recurrence of varicosity of the lower extremities]. The authors analyse the causes of the recurrence of varicosis of the lower extremities superficial veins in 40 patients. They believe that successful treatment of such cases in warranted by a complex clinico-functional examination including a compulsory angiography aimed at revealing of the causes of the recurrence. Surgical intervention should be reduced to the elimination of errors admitted in primary operations.", "PMID": 706101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2345", "title": "[Cancer of the thyroid gland in an endemic focus].", "content": "The authors present 28 (1.1%) cases of cancer of the thyroid gland. The volume of surgical intervention for cancer of the thyroid gland depends on the stage of the process. Thyroidectomy and bilateral Crile's operation are indicated in presence of metastases in the lymphatic nodes in both sides of the neck. This intervention should be followed by postoperative radiotherapeutics. Average survival up to 5 years has constituted 50%, above, 10 years = 25%.", "contents": "[Cancer of the thyroid gland in an endemic focus]. The authors present 28 (1.1%) cases of cancer of the thyroid gland. The volume of surgical intervention for cancer of the thyroid gland depends on the stage of the process. Thyroidectomy and bilateral Crile's operation are indicated in presence of metastases in the lymphatic nodes in both sides of the neck. This intervention should be followed by postoperative radiotherapeutics. Average survival up to 5 years has constituted 50%, above, 10 years = 25%.", "PMID": 706102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2346", "title": "[Clinical aspects and treatment of postoperative parotitis].", "content": "The clinical picture and treatment of postoperative parotitis in 31 patients are described. An early operation is recommended in case of the failure of conservative therapy. 22 patients were operated upon, 11 out of them recovered, and 11 died. Postoperative parotitis is directly responsible for the death of three out of them.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects and treatment of postoperative parotitis]. The clinical picture and treatment of postoperative parotitis in 31 patients are described. An early operation is recommended in case of the failure of conservative therapy. 22 patients were operated upon, 11 out of them recovered, and 11 died. Postoperative parotitis is directly responsible for the death of three out of them.", "PMID": 706103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2347", "title": "[Diagnosis and the surgical approach in abdominal trauma with pancreatic injury].", "content": "The material comprising 14 observations over abdominal trauma with an injury to the pancreas is presented. An analysis of morphological changes in the pancreas and other organs is displayed together with literature and own data concerning diagnosis, surgical tactics and methods of drainage of the omental bursa in this severe pathology. 2 patients out of 14 died.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and the surgical approach in abdominal trauma with pancreatic injury]. The material comprising 14 observations over abdominal trauma with an injury to the pancreas is presented. An analysis of morphological changes in the pancreas and other organs is displayed together with literature and own data concerning diagnosis, surgical tactics and methods of drainage of the omental bursa in this severe pathology. 2 patients out of 14 died.", "PMID": 706106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2348", "title": "[Characteristics of the clinical course and treatment of trauma to various areas of the body combined with facial and jaw injury].", "content": "The cases with combined maxillofacial injuries and traumas of other localization should be considered as cases of a higher risk of septic complications. The specialized stomatologic acid ought to be rendered to such cases with the nearest post-shock period, not later then within 36 hours after trauma. The analysis of 291 clinical observations is set forth.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the clinical course and treatment of trauma to various areas of the body combined with facial and jaw injury]. The cases with combined maxillofacial injuries and traumas of other localization should be considered as cases of a higher risk of septic complications. The specialized stomatologic acid ought to be rendered to such cases with the nearest post-shock period, not later then within 36 hours after trauma. The analysis of 291 clinical observations is set forth.", "PMID": 706107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2349", "title": "[Characteristics of the course and treatment of mastitis].", "content": "From the experience with 106 mastitis cases it has been found that this condition occurs in women following pathologic pregnancy and delivery. The leading procedures of the treatment are the following: stimulation of protective forces of the body, control of anemia, broad dissection and drainage of the abscess and, in case of a suppurative-infiltrative form, sectoral resection.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the course and treatment of mastitis]. From the experience with 106 mastitis cases it has been found that this condition occurs in women following pathologic pregnancy and delivery. The leading procedures of the treatment are the following: stimulation of protective forces of the body, control of anemia, broad dissection and drainage of the abscess and, in case of a suppurative-infiltrative form, sectoral resection.", "PMID": 706108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2350", "title": "[Use of the Ilizarov apparatus in treating diaphyseal fractures of the leg bones in the middle-aged and elderly].", "content": "The results of the treatment of diaphysial fractures of the leg in 42 elderly and senile patients are mirrored in this paper. The details concerning the time and procedure of the application of the apparatus, the time of its demounting are set forth. Good results of the osteosynthesis by means of the Ilizarov's apparatus allow to recommend this method for a broad practical use.", "contents": "[Use of the Ilizarov apparatus in treating diaphyseal fractures of the leg bones in the middle-aged and elderly]. The results of the treatment of diaphysial fractures of the leg in 42 elderly and senile patients are mirrored in this paper. The details concerning the time and procedure of the application of the apparatus, the time of its demounting are set forth. Good results of the osteosynthesis by means of the Ilizarov's apparatus allow to recommend this method for a broad practical use.", "PMID": 706109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2351", "title": "[Clinical x-ray diagnosis of the depth of necrosis in 4th degree burns].", "content": "Findings obtained from the examination of 236 burned with the IV degree burns of various localization are presented. A differential diagnosis table of three main forms of burns involving deep anatomical structures is devised. The essential clinical and X-ray symptoms of necrosis of the soft tissues, joints and bones related to the form of the injury and time of its onset are grounded. The use of these features in the clinical practice has permitted to define the depth of the injury in 82% of cases within the first month.", "contents": "[Clinical x-ray diagnosis of the depth of necrosis in 4th degree burns]. Findings obtained from the examination of 236 burned with the IV degree burns of various localization are presented. A differential diagnosis table of three main forms of burns involving deep anatomical structures is devised. The essential clinical and X-ray symptoms of necrosis of the soft tissues, joints and bones related to the form of the injury and time of its onset are grounded. The use of these features in the clinical practice has permitted to define the depth of the injury in 82% of cases within the first month.", "PMID": 706110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2352", "title": "[State of tissue microcirculation in burns of the hand].", "content": "A radioisotope method was applied for investigation of 50 cases divided into three groups according to the depth of the burn. It has been found that this method of investigation of microcirculation in hand burns cases is a valuable diagnostic test allowing to find out disorders of the capillary circulation and to trace the dynamics of its restoration.", "contents": "[State of tissue microcirculation in burns of the hand]. A radioisotope method was applied for investigation of 50 cases divided into three groups according to the depth of the burn. It has been found that this method of investigation of microcirculation in hand burns cases is a valuable diagnostic test allowing to find out disorders of the capillary circulation and to trace the dynamics of its restoration.", "PMID": 706111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2353", "title": "[Diagnosis and treatment of frostbite of the extremities].", "content": "The method of thermography is believed to be a valuable means of an early diagnosis of the depth of the injury in frosbites of the extremities. The use of immune preparations aimed at the lessening of the percentage of infectious complications, both with conservative and surgical treatment of the frostbites of the extremities, should be applied for prophylaxis of the above-mentioned complications.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and treatment of frostbite of the extremities]. The method of thermography is believed to be a valuable means of an early diagnosis of the depth of the injury in frosbites of the extremities. The use of immune preparations aimed at the lessening of the percentage of infectious complications, both with conservative and surgical treatment of the frostbites of the extremities, should be applied for prophylaxis of the above-mentioned complications.", "PMID": 706112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2354", "title": "[Disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome in sepsis in infants].", "content": "In 40 out of 45 children dead from sepsis in 1974--1976 the development of the syndrome of disseminated intravascular coagulation was proved on the grounds of the pathologic picture. In 27 cases histological changes were combined with characteristic clinico-laboratory manifestations of the syndrome. The latter was not found in 10 children who died of a severe local purulent process.", "contents": "[Disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome in sepsis in infants]. In 40 out of 45 children dead from sepsis in 1974--1976 the development of the syndrome of disseminated intravascular coagulation was proved on the grounds of the pathologic picture. In 27 cases histological changes were combined with characteristic clinico-laboratory manifestations of the syndrome. The latter was not found in 10 children who died of a severe local purulent process.", "PMID": 706115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2355", "title": "[Late results of the surgical treatment of children with bilateral hydronephrosis].", "content": "The authors report on the results of surgical treatment of 17 children with bilateral hydronephrosis. Corrective operations gave better results in patients who had not yet developed irreversible structural changes in the kidneys. The authors believe that an early detection of hydronephrosis and removal of obstructions to normal urinary outflow from the kidneys are necessary.", "contents": "[Late results of the surgical treatment of children with bilateral hydronephrosis]. The authors report on the results of surgical treatment of 17 children with bilateral hydronephrosis. Corrective operations gave better results in patients who had not yet developed irreversible structural changes in the kidneys. The authors believe that an early detection of hydronephrosis and removal of obstructions to normal urinary outflow from the kidneys are necessary.", "PMID": 706116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2356", "title": "Radiological studies of the alimentary tract in two Greek tortoises (Testudo graeca).", "content": "Barium sulphate was administered to two tortoises (Testudo graeca). Gastric emptying was not completed until 23 and 80 hours after barium administration and complete passage of barium through the gastrointestinal tract took 25 and 28 days. The consequences of these findings are discussed with reference to artificial feeding and medication regimes in chelonians.", "contents": "Radiological studies of the alimentary tract in two Greek tortoises (Testudo graeca). Barium sulphate was administered to two tortoises (Testudo graeca). Gastric emptying was not completed until 23 and 80 hours after barium administration and complete passage of barium through the gastrointestinal tract took 25 and 28 days. The consequences of these findings are discussed with reference to artificial feeding and medication regimes in chelonians.", "PMID": 706117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2357", "title": "Shaky leg syndrome and hip lesions in turkeys.", "content": "A leg weakness condition of turkeys, often called the \"shaky leg\" syndrome, is described and studies on its pathology reported. There appeared to be no consistent histopathological changes in the nervous, muscular or skeletal systems that were characteristic of the syndrome. During the course of the investigation it became clear that almost all turkeys examined from the age of four weeks, regardless of their locomotor status, strain or management, displayed small degenerative lesions situated medially on the neck of their femurs.", "contents": "Shaky leg syndrome and hip lesions in turkeys. A leg weakness condition of turkeys, often called the \"shaky leg\" syndrome, is described and studies on its pathology reported. There appeared to be no consistent histopathological changes in the nervous, muscular or skeletal systems that were characteristic of the syndrome. During the course of the investigation it became clear that almost all turkeys examined from the age of four weeks, regardless of their locomotor status, strain or management, displayed small degenerative lesions situated medially on the neck of their femurs.", "PMID": 706119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2358", "title": "[Effect of insulin on the amount of somatotropic hormone, immunoreactive insulin, blood sugar and free fatty acids in sheep].", "content": "Studied was the effect of the venous injecting of insulin at the rate of 0.2 IU/kg body weight on the changes in the amount of the somatotropic hormone (STH), the immunoresponsive insulin, the free fatty acids (FFA), and the blood sugar in the serum of sheep, following their dynamics up to the 150th minute after application. The STH level rose to its peak value at the 60th min., after which it showed a lowering trend. The level of FFA dropped sharply after the injection of insulin, its lowest value being registered at the 60th min., after which it rose. By the end of the experiment the blood values of STH and FFA were close to those of the control animals. The blood sugar level started to drop 30 min. following the injection of insulin, and up to the end of the experiment a hypoglycaemic reaction was observed.", "contents": "[Effect of insulin on the amount of somatotropic hormone, immunoreactive insulin, blood sugar and free fatty acids in sheep]. Studied was the effect of the venous injecting of insulin at the rate of 0.2 IU/kg body weight on the changes in the amount of the somatotropic hormone (STH), the immunoresponsive insulin, the free fatty acids (FFA), and the blood sugar in the serum of sheep, following their dynamics up to the 150th minute after application. The STH level rose to its peak value at the 60th min., after which it showed a lowering trend. The level of FFA dropped sharply after the injection of insulin, its lowest value being registered at the 60th min., after which it rose. By the end of the experiment the blood values of STH and FFA were close to those of the control animals. The blood sugar level started to drop 30 min. following the injection of insulin, and up to the end of the experiment a hypoglycaemic reaction was observed.", "PMID": 706139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2359", "title": "[Pathomorphological studies in experimental simazine poisoning of sheep].", "content": "Studied were the morphologic changes in the viscera of 14 sheep and 2 goats experimentally intoxicated via the oral administration of simasin at various rates. The gross lesions consisted of catarrhal and hemorrhagic typhlitis, liver dystrophia, and enlargement of the gallbladder. Histologically, the acute cases presented granular degeneration of the liver and kidneys, oedema of the lungs, fatty infiltration of the myocardium, oedema, hyperemia, and hemorrhages in the brain. In the cases of chronic intoxication there were fatty degeneration of the liver as well as dystrophic changes in the testes, cerebrum, and cerebellum and diffuse granular degeneration of the kidney. Chronic intoxication of sheep with simasin at 1.4 and 3.0 mg per kilogram led to hypofunction of the thyroid; doses of 6.0 and 25 mg kg caused colloid struma while acute toxicity with 250 mg/kg (once and twice treated animals) caused parenchymal struma. A drop in the content of liver glycogen and degranulation of the mastocytes of the mesentery were also observed.", "contents": "[Pathomorphological studies in experimental simazine poisoning of sheep]. Studied were the morphologic changes in the viscera of 14 sheep and 2 goats experimentally intoxicated via the oral administration of simasin at various rates. The gross lesions consisted of catarrhal and hemorrhagic typhlitis, liver dystrophia, and enlargement of the gallbladder. Histologically, the acute cases presented granular degeneration of the liver and kidneys, oedema of the lungs, fatty infiltration of the myocardium, oedema, hyperemia, and hemorrhages in the brain. In the cases of chronic intoxication there were fatty degeneration of the liver as well as dystrophic changes in the testes, cerebrum, and cerebellum and diffuse granular degeneration of the kidney. Chronic intoxication of sheep with simasin at 1.4 and 3.0 mg per kilogram led to hypofunction of the thyroid; doses of 6.0 and 25 mg kg caused colloid struma while acute toxicity with 250 mg/kg (once and twice treated animals) caused parenchymal struma. A drop in the content of liver glycogen and degranulation of the mastocytes of the mesentery were also observed.", "PMID": 706140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2360", "title": "[Changes in the biochemical and morphological indices of broiler chickens depending on the temperature and humidity conditions].", "content": "A varying temperature and humidity regime was tested on a total of 200 hybrid birds (White Plymouth Rock x Cornish crosses). Investigated were some indices of the carbohydrate metabolism and the deposition of vitamins in the organism as well as the effect of the temperature and humidity regime on the growth and development of broilers. It was established that the content of glycogen in the liver and the muscles in birds raised first at 32 degree C and relative air humidity of 65--70 per cent was higher than in birds raised at 36 degree C and relative air humidity of 45--50 per cent. Besides, these observations were coupled with some changes in the content of blood sugar and the amount of A and E vitamins in the liver. The body weight of the test broilers by the end of the experiment was 30 grams higher than that of the control group broilers.", "contents": "[Changes in the biochemical and morphological indices of broiler chickens depending on the temperature and humidity conditions]. A varying temperature and humidity regime was tested on a total of 200 hybrid birds (White Plymouth Rock x Cornish crosses). Investigated were some indices of the carbohydrate metabolism and the deposition of vitamins in the organism as well as the effect of the temperature and humidity regime on the growth and development of broilers. It was established that the content of glycogen in the liver and the muscles in birds raised first at 32 degree C and relative air humidity of 65--70 per cent was higher than in birds raised at 36 degree C and relative air humidity of 45--50 per cent. Besides, these observations were coupled with some changes in the content of blood sugar and the amount of A and E vitamins in the liver. The body weight of the test broilers by the end of the experiment was 30 grams higher than that of the control group broilers.", "PMID": 706142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2361", "title": "[Pharmacological and toxicological studies of novoolean].", "content": "A toxicologic study and some pharmacologic investigations were carried out with the novobiocin salt of oleandomycin, formulated as novoolean. The LD50 of the of the preparation for i/m application to mice proved equal to 1500, and to rats--1800 mg per kg of body weight. For oral introduction the average lethal dose for mice amounts to 3250 mg/kg. At such route of application on deaths were observed in rats after the administration of 5 000 mg/kg. A 30-day treatment via i/m application to rats of 180 mg/kg (which is equal to one tenth part of LD50) did not lead to changes in the growth, blood picture, and a number of clinical and biochemical indices of the blood and urine; there were no changes in the development and the structure of the viscera as well as the reproductive capacity of the test animals. Electron-microscope studies with rats treated in the same period with 360 mg/kg (one fifth of the LD50 value) revealed certain injuries of the liver kidneys. With cats the venous infusion of the preparation at rates of up to 15 mg/kg showed no changes in the blood pressure and the rhythm and pulse rate, and the addition of novoolean to the nutrient solution in concentrations of up to 100 mg/cu. cm did not influence the tonus and the motor function of isolated (after Magnus) sectioned portions of the small intestine of rabbits and guinea pigs.", "contents": "[Pharmacological and toxicological studies of novoolean]. A toxicologic study and some pharmacologic investigations were carried out with the novobiocin salt of oleandomycin, formulated as novoolean. The LD50 of the of the preparation for i/m application to mice proved equal to 1500, and to rats--1800 mg per kg of body weight. For oral introduction the average lethal dose for mice amounts to 3250 mg/kg. At such route of application on deaths were observed in rats after the administration of 5 000 mg/kg. A 30-day treatment via i/m application to rats of 180 mg/kg (which is equal to one tenth part of LD50) did not lead to changes in the growth, blood picture, and a number of clinical and biochemical indices of the blood and urine; there were no changes in the development and the structure of the viscera as well as the reproductive capacity of the test animals. Electron-microscope studies with rats treated in the same period with 360 mg/kg (one fifth of the LD50 value) revealed certain injuries of the liver kidneys. With cats the venous infusion of the preparation at rates of up to 15 mg/kg showed no changes in the blood pressure and the rhythm and pulse rate, and the addition of novoolean to the nutrient solution in concentrations of up to 100 mg/cu. cm did not influence the tonus and the motor function of isolated (after Magnus) sectioned portions of the small intestine of rabbits and guinea pigs.", "PMID": 706143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2362", "title": "[Fluctuations in susceptibility of pigs to erysipelas depending on age].", "content": "The results of experiments have shown that up to their second month of age pigs are not susceptible to Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection. The invasion of the infective agent into the body of sich pigs neither causes an outbreak of the disease nor brings about changes in the immunologic indices under investigation, which shows that no infection process develops in these animals. At a later age infecting the pigs both with a broth culture of the pathogen and with material from organs, using the same doses as in the case of younger pigs has led to the development of a clinical process followed by enhancement of phagocytosis and rise of agglutination titers.", "contents": "[Fluctuations in susceptibility of pigs to erysipelas depending on age]. The results of experiments have shown that up to their second month of age pigs are not susceptible to Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection. The invasion of the infective agent into the body of sich pigs neither causes an outbreak of the disease nor brings about changes in the immunologic indices under investigation, which shows that no infection process develops in these animals. At a later age infecting the pigs both with a broth culture of the pathogen and with material from organs, using the same doses as in the case of younger pigs has led to the development of a clinical process followed by enhancement of phagocytosis and rise of agglutination titers.", "PMID": 706144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2363", "title": "[Morphological changes in the liver of gamma-irradiated chick embryos and chickens].", "content": "The morphologic changes produced in the liver through irradiation at the rate of 1000 rad are characterized chiefly by a well expressed fatty dystrophia. At many sites there are pycnotic and lysed nuclei of the parenchymal cells. In the embryonic liver these changes are most strongly manifested in 12-day-old embryos. In contrast to the irradiated adult birds the embryonic liver presents no processes on necrosis after radiation treatment.", "contents": "[Morphological changes in the liver of gamma-irradiated chick embryos and chickens]. The morphologic changes produced in the liver through irradiation at the rate of 1000 rad are characterized chiefly by a well expressed fatty dystrophia. At many sites there are pycnotic and lysed nuclei of the parenchymal cells. In the embryonic liver these changes are most strongly manifested in 12-day-old embryos. In contrast to the irradiated adult birds the embryonic liver presents no processes on necrosis after radiation treatment.", "PMID": 706145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2364", "title": "[Study and identification of the respiratory syncytial virus isolated from a leukemic cow].", "content": "A virus was isolated from the lymph nodes of a cow. By its cultural, physical, chemical, and biologic properties it proved identical with the standard bovine respiratory syncytial virus. It multiplied well in cell cultures of calf kidney at pH 7--7.5. Introduced in 20-day-old guinea pigs the virus caused anorexia, bristling up of hairs, stunting, and occasionally death. The inoculated guinea pigs developed pneumonia of a proliferative type with Langhans' giant cells. The interrlationship between the isolated virus and the standard oncorna virus, type C, is discussed.", "contents": "[Study and identification of the respiratory syncytial virus isolated from a leukemic cow]. A virus was isolated from the lymph nodes of a cow. By its cultural, physical, chemical, and biologic properties it proved identical with the standard bovine respiratory syncytial virus. It multiplied well in cell cultures of calf kidney at pH 7--7.5. Introduced in 20-day-old guinea pigs the virus caused anorexia, bristling up of hairs, stunting, and occasionally death. The inoculated guinea pigs developed pneumonia of a proliferative type with Langhans' giant cells. The interrlationship between the isolated virus and the standard oncorna virus, type C, is discussed.", "PMID": 706146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2365", "title": "[Dynamics of the immune titers in commercial layers raised under increased lighting intensity].", "content": "Investigations were carried out into the dynamics of the immune titers in commercial layers raised under equal conditions (exceptxor intense illumination for the control group). The trials were performed in the conditions of industrial poultry farming. Studied were the imune titers against NDV on the 14th, 21st, 35th, 68th, and 88th day following aerosol immunisation with the vaccinal strain Komarov. A higher titer for a more prolonged period in birds raised in the conditions of increased intensity of electric light within the range of 70--75 lx was established.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the immune titers in commercial layers raised under increased lighting intensity]. Investigations were carried out into the dynamics of the immune titers in commercial layers raised under equal conditions (exceptxor intense illumination for the control group). The trials were performed in the conditions of industrial poultry farming. Studied were the imune titers against NDV on the 14th, 21st, 35th, 68th, and 88th day following aerosol immunisation with the vaccinal strain Komarov. A higher titer for a more prolonged period in birds raised in the conditions of increased intensity of electric light within the range of 70--75 lx was established.", "PMID": 706147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2366", "title": "[Atrophic rhinitis in swine].", "content": "Four 60-day-old pigs were experimentally infected with Bordetella bronchiseptica at a state in which the animals were clinicylly normal. A single pig only, killed on the 180th day, presented a slight deflection of septum nasi. Morphologically, there were severe dystrophic and necrotic changes in the mucosa of the conchae, the nasal cartilages as well as in the bones. The pathogen was reisolated from two of the pigs. Clinical and morphological investigations were carried out also with spontaneously affected animals, isolating Pasteurella multocida, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Mycoplasma organisms, but not Bordetella bronchiseptic. Morphologically, there were in 37 of the pigs severe dystrophic and necrotic lesions in the nasal mucosa, cartilages, and bones. Basophilic inclusion bodies were demonstrated in the epithelial cells of the tubulous glands. It is concluded that a combined method of prophylaxis and treatment would be most effective, and of the drugs borgal has proved likewise most promising.", "contents": "[Atrophic rhinitis in swine]. Four 60-day-old pigs were experimentally infected with Bordetella bronchiseptica at a state in which the animals were clinicylly normal. A single pig only, killed on the 180th day, presented a slight deflection of septum nasi. Morphologically, there were severe dystrophic and necrotic changes in the mucosa of the conchae, the nasal cartilages as well as in the bones. The pathogen was reisolated from two of the pigs. Clinical and morphological investigations were carried out also with spontaneously affected animals, isolating Pasteurella multocida, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Mycoplasma organisms, but not Bordetella bronchiseptic. Morphologically, there were in 37 of the pigs severe dystrophic and necrotic lesions in the nasal mucosa, cartilages, and bones. Basophilic inclusion bodies were demonstrated in the epithelial cells of the tubulous glands. It is concluded that a combined method of prophylaxis and treatment would be most effective, and of the drugs borgal has proved likewise most promising.", "PMID": 706148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2367", "title": "[Distribution of radioactive phosphorus (P32) and intensity of ATP metabolism in the cardiac muscle of rats following partial parasympathectomy and physical stress].", "content": "ATP turnover as well as incorporation of 32P into various parts of myocardium were studied after left-side vagotomy and physical loading. An increase in 32P incorporation was observed within 5, 10, 30, 105 days after the operation. Physical loading decreased the isotope incorporation into heart tissue of vagotomized and control animals under these conditions. The vagotomy did not alter the ATP content in rat myocardium but increased the turnover of ATP.", "contents": "[Distribution of radioactive phosphorus (P32) and intensity of ATP metabolism in the cardiac muscle of rats following partial parasympathectomy and physical stress]. ATP turnover as well as incorporation of 32P into various parts of myocardium were studied after left-side vagotomy and physical loading. An increase in 32P incorporation was observed within 5, 10, 30, 105 days after the operation. Physical loading decreased the isotope incorporation into heart tissue of vagotomized and control animals under these conditions. The vagotomy did not alter the ATP content in rat myocardium but increased the turnover of ATP.", "PMID": 706251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2368", "title": "[Properties of cholinesterase preparations from human erythroyctes].", "content": "A modified method is described for isolation of acetylcholinesterase from human erythrocytes using an additional step of gel filtration on Sephadex G-75. Preparations of acetylcholinesterase were liberated from thromaboplastic activity and their specific activity was increased due to removal of low molecular proteins and of the products of destruction of hemoglobin. Content of A and B isoantigens in the preparations obtained was rather low and content of hemoglobin, combined with other proteins in the form of oxyhemoglobin, did not exceed 12% of the total protein.", "contents": "[Properties of cholinesterase preparations from human erythroyctes]. A modified method is described for isolation of acetylcholinesterase from human erythrocytes using an additional step of gel filtration on Sephadex G-75. Preparations of acetylcholinesterase were liberated from thromaboplastic activity and their specific activity was increased due to removal of low molecular proteins and of the products of destruction of hemoglobin. Content of A and B isoantigens in the preparations obtained was rather low and content of hemoglobin, combined with other proteins in the form of oxyhemoglobin, did not exceed 12% of the total protein.", "PMID": 706252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2369", "title": "[State of protein and mineral metabolism following thyrocalcitonin administration during experimental osteogenesis].", "content": "Prolonged administration of thyrocalcitonine (TC) into rats (at a dose 5 un per animal) led to some alterations in protein and mineral metabolism: decrease in content of calcium and phosphorus in blood, activation of alkaline phosphatase in blood, decrease in excretion of hydroxyproline, increase in excretion of aminonitrogen with urine. Distinct correlation was observed between the metabolic activity and definite steps in reparative osteogenesis. Exogenous TC activated the cellular structures, which participated in the regenerative processes, promoted the rapid turnover of bone generation and decreased the periods of tracture healing.", "contents": "[State of protein and mineral metabolism following thyrocalcitonin administration during experimental osteogenesis]. Prolonged administration of thyrocalcitonine (TC) into rats (at a dose 5 un per animal) led to some alterations in protein and mineral metabolism: decrease in content of calcium and phosphorus in blood, activation of alkaline phosphatase in blood, decrease in excretion of hydroxyproline, increase in excretion of aminonitrogen with urine. Distinct correlation was observed between the metabolic activity and definite steps in reparative osteogenesis. Exogenous TC activated the cellular structures, which participated in the regenerative processes, promoted the rapid turnover of bone generation and decreased the periods of tracture healing.", "PMID": 706253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2370", "title": "[Serotonin inactivation by tissues of the gastrointestinal tract and liver in the presence of dysenteric poisoning].", "content": "Intravenous administration of serotonin into healthy rabbits was accompanied by an increase in content of serotonin in blood of vena cava inferior but the level of serotonin in blood of vena portae and vena centralis hepatis was unaltered. Concentration of serotonin was increased in all parts of the venous system studied after administration of serotonin into andogenous histamine was stimulated. Administration of iproniazid, simultaneously with the dysenteric toxin, led to decrease in inactivation not only of serotonin, but also of histamine.", "contents": "[Serotonin inactivation by tissues of the gastrointestinal tract and liver in the presence of dysenteric poisoning]. Intravenous administration of serotonin into healthy rabbits was accompanied by an increase in content of serotonin in blood of vena cava inferior but the level of serotonin in blood of vena portae and vena centralis hepatis was unaltered. Concentration of serotonin was increased in all parts of the venous system studied after administration of serotonin into andogenous histamine was stimulated. Administration of iproniazid, simultaneously with the dysenteric toxin, led to decrease in inactivation not only of serotonin, but also of histamine.", "PMID": 706254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2371", "title": "[Effect of acute hypoxia on the metabolic activity of lung tissue].", "content": "Metabolic activity of rat lungs were studied in normal state and in acute hypoxia, caused by an effect of rarefied atmosphere (3 hrs, \"height\" 10,000 m). Glycolytic splitting of carbohydrates and catabolism of proteins were increased in lungs under hypoxic stress. In hypoxia activities of adlobase, pyruvate kinase, succinate dehydrogenase, 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase were increased, but hexokinase activity was decreased. Activities of lipase, lactate dehydrogenase and NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase were not altered, whereas the ratio in specific activity of cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase was decreased.", "contents": "[Effect of acute hypoxia on the metabolic activity of lung tissue]. Metabolic activity of rat lungs were studied in normal state and in acute hypoxia, caused by an effect of rarefied atmosphere (3 hrs, \"height\" 10,000 m). Glycolytic splitting of carbohydrates and catabolism of proteins were increased in lungs under hypoxic stress. In hypoxia activities of adlobase, pyruvate kinase, succinate dehydrogenase, 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase were increased, but hexokinase activity was decreased. Activities of lipase, lactate dehydrogenase and NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase were not altered, whereas the ratio in specific activity of cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase was decreased.", "PMID": 706255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2372", "title": "[Adrenaline and noradrenaline elimination from the blood of rats of different ages].", "content": "Elimination of adrenaline and noradrenaline from blood of adult and old rats was studied within different periods after administration of the catecholamines. Adrenaline was eliminated from blood of rats of both age groups with the similar rate; however, the time of elimination of noradrenaline was distinctly longer in old animals are compared with the adult ones. The alterations observed may be due to the effects of sympathetic system on metabolic process in various tissues in the old age.", "contents": "[Adrenaline and noradrenaline elimination from the blood of rats of different ages]. Elimination of adrenaline and noradrenaline from blood of adult and old rats was studied within different periods after administration of the catecholamines. Adrenaline was eliminated from blood of rats of both age groups with the similar rate; however, the time of elimination of noradrenaline was distinctly longer in old animals are compared with the adult ones. The alterations observed may be due to the effects of sympathetic system on metabolic process in various tissues in the old age.", "PMID": 706257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2373", "title": "[Incorporation of 2-14C-acetate into the glycolipids of the spinal cord and brain stem of normal guinea pigs and guinea pigs in the paralytic stage of triorthocresylphosphate poisoning].", "content": "Paralytical form of chronic intoxication was caused by single intracutaneous administration of tri-O-cresyl phosphate (TOCP)/2=2.2 ml/kg/ into guinea pigs. Within the first 27--33 days after the treatment, the animals with pronounced symptoms of neurotoxic effect of TOCP were subcutaneously administered with 2-14C-acetate/100 mu Ci per 100 g of body weight/2 hrs before decapitation. Purified cerebrosides, gangliosides and acid-soluble fraction, containing 14C-precursors, were isolated and their specific radiactivity was measured in a gas-flow counter. The rate of 14C incorporation into cerebrosides and gangliosides in spinal cord was found to exceed that in brain stem. In paralytical stage of disease, caused by TOCP, synthesis of cerebroside was depressed in spinal cord and in brain stem, according to calculated value for relative specific radioactivity. In spinal cord the rate of 14C incorporation into gangliosides was also decreased. These data suggest that neurtoxic drug TOCP affects metabolic processes both in oligodendroglial cells and in neurons, where ganglioside biosynthesis occurs.", "contents": "[Incorporation of 2-14C-acetate into the glycolipids of the spinal cord and brain stem of normal guinea pigs and guinea pigs in the paralytic stage of triorthocresylphosphate poisoning]. Paralytical form of chronic intoxication was caused by single intracutaneous administration of tri-O-cresyl phosphate (TOCP)/2=2.2 ml/kg/ into guinea pigs. Within the first 27--33 days after the treatment, the animals with pronounced symptoms of neurotoxic effect of TOCP were subcutaneously administered with 2-14C-acetate/100 mu Ci per 100 g of body weight/2 hrs before decapitation. Purified cerebrosides, gangliosides and acid-soluble fraction, containing 14C-precursors, were isolated and their specific radiactivity was measured in a gas-flow counter. The rate of 14C incorporation into cerebrosides and gangliosides in spinal cord was found to exceed that in brain stem. In paralytical stage of disease, caused by TOCP, synthesis of cerebroside was depressed in spinal cord and in brain stem, according to calculated value for relative specific radioactivity. In spinal cord the rate of 14C incorporation into gangliosides was also decreased. These data suggest that neurtoxic drug TOCP affects metabolic processes both in oligodendroglial cells and in neurons, where ganglioside biosynthesis occurs.", "PMID": 706258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2374", "title": "[Activating effect of indolylhdrazides on rat brain monamine oxidase].", "content": "Effects of hydrazide and isopropyl hydrazide of beta-/2-methyl indolyl-3/propionic acid as well as dihydrazide and isopropyl dihydrazide of alpha-butyl-beta/2-methyl-5-carboxyindolyl-3/propionic acid on activity of monoamine oxidase from rat brain were studied in vivo and in vitro. The effects of the preparations depend on the initial activity of the enzyme, concentrations of the compounds and on the substrate used. Decreased monoamine oxidase activity was the most suitable condition for detection of activating effect of compounds studied.", "contents": "[Activating effect of indolylhdrazides on rat brain monamine oxidase]. Effects of hydrazide and isopropyl hydrazide of beta-/2-methyl indolyl-3/propionic acid as well as dihydrazide and isopropyl dihydrazide of alpha-butyl-beta/2-methyl-5-carboxyindolyl-3/propionic acid on activity of monoamine oxidase from rat brain were studied in vivo and in vitro. The effects of the preparations depend on the initial activity of the enzyme, concentrations of the compounds and on the substrate used. Decreased monoamine oxidase activity was the most suitable condition for detection of activating effect of compounds studied.", "PMID": 706259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2375", "title": "[Effect of acetylcholine on protein biosynthesis in regions of the heart in adult and old rats].", "content": "Effect of acetylcholine on incorporation of labelled amino acids (14C hydrolysate of chlorella protein) into the free amino acid pool and total protein was studied using slices of auricles, right and left heart ventricles, obtained from 2-month, 8--10 month and 26--28-month old rats. Changes in the intensity of protein biosynthesis were estimated by following relative specific activity (RSA--protein specific activity/free amino acid pool specific activity). Maximal increase in the RSA value was found: in auricles of 2-month old rats in presence of 2.5.10(-4) M acetylcholine, in adult rats--in presence of 1.10(-3) M acetylcholine and in old rats--in presence of 5.10(-4) M acetylcholine; in right ventricle of all age groups--at the concentration of 1.10(-5) M acetylcholine. In left ventricle of all age groups the changes in RSA value were statistically unsignificant. Atropine blocked the stimulating effect of acetylcholine on protein biosynthesis in auricles.", "contents": "[Effect of acetylcholine on protein biosynthesis in regions of the heart in adult and old rats]. Effect of acetylcholine on incorporation of labelled amino acids (14C hydrolysate of chlorella protein) into the free amino acid pool and total protein was studied using slices of auricles, right and left heart ventricles, obtained from 2-month, 8--10 month and 26--28-month old rats. Changes in the intensity of protein biosynthesis were estimated by following relative specific activity (RSA--protein specific activity/free amino acid pool specific activity). Maximal increase in the RSA value was found: in auricles of 2-month old rats in presence of 2.5.10(-4) M acetylcholine, in adult rats--in presence of 1.10(-3) M acetylcholine and in old rats--in presence of 5.10(-4) M acetylcholine; in right ventricle of all age groups--at the concentration of 1.10(-5) M acetylcholine. In left ventricle of all age groups the changes in RSA value were statistically unsignificant. Atropine blocked the stimulating effect of acetylcholine on protein biosynthesis in auricles.", "PMID": 706261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2376", "title": "[Effect of biogenic amines on phosphorolysis and gamma-amylolysis of glycogen in the cardiac muscle of rats under anesthesia].", "content": "Adrenaline, poradrenaline, serotonin, triptamine and 3-hydroxytyramine activated glycogen phosphorolysis in heart of nonanesthetized rats due to increase in the phosphorylase A activity. Anesthesia with nembutal and ether prevented the stimulating effect of biogenic amines (excluding serotonin) on phosphorolysis. Adrenaline, administered into animals anesthetized with nembutal, inhibited the glycogen phosphorolysis. Noradrenaline caused a decrease in gamma-amylolysis of glycogen in anesthetized and untreated rats. The inhibitory effect of adrenaline on glycogen gamma-amylolysis occurred in rat heart muscle only under the conditions of anesthesia.", "contents": "[Effect of biogenic amines on phosphorolysis and gamma-amylolysis of glycogen in the cardiac muscle of rats under anesthesia]. Adrenaline, poradrenaline, serotonin, triptamine and 3-hydroxytyramine activated glycogen phosphorolysis in heart of nonanesthetized rats due to increase in the phosphorylase A activity. Anesthesia with nembutal and ether prevented the stimulating effect of biogenic amines (excluding serotonin) on phosphorolysis. Adrenaline, administered into animals anesthetized with nembutal, inhibited the glycogen phosphorolysis. Noradrenaline caused a decrease in gamma-amylolysis of glycogen in anesthetized and untreated rats. The inhibitory effect of adrenaline on glycogen gamma-amylolysis occurred in rat heart muscle only under the conditions of anesthesia.", "PMID": 706262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2377", "title": "[Method of studying collagen metabolism in human skin].", "content": "Rate of collagen biosynthesis was evaluated by monitoring total radioactivity of 14C-proline in soluble and unsoluble collagen. The rate of collagen maturation was estimated by following radioactivity of 14C-hydroxyproline in unsoluble fraction of collagen. Correlation between the concentration of collagen in skin and the rate of its biosynthesis enabled to determine the rate of collagen degradation. The modified method differed from the original one in the procedure for estimation of total and radioactive hydroxyproline, in technique for extraction of collagen fractions, soluble in 0.45 M NaCl, in composition of experimental samples. Some reagents were substituted for more easily available analogues. The modified method, as compared with original one, was more informative, simple and less expensive, but maintained the good reproducibility and sensitiivity of the original method.", "contents": "[Method of studying collagen metabolism in human skin]. Rate of collagen biosynthesis was evaluated by monitoring total radioactivity of 14C-proline in soluble and unsoluble collagen. The rate of collagen maturation was estimated by following radioactivity of 14C-hydroxyproline in unsoluble fraction of collagen. Correlation between the concentration of collagen in skin and the rate of its biosynthesis enabled to determine the rate of collagen degradation. The modified method differed from the original one in the procedure for estimation of total and radioactive hydroxyproline, in technique for extraction of collagen fractions, soluble in 0.45 M NaCl, in composition of experimental samples. Some reagents were substituted for more easily available analogues. The modified method, as compared with original one, was more informative, simple and less expensive, but maintained the good reproducibility and sensitiivity of the original method.", "PMID": 706263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2378", "title": "[Tumors in animals irradiated during embryogenesis].", "content": "In experiments on 465 male and female white non-lineal rats irradiated in their embryonal (7th day--240 rats), organogenesis (14th day--105 rats) and foetal periods of embryogenesis (19th day--120 rats) with 60Co--rays in a dose of 100 r, its actual power 168 r/m, and on 73 control rats the authors have studied the frequency and terms of tumors appearance. A group comprising 219 experimental rats and 53 control animals, died during a period of 200--600 days following their birth, was analysed. Irradiation at different stages of embryogenesis would provide a statistically significant increase in the frequency of tumors and shorten the terms of their appearance. In control animals tumors arose in 16,9% (in 9 of 53 animals). Embryonal and foetal periods of embryogenesis proved to be mostly susceptible as evidenced by the yield of radiation tumors. In animals exposed to irradiation in their embryonal period tumors arose in 64,5% (in 69 of 107 rats), in the foetal period--in 62,8% (in 44 of 70 rats), and during the period of organogenesis--in 42,8% (in 18 of 42 rats). Rats exposed to irradiation in the embryonal and foetal period of embryogenesis developed tumors to the 120--180th day of the experiment, while in the organogenesis period--to the 400th day. Maximum tumor appearance was observed in the last third of the lifetime. Male rats irradiated in the period of embryogenesis developed tumors of the mammary gland and bones, females- ovarian and bone tumors, which were absent in control animals.", "contents": "[Tumors in animals irradiated during embryogenesis]. In experiments on 465 male and female white non-lineal rats irradiated in their embryonal (7th day--240 rats), organogenesis (14th day--105 rats) and foetal periods of embryogenesis (19th day--120 rats) with 60Co--rays in a dose of 100 r, its actual power 168 r/m, and on 73 control rats the authors have studied the frequency and terms of tumors appearance. A group comprising 219 experimental rats and 53 control animals, died during a period of 200--600 days following their birth, was analysed. Irradiation at different stages of embryogenesis would provide a statistically significant increase in the frequency of tumors and shorten the terms of their appearance. In control animals tumors arose in 16,9% (in 9 of 53 animals). Embryonal and foetal periods of embryogenesis proved to be mostly susceptible as evidenced by the yield of radiation tumors. In animals exposed to irradiation in their embryonal period tumors arose in 64,5% (in 69 of 107 rats), in the foetal period--in 62,8% (in 44 of 70 rats), and during the period of organogenesis--in 42,8% (in 18 of 42 rats). Rats exposed to irradiation in the embryonal and foetal period of embryogenesis developed tumors to the 120--180th day of the experiment, while in the organogenesis period--to the 400th day. Maximum tumor appearance was observed in the last third of the lifetime. Male rats irradiated in the period of embryogenesis developed tumors of the mammary gland and bones, females- ovarian and bone tumors, which were absent in control animals.", "PMID": 706292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2379", "title": "[Type-C viral particles in cell cultures of chemically induced glioma in Sprague-Dawley rats].", "content": "Long-term cultures of a glioma induced in a Sprague-Dawley rat exposed to methylnitrosourea were examined by thin-section electron microscopy. Budding and extracellular lying C-type virus particles were numerous in several samples of the highpassage cultures. This is the first report of a chemically induced rat glioma associated with C-type virus particles. Studies with an aim to characterize this rat glioma associated virus are in progress.", "contents": "[Type-C viral particles in cell cultures of chemically induced glioma in Sprague-Dawley rats]. Long-term cultures of a glioma induced in a Sprague-Dawley rat exposed to methylnitrosourea were examined by thin-section electron microscopy. Budding and extracellular lying C-type virus particles were numerous in several samples of the highpassage cultures. This is the first report of a chemically induced rat glioma associated with C-type virus particles. Studies with an aim to characterize this rat glioma associated virus are in progress.", "PMID": 706293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2380", "title": "[Mechanisms of the immunodepression caused by ortho-aminoazotoluene and its noncarcinogenic analog in mice].", "content": "Single injections of ortho-aminoazotoluene (OAT) or aminoazobenzene (AB) decrease the immune response of DD mice to the strain-nonspecific Krebs-2 tumor. The immunosuppressive action of AB is due to its toxicity for lymphoid cells, whereas the OAT effect is mediated by adrenal glands. After OAT injection,II-oxycorticosteroids level is elevated although their production by adrenal glands is not increased. The accumulation of glucocorticoids in blood after OAT injection is assumed to be the result of a decreased hormone utilization because of the blockade of receptor proteins or metabolizing enzymes in liver cells by a carcinogen.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of the immunodepression caused by ortho-aminoazotoluene and its noncarcinogenic analog in mice]. Single injections of ortho-aminoazotoluene (OAT) or aminoazobenzene (AB) decrease the immune response of DD mice to the strain-nonspecific Krebs-2 tumor. The immunosuppressive action of AB is due to its toxicity for lymphoid cells, whereas the OAT effect is mediated by adrenal glands. After OAT injection,II-oxycorticosteroids level is elevated although their production by adrenal glands is not increased. The accumulation of glucocorticoids in blood after OAT injection is assumed to be the result of a decreased hormone utilization because of the blockade of receptor proteins or metabolizing enzymes in liver cells by a carcinogen.", "PMID": 706294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2381", "title": "[Nephrogenic hypertension and carcinogenesis].", "content": "The results of studies conducted on 355 white nonpedigree male rats (268 experimental and 87 intact animals) indicated that nephrogenic hypertension: a) potentiates the development of benz(a) pyrene induced blastomas; b) enhances, as a rule, the growth of transplantable tumors: carcinoma RS-1 and sarcoma 45; c) results in a tendency to more frequent metastasization of the tumors (Walker carcinosarcoma and Zajdela ascites hepatoma).", "contents": "[Nephrogenic hypertension and carcinogenesis]. The results of studies conducted on 355 white nonpedigree male rats (268 experimental and 87 intact animals) indicated that nephrogenic hypertension: a) potentiates the development of benz(a) pyrene induced blastomas; b) enhances, as a rule, the growth of transplantable tumors: carcinoma RS-1 and sarcoma 45; c) results in a tendency to more frequent metastasization of the tumors (Walker carcinosarcoma and Zajdela ascites hepatoma).", "PMID": 706295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2382", "title": "[Significance of modifying factors in the development of peripheral nervous system tumors in rabbits].", "content": "The experiments conducted on 170 rabbits have indicated that the development of neurogenic tumors under the exposure to methylnitrosourea procedes more rapidly in immunization with the tissue homogenate from the rabbit sciatic nerve (using a complete Freund's adjuvant) in chronic irritation of the peripheral trunk and in hypothyroidism and estrogenization of the organism of animals under test. Castration and thyroidin administration would reduce the number of experimental tumors of the peripheral nervous system and lengthen the latent period of their development.", "contents": "[Significance of modifying factors in the development of peripheral nervous system tumors in rabbits]. The experiments conducted on 170 rabbits have indicated that the development of neurogenic tumors under the exposure to methylnitrosourea procedes more rapidly in immunization with the tissue homogenate from the rabbit sciatic nerve (using a complete Freund's adjuvant) in chronic irritation of the peripheral trunk and in hypothyroidism and estrogenization of the organism of animals under test. Castration and thyroidin administration would reduce the number of experimental tumors of the peripheral nervous system and lengthen the latent period of their development.", "PMID": 706296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2383", "title": "[Kinetic patterns of the development of transplantable AKR leukemia].", "content": "Under study was the kinetics of the development in primary passages of AKR leukemia transplanted by different number of cells. The indices of the leukemic process (the spleen, lymph nodes, the liver, thymus, blood leucocytes) vary with time in extreme curves. The leukemia transplantability is reduced from 100% to 24% with lessening of the transplant from 10(4) to 10(1) cells. The latent period duration and the survival of mice are linearly related to the transplanted cells number logarythm.", "contents": "[Kinetic patterns of the development of transplantable AKR leukemia]. Under study was the kinetics of the development in primary passages of AKR leukemia transplanted by different number of cells. The indices of the leukemic process (the spleen, lymph nodes, the liver, thymus, blood leucocytes) vary with time in extreme curves. The leukemia transplantability is reduced from 100% to 24% with lessening of the transplant from 10(4) to 10(1) cells. The latent period duration and the survival of mice are linearly related to the transplanted cells number logarythm.", "PMID": 706297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2384", "title": "Endobronchial metastases in breast carcinoma.", "content": "In a consecutive series of 1,628 patients with breast carcinoma, six cases of endobronchial metastases were diagnosed for an incidence of 0.4 percent. The median latent interval from the diagnosis of the primary carcinoma until the time of diagnosis of endobronchial metastases was 21 months. Endobronchial metastases can be the initial manifestation of recurrent cancer and can present with no abnormalities shown on x-ray films of the chest. Because of similar symptomatology, the diagnosis of endobronchial metastases may be confused with a central bronchogenic carcinoma but the histological appearance could differentiate the two entities. Local treatment with radiation therapy is usually inadequate and patients should also be treated with some form of systemic treatment such as chemotherapy. The median survival after the diagnosis of endobronchial metastases was 13 months.", "contents": "Endobronchial metastases in breast carcinoma. In a consecutive series of 1,628 patients with breast carcinoma, six cases of endobronchial metastases were diagnosed for an incidence of 0.4 percent. The median latent interval from the diagnosis of the primary carcinoma until the time of diagnosis of endobronchial metastases was 21 months. Endobronchial metastases can be the initial manifestation of recurrent cancer and can present with no abnormalities shown on x-ray films of the chest. Because of similar symptomatology, the diagnosis of endobronchial metastases may be confused with a central bronchogenic carcinoma but the histological appearance could differentiate the two entities. Local treatment with radiation therapy is usually inadequate and patients should also be treated with some form of systemic treatment such as chemotherapy. The median survival after the diagnosis of endobronchial metastases was 13 months.", "PMID": 706354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2385", "title": "Urinary tract infection/vaginitis protocol. Use in a walk-in clinic.", "content": "A process, outcome and salary-cost analysis was made of the use of a urinary tract infection/vaginitis protocol. Three nurse practitioners, in a university-based, walk-in clinic, cared for 128 women presenting with complaints of dysuria or vaginal discharge, or both. There were no significant differences among the nurse practitioners in data collection, diagnostic accuracy or patient outcome. The diagnoses were correct in 92 percent, incorrect in 6 percent and indeterminate in 2 percent of the patients. Incorrect diagnoses were due to presumption of urinary tract infection in patients with the urethral syndrome or vaginitis. Of the patients, 78 percent were actually sent home without seeing a physician. Concordance with the nurse practitioners' physical examination was 100 percent in those patients examined by a physician. In 82 percent of the patients there was alleviation of symptoms. Patient satisfaction with this method of care was extraordinary, with 98 percent of the patients giving favorable reports. True physician extension was achieved with a reduction in physician time per patient from 20 minutes to 6 minutes. In contrast to previously reported data, only a modest reduction in salary cost savings (10 percent) could be shown. The author concludes that nurse practitioners working in an acute care clinic or emergency department can see the patients defined in the study and provide high-quality care at a reasonable cost.", "contents": "Urinary tract infection/vaginitis protocol. Use in a walk-in clinic. A process, outcome and salary-cost analysis was made of the use of a urinary tract infection/vaginitis protocol. Three nurse practitioners, in a university-based, walk-in clinic, cared for 128 women presenting with complaints of dysuria or vaginal discharge, or both. There were no significant differences among the nurse practitioners in data collection, diagnostic accuracy or patient outcome. The diagnoses were correct in 92 percent, incorrect in 6 percent and indeterminate in 2 percent of the patients. Incorrect diagnoses were due to presumption of urinary tract infection in patients with the urethral syndrome or vaginitis. Of the patients, 78 percent were actually sent home without seeing a physician. Concordance with the nurse practitioners' physical examination was 100 percent in those patients examined by a physician. In 82 percent of the patients there was alleviation of symptoms. Patient satisfaction with this method of care was extraordinary, with 98 percent of the patients giving favorable reports. True physician extension was achieved with a reduction in physician time per patient from 20 minutes to 6 minutes. In contrast to previously reported data, only a modest reduction in salary cost savings (10 percent) could be shown. The author concludes that nurse practitioners working in an acute care clinic or emergency department can see the patients defined in the study and provide high-quality care at a reasonable cost.", "PMID": 706355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2386", "title": "Unifocal bone findings by scintigraphy. Clinical significance in patients with known primary cancer.", "content": "Preliminary findings suggest that in patients with known primary cancer, a large percentage of unifocal lesions seen on radionuclide bone scans are not metastatic. In a survey of radionuclide bone studies done on 861 consecutive patients, 30 patients with known primary cancer had solitary lesions. Adequate follow-up information was available on 21 of these 30 patients. In only four did the lesions prove to be caused by metastatic malignancy.", "contents": "Unifocal bone findings by scintigraphy. Clinical significance in patients with known primary cancer. Preliminary findings suggest that in patients with known primary cancer, a large percentage of unifocal lesions seen on radionuclide bone scans are not metastatic. In a survey of radionuclide bone studies done on 861 consecutive patients, 30 patients with known primary cancer had solitary lesions. Adequate follow-up information was available on 21 of these 30 patients. In only four did the lesions prove to be caused by metastatic malignancy.", "PMID": 706356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2387", "title": "Child health assessment and screening using a volunteer staff.", "content": "A child health assessment and screening program, staffed by volunteers, has evaluated approximately 5,000 children in a general pediatric clinic. A sample of 500 children was studied to determine characteristics of the population served, quality of the work of the volunteers and the number of new problems identified. Use of well-trained volunteers, provided with adequate supervision and follow-up physical examination of the children, identified many new problems at minimal cost and proved an effective means of expanding quality health care.", "contents": "Child health assessment and screening using a volunteer staff. A child health assessment and screening program, staffed by volunteers, has evaluated approximately 5,000 children in a general pediatric clinic. A sample of 500 children was studied to determine characteristics of the population served, quality of the work of the volunteers and the number of new problems identified. Use of well-trained volunteers, provided with adequate supervision and follow-up physical examination of the children, identified many new problems at minimal cost and proved an effective means of expanding quality health care.", "PMID": 706361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2388", "title": "[Diagnostic standards in geriatric surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnosis in the field of surgery of the old age is to be standarized if you suppose that not all illnesses or consequences of accidents are the real problem, but the old age which is accompanied by multi-illnesses. So it must be examined in how far it is possible to realise the great existing risk. Besides most of the operations of the old age belong to the urgent surgery and care connected with a great risk. A standardized diagnosis must think of the individual factors and must recognize--because of the little time--the most important signs of the heart circulation-, the lung-and the kidney-function. This must be united with the results of the diagnosis of the organes to a pre- and postoperative therapeutic programme.", "contents": "[Diagnostic standards in geriatric surgery (author's transl)]. The diagnosis in the field of surgery of the old age is to be standarized if you suppose that not all illnesses or consequences of accidents are the real problem, but the old age which is accompanied by multi-illnesses. So it must be examined in how far it is possible to realise the great existing risk. Besides most of the operations of the old age belong to the urgent surgery and care connected with a great risk. A standardized diagnosis must think of the individual factors and must recognize--because of the little time--the most important signs of the heart circulation-, the lung-and the kidney-function. This must be united with the results of the diagnosis of the organes to a pre- and postoperative therapeutic programme.", "PMID": 706433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2389", "title": "[Diagnostic standards in the ophthalmological geriatrics (author's transl)].", "content": "Diagnostic standards have a big practical importance in the ophthalmological geriatrics above all in glaucoma, apart from the presbyopia, which depends to the age in a big way. It is expected by the putting up of diagnostic standards only a low effect for other changes of the eye in old age.", "contents": "[Diagnostic standards in the ophthalmological geriatrics (author's transl)]. Diagnostic standards have a big practical importance in the ophthalmological geriatrics above all in glaucoma, apart from the presbyopia, which depends to the age in a big way. It is expected by the putting up of diagnostic standards only a low effect for other changes of the eye in old age.", "PMID": 706434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2390", "title": "[Diagnostic standards in geriatrics (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper, which is based upon and interdisciplinary discussion of the subject by members of the Geriatrics Division of the G.D.R. Society of Gerontology, deals with questions concerning the elaboration of standards of diagnosis in geriatrics. In addition to general considerations, the author discusses a number of those problems which general practitioners and specialists in internal medicine usually come up against. Complete solutions cannot, in the present state of development, be offered. Rather, efforts are being made to invite experts, by the raising of questions, to further discuss the whole subject in order to arrive at definite rules of specific diagnosis by drawing on as wide a range of experience, findings, and information as possible.", "contents": "[Diagnostic standards in geriatrics (author's transl)]. This paper, which is based upon and interdisciplinary discussion of the subject by members of the Geriatrics Division of the G.D.R. Society of Gerontology, deals with questions concerning the elaboration of standards of diagnosis in geriatrics. In addition to general considerations, the author discusses a number of those problems which general practitioners and specialists in internal medicine usually come up against. Complete solutions cannot, in the present state of development, be offered. Rather, efforts are being made to invite experts, by the raising of questions, to further discuss the whole subject in order to arrive at definite rules of specific diagnosis by drawing on as wide a range of experience, findings, and information as possible.", "PMID": 706435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2391", "title": "[Diagnostic standards for geriatric patients in orthopedics (author's transl)].", "content": "Geriatric patients in orthopedics frequently fail ill of some typical diseases. For clearing up of diagnosis in the clinical investigation the application of Neutral-O-transitional method and of some supplementary investigation (who lead likewise to numerical findings) are recommendable. Selected roentgenograms and laboratory methods are necessary additional for clearing of diagnosis. The application of this \"diagnostic standard\" is an effective guide for diagnosis and an improvement in the exchange of findings between medical specialists.", "contents": "[Diagnostic standards for geriatric patients in orthopedics (author's transl)]. Geriatric patients in orthopedics frequently fail ill of some typical diseases. For clearing up of diagnosis in the clinical investigation the application of Neutral-O-transitional method and of some supplementary investigation (who lead likewise to numerical findings) are recommendable. Selected roentgenograms and laboratory methods are necessary additional for clearing of diagnosis. The application of this \"diagnostic standard\" is an effective guide for diagnosis and an improvement in the exchange of findings between medical specialists.", "PMID": 706436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2392", "title": "[To the question of borderline case between psychology and psychopathology in higher age (author's transl)].", "content": "Proceeding from the general problems of geropsychiatric lines of research, a number of developments of psychitc functions (intelligence, memory, speed of psychic-cognitive and psychomotor processes, cerebral fatigue, concentration power, higher perception functions) are discussed in dependence on the age. The paper explains that the process of ageing has different effects on the various psychic subfunctions. This fact is of great significance for rehabilitative measures for old-age people.", "contents": "[To the question of borderline case between psychology and psychopathology in higher age (author's transl)]. Proceeding from the general problems of geropsychiatric lines of research, a number of developments of psychitc functions (intelligence, memory, speed of psychic-cognitive and psychomotor processes, cerebral fatigue, concentration power, higher perception functions) are discussed in dependence on the age. The paper explains that the process of ageing has different effects on the various psychic subfunctions. This fact is of great significance for rehabilitative measures for old-age people.", "PMID": 706437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2393", "title": "[Change of clinical stomatological parameters in ageing (author's transl)].", "content": "Morphological-functional changes occur in the oral cavity also in depended from the age. The morphological changes of the enamel, dentin, dental pulp, periodont, oral mucosa, salivary glands, tongue, maxillary bone and temporo-mandibular-joint change not only the functional cooperation of all parts in the orofacial system. They show effects for the whole body also. A complete gerostomatological standard does not exist for the whole gnathological system. But single indices for some partial components are known. For the judgement of the caries involvement it is possible to use the DMF-index, for which a special gerostomatological type exist. The periodontal diseases are classified adequately to the ARPA-nomenclature. For the judgement of odontolithiasis and oral hygienic conditions you can use the so called odontolith-Index (CI), the OH (oral hygienic debris) and the so called calculus-index (OHI-S). It is refered to different possibilities for classification of dentition with gaps.", "contents": "[Change of clinical stomatological parameters in ageing (author's transl)]. Morphological-functional changes occur in the oral cavity also in depended from the age. The morphological changes of the enamel, dentin, dental pulp, periodont, oral mucosa, salivary glands, tongue, maxillary bone and temporo-mandibular-joint change not only the functional cooperation of all parts in the orofacial system. They show effects for the whole body also. A complete gerostomatological standard does not exist for the whole gnathological system. But single indices for some partial components are known. For the judgement of the caries involvement it is possible to use the DMF-index, for which a special gerostomatological type exist. The periodontal diseases are classified adequately to the ARPA-nomenclature. For the judgement of odontolithiasis and oral hygienic conditions you can use the so called odontolith-Index (CI), the OH (oral hygienic debris) and the so called calculus-index (OHI-S). It is refered to different possibilities for classification of dentition with gaps.", "PMID": 706438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2394", "title": "[Problems of surgery in old age (author's transl)].", "content": "Objects of surgery of the higher age are accident injuries, malignant tumors, thoracial and gastrointestinal emergency conditions as well as disorders of the central and peripheral circulation of blood. The aim of surgery of the old age is the complete recovery of the old men and the integration in his familiar surroundings. In many cases this aim can be realized only to a certain degree on account of the polymorbidity of the higher age. For men older than 50 years the risk of operation is continuously increasing. In the 10th decennium the value of postoperative letality is reaching almost 30%. The reason is not in first line the basic disease or the accident, but the complication for intervention is in most cases an absolute one, because cases of emergency are predominant. The consequence of surgery with high risk is the prophylaxis, that means: all pathologic, already in younger years existing states, which are generally treated by operation, ought to be operated early, in order to prevent complicationsin the higher age. In tumor surgery, which is characterized by a high delay rate, looking for tracks of cancer and early diagnosis are the ways to diminish the burden of the older men.", "contents": "[Problems of surgery in old age (author's transl)]. Objects of surgery of the higher age are accident injuries, malignant tumors, thoracial and gastrointestinal emergency conditions as well as disorders of the central and peripheral circulation of blood. The aim of surgery of the old age is the complete recovery of the old men and the integration in his familiar surroundings. In many cases this aim can be realized only to a certain degree on account of the polymorbidity of the higher age. For men older than 50 years the risk of operation is continuously increasing. In the 10th decennium the value of postoperative letality is reaching almost 30%. The reason is not in first line the basic disease or the accident, but the complication for intervention is in most cases an absolute one, because cases of emergency are predominant. The consequence of surgery with high risk is the prophylaxis, that means: all pathologic, already in younger years existing states, which are generally treated by operation, ought to be operated early, in order to prevent complicationsin the higher age. In tumor surgery, which is characterized by a high delay rate, looking for tracks of cancer and early diagnosis are the ways to diminish the burden of the older men.", "PMID": 706439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2395", "title": "[Digestion and absorption in elderly man (author's transl)].", "content": "Morphologically first indications of an age-related alteration of pancreatic microscopic structures can be proved an age of fourty. In healthy elderly man functional capacity of exocrine pancreas is lowered. It can be proved by means of pancreatic function tests. Normally the digestive capacity will be sufficient provided a reasonable nourishment. Usually the intestinal absorptive capacity tends to decrease in the elderly. But following delayed intestinal transit of nutritients absorption to a certain degree can occur sufficiently. Considering the nutrition of elderly people recommendations are given.", "contents": "[Digestion and absorption in elderly man (author's transl)]. Morphologically first indications of an age-related alteration of pancreatic microscopic structures can be proved an age of fourty. In healthy elderly man functional capacity of exocrine pancreas is lowered. It can be proved by means of pancreatic function tests. Normally the digestive capacity will be sufficient provided a reasonable nourishment. Usually the intestinal absorptive capacity tends to decrease in the elderly. But following delayed intestinal transit of nutritients absorption to a certain degree can occur sufficiently. Considering the nutrition of elderly people recommendations are given.", "PMID": 706440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2396", "title": "[Psychology of ageing and age (author's transl)].", "content": "Aging is a biological process being experienced. The experience of ageing is associated with disappointment and renuciation. Thus, aging is a task which can be mastered in different ways.--It is asserted that there is an ageing having a social sense.--It is demonstrated by some parameters which advancements and which hindrances may play a role in ageing as well as which defective developments may be possible. The traditional norms and ideas from former generations as well as the social evaluation of age have to be taken into consideration when an approach to the problems of aging is designed.--The different situation of the sexes is briefly outlined.--The physician can help best if he himself is able to cope with his own ageing.", "contents": "[Psychology of ageing and age (author's transl)]. Aging is a biological process being experienced. The experience of ageing is associated with disappointment and renuciation. Thus, aging is a task which can be mastered in different ways.--It is asserted that there is an ageing having a social sense.--It is demonstrated by some parameters which advancements and which hindrances may play a role in ageing as well as which defective developments may be possible. The traditional norms and ideas from former generations as well as the social evaluation of age have to be taken into consideration when an approach to the problems of aging is designed.--The different situation of the sexes is briefly outlined.--The physician can help best if he himself is able to cope with his own ageing.", "PMID": 706441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2397", "title": "Preparing for old age: necessity, possibilities, contents, limits.", "content": "International findings and our own results in gerohygienic sociogerontological, geriatric, medical epidemiological and psychogerontological research have positively confirmed the need for preparing for old age. Demographic data in the GDR has brought to light the growing need to put the preparation for an active old age into practive making use of research data and of the existing resources. The means of implementing the programme life in the overall resources of our developed socialist society, in our laws, in our well-organized public health system and above all in the industrial health protection service. It is shown that the society's potentials and the industrial health protection service, which operates on a country-wide scale, can have a positive influence on ageing and on life of old people. The ways in which this can be achieved are described. These ways are based on the main medical, psychological and social aspects of preparing for old age. The existing limits must be taken into account when translating the schemes of preparation for old age into practice of socialist health protection. It is indispensable to concentrate on problems of focal importance. The preparation must first benefit factory workers exposed to health hazards. Medical preparation should come first, followed by psychological and social preparation. In the long term, preparation for old age must be integrated into the overall process of education and it must start at school, where it should be integrated into biology and civicx classes. Such a process corresponds to the life-long process of ageing, to socialist principles and to the efforts of the public health system to preserve health, working capacity and joy of living up to a ripe old age.", "contents": "Preparing for old age: necessity, possibilities, contents, limits. International findings and our own results in gerohygienic sociogerontological, geriatric, medical epidemiological and psychogerontological research have positively confirmed the need for preparing for old age. Demographic data in the GDR has brought to light the growing need to put the preparation for an active old age into practive making use of research data and of the existing resources. The means of implementing the programme life in the overall resources of our developed socialist society, in our laws, in our well-organized public health system and above all in the industrial health protection service. It is shown that the society's potentials and the industrial health protection service, which operates on a country-wide scale, can have a positive influence on ageing and on life of old people. The ways in which this can be achieved are described. These ways are based on the main medical, psychological and social aspects of preparing for old age. The existing limits must be taken into account when translating the schemes of preparation for old age into practice of socialist health protection. It is indispensable to concentrate on problems of focal importance. The preparation must first benefit factory workers exposed to health hazards. Medical preparation should come first, followed by psychological and social preparation. In the long term, preparation for old age must be integrated into the overall process of education and it must start at school, where it should be integrated into biology and civicx classes. Such a process corresponds to the life-long process of ageing, to socialist principles and to the efforts of the public health system to preserve health, working capacity and joy of living up to a ripe old age.", "PMID": 706444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2398", "title": "[Preparing for old age. (II) (author's transl)].", "content": "Looking back on the beginning of the efforts for preparing of working pensioners for activity and creative life in the pensionary there is demonstrated the present state of the request of research for social preparing on age in the socialism. Our new labour law and some results of research of gerohygienic studies show which way for preparing on an active age is further to go.", "contents": "[Preparing for old age. (II) (author's transl)]. Looking back on the beginning of the efforts for preparing of working pensioners for activity and creative life in the pensionary there is demonstrated the present state of the request of research for social preparing on age in the socialism. Our new labour law and some results of research of gerohygienic studies show which way for preparing on an active age is further to go.", "PMID": 706445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2399", "title": "[To some tasks, marks and programme-contents of geropsychohygiene in preparing on age (author's transl)].", "content": "Leading and shaping of life should have a positive influence also on the psychic health until the old age. One of the marks of geropsychohygiene is to shape this process. Therefore the new role of the active old people as integrated member of society must be defined and mediated a real attitude to the ageing. There are given geropsychohygienic impulses for interdisciplinary working with this problems. There is demonstrated by the thematic complexes intelligence, reactivity and ability to learn, that introductions on the necessary regress of such psychic results with the age are scientifically refuted. Concensions for the preparing on the age are contained in the demand consciously to put in special training, positive motivations and contacts to the environment for maintenance of the psychic efficiency.", "contents": "[To some tasks, marks and programme-contents of geropsychohygiene in preparing on age (author's transl)]. Leading and shaping of life should have a positive influence also on the psychic health until the old age. One of the marks of geropsychohygiene is to shape this process. Therefore the new role of the active old people as integrated member of society must be defined and mediated a real attitude to the ageing. There are given geropsychohygienic impulses for interdisciplinary working with this problems. There is demonstrated by the thematic complexes intelligence, reactivity and ability to learn, that introductions on the necessary regress of such psychic results with the age are scientifically refuted. Concensions for the preparing on the age are contained in the demand consciously to put in special training, positive motivations and contacts to the environment for maintenance of the psychic efficiency.", "PMID": 706446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2400", "title": "[Therapy of thromboembolic diseases in old age (author's transl)].", "content": "It can be established, that thromboembolic diseases in higher age are suited for a thrombolitical therapy and for a treatment with anticoagulations also. In higher age of the patients we should pay attention especially to possible contraindications and a thrombolitical therapy should be carried out under clinical conditions. The results of treatment justify our therapy, because the mortality of the patients treated with anticoagulations lies clearly under the mortality of those patients without anticoagulations.", "contents": "[Therapy of thromboembolic diseases in old age (author's transl)]. It can be established, that thromboembolic diseases in higher age are suited for a thrombolitical therapy and for a treatment with anticoagulations also. In higher age of the patients we should pay attention especially to possible contraindications and a thrombolitical therapy should be carried out under clinical conditions. The results of treatment justify our therapy, because the mortality of the patients treated with anticoagulations lies clearly under the mortality of those patients without anticoagulations.", "PMID": 706449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2401", "title": "Bone diseases in advanced and old age: diagnostics, prophylaxis, therapy.", "content": "The authors give a short overview on:--Diseases characterized by too small a number of osteoblasts and insufficient osteoid formation--Bone diseases in the presence of osteoid overproduction with concomittant disturbed mineralization can quasi be summed up in two statements as regards ageing and aged people--Diseases associated with excessive resorption due to increased osteoclastic activity--Diseases caused by great resorption of bone in the presence of bone marrow proliferation, their diagnostics, prophylaxis and therapy.", "contents": "Bone diseases in advanced and old age: diagnostics, prophylaxis, therapy. The authors give a short overview on:--Diseases characterized by too small a number of osteoblasts and insufficient osteoid formation--Bone diseases in the presence of osteoid overproduction with concomittant disturbed mineralization can quasi be summed up in two statements as regards ageing and aged people--Diseases associated with excessive resorption due to increased osteoclastic activity--Diseases caused by great resorption of bone in the presence of bone marrow proliferation, their diagnostics, prophylaxis and therapy.", "PMID": 706450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2402", "title": "[Clinical evaluation of the arterial system in hemophiliacs as a model for long-term anticoagulation].", "content": "Issuing from the question of the value of a prophylactic anticoagulation for the purpose of prevention of arteriosclerosis 25 patients with haemophilia were examined with the aim to detect possible connections between coagulation potential and arteriosclerosis taking into consideration factors of risk and age. Indeed, also in these patients who were \"anticoagulated\" from birth factors of risk and references to an existing arteriosclerosis were found. Correlation analyses, however, indicated tendencies, which suggest a protective influence of the hypocoagulability concerning factors of risk and arteriosclerosis.", "contents": "[Clinical evaluation of the arterial system in hemophiliacs as a model for long-term anticoagulation]. Issuing from the question of the value of a prophylactic anticoagulation for the purpose of prevention of arteriosclerosis 25 patients with haemophilia were examined with the aim to detect possible connections between coagulation potential and arteriosclerosis taking into consideration factors of risk and age. Indeed, also in these patients who were \"anticoagulated\" from birth factors of risk and references to an existing arteriosclerosis were found. Correlation analyses, however, indicated tendencies, which suggest a protective influence of the hypocoagulability concerning factors of risk and arteriosclerosis.", "PMID": 706485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2403", "title": "[The differential diagnostic significance of neurological syndromes in a malignant tumors].", "content": "It is reported on a 35-year-old patient with carcinoma of the stomach. The disease became manifest above all neurologically in form of a clinically and autoptically clear preterminal carcinomatous meningitis and a clinically probable paraneoplastic sensomotoric polyneuropathy as early symptoms. The case is discussed and classified on the basis of literary data. Here the differential-diagnostic significance of the paraneoplastic neuropathy as early symptom is emphasized.", "contents": "[The differential diagnostic significance of neurological syndromes in a malignant tumors]. It is reported on a 35-year-old patient with carcinoma of the stomach. The disease became manifest above all neurologically in form of a clinically and autoptically clear preterminal carcinomatous meningitis and a clinically probable paraneoplastic sensomotoric polyneuropathy as early symptoms. The case is discussed and classified on the basis of literary data. Here the differential-diagnostic significance of the paraneoplastic neuropathy as early symptom is emphasized.", "PMID": 706487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2404", "title": "[The behavior of free fatty acids and free glycerin in functional thyroid gland disorders].", "content": "It is reported on the behaviour of the fasting serum levels of the free fatty acids and the free glycerol in patients with hyper- and hypothyroidism. The two parameters were significantly increased in hyperfunction of the thyroid gland, whereas a decrease was found in hypofunction. The possible causes are discussed with the help of literature.", "contents": "[The behavior of free fatty acids and free glycerin in functional thyroid gland disorders]. It is reported on the behaviour of the fasting serum levels of the free fatty acids and the free glycerol in patients with hyper- and hypothyroidism. The two parameters were significantly increased in hyperfunction of the thyroid gland, whereas a decrease was found in hypofunction. The possible causes are discussed with the help of literature.", "PMID": 706488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2405", "title": "[Possibilities of diagnostic standardization in the differential diagnosis of comatose conditions on the basis of the working methods of a grade IIb laboratory].", "content": "In the paper life-threatening diseases which may be accompanied by profound unconsciousness are explained from the laboratory-chemical point of view. It is referred to the significance of a laboratory-diagnostic programme for the differential diagnosis of comatous conditions. In this case the material and personal prerequisites and the laboratory capacity of a district hospital are taken into consideration.", "contents": "[Possibilities of diagnostic standardization in the differential diagnosis of comatose conditions on the basis of the working methods of a grade IIb laboratory]. In the paper life-threatening diseases which may be accompanied by profound unconsciousness are explained from the laboratory-chemical point of view. It is referred to the significance of a laboratory-diagnostic programme for the differential diagnosis of comatous conditions. In this case the material and personal prerequisites and the laboratory capacity of a district hospital are taken into consideration.", "PMID": 706489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2406", "title": "[Hemorrhagic diathesis as a rare lead symptom in Addison-Biermer's anemia].", "content": "It is reported on a patient with Addison-Biermer's disease who was admitted to hospital under the diagnosis of a bleeding ventricle ulcer and in whom was detected a thrombocytopenic haemorrhagic diathesis. By means of injections of vitamin B12 a complete haematologic remission was achieved. The absence of a clear increase of reticulocytes as a sequel of the blood transfusions performed before the specific therapy is discussed.", "contents": "[Hemorrhagic diathesis as a rare lead symptom in Addison-Biermer's anemia]. It is reported on a patient with Addison-Biermer's disease who was admitted to hospital under the diagnosis of a bleeding ventricle ulcer and in whom was detected a thrombocytopenic haemorrhagic diathesis. By means of injections of vitamin B12 a complete haematologic remission was achieved. The absence of a clear increase of reticulocytes as a sequel of the blood transfusions performed before the specific therapy is discussed.", "PMID": 706490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2407", "title": "[Modulation and proliferation of the vessel wall muscle cell and its importance for atherogenesis].", "content": "Decisive for the progression of the arteriosclerosis is the increase of thickness of the intima, as it is shown by histological and morphometrical investigations on the human coronary arteries. A light-optic and electron-optic analysis of animal-experimental, induced and spontaneous proliferations of the intima has the result that the process of progression is maintained by structural and functional variants (modulations) of the myointimal cells. Under the influence of specific and unspecific stimulators they are able to proliferation and migration, abnormal fibre synthesis and lipid storage as well as to phagocytosis and formation of boundary surfaces. Most of the modulations described of the activated muscle cell are temporary adaptations to a changed micromilieu and they are reversible to contractile cells after decrease of the stimulation effect. Therefore it is assumed that in the early stages of the arteriosclerosis a progression phase is to be diagnosed light- and electron-optically essentially at the appearance of proliferation-active and synthesis-active modulations of the smooth muscle cell. An inactive, non-progressive thickening of the intima may be diagnosed by the proof of contractile muscle cells.", "contents": "[Modulation and proliferation of the vessel wall muscle cell and its importance for atherogenesis]. Decisive for the progression of the arteriosclerosis is the increase of thickness of the intima, as it is shown by histological and morphometrical investigations on the human coronary arteries. A light-optic and electron-optic analysis of animal-experimental, induced and spontaneous proliferations of the intima has the result that the process of progression is maintained by structural and functional variants (modulations) of the myointimal cells. Under the influence of specific and unspecific stimulators they are able to proliferation and migration, abnormal fibre synthesis and lipid storage as well as to phagocytosis and formation of boundary surfaces. Most of the modulations described of the activated muscle cell are temporary adaptations to a changed micromilieu and they are reversible to contractile cells after decrease of the stimulation effect. Therefore it is assumed that in the early stages of the arteriosclerosis a progression phase is to be diagnosed light- and electron-optically essentially at the appearance of proliferation-active and synthesis-active modulations of the smooth muscle cell. An inactive, non-progressive thickening of the intima may be diagnosed by the proof of contractile muscle cells.", "PMID": 706491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2408", "title": "[Transport in the vessel wall in early changes of arteriosclerosis].", "content": "In various model experiments the change of the surface was examined in arteries by means of grid electron microscopy. By means of a newly elaborated method the increased permeability was pursued. Lipofundin S and colloidal iron allow the observation of the plasma transport from the intima to the adventitia. In the adventitia lipofundin can be proved also in the adventitial lymphatic vellels. This confirms that the plasma after having leaved the arterial wall is drained through the lymphatic vessels of the adventitia.", "contents": "[Transport in the vessel wall in early changes of arteriosclerosis]. In various model experiments the change of the surface was examined in arteries by means of grid electron microscopy. By means of a newly elaborated method the increased permeability was pursued. Lipofundin S and colloidal iron allow the observation of the plasma transport from the intima to the adventitia. In the adventitia lipofundin can be proved also in the adventitial lymphatic vellels. This confirms that the plasma after having leaved the arterial wall is drained through the lymphatic vessels of the adventitia.", "PMID": 706492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2409", "title": "[Progression and regression of diet-induced arterial changes in the domestic pig].", "content": "Under atherogenic diet in the pig changes of the intima developed in predisposed places of the arteries which have close relations to the atherogenesis in man. 4 months after the end of a 4-month atherogenic diet no decisive regression of lipid infiltrates could be established in spontaneous thickenings of the intima, however, signs of a lipid mobilisation.", "contents": "[Progression and regression of diet-induced arterial changes in the domestic pig]. Under atherogenic diet in the pig changes of the intima developed in predisposed places of the arteries which have close relations to the atherogenesis in man. 4 months after the end of a 4-month atherogenic diet no decisive regression of lipid infiltrates could be established in spontaneous thickenings of the intima, however, signs of a lipid mobilisation.", "PMID": 706493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2410", "title": "[Pathways of intracellular cholesterol metabolism in a model study].", "content": "We had concluded from former own investigations that the cells in the arteriosclerotic plaque effect a change of the ester proportion of cholesterol. One of the possible mechanisms ible bond and from double unsaturated (linoleic acid) to higher unsaturated acids. Therefore we investigated by radioactive labelling of the fatty acid moity of cholesterol esters whether such desaturation reactions take place in the model experiment. For this purpose we implanted cholesterol stearate which was 14C-labelled in the proportion of fatty acid subcutaneously into the skin of a rat. We demonstrated radiohistochromatographically that after 7 to 14 days the fraction of the cholesterol esters with 1 double bond was additionally labelled. Other fractions were not labelled. From this results that the proportion of the saturated fatty acid of the cholesterol ester is actually desaturated, in which case the desaturation as we expect only goes to the fraction with one double bond, because the double unsaturated linoleic acid is not synthetized in vivo in the mamal.", "contents": "[Pathways of intracellular cholesterol metabolism in a model study]. We had concluded from former own investigations that the cells in the arteriosclerotic plaque effect a change of the ester proportion of cholesterol. One of the possible mechanisms ible bond and from double unsaturated (linoleic acid) to higher unsaturated acids. Therefore we investigated by radioactive labelling of the fatty acid moity of cholesterol esters whether such desaturation reactions take place in the model experiment. For this purpose we implanted cholesterol stearate which was 14C-labelled in the proportion of fatty acid subcutaneously into the skin of a rat. We demonstrated radiohistochromatographically that after 7 to 14 days the fraction of the cholesterol esters with 1 double bond was additionally labelled. Other fractions were not labelled. From this results that the proportion of the saturated fatty acid of the cholesterol ester is actually desaturated, in which case the desaturation as we expect only goes to the fraction with one double bond, because the double unsaturated linoleic acid is not synthetized in vivo in the mamal.", "PMID": 706494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2411", "title": "[Fibrinogen: structure, function and interaction with proteins and cells].", "content": "The dimerous three-chained protein fibrinogen has at its disposal different functional zones which are included in the process of polymerisation and which possess importance for the specific reaction of fibrinogen with certain cells. The present paper is particularly engaged with the activation of fibrinogen by thrombin and with the mechanism of the arrangement of the activated units of fibrinogen concerning the fibrin fibre. Finding concerning the interaction of the platelets with fibrinogen connected to sepharose plead for the fact that a change of conformation in the molecule of fibrinogen precedes the specific platelet reaction.", "contents": "[Fibrinogen: structure, function and interaction with proteins and cells]. The dimerous three-chained protein fibrinogen has at its disposal different functional zones which are included in the process of polymerisation and which possess importance for the specific reaction of fibrinogen with certain cells. The present paper is particularly engaged with the activation of fibrinogen by thrombin and with the mechanism of the arrangement of the activated units of fibrinogen concerning the fibrin fibre. Finding concerning the interaction of the platelets with fibrinogen connected to sepharose plead for the fact that a change of conformation in the molecule of fibrinogen precedes the specific platelet reaction.", "PMID": 706495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2412", "title": "[The initial stage of thrombus formation in early stages of arteriosclerosis].", "content": "An arterial thrombosis develops via a lesion of the vascular wall. By the contact of the flowing blood with subendothelial collagen and basal membrane proportions the adhesion and aggregation of platelets develop which, depending on flowing conditions and local conditions, such as ADP-concentration, may lead to manifest thromboses. The prostaglandines have an essential influence on these processes. The relations of thrombosis to arteriosclerosis consist in the stimulation of the smooth muscle cells to proliferation by a factor of thrombocytes, in the organisation of experimental arterial thromboses with formation of an intima proliferation and in the complications of manifest arteriosclerosis by secondary thromboses. Methods for the proff of an increased inclination to thrombosis on the basis of an increased platelet function are critically discussed as to their clinical usability. A spontaneously increased aggregation of platelets is regarded as a reference to progressing arteriosclerosis. In these cases the significant increase of the spontaneous aggregation is of special importance in diabetics.", "contents": "[The initial stage of thrombus formation in early stages of arteriosclerosis]. An arterial thrombosis develops via a lesion of the vascular wall. By the contact of the flowing blood with subendothelial collagen and basal membrane proportions the adhesion and aggregation of platelets develop which, depending on flowing conditions and local conditions, such as ADP-concentration, may lead to manifest thromboses. The prostaglandines have an essential influence on these processes. The relations of thrombosis to arteriosclerosis consist in the stimulation of the smooth muscle cells to proliferation by a factor of thrombocytes, in the organisation of experimental arterial thromboses with formation of an intima proliferation and in the complications of manifest arteriosclerosis by secondary thromboses. Methods for the proff of an increased inclination to thrombosis on the basis of an increased platelet function are critically discussed as to their clinical usability. A spontaneously increased aggregation of platelets is regarded as a reference to progressing arteriosclerosis. In these cases the significant increase of the spontaneous aggregation is of special importance in diabetics.", "PMID": 706496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2413", "title": "[Lipoproteins and fatty acids--hyperlipoproteinemia and arteriosclerosis].", "content": "At first on the basis of literature a short description of the interrelations between lipoprotein metabolism and fatty acid metabolism as well as hyperlipoproteinaemia on the one hand and arteriosclerotic-degenerative diseases of the coronary vessels on the other is given. Finally, the findings of gas-chromatographic analyses of the patterns of fatty acids of the cholesterol ester and triglyceride fractions of the serum of 252 patients with primary hyperlipoproteinaemia are represented. In contrast to persons with healthy metabolism increase of the proportions per cent of palmitic acid, stearic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, and eikosatrienic acid was shown and decrease of those ones of linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, and eikosapentaic acid in the cholesterol ester fractions in hyperlipoproteinaemia type IIa and IIb and in the triglyceride fractions in hyperlipoproteinaemia type IIb and IV. The shifts within the patterns of fatty acids in hyperlipoproteinaemia are an expression of an atherogenic risk. Disturbances of the hepatogenic synthesis of fatty acids and oxydation of fatty acids, increased reesterification from the depot fat of mobilised fatty acids as well as a partially increased LCAT-activity are causally discussed.", "contents": "[Lipoproteins and fatty acids--hyperlipoproteinemia and arteriosclerosis]. At first on the basis of literature a short description of the interrelations between lipoprotein metabolism and fatty acid metabolism as well as hyperlipoproteinaemia on the one hand and arteriosclerotic-degenerative diseases of the coronary vessels on the other is given. Finally, the findings of gas-chromatographic analyses of the patterns of fatty acids of the cholesterol ester and triglyceride fractions of the serum of 252 patients with primary hyperlipoproteinaemia are represented. In contrast to persons with healthy metabolism increase of the proportions per cent of palmitic acid, stearic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, and eikosatrienic acid was shown and decrease of those ones of linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, and eikosapentaic acid in the cholesterol ester fractions in hyperlipoproteinaemia type IIa and IIb and in the triglyceride fractions in hyperlipoproteinaemia type IIb and IV. The shifts within the patterns of fatty acids in hyperlipoproteinaemia are an expression of an atherogenic risk. Disturbances of the hepatogenic synthesis of fatty acids and oxydation of fatty acids, increased reesterification from the depot fat of mobilised fatty acids as well as a partially increased LCAT-activity are causally discussed.", "PMID": 706497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2414", "title": "[Foundations of arteriosclerosis therapy].", "content": "Since for the time being there might not be a causal therapy of arteriosclerosis one depends on recognition and influence upon the so-called factors of risk. Up to now these factors have only a statistical but no inevitably causal significance. The aim should be to comprehend groups of endangered persons in the stage of health or, respectively, in the still repairable early stage of the disease to perform a true primary and secondary prevention. In the later stages in the best way a cure of the defect or possible a retardation of the course of the disease and prevention of complications may be achieved.", "contents": "[Foundations of arteriosclerosis therapy]. Since for the time being there might not be a causal therapy of arteriosclerosis one depends on recognition and influence upon the so-called factors of risk. Up to now these factors have only a statistical but no inevitably causal significance. The aim should be to comprehend groups of endangered persons in the stage of health or, respectively, in the still repairable early stage of the disease to perform a true primary and secondary prevention. In the later stages in the best way a cure of the defect or possible a retardation of the course of the disease and prevention of complications may be achieved.", "PMID": 706498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2415", "title": "[Possibilities of prevention and therapy of arteriosclerosis by influencing hemostatic functions].", "content": "Thrombotic processes play a role not only as a sequel of arteriosclerosis, but also for its pathogenesis. Under this aspect a pharmacological regulation of the course of the reaction of thrombpcytes, the blood coagulation and the fibrinolysis gets significance. The prevention of the formation of fibrin by well-known anticoagulants, such as coumarines and heparin, seems little suited for a prophylaxis of arteriosclerosis. By a pharmacological regulation of the reaction of the blood platelets which are decisive for the initial phase of the formation of thrombi new possibilities for an intervention into the pathomechanisms of arteriosclerosis are the result. Her also realizations concerning the prostaglandin metabolism of the blood platelets and of the wall of vessels can be evaluated. The activation of fibrinolysis by means of the hitherto introduced fibrinolytics, such as streptokinase and urokinase, is used above all for the treatment of acute thrombi. In the sense of a prevention of arteriosclerosis the activation of the endogenic fibrinolysis with the help of indirect fibrinolytics, which effect a liberation of the activators of fibrinolysis localised in the wall of the vessels, is a hopful way.", "contents": "[Possibilities of prevention and therapy of arteriosclerosis by influencing hemostatic functions]. Thrombotic processes play a role not only as a sequel of arteriosclerosis, but also for its pathogenesis. Under this aspect a pharmacological regulation of the course of the reaction of thrombpcytes, the blood coagulation and the fibrinolysis gets significance. The prevention of the formation of fibrin by well-known anticoagulants, such as coumarines and heparin, seems little suited for a prophylaxis of arteriosclerosis. By a pharmacological regulation of the reaction of the blood platelets which are decisive for the initial phase of the formation of thrombi new possibilities for an intervention into the pathomechanisms of arteriosclerosis are the result. Her also realizations concerning the prostaglandin metabolism of the blood platelets and of the wall of vessels can be evaluated. The activation of fibrinolysis by means of the hitherto introduced fibrinolytics, such as streptokinase and urokinase, is used above all for the treatment of acute thrombi. In the sense of a prevention of arteriosclerosis the activation of the endogenic fibrinolysis with the help of indirect fibrinolytics, which effect a liberation of the activators of fibrinolysis localised in the wall of the vessels, is a hopful way.", "PMID": 706499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2416", "title": "[Nutrition and arteriosclerosis].", "content": "Issuing from the present state of the influence of the basic nutritive substances (protein, fat, carbohydrates) and various nutritive factors discussed again and again (cholesterol, erucaic acid, sodium, calcium/magnesium quotient, pressor amines) on the development of the arteriosclerosis, the indididual factors of influence are critically evaluated. The investigations are getting under way, so that ascertained results are standing beside insufficiently claified or open problems, From the abundance of the observations conclusions are drawn which are of significance for practice. Unfavourable influences of nutrition on the factors of risk (hyperlipoproteinaemia, disturbance of the carbohydrate tolerance, hyperuricaemia, hyperalimentation) and on the manifest diseases (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, uric arthritis, obesity) of the metabolic syndrome which finally contribute to the development of arteriosclerosis are emphasized. In front of this background a clinically and ambulatorily tested basic metabolic diet is described. About 20% of the energy content (kcal or kJ) of this diet are protein, 35% fat and 45% are carbohydrates. The saturated fatty acids lie below 30%, the manifold saturated fatty acids, however, above 20% of the total fat proportion. The cholesterol content is below 400 mg, the purin-nitrogen below 200 mg, and the sodium content is about 2g per day. This diet can be produced for the treatment of persons with normal weight and overweight in different energetic degradations.", "contents": "[Nutrition and arteriosclerosis]. Issuing from the present state of the influence of the basic nutritive substances (protein, fat, carbohydrates) and various nutritive factors discussed again and again (cholesterol, erucaic acid, sodium, calcium/magnesium quotient, pressor amines) on the development of the arteriosclerosis, the indididual factors of influence are critically evaluated. The investigations are getting under way, so that ascertained results are standing beside insufficiently claified or open problems, From the abundance of the observations conclusions are drawn which are of significance for practice. Unfavourable influences of nutrition on the factors of risk (hyperlipoproteinaemia, disturbance of the carbohydrate tolerance, hyperuricaemia, hyperalimentation) and on the manifest diseases (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, uric arthritis, obesity) of the metabolic syndrome which finally contribute to the development of arteriosclerosis are emphasized. In front of this background a clinically and ambulatorily tested basic metabolic diet is described. About 20% of the energy content (kcal or kJ) of this diet are protein, 35% fat and 45% are carbohydrates. The saturated fatty acids lie below 30%, the manifold saturated fatty acids, however, above 20% of the total fat proportion. The cholesterol content is below 400 mg, the purin-nitrogen below 200 mg, and the sodium content is about 2g per day. This diet can be produced for the treatment of persons with normal weight and overweight in different energetic degradations.", "PMID": 706500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2417", "title": "[Physical activity in the prevention of arteriosclerosis].", "content": "Epidemiological investigations show that morbidity rate and severity of coronary sclerosis seem to decrease in regular physical activity. The influence of regular physical activity on coronary factors of risk, such as hypertension, fat parameters, glucose tolerance, and uric acid is summarized with the help of literary data. An essential intermediary role seems to belong to the height of the insulin levels in the metabolic factors of risk. The result of own investigations was that by training basic and stimulated insulin secretion clearly diminish. Apart from this, during physical load particularly an increased rate of lipolysis is reduced during physical load. Together with a decrease of lipogenesis the two factors might play an essential role in the prevention of coronary sclerosis by regular physical activity.", "contents": "[Physical activity in the prevention of arteriosclerosis]. Epidemiological investigations show that morbidity rate and severity of coronary sclerosis seem to decrease in regular physical activity. The influence of regular physical activity on coronary factors of risk, such as hypertension, fat parameters, glucose tolerance, and uric acid is summarized with the help of literary data. An essential intermediary role seems to belong to the height of the insulin levels in the metabolic factors of risk. The result of own investigations was that by training basic and stimulated insulin secretion clearly diminish. Apart from this, during physical load particularly an increased rate of lipolysis is reduced during physical load. Together with a decrease of lipogenesis the two factors might play an essential role in the prevention of coronary sclerosis by regular physical activity.", "PMID": 706501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2418", "title": "[A programmed universal stimulator for the diagnosis and therapy of bradycardial and tachycardial arrhythmias].", "content": "Special kinds of electrostimulation, particularly the so-called programmed stimulation, are necessary for the specialised diagnostics of disturbances of nervous impulses of the heart and of the conduction system with intracardiac ECG (His-electrocardiography). A pacemaker using constituents of microelectronics is described which apart from fixed frequent, coupled, P/R-linked, bifocal and higher frequent atrial stimulation makes possible a programmed stimulation according to a preelected programme. Apart from the use for diagnostics the stimulator is suited for the therapy of bradycardic disturbances of the rhythm and for the termination of tachycardias.", "contents": "[A programmed universal stimulator for the diagnosis and therapy of bradycardial and tachycardial arrhythmias]. Special kinds of electrostimulation, particularly the so-called programmed stimulation, are necessary for the specialised diagnostics of disturbances of nervous impulses of the heart and of the conduction system with intracardiac ECG (His-electrocardiography). A pacemaker using constituents of microelectronics is described which apart from fixed frequent, coupled, P/R-linked, bifocal and higher frequent atrial stimulation makes possible a programmed stimulation according to a preelected programme. Apart from the use for diagnostics the stimulator is suited for the therapy of bradycardic disturbances of the rhythm and for the termination of tachycardias.", "PMID": 706502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2419", "title": "[Clinical aspects of the endocrinologically inactive small intestinal carcinoid].", "content": "Casuistically is reported on two patients with an endocrine inactive ileum carcinoid, in whom the anamnesis with 5 weeks or 10 months was very short and atypical. Continuously increasing abdominal pain and gradual formation of a lower ileus of the small intestine or profuse watery diarrhoeas were the leading symptoms. Intraoperatively or autoptically in each case a very small (less than 1.5 cm) ileum carcinoid was found, which had led to a stenosing of high degree, there were no fibroses of the endocardium, no liver metastases--accordingly the secretion of serotonine metabolites (5-HIES) in the urine had been normal. The possibility of a so-called endocrine-nervous enteropathy in the female patient with the diarrhoea symptomatology and the necessity of a rapid diagnostic clarification in suspicion of a tumour in the lower small intestine are discussed, since such a suspicion in most cases corresponds to a carcinoid and thus there exists a great chance of cure.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects of the endocrinologically inactive small intestinal carcinoid]. Casuistically is reported on two patients with an endocrine inactive ileum carcinoid, in whom the anamnesis with 5 weeks or 10 months was very short and atypical. Continuously increasing abdominal pain and gradual formation of a lower ileus of the small intestine or profuse watery diarrhoeas were the leading symptoms. Intraoperatively or autoptically in each case a very small (less than 1.5 cm) ileum carcinoid was found, which had led to a stenosing of high degree, there were no fibroses of the endocardium, no liver metastases--accordingly the secretion of serotonine metabolites (5-HIES) in the urine had been normal. The possibility of a so-called endocrine-nervous enteropathy in the female patient with the diarrhoea symptomatology and the necessity of a rapid diagnostic clarification in suspicion of a tumour in the lower small intestine are discussed, since such a suspicion in most cases corresponds to a carcinoid and thus there exists a great chance of cure.", "PMID": 706503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2420", "title": "[Reliability of the ECG analyzer EAK-2 in screening tests].", "content": "In the last years the number of derivated electrocardiograms with several approaches to the problem has permanently increased. Therefore, the computer analysis seems to be obvious. The reliability of the analogo-digital-computer Express Analyzer Cardiograph EAC-2, Medexport Moscow, was for the employment for occupational medical examinations investigated on 252 experimental persons and compared with the independent manual analysis, which was carried out by two physicians. 80 per cent of the available ECGs were automatically correctly arranged into groups and all the inconspicuous electrocardiograms were sorted out, since it occurs on no account that an electrocardiogram which was recognized as pathological by means of manual analyses, was analysed as falsely normal by the computer EAC-2. Consequently, EAC-2 at low technical interference susceptibility may be very useful for the ECG-diagnosis by means of the computer during the screening investigations.", "contents": "[Reliability of the ECG analyzer EAK-2 in screening tests]. In the last years the number of derivated electrocardiograms with several approaches to the problem has permanently increased. Therefore, the computer analysis seems to be obvious. The reliability of the analogo-digital-computer Express Analyzer Cardiograph EAC-2, Medexport Moscow, was for the employment for occupational medical examinations investigated on 252 experimental persons and compared with the independent manual analysis, which was carried out by two physicians. 80 per cent of the available ECGs were automatically correctly arranged into groups and all the inconspicuous electrocardiograms were sorted out, since it occurs on no account that an electrocardiogram which was recognized as pathological by means of manual analyses, was analysed as falsely normal by the computer EAC-2. Consequently, EAC-2 at low technical interference susceptibility may be very useful for the ECG-diagnosis by means of the computer during the screening investigations.", "PMID": 706504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2421", "title": "[Light and electron microscopy studies of the organization of experimental arterial thrombosis in dwarf swine].", "content": "Thrombosis by deposition of platelets was induced in the femoral artery of minipigs by continuous current from an intravascular electrode. Six weeks later, ensuing from organization of this thrombosis a massive proliferation of the intima was found, consisting almost exclusively of cells of smooth muscle. Although no additional atherogenic diet was given single myogenic foam cells were found.", "contents": "[Light and electron microscopy studies of the organization of experimental arterial thrombosis in dwarf swine]. Thrombosis by deposition of platelets was induced in the femoral artery of minipigs by continuous current from an intravascular electrode. Six weeks later, ensuing from organization of this thrombosis a massive proliferation of the intima was found, consisting almost exclusively of cells of smooth muscle. Although no additional atherogenic diet was given single myogenic foam cells were found.", "PMID": 706505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2422", "title": "[Light and electron microscopy studies on experimental arterial thrombosis in dwarf swine].", "content": "In light and electron microscopic investigations on electrically induced thrombosis in the femoral artery of the minipig thrombi by deposition of platelets were found. Thrombosis was induced by means of an intravascular electrode with constant current intensity of 1 mA and different induction periods. Injury of the vascular wall was found in every case of thrombosis, ranging from minimal lesion of endothelium to almost total necrosis of the vascular wall. Aside from direct impact by the current on the vascular wall and the blood, mechanical, rheological and hypoxemic causes can not be excluded.", "contents": "[Light and electron microscopy studies on experimental arterial thrombosis in dwarf swine]. In light and electron microscopic investigations on electrically induced thrombosis in the femoral artery of the minipig thrombi by deposition of platelets were found. Thrombosis was induced by means of an intravascular electrode with constant current intensity of 1 mA and different induction periods. Injury of the vascular wall was found in every case of thrombosis, ranging from minimal lesion of endothelium to almost total necrosis of the vascular wall. Aside from direct impact by the current on the vascular wall and the blood, mechanical, rheological and hypoxemic causes can not be excluded.", "PMID": 706506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2423", "title": "[Comparative immunological and morphological studies following transplantation of fresh and preserved allogeneic vein and artery segments in rat experiments].", "content": "Immunological and morphological investigations were carried out on immunogenetically different strain combinations of inbred rats following transplantation of fresh allogeneic and implantation of formalin preserved vein segments. In contrast to vital allogeneic transplants, which evoke an immunological response depending on immunogenetic difference between donor and recipient, there is neither humoral nor cellular immunological response after implantation of formalin fixed vein segments. Therefore, from an immunological standpoint, strongly allogeneic vein implants preserved by formalin can be used for replacement of arteries.", "contents": "[Comparative immunological and morphological studies following transplantation of fresh and preserved allogeneic vein and artery segments in rat experiments]. Immunological and morphological investigations were carried out on immunogenetically different strain combinations of inbred rats following transplantation of fresh allogeneic and implantation of formalin preserved vein segments. In contrast to vital allogeneic transplants, which evoke an immunological response depending on immunogenetic difference between donor and recipient, there is neither humoral nor cellular immunological response after implantation of formalin fixed vein segments. Therefore, from an immunological standpoint, strongly allogeneic vein implants preserved by formalin can be used for replacement of arteries.", "PMID": 706507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2424", "title": "[Evaluation of skeletal properties with ultrasonics. I. Clinical and experimental design].", "content": "Early detection of a pathological skeletal process and control of fracture healing are sometimes difficult when conventional x-ray methods are employed, since stability of bones depends not only on calcigerous tissue but also on the organic matrix. Therefore the ultrasonic procedure shall be tested as to its usefulness. The authors present a test device for clinical trial.", "contents": "[Evaluation of skeletal properties with ultrasonics. I. Clinical and experimental design]. Early detection of a pathological skeletal process and control of fracture healing are sometimes difficult when conventional x-ray methods are employed, since stability of bones depends not only on calcigerous tissue but also on the organic matrix. Therefore the ultrasonic procedure shall be tested as to its usefulness. The authors present a test device for clinical trial.", "PMID": 706508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2425", "title": "[Evaluation of skeletal properties with ultrasonics. II. Parameters in bone echography].", "content": "Broad clinical use of ultrasonics for diagnosis is possible by means of the efficient gear developed during the last ten years. Physical reasons suggest that a frequency around 1 MHz should be used for diagnosis on bones. Typical index values are registered from the echogram, which are still to be checked as to their reliability.", "contents": "[Evaluation of skeletal properties with ultrasonics. II. Parameters in bone echography]. Broad clinical use of ultrasonics for diagnosis is possible by means of the efficient gear developed during the last ten years. Physical reasons suggest that a frequency around 1 MHz should be used for diagnosis on bones. Typical index values are registered from the echogram, which are still to be checked as to their reliability.", "PMID": 706509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2426", "title": "[Swine liver ultrastructure following hypothermia and hyperbaric oxygenation preservation].", "content": "The livers of 20 pigs were preserved for up to 16 hours, applying hypothermia (4 degrees C) and hyperbaric oxygenation (3 ata). As a preparation solvent we used in one group the solution by Lie (17) which is rich in potassium and glucose, and in the other group the cryoprecipitated serum by Belzer (5). After 8 and 16 hours of preservation, the fine structure was examined light- and electronmicroscopically. After 8 hours of preservation, there were only little reversible changes in both groups. After 16 hours, both groups showed distinct changes of the endoplasmatic reticulum e. g. desorganisation, vesicular dilatation, and dissociation of the mural ribosomes. In addition, there were swellings of mitochondriae and Kupffer's cells. These changes were particularly distinct after preservation in cryoprecipitated serum. In this group a cellular depletion of glucogen was noticeable.", "contents": "[Swine liver ultrastructure following hypothermia and hyperbaric oxygenation preservation]. The livers of 20 pigs were preserved for up to 16 hours, applying hypothermia (4 degrees C) and hyperbaric oxygenation (3 ata). As a preparation solvent we used in one group the solution by Lie (17) which is rich in potassium and glucose, and in the other group the cryoprecipitated serum by Belzer (5). After 8 and 16 hours of preservation, the fine structure was examined light- and electronmicroscopically. After 8 hours of preservation, there were only little reversible changes in both groups. After 16 hours, both groups showed distinct changes of the endoplasmatic reticulum e. g. desorganisation, vesicular dilatation, and dissociation of the mural ribosomes. In addition, there were swellings of mitochondriae and Kupffer's cells. These changes were particularly distinct after preservation in cryoprecipitated serum. In this group a cellular depletion of glucogen was noticeable.", "PMID": 706510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2427", "title": "[Ultrastructural-morphometric analysis of polyenylphosphatidylcholine [PPC] treated cholestatic rat liver (author's transl)].", "content": "Essential phospholipid PPC was administered to male rats over 24 and 72 hours after operation on bile duct ligation. The subsequent alterations were studied by ultrastructural morphometry and correlated with serum enzyme changes. By the results evidence is accrued that hepatocellular mitochondria are prevented by phospholipid treatment to develop alterations as seen after bile duct ligation alone. This occurred although serum GLDH activity was significantly increased. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum exhibited a normotrophic behavior after PPC treatment of animals in which bile duct ligation was done. The surface of the rough membranes was found increased at hours 24 and 72 after bile duct ligation. The bile canaliculi were markedly dilated. However, this alteration was not accompanied by a marked loss of microvilli. Administration of the phospholipid induced a numerical increase of hepatocellular nuclei in both sham-operated and cholestatic animals independantly from the bile duct ligation. It is suggested by the results that the administration of the phospholipid PPC is of value in influencing the fine structural hepatic alterations as seen in cholestatis.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural-morphometric analysis of polyenylphosphatidylcholine [PPC] treated cholestatic rat liver (author's transl)]. Essential phospholipid PPC was administered to male rats over 24 and 72 hours after operation on bile duct ligation. The subsequent alterations were studied by ultrastructural morphometry and correlated with serum enzyme changes. By the results evidence is accrued that hepatocellular mitochondria are prevented by phospholipid treatment to develop alterations as seen after bile duct ligation alone. This occurred although serum GLDH activity was significantly increased. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum exhibited a normotrophic behavior after PPC treatment of animals in which bile duct ligation was done. The surface of the rough membranes was found increased at hours 24 and 72 after bile duct ligation. The bile canaliculi were markedly dilated. However, this alteration was not accompanied by a marked loss of microvilli. Administration of the phospholipid induced a numerical increase of hepatocellular nuclei in both sham-operated and cholestatic animals independantly from the bile duct ligation. It is suggested by the results that the administration of the phospholipid PPC is of value in influencing the fine structural hepatic alterations as seen in cholestatis.", "PMID": 706511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2428", "title": "[Clearance of antigens by the liver (author's transl)].", "content": "The liver is not only a metabolic organ, but has also immunological properties provided by the Kupffer cells which represent the major part of the body phagocytizing capacity. In case of an impairment of this function intestinal antigens, e.g. endotoxins, may reach the systemic circulation and thus exhibit their biological properties. The function of Kupffer cells obviously depends on a slow sinusoidal blood stream which latter is provided by blood flowing to the liver via the portal venous tract. This fact may be of consequence in porto-caval shunt surgery in order to use methods by which a rest flow through the portal vein to the liver is maintained. Thus, the organism is prevented from the biological consequences of an altered phagocytic function of the liver.", "contents": "[Clearance of antigens by the liver (author's transl)]. The liver is not only a metabolic organ, but has also immunological properties provided by the Kupffer cells which represent the major part of the body phagocytizing capacity. In case of an impairment of this function intestinal antigens, e.g. endotoxins, may reach the systemic circulation and thus exhibit their biological properties. The function of Kupffer cells obviously depends on a slow sinusoidal blood stream which latter is provided by blood flowing to the liver via the portal venous tract. This fact may be of consequence in porto-caval shunt surgery in order to use methods by which a rest flow through the portal vein to the liver is maintained. Thus, the organism is prevented from the biological consequences of an altered phagocytic function of the liver.", "PMID": 706512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2429", "title": "[The effect of acute liver damage on inactivation of renin and aldosterone (author's transl)].", "content": "Plasma renin activity was measured in 5 surgical patients with hydatoid disease of the liver before and after partial hepatectomy. Plasma renin activity rose statistically significantly after surgical operation and remained virtually constant thereafter. This rise was accompanied by a statistically significant rise of plasma aldosterone while urinary excretion of aldo-18oxo-glucuronid remained unchanged. No change of urinary excretion of electrolytes was observed. It is concluded that besides stress after surgical operation decreased hepatic inactivation of renin and aldosterone were the main causes which led to elevation of plasma aldosterone concentration.", "contents": "[The effect of acute liver damage on inactivation of renin and aldosterone (author's transl)]. Plasma renin activity was measured in 5 surgical patients with hydatoid disease of the liver before and after partial hepatectomy. Plasma renin activity rose statistically significantly after surgical operation and remained virtually constant thereafter. This rise was accompanied by a statistically significant rise of plasma aldosterone while urinary excretion of aldo-18oxo-glucuronid remained unchanged. No change of urinary excretion of electrolytes was observed. It is concluded that besides stress after surgical operation decreased hepatic inactivation of renin and aldosterone were the main causes which led to elevation of plasma aldosterone concentration.", "PMID": 706513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2430", "title": "[Micromucosal pattern in the stomach and colon--comparative study (author's transl)].", "content": "The various findings of the mucosal pattern in the stomach and in the colon are systematically presented and compared. It is remarkable that there are similar findings in the two different organs of the gastrointestinal tract. Five different relief patterns are described. Regarding the differential diagnosis and the possible therapeutical application, two forms are of special interest: one is the erosion-like pattern in the early stages of granulomatous colitis and secondly the granular mucosal pattern in the early ulcerative colitis.", "contents": "[Micromucosal pattern in the stomach and colon--comparative study (author's transl)]. The various findings of the mucosal pattern in the stomach and in the colon are systematically presented and compared. It is remarkable that there are similar findings in the two different organs of the gastrointestinal tract. Five different relief patterns are described. Regarding the differential diagnosis and the possible therapeutical application, two forms are of special interest: one is the erosion-like pattern in the early stages of granulomatous colitis and secondly the granular mucosal pattern in the early ulcerative colitis.", "PMID": 706514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2431", "title": "[Gastric and exocrine pancreatic function in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma and with bone diseases under treatment with calcitonin (author's transl)].", "content": "Calcitonin (CT) inhibits gastric acid and pancreatic enzyme secretion when infused intravenously. Therefore, in two patients showing excessively elevated CT-blood levels due to medullary thyroid carcinoma and in two patients with bone diseases before and under CT-treatment, gastric and pancreatic secretion were measured. Spontaneous (BAO) and pentagastrin stimulated acid as well as hormonally stimulated pancreatic enzyme secretion revealed normal in all subjects and tests. The findings are in favour of adaptation mechanisms of gastric parietal and pancreatic acinar cells against the inhibitory action of chronically elevated CT. Therefore, long term treatment with CT is no likely to induce impaired acidity or exocrine pancreatic insufficiency.", "contents": "[Gastric and exocrine pancreatic function in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma and with bone diseases under treatment with calcitonin (author's transl)]. Calcitonin (CT) inhibits gastric acid and pancreatic enzyme secretion when infused intravenously. Therefore, in two patients showing excessively elevated CT-blood levels due to medullary thyroid carcinoma and in two patients with bone diseases before and under CT-treatment, gastric and pancreatic secretion were measured. Spontaneous (BAO) and pentagastrin stimulated acid as well as hormonally stimulated pancreatic enzyme secretion revealed normal in all subjects and tests. The findings are in favour of adaptation mechanisms of gastric parietal and pancreatic acinar cells against the inhibitory action of chronically elevated CT. Therefore, long term treatment with CT is no likely to induce impaired acidity or exocrine pancreatic insufficiency.", "PMID": 706515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2432", "title": "[The influence of chenodeoxycholic acid on the concentrations of nonsulfated bile acids in the small and large intestinal mucosa of rats (author's transl)].", "content": "In male Wistar rats nonsulfated bile acids of small and large intestinal wall and feces are analysed after 2, 5, 9 and 14 days of oral administration of 20 or 90 mg chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA)/kg. Development of body, intestinal, and fecal weights is assessed. A transient reduction of daily body weight gain and small and large intestinal weights is compensated after 14 days. Fecal weights are above controls under 20 mg/kg, below controls under 90 mg/kg. Containing about 2 mg, i.e. nearly 4% of the bile acid pool, the intestinal wall holds four times more bile acids than the liver. Under CDCA administration bile acid concentrations in the small intestinal wall and feces rise, and remain almost unchanged in the colonic wall. Changes after CDCA administration suggest that bile acid absorption is accompanied by an increase in mucosal bile concentration. In the colonic wall the increase in bile acid concentration after CDCA administration correlates with the passive permeability coefficient.", "contents": "[The influence of chenodeoxycholic acid on the concentrations of nonsulfated bile acids in the small and large intestinal mucosa of rats (author's transl)]. In male Wistar rats nonsulfated bile acids of small and large intestinal wall and feces are analysed after 2, 5, 9 and 14 days of oral administration of 20 or 90 mg chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA)/kg. Development of body, intestinal, and fecal weights is assessed. A transient reduction of daily body weight gain and small and large intestinal weights is compensated after 14 days. Fecal weights are above controls under 20 mg/kg, below controls under 90 mg/kg. Containing about 2 mg, i.e. nearly 4% of the bile acid pool, the intestinal wall holds four times more bile acids than the liver. Under CDCA administration bile acid concentrations in the small intestinal wall and feces rise, and remain almost unchanged in the colonic wall. Changes after CDCA administration suggest that bile acid absorption is accompanied by an increase in mucosal bile concentration. In the colonic wall the increase in bile acid concentration after CDCA administration correlates with the passive permeability coefficient.", "PMID": 706516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2433", "title": "[Fibrinogen and fibrin structure in patients with cirrhosis of the liver (author's transl)].", "content": "The question is still open, whether a pathologic formation of fibrinogen or an insufficient stabilized fibrin are causative factors within the complex disorders in hemostasis in patients with liver cirrhosis. Thus, 45 patients with liver cirrhosis, which was proven by liver biopsy, were investigated by means of sodium-dodecyl-sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamidgel-electrophoresis in order to evaluate, whether the liver produces a pathological fibrinogen or whether the formation of fibrin from fibrinogen is defect. The fibrin stabilizing factor (factor XIII) was measured by immunological methods. In order to have a mean of the stage of the disease, 37 patients were subdivided by the extend or their porto-caval collateral circulation and further 8 patients were investigated having bleeding from esophageal varices. By the results evidence accrued that in advanced stages of liver cirrhosis and a marked porto-caval collateral circulation polymerization of fibrinogen was insufficiently, especially, the formation of alpha-chains was altered, whereas the formation of gamma-dimers, the separation of fibrinopeptides from fibrinogen, and the aggregation of fibrinmonomers were normal. This defect in fibrin structure was positive correlated with the stage of liver cirrhosis, which correlated negative with the plasma activity of factor XIII. In vitro, the defect in fibrin formation, from fibrinogen was abolished by adding factor XIII to the assay. Thus, in liver cirrhosis fibrin formation is altered because of factor XIII deficiency, but a normal fibrinogen is synthesized by the liver. In consequence, the administration of factor XIII preparations is suggested as one clinical action among others to benefit the hemostatic disorders, especially in patients with bleeding from esophageal varices.", "contents": "[Fibrinogen and fibrin structure in patients with cirrhosis of the liver (author's transl)]. The question is still open, whether a pathologic formation of fibrinogen or an insufficient stabilized fibrin are causative factors within the complex disorders in hemostasis in patients with liver cirrhosis. Thus, 45 patients with liver cirrhosis, which was proven by liver biopsy, were investigated by means of sodium-dodecyl-sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamidgel-electrophoresis in order to evaluate, whether the liver produces a pathological fibrinogen or whether the formation of fibrin from fibrinogen is defect. The fibrin stabilizing factor (factor XIII) was measured by immunological methods. In order to have a mean of the stage of the disease, 37 patients were subdivided by the extend or their porto-caval collateral circulation and further 8 patients were investigated having bleeding from esophageal varices. By the results evidence accrued that in advanced stages of liver cirrhosis and a marked porto-caval collateral circulation polymerization of fibrinogen was insufficiently, especially, the formation of alpha-chains was altered, whereas the formation of gamma-dimers, the separation of fibrinopeptides from fibrinogen, and the aggregation of fibrinmonomers were normal. This defect in fibrin structure was positive correlated with the stage of liver cirrhosis, which correlated negative with the plasma activity of factor XIII. In vitro, the defect in fibrin formation, from fibrinogen was abolished by adding factor XIII to the assay. Thus, in liver cirrhosis fibrin formation is altered because of factor XIII deficiency, but a normal fibrinogen is synthesized by the liver. In consequence, the administration of factor XIII preparations is suggested as one clinical action among others to benefit the hemostatic disorders, especially in patients with bleeding from esophageal varices.", "PMID": 706517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2434", "title": "[Differing results of direct and indirect solid phase radioimmunoassay for HBsAg in acute hepatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "In 54 patients suffering from acute viral hepatitis the indirect solid phase radioimmunoassay (ind-SPRIA) for HBsAg was positive in 9 cases the direct solid phase radioimmunoassay (d-SPRIA) being negative. In 2 further cases ind-SPRIA was positive during several weeks but d-SPRIA only once. AntiHBc could be detected in 9 of these patients. In 7 patients the usual decrease of the transaminase activity was followed by a second elevation with prolongation of disease. The unknown factor detected by ind-SPRIA suggests a special form of acute hepatitis.", "contents": "[Differing results of direct and indirect solid phase radioimmunoassay for HBsAg in acute hepatitis (author's transl)]. In 54 patients suffering from acute viral hepatitis the indirect solid phase radioimmunoassay (ind-SPRIA) for HBsAg was positive in 9 cases the direct solid phase radioimmunoassay (d-SPRIA) being negative. In 2 further cases ind-SPRIA was positive during several weeks but d-SPRIA only once. AntiHBc could be detected in 9 of these patients. In 7 patients the usual decrease of the transaminase activity was followed by a second elevation with prolongation of disease. The unknown factor detected by ind-SPRIA suggests a special form of acute hepatitis.", "PMID": 706518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2435", "title": "[A fast endoscopic test of pancreatic secretion (endoscopic secretin-caerulein-test) (author's transl)].", "content": "Measurement of the pancreatic exocrine secretion was performed for 20 minutes using a gastrofiberscope. The exocrine pancreas was stimulated by 1 clin. U./kg secretin and 40 ng/kg caerulein as a bolus injection. Aspiration of duodenal juice was performed by a polyaethylen-tube through the biopsy-channel of the endoscope while duodenum distal of the papilla was shut by a baloon-tube, fixed on the distal end of the gastrofiberscope. In 84 patients the investigation was done 87 times. In 11 cases of proved chronic pancreatitis the endoscopic secretin-caerulein-test (SCKT) was pathologic in each case. --Normal values obtained by SCKT were in the range of those obtained by standard secretin-pancreozymin-test with correction of the volume of duodenal juice. Maximal enzyme output was always found in the first five-minute fraction of duodenal juice. Maximal bicarbonate output was found later between 15 and 20 minutes after stimulation. There was a good correlation between maximal enzyme output and maximal bicarbonate output in SCKT on one side and the results of a standard secretin-pancreozymin-test later performed in the same 10 patients. The SCKT is an easy and fast practicable method to be done after routine gastroscopy.", "contents": "[A fast endoscopic test of pancreatic secretion (endoscopic secretin-caerulein-test) (author's transl)]. Measurement of the pancreatic exocrine secretion was performed for 20 minutes using a gastrofiberscope. The exocrine pancreas was stimulated by 1 clin. U./kg secretin and 40 ng/kg caerulein as a bolus injection. Aspiration of duodenal juice was performed by a polyaethylen-tube through the biopsy-channel of the endoscope while duodenum distal of the papilla was shut by a baloon-tube, fixed on the distal end of the gastrofiberscope. In 84 patients the investigation was done 87 times. In 11 cases of proved chronic pancreatitis the endoscopic secretin-caerulein-test (SCKT) was pathologic in each case. --Normal values obtained by SCKT were in the range of those obtained by standard secretin-pancreozymin-test with correction of the volume of duodenal juice. Maximal enzyme output was always found in the first five-minute fraction of duodenal juice. Maximal bicarbonate output was found later between 15 and 20 minutes after stimulation. There was a good correlation between maximal enzyme output and maximal bicarbonate output in SCKT on one side and the results of a standard secretin-pancreozymin-test later performed in the same 10 patients. The SCKT is an easy and fast practicable method to be done after routine gastroscopy.", "PMID": 706519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2436", "title": "[Fetoscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "It is the aim of fetoscopy to recognise or exclude malformations which are visible in the fetal stage and which are not associated with chromosomal damage. The requisite endoscope can be inserted practically without any problems into the amniotic cavity under local anaesthesia and in the manner of an \"extended amniocentesis\". If pregnancy is continued, the risk involed in fetoscopy must be assessed as similarly low as that of simple aminocentesis, as the clinical experience collected so far has shown. The clinical use of fetoscopy requires close co-operation with the geneticist and the parents concerned. The decision that fetoscopy is indicated lies mainly with the geneticist on account of the required expert genetic knowledge. Fetoscopy appears justified if there is an increased risk of malformation of the fetus which is manifest in the foetal stage and which is sufficiently serious to initiate therapeutic abortion if necessary, and, furthermore, if the risk involved in fetoscopy is in reasonable proportion to the risk of teh malformation. Over and above this, fetoscopy can also be justified if it is necessary to obtain fetal blood for examination. Satisfactory technical and endoscopic experience is the most important prerequisite for success and for reduced risk. Up to now, indication of fetoscopy was exclusively coupled to existing pregnancy and enhanced genetic risk. On the other hand, the question whether pregnancy should be permitted despite a known risk, simply because subsequent fetoscopy is envisaged, should be treated with reserve.", "contents": "[Fetoscopy (author's transl)]. It is the aim of fetoscopy to recognise or exclude malformations which are visible in the fetal stage and which are not associated with chromosomal damage. The requisite endoscope can be inserted practically without any problems into the amniotic cavity under local anaesthesia and in the manner of an \"extended amniocentesis\". If pregnancy is continued, the risk involed in fetoscopy must be assessed as similarly low as that of simple aminocentesis, as the clinical experience collected so far has shown. The clinical use of fetoscopy requires close co-operation with the geneticist and the parents concerned. The decision that fetoscopy is indicated lies mainly with the geneticist on account of the required expert genetic knowledge. Fetoscopy appears justified if there is an increased risk of malformation of the fetus which is manifest in the foetal stage and which is sufficiently serious to initiate therapeutic abortion if necessary, and, furthermore, if the risk involved in fetoscopy is in reasonable proportion to the risk of teh malformation. Over and above this, fetoscopy can also be justified if it is necessary to obtain fetal blood for examination. Satisfactory technical and endoscopic experience is the most important prerequisite for success and for reduced risk. Up to now, indication of fetoscopy was exclusively coupled to existing pregnancy and enhanced genetic risk. On the other hand, the question whether pregnancy should be permitted despite a known risk, simply because subsequent fetoscopy is envisaged, should be treated with reserve.", "PMID": 706520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2437", "title": "[Measuring the turbidity of amniotic fluid, a possibility to assess fetal maturity before birth (author's transl)].", "content": "At the end of gestation, depending on maturation of the fetus and especially of its skin, vernix caseosa is detached into amniotic fluid. The changes of amniotic fluid turbidity can be quantitatively verified with a fotometer (filter for 578 nm, 10 mm disposable cuvettes). The turbidity of amniotic fluid was measured in 125 cases. No correlation was found between turbidity and length of gestation from day 261 to day 287 after last menstruation. In contrast, there is strong and significant contingency between turbidity of amniotic fluid and maturity of fetal skin (quantity of vernix caseosa) or clinical maturity assessed according to Farr et al. Finding a turbidity below 0.5 U on extinction scale of the fotometer, the fetus is not fully mature in 50% of these cases; placental dysfunction can be excluded with high probability. In contrast, two thirds of the children with high turbidity of amniotic fluid (more than 1.0 U on extinction scale) had clinical signs of placental dysfunction.", "contents": "[Measuring the turbidity of amniotic fluid, a possibility to assess fetal maturity before birth (author's transl)]. At the end of gestation, depending on maturation of the fetus and especially of its skin, vernix caseosa is detached into amniotic fluid. The changes of amniotic fluid turbidity can be quantitatively verified with a fotometer (filter for 578 nm, 10 mm disposable cuvettes). The turbidity of amniotic fluid was measured in 125 cases. No correlation was found between turbidity and length of gestation from day 261 to day 287 after last menstruation. In contrast, there is strong and significant contingency between turbidity of amniotic fluid and maturity of fetal skin (quantity of vernix caseosa) or clinical maturity assessed according to Farr et al. Finding a turbidity below 0.5 U on extinction scale of the fotometer, the fetus is not fully mature in 50% of these cases; placental dysfunction can be excluded with high probability. In contrast, two thirds of the children with high turbidity of amniotic fluid (more than 1.0 U on extinction scale) had clinical signs of placental dysfunction.", "PMID": 706521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2438", "title": "[Value of the abdominal electrocardiogram for cardiotocography (author's transl)].", "content": "The value of abdominal Electrocardiogram (abd. ECG) for cardiotocography has been studied prospectively in 183 ante- and 93 subpartum patients. The indications for using abd. ECG have been worked out and the influence of various factors on the quality of registration were tested. It was found that neither location of the placenta nor obesity nor the state of the membranes influenced the quality of abd. ECG-records. Furthermore abd. ECG was used successfully in cases with advanced labor.", "contents": "[Value of the abdominal electrocardiogram for cardiotocography (author's transl)]. The value of abdominal Electrocardiogram (abd. ECG) for cardiotocography has been studied prospectively in 183 ante- and 93 subpartum patients. The indications for using abd. ECG have been worked out and the influence of various factors on the quality of registration were tested. It was found that neither location of the placenta nor obesity nor the state of the membranes influenced the quality of abd. ECG-records. Furthermore abd. ECG was used successfully in cases with advanced labor.", "PMID": 706522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2439", "title": "Significance of the transient bradycardic pattern in prepathological oxytocin stress test.", "content": "The perinatal prognostic significance of a type of Prepathological Oxytocin Stress Test, namely Transient Bradycardia coincident with a period of hyperdynamia in otherwise normal test, is analyzed. The 43 studied cases are compared to a group of 492 patients responding normally. The significantly higher incidence of intrapartum meconium and fetal distress, low Apgar Score and neurologically affected newborns seems to demonstrate that the Prepathological Test is a real entity. The possible fetal risk and the usefulness of the Oxytocin Test are discussed.", "contents": "Significance of the transient bradycardic pattern in prepathological oxytocin stress test. The perinatal prognostic significance of a type of Prepathological Oxytocin Stress Test, namely Transient Bradycardia coincident with a period of hyperdynamia in otherwise normal test, is analyzed. The 43 studied cases are compared to a group of 492 patients responding normally. The significantly higher incidence of intrapartum meconium and fetal distress, low Apgar Score and neurologically affected newborns seems to demonstrate that the Prepathological Test is a real entity. The possible fetal risk and the usefulness of the Oxytocin Test are discussed.", "PMID": 706523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2440", "title": "Local immunity in pregnant women.", "content": "Immunoglobulins IgA and IgG levels and Lysozyme-activity were examined in the vaginal fluid of 70 pregnant women and 30 non-pregnant women where microbiological examinations did not detect any pathological microorganisms. To confirm the local character of immune factors produced in the female genital tract, these factors were also examined in the sera. An increase of class A immunoglobulins was noted in the vaginal fluid and examined sera. IgA/IgG ratio as well as statistical calculations confirmed the local origin of antibodies within the classes. The lysozyme activity was 10 times greater in the vaginal fluid than in the sera. Both factors are relatively simple to determine and in women with recurrent inflammatory conditions of the vaginal tract can be used as indicators of the local immunity state.", "contents": "Local immunity in pregnant women. Immunoglobulins IgA and IgG levels and Lysozyme-activity were examined in the vaginal fluid of 70 pregnant women and 30 non-pregnant women where microbiological examinations did not detect any pathological microorganisms. To confirm the local character of immune factors produced in the female genital tract, these factors were also examined in the sera. An increase of class A immunoglobulins was noted in the vaginal fluid and examined sera. IgA/IgG ratio as well as statistical calculations confirmed the local origin of antibodies within the classes. The lysozyme activity was 10 times greater in the vaginal fluid than in the sera. Both factors are relatively simple to determine and in women with recurrent inflammatory conditions of the vaginal tract can be used as indicators of the local immunity state.", "PMID": 706524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2441", "title": "[Physiology of uterine contractions (author's transl)].", "content": "The number of contractions was recorded in 26 healthy primiparae and 28 multiparae from the 25th to 41st week of pregnancy. A remarkable incidence peak was seen around the 32nd week. The number of pregnancy contractions is not sufficient as the only parameter for recognising an impending premature delivery. However, it does represent a valuable aid when taking the anamnesis and portio findings into consideration. The authors consider tocolysis indicated if more than two contractions per hour are recorded as mean value over a period of one week in conjunction with a tendency of the portio to open up, or if more than three contractions are recorded independent of this sign. Taking individual daily into consideration, the relevant limit is three contractions per hour between the 25th and 28th week, and five contractions per hour between the 29th and 32nd week of pregnancy.", "contents": "[Physiology of uterine contractions (author's transl)]. The number of contractions was recorded in 26 healthy primiparae and 28 multiparae from the 25th to 41st week of pregnancy. A remarkable incidence peak was seen around the 32nd week. The number of pregnancy contractions is not sufficient as the only parameter for recognising an impending premature delivery. However, it does represent a valuable aid when taking the anamnesis and portio findings into consideration. The authors consider tocolysis indicated if more than two contractions per hour are recorded as mean value over a period of one week in conjunction with a tendency of the portio to open up, or if more than three contractions are recorded independent of this sign. Taking individual daily into consideration, the relevant limit is three contractions per hour between the 25th and 28th week, and five contractions per hour between the 29th and 32nd week of pregnancy.", "PMID": 706526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2442", "title": "A practical method for quantitation of antibody responses to tetanus and diphtheria toxoids in normal young children.", "content": "Antibodies to diphtheria and tetanus toxoids were assayed in 46 children from 16 to 33 months of age following vaccination. A reversed rocket immunoelectrophoretic technique was used for antibody determination. This method is simple and consistent, and although the limit of detection for antibodies of both types (about 1 U/ml) is above the normal range for primary immune responses, antibody levels in immunized children five weeks after a second injection of vaccine were within measureable range in all but two of the children studied. Levels more than one standard deviation above the mean were found in one child for both antitetanus and anti-diphtheria and in four children for anti-tetanus toxoid antibody only. All four of the high responders to tetanus toxoid were Black, carrying both Black and Caucasian Gm haplotypes. The two apparent nonresponders were Caucasian. All children had normal immunoglobulin levels, except for one with low IgA, who showed normal antibody responses to both toxoids. The results suggest that measurements of precipitating antibodies to diphtheria and tetanus toxoids provide a practical index of humoral immune function in small children.", "contents": "A practical method for quantitation of antibody responses to tetanus and diphtheria toxoids in normal young children. Antibodies to diphtheria and tetanus toxoids were assayed in 46 children from 16 to 33 months of age following vaccination. A reversed rocket immunoelectrophoretic technique was used for antibody determination. This method is simple and consistent, and although the limit of detection for antibodies of both types (about 1 U/ml) is above the normal range for primary immune responses, antibody levels in immunized children five weeks after a second injection of vaccine were within measureable range in all but two of the children studied. Levels more than one standard deviation above the mean were found in one child for both antitetanus and anti-diphtheria and in four children for anti-tetanus toxoid antibody only. All four of the high responders to tetanus toxoid were Black, carrying both Black and Caucasian Gm haplotypes. The two apparent nonresponders were Caucasian. All children had normal immunoglobulin levels, except for one with low IgA, who showed normal antibody responses to both toxoids. The results suggest that measurements of precipitating antibodies to diphtheria and tetanus toxoids provide a practical index of humoral immune function in small children.", "PMID": 706535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2443", "title": "Immunoadjuvant effects of the synthetic muramyl-dipeptide (MDP) N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine.", "content": "The adjuvant activity of the synthetic muramyl-dipeptide (MDP) N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine upon immunization of mice with BSA or SRBC was studied. MDP was found to significantly increase BSA-antibody formation and to favour the induction of anaphylactic reactions to BSA. In contrast, under the conditions employed, MDP only weakly stimulated the immune response to SRBC.", "contents": "Immunoadjuvant effects of the synthetic muramyl-dipeptide (MDP) N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine. The adjuvant activity of the synthetic muramyl-dipeptide (MDP) N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine upon immunization of mice with BSA or SRBC was studied. MDP was found to significantly increase BSA-antibody formation and to favour the induction of anaphylactic reactions to BSA. In contrast, under the conditions employed, MDP only weakly stimulated the immune response to SRBC.", "PMID": 706536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2444", "title": "The helminths in the gut of perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) in a small oligotrophic lake in southern Norway.", "content": "A total of 311 perch were examined for gut parasites during the period from April 1972 to December 1973. Four different metazoan parasites were found; Proteocephalus percae (M\u00fcller, 1780), Bunodera luciopercae (M\u00fcller, 1776), Acanthocephalus lucii M\u00fcller, 1776 and Camallanus lacustris Zoega, 1776. B. luciopercae and P. percae exhibited similar seasonal cycles in appearance and abundance. They were both absent from the fish population during June/July. A. lucii and C. lacustris on the other hand had a peak in infection intensity and incidence during the summer and autumn months. From September/October one year to May/June the following year B. luciopercae was the dominating parasite species showing the highest incidence (approximately 95%) and intensity (a mean of about 25 parasites per infected fish). When 2 times 2 contingency tests were applied on the material from this period a significant negative correlation between the presence of P. percae and A. lucii could be pointed out while there was no correlation between the presence of any of the other 3 parasite species.", "contents": "The helminths in the gut of perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) in a small oligotrophic lake in southern Norway. A total of 311 perch were examined for gut parasites during the period from April 1972 to December 1973. Four different metazoan parasites were found; Proteocephalus percae (M\u00fcller, 1780), Bunodera luciopercae (M\u00fcller, 1776), Acanthocephalus lucii M\u00fcller, 1776 and Camallanus lacustris Zoega, 1776. B. luciopercae and P. percae exhibited similar seasonal cycles in appearance and abundance. They were both absent from the fish population during June/July. A. lucii and C. lacustris on the other hand had a peak in infection intensity and incidence during the summer and autumn months. From September/October one year to May/June the following year B. luciopercae was the dominating parasite species showing the highest incidence (approximately 95%) and intensity (a mean of about 25 parasites per infected fish). When 2 times 2 contingency tests were applied on the material from this period a significant negative correlation between the presence of P. percae and A. lucii could be pointed out while there was no correlation between the presence of any of the other 3 parasite species.", "PMID": 706549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2445", "title": "Serial passages of larval Echinococcus granulosus from equine origin in mice. II. Infections with sterile cysts.", "content": "Sterile secondary E. granulosus cysts less than or equal to 1 mm in diameter, collected from mice 6-13 months after experimental infection were transferred to helminth-free mice. They developed into larger cysts showing fertility and daughter cyst formation at autopsy 9--14 months p.i. Average growth of the largest cyst per mouse, expressed in log volume (microliter), amounted to 0.30 +/- 0.03 per month; average growth of all cysts per mouse, expressed in log weight (mg) amounted to 0.27 +/- 0.02 per month. An inversed ratio was found between total parasite weight and number of cysts injected. The practical importance of these observations is discussed.", "contents": "Serial passages of larval Echinococcus granulosus from equine origin in mice. II. Infections with sterile cysts. Sterile secondary E. granulosus cysts less than or equal to 1 mm in diameter, collected from mice 6-13 months after experimental infection were transferred to helminth-free mice. They developed into larger cysts showing fertility and daughter cyst formation at autopsy 9--14 months p.i. Average growth of the largest cyst per mouse, expressed in log volume (microliter), amounted to 0.30 +/- 0.03 per month; average growth of all cysts per mouse, expressed in log weight (mg) amounted to 0.27 +/- 0.02 per month. An inversed ratio was found between total parasite weight and number of cysts injected. The practical importance of these observations is discussed.", "PMID": 706550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2446", "title": "[Notes to the hare-whipworm Trichuris leporis (Zeder, 1803) (author's transl)].", "content": "In this study of the whipworm Trichuris leporis (Zeder, 1803) mistakes, which were made in the literature of this kind in the course of time, have been pointed out and put right. The first that gave this species its name was Zeder and not Froehlich. Trichuris sylvilagi Tiner, 1950 is a synonym of Trichuris leporis (Zeder, 1803). The description of the species Trichuris leporis which was given by Tiner (1905) refers to another species for which the name Trichuris tineri is suggested.", "contents": "[Notes to the hare-whipworm Trichuris leporis (Zeder, 1803) (author's transl)]. In this study of the whipworm Trichuris leporis (Zeder, 1803) mistakes, which were made in the literature of this kind in the course of time, have been pointed out and put right. The first that gave this species its name was Zeder and not Froehlich. Trichuris sylvilagi Tiner, 1950 is a synonym of Trichuris leporis (Zeder, 1803). The description of the species Trichuris leporis which was given by Tiner (1905) refers to another species for which the name Trichuris tineri is suggested.", "PMID": 706551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2447", "title": "The first record of Angiostrongylus cantonensis from Egypt.", "content": "In this paper the first record of the medically important nematode parasite, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, is made from Egypt. A survey of eight species of freshwater gastropods collected from natural water courses and of three species of wild rats caught from the same areas revealed respectively, that the ampullarid snail Lanistes carinatus acts as the intermediate host transmitting this parasite, and that the rat Rattus norvegicus is its definitive host. The life cycle of the parasite was successfully completed through experimental infection of laboratory bred albino rats with third-stage larvae, obtained from the above mentioned snail intermediate host. A morphological description of the adult worms and of all larval stages of the parasite is given.", "contents": "The first record of Angiostrongylus cantonensis from Egypt. In this paper the first record of the medically important nematode parasite, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, is made from Egypt. A survey of eight species of freshwater gastropods collected from natural water courses and of three species of wild rats caught from the same areas revealed respectively, that the ampullarid snail Lanistes carinatus acts as the intermediate host transmitting this parasite, and that the rat Rattus norvegicus is its definitive host. The life cycle of the parasite was successfully completed through experimental infection of laboratory bred albino rats with third-stage larvae, obtained from the above mentioned snail intermediate host. A morphological description of the adult worms and of all larval stages of the parasite is given.", "PMID": 706552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2448", "title": "Effect of praziquantel on the free living stages of Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "The effect of the new schistosomicide praziquantel (2-cyclohexyl-carbonyl-1,2,3,6,7,11 b-hexahydro-2H-pyrazino[2,1a]isoquinolin-4-one) on the miracidia and cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni was investigated. In vivo praziquantel inhibits hatching of miracidia for 24 h after administration of 500 mg/kg to infected mice. In vitro a concentration of 10 microgram/ml inhibits subsequent hatching in drug-free water. Free swimming miracidia are rapidly killed by 1 microgram/ml. Even 0.01 microgram/ml is still partially effective. In a solution of 0.03 microgram/ml cercariae lose their ability to swim within 10 min. This effect is reversible in drug-free water. Morphological damage to cercariae incubated in 0.1 microgram/ml is clearly evident. However, cercariae are fully infective when given subcutaneously to mice after a 3-h incubation period. Incubation in 1 microgram/ml reduces the infection rate by 80%. A 2-h incubation in 0.1 microgram/ml almost completely inhibits the percutaneous infection through the abdominal skin. The number of cercariae that develop to schistosomules is reduced by more than 90%. After a 2-h incubation in a concentration of 0.01 microgram/ml the swimming ability of cercariae is impaired in such a way that the number of cercariae penetrating in the tail immersion test and developing to schistosomules is reduced by half. Praziquantel is a more potent protective agent than the molluscicides copper sulphate, sodium pentachlorophenate and Bayluscide or cadmium and zinc ions.", "contents": "Effect of praziquantel on the free living stages of Schistosoma mansoni. The effect of the new schistosomicide praziquantel (2-cyclohexyl-carbonyl-1,2,3,6,7,11 b-hexahydro-2H-pyrazino[2,1a]isoquinolin-4-one) on the miracidia and cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni was investigated. In vivo praziquantel inhibits hatching of miracidia for 24 h after administration of 500 mg/kg to infected mice. In vitro a concentration of 10 microgram/ml inhibits subsequent hatching in drug-free water. Free swimming miracidia are rapidly killed by 1 microgram/ml. Even 0.01 microgram/ml is still partially effective. In a solution of 0.03 microgram/ml cercariae lose their ability to swim within 10 min. This effect is reversible in drug-free water. Morphological damage to cercariae incubated in 0.1 microgram/ml is clearly evident. However, cercariae are fully infective when given subcutaneously to mice after a 3-h incubation period. Incubation in 1 microgram/ml reduces the infection rate by 80%. A 2-h incubation in 0.1 microgram/ml almost completely inhibits the percutaneous infection through the abdominal skin. The number of cercariae that develop to schistosomules is reduced by more than 90%. After a 2-h incubation in a concentration of 0.01 microgram/ml the swimming ability of cercariae is impaired in such a way that the number of cercariae penetrating in the tail immersion test and developing to schistosomules is reduced by half. Praziquantel is a more potent protective agent than the molluscicides copper sulphate, sodium pentachlorophenate and Bayluscide or cadmium and zinc ions.", "PMID": 706553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2449", "title": "Foreseeable trends in health care delivery.", "content": "\"These trends represent the obvious call from society for health change: enlarged access to the system; reduction in the rate of rise in cost; equity in care; and increased quality in care. All of these elements except the cost objective requires not lessened but additional and redistributed resources. If this is pleasing, exert influence to reinforce the trends toward it. If not, speak now to modify the otherwise inevitable.\"", "contents": "Foreseeable trends in health care delivery. \"These trends represent the obvious call from society for health change: enlarged access to the system; reduction in the rate of rise in cost; equity in care; and increased quality in care. All of these elements except the cost objective requires not lessened but additional and redistributed resources. If this is pleasing, exert influence to reinforce the trends toward it. If not, speak now to modify the otherwise inevitable.\"", "PMID": 706646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2450", "title": "Northern Virginia Mental Health Institute: a decade of success.", "content": "\"In some ways the Institute probably has been too efficient for its own good. It has had none of the serious problems that seem, these days, to be the key to funding and support, and the cost per patient day in the year 1977 dropped from $64 to $54.\"", "contents": "Northern Virginia Mental Health Institute: a decade of success. \"In some ways the Institute probably has been too efficient for its own good. It has had none of the serious problems that seem, these days, to be the key to funding and support, and the cost per patient day in the year 1977 dropped from $64 to $54.\"", "PMID": 706647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2451", "title": "Emergency service admissions to a state mental hospital.", "content": "The Northern Virginia Mental Health Institute assigns ten beds to the emergency referrals of a Fairfax County mental health center. The authors analyze these admissions over a 15-month period.", "contents": "Emergency service admissions to a state mental hospital. The Northern Virginia Mental Health Institute assigns ten beds to the emergency referrals of a Fairfax County mental health center. The authors analyze these admissions over a 15-month period.", "PMID": 706648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2452", "title": "EEG changes in old age: normal and pathological.", "content": "A review of the literature reveals that most of the marked EEG changes in the aged are found in conjunction with disease, and the author's experience confirms this observation.", "contents": "EEG changes in old age: normal and pathological. A review of the literature reveals that most of the marked EEG changes in the aged are found in conjunction with disease, and the author's experience confirms this observation.", "PMID": 706649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2453", "title": "British general practice and the National Health Service.", "content": "Three weeks of observing a general practice group in Edinburgh, Scotland, affords the author a study in contrasts between British and American practice today.", "contents": "British general practice and the National Health Service. Three weeks of observing a general practice group in Edinburgh, Scotland, affords the author a study in contrasts between British and American practice today.", "PMID": 706650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2454", "title": "Treatment of open fractures: a review.", "content": "The history, etiology, initial management, and definitive treatment of open fractures is comprehensively reviewed. The author explores with particular care the crucial problem of preventing infection.", "contents": "Treatment of open fractures: a review. The history, etiology, initial management, and definitive treatment of open fractures is comprehensively reviewed. The author explores with particular care the crucial problem of preventing infection.", "PMID": 706652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2455", "title": "Regional neonatal intensive care: its benefits can now be measured.", "content": "Region III was the first are in Virginia to develop neonatal transport and education to rural locations, as reported previously in this journal. There appears to be a growing acceptance of RNIC services in Region III with a simultaneous drop in neonatal mortality rates below national and state levels; however, until regional neonatal mortality rate is more equal to the mortality rates in the central hospital, RNIC cannot be said to have made its full impact.", "contents": "Regional neonatal intensive care: its benefits can now be measured. Region III was the first are in Virginia to develop neonatal transport and education to rural locations, as reported previously in this journal. There appears to be a growing acceptance of RNIC services in Region III with a simultaneous drop in neonatal mortality rates below national and state levels; however, until regional neonatal mortality rate is more equal to the mortality rates in the central hospital, RNIC cannot be said to have made its full impact.", "PMID": 706653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2456", "title": "Criteria for keeping quality in Golden Delicious apples.", "content": "Apples harvested in October 1975, from several regions of the Netherlands, were stored in air or under a controlled atmosphere (CA), at 3--4 degrees C in 11 batches. They were analysed for L-malate and sucrose, and their acceptability was assessed by pilot test. The decrease of L-malate during storage (0.1 g in 37.5 days in air and in 75 days under CA) was confirmed. Thus one can predict (at the start of the trial) the L-malate content at a later stage of the storage. It had been proposed previously that 0.39--0.45% of L-malate corresponds to similar proportions of acceptable and unacceptable fruits, as determined by a laboratory panel. This hypothesis was not corroborated by the pilot test. Based on the data of this test, the original criteria were adapted as follows. In most batches, the percentage of unacceptable apples is low (0--15%) as long as the content of L-malate is greater than or equal to 0.55%. If L-malate has already decreased to 0.54--0.50%, then sucrose should be greater than or equal to 2%.", "contents": "Criteria for keeping quality in Golden Delicious apples. Apples harvested in October 1975, from several regions of the Netherlands, were stored in air or under a controlled atmosphere (CA), at 3--4 degrees C in 11 batches. They were analysed for L-malate and sucrose, and their acceptability was assessed by pilot test. The decrease of L-malate during storage (0.1 g in 37.5 days in air and in 75 days under CA) was confirmed. Thus one can predict (at the start of the trial) the L-malate content at a later stage of the storage. It had been proposed previously that 0.39--0.45% of L-malate corresponds to similar proportions of acceptable and unacceptable fruits, as determined by a laboratory panel. This hypothesis was not corroborated by the pilot test. Based on the data of this test, the original criteria were adapted as follows. In most batches, the percentage of unacceptable apples is low (0--15%) as long as the content of L-malate is greater than or equal to 0.55%. If L-malate has already decreased to 0.54--0.50%, then sucrose should be greater than or equal to 2%.", "PMID": 706797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2457", "title": "[Application HTST-heating of the mash and its influence on the aroma composition during the production of apple brandy (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of HTST-heating of the mash aroma composition during production of apply brandy has been investigated by means of gas chromatography and coupled gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. Starting from the apple aroma the changes in aroma components were studied quantitatively during the conventional production (without enzyme inhibition) as well as after HTST-heating (enzyme inactivation) of the mash. For this purpose 98 aroma compounds were determined in the course of mash production, fermentation and distillation. When employing HTST-heating the original aroma components of the apple particularly the fruit esters were present in appreciably higher concentrations in the mash as well as in the distillate than with the conventional production method. Simultaneously HTST-heating reduced the secondary aroma substances in mash and distillate which are formed with the conventional method by enzymatic-oxidative processes. In the unaged apple brandy obtained from HTST-treated mash lower amounts of lactates and higher concentrations of acetals were found compared with the conventionally produced distillate.", "contents": "[Application HTST-heating of the mash and its influence on the aroma composition during the production of apple brandy (author's transl)]. The influence of HTST-heating of the mash aroma composition during production of apply brandy has been investigated by means of gas chromatography and coupled gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. Starting from the apple aroma the changes in aroma components were studied quantitatively during the conventional production (without enzyme inhibition) as well as after HTST-heating (enzyme inactivation) of the mash. For this purpose 98 aroma compounds were determined in the course of mash production, fermentation and distillation. When employing HTST-heating the original aroma components of the apple particularly the fruit esters were present in appreciably higher concentrations in the mash as well as in the distillate than with the conventional production method. Simultaneously HTST-heating reduced the secondary aroma substances in mash and distillate which are formed with the conventional method by enzymatic-oxidative processes. In the unaged apple brandy obtained from HTST-treated mash lower amounts of lactates and higher concentrations of acetals were found compared with the conventionally produced distillate.", "PMID": 706798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2458", "title": "[On the iron contamination in cocoa and chocolate products (author's transl)].", "content": "The investigation in question deals with the iron contamination in cocoa and chocolate products. Semi finished goods as well as finished products were examined. An average of 29 mg/kg total iron (i.e. ionic + metallic iron) was found in cocoabeans. The iron content of cocoa shells was approximately 10 fold higher. The process of grinding roasted nibs to cocoa-mass (liquor) resulted in a noticeable increase of the quantity of iron to an average amount of 150 mg/kg mass. This process thus produced an increase of the iron content of approximately 75 to as much as 200%. The cocoa powders contained more iron (238 mg/kg) than the cocoa mass, which linked to a reduction of the fat content by pressing and by grinding of the presscake. The quantities of iron observed in commercial samples of cocoa powder from different countries did not show appreciable differences.", "contents": "[On the iron contamination in cocoa and chocolate products (author's transl)]. The investigation in question deals with the iron contamination in cocoa and chocolate products. Semi finished goods as well as finished products were examined. An average of 29 mg/kg total iron (i.e. ionic + metallic iron) was found in cocoabeans. The iron content of cocoa shells was approximately 10 fold higher. The process of grinding roasted nibs to cocoa-mass (liquor) resulted in a noticeable increase of the quantity of iron to an average amount of 150 mg/kg mass. This process thus produced an increase of the iron content of approximately 75 to as much as 200%. The cocoa powders contained more iron (238 mg/kg) than the cocoa mass, which linked to a reduction of the fat content by pressing and by grinding of the presscake. The quantities of iron observed in commercial samples of cocoa powder from different countries did not show appreciable differences.", "PMID": 706799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2459", "title": "[A potentiometric determination of iodide in milk by use of the iron--selective electrode (author's transl)].", "content": "A method for quantitative determination of iodide in milk by use of the ion-selective electrode is described. The proposed method is rapid and simple. No sample pretreatment is required exept for sample ionic strength adjustment. It was possible to determine iodide concentrations down to 40 microgram/l with average relative standard deviation of 3,4%. The concentration of iodide in milk samples determined by this method ranged from 61,5 microgram J-/l to 190,8 microgram J-/l.", "contents": "[A potentiometric determination of iodide in milk by use of the iron--selective electrode (author's transl)]. A method for quantitative determination of iodide in milk by use of the ion-selective electrode is described. The proposed method is rapid and simple. No sample pretreatment is required exept for sample ionic strength adjustment. It was possible to determine iodide concentrations down to 40 microgram/l with average relative standard deviation of 3,4%. The concentration of iodide in milk samples determined by this method ranged from 61,5 microgram J-/l to 190,8 microgram J-/l.", "PMID": 706800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2460", "title": "[Simultaneous determination of the anabolic angent zeranol and its metabolite zearalanon by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (author's transl)].", "content": "The anabolic agent Zeranol and its metabolite Zearalanon can be determined in meat by High-Performance-Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) down to a limit of about 0.01 ppm.", "contents": "[Simultaneous determination of the anabolic angent zeranol and its metabolite zearalanon by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (author's transl)]. The anabolic agent Zeranol and its metabolite Zearalanon can be determined in meat by High-Performance-Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) down to a limit of about 0.01 ppm.", "PMID": 706801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2461", "title": "[Flavonol glycosides of leaves and fruits of dill (Anethum graveolens L.). II. Phenolics of spices (author's transl)].", "content": "From the leaves of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) ten flavonol glycosides have been isolated by means of polyamide, paper and thin-layer chromatography and could be identified by the usual procedures. The two major flavonoids, quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucuronide and isorhamnetin 3-O-beta-D-glucuronide, were obtained crystalline. The minor components were found to be the 3-glucosides, 3-galactosides and 3-rhamnoglucosides of quercetin and isorhamnetin. Two other 3-glycosides of quercetin and isorhamnetin occur with the component sugars galactose, xylose, and arabinose. Besides these there are probably other two flavonoids present in trace amounts. In addition, the fruits of dill contain kaempferol 3-glucuronide as main component thought this component is completely absent in leaves.--This is probably the first time that isorhamnetin 3-O-beta-D-glucuronide has been obtained crystalline from a plant.", "contents": "[Flavonol glycosides of leaves and fruits of dill (Anethum graveolens L.). II. Phenolics of spices (author's transl)]. From the leaves of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) ten flavonol glycosides have been isolated by means of polyamide, paper and thin-layer chromatography and could be identified by the usual procedures. The two major flavonoids, quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucuronide and isorhamnetin 3-O-beta-D-glucuronide, were obtained crystalline. The minor components were found to be the 3-glucosides, 3-galactosides and 3-rhamnoglucosides of quercetin and isorhamnetin. Two other 3-glycosides of quercetin and isorhamnetin occur with the component sugars galactose, xylose, and arabinose. Besides these there are probably other two flavonoids present in trace amounts. In addition, the fruits of dill contain kaempferol 3-glucuronide as main component thought this component is completely absent in leaves.--This is probably the first time that isorhamnetin 3-O-beta-D-glucuronide has been obtained crystalline from a plant.", "PMID": 706802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2462", "title": "[Determination of diterpene glycosides in coffee (author's transl)].", "content": "The determination of 3'O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2'-O-isovaleroyl-2beta-(2-desoxy-atractyligenin)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (KA 1) and 2-O-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-atractyligenin (KA II) in coffee was carried out by liquid/liquid-partition, column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, and photometry. In robusta and arabusta green coffees KA I levels were below the limit of detection, in arabica green coffees between 170 and 460 mg/kg. KA II was present in robusta green coffees between 10 and 45 mg/kg, in arabusta green coffee at about 60 mg/kg, in arabica green coffees between 290 and 340 mg/kg. During roasting these values are reduced, but not during commercial extraction.", "contents": "[Determination of diterpene glycosides in coffee (author's transl)]. The determination of 3'O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2'-O-isovaleroyl-2beta-(2-desoxy-atractyligenin)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (KA 1) and 2-O-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-atractyligenin (KA II) in coffee was carried out by liquid/liquid-partition, column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, and photometry. In robusta and arabusta green coffees KA I levels were below the limit of detection, in arabica green coffees between 170 and 460 mg/kg. KA II was present in robusta green coffees between 10 and 45 mg/kg, in arabusta green coffee at about 60 mg/kg, in arabica green coffees between 290 and 340 mg/kg. During roasting these values are reduced, but not during commercial extraction.", "PMID": 706803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2463", "title": "[Phenols in roasted coffees of different varieties. I. (author's transl)].", "content": "Thirty phenols were isolated from roasted coffee by distillation-extraction, separated from other constituents by absorption-chromatography, and characterized by means of GC-MS. Robusta coffee contained the largest amount of phenols, followed by Arabusta (C\u00f4te d'Ivoire) and Arabica. Quantity and type of phenols depends on variety as well as on the roasting conditions.", "contents": "[Phenols in roasted coffees of different varieties. I. (author's transl)]. Thirty phenols were isolated from roasted coffee by distillation-extraction, separated from other constituents by absorption-chromatography, and characterized by means of GC-MS. Robusta coffee contained the largest amount of phenols, followed by Arabusta (C\u00f4te d'Ivoire) and Arabica. Quantity and type of phenols depends on variety as well as on the roasting conditions.", "PMID": 706804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2464", "title": "[Diphenols and caramel compounds in roasted coffees of different varieties. II. (author's transl)].", "content": "Eleven diphenols and seven caramel compounds were extracted from roasted coffee with pentane/ether (1 + 1), silylated with BSTFA, characterized, and semiquantified by GC-MS. Seven phenols and five caramel components were identified for the first time in roasted coffee. Robusta coffee contained the highest amounts of phenols and maltol. Arabica showed higher amounts of furaneol (2.5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone), isomaltol, 5-hydroxymaltol, and 5-hydroxy-5.6-dihydromaltol.", "contents": "[Diphenols and caramel compounds in roasted coffees of different varieties. II. (author's transl)]. Eleven diphenols and seven caramel compounds were extracted from roasted coffee with pentane/ether (1 + 1), silylated with BSTFA, characterized, and semiquantified by GC-MS. Seven phenols and five caramel components were identified for the first time in roasted coffee. Robusta coffee contained the highest amounts of phenols and maltol. Arabica showed higher amounts of furaneol (2.5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone), isomaltol, 5-hydroxymaltol, and 5-hydroxy-5.6-dihydromaltol.", "PMID": 706805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2465", "title": "[Introduction in mycotoxin problems (author's transl)].", "content": "In Part I the occurrence of mycotoxins is discussed in general terms with emphasis on how they originate in the food, taking full account of presence as secondary contaminants. Further discussions emphasize the occurrence of aflatoxin in foods with a detailed table containing 106 references. Finally, the discussion goes into the factors which influence the formation of mycotoxins and the consequences for the consumer. Part II is concerned with problems in sampling foods with aflatoxin. Difficulties in sampling arise from the different levels of aflatoxins present and from their instability in foods. Based on proposals of different investigators, sample quantities of more than 1 kg are recommended. Regulatory agencies expect concrete plans for statistical evaluation similar to those used for determination of salmonellae. It is particularly important that a solution should be found for the sampling of packaged foods so that a fair and reliable control is possible.", "contents": "[Introduction in mycotoxin problems (author's transl)]. In Part I the occurrence of mycotoxins is discussed in general terms with emphasis on how they originate in the food, taking full account of presence as secondary contaminants. Further discussions emphasize the occurrence of aflatoxin in foods with a detailed table containing 106 references. Finally, the discussion goes into the factors which influence the formation of mycotoxins and the consequences for the consumer. Part II is concerned with problems in sampling foods with aflatoxin. Difficulties in sampling arise from the different levels of aflatoxins present and from their instability in foods. Based on proposals of different investigators, sample quantities of more than 1 kg are recommended. Regulatory agencies expect concrete plans for statistical evaluation similar to those used for determination of salmonellae. It is particularly important that a solution should be found for the sampling of packaged foods so that a fair and reliable control is possible.", "PMID": 706806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2466", "title": "[High frequency pyrolysis of selected carbohydrates (author's transl)].", "content": "Glucose, amylose, amylopectin, cellulose, fructose, inulin, saccharose, celluloseacetate and methyl-cellulose were treated by High Frequency Pyrolysis (Curie Point Pyrolysis) at 700 degrees C. Volatile compounds formed by this process were separated by gas chromatography and the structures determined by GC/MS.", "contents": "[High frequency pyrolysis of selected carbohydrates (author's transl)]. Glucose, amylose, amylopectin, cellulose, fructose, inulin, saccharose, celluloseacetate and methyl-cellulose were treated by High Frequency Pyrolysis (Curie Point Pyrolysis) at 700 degrees C. Volatile compounds formed by this process were separated by gas chromatography and the structures determined by GC/MS.", "PMID": 706807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2467", "title": "[Solubility of phospholipids in oilseeds depending on the extraction conditions (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of the determination of oil content depend on the method and on the solvent used. Extractions by the Twisselmann method give increasing yields in the order n-pentane, hexane, and n-heptane. Using the Soxhlet extraction, much lower yields were obtained with n-heptane than with the other two solvents. In both methods, the phospholipid content in the extracts depends only on the solvent and not on the method used. The yield and composition of the mixture of phospholipids vary in the different methods of extraction.", "contents": "[Solubility of phospholipids in oilseeds depending on the extraction conditions (author's transl)]. The results of the determination of oil content depend on the method and on the solvent used. Extractions by the Twisselmann method give increasing yields in the order n-pentane, hexane, and n-heptane. Using the Soxhlet extraction, much lower yields were obtained with n-heptane than with the other two solvents. In both methods, the phospholipid content in the extracts depends only on the solvent and not on the method used. The yield and composition of the mixture of phospholipids vary in the different methods of extraction.", "PMID": 706808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2468", "title": "[Determination of reduced and oxidised glutathione in wheat flours and doughs (author's transl)].", "content": "A quantitative method for the analysis of reduced (GSH) and oxidised (GSSG) glutathione in cereals has been developed. The steps are: Extraction of the flour or dough and carboxymethylation of GSH, gel filtration on Sephadex G-50, chromatography on Dowex 50 WX8 and after basic cleavage determination of the separated GSSG with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), separation of carboxymethylated GSH on Dowex 1X8 and determination with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid. When analysing for the amount of GSH and GSSG in flours of three varieties of wheat the former ranged from 0.27 to 0.46 mumol/g and the latter from 0.26 to 0.38 mumol/g. After kneading for 5 min to a dough the GSH disappeared with a corresponding increase in GSSG.", "contents": "[Determination of reduced and oxidised glutathione in wheat flours and doughs (author's transl)]. A quantitative method for the analysis of reduced (GSH) and oxidised (GSSG) glutathione in cereals has been developed. The steps are: Extraction of the flour or dough and carboxymethylation of GSH, gel filtration on Sephadex G-50, chromatography on Dowex 50 WX8 and after basic cleavage determination of the separated GSSG with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), separation of carboxymethylated GSH on Dowex 1X8 and determination with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid. When analysing for the amount of GSH and GSSG in flours of three varieties of wheat the former ranged from 0.27 to 0.46 mumol/g and the latter from 0.26 to 0.38 mumol/g. After kneading for 5 min to a dough the GSH disappeared with a corresponding increase in GSSG.", "PMID": 706809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2469", "title": "Model studies on the heating of food proteins--heat-induced oligomerisation of ribonuclease.", "content": "Commercial ribonuclease was heated at temperatures between 80 degrees C and 180 degrees C for 1--24 h. A stoichiometric oligomerisation was observed. Dimeric ribonuclease appeared after 1 h at 80 degrees C. With increasing time and/or temperature the number of oligomers formed rose at first. The highest oligomer that could be detected was the hexamer (140 degrees C, 8 and 16 h). A further increase in time and/or temperature resulted in a decrease of the number of oligomers and a rise in the polymer fraction. The importance of this reaction in the changes produced by heating food proteins and various reaction mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Model studies on the heating of food proteins--heat-induced oligomerisation of ribonuclease. Commercial ribonuclease was heated at temperatures between 80 degrees C and 180 degrees C for 1--24 h. A stoichiometric oligomerisation was observed. Dimeric ribonuclease appeared after 1 h at 80 degrees C. With increasing time and/or temperature the number of oligomers formed rose at first. The highest oligomer that could be detected was the hexamer (140 degrees C, 8 and 16 h). A further increase in time and/or temperature resulted in a decrease of the number of oligomers and a rise in the polymer fraction. The importance of this reaction in the changes produced by heating food proteins and various reaction mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 706810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2470", "title": "Studies on enzymic browning of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum). IV. Relationship between tyrosine turnover and rate of browning.", "content": "Using analytical data from the literature the tyrosine turnover was calculated by a method published previously by us for 72 potato samples with different rates of browning. The samples included 9 varieties grown at three locations in 1969, which were analysed after harvest and after different times of storage at three temperatures. For 58 samples (81%) this calculation led to the same classification of the varieties as did visual observation of the rate of discolouration. It is concluded that enzymic browning of potatoes is correlated rather with tyrosine turnover, which depends on the concentrations of phenol oxidase, tyrosine, chlorogenic acid, and ascorbic acid, than with any single parameter.", "contents": "Studies on enzymic browning of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum). IV. Relationship between tyrosine turnover and rate of browning. Using analytical data from the literature the tyrosine turnover was calculated by a method published previously by us for 72 potato samples with different rates of browning. The samples included 9 varieties grown at three locations in 1969, which were analysed after harvest and after different times of storage at three temperatures. For 58 samples (81%) this calculation led to the same classification of the varieties as did visual observation of the rate of discolouration. It is concluded that enzymic browning of potatoes is correlated rather with tyrosine turnover, which depends on the concentrations of phenol oxidase, tyrosine, chlorogenic acid, and ascorbic acid, than with any single parameter.", "PMID": 706811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2471", "title": "[Methods for the determination of vitamins by means of HPLC. IV. Determination of vitamin K3 in vitamin premixes and mineral supplements (author's transl)].", "content": "A method is described for rapid determination of vitamin K3 (menadione) in vitamin premixes and mineral supplements. The menadione is extracted in the form of the bisulphite compound. After conversion into menadione the vitamin is taken up in n-hexane and is determined by HPLC without further clean-up.", "contents": "[Methods for the determination of vitamins by means of HPLC. IV. Determination of vitamin K3 in vitamin premixes and mineral supplements (author's transl)]. A method is described for rapid determination of vitamin K3 (menadione) in vitamin premixes and mineral supplements. The menadione is extracted in the form of the bisulphite compound. After conversion into menadione the vitamin is taken up in n-hexane and is determined by HPLC without further clean-up.", "PMID": 706812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2472", "title": "[The effectiveness of an (Aspergillus) differential medium in the course of the mycological examination of foods].", "content": "The effectiveness of Aspergillus differential medium (ADM) for the identification of Aspergillus strains was tested. The bright yellow-orange pigment was produced by 205 (88,7%) of 231 strains and resp. 97 (61,3%) of 158 strains, which during routine mycologic diagnostic as A.flavus and A.oryzae, respectively. Strains of the groups A.clavatus (76), A.glacus (100), A.fumigatus-(9), A.niger-(6), A.candidus-(3), A.wentii-(1), A.versicolor (23), A.nidulans (6), A.ustus (1) and A.terreus (1) gave negative results. Positive results were shown by 9 strains of the A.ochraceus group. It was shown that for the mycological examination of certain foods the ADM medium can make an important contribution to the identification of potential aflatoxin producers. However it is better not to use the ADM medium only alone but also together with other customary mycological nutrient media.", "contents": "[The effectiveness of an (Aspergillus) differential medium in the course of the mycological examination of foods]. The effectiveness of Aspergillus differential medium (ADM) for the identification of Aspergillus strains was tested. The bright yellow-orange pigment was produced by 205 (88,7%) of 231 strains and resp. 97 (61,3%) of 158 strains, which during routine mycologic diagnostic as A.flavus and A.oryzae, respectively. Strains of the groups A.clavatus (76), A.glacus (100), A.fumigatus-(9), A.niger-(6), A.candidus-(3), A.wentii-(1), A.versicolor (23), A.nidulans (6), A.ustus (1) and A.terreus (1) gave negative results. Positive results were shown by 9 strains of the A.ochraceus group. It was shown that for the mycological examination of certain foods the ADM medium can make an important contribution to the identification of potential aflatoxin producers. However it is better not to use the ADM medium only alone but also together with other customary mycological nutrient media.", "PMID": 706813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2473", "title": "[The activity of sorbic acid against mycotoxin forming microorganisms (author's transl)].", "content": "Potassium sorbate at a concentration of 200-400 ppm inhibits mycotoxin forming Aspergillus versicolor at a pH of 5.7-5.9 in culture media and fermented sausages.", "contents": "[The activity of sorbic acid against mycotoxin forming microorganisms (author's transl)]. Potassium sorbate at a concentration of 200-400 ppm inhibits mycotoxin forming Aspergillus versicolor at a pH of 5.7-5.9 in culture media and fermented sausages.", "PMID": 706814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2474", "title": "[Determination of MCPA and TERBACIL in apples (author's transl)].", "content": "Analytical methods for the determination of MCPA (2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid) and TERBACIL (3-tert. butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil) in apples are described. The detection limits of the methods are 0.04 mg/kg for TERBACIL and 0.1 mg/kg for MCPA. With additions between 0.05--0.1 mg TERBACIL/kg apples the recovery rates lie between 95--105%. With additions between 0.1--0.5 mg MCPA/kg apples the recovery is between 103--114%.", "contents": "[Determination of MCPA and TERBACIL in apples (author's transl)]. Analytical methods for the determination of MCPA (2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid) and TERBACIL (3-tert. butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil) in apples are described. The detection limits of the methods are 0.04 mg/kg for TERBACIL and 0.1 mg/kg for MCPA. With additions between 0.05--0.1 mg TERBACIL/kg apples the recovery rates lie between 95--105%. With additions between 0.1--0.5 mg MCPA/kg apples the recovery is between 103--114%.", "PMID": 706815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2475", "title": "[Deaths caused by poisoining in Switzerland].", "content": "In order to assess the mortality from poisoning in Switzerland, the medical certificates of death from the years 1972 to 1976 were analyzed. A comparison with earlier work shows that the overall mortality remains constant, with an increase of suicidal and a decrease of accidental and chronic poisoning. Most suicides are committed with drugs (especially hypnotics) and, mainly by men, with carbon monoxide (exhaust gas). Chronic fatal poisoning from the abuse of analgesics is lessening, at length, whereas death from hard drugs is on the increase. Fatal accidental poisoining is relatively rare in Switzerland. Among the victims are children, but adults as well, and particularly old people. Involved agents (carbon monoxide, drugs and medicines, technical and agricultural poisons, mushrooms) are pointed out with regard to prevention.", "contents": "[Deaths caused by poisoining in Switzerland]. In order to assess the mortality from poisoning in Switzerland, the medical certificates of death from the years 1972 to 1976 were analyzed. A comparison with earlier work shows that the overall mortality remains constant, with an increase of suicidal and a decrease of accidental and chronic poisoning. Most suicides are committed with drugs (especially hypnotics) and, mainly by men, with carbon monoxide (exhaust gas). Chronic fatal poisoning from the abuse of analgesics is lessening, at length, whereas death from hard drugs is on the increase. Fatal accidental poisoining is relatively rare in Switzerland. Among the victims are children, but adults as well, and particularly old people. Involved agents (carbon monoxide, drugs and medicines, technical and agricultural poisons, mushrooms) are pointed out with regard to prevention.", "PMID": 706817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2476", "title": "[Migration and behavioral pecularities of nursery-school children in Basel].", "content": "The Basle Kindergarten Study is looking at the effects of migration on health and development. Local, social and cultural relationships are broken up through migration. We call this break of relationship \"up-rooting\". Deviant behaviour can be understood as indicator of disturbed psychosocial development. Two hypotheses are examined: 1. Signs of up-rooting are concentrated in migrant-families. 2. The children in these families show more deviant behaviour. Both hypotheses are not supported by our preliminary data.", "contents": "[Migration and behavioral pecularities of nursery-school children in Basel]. The Basle Kindergarten Study is looking at the effects of migration on health and development. Local, social and cultural relationships are broken up through migration. We call this break of relationship \"up-rooting\". Deviant behaviour can be understood as indicator of disturbed psychosocial development. Two hypotheses are examined: 1. Signs of up-rooting are concentrated in migrant-families. 2. The children in these families show more deviant behaviour. Both hypotheses are not supported by our preliminary data.", "PMID": 706818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2477", "title": "[Influencing factors related to narcotic consumption and leisure sports in juveniles].", "content": "This report presents some results of a survey of 2872 men and women of 17 to 18 years of age. A multivariate analysis shows a strong association of consumption of illegal drugs with that of tobacco and alcohol, as well as with absence of spare time sports activities (men) and excessive use of medicaments (women). The results favour a multifactorial model of prevention of drug abuse.", "contents": "[Influencing factors related to narcotic consumption and leisure sports in juveniles]. This report presents some results of a survey of 2872 men and women of 17 to 18 years of age. A multivariate analysis shows a strong association of consumption of illegal drugs with that of tobacco and alcohol, as well as with absence of spare time sports activities (men) and excessive use of medicaments (women). The results favour a multifactorial model of prevention of drug abuse.", "PMID": 706819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2478", "title": "[Estimation of food intake by adolescents through subject interviews and questionnaires addressed to parents].", "content": "The adolescents' interview refers to his/her usual weekly food intake, except for fats which are estimated from the parents' answers. Replies given to questions introduced as a check revealed important differences between the answers given by the parents and those of the adolescents.", "contents": "[Estimation of food intake by adolescents through subject interviews and questionnaires addressed to parents]. The adolescents' interview refers to his/her usual weekly food intake, except for fats which are estimated from the parents' answers. Replies given to questions introduced as a check revealed important differences between the answers given by the parents and those of the adolescents.", "PMID": 706820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2479", "title": "[Tricipital and subscapular skinfold thickness: normal values for boys and girls between 4 and 19 1/2 years of age from Western Switzerland].", "content": "Application of profile analysis (4) to skinfold thickness (tricipital ; subscapular) experimentally shows that when data are collected under strict control of the measuring technique, the fluctuations ascribale to observers, to left or right body sides, and to replications may be almost entirely eliminated.", "contents": "[Tricipital and subscapular skinfold thickness: normal values for boys and girls between 4 and 19 1/2 years of age from Western Switzerland]. Application of profile analysis (4) to skinfold thickness (tricipital ; subscapular) experimentally shows that when data are collected under strict control of the measuring technique, the fluctuations ascribale to observers, to left or right body sides, and to replications may be almost entirely eliminated.", "PMID": 706821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2480", "title": "[Consumption of sweets by schoolchildren in Basel].", "content": "In September 1977 a 24 hour recall interview on nutritional habits, especially on the consumption of oligosacchrides was performed on 2'563 school children of Basel, aged 7 to 15 years after having attended a dental examination. 80,4% did consume sugar containing sweets between the 5 regular meals. The higher the degree of education among the three intermediate schooltypes, the less consumers were found (p less than 0,05). Factors which may influence the different consumption patterns are social status and knowledge on nutritional diseases (e.g. diabetes), but not pocket money. A link between data of the nutritional study and those of the dental examination will follow.", "contents": "[Consumption of sweets by schoolchildren in Basel]. In September 1977 a 24 hour recall interview on nutritional habits, especially on the consumption of oligosacchrides was performed on 2'563 school children of Basel, aged 7 to 15 years after having attended a dental examination. 80,4% did consume sugar containing sweets between the 5 regular meals. The higher the degree of education among the three intermediate schooltypes, the less consumers were found (p less than 0,05). Factors which may influence the different consumption patterns are social status and knowledge on nutritional diseases (e.g. diabetes), but not pocket money. A link between data of the nutritional study and those of the dental examination will follow.", "PMID": 706822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2481", "title": "[Early recognition of lung changes in young smokers].", "content": "To assess small airway obstruction in teenagers with a habit of smoking maximal expiratory flow-volume where obtained while the children were breathing first air and then a helium-air-mixture. The point of identical flow (PIF), the volume in which flow was the same with air and with helium was for the smokers significantly higher than the mean PIF in the nonsmokers-controls.", "contents": "[Early recognition of lung changes in young smokers]. To assess small airway obstruction in teenagers with a habit of smoking maximal expiratory flow-volume where obtained while the children were breathing first air and then a helium-air-mixture. The point of identical flow (PIF), the volume in which flow was the same with air and with helium was for the smokers significantly higher than the mean PIF in the nonsmokers-controls.", "PMID": 706823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2482", "title": "[Passive smoking under experimental conditions and in field studies].", "content": "The degree of annoyance and irritations has been investigated on subjects exposed for 1 hour to constant concentrations of cigarette smoke as well as in 3 restaurants of Zurich.", "contents": "[Passive smoking under experimental conditions and in field studies]. The degree of annoyance and irritations has been investigated on subjects exposed for 1 hour to constant concentrations of cigarette smoke as well as in 3 restaurants of Zurich.", "PMID": 706824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2483", "title": "[Effect of the school environment on the smoking and drinking behavior of students].", "content": "It is confirmed that young adolescents tend to consume alcohol and tobacco as tension releaser as well as symbolic participation in adult values.", "contents": "[Effect of the school environment on the smoking and drinking behavior of students]. It is confirmed that young adolescents tend to consume alcohol and tobacco as tension releaser as well as symbolic participation in adult values.", "PMID": 706825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2484", "title": "[Smoking behavior in 2 rural communities near Zurich].", "content": "In the course of a community intervention study smoking prevalence was shown to increase and age of onset to decrease successively with decreasing age in both sexes; about half of the smokers tried at some time to stop. The educational programme had some effect in preventing extension of the habit.", "contents": "[Smoking behavior in 2 rural communities near Zurich]. In the course of a community intervention study smoking prevalence was shown to increase and age of onset to decrease successively with decreasing age in both sexes; about half of the smokers tried at some time to stop. The educational programme had some effect in preventing extension of the habit.", "PMID": 706826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2485", "title": "[Utilization of hospitalization for the modification of smoking behavior].", "content": "Advantages and methods of treating smoking addiction during hospitalisation are described briefly.", "contents": "[Utilization of hospitalization for the modification of smoking behavior]. Advantages and methods of treating smoking addiction during hospitalisation are described briefly.", "PMID": 706827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2486", "title": "[Self-treatment among employees of the Swiss railroad and postal systems].", "content": "In this paper some initial results of a study of self-treatment in case of light illness are reported. The average number of reported measures taken is 3,5 in general infections and infections of the respiratory tract, 2,6 in digestive disorders, and 2,5 in disorders of the musculo-skeletal system. In all three groups of disorders, the most frequent single measures was bed rest, the second most frequent was measuring body temperature in the first diagnostic group, drinking tea in the second, and massage in the third. In the first diagnostic group, an average of 2,2 pharmacologic agents are taken, in the second 1,1, and in the third 1,3. Analgesic drugs play an important role in all three groups, pointing to the primordial role of pain relief in self-medication. 84,5% of the interviewed sample indicate use of folk medicines. 90% of the applied drugs come from the stock of the home pharmacy.", "contents": "[Self-treatment among employees of the Swiss railroad and postal systems]. In this paper some initial results of a study of self-treatment in case of light illness are reported. The average number of reported measures taken is 3,5 in general infections and infections of the respiratory tract, 2,6 in digestive disorders, and 2,5 in disorders of the musculo-skeletal system. In all three groups of disorders, the most frequent single measures was bed rest, the second most frequent was measuring body temperature in the first diagnostic group, drinking tea in the second, and massage in the third. In the first diagnostic group, an average of 2,2 pharmacologic agents are taken, in the second 1,1, and in the third 1,3. Analgesic drugs play an important role in all three groups, pointing to the primordial role of pain relief in self-medication. 84,5% of the interviewed sample indicate use of folk medicines. 90% of the applied drugs come from the stock of the home pharmacy.", "PMID": 706828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2487", "title": "[Morphologic distribution of tumors occuring in the canton of Vaud].", "content": "After a short presentation of the methodological aspects of cancer registration and morphological coding, the results concerning cancer of the upper digestive tract, lung, testis and ovary were discussed. Some distributions of the main histological types are analysed by age, sex, site and multiple primaries. Known statistical associations are described between morphology and sex for lung cancer and between morphology and controlateral tumor for ovary.", "contents": "[Morphologic distribution of tumors occuring in the canton of Vaud]. After a short presentation of the methodological aspects of cancer registration and morphological coding, the results concerning cancer of the upper digestive tract, lung, testis and ovary were discussed. Some distributions of the main histological types are analysed by age, sex, site and multiple primaries. Known statistical associations are described between morphology and sex for lung cancer and between morphology and controlateral tumor for ovary.", "PMID": 706829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2488", "title": "[Health profile of employed men and women--representative study].", "content": "Representative studies on 1260 men and 980 women working in Swiss factories showed, that 21% of the men and 27% of the women (5% gynecological diseases) were in medical care in the moment of our examination.", "contents": "[Health profile of employed men and women--representative study]. Representative studies on 1260 men and 980 women working in Swiss factories showed, that 21% of the men and 27% of the women (5% gynecological diseases) were in medical care in the moment of our examination.", "PMID": 706830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2489", "title": "[Chest pain and cardiac morbidity in two rural communities near Zurich. Survey results 1974/75].", "content": "The prevalence of coronary heart disease in predisposing symptoms in 2 entire communities was estimated by means of the standardized WHO questionnaire, yielding rates around 10% and 25% at ages 20--49 and 50--64, respectively.", "contents": "[Chest pain and cardiac morbidity in two rural communities near Zurich. Survey results 1974/75]. The prevalence of coronary heart disease in predisposing symptoms in 2 entire communities was estimated by means of the standardized WHO questionnaire, yielding rates around 10% and 25% at ages 20--49 and 50--64, respectively.", "PMID": 706831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2490", "title": "[Causes of accidents in Swiss forestry].", "content": "In Swiss public forests about 3600 work accidents occur yearly. These accident rates are higher than in any other branch of industry in Switzerland. Statistical evaluation and investigation of near accidents established great risks for power saw work. The results show that the accident causes are lack of concentration, time pressure, bad weather and general fatigue.", "contents": "[Causes of accidents in Swiss forestry]. In Swiss public forests about 3600 work accidents occur yearly. These accident rates are higher than in any other branch of industry in Switzerland. Statistical evaluation and investigation of near accidents established great risks for power saw work. The results show that the accident causes are lack of concentration, time pressure, bad weather and general fatigue.", "PMID": 706837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2491", "title": "[Demonstration of a control lever for a simulator of visual aptitudes].", "content": "In this paper, the design and testing of the control of a new visual screener are described. The equipment is composed of a push-pull lever, an electronic digitalizer and a display on which Landolt rings are presented. The problem to be solved was to check whether the eight directions in which the lever could be oriented were equally reliable. For this purpose, 24 untrained subjects were required to respond to 108 by-chance oriented optotypes. This experiment demonstrated that the device was reliable in this respect that it produced very few errors; however, fiability was unequally distributed over the eight orientations. Suggestions for improvement were made.", "contents": "[Demonstration of a control lever for a simulator of visual aptitudes]. In this paper, the design and testing of the control of a new visual screener are described. The equipment is composed of a push-pull lever, an electronic digitalizer and a display on which Landolt rings are presented. The problem to be solved was to check whether the eight directions in which the lever could be oriented were equally reliable. For this purpose, 24 untrained subjects were required to respond to 108 by-chance oriented optotypes. This experiment demonstrated that the device was reliable in this respect that it produced very few errors; however, fiability was unequally distributed over the eight orientations. Suggestions for improvement were made.", "PMID": 706838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2492", "title": "[Ocular fatigue induced due to work on visual screens].", "content": "It appears that visual complaints, as they are expressed by numerous TV screen operators, are associated with common eye defects. Our results based on a survey with questionnaires and visual testing sustain such an hypothesis. As a consequence, solving eye problems at TV screens requires both the improvement of visual displays and the visual adaptation of users. If impossible working-time should be reduced.", "contents": "[Ocular fatigue induced due to work on visual screens]. It appears that visual complaints, as they are expressed by numerous TV screen operators, are associated with common eye defects. Our results based on a survey with questionnaires and visual testing sustain such an hypothesis. As a consequence, solving eye problems at TV screens requires both the improvement of visual displays and the visual adaptation of users. If impossible working-time should be reduced.", "PMID": 706839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2493", "title": "[Repetitive work and psychosomatic complaints].", "content": "200 workers of the Swiss watch industry were examined in an interdisciplinary study on the effect of repetitive work on the wellbeing of the worker. Women doing repetitive work with little autonomy complained more often about psychosomatic problems than the male workers doing non-repetitive work. This difference is interpreted as a difference of sexe rather than one of the work situation. However, there is a significant difference in the complaint about nervosity between women being paid monthly and women who were paid by piece or by hour with a premium.", "contents": "[Repetitive work and psychosomatic complaints]. 200 workers of the Swiss watch industry were examined in an interdisciplinary study on the effect of repetitive work on the wellbeing of the worker. Women doing repetitive work with little autonomy complained more often about psychosomatic problems than the male workers doing non-repetitive work. This difference is interpreted as a difference of sexe rather than one of the work situation. However, there is a significant difference in the complaint about nervosity between women being paid monthly and women who were paid by piece or by hour with a premium.", "PMID": 706840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2494", "title": "[Comparison of various sampling devices for airborn dust].", "content": "Measuring particulate matter, rather not well-defined term, consists of two basic steps: samling and analysis. In a comparative study, three types of samples viz. Hi-Vol Sampler, LIB Sampler, and Dichotomous Sampler were operated side by side for ten 24-hour samples. Results of their gravimetric and elemental analysis are reported.", "contents": "[Comparison of various sampling devices for airborn dust]. Measuring particulate matter, rather not well-defined term, consists of two basic steps: samling and analysis. In a comparative study, three types of samples viz. Hi-Vol Sampler, LIB Sampler, and Dichotomous Sampler were operated side by side for ten 24-hour samples. Results of their gravimetric and elemental analysis are reported.", "PMID": 706841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2495", "title": "[Size distribution of PAH and of lead in atmospheric particles].", "content": "An analysis of an atmospheric urban aerosol with regard to the nature and particle size distribution for different locations has been undertaken. Results indicate that 67% of total suspended matter, 87% of lead, and 70--80 % of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) penetrate the respiratory tracts.", "contents": "[Size distribution of PAH and of lead in atmospheric particles]. An analysis of an atmospheric urban aerosol with regard to the nature and particle size distribution for different locations has been undertaken. Results indicate that 67% of total suspended matter, 87% of lead, and 70--80 % of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) penetrate the respiratory tracts.", "PMID": 706842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2496", "title": "[Noise protection at the Autobahn N 3--case study].", "content": "This study deals with the actual and the future noise situation along a highway over a distance of 3,5 km. Three alternatives for noise protection measures, their efficiency and their costs are proposed.", "contents": "[Noise protection at the Autobahn N 3--case study]. This study deals with the actual and the future noise situation along a highway over a distance of 3,5 km. Three alternatives for noise protection measures, their efficiency and their costs are proposed.", "PMID": 706843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2497", "title": "[Panorama change in alcohol-criminality. Analysis of blood alcohol findings evaluated in the year 1965 and 1975 (author's transl)].", "content": "Evaluation of 8834 blood alcohol findings from individuals in police custody and suspect of criminal actions (3434 relate to the year 1965, 5400 to 1975). Classification of the findings according to the following aspects: blood alcohol concentrations in general and with regard to sex, profession, age and nature of the suspected offense--the findings of the two years (1965 and 1975) are compared and the individual results presented. The analysis suggests that: In young people of any age-group the absolute number of alcohol delicts shows a considerable increase during the last 10 years (1965--1975). In adults, with the exception of the 31--40 year age-group, there was no significant increase in these offences. Comparing the results of the individual delicts in 1965 and 1975 there was no significant difference in the level of the blood alcohol-concentration-groups. Unskilled workers were more frequently involved in nearly all alcohol-related crimes. In 1965 6,6% and in 1975 7,9% of alcohol-related offenses were committed by females. Compared with other districts in 1975 alcohol-criminality has increased significantly in the new suburban colonies of Hamburg (built since 1965) (public housing, high-rise housing).", "contents": "[Panorama change in alcohol-criminality. Analysis of blood alcohol findings evaluated in the year 1965 and 1975 (author's transl)]. Evaluation of 8834 blood alcohol findings from individuals in police custody and suspect of criminal actions (3434 relate to the year 1965, 5400 to 1975). Classification of the findings according to the following aspects: blood alcohol concentrations in general and with regard to sex, profession, age and nature of the suspected offense--the findings of the two years (1965 and 1975) are compared and the individual results presented. The analysis suggests that: In young people of any age-group the absolute number of alcohol delicts shows a considerable increase during the last 10 years (1965--1975). In adults, with the exception of the 31--40 year age-group, there was no significant increase in these offences. Comparing the results of the individual delicts in 1965 and 1975 there was no significant difference in the level of the blood alcohol-concentration-groups. Unskilled workers were more frequently involved in nearly all alcohol-related crimes. In 1965 6,6% and in 1975 7,9% of alcohol-related offenses were committed by females. Compared with other districts in 1975 alcohol-criminality has increased significantly in the new suburban colonies of Hamburg (built since 1965) (public housing, high-rise housing).", "PMID": 706844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2498", "title": "Effects of reserpine and propranolol on urinary excretion of histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in severe cold exposure in normal and cold-acclimated Guinea-pigs.", "content": "The effects of cold-acclimation, reserpine and propranolol were investigated on the survival time, rectal temperature and urinary excretion of histamine and 5-HT in guinea-pigs at -20 degrees C. Both reserpine and propranolol shortened survival time by 3 hours and 1.5 hours respectively, the shortest time being in the cold-acclimated reserpine-treated animals. There was a trend in severe cold exposure to increased excretion of histamine both in the non-acclimated and in cold-acclimated animals. Reserpine did not change the excretion but increased the concentration of histamine from 0.08 to 0.25 microgram/ml. Propranolol proved to be a histamine liberator by increasing the excretion in non-acclimated from 0.10 to 1.40 microgram/h and concentration from 0.10 to 4.52 microgram/ml and in cold-acclimated animals the excretion from 0.20 to 2.85 microgram/h and the concentration from 0.08 to 3.23 microgram/ml. Severe cold increased the excretion of 5-HT in the non-acclimated animals from 0.08 to 0.21 microgram/h and cold acclimation increased this to 0.17 microgram/h. Reserpine diminished the excretion from 0.08 to 0.03 microgram/h in the non-acclimated animals, but propranolol had no effect. The results showed that the excretion of histamine and 5-HT into urine are changed in cold and can be modified with drugs. The application of the findings in proving a cold stress deserves further study.", "contents": "Effects of reserpine and propranolol on urinary excretion of histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in severe cold exposure in normal and cold-acclimated Guinea-pigs. The effects of cold-acclimation, reserpine and propranolol were investigated on the survival time, rectal temperature and urinary excretion of histamine and 5-HT in guinea-pigs at -20 degrees C. Both reserpine and propranolol shortened survival time by 3 hours and 1.5 hours respectively, the shortest time being in the cold-acclimated reserpine-treated animals. There was a trend in severe cold exposure to increased excretion of histamine both in the non-acclimated and in cold-acclimated animals. Reserpine did not change the excretion but increased the concentration of histamine from 0.08 to 0.25 microgram/ml. Propranolol proved to be a histamine liberator by increasing the excretion in non-acclimated from 0.10 to 1.40 microgram/h and concentration from 0.10 to 4.52 microgram/ml and in cold-acclimated animals the excretion from 0.20 to 2.85 microgram/h and the concentration from 0.08 to 3.23 microgram/ml. Severe cold increased the excretion of 5-HT in the non-acclimated animals from 0.08 to 0.21 microgram/h and cold acclimation increased this to 0.17 microgram/h. Reserpine diminished the excretion from 0.08 to 0.03 microgram/h in the non-acclimated animals, but propranolol had no effect. The results showed that the excretion of histamine and 5-HT into urine are changed in cold and can be modified with drugs. The application of the findings in proving a cold stress deserves further study.", "PMID": 706845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2499", "title": "[On the detection of clomethiazole in urine (author's transl)].", "content": "It may become necessary to prove that clomethiazole (Distraneurin) has been taken when supervising addicts, with traffic accidents under the influence of drugs and when the cause of death is unclear. Since the compound is almost completely metabolized in the body, a method has been developed to detect its main metabolite, 4-methyl-5-thiazole acetic acid in the urine. The acid can be precisely identified and determined by a combination of selective extractions, high-voltage electrophoresis and UV measurements.", "contents": "[On the detection of clomethiazole in urine (author's transl)]. It may become necessary to prove that clomethiazole (Distraneurin) has been taken when supervising addicts, with traffic accidents under the influence of drugs and when the cause of death is unclear. Since the compound is almost completely metabolized in the body, a method has been developed to detect its main metabolite, 4-methyl-5-thiazole acetic acid in the urine. The acid can be precisely identified and determined by a combination of selective extractions, high-voltage electrophoresis and UV measurements.", "PMID": 706846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2500", "title": "[Fractures and dislocations of the cervical spine caused by hanging (author's transl)].", "content": "In comparison to the pattern of lesions of the soft tissue of the neck and the CVC in case of suicidal hanging 17 postmortal fracture-dislocations of the neck are investigated. It could be demonstrated that on principle in case of hanging the dens-fracture can occur. With respect to the hangman's fracture (Wood-Jones) a differentiation into 3 types is proposed.", "contents": "[Fractures and dislocations of the cervical spine caused by hanging (author's transl)]. In comparison to the pattern of lesions of the soft tissue of the neck and the CVC in case of suicidal hanging 17 postmortal fracture-dislocations of the neck are investigated. It could be demonstrated that on principle in case of hanging the dens-fracture can occur. With respect to the hangman's fracture (Wood-Jones) a differentiation into 3 types is proposed.", "PMID": 706847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2501", "title": "[The influence of acids and bases on the development of morphological and biochemical wound reactions (author's transl)].", "content": "1) The influence of acids and bases on the development of the early wound reactions in the intact and the mechanically injured skin of guinea pigs was investigated. The cellular and the enzymohistochemical reactions showed to be different: the tissue leucocytosis after mechanical trauma is less restrained by chemical effects than the reactive increase of enzymic activity in the border of wounds, which proved to be affected by acids more than by bases. Changes in activity of structure bound enzymes could not be demonstrated in the skin after mere action of acids and bases, but only after mechanical trauma. The cellular reaction is in the border of the base necrosis more compact, in case of the acid necrosis broader and more diffuse. Characteristic changes in the nucleus were preferentially found after basic reaction. 2) In the mechanically unhurt skin a significant excess of histamine was found after the action of acids, while the liberation of serotonin was distinctly decreased. After incision and addition of acid the histamine level was decreased and the serotonin concentration significantly increased. After exposition of guinea pig skin to chemicals, the concentrations of the so-called tissue hormones showed a contrary course. 3) After postmortal incision and following cauterization a distinct increase of histamine was found in the wound area. Generally the excess of free histamine in comparison to the unhurt skin is considered to be a vital reaction. But because degranulation of mast cells and liberation of histamine can also be caused by chemical influence in the postmortal period, a critical interpretation in cases of skin exposition to acids or bases is necessary.", "contents": "[The influence of acids and bases on the development of morphological and biochemical wound reactions (author's transl)]. 1) The influence of acids and bases on the development of the early wound reactions in the intact and the mechanically injured skin of guinea pigs was investigated. The cellular and the enzymohistochemical reactions showed to be different: the tissue leucocytosis after mechanical trauma is less restrained by chemical effects than the reactive increase of enzymic activity in the border of wounds, which proved to be affected by acids more than by bases. Changes in activity of structure bound enzymes could not be demonstrated in the skin after mere action of acids and bases, but only after mechanical trauma. The cellular reaction is in the border of the base necrosis more compact, in case of the acid necrosis broader and more diffuse. Characteristic changes in the nucleus were preferentially found after basic reaction. 2) In the mechanically unhurt skin a significant excess of histamine was found after the action of acids, while the liberation of serotonin was distinctly decreased. After incision and addition of acid the histamine level was decreased and the serotonin concentration significantly increased. After exposition of guinea pig skin to chemicals, the concentrations of the so-called tissue hormones showed a contrary course. 3) After postmortal incision and following cauterization a distinct increase of histamine was found in the wound area. Generally the excess of free histamine in comparison to the unhurt skin is considered to be a vital reaction. But because degranulation of mast cells and liberation of histamine can also be caused by chemical influence in the postmortal period, a critical interpretation in cases of skin exposition to acids or bases is necessary.", "PMID": 706848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2502", "title": "[Combination of visceral surgical procedures with reconstructive artery surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The combination of visceral surgery procedures together with reconstructive artery surgery is recommended on the basis of the experiences with 16 simultaneous operations of this kind. An increasing risk of infection during such simultaneous operations may be prohibited by special surgical techniques. The good cooperation between general surgeons and vascular surgeons and a very restrictive indication for such simultaneous operations are of greatest importance.", "contents": "[Combination of visceral surgical procedures with reconstructive artery surgery (author's transl)]. The combination of visceral surgery procedures together with reconstructive artery surgery is recommended on the basis of the experiences with 16 simultaneous operations of this kind. An increasing risk of infection during such simultaneous operations may be prohibited by special surgical techniques. The good cooperation between general surgeons and vascular surgeons and a very restrictive indication for such simultaneous operations are of greatest importance.", "PMID": 706867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2503", "title": "[Early detection and results of therapy of malignant tumours of the rectum and sigmoid colon (author's transl)].", "content": "An analysis of statistical data indicates 0 growth of incidence and high percentage of advanced cases of rectum and colon cancer. The mean duration of preoperative history of rectum cancer comprises 8,9 months. The main causes of late diagnosis included the patients' unawareness of the symptoms of the lesion, and the defects of examinations performed in out-patient clinics. The efficacy of medical services rendered to this group of patients can be improved by extending the system of proctological services, establishing a practice of specialized out-patient examinations, screening procedures by proctologists, as well as developing modern diagnostic and operative measures for oncological lesions.", "contents": "[Early detection and results of therapy of malignant tumours of the rectum and sigmoid colon (author's transl)]. An analysis of statistical data indicates 0 growth of incidence and high percentage of advanced cases of rectum and colon cancer. The mean duration of preoperative history of rectum cancer comprises 8,9 months. The main causes of late diagnosis included the patients' unawareness of the symptoms of the lesion, and the defects of examinations performed in out-patient clinics. The efficacy of medical services rendered to this group of patients can be improved by extending the system of proctological services, establishing a practice of specialized out-patient examinations, screening procedures by proctologists, as well as developing modern diagnostic and operative measures for oncological lesions.", "PMID": 706868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2504", "title": "[Blunt injuries of the abdomen in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Out of 8 different hospitals 298 children suffering from blunt injuries of the abdomen were reported. 115 children had 141 different intra and/or retroperitoneal injuries of their viscera. Urgency and sequence of diagnostic measures being of highest importance for the destiny of the patient are evaluated.", "contents": "[Blunt injuries of the abdomen in children (author's transl)]. Out of 8 different hospitals 298 children suffering from blunt injuries of the abdomen were reported. 115 children had 141 different intra and/or retroperitoneal injuries of their viscera. Urgency and sequence of diagnostic measures being of highest importance for the destiny of the patient are evaluated.", "PMID": 706869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2505", "title": "[Blunt abdominal injuries in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Traffic accidents are among the most important causes of child death. It is sometimes quite difficult to diagnose blunt abdominal traumata due to traffic accidents. 35 blunt hepatic and splenic injuries treated in our clinic during the period of 1971 to 1976 have been evaluated and pertinent references reviewed.", "contents": "[Blunt abdominal injuries in childhood (author's transl)]. Traffic accidents are among the most important causes of child death. It is sometimes quite difficult to diagnose blunt abdominal traumata due to traffic accidents. 35 blunt hepatic and splenic injuries treated in our clinic during the period of 1971 to 1976 have been evaluated and pertinent references reviewed.", "PMID": 706870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2506", "title": "[Abortive duplication of the gut (author's transl)].", "content": "Presentation of a case of intestinal duplication sited in the rectosigmoid colon. Rectosigmoid colon and duplication were coated with gastric mucosa. Diagnosis of heterotopic gastric mucosa was done by biopsy and 99mTc-pertechnetate scintigraphy. The diseased colon was removed by Rehbein pull-through procedure. Complete removal was proved by clinical course and scintigraphy.", "contents": "[Abortive duplication of the gut (author's transl)]. Presentation of a case of intestinal duplication sited in the rectosigmoid colon. Rectosigmoid colon and duplication were coated with gastric mucosa. Diagnosis of heterotopic gastric mucosa was done by biopsy and 99mTc-pertechnetate scintigraphy. The diseased colon was removed by Rehbein pull-through procedure. Complete removal was proved by clinical course and scintigraphy.", "PMID": 706871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2507", "title": "[Efficiency after radical surgery for bronchectasis (author's transl)].", "content": "The maximally possible efficiency as well as the O2-supply (VO2 max) necessary for this purpose comes in patients with resection of 1 to 5 segments to 25 to 30% less than in healthy persons. The loss of 6 to 10 segments lowers the capacity of compensation by 40%. Persisting bronchitis decreases this mechanism for 10 to 12% more.", "contents": "[Efficiency after radical surgery for bronchectasis (author's transl)]. The maximally possible efficiency as well as the O2-supply (VO2 max) necessary for this purpose comes in patients with resection of 1 to 5 segments to 25 to 30% less than in healthy persons. The loss of 6 to 10 segments lowers the capacity of compensation by 40%. Persisting bronchitis decreases this mechanism for 10 to 12% more.", "PMID": 706872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2508", "title": "[Endocrine aspects of ovarian cancer. I. Clinical and pathological-anatomical examinations].", "content": "A group of 131 patients with carcinoma of the ovary developed in 16% irregular bleedings. In 9,2% bleeding was caused dysfunctional. 9 of 42 cases (= 21%) showed a significant prolife-ration of the endometrium. The findings are compared with the results of other authors and discussed.", "contents": "[Endocrine aspects of ovarian cancer. I. Clinical and pathological-anatomical examinations]. A group of 131 patients with carcinoma of the ovary developed in 16% irregular bleedings. In 9,2% bleeding was caused dysfunctional. 9 of 42 cases (= 21%) showed a significant prolife-ration of the endometrium. The findings are compared with the results of other authors and discussed.", "PMID": 706874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2509", "title": "[Endocrine aspects of ovarian concer. II. Biochemical and histochemical examinations].", "content": "In the values of estradiol estimated radioimmunologically in the serum in a group of 12 patients with carcinoma of the ovary there were no significant differences to a control group. The histochemical reaction for the visualiztion of steroid-3beta-ol-dehydrogenase was in 3 of 10 cases only slightly positive.", "contents": "[Endocrine aspects of ovarian concer. II. Biochemical and histochemical examinations]. In the values of estradiol estimated radioimmunologically in the serum in a group of 12 patients with carcinoma of the ovary there were no significant differences to a control group. The histochemical reaction for the visualiztion of steroid-3beta-ol-dehydrogenase was in 3 of 10 cases only slightly positive.", "PMID": 706875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2510", "title": "[Search for cytological traces of cancer in pregnancy].", "content": "Between 1970 and 1976 a total of 8254 gravidae were screened by smears of the cervix for carcinoma. The results regarded to doubtful (classification III) and positive (classification IV) smears were compaired with the frequency in not-pregnant women. In pregnant women doubtful or positive smears were found in 5.2%, in not-pregnant women in 12.0%. In the reported period a decrease of these smears were to observed: from 7.5% to 3.0%. The mean age of gravidae with doubtful smears is about 6 years beyond the mean age of gravidae with positive smears. Doubtful smears (classification III) in pregnant women are of less value but of same importance than in not-pregnant women; positive smears are of the same value and importance. Altogether there were 5 preinvasive and 5 invasive carcinomas of the cervix and 1  carcinoma of the vagina. The classification and consequences of carcinoma screening during gestation were discussed.", "contents": "[Search for cytological traces of cancer in pregnancy]. Between 1970 and 1976 a total of 8254 gravidae were screened by smears of the cervix for carcinoma. The results regarded to doubtful (classification III) and positive (classification IV) smears were compaired with the frequency in not-pregnant women. In pregnant women doubtful or positive smears were found in 5.2%, in not-pregnant women in 12.0%. In the reported period a decrease of these smears were to observed: from 7.5% to 3.0%. The mean age of gravidae with doubtful smears is about 6 years beyond the mean age of gravidae with positive smears. Doubtful smears (classification III) in pregnant women are of less value but of same importance than in not-pregnant women; positive smears are of the same value and importance. Altogether there were 5 preinvasive and 5 invasive carcinomas of the cervix and 1  carcinoma of the vagina. The classification and consequences of carcinoma screening during gestation were discussed.", "PMID": 706876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2511", "title": "[Case report on fistula cervico-laqueatica].", "content": "It is reported on the fistula cervico-laqueatica as a special form of female genital fistula. Symptoms, reasons, and effects as well as possibilities for avoiding and treating of these fistulas are represented.", "contents": "[Case report on fistula cervico-laqueatica]. It is reported on the fistula cervico-laqueatica as a special form of female genital fistula. Symptoms, reasons, and effects as well as possibilities for avoiding and treating of these fistulas are represented.", "PMID": 706877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2512", "title": "[Surgical therapy of cervix cancer and its compications. (Experience report from 1970-1976 at the Gynecologic Clinic of the Cottbus District Hospital].", "content": "Clinical report on the carcinoma of the uterine cervix in 263 patients seen between January 1, 1970 and December 31, 1976 are reported. 190 patients were operated. 73 cases were assigned to irradiation treatment. This corresponds to an operation frequency of 72,5 per cent. The vaginal radical operation according to Schauta-Stoeckel was prefered (69,5%). The most patients were operated in FIGO-stage I b (43,2%). In 4,15 per cent  wounded neighbour-organs, most the bladder (2,97%) Frequency of fistula was 1,78%. In all instances the fistula can be corrected. 5-year recovery is 83,95%.", "contents": "[Surgical therapy of cervix cancer and its compications. (Experience report from 1970-1976 at the Gynecologic Clinic of the Cottbus District Hospital]. Clinical report on the carcinoma of the uterine cervix in 263 patients seen between January 1, 1970 and December 31, 1976 are reported. 190 patients were operated. 73 cases were assigned to irradiation treatment. This corresponds to an operation frequency of 72,5 per cent. The vaginal radical operation according to Schauta-Stoeckel was prefered (69,5%). The most patients were operated in FIGO-stage I b (43,2%). In 4,15 per cent  wounded neighbour-organs, most the bladder (2,97%) Frequency of fistula was 1,78%. In all instances the fistula can be corrected. 5-year recovery is 83,95%.", "PMID": 706878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2513", "title": "[Histological-lymphographic findings in stage I A cervix cancer].", "content": "In 150 patients suffering from carcinoma cervicis uteri stage I A preoperative lymphographias and in 99 patients clinical and lymphographical follow-up controls were carried out. The histological proved metastases of the lymphonodes were less than 1%. Indications for preoperative lymphographias only are to be seen in carcinoma cervicis uteri stage I A2 for which histological criteria are presented.", "contents": "[Histological-lymphographic findings in stage I A cervix cancer]. In 150 patients suffering from carcinoma cervicis uteri stage I A preoperative lymphographias and in 99 patients clinical and lymphographical follow-up controls were carried out. The histological proved metastases of the lymphonodes were less than 1%. Indications for preoperative lymphographias only are to be seen in carcinoma cervicis uteri stage I A2 for which histological criteria are presented.", "PMID": 706879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2514", "title": "[Therapy and prognosis of female genital sarcomas].", "content": "A report is given about 75 genital sarcomas treated at the 1 st university clinic of obstetrics and gynaecology in vienna during the period 1960--1972. This number consists of 60 sarcomas of the corpus uteri, 3 cervical sarcomas, 8 ovarian sarcomas and 4 sarcomas of the vagina. Their therapy and prognosis is discussed. The importance of radical operative therapy with postoperative radio therapeutic treatment is emphasized and the necessity of a central documentation and a uniform classification of clinical and histological stages is pointed out.", "contents": "[Therapy and prognosis of female genital sarcomas]. A report is given about 75 genital sarcomas treated at the 1 st university clinic of obstetrics and gynaecology in vienna during the period 1960--1972. This number consists of 60 sarcomas of the corpus uteri, 3 cervical sarcomas, 8 ovarian sarcomas and 4 sarcomas of the vagina. Their therapy and prognosis is discussed. The importance of radical operative therapy with postoperative radio therapeutic treatment is emphasized and the necessity of a central documentation and a uniform classification of clinical and histological stages is pointed out.", "PMID": 706880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2515", "title": "[Clinical-pathological relationships of potenially malignant cystadenomas of the ovaries].", "content": "A retrospective analysis of selected cases with ovarian tumours accumulated in our institute over a period of 20 years was done. Eight serous and 5 mucinous cystadenomas of borderline malignancy were reviewed. Out of the serous cystadenomas two led to death through recurrence, in other two instances the fatal outcome was caused by the transformation of the tumour to carcinoma. One of the mucinous cystadenomas was recurring. The progression of these tumours was relatively slow, manifesting 5 years after the first intervention. The relative favourable prognosis of ovarian cystadenomas with borderline malignancy seems to be supported by the observation that in the remaining 8 cases, radical surgery can ensure a 9 to 16 years survival time. The analysis of certain cases demonstrates that partial surgery can be performed only under adequate condition.", "contents": "[Clinical-pathological relationships of potenially malignant cystadenomas of the ovaries]. A retrospective analysis of selected cases with ovarian tumours accumulated in our institute over a period of 20 years was done. Eight serous and 5 mucinous cystadenomas of borderline malignancy were reviewed. Out of the serous cystadenomas two led to death through recurrence, in other two instances the fatal outcome was caused by the transformation of the tumour to carcinoma. One of the mucinous cystadenomas was recurring. The progression of these tumours was relatively slow, manifesting 5 years after the first intervention. The relative favourable prognosis of ovarian cystadenomas with borderline malignancy seems to be supported by the observation that in the remaining 8 cases, radical surgery can ensure a 9 to 16 years survival time. The analysis of certain cases demonstrates that partial surgery can be performed only under adequate condition.", "PMID": 706881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2516", "title": "[Results of combined surgical-radiological therapy of ovarian carcinoma from the radiological viewpoint].", "content": "Based on a material of 90 patients with malignant ovarian tumours the results of a chirurgical-radiological combination therapy are discussed. The radiotherapy with telecobalt in the area of small pelvis and regional lymphatic drainage represented achieves good results with justifiable secondary effects. The 5-year survival rate is 36,1%.", "contents": "[Results of combined surgical-radiological therapy of ovarian carcinoma from the radiological viewpoint]. Based on a material of 90 patients with malignant ovarian tumours the results of a chirurgical-radiological combination therapy are discussed. The radiotherapy with telecobalt in the area of small pelvis and regional lymphatic drainage represented achieves good results with justifiable secondary effects. The 5-year survival rate is 36,1%.", "PMID": 706882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2517", "title": "[Age and clinico-pathogenetic correlations in acute cerebrovascular lesions].", "content": "A clinico-pathological analysis of 390 cases demonstrated that the clinico-pathogenetical traits of acute cerebrovascular lesions in individuals of different age groups permitted to distinguish in the group of acute cerebral dyshemia 2 nosological variants: acute disorders of cerebral circulation in the young and acute disorders of cerebral circulation in the elderly. In the young age group there is a prevalence of hemorrhagic processes, in the elderly-- ischemic lesions. An aggravating factor influencing the outcome in the younger group is the development of secondary liquid and cerebral hemocirculatory disorders, while in the other group--early appearing somatic disturbances. The important pathophysiological links due to which there may be clinical differences in the studied 2 groups are different types of the cerebral vasomotor function and the reactivity of the sino-aortal reflexogenic system.", "contents": "[Age and clinico-pathogenetic correlations in acute cerebrovascular lesions]. A clinico-pathological analysis of 390 cases demonstrated that the clinico-pathogenetical traits of acute cerebrovascular lesions in individuals of different age groups permitted to distinguish in the group of acute cerebral dyshemia 2 nosological variants: acute disorders of cerebral circulation in the young and acute disorders of cerebral circulation in the elderly. In the young age group there is a prevalence of hemorrhagic processes, in the elderly-- ischemic lesions. An aggravating factor influencing the outcome in the younger group is the development of secondary liquid and cerebral hemocirculatory disorders, while in the other group--early appearing somatic disturbances. The important pathophysiological links due to which there may be clinical differences in the studied 2 groups are different types of the cerebral vasomotor function and the reactivity of the sino-aortal reflexogenic system.", "PMID": 706899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2518", "title": "[Functional state of the kidneys in patients with acute cerebrovascular disorders].", "content": "A clinico-laboratorial study of the functional state of the kidneys in 54 patients with severe hemorrhagical and ischemic brain strokes established intensified glomerular filtration in a relatively preserved water excretional, concentrational, Na and K uretical kidney function. The detected azotemia is considered as a result of excessive production of residual blood over the increased function of the kidneys to their elimination. Classical acute kidney insufficiency developed in 3 patients with severe disturbances of hemocirculation.", "contents": "[Functional state of the kidneys in patients with acute cerebrovascular disorders]. A clinico-laboratorial study of the functional state of the kidneys in 54 patients with severe hemorrhagical and ischemic brain strokes established intensified glomerular filtration in a relatively preserved water excretional, concentrational, Na and K uretical kidney function. The detected azotemia is considered as a result of excessive production of residual blood over the increased function of the kidneys to their elimination. Classical acute kidney insufficiency developed in 3 patients with severe disturbances of hemocirculation.", "PMID": 706900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2519", "title": "[Tabular method of evaluation in the diagnosis of complicated brain infarct].", "content": "On the basis of a clinico-anatomical comparison in 70 cases of complicated infarctions and 77 observations of white infarctions the author elaborated computing tables. It was established that the following signs have certain diagnostic significance: the degree of changed consciousness, meningeal symptoms, symptoms indicating a secondary lesion of the brain stem and symptoms characterizing the degree of focal neurological disturbances. Among the supplementary methods of special significance is CSF analysis.", "contents": "[Tabular method of evaluation in the diagnosis of complicated brain infarct]. On the basis of a clinico-anatomical comparison in 70 cases of complicated infarctions and 77 observations of white infarctions the author elaborated computing tables. It was established that the following signs have certain diagnostic significance: the degree of changed consciousness, meningeal symptoms, symptoms indicating a secondary lesion of the brain stem and symptoms characterizing the degree of focal neurological disturbances. Among the supplementary methods of special significance is CSF analysis.", "PMID": 706901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2520", "title": "[Experience with mathematical analysis of regional arterial pressure in occupational pathology of the hypothalamus].", "content": "The authors performed a mathematical analysis of systemic and regional (temporal and retinal) arterial pressure in 193 patients with lesions of the hypothalamic are of professional etiology and in the control group of 280 individuals. There was dissociation between the figures of sytemic and cerebral arterial pressure a high degree of variability in the bronchial, temporal, retinal arteries. A correlation between the character of disturbances and clinical forms of pathology was established. Any connection between the indices of AD and the form of professional factor, service with noxious factors and duration of the disease was not found. The authors discuss questions of pathogenesis in the changes of arterial pressure and possible approaches in therapy.", "contents": "[Experience with mathematical analysis of regional arterial pressure in occupational pathology of the hypothalamus]. The authors performed a mathematical analysis of systemic and regional (temporal and retinal) arterial pressure in 193 patients with lesions of the hypothalamic are of professional etiology and in the control group of 280 individuals. There was dissociation between the figures of sytemic and cerebral arterial pressure a high degree of variability in the bronchial, temporal, retinal arteries. A correlation between the character of disturbances and clinical forms of pathology was established. Any connection between the indices of AD and the form of professional factor, service with noxious factors and duration of the disease was not found. The authors discuss questions of pathogenesis in the changes of arterial pressure and possible approaches in therapy.", "PMID": 706902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2521", "title": "[Difficulties and errors in the diagnosis of intracranial venous thromboses].", "content": "On the basis of a study of 192 cases with cerebral venous thrombosis (mainly thrombophlebites), including 135 verified cases, and analysis of literature data, the author indicate the character and causes of difficulties and errors in the diagnosis of such conditions. An objective ground for diagnostical difficulties is a significant polymorphism in the clinical picture. Diagnostical errors may also be due to insufficient knowledge of physicians of this form of pathology, a tendency to make \"usual\" clinical diagnoses. The paper contains a description of the clinical picture of cerebral venous thrombophlebitis with clinical examples promoting differential diagnosis.", "contents": "[Difficulties and errors in the diagnosis of intracranial venous thromboses]. On the basis of a study of 192 cases with cerebral venous thrombosis (mainly thrombophlebites), including 135 verified cases, and analysis of literature data, the author indicate the character and causes of difficulties and errors in the diagnosis of such conditions. An objective ground for diagnostical difficulties is a significant polymorphism in the clinical picture. Diagnostical errors may also be due to insufficient knowledge of physicians of this form of pathology, a tendency to make \"usual\" clinical diagnoses. The paper contains a description of the clinical picture of cerebral venous thrombophlebitis with clinical examples promoting differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 706904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2522", "title": "[Visual disorders in circulatory disorders of the area served by the posterior cerebral artery].", "content": "A neuroophthalmological examination of 89 patients with disorders of circulation in the basin of the posterior cerebral arteries demonstrated different variants of changes in the visual field and a drop of visual acuity. The visual disturbances in most of the cases were stable, sometimes with positive dynamics and only in 15% of the cases they were transient. The traits of visual disturbances, their combination with other neurological changes (visual-gnostical, visual-spacial impairment of memory) were connected with lesions of separate vessels of the vertebro-basillar and carotid systems. With the aid of functional tests in some cases hardly perceptible, insignificant disturbances in the system of the visual analyzer, permitting to correctly evaluate the visual changes and to establish their relation to certain vascular bains, were revealed.", "contents": "[Visual disorders in circulatory disorders of the area served by the posterior cerebral artery]. A neuroophthalmological examination of 89 patients with disorders of circulation in the basin of the posterior cerebral arteries demonstrated different variants of changes in the visual field and a drop of visual acuity. The visual disturbances in most of the cases were stable, sometimes with positive dynamics and only in 15% of the cases they were transient. The traits of visual disturbances, their combination with other neurological changes (visual-gnostical, visual-spacial impairment of memory) were connected with lesions of separate vessels of the vertebro-basillar and carotid systems. With the aid of functional tests in some cases hardly perceptible, insignificant disturbances in the system of the visual analyzer, permitting to correctly evaluate the visual changes and to establish their relation to certain vascular bains, were revealed.", "PMID": 706905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2523", "title": "[Blood glycolipids of patients with cerebral circulatory disorders].", "content": "The paper is concerned with a study of the glycolipid content in the blood of 70 patients with acute disorders of brain circulation and in 14 patients with the initial signs of insufficiency of circulation. It was established that in the plasma and blood cells in patients with ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes the amount of gangliosides and cerebrosides were considerably higher than in normals (35 cases). In patients with transient disorders of brain circulation and initial signs of insufficiency of brain circulation the content of glycolipids is increased to a lesser degree. A conclusion has been made that there is a possible involvement of oligosaccharidceramides (mono- and asyalgangliosides, galactocerebrosides) in the occurrence of disorders in cerebral hemodynamics.", "contents": "[Blood glycolipids of patients with cerebral circulatory disorders]. The paper is concerned with a study of the glycolipid content in the blood of 70 patients with acute disorders of brain circulation and in 14 patients with the initial signs of insufficiency of circulation. It was established that in the plasma and blood cells in patients with ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes the amount of gangliosides and cerebrosides were considerably higher than in normals (35 cases). In patients with transient disorders of brain circulation and initial signs of insufficiency of brain circulation the content of glycolipids is increased to a lesser degree. A conclusion has been made that there is a possible involvement of oligosaccharidceramides (mono- and asyalgangliosides, galactocerebrosides) in the occurrence of disorders in cerebral hemodynamics.", "PMID": 706906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2524", "title": "[Sulfur-containing substances in the urine and blood of patients with cerebral circulatory disorders].", "content": "In 138 patients (87 males and 51 females) with hypertensive disease (90 cases) and atherosclerosis (48 cases) the authors studied the content of sulfur and its fractions in the blood and the level of excretion with urine in disturbances of cerebral circulation. In hypertensive disease and cerebral atherosclerosis, complicated by disturbances of cerebral circulation, there were quantitative changes in the level of sulfur-containing substances both in the blood serum and urine. Disorders in the sulfur metabolism indicate a drop of the autotoxic function in the liver, quite possibly related to the influence of pathological changes proceeding in the central nervous system.", "contents": "[Sulfur-containing substances in the urine and blood of patients with cerebral circulatory disorders]. In 138 patients (87 males and 51 females) with hypertensive disease (90 cases) and atherosclerosis (48 cases) the authors studied the content of sulfur and its fractions in the blood and the level of excretion with urine in disturbances of cerebral circulation. In hypertensive disease and cerebral atherosclerosis, complicated by disturbances of cerebral circulation, there were quantitative changes in the level of sulfur-containing substances both in the blood serum and urine. Disorders in the sulfur metabolism indicate a drop of the autotoxic function in the liver, quite possibly related to the influence of pathological changes proceeding in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 706907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2525", "title": "[Comparative study of stroke morbidity in Tartu (Estonian SSR) and in Espoo and Kauniainen (Finland)].", "content": "The incidence of strokes was studied in Tartu (Estonian SSR) during 1970-1973 and in Espoo-Kauniainen (Finland) during 1972-1973. The study involves only cases of first strokes. According to the standardized data (the population of Finland for 1970 was accepted as a standard) the incidence for strokes in Tartu was 160 cases per year. The incidence in Espoo-Kauniainen was higher mainly among females younger than 50 years due to more frequent subarachnoidal hemorrhages in Finland. In both cities the incidence was somewhat higher in males, rather than in females. Lethality during the first 3 months was higher in Tartu (51%), than in Espoo-Kaunianen (39%) due to an older population.", "contents": "[Comparative study of stroke morbidity in Tartu (Estonian SSR) and in Espoo and Kauniainen (Finland)]. The incidence of strokes was studied in Tartu (Estonian SSR) during 1970-1973 and in Espoo-Kauniainen (Finland) during 1972-1973. The study involves only cases of first strokes. According to the standardized data (the population of Finland for 1970 was accepted as a standard) the incidence for strokes in Tartu was 160 cases per year. The incidence in Espoo-Kauniainen was higher mainly among females younger than 50 years due to more frequent subarachnoidal hemorrhages in Finland. In both cities the incidence was somewhat higher in males, rather than in females. Lethality during the first 3 months was higher in Tartu (51%), than in Espoo-Kaunianen (39%) due to an older population.", "PMID": 706908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2526", "title": "[Latent endogenous depressions. III. 4 components and 4 stages of latent enogenous depression].", "content": "The united somatopsychic structure of larvated depressions consists of asthenia, pathological sensations (cenesthopathy), vegeto-visceral and effective disorders due to a central disturbance of general sensibility. The development of the endo-thymopatical process is expressed in the following stages: 1) vital-asthenic; 2) cenesthopathic-dysthymic; 3) anxious-hypochondriac; 4) delusional-hypochondriac. The second and third stages are larvated depressions in the narrow sense of the word, since the pseudosomatical changes are the main disturbances.", "contents": "[Latent endogenous depressions. III. 4 components and 4 stages of latent enogenous depression]. The united somatopsychic structure of larvated depressions consists of asthenia, pathological sensations (cenesthopathy), vegeto-visceral and effective disorders due to a central disturbance of general sensibility. The development of the endo-thymopatical process is expressed in the following stages: 1) vital-asthenic; 2) cenesthopathic-dysthymic; 3) anxious-hypochondriac; 4) delusional-hypochondriac. The second and third stages are larvated depressions in the narrow sense of the word, since the pseudosomatical changes are the main disturbances.", "PMID": 706909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2527", "title": "[Decrease in the thrombocyte monoamine oxidase activity of schizophrenic patients].", "content": "The authors measured the monoaminoxidase activity in thrombocytes of 28 schizophrenic patients and in 36 normal donors. The monoamine oxidase activity in schizophrenic patients was decreased by 14% and in the subgroup of patients with continuous schizophrenia by 19.5% as compared to that of normals. The monoamine oxidase activity in schizophrenic female patients did not significantly differ from the norm, while the male patients differed highly significantly from the normal. The decrease of monoamine oxidase activity correlated with the level of negative disorders (r = 0,71; P less than 0,01). A correlation with positive disorders was not noted.", "contents": "[Decrease in the thrombocyte monoamine oxidase activity of schizophrenic patients]. The authors measured the monoaminoxidase activity in thrombocytes of 28 schizophrenic patients and in 36 normal donors. The monoamine oxidase activity in schizophrenic patients was decreased by 14% and in the subgroup of patients with continuous schizophrenia by 19.5% as compared to that of normals. The monoamine oxidase activity in schizophrenic female patients did not significantly differ from the norm, while the male patients differed highly significantly from the normal. The decrease of monoamine oxidase activity correlated with the level of negative disorders (r = 0,71; P less than 0,01). A correlation with positive disorders was not noted.", "PMID": 706910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2528", "title": "[So-called series of attacks in the course of schizophrenia (clinico-epidemiologic study)].", "content": "The author performed an overall study of schizophrenic patients with series of attacks, the amount of which was equal to 120 of the general population, living on the territory of 3 districts of Moscow. The study demonstrated the degree of prevalence of this contingent in the general population. Groups with a relatively favourable and severe development of the disease with serial attacks were distinguished. There was correlation between some clinical signs and favourable development of the disease, permitting to speak of a favourable prognosis in most cases of schizophrenia with serial attacks.", "contents": "[So-called series of attacks in the course of schizophrenia (clinico-epidemiologic study)]. The author performed an overall study of schizophrenic patients with series of attacks, the amount of which was equal to 120 of the general population, living on the territory of 3 districts of Moscow. The study demonstrated the degree of prevalence of this contingent in the general population. Groups with a relatively favourable and severe development of the disease with serial attacks were distinguished. There was correlation between some clinical signs and favourable development of the disease, permitting to speak of a favourable prognosis in most cases of schizophrenia with serial attacks.", "PMID": 706911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2529", "title": "[Terminal states of schizophrenia in old age].", "content": "On the basis of a study of 217 patients with terminal schizophrenic states in old age the author found it possible to distinguish 2 forms of such conditions: psychotic and deficient. The psychotic forms were expressed in syndromological polymorphic psychoses, which most frequently reflected the form of the process development and which is senescence often enough undergone pathoplastical changes. The deficiency forms were presented by apathic dementia, while the connection with the previous form of development was lost. In many cases in old age there was worsening of the states with a senile-like change of the clinical picture.", "contents": "[Terminal states of schizophrenia in old age]. On the basis of a study of 217 patients with terminal schizophrenic states in old age the author found it possible to distinguish 2 forms of such conditions: psychotic and deficient. The psychotic forms were expressed in syndromological polymorphic psychoses, which most frequently reflected the form of the process development and which is senescence often enough undergone pathoplastical changes. The deficiency forms were presented by apathic dementia, while the connection with the previous form of development was lost. In many cases in old age there was worsening of the states with a senile-like change of the clinical picture.", "PMID": 706912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2530", "title": "[Alcoholic psychoses in patients with sluggish schizophrenia].", "content": "Among the 36 patients with sluggish schizophrenia in combination with alcoholism there were 6 cases of psychoses appearing against the background of chronic alcoholic intoxication. On the basis of the clinical picture the conclusion is made that the atypicity of clinical signs depends upon the double influence of alcohol on the endogenous process. The described psychoses, in the opinion of the author, are of transient nature changing the development of sluggish schizophrenia under the influence of alcoholism.", "contents": "[Alcoholic psychoses in patients with sluggish schizophrenia]. Among the 36 patients with sluggish schizophrenia in combination with alcoholism there were 6 cases of psychoses appearing against the background of chronic alcoholic intoxication. On the basis of the clinical picture the conclusion is made that the atypicity of clinical signs depends upon the double influence of alcohol on the endogenous process. The described psychoses, in the opinion of the author, are of transient nature changing the development of sluggish schizophrenia under the influence of alcoholism.", "PMID": 706913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2531", "title": "[Incidence and several features of chronic alcoholic patient detection].", "content": "The paper deals with epidemiological data, concerning the indices and dynamics in the prevalence and incidence of chronic alcoholism and alcoholic psychoses in different contingents of an urban population. The population amounted to approximately 500 000 and was studied during a period of 5 years. The authors note a positive influence of legislative measures, directed against alcoholism and the influence of some social factors (the existence of a family, profession, etc.), on the fullness of the patients detection out of the population. The report contains data on the effectiveness of various approaches in screening patients from different population contingents.", "contents": "[Incidence and several features of chronic alcoholic patient detection]. The paper deals with epidemiological data, concerning the indices and dynamics in the prevalence and incidence of chronic alcoholism and alcoholic psychoses in different contingents of an urban population. The population amounted to approximately 500 000 and was studied during a period of 5 years. The authors note a positive influence of legislative measures, directed against alcoholism and the influence of some social factors (the existence of a family, profession, etc.), on the fullness of the patients detection out of the population. The report contains data on the effectiveness of various approaches in screening patients from different population contingents.", "PMID": 706914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2532", "title": "[Mental disorders in chronic alcoholic patients with severe cranio-cerebral injury].", "content": "The influence of acute brain trauma on the one hand and chronic alcoholism on the other, traced in 119 patients, leads to an appearance of special forms of psychopathological syndromes, which may occur in certain periods in the development of the disease. The developing state named as \"acute traumatical psychosis\" may be assessed as an alcohol delirium. Eventually the alcoholic pathoplastics continues to exert an influence on the posttraumatic mental disorders. That is why the tactics of therapeutical-rehabilitative measures are determine by this condition and are directed towards their abolishment.", "contents": "[Mental disorders in chronic alcoholic patients with severe cranio-cerebral injury]. The influence of acute brain trauma on the one hand and chronic alcoholism on the other, traced in 119 patients, leads to an appearance of special forms of psychopathological syndromes, which may occur in certain periods in the development of the disease. The developing state named as \"acute traumatical psychosis\" may be assessed as an alcohol delirium. Eventually the alcoholic pathoplastics continues to exert an influence on the posttraumatic mental disorders. That is why the tactics of therapeutical-rehabilitative measures are determine by this condition and are directed towards their abolishment.", "PMID": 706915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2533", "title": "[Sanatorium-rehabilitation department--new organizational form of department for rehabilitation therapy of mental patients].", "content": "The author describes his personal experience in the joint treatment of patients with chronic forms of schizophrenia and patients who were registered in neuropsychiatric dispensaries (for endogenous psychoses in the past, organic brain lesions of a different etiology, etc) in one department and referred during the phase of an unstable remission for the so-called sanatorial treatment. The author comes to the conclusion that departments organized according to this new principle have a possibility of creating an effective system of rehabilitative therapy for mental patients and considers it feasible to organize in mental hospitals sanatorium-rehabilitative departments.", "contents": "[Sanatorium-rehabilitation department--new organizational form of department for rehabilitation therapy of mental patients]. The author describes his personal experience in the joint treatment of patients with chronic forms of schizophrenia and patients who were registered in neuropsychiatric dispensaries (for endogenous psychoses in the past, organic brain lesions of a different etiology, etc) in one department and referred during the phase of an unstable remission for the so-called sanatorial treatment. The author comes to the conclusion that departments organized according to this new principle have a possibility of creating an effective system of rehabilitative therapy for mental patients and considers it feasible to organize in mental hospitals sanatorium-rehabilitative departments.", "PMID": 706916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2534", "title": "[Analysis of the quaternary structure of the 11S plant globulins by means of small-angle X-ray scattering].", "content": "It is demonstrated by means of small-angle X-ray scattering that 11 S globulin of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) consists of six subunits. The point group symmetry of the quaternary structure is 23 (D3). It is postulated that this symmetry is typical for the group of 11 S seed proteins.", "contents": "[Analysis of the quaternary structure of the 11S plant globulins by means of small-angle X-ray scattering]. It is demonstrated by means of small-angle X-ray scattering that 11 S globulin of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) consists of six subunits. The point group symmetry of the quaternary structure is 23 (D3). It is postulated that this symmetry is typical for the group of 11 S seed proteins.", "PMID": 706920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2535", "title": "Transcriptional capacity of rat liver nuclei and of isolated chromatin at different ammonium sulphate concentrations.", "content": "The transcription of freshly prepared nuclei and lysates from rat liver is stimulated by exogenous RNA polymerase B from calf thymus to an insignificant extent only. This also holds for chromatin isolated from nuclei lysates by separation on a Sepharose 4 B column. After removal of histone H1 by pretreatment with 0.2 M ammonium sulphate no further stimulation by added RNA polymerase has been found. If, however, the incubation time was extended, or the nuclei had been kept frozen at -20 degrees C for some time before use, a significant increase in RNA synthesis by the added RNA polymerase was obtained. In the freshly prepared nuclei as well as in the undamaged chromatin the template capacity was highly restricted. This can be seen from the fact that after pretreatment of the chromatin with 0.4 M ammonium sulphate the RNA synthesis was stimulated about 13fold.", "contents": "Transcriptional capacity of rat liver nuclei and of isolated chromatin at different ammonium sulphate concentrations. The transcription of freshly prepared nuclei and lysates from rat liver is stimulated by exogenous RNA polymerase B from calf thymus to an insignificant extent only. This also holds for chromatin isolated from nuclei lysates by separation on a Sepharose 4 B column. After removal of histone H1 by pretreatment with 0.2 M ammonium sulphate no further stimulation by added RNA polymerase has been found. If, however, the incubation time was extended, or the nuclei had been kept frozen at -20 degrees C for some time before use, a significant increase in RNA synthesis by the added RNA polymerase was obtained. In the freshly prepared nuclei as well as in the undamaged chromatin the template capacity was highly restricted. This can be seen from the fact that after pretreatment of the chromatin with 0.4 M ammonium sulphate the RNA synthesis was stimulated about 13fold.", "PMID": 706921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2536", "title": "[Separation of bone marrow cells of normal and anemic rabbits using isopycnic dextran density gradient].", "content": "Bone-marrow cells of normal and anemic (phenylhydrazine) rabbits were separated in the isopyknotic continuous 50-ml dextran density gradient. The separated cells were divided into 3 groups according the benzidine-peroxide-Giemsa staining after Brosook: nucleated, nonerythroid (A), nucleated, erythroid (B), and nonnucleated, erythroid (C). The highest proportion of erythroid, nucleated cells was found in fractions of medium density: in normal animals 20%, in anemic ones 45%. The group B/A ratio in the unseparated suspension is 0.7 in normal animals and 1.7 in anemic ones; and in the most favourable density fraction 0.3 and 1.9 respectively. Thus an unimportant accumulation of erythroid bone-marrow cells of rabbit is observed. In constrast, an accumulation of nucleated leukocytes of 80--90% can be reached in the low-density fractions.", "contents": "[Separation of bone marrow cells of normal and anemic rabbits using isopycnic dextran density gradient]. Bone-marrow cells of normal and anemic (phenylhydrazine) rabbits were separated in the isopyknotic continuous 50-ml dextran density gradient. The separated cells were divided into 3 groups according the benzidine-peroxide-Giemsa staining after Brosook: nucleated, nonerythroid (A), nucleated, erythroid (B), and nonnucleated, erythroid (C). The highest proportion of erythroid, nucleated cells was found in fractions of medium density: in normal animals 20%, in anemic ones 45%. The group B/A ratio in the unseparated suspension is 0.7 in normal animals and 1.7 in anemic ones; and in the most favourable density fraction 0.3 and 1.9 respectively. Thus an unimportant accumulation of erythroid bone-marrow cells of rabbit is observed. In constrast, an accumulation of nucleated leukocytes of 80--90% can be reached in the low-density fractions.", "PMID": 706922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2537", "title": "Incorporation of [14C]-L-leucine in splenic and hepatic tissue of rats \"chemically splenectomized\" by ethyl palmitate.", "content": "In experiments with \"chemically splenectomized\" rats by an i.v. application of ethyl palmitate (EP) emulsion and using [14C]-L-leucine, the protein synthesis in spleen and liver was followed. Two hours following EP application protein synthesis in the spleen was significantly decreased; after 24 hrs and 4 days the incorporation increased moderately above normal values, and in the subsequent intervals protein synthesis was again lowered. In the liver a significant increase of protein synthesis 24 hrs and 4 days after EP injection was observed. Changes of proteins synthesis in the spleen are evidently related to damage of the tissue and its subsequent regeneration. Changes in the liver are manifestations rather of an increased metabolic load during EP degradation.", "contents": "Incorporation of [14C]-L-leucine in splenic and hepatic tissue of rats \"chemically splenectomized\" by ethyl palmitate. In experiments with \"chemically splenectomized\" rats by an i.v. application of ethyl palmitate (EP) emulsion and using [14C]-L-leucine, the protein synthesis in spleen and liver was followed. Two hours following EP application protein synthesis in the spleen was significantly decreased; after 24 hrs and 4 days the incorporation increased moderately above normal values, and in the subsequent intervals protein synthesis was again lowered. In the liver a significant increase of protein synthesis 24 hrs and 4 days after EP injection was observed. Changes of proteins synthesis in the spleen are evidently related to damage of the tissue and its subsequent regeneration. Changes in the liver are manifestations rather of an increased metabolic load during EP degradation.", "PMID": 706923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2538", "title": "[Effect of phenobarbital and chlorpromazine on bile flow and bile acid excretion in male Wistar rats].", "content": "Bile flow and excretion of monohydroxy-, dihydroxy- and trihydroxy-bile acids (MBA, DBA and TBA) were estimated after acute and subacute phenobarbital and chlorpromazine pretreatment in 60-day-old male Wistar rats. Bile was collected in bile-fistula rats in three 1-hour periods. MBA were not detected. Neither single nor repeated ip. administration of different amounts of saline before bile sampling nor oral water supply within the bile collection period influenced the bile flow and excretion of DBA and TBA. Phenobarbital administration (60 mg/kg b.w. ip.) 2 hrs before bile sampling did not influence bile flow and bile acid (BA) excretion. After 3 days pretreatment with phenobarbital (3 X 60 mg/kg b.w. ip.) the bile flow was somewhat increased, BA-excretion was unchanged and the relation TBA/DBA diminished. Chlorpromazine administration (40 mg/kg b.w. ip.) 1,5 hrs before bile sampling decreased bile flow and BA excretion within the first collection period, whereas bile flow and BA excretion increased in the thrid collection period. No signs of cholestasis were observed after chlorpromazine pretreatment once a day for 3 days. Bile flow and BA excretion were increased and the relation TBA/DBA was unchanged.", "contents": "[Effect of phenobarbital and chlorpromazine on bile flow and bile acid excretion in male Wistar rats]. Bile flow and excretion of monohydroxy-, dihydroxy- and trihydroxy-bile acids (MBA, DBA and TBA) were estimated after acute and subacute phenobarbital and chlorpromazine pretreatment in 60-day-old male Wistar rats. Bile was collected in bile-fistula rats in three 1-hour periods. MBA were not detected. Neither single nor repeated ip. administration of different amounts of saline before bile sampling nor oral water supply within the bile collection period influenced the bile flow and excretion of DBA and TBA. Phenobarbital administration (60 mg/kg b.w. ip.) 2 hrs before bile sampling did not influence bile flow and bile acid (BA) excretion. After 3 days pretreatment with phenobarbital (3 X 60 mg/kg b.w. ip.) the bile flow was somewhat increased, BA-excretion was unchanged and the relation TBA/DBA diminished. Chlorpromazine administration (40 mg/kg b.w. ip.) 1,5 hrs before bile sampling decreased bile flow and BA excretion within the first collection period, whereas bile flow and BA excretion increased in the thrid collection period. No signs of cholestasis were observed after chlorpromazine pretreatment once a day for 3 days. Bile flow and BA excretion were increased and the relation TBA/DBA was unchanged.", "PMID": 706925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2539", "title": "Influence of Mg2+-ions on the properties of rat heart mitochondria in dependence on the preparation.", "content": "1. The preparation of rat heart mitochondria with Potter-Elvehjem homogenizer results in mitochondria showing stimualtion of respiration induced by Mg2+. This stimualtion is neither caused by adherent hexokinase nor by energy-dependent magnesium accumulation (Mg2+ content in the presence of 10 mM glutamate: 22 nmoles/mg protein; in the presence of glutamate plus antimycin A 21 nmoles/mg protein). 2. The effect of added magnesium is excluded by addition of carboxyatractyloside. This demonstrates the activity of an ATPase outside of the mitochondrial inner membrane. 3. A simple and rapid method for the preparation of Mg2+-insensitive rat heart mitochondria is presented. The minced heart is pressed through a normal syringe and then treated with trypsin. 4. A comparison of mitochondria of both preparations shows that there is no difference in magnesium content and no energy-dependent magnesium influx.", "contents": "Influence of Mg2+-ions on the properties of rat heart mitochondria in dependence on the preparation. 1. The preparation of rat heart mitochondria with Potter-Elvehjem homogenizer results in mitochondria showing stimualtion of respiration induced by Mg2+. This stimualtion is neither caused by adherent hexokinase nor by energy-dependent magnesium accumulation (Mg2+ content in the presence of 10 mM glutamate: 22 nmoles/mg protein; in the presence of glutamate plus antimycin A 21 nmoles/mg protein). 2. The effect of added magnesium is excluded by addition of carboxyatractyloside. This demonstrates the activity of an ATPase outside of the mitochondrial inner membrane. 3. A simple and rapid method for the preparation of Mg2+-insensitive rat heart mitochondria is presented. The minced heart is pressed through a normal syringe and then treated with trypsin. 4. A comparison of mitochondria of both preparations shows that there is no difference in magnesium content and no energy-dependent magnesium influx.", "PMID": 706927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2540", "title": "[Importance of binding of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and ATP to hemoglobin for erythrocyte glycolysis: activation by 2,3-diphosphoglycerate of hexokinase at intracellular conditions].", "content": "In a theoretical study the influence of hemoglobin and Mg-ions as binding partners of red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and ATP was investigated. Free hemoglobin may be an efficient competitor of Mg2+ for the ligand ATP. At conditions which favour hemoglobin as binding partner (i.e. desoxygenation, low medium pH and incubation temperature, as in blood preservation) up to 95% of the whole cellular ATP (ca. 2mM in cell water) may be bound to hemoglobin (ca. 7 mM). This binding is largely prevented in the presence of physiological amounts of diphosphoglycerate (ca. 7 mM) which is in excess and has a higher binding affinity to hemoglobin. Therefore, diphosphoglycerate keeps ATP (MgATP) in cell water solution at conditions in which Hb would trop it in the presence of Mg2+ (ca. 3mM). It can be calculated that, by lack of free MgATP, the activity of hexokinase within the cell drops by a factor of greater than 10 when diphosphoglycerate is metabolized. This indirect activation by diphosphoglycerate of hexokinase is operative at free concentrations of DPG far below those which exert the well known excess inhibitory effect on hexokinase and phosphofructokinase. In a model study, the activation by diphosphoglycerate of the initial two-kinase stage was introduced into a simplified kinetic model of glycolysis. A pronounced hysteresis loop of the stationary concentrations of ATP and diphosphoglycerate was produced indicating the existence of several stationary states, one with high ATP and high diphosphoglycerate, the other one with low values. It is demonstrated that diphosphoglycerate, being a protector of glycolysis at physiological concentrations, triggers an autocatalytic breakdown of the energy state when permitted to drop to low values.", "contents": "[Importance of binding of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and ATP to hemoglobin for erythrocyte glycolysis: activation by 2,3-diphosphoglycerate of hexokinase at intracellular conditions]. In a theoretical study the influence of hemoglobin and Mg-ions as binding partners of red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and ATP was investigated. Free hemoglobin may be an efficient competitor of Mg2+ for the ligand ATP. At conditions which favour hemoglobin as binding partner (i.e. desoxygenation, low medium pH and incubation temperature, as in blood preservation) up to 95% of the whole cellular ATP (ca. 2mM in cell water) may be bound to hemoglobin (ca. 7 mM). This binding is largely prevented in the presence of physiological amounts of diphosphoglycerate (ca. 7 mM) which is in excess and has a higher binding affinity to hemoglobin. Therefore, diphosphoglycerate keeps ATP (MgATP) in cell water solution at conditions in which Hb would trop it in the presence of Mg2+ (ca. 3mM). It can be calculated that, by lack of free MgATP, the activity of hexokinase within the cell drops by a factor of greater than 10 when diphosphoglycerate is metabolized. This indirect activation by diphosphoglycerate of hexokinase is operative at free concentrations of DPG far below those which exert the well known excess inhibitory effect on hexokinase and phosphofructokinase. In a model study, the activation by diphosphoglycerate of the initial two-kinase stage was introduced into a simplified kinetic model of glycolysis. A pronounced hysteresis loop of the stationary concentrations of ATP and diphosphoglycerate was produced indicating the existence of several stationary states, one with high ATP and high diphosphoglycerate, the other one with low values. It is demonstrated that diphosphoglycerate, being a protector of glycolysis at physiological concentrations, triggers an autocatalytic breakdown of the energy state when permitted to drop to low values.", "PMID": 706929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2541", "title": "[Induction of mitochondrial volume changes by homologous O-acyl carnitines].", "content": "The volume changes of isolated rat liver mitochondria induced by O-acylcarnitines are dependent on the optical isomery and the length of the apolar hydrogen chain in the acyl residue. Within the homologous series of the straight-chain O-acyl carnitines the swelling-inducing effect increases from decanoyl carnitine to the palmitoyl carnitine. The contraction is observed only under the effect of O-acylL(--)carnitines, while isomers add up in their swelling-inducing effect. The surface activity of the O-acyl carnitines increases with increasing chain length, and the critical micellar concentration decreases logarithmically. The comparison of the tenside properties with the swelling- and contraction-inducing effects shows that the swelling is brought about by hydrophobic interactions with the membranes, while the contraction is the consequence of energy-dependent metabolic processes which are connected with the influx of acyl carnitines and the efflux of the ions from the mitochondria.", "contents": "[Induction of mitochondrial volume changes by homologous O-acyl carnitines]. The volume changes of isolated rat liver mitochondria induced by O-acylcarnitines are dependent on the optical isomery and the length of the apolar hydrogen chain in the acyl residue. Within the homologous series of the straight-chain O-acyl carnitines the swelling-inducing effect increases from decanoyl carnitine to the palmitoyl carnitine. The contraction is observed only under the effect of O-acylL(--)carnitines, while isomers add up in their swelling-inducing effect. The surface activity of the O-acyl carnitines increases with increasing chain length, and the critical micellar concentration decreases logarithmically. The comparison of the tenside properties with the swelling- and contraction-inducing effects shows that the swelling is brought about by hydrophobic interactions with the membranes, while the contraction is the consequence of energy-dependent metabolic processes which are connected with the influx of acyl carnitines and the efflux of the ions from the mitochondria.", "PMID": 706930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2542", "title": "Mathematical model of regulation of oxidative phosphorylation in intact mitochondria.", "content": "1. A mathematical model of the regulation of mitochondrial ATP synthesis by the extramitochondrial ATP/ADP ratio is presented taking into account the transport processes of phosphate and of adenine nucleotides by their specific translocators. 2. In agreement with known experimental data the model describes the control of respiration by the extramitochondrial ATP/ADP ratio as well as the distribution of adenine nucleotides and of inorganic phosphate between the extramitochondrial and the intramitochondrial compartment. 3. In the extramitochondrial compartment the phosphorylation potential is predicted by the model to be higher than in the matrix space. 4. Despite the differences in the phosphorylation potentials no particular translocation energy is necessary. This has been achieved by postulating a charge compensation between the movement of adenine nucleotides and the uptake of phosphate during ATP synthesis. 5. The proton stoichiometry of the proton pump must be higher than stated by the chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis in its present form, otherwise sufficient results could not be obtained. 6. With increasing activities of non-phosphorylating energy requiring side reactions (as uncoupling) at first the difference of the respiration rates between the phosphorylating and the non-phosphorylating state disappears, at higher activities the ADP phosphorylation stops, but the membrane potential collapses at very high activities only.", "contents": "Mathematical model of regulation of oxidative phosphorylation in intact mitochondria. 1. A mathematical model of the regulation of mitochondrial ATP synthesis by the extramitochondrial ATP/ADP ratio is presented taking into account the transport processes of phosphate and of adenine nucleotides by their specific translocators. 2. In agreement with known experimental data the model describes the control of respiration by the extramitochondrial ATP/ADP ratio as well as the distribution of adenine nucleotides and of inorganic phosphate between the extramitochondrial and the intramitochondrial compartment. 3. In the extramitochondrial compartment the phosphorylation potential is predicted by the model to be higher than in the matrix space. 4. Despite the differences in the phosphorylation potentials no particular translocation energy is necessary. This has been achieved by postulating a charge compensation between the movement of adenine nucleotides and the uptake of phosphate during ATP synthesis. 5. The proton stoichiometry of the proton pump must be higher than stated by the chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis in its present form, otherwise sufficient results could not be obtained. 6. With increasing activities of non-phosphorylating energy requiring side reactions (as uncoupling) at first the difference of the respiration rates between the phosphorylating and the non-phosphorylating state disappears, at higher activities the ADP phosphorylation stops, but the membrane potential collapses at very high activities only.", "PMID": 706931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2543", "title": "[Synthesis and properties of immobilized enzymes. X. Covalent binding of polygalacturonase to insoluble carriers].", "content": "The pectinolytic enzymes are of practical interest for the clarification of fruit juice. In the present paper the covalent coupling of polygalacturonase (PG; E. C. 3.2.1.15) is reported. A commercially available enzyme (Rohament P; 5 U/mg) and purified Endo-PG (200 U/mg) are immobilized to the following carriers: BrCN-activated Sepharose, carbodiimide-activated CH-Sepharose, dialdehyde Sepharose, dialdehyde Sephadex, dialdehyde cellulose, CMC-azide, carbodiimide-activated CMC, macroporous glass (isothiocyanate and carbodiimide coupling) and glass beads. The implications of pore diameter (Sephadex- and Sepharose derivatives), of purity of the PG, of protein content of the PG-carrier-complexes as well as the presence of substrate during the coupling reaction, are discused in relation to the relative and specific activity of the bound protein and to the efficiency of the coupling reaction. From the carriers under study derivatives of Sepharose yield the best result (relative activity max. 88%, specific activity max. 5400 U/mg). The immobilization to isothiocyanate glass yields good results, too (relative activity 20%, specific activity 500 U/g). The mechanical instability of the PG-dialdehye Sephadex-complexes and the low relative activity of the bound enzyme are unsatisfactory. Due to their low affinity to PG, the derivatives of cellulose are also inappropriate for covalent coupling of this enzyme. All PG-carrier-complexes are largely stable both during storage at 4 degrees C and repeated activity assays.", "contents": "[Synthesis and properties of immobilized enzymes. X. Covalent binding of polygalacturonase to insoluble carriers]. The pectinolytic enzymes are of practical interest for the clarification of fruit juice. In the present paper the covalent coupling of polygalacturonase (PG; E. C. 3.2.1.15) is reported. A commercially available enzyme (Rohament P; 5 U/mg) and purified Endo-PG (200 U/mg) are immobilized to the following carriers: BrCN-activated Sepharose, carbodiimide-activated CH-Sepharose, dialdehyde Sepharose, dialdehyde Sephadex, dialdehyde cellulose, CMC-azide, carbodiimide-activated CMC, macroporous glass (isothiocyanate and carbodiimide coupling) and glass beads. The implications of pore diameter (Sephadex- and Sepharose derivatives), of purity of the PG, of protein content of the PG-carrier-complexes as well as the presence of substrate during the coupling reaction, are discused in relation to the relative and specific activity of the bound protein and to the efficiency of the coupling reaction. From the carriers under study derivatives of Sepharose yield the best result (relative activity max. 88%, specific activity max. 5400 U/mg). The immobilization to isothiocyanate glass yields good results, too (relative activity 20%, specific activity 500 U/g). The mechanical instability of the PG-dialdehye Sephadex-complexes and the low relative activity of the bound enzyme are unsatisfactory. Due to their low affinity to PG, the derivatives of cellulose are also inappropriate for covalent coupling of this enzyme. All PG-carrier-complexes are largely stable both during storage at 4 degrees C and repeated activity assays.", "PMID": 706932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2544", "title": "[Cytochrome composition of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus].", "content": "The qualitative and quantitative composition of cytochromes in intact cells of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and in particle fractions obtained from cells following ultrasonic treatment by differential centrifugation were studied using spectrophotometric methods. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus contains cytochrome b, cytochrome o and low amounts of cytochrome d. Both the absolute content of cytochrome b and o and the relative composition do not essentially vary with the carbon source used (hexadecane, acetate, succinate, malate, yeast extract). Only bacterial cultivated on yeast extract show, under simultaneous decrease of the content of cytochrome o, an increased formation of cytochrome d. In Acinetobacter, cytochromes appear not to be immediately involved in n-alkane hydroxylation.", "contents": "[Cytochrome composition of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus]. The qualitative and quantitative composition of cytochromes in intact cells of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and in particle fractions obtained from cells following ultrasonic treatment by differential centrifugation were studied using spectrophotometric methods. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus contains cytochrome b, cytochrome o and low amounts of cytochrome d. Both the absolute content of cytochrome b and o and the relative composition do not essentially vary with the carbon source used (hexadecane, acetate, succinate, malate, yeast extract). Only bacterial cultivated on yeast extract show, under simultaneous decrease of the content of cytochrome o, an increased formation of cytochrome d. In Acinetobacter, cytochromes appear not to be immediately involved in n-alkane hydroxylation.", "PMID": 706933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2545", "title": "[Distribution of 5'-nucleotidase in fractions of rat yolk-sac after differential centrifugation and isopycnic sucrose gradient centrifugation].", "content": "The 5'-nucleotidase considered as a marker enzyme of the plasma membranes shows a highly specific acitvity in both nuclear and mitochondrial-lysosomal fractions of the rat yolk-sac. In isopycnic sucrose gradient fractionation of the mitchondrial-lysosomal fraction a relative accumulation of this enzyme could be shown in the density level of the phagolysosomes (d = 1,16--1,20).", "contents": "[Distribution of 5'-nucleotidase in fractions of rat yolk-sac after differential centrifugation and isopycnic sucrose gradient centrifugation]. The 5'-nucleotidase considered as a marker enzyme of the plasma membranes shows a highly specific acitvity in both nuclear and mitochondrial-lysosomal fractions of the rat yolk-sac. In isopycnic sucrose gradient fractionation of the mitchondrial-lysosomal fraction a relative accumulation of this enzyme could be shown in the density level of the phagolysosomes (d = 1,16--1,20).", "PMID": 706934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2546", "title": "Quantitative evaluation of the fetal fatty acid oxidation in the rat.", "content": "The fetal fatty acid oxidation has been measured by [14C]-palmitate in vitro oxidation experiments. The fetal fatty acid oxidation was determined to be 0.12 +/- 0.03 mumoles fatty acids/min/litter. The conclusion can be drawn that approximately equal amounts of fetal fatty acids are synthesized, oxidized and transferred from the mother to the fetus.", "contents": "Quantitative evaluation of the fetal fatty acid oxidation in the rat. The fetal fatty acid oxidation has been measured by [14C]-palmitate in vitro oxidation experiments. The fetal fatty acid oxidation was determined to be 0.12 +/- 0.03 mumoles fatty acids/min/litter. The conclusion can be drawn that approximately equal amounts of fetal fatty acids are synthesized, oxidized and transferred from the mother to the fetus.", "PMID": 706935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2547", "title": "Studies on the fatty acid synthesis in maternal and fetal rats.", "content": "The fatty acid synthesis as measured by in vitro incorporation of 1-[14C]-acetate and 3H2O into maternal and fetal tissues of the rat has been quantitatively determined. The results showed that because of the endogenous dilution the incorporation of [14C]-acetate does not provide a quantitative measure of fatty acid synthesis. The incorporation of tritium per g of tissue into the fatty acid fraction of maternal and fetal liver (day 21 of pregnancy) was found to be 260 and 130 nmoles per g per min, respectively. The incorporation was lesser in liver of female non-pregnant rats (31 nmoles per g per min) and placenta (4.0 nmoles per g per min). The calculated rates of synthesis of fatty acids were used to support the following views: At the end of gestation about 25% of all fatty acids synthesized within the fetus arise from fetal liver. From day 15 to 21 of pregnancy the fetal fatty acid synthesis supplies about half of the amount of fatty acids which are accumulated due to growth.", "contents": "Studies on the fatty acid synthesis in maternal and fetal rats. The fatty acid synthesis as measured by in vitro incorporation of 1-[14C]-acetate and 3H2O into maternal and fetal tissues of the rat has been quantitatively determined. The results showed that because of the endogenous dilution the incorporation of [14C]-acetate does not provide a quantitative measure of fatty acid synthesis. The incorporation of tritium per g of tissue into the fatty acid fraction of maternal and fetal liver (day 21 of pregnancy) was found to be 260 and 130 nmoles per g per min, respectively. The incorporation was lesser in liver of female non-pregnant rats (31 nmoles per g per min) and placenta (4.0 nmoles per g per min). The calculated rates of synthesis of fatty acids were used to support the following views: At the end of gestation about 25% of all fatty acids synthesized within the fetus arise from fetal liver. From day 15 to 21 of pregnancy the fetal fatty acid synthesis supplies about half of the amount of fatty acids which are accumulated due to growth.", "PMID": 706936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2548", "title": "Quantitative evaluation of the fetal fatty acid synthesis in the rat.", "content": "The fetal fatty acid synthesis has been evaluated by 3H2O in vivo incorporation experiments. The results indicate that the fetus synthesizes 0,16 mumoles fatty acids/min/litter. From the results the conclusion can be drawn that the fetus gets fatty acids from the mother and from its own fetal fatty acid synthesis at equal amounts.", "contents": "Quantitative evaluation of the fetal fatty acid synthesis in the rat. The fetal fatty acid synthesis has been evaluated by 3H2O in vivo incorporation experiments. The results indicate that the fetus synthesizes 0,16 mumoles fatty acids/min/litter. From the results the conclusion can be drawn that the fetus gets fatty acids from the mother and from its own fetal fatty acid synthesis at equal amounts.", "PMID": 706937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2549", "title": "Studies on the paraplacental free fatty acid transport in rats.", "content": "Using the tracer method and a mathematical model the paraplacental transport of free fatty acids (FFA) (via uterine fluid--yolk sac--fetus) has been investigated in 21 days pregnant rats. The results show that only 0.3 nmoles FFA per min pass into the fetus via this paraplacental route. This accounts for less than 1% of FFA transported from the maternal plasma across the placenta into the fetus (0.14 mumoles FFA per min). From these results we would like to draw the conclusion that the paraplacental transport of FFA to the rat fetus is of minor importance from the quantitative point of view.", "contents": "Studies on the paraplacental free fatty acid transport in rats. Using the tracer method and a mathematical model the paraplacental transport of free fatty acids (FFA) (via uterine fluid--yolk sac--fetus) has been investigated in 21 days pregnant rats. The results show that only 0.3 nmoles FFA per min pass into the fetus via this paraplacental route. This accounts for less than 1% of FFA transported from the maternal plasma across the placenta into the fetus (0.14 mumoles FFA per min). From these results we would like to draw the conclusion that the paraplacental transport of FFA to the rat fetus is of minor importance from the quantitative point of view.", "PMID": 706938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2550", "title": "[Tracer kinetic studies on maternal-fetal amino acid transport in Wistar rats].", "content": "The experiments were designed to determine the amount of free amino acids which passes through the placenta from the maternal pool in plasma to the fetus. On day 19 of gestation we determined the growth rate of the rat fetus to be about 39 microgram amino nitrogen/minute/litter. Uniformly labelled [14 C]-L-leucine was used in our experiments. The specific radioactivity was measured in the maternal plasma amino acids and in fetal amino acids and proteins from zero to sixty minutes after pulse labelling. By means of compartmental analysis we calculated the transfer rate of amino nitrogen from the mother to the fetus to be 89 microgram/min/litter. The rate of amino nitrogen acccumulation in fetal carcass proteins was 39 microgram amino nitrogen/min/litter. The importance of our results in fetal metabolism is discussed.", "contents": "[Tracer kinetic studies on maternal-fetal amino acid transport in Wistar rats]. The experiments were designed to determine the amount of free amino acids which passes through the placenta from the maternal pool in plasma to the fetus. On day 19 of gestation we determined the growth rate of the rat fetus to be about 39 microgram amino nitrogen/minute/litter. Uniformly labelled [14 C]-L-leucine was used in our experiments. The specific radioactivity was measured in the maternal plasma amino acids and in fetal amino acids and proteins from zero to sixty minutes after pulse labelling. By means of compartmental analysis we calculated the transfer rate of amino nitrogen from the mother to the fetus to be 89 microgram/min/litter. The rate of amino nitrogen acccumulation in fetal carcass proteins was 39 microgram amino nitrogen/min/litter. The importance of our results in fetal metabolism is discussed.", "PMID": 706939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2551", "title": "Studies on the hypertriglyceridemia in the pregnant rat.", "content": "The in vivo tracer method and in vitro incorporation experiments were used to obtain information on the mechanism responsible for the hypertriglyceridemia found in 21 days pregnant rats. The results indicate that the uptake of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) by liver triglycerides of pregnant rats (2.0 mumoles FFA/min/300 g) did not differ from that of non-pregnant rats (2,1 mumoles FFA/min/300 g). The rate of liver fatty acid synthesis in pregnant rats (0,4 mumoles fatty acids/min/liver) is higher than that of non-pregnant rats (0,05 mumoles fatty acids/min/liver). In non-pregnant female and pregnant rats the turnover rates of plasma chylomicron and VLDL triglycerides were almost identical (about 2.8 mumoles triglyceride fatty acids/min/300 g, and about 2.3 mumoles triglyceride fatty acids/min/300 g, respectively). These various observations, when taken together, strongly suggest that increased hepatic triglyceride production cannot be the mechanism responsible for the hypertriglyceridemia in pregnant rats.", "contents": "Studies on the hypertriglyceridemia in the pregnant rat. The in vivo tracer method and in vitro incorporation experiments were used to obtain information on the mechanism responsible for the hypertriglyceridemia found in 21 days pregnant rats. The results indicate that the uptake of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) by liver triglycerides of pregnant rats (2.0 mumoles FFA/min/300 g) did not differ from that of non-pregnant rats (2,1 mumoles FFA/min/300 g). The rate of liver fatty acid synthesis in pregnant rats (0,4 mumoles fatty acids/min/liver) is higher than that of non-pregnant rats (0,05 mumoles fatty acids/min/liver). In non-pregnant female and pregnant rats the turnover rates of plasma chylomicron and VLDL triglycerides were almost identical (about 2.8 mumoles triglyceride fatty acids/min/300 g, and about 2.3 mumoles triglyceride fatty acids/min/300 g, respectively). These various observations, when taken together, strongly suggest that increased hepatic triglyceride production cannot be the mechanism responsible for the hypertriglyceridemia in pregnant rats.", "PMID": 706940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2552", "title": "[Comparison of evoked potential changes from lateral geniculate body and visual cortex by stimulation of the medial septal nucleus and mesencephalic reticular formation in rabbits].", "content": "Evoked potentials to flash from visual cortex (VC) and corpus geniculatum laterale (Cgl) were observed in alert resting rabbits. The direction and volume of changes in the late negative complex (sn-) of the EP were investigated during repetition of light flashes only (habituation), during stimulation of septum and reticular stimulation (RFmes). Habituation showed an increase of amplitudes during the sn-complex, which was started first in Cgl, had its maximum earlier and lasted longer in the Cgl than in the visual cortex. Septal stimulation in the majority of experiments caused diminution of these EP-components almost synchronously in the VC and Cgl. Reticular stimulation gave rise to diminution of amplitudes during the sn-complex, which started first in the VC, where it had its maximum earlier and lasted longer than in the Cgl too. Our results show that all three influences under investigation caused typical but different changes of processes underlying EP of the visual cortex and lateral geniculate body.", "contents": "[Comparison of evoked potential changes from lateral geniculate body and visual cortex by stimulation of the medial septal nucleus and mesencephalic reticular formation in rabbits]. Evoked potentials to flash from visual cortex (VC) and corpus geniculatum laterale (Cgl) were observed in alert resting rabbits. The direction and volume of changes in the late negative complex (sn-) of the EP were investigated during repetition of light flashes only (habituation), during stimulation of septum and reticular stimulation (RFmes). Habituation showed an increase of amplitudes during the sn-complex, which was started first in Cgl, had its maximum earlier and lasted longer in the Cgl than in the visual cortex. Septal stimulation in the majority of experiments caused diminution of these EP-components almost synchronously in the VC and Cgl. Reticular stimulation gave rise to diminution of amplitudes during the sn-complex, which started first in the VC, where it had its maximum earlier and lasted longer than in the Cgl too. Our results show that all three influences under investigation caused typical but different changes of processes underlying EP of the visual cortex and lateral geniculate body.", "PMID": 706942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2553", "title": "[Coronary autoregulation of the isolated rabbit heart].", "content": "The autoregulation behaviour of the coronary circulation was studied on an isolated Langendorff-heart of rabbit. Static pressure-flow curves were recorded for the normal and maximally dilated vascular system. For analyzing the dynamics of autoregulation of the flow to pressure jumps within the autoregulation range was measured. Modelling was performed by means of the linear system theory, assuming first-order transfer functions for the contraction and dilatation process co-acting in the regulation. The system parameters were determined in the time-range by adapting a bi-exponential function to the measured data. For the dilatation reaction following pressure fall a mean time constant of 5.4 s was measured, while a time constant of 146.8 s was found for the counterregulation (constriction). These events are discussed with regard to possible further studies on the pharmacology of coronary regulation.", "contents": "[Coronary autoregulation of the isolated rabbit heart]. The autoregulation behaviour of the coronary circulation was studied on an isolated Langendorff-heart of rabbit. Static pressure-flow curves were recorded for the normal and maximally dilated vascular system. For analyzing the dynamics of autoregulation of the flow to pressure jumps within the autoregulation range was measured. Modelling was performed by means of the linear system theory, assuming first-order transfer functions for the contraction and dilatation process co-acting in the regulation. The system parameters were determined in the time-range by adapting a bi-exponential function to the measured data. For the dilatation reaction following pressure fall a mean time constant of 5.4 s was measured, while a time constant of 146.8 s was found for the counterregulation (constriction). These events are discussed with regard to possible further studies on the pharmacology of coronary regulation.", "PMID": 706943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2554", "title": "[Contractile properties of the striated muscle fibres of esophageal muscle in comparison with skeletal muscle in rats].", "content": "The contractile properties of the striated oesophageal muscle of the rat were studied in vitro at 35 degrees C and 25 degrees C. They were compared with those of the slow-twitch soleus muscle and the fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle of the same animals. The contraction time of the oesophageal muscle is 30 msec (+/- 2.5 msec S.E.) at 35 degrees C. It is little but significantly longer than those of the soleus muscle. It is remarkable that the twitch-tetanus ratio of the oesophageal muscle fibres is approximately twice that of the skeletal muscles. Immediately after a tetanic stimulation the amplitude of a single twitch of the fast EDL is increased (posttetanic potentiation); in the slow soleus muscle it is unchanged or decreased, however. Also the muscle fibres of the oesophagus exhibit a post-tetanic-potentiation, but this is smaller than in EDL. A decrease of the temperature of the bathing solution causes in preparations of the fast EDL a higher tension developed by a single twitch (cold potentiation). This is not detectable in preparations of the slow soleus muscle. The oesophageal muscle shows also a remarkable cold potentiation, but it is smaller than in EDL. An increase of the extracellular K+-concentration evokes a short-lasting contracture in the investigated rat muscles. The mechanical thresholds of the oesophageal muscle fibres are clearly higher than those of the soleus muscle but lower than those of the EDL. The striated oesophageal muscle fibres of the rat in spite of their low speed of contraction show some properties of muscle fibres of the fast twitch type.", "contents": "[Contractile properties of the striated muscle fibres of esophageal muscle in comparison with skeletal muscle in rats]. The contractile properties of the striated oesophageal muscle of the rat were studied in vitro at 35 degrees C and 25 degrees C. They were compared with those of the slow-twitch soleus muscle and the fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle of the same animals. The contraction time of the oesophageal muscle is 30 msec (+/- 2.5 msec S.E.) at 35 degrees C. It is little but significantly longer than those of the soleus muscle. It is remarkable that the twitch-tetanus ratio of the oesophageal muscle fibres is approximately twice that of the skeletal muscles. Immediately after a tetanic stimulation the amplitude of a single twitch of the fast EDL is increased (posttetanic potentiation); in the slow soleus muscle it is unchanged or decreased, however. Also the muscle fibres of the oesophagus exhibit a post-tetanic-potentiation, but this is smaller than in EDL. A decrease of the temperature of the bathing solution causes in preparations of the fast EDL a higher tension developed by a single twitch (cold potentiation). This is not detectable in preparations of the slow soleus muscle. The oesophageal muscle shows also a remarkable cold potentiation, but it is smaller than in EDL. An increase of the extracellular K+-concentration evokes a short-lasting contracture in the investigated rat muscles. The mechanical thresholds of the oesophageal muscle fibres are clearly higher than those of the soleus muscle but lower than those of the EDL. The striated oesophageal muscle fibres of the rat in spite of their low speed of contraction show some properties of muscle fibres of the fast twitch type.", "PMID": 706944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2555", "title": "Actions of O-ethyl-S-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-methylphosphonothioate and some pyridine aldoximes on isolated guinea-pigs heart atria.", "content": "1. The effects of acetylcholine and methylfurmetide on isolated guinea-pigs heart atria in the presence or absence of O-ethyl-S-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-methylphosphonothioate (EDMM) were investigated. The influence of three cholinesterase reactivators on the heart atria pretreated with EDMM has been studied. 2. In the presence of EDMM, the negative inotropic effect of acetylcholine on the isolated heart atria was not significantly increased. This effect of methylfurmetide on heart atria was significantly decreased in the presence of EDMM. 3. EDMM alone caused negative inotropic and negative chronotropic effects depending on its concentration. These pharmacological effects were accompanied with inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in the heart muscle. 4. Addition of cholinesterase reactivators normalized the inotropic response of the isolated guinea-pig heart atria altered by EDMM and also increased the acetylcholinesterase activity in the heart.", "contents": "Actions of O-ethyl-S-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-methylphosphonothioate and some pyridine aldoximes on isolated guinea-pigs heart atria. 1. The effects of acetylcholine and methylfurmetide on isolated guinea-pigs heart atria in the presence or absence of O-ethyl-S-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-methylphosphonothioate (EDMM) were investigated. The influence of three cholinesterase reactivators on the heart atria pretreated with EDMM has been studied. 2. In the presence of EDMM, the negative inotropic effect of acetylcholine on the isolated heart atria was not significantly increased. This effect of methylfurmetide on heart atria was significantly decreased in the presence of EDMM. 3. EDMM alone caused negative inotropic and negative chronotropic effects depending on its concentration. These pharmacological effects were accompanied with inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in the heart muscle. 4. Addition of cholinesterase reactivators normalized the inotropic response of the isolated guinea-pig heart atria altered by EDMM and also increased the acetylcholinesterase activity in the heart.", "PMID": 706945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2556", "title": "[The involvement of thalamic nuclei in the formation of conditional avoidance reflexes in rats. I. Lesions in the anterior part of the nucleus ventralis lateralis].", "content": "Hooded rats (Long-Evans-strain) were not able to elaborate conditioned avoidance responses in a simple runway respectively in a jumping test after bilateral lesions of the anterior part of the nucleus ventralis lateralis thalami. When the number of the CS-US-combinations was increased from 10 to 25 per session, then during the last ten combinations the punishing electrical foot shocks were correctly avoided, but the animals showed no retention in their long-term memory.", "contents": "[The involvement of thalamic nuclei in the formation of conditional avoidance reflexes in rats. I. Lesions in the anterior part of the nucleus ventralis lateralis]. Hooded rats (Long-Evans-strain) were not able to elaborate conditioned avoidance responses in a simple runway respectively in a jumping test after bilateral lesions of the anterior part of the nucleus ventralis lateralis thalami. When the number of the CS-US-combinations was increased from 10 to 25 per session, then during the last ten combinations the punishing electrical foot shocks were correctly avoided, but the animals showed no retention in their long-term memory.", "PMID": 706946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2557", "title": "Equilibria between horseradish peroxidase and aromatic donors.", "content": "Equilibria between horseradish peroxidase and aromatic hydrogen donors have been analyzed spectrophotometrically and potentiometrically. The donors alter the peroxidase spectrum slightly but reproducibly with changes of two types. Donors of the two groups compete for the same binding site with no systematic difference in affinity for the enzyme. Donors with one aromatic ring are fairly loosely ligated, Kd3-25 mM, but enlargement, or extension of the pi-electron system, increases the affinity. A negative change in entropy and a large negative change in enthalpy upon binding indicates a specific donor-enzyme interaction, and the retention of the peroxidase by phenyl- but not by octyl-Sepharose points at the involvement of aromatic amino acid(s) in the ligation of an aromatic donor. Substitution of the hematin vinyl groups by ethyl or acetyl groups does not affect Kd of the peroxidase-donor complex. Reduction of the iron atom to Fe(II), or its removal, influences Kd only modestly. The fluorescence of the protoporphyrin-apoprotein HRP C2 associate is not quenched by donors from either group. These observations are in accord with NMR and other data from the literature and point at a ligation of the donor only to the protein moiety. Our results do not support the assumption of an Fe(III) H2O...donor hydrogen bond. The energy balance in the four-membered system free and donor-bound peroxidase Fe(III)/(II) has been analyzed. The model donors used in the present study modulate the redox properties only slightly. Plant peroxidases in situ may be donor-bound to a large extent.", "contents": "Equilibria between horseradish peroxidase and aromatic donors. Equilibria between horseradish peroxidase and aromatic hydrogen donors have been analyzed spectrophotometrically and potentiometrically. The donors alter the peroxidase spectrum slightly but reproducibly with changes of two types. Donors of the two groups compete for the same binding site with no systematic difference in affinity for the enzyme. Donors with one aromatic ring are fairly loosely ligated, Kd3-25 mM, but enlargement, or extension of the pi-electron system, increases the affinity. A negative change in entropy and a large negative change in enthalpy upon binding indicates a specific donor-enzyme interaction, and the retention of the peroxidase by phenyl- but not by octyl-Sepharose points at the involvement of aromatic amino acid(s) in the ligation of an aromatic donor. Substitution of the hematin vinyl groups by ethyl or acetyl groups does not affect Kd of the peroxidase-donor complex. Reduction of the iron atom to Fe(II), or its removal, influences Kd only modestly. The fluorescence of the protoporphyrin-apoprotein HRP C2 associate is not quenched by donors from either group. These observations are in accord with NMR and other data from the literature and point at a ligation of the donor only to the protein moiety. Our results do not support the assumption of an Fe(III) H2O...donor hydrogen bond. The energy balance in the four-membered system free and donor-bound peroxidase Fe(III)/(II) has been analyzed. The model donors used in the present study modulate the redox properties only slightly. Plant peroxidases in situ may be donor-bound to a large extent.", "PMID": 706949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2558", "title": "A generalized theoretical treatment of the transient-state kinetics of enzymic reaction systems far from equilibrium.", "content": "The transient-state kinetics of enzyme systems far from equilibrium have been analyzed by a theoretical treatment of the generalized King-Altman mechanism for enzyme reactions. Conditions are defined under which the kinetics differential equations for this generalized mechanism can be analytically solved, and the structure of the analytical solution is characterized. The practical implications of the theoretical results are discussed with reference to the planning, evaluation, and interpretation of transient-state kinetic experiments performed by stopped-flow techniques.", "contents": "A generalized theoretical treatment of the transient-state kinetics of enzymic reaction systems far from equilibrium. The transient-state kinetics of enzyme systems far from equilibrium have been analyzed by a theoretical treatment of the generalized King-Altman mechanism for enzyme reactions. Conditions are defined under which the kinetics differential equations for this generalized mechanism can be analytically solved, and the structure of the analytical solution is characterized. The practical implications of the theoretical results are discussed with reference to the planning, evaluation, and interpretation of transient-state kinetic experiments performed by stopped-flow techniques.", "PMID": 706950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2559", "title": "Flow and myocardial microcirculation after experimental mammary-coronary bypass.", "content": "The functional capacity of mammary-coronary bypass was assessed in acute dog experiments by means of electromagnetic flow measurement and estimation of myocardial flow by hydrogen polarography. 1)In the intact myocardium the central flow of the mammary-coronary bypass and the tissue perfusion provided by its correspondence to the functional capacity of the intact anterior descending coronary; 2) despite an unchanged perfusion pressure the myocardium damaged by infarction is no longer able to take up the available quantity of blood, and both flow and tissue perfusion decrease; 3) the reactive hyperaemia induced by ischaemia considerably reduces the microcirculation of the damaged myocardial tissue.", "contents": "Flow and myocardial microcirculation after experimental mammary-coronary bypass. The functional capacity of mammary-coronary bypass was assessed in acute dog experiments by means of electromagnetic flow measurement and estimation of myocardial flow by hydrogen polarography. 1)In the intact myocardium the central flow of the mammary-coronary bypass and the tissue perfusion provided by its correspondence to the functional capacity of the intact anterior descending coronary; 2) despite an unchanged perfusion pressure the myocardium damaged by infarction is no longer able to take up the available quantity of blood, and both flow and tissue perfusion decrease; 3) the reactive hyperaemia induced by ischaemia considerably reduces the microcirculation of the damaged myocardial tissue.", "PMID": 706951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2560", "title": "Sutureless repair of ruptured urethra.", "content": "Two cases of complete traumatic rupture of the posterior urethra are described. The ends of the urethra were united without suture by pulling them together with a transurethral balloon catheter. The results were excellent; the patients healed without sticture and remained continent. These observations suggest the applicability of the method to similar injuries.", "contents": "Sutureless repair of ruptured urethra. Two cases of complete traumatic rupture of the posterior urethra are described. The ends of the urethra were united without suture by pulling them together with a transurethral balloon catheter. The results were excellent; the patients healed without sticture and remained continent. These observations suggest the applicability of the method to similar injuries.", "PMID": 706952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2561", "title": "[Papillary tumors of the renal pelvis: 25-year-old clinical material].", "content": "A total of 83 patients with papillary tumour in the renal pelvis have been observed in 25 years. The peak incidence was in the age group between 51 and 70 years. The first symptom was almost always haematuria without any other symptom. The therapy is surgical, complemented with radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. The problem of the involvement of the bladder is discussed.", "contents": "[Papillary tumors of the renal pelvis: 25-year-old clinical material]. A total of 83 patients with papillary tumour in the renal pelvis have been observed in 25 years. The peak incidence was in the age group between 51 and 70 years. The first symptom was almost always haematuria without any other symptom. The therapy is surgical, complemented with radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. The problem of the involvement of the bladder is discussed.", "PMID": 706954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2562", "title": "[Late results of thoracic sympathectomy in various diseases].", "content": "The late results of 171 thoracal sympathectomies performed on 142 patients in the 20-year period 1952 to 1971 are described. Favourable results were achieved in Raynaud's disease, obliterating endarteritis and other occlusive vascular diseases, and also in hyperhidrosis.", "contents": "[Late results of thoracic sympathectomy in various diseases]. The late results of 171 thoracal sympathectomies performed on 142 patients in the 20-year period 1952 to 1971 are described. Favourable results were achieved in Raynaud's disease, obliterating endarteritis and other occlusive vascular diseases, and also in hyperhidrosis.", "PMID": 706955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2563", "title": "[Traumatic subcutaneous ruptures of the cervical trachea (author's transl)].", "content": "Traumatic subcutaneous rupture of the cervical trachea is a rare but serious lesion that may cause death of the patient. Few cases come to treatment. This lesion results from a contusion to the anterior neck during hyperextension. It consists in a straight transection between larynx and trachea or between one of the 4 first tracheal rings, and is usually associated to multiple trauma involving the chest and head. Specific symptoms are often blurred by those of the associated lesions making diagnosis complex. This should ideally be confirmed by endoscopy or, if not feasable by cervicotomy. Emergency treatment is directed to restablishment of an adequate ventilation. Direct anastomosis by separate resorbable sutures yields excellent long-term results without stenosis. Creation of a transitory tracheotomy, when commanded by regional atresion, sometimes induces late stenosis; secondary repair is then less favorable. The rate of definitive recurrent nerve paralysis is high. There are also frequent distortions of the vocal cords with modifications of the voice and transitory palsy of the phrenic nerve. The authors draw these conclusions from one personal case and from the literature.", "contents": "[Traumatic subcutaneous ruptures of the cervical trachea (author's transl)]. Traumatic subcutaneous rupture of the cervical trachea is a rare but serious lesion that may cause death of the patient. Few cases come to treatment. This lesion results from a contusion to the anterior neck during hyperextension. It consists in a straight transection between larynx and trachea or between one of the 4 first tracheal rings, and is usually associated to multiple trauma involving the chest and head. Specific symptoms are often blurred by those of the associated lesions making diagnosis complex. This should ideally be confirmed by endoscopy or, if not feasable by cervicotomy. Emergency treatment is directed to restablishment of an adequate ventilation. Direct anastomosis by separate resorbable sutures yields excellent long-term results without stenosis. Creation of a transitory tracheotomy, when commanded by regional atresion, sometimes induces late stenosis; secondary repair is then less favorable. The rate of definitive recurrent nerve paralysis is high. There are also frequent distortions of the vocal cords with modifications of the voice and transitory palsy of the phrenic nerve. The authors draw these conclusions from one personal case and from the literature.", "PMID": 706957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2564", "title": "[Traumatic ruptures of the diaphragma. Diagnostic and therapeutic problems (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1970 and 1976, 34 cases of traumatic ruptures of the diaphragma were observed and treated at the Surgical Clinic of the University of W\u00fcrzburg: 23 acute ruptures and 11 delayed diagnostic ruptures. The etiology and mechanism of the rupture are discussed. A predominency of left over right ruptures occured in 90% of cases. In only one case there was an open rupture of the right side. Among associated abdominal lesions, ruptures of the spleen are the most frequent. Among skeletal associated lesions, one observes most frequently, fractures of the ribs. In 4 acute cases, there were no herniated organs. In the 11 patients were diagnosis was delayed we always found herniated viscera. Symptoms and diagnostic means are discussed. Traumatic rupture of the diaphragm is an absolute surgical indication. In acute cases we attempt the repair through a laparotomy; delayed cases should be treated by thoracotomy. Among 23 cases operated in emergency, 3 died because of associated lesions. Operative mortality was zero in the 11 patients with delayed diagnosis.", "contents": "[Traumatic ruptures of the diaphragma. Diagnostic and therapeutic problems (author's transl)]. Between 1970 and 1976, 34 cases of traumatic ruptures of the diaphragma were observed and treated at the Surgical Clinic of the University of W\u00fcrzburg: 23 acute ruptures and 11 delayed diagnostic ruptures. The etiology and mechanism of the rupture are discussed. A predominency of left over right ruptures occured in 90% of cases. In only one case there was an open rupture of the right side. Among associated abdominal lesions, ruptures of the spleen are the most frequent. Among skeletal associated lesions, one observes most frequently, fractures of the ribs. In 4 acute cases, there were no herniated organs. In the 11 patients were diagnosis was delayed we always found herniated viscera. Symptoms and diagnostic means are discussed. Traumatic rupture of the diaphragm is an absolute surgical indication. In acute cases we attempt the repair through a laparotomy; delayed cases should be treated by thoracotomy. Among 23 cases operated in emergency, 3 died because of associated lesions. Operative mortality was zero in the 11 patients with delayed diagnosis.", "PMID": 706958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2565", "title": "[Blunt and open trauma of the heart and thoracic aorta in 26 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty-six patients with blunt or open trauma to the heart and thoracic aorta were admitted and 23 were operated on. Among 19 blunt trauma there were 15 ruptures of the aorta among which 12 were operated and 3 were not, 2 lesions of the ventricular septum, 1 coronary thrombosis and 1 rupture of the right atrium. In 7 open wounds there were 3 ventricular lesions; 3 cases of pericarditis and 1 aortic lesion. Among operated patients 1 died of a rupture of the aortic isthmus and another of a rupture of the aortic arch and left carotid artery. The 3 patients that were not operated died of a rupture of the aortic isthmus. In these cases the diagnosis must be set early and the aortography must be followed by an operation. In cases of an open wound early thoracotomy is recommended.", "contents": "[Blunt and open trauma of the heart and thoracic aorta in 26 patients (author's transl)]. Twenty-six patients with blunt or open trauma to the heart and thoracic aorta were admitted and 23 were operated on. Among 19 blunt trauma there were 15 ruptures of the aorta among which 12 were operated and 3 were not, 2 lesions of the ventricular septum, 1 coronary thrombosis and 1 rupture of the right atrium. In 7 open wounds there were 3 ventricular lesions; 3 cases of pericarditis and 1 aortic lesion. Among operated patients 1 died of a rupture of the aortic isthmus and another of a rupture of the aortic arch and left carotid artery. The 3 patients that were not operated died of a rupture of the aortic isthmus. In these cases the diagnosis must be set early and the aortography must be followed by an operation. In cases of an open wound early thoracotomy is recommended.", "PMID": 706959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2566", "title": "[Circulatory arrest under deep hypothermia in the correction of the interventricular communication in the newborn (author's transl)].", "content": "The technique of circulatory arrest under deep hypothermia has completely changed the therapeutic outlook of some congenital heart malformations in the newborn. The authors have tried this method particularly in neonate cases of the interventricular communication. This experience bears on ten newborn cases aged 3 to 11 months. Surgical indication was mandatory because of global heart failure, unresponsive to conservative treatment. Intracardiac correction is realized under optimal conditions of operative technique by means of the circulatory arrest. In six cases, the interventricular communication is large and isolated; in four cases there were multiple interventricular communications. The immediate postoperative is favourable in all cases. One was reoperated for a residual shunt. Evolution is satisfactory in nine cases. There was one late death. Hemodynamic controls prove the soundness of this method of treatment. Favourable results up to 2 1/2 years after the procedure encouraged the authors to extend the indications for deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest to other congenital anomalies of the newborn.", "contents": "[Circulatory arrest under deep hypothermia in the correction of the interventricular communication in the newborn (author's transl)]. The technique of circulatory arrest under deep hypothermia has completely changed the therapeutic outlook of some congenital heart malformations in the newborn. The authors have tried this method particularly in neonate cases of the interventricular communication. This experience bears on ten newborn cases aged 3 to 11 months. Surgical indication was mandatory because of global heart failure, unresponsive to conservative treatment. Intracardiac correction is realized under optimal conditions of operative technique by means of the circulatory arrest. In six cases, the interventricular communication is large and isolated; in four cases there were multiple interventricular communications. The immediate postoperative is favourable in all cases. One was reoperated for a residual shunt. Evolution is satisfactory in nine cases. There was one late death. Hemodynamic controls prove the soundness of this method of treatment. Favourable results up to 2 1/2 years after the procedure encouraged the authors to extend the indications for deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest to other congenital anomalies of the newborn.", "PMID": 706960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2567", "title": "Our personal experience with intra-aortic balloon pumping.", "content": "Intra-aortic counterpulsation (IABP) was used in 64 patients because of: 1. Low output syndrome after open heart surgery. 2. Medical refractory cardiogenic shock. 3. Elective, preoperative in ischemic heart disease. 4. Extending myocardial infarction. 5. Evolving impending infarction. In the first group in 78% hemodynamic stabilization was achieved but the survival percentage was 46%. In cardiogenic shock the results were closely related to the duration of shock, but nevertheless survival rate was low (3 from 13 patients treated). IABP was also applied as elective, preoperative support in high risk patients with ischemic heart disease (unstable angine and poor left ventricular function). In this group the rate of perioperative myocardial infarction was lower than in overall material.", "contents": "Our personal experience with intra-aortic balloon pumping. Intra-aortic counterpulsation (IABP) was used in 64 patients because of: 1. Low output syndrome after open heart surgery. 2. Medical refractory cardiogenic shock. 3. Elective, preoperative in ischemic heart disease. 4. Extending myocardial infarction. 5. Evolving impending infarction. In the first group in 78% hemodynamic stabilization was achieved but the survival percentage was 46%. In cardiogenic shock the results were closely related to the duration of shock, but nevertheless survival rate was low (3 from 13 patients treated). IABP was also applied as elective, preoperative support in high risk patients with ischemic heart disease (unstable angine and poor left ventricular function). In this group the rate of perioperative myocardial infarction was lower than in overall material.", "PMID": 706961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2568", "title": "[Left heart by-pass in case of ventricular fibrillation (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have studied in 11 mongrel dogs the hemodynamic conditions created by a transarterial closed chest left by-pass (TaCLVB) in ventricular fibrillation. The attention was focussed on the function of the right atrium. This function is recorded with closed chest by means of a catheter in the external jugular vein. The experiments show a left heart by-pass can function only if there are good contractions in the right atrium. The right atrium insures pulmonary circulation during ventricular fibrillation. This well continue for 30 to 60 minutes by means of the TaCLVB then the right atrium will fail and fibrillate. The animals died of right heart failure.", "contents": "[Left heart by-pass in case of ventricular fibrillation (author's transl)]. The authors have studied in 11 mongrel dogs the hemodynamic conditions created by a transarterial closed chest left by-pass (TaCLVB) in ventricular fibrillation. The attention was focussed on the function of the right atrium. This function is recorded with closed chest by means of a catheter in the external jugular vein. The experiments show a left heart by-pass can function only if there are good contractions in the right atrium. The right atrium insures pulmonary circulation during ventricular fibrillation. This well continue for 30 to 60 minutes by means of the TaCLVB then the right atrium will fail and fibrillate. The animals died of right heart failure.", "PMID": 706962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2569", "title": "[Closure of a bronchial fistula after pneumonectomy in a case of carcinoma in a patient in chronic dialysis (author's transl)].", "content": "A 53 year old patient in chronic dialysis underwent a left pneumonectomy for bronchial carcinoma. This was followed by a bronchopleural fistula. Despite the very poor condition of the patient closure of the fistula was obtained by means of a flap of the large omentum. This is a simple procedure easily tolerated by the patient and that could also be used in less complicated cases.", "contents": "[Closure of a bronchial fistula after pneumonectomy in a case of carcinoma in a patient in chronic dialysis (author's transl)]. A 53 year old patient in chronic dialysis underwent a left pneumonectomy for bronchial carcinoma. This was followed by a bronchopleural fistula. Despite the very poor condition of the patient closure of the fistula was obtained by means of a flap of the large omentum. This is a simple procedure easily tolerated by the patient and that could also be used in less complicated cases.", "PMID": 706964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2570", "title": "[Results and complications of bronchoplastic operations for bronchial cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 1548 patients hospitalized from 1964 to 1975 for bronchial carcinoma, 779 underwent a brochopulmonary resection. Seventeen patients underwent bronchoplastic resections. The average hospital stay was 45 days which is explained by the frequency of postoperative complications (n = 8). The mortality during hospitalization was 11.5% and the 5 year survival rate was 18%. The survival curved was comparable to that of the patients who underwent a lobectomy or simple or enlarged radical pneumectomy. Actually, the average survival is 26 months and the comfort in these cases is impressive. We consider that the indication for these plastic resections should be extended to patients who are capable of tolerating a pneumectomy.", "contents": "[Results and complications of bronchoplastic operations for bronchial cancer (author's transl)]. Among 1548 patients hospitalized from 1964 to 1975 for bronchial carcinoma, 779 underwent a brochopulmonary resection. Seventeen patients underwent bronchoplastic resections. The average hospital stay was 45 days which is explained by the frequency of postoperative complications (n = 8). The mortality during hospitalization was 11.5% and the 5 year survival rate was 18%. The survival curved was comparable to that of the patients who underwent a lobectomy or simple or enlarged radical pneumectomy. Actually, the average survival is 26 months and the comfort in these cases is impressive. We consider that the indication for these plastic resections should be extended to patients who are capable of tolerating a pneumectomy.", "PMID": 706965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2571", "title": "Bronchoplastic lobectomies for advanced carcinoma: functional changes and survival.", "content": "Twenty-five patients underwent \"sleeve\" or \"wedge\" lobectomies for bronchogenic carcinoma: 24 squamous cell type and one adenocarcinoma. In 6, the tumor extended to a segmental bronchus (T1) in 15 to a lobar bronchus (T2) and in 4 to a main brochus (T3): 19 were in the right lung, 6 in the left. Eight patients had no lymph node involvement (N0), 10 tumors had spread to hilar nodes (N1), and 7 to mediastinal nodes (N2). There were 11 \"sleeve\" and 14 \"wedge\" bronchoplasties. Two patients developed a bronchopleural fistula: one of them died 2 weeks after pneumonectomy, the only death related to the procedure. A third patient had a local recurrence. Plethysmography, bronchospirography and Xe133 gammagraphy were performed in six patients. Lung volumes usually decreased but dynamics were unchanged or even improved after \"sleeve\" resection. After \"wedge\" resection all parameters were impaired. Twelve patients have died of cancer after a mean survival time of 16 months. Four of the 10 eligible patients have survived 5 years and more; seven patients are alive less than 5 years.", "contents": "Bronchoplastic lobectomies for advanced carcinoma: functional changes and survival. Twenty-five patients underwent \"sleeve\" or \"wedge\" lobectomies for bronchogenic carcinoma: 24 squamous cell type and one adenocarcinoma. In 6, the tumor extended to a segmental bronchus (T1) in 15 to a lobar bronchus (T2) and in 4 to a main brochus (T3): 19 were in the right lung, 6 in the left. Eight patients had no lymph node involvement (N0), 10 tumors had spread to hilar nodes (N1), and 7 to mediastinal nodes (N2). There were 11 \"sleeve\" and 14 \"wedge\" bronchoplasties. Two patients developed a bronchopleural fistula: one of them died 2 weeks after pneumonectomy, the only death related to the procedure. A third patient had a local recurrence. Plethysmography, bronchospirography and Xe133 gammagraphy were performed in six patients. Lung volumes usually decreased but dynamics were unchanged or even improved after \"sleeve\" resection. After \"wedge\" resection all parameters were impaired. Twelve patients have died of cancer after a mean survival time of 16 months. Four of the 10 eligible patients have survived 5 years and more; seven patients are alive less than 5 years.", "PMID": 706966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2572", "title": "[The use of a myocardial screw electrode for continuous stimulation of the heart with a pacemaker (author's transl)].", "content": "In 50 patients with serious heart conduction disorders the authors describe the use of a new epicardial screw electrode (Medtronic models 6917 and 6917-A), inserted through a substernal route. The operative technique, the electrode and the authors' experience are described in detail. By comparison with others, the present technique offers many advantages.", "contents": "[The use of a myocardial screw electrode for continuous stimulation of the heart with a pacemaker (author's transl)]. In 50 patients with serious heart conduction disorders the authors describe the use of a new epicardial screw electrode (Medtronic models 6917 and 6917-A), inserted through a substernal route. The operative technique, the electrode and the authors' experience are described in detail. By comparison with others, the present technique offers many advantages.", "PMID": 706963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2573", "title": "[Concerning 50 low colorectal anastomosis by mechanical suture (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report 50 cases of low colorectal anastomosis performed with a Russian circular suture apparatus : the KC-28. They reserved this technique for all tumors situated more than 4 cm above the anorectal function and for which the exeresis required a dissection below the peritoneal reflection. Their study seems to confirm the impression that this technique maintains a sphincteral function while decreasing the operatory difficulties encountered during the production of similar anastomosis and far from compromises the cancerology value of the resection. The postoperative complications seem no more frequent than for the classical techniques. The only minor inconvenience being a anastomotic stricture in 24% of the cases.", "contents": "[Concerning 50 low colorectal anastomosis by mechanical suture (author's transl)]. The authors report 50 cases of low colorectal anastomosis performed with a Russian circular suture apparatus : the KC-28. They reserved this technique for all tumors situated more than 4 cm above the anorectal function and for which the exeresis required a dissection below the peritoneal reflection. Their study seems to confirm the impression that this technique maintains a sphincteral function while decreasing the operatory difficulties encountered during the production of similar anastomosis and far from compromises the cancerology value of the resection. The postoperative complications seem no more frequent than for the classical techniques. The only minor inconvenience being a anastomotic stricture in 24% of the cases.", "PMID": 706968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2574", "title": "[Conservative surgery of the pulmonary parenchyma and bronchial cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "In a series of 236 patients operated upon for bronchogenic carcinoma, a limited pulmonary resection with bronchial resection and anastomosis has been performed in 22 cases. There has been no postoperative mortality; the complications have been remarkably rare: anastomotic stenosis (1 case), temporary bronchial leak (2 cases), local recurrence (2 cases) by patients with hilar or mediastinal involvement, chylothorax (1 case). The pulmonary function also has not been much reduced by the operation, leaving the patients a good quality of life. Survival after bronchoplastic procedures as compared with pneumonectomy or lobectomy shows a mean survival of 30% to 12.5% and 21% respectively for the latter procedures.", "contents": "[Conservative surgery of the pulmonary parenchyma and bronchial cancer (author's transl)]. In a series of 236 patients operated upon for bronchogenic carcinoma, a limited pulmonary resection with bronchial resection and anastomosis has been performed in 22 cases. There has been no postoperative mortality; the complications have been remarkably rare: anastomotic stenosis (1 case), temporary bronchial leak (2 cases), local recurrence (2 cases) by patients with hilar or mediastinal involvement, chylothorax (1 case). The pulmonary function also has not been much reduced by the operation, leaving the patients a good quality of life. Survival after bronchoplastic procedures as compared with pneumonectomy or lobectomy shows a mean survival of 30% to 12.5% and 21% respectively for the latter procedures.", "PMID": 706967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2575", "title": "[Duplication of the colon in the adult (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe 2 cases of duplication of the colon. One was discovered by accident and not treated. The other occurred in a patient with a long story of abdominal pain and had been operated twice with signs of intestinal obstruction. A partial resection of the duplication with the adjoining bowel segment was performed and the digestive tract was reconstructed bij and end-to-end anastomosis. The different forms of duplication are described with their specific features and the current theories about their mode of formation. Finally a brief description of the symptoms and of the available surgical techniques is given.", "contents": "[Duplication of the colon in the adult (author's transl)]. The authors describe 2 cases of duplication of the colon. One was discovered by accident and not treated. The other occurred in a patient with a long story of abdominal pain and had been operated twice with signs of intestinal obstruction. A partial resection of the duplication with the adjoining bowel segment was performed and the digestive tract was reconstructed bij and end-to-end anastomosis. The different forms of duplication are described with their specific features and the current theories about their mode of formation. Finally a brief description of the symptoms and of the available surgical techniques is given.", "PMID": 706969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2576", "title": "[A propos a case of intestinal duplication in an adult (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report the case of a 26 year-old patient presenting with rectal hemorrhage. Roentgenograms showed the origin of this was an intestinal duplication. This congenital malformation is very rare in adults as it usually appears during childhood. Then comes an appraisal of the clinical signs, the histology, the embryology and the differential diagnosis between the isolated diverticulum of the digestive tract and the duplication.", "contents": "[A propos a case of intestinal duplication in an adult (author's transl)]. The authors report the case of a 26 year-old patient presenting with rectal hemorrhage. Roentgenograms showed the origin of this was an intestinal duplication. This congenital malformation is very rare in adults as it usually appears during childhood. Then comes an appraisal of the clinical signs, the histology, the embryology and the differential diagnosis between the isolated diverticulum of the digestive tract and the duplication.", "PMID": 706970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2577", "title": "[Hernial contusion : a little known lesion (author's transl)].", "content": "A personal case and a review of the literature are presented. The clinical picture consists essentially in a persistant pain in the hernia, following a benign trauma to the abdomen, that simulates a false strangulation and a peritonitis. The best diagnostic procedure is a median laparotomy with or without a herniotomy both allowing treatment of the lesions, of which the most common is a rupture of the small bowel on the side opposite to the mesenteron. This complication of a hernia, usually inguinal, often goes unrecognized because it is rare and has therefore a poor prognosis.", "contents": "[Hernial contusion : a little known lesion (author's transl)]. A personal case and a review of the literature are presented. The clinical picture consists essentially in a persistant pain in the hernia, following a benign trauma to the abdomen, that simulates a false strangulation and a peritonitis. The best diagnostic procedure is a median laparotomy with or without a herniotomy both allowing treatment of the lesions, of which the most common is a rupture of the small bowel on the side opposite to the mesenteron. This complication of a hernia, usually inguinal, often goes unrecognized because it is rare and has therefore a poor prognosis.", "PMID": 706971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2578", "title": "Transthoracic vagotomy for recurrent peptic ulcer after gastrectomy. An appraisal of fifteen years experience.", "content": "The case records of 38 patients operated for recurrent ulcer following partial gastrectomy were examined. They all underwent a transthoracic vagotomy. Two patients died during follow-up, one because of a gastro-intestinal bleeding 14 days after operation and one following a psychiatric disorder (vital depression) three months after his second intervention. According to Visick's  grading overall results are very good in 89%, moderate in 5.5% and disappointing in 5.5%. These figures indicate that transthoracic vagotomy is the treatment of choice for recurrent ulceration after partial gastrectomy.", "contents": "Transthoracic vagotomy for recurrent peptic ulcer after gastrectomy. An appraisal of fifteen years experience. The case records of 38 patients operated for recurrent ulcer following partial gastrectomy were examined. They all underwent a transthoracic vagotomy. Two patients died during follow-up, one because of a gastro-intestinal bleeding 14 days after operation and one following a psychiatric disorder (vital depression) three months after his second intervention. According to Visick's  grading overall results are very good in 89%, moderate in 5.5% and disappointing in 5.5%. These figures indicate that transthoracic vagotomy is the treatment of choice for recurrent ulceration after partial gastrectomy.", "PMID": 706972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2579", "title": "[Accidental papillary disinsertions during gastroduodenectomies. Report of two cases (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a report of two accidental papillary disinsertions. The first had a good result up to 23 years after a duodenal reimplantation. The second, referred from elsewhere was reimplanted in a pediculated intestinal segment interposed between the papilla and the afferent loop of the gastrectomy : the result ten years after is favorable. The authors stress the difficulty of recognizing an unexpected disinsertion and insist on the necessity of an early reoperation. Despite the optimism of some statistics there are serious operative complications. The best prevention in the surgical treatment of low situated duodenal ulcers remains a vagotomy associated to a gastric suction.", "contents": "[Accidental papillary disinsertions during gastroduodenectomies. Report of two cases (author's transl)]. This is a report of two accidental papillary disinsertions. The first had a good result up to 23 years after a duodenal reimplantation. The second, referred from elsewhere was reimplanted in a pediculated intestinal segment interposed between the papilla and the afferent loop of the gastrectomy : the result ten years after is favorable. The authors stress the difficulty of recognizing an unexpected disinsertion and insist on the necessity of an early reoperation. Despite the optimism of some statistics there are serious operative complications. The best prevention in the surgical treatment of low situated duodenal ulcers remains a vagotomy associated to a gastric suction.", "PMID": 706973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2580", "title": "[Anti-infections prophylaxis of infantile burns (author's transl)].", "content": "Analysis of 300 consecutive hospitalized children with burns. To prevent infection, patients are given a bath with chlorhexidine (0.03%) every day and their burns covered by silver sulfadiazine (1%) and occlusive dressings. In 5.3% of the children positive swabs were obtained during hospitalization and in only 2.3% on several occasions. No case of septicemia could be documented.", "contents": "[Anti-infections prophylaxis of infantile burns (author's transl)]. Analysis of 300 consecutive hospitalized children with burns. To prevent infection, patients are given a bath with chlorhexidine (0.03%) every day and their burns covered by silver sulfadiazine (1%) and occlusive dressings. In 5.3% of the children positive swabs were obtained during hospitalization and in only 2.3% on several occasions. No case of septicemia could be documented.", "PMID": 706974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2581", "title": "[Use of absorbable suture material for the correction of prominent ears (author's transl)].", "content": "The ester of the polyglycolic acid is very useful to maintain a correction of prominent ears. The good tolerance and longstanding traction force allow a satisfactory healing of the cartilage. Catgut for skin closure behind the ear has the psychological advantage of not having to be removed. This paper deals with the respective advantages of available suture materials.", "contents": "[Use of absorbable suture material for the correction of prominent ears (author's transl)]. The ester of the polyglycolic acid is very useful to maintain a correction of prominent ears. The good tolerance and longstanding traction force allow a satisfactory healing of the cartilage. Catgut for skin closure behind the ear has the psychological advantage of not having to be removed. This paper deals with the respective advantages of available suture materials.", "PMID": 706975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2582", "title": "[Intraoperative identification of parathyroid glands with methylene blue (author's transl)].", "content": "Identification of parathyroid glands during surgery for treatment of hyperparathyroidism remains difficult. The staining with methylene blue was first described by Dudley. Twenty-one patients were explored. Thirty to sixty minutes before surgical incision, an intravenous perfusion of methylene blue was started. The dose varied between 5 to 10 mg per kg. Thirty-seven enlarged glands were found of which 33 were obviously stained; 13 showed some color that could not be attributed with certainty to the dye; 1 adenome was not stained at all. In 89.2% of the cases the staining had the favorable effect of shortening the operation. Only 4 normal glands showed the blue stain. The affinity for methylene blue is thus mainly found in pathological parathyroid glands.", "contents": "[Intraoperative identification of parathyroid glands with methylene blue (author's transl)]. Identification of parathyroid glands during surgery for treatment of hyperparathyroidism remains difficult. The staining with methylene blue was first described by Dudley. Twenty-one patients were explored. Thirty to sixty minutes before surgical incision, an intravenous perfusion of methylene blue was started. The dose varied between 5 to 10 mg per kg. Thirty-seven enlarged glands were found of which 33 were obviously stained; 13 showed some color that could not be attributed with certainty to the dye; 1 adenome was not stained at all. In 89.2% of the cases the staining had the favorable effect of shortening the operation. Only 4 normal glands showed the blue stain. The affinity for methylene blue is thus mainly found in pathological parathyroid glands.", "PMID": 706976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2583", "title": "The extent of tissue damage in missile wounds one and six hours after the infliction of trauma studied by the current method of debridement.", "content": "Spherical missiles with velocities around 1000 m/s were used to inflict simultaneously missile trauma to both thighs of pigs. The determination of the impact and exit velocity enabled the extent of energy transferred to the tissues to be calculated. One thigh of each pig was treated surgically within one hour and the other one after a delay of 6 hours after trauma. The surgical procedure consisted of debriding muscle tissue which showed impaired contractility, consistency, discoloration or lack of capillary bleeding--current criteria of non-viability. The amount of debrided muscle tissue at the first operation showed a linear regression versus the extent of energy transfer, whereas after 6 hours no relation could be found between the amount of debrided tissue and energy transfer. There was no significant difference between the amount of debrided tissue per joule of transferred energy when the results of the two operations on each pig were compared.", "contents": "The extent of tissue damage in missile wounds one and six hours after the infliction of trauma studied by the current method of debridement. Spherical missiles with velocities around 1000 m/s were used to inflict simultaneously missile trauma to both thighs of pigs. The determination of the impact and exit velocity enabled the extent of energy transferred to the tissues to be calculated. One thigh of each pig was treated surgically within one hour and the other one after a delay of 6 hours after trauma. The surgical procedure consisted of debriding muscle tissue which showed impaired contractility, consistency, discoloration or lack of capillary bleeding--current criteria of non-viability. The amount of debrided muscle tissue at the first operation showed a linear regression versus the extent of energy transfer, whereas after 6 hours no relation could be found between the amount of debrided tissue and energy transfer. There was no significant difference between the amount of debrided tissue per joule of transferred energy when the results of the two operations on each pig were compared.", "PMID": 706989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2584", "title": "Cancer of the oesophagus. I. 1002 cases. Survey and survival.", "content": "A total of 1002 patients with cancer of the oesophagus seen at the Finsen Institute, Copenhagen, Radium Centre and/or Department of Surgery, during the 25-year period ending 31.12.1969, were analysed with a view to sex, age, localization of tumour, histology, and survival. The 5-year survival for all seen patients, corresponding to 25% of the cases recorded in the whole of Denmark, was 2.3%, the half-life 5.2 months, and the mean survival 7.5 months. After five years 18 of the 23 5-year survivors succumbed to recurrences. The prognosis is largely independent of sex, age, localization and histological type of tumour. In the present report no regard is paid to treatment, treatment variables being described in part II.", "contents": "Cancer of the oesophagus. I. 1002 cases. Survey and survival. A total of 1002 patients with cancer of the oesophagus seen at the Finsen Institute, Copenhagen, Radium Centre and/or Department of Surgery, during the 25-year period ending 31.12.1969, were analysed with a view to sex, age, localization of tumour, histology, and survival. The 5-year survival for all seen patients, corresponding to 25% of the cases recorded in the whole of Denmark, was 2.3%, the half-life 5.2 months, and the mean survival 7.5 months. After five years 18 of the 23 5-year survivors succumbed to recurrences. The prognosis is largely independent of sex, age, localization and histological type of tumour. In the present report no regard is paid to treatment, treatment variables being described in part II.", "PMID": 706990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2585", "title": "Mesenteric plication in the treatment of adhesive intestinal obstruction.", "content": "A material comprising 29 patients operated on by the method introduced by T. B. Noble is presented. The indication was acute obstruction in 17 cases, peritonitis in 6 and chronic obstruction in 6. The period of observation ranged from 1 to 11 years. The postoperative mortality was 3/29 and after follow-up of the remaining patients, the results were judged as satisfactory (good or fair) in 23 patients and poor in 3.", "contents": "Mesenteric plication in the treatment of adhesive intestinal obstruction. A material comprising 29 patients operated on by the method introduced by T. B. Noble is presented. The indication was acute obstruction in 17 cases, peritonitis in 6 and chronic obstruction in 6. The period of observation ranged from 1 to 11 years. The postoperative mortality was 3/29 and after follow-up of the remaining patients, the results were judged as satisfactory (good or fair) in 23 patients and poor in 3.", "PMID": 706993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2586", "title": "Recurrent small bowel obstruction caused by a benign tumor. A report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of primary small bowel tumors causing an acute intussusception are presented. In one case two polyps were found and in the other case a lipoma in the wall of the jejunum. In both cases there were symptoms of recurrent bowel obstruction for several months before the acute condition. Although intussusception caused by a benign tumor of the small bowel is a rare condition it should be taken into consideration in the differential diagnosis of abdominal pain of doubtful origin.", "contents": "Recurrent small bowel obstruction caused by a benign tumor. A report of two cases. Two cases of primary small bowel tumors causing an acute intussusception are presented. In one case two polyps were found and in the other case a lipoma in the wall of the jejunum. In both cases there were symptoms of recurrent bowel obstruction for several months before the acute condition. Although intussusception caused by a benign tumor of the small bowel is a rare condition it should be taken into consideration in the differential diagnosis of abdominal pain of doubtful origin.", "PMID": 706994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2587", "title": "Left paraduodenal hernia with chronic abdominal symptoms.", "content": "A case of left paraduodenal hernia giving chronic abdominal symptoms is presented. For 3 years the patient had had unexplained abdominal pains, the reason for which was not found until a laparotomy was performed. A retrospective review of the x-ray films showed that an internal hernia should have been suspected from the small bowel follow-through and barium enema. The possible existence of an internal hernia in cases of unexplained abdominal pains is emphasized.", "contents": "Left paraduodenal hernia with chronic abdominal symptoms. A case of left paraduodenal hernia giving chronic abdominal symptoms is presented. For 3 years the patient had had unexplained abdominal pains, the reason for which was not found until a laparotomy was performed. A retrospective review of the x-ray films showed that an internal hernia should have been suspected from the small bowel follow-through and barium enema. The possible existence of an internal hernia in cases of unexplained abdominal pains is emphasized.", "PMID": 706995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2588", "title": "Effects of chronic TSH treatment on blood sugar, serum IRI and FFA levels of thyroidectomized dogs. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests.", "content": "The effects of TSH treatment (0.1 USPU/kg body weight/die, for 3-4 days) on the blood sugar, serum IRI and circulating FFA responses to glucose and insulin were studied. Blood sugar and serum FFA levels of the dogs, in basal conditions and at any time interval during the test were slightly modified by TSH treatment. The kinetics of insulin disappearance from blood was not affected while the mean serum IRI during the insulin tolerance test was moderately reduced, which suggests that insulin space is moderately raised by TSH. The serum IRI response to glucose (OGTT, IVGTT) was found to be significantly and intensely reduced. The possibility of an inhibitory action of TSH on the insulin response to glucose in dogs, excluding the participation of the thyroid, exerted via insulin space and secretion is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of chronic TSH treatment on blood sugar, serum IRI and FFA levels of thyroidectomized dogs. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests. The effects of TSH treatment (0.1 USPU/kg body weight/die, for 3-4 days) on the blood sugar, serum IRI and circulating FFA responses to glucose and insulin were studied. Blood sugar and serum FFA levels of the dogs, in basal conditions and at any time interval during the test were slightly modified by TSH treatment. The kinetics of insulin disappearance from blood was not affected while the mean serum IRI during the insulin tolerance test was moderately reduced, which suggests that insulin space is moderately raised by TSH. The serum IRI response to glucose (OGTT, IVGTT) was found to be significantly and intensely reduced. The possibility of an inhibitory action of TSH on the insulin response to glucose in dogs, excluding the participation of the thyroid, exerted via insulin space and secretion is discussed.", "PMID": 706997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2589", "title": "Attempts to prepare 'insulin-free plasma' from human subjects: effects of serial dilution and insulin recovery studies on immunoreactive insulin activity of partially insulin-free plasma.", "content": "The reason for attempts to prepare insulin-free plasma from human plasma is discussed. Binding agent, employed to prepare insulin-free plasma, had a capacity to bind 40% of insulin in the system. Insulin recovery from the filtrate of human standard insulin-binding agent reaction was 60%. Human plasma incubated with binding agent gave a filtrate--partially insulin-free plasma (PIFP)--which contained significantly higher amounts of insulin compared to calculated values. Insulin in PIFP was not augmented by serial dilution. Human standard insulin added to PIFP was recovered in full and the mixture was not dilution augmentable. Incubation of human plasma--human standard insulin (106 microunits/ml) mixture with binding agent gave a PIFP which had 60% of total insulin in the mixture. Dialysis did not alter the immunoreactive insulin activity of plasma. Dialysed samples showed augmentation of insulin activity on serial dilution. These observations strongly suggest the presence of a high molecular-weight, insulin-like inhibitory component in human plasma.", "contents": "Attempts to prepare 'insulin-free plasma' from human subjects: effects of serial dilution and insulin recovery studies on immunoreactive insulin activity of partially insulin-free plasma. The reason for attempts to prepare insulin-free plasma from human plasma is discussed. Binding agent, employed to prepare insulin-free plasma, had a capacity to bind 40% of insulin in the system. Insulin recovery from the filtrate of human standard insulin-binding agent reaction was 60%. Human plasma incubated with binding agent gave a filtrate--partially insulin-free plasma (PIFP)--which contained significantly higher amounts of insulin compared to calculated values. Insulin in PIFP was not augmented by serial dilution. Human standard insulin added to PIFP was recovered in full and the mixture was not dilution augmentable. Incubation of human plasma--human standard insulin (106 microunits/ml) mixture with binding agent gave a PIFP which had 60% of total insulin in the mixture. Dialysis did not alter the immunoreactive insulin activity of plasma. Dialysed samples showed augmentation of insulin activity on serial dilution. These observations strongly suggest the presence of a high molecular-weight, insulin-like inhibitory component in human plasma.", "PMID": 706998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2590", "title": "Studies on the morphologic and metabolic changes of human fat cells maintained in culture.", "content": "Specimens of human adipose tissue were maintained in vitro for one week and cell size as well as metabolic rates determined before and after the culture period. Large fat cells from obese donors decreased towards 'normal' cell size while this was not the case for cells from non-obese donors. This decrease was probably due to the increased lipolysis found while glucose incorporation was unchanged. Analogous to the findings with obese subjects placed on a weight-reducing regimen, the present data show that when large fat cells are removed from their anabolic, hyperinsulinic environment, 'normalization' in cell size occurs.", "contents": "Studies on the morphologic and metabolic changes of human fat cells maintained in culture. Specimens of human adipose tissue were maintained in vitro for one week and cell size as well as metabolic rates determined before and after the culture period. Large fat cells from obese donors decreased towards 'normal' cell size while this was not the case for cells from non-obese donors. This decrease was probably due to the increased lipolysis found while glucose incorporation was unchanged. Analogous to the findings with obese subjects placed on a weight-reducing regimen, the present data show that when large fat cells are removed from their anabolic, hyperinsulinic environment, 'normalization' in cell size occurs.", "PMID": 706999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2591", "title": "Increased intestinal absorption of insulin in a micellar solution: water-in-oil-in-water insulin micelles.", "content": "Water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) insulin micelles were prepared, and the possibility of insulin absorption in a micellar form was examined. In this preparation, insulin was trapped in oil droplets of oleic acid in glyceryl-alpha-monooleate. (1) W/O/W insulin micelles were absorbed from the ligated jejunal loop of rabbits to the order of 12.3 to 58.5% of the dose given (10 mU/kg body weight) during the 3-h experimental period. (2) Alloxan diabetic rats were treated with intrajejunal administration of W/O/W insulin micelles at a dosage of either 25 or 50 mU/100 g body weight, three times daily for as long as 14 days. During treatment, a significant reduction in the daily excretion of urinary glucose was observed, concomitant with a decrease in fasting blood glucose. Quantitative estimates suggested that the effectiveness of 25 mU/100 g of intrajejunal W/O/W insulin micelles was comparable to that of regular insulin at a dosage of 1 mU/100 g i.m. These results would indicate that W/O/W insulin micelles, when given enterally, are more effective in lowering blood and urinary glucose levels than W/O/W insulin emulsions in which insulin was trapped in oil droplets of triglyceride.", "contents": "Increased intestinal absorption of insulin in a micellar solution: water-in-oil-in-water insulin micelles. Water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) insulin micelles were prepared, and the possibility of insulin absorption in a micellar form was examined. In this preparation, insulin was trapped in oil droplets of oleic acid in glyceryl-alpha-monooleate. (1) W/O/W insulin micelles were absorbed from the ligated jejunal loop of rabbits to the order of 12.3 to 58.5% of the dose given (10 mU/kg body weight) during the 3-h experimental period. (2) Alloxan diabetic rats were treated with intrajejunal administration of W/O/W insulin micelles at a dosage of either 25 or 50 mU/100 g body weight, three times daily for as long as 14 days. During treatment, a significant reduction in the daily excretion of urinary glucose was observed, concomitant with a decrease in fasting blood glucose. Quantitative estimates suggested that the effectiveness of 25 mU/100 g of intrajejunal W/O/W insulin micelles was comparable to that of regular insulin at a dosage of 1 mU/100 g i.m. These results would indicate that W/O/W insulin micelles, when given enterally, are more effective in lowering blood and urinary glucose levels than W/O/W insulin emulsions in which insulin was trapped in oil droplets of triglyceride.", "PMID": 707000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2592", "title": "Increased sensitivity to 5-hydroxytryptamine due to intraventricular administration of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine.", "content": "The possibility that intraventricular administration of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT) can cause a development of denervation hypersensitivity to central 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was examined in rats with special reference to the pituitary-adrenocortical functions. Pretreatment with intraventricular injection of 5,6-DHT itself did not affect the basal concentrations or stress-induced increases of plasma B. The same pre-treatment, however, elicited augmented responses to subcutaneous injection of 5-HTP, i.e. there was a significant rise in the concentrations of plasma B as compared with those in the controls. These results suggest a development of denervation hypersensitivity to 5-HT following intraventricular injection of 5,6-DHT.", "contents": "Increased sensitivity to 5-hydroxytryptamine due to intraventricular administration of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine. The possibility that intraventricular administration of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT) can cause a development of denervation hypersensitivity to central 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was examined in rats with special reference to the pituitary-adrenocortical functions. Pretreatment with intraventricular injection of 5,6-DHT itself did not affect the basal concentrations or stress-induced increases of plasma B. The same pre-treatment, however, elicited augmented responses to subcutaneous injection of 5-HTP, i.e. there was a significant rise in the concentrations of plasma B as compared with those in the controls. These results suggest a development of denervation hypersensitivity to 5-HT following intraventricular injection of 5,6-DHT.", "PMID": 707004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2593", "title": "Clonidine effect on insulin secretion and lipolysis in man.", "content": "Clonidine is a hypotensive drug acting as an alpha-mimetic agent in the central nervous system and causing cardiovascular depression. Clonidine administration in animals and man causes slight hyperglycemia and lipid mobilization, as well as an increase in growth hormone levels. We have studied the effect of a 3-day oral treatment (78 microgram three times daily) upon glucose (5 g i.v.)- and tolbutamide (1 g i.v.)-induced insulin release in subjects without metabolic alterations. Acute insulin response (3 min after IVGTT) and insulin release (area between 0 and 10 min) were significantly reduced after clonidine treatment. Blood glucose levels were not affected by clonidine treatment; the insulinogenic index 3 min after the glucose load was significantly reduced by clonidine administration. There was neither an evident effect on tolbutamide-induced insulin release nor a modification of the hypoglycemic effect of tolbutamide. Clonidine did not affect basal lipolysis, evaluated in vitro as glycerol release from human subcutaneous adipose tissue fragments, while norepinephrine-induced lipolysis was slightly reduced. The results presented are compatible with an alpha-mimetic effect of clonidine on pancreatic and adipose tissue.", "contents": "Clonidine effect on insulin secretion and lipolysis in man. Clonidine is a hypotensive drug acting as an alpha-mimetic agent in the central nervous system and causing cardiovascular depression. Clonidine administration in animals and man causes slight hyperglycemia and lipid mobilization, as well as an increase in growth hormone levels. We have studied the effect of a 3-day oral treatment (78 microgram three times daily) upon glucose (5 g i.v.)- and tolbutamide (1 g i.v.)-induced insulin release in subjects without metabolic alterations. Acute insulin response (3 min after IVGTT) and insulin release (area between 0 and 10 min) were significantly reduced after clonidine treatment. Blood glucose levels were not affected by clonidine treatment; the insulinogenic index 3 min after the glucose load was significantly reduced by clonidine administration. There was neither an evident effect on tolbutamide-induced insulin release nor a modification of the hypoglycemic effect of tolbutamide. Clonidine did not affect basal lipolysis, evaluated in vitro as glycerol release from human subcutaneous adipose tissue fragments, while norepinephrine-induced lipolysis was slightly reduced. The results presented are compatible with an alpha-mimetic effect of clonidine on pancreatic and adipose tissue.", "PMID": 707001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2594", "title": "Primary empty sella syndrome with panhypopituitarism, diabetes insipidus, and visual field defects.", "content": "A 58 year old woman with a history of hypothyroidism was evaluated for marked visual impairment and found to have the primary empty sella syndrome with multiple endocrine abnormalities. Visual field determination revealed preservation of vision only in the left inferior quadrants bilaterally. Failure of growth hormone (hGH), cortisol and prolactin to respond to insulin induced hypoglycaemia (0.1 U/kg), of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) to respond to gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH, 100 microgram) and of thyrotrophin (TSH) and prolactin to increase after thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH, 500 microgram), confirmed the diagnosis of panhypopituitarism. Following water deprivation with a 9% loss in body weight, her urine osmolality remained at 204 mOsm./kg H2O), indicating that she had posterior pituitary deficiency as well. During surgical exploration, which was performed in an effort to improve her markedly impaired vision, a compromised vascular supply to the left optic nerve and chronic arachnoiditis was demonstrated. This case represents one extreme of functional impairment in a syndrome which is generally considered benign and which rarely requires therapeutic intervention. Our patient is compared to 29 reported cases of the primary empty sella syndrome with visual field defects. The operative findings in eight of these cases are reviewed. The need for a multidisciplinary approach and close follow-up of patients with an empty sella and functional deficits is emphasized. Surgical intervention including lysis of adhesions and chiasmapexy has been effective in selected cases in reversing or stabilizing visual field abnormalities.", "contents": "Primary empty sella syndrome with panhypopituitarism, diabetes insipidus, and visual field defects. A 58 year old woman with a history of hypothyroidism was evaluated for marked visual impairment and found to have the primary empty sella syndrome with multiple endocrine abnormalities. Visual field determination revealed preservation of vision only in the left inferior quadrants bilaterally. Failure of growth hormone (hGH), cortisol and prolactin to respond to insulin induced hypoglycaemia (0.1 U/kg), of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) to respond to gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH, 100 microgram) and of thyrotrophin (TSH) and prolactin to increase after thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH, 500 microgram), confirmed the diagnosis of panhypopituitarism. Following water deprivation with a 9% loss in body weight, her urine osmolality remained at 204 mOsm./kg H2O), indicating that she had posterior pituitary deficiency as well. During surgical exploration, which was performed in an effort to improve her markedly impaired vision, a compromised vascular supply to the left optic nerve and chronic arachnoiditis was demonstrated. This case represents one extreme of functional impairment in a syndrome which is generally considered benign and which rarely requires therapeutic intervention. Our patient is compared to 29 reported cases of the primary empty sella syndrome with visual field defects. The operative findings in eight of these cases are reviewed. The need for a multidisciplinary approach and close follow-up of patients with an empty sella and functional deficits is emphasized. Surgical intervention including lysis of adhesions and chiasmapexy has been effective in selected cases in reversing or stabilizing visual field abnormalities.", "PMID": 707005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2595", "title": "Painful myocardial infarction in severe diabetic autonomic neuropathy.", "content": "Two cases are reported of painful myocardial infarction in diabetics with severe autonomic neuropathy confirmed by abnormal autonomic function tests. Painless myocardial infarction in diabetics has traditionally been attributed to damage of cardiac pain fibres by autonomic neuropathy but other factors such as microangiopathy in the myocardium may be responsible. It may simply be that diabetics come into hospital more often for other reasons and a silent myocardial infarction diagnosed incidentally.", "contents": "Painful myocardial infarction in severe diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Two cases are reported of painful myocardial infarction in diabetics with severe autonomic neuropathy confirmed by abnormal autonomic function tests. Painless myocardial infarction in diabetics has traditionally been attributed to damage of cardiac pain fibres by autonomic neuropathy but other factors such as microangiopathy in the myocardium may be responsible. It may simply be that diabetics come into hospital more often for other reasons and a silent myocardial infarction diagnosed incidentally.", "PMID": 707002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2596", "title": "Urinary hydroxyproline excretion in acromegaly.", "content": "The urinary hydroxyproline excretion of 8 acromegalics kept on a collagen free diet has been studied. Urinary hydroxyproline showed a circadian rhythm with maximum excretion rates at night and early morning and minimum excretion rates in the late afternoon and evening. When mean values are compared, there is a significant correlation between fasting GH-levels and 24 h urinary hydroxyproline excretion (Rs = 0.74 and between GH and fasting hydroxyproline:creatinine ratios (Rs = 0.76). No significant correlation could be demonstrated between collagen content of bone biopsies and GH-levels or urinary hydroxyproline excretion. It is suggested that a practical assessment of disease activity in acromegaly can be achieved through a simplified hydroxyproline assay.", "contents": "Urinary hydroxyproline excretion in acromegaly. The urinary hydroxyproline excretion of 8 acromegalics kept on a collagen free diet has been studied. Urinary hydroxyproline showed a circadian rhythm with maximum excretion rates at night and early morning and minimum excretion rates in the late afternoon and evening. When mean values are compared, there is a significant correlation between fasting GH-levels and 24 h urinary hydroxyproline excretion (Rs = 0.74 and between GH and fasting hydroxyproline:creatinine ratios (Rs = 0.76). No significant correlation could be demonstrated between collagen content of bone biopsies and GH-levels or urinary hydroxyproline excretion. It is suggested that a practical assessment of disease activity in acromegaly can be achieved through a simplified hydroxyproline assay.", "PMID": 707006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2597", "title": "Diabetic neuropathic cachexia.", "content": "A case of diabetic neuropathic cachexia is presented. This unusual syndrome within the broad group of diabetic neuropathies is characterized by extreme loss of body mass and severe neuropathic pain. The loss of body weight is unassociated with glycosuria or ketoacidosis. Initially, the patient may present a confusing picture suggestive of carcinomatous neuropathy.", "contents": "Diabetic neuropathic cachexia. A case of diabetic neuropathic cachexia is presented. This unusual syndrome within the broad group of diabetic neuropathies is characterized by extreme loss of body mass and severe neuropathic pain. The loss of body weight is unassociated with glycosuria or ketoacidosis. Initially, the patient may present a confusing picture suggestive of carcinomatous neuropathy.", "PMID": 707003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2598", "title": "Studies on a human chorionic gonadotrophin-like material present in non-pregnant subjects.", "content": "The presence of an hCG-like material in urinary and pituitary extracts and plasma obtained from non-pregnant subjects was investigated. Two assay methods were used to detect this material following fractionation of pituitary and urinary extracts by gel filtration (Ultrogel AcA 54) and/or isoelectrofocusing: a) a radioimmunoassay employing an antiserum raised against a specific sequence of the carboxy terminal region (residues 115--145) of the beta-subunit of hCG, and b) an in vitro bioassay method which measures both hLH and hCG activities. The fractionation procedures employed provide a satisfactory separation of highly purified hCG and hLH preparations. In the pituitary and urinary extracts hCG beta-peptide-like immunoactive (PIA) material was found consistently, which co-eluted with iodinated hCG following gel filtration and possessed pI values similar to those of hCG when subjected to isoelectrofocusing. The PIA material also exhibited in vitro biological activity similar to that shown by hLH and hCG. Detectable levels of immunoactive material were also found in plasma; however, the plasma levels of this PIA material were not influenced by classical endocrine measures such as the stimulation or inhibition of gonadotrophin secretion. The low levels of this material in plasma precluded its further characterization by gel filtration or electrofocusing. Whereas the present data and those reported by other investigators seem to suggest the presence of some hCG-like material in urinary and pituitary extracts and possibly in plasma of non-pregnant subjects, it is emphasized that the available evidence is not sufficiently conclusive to exclude other interpretations as to the nature of this material.", "contents": "Studies on a human chorionic gonadotrophin-like material present in non-pregnant subjects. The presence of an hCG-like material in urinary and pituitary extracts and plasma obtained from non-pregnant subjects was investigated. Two assay methods were used to detect this material following fractionation of pituitary and urinary extracts by gel filtration (Ultrogel AcA 54) and/or isoelectrofocusing: a) a radioimmunoassay employing an antiserum raised against a specific sequence of the carboxy terminal region (residues 115--145) of the beta-subunit of hCG, and b) an in vitro bioassay method which measures both hLH and hCG activities. The fractionation procedures employed provide a satisfactory separation of highly purified hCG and hLH preparations. In the pituitary and urinary extracts hCG beta-peptide-like immunoactive (PIA) material was found consistently, which co-eluted with iodinated hCG following gel filtration and possessed pI values similar to those of hCG when subjected to isoelectrofocusing. The PIA material also exhibited in vitro biological activity similar to that shown by hLH and hCG. Detectable levels of immunoactive material were also found in plasma; however, the plasma levels of this PIA material were not influenced by classical endocrine measures such as the stimulation or inhibition of gonadotrophin secretion. The low levels of this material in plasma precluded its further characterization by gel filtration or electrofocusing. Whereas the present data and those reported by other investigators seem to suggest the presence of some hCG-like material in urinary and pituitary extracts and possibly in plasma of non-pregnant subjects, it is emphasized that the available evidence is not sufficiently conclusive to exclude other interpretations as to the nature of this material.", "PMID": 707007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2599", "title": "Ultrastructural morphometry of sparsely granulated prolactin cell adenomas of the human pituitary.", "content": "Fifteen sparsely granulated prolactin-producing adenomas and 10 nontumourous adenohypophyses, removed by surgical hypophysectomy, have been studied using morphometry at the electron microscopic level. Compared to non-tumourous prolactin cells, sparsely granulated adenomatous prolactin cells showed a significant decrease in diameter and volume density of secretory granules and an increased volume density of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. The volume density of mitochondria remained unchanged. These results indicate that the cells of the adenoma are in a highly active functional state. It appears that the equilibrium between hormone synthesis, storage and release is altered in adenomatous prolactin cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructural morphometry of sparsely granulated prolactin cell adenomas of the human pituitary. Fifteen sparsely granulated prolactin-producing adenomas and 10 nontumourous adenohypophyses, removed by surgical hypophysectomy, have been studied using morphometry at the electron microscopic level. Compared to non-tumourous prolactin cells, sparsely granulated adenomatous prolactin cells showed a significant decrease in diameter and volume density of secretory granules and an increased volume density of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. The volume density of mitochondria remained unchanged. These results indicate that the cells of the adenoma are in a highly active functional state. It appears that the equilibrium between hormone synthesis, storage and release is altered in adenomatous prolactin cells.", "PMID": 707008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2600", "title": "On the relative biological and immunoreactive potencies of luteinizing hormone in the oestradiol benzoate-treated male rat.", "content": "Mature male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 50 microgram oestradiol benzoate (OeB) per day for 7 days and killed 24 h after the last injection. Serum and pituitary luteinzing hormone (LH) levels were measured by RIA using NIAMDD rat hormone for iodination code I4 (rLH-I4) combined with either NIAMDD-anti-rat LH serum 3 (AS3) or serum 1 (AS1). Pituitary LH levels were also measured by an in vitro bioassay procedure in which testosterone production by dispersed rat testicular interstitial cells is related to the concentration of LH. Pituitary LH levels were reduced in OeB-treated rats regardless of which of the three assay systems was used. However, absolute values obtained in all three assays systems were statistically correlated. OeB-treatment did not significantly alter the relative bioassayable and immunoassayable potencies of LH present in pituitaries at autopsy. OeB-treated rats had non-detectable serum LH levels as measured by RIA using either AS1 or AS3 in combination with [125I]rLH-I4. These results confirm that chronic OeB-treatment decreases pituitary LH and suggest a decrease in serum LH as well. Comparison of the present with previous results revealed particular combinations of RIA reagents yield divergent estimates for serum LH in OeB-treated male rats. This situation emphasizes the need to carefully specify all RIA reagents used in any study since the results may very with different lots of RIA regents.", "contents": "On the relative biological and immunoreactive potencies of luteinizing hormone in the oestradiol benzoate-treated male rat. Mature male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 50 microgram oestradiol benzoate (OeB) per day for 7 days and killed 24 h after the last injection. Serum and pituitary luteinzing hormone (LH) levels were measured by RIA using NIAMDD rat hormone for iodination code I4 (rLH-I4) combined with either NIAMDD-anti-rat LH serum 3 (AS3) or serum 1 (AS1). Pituitary LH levels were also measured by an in vitro bioassay procedure in which testosterone production by dispersed rat testicular interstitial cells is related to the concentration of LH. Pituitary LH levels were reduced in OeB-treated rats regardless of which of the three assay systems was used. However, absolute values obtained in all three assays systems were statistically correlated. OeB-treatment did not significantly alter the relative bioassayable and immunoassayable potencies of LH present in pituitaries at autopsy. OeB-treated rats had non-detectable serum LH levels as measured by RIA using either AS1 or AS3 in combination with [125I]rLH-I4. These results confirm that chronic OeB-treatment decreases pituitary LH and suggest a decrease in serum LH as well. Comparison of the present with previous results revealed particular combinations of RIA reagents yield divergent estimates for serum LH in OeB-treated male rats. This situation emphasizes the need to carefully specify all RIA reagents used in any study since the results may very with different lots of RIA regents.", "PMID": 707009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2601", "title": "Cytoplasmic oestrogen receptor replenishment: oestrogens versus anti-oestrogens.", "content": "The effect of the in vivo administration of various triphenylethylene antioestrogens and physiological (0.05 microgram) versus pharmacological (0.5--5 microgram) doses of oestradiol-17 beta (Oe2) on the uterotrophic process in general and the nuclear accumulation and cytoplasmic depletion and replenishment of uterine oestrogen receptor was determined. Regardless of the dose of Oe2 the changes in uterine wet weight, total protein and incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA and [14C]leucine into protein were the same at 24 h. The anti-oestrogen receptor was also studied. The net increase, above control, of cytoplasmic oestrogen receptor at 24 h and 48 h after Oe2 injection was approximately 0.35 and 0.77 pmoles/uterus, respectively. The effect of anti-oestrogens (U-11,100A, CI628, en- and zuclomiphene) on the  increase in cytoplasmic  oestrogen receptor at 24 h and 48 h measured from maximally depleted levels was nearly identical to the Oe2 induced net increase. This suggests that in both cases these particular increases represent newly synthesized receptor and that Oe2 causes some receptor replenishment through a recycling process.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic oestrogen receptor replenishment: oestrogens versus anti-oestrogens. The effect of the in vivo administration of various triphenylethylene antioestrogens and physiological (0.05 microgram) versus pharmacological (0.5--5 microgram) doses of oestradiol-17 beta (Oe2) on the uterotrophic process in general and the nuclear accumulation and cytoplasmic depletion and replenishment of uterine oestrogen receptor was determined. Regardless of the dose of Oe2 the changes in uterine wet weight, total protein and incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA and [14C]leucine into protein were the same at 24 h. The anti-oestrogen receptor was also studied. The net increase, above control, of cytoplasmic oestrogen receptor at 24 h and 48 h after Oe2 injection was approximately 0.35 and 0.77 pmoles/uterus, respectively. The effect of anti-oestrogens (U-11,100A, CI628, en- and zuclomiphene) on the  increase in cytoplasmic  oestrogen receptor at 24 h and 48 h measured from maximally depleted levels was nearly identical to the Oe2 induced net increase. This suggests that in both cases these particular increases represent newly synthesized receptor and that Oe2 causes some receptor replenishment through a recycling process.", "PMID": 707011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2602", "title": "Characterization of the human chorionic gonadotrophin fractions in pregnancy urine.", "content": "The human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) preparation (ca. 3000 IU/mg) from pooled pregnancy urine has been fractionated using anion-exchange and gel exclusion chromatography. The various fractions, many of which were heterogeneous, were assayed using radioimmunoassay (RIA) and a testicular radio-receptor assay (RRA). Three fractions were obtained with potencies between 9000 and 20 000 IU/mg); five fractions were characterized by potencies between 1000 and 6000 IU/mg; and four fractions exhibited low potencies (less than 500 IU/mg). A linear relationship between RRA and RIA potency (P) was found to exist for the various fractions: In(PRRA) = 1.14 In(PRIA) - 1.67. The major fractions, which exhibited various potencies, were further characterized by amino acid and carbohydrate analysis. Urine was collected from an individual at various times of gestation, and the hCG fraction was concentrated by benzoic acid and ethanol precipitation. Ion-exchange chromatography of the hCG fraction yielded multiple immunoreactive components throughout pregnancy; thus the observed heterogeneity in the commercial preparation does not appear to result from processing pooled urine from numerous donors. Also, heterogeneity was observed in an individual donor whose urine was not treated with the benzoic acid and alcohol fractionation scheme. It seems indisputable that individual urinary hCG is heterogenous, and this does not appear to reflect isolation artefacts.", "contents": "Characterization of the human chorionic gonadotrophin fractions in pregnancy urine. The human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) preparation (ca. 3000 IU/mg) from pooled pregnancy urine has been fractionated using anion-exchange and gel exclusion chromatography. The various fractions, many of which were heterogeneous, were assayed using radioimmunoassay (RIA) and a testicular radio-receptor assay (RRA). Three fractions were obtained with potencies between 9000 and 20 000 IU/mg); five fractions were characterized by potencies between 1000 and 6000 IU/mg; and four fractions exhibited low potencies (less than 500 IU/mg). A linear relationship between RRA and RIA potency (P) was found to exist for the various fractions: In(PRRA) = 1.14 In(PRIA) - 1.67. The major fractions, which exhibited various potencies, were further characterized by amino acid and carbohydrate analysis. Urine was collected from an individual at various times of gestation, and the hCG fraction was concentrated by benzoic acid and ethanol precipitation. Ion-exchange chromatography of the hCG fraction yielded multiple immunoreactive components throughout pregnancy; thus the observed heterogeneity in the commercial preparation does not appear to result from processing pooled urine from numerous donors. Also, heterogeneity was observed in an individual donor whose urine was not treated with the benzoic acid and alcohol fractionation scheme. It seems indisputable that individual urinary hCG is heterogenous, and this does not appear to reflect isolation artefacts.", "PMID": 707012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2603", "title": "Malignant hyperthermia.", "content": "Malignant hyperthermia is now recognized as a distinct entity in anesthetic practice and can be considered as a pharmacogenetic disease of obscure etiology occuring in man and pigs with a dominant inheritance. A close association with myopathy has been noted. Commonly used muscle relaxants or anesthetic drugs can act as triggering agents in genetically susceptible patients, who develop a real hypermetabolic state, characterized by a rapid rise in body temperature, muscular rigidity, tachycardia and tachypnoea, cyanosis and severe respiratory and metabolic acidosis, the lethality being about 60%. Other clinical, biochemical and histopathological features of this condition are described. The prevention and early diagnosis of this syndrome is very important. Therefore, it is necessary in the preanesthetic evaluation, to obtain information from the patient, with regard to previous anesthetic experiences, and to have a more exact anamnesis in patients with muscular diseases or with other members of the family under suspicion. Some screening methods are described. The prognosis of malignant hyperthermia depends on an early diagnosis. Although the incidence is, fortunately, small, this condition is sufficiently significant and acute in nature to require that anesthesiologist be aware of its clinical pathophysiology and prepared to recognize and treat it promptly. Therefore body temperature should be controlled continuously in all anesthetized patients, particularly in the younger age group and especially in those in which symptoms of muscle rigor have been observed particularly after application of succinylcholine and halothane. A regime of treatment is suggested, based on current concepts of the pathogenesis. It consists in establishing effective and rapid cooling, reversal of tissue hypoxia and correction of respiratory and metabolic acidosis and hyperkalemia. Specific therapy with dantrolene sodium may prove to be an answer to this serious problem.", "contents": "Malignant hyperthermia. Malignant hyperthermia is now recognized as a distinct entity in anesthetic practice and can be considered as a pharmacogenetic disease of obscure etiology occuring in man and pigs with a dominant inheritance. A close association with myopathy has been noted. Commonly used muscle relaxants or anesthetic drugs can act as triggering agents in genetically susceptible patients, who develop a real hypermetabolic state, characterized by a rapid rise in body temperature, muscular rigidity, tachycardia and tachypnoea, cyanosis and severe respiratory and metabolic acidosis, the lethality being about 60%. Other clinical, biochemical and histopathological features of this condition are described. The prevention and early diagnosis of this syndrome is very important. Therefore, it is necessary in the preanesthetic evaluation, to obtain information from the patient, with regard to previous anesthetic experiences, and to have a more exact anamnesis in patients with muscular diseases or with other members of the family under suspicion. Some screening methods are described. The prognosis of malignant hyperthermia depends on an early diagnosis. Although the incidence is, fortunately, small, this condition is sufficiently significant and acute in nature to require that anesthesiologist be aware of its clinical pathophysiology and prepared to recognize and treat it promptly. Therefore body temperature should be controlled continuously in all anesthetized patients, particularly in the younger age group and especially in those in which symptoms of muscle rigor have been observed particularly after application of succinylcholine and halothane. A regime of treatment is suggested, based on current concepts of the pathogenesis. It consists in establishing effective and rapid cooling, reversal of tissue hypoxia and correction of respiratory and metabolic acidosis and hyperkalemia. Specific therapy with dantrolene sodium may prove to be an answer to this serious problem.", "PMID": 707024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2604", "title": "Anesthetic death.", "content": "Death due to anesthesia is a tragic paradox. The numbers about the frequency of anesthesia-related-death published in many reports have a relative value, as it is impossible to compare them one to another. A synoptic table of 20 important studies made on this subject, shows a great variation in figures concerning the incidence of death related to anesthesia. The most common causes of \"anesthetic-death\" are mentioned and some suggestions are made to decrease the frequency of death due to anesthesia.", "contents": "Anesthetic death. Death due to anesthesia is a tragic paradox. The numbers about the frequency of anesthesia-related-death published in many reports have a relative value, as it is impossible to compare them one to another. A synoptic table of 20 important studies made on this subject, shows a great variation in figures concerning the incidence of death related to anesthesia. The most common causes of \"anesthetic-death\" are mentioned and some suggestions are made to decrease the frequency of death due to anesthesia.", "PMID": 707025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2605", "title": "The place of the anesthetist in the medical hospital team.", "content": "The historical development of surgery and anesthesiology, has made the anesthetist an expert in the following fields: 1. Providing analgesia. 2. Homeostasis of the internal environment or respiratory, circulatory and metabolic resuscitation. 3. Continuous titrated therapy. 4. Applied pharmacology. The question put forward to the anesthetist has been, whether he should limit the application of his skills to the operating theatre, or whether he should take his skills to the whole hospital, by working in the intensive therapy unit and participating actively in the preparation of the patient for surgery, in the care of life threatening emergencies in the hospital and outside of the hospital, in treating pain problems in hospitalized and ambulatory patients. From our experience, we think that the anesthetist cannot and may not limit his activities to the operating theatre. In order however to maintain availability and competence, intensive therapy, emergency care and pain therapy, should be organized on an interdisciplinary basis. A special team, as old as anesthesia itself, is the team surgeon-anesthetist. The rules of conduct within this team are discussed. It is concluded that safety during anesthesia has increased, through the activities of the anesthetist outside of the operating theatre. One anesthetist should however remain available at any moment during anesthesia, for every one patient.", "contents": "The place of the anesthetist in the medical hospital team. The historical development of surgery and anesthesiology, has made the anesthetist an expert in the following fields: 1. Providing analgesia. 2. Homeostasis of the internal environment or respiratory, circulatory and metabolic resuscitation. 3. Continuous titrated therapy. 4. Applied pharmacology. The question put forward to the anesthetist has been, whether he should limit the application of his skills to the operating theatre, or whether he should take his skills to the whole hospital, by working in the intensive therapy unit and participating actively in the preparation of the patient for surgery, in the care of life threatening emergencies in the hospital and outside of the hospital, in treating pain problems in hospitalized and ambulatory patients. From our experience, we think that the anesthetist cannot and may not limit his activities to the operating theatre. In order however to maintain availability and competence, intensive therapy, emergency care and pain therapy, should be organized on an interdisciplinary basis. A special team, as old as anesthesia itself, is the team surgeon-anesthetist. The rules of conduct within this team are discussed. It is concluded that safety during anesthesia has increased, through the activities of the anesthetist outside of the operating theatre. One anesthetist should however remain available at any moment during anesthesia, for every one patient.", "PMID": 707026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2606", "title": "The influence of staff and personnel on the safety of the patient during anesthesia.", "content": "The safety of the patient under anesthesia is directly correlated to the quality of the service delivered by the anesthetic department. A good organised work, supposes a staff, which accords to numerical and qualitative requirements. The number of personal required is a function of working conditions. The quality required for the persons who administer anesthesia, depends upon the intrinsic danger of the procedure. As the nature of anesthesia is still linked with the acute control of vital functions of the patient, the qualifications of the person who administer the narcosis should be of the highest level.", "contents": "The influence of staff and personnel on the safety of the patient during anesthesia. The safety of the patient under anesthesia is directly correlated to the quality of the service delivered by the anesthetic department. A good organised work, supposes a staff, which accords to numerical and qualitative requirements. The number of personal required is a function of working conditions. The quality required for the persons who administer anesthesia, depends upon the intrinsic danger of the procedure. As the nature of anesthesia is still linked with the acute control of vital functions of the patient, the qualifications of the person who administer the narcosis should be of the highest level.", "PMID": 707027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2607", "title": "The importance of monitoring in anesthesia.", "content": "A plea is made for continuous electronic monitoring of every patient undergoing an anesthetic. Such monitoring is far superior to clinical observation by means of the natural sensors. A continuous record of the vital phenomena is indispensable. Routine monitoring of the following is advised: ECG, heart rate, capnogram, plethysmogram, temperature, oxygen percentage and indirect blood pressure. Big operations demand central venous pressure and direct blood pressure monitoring, in addition. In the Institute of Anesthesiology in Utrecht all electronic monitors are built into a single unit which is used during every anesthetic. Capnography it dealt with in some detail and its value as a universal monitor demonstrated. The routine use of electronic monitors improves the quality of anesthesia and increases the safety of the patient.", "contents": "The importance of monitoring in anesthesia. A plea is made for continuous electronic monitoring of every patient undergoing an anesthetic. Such monitoring is far superior to clinical observation by means of the natural sensors. A continuous record of the vital phenomena is indispensable. Routine monitoring of the following is advised: ECG, heart rate, capnogram, plethysmogram, temperature, oxygen percentage and indirect blood pressure. Big operations demand central venous pressure and direct blood pressure monitoring, in addition. In the Institute of Anesthesiology in Utrecht all electronic monitors are built into a single unit which is used during every anesthetic. Capnography it dealt with in some detail and its value as a universal monitor demonstrated. The routine use of electronic monitors improves the quality of anesthesia and increases the safety of the patient.", "PMID": 707028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2608", "title": "Safe anesthesia: some general considerations.", "content": "Most of the articles on safety in anesthesia take the mortality as the criterion. This is fallacious. The anesthetist's area of responsibility must be clearly defined before his contribution to any given mortality can be assessed. The development of the field of anesthesiology has extended this area enormously. As a result, the techniques employed and the results obtained need to be reviewed and reconsidered. Outdated attitudes must be resolutely abandoned, particularly with regard to monitoring. The use of a coding system for anesthetic complications helps towards an objective assessment of the degree of safety achieved. The results obtained by this means in the Institute of Anesthesiology in Utrecht are reported.", "contents": "Safe anesthesia: some general considerations. Most of the articles on safety in anesthesia take the mortality as the criterion. This is fallacious. The anesthetist's area of responsibility must be clearly defined before his contribution to any given mortality can be assessed. The development of the field of anesthesiology has extended this area enormously. As a result, the techniques employed and the results obtained need to be reviewed and reconsidered. Outdated attitudes must be resolutely abandoned, particularly with regard to monitoring. The use of a coding system for anesthetic complications helps towards an objective assessment of the degree of safety achieved. The results obtained by this means in the Institute of Anesthesiology in Utrecht are reported.", "PMID": 707029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2609", "title": "The risks of tracheal intubation.", "content": "Various lesions have been described as post-intubation complications: injuries, of usually minor degree, of the pharynx and larynx, oedema of the larynx, ulcerations of the pharynx and larynx with pseudomembranes and bleeding, chondromalacy of the larynx, granulomata, oesophago-tracheal fistula, stenosis of the larynx or trachea, paralysis and synechia of the vocal cords, paralysis of the tongue. Etiologic factors of these complications are mainly chemical, in relation with the material of the tube and with the sterilization agents, or mechanical due to pressure on neighbouring tissues. Post-intubation sore throat seems independent from traumatic laryngoscopy. Although intubation is meant to provide safer ventilation, interference with respiration may occur by compression of the tube or accidental obstruction from various causes. It should not be forgotten that in anesthesia cases, for which intubation is not really required, it may be advantageous to administer the anesthetic by mask.", "contents": "The risks of tracheal intubation. Various lesions have been described as post-intubation complications: injuries, of usually minor degree, of the pharynx and larynx, oedema of the larynx, ulcerations of the pharynx and larynx with pseudomembranes and bleeding, chondromalacy of the larynx, granulomata, oesophago-tracheal fistula, stenosis of the larynx or trachea, paralysis and synechia of the vocal cords, paralysis of the tongue. Etiologic factors of these complications are mainly chemical, in relation with the material of the tube and with the sterilization agents, or mechanical due to pressure on neighbouring tissues. Post-intubation sore throat seems independent from traumatic laryngoscopy. Although intubation is meant to provide safer ventilation, interference with respiration may occur by compression of the tube or accidental obstruction from various causes. It should not be forgotten that in anesthesia cases, for which intubation is not really required, it may be advantageous to administer the anesthetic by mask.", "PMID": 707030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2610", "title": "Are anesthetic accidents unavoidable?", "content": "Fatal anesthetic accidents still occur frequently. Origins and causes are being reviewed especially in the light of lawsuits against anesthetists. The importance of utmost continuous supervision and care for both the vital functions: respiration and circulation, is stressed. General recommendations for security during anesthesia are advanced.", "contents": "Are anesthetic accidents unavoidable? Fatal anesthetic accidents still occur frequently. Origins and causes are being reviewed especially in the light of lawsuits against anesthetists. The importance of utmost continuous supervision and care for both the vital functions: respiration and circulation, is stressed. General recommendations for security during anesthesia are advanced.", "PMID": 707031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2611", "title": "The role of the recovery room for the safety of anesthesia.", "content": "Three groups of activities taking place in the recovery room are separately analyzed and compared with the same done on the wards. It is concluded that all three of them are preferably done in the recovery room. When these principles are followed, mortality in the direct postoperative period can be reduced to an absolute minimum. Data from 50,000 cases confirmed this statement.", "contents": "The role of the recovery room for the safety of anesthesia. Three groups of activities taking place in the recovery room are separately analyzed and compared with the same done on the wards. It is concluded that all three of them are preferably done in the recovery room. When these principles are followed, mortality in the direct postoperative period can be reduced to an absolute minimum. Data from 50,000 cases confirmed this statement.", "PMID": 707032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2612", "title": "Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: demonstration of antibodies to peripheral nerve tissue.", "content": "Sera from 30 patients with acute Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome were tested for the presence of antibodies to peripheral nerve tissue using the antiglobulin consumption test. An increased binding of IgG was observed in 15 out of 30 sera and in these sera F(ab')2 fragments prepared from IgG retained the capacity to combine with peripheral nerve tissue, suggesting an antigen-antibody interaction. The specificity for peripheral nerve tissue was demonstrated by absorption experiments. F(ab')2 fragments prepared from IgG of normal sera, however, failed to react with the tissue, suggesting a non-specific binding through the Fc part of the molecule. In sera from patients fully recovered from the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome and from patients with other neuropathies, no increased binding of IgG was observed.", "contents": "Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: demonstration of antibodies to peripheral nerve tissue. Sera from 30 patients with acute Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome were tested for the presence of antibodies to peripheral nerve tissue using the antiglobulin consumption test. An increased binding of IgG was observed in 15 out of 30 sera and in these sera F(ab')2 fragments prepared from IgG retained the capacity to combine with peripheral nerve tissue, suggesting an antigen-antibody interaction. The specificity for peripheral nerve tissue was demonstrated by absorption experiments. F(ab')2 fragments prepared from IgG of normal sera, however, failed to react with the tissue, suggesting a non-specific binding through the Fc part of the molecule. In sera from patients fully recovered from the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome and from patients with other neuropathies, no increased binding of IgG was observed.", "PMID": 707033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2613", "title": "Changes of electrooculogram (EOG) in Parkinson's disease.", "content": "Twenty Parkinsonian patients and 20 control subjects were compared with respect to their electrooculographic findings. It was found that Parkinsonian patients are distinguished from controls by their significantly lower mean EOG ratios. L-dopa treatment restored EOG ratios to control values. The findings are interpreted as indicating an association of Parkinson's disease with metabolic changes in the melanin-containing cells of the pigment epithelium.", "contents": "Changes of electrooculogram (EOG) in Parkinson's disease. Twenty Parkinsonian patients and 20 control subjects were compared with respect to their electrooculographic findings. It was found that Parkinsonian patients are distinguished from controls by their significantly lower mean EOG ratios. L-dopa treatment restored EOG ratios to control values. The findings are interpreted as indicating an association of Parkinson's disease with metabolic changes in the melanin-containing cells of the pigment epithelium.", "PMID": 707034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2614", "title": "Linoleic acid in multiple sclerosis: failure to show any therapeutic benefit.", "content": "We have studied the effect of a dietary supplement with linoleic acid (LA) in 76 patients with MS. We could detect no effect of this supplement on the progression of neurological findings, the relapse rate, or the severity of relapses. We were also able to show that oral supplementation with a linoleic acid preparation would raise the blood level of LA in these patients. We were unable to show that there was any reduction in the linoleic acid blood levels associated with acute relapses of MS during this study.", "contents": "Linoleic acid in multiple sclerosis: failure to show any therapeutic benefit. We have studied the effect of a dietary supplement with linoleic acid (LA) in 76 patients with MS. We could detect no effect of this supplement on the progression of neurological findings, the relapse rate, or the severity of relapses. We were also able to show that oral supplementation with a linoleic acid preparation would raise the blood level of LA in these patients. We were unable to show that there was any reduction in the linoleic acid blood levels associated with acute relapses of MS during this study.", "PMID": 707035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2615", "title": "Anterior spinal artery syndrome.", "content": "Three patients are presented, each showing clinical and electrophysiological findings indicative of the anterior spinal artery syndrome: sudden onset of nonprogressive weakness and spasticity of one or both legs, associated in one patient with pain and in all three patients with selective impairment of temperature sensation, radiological evidence of aortic calcification, normal sensory and motor conduction velocities and normal amplitude of sensory potentials, but diminished amplitude of evoked motor responses. Electromyography showed widespread fibrillation in muscles of the leg in two patients and evidence of marked loss of motor units in all three patients.", "contents": "Anterior spinal artery syndrome. Three patients are presented, each showing clinical and electrophysiological findings indicative of the anterior spinal artery syndrome: sudden onset of nonprogressive weakness and spasticity of one or both legs, associated in one patient with pain and in all three patients with selective impairment of temperature sensation, radiological evidence of aortic calcification, normal sensory and motor conduction velocities and normal amplitude of sensory potentials, but diminished amplitude of evoked motor responses. Electromyography showed widespread fibrillation in muscles of the leg in two patients and evidence of marked loss of motor units in all three patients.", "PMID": 707036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2616", "title": "Carbamazepine, carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide and phenytoin concentrations in brain tissue of epileptic children.", "content": "Carbamazepine (CBZ), carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide (CBZ-epoxide) and phenytoin (DPH) were measured in brain tissue in two epileptic children undergoing temporal lobectomy. The patients had been treated with the anticonvulsants in question for 2 years. The CBZ concentration in brain tissue was higher or equal to the plasma concentration. Brain/plasma ratio for CBZ was 1.0 and 1.4, respectively (grey substance). Brain/plasma ratio of CBZ-epoxide was 1.0. Concomitant treatment with DPH increased the percentage of CBZ-epoxide relative to CBZ in both brain and plasma. In white brain substance the concentration of CBZ, CBZ-epoxide and DPH was higher or equal to the corresponding concentration in grey substance. No major age-related differences in the distribution of anti-epileptic drugs between brain and plasma in these two children compared to adult epileptic patients were noted. A new quantitative thin-layer chromatographic method for the determination of DPH and phenobarbital (PB) in brain tissue and plasma is described.", "contents": "Carbamazepine, carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide and phenytoin concentrations in brain tissue of epileptic children. Carbamazepine (CBZ), carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide (CBZ-epoxide) and phenytoin (DPH) were measured in brain tissue in two epileptic children undergoing temporal lobectomy. The patients had been treated with the anticonvulsants in question for 2 years. The CBZ concentration in brain tissue was higher or equal to the plasma concentration. Brain/plasma ratio for CBZ was 1.0 and 1.4, respectively (grey substance). Brain/plasma ratio of CBZ-epoxide was 1.0. Concomitant treatment with DPH increased the percentage of CBZ-epoxide relative to CBZ in both brain and plasma. In white brain substance the concentration of CBZ, CBZ-epoxide and DPH was higher or equal to the corresponding concentration in grey substance. No major age-related differences in the distribution of anti-epileptic drugs between brain and plasma in these two children compared to adult epileptic patients were noted. A new quantitative thin-layer chromatographic method for the determination of DPH and phenobarbital (PB) in brain tissue and plasma is described.", "PMID": 707037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2617", "title": "Epidemiologic survey of multiple sclerosis in the Bucharest city and suburban area.", "content": "Epidemiologic survey over a restricted area of Romanian territory, i.e. the city of Bucharest with a population of 1,934,052 and a surface of 605 km2, established the following values for the MS parameters studied. On January 5, 1977 the prevalence rate for \"probable\" and \"possible\" cases was 46.4 per 100,000 inhabitants and for \"probable\" cases alone (with certain clinical diagnosis) 41.3 per 100,000. The specific 20- to 60-year age adjusted prevalence rate was 79.4 per 100,000. The incidence rate over the 1969--1976 period was 1.78 per 100,000. The prevalence and incidence rates in this survey are similar to those reported for two other large urban centers of Romania (population over 100,000 each), Romania being therefore situated in a geographical area of \"high risk\" for MS. The 0.61 per 100,000 nationwide and the 0.65 per 100,000 Bucharest mortality rates are lower than those reported in other geographical areas of \"high risk\" for MS.", "contents": "Epidemiologic survey of multiple sclerosis in the Bucharest city and suburban area. Epidemiologic survey over a restricted area of Romanian territory, i.e. the city of Bucharest with a population of 1,934,052 and a surface of 605 km2, established the following values for the MS parameters studied. On January 5, 1977 the prevalence rate for \"probable\" and \"possible\" cases was 46.4 per 100,000 inhabitants and for \"probable\" cases alone (with certain clinical diagnosis) 41.3 per 100,000. The specific 20- to 60-year age adjusted prevalence rate was 79.4 per 100,000. The incidence rate over the 1969--1976 period was 1.78 per 100,000. The prevalence and incidence rates in this survey are similar to those reported for two other large urban centers of Romania (population over 100,000 each), Romania being therefore situated in a geographical area of \"high risk\" for MS. The 0.61 per 100,000 nationwide and the 0.65 per 100,000 Bucharest mortality rates are lower than those reported in other geographical areas of \"high risk\" for MS.", "PMID": 707038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2618", "title": "Thyroiditis in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Three out of 40 patients with myasthenia gravis had chronic thyroiditis. The thyroid disease preceded the neuromuscular disorder in two patients, while the third developed a slowly progessive hypothyreosis during the course of the myasthenia. One patient had an initial thyrotoxicosis with subsequent development of hypothyreosis. Of the remaining 37 patients, two had enlarged thyroid glands, positive family history of thyroid disease and antibodies to thyroid globulin, but were euthyreot.", "contents": "Thyroiditis in myasthenia gravis. Three out of 40 patients with myasthenia gravis had chronic thyroiditis. The thyroid disease preceded the neuromuscular disorder in two patients, while the third developed a slowly progessive hypothyreosis during the course of the myasthenia. One patient had an initial thyrotoxicosis with subsequent development of hypothyreosis. Of the remaining 37 patients, two had enlarged thyroid glands, positive family history of thyroid disease and antibodies to thyroid globulin, but were euthyreot.", "PMID": 707039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2619", "title": "Diffuse cerebral sclerosis, melanoderma and adrenal insufficiency (adreno-leukodystrophy).", "content": "Two cases of adrenoleukodystrophy are described. The pathological picture was consistent with earlier observations about the disease with the difference that the brain tissue revealed material which stained metachromatically with toluidine blue and was insoluble in fat solvents.", "contents": "Diffuse cerebral sclerosis, melanoderma and adrenal insufficiency (adreno-leukodystrophy). Two cases of adrenoleukodystrophy are described. The pathological picture was consistent with earlier observations about the disease with the difference that the brain tissue revealed material which stained metachromatically with toluidine blue and was insoluble in fat solvents.", "PMID": 707040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2620", "title": "Computerized tomography in hereditary ataxias.", "content": "Thirty-nine patients with hereditary ataxia (HA), hereditary spastic paraplegia or Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease were investigated with computerized cranial tomography (CT). Infratentorial as well as supratentorial atrophies were registrated and scored. These were compared with the patient's neurological symptoms, which were related to the lesion in the central nervous system, and scored. There was correlation between the distribution of brainstem/cerebellar symptoms and the distribution and degree of infratentorial atrophy. HA cases with cerebral cortical atrophy had significantly higher dementia scores than those without wide sulci. Intravenous injection with contrast medium was of no diagnostic aid, as no focal changes were found. It is concluded that CT is an aid in the diagnosis of hereditary ataxias and hereditary spastic paraplegia.", "contents": "Computerized tomography in hereditary ataxias. Thirty-nine patients with hereditary ataxia (HA), hereditary spastic paraplegia or Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease were investigated with computerized cranial tomography (CT). Infratentorial as well as supratentorial atrophies were registrated and scored. These were compared with the patient's neurological symptoms, which were related to the lesion in the central nervous system, and scored. There was correlation between the distribution of brainstem/cerebellar symptoms and the distribution and degree of infratentorial atrophy. HA cases with cerebral cortical atrophy had significantly higher dementia scores than those without wide sulci. Intravenous injection with contrast medium was of no diagnostic aid, as no focal changes were found. It is concluded that CT is an aid in the diagnosis of hereditary ataxias and hereditary spastic paraplegia.", "PMID": 707041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2621", "title": "Abnormal ultrastructural appearances in axons of feline pericruciate cortex after lateral funiculotomy.", "content": "Following left lateral funiculotomy, axons of cat pericruciate cortex exhibited neurofilamentous hyperplasia and complex, adaxonal, oligodendrocytic invaginations into electron-lucent or (commonly) electron-dense, degenerating axoplasm. These changes were absent form sham-operated and unoperated animals. Neurofilamentous hyperplasia was exclusively right-sided and appeared in myelinated axons 5--49 days postoperatively and in nonmyelinated axons 14--153 days after surgery. Oligoglial invaginations were present 1--49 days after surgery and were predominantly right-sided. Intramyelinic, axo-dendritic synapses appeared in operated cats 5--10 days postoperatively. Intra-axonal accumulations of ribosomes were found also. These changes also occurred exclusively or predominantly contralateral to spinal surgery. Other ultrastructural abnormalities, e.g., amorphous transformation of axoplasm and accumulations of dense bodies in intra-myelinic, dark cytoplasm, had a less certain relationship to lateral funiculotomy. The axonal alterations that were limited to operated cats possibly represent a true retrograde axonal degeneration occurring at a distance from the site of axonic interruption and unaccompanied by evidence of nerve cell death.", "contents": "Abnormal ultrastructural appearances in axons of feline pericruciate cortex after lateral funiculotomy. Following left lateral funiculotomy, axons of cat pericruciate cortex exhibited neurofilamentous hyperplasia and complex, adaxonal, oligodendrocytic invaginations into electron-lucent or (commonly) electron-dense, degenerating axoplasm. These changes were absent form sham-operated and unoperated animals. Neurofilamentous hyperplasia was exclusively right-sided and appeared in myelinated axons 5--49 days postoperatively and in nonmyelinated axons 14--153 days after surgery. Oligoglial invaginations were present 1--49 days after surgery and were predominantly right-sided. Intramyelinic, axo-dendritic synapses appeared in operated cats 5--10 days postoperatively. Intra-axonal accumulations of ribosomes were found also. These changes also occurred exclusively or predominantly contralateral to spinal surgery. Other ultrastructural abnormalities, e.g., amorphous transformation of axoplasm and accumulations of dense bodies in intra-myelinic, dark cytoplasm, had a less certain relationship to lateral funiculotomy. The axonal alterations that were limited to operated cats possibly represent a true retrograde axonal degeneration occurring at a distance from the site of axonic interruption and unaccompanied by evidence of nerve cell death.", "PMID": 707042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2622", "title": "Initial response of silver-impregnated \"resting microglia\" to stab wounding in rabbit hippocampus.", "content": "Adult rabbits received stab wound in the cerebrum and were sacrificed at intervals of 20, 30, and 39 h thereafter. Each animal was injected intracerebrally with 3H-thymidine 2h before fixation. Altered brain tissues of the stratum radiatum of hippocampus were taken for examination. Response of \"resting microglia\" to stab wounding was investigated by electron microscopic autoradiography and by autoradiography applied on silver-impregnated materials. Following results were obtained: (1) Resting microglia undergo marked swelling shortly after the brain damage. We designate these cells as \"swollen microglia\". (2) Swollen microglia form the only cell population that proliferate actively in the initial stage of glial response to the brain injury, and (3) astroglia do not proliferate during the same experimental periods, in the rabbit hippocampus.", "contents": "Initial response of silver-impregnated \"resting microglia\" to stab wounding in rabbit hippocampus. Adult rabbits received stab wound in the cerebrum and were sacrificed at intervals of 20, 30, and 39 h thereafter. Each animal was injected intracerebrally with 3H-thymidine 2h before fixation. Altered brain tissues of the stratum radiatum of hippocampus were taken for examination. Response of \"resting microglia\" to stab wounding was investigated by electron microscopic autoradiography and by autoradiography applied on silver-impregnated materials. Following results were obtained: (1) Resting microglia undergo marked swelling shortly after the brain damage. We designate these cells as \"swollen microglia\". (2) Swollen microglia form the only cell population that proliferate actively in the initial stage of glial response to the brain injury, and (3) astroglia do not proliferate during the same experimental periods, in the rabbit hippocampus.", "PMID": 707043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2623", "title": "Maturation of Purkinje cells in mouse cerebellum after neonatal administrations of cytosine arabinoside.", "content": "ICR-JCL strain mice were injected subcutaneously with 30 mg/kg body weight of cytosine arabinoside at 2, 3, and 4 days of age. This chemical prevented the production of the basket cells, stellate cells, and granule cells in the external granular layer of the cerebellum. Decrease in number of these microneutrons affected the noraml synaptic connections between the Purkinje cells and the microneurons, thus causing the disarrangement and abnormal arborization of the Purkinje cells. Of the three types of microneurons, the basket and a few stellate cells played a more important role in the disarrangement of the Purkinje cells and abnormal arborization of their primary dendrites than the granule cells did. Abnormal outgrowing directions of other smooth dendrites of the Purkinje cells were caused mainly by the diminution of stellate cells. Although parallel fibers were grossly decreased in number in the treated cerebellums, spines of the spiny dendrites of the Purkinje cells sprouted considerably in the 15-day-old mice, and then their morphological features remained even after 100 days of age.", "contents": "Maturation of Purkinje cells in mouse cerebellum after neonatal administrations of cytosine arabinoside. ICR-JCL strain mice were injected subcutaneously with 30 mg/kg body weight of cytosine arabinoside at 2, 3, and 4 days of age. This chemical prevented the production of the basket cells, stellate cells, and granule cells in the external granular layer of the cerebellum. Decrease in number of these microneutrons affected the noraml synaptic connections between the Purkinje cells and the microneurons, thus causing the disarrangement and abnormal arborization of the Purkinje cells. Of the three types of microneurons, the basket and a few stellate cells played a more important role in the disarrangement of the Purkinje cells and abnormal arborization of their primary dendrites than the granule cells did. Abnormal outgrowing directions of other smooth dendrites of the Purkinje cells were caused mainly by the diminution of stellate cells. Although parallel fibers were grossly decreased in number in the treated cerebellums, spines of the spiny dendrites of the Purkinje cells sprouted considerably in the 15-day-old mice, and then their morphological features remained even after 100 days of age.", "PMID": 707044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2624", "title": "Mineralized cells: neurons, glia or macrophages? Ultrastructure of cerebellum in chick nutritional encephalopathy.", "content": "Mineralized dead cells were found in infarcted areas in the cerebella of three chicks killed in the healing stage of nutritional encephalopathy. The mineral depostis were found in vacuoles and consisted of radially packed threads and spicules, concentric laminated structures and centrally located amorphous masses. The cells in which these deposits were found were positively identified as astrocytes and macrophages. The presence of such deposits in neurons was suspected but not proven.", "contents": "Mineralized cells: neurons, glia or macrophages? Ultrastructure of cerebellum in chick nutritional encephalopathy. Mineralized dead cells were found in infarcted areas in the cerebella of three chicks killed in the healing stage of nutritional encephalopathy. The mineral depostis were found in vacuoles and consisted of radially packed threads and spicules, concentric laminated structures and centrally located amorphous masses. The cells in which these deposits were found were positively identified as astrocytes and macrophages. The presence of such deposits in neurons was suspected but not proven.", "PMID": 707045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2625", "title": "Ultrastructural studies on blood-brain barrier dysfunction after cerebral air embolism in the rat.", "content": "Male albino rats were anaesthetized with diazepam, injected with horseradish peroxidase and Evans blue-labeled albumin and given an embolus of 0.01 ml air in the right common carotid artery after ligation of the external carotid branch. The pial arteries of the right cerebral hemisphere were stained blue, particularly the middle cerebral artery and its main arterial branchlets. Ultrastructurally, some endothelial cells in the right middle cerebral artery, small arteries and arterioles showed a diffuse distribution of horseradish peroxidase in their cytoplasm, although these vessels only occasionally showed peroxidase in their basement membranes. Other endothelial cells in these arterial branchlets showed few if any signs of a diffuse distribution of peroxidase but displayed several pinocytotic vesicles and occasionally trans-endothelial channels filled with peroxidase, sometimes with a slight leakage of peroxidase into adjacent basement membranes and neuropil. Scattered pinocytotic vesicles were observed in capillaries and venules, but there was usually no extravasation of peroxidase around these vessels.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies on blood-brain barrier dysfunction after cerebral air embolism in the rat. Male albino rats were anaesthetized with diazepam, injected with horseradish peroxidase and Evans blue-labeled albumin and given an embolus of 0.01 ml air in the right common carotid artery after ligation of the external carotid branch. The pial arteries of the right cerebral hemisphere were stained blue, particularly the middle cerebral artery and its main arterial branchlets. Ultrastructurally, some endothelial cells in the right middle cerebral artery, small arteries and arterioles showed a diffuse distribution of horseradish peroxidase in their cytoplasm, although these vessels only occasionally showed peroxidase in their basement membranes. Other endothelial cells in these arterial branchlets showed few if any signs of a diffuse distribution of peroxidase but displayed several pinocytotic vesicles and occasionally trans-endothelial channels filled with peroxidase, sometimes with a slight leakage of peroxidase into adjacent basement membranes and neuropil. Scattered pinocytotic vesicles were observed in capillaries and venules, but there was usually no extravasation of peroxidase around these vessels.", "PMID": 707046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2626", "title": "Morphology and origin of arachnoid cysts. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of three cases.", "content": "Three surgically removed primary arachnoidal cysts were studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and two of the cases with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The cells lining the cyst cavity had microvilli at the surface, true cilia were absent. In the cytoplasm multivesicular bodies, many pinocytotic vesicles, some large vacuoles and strands of tonofilaments were prominent features. The cells were interconnected by desmosome-like junctions and were separated from the surrounding tissue by a distinct but sometimes incomplete basal membrane. Based on these findings it is concluded that arachnoid cysts are derived from the outer arachnoid cells (subdural neurothelium), the formation of the cysts being attributabel to secretory capacity of the subdural neurothelium.", "contents": "Morphology and origin of arachnoid cysts. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of three cases. Three surgically removed primary arachnoidal cysts were studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and two of the cases with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The cells lining the cyst cavity had microvilli at the surface, true cilia were absent. In the cytoplasm multivesicular bodies, many pinocytotic vesicles, some large vacuoles and strands of tonofilaments were prominent features. The cells were interconnected by desmosome-like junctions and were separated from the surrounding tissue by a distinct but sometimes incomplete basal membrane. Based on these findings it is concluded that arachnoid cysts are derived from the outer arachnoid cells (subdural neurothelium), the formation of the cysts being attributabel to secretory capacity of the subdural neurothelium.", "PMID": 707047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2627", "title": "The nature of macrophages (foam cells) in neurinomas. Tissue culture study.", "content": "Fourteen cases of neurinomas of variable location are studied by tissue culture technic in an attempt to typify the foam cells as primary or superimposed elements in the tumor population. Our results demonstrate that the \"in vitro\" behavior of the neurinomas is constant and characteristic and that three cell types are found in them: fusiform, star-shaped cells and macrophages. There appears that the macrophage is an evolutive aspect of the star-shaped cells and probably of the fusiform one. On this basis, macrophage and foam cells of neurinomas must be considered as primary.", "contents": "The nature of macrophages (foam cells) in neurinomas. Tissue culture study. Fourteen cases of neurinomas of variable location are studied by tissue culture technic in an attempt to typify the foam cells as primary or superimposed elements in the tumor population. Our results demonstrate that the \"in vitro\" behavior of the neurinomas is constant and characteristic and that three cell types are found in them: fusiform, star-shaped cells and macrophages. There appears that the macrophage is an evolutive aspect of the star-shaped cells and probably of the fusiform one. On this basis, macrophage and foam cells of neurinomas must be considered as primary.", "PMID": 707048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2628", "title": "Fine structure of an unusual spongy variant of medulloblastoma.", "content": "The prominent finding on electron microscopy of an unusual spongy variant of medulloblastoma was the marked distention of a well-developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the tumor cells. To the authors' knowledge, this fine structural feature has not been described previously in this tumor.", "contents": "Fine structure of an unusual spongy variant of medulloblastoma. The prominent finding on electron microscopy of an unusual spongy variant of medulloblastoma was the marked distention of a well-developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the tumor cells. To the authors' knowledge, this fine structural feature has not been described previously in this tumor.", "PMID": 707049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2629", "title": "The influence of the deep femoral artery on wound healing in amputees.", "content": "Seventeen patients with arterial occlusive disease, of whom 14 were diabetics, were studied by angiography after amputation of the lower extremity. In one patient the angiography was normal and the stump wound healed well. In two patients the angiographic findings indicated extremely severe impairment of blood supply and wound healing was considerably delayed. Of the remaining 14 patients: in five the superficial femoral artery alone was occluded and wound healing was normal and in nine patients, both the superficial and deep femoral arteries were occluded and wound healing was delayed. Wound healing of the stump after amputation of the lower extremity due to extensive arterial occlusive disease is decided by the patency of the deep femoral artery.", "contents": "The influence of the deep femoral artery on wound healing in amputees. Seventeen patients with arterial occlusive disease, of whom 14 were diabetics, were studied by angiography after amputation of the lower extremity. In one patient the angiography was normal and the stump wound healed well. In two patients the angiographic findings indicated extremely severe impairment of blood supply and wound healing was considerably delayed. Of the remaining 14 patients: in five the superficial femoral artery alone was occluded and wound healing was normal and in nine patients, both the superficial and deep femoral arteries were occluded and wound healing was delayed. Wound healing of the stump after amputation of the lower extremity due to extensive arterial occlusive disease is decided by the patency of the deep femoral artery.", "PMID": 707050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2630", "title": "Scattered mitosis in adult joint cartilage after partial chondrectomy. A histological, autoradiographical and biochemical study in rabbits.", "content": "Full-grown rabbits were operated on and subjected to total or partial chondrectomy of the cartilage in the patellar groove. In one group, only arthrotomy was performed in the control knee. The animals were killed at various times after the operation. Histologically, proliferation of the synovial cells at the joint margins, as well as osteoblastic activity, could be seen; later, osteophyte formation was observed. There were only minimal signs of degenerative changes in the cartilage. The biochemical investigation did not show any difference in the nucleic acids of the cartilage, either in relation to the time after the operation had taken place or in relation to the size of the trauma. In the knees where the cartilage was excised, thymidine-labelled chondrocytes were seen scattered in the joint. The number of labelled chondrocytes showed a rising tendency up to 14 days postoperatively, but no peak value was seen. In the arthrotomized knee joints, labelled chondrocytes were occassionally seen. It is possible that the scattered mitosis is the result of a reduction in the concentration of normal cell-specific inhibitors of mitosis, so-called chalones.", "contents": "Scattered mitosis in adult joint cartilage after partial chondrectomy. A histological, autoradiographical and biochemical study in rabbits. Full-grown rabbits were operated on and subjected to total or partial chondrectomy of the cartilage in the patellar groove. In one group, only arthrotomy was performed in the control knee. The animals were killed at various times after the operation. Histologically, proliferation of the synovial cells at the joint margins, as well as osteoblastic activity, could be seen; later, osteophyte formation was observed. There were only minimal signs of degenerative changes in the cartilage. The biochemical investigation did not show any difference in the nucleic acids of the cartilage, either in relation to the time after the operation had taken place or in relation to the size of the trauma. In the knees where the cartilage was excised, thymidine-labelled chondrocytes were seen scattered in the joint. The number of labelled chondrocytes showed a rising tendency up to 14 days postoperatively, but no peak value was seen. In the arthrotomized knee joints, labelled chondrocytes were occassionally seen. It is possible that the scattered mitosis is the result of a reduction in the concentration of normal cell-specific inhibitors of mitosis, so-called chalones.", "PMID": 707051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2631", "title": "Torsional strength and geometry of diaphyseal bone. An experimental study on dogs.", "content": "A previously presented method for measuring the torsional strength of diaphyseal bones has been used to study the effect of direction of twist upon the torsional strength and stiffness of diaphyseal canine bones. No significant effect of the direction of twist upon the studied properties has been found. The reason for the observed twist direction independence of the torsional strength and stiffness is assumed to be the adaptation of the diaphyseal bone architecture to functional demands.", "contents": "Torsional strength and geometry of diaphyseal bone. An experimental study on dogs. A previously presented method for measuring the torsional strength of diaphyseal bones has been used to study the effect of direction of twist upon the torsional strength and stiffness of diaphyseal canine bones. No significant effect of the direction of twist upon the studied properties has been found. The reason for the observed twist direction independence of the torsional strength and stiffness is assumed to be the adaptation of the diaphyseal bone architecture to functional demands.", "PMID": 707052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2632", "title": "Evaluation of fracture healing in man by serial 99mTcSn-pyrophosphate scintimetry.", "content": "Serial 99mTc-pyrophosphate (99mTcPP) uptake measurements were performed, during the healing period, in 12 patients with fracture of the distal end of the radius without displacement. A peak value in uptake ratio was seen within 4 weeks in all patients. For clinical reasons the patients were divided into a normal healing and a slow healing group. 99mTcPP uptake at 6 weeks after the fracture was significantly higher in the slow healing group. Quantitation of the healing process in forearm fractures is possible using 99mTcPP and a gamma camera, and concentrating on small selected areas of interest.", "contents": "Evaluation of fracture healing in man by serial 99mTcSn-pyrophosphate scintimetry. Serial 99mTc-pyrophosphate (99mTcPP) uptake measurements were performed, during the healing period, in 12 patients with fracture of the distal end of the radius without displacement. A peak value in uptake ratio was seen within 4 weeks in all patients. For clinical reasons the patients were divided into a normal healing and a slow healing group. 99mTcPP uptake at 6 weeks after the fracture was significantly higher in the slow healing group. Quantitation of the healing process in forearm fractures is possible using 99mTcPP and a gamma camera, and concentrating on small selected areas of interest.", "PMID": 707053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2633", "title": "Structural role of bone apatite in human femoral compacta.", "content": "Tensile and compressive strength of human femoral compacta have been shown to be related (P is greater than 0.005) to the average bone apatite crystallite length (D002) as determined by X-ray diffraction line breadth measurement. However, statistical variance of crystallite length was not sufficient to explain observed differences in mechanical properties, these differences being primarily due to variation in mineral density. Average bone apatite crystallite length was not found to change significantly with biological age (P=0.30) over the range 3 1/2 to 87 years. It is concluded that increased bone apatite crystallite length is detrimental to the structural role of the skeleton but that this is not a major factor in determining fracture incidence in the elderly.", "contents": "Structural role of bone apatite in human femoral compacta. Tensile and compressive strength of human femoral compacta have been shown to be related (P is greater than 0.005) to the average bone apatite crystallite length (D002) as determined by X-ray diffraction line breadth measurement. However, statistical variance of crystallite length was not sufficient to explain observed differences in mechanical properties, these differences being primarily due to variation in mineral density. Average bone apatite crystallite length was not found to change significantly with biological age (P=0.30) over the range 3 1/2 to 87 years. It is concluded that increased bone apatite crystallite length is detrimental to the structural role of the skeleton but that this is not a major factor in determining fracture incidence in the elderly.", "PMID": 707054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2634", "title": "Dystrophic calcification in tubercular lesions of bursae.", "content": "Four patients with extensive dystrophic calcification, in osteorticular tubercular lesions of relatively short duration, are described. All lesions healed satisfactorily after treatment with antitubercular drugs combined in some cases with en bloc excision.", "contents": "Dystrophic calcification in tubercular lesions of bursae. Four patients with extensive dystrophic calcification, in osteorticular tubercular lesions of relatively short duration, are described. All lesions healed satisfactorily after treatment with antitubercular drugs combined in some cases with en bloc excision.", "PMID": 707055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2635", "title": "Atrophy of cortical bone caused by rigid internal fixation plates. An experimental study in the dog.", "content": "The cortical atrophy induced by a rigid internal fixation plate on diaphyseal bone was studied on the femora of seven dogs. When the plate, which had been in position for 7 months without previous osteotomy, was removed, a pronounced reduction of the cortical bone was observed in the previously plated section of the diaphyseal bone. The atrophy took the form of loss of cortical bone mainly caused by endosteal resorption with enlargement of the medullary cavity. Neither periosteal resorption nor formation of woven bone under the site of the plate were observed. The process of adaption to the changed stress and strain conditions, caused by the mechanical joint, i.e., implants and bone, was studied by means of a histological technique, and was still in progress after a period of seven months.", "contents": "Atrophy of cortical bone caused by rigid internal fixation plates. An experimental study in the dog. The cortical atrophy induced by a rigid internal fixation plate on diaphyseal bone was studied on the femora of seven dogs. When the plate, which had been in position for 7 months without previous osteotomy, was removed, a pronounced reduction of the cortical bone was observed in the previously plated section of the diaphyseal bone. The atrophy took the form of loss of cortical bone mainly caused by endosteal resorption with enlargement of the medullary cavity. Neither periosteal resorption nor formation of woven bone under the site of the plate were observed. The process of adaption to the changed stress and strain conditions, caused by the mechanical joint, i.e., implants and bone, was studied by means of a histological technique, and was still in progress after a period of seven months.", "PMID": 707056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2636", "title": "Effect of pneumatic tourniquet on muscle oxygen tension.", "content": "Recent investigations suggest that circulation in a limb can be reduced with a tourniquet to less than 1 per cent of the control limb, or even completely occluded. The development of tissue oxygen tonometry with implanted silastic tubes has provided new possibilities for assessing muscle tissue oxygen tension. In the present work, this method was employed to register the effect of tourniquet blackade on the lower limb muscle PO2 in rabbits. The duration of the tourniquet blockade was 60, 120 and 180 minutes. The baseline muscle PO2 in the tibialis anterior muscle was 22.6 +/- 0.6 mmHg. During the tourniquet blockade the oxygen tension dropped to minimal values between 9.2 +/- 0.5 and 10.7 +/- 0.6 mmHg in these experimental groups, but the tissue microclimate never reached fully anoxic conditions. The rapid response of muscle PO2 to oxygen breathing after release of the blockade suggests that limb microcirculation tolerates tourniquet occlusion well.", "contents": "Effect of pneumatic tourniquet on muscle oxygen tension. Recent investigations suggest that circulation in a limb can be reduced with a tourniquet to less than 1 per cent of the control limb, or even completely occluded. The development of tissue oxygen tonometry with implanted silastic tubes has provided new possibilities for assessing muscle tissue oxygen tension. In the present work, this method was employed to register the effect of tourniquet blackade on the lower limb muscle PO2 in rabbits. The duration of the tourniquet blockade was 60, 120 and 180 minutes. The baseline muscle PO2 in the tibialis anterior muscle was 22.6 +/- 0.6 mmHg. During the tourniquet blockade the oxygen tension dropped to minimal values between 9.2 +/- 0.5 and 10.7 +/- 0.6 mmHg in these experimental groups, but the tissue microclimate never reached fully anoxic conditions. The rapid response of muscle PO2 to oxygen breathing after release of the blockade suggests that limb microcirculation tolerates tourniquet occlusion well.", "PMID": 707057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2637", "title": "Intracardial arteriographic study on vascular changes in amputated rabbits.", "content": "The vascular changes in rabbits after amputation were studied in vivo with arteriography, after intracardial injection of contrast. In the amputated extremity an initial vasoconstriction of the arteries was found. Thereafter changes were observed in arteries and veins, both in the operated and contralateral extremities, depending on the level of amputation and the manner in which the stump was closed. After amputation distally on the extremity and after stump closure without myoplasty arteriovenous shunting was observed in the amputation stump. Arteriovenous shunts were not seen after knee disarticulation and after proximal amputation on crus with myoplasty. Inactivity of the muscles in the amputation stump is supposed to be the cause of the shunt formation. After mid-femur amputation a permanent vasoconstriction of the femoral artery was observed, whereas artery dilation was seen when amputation on the femur was combined with plugging of the medullary cavity.", "contents": "Intracardial arteriographic study on vascular changes in amputated rabbits. The vascular changes in rabbits after amputation were studied in vivo with arteriography, after intracardial injection of contrast. In the amputated extremity an initial vasoconstriction of the arteries was found. Thereafter changes were observed in arteries and veins, both in the operated and contralateral extremities, depending on the level of amputation and the manner in which the stump was closed. After amputation distally on the extremity and after stump closure without myoplasty arteriovenous shunting was observed in the amputation stump. Arteriovenous shunts were not seen after knee disarticulation and after proximal amputation on crus with myoplasty. Inactivity of the muscles in the amputation stump is supposed to be the cause of the shunt formation. After mid-femur amputation a permanent vasoconstriction of the femoral artery was observed, whereas artery dilation was seen when amputation on the femur was combined with plugging of the medullary cavity.", "PMID": 707058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2638", "title": "Radiological studies of the wrist joint among chain saw operating lumberjacks in Japan.", "content": "Radiological changes of the wrist joint among 580 chain saw operators and 90 forestry workers (control) who had never used vibratory tools have been studied. In both groups, degeneration in the distal radio-ulnar joint and the lunate bone was recorded as a prominent finding. However, changes peculiar to chain saw operators or a close relation between those changes found and the number of years spent operating a chain saw could not be found in this study.", "contents": "Radiological studies of the wrist joint among chain saw operating lumberjacks in Japan. Radiological changes of the wrist joint among 580 chain saw operators and 90 forestry workers (control) who had never used vibratory tools have been studied. In both groups, degeneration in the distal radio-ulnar joint and the lunate bone was recorded as a prominent finding. However, changes peculiar to chain saw operators or a close relation between those changes found and the number of years spent operating a chain saw could not be found in this study.", "PMID": 707059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2639", "title": "Prediction of spirometric values in patients with scoliosis.", "content": "The prediction of normal spirometric values requires a measure of the non-deformed body height of scoliotic patients. The arm-span method has been used for estimating the non-deformed body  height in spite of the fact that opinions about the normal relationships between body height and arm span differ. In order to minimize the error of estimation of non-deformed body height, the normal relationships between body height and arm span were determined for 91 males and for 118 females of ordinary body stature, varying age (5-78 years), and Swedish origin. The body-height/arm-span relationships were described by linear regression equations taking age into account. The results indicate significant sex and age differences in the arm-span/height ratio. Multiple regression equations including arm span and age as regressors were used to calculate the non-deformed body height in scoliotic patients. The arm-span method was compared with the method using the degree of lateral curvature of the spine for calculation of non-deformed body height of scoliotic subjects. The arm-span method resulted in a correction of body height and predicted spirometric values that agreed closely with those obtained by the method using the degree of curvature of the spine. The two methods may be used alternatively. In accordance with earlier reports, the predicted spirometric values were underestimated when the measured body height was used.", "contents": "Prediction of spirometric values in patients with scoliosis. The prediction of normal spirometric values requires a measure of the non-deformed body height of scoliotic patients. The arm-span method has been used for estimating the non-deformed body  height in spite of the fact that opinions about the normal relationships between body height and arm span differ. In order to minimize the error of estimation of non-deformed body height, the normal relationships between body height and arm span were determined for 91 males and for 118 females of ordinary body stature, varying age (5-78 years), and Swedish origin. The body-height/arm-span relationships were described by linear regression equations taking age into account. The results indicate significant sex and age differences in the arm-span/height ratio. Multiple regression equations including arm span and age as regressors were used to calculate the non-deformed body height in scoliotic patients. The arm-span method was compared with the method using the degree of lateral curvature of the spine for calculation of non-deformed body height of scoliotic subjects. The arm-span method resulted in a correction of body height and predicted spirometric values that agreed closely with those obtained by the method using the degree of curvature of the spine. The two methods may be used alternatively. In accordance with earlier reports, the predicted spirometric values were underestimated when the measured body height was used.", "PMID": 707060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2640", "title": "Peripheral vasoconstriction in the rat in response to sound. III. Dependence of pause characteristics in continuous noise.", "content": "The peripheral vascular reaction to sound was studied in the non-anaesthetized rat. Arterial pulsations were recorded by a non-invasive technique from the tail of the animal. The offset of a noise was found to be a weak stimulus for vasoconstriction, eliciting responses in only half of the presentations. A vasoconstriction was, however, regularly elicited by onset of sound after the end of the pause. The vasoconstriction was independent of pause duration in the range 10 ms to 100 s. For shorter pauses the reaction was smaller; It was especially noted that a 10 ms pause gave a larger response than a 10 ms burst of noise. The results were discussed in relation to decay of sensation and partial masking effects.", "contents": "Peripheral vasoconstriction in the rat in response to sound. III. Dependence of pause characteristics in continuous noise. The peripheral vascular reaction to sound was studied in the non-anaesthetized rat. Arterial pulsations were recorded by a non-invasive technique from the tail of the animal. The offset of a noise was found to be a weak stimulus for vasoconstriction, eliciting responses in only half of the presentations. A vasoconstriction was, however, regularly elicited by onset of sound after the end of the pause. The vasoconstriction was independent of pause duration in the range 10 ms to 100 s. For shorter pauses the reaction was smaller; It was especially noted that a 10 ms pause gave a larger response than a 10 ms burst of noise. The results were discussed in relation to decay of sensation and partial masking effects.", "PMID": 707061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2641", "title": "Ion transport in the cochlea of guinea pig. II. Chloride transport.", "content": "The -Cl transport of endolymph--perilymph barrier in guinea pigs was studied by perfusing the perilymphatic space with artificial perilymph containing 36Cl and measuring the uptake of 36Cl in the endolymph. In normal animals no marked difference in -Cl concentration was found between the endodlymph and perilymph. The data showed that the uptake of 36Cl in the endodlymph could be represented by a simple exponential function of the perfusion time, the rate constant being 0.01 min-1. The concentration of 36Cl in the endolymph was greater with perfusion of the scala vestibuli than with perfusion of the scala tympani, indicating the Reissner's membrane is more permeable to -Cl than the rest of the endolymph-perilymph barrier. Anoxia and local application of ouabain decreased the -Cl concentration and 36Cl uptake in the endolymph. Our results imply that the endocochlear potential is the principal driving force for unidirectional flux of -Cl from perilymph to endolymph.", "contents": "Ion transport in the cochlea of guinea pig. II. Chloride transport. The -Cl transport of endolymph--perilymph barrier in guinea pigs was studied by perfusing the perilymphatic space with artificial perilymph containing 36Cl and measuring the uptake of 36Cl in the endolymph. In normal animals no marked difference in -Cl concentration was found between the endodlymph and perilymph. The data showed that the uptake of 36Cl in the endodlymph could be represented by a simple exponential function of the perfusion time, the rate constant being 0.01 min-1. The concentration of 36Cl in the endolymph was greater with perfusion of the scala vestibuli than with perfusion of the scala tympani, indicating the Reissner's membrane is more permeable to -Cl than the rest of the endolymph-perilymph barrier. Anoxia and local application of ouabain decreased the -Cl concentration and 36Cl uptake in the endolymph. Our results imply that the endocochlear potential is the principal driving force for unidirectional flux of -Cl from perilymph to endolymph.", "PMID": 707062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2642", "title": "Further studies of the effects of continuous white noise of moderate intensity (70--80 dB SPL) on the cochlea in young guinea pigs. Time course and distribution of hair cell degeneration.", "content": "Guinea pigs aged one week were exposed to white noise at a maximum of 76 dB SPL for 7 days and were then killed 3, 8 and 16 weeks later for histological examination of the cochlea by the surface preparation method. Appreciable increases in outer hair cell losses were observed in the apical turn 3/3 1/2, chiefly in the outer two rows, between the 3rd and 8th week, but not between the 8th and 16th week. No significant losses were seen in control groups corresponding to 3- and 8-week periods, although in the control group of 16 weeks' survival, small deficits, attributable to natural ageing, were seen in the apical half-turn, 3 1/2.", "contents": "Further studies of the effects of continuous white noise of moderate intensity (70--80 dB SPL) on the cochlea in young guinea pigs. Time course and distribution of hair cell degeneration. Guinea pigs aged one week were exposed to white noise at a maximum of 76 dB SPL for 7 days and were then killed 3, 8 and 16 weeks later for histological examination of the cochlea by the surface preparation method. Appreciable increases in outer hair cell losses were observed in the apical turn 3/3 1/2, chiefly in the outer two rows, between the 3rd and 8th week, but not between the 8th and 16th week. No significant losses were seen in control groups corresponding to 3- and 8-week periods, although in the control group of 16 weeks' survival, small deficits, attributable to natural ageing, were seen in the apical half-turn, 3 1/2.", "PMID": 707063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2643", "title": "A physiological and morphological study of the cochlea of the rat following treatment with atoxyl and neomycin.", "content": "By means of physiological and morphological techniques the inner ear pathology following exposure to the ototoxic compounds atoxyl and neomycin was analysed in the rat. Primarily a high tone deterioration occurred with a subsequent morphological degeneration pattern among the hair cells in the basal part of the cochlea. The outer hair cells were more frequently affected than the inner hair cells following the administration of both atoxyl and neomycin.", "contents": "A physiological and morphological study of the cochlea of the rat following treatment with atoxyl and neomycin. By means of physiological and morphological techniques the inner ear pathology following exposure to the ototoxic compounds atoxyl and neomycin was analysed in the rat. Primarily a high tone deterioration occurred with a subsequent morphological degeneration pattern among the hair cells in the basal part of the cochlea. The outer hair cells were more frequently affected than the inner hair cells following the administration of both atoxyl and neomycin.", "PMID": 707064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2644", "title": "Diagnosis and surgery of acoustic tumours.", "content": "In the diagnosis of acoustic neuromata the stapedial reflex test, the forward vs reverse B\u00e9k\u00e9sy test, the loudness balance test, and the adaptation test have all been found superior among the special tests used in predicting a tumour diagnosis. Conventional X-ray studies of the internal acoustic meati are always performed, followed by tomograms and in suspected cases by meatocisternography. In the present series translabyrinthine total removal was performed in 21 cases, a planned decompression in 5, while in 2 the removal was subtotal. Only two permanent facial paralyses arose, one corrected by masseteric plasty and the other by facial-hypoglossal lateral perceptive hearing impairment as being caused by a tumour until proven otherwise.", "contents": "Diagnosis and surgery of acoustic tumours. In the diagnosis of acoustic neuromata the stapedial reflex test, the forward vs reverse B\u00e9k\u00e9sy test, the loudness balance test, and the adaptation test have all been found superior among the special tests used in predicting a tumour diagnosis. Conventional X-ray studies of the internal acoustic meati are always performed, followed by tomograms and in suspected cases by meatocisternography. In the present series translabyrinthine total removal was performed in 21 cases, a planned decompression in 5, while in 2 the removal was subtotal. Only two permanent facial paralyses arose, one corrected by masseteric plasty and the other by facial-hypoglossal lateral perceptive hearing impairment as being caused by a tumour until proven otherwise.", "PMID": 707066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2645", "title": "[Vidian nerve: perspectives and realities].", "content": "The author presents the history and the actual indications of vidian neurectomy with results out the literature. The endonasal approach of pterygo-palatine fossa is discussed. What is the place of vidian neurectomy in the management and treatment of hypertrophic rhinitis? The question is open but the nasal functional microsurgery is born.", "contents": "[Vidian nerve: perspectives and realities]. The author presents the history and the actual indications of vidian neurectomy with results out the literature. The endonasal approach of pterygo-palatine fossa is discussed. What is the place of vidian neurectomy in the management and treatment of hypertrophic rhinitis? The question is open but the nasal functional microsurgery is born.", "PMID": 707072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2646", "title": "Sialochemical examinations in non-tumorous parotid enlargements.", "content": "Secretion rates and the composition of isolated parotid saliva samples were samples were examined in 51 patients suffering from chronic recurrent parotitis, sialosis, or Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, and in 17 healthy controls. Evaluation of the results indicated that sialochemical examination may provide a valuable help in the differential diagnosis of parotid diseases characterized by swelling of the gland. Chronic parotitis is characterized by a significantly decreased flow rate, extremely high sodium and protein concentration and lack of secretory response to stimulation. In Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome the low flow rate was found to be associated with a decreased potassium secretion rate as well as decreased flow rate and decreased sodium concentration after stimulation. In sialosis, where flow rates display a considerable individual variation, a significant increase in potassium secretion rate could be revealed.", "contents": "Sialochemical examinations in non-tumorous parotid enlargements. Secretion rates and the composition of isolated parotid saliva samples were samples were examined in 51 patients suffering from chronic recurrent parotitis, sialosis, or Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome, and in 17 healthy controls. Evaluation of the results indicated that sialochemical examination may provide a valuable help in the differential diagnosis of parotid diseases characterized by swelling of the gland. Chronic parotitis is characterized by a significantly decreased flow rate, extremely high sodium and protein concentration and lack of secretory response to stimulation. In Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome the low flow rate was found to be associated with a decreased potassium secretion rate as well as decreased flow rate and decreased sodium concentration after stimulation. In sialosis, where flow rates display a considerable individual variation, a significant increase in potassium secretion rate could be revealed.", "PMID": 707068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2647", "title": "Directional specificity for head rotation in the pigeons posterior cerebellum.", "content": "Neurons in the posterior cerebellum, including the vestibulocerebellum, which respond to rotation in the plane of the horizontal semicircular canal exhibit considerably greater plane specificity than is known for primary afferents. This is shown by a response amplitude decline with tilt out of the canal plane which exceeds the decline predicted to a cosine function. Of 96 horizontal canal cells, 41 also responded to yaw movements about neck joints with only three of these cells exhibiting responses to roll movements as well. Other neurons responding to head rotation in roll very commonly responded to neck movements about the roll and/or pitch axes. Cells with converging vestibulo-cerevical input were found throughtout lobules VI to X, most of these cells being located in the uvula and only very few in the nodulus.", "contents": "Directional specificity for head rotation in the pigeons posterior cerebellum. Neurons in the posterior cerebellum, including the vestibulocerebellum, which respond to rotation in the plane of the horizontal semicircular canal exhibit considerably greater plane specificity than is known for primary afferents. This is shown by a response amplitude decline with tilt out of the canal plane which exceeds the decline predicted to a cosine function. Of 96 horizontal canal cells, 41 also responded to yaw movements about neck joints with only three of these cells exhibiting responses to roll movements as well. Other neurons responding to head rotation in roll very commonly responded to neck movements about the roll and/or pitch axes. Cells with converging vestibulo-cerevical input were found throughtout lobules VI to X, most of these cells being located in the uvula and only very few in the nodulus.", "PMID": 707067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2648", "title": "[Statistical data concerning passive anterior rhinomanometry (PAR)].", "content": "The authors measured the values of the passive anterior rhinomanometry (PAR) obtained from 30 normal subjects and studied the influence of the different variables involved in PAR. This influence was calculated by using of statistical analysis (ANOVA). By measuring \"p\" with successively changing flows, it was possible to determine that the airstream was mainly laminair.", "contents": "[Statistical data concerning passive anterior rhinomanometry (PAR)]. The authors measured the values of the passive anterior rhinomanometry (PAR) obtained from 30 normal subjects and studied the influence of the different variables involved in PAR. This influence was calculated by using of statistical analysis (ANOVA). By measuring \"p\" with successively changing flows, it was possible to determine that the airstream was mainly laminair.", "PMID": 707073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2649", "title": "A study of the vibration of the basilar membrane in human temporal bone preparations by the use of the M\u00f6ssbauer effect.", "content": "Using the M\u00f6ssbauer technique, we have studied the vibration of the human basilar membrane and malleus head in the sound frequency range 0.2--9.0 kHz and at a sound pressure of 100 dB at the tympanic membrane. The displacement frequency response curves for the basilar membrane and the malleus head have similar shapes, with a maximum at about 1 kHz. Below and above 1 kHz the curves have a slope of about 10 dB/octave and--100 dB/octave, respectively. In addition, the basilar membrane has a maximum displacement at a frequency dependent distance from the stapes. A simple hydrodynamic model for the cochlea is used to interpret the experimental data. A possible mechanism for the frequency resolution of sound by the ear and noise-induced hearing loss is discussed.", "contents": "A study of the vibration of the basilar membrane in human temporal bone preparations by the use of the M\u00f6ssbauer effect. Using the M\u00f6ssbauer technique, we have studied the vibration of the human basilar membrane and malleus head in the sound frequency range 0.2--9.0 kHz and at a sound pressure of 100 dB at the tympanic membrane. The displacement frequency response curves for the basilar membrane and the malleus head have similar shapes, with a maximum at about 1 kHz. Below and above 1 kHz the curves have a slope of about 10 dB/octave and--100 dB/octave, respectively. In addition, the basilar membrane has a maximum displacement at a frequency dependent distance from the stapes. A simple hydrodynamic model for the cochlea is used to interpret the experimental data. A possible mechanism for the frequency resolution of sound by the ear and noise-induced hearing loss is discussed.", "PMID": 707065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2650", "title": "The mucociliary activity of the upper respiratory tract. II. A method for in vivo studies on maxillary sinus mucosa of animals and human beings.", "content": "A method for photoelectric in vivo recordings of the mucociliary activity of the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract is described and tested in model experiments. In vivo recordings from the maxillary sinus mucosa of rabbits were easy to analyse and the method is useful for further experimental research on animals. Examples of in vivo recordings from the human maxillary sinus during Caldwell-Luc operations are also presented. These results are compared with subsequent in vitro recordings of biopsy material.", "contents": "The mucociliary activity of the upper respiratory tract. II. A method for in vivo studies on maxillary sinus mucosa of animals and human beings. A method for photoelectric in vivo recordings of the mucociliary activity of the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract is described and tested in model experiments. In vivo recordings from the maxillary sinus mucosa of rabbits were easy to analyse and the method is useful for further experimental research on animals. Examples of in vivo recordings from the human maxillary sinus during Caldwell-Luc operations are also presented. These results are compared with subsequent in vitro recordings of biopsy material.", "PMID": 707069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2651", "title": "Aspergillosis of the maxillary sinus. Clinical and histopathological features of 4 cases and a review of the literature.", "content": "Four patients with aspergillus maxillary sinusitis are reported and a review of the literature on aspergillus paranasal sinusitis during the last 10 years is presented. The patients had symptoms and X-ray findings similar to a chronic bacterial sinusitis. One patient had been operated upon 6 years previously due to a chronic sinusitis and 3 of the patients had been treated with broad-spectrum antibiotic drugs. Caldwell-Luc operations were performed, also to exclude malignant tumours. The aspergillus etiology of the sinuitis was discovered in routine stained sections by histo-pathological examination of the sinus mucosae. No recurrence of the fungus infection occurred after the Caldwell-Luc operation, which was valuable for the correct diagnosis as well as being the best suited therapy.", "contents": "Aspergillosis of the maxillary sinus. Clinical and histopathological features of 4 cases and a review of the literature. Four patients with aspergillus maxillary sinusitis are reported and a review of the literature on aspergillus paranasal sinusitis during the last 10 years is presented. The patients had symptoms and X-ray findings similar to a chronic bacterial sinusitis. One patient had been operated upon 6 years previously due to a chronic sinusitis and 3 of the patients had been treated with broad-spectrum antibiotic drugs. Caldwell-Luc operations were performed, also to exclude malignant tumours. The aspergillus etiology of the sinuitis was discovered in routine stained sections by histo-pathological examination of the sinus mucosae. No recurrence of the fungus infection occurred after the Caldwell-Luc operation, which was valuable for the correct diagnosis as well as being the best suited therapy.", "PMID": 707071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2652", "title": "[Sudden deafness].", "content": "Concerning sudden deafness, the author rather defends viral origin than vascular, based on comparative histo-pathological studies. Possibility of \"inner ear baro-trauma\" or \"labyrinth membrane rupture\" is also discussed. Conservative treatment by bed-rest, cortico-stero\u00efds and vasodilators is advised.", "contents": "[Sudden deafness]. Concerning sudden deafness, the author rather defends viral origin than vascular, based on comparative histo-pathological studies. Possibility of \"inner ear baro-trauma\" or \"labyrinth membrane rupture\" is also discussed. Conservative treatment by bed-rest, cortico-stero\u00efds and vasodilators is advised.", "PMID": 707075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2653", "title": "Experimental surgery on the nose. I. Airflow and goblet-cell density.", "content": "In rabbits the nasal vestibule was surgically occluded on one side. The rabbits were observed for varying periods, maximum 90 days. The mucosa of the septum was removed from both sides, stained by the PAS-alcian blue whole-mount method, and the goblet cells were counted. The difference in goblet-cell density between the occluded and open side of the nose was less than expected according to previous reports. A completely abolished air flow for 3 months caused only some increase in density. During the first 16 days there was an increase in density on the occluded as well as on the open side of the nose. This can hardly have been due to altered airflow, but must be attributed to an irritative action by the operation upon the nasal mucosa.", "contents": "Experimental surgery on the nose. I. Airflow and goblet-cell density. In rabbits the nasal vestibule was surgically occluded on one side. The rabbits were observed for varying periods, maximum 90 days. The mucosa of the septum was removed from both sides, stained by the PAS-alcian blue whole-mount method, and the goblet cells were counted. The difference in goblet-cell density between the occluded and open side of the nose was less than expected according to previous reports. A completely abolished air flow for 3 months caused only some increase in density. During the first 16 days there was an increase in density on the occluded as well as on the open side of the nose. This can hardly have been due to altered airflow, but must be attributed to an irritative action by the operation upon the nasal mucosa.", "PMID": 707070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2654", "title": "[Electrophysiology of vestibulo-ocular reflexes].", "content": "Electrophysiological and morphological properties of premotor neurones in the vestibulo-ocular system have been studied intracellularly in the unanesthetized  \"enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9\" cat. 1. Secondary neurones of the vestibulo-abducens reflex, identified both by their antidromic and orthodromic responses, showed no nystagmic modulation of their activity. 2. Only 12% of the recorded population in the medial vestibular nucleus showed burst firing patterns correlated with the phases of nystagmus. 3. Two classes of neurones which did not respond to stimulation of the abducens nerve were recorded in the abducens nucleus. The first were inhibited by phasic vestibular stimulation and fired 180 degrees out of phase with the ipsalateral motor nerve discharge. The second type of neurones was excited by vestibular stimulation and fired in synchrony with the motor nerve activity.", "contents": "[Electrophysiology of vestibulo-ocular reflexes]. Electrophysiological and morphological properties of premotor neurones in the vestibulo-ocular system have been studied intracellularly in the unanesthetized  \"enc\u00e9phale isol\u00e9\" cat. 1. Secondary neurones of the vestibulo-abducens reflex, identified both by their antidromic and orthodromic responses, showed no nystagmic modulation of their activity. 2. Only 12% of the recorded population in the medial vestibular nucleus showed burst firing patterns correlated with the phases of nystagmus. 3. Two classes of neurones which did not respond to stimulation of the abducens nerve were recorded in the abducens nucleus. The first were inhibited by phasic vestibular stimulation and fired 180 degrees out of phase with the ipsalateral motor nerve discharge. The second type of neurones was excited by vestibular stimulation and fired in synchrony with the motor nerve activity.", "PMID": 707079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2655", "title": "Styloid process syndrome or stylohyoid syndrome?", "content": "The literature on the syndromes related with the stylohyoid apparatus is reviewed and the embryology is discussed. Since the embryological, and symptomatical similarity, a \"stylohyoid\" syndrome can be defined including symptoms related to the styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, the hyoid bone and even the hyothyroid cartilage junction. Some possible aetiological factors are listed even as appropriate treatment which includes surgery.", "contents": "Styloid process syndrome or stylohyoid syndrome? The literature on the syndromes related with the stylohyoid apparatus is reviewed and the embryology is discussed. Since the embryological, and symptomatical similarity, a \"stylohyoid\" syndrome can be defined including symptoms related to the styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, the hyoid bone and even the hyothyroid cartilage junction. Some possible aetiological factors are listed even as appropriate treatment which includes surgery.", "PMID": 707080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2656", "title": "Remnants of vitelline duct: analysis of 66 cases.", "content": "In twenty years, 66 infants and children with remnants of vitelline duct requiring surgery have been admitted. The patients were classified into three groups:  patient vitelline duct (20 cases); Meckel's diverticulum as the primary surgical diseases (19 patients); and Meckel's diverticulum found incidentally at surgery (27 patients). The male preponderance in the groups of patent vitelline duct and symptomatic Meckel's diverticulum was 9:1. In contrast with other data, Meckel's diverticulum requiring surgery occurred with nearly equal frequency up to fourteen years. The gravest complication in the cases of patent vitelline duct were a T-shaped protrusion of ileum and a small bowel volvulus around the fibrous cord or the patent duct; and in the cases of Meckel's diverticulum causing symptoms, intestinal obstruction, bleeding peptic ulceration or inflammation. Three deaths occurred in newborn age in connection with patent vitelline duct, and one patient died who belonged to the group of asymptomatic Meckel's diverticulum.", "contents": "Remnants of vitelline duct: analysis of 66 cases. In twenty years, 66 infants and children with remnants of vitelline duct requiring surgery have been admitted. The patients were classified into three groups:  patient vitelline duct (20 cases); Meckel's diverticulum as the primary surgical diseases (19 patients); and Meckel's diverticulum found incidentally at surgery (27 patients). The male preponderance in the groups of patent vitelline duct and symptomatic Meckel's diverticulum was 9:1. In contrast with other data, Meckel's diverticulum requiring surgery occurred with nearly equal frequency up to fourteen years. The gravest complication in the cases of patent vitelline duct were a T-shaped protrusion of ileum and a small bowel volvulus around the fibrous cord or the patent duct; and in the cases of Meckel's diverticulum causing symptoms, intestinal obstruction, bleeding peptic ulceration or inflammation. Three deaths occurred in newborn age in connection with patent vitelline duct, and one patient died who belonged to the group of asymptomatic Meckel's diverticulum.", "PMID": 707082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2657", "title": "Mild variant of maple syrup urine disease.", "content": "The case of a three-year-old boy with mental retardation, moderate muscular hypotony and speech delay is presented. The mild form of maple syrup urine disease was suspected at the first blood screening test by means of ion-exchange thin-layer chromatography. The diagnosis was confirmed by quantitative serum amino acid analysis and protein loading. On a low protein (2 g/kg body weight) diet completed with leucine-isoleucine-valine free formula prompt and lasting normalization of the serum amino acid level ensued with steady improvement of the clinical and neurological status.", "contents": "Mild variant of maple syrup urine disease. The case of a three-year-old boy with mental retardation, moderate muscular hypotony and speech delay is presented. The mild form of maple syrup urine disease was suspected at the first blood screening test by means of ion-exchange thin-layer chromatography. The diagnosis was confirmed by quantitative serum amino acid analysis and protein loading. On a low protein (2 g/kg body weight) diet completed with leucine-isoleucine-valine free formula prompt and lasting normalization of the serum amino acid level ensued with steady improvement of the clinical and neurological status.", "PMID": 707084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2658", "title": "Enterobiasis and urinary tract infection.", "content": "The correlation between enterobiasis and urinary tract infection was studied in girls aged 6-14 years. Enterobius ova were demonstrated in anorectal scrapings, carried out three times in each case. Of the 84 patients suffering from urinary tract infection, 55 were Enterobius positive, as compared to 60 among 100 control girls. The difference was not significant. Enterobiasis was not found to be more frequent even when urinary tract infection reappeared within 6 months. There was no significant difference among patients with monosymptomatic bacteriuria and pyuria either. Enterobiasis thus seems to play no pathogenic role in urinary tract infections of girls.", "contents": "Enterobiasis and urinary tract infection. The correlation between enterobiasis and urinary tract infection was studied in girls aged 6-14 years. Enterobius ova were demonstrated in anorectal scrapings, carried out three times in each case. Of the 84 patients suffering from urinary tract infection, 55 were Enterobius positive, as compared to 60 among 100 control girls. The difference was not significant. Enterobiasis was not found to be more frequent even when urinary tract infection reappeared within 6 months. There was no significant difference among patients with monosymptomatic bacteriuria and pyuria either. Enterobiasis thus seems to play no pathogenic role in urinary tract infections of girls.", "PMID": 707085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2659", "title": "Interaction and interdependence of somatic organism and psyche in childhood.", "content": "In order to clarify the interconnection and interdependence of the human somatic organism and psyche, their nature is discussed. The somatic organism is a specific morphological functional system, developing in every being. The psyche is a functional structure developing individually in the course of ontogeny, under the effect of internal processing influenced by the environment. The function of conditioned and unconditioned reflexes is discussed including the way in which the conditioned reflexes are built up on unconditioned ones. The mechanism is described, by which the psyche develops in the individual and how its functions manifest themselves. A concept is discussed concerning the structure of the human psyche, the system and nature of the conscious and unconscious functions. The personality is the manifestation of the interconnections and the formation into a system of the somatic organism and the psyche. This interconnection brings about the socialized humanization of the vital processes in man living in society. A concept concerning the essence of personality is discussed, emphasizing the \"actual personality\" and describing its structure. Clinical examples are given concerning the interconnection of somatic organism and psyche and the somatopsychic and psycho-somatic processes, and conclusions are drawn for the purposes of education.", "contents": "Interaction and interdependence of somatic organism and psyche in childhood. In order to clarify the interconnection and interdependence of the human somatic organism and psyche, their nature is discussed. The somatic organism is a specific morphological functional system, developing in every being. The psyche is a functional structure developing individually in the course of ontogeny, under the effect of internal processing influenced by the environment. The function of conditioned and unconditioned reflexes is discussed including the way in which the conditioned reflexes are built up on unconditioned ones. The mechanism is described, by which the psyche develops in the individual and how its functions manifest themselves. A concept is discussed concerning the structure of the human psyche, the system and nature of the conscious and unconscious functions. The personality is the manifestation of the interconnections and the formation into a system of the somatic organism and the psyche. This interconnection brings about the socialized humanization of the vital processes in man living in society. A concept concerning the essence of personality is discussed, emphasizing the \"actual personality\" and describing its structure. Clinical examples are given concerning the interconnection of somatic organism and psyche and the somatopsychic and psycho-somatic processes, and conclusions are drawn for the purposes of education.", "PMID": 707087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2660", "title": "Physical growth of children born small for gestational age.", "content": "In a longitudinal study the postnatal physical growth of 188 small for gestational age and 225 appropriate for gestational age children was compared. A significant retardation in weight, stature, head circumference and osseous development of SGA children was observed even at the age of 3 years.", "contents": "Physical growth of children born small for gestational age. In a longitudinal study the postnatal physical growth of 188 small for gestational age and 225 appropriate for gestational age children was compared. A significant retardation in weight, stature, head circumference and osseous development of SGA children was observed even at the age of 3 years.", "PMID": 707088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2661", "title": "Micronuclei studied in fine needle goitre aspirates.", "content": "Small nuclei at the size level of 1--3 mu--micronuclei--were studied in fine needle goitre aspirates. The greatest frequency of such structures was found in carcinomas, toxic goitres, and lymphoid thyroiditis, but even in the cases where they were found in greatest numbers, these structures comprised only a few promille of the nuclei. The possible significance of the micronuclei, especially with regard to carcinogenesis, is discussed.", "contents": "Micronuclei studied in fine needle goitre aspirates. Small nuclei at the size level of 1--3 mu--micronuclei--were studied in fine needle goitre aspirates. The greatest frequency of such structures was found in carcinomas, toxic goitres, and lymphoid thyroiditis, but even in the cases where they were found in greatest numbers, these structures comprised only a few promille of the nuclei. The possible significance of the micronuclei, especially with regard to carcinogenesis, is discussed.", "PMID": 707097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2662", "title": "Lymph node identification in carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Value of tissue specimen radiography.", "content": "A method for identifying lymph nodes in tissue specimens from patients with carcinoma of the colon and rectum by soft X-rays is described and assessed. The method seems superior to more time-consuming and possibly tissue-damaging procedures, and it affords a possibility of identifying lymph nodes down to a size 1--2 mm in formalin-fixed as well as in non-fixed tissue specimens.", "contents": "Lymph node identification in carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Value of tissue specimen radiography. A method for identifying lymph nodes in tissue specimens from patients with carcinoma of the colon and rectum by soft X-rays is described and assessed. The method seems superior to more time-consuming and possibly tissue-damaging procedures, and it affords a possibility of identifying lymph nodes down to a size 1--2 mm in formalin-fixed as well as in non-fixed tissue specimens.", "PMID": 707098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2663", "title": "Metastasis spread from syngeneic murine tumours. Establishment of a test protocol for comparisons between ascites tumours and their progenitors.", "content": "We have transformed two new MC-induced tumours, a sarcoma (MCB31-SC), into ascites form. When transplanted s.c. these ascites tumours grow as solid, quite undifferentiated tumours, (AS = ascites solid tumours). We compared the metastasizibility of the AS tumours with that of the parent tumours. In doing so, we used both the tail and the hind leg as transplantation sites. The tumours can be radically removed from both sites by amputation, which prolongs the survival time of the animals and permits metastases to grow into detectable sizes. As registered grossly and by microscopy, the AS tumours have a greater tendency of spread than the parent (SS/SC) tumours. MCB-21 AS grows quicker than 21-SS and gives rise to more lymph node metastases. When transplanted to the tail the AS tumour also gives a higher incidence of lung metastases. We detected no such difference by leg-transplanted tumours. MCB31-SC did not produce any detectable metastases at all, while 31-AS, particularly from the tail, gave rise to numerous lymph node and lung metastases. There were no differences in tumour size or growth rate to account for this difference. Thus ascites conversion has changed the carcinoma MCB31-SC into an undifferentiated, metastasizing tumour, as detected by our procedure. The design of test protocols to detect metastasizibility is discussed.", "contents": "Metastasis spread from syngeneic murine tumours. Establishment of a test protocol for comparisons between ascites tumours and their progenitors. We have transformed two new MC-induced tumours, a sarcoma (MCB31-SC), into ascites form. When transplanted s.c. these ascites tumours grow as solid, quite undifferentiated tumours, (AS = ascites solid tumours). We compared the metastasizibility of the AS tumours with that of the parent tumours. In doing so, we used both the tail and the hind leg as transplantation sites. The tumours can be radically removed from both sites by amputation, which prolongs the survival time of the animals and permits metastases to grow into detectable sizes. As registered grossly and by microscopy, the AS tumours have a greater tendency of spread than the parent (SS/SC) tumours. MCB-21 AS grows quicker than 21-SS and gives rise to more lymph node metastases. When transplanted to the tail the AS tumour also gives a higher incidence of lung metastases. We detected no such difference by leg-transplanted tumours. MCB31-SC did not produce any detectable metastases at all, while 31-AS, particularly from the tail, gave rise to numerous lymph node and lung metastases. There were no differences in tumour size or growth rate to account for this difference. Thus ascites conversion has changed the carcinoma MCB31-SC into an undifferentiated, metastasizing tumour, as detected by our procedure. The design of test protocols to detect metastasizibility is discussed.", "PMID": 707099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2664", "title": "Heart autopsy in ischemic heart disease. An autopsy protocol.", "content": "The commonly performed autopsy of the heart often fails to demonstrate a satisfactory clinicopathological correlation in cases of death due to ischemic heart disease. An autopsy protocol devised specifically for the study of hearts from patients succumbing to ischemic heart disease is presented. This protocol has been employed in a consecutive series of 63 patients with ischemic heart disease dying at the medical department B, Rigshospitalet in the period 1 September 1975 to 1 May 1976. It comprises a meticulous histological examination of the coronary arteries, including quantitation of luminal narrowing. The ventricular myocardium is sliced transversely, and the Nitro-BT test is applied to identify and delineate acute myocardial infarction, the extent of which is quantitated by pointcounting. In a search for histopathological changes responsible for conducting disturbances, the sinoatrial and the atrioventricular nodes are examined histologically.", "contents": "Heart autopsy in ischemic heart disease. An autopsy protocol. The commonly performed autopsy of the heart often fails to demonstrate a satisfactory clinicopathological correlation in cases of death due to ischemic heart disease. An autopsy protocol devised specifically for the study of hearts from patients succumbing to ischemic heart disease is presented. This protocol has been employed in a consecutive series of 63 patients with ischemic heart disease dying at the medical department B, Rigshospitalet in the period 1 September 1975 to 1 May 1976. It comprises a meticulous histological examination of the coronary arteries, including quantitation of luminal narrowing. The ventricular myocardium is sliced transversely, and the Nitro-BT test is applied to identify and delineate acute myocardial infarction, the extent of which is quantitated by pointcounting. In a search for histopathological changes responsible for conducting disturbances, the sinoatrial and the atrioventricular nodes are examined histologically.", "PMID": 707100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2665", "title": "Renal infection after ileal conduit urinary diversion. An autopsy study.", "content": "Autopsy records from cases with urinary bladder carcinoma, consisting of patients operated upon with conduit urinary diversion and controls without diversion, were studied. We found macroscopical evidence of upper urinary tract infection (renal abscesses and/or pus-filled pelves/ureters and/or reddish mucosa in pelves/ureters) in 18 of 21 conduit cases without evidence of cancer at autopsy and in 14 of 50 control cases. The difference is statistically significant (p less than 0.0005). Abscesses were found more often in conduit cases (10/21) than in non-diverted cases (8/50) (p less than 0.01). The known connection between dilated ureters and/or pelves and urinary tract infection was demonstrated in non-diverted cases.", "contents": "Renal infection after ileal conduit urinary diversion. An autopsy study. Autopsy records from cases with urinary bladder carcinoma, consisting of patients operated upon with conduit urinary diversion and controls without diversion, were studied. We found macroscopical evidence of upper urinary tract infection (renal abscesses and/or pus-filled pelves/ureters and/or reddish mucosa in pelves/ureters) in 18 of 21 conduit cases without evidence of cancer at autopsy and in 14 of 50 control cases. The difference is statistically significant (p less than 0.0005). Abscesses were found more often in conduit cases (10/21) than in non-diverted cases (8/50) (p less than 0.01). The known connection between dilated ureters and/or pelves and urinary tract infection was demonstrated in non-diverted cases.", "PMID": 707101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2666", "title": "Pleural effusion disease in rabbits. Histopathological observations.", "content": "Pleural effusion disease (PED) is a generalized infection of laboratory rabbits caused by an unidentified agent, believed to be a virus. The histopathological response of 17 rabbits infected experimentally with this agent was studied. The light microscopical changes were minimal and the most consistent findings were alterations of the lymphoid tissue. Fatal infections were characterized by a uniform reduction of the splenic white pulp, focal degenerative changes of the thymus and lymph nodes and probably slight proliferative changes of the kidney glomeruli. In surviving animals there were transient myocardial and hepatic lesions and, after clinical recovery, proliferative changes in spleen, lymph nodes, interstitial lung tissue and probably kidney glomeruli. The results do not permit any conclusions to be drawn regarding the aetiology or the pathogenesis of PED infection.", "contents": "Pleural effusion disease in rabbits. Histopathological observations. Pleural effusion disease (PED) is a generalized infection of laboratory rabbits caused by an unidentified agent, believed to be a virus. The histopathological response of 17 rabbits infected experimentally with this agent was studied. The light microscopical changes were minimal and the most consistent findings were alterations of the lymphoid tissue. Fatal infections were characterized by a uniform reduction of the splenic white pulp, focal degenerative changes of the thymus and lymph nodes and probably slight proliferative changes of the kidney glomeruli. In surviving animals there were transient myocardial and hepatic lesions and, after clinical recovery, proliferative changes in spleen, lymph nodes, interstitial lung tissue and probably kidney glomeruli. The results do not permit any conclusions to be drawn regarding the aetiology or the pathogenesis of PED infection.", "PMID": 707102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2667", "title": "Plasma membrane motility of cultured human glia cells in phase II and III.", "content": "A human diploid glia line (U-787 CG) was cultured on haptotactic islands using a miniclone method recently described. The surface morphology and motility pattern of the cells were studied using timelapse cinemicrophotography and scanning electron microscopy. Proliferating cells showed locomotion and ruffling activity with intermittent associated macropinocytosis. Non-dividers, viz, cells which had not divided 10 days after seeding on the haptotactic islands, were immobile, larger than the dividers, rather flat with few microvilli, and showed only very occasional ruffles almost completely without associated macropinocytosis. Our present findings show that phase III cells growing singly on haptotactic islands in serum-containing medium behave like phase II cells starved of growth factors or density growth inhibited. The results corroborate the theory that stationary cells have depressed ruffling activity and associated macropinocytosis as compared with proliferating cells.", "contents": "Plasma membrane motility of cultured human glia cells in phase II and III. A human diploid glia line (U-787 CG) was cultured on haptotactic islands using a miniclone method recently described. The surface morphology and motility pattern of the cells were studied using timelapse cinemicrophotography and scanning electron microscopy. Proliferating cells showed locomotion and ruffling activity with intermittent associated macropinocytosis. Non-dividers, viz, cells which had not divided 10 days after seeding on the haptotactic islands, were immobile, larger than the dividers, rather flat with few microvilli, and showed only very occasional ruffles almost completely without associated macropinocytosis. Our present findings show that phase III cells growing singly on haptotactic islands in serum-containing medium behave like phase II cells starved of growth factors or density growth inhibited. The results corroborate the theory that stationary cells have depressed ruffling activity and associated macropinocytosis as compared with proliferating cells.", "PMID": 707103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2668", "title": "Immune complexes in the sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis suffering from chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection.", "content": "12 cystic fibrosis (CF) patients chronically infected with mucoid P. aeruginosa and presenting multiple precipitins in serum against this bacterium and 12 patients without P. aeruginosa infection were examined for occurrence of soluble immune complexes in their sputum sol phase by a complement consumption assay and a solid phase rheumatoid factor binding assay. The correlation between the results obtained in the two assays was significant (r = 0.625, p less than 0.01). The patients chronically infected with P. aeruginosa showed a significantly (p less than 0.01) higher frequency of immune complex activity in their sputum sol phase, as compared to the patients without P. aeruginosa lung infection. These findings point to the possibility that chronic lung infection with mucoid P. aeruginosa in CF may be an immune complex disease.", "contents": "Immune complexes in the sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis suffering from chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection. 12 cystic fibrosis (CF) patients chronically infected with mucoid P. aeruginosa and presenting multiple precipitins in serum against this bacterium and 12 patients without P. aeruginosa infection were examined for occurrence of soluble immune complexes in their sputum sol phase by a complement consumption assay and a solid phase rheumatoid factor binding assay. The correlation between the results obtained in the two assays was significant (r = 0.625, p less than 0.01). The patients chronically infected with P. aeruginosa showed a significantly (p less than 0.01) higher frequency of immune complex activity in their sputum sol phase, as compared to the patients without P. aeruginosa lung infection. These findings point to the possibility that chronic lung infection with mucoid P. aeruginosa in CF may be an immune complex disease.", "PMID": 707104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2669", "title": "Effect of thyroxine treatment on carnitine levels in mice.", "content": "The effect in mice of 8 subcutaneous injections of 20 microgram of L-thyroxine at 12 hr-intervals on the carnitine concentration in the heart and skeletal muscle tissue was studied. In skeletal muscle tissue, the thyroxine treatment resulted in a depressed carnitine concentration. The mean values were 1.59 +/- 0.034 (S.E.M.) and 2.03 +/- 0.045 mumol/g noncollagen protein and 1.11 +/- 0.035 and 1.45 +/- 0.037 mumol/g dry weight for the thyroxine treated and the control animals, respectively. Thyroxine produced myocardial hypertrophy. The thyroxine treated animals had lower cardiac values when dry weight was used as reference base 4.17 +/- 0.10 mumol/g dry weight than the control group, 4.69 +/- 0.18 mumol/g dry weight. No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups when the cardiac carnitine concentration was expressed per g noncollagen protein or as carnitine in the entire hearts. Thus, thyroxine has been showed to influence the metabolism of carnitine in mice.", "contents": "Effect of thyroxine treatment on carnitine levels in mice. The effect in mice of 8 subcutaneous injections of 20 microgram of L-thyroxine at 12 hr-intervals on the carnitine concentration in the heart and skeletal muscle tissue was studied. In skeletal muscle tissue, the thyroxine treatment resulted in a depressed carnitine concentration. The mean values were 1.59 +/- 0.034 (S.E.M.) and 2.03 +/- 0.045 mumol/g noncollagen protein and 1.11 +/- 0.035 and 1.45 +/- 0.037 mumol/g dry weight for the thyroxine treated and the control animals, respectively. Thyroxine produced myocardial hypertrophy. The thyroxine treated animals had lower cardiac values when dry weight was used as reference base 4.17 +/- 0.10 mumol/g dry weight than the control group, 4.69 +/- 0.18 mumol/g dry weight. No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups when the cardiac carnitine concentration was expressed per g noncollagen protein or as carnitine in the entire hearts. Thus, thyroxine has been showed to influence the metabolism of carnitine in mice.", "PMID": 707119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2670", "title": "Degree of sedation obtained with various doses of diazepam and nitrazepam.", "content": "Using critical flicker fusion (CFF) determination and estimation of drowsiness in eight healthy volunteers the sedative-hypnotic effects of diazepam and mitrazepam were studied. Three dose levels of each drug were used, so that dose-effect curves could be produced. The most reliable results were obtained with the CFF method, and significant dose-effect relations could be demonstrated. The CFF deviation after diazepam initially related well to the concentration in blood serum, but after 4--6 hours the CFF depression vanished rapidly, while the drug concentration remained high. After nitrazepam the signs of drowsiness occurred similarly, while the drug concentration in serum showed on an average a slower rise. The effects began to disappear before the nitrazepam concentration had reached a peak. A rapid tachyphylaxis at the receptor sites seems to be responsible for this incongruity. Nitrazepam exerted significantly stronger sedative effects than diazepam, particularly when the respective serum concentrations were taken into account. This confirms that nitrazepam should be a more efficient sleeping drug, although diazepam also has considerable sedative-hypnotic action.", "contents": "Degree of sedation obtained with various doses of diazepam and nitrazepam. Using critical flicker fusion (CFF) determination and estimation of drowsiness in eight healthy volunteers the sedative-hypnotic effects of diazepam and mitrazepam were studied. Three dose levels of each drug were used, so that dose-effect curves could be produced. The most reliable results were obtained with the CFF method, and significant dose-effect relations could be demonstrated. The CFF deviation after diazepam initially related well to the concentration in blood serum, but after 4--6 hours the CFF depression vanished rapidly, while the drug concentration remained high. After nitrazepam the signs of drowsiness occurred similarly, while the drug concentration in serum showed on an average a slower rise. The effects began to disappear before the nitrazepam concentration had reached a peak. A rapid tachyphylaxis at the receptor sites seems to be responsible for this incongruity. Nitrazepam exerted significantly stronger sedative effects than diazepam, particularly when the respective serum concentrations were taken into account. This confirms that nitrazepam should be a more efficient sleeping drug, although diazepam also has considerable sedative-hypnotic action.", "PMID": 707120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2671", "title": "Reduced myocardial blood flow in acute and chronic digitalization.", "content": "The myocardial blood flow was measured by the 133Xenon disappearance curve from the left ventricular wall following an injection of 133Xenon in the left coronary artery in 8 dogs without digoxin pretreatment and in 8 chronically digitalized dogs. The myocardial blood flow was significantly less (30%) in the digitalized dogs than in the dogs without pretreatment. In the digitalized dogs as well as in those without pretreatment an intravenous injection of digoxin resulted in a further significant decrease of the myocardial blood flow of about 20% and a significant increase of the coronary vascular resistance. The reduced myocardial blood flow both during acute and chronic digitalization is beleived to be of clinical importance.", "contents": "Reduced myocardial blood flow in acute and chronic digitalization. The myocardial blood flow was measured by the 133Xenon disappearance curve from the left ventricular wall following an injection of 133Xenon in the left coronary artery in 8 dogs without digoxin pretreatment and in 8 chronically digitalized dogs. The myocardial blood flow was significantly less (30%) in the digitalized dogs than in the dogs without pretreatment. In the digitalized dogs as well as in those without pretreatment an intravenous injection of digoxin resulted in a further significant decrease of the myocardial blood flow of about 20% and a significant increase of the coronary vascular resistance. The reduced myocardial blood flow both during acute and chronic digitalization is beleived to be of clinical importance.", "PMID": 707121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2672", "title": "The influence of protein binding on the pharmacokinetics of sulphadimethoxine in rabbits.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of sulphadimethoxine was investigated in rabbits at five dose levels. A significant nonlinearity of dose dependent pharmacokinetics was demonstrated. A large dose dependent change in per cent of sulphadimethoxine bound to plasma proteins was shown. It is concluded that the nonlinearity of the pharmacokinetics of sulphadimethoxine is mainly caused by the dose dependent changes in per cent of drug bound to plasma proteins.", "contents": "The influence of protein binding on the pharmacokinetics of sulphadimethoxine in rabbits. The pharmacokinetics of sulphadimethoxine was investigated in rabbits at five dose levels. A significant nonlinearity of dose dependent pharmacokinetics was demonstrated. A large dose dependent change in per cent of sulphadimethoxine bound to plasma proteins was shown. It is concluded that the nonlinearity of the pharmacokinetics of sulphadimethoxine is mainly caused by the dose dependent changes in per cent of drug bound to plasma proteins.", "PMID": 707122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2673", "title": "Lithium chloride toxicity and pharmacodynamics in inbred mice.", "content": "Inbred strains of male mice (C3H, DBA, BALB, C57) were used to determine whether genetic factors play a role in lithium toxicity. Significant differences in the LD50 for LiCl were observed between the mouse strains after a subcutaneous injection of 37 degrees isotonic LiCl. The LD50 values in the C3H, DBA, BALB and C57 strains were 17.4, 17.6, 18.2, and 19.4 mmol/kg, respectively. Significant differences were also observed between the mouse strains in the concentrations of lithium in plasma, heart, liver, kidney and brain 2 hrs. after a subcutaneous injection of 15.1 or 18.2 mmol/kg LiCl, but the lithium concentrations were not related in an obvious manner to LiCl toxicity. The results show that genetic factors can influence the toxicity and pharmacodynamics of lithium.", "contents": "Lithium chloride toxicity and pharmacodynamics in inbred mice. Inbred strains of male mice (C3H, DBA, BALB, C57) were used to determine whether genetic factors play a role in lithium toxicity. Significant differences in the LD50 for LiCl were observed between the mouse strains after a subcutaneous injection of 37 degrees isotonic LiCl. The LD50 values in the C3H, DBA, BALB and C57 strains were 17.4, 17.6, 18.2, and 19.4 mmol/kg, respectively. Significant differences were also observed between the mouse strains in the concentrations of lithium in plasma, heart, liver, kidney and brain 2 hrs. after a subcutaneous injection of 15.1 or 18.2 mmol/kg LiCl, but the lithium concentrations were not related in an obvious manner to LiCl toxicity. The results show that genetic factors can influence the toxicity and pharmacodynamics of lithium.", "PMID": 707123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2674", "title": "The effect of lithium on the iodide concentrating mechanism in mouse salivary gland.", "content": "The iodide concentrating mechanism, measured as the gland to plasma (G/P) 125I- concentration ratio, was measured in male mouse submandibular glands after the animals had been fed with varying amounts of lithium chloride for intervals ranging from 0 to 8 weeks. After acute exposure (by injection) to lithium the G/P 125I- fell compared to control values and was further depressed at high serum lithium values. Chronic exposure to lithium was characterised by an increase in the G/P 125I- ratios at therapeutic serum lithium concentrations. It is suggested that lithium has a direct effect on the iodide concentrating mechanism that may be independent of any action of thyroid stimulating hormone during this process. The effect may be important in the formation of lithium induced goitre.", "contents": "The effect of lithium on the iodide concentrating mechanism in mouse salivary gland. The iodide concentrating mechanism, measured as the gland to plasma (G/P) 125I- concentration ratio, was measured in male mouse submandibular glands after the animals had been fed with varying amounts of lithium chloride for intervals ranging from 0 to 8 weeks. After acute exposure (by injection) to lithium the G/P 125I- fell compared to control values and was further depressed at high serum lithium values. Chronic exposure to lithium was characterised by an increase in the G/P 125I- ratios at therapeutic serum lithium concentrations. It is suggested that lithium has a direct effect on the iodide concentrating mechanism that may be independent of any action of thyroid stimulating hormone during this process. The effect may be important in the formation of lithium induced goitre.", "PMID": 707124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2675", "title": "Levels of dopamine, norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in different regions of the rat brain in thallium toxicosis.", "content": "The levels of dopamine, noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine were estimated in the hypothalamus and limbic areas, corpus striatum, cerebellum and the brain-stem of rats administered thallous acetate (5 mg/kg i.p.) daily for 7 days. Significant decreases in the concentration of dopamine occurred in the hypothalamus, limbic areas and corpus striatum. Noradrenaline did not reveal significant alteration in any of the regions of the brain examined. The concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine was significantly lowered in the corpus striatum, cerebellum and the brain-stem.", "contents": "Levels of dopamine, norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in different regions of the rat brain in thallium toxicosis. The levels of dopamine, noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine were estimated in the hypothalamus and limbic areas, corpus striatum, cerebellum and the brain-stem of rats administered thallous acetate (5 mg/kg i.p.) daily for 7 days. Significant decreases in the concentration of dopamine occurred in the hypothalamus, limbic areas and corpus striatum. Noradrenaline did not reveal significant alteration in any of the regions of the brain examined. The concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine was significantly lowered in the corpus striatum, cerebellum and the brain-stem.", "PMID": 707129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2676", "title": "Dextran induced hypoalbuminaemia as a model for the study of influences of protein binding on the pharmacokinetics of drugs.", "content": "A model for examination of the effect of hypoalbuminaemia on drug pharmacokinetics in laboratory animal is described. The model has been used to investigate the effect of protein binding on the kinetics of sulphadimethoxine in rabbits. A greater volume of distribution of sulphadimethoxine is shown in the dextran induced hypoalbuminaemic rabbits in comparison with control animals. It is concluded that the suggested model is convenient for investigation of the influences of protein binding on drug pharmacokinetics.", "contents": "Dextran induced hypoalbuminaemia as a model for the study of influences of protein binding on the pharmacokinetics of drugs. A model for examination of the effect of hypoalbuminaemia on drug pharmacokinetics in laboratory animal is described. The model has been used to investigate the effect of protein binding on the kinetics of sulphadimethoxine in rabbits. A greater volume of distribution of sulphadimethoxine is shown in the dextran induced hypoalbuminaemic rabbits in comparison with control animals. It is concluded that the suggested model is convenient for investigation of the influences of protein binding on drug pharmacokinetics.", "PMID": 707130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2677", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of clomethiazole in healthy adults.", "content": "The systemic availability of clomethiazole was assessed by comparing blood levels after intravenous and oral administration. Clomethiazole was rapidly absorbed after oral administration to volunteers, particularly when administered as syrup. The fraction of the given dose that reached the systemic circulation after 1 capsule of clomethiazole (192 mg clomethiazole) was 0.25 +/- 0.18, after 2 capsules (384 mg clomethiazole) 0.38 +/- 0.18, and after 15 ml syrup (480 mg clomethiazole)  0.42 +/- 0.20. The time-blood concentration profiles were consistent with a two-compartment open model and the mean elimination half-lives of 3.6--5.0 hrs. were found for the different formulations and administration routes. Elimination half-lives showed little variation and a mean systemic clearance of 49 ml/min./kg was found for clomethiazole after intravenous administration. Clomethiazole is bound to human plasma proteins (63.4 +/- 1.6%, 37 degrees), a binding which is not affected by Vacutainer sample tubes. The blood/plasma distribution of clomethiazole was 0.76 +/- 0.02 at 37 degrees. A sensitive mass fragmentographic assay for the determination of clomethiazole in blood/plasma down to levels of 1 ng/ml (6.2 nmol/l) is described.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of clomethiazole in healthy adults. The systemic availability of clomethiazole was assessed by comparing blood levels after intravenous and oral administration. Clomethiazole was rapidly absorbed after oral administration to volunteers, particularly when administered as syrup. The fraction of the given dose that reached the systemic circulation after 1 capsule of clomethiazole (192 mg clomethiazole) was 0.25 +/- 0.18, after 2 capsules (384 mg clomethiazole) 0.38 +/- 0.18, and after 15 ml syrup (480 mg clomethiazole)  0.42 +/- 0.20. The time-blood concentration profiles were consistent with a two-compartment open model and the mean elimination half-lives of 3.6--5.0 hrs. were found for the different formulations and administration routes. Elimination half-lives showed little variation and a mean systemic clearance of 49 ml/min./kg was found for clomethiazole after intravenous administration. Clomethiazole is bound to human plasma proteins (63.4 +/- 1.6%, 37 degrees), a binding which is not affected by Vacutainer sample tubes. The blood/plasma distribution of clomethiazole was 0.76 +/- 0.02 at 37 degrees. A sensitive mass fragmentographic assay for the determination of clomethiazole in blood/plasma down to levels of 1 ng/ml (6.2 nmol/l) is described.", "PMID": 707131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2678", "title": "Actions of a new vasopressin analogue (1-deamino-6-carba-[8-arginine]-vasopressin) on regional blood flow in pregnant guinea pigs.", "content": "Regional blood flow responses to 1-deamino-6-carba-(8-arginine)-vasopressin (dCAVP) were investigated in pregnant guinea pigs by the radioactive microsphere technique. Intravenous injection of 0.1 microgram/kg body weight caused a moderate rise in mean arterial blood pressure from 6.8 to 7.9 kPa, a significant reduction in tissue perfusion of the stomach, mammary gland, urinary bladder and vagina, and a significant increase in renal and cerebral blood flow. In a small number of animals given 1.0 microgram/kg of dCAVP, which evoked a strong pressor response, it was also possible to demonstrate a reduction in cutaneous and pancreatic blood flow and an augmentation of adrenal blood flow. Uterine and maternal placental blood flow did not alter significantly following administration of this vasopressin analogue.", "contents": "Actions of a new vasopressin analogue (1-deamino-6-carba-[8-arginine]-vasopressin) on regional blood flow in pregnant guinea pigs. Regional blood flow responses to 1-deamino-6-carba-(8-arginine)-vasopressin (dCAVP) were investigated in pregnant guinea pigs by the radioactive microsphere technique. Intravenous injection of 0.1 microgram/kg body weight caused a moderate rise in mean arterial blood pressure from 6.8 to 7.9 kPa, a significant reduction in tissue perfusion of the stomach, mammary gland, urinary bladder and vagina, and a significant increase in renal and cerebral blood flow. In a small number of animals given 1.0 microgram/kg of dCAVP, which evoked a strong pressor response, it was also possible to demonstrate a reduction in cutaneous and pancreatic blood flow and an augmentation of adrenal blood flow. Uterine and maternal placental blood flow did not alter significantly following administration of this vasopressin analogue.", "PMID": 707132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2679", "title": "The degree of methylation and organ distribution of mercury in some birds of prey in Norway.", "content": "The concentrations of total mercury and methyl mercury were determined in organs from several species of birds of prey. The organ distributions were calculated for each species. For total and non-methyl mercury, significant differences were found between the species. For methyl mercury no such differences were found. The liver: kidney ratios in White-tailed Eagle were 1 : 2.4 and 1 : 0.9 for total and methyl mercury, respectively. The corresponding figures for the Eagle Owl were 1 : 0.7 and 1 : 0.8. The distribution pattern and the degree of methylation were mainly dependent on the mercury levels, and there seemed to be an inverse relationship between the total mercury levels and the percentages of methyl mercury in the organs, especially in the kidney. There were good correlations between the methyl mercury concentrations in the liver, kidney, and muscle. The demethylation of methyl mercury seems to be a significant detoxication route for methyl mercury in birds of prey.", "contents": "The degree of methylation and organ distribution of mercury in some birds of prey in Norway. The concentrations of total mercury and methyl mercury were determined in organs from several species of birds of prey. The organ distributions were calculated for each species. For total and non-methyl mercury, significant differences were found between the species. For methyl mercury no such differences were found. The liver: kidney ratios in White-tailed Eagle were 1 : 2.4 and 1 : 0.9 for total and methyl mercury, respectively. The corresponding figures for the Eagle Owl were 1 : 0.7 and 1 : 0.8. The distribution pattern and the degree of methylation were mainly dependent on the mercury levels, and there seemed to be an inverse relationship between the total mercury levels and the percentages of methyl mercury in the organs, especially in the kidney. There were good correlations between the methyl mercury concentrations in the liver, kidney, and muscle. The demethylation of methyl mercury seems to be a significant detoxication route for methyl mercury in birds of prey.", "PMID": 707133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2680", "title": "Excretion of intravenously injected copper-64 in sheep.", "content": "Copper-64 was injected intravenously into three sheep. The total excretion of copper in sheep was low since only 1.4--1.7% of the dose injected was excreted during a period of 60 hrs. following the injection. It was found that the biliary system was not a main excretory pathway for copper; other routes of excretion into the gastrointestinal tract seemed to be more important. The urinary and the biliary excretion were of comparable magnitude. The activity in the bile was found to be lower than in the plasma throughout the sampling period. It is assumed that a low excretion capacity of copper in the bile of sheep may be a possible factor of importance for the high susceptibility of this species to excess of copper.", "contents": "Excretion of intravenously injected copper-64 in sheep. Copper-64 was injected intravenously into three sheep. The total excretion of copper in sheep was low since only 1.4--1.7% of the dose injected was excreted during a period of 60 hrs. following the injection. It was found that the biliary system was not a main excretory pathway for copper; other routes of excretion into the gastrointestinal tract seemed to be more important. The urinary and the biliary excretion were of comparable magnitude. The activity in the bile was found to be lower than in the plasma throughout the sampling period. It is assumed that a low excretion capacity of copper in the bile of sheep may be a possible factor of importance for the high susceptibility of this species to excess of copper.", "PMID": 707134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2681", "title": "A comparative study on the effects of disulfiram, cyanamide and 1-aminocyclopropanol on the acetaldehyde metabolism in rats.", "content": "1-aminocyclopropanol (ACP) is a potent inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in vivo and in vitro. Like cyanamide it has a rapid onset of action in vivo with the highest inhibition occurring after 2--24 hrs. and a long duration of action like disulfiram with measurable inhibition after 144 hrs. All the three inhibitors decreased the activity of the mitochondrial low-Km ALDH strongly in vivo, however, in markedly different doses. Cyanamide inhibited the high-Km ALDH only in vivo, whereas in vitro, the hihgh-Km ALDH was unaffected by cyanamide but significantly inhibited by disulfiram and ACP. The inhibition produced by the inhibitors appeared to be irreversible. Acetaldehyde protected the low-Km enzyme at different extents depending on the inhibitor used. The inhibition of ALDH in intoxicated and control rats and its relation to acetaldehyde oxidation and the disulfiram-ethanol reaction are discussed.", "contents": "A comparative study on the effects of disulfiram, cyanamide and 1-aminocyclopropanol on the acetaldehyde metabolism in rats. 1-aminocyclopropanol (ACP) is a potent inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in vivo and in vitro. Like cyanamide it has a rapid onset of action in vivo with the highest inhibition occurring after 2--24 hrs. and a long duration of action like disulfiram with measurable inhibition after 144 hrs. All the three inhibitors decreased the activity of the mitochondrial low-Km ALDH strongly in vivo, however, in markedly different doses. Cyanamide inhibited the high-Km ALDH only in vivo, whereas in vitro, the hihgh-Km ALDH was unaffected by cyanamide but significantly inhibited by disulfiram and ACP. The inhibition produced by the inhibitors appeared to be irreversible. Acetaldehyde protected the low-Km enzyme at different extents depending on the inhibitor used. The inhibition of ALDH in intoxicated and control rats and its relation to acetaldehyde oxidation and the disulfiram-ethanol reaction are discussed.", "PMID": 707135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2682", "title": "Enhancement of urine prostaglandin excretion by chlorazanil in dogs.", "content": "In conscious dogs chlorazanil (2.5 mg/kg intravenously) markedly enhanced (5--10 fold) urinary excretion of prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha. The effect came to a peak at 15--30 min. following the administration. Chlorazanil did not modify renal blood flow or inulin clearance in non-pretreated or indomethacin pretreated dogs and the plasma renin activity remained unchanged. A marginal natriuretic and antikaliuretic activity by chlorazanil was similarly observed in non-pretreated dogs and dogs pretreated with indomethacin. The possible effects of the prostaglandins released by chlorazanil remained obscure. In vitro chlorazanil (10(-4) M) exhibited a moderate inhibition of 15-OH-prostaglandin dehydrogenase but an enhanced excretion of 15-keto-13, 14-dihydro PGE2alpha in vivo suggested that chlorazanil increased renal prostaglandin activity by increased prostaglandin synthesis, probably due to increased precursor availability. This was presumably mediated by some as yet unknown factor since chlorazanil ( 4 x 10(-5)M) failed to affect the release of precursor and prostaglandins from isolated Krebs-Henseleit perfused rabbit kidneys.", "contents": "Enhancement of urine prostaglandin excretion by chlorazanil in dogs. In conscious dogs chlorazanil (2.5 mg/kg intravenously) markedly enhanced (5--10 fold) urinary excretion of prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha. The effect came to a peak at 15--30 min. following the administration. Chlorazanil did not modify renal blood flow or inulin clearance in non-pretreated or indomethacin pretreated dogs and the plasma renin activity remained unchanged. A marginal natriuretic and antikaliuretic activity by chlorazanil was similarly observed in non-pretreated dogs and dogs pretreated with indomethacin. The possible effects of the prostaglandins released by chlorazanil remained obscure. In vitro chlorazanil (10(-4) M) exhibited a moderate inhibition of 15-OH-prostaglandin dehydrogenase but an enhanced excretion of 15-keto-13, 14-dihydro PGE2alpha in vivo suggested that chlorazanil increased renal prostaglandin activity by increased prostaglandin synthesis, probably due to increased precursor availability. This was presumably mediated by some as yet unknown factor since chlorazanil ( 4 x 10(-5)M) failed to affect the release of precursor and prostaglandins from isolated Krebs-Henseleit perfused rabbit kidneys.", "PMID": 707136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2683", "title": "Fluoride, fluoride resistance and glycolysis in cultured cells.", "content": "Long-term (several years) exposure to fluoride induced decreased production of lactate in cultured, fluoride resistant LS cells. In intact, sensitive cells, 6 mM NaF had no effect on glycolysis, whereas in homogenates, from both resistant and sensitive cells, lactate production was blocked by 6 mM NaF, indicating the cell membrane to be a barrier to fluoride. A lower intracellular rather than extracellular fluoride concentration was found in the sensitive cell with a ratio of 0.4, whereas fluoride resistant cells excluded fluoride from their intracellular milieu.", "contents": "Fluoride, fluoride resistance and glycolysis in cultured cells. Long-term (several years) exposure to fluoride induced decreased production of lactate in cultured, fluoride resistant LS cells. In intact, sensitive cells, 6 mM NaF had no effect on glycolysis, whereas in homogenates, from both resistant and sensitive cells, lactate production was blocked by 6 mM NaF, indicating the cell membrane to be a barrier to fluoride. A lower intracellular rather than extracellular fluoride concentration was found in the sensitive cell with a ratio of 0.4, whereas fluoride resistant cells excluded fluoride from their intracellular milieu.", "PMID": 707137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2684", "title": "Effect of fluoride on the activity of ornithine decarboxylase in normal and fluoride resistant LS cells.", "content": "Renewal of growth medium caused an induction of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity in LS cells grown in suspension culture. Addition of low concentrations of fluoride ions to the growth medium (up to 1.3 mM) resulted in a further increase in this induction of ODC-activity, whereas addition of 6 mM fluoride caused an inhibition of the induction and resulted in reduced ODC-activity as compared to controls. Since sodium fluoride had no stimulatory or inhibitory effect on the ODC-activity assay, it is likely that the effect is exerted on the regulation of ODC-activity in the cells. The effect of fluoride ions on the induction of ODC-activity upon renewal of the growth medium was markedly less pronounced in fluoride resistant LS cells.", "contents": "Effect of fluoride on the activity of ornithine decarboxylase in normal and fluoride resistant LS cells. Renewal of growth medium caused an induction of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity in LS cells grown in suspension culture. Addition of low concentrations of fluoride ions to the growth medium (up to 1.3 mM) resulted in a further increase in this induction of ODC-activity, whereas addition of 6 mM fluoride caused an inhibition of the induction and resulted in reduced ODC-activity as compared to controls. Since sodium fluoride had no stimulatory or inhibitory effect on the ODC-activity assay, it is likely that the effect is exerted on the regulation of ODC-activity in the cells. The effect of fluoride ions on the induction of ODC-activity upon renewal of the growth medium was markedly less pronounced in fluoride resistant LS cells.", "PMID": 707138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2685", "title": "Central effects of endogenous and exogenous GABA.", "content": "Exogenous GABA administered into the lateral ventricle of the brain in Wistar rats in doses of 75, 200 and 600 microgram per rat, and endogenous GABA whose cerebral level was raised by intraperitoneal administration of hydroxylamine (Hx) in doses of 30, 50 and 75 mg/kg had a significant inhibitory effect on the central nervous system. This effect was abolished by bicuculine (Bc). The central effect of exogenous and endogenous GABA was manifested by reduced spontaneous and exploratory locomotor activity, decreased body temperature, potentiation of hexobarbital and chloral hydrate general anaesthesia and increase of haloperidol-induced catalepsy. On the other hand, no effect of GABA was observed on motor hyperactivity induced with amphetamine and on stereotypy induced with amphetamine and apomorphine.", "contents": "Central effects of endogenous and exogenous GABA. Exogenous GABA administered into the lateral ventricle of the brain in Wistar rats in doses of 75, 200 and 600 microgram per rat, and endogenous GABA whose cerebral level was raised by intraperitoneal administration of hydroxylamine (Hx) in doses of 30, 50 and 75 mg/kg had a significant inhibitory effect on the central nervous system. This effect was abolished by bicuculine (Bc). The central effect of exogenous and endogenous GABA was manifested by reduced spontaneous and exploratory locomotor activity, decreased body temperature, potentiation of hexobarbital and chloral hydrate general anaesthesia and increase of haloperidol-induced catalepsy. On the other hand, no effect of GABA was observed on motor hyperactivity induced with amphetamine and on stereotypy induced with amphetamine and apomorphine.", "PMID": 707139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2686", "title": "The adrenergic influences on the hypothalamic and neurohypophysial oxytocic activity in long-term dehydrated male white rats.", "content": "Rats dehydrated up to 12 days were given intraperitoneally phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride or amphetamine sulfate in daily doses of 0.2 mg/100 g or 0.5 mg/100 g, respectively. In not dehydrated animals, both drugs decreased significantly the hypothalamic and neurohypophysial oxytocin content. In dehydrated rats the oxytocin activity in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system diminished progressively; under such conditions, inhibition of alpha-adrenergic receptors (brought about by using phenoxybenzamine as pharmacological tool) as well as the stimulation of the alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors (caused by amphetamine administration) potentiated the effects of osmoreceptor stimulation.", "contents": "The adrenergic influences on the hypothalamic and neurohypophysial oxytocic activity in long-term dehydrated male white rats. Rats dehydrated up to 12 days were given intraperitoneally phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride or amphetamine sulfate in daily doses of 0.2 mg/100 g or 0.5 mg/100 g, respectively. In not dehydrated animals, both drugs decreased significantly the hypothalamic and neurohypophysial oxytocin content. In dehydrated rats the oxytocin activity in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system diminished progressively; under such conditions, inhibition of alpha-adrenergic receptors (brought about by using phenoxybenzamine as pharmacological tool) as well as the stimulation of the alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors (caused by amphetamine administration) potentiated the effects of osmoreceptor stimulation.", "PMID": 707140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2687", "title": "Effect of septal forebrain lesions on soluble fibrin monomer complexes in blood.", "content": "Soluble fibrin monomer complexes (FM) in blood were measured in septal forebrain lesioned rats on the 4th, 12th, 17th and 21st postoperative days by using the protamine sulfate-induced precipitation method. It was found that septal lesions resulted in a statistically significant increase of FM as compared to the control sham lesioned animals. This increase was positively correlated with heightened emotional reactivity induced by septal lesions. The results obtained suggest that damage to the septal forebrain area may activate the process of intravascular coagulation.", "contents": "Effect of septal forebrain lesions on soluble fibrin monomer complexes in blood. Soluble fibrin monomer complexes (FM) in blood were measured in septal forebrain lesioned rats on the 4th, 12th, 17th and 21st postoperative days by using the protamine sulfate-induced precipitation method. It was found that septal lesions resulted in a statistically significant increase of FM as compared to the control sham lesioned animals. This increase was positively correlated with heightened emotional reactivity induced by septal lesions. The results obtained suggest that damage to the septal forebrain area may activate the process of intravascular coagulation.", "PMID": 707141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2688", "title": "Erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) after submaximal exercise in human subjects.", "content": "In 79 swimmers aged 13--15 years the concentration of 2,3-DPG was determined in the erythrocytes at rest and 1 minute after the end of 7 minutes of submaximal exercise on an arm ergometer. In the examined subjects no significant changes were found in 2,3-DPG concentration in the erythrocytes. A non-significant tendency was demonstrated for a decrease in 2,3-DPG content of erythrocytes related to the post-exercise rise of blood lactate concentration.", "contents": "Erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) after submaximal exercise in human subjects. In 79 swimmers aged 13--15 years the concentration of 2,3-DPG was determined in the erythrocytes at rest and 1 minute after the end of 7 minutes of submaximal exercise on an arm ergometer. In the examined subjects no significant changes were found in 2,3-DPG concentration in the erythrocytes. A non-significant tendency was demonstrated for a decrease in 2,3-DPG content of erythrocytes related to the post-exercise rise of blood lactate concentration.", "PMID": 707142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2689", "title": "Tissue catecholamine and arterial blood pressure changes in non-anaesthetised rats following administration of a new derivative of furanocarboxylic acid with pressor effect.", "content": "The effect of a new derivative of furanocarboxylic acid MePAF-4 on the arterial blood pressure, heart rate and the concentration of catecholamines in the brain, heart and adrenals was assessed in non-anaesthetised rats. MePAF-4 was given orally in a single dose of 60 mg/kg (1/30 of LD50)administered during 9 days (at the same daily dose), of injected intravenously in a dose of 10 mg/kg. After intravenous injection MePAF-4 had a significant pressor effect associated with bradycardia but without changes in the tissue concentration of catecholamines. After a single oral dose a slight, transient (60 min) rise of the arterial blood pressure was observed, while the heart rate showed no statistically significant changes. Repeated oral administration of MePAF-4 raised the brain dopamine level and adrenal adrenaline level with simultaneous increase in the weight of these organs. No detectable effects of the long term MePAF-4 administration on the arterial blood pressure and heart rate were observed.", "contents": "Tissue catecholamine and arterial blood pressure changes in non-anaesthetised rats following administration of a new derivative of furanocarboxylic acid with pressor effect. The effect of a new derivative of furanocarboxylic acid MePAF-4 on the arterial blood pressure, heart rate and the concentration of catecholamines in the brain, heart and adrenals was assessed in non-anaesthetised rats. MePAF-4 was given orally in a single dose of 60 mg/kg (1/30 of LD50)administered during 9 days (at the same daily dose), of injected intravenously in a dose of 10 mg/kg. After intravenous injection MePAF-4 had a significant pressor effect associated with bradycardia but without changes in the tissue concentration of catecholamines. After a single oral dose a slight, transient (60 min) rise of the arterial blood pressure was observed, while the heart rate showed no statistically significant changes. Repeated oral administration of MePAF-4 raised the brain dopamine level and adrenal adrenaline level with simultaneous increase in the weight of these organs. No detectable effects of the long term MePAF-4 administration on the arterial blood pressure and heart rate were observed.", "PMID": 707143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2690", "title": "Effect of fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) on heart rate and some metabolic parameters in the rat.", "content": "Investigations were carried out in vitro and in vivo on the effects of FDP on the rat heart. It was found that FDP have a positive chronotropic and inotropic effect. In in vivo investigations it was shown that the peptides raise the activity of phosphorylase a in the heart and increase slightly blood FFA and lactate levels decreasing glycogen content in the myocardium. The effects of the examined peptides are blocked partly by propranolol and reserpine, while phentolamine failed to change the FDP action. These data suggest that FDP exert chronotropic and inotropic effects through their action on the beta-adrenergic receptors in the myocardium.", "contents": "Effect of fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) on heart rate and some metabolic parameters in the rat. Investigations were carried out in vitro and in vivo on the effects of FDP on the rat heart. It was found that FDP have a positive chronotropic and inotropic effect. In in vivo investigations it was shown that the peptides raise the activity of phosphorylase a in the heart and increase slightly blood FFA and lactate levels decreasing glycogen content in the myocardium. The effects of the examined peptides are blocked partly by propranolol and reserpine, while phentolamine failed to change the FDP action. These data suggest that FDP exert chronotropic and inotropic effects through their action on the beta-adrenergic receptors in the myocardium.", "PMID": 707144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2691", "title": "Transducer for arterial and venous blood pressure recording.", "content": "The construction of a pressure transducer for acute experiments is described. The transducer is intended for direct recording of arterial and venous blood pressure in animals. The characteristics of arterial and venous blood pressure records obtained with a mercury manometer by the classic method and with the transducer are compared.", "contents": "Transducer for arterial and venous blood pressure recording. The construction of a pressure transducer for acute experiments is described. The transducer is intended for direct recording of arterial and venous blood pressure in animals. The characteristics of arterial and venous blood pressure records obtained with a mercury manometer by the classic method and with the transducer are compared.", "PMID": 707147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2692", "title": "Ultrastructure of different types of skeletal muscle fibers of hypokinetic rats.", "content": "It has been found in the rat that prolonged hypokinesia results in degeneration or atrophy of most of the intermediate fibers, many of the red fibers and only some of the white fibers.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of different types of skeletal muscle fibers of hypokinetic rats. It has been found in the rat that prolonged hypokinesia results in degeneration or atrophy of most of the intermediate fibers, many of the red fibers and only some of the white fibers.", "PMID": 707148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2693", "title": "Effect of secretin on antipyrine elimination during extracorporeal perfusion of the isolated guinea pig liver.", "content": "The aim of these investigations was to elucidate in which part of the bile system (canaliculi or ductules) antipyrine is secreted actively into bile during extracorporeal perfusion of isolated guinea pig liver. Twelve perfusions were performed including 6 control and 6 with secretin. After 1, 2 and 3 hours from the onset of perfusion the perfusion fluid and bile samples were taken for determination of antipyrine concentration. It was demonstrated that secretin increases the volume of secreted bile, the concentration of antipyrine was decreased and the total amount of antipyrine eliminated with bile remained unchanged. The obtained results refute the hypothesis that antipyrine is secreted into bile in the ductular phase and suggest that this process takes place at the level of biliary canaliculi.", "contents": "Effect of secretin on antipyrine elimination during extracorporeal perfusion of the isolated guinea pig liver. The aim of these investigations was to elucidate in which part of the bile system (canaliculi or ductules) antipyrine is secreted actively into bile during extracorporeal perfusion of isolated guinea pig liver. Twelve perfusions were performed including 6 control and 6 with secretin. After 1, 2 and 3 hours from the onset of perfusion the perfusion fluid and bile samples were taken for determination of antipyrine concentration. It was demonstrated that secretin increases the volume of secreted bile, the concentration of antipyrine was decreased and the total amount of antipyrine eliminated with bile remained unchanged. The obtained results refute the hypothesis that antipyrine is secreted into bile in the ductular phase and suggest that this process takes place at the level of biliary canaliculi.", "PMID": 707145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2694", "title": "The constant value of the total concentration of potassium and sodium in tissue water in animals.", "content": "With age, the Musculus longissimus dorsi in pigs showed an increase in the potassium content and a decrease in the sodium content. The total concentration of potassium and sodium in milimoles in one litre of tissue water, here referred to as the \"Sum k\", is a constant value. The same mean Sum k had been obtained earlier by Blaxter and Rook for various kinds of tissue in cattle of different age. Approximate mean Sums k were calculated from the water, potassium and sodium contents in the muscles of man and pig at different stages of development, as reported in another publication. The constant character of Sum k was shown to be due to the equal concentration of potassium and sodium ions. This allows to calculate the quantity of water in the tissue from the potassium and sodium ions it contains and the percentage of extracellular or cellular water in total water. A consideration of the relationship between Sum k and osmotic pressure in the tissues proved an absence of concentration symmetry between the cellular and extracellular fluids which Sum k had seemed to suggest. Consequently, the total potassium content was multiplied by the asymmetry coefficient, fK, and then the Sum kc = mM (FKK + Na) per litre of water. From Blaxter and Rook's equation it was calculated that fK = 0.856 and Sum kc 148.8 mM.", "contents": "The constant value of the total concentration of potassium and sodium in tissue water in animals. With age, the Musculus longissimus dorsi in pigs showed an increase in the potassium content and a decrease in the sodium content. The total concentration of potassium and sodium in milimoles in one litre of tissue water, here referred to as the \"Sum k\", is a constant value. The same mean Sum k had been obtained earlier by Blaxter and Rook for various kinds of tissue in cattle of different age. Approximate mean Sums k were calculated from the water, potassium and sodium contents in the muscles of man and pig at different stages of development, as reported in another publication. The constant character of Sum k was shown to be due to the equal concentration of potassium and sodium ions. This allows to calculate the quantity of water in the tissue from the potassium and sodium ions it contains and the percentage of extracellular or cellular water in total water. A consideration of the relationship between Sum k and osmotic pressure in the tissues proved an absence of concentration symmetry between the cellular and extracellular fluids which Sum k had seemed to suggest. Consequently, the total potassium content was multiplied by the asymmetry coefficient, fK, and then the Sum kc = mM (FKK + Na) per litre of water. From Blaxter and Rook's equation it was calculated that fK = 0.856 and Sum kc 148.8 mM.", "PMID": 707146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2695", "title": "Prognosis of post partum mental disturbance. A prospective study of primiparous women and their 4 1/2-year-old children.", "content": "Sixty-nine women who had been studied in connection with their first para-natal period were followed up 4 1/2 years later. Information was collected both from the mother (semi-structured interview) and her child (play session). Those 16 mothers who had been severely mentally handicapped during their first post partum period were compared with the others. About half of the women in the handicapped group reported repeated and/or prolonged periods of impaired mental health even during the following years. Further, the women in the handicapped group reported a poor relationship to the partner more often than the others. The same women more often than the others experienced difficulties in adapting to the parental role; e.g. their general attitude towards the child, as estimated by the interviewer, was more often a rejecting one. They were also described more negatively by their children than women that had not been severely handicapped. It is concluded that women mentally disturbed post partum run a high risk of poor mental health even in the future and that in these cases the mother-child relationship may often develop in an unfavourable way.", "contents": "Prognosis of post partum mental disturbance. A prospective study of primiparous women and their 4 1/2-year-old children. Sixty-nine women who had been studied in connection with their first para-natal period were followed up 4 1/2 years later. Information was collected both from the mother (semi-structured interview) and her child (play session). Those 16 mothers who had been severely mentally handicapped during their first post partum period were compared with the others. About half of the women in the handicapped group reported repeated and/or prolonged periods of impaired mental health even during the following years. Further, the women in the handicapped group reported a poor relationship to the partner more often than the others. The same women more often than the others experienced difficulties in adapting to the parental role; e.g. their general attitude towards the child, as estimated by the interviewer, was more often a rejecting one. They were also described more negatively by their children than women that had not been severely handicapped. It is concluded that women mentally disturbed post partum run a high risk of poor mental health even in the future and that in these cases the mother-child relationship may often develop in an unfavourable way.", "PMID": 707163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2696", "title": "Diagnosis of schizophrenic borderline states.", "content": "The aim of this paper is to contribute to the clinical description of the group of schizophrenic borderline patients. In the first place important clinical features pointed out in older, basic papers will be restated. Secondly, additional observations, not used in clinical practice before, at least not explicitly, are described, data which are believed to be useful for the diagnosis of the states in question as well as for the differential diagnosis from other conditions, neuroses in particular. In the latter regard the following points are considered to be of outstanding importance: the presence or absence of a primary gain; the presence or absence of strivings to obtain an emotional secondary gain; the nature of the interpersonal relationship; the composition of the single symptoms. Pseudonormal, pseudoneurotic and pseudopsychopathic states are characterized. Micro-psychotic and overt psychotic states are described. Clinical differences from schizophrenic psychosis as observed in patients in the nuclear group of the schizophrenias are pointed out.", "contents": "Diagnosis of schizophrenic borderline states. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the clinical description of the group of schizophrenic borderline patients. In the first place important clinical features pointed out in older, basic papers will be restated. Secondly, additional observations, not used in clinical practice before, at least not explicitly, are described, data which are believed to be useful for the diagnosis of the states in question as well as for the differential diagnosis from other conditions, neuroses in particular. In the latter regard the following points are considered to be of outstanding importance: the presence or absence of a primary gain; the presence or absence of strivings to obtain an emotional secondary gain; the nature of the interpersonal relationship; the composition of the single symptoms. Pseudonormal, pseudoneurotic and pseudopsychopathic states are characterized. Micro-psychotic and overt psychotic states are described. Clinical differences from schizophrenic psychosis as observed in patients in the nuclear group of the schizophrenias are pointed out.", "PMID": 707164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2697", "title": "EEG immediately after unilateral ECT.", "content": "EEG was continuously recorded in 15 patients for a period extending from just before to 1/2 hour after unilateral ECT. Fourier analysis was performed on the EEG following 15 right-sided treatments and five left-sided treatments. During the induced seizure, epileptic slow-wave activity had significantly greater power on the treated side. Immediately after the seizure, there was significantly more delta activity and less alpha and beta activity on the treated side. This asymmetry, though becoming less marked, was usually still present at the end of the recording period. Analysis of other variables associated with the treatment showed that there was a significant correlation between the time to eye-opening after ECT and both the duration of the seizure and the amount of anaesthetic administered. The similarity between these induced unilateral seizures and unilateral seizures occurring spontaneously in some epileptics is discussed.", "contents": "EEG immediately after unilateral ECT. EEG was continuously recorded in 15 patients for a period extending from just before to 1/2 hour after unilateral ECT. Fourier analysis was performed on the EEG following 15 right-sided treatments and five left-sided treatments. During the induced seizure, epileptic slow-wave activity had significantly greater power on the treated side. Immediately after the seizure, there was significantly more delta activity and less alpha and beta activity on the treated side. This asymmetry, though becoming less marked, was usually still present at the end of the recording period. Analysis of other variables associated with the treatment showed that there was a significant correlation between the time to eye-opening after ECT and both the duration of the seizure and the amount of anaesthetic administered. The similarity between these induced unilateral seizures and unilateral seizures occurring spontaneously in some epileptics is discussed.", "PMID": 707165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2698", "title": "The switch process in manic-depressive illness. Circadian variation in time of switch and sleep and manic ratings before and after switch.", "content": "Research data collected on 75 Bipolar I patients, hospitalized at the NIMH between 1963 and 1975, were reviewed to identify \"switches\" into and out of mania. There were 27 \"slow\" switches (i.e. occurring over a period of 2--6 days) in 14 patients and 89 \"rapid\" switches (i.e. occurring in 24 hours or less) in 35 patients. No patient showed both \"rapid\" and \"slow\" switches during his hospitalization. Among the 89 rapid switches, 52 switches were into mania and 37 were out of mania. Rapid switches into and out of mania occurred significantly more often in the morning (7 a.m. to 3 p.m.) than at night (11 p.m. to 7 a.m.) or in the evening (3 p.m. to 11 p.m.). Estimated average sleep time on the night prior to switch into mania showed a significant drop as compared to sleep time on the second, third and fourth nights prior to switch. Patients who switched into mania at night were rated as significantly more manic during the 4 days following the switch than patients who switched in the morning or evening. Patients who switched into mania at night and evening were rated as sleeping significantly less during the 4 days following the switch than patients who switched in the morning.", "contents": "The switch process in manic-depressive illness. Circadian variation in time of switch and sleep and manic ratings before and after switch. Research data collected on 75 Bipolar I patients, hospitalized at the NIMH between 1963 and 1975, were reviewed to identify \"switches\" into and out of mania. There were 27 \"slow\" switches (i.e. occurring over a period of 2--6 days) in 14 patients and 89 \"rapid\" switches (i.e. occurring in 24 hours or less) in 35 patients. No patient showed both \"rapid\" and \"slow\" switches during his hospitalization. Among the 89 rapid switches, 52 switches were into mania and 37 were out of mania. Rapid switches into and out of mania occurred significantly more often in the morning (7 a.m. to 3 p.m.) than at night (11 p.m. to 7 a.m.) or in the evening (3 p.m. to 11 p.m.). Estimated average sleep time on the night prior to switch into mania showed a significant drop as compared to sleep time on the second, third and fourth nights prior to switch. Patients who switched into mania at night were rated as significantly more manic during the 4 days following the switch than patients who switched in the morning or evening. Patients who switched into mania at night and evening were rated as sleeping significantly less during the 4 days following the switch than patients who switched in the morning.", "PMID": 707167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2699", "title": "Lumbo-omental shunt for drainage of cerebrospinal fluid--an experimental study in dogs. I. The transport of cerebrospinal fluid from the lumbar subarachnoid space, studied by 169Yb-DTPA and a gamma camera.", "content": "Studies using an experimental cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting procedure are presented. By transposing a pedicle graft of the greater omentum to the lumbar subarachnoid space, the CSF absorption of the omentum can be utilized. Monitoring the absorption of intrathecally administration of 169Yb-DTPA by gamma camera sequential pictures 1 to 17 months after the shunt procedure, a rapid transport of radionuclide from the lumbo-omental shunt to the systemic venous blood was demonstrated.", "contents": "Lumbo-omental shunt for drainage of cerebrospinal fluid--an experimental study in dogs. I. The transport of cerebrospinal fluid from the lumbar subarachnoid space, studied by 169Yb-DTPA and a gamma camera. Studies using an experimental cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting procedure are presented. By transposing a pedicle graft of the greater omentum to the lumbar subarachnoid space, the CSF absorption of the omentum can be utilized. Monitoring the absorption of intrathecally administration of 169Yb-DTPA by gamma camera sequential pictures 1 to 17 months after the shunt procedure, a rapid transport of radionuclide from the lumbo-omental shunt to the systemic venous blood was demonstrated.", "PMID": 707168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2700", "title": "Dural arteriovenous malformation with false aneurysm and exophthalmos. A successfully treated case.", "content": "A case of dural arteriovenous malformation with giant non-traumatic false aneurysm in the left middle fossa is reported. A 10-year-old female patient was admitted to our hospital with pulsating exophthalmos of the left eye, which was successfully treated  by ligation of the main feeder and finally by the radical excision of the dural AVM and false aneurysm. False aneurysm of non-traumatic origin is so rare that only two cases were detected in the literature (Reina et al., Sakaki et al.), and no previous case of false aneurysm complicated by dural AVM seems to have been reported.", "contents": "Dural arteriovenous malformation with false aneurysm and exophthalmos. A successfully treated case. A case of dural arteriovenous malformation with giant non-traumatic false aneurysm in the left middle fossa is reported. A 10-year-old female patient was admitted to our hospital with pulsating exophthalmos of the left eye, which was successfully treated  by ligation of the main feeder and finally by the radical excision of the dural AVM and false aneurysm. False aneurysm of non-traumatic origin is so rare that only two cases were detected in the literature (Reina et al., Sakaki et al.), and no previous case of false aneurysm complicated by dural AVM seems to have been reported.", "PMID": 707169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2701", "title": "Pitfalls in the diagnosis of arrested hydrocephalus.", "content": "Arrested hydrocephalus probably results from improvement of CSF circulation during growth. Although a generally accepted condition, its mode of onset, its presence in a given patient, and time required to establish the absence of progressive hydrocephalus have not been defined. Five patients are presented with ostensibly arrested hydrocephalus due to: aqueductal stenosis, communicating hydrocephalus, and Dandy-Walker malformation. In a period ranging from 4 to 13 years, they presented clinical signs of decompensation with intracranial hypertension. One had never had a shunt procedure. Another two were performing well in school until they suddenly deteriorated. The diagnosis of arrested hydrocephalus requires close follow-up well into adolescence, with periodical neurological and psychomotor evaluations.  Sequential observation of the ventricular size with computed tomography (CT) is recommended.", "contents": "Pitfalls in the diagnosis of arrested hydrocephalus. Arrested hydrocephalus probably results from improvement of CSF circulation during growth. Although a generally accepted condition, its mode of onset, its presence in a given patient, and time required to establish the absence of progressive hydrocephalus have not been defined. Five patients are presented with ostensibly arrested hydrocephalus due to: aqueductal stenosis, communicating hydrocephalus, and Dandy-Walker malformation. In a period ranging from 4 to 13 years, they presented clinical signs of decompensation with intracranial hypertension. One had never had a shunt procedure. Another two were performing well in school until they suddenly deteriorated. The diagnosis of arrested hydrocephalus requires close follow-up well into adolescence, with periodical neurological and psychomotor evaluations.  Sequential observation of the ventricular size with computed tomography (CT) is recommended.", "PMID": 707170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2702", "title": "Disturbances of the coagulatory system in patients with severe cerebral trauma. I.", "content": "This is an investigation into thromboplastin time, partial thromboplastin time, plasma thrombin time, fibrinogen, and platelets in 30 patients with severe brain injury over 7--14 days. Platelets showed a very marked initial decrease and a slow return to normal around the seventh day. Fibrinogen was initially lowered in most of the cases, and raised from the second day onward. Changes in the other laboratory values were less definite. Latent signs of consumption coagulopathy were not accompanied by bleeding disorders, or by disseminated intravascular  coagulation at autopsy. The severity of laboratory value changes clearly correlated with the extent of brain damage, and was significantly higher when the patient did not survive the first week after injury.", "contents": "Disturbances of the coagulatory system in patients with severe cerebral trauma. I. This is an investigation into thromboplastin time, partial thromboplastin time, plasma thrombin time, fibrinogen, and platelets in 30 patients with severe brain injury over 7--14 days. Platelets showed a very marked initial decrease and a slow return to normal around the seventh day. Fibrinogen was initially lowered in most of the cases, and raised from the second day onward. Changes in the other laboratory values were less definite. Latent signs of consumption coagulopathy were not accompanied by bleeding disorders, or by disseminated intravascular  coagulation at autopsy. The severity of laboratory value changes clearly correlated with the extent of brain damage, and was significantly higher when the patient did not survive the first week after injury.", "PMID": 707171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2703", "title": "Duration of the respiratory periods of uniform respiratory rhythms in 35 patients with neurosurgical diseases.", "content": "Analysis of uniform respiratory rhythms in 35 neurosurgical patients showed that the mean duration of respiratory periods was between 8.60 and 71.51 seconds. The scatter around the mean value increases with the increase of the duration of the respiratory period. For an individual patient there is a one-peak distribution of the duration of respiratory periods. The duration of respiratory periods increases with age. There is a group of patients in whom the respiratory periods last over 40 seconds. This group is difficult to classify. There are no correlations between the acid-base values, blood gas values, and the duration of respiratory periods. Analysis of 10 autopsy cases showed lesions in the brain stem without any particular prevalence.", "contents": "Duration of the respiratory periods of uniform respiratory rhythms in 35 patients with neurosurgical diseases. Analysis of uniform respiratory rhythms in 35 neurosurgical patients showed that the mean duration of respiratory periods was between 8.60 and 71.51 seconds. The scatter around the mean value increases with the increase of the duration of the respiratory period. For an individual patient there is a one-peak distribution of the duration of respiratory periods. The duration of respiratory periods increases with age. There is a group of patients in whom the respiratory periods last over 40 seconds. This group is difficult to classify. There are no correlations between the acid-base values, blood gas values, and the duration of respiratory periods. Analysis of 10 autopsy cases showed lesions in the brain stem without any particular prevalence.", "PMID": 707172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2704", "title": "Histological and ultrastructural study of intracranial saccular aneurysmal wall.", "content": "The material studied consists of 10 cases of intracranial saccular aneurysms. Four came from autopsies, and in each of the other six aneurysmal wall was obtained at surgery after clipping of the aneurysm. The most significant findings from this pathological study are the almost complete disappearance of the internal elastic lamina at the level of the aneurysmal neck, sclerosis of the muscle coat, and in satellite vessels and vasa vasorum disruption of the internal elastic lamina and partial luminal occlusion. The importance of ischaemic changes in the aneurysmal wall is discussed. Rupture of the aneurysm at the distal extremity of the sac depends probably on the progressive brittleness of its wall which becomes sclerotic and less resistant to the blood pressure within. Splitting or rupture of the aneurysm appears to be dependent on degenerative ischaemic alterations in its wall.", "contents": "Histological and ultrastructural study of intracranial saccular aneurysmal wall. The material studied consists of 10 cases of intracranial saccular aneurysms. Four came from autopsies, and in each of the other six aneurysmal wall was obtained at surgery after clipping of the aneurysm. The most significant findings from this pathological study are the almost complete disappearance of the internal elastic lamina at the level of the aneurysmal neck, sclerosis of the muscle coat, and in satellite vessels and vasa vasorum disruption of the internal elastic lamina and partial luminal occlusion. The importance of ischaemic changes in the aneurysmal wall is discussed. Rupture of the aneurysm at the distal extremity of the sac depends probably on the progressive brittleness of its wall which becomes sclerotic and less resistant to the blood pressure within. Splitting or rupture of the aneurysm appears to be dependent on degenerative ischaemic alterations in its wall.", "PMID": 707175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2705", "title": "The management and prognosis of gliomas of the optic pathways in children.", "content": "A follow-up study was made of 24 children with gliomas of the optic pathways. In gliomas restricted to one optic nerve, total excision should be performed. The prognosis is excellent. Radiotherapy is not indicated. In gliomas of the anterior chiasma a biopsy should be taken; occasionally partial removal is indicated. The prognosis is good. Radiotherapy is indicated only if the follow-up shows a progression in the visual signs. In most cases the growth of the tumour seems to be arrested. The vision remains stable, and most patients have a useful degree of vision in at least one eye. In gliomas of the posterior chiasma with hypothalamic signs the prognosis is poor. A biopsy and radiotherapy are indicated. Occasionally, long remissions are seen.", "contents": "The management and prognosis of gliomas of the optic pathways in children. A follow-up study was made of 24 children with gliomas of the optic pathways. In gliomas restricted to one optic nerve, total excision should be performed. The prognosis is excellent. Radiotherapy is not indicated. In gliomas of the anterior chiasma a biopsy should be taken; occasionally partial removal is indicated. The prognosis is good. Radiotherapy is indicated only if the follow-up shows a progression in the visual signs. In most cases the growth of the tumour seems to be arrested. The vision remains stable, and most patients have a useful degree of vision in at least one eye. In gliomas of the posterior chiasma with hypothalamic signs the prognosis is poor. A biopsy and radiotherapy are indicated. Occasionally, long remissions are seen.", "PMID": 707176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2706", "title": "An evaluation of gliomas of the anterior visual pathways. A 10-year survey.", "content": "Thirteen cases of the childhood type of optic glioma from a 10-year period were studied. Particular attention was paid to the pre-operative neuro-ophthalmological and radiological findings. The patients all underwent explorative craniotomy when biopsy specimens were removed for histopathological study. Post-operative radiotherapy was given in 12 cases. In the follow-up period five patients showed deterioration of visual function, three patients showed unchanged visual function, and one patient showed improved visual function. In the remaining four patients, visual function could not be adequately determined. Three patients died in the course of the follow-up period. Retrospectively it was possible, on a histopathological basis, to divide the patients into three groups. It is suggested that the future management of these patients should consist of explorative craniotomy with diagnostic biopsy. Radiotherapy should be confined to selected cases, as only a minority of optic gliomas are radiosensitive.", "contents": "An evaluation of gliomas of the anterior visual pathways. A 10-year survey. Thirteen cases of the childhood type of optic glioma from a 10-year period were studied. Particular attention was paid to the pre-operative neuro-ophthalmological and radiological findings. The patients all underwent explorative craniotomy when biopsy specimens were removed for histopathological study. Post-operative radiotherapy was given in 12 cases. In the follow-up period five patients showed deterioration of visual function, three patients showed unchanged visual function, and one patient showed improved visual function. In the remaining four patients, visual function could not be adequately determined. Three patients died in the course of the follow-up period. Retrospectively it was possible, on a histopathological basis, to divide the patients into three groups. It is suggested that the future management of these patients should consist of explorative craniotomy with diagnostic biopsy. Radiotherapy should be confined to selected cases, as only a minority of optic gliomas are radiosensitive.", "PMID": 707177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2707", "title": "Supratentorial recurrences of gliomas. Results of reoperations on astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas.", "content": "On the basis of our previous investigation regarding histological transformation of recurrent astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas we report the clinical results of reoperations. The present observations deal with 121 cases: grade 1 astrocytomas (45), oligodendrogliomas (12), grade 2 astrocytomas (47), and oligodendrogliomas (17), respectively. In all these a second reoperation was performed in 14 cases. Operative mortality was relatively high, but without significant difference in the two groups of maligancy: 24.5% and 29.6%. Survival times in both groups showed striking individual differences. We achieved post-reoperation survivals exceeding one year in 18 and 14 cases, respectively. The results of second reoperations were generally poor. We find no remarkable differences in survival time following reoperations in primary grade 1 and grade 2 tumours. Similarly, malignant change proved to be not decisive for survival times. On the contrary, most of our patients with unchanged grade 1 astrocytomas, reoperated on after a longer interval, achieved a short second survival only. Prolongation of life expectancy by radiotherapy is doubtful. Irradiation seems to be necessary with malignantly transformed tumours if the patient did not have any treatment before reoperation.", "contents": "Supratentorial recurrences of gliomas. Results of reoperations on astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas. On the basis of our previous investigation regarding histological transformation of recurrent astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas we report the clinical results of reoperations. The present observations deal with 121 cases: grade 1 astrocytomas (45), oligodendrogliomas (12), grade 2 astrocytomas (47), and oligodendrogliomas (17), respectively. In all these a second reoperation was performed in 14 cases. Operative mortality was relatively high, but without significant difference in the two groups of maligancy: 24.5% and 29.6%. Survival times in both groups showed striking individual differences. We achieved post-reoperation survivals exceeding one year in 18 and 14 cases, respectively. The results of second reoperations were generally poor. We find no remarkable differences in survival time following reoperations in primary grade 1 and grade 2 tumours. Similarly, malignant change proved to be not decisive for survival times. On the contrary, most of our patients with unchanged grade 1 astrocytomas, reoperated on after a longer interval, achieved a short second survival only. Prolongation of life expectancy by radiotherapy is doubtful. Irradiation seems to be necessary with malignantly transformed tumours if the patient did not have any treatment before reoperation.", "PMID": 707178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2708", "title": "The mode of mitochondrial degeneration in gliomas.", "content": "Morphologically abnormal mitochondria from human glial tumours are described. For each tumour both the appearances of the mitochondria, and the subsequent mode of degeneration and formation of osmiophilic pigment is characteristic. The significance of these observations is discussed, and it is suggested that the mode of degeneration observed reflects directly a fundamental abnormality in composition compared to normal mitochondria.", "contents": "The mode of mitochondrial degeneration in gliomas. Morphologically abnormal mitochondria from human glial tumours are described. For each tumour both the appearances of the mitochondria, and the subsequent mode of degeneration and formation of osmiophilic pigment is characteristic. The significance of these observations is discussed, and it is suggested that the mode of degeneration observed reflects directly a fundamental abnormality in composition compared to normal mitochondria.", "PMID": 707179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2709", "title": "Lumbo-omental shunt for drainage of cerebrospinal fluid--an experimental radionuclide study in dogs. II. Evaluation of transport routes from lumbar subarachnoid space to venous blood.", "content": "In a series of dogs, the transport routes of intrathecally administered 99Tcm-DTPA from an omental graft to the venous blood were studied by scintillation probes placed over the portal and external jugular veins and by blood samples from the inferior vena cava. It was found early in the course of investigation that a rich revascularization frequently occurred between the transplanted omentum and the surrounding muscles. In all dogs, the omental graft was divided, in its muscle tunnel about 5 cm outside the dural sac, 13--19 months after the implantation. Even after this a rapid transport to the venous system of radionuclide could be demonstrated. The revascularization of the graft was also studied morphologically in two dogs means of microangiography.", "contents": "Lumbo-omental shunt for drainage of cerebrospinal fluid--an experimental radionuclide study in dogs. II. Evaluation of transport routes from lumbar subarachnoid space to venous blood. In a series of dogs, the transport routes of intrathecally administered 99Tcm-DTPA from an omental graft to the venous blood were studied by scintillation probes placed over the portal and external jugular veins and by blood samples from the inferior vena cava. It was found early in the course of investigation that a rich revascularization frequently occurred between the transplanted omentum and the surrounding muscles. In all dogs, the omental graft was divided, in its muscle tunnel about 5 cm outside the dural sac, 13--19 months after the implantation. Even after this a rapid transport to the venous system of radionuclide could be demonstrated. The revascularization of the graft was also studied morphologically in two dogs means of microangiography.", "PMID": 707180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2710", "title": "Variability of the respiratory phase, respiratory pause, and numbers and durations of respirations during periodic breathing.", "content": "The analysis of cycles of periodic breathing (Cheyne-Stokes rhythms) in 35 patients showed wide variability of mean values of respiratory phases. The respiratory pauses are usually shorter and the scatter of the mean values is smaller. Only in four cases were respiratory pauses longer than respiratory phases. The duration of the respiratory phase becomes extended through the increase of number of single respirations. The latter also shows a very small scatter. The respiratory rate in 32 out of 35 patients was higher than normal and is to be considered as tachypnoea.", "contents": "Variability of the respiratory phase, respiratory pause, and numbers and durations of respirations during periodic breathing. The analysis of cycles of periodic breathing (Cheyne-Stokes rhythms) in 35 patients showed wide variability of mean values of respiratory phases. The respiratory pauses are usually shorter and the scatter of the mean values is smaller. Only in four cases were respiratory pauses longer than respiratory phases. The duration of the respiratory phase becomes extended through the increase of number of single respirations. The latter also shows a very small scatter. The respiratory rate in 32 out of 35 patients was higher than normal and is to be considered as tachypnoea.", "PMID": 707181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2711", "title": "Propranolol in neurosurgical patients with sinus tachycardia. Cardiovascular effects and mode of use.", "content": "Cardiac rate (CR) and systolic arterial blood pressure (ABP) response to the intravenous injection of one, two, or three mg propranolol were recorded in 77 patients with traumatic, neoplastic, or haemorrhagic intracranial lesions and sinus tachycardia. In most patients tachycardia occurred with no cause except the intracranial lesion; in the other patients induction of general anaesthesia or surgical procedures on the brain appeared to have an initiating role. A central imbalance, with increased sympathetic cardiotropic influences is suggested and discussed. (I) First administrations of propranolol always reduced CR but had different effects on ABP from case to case; in all the patients 2.05 +/- 0.84 mg of drug lowered CR by 28 +/- 14/min (P less than 0.01), and ABP by 4.7 +/- 11 torr. CR decrease and ABP changes were without relation to the injected dose. Previous digitalization (desacetyllanatoside C) did not modify CR response to propranolol but reduced (P less than 0.05) its arterial hypotensive action. Positive correlations were found between basal CR and CR decrease (P less than 0.01), basal CR and ABP changes (P less than 0.01), CR decrease and ABP changes (P less than 0.05). Halothane appeared to potentiate CR response (P less than 0.01). (II) CR effect was less when the same dose of propranolol was repeated within 90 min (P less than or equal to 0.05). Usefulness and the mode of use of propranolol were critically evaluated.", "contents": "Propranolol in neurosurgical patients with sinus tachycardia. Cardiovascular effects and mode of use. Cardiac rate (CR) and systolic arterial blood pressure (ABP) response to the intravenous injection of one, two, or three mg propranolol were recorded in 77 patients with traumatic, neoplastic, or haemorrhagic intracranial lesions and sinus tachycardia. In most patients tachycardia occurred with no cause except the intracranial lesion; in the other patients induction of general anaesthesia or surgical procedures on the brain appeared to have an initiating role. A central imbalance, with increased sympathetic cardiotropic influences is suggested and discussed. (I) First administrations of propranolol always reduced CR but had different effects on ABP from case to case; in all the patients 2.05 +/- 0.84 mg of drug lowered CR by 28 +/- 14/min (P less than 0.01), and ABP by 4.7 +/- 11 torr. CR decrease and ABP changes were without relation to the injected dose. Previous digitalization (desacetyllanatoside C) did not modify CR response to propranolol but reduced (P less than 0.05) its arterial hypotensive action. Positive correlations were found between basal CR and CR decrease (P less than 0.01), basal CR and ABP changes (P less than 0.01), CR decrease and ABP changes (P less than 0.05). Halothane appeared to potentiate CR response (P less than 0.01). (II) CR effect was less when the same dose of propranolol was repeated within 90 min (P less than or equal to 0.05). Usefulness and the mode of use of propranolol were critically evaluated.", "PMID": 707182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2712", "title": "The action of sodium nitroprusside on the pial vessels.", "content": "This study in cats investigates the action of sodium nitroprusside on the pial vessels by systemic and local administration, with an intravital microscopic window technique and a photometric technique for graphic documentation of vessel diameter changes. Intravenous infusion caused vasodilatation parallel with decreasing blood pressure. Pial arterioles dilated more than venules, smaller vessels more than larger ones. Local administration caused maximal dilatation within 5--10 seconds. With blood pressure returning to normal after i.v. therapy, pial vessels remained wider than they were before hypotension at the same pressure level. From these data it is concluded that the substance acts longer on the brain vessels than on vessels elsewhere in the body, and that cerebrovascular autoregulation to blood pressure changes is disturbed during this period.", "contents": "The action of sodium nitroprusside on the pial vessels. This study in cats investigates the action of sodium nitroprusside on the pial vessels by systemic and local administration, with an intravital microscopic window technique and a photometric technique for graphic documentation of vessel diameter changes. Intravenous infusion caused vasodilatation parallel with decreasing blood pressure. Pial arterioles dilated more than venules, smaller vessels more than larger ones. Local administration caused maximal dilatation within 5--10 seconds. With blood pressure returning to normal after i.v. therapy, pial vessels remained wider than they were before hypotension at the same pressure level. From these data it is concluded that the substance acts longer on the brain vessels than on vessels elsewhere in the body, and that cerebrovascular autoregulation to blood pressure changes is disturbed during this period.", "PMID": 707183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2713", "title": "The Girard ultrasonic fragmentor.", "content": "Ultrasonic fragmentation can be used to fragment various tissues such as the lens, the vitreous, the iris and ciliary body, so that they may be aspirated through a 23-gauge cannula. Since the technique was first described in 1973, it has been used in 148 eyes in a variety of conditions with encouraging results.", "contents": "The Girard ultrasonic fragmentor. Ultrasonic fragmentation can be used to fragment various tissues such as the lens, the vitreous, the iris and ciliary body, so that they may be aspirated through a 23-gauge cannula. Since the technique was first described in 1973, it has been used in 148 eyes in a variety of conditions with encouraging results.", "PMID": 707231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2714", "title": "Microsurgery and lacrimal system.", "content": "Where epiphora results from canalicular obstruction, it is usually possible to cure the patient by reconstructing the canaliculi themselves. Resort to artificial bypass tubes is thus not often necessary. This paper discusses the role of the operating microscope in facilitating reconstruction of the lacrimal canaliculi so that longer segment of obstructed canaliculus can be reopened and more accurate reconstitution of the anatomy achieved. The place of fibre optics is outlined. Easier techniques for repairing lacerated canaliculi are described.", "contents": "Microsurgery and lacrimal system. Where epiphora results from canalicular obstruction, it is usually possible to cure the patient by reconstructing the canaliculi themselves. Resort to artificial bypass tubes is thus not often necessary. This paper discusses the role of the operating microscope in facilitating reconstruction of the lacrimal canaliculi so that longer segment of obstructed canaliculus can be reopened and more accurate reconstitution of the anatomy achieved. The place of fibre optics is outlined. Easier techniques for repairing lacerated canaliculi are described.", "PMID": 707237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2715", "title": "[The influence of birth-weight to further development of body-weight during childhood and adolescence (author's transl)].", "content": "Infants with higher birth-weight produce in further life more frequently an obesity. This also proves right for boys and girls. Sex differences appear not in early childhood but after beginning attendance at school.", "contents": "[The influence of birth-weight to further development of body-weight during childhood and adolescence (author's transl)]. Infants with higher birth-weight produce in further life more frequently an obesity. This also proves right for boys and girls. Sex differences appear not in early childhood but after beginning attendance at school.", "PMID": 707238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2716", "title": "[About the sexual hygiene of mental retarded boys, an exercise of the sexual pedagogic (author's transl)].", "content": "The sexual hygiene of mental retarded boys is examinated. In comparison with normal school boys is pointed out the necessity of sexual pedagogic education. The striking more numerous quote of balanitis in mental retarded boys is discussed with a critical review of Literature about the cleanness of the hands while miction of man, about the cleanness of the inferior abdomen, the cleanness of the pants and the hygiene of the toilet. The conclusion is drawn, that the cleaning of the foreskin has also to be observed by the mental retarded men, boys once a week and youths day by day.", "contents": "[About the sexual hygiene of mental retarded boys, an exercise of the sexual pedagogic (author's transl)]. The sexual hygiene of mental retarded boys is examinated. In comparison with normal school boys is pointed out the necessity of sexual pedagogic education. The striking more numerous quote of balanitis in mental retarded boys is discussed with a critical review of Literature about the cleanness of the hands while miction of man, about the cleanness of the inferior abdomen, the cleanness of the pants and the hygiene of the toilet. The conclusion is drawn, that the cleaning of the foreskin has also to be observed by the mental retarded men, boys once a week and youths day by day.", "PMID": 707239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2717", "title": "[On the phenomenology of juvenile sexual delinquency and on the phenomenology of juvenile sexual deliquents--child-neuropsychiatric aspects of prevention of deviating sexual behavior. Phenomenology of adolescent sexual delinquency from a social and medical point of view. Prevention of deviant sexual behaviour (author's transl)].", "content": "Among manifold causes and conditions there are two essential roots: unfavourable social background and cerebroorganic disturbances. Crime prevention must increasingly concentrate on infancy and youth. Emphasis is laid upon crime preventive possibilities of sex education and the importance of child neuropsychiatry within the framework of complex public measures to combat criminality.", "contents": "[On the phenomenology of juvenile sexual delinquency and on the phenomenology of juvenile sexual deliquents--child-neuropsychiatric aspects of prevention of deviating sexual behavior. Phenomenology of adolescent sexual delinquency from a social and medical point of view. Prevention of deviant sexual behaviour (author's transl)]. Among manifold causes and conditions there are two essential roots: unfavourable social background and cerebroorganic disturbances. Crime prevention must increasingly concentrate on infancy and youth. Emphasis is laid upon crime preventive possibilities of sex education and the importance of child neuropsychiatry within the framework of complex public measures to combat criminality.", "PMID": 707240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2718", "title": "[On connection between music therapy and music pedagogics during childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "In this article is explained, that, in spite of existing communities between music therapy and cooperating remedial education on the one hand and music education on the other, we can separate with regard to the method music therapy as one form of psychotherapy from educational influence. But in practice at therapy of children with psychical disturbances we always must take into considerations the education object in view.", "contents": "[On connection between music therapy and music pedagogics during childhood (author's transl)]. In this article is explained, that, in spite of existing communities between music therapy and cooperating remedial education on the one hand and music education on the other, we can separate with regard to the method music therapy as one form of psychotherapy from educational influence. But in practice at therapy of children with psychical disturbances we always must take into considerations the education object in view.", "PMID": 707241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2719", "title": "Factors associated with mortality in older people.", "content": "A random sample of older people from Edinburgh (215 men and 272 women aged 62--90 years) was examined clinically and by a questionnaire. Various measurements were made. Five years later, mean values of measurements were compared in those who had died and in survivors. Where significant differences occurred, regression techniques were used to separate age and mortality effects. Variables in which death was the predominant independent variable in the regressions were body weight, bi-iliac diameter, FEV1.0, transverse chest diameter, index of kyphosis, leucocyte ascorbic acid and some nutrient intakes in men plus transverse cardiac diameter and leucocyte ascorbic acid in women. Apart from index of kyphosis in men and cardiac diameter in women, mean values were significantly larger in survivors. Dichotomous variables from questionnaire and examination significantly related to mortality were 'possible' ischaemic heart disease in women, diastolic hypertension in men, persistent cough in men and dyspnoea worse than grade 2 in men and women. Cigarette smoking had no mortality effects in this study.", "contents": "Factors associated with mortality in older people. A random sample of older people from Edinburgh (215 men and 272 women aged 62--90 years) was examined clinically and by a questionnaire. Various measurements were made. Five years later, mean values of measurements were compared in those who had died and in survivors. Where significant differences occurred, regression techniques were used to separate age and mortality effects. Variables in which death was the predominant independent variable in the regressions were body weight, bi-iliac diameter, FEV1.0, transverse chest diameter, index of kyphosis, leucocyte ascorbic acid and some nutrient intakes in men plus transverse cardiac diameter and leucocyte ascorbic acid in women. Apart from index of kyphosis in men and cardiac diameter in women, mean values were significantly larger in survivors. Dichotomous variables from questionnaire and examination significantly related to mortality were 'possible' ischaemic heart disease in women, diastolic hypertension in men, persistent cough in men and dyspnoea worse than grade 2 in men and women. Cigarette smoking had no mortality effects in this study.", "PMID": 707242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2720", "title": "High-dose steroid therapy of intracranial tumour in the elderly.", "content": "Twenty elderly patients with intracranial tumour were treated with high-dose steroids (beta- or dexamethasone 12--16 mg per day). Six of eight patients with primary intracranial malignancies and four of six with metastatic tumours showed a definite response of conscious level and/or neurological deficit. One of two patients with lymphoma responded but neither of two with meningioma. Six patients were able to return home. Two patients suffered serious, and three minor, side-effects attributable to steroid therapy, but this treatment has a definite place in the management of intracranial tumour in old age.", "contents": "High-dose steroid therapy of intracranial tumour in the elderly. Twenty elderly patients with intracranial tumour were treated with high-dose steroids (beta- or dexamethasone 12--16 mg per day). Six of eight patients with primary intracranial malignancies and four of six with metastatic tumours showed a definite response of conscious level and/or neurological deficit. One of two patients with lymphoma responded but neither of two with meningioma. Six patients were able to return home. Two patients suffered serious, and three minor, side-effects attributable to steroid therapy, but this treatment has a definite place in the management of intracranial tumour in old age.", "PMID": 707243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2721", "title": "Are potassium supplements for the elderly necessary?", "content": "Plasma and total-body potassium (TBK) were measured in 19 elderly patients receiving diuretics and potassium supplements for cardiac failure and in 13 elderly controls. The mean value for the ratio of TBK to fat-free mass (TBK:FFM) was significantly reduced in the patient group. TBK:FFM showed a negative correlation with age but no correlation with plasma potassium or dose of supplements. When controls and patients were matched for sex and age decade, the mean TBK:FFM was decreased significantly in the diuretic group, giving a mean potassium deficit of 13.3%. These results suggest that ageing influences potassium status, and that diuretics and cardiac failure have a greater effect on TBK in old age than in youth or middle age.", "contents": "Are potassium supplements for the elderly necessary? Plasma and total-body potassium (TBK) were measured in 19 elderly patients receiving diuretics and potassium supplements for cardiac failure and in 13 elderly controls. The mean value for the ratio of TBK to fat-free mass (TBK:FFM) was significantly reduced in the patient group. TBK:FFM showed a negative correlation with age but no correlation with plasma potassium or dose of supplements. When controls and patients were matched for sex and age decade, the mean TBK:FFM was decreased significantly in the diuretic group, giving a mean potassium deficit of 13.3%. These results suggest that ageing influences potassium status, and that diuretics and cardiac failure have a greater effect on TBK in old age than in youth or middle age.", "PMID": 707244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2722", "title": "Psychosocial factors in elderly patients admitted to a psychiatric hospital.", "content": "Over a three-year period, 204 consecutive patients admitted to a psychiatric unit for the elderly were studied and their progress was followed for a further two years. For three-quarters, it was their first ever admission to such a unit. More than half were suffering from a functional psychiatric disorder. In 35.8% a life stress was of aetiological importance. 27.9% were discharged to their own homes, 31.9% into care and 35.3% died. 17.6% were admitted on at least one further occasion. Male sex, age over 75 and the presence of organic psychiatric disorders were associated with an unfavourable outcome. Age under 75, married civil status and functional psychiatric disorder were associated with a favourable outcome. Re-admission was common amongst females who were admitted with a diagnosis of psychotic depression, and discharged to their own homes. A life stress including a loss of physical health in the year preceding admission did not adversely affect outcome. At a time of life when many losses are experienced and physical powers are reduced, the elderly seem remarkably resilient and able to work through the crisis which has brought about their admission.", "contents": "Psychosocial factors in elderly patients admitted to a psychiatric hospital. Over a three-year period, 204 consecutive patients admitted to a psychiatric unit for the elderly were studied and their progress was followed for a further two years. For three-quarters, it was their first ever admission to such a unit. More than half were suffering from a functional psychiatric disorder. In 35.8% a life stress was of aetiological importance. 27.9% were discharged to their own homes, 31.9% into care and 35.3% died. 17.6% were admitted on at least one further occasion. Male sex, age over 75 and the presence of organic psychiatric disorders were associated with an unfavourable outcome. Age under 75, married civil status and functional psychiatric disorder were associated with a favourable outcome. Re-admission was common amongst females who were admitted with a diagnosis of psychotic depression, and discharged to their own homes. A life stress including a loss of physical health in the year preceding admission did not adversely affect outcome. At a time of life when many losses are experienced and physical powers are reduced, the elderly seem remarkably resilient and able to work through the crisis which has brought about their admission.", "PMID": 707245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2723", "title": "The avocational pursuits of rehabilitants with traumatic quadriplegia.", "content": "The pre- and post-disability avocational pursuits of 35 persons with traumatic quadriplegia were surveyed in terms of frequency of participation and enjoyment of activities. The patterns delineated suggested the need for improved avocational training programs, particularly in the cognitive and social spheres.", "contents": "The avocational pursuits of rehabilitants with traumatic quadriplegia. The pre- and post-disability avocational pursuits of 35 persons with traumatic quadriplegia were surveyed in terms of frequency of participation and enjoyment of activities. The patterns delineated suggested the need for improved avocational training programs, particularly in the cognitive and social spheres.", "PMID": 707253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2724", "title": "Sequential advancing flexion retention attachment: a locking device for the wrist-driven flexor hinge splint.", "content": "The Sequential Advancing Flexion Retention Attachment (SAFRA) was developed for cervical spinal cord-injured patients with a muscle grade of poor to fair in the wrist extensors. It is used on a standard wrist-driven flexor hinge hand splint with adjustable tenodesis bar. Through the development of the SAFRA, maintained prehension can be obtained without externally powered devices such as CO2 or electrically powered orthoses. The patient's increased functional abilities are discussed and advantages summarized.", "contents": "Sequential advancing flexion retention attachment: a locking device for the wrist-driven flexor hinge splint. The Sequential Advancing Flexion Retention Attachment (SAFRA) was developed for cervical spinal cord-injured patients with a muscle grade of poor to fair in the wrist extensors. It is used on a standard wrist-driven flexor hinge hand splint with adjustable tenodesis bar. Through the development of the SAFRA, maintained prehension can be obtained without externally powered devices such as CO2 or electrically powered orthoses. The patient's increased functional abilities are discussed and advantages summarized.", "PMID": 707254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2725", "title": "The returning therapist: a group approach.", "content": "Career patterns of married female occupational therapists create a need for reactivation mechanisms to help nonpracticing therapists reenter the work force. As a channel for reactivation activities, a group was designed for such therapists and it met regularly for three years focusing on: 1. refresher education to regain clinical skills and confidence, and 2. peer support for the decisions involved in combining employment with family responsibilities. Some group members participated in organizing continuing education opportunities and many became involved in such experiences prior to resuming careers as occupational therapists.", "contents": "The returning therapist: a group approach. Career patterns of married female occupational therapists create a need for reactivation mechanisms to help nonpracticing therapists reenter the work force. As a channel for reactivation activities, a group was designed for such therapists and it met regularly for three years focusing on: 1. refresher education to regain clinical skills and confidence, and 2. peer support for the decisions involved in combining employment with family responsibilities. Some group members participated in organizing continuing education opportunities and many became involved in such experiences prior to resuming careers as occupational therapists.", "PMID": 707255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2726", "title": "Injuries in short track asphalt racing.", "content": "Stock car racing is a popular activity. Although spectators are seldom injured, drivers at short asphalt tracks often sustain minor injuries. The neck and the knee are the most commonly injured areas. Rigid safety requirements are essential and help to prevent serious injuries. Severe injuries occur on an average of once a year, but no fatalities have been recorded at one short track that has been studied for a six-year period.", "contents": "Injuries in short track asphalt racing. Stock car racing is a popular activity. Although spectators are seldom injured, drivers at short asphalt tracks often sustain minor injuries. The neck and the knee are the most commonly injured areas. Rigid safety requirements are essential and help to prevent serious injuries. Severe injuries occur on an average of once a year, but no fatalities have been recorded at one short track that has been studied for a six-year period.", "PMID": 707264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2727", "title": "The routine sexual history.", "content": "A routine, practiced and comfortable sexual history can elicit problems of personal adjustment. This format fits smoothly and logically into the rest of the medical history. It includes a numerical rating of personal satisfaction and the perceived satisfaction of the partner. On another occasion, similar questions are answered by the partner and the responses are assessed. Information and simple counseling are then provided and can be of significant help in the relationship.", "contents": "The routine sexual history. A routine, practiced and comfortable sexual history can elicit problems of personal adjustment. This format fits smoothly and logically into the rest of the medical history. It includes a numerical rating of personal satisfaction and the perceived satisfaction of the partner. On another occasion, similar questions are answered by the partner and the responses are assessed. Information and simple counseling are then provided and can be of significant help in the relationship.", "PMID": 707265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2728", "title": "Ventricular septal defect due to myocardial infarction.", "content": "This dramatic and ominous complication usually occurs between the third and 14th day after acute myocardial infarction. The size of the defect varies from a pinhole to 4 cm. The sudden appearance of a loud systolic murmur, with or without a thrill, is often accompanied by rapid hemodynamic deterioration. This event must be differentiated from rupture of a papillary muscle with mitral regurgitation. If intensive medical treatment is ineffective, an attempt at surgical repair is indicated.", "contents": "Ventricular septal defect due to myocardial infarction. This dramatic and ominous complication usually occurs between the third and 14th day after acute myocardial infarction. The size of the defect varies from a pinhole to 4 cm. The sudden appearance of a loud systolic murmur, with or without a thrill, is often accompanied by rapid hemodynamic deterioration. This event must be differentiated from rupture of a papillary muscle with mitral regurgitation. If intensive medical treatment is ineffective, an attempt at surgical repair is indicated.", "PMID": 707266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2729", "title": "The benefits of surgery for asymptomatic gallstones.", "content": "The risk of a patient developing complications of asymptomatic cholelithiasis is high enough to justify the mortality associated with prophylactic cholecystectomy. The operation effectively stops the progression of calculous biliary tract disease. If performed when the patient is young enough and healthy enough to tolerate the operation, and before the occurrence of complications which increase the mortality risk, the overall mortality and morbidity of calculous biliary tract disease could be significantly reduced.", "contents": "The benefits of surgery for asymptomatic gallstones. The risk of a patient developing complications of asymptomatic cholelithiasis is high enough to justify the mortality associated with prophylactic cholecystectomy. The operation effectively stops the progression of calculous biliary tract disease. If performed when the patient is young enough and healthy enough to tolerate the operation, and before the occurrence of complications which increase the mortality risk, the overall mortality and morbidity of calculous biliary tract disease could be significantly reduced.", "PMID": 707267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2730", "title": "The kidney and pregnancy.", "content": "Many clinical parameters and biochemical values normally change as a result of the profound effect of pregnancy on the kidney. These changes include hydronephrosis, decreased BUN and uric acid, proteinuria and glycosuria (70 percent one time), frequency, nocturia, edema (80 percent) and reductions in blood pressure. \"Normal is abnormal.\" A BUN of 20 mg. percent is the equivalent of 40 mg. percent in a nonpregnant woman, and a blood pressure of 120/80 in the 24th week of preganancy may be hypertensive.", "contents": "The kidney and pregnancy. Many clinical parameters and biochemical values normally change as a result of the profound effect of pregnancy on the kidney. These changes include hydronephrosis, decreased BUN and uric acid, proteinuria and glycosuria (70 percent one time), frequency, nocturia, edema (80 percent) and reductions in blood pressure. \"Normal is abnormal.\" A BUN of 20 mg. percent is the equivalent of 40 mg. percent in a nonpregnant woman, and a blood pressure of 120/80 in the 24th week of preganancy may be hypertensive.", "PMID": 707275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2731", "title": "Correlation of electrocardiographic and pathologic findings in healed myocardial infarction.", "content": "A correlative study in 50 cases of healed myocardial infarction compared the 12 lead electrocardiogram with pathologic observations. The electrocardiogram was interpreted according to established Minnesota codes with some modifications. The following conclusions were reached: (1) The electrocardiogram underestimates the extent of myocardial infarction. (2) When a healed myocardial infarct at a specific location is recognized with electrocardiographic criteria, it is likely that there are unrecognized infarcts involving other areas of the left ventricle. (3) Infarctions involving the lateral and inferobasal areas are frequently unrecognized. (4) The electrocardiogram is more likely to miss myocardial infarcts in patients with multiple, than in those with single, electrocardiographically diagnosed infarcts. (5) Apical myocardial infarction does not appear to have specific electrocardiographic findings, other than those related to general infarct localization by electrocardiogram, particularly in patients with anteroseptal or anterolateral infarction. (6) Abnormal Q waves, generally thought to indicate transmural myocardial infarction, are frequently found in subendocardial infarction. (7) The simplified electrocardiographic classification of myocardial infarct site (anteroseptal, inferior, anterolateral) used in this study is preferable to more detailed classifications previously suggested by others.", "contents": "Correlation of electrocardiographic and pathologic findings in healed myocardial infarction. A correlative study in 50 cases of healed myocardial infarction compared the 12 lead electrocardiogram with pathologic observations. The electrocardiogram was interpreted according to established Minnesota codes with some modifications. The following conclusions were reached: (1) The electrocardiogram underestimates the extent of myocardial infarction. (2) When a healed myocardial infarct at a specific location is recognized with electrocardiographic criteria, it is likely that there are unrecognized infarcts involving other areas of the left ventricle. (3) Infarctions involving the lateral and inferobasal areas are frequently unrecognized. (4) The electrocardiogram is more likely to miss myocardial infarcts in patients with multiple, than in those with single, electrocardiographically diagnosed infarcts. (5) Apical myocardial infarction does not appear to have specific electrocardiographic findings, other than those related to general infarct localization by electrocardiogram, particularly in patients with anteroseptal or anterolateral infarction. (6) Abnormal Q waves, generally thought to indicate transmural myocardial infarction, are frequently found in subendocardial infarction. (7) The simplified electrocardiographic classification of myocardial infarct site (anteroseptal, inferior, anterolateral) used in this study is preferable to more detailed classifications previously suggested by others.", "PMID": 707285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2732", "title": "Effect of catheter position on the initiation of atrial echoes with atrial pacing and premature stimulation in patients with accessory pathways.", "content": "Eleven patients with an accessory pathway and reciprocating tachycardia were studied using both fixed rate atrial pacing and the atrial extrastimulus technique. Six of the patients had an accessory pathway that conducted in both the anterograde and retrograde direction; but the effective refractory period of their accessory pathway in the anterograde direction was relatively long and was greater than the longest coupling intervals that initiated atrial echoes. Five patients had an accessory pathway that conducted only in the retrograde direction. The extrastimulus technique could be used with stimulation sites near to and remote from the accessory pathway in 10 of the 11 patients. Atrial echoes were initiated by a single atrial extrastimulus at both sites in 7 of the 10 patients, and in each patient the upper limit of the echo zone was longer with stimulation at the site near the accessory pathway. In the other three patients atrial echoes were initiated only during stimulation at the site near the accessory pathway because either atrial refractoriness or atrioventricular nodal refractoriness was encountered before the echo zone was entered during stimulation at the site remote from the accessory pathway. Differences in the longest cycle length that initiated an atrial echo during fixed rate atrial pacing were similarly demonstrated in three patients. In these three patients, pacing at the site near the accessory pathway initiated echoes at a longer cycle length than pacing at the site remote from the accessory pathway. In three other patients the electrophysiologic characteristics of atrioventricular conduction prevented a demonstration of these differences. Catheter position is an important variable in the initiation of atrial echoes in patients with accessory pathways.", "contents": "Effect of catheter position on the initiation of atrial echoes with atrial pacing and premature stimulation in patients with accessory pathways. Eleven patients with an accessory pathway and reciprocating tachycardia were studied using both fixed rate atrial pacing and the atrial extrastimulus technique. Six of the patients had an accessory pathway that conducted in both the anterograde and retrograde direction; but the effective refractory period of their accessory pathway in the anterograde direction was relatively long and was greater than the longest coupling intervals that initiated atrial echoes. Five patients had an accessory pathway that conducted only in the retrograde direction. The extrastimulus technique could be used with stimulation sites near to and remote from the accessory pathway in 10 of the 11 patients. Atrial echoes were initiated by a single atrial extrastimulus at both sites in 7 of the 10 patients, and in each patient the upper limit of the echo zone was longer with stimulation at the site near the accessory pathway. In the other three patients atrial echoes were initiated only during stimulation at the site near the accessory pathway because either atrial refractoriness or atrioventricular nodal refractoriness was encountered before the echo zone was entered during stimulation at the site remote from the accessory pathway. Differences in the longest cycle length that initiated an atrial echo during fixed rate atrial pacing were similarly demonstrated in three patients. In these three patients, pacing at the site near the accessory pathway initiated echoes at a longer cycle length than pacing at the site remote from the accessory pathway. In three other patients the electrophysiologic characteristics of atrioventricular conduction prevented a demonstration of these differences. Catheter position is an important variable in the initiation of atrial echoes in patients with accessory pathways.", "PMID": 707286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2733", "title": "Stress myocardial imaging in mitral leaflet prolapse syndrome.", "content": "Mitral leaflet prolapse syndrome has been associated with anginal chest pain, atypical chest pain, electrocardiographic abnormalities and positive stress electrocardiograms. These features overlap those of ischemic heart disease. Furthermore, coronary artery disease is frequently associated with mitral leaflet prolapse. This study evaluated the usefulness of stress myocardial scintigraphy in distinguishing these two disorders. Thirty-two patients with an angiographic diagnosis of mitral leaflet prolapse were studied. Of the 22 patients (8 men and 14 women, mean age 48 years) with a normal coronary arteriogram, 5 had \"typical\" angina pectoris, 6 had resting electrocardiographic abnormalities and 6 had a positive stress electrocardiogram; all 22 patients had a normal stress myocardial scintigram. Of the 10 patients (7 men and 3 women, mean age 55 years) with at least 70 percent stenosis of one coronary artery, 6 had \"typical\" angina pectoris, 1 had resting electrocardiographic abnormalities and 7 had a positive stress electrocardiogram. Nine of these 10 patients had one or more demonstrable perfusion defects on stress myocardial scintigrams. It is concluded that mitral leaflet prolapse syndrome is not associated with regional myocardial ischemia as demonstrated with stress scintigraphy, and that stress scintigraphy, a noninvasive technique, is useful in distinguishing the mitral prolapse syndrome from mitral prolapse associated with coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Stress myocardial imaging in mitral leaflet prolapse syndrome. Mitral leaflet prolapse syndrome has been associated with anginal chest pain, atypical chest pain, electrocardiographic abnormalities and positive stress electrocardiograms. These features overlap those of ischemic heart disease. Furthermore, coronary artery disease is frequently associated with mitral leaflet prolapse. This study evaluated the usefulness of stress myocardial scintigraphy in distinguishing these two disorders. Thirty-two patients with an angiographic diagnosis of mitral leaflet prolapse were studied. Of the 22 patients (8 men and 14 women, mean age 48 years) with a normal coronary arteriogram, 5 had \"typical\" angina pectoris, 6 had resting electrocardiographic abnormalities and 6 had a positive stress electrocardiogram; all 22 patients had a normal stress myocardial scintigram. Of the 10 patients (7 men and 3 women, mean age 55 years) with at least 70 percent stenosis of one coronary artery, 6 had \"typical\" angina pectoris, 1 had resting electrocardiographic abnormalities and 7 had a positive stress electrocardiogram. Nine of these 10 patients had one or more demonstrable perfusion defects on stress myocardial scintigrams. It is concluded that mitral leaflet prolapse syndrome is not associated with regional myocardial ischemia as demonstrated with stress scintigraphy, and that stress scintigraphy, a noninvasive technique, is useful in distinguishing the mitral prolapse syndrome from mitral prolapse associated with coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 707287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2734", "title": "Assessment of coronary stenoses with myocardial perfusion imaging during pharmacologic coronary vasodilatation. IV. Limits of detection of stenosis with idealized experimental cross-sectional myocardial imaging.", "content": "Because atherosclerosis may be reversible, a routine noninvasive screening test for the reliable diagnosis of mild coronary arterial lesions would allow potential prevention of coronary events in specific patients through intensive dietary management, drug therapy and physical training. To determine the minimal coronary stenosis detectable with myocardial perfusion imaging techniques, standardized stenoses ranging from 31.4 to 72.5 percent diameter narrowing were applied to the left circumflex coronary artery of 12 open chest dogs. Indium-113m-labeled human albumin microspheres were injected into the left atrium under control conditions and technetium-99m human albumin microspheres during maximal coronary vasodilatation induced with intravenous dipyridamole. Hearts were removed, sliced into 1 cm thick cross sections and imaged under a gamma camera. The results demonstrate that 40 percent diameter coronary stenoses can be identified by imaging relative subendocardial underperfusion during pharmacologic coronary vasodilatation. An imaging technique sensitive enough to identify mild coronary lesions for diagnostic screening purposes requires (1) a potent stimulus for coronary vasodilatation, such as intravenous dipyridamole; (2) an imaging agent taken up by the myocardium in proportion to coronary flow at flow rates up to four or more times resting coronary flow so that differences in regional maximal flows caused by mild stenoses can be identified; and (3) cross-sectional tomographic myocardial imaging to visualize relative endocardial-epicardial perfusion, the most sensitive indicator of the hemodynamic effects  of coronary stenoses, and to exclude from the imaging field the interfering activity of lung, background and overlying heart structures.", "contents": "Assessment of coronary stenoses with myocardial perfusion imaging during pharmacologic coronary vasodilatation. IV. Limits of detection of stenosis with idealized experimental cross-sectional myocardial imaging. Because atherosclerosis may be reversible, a routine noninvasive screening test for the reliable diagnosis of mild coronary arterial lesions would allow potential prevention of coronary events in specific patients through intensive dietary management, drug therapy and physical training. To determine the minimal coronary stenosis detectable with myocardial perfusion imaging techniques, standardized stenoses ranging from 31.4 to 72.5 percent diameter narrowing were applied to the left circumflex coronary artery of 12 open chest dogs. Indium-113m-labeled human albumin microspheres were injected into the left atrium under control conditions and technetium-99m human albumin microspheres during maximal coronary vasodilatation induced with intravenous dipyridamole. Hearts were removed, sliced into 1 cm thick cross sections and imaged under a gamma camera. The results demonstrate that 40 percent diameter coronary stenoses can be identified by imaging relative subendocardial underperfusion during pharmacologic coronary vasodilatation. An imaging technique sensitive enough to identify mild coronary lesions for diagnostic screening purposes requires (1) a potent stimulus for coronary vasodilatation, such as intravenous dipyridamole; (2) an imaging agent taken up by the myocardium in proportion to coronary flow at flow rates up to four or more times resting coronary flow so that differences in regional maximal flows caused by mild stenoses can be identified; and (3) cross-sectional tomographic myocardial imaging to visualize relative endocardial-epicardial perfusion, the most sensitive indicator of the hemodynamic effects  of coronary stenoses, and to exclude from the imaging field the interfering activity of lung, background and overlying heart structures.", "PMID": 707289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2735", "title": "Origin of so-called right and left ventricular arrhythmias in acute myocardial ischemia.", "content": "The anatomic origin of ventricular arrhythmias occurring immediately after coronary arterial ligation was studied in 32 dogs. The electrocardiogram and seven single or composite bipolar electrograms were recorded from various sites within and surrounding the ischemic area in the left and right ventricles. Delay and fragmentation in the activation of the epicardial ischemic zone of the left ventricle, bridging diastole, preceded the appearance of ventricular arrhythmias and were continuous during the rhythm disorders. So-called left and right ventricular arrhythmias were associated with similar delay and fragmentation in left ventricular ischemic epicardial activity. Multiple and simultaneous activation of both the right and left ventricles produced ventricular fusion premature complexes. Multiple exit points increased before ventricular fibrillation occurred. The ultimate origin of premature ectopic impulse formation in the ventricles is not necessarily related to one or more exit points in either ventricle. Ischemic damage to the heart produces ventricular arrhythmias that appear to originate from both ventricles. The site of origin of ventricular arrhythmias should not be the sole factor in assessing the benign or malignant properties of the arrhythmia.", "contents": "Origin of so-called right and left ventricular arrhythmias in acute myocardial ischemia. The anatomic origin of ventricular arrhythmias occurring immediately after coronary arterial ligation was studied in 32 dogs. The electrocardiogram and seven single or composite bipolar electrograms were recorded from various sites within and surrounding the ischemic area in the left and right ventricles. Delay and fragmentation in the activation of the epicardial ischemic zone of the left ventricle, bridging diastole, preceded the appearance of ventricular arrhythmias and were continuous during the rhythm disorders. So-called left and right ventricular arrhythmias were associated with similar delay and fragmentation in left ventricular ischemic epicardial activity. Multiple and simultaneous activation of both the right and left ventricles produced ventricular fusion premature complexes. Multiple exit points increased before ventricular fibrillation occurred. The ultimate origin of premature ectopic impulse formation in the ventricles is not necessarily related to one or more exit points in either ventricle. Ischemic damage to the heart produces ventricular arrhythmias that appear to originate from both ventricles. The site of origin of ventricular arrhythmias should not be the sole factor in assessing the benign or malignant properties of the arrhythmia.", "PMID": 707290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2736", "title": "Truncal or aortic valve stenosis in functionally single arterial trunk. A clinical, hemodynamic and pathologic study of six cases.", "content": "Stenosis of the semilunar valve in the presence of a functionally single arterial trunk is uncommon. Three patients with truncus arteriosus, two with tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia and one with pulmonary atresia and intact septum were diagnosed as having stenosis of the truncal or aortic valve on the basis of clinical, echocardiographic, hemodynamic and angiocardiographic findings. Echocardiograms consistently showed multiple diastolic closure lines and abnormal semilunar valves in addition to the aortic override in five patients and hypoplastic right ventricle in the patient with pulmonary atresia and intact septum. Peak systolic gradients between the left ventricle and truncus (or aorta) at cardiac catheterization ranged from 20 to 47 mm Hg. Retrograde aortography confirmed a domed and stenotic semilunar valve. Cyanosis was progressive in the three patients with pulmonary atresia. Two patients had arterial anastomosis, and one had a right ventricle-pulmonary arterial graft in addition to aortic valvotomy. One of the three patients with truncus arteriosus underwent complete repair in addition to truncal valvotomy but he died in the post-operative period. The other two patients with truncus arteriosus died of intractable congestive cardiac failure before surgical intervention. It is suggested that the presence of semilunar valve stenosis in these patients adversely affects the prognosis. The myocardium is already jeopardized as a result of hypoxia in pulmonary atresia and left ventricular diastolic overload in patients with truncus arteriosus. The added burden of semilunar valve stenosis may further compromise the functional status of the myocardium.", "contents": "Truncal or aortic valve stenosis in functionally single arterial trunk. A clinical, hemodynamic and pathologic study of six cases. Stenosis of the semilunar valve in the presence of a functionally single arterial trunk is uncommon. Three patients with truncus arteriosus, two with tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia and one with pulmonary atresia and intact septum were diagnosed as having stenosis of the truncal or aortic valve on the basis of clinical, echocardiographic, hemodynamic and angiocardiographic findings. Echocardiograms consistently showed multiple diastolic closure lines and abnormal semilunar valves in addition to the aortic override in five patients and hypoplastic right ventricle in the patient with pulmonary atresia and intact septum. Peak systolic gradients between the left ventricle and truncus (or aorta) at cardiac catheterization ranged from 20 to 47 mm Hg. Retrograde aortography confirmed a domed and stenotic semilunar valve. Cyanosis was progressive in the three patients with pulmonary atresia. Two patients had arterial anastomosis, and one had a right ventricle-pulmonary arterial graft in addition to aortic valvotomy. One of the three patients with truncus arteriosus underwent complete repair in addition to truncal valvotomy but he died in the post-operative period. The other two patients with truncus arteriosus died of intractable congestive cardiac failure before surgical intervention. It is suggested that the presence of semilunar valve stenosis in these patients adversely affects the prognosis. The myocardium is already jeopardized as a result of hypoxia in pulmonary atresia and left ventricular diastolic overload in patients with truncus arteriosus. The added burden of semilunar valve stenosis may further compromise the functional status of the myocardium.", "PMID": 707292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2737", "title": "Estimation of pulmonary/systemic resistance ratios from echocardiographic systolic time intervals in young patients with congenital or acquired heard disease.", "content": "Previous work has shown the positive correlation of echocardiographic right ventricular preejection period/right ventricular ejection time ratio (RPEP/RVET) with pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure obtained at cardiac catheterization. However, the correlation was insufficient to predict pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure or vascular resistance from a given RPEP/RVET ratio. In this study the RPEP/RVET ratio was compared with left ventricular preejection period/ejection time ratio (LVEP/LVET) in 25 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization, and a strong correlation was found between the ratio (RPEP/RVET)/(LPEP/LVET) = R/L and the ratio of pulmonary arteriolar resistance/systemic arteriolar resistance (PAR/RS), especially when R/L was correlated with log10 PAR/RS (r = 0.902). A very high correlation (r = 0.960) was found between R/L  and log10 PAR/RS when the group was restricted to patients with a ventricular septal defect or a complete endocardial cushion defect. Regression equations for prediction of PAR/RS have been derived for the various groups.", "contents": "Estimation of pulmonary/systemic resistance ratios from echocardiographic systolic time intervals in young patients with congenital or acquired heard disease. Previous work has shown the positive correlation of echocardiographic right ventricular preejection period/right ventricular ejection time ratio (RPEP/RVET) with pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure obtained at cardiac catheterization. However, the correlation was insufficient to predict pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure or vascular resistance from a given RPEP/RVET ratio. In this study the RPEP/RVET ratio was compared with left ventricular preejection period/ejection time ratio (LVEP/LVET) in 25 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization, and a strong correlation was found between the ratio (RPEP/RVET)/(LPEP/LVET) = R/L and the ratio of pulmonary arteriolar resistance/systemic arteriolar resistance (PAR/RS), especially when R/L was correlated with log10 PAR/RS (r = 0.902). A very high correlation (r = 0.960) was found between R/L  and log10 PAR/RS when the group was restricted to patients with a ventricular septal defect or a complete endocardial cushion defect. Regression equations for prediction of PAR/RS have been derived for the various groups.", "PMID": 707293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2738", "title": "Effect of afterload reduction on plasma volume during acute heart failure.", "content": "Previous investigations in our unit indicated that acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema is associated not only with an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and pulmonary arterial wedge pressure but also with a relative increase in colloid osmotic (oncotic) pressure and peripheral hemoglobin concentration. This combination of changes suggested that acute congestive heart failure with pulmonary edema, unlike chronic congestive heart failure, is associated with a contraction of intravascular blood volume. In this study, plasma volume changes were measured before and during the treatment of acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema in 14 patients with arteriosclerotic heart disease. The plasma volume measurement in all 14 patients before the initiation of treatment was either normal or decreased. After treatment with the alpha adrenergic blocking agent phentolamine, the plasma volume increased rather than decreased when measured 4 and 12 hours after the initiation of treatment. During this time colloid osmotic pressure and peripheral hemoglobin concentration progressively decreased. These findings suggest that acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema is associated with the extravasation of large quantities of plasma water from the intravascular compartment into the interstitial compartment and contraction of the intravascular plasma volume. The treatment of acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema is associated with the return of hypo-oncotic fluid from the interstitial compartment back into the intravascular compartment with expansion of plasma volume and reduction of colloid osmotic pressure and hemoglobin concentration.", "contents": "Effect of afterload reduction on plasma volume during acute heart failure. Previous investigations in our unit indicated that acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema is associated not only with an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and pulmonary arterial wedge pressure but also with a relative increase in colloid osmotic (oncotic) pressure and peripheral hemoglobin concentration. This combination of changes suggested that acute congestive heart failure with pulmonary edema, unlike chronic congestive heart failure, is associated with a contraction of intravascular blood volume. In this study, plasma volume changes were measured before and during the treatment of acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema in 14 patients with arteriosclerotic heart disease. The plasma volume measurement in all 14 patients before the initiation of treatment was either normal or decreased. After treatment with the alpha adrenergic blocking agent phentolamine, the plasma volume increased rather than decreased when measured 4 and 12 hours after the initiation of treatment. During this time colloid osmotic pressure and peripheral hemoglobin concentration progressively decreased. These findings suggest that acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema is associated with the extravasation of large quantities of plasma water from the intravascular compartment into the interstitial compartment and contraction of the intravascular plasma volume. The treatment of acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema is associated with the return of hypo-oncotic fluid from the interstitial compartment back into the intravascular compartment with expansion of plasma volume and reduction of colloid osmotic pressure and hemoglobin concentration.", "PMID": 707295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2739", "title": "Cross-sectional echocardiographic diagnosis of large left atrial tumor and extracardiac tumor compressing the left atrium. Limitation of M mode echocardiography in distinguishing the two lesions.", "content": "A case of a left atrial fibrosarcoma arising from the posterior left atrial wall and two cases of an extracardiac tumor compressing the left atrium were studied with M mode and cross-sectional echocardiography. In all three cases, M mode echocardiography revealed a mass of echoes just behind the aorta and did not distinguish a left atrial from an extracardiac tumor. By contrast, cross-sectional echocardiography allowed direct visualization of the location, size and movement of the tumor in all three cases and contributed to distinguishing the two lesions. This study indicates that cross-sectional echocardiography is more accurate than M mode echocardiography in the differential diagnosis of a large left atrial tumor and extracardiac tumor compressing the left atrium.", "contents": "Cross-sectional echocardiographic diagnosis of large left atrial tumor and extracardiac tumor compressing the left atrium. Limitation of M mode echocardiography in distinguishing the two lesions. A case of a left atrial fibrosarcoma arising from the posterior left atrial wall and two cases of an extracardiac tumor compressing the left atrium were studied with M mode and cross-sectional echocardiography. In all three cases, M mode echocardiography revealed a mass of echoes just behind the aorta and did not distinguish a left atrial from an extracardiac tumor. By contrast, cross-sectional echocardiography allowed direct visualization of the location, size and movement of the tumor in all three cases and contributed to distinguishing the two lesions. This study indicates that cross-sectional echocardiography is more accurate than M mode echocardiography in the differential diagnosis of a large left atrial tumor and extracardiac tumor compressing the left atrium.", "PMID": 707297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2740", "title": "Hemodynamic pattern resembling pericardial constriction after acute inferior myocardial infarction with right ventricular infarction.", "content": "Two patients with acute inferior myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock are presented. Cardiac catheterization 2 and 7 days after infarction, respectively, revealed a hemodynamic pattern resembling constrictive pericarditis. Right coronary occlusion proximal to the right ventricular marginal branches was present in both patients. Resolution of the constrictive hemodynamic pattern was demonstrated in the one survivor at repeat catheterization 7 weeks after infarction. The mechanism for constrictive hemodynamics in these patients is unclear.", "contents": "Hemodynamic pattern resembling pericardial constriction after acute inferior myocardial infarction with right ventricular infarction. Two patients with acute inferior myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock are presented. Cardiac catheterization 2 and 7 days after infarction, respectively, revealed a hemodynamic pattern resembling constrictive pericarditis. Right coronary occlusion proximal to the right ventricular marginal branches was present in both patients. Resolution of the constrictive hemodynamic pattern was demonstrated in the one survivor at repeat catheterization 7 weeks after infarction. The mechanism for constrictive hemodynamics in these patients is unclear.", "PMID": 707298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2741", "title": "Fortuitous rupture of aortic aneurysm: a catastrophic event affording time for surgical cure.", "content": "The rupture of an aortic aneurysm is generally a fatal event, but occasionally the rupture will occur into an adjacent vascular structure, thereby preventing exsanguination and affording temporary survival. Three cases are presented illustrating the fortuitous nature of the rupture of an aortic aneurysm into a vascular structure. The first patient had an atherosclerotic abdominal aortic aneurysm that ruptured into the inferior vena cava and was successfully repaired. The second case demonstrates the formation of a fistula from the aorta to the left pulmonary artery in a patient with a syphilitic thoracic aortic aneurysm. In the third patient a dissecting aneurysm of the aortic root that communicated with the right ventricle after coronary bypass surgery was successfully repaired. Rarely, aortic aneurysms will rupture fortuitously into vascular capacitance structures. These three cases emphasize the need for early accurate diagnosis and the institution of appropriate surgical measures.", "contents": "Fortuitous rupture of aortic aneurysm: a catastrophic event affording time for surgical cure. The rupture of an aortic aneurysm is generally a fatal event, but occasionally the rupture will occur into an adjacent vascular structure, thereby preventing exsanguination and affording temporary survival. Three cases are presented illustrating the fortuitous nature of the rupture of an aortic aneurysm into a vascular structure. The first patient had an atherosclerotic abdominal aortic aneurysm that ruptured into the inferior vena cava and was successfully repaired. The second case demonstrates the formation of a fistula from the aorta to the left pulmonary artery in a patient with a syphilitic thoracic aortic aneurysm. In the third patient a dissecting aneurysm of the aortic root that communicated with the right ventricle after coronary bypass surgery was successfully repaired. Rarely, aortic aneurysms will rupture fortuitously into vascular capacitance structures. These three cases emphasize the need for early accurate diagnosis and the institution of appropriate surgical measures.", "PMID": 707299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2742", "title": "Effects of estrogen on human seminiferous tubules: light and electron microscopic analysis.", "content": "Morphological features of testes from four subjects after long-term treatment with ethinyl-estradiol (1--2 mg daily) and from five non-treated patients with prostatic carcinoma were studied by means of light and electron microscopy. The non-treated seminiferous tubules contained spermatagonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatozoa, and Sertoli cells and showed no apparent morphologic abnormalities. On the other hand, the estrogen-treated testicular tissue contained only Sertoli cells and very few spermatogonia within the seminiferous tubules. The nuclei of Sertoli cells occasionally contained two nucleoli. The nucleolar complex was composed of a fine granular spherical body surrounded by a large granular, reticular network. The cytoplasm of the Sertoli cell contained osmiophilic lipid-like bodies. These lipid-like bodies appeared more pronounced in patients treated with higher doses of estrogen, suggesting a diminution of secretion of Sertoli cell hormone. Blebbing from the outer nuclear membrane appeared to have formed numerous vesicles in the cytoplasm. These vesicles usually contained several membrane-bound granular bodies. In the estrogen-treated testes, there was a marked increase in thickness and infolding of the basement membrane. Two unusual patterns of the basement membrane were observed: one appeared to be a reticular anastomosis, the other, an electron-dense trilayer. The morphological picture of seminiferous tubules from the estrogen-treated subjects appeared to correlate well with the suppressed plasma and testicular levels of testesterone, the undetectable circulating gonadotrophins, and the elevated plasma and testicular levels of estradiol-17 beta reported by Rodriguez-Rigau et al. ('77).", "contents": "Effects of estrogen on human seminiferous tubules: light and electron microscopic analysis. Morphological features of testes from four subjects after long-term treatment with ethinyl-estradiol (1--2 mg daily) and from five non-treated patients with prostatic carcinoma were studied by means of light and electron microscopy. The non-treated seminiferous tubules contained spermatagonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatozoa, and Sertoli cells and showed no apparent morphologic abnormalities. On the other hand, the estrogen-treated testicular tissue contained only Sertoli cells and very few spermatogonia within the seminiferous tubules. The nuclei of Sertoli cells occasionally contained two nucleoli. The nucleolar complex was composed of a fine granular spherical body surrounded by a large granular, reticular network. The cytoplasm of the Sertoli cell contained osmiophilic lipid-like bodies. These lipid-like bodies appeared more pronounced in patients treated with higher doses of estrogen, suggesting a diminution of secretion of Sertoli cell hormone. Blebbing from the outer nuclear membrane appeared to have formed numerous vesicles in the cytoplasm. These vesicles usually contained several membrane-bound granular bodies. In the estrogen-treated testes, there was a marked increase in thickness and infolding of the basement membrane. Two unusual patterns of the basement membrane were observed: one appeared to be a reticular anastomosis, the other, an electron-dense trilayer. The morphological picture of seminiferous tubules from the estrogen-treated subjects appeared to correlate well with the suppressed plasma and testicular levels of testesterone, the undetectable circulating gonadotrophins, and the elevated plasma and testicular levels of estradiol-17 beta reported by Rodriguez-Rigau et al. ('77).", "PMID": 707305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2743", "title": "Induced ovulation, development of the corpus luteum, and tubal transport in the striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis).", "content": "Ovulatory pattern, development of the corpus luteum (CL), and early tubal transport are described for 6 unmated and 19 mated striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) killed after known copulation times. Ovulation is induced by copulation and occurs around 42 hours (range = 40--50 hours) after first insemination. Seventeen of 19 females killed between 36 hours and 19 days postcoitus had ovulated. Two females killed at 36 hours had not ovulated; however, their follicles showed preovulatory changes and were significantly larger (p less than 0.01) than those of unmated females. Six unmated females, killed during and three weeks after the normal breeding season, had not ovulated. Ovarian events, such as preovulatory changes, ovulation, and development of the corpus luteum (CL), are described for animals killed 36 hours to 19 days post-coitus. Maximum CL size occurred at 11 days post-coitus and coincided with the onset of embryonic migration and enlargement. Embryonic development reflected individual variation in ovulation times. The first polar body was extruded at ovulation and the second at fertilization. Pronuclear stages were predominant at 42 to 48 hours and 3 to 8-cell stages at 72 to 96 hours; morulae (containing up to 95 cells) entered the uterus at seven days. Blastocysts were observed first at 11 days when embryonic spacing and enlargement began. Implantation occurred by 19 days.", "contents": "Induced ovulation, development of the corpus luteum, and tubal transport in the striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis). Ovulatory pattern, development of the corpus luteum (CL), and early tubal transport are described for 6 unmated and 19 mated striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) killed after known copulation times. Ovulation is induced by copulation and occurs around 42 hours (range = 40--50 hours) after first insemination. Seventeen of 19 females killed between 36 hours and 19 days postcoitus had ovulated. Two females killed at 36 hours had not ovulated; however, their follicles showed preovulatory changes and were significantly larger (p less than 0.01) than those of unmated females. Six unmated females, killed during and three weeks after the normal breeding season, had not ovulated. Ovarian events, such as preovulatory changes, ovulation, and development of the corpus luteum (CL), are described for animals killed 36 hours to 19 days post-coitus. Maximum CL size occurred at 11 days post-coitus and coincided with the onset of embryonic migration and enlargement. Embryonic development reflected individual variation in ovulation times. The first polar body was extruded at ovulation and the second at fertilization. Pronuclear stages were predominant at 42 to 48 hours and 3 to 8-cell stages at 72 to 96 hours; morulae (containing up to 95 cells) entered the uterus at seven days. Blastocysts were observed first at 11 days when embryonic spacing and enlargement began. Implantation occurred by 19 days.", "PMID": 707306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2744", "title": "The basilar membrane of the bat, Pteronotus p. parnellii.", "content": "The basilar membrane of Pteronotus p. parnellii was studied by light and scanning electron microscopy in order to examine the relationship of membrane structure to the sharply tuned sense of hearing in this bat. The basilar membrane was found to differ from those of other mammals and other bats by showing virtually no change in width except at the extreme ends. Thickenings of the pars pectinata and pars tecta are well developed in Pteronotus; they show no sudden changes in their dimensions and in this way differ from the thickenings found in the European horseshoe bat whose sharply tuned sense of hearing seems at least partially dependent on sudden, marked changes in the structure of the basilar membrane. In Pteronotus the greater part of the basilar membrane, 7.5 mm or approximately 58%, lies within the enormous basal turn and within this turn there are steeply banked curves and one small 0.5-mm region where the membrane is straight. The straight portion is associated with a region of the cochlea where there is a marked change in the density of nerve fibers and where the stria vascularis, spiral ligament and fluid-filled spaces of the ear are enlarged.", "contents": "The basilar membrane of the bat, Pteronotus p. parnellii. The basilar membrane of Pteronotus p. parnellii was studied by light and scanning electron microscopy in order to examine the relationship of membrane structure to the sharply tuned sense of hearing in this bat. The basilar membrane was found to differ from those of other mammals and other bats by showing virtually no change in width except at the extreme ends. Thickenings of the pars pectinata and pars tecta are well developed in Pteronotus; they show no sudden changes in their dimensions and in this way differ from the thickenings found in the European horseshoe bat whose sharply tuned sense of hearing seems at least partially dependent on sudden, marked changes in the structure of the basilar membrane. In Pteronotus the greater part of the basilar membrane, 7.5 mm or approximately 58%, lies within the enormous basal turn and within this turn there are steeply banked curves and one small 0.5-mm region where the membrane is straight. The straight portion is associated with a region of the cochlea where there is a marked change in the density of nerve fibers and where the stria vascularis, spiral ligament and fluid-filled spaces of the ear are enlarged.", "PMID": 707307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2745", "title": "Development of type I cells of the rabbit subclavian glomera (aortic bodies): a light, fluorescence and electron microscopic study.", "content": "The embryogenesis of the subclavian glomera (aortic bodies) is controversial. Past investigators have attributed the development of the Type I cells to mesodermal and/or neural elements. Based on the results of the present light microscopic, fluorescence histochemical and electron microscopic study of rabbit aortic bodies from 16 days of gestation (term:31 days) to four days postpartum, it appears that the Type I glomus cell are derived from cells of neural crest origin. The subclavian anlage is associated with cells of neural crest origin. The subclavian glomus anlage is associated with cells of vagal origin throughout its development. Evidence of Type I cell development from pre-existing mesodermal condensations is not observed. Type I cells exhibit formaldehyde-induced-fluorescence by the twentieth day of gestation. Dense-cored cytoplasmic vesicles are apparent by the sixteenth day of gestation. The number of cytoplasmic vesicles increases steadily, but the greatest increase of vesicles is observed between the twenty-eighth day of gestation and birth. Primitive Type I glomus cells exhibit abundant polysomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum indicative of synthetic activity. Nerve terminals are apparent adjacent to Type I cells by the twentieth day of gestation, but synaptogenesis does not occur until sometime between the twenty-fourth and twenty-eighth days of gestation. Abundant vascularity, characteristic of chemosensory glomera, is not achieved until the twenty-eighth day of gestation.", "contents": "Development of type I cells of the rabbit subclavian glomera (aortic bodies): a light, fluorescence and electron microscopic study. The embryogenesis of the subclavian glomera (aortic bodies) is controversial. Past investigators have attributed the development of the Type I cells to mesodermal and/or neural elements. Based on the results of the present light microscopic, fluorescence histochemical and electron microscopic study of rabbit aortic bodies from 16 days of gestation (term:31 days) to four days postpartum, it appears that the Type I glomus cell are derived from cells of neural crest origin. The subclavian anlage is associated with cells of neural crest origin. The subclavian glomus anlage is associated with cells of vagal origin throughout its development. Evidence of Type I cell development from pre-existing mesodermal condensations is not observed. Type I cells exhibit formaldehyde-induced-fluorescence by the twentieth day of gestation. Dense-cored cytoplasmic vesicles are apparent by the sixteenth day of gestation. The number of cytoplasmic vesicles increases steadily, but the greatest increase of vesicles is observed between the twenty-eighth day of gestation and birth. Primitive Type I glomus cells exhibit abundant polysomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum indicative of synthetic activity. Nerve terminals are apparent adjacent to Type I cells by the twentieth day of gestation, but synaptogenesis does not occur until sometime between the twenty-fourth and twenty-eighth days of gestation. Abundant vascularity, characteristic of chemosensory glomera, is not achieved until the twenty-eighth day of gestation.", "PMID": 707308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2746", "title": "Occurrence of catecholamine-containing specific granules in the venous endothelia of carp.", "content": "The formaldehyde-induced fluorescence technique and the argentaffin reaction with ultra-thin sections were applied to the vessels of carp to demonstrate the presence of a catecholamine. After formaldehyde gas treatment for 30 minutes at 50 degrees C, the venous endothelia emitted a greenish-yellow fluorescence suggesting the presence of a primary catecholamine. In the endothelial cells of veins, the specific granules, consisting predominantly of spherical granules with a diameter of about 0.3 micrometer, showed heavily to moderately positive argentaffin reaction. Granules also occurred in the endothelial cells of arteries. However, these granules stained weakly or not at all with ammoniacal silver solution. It is concluded that the specific endothelial granules in veins of carp contain a primary catecholamine.", "contents": "Occurrence of catecholamine-containing specific granules in the venous endothelia of carp. The formaldehyde-induced fluorescence technique and the argentaffin reaction with ultra-thin sections were applied to the vessels of carp to demonstrate the presence of a catecholamine. After formaldehyde gas treatment for 30 minutes at 50 degrees C, the venous endothelia emitted a greenish-yellow fluorescence suggesting the presence of a primary catecholamine. In the endothelial cells of veins, the specific granules, consisting predominantly of spherical granules with a diameter of about 0.3 micrometer, showed heavily to moderately positive argentaffin reaction. Granules also occurred in the endothelial cells of arteries. However, these granules stained weakly or not at all with ammoniacal silver solution. It is concluded that the specific endothelial granules in veins of carp contain a primary catecholamine.", "PMID": 707309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2747", "title": "The neurohypophyseal capillary bed. II. Specializations within median eminence.", "content": "Vascular casts of the pituitary gland, median eminence and hypothalamus from several mammalian species were examined by scanning electron microscopy. These observations were correlated with light microscopic studies of injected, cleared median eminence-pituitary specimens and with light microscopic examination of serial sections of injected hypothalamic, median eminence, and pituitary specimens employing reflected lighting or epi-illumination. Transmission electron microscopy was employed to study long portal vessels on the ventral surface of the rat median eminence. In each of the species examined, the median eminence (infundibular) capillary  bed is subdivided into an external and an internal plexus. The external plexus (the neurohemal contact zone) receives an arterial supply from the superior hypophyseal arteries and is continuous with the capillary bed of the infundibular stem and process. Egress from the external plexus is possible via three vascular routes: (a) by fenestrated portal vessels and capillaries to the adenohypophysis, (b) by capillary connections to the medial basilar hypothalamus and, (c) by internal plexus capillaries to the ependyma of the median eminence. Median eminence vasculature is structurally organized to deliver (1) hypothalamic and neurohypophyseal peptides to the glandular pituitary via portal vessels, (2) hypothalamic and pituitary secretions to the medial basilar hypothalamus via capillaries, and (3) hypothalamic and pituitary secretions to distant brain sites through cerebrospinal fluid via ventricular and subarachnoid routes.", "contents": "The neurohypophyseal capillary bed. II. Specializations within median eminence. Vascular casts of the pituitary gland, median eminence and hypothalamus from several mammalian species were examined by scanning electron microscopy. These observations were correlated with light microscopic studies of injected, cleared median eminence-pituitary specimens and with light microscopic examination of serial sections of injected hypothalamic, median eminence, and pituitary specimens employing reflected lighting or epi-illumination. Transmission electron microscopy was employed to study long portal vessels on the ventral surface of the rat median eminence. In each of the species examined, the median eminence (infundibular) capillary  bed is subdivided into an external and an internal plexus. The external plexus (the neurohemal contact zone) receives an arterial supply from the superior hypophyseal arteries and is continuous with the capillary bed of the infundibular stem and process. Egress from the external plexus is possible via three vascular routes: (a) by fenestrated portal vessels and capillaries to the adenohypophysis, (b) by capillary connections to the medial basilar hypothalamus and, (c) by internal plexus capillaries to the ependyma of the median eminence. Median eminence vasculature is structurally organized to deliver (1) hypothalamic and neurohypophyseal peptides to the glandular pituitary via portal vessels, (2) hypothalamic and pituitary secretions to the medial basilar hypothalamus via capillaries, and (3) hypothalamic and pituitary secretions to distant brain sites through cerebrospinal fluid via ventricular and subarachnoid routes.", "PMID": 707310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2748", "title": "Investigations on the turnover of adrenocortical mitochondria. X. A correlated biochemical stereological study of the effects of chronic treatment with chloramphenicol on the mitochondria of the rat zona fasciculata.", "content": "The effects of chloramphenicol (CAP) on rat adrenocortical cells were investigated by biochemical and stereological methods. It was found that administering 50mg/kg of CAP every 12 hours provoked a persistent inhibition of the incorporation of 3H-leucine into mitochondrial proteins. Chronic treatment (up to 15 consecutive days) with this dose of CAP induced a significant decrease in the volume of the mitochondrial compartment, in the surface area of the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes and in the number of mitochondria per cell. These results confirm the hypothesis that the ACTH-induced maintenance of adrenocortical mitochondrial growth requires continuous mitochondrial DNA-dependent protein synthesis.", "contents": "Investigations on the turnover of adrenocortical mitochondria. X. A correlated biochemical stereological study of the effects of chronic treatment with chloramphenicol on the mitochondria of the rat zona fasciculata. The effects of chloramphenicol (CAP) on rat adrenocortical cells were investigated by biochemical and stereological methods. It was found that administering 50mg/kg of CAP every 12 hours provoked a persistent inhibition of the incorporation of 3H-leucine into mitochondrial proteins. Chronic treatment (up to 15 consecutive days) with this dose of CAP induced a significant decrease in the volume of the mitochondrial compartment, in the surface area of the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes and in the number of mitochondria per cell. These results confirm the hypothesis that the ACTH-induced maintenance of adrenocortical mitochondrial growth requires continuous mitochondrial DNA-dependent protein synthesis.", "PMID": 707311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2749", "title": "Spermatogonial intercellular bridges in whole-mounted seminiferous tubules from normal and irradiated rodent testes.", "content": "Whole-mounted seminiferous tubules from normal and irradiated rodent testes were examined by light microscopy. These studies reveal the presence of intercellular bridges in all classes of spermatogonia except for the new As stem cells. It was demonstrated that As stem cells divide to produce new As spermatogonia or paired daughter cells that are united by a cytoplasmic bridge. Evidence was given that all subsequent progeny of these paired A's up to and including the production of type B spermatogonia remain linked by cytoplasmic bridges in increasingly larger and more complex syncytial networks. It is proposed that the intercellular bridges mediate both differentiation and degeneration of spermatogonia. The maintenance of synchronous development within cohorts of spermatogonia is attributed to the bridges. Moreover, the fact that spermatogonia in both normal and irradiated testes degenerate in clusters is determined by the presence of intercellular bridges. Lastly, the integrity of the bridges appears essential for normal germ cell development.", "contents": "Spermatogonial intercellular bridges in whole-mounted seminiferous tubules from normal and irradiated rodent testes. Whole-mounted seminiferous tubules from normal and irradiated rodent testes were examined by light microscopy. These studies reveal the presence of intercellular bridges in all classes of spermatogonia except for the new As stem cells. It was demonstrated that As stem cells divide to produce new As spermatogonia or paired daughter cells that are united by a cytoplasmic bridge. Evidence was given that all subsequent progeny of these paired A's up to and including the production of type B spermatogonia remain linked by cytoplasmic bridges in increasingly larger and more complex syncytial networks. It is proposed that the intercellular bridges mediate both differentiation and degeneration of spermatogonia. The maintenance of synchronous development within cohorts of spermatogonia is attributed to the bridges. Moreover, the fact that spermatogonia in both normal and irradiated testes degenerate in clusters is determined by the presence of intercellular bridges. Lastly, the integrity of the bridges appears essential for normal germ cell development.", "PMID": 707312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2750", "title": "Localization of vitamin A-storing cells in the mouse adrenal gland: an electron microscopic autoradiographic study.", "content": "Radioactive vitamin A acetate was stored in specific cells in the mouse adrenal gland. Radioactivity was detected in lipid droplets of fibroblast-like cells, whose distribution was from the capsule to the medulla. Their population was highest in the cortex. The morphology of these labeled cells was similar to that of vitamin A-storing cells in other organs of mouse (Yamada and Hirosawa, '76). Though functions of these cells are obscure, the fact that they are found in organs where metabolic activity of vitamin A is high suggests that they bear some role in the metabolism and storage of the vitamin.", "contents": "Localization of vitamin A-storing cells in the mouse adrenal gland: an electron microscopic autoradiographic study. Radioactive vitamin A acetate was stored in specific cells in the mouse adrenal gland. Radioactivity was detected in lipid droplets of fibroblast-like cells, whose distribution was from the capsule to the medulla. Their population was highest in the cortex. The morphology of these labeled cells was similar to that of vitamin A-storing cells in other organs of mouse (Yamada and Hirosawa, '76). Though functions of these cells are obscure, the fact that they are found in organs where metabolic activity of vitamin A is high suggests that they bear some role in the metabolism and storage of the vitamin.", "PMID": 707313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2751", "title": "Epidermal migration during the healing of suction blisters in rat skin: a scanning and transmission electron microscopic study.", "content": "Fluid-filled blisters, created on the skin of the inner surface of the pinna of heparinized rats by the application of suction, showed an intact basal lamina through which protruded hairs and remnants of hair follicles. The origin of epithelial cells and their spreading over the basal lamina were studied at intervals over 36 hours using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The majority of epidermal cells arose from the outer root sheath of hair follicles and began to spread radially before 12 hours. By 36 hours the cells were confluent over most of the blister base. Inflammatory cells were few in number and rested mainly on the bare basal lamina rather than on the resurfacing cells. Some elongated epidermal cells showing tapering foot processes appeared to be migrating in from the epidermis at the edge of the blisters. The cells spreading from hair follicles were flat and polygonal. On these sheets of cells a few small folds and many filopodia were present at intercellular junctions and at the free margin of the leading cells. Large numbers of short microvilli covered the surface of some of the epidermal cells, especially at 24 and 36 hours; other epidermal cells were relatively smooth.", "contents": "Epidermal migration during the healing of suction blisters in rat skin: a scanning and transmission electron microscopic study. Fluid-filled blisters, created on the skin of the inner surface of the pinna of heparinized rats by the application of suction, showed an intact basal lamina through which protruded hairs and remnants of hair follicles. The origin of epithelial cells and their spreading over the basal lamina were studied at intervals over 36 hours using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The majority of epidermal cells arose from the outer root sheath of hair follicles and began to spread radially before 12 hours. By 36 hours the cells were confluent over most of the blister base. Inflammatory cells were few in number and rested mainly on the bare basal lamina rather than on the resurfacing cells. Some elongated epidermal cells showing tapering foot processes appeared to be migrating in from the epidermis at the edge of the blisters. The cells spreading from hair follicles were flat and polygonal. On these sheets of cells a few small folds and many filopodia were present at intercellular junctions and at the free margin of the leading cells. Large numbers of short microvilli covered the surface of some of the epidermal cells, especially at 24 and 36 hours; other epidermal cells were relatively smooth.", "PMID": 707314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2752", "title": "Ultrastructural identification of afferent fibers of cardiac origin in thoracic sympathetic nerves in the dog.", "content": "While cardiac afferent nerve activity has been recorded from the ventrolateral (VLCN) and ventromedial (VMCN) cardiac nerves, left dorsal and ventral ansae subclaviae, and left upper thoracic white rami communicantes, little anatomical evidence for the existence of afferent fibers in these nerves has been reported. This study was designed to characterize the normal ultrastructure of the above nerves and to identify afferent fibers in them through Wallerian degeneration produced by dorsal root ganglionectomy. Laminectomies followed by dorsal root ganglionectomies were performed on left thoracic roots T1-T4 in six mongrel dogs. The nerves to be examined were removed from two animals at 1, 2, and 3 weeks following ganglionectomy and prepared for electron microscopy. Control nerves were obtained from two normal dogs. Degenerating nonmyelinated fibers were characterized by watery axoplasm containing clumps of electron-dense material. Degenerating myelinated fibers were distinguished by the separation of their myelin lamellae, producing characteristic whorls. After three weeks, afferent nonmyelinated axons had degenerated in all nerves, leaving only layered processes of Schwann cells in these areas. Approximately 5-15% of the fibers in each nerve degenerated, indicating their afferent nature. Of these fibers, 85-90% were nonmyelinated C fibers and the remainder myelinated Adelta fibers. These results indicate participation of both Adelta fibers and a large population of C fibers in transmission of cardiac afferent activity.", "contents": "Ultrastructural identification of afferent fibers of cardiac origin in thoracic sympathetic nerves in the dog. While cardiac afferent nerve activity has been recorded from the ventrolateral (VLCN) and ventromedial (VMCN) cardiac nerves, left dorsal and ventral ansae subclaviae, and left upper thoracic white rami communicantes, little anatomical evidence for the existence of afferent fibers in these nerves has been reported. This study was designed to characterize the normal ultrastructure of the above nerves and to identify afferent fibers in them through Wallerian degeneration produced by dorsal root ganglionectomy. Laminectomies followed by dorsal root ganglionectomies were performed on left thoracic roots T1-T4 in six mongrel dogs. The nerves to be examined were removed from two animals at 1, 2, and 3 weeks following ganglionectomy and prepared for electron microscopy. Control nerves were obtained from two normal dogs. Degenerating nonmyelinated fibers were characterized by watery axoplasm containing clumps of electron-dense material. Degenerating myelinated fibers were distinguished by the separation of their myelin lamellae, producing characteristic whorls. After three weeks, afferent nonmyelinated axons had degenerated in all nerves, leaving only layered processes of Schwann cells in these areas. Approximately 5-15% of the fibers in each nerve degenerated, indicating their afferent nature. Of these fibers, 85-90% were nonmyelinated C fibers and the remainder myelinated Adelta fibers. These results indicate participation of both Adelta fibers and a large population of C fibers in transmission of cardiac afferent activity.", "PMID": 707315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2753", "title": "Structure of the chicken's inner ear: SEM and TEM study.", "content": "The inner ears of 35 adult chickens were studied by TEM, SEM and light microscopy. Two well differentiated hair cell/nerve ending units were present: tall hair cells with small vesiculated nerve endings were located on the attached part of the basilar membrane; short hair cells with large vesiculated nerve endings were located on the free basilar membrane except for the distal tip. In this respect the chicken ear is similar to that of the pigeon. The chickens examined did have some unique features. Sensory cells of lenticular and hemispheric shape were also present at the proximal end. Bundles of long dense tubules were seen frequently within the sensory cell cytoplasm. Kinocilia were absent from the hair bundles of many of the sensory cells. The internal structure of the kinocilia which were present was atypical and consisted of a variable number of doublets. Eight peripheral plus one central doublet were found most frequently.", "contents": "Structure of the chicken's inner ear: SEM and TEM study. The inner ears of 35 adult chickens were studied by TEM, SEM and light microscopy. Two well differentiated hair cell/nerve ending units were present: tall hair cells with small vesiculated nerve endings were located on the attached part of the basilar membrane; short hair cells with large vesiculated nerve endings were located on the free basilar membrane except for the distal tip. In this respect the chicken ear is similar to that of the pigeon. The chickens examined did have some unique features. Sensory cells of lenticular and hemispheric shape were also present at the proximal end. Bundles of long dense tubules were seen frequently within the sensory cell cytoplasm. Kinocilia were absent from the hair bundles of many of the sensory cells. The internal structure of the kinocilia which were present was atypical and consisted of a variable number of doublets. Eight peripheral plus one central doublet were found most frequently.", "PMID": 707316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2754", "title": "The fine structure of the ventricular surface of the area postrema of the cat, with particular reference to supraependymal structures.", "content": "The ependymal surface of the feline area postrema (AP) has been examined with the scanning and transmission electron microscopes. Particular attention was paid to the distribution and structure of supraependymal (SE) cells which have not been described before on this organ. A population of SE cells was found consistently on the cat AP; they were grouped most frequently toward the caudal aspect of the organ. Their structure bears a great resemblance to that of macrophages, containing: (1) many small apical vacuoles, (2) numerous lysosomes, and (3) phagosome-like bodies. Arrays of microvillous tufts and also singly-occurring microvilli are features of the unciliated ependymal surface of the organ. Tufts are often found in very close proximity to superficial blood vessels which are characteristically surrounded by large perivascular spaces.", "contents": "The fine structure of the ventricular surface of the area postrema of the cat, with particular reference to supraependymal structures. The ependymal surface of the feline area postrema (AP) has been examined with the scanning and transmission electron microscopes. Particular attention was paid to the distribution and structure of supraependymal (SE) cells which have not been described before on this organ. A population of SE cells was found consistently on the cat AP; they were grouped most frequently toward the caudal aspect of the organ. Their structure bears a great resemblance to that of macrophages, containing: (1) many small apical vacuoles, (2) numerous lysosomes, and (3) phagosome-like bodies. Arrays of microvillous tufts and also singly-occurring microvilli are features of the unciliated ependymal surface of the organ. Tufts are often found in very close proximity to superficial blood vessels which are characteristically surrounded by large perivascular spaces.", "PMID": 707317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2755", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of the kidney glomerular epithelium after treatment with polycations in situ and in vitro.", "content": "Changes in fine structure of glomerular epithelial cells (podocytes) were examined after treatment in situ and in vitro with polycations (i.e., protamine sulfate and poly-1-lysine). Scanning and transmission electron microscopic observations indicate that polycation-induced alterations of the glomerular epithelium are similar in many respects to those resulting from puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis. These alterations include the formation of junctional complexes between adjacent podocyte processes, flattening and retraction of podocyte processes, extensive folding of the slit diaphragms, formation of interpedicular microbridges, and development of irregular knobby surface-microprojections. Prolonged treatment in vitro with high concentrations of polycations results in nearly complete loss of podocyte processes and the transformation of these once elaborate cells into simple polyhedral cells. The foregoing observations support the view that pedicel loss in puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis may be due to a reduction in the glomerular epithelial polyanionic sialic acid surface coat.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of the kidney glomerular epithelium after treatment with polycations in situ and in vitro. Changes in fine structure of glomerular epithelial cells (podocytes) were examined after treatment in situ and in vitro with polycations (i.e., protamine sulfate and poly-1-lysine). Scanning and transmission electron microscopic observations indicate that polycation-induced alterations of the glomerular epithelium are similar in many respects to those resulting from puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis. These alterations include the formation of junctional complexes between adjacent podocyte processes, flattening and retraction of podocyte processes, extensive folding of the slit diaphragms, formation of interpedicular microbridges, and development of irregular knobby surface-microprojections. Prolonged treatment in vitro with high concentrations of polycations results in nearly complete loss of podocyte processes and the transformation of these once elaborate cells into simple polyhedral cells. The foregoing observations support the view that pedicel loss in puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis may be due to a reduction in the glomerular epithelial polyanionic sialic acid surface coat.", "PMID": 707318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2756", "title": "The structure and innervation of cat knee menisci, and their relation to a \"sensory hypothesis\" of meniscal function.", "content": "Previous work on dog knee menisci demonstrated structural differences between the meniscal horns and the meniscal bodies (O'Connor, '76). Of particular interest was the observation that the meniscal horns possessed an abundant blood and nerve supply, while the meniscal bodies did not. The presence of nerves in the meniscal horns prompted the speculation that menisci might perform a sensory function. The present study was undertaken in order to establish whether or not similar regional differences existed in cat knee menisci, structures previously believed to lack a corpuscular mechanoreceptor system (Freeman and Wyke, '67). Differences between the meniscal horns and meniscal bodies similar to those reported in the dog were found to characterize cat knee menisci. In particular, the meniscal horns possessed a rich neurovascular supply, while the meniscal bodies did not. Most important, at least two morphologically different mechano-receptors were identified in the meniscal horns, but none were identified in the meniscal bodies.", "contents": "The structure and innervation of cat knee menisci, and their relation to a \"sensory hypothesis\" of meniscal function. Previous work on dog knee menisci demonstrated structural differences between the meniscal horns and the meniscal bodies (O'Connor, '76). Of particular interest was the observation that the meniscal horns possessed an abundant blood and nerve supply, while the meniscal bodies did not. The presence of nerves in the meniscal horns prompted the speculation that menisci might perform a sensory function. The present study was undertaken in order to establish whether or not similar regional differences existed in cat knee menisci, structures previously believed to lack a corpuscular mechanoreceptor system (Freeman and Wyke, '67). Differences between the meniscal horns and meniscal bodies similar to those reported in the dog were found to characterize cat knee menisci. In particular, the meniscal horns possessed a rich neurovascular supply, while the meniscal bodies did not. Most important, at least two morphologically different mechano-receptors were identified in the meniscal horns, but none were identified in the meniscal bodies.", "PMID": 707322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2757", "title": "Sites of cerebrovascular injury induced by radiographic contrast media.", "content": "The object of this study was to determine the type of cerebral vessel affected by injection of radiopaque contrast agents used in cerebral angiography. Seventeen rabbits were prepared surgically for a left intracarotid injection of methylglucamine iothalamate (Conray 60) or methylglucamine diatrizoate (Reno-M-60). Extravasations of the tracers, Evans blue and horseradish peroxidase, occurred in the left half of the brain and occasionally in the right half. Within those areas of blood-brain barrier breakdown, the frequency of leakage was 60% for arterioles, 25% for venules, and 12% for capillaries. The leakage appeared to be primarily intercellular, rather than intracellular. This study provides evidence that greater blood-brain barrier alterations occur in arterioles and venules than in capillaries following cerebral angiography.", "contents": "Sites of cerebrovascular injury induced by radiographic contrast media. The object of this study was to determine the type of cerebral vessel affected by injection of radiopaque contrast agents used in cerebral angiography. Seventeen rabbits were prepared surgically for a left intracarotid injection of methylglucamine iothalamate (Conray 60) or methylglucamine diatrizoate (Reno-M-60). Extravasations of the tracers, Evans blue and horseradish peroxidase, occurred in the left half of the brain and occasionally in the right half. Within those areas of blood-brain barrier breakdown, the frequency of leakage was 60% for arterioles, 25% for venules, and 12% for capillaries. The leakage appeared to be primarily intercellular, rather than intracellular. This study provides evidence that greater blood-brain barrier alterations occur in arterioles and venules than in capillaries following cerebral angiography.", "PMID": 707323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2758", "title": "Programmable calculators in the field assessment of nutritional status.", "content": "Programmable electronic calculators can be used for many purposes in field studies in which anthropometric evidence of nutritional state is being collected. One of their most interesting uses is the rapid conversion of anthropometric measurements into percentages of the standard. Coefficients are given for such calculations for height, weight, and arm circumference.", "contents": "Programmable calculators in the field assessment of nutritional status. Programmable electronic calculators can be used for many purposes in field studies in which anthropometric evidence of nutritional state is being collected. One of their most interesting uses is the rapid conversion of anthropometric measurements into percentages of the standard. Coefficients are given for such calculations for height, weight, and arm circumference.", "PMID": 707324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2759", "title": "A study of caffeine in tea. I. A new spectrophotometric micro-method. II. Concentration of caffeine in various strengths, brands, blends, and types of teas.", "content": "A new spectrophotometric micro-method for the determination of caffeine in tea is described. This method is then used to evaluate the caffeine content of a variety of brands and blends of bagged and loose hot tea prepared in different strengths and by different brewing methods. In addition, the caffeine content of instant tea, ice tea, and Mr. Coffee automatic tea is evaluated.", "contents": "A study of caffeine in tea. I. A new spectrophotometric micro-method. II. Concentration of caffeine in various strengths, brands, blends, and types of teas. A new spectrophotometric micro-method for the determination of caffeine in tea is described. This method is then used to evaluate the caffeine content of a variety of brands and blends of bagged and loose hot tea prepared in different strengths and by different brewing methods. In addition, the caffeine content of instant tea, ice tea, and Mr. Coffee automatic tea is evaluated.", "PMID": 707326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2760", "title": "Metabolic studies with keto acids in uremia.", "content": "The utilization of a preparation containing the keto analogues of five essential amino acids was evaluated by nitrogen balance studies in five uremic patients receiving an 18 g protein diet. In all five patients the nitrogen balance improved when the diet was supplemented with ketoacids, becoming positive in three cases, and about zero in one case. In two cases the improvement in nitrogen utilization occurred without a prior period of adaptation with the protein-poor diet. The nitrogen balance was negative in two cases when reinvestigated after about 7 weeks, but one of these cases had a slight infection at the time of the study.", "contents": "Metabolic studies with keto acids in uremia. The utilization of a preparation containing the keto analogues of five essential amino acids was evaluated by nitrogen balance studies in five uremic patients receiving an 18 g protein diet. In all five patients the nitrogen balance improved when the diet was supplemented with ketoacids, becoming positive in three cases, and about zero in one case. In two cases the improvement in nitrogen utilization occurred without a prior period of adaptation with the protein-poor diet. The nitrogen balance was negative in two cases when reinvestigated after about 7 weeks, but one of these cases had a slight infection at the time of the study.", "PMID": 707330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2761", "title": "Comparison of the effects of keto acid analogues and essential amino acids on nitrogen homeostasis in uremic patients on moderately protein-restricted diets.", "content": "Comparisons of isonitrogenous supplements (1.2 g N) of essential amino acids and five keto acid analogues with four essential amino acids were made in seven patients with stable chronic renal failure (creatinine clearance, 4.6 to 16 ml/min) on moderately protein-restricted diets (4.60 to 7.8 g N per day). Full nitrogen balance data on the four patients who have already completed studies lasting 24 weeks are presented. No benefits of keto acid over amino acid supplements were observed. Two transient episodes of hypercalcemia occurred during keto acid treatment. There was no improvement of renal function with keto acids. Also, no carry-over effects were seen after keto acid treatment. It is concluded that any beneficial effects of keto acids in patients with chronic renal failure are only likely to occur in those taking a diet of less than 30 g protein daily.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of keto acid analogues and essential amino acids on nitrogen homeostasis in uremic patients on moderately protein-restricted diets. Comparisons of isonitrogenous supplements (1.2 g N) of essential amino acids and five keto acid analogues with four essential amino acids were made in seven patients with stable chronic renal failure (creatinine clearance, 4.6 to 16 ml/min) on moderately protein-restricted diets (4.60 to 7.8 g N per day). Full nitrogen balance data on the four patients who have already completed studies lasting 24 weeks are presented. No benefits of keto acid over amino acid supplements were observed. Two transient episodes of hypercalcemia occurred during keto acid treatment. There was no improvement of renal function with keto acids. Also, no carry-over effects were seen after keto acid treatment. It is concluded that any beneficial effects of keto acids in patients with chronic renal failure are only likely to occur in those taking a diet of less than 30 g protein daily.", "PMID": 707331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2762", "title": "Metabolic studies with keto acid diets.", "content": "Five patients with chronic renal failure taking a diet containing approximately 5 g N throughout were studied during two periods of 1 month each. Nitrogen balance, urea metabolism, and incorporation of 15N from urea into albumin on diet alone or with a keto acid/essential amino acid supplement were measured. Keto acids produced a reduction of plasma urea, urea synthesis, and urea excretion and an improvement in nitrogen balance. In patients who demonstrated the greatest change on ketoacids, 15N incorporation also increased, but their total incorporation of urea nitrogen was not nearly sufficient to account for the improvement in nitrogen balance. The role of keto acids in protein anabolism is not solely or even mainly explained by promotion of nonprotein nitrogen reutilization.", "contents": "Metabolic studies with keto acid diets. Five patients with chronic renal failure taking a diet containing approximately 5 g N throughout were studied during two periods of 1 month each. Nitrogen balance, urea metabolism, and incorporation of 15N from urea into albumin on diet alone or with a keto acid/essential amino acid supplement were measured. Keto acids produced a reduction of plasma urea, urea synthesis, and urea excretion and an improvement in nitrogen balance. In patients who demonstrated the greatest change on ketoacids, 15N incorporation also increased, but their total incorporation of urea nitrogen was not nearly sufficient to account for the improvement in nitrogen balance. The role of keto acids in protein anabolism is not solely or even mainly explained by promotion of nonprotein nitrogen reutilization.", "PMID": 707332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2763", "title": "Evaluation of essential amino acids and keto acids in uremic patients on low-protein diet.", "content": "The effectiveness of a mixture of five analogues of essential amino acids and the remaining four essential amino acids as compared to a preceeding treatment period of the nine essential amino acids was evaluated in 16 chronic uremic patients fed a low-protein diet. During amino acid analogues supplementation, there was a tendency for blood urea nitrogen to fall whereas creatinine did not change. Serum phosphate decreased in most patients, whereas serum calcium rose in some subjects. Protein metabolism, as judged by serum transferrin, Clq, C3c, total complement activity, was improved. Furthermore, the concentrations of prealbumin and retinol-binding protein, which are elevated in uremia, showed a further increase that might favor a vitamin A intoxication.", "contents": "Evaluation of essential amino acids and keto acids in uremic patients on low-protein diet. The effectiveness of a mixture of five analogues of essential amino acids and the remaining four essential amino acids as compared to a preceeding treatment period of the nine essential amino acids was evaluated in 16 chronic uremic patients fed a low-protein diet. During amino acid analogues supplementation, there was a tendency for blood urea nitrogen to fall whereas creatinine did not change. Serum phosphate decreased in most patients, whereas serum calcium rose in some subjects. Protein metabolism, as judged by serum transferrin, Clq, C3c, total complement activity, was improved. Furthermore, the concentrations of prealbumin and retinol-binding protein, which are elevated in uremia, showed a further increase that might favor a vitamin A intoxication.", "PMID": 707333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2764", "title": "Therapy with essential amino acids and their nitrogen-free analogues in severe renal failure.", "content": "The effects of therapy with essential amino acids and their nitrogen-free hydroxy and keto precursers on nitrogen and amino acid metabolism of patients with chronic renal failure were examined. Data obtained under treatment with essential amino acids and alpha-keto acid analogues showed higher levels of plasma amino acids, C3-complement, and transferrin than with a low-protein diet alone. Nitrogen balance became positive and plasma urea levels fell. With keto acid analogue therapy, these effects could be obtained with a reduced nitrogen intake. Supplementation of a low protein diet with alpha-hydroxy acid analogues was associated with more positive nitrogen balance and a rise in plasma histidine and methionine. However, plasma levels of three other essential amino acids fell.", "contents": "Therapy with essential amino acids and their nitrogen-free analogues in severe renal failure. The effects of therapy with essential amino acids and their nitrogen-free hydroxy and keto precursers on nitrogen and amino acid metabolism of patients with chronic renal failure were examined. Data obtained under treatment with essential amino acids and alpha-keto acid analogues showed higher levels of plasma amino acids, C3-complement, and transferrin than with a low-protein diet alone. Nitrogen balance became positive and plasma urea levels fell. With keto acid analogue therapy, these effects could be obtained with a reduced nitrogen intake. Supplementation of a low protein diet with alpha-hydroxy acid analogues was associated with more positive nitrogen balance and a rise in plasma histidine and methionine. However, plasma levels of three other essential amino acids fell.", "PMID": 707334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2765", "title": "Nitrogen balance in uremic patients on different amino acid and keto acid formulations--a proposed reference pattern.", "content": "Nitrogen balance was studied in 12 uremic patients given nitrogen intakes in varying formulations, either solely as amino acids or as keto acid and amino acid mixtures. It was shown that of the three formulas studied, the one that was most effective in promoting positive balance was the one having threonine as reference unit, with a relatively high tyrosine intake and lower methionine content, and histidine in the proportions found in human milk and in the egg pattern. Also, in all instances in which an amino acid formulation caused a deviation in nitrogen balance, the same effect was obtained with formulations containing keto acids. However, the effect with the keto acids was less pronounced.", "contents": "Nitrogen balance in uremic patients on different amino acid and keto acid formulations--a proposed reference pattern. Nitrogen balance was studied in 12 uremic patients given nitrogen intakes in varying formulations, either solely as amino acids or as keto acid and amino acid mixtures. It was shown that of the three formulas studied, the one that was most effective in promoting positive balance was the one having threonine as reference unit, with a relatively high tyrosine intake and lower methionine content, and histidine in the proportions found in human milk and in the egg pattern. Also, in all instances in which an amino acid formulation caused a deviation in nitrogen balance, the same effect was obtained with formulations containing keto acids. However, the effect with the keto acids was less pronounced.", "PMID": 707335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2766", "title": "Protein requirements in maintenance hemodialysis.", "content": "Protein requirements in maintenance hemodialysis patients are still unclear. Based on nitrogen balance studies and different analyses of protein and amino acid metabolism, the recommendations until recently were 1 g/kg of body weight, primarily of high biological value protein. According to the results of controlled long-term studies the 1 g recommendation now seems too low. The paper reports on the results of a controlled study undertaken to define protein requirements. The effect of supplementation with a special protein mixture is studied on the basis of 1 g of protein per kilogram of body weight intake and about 20 hr standard dialysis per week. The results suggest that 1.2 g of protein per kilogram of body weight primarily of high biological value protein and 35 kcal/kg of body weight should be prescribed for dialysis patients. In case of complications (bleeding, infection, and other stress situations) additional supplements are necessary.", "contents": "Protein requirements in maintenance hemodialysis. Protein requirements in maintenance hemodialysis patients are still unclear. Based on nitrogen balance studies and different analyses of protein and amino acid metabolism, the recommendations until recently were 1 g/kg of body weight, primarily of high biological value protein. According to the results of controlled long-term studies the 1 g recommendation now seems too low. The paper reports on the results of a controlled study undertaken to define protein requirements. The effect of supplementation with a special protein mixture is studied on the basis of 1 g of protein per kilogram of body weight intake and about 20 hr standard dialysis per week. The results suggest that 1.2 g of protein per kilogram of body weight primarily of high biological value protein and 35 kcal/kg of body weight should be prescribed for dialysis patients. In case of complications (bleeding, infection, and other stress situations) additional supplements are necessary.", "PMID": 707338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2767", "title": "Influence of essential amino acids and keto acids on protein metabolism and anemia of patients on intermittent hemodialysis.", "content": "Ten patients were treated with 10 g/day of essential amino acids orally; nine patients received 9.5 g/day of a mixture of essential amino acids (lysine, threonine, tryprophan, histidine, and tyrosine) and keto analogues of isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, valine, and methionine. A control group of 11 patients received no supplementation. All patients were on a liberal food intake amounting to 1 g of protein per kilogram of body weight and 31 kcal/kg of body weight daily. Before and 3 months after the beginning of the supplementation, the following parameters were measured: amino acids, albumin, transferrin, urea and creatinine concentrations in plasma, hemoglobin, and hematocrit in blood. None of these parameters was altered by either treatment. It is concluded that supplementation with essential amino acids or their keto analogues is ineffective in well-nourished dialysis patients.", "contents": "Influence of essential amino acids and keto acids on protein metabolism and anemia of patients on intermittent hemodialysis. Ten patients were treated with 10 g/day of essential amino acids orally; nine patients received 9.5 g/day of a mixture of essential amino acids (lysine, threonine, tryprophan, histidine, and tyrosine) and keto analogues of isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, valine, and methionine. A control group of 11 patients received no supplementation. All patients were on a liberal food intake amounting to 1 g of protein per kilogram of body weight and 31 kcal/kg of body weight daily. Before and 3 months after the beginning of the supplementation, the following parameters were measured: amino acids, albumin, transferrin, urea and creatinine concentrations in plasma, hemoglobin, and hematocrit in blood. None of these parameters was altered by either treatment. It is concluded that supplementation with essential amino acids or their keto analogues is ineffective in well-nourished dialysis patients.", "PMID": 707339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2768", "title": "Hormonal and metabolic responses to intravenous glucose in children on regular hemodialysis.", "content": "Blood glucose, plasma nonesterified fatty acids, amino acids, immunoreactive insulin, growth hormone, and immunoreactive glucagon responses to intravenous glucose were determined in 16 children on regular hemodialysis for chronic renal failure and nine healthy children. In the patients the fractional disappearance rate of glucose was significantly reduced, basal immunoreactive insulin was significantly raised, and while the early immunoreactive insulin response to glucose was similar in patients and controls, the late response was increased. Basal growth hormone was elevated in the patients and rose paradoxically following glucose. Fasting immunoreactive glucagon was significantly higher in the patients and was not suppressed by glucose. Plasma nonesterified fatty acid levels were lower in the patients and fell more markedly after glucose. Alanine levels, which were significantly raised in those with poor glucose tolerance, fell to normal after glucose and did not vary in those with more normal glucose tolerance. It is speculated that the metabolic and hormonal alterations may be interrelated and result from failure of normal glucose utilization.", "contents": "Hormonal and metabolic responses to intravenous glucose in children on regular hemodialysis. Blood glucose, plasma nonesterified fatty acids, amino acids, immunoreactive insulin, growth hormone, and immunoreactive glucagon responses to intravenous glucose were determined in 16 children on regular hemodialysis for chronic renal failure and nine healthy children. In the patients the fractional disappearance rate of glucose was significantly reduced, basal immunoreactive insulin was significantly raised, and while the early immunoreactive insulin response to glucose was similar in patients and controls, the late response was increased. Basal growth hormone was elevated in the patients and rose paradoxically following glucose. Fasting immunoreactive glucagon was significantly higher in the patients and was not suppressed by glucose. Plasma nonesterified fatty acid levels were lower in the patients and fell more markedly after glucose. Alanine levels, which were significantly raised in those with poor glucose tolerance, fell to normal after glucose and did not vary in those with more normal glucose tolerance. It is speculated that the metabolic and hormonal alterations may be interrelated and result from failure of normal glucose utilization.", "PMID": 707340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2769", "title": "The metabolic effects of hemodialysis with and without glucose in the dialysate.", "content": "The present study compares some of the metabolic effects of hemodialysis of fasting patients with and without glucose in the dialysate bath. Unlike glucose dialysis, glucose-free dialysis caused marked decreases in blood levels of glucose, insulin, lactate, and pyruvate along with profound increases in acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate. It is concluded that oxidation of fatty acids increases to meet energy demands and that the combined processes of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis serve to prevent critical hypoglycemia during glucose-free dialysis.", "contents": "The metabolic effects of hemodialysis with and without glucose in the dialysate. The present study compares some of the metabolic effects of hemodialysis of fasting patients with and without glucose in the dialysate bath. Unlike glucose dialysis, glucose-free dialysis caused marked decreases in blood levels of glucose, insulin, lactate, and pyruvate along with profound increases in acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate. It is concluded that oxidation of fatty acids increases to meet energy demands and that the combined processes of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis serve to prevent critical hypoglycemia during glucose-free dialysis.", "PMID": 707341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2770", "title": "Insulin and growth hormone secretion in dialyzed children: influence of dietary manipulation.", "content": "The insulin and growth hormone responses to arginine and the growth hormone response to insulin were studied in 10 children undergoing chronic hemodialysis 1) under usual dietary prescription and 2) after 7 days of dietary manipulation (DM) decreasing mean carbohydrate intake from 48 to 36% and increasing lipid intake from 42 to 54% (percent of total energy) with the polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio being increased from 0.2 to 2. Mean fasting insulin and growth hormone were significantly decreased after DM: 10.3 +/- 3 muunits/ml and 19.9 +/- 3.5 ng/ml before and 4.3 +/- 0.8 muunits/ml and 9.3 +/- 2.4 ng/ml after DM. The mean arginine-induced insulin peak and the growth hormone peaks after arginine and insulin remained very high after DM. There was no decrease of mean plasma triglycerides: 214 +/- 30 mg/dl before and 237 +/- 26 mg/dl after DM. However, two children who had the greatest decrease in carbohydrate intake exhibited a decrease of triglycerides and of arginine-induced insulin secretion. The percent variation of insulin area after DM was significantly correlated with the percent variation of plasma triglycerides.", "contents": "Insulin and growth hormone secretion in dialyzed children: influence of dietary manipulation. The insulin and growth hormone responses to arginine and the growth hormone response to insulin were studied in 10 children undergoing chronic hemodialysis 1) under usual dietary prescription and 2) after 7 days of dietary manipulation (DM) decreasing mean carbohydrate intake from 48 to 36% and increasing lipid intake from 42 to 54% (percent of total energy) with the polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio being increased from 0.2 to 2. Mean fasting insulin and growth hormone were significantly decreased after DM: 10.3 +/- 3 muunits/ml and 19.9 +/- 3.5 ng/ml before and 4.3 +/- 0.8 muunits/ml and 9.3 +/- 2.4 ng/ml after DM. The mean arginine-induced insulin peak and the growth hormone peaks after arginine and insulin remained very high after DM. There was no decrease of mean plasma triglycerides: 214 +/- 30 mg/dl before and 237 +/- 26 mg/dl after DM. However, two children who had the greatest decrease in carbohydrate intake exhibited a decrease of triglycerides and of arginine-induced insulin secretion. The percent variation of insulin area after DM was significantly correlated with the percent variation of plasma triglycerides.", "PMID": 707342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2771", "title": "Relationship of plasma lipids to renal function and length of time on maintenance hemodialysis.", "content": "Significant hypertriglyceridemia, the most common lipid abnormality in renal failure, first occurs when the creatinine clearance falls to 50 ml/min. The prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia continues to rise as creatinine clearance falls further with the highest rate developing at a creatinine clearance less than 10 ml/min. Hypertriglyceridemia is correlated with plasma glucagon levels but not growth hormone or insulin. Plasma cholesterol values remain normal in the face of deteriorating renal function and show no correlation with any of the hormones measured. Although all three hormones became elevated as renal function diminished, none were directly correlated with glomerular filtration rate. There was a distinct decrease in the prevalence of hyperlipidemia after 5 years of maintenance hemodialysis therapy. Plasma growth hormone and glucagon through an effect on plasma triglyceride and plasma insulin by effecting plasma cholesterol may play a role in this decline of hyperlipidemia with duration of hemodialysis.", "contents": "Relationship of plasma lipids to renal function and length of time on maintenance hemodialysis. Significant hypertriglyceridemia, the most common lipid abnormality in renal failure, first occurs when the creatinine clearance falls to 50 ml/min. The prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia continues to rise as creatinine clearance falls further with the highest rate developing at a creatinine clearance less than 10 ml/min. Hypertriglyceridemia is correlated with plasma glucagon levels but not growth hormone or insulin. Plasma cholesterol values remain normal in the face of deteriorating renal function and show no correlation with any of the hormones measured. Although all three hormones became elevated as renal function diminished, none were directly correlated with glomerular filtration rate. There was a distinct decrease in the prevalence of hyperlipidemia after 5 years of maintenance hemodialysis therapy. Plasma growth hormone and glucagon through an effect on plasma triglyceride and plasma insulin by effecting plasma cholesterol may play a role in this decline of hyperlipidemia with duration of hemodialysis.", "PMID": 707343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2772", "title": "Effect of acetate administration on blood lipids.", "content": "An infusion of 180 mEq sodium acetate was given to nine dialysis patients and eight normal volunteers simulating the transfer of acetate that occurs during 30 min of rapid hemodialysis. While serum acetate concentrations had almost normalized 15 min after the end of infusion, there was no increase in serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. In this short-term study, acetate does not appear to be a major contributing factor for the hyperlipidemia of dialysis patients.", "contents": "Effect of acetate administration on blood lipids. An infusion of 180 mEq sodium acetate was given to nine dialysis patients and eight normal volunteers simulating the transfer of acetate that occurs during 30 min of rapid hemodialysis. While serum acetate concentrations had almost normalized 15 min after the end of infusion, there was no increase in serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. In this short-term study, acetate does not appear to be a major contributing factor for the hyperlipidemia of dialysis patients.", "PMID": 707344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2773", "title": "Comparison of acetate-1-14C metabolism in uremic and nonuremic dogs.", "content": "Acetate-1-14C was infused into six anephric uremic and six anephric nonuremic dogs during a 4-hr hemodialysis against a standard acetate containing (39.5 mM) dialysis solution. Arterial acetate (nonradioactive) levels achieved a steady state by the end of dialysis indicating that the maximum rate of acetate metabolism had not been exceeded. The mean arterial acetate level at the end of dialysis was 2.6 mM in both groups of dogs. Acetate disappearance after the cessation of dialysis followed first order kinetics with a mean half-life of 3.8 +/- 0.5 min in the uremic and 3.7 +/- 0.5 min in the nonuremic dogs. Most of the infused acetate-1-14C was metabolized to 14CO2 within 8 hr after dialysis. An average of 84 and 71% of the infused acetate-1-14C was metabolized to 14CO2 in the uremic and nonuremic dogs, respectively. Small but significant amounts of radioactivity were incorporated into lipids of plasma and other tissues. Incorporation of radioactivity into total lipids of liver, omental fat, and sciatic nerve was significantly greater in the uremic as compared to the nonuremic dogs. Incorporation of radioactivity into total lipids of heart, aorta, and plasma was the same in both groups of dogs.", "contents": "Comparison of acetate-1-14C metabolism in uremic and nonuremic dogs. Acetate-1-14C was infused into six anephric uremic and six anephric nonuremic dogs during a 4-hr hemodialysis against a standard acetate containing (39.5 mM) dialysis solution. Arterial acetate (nonradioactive) levels achieved a steady state by the end of dialysis indicating that the maximum rate of acetate metabolism had not been exceeded. The mean arterial acetate level at the end of dialysis was 2.6 mM in both groups of dogs. Acetate disappearance after the cessation of dialysis followed first order kinetics with a mean half-life of 3.8 +/- 0.5 min in the uremic and 3.7 +/- 0.5 min in the nonuremic dogs. Most of the infused acetate-1-14C was metabolized to 14CO2 within 8 hr after dialysis. An average of 84 and 71% of the infused acetate-1-14C was metabolized to 14CO2 in the uremic and nonuremic dogs, respectively. Small but significant amounts of radioactivity were incorporated into lipids of plasma and other tissues. Incorporation of radioactivity into total lipids of liver, omental fat, and sciatic nerve was significantly greater in the uremic as compared to the nonuremic dogs. Incorporation of radioactivity into total lipids of heart, aorta, and plasma was the same in both groups of dogs.", "PMID": 707345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2774", "title": "Reduction in hyperlipidemia in hemodialysis patients treated with charcoal and oxidized starch (oxystarch).", "content": "A combination of two oral sorbents, oxystarch 35 g/day plus activated charcoal 35 g/day, was administered to four patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis during thrice weekly and once weekly treatments. Patients tolerated oxystarch and charcoal without complaint during the 4-week period of thrice weekly hemodialyses. All four patients became clinically uremic when hemodialyses were reduced to once weekly and only two patients were able to continue through the end of this 4-week period. Mean serum cholesterol concentration diminished significantly from 200 mg/dl during control periods to 140 mg/dl after each 4-week trial of sorbents (P less than 0.02). Hypertriglyceridemia (range 181 to 543 mg/dl) was corrected in three of four patients with triglyceride values falling to less than 150 mg/dl during ingestion of sorbents (P less than 0.05). Activated charcoal, which is inert as an intestinal nitrogen binding sorbent, may lower serum lipids by direct intragut binding of lipids and bile acids. The potential use of oral charcoal in long-term therapy to reduce hyperlipidemia and prevent vascular accidents due to atherosclerosis requires additional study.", "contents": "Reduction in hyperlipidemia in hemodialysis patients treated with charcoal and oxidized starch (oxystarch). A combination of two oral sorbents, oxystarch 35 g/day plus activated charcoal 35 g/day, was administered to four patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis during thrice weekly and once weekly treatments. Patients tolerated oxystarch and charcoal without complaint during the 4-week period of thrice weekly hemodialyses. All four patients became clinically uremic when hemodialyses were reduced to once weekly and only two patients were able to continue through the end of this 4-week period. Mean serum cholesterol concentration diminished significantly from 200 mg/dl during control periods to 140 mg/dl after each 4-week trial of sorbents (P less than 0.02). Hypertriglyceridemia (range 181 to 543 mg/dl) was corrected in three of four patients with triglyceride values falling to less than 150 mg/dl during ingestion of sorbents (P less than 0.05). Activated charcoal, which is inert as an intestinal nitrogen binding sorbent, may lower serum lipids by direct intragut binding of lipids and bile acids. The potential use of oral charcoal in long-term therapy to reduce hyperlipidemia and prevent vascular accidents due to atherosclerosis requires additional study.", "PMID": 707346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2775", "title": "Effect of vitamin D on growth in experimental uremia.", "content": "Acceleration of growth of uremic children after administration of vitamin D has been demonstrated by various authors. This has been attributed to healing of skeletal lesions. Clinical observations suggest that vitamin D has also an effect on food intake perhaps associated with improvement of vitality. This could be confirmed in an experimental study in which uremic rats (subtotal nephrectomy) with and without vitamin D supplementation were compared with sham-operated pair-fed control rats with and without vitamin D supplementation. In uremic animals supplemented with vitamin D, weight gain and growth were significantly greater than in uremic animals on the control diet. Both with and without vitamin D supplements, weight gain and growth rate were greater in sham-operated pair-fed control than in the corresponding uremic animals. Histological abnormalities in the growth zone of uremic rats were markedly reduced by vitamin D. Since food intake was greater in vitamin D-treated uremic animals than in nonvitamin D-treated uremic animals, the increase in growth rate under vitamin D cannot be attributed exclusively to the skeletal effects of vitamin D. This study demonstrates important extraskeletal actions of vitamin D which may be associated with or causally related to the improvement of growth.", "contents": "Effect of vitamin D on growth in experimental uremia. Acceleration of growth of uremic children after administration of vitamin D has been demonstrated by various authors. This has been attributed to healing of skeletal lesions. Clinical observations suggest that vitamin D has also an effect on food intake perhaps associated with improvement of vitality. This could be confirmed in an experimental study in which uremic rats (subtotal nephrectomy) with and without vitamin D supplementation were compared with sham-operated pair-fed control rats with and without vitamin D supplementation. In uremic animals supplemented with vitamin D, weight gain and growth were significantly greater than in uremic animals on the control diet. Both with and without vitamin D supplements, weight gain and growth rate were greater in sham-operated pair-fed control than in the corresponding uremic animals. Histological abnormalities in the growth zone of uremic rats were markedly reduced by vitamin D. Since food intake was greater in vitamin D-treated uremic animals than in nonvitamin D-treated uremic animals, the increase in growth rate under vitamin D cannot be attributed exclusively to the skeletal effects of vitamin D. This study demonstrates important extraskeletal actions of vitamin D which may be associated with or causally related to the improvement of growth.", "PMID": 707349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2776", "title": "Plasma pyridoxal-5'-phosphate levels and clinical correlations in chronic hemodialysis patients.", "content": "Plasma pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) was measured by a specific method in 45 stable, chronic hemodialysis patients and 13 normal adults. Despite oral pyridoxine supplements (1 to 5 mg/day) a majority (64%) of patients had low levels. The difference between normals (8.5 +/- 3.7 ng/ml) and dialysis patients (3.6 +/- 3.6 ng/ml) was significant at P less than 0.01. Plasma PLP appeared to decrease with increasing duration of time on dialysis therapy. In vivo clearance studies as well as pre- and postdialysis plasma levels indicated that PLP was not removed by the dialyzer. Mean plasma PLP levels were normal in patients with stable motor nerve conduction velocity and a low transfusion requirement and low in those with decreasing motor nerve conduction velocity or a high transfusion requirement but the difference between the means in each group was not statistically significant. High oral doses of pyridoxine (100 to 200 mg/day) but not low doses (1 to 5 mg/day) restored PLP levels to normal in a majority of patients after 2 weeks.", "contents": "Plasma pyridoxal-5'-phosphate levels and clinical correlations in chronic hemodialysis patients. Plasma pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) was measured by a specific method in 45 stable, chronic hemodialysis patients and 13 normal adults. Despite oral pyridoxine supplements (1 to 5 mg/day) a majority (64%) of patients had low levels. The difference between normals (8.5 +/- 3.7 ng/ml) and dialysis patients (3.6 +/- 3.6 ng/ml) was significant at P less than 0.01. Plasma PLP appeared to decrease with increasing duration of time on dialysis therapy. In vivo clearance studies as well as pre- and postdialysis plasma levels indicated that PLP was not removed by the dialyzer. Mean plasma PLP levels were normal in patients with stable motor nerve conduction velocity and a low transfusion requirement and low in those with decreasing motor nerve conduction velocity or a high transfusion requirement but the difference between the means in each group was not statistically significant. High oral doses of pyridoxine (100 to 200 mg/day) but not low doses (1 to 5 mg/day) restored PLP levels to normal in a majority of patients after 2 weeks.", "PMID": 707350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2777", "title": "Zinc and the sodium pump in uremia.", "content": "A defect in sodium transport is known to exist in the leucocytes of uremic patients. Recent work has shown changes in cation flux rates associated with alterations of extracellular zinc concentration. As plasma zinc is known to be low in uremia, the possibility that this might be the cause of the defect in membrane transport was investigated. Plasma zinc was shown to be lower in uremic patients than in normal controls but this was not matched by alterations in leucocyte zinc content. Leucocytes from normal subjects and from patients with uremia have similar increases in the sodium efflux rate constant when exposed to elevated extracellular zinc concentrations. However, the abnormality in leucocyte sodium transport in uremia was not completely corrected by elevation of the extracellular zinc, when compared with normal cells in the same zinc concentrations. Although extracellular zinc is a factor that must be controlled in studies of cellular membrane transport, a low plasma zinc is not the explanation for the defect of sodium transport seen in uremia.", "contents": "Zinc and the sodium pump in uremia. A defect in sodium transport is known to exist in the leucocytes of uremic patients. Recent work has shown changes in cation flux rates associated with alterations of extracellular zinc concentration. As plasma zinc is known to be low in uremia, the possibility that this might be the cause of the defect in membrane transport was investigated. Plasma zinc was shown to be lower in uremic patients than in normal controls but this was not matched by alterations in leucocyte zinc content. Leucocytes from normal subjects and from patients with uremia have similar increases in the sodium efflux rate constant when exposed to elevated extracellular zinc concentrations. However, the abnormality in leucocyte sodium transport in uremia was not completely corrected by elevation of the extracellular zinc, when compared with normal cells in the same zinc concentrations. Although extracellular zinc is a factor that must be controlled in studies of cellular membrane transport, a low plasma zinc is not the explanation for the defect of sodium transport seen in uremia.", "PMID": 707352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2778", "title": "Hypogeusia and zinc depletion in chronic dialysis patients.", "content": "Dialysis patients generally have a poor appetite, do not enjoy eating, and complain of food, particularly protein, as being disagreeable. Twenty dialysis patients with the above symptoms were tested for taste acuity, serum zinc (Zn), Zn concentrations in hair samples (intracellular Zn), and daily caloric intake. A double-blind, cross-over study was instituted using a Zn supplement and a placebo. After supplementation with Zn, taste acuity markedly improved in 95% of patients and Zn concentrations in hair increased in 85% of patients. The patients' appetites were improved; the average caloric intake increased by 675 kcal/day, and intolerance to protein diminished. In addition 10 normal control subjects were studied pre- and post-Zn supplementation for fasting blood glucose, serum Zn levels, and hair Zn concentration. Side effects were noted, and these usually correlated with elevated serum Zn levels and were minimized or disappeared with decrease in dosage or cessation of therapy.", "contents": "Hypogeusia and zinc depletion in chronic dialysis patients. Dialysis patients generally have a poor appetite, do not enjoy eating, and complain of food, particularly protein, as being disagreeable. Twenty dialysis patients with the above symptoms were tested for taste acuity, serum zinc (Zn), Zn concentrations in hair samples (intracellular Zn), and daily caloric intake. A double-blind, cross-over study was instituted using a Zn supplement and a placebo. After supplementation with Zn, taste acuity markedly improved in 95% of patients and Zn concentrations in hair increased in 85% of patients. The patients' appetites were improved; the average caloric intake increased by 675 kcal/day, and intolerance to protein diminished. In addition 10 normal control subjects were studied pre- and post-Zn supplementation for fasting blood glucose, serum Zn levels, and hair Zn concentration. Side effects were noted, and these usually correlated with elevated serum Zn levels and were minimized or disappeared with decrease in dosage or cessation of therapy.", "PMID": 707353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2779", "title": "Amino acid content of erythrocytes in uremia.", "content": "The amino acid content of plasma and erythrocytes in patients with severe renal failure (serum creatinine less than 8 mg/100 ml) treated with selective low-protein diets, in patients on regular hemodialysis, and in a control group of healthy subjects were studied. Most amino acids in erythrocytes of the patients showed the same changes as in plasma with the exception of histidine, serine, and alanine. In spite of low histidine plasma levels, the erythrocytes level is increased as compared with healthy controls. In uremic patients the plasma serine was constantly reduced whereas the serine content of the erythrocytes did not differ from healthy controls. Alanine concentrations in the erythrocytes of uremic patients were increased in spite of normal alanine plasma levels. This finding may be due to the increased glycolytic ratio of red cells from uremic subjects delivering more pyruvate for transmination to alanine. In the control group the cysteine content of erythrocytes was decreased with a gradient between plasma and erythrocytes of 3.5:1. The same gradient could be observed in uremic patients in spite of the elevation in their plasma cysteine levels by a factor of 2.7 compared with controls. The low cysteine levels in erythrocytes may be due to loss of cysteine for glutathione synthesis in red cells. High glutathione levels in the erythrocytes of uremic patients support this hypothesis.", "contents": "Amino acid content of erythrocytes in uremia. The amino acid content of plasma and erythrocytes in patients with severe renal failure (serum creatinine less than 8 mg/100 ml) treated with selective low-protein diets, in patients on regular hemodialysis, and in a control group of healthy subjects were studied. Most amino acids in erythrocytes of the patients showed the same changes as in plasma with the exception of histidine, serine, and alanine. In spite of low histidine plasma levels, the erythrocytes level is increased as compared with healthy controls. In uremic patients the plasma serine was constantly reduced whereas the serine content of the erythrocytes did not differ from healthy controls. Alanine concentrations in the erythrocytes of uremic patients were increased in spite of normal alanine plasma levels. This finding may be due to the increased glycolytic ratio of red cells from uremic subjects delivering more pyruvate for transmination to alanine. In the control group the cysteine content of erythrocytes was decreased with a gradient between plasma and erythrocytes of 3.5:1. The same gradient could be observed in uremic patients in spite of the elevation in their plasma cysteine levels by a factor of 2.7 compared with controls. The low cysteine levels in erythrocytes may be due to loss of cysteine for glutathione synthesis in red cells. High glutathione levels in the erythrocytes of uremic patients support this hypothesis.", "PMID": 707355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2780", "title": "Dietary fiber sources for human studies.", "content": "Some precautions in choosing fiber materials for feeding studies are listed. A food grade wheat bran of defined composition is described.", "contents": "Dietary fiber sources for human studies. Some precautions in choosing fiber materials for feeding studies are listed. A food grade wheat bran of defined composition is described.", "PMID": 707356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2781", "title": "Dietary fiber: analysis and food sources.", "content": "The sources of dietary fiber are reviewed and the chemistry of the various components discussed in relation to their possible physiological properties and their analytical measurement in foods and the diet as a whole. Complete fractionation of all the polysaccharide species would be a time-consuming exercise; nevertheless some characterization of dietary fiber seems essential to an understanding of any physiological role. The composition of the dietary fiber in a range of foodstuffs is presented, and the relative contributions of the major food groups to the intake of total dietary fiber is outlined.", "contents": "Dietary fiber: analysis and food sources. The sources of dietary fiber are reviewed and the chemistry of the various components discussed in relation to their possible physiological properties and their analytical measurement in foods and the diet as a whole. Complete fractionation of all the polysaccharide species would be a time-consuming exercise; nevertheless some characterization of dietary fiber seems essential to an understanding of any physiological role. The composition of the dietary fiber in a range of foodstuffs is presented, and the relative contributions of the major food groups to the intake of total dietary fiber is outlined.", "PMID": 707357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2782", "title": "Cellulose digesting bacteria from human feces.", "content": "Anaerobic, gram-negative, nonsporing rod-shaped bacteria that digest wet-ballmilled filter paper have been isolated in numbers of over 10(8) per gram wet weight of feces, about 0.3% of total viable bacteria, from feces of two humans. Significant numbers of cellulolytic bacteria were not detected in four other humans. One of the strains is a Bacteroides sp., which only slowly digests cellulose and produces succinate, acetate, and H2 in carbohydrate fermentation.", "contents": "Cellulose digesting bacteria from human feces. Anaerobic, gram-negative, nonsporing rod-shaped bacteria that digest wet-ballmilled filter paper have been isolated in numbers of over 10(8) per gram wet weight of feces, about 0.3% of total viable bacteria, from feces of two humans. Significant numbers of cellulolytic bacteria were not detected in four other humans. One of the strains is a Bacteroides sp., which only slowly digests cellulose and produces succinate, acetate, and H2 in carbohydrate fermentation.", "PMID": 707358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2783", "title": "Fecal flora in different populations, with special reference to diet.", "content": "Although potent antimicrobial agents may effect rapid and significant changes in fecal microflora, changes in diet or dietary supplements usually produce modest changes by comparison. It may be, however, that even such minor changes may result in significant changes in metabolic activity, particularly in terms of production of possible carcinogens or cocarcinogens. It is clear that significant changes may occur in metabolic activity without major qualitative or quantitative changes in the fecal microflora. Other research that might help explain the epidemiological observations of the association between diet and colon cancer would be studies of the flora at different levels of the gastrointestinal tract (particularly the cecum and small bowel), studies of the mucosa-associated flora at different levels, and long-term dietary studies.", "contents": "Fecal flora in different populations, with special reference to diet. Although potent antimicrobial agents may effect rapid and significant changes in fecal microflora, changes in diet or dietary supplements usually produce modest changes by comparison. It may be, however, that even such minor changes may result in significant changes in metabolic activity, particularly in terms of production of possible carcinogens or cocarcinogens. It is clear that significant changes may occur in metabolic activity without major qualitative or quantitative changes in the fecal microflora. Other research that might help explain the epidemiological observations of the association between diet and colon cancer would be studies of the flora at different levels of the gastrointestinal tract (particularly the cecum and small bowel), studies of the mucosa-associated flora at different levels, and long-term dietary studies.", "PMID": 707359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2784", "title": "Dietary fibers: their definition and nutritional properties.", "content": "Fiber is a variable material with respect to its nutritional qualities depending upon its composition and physical properties. Biological properties possessed by one type of fiber might not be shared by another type. Separate methods are required to describe quantity, composition, and quality of fiber in foods. Fibers can be generally classified into three groups: vegetable fibers, which are highly fermentable with low indigestible residue; brans, which are less fermentable; and chemically purified fibers such as wood cellulose, which are relatively unfermentable. A class of soluble substances including pectins and gums may not be true fibers, but are considered part of the dietary fiber complex because of the similar effects they can elicit in the diet. A major need is the replacement of the crude fiber method, the present official method, which is seriously defective. Since crude fiber values are erratic and poorly related to the true fiber value of food, a second major need is the reanalysis of all foodstuffs by appropriate methods and the replacement of standard tables of food composition. Accomplishment of these purposes will require more support and promotion than is presently being received.", "contents": "Dietary fibers: their definition and nutritional properties. Fiber is a variable material with respect to its nutritional qualities depending upon its composition and physical properties. Biological properties possessed by one type of fiber might not be shared by another type. Separate methods are required to describe quantity, composition, and quality of fiber in foods. Fibers can be generally classified into three groups: vegetable fibers, which are highly fermentable with low indigestible residue; brans, which are less fermentable; and chemically purified fibers such as wood cellulose, which are relatively unfermentable. A class of soluble substances including pectins and gums may not be true fibers, but are considered part of the dietary fiber complex because of the similar effects they can elicit in the diet. A major need is the replacement of the crude fiber method, the present official method, which is seriously defective. Since crude fiber values are erratic and poorly related to the true fiber value of food, a second major need is the reanalysis of all foodstuffs by appropriate methods and the replacement of standard tables of food composition. Accomplishment of these purposes will require more support and promotion than is presently being received.", "PMID": 707360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2785", "title": "Fecal flora of volunteers on controlled diets.", "content": "Ten volunteers completed a 4-month diet series consisting of a control diet, a meatless diet, a high-beef diet, and the same control diet, each lasting 1 month. Fat and fiber contents were essentially the same in all four diets, but protein content was doubled during the high-beef diet. High-beef protein consumption had little effect on the composition of the intestinal flora of the volunteers. There were no significant differences detween the high-beef and meatless diets in total numbers of anaerobic, facultative, or aerobic organisms isolated, nor were there major differences in the counts of the individual genera and species of bacteria encountered. The data indicate that animal protein consumption has little effect on the fecal bacterial profile in humans. The possible influence of animal fat consumption on the metabolic activities of intestinal bacteria is discussed.", "contents": "Fecal flora of volunteers on controlled diets. Ten volunteers completed a 4-month diet series consisting of a control diet, a meatless diet, a high-beef diet, and the same control diet, each lasting 1 month. Fat and fiber contents were essentially the same in all four diets, but protein content was doubled during the high-beef diet. High-beef protein consumption had little effect on the composition of the intestinal flora of the volunteers. There were no significant differences detween the high-beef and meatless diets in total numbers of anaerobic, facultative, or aerobic organisms isolated, nor were there major differences in the counts of the individual genera and species of bacteria encountered. The data indicate that animal protein consumption has little effect on the fecal bacterial profile in humans. The possible influence of animal fat consumption on the metabolic activities of intestinal bacteria is discussed.", "PMID": 707361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2786", "title": "Bacterial ecology in the small intestine.", "content": "A modified intubation method allowed collection of samples of human small intestinal contents with no contamination from other intestinal sites and with no exposure to air. Use of the method has disclosed strains resembling Haemophilus as among the most abundant bacteria in the small intestine of some subjects. Stimulation by bile and rapid growth under conditions simulating the natural habitat suggest that it is well adapted to upper intestinal conditions.", "contents": "Bacterial ecology in the small intestine. A modified intubation method allowed collection of samples of human small intestinal contents with no contamination from other intestinal sites and with no exposure to air. Use of the method has disclosed strains resembling Haemophilus as among the most abundant bacteria in the small intestine of some subjects. Stimulation by bile and rapid growth under conditions simulating the natural habitat suggest that it is well adapted to upper intestinal conditions.", "PMID": 707362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2787", "title": "Degradation of polysaccharides by intestinal bacterial enzymes.", "content": "Polysaccharides with structures resembling components of dietary fiber were fermented by a number of species of anaerobic bacteria from the human colon. Some strains also fermented glycoprotein mucins. The strains that fermented the widest range of polysaccharide substrates were in the two genera Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium. Polysaccharide degrading enzymes from several Bacteroides species have been studied, and in most cases the enzyme activities were cell bound rather than extracellular. In all cases, the polysaccharide degrading enzymes were inducible rather than constitutive. Thus the metabolic activity of the flora could be altered considerably by the amount and type of fiber in the diet, even though the composition of the flora itself remained unchanged. The products of enzyme action included monosaccharides and oligosaccharides of varying chain lengths.", "contents": "Degradation of polysaccharides by intestinal bacterial enzymes. Polysaccharides with structures resembling components of dietary fiber were fermented by a number of species of anaerobic bacteria from the human colon. Some strains also fermented glycoprotein mucins. The strains that fermented the widest range of polysaccharide substrates were in the two genera Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium. Polysaccharide degrading enzymes from several Bacteroides species have been studied, and in most cases the enzyme activities were cell bound rather than extracellular. In all cases, the polysaccharide degrading enzymes were inducible rather than constitutive. Thus the metabolic activity of the flora could be altered considerably by the amount and type of fiber in the diet, even though the composition of the flora itself remained unchanged. The products of enzyme action included monosaccharides and oligosaccharides of varying chain lengths.", "PMID": 707363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2788", "title": "Factors involved in colonization of the gut epithelial surface.", "content": "Some indigenous microbes form climax communities on gastrointestinal epithelial surfaces during succession in animals of many types. Most communities form in mucous layers on the surfaces, where some microbes in the communities may utilize the mucin as a source of carbon and energy. The mucous gel may also serve physically to stabilize the community. Some microbial types that colonize early during succession may serve, perhaps synergistically with dietary components, to lower the oxygen tension and oxidation-reduction potential so that oxygen-intolerant anaerobes can colonize the epithelial surfaces. Microbes in the communities may adhere to the epithelial surface; the mechanisms by which they adhere may depend upon a variety of factors, including the type of epithelium and the rate of flow of lumenal contents in the areas. Dietary fiber may influence the composition of these communities by providing nutrients for the microbes or altering their environmental conditions including peristaltic rate, mucous concentration and composition, and oxygen tension and oxidation-reduction potential.", "contents": "Factors involved in colonization of the gut epithelial surface. Some indigenous microbes form climax communities on gastrointestinal epithelial surfaces during succession in animals of many types. Most communities form in mucous layers on the surfaces, where some microbes in the communities may utilize the mucin as a source of carbon and energy. The mucous gel may also serve physically to stabilize the community. Some microbial types that colonize early during succession may serve, perhaps synergistically with dietary components, to lower the oxygen tension and oxidation-reduction potential so that oxygen-intolerant anaerobes can colonize the epithelial surfaces. Microbes in the communities may adhere to the epithelial surface; the mechanisms by which they adhere may depend upon a variety of factors, including the type of epithelium and the rate of flow of lumenal contents in the areas. Dietary fiber may influence the composition of these communities by providing nutrients for the microbes or altering their environmental conditions including peristaltic rate, mucous concentration and composition, and oxygen tension and oxidation-reduction potential.", "PMID": 707364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2789", "title": "Stability of human fecal flora.", "content": "Recent experimental studies show that neither increased dietary fiber nor its absence alters the numbers and major groups of fecal bacteria. Although the total number of bacteria per gram of feces remains constant, the daily fecal mass doubles with added dietary fiber and is halved in its absence. Thus, the total output of fecal bacteria is related to dietary fiber.", "contents": "Stability of human fecal flora. Recent experimental studies show that neither increased dietary fiber nor its absence alters the numbers and major groups of fecal bacteria. Although the total number of bacteria per gram of feces remains constant, the daily fecal mass doubles with added dietary fiber and is halved in its absence. Thus, the total output of fecal bacteria is related to dietary fiber.", "PMID": 707365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2790", "title": "Fiber and the development of gastrointestinal function.", "content": "Dietary lipid represents a major calorie source for the developing infant, yet dietary lipid absorption is relatively inefficient by adult standard. Recent studies are presented, indicating that the developmentally related improvement in lipid absorption observed in the preterm and fullterm infant relate to the maintenance of an intact intraluminal phase and completion of the enterohepatic circulation for bile salts. Critical issues including the absorption of nonpolar vitamins, iron, and the type of dietary lipid are discussed. The possible influence of the introduction of dietary fiber to the food of the developing infant is examined, and areas for future investigation are discussed.", "contents": "Fiber and the development of gastrointestinal function. Dietary lipid represents a major calorie source for the developing infant, yet dietary lipid absorption is relatively inefficient by adult standard. Recent studies are presented, indicating that the developmentally related improvement in lipid absorption observed in the preterm and fullterm infant relate to the maintenance of an intact intraluminal phase and completion of the enterohepatic circulation for bile salts. Critical issues including the absorption of nonpolar vitamins, iron, and the type of dietary lipid are discussed. The possible influence of the introduction of dietary fiber to the food of the developing infant is examined, and areas for future investigation are discussed.", "PMID": 707366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2791", "title": "Dietary fiber, bowel habits, and colonic function.", "content": "Bowel habits have different characteristics, and frequency, amount, and consistency of stools should be recorded in any study, including those on the effects of dietary fiber. Several studies suggest that addition of fiber to the diet reduces long and prolongs short transit time and increases water content of the stool. Conflicting data are difficult to reconcile, and mechanisms remain unknown.", "contents": "Dietary fiber, bowel habits, and colonic function. Bowel habits have different characteristics, and frequency, amount, and consistency of stools should be recorded in any study, including those on the effects of dietary fiber. Several studies suggest that addition of fiber to the diet reduces long and prolongs short transit time and increases water content of the stool. Conflicting data are difficult to reconcile, and mechanisms remain unknown.", "PMID": 707367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2792", "title": "Physiological implications of microbial digestion in the large intestine of mammals: relation to dietary factors.", "content": "The rate of digesta marker passage through the large intestine of the dog, pig, and pony correlated with the relative length and degree of sacculation of the colon. Volatile fatty acids (VFA), the end products of microbial digestion of all forms of carbohydrate, were the major anions present in large intestinal contents of all three species. Total VFA concentration was little affected by the feeding of high-versus low-fiber diets. VFA were rapidly transported across colonic mucosa of all three species. Results of comparative studies indicate that production and absorption of VFA are important to the nutrition of some mammals and to the normal secretory and absorptive functions of the large intestine of most mammals.", "contents": "Physiological implications of microbial digestion in the large intestine of mammals: relation to dietary factors. The rate of digesta marker passage through the large intestine of the dog, pig, and pony correlated with the relative length and degree of sacculation of the colon. Volatile fatty acids (VFA), the end products of microbial digestion of all forms of carbohydrate, were the major anions present in large intestinal contents of all three species. Total VFA concentration was little affected by the feeding of high-versus low-fiber diets. VFA were rapidly transported across colonic mucosa of all three species. Results of comparative studies indicate that production and absorption of VFA are important to the nutrition of some mammals and to the normal secretory and absorptive functions of the large intestine of most mammals.", "PMID": 707368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2793", "title": "Effect of dietary fiber on intestinal gas production and small bowel transit time in man.", "content": "The influence of dietary fiber on intestinal gas production and on small bowel transit time was studied in eight healthy subjects using breath H2 excretion as an indicator of colonic gas production. Hydrogen excretion following ingestion of bran was substantially less than that following ingestion of lactulose, a nonabsorbable fermentable sugar. Likewise, human fecal homogenates produced only about 10% as much H2 and CO2 during incubation with bran as with glucose or lactulose. Thus, the polysaccharides in bran appear to be relatively poor substrate for colonic bacterial gas production, and reported gas-related symptoms after bran ingestion may be due to some other mechanism. The small bowel transit time of bran was greater than that of lactulose; however, addition of bran to lactulose did not slow lactulose transit.", "contents": "Effect of dietary fiber on intestinal gas production and small bowel transit time in man. The influence of dietary fiber on intestinal gas production and on small bowel transit time was studied in eight healthy subjects using breath H2 excretion as an indicator of colonic gas production. Hydrogen excretion following ingestion of bran was substantially less than that following ingestion of lactulose, a nonabsorbable fermentable sugar. Likewise, human fecal homogenates produced only about 10% as much H2 and CO2 during incubation with bran as with glucose or lactulose. Thus, the polysaccharides in bran appear to be relatively poor substrate for colonic bacterial gas production, and reported gas-related symptoms after bran ingestion may be due to some other mechanism. The small bowel transit time of bran was greater than that of lactulose; however, addition of bran to lactulose did not slow lactulose transit.", "PMID": 707369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2794", "title": "Influence of dietary fiber on trace element balance.", "content": "Five adult male volunteers were fed a diet containing (as percent of calories) 16% protein, 40% fat, and 44% carbohydrate, a diet similar to that consumed by many American males. Twenty-six grams of soft white wheat bran or corn bran were added to the daily bread, and the effects on zinc, iron, and copper balance were assessed during the last 12 days of each 30-day study period. The soft white wheat bran appeared to decrease retention of zinc in four subjects but not significantly so. Iron retention was similar in all three treatments. Copper balance was improved by addition of soft white wheat bran and to a lesser degree by corn bran. An apparent copper requirement of 1.28 mg/day for the volunteers was calculated by regression analysis.", "contents": "Influence of dietary fiber on trace element balance. Five adult male volunteers were fed a diet containing (as percent of calories) 16% protein, 40% fat, and 44% carbohydrate, a diet similar to that consumed by many American males. Twenty-six grams of soft white wheat bran or corn bran were added to the daily bread, and the effects on zinc, iron, and copper balance were assessed during the last 12 days of each 30-day study period. The soft white wheat bran appeared to decrease retention of zinc in four subjects but not significantly so. Iron retention was similar in all three treatments. Copper balance was improved by addition of soft white wheat bran and to a lesser degree by corn bran. An apparent copper requirement of 1.28 mg/day for the volunteers was calculated by regression analysis.", "PMID": 707370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2795", "title": "Modification of stool content by increased bran intake.", "content": "Six healthy subjects, four males and two females, were studied for 8 weeks with daily dietary history, 72-hr weekly stool collections, and analysis of stool specimens for fecal weight, water, pH, and total aerobic and anaerobic qualitative and quantitative bacteria. Subjects were studied first for a 3-week control period, followed by 3 weeks of 5.4 g of crude fiber supplementation daily (Kellogg's \"All Bran\"), and then by a 2-week control period. Analysis of diets revealed that the mean intake of crude fiber rose to at least 10 g/day, and stool volume increased significantly during the high-fiber intake. The stools remained at the same pH, and the same percentages of water and solids were present durin- control and high-fiber-intake periods. Bacteriological analysis revealed no significant differences in qualitative or quantitative counts; however, the ratio of anaerobic to aerobic organisms appeared to increase.", "contents": "Modification of stool content by increased bran intake. Six healthy subjects, four males and two females, were studied for 8 weeks with daily dietary history, 72-hr weekly stool collections, and analysis of stool specimens for fecal weight, water, pH, and total aerobic and anaerobic qualitative and quantitative bacteria. Subjects were studied first for a 3-week control period, followed by 3 weeks of 5.4 g of crude fiber supplementation daily (Kellogg's \"All Bran\"), and then by a 2-week control period. Analysis of diets revealed that the mean intake of crude fiber rose to at least 10 g/day, and stool volume increased significantly during the high-fiber intake. The stools remained at the same pH, and the same percentages of water and solids were present durin- control and high-fiber-intake periods. Bacteriological analysis revealed no significant differences in qualitative or quantitative counts; however, the ratio of anaerobic to aerobic organisms appeared to increase.", "PMID": 707371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2796", "title": "Coronary heart disease mortality among Seventh-Day Adventists with differing dietary habits: a preliminary report.", "content": "Seventh-Day Adventists (SDAs) are a conservative religious denomination who abstain from tobacco and alcohol; approximately one-half follow a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet. In this 6-year prospective study of 24,044 California SDAs age 35 and over, coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality rates for ages 35 to 64 and 65+ are 28% and 50% respectively, of the rates for the same age groups of the total California population. This reduced risk of CHD mortality among SDAs is partially due to abstinence from smoking; however, at least half the low risk among SDAs is likely attributable to other characteristics of the SDA lifestyle. The risk of fatal CHD among nonvegetarian SDA males, ages 35 to 64, is three times greater than vegetarian SDA males of comparable age (P less than 0.01), suggesting that the SDA diet may account for a large share of their low risk. This differential was much smaller for older SDA males and SDA females. Although the differential in risk of fatal CHD for male nonvegetarians versus vegetarians may be partially accounted for by other CHD risk factors, which are more frequent among nonvegetarians, a significant differential persists after adjustment for each of six other CHD risk factors.", "contents": "Coronary heart disease mortality among Seventh-Day Adventists with differing dietary habits: a preliminary report. Seventh-Day Adventists (SDAs) are a conservative religious denomination who abstain from tobacco and alcohol; approximately one-half follow a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet. In this 6-year prospective study of 24,044 California SDAs age 35 and over, coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality rates for ages 35 to 64 and 65+ are 28% and 50% respectively, of the rates for the same age groups of the total California population. This reduced risk of CHD mortality among SDAs is partially due to abstinence from smoking; however, at least half the low risk among SDAs is likely attributable to other characteristics of the SDA lifestyle. The risk of fatal CHD among nonvegetarian SDA males, ages 35 to 64, is three times greater than vegetarian SDA males of comparable age (P less than 0.01), suggesting that the SDA diet may account for a large share of their low risk. This differential was much smaller for older SDA males and SDA females. Although the differential in risk of fatal CHD for male nonvegetarians versus vegetarians may be partially accounted for by other CHD risk factors, which are more frequent among nonvegetarians, a significant differential persists after adjustment for each of six other CHD risk factors.", "PMID": 707372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2797", "title": "Bile acid metabolism and fiber.", "content": "Studies in experimental animals and in humans have shown a definite interaction of dietary fiber with bile acid metabolism. In experimental animals, some types of fiber have been shown to increase bile acid excretion as well as increase pool size and turnover of bile acids. In man, increases in bile acid excretion have been observed but not consistently. Alternations in excretion and biliary bile acid levels indicate an influence of dietary fiber in bile acid metabolism. In vitro experiments have attempted to determine the nature of the fiber-bile acid interaction. Some types of fiber and some components of fiber have been shown to bind bile acids and bile salts in appreciable quantities. The capacity for various types of fiber to bind bile acids or bile salts is quite variable, and a high capacity seems to correspond with a hypocholesteremic effect. A great deal of research is still needed for elucidation of these interactions of fiber and bile acid metabolism and the resultant beneficial effects on cholesterol metabolism and the disease-related abnormalities in cholesterol metabolism.", "contents": "Bile acid metabolism and fiber. Studies in experimental animals and in humans have shown a definite interaction of dietary fiber with bile acid metabolism. In experimental animals, some types of fiber have been shown to increase bile acid excretion as well as increase pool size and turnover of bile acids. In man, increases in bile acid excretion have been observed but not consistently. Alternations in excretion and biliary bile acid levels indicate an influence of dietary fiber in bile acid metabolism. In vitro experiments have attempted to determine the nature of the fiber-bile acid interaction. Some types of fiber and some components of fiber have been shown to bind bile acids and bile salts in appreciable quantities. The capacity for various types of fiber to bind bile acids or bile salts is quite variable, and a high capacity seems to correspond with a hypocholesteremic effect. A great deal of research is still needed for elucidation of these interactions of fiber and bile acid metabolism and the resultant beneficial effects on cholesterol metabolism and the disease-related abnormalities in cholesterol metabolism.", "PMID": 707373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2798", "title": "Dietary fiber and cholesterol metabolism in rabbits and rats.", "content": "Rabbits fed semipurified diets have elevated plasma cholesterol levels, and they oxidize [26-14C]cholesterol to expired 14CO2 more slowly than rabbits on a natural ingredient diet. Addition of several different types of fibrous material to a semipurified diet failed to prevent the hypercholesterolemic response. Rats on semipurified diets also oxidized [26-14C]cholesterol more slowly and tended to have somewhat higher plasma cholesterol levels than rats on commercial feed. Cholesterol oxidation was not stimulated by addition of fibrous materials to the semipurified diet, but rats fed a semipurified diet containing raw potato starch oxidized cholesterol at a rate comparable to that of rats on commercial diet. Raw potato starch was poorly digested by the rats. Cooked potato starch was well digested and failed to stimulate the rate of oxidation of cholesterol. A semipurified diet containing raw potato starch did not produce a hypercholesterolemic response in rabbits, even though the raw starch was well digested.", "contents": "Dietary fiber and cholesterol metabolism in rabbits and rats. Rabbits fed semipurified diets have elevated plasma cholesterol levels, and they oxidize [26-14C]cholesterol to expired 14CO2 more slowly than rabbits on a natural ingredient diet. Addition of several different types of fibrous material to a semipurified diet failed to prevent the hypercholesterolemic response. Rats on semipurified diets also oxidized [26-14C]cholesterol more slowly and tended to have somewhat higher plasma cholesterol levels than rats on commercial feed. Cholesterol oxidation was not stimulated by addition of fibrous materials to the semipurified diet, but rats fed a semipurified diet containing raw potato starch oxidized cholesterol at a rate comparable to that of rats on commercial diet. Raw potato starch was poorly digested by the rats. Cooked potato starch was well digested and failed to stimulate the rate of oxidation of cholesterol. A semipurified diet containing raw potato starch did not produce a hypercholesterolemic response in rabbits, even though the raw starch was well digested.", "PMID": 707374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2799", "title": "Dietary fiber and lymphatic absorption of cholesterol in the rat.", "content": "The indirect effects of short-term (3-day) feeding of several types of dietary fiber and nonnutritive materials on the subsequent absorption of cholesterol has been investigated in thoracic duct cannulated rats. Absorption was studied at timed intervals over 24 hr after duodenal introduction of a tracer dose of cholesterol at least 20 hr after the last feeding. In animals fed for 3 days with diets containing cholestryamine, bran, or cellulose, cholesterol absorption was significantly less than in control animals maintained on rat chow. Rats fed for 3 days with an alfalfa-containing diet showed large variations in cholesterol absorption that were not significantly different from controls. However, after 5 weeks, rats on the alfalfa diet showed a marked reduction in lymphatic absorption of the tracer sterol. These indirect effects of cholestryamine and fibers on cholesterol absorption were not attributable to a common mechanism; i.e., differences in transit times that were not significant, or dirrect binding of bile acids and cholesterol by the test materials.", "contents": "Dietary fiber and lymphatic absorption of cholesterol in the rat. The indirect effects of short-term (3-day) feeding of several types of dietary fiber and nonnutritive materials on the subsequent absorption of cholesterol has been investigated in thoracic duct cannulated rats. Absorption was studied at timed intervals over 24 hr after duodenal introduction of a tracer dose of cholesterol at least 20 hr after the last feeding. In animals fed for 3 days with diets containing cholestryamine, bran, or cellulose, cholesterol absorption was significantly less than in control animals maintained on rat chow. Rats fed for 3 days with an alfalfa-containing diet showed large variations in cholesterol absorption that were not significantly different from controls. However, after 5 weeks, rats on the alfalfa diet showed a marked reduction in lymphatic absorption of the tracer sterol. These indirect effects of cholestryamine and fibers on cholesterol absorption were not attributable to a common mechanism; i.e., differences in transit times that were not significant, or dirrect binding of bile acids and cholesterol by the test materials.", "PMID": 707375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2800", "title": "Diet and cell growth modulation by ammonia.", "content": "Fiber is not digested by endogenous enzymes but is fermented by microbes principally in the large intestine. With fermentable energy available, microbes synthesize protein by using ammonia released by their enzymes from urea and other nitrogenous substances in ingesta and intestinal secretions. Fibber fermentation also yields fatty acids that lower the concentration of free ammonia by lowering pH. Fiber increases bulk and water of intestinal contents, shortens transit time, and decreases the concentration of toxic substances in contact with the intestinal mucosa. These processes decrease duration and intensity of exposure of the intestinal mucosa to free ammonia, the form of nitrogen that is most toxic and most readily absorbed by cells. At concentrations found in the lower bowel on usual Western diets, ammonia destroys cells, alters nucleic acid synthesis, increases intestinal mucosal cell mass, increases virus infections, favors growth of cancerous cells over noncancerous cells in tissue culture, and increases virus infections. Ammonia in the bowel increases as protein intake increases. The attributes of ammonia and the epidemiological evidence comparing populations that maintain low intakes of unrefined carbohydrate with those that consume high intakes of protein, fat, and refined carbohydrates implicate ammonia in carcinogenesis and other disease processes.", "contents": "Diet and cell growth modulation by ammonia. Fiber is not digested by endogenous enzymes but is fermented by microbes principally in the large intestine. With fermentable energy available, microbes synthesize protein by using ammonia released by their enzymes from urea and other nitrogenous substances in ingesta and intestinal secretions. Fibber fermentation also yields fatty acids that lower the concentration of free ammonia by lowering pH. Fiber increases bulk and water of intestinal contents, shortens transit time, and decreases the concentration of toxic substances in contact with the intestinal mucosa. These processes decrease duration and intensity of exposure of the intestinal mucosa to free ammonia, the form of nitrogen that is most toxic and most readily absorbed by cells. At concentrations found in the lower bowel on usual Western diets, ammonia destroys cells, alters nucleic acid synthesis, increases intestinal mucosal cell mass, increases virus infections, favors growth of cancerous cells over noncancerous cells in tissue culture, and increases virus infections. Ammonia in the bowel increases as protein intake increases. The attributes of ammonia and the epidemiological evidence comparing populations that maintain low intakes of unrefined carbohydrate with those that consume high intakes of protein, fat, and refined carbohydrates implicate ammonia in carcinogenesis and other disease processes.", "PMID": 707376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2801", "title": "Metabolism of biliary steroids by human fecal flora.", "content": "Biliary excreted steroid hormones are metabolized by the intestinal flora. The metabolic pathways of deoxycorticosterone and progesterone, including the bacterial species involved, have been established. The pathways for other biliary steroids are unknown. Information on the biological activities of the metabolites is lacking, but methods for their investigation are now available. Evidence suggests that the formation of the metabolites is influenced by dietary habits, and that, in some cases, it may be controlled by suppression of the responsible bacteria.", "contents": "Metabolism of biliary steroids by human fecal flora. Biliary excreted steroid hormones are metabolized by the intestinal flora. The metabolic pathways of deoxycorticosterone and progesterone, including the bacterial species involved, have been established. The pathways for other biliary steroids are unknown. Information on the biological activities of the metabolites is lacking, but methods for their investigation are now available. Evidence suggests that the formation of the metabolites is influenced by dietary habits, and that, in some cases, it may be controlled by suppression of the responsible bacteria.", "PMID": 707377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2802", "title": "Colon cancer in a low-risk population.", "content": "Data are presented on colon mortality in Utah. For the years 1950 to 1969, the state population had 34% fewer deaths from colon cancer than the average United States population. Colon cancer incidence was also studied for the years 1966 to 1970, both for the state and for a large subgroup (Mormons) who abstain from tobacco and alcohol for religious reasons; the colon cancer incidence of Mormons was 37% below the United States average, and that of non-Mormons was 18% below the United States average. A preliminary dietary survey found little difference in meat, fat, and fiber consumption between the population of Utah and that of the United States as a whole.", "contents": "Colon cancer in a low-risk population. Data are presented on colon mortality in Utah. For the years 1950 to 1969, the state population had 34% fewer deaths from colon cancer than the average United States population. Colon cancer incidence was also studied for the years 1966 to 1970, both for the state and for a large subgroup (Mormons) who abstain from tobacco and alcohol for religious reasons; the colon cancer incidence of Mormons was 37% below the United States average, and that of non-Mormons was 18% below the United States average. A preliminary dietary survey found little difference in meat, fat, and fiber consumption between the population of Utah and that of the United States as a whole.", "PMID": 707378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2803", "title": "Interaction of dietary fiber with other dietary components: a possible factor in certain cancer etiologies.", "content": "Dietary fiber is a highly interacting dietary component and is made up of a wide variety of enzyme-indigestible polymers: cellulose, pectins, gums, mucilages, lignin, and water-insoluble hemicelluloses. The study of the effect of dietary fiber on prevention of cancer, specifically of colonic cancer, cannot be carried on without considering that: 1) various types of dietary fiber have different metabolic effect; 2) other components of the diet (e.g., amount of fat) may influence the way dietary fiber affects the colonic environment; 3) the overall effect of dietary fiber may be the sum of effects on fecal bulk, colonic microflora pattern and metabolites, dilution of carcinogens, colonic pH, transit time, alteration of nutrient absorption, and postprandial hormonal function. It is unlikely that dietary fiber can be studied in isolation in experimental diets unless great care is taken to consider all interactions with other dietary components.", "contents": "Interaction of dietary fiber with other dietary components: a possible factor in certain cancer etiologies. Dietary fiber is a highly interacting dietary component and is made up of a wide variety of enzyme-indigestible polymers: cellulose, pectins, gums, mucilages, lignin, and water-insoluble hemicelluloses. The study of the effect of dietary fiber on prevention of cancer, specifically of colonic cancer, cannot be carried on without considering that: 1) various types of dietary fiber have different metabolic effect; 2) other components of the diet (e.g., amount of fat) may influence the way dietary fiber affects the colonic environment; 3) the overall effect of dietary fiber may be the sum of effects on fecal bulk, colonic microflora pattern and metabolites, dilution of carcinogens, colonic pH, transit time, alteration of nutrient absorption, and postprandial hormonal function. It is unlikely that dietary fiber can be studied in isolation in experimental diets unless great care is taken to consider all interactions with other dietary components.", "PMID": 707379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2804", "title": "Fecal hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities in vegetarian Seventh-Day Adventists, control subjects, and bowel cancer patients.", "content": "Cell-free extracts were prepared from mixed fecal anaerobic bacteria grown from stools of 14 vegetarian Seventh-Day Adventists, 16 omnivorous control subjects, and eight patients recently diagnosed with cancer of the large bowel. Preparations were assayed for NAD- and NADP-dependent 3alpha-, 7alpha- and 12alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases with bile salts and androsterone as substrates (eight substrate-cofactor combinations were tested). A significant intergroup difference was observed in the amounts of NAD- and NADP-dependent 7alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase produced: bowel cancer patients exceeded controls, and controls exceeded Seventh-Day Adventists. Other enzyme activity comparisons were not significant. The pH values of the stools were significantly higher in cancer patients compared to Seventh-Day Adventists; values were 7.03 +/- 0.60 and 6.46 +/- 0.58 respectively. The pH value for controls was 6.66 +/- 0.62. A plot of pH value versus NADP-dependent 7alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase tended to separate the cancer patients from the other groups. Comparative data suggest that much of the 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase active against bile salt is also active against androsterone.", "contents": "Fecal hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities in vegetarian Seventh-Day Adventists, control subjects, and bowel cancer patients. Cell-free extracts were prepared from mixed fecal anaerobic bacteria grown from stools of 14 vegetarian Seventh-Day Adventists, 16 omnivorous control subjects, and eight patients recently diagnosed with cancer of the large bowel. Preparations were assayed for NAD- and NADP-dependent 3alpha-, 7alpha- and 12alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases with bile salts and androsterone as substrates (eight substrate-cofactor combinations were tested). A significant intergroup difference was observed in the amounts of NAD- and NADP-dependent 7alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase produced: bowel cancer patients exceeded controls, and controls exceeded Seventh-Day Adventists. Other enzyme activity comparisons were not significant. The pH values of the stools were significantly higher in cancer patients compared to Seventh-Day Adventists; values were 7.03 +/- 0.60 and 6.46 +/- 0.58 respectively. The pH value for controls was 6.66 +/- 0.62. A plot of pH value versus NADP-dependent 7alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase tended to separate the cancer patients from the other groups. Comparative data suggest that much of the 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase active against bile salt is also active against androsterone.", "PMID": 707380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2805", "title": "Diet, transit time, stool weight, and colon cancer in two Scandinavian populations.", "content": "In samples of adult men from two Scandinavian populations with 4-fold differences in colon cancer incidence, a comparison was made of estimated food records over 4 days, defecation habits, mouth-to-anus transit time, and stool weight. The \"high incidence\" group consumed more white wheat breads and total meat and beer, but less potatoes and milk than the \"low incidence\" group. Defecation habits were similar. Transit time and stool weight had few significant correlations with diet and defecation habits, but stool weights were higher in the low incidence group. The results are consistent with a possible protective role of dietary fiber, unrelated to transit time.", "contents": "Diet, transit time, stool weight, and colon cancer in two Scandinavian populations. In samples of adult men from two Scandinavian populations with 4-fold differences in colon cancer incidence, a comparison was made of estimated food records over 4 days, defecation habits, mouth-to-anus transit time, and stool weight. The \"high incidence\" group consumed more white wheat breads and total meat and beer, but less potatoes and milk than the \"low incidence\" group. Defecation habits were similar. Transit time and stool weight had few significant correlations with diet and defecation habits, but stool weights were higher in the low incidence group. The results are consistent with a possible protective role of dietary fiber, unrelated to transit time.", "PMID": 707381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2806", "title": "Characterization of 7-alpha-dehydroxylase in Clostridium leptum.", "content": "7-alpha-Dehydroxylation of primary bile acids was demonstrated radiochromatographically in whole cells of Clostridium leptum but was not observed in intestinal Bacteroides species. Activity of 7-alpha-Dehydroxylase was detected within a pH range of 5 to 9 and was 8-fold higher in specific activity in cell cultures in the presence of 0.1 mM sodium cholate than in its absence. 7-alpha-Dehydroxylase activity in whole cells was markedly inhibitied by 2,4-dinitrophenol, carbonyl-cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazine, and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. A hypothesis concerning the dietary regulation of 7-alpha-dehydroxylating intestinal anaerobic bacteria is presented.", "contents": "Characterization of 7-alpha-dehydroxylase in Clostridium leptum. 7-alpha-Dehydroxylation of primary bile acids was demonstrated radiochromatographically in whole cells of Clostridium leptum but was not observed in intestinal Bacteroides species. Activity of 7-alpha-Dehydroxylase was detected within a pH range of 5 to 9 and was 8-fold higher in specific activity in cell cultures in the presence of 0.1 mM sodium cholate than in its absence. 7-alpha-Dehydroxylase activity in whole cells was markedly inhibitied by 2,4-dinitrophenol, carbonyl-cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazine, and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. A hypothesis concerning the dietary regulation of 7-alpha-dehydroxylating intestinal anaerobic bacteria is presented.", "PMID": 707382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2807", "title": "The relationship between bowel cancer and fiber content in the diet.", "content": "Colon cancer, very rare in rural South African blacks, is also rare in urban dwellers despite considerable rise in prosperity. The disease has scarcely increased during the last quarter of a century. The same situation applies to appendicitis. Endeavors to characterize different black populations in transition (including subjects who have had appendicitis) are being made respecting 1) diet, especially dietary fiber intake; 2) bowel physiology (e.g., transit time); 3) concentrations of fecal bile acids and other metabolites; and 4) the activity of certain fecal enzymes.", "contents": "The relationship between bowel cancer and fiber content in the diet. Colon cancer, very rare in rural South African blacks, is also rare in urban dwellers despite considerable rise in prosperity. The disease has scarcely increased during the last quarter of a century. The same situation applies to appendicitis. Endeavors to characterize different black populations in transition (including subjects who have had appendicitis) are being made respecting 1) diet, especially dietary fiber intake; 2) bowel physiology (e.g., transit time); 3) concentrations of fecal bile acids and other metabolites; and 4) the activity of certain fecal enzymes.", "PMID": 707383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2808", "title": "Distention of the small intestine, satiety, and the control of food intake.", "content": "The studies reported here investigated the role that filling of the small intestine plays in the control of ingestion. Adding mannitol, a nonabsorbable carbohydrate, to a palatable solution reduced meal size in rats in proportion to its concentration. Intake is suppressed for the duration of time that the small intestine remains full. If dietary fiber, which sequesters water and swells, fills the small intestine sufficiently, it may act to suppress meal size and prolong the length of intermeal intervals.", "contents": "Distention of the small intestine, satiety, and the control of food intake. The studies reported here investigated the role that filling of the small intestine plays in the control of ingestion. Adding mannitol, a nonabsorbable carbohydrate, to a palatable solution reduced meal size in rats in proportion to its concentration. Intake is suppressed for the duration of time that the small intestine remains full. If dietary fiber, which sequesters water and swells, fills the small intestine sufficiently, it may act to suppress meal size and prolong the length of intermeal intervals.", "PMID": 707384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2809", "title": "Energy density of food, gastric emptying, and obesity.", "content": "Certain receptors in the duodenal mucosa respond to the osomotic effects of the digestion products of dietary carbohydrates and proteins with a resultant slowing of gastric emptying. Other receptors respond to the soaps formed during the digestion of fats. The relative effectiveness of these two sets of receptors is such that foods with equal energy produce equal slowing of gastric emptying. Thus the rate of delivery of energy to the duodenum, and hence to the blood, can be regulated without the energy having been directly measured. The results in the literature that we have examined are consistent with this duodenal system playing some part in the regulation of food intake.", "contents": "Energy density of food, gastric emptying, and obesity. Certain receptors in the duodenal mucosa respond to the osomotic effects of the digestion products of dietary carbohydrates and proteins with a resultant slowing of gastric emptying. Other receptors respond to the soaps formed during the digestion of fats. The relative effectiveness of these two sets of receptors is such that foods with equal energy produce equal slowing of gastric emptying. Thus the rate of delivery of energy to the duodenum, and hence to the blood, can be regulated without the energy having been directly measured. The results in the literature that we have examined are consistent with this duodenal system playing some part in the regulation of food intake.", "PMID": 707385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2810", "title": "Caloric compensatory responses to diets containing either nonabsorbable carbohydrate or lipid by obese and lean Zucker rats.", "content": "The effects on food intake and body weight in lean and obese Zucker rats were evaluated following substitution in the diet with either 1) poorly absorbable lipid (hydrogenated soybean oil) for corn oil, or 2) nonabsorbable carbohydrate (fiber) for glucose. Lean Zucker rats compensated for the reduced caloric availability of the high-fiber and hydrogenated oil diets by increasing food consumption. In contrast, obese rats did not respond significantly to these dietary alterations and failed to attain caloric balance during the 16-day study. These differences in caloric compensatory responses were reflected in body weight gains. There were no differences in the amount of weight gained by lean rats fed either the high-or low-fiber diets because of compensatory hyperphagia in the high-fiber group. Lean rats fed the hydrogented oil diets gained less weight than controls fed corn oil diets, even in the presence of compensatory hyperphagia, because of the enhanced fecal excretion of water and metabolites caused by the poorly absorbed fat diet. As a result of a delayed and incomplete response to reduced caloric availability, obese rats fed the high-fiber and hydrogenated oil diets gained significantly less weight than the obese rats fed low-fiber and corn oil diets.", "contents": "Caloric compensatory responses to diets containing either nonabsorbable carbohydrate or lipid by obese and lean Zucker rats. The effects on food intake and body weight in lean and obese Zucker rats were evaluated following substitution in the diet with either 1) poorly absorbable lipid (hydrogenated soybean oil) for corn oil, or 2) nonabsorbable carbohydrate (fiber) for glucose. Lean Zucker rats compensated for the reduced caloric availability of the high-fiber and hydrogenated oil diets by increasing food consumption. In contrast, obese rats did not respond significantly to these dietary alterations and failed to attain caloric balance during the 16-day study. These differences in caloric compensatory responses were reflected in body weight gains. There were no differences in the amount of weight gained by lean rats fed either the high-or low-fiber diets because of compensatory hyperphagia in the high-fiber group. Lean rats fed the hydrogented oil diets gained less weight than controls fed corn oil diets, even in the presence of compensatory hyperphagia, because of the enhanced fecal excretion of water and metabolites caused by the poorly absorbed fat diet. As a result of a delayed and incomplete response to reduced caloric availability, obese rats fed the high-fiber and hydrogenated oil diets gained significantly less weight than the obese rats fed low-fiber and corn oil diets.", "PMID": 707386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2811", "title": "The effects of specified chemical meals on food intake.", "content": "Rats received intragastric infusions of various specified chemical meals and were subsequently tested for a reduction in food intake. A second experiment, using a novel technique, tested for conditioned aversion to the meal infusions. The nonnutritive substances, kaolin clay and emulsified fluorocarbon, had no significant effect on food intake. Infusions of 1 M glucose and 1 M sorbitol reduced feeding behavior, but the 1 M sorbitol infusion also produced a conditioned aversion to flavored pellets paired with the sorbitol infusion, showing that the reduced feeding could have been caused by discomfort. Infusion of a high-fat meal consisting of emulsified triolein mixed with small amounts of sugar and protein or the rat's normal liquid diet, Nutrament, also reduced food intake, and both infusions failed to produce a conditioned aversion. The use of specified meals to understand the chemical basis of satiety requires a sensitive behavioral test to establish that the meal does not cause discomfort or other nonspecific effects.", "contents": "The effects of specified chemical meals on food intake. Rats received intragastric infusions of various specified chemical meals and were subsequently tested for a reduction in food intake. A second experiment, using a novel technique, tested for conditioned aversion to the meal infusions. The nonnutritive substances, kaolin clay and emulsified fluorocarbon, had no significant effect on food intake. Infusions of 1 M glucose and 1 M sorbitol reduced feeding behavior, but the 1 M sorbitol infusion also produced a conditioned aversion to flavored pellets paired with the sorbitol infusion, showing that the reduced feeding could have been caused by discomfort. Infusion of a high-fat meal consisting of emulsified triolein mixed with small amounts of sugar and protein or the rat's normal liquid diet, Nutrament, also reduced food intake, and both infusions failed to produce a conditioned aversion. The use of specified meals to understand the chemical basis of satiety requires a sensitive behavioral test to establish that the meal does not cause discomfort or other nonspecific effects.", "PMID": 707387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2812", "title": "Studies in man of partially absorbed dietary fats.", "content": "A saturated long-chain triglyceride (SLCT) has been prepared by esterification with glycerol of the saturated long-chain fatty acid fraction of coconut oil, isolated by molecular distillation of the hydrolyzed oil. The resultant SLCT is comprised principally of stearate (89%) and palmitate (11%). The intestinal absorption of SLCT in man was compared with that of corn oil or a 1:1 mixture of SLCT and corn oil. Each fat or the mixture was incorporated in isocaloric amounts into a complete formula diet deriving 30% of its caloric content from fat, 55% from carbohydrate (dextrose), and 15% from protein (casein). The formula diets were administered in sequential feeding periods as the sole source of food. The results indicate that SLCT was poorly absorbed (31 to 39%) compared with virtually complete absorption of corn oil (98%). Fat absorption was improved when the dietary fat was an equal mixture of SLCT and corn oil. The poor absorption of SLCT was ascribed to its high melting point and related to impaired emulsification and micellar solubilization in the small intestine.", "contents": "Studies in man of partially absorbed dietary fats. A saturated long-chain triglyceride (SLCT) has been prepared by esterification with glycerol of the saturated long-chain fatty acid fraction of coconut oil, isolated by molecular distillation of the hydrolyzed oil. The resultant SLCT is comprised principally of stearate (89%) and palmitate (11%). The intestinal absorption of SLCT in man was compared with that of corn oil or a 1:1 mixture of SLCT and corn oil. Each fat or the mixture was incorporated in isocaloric amounts into a complete formula diet deriving 30% of its caloric content from fat, 55% from carbohydrate (dextrose), and 15% from protein (casein). The formula diets were administered in sequential feeding periods as the sole source of food. The results indicate that SLCT was poorly absorbed (31 to 39%) compared with virtually complete absorption of corn oil (98%). Fat absorption was improved when the dietary fat was an equal mixture of SLCT and corn oil. The poor absorption of SLCT was ascribed to its high melting point and related to impaired emulsification and micellar solubilization in the small intestine.", "PMID": 707388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2813", "title": "Dietary fiber, plasma insulin, and obesity.", "content": "The relationship between obesity, insulin resistance, and hyperinsulinemia is briefly reviewed. The possibility is considered that excess insulin secretion is the cause rather than the result of insulin resistance and obesity. Glucose administration is one of the most frequently studied of those factors known to stimulate insulin secretion. Much less well documented is the fact that meals of equal protein, fat, and carbohydrate content may cause different responses of plasma glucose and insulin. An experiment is reported in which the effects of a high-carbohydrate, high-fiber meal administered to seven healthy young adults were compared with the effects of a meal equally high in carbohydrate but composed largely of glucose in liquid formula form. The high-fiber meal caused an insulin rise less than half that caused by the liquid formula meal although the plasma glucose response to the two meals was not significantly different. The hypothesis is proposed that a high-carbohydrate, fiber-depleted diet, high in simple sugars, by repeatedly stimulating an excessive insulin response, may lead to insulin resistance and obesity in susceptible individuals and may play a role in the common occurrence of obesity in industrialized societies.", "contents": "Dietary fiber, plasma insulin, and obesity. The relationship between obesity, insulin resistance, and hyperinsulinemia is briefly reviewed. The possibility is considered that excess insulin secretion is the cause rather than the result of insulin resistance and obesity. Glucose administration is one of the most frequently studied of those factors known to stimulate insulin secretion. Much less well documented is the fact that meals of equal protein, fat, and carbohydrate content may cause different responses of plasma glucose and insulin. An experiment is reported in which the effects of a high-carbohydrate, high-fiber meal administered to seven healthy young adults were compared with the effects of a meal equally high in carbohydrate but composed largely of glucose in liquid formula form. The high-fiber meal caused an insulin rise less than half that caused by the liquid formula meal although the plasma glucose response to the two meals was not significantly different. The hypothesis is proposed that a high-carbohydrate, fiber-depleted diet, high in simple sugars, by repeatedly stimulating an excessive insulin response, may lead to insulin resistance and obesity in susceptible individuals and may play a role in the common occurrence of obesity in industrialized societies.", "PMID": 707389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2814", "title": "The development of the concept of dietary fiber in human nutrition.", "content": "Fundamental studies of the laxative action of wheat bran were undertaken in the United States in the early decades of the 20th century. Walker in South Africa extended these studies among African blacks and later suggested that cereal fiber protected them against certain metabolic disorders. Trowell in Uganda elaborated this concept with regard to the rarity of common noninfective diseases of the colon. Another stream of inquiry stemmed from the hypothesis of Cleave who postulated that the presence of refined sugar, and to a lesser extent white flour, caused many metabolic diseases, while the loss of fiber caused certain colonic disorders. Meanwhile Burkitt had collected massive evidence of the rarity of appendicitis and many venous disorders in rural Africa and parts of Asia. In 1972 Trowell proposed a new physiological definition of fiber in terms of the residue of plant foods that resisted digestion by alimentary enzymes of man. Southgate has proposed chemical methods to analyze the components of dietary fiber: cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.", "contents": "The development of the concept of dietary fiber in human nutrition. Fundamental studies of the laxative action of wheat bran were undertaken in the United States in the early decades of the 20th century. Walker in South Africa extended these studies among African blacks and later suggested that cereal fiber protected them against certain metabolic disorders. Trowell in Uganda elaborated this concept with regard to the rarity of common noninfective diseases of the colon. Another stream of inquiry stemmed from the hypothesis of Cleave who postulated that the presence of refined sugar, and to a lesser extent white flour, caused many metabolic diseases, while the loss of fiber caused certain colonic disorders. Meanwhile Burkitt had collected massive evidence of the rarity of appendicitis and many venous disorders in rural Africa and parts of Asia. In 1972 Trowell proposed a new physiological definition of fiber in terms of the residue of plant foods that resisted digestion by alimentary enzymes of man. Southgate has proposed chemical methods to analyze the components of dietary fiber: cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.", "PMID": 707390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2815", "title": "Fiber in the gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "It has long been recognized that fruit, vegetables, and cereal fiber alter bowel function. The right colon can be regarded as a fermenter and an absorbing organ, and the left colon is for continence. A rationale for the use of fiber based on physical chemical properties is discussed. On this basis, the use of coarse wheat bran, apples, oranges, and carrots is recommended to treat diverticular disease, spastic colon, and constipation.", "contents": "Fiber in the gastrointestinal tract. It has long been recognized that fruit, vegetables, and cereal fiber alter bowel function. The right colon can be regarded as a fermenter and an absorbing organ, and the left colon is for continence. A rationale for the use of fiber based on physical chemical properties is discussed. On this basis, the use of coarse wheat bran, apples, oranges, and carrots is recommended to treat diverticular disease, spastic colon, and constipation.", "PMID": 707391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2816", "title": "Some current concepts in intestinal bacteriology.", "content": "Quantitative studies of the fecal flora of populations at different risk of colon cancer indicate that the relative proportions of some particular species of bacteria rather than of different genera of bacteria may be correlated with colon cancer incidence. Since the metabolic activity of different species in each genus varies widely, a shift in proportions of species could cause a major change in total metabolic activity in the individual. In samples taken from various areas of the intestinal tract and in scrapings from the intestinal wall, the composition of the flora remained relatively constant from the ascending colon to the rectum. Therefore, the bacteria in feces do reflect the flora of the large colon. The composition of the flora was not significantly affected by drastic changes in diet, but statistically significant shifts in the proportions of some species were noted in individuals under conditions of anger or fear stress. Although diet may not change the flora the individual maintains, the bacteria present may convert the different substrates provided by a high-fat diet as opposed to a high-fiber diet into metabolites that are potentially carcinogenic. The conversion of dietary components to carcinogenic compounds, identification of the bacteria capable of effecting such conversions, and the conditions favoring the proliferation of such bacteria will be investigated in greater detail.", "contents": "Some current concepts in intestinal bacteriology. Quantitative studies of the fecal flora of populations at different risk of colon cancer indicate that the relative proportions of some particular species of bacteria rather than of different genera of bacteria may be correlated with colon cancer incidence. Since the metabolic activity of different species in each genus varies widely, a shift in proportions of species could cause a major change in total metabolic activity in the individual. In samples taken from various areas of the intestinal tract and in scrapings from the intestinal wall, the composition of the flora remained relatively constant from the ascending colon to the rectum. Therefore, the bacteria in feces do reflect the flora of the large colon. The composition of the flora was not significantly affected by drastic changes in diet, but statistically significant shifts in the proportions of some species were noted in individuals under conditions of anger or fear stress. Although diet may not change the flora the individual maintains, the bacteria present may convert the different substrates provided by a high-fat diet as opposed to a high-fiber diet into metabolites that are potentially carcinogenic. The conversion of dietary components to carcinogenic compounds, identification of the bacteria capable of effecting such conversions, and the conditions favoring the proliferation of such bacteria will be investigated in greater detail.", "PMID": 707392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2817", "title": "Dietary fiber and obesity.", "content": "It has been suggested that sufficient fiber in the diet will tend to prevent excessive food intake and depot fat accumulation by decreasing the caloric density of the diet, stowing rate of food ingestion, increasing the effort involved in eating, promoting intestinal satiety, and interfering slightly with efficiency of energy absorption. The increase in the prevalence of obesity in Western countries since 1900 has taken place concurrently with marked changes in the nature of the diet. Per capita intake of dietary fiber associated with starchy foods has greatly decreased, but intake of fiber associated with fruits and green vegetables has increased. Thus, although the type of fiber in the diet has changed, the total quantity may not have diminished considerably. Studies of the effect of caloric dilution with cellulose and other metabolically inert bulking agents have disclosed little or no inhibitory effect on the spontaneous energy intake of nonobese laboratory animals and human subjects. Nevertheless, there is evidence that obese rats and humans may defend their excess weight against nutritive dilution with less tenacity than their nonobese counterparts. The hypothesis that dietary fiber can protect against obesity therefore deserves further testing since an increase in the fiber content of the diet may tend to prevent overeating and excessive weight gain even if it does not reduce spontaneous energy intake in nonobese organisms.", "contents": "Dietary fiber and obesity. It has been suggested that sufficient fiber in the diet will tend to prevent excessive food intake and depot fat accumulation by decreasing the caloric density of the diet, stowing rate of food ingestion, increasing the effort involved in eating, promoting intestinal satiety, and interfering slightly with efficiency of energy absorption. The increase in the prevalence of obesity in Western countries since 1900 has taken place concurrently with marked changes in the nature of the diet. Per capita intake of dietary fiber associated with starchy foods has greatly decreased, but intake of fiber associated with fruits and green vegetables has increased. Thus, although the type of fiber in the diet has changed, the total quantity may not have diminished considerably. Studies of the effect of caloric dilution with cellulose and other metabolically inert bulking agents have disclosed little or no inhibitory effect on the spontaneous energy intake of nonobese laboratory animals and human subjects. Nevertheless, there is evidence that obese rats and humans may defend their excess weight against nutritive dilution with less tenacity than their nonobese counterparts. The hypothesis that dietary fiber can protect against obesity therefore deserves further testing since an increase in the fiber content of the diet may tend to prevent overeating and excessive weight gain even if it does not reduce spontaneous energy intake in nonobese organisms.", "PMID": 707393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2818", "title": "Diabetes mellitus and dietary fiber of starchy foods.", "content": "The rarity of diabetes mellitus in rural Africans and the increased incidence in urban Africans suggested that high-fiber, high-carbohydrate diets might protect against diabetes. Conversely it has been suggested that low-fiber starchy food is a diabetogenic factor in susceptible human phenotypes. Many years ago experimental studies demonstrated that carbohydrate tolerance was increased in healthy adults if they ate high-carbohydrate diets but was decreased if they ate high-fat diets. From 1940 in England and Wales, diabetes death rates reported only those who died directly from diabetes mellitus; all cardiovascular complication deaths were excluded. Standardized diabetes mellitus death rates in England and Wales fell from 1941 until 1954 to 1957 by 55% in men and 54% in women. These years coincided with the production of high-fiber National flour. These data suggested the dietary fiber hypothesis of the etiology of diabetes mellitus, namely that fiber-depleted starchy foods were diabetogenic and conversely that high-fiber starchy foods were protective. Recent experimental studies of diabetic hyperglycemic men have shown that high-fiber, high-carbohydrate diets cause remission of diabetes mellitus in many men who had been treated previously by oral agents of moderate doses of insulin, but not those who had previously received large amounts of insulin.", "contents": "Diabetes mellitus and dietary fiber of starchy foods. The rarity of diabetes mellitus in rural Africans and the increased incidence in urban Africans suggested that high-fiber, high-carbohydrate diets might protect against diabetes. Conversely it has been suggested that low-fiber starchy food is a diabetogenic factor in susceptible human phenotypes. Many years ago experimental studies demonstrated that carbohydrate tolerance was increased in healthy adults if they ate high-carbohydrate diets but was decreased if they ate high-fat diets. From 1940 in England and Wales, diabetes death rates reported only those who died directly from diabetes mellitus; all cardiovascular complication deaths were excluded. Standardized diabetes mellitus death rates in England and Wales fell from 1941 until 1954 to 1957 by 55% in men and 54% in women. These years coincided with the production of high-fiber National flour. These data suggested the dietary fiber hypothesis of the etiology of diabetes mellitus, namely that fiber-depleted starchy foods were diabetogenic and conversely that high-fiber starchy foods were protective. Recent experimental studies of diabetic hyperglycemic men have shown that high-fiber, high-carbohydrate diets cause remission of diabetes mellitus in many men who had been treated previously by oral agents of moderate doses of insulin, but not those who had previously received large amounts of insulin.", "PMID": 707394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2819", "title": "Colonic-rectal cancer: fiber and other dietary factors.", "content": "The prevalence of colonic-rectal cancer is generally directly related to the fat content and inversely related to the fiber content of diet. In the few exceptions to this generalization, tumor prevalence is more closely related to fiber than to fat. Hypotheses have been postulated to explain the possible ways in which dietary fiber may protect against colonic-rectal cancer and to account for the close relationships between the geographical distribution of these tumors and that of certain other diseases.", "contents": "Colonic-rectal cancer: fiber and other dietary factors. The prevalence of colonic-rectal cancer is generally directly related to the fat content and inversely related to the fiber content of diet. In the few exceptions to this generalization, tumor prevalence is more closely related to fiber than to fat. Hypotheses have been postulated to explain the possible ways in which dietary fiber may protect against colonic-rectal cancer and to account for the close relationships between the geographical distribution of these tumors and that of certain other diseases.", "PMID": 707395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2820", "title": "Plant cell wall fractionation and structural analysis.", "content": "The structure of the major plant polysaccharides contributing to dietary fiber, their organization within the plant cell wall, and the problems associated with their analysis are briefly reviewed. Alkaline, acidic, and detergent fractionation methods are described and considered in relation to their specificity. The analysis of pectin, often ignored as a component of dietary fiber, is examined in detail. The solubility of pectins from a number of common plant foods was determined, indicating that a considerable portion of pectin polyuronide is lost to many of the commonly used analytical procedures.", "contents": "Plant cell wall fractionation and structural analysis. The structure of the major plant polysaccharides contributing to dietary fiber, their organization within the plant cell wall, and the problems associated with their analysis are briefly reviewed. Alkaline, acidic, and detergent fractionation methods are described and considered in relation to their specificity. The analysis of pectin, often ignored as a component of dietary fiber, is examined in detail. The solubility of pectins from a number of common plant foods was determined, indicating that a considerable portion of pectin polyuronide is lost to many of the commonly used analytical procedures.", "PMID": 707396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2821", "title": "Physical and biological properties of structural and other nondigestible carbohydrates.", "content": "Selected characteristics of dietary fiber and associated nondigestible polysaccharides are discussed. These properties, which could alter gastrointestinal function, include particle size, solubility and viscosity, and interactions with small organic compounds, cations, salts, and proteins. The relationship between structure and the physiochemical properties is indicated.", "contents": "Physical and biological properties of structural and other nondigestible carbohydrates. Selected characteristics of dietary fiber and associated nondigestible polysaccharides are discussed. These properties, which could alter gastrointestinal function, include particle size, solubility and viscosity, and interactions with small organic compounds, cations, salts, and proteins. The relationship between structure and the physiochemical properties is indicated.", "PMID": 707397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2822", "title": "Complex carbohydrate breakdown in the human colon.", "content": "Concentrations of water-soluble high- and low-molecular-weight carbohydrates were determined in the intestinal contents of four human subjects who had died accidentally. In all four subjects, concentrations of high-molecular-weight carbohydrate were lower throughout the colon than in the ileum. In some subjects, similar but less dramatic differences were also found with low-molecular-weight carbohydrate. Components of both high- and low-molecular-weight peaks included neutral sugars such as rhamnose, galactose, mannose, xylose, and arabinose, which are found in many plant polysaccharides. Components characteristic of mucins (fucose, hexosamines, and sialic acids) were also detected. These results indicate that dietary fiber and mucin are degraded in the human colon.", "contents": "Complex carbohydrate breakdown in the human colon. Concentrations of water-soluble high- and low-molecular-weight carbohydrates were determined in the intestinal contents of four human subjects who had died accidentally. In all four subjects, concentrations of high-molecular-weight carbohydrate were lower throughout the colon than in the ileum. In some subjects, similar but less dramatic differences were also found with low-molecular-weight carbohydrate. Components of both high- and low-molecular-weight peaks included neutral sugars such as rhamnose, galactose, mannose, xylose, and arabinose, which are found in many plant polysaccharides. Components characteristic of mucins (fucose, hexosamines, and sialic acids) were also detected. These results indicate that dietary fiber and mucin are degraded in the human colon.", "PMID": 707398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2823", "title": "The lignin fraction of plant cell walls.", "content": "Methods are discussed for determining lignin in plant cell walls. The increase in apparent lignin content that may occur as a result of artifacts produced during food preparation is also discussed. The phenolic components, including lignin, of cell walls separated from 12 vegetable, fruit, and cereal foods are determined. Wheat bran, on a fresh weight basis, had a high cell wall content (48.6%) compared with the vegetables and fruit whose contents ranged from 1.0 to 6.0%. Wheat bran and spinach cell walls had the highest lignin contents (11.4 and 4.4%, respectively) and the lowest degradabilities (35.8 and 39.6%, respectively) as determined by a cellulase technique. Cell walls of spinach, beetroot, sweet corn, pineapple, and wheat bran contained the phenolic acids (ferulic, p-coumaric, and diferulic) bound to polysaccharide components. Cell walls of cabbage, Brussels sprout, celery, cauliflower, green bean, carrot, and pea contained only traces of these acids.", "contents": "The lignin fraction of plant cell walls. Methods are discussed for determining lignin in plant cell walls. The increase in apparent lignin content that may occur as a result of artifacts produced during food preparation is also discussed. The phenolic components, including lignin, of cell walls separated from 12 vegetable, fruit, and cereal foods are determined. Wheat bran, on a fresh weight basis, had a high cell wall content (48.6%) compared with the vegetables and fruit whose contents ranged from 1.0 to 6.0%. Wheat bran and spinach cell walls had the highest lignin contents (11.4 and 4.4%, respectively) and the lowest degradabilities (35.8 and 39.6%, respectively) as determined by a cellulase technique. Cell walls of spinach, beetroot, sweet corn, pineapple, and wheat bran contained the phenolic acids (ferulic, p-coumaric, and diferulic) bound to polysaccharide components. Cell walls of cabbage, Brussels sprout, celery, cauliflower, green bean, carrot, and pea contained only traces of these acids.", "PMID": 707399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2824", "title": "Mineral components of plant cell walls.", "content": "Plant cell walls that are secondarily thickened contain silicon and metal cations. The silicon occurs predominantly as silica (SiO2.nH2O) deposited in intimate association with the organic components of the walls and, according to recent evidence, as an integral constituent of polyuronides. Relatively large amounts of deposited (i.e., solid) silica are found in rice and other cereals and in grasses. When ingested by ruminant animals, practically all the solid silica may be recovered in the feces. However, microscopic particles of silica from plants are, to a small extent, absorbed as such through the gastrointestinal wall in both man and ruminant animals. It has now been shown that silicon is essential for animals, and that it is a constituent of certain mucopolysaccharides, thereby contribution to the architecture of connective tissues. The acidic silanol group of solid silica in plant cell walls may be involved in binding metal cations, but carboxyl and phenolic hydroxyl groups of the organic components of the walls are probably mainly responsible. Binding of metal cations by these components of plant cell walls, and possibly by silica, is likely to reduce availability of the cations for intestinal absorption.", "contents": "Mineral components of plant cell walls. Plant cell walls that are secondarily thickened contain silicon and metal cations. The silicon occurs predominantly as silica (SiO2.nH2O) deposited in intimate association with the organic components of the walls and, according to recent evidence, as an integral constituent of polyuronides. Relatively large amounts of deposited (i.e., solid) silica are found in rice and other cereals and in grasses. When ingested by ruminant animals, practically all the solid silica may be recovered in the feces. However, microscopic particles of silica from plants are, to a small extent, absorbed as such through the gastrointestinal wall in both man and ruminant animals. It has now been shown that silicon is essential for animals, and that it is a constituent of certain mucopolysaccharides, thereby contribution to the architecture of connective tissues. The acidic silanol group of solid silica in plant cell walls may be involved in binding metal cations, but carboxyl and phenolic hydroxyl groups of the organic components of the walls are probably mainly responsible. Binding of metal cations by these components of plant cell walls, and possibly by silica, is likely to reduce availability of the cations for intestinal absorption.", "PMID": 707400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2825", "title": "Fiber content and structure in foods.", "content": "Crude fiber analysis does not accurately reflect the amount of dietary fiber in food materials, nor does it give a constant fraction of dietary fiber when used to compare sources in the diet. More accurate methods of estimating dietary fiber are compared. The neutral detergent method of Van Soest, modified for use with foods, was especially useful in measuring the insoluble fraction of dietary fiber. It not only provided a simple, quick method of analysis but also was useful in isolating dietary fiber for further experimentation. Water-holding capacity studies, trace mineral binding studies, and bile acid binding studies were run on the insoluble dietary fiber without interference from digestible food constituents.", "contents": "Fiber content and structure in foods. Crude fiber analysis does not accurately reflect the amount of dietary fiber in food materials, nor does it give a constant fraction of dietary fiber when used to compare sources in the diet. More accurate methods of estimating dietary fiber are compared. The neutral detergent method of Van Soest, modified for use with foods, was especially useful in measuring the insoluble fraction of dietary fiber. It not only provided a simple, quick method of analysis but also was useful in isolating dietary fiber for further experimentation. Water-holding capacity studies, trace mineral binding studies, and bile acid binding studies were run on the insoluble dietary fiber without interference from digestible food constituents.", "PMID": 707401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2826", "title": "Nutritional implications of dietary fiber.", "content": "When dietary fiber intakes are increased by supplementing diets with bran and whole wheat products, then fecal fat, nitrogen, energy, and mineral excretion rise. These changes suggest that fiber may be altering normal digestive and absorptive function. Recent studies have confirmed this and have also shown that fiber of different composition and from contrasting sources produces different physiological effects. The gel-forming polysaccharides such as guar gum and pectin alter the pattern of glucose absorption and are hypocholesterolemic; fiber from cereals is not hypocholesterolemic but exerts a pronounced effect on the large gut. Dietary fiber is largely digested in the colon by the microflora and so influences colonic function, fecal weight, and composition. The significance of the changes in fat, nitrogen, and energy output remains to be evaluated, but the impairment of mineral absorption--particularly of calcium, zinc, and iron--by fiber gives cause for concern. Fiber must now be considered with other dietary constituents in all nutritional studies.", "contents": "Nutritional implications of dietary fiber. When dietary fiber intakes are increased by supplementing diets with bran and whole wheat products, then fecal fat, nitrogen, energy, and mineral excretion rise. These changes suggest that fiber may be altering normal digestive and absorptive function. Recent studies have confirmed this and have also shown that fiber of different composition and from contrasting sources produces different physiological effects. The gel-forming polysaccharides such as guar gum and pectin alter the pattern of glucose absorption and are hypocholesterolemic; fiber from cereals is not hypocholesterolemic but exerts a pronounced effect on the large gut. Dietary fiber is largely digested in the colon by the microflora and so influences colonic function, fecal weight, and composition. The significance of the changes in fat, nitrogen, and energy output remains to be evaluated, but the impairment of mineral absorption--particularly of calcium, zinc, and iron--by fiber gives cause for concern. Fiber must now be considered with other dietary constituents in all nutritional studies.", "PMID": 707402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2827", "title": "Artifactual radioassay results due to serum contamination by intravenous radioisotope administration. Falsely low serum vitamin B12 and folic acid results.", "content": "Radioisotopic contamination by recent radioisotope administration (either 99mtechnetium or 67gallium) to the patient for scanning purposes was found in 28 sera submitted for vitamin B12 or folic acid assay, or both, during the year prior to this study. In half the cases serum radioactivity was so great as to be readily identifiable during the assay. In the rest, however, the radioactivity would not have been detected had serum supernatant blanks not been routinely incorporated in the assay procedure. Many radioassay kits make no provision for such supernatant control blanks. Were it not for these blanks, five patients would have been falsely identified as vitamin B12-deficient and three others as possible deficient in the present series. Two of the five radioactive sera assayed for folate would also have given misleading results in the borderline-low range. The clinician should avoid ordering tests requiring radioassay when the patient has been given radioisotopes, and those performing radioassays must institute appropriate maneuvers to detect any such contamination.", "contents": "Artifactual radioassay results due to serum contamination by intravenous radioisotope administration. Falsely low serum vitamin B12 and folic acid results. Radioisotopic contamination by recent radioisotope administration (either 99mtechnetium or 67gallium) to the patient for scanning purposes was found in 28 sera submitted for vitamin B12 or folic acid assay, or both, during the year prior to this study. In half the cases serum radioactivity was so great as to be readily identifiable during the assay. In the rest, however, the radioactivity would not have been detected had serum supernatant blanks not been routinely incorporated in the assay procedure. Many radioassay kits make no provision for such supernatant control blanks. Were it not for these blanks, five patients would have been falsely identified as vitamin B12-deficient and three others as possible deficient in the present series. Two of the five radioactive sera assayed for folate would also have given misleading results in the borderline-low range. The clinician should avoid ordering tests requiring radioassay when the patient has been given radioisotopes, and those performing radioassays must institute appropriate maneuvers to detect any such contamination.", "PMID": 707403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2828", "title": "Hemangiopericytoma of the meninges. Mayo Clinic experience.", "content": "A study of 26 hemangiopericytomas of the meninges revealed that the histologic appearance--including ultrastructural features--was similar to that of hemangiopericytomas of soft tissues. Both sexes were affected, and occurrence was most frequent in the adult years, with no symptoms specific for the lesions. The lesions were characterized by an aggressive course, with recurrence in 80% of the patients, and metastases in 23%; thus, the importance of recognizing the lesion pathologically is emphasized.", "contents": "Hemangiopericytoma of the meninges. Mayo Clinic experience. A study of 26 hemangiopericytomas of the meninges revealed that the histologic appearance--including ultrastructural features--was similar to that of hemangiopericytomas of soft tissues. Both sexes were affected, and occurrence was most frequent in the adult years, with no symptoms specific for the lesions. The lesions were characterized by an aggressive course, with recurrence in 80% of the patients, and metastases in 23%; thus, the importance of recognizing the lesion pathologically is emphasized.", "PMID": 707404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2829", "title": "Distributed laboratory computing. Integration of a laboratory computer into a hospital information system.", "content": "The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, a large teaching hospital and tertiary care referral center, has implemented a vendor-supplied laboratory computer package operating on a dedicated minicomputer. A high-speed communications link allows the laboratory computer to share patient administrative, census, and test result data with the central hospital information system on an interactive basis. Operational characteristics of the system are discussed, and special attention is given to the critical problems and advantages of interfacing two computers.", "contents": "Distributed laboratory computing. Integration of a laboratory computer into a hospital information system. The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, a large teaching hospital and tertiary care referral center, has implemented a vendor-supplied laboratory computer package operating on a dedicated minicomputer. A high-speed communications link allows the laboratory computer to share patient administrative, census, and test result data with the central hospital information system on an interactive basis. Operational characteristics of the system are discussed, and special attention is given to the critical problems and advantages of interfacing two computers.", "PMID": 707405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2830", "title": "Evaluation of a computer-directed pneumatic-tube system for pneumatic transport of blood specimens.", "content": "The results of sending specimens through a computerized pneumatic airtransport system and manually delivering specimens were compared for 15 chemical tests and six hematologic procedures. All specimens were collected from inpatients and outpatients into evacuated glass containers. The specimens traversed a maximum of 829 feet (253 meters) involving 16 bends and eight transfer units at 25 feet/second (7.6 meters/second). Only the activity of lactate dehydrogenase exceeded the precision of the test in pneumatically transported specimens. Ruptured erythrocytes in incompletely filled vacuum tubes were the likely source of the increased lactate dehydrogenase activity. Neither the serum sodium, potassium, chloride, carbon dioxide, total protein, albumin, calcium, glucose, creatinine, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase, acid phosphatase, uric acid, leukocyte count, erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, nor the prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time were affected by pneumatic transport. It is concluded that the pneumatic system tested provides a safe, efficient method of transporting the blood specimens tested.", "contents": "Evaluation of a computer-directed pneumatic-tube system for pneumatic transport of blood specimens. The results of sending specimens through a computerized pneumatic airtransport system and manually delivering specimens were compared for 15 chemical tests and six hematologic procedures. All specimens were collected from inpatients and outpatients into evacuated glass containers. The specimens traversed a maximum of 829 feet (253 meters) involving 16 bends and eight transfer units at 25 feet/second (7.6 meters/second). Only the activity of lactate dehydrogenase exceeded the precision of the test in pneumatically transported specimens. Ruptured erythrocytes in incompletely filled vacuum tubes were the likely source of the increased lactate dehydrogenase activity. Neither the serum sodium, potassium, chloride, carbon dioxide, total protein, albumin, calcium, glucose, creatinine, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase, acid phosphatase, uric acid, leukocyte count, erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, nor the prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time were affected by pneumatic transport. It is concluded that the pneumatic system tested provides a safe, efficient method of transporting the blood specimens tested.", "PMID": 707406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2831", "title": "Development and evaluation of a disposable device for performing simultaneous duplicate bleeding time determinations.", "content": "A disposable bleeding time device that provides two simultaneous standardized incisions is described. The mean bleeding time of 47 normal adults was 4.1 min with a 95% range of 2.2--7.0 min. The standard deviation of duplicate bleeding times was 0.7 min, and the day-to-day standard deviation for individuals was 0.9 min. In a double-blind crossover study of 20 normal adults, the mean bleeding time increased from 3.7 to 6.2 min after ingestion of 1 g aspirin. The device is extremely simple to use and is essentially painless. Physical trauma is minimal.", "contents": "Development and evaluation of a disposable device for performing simultaneous duplicate bleeding time determinations. A disposable bleeding time device that provides two simultaneous standardized incisions is described. The mean bleeding time of 47 normal adults was 4.1 min with a 95% range of 2.2--7.0 min. The standard deviation of duplicate bleeding times was 0.7 min, and the day-to-day standard deviation for individuals was 0.9 min. In a double-blind crossover study of 20 normal adults, the mean bleeding time increased from 3.7 to 6.2 min after ingestion of 1 g aspirin. The device is extremely simple to use and is essentially painless. Physical trauma is minimal.", "PMID": 707407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2832", "title": "Accuracy of clinical laboratories studied by comparison with definitive methods.", "content": "Samples of lyophilized human serum were circulated to participants in the CAP Chemistry Survey program. The participants measured the concentrations in the samples of calcium, iron, lithium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium. Samples were also sent to the National Board of Standards (NBS), and the concentrations of these seven analytes were measured; definitive methods were used. The participant values and the NBS values were compared, providing a measure of the accuracy of the participating laboratories and of the individual methods used by the participants. There was, in general, close agreement between the NBS values and the participant values. A bias that varied with the concentration of the analyte was a common feature.", "contents": "Accuracy of clinical laboratories studied by comparison with definitive methods. Samples of lyophilized human serum were circulated to participants in the CAP Chemistry Survey program. The participants measured the concentrations in the samples of calcium, iron, lithium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium. Samples were also sent to the National Board of Standards (NBS), and the concentrations of these seven analytes were measured; definitive methods were used. The participant values and the NBS values were compared, providing a measure of the accuracy of the participating laboratories and of the individual methods used by the participants. There was, in general, close agreement between the NBS values and the participant values. A bias that varied with the concentration of the analyte was a common feature.", "PMID": 707411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2833", "title": "Statistical evaluation of CAP survey results for calcium, potassium, and blood urea nitrogen.", "content": "Throug the use of the statistical technic known as the linear model, a complete analysis has been made of data obtained in the Colleg of American Pathologists Survey of 1975 for calcium, potassium, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). The analysis allows a separation of laboratories into core and non-core categories. It also allows for determination of the reproducibility of each analytic technic involved in this survey. For Ca and K, the results obtained by each analytic method were compared with the results obtained by the National Bureau of Standards through use of the definitive method. For BUN, the comparison was made with the average of values for all laboratories and all methods.", "contents": "Statistical evaluation of CAP survey results for calcium, potassium, and blood urea nitrogen. Throug the use of the statistical technic known as the linear model, a complete analysis has been made of data obtained in the Colleg of American Pathologists Survey of 1975 for calcium, potassium, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). The analysis allows a separation of laboratories into core and non-core categories. It also allows for determination of the reproducibility of each analytic technic involved in this survey. For Ca and K, the results obtained by each analytic method were compared with the results obtained by the National Bureau of Standards through use of the definitive method. For BUN, the comparison was made with the average of values for all laboratories and all methods.", "PMID": 707412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2834", "title": "Evaluation of non-core laboratories.", "content": "The CAP Interlaboratory Survey data from the non-core laboratories identified by Paule and Mandel were examined. Some laboratories were designated non-core because they submitted one or more values that were widely discrepant and were caused by unit problems, decimal shifts, or reversal of the specimens. A second group of laboratories submitted a number of discrepant results that appeared to be caused by problems within the laboratories. A third group submitted results that appeared acceptable, and the exclusion and the effectiveness of the criteria differed for each of the three analytes. The findings suggest that examination of data from excluded laboratories can provide a valuable source of information to supplement the central data.", "contents": "Evaluation of non-core laboratories. The CAP Interlaboratory Survey data from the non-core laboratories identified by Paule and Mandel were examined. Some laboratories were designated non-core because they submitted one or more values that were widely discrepant and were caused by unit problems, decimal shifts, or reversal of the specimens. A second group of laboratories submitted a number of discrepant results that appeared to be caused by problems within the laboratories. A third group submitted results that appeared acceptable, and the exclusion and the effectiveness of the criteria differed for each of the three analytes. The findings suggest that examination of data from excluded laboratories can provide a valuable source of information to supplement the central data.", "PMID": 707413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2835", "title": "The 1977 College of American Pathologists Enzymology Survey. Principal findings.", "content": "A set of linearly related serum survey specimens was analyzed by more than 200 laboratories on four occasions in 1977 for the five enzymes lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, creatine phosphokinase, and alkaline phosphatase. The survey technic, which employs specimens that are designed to have multiple informational redundancies for detecting discrepancies in the survey data, was found to be a feasible approach, as a variety of methodologic biases and analytic problems were readily detected. The specimens were shown to be stable,and the mean results obtained by a reference group of laboratories were quite reproducible. Consequently, changes observed in individual laboratories in successive surveys were attributable to intra-laboratory changes. The survey provides each participant with an objective evaluation of the linearity, precision, and calibration of his methods, in comparison with peer and reference laboratories, as well as information concerning the popularities of various methods, and the performances of various analytic systems. For each enzyme there are a few large peer groups and a large number of small peer groups. Differences among the laboratories within each peer group were due primarily to proportional biases that in some cases were clearly due to instrumental or reagent differences, rather than to methodologic differences.", "contents": "The 1977 College of American Pathologists Enzymology Survey. Principal findings. A set of linearly related serum survey specimens was analyzed by more than 200 laboratories on four occasions in 1977 for the five enzymes lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, creatine phosphokinase, and alkaline phosphatase. The survey technic, which employs specimens that are designed to have multiple informational redundancies for detecting discrepancies in the survey data, was found to be a feasible approach, as a variety of methodologic biases and analytic problems were readily detected. The specimens were shown to be stable,and the mean results obtained by a reference group of laboratories were quite reproducible. Consequently, changes observed in individual laboratories in successive surveys were attributable to intra-laboratory changes. The survey provides each participant with an objective evaluation of the linearity, precision, and calibration of his methods, in comparison with peer and reference laboratories, as well as information concerning the popularities of various methods, and the performances of various analytic systems. For each enzyme there are a few large peer groups and a large number of small peer groups. Differences among the laboratories within each peer group were due primarily to proportional biases that in some cases were clearly due to instrumental or reagent differences, rather than to methodologic differences.", "PMID": 707414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2836", "title": "Serum creatinine. A CAP survey.", "content": "The results of the 1976--1977 College of American Pathologists Survey of serum creatinine measurements performed by more than 5,000 laboratories are presented. The most widely used method employs the colorimetric measurement of the alkaline picrate-creatinine (Jaffe) reaction. In general, all manual and automated systems yielded comparable creatinine concentrations except the centrifugal analyzers, which manifested a consistently high bias. Interlaboratory variation was lowest for continuous-flow and the DuPont discrete systems. Lloyd's reagent resulted in a clinically insignificant reduction of creatinine concentration in lyophilized sera.", "contents": "Serum creatinine. A CAP survey. The results of the 1976--1977 College of American Pathologists Survey of serum creatinine measurements performed by more than 5,000 laboratories are presented. The most widely used method employs the colorimetric measurement of the alkaline picrate-creatinine (Jaffe) reaction. In general, all manual and automated systems yielded comparable creatinine concentrations except the centrifugal analyzers, which manifested a consistently high bias. Interlaboratory variation was lowest for continuous-flow and the DuPont discrete systems. Lloyd's reagent resulted in a clinically insignificant reduction of creatinine concentration in lyophilized sera.", "PMID": 707415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2837", "title": "An interlaboratory comparison of serum total protein analyses.", "content": "An analysis of the 1976 CAP Comprehensive Chemistry Survey of total serum proteins is presented. More than 2,000 laboratories contributed data in this survey. Estimation of total serum protein concentration by the biuret reaction remains the most widely used technic, followed by refractometry. Precision and accuracy data for a number of analytic systems and methods are presented. Precisions for the entire group are nearly comparable. A negative bias for total protein concentration was shown by the SMAC.", "contents": "An interlaboratory comparison of serum total protein analyses. An analysis of the 1976 CAP Comprehensive Chemistry Survey of total serum proteins is presented. More than 2,000 laboratories contributed data in this survey. Estimation of total serum protein concentration by the biuret reaction remains the most widely used technic, followed by refractometry. Precision and accuracy data for a number of analytic systems and methods are presented. Precisions for the entire group are nearly comparable. A negative bias for total protein concentration was shown by the SMAC.", "PMID": 707416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2838", "title": "The CAP Urine Chemistry Survey Program for 1977.", "content": "Eleven analytes were presented in the Urine Chemistry Survey Program during the year 1977. These included amylase, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, creatinine, osmolality, 17-ketosteroids, total protein, glucose, and urea nitrogen. More than 450 laboratories participated. Deficiencies in assay performance were found for amylase, 17-ketosteroids, and total protein. Sharp shifts in precision performance were seen in urea nitrogen analysis. Severe biases are apparent in glucose analysis using neocuproine and ferricyanide methods.", "contents": "The CAP Urine Chemistry Survey Program for 1977. Eleven analytes were presented in the Urine Chemistry Survey Program during the year 1977. These included amylase, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, creatinine, osmolality, 17-ketosteroids, total protein, glucose, and urea nitrogen. More than 450 laboratories participated. Deficiencies in assay performance were found for amylase, 17-ketosteroids, and total protein. Sharp shifts in precision performance were seen in urea nitrogen analysis. Severe biases are apparent in glucose analysis using neocuproine and ferricyanide methods.", "PMID": 707417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2839", "title": "CAP Comprehensive Chemistry. Serum iron survey.", "content": "Approximately 1,600 participants replied to a special questionnaire about the serum iron determination used in their laboratories. The categories covered were (1) sample preparation, (2) system, (3) detection method, (4) reducing reagent, and (5) standards. Those using AutoAnalyzer methods uniformly had the highest reported values. The lowest values were reported by those using methods without protein removal. Whether this is a positive bias by the AutoAnalyzer group or a negative bias by methods without protein removal, or both, cannot be determined by this study. Hydroxylamine users reported lower results than others. No difference between the three commonly used chromogenic reagents, bathophenanthrolene sulfonate, tripyridyl-triazine, and ferrozine, could be demonstrated. Protein-based standards should be used when a method is found to be affected by protein. How to determine the assay value is an important problem yet to be solved.", "contents": "CAP Comprehensive Chemistry. Serum iron survey. Approximately 1,600 participants replied to a special questionnaire about the serum iron determination used in their laboratories. The categories covered were (1) sample preparation, (2) system, (3) detection method, (4) reducing reagent, and (5) standards. Those using AutoAnalyzer methods uniformly had the highest reported values. The lowest values were reported by those using methods without protein removal. Whether this is a positive bias by the AutoAnalyzer group or a negative bias by methods without protein removal, or both, cannot be determined by this study. Hydroxylamine users reported lower results than others. No difference between the three commonly used chromogenic reagents, bathophenanthrolene sulfonate, tripyridyl-triazine, and ferrozine, could be demonstrated. Protein-based standards should be used when a method is found to be affected by protein. How to determine the assay value is an important problem yet to be solved.", "PMID": 707418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2840", "title": "Long-term stability of glucose in lyophilized quality control serum. A study utilizing data from the Quality Assurance Service (QAS) Program of the College of American Pathologists.", "content": "The long-term stability of glucose in 45 commercial pools of lyophilized quality control serum is evaluated. The pools have been used in conjunction with the Quality Assurance Service (QAS) of the College of American Pathologists by laboratories participating in Regional Quality Control Programs. Directional instability of glucose was detected by at least one analytic method in 69% of the pools studied. Two distinct and opposite directional trends in glucose concentration were found. Increasing concentration of analyte, averaging 4.7 mg/dl per year, were observed with manual and automated glucose oxidase methods and the automated neocuproine procedure in approximately one fourth of pool--method combinations. Decreasing concentrations of glucose, averaging 3.0 mg/dl per year, were found with automated ferricyanide and hexokinase methods and the manual orthotoluidine procedure in approximately one third of pool--method combinations. The results are best explained by postulating that in affected pools there is a gradual diminution of free and bound glucose and/or a shift of glucose from the protein-bound to the free state.", "contents": "Long-term stability of glucose in lyophilized quality control serum. A study utilizing data from the Quality Assurance Service (QAS) Program of the College of American Pathologists. The long-term stability of glucose in 45 commercial pools of lyophilized quality control serum is evaluated. The pools have been used in conjunction with the Quality Assurance Service (QAS) of the College of American Pathologists by laboratories participating in Regional Quality Control Programs. Directional instability of glucose was detected by at least one analytic method in 69% of the pools studied. Two distinct and opposite directional trends in glucose concentration were found. Increasing concentration of analyte, averaging 4.7 mg/dl per year, were observed with manual and automated glucose oxidase methods and the automated neocuproine procedure in approximately one fourth of pool--method combinations. Decreasing concentrations of glucose, averaging 3.0 mg/dl per year, were found with automated ferricyanide and hexokinase methods and the manual orthotoluidine procedure in approximately one third of pool--method combinations. The results are best explained by postulating that in affected pools there is a gradual diminution of free and bound glucose and/or a shift of glucose from the protein-bound to the free state.", "PMID": 707419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2841", "title": "Reproducibility of mean values of duplicate specimens in the Basic Ligand Assay Survey.", "content": "Three paired samples were distributed at three--six-month intervals in the Basic Ligand Survey during 1976. The stabilities of mean values obtained by widely used commercial kit procedures and by all methods for eight analytes are reported. Significant improvements in accuracy and long-term precision were identified in assays for digoxin and thyroxine during 1976. However, a number of assays yielded unstable mean values that affected both within--laboratory maintenance of quality control and medical usefulness of the results.", "contents": "Reproducibility of mean values of duplicate specimens in the Basic Ligand Assay Survey. Three paired samples were distributed at three--six-month intervals in the Basic Ligand Survey during 1976. The stabilities of mean values obtained by widely used commercial kit procedures and by all methods for eight analytes are reported. Significant improvements in accuracy and long-term precision were identified in assays for digoxin and thyroxine during 1976. However, a number of assays yielded unstable mean values that affected both within--laboratory maintenance of quality control and medical usefulness of the results.", "PMID": 707420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2842", "title": "Evaluation of tests for antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs).", "content": "Participants in the American Association of Blood Banks--College of American Pathologists (AABB-CAP) HBsAg Survey Program primarily use a radioimmunoassay (RIA) method for detection of anti-HBs in samples found to be surface antigen-negative. Although this is a new procedure for most laboratories, survey results indicate excellent proficiency.", "contents": "Evaluation of tests for antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs). Participants in the American Association of Blood Banks--College of American Pathologists (AABB-CAP) HBsAg Survey Program primarily use a radioimmunoassay (RIA) method for detection of anti-HBs in samples found to be surface antigen-negative. Although this is a new procedure for most laboratories, survey results indicate excellent proficiency.", "PMID": 707421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2843", "title": "Factor VIII (antihemophilic factor) assay results in the 1976 College of American Pathologists Survey Program.", "content": "Data from the 1976 CAP Survey for the performance of Factor VII (antihemophilic factor) assays were analyzed. The results indicated an undesirable variation on both normal and abnormal specimens. Reagent-instrumentation systems and procedures were examined. The need for standardization of factor VIII assays is evident from the results of this study.", "contents": "Factor VIII (antihemophilic factor) assay results in the 1976 College of American Pathologists Survey Program. Data from the 1976 CAP Survey for the performance of Factor VII (antihemophilic factor) assays were analyzed. The results indicated an undesirable variation on both normal and abnormal specimens. Reagent-instrumentation systems and procedures were examined. The need for standardization of factor VIII assays is evident from the results of this study.", "PMID": 707422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2844", "title": "An interlaboratory comparison of analyses of clinical specimens.", "content": "A pilot study was conducted to identify some of the benefits and limitations of making interlaboratory comparisons of clinical assays. Sixteen laboratories that participated in a regional quality control program and used similar instrumentation each provided analyses of specimens from three male and three female healthy subjects, 25 male and 25 female clinical subjects, and several control specimens. Analysis of the data revealed that the derived normal ranges agreed well with those provided by the instrument manufacturer, and that for some analytes the laboratories produced comparable clinical assays. The control specimens were found to be indicators of the presence of analytic bias that affected the clinical assays, but they did not always correctly indicate the kind or magnitude of bias. Using pattern recognition technics, it was shown that a laboratory's clinical assays had characteristic distributions that were apparently related to the populations served, as well as to analytic precision. The results demonstrate that useful information may be gleaned from interlaboratory surveys of clinical assays.", "contents": "An interlaboratory comparison of analyses of clinical specimens. A pilot study was conducted to identify some of the benefits and limitations of making interlaboratory comparisons of clinical assays. Sixteen laboratories that participated in a regional quality control program and used similar instrumentation each provided analyses of specimens from three male and three female healthy subjects, 25 male and 25 female clinical subjects, and several control specimens. Analysis of the data revealed that the derived normal ranges agreed well with those provided by the instrument manufacturer, and that for some analytes the laboratories produced comparable clinical assays. The control specimens were found to be indicators of the presence of analytic bias that affected the clinical assays, but they did not always correctly indicate the kind or magnitude of bias. Using pattern recognition technics, it was shown that a laboratory's clinical assays had characteristic distributions that were apparently related to the populations served, as well as to analytic precision. The results demonstrate that useful information may be gleaned from interlaboratory surveys of clinical assays.", "PMID": 707424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2845", "title": "An innovative method for the determination of normal values in hematology using peer group laboratories.", "content": "The author describes a proposed innovative method for the determination of normal values in hematology in which a large number of laboratories participating in the CAP proficiency testing program submit results of a previously performed, complete blood count. These data are compared with those derived from more formal studies of normal values. The advantages of this system, if validated, include its inexpensive simplicity and the possibility of determining normal values for relatively uncommon groups of patients such as neonates, infants, and small children.", "contents": "An innovative method for the determination of normal values in hematology using peer group laboratories. The author describes a proposed innovative method for the determination of normal values in hematology in which a large number of laboratories participating in the CAP proficiency testing program submit results of a previously performed, complete blood count. These data are compared with those derived from more formal studies of normal values. The advantages of this system, if validated, include its inexpensive simplicity and the possibility of determining normal values for relatively uncommon groups of patients such as neonates, infants, and small children.", "PMID": 707425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2846", "title": "Use of survey-validated reference materials (survey serum) to establish target values of quality control pools.", "content": "Specimens used in the College of American Pathologists Survey Programs are sometimes manufactured in excess of Survey needs, and these excess specimens are made available to Survey participants after a survey is completed. These survey-validated reference materials (SVRM's) are a valuable resource to the clinical laboratory field. SVRM's are continually renewed, have a range of analyte concentrations, have reliable target values assigned for more than 20 analytes, and for all methods that are in common use. The materials are useful for assigning appropriate target values to other serum materials used by laboratories, for investigating the accuracy of a laboratory's analytic procedures, and as trouble-shooting aids. The wide availability of SVRM's offers a new opportunity for improving the analytic reliability of quantitative clinical assays.", "contents": "Use of survey-validated reference materials (survey serum) to establish target values of quality control pools. Specimens used in the College of American Pathologists Survey Programs are sometimes manufactured in excess of Survey needs, and these excess specimens are made available to Survey participants after a survey is completed. These survey-validated reference materials (SVRM's) are a valuable resource to the clinical laboratory field. SVRM's are continually renewed, have a range of analyte concentrations, have reliable target values assigned for more than 20 analytes, and for all methods that are in common use. The materials are useful for assigning appropriate target values to other serum materials used by laboratories, for investigating the accuracy of a laboratory's analytic procedures, and as trouble-shooting aids. The wide availability of SVRM's offers a new opportunity for improving the analytic reliability of quantitative clinical assays.", "PMID": 707426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2847", "title": "Proposed classification of clinical laboratory methods.", "content": "A Task Force appointed by the College of American Pathologists studied the key elements that may affect a laboratory result, including the types of reagents, manufacturers of detection equipment, blanking procedures, calibrators, diluting and dispensing devices, and sample preparation. A field trial was conducted using cholesterol assay as the pilot study. Participants completed a lengthy questionnaire that requested information regarding the key elements used in the cholesterol assay. This report presents the preliminary findings of the field trial. Examples are shown to illustrate how obtaining additional information about how the laboratory test was performed led to identification of subtle differences in test results.", "contents": "Proposed classification of clinical laboratory methods. A Task Force appointed by the College of American Pathologists studied the key elements that may affect a laboratory result, including the types of reagents, manufacturers of detection equipment, blanking procedures, calibrators, diluting and dispensing devices, and sample preparation. A field trial was conducted using cholesterol assay as the pilot study. Participants completed a lengthy questionnaire that requested information regarding the key elements used in the cholesterol assay. This report presents the preliminary findings of the field trial. Examples are shown to illustrate how obtaining additional information about how the laboratory test was performed led to identification of subtle differences in test results.", "PMID": 707427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2848", "title": "Leukemic myelomatosis (plasma cell leukemia).", "content": "Six cases of leukemic myelomatosis (plasma cell leukemia), are reported. A spectrum of leukemic plasmacellular proliferation was observed in this group: in two cases the plasmacytic leukemia was a terminal event of multiple myeloma, in one of a chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and in the remaining three cases the peripheral blood plasmacytosis was a presenting manifestation of an acute immunocytic dyscrasia. The clinical features, frequencies of extraosseous plasmacytic infiltrations, hypercalcemia and Bence Jones proteinuria, and cytomorphologic difficulties in differentiating plasmacytic from chronic lymphocytic leukemia are discussed.", "contents": "Leukemic myelomatosis (plasma cell leukemia). Six cases of leukemic myelomatosis (plasma cell leukemia), are reported. A spectrum of leukemic plasmacellular proliferation was observed in this group: in two cases the plasmacytic leukemia was a terminal event of multiple myeloma, in one of a chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and in the remaining three cases the peripheral blood plasmacytosis was a presenting manifestation of an acute immunocytic dyscrasia. The clinical features, frequencies of extraosseous plasmacytic infiltrations, hypercalcemia and Bence Jones proteinuria, and cytomorphologic difficulties in differentiating plasmacytic from chronic lymphocytic leukemia are discussed.", "PMID": 707428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2849", "title": "Diagnostic problems involved in detection of metastatic neoplasms by bone-marrow aspirate compared with needle biopsy.", "content": "Diagnostic problems involved in detection of metastatic neoplasms by bone-marrow aspirate compared with needle biopsy. Am J Clin Pathol 70: 623--627, 1978. Comparison of a large series of bone marrow aspirations with simultaneously performed Jamshidi needle biopsies showed 75% correlation between the two procedures for detection of metastatic neoplasms. In cases where the two methods disagreed, false-negative aspirations resulting from perineoplastic desmoplasia was the usual reason for the discrepancy. Cytologic criteria for the evaluation of suspected neoplastic cells in aspirate preparations are discussed.", "contents": "Diagnostic problems involved in detection of metastatic neoplasms by bone-marrow aspirate compared with needle biopsy. Diagnostic problems involved in detection of metastatic neoplasms by bone-marrow aspirate compared with needle biopsy. Am J Clin Pathol 70: 623--627, 1978. Comparison of a large series of bone marrow aspirations with simultaneously performed Jamshidi needle biopsies showed 75% correlation between the two procedures for detection of metastatic neoplasms. In cases where the two methods disagreed, false-negative aspirations resulting from perineoplastic desmoplasia was the usual reason for the discrepancy. Cytologic criteria for the evaluation of suspected neoplastic cells in aspirate preparations are discussed.", "PMID": 707429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2850", "title": "Platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine storage in the carcinoid syndrome.", "content": "The uptake and storage of 5-hydroxytryptamine by human platelets from normal donors and patients with the carcinoid syndrome are reported. When platelets were incubated in the presence of 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine (50 microM), an initial phase of rapid uptake was observed until 5-hydroxytryptamine levels of 1--2 microgram/10(9) cells were reached. Further accumulation occurred more slowly. Electron microscopic autoradiography of cells after 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake for 60 minutes revealed that in platelets from normal donors most of the label was localized in membranes (52%), alpha granules (27%), and cytoplasm (4%). Dense bodies were associated with 18% of the silver grains. Similar membrane (50%) and alpha-granule (27%) labeling was found with platelets from patients with carcinoid syndrome. However, more cytoplasmic labeling (10%) and less dense-body labeling (11%) were found with these cells. The results support a hypothesis of two or more sites for storage of 5-hydroxytryptamine in mammalian platelets and suggest that minimal exchange between cytoplasmic and dense-body amines occurs in carcinoid platelets.", "contents": "Platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine storage in the carcinoid syndrome. The uptake and storage of 5-hydroxytryptamine by human platelets from normal donors and patients with the carcinoid syndrome are reported. When platelets were incubated in the presence of 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine (50 microM), an initial phase of rapid uptake was observed until 5-hydroxytryptamine levels of 1--2 microgram/10(9) cells were reached. Further accumulation occurred more slowly. Electron microscopic autoradiography of cells after 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake for 60 minutes revealed that in platelets from normal donors most of the label was localized in membranes (52%), alpha granules (27%), and cytoplasm (4%). Dense bodies were associated with 18% of the silver grains. Similar membrane (50%) and alpha-granule (27%) labeling was found with platelets from patients with carcinoid syndrome. However, more cytoplasmic labeling (10%) and less dense-body labeling (11%) were found with these cells. The results support a hypothesis of two or more sites for storage of 5-hydroxytryptamine in mammalian platelets and suggest that minimal exchange between cytoplasmic and dense-body amines occurs in carcinoid platelets.", "PMID": 707430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2851", "title": "The diagnostic significance of a prolonged erythrocytic glycerol lysis time (GLT50).", "content": "The predictive value of a prolonged glycerol lysis time (GLT50) was assessed by analysis of case records of 100 consecutive subjects with values greater than 73 seconds (normal = 26--73 seconds) reported by the clinical laboratory of The New York Hospital. There were 72 cases of hemoglobinopathy: 65 thalassemia trait, four sickle-thalassemia, and one each of Hb D-thalassemia, sickle-C disease, and sickle-cell anemia. Nine of the remaining subjects had iron-deficiency anemia, three had chronic renal disease, and seven had miscellaneous disorders. Four subjects were apparently normal, and in five cases there was insufficient information for a diagnosis. Of 78 patients who had both a prolonged GLT50 and microcytosis, 67 (86%) had thalassemia trait and seven (9%) had iron-deficiency anemia. In 74 patients with GLT50 greater than 100 seconds, thalassemia trait was found 16 times as often as uncomplicated iron-deficiency anemia. All 31 subjects with GLT50 greater than 180 seconds had hemoglobinopahy. A prolonged GLT50 strongly suggests thalassemia trait, especially when greater than 100 seconds or associated with microcytosis.", "contents": "The diagnostic significance of a prolonged erythrocytic glycerol lysis time (GLT50). The predictive value of a prolonged glycerol lysis time (GLT50) was assessed by analysis of case records of 100 consecutive subjects with values greater than 73 seconds (normal = 26--73 seconds) reported by the clinical laboratory of The New York Hospital. There were 72 cases of hemoglobinopathy: 65 thalassemia trait, four sickle-thalassemia, and one each of Hb D-thalassemia, sickle-C disease, and sickle-cell anemia. Nine of the remaining subjects had iron-deficiency anemia, three had chronic renal disease, and seven had miscellaneous disorders. Four subjects were apparently normal, and in five cases there was insufficient information for a diagnosis. Of 78 patients who had both a prolonged GLT50 and microcytosis, 67 (86%) had thalassemia trait and seven (9%) had iron-deficiency anemia. In 74 patients with GLT50 greater than 100 seconds, thalassemia trait was found 16 times as often as uncomplicated iron-deficiency anemia. All 31 subjects with GLT50 greater than 180 seconds had hemoglobinopahy. A prolonged GLT50 strongly suggests thalassemia trait, especially when greater than 100 seconds or associated with microcytosis.", "PMID": 707432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2852", "title": "An evaluation of four automated coagulation instruments.", "content": "Four automated coagulation instruments were evaluated for performance of prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT): the Dade Auto-Fi, General Diagnostics Dual Channel Coag-a-Mate, MLA Electra 600D, and Sherwood Lancer Coagulyzer. Statistical comparisons showed only minor differences among values determined with these instruments. Reproducibilities of duplicate prothrombin times and APTTs were equivalent on all machines except the Coag-a-Mate; the problem here was in the alignment of the two channels, and should be correctable. Differences exist in the costs, technician acceptance, computer interfacing, and normal values on these instruments. The MLA instrument has the lowest purchase price, followed by the Sherwood and then the General Diagnostics instruments. These three instruments have comparable costs for disposable supplies. The Dade has a substantially higher purchase price and higher costs of disposable supplies. The Sherwood and MLA had the best technician acceptance. All instruments except the Coag-a-Mate can be easily interfaced to a computer. The Dade instrument gave longer coagulation times than the other three instruments when General Diagnostics reagents were used.", "contents": "An evaluation of four automated coagulation instruments. Four automated coagulation instruments were evaluated for performance of prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT): the Dade Auto-Fi, General Diagnostics Dual Channel Coag-a-Mate, MLA Electra 600D, and Sherwood Lancer Coagulyzer. Statistical comparisons showed only minor differences among values determined with these instruments. Reproducibilities of duplicate prothrombin times and APTTs were equivalent on all machines except the Coag-a-Mate; the problem here was in the alignment of the two channels, and should be correctable. Differences exist in the costs, technician acceptance, computer interfacing, and normal values on these instruments. The MLA instrument has the lowest purchase price, followed by the Sherwood and then the General Diagnostics instruments. These three instruments have comparable costs for disposable supplies. The Dade has a substantially higher purchase price and higher costs of disposable supplies. The Sherwood and MLA had the best technician acceptance. All instruments except the Coag-a-Mate can be easily interfaced to a computer. The Dade instrument gave longer coagulation times than the other three instruments when General Diagnostics reagents were used.", "PMID": 707433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2853", "title": "Estrogen receptor assay of carcinomas of the breast by a simplified dextran--charcoal method.", "content": "Carcinomas of the breast from 352 women were assayed for binding of tritiated estradiol by tumor cytosol with dextran--charcoal adsorption, saturation analysis, and two-point Scatchard plots; the level of saturable binding defined a cytosol as positive or negative for estrogen receptor. Valid assays were obtained on specimens as small as 120 mg. Assays of replicate samples of a cytosol were more reproducible than assays of replicate samples of the tumor itself. Occasional disparity of results between a primary mammary carcinoma and its axillary metastases could be related to differences in tumor cellularity. Saturable binding consistent with the presence of estrogen receptor was found in 59% of 305 primary carcinomas and in 57% of 47 metastatic or recurrent carcinomas. There was a significant negative correlation between the patient's age and saturable estrogen binding in the tumor. Serum estradiol levels of less than 250 pg/ml appeared to have a negligible effect on estrogen receptor content. A small subgroup of high-binding carcinomas had high dissociation constants, but the significance of this observation is not clear.", "contents": "Estrogen receptor assay of carcinomas of the breast by a simplified dextran--charcoal method. Carcinomas of the breast from 352 women were assayed for binding of tritiated estradiol by tumor cytosol with dextran--charcoal adsorption, saturation analysis, and two-point Scatchard plots; the level of saturable binding defined a cytosol as positive or negative for estrogen receptor. Valid assays were obtained on specimens as small as 120 mg. Assays of replicate samples of a cytosol were more reproducible than assays of replicate samples of the tumor itself. Occasional disparity of results between a primary mammary carcinoma and its axillary metastases could be related to differences in tumor cellularity. Saturable binding consistent with the presence of estrogen receptor was found in 59% of 305 primary carcinomas and in 57% of 47 metastatic or recurrent carcinomas. There was a significant negative correlation between the patient's age and saturable estrogen binding in the tumor. Serum estradiol levels of less than 250 pg/ml appeared to have a negligible effect on estrogen receptor content. A small subgroup of high-binding carcinomas had high dissociation constants, but the significance of this observation is not clear.", "PMID": 707434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2854", "title": "Ristocetin precipitation test: a new simple test for detection of fibrin monomer and fibrin degradation products.", "content": "The ristocetin precipitation test was designed as a simplified test to detect fibrin monomers and fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products (FPD/fdp). The ristocetin precipitation test is positive in plasma samples containing either fibrin monomer (greater than 5--10 microgram/ml) or early fdp (greater than 50--100 microgram/ml). The ristocetin precipitation test is negative in plasma with fibrinogen concentrations to 1,000 mg/dl or fibrinogen degradation products FDP) and late fdp to 400 microgram/ml. The ristocetin precipitation test is positive in plasmas collected from rabbits after the infusion of thrombin (2.7 u/kg) or thrombin and streptokinase (10,000 u/kg); the test is negative in plasmas from animals treated with streptokinase or saline solution alone. The ristocetin precipitation test is negative in normal human plasmas and plasmas from patients who have primary firbinogenolysis, but positive in plasmas from patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation. These results suggest that the restocetin precipitation test can be a useful test for the detection of plasma fibrin monomers and early fdp.", "contents": "Ristocetin precipitation test: a new simple test for detection of fibrin monomer and fibrin degradation products. The ristocetin precipitation test was designed as a simplified test to detect fibrin monomers and fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products (FPD/fdp). The ristocetin precipitation test is positive in plasma samples containing either fibrin monomer (greater than 5--10 microgram/ml) or early fdp (greater than 50--100 microgram/ml). The ristocetin precipitation test is negative in plasma with fibrinogen concentrations to 1,000 mg/dl or fibrinogen degradation products FDP) and late fdp to 400 microgram/ml. The ristocetin precipitation test is positive in plasmas collected from rabbits after the infusion of thrombin (2.7 u/kg) or thrombin and streptokinase (10,000 u/kg); the test is negative in plasmas from animals treated with streptokinase or saline solution alone. The ristocetin precipitation test is negative in normal human plasmas and plasmas from patients who have primary firbinogenolysis, but positive in plasmas from patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation. These results suggest that the restocetin precipitation test can be a useful test for the detection of plasma fibrin monomers and early fdp.", "PMID": 707435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2855", "title": "Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma with \"chordoid\" features (chordoid sarcoma).", "content": "The light and electron microscopic features of a so-called chordoid sarcoma arising in the area of the gastrocolic ligament are described and illustrated. Despite the tumor's histologic resemblance to chordoma, the ultrastructural markers are those of chondroid rather than chordoid neoplasms. These are well-developed, vesciular granular endoplasmic reticulum, intracytoplasmic glycogen, lipid bodies, and a collagen-poor extracellular matrix with electron-dense granules, presumably representing chondroitin sulfate. Similar submicroscopic alterations have been observed in extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcomas. Because of the distinctive morphologic appearance of this peculiar lesion, the term \"myxoid chondrosarcoma with chordoid features\" is suggested to reconcile histologic and ultrastructural features and histogenesis.", "contents": "Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma with \"chordoid\" features (chordoid sarcoma). The light and electron microscopic features of a so-called chordoid sarcoma arising in the area of the gastrocolic ligament are described and illustrated. Despite the tumor's histologic resemblance to chordoma, the ultrastructural markers are those of chondroid rather than chordoid neoplasms. These are well-developed, vesciular granular endoplasmic reticulum, intracytoplasmic glycogen, lipid bodies, and a collagen-poor extracellular matrix with electron-dense granules, presumably representing chondroitin sulfate. Similar submicroscopic alterations have been observed in extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcomas. Because of the distinctive morphologic appearance of this peculiar lesion, the term \"myxoid chondrosarcoma with chordoid features\" is suggested to reconcile histologic and ultrastructural features and histogenesis.", "PMID": 707436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2856", "title": "Myeloid metaplasia and osteolytic lesions.", "content": "The case of a patient with myelofibrosis and painful osteolytic lesions is described. Biopsy of the involved bone demonstrated myeloid proliferation. Foci of myeloid metaplasia may occasionally result in clinical disability, with bone pain and rarefaction. Myeloid metaplasia should be considered when these symptoms and signs occur in the setting of myelofibrosis. The role of radiation therapy as a palliative maneuver remains uncertain.", "contents": "Myeloid metaplasia and osteolytic lesions. The case of a patient with myelofibrosis and painful osteolytic lesions is described. Biopsy of the involved bone demonstrated myeloid proliferation. Foci of myeloid metaplasia may occasionally result in clinical disability, with bone pain and rarefaction. Myeloid metaplasia should be considered when these symptoms and signs occur in the setting of myelofibrosis. The role of radiation therapy as a palliative maneuver remains uncertain.", "PMID": 707437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2857", "title": "Bilateral ovarian endometriosis associated with carcinosarcoma of the right ovary and endometrioid carcinoma of the left ovary.", "content": "The case of a 44-year-old woman wih bilateral ovarian malignancies in association with endometriosis is presented. A carcinosarcoma was present in the right ovary, and a well-differentiated endometrioid carcinoma in the left ovary. This case is, to the authors' knowledge, unique.", "contents": "Bilateral ovarian endometriosis associated with carcinosarcoma of the right ovary and endometrioid carcinoma of the left ovary. The case of a 44-year-old woman wih bilateral ovarian malignancies in association with endometriosis is presented. A carcinosarcoma was present in the right ovary, and a well-differentiated endometrioid carcinoma in the left ovary. This case is, to the authors' knowledge, unique.", "PMID": 707438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2858", "title": "Community perspectives on deviance: some factors in the definition of alcohol abuse.", "content": "This paper examines how alcohol abuse is \"\"defined'' by the social milieu within which it occurs, according to the three conceptual dimensions of (a) the perceived prospects for change, (b) perceived personal control, and (c) attributions concerning the causes of alcohol problems. Respondents from three socioeconomically different communities made similarity ratings between all possible pairings of 13 stimulus items (78 in all). These items reflected four types of drinker, and the three conceptual dimensions. Multidimensional scalings and an analysis of variance demonstrated substantial community differences, such that the lower socioeconomic status respondents had a more complex and more clearly articulated view of alcohol abuse than did the upper status respondents. Further, these communities differed in their perceptions of the internal or external origins of alcohol problems. Shared features of these communities' view of alcohol abuse included a basic normal vs. problem drinker distinction, as well as a distinction between alcoholics and ex-alcoholics according to the amount of personal control they were seen as having.", "contents": "Community perspectives on deviance: some factors in the definition of alcohol abuse. This paper examines how alcohol abuse is \"\"defined'' by the social milieu within which it occurs, according to the three conceptual dimensions of (a) the perceived prospects for change, (b) perceived personal control, and (c) attributions concerning the causes of alcohol problems. Respondents from three socioeconomically different communities made similarity ratings between all possible pairings of 13 stimulus items (78 in all). These items reflected four types of drinker, and the three conceptual dimensions. Multidimensional scalings and an analysis of variance demonstrated substantial community differences, such that the lower socioeconomic status respondents had a more complex and more clearly articulated view of alcohol abuse than did the upper status respondents. Further, these communities differed in their perceptions of the internal or external origins of alcohol problems. Shared features of these communities' view of alcohol abuse included a basic normal vs. problem drinker distinction, as well as a distinction between alcoholics and ex-alcoholics according to the amount of personal control they were seen as having.", "PMID": 707440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2859", "title": "Efficacy of a group crisis-counseling program for men who accompany women seeking abortions.", "content": "This study investigated the effect of a group crisis-counseling session on the anxiety level and attitudes of males who accompanied women seeking legal abortions. Twenty-three companion males participated in one 2-hour counseling session. Each session was comprised of three to seven men. Twenty-three other men, who served as control subjects, remained in the waiting room of the abortion clinic and did not participate in a counseling session. All subjects completed the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and four other attitudinal measures based on the semantic differential. These were filled out by all subjects when they first arrived at the clinic and again approximately 2 hours later. Results from both the STAI and the other attitudinal measures indicated that State anxiety (A-State) decreased and attitudes towards abortion concepts generally were more positive for men in the group which received crisis counseling.", "contents": "Efficacy of a group crisis-counseling program for men who accompany women seeking abortions. This study investigated the effect of a group crisis-counseling session on the anxiety level and attitudes of males who accompanied women seeking legal abortions. Twenty-three companion males participated in one 2-hour counseling session. Each session was comprised of three to seven men. Twenty-three other men, who served as control subjects, remained in the waiting room of the abortion clinic and did not participate in a counseling session. All subjects completed the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and four other attitudinal measures based on the semantic differential. These were filled out by all subjects when they first arrived at the clinic and again approximately 2 hours later. Results from both the STAI and the other attitudinal measures indicated that State anxiety (A-State) decreased and attitudes towards abortion concepts generally were more positive for men in the group which received crisis counseling.", "PMID": 707441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2860", "title": "Referral to a school mental health project: a screening note.", "content": "The screening efficiency of two measures of school-adjustment is considered by assessing the proportion of children referred to a school mental health program whose scores fall at or above the 85th centile on one or both measures. The study's findings demonstrate that 60-90% of referred children were identifiable by a screening cutoff score procedure. The implications for using a cutoff score approach in selecting children for the intervention are discussed.", "contents": "Referral to a school mental health project: a screening note. The screening efficiency of two measures of school-adjustment is considered by assessing the proportion of children referred to a school mental health program whose scores fall at or above the 85th centile on one or both measures. The study's findings demonstrate that 60-90% of referred children were identifiable by a screening cutoff score procedure. The implications for using a cutoff score approach in selecting children for the intervention are discussed.", "PMID": 707442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2861", "title": "Social activism and psychiatrists in community mental health centers.", "content": "A sample of psychiatrists (n = 72) working in 20 community mental health centers (CMHCs) representative of the organizational and catchment area characteristics of operating Centers were queried as part of a larger study (n = 595) of community mental health worker roles. It was found that psychiatrists were like other staff in perceived organizational expectations of social activism but were significantly lower in perceived personal/professional role activism and role discrepancy. Unlike other staff, psychiatrists' levels of activism and discrepancy were unaffected by personal characteristics or organizational and catchment area characteristics of the CMHCs. It was concluded that the psychiatrists' unwillingness to assume any but the most modest community activist stances may hinder the development of the CMHC movement.", "contents": "Social activism and psychiatrists in community mental health centers. A sample of psychiatrists (n = 72) working in 20 community mental health centers (CMHCs) representative of the organizational and catchment area characteristics of operating Centers were queried as part of a larger study (n = 595) of community mental health worker roles. It was found that psychiatrists were like other staff in perceived organizational expectations of social activism but were significantly lower in perceived personal/professional role activism and role discrepancy. Unlike other staff, psychiatrists' levels of activism and discrepancy were unaffected by personal characteristics or organizational and catchment area characteristics of the CMHCs. It was concluded that the psychiatrists' unwillingness to assume any but the most modest community activist stances may hinder the development of the CMHC movement.", "PMID": 707443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2862", "title": "Perspectives on the training experiences and the training needs of community psychologists.", "content": "The present study examined the attitudes and perspectives of Division 27 (Community Psychology) members toward training roles and issues. Surveys sent to Division members focused upon: (a) background and demographic data; (b) past and present academic and employment characteristics; (c) relevance of community psychology to present employment; (d) community psychology relevance as an area of training; and (e) roles and functions which are perceived as essential to community psychology. Results indicate that the membership perceives human service topics (social planning and community change) as more important than traditional direct service aspects. The significance of the emphasis on broader social system activities is discussed in relationship to the predominantly clinical academic background of Division members.", "contents": "Perspectives on the training experiences and the training needs of community psychologists. The present study examined the attitudes and perspectives of Division 27 (Community Psychology) members toward training roles and issues. Surveys sent to Division members focused upon: (a) background and demographic data; (b) past and present academic and employment characteristics; (c) relevance of community psychology to present employment; (d) community psychology relevance as an area of training; and (e) roles and functions which are perceived as essential to community psychology. Results indicate that the membership perceives human service topics (social planning and community change) as more important than traditional direct service aspects. The significance of the emphasis on broader social system activities is discussed in relationship to the predominantly clinical academic background of Division members.", "PMID": 707444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2863", "title": "Goal Attainment Scaling: an effective treatment technique in short-term therapy.", "content": "The present study compares the outcome of short-term therapy for clients who established thearpy goals with their therapists and clients with whom no formalized goal setting occurred. When compared to control clients, clients receiving Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) had significantly (a) more positive outcomes as measured by posttests of anxiety, self-esteem, and depression; (b) higher ratings of their own motivation to change; and (c) higher ratings of their own change as a result of therapy. Therapists perceived their GAS clients to have changed more as a result of therpy but not to have been more motivated to change than their control clients.", "contents": "Goal Attainment Scaling: an effective treatment technique in short-term therapy. The present study compares the outcome of short-term therapy for clients who established thearpy goals with their therapists and clients with whom no formalized goal setting occurred. When compared to control clients, clients receiving Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) had significantly (a) more positive outcomes as measured by posttests of anxiety, self-esteem, and depression; (b) higher ratings of their own motivation to change; and (c) higher ratings of their own change as a result of therapy. Therapists perceived their GAS clients to have changed more as a result of therpy but not to have been more motivated to change than their control clients.", "PMID": 707445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2864", "title": "The effects of consultation style on consultee productivity.", "content": "This study examined the effectiveness of three different consultation styles adapted from Bindman's typology. Consultees were nurses on eight wards in a state hospital for the retarded, who were assigned to Expert, Resource, and Process consultation groups plus a no-treatment control. Data on the number of new programs independently initiated by consultees were collected during a 6-week base line, 12-week consultation, and 6-week follow-up period. Results showed a general increase in number of programs initiated during the second half of the consultation period, with trends established there continued through the follow-up. Degree of change was directly related to the style of consultation: the Expert role proved no better than the control condition; the Resource and Process roles generated significant consultee activity, with the Process model generating the most programs in both experimental and follow-up periods.", "contents": "The effects of consultation style on consultee productivity. This study examined the effectiveness of three different consultation styles adapted from Bindman's typology. Consultees were nurses on eight wards in a state hospital for the retarded, who were assigned to Expert, Resource, and Process consultation groups plus a no-treatment control. Data on the number of new programs independently initiated by consultees were collected during a 6-week base line, 12-week consultation, and 6-week follow-up period. Results showed a general increase in number of programs initiated during the second half of the consultation period, with trends established there continued through the follow-up. Degree of change was directly related to the style of consultation: the Expert role proved no better than the control condition; the Resource and Process roles generated significant consultee activity, with the Process model generating the most programs in both experimental and follow-up periods.", "PMID": 707446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2865", "title": "A method of evaluating the impact of services at a comprehensive community mental health center.", "content": "Efforts of one community mental health center to develop a system of program evaluation designed to meet criteria mandated by recent Federal legislation are described. This approach represents a comprehensive evaluation system with the capability of objectively assessing: (a) patterns of utilization of services, (b) satisfaction with services as well as the availability, accessibility, and acceptability of services, and (c) the quality of direct mental health services as measured by attainment of individualized treatment goals. A rationale for the development of this system as well as a description of the modifications and automatization of the procedure are included. Initial results are presented which pertain to 2,900 goals written for 1,250 clients receiving treatment within five of the Center's direct service elements.", "contents": "A method of evaluating the impact of services at a comprehensive community mental health center. Efforts of one community mental health center to develop a system of program evaluation designed to meet criteria mandated by recent Federal legislation are described. This approach represents a comprehensive evaluation system with the capability of objectively assessing: (a) patterns of utilization of services, (b) satisfaction with services as well as the availability, accessibility, and acceptability of services, and (c) the quality of direct mental health services as measured by attainment of individualized treatment goals. A rationale for the development of this system as well as a description of the modifications and automatization of the procedure are included. Initial results are presented which pertain to 2,900 goals written for 1,250 clients receiving treatment within five of the Center's direct service elements.", "PMID": 707447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2866", "title": "Migrating electrical spike activity in the fasting human small intestine.", "content": "The purpose of the present investigation was to describe characteristics of migrating electrical phenomena in the human small intestine. A specially designed probe with several bipolar electrodes was placed in the upper small intestine of 5 normal, fasting volunteers for continuous registration of electrical spike potentials. A migrating myoelectric complex was observed resembling observations made previously in animal experiments. The active phase consisted of regular spike potentials propagating distally at a mean velocity of 12 cm/min, and a duration of about 5 min. In addition a \"peristaltic rush\" was observed consisting of spike potentials with a high amplitude, propagating distally at a mean velocity of 2 cm/sec and a duration of about 5 sec.", "contents": "Migrating electrical spike activity in the fasting human small intestine. The purpose of the present investigation was to describe characteristics of migrating electrical phenomena in the human small intestine. A specially designed probe with several bipolar electrodes was placed in the upper small intestine of 5 normal, fasting volunteers for continuous registration of electrical spike potentials. A migrating myoelectric complex was observed resembling observations made previously in animal experiments. The active phase consisted of regular spike potentials propagating distally at a mean velocity of 12 cm/min, and a duration of about 5 min. In addition a \"peristaltic rush\" was observed consisting of spike potentials with a high amplitude, propagating distally at a mean velocity of 2 cm/sec and a duration of about 5 sec.", "PMID": 707448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2867", "title": "Somatostatin inhibits motilin-induced interdigestive contractile activity in the dog.", "content": "The interaction between motilin and somatostatin on gastrointestinal motor activity was studied in fasted, unanesthetized dogs. Contractions of the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were recorded with extraluminal strain gage force transducers. Motilin initiated a pattern of contractile activity which closely resembled phase III of the interdigestive motor complex. Somatostatin delayed the onset of the motilin response and reduced motor activity in the stomach and the jejunum. During somatstatin infusion the motilin-induced contractile pattern did not migrate to the jejunum. The cycle of natural interdigestive motor complexes was also interrupted by somatostatin. Somatostatin alters natural and motilin-induced interdigestive migrating motor complexes of the canine gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Somatostatin inhibits motilin-induced interdigestive contractile activity in the dog. The interaction between motilin and somatostatin on gastrointestinal motor activity was studied in fasted, unanesthetized dogs. Contractions of the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were recorded with extraluminal strain gage force transducers. Motilin initiated a pattern of contractile activity which closely resembled phase III of the interdigestive motor complex. Somatostatin delayed the onset of the motilin response and reduced motor activity in the stomach and the jejunum. During somatstatin infusion the motilin-induced contractile pattern did not migrate to the jejunum. The cycle of natural interdigestive motor complexes was also interrupted by somatostatin. Somatostatin alters natural and motilin-induced interdigestive migrating motor complexes of the canine gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 707449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2868", "title": "Esophageal prosthesis in cancer.", "content": "We describe the use of polyvinyl esophageal prosthetic tubes to treat 14 consecutive patients with malignant strictures and tracheoesophageal fistula from carcinoma of the esophagus. We found these prosthetic tubes easy to construct, simple to insert, and that their use improved the quality of remaining life in most patients by diminishing dysphagia and incessant coughing from pulmonary aspiration.", "contents": "Esophageal prosthesis in cancer. We describe the use of polyvinyl esophageal prosthetic tubes to treat 14 consecutive patients with malignant strictures and tracheoesophageal fistula from carcinoma of the esophagus. We found these prosthetic tubes easy to construct, simple to insert, and that their use improved the quality of remaining life in most patients by diminishing dysphagia and incessant coughing from pulmonary aspiration.", "PMID": 707451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2869", "title": "Small-intestinal mucosa in pseudoobstruction syndromes.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to determine the frequency and severity of small intestinal mucosal damage in pseudoobstruction syndromes. One hundred eighty-nine interpretable biopsies from 12 patients were blindly reviewed by two investigators. The underlying disorders were scleroderma in 7 and idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction in 5. All 12 had small-intestinal dilatation on small-bowel series. Eight of the 12 patients had biopsies characterized by moderate to severe mucosal damage; 3 of these had some biopsies which were flat. The damage did not correlate with: (1) types and numbers of organisms recovered from small intestinal aspirates; (2) duration of illness; (3) degree of dilatation of the proximal small bowel; (4) concentrations of deconjugated bile salts in small intestinal fluid; or (5) amount of fat absorbed in fat-balance studies. We conclude that mucosal damage is common in pseudoobstruction syndromes. The pathogenesis of the damage and its relationship to intraluminal bacteria remain undefined.", "contents": "Small-intestinal mucosa in pseudoobstruction syndromes. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the frequency and severity of small intestinal mucosal damage in pseudoobstruction syndromes. One hundred eighty-nine interpretable biopsies from 12 patients were blindly reviewed by two investigators. The underlying disorders were scleroderma in 7 and idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction in 5. All 12 had small-intestinal dilatation on small-bowel series. Eight of the 12 patients had biopsies characterized by moderate to severe mucosal damage; 3 of these had some biopsies which were flat. The damage did not correlate with: (1) types and numbers of organisms recovered from small intestinal aspirates; (2) duration of illness; (3) degree of dilatation of the proximal small bowel; (4) concentrations of deconjugated bile salts in small intestinal fluid; or (5) amount of fat absorbed in fat-balance studies. We conclude that mucosal damage is common in pseudoobstruction syndromes. The pathogenesis of the damage and its relationship to intraluminal bacteria remain undefined.", "PMID": 707453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2870", "title": "Oral cholecystography in chronic renal insufficiency.", "content": "Thirty-two patients with chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) had oral cholecystography. Eleven of 15 patients (73%) with moderately advanced renal impairment had diagnostically inadequate single-dose cholecystograms. In contrast, all 11 patients on chronic hemodialysis had diagnostically opacified gallbladders following a single dose of contrast. Six other patients had biliary disease, either calculi (5 patients) or neoplasia (1 patient). These data suggest that CRI diminishes the likelihood of diagnostic gallbladder opacification, even in the absence of gallbladder disease, and that if the metabolic consequences of CRI are controlled by dialysis, the chances of diagnostic opacification are significantly improved (P less than 0.005). As oral cholecystography may not only result in inadequate opacification, but also carry the potential of renal toxicity, abdominal ultrasound should prove a safer and possibly more effective alternative in such patients.", "contents": "Oral cholecystography in chronic renal insufficiency. Thirty-two patients with chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) had oral cholecystography. Eleven of 15 patients (73%) with moderately advanced renal impairment had diagnostically inadequate single-dose cholecystograms. In contrast, all 11 patients on chronic hemodialysis had diagnostically opacified gallbladders following a single dose of contrast. Six other patients had biliary disease, either calculi (5 patients) or neoplasia (1 patient). These data suggest that CRI diminishes the likelihood of diagnostic gallbladder opacification, even in the absence of gallbladder disease, and that if the metabolic consequences of CRI are controlled by dialysis, the chances of diagnostic opacification are significantly improved (P less than 0.005). As oral cholecystography may not only result in inadequate opacification, but also carry the potential of renal toxicity, abdominal ultrasound should prove a safer and possibly more effective alternative in such patients.", "PMID": 707454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2871", "title": "Percutaneous transperitoneal aspiration biopsy of pancreatic masses.", "content": "Percutaneous fine-needle aspiration biopsy of pancreatic masses was performed in 34 patients. Biopsies were performed with a 22 or 23-gage, spinal-type needle under fluoroscopic guidance. Correct results were obtained in 73% of the patients including 21 patients with pancreatic carcinoma. No complications occurred. The primary indication for aspiration biopsy was to document the presence of malignancy and avoid a diagnostic laparotomy in patients considered to be unresectable.", "contents": "Percutaneous transperitoneal aspiration biopsy of pancreatic masses. Percutaneous fine-needle aspiration biopsy of pancreatic masses was performed in 34 patients. Biopsies were performed with a 22 or 23-gage, spinal-type needle under fluoroscopic guidance. Correct results were obtained in 73% of the patients including 21 patients with pancreatic carcinoma. No complications occurred. The primary indication for aspiration biopsy was to document the presence of malignancy and avoid a diagnostic laparotomy in patients considered to be unresectable.", "PMID": 707455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2872", "title": "Proteins of ascitic fluid in constrictive pericarditis.", "content": "A patient with chronic calcific pericarditis, hepatic congestion, and fibrosis had massive ascites with a protein concentration of 5.1 g/100 ml. This fluid was in all likelihood largely derived from hepatic interstitial fluid. The ascites-serum concentration ratio for several protein species and molecular exclusion chromatography of these fluids suggested two processes may be involved in the transfer of protein from serum to ascites, namely bulk transfer of all species and molecular sieving.", "contents": "Proteins of ascitic fluid in constrictive pericarditis. A patient with chronic calcific pericarditis, hepatic congestion, and fibrosis had massive ascites with a protein concentration of 5.1 g/100 ml. This fluid was in all likelihood largely derived from hepatic interstitial fluid. The ascites-serum concentration ratio for several protein species and molecular exclusion chromatography of these fluids suggested two processes may be involved in the transfer of protein from serum to ascites, namely bulk transfer of all species and molecular sieving.", "PMID": 707456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2873", "title": "Crohn's disease in Barrett's esophagus.", "content": "A patient with regional ileitis (Crohn's disease) developed a benign esophageal stricture. He had no history of heartburn or other symptoms of reflux esophagitis. The diagnosis of Crohn's disease was suspected but could not be proved preoperatively. The surgically resected esophagus showed the gross and microscopic features of Crohn's disease. Barrett's esophageal mucosa was also found in the resected esophagus. Postoperatively, the patient developed a fistula at the esophagogastrostomy site. Crohn's esophagitis has been reported in 15 patients but none had Barrett's esophagus. We believe our patient reported here is the first case with Crohn's disease and Barrett's esophagus.", "contents": "Crohn's disease in Barrett's esophagus. A patient with regional ileitis (Crohn's disease) developed a benign esophageal stricture. He had no history of heartburn or other symptoms of reflux esophagitis. The diagnosis of Crohn's disease was suspected but could not be proved preoperatively. The surgically resected esophagus showed the gross and microscopic features of Crohn's disease. Barrett's esophageal mucosa was also found in the resected esophagus. Postoperatively, the patient developed a fistula at the esophagogastrostomy site. Crohn's esophagitis has been reported in 15 patients but none had Barrett's esophagus. We believe our patient reported here is the first case with Crohn's disease and Barrett's esophagus.", "PMID": 707459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2874", "title": "Cardiovascular responses to upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.", "content": "Continuous Holter monitoring and serial blood pressure recordings were obtained during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy on 51 unselected patients, 18 with cardiovascular disease. Sedation with intravenous diazepam produced a small but significant fall (P is less than .001) in blood pressure, heart rate and rate-pressure product. During endoscopy, the blood pressure rose only to base line levels but the heart rate and rate-pressure product went significantly higher (P is less than .001). Nine subjects (fice with pre-existing cardiovascular disease, four normal) exhibited electrocardiographic changes, including supraventricular arrhythmias, ventricular ectopy and significant ST segment depression. None of the patients had bradycardia or significant vagal symptomatology. The difference in incidence of abnormalities between the normal patients (4/33) and those with cardiovascular disease (5/18) was not statistically significant (P = 0.3). Endoscopy can be safely performed even in patients with cardiovascular diseasebut attention to the reduction of cardiac stress would further increase its safety.", "contents": "Cardiovascular responses to upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Continuous Holter monitoring and serial blood pressure recordings were obtained during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy on 51 unselected patients, 18 with cardiovascular disease. Sedation with intravenous diazepam produced a small but significant fall (P is less than .001) in blood pressure, heart rate and rate-pressure product. During endoscopy, the blood pressure rose only to base line levels but the heart rate and rate-pressure product went significantly higher (P is less than .001). Nine subjects (fice with pre-existing cardiovascular disease, four normal) exhibited electrocardiographic changes, including supraventricular arrhythmias, ventricular ectopy and significant ST segment depression. None of the patients had bradycardia or significant vagal symptomatology. The difference in incidence of abnormalities between the normal patients (4/33) and those with cardiovascular disease (5/18) was not statistically significant (P = 0.3). Endoscopy can be safely performed even in patients with cardiovascular diseasebut attention to the reduction of cardiac stress would further increase its safety.", "PMID": 707460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2875", "title": "Adrenergic influences on the gallbladder emptying.", "content": "Dihydroergotamine (dhe) (or phentolamine), an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, induced important changes on the CCK-stimulated gallbladder emptying of 70 volunteer subjects. Two cholecystograms were performed with 10-day intervals in each subject. The first cholecystogram showed gallbladder emptying provoked by a test meal (35 subjects or by 0.5 U. CCK Kg. injected intravenously (35 subjects). During the second cholecystogram 1 mg. of DHE was injected intramuscularly 45 minutes befor the cholecystokinetic stimulus. The drug counteracted the gallbladder emptying induced by both endogenous and exogenous CCK. The effect was more pronounced when DHE was administered prior to the test meal stimulus than before CCK administration. This difference could be explained by a delayed gastric emptying induced by the alpha-adrenergic blockade. Our results suggest that the lack of gallbladder emptying could be due to the relaxation of this organ, in addition to a duodenal spasticity induced by DHE (or phentolamine).", "contents": "Adrenergic influences on the gallbladder emptying. Dihydroergotamine (dhe) (or phentolamine), an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, induced important changes on the CCK-stimulated gallbladder emptying of 70 volunteer subjects. Two cholecystograms were performed with 10-day intervals in each subject. The first cholecystogram showed gallbladder emptying provoked by a test meal (35 subjects or by 0.5 U. CCK Kg. injected intravenously (35 subjects). During the second cholecystogram 1 mg. of DHE was injected intramuscularly 45 minutes befor the cholecystokinetic stimulus. The drug counteracted the gallbladder emptying induced by both endogenous and exogenous CCK. The effect was more pronounced when DHE was administered prior to the test meal stimulus than before CCK administration. This difference could be explained by a delayed gastric emptying induced by the alpha-adrenergic blockade. Our results suggest that the lack of gallbladder emptying could be due to the relaxation of this organ, in addition to a duodenal spasticity induced by DHE (or phentolamine).", "PMID": 707461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2876", "title": "Rapid diagnosis of obstructive jaundice due to pancreatic abscess with pancreaticobiliary fistula.", "content": "A case of pancreatic abscess with pancreaticobiliary fistula manifesting as obstructive jaundice of occult etiology is presented. Diagnosis was made preoperatively by skinny needle percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. In addition, a communication between the biliary tree and the pancreatic abscess cavity was demonstrated in the absence of previous biliary surgery or primary biliary tract disease. We feel this is the procedure of choice for emergency visualization of the biliary tree in a jaundiced patient where a surgically approachable lesion is suspected.", "contents": "Rapid diagnosis of obstructive jaundice due to pancreatic abscess with pancreaticobiliary fistula. A case of pancreatic abscess with pancreaticobiliary fistula manifesting as obstructive jaundice of occult etiology is presented. Diagnosis was made preoperatively by skinny needle percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. In addition, a communication between the biliary tree and the pancreatic abscess cavity was demonstrated in the absence of previous biliary surgery or primary biliary tract disease. We feel this is the procedure of choice for emergency visualization of the biliary tree in a jaundiced patient where a surgically approachable lesion is suspected.", "PMID": 707462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2877", "title": "Pancreatic excretion test and barrier hypothesis in progression of chronic pancreatitis.", "content": "Simultaneous data of the pancreozymin-secretin test and the pancreatic excretion test with 5,5-dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione DMO) were reported for 50 patients with chronic pancreatitis. The pancreozymin-secretin test was abnormal in 90% of the patients, while the pancreatic DMO excretion test showed abnormality in 100% of the patients. The dynamic process of pancreatic excretory dysfunction is discussed. Over 60% of patients with low to moderate grade chronic pancreatitis showed a discordant pattern of decreased DMO output with normal bicarbonate concentration or normal volume flow. Approximately 96% of patients with advanced grade chronic pancreatitis had a excretory pattern of decreased DMO output with low bicarbonate concentration and decreased volume flow. These findings may further develop a barrier hypothesis in chronic pancreatitis. In the early stage of chronic pancreatitis, when functional capacity of the duct is preserved fairly well, the extraductal barrier to the rapid DMO diffusion into the ducts (diffusion barrier) may be primarily responsible for impaired pancreatic DMO excretion. With progression of chronic pancreatitis, the intraductal barrier (outflow barrier) may become pronounced and precipitate pancreatic excretory dysfunction for DMO. The concept of pancreatic barriers may well serve to systematize major histologic alterations observed in chronic pancreatitis.", "contents": "Pancreatic excretion test and barrier hypothesis in progression of chronic pancreatitis. Simultaneous data of the pancreozymin-secretin test and the pancreatic excretion test with 5,5-dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione DMO) were reported for 50 patients with chronic pancreatitis. The pancreozymin-secretin test was abnormal in 90% of the patients, while the pancreatic DMO excretion test showed abnormality in 100% of the patients. The dynamic process of pancreatic excretory dysfunction is discussed. Over 60% of patients with low to moderate grade chronic pancreatitis showed a discordant pattern of decreased DMO output with normal bicarbonate concentration or normal volume flow. Approximately 96% of patients with advanced grade chronic pancreatitis had a excretory pattern of decreased DMO output with low bicarbonate concentration and decreased volume flow. These findings may further develop a barrier hypothesis in chronic pancreatitis. In the early stage of chronic pancreatitis, when functional capacity of the duct is preserved fairly well, the extraductal barrier to the rapid DMO diffusion into the ducts (diffusion barrier) may be primarily responsible for impaired pancreatic DMO excretion. With progression of chronic pancreatitis, the intraductal barrier (outflow barrier) may become pronounced and precipitate pancreatic excretory dysfunction for DMO. The concept of pancreatic barriers may well serve to systematize major histologic alterations observed in chronic pancreatitis.", "PMID": 707463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2878", "title": "Inhibition of ethionine pancreatitis in the rabbit by DL-BETA-3 thienylalanine pretreatment.", "content": "Beta-3 thienylalanine, an inhibitor of zymogen formation, was studied in the experimental model of ethionine pancreatitis in the rabbit. Beta-3TA pretreated and nonpretreated rabbits were given ethionine for six days and controls were given chow only. Animals were killed and serum amylase values determined. Pancreatic tissue was studied by light and electron microscopy. Beta-3TA pretreated rabbits on ethionine showed normal amylase values, while those receiving only ethionine showed high values. Microscopic examination showed severe pancreatitis in the nonpretreated group but only mild vacuolization of cells in the Beta-3TA pretreated animals. Electron microscopy demonstrated integrity of rough endoplasmic reticulum in pretreated animals and severe distortion of cytoplasmic organelles in nonpretreated animals.", "contents": "Inhibition of ethionine pancreatitis in the rabbit by DL-BETA-3 thienylalanine pretreatment. Beta-3 thienylalanine, an inhibitor of zymogen formation, was studied in the experimental model of ethionine pancreatitis in the rabbit. Beta-3TA pretreated and nonpretreated rabbits were given ethionine for six days and controls were given chow only. Animals were killed and serum amylase values determined. Pancreatic tissue was studied by light and electron microscopy. Beta-3TA pretreated rabbits on ethionine showed normal amylase values, while those receiving only ethionine showed high values. Microscopic examination showed severe pancreatitis in the nonpretreated group but only mild vacuolization of cells in the Beta-3TA pretreated animals. Electron microscopy demonstrated integrity of rough endoplasmic reticulum in pretreated animals and severe distortion of cytoplasmic organelles in nonpretreated animals.", "PMID": 707464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2879", "title": "Spontaneous umbilical hernia rupture: a report of three cases.", "content": "Three cases of spontaneous umbilical hernia rupture in patients with alcoholic liver disease and ascites are reported. Eighteen cases have been previously reported in the literature. These 21 cases are reviewed in an attempt to determine precipitating events, prognostic factors, complications, and the results of therapy. All patients had significant ascites prior to umbilical rupture. Ulceration of the umbilicus prior to rupture was common (81%). The subsequent presence of peritonitis, hypotension, renal failure, gastrointestinal hemorrhage or hepatic coma was associated with significant mortality (80%). All patients with a serum albumin above 2.4 gm./dl. survived. There were no survivors in those patients who did not receive surgical treatment. Based upon the outcome of these 21 patients optimal treatment of this disorder would seem to be early surgical repair of the umbilical hernia, appropriate fluid and electrolyte replacement, antiobiotics and measures to reduce intraabdominal pressure.", "contents": "Spontaneous umbilical hernia rupture: a report of three cases. Three cases of spontaneous umbilical hernia rupture in patients with alcoholic liver disease and ascites are reported. Eighteen cases have been previously reported in the literature. These 21 cases are reviewed in an attempt to determine precipitating events, prognostic factors, complications, and the results of therapy. All patients had significant ascites prior to umbilical rupture. Ulceration of the umbilicus prior to rupture was common (81%). The subsequent presence of peritonitis, hypotension, renal failure, gastrointestinal hemorrhage or hepatic coma was associated with significant mortality (80%). All patients with a serum albumin above 2.4 gm./dl. survived. There were no survivors in those patients who did not receive surgical treatment. Based upon the outcome of these 21 patients optimal treatment of this disorder would seem to be early surgical repair of the umbilical hernia, appropriate fluid and electrolyte replacement, antiobiotics and measures to reduce intraabdominal pressure.", "PMID": 707465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2880", "title": "Vagotogenic cholecystitis.", "content": "Truncal vagotomy provokes acute cholecystitis in the stone-containing gallbladder of dogs. An apparently similar sequence has been fortuitously observed in three patients. These circumstances suggest that where cholelithiasis is encountered in a clinical situation in which truncal vagotomy is performed, cholecystectomy or stone removal and cholecystostomy be done as a synchronous adjunctive procedure.", "contents": "Vagotogenic cholecystitis. Truncal vagotomy provokes acute cholecystitis in the stone-containing gallbladder of dogs. An apparently similar sequence has been fortuitously observed in three patients. These circumstances suggest that where cholelithiasis is encountered in a clinical situation in which truncal vagotomy is performed, cholecystectomy or stone removal and cholecystostomy be done as a synchronous adjunctive procedure.", "PMID": 707468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2881", "title": "Incidence rates and risk factors of benign breast neoplasms.", "content": "A case-control study of benign breast disease was conducted in Greater Boston in 1968-1969. Cases were nearly all women living in the reference population who were initially diagnosed as having fibrocystic disease, fibroadenoma or a \"mixed\" lesion during the study period. Controls were a random sample of the entire reference population. A mail questionnaire was completed for 678 cases and for 1807 controls. For fibrocystic disease the age-standardized incidence rate was 89.4 per 100,000 woman-years; for fibroadenoma it was 32.8. Fibrocystic disease rises in incidence to age 45 and then declines sharply. The incidence rate of fibroadenoma peaks during the 20's, while that of mixed tumors has a mode at 30 to 34. Among young women, the highest rates occur in married nulliparae, but this is not so at higher ages. Neither for fibroadenoma nor fibrocystic disease was there a consistent relationship of risk with parity or with age at first birth. Fibrocystic disease risk was strongly and directly related to age at natural menopause, directly but not strongly related to an index of socioeconomic status, and was increased among women who gave a history of arthritis. Both fibrocystic disease and fibroadenoma were much less frequent in more obese women. Neither fibrocystic disease nor fibroadenoma has an epidemiologic pattern which corresponds closely to that of breast cancer. Therefore, it seems reasonable to suggest that the apparent increased risk of breast cancer among women with benign breast disease is concentrated within a subset of these women.", "contents": "Incidence rates and risk factors of benign breast neoplasms. A case-control study of benign breast disease was conducted in Greater Boston in 1968-1969. Cases were nearly all women living in the reference population who were initially diagnosed as having fibrocystic disease, fibroadenoma or a \"mixed\" lesion during the study period. Controls were a random sample of the entire reference population. A mail questionnaire was completed for 678 cases and for 1807 controls. For fibrocystic disease the age-standardized incidence rate was 89.4 per 100,000 woman-years; for fibroadenoma it was 32.8. Fibrocystic disease rises in incidence to age 45 and then declines sharply. The incidence rate of fibroadenoma peaks during the 20's, while that of mixed tumors has a mode at 30 to 34. Among young women, the highest rates occur in married nulliparae, but this is not so at higher ages. Neither for fibroadenoma nor fibrocystic disease was there a consistent relationship of risk with parity or with age at first birth. Fibrocystic disease risk was strongly and directly related to age at natural menopause, directly but not strongly related to an index of socioeconomic status, and was increased among women who gave a history of arthritis. Both fibrocystic disease and fibroadenoma were much less frequent in more obese women. Neither fibrocystic disease nor fibroadenoma has an epidemiologic pattern which corresponds closely to that of breast cancer. Therefore, it seems reasonable to suggest that the apparent increased risk of breast cancer among women with benign breast disease is concentrated within a subset of these women.", "PMID": 707472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2882", "title": "Occurrence of cirrhosis and primary liver cancer in an Eskimo population hyperendemically infected with hepatitis B virus.", "content": "Hepatitis type B is hyperendemic in Greenland with serologic evidence of infection in 54% of adults and a hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carrier rate of 7--25%. The impact of this infection rate on the occurrence of cirrhosis and primary liver cancer (PLC) was studied. Mortality rates for cirrhosis were obtained from official mortality statistics, 1951--1975. PLC was identified by a study of all biopsy and necropsy material taken in the study area during the same period. Neither cirrhosis nor PLC was found to be a more prevalent cause of death in this population than in Northern Europe where hepatitis B is at least 10-fold less prevalent. It is concluded that hepatitis B infection per se does not contribute significantly to the development of cirrhosis or to PLC, at least in the Eskimo population of Greenland.", "contents": "Occurrence of cirrhosis and primary liver cancer in an Eskimo population hyperendemically infected with hepatitis B virus. Hepatitis type B is hyperendemic in Greenland with serologic evidence of infection in 54% of adults and a hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carrier rate of 7--25%. The impact of this infection rate on the occurrence of cirrhosis and primary liver cancer (PLC) was studied. Mortality rates for cirrhosis were obtained from official mortality statistics, 1951--1975. PLC was identified by a study of all biopsy and necropsy material taken in the study area during the same period. Neither cirrhosis nor PLC was found to be a more prevalent cause of death in this population than in Northern Europe where hepatitis B is at least 10-fold less prevalent. It is concluded that hepatitis B infection per se does not contribute significantly to the development of cirrhosis or to PLC, at least in the Eskimo population of Greenland.", "PMID": 707473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2883", "title": "Cohort study of venereal disease. I: the risk of gonorrhea transmission from infected women to men.", "content": "Reliable data on the risk of transmission of N. gonorrhoeae would enhance our understanding of the importance of host defenses against gonorrhea and would aid in the evaluation of prophylactic measures. This paper examines the risk of transmission of gonorrhea from infected female to male and the role that variables such as race, prophylaxis and amount of exposure play in the development of gonococcal urethritis. Volunteer crew members of a large naval vessel were followed prospectively as a cohort to study their risk of acquiring gonococcal infection during a four-day liberty period in the Far East. At the same time the prevalence of N. gonorrhoeae was determined in a population of females to whom the sailors were exposed. The calculated risk of transmission per exposure with an infected partner was .19 for whites and .53 for blacks. A statistically significant relationship was noted between the risk of transmission of gonorrhea and both the number of partners and the frequency of sexual intercourse. Further, the increasing infection rate with increasing numbers of exposures in men who had a single sex partner suggests that the majority of men are in fact susceptible to gonorrhea if the quantity of exposure is sufficient.", "contents": "Cohort study of venereal disease. I: the risk of gonorrhea transmission from infected women to men. Reliable data on the risk of transmission of N. gonorrhoeae would enhance our understanding of the importance of host defenses against gonorrhea and would aid in the evaluation of prophylactic measures. This paper examines the risk of transmission of gonorrhea from infected female to male and the role that variables such as race, prophylaxis and amount of exposure play in the development of gonococcal urethritis. Volunteer crew members of a large naval vessel were followed prospectively as a cohort to study their risk of acquiring gonococcal infection during a four-day liberty period in the Far East. At the same time the prevalence of N. gonorrhoeae was determined in a population of females to whom the sailors were exposed. The calculated risk of transmission per exposure with an infected partner was .19 for whites and .53 for blacks. A statistically significant relationship was noted between the risk of transmission of gonorrhea and both the number of partners and the frequency of sexual intercourse. Further, the increasing infection rate with increasing numbers of exposures in men who had a single sex partner suggests that the majority of men are in fact susceptible to gonorrhea if the quantity of exposure is sufficient.", "PMID": 707474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2884", "title": "Antitoxin responses in the elderly to tetanus-diphtheria (TD) immunization.", "content": "A high per centage of reported cases of tetanus and diphtheria in the United States occurs in persons over 60 years old. The sera of 69 elderly persons, mean age 80 years, were tested for prevalence of tetanus and diphtheria antibodies, and only 51% and 59%, respectively, had protective levels (greater than or equal to .01 AU/ml). In a prospective study 27 elderly volunteers were given 0.5 ml tetanus-diphtheria (Td) toxoid twice, seven months apart. Before toxoid 26% and 59% of persons had protective antitoxin levels against tetanus and diphtheria. After one dose the per cent protected rose to 42 and 88. After the second dose all persons immunized had protective levels. No subjects had significant side effects after either dose. These data demonstrate that many elderly persons lack protection against tetanus and diphtheria and document that two doses of Td toxoid would confer immunity to virtually all such persons.", "contents": "Antitoxin responses in the elderly to tetanus-diphtheria (TD) immunization. A high per centage of reported cases of tetanus and diphtheria in the United States occurs in persons over 60 years old. The sera of 69 elderly persons, mean age 80 years, were tested for prevalence of tetanus and diphtheria antibodies, and only 51% and 59%, respectively, had protective levels (greater than or equal to .01 AU/ml). In a prospective study 27 elderly volunteers were given 0.5 ml tetanus-diphtheria (Td) toxoid twice, seven months apart. Before toxoid 26% and 59% of persons had protective antitoxin levels against tetanus and diphtheria. After one dose the per cent protected rose to 42 and 88. After the second dose all persons immunized had protective levels. No subjects had significant side effects after either dose. These data demonstrate that many elderly persons lack protection against tetanus and diphtheria and document that two doses of Td toxoid would confer immunity to virtually all such persons.", "PMID": 707475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2885", "title": "Botulism type B: epidemiologic aspects of an extensive outbreak.", "content": "Between March 31 and April 6, 1977, 59 individuals developed type B botulism. All ill persons had eaten at the same Mexican restaurant and all had consumed a hot sauce made with improperly home-canned jalapeno peppers, either by adding it to their food, or by eating a nacho that had had hot sauce used in its preparation. There was a highly significant association between illness and consumption of hot sauce when a comparison was made between ill persons and well controls: 4% of all restaurant patrons eating at the restaurant during the outbreak period became ill with botulism; however, approximately two-thirds of those actually exposed to the toxic hot sauce became ill. Disease severity was statistically correlated with incubation periods. No differences in disease severity were found between persons of different age groups. The full clinical spectrum (mild symptomatology with neurologic findings through life-threatening ventilatory paralysis) of type B botulism was documented.", "contents": "Botulism type B: epidemiologic aspects of an extensive outbreak. Between March 31 and April 6, 1977, 59 individuals developed type B botulism. All ill persons had eaten at the same Mexican restaurant and all had consumed a hot sauce made with improperly home-canned jalapeno peppers, either by adding it to their food, or by eating a nacho that had had hot sauce used in its preparation. There was a highly significant association between illness and consumption of hot sauce when a comparison was made between ill persons and well controls: 4% of all restaurant patrons eating at the restaurant during the outbreak period became ill with botulism; however, approximately two-thirds of those actually exposed to the toxic hot sauce became ill. Disease severity was statistically correlated with incubation periods. No differences in disease severity were found between persons of different age groups. The full clinical spectrum (mild symptomatology with neurologic findings through life-threatening ventilatory paralysis) of type B botulism was documented.", "PMID": 707476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2886", "title": "Physical activity as an index of heart attack risk in college alumni.", "content": "Risk of first heart attack was found to be related inversely to energy expenditure reported by 16,936 Harvard male alumni, aged 35-74 years, of whom 572 experienced heart attacks in 117,680 person-years of followup. Stairs climbed, blocks walked, strenuous sports played, and a composite physical activity index all opposed risk. Men with index below 2000 kilocalories per week were at 64% higher risk than classmates with higher index. Adult exercise was independent of other influences on heart attack risk, and peak exertion as strenuous sports play enhanced the effect of total energy expenditure. Notably, alumni physical activity supplanted student athleticism assessed in college 16-50 years earlier. If it is postulated that varsity athlete status implies selective cardiovascular fitness, such selection alone is insufficient to explain lower heart attack risk in later adult years. Ex-varsity athletes retained lower risk only if they maintained a high physical activity index as alumni.", "contents": "Physical activity as an index of heart attack risk in college alumni. Risk of first heart attack was found to be related inversely to energy expenditure reported by 16,936 Harvard male alumni, aged 35-74 years, of whom 572 experienced heart attacks in 117,680 person-years of followup. Stairs climbed, blocks walked, strenuous sports played, and a composite physical activity index all opposed risk. Men with index below 2000 kilocalories per week were at 64% higher risk than classmates with higher index. Adult exercise was independent of other influences on heart attack risk, and peak exertion as strenuous sports play enhanced the effect of total energy expenditure. Notably, alumni physical activity supplanted student athleticism assessed in college 16-50 years earlier. If it is postulated that varsity athlete status implies selective cardiovascular fitness, such selection alone is insufficient to explain lower heart attack risk in later adult years. Ex-varsity athletes retained lower risk only if they maintained a high physical activity index as alumni.", "PMID": 707484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2887", "title": "Follow-up of vasectomy using medical record linkage.", "content": "The authors report the findings from an on-going of 1764 vasectomized men followed up by means of the Scottish medical record linkage system for a total of 4500 man-years after operation. The authors view the results so far as reassuring regarding the safety of vasectomy, although the mean length of follow-up (2.6 years) is still short. The study will continue. Some features of this method of follow-up are described and discussed.", "contents": "Follow-up of vasectomy using medical record linkage. The authors report the findings from an on-going of 1764 vasectomized men followed up by means of the Scottish medical record linkage system for a total of 4500 man-years after operation. The authors view the results so far as reassuring regarding the safety of vasectomy, although the mean length of follow-up (2.6 years) is still short. The study will continue. Some features of this method of follow-up are described and discussed.", "PMID": 707485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2888", "title": "Cardiorespiratory disease mortality among British and Norwegian migrants to the United States.", "content": "Mortality rates for coronary heart disease (CHD), chronic non-specific lung disease (CNSLD), and lung cancer for ages 45-74 years were studied for British and Norwegian migrants to the U.S. and for sample of U.S. native-born. The observed order for CHD and lung cancer was as anticipated, with native-born experiencing the highest CHD rate, British migrants the highest lung cancer rate, and, in each instance, Norwegian migrants experiencing the lowest rates. For CNSLD, contrary to national comparisons, the British migrant rates were about equal to the U.S. native-born although Norwegian migrant rates were lowest, as expected. Migrants who were younger than 15 years of age at migration experienced the highest CHD mortality levels, but a decreasing gradient in mortality level with increasing age at migration did not materialize. Due to inherent limitations in the data, results for CNSLD and lung cancer mortality levels with respect to age at migration remain uncertain. Data on cigarette smoking status indicated substantial excess mortality for cigarette smokers compared to non-smokers and occasional smokers for all groups studied.", "contents": "Cardiorespiratory disease mortality among British and Norwegian migrants to the United States. Mortality rates for coronary heart disease (CHD), chronic non-specific lung disease (CNSLD), and lung cancer for ages 45-74 years were studied for British and Norwegian migrants to the U.S. and for sample of U.S. native-born. The observed order for CHD and lung cancer was as anticipated, with native-born experiencing the highest CHD rate, British migrants the highest lung cancer rate, and, in each instance, Norwegian migrants experiencing the lowest rates. For CNSLD, contrary to national comparisons, the British migrant rates were about equal to the U.S. native-born although Norwegian migrant rates were lowest, as expected. Migrants who were younger than 15 years of age at migration experienced the highest CHD mortality levels, but a decreasing gradient in mortality level with increasing age at migration did not materialize. Due to inherent limitations in the data, results for CNSLD and lung cancer mortality levels with respect to age at migration remain uncertain. Data on cigarette smoking status indicated substantial excess mortality for cigarette smokers compared to non-smokers and occasional smokers for all groups studied.", "PMID": 707486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2889", "title": "The relationship between alcohol, liver disease, and testicular pathology.", "content": "Impotence, infertility and feminization have been frequently reported among male cirrhotic patients. Previous studies have suggested that liver disease was the basis of these effects. Recent clinical and laboratory experimental studies have suggested that alcohol consumption may have a direct effect on both testosterone metabolism and spermatogenesis. The effect may be mediated through the central nervous system or directly on the testes. The present study compared the pathology in the liver and testes and the estimated alcohol consumption among men who had died suddenly from a variety of causes. Of 137 men studied, 20(14%) had moderate to severe decrease in spermatogenesis. Only 9 of 19 with decreased spermatogenesis also had severe or very severe fatty infiltration of the liver. However, 17 of 19 were classified as heavy alcohol drinkers and 14 were estimated to consume at least 417 gm of alcohol per week. Finally, the alcohol history was reviewed in relation to liver and testicular pathology. Only a weak association between the liver and testes pathology was noted.", "contents": "The relationship between alcohol, liver disease, and testicular pathology. Impotence, infertility and feminization have been frequently reported among male cirrhotic patients. Previous studies have suggested that liver disease was the basis of these effects. Recent clinical and laboratory experimental studies have suggested that alcohol consumption may have a direct effect on both testosterone metabolism and spermatogenesis. The effect may be mediated through the central nervous system or directly on the testes. The present study compared the pathology in the liver and testes and the estimated alcohol consumption among men who had died suddenly from a variety of causes. Of 137 men studied, 20(14%) had moderate to severe decrease in spermatogenesis. Only 9 of 19 with decreased spermatogenesis also had severe or very severe fatty infiltration of the liver. However, 17 of 19 were classified as heavy alcohol drinkers and 14 were estimated to consume at least 417 gm of alcohol per week. Finally, the alcohol history was reviewed in relation to liver and testicular pathology. Only a weak association between the liver and testes pathology was noted.", "PMID": 707487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2890", "title": "Assessment of surveillance and vital statistics data for monitoring abortion mortality, United States, 1972-1975.", "content": "To assess the usefulness of vital statistics and surveillance for monitoring abortion mortality, the authors compared data from two systems of classification: 1) deaths classified according to the underlying cause by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) under the International Classification of Disease, Adapted (ICDA) code numbers 640-645 (abortion) for 1972-1975; and 2) abortion-related deaths reported to the Center for Disease Control (CDC) through its epidemiologic surveillance of abortion mortality for the same years. Vital statistics classifications dealing with the underlying cause of death are based on criteria defined by ICDA guidelines applied to all available information listed on death certificates, and exclude some deaths classified as abortion-related by CDC. Surveillance classifications are based on broader criteria developed by CDC for expanded data gathered by individual case investigation. Results showed that the surveillance techniques had identified more deaths as abortion-related and had resolved more cases into the specific abortion categories of legal, illegal, and spontaneous than vital statistics tabulations based on death certificates. The authors estimate that the surveillance system alone reported 88% of all abortion-related deaths, the vital statistics system 52%, and the two systems combined a total of 94%. Inadequate physician documentation on the death certificate was the primary reason vital statistics data contained a smaller number of reported abortion deaths than surveillance data.", "contents": "Assessment of surveillance and vital statistics data for monitoring abortion mortality, United States, 1972-1975. To assess the usefulness of vital statistics and surveillance for monitoring abortion mortality, the authors compared data from two systems of classification: 1) deaths classified according to the underlying cause by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) under the International Classification of Disease, Adapted (ICDA) code numbers 640-645 (abortion) for 1972-1975; and 2) abortion-related deaths reported to the Center for Disease Control (CDC) through its epidemiologic surveillance of abortion mortality for the same years. Vital statistics classifications dealing with the underlying cause of death are based on criteria defined by ICDA guidelines applied to all available information listed on death certificates, and exclude some deaths classified as abortion-related by CDC. Surveillance classifications are based on broader criteria developed by CDC for expanded data gathered by individual case investigation. Results showed that the surveillance techniques had identified more deaths as abortion-related and had resolved more cases into the specific abortion categories of legal, illegal, and spontaneous than vital statistics tabulations based on death certificates. The authors estimate that the surveillance system alone reported 88% of all abortion-related deaths, the vital statistics system 52%, and the two systems combined a total of 94%. Inadequate physician documentation on the death certificate was the primary reason vital statistics data contained a smaller number of reported abortion deaths than surveillance data.", "PMID": 707488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2891", "title": "The role of nationwide nosocomial infection surveillance in detecting epidemic bacteremia due to contaminated intravenous fluids.", "content": "Since January, 1970, the Center for Disease Control (CDC) has corridnated surveillance of nosocomial infections in a group of voluntarily cooperating hispitals in the United States. In 1970, this surveillance system failed to realize one of its major goals: detection of a nationwide epidemic of septicemia caused by contaminated intravenous products. However, retrospective review of infections reported to CDC revealed that the data received were sufficient for the outbreak to have been recognized. Beginning in July, 1970, one month after the contaminated products were first distributed and five months before the outbreak was actually detected. CDC data showed a persistent increase in the incidence of Enterobacter and Erwinia (presently designated Enterobacter agglomerans) bacteremia. Furthermore, monthly rates of cases of bacteremia caused by these organisms were higher in hospitals using the contaminated intravenous products than for hospitals not using them. Failure to detect this outbreak at the time of its occurrence was due to delays in data processing and insufficiently sophisticated data analysis. Based on this experience, CDC has modified the surveillance system to aid recognition of future outbreaks.", "contents": "The role of nationwide nosocomial infection surveillance in detecting epidemic bacteremia due to contaminated intravenous fluids. Since January, 1970, the Center for Disease Control (CDC) has corridnated surveillance of nosocomial infections in a group of voluntarily cooperating hispitals in the United States. In 1970, this surveillance system failed to realize one of its major goals: detection of a nationwide epidemic of septicemia caused by contaminated intravenous products. However, retrospective review of infections reported to CDC revealed that the data received were sufficient for the outbreak to have been recognized. Beginning in July, 1970, one month after the contaminated products were first distributed and five months before the outbreak was actually detected. CDC data showed a persistent increase in the incidence of Enterobacter and Erwinia (presently designated Enterobacter agglomerans) bacteremia. Furthermore, monthly rates of cases of bacteremia caused by these organisms were higher in hospitals using the contaminated intravenous products than for hospitals not using them. Failure to detect this outbreak at the time of its occurrence was due to delays in data processing and insufficiently sophisticated data analysis. Based on this experience, CDC has modified the surveillance system to aid recognition of future outbreaks.", "PMID": 707489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2892", "title": "Estimating exposure-specific disease rates from case-control studies using Bayes' theorem.", "content": "The methods used for selecting subjects yield three types of case-control studies: 1) incident cases are compared to non-cases chosen to be representative of the exposure distribution among the person-years which produced the cases. In this type of study the exposure-odds ratio equals the incidence density ratio; 2) incident cases are compared to residual non-cases at the end of the risk period (exposure-odds ratio = cumulative incidence-odds ratio); 3) prevalent cases are compared to non-cases (exposure-odds ratio = prevalence odds ratio). In study type 1 the equivalence of odds ratio to rate ratio requires no \"rare disease assumption;\" this permits estimation of exposure-specific illness rates when the overall rate is known. In study types 2 and 3 the exposure-odds ratio equals the corresponding rate ratios only when exposure-specific rates are low. Nonetheless, exposure-specific rates can be calculated without making any rare disease assumption using Bayes' theorem and information on the overall disease rate. A method for obtaining approximate confidence limits around the exposure-specific rates is presented.", "contents": "Estimating exposure-specific disease rates from case-control studies using Bayes' theorem. The methods used for selecting subjects yield three types of case-control studies: 1) incident cases are compared to non-cases chosen to be representative of the exposure distribution among the person-years which produced the cases. In this type of study the exposure-odds ratio equals the incidence density ratio; 2) incident cases are compared to residual non-cases at the end of the risk period (exposure-odds ratio = cumulative incidence-odds ratio); 3) prevalent cases are compared to non-cases (exposure-odds ratio = prevalence odds ratio). In study type 1 the equivalence of odds ratio to rate ratio requires no \"rare disease assumption;\" this permits estimation of exposure-specific illness rates when the overall rate is known. In study types 2 and 3 the exposure-odds ratio equals the corresponding rate ratios only when exposure-specific rates are low. Nonetheless, exposure-specific rates can be calculated without making any rare disease assumption using Bayes' theorem and information on the overall disease rate. A method for obtaining approximate confidence limits around the exposure-specific rates is presented.", "PMID": 707490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2893", "title": "Assuring \"detached but passionate investigation and decision\": the role of guardians ad litem in Saikewicz-type cases.", "content": "The author focuses this Article upon the aspect of the Saikewicz decision which determines that the kind of \"proxy consent\" question involved in that case requires for its decision \"the process of detached but passionate investigation and decision that forms the ideal on which the judicial branch of government was created.\" This aspect of the decision has drawn much criticism from the medical community on the ground that it embroils what doctors believe to be a medical question in the adversarial processes of the court system. The author criticizes the decision from an entirely opposite perspective, arguing that the court's opinion fails in not laying down guidelines that would assure a truly adversary process in Saikewicz-type cases. He agrees with the Saikewicz court that our democratic institutional structure and societal commitment to individual liberty require that persons not competent to consent for themselves to acts of euthanasia be protected by a process of \"detached but passionate investigation and decision.\" However, he points out that this ideal of the court system was not realized in Saikewicz itself and is not likely to be realized in other cases without reform of some of the procedures currently being employed by the courts in \"proxy consent\" cases. Drawing on previous articles that he has written in related areas, he then proposes a set of guidelines that he believes not only will remove existing procedural deficiencies, but also may reform some aspects of the existing system that have drawn criticism from the medical community.", "contents": "Assuring \"detached but passionate investigation and decision\": the role of guardians ad litem in Saikewicz-type cases. The author focuses this Article upon the aspect of the Saikewicz decision which determines that the kind of \"proxy consent\" question involved in that case requires for its decision \"the process of detached but passionate investigation and decision that forms the ideal on which the judicial branch of government was created.\" This aspect of the decision has drawn much criticism from the medical community on the ground that it embroils what doctors believe to be a medical question in the adversarial processes of the court system. The author criticizes the decision from an entirely opposite perspective, arguing that the court's opinion fails in not laying down guidelines that would assure a truly adversary process in Saikewicz-type cases. He agrees with the Saikewicz court that our democratic institutional structure and societal commitment to individual liberty require that persons not competent to consent for themselves to acts of euthanasia be protected by a process of \"detached but passionate investigation and decision.\" However, he points out that this ideal of the court system was not realized in Saikewicz itself and is not likely to be realized in other cases without reform of some of the procedures currently being employed by the courts in \"proxy consent\" cases. Drawing on previous articles that he has written in related areas, he then proposes a set of guidelines that he believes not only will remove existing procedural deficiencies, but also may reform some aspects of the existing system that have drawn criticism from the medical community.", "PMID": 707492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2894", "title": "Park v. Chessin: the continuing judicial development of the theory of \"wrongful life\".", "content": "Park v. Chessin, a recent New York case, marked the first step toward judicial acceptance of the theory of \"wrongful life.\" Wrongful life suits involve a cause of action brought by an infant, against a physician, alleging that the physician's failure to inform the child's parents of the possibility of their bearing a severely defective child was the proximate cause of the infant's birth, and thus resulted in harm to the infant. This Note explores recent legal developments that give precedential support to the development of the theory of wrongful life. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the awarding of monetary damages is an appropriate remedy for the wrongful life plaintiff, and it examines possible methods for measuring those damages. The Note concludes with an analysis of the capability of courts to adjudicate wrongful life suits, and of the possible ramifications of judicial acceptance of the theory of wrongful life.", "contents": "Park v. Chessin: the continuing judicial development of the theory of \"wrongful life\". Park v. Chessin, a recent New York case, marked the first step toward judicial acceptance of the theory of \"wrongful life.\" Wrongful life suits involve a cause of action brought by an infant, against a physician, alleging that the physician's failure to inform the child's parents of the possibility of their bearing a severely defective child was the proximate cause of the infant's birth, and thus resulted in harm to the infant. This Note explores recent legal developments that give precedential support to the development of the theory of wrongful life. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the awarding of monetary damages is an appropriate remedy for the wrongful life plaintiff, and it examines possible methods for measuring those damages. The Note concludes with an analysis of the capability of courts to adjudicate wrongful life suits, and of the possible ramifications of judicial acceptance of the theory of wrongful life.", "PMID": 707493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2895", "title": "Reimbursement for clinical pharmaceutical services.", "content": "Reimbursement for four clinical pharmaceutical services (growth hormone home instruction, patient consultation, patient visit and pharmacokinetic consultation), separate from other drug-related fees, is discussed. Included are descriptions of the clinical services, how they were provided, how charges were determined and documented, and how the proposal was submitted which initiated the charges. During a four-month observation period, from May to August 1977, 27 physicians requested a total of 71 clinical pharmaceutical services. Pharmacy charges generated by these requests totaled $4,492. Patients' and physicians' comments concerning the services have been positive, and pharmacy charges generated continue to average $1,100/month.", "contents": "Reimbursement for clinical pharmaceutical services. Reimbursement for four clinical pharmaceutical services (growth hormone home instruction, patient consultation, patient visit and pharmacokinetic consultation), separate from other drug-related fees, is discussed. Included are descriptions of the clinical services, how they were provided, how charges were determined and documented, and how the proposal was submitted which initiated the charges. During a four-month observation period, from May to August 1977, 27 physicians requested a total of 71 clinical pharmaceutical services. Pharmacy charges generated by these requests totaled $4,492. Patients' and physicians' comments concerning the services have been positive, and pharmacy charges generated continue to average $1,100/month.", "PMID": 707505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2896", "title": "Appropriateness of the use of serum digoxin and digitoxin assays.", "content": "The use of 145 digoxin and digitoxin assays was studied in a teaching hospital to determine if performance of assays was appropriate and therapeutically beneficial. Patient charts (121) were randomly selected from a list of all patients for whom digoxin or digitoxin assays were performed. Charts were compared with established criteria to determine whether the assay was indicated and performed correctly and whether dosage was adjusted correctly based on assay results. Of the assays reviewed, 49% were performed for irrational indications; 86% were performed appropriately under steady-state conditions; and 96% used serum samples appropriately drawn more than six hours after administration of the last digitalis glycoside dose. Of the assays performed at appropriate times in relation to dose and at steady-state plasma concentrations (120), 31 should have and 89 should not have resulted in a dosage change. Of the latter, 98% were evaluated correctly. Of the former, 36% were not evaluated correctly (i.e., indicated dosage adjustments were not made). Control of the use of digitalis glycoside assays is needed. Pharmacists should become involved in monitoring drug assays to assure appropriateness of assay request, interpretation and follow-up.", "contents": "Appropriateness of the use of serum digoxin and digitoxin assays. The use of 145 digoxin and digitoxin assays was studied in a teaching hospital to determine if performance of assays was appropriate and therapeutically beneficial. Patient charts (121) were randomly selected from a list of all patients for whom digoxin or digitoxin assays were performed. Charts were compared with established criteria to determine whether the assay was indicated and performed correctly and whether dosage was adjusted correctly based on assay results. Of the assays reviewed, 49% were performed for irrational indications; 86% were performed appropriately under steady-state conditions; and 96% used serum samples appropriately drawn more than six hours after administration of the last digitalis glycoside dose. Of the assays performed at appropriate times in relation to dose and at steady-state plasma concentrations (120), 31 should have and 89 should not have resulted in a dosage change. Of the latter, 98% were evaluated correctly. Of the former, 36% were not evaluated correctly (i.e., indicated dosage adjustments were not made). Control of the use of digitalis glycoside assays is needed. Pharmacists should become involved in monitoring drug assays to assure appropriateness of assay request, interpretation and follow-up.", "PMID": 707506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2897", "title": "Bid purchasing of pharmaceuticals.", "content": "The effects of bid purchasing of drug products by hospitals and the factors to consider in bid purchasing of pharmaceuticals are reviewed; further, the prices available with bid purchasing to a specific hospital in 1974 and 1977 are presented. Factors important for a successful bid purchasing system of pharmaceuticals are: (1) use of a formulary policy, (2) an effective procedure for handling bid purchasing and (3) criteria for evaluation of drug products. Significant differences were found between prices available with and without bid purchasing for 50 nonproprietary drug products in 1974 and for 19 products in 1977. Although monetary savings to hospitals do exist with bid purchasing of pharmaceuticals, the degree of savings is dependent upon the drug usage for that hospital.", "contents": "Bid purchasing of pharmaceuticals. The effects of bid purchasing of drug products by hospitals and the factors to consider in bid purchasing of pharmaceuticals are reviewed; further, the prices available with bid purchasing to a specific hospital in 1974 and 1977 are presented. Factors important for a successful bid purchasing system of pharmaceuticals are: (1) use of a formulary policy, (2) an effective procedure for handling bid purchasing and (3) criteria for evaluation of drug products. Significant differences were found between prices available with and without bid purchasing for 50 nonproprietary drug products in 1974 and for 19 products in 1977. Although monetary savings to hospitals do exist with bid purchasing of pharmaceuticals, the degree of savings is dependent upon the drug usage for that hospital.", "PMID": 707509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2898", "title": "Use of a pharmacy technologist to manage technicians' activities.", "content": "The role of a pharmacy technologist, in comparison with that of a pharmacist and a pharmacy technician, is discussed as it was developed at one hospital. Training, staffing patterns, personnel functions, acceptance and salary of the technologist are described. The use of the technologist to manage technician-level personnel is suggested as a means of providing the pharmacist with more time for professional activities.", "contents": "Use of a pharmacy technologist to manage technicians' activities. The role of a pharmacy technologist, in comparison with that of a pharmacist and a pharmacy technician, is discussed as it was developed at one hospital. Training, staffing patterns, personnel functions, acceptance and salary of the technologist are described. The use of the technologist to manage technician-level personnel is suggested as a means of providing the pharmacist with more time for professional activities.", "PMID": 707510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2899", "title": "Gentamicin-cephalothin drug reaction.", "content": "A case report describing the occurrence of nephrotoxicity in a 26-year-old black male with sickle cell anemia after concurrent i.v. administration of gentamicin sulfate and cephalothin sodium is presented. Cephalothin 1 g.i.v. every six hours was given for three days for a Klebsiella infection demonstrated by urine and blood culture to be cephalosporin sensitive. Cephalothin was then discontinued and gentamicin, after an i.v. loading dose of 2.6 mg/kg, was given for 14 days in a dosage of 1.3 mg/kg every eight hours. After cultures of pus aspirated from the right thigh demonstrated Klebsiella, 2 g of cephalothin was administered i.v. every six hours and gentamicin sulfate was discontinued. Gentamicin therapy was reinstituted two days later, at a dosage of 5 mg/kg/day. The gentamicin-cephalothin therapy was continued for nine days. The gentamicin dosage interval was increased from every eight to every 16 hours when serum creatinine and gentamicin levels became elevated. Gentamicin was discontinued entirely two days later because serum gentamicin levels were not decreasing. Previous case reports and studies of nephrotoxicity associated with concurrent gentamicin-cephalothin therapy are reviewed. Pharmacists should be alert to the possible increased incidence of nephrotoxicity occurring with concurrent genticin-cephalothin therapy.", "contents": "Gentamicin-cephalothin drug reaction. A case report describing the occurrence of nephrotoxicity in a 26-year-old black male with sickle cell anemia after concurrent i.v. administration of gentamicin sulfate and cephalothin sodium is presented. Cephalothin 1 g.i.v. every six hours was given for three days for a Klebsiella infection demonstrated by urine and blood culture to be cephalosporin sensitive. Cephalothin was then discontinued and gentamicin, after an i.v. loading dose of 2.6 mg/kg, was given for 14 days in a dosage of 1.3 mg/kg every eight hours. After cultures of pus aspirated from the right thigh demonstrated Klebsiella, 2 g of cephalothin was administered i.v. every six hours and gentamicin sulfate was discontinued. Gentamicin therapy was reinstituted two days later, at a dosage of 5 mg/kg/day. The gentamicin-cephalothin therapy was continued for nine days. The gentamicin dosage interval was increased from every eight to every 16 hours when serum creatinine and gentamicin levels became elevated. Gentamicin was discontinued entirely two days later because serum gentamicin levels were not decreasing. Previous case reports and studies of nephrotoxicity associated with concurrent gentamicin-cephalothin therapy are reviewed. Pharmacists should be alert to the possible increased incidence of nephrotoxicity occurring with concurrent genticin-cephalothin therapy.", "PMID": 707512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2900", "title": "Campylobacteriosis in man: pathogenic mechanisms and review of 91 bloodstream infections.", "content": "Five patients with Campylobacter fetus(previously called \"Vibrio fetus\") bacteremia are presented with enteric symptoms in four patients, a self-limited course in three, and with possible nosocomial infection in one patient who had disseminated malignancy. The clinical syndromes of 91 bacteremic patients with campylobacteriosis and C. fetus taxonomy and pathogenicity are reviewed. Studies of potential pathogenic mechanisms in enteric infections failed to reveal the production of either heat-stable or heat-labile, cholera-like enterotoxin, cytotoxicity or invasiveness. In comparison with different species of vibrio infections, C. fetus appears to produce disease by a different mechanism, one which involves a bloodstream infection, perhaps following penetration through the intestinal mucosa as has been demonstrated experimentally with salmonellae and yersinia. Such a pattern is consistent with the clinical pattern of C. fetus infections and the experimental studies reported herein.", "contents": "Campylobacteriosis in man: pathogenic mechanisms and review of 91 bloodstream infections. Five patients with Campylobacter fetus(previously called \"Vibrio fetus\") bacteremia are presented with enteric symptoms in four patients, a self-limited course in three, and with possible nosocomial infection in one patient who had disseminated malignancy. The clinical syndromes of 91 bacteremic patients with campylobacteriosis and C. fetus taxonomy and pathogenicity are reviewed. Studies of potential pathogenic mechanisms in enteric infections failed to reveal the production of either heat-stable or heat-labile, cholera-like enterotoxin, cytotoxicity or invasiveness. In comparison with different species of vibrio infections, C. fetus appears to produce disease by a different mechanism, one which involves a bloodstream infection, perhaps following penetration through the intestinal mucosa as has been demonstrated experimentally with salmonellae and yersinia. Such a pattern is consistent with the clinical pattern of C. fetus infections and the experimental studies reported herein.", "PMID": 707518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2901", "title": "Pathogenesis of hypercalcemia in lymphosarcoma cell leukemia. Role of an osteoclast activating factor-like substance and a mechanism of action for glucocorticoid therapy.", "content": "The pathogenesis of hypercalcemia and mode of action of glucocorticoid therapy was examined in a patient with lymphosarcoma cell leukemia. Circulating neoplastic cells were cultured in vitro and secreted a bone-resorbing factor. The bone-resorbing factor was partially purified with the use of a bioassay for bone resorption, and was found to be chromatographically and pharmacologically similar to osteoclast activiating factor (OAF), which is produced by normal mitogen-activated peripheral blood lymphocytes. Other factors which stimulate bone resorption, such as parathyroid hormone, prostaglandins and the vitamin D metabolites, were excluded by criteria which included dose-response curves, radioimmunoassays, extraction in organic solvents and failure of glucocorticoids to inhibit bone-resorbing activity. The patient's hypercalcemia responded rapidly to prednisone therapy. The effects of the bone-resorbing factor secreted by the neoplastic cells on bone cultures to which cortisol was added were examined. Cortisol inhibited bone resorption directly at low doses (10(-8) M), which suggests that prednisone may have lowered the serum calcium in this patient by direct inhibition of bone resorption.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of hypercalcemia in lymphosarcoma cell leukemia. Role of an osteoclast activating factor-like substance and a mechanism of action for glucocorticoid therapy. The pathogenesis of hypercalcemia and mode of action of glucocorticoid therapy was examined in a patient with lymphosarcoma cell leukemia. Circulating neoplastic cells were cultured in vitro and secreted a bone-resorbing factor. The bone-resorbing factor was partially purified with the use of a bioassay for bone resorption, and was found to be chromatographically and pharmacologically similar to osteoclast activiating factor (OAF), which is produced by normal mitogen-activated peripheral blood lymphocytes. Other factors which stimulate bone resorption, such as parathyroid hormone, prostaglandins and the vitamin D metabolites, were excluded by criteria which included dose-response curves, radioimmunoassays, extraction in organic solvents and failure of glucocorticoids to inhibit bone-resorbing activity. The patient's hypercalcemia responded rapidly to prednisone therapy. The effects of the bone-resorbing factor secreted by the neoplastic cells on bone cultures to which cortisol was added were examined. Cortisol inhibited bone resorption directly at low doses (10(-8) M), which suggests that prednisone may have lowered the serum calcium in this patient by direct inhibition of bone resorption.", "PMID": 707520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2902", "title": "Acquired antithrombin III deficiency and thrombosis in the nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "Antithrombin III levels were studied in relation to the occurrence of thromboembolism in 48 patients with various degrees of proteinuria. Nine of these patients had clinical signs of thrombosis, including four with renal vein thrombosis. In eight of these nine patients, antithrombin III concentrations were below 70 per cent. There was a significant negative correlation between the antithrombin III concentration and the urinary protein excreation (P less than 0.001). Antithrombin III was found in the urine of 32 of 42 patients. There was a significant correlation between the renal clearance and the degree of antithrombin III serum deficiency (P less that 0.001). The clearance and serum level of albumin closely paralleled these changes. We conclude that thrombosis in patients with severe proteinuria is associated with a deficiency of antithrombin III due to urinary excretion of this protein.", "contents": "Acquired antithrombin III deficiency and thrombosis in the nephrotic syndrome. Antithrombin III levels were studied in relation to the occurrence of thromboembolism in 48 patients with various degrees of proteinuria. Nine of these patients had clinical signs of thrombosis, including four with renal vein thrombosis. In eight of these nine patients, antithrombin III concentrations were below 70 per cent. There was a significant negative correlation between the antithrombin III concentration and the urinary protein excreation (P less than 0.001). Antithrombin III was found in the urine of 32 of 42 patients. There was a significant correlation between the renal clearance and the degree of antithrombin III serum deficiency (P less that 0.001). The clearance and serum level of albumin closely paralleled these changes. We conclude that thrombosis in patients with severe proteinuria is associated with a deficiency of antithrombin III due to urinary excretion of this protein.", "PMID": 707521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2903", "title": "Hereditary osteodysplasia with acro-osteolysis. (The Hajdu-Cheney syndrome).", "content": "A mother and son with acro-osteolysis (Hajdu-Cheney syndrome) are described. In addition to osteolysis of the distal phalanges, these patients have a generalized osseous dysplasia with osteoporosis, premature loss of teeth, short stature and a distinctive facial appearance. In one of the cases an enlarged sella turcica was associated with no abnormality of endocrine function. A biopsy specimen taken from an area of active osteolysis in a phalanx was studied by light and electron microscopy. There was active replacement of central medullary bone by a fibrous and angiomatous process characterized by the presence of small, thick-walled vessels and an unusual number of interspersed nerve fibers and mast cells. A neurovascular dysfunction with local release of osteolytic mediators may be involved in the pathogenesis of the disorder, but the nature of the osteolytic factor is unknown.", "contents": "Hereditary osteodysplasia with acro-osteolysis. (The Hajdu-Cheney syndrome). A mother and son with acro-osteolysis (Hajdu-Cheney syndrome) are described. In addition to osteolysis of the distal phalanges, these patients have a generalized osseous dysplasia with osteoporosis, premature loss of teeth, short stature and a distinctive facial appearance. In one of the cases an enlarged sella turcica was associated with no abnormality of endocrine function. A biopsy specimen taken from an area of active osteolysis in a phalanx was studied by light and electron microscopy. There was active replacement of central medullary bone by a fibrous and angiomatous process characterized by the presence of small, thick-walled vessels and an unusual number of interspersed nerve fibers and mast cells. A neurovascular dysfunction with local release of osteolytic mediators may be involved in the pathogenesis of the disorder, but the nature of the osteolytic factor is unknown.", "PMID": 707523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2904", "title": "Asbestos exposure and related neoplasia. The 28 year experience of a major urban hospital.", "content": "In a retrospective study of 49 cases of asbestosis, a steady increase in the frequency of diagnosis of asbestosis and asbestos-related neoplasia is documented from a major urban hospital since 1960. Although in the majority of cases the subjects were exposed to asbestos in a neighboring shipyard, in 20 per cent of the cases, asbestos exposure was in industries not related to shipbuilding, reflecting its widespread use. This selective population of patients with asbestosis more often than not had an associated neoplasm. The most likely accompanying tumor was pleural mesothelioma, and among cell types of lung cancer, adenocarcinoma was notably frequent.", "contents": "Asbestos exposure and related neoplasia. The 28 year experience of a major urban hospital. In a retrospective study of 49 cases of asbestosis, a steady increase in the frequency of diagnosis of asbestosis and asbestos-related neoplasia is documented from a major urban hospital since 1960. Although in the majority of cases the subjects were exposed to asbestos in a neighboring shipyard, in 20 per cent of the cases, asbestos exposure was in industries not related to shipbuilding, reflecting its widespread use. This selective population of patients with asbestosis more often than not had an associated neoplasm. The most likely accompanying tumor was pleural mesothelioma, and among cell types of lung cancer, adenocarcinoma was notably frequent.", "PMID": 707524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2905", "title": "Response to pyridoxine hydrochloride in refractory anemia due to myelofibrosis.", "content": "Eleven of 14 patients with primary myelofibrosis were given a therapeutic trial with 250 mg of pyridoxine hydrochloride daily because of refractory anemia. The effect on the hemoglobin level and the hematocrit value was studied and compared to that in a group of untreated patients with the same degree of anemia. Six of 11 treated patients responded within three months with a rise in the hemoglobin level (at least 3 g/100 ml) and/or an increase in the hematocrit value (at least 10 per cent), and transfusions were no longer required. Deliberate discontinuation of pyridoxine treatment in one responding patient was followed by a relapse of the anemia; resumption of therapy once again induced an erythropoietic response. Spontaneous remissions of anemia were not observed in the untreated group. It is concluded that a trial with pyridoxine is warranted in patients with myelofibrosis and refractory anemia.", "contents": "Response to pyridoxine hydrochloride in refractory anemia due to myelofibrosis. Eleven of 14 patients with primary myelofibrosis were given a therapeutic trial with 250 mg of pyridoxine hydrochloride daily because of refractory anemia. The effect on the hemoglobin level and the hematocrit value was studied and compared to that in a group of untreated patients with the same degree of anemia. Six of 11 treated patients responded within three months with a rise in the hemoglobin level (at least 3 g/100 ml) and/or an increase in the hematocrit value (at least 10 per cent), and transfusions were no longer required. Deliberate discontinuation of pyridoxine treatment in one responding patient was followed by a relapse of the anemia; resumption of therapy once again induced an erythropoietic response. Spontaneous remissions of anemia were not observed in the untreated group. It is concluded that a trial with pyridoxine is warranted in patients with myelofibrosis and refractory anemia.", "PMID": 707525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2906", "title": "Diffuse interstitial pneumonitis. Clinicopathologic correlations in 20 patients treated with prednisone/azathioprine.", "content": "Twenty patients with diffuse interstitial pulmonary disease diagnosed by open lung biopsy received combined prednisone/azathioprine therapy. Twelve patients demonstrated improvement with therapy. Each patient's clinical presentation, roentgenologic features and pathologic findings were correlated with their therapeutic response. Patients with an illness of one year's duration or less had a more favorable response to therapy than patients with a greater than two year duration of illness. Patients with associated extrathoracic abnormalities (anemia, glomerulitis, hepatopathy) exhibited a better therapeutic response that those with only pulmonary disease. The biopsy material from each patient was quantitatively graded on 20 morphologic variables. Statistical analysis using multiple linear regression revealed that a single variable, degree of interstitial fibrosis, was more that 90 per cent accurate in separating those responsive to therapy from those who failed to respond. Patients who respond to treatment had less interstitial fibrosis. Neither the amount of alveolar septal inflammation nor intra-alveolar cellular reaction was discriminatory in predicting response to therapy. A beneficial response to therapy was reflected in both improved lung volumes and gas exchange. Eight patients appeared to have a selective beneficial effect from azathioprine.", "contents": "Diffuse interstitial pneumonitis. Clinicopathologic correlations in 20 patients treated with prednisone/azathioprine. Twenty patients with diffuse interstitial pulmonary disease diagnosed by open lung biopsy received combined prednisone/azathioprine therapy. Twelve patients demonstrated improvement with therapy. Each patient's clinical presentation, roentgenologic features and pathologic findings were correlated with their therapeutic response. Patients with an illness of one year's duration or less had a more favorable response to therapy than patients with a greater than two year duration of illness. Patients with associated extrathoracic abnormalities (anemia, glomerulitis, hepatopathy) exhibited a better therapeutic response that those with only pulmonary disease. The biopsy material from each patient was quantitatively graded on 20 morphologic variables. Statistical analysis using multiple linear regression revealed that a single variable, degree of interstitial fibrosis, was more that 90 per cent accurate in separating those responsive to therapy from those who failed to respond. Patients who respond to treatment had less interstitial fibrosis. Neither the amount of alveolar septal inflammation nor intra-alveolar cellular reaction was discriminatory in predicting response to therapy. A beneficial response to therapy was reflected in both improved lung volumes and gas exchange. Eight patients appeared to have a selective beneficial effect from azathioprine.", "PMID": 707526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2907", "title": "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A 24 year old man had a nonproductive cough and chest pain. Chest roentgenogram showed a diffuse infiltrate, and pulmonary function studies showed restrictive lung disease. Extremity weakness, deteriorating mental status and neuropathy progressed as pulmonary findings diminished on corticosteroid therapy. Lung biopsy showed lymphomatoid granulomatosis. The neurologic status deteriorated despite treatment with Cytoxan, intrathecal methotrexate and brain irradiation. Autopsy showed mass lesions of lymphomatoid granulomatosis in the brain and healed lesions in the lungs. A review of the neurologic and pulmonary findings in reported cases show that diminution of pulmonary disease with progression of neurologic disease manifest by mass lesion is unusual. Since the etiology, prognosis and prevalence of this disease remains undefined, all patients with this disease should be reported on.", "contents": "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Report of a case and review of the literature. A 24 year old man had a nonproductive cough and chest pain. Chest roentgenogram showed a diffuse infiltrate, and pulmonary function studies showed restrictive lung disease. Extremity weakness, deteriorating mental status and neuropathy progressed as pulmonary findings diminished on corticosteroid therapy. Lung biopsy showed lymphomatoid granulomatosis. The neurologic status deteriorated despite treatment with Cytoxan, intrathecal methotrexate and brain irradiation. Autopsy showed mass lesions of lymphomatoid granulomatosis in the brain and healed lesions in the lungs. A review of the neurologic and pulmonary findings in reported cases show that diminution of pulmonary disease with progression of neurologic disease manifest by mass lesion is unusual. Since the etiology, prognosis and prevalence of this disease remains undefined, all patients with this disease should be reported on.", "PMID": 707529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2908", "title": "A syndrome associating partial albinism and immunodeficiency.", "content": "Two unrelated patients with partial albinism, frequent pyogenic infections and acute episodes of fever, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia are described. Their pigmentary dilution was characterized by large clumps of pigments in the hair shafts and an accumulation of melanosomes in melanocytes. Melanocytes had few short dendritic expansions, and keratinocytes were hypopigmented. No or few Langerhans' cells were detected in skin by electron microscopy and ATP-ase reactions. This pigmentary dilution, different from all other human albinisms, resembles the unique defect of the mutant dilute (d-d) mouse. Despite the presence of an adequate number of T and B lymphocytes, the patients were hypogammaglobulinemic, deficient in antibody production and incapable of manifesting delayed skin hypersensitivity or of rejecting skin grafts. Their leukocytes did not stimulate normal lymphocytes and could not generate cytotoxic cells during mixed leukocyte reaction. T lymphocytes of one patient were unable to exert a helper effect on the maturation of B lymphocytes into immunoglobulin-containing cells following in vitro stimulation with pokeweed mitogen. This suggests that the humoral deficiency might be secondary to a defect of helper T lymphocytes. Granulocytes did not show any morphologic abnormality, and their bactericidal activity was only moderately reduced. An increased number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes with polar distribution of Concanavaline A (Con A) receptors (capping) was found in one patient and her parents. The family histories suggest that this syndrome is transmitted as an autosomal recessive character.", "contents": "A syndrome associating partial albinism and immunodeficiency. Two unrelated patients with partial albinism, frequent pyogenic infections and acute episodes of fever, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia are described. Their pigmentary dilution was characterized by large clumps of pigments in the hair shafts and an accumulation of melanosomes in melanocytes. Melanocytes had few short dendritic expansions, and keratinocytes were hypopigmented. No or few Langerhans' cells were detected in skin by electron microscopy and ATP-ase reactions. This pigmentary dilution, different from all other human albinisms, resembles the unique defect of the mutant dilute (d-d) mouse. Despite the presence of an adequate number of T and B lymphocytes, the patients were hypogammaglobulinemic, deficient in antibody production and incapable of manifesting delayed skin hypersensitivity or of rejecting skin grafts. Their leukocytes did not stimulate normal lymphocytes and could not generate cytotoxic cells during mixed leukocyte reaction. T lymphocytes of one patient were unable to exert a helper effect on the maturation of B lymphocytes into immunoglobulin-containing cells following in vitro stimulation with pokeweed mitogen. This suggests that the humoral deficiency might be secondary to a defect of helper T lymphocytes. Granulocytes did not show any morphologic abnormality, and their bactericidal activity was only moderately reduced. An increased number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes with polar distribution of Concanavaline A (Con A) receptors (capping) was found in one patient and her parents. The family histories suggest that this syndrome is transmitted as an autosomal recessive character.", "PMID": 707528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2909", "title": "Persistent bacteremia in staphylococcal endocarditis.", "content": "We treated five patients with persistent Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis. Surgical intervention or a \"second-line\" antistaphylococcal agent was required for bacteriologic cure in each. Special bacteriologic evaluation failed to demonstrate methicillin resistance or antibiotic \"tolerance\" among the strains of Staphylococcus tested. Cephalosporin agents were noted to be more susceptible to inoculum effect than either methicillin or nafcillin. All patients survived; the explanation for their atypical course is obscure. We present an approach to patients with persistent Staph. aureus bacteremia and endocarditis.", "contents": "Persistent bacteremia in staphylococcal endocarditis. We treated five patients with persistent Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis. Surgical intervention or a \"second-line\" antistaphylococcal agent was required for bacteriologic cure in each. Special bacteriologic evaluation failed to demonstrate methicillin resistance or antibiotic \"tolerance\" among the strains of Staphylococcus tested. Cephalosporin agents were noted to be more susceptible to inoculum effect than either methicillin or nafcillin. All patients survived; the explanation for their atypical course is obscure. We present an approach to patients with persistent Staph. aureus bacteremia and endocarditis.", "PMID": 707532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2910", "title": "Factitious and fraudulent fever.", "content": "The task of elucidating the etiology of fever of undertermined origin remains a major undertaking. Factitious fever is uncommonly considered of major importance in the differential diagnosis of fever of undetermined origin although it is a readily identifiable, syndrome and one that is easily excluded one it has been considered. Early identification may reduce the necessity for prlonged, expensive and potentially hazardous hospitalizations for such patients. A retrospective study identified 2.2 per cent (11 of 506) of all patients whose fever on their charts was coded as fever of undetermined origin as having factitious fever. These patients either created factitious fever by manipulation of the thermometer or fraudulent fever by self-induced means. A review of the literature yielded an additional 70 cases in which fever was either the sole factitious sign or part of a larger, more complex factitious illness. Patients were typically young, female and often associated with the medical profession. Patients with factitious fever differ from those with the stereotyped Munchausen's syndrome and may be difficult to recognize. Signs leading to the recognition of this syndrome are emphasized. Since the nature of the psychiatric illness may vary from patient to patient, early discovery may facilitate psychiatric intervention as such patients may be more amenable to therapy.", "contents": "Factitious and fraudulent fever. The task of elucidating the etiology of fever of undertermined origin remains a major undertaking. Factitious fever is uncommonly considered of major importance in the differential diagnosis of fever of undetermined origin although it is a readily identifiable, syndrome and one that is easily excluded one it has been considered. Early identification may reduce the necessity for prlonged, expensive and potentially hazardous hospitalizations for such patients. A retrospective study identified 2.2 per cent (11 of 506) of all patients whose fever on their charts was coded as fever of undetermined origin as having factitious fever. These patients either created factitious fever by manipulation of the thermometer or fraudulent fever by self-induced means. A review of the literature yielded an additional 70 cases in which fever was either the sole factitious sign or part of a larger, more complex factitious illness. Patients were typically young, female and often associated with the medical profession. Patients with factitious fever differ from those with the stereotyped Munchausen's syndrome and may be difficult to recognize. Signs leading to the recognition of this syndrome are emphasized. Since the nature of the psychiatric illness may vary from patient to patient, early discovery may facilitate psychiatric intervention as such patients may be more amenable to therapy.", "PMID": 707533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2911", "title": "Acute interstitial nephritis due to methicillin.", "content": "Fourteen patients are described with a syndrome of methicillin-induced interstitial nephritis. In all patients severe renal dysfunction developed with an average peak serum creatinine of 8 mg/100 ml. An increased total peripheral eosinophil count was found in all patients. All patients had sterile pyuria and each of nine patients studied by Wright's stain of urine sediment had marked eosinophiluria. These findings are suggestive of methicillin-induced interstitial nephritis, although proteinura was a variable finding in our patients. Eight of 14 patients in our study received prednisone therapy for their interstitial nephritis, and the time lapse between maximal and final base line serum creatinine levels was statistically less in the prednisone-treated compared to the nontreated groups. Clinical manifestations of this syndrome are discussed, and the light and electron microscopic and immunofluorescent findings on renal biospy are described.", "contents": "Acute interstitial nephritis due to methicillin. Fourteen patients are described with a syndrome of methicillin-induced interstitial nephritis. In all patients severe renal dysfunction developed with an average peak serum creatinine of 8 mg/100 ml. An increased total peripheral eosinophil count was found in all patients. All patients had sterile pyuria and each of nine patients studied by Wright's stain of urine sediment had marked eosinophiluria. These findings are suggestive of methicillin-induced interstitial nephritis, although proteinura was a variable finding in our patients. Eight of 14 patients in our study received prednisone therapy for their interstitial nephritis, and the time lapse between maximal and final base line serum creatinine levels was statistically less in the prednisone-treated compared to the nontreated groups. Clinical manifestations of this syndrome are discussed, and the light and electron microscopic and immunofluorescent findings on renal biospy are described.", "PMID": 707534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2912", "title": "Pituitary function after pituitary apoplexy.", "content": "Pituitary function was studied in nine patients who had recovered from pituitary apoplexy. All the patients recovered spontaneously; none required immediate surgery. Four of the patients had acromegaly, two had pituitary-dependent Cushing's syndrome, and a \"functionless\" pituitary adenoma was found in three. Low serum growth hormone concentrations were observed in three patients with acromegaly whereas the concentration remained increased in the fourth one. Of the two patients with Cushing's syndrome, a selective ACTH-deficiency developed in one and Nelson's syndrome appeared with excessive secretion of ACTH in the other. Transient or persistent hypofunction of the anterior pituitary occurred in al patients. Three patients underwent hypophysectomy after respective intervals of three, eight and 12 months after pituitary apoplex. The operation revealed a hemorrhage in one functionless adenoma and a large cyst in another one. In the third patient who had acromegaly, no signs of the pituitary apoplexy were observed at operation.", "contents": "Pituitary function after pituitary apoplexy. Pituitary function was studied in nine patients who had recovered from pituitary apoplexy. All the patients recovered spontaneously; none required immediate surgery. Four of the patients had acromegaly, two had pituitary-dependent Cushing's syndrome, and a \"functionless\" pituitary adenoma was found in three. Low serum growth hormone concentrations were observed in three patients with acromegaly whereas the concentration remained increased in the fourth one. Of the two patients with Cushing's syndrome, a selective ACTH-deficiency developed in one and Nelson's syndrome appeared with excessive secretion of ACTH in the other. Transient or persistent hypofunction of the anterior pituitary occurred in al patients. Three patients underwent hypophysectomy after respective intervals of three, eight and 12 months after pituitary apoplex. The operation revealed a hemorrhage in one functionless adenoma and a large cyst in another one. In the third patient who had acromegaly, no signs of the pituitary apoplexy were observed at operation.", "PMID": 707535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2913", "title": "Contribuiton of M-mode echocardiography to cardiac diagnosis. An assessment in 1,000 successive patients.", "content": "The contribution of M-mode echocardiography to cardiac diagnosis was evaluated in a series of 1,000 successive patients. Among subjects in whom a presumptive clinical diagnosis had been made, echocardiography demonstrated totally unexpected findings in 10 per cent, supported the clinical diagnosis in 50 per cent and was entirely within normal limits in 19 per cent. Among patients with evidence of heart disease but no firm clinical diagnosis, echocardiography established the diagnosis in 23 per cent, including 20 per cent of all patients referred for evaluation of chest pain or arrhythmia of unclear etiology. \"Missed\" clinical diagnosis frequently involved patients with mitral valve prolapse, congestive cardiomyopathy, pericardial disease or asymmetrical septal hypertrophy of the heart. This study quantifies the amount of independent information contributed by echocardiography to cardiac diagnosis and demonstrates that this technic provides data of important clinical relevance in a surprisingly large number of cardiac patients.", "contents": "Contribuiton of M-mode echocardiography to cardiac diagnosis. An assessment in 1,000 successive patients. The contribution of M-mode echocardiography to cardiac diagnosis was evaluated in a series of 1,000 successive patients. Among subjects in whom a presumptive clinical diagnosis had been made, echocardiography demonstrated totally unexpected findings in 10 per cent, supported the clinical diagnosis in 50 per cent and was entirely within normal limits in 19 per cent. Among patients with evidence of heart disease but no firm clinical diagnosis, echocardiography established the diagnosis in 23 per cent, including 20 per cent of all patients referred for evaluation of chest pain or arrhythmia of unclear etiology. \"Missed\" clinical diagnosis frequently involved patients with mitral valve prolapse, congestive cardiomyopathy, pericardial disease or asymmetrical septal hypertrophy of the heart. This study quantifies the amount of independent information contributed by echocardiography to cardiac diagnosis and demonstrates that this technic provides data of important clinical relevance in a surprisingly large number of cardiac patients.", "PMID": 707538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2914", "title": "Generalized elastolysis (cutis laxa).", "content": "Generalized elastolysis is a rare and unique systemic disorder of connective tissue in which the elastic fibers suddenly become fragmented, disorganized and fewer in number with the resultant production of such entities as cutis laxa, emphysema, aortic aneurysms and bowel diverticula appearing in the organ system involved, that is, skin, lung, vasculature or gastrointestinal tract. Presented here are three cases that, illustrate the typical features of this condition. In addition, 14 more cases were retrieved from the literature and the information reviewed. Various etiologic factors relating to the synthesis and degradation of elastic tissue are discussed in light of recent findings in the biochemistry of connective tissue.", "contents": "Generalized elastolysis (cutis laxa). Generalized elastolysis is a rare and unique systemic disorder of connective tissue in which the elastic fibers suddenly become fragmented, disorganized and fewer in number with the resultant production of such entities as cutis laxa, emphysema, aortic aneurysms and bowel diverticula appearing in the organ system involved, that is, skin, lung, vasculature or gastrointestinal tract. Presented here are three cases that, illustrate the typical features of this condition. In addition, 14 more cases were retrieved from the literature and the information reviewed. Various etiologic factors relating to the synthesis and degradation of elastic tissue are discussed in light of recent findings in the biochemistry of connective tissue.", "PMID": 707540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2915", "title": "Early anthracycline cardiotoxicity.", "content": "Eight patients in whom cardiac dysfunction developed within four weeks of receiving their first or second course of daunorubicin or doxorubicin are described. Four patients presented with pericarditis; three of these four had evidence of myocardial dysfunction. Histopathologic analysis of these patients was consistent with an acute myocyte damage and secondary inflammatory process. An additional group of four patients presented with symptoms and signs of heart failure. These patients were either elderly or had evidence of previous cardiac disease. One of these patients suffered a myocardial infarction 24 hours after receiving 60 mg/m2 of daunorubicin; earlier doses in the same course had been associated with evidence of myocardial ischemia. We conclude that anthracycline antibiotics may manifest clinically significant cardiotoxicity at total cumulative doses much less than have been associated with chronic cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Early anthracycline cardiotoxicity. Eight patients in whom cardiac dysfunction developed within four weeks of receiving their first or second course of daunorubicin or doxorubicin are described. Four patients presented with pericarditis; three of these four had evidence of myocardial dysfunction. Histopathologic analysis of these patients was consistent with an acute myocyte damage and secondary inflammatory process. An additional group of four patients presented with symptoms and signs of heart failure. These patients were either elderly or had evidence of previous cardiac disease. One of these patients suffered a myocardial infarction 24 hours after receiving 60 mg/m2 of daunorubicin; earlier doses in the same course had been associated with evidence of myocardial ischemia. We conclude that anthracycline antibiotics may manifest clinically significant cardiotoxicity at total cumulative doses much less than have been associated with chronic cardiomyopathy.", "PMID": 707541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2916", "title": "Fatal pulmonary hypertension and resolving immune-complex glomerulonephritis in mixed connective tissue disease. A case report and review of the literature.", "content": "Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) has been characterized as a benign rheumatic syndrome with a favorable response to immunosuppressive therapy. Serious renal and pulmonary involvement are reported to be rare in MCTD. We are describing a female adolescent with MCTD in whom fatal cor pulmonale developed due to recurrent thromboembolic primary pulmonary hypertension. Death occurred after two years of therapy with prednisone and azathioprine for an immune-complex glomerulonephritis. Paramesangial and intramembranous electron-dense deposits had been identified in several glomeruli at the start of treatment. Improved renal function and apparent histologic improvement were demonstrated four months after the institution of prednisone and azathioprine therapy, and stable renal function was maintained until death. The pulmonary hypertension was progressive and apparently not altered by either the prednisone or azathioprine. At necropsy, there was no evidence of a pulmonary arteritis or vascular immune-complex deposition to account for the recurrent thromboembolic lesions in the small pulmonary arteries and arterioles. This is a clinical course not previously described in patients with MCTD and may represent an extreme of the clinical spectrum of this syndrome.", "contents": "Fatal pulmonary hypertension and resolving immune-complex glomerulonephritis in mixed connective tissue disease. A case report and review of the literature. Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) has been characterized as a benign rheumatic syndrome with a favorable response to immunosuppressive therapy. Serious renal and pulmonary involvement are reported to be rare in MCTD. We are describing a female adolescent with MCTD in whom fatal cor pulmonale developed due to recurrent thromboembolic primary pulmonary hypertension. Death occurred after two years of therapy with prednisone and azathioprine for an immune-complex glomerulonephritis. Paramesangial and intramembranous electron-dense deposits had been identified in several glomeruli at the start of treatment. Improved renal function and apparent histologic improvement were demonstrated four months after the institution of prednisone and azathioprine therapy, and stable renal function was maintained until death. The pulmonary hypertension was progressive and apparently not altered by either the prednisone or azathioprine. At necropsy, there was no evidence of a pulmonary arteritis or vascular immune-complex deposition to account for the recurrent thromboembolic lesions in the small pulmonary arteries and arterioles. This is a clinical course not previously described in patients with MCTD and may represent an extreme of the clinical spectrum of this syndrome.", "PMID": 707543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2917", "title": "Bacterial invasion of pulmonary vessels. Pseudomonas bacteremia mimicking pulmonary thromboembolism with infarction.", "content": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa displays a curious propensity for invading blood vessels and causing vessel wall necrosis. This bacteremia-related \"vasculitis\" is often associated with hemorrhagic necrosis and infarction of surrounding organ parenchyma. With the exception of skin lesions, however, clinical manifestations of Ps. aeruginosa vasculitis seldom occur. In the patient we describe, fatal Ps. aeruginosa bacteremia was first manifested by a syndrome indistinguishable from pulmonary thromboembolism with infarction.", "contents": "Bacterial invasion of pulmonary vessels. Pseudomonas bacteremia mimicking pulmonary thromboembolism with infarction. Pseudomonas aeruginosa displays a curious propensity for invading blood vessels and causing vessel wall necrosis. This bacteremia-related \"vasculitis\" is often associated with hemorrhagic necrosis and infarction of surrounding organ parenchyma. With the exception of skin lesions, however, clinical manifestations of Ps. aeruginosa vasculitis seldom occur. In the patient we describe, fatal Ps. aeruginosa bacteremia was first manifested by a syndrome indistinguishable from pulmonary thromboembolism with infarction.", "PMID": 707544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2918", "title": "Evaluation of disc diffusion susceptibility testing performed from a four-hour subculture of positive blood culture bottles.", "content": "Disc diffusion susceptibility tests were performed on standardized broth suspensions inoculated from a four-hour subculture of a positive blood culture bottle as well as from an agar plate subculture of the same positive blood culture bottle. The zone sizes and interpretative results of both methods were compared. Of 101 isolates tested, only one organism exhibited a very major difference between the two methods (one Staphylococcus epidermidis was interpreted as susceptible to methicillin by the four-hour subculture method and resistant by the agar plate subculture method). Thirteen other isolates showed minor changes from susceptible or resistant to intermediate or from intermediate to either susceptible or resistant with only one antibiotic each. The data indicates that disc diffusion susceptibilities may be performed easily and accurately from a four-hour subculture of positive blood culture bottles.", "contents": "Evaluation of disc diffusion susceptibility testing performed from a four-hour subculture of positive blood culture bottles. Disc diffusion susceptibility tests were performed on standardized broth suspensions inoculated from a four-hour subculture of a positive blood culture bottle as well as from an agar plate subculture of the same positive blood culture bottle. The zone sizes and interpretative results of both methods were compared. Of 101 isolates tested, only one organism exhibited a very major difference between the two methods (one Staphylococcus epidermidis was interpreted as susceptible to methicillin by the four-hour subculture method and resistant by the agar plate subculture method). Thirteen other isolates showed minor changes from susceptible or resistant to intermediate or from intermediate to either susceptible or resistant with only one antibiotic each. The data indicates that disc diffusion susceptibilities may be performed easily and accurately from a four-hour subculture of positive blood culture bottles.", "PMID": 707545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2919", "title": "Development of a P.A.C.E.-approved continuing education program for the community hospital.", "content": "A Professional Acknowledgment for Continuing Education (P.A.C.E.) approved continuing education program was developed for laboratory technologists at Sherman Hospital, Elgin, Illinois, on an in-service basis. The results of a needs analysis of staff technologists provided the basis for selection of program content. The program was presented as four one-hour monthly sessions and videotaped for showing at later dates. This methodology proved extremely effective in providing a maximum number of technologists with a P.A.C.E.-approved and documented continuing education program while keeping disruption of the work schedule in the laboratory to a minimum.", "contents": "Development of a P.A.C.E.-approved continuing education program for the community hospital. A Professional Acknowledgment for Continuing Education (P.A.C.E.) approved continuing education program was developed for laboratory technologists at Sherman Hospital, Elgin, Illinois, on an in-service basis. The results of a needs analysis of staff technologists provided the basis for selection of program content. The program was presented as four one-hour monthly sessions and videotaped for showing at later dates. This methodology proved extremely effective in providing a maximum number of technologists with a P.A.C.E.-approved and documented continuing education program while keeping disruption of the work schedule in the laboratory to a minimum.", "PMID": 707547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2920", "title": "Utilizing program requirements to your advantage.", "content": "A curriculum summary developed to assist program officials and faculty of this medical technology program in meeting the American Medical Association Committee on Allied Health Education and Accreditation requirements as enumerated in the Essentials of an Accredited Educational Program for the Medical Technologist is described. After developing this curriculum summary, the faculty and program officials reaped unanticipated benefits from this summary. The curriculum summary aided the faculty and program officials in assuring that there was agreement between cognitive, affective, and psychomotor terminal behavioral objectives with instructional activities and methods of student evaluation. The psychomotor terminal behavioral objectives were modified and utilized as the basis for criterion-referenced, pass/fail laboratory practicals. Finally, the curriculum summary provided a rapid means of review for the curriculum review committee.", "contents": "Utilizing program requirements to your advantage. A curriculum summary developed to assist program officials and faculty of this medical technology program in meeting the American Medical Association Committee on Allied Health Education and Accreditation requirements as enumerated in the Essentials of an Accredited Educational Program for the Medical Technologist is described. After developing this curriculum summary, the faculty and program officials reaped unanticipated benefits from this summary. The curriculum summary aided the faculty and program officials in assuring that there was agreement between cognitive, affective, and psychomotor terminal behavioral objectives with instructional activities and methods of student evaluation. The psychomotor terminal behavioral objectives were modified and utilized as the basis for criterion-referenced, pass/fail laboratory practicals. Finally, the curriculum summary provided a rapid means of review for the curriculum review committee.", "PMID": 707548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2921", "title": "The preservation of articular cartilage.", "content": "Slivers of articular cartilage were stored in Ham's medium, plasma, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, and dimethyl sulphoxide at 0, -20, 4, and 38C. Survival was monitored by potassium determinations and autoradiography using S-35 and by matrix staining. Survival of 48 days was obtained in Ham's medium at 4C.", "contents": "The preservation of articular cartilage. Slivers of articular cartilage were stored in Ham's medium, plasma, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, and dimethyl sulphoxide at 0, -20, 4, and 38C. Survival was monitored by potassium determinations and autoradiography using S-35 and by matrix staining. Survival of 48 days was obtained in Ham's medium at 4C.", "PMID": 707549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2922", "title": "Interpersonal values and job satisfaction of medical technologists.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to investigate the interpersonal value domain of certified medical technologists. By so doing, it was anticipated that a better understanding of what medical technologists consider important in their relationships with other people might be established. More specifically, this study examined the interpersonal values of medical technologists: 1) dichotomized by job satisfaction-dissatisfaction, and 2) at different job levels (bench level or supervisory level) in the clinical laboratory.", "contents": "Interpersonal values and job satisfaction of medical technologists. The purpose of this study was to investigate the interpersonal value domain of certified medical technologists. By so doing, it was anticipated that a better understanding of what medical technologists consider important in their relationships with other people might be established. More specifically, this study examined the interpersonal values of medical technologists: 1) dichotomized by job satisfaction-dissatisfaction, and 2) at different job levels (bench level or supervisory level) in the clinical laboratory.", "PMID": 707552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2923", "title": "Continuing education for laboratory personnel.", "content": "This study investigates the status of continuing education for laboratory personnel in West Virginia. From a total of 1,155 questionnaires mailed to 90 laboratories, 638 completed questionnaires were returned. Ninety-six and six-tenths percent of the survey population (616 responses) expressed a desire for continuing education programs, but only 416 persons (65.2 percent) indicated that they had attended at least one continuing education program in the past five years. Only 15.8 percent of the survey population (101 persons) indicated they had ever attended continuing education programs sponsored by West Virginia University. Based on the information obtained, a model program for continuing education is submitted.", "contents": "Continuing education for laboratory personnel. This study investigates the status of continuing education for laboratory personnel in West Virginia. From a total of 1,155 questionnaires mailed to 90 laboratories, 638 completed questionnaires were returned. Ninety-six and six-tenths percent of the survey population (616 responses) expressed a desire for continuing education programs, but only 416 persons (65.2 percent) indicated that they had attended at least one continuing education program in the past five years. Only 15.8 percent of the survey population (101 persons) indicated they had ever attended continuing education programs sponsored by West Virginia University. Based on the information obtained, a model program for continuing education is submitted.", "PMID": 707555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2924", "title": "Computerization of clinical laboratory procedure manuals.", "content": "Current code requires federally licensed clinical laboratories to have standard operating procedure manuals describing all tests performed. A computerized system for generating, revising, and excerpting manuals, which produces hard copy and microfiche, has been developed and appears to meet the regulatory criteria. The salient aspects of pertinent federal regulations, the features of the computerized system, the format of the manual, the users' experience therewith are described.", "contents": "Computerization of clinical laboratory procedure manuals. Current code requires federally licensed clinical laboratories to have standard operating procedure manuals describing all tests performed. A computerized system for generating, revising, and excerpting manuals, which produces hard copy and microfiche, has been developed and appears to meet the regulatory criteria. The salient aspects of pertinent federal regulations, the features of the computerized system, the format of the manual, the users' experience therewith are described.", "PMID": 707557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2925", "title": "Amperometric determination of chloride with a rotating platinum electrode.", "content": "A titrimetric method for chloride analysis which uses a rotating platinum electrode for determining end points amperometrically was developed. It was found that sodium chloride solutions and both serum samples could be analyzed rapidly and accurately by this method. When a sodium chloride solution was added to a plasma sample, the recovery of the added chloride was 103 percent.", "contents": "Amperometric determination of chloride with a rotating platinum electrode. A titrimetric method for chloride analysis which uses a rotating platinum electrode for determining end points amperometrically was developed. It was found that sodium chloride solutions and both serum samples could be analyzed rapidly and accurately by this method. When a sodium chloride solution was added to a plasma sample, the recovery of the added chloride was 103 percent.", "PMID": 707556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2926", "title": "Adolescent pregnancy: the Jackson, Mississippi, experience.", "content": "An adolescent pregnancy center combining the educational, medical, and social needs was operational in Jackson, Mississippi, from September, 1971, to July 1976. Administrative responsibilities were shared by the University of Mississippi and the Jackson Separate School District. From 1971 to 1975, 763 students were enrolled. The mean age was 16 and ages ranged from 11 to 18 years. Ninety-nine per cent were black and a majority were poor and from a single-parent home. There was a 78 per cent school retention rate, but the center did not reduce dependence upon welfare assistance. When center, noncenter, faculty, and unregistered patients were compared, no difference could be detected in the incidence of medical complications, low birth weight, hypertension, and hematocrit. When compared for age only hypertension and difficult deliveries appeared to be age related.", "contents": "Adolescent pregnancy: the Jackson, Mississippi, experience. An adolescent pregnancy center combining the educational, medical, and social needs was operational in Jackson, Mississippi, from September, 1971, to July 1976. Administrative responsibilities were shared by the University of Mississippi and the Jackson Separate School District. From 1971 to 1975, 763 students were enrolled. The mean age was 16 and ages ranged from 11 to 18 years. Ninety-nine per cent were black and a majority were poor and from a single-parent home. There was a 78 per cent school retention rate, but the center did not reduce dependence upon welfare assistance. When center, noncenter, faculty, and unregistered patients were compared, no difference could be detected in the incidence of medical complications, low birth weight, hypertension, and hematocrit. When compared for age only hypertension and difficult deliveries appeared to be age related.", "PMID": 707563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2927", "title": "Immunologic and medical considerations in tuberculin-sensitized pregnant patients.", "content": "One-hundred and seventy-two pregnant patients were identified as tuberculin sensitive in the first trimester. These patients were followed throughout pregnancy for any signs or symptoms of active tuberculosis which were discovered only in the index case. Post partum, patients were again re-evaluated for tuberculosis and prophylactically treated with isoniazid if they met established criteria. The tuberculous host also represented a model for the study of cell-mediated immunity, which presumably is altered in pregnancy. This investigation revealed a progressive depression of lymphocyte function to a specific antigen, purified protein derivative, obtaining significance at 36 weeks' gestation and continuing through delivery (p is less than 0.001). Nonspecific cell-mediated immunity, however, was not depressed when monitored throughout the gestation by the mitogen, phytohemagglutinin, which would stimulate all lymphocyte clones. This discrepancy in the alteration of specific clones of lymphocytes compared to all noncommitted lymphocytes may account for varying reports of the immune status of the pregnant woman.", "contents": "Immunologic and medical considerations in tuberculin-sensitized pregnant patients. One-hundred and seventy-two pregnant patients were identified as tuberculin sensitive in the first trimester. These patients were followed throughout pregnancy for any signs or symptoms of active tuberculosis which were discovered only in the index case. Post partum, patients were again re-evaluated for tuberculosis and prophylactically treated with isoniazid if they met established criteria. The tuberculous host also represented a model for the study of cell-mediated immunity, which presumably is altered in pregnancy. This investigation revealed a progressive depression of lymphocyte function to a specific antigen, purified protein derivative, obtaining significance at 36 weeks' gestation and continuing through delivery (p is less than 0.001). Nonspecific cell-mediated immunity, however, was not depressed when monitored throughout the gestation by the mitogen, phytohemagglutinin, which would stimulate all lymphocyte clones. This discrepancy in the alteration of specific clones of lymphocytes compared to all noncommitted lymphocytes may account for varying reports of the immune status of the pregnant woman.", "PMID": 707564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2928", "title": "Esophageal manometry in pregnant and nonpregnant women.", "content": "Esophageal and gastric tone was recorded in six pregnant and six nonpregnant women by means of a new technique for intraluminal pressure recordings. The recordings were performed in supine and standing positions, at rest, and during swallowing of saliva or water. It was found that the pregnant women had lower intraesophageal pressures but higher intragastric pressures compared to the nonpregnant women. In one of the pregnant women a negative pressure situation was recorded between the stomach and lower esophagus. This patient also complained of severe heartburn when she was lying down. Gastroesophageal reflux seems to be aggravated in pregnant women since esophageal peristalsis in these patients has lower wave speed and lower amplitude compared to nonpregnant women.", "contents": "Esophageal manometry in pregnant and nonpregnant women. Esophageal and gastric tone was recorded in six pregnant and six nonpregnant women by means of a new technique for intraluminal pressure recordings. The recordings were performed in supine and standing positions, at rest, and during swallowing of saliva or water. It was found that the pregnant women had lower intraesophageal pressures but higher intragastric pressures compared to the nonpregnant women. In one of the pregnant women a negative pressure situation was recorded between the stomach and lower esophagus. This patient also complained of severe heartburn when she was lying down. Gastroesophageal reflux seems to be aggravated in pregnant women since esophageal peristalsis in these patients has lower wave speed and lower amplitude compared to nonpregnant women.", "PMID": 707565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2929", "title": "Myotonia dystrophica: obstetric complications.", "content": "We describe the course and outcome of 23 pregnancies in six women affected by myotonia dystrophica in a large Labrador family. A seventh patient had 14 pregnancies, so that the infertility commonly described in this disorder did not apply to this family. The rate of complications was high, particularly in respect of polyhydramnios, premature onset of labor, cesarean section, postpartum hemorrhage, and neonatal deaths. Polyhydramnios indicated that the fetus was abnormal. Direct observation of an atonic uterus at cesarean section supported other evidence that uterine muscle may be affected. We also report a newborn infant with the congenital form of myotonic dystrophy, a manifestation which has been attributed to the effect of a maternal intrauterine factor upon a fetus carrying the gene.", "contents": "Myotonia dystrophica: obstetric complications. We describe the course and outcome of 23 pregnancies in six women affected by myotonia dystrophica in a large Labrador family. A seventh patient had 14 pregnancies, so that the infertility commonly described in this disorder did not apply to this family. The rate of complications was high, particularly in respect of polyhydramnios, premature onset of labor, cesarean section, postpartum hemorrhage, and neonatal deaths. Polyhydramnios indicated that the fetus was abnormal. Direct observation of an atonic uterus at cesarean section supported other evidence that uterine muscle may be affected. We also report a newborn infant with the congenital form of myotonic dystrophy, a manifestation which has been attributed to the effect of a maternal intrauterine factor upon a fetus carrying the gene.", "PMID": 707566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2930", "title": "Fetal heart rate patterns and development in the first year of life.", "content": "The development of 50 high-risk infants who were provided intrauterine monitoring during labor was prospectively evaluated. Twelve infants had normal fetal heart rate patterns, 16 moderate-severe variable patterns, and 22 severe variable or late deceleration patterns. The parity, socioeconomic status, race of the mothers, and sex of the infants were similar in each group. The infants were examined neurologically 48 to 72 hours after birth and at 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12 months of age. Denver Developmental Standard testing was performed at 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12 months of age. A statistically significant developmental bias was seen favoring those infants with normal fetal heart patterns. Fetal heart rate patterns predicted abnormal performance more accurately than did Apgar scores. Although this data is incomplete, the duration of ominous fetal heart rate patterns appears to adversely affect development.", "contents": "Fetal heart rate patterns and development in the first year of life. The development of 50 high-risk infants who were provided intrauterine monitoring during labor was prospectively evaluated. Twelve infants had normal fetal heart rate patterns, 16 moderate-severe variable patterns, and 22 severe variable or late deceleration patterns. The parity, socioeconomic status, race of the mothers, and sex of the infants were similar in each group. The infants were examined neurologically 48 to 72 hours after birth and at 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12 months of age. Denver Developmental Standard testing was performed at 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12 months of age. A statistically significant developmental bias was seen favoring those infants with normal fetal heart patterns. Fetal heart rate patterns predicted abnormal performance more accurately than did Apgar scores. Although this data is incomplete, the duration of ominous fetal heart rate patterns appears to adversely affect development.", "PMID": 707567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2931", "title": "Antepartum evaluation of the pre-ejection period of the fetal cardiac cycle.", "content": "The pre-ejection period (PEP) of the cardiac cycle was studied in 65 antepartum fetuses by means of a noninvasive technique which used simultaneous recordings of abdominal fetal electrocardiogram (FECG) and ultrasound fetal Doppler cardiogram (FDCG). Although most of the fetuses were products of high-risk pregnancies, 45 fetuses had uneventful perinatal courses. The PEP's from these fetuses demonstrated a significant positive relationship with gestational age (p is less than 0.01). Uterine contractions induced for antepartum stress testing of the fetus were founnd to prolong the PEP by approximately 9.1 per cent in five cases (four fetuses). The average PEP of antepartum fetuses between 38 and 40 weeks was shorter than that of intrapartum fetuses by approximately 9.5 per cent. Comparison between clinical outcome and the PEP's of the fetuses who were born within a week after the last determination of PEP revealed a strong correlation between prolonged PEP duration and abnormalities in the perinatal course.", "contents": "Antepartum evaluation of the pre-ejection period of the fetal cardiac cycle. The pre-ejection period (PEP) of the cardiac cycle was studied in 65 antepartum fetuses by means of a noninvasive technique which used simultaneous recordings of abdominal fetal electrocardiogram (FECG) and ultrasound fetal Doppler cardiogram (FDCG). Although most of the fetuses were products of high-risk pregnancies, 45 fetuses had uneventful perinatal courses. The PEP's from these fetuses demonstrated a significant positive relationship with gestational age (p is less than 0.01). Uterine contractions induced for antepartum stress testing of the fetus were founnd to prolong the PEP by approximately 9.1 per cent in five cases (four fetuses). The average PEP of antepartum fetuses between 38 and 40 weeks was shorter than that of intrapartum fetuses by approximately 9.5 per cent. Comparison between clinical outcome and the PEP's of the fetuses who were born within a week after the last determination of PEP revealed a strong correlation between prolonged PEP duration and abnormalities in the perinatal course.", "PMID": 707568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2932", "title": "Clinical and neurobehavioral effects of repeated intrauterine exposure to oxytocin: a prospective study.", "content": "A prospective investigation of 114 pregnant women compared 54 with consistently negative oxytocin challenge tests to 60 women who did not have oxytocin challenge tests but did have fetal monitoring during labor. Despite more high risk factors in the OCT group, there were no significant differences noted in the offspring. Specifically, extensive behavioral testing during the first 12 hours of life and at 3 days of age did not show any abnormalities. Furthermore, jaundice and respiratory distress were not seen more often after oxytocin exposure. These data argue that the OCT itself is without demonstrable adverse effects on the otherwise healthy fetus.", "contents": "Clinical and neurobehavioral effects of repeated intrauterine exposure to oxytocin: a prospective study. A prospective investigation of 114 pregnant women compared 54 with consistently negative oxytocin challenge tests to 60 women who did not have oxytocin challenge tests but did have fetal monitoring during labor. Despite more high risk factors in the OCT group, there were no significant differences noted in the offspring. Specifically, extensive behavioral testing during the first 12 hours of life and at 3 days of age did not show any abnormalities. Furthermore, jaundice and respiratory distress were not seen more often after oxytocin exposure. These data argue that the OCT itself is without demonstrable adverse effects on the otherwise healthy fetus.", "PMID": 707569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2933", "title": "Oral contraceptives and platelet aggregation.", "content": "There are conflicting data in the literature concerning the effects of oral contraceptives on platelet aggregation. We studied 26 healthy women who used oral contraceptives for at least three months. The control group consisted of 25 healthy women of childbearing age, who were receiving no medications. No differences in platelet aggregation in response to adenosine diphosphate, epinephrine, and collagen were found between the two groups.", "contents": "Oral contraceptives and platelet aggregation. There are conflicting data in the literature concerning the effects of oral contraceptives on platelet aggregation. We studied 26 healthy women who used oral contraceptives for at least three months. The control group consisted of 25 healthy women of childbearing age, who were receiving no medications. No differences in platelet aggregation in response to adenosine diphosphate, epinephrine, and collagen were found between the two groups.", "PMID": 707570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2934", "title": "Antiserotonin treatment of hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea: long-term follow-up with metergoline, methysergide, and cyproheptadine.", "content": "Twenty patients affected by hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea-galactorrhea have been treated with one or more of the following serotonin antagonists: metergoline, methysergide, and cyproheptadine. Among the 11 patients without evidence of pituitary tumor resumption of menses was observed in five, two of whom had ovulatory cycles; one patient became pregnant; ovulations occurred only during treatment with metergoline. In the group of nine patients with enlarged sellae, three experienced isolated episodes of bleeding, while two had three and four menses each, respectively; all cycles were anovulatory. Plasma prolactin levels and galactorrhea were favorably affected by treatment only in a minority of amenorrhea-galactorrhea patients with and without tumors.", "contents": "Antiserotonin treatment of hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea: long-term follow-up with metergoline, methysergide, and cyproheptadine. Twenty patients affected by hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea-galactorrhea have been treated with one or more of the following serotonin antagonists: metergoline, methysergide, and cyproheptadine. Among the 11 patients without evidence of pituitary tumor resumption of menses was observed in five, two of whom had ovulatory cycles; one patient became pregnant; ovulations occurred only during treatment with metergoline. In the group of nine patients with enlarged sellae, three experienced isolated episodes of bleeding, while two had three and four menses each, respectively; all cycles were anovulatory. Plasma prolactin levels and galactorrhea were favorably affected by treatment only in a minority of amenorrhea-galactorrhea patients with and without tumors.", "PMID": 707571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2935", "title": "Inhibition of menstrual uterine motility during water diuresis.", "content": "Induced water diuresis blocks the central release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) which is, in turn, supposed to play a role in the high uterine activity recorded during human menstruation. In order to further explore this possibility, uterine and antidiuretic activities were studied during water diuresis in 27 normal menstruating women, prior to the insertion of an intrauterine device. Shortly after the initiation of the water overload, simultaneous inhibition of both uterine and antidiuretic activities was obtained. Furthermore, the administration of ADH by intravenous infusion re-established the uterine motility to normal values while the administration of oxytocin did not. It is suggested that ADH has a direct role in the control of uterine activity during human menstruation.", "contents": "Inhibition of menstrual uterine motility during water diuresis. Induced water diuresis blocks the central release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) which is, in turn, supposed to play a role in the high uterine activity recorded during human menstruation. In order to further explore this possibility, uterine and antidiuretic activities were studied during water diuresis in 27 normal menstruating women, prior to the insertion of an intrauterine device. Shortly after the initiation of the water overload, simultaneous inhibition of both uterine and antidiuretic activities was obtained. Furthermore, the administration of ADH by intravenous infusion re-established the uterine motility to normal values while the administration of oxytocin did not. It is suggested that ADH has a direct role in the control of uterine activity during human menstruation.", "PMID": 707572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2936", "title": "Maternal ethanol ingestion and the occurrence of human fetal breathing movements.", "content": "The study of the development of fetal breathing movements in human gestation may provide an increased understanding of maturation of the functional central nervous system (CNS). In seven term pregnancies low maternal blood alcohol levels suppressed fetal breathing movements. No effects on fetal oxygenation or acid-base status were demonstrated at the low blood alcohol level. The suppression is therefore most consistent with a direct effect of alcohol on the fetal CNS. This investigation provides further support of the thesis that fetal breathing movements reflect some components of fetal CNS activity.", "contents": "Maternal ethanol ingestion and the occurrence of human fetal breathing movements. The study of the development of fetal breathing movements in human gestation may provide an increased understanding of maturation of the functional central nervous system (CNS). In seven term pregnancies low maternal blood alcohol levels suppressed fetal breathing movements. No effects on fetal oxygenation or acid-base status were demonstrated at the low blood alcohol level. The suppression is therefore most consistent with a direct effect of alcohol on the fetal CNS. This investigation provides further support of the thesis that fetal breathing movements reflect some components of fetal CNS activity.", "PMID": 707578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2937", "title": "The transfer and metabolism of corticosteroids in the perfused human placenta.", "content": "The transfer and metabolism of cortisol, prednisolone, betamethasone, and dexamethasone were investigated in vitro in the perfused human placenta. Maternal and fetal circuits were established but the steroid was added to the former only. The clearance expressed as a fraction of the antipyrine transfer rate varied from 0.27 to 0.50, but there were no significant differences among the four steroids. All the steroids were metabolized extensively to their respective 11-ketosteroids and again there were no material differences among the steroids. The metabolic conversions of dexamethasone and betamethasone were far greater in the perfused placenta than in minced placenta. From the standpoint of placental transfer and metabolism, as observed in the perfusion studies, none of the four corticosteroids offers a decisive advantage in the antepartum maturation of the fetal pulmonary surfactant system.", "contents": "The transfer and metabolism of corticosteroids in the perfused human placenta. The transfer and metabolism of cortisol, prednisolone, betamethasone, and dexamethasone were investigated in vitro in the perfused human placenta. Maternal and fetal circuits were established but the steroid was added to the former only. The clearance expressed as a fraction of the antipyrine transfer rate varied from 0.27 to 0.50, but there were no significant differences among the four steroids. All the steroids were metabolized extensively to their respective 11-ketosteroids and again there were no material differences among the steroids. The metabolic conversions of dexamethasone and betamethasone were far greater in the perfused placenta than in minced placenta. From the standpoint of placental transfer and metabolism, as observed in the perfusion studies, none of the four corticosteroids offers a decisive advantage in the antepartum maturation of the fetal pulmonary surfactant system.", "PMID": 707579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2938", "title": "The effects of an antihistamine and/or a glucocorticoid on the prolactin response to surgical procedures.", "content": "Prolactin (PRL) release in response to surgical stress has been demonstrated in a variety of species. Previous studies in rats indicate this response is blunted or blocked by pretreatment with either glucocorticoids or antihistamines. The present study was designed to investigate this phenomenon in man. Serum PRL levels before, during, and after major gynecologic surgery were measured in 20 women randomly assigned to one of four pretreatment regimens: (1) dexamethasone, (2) promethazine, (3) both agents, and (4) neither agent. Type of operation, preanesthetic medication, anesthetic agents, and estrogen status of patients were similar in all groups. Untreated controls exhibited the expected five- to tenfold increase in serum PRL concentration with surgery. Pretreatment with either dexamethasone or promethazine alone failed to suppress this response (in contrast to reported findings in the rat) and in fact promethazine appeared to cause an augmented response. However, patients given dexamethasone and promethazine together exhibited only a two- to threefold PRL increase, a significantly lesser response than that in any of the other groups. Thus, PRL release in response to general anesthesia and surgery is inhibited by the combination of an antihistamine (H-l) receptor antagonist and a glucocorticoid, whereas either agent alone has no suppressive effect.", "contents": "The effects of an antihistamine and/or a glucocorticoid on the prolactin response to surgical procedures. Prolactin (PRL) release in response to surgical stress has been demonstrated in a variety of species. Previous studies in rats indicate this response is blunted or blocked by pretreatment with either glucocorticoids or antihistamines. The present study was designed to investigate this phenomenon in man. Serum PRL levels before, during, and after major gynecologic surgery were measured in 20 women randomly assigned to one of four pretreatment regimens: (1) dexamethasone, (2) promethazine, (3) both agents, and (4) neither agent. Type of operation, preanesthetic medication, anesthetic agents, and estrogen status of patients were similar in all groups. Untreated controls exhibited the expected five- to tenfold increase in serum PRL concentration with surgery. Pretreatment with either dexamethasone or promethazine alone failed to suppress this response (in contrast to reported findings in the rat) and in fact promethazine appeared to cause an augmented response. However, patients given dexamethasone and promethazine together exhibited only a two- to threefold PRL increase, a significantly lesser response than that in any of the other groups. Thus, PRL release in response to general anesthesia and surgery is inhibited by the combination of an antihistamine (H-l) receptor antagonist and a glucocorticoid, whereas either agent alone has no suppressive effect.", "PMID": 707580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2939", "title": "The relationship of changes in mammary blood flow and plasma progesterone at the time of parturition in the ewe.", "content": "Previous studies indicate that there is a fall in maternal plasma progesterone and a marked increase in mammary blood flow (MBF) at the time of parturition in ewes. In this experiment the role of progesterone as a cause of this increase in MBF was investigated. Progesterone was infused (9.9 mcg. per minute) into a branch of the mammary artery in five sheep during the induction of premature labor by fetal dexamethasone infusion (1 mg. per 24 hours) to prevent the normal fall in concentration of local mammary artery progesterone. Five ewes used as controls received a mammary artery infusion of cholesterol (9.9 mcg. per minute). In the cholesterol-infused group MBF increased significantly from baseline after 13 +/- 4 hours (mean +/- standard error) to a peak flow of 235 +/- 9 ml. per minute. In the group receiving the progesterone the increase in MBF was delayed to 35 +/- 7 hours, reaching only 161 +/- 22 ml. per minute. These results were significantly different from control group results (p less than 0.01). This study suggests that the fall in maternal plasma progesterone which occurs at the time of parturition may play a role in the increase in MBF that occurs prior to the onset of labor, delivery, and lactogenesis.", "contents": "The relationship of changes in mammary blood flow and plasma progesterone at the time of parturition in the ewe. Previous studies indicate that there is a fall in maternal plasma progesterone and a marked increase in mammary blood flow (MBF) at the time of parturition in ewes. In this experiment the role of progesterone as a cause of this increase in MBF was investigated. Progesterone was infused (9.9 mcg. per minute) into a branch of the mammary artery in five sheep during the induction of premature labor by fetal dexamethasone infusion (1 mg. per 24 hours) to prevent the normal fall in concentration of local mammary artery progesterone. Five ewes used as controls received a mammary artery infusion of cholesterol (9.9 mcg. per minute). In the cholesterol-infused group MBF increased significantly from baseline after 13 +/- 4 hours (mean +/- standard error) to a peak flow of 235 +/- 9 ml. per minute. In the group receiving the progesterone the increase in MBF was delayed to 35 +/- 7 hours, reaching only 161 +/- 22 ml. per minute. These results were significantly different from control group results (p less than 0.01). This study suggests that the fall in maternal plasma progesterone which occurs at the time of parturition may play a role in the increase in MBF that occurs prior to the onset of labor, delivery, and lactogenesis.", "PMID": 707581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2940", "title": "Vaginal blood flow during the menstrual cycle.", "content": "Six nulliparous young women slept 16 to 27 consecutive nights in a clinical research center. Vaginal blood flow was estimated from rates of removal of heat from the vaginal wall by a cooled probe inserted by the women immediately upon awakening. Plasma levels of estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone were determined. Measured also were vaginal temperature and systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Systematic changes during the cycle were detected for all variables except systolic blood pressure. Rising levels of estradiol during late follicular phase were not correlated significantly with vaginal blood flow rates.", "contents": "Vaginal blood flow during the menstrual cycle. Six nulliparous young women slept 16 to 27 consecutive nights in a clinical research center. Vaginal blood flow was estimated from rates of removal of heat from the vaginal wall by a cooled probe inserted by the women immediately upon awakening. Plasma levels of estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone were determined. Measured also were vaginal temperature and systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Systematic changes during the cycle were detected for all variables except systolic blood pressure. Rising levels of estradiol during late follicular phase were not correlated significantly with vaginal blood flow rates.", "PMID": 707582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2941", "title": "The relationship between blood flow and oxygen uptake in the uterine and umbilical circulations.", "content": "Control measurements of uterine blood flow (N = 110) or umbilical blood flow (N = 84) and the oxygen content difference across the circulation in question were analyzed to assess the effect of flow rate, measured by the diffusion equilibrium technique, on the oxygen uptake of either the uteroplacental-fetal tissue mass or the fetus alone. Although the rate of uterine blood flow varied widely (110 to 418 ml. per kilogram per minute, the rate of uterine oxygen uptake did not change significantly at low or high rates of flow. Likewise, the rate of umbilical blood flow varied widely (154 to 444 ml. per kilogram per minute) without a significant change in fetal oxygen uptake at the extremes of flow. In both circulations this was due to the existence of a reciprocal relationship between flow rate and deltaO2.", "contents": "The relationship between blood flow and oxygen uptake in the uterine and umbilical circulations. Control measurements of uterine blood flow (N = 110) or umbilical blood flow (N = 84) and the oxygen content difference across the circulation in question were analyzed to assess the effect of flow rate, measured by the diffusion equilibrium technique, on the oxygen uptake of either the uteroplacental-fetal tissue mass or the fetus alone. Although the rate of uterine blood flow varied widely (110 to 418 ml. per kilogram per minute, the rate of uterine oxygen uptake did not change significantly at low or high rates of flow. Likewise, the rate of umbilical blood flow varied widely (154 to 444 ml. per kilogram per minute) without a significant change in fetal oxygen uptake at the extremes of flow. In both circulations this was due to the existence of a reciprocal relationship between flow rate and deltaO2.", "PMID": 707583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2942", "title": "Fetal blood velocity waveforms.", "content": "In this paper a method is described for obtaining and characterizing fetal blood velocity waveforms. The signals were recorded with a range-gated Doppler instrument and characterized after spectral analysis. Preliminary observations indicate differences in the waveforms obtained during normal pregnancies compared with some complicated pregnancies.", "contents": "Fetal blood velocity waveforms. In this paper a method is described for obtaining and characterizing fetal blood velocity waveforms. The signals were recorded with a range-gated Doppler instrument and characterized after spectral analysis. Preliminary observations indicate differences in the waveforms obtained during normal pregnancies compared with some complicated pregnancies.", "PMID": 707584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2943", "title": "Effects of indomethacin on sheep uteroplacental circulations and sensitivity to angiotensin II.", "content": "Indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, injected simultaneously into the abdominal aorta of the ewe and her fetus at 125 days' gestation causes vasoconstriction of both the uterine and umbilical circulations. There is no change in these hemodynamic effects of indomethacin in the presence of phenoxybenzamine, an alpha-adrenergic antagonist. When the indomethacin experiment is repeated seven to 10 days later, a uterine vasoconstriction 10 per cent greater than that found earlier occurs, but there is no change from control umbilical vascular resistance. The mean maternal arterial pressure response (20 mm. Hg) to angiotensin II with and without indomethacin also was examined at the same time in gestation. Indomethacin infusion to the ewe significantly reduces the pressor dose (nanograms per kilogram per minute) by 42 +/- 4 per cent. Thus, in pregnant sheep in the third trimester, endogenous prostaglandins appear to be: (1) partial determinants of basal blood flow in both the uterine and umbilical circulations and (2) modulators of the vasoconstrictive effects of angiotensin II in the ewe.", "contents": "Effects of indomethacin on sheep uteroplacental circulations and sensitivity to angiotensin II. Indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, injected simultaneously into the abdominal aorta of the ewe and her fetus at 125 days' gestation causes vasoconstriction of both the uterine and umbilical circulations. There is no change in these hemodynamic effects of indomethacin in the presence of phenoxybenzamine, an alpha-adrenergic antagonist. When the indomethacin experiment is repeated seven to 10 days later, a uterine vasoconstriction 10 per cent greater than that found earlier occurs, but there is no change from control umbilical vascular resistance. The mean maternal arterial pressure response (20 mm. Hg) to angiotensin II with and without indomethacin also was examined at the same time in gestation. Indomethacin infusion to the ewe significantly reduces the pressor dose (nanograms per kilogram per minute) by 42 +/- 4 per cent. Thus, in pregnant sheep in the third trimester, endogenous prostaglandins appear to be: (1) partial determinants of basal blood flow in both the uterine and umbilical circulations and (2) modulators of the vasoconstrictive effects of angiotensin II in the ewe.", "PMID": 707585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2944", "title": "Circulatory responses to systemic infusions of estrone and estradiol-17alpha in nonpregnant, oophorectomized ewes.", "content": "Uterine arterial blood flow dose-response curves to systemic infusions of either estrone (E1) or estradiol-17alpha (E2alpha) were determined in ten oophorectomized, nonpregnant ewes. Maximum uterine blood flow occurred with 5 microgram per kilogram of E1 and greater than or equal to 20 microgram per kilogram of E2alpha. Total uterine blood flow measured with isotope-labeled microspheres rose more than tenfold following 30 microgram per kilogram of either estrogen, as did blood flow to the myometrium, endometrium, and uterine caruncles (p less than 0.05). Distribution of uterine blood flow was unaltered. Cervical and vaginal blood flows increased ten-to twenty-fold with E1 and E2alpha, while mammary gland blood flow rose 54 and 77 per cent. Significant increases in adrenal and thyroid blood flows were documented. The only significant decrease in blood flow occurred in the pancreas (- 13 percent; p less than 0.05) following E2alpha infusion. At the dose studied, E1 and E2alpha are potent vasodilators of reproductive tissues, especially the cervix and vagina. As they appear to be the major estrogens during ovine pregnancy, it is likely they participate in the preparation of these tissues for parturition.", "contents": "Circulatory responses to systemic infusions of estrone and estradiol-17alpha in nonpregnant, oophorectomized ewes. Uterine arterial blood flow dose-response curves to systemic infusions of either estrone (E1) or estradiol-17alpha (E2alpha) were determined in ten oophorectomized, nonpregnant ewes. Maximum uterine blood flow occurred with 5 microgram per kilogram of E1 and greater than or equal to 20 microgram per kilogram of E2alpha. Total uterine blood flow measured with isotope-labeled microspheres rose more than tenfold following 30 microgram per kilogram of either estrogen, as did blood flow to the myometrium, endometrium, and uterine caruncles (p less than 0.05). Distribution of uterine blood flow was unaltered. Cervical and vaginal blood flows increased ten-to twenty-fold with E1 and E2alpha, while mammary gland blood flow rose 54 and 77 per cent. Significant increases in adrenal and thyroid blood flows were documented. The only significant decrease in blood flow occurred in the pancreas (- 13 percent; p less than 0.05) following E2alpha infusion. At the dose studied, E1 and E2alpha are potent vasodilators of reproductive tissues, especially the cervix and vagina. As they appear to be the major estrogens during ovine pregnancy, it is likely they participate in the preparation of these tissues for parturition.", "PMID": 707586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2945", "title": "Distribution of cytoplasmic estrogen and progesterone receptors in human endometrium.", "content": "Unoccupied estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors were measured in the cytoplasm of five sections along the length of endometrium obtained from noncancerous, premenopausal hysterectomy specimens. The concentrations of the two receptors were measured with tritiated estradiol or R5020 (a synthetic progestin), the latter two having been purified by high-pressure liquid chromatography, and were found to be highest in the fundus and lowest in the cervix. Progesterone receptor levels, ranging from 50 to 3,500 fmoles of R5020 bound per milligram of protein, were generally much higher in each section of the endometrium than estrogen receptor levels, which ranged from 0 to 500 fmoles of estradiol bound per milligram of protein. Near ovulation it seemed that the distribution profiles of both receptors became very steep, with more than a tenfold difference in the receptor levels being found between the fundus and the cervix. Receptor levels measured in endometrial samples obtained by curettage or aspiration should be interpreted with caution.", "contents": "Distribution of cytoplasmic estrogen and progesterone receptors in human endometrium. Unoccupied estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors were measured in the cytoplasm of five sections along the length of endometrium obtained from noncancerous, premenopausal hysterectomy specimens. The concentrations of the two receptors were measured with tritiated estradiol or R5020 (a synthetic progestin), the latter two having been purified by high-pressure liquid chromatography, and were found to be highest in the fundus and lowest in the cervix. Progesterone receptor levels, ranging from 50 to 3,500 fmoles of R5020 bound per milligram of protein, were generally much higher in each section of the endometrium than estrogen receptor levels, which ranged from 0 to 500 fmoles of estradiol bound per milligram of protein. Near ovulation it seemed that the distribution profiles of both receptors became very steep, with more than a tenfold difference in the receptor levels being found between the fundus and the cervix. Receptor levels measured in endometrial samples obtained by curettage or aspiration should be interpreted with caution.", "PMID": 707587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2946", "title": "Studies with a pancreatic beta cell simulator in the third trimester of pregnancies complicated by diabetes.", "content": "To determine the potential of an artificial pancreatic beta cell simulator as a therapeutic and research tool we have used the device for short-term monitoring and control of blood glucose concentrations in five pregnant patients with juvenile-onset diabetes (White's Class C) and three pregnant patients with maturity-onset diabetes (Class B). One patient with brittle juvenile-onset diabetes had successful control before, during, and after cesarean section. The other seven patients were studied during the third trimester of pregnancy and at least four weeks before delivery. Blood glucose control with Biostator regulation was excellent (mean, 96 mg. per deciliter; range, 85 to 107). The insulin requirements needed to achieve optimal glucose control with the Biostator were highly variable (range, 20 to 157 U. per 24 hours) but very similar to those previously calculated to provide optimal control by conventional means. Insulin requirements were unrelated to plasma growth hormone, placental lactogen, or glucagon concentrations. The greatest degree of insulin resistance was seen in obese patients with endogenous insulin-secretory capacity. This study indicates that a pancreatic beta cell simulator can normalize glucose concentrations and rapidly estimate daily insulin requirements in pregnant diabetic patients. In addition, the data suggest that exogenous insulin may indirectly suppress endogenous insulin secretion and thus contribute to the \"insulin resistance\" of obese patients with maturity-onset diabetes.", "contents": "Studies with a pancreatic beta cell simulator in the third trimester of pregnancies complicated by diabetes. To determine the potential of an artificial pancreatic beta cell simulator as a therapeutic and research tool we have used the device for short-term monitoring and control of blood glucose concentrations in five pregnant patients with juvenile-onset diabetes (White's Class C) and three pregnant patients with maturity-onset diabetes (Class B). One patient with brittle juvenile-onset diabetes had successful control before, during, and after cesarean section. The other seven patients were studied during the third trimester of pregnancy and at least four weeks before delivery. Blood glucose control with Biostator regulation was excellent (mean, 96 mg. per deciliter; range, 85 to 107). The insulin requirements needed to achieve optimal glucose control with the Biostator were highly variable (range, 20 to 157 U. per 24 hours) but very similar to those previously calculated to provide optimal control by conventional means. Insulin requirements were unrelated to plasma growth hormone, placental lactogen, or glucagon concentrations. The greatest degree of insulin resistance was seen in obese patients with endogenous insulin-secretory capacity. This study indicates that a pancreatic beta cell simulator can normalize glucose concentrations and rapidly estimate daily insulin requirements in pregnant diabetic patients. In addition, the data suggest that exogenous insulin may indirectly suppress endogenous insulin secretion and thus contribute to the \"insulin resistance\" of obese patients with maturity-onset diabetes.", "PMID": 707588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2947", "title": "The effect of passive immunization against estradiol on the regulatory profile and character of labor in the rat.", "content": "Treatment of pregnant rats with antiestradiol (A-E2) serum twice a day, starting at 2100 hours on day 19, sharply increased circulating total estradiol (E2) above control values and drastically reduced the biologically active E2 unbound (E2U) to A-E2 in plasma and uterine tissue. This A-E2-induced and--sustained E2U deficiency was not accompanied by similar changes in plasma and tissue progesterone (P), since P decreased similarly in the control and A-E2--treated rats in preparation for parturition. However, in the A-E2 rats the reduction in E2U was accompanied by a small, though significant, decrease in uterine vein prostaglandin F (PGF) during labor. This A-E2--provoked regulatory imbalance significantly altered normal parturition. In comparison with controls, labor in the A-E2 rats was delayed and prolonged by extended intervals between deliveries of individual fetuses of the same litter. The delay in the onset of labor significantly increased the birth weights of the newborn rats. Whether E2U deficiency is directly responsible for the asynchronic myometrial activity that delays and prolongs labor or whether it is mediated by reduced PGF release remains to be determined.", "contents": "The effect of passive immunization against estradiol on the regulatory profile and character of labor in the rat. Treatment of pregnant rats with antiestradiol (A-E2) serum twice a day, starting at 2100 hours on day 19, sharply increased circulating total estradiol (E2) above control values and drastically reduced the biologically active E2 unbound (E2U) to A-E2 in plasma and uterine tissue. This A-E2-induced and--sustained E2U deficiency was not accompanied by similar changes in plasma and tissue progesterone (P), since P decreased similarly in the control and A-E2--treated rats in preparation for parturition. However, in the A-E2 rats the reduction in E2U was accompanied by a small, though significant, decrease in uterine vein prostaglandin F (PGF) during labor. This A-E2--provoked regulatory imbalance significantly altered normal parturition. In comparison with controls, labor in the A-E2 rats was delayed and prolonged by extended intervals between deliveries of individual fetuses of the same litter. The delay in the onset of labor significantly increased the birth weights of the newborn rats. Whether E2U deficiency is directly responsible for the asynchronic myometrial activity that delays and prolongs labor or whether it is mediated by reduced PGF release remains to be determined.", "PMID": 707589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2948", "title": "Neovasculogenic ability of prostaglandins, growth factors, and synthetic chemoattractants.", "content": "Prostaglandins E1, E2, D2, A1, F1alpha, and F2alpha as well as synthetic chemoattractants and growth factors were tested for their ability to induce the proliferation of new blood vessels in the rabbit cornea. PGE1 showed the strongest neovasculogenic activity attracting new blood vessels in all of the cases. PGE2 was a weaker attractant than PGE1. PGF2alpha induced a less consistent reaction. All implants sequestering PGD2 or PGA1 were negative. Implants sequestering 1 microgram of fibroblast growth factor or epidermal growth factor variably stimulated the proliferation of keratocytes and epithelial cells in vivo. However, none of these demonstrated any vasculogenic activity. A small, but significant neovascularization was observed only in implants sequestering 10 microgram of growth factor per implant. Although active in vitro, nerve growth factor and formylated synthetic peptides were not stimulatory in vivo.", "contents": "Neovasculogenic ability of prostaglandins, growth factors, and synthetic chemoattractants. Prostaglandins E1, E2, D2, A1, F1alpha, and F2alpha as well as synthetic chemoattractants and growth factors were tested for their ability to induce the proliferation of new blood vessels in the rabbit cornea. PGE1 showed the strongest neovasculogenic activity attracting new blood vessels in all of the cases. PGE2 was a weaker attractant than PGE1. PGF2alpha induced a less consistent reaction. All implants sequestering PGD2 or PGA1 were negative. Implants sequestering 1 microgram of fibroblast growth factor or epidermal growth factor variably stimulated the proliferation of keratocytes and epithelial cells in vivo. However, none of these demonstrated any vasculogenic activity. A small, but significant neovascularization was observed only in implants sequestering 10 microgram of growth factor per implant. Although active in vitro, nerve growth factor and formylated synthetic peptides were not stimulatory in vivo.", "PMID": 707590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2949", "title": "Subretinal neovascularization following rubella retinopathy.", "content": "A 17-year-old girl and an 11-year-old girl with rubella retinopathy had decreased vision in one eye secondary to subretinal neovascularization and hemorrhage. In both cases a disciform scar with permanent decrease in central vision resulted.", "contents": "Subretinal neovascularization following rubella retinopathy. A 17-year-old girl and an 11-year-old girl with rubella retinopathy had decreased vision in one eye secondary to subretinal neovascularization and hemorrhage. In both cases a disciform scar with permanent decrease in central vision resulted.", "PMID": 707591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2950", "title": "A follow-up study by vitreous fluorophotometry of early retinal involvement in diabetes.", "content": "A series of 25 diabetic patients who showed apparently normal fundi on ophthalmoscopy and fundus fluorescein angiography were observed by using vitreous fluorophotometry for 30 months. The results showed that the alteration of the blood-retinal barrier increased generally during the follow-up period, particularly in the diabetic patients who were under poor metabolic control. The degree of breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier was significantly associated with the duration of the diabetic disease.", "contents": "A follow-up study by vitreous fluorophotometry of early retinal involvement in diabetes. A series of 25 diabetic patients who showed apparently normal fundi on ophthalmoscopy and fundus fluorescein angiography were observed by using vitreous fluorophotometry for 30 months. The results showed that the alteration of the blood-retinal barrier increased generally during the follow-up period, particularly in the diabetic patients who were under poor metabolic control. The degree of breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier was significantly associated with the duration of the diabetic disease.", "PMID": 707592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2951", "title": "Vitrectomy and Wagner's vitreoretinal degeneration.", "content": "A 14-year-old boy, an 11-year-old girl, and a 3-year-old girl with Wagner's vitreoretinal degeneration had multiple retinal detachments. Surgical repair by means of conventional scleral buckling and encircling techniques was unsuccessful. However, after vitrectomy, their retinas remained flat.", "contents": "Vitrectomy and Wagner's vitreoretinal degeneration. A 14-year-old boy, an 11-year-old girl, and a 3-year-old girl with Wagner's vitreoretinal degeneration had multiple retinal detachments. Surgical repair by means of conventional scleral buckling and encircling techniques was unsuccessful. However, after vitrectomy, their retinas remained flat.", "PMID": 707593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2952", "title": "Medicolegal hazards of intraocular lens implanting.", "content": "If the result of cataract extraction is not good, patients with relatively good preoperative vision are more likely to sue than those with poor preoperative vision. One of the usual indications for use of a pseudophakos is good vision in one eye. At times the preoperative acuity in the operated eye is not bad. This creates an unfavorable risk:benefit ratio. Other factors that add to the risk of litigation are publicity in the lay press and problems with properly informing the patient to obtain consent.", "contents": "Medicolegal hazards of intraocular lens implanting. If the result of cataract extraction is not good, patients with relatively good preoperative vision are more likely to sue than those with poor preoperative vision. One of the usual indications for use of a pseudophakos is good vision in one eye. At times the preoperative acuity in the operated eye is not bad. This creates an unfavorable risk:benefit ratio. Other factors that add to the risk of litigation are publicity in the lay press and problems with properly informing the patient to obtain consent.", "PMID": 707594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2953", "title": "The long-term effects of iridectomy for primary acute angle-closure glaucoma.", "content": "Forty-nine eyes were treated with iridectomy for primary acute angle-closure glaucoma. Forty asymptomatic, normotensive fellow eyes were similarly treated. The duration of follow-up after surgery was 52.3 +/- 3.6 months. Thirty-seven (76%) of the eyes with acute attacks were cured by iridectomy alone and required no medical therapy. Twelve eyes (24%) developed increased intraocular pressure following iridectomy, but only one eye (2%) required filtering surgery. Eighty-eight percent of the asymptomatic, normotensive fellow eyes required no subsequent therapy, and none developed visual field defects. Visual acuity was unchanged in 22 of 49 (45%) of the acutely involved eyes and decreased more than six lines in 11 (22%) eyes. In the 40 fellow eyes, visual acuity was unchanged in 63% and decreased more than six lines in only one (2%) eye.", "contents": "The long-term effects of iridectomy for primary acute angle-closure glaucoma. Forty-nine eyes were treated with iridectomy for primary acute angle-closure glaucoma. Forty asymptomatic, normotensive fellow eyes were similarly treated. The duration of follow-up after surgery was 52.3 +/- 3.6 months. Thirty-seven (76%) of the eyes with acute attacks were cured by iridectomy alone and required no medical therapy. Twelve eyes (24%) developed increased intraocular pressure following iridectomy, but only one eye (2%) required filtering surgery. Eighty-eight percent of the asymptomatic, normotensive fellow eyes required no subsequent therapy, and none developed visual field defects. Visual acuity was unchanged in 22 of 49 (45%) of the acutely involved eyes and decreased more than six lines in 11 (22%) eyes. In the 40 fellow eyes, visual acuity was unchanged in 63% and decreased more than six lines in only one (2%) eye.", "PMID": 707595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2954", "title": "Toxicity of combined therapy with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and aspirin.", "content": "A 67-year-old woman and a 75-year-old woman taking carbonic anhydrase inhibitors for therapy of glaucoma and high doses of aspirin for therapy of arthritis developed severe acid-base imbalance and salicylate intoxication. Neither patient exhibited ill effects when taking high aspirin doses without carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Carbonic anhydrose inhibitor-induced acidemia increases the risk of developing salicylate intoxication in patients receiving high aspirin doses.", "contents": "Toxicity of combined therapy with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and aspirin. A 67-year-old woman and a 75-year-old woman taking carbonic anhydrase inhibitors for therapy of glaucoma and high doses of aspirin for therapy of arthritis developed severe acid-base imbalance and salicylate intoxication. Neither patient exhibited ill effects when taking high aspirin doses without carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Carbonic anhydrose inhibitor-induced acidemia increases the risk of developing salicylate intoxication in patients receiving high aspirin doses.", "PMID": 707596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2955", "title": "Varix of the optic disk.", "content": "A 74-year-old woman had a saccular dilatation, presumably of the central retinal vein, on the optic nerve head. The lesion caused no symptoms, and over a four-month period showed (vidence of thrombosis and stagnation within it. The lesion caused no interference with either the arterial or venous circulation of the retina. We advised no treatment and continue to observe the patient.", "contents": "Varix of the optic disk. A 74-year-old woman had a saccular dilatation, presumably of the central retinal vein, on the optic nerve head. The lesion caused no symptoms, and over a four-month period showed (vidence of thrombosis and stagnation within it. The lesion caused no interference with either the arterial or venous circulation of the retina. We advised no treatment and continue to observe the patient.", "PMID": 707597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2956", "title": "Bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia with normal visual acuity.", "content": "A 26-year-old man, a 19-year-old man, and a 55-year-old man had bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia. They all had normal vision, but considerable defects in the inferior segments of the visual fields.", "contents": "Bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia with normal visual acuity. A 26-year-old man, a 19-year-old man, and a 55-year-old man had bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia. They all had normal vision, but considerable defects in the inferior segments of the visual fields.", "PMID": 707598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2957", "title": "Visual-evoked response differentiation of ischemic optic neuritis from the optic neuritis of multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Fifteen patients with ischemic optic neuritis studied electrophysiologically had a characteristic change of marked reduction in the amplitude of the visual-evoked response even when loss of vision was moderate. The optic neuritis of multiple sclerosis rarely produced this change. Occasionally, small increases in the latent period of the visual-evoked response were recorded from the patients with ischemic optic neuritis. The optic neuritis of multiple sclerosis usually produced significant increases in the latent period. When the normal nerve was tested in patients with ischemic optic neuritis, the visual evoked response was normal. In patients with optic neuritis of multiple sclerosis, stimulation of the \"normal\" nerve usually produced an increase in the latent period similar to that seen when the involved nerve was stimulated.", "contents": "Visual-evoked response differentiation of ischemic optic neuritis from the optic neuritis of multiple sclerosis. Fifteen patients with ischemic optic neuritis studied electrophysiologically had a characteristic change of marked reduction in the amplitude of the visual-evoked response even when loss of vision was moderate. The optic neuritis of multiple sclerosis rarely produced this change. Occasionally, small increases in the latent period of the visual-evoked response were recorded from the patients with ischemic optic neuritis. The optic neuritis of multiple sclerosis usually produced significant increases in the latent period. When the normal nerve was tested in patients with ischemic optic neuritis, the visual evoked response was normal. In patients with optic neuritis of multiple sclerosis, stimulation of the \"normal\" nerve usually produced an increase in the latent period similar to that seen when the involved nerve was stimulated.", "PMID": 707599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2958", "title": "Bilateral homonymous hemianopia.", "content": "Bilateral homonymous hemianopia occurred in 15 patients seen during a four-year period. Persons with this visual deficit had similarly shaped visual field defects on corresponding sides of the vertical midline for each eye, equal visual acuity which is generally normal, and normal pupil and fundus examinations. The most common causes of the bilateral posterior cerebral artery insufficency were arteriosclerosis (40%), uncalherniation (20%), and migraine (13%).", "contents": "Bilateral homonymous hemianopia. Bilateral homonymous hemianopia occurred in 15 patients seen during a four-year period. Persons with this visual deficit had similarly shaped visual field defects on corresponding sides of the vertical midline for each eye, equal visual acuity which is generally normal, and normal pupil and fundus examinations. The most common causes of the bilateral posterior cerebral artery insufficency were arteriosclerosis (40%), uncalherniation (20%), and migraine (13%).", "PMID": 707600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2959", "title": "Optic neuritis complicating measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination.", "content": "A 6-year-old boy developed bilateral optic neuritis with decreasing visual acuity 18 days after administration of live attenuated trivalent measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine. The patient was treated with oral corticosteroids. The optic neuritis resolved within several weeks and normal vision returned. An afferent pupillary defect persistent in the more severely involved eye for 14 months following vaccination.", "contents": "Optic neuritis complicating measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination. A 6-year-old boy developed bilateral optic neuritis with decreasing visual acuity 18 days after administration of live attenuated trivalent measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine. The patient was treated with oral corticosteroids. The optic neuritis resolved within several weeks and normal vision returned. An afferent pupillary defect persistent in the more severely involved eye for 14 months following vaccination.", "PMID": 707601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2960", "title": "Retinitis secondary to acquired systemic toxoplasmosis with isolation of the parasite.", "content": "A 43-year-old woman developed a heterophile-negative infectious mononucleosis syndrome for which no cause was apparent. During her illness she developed subjective changes in the central vision of her right eye and had focal retinal inflammation, which suggested the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis. The clinical course was accompanied by an increased titer to Toxoplasma gondii. Organisms were isolated from lymph node tissue and injected into the peritoneum of mice from which organisms were harvested.", "contents": "Retinitis secondary to acquired systemic toxoplasmosis with isolation of the parasite. A 43-year-old woman developed a heterophile-negative infectious mononucleosis syndrome for which no cause was apparent. During her illness she developed subjective changes in the central vision of her right eye and had focal retinal inflammation, which suggested the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis. The clinical course was accompanied by an increased titer to Toxoplasma gondii. Organisms were isolated from lymph node tissue and injected into the peritoneum of mice from which organisms were harvested.", "PMID": 707602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2961", "title": "Early diagnosis and evolution of dominant retinitis pigmentosa.", "content": "A 5-month-old girl with retinitis pigmentosa was the healthy offspring of a family with progressive autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Serial evaluation by both electroretinograph and ophthalmoscopy over a four-year period confirmed the diagnosis and indicated that as early as 5 months of age, electroretinographic abnormalities were present in the patient. These consisted of a reduction in the dark-adapted b-wave amplitude, prominent X-wave, and no suppression of the second b-wave response to paired light stimuli at 75 msec. Progressive reduction in the scotopic electroretinography amplitude has occurred over the ensuing four years, although light-adapted (cone) function still appears normal. Clinical evidence of retinitis pigmentosa became apparent only late in the patient's third year when fine peripheral pigment clumping and vessel attentuation could be seen.", "contents": "Early diagnosis and evolution of dominant retinitis pigmentosa. A 5-month-old girl with retinitis pigmentosa was the healthy offspring of a family with progressive autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Serial evaluation by both electroretinograph and ophthalmoscopy over a four-year period confirmed the diagnosis and indicated that as early as 5 months of age, electroretinographic abnormalities were present in the patient. These consisted of a reduction in the dark-adapted b-wave amplitude, prominent X-wave, and no suppression of the second b-wave response to paired light stimuli at 75 msec. Progressive reduction in the scotopic electroretinography amplitude has occurred over the ensuing four years, although light-adapted (cone) function still appears normal. Clinical evidence of retinitis pigmentosa became apparent only late in the patient's third year when fine peripheral pigment clumping and vessel attentuation could be seen.", "PMID": 707603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2962", "title": "Reappraisal of Callender's spindle a type of malignant melanoma of choroid and ciliary body.", "content": "A follow-up study and histologic reevaluation were made of 105 melanomas of the choroid and ciliary body that had originally been classified as Callender's spindle A type. There were 18 deaths attributable to tumor, with metastatic disease confirmed by autopsy or biopsy in eight cases. We were able to separate the 105 melanomas histopathologically into three groups. The first group consisted of 15 cases in which the spindle-shaped tumor cells were cytologically benign; no deaths were observed for this group. The 75 tumors in the second group were composed of spindle cells, but differed from those in the first group by their malignant features, namely, more atypicality of cells, mitotic activity, necrosis, invasion into sclera or through Bruch's membrane, larger size of the tumor, or any combination of the above. The prognosis for this group was good, comparable to that of spindle B melanomas. The 15 tumors in the third group contained epithelioid cells and had a poor prognosis, comparable to that of mixed-cell melanomas.", "contents": "Reappraisal of Callender's spindle a type of malignant melanoma of choroid and ciliary body. A follow-up study and histologic reevaluation were made of 105 melanomas of the choroid and ciliary body that had originally been classified as Callender's spindle A type. There were 18 deaths attributable to tumor, with metastatic disease confirmed by autopsy or biopsy in eight cases. We were able to separate the 105 melanomas histopathologically into three groups. The first group consisted of 15 cases in which the spindle-shaped tumor cells were cytologically benign; no deaths were observed for this group. The 75 tumors in the second group were composed of spindle cells, but differed from those in the first group by their malignant features, namely, more atypicality of cells, mitotic activity, necrosis, invasion into sclera or through Bruch's membrane, larger size of the tumor, or any combination of the above. The prognosis for this group was good, comparable to that of spindle B melanomas. The 15 tumors in the third group contained epithelioid cells and had a poor prognosis, comparable to that of mixed-cell melanomas.", "PMID": 707604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2963", "title": "Intraosseous hemangioma of the orbital roof.", "content": "A 63-year-old woman had an osseous hemangioma of the orbital rim. Diagnosis of this primary bone tumor was made by its distinctive radiographic appearance and confirmed by pathologic, examination. Although this is a benign lesion, it is expansile and can cause ocular signs. Surgical resection is the recommended treatment.", "contents": "Intraosseous hemangioma of the orbital roof. A 63-year-old woman had an osseous hemangioma of the orbital rim. Diagnosis of this primary bone tumor was made by its distinctive radiographic appearance and confirmed by pathologic, examination. Although this is a benign lesion, it is expansile and can cause ocular signs. Surgical resection is the recommended treatment.", "PMID": 707605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2964", "title": "The mechanism of the Miochol lens opacity.", "content": "We studied the reversible cataractogenic effect of Miochol on rabbits' lenses. The experiments demonstrated that the lens opacities developing after the intracameral injection of Miochol were caused by the hypertonicity of the solution and not by a biochemical effect of the acetylcholine.", "contents": "The mechanism of the Miochol lens opacity. We studied the reversible cataractogenic effect of Miochol on rabbits' lenses. The experiments demonstrated that the lens opacities developing after the intracameral injection of Miochol were caused by the hypertonicity of the solution and not by a biochemical effect of the acetylcholine.", "PMID": 707606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2965", "title": "Cystoid macular edema after cryotherapy.", "content": "A 50-year-old man developed cystoid macular edema five weeks after cryotherapy of acute retinal tears. The cystoid edema cleared spontaneously, but ultimately the fovea developed wrinkling of the internal limiting membrane.", "contents": "Cystoid macular edema after cryotherapy. A 50-year-old man developed cystoid macular edema five weeks after cryotherapy of acute retinal tears. The cystoid edema cleared spontaneously, but ultimately the fovea developed wrinkling of the internal limiting membrane.", "PMID": 707607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2966", "title": "Violence toward children in the United States.", "content": "This paper reports results of a survey of a representative sample of 2143 American families, designed to examine the incidence, modes, and patterns of parent-to-child violence. Findings suggest that violence, well beyond ordinary physical punishment, is an extensive and patterned phenomenon in parent-child relations. Implications are discussed, and directions for further research are indicated.", "contents": "Violence toward children in the United States. This paper reports results of a survey of a representative sample of 2143 American families, designed to examine the incidence, modes, and patterns of parent-to-child violence. Findings suggest that violence, well beyond ordinary physical punishment, is an extensive and patterned phenomenon in parent-child relations. Implications are discussed, and directions for further research are indicated.", "PMID": 707610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2967", "title": "The medicalization and legalization of child abuse.", "content": "Certain symptoms of family crisis and childhood injury are being \"medicalized,\" \"legalized,\" and called \"child abuse\"--to be processed and dealt with by a range of professionals who derive their social legitimacy and support in the process. Professional conflicts are considered, and the effects of the system on treatment interventions are discussed. Guidelines are offered to minimize the abuse of power of the professional definers.", "contents": "The medicalization and legalization of child abuse. Certain symptoms of family crisis and childhood injury are being \"medicalized,\" \"legalized,\" and called \"child abuse\"--to be processed and dealt with by a range of professionals who derive their social legitimacy and support in the process. Professional conflicts are considered, and the effects of the system on treatment interventions are discussed. Guidelines are offered to minimize the abuse of power of the professional definers.", "PMID": 707611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2968", "title": "Child abuse and neglect: the myth of classlessness.", "content": "Increasingly, professional and public media are promulgating the belief that the problems of child abuse and neglect are broadly distributed throughout society, suggesting that their frequency and severity are unrelated to socioeconomic class. This paper argues that this belief is not supported by the evidence, and that its perpetuation serves to divert attention from the nature of the problems.", "contents": "Child abuse and neglect: the myth of classlessness. Increasingly, professional and public media are promulgating the belief that the problems of child abuse and neglect are broadly distributed throughout society, suggesting that their frequency and severity are unrelated to socioeconomic class. This paper argues that this belief is not supported by the evidence, and that its perpetuation serves to divert attention from the nature of the problems.", "PMID": 707612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2969", "title": "Imaginary figures of early childhood: santa claus, easter bunny, and the tooth fairy.", "content": "The developmental progression of children's belief in three major figures of early childhood was examined through structure interviews with children and questionnaires for parents. Belief in Santa Claus, the Easter Bunny, and the Tooth Fairy varied with the child's age and the level of parental encouragement of belief. However, belief in these figures was unrelated to other indices of the child's fantasy involvement.", "contents": "Imaginary figures of early childhood: santa claus, easter bunny, and the tooth fairy. The developmental progression of children's belief in three major figures of early childhood was examined through structure interviews with children and questionnaires for parents. Belief in Santa Claus, the Easter Bunny, and the Tooth Fairy varied with the child's age and the level of parental encouragement of belief. However, belief in these figures was unrelated to other indices of the child's fantasy involvement.", "PMID": 707613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2970", "title": "Periodic marital separation and physical illness.", "content": "Repetitive, three-month separations and reunions are experienced by a group of United States Navy submariners and their wives. This study of the wives' contacts with medical facilities and personnel suggests that physical illnesses and complaints are related to the husbands' work cycle and are significantly more frequent during periods of separation.", "contents": "Periodic marital separation and physical illness. Repetitive, three-month separations and reunions are experienced by a group of United States Navy submariners and their wives. This study of the wives' contacts with medical facilities and personnel suggests that physical illnesses and complaints are related to the husbands' work cycle and are significantly more frequent during periods of separation.", "PMID": 707614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2971", "title": "Wilderness camping: an evaluation of a residential treatment program for emotionally disturbed children.", "content": "A follow-up of 46 youthful clients discharged from a therapeutic camp between its inception in 1972 and September 1975 indicates an overall improvement in functioning, especially in the areas of school performance, interpersonal relationships, and household behavior. The one area in which no overall improvement was found was delinquency.", "contents": "Wilderness camping: an evaluation of a residential treatment program for emotionally disturbed children. A follow-up of 46 youthful clients discharged from a therapeutic camp between its inception in 1972 and September 1975 indicates an overall improvement in functioning, especially in the areas of school performance, interpersonal relationships, and household behavior. The one area in which no overall improvement was found was delinquency.", "PMID": 707615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2972", "title": "The parent-therapist program: alternate care for emotionally disturbed children.", "content": "The development of an alternative to residential treatment centers is described. Healthy nuclear families are recruited and, in groups of five couples each, encouraged to function as extended families. Training in appropriate therapeutic techniques enables them to treat several disturbed children in their own homes. Evaluation of the program indicates that outcome does not differ significantly from that of residential treatment, but that costs are markedly lower.", "contents": "The parent-therapist program: alternate care for emotionally disturbed children. The development of an alternative to residential treatment centers is described. Healthy nuclear families are recruited and, in groups of five couples each, encouraged to function as extended families. Training in appropriate therapeutic techniques enables them to treat several disturbed children in their own homes. Evaluation of the program indicates that outcome does not differ significantly from that of residential treatment, but that costs are markedly lower.", "PMID": 707616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2973", "title": "Community mental health ideology: a problematic model for rural areas.", "content": "The prevailing model for mental health services is found to be inappropriate with respect to many of the needs of rural communities. Special problems of rural areas are identified, and suggestions are offered for revision of mental health concepts and practice that might result in a better fit between professional ideology and rural reality.", "contents": "Community mental health ideology: a problematic model for rural areas. The prevailing model for mental health services is found to be inappropriate with respect to many of the needs of rural communities. Special problems of rural areas are identified, and suggestions are offered for revision of mental health concepts and practice that might result in a better fit between professional ideology and rural reality.", "PMID": 707617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2974", "title": "The interpersonal relationship between parents and caregivers in day care settings.", "content": "A structured interview measuring communicative behaviors and attitudes was used to determine the nature of parent-caregiver relationships. While frequent parent-caregiver communication was found, the data suggest minimal attempts to coordinate day care children's socialization processes. Implications for day care practice, policies, and research are discussed.", "contents": "The interpersonal relationship between parents and caregivers in day care settings. A structured interview measuring communicative behaviors and attitudes was used to determine the nature of parent-caregiver relationships. While frequent parent-caregiver communication was found, the data suggest minimal attempts to coordinate day care children's socialization processes. Implications for day care practice, policies, and research are discussed.", "PMID": 707618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2975", "title": "Reexamining barriers to women's career development.", "content": "This paper reviews recent literature concerned with beliefs and values relevant to women's careers. Changes in sex-role stereotyping, potential problems relating to affirmative action programs, and the conflict between \"counter-culture\" values and values of the women's liberation movement are discussed.", "contents": "Reexamining barriers to women's career development. This paper reviews recent literature concerned with beliefs and values relevant to women's careers. Changes in sex-role stereotyping, potential problems relating to affirmative action programs, and the conflict between \"counter-culture\" values and values of the women's liberation movement are discussed.", "PMID": 707619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2976", "title": "\"Irreconcilable differences\" between parent and child: a case report of interactional pathology.", "content": "Certain parents use their child as a representative of their own unacceptable impulses, perceiving the youngster as evil and seeking experts to confirm their opinion. They come to mental health clinics for diagnoses but not treatment; evidence that contradicts their view is ignored out of a need to protect their own precarious psychological balance. The child, in spite of good early adjustment, tends to conform to the parents' preferred perception. Legal and ethical implications for professionals working with such cases are discussed.", "contents": "\"Irreconcilable differences\" between parent and child: a case report of interactional pathology. Certain parents use their child as a representative of their own unacceptable impulses, perceiving the youngster as evil and seeking experts to confirm their opinion. They come to mental health clinics for diagnoses but not treatment; evidence that contradicts their view is ignored out of a need to protect their own precarious psychological balance. The child, in spite of good early adjustment, tends to conform to the parents' preferred perception. Legal and ethical implications for professionals working with such cases are discussed.", "PMID": 707620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2977", "title": "Diagnostic classification of learning problems: some data.", "content": "Despite the large body of literature on diagnoses related to learning problems, little systematic information has been gathered on the specific labels assigned by professionals and the bases for their determination. In this study of children enrolled in a clinical school program, only one diagnosis out of fifteen resulted from a consistent pattern of test findings, while over half the diagnoses were based primarily on observation, and a third were arrived at despite contradictory evidence. Implications for current clinical and research practices are considered.", "contents": "Diagnostic classification of learning problems: some data. Despite the large body of literature on diagnoses related to learning problems, little systematic information has been gathered on the specific labels assigned by professionals and the bases for their determination. In this study of children enrolled in a clinical school program, only one diagnosis out of fifteen resulted from a consistent pattern of test findings, while over half the diagnoses were based primarily on observation, and a third were arrived at despite contradictory evidence. Implications for current clinical and research practices are considered.", "PMID": 707621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2978", "title": "Perinatal mortality: assisting parental affirmation.", "content": "The health professional's role does not cease with perinatal death, but shifts towards the prevention of postmortem psychiatric sequelae in the parents. A multidisciplinary bereavement service has found that an increased awareness of the final processes of \"viewing\" and \"burial\" diminishes the production of fearful speculations both by parents and staff, and allows them to cooperate more fully in dealing with the tragedy.", "contents": "Perinatal mortality: assisting parental affirmation. The health professional's role does not cease with perinatal death, but shifts towards the prevention of postmortem psychiatric sequelae in the parents. A multidisciplinary bereavement service has found that an increased awareness of the final processes of \"viewing\" and \"burial\" diminishes the production of fearful speculations both by parents and staff, and allows them to cooperate more fully in dealing with the tragedy.", "PMID": 707622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2979", "title": "The psychodynamics and developmental psychology of the borderline patient: a review of the literature.", "content": "The author reviews the psychodynamics and developmental psychology of the borderline patient as described in the literature on intensive therapy, early mother-child interaction, and family interaction. Focusing on the borderline patient's characteristic difficulties in intimate relationships, he describes the patient's use of splitting and projective identification as seen in the characteristic transference-countertransference interaction in intensive therapy. These primitive defensive mechanisms, which are also utilized by family members, appear to contribute to a failure of empathic responses both during the child's early development and in the family interactions during his adolescence. The author concludes that conceptual attempts to relate adult and child phenomena, although highly speculative, create new and useful perspectives for the treatment of the borderline patient.", "contents": "The psychodynamics and developmental psychology of the borderline patient: a review of the literature. The author reviews the psychodynamics and developmental psychology of the borderline patient as described in the literature on intensive therapy, early mother-child interaction, and family interaction. Focusing on the borderline patient's characteristic difficulties in intimate relationships, he describes the patient's use of splitting and projective identification as seen in the characteristic transference-countertransference interaction in intensive therapy. These primitive defensive mechanisms, which are also utilized by family members, appear to contribute to a failure of empathic responses both during the child's early development and in the family interactions during his adolescence. The author concludes that conceptual attempts to relate adult and child phenomena, although highly speculative, create new and useful perspectives for the treatment of the borderline patient.", "PMID": 707627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2980", "title": "Bilateral and unilateral ECT: effects on verbal and nonverbal memory.", "content": "The memory loss associated with bilateral and nondominant unilateral ECT was assessed with verbal memory tests known to be sensitive to left temporal lobe dysfunction and with nonverbal memory tests known to be sensitive to right temporal lobe dysfunction. Bilateral ECT markedly impaired delayed retention of verbal and nonverbal material. Right unilateral ECT impaired delayed retention of nonverbal material without measurably affecting retention of verbal material. Nonverbal memory was affected less by right unilateral ECT than by bilateral ECT. These findings, taken together with a consideration of the clinical efficacy of the two types of treatment, make what appears to be a conclusive case for unilateral over bilateral ECT.", "contents": "Bilateral and unilateral ECT: effects on verbal and nonverbal memory. The memory loss associated with bilateral and nondominant unilateral ECT was assessed with verbal memory tests known to be sensitive to left temporal lobe dysfunction and with nonverbal memory tests known to be sensitive to right temporal lobe dysfunction. Bilateral ECT markedly impaired delayed retention of verbal and nonverbal material. Right unilateral ECT impaired delayed retention of nonverbal material without measurably affecting retention of verbal material. Nonverbal memory was affected less by right unilateral ECT than by bilateral ECT. These findings, taken together with a consideration of the clinical efficacy of the two types of treatment, make what appears to be a conclusive case for unilateral over bilateral ECT.", "PMID": 707628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2981", "title": "Tricyclic antidepressants: plasma levels and clinical findings in overdose.", "content": "Following amitriptyline or imipramine overdose by 30 patients, total plasma concentrations ranged from 29 to 1732 ng/ml but did not correlate well with physical findings or most electrocardiographic changes. Only those patients with a QRS interval greater than 0.1 second had significantly elevated plasma levels. However, a plasma level ratio of the parent drug (amitriptyline, imipramine) to its respective N-desmethyl metabolite (nortriptyline, desmethylimipramine) greater than or equal to 2.0 was associated with an acute overdose. This ratio was more useful than total plasma levels in differentiating an overdose from a therapeutic dose with associated toxicity and an elevated steady-state plasma level.", "contents": "Tricyclic antidepressants: plasma levels and clinical findings in overdose. Following amitriptyline or imipramine overdose by 30 patients, total plasma concentrations ranged from 29 to 1732 ng/ml but did not correlate well with physical findings or most electrocardiographic changes. Only those patients with a QRS interval greater than 0.1 second had significantly elevated plasma levels. However, a plasma level ratio of the parent drug (amitriptyline, imipramine) to its respective N-desmethyl metabolite (nortriptyline, desmethylimipramine) greater than or equal to 2.0 was associated with an acute overdose. This ratio was more useful than total plasma levels in differentiating an overdose from a therapeutic dose with associated toxicity and an elevated steady-state plasma level.", "PMID": 707629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2982", "title": "Paradoxical reaction to L-dopa in schizophrenic patients.", "content": "The authors administered 6 g of L-dopa to 8 schizophrenic patients and 750 mg of chlorpromazine to 7 schizophrenic patients. Chlorpromazine showed only a modest advantage over L-dopa and only on some Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale factor scores, and at maximum dosage the thought disturbance factor score in the L-dopa-treated group was not worse than at baseline. The results suggest that L-dopa is associated more with toxic than with schizophreniform symptoms and that there is adaptation to its effects. The authors discuss implications of these findings for the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia.", "contents": "Paradoxical reaction to L-dopa in schizophrenic patients. The authors administered 6 g of L-dopa to 8 schizophrenic patients and 750 mg of chlorpromazine to 7 schizophrenic patients. Chlorpromazine showed only a modest advantage over L-dopa and only on some Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale factor scores, and at maximum dosage the thought disturbance factor score in the L-dopa-treated group was not worse than at baseline. The results suggest that L-dopa is associated more with toxic than with schizophreniform symptoms and that there is adaptation to its effects. The authors discuss implications of these findings for the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia.", "PMID": 707630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2983", "title": "Coping styles of 34 adolescents with cerebral palsy.", "content": "The author presents a follow-up study of 34 children with cerebral palsy. Eight years previously 23 of these children were attending a special school for handicapped children, and 11 were attending regular schools. The author evaluated the children and their families through formal and informal interviews and by administering parent and teacher rating scales of the children's behavior. He found that the development of these children between the ages of 10 and 14 was highlighted by their increased awareness and their parents' awareness of the permanence of their handicap and their consequent search for personal and, ultimately, occupational identity and their parents' emotional withdrawal.", "contents": "Coping styles of 34 adolescents with cerebral palsy. The author presents a follow-up study of 34 children with cerebral palsy. Eight years previously 23 of these children were attending a special school for handicapped children, and 11 were attending regular schools. The author evaluated the children and their families through formal and informal interviews and by administering parent and teacher rating scales of the children's behavior. He found that the development of these children between the ages of 10 and 14 was highlighted by their increased awareness and their parents' awareness of the permanence of their handicap and their consequent search for personal and, ultimately, occupational identity and their parents' emotional withdrawal.", "PMID": 707631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2984", "title": "The future for mental health in primary health care programs.", "content": "Our largely separate mental health system has developed in relationship to a health care system oriented toward specialization and solo practice. Now the health care system is moving in the direction of primary care and group and organizational practice. New forms of mental health delivery are needed to maximize the potential of these new health care programs for mental health services. The author describes these new integrated programs which bring mental health providers into the primary health care programs for direct services as well as consultation. Issues discussed include mutual roles, changes in services, the referral process, and provider relationships. The advantages of such integrated programs include decreased stigma, increased prevention through earlier detection and referral, increased family orientation, greater coordination of care, and less duplication.", "contents": "The future for mental health in primary health care programs. Our largely separate mental health system has developed in relationship to a health care system oriented toward specialization and solo practice. Now the health care system is moving in the direction of primary care and group and organizational practice. New forms of mental health delivery are needed to maximize the potential of these new health care programs for mental health services. The author describes these new integrated programs which bring mental health providers into the primary health care programs for direct services as well as consultation. Issues discussed include mutual roles, changes in services, the referral process, and provider relationships. The advantages of such integrated programs include decreased stigma, increased prevention through earlier detection and referral, increased family orientation, greater coordination of care, and less duplication.", "PMID": 707633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2985", "title": "The future of state mental health programs for the chronic psychiatric patient in the community.", "content": "The author explores the problems facing the chronic psychiatric patient in the community and discussed the response of federal and state governments to these problems. Errors of the past and present are delineated and corrective actions are suggested for the future. Finally, it is argued that if society is able to meet the challenge posed by the chronic psychiatric patient in the community it will simultaneously have set up mechanisms to solve the problems of other disabled and disadvantaged groups of people as well.", "contents": "The future of state mental health programs for the chronic psychiatric patient in the community. The author explores the problems facing the chronic psychiatric patient in the community and discussed the response of federal and state governments to these problems. Errors of the past and present are delineated and corrective actions are suggested for the future. Finally, it is argued that if society is able to meet the challenge posed by the chronic psychiatric patient in the community it will simultaneously have set up mechanisms to solve the problems of other disabled and disadvantaged groups of people as well.", "PMID": 707634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2986", "title": "Private practice of psychiatry: future roles.", "content": "Psychiatrists in private practice have contributed more to treating the mentally ill in America than is generally known. The private practice sector may be viewed as a massive national outpatient and inpatient service for the mentally ill. The impact of national health insurance on the future character of the private practice of psychiatry and the thorny problems to be resolved are discussed and compared with the experiences of England, the Soviet Union, and China. Future trends will most likely include increased emphasis on adjuvant techniques, greater emphasis on resident training in general psychiatry, briefer forms of therapy, and psychiatry's return to the medical model.", "contents": "Private practice of psychiatry: future roles. Psychiatrists in private practice have contributed more to treating the mentally ill in America than is generally known. The private practice sector may be viewed as a massive national outpatient and inpatient service for the mentally ill. The impact of national health insurance on the future character of the private practice of psychiatry and the thorny problems to be resolved are discussed and compared with the experiences of England, the Soviet Union, and China. Future trends will most likely include increased emphasis on adjuvant techniques, greater emphasis on resident training in general psychiatry, briefer forms of therapy, and psychiatry's return to the medical model.", "PMID": 707635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2987", "title": "Will community mental health survive in the 1980s?", "content": "There are now 675 funded community mental health centers (CMHCs), covering almost half the country. Many of these programs were funded in the social optimism of the 1960s and now face a crisis of purpose and funding. Additional requirements imposed by the 1975 amendments to the CMHC act are not matched by additional fiscal resources. Programs are graduating from the federal grant to find that other sources of funds, especially third-party insurance funds, are not replacing the lost federal dollars. There is evidence that CMHCs are changing from clinical/medical programs to social programs; the numbers of persons seeking care who have diagnosable mental illness and of psychiatrists and nurses relative to other staff are decreasing. The issue is whether CMHCs as a national program are headed for extinction or whether there will be new vitality for this program into the 1980s.", "contents": "Will community mental health survive in the 1980s? There are now 675 funded community mental health centers (CMHCs), covering almost half the country. Many of these programs were funded in the social optimism of the 1960s and now face a crisis of purpose and funding. Additional requirements imposed by the 1975 amendments to the CMHC act are not matched by additional fiscal resources. Programs are graduating from the federal grant to find that other sources of funds, especially third-party insurance funds, are not replacing the lost federal dollars. There is evidence that CMHCs are changing from clinical/medical programs to social programs; the numbers of persons seeking care who have diagnosable mental illness and of psychiatrists and nurses relative to other staff are decreasing. The issue is whether CMHCs as a national program are headed for extinction or whether there will be new vitality for this program into the 1980s.", "PMID": 707636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2988", "title": "A comparison of depression and physical illness in men and women.", "content": "A limited self-rating depression scale given to male and female factory workers indicated that subclinical depressive symptoms were correlated with visits to the factory health service for females and with absenteeism from work for males. In general, the females acknowledged more depression symptoms.", "contents": "A comparison of depression and physical illness in men and women. A limited self-rating depression scale given to male and female factory workers indicated that subclinical depressive symptoms were correlated with visits to the factory health service for females and with absenteeism from work for males. In general, the females acknowledged more depression symptoms.", "PMID": 707638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2989", "title": "Blind ratings of mother-infant interaction in home movies of prepsychotic and normal infants.", "content": "Home movies of infants later diagnosed as having early childhood psychoses were compared with movies of normal control infants. A scale of attachment indicators measured mother-infant dyadic avoidance and reciprocity in the first 6 months of the infant's life. Three judges blind to diagnosis saw a general trend to dampened interaction for prepsychotic infants and their mothers. Prepsychotic and normal infants were not significantly different in touching and eye gaze behaviors, whereas mothers of prepsychotic infants exhibited less adequate eye gaze and touching than mothers of normal infants.", "contents": "Blind ratings of mother-infant interaction in home movies of prepsychotic and normal infants. Home movies of infants later diagnosed as having early childhood psychoses were compared with movies of normal control infants. A scale of attachment indicators measured mother-infant dyadic avoidance and reciprocity in the first 6 months of the infant's life. Three judges blind to diagnosis saw a general trend to dampened interaction for prepsychotic infants and their mothers. Prepsychotic and normal infants were not significantly different in touching and eye gaze behaviors, whereas mothers of prepsychotic infants exhibited less adequate eye gaze and touching than mothers of normal infants.", "PMID": 707639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2990", "title": "Psychological factors in susceptibility to drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms.", "content": "In an effort to identify nonneurobiologic factors in the susceptibility to neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), the EPS response in 20 patients was correlated with field dependence, self-object differentiation, and premorbid social competence. Only the last proved to be a good predictor, which suggests that psychosocial factors play a role in a patient's EPS response.", "contents": "Psychological factors in susceptibility to drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms. In an effort to identify nonneurobiologic factors in the susceptibility to neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), the EPS response in 20 patients was correlated with field dependence, self-object differentiation, and premorbid social competence. Only the last proved to be a good predictor, which suggests that psychosocial factors play a role in a patient's EPS response.", "PMID": 707640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2991", "title": "Psychological observations of bank robbery.", "content": "Bank robbery has been only partially examined in the psychiatric literature. It has been publicly considered an act of men of strong will to obtain money. According to the author's observations in a federal penitentiary, bank robbery more often is a symptomatic act with psychological meaning. The author describes several of the unconscious motives and defense aspects of bank robbery in the hope that this will assist in demythologizing the bank robber.", "contents": "Psychological observations of bank robbery. Bank robbery has been only partially examined in the psychiatric literature. It has been publicly considered an act of men of strong will to obtain money. According to the author's observations in a federal penitentiary, bank robbery more often is a symptomatic act with psychological meaning. The author describes several of the unconscious motives and defense aspects of bank robbery in the hope that this will assist in demythologizing the bank robber.", "PMID": 707641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2992", "title": "A look at psychiatric decision making.", "content": "The author reviews the efforts of medicine and psychiatry to understand their decision-making processes and notes the lack of psychiatric literature in this area. The decision table, a sophisticated form of algorithm, is introduced as a structure to help explain the decision-making process. This tool is applied to the evaluation and biological treatment of depression. Decision tables can be used as an educational tool, a method to facilitate the delivery of mental health care, a method to monitor the quality of treatment, and as a research tool.", "contents": "A look at psychiatric decision making. The author reviews the efforts of medicine and psychiatry to understand their decision-making processes and notes the lack of psychiatric literature in this area. The decision table, a sophisticated form of algorithm, is introduced as a structure to help explain the decision-making process. This tool is applied to the evaluation and biological treatment of depression. Decision tables can be used as an educational tool, a method to facilitate the delivery of mental health care, a method to monitor the quality of treatment, and as a research tool.", "PMID": 707642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2993", "title": "Videotape recording of dynamic psychotherapy: supervisory tool or hindrance?", "content": "The authors questioned residents and supervisors at a large clinic about their attitudes and experiences regarding clinical supervision. Half of the residents then videotaped one of their psychotherapy sessions and presented the tape in their next supervisory session. The procedure had little effect on patients, was anxiety-provoking for the residents, and had some diagnostic benefit for the supervisors. After the taping, the residents' views about taping were less positive than before the taping, but the supervisors' views did not change significantly.", "contents": "Videotape recording of dynamic psychotherapy: supervisory tool or hindrance? The authors questioned residents and supervisors at a large clinic about their attitudes and experiences regarding clinical supervision. Half of the residents then videotaped one of their psychotherapy sessions and presented the tape in their next supervisory session. The procedure had little effect on patients, was anxiety-provoking for the residents, and had some diagnostic benefit for the supervisors. After the taping, the residents' views about taping were less positive than before the taping, but the supervisors' views did not change significantly.", "PMID": 707643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2994", "title": "Psychiatry residents in a milieu participatory democracy: a resident's view.", "content": "Psychiatry residents respond with a variety of coping mechanisms to the lack of traditional structure in a milieu participatory democracy. To incorporate themselves into the system they must accept such democratic ideals as equality among staff and patients, group decision making, and free self-expression and give up some of their traditional ideas about staff and patient roles, treatment modalities, and the therapeutic environment. The author was a first-year resident in psychiatry on a university hospital inpatient therapeutic community; he discusses the conflicts between residents, who often adopt a \"we-they\" attitude, and the permanent staff, whose protectiveness of the ward community reflects their personal commitment to its ideals.", "contents": "Psychiatry residents in a milieu participatory democracy: a resident's view. Psychiatry residents respond with a variety of coping mechanisms to the lack of traditional structure in a milieu participatory democracy. To incorporate themselves into the system they must accept such democratic ideals as equality among staff and patients, group decision making, and free self-expression and give up some of their traditional ideas about staff and patient roles, treatment modalities, and the therapeutic environment. The author was a first-year resident in psychiatry on a university hospital inpatient therapeutic community; he discusses the conflicts between residents, who often adopt a \"we-they\" attitude, and the permanent staff, whose protectiveness of the ward community reflects their personal commitment to its ideals.", "PMID": 707644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2995", "title": "Borderline diagnoses.", "content": "The author describes the development of the borderline concept and the apparent inaccuracy of the original hypothetical framework. The signs and symptoms used to describe a \"borderline syndrome\" are often shared with other psychiatric illnesses. The author recommends that clinicians consider patients with only those features as \"undiagnosed\" until further research determines whether a distinct syndrome exists.", "contents": "Borderline diagnoses. The author describes the development of the borderline concept and the apparent inaccuracy of the original hypothetical framework. The signs and symptoms used to describe a \"borderline syndrome\" are often shared with other psychiatric illnesses. The author recommends that clinicians consider patients with only those features as \"undiagnosed\" until further research determines whether a distinct syndrome exists.", "PMID": 707645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2996", "title": "Sport-specific performance factor profiling: fencing as a prototype.", "content": "A musculoskeletal profiling study was done on 24 members of the U. S. Pan American and Olympic fencing squads. This was presented as a methodological prototype for future, more comprehensive sport profiling studies. It is proposed that sport-specific profiling data have practical application in the following areas: 1. The identification of physical deficiencies in an athlete, using his or her sport profile as a comparative standard. This would apply to general pre- and postseason screening as well as to medical complaint-related examinations. 2. Providing objective, sport-specific criteria for determining when an injured athlete has recovered to the extent that he or she is adequately prepared to return to play. Rehabilitation goals for full recovery can also be defined. 3. Increasing the efficacy and efficiency of training techniques. 4. The prospective identification of superior performance potential in athletes at early competitive levels. If sport profiles were developed for the major participant sports at several competitive levels, the profiling system as described here could have significant application to a large number of athletes in a variety of playing situations.", "contents": "Sport-specific performance factor profiling: fencing as a prototype. A musculoskeletal profiling study was done on 24 members of the U. S. Pan American and Olympic fencing squads. This was presented as a methodological prototype for future, more comprehensive sport profiling studies. It is proposed that sport-specific profiling data have practical application in the following areas: 1. The identification of physical deficiencies in an athlete, using his or her sport profile as a comparative standard. This would apply to general pre- and postseason screening as well as to medical complaint-related examinations. 2. Providing objective, sport-specific criteria for determining when an injured athlete has recovered to the extent that he or she is adequately prepared to return to play. Rehabilitation goals for full recovery can also be defined. 3. Increasing the efficacy and efficiency of training techniques. 4. The prospective identification of superior performance potential in athletes at early competitive levels. If sport profiles were developed for the major participant sports at several competitive levels, the profiling system as described here could have significant application to a large number of athletes in a variety of playing situations.", "PMID": 707682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2997", "title": "Sports stress syndromes of the hand and wrist.", "content": "Many injuries to the hand and wrist may be seen in the practice of sports medicine. Most of these injuries are well known and the details of their diagnosis and treatment are well documented. However, even among this group, certain injuries frequently escape detection or are not monitored carefully enough to detect their frequent residual complications. These injuries are particular sources of problems. Some little known diagnoses are seldom considered, but any diagnosis, even a presumptive one, is better than applying vague, descriptive, but nondefinitive terms to an athlete's injury. Although the ideal treatment is not yet available for any of these injuries, a lack of diagnosis will often mean that treatment is haphazard or nonexistent.", "contents": "Sports stress syndromes of the hand and wrist. Many injuries to the hand and wrist may be seen in the practice of sports medicine. Most of these injuries are well known and the details of their diagnosis and treatment are well documented. However, even among this group, certain injuries frequently escape detection or are not monitored carefully enough to detect their frequent residual complications. These injuries are particular sources of problems. Some little known diagnoses are seldom considered, but any diagnosis, even a presumptive one, is better than applying vague, descriptive, but nondefinitive terms to an athlete's injury. Although the ideal treatment is not yet available for any of these injuries, a lack of diagnosis will often mean that treatment is haphazard or nonexistent.", "PMID": 707683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2998", "title": "Trampoline injuries.", "content": "We feel that there are dangers on the trampoline if it is poorly supervised. This is especially true in regards to the possibility of spinal cord injury and quadriplegia. We have presented documented cases of quadriplegia and safety suggestions have been given for the use of the teampoline. We hope that by presenting this problem, physicians, who are associated with the prevention and care of athletic injuries, will be made aware of the possibility of the dreaded quadriplegia associated with trampoline injuries and that this injury will be greatly decreased.", "contents": "Trampoline injuries. We feel that there are dangers on the trampoline if it is poorly supervised. This is especially true in regards to the possibility of spinal cord injury and quadriplegia. We have presented documented cases of quadriplegia and safety suggestions have been given for the use of the teampoline. We hope that by presenting this problem, physicians, who are associated with the prevention and care of athletic injuries, will be made aware of the possibility of the dreaded quadriplegia associated with trampoline injuries and that this injury will be greatly decreased.", "PMID": 707685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_2999", "title": "Acute exertional superficial posterior compartment syndrome.", "content": "This case report of an acute exertional compartment syndrome involving predominantly the superficial posterior compartment emphasizes several important facts: (1) The subacute recurring syndromes, if left untreated, may develop into an acute syndrome. (2) The diagnostic findings separating the acute syndrome from the chronic forms are marked pain with passive stretch of the involved muscles, paresis, and sensory deficit.8,12,15, (3) In the acute form, immediate fasciotomy is mandatory and often results in full recovery. (4) All four major compartments of the leg are susceptible to chronic or acute compartment syndromes initiated by exertion. These compartments can be decompressed as necessary through a limited skin incision as recently reported.11 (5) The need for an easily obtainable and reproducible method for measuring intracompartment pressures (e.g., the wick catheter technique) is indicated.", "contents": "Acute exertional superficial posterior compartment syndrome. This case report of an acute exertional compartment syndrome involving predominantly the superficial posterior compartment emphasizes several important facts: (1) The subacute recurring syndromes, if left untreated, may develop into an acute syndrome. (2) The diagnostic findings separating the acute syndrome from the chronic forms are marked pain with passive stretch of the involved muscles, paresis, and sensory deficit.8,12,15, (3) In the acute form, immediate fasciotomy is mandatory and often results in full recovery. (4) All four major compartments of the leg are susceptible to chronic or acute compartment syndromes initiated by exertion. These compartments can be decompressed as necessary through a limited skin incision as recently reported.11 (5) The need for an easily obtainable and reproducible method for measuring intracompartment pressures (e.g., the wick catheter technique) is indicated.", "PMID": 707688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3000", "title": "Gastric ulcer: the importance of follow-up care.", "content": "One hundred forty-four gastric ulcer patients in an inner city hospital were studied retrospectively over a five year period. Emphasis was placed on patient follow-up after discharge. The length of hospitalization and the mortality were higher for the surgical group; however, the recurrence rate was higher in the medically treated group. Almost half the patients were followed for less than six months. Reasons are given for this poor follow-up. The high recurrence rates necessitate close follow-up for a prolonged period.", "contents": "Gastric ulcer: the importance of follow-up care. One hundred forty-four gastric ulcer patients in an inner city hospital were studied retrospectively over a five year period. Emphasis was placed on patient follow-up after discharge. The length of hospitalization and the mortality were higher for the surgical group; however, the recurrence rate was higher in the medically treated group. Almost half the patients were followed for less than six months. Reasons are given for this poor follow-up. The high recurrence rates necessitate close follow-up for a prolonged period.", "PMID": 707693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3001", "title": "Laboratory evaluation of various cold therapy modalities.", "content": "An attempt to evaluate the potential of four modalities to cool soft tissue mass has been done under laboratory conditions using canines. The cooling of deep soft tissues within the thigh after application of various cooling devices was recorded over a 60-min exposure period. Under these circumstances, ice performed best, a frozen gel pack performed in a parallel but slightly less efficient manner. Two other modalities, an inflatable bladder filled with refrigerant gas and an endothermic chemical reaction, were least efficient in cooling.", "contents": "Laboratory evaluation of various cold therapy modalities. An attempt to evaluate the potential of four modalities to cool soft tissue mass has been done under laboratory conditions using canines. The cooling of deep soft tissues within the thigh after application of various cooling devices was recorded over a 60-min exposure period. Under these circumstances, ice performed best, a frozen gel pack performed in a parallel but slightly less efficient manner. Two other modalities, an inflatable bladder filled with refrigerant gas and an endothermic chemical reaction, were least efficient in cooling.", "PMID": 707689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3002", "title": "Role of ultrasonography in the primary diagnosis of cholelithiasis: an analysis of fifty cases.", "content": "The use of ultrasonography to diagnose cholelithiasis has recently been recommended to supplement standard reinforced oral cholecystography or as an alternative to reinforced oral studies when a single dose fails to visualize the gallbladder. As yet the use of ultrasonography in the primary diagnosis of cholelithiasis is not generally accepted. To assess the specificity and sensitivity of this mode of diagnosis, fifty patients were reviewed retrospectively. The findings of ultrasonography are compared with standard oral cholecystography and with the pathologic findings. The results of this analysis suggest that diagnosis of cholelithiasis by ultrasonography has a high level of accuracy. Use of this mode of evaluating the gallbladder is suggested as a primary diagnostic test for jaundiced or pregnant patients.", "contents": "Role of ultrasonography in the primary diagnosis of cholelithiasis: an analysis of fifty cases. The use of ultrasonography to diagnose cholelithiasis has recently been recommended to supplement standard reinforced oral cholecystography or as an alternative to reinforced oral studies when a single dose fails to visualize the gallbladder. As yet the use of ultrasonography in the primary diagnosis of cholelithiasis is not generally accepted. To assess the specificity and sensitivity of this mode of diagnosis, fifty patients were reviewed retrospectively. The findings of ultrasonography are compared with standard oral cholecystography and with the pathologic findings. The results of this analysis suggest that diagnosis of cholelithiasis by ultrasonography has a high level of accuracy. Use of this mode of evaluating the gallbladder is suggested as a primary diagnostic test for jaundiced or pregnant patients.", "PMID": 707695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3003", "title": "Colonoscopy and polypectomy.", "content": "An overview of colonoscopy and polypectomy is presented. The merits of this procedure are pointed out, highlighting the newer technics and those technics that have survived. The complications of colonoscopy and polypectomy are reviewed in detail.", "contents": "Colonoscopy and polypectomy. An overview of colonoscopy and polypectomy is presented. The merits of this procedure are pointed out, highlighting the newer technics and those technics that have survived. The complications of colonoscopy and polypectomy are reviewed in detail.", "PMID": 707696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3004", "title": "Clinical and pathologic evaluation of patients with recurrence of gastric cancer more than five years postoperatively.", "content": "From the clinical and pathologic findings, the characteristics of recurrence of gastric cancer more than five years postoperatively were evaluated as compared with recurrence of less than five years postoperatively. The late (more than 5 years postoperative) recurrence rate was 2.0 per cent, or 17 of 864 patients who had undergone the so-called radical operation. The duration of disease prior to the first operation was comparatively long in  the patients with late recurrence. Late recurrence is characteristic of localized cancer, such as Borrmann's type II, and differentiated adenocarcinoma with nonserosal invasion (pathologic findings of the resected stomach at the first operation) and by a recurrence pattern of hematogenous metastasis, especially liver metastasis.", "contents": "Clinical and pathologic evaluation of patients with recurrence of gastric cancer more than five years postoperatively. From the clinical and pathologic findings, the characteristics of recurrence of gastric cancer more than five years postoperatively were evaluated as compared with recurrence of less than five years postoperatively. The late (more than 5 years postoperative) recurrence rate was 2.0 per cent, or 17 of 864 patients who had undergone the so-called radical operation. The duration of disease prior to the first operation was comparatively long in  the patients with late recurrence. Late recurrence is characteristic of localized cancer, such as Borrmann's type II, and differentiated adenocarcinoma with nonserosal invasion (pathologic findings of the resected stomach at the first operation) and by a recurrence pattern of hematogenous metastasis, especially liver metastasis.", "PMID": 707697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3005", "title": "Serum immunoglobulin changes after accidental splenectomy in adults.", "content": "Serum immunoglobulin levels were examined in a group of twelve healthy adults who underwent accidental splenectomy. Depressed mean IgM levels and elevated mean IgA levels were found in these patients as compared with the control group consisting of forty-five healthy, untraumatized volunteers. Immunoglobulin changes may have some relevance for the increased tendency to severe infections which has been noted after splenectomy.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulin changes after accidental splenectomy in adults. Serum immunoglobulin levels were examined in a group of twelve healthy adults who underwent accidental splenectomy. Depressed mean IgM levels and elevated mean IgA levels were found in these patients as compared with the control group consisting of forty-five healthy, untraumatized volunteers. Immunoglobulin changes may have some relevance for the increased tendency to severe infections which has been noted after splenectomy.", "PMID": 707699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3006", "title": "Estrogen receptor levels in multiple biopsies from patients with breast cancer.", "content": "The results of estrogen receptor assays of more than one sample of breast carcinoma in sixty-two patients are reviewed. There was an overall disagreement of 28 per cent between two simultaneous samples, and in the asynchronous group there was a statistically significant difference (p is less than 0.05) in the interval between those who remained positive and those who became negative. As a practical policy, decisions regarding endocrine ablation should be made on contemporary estrogen receptor status rather than on the status of the primary lesion.", "contents": "Estrogen receptor levels in multiple biopsies from patients with breast cancer. The results of estrogen receptor assays of more than one sample of breast carcinoma in sixty-two patients are reviewed. There was an overall disagreement of 28 per cent between two simultaneous samples, and in the asynchronous group there was a statistically significant difference (p is less than 0.05) in the interval between those who remained positive and those who became negative. As a practical policy, decisions regarding endocrine ablation should be made on contemporary estrogen receptor status rather than on the status of the primary lesion.", "PMID": 707701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3007", "title": "Aspiration cytology of head and neck masses.", "content": "Fine needle aspiration biopsy and cytologic examination of the aspirate were performed on 203 masses involving glandular and nodal structures of the head and neck: thyroid gland (85); salivary glands (31); and lymph nodes (87). Overall cytologic-histologic correlation was 91 per cent, with a 10 per cent false-negative rate. The ease of the procedure coupled with the rapidity of obtaining a pathologic diagnosis allows a more intelligent therapeutic approach.", "contents": "Aspiration cytology of head and neck masses. Fine needle aspiration biopsy and cytologic examination of the aspirate were performed on 203 masses involving glandular and nodal structures of the head and neck: thyroid gland (85); salivary glands (31); and lymph nodes (87). Overall cytologic-histologic correlation was 91 per cent, with a 10 per cent false-negative rate. The ease of the procedure coupled with the rapidity of obtaining a pathologic diagnosis allows a more intelligent therapeutic approach.", "PMID": 707702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3008", "title": "Surgery for thyroglossal duct and branchial cleft anomalies.", "content": "A retrospective review was carried out of 338 patients with thyroglossal duct remnants and 274 patients with branchial cleft anomalies who had undergone surgery at the Mayo Clinic from 1954 to 1975. Attention was directed to the preoperative history of these lesions, their clinical presentation, the nature of surgery performed, the complications of surgery, and the incidence of recurrence. The recurrence rate after the Sistrunk procedure for thyroglossal duct remnants was 2.6 per cent, whereas the recurrence rate after surgery for branchial cleft anomalies was 5.8 per cent. The findings suggested that these lesions are a significant source of morbidity and that surgery should be performed before infection occurs and should be radical in the first instance if the recurrence rate is to be minimized.", "contents": "Surgery for thyroglossal duct and branchial cleft anomalies. A retrospective review was carried out of 338 patients with thyroglossal duct remnants and 274 patients with branchial cleft anomalies who had undergone surgery at the Mayo Clinic from 1954 to 1975. Attention was directed to the preoperative history of these lesions, their clinical presentation, the nature of surgery performed, the complications of surgery, and the incidence of recurrence. The recurrence rate after the Sistrunk procedure for thyroglossal duct remnants was 2.6 per cent, whereas the recurrence rate after surgery for branchial cleft anomalies was 5.8 per cent. The findings suggested that these lesions are a significant source of morbidity and that surgery should be performed before infection occurs and should be radical in the first instance if the recurrence rate is to be minimized.", "PMID": 707703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3009", "title": "Laryngeal fracture in the multiple trauma patient.", "content": "The Cincinnati General Hospital experience with early diagnosis and repair of laryngeal fractures in the multiple trauma patient is presented. The results demonstrate the feasibility and value of early laryngeal diagnosis and repair in these severely traumatized patients.", "contents": "Laryngeal fracture in the multiple trauma patient. The Cincinnati General Hospital experience with early diagnosis and repair of laryngeal fractures in the multiple trauma patient is presented. The results demonstrate the feasibility and value of early laryngeal diagnosis and repair in these severely traumatized patients.", "PMID": 707704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3010", "title": "Femoral artery profundaplasty.", "content": "In advanced ischemia of the lower extremity, the deep femoral artery is rarely completely occluded, but may have a hemodynamically significant occluding plaque at its origin. Detection of this lesion requires biplanar arteriographic views. As indicated in this report, the related simple procedure of femoral artery profundaplasty may salvage limbs and lower amputation sites, and it is suitable for poor risk patients.", "contents": "Femoral artery profundaplasty. In advanced ischemia of the lower extremity, the deep femoral artery is rarely completely occluded, but may have a hemodynamically significant occluding plaque at its origin. Detection of this lesion requires biplanar arteriographic views. As indicated in this report, the related simple procedure of femoral artery profundaplasty may salvage limbs and lower amputation sites, and it is suitable for poor risk patients.", "PMID": 707705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3011", "title": "The use of extended profundaplasty in limb salvage.", "content": "Obstructive lesions of the profunda femoris artery extending beyond the lateral circumflex branch were repaired in sixty-two limbs with superficial femoral occlusion and profound ischemia. The operation relieved rest pain in all thirty-four limbs with this symptom. Of twenty-eight limbs with tissue loss, twenty-two were salvaged without further reconstructive surgery. This experience illustrates that in diffuse profunda disease, extended profundaplasty is a useful alternative to femoropopliteal by pass, particularly for the relief of rest pain, and does not preclude more distal arterial reconstruction.", "contents": "The use of extended profundaplasty in limb salvage. Obstructive lesions of the profunda femoris artery extending beyond the lateral circumflex branch were repaired in sixty-two limbs with superficial femoral occlusion and profound ischemia. The operation relieved rest pain in all thirty-four limbs with this symptom. Of twenty-eight limbs with tissue loss, twenty-two were salvaged without further reconstructive surgery. This experience illustrates that in diffuse profunda disease, extended profundaplasty is a useful alternative to femoropopliteal by pass, particularly for the relief of rest pain, and does not preclude more distal arterial reconstruction.", "PMID": 707706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3012", "title": "Management of aortic bypass graft thrombosis: utility of thrombectomy.", "content": "The condition of many patients with early or late thrombosis after an aortic bypass operation can be improved by appropriate secondary operations. Late thromboses generally occur in patients with impaired arterial outflow. Restoration or establishment of good outflow is the most critical part of most secondary operations. Thrombectomy is an expedient procedure and, if properly monitored by arteriography, can in many instances permit retention of the graft limb as a satisfactory conduit, particularly in emergency limb salvage attempts.", "contents": "Management of aortic bypass graft thrombosis: utility of thrombectomy. The condition of many patients with early or late thrombosis after an aortic bypass operation can be improved by appropriate secondary operations. Late thromboses generally occur in patients with impaired arterial outflow. Restoration or establishment of good outflow is the most critical part of most secondary operations. Thrombectomy is an expedient procedure and, if properly monitored by arteriography, can in many instances permit retention of the graft limb as a satisfactory conduit, particularly in emergency limb salvage attempts.", "PMID": 707707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3013", "title": "The use of a laminar airflow isolation system for the treatment of major burns.", "content": "A laminar airflow isolation burn ward was designed which would maintain a sterile environment and also allow unrestricted burn care and rehabilitation to be performed. A very low rate of sepsis and sepsis-related complications have been found in the 115 patients treated in the unit. Patient cross contamination has been completely controlled under laminar airflow conditions. The incidence of burn colonization and infection by virulent gram-negative organisms, namely pseudomonas, serratia, klebsiella, and proteus, in these patients has been extremely low, particularly in comparison with burn patients managed in a non-laminar flow intensive care environment.", "contents": "The use of a laminar airflow isolation system for the treatment of major burns. A laminar airflow isolation burn ward was designed which would maintain a sterile environment and also allow unrestricted burn care and rehabilitation to be performed. A very low rate of sepsis and sepsis-related complications have been found in the 115 patients treated in the unit. Patient cross contamination has been completely controlled under laminar airflow conditions. The incidence of burn colonization and infection by virulent gram-negative organisms, namely pseudomonas, serratia, klebsiella, and proteus, in these patients has been extremely low, particularly in comparison with burn patients managed in a non-laminar flow intensive care environment.", "PMID": 707709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3014", "title": "Mechanisms by which proteolytic enzymes prolong the golden period of antibiotic action.", "content": "These experimental studies provide an explanation for the therapeutic value of proteolytic enzymes as adjuncts to antibiotic treatment of contaminated wounds. After wounding, a fibrinous coagulum develops on the wound surface. This coagulum surrounds the bacteria and protects them from contact with sustemically or topically administered antibiotics. Treatment of the wound surface with proteolytic enzymes disrupts the coagulum and exposes the bacteria to the action of the antibiotic. The topical use of enzymes is also associated with significant increases in the concentration of antibiotic at the wound and thus a decrease in the rate of infection.", "contents": "Mechanisms by which proteolytic enzymes prolong the golden period of antibiotic action. These experimental studies provide an explanation for the therapeutic value of proteolytic enzymes as adjuncts to antibiotic treatment of contaminated wounds. After wounding, a fibrinous coagulum develops on the wound surface. This coagulum surrounds the bacteria and protects them from contact with sustemically or topically administered antibiotics. Treatment of the wound surface with proteolytic enzymes disrupts the coagulum and exposes the bacteria to the action of the antibiotic. The topical use of enzymes is also associated with significant increases in the concentration of antibiotic at the wound and thus a decrease in the rate of infection.", "PMID": 707710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3015", "title": "Jaundice associated with polycystic liver disease.", "content": "Jaundice is rarely encountered in polycystic disease of the liver. In the present case, pressure from tense cysts at the hilus of the liver caused a marked narrowing of the common hepatic duct and slowing of bile flow with the formation of stasis stones. Decompression of the cysts and removal of debris in the intrahepatic ducts resulted in a rapid decrease of the serum bilirubin level.", "contents": "Jaundice associated with polycystic liver disease. Jaundice is rarely encountered in polycystic disease of the liver. In the present case, pressure from tense cysts at the hilus of the liver caused a marked narrowing of the common hepatic duct and slowing of bile flow with the formation of stasis stones. Decompression of the cysts and removal of debris in the intrahepatic ducts resulted in a rapid decrease of the serum bilirubin level.", "PMID": 707711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3016", "title": "Side-to-side portacaval shunt versus nonsurgical treatment of Budd-Chiari syndrome.", "content": "Although a side-to-side portacaval shunt will relieve some patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome, distinction between relief as a result of operation and spontaneous recovery may be inexact. A nonshunting operation relieved one of two patients as much as a side-to-side portacaval shunt did. In these two patients and one additional patient, streptokinase therapy may have been beneficial.", "contents": "Side-to-side portacaval shunt versus nonsurgical treatment of Budd-Chiari syndrome. Although a side-to-side portacaval shunt will relieve some patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome, distinction between relief as a result of operation and spontaneous recovery may be inexact. A nonshunting operation relieved one of two patients as much as a side-to-side portacaval shunt did. In these two patients and one additional patient, streptokinase therapy may have been beneficial.", "PMID": 707712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3017", "title": "Demonstration of a pancreatic fistula by endoscopic pancreatography in a patient with chronic pleural effusion.", "content": "A patient with massive pancreatic pleural effusion in whom the use of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) revealed the site of a pancreatic fistula to the pleural cavity is presented. It is suggested that with this form of pleural effusion, ERCP may aid in the selection of those patients whose lesions may be surgically correctable.", "contents": "Demonstration of a pancreatic fistula by endoscopic pancreatography in a patient with chronic pleural effusion. A patient with massive pancreatic pleural effusion in whom the use of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) revealed the site of a pancreatic fistula to the pleural cavity is presented. It is suggested that with this form of pleural effusion, ERCP may aid in the selection of those patients whose lesions may be surgically correctable.", "PMID": 707713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3018", "title": "Direct intralumen balloon tamponade: a technic for the control of massive retroperitoneal hemorrhage.", "content": "Control of massive retroperitoneal hemorrhage by the direct insertion of a Fogarty, catheter into the lumen of the vessel and inflation of the balloon is described. The applicability of this new technic for the control of hemorrhage from inaccessible vessels is discussed.", "contents": "Direct intralumen balloon tamponade: a technic for the control of massive retroperitoneal hemorrhage. Control of massive retroperitoneal hemorrhage by the direct insertion of a Fogarty, catheter into the lumen of the vessel and inflation of the balloon is described. The applicability of this new technic for the control of hemorrhage from inaccessible vessels is discussed.", "PMID": 707714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3019", "title": "Gel foam embolization of a functioning pheochromocytoma.", "content": "For the first time, to our knowledge, a patient with a functioning pheochromocytoma was subjected to gel foam embolization for physiologic destruction of the tumor. The operation, 24 hours later, provided an uneventful anatomic removal of the infarcted tumor. Observation was considered as a possible alternative to surgical excision. Experience gained may allow testing of the validity of a nonoperative approach in selected cases.", "contents": "Gel foam embolization of a functioning pheochromocytoma. For the first time, to our knowledge, a patient with a functioning pheochromocytoma was subjected to gel foam embolization for physiologic destruction of the tumor. The operation, 24 hours later, provided an uneventful anatomic removal of the infarcted tumor. Observation was considered as a possible alternative to surgical excision. Experience gained may allow testing of the validity of a nonoperative approach in selected cases.", "PMID": 707715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3020", "title": "Celestin tube intubation for advanced esophageal carcinoma.", "content": "Nine patients with advanced esophageal carcinoma underwent intubation with Celestin tubes between July 1973 and May 1975. Our indications for intubation were inability to swallow liquids or handle secretions and tracheoesophageal fistula resulting from advanced carcinoma involving the esophagus. Eight patients received adequate palliation; one died of continuing aspiration from a tracheoesophageal fistula. Major complications were noted in two survivors. The operative technic is discussed in detail.", "contents": "Celestin tube intubation for advanced esophageal carcinoma. Nine patients with advanced esophageal carcinoma underwent intubation with Celestin tubes between July 1973 and May 1975. Our indications for intubation were inability to swallow liquids or handle secretions and tracheoesophageal fistula resulting from advanced carcinoma involving the esophagus. Eight patients received adequate palliation; one died of continuing aspiration from a tracheoesophageal fistula. Major complications were noted in two survivors. The operative technic is discussed in detail.", "PMID": 707716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3021", "title": "A technic for reconstructing the digestive tract after pancreatoduodenectomy.", "content": "A technic for the reconstruction of the alimentary tract after pancreatoduodenectomy is presented with the aim of separating the biliary and pancreatic fistulas when it occurs. The advantages and possible hazards of this kind of reconstruction are discussed.", "contents": "A technic for reconstructing the digestive tract after pancreatoduodenectomy. A technic for the reconstruction of the alimentary tract after pancreatoduodenectomy is presented with the aim of separating the biliary and pancreatic fistulas when it occurs. The advantages and possible hazards of this kind of reconstruction are discussed.", "PMID": 707717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3022", "title": "Congenital arteriovenous malformation of the head and neck.", "content": "A discussion of congenital arteriovenous malformation of the head and neck based on five patients followed from three to twenty years is presented. Definition of the lesion and its progression as followed by angiography is described. The poor response to surgery is ascribed to the ischemic nature of the area of involvement. The concept of supplying normal tissue with normal vascularity to the involved area is advocated.", "contents": "Congenital arteriovenous malformation of the head and neck. A discussion of congenital arteriovenous malformation of the head and neck based on five patients followed from three to twenty years is presented. Definition of the lesion and its progression as followed by angiography is described. The poor response to surgery is ascribed to the ischemic nature of the area of involvement. The concept of supplying normal tissue with normal vascularity to the involved area is advocated.", "PMID": 707720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3023", "title": "Cervical presentation of thymic cysts.", "content": "Sixteen cases of cervical thymic cyst are added to the previously reported fifty-six cases. Seventy-five per cent of the patients were less than twenty years old. Eighty per cent complained of a painless mass preoperatively. The histologic diagnosis of cervical thymic cyst was made if thymic epithelial elements could be found adjacent to the cyst cavity; Hassall's corpuscles were usually present. Cholesterol granulomata could usually be identified. The theories of origin of cervical thymic cyst are discussed.", "contents": "Cervical presentation of thymic cysts. Sixteen cases of cervical thymic cyst are added to the previously reported fifty-six cases. Seventy-five per cent of the patients were less than twenty years old. Eighty per cent complained of a painless mass preoperatively. The histologic diagnosis of cervical thymic cyst was made if thymic epithelial elements could be found adjacent to the cyst cavity; Hassall's corpuscles were usually present. Cholesterol granulomata could usually be identified. The theories of origin of cervical thymic cyst are discussed.", "PMID": 707721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3024", "title": "Malignant pseudothyroiditis: a new clinical entity.", "content": "Six patients with thyroid cancer presented with clinical and, in most cases, biochemical features of subacute or chronic thyroiditis. Pathologic study revealed all types of cancer, including metastatic and neighborhood parathyroid malignancy. Confusion in diagnosis lead to a delay of diagnosis of one month to ten years. When thyroiditis is diagnosed, the patient should be followed carefully, including the use of needle aspiration biopsy. Where doubt exists as to diagnosis or response to treatment, open biopsy or operation may be indicated.", "contents": "Malignant pseudothyroiditis: a new clinical entity. Six patients with thyroid cancer presented with clinical and, in most cases, biochemical features of subacute or chronic thyroiditis. Pathologic study revealed all types of cancer, including metastatic and neighborhood parathyroid malignancy. Confusion in diagnosis lead to a delay of diagnosis of one month to ten years. When thyroiditis is diagnosed, the patient should be followed carefully, including the use of needle aspiration biopsy. Where doubt exists as to diagnosis or response to treatment, open biopsy or operation may be indicated.", "PMID": 707723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3025", "title": "The diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma during the postoperative period after less than total thyroidectomy.", "content": "In clinical practice, small or localized thyroid cancer is often missed at the time of surgery and is diagnosed only later after the pathologist has been able to study multiple sections. Our data suggest that patients with early or localized thyroid cancer can be controlled with less than total thyroidectomy. If the nodule is completely excised without fracture (preferably lobectomy) or not cut into, if there is no evidence of metastatic disease either by palpation or frozen section, and if gross examination of the surgical specimen and frozen sections is negative for carcinoma, it is our policy to place these individuals on a regimen of observation only. Additional surgery is performed only if clinical evidence of recurrent cancer develops. Long-term follow-up of forty-four patients supports this treatment policy. Of these, seven had clinical recurrences: three benign; four (9 per cent) malignant. (The 2 patients with metastatic periglandular lymph nodes in the surgical specimen would not meet our present criteria.) We have in our files several additional patients who seem to support the same conclusions but will be reported on only after longer follow-up.", "contents": "The diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma during the postoperative period after less than total thyroidectomy. In clinical practice, small or localized thyroid cancer is often missed at the time of surgery and is diagnosed only later after the pathologist has been able to study multiple sections. Our data suggest that patients with early or localized thyroid cancer can be controlled with less than total thyroidectomy. If the nodule is completely excised without fracture (preferably lobectomy) or not cut into, if there is no evidence of metastatic disease either by palpation or frozen section, and if gross examination of the surgical specimen and frozen sections is negative for carcinoma, it is our policy to place these individuals on a regimen of observation only. Additional surgery is performed only if clinical evidence of recurrent cancer develops. Long-term follow-up of forty-four patients supports this treatment policy. Of these, seven had clinical recurrences: three benign; four (9 per cent) malignant. (The 2 patients with metastatic periglandular lymph nodes in the surgical specimen would not meet our present criteria.) We have in our files several additional patients who seem to support the same conclusions but will be reported on only after longer follow-up.", "PMID": 707724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3026", "title": "The role of external radiation in the management of papillary and follicular thyroid cancer.", "content": "Review of 137 patients with differentiated thryroid carcinoma (82 papillary and 55 follicular) demonstrates that external radiation in moderate dosage eradicates microscopic disease. Its use could lead to a decrease in surgical complications by avoiding unnecessarily radical attempts at removing all potential microscopic disease. Gross tumor also responds favorably to external radiation, but its very slow regression rate has led to the misconception that external radiation is ineffective in the treatment of these cancers. Both radioiodine and thyroid hormone play an important role in the management of differentiated thyroid cancers, but their effectiveness should not be overestimated.", "contents": "The role of external radiation in the management of papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. Review of 137 patients with differentiated thryroid carcinoma (82 papillary and 55 follicular) demonstrates that external radiation in moderate dosage eradicates microscopic disease. Its use could lead to a decrease in surgical complications by avoiding unnecessarily radical attempts at removing all potential microscopic disease. Gross tumor also responds favorably to external radiation, but its very slow regression rate has led to the misconception that external radiation is ineffective in the treatment of these cancers. Both radioiodine and thyroid hormone play an important role in the management of differentiated thyroid cancers, but their effectiveness should not be overestimated.", "PMID": 707725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3027", "title": "Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of salivary gland origin. A clinicopathologic study of 367 cases.", "content": "A thirty year experience with 367 patients who had mucoepidermoid carcinoma of salivary origin is reviewed. The tumor arose in the parotid gland in 254 patients. The presentation and clinical course depended significantly on whether the tumor was low, intermediate, or high grade in histologic appearance. Metastasis and tumor-related death were occasionally noted in patients with low grade lesions, suggesting that even the most innocuous-appearing mucoepidermoid tumor has malignant potential. Significant correlation was demonstrated between the clinical stage of a tumor and its histologic appearance. Stage I tumors were usually of low histologic grade and were effectively controlled by conservative surgical procedures. Radical operations were often ineffective in patients with stage III tumors, most of which proved to be of high histologic grade. Considering the poor prognosis in the latter patients, adjunctive therapy in the form of postoperative external radiation seems indicated. In our experience, \"cure\" rates in patients who had intermediate or high grade lesions varied widely, depending upon the stage of the tumor. This strongly suggests that therapeutic decisions should not be based on histologic appearance alone.", "contents": "Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of salivary gland origin. A clinicopathologic study of 367 cases. A thirty year experience with 367 patients who had mucoepidermoid carcinoma of salivary origin is reviewed. The tumor arose in the parotid gland in 254 patients. The presentation and clinical course depended significantly on whether the tumor was low, intermediate, or high grade in histologic appearance. Metastasis and tumor-related death were occasionally noted in patients with low grade lesions, suggesting that even the most innocuous-appearing mucoepidermoid tumor has malignant potential. Significant correlation was demonstrated between the clinical stage of a tumor and its histologic appearance. Stage I tumors were usually of low histologic grade and were effectively controlled by conservative surgical procedures. Radical operations were often ineffective in patients with stage III tumors, most of which proved to be of high histologic grade. Considering the poor prognosis in the latter patients, adjunctive therapy in the form of postoperative external radiation seems indicated. In our experience, \"cure\" rates in patients who had intermediate or high grade lesions varied widely, depending upon the stage of the tumor. This strongly suggests that therapeutic decisions should not be based on histologic appearance alone.", "PMID": 707726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3028", "title": "TNM classification and disease description in head and neck cancer.", "content": "The TNM concept is beset by frequent revisions, ambiguities, and incomplete coverage of tumor sites. A study comparing clinicians' classifications with computer-derived TNM classifications yielded discrepancies ranging from 44 per cent in T designations to 25 per cent in N designations, of which 35 per cent and 20 per cent, respectively, are ascribable to clinician error. To remedy these problems, it is proposed that clinicians record basic clinical data on standard forms covering the most relevant information. These forms can substitute for existing office and hospital records, thus avoiding added paperwork. TNM classification and staging may be subsequently generated from the recorded data. This two stage process affords the flexibility of applying common TNM systems for comparison of diverse clinical series while preserving the original basic data for alternative uses. Proposed data forms cover tumor characteristics, involved sites, palpable nodes, vocal cord mobility, nerve dysfunction, distant metastasis, and pretreatment diagnosis.", "contents": "TNM classification and disease description in head and neck cancer. The TNM concept is beset by frequent revisions, ambiguities, and incomplete coverage of tumor sites. A study comparing clinicians' classifications with computer-derived TNM classifications yielded discrepancies ranging from 44 per cent in T designations to 25 per cent in N designations, of which 35 per cent and 20 per cent, respectively, are ascribable to clinician error. To remedy these problems, it is proposed that clinicians record basic clinical data on standard forms covering the most relevant information. These forms can substitute for existing office and hospital records, thus avoiding added paperwork. TNM classification and staging may be subsequently generated from the recorded data. This two stage process affords the flexibility of applying common TNM systems for comparison of diverse clinical series while preserving the original basic data for alternative uses. Proposed data forms cover tumor characteristics, involved sites, palpable nodes, vocal cord mobility, nerve dysfunction, distant metastasis, and pretreatment diagnosis.", "PMID": 707727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3029", "title": "Partial laryngectomy: analysis of associated swallowing disorders.", "content": "Evaluation of postoperative swallowing ability in thirty-eight patients having had partial laryngectomy indicates that there are marked differences in the degree of dysphagia among individuals with similar surgical defects. This variation in swallowing disability, however, appears to have definable limits. Rehabilitation is possible for many patients disabled by postoperative dysphagia. A transoral surgical technic for reconstruction of the obliterated pyriform sinus is described.", "contents": "Partial laryngectomy: analysis of associated swallowing disorders. Evaluation of postoperative swallowing ability in thirty-eight patients having had partial laryngectomy indicates that there are marked differences in the degree of dysphagia among individuals with similar surgical defects. This variation in swallowing disability, however, appears to have definable limits. Rehabilitation is possible for many patients disabled by postoperative dysphagia. A transoral surgical technic for reconstruction of the obliterated pyriform sinus is described.", "PMID": 707730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3030", "title": "Laryngeal carcinoma: transoral treatment utilizing the CO2 laser.", "content": "The CO2 laser has been found to be a useful adjunct in our efforts to treat laryngeal carcinoma. Utilized endoscopically, it has been of help in establishing the proper staging, in diagnosing recurrence after radiation therapy, in reestablishing airways blocked with tumor, in debulking tumor mass prior to radiation and/or chemotherapy, and as a primary mode of excisional therapy, all accomplished with minimal morbidity. Most patients may return home the first postoperative day, eating, with serviceable voice, and requiring no tracheotomy or analgesics, all of which provide a significant cost benefit.", "contents": "Laryngeal carcinoma: transoral treatment utilizing the CO2 laser. The CO2 laser has been found to be a useful adjunct in our efforts to treat laryngeal carcinoma. Utilized endoscopically, it has been of help in establishing the proper staging, in diagnosing recurrence after radiation therapy, in reestablishing airways blocked with tumor, in debulking tumor mass prior to radiation and/or chemotherapy, and as a primary mode of excisional therapy, all accomplished with minimal morbidity. Most patients may return home the first postoperative day, eating, with serviceable voice, and requiring no tracheotomy or analgesics, all of which provide a significant cost benefit.", "PMID": 707731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3031", "title": "Surgical treatment of advanced carcinomas of the base of the tongue.", "content": "During the decade of 1964 through 1973, thirty-four patients with advanced squamous carcinoma of the base of the tongue (20 with T3 lesions and 14 with T4 lesions) were treated by surgical resection. These patients underwent an operative procedure as the only and definitive form of treatment. Twenty-eight (82.3 per cent) presented with clinically positive cervical nodal metastases (4 staged N1, 13 staged N2, and 11 staged N3). The number of primary lesions controlled, cervical metastasis, and the failures of treatment were analyzed. The patients were followed for a minimum of two years or until death or recurrence. The determinate control at two years was 27 per cent and the final determinate survival 20 per cent. Fifteen patients (44.2 per cent) required laryngectomy as part of the primary surgical treatment. The surgical procedures used and other therapeutic options available are discussed.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of advanced carcinomas of the base of the tongue. During the decade of 1964 through 1973, thirty-four patients with advanced squamous carcinoma of the base of the tongue (20 with T3 lesions and 14 with T4 lesions) were treated by surgical resection. These patients underwent an operative procedure as the only and definitive form of treatment. Twenty-eight (82.3 per cent) presented with clinically positive cervical nodal metastases (4 staged N1, 13 staged N2, and 11 staged N3). The number of primary lesions controlled, cervical metastasis, and the failures of treatment were analyzed. The patients were followed for a minimum of two years or until death or recurrence. The determinate control at two years was 27 per cent and the final determinate survival 20 per cent. Fifteen patients (44.2 per cent) required laryngectomy as part of the primary surgical treatment. The surgical procedures used and other therapeutic options available are discussed.", "PMID": 707732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3032", "title": "Results in suprahyoid, modified radical, and standard radical neck dissections for metastatic squamous cell carcinoma: recurrence and survival.", "content": "Two hundred sixty-one patients who underwent three types of neck dissection for cervical lymphadenopathy in association with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck are analyzed retrospectively. Patients were grouped into those with histologically negative nodes and those with histologically positive nodes. Statistical analyses for neck recurrence and survival rates were made using the sampled permutation method. The results show that suprahyoid neck dissection is associated with an unusually high recurrence rate in the neck in patients with histologically negative nodes. Modified radical neck dissection and standard radical neck dissection are equivalent with regard to recurrences in the neck and five year survival rates when the disease is above the juguloomohyoid lymph node group. The study suggests that simple upper neck dissection is contraindicated in patients with negative or positive nodes and that modified radical neck dissection can be used in selected patients instead of the formal radical neck operation.", "contents": "Results in suprahyoid, modified radical, and standard radical neck dissections for metastatic squamous cell carcinoma: recurrence and survival. Two hundred sixty-one patients who underwent three types of neck dissection for cervical lymphadenopathy in association with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck are analyzed retrospectively. Patients were grouped into those with histologically negative nodes and those with histologically positive nodes. Statistical analyses for neck recurrence and survival rates were made using the sampled permutation method. The results show that suprahyoid neck dissection is associated with an unusually high recurrence rate in the neck in patients with histologically negative nodes. Modified radical neck dissection and standard radical neck dissection are equivalent with regard to recurrences in the neck and five year survival rates when the disease is above the juguloomohyoid lymph node group. The study suggests that simple upper neck dissection is contraindicated in patients with negative or positive nodes and that modified radical neck dissection can be used in selected patients instead of the formal radical neck operation.", "PMID": 707733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3033", "title": "Radical or modified neck dissection: a therapeutic dilemma.", "content": "Three hundred ten evaluable patients received a classic, functional, or spinal accessory-nerve-sparing neck dissection during 1970 to 1975. The functional procedure was at least equal to the classic procedure in the patients in whom it was employed. The spinal accessory-nerve-sparing operation is offered as an alternative to the classic procedure in all patients in whom the nerve is not directly invaded by cancer. If these guidelines are followed, the patient will rarely experience the pain and shoulder dysfunction that result from the loss of the trapezius muscle, while the chances of control of cancer in the neck remain optimal.", "contents": "Radical or modified neck dissection: a therapeutic dilemma. Three hundred ten evaluable patients received a classic, functional, or spinal accessory-nerve-sparing neck dissection during 1970 to 1975. The functional procedure was at least equal to the classic procedure in the patients in whom it was employed. The spinal accessory-nerve-sparing operation is offered as an alternative to the classic procedure in all patients in whom the nerve is not directly invaded by cancer. If these guidelines are followed, the patient will rarely experience the pain and shoulder dysfunction that result from the loss of the trapezius muscle, while the chances of control of cancer in the neck remain optimal.", "PMID": 707734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3034", "title": "Significance of site and nodal metastases in squamous cell carcinoma of the epiglottis.", "content": "One hundred twelve patients treated by surgery alone for squamous cell carcinoma of the epiglottis were retrospectively reviewed. The results showed: (1) 27 per cent of patients with N0 disease had microscopic nodal metastases; (2) 35 to 47 per cent of patients with N0 and N1 disease and histologically positive nodes (micrometastases) in the initial neck dissection developed contralateral nodal metastases; (3) 36.9 per cent of the patients who had nodal micrometastases (histologically positive) survived five years, as contrasted with 94.5 per cent of those who did not have node involvement; (4) 53.2 per cent of the patients who had nodal metastases in one neck and 16 per cent of those who had metastases in both necks survived five years; (5) when the primary tumor in the epiglottis was located in the midline or there was bilateral supraglottic involvement, 18 to 50 per cent of patients developed contralateral (\"second\") neck nodal metastases; (6) performing early elective contralateral (\"second\") neck dissection shortly after recovery from the initial surgery may improve survival of patients in whom either the \"first\" neck dissection showed microscopic nodal metastases and/or the primary tumor was located either in midline or there was bilateral supraglottic involvement.", "contents": "Significance of site and nodal metastases in squamous cell carcinoma of the epiglottis. One hundred twelve patients treated by surgery alone for squamous cell carcinoma of the epiglottis were retrospectively reviewed. The results showed: (1) 27 per cent of patients with N0 disease had microscopic nodal metastases; (2) 35 to 47 per cent of patients with N0 and N1 disease and histologically positive nodes (micrometastases) in the initial neck dissection developed contralateral nodal metastases; (3) 36.9 per cent of the patients who had nodal micrometastases (histologically positive) survived five years, as contrasted with 94.5 per cent of those who did not have node involvement; (4) 53.2 per cent of the patients who had nodal metastases in one neck and 16 per cent of those who had metastases in both necks survived five years; (5) when the primary tumor in the epiglottis was located in the midline or there was bilateral supraglottic involvement, 18 to 50 per cent of patients developed contralateral (\"second\") neck nodal metastases; (6) performing early elective contralateral (\"second\") neck dissection shortly after recovery from the initial surgery may improve survival of patients in whom either the \"first\" neck dissection showed microscopic nodal metastases and/or the primary tumor was located either in midline or there was bilateral supraglottic involvement.", "PMID": 707735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3035", "title": "The prognostic and therapeutic value of frozen section determinations in the surgical treatment of squamous carcinoma of the head and neck.", "content": "The records of 216 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, oropharynx, and hypopharynx treated by surgery alone were reviewed. Frozen section control at the time of the surgical procedure was used to evaluate the margins of the excision. Findings at frozen section were correlated with local control and survival. The inability of the surgeon to obtain clear margins by frozen section for whatever reason resulted in a very high incidence of local recurrence and death. The fact that the patient's tumor could be removed with free margins at the time of surgery did not guarantee long-term success, although the frozen section technic did prove to be reliable and an effective tool for evaluating the patient's prognosis and the efficacy of the surgical procedure.", "contents": "The prognostic and therapeutic value of frozen section determinations in the surgical treatment of squamous carcinoma of the head and neck. The records of 216 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, oropharynx, and hypopharynx treated by surgery alone were reviewed. Frozen section control at the time of the surgical procedure was used to evaluate the margins of the excision. Findings at frozen section were correlated with local control and survival. The inability of the surgeon to obtain clear margins by frozen section for whatever reason resulted in a very high incidence of local recurrence and death. The fact that the patient's tumor could be removed with free margins at the time of surgery did not guarantee long-term success, although the frozen section technic did prove to be reliable and an effective tool for evaluating the patient's prognosis and the efficacy of the surgical procedure.", "PMID": 707736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3036", "title": "Chemotherapy for advanced and recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck with high and low dose cis-diamminedichloroplatinum.", "content": "Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (cis-DDP) in both a high dose regimen of 120 mg/M2 every three weeks with pretherapy hydration and mannitol diuresis and a low dose regimen of 20 mg/M2 daily for five days and cycled every three weeks have effective antitumor activity in approximately one third of patients. Its toxicity in both regimens appears to limit the number of cycles of administration and the duration of response. Further trials with dose schedules intermediate between the present high and low dose schedules are needed to provide a suitable and effective one day regimen every three to four weeks that can be given on an outpatient basis and on a long-term basis.", "contents": "Chemotherapy for advanced and recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck with high and low dose cis-diamminedichloroplatinum. Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (cis-DDP) in both a high dose regimen of 120 mg/M2 every three weeks with pretherapy hydration and mannitol diuresis and a low dose regimen of 20 mg/M2 daily for five days and cycled every three weeks have effective antitumor activity in approximately one third of patients. Its toxicity in both regimens appears to limit the number of cycles of administration and the duration of response. Further trials with dose schedules intermediate between the present high and low dose schedules are needed to provide a suitable and effective one day regimen every three to four weeks that can be given on an outpatient basis and on a long-term basis.", "PMID": 707737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3037", "title": "Endoscopic measurement of pancreatic juice secretory flow rates and pancreatic secretory pressures after secretin administration in human controls and in patients with acute relapsing pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer.", "content": "Secretory flow rates were measured inside the main pancreatic duct during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in patients with acute relapsing pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer and in controls after intravenous administration of secretin. Peak secretory flow rates in these groups were 5.04 +/- 1.74, 0.71 +/-1.28, 0.60 +/- 1.37, and 4.13 +/- 0.88 ml/min, respectively. Peak secretory pressures were also measured intraductally in patients with acute relapsing pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer and in controls and were 402 +/- 69, 75 +/- 161, and 403 +/- 99 mm pancreatic juice, respectively. Peak secretory flow rates and pressures measured in controls during constant administration of secretin were similar to those measured when secretin was administered as a bolus.", "contents": "Endoscopic measurement of pancreatic juice secretory flow rates and pancreatic secretory pressures after secretin administration in human controls and in patients with acute relapsing pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer. Secretory flow rates were measured inside the main pancreatic duct during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in patients with acute relapsing pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer and in controls after intravenous administration of secretin. Peak secretory flow rates in these groups were 5.04 +/- 1.74, 0.71 +/-1.28, 0.60 +/- 1.37, and 4.13 +/- 0.88 ml/min, respectively. Peak secretory pressures were also measured intraductally in patients with acute relapsing pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer and in controls and were 402 +/- 69, 75 +/- 161, and 403 +/- 99 mm pancreatic juice, respectively. Peak secretory flow rates and pressures measured in controls during constant administration of secretin were similar to those measured when secretin was administered as a bolus.", "PMID": 707739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3038", "title": "Prospective evaluation of gray scale ultrasonography in the diagnosis of pancreas cancer.", "content": "One hundred thirty-four patients suspected of having pancreas cancer successfully underwent gray scale ultrasound examination of the pancreas. The prospective ultrasound findings were correlated with the final diagnoses, laparotomy findings, and pathology findings. Fifty-four patients had pancreas cancer, confirmed by resection or biopsy in all cases. On ultrasonography, the pancreas was correctly reported to have abnormalities in sixty-one of seventy-eight patients (78 per cent) and correctly reported to have no abnornalities in thirty-eight of  fifty-six patients (68 per cent). A correct ultrasound diagnosis of pancreas cancer was made for forty-four of fifty-six patients (81 per cent), and there were thirteen false-positive reports. Ninety-four percent of cancers confined to the head of the pancreas and 70 per cent of cancers at other locations within the gland were detected by ultrasound examination. The correct ultrasound diagnosis was given for fifteen of seventeen patients with resectable pancreas cancer, the degree of associated pancreatitis ranging from minimal to severe. Analysis of the predictive values of positive and negative ultrasound examinations suggests that this test could be used to screen a population of patients with symptoms mildly suggestive of pancreas cancer. The importance of preselecting the level of confidence of a positive test result, a,ove which further investigation is indicated, is emphasized.", "contents": "Prospective evaluation of gray scale ultrasonography in the diagnosis of pancreas cancer. One hundred thirty-four patients suspected of having pancreas cancer successfully underwent gray scale ultrasound examination of the pancreas. The prospective ultrasound findings were correlated with the final diagnoses, laparotomy findings, and pathology findings. Fifty-four patients had pancreas cancer, confirmed by resection or biopsy in all cases. On ultrasonography, the pancreas was correctly reported to have abnormalities in sixty-one of seventy-eight patients (78 per cent) and correctly reported to have no abnornalities in thirty-eight of  fifty-six patients (68 per cent). A correct ultrasound diagnosis of pancreas cancer was made for forty-four of fifty-six patients (81 per cent), and there were thirteen false-positive reports. Ninety-four percent of cancers confined to the head of the pancreas and 70 per cent of cancers at other locations within the gland were detected by ultrasound examination. The correct ultrasound diagnosis was given for fifteen of seventeen patients with resectable pancreas cancer, the degree of associated pancreatitis ranging from minimal to severe. Analysis of the predictive values of positive and negative ultrasound examinations suggests that this test could be used to screen a population of patients with symptoms mildly suggestive of pancreas cancer. The importance of preselecting the level of confidence of a positive test result, a,ove which further investigation is indicated, is emphasized.", "PMID": 707740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3039", "title": "Factors influencing the late results of operation for carcinoma of the pancreas.", "content": "In 151 patients with carcinoma of the pancreas presenting at the surgical clinic of Tohoku University Hospital, predominant factors affecting postoperative prognosis were studied with relation to the stages of the disease. The presence of lymph node metastasis and of cancer invasion to the pancreatic capsule, particularly the latter, was apparently a significant factor most crucially affecting the survival of the patients who underwent pancreatoduodenectomy. The mean survival periods of resected patients were 16.4 months for those with carcinoma of the head of the pancreas and 11.0 months for those with carcinoma of the body and tail of the pancreas, distinctly longer than after palliative operations. However, in patients with stage III disease, pancreatoduodenectomy tended to lead to a shorter period of survival, suggesting that surgery at that stage is generally unpromising for cure.", "contents": "Factors influencing the late results of operation for carcinoma of the pancreas. In 151 patients with carcinoma of the pancreas presenting at the surgical clinic of Tohoku University Hospital, predominant factors affecting postoperative prognosis were studied with relation to the stages of the disease. The presence of lymph node metastasis and of cancer invasion to the pancreatic capsule, particularly the latter, was apparently a significant factor most crucially affecting the survival of the patients who underwent pancreatoduodenectomy. The mean survival periods of resected patients were 16.4 months for those with carcinoma of the head of the pancreas and 11.0 months for those with carcinoma of the body and tail of the pancreas, distinctly longer than after palliative operations. However, in patients with stage III disease, pancreatoduodenectomy tended to lead to a shorter period of survival, suggesting that surgery at that stage is generally unpromising for cure.", "PMID": 707741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3040", "title": "An assessment of carotid phonoangiography and oculoplethysmography in the detection of carotid artery stenosis.", "content": "Carotid phonoangiography (CPA) and oculophlethysmography (OPG) examinations for the detection of extracranial carotid occlusive disease were performed in 308 patients, 103 of whom underwent arch angiography. When correlated with angiographic findings, the overall accuracy of CPA/OPG was 86 per cent. There were 4 per cent false-positive 9.6 per cent false-negative results, and these were further analyzed. Significant carotid bruits demonstrated by CPA strongly suggested the presence of appreciable carotid stenosis. Noninvasive CPA/OPG is an excellent diagnostic tool in patients with non-hemispheric symptoms, in those with asymptomatic bruits, as a screening procedure in potential stroke victims, and for follow-up after cartotid endarterectomy. Caution is advised in relying on this and other noninvasive technics as the sole method for recommending angiography and operative treatment in symptomatic patients.", "contents": "An assessment of carotid phonoangiography and oculoplethysmography in the detection of carotid artery stenosis. Carotid phonoangiography (CPA) and oculophlethysmography (OPG) examinations for the detection of extracranial carotid occlusive disease were performed in 308 patients, 103 of whom underwent arch angiography. When correlated with angiographic findings, the overall accuracy of CPA/OPG was 86 per cent. There were 4 per cent false-positive 9.6 per cent false-negative results, and these were further analyzed. Significant carotid bruits demonstrated by CPA strongly suggested the presence of appreciable carotid stenosis. Noninvasive CPA/OPG is an excellent diagnostic tool in patients with non-hemispheric symptoms, in those with asymptomatic bruits, as a screening procedure in potential stroke victims, and for follow-up after cartotid endarterectomy. Caution is advised in relying on this and other noninvasive technics as the sole method for recommending angiography and operative treatment in symptomatic patients.", "PMID": 707743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3041", "title": "Femorofemoral grafts: the role of concomitant extended profundaplasty.", "content": "Twenty-one femorofemoral grafts were placed in high risk patients with symptomatic, unilateral, iliofemoral, arterial occlusive disease. There was 100 per cent immediate postoperative relief of ischemia or improvement in claudication. Three late below-knee amputations have been performed. All other living patients had healed extremities and were ambulatory at last follow-up. Cumulative graft patency determined by the life table method was 95 per cent at twenty-four months. The physiologic \"steal\" created by a femorofemoral bypass with donor limb and/or outflow stenosis must be considered to prevent clinical donor limb functional impairment. A gradient of 10 mm Hg or less between the radial artery mean pressure and the donor femoral artery ensured adequate donor artery flow without regard to angiographic a-pearance of the donor artery. The crucial technical problem in patients operated on for ischemia was reconstruction of adequate outflow. All but one patient required at least minimal profunda endarterectomy, and nine of seventeen (53 per cent) required concomitant extended profundaplasty procedures.", "contents": "Femorofemoral grafts: the role of concomitant extended profundaplasty. Twenty-one femorofemoral grafts were placed in high risk patients with symptomatic, unilateral, iliofemoral, arterial occlusive disease. There was 100 per cent immediate postoperative relief of ischemia or improvement in claudication. Three late below-knee amputations have been performed. All other living patients had healed extremities and were ambulatory at last follow-up. Cumulative graft patency determined by the life table method was 95 per cent at twenty-four months. The physiologic \"steal\" created by a femorofemoral bypass with donor limb and/or outflow stenosis must be considered to prevent clinical donor limb functional impairment. A gradient of 10 mm Hg or less between the radial artery mean pressure and the donor femoral artery ensured adequate donor artery flow without regard to angiographic a-pearance of the donor artery. The crucial technical problem in patients operated on for ischemia was reconstruction of adequate outflow. All but one patient required at least minimal profunda endarterectomy, and nine of seventeen (53 per cent) required concomitant extended profundaplasty procedures.", "PMID": 707744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3042", "title": "The aberrant cervical thymus. Embryology, Pathology, and clinical implications.", "content": "Cervical thymic anomalies are not as rare as previously suggested. Six cases were encountered over a relatively short period of time, prompting us to report them and emphasize the importance of this entity. Five of the six patients were children, two of them infants less than one year old. The occurrence of thymic remnants in the neck of young children is not surprising, considering the nature and behavior of the thymus at different stages of life. After a brief embryologic survey, the various types of cervical thymus (solitary ectopic, cystic, or partially arrested descent) and their pathogenesis are discussed. The rare occurrence of thyroid and parathyroid tissue within the mass of a large cervical thymic cyst is reported and evaluated. Cervical thymic lesions can either be symptomless or cause severe dyspnea and dysphagia, especially in the young infant. Accurate diagnosis and an intelligent surgical approach in the child with a cervical mass can avoid the obvious parental apprehension and lead to the correct treatment. Symptoms due to pressure on neighoring structures are promptly eliminated after excision, and prognosis is excellent.", "contents": "The aberrant cervical thymus. Embryology, Pathology, and clinical implications. Cervical thymic anomalies are not as rare as previously suggested. Six cases were encountered over a relatively short period of time, prompting us to report them and emphasize the importance of this entity. Five of the six patients were children, two of them infants less than one year old. The occurrence of thymic remnants in the neck of young children is not surprising, considering the nature and behavior of the thymus at different stages of life. After a brief embryologic survey, the various types of cervical thymus (solitary ectopic, cystic, or partially arrested descent) and their pathogenesis are discussed. The rare occurrence of thyroid and parathyroid tissue within the mass of a large cervical thymic cyst is reported and evaluated. Cervical thymic lesions can either be symptomless or cause severe dyspnea and dysphagia, especially in the young infant. Accurate diagnosis and an intelligent surgical approach in the child with a cervical mass can avoid the obvious parental apprehension and lead to the correct treatment. Symptoms due to pressure on neighoring structures are promptly eliminated after excision, and prognosis is excellent.", "PMID": 707745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3043", "title": "Quantitation of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) by using radiolabelled antigen.", "content": "The major problem of detecting reaginic antibody by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) is the quantitation of the dye reaction. Radiolabelled antigen was used in an attempt to quantitate the PCA reaction (Radio-PCA). Antisera containing reaginic antibody against human serum albumin (HSA) were produced in rabbits. These antisera were injected into normal rabbit skin in different dilutions. Twenty-four hours later HSA was injected intravenously either with Evans Blue or as 125-I-HSA. Radioactivity found in antibody-containing skin was significantly higher than in control specimens containing saline or normal rabbit serum, as low as antiserum dilutions of 1:1,000. Compared with the Evans Blue technique Radio-PCA was able to distinguish quantitatively between different antiserum dilutions at a higher level of statistical significance.", "contents": "Quantitation of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) by using radiolabelled antigen. The major problem of detecting reaginic antibody by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) is the quantitation of the dye reaction. Radiolabelled antigen was used in an attempt to quantitate the PCA reaction (Radio-PCA). Antisera containing reaginic antibody against human serum albumin (HSA) were produced in rabbits. These antisera were injected into normal rabbit skin in different dilutions. Twenty-four hours later HSA was injected intravenously either with Evans Blue or as 125-I-HSA. Radioactivity found in antibody-containing skin was significantly higher than in control specimens containing saline or normal rabbit serum, as low as antiserum dilutions of 1:1,000. Compared with the Evans Blue technique Radio-PCA was able to distinguish quantitatively between different antiserum dilutions at a higher level of statistical significance.", "PMID": 707788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3044", "title": "Hypersensitivity to apple and carrot can be reliably detected with fresh material.", "content": "Hypersensitivity to birch pollen was linked with allergy to apple and carrot, apple seeds and carrot seeds and also with their fractions. Skin reactions among other atopics were rare, and non-atopic patients showed no reactions to fresh fruits and vegetables. Apple and carrot as well as apple seeds and carrot seeds were fractionated using column chromatography. Two major fractions were obtained, one with sugar and proteins, and one with proteins, the latter giving skin reactions more often than the former. The correlation between clinical symptoms and skin test results with the fractionated material was somewhat lower than that obtained with the non-fractionated fresh material. The allergens of fruits and vegetables might be proteins (enzymes).", "contents": "Hypersensitivity to apple and carrot can be reliably detected with fresh material. Hypersensitivity to birch pollen was linked with allergy to apple and carrot, apple seeds and carrot seeds and also with their fractions. Skin reactions among other atopics were rare, and non-atopic patients showed no reactions to fresh fruits and vegetables. Apple and carrot as well as apple seeds and carrot seeds were fractionated using column chromatography. Two major fractions were obtained, one with sugar and proteins, and one with proteins, the latter giving skin reactions more often than the former. The correlation between clinical symptoms and skin test results with the fractionated material was somewhat lower than that obtained with the non-fractionated fresh material. The allergens of fruits and vegetables might be proteins (enzymes).", "PMID": 707789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3045", "title": "Comparison of the effect of the beta1-blocking drugs atenolol and metoprolol on bronchial asthma.", "content": "Twenty patients with severe or medium severe asthma were given atenolol (Atenol ICI-Pharma) and/or metoprolol (Seloken H\u00e4ssle) for tachycardia, hyperkinetic tremor, arterial hypertension or symptoms of angina pectoris. These cardioselective beta-blocking drugs caused only a very slight decrease in PF values. There was no difference between atenolol and metoprolol as regards the PF values. A 24 hourly dose of 100 mg atenolol caused a distinct fall in diastolic fall in diastolic pressure as compared with the same amount of metoprolol. Both these two beta1-blockers moderated the tachycardia which occurs in asthma; atenolol in this dose had a slightly stronger action. The subjective condition of five patients with severe or medium severe asthma was considerably relieved by atenolol and/or metoprolol. The relief manifested as a lessening of dyspnoea and improvement of the general status. No essential change was observed in the PF values despite the subjective effects. The most noteworthy change was the amelioration of tachycardia which had continued longer than expected in these patients. The heart rate dropped from 140-120/min to 90-70/min and dyspnoea was relieved at the same time.", "contents": "Comparison of the effect of the beta1-blocking drugs atenolol and metoprolol on bronchial asthma. Twenty patients with severe or medium severe asthma were given atenolol (Atenol ICI-Pharma) and/or metoprolol (Seloken H\u00e4ssle) for tachycardia, hyperkinetic tremor, arterial hypertension or symptoms of angina pectoris. These cardioselective beta-blocking drugs caused only a very slight decrease in PF values. There was no difference between atenolol and metoprolol as regards the PF values. A 24 hourly dose of 100 mg atenolol caused a distinct fall in diastolic fall in diastolic pressure as compared with the same amount of metoprolol. Both these two beta1-blockers moderated the tachycardia which occurs in asthma; atenolol in this dose had a slightly stronger action. The subjective condition of five patients with severe or medium severe asthma was considerably relieved by atenolol and/or metoprolol. The relief manifested as a lessening of dyspnoea and improvement of the general status. No essential change was observed in the PF values despite the subjective effects. The most noteworthy change was the amelioration of tachycardia which had continued longer than expected in these patients. The heart rate dropped from 140-120/min to 90-70/min and dyspnoea was relieved at the same time.", "PMID": 707790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3046", "title": "The content of eosinophil cationic protein in eosinophil leucocytes. Study on normal controls and patients with bronchial asthma.", "content": "Eosinophil cationic protein constitutes a major part of eosinophil leucocyte granule protein. Low serum concentrations have previously been found in patients with bronchial asthma. As this might reflect a low intracellular content, eosinophils were isolated from normal controls and patients with bronchial asthma. Eosinophil cationic protein was estimated after extraction of the cells and a similar content was found in cells from both groups.", "contents": "The content of eosinophil cationic protein in eosinophil leucocytes. Study on normal controls and patients with bronchial asthma. Eosinophil cationic protein constitutes a major part of eosinophil leucocyte granule protein. Low serum concentrations have previously been found in patients with bronchial asthma. As this might reflect a low intracellular content, eosinophils were isolated from normal controls and patients with bronchial asthma. Eosinophil cationic protein was estimated after extraction of the cells and a similar content was found in cells from both groups.", "PMID": 707791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3047", "title": "Aluminium phosphate but not calcium phosphate stimulates the specific IgE response in guinea pigs to tetanus toxoid.", "content": "The ability of aluminium phosphate and calcium phosphate to stimulate the synthesis of tetanus toxoid-specific anaphilactic and antitoxic antibodies is compared. The observed differences in the kinetics of IgG1a, IgG1b and antitoxines are quantitative--titres after application of aluminium phosphate are higher. Booster immunization with aluminium but not calcium phosphate-adsorbed toxoid leads to a prolonged synthesis of specific IgE. It is hypothesized that the regular application of aluminium compound-containing vaccines on the entire population could be one of the factors leading to the observed increase of allergic diseases.", "contents": "Aluminium phosphate but not calcium phosphate stimulates the specific IgE response in guinea pigs to tetanus toxoid. The ability of aluminium phosphate and calcium phosphate to stimulate the synthesis of tetanus toxoid-specific anaphilactic and antitoxic antibodies is compared. The observed differences in the kinetics of IgG1a, IgG1b and antitoxines are quantitative--titres after application of aluminium phosphate are higher. Booster immunization with aluminium but not calcium phosphate-adsorbed toxoid leads to a prolonged synthesis of specific IgE. It is hypothesized that the regular application of aluminium compound-containing vaccines on the entire population could be one of the factors leading to the observed increase of allergic diseases.", "PMID": 707792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3048", "title": "Developmental organization of raphe serotonin neuron groups in the rat.", "content": "The pre- and early postnatal development of serotonin neurons in the rat brainstem was studied using the fluorescence histochemical method. The technique utilized does not require drug pretreatment to visualize an intense serotonin fluorophore localized in neuronal perikarya, dendrites, and axons. All the serotonin neuron groups develop as bilateral nuclei which extend from the midbrain through the medulla. Six of the nine groups undergo a midline fusion from embryonic day 18 (E 18) through postnatal day 6 (P 6) in a rostrocaudal gradient. Cells of the nucleus raphe dorsalis fuse first (by P 1), whereas the serotonin neurons located in nucleus raphe pallidus do not fuse until P 6. This gradient is comparable to the one described for the first observable fluorescence in the serotonin neurons groups. After final cell division, the serotonin neurons undergo a primary migration from the ventricular zone along the midline, where they are situated during embryogenesis, and a secondary migration extending into postnatal life which concludes with fusion in the midline. The bilateral origins of the serotonin cell groups are maintained in the adult. This is expressed by the apparent ipsilateral projections of some of the raphe neurons determined recently in our laboratory utilizing autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase techniques.", "contents": "Developmental organization of raphe serotonin neuron groups in the rat. The pre- and early postnatal development of serotonin neurons in the rat brainstem was studied using the fluorescence histochemical method. The technique utilized does not require drug pretreatment to visualize an intense serotonin fluorophore localized in neuronal perikarya, dendrites, and axons. All the serotonin neuron groups develop as bilateral nuclei which extend from the midbrain through the medulla. Six of the nine groups undergo a midline fusion from embryonic day 18 (E 18) through postnatal day 6 (P 6) in a rostrocaudal gradient. Cells of the nucleus raphe dorsalis fuse first (by P 1), whereas the serotonin neurons located in nucleus raphe pallidus do not fuse until P 6. This gradient is comparable to the one described for the first observable fluorescence in the serotonin neurons groups. After final cell division, the serotonin neurons undergo a primary migration from the ventricular zone along the midline, where they are situated during embryogenesis, and a secondary migration extending into postnatal life which concludes with fusion in the midline. The bilateral origins of the serotonin cell groups are maintained in the adult. This is expressed by the apparent ipsilateral projections of some of the raphe neurons determined recently in our laboratory utilizing autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase techniques.", "PMID": 707816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3049", "title": "Pre- and postnatal development of catecholamine-containing and cholinesterase-positive nerves of the rat cornea and iris.", "content": "Glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence technique and a copper thiocholine method were used to investigate the ontogenesis of the catecholamine-containing and cholinesterase-positive nerves of the rat iris and cornea. First fluorescent nerve fibres appeared in the iris on the 18th gestation day and in the cornea on the 19th day. A rapid increase in the density of the adrenergic nerve fibres of the iris continued to the age of three weeks, while the number of such fibres were small in the cornea. Acetylcholinesterase-positive fibres appeared both in the cornea and in the iris on the 19th gestation day. Their density increased more rapidly in the iris, especially in the sphincter muscle, than in the cornea. Non-specific cholinesterase activity was localized in the Schwann cells and the reaction was more intense during development than in the nerves of the cornea of adult rats.", "contents": "Pre- and postnatal development of catecholamine-containing and cholinesterase-positive nerves of the rat cornea and iris. Glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence technique and a copper thiocholine method were used to investigate the ontogenesis of the catecholamine-containing and cholinesterase-positive nerves of the rat iris and cornea. First fluorescent nerve fibres appeared in the iris on the 18th gestation day and in the cornea on the 19th day. A rapid increase in the density of the adrenergic nerve fibres of the iris continued to the age of three weeks, while the number of such fibres were small in the cornea. Acetylcholinesterase-positive fibres appeared both in the cornea and in the iris on the 19th gestation day. Their density increased more rapidly in the iris, especially in the sphincter muscle, than in the cornea. Non-specific cholinesterase activity was localized in the Schwann cells and the reaction was more intense during development than in the nerves of the cornea of adult rats.", "PMID": 707817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3050", "title": "Autoradiographic study of early neurogenesis in rat neocortex.", "content": "The early neurogenesis of rat neocortex was analysed by means of light and electron microscopic autoradiography. It was found that the very first preneurons originate probably as early as ED 11. They are the horizontal cells of Cajal-Retzius. The peak of their formation is on ED 13 (surface index estimated on ED 17 after injection of 3H-thymidine on ED 13:21, after injection on ED 12:4, after injection on ED 15:5), WHereas no Cajal-Retzius cells could be found to have originated after ED 15. Theses cells are the developmentally most advanced of the neocortex. The cells second in date of origin and maturation are preneurons which presumably correspond to the presumptive neurons of Layer VII (VI b), and begin to originate on ED 12. The end of their formation could not be defined owing to a lack of ultrastructural differences to other, younger preneurons in later gestational stages. These two cell types are the first cellular components of the primordial plexiform layer (Marin-Padilla, 1978) or pallial anlage (Rickmann, 1977), demonstrating an outside-in gradient within this layer, and are separated by the formation of the cortical plate. This could be proven by their simultaneous labelling above and below the cortical plate after administration of 3H-thymidine before ED 15. These results confirm the hypothesis of a dual origin of the mammalian neocortex (Marin-Padilla, 1978).", "contents": "Autoradiographic study of early neurogenesis in rat neocortex. The early neurogenesis of rat neocortex was analysed by means of light and electron microscopic autoradiography. It was found that the very first preneurons originate probably as early as ED 11. They are the horizontal cells of Cajal-Retzius. The peak of their formation is on ED 13 (surface index estimated on ED 17 after injection of 3H-thymidine on ED 13:21, after injection on ED 12:4, after injection on ED 15:5), WHereas no Cajal-Retzius cells could be found to have originated after ED 15. Theses cells are the developmentally most advanced of the neocortex. The cells second in date of origin and maturation are preneurons which presumably correspond to the presumptive neurons of Layer VII (VI b), and begin to originate on ED 12. The end of their formation could not be defined owing to a lack of ultrastructural differences to other, younger preneurons in later gestational stages. These two cell types are the first cellular components of the primordial plexiform layer (Marin-Padilla, 1978) or pallial anlage (Rickmann, 1977), demonstrating an outside-in gradient within this layer, and are separated by the formation of the cortical plate. This could be proven by their simultaneous labelling above and below the cortical plate after administration of 3H-thymidine before ED 15. These results confirm the hypothesis of a dual origin of the mammalian neocortex (Marin-Padilla, 1978).", "PMID": 707818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3051", "title": "Postnatal quantitative changes in the cerebellar uvula of albino rats.", "content": "The postnatal quantitative changes in cell diameter, cell density and total number of granule cells in the sublobule IXa of female rats from 6 to 760 days old were examined. There occurs and initial rapid increase in cell density from 1232.00 +/- 91.92 granule cells per 10(-3) mm 3 to 2995.50 +/- 322.07 granule cells per 10(-3) mm 3 and from 3 135 316 +/- 233 937 to more than 24 millions of granule cells between the 6th and 25th postnatal day. After the middle of the 3rd postnatal week, cell density and total number of granule cells decrease. The diameter of the granule cells reaches a maximum at the 6th day post partum and decreases continuously with progressing age. The possible mechanisms of these quantitative changes are discussed.", "contents": "Postnatal quantitative changes in the cerebellar uvula of albino rats. The postnatal quantitative changes in cell diameter, cell density and total number of granule cells in the sublobule IXa of female rats from 6 to 760 days old were examined. There occurs and initial rapid increase in cell density from 1232.00 +/- 91.92 granule cells per 10(-3) mm 3 to 2995.50 +/- 322.07 granule cells per 10(-3) mm 3 and from 3 135 316 +/- 233 937 to more than 24 millions of granule cells between the 6th and 25th postnatal day. After the middle of the 3rd postnatal week, cell density and total number of granule cells decrease. The diameter of the granule cells reaches a maximum at the 6th day post partum and decreases continuously with progressing age. The possible mechanisms of these quantitative changes are discussed.", "PMID": 707819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3052", "title": "The mammalian tubuli recti: ultrastructural study.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the tubuli recti was studied in the testes of sexually mature bulls, boars, rams, goats, rabbits and rats fixed by vascular perfusion. The tubuli recti are lined with a simple epithelium that varies in height, from squamous to tall columnar according to the species and the region. The cells are characterized by extensive lateral and tortuous basal plasma membranes and a luminal border with microvilli. Tight junctions and desmosomes are found in the upper half of the lateral borders. The Golgi apparatus is sizable and associated with it are coated vesicles and many smooth vesicles concentrated towards the luminal border. A distal segment of the tubuli recti is found in bulls only and is characterized by a high epithelium which is thrown into folds giving the lumen a festooned appearance. It is suggested that the epithelial cells of the tubuli recti are involved in fluid exchange and in the removal of unwanted spermatozoa.", "contents": "The mammalian tubuli recti: ultrastructural study. The ultrastructure of the tubuli recti was studied in the testes of sexually mature bulls, boars, rams, goats, rabbits and rats fixed by vascular perfusion. The tubuli recti are lined with a simple epithelium that varies in height, from squamous to tall columnar according to the species and the region. The cells are characterized by extensive lateral and tortuous basal plasma membranes and a luminal border with microvilli. Tight junctions and desmosomes are found in the upper half of the lateral borders. The Golgi apparatus is sizable and associated with it are coated vesicles and many smooth vesicles concentrated towards the luminal border. A distal segment of the tubuli recti is found in bulls only and is characterized by a high epithelium which is thrown into folds giving the lumen a festooned appearance. It is suggested that the epithelial cells of the tubuli recti are involved in fluid exchange and in the removal of unwanted spermatozoa.", "PMID": 707820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3053", "title": "Changes in length of sarcomeres following tenotomy of the rat soleus muscle.", "content": "Tenotomy of the proximal and distal tendons of the soleus muscle of female Wistar rats was performed and sarcomeric length and muscle fascicle length measured. On the first postoperative day muscle bellies were found shortened and their sarcomeric length considerably reduced. Four weeks following tenotomy, although the muscle bellies remained shortened, sarcomeric length was comparable with that of control muscles. Measurement of muscle fascicle lengths at this time showed that those of experimental muscles were nearly 50% less than those of control muscles. It was concluded from these experiments that a reduction of the number of sarcomeres in series had occurred, thus compensating for the reduced length of the muscle belly.", "contents": "Changes in length of sarcomeres following tenotomy of the rat soleus muscle. Tenotomy of the proximal and distal tendons of the soleus muscle of female Wistar rats was performed and sarcomeric length and muscle fascicle length measured. On the first postoperative day muscle bellies were found shortened and their sarcomeric length considerably reduced. Four weeks following tenotomy, although the muscle bellies remained shortened, sarcomeric length was comparable with that of control muscles. Measurement of muscle fascicle lengths at this time showed that those of experimental muscles were nearly 50% less than those of control muscles. It was concluded from these experiments that a reduction of the number of sarcomeres in series had occurred, thus compensating for the reduced length of the muscle belly.", "PMID": 707822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3054", "title": "Morphological observations on the normal human cardiac glands.", "content": "The majority of human cardiac glands that lie immediately distal to the termination of esophageal epithelium are compound or branched tubular glands. They empty into overlying gastric pits. The glands of this region are often organized into lobule-like complexes by the surrounding connective tissue of the lamina propria. The secretory tubules contain mucous cells, parietal cells and endocrine cells. The mucous cell is the most common cell type observed and appears to comprise two populations. The majority are pyramidal in shape and show numerous spherical, electron-dense secretory granules. Profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum are observed scattered throughout the cytoplasm and Golgi complexes occupy a supranuclear position in relation to forming secretory granules. Morphologically this cell type appears similar to the mucous neck cell of the fundus. Secretory granules of a second mucous cell type are mottled in appearance and show an area of increased electron density near the limiting membrane. Parietal cells are observed and appear identical to those in the fundus. The large number of endocrine cells present raises questions concerning the traditional concept of the function of these particular glands.", "contents": "Morphological observations on the normal human cardiac glands. The majority of human cardiac glands that lie immediately distal to the termination of esophageal epithelium are compound or branched tubular glands. They empty into overlying gastric pits. The glands of this region are often organized into lobule-like complexes by the surrounding connective tissue of the lamina propria. The secretory tubules contain mucous cells, parietal cells and endocrine cells. The mucous cell is the most common cell type observed and appears to comprise two populations. The majority are pyramidal in shape and show numerous spherical, electron-dense secretory granules. Profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum are observed scattered throughout the cytoplasm and Golgi complexes occupy a supranuclear position in relation to forming secretory granules. Morphologically this cell type appears similar to the mucous neck cell of the fundus. Secretory granules of a second mucous cell type are mottled in appearance and show an area of increased electron density near the limiting membrane. Parietal cells are observed and appear identical to those in the fundus. The large number of endocrine cells present raises questions concerning the traditional concept of the function of these particular glands.", "PMID": 707823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3055", "title": "Progressive occlusive thrombarteriopathy: a case report.", "content": "A case of occlusive arterial disease of obscure nature  and etiology is reported. The most puzzling aspect of this case was an apparent lack of correlation between the acute, progressive clinical course of the disease, especially in its final stages and the absence of any corresponding acute changes on microscopic examination of the affected vessels. Furthermore the combination of clinical features and pathologic findings--particularly the thrombotic involvement of the heart and the thoracic aorta by a process starting in the small and medium size vessels of the lower extremities--is not consistent with any of the recognized syndromes leading to a thrombotic occlusion of the arterial system. We conclude that the case represents an obscure syndrome of progressive occlusive thrombarteriopathy, perhaps related to a cumulative effect of heavy smoking, alcoholism, and drug addiction. It is possible that increased coagulability of the blood contributed to the thrombotic process but was not recognized by means of the hematologic studies performed.", "contents": "Progressive occlusive thrombarteriopathy: a case report. A case of occlusive arterial disease of obscure nature  and etiology is reported. The most puzzling aspect of this case was an apparent lack of correlation between the acute, progressive clinical course of the disease, especially in its final stages and the absence of any corresponding acute changes on microscopic examination of the affected vessels. Furthermore the combination of clinical features and pathologic findings--particularly the thrombotic involvement of the heart and the thoracic aorta by a process starting in the small and medium size vessels of the lower extremities--is not consistent with any of the recognized syndromes leading to a thrombotic occlusion of the arterial system. We conclude that the case represents an obscure syndrome of progressive occlusive thrombarteriopathy, perhaps related to a cumulative effect of heavy smoking, alcoholism, and drug addiction. It is possible that increased coagulability of the blood contributed to the thrombotic process but was not recognized by means of the hematologic studies performed.", "PMID": 707848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3056", "title": "Gastroesophageal reflux and asthma: a possible reflex mechanism.", "content": "Fifteen asthmatic patients with gastroesophageal reflux underwent an intraesophageal acid provocation test. Pulmonary function measurements demonstrated increased flow resistance when reflux symptoms occurred. After relief of symptoms, these changes tended to rapidly reverse. The technique employed and the prompt reversal of pulmonary functions suggest reflex mechanisms may be producing the observed bronchoconstriction.", "contents": "Gastroesophageal reflux and asthma: a possible reflex mechanism. Fifteen asthmatic patients with gastroesophageal reflux underwent an intraesophageal acid provocation test. Pulmonary function measurements demonstrated increased flow resistance when reflux symptoms occurred. After relief of symptoms, these changes tended to rapidly reverse. The technique employed and the prompt reversal of pulmonary functions suggest reflex mechanisms may be producing the observed bronchoconstriction.", "PMID": 707849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3057", "title": "The relationship between croup and asthma.", "content": "In 241 outpatients with asthma a higher prevalence of croup (33.2%) was found than in 131 controls (20.6%). The difference for recurrent croup was even more significant. Among inpatients with croup, compared with controls without, a greater tendency towards asthma, but not towards other atopic diseases, was found.", "contents": "The relationship between croup and asthma. In 241 outpatients with asthma a higher prevalence of croup (33.2%) was found than in 131 controls (20.6%). The difference for recurrent croup was even more significant. Among inpatients with croup, compared with controls without, a greater tendency towards asthma, but not towards other atopic diseases, was found.", "PMID": 707850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3058", "title": "The airborne pollens of Walla Walla, Washington.", "content": "A Pollen Survey: During the pollen seasons of 1975 and 1976 a total of 821 pollen samples were collected with a Rotorod sampler in and near Walla Walla, Washington. A total of 51 genera in 22 families were identified; most were also determined to species. A pollen chart was constructed to show the duration of pollen production of each taxon.", "contents": "The airborne pollens of Walla Walla, Washington. A Pollen Survey: During the pollen seasons of 1975 and 1976 a total of 821 pollen samples were collected with a Rotorod sampler in and near Walla Walla, Washington. A total of 51 genera in 22 families were identified; most were also determined to species. A pollen chart was constructed to show the duration of pollen production of each taxon.", "PMID": 707851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3059", "title": "Use of laser nephelometry in the measurement of specific antibody to lamb's quarters antigen.", "content": "Laser nephelometry was used to measure specific antibody to lamb's quarters antigen. It was demonstrated that the same specific antibody detected by indirect hemagglutination could readily be measured by this sensitive technique. Current investigations are being conducted to determine if this system might be validated for the measurement of blocking antibody in human serum.", "contents": "Use of laser nephelometry in the measurement of specific antibody to lamb's quarters antigen. Laser nephelometry was used to measure specific antibody to lamb's quarters antigen. It was demonstrated that the same specific antibody detected by indirect hemagglutination could readily be measured by this sensitive technique. Current investigations are being conducted to determine if this system might be validated for the measurement of blocking antibody in human serum.", "PMID": 707852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3060", "title": "[Rapid column chromatography of blood amino-acids from a paper sample (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors propose a method permitting rapide quantitative analysis of blood amino-acids from a blood sample on paper. The amino-acid analyser was equiped with two columns of different lenght and diameter, one (0.5 x 30 cm) permitting rapid detection (complete chromatography in 110 minutes), the other (0.63 x 35 cm) permitting a quantitative study of amino-acidopathies (complete chromatography in 240 minutes). The apparatus and the program of elution proposed have the advantage of being adaptable without any other modification than the time of passage of the reagents to very rapid analysis of amino-acid groups and classical analysis of samples of serum and urine.", "contents": "[Rapid column chromatography of blood amino-acids from a paper sample (author's transl)]. Authors propose a method permitting rapide quantitative analysis of blood amino-acids from a blood sample on paper. The amino-acid analyser was equiped with two columns of different lenght and diameter, one (0.5 x 30 cm) permitting rapid detection (complete chromatography in 110 minutes), the other (0.63 x 35 cm) permitting a quantitative study of amino-acidopathies (complete chromatography in 240 minutes). The apparatus and the program of elution proposed have the advantage of being adaptable without any other modification than the time of passage of the reagents to very rapid analysis of amino-acid groups and classical analysis of samples of serum and urine.", "PMID": 707855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3061", "title": "Predisposing factors in hepatitis induced by isoniazid-rifampin treatment of tuberculosis.", "content": "Seventy-five patients who developed mild hepatic reactions (serum transaminase concentrations of 45 to 149 units per liter) and 50 patients who showed more serious liver damage (serum transaminase values greater than 150 units per liter) were compared with 261 consecutive patients who had no liver reactions during treatment with rifampin and isoniazid. Generally, liver toxicity occurred in 18 per cent of patients receiving combined anti-tuberculous drug therapy. Small increases in transaminase occurred in 14 per cent of the patients; large increases occurred in 4 per cent. Elderly women comprised a risk group. Among patients exhibiting a more serious hepatic lesion (transaminase values greater than 150 units per liter), alcoholics, mostly men, formed another risk group, together with other patients with a history of previous liver or biliary disease. Of 261 patients who did not develop a liver reaction, 57 per cent were slow INH acetylators. In this study, the groups with small and large increases in transaminase were clearly separated; in the former group there was no preponderance of phenotype, whereas in the latter group, slow acetylators clearly dominated among early (first 4 weeks of treatment) hepatic reactions (P less than 0.01). Studies of single-drug regimens of isoniazid have shown that neither slow nor rapid acetylation has any causal influence on isoniazid-induced hepatitis. Because the metabolism of rifampin is independent of the acetylation process, rifampin and isoniazid in combination seem to cause a toxic hepatitis that differs from the hepatitis induced by either drug separately.", "contents": "Predisposing factors in hepatitis induced by isoniazid-rifampin treatment of tuberculosis. Seventy-five patients who developed mild hepatic reactions (serum transaminase concentrations of 45 to 149 units per liter) and 50 patients who showed more serious liver damage (serum transaminase values greater than 150 units per liter) were compared with 261 consecutive patients who had no liver reactions during treatment with rifampin and isoniazid. Generally, liver toxicity occurred in 18 per cent of patients receiving combined anti-tuberculous drug therapy. Small increases in transaminase occurred in 14 per cent of the patients; large increases occurred in 4 per cent. Elderly women comprised a risk group. Among patients exhibiting a more serious hepatic lesion (transaminase values greater than 150 units per liter), alcoholics, mostly men, formed another risk group, together with other patients with a history of previous liver or biliary disease. Of 261 patients who did not develop a liver reaction, 57 per cent were slow INH acetylators. In this study, the groups with small and large increases in transaminase were clearly separated; in the former group there was no preponderance of phenotype, whereas in the latter group, slow acetylators clearly dominated among early (first 4 weeks of treatment) hepatic reactions (P less than 0.01). Studies of single-drug regimens of isoniazid have shown that neither slow nor rapid acetylation has any causal influence on isoniazid-induced hepatitis. Because the metabolism of rifampin is independent of the acetylation process, rifampin and isoniazid in combination seem to cause a toxic hepatitis that differs from the hepatitis induced by either drug separately.", "PMID": 707874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3062", "title": "Inhibition of Mycobacterium intracellulare by some vitamin K and coenzyme Q analogues.", "content": "Because vitamin K is present in several species of mycobacteria, and because coenzyme Q has been found to stimulate the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and atypical mycobacteria, 8 quinones that can be considered to be dual analogues of vitamin K and coenzyme Q were tested for their activity against Mycobacterium intracellulare. One compound, 6-cyclo-octylamino-5,8-quinolinequinone (CQQ) exhibited considerable activity in vitro against several strains of Mycobacterium intracellulare at a concentration of 8 micrograms per ml. It has also shown evidence of bactericidal activity against growing cultures of Mycobacterium intracellulare. Time exposure studies indicated that a minimal contact period of 24 hours with a concentration of 8 micrograms of CQQ per ml is necessary for permanent inhibitory action against Mycobacterium intracellulare. At a concentration of 1 microgram per ml, CQQ inhibited Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including the rifampin-resistant strains. The drug has no activity against rapidly growing mycobacteria or organisms that are not acid-fast.", "contents": "Inhibition of Mycobacterium intracellulare by some vitamin K and coenzyme Q analogues. Because vitamin K is present in several species of mycobacteria, and because coenzyme Q has been found to stimulate the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and atypical mycobacteria, 8 quinones that can be considered to be dual analogues of vitamin K and coenzyme Q were tested for their activity against Mycobacterium intracellulare. One compound, 6-cyclo-octylamino-5,8-quinolinequinone (CQQ) exhibited considerable activity in vitro against several strains of Mycobacterium intracellulare at a concentration of 8 micrograms per ml. It has also shown evidence of bactericidal activity against growing cultures of Mycobacterium intracellulare. Time exposure studies indicated that a minimal contact period of 24 hours with a concentration of 8 micrograms of CQQ per ml is necessary for permanent inhibitory action against Mycobacterium intracellulare. At a concentration of 1 microgram per ml, CQQ inhibited Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including the rifampin-resistant strains. The drug has no activity against rapidly growing mycobacteria or organisms that are not acid-fast.", "PMID": 707875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3063", "title": "A prospective study of plasma DNA in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism.", "content": "To assess the usefulness of plasma deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) detection in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE), we prospectively studied the frequency and duration of the occurrence of free plasma DNA in 23 patients with PE and in 49 patients with pneumonia, myocardial infarction, thrombophlebitis, or normal lung scans. Plasma DNA was detected in 19 of the 23 patients (83 per cent) with PE and in none of the 49 patients with other diagnoses. Eighteen of the 19 PE patients with free DNA had persistence of DNA on all subsequent sampling for up to 5 days. In this series, plasma DNA had a sensitivity of 83 per cent in the diagnosis of PE and was extremely specific for PE. Thus, detection of free plasma DNA may be useful as a rapid, noninvasive test to aid in the diagnois of PE.", "contents": "A prospective study of plasma DNA in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. To assess the usefulness of plasma deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) detection in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE), we prospectively studied the frequency and duration of the occurrence of free plasma DNA in 23 patients with PE and in 49 patients with pneumonia, myocardial infarction, thrombophlebitis, or normal lung scans. Plasma DNA was detected in 19 of the 23 patients (83 per cent) with PE and in none of the 49 patients with other diagnoses. Eighteen of the 19 PE patients with free DNA had persistence of DNA on all subsequent sampling for up to 5 days. In this series, plasma DNA had a sensitivity of 83 per cent in the diagnosis of PE and was extremely specific for PE. Thus, detection of free plasma DNA may be useful as a rapid, noninvasive test to aid in the diagnois of PE.", "PMID": 707876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3064", "title": "Compliances of human rib cage and diaphragm-abdomen pathways in relaxed versus paralyzed states.", "content": "The respiratory magnetometer method of Konno and Mead was used to measure separately the rib cage and the diaphragm-abdomen components of the total respiratory system compliance in 11 subjects with normal respiratory systems. Measurements made in the awake, relaxed state by the method of Heaf and Prime were compared with similar measurements made in the anesthetized, paralyzed state by the supersyringe method. The rib cage component was greater in the paralyzed than the relaxed state in 9 of 11 subjects, but the diaphragm-abdomen component was greater in the relaxed than the paralyzed state in 8 of 11 subjects. We believe that these differences can be explained by respiratory muscle activity in the presumed relaxed state. The fraction of the tidal volume attributable to rib cage displacement compared to abdominal displacement was greater during mechanical ventilation in the paralyzed state than during awake, spontaneous breathing. This can be explained by the different distribution of inflating forces produced by diaphragmatic contraction compared to positive airway and alveolar pressure, in particular by the very different patterns of diaphragmatic displacement in the 2 states.", "contents": "Compliances of human rib cage and diaphragm-abdomen pathways in relaxed versus paralyzed states. The respiratory magnetometer method of Konno and Mead was used to measure separately the rib cage and the diaphragm-abdomen components of the total respiratory system compliance in 11 subjects with normal respiratory systems. Measurements made in the awake, relaxed state by the method of Heaf and Prime were compared with similar measurements made in the anesthetized, paralyzed state by the supersyringe method. The rib cage component was greater in the paralyzed than the relaxed state in 9 of 11 subjects, but the diaphragm-abdomen component was greater in the relaxed than the paralyzed state in 8 of 11 subjects. We believe that these differences can be explained by respiratory muscle activity in the presumed relaxed state. The fraction of the tidal volume attributable to rib cage displacement compared to abdominal displacement was greater during mechanical ventilation in the paralyzed state than during awake, spontaneous breathing. This can be explained by the different distribution of inflating forces produced by diaphragmatic contraction compared to positive airway and alveolar pressure, in particular by the very different patterns of diaphragmatic displacement in the 2 states.", "PMID": 707877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3065", "title": "Effects of sulfuric acid aerosol on cardiopulmonary function of dogs, sheep, and humans.", "content": "Submicronic aerosol of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) originates from the burning of fossil fuels and discharge of vapor from the automobile engine equipped with the catalytic converter. This study was conducted to determine whether brief exposure to this aerosol in high concentrations adversely affects the cardiopulmonary system. In all studies, submicronic aerosol of sodium chloride was used as a control. Anesthetized dogs that breathed H2SO4 aerosol in concentrations up to 8 mg per m3 showed no effects on respiratory resistance, static lung compliance, and functional residual capacity. A 4-hour exposure to H2SO4 aerosol (4 mg per m3) produced no significant changes in mechanics of breathing, functional residual capacity, pulmonary and systemic arterial blood pressures, cardiac output, heart rate, and arterial blood gas tensions. Conscious sheep that breathed H2SO4 aerosol in concentrations up to 14 mg per m3 for 20 min had no alteration of tracheal mucous velocity in an immediate 3-hour follow-up period or 5 to 10 days later. Conscious sheep that breathed H2SO4 aerosol (4 mg per m3) for 4 hours had no significant alteration of tracheal mucous velocity immediately and 2 hours thereafter. Both normal and asthmatic adults breathing H2SO4 aerosol in concentrations up to 1 mg per m3 for 10 min showed no significant alteration of lung volumes, distribution of ventilation, ear oximetry, dynamic mechanics of breathing, oscillation mechanics of the chest-lung system, pulmonary capillary blood flow, diffusing capacity, O2 consumption, and pulmonary tissue volume. No delayed effects in pulmonary function nor exacerbation of bronchial asthma were observe during a follow-up period of a few weeks. The present study indicates that single exposure to submicronic H2SO4 aerosol does not produce an immediate or a delayed adverse effect on cardiopulmonary function in anesthetized dogs, conscious sheep, and normal and asthmatic adults.", "contents": "Effects of sulfuric acid aerosol on cardiopulmonary function of dogs, sheep, and humans. Submicronic aerosol of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) originates from the burning of fossil fuels and discharge of vapor from the automobile engine equipped with the catalytic converter. This study was conducted to determine whether brief exposure to this aerosol in high concentrations adversely affects the cardiopulmonary system. In all studies, submicronic aerosol of sodium chloride was used as a control. Anesthetized dogs that breathed H2SO4 aerosol in concentrations up to 8 mg per m3 showed no effects on respiratory resistance, static lung compliance, and functional residual capacity. A 4-hour exposure to H2SO4 aerosol (4 mg per m3) produced no significant changes in mechanics of breathing, functional residual capacity, pulmonary and systemic arterial blood pressures, cardiac output, heart rate, and arterial blood gas tensions. Conscious sheep that breathed H2SO4 aerosol in concentrations up to 14 mg per m3 for 20 min had no alteration of tracheal mucous velocity in an immediate 3-hour follow-up period or 5 to 10 days later. Conscious sheep that breathed H2SO4 aerosol (4 mg per m3) for 4 hours had no significant alteration of tracheal mucous velocity immediately and 2 hours thereafter. Both normal and asthmatic adults breathing H2SO4 aerosol in concentrations up to 1 mg per m3 for 10 min showed no significant alteration of lung volumes, distribution of ventilation, ear oximetry, dynamic mechanics of breathing, oscillation mechanics of the chest-lung system, pulmonary capillary blood flow, diffusing capacity, O2 consumption, and pulmonary tissue volume. No delayed effects in pulmonary function nor exacerbation of bronchial asthma were observe during a follow-up period of a few weeks. The present study indicates that single exposure to submicronic H2SO4 aerosol does not produce an immediate or a delayed adverse effect on cardiopulmonary function in anesthetized dogs, conscious sheep, and normal and asthmatic adults.", "PMID": 707878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3066", "title": "Ventilation-perfusion inequality in asymptomatic asthma.", "content": "Ventilation-perfusion (Va/Q) inequality was measured by a multiple inert gas elimination method in 6 asymptomatic patients with asthma and in a seventh patient during a severe asthmatic episode. Measurements were made before and at 5-min intervals after administration of aerosolized isoproterenol. All patients had some residual airway obstruction as measured during forced expirations. All except one patient had clearly bimodal distributions of Va/Q ratios during all phases of the study, as confirmed by an extensive exploration of distributions compatible with each set of inert gas data. One mode lay within the normal range of Va/Q, but the other, containing 19.8 per cent of the cardiac output on the average, was centered on a Va/Q ratio of only 0.07. There was essentially no shunt. Five min after the administration of isoproterenol, the blood flow to the low Va/Q mode approximately doubled, accounting for the observed decrease in arterial PO2. Breathing 100 per cent O2 had little effect on the distribution. The presence of a bimodal distribution of Va/Q ratios without shunt suggests that collateral ventilation may be an important mechanism determining the distribution of Va/Q ratios and preventing the development of shunts. This study also showed that in some asymptomatic asthmatic patients, as many as one half of the lung units may lie behind completely closed airways and have very low but finite Va/Q ratios as a result of collateral ventilation.", "contents": "Ventilation-perfusion inequality in asymptomatic asthma. Ventilation-perfusion (Va/Q) inequality was measured by a multiple inert gas elimination method in 6 asymptomatic patients with asthma and in a seventh patient during a severe asthmatic episode. Measurements were made before and at 5-min intervals after administration of aerosolized isoproterenol. All patients had some residual airway obstruction as measured during forced expirations. All except one patient had clearly bimodal distributions of Va/Q ratios during all phases of the study, as confirmed by an extensive exploration of distributions compatible with each set of inert gas data. One mode lay within the normal range of Va/Q, but the other, containing 19.8 per cent of the cardiac output on the average, was centered on a Va/Q ratio of only 0.07. There was essentially no shunt. Five min after the administration of isoproterenol, the blood flow to the low Va/Q mode approximately doubled, accounting for the observed decrease in arterial PO2. Breathing 100 per cent O2 had little effect on the distribution. The presence of a bimodal distribution of Va/Q ratios without shunt suggests that collateral ventilation may be an important mechanism determining the distribution of Va/Q ratios and preventing the development of shunts. This study also showed that in some asymptomatic asthmatic patients, as many as one half of the lung units may lie behind completely closed airways and have very low but finite Va/Q ratios as a result of collateral ventilation.", "PMID": 707879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3067", "title": "Gas exchange during acute experimental canine asthma.", "content": "The inert gas infusion technique was used to recover distributions of ventilation-perfusion ratios in anesthetized dogs during 17 episodes of acute asthma produced experimentally by broncho-provocation with aerosolized Ascaris suum extract, methacholine, or histamine. Regardless of the  agent used, 2 general patterns of ventilation/perfusion maldistribution were observed. During mild attacks of bronchospasm, a broadening of the normal unimodal distribution of ventilation-perfusion ratios occurred. During more severe attacks, the ventilation/perfusion distributions were clearly bimodal (with true right-to-left shunt of more than 4 per cent present on only one occasion), suggesting that there are, in general, 2 populations of gas-exchanging units in the lung under these conditions. One population has approximately normal ratios of ventilation to blood flow. The second is a population centered on a low ventilation-perfusion ratio (average, 0.14) that can be explained by ventilation of lung units with completely obstructed bronchi via collateral pathways. The postmortem appearances of the lungs and the time course of the gas-exchange abnormalities suggest that the chief cause of the bronchial occlusion responsible for the low ventilation-perfusion units was excessive mucus in the lumen. The presence of collateral pathways of ventilation in the canine lung appeared to protect the animals from developing areas of true shunt under these conditions. The ventilation/perfusion distributions were similar to those seen in human patients with bronchial asthma.", "contents": "Gas exchange during acute experimental canine asthma. The inert gas infusion technique was used to recover distributions of ventilation-perfusion ratios in anesthetized dogs during 17 episodes of acute asthma produced experimentally by broncho-provocation with aerosolized Ascaris suum extract, methacholine, or histamine. Regardless of the  agent used, 2 general patterns of ventilation/perfusion maldistribution were observed. During mild attacks of bronchospasm, a broadening of the normal unimodal distribution of ventilation-perfusion ratios occurred. During more severe attacks, the ventilation/perfusion distributions were clearly bimodal (with true right-to-left shunt of more than 4 per cent present on only one occasion), suggesting that there are, in general, 2 populations of gas-exchanging units in the lung under these conditions. One population has approximately normal ratios of ventilation to blood flow. The second is a population centered on a low ventilation-perfusion ratio (average, 0.14) that can be explained by ventilation of lung units with completely obstructed bronchi via collateral pathways. The postmortem appearances of the lungs and the time course of the gas-exchange abnormalities suggest that the chief cause of the bronchial occlusion responsible for the low ventilation-perfusion units was excessive mucus in the lumen. The presence of collateral pathways of ventilation in the canine lung appeared to protect the animals from developing areas of true shunt under these conditions. The ventilation/perfusion distributions were similar to those seen in human patients with bronchial asthma.", "PMID": 707880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3068", "title": "Localized amyloidosis of the lower respiratory tract.", "content": "Amyloidosis limited to the lower respiratory tract is a relatively rare condition. Three new patients are reported, and the pertinent literature is reviewed. The available information is discussed with regard to clinical forms, diagnostic methods, therapy, and clinical course. Tracheobronchial deposition is the most frequent form of localized amyloidosis; it affects relatively younger persons and often gives rise to symptoms of airway obstruction. Bronchoscopy, although carrying a risk of bleeding, is the procedure of choice diagnostically and therapeutically. Single or multiple pulmonary nodules are usually discovered as an incidental roentgenographic finding, and surgical resection (for suspected malignancy) has resulted in cure in all cases. On rare occasions, amyloid may be deposited diffusely in the pulmonary parenchyma, leading to death from respiratory insufficiency.", "contents": "Localized amyloidosis of the lower respiratory tract. Amyloidosis limited to the lower respiratory tract is a relatively rare condition. Three new patients are reported, and the pertinent literature is reviewed. The available information is discussed with regard to clinical forms, diagnostic methods, therapy, and clinical course. Tracheobronchial deposition is the most frequent form of localized amyloidosis; it affects relatively younger persons and often gives rise to symptoms of airway obstruction. Bronchoscopy, although carrying a risk of bleeding, is the procedure of choice diagnostically and therapeutically. Single or multiple pulmonary nodules are usually discovered as an incidental roentgenographic finding, and surgical resection (for suspected malignancy) has resulted in cure in all cases. On rare occasions, amyloid may be deposited diffusely in the pulmonary parenchyma, leading to death from respiratory insufficiency.", "PMID": 707881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3069", "title": "Pulmonary arterial wedge pressure in hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that the position of a pulmonary arterial wedge catheter might affect its ability to measure left atrial pressure, we inserted 2 wedge catheters, one superiorly, and one dependently, in supine dogs. The position of the catheter tips and the zero level of the transducers were located on a lateral chest radiograph so that by referencing the transducers to the posterior surface of the lung and measuring the height of the catheter tip above that reference point, the zones in which the catheter tips were located were determined. When both catheters were in Zone III (pulmonary arterial pressure greater than left atrial pressure greater than alveolar pressure), the wedge pressures accurately reflected left atrial pressure. However, during hemorrhage, left atrial pressure decreased, and when the pulmonary arterial wedge catheter placed superiorly came under Zone II conditions (pulmonary arterial pressure greater than alveolar pressure greater than left atrial pressure), it recorded a constant pressure somewhat greater than left atrial pressure; the pulmonary arterial wedge catheter placed dependently, which remained in Zone III, continued to reflect left atrial pressure. We conclude that a pulmonary arterial wedge catheter measures left atrial pressure only when it is located in Zone III.", "contents": "Pulmonary arterial wedge pressure in hemorrhagic shock. To test the hypothesis that the position of a pulmonary arterial wedge catheter might affect its ability to measure left atrial pressure, we inserted 2 wedge catheters, one superiorly, and one dependently, in supine dogs. The position of the catheter tips and the zero level of the transducers were located on a lateral chest radiograph so that by referencing the transducers to the posterior surface of the lung and measuring the height of the catheter tip above that reference point, the zones in which the catheter tips were located were determined. When both catheters were in Zone III (pulmonary arterial pressure greater than left atrial pressure greater than alveolar pressure), the wedge pressures accurately reflected left atrial pressure. However, during hemorrhage, left atrial pressure decreased, and when the pulmonary arterial wedge catheter placed superiorly came under Zone II conditions (pulmonary arterial pressure greater than alveolar pressure greater than left atrial pressure), it recorded a constant pressure somewhat greater than left atrial pressure; the pulmonary arterial wedge catheter placed dependently, which remained in Zone III, continued to reflect left atrial pressure. We conclude that a pulmonary arterial wedge catheter measures left atrial pressure only when it is located in Zone III.", "PMID": 707882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3070", "title": "Effect of O2 exposure on pulmonary metabolism of prostaglandin E2.", "content": "The effect of exposure to oxygen on lung metabolism of prostaglandin E2 to 15-keto-prostaglandin E2 and 13-14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin E2 was studied in the isolated, perfused rat lung. During a 30-sec period, lungs were infused with varying concentrations of prostaglandin E2 labeled with hydrogen-3 and the fraction metabolized during one passage was determined. At a prostaglandin E2 concentration of 5 nM, which approximates that in normal mixed venous blood, an average of 93 per cent of infused prostaglandin was metabolized by normal lungs. At prostaglandin E2 concentrations of 2 to 70 micrometer, the fraction metabolized decreased. The computed concentration of prostaglandin E2 for half-maximal rate of metabolism was 4.2 micrometer. Metabolism of prostaglandin E2 by isolated lungs was unaffected by exposure of rats to greater than 97 per cent oxygen at 1 atmosphere absolute for 24 hours, but was markedly depressed after both 36 and 48 hours of hyperoxia. These results indicate that exposure of the rat to oxygen for 36 and 48 hours is associated with decreased ability of the lung to metabolize prostaglandin E2 to its keto derivatives and may result in increased concentration of prostaglandin E2 in the systemic arterial blood.", "contents": "Effect of O2 exposure on pulmonary metabolism of prostaglandin E2. The effect of exposure to oxygen on lung metabolism of prostaglandin E2 to 15-keto-prostaglandin E2 and 13-14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin E2 was studied in the isolated, perfused rat lung. During a 30-sec period, lungs were infused with varying concentrations of prostaglandin E2 labeled with hydrogen-3 and the fraction metabolized during one passage was determined. At a prostaglandin E2 concentration of 5 nM, which approximates that in normal mixed venous blood, an average of 93 per cent of infused prostaglandin was metabolized by normal lungs. At prostaglandin E2 concentrations of 2 to 70 micrometer, the fraction metabolized decreased. The computed concentration of prostaglandin E2 for half-maximal rate of metabolism was 4.2 micrometer. Metabolism of prostaglandin E2 by isolated lungs was unaffected by exposure of rats to greater than 97 per cent oxygen at 1 atmosphere absolute for 24 hours, but was markedly depressed after both 36 and 48 hours of hyperoxia. These results indicate that exposure of the rat to oxygen for 36 and 48 hours is associated with decreased ability of the lung to metabolize prostaglandin E2 to its keto derivatives and may result in increased concentration of prostaglandin E2 in the systemic arterial blood.", "PMID": 707883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3071", "title": "Excessive polycythemia of high altitude: role of ventilatory drive and lung disease.", "content": "Persons residing at high altitude who develop excessive polycythemia are more hypoxemic than normal high-altitude residents. We investigated the causes of hypoxemia in 20 patients with excessive polycythemia residing at an altitude of 3,100 m. Lung disease evidenced by abnormal spirometric features and results of a respiratory questionnaire was present in 10 of 20 patients and resulted in increased alveolar-arterial difference for PO2 [(A-a)PO2]. The excessive hypoxemia in the patients with normal lungs was not due to increased (A-a)PO2. We measured ventilatory responses to hypoxia and to hypercapnia to determine whether blunting of these responses was a cause of this excessive hypoxemia. We found, however, that chemical drives to breathe, although blunted, were the same in patients with polycythemia as in high-altitude control subjects. However, an abnormal breathing pattern was observed; the polycythemic patients had a smaller tidal volume and a greater ratio of dead space to tidal volume than did the normal subjects. In addition, the polycythemic patients had increased minute ventilation on breathing 100 percent O2, whereas the normal subjects did not. Thus, hypoxic depression of ventilation may have been present. Our findings suggested that blunted chemical drives are not causative in this disease, and that some other cause of hypoxemia must be present.", "contents": "Excessive polycythemia of high altitude: role of ventilatory drive and lung disease. Persons residing at high altitude who develop excessive polycythemia are more hypoxemic than normal high-altitude residents. We investigated the causes of hypoxemia in 20 patients with excessive polycythemia residing at an altitude of 3,100 m. Lung disease evidenced by abnormal spirometric features and results of a respiratory questionnaire was present in 10 of 20 patients and resulted in increased alveolar-arterial difference for PO2 [(A-a)PO2]. The excessive hypoxemia in the patients with normal lungs was not due to increased (A-a)PO2. We measured ventilatory responses to hypoxia and to hypercapnia to determine whether blunting of these responses was a cause of this excessive hypoxemia. We found, however, that chemical drives to breathe, although blunted, were the same in patients with polycythemia as in high-altitude control subjects. However, an abnormal breathing pattern was observed; the polycythemic patients had a smaller tidal volume and a greater ratio of dead space to tidal volume than did the normal subjects. In addition, the polycythemic patients had increased minute ventilation on breathing 100 percent O2, whereas the normal subjects did not. Thus, hypoxic depression of ventilation may have been present. Our findings suggested that blunted chemical drives are not causative in this disease, and that some other cause of hypoxemia must be present.", "PMID": 707889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3072", "title": "Pulmonary function in young smokers: male-female differences.", "content": "To delineate the pattern of pulmonary function abnormalities and associated pathophysiologic mechanisms in young smokers, 205 volunteers between the ages of 18 and 25 were studied with a variety of pulmonary function tests. Differences between male and female smokers were observed. Pulmonary function abnormalities consistent with small airway dysfunction were noted in male smokers, but not in female smokers. Decreased forced expiratory flows at high lung volumes suggesting large airway dysfunction were noted in both male and female smokers. Decreases in diffusing capacity for CO consistent with abnormalities of the pulmonary vascular system were seen in smokers of both sexes, but were more prominent in females. Because men develop chronic obstruction pulmonary disease more frequently than do women even when adjustments for smoking are made, and because women develop primary pulmonary hypertension more frequently than do men, these chronic diseases may reflect distinct pathophysiologic response of the 2 sexes to agents such as cigarettes.", "contents": "Pulmonary function in young smokers: male-female differences. To delineate the pattern of pulmonary function abnormalities and associated pathophysiologic mechanisms in young smokers, 205 volunteers between the ages of 18 and 25 were studied with a variety of pulmonary function tests. Differences between male and female smokers were observed. Pulmonary function abnormalities consistent with small airway dysfunction were noted in male smokers, but not in female smokers. Decreased forced expiratory flows at high lung volumes suggesting large airway dysfunction were noted in both male and female smokers. Decreases in diffusing capacity for CO consistent with abnormalities of the pulmonary vascular system were seen in smokers of both sexes, but were more prominent in females. Because men develop chronic obstruction pulmonary disease more frequently than do women even when adjustments for smoking are made, and because women develop primary pulmonary hypertension more frequently than do men, these chronic diseases may reflect distinct pathophysiologic response of the 2 sexes to agents such as cigarettes.", "PMID": 707890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3073", "title": "Problems in the plethysmographic assessment of changes in total lung capacity in asthma.", "content": "We studied the effect of abdominal gas compression on plethysmographically determined total lung capacity (TLC) in asthmatic patients before, during, and after treatment of induced bronchospasm. TLC was derived from panting maneuvers near residual volume, at functional residual capacity, and near TLC. Significant differences among these \"derived TLC\" values increased significantly during bronchospasm. Whether or not TLC appeared to increase, and by how much, depended on the level of the vital capacity from which it was derived. Individual increases in TLC during bronchospasm could not be explained by increases in abdominal gas volume or in the extent to which it was compressed and decompressed during panting. We postulate that during the Boyle's Law panting maneuver, pleural, and therefore alveolar, pressure swings may be nonhomogeneous and greater over lung regions subtended by closed airways than over regions in communication with the mouth. This would result in an underestimation of alveolar pressure swings as measured at the mouth and an overestimation of thoracic gas volume, and would account in large part for the observed increase in discrepancies between the \"derived TLC\" values in asthma as well as the dependence of apparent TLC changes on the level of the VC at which the panting maneuver is performed.", "contents": "Problems in the plethysmographic assessment of changes in total lung capacity in asthma. We studied the effect of abdominal gas compression on plethysmographically determined total lung capacity (TLC) in asthmatic patients before, during, and after treatment of induced bronchospasm. TLC was derived from panting maneuvers near residual volume, at functional residual capacity, and near TLC. Significant differences among these \"derived TLC\" values increased significantly during bronchospasm. Whether or not TLC appeared to increase, and by how much, depended on the level of the vital capacity from which it was derived. Individual increases in TLC during bronchospasm could not be explained by increases in abdominal gas volume or in the extent to which it was compressed and decompressed during panting. We postulate that during the Boyle's Law panting maneuver, pleural, and therefore alveolar, pressure swings may be nonhomogeneous and greater over lung regions subtended by closed airways than over regions in communication with the mouth. This would result in an underestimation of alveolar pressure swings as measured at the mouth and an overestimation of thoracic gas volume, and would account in large part for the observed increase in discrepancies between the \"derived TLC\" values in asthma as well as the dependence of apparent TLC changes on the level of the VC at which the panting maneuver is performed.", "PMID": 707891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3074", "title": "Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in asbestos workers.", "content": "Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity and inducibility were studied in the lymphoblasts of 47 asbestos workers and 31 control subjects. Mean inducibility (3-methylcholanthrene [MC]-or dibenz(a,h,)anthracene [DBA]-induced divided by basal enzyme activity) was greater in the occupationally exposed subjects than in the control subjects. The estimated estimated change in mean value (+/- SE) of MC inducibility was 0.88 +/- 0.21 (P less than 0.001), and that of DBA inducibility was 1.59 +/- 0.56 (P less than 0.01). Differences in inducibility values were particularly apparent in 12 pairs of spouses, in all of whom the inducibility values of the occupationally exposed subjects exceeded those of their spouses. The differences in inducibility of AHH resulted from increases in induced activity, not from any appreciable change in basal activities. They were independent of subject age, sex, smoking status, year of first exposure to asbestos, yield of lymphoblasts, or the rate of blastogenesis as measured by the incorporation of tritiated thymidine into nucleic acid. Increased AHH inducibility may bear some relation to the greatly increased risk of bronchogenic carcinoma in asbestos workers who smoke cigarettes.", "contents": "Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in asbestos workers. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity and inducibility were studied in the lymphoblasts of 47 asbestos workers and 31 control subjects. Mean inducibility (3-methylcholanthrene [MC]-or dibenz(a,h,)anthracene [DBA]-induced divided by basal enzyme activity) was greater in the occupationally exposed subjects than in the control subjects. The estimated estimated change in mean value (+/- SE) of MC inducibility was 0.88 +/- 0.21 (P less than 0.001), and that of DBA inducibility was 1.59 +/- 0.56 (P less than 0.01). Differences in inducibility values were particularly apparent in 12 pairs of spouses, in all of whom the inducibility values of the occupationally exposed subjects exceeded those of their spouses. The differences in inducibility of AHH resulted from increases in induced activity, not from any appreciable change in basal activities. They were independent of subject age, sex, smoking status, year of first exposure to asbestos, yield of lymphoblasts, or the rate of blastogenesis as measured by the incorporation of tritiated thymidine into nucleic acid. Increased AHH inducibility may bear some relation to the greatly increased risk of bronchogenic carcinoma in asbestos workers who smoke cigarettes.", "PMID": 707892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3075", "title": "Oral therapy for experimental coccidioidomycosis with R41 400 (ketoconazole), a new imidazole.", "content": "Oral treatment of mice with R41 400, ketoconazole, after intranasal challange with arthrospores of Coccidioides immitis prevented death at doses of 40 mg per kg of body weight per day. Doses of 160 mg per kg of body weight per day during 50 to 100 days eradicated the fungus from the lungs, liver, spleen and kidneys of approximately one half of the infected animals. Resistance to the drug was not induced during prolonged treatment. Hydropic changes in the liver occurred in animals receiving doses of 160 mg per kg of body weight per day by the fiftieth day of treatment, but did not occur at lower doses.", "contents": "Oral therapy for experimental coccidioidomycosis with R41 400 (ketoconazole), a new imidazole. Oral treatment of mice with R41 400, ketoconazole, after intranasal challange with arthrospores of Coccidioides immitis prevented death at doses of 40 mg per kg of body weight per day. Doses of 160 mg per kg of body weight per day during 50 to 100 days eradicated the fungus from the lungs, liver, spleen and kidneys of approximately one half of the infected animals. Resistance to the drug was not induced during prolonged treatment. Hydropic changes in the liver occurred in animals receiving doses of 160 mg per kg of body weight per day by the fiftieth day of treatment, but did not occur at lower doses.", "PMID": 707893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3076", "title": "Volume-pressure and morphometric observations after acute alveolar injury in the dog from N-nitroso-N-methylurethane.", "content": "Volume-pressure diagrams during inflation with air and saline were made with the lungs of 6 control dogs and 24 dogs with acute alveolar injury induced by subcutaneous injection of 6 mg of N-nitroso-N-methylurethane per kg of body weight 3 to 14 days before study. The extent of alveolar closure was estimated by measuring the mean linear intercept of the remaining open air spaces after inflation of the lung with liquid formalin at a pressure of 40 cm H2O. This alveolar closure was defined as irreversible. The volume-pressure diagrams and compliance data derived from them during the 3 to 4, 5 to 7,  and 9 to 14 day periods after injection were analyzed and compared with the morphometric data. The diagrams with air inflation showed a progressive downward shift beginning with the 3 to 4 day period. This shift was at least partly independent of volume loss. The diagrams with saline inflation were unchanged during the 3 to 4 day period, but showed a downward shift, largely due to volume loss thereafter. Irreversible alveolar closure, reflected by an increased mean linear intercept, was present in the 3 to 4 day period, and its extent increased with time, correlating inversely with total lung capacity and saline compliance. The data indicate that decreased lung compliance and volume during the first 7 days of injury induced by injection of N-nitroso-N-methylurethane were due largely to increased surface tension and that tissue forces became a significant factor later. They suggest that the altered tissue forces were due principally to irreversible alveolar closure.", "contents": "Volume-pressure and morphometric observations after acute alveolar injury in the dog from N-nitroso-N-methylurethane. Volume-pressure diagrams during inflation with air and saline were made with the lungs of 6 control dogs and 24 dogs with acute alveolar injury induced by subcutaneous injection of 6 mg of N-nitroso-N-methylurethane per kg of body weight 3 to 14 days before study. The extent of alveolar closure was estimated by measuring the mean linear intercept of the remaining open air spaces after inflation of the lung with liquid formalin at a pressure of 40 cm H2O. This alveolar closure was defined as irreversible. The volume-pressure diagrams and compliance data derived from them during the 3 to 4, 5 to 7,  and 9 to 14 day periods after injection were analyzed and compared with the morphometric data. The diagrams with air inflation showed a progressive downward shift beginning with the 3 to 4 day period. This shift was at least partly independent of volume loss. The diagrams with saline inflation were unchanged during the 3 to 4 day period, but showed a downward shift, largely due to volume loss thereafter. Irreversible alveolar closure, reflected by an increased mean linear intercept, was present in the 3 to 4 day period, and its extent increased with time, correlating inversely with total lung capacity and saline compliance. The data indicate that decreased lung compliance and volume during the first 7 days of injury induced by injection of N-nitroso-N-methylurethane were due largely to increased surface tension and that tissue forces became a significant factor later. They suggest that the altered tissue forces were due principally to irreversible alveolar closure.", "PMID": 707894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3077", "title": "A clinical trial of mebendazole in the treatment of alveolar hydatid disease.", "content": "In July 1974, mebendazole was reported to be effective against the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus in experimentally infected mice. A clinical trial of mebendazole was initiated in December 1974 in 4 patients with far advanced, nonresectable lesions caused by Echinococcus multilocularis. A daily dose of 40 mg of the drug per kg of body weight was administered to the 4 patients for more than 3 years. No evidence of toxicity or adverse reactions has been observed. Detectable plasma mebendazole concentrations were achieved with high-dose mebendazole therapy. Serum concentrations of IgE increased and decreased early in therapy. There was no evidence that the larval cestode was killed. The metastatic lesions appeared to be stabilized or diminished, and over-all clinical results were encouraging. Progressively enlarging thoracic metastases in 2 patients regressed during therapy, and symptomatic improvement was observed in all 4 patients. Mebendazole, a highly effective antihelmintic in enteric infections, is poorly absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract. Resulting low serum concentrations limit treatment of the massive, scirrhous lesions characteristic of E. multilocularis infections. Nevertheless, encouraging clinical responses observed with mebendazole therapy suggest that a more soluble form of this or a related drug might prove highly effective in the medical management of hydatid disease in humans.", "contents": "A clinical trial of mebendazole in the treatment of alveolar hydatid disease. In July 1974, mebendazole was reported to be effective against the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus in experimentally infected mice. A clinical trial of mebendazole was initiated in December 1974 in 4 patients with far advanced, nonresectable lesions caused by Echinococcus multilocularis. A daily dose of 40 mg of the drug per kg of body weight was administered to the 4 patients for more than 3 years. No evidence of toxicity or adverse reactions has been observed. Detectable plasma mebendazole concentrations were achieved with high-dose mebendazole therapy. Serum concentrations of IgE increased and decreased early in therapy. There was no evidence that the larval cestode was killed. The metastatic lesions appeared to be stabilized or diminished, and over-all clinical results were encouraging. Progressively enlarging thoracic metastases in 2 patients regressed during therapy, and symptomatic improvement was observed in all 4 patients. Mebendazole, a highly effective antihelmintic in enteric infections, is poorly absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract. Resulting low serum concentrations limit treatment of the massive, scirrhous lesions characteristic of E. multilocularis infections. Nevertheless, encouraging clinical responses observed with mebendazole therapy suggest that a more soluble form of this or a related drug might prove highly effective in the medical management of hydatid disease in humans.", "PMID": 707895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3078", "title": "Pathogenesis of neurogenic pulmonary edema.", "content": "A patient presenting with apparent pulmonary edema in whom transient, large increases in systemic arterial, pulmonary arterial, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures occurred and spontaneously resolved within a few minutes is presented. This appears to lend support to the pressure and volume overload theory of the pathogenesis of neurogenic pulmonary edema that previously has not been demonstrated in humans.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of neurogenic pulmonary edema. A patient presenting with apparent pulmonary edema in whom transient, large increases in systemic arterial, pulmonary arterial, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures occurred and spontaneously resolved within a few minutes is presented. This appears to lend support to the pressure and volume overload theory of the pathogenesis of neurogenic pulmonary edema that previously has not been demonstrated in humans.", "PMID": 707896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3079", "title": "Quantitation of damage to the alveolar epithelium by means of type 2 cell proliferation.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine whether the amount of alveolar epithelial tissue damaged during exposure of NO2 could be quantified by measuring the proliferative response to Type 2 cells. To accomplishe this, we used tissues from previously published experiments in which rats had been exposed to NO2 and the proliferative response to Type 2 cells had been measured during a 5-day period. The proportion of alveolar epithelium damaged was determined by stereologic examination with electron microscopy of tissue sections from those rats exposed to NO2 for 24 hours. These values were then compared with the total proliferative response to Type 2 cells for the 5 days of exposure. The study demonstrated that increasing tissue damage is assocaited with a greater proliferative response to Type 2 cells. The high degree of correlation (r = 0.93) indicates that the proliferative response of Type 2 cells can be used as an indirect means to quantify acute damage to the alveolar epithelium.", "contents": "Quantitation of damage to the alveolar epithelium by means of type 2 cell proliferation. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the amount of alveolar epithelial tissue damaged during exposure of NO2 could be quantified by measuring the proliferative response to Type 2 cells. To accomplishe this, we used tissues from previously published experiments in which rats had been exposed to NO2 and the proliferative response to Type 2 cells had been measured during a 5-day period. The proportion of alveolar epithelium damaged was determined by stereologic examination with electron microscopy of tissue sections from those rats exposed to NO2 for 24 hours. These values were then compared with the total proliferative response to Type 2 cells for the 5 days of exposure. The study demonstrated that increasing tissue damage is assocaited with a greater proliferative response to Type 2 cells. The high degree of correlation (r = 0.93) indicates that the proliferative response of Type 2 cells can be used as an indirect means to quantify acute damage to the alveolar epithelium.", "PMID": 707897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3080", "title": "Lower extremity amputation for ischemia.", "content": "Three hundred-twenty-four amputations of the lower extremity for ischemia at the University of Oregon Health Sciences Center over the past ten years are presented. Striking differences between the first and second five-year periods are noted in level of amputation. The primary healing rate of all patients in the two periods was similar. Diabetics tended to have more distal amputations but primary healing was lower than that of nondiabetics.", "contents": "Lower extremity amputation for ischemia. Three hundred-twenty-four amputations of the lower extremity for ischemia at the University of Oregon Health Sciences Center over the past ten years are presented. Striking differences between the first and second five-year periods are noted in level of amputation. The primary healing rate of all patients in the two periods was similar. Diabetics tended to have more distal amputations but primary healing was lower than that of nondiabetics.", "PMID": 707901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3081", "title": "Experience with gastric bypass for massive obesity.", "content": "Gastric bypass was performed for the control of massive, exogenous obesity on 50 patients. There was a preoperative average weight of 134 kg. The average weight of these patients at one year was 85 kg, at 2 years was 87 kg and at 3 years was 93 kg. There were five patients who failed to lose 25% of their preoperative weight. An early major complication rate of 10% occurred with one death. Cholelithiasis occurred at some time in 38% of these patients.", "contents": "Experience with gastric bypass for massive obesity. Gastric bypass was performed for the control of massive, exogenous obesity on 50 patients. There was a preoperative average weight of 134 kg. The average weight of these patients at one year was 85 kg, at 2 years was 87 kg and at 3 years was 93 kg. There were five patients who failed to lose 25% of their preoperative weight. An early major complication rate of 10% occurred with one death. Cholelithiasis occurred at some time in 38% of these patients.", "PMID": 707904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3082", "title": "Complications of jejunoileal bypass.", "content": "Jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity is accompanied by excessive morbidity and significant mortality. Weight loss is achieved at the expense of major nutritional changes which in and of themselves produce complications. The operation should be considered investigational and be limited to those centers with special interest in the problem and where longterm follow-up and management can be carried out.", "contents": "Complications of jejunoileal bypass. Jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity is accompanied by excessive morbidity and significant mortality. Weight loss is achieved at the expense of major nutritional changes which in and of themselves produce complications. The operation should be considered investigational and be limited to those centers with special interest in the problem and where longterm follow-up and management can be carried out.", "PMID": 707905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3083", "title": "Splenectomy for hypersplenism.", "content": "The five-year experience with 75 consecutive splenectomies has been reviewed. Special detail was given to eight critically ill hypersplenic patients. Their diagnoses included Hodgkin's disease, lymphoma, leukemia, myelofibrosis and Felty's syndrome. Three presented with sepsis, two with anemia not responsive to transfusion, three had pathologic bleeding and two could not receive additional needed therapy of underlying disease because of low counts. All cases responded to splenectomy favorably. Hypersplenism is primarily a loss of balance between the splenic destruction-sequestration and bone marrow production. The demonstrated rapid consumption of transfused cells and some degree of functional reserve of the bone marrow is the prerequisite and clue for splenectomy response in critically ill patients.", "contents": "Splenectomy for hypersplenism. The five-year experience with 75 consecutive splenectomies has been reviewed. Special detail was given to eight critically ill hypersplenic patients. Their diagnoses included Hodgkin's disease, lymphoma, leukemia, myelofibrosis and Felty's syndrome. Three presented with sepsis, two with anemia not responsive to transfusion, three had pathologic bleeding and two could not receive additional needed therapy of underlying disease because of low counts. All cases responded to splenectomy favorably. Hypersplenism is primarily a loss of balance between the splenic destruction-sequestration and bone marrow production. The demonstrated rapid consumption of transfused cells and some degree of functional reserve of the bone marrow is the prerequisite and clue for splenectomy response in critically ill patients.", "PMID": 707906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3084", "title": "An evaluation of the changing approach to the diagnosis of breast masses.", "content": "For what we believe are varied and compelling reasons, the majority of physicians in our hospital have abandoned the traditional inpatient approach to the evaluation and treatment of a woman with a breast mass. We attempt to tailor the diagnostic procedure to fit the most probable pathology. In general, we believe a patient with carcinoma should have the diagnosis established by needle biopsy. This allows complete staging, the development of an appropriate treatment plan and gives us the opportunity for frank and open discussion with our patients. Those patients with probable benign disease should have the diagnosis established by an outpatient biopsy performed using a local anesthetic.", "contents": "An evaluation of the changing approach to the diagnosis of breast masses. For what we believe are varied and compelling reasons, the majority of physicians in our hospital have abandoned the traditional inpatient approach to the evaluation and treatment of a woman with a breast mass. We attempt to tailor the diagnostic procedure to fit the most probable pathology. In general, we believe a patient with carcinoma should have the diagnosis established by needle biopsy. This allows complete staging, the development of an appropriate treatment plan and gives us the opportunity for frank and open discussion with our patients. Those patients with probable benign disease should have the diagnosis established by an outpatient biopsy performed using a local anesthetic.", "PMID": 707907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3085", "title": "Surgical treatment of choledochal cyst.", "content": "A case of multiloculated choledochal cyst occurring in an 18-year-old girl is presented. The choledochus which contained multiple pigment stones was excised as the primary treatment and the patient remains well on two year follow-up. Ten additional cases of choledochal cyst treated in the past 20 years have been reviewed. It is concluded that excision of the choledochus is a safe and acceptable treatment of choledochal cyst in young low risk patients and that the alternative treatment of Roux-en-Y choledochocyst-jejunostomy gives satisfactory results.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of choledochal cyst. A case of multiloculated choledochal cyst occurring in an 18-year-old girl is presented. The choledochus which contained multiple pigment stones was excised as the primary treatment and the patient remains well on two year follow-up. Ten additional cases of choledochal cyst treated in the past 20 years have been reviewed. It is concluded that excision of the choledochus is a safe and acceptable treatment of choledochal cyst in young low risk patients and that the alternative treatment of Roux-en-Y choledochocyst-jejunostomy gives satisfactory results.", "PMID": 707909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3086", "title": "Radioiodine treated hyperthyroidism and thyroid carcinoma.", "content": "External irradiation of the head and neck has been shown to increase the incidence of thyroid carcinoma. Fourteen cases have also been reported of thyroid cancer developing in individuals treated with radioiodine for hyperthyroidism. Another patient's case is reported here to emphasize the possible role of I131 on the genesis of thyroid malignancy and the importance of surgery in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.", "contents": "Radioiodine treated hyperthyroidism and thyroid carcinoma. External irradiation of the head and neck has been shown to increase the incidence of thyroid carcinoma. Fourteen cases have also been reported of thyroid cancer developing in individuals treated with radioiodine for hyperthyroidism. Another patient's case is reported here to emphasize the possible role of I131 on the genesis of thyroid malignancy and the importance of surgery in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.", "PMID": 707910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3087", "title": "[New procedure for protein spinning: the hydrodynamic process].", "content": "In this text, we describe a new protein spinning process called hydrodynamic process. Parameters which are related to production of fibers and which can influence diameter and texture are explained extensively. In this process, a spinning dope is extruded through a spinnerette in a moving coagulation bath in which the fibers are coagulated, stretched and carried.", "contents": "[New procedure for protein spinning: the hydrodynamic process]. In this text, we describe a new protein spinning process called hydrodynamic process. Parameters which are related to production of fibers and which can influence diameter and texture are explained extensively. In this process, a spinning dope is extruded through a spinnerette in a moving coagulation bath in which the fibers are coagulated, stretched and carried.", "PMID": 707914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3088", "title": "[New extraction process for milk whey proteins].", "content": "The main objective of this report is to present a new process of the extraction of milk proteins based on the use of selective absorbants (registered trade mark : Spherosil, ions exchanger), recently developed in our laboratory.", "contents": "[New extraction process for milk whey proteins]. The main objective of this report is to present a new process of the extraction of milk proteins based on the use of selective absorbants (registered trade mark : Spherosil, ions exchanger), recently developed in our laboratory.", "PMID": 707915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3089", "title": "A chemical approach to the nutritional availability of methionine in food proteins.", "content": "The background to earlier experiments that were designed to evaluate the nutritional availability of peptide-bound methionine sulphoxide is described. After mild acid hydrogen peroxide treatment of casein, NPU had fallen from 71 to 58. A gas-chromatographic analysis for intact methionine residues that has been developed since then has shown that in the oxidised casein all methionine residues had been oxidised to the sulphoxide, whereas in several foods only moderate levels of sulphoxide were found. The methionine potency of sulphoxide residues is considered to be less a function of digestion and absorption than of the body's capacity to reduce it to methionine. Evidence is given that hydrogen peroxide also modified cystine residues in casein to be rendered nutritionally unavailable. On a molar basis, half the sulphur amino acids in most foods is furnished by cystine which therefore plays a more important role in protein nutrition than is generally recognised.", "contents": "A chemical approach to the nutritional availability of methionine in food proteins. The background to earlier experiments that were designed to evaluate the nutritional availability of peptide-bound methionine sulphoxide is described. After mild acid hydrogen peroxide treatment of casein, NPU had fallen from 71 to 58. A gas-chromatographic analysis for intact methionine residues that has been developed since then has shown that in the oxidised casein all methionine residues had been oxidised to the sulphoxide, whereas in several foods only moderate levels of sulphoxide were found. The methionine potency of sulphoxide residues is considered to be less a function of digestion and absorption than of the body's capacity to reduce it to methionine. Evidence is given that hydrogen peroxide also modified cystine residues in casein to be rendered nutritionally unavailable. On a molar basis, half the sulphur amino acids in most foods is furnished by cystine which therefore plays a more important role in protein nutrition than is generally recognised.", "PMID": 707916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3090", "title": "[Use of small peptides to study the loss of available methionine, lysine and tryptophan during technological processing].", "content": "Peptides such as glycyl-L-methionyl-glycine, glycyl-L-lysine, L-lysyl-glycine and glycine-L-tryptophyl-glycine are used to study side-chain reactivity of three essential amino acids during food processing. The treatment of glycyl-L-methionyl-glycine with sodium hypochlorite resulted in the two following types of reaction: 1. Methionyl residues are oxidised to the corresponding sulfoxide at sodium hypochlorite concentrations up to 0,1 p. 100 w/v; 2. Oxidation of methionine residues to methionine sulfone and deamination reactions also occur for sodium hypochlorite concentrations over 0,2 p. 100 w/v. Sodium hypochlorite treatment of glycyl-L-lysine and L-lysine-glycine causes, probably by deamination of the epsilon-NH2 groups, a loss of lysine of 20 and 30 p. 100, for sodium hypochlorite concentrations of 0,1 and 0,2 p. 100 w/v, respectively. Treatment of glycyl-L-tryptophyl-glycine with hydrogen peroxide (0,05 M) modifies tryptophan residues in such a way that it cannot be retrieved after hydrolysis of the tripeptide with methane sulfonic acid and subsequent chromatographic analysis; six new unidentified components appear on the chromatogram. Glycyl-L-methionyl-glycine was incubated with food constituents or additives such as reducing oses, acrolein, p-benzoquinone, methyl iodide, or dichloro I, I ethylene. Thin layer chromatography and RMN show that carbonyl compounds or quinones do not react with the thioether group. Alkylating agents sometimes used in food processing only gave traces of sulfonium compounds. Thus, it appears that the only reaction liable to render methionine residues unavailable in foods would be its oxidation to methionine sulfone.", "contents": "[Use of small peptides to study the loss of available methionine, lysine and tryptophan during technological processing]. Peptides such as glycyl-L-methionyl-glycine, glycyl-L-lysine, L-lysyl-glycine and glycine-L-tryptophyl-glycine are used to study side-chain reactivity of three essential amino acids during food processing. The treatment of glycyl-L-methionyl-glycine with sodium hypochlorite resulted in the two following types of reaction: 1. Methionyl residues are oxidised to the corresponding sulfoxide at sodium hypochlorite concentrations up to 0,1 p. 100 w/v; 2. Oxidation of methionine residues to methionine sulfone and deamination reactions also occur for sodium hypochlorite concentrations over 0,2 p. 100 w/v. Sodium hypochlorite treatment of glycyl-L-lysine and L-lysine-glycine causes, probably by deamination of the epsilon-NH2 groups, a loss of lysine of 20 and 30 p. 100, for sodium hypochlorite concentrations of 0,1 and 0,2 p. 100 w/v, respectively. Treatment of glycyl-L-tryptophyl-glycine with hydrogen peroxide (0,05 M) modifies tryptophan residues in such a way that it cannot be retrieved after hydrolysis of the tripeptide with methane sulfonic acid and subsequent chromatographic analysis; six new unidentified components appear on the chromatogram. Glycyl-L-methionyl-glycine was incubated with food constituents or additives such as reducing oses, acrolein, p-benzoquinone, methyl iodide, or dichloro I, I ethylene. Thin layer chromatography and RMN show that carbonyl compounds or quinones do not react with the thioether group. Alkylating agents sometimes used in food processing only gave traces of sulfonium compounds. Thus, it appears that the only reaction liable to render methionine residues unavailable in foods would be its oxidation to methionine sulfone.", "PMID": 707917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3091", "title": "[Biologic availability and metabolic transit of amino acids modified by technological processing].", "content": "The biological availability of amino acids modified by industrial processes has been measured in trials on rats, and their metabolic transit (urinary and faecal excretions, transformation into CO2 and retention in organs) has been studied using molecules labelled with 14C. Maillard reaction products. epsilon-fructose-lysine is not utilized as lysine source. However, less than 10 p. 100 of this substance, bound to proteins, is excreted unmodified in the urine. Intestinal flora destroys most of the fraction which is not absorbed. Premelanoidins are partially absorbed and \"burnt\" in the organism, whereas high molecularightwe melano\u00efdins are totally excreted in the faeces. epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)-lysine and epsilon-(beta-aspartyl)-lysine isopeptides. 80 to 100 p. 100 of free epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)-lysine are utilized by the Rat. It seems to be absorbed by the intestine, and subsequently hydrolyzed by the kidney, thus releasing lysine. Utilization of this isopeptide bound to proteins has not been shown till now. Free epsilon-(beta-aspartyl)-lysine is not utilized as lysine source. Methionine sulfoxyde and methionine sulfone. Methionine sulfone is not utilized as methionine source whereas most of the free and bound methionine sulfoxide is, in part, it is \"reduced\" by the liver (perfused liver). Lysino-alanine. Formation of lysino-alanine reduces the availability of lysine and cystine. It is partially excreted in urines, mainly as free lysino-alanine, but also as acetylated derivatives and unknown catabolites.", "contents": "[Biologic availability and metabolic transit of amino acids modified by technological processing]. The biological availability of amino acids modified by industrial processes has been measured in trials on rats, and their metabolic transit (urinary and faecal excretions, transformation into CO2 and retention in organs) has been studied using molecules labelled with 14C. Maillard reaction products. epsilon-fructose-lysine is not utilized as lysine source. However, less than 10 p. 100 of this substance, bound to proteins, is excreted unmodified in the urine. Intestinal flora destroys most of the fraction which is not absorbed. Premelanoidins are partially absorbed and \"burnt\" in the organism, whereas high molecularightwe melano\u00efdins are totally excreted in the faeces. epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)-lysine and epsilon-(beta-aspartyl)-lysine isopeptides. 80 to 100 p. 100 of free epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)-lysine are utilized by the Rat. It seems to be absorbed by the intestine, and subsequently hydrolyzed by the kidney, thus releasing lysine. Utilization of this isopeptide bound to proteins has not been shown till now. Free epsilon-(beta-aspartyl)-lysine is not utilized as lysine source. Methionine sulfoxyde and methionine sulfone. Methionine sulfone is not utilized as methionine source whereas most of the free and bound methionine sulfoxide is, in part, it is \"reduced\" by the liver (perfused liver). Lysino-alanine. Formation of lysino-alanine reduces the availability of lysine and cystine. It is partially excreted in urines, mainly as free lysino-alanine, but also as acetylated derivatives and unknown catabolites.", "PMID": 707918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3092", "title": "[Effects of technological processing on digestive and metabolic utilization of amino acids from various protein foods].", "content": "The use of vegetable proteins such as legumes or oilseeds proteins is often restricted by antinutritional or toxic factors. Therefore, it is usefull, in order to extend their consumption, to isolate proteins from most of the other components of the seeds. Unfortunately, the technological processes may have some deleterious effects on the nutritive value of the proteins. Moreover, the proteins isolates and concentrates need further processing to be texturated in order to look like conventional foods for humans. We used growing rats to study the effect of some of these technological processes on the nutritive value of some field bean and sunflower protein feedstuffs. We estimated the digestive utilization of dry matter, nitrogen and amino acids, and the amino acid composition of feces was used in trying to explain some decreases in nitrogen digestibility. We also studied the ability of their amino acids to be used for growth, and tried to estimate their availability from blood and muscle free amino acids determinations. It may be inferred from the results that the technologists were successfull in improving their processes, and that textured field beans and sunflower proteins of good nutritional quality may be processed now.", "contents": "[Effects of technological processing on digestive and metabolic utilization of amino acids from various protein foods]. The use of vegetable proteins such as legumes or oilseeds proteins is often restricted by antinutritional or toxic factors. Therefore, it is usefull, in order to extend their consumption, to isolate proteins from most of the other components of the seeds. Unfortunately, the technological processes may have some deleterious effects on the nutritive value of the proteins. Moreover, the proteins isolates and concentrates need further processing to be texturated in order to look like conventional foods for humans. We used growing rats to study the effect of some of these technological processes on the nutritive value of some field bean and sunflower protein feedstuffs. We estimated the digestive utilization of dry matter, nitrogen and amino acids, and the amino acid composition of feces was used in trying to explain some decreases in nitrogen digestibility. We also studied the ability of their amino acids to be used for growth, and tried to estimate their availability from blood and muscle free amino acids determinations. It may be inferred from the results that the technologists were successfull in improving their processes, and that textured field beans and sunflower proteins of good nutritional quality may be processed now.", "PMID": 707919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3093", "title": "[Effect of the extrusion process on the availability of proteins].", "content": "The extrusion process has grown rapidly as in the preparation of meat-extenders from vegetal proteins as in the fabrication of cocktail-snacks and food for breakfast. The nutritional modifications induced by the thermic shock during the extrusion affect: -the diminution of the content of nutrient: loss in vitamins, destruction and unavailability of amino-acids; -the structural modification of a few compounds: starch gelatinization; -destruction of antinutritional factors: essentially antitrypsic factor. We studied the effect of extrusion with a model-mixture on the availability of amino-acids and particularly lysin. We effected the systematic study of different factors which can interfer in the intensity of the Maillard reaction in relation to the composition of the mixture (presence and nature of sugar, etc.) and to the technological parameters (screw-section, moisture of the mixture, etc.) The model mixture composed of cereal flours shows a global loss of 32 p. 100 in lysin (destruction 18 p. 100, biological unavailability 16 p. 100) after extrusion. When this mixture is added up with 7,2 p. 100 of saccharose the total loss in lysin reaches 40 p. 100. If saccharose is substituted by a more reducing sugar (fructose) the lysin loss approaches 80 p. 100. The addition of 4 p. 100 water at the mixture containing saccharose (total moisture 14 p. 100) limits the lysin loss to 10 p. 100. The modification of other technological parameters does not improve significatively the level of available lysin. The moisture of the mixture before extrusion appears to be a preponderatting factor in the intensity of the Maillard reaction during extrusion.", "contents": "[Effect of the extrusion process on the availability of proteins]. The extrusion process has grown rapidly as in the preparation of meat-extenders from vegetal proteins as in the fabrication of cocktail-snacks and food for breakfast. The nutritional modifications induced by the thermic shock during the extrusion affect: -the diminution of the content of nutrient: loss in vitamins, destruction and unavailability of amino-acids; -the structural modification of a few compounds: starch gelatinization; -destruction of antinutritional factors: essentially antitrypsic factor. We studied the effect of extrusion with a model-mixture on the availability of amino-acids and particularly lysin. We effected the systematic study of different factors which can interfer in the intensity of the Maillard reaction in relation to the composition of the mixture (presence and nature of sugar, etc.) and to the technological parameters (screw-section, moisture of the mixture, etc.) The model mixture composed of cereal flours shows a global loss of 32 p. 100 in lysin (destruction 18 p. 100, biological unavailability 16 p. 100) after extrusion. When this mixture is added up with 7,2 p. 100 of saccharose the total loss in lysin reaches 40 p. 100. If saccharose is substituted by a more reducing sugar (fructose) the lysin loss approaches 80 p. 100. The addition of 4 p. 100 water at the mixture containing saccharose (total moisture 14 p. 100) limits the lysin loss to 10 p. 100. The modification of other technological parameters does not improve significatively the level of available lysin. The moisture of the mixture before extrusion appears to be a preponderatting factor in the intensity of the Maillard reaction during extrusion.", "PMID": 707920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3094", "title": "[Physiologic effect of a dietary regimen rich in soy proteins in man].", "content": "The increasing availability of palatable soya bean protein materials for use in human foods raises the question of possible effects on the health and well-being of the consumer. On the basis of available evidence, no unfavourable effects are to be expected, but apart from nitrogen balance investigations, systematic human experiments with these novel foods are scarce. Therefore, we carried out a large-scale experiment covering many physiological and health aspects. Two diets were compared in 4 + 4 weeks cross-over design with 92 healthy volunteers. One diet contained a wide variety of soya protein foods (test diet), about 25% of the protein intake being from soya, the other (control) diet contained similar products made from conventional protein sources. The diets were given in two identical menu cycles. Blood, urine and feces were sampled at the end of each period. Health status and subjective reactions were monitored throughout. About 90 out of the more than 100 parameters investigated did not show any difference. Statistically significant reactions to the diet composition were found in the following areas: of the blood serum enzymes, alkaline phosphatase was higher after consumption of the test diet, while serum inorganic phosphate showed a decrease. The higher magnesium content of the soya protein materials was reflected by an increase in fecal excretion, and in serum levels in the fed state. Fasting serum levels, however, were lower on the soya diet. Measurement of the intestinal noise indicated that more intestinal gas was produced on the test diet; this was confirmed by reports from the volunteers. Immunological tests showed that the females had increased IgA and soya specific IgE levels on the test diet, but no indications for allergenicity were found. All the mentioned effects were well within normal physiological ranges and do not indicate unfavourable trends. We conclude, that these results confirm the prevailing view that soya bean protein materials are acceptable ingredients for our daily food.", "contents": "[Physiologic effect of a dietary regimen rich in soy proteins in man]. The increasing availability of palatable soya bean protein materials for use in human foods raises the question of possible effects on the health and well-being of the consumer. On the basis of available evidence, no unfavourable effects are to be expected, but apart from nitrogen balance investigations, systematic human experiments with these novel foods are scarce. Therefore, we carried out a large-scale experiment covering many physiological and health aspects. Two diets were compared in 4 + 4 weeks cross-over design with 92 healthy volunteers. One diet contained a wide variety of soya protein foods (test diet), about 25% of the protein intake being from soya, the other (control) diet contained similar products made from conventional protein sources. The diets were given in two identical menu cycles. Blood, urine and feces were sampled at the end of each period. Health status and subjective reactions were monitored throughout. About 90 out of the more than 100 parameters investigated did not show any difference. Statistically significant reactions to the diet composition were found in the following areas: of the blood serum enzymes, alkaline phosphatase was higher after consumption of the test diet, while serum inorganic phosphate showed a decrease. The higher magnesium content of the soya protein materials was reflected by an increase in fecal excretion, and in serum levels in the fed state. Fasting serum levels, however, were lower on the soya diet. Measurement of the intestinal noise indicated that more intestinal gas was produced on the test diet; this was confirmed by reports from the volunteers. Immunological tests showed that the females had increased IgA and soya specific IgE levels on the test diet, but no indications for allergenicity were found. All the mentioned effects were well within normal physiological ranges and do not indicate unfavourable trends. We conclude, that these results confirm the prevailing view that soya bean protein materials are acceptable ingredients for our daily food.", "PMID": 707921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3095", "title": "[Vitamin evolution during preparation and conservation of baby food].", "content": "The Baby-Foods process is explained and a rapid sum up of vitamins degradations factors. This paper studies vitamins degradations during processing and storage (Shelf live). Six vitamins were controlled in 26 recipies. The general results are listed. The vitamin C appears to be the most labile during storage and vitamins A and C during process.", "contents": "[Vitamin evolution during preparation and conservation of baby food]. The Baby-Foods process is explained and a rapid sum up of vitamins degradations factors. This paper studies vitamins degradations during processing and storage (Shelf live). Six vitamins were controlled in 26 recipies. The general results are listed. The vitamin C appears to be the most labile during storage and vitamins A and C during process.", "PMID": 707922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3096", "title": "[Influence of microorganisms on the formation of nitrosamines].", "content": "The N-nitroso compounds synthesis from amine and nitrite contained in food is influenced by many factors: -the pH; -the temperature; -the amine basicity; -the presence of organic groups which catalyse or inhibit the reaction. The chemical nitrosation of the amino group takes place at pH between 2 and 4,5. At the near neutrality pH of most of food, this synthetis, cannot be realised. Under these conditions the nitrosamine occurence can be explained by the effect of microorganisms. We have studied the influence of moulds used in cheese making on the nitrosation reaction in a middle where nitrate and amino groups are found together. The middles are realised on caseine or curdled milk, and contained 150 mg/l of nitrate and 100 mg/l of piperidine. The nitrosopiperidine has been identified in all the middles studied. The results are discussed concerning the risk of nitrosamine formation of this type of food during the technological process.", "contents": "[Influence of microorganisms on the formation of nitrosamines]. The N-nitroso compounds synthesis from amine and nitrite contained in food is influenced by many factors: -the pH; -the temperature; -the amine basicity; -the presence of organic groups which catalyse or inhibit the reaction. The chemical nitrosation of the amino group takes place at pH between 2 and 4,5. At the near neutrality pH of most of food, this synthetis, cannot be realised. Under these conditions the nitrosamine occurence can be explained by the effect of microorganisms. We have studied the influence of moulds used in cheese making on the nitrosation reaction in a middle where nitrate and amino groups are found together. The middles are realised on caseine or curdled milk, and contained 150 mg/l of nitrate and 100 mg/l of piperidine. The nitrosopiperidine has been identified in all the middles studied. The results are discussed concerning the risk of nitrosamine formation of this type of food during the technological process.", "PMID": 707923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3097", "title": "[Influence of various thermal processes and microwaves on the amino acid composition of food products: implications on their nutritional value].", "content": "The cinetic study of free amino nitrogen and total soluble nitrogen of hard wheat semolina, when comparatively treated by thermal processings (convection and microwaves) shows a decrease conditioned by time and strength of heating. Aminograms show the same decrease, which is however different for each amino acid. After thermal treatment, appear ninhydrin-reactive substances, to be identified. In short, micro-wave heating seems to have the same effect as conventional heating, on free amino acids of these cereal products.", "contents": "[Influence of various thermal processes and microwaves on the amino acid composition of food products: implications on their nutritional value]. The cinetic study of free amino nitrogen and total soluble nitrogen of hard wheat semolina, when comparatively treated by thermal processings (convection and microwaves) shows a decrease conditioned by time and strength of heating. Aminograms show the same decrease, which is however different for each amino acid. After thermal treatment, appear ninhydrin-reactive substances, to be identified. In short, micro-wave heating seems to have the same effect as conventional heating, on free amino acids of these cereal products.", "PMID": 707924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3098", "title": "Influence of heating and keeping warm on the quality of meals.", "content": "Meals produced on a large scale for public feeding establishments (sterilized, quick frozen, cooled) have to be heated before they are served. Meals prepared in central kitchens are kept warm for several hours. The influence of heating and holding is explained with quick frozen meals being kept warm as examples. If quick frozen meals in multi-portion trays are heated (hot-air oven) under unfavourable conditions and up to high central temperatures, the content of the various vitamins is notably reduced. Vegetable meals also show an inferior sensorical quality. The meals should be kept warm in a way that, on the one hand, microbiological risks are avoided and that, on the other, quality changes are minimized. The higher the holding temperature, the more thermolabile ingredients are destructed. During a holding time up to 5 hours at temperatures ranging from 60 degrees C to 80 degrees C, losses to varying degrees of vitamins C, B1, B2, niacin, retinol and beta-carotin occurred in nearly all meals. A holding time of max. 3 hours seems possible if a certain detraction from the nutrition-physiological and sensorical quality is tolerated.", "contents": "Influence of heating and keeping warm on the quality of meals. Meals produced on a large scale for public feeding establishments (sterilized, quick frozen, cooled) have to be heated before they are served. Meals prepared in central kitchens are kept warm for several hours. The influence of heating and holding is explained with quick frozen meals being kept warm as examples. If quick frozen meals in multi-portion trays are heated (hot-air oven) under unfavourable conditions and up to high central temperatures, the content of the various vitamins is notably reduced. Vegetable meals also show an inferior sensorical quality. The meals should be kept warm in a way that, on the one hand, microbiological risks are avoided and that, on the other, quality changes are minimized. The higher the holding temperature, the more thermolabile ingredients are destructed. During a holding time up to 5 hours at temperatures ranging from 60 degrees C to 80 degrees C, losses to varying degrees of vitamins C, B1, B2, niacin, retinol and beta-carotin occurred in nearly all meals. A holding time of max. 3 hours seems possible if a certain detraction from the nutrition-physiological and sensorical quality is tolerated.", "PMID": 707925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3099", "title": "The nutritional value of hot meal components prepared in different ways.", "content": "When the experiment \"Convenience foods in hospitals\" was planned it had to be established that it is nutritionally justified to replace conventionally cooked hot meals by deep-frozen ones. Therefore a study was devoted to the assesment of the nutritive value, immediately prior to consumption, of hot meal components prepared in different ways, namely: under ideal domestic conditions, in the central kitchens of institutions and industrially deep-frozen. The following meal components were chosen for the study: 6 different types of meat with their gravies, 6 different types of vegetables and potatoes prepared in 2 different ways. In these products the following nutrients were determined: proteins, fat, carbohydrates, iron, vitamin C and 7 vitamins of the B-complex. The study revealed that the nutrient-content of hot meal components immediately prior to consumption is not influenced by the way of preparation. An exception was vitamin C. The deep-frozen meals had a significantly lower vitamin C-content than the meals prepared under ideal domestic conditions.", "contents": "The nutritional value of hot meal components prepared in different ways. When the experiment \"Convenience foods in hospitals\" was planned it had to be established that it is nutritionally justified to replace conventionally cooked hot meals by deep-frozen ones. Therefore a study was devoted to the assesment of the nutritive value, immediately prior to consumption, of hot meal components prepared in different ways, namely: under ideal domestic conditions, in the central kitchens of institutions and industrially deep-frozen. The following meal components were chosen for the study: 6 different types of meat with their gravies, 6 different types of vegetables and potatoes prepared in 2 different ways. In these products the following nutrients were determined: proteins, fat, carbohydrates, iron, vitamin C and 7 vitamins of the B-complex. The study revealed that the nutrient-content of hot meal components immediately prior to consumption is not influenced by the way of preparation. An exception was vitamin C. The deep-frozen meals had a significantly lower vitamin C-content than the meals prepared under ideal domestic conditions.", "PMID": 707926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3100", "title": "[Physiopathological effects of feeding heated oils to rats].", "content": "1. Reproduction tests were carried out in rats receiving diets containing 10 p. 100 fresh or heated linseed oil (L) or 20 p. 100 fresh or heated rapeseed (Cz) or canbra (Cb) oils. These oils were heated either at 275 degrees C (12 hours, under nitrogen), or at 200 degrees C (100 hours or 60 X 30 minutes, exposed to the air). With L-275, we observed in the young rats a very important perinatal mortality and an hepatic hypertrophy with steatosis. With L-200, the mortality was lower, but the body growth of surviving young rats was slower and their liver were enlarged. With Cz-275 and Cb-275, the results were qualitatively identical, but less important that with L-275. With Cz-200 and Cb-200, a slowing down of the body growth and an enlargement of the liver were observed. With all the heated oils, cyclic monomers were detected in liver lipids of young rats before weaning. 2. The detoxification mechanisms of components formed during heating of the oils were studied in the weaned rat. We noted that a diet containing 10 p. 100 heated linseed oil markedly increased the urinary excretion of hippuric acid and mainly of glucuronic acid as compared to the results obtained with a 10 p. 100 fresh oil diet. Kinetics of excretion of conjugated glucuronic acid shows that there are two phases: a phase of fast increase of excretion (appearance of the detoxification system), then a phase where this increase was much lower. The authors draw some practical conclusions from their whole work.", "contents": "[Physiopathological effects of feeding heated oils to rats]. 1. Reproduction tests were carried out in rats receiving diets containing 10 p. 100 fresh or heated linseed oil (L) or 20 p. 100 fresh or heated rapeseed (Cz) or canbra (Cb) oils. These oils were heated either at 275 degrees C (12 hours, under nitrogen), or at 200 degrees C (100 hours or 60 X 30 minutes, exposed to the air). With L-275, we observed in the young rats a very important perinatal mortality and an hepatic hypertrophy with steatosis. With L-200, the mortality was lower, but the body growth of surviving young rats was slower and their liver were enlarged. With Cz-275 and Cb-275, the results were qualitatively identical, but less important that with L-275. With Cz-200 and Cb-200, a slowing down of the body growth and an enlargement of the liver were observed. With all the heated oils, cyclic monomers were detected in liver lipids of young rats before weaning. 2. The detoxification mechanisms of components formed during heating of the oils were studied in the weaned rat. We noted that a diet containing 10 p. 100 heated linseed oil markedly increased the urinary excretion of hippuric acid and mainly of glucuronic acid as compared to the results obtained with a 10 p. 100 fresh oil diet. Kinetics of excretion of conjugated glucuronic acid shows that there are two phases: a phase of fast increase of excretion (appearance of the detoxification system), then a phase where this increase was much lower. The authors draw some practical conclusions from their whole work.", "PMID": 707928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3101", "title": "[Incidence of UV rays on nutritional elements of baby foods according to the nature of the wrapping: white and dark glass].", "content": "Drawing the inference from their experiment the authors have both pointed out the baneful influence of light on evolution of some vitamins and proved that the filter power of tinted packing is an important factor in this test mechanism: --vitamin C has a light development in an atmosphere without oxygen and is more sensitive about temperature than about light; --vitamin A is sensitive about both light and temperature. U.V. radiation applied to a product whose temperature is higher than 20 degrees C causes more damage to this product when packing is made of transparent glass; --the protector power of stained glass is still more obvious in vitamin B2.", "contents": "[Incidence of UV rays on nutritional elements of baby foods according to the nature of the wrapping: white and dark glass]. Drawing the inference from their experiment the authors have both pointed out the baneful influence of light on evolution of some vitamins and proved that the filter power of tinted packing is an important factor in this test mechanism: --vitamin C has a light development in an atmosphere without oxygen and is more sensitive about temperature than about light; --vitamin A is sensitive about both light and temperature. U.V. radiation applied to a product whose temperature is higher than 20 degrees C causes more damage to this product when packing is made of transparent glass; --the protector power of stained glass is still more obvious in vitamin B2.", "PMID": 707929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3102", "title": "[Very low temperature (quick freezing) and pseudo-stabilization of the chemical composition of food of plant origin].", "content": "The consequences of freezing at -18, -30 degrees C are presented: slowing down or acceleration of enzymatic or non enzymatic reactions, concentration effect, consequences of the death of cells, (time--temperature relation). The most characteristic examples of nutritive value adulterations are presented: ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acids, other vitamins, derivatives of the insaturated fatty acids oxidation, changes in proteins. Other damages more related to sensorial quality are summarized: \"chlorophyll, phenolic substances, aroma, pectins. These chemical changes occurring at low temperatures are generally less important than the losses in nutritional value of frozen plant products related to the necessary treatments preceding or following cold storage. Particularly, the losses during blanching and thawing (drip) are discussed. Finally, quick freezing as it is used now industrially does not exactly stabilize the nutritive quality of plant products but protects this quality satisfactorily. Progress is however possible, concerning the cold treatments (storage temperature lowering) and especially the losses before and after freezing and storage (blanching, transport, distribution, thawing).", "contents": "[Very low temperature (quick freezing) and pseudo-stabilization of the chemical composition of food of plant origin]. The consequences of freezing at -18, -30 degrees C are presented: slowing down or acceleration of enzymatic or non enzymatic reactions, concentration effect, consequences of the death of cells, (time--temperature relation). The most characteristic examples of nutritive value adulterations are presented: ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acids, other vitamins, derivatives of the insaturated fatty acids oxidation, changes in proteins. Other damages more related to sensorial quality are summarized: \"chlorophyll, phenolic substances, aroma, pectins. These chemical changes occurring at low temperatures are generally less important than the losses in nutritional value of frozen plant products related to the necessary treatments preceding or following cold storage. Particularly, the losses during blanching and thawing (drip) are discussed. Finally, quick freezing as it is used now industrially does not exactly stabilize the nutritive quality of plant products but protects this quality satisfactorily. Progress is however possible, concerning the cold treatments (storage temperature lowering) and especially the losses before and after freezing and storage (blanching, transport, distribution, thawing).", "PMID": 707930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3103", "title": "[Preservation of bread and pastry products in a controlled atmosphere].", "content": "Industrial soft pastries and the various breads are cereals products containing a humidity which is favorable to the development of mouldiness. Different or various methods of conservation has been attempted. One interesting approach to the problem is packaging in controlled atmosphere. It requires adequate machinery and suitable conditioning materials. Jardry-Buquet and Hayssen's machines are rapidly described as well as some of the packing film used for making air-tight bags. Bad results were observed with nitrogen, argon and a mixture of nitrogen-carbon dioxide. The satisfactory results obtained with the nitrous oxide for cakes (especially fruit-cakes) and for the bread with a mixture of ethylene oxide-carbon dioxide are: a good conservation for a period of 4 to 6 months in both cases. Organoleptic qualities of the products are not significantly diminished after eight weeks of preservation. The gases contained on the bags are analysed at different periods and the progressive disappearance of the nitrous oxide as well as the athylene dioxide was measured. The compounds derivated from these gases were researched on different extracts. No derivatives of the nitrous oxide were observed. From the ethylene oxide, the derivatives found in the bread are diethylene glycol and 2-chloroethanol; their concentrations are respectively 100 and 300 ppm in the case of 85 : 15 mixture, but decrease to a mere trace and 45 ppm in the case of 98 : 2 mixture. The measure of humidity, of peroxides and of the staleness of crumb are favourable for a good conservation.", "contents": "[Preservation of bread and pastry products in a controlled atmosphere]. Industrial soft pastries and the various breads are cereals products containing a humidity which is favorable to the development of mouldiness. Different or various methods of conservation has been attempted. One interesting approach to the problem is packaging in controlled atmosphere. It requires adequate machinery and suitable conditioning materials. Jardry-Buquet and Hayssen's machines are rapidly described as well as some of the packing film used for making air-tight bags. Bad results were observed with nitrogen, argon and a mixture of nitrogen-carbon dioxide. The satisfactory results obtained with the nitrous oxide for cakes (especially fruit-cakes) and for the bread with a mixture of ethylene oxide-carbon dioxide are: a good conservation for a period of 4 to 6 months in both cases. Organoleptic qualities of the products are not significantly diminished after eight weeks of preservation. The gases contained on the bags are analysed at different periods and the progressive disappearance of the nitrous oxide as well as the athylene dioxide was measured. The compounds derivated from these gases were researched on different extracts. No derivatives of the nitrous oxide were observed. From the ethylene oxide, the derivatives found in the bread are diethylene glycol and 2-chloroethanol; their concentrations are respectively 100 and 300 ppm in the case of 85 : 15 mixture, but decrease to a mere trace and 45 ppm in the case of 98 : 2 mixture. The measure of humidity, of peroxides and of the staleness of crumb are favourable for a good conservation.", "PMID": 707931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3104", "title": "[Preservation of meats in a controlled atmosphere].", "content": "Commercializing meat sets problems more particularly connected with its organoleptic and microbiological qualities. As these qualities, resulting from biochemical and microbial effects, develop during the storage, the conditioning must precisely help their controlling. After examining their factors, the Author analyses the processes of conditioning which he classifies in three categories according to the techniques used and the desired finality (need to store at -1 degree C + 3 degrees C). 1. Conditioning under a steam-proof and gas pervious (O2-CO2) film. Composition of the internal atmosphere permanently close to that of the normal atmosphere. No change in the bright red colouring at the surface (oxymyoglobin). Microbial growth slowed down by refrigeration. Limited storage (a few days). Comminuted meat trade. 2. Conditioning under a totally steam--and gas--proof film. Internal atmospheric air under reduced volume and pressure (\"vacuum-packed\" meats). Internal changes during the storage: reduced rate O2; increased rate CO2 (cellular and microbial respirations). Surface becoming darker (absence of oxymyoglobin). Growth of the germs arrested (pathogenic and spoilage). However development of microaerophilic and acidophilic germs (in particular the lactic B.). Storage possibly extended to 8 weeks. Re-apparition of the red colour after oxygenation (opened package). Wholesale meat trade. 3. Conditioning under a film with properties close to that of (2 degrees). Initial constitution of an internal \"artificial\" atmosphere increased in O2 and CO2 (gas injection). No change in the bright red colouring (oxymyoglobin). Growth of the germs arrested (pathogenic and spoilage). Selection of an acidophilic aerobic flora including lactic B. and microbacterium. Storage until 12-15 days. Comminuted meat trade.", "contents": "[Preservation of meats in a controlled atmosphere]. Commercializing meat sets problems more particularly connected with its organoleptic and microbiological qualities. As these qualities, resulting from biochemical and microbial effects, develop during the storage, the conditioning must precisely help their controlling. After examining their factors, the Author analyses the processes of conditioning which he classifies in three categories according to the techniques used and the desired finality (need to store at -1 degree C + 3 degrees C). 1. Conditioning under a steam-proof and gas pervious (O2-CO2) film. Composition of the internal atmosphere permanently close to that of the normal atmosphere. No change in the bright red colouring at the surface (oxymyoglobin). Microbial growth slowed down by refrigeration. Limited storage (a few days). Comminuted meat trade. 2. Conditioning under a totally steam--and gas--proof film. Internal atmospheric air under reduced volume and pressure (\"vacuum-packed\" meats). Internal changes during the storage: reduced rate O2; increased rate CO2 (cellular and microbial respirations). Surface becoming darker (absence of oxymyoglobin). Growth of the germs arrested (pathogenic and spoilage). However development of microaerophilic and acidophilic germs (in particular the lactic B.). Storage possibly extended to 8 weeks. Re-apparition of the red colour after oxygenation (opened package). Wholesale meat trade. 3. Conditioning under a film with properties close to that of (2 degrees). Initial constitution of an internal \"artificial\" atmosphere increased in O2 and CO2 (gas injection). No change in the bright red colouring (oxymyoglobin). Growth of the germs arrested (pathogenic and spoilage). Selection of an acidophilic aerobic flora including lactic B. and microbacterium. Storage until 12-15 days. Comminuted meat trade.", "PMID": 707932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3105", "title": "Food irradiation in practice, present status in the Netherlands.", "content": "When an irradiated human food item is considered to be feasible for commercialization, two obstacles are still to be taken: governmental approval and consumer acceptance. The present Dutch situation is compared to recent developments towards approval of the technique by international authorities. The effect of this approval and of the remaining problems with respect to consumer acceptance on the Dutch market for food items is discussed. Three commodities are used as examples to demonstrate the present Dutch situation.", "contents": "Food irradiation in practice, present status in the Netherlands. When an irradiated human food item is considered to be feasible for commercialization, two obstacles are still to be taken: governmental approval and consumer acceptance. The present Dutch situation is compared to recent developments towards approval of the technique by international authorities. The effect of this approval and of the remaining problems with respect to consumer acceptance on the Dutch market for food items is discussed. Three commodities are used as examples to demonstrate the present Dutch situation.", "PMID": 707933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3106", "title": "The influence of irradiation and packaging on the quality of prepacked vegetables.", "content": "During storage, transport and sale of prepacked vegetables, their quality deteriorates very quickly by microbiological decay, discolouration and desiccation. The experiments described were carried out with endive (Chichorium endiva L.) as a representative of the leaf vegetables. After processing (cutting, washing and drying), the product was packed in polythene bags without and with 4 perforations of 2 mm diameter. The endive was irradiated with 0 and 100 krad gammarays and afterwards stored at 10 degrees C, thus simulating the transport and sale temperature. The quality was studied on the basis of the following parameters. The gas composition in the bags, the microbiological composition, the Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid + Dehydroascorbic acid) content and the sensory quality. The experiments showed that the modified gas composition in the non-perforated bags, caused by the respiratory activity of the cut product, improved the quality. The low O2 and high CO2 content prevented discolouration, retarded the senescence and diminished the Vitamin C losses. The initial Total Viable Count of endive was 10(6) to 10(7) and the number of Enterobacteriaceae amounted to approx. 10(5) g-1 product, and increased in a couple of days to 10(8) and 10(7) g-1 respectively, resulting in decay of the product. The contamination with aerobic and anaerobic spores was low, viz. 10(1) to 10(2) g-1 and did not increase at 10 degrees C. An irradiation treatment of 100 krad reduced the Total Viable Count and the Enterobacteriaceae with 3-4 decimals, by which the shelf life increased with about 100% and almost all the Enterobacteriaceae were eliminated, so that the hygienic quality was improved. In prepacked endive nearly half of the Total Vitamin C content was lost within two days. The retention was strongly affected by the presence or absence of perforations; the effect of an irradiation treatment was slight.", "contents": "The influence of irradiation and packaging on the quality of prepacked vegetables. During storage, transport and sale of prepacked vegetables, their quality deteriorates very quickly by microbiological decay, discolouration and desiccation. The experiments described were carried out with endive (Chichorium endiva L.) as a representative of the leaf vegetables. After processing (cutting, washing and drying), the product was packed in polythene bags without and with 4 perforations of 2 mm diameter. The endive was irradiated with 0 and 100 krad gammarays and afterwards stored at 10 degrees C, thus simulating the transport and sale temperature. The quality was studied on the basis of the following parameters. The gas composition in the bags, the microbiological composition, the Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid + Dehydroascorbic acid) content and the sensory quality. The experiments showed that the modified gas composition in the non-perforated bags, caused by the respiratory activity of the cut product, improved the quality. The low O2 and high CO2 content prevented discolouration, retarded the senescence and diminished the Vitamin C losses. The initial Total Viable Count of endive was 10(6) to 10(7) and the number of Enterobacteriaceae amounted to approx. 10(5) g-1 product, and increased in a couple of days to 10(8) and 10(7) g-1 respectively, resulting in decay of the product. The contamination with aerobic and anaerobic spores was low, viz. 10(1) to 10(2) g-1 and did not increase at 10 degrees C. An irradiation treatment of 100 krad reduced the Total Viable Count and the Enterobacteriaceae with 3-4 decimals, by which the shelf life increased with about 100% and almost all the Enterobacteriaceae were eliminated, so that the hygienic quality was improved. In prepacked endive nearly half of the Total Vitamin C content was lost within two days. The retention was strongly affected by the presence or absence of perforations; the effect of an irradiation treatment was slight.", "PMID": 707934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3107", "title": "[Intermediate moisture foods: polysaccharide and protein gels].", "content": "The aim of this study was to prepare concentrated foods (20-40 p. 100 water), edible as such, chemically and microbiologically stable, nutritionally balanced, and which could be used as meal substitutes (travel, camping, snacks, etc.). With high methoxyl pectins, it was possible to obtain a pectic gel (pH 3,5), similar to a fruit jelly, but containing 20 p. 100 d.w. protein, and less sucrose. Water activity (Aw) was 0,75-0,78, for a 25 p. 100 water content, as a result of adding glucose syrup and sorbitol. After 4 months storage at 20 or 38 degrees C in aluminium pouches, no mold growth was detected (even following prior inoculation) nor practically any change in flavor, texture of Aw. With low methoxyl pectins, gel foods richer in water (35 p. 100), softer, less acid (pH 4,3) and containing even less sugars have been prepared (26 p. 100 d.w. protein, 35 p. 100 carbohydrates, 15 p. 100 lipids). Aw was lowered to 0,84 by adding humectants (sucrose, glycerol, sorbitol, citric acid, sodium citrate and chloride). Starch gels (40 p. 100 starch/d.w.), of pH less than 4,5, containing proteins and lipids, were flavored with vegetale powders. For 30 p. 100 water and with humectants, Aw was 0,84-0,88. The texture changes more or less favorably with time according to the nature of the starch used. Using the technology of processed cheeses, protein gels were made with either of the following characteristics: 1. A reduced Aw (0,86, for 38 p. 100 water) by adding humectants, but with a soft texture similar to that of a processed swiss cheese; 2. The same reduced Aw, with a starch content of 26 p. 100/d.w., and a harder texture, comparable to that of Emmenthal cheese.", "contents": "[Intermediate moisture foods: polysaccharide and protein gels]. The aim of this study was to prepare concentrated foods (20-40 p. 100 water), edible as such, chemically and microbiologically stable, nutritionally balanced, and which could be used as meal substitutes (travel, camping, snacks, etc.). With high methoxyl pectins, it was possible to obtain a pectic gel (pH 3,5), similar to a fruit jelly, but containing 20 p. 100 d.w. protein, and less sucrose. Water activity (Aw) was 0,75-0,78, for a 25 p. 100 water content, as a result of adding glucose syrup and sorbitol. After 4 months storage at 20 or 38 degrees C in aluminium pouches, no mold growth was detected (even following prior inoculation) nor practically any change in flavor, texture of Aw. With low methoxyl pectins, gel foods richer in water (35 p. 100), softer, less acid (pH 4,3) and containing even less sugars have been prepared (26 p. 100 d.w. protein, 35 p. 100 carbohydrates, 15 p. 100 lipids). Aw was lowered to 0,84 by adding humectants (sucrose, glycerol, sorbitol, citric acid, sodium citrate and chloride). Starch gels (40 p. 100 starch/d.w.), of pH less than 4,5, containing proteins and lipids, were flavored with vegetale powders. For 30 p. 100 water and with humectants, Aw was 0,84-0,88. The texture changes more or less favorably with time according to the nature of the starch used. Using the technology of processed cheeses, protein gels were made with either of the following characteristics: 1. A reduced Aw (0,86, for 38 p. 100 water) by adding humectants, but with a soft texture similar to that of a processed swiss cheese; 2. The same reduced Aw, with a starch content of 26 p. 100/d.w., and a harder texture, comparable to that of Emmenthal cheese.", "PMID": 707935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3108", "title": "[Emulsified intermediate moisture foods].", "content": "A water-in-oil emulsion with IMF behavior has been studied within DGRST Grant Nr. 75-7-0406. The dispersion of a sirupy aqueous phase of known aw into a more or less hardened fatty continuous phase was looked into through its effects, particularly how the fatty phase would modify the water behaviour of the dispersed aqueous phase. The emulsion was conventionally prepared by a preemulsion of the syrup into the lecithinated fat, an homogeneisation till enough dispersion and a centrifugation to get rid of free fat. Lecithin has to promote sufficient fat incorporation, correct dispersion and a final viscosity allowing pumpability. To get a cold centrifugate of enough consistency implies an efficient dispersion but before all a judicious choice of the continuous fatty phase, making allowance of organoleptic properties and shelf-life stability. The water behaviour has been worked at on two model systems, of initial phase volume phi = 0,36, with an internal phase made of partially inverted sucrose syrup (aw = 0,79) and an external fatty phase of either refined soybean oil or hydrogenated palm oil (m.p. 42 degrees C). These models respectively retained after centrifugation 12,5 p. 100 oil and 19,5 p. 100 fat; sorption-desorption isotherms were determined by the saturated salt solution method both at 37 degrees C and room temperature, exhibiting that the solid fat content of the continuous fatty phase positively reduces the water transfer velocity from-and-into the syrup. Such a W/O emulsified structure with a prevalent internal aqueous behaves like a pasty IMF, inherently protected against outside relative humidity variations; it also leads the system to a better consistency.", "contents": "[Emulsified intermediate moisture foods]. A water-in-oil emulsion with IMF behavior has been studied within DGRST Grant Nr. 75-7-0406. The dispersion of a sirupy aqueous phase of known aw into a more or less hardened fatty continuous phase was looked into through its effects, particularly how the fatty phase would modify the water behaviour of the dispersed aqueous phase. The emulsion was conventionally prepared by a preemulsion of the syrup into the lecithinated fat, an homogeneisation till enough dispersion and a centrifugation to get rid of free fat. Lecithin has to promote sufficient fat incorporation, correct dispersion and a final viscosity allowing pumpability. To get a cold centrifugate of enough consistency implies an efficient dispersion but before all a judicious choice of the continuous fatty phase, making allowance of organoleptic properties and shelf-life stability. The water behaviour has been worked at on two model systems, of initial phase volume phi = 0,36, with an internal phase made of partially inverted sucrose syrup (aw = 0,79) and an external fatty phase of either refined soybean oil or hydrogenated palm oil (m.p. 42 degrees C). These models respectively retained after centrifugation 12,5 p. 100 oil and 19,5 p. 100 fat; sorption-desorption isotherms were determined by the saturated salt solution method both at 37 degrees C and room temperature, exhibiting that the solid fat content of the continuous fatty phase positively reduces the water transfer velocity from-and-into the syrup. Such a W/O emulsified structure with a prevalent internal aqueous behaves like a pasty IMF, inherently protected against outside relative humidity variations; it also leads the system to a better consistency.", "PMID": 707936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3109", "title": "[Intermediate moisture foods and water activity determination].", "content": "In order to define the concept of Intermediate Moisture Foods (IMF) some ideas concerning the water bonding state in foods are reminded: water molecules properties, polar groups of hydrophilic macromolecules, activity of water (aw); sorption and desorption isothermal curves. Between dried products (solids with friable and breakable texture) anv very hydrated products (meat or fresh fruits for example), the IMF are characterized by their high aw (from 0.65 to 0.90) and their generally soft texture. Some typical examples of traditional and new IMF are then given. The IMF alterations are induced by chemical (oxydation) or biochemical (enzyme), biological (micro-organisms) or biophysical (water migration) causes, each of them being controlled by aw, temperature, pH, and other parameters. IMF technology consists generally to formulate products, the aw of which are less than 0.9, with aw depressors. Precise measurements of aw are then one of the most important mean for controlling fabrication, the direct computation being generally impossible. A manometric reference method for determination of aw is described; it consists to measure directly the equilibrium water vapor pressure. This method is preferable to a dew point determination. Some practical methods are reported, in connection with their accuracy and facilities of use.", "contents": "[Intermediate moisture foods and water activity determination]. In order to define the concept of Intermediate Moisture Foods (IMF) some ideas concerning the water bonding state in foods are reminded: water molecules properties, polar groups of hydrophilic macromolecules, activity of water (aw); sorption and desorption isothermal curves. Between dried products (solids with friable and breakable texture) anv very hydrated products (meat or fresh fruits for example), the IMF are characterized by their high aw (from 0.65 to 0.90) and their generally soft texture. Some typical examples of traditional and new IMF are then given. The IMF alterations are induced by chemical (oxydation) or biochemical (enzyme), biological (micro-organisms) or biophysical (water migration) causes, each of them being controlled by aw, temperature, pH, and other parameters. IMF technology consists generally to formulate products, the aw of which are less than 0.9, with aw depressors. Precise measurements of aw are then one of the most important mean for controlling fabrication, the direct computation being generally impossible. A manometric reference method for determination of aw is described; it consists to measure directly the equilibrium water vapor pressure. This method is preferable to a dew point determination. Some practical methods are reported, in connection with their accuracy and facilities of use.", "PMID": 707937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3110", "title": "[Menkes' disease (new skin and hair ultrastructural abnormalities) (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report the sixth case of Menkes' kinky hair disease. This boy has been observed for as long as 16 months, and he his still alive at the time of publication. This genetic, X linked disorder of copper metabolism is always fatal in childhood. Diagnosis is evoked when is noted the conjunction of progressive cerebral degeneration, seizures, with pili torti and monilethrix. It can be asserted with the very low copper and cerulo-plasmin blood levels. Recognition of the disease in utero might be possible. New findings in skin' electron microscopy and hair' scanning electron microscopy are reported here. And two RX scanner of the brain have been performed.", "contents": "[Menkes' disease (new skin and hair ultrastructural abnormalities) (author's transl)]. The authors report the sixth case of Menkes' kinky hair disease. This boy has been observed for as long as 16 months, and he his still alive at the time of publication. This genetic, X linked disorder of copper metabolism is always fatal in childhood. Diagnosis is evoked when is noted the conjunction of progressive cerebral degeneration, seizures, with pili torti and monilethrix. It can be asserted with the very low copper and cerulo-plasmin blood levels. Recognition of the disease in utero might be possible. New findings in skin' electron microscopy and hair' scanning electron microscopy are reported here. And two RX scanner of the brain have been performed.", "PMID": 707942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3111", "title": "[Comparative analytical study of the effects of psoralens in vitiligo (findings in 70 patients) (author's transl)].", "content": "70 patients with vitiligo were divided into two groups. --one group of 40 patients: treated with trioxsalen and sun rays; --one group of 30 patients: treated with methoxsalen and sun rays. Both the first and the second drug stopped the extension almost similarity (87.5 p. 100 positive results for the first group and 86.6 p. 100 for the second one). For the first group the action on the repigmentation was more important but the latent period was longer. Neither group showed side effects worth mentioning. The factors that influence favourably vitiligo and improve the evolution are: --the situation on uncovered parts of the body; --the length of treatment; --the promptness of institution of treatment; --the necessity of a maintenance treatment; --the appearance of erythema which is necessary for repigmentation.", "contents": "[Comparative analytical study of the effects of psoralens in vitiligo (findings in 70 patients) (author's transl)]. 70 patients with vitiligo were divided into two groups. --one group of 40 patients: treated with trioxsalen and sun rays; --one group of 30 patients: treated with methoxsalen and sun rays. Both the first and the second drug stopped the extension almost similarity (87.5 p. 100 positive results for the first group and 86.6 p. 100 for the second one). For the first group the action on the repigmentation was more important but the latent period was longer. Neither group showed side effects worth mentioning. The factors that influence favourably vitiligo and improve the evolution are: --the situation on uncovered parts of the body; --the length of treatment; --the promptness of institution of treatment; --the necessity of a maintenance treatment; --the appearance of erythema which is necessary for repigmentation.", "PMID": 707943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3112", "title": "Equine leptospirosis with some clinical observations.", "content": "In a serologic survey on equine leptospirosis in Egypt, the following incidences of leptospiral serosensitivity were found: 1. Hospitalised horses 65/113 (57.5 %). 2. Hospitalised donkeys 90/125 (72.0 %). 3. Apparently healthy horses 21/72 (29.1 %). Sera of these animals were mostly reacting to serotypes butembo, pomona, icterohemorragiae, and grippotyphosa. Equine in Egypt are close animals to humans and may constitute a potential source of leptospiral infection. From the clinical point of view, it is very possible that ocular, hoof lesions and icterus in equines would be expected with leptospiral titres.", "contents": "Equine leptospirosis with some clinical observations. In a serologic survey on equine leptospirosis in Egypt, the following incidences of leptospiral serosensitivity were found: 1. Hospitalised horses 65/113 (57.5 %). 2. Hospitalised donkeys 90/125 (72.0 %). 3. Apparently healthy horses 21/72 (29.1 %). Sera of these animals were mostly reacting to serotypes butembo, pomona, icterohemorragiae, and grippotyphosa. Equine in Egypt are close animals to humans and may constitute a potential source of leptospiral infection. From the clinical point of view, it is very possible that ocular, hoof lesions and icterus in equines would be expected with leptospiral titres.", "PMID": 707959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3113", "title": "The effects of time and temperature of storage on the infectivity of third-stage larvae of Heligmosomoides polygyrus (= Nematospiroides dubius). 1. Effects on the development to the adult stage in mice.", "content": "The relationship between storage time and temperature on the infectivity of the third-stage larvae of Heligmosomoides polygyrus (= Nematospiroides dubius) was examined. Results showed that third-stage larvae lose their infectivity when they aged. This loss was steeper at 22 degrees C than at 4 degrees C. Results obtained at 15 degrees C seemed to be intermediate. Data also demonstrated that a maturation period was required for maximum infectivity. A longer maturation period was observed at + 4 degrees C than at 22 degrees C and the maximum was maintained for longer at 4 degrees C.", "contents": "The effects of time and temperature of storage on the infectivity of third-stage larvae of Heligmosomoides polygyrus (= Nematospiroides dubius). 1. Effects on the development to the adult stage in mice. The relationship between storage time and temperature on the infectivity of the third-stage larvae of Heligmosomoides polygyrus (= Nematospiroides dubius) was examined. Results showed that third-stage larvae lose their infectivity when they aged. This loss was steeper at 22 degrees C than at 4 degrees C. Results obtained at 15 degrees C seemed to be intermediate. Data also demonstrated that a maturation period was required for maximum infectivity. A longer maturation period was observed at + 4 degrees C than at 22 degrees C and the maximum was maintained for longer at 4 degrees C.", "PMID": 707960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3114", "title": "The effects of time and temperature of storage on the infectivity of third-stage larvae of Heligmosomoides polygyrus (= Nematospiroides dubius). 2. Studies on the fecundity of female worms as a function of the infectivity of the third-stage larvae.", "content": "In this study we examined the effect of infectivity of third-stage larvae on the fecundity of H. polygyrus female worms. Groups of 10 mice were infected with third-stage larvae which had been stored for different lengths of time at 22 degrees C. Results showed that the number of eggs laid by one female worm increased when the worm burden was smaller and decreased with a greater worm burden. Also, the egg-output of female worms growing in a similar population varied according to the level of infectivity of the larvae, with a low infectivity resulting in greater fecundity and vice versa. These results may explain the variations in egg-output which are recorded at different times of the year from the parasites of grazing animals. If this phenomenon is confirmed in other species of parasites, it will be important for epidemiological studies.", "contents": "The effects of time and temperature of storage on the infectivity of third-stage larvae of Heligmosomoides polygyrus (= Nematospiroides dubius). 2. Studies on the fecundity of female worms as a function of the infectivity of the third-stage larvae. In this study we examined the effect of infectivity of third-stage larvae on the fecundity of H. polygyrus female worms. Groups of 10 mice were infected with third-stage larvae which had been stored for different lengths of time at 22 degrees C. Results showed that the number of eggs laid by one female worm increased when the worm burden was smaller and decreased with a greater worm burden. Also, the egg-output of female worms growing in a similar population varied according to the level of infectivity of the larvae, with a low infectivity resulting in greater fecundity and vice versa. These results may explain the variations in egg-output which are recorded at different times of the year from the parasites of grazing animals. If this phenomenon is confirmed in other species of parasites, it will be important for epidemiological studies.", "PMID": 707961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3115", "title": "[Toxicity of ochratoxin A. 3. Effects during the initial stages of pregnancy in the rat].", "content": "Ochratoxin A administered by gastric tubing to pregnant rats at day 2 after mating increases the number of resorbtion sites. A high level of mycotoxin was found in the plasma of females and in the embryos (up to 5.6 p. cent of the total administered doses). At sacrifice time (day 10 after mating) no morphological defect was observed in the embryos.", "contents": "[Toxicity of ochratoxin A. 3. Effects during the initial stages of pregnancy in the rat]. Ochratoxin A administered by gastric tubing to pregnant rats at day 2 after mating increases the number of resorbtion sites. A high level of mycotoxin was found in the plasma of females and in the embryos (up to 5.6 p. cent of the total administered doses). At sacrifice time (day 10 after mating) no morphological defect was observed in the embryos.", "PMID": 707962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3116", "title": "Application of macroscopic autoradiography to large animals in veterinary pharmacokinetics: the distribution of sodium selenite labelled with 75Se in the pig.", "content": "Macroscopic autoradiography has been applied to large animals, such as pigs. It consists in carrying out slides of different organs in well definite conditions (slide thickness, exposure rate...). Then, it is possible to compare all results with optical densitometry techniques. We have applied it to the metabolic study of sodium selenite labelled with 75Se in pigs. Autoradiography and quantification of organs as a function of time showed that for activities below 10(5) counts per minute and per gram, we get similar results. So, it is possible to use Ullberg's technique with large animals. This is very interesting in veterinary drug metabolism studies where we must determine acceptable residual levels for human consumers.", "contents": "Application of macroscopic autoradiography to large animals in veterinary pharmacokinetics: the distribution of sodium selenite labelled with 75Se in the pig. Macroscopic autoradiography has been applied to large animals, such as pigs. It consists in carrying out slides of different organs in well definite conditions (slide thickness, exposure rate...). Then, it is possible to compare all results with optical densitometry techniques. We have applied it to the metabolic study of sodium selenite labelled with 75Se in pigs. Autoradiography and quantification of organs as a function of time showed that for activities below 10(5) counts per minute and per gram, we get similar results. So, it is possible to use Ullberg's technique with large animals. This is very interesting in veterinary drug metabolism studies where we must determine acceptable residual levels for human consumers.", "PMID": 707964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3117", "title": "Prognosis of diarrhoea in the newborn calf: statistical analysis of blood biochemical data.", "content": "Blood samples were taken from 55 diarrhoeic calves (neo-natal diarrhoea) at the time of the first therapeutic intervention. Eleven blood parameters were measured in these samples. The whole group of measurements were analysed by their principal components (tables 3 and 4). The results are expressed in visual form by Figures 1 and 2. The first principal axis corresponds to the acid-base balance while the second axis can be considered as corresponding to the catabolism. The discriminant analysis (table 5) shows that the parameter having the best prognosis value is the blood urea concentration. By adding two other easily measured parameters (the haematocrit and the blood chloride concentration) the probability of classifying correctly the calves into one or other of the groups dead or surviving is approximately 80%.", "contents": "Prognosis of diarrhoea in the newborn calf: statistical analysis of blood biochemical data. Blood samples were taken from 55 diarrhoeic calves (neo-natal diarrhoea) at the time of the first therapeutic intervention. Eleven blood parameters were measured in these samples. The whole group of measurements were analysed by their principal components (tables 3 and 4). The results are expressed in visual form by Figures 1 and 2. The first principal axis corresponds to the acid-base balance while the second axis can be considered as corresponding to the catabolism. The discriminant analysis (table 5) shows that the parameter having the best prognosis value is the blood urea concentration. By adding two other easily measured parameters (the haematocrit and the blood chloride concentration) the probability of classifying correctly the calves into one or other of the groups dead or surviving is approximately 80%.", "PMID": 707965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3118", "title": "Semi-automated determination of hormonal iodine without incineration.", "content": "A sensitive semi automated technique for the determination of hormonal iodine is described. The thyroid hormones are isolated by means of a cation exchange resin (Dowex 50 Wx2). The iodine atoms are liberated from the organic molecules with bromine, without prior incineration or destruction (moidified Pileggi's method). Then, mineral iodine is measured colorimetrically with a Technicon autoanalyzer. This technique seems particularly adapted to a programme of standardisation because of its sensitivity and reproductibility. It is well adapted to the determination of circulating hormonal iodine of the ruminants, in which the concentration is lower than in man.", "contents": "Semi-automated determination of hormonal iodine without incineration. A sensitive semi automated technique for the determination of hormonal iodine is described. The thyroid hormones are isolated by means of a cation exchange resin (Dowex 50 Wx2). The iodine atoms are liberated from the organic molecules with bromine, without prior incineration or destruction (moidified Pileggi's method). Then, mineral iodine is measured colorimetrically with a Technicon autoanalyzer. This technique seems particularly adapted to a programme of standardisation because of its sensitivity and reproductibility. It is well adapted to the determination of circulating hormonal iodine of the ruminants, in which the concentration is lower than in man.", "PMID": 707966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3119", "title": "[Effect of the frequency of distribution of a protein supplement combined with a protein-free or low-protein diet on rat development. Nutritional effectiveness, body composition, liver nucleic acid and protein content, free plasma amino acids].", "content": "Irregular quantity and quality of food consumption is a common nutritional pattern in Marocco. Periods of liberal food supply due to a good harvest and festivals alternate with periods of more or less severe food shortage, resulting in a poor response to a high quality proteic diet taken from time to time. The object of this work was to study the effect of an irregular feeding sequence on the efficiency of food and the growth of the organism. Experiments on rats cannot be directly transposed to man, but are suggestive of the adverse effects of such a treatment. Discontinuity of protein intake leads to a decrease of its value as a complement for a poor basic diet, and this is more marked with the poorer diets and the longer intervals of complementation. Protein and energy retention decrease with the frequency of distribution of the protein supplement. Liver DNA increases when the supplementation is given with longer intervals; on the contrary the liver RNA decreases. The ratio RNA/DNA and proteins/DNA decreases still more. Blood amino-acids content depends on the composition of the diet and on the hormonal status of the organism.", "contents": "[Effect of the frequency of distribution of a protein supplement combined with a protein-free or low-protein diet on rat development. Nutritional effectiveness, body composition, liver nucleic acid and protein content, free plasma amino acids]. Irregular quantity and quality of food consumption is a common nutritional pattern in Marocco. Periods of liberal food supply due to a good harvest and festivals alternate with periods of more or less severe food shortage, resulting in a poor response to a high quality proteic diet taken from time to time. The object of this work was to study the effect of an irregular feeding sequence on the efficiency of food and the growth of the organism. Experiments on rats cannot be directly transposed to man, but are suggestive of the adverse effects of such a treatment. Discontinuity of protein intake leads to a decrease of its value as a complement for a poor basic diet, and this is more marked with the poorer diets and the longer intervals of complementation. Protein and energy retention decrease with the frequency of distribution of the protein supplement. Liver DNA increases when the supplementation is given with longer intervals; on the contrary the liver RNA decreases. The ratio RNA/DNA and proteins/DNA decreases still more. Blood amino-acids content depends on the composition of the diet and on the hormonal status of the organism.", "PMID": 707967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3120", "title": "Protoporphyrin (proto)-determined hepatopathy in a South African Jewish family.", "content": "A detailed study of a Jewish erythrohepatic protoporphyria (EHP)-affected family with a sibship consisting of 2 brothers and a sister, all of whom manifested protodetermined hepatopathy which varied from relatively mild hepatic involvement in the sister to a fulminant fatal illness in the eldest brother. The nature and course of his illness as well as the autopsy findings are described in detail. This sibship is also unique in that the 2 brothers and biochemical evidence of a severe degree of G6PD deficiency, while the sister was shown to be a carrier.", "contents": "Protoporphyrin (proto)-determined hepatopathy in a South African Jewish family. A detailed study of a Jewish erythrohepatic protoporphyria (EHP)-affected family with a sibship consisting of 2 brothers and a sister, all of whom manifested protodetermined hepatopathy which varied from relatively mild hepatic involvement in the sister to a fulminant fatal illness in the eldest brother. The nature and course of his illness as well as the autopsy findings are described in detail. This sibship is also unique in that the 2 brothers and biochemical evidence of a severe degree of G6PD deficiency, while the sister was shown to be a carrier.", "PMID": 707969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3121", "title": "Psychomotor skills in depressed out-patients treated with L-tryptophan, doxepin, or chlorimipramine.", "content": "Psychomotor skills were measured in depressed out-patients during three-week double-blind treatment with 1-tryptophan (16 patients; 0.5--1.0 g t.i.d.), doxepin (13 patients; 25--50 mg t.i.d.), or chlorimipramine (13 patients; 25--50 mg t.i.d). The effect of depression on psychomotor skills was evaluated by comparing the results from the pre-drug scores (29 patients) with the respective performances of a matched reference group (20 healthy volunteers). Coordination, reactive skills and attention were impaired in depressed patients. The reaction times roughly correlated with the severity of depression, assessed both subjectively and objectively. During treatment with doxepin or chlorimipramine, but not with 1-tryptophan, the choice reaction times were shortened. The change in reaction times correlated with the amelioration of depression. When compared with the other treatment groups, doxepin impaired coordination, attention and flicker fusion discrimination. It is suggested that depressed out-patients with marked symptoms should be warned about driving. Treatment with doxepin is a contraindication to driving during the first two weeks or up to the time when amelioration of symptoms is recorded.", "contents": "Psychomotor skills in depressed out-patients treated with L-tryptophan, doxepin, or chlorimipramine. Psychomotor skills were measured in depressed out-patients during three-week double-blind treatment with 1-tryptophan (16 patients; 0.5--1.0 g t.i.d.), doxepin (13 patients; 25--50 mg t.i.d.), or chlorimipramine (13 patients; 25--50 mg t.i.d). The effect of depression on psychomotor skills was evaluated by comparing the results from the pre-drug scores (29 patients) with the respective performances of a matched reference group (20 healthy volunteers). Coordination, reactive skills and attention were impaired in depressed patients. The reaction times roughly correlated with the severity of depression, assessed both subjectively and objectively. During treatment with doxepin or chlorimipramine, but not with 1-tryptophan, the choice reaction times were shortened. The change in reaction times correlated with the amelioration of depression. When compared with the other treatment groups, doxepin impaired coordination, attention and flicker fusion discrimination. It is suggested that depressed out-patients with marked symptoms should be warned about driving. Treatment with doxepin is a contraindication to driving during the first two weeks or up to the time when amelioration of symptoms is recorded.", "PMID": 707970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3122", "title": "Loss of apical left ventricular contraction after closed mitral valve surgery.", "content": "28 patients with advanced mitral valve restenosis were studied by cardiac catherization on an average of 7.2 years after previous closed mitral valvotomy, performed using the Tubbs dilator technique. Loss of left ventricular apical contraction was noted in 17 of 31 left ventricular cineangiograms. In the other regions, only 2 cases of local anterior wall akinesia and 1 of posterobasal akinesia was observed. The extent of akinesia was rather small: from 4 to 21%, a mean of 10.1% of the left ventricular circumference. Though ejection fractions remained 21% smaller in those with regional left ventricular dysfunction than in those with normal contraction (p less than 0.005), no other clinical haemodynamic consequences were found. The mechanical trauma caused by insertion of the dilator seems to result frequently in focal contraction abnormalities of the left ventricle, but these are of minor degree.", "contents": "Loss of apical left ventricular contraction after closed mitral valve surgery. 28 patients with advanced mitral valve restenosis were studied by cardiac catherization on an average of 7.2 years after previous closed mitral valvotomy, performed using the Tubbs dilator technique. Loss of left ventricular apical contraction was noted in 17 of 31 left ventricular cineangiograms. In the other regions, only 2 cases of local anterior wall akinesia and 1 of posterobasal akinesia was observed. The extent of akinesia was rather small: from 4 to 21%, a mean of 10.1% of the left ventricular circumference. Though ejection fractions remained 21% smaller in those with regional left ventricular dysfunction than in those with normal contraction (p less than 0.005), no other clinical haemodynamic consequences were found. The mechanical trauma caused by insertion of the dilator seems to result frequently in focal contraction abnormalities of the left ventricle, but these are of minor degree.", "PMID": 707971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3123", "title": "Cholescintigraphy in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis.", "content": "Technetium-99-m-diethyl-IDA (Solco HIDA) cholescintigraphy was performed on 50 patients with suspected acute cholecysitis. The final diagnosis was acute cholecytitis in 34 cases, other biliary tract disease in 5 cases and nonbiliary disease in 11 cases. A nonfilling gallbladder was regarded as indicative of acute cholecystitis. The sensitivity in detecting acute cholecystitis was about 90%, the specificity about 80%; the predictive value of a positive test was about 90% and that of a negative test about 80%. The false positives consisted of two cases of acute pancreatitis with normal gallbladders and one case of coincidental chronic gallbladder disease and duodenal ulcer. The false negatives were examined after one week's treatment. A severe common bile duct obstruction could be detected in cholescintigraphy, but a slight obstruction was not always distinguishable from conditions in which the bile flow was normal.", "contents": "Cholescintigraphy in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. Technetium-99-m-diethyl-IDA (Solco HIDA) cholescintigraphy was performed on 50 patients with suspected acute cholecysitis. The final diagnosis was acute cholecytitis in 34 cases, other biliary tract disease in 5 cases and nonbiliary disease in 11 cases. A nonfilling gallbladder was regarded as indicative of acute cholecystitis. The sensitivity in detecting acute cholecystitis was about 90%, the specificity about 80%; the predictive value of a positive test was about 90% and that of a negative test about 80%. The false positives consisted of two cases of acute pancreatitis with normal gallbladders and one case of coincidental chronic gallbladder disease and duodenal ulcer. The false negatives were examined after one week's treatment. A severe common bile duct obstruction could be detected in cholescintigraphy, but a slight obstruction was not always distinguishable from conditions in which the bile flow was normal.", "PMID": 707972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3124", "title": "Plasma prolactin concentrations in women treated with low dose combination type oral contraceptives and in women using a d-norgestrel-releasing intrauterine device.", "content": "Plasma prolactin was measured in fourteen fertile women during a control cycle and during treatment with two different types of contraception. Ten of the women received a low dose combination type oral contraceptive, while the other four had a d-norgestrel-releasing intrauterine device (d-Ng-IUD) insereted. Plasma samples were corrected in the follicular and luteal phases during the control cycle and the treatment cycles in the d-Ng-IUD-group. In the oral contraceptive group, the samples were collected before treatment, three weeks, and again three months after the beginning of treatment. The results in the different grolups and the different phases of the cycles were compared, but no significant differences were found.", "contents": "Plasma prolactin concentrations in women treated with low dose combination type oral contraceptives and in women using a d-norgestrel-releasing intrauterine device. Plasma prolactin was measured in fourteen fertile women during a control cycle and during treatment with two different types of contraception. Ten of the women received a low dose combination type oral contraceptive, while the other four had a d-norgestrel-releasing intrauterine device (d-Ng-IUD) insereted. Plasma samples were corrected in the follicular and luteal phases during the control cycle and the treatment cycles in the d-Ng-IUD-group. In the oral contraceptive group, the samples were collected before treatment, three weeks, and again three months after the beginning of treatment. The results in the different grolups and the different phases of the cycles were compared, but no significant differences were found.", "PMID": 707973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3125", "title": "Paroxysmal beta activity in the pediatric electroencephalogram.", "content": "A total of 5,401 electroencephalograms performed in the Seizure Unit at Children's Hospital Medical Center over a 12-month period were analyzed for the presence of paroxysmal beta activity. Nine examples were found in patients under the age of 10 years, each of whom had a clinical seizure disorder. Seven patients showed abnormalities such as tumor, cerebral dysgenesis, or hydrocephalus on CAT scans or skull roentgenograms. Paroxysmal beta activity should be considered a manifestation of a seizure disorder. Furthermore, the finding of paroxysmal beta activity on an electroencephalogram in the young child should lead to further evaluation for a possible structural lesion.", "contents": "Paroxysmal beta activity in the pediatric electroencephalogram. A total of 5,401 electroencephalograms performed in the Seizure Unit at Children's Hospital Medical Center over a 12-month period were analyzed for the presence of paroxysmal beta activity. Nine examples were found in patients under the age of 10 years, each of whom had a clinical seizure disorder. Seven patients showed abnormalities such as tumor, cerebral dysgenesis, or hydrocephalus on CAT scans or skull roentgenograms. Paroxysmal beta activity should be considered a manifestation of a seizure disorder. Furthermore, the finding of paroxysmal beta activity on an electroencephalogram in the young child should lead to further evaluation for a possible structural lesion.", "PMID": 707981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3126", "title": "Cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism in pseudotumor cerebri.", "content": "A comprehensive analysis of cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism was carried out in 14 patients with pseudotumor cerebri. Tracer techniques were employed to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF) and vascular reactivity to acute changes in arterial carbon dioxide tension and blood pressure, cerebral blood volume (CBV), and the cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen and glucose. There was a small reduction (p less than 0.01) in CBF (44 +/- 7 ml/100 gm/min; normal, 54 +/- 9) with normal vascular reactivity; an increase (p less than 0.005) in CBV (4.8 +/- 0.8 ml/100 gm; normal, 3.6 +/- 0.5), and normal cerebral metabolism. We conclude that an abnormality of the cerebral microvasculature is responsible for an elevation in CBV, but the intracranial hypertension can be explained only by tissue swelling due to an increase in water content. The relationship between the vascular abnormality and the tissue swelling remains to be defined.", "contents": "Cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism in pseudotumor cerebri. A comprehensive analysis of cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism was carried out in 14 patients with pseudotumor cerebri. Tracer techniques were employed to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF) and vascular reactivity to acute changes in arterial carbon dioxide tension and blood pressure, cerebral blood volume (CBV), and the cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen and glucose. There was a small reduction (p less than 0.01) in CBF (44 +/- 7 ml/100 gm/min; normal, 54 +/- 9) with normal vascular reactivity; an increase (p less than 0.005) in CBV (4.8 +/- 0.8 ml/100 gm; normal, 3.6 +/- 0.5), and normal cerebral metabolism. We conclude that an abnormality of the cerebral microvasculature is responsible for an elevation in CBV, but the intracranial hypertension can be explained only by tissue swelling due to an increase in water content. The relationship between the vascular abnormality and the tissue swelling remains to be defined.", "PMID": 707980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3127", "title": "Thyroid screening with triiodothyronine assay.", "content": "The relative independence of serum T-3 from changes in thyroid binding protein levels makes it a more effective screening test for hyper- and hypothyroidism than the T-4 assay alone. In fact, its efficiency is comparable to that of the free T-4 index.", "contents": "Thyroid screening with triiodothyronine assay. The relative independence of serum T-3 from changes in thyroid binding protein levels makes it a more effective screening test for hyper- and hypothyroidism than the T-4 assay alone. In fact, its efficiency is comparable to that of the free T-4 index.", "PMID": 707975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3128", "title": "Staphylococcus epidermidis biotype 4: epidemiological conclusions from five different typing methods.", "content": "There is presently no accepted method for marking individual strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Consequently, five parameters for distinguishing such strains were examined and compared for their epidemiological efficacy: biotyping, serotyping, proteinase grouping, aminopeptidase profiles and antibiograms. Both biotyping and proteinase grouping were of limited use in identifying a particular strain, although they were helpful in initially categorizing such strains. Antibiograms were least useful because of similarities in susceptibility patterns among isolates. Serotyping and amino-peptidase profiles provided the best means of identifying an individual strain for epidemiological use. The applicability of these typing methods was demonstrated during a one year epidemiological study at a chronic disease hospital.", "contents": "Staphylococcus epidermidis biotype 4: epidemiological conclusions from five different typing methods. There is presently no accepted method for marking individual strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Consequently, five parameters for distinguishing such strains were examined and compared for their epidemiological efficacy: biotyping, serotyping, proteinase grouping, aminopeptidase profiles and antibiograms. Both biotyping and proteinase grouping were of limited use in identifying a particular strain, although they were helpful in initially categorizing such strains. Antibiograms were least useful because of similarities in susceptibility patterns among isolates. Serotyping and amino-peptidase profiles provided the best means of identifying an individual strain for epidemiological use. The applicability of these typing methods was demonstrated during a one year epidemiological study at a chronic disease hospital.", "PMID": 707976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3129", "title": "Duchenne dystrophy: focal alterations in the distribution of concanavalin A binding sites at the muscle cell surface.", "content": "In 6 patients with Duchenne dystrophy, electron microscopical studies of concanavalin A (Con A) binding sites using the peroxidase labeling technique revealed a population of muscle fibers in which the reaction at the cell surface was irregular and patchy in areas larger than 0.5 mu. In 5 control subjects,  such focal alterations were not observed and the reaction appeared continuous and regular. The findings indicate focal abnormalities at the muscle cell surface of Con A receptors in Duchenne dystrophy.", "contents": "Duchenne dystrophy: focal alterations in the distribution of concanavalin A binding sites at the muscle cell surface. In 6 patients with Duchenne dystrophy, electron microscopical studies of concanavalin A (Con A) binding sites using the peroxidase labeling technique revealed a population of muscle fibers in which the reaction at the cell surface was irregular and patchy in areas larger than 0.5 mu. In 5 control subjects,  such focal alterations were not observed and the reaction appeared continuous and regular. The findings indicate focal abnormalities at the muscle cell surface of Con A receptors in Duchenne dystrophy.", "PMID": 707982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3130", "title": "Total red cell volume in healthy young males.", "content": "Regression equations of total red cell volume on body weight, body surface area, lean body mass, etc., are provided for a series of 79 normal male volunteer subjects. The regression of total red cell volume on a combination of height and weight provided the smallest standard error of the estimate and the largest correlation coefficient. The coefficient of variation was 1.6 percent between the first and second red cell volume determination in 31 of these subjects. The popular expression of total red cell volume in ml per kg remains unsatisfactory. It is recommended that a comparison be made between a measured total red cell volume and a predicted normal range derived from a regression using body surface area as the independent variable. A simplified graph is provided which clearly delineates normal from abnormal and should prove adequate for most clinical situations.", "contents": "Total red cell volume in healthy young males. Regression equations of total red cell volume on body weight, body surface area, lean body mass, etc., are provided for a series of 79 normal male volunteer subjects. The regression of total red cell volume on a combination of height and weight provided the smallest standard error of the estimate and the largest correlation coefficient. The coefficient of variation was 1.6 percent between the first and second red cell volume determination in 31 of these subjects. The popular expression of total red cell volume in ml per kg remains unsatisfactory. It is recommended that a comparison be made between a measured total red cell volume and a predicted normal range derived from a regression using body surface area as the independent variable. A simplified graph is provided which clearly delineates normal from abnormal and should prove adequate for most clinical situations.", "PMID": 707978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3131", "title": "Peripheral nerve conduction in patients with a cervical rib and band.", "content": "In 14 patients with wasting of the hand due to a cervical rib and band, motor and sensory conduction studies on the peripheral parts of the median and ulnar nerves were helpful in establishing the correct diagnosis. The median nerve findings excluded carpal tunnel syndrome even when the clinical pattern of wasting in the hand suggested this diagnosis. Preservation of conduction velocity in the ulnar nerve excluded ulnar entrapment at the elbow; the reduced amplitude of the ulnar sensory action potentials (SAPs) indicated that the lesion was distal to the dorsal root ganglia. In 3 patients with ulnar SAP amplitudes that were low but not clearly abnormal, the level of the lesion was confirmed by a reduced response to intradermal injection of histamine on the inner side of the forearm.", "contents": "Peripheral nerve conduction in patients with a cervical rib and band. In 14 patients with wasting of the hand due to a cervical rib and band, motor and sensory conduction studies on the peripheral parts of the median and ulnar nerves were helpful in establishing the correct diagnosis. The median nerve findings excluded carpal tunnel syndrome even when the clinical pattern of wasting in the hand suggested this diagnosis. Preservation of conduction velocity in the ulnar nerve excluded ulnar entrapment at the elbow; the reduced amplitude of the ulnar sensory action potentials (SAPs) indicated that the lesion was distal to the dorsal root ganglia. In 3 patients with ulnar SAP amplitudes that were low but not clearly abnormal, the level of the lesion was confirmed by a reduced response to intradermal injection of histamine on the inner side of the forearm.", "PMID": 707983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3132", "title": "Determination of fibrinogen in plasma.", "content": "This paper compares two specific, rapid, functional methods for the measurement of fibrinogen. Both methods demonstrate a high degree of reproduceability (thrombin clotting time CV = 3.7 percent, clot density rate CV = 7.6 percent). Measurement of plasmas from 20 patients by both techniques showed excellent correlation between the two methods with a correlation coefficient of 0.93 by least squares method. The initial dilution step in the thrombin clotting time method bypasses interference by small amounts of heparin or other inhibitors in jaundiced samples which may present a problem in the measurement of the rate of density development in the clot density method.", "contents": "Determination of fibrinogen in plasma. This paper compares two specific, rapid, functional methods for the measurement of fibrinogen. Both methods demonstrate a high degree of reproduceability (thrombin clotting time CV = 3.7 percent, clot density rate CV = 7.6 percent). Measurement of plasmas from 20 patients by both techniques showed excellent correlation between the two methods with a correlation coefficient of 0.93 by least squares method. The initial dilution step in the thrombin clotting time method bypasses interference by small amounts of heparin or other inhibitors in jaundiced samples which may present a problem in the measurement of the rate of density development in the clot density method.", "PMID": 707979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3133", "title": "Neurological manifestations of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Rendu-Osler-Weber disease): report of 2 cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Two cases of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) with neurological involvement are presented. One patient had multiple vascular malformations including telangiectasias of the brain, medulla, and spinal cord and a berry aneurysm of the internal carotid artery; she also had a large cerebellar abscess, presumably reflecting the presence of a pulmonary arteriovenous fistula. The second patient had an idiopathic subarachnoid hemorrhage. In more than 200 reported patients with HHT involving the nervous system, 61% had lesions seondary to a pulmonary arteriovenous fistula (cerebral hypoxemia, paradoxical and septic emboli, and brain abscess). The findings emphasize the need for early surgical correction of such fistulas. In 36% of the patients with neurological involvement and HHT, vascular malformations of the brain and spinal cord were documented, and in 3%, portal-systemic encephalopathy was noted. Multiple lesions were frequent. HHT should be considered a generalized vascular dysplasia (universal or systemic angiomatosis), and not simply a benign mucocutaneous disease.", "contents": "Neurological manifestations of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Rendu-Osler-Weber disease): report of 2 cases and review of the literature. Two cases of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) with neurological involvement are presented. One patient had multiple vascular malformations including telangiectasias of the brain, medulla, and spinal cord and a berry aneurysm of the internal carotid artery; she also had a large cerebellar abscess, presumably reflecting the presence of a pulmonary arteriovenous fistula. The second patient had an idiopathic subarachnoid hemorrhage. In more than 200 reported patients with HHT involving the nervous system, 61% had lesions seondary to a pulmonary arteriovenous fistula (cerebral hypoxemia, paradoxical and septic emboli, and brain abscess). The findings emphasize the need for early surgical correction of such fistulas. In 36% of the patients with neurological involvement and HHT, vascular malformations of the brain and spinal cord were documented, and in 3%, portal-systemic encephalopathy was noted. Multiple lesions were frequent. HHT should be considered a generalized vascular dysplasia (universal or systemic angiomatosis), and not simply a benign mucocutaneous disease.", "PMID": 707984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3134", "title": "Vertical oculomotor apraxia and memory loss.", "content": "A case of vertical oculomotor apraxia with severe memory loss and hypokinetic inertia is described in a 34-year-old woman who was taking oral contraceptives. The eye movement disorder was limited to paralysis of voluntary vertical saccades; pursuit movements, reflex eye movement, and horizontal saccades were normal. Random involuntary vertical saccades documented by electronystagmography qualified this as a true apraxia. Similar cases from the literature have in common involvement of both medial thalami, a localization supported in this case by distinctive abnormalities on CAT scan. The clinical course suggested acute infarction, possibly due to embolism, in a territory supplied by the thalamosubthalamic paramedian arteries.", "contents": "Vertical oculomotor apraxia and memory loss. A case of vertical oculomotor apraxia with severe memory loss and hypokinetic inertia is described in a 34-year-old woman who was taking oral contraceptives. The eye movement disorder was limited to paralysis of voluntary vertical saccades; pursuit movements, reflex eye movement, and horizontal saccades were normal. Random involuntary vertical saccades documented by electronystagmography qualified this as a true apraxia. Similar cases from the literature have in common involvement of both medial thalami, a localization supported in this case by distinctive abnormalities on CAT scan. The clinical course suggested acute infarction, possibly due to embolism, in a territory supplied by the thalamosubthalamic paramedian arteries.", "PMID": 707985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3135", "title": "Hemifacial spasm and the facial nucleus.", "content": "Spontaneous and associated hyperkinetic facial movements and contracture which follow injury to the seventh cranial nerve (postparalytic hemifacial spasm) or arise without known previous injury (cryptogenic hemifacial spasm) are pathological motor phenomena not found in the distribution of other cranial or somatic motor nerves. The commonly expressed hypotheses of pathogenesis--aberrant regeneration and fiber excitation by false synapse formation (ephapses) at the site of injury--cannot account for all aspects of these phenomena or for the uniqueness of such movements to the distribution of the seventh nerve. The suggestion is made that the existing diversity of facial motor behavior, which encompasses voluntary, emotional, and especially automatic, associated, and reflexive movements, is based on a unique central organization that sets it apart from other motor groups. I hypothesize that because of this organization, the changes following axonal injury--which include selective deafferentation, glial response, axonal sprouting, functional reconnection, and hyperexcitability from dendritic spike generation--can unmask and augment automatic, associated, and reflexive movements already present in the facial neuronal network to result in facial hyperkinesia.", "contents": "Hemifacial spasm and the facial nucleus. Spontaneous and associated hyperkinetic facial movements and contracture which follow injury to the seventh cranial nerve (postparalytic hemifacial spasm) or arise without known previous injury (cryptogenic hemifacial spasm) are pathological motor phenomena not found in the distribution of other cranial or somatic motor nerves. The commonly expressed hypotheses of pathogenesis--aberrant regeneration and fiber excitation by false synapse formation (ephapses) at the site of injury--cannot account for all aspects of these phenomena or for the uniqueness of such movements to the distribution of the seventh nerve. The suggestion is made that the existing diversity of facial motor behavior, which encompasses voluntary, emotional, and especially automatic, associated, and reflexive movements, is based on a unique central organization that sets it apart from other motor groups. I hypothesize that because of this organization, the changes following axonal injury--which include selective deafferentation, glial response, axonal sprouting, functional reconnection, and hyperexcitability from dendritic spike generation--can unmask and augment automatic, associated, and reflexive movements already present in the facial neuronal network to result in facial hyperkinesia.", "PMID": 707992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3136", "title": "[Acitivity of the oxidoreductases of Actinomyces levoris strain No. 28 cultured on a medium with varying redox potential values].", "content": "When the levorin-producing organism Actinomyces levoris, strain 28 was cultivated on fermentation media under conditions of decreased oxidative-reduction values, a significant decrease in the processes of the culture multiplication and antibiotic production was observed. It was shown that the marked decrease in the catalase activity accompanied by a simultaneous increase in the dehydrogenase activity was one of the causes of the decrease in the processes of the culture multiplication and levorin synthesis. Addition of potassium chloride (0.2 per cent) stimulated the catalase activity and promoted the biomass increase and to some extent the antibiotic production.", "contents": "[Acitivity of the oxidoreductases of Actinomyces levoris strain No. 28 cultured on a medium with varying redox potential values]. When the levorin-producing organism Actinomyces levoris, strain 28 was cultivated on fermentation media under conditions of decreased oxidative-reduction values, a significant decrease in the processes of the culture multiplication and antibiotic production was observed. It was shown that the marked decrease in the catalase activity accompanied by a simultaneous increase in the dehydrogenase activity was one of the causes of the decrease in the processes of the culture multiplication and levorin synthesis. Addition of potassium chloride (0.2 per cent) stimulated the catalase activity and promoted the biomass increase and to some extent the antibiotic production.", "PMID": 707995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3137", "title": "[Use of the \"Steritest\" apparatus for testing the sterility of antibiotic preparations].", "content": "The efficiency of determining microbial contamination of artificially infected preparations of 8 antibiotics in ampoules and bottles and erythromycin eye ointment with the use of apparatus \"Steritest\" and \"Millipore\" was compared. It was found that \"Steritest\" had a number of advantages as compared to \"Millipore\" because of elimination of operations for preparing the apparatus for the assay, which prevented contamination of the apparatus with microorganisms from the environment. The time required for the assay with the use of \"Steritest\" was 2 times shorter and the amount of the tioglycol medium was 2 times lower.", "contents": "[Use of the \"Steritest\" apparatus for testing the sterility of antibiotic preparations]. The efficiency of determining microbial contamination of artificially infected preparations of 8 antibiotics in ampoules and bottles and erythromycin eye ointment with the use of apparatus \"Steritest\" and \"Millipore\" was compared. It was found that \"Steritest\" had a number of advantages as compared to \"Millipore\" because of elimination of operations for preparing the apparatus for the assay, which prevented contamination of the apparatus with microorganisms from the environment. The time required for the assay with the use of \"Steritest\" was 2 times shorter and the amount of the tioglycol medium was 2 times lower.", "PMID": 707996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3138", "title": "[Drop method of determining micrococcal and staphylococcal sensitivity to egg lysozyme].", "content": "Two methods for determination of staphylococcal and micrococcal sensitivity to lysozyme, i.e. the method of serial dilutions in agar and the drop method developed by the authors were compared. The drop method is a modification of the procedure described by Kloos et al. Close correlation between these two methods (r = 0.97 +/- 0.018) was found. The regression curve providing determination of the lysozyme MIC with the drop method was plotted. The drop method is more simple and economical as compared to the method of serial dilutions in agar. It has an advantage in testing sensitivity of single strains.", "contents": "[Drop method of determining micrococcal and staphylococcal sensitivity to egg lysozyme]. Two methods for determination of staphylococcal and micrococcal sensitivity to lysozyme, i.e. the method of serial dilutions in agar and the drop method developed by the authors were compared. The drop method is a modification of the procedure described by Kloos et al. Close correlation between these two methods (r = 0.97 +/- 0.018) was found. The regression curve providing determination of the lysozyme MIC with the drop method was plotted. The drop method is more simple and economical as compared to the method of serial dilutions in agar. It has an advantage in testing sensitivity of single strains.", "PMID": 707997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3139", "title": "[Sensitivity of bacteria of the genus Proteus to antibiotics and their combinations].", "content": "Sensitivity of 99 Proteus strains isolated from infants with gastro-intestinal diseases was studied by the method of serial dilutions on the Ploskirev's medium with respect to 19 antibiotics and some of their pair combinations. High resistance levels were registered with respect to penicillin and semi-synthetic penicillins, such as oxacillin, methicillin, ampicillin, as well as oleandomycin, erythromycin, lincomycin and oxytetracycline. The minimum inhibitory concentration for most of the strains was at least 128 gamma/ml. The Proteus strains were more sensitive to aminoglycosides, such as monomycin, neomycin and kanamycin, as well as carbenicillin, cephalosporine, streptomycin, levomycetin, chlortetracycline and novobiocin. Rifampicin, gentamycin and ampicillin combinations with gentamycin had a pronounced antimicrobial effect on Proteus.", "contents": "[Sensitivity of bacteria of the genus Proteus to antibiotics and their combinations]. Sensitivity of 99 Proteus strains isolated from infants with gastro-intestinal diseases was studied by the method of serial dilutions on the Ploskirev's medium with respect to 19 antibiotics and some of their pair combinations. High resistance levels were registered with respect to penicillin and semi-synthetic penicillins, such as oxacillin, methicillin, ampicillin, as well as oleandomycin, erythromycin, lincomycin and oxytetracycline. The minimum inhibitory concentration for most of the strains was at least 128 gamma/ml. The Proteus strains were more sensitive to aminoglycosides, such as monomycin, neomycin and kanamycin, as well as carbenicillin, cephalosporine, streptomycin, levomycetin, chlortetracycline and novobiocin. Rifampicin, gentamycin and ampicillin combinations with gentamycin had a pronounced antimicrobial effect on Proteus.", "PMID": 707998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3140", "title": "[Detection of plasmids in actinomycetes that produce oxytetracycline and neomycin].", "content": "Crude preparations of DNA isolated from Act. rimosus 907, an oxytetracycline-producing organism and Act. fradiae 676, a neomycin-producing organism were analyzed with electrophoresis in agarose gel followed by electron microscopic analysis of DNA isolated from the gel. It was found that Act. rimosus and Act. fradiae contained ring molecules of DNA with the molecular masses of 37 . 10(6) and 59 . 10(6) dalton respectively.", "contents": "[Detection of plasmids in actinomycetes that produce oxytetracycline and neomycin]. Crude preparations of DNA isolated from Act. rimosus 907, an oxytetracycline-producing organism and Act. fradiae 676, a neomycin-producing organism were analyzed with electrophoresis in agarose gel followed by electron microscopic analysis of DNA isolated from the gel. It was found that Act. rimosus and Act. fradiae contained ring molecules of DNA with the molecular masses of 37 . 10(6) and 59 . 10(6) dalton respectively.", "PMID": 707999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3141", "title": "[Pharmacological properties of water-soluble levorin].", "content": "The results of the study of the pharmacological properties of the preparation of 5 per cent levorin solution in 40 per cent sodium salicylate solution are presented. The toxicity of levorin contained in the preparation was studied in the acute experiment on its intraperitoneal administration to mice. It did not differ from that of sodium levorin. In concentration of 5000 units/ml with respect to levorin the preparation did not change the motion speed of the ciliated epithelium cilia of the frog esophagus when used in the form of aerosol. Innocuousness of the preparation used repeatedly for inhalation in the form of aerosol was studied. The preparation was innocuous in the doses 12 and 24 times higher than the therapeutic ones. When applied locally on the skin and the eye conjunctiva for 16-20 days the preparation in the respective pharmaceutical forms was innocuous. Absorption and distribution of the water-soluble levorin in mice treated with the drug intraperitoneally or inhalationally was studied. It was found that levorin contained in the preparation circulated in the blood in bacteriostatic concentrations after its intraperitoneal administration for 8 hours. When used as inhalation in the form of aerosol levorin was detected in the lungs and urine and circulated in concentrations exceeding the bacteriostatic ones for 12 hours.", "contents": "[Pharmacological properties of water-soluble levorin]. The results of the study of the pharmacological properties of the preparation of 5 per cent levorin solution in 40 per cent sodium salicylate solution are presented. The toxicity of levorin contained in the preparation was studied in the acute experiment on its intraperitoneal administration to mice. It did not differ from that of sodium levorin. In concentration of 5000 units/ml with respect to levorin the preparation did not change the motion speed of the ciliated epithelium cilia of the frog esophagus when used in the form of aerosol. Innocuousness of the preparation used repeatedly for inhalation in the form of aerosol was studied. The preparation was innocuous in the doses 12 and 24 times higher than the therapeutic ones. When applied locally on the skin and the eye conjunctiva for 16-20 days the preparation in the respective pharmaceutical forms was innocuous. Absorption and distribution of the water-soluble levorin in mice treated with the drug intraperitoneally or inhalationally was studied. It was found that levorin contained in the preparation circulated in the blood in bacteriostatic concentrations after its intraperitoneal administration for 8 hours. When used as inhalation in the form of aerosol levorin was detected in the lungs and urine and circulated in concentrations exceeding the bacteriostatic ones for 12 hours.", "PMID": 708000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3142", "title": "[Antibiotic therapy of experimental intrauterine staphylococcal infection].", "content": "The experiments on gravid rats showed that generalized staphylococcal infection in the female rats resulted in intrauterine infecting of the fetus and had a negative effect on its antenatal development: increased embryonal death rate, decreased weight gain, etc. In case of staphylococcal septicemia the amniotic waters were a peculiar reservoir of the causative agent where it accumulated in larger amounts than in the fetus tissues. Efficiency of oxacillin in daily doses of 144 and 72 mg was shown in treatment of the rat intrauterine infection. High sensitivity of the infected embryons to higher doses of the drug was found.", "contents": "[Antibiotic therapy of experimental intrauterine staphylococcal infection]. The experiments on gravid rats showed that generalized staphylococcal infection in the female rats resulted in intrauterine infecting of the fetus and had a negative effect on its antenatal development: increased embryonal death rate, decreased weight gain, etc. In case of staphylococcal septicemia the amniotic waters were a peculiar reservoir of the causative agent where it accumulated in larger amounts than in the fetus tissues. Efficiency of oxacillin in daily doses of 144 and 72 mg was shown in treatment of the rat intrauterine infection. High sensitivity of the infected embryons to higher doses of the drug was found.", "PMID": 708001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3143", "title": "[Effect of proteolytic enzymes on kanamycin pharmacokinetics in experimental suppurative infection].", "content": "The effect of the proteolytic enzyme trypsin on kanamycin pharmacokinetics in rats with experimental purulent infection was studied. An increase in the kanamycin serum levels after administration of the drugs in combination was observed as compared to the control. In a dose of 0.03 mg per animal trypsin had no effect on the kanamycin pharmacokinetics in the rats with experimental peritonitis.", "contents": "[Effect of proteolytic enzymes on kanamycin pharmacokinetics in experimental suppurative infection]. The effect of the proteolytic enzyme trypsin on kanamycin pharmacokinetics in rats with experimental purulent infection was studied. An increase in the kanamycin serum levels after administration of the drugs in combination was observed as compared to the control. In a dose of 0.03 mg per animal trypsin had no effect on the kanamycin pharmacokinetics in the rats with experimental peritonitis.", "PMID": 708002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3144", "title": "[Characteristics of the polysaccharide-containing somatic antigens isolated from the K-1 strain of the plague microbe and its antibiotic-resistant variants].", "content": "Immunochemical analysis of 2 polysaccharide-containing structures of the lypopolysaccharide of the plague causative agent (main somatic antigen and lipopolysaccharide) isolated from K-1 strain and a number of its antibiotic resistant mutants was carried out. It was shown that development of resistance to streptomycin alone or its combination with monomycin did not cause detectable changes in the monosaccharide composition and serological properties of the cultures tested. More significant changes associated with development of complex resistance, i.e. K-1 (Strr leads to Penr leads to Tetr) were accompanied by a decrease in the content of hexozamine and serological activity of the main somatic antigen determining the O-specificity of the lipopolysaccharide. Defective changes in the monosaccharide composition and serological properties of both the main somatic antigen and the polysaccharide were observed in the yellow variant of the streptomycin resistant mutant K-1.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the polysaccharide-containing somatic antigens isolated from the K-1 strain of the plague microbe and its antibiotic-resistant variants]. Immunochemical analysis of 2 polysaccharide-containing structures of the lypopolysaccharide of the plague causative agent (main somatic antigen and lipopolysaccharide) isolated from K-1 strain and a number of its antibiotic resistant mutants was carried out. It was shown that development of resistance to streptomycin alone or its combination with monomycin did not cause detectable changes in the monosaccharide composition and serological properties of the cultures tested. More significant changes associated with development of complex resistance, i.e. K-1 (Strr leads to Penr leads to Tetr) were accompanied by a decrease in the content of hexozamine and serological activity of the main somatic antigen determining the O-specificity of the lipopolysaccharide. Defective changes in the monosaccharide composition and serological properties of both the main somatic antigen and the polysaccharide were observed in the yellow variant of the streptomycin resistant mutant K-1.", "PMID": 708003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3145", "title": "[Comparative pathomorphological study of the experimental action of carminomycin and rubomycin on the heart].", "content": "Comparative histological investigation of the toxic effect of carminomycin and rubomycin on the myocardium was carried out on mice BDF. It was found that the level of the morphological changes in the heart muscle depended on the antibiotic dose. The cardiotoxic effect of carminomycin was less pronounced than that of rubomycin.", "contents": "[Comparative pathomorphological study of the experimental action of carminomycin and rubomycin on the heart]. Comparative histological investigation of the toxic effect of carminomycin and rubomycin on the myocardium was carried out on mice BDF. It was found that the level of the morphological changes in the heart muscle depended on the antibiotic dose. The cardiotoxic effect of carminomycin was less pronounced than that of rubomycin.", "PMID": 708004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3146", "title": "In vitro studies with UK-18,892, a new aminoglycoside antibiotic.", "content": "The antibacterial activity of UK-18,892, a new semisynthetic aminoglycoside, was examined against aminoglycoside-susceptible and aminoglycoside-resistant clinical isolates of gram-negative bacilli and Staphylococcus aureus. UK-18,892 had a similar degree of activity to those of amikacin and kanamycin A against aminoglycoside-susceptible bacteria but was less potent than gentamicin against all isolates except Providencia spp. UK-18,892 was highly active against aminoglycoside-resistant bacteria, inhibiting 93% of the 268 isolates examined at 12.5 mug/ml. Amikacin was similarly active, whereas gentamicin inhibited only 14% of these isolates at 12.5 mug/ml.", "contents": "In vitro studies with UK-18,892, a new aminoglycoside antibiotic. The antibacterial activity of UK-18,892, a new semisynthetic aminoglycoside, was examined against aminoglycoside-susceptible and aminoglycoside-resistant clinical isolates of gram-negative bacilli and Staphylococcus aureus. UK-18,892 had a similar degree of activity to those of amikacin and kanamycin A against aminoglycoside-susceptible bacteria but was less potent than gentamicin against all isolates except Providencia spp. UK-18,892 was highly active against aminoglycoside-resistant bacteria, inhibiting 93% of the 268 isolates examined at 12.5 mug/ml. Amikacin was similarly active, whereas gentamicin inhibited only 14% of these isolates at 12.5 mug/ml.", "PMID": 708005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3147", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of cefaclor in patients with end stage renal disease and during hemodialysis.", "content": "A single 1.0-g dose of cefaclor administered to patients with stable end stage renal disease whose creatinine clearances were <5 ml/min produced a mean peak serum concentration of 48.3 +/- 19.8 mug/ml. The half-life was 2.3 +/- 0.3 h. Hemodialysis shortened the half-life of a similar dose to 1.6 +/- 0.3 h. Approximately one-third (340 mg) of the administered drug was recovered in the dialysate. Multiple doses of 500 mg every 6 h between hemodialysis sessions produced effective serum concentrations and no bioassay evidence of drug accumulation.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of cefaclor in patients with end stage renal disease and during hemodialysis. A single 1.0-g dose of cefaclor administered to patients with stable end stage renal disease whose creatinine clearances were <5 ml/min produced a mean peak serum concentration of 48.3 +/- 19.8 mug/ml. The half-life was 2.3 +/- 0.3 h. Hemodialysis shortened the half-life of a similar dose to 1.6 +/- 0.3 h. Approximately one-third (340 mg) of the administered drug was recovered in the dialysate. Multiple doses of 500 mg every 6 h between hemodialysis sessions produced effective serum concentrations and no bioassay evidence of drug accumulation.", "PMID": 708006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3148", "title": "Recovery from aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity with continued drug administration.", "content": "To examine the nephrotoxicity of prolonged gentamicin administration compared to the effect obtained when a less toxic aminoglycoside is substituted during the course of treatment, we gave gentamicin (67.5 mg/kg per day) to rats for 21 days, gentamicin for 14 days followed by either netilmicin or tobramycin for 7 days, or gentamicin for 14 days followed by saline diluent. After initial tubular, necrosis, the animals recovered from renal injury whether the drug was continued or discontinued or another drug was substituted. These data are consistent with the observation that regenerating renal epithelium is resistant to continued or additional nephrotoxic insults. These findings suggest that improvement in renal function during aminoglycoside therapy cannot necessarily be attributed to the substitution of another aminoglycoside or other therapeutic interventions.", "contents": "Recovery from aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity with continued drug administration. To examine the nephrotoxicity of prolonged gentamicin administration compared to the effect obtained when a less toxic aminoglycoside is substituted during the course of treatment, we gave gentamicin (67.5 mg/kg per day) to rats for 21 days, gentamicin for 14 days followed by either netilmicin or tobramycin for 7 days, or gentamicin for 14 days followed by saline diluent. After initial tubular, necrosis, the animals recovered from renal injury whether the drug was continued or discontinued or another drug was substituted. These data are consistent with the observation that regenerating renal epithelium is resistant to continued or additional nephrotoxic insults. These findings suggest that improvement in renal function during aminoglycoside therapy cannot necessarily be attributed to the substitution of another aminoglycoside or other therapeutic interventions.", "PMID": 708007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3149", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of cefamandole in infants and children.", "content": "In infants less than 3 months of age, the serum concentration of cefamandole during therapy was higher and more prolonged than that in children older than 1 year. A dosage of 37 mg/kg administered intravenously at 6-h intervals provided a serum concentration in excess of the minimum inhibitory concentrations of common bacterial pathogens for 4 h, and in young infants for 5 h, after dosing.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of cefamandole in infants and children. In infants less than 3 months of age, the serum concentration of cefamandole during therapy was higher and more prolonged than that in children older than 1 year. A dosage of 37 mg/kg administered intravenously at 6-h intervals provided a serum concentration in excess of the minimum inhibitory concentrations of common bacterial pathogens for 4 h, and in young infants for 5 h, after dosing.", "PMID": 708009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3150", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of azlocillin in persons with normal and impaired renal functions.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of azlocillin, a new wide-spectrum antibiotic of the N-substituted group of ureidomethyl penicillins, was investigated in 10 subjects with normal and in 32 subjects with impaired renal functions. After intravenous injection of 2 g of azlocillin, serum concentrations of drug were measured microbiologically. The half-lives of azlocillin were 47 +/- 8.8 min in patients with normal renal function, and 293.3 min in patients with severely impaired renal function. The correlation of half-life to renal functions is shown by the equation: t/2 = 425.03.Cl(In) (-0.4509), where Cl(In) is inulin clearance. The volume of distribution of the azlocillin was 17.7% of the body weight. Protein binding was similar in patients with normal renal function and in those with severely impaired renal functions. The urinary excretion rate of azlocillin in patients with normal renal function was 64.8 +/- 8.8% in 24 h.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of azlocillin in persons with normal and impaired renal functions. The pharmacokinetics of azlocillin, a new wide-spectrum antibiotic of the N-substituted group of ureidomethyl penicillins, was investigated in 10 subjects with normal and in 32 subjects with impaired renal functions. After intravenous injection of 2 g of azlocillin, serum concentrations of drug were measured microbiologically. The half-lives of azlocillin were 47 +/- 8.8 min in patients with normal renal function, and 293.3 min in patients with severely impaired renal function. The correlation of half-life to renal functions is shown by the equation: t/2 = 425.03.Cl(In) (-0.4509), where Cl(In) is inulin clearance. The volume of distribution of the azlocillin was 17.7% of the body weight. Protein binding was similar in patients with normal renal function and in those with severely impaired renal functions. The urinary excretion rate of azlocillin in patients with normal renal function was 64.8 +/- 8.8% in 24 h.", "PMID": 708008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3151", "title": "Pharmacology of intraperitoneal cefazolin in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis.", "content": "Cefazolin was added to dialysis fluid in nine patients with renal failure undergoing peritoneal dialysis with 2 liters/h per exchange. With 50 mg/liter (three patients), the first measurable mean serum concentration was 3.7 mug/ml (range, 2.4 to 4.9 mug/ml) after three exchanges and was 30.3 mug/ml (range, 13.3 to 44.3 mug/ml) after 24 exchanges. After 18 to 24 more exchanges without cefazolin, the mean serum concentration was 12.3 mug/ml (range, 3.8 to 24.6 mug/ml). The mean concentration in the dialysis outflow was 26.9 mug/ml (range, 2.5 to 58.5 mug/ml). With 150 mg/liter (six patients), the mean serum concentration was 5.2 mug/ml (range, 3.6 to 7.8 mug/ml) after the first exchange and 8.4 (range, 6.1 to 14.0 mug/ml), 15.0 (range, 8.2 to 23.5 mug/ml), and 71.9 (range, 26.2 to 142.1 mug/ml) mug/ml after the second, third, and twenty-fourth exchanges, respectively. After 17 to 24 more exchanges without cefazolin, the mean serum concentration was 38.2 mug/ml (range, 15.4 to 65.7 mug/ml). The mean concentration in the dialysis outflow was 71.4 mug/ml (range, 21.9 to 150.8 mug/ml). After 1 g of cefazolin was given intraperitoneally with no more dialysis, serum concentrations rose by a mean of 62.5 mug/ml (range, 18.9 to 107.8 mug/ml). The maximum rise occurred within 2 h with two-thirds of the rise occurring within 30 min. During the subsequent 22 h levels dropped to 65.4% of the peak.", "contents": "Pharmacology of intraperitoneal cefazolin in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Cefazolin was added to dialysis fluid in nine patients with renal failure undergoing peritoneal dialysis with 2 liters/h per exchange. With 50 mg/liter (three patients), the first measurable mean serum concentration was 3.7 mug/ml (range, 2.4 to 4.9 mug/ml) after three exchanges and was 30.3 mug/ml (range, 13.3 to 44.3 mug/ml) after 24 exchanges. After 18 to 24 more exchanges without cefazolin, the mean serum concentration was 12.3 mug/ml (range, 3.8 to 24.6 mug/ml). The mean concentration in the dialysis outflow was 26.9 mug/ml (range, 2.5 to 58.5 mug/ml). With 150 mg/liter (six patients), the mean serum concentration was 5.2 mug/ml (range, 3.6 to 7.8 mug/ml) after the first exchange and 8.4 (range, 6.1 to 14.0 mug/ml), 15.0 (range, 8.2 to 23.5 mug/ml), and 71.9 (range, 26.2 to 142.1 mug/ml) mug/ml after the second, third, and twenty-fourth exchanges, respectively. After 17 to 24 more exchanges without cefazolin, the mean serum concentration was 38.2 mug/ml (range, 15.4 to 65.7 mug/ml). The mean concentration in the dialysis outflow was 71.4 mug/ml (range, 21.9 to 150.8 mug/ml). After 1 g of cefazolin was given intraperitoneally with no more dialysis, serum concentrations rose by a mean of 62.5 mug/ml (range, 18.9 to 107.8 mug/ml). The maximum rise occurred within 2 h with two-thirds of the rise occurring within 30 min. During the subsequent 22 h levels dropped to 65.4% of the peak.", "PMID": 708010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3152", "title": "Effects of hypoxemia upon aminoglycoside serum pharmacokinetics in animals.", "content": "Hypoxemia causes significant alterations in aminoglycoside serum pharmacokinetics in adult rats and newborn rabbits. The aminoglycoside serum clearances were diminished in hypoxemic animals. Comparisons of intravenous and intramuscular administration imply a delay in uptake of drug from intramuscular injection sites under hypoxemic conditions.", "contents": "Effects of hypoxemia upon aminoglycoside serum pharmacokinetics in animals. Hypoxemia causes significant alterations in aminoglycoside serum pharmacokinetics in adult rats and newborn rabbits. The aminoglycoside serum clearances were diminished in hypoxemic animals. Comparisons of intravenous and intramuscular administration imply a delay in uptake of drug from intramuscular injection sites under hypoxemic conditions.", "PMID": 708011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3153", "title": "Partial characterization of R-plasmids from Pasteurella multocida isolated from turkeys.", "content": "Pasteurella multocida, isolated from turkeys during an outbreak of septicemic disease (\"fowl cholera\"), was found to be resistant to tetracycline, streptomycin, and sulfonamides. Agarose gel electrophoretic analysis of DNA from these isolates indicated the presence of extrachromosomal elements. Plasmid DNA was isolated by cesium chloride-ethidium bromide density centrifugation. Escherichia coli was transformed to antimicrobic resistance with this DNA. Two plasmids were isolated. One of these plasmids had a buoyant density of 1.7158 g/cm(3) (56.9 mol% guanine plus cytosine) and a molecular weight of 4.4 x 10(6) and conferred resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin, and sulfonamides. The other, having a buoyant density of 1.7198 g/cm(3) (61 mol% guanine plus cytosine) and a molecular weight of 3.44 x 10(6), conferred resistance to streptomycin and sulfonamides. Streptomycin resistance was mediated by streptomycin phosphotransferase. Compatibility group testing indicated that neither plasmid belonged to any of 13 compatibility groups (of conjugal plasmids). Both plasmids were also found to be compatible with three small, nonconjugative resistance plasmids.", "contents": "Partial characterization of R-plasmids from Pasteurella multocida isolated from turkeys. Pasteurella multocida, isolated from turkeys during an outbreak of septicemic disease (\"fowl cholera\"), was found to be resistant to tetracycline, streptomycin, and sulfonamides. Agarose gel electrophoretic analysis of DNA from these isolates indicated the presence of extrachromosomal elements. Plasmid DNA was isolated by cesium chloride-ethidium bromide density centrifugation. Escherichia coli was transformed to antimicrobic resistance with this DNA. Two plasmids were isolated. One of these plasmids had a buoyant density of 1.7158 g/cm(3) (56.9 mol% guanine plus cytosine) and a molecular weight of 4.4 x 10(6) and conferred resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin, and sulfonamides. The other, having a buoyant density of 1.7198 g/cm(3) (61 mol% guanine plus cytosine) and a molecular weight of 3.44 x 10(6), conferred resistance to streptomycin and sulfonamides. Streptomycin resistance was mediated by streptomycin phosphotransferase. Compatibility group testing indicated that neither plasmid belonged to any of 13 compatibility groups (of conjugal plasmids). Both plasmids were also found to be compatible with three small, nonconjugative resistance plasmids.", "PMID": 708012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3154", "title": "Antimicrobial susceptibility and selection of resistance among Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates recovered from patients with infections of indwelling foreign devices.", "content": "Twenty-seven isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis from patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis or infected cerebrospinal fluid shunts were examined for susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. Subpopulations resistant to 20 and 100 mug of methicillin per ml were present in 63% of the isolates (methicillin-resistant isolates). Subpopulations resistant to 20 mug of nafcillin and cephalothin per ml were found in every methicillin-resistant isolate but with frequencies (10(-5.0 +/- 0.5) and 10(-6.4 +/- 0.9), respectively) which were not always detectable by susceptibility testing. Resistance to >/=1.6 mug of penicillin per ml was found in 80% of isolates. Cephalothin, cefazolin, and cefamandole were more active than cefoxitin or cephradine, and gentamicin was more active than tobramycin or amikacin; rifampin was the single most active agent against all isolates. There was no difference in susceptibility between prosthetic valve endocarditis and cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection isolates. Among methicillin-resistant isolates, the phenotypic expression of resistance to methicillin or nafcillin but not to cephalothin could be enhanced by 48 h of incubation with each drug. Isolates containing no methicillin-resistant subpopulations were killed by incubation with methicillin, nafcillin, or cephalothin. High-level resistance to rifampin emerged in both methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive isolates after 8 to 24 h of incubation with this drug. The presence or absence of antibiotic-resistant subpopulations among S. epidermidis isolates and their selection during treatment should be considered when therapy is devised.", "contents": "Antimicrobial susceptibility and selection of resistance among Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates recovered from patients with infections of indwelling foreign devices. Twenty-seven isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis from patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis or infected cerebrospinal fluid shunts were examined for susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. Subpopulations resistant to 20 and 100 mug of methicillin per ml were present in 63% of the isolates (methicillin-resistant isolates). Subpopulations resistant to 20 mug of nafcillin and cephalothin per ml were found in every methicillin-resistant isolate but with frequencies (10(-5.0 +/- 0.5) and 10(-6.4 +/- 0.9), respectively) which were not always detectable by susceptibility testing. Resistance to >/=1.6 mug of penicillin per ml was found in 80% of isolates. Cephalothin, cefazolin, and cefamandole were more active than cefoxitin or cephradine, and gentamicin was more active than tobramycin or amikacin; rifampin was the single most active agent against all isolates. There was no difference in susceptibility between prosthetic valve endocarditis and cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection isolates. Among methicillin-resistant isolates, the phenotypic expression of resistance to methicillin or nafcillin but not to cephalothin could be enhanced by 48 h of incubation with each drug. Isolates containing no methicillin-resistant subpopulations were killed by incubation with methicillin, nafcillin, or cephalothin. High-level resistance to rifampin emerged in both methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive isolates after 8 to 24 h of incubation with this drug. The presence or absence of antibiotic-resistant subpopulations among S. epidermidis isolates and their selection during treatment should be considered when therapy is devised.", "PMID": 708013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3155", "title": "Susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria to ten antimicrobial agents.", "content": "The susceptibility pattern of 265 anaerobic bacteria from clinical isolates to 10 antimicrobial agents was investigated by the agar dilution technique. Penicillin G, in a concentration of 16 mug/ml, was active against most organisms, important exceptions being 12% of Bacteroides melaninogenicus and 24% of B. fragilis strains. The susceptibility of strains to ampicillin was similar to their susceptibility to penicillin G. Carbenicillin, at </=128 mug/ml, inhibited all but a few strains. Cefamandole was less active than the penicillins; 82% of B. melaninogenicus, 32% of B. fragilis, and 75% of Fusobacterium strains were inhibited by </=16 mug/ml. A trend towards tetracycline resistance was seen in many bacterial groups, especially Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, and Clostridium. All organisms were susceptible to chloramphenicol and clindamycin in concentrations of </=16 mug/ml and </=4 mug/ml, respectively. Erythromycin was less active than clindamycin against all strains tested. Metronidazole and tinidazole were active against most anaerobes, but resistance of a few strains in each group was encountered. The increased resistance of B. melaninogenicus strains to penicillin, and emergence of anaerobes resistant to >16 mug of imidazole per ml may have therapeutic implications.", "contents": "Susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria to ten antimicrobial agents. The susceptibility pattern of 265 anaerobic bacteria from clinical isolates to 10 antimicrobial agents was investigated by the agar dilution technique. Penicillin G, in a concentration of 16 mug/ml, was active against most organisms, important exceptions being 12% of Bacteroides melaninogenicus and 24% of B. fragilis strains. The susceptibility of strains to ampicillin was similar to their susceptibility to penicillin G. Carbenicillin, at </=128 mug/ml, inhibited all but a few strains. Cefamandole was less active than the penicillins; 82% of B. melaninogenicus, 32% of B. fragilis, and 75% of Fusobacterium strains were inhibited by </=16 mug/ml. A trend towards tetracycline resistance was seen in many bacterial groups, especially Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, and Clostridium. All organisms were susceptible to chloramphenicol and clindamycin in concentrations of </=16 mug/ml and </=4 mug/ml, respectively. Erythromycin was less active than clindamycin against all strains tested. Metronidazole and tinidazole were active against most anaerobes, but resistance of a few strains in each group was encountered. The increased resistance of B. melaninogenicus strains to penicillin, and emergence of anaerobes resistant to >16 mug of imidazole per ml may have therapeutic implications.", "PMID": 708014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3156", "title": "Inactivation of metronidazole by anaerobic and aerobic bacteria.", "content": "The rate of inactivation of metronidazole in vitro was determined during the course of time-kill curves against anaerobic and aerobic bacteria in the stationary phase of growth. Metronidazole at a concentration of 10 mug/ml, as measured by bioassay, was rapidly inactivated in broth culture by susceptible anaerobic bacteria (minimum bactericidal concentration </= 3 mug/ml), and this correlated closely with its bactericidal activity. In contrast, the drug was neither inactivated nor had any bactericidal activity against a resistant strain of Propionibacteriumacnes (minimum bactericidal concentration > 1,500 mug/ml). Three of four aerobic bacteria also inactivated metronidazole, although at generally slower rates than the anaerobes, but this was not associated with a bactericidal effect against these organisms. The presence of aerobic bacteria in mixed cultures with Bacteroides fragilis did not, moreover, inhibit the bactericidal activity of metronidazole against the latter organism. However, the possibility still remains that, in vivo, aerobic bacteria capable of inactivating metronidazole could inhibit the action of the drug against anaerobes in mixed infections.", "contents": "Inactivation of metronidazole by anaerobic and aerobic bacteria. The rate of inactivation of metronidazole in vitro was determined during the course of time-kill curves against anaerobic and aerobic bacteria in the stationary phase of growth. Metronidazole at a concentration of 10 mug/ml, as measured by bioassay, was rapidly inactivated in broth culture by susceptible anaerobic bacteria (minimum bactericidal concentration </= 3 mug/ml), and this correlated closely with its bactericidal activity. In contrast, the drug was neither inactivated nor had any bactericidal activity against a resistant strain of Propionibacteriumacnes (minimum bactericidal concentration > 1,500 mug/ml). Three of four aerobic bacteria also inactivated metronidazole, although at generally slower rates than the anaerobes, but this was not associated with a bactericidal effect against these organisms. The presence of aerobic bacteria in mixed cultures with Bacteroides fragilis did not, moreover, inhibit the bactericidal activity of metronidazole against the latter organism. However, the possibility still remains that, in vivo, aerobic bacteria capable of inactivating metronidazole could inhibit the action of the drug against anaerobes in mixed infections.", "PMID": 708015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3157", "title": "Susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and routine susceptibility testing.", "content": "The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim against 144 strains of obligately anaerobic bacteria were determined on Diagnostic Sensitivity Test agar (Oxoid) or in prereduced Diagnostic Sensitivity Test broth, both supplemented with sodium pyruvate (1 mg/ml), hemin (5 mug/ml), and vitamin K(1) (1 mug/ml). Fifty-eight percent of the strains were susceptible to sulfamethoxazole alone (MIC </= 16 mug/ml), only 12% were susceptible to trimethoprim alone (MIC </= 1 mug/ml), and 85% were susceptible to the combination of sulfamethoxazole plus trimethoprim (MIC </= 16 mug/ml) at a ratio of 19:1. All 45 strains of the Bacteroides fragilis group were susceptible to the combination. Synergy of the combination was often observed by a checkerboard MIC determination of 123 strains, usually most markedly when the ratio of the two components was near 1:1. However, there was also synergism at the ratio of sulfamethoxazole to trimethoprim of 16:1 in 61 (53.5%) of the 114 strains that could be evaluated for synergistic activity. When the strains were tested by the broth-disk test proposed by Wilkins and Thiel, modified by using prereduced Diagnostic Sensitivity Test broth instead of brain heart infusion broth and by using a smaller inoculum, there was over 90% correlation with the MICs. Poor results were found when the broth-disk tests were performed in brain heart infusion broth. There was very poor correlation between inhibition zone diameters by an agar diffusion method and MICs.", "contents": "Susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and routine susceptibility testing. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim against 144 strains of obligately anaerobic bacteria were determined on Diagnostic Sensitivity Test agar (Oxoid) or in prereduced Diagnostic Sensitivity Test broth, both supplemented with sodium pyruvate (1 mg/ml), hemin (5 mug/ml), and vitamin K(1) (1 mug/ml). Fifty-eight percent of the strains were susceptible to sulfamethoxazole alone (MIC </= 16 mug/ml), only 12% were susceptible to trimethoprim alone (MIC </= 1 mug/ml), and 85% were susceptible to the combination of sulfamethoxazole plus trimethoprim (MIC </= 16 mug/ml) at a ratio of 19:1. All 45 strains of the Bacteroides fragilis group were susceptible to the combination. Synergy of the combination was often observed by a checkerboard MIC determination of 123 strains, usually most markedly when the ratio of the two components was near 1:1. However, there was also synergism at the ratio of sulfamethoxazole to trimethoprim of 16:1 in 61 (53.5%) of the 114 strains that could be evaluated for synergistic activity. When the strains were tested by the broth-disk test proposed by Wilkins and Thiel, modified by using prereduced Diagnostic Sensitivity Test broth instead of brain heart infusion broth and by using a smaller inoculum, there was over 90% correlation with the MICs. Poor results were found when the broth-disk tests were performed in brain heart infusion broth. There was very poor correlation between inhibition zone diameters by an agar diffusion method and MICs.", "PMID": 708016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3158", "title": "Amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine: in vitro effects on lymphocyte function.", "content": "The effects of amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, and the combination of both drugs on lymphocyte function in vitro were investigated. Amphotericin B, alone or in combination with 5-fluorocytosine, significantly suppressed both spontaneous lymphocyte transformation and the response of lymphocytes to stimulation with streptokinase-streptodornase. 5-Fluorocytosine had no effect on spontaneous or antigen-induced transformation. Lymphocyte responses to the mitogens phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A were not changed by exposure to amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, or the combination of both drugs. T-lymphocyte receptors for sheep erythrocytes and B-lymphocyte surface immunoglobulin and receptors for complement were not changed by treatment with amphotericin B or 5-fluorocytosine.", "contents": "Amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine: in vitro effects on lymphocyte function. The effects of amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, and the combination of both drugs on lymphocyte function in vitro were investigated. Amphotericin B, alone or in combination with 5-fluorocytosine, significantly suppressed both spontaneous lymphocyte transformation and the response of lymphocytes to stimulation with streptokinase-streptodornase. 5-Fluorocytosine had no effect on spontaneous or antigen-induced transformation. Lymphocyte responses to the mitogens phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A were not changed by exposure to amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, or the combination of both drugs. T-lymphocyte receptors for sheep erythrocytes and B-lymphocyte surface immunoglobulin and receptors for complement were not changed by treatment with amphotericin B or 5-fluorocytosine.", "PMID": 708017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3159", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of netilmicin in patients with renal impairment and in patients on dialysis.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of netilmicin were examined in 25 adult subjects, 7 normal subjects, and 18 patients with renal impairment. Five were dialysis patients who were studied on and off dialysis. Netilmicin, 2 mg/kg, was infused intravenously over 1 h. The peak serum concentration ranged from 9 to 11 mug/ml. The mean biological half-life of netilmicin for subjects with a creatinine clearance (Ccr) > 70 ml/min was 2.7 h, for those with Ccr > 25 < 70 ml/min it was 10 h, for those with Ccr > 4 < 25 ml/min it was 32 h, and for those who were anephric it was 42 h. Ccr was correlated positively with the elimination constant and the drug's serum clearance. It was negatively correlated with the drug's volume of distribution. The dialyzer clearance of netilmicin was positively correlated with plasma flow rate and was similar to values previously reported for gentamicin. Netilmicin behaves in a fashion similar to other aminoglycosides. Therapeutic guidelines are suggested.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of netilmicin in patients with renal impairment and in patients on dialysis. The pharmacokinetics of netilmicin were examined in 25 adult subjects, 7 normal subjects, and 18 patients with renal impairment. Five were dialysis patients who were studied on and off dialysis. Netilmicin, 2 mg/kg, was infused intravenously over 1 h. The peak serum concentration ranged from 9 to 11 mug/ml. The mean biological half-life of netilmicin for subjects with a creatinine clearance (Ccr) > 70 ml/min was 2.7 h, for those with Ccr > 25 < 70 ml/min it was 10 h, for those with Ccr > 4 < 25 ml/min it was 32 h, and for those who were anephric it was 42 h. Ccr was correlated positively with the elimination constant and the drug's serum clearance. It was negatively correlated with the drug's volume of distribution. The dialyzer clearance of netilmicin was positively correlated with plasma flow rate and was similar to values previously reported for gentamicin. Netilmicin behaves in a fashion similar to other aminoglycosides. Therapeutic guidelines are suggested.", "PMID": 708018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3160", "title": "In vitro activity of thienamycin.", "content": "The in vitro activity of thienamycin was tested against 135 aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The compound was highly active against resistant gram-negative bacilli and penicillin-resistant Straphylococcus aureus. The antianaerobic spectrum of the drug seemed to be comparable to that of metronidazole.", "contents": "In vitro activity of thienamycin. The in vitro activity of thienamycin was tested against 135 aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The compound was highly active against resistant gram-negative bacilli and penicillin-resistant Straphylococcus aureus. The antianaerobic spectrum of the drug seemed to be comparable to that of metronidazole.", "PMID": 708019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3161", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of chloramphenicol in serum.", "content": "A new method for the analysis of serum chloramphenicol by reversed-phase, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is described. The method involves a preliminary extraction of 0.1 ml of serum with ethyl acetate containing an internal standard, chromatography with a reversed-phase C18 microparticulate column with an acetonitrile-acetate buffer mobile phase, and detection by measuring UV absorbance at 270 nm. Assay performance was compared with an existing microbiological assay. The HPLC method demonstrated both increased precision and increased sensitivity. The specificity of the HPLC method was also evaluated. The new method presents an alternative approach to the analysis of clinical specimens.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of chloramphenicol in serum. A new method for the analysis of serum chloramphenicol by reversed-phase, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is described. The method involves a preliminary extraction of 0.1 ml of serum with ethyl acetate containing an internal standard, chromatography with a reversed-phase C18 microparticulate column with an acetonitrile-acetate buffer mobile phase, and detection by measuring UV absorbance at 270 nm. Assay performance was compared with an existing microbiological assay. The HPLC method demonstrated both increased precision and increased sensitivity. The specificity of the HPLC method was also evaluated. The new method presents an alternative approach to the analysis of clinical specimens.", "PMID": 708020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3162", "title": "Flavobacterium meningosepticum meningitis: report of selected aspects.", "content": "Two patients developed meningitis due to Flavobacterium meningosepticum. Because of resistance to most available antimicrobial agents, intravenous and intraventricular erythromycin was administered to one patient. Subsequent development of resistance to erythromycin prompted the use of intravenous and intraventricular rifamycin, which eventually resulted in cure. Diagnosis of F. meningosepticum meningitis in the second patient was delayed, and appropriate therapy was not administered until 4 days prior to the patient's death. Of 82 previously published cases, only 4 occurred in adults. Therapy of meningitis due to this organism has been a difficult problem, and we suggest possible modes of therapy, based on our experience and a review of the literature.", "contents": "Flavobacterium meningosepticum meningitis: report of selected aspects. Two patients developed meningitis due to Flavobacterium meningosepticum. Because of resistance to most available antimicrobial agents, intravenous and intraventricular erythromycin was administered to one patient. Subsequent development of resistance to erythromycin prompted the use of intravenous and intraventricular rifamycin, which eventually resulted in cure. Diagnosis of F. meningosepticum meningitis in the second patient was delayed, and appropriate therapy was not administered until 4 days prior to the patient's death. Of 82 previously published cases, only 4 occurred in adults. Therapy of meningitis due to this organism has been a difficult problem, and we suggest possible modes of therapy, based on our experience and a review of the literature.", "PMID": 708021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3163", "title": "Pharmacological evaluation of cefaclor in volunteers.", "content": "The plasma and urine concentrations of cefaclor were measured after oral administration of single and multiple doses to volunteers. Cefaclor was rapidly absorbed, rapidly excreted in the urine, well tolerated without toxicity, and failed to accumulate in the plasma with chronic dosing.", "contents": "Pharmacological evaluation of cefaclor in volunteers. The plasma and urine concentrations of cefaclor were measured after oral administration of single and multiple doses to volunteers. Cefaclor was rapidly absorbed, rapidly excreted in the urine, well tolerated without toxicity, and failed to accumulate in the plasma with chronic dosing.", "PMID": 708022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3164", "title": "Nafcillin therapy for Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis.", "content": "Semisynthetic penicillinase-resistant penicillins are recommended for therapy of Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis, but evaluation of the efficacy and safety of individual agents has received little attention. At The New York Hospital, 11 heroin addicts and 5 nonaddicts were treated with nafcillin. The 11 addicts did well clinically, but four of the five nonaddicts had severe complications, and three of them died. Important adverse reactions to nafcillin occurred in two patients: one developed leukopenia, and one developed an extensive rash. Methicillin was employed to treat two heroin addicts and four nonaddicts. Five of the six patients were cured bacteriologically, but three patients developed nephritis and one patient developed an extensive rash. Nafcillin appears to be highly efficacious for the treatment of S. aureus endocarditis, yielding results at least equal to those obtained with other drugs. Because adverse reactions appear to occur more frequently with methicillin than with nafcillin, we regard nafcillin as the preferable penicillinase-resistant penicillin for the treatment of S. aureus endocarditis.", "contents": "Nafcillin therapy for Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. Semisynthetic penicillinase-resistant penicillins are recommended for therapy of Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis, but evaluation of the efficacy and safety of individual agents has received little attention. At The New York Hospital, 11 heroin addicts and 5 nonaddicts were treated with nafcillin. The 11 addicts did well clinically, but four of the five nonaddicts had severe complications, and three of them died. Important adverse reactions to nafcillin occurred in two patients: one developed leukopenia, and one developed an extensive rash. Methicillin was employed to treat two heroin addicts and four nonaddicts. Five of the six patients were cured bacteriologically, but three patients developed nephritis and one patient developed an extensive rash. Nafcillin appears to be highly efficacious for the treatment of S. aureus endocarditis, yielding results at least equal to those obtained with other drugs. Because adverse reactions appear to occur more frequently with methicillin than with nafcillin, we regard nafcillin as the preferable penicillinase-resistant penicillin for the treatment of S. aureus endocarditis.", "PMID": 708023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3165", "title": "Single-dose doxycycline for cholera.", "content": "To determine the efficacy of single-dose doxycycline in the treatment of cholera, we carried out a randomized prospective trial in 65 patients. Treatment consisted of either a single dose of 200 mg of doxycycline (or 4 mg/kg in patients less than 15 years old) or multiple doses of doxycycline, 500 mg over 4 days (or 10 mg/kg in patients less than 15 years old). There were no differences between the groups in the volumes of intravenous fluid required, volumes of diarrheal stool, or durations of diarrhea. The mean duration of positive stool cultures for Vibrio cholerae was similar for the two groups, although in both groups several patients continued to excrete Vibrios in the stool for more than 3 days. Blood levels of antibiotic demonstrated that the doxycycline was absorbed in spite of the rapid transit time associated with severe diarrhea. These results suggest that although tetracycline remains the drug of choice for cholera, doxycycline is a reasonable alternative, and that a single dose of 200 mg (4 mg/kg in children) is effective clinically.", "contents": "Single-dose doxycycline for cholera. To determine the efficacy of single-dose doxycycline in the treatment of cholera, we carried out a randomized prospective trial in 65 patients. Treatment consisted of either a single dose of 200 mg of doxycycline (or 4 mg/kg in patients less than 15 years old) or multiple doses of doxycycline, 500 mg over 4 days (or 10 mg/kg in patients less than 15 years old). There were no differences between the groups in the volumes of intravenous fluid required, volumes of diarrheal stool, or durations of diarrhea. The mean duration of positive stool cultures for Vibrio cholerae was similar for the two groups, although in both groups several patients continued to excrete Vibrios in the stool for more than 3 days. Blood levels of antibiotic demonstrated that the doxycycline was absorbed in spite of the rapid transit time associated with severe diarrhea. These results suggest that although tetracycline remains the drug of choice for cholera, doxycycline is a reasonable alternative, and that a single dose of 200 mg (4 mg/kg in children) is effective clinically.", "PMID": 708024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3166", "title": "Combined activity of minocycline and amphotericin B in vitro against medically important yeasts.", "content": "The capacity of minocycline to enhance the activity of amphotericin B against Candida albicans, Torulopsis glabrata, Cryptococcus neoformans, and non-albicans Candida was examined in vitro utilizing a time-killing curve technique. Synergism was apparent at 4 h with 5 of 5 strains of C. albicans, 8 of 8 strains of C. neoformans, and 1 of 12 strains of non-albicans Candida. Synergism was apparent at 24 h with the remaining 11 strains of non-albicans Candida and all 5 strains of T. glabrata. C. neoformans was the most susceptible of the yeasts to the minocycline-amphotericin B combination; seven strains showed a 3-log or greater reduction in colony count in 4 h and all strains showed this reduction in 24 h at amphotericin B concentrations of 0.4 mug/ml or less in the presence of minocycline.", "contents": "Combined activity of minocycline and amphotericin B in vitro against medically important yeasts. The capacity of minocycline to enhance the activity of amphotericin B against Candida albicans, Torulopsis glabrata, Cryptococcus neoformans, and non-albicans Candida was examined in vitro utilizing a time-killing curve technique. Synergism was apparent at 4 h with 5 of 5 strains of C. albicans, 8 of 8 strains of C. neoformans, and 1 of 12 strains of non-albicans Candida. Synergism was apparent at 24 h with the remaining 11 strains of non-albicans Candida and all 5 strains of T. glabrata. C. neoformans was the most susceptible of the yeasts to the minocycline-amphotericin B combination; seven strains showed a 3-log or greater reduction in colony count in 4 h and all strains showed this reduction in 24 h at amphotericin B concentrations of 0.4 mug/ml or less in the presence of minocycline.", "PMID": 708025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3167", "title": "Antimicrobial susceptibility of flavobacteria.", "content": "Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of 28 clinical isolates of Flavobacterium sp. were determined by standard disk diffusion technique and by antimicrobial dilution in agar. Rifampin, clindamycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, cefoxitin, and vancomycin are among the antimicrobial agents which may be clinically useful to treat infections caused by flavobacteria. All 28 isolates were resistant to erythromycin with minimal inhibitory concentrations of 32 mug/ml or more. Currently recommended interpretive zones of inhibition by disk diffusion did not reliably predict antimicrobial susceptibility of the 28 flavobacteria isolates when compared with the agar dilution technique, and, therefore, a more direct measurement of minimal inhibitory or bactericidal concentration is recommended.", "contents": "Antimicrobial susceptibility of flavobacteria. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of 28 clinical isolates of Flavobacterium sp. were determined by standard disk diffusion technique and by antimicrobial dilution in agar. Rifampin, clindamycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, cefoxitin, and vancomycin are among the antimicrobial agents which may be clinically useful to treat infections caused by flavobacteria. All 28 isolates were resistant to erythromycin with minimal inhibitory concentrations of 32 mug/ml or more. Currently recommended interpretive zones of inhibition by disk diffusion did not reliably predict antimicrobial susceptibility of the 28 flavobacteria isolates when compared with the agar dilution technique, and, therefore, a more direct measurement of minimal inhibitory or bactericidal concentration is recommended.", "PMID": 708026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3168", "title": "In vitro susceptibility of 30 strains of Chlamydia trachomatis to rosamicin.", "content": "A total of 13 of 30 clinical isolates of Chlamydia trachomatis were susceptible in vitro to 0.01 mug of rosamicin per ml. Only two of these strains were susceptible to tetracycline or erythromycin at this level. The results suggest that rosamicin may be useful for the treatment of chlamydial urethritis.", "contents": "In vitro susceptibility of 30 strains of Chlamydia trachomatis to rosamicin. A total of 13 of 30 clinical isolates of Chlamydia trachomatis were susceptible in vitro to 0.01 mug of rosamicin per ml. Only two of these strains were susceptible to tetracycline or erythromycin at this level. The results suggest that rosamicin may be useful for the treatment of chlamydial urethritis.", "PMID": 708027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3169", "title": "Penetration of clindamycin into decubitus ulcers.", "content": "Forty tissue samples, primarily of skin and bone, were obtained from 29 patients undergoing excision of decubitus ulcers after intravenous injection of 600 mg of clindamycin. Antibiotic concentrations exceeded 2.5 mug/g in 80% of the samples. In 50% of the instances, tissue levels were greater than those simultaneously present in the serum.", "contents": "Penetration of clindamycin into decubitus ulcers. Forty tissue samples, primarily of skin and bone, were obtained from 29 patients undergoing excision of decubitus ulcers after intravenous injection of 600 mg of clindamycin. Antibiotic concentrations exceeded 2.5 mug/g in 80% of the samples. In 50% of the instances, tissue levels were greater than those simultaneously present in the serum.", "PMID": 708028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3170", "title": "Production of xanthomegnin and viomellein by isolates of Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium cyclopium, and Penicillium viridicatum.", "content": "Fungal isolates from legumes were cultured on rice and examined for production of the toxic mold metabolites xanthomegnin and viomellein. Six of 14 Aspergillus ochraceus isolates produced from 0.3 to 1.3 mg of xanthomegnin per g and 0.1 to 1.0 mg of viomellein per g. One of nine isolates of Penicillium cyclopium produced 0.1 mg of xanthomegnin per g and 0.06 mg of viomellein per g. Three of nine P. viridicatum isolates produced from 0.4 to 1.6 mg of xanthomegnin per g and 0.2 to 0.4 mg of viomellein per g. This is the first report of xanthomegnin and viomellein production by A. ochraeus and P. cyclopium.", "contents": "Production of xanthomegnin and viomellein by isolates of Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium cyclopium, and Penicillium viridicatum. Fungal isolates from legumes were cultured on rice and examined for production of the toxic mold metabolites xanthomegnin and viomellein. Six of 14 Aspergillus ochraceus isolates produced from 0.3 to 1.3 mg of xanthomegnin per g and 0.1 to 1.0 mg of viomellein per g. One of nine isolates of Penicillium cyclopium produced 0.1 mg of xanthomegnin per g and 0.06 mg of viomellein per g. Three of nine P. viridicatum isolates produced from 0.4 to 1.6 mg of xanthomegnin per g and 0.2 to 0.4 mg of viomellein per g. This is the first report of xanthomegnin and viomellein production by A. ochraeus and P. cyclopium.", "PMID": 708029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3171", "title": "Isolation, purification, and antibiotic activity of o-methoxycinnamaldehyde from cinnamon.", "content": "o-Methoxycinnamaldehyde has been isolated and purified from powdered cinnamon. The compound inhibits the growth and toxin production of mycotoxin-producing fungi. The substance completely inhibited the growth of Aspergillus parasiticus and A. flavus at 100 microgram/ml and A. ochraceus and A. versicolor at 200 microgram/ml. It inhibited the production of aflatoxin B1 by over 90% at 6.25 microgram/ml, ochratoxin A at 25 microgram/ml, and sterigmatocystin at 50 microgram/ml. The substance also displayed a strong inhibitory effect on the growth of five dermatophytoses species, e.g., Microsporum canis (minimum inhibitory concentration, 3.12 to 6.25 microgram/ml). However, no antibacterial effect was observed at concentrations as high as 50 microgram/ml.", "contents": "Isolation, purification, and antibiotic activity of o-methoxycinnamaldehyde from cinnamon. o-Methoxycinnamaldehyde has been isolated and purified from powdered cinnamon. The compound inhibits the growth and toxin production of mycotoxin-producing fungi. The substance completely inhibited the growth of Aspergillus parasiticus and A. flavus at 100 microgram/ml and A. ochraceus and A. versicolor at 200 microgram/ml. It inhibited the production of aflatoxin B1 by over 90% at 6.25 microgram/ml, ochratoxin A at 25 microgram/ml, and sterigmatocystin at 50 microgram/ml. The substance also displayed a strong inhibitory effect on the growth of five dermatophytoses species, e.g., Microsporum canis (minimum inhibitory concentration, 3.12 to 6.25 microgram/ml). However, no antibacterial effect was observed at concentrations as high as 50 microgram/ml.", "PMID": 708030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3172", "title": "Ochratoxin A: isolation and subsequent purification by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A purification method for ochratoxin A, using liquid-liquid extractions and a final cleanup by high-pressure liquid chromatography, is described.", "contents": "Ochratoxin A: isolation and subsequent purification by high-pressure liquid chromatography. A purification method for ochratoxin A, using liquid-liquid extractions and a final cleanup by high-pressure liquid chromatography, is described.", "PMID": 708031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3173", "title": "Increase of radiation resistance of a soil microflora exposed to long-term gamma irradiation.", "content": "Soil microflora were exposed to long-term (18 months) gamma irradiation in an open-air facility at three different doses, 15, 150, and 1,500 krads/18 months. The radiation resistance increased at all doses when compared with the radiation resistance of the microflora from soil shielded from the irradiation with a lead wall.", "contents": "Increase of radiation resistance of a soil microflora exposed to long-term gamma irradiation. Soil microflora were exposed to long-term (18 months) gamma irradiation in an open-air facility at three different doses, 15, 150, and 1,500 krads/18 months. The radiation resistance increased at all doses when compared with the radiation resistance of the microflora from soil shielded from the irradiation with a lead wall.", "PMID": 708032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3174", "title": "Purification of the protein crystal from Bacillus thuringiensis by zonal gradient centrifugation.", "content": "A method is described for the large-scale purification of the Bacillus thuringiensis protein crystal by zonal gradient centrifugation. NaBr gradients are employed in a Beckman J21-B centrifuge equipped with a JCF-Z rotor.", "contents": "Purification of the protein crystal from Bacillus thuringiensis by zonal gradient centrifugation. A method is described for the large-scale purification of the Bacillus thuringiensis protein crystal by zonal gradient centrifugation. NaBr gradients are employed in a Beckman J21-B centrifuge equipped with a JCF-Z rotor.", "PMID": 708033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3175", "title": "Results of routine tests for the detection of dispersers of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "This article describes the routine for the detection of dispersers in relation to the contamination of the air in operating rooms and postoperative wound infections during 1968 through 1972. Out of 3,039 persons, submitted to a dispersal test, ,22 were dispersers (4%). Staph. aureus was found in scalp hair (21.5%) and beards (15.5%). Persons with skin lesions proved to be the heaviest dispersers. After taking measures to prevent dispersers from attending, we still found 18 dispersers in operating rooms. The number of Staph. aureus showed a sharp increase during their attendance. Dispersal in the air of the operating room by 9 dispersers was the cause of 19 postoperative wound infections. Two workers in the operating room, whose dispersal tests were negative, later caused two wound infections (temporary dispersers?). A continuous checking of operating rooms by sedimentation plates is definitely necessary in combination with dispersal tests.", "contents": "Results of routine tests for the detection of dispersers of Staphylococcus aureus. This article describes the routine for the detection of dispersers in relation to the contamination of the air in operating rooms and postoperative wound infections during 1968 through 1972. Out of 3,039 persons, submitted to a dispersal test, ,22 were dispersers (4%). Staph. aureus was found in scalp hair (21.5%) and beards (15.5%). Persons with skin lesions proved to be the heaviest dispersers. After taking measures to prevent dispersers from attending, we still found 18 dispersers in operating rooms. The number of Staph. aureus showed a sharp increase during their attendance. Dispersal in the air of the operating room by 9 dispersers was the cause of 19 postoperative wound infections. Two workers in the operating room, whose dispersal tests were negative, later caused two wound infections (temporary dispersers?). A continuous checking of operating rooms by sedimentation plates is definitely necessary in combination with dispersal tests.", "PMID": 708081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3176", "title": "Tube-inlay graft for abdominal aortic aneurysms. Technique and results.", "content": "The usefulness of the tube-inlay graft technique for abdominal aortic aneurysms has been tested in 74 consecutive patients. The operative technique is described. In nearly half of the patients this technique could be used. The other patients received a conventional bifurcation prosthesis. Especially in the patient with a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm the tube-inlay-graft technique, because of its simplicity, shorter operating time and less blood loss is to be preferred. Since introduction of the method, the mortality in ruptured cases decreased from 46 to 24 percent.", "contents": "Tube-inlay graft for abdominal aortic aneurysms. Technique and results. The usefulness of the tube-inlay graft technique for abdominal aortic aneurysms has been tested in 74 consecutive patients. The operative technique is described. In nearly half of the patients this technique could be used. The other patients received a conventional bifurcation prosthesis. Especially in the patient with a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm the tube-inlay-graft technique, because of its simplicity, shorter operating time and less blood loss is to be preferred. Since introduction of the method, the mortality in ruptured cases decreased from 46 to 24 percent.", "PMID": 708082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3177", "title": "Pes anserinus transposition after Slocum and Larson.", "content": "A description is given of pes anserinus transposition after Slocum and Larson. The anatomy, diagnosis and surgical technique are briefly dealt with. In 1974 and 1975, 27 patients were operated on as described. Follow-up included 25 patients. All had a functional, stable knee, with very marked reduction of complaints.", "contents": "Pes anserinus transposition after Slocum and Larson. A description is given of pes anserinus transposition after Slocum and Larson. The anatomy, diagnosis and surgical technique are briefly dealt with. In 1974 and 1975, 27 patients were operated on as described. Follow-up included 25 patients. All had a functional, stable knee, with very marked reduction of complaints.", "PMID": 708083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3178", "title": "Lymphangiectasia of the small intestine as an acute surgical problem.", "content": "Two cases of lymphangiectasia of the small intestine in elderly women are presented. The condition manifested itself in one case by a sudden perforation of the jejunum; in the other case by ileus of the terminal ileum. In both cases the disease process pursued a relentless course that ultimately led to the death of the patients. Elective surgery in patients with lymphangiectasia has been performed before. Acute surgery of lymphangiectasia of the small intestine with complaints of acute abdomen, obstruction or perforation as presenting signs of the disease has not been described previously.", "contents": "Lymphangiectasia of the small intestine as an acute surgical problem. Two cases of lymphangiectasia of the small intestine in elderly women are presented. The condition manifested itself in one case by a sudden perforation of the jejunum; in the other case by ileus of the terminal ileum. In both cases the disease process pursued a relentless course that ultimately led to the death of the patients. Elective surgery in patients with lymphangiectasia has been performed before. Acute surgery of lymphangiectasia of the small intestine with complaints of acute abdomen, obstruction or perforation as presenting signs of the disease has not been described previously.", "PMID": 708084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3179", "title": "[Practical use of the M\u00f6hr and Johnson formula for calculation of ideal weight. Preliminary observations on deviations from ideal weight in a group of 1,000 Sicilian adults].", "content": "Simplification of the operations required for the calculation of ideal weight in adults in accordance with the formula of M\u00f6hr & Johnsen is suggested. Preliminary notes on a group of 500 male and 500 female Sicilians aged 18-24 following determination of the Str\u00f6mgren metrical index and somatotype, ideal weight, and a variation index of differences between the real weight and the ideal weight are presented. Leptomorphs were clearly predominant, particularly among the males. Assessment of the variation index values for each subject within the different somatotypes was followed by analysis of the frequency distribution of under-, normal, and over-weight subjects. Percent frequency was noticeably asymmetrical, with marked differences between somatotypes and the sexes, though there was a clear ratio between deviation and somatotype features. The overall percent frequencies without reference to somatotype were slightly more symmetrical and lay on a leptokurtic curve.", "contents": "[Practical use of the M\u00f6hr and Johnson formula for calculation of ideal weight. Preliminary observations on deviations from ideal weight in a group of 1,000 Sicilian adults]. Simplification of the operations required for the calculation of ideal weight in adults in accordance with the formula of M\u00f6hr & Johnsen is suggested. Preliminary notes on a group of 500 male and 500 female Sicilians aged 18-24 following determination of the Str\u00f6mgren metrical index and somatotype, ideal weight, and a variation index of differences between the real weight and the ideal weight are presented. Leptomorphs were clearly predominant, particularly among the males. Assessment of the variation index values for each subject within the different somatotypes was followed by analysis of the frequency distribution of under-, normal, and over-weight subjects. Percent frequency was noticeably asymmetrical, with marked differences between somatotypes and the sexes, though there was a clear ratio between deviation and somatotype features. The overall percent frequencies without reference to somatotype were slightly more symmetrical and lay on a leptokurtic curve.", "PMID": 708085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3180", "title": "[Experimental toxicological and pharmacodynamic studies of a triple drug association (adrenaline, atropine and papaverine) with anti-bronchospastic activity].", "content": "The antibronchospastic value of the triple association adrenaline (1) + atropine (0,3) + papaverine (3) has been documented experimentally. Comparative investigations have been carried out with isoprenaline, metaproterenol, terbutaline and salbutamol. Toxicological and pharmacodynamic studies were done in the cardiovascular system and in vitro on certain muscles.", "contents": "[Experimental toxicological and pharmacodynamic studies of a triple drug association (adrenaline, atropine and papaverine) with anti-bronchospastic activity]. The antibronchospastic value of the triple association adrenaline (1) + atropine (0,3) + papaverine (3) has been documented experimentally. Comparative investigations have been carried out with isoprenaline, metaproterenol, terbutaline and salbutamol. Toxicological and pharmacodynamic studies were done in the cardiovascular system and in vitro on certain muscles.", "PMID": 708086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3181", "title": "[Chromosome changes in ascitic effusions of neoplastic origin].", "content": "A chromosome study carried out on neoplastic cells from peritoneal effusion in 19 patients is presented. Clonal and sporadic chromosomal anomalies such as aneuploidy, pseudodiploidy, markers and minutes, were observed in all the cases examined. Chromosome analysis, compared with histological study, proved more useful in the diagnosis in two cases.", "contents": "[Chromosome changes in ascitic effusions of neoplastic origin]. A chromosome study carried out on neoplastic cells from peritoneal effusion in 19 patients is presented. Clonal and sporadic chromosomal anomalies such as aneuploidy, pseudodiploidy, markers and minutes, were observed in all the cases examined. Chromosome analysis, compared with histological study, proved more useful in the diagnosis in two cases.", "PMID": 708089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3182", "title": "[Heterotropic hepatobiliary (and intestinal) elimination of uroiodate contrast medium in patients with Lightwood-Albright nephrocalcinosis].", "content": "Incidental hepatobiliary elimination of a urophilous preparation in a subject with nephrocalcinosis is referred to in an examination of the question of heterotopic opacisation. Stress is placed on the link between this phenomenon with coincident renal insufficiency, and on the need for lengthy controls to ensure its demonstration.", "contents": "[Heterotropic hepatobiliary (and intestinal) elimination of uroiodate contrast medium in patients with Lightwood-Albright nephrocalcinosis]. Incidental hepatobiliary elimination of a urophilous preparation in a subject with nephrocalcinosis is referred to in an examination of the question of heterotopic opacisation. Stress is placed on the link between this phenomenon with coincident renal insufficiency, and on the need for lengthy controls to ensure its demonstration.", "PMID": 708087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3183", "title": "[Study of the DNCB skin test in patients with solid neoplasms].", "content": "The DNCB skin test was carried out on 47 patients with solid tumours. Fifteen deaths were noted among subject displaying a negative response and in 1/24 positives. A statistically significant relation was found between negativity and several blood chemistry parameters: increased IgG, positive PCR, inversion of the A/G ratio and the fall in peripheral lymphocytes. The method employed for the test is described.", "contents": "[Study of the DNCB skin test in patients with solid neoplasms]. The DNCB skin test was carried out on 47 patients with solid tumours. Fifteen deaths were noted among subject displaying a negative response and in 1/24 positives. A statistically significant relation was found between negativity and several blood chemistry parameters: increased IgG, positive PCR, inversion of the A/G ratio and the fall in peripheral lymphocytes. The method employed for the test is described.", "PMID": 708088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3184", "title": "[The rheumatic index. A new electrocardiographic parameter in evaluation of rheumatic activity].", "content": "A new index for the diagnosis of rheumatic activity by ECG is presented. By this method the TP/PQ ratio is considered and when lower than 1.10, it is significant for rheumatic activity. The results have been statistically processed by the T (Student) and the U tests, and highly significant.", "contents": "[The rheumatic index. A new electrocardiographic parameter in evaluation of rheumatic activity]. A new index for the diagnosis of rheumatic activity by ECG is presented. By this method the TP/PQ ratio is considered and when lower than 1.10, it is significant for rheumatic activity. The results have been statistically processed by the T (Student) and the U tests, and highly significant.", "PMID": 708092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3185", "title": "[Chromosome changes in peripheral lymphocytes of patients with neoplasms not previously treated].", "content": "Changes in lymphocyte karyotype were noted in subjects with various forms of untreated cancer. Normalisation of the karyotype occurred within two months after removal of the tumour in 40% of cases. Since little is known about the genic background of lymphocytes in the presence of untreated neoplasia, it is felt that alteration of the peripheral karyotype can probably be ascribed to meiopragia closely linked to the fall in immunological surveillance, itself of considerable importance in the complicated problem of the origin of tumours.", "contents": "[Chromosome changes in peripheral lymphocytes of patients with neoplasms not previously treated]. Changes in lymphocyte karyotype were noted in subjects with various forms of untreated cancer. Normalisation of the karyotype occurred within two months after removal of the tumour in 40% of cases. Since little is known about the genic background of lymphocytes in the presence of untreated neoplasia, it is felt that alteration of the peripheral karyotype can probably be ascribed to meiopragia closely linked to the fall in immunological surveillance, itself of considerable importance in the complicated problem of the origin of tumours.", "PMID": 708090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3186", "title": "Neurological abnormalities in patients treated for hypothyroidism from early life.", "content": "Neurological and psycholocial assessment was carried out on 30 patients aged 2.7 to 21 years (mean 9.4) who were being treated for hypothyroidism starting before the age of 2 years. Their IQ scores lay in the normal range (71--122; mean 92.4) but 77% showed at least one sign of impaired brain function. Clumsiness was found in 33%, behaviour disorders in 23%, speech disorders in 20%, learning disorders in 26%, squint in 53%, nystagmus in 10%, and minor motor disorders in 50%. Many showed several of these features and hypothyroidism in early life appears to lead to widespeard impairment of brain function. These neurological findings were equally common in patients in whom treatment started between 4 and 10 weeks of age and patients treated after 10 weeks, suggesting that early detection of hypothyroidism by neonatal screening may be of limited benefit. Children who have been hypothyroid in early infancy require careful assessment to prevent further visual, emotional, scholastic, or vocational difficulties.", "contents": "Neurological abnormalities in patients treated for hypothyroidism from early life. Neurological and psycholocial assessment was carried out on 30 patients aged 2.7 to 21 years (mean 9.4) who were being treated for hypothyroidism starting before the age of 2 years. Their IQ scores lay in the normal range (71--122; mean 92.4) but 77% showed at least one sign of impaired brain function. Clumsiness was found in 33%, behaviour disorders in 23%, speech disorders in 20%, learning disorders in 26%, squint in 53%, nystagmus in 10%, and minor motor disorders in 50%. Many showed several of these features and hypothyroidism in early life appears to lead to widespeard impairment of brain function. These neurological findings were equally common in patients in whom treatment started between 4 and 10 weeks of age and patients treated after 10 weeks, suggesting that early detection of hypothyroidism by neonatal screening may be of limited benefit. Children who have been hypothyroid in early infancy require careful assessment to prevent further visual, emotional, scholastic, or vocational difficulties.", "PMID": 708096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3187", "title": "[Current trends in drug therapy of cerebral ictus].", "content": "The following protocol was used in the management of 25 hospitalised patients with acute cerebrovascular episodes: 4 vials Hydergine per day (slow venous drip) during the entire stay in hospital, with glycerol, diuretics, papaverine, cituridine, etc., during the initial period. Good results were noted in 18 cases (72%), including complete or nearly complete recovery of mobility and marked improvement of the entire clinical picture. A modest result was obtained in 4 cases and a fair result in one. Two subjects died, one from cardiographic shock and the other from supravening deep coma. It is considered that the protocol described is definitely useful in the medical treatment of cerebral ictus.", "contents": "[Current trends in drug therapy of cerebral ictus]. The following protocol was used in the management of 25 hospitalised patients with acute cerebrovascular episodes: 4 vials Hydergine per day (slow venous drip) during the entire stay in hospital, with glycerol, diuretics, papaverine, cituridine, etc., during the initial period. Good results were noted in 18 cases (72%), including complete or nearly complete recovery of mobility and marked improvement of the entire clinical picture. A modest result was obtained in 4 cases and a fair result in one. Two subjects died, one from cardiographic shock and the other from supravening deep coma. It is considered that the protocol described is definitely useful in the medical treatment of cerebral ictus.", "PMID": 708093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3188", "title": "Clinicopathological findings in patients with primary and secondary defects of neutrophil mobility.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients with defective neutrophil mobility were classified, largely on results of parent values, into primary (17)--mainly Shwachman's syndrome--and probable secondary (11). They presented with frequent infections and/or allergy and these symptoms were essentially similar in both groups. Neutropenia was virtually confined.  to the patients with Shwachman's syndrome. Diagnoses associated with secondary neutrophil mobility defects included hydrocephalus with shunt, cystic fibrosis, and immunoglobulin deficiency. The neutrophil mobility of nearly nearly all the patients studied increased when levamisole was added in vitro, but there was no clear evidence of clinical benefit when patients were given the drug.", "contents": "Clinicopathological findings in patients with primary and secondary defects of neutrophil mobility. Twenty-eight patients with defective neutrophil mobility were classified, largely on results of parent values, into primary (17)--mainly Shwachman's syndrome--and probable secondary (11). They presented with frequent infections and/or allergy and these symptoms were essentially similar in both groups. Neutropenia was virtually confined.  to the patients with Shwachman's syndrome. Diagnoses associated with secondary neutrophil mobility defects included hydrocephalus with shunt, cystic fibrosis, and immunoglobulin deficiency. The neutrophil mobility of nearly nearly all the patients studied increased when levamisole was added in vitro, but there was no clear evidence of clinical benefit when patients were given the drug.", "PMID": 708097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3189", "title": "[An unusual case of the coup-de-fouet syndrome. Eutrophic and cicatrizant effect of a preparation with a taurine base].", "content": "An unusual case of \"pedrada\" sindrome is presented. Skin ulcers were observed as late and persistent sequelae on the affected limb. This finding appeared to have no precedent in the literature. New suggestions are made with regard to the cause of the syndrome and excellent results obtained with a taurine preparation are reported. Prophylactic administration of taurine in the management of this syndrome is proposed.", "contents": "[An unusual case of the coup-de-fouet syndrome. Eutrophic and cicatrizant effect of a preparation with a taurine base]. An unusual case of \"pedrada\" sindrome is presented. Skin ulcers were observed as late and persistent sequelae on the affected limb. This finding appeared to have no precedent in the literature. New suggestions are made with regard to the cause of the syndrome and excellent results obtained with a taurine preparation are reported. Prophylactic administration of taurine in the management of this syndrome is proposed.", "PMID": 708095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3190", "title": "Acute inflammatory bowel disease in childbood: a new disease?", "content": "Three children aged between 7 and 11 years, after an acute onset of diarrhoea and vomiting, developed protracted diarrhoea and severe loss of weight. None had been abroad. No significant aetiological agent was found. There was evidence of acute inflammatory disease on proximal small intestinal biopsy, and some evidence of more widespread gut involvement--of the rectum in Cases 1 and 2, and the terminal ileum in Cases 2 and 3. The disease resolved spontaneously and without relapse.", "contents": "Acute inflammatory bowel disease in childbood: a new disease? Three children aged between 7 and 11 years, after an acute onset of diarrhoea and vomiting, developed protracted diarrhoea and severe loss of weight. None had been abroad. No significant aetiological agent was found. There was evidence of acute inflammatory disease on proximal small intestinal biopsy, and some evidence of more widespread gut involvement--of the rectum in Cases 1 and 2, and the terminal ileum in Cases 2 and 3. The disease resolved spontaneously and without relapse.", "PMID": 708099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3191", "title": "Proctosigmoiditis and coeliac disease.", "content": "Of 80 children with proved coeliac disease, 2 presented with an associated disease of the distal portion of the large intestine. In one child the family history and the extension, localisation, and characteristics of intestinal lesions made us suspect ulcerative colitis; in the other we made a diagnosis of milk-induced colitis.", "contents": "Proctosigmoiditis and coeliac disease. Of 80 children with proved coeliac disease, 2 presented with an associated disease of the distal portion of the large intestine. In one child the family history and the extension, localisation, and characteristics of intestinal lesions made us suspect ulcerative colitis; in the other we made a diagnosis of milk-induced colitis.", "PMID": 708100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3192", "title": "Evaluation of the Sheffield system for identifying children at risk from unexpected death in infancy. Results from Birmingham and Newcastle upon Tyne.", "content": "The \"at birth\" system which is used in Sheffield to identify children likely to die unexpectedly in infancy, was tested retrospectively in Birmingham (83 cases) and in Newcastle upon Tyne (56 cases). The discrimination between cases and age-matched controls was poor in both cities. Analysis of the 8 factors used in the system showed that only 2 maintained significant case/control differences in Birmingham and Newcastle. Further investigation showed that other factors from maternity records showed significant case/control differences in these cities. Although the system used in Sheffield would not be of use in a prospective prevention programme in either Newcastle or Birmingham, the possibility of evolving an \"at risk\" system which might apply more widely is discussed.", "contents": "Evaluation of the Sheffield system for identifying children at risk from unexpected death in infancy. Results from Birmingham and Newcastle upon Tyne. The \"at birth\" system which is used in Sheffield to identify children likely to die unexpectedly in infancy, was tested retrospectively in Birmingham (83 cases) and in Newcastle upon Tyne (56 cases). The discrimination between cases and age-matched controls was poor in both cities. Analysis of the 8 factors used in the system showed that only 2 maintained significant case/control differences in Birmingham and Newcastle. Further investigation showed that other factors from maternity records showed significant case/control differences in these cities. Although the system used in Sheffield would not be of use in a prospective prevention programme in either Newcastle or Birmingham, the possibility of evolving an \"at risk\" system which might apply more widely is discussed.", "PMID": 708101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3193", "title": "Students' assessment of paediatric teaching and their opinions 7 years later.", "content": "A prospective study of the long-term validity of student assessment of paediatric teaching began during the period 1968--70. The students gave scores to the different parts of the course in a standard questionnaire. Between 6 and 8 years later the same students were given the same questionnaire to complete. 76 of the original 92 students responded. By this time most of them  were either principals in general practice, or senior registrars or consultants in hospital medicine. The 18 items in the paediatric course were given remarkably similar scores in the two questionnaires, and the popularity ratings of only 2 items had altered significantly during the 7-year interval. The doctor 6--8 years after the course seems more likely to appreciate the need for teaching about communication skills.", "contents": "Students' assessment of paediatric teaching and their opinions 7 years later. A prospective study of the long-term validity of student assessment of paediatric teaching began during the period 1968--70. The students gave scores to the different parts of the course in a standard questionnaire. Between 6 and 8 years later the same students were given the same questionnaire to complete. 76 of the original 92 students responded. By this time most of them  were either principals in general practice, or senior registrars or consultants in hospital medicine. The 18 items in the paediatric course were given remarkably similar scores in the two questionnaires, and the popularity ratings of only 2 items had altered significantly during the 7-year interval. The doctor 6--8 years after the course seems more likely to appreciate the need for teaching about communication skills.", "PMID": 708102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3194", "title": "Alternating hemiplegia: complicated migraine of infancy.", "content": "Alternating hemiplegia in children is a rare form of \"complicated\" migraine. There are a number of similarities to seizure disorders and correct diagnosis may prove difficult. The clinical features of 6 patients with alternating hemiplegia are presented together with the results of electrophysiological, radiological, and biochemical studies. While there were a number of clinical similarities between the patients, extensive investigations failed to demonstrate significant abnormalities. Although a diagnosis of a seizure disorder was suggested at some time in all of the patients, in only 2 was it certain there was a fit. Headaches occurred in the eldest patient (although not always with a hemiplegic attach) while in the younger patients misery often accompanied their attacks. Intellectual status was impaired in 5 patients, although in 2 of these the cause was most likely to be perinatal difficulties. Response to various forms of treatment was generally not encouraging and concern is expressed that this alternating hemiplegia of childhood may carry an unfavourable prognosis.", "contents": "Alternating hemiplegia: complicated migraine of infancy. Alternating hemiplegia in children is a rare form of \"complicated\" migraine. There are a number of similarities to seizure disorders and correct diagnosis may prove difficult. The clinical features of 6 patients with alternating hemiplegia are presented together with the results of electrophysiological, radiological, and biochemical studies. While there were a number of clinical similarities between the patients, extensive investigations failed to demonstrate significant abnormalities. Although a diagnosis of a seizure disorder was suggested at some time in all of the patients, in only 2 was it certain there was a fit. Headaches occurred in the eldest patient (although not always with a hemiplegic attach) while in the younger patients misery often accompanied their attacks. Intellectual status was impaired in 5 patients, although in 2 of these the cause was most likely to be perinatal difficulties. Response to various forms of treatment was generally not encouraging and concern is expressed that this alternating hemiplegia of childhood may carry an unfavourable prognosis.", "PMID": 708103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3195", "title": "Familial syndrome with panhypopituitarism, hypoplasia of the hypophysis, and poorly developed sella turcica.", "content": "Two sisters who died at the age of 2.5 years and 5 weeks are described. Both showed signs of panhypopituitarism. At necropsy, no hypophysis could be found in the first child and a rudimentary and partly ectopic hypophysis was found in the other. Both children had a flat, poorly developed sella turcica, and the sellar anomaly could be seen in skull x-rays. These patients represent a hereditary syndrome characterised by neonatal panhypopituitarism, hypoplasia of the pituitary gland, and flat sella turcica.", "contents": "Familial syndrome with panhypopituitarism, hypoplasia of the hypophysis, and poorly developed sella turcica. Two sisters who died at the age of 2.5 years and 5 weeks are described. Both showed signs of panhypopituitarism. At necropsy, no hypophysis could be found in the first child and a rudimentary and partly ectopic hypophysis was found in the other. Both children had a flat, poorly developed sella turcica, and the sellar anomaly could be seen in skull x-rays. These patients represent a hereditary syndrome characterised by neonatal panhypopituitarism, hypoplasia of the pituitary gland, and flat sella turcica.", "PMID": 708104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3196", "title": "Concealed pre-excitation causing paroxysmal reciprocating atrioventricular tachycardia in infancy.", "content": "We report 3 infants with Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome who presented with life-threatening paroxysmal reciprocating atrioventricular tachycardia in their first month of life. The diagnosis was confirmed by electrophysiological studies at ages 2--4 years, but the characteristic ECG of pre-excitation has not been shown in one patient and was first recorded at 2 and 3 years in the other two. In 2 patients the tachycardia proved refractory to treatment with digoxin alone but responded to the addition of propranalol or verapamil. One of these infants was converted to sinus rhythm by DC countershock, giving time to reconsider his treatment with drugs. Digoxin is a well-tried treatment acting by slowing AV conduction and interrupting the re-entry circuit. However, it may act more slowly than other agents that act on the AV node--such as intravenous verapamil. Our patients illustrate the value of long follow-up as the diagnosis of WPW syndrome could not be made in infancy. Many infants who present with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in infancy may have an inapparent bypass and be examples of the WPW syndrome.", "contents": "Concealed pre-excitation causing paroxysmal reciprocating atrioventricular tachycardia in infancy. We report 3 infants with Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome who presented with life-threatening paroxysmal reciprocating atrioventricular tachycardia in their first month of life. The diagnosis was confirmed by electrophysiological studies at ages 2--4 years, but the characteristic ECG of pre-excitation has not been shown in one patient and was first recorded at 2 and 3 years in the other two. In 2 patients the tachycardia proved refractory to treatment with digoxin alone but responded to the addition of propranalol or verapamil. One of these infants was converted to sinus rhythm by DC countershock, giving time to reconsider his treatment with drugs. Digoxin is a well-tried treatment acting by slowing AV conduction and interrupting the re-entry circuit. However, it may act more slowly than other agents that act on the AV node--such as intravenous verapamil. Our patients illustrate the value of long follow-up as the diagnosis of WPW syndrome could not be made in infancy. Many infants who present with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in infancy may have an inapparent bypass and be examples of the WPW syndrome.", "PMID": 708105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3197", "title": "Tetrahydrobiopterin therapy of atypical phenylketonuria due to defective dihydrobiopterin biosynthesis.", "content": "A patient with atypical phenylketonuria (defective BH2 synthesis), detected at age 6 months because of severe muscle hypotonia and serum phenylalanine of 20 mg/100 ml, had normal activities of phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase and DHPR in liver biopsy, but only 2% activity in the phenylalanine-4-hyroxylase in vivo test using deuterated phenylalanine. After IV administration of 2.5 mg/kg chemically pure tetrahydrobiopterin bishydrochloride (BH4 . 2HCl), serum phenylalanine decreased from 20.4 to 2.1 mg/100 ml within 3 hours. Administration of 25 mg BH4 . HCl and 100 mg ascorbic acid through a gastric tube decrease; serum phenylalanine from 13.7 to less than 1.6 mg/100 ml within 3 hours and it remained less than 2 mg/100 ml for 2 days.", "contents": "Tetrahydrobiopterin therapy of atypical phenylketonuria due to defective dihydrobiopterin biosynthesis. A patient with atypical phenylketonuria (defective BH2 synthesis), detected at age 6 months because of severe muscle hypotonia and serum phenylalanine of 20 mg/100 ml, had normal activities of phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase and DHPR in liver biopsy, but only 2% activity in the phenylalanine-4-hyroxylase in vivo test using deuterated phenylalanine. After IV administration of 2.5 mg/kg chemically pure tetrahydrobiopterin bishydrochloride (BH4 . 2HCl), serum phenylalanine decreased from 20.4 to 2.1 mg/100 ml within 3 hours. Administration of 25 mg BH4 . HCl and 100 mg ascorbic acid through a gastric tube decrease; serum phenylalanine from 13.7 to less than 1.6 mg/100 ml within 3 hours and it remained less than 2 mg/100 ml for 2 days.", "PMID": 708106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3198", "title": "Diagnosis of phaeochromocytoma after ingestion of imipramine.", "content": "An 11-year-old twin girl was admitted to hospital with a 24-hour history of profuse sweating, tachycardia, and hypertension after a single dose of imipramine. She was subsequently found to have a right adrenal phaeochromocytoma. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of tumour provocation by imipramine.", "contents": "Diagnosis of phaeochromocytoma after ingestion of imipramine. An 11-year-old twin girl was admitted to hospital with a 24-hour history of profuse sweating, tachycardia, and hypertension after a single dose of imipramine. She was subsequently found to have a right adrenal phaeochromocytoma. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of tumour provocation by imipramine.", "PMID": 708107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3199", "title": "Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency. A follow-up report.", "content": "Nine children with sucrase-isomaltase deficiency were assessed up to 10 years after diagnosis. All children continued to have episodes of diarrhoea associated with sucrose ingestion. Sucrose tolerance tests showed that malabsorption of sucrose persists into adolescence. Three older patients were unaware of their condition and were eating normal diets with unrestricted amounts of sucrose. They complained of gastrointestinal symptoms which improved after sucrose restriction.", "contents": "Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency. A follow-up report. Nine children with sucrase-isomaltase deficiency were assessed up to 10 years after diagnosis. All children continued to have episodes of diarrhoea associated with sucrose ingestion. Sucrose tolerance tests showed that malabsorption of sucrose persists into adolescence. Three older patients were unaware of their condition and were eating normal diets with unrestricted amounts of sucrose. They complained of gastrointestinal symptoms which improved after sucrose restriction.", "PMID": 708108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3200", "title": "Infantile spasms and HLA antigens.", "content": "21 new cases of infantile spasms were reported in 1976 from paediatric departments in Denmark. The connection between infantile spasms and the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome is mentioned, because of reports of a significantly higher incidence of HLA-B7 in children with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. The HLA antigen distribution in 19 of the 21 children was compared with that of 1967 healthy adults. No difference in the HLA antigens was demonstrated between children with infantile spasms and controls, whether in the material as a whole, or in the cryptogenic or symptomatic groups. However HLA typing of children with infantile spasms should continue in the search for a potential genetic marker in this grave disease, particularly in view of the reported high incidence of HLA-B7 in children with the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.", "contents": "Infantile spasms and HLA antigens. 21 new cases of infantile spasms were reported in 1976 from paediatric departments in Denmark. The connection between infantile spasms and the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome is mentioned, because of reports of a significantly higher incidence of HLA-B7 in children with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. The HLA antigen distribution in 19 of the 21 children was compared with that of 1967 healthy adults. No difference in the HLA antigens was demonstrated between children with infantile spasms and controls, whether in the material as a whole, or in the cryptogenic or symptomatic groups. However HLA typing of children with infantile spasms should continue in the search for a potential genetic marker in this grave disease, particularly in view of the reported high incidence of HLA-B7 in children with the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.", "PMID": 708109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3201", "title": "Familial neurodegenerative disorder associated with raised urinary vanillylmandelic acid.", "content": "We report a child who presented with a progressive neurological disorder associated with hypertension and paroxysms of irritability and sweating in whom an abnormality of catecholamine metabolism or excretion was demonstrated. An elder sister died at the age of 2 1/2 years with similar clinical symptoms but without blood pressure or catecholamine excretion being recorded. The exact mechanism of the disturbance of catecholamine excretion was not identified in our patient but some slight improvement in hypertension and arrest of his neurological deterioration was noted when he was put on a low tyramine diet. It is suggested that our patient may well suffer from a familial neurodegenerative disorder in which an abnormality of catecholamine metabolism or excretion is a feature.", "contents": "Familial neurodegenerative disorder associated with raised urinary vanillylmandelic acid. We report a child who presented with a progressive neurological disorder associated with hypertension and paroxysms of irritability and sweating in whom an abnormality of catecholamine metabolism or excretion was demonstrated. An elder sister died at the age of 2 1/2 years with similar clinical symptoms but without blood pressure or catecholamine excretion being recorded. The exact mechanism of the disturbance of catecholamine excretion was not identified in our patient but some slight improvement in hypertension and arrest of his neurological deterioration was noted when he was put on a low tyramine diet. It is suggested that our patient may well suffer from a familial neurodegenerative disorder in which an abnormality of catecholamine metabolism or excretion is a feature.", "PMID": 708110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3202", "title": "Effects of long-term tobacco smoke exposure on whole blood viscosity in the rat.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of long-term tobacco smoke administration to rats on whole blood viscosity. Blood samples obtained from rats that had been administered tobacco smoke daily for a period of 10 wk and samples from normal cage control rats were placed in a cone-plate viscometer. Whole blood viscosities were measured at shear rates ranging from 23 to 230/sec. At every shear rate tested, blood viscosity from the smoke-treated animals was significantly higher than corresponding viscosities from the control rats. It is concluded that chronic tobacco smoke administration to rats increases the viscosity of whole blood, both at high shear rates where blood behaves rheologically as a Newtonian fluid and at low shear rates where blood displays non-Newtonian properties.", "contents": "Effects of long-term tobacco smoke exposure on whole blood viscosity in the rat. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of long-term tobacco smoke administration to rats on whole blood viscosity. Blood samples obtained from rats that had been administered tobacco smoke daily for a period of 10 wk and samples from normal cage control rats were placed in a cone-plate viscometer. Whole blood viscosities were measured at shear rates ranging from 23 to 230/sec. At every shear rate tested, blood viscosity from the smoke-treated animals was significantly higher than corresponding viscosities from the control rats. It is concluded that chronic tobacco smoke administration to rats increases the viscosity of whole blood, both at high shear rates where blood behaves rheologically as a Newtonian fluid and at low shear rates where blood displays non-Newtonian properties.", "PMID": 708114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3203", "title": "Family operational co-factors in the epidemiology of childhood lead poisoning.", "content": "A large-scale data base was derived from the New Haven Connecticut Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention and Control Program. A subset of 918 children was examined to explore the associations of blood lead levels in these children and four family operational factors. Elevated lead in the children was positively associated with: (a) larger numbers of children under 6 yr in the family; (b) fewer parents at home; (c) fewer parents employed; and (d) lack of day care. Additional environmental, demographic, and socioeconomic factors in childhood lead poisoning and its control are under study.", "contents": "Family operational co-factors in the epidemiology of childhood lead poisoning. A large-scale data base was derived from the New Haven Connecticut Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention and Control Program. A subset of 918 children was examined to explore the associations of blood lead levels in these children and four family operational factors. Elevated lead in the children was positively associated with: (a) larger numbers of children under 6 yr in the family; (b) fewer parents at home; (c) fewer parents employed; and (d) lack of day care. Additional environmental, demographic, and socioeconomic factors in childhood lead poisoning and its control are under study.", "PMID": 708115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3204", "title": "Carbon monoxide exposure and auditory duration discrimination.", "content": "Two young adults performed an auditory duration discrimination task while sitting in an open office (i.e., without sensory isolation). The percentage of errors rose when carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) readings of 3.2% or 4.7% were produced by a rebreathing method; there was a parallel but statistically insignificant trend at 2.0% HbCO. Analysis of the data by psychophysical measures, however, showed no significant changes of difference threshold, criterion value, or point of subjective equality. After the tape was rearranged to meet criteria of a constant interval, a balanced order of presentation, and psychological rather than physical equality of tone length, eight young adults performed the task better in an isolation booth than in an open office, scores in both situations being unaffected by increases of HbCO to greater than 8%. Further trials with five young adults compared responses before and after administration of 80 ml of CO (HbCO 4.92%); again, no effect of carbon monoxide was seen relative to control experiments. The error score of nonsmoking young adults can be increased by a level of HbCO as low as 3.2%. The likelihood of such a response, however, is markedly influenced by task difficulty, environment, and the arousal of the subjects. Furthermore, the nature of the functional disturbance remains uncertain; psychophysical measures show no significant impairment of auditory duration discrimination.", "contents": "Carbon monoxide exposure and auditory duration discrimination. Two young adults performed an auditory duration discrimination task while sitting in an open office (i.e., without sensory isolation). The percentage of errors rose when carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) readings of 3.2% or 4.7% were produced by a rebreathing method; there was a parallel but statistically insignificant trend at 2.0% HbCO. Analysis of the data by psychophysical measures, however, showed no significant changes of difference threshold, criterion value, or point of subjective equality. After the tape was rearranged to meet criteria of a constant interval, a balanced order of presentation, and psychological rather than physical equality of tone length, eight young adults performed the task better in an isolation booth than in an open office, scores in both situations being unaffected by increases of HbCO to greater than 8%. Further trials with five young adults compared responses before and after administration of 80 ml of CO (HbCO 4.92%); again, no effect of carbon monoxide was seen relative to control experiments. The error score of nonsmoking young adults can be increased by a level of HbCO as low as 3.2%. The likelihood of such a response, however, is markedly influenced by task difficulty, environment, and the arousal of the subjects. Furthermore, the nature of the functional disturbance remains uncertain; psychophysical measures show no significant impairment of auditory duration discrimination.", "PMID": 708116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3205", "title": "Effects of low levels of lead exposure on cognitive function--a review.", "content": "The relationship between low levels of lead and cognitive functioning in animals is reviewed. The data suggest that within animals lead can produce a massive disruption of learning ability while not affecting either morbidity or mortality. Concentration of lead appears to insidiously cause damage to learning function where extremely low doses disrupt the hard-to-measure higher levels of cognitive function. It is concluded that the current standards of lead concentration should be reappraised in terms of measures of damage to cognitive learning.", "contents": "Effects of low levels of lead exposure on cognitive function--a review. The relationship between low levels of lead and cognitive functioning in animals is reviewed. The data suggest that within animals lead can produce a massive disruption of learning ability while not affecting either morbidity or mortality. Concentration of lead appears to insidiously cause damage to learning function where extremely low doses disrupt the hard-to-measure higher levels of cognitive function. It is concluded that the current standards of lead concentration should be reappraised in terms of measures of damage to cognitive learning.", "PMID": 708117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3206", "title": "Sensory irritation of select experimental photochemical oxidants.", "content": "Groups of male Swiss-Webster mice were exposed to photochemical oxidant mixtures generated by reacting various hydrocarbons with nitrogen dioxide in the presence of ultraviolet light while their respiratory rates were monitored. The hydrocarbons used were 1,3-butadiene, 1-butene, cis-2-butene, ethylene, propylene, n-butane, and ethane. The initial hydrocarbon concentrations ranged from .4 to 18 ppm, with the initial nitrogen dioxide concentration being one-third that of the initial hydrocarbon concentration. New groups (four mice per group) were exposed for 5 min at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hr of ultraviolet irradiation. Dose-response curves for each hydrocarbon were developed by plotting the maximum percent decrease in respiratory rate observed during the 4 hr of irradiation of each mixture as a function of the initial hydrocarbon concentration present. The percent decrease in respiratory rate in mice was chosen as an index of the sensory irritation of the upper respiratory tract for each mixture. The results showed that the potency of the photochemical oxidant mixtures generated from the hydrocarbons to be propylene greater than 1,3,-butadiene = 1-butene=cis-2-butene greater than ethylene. When ethane or n-butane was used, no decrease in respiratory rate was observed. These results are compatible with the data obtained in human volunteer studies. Guidelines for relating the  percent decrease in respiratory rate in mice to human reactions are presented.", "contents": "Sensory irritation of select experimental photochemical oxidants. Groups of male Swiss-Webster mice were exposed to photochemical oxidant mixtures generated by reacting various hydrocarbons with nitrogen dioxide in the presence of ultraviolet light while their respiratory rates were monitored. The hydrocarbons used were 1,3-butadiene, 1-butene, cis-2-butene, ethylene, propylene, n-butane, and ethane. The initial hydrocarbon concentrations ranged from .4 to 18 ppm, with the initial nitrogen dioxide concentration being one-third that of the initial hydrocarbon concentration. New groups (four mice per group) were exposed for 5 min at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hr of ultraviolet irradiation. Dose-response curves for each hydrocarbon were developed by plotting the maximum percent decrease in respiratory rate observed during the 4 hr of irradiation of each mixture as a function of the initial hydrocarbon concentration present. The percent decrease in respiratory rate in mice was chosen as an index of the sensory irritation of the upper respiratory tract for each mixture. The results showed that the potency of the photochemical oxidant mixtures generated from the hydrocarbons to be propylene greater than 1,3,-butadiene = 1-butene=cis-2-butene greater than ethylene. When ethane or n-butane was used, no decrease in respiratory rate was observed. These results are compatible with the data obtained in human volunteer studies. Guidelines for relating the  percent decrease in respiratory rate in mice to human reactions are presented.", "PMID": 708118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3207", "title": "Exposure to dust-borne bacteria in agriculture. I. Environmental studies.", "content": "In order to evaluate the exposure of agricultural workers to dust-borne bacteria, microbiological examinations of the air were performed in grain storing and processing plants and in animal houses. Large concentrations of viable microorganisms, ranging from 129.2 to 1289.9 thousands/m3 of air, were found in the rooms contaminated with grain dust and much lower in those contaminated with flour dust (22.6 thousands/m3). Bacteria predominated in the air of grain plants, whereas actinomycetes and fungi were less numerous. The most abundant bacteria were Gram negative rods of the species Erwinia herbicola. Large concentrations of air-borne microorganisms were also found in different animal farms, reaching 225.5 to 595.4 thousands/m3 in hatcheries and 7751.5 thousands/m3 in a broiler house. Staphylococci were most frequently isolated and other common organisms were Corynebacteria and Streptococci. It was concluded that high exposure to dust-borne bacteria creates a hazard to agricultural workers.", "contents": "Exposure to dust-borne bacteria in agriculture. I. Environmental studies. In order to evaluate the exposure of agricultural workers to dust-borne bacteria, microbiological examinations of the air were performed in grain storing and processing plants and in animal houses. Large concentrations of viable microorganisms, ranging from 129.2 to 1289.9 thousands/m3 of air, were found in the rooms contaminated with grain dust and much lower in those contaminated with flour dust (22.6 thousands/m3). Bacteria predominated in the air of grain plants, whereas actinomycetes and fungi were less numerous. The most abundant bacteria were Gram negative rods of the species Erwinia herbicola. Large concentrations of air-borne microorganisms were also found in different animal farms, reaching 225.5 to 595.4 thousands/m3 in hatcheries and 7751.5 thousands/m3 in a broiler house. Staphylococci were most frequently isolated and other common organisms were Corynebacteria and Streptococci. It was concluded that high exposure to dust-borne bacteria creates a hazard to agricultural workers.", "PMID": 708119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3208", "title": "Plasma cholinesterase activity in early pregnancy.", "content": "A significant fall in plasma cholinesterase activity was observed in six healthy young women in the first 3 months of normal pregnancy. There was some evidence of return to normal pre-pregnancy levels in later pregnancy. No hypothesis is suggested to account for this phenomenon, although it seems possible that it may be the result of altered liver enzyme synthesis.", "contents": "Plasma cholinesterase activity in early pregnancy. A significant fall in plasma cholinesterase activity was observed in six healthy young women in the first 3 months of normal pregnancy. There was some evidence of return to normal pre-pregnancy levels in later pregnancy. No hypothesis is suggested to account for this phenomenon, although it seems possible that it may be the result of altered liver enzyme synthesis.", "PMID": 708120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3209", "title": "[Sudden death in the long term development of ischemic cardiopathy].", "content": "During five years or until death, we had under observation 74 patients who survived the acute phase of myocardial infarction, 66 patients with angor inestable, and a third group, also of 66 patients of the coronary unit, but whose cases didn't show evidence of their illness being due to myocardial infarction. The general features were similar in the three groups. The patients outliving myocardial infarction reached 69%; those surviving angor inestable, reached 79%, and the survivors of the no-coronary group, 92.5%. There were not significant differences among the three groups in mortality rate due to non cardial illnesses. The differences are in relation with sudden death; in the first groups, 14.8%, 10.6% in the second group, and only 1.5% in the third one. In the coronary groups half the total mortality was due to sudden death. Death was instantaneous in 26% of the cases and 52% occurred in less than two hours. All of these sudden deaths occurred out of the Hospital. Patients with antecedents of previous myocardial infarction showed from 3 to 6 more sudden deaths than those patients suffering a first myocardial infarction. The myocardial infarction patients who developed cardiomegaly afterwards registered two and a half more sudden deaths than those without cardiomegaly. Differences were highly significant; 28.5% sudden deaths in those patients with cardiomegaly and 8.4% in patients without cardiomegaly. These results show that the higher rate of sudden deaths is due to a more extensive myocardial damage. Arterial hypertension also constitutes and important risk of sudden death, even when it is properly controlled after the acute period.", "contents": "[Sudden death in the long term development of ischemic cardiopathy]. During five years or until death, we had under observation 74 patients who survived the acute phase of myocardial infarction, 66 patients with angor inestable, and a third group, also of 66 patients of the coronary unit, but whose cases didn't show evidence of their illness being due to myocardial infarction. The general features were similar in the three groups. The patients outliving myocardial infarction reached 69%; those surviving angor inestable, reached 79%, and the survivors of the no-coronary group, 92.5%. There were not significant differences among the three groups in mortality rate due to non cardial illnesses. The differences are in relation with sudden death; in the first groups, 14.8%, 10.6% in the second group, and only 1.5% in the third one. In the coronary groups half the total mortality was due to sudden death. Death was instantaneous in 26% of the cases and 52% occurred in less than two hours. All of these sudden deaths occurred out of the Hospital. Patients with antecedents of previous myocardial infarction showed from 3 to 6 more sudden deaths than those patients suffering a first myocardial infarction. The myocardial infarction patients who developed cardiomegaly afterwards registered two and a half more sudden deaths than those without cardiomegaly. Differences were highly significant; 28.5% sudden deaths in those patients with cardiomegaly and 8.4% in patients without cardiomegaly. These results show that the higher rate of sudden deaths is due to a more extensive myocardial damage. Arterial hypertension also constitutes and important risk of sudden death, even when it is properly controlled after the acute period.", "PMID": 708129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3210", "title": "[Exercise test and differential diagnosis of fetal arrhythmia].", "content": "The cases here reported show in the first place that external fetal ECG is useful to detect fetal distress and should therefore be included as a prenatal control from the second trimester of pregnancy on, specially in cases where there is a past history of fetal death of unknown origin, or a family history of congenital heart defects. A fetal tolerance test to exercise should also be done in those cases with a past history of fetal death, distress or whenever chronic fetal distress may be suspected to take place because of the presence of maternal pathology (endocrine, cardiovascular, or infectious diseases, etc.). Fetal tolerance test to uterine contractions should also be done whenever possible to evaluate the tolerance of these fetuses to uterine contractility during labor. More studies are needed to establish standard guides of this method for the practical obstetrical management of products of high risk pregnancies.", "contents": "[Exercise test and differential diagnosis of fetal arrhythmia]. The cases here reported show in the first place that external fetal ECG is useful to detect fetal distress and should therefore be included as a prenatal control from the second trimester of pregnancy on, specially in cases where there is a past history of fetal death of unknown origin, or a family history of congenital heart defects. A fetal tolerance test to exercise should also be done in those cases with a past history of fetal death, distress or whenever chronic fetal distress may be suspected to take place because of the presence of maternal pathology (endocrine, cardiovascular, or infectious diseases, etc.). Fetal tolerance test to uterine contractions should also be done whenever possible to evaluate the tolerance of these fetuses to uterine contractility during labor. More studies are needed to establish standard guides of this method for the practical obstetrical management of products of high risk pregnancies.", "PMID": 708130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3211", "title": "[Arterial hypertension in adolescents].", "content": "The clinical cases of 391 men and 609 women, adolescent all of them, are included in this study. T.A. values were obtained by the Korotkoff method and the lower figures in both measurements analized. The mean value for the men's cases were 112/72/67 and for the women's cases 105/71/67 respectively for K1, K4 and K5. The difference between the sistolic pressures is significant. Taking the mean men and 126/89/86 for the women. Such values might represent the higher values plus two standard derivations it was possible to obtain 139/92/88 for the normal limit. At higher values we found K1 at 1% for men and 10% for women; K4 at 1.2% for men and 5.7% for women; for K5 at 1.1% for men and 2.2% for women. There is a direct relation between obesity and higher figures in T.A. for K1 and K4 in both sexes (p.0.01). The use of too much salt influenced the coming up of K4 to (p.0.01).", "contents": "[Arterial hypertension in adolescents]. The clinical cases of 391 men and 609 women, adolescent all of them, are included in this study. T.A. values were obtained by the Korotkoff method and the lower figures in both measurements analized. The mean value for the men's cases were 112/72/67 and for the women's cases 105/71/67 respectively for K1, K4 and K5. The difference between the sistolic pressures is significant. Taking the mean men and 126/89/86 for the women. Such values might represent the higher values plus two standard derivations it was possible to obtain 139/92/88 for the normal limit. At higher values we found K1 at 1% for men and 10% for women; K4 at 1.2% for men and 5.7% for women; for K5 at 1.1% for men and 2.2% for women. There is a direct relation between obesity and higher figures in T.A. for K1 and K4 in both sexes (p.0.01). The use of too much salt influenced the coming up of K4 to (p.0.01).", "PMID": 708131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3212", "title": "Effects of glucose and some oral hypoglycemic agents upon the plasma glucose and immuno-reactive insulin (IRI) in normal and streptozotocin induced diabetic rat.", "content": "An investigation has been made to see the effect of oral hypoglycemic agants on the blood sugar (BS) and plasma Immuno-Reactive Insulin (IRI) in normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats. Plasma IRI was significantly reduced in a streptozotocin treated diabetic rat 8 weeks after streptozotocin injection. In normal rats oral administration of Sodium tolbutamide (TOL) and Glybenclamide (GLI) produced a significant fall in BS and a concurrent increase in plasma IRI, but phenformin (PHE) was without any effect on both these parameters. Unlike normal rats streptozotocin treated diabetic rats did not show lowering of BS and increase in plasma IRI following TOL and GLI. PHE, however, did produce a significant fall in BS. Oral glucose load did show a typical glucose tolerance curve and insulin release in normal rats. However, in the diabetic rats there was no significant increase in plasma IRI following glucose load. It is therefore concluded that streptozotocin treated diabetic rats differ from the maturity onset diabetic as regards the responses of TOL and GLI are concerned and this animal model can therefore be useful in differentiating the two types of oral hypoglycemic agents.", "contents": "Effects of glucose and some oral hypoglycemic agents upon the plasma glucose and immuno-reactive insulin (IRI) in normal and streptozotocin induced diabetic rat. An investigation has been made to see the effect of oral hypoglycemic agants on the blood sugar (BS) and plasma Immuno-Reactive Insulin (IRI) in normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats. Plasma IRI was significantly reduced in a streptozotocin treated diabetic rat 8 weeks after streptozotocin injection. In normal rats oral administration of Sodium tolbutamide (TOL) and Glybenclamide (GLI) produced a significant fall in BS and a concurrent increase in plasma IRI, but phenformin (PHE) was without any effect on both these parameters. Unlike normal rats streptozotocin treated diabetic rats did not show lowering of BS and increase in plasma IRI following TOL and GLI. PHE, however, did produce a significant fall in BS. Oral glucose load did show a typical glucose tolerance curve and insulin release in normal rats. However, in the diabetic rats there was no significant increase in plasma IRI following glucose load. It is therefore concluded that streptozotocin treated diabetic rats differ from the maturity onset diabetic as regards the responses of TOL and GLI are concerned and this animal model can therefore be useful in differentiating the two types of oral hypoglycemic agents.", "PMID": 708137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3213", "title": "[Calculation of the arterial pulmonary pressure by using phonomechanocardiography. Correlation with the measurement by catheterization].", "content": "We are presenting a phonomechanographic study for the calculation of sytolic pressure of the pulmonary artery, following the method proposed by Burstin & Fishleder. Correlation is made of 287 patients with the pressure obtained from the registration of direct-catheterism in the pulmonary artery. We insist on the advantages of this method such as quicker accomplishment, easier calculation and harmless for the patient, and we are analyzing some of the physiologic mechanisms which participate in the calculation of the pulmonary systolic pressure. We concluded that it is a reliable method of a high degree of correlation uith the hemodynamic research, specially when both studies are contemporary.", "contents": "[Calculation of the arterial pulmonary pressure by using phonomechanocardiography. Correlation with the measurement by catheterization]. We are presenting a phonomechanographic study for the calculation of sytolic pressure of the pulmonary artery, following the method proposed by Burstin & Fishleder. Correlation is made of 287 patients with the pressure obtained from the registration of direct-catheterism in the pulmonary artery. We insist on the advantages of this method such as quicker accomplishment, easier calculation and harmless for the patient, and we are analyzing some of the physiologic mechanisms which participate in the calculation of the pulmonary systolic pressure. We concluded that it is a reliable method of a high degree of correlation uith the hemodynamic research, specially when both studies are contemporary.", "PMID": 708133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3214", "title": "Transport interaction phenomena between monoquaternary and polymethylene-bisquaternary amines in mouse kidney cortex slices.", "content": "The polymethylene-bisquaternary amine 14C-decamethonium accumulates in mouse kidney cortex slices incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer (37 degrees C, pH 7.4) aerated with O2-CO2 95:5 v/v%. The accumulation rate was enhanced in the presence of monoquaternary amines which on the other hand depressed maximum accumulation ratio of decamethonium in the tissue. The stimulation phenomenon was apparently related to the intracellular concentration of monoquaternary amine since tissue preloaded with a monoquaternary amine took up decamethonium at an increased rate. This effect was due to an accelerated influx of decamethonium and not to inhibition of efflux since no decamethonium efflux was shown to occur in wash-out experiments. Flux stimulation may represent an interaction phenomenon of accelerative exchange diffusion type. Furthermore, various amines inhibited accumulation of decamethonium in a competitive manner. The study supports the idea that common steps are involved in cellular transport of monoquaternary and polymethylene-bisquaternary amines in the kidney.", "contents": "Transport interaction phenomena between monoquaternary and polymethylene-bisquaternary amines in mouse kidney cortex slices. The polymethylene-bisquaternary amine 14C-decamethonium accumulates in mouse kidney cortex slices incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer (37 degrees C, pH 7.4) aerated with O2-CO2 95:5 v/v%. The accumulation rate was enhanced in the presence of monoquaternary amines which on the other hand depressed maximum accumulation ratio of decamethonium in the tissue. The stimulation phenomenon was apparently related to the intracellular concentration of monoquaternary amine since tissue preloaded with a monoquaternary amine took up decamethonium at an increased rate. This effect was due to an accelerated influx of decamethonium and not to inhibition of efflux since no decamethonium efflux was shown to occur in wash-out experiments. Flux stimulation may represent an interaction phenomenon of accelerative exchange diffusion type. Furthermore, various amines inhibited accumulation of decamethonium in a competitive manner. The study supports the idea that common steps are involved in cellular transport of monoquaternary and polymethylene-bisquaternary amines in the kidney.", "PMID": 708138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3215", "title": "[Prolapse of the mitral valve].", "content": "Intending to find out which is the prevalence of mitral valvular prolapse in cases of ischemic cardiopathy with \"normal\" coronariography, a review was made of the coronary-ventriculographic studies at the I.N.C. archives, which showed as clinical diagnosis that of ischemic cardiopathy with \"normal\" coronaries. In the present studies we record 47 cases showing chest angina and/or electrocardiographic changes in rest or effort tests, compatible with myocardic ischemia and coronariography undoubtedly normal. We found 30 cases (63.8%) showing strong evidence of mitral prolapse in the left cineventriculography taken in right-front oblique position.", "contents": "[Prolapse of the mitral valve]. Intending to find out which is the prevalence of mitral valvular prolapse in cases of ischemic cardiopathy with \"normal\" coronariography, a review was made of the coronary-ventriculographic studies at the I.N.C. archives, which showed as clinical diagnosis that of ischemic cardiopathy with \"normal\" coronaries. In the present studies we record 47 cases showing chest angina and/or electrocardiographic changes in rest or effort tests, compatible with myocardic ischemia and coronariography undoubtedly normal. We found 30 cases (63.8%) showing strong evidence of mitral prolapse in the left cineventriculography taken in right-front oblique position.", "PMID": 708134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3216", "title": "[Usefulness of technetium 99m diphosphate scintellography in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Electrocardiographic correlation].", "content": "We made myocardial gammagraphies on a group of 141 patients with acute thoracic pain, using 99 mtc diphosphonates. We obtained images with three projections (LOA, LL and PA); for reading the gammagraphy we used the diagnostic criteria of Berman and Cols. Studying 106 patients with acute myocardial infarction we found affirmative diagnosis in 89 cases (83.93%). In another group, 32 patients with chest angina, the results were negative in 20 cases (62.5%). We got a total of eight false positive images in patients showing post-infarction aneurism, post-defibrillation damage, and myocardial metastatic tumors. This method showed a specificity of 62.9%. Correlation with the electrocardiogram refering to the localization of the infarction, was of 85.39%. This method proved to be of high sensibility and specificity in confirming the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction or establishing it with certainty in some patients when the electrocardiogram fails and, in some cases, to find out about the evolution and prognostic of the acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Usefulness of technetium 99m diphosphate scintellography in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Electrocardiographic correlation]. We made myocardial gammagraphies on a group of 141 patients with acute thoracic pain, using 99 mtc diphosphonates. We obtained images with three projections (LOA, LL and PA); for reading the gammagraphy we used the diagnostic criteria of Berman and Cols. Studying 106 patients with acute myocardial infarction we found affirmative diagnosis in 89 cases (83.93%). In another group, 32 patients with chest angina, the results were negative in 20 cases (62.5%). We got a total of eight false positive images in patients showing post-infarction aneurism, post-defibrillation damage, and myocardial metastatic tumors. This method showed a specificity of 62.9%. Correlation with the electrocardiogram refering to the localization of the infarction, was of 85.39%. This method proved to be of high sensibility and specificity in confirming the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction or establishing it with certainty in some patients when the electrocardiogram fails and, in some cases, to find out about the evolution and prognostic of the acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 708135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3217", "title": "[Pulmonary arterial hypertension of unknown etiology. Study of the cardiopulmonary function].", "content": "Thirty two cases of pulmonary arterial hypertension of unknown etiology (PAH-UE) were studied. The diagnosis was established by exclusion after the results of hemodinamics studies. Ninety percent of cases had severe PAH (100 mmHg). The end diastolic right ventricular pressure was elevated in 46% of cases. The total pulmonary vascular resistance was increased in the order of the 1700 dinas. seg. cm-5. The cardiac index was 3.3 1/m2 with a right ventricular work index of 3.96 K gm min. The total lung capacity (TLC) was normal, with a vital capacity (VC) of 78% of the predicted value. The residual volume was increased. The mean value of the maximal midexpiratory flow rate (MMFR) was 78%. The A-a gradient of O2 was 30 mmHg, with a venous mixture expressed as a percentage ratio of the cardiac output (Qva/Qt) of 26%. The mean paO2 mmHg and the anatomical pulmonary artery to vein shunt (Qs/Qt) was 9%, with a DLco normal. The clinical hemodinamic correlation was in good agreement. Our results suggested that PAH-UE \"per se\" has effect in pulmonary function changing slight lung mechanics, and in a moderate degree lung gas exchange. The hipoxemia results meanly from V/Q imbalance.", "contents": "[Pulmonary arterial hypertension of unknown etiology. Study of the cardiopulmonary function]. Thirty two cases of pulmonary arterial hypertension of unknown etiology (PAH-UE) were studied. The diagnosis was established by exclusion after the results of hemodinamics studies. Ninety percent of cases had severe PAH (100 mmHg). The end diastolic right ventricular pressure was elevated in 46% of cases. The total pulmonary vascular resistance was increased in the order of the 1700 dinas. seg. cm-5. The cardiac index was 3.3 1/m2 with a right ventricular work index of 3.96 K gm min. The total lung capacity (TLC) was normal, with a vital capacity (VC) of 78% of the predicted value. The residual volume was increased. The mean value of the maximal midexpiratory flow rate (MMFR) was 78%. The A-a gradient of O2 was 30 mmHg, with a venous mixture expressed as a percentage ratio of the cardiac output (Qva/Qt) of 26%. The mean paO2 mmHg and the anatomical pulmonary artery to vein shunt (Qs/Qt) was 9%, with a DLco normal. The clinical hemodinamic correlation was in good agreement. Our results suggested that PAH-UE \"per se\" has effect in pulmonary function changing slight lung mechanics, and in a moderate degree lung gas exchange. The hipoxemia results meanly from V/Q imbalance.", "PMID": 708136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3218", "title": "Ionic and metabolic requirements for decamethonium transport in mouse kidney cortex slices.", "content": "Decamethonium accumulates in mouse kidney cortex slices incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer (37 degrees C, pH 7.4) aerated with O2-CO2 95:5 v/v%. Maximum tissue-medium accumulation ratio decreased with increasing external decamethonium concentration. Decamethonium was released from the tissue at a slow rate. The metabolic inhibitor cyanide inhibited accumulation of decamethonium but did not produce release of decamethonium already accumulated in the tissue. Substitution of external Na+ by other cations depressed decamethonium uptake. However, this cannot be ascribed to absence of Na+ since no inhibition occurred when Na+ was substituted by isoosmotic sucrose. Decamethonium uptake is inhibited when active Na+-transport is impaired (omission of K+ or addition of ouabain). The slow onset of this inhibition is compatible with the idea that it may be secondary to changes in the intracellular electrolyte concentrations. Furthermore, decamethonium uptake was depressed in absence of external Ca2+.", "contents": "Ionic and metabolic requirements for decamethonium transport in mouse kidney cortex slices. Decamethonium accumulates in mouse kidney cortex slices incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer (37 degrees C, pH 7.4) aerated with O2-CO2 95:5 v/v%. Maximum tissue-medium accumulation ratio decreased with increasing external decamethonium concentration. Decamethonium was released from the tissue at a slow rate. The metabolic inhibitor cyanide inhibited accumulation of decamethonium but did not produce release of decamethonium already accumulated in the tissue. Substitution of external Na+ by other cations depressed decamethonium uptake. However, this cannot be ascribed to absence of Na+ since no inhibition occurred when Na+ was substituted by isoosmotic sucrose. Decamethonium uptake is inhibited when active Na+-transport is impaired (omission of K+ or addition of ouabain). The slow onset of this inhibition is compatible with the idea that it may be secondary to changes in the intracellular electrolyte concentrations. Furthermore, decamethonium uptake was depressed in absence of external Ca2+.", "PMID": 708140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3219", "title": "Influence of prostaglandins E1 and F1alpha on K-induced responses in vascular smooth muscle.", "content": "The effects of PGE1 and PGF1alpha (1.4-8.4 X 10(-8)M) were studied on contractures induced by 10--60 mM KCl in the isolated rabbit aorta. The greatest PG-induced increases in the K-contractures were observed at the lower concentrations of KCl. Greater tension increases were noted, particularly at the higher K concentrations with the simultaneous addition of KCl and the PGs rather than with their sequential addition in which the PGs were added after KCl. For example, when the PGs were added to tissues contracted with 60 mM KCl, no additional tension increases occurred, while significant increases were observed when the PGs were added simultaneously with 50--60 mM KCl. Isobolic plots of the data indicate that PGE1 at lower concentrations and PGF1alpha at all concentrations interacted with KCl as competitive antagonists. At median doses PGE1 exhibited an additive effect with KCl, while higher doses interacted in a synergistic manner.", "contents": "Influence of prostaglandins E1 and F1alpha on K-induced responses in vascular smooth muscle. The effects of PGE1 and PGF1alpha (1.4-8.4 X 10(-8)M) were studied on contractures induced by 10--60 mM KCl in the isolated rabbit aorta. The greatest PG-induced increases in the K-contractures were observed at the lower concentrations of KCl. Greater tension increases were noted, particularly at the higher K concentrations with the simultaneous addition of KCl and the PGs rather than with their sequential addition in which the PGs were added after KCl. For example, when the PGs were added to tissues contracted with 60 mM KCl, no additional tension increases occurred, while significant increases were observed when the PGs were added simultaneously with 50--60 mM KCl. Isobolic plots of the data indicate that PGE1 at lower concentrations and PGF1alpha at all concentrations interacted with KCl as competitive antagonists. At median doses PGE1 exhibited an additive effect with KCl, while higher doses interacted in a synergistic manner.", "PMID": 708141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3220", "title": "Hepatic peroxisome proliferation: induction by BR-931, a hypolipidemic analog of WY-14,643.", "content": "Administration of BR-931, an ethanolamine derivative of Wy-14,643 [4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinythio]acetic acid, at a dietary concentration of 0.125% for 3 weeks to male F-344 rats, resulted in a significant enlargement of the liver. The hepatomegaly appeared to be due to liver cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy resulting, in part, from peroxisome and smooth endoplasmic reticulum proliferation. The hepatic catalase and carnitine acetyltransferase activities increased significantly in association with peroxisome proliferation. The hepatomegaly and peroxisome proliferation induced by BR-931 were comparable in degree to those resulting from feeding of an equivalent dose of Wy-14,643. All these hepatic effects were reversible when the drugs were withdrawn from the diet. Screening of new compounds for hepatic peroxisome proliferation and for increases in peroxisome-associated enzymes may prove to be an adjunct to evaluating their potency as hypolipidemic agents, in view of frequent association between hepatic peroxisome proliferation and hypolipidemia.", "contents": "Hepatic peroxisome proliferation: induction by BR-931, a hypolipidemic analog of WY-14,643. Administration of BR-931, an ethanolamine derivative of Wy-14,643 [4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinythio]acetic acid, at a dietary concentration of 0.125% for 3 weeks to male F-344 rats, resulted in a significant enlargement of the liver. The hepatomegaly appeared to be due to liver cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy resulting, in part, from peroxisome and smooth endoplasmic reticulum proliferation. The hepatic catalase and carnitine acetyltransferase activities increased significantly in association with peroxisome proliferation. The hepatomegaly and peroxisome proliferation induced by BR-931 were comparable in degree to those resulting from feeding of an equivalent dose of Wy-14,643. All these hepatic effects were reversible when the drugs were withdrawn from the diet. Screening of new compounds for hepatic peroxisome proliferation and for increases in peroxisome-associated enzymes may prove to be an adjunct to evaluating their potency as hypolipidemic agents, in view of frequent association between hepatic peroxisome proliferation and hypolipidemia.", "PMID": 708142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3221", "title": "Cardiovascular reactivity in renal and spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Pressor reactivity to noradrenaline or vasopressin was studied in unanaesthetized, pithed and isolated perfused hindquarter, preparations from renal and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Unanaesthetized renal and spontaneously hypertensive rats showed hyperreactivity to noradrenaline and vasopressin. Vascular responses of noradrenaline in pithed and isolated perfused hindquarter preparations were to a lesser extent but significantly greater in the renal hypertensive rat, while responses of pithed and isolated perfused hindquarter preparations to noradrenaline were within normal limits in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.", "contents": "Cardiovascular reactivity in renal and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Pressor reactivity to noradrenaline or vasopressin was studied in unanaesthetized, pithed and isolated perfused hindquarter, preparations from renal and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Unanaesthetized renal and spontaneously hypertensive rats showed hyperreactivity to noradrenaline and vasopressin. Vascular responses of noradrenaline in pithed and isolated perfused hindquarter preparations were to a lesser extent but significantly greater in the renal hypertensive rat, while responses of pithed and isolated perfused hindquarter preparations to noradrenaline were within normal limits in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.", "PMID": 708143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3222", "title": "Effects of ethanol on behavior under fixed-ratio, fixed-interval, and multiple fixed-ratio fixed-interval schedules in the pigeon.", "content": "Behavior of pigeons was controlled by fixed-ratio, fixed-interval and multiple fixed-ratio fixed-interval schedules of reinforcement. When each thirtieth peck on a response key produced food (fixed-ratio schedule) high rates of responding were maintained; low to intermediate doses of ethanol left unchanged or increased those rates. Under the fixed-interval schedule the first response after 5 min produced food and comparatively lower rates of responding were maintained that gradually increased up to food presentation. Low to intermediate doses of ethanol only decreased overall rates of responding under the fixed-interval schedule. When the fixed-ratio and fixed-interval schedules alternated regularly throughout a single experimental session (multiple fixed-ratio fixed-interval schedule), differential effects that depended upon the schedule of reinforcement were still obtained. Ethanol affected local rates of responding within the fixed intervals differently depending upon the rates prior to drug administration; low rates were increased while higher rates were decreased. As with other drugs, the effects of ethanol on schedule-controlled responding depended upon the particular rates and patterns of responding maintained by the schedule of reinforcement.", "contents": "Effects of ethanol on behavior under fixed-ratio, fixed-interval, and multiple fixed-ratio fixed-interval schedules in the pigeon. Behavior of pigeons was controlled by fixed-ratio, fixed-interval and multiple fixed-ratio fixed-interval schedules of reinforcement. When each thirtieth peck on a response key produced food (fixed-ratio schedule) high rates of responding were maintained; low to intermediate doses of ethanol left unchanged or increased those rates. Under the fixed-interval schedule the first response after 5 min produced food and comparatively lower rates of responding were maintained that gradually increased up to food presentation. Low to intermediate doses of ethanol only decreased overall rates of responding under the fixed-interval schedule. When the fixed-ratio and fixed-interval schedules alternated regularly throughout a single experimental session (multiple fixed-ratio fixed-interval schedule), differential effects that depended upon the schedule of reinforcement were still obtained. Ethanol affected local rates of responding within the fixed intervals differently depending upon the rates prior to drug administration; low rates were increased while higher rates were decreased. As with other drugs, the effects of ethanol on schedule-controlled responding depended upon the particular rates and patterns of responding maintained by the schedule of reinforcement.", "PMID": 708145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3223", "title": "Motor effects of graded doses of pentagastrin on the gut of the anesthetized dog.", "content": "Gastrointestinal motor activity of the anesthetized dog was assessed by strain gage force transducers on longitudinal and transverse muscle of the gastric body and antrum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon. Dose-dependent effects of pentagastrin (1-8192 ng/kg, i.v.) were only seen on the stomach: increases in gastric body tone, antral contractile force and contractile frequency of the gastric phasic activity. Body tone and antral force were more sensitive to pentagastrin than was contractile frequency. Supra-maximal doses and repetition of the dose-response protocol gave smaller increments for body tone and antral force, while the increase in contractile frequency remained unaffected. The different responses to pentagastrin of force and frequency indicate that pentagastrin acts on 2 different receptor-effector systems.", "contents": "Motor effects of graded doses of pentagastrin on the gut of the anesthetized dog. Gastrointestinal motor activity of the anesthetized dog was assessed by strain gage force transducers on longitudinal and transverse muscle of the gastric body and antrum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon. Dose-dependent effects of pentagastrin (1-8192 ng/kg, i.v.) were only seen on the stomach: increases in gastric body tone, antral contractile force and contractile frequency of the gastric phasic activity. Body tone and antral force were more sensitive to pentagastrin than was contractile frequency. Supra-maximal doses and repetition of the dose-response protocol gave smaller increments for body tone and antral force, while the increase in contractile frequency remained unaffected. The different responses to pentagastrin of force and frequency indicate that pentagastrin acts on 2 different receptor-effector systems.", "PMID": 708146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3224", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of ethosuximide in the dog.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of ethosuximide were studied in dogs and compared with the data known for man. After intravenous injection of 40 mg/kg to 9 dogs, the concentration-time curve in serum could be described by the open one-compartment model. Serum half-lives were between 11 and 25 hr, the volume of distribution correspond to between 44 and 66% of body weight. After oral administration of the same dose, maximal serum concentrations were reached within 1-4 hr and the absorption amounted to 88-95%. By treatment with three daily doses, a plateau in serum concentrations could be reached and maintained. At serum concentrations above 100 microliter/ml, half-lives seemed prolonged when compared to the values determined previously with a dose of 40 mg/kg. Ethosuximide rapidly enters the cerebrospinal fluid, equilibrium was established after 20-30 min. Plasma protein binding of the drug was negligible. Comparison of the pharmacokinetic data for dog and man reveals, in spite of the somewhat shorter half-life in the dog, a rather good agreement. In female rats, ethosuximide had an average half-life of 10 hr, in mice of hardly 1 hr. Concentrations in serum and brain of mice equilibrated within 10 min.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of ethosuximide in the dog. The pharmacokinetics of ethosuximide were studied in dogs and compared with the data known for man. After intravenous injection of 40 mg/kg to 9 dogs, the concentration-time curve in serum could be described by the open one-compartment model. Serum half-lives were between 11 and 25 hr, the volume of distribution correspond to between 44 and 66% of body weight. After oral administration of the same dose, maximal serum concentrations were reached within 1-4 hr and the absorption amounted to 88-95%. By treatment with three daily doses, a plateau in serum concentrations could be reached and maintained. At serum concentrations above 100 microliter/ml, half-lives seemed prolonged when compared to the values determined previously with a dose of 40 mg/kg. Ethosuximide rapidly enters the cerebrospinal fluid, equilibrium was established after 20-30 min. Plasma protein binding of the drug was negligible. Comparison of the pharmacokinetic data for dog and man reveals, in spite of the somewhat shorter half-life in the dog, a rather good agreement. In female rats, ethosuximide had an average half-life of 10 hr, in mice of hardly 1 hr. Concentrations in serum and brain of mice equilibrated within 10 min.", "PMID": 708147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3225", "title": "Effects of some thioxanthenes on bile formation and organic anion clearance in the perfused rat liver.", "content": "Perfusion of the isolated rat liver with cis-thiothixene (THX), cis- or trans-flupenthixol (FPX), and cis- or trans-clopenthixol (CLX) has demonstrated that each of the compounds exerted adverse effects on hepatic excretory function and that their relative order of potency was THX greater than cis- = trans-FPX greater than cis- = trans-CLX. THX caused dose-dependent reductions in bile flow and sulfobromophthalein (BSP) clearance. The 14C-erythritol clearance and bile acid excretion data suggested that the primary effects of THX (10(-5)M) were on the bile acid-independent fraction of bile. The BSP kinetic data indicated that THX mainly affected the excretion of BSP and not its uptake. Since THX also decreased the excretion of indocyanine green, inhibition of hepatic conjugative enzymes did not appear to be responsible for the observed decreases in organic anion excretion. At 2.5 X 10(-5) M, both isomers of FPX reduced bile flow and BSP excretion. It took a higher concentration (7.5 X 10(-5) M) for either isomer of CLX to effect similar reductions.", "contents": "Effects of some thioxanthenes on bile formation and organic anion clearance in the perfused rat liver. Perfusion of the isolated rat liver with cis-thiothixene (THX), cis- or trans-flupenthixol (FPX), and cis- or trans-clopenthixol (CLX) has demonstrated that each of the compounds exerted adverse effects on hepatic excretory function and that their relative order of potency was THX greater than cis- = trans-FPX greater than cis- = trans-CLX. THX caused dose-dependent reductions in bile flow and sulfobromophthalein (BSP) clearance. The 14C-erythritol clearance and bile acid excretion data suggested that the primary effects of THX (10(-5)M) were on the bile acid-independent fraction of bile. The BSP kinetic data indicated that THX mainly affected the excretion of BSP and not its uptake. Since THX also decreased the excretion of indocyanine green, inhibition of hepatic conjugative enzymes did not appear to be responsible for the observed decreases in organic anion excretion. At 2.5 X 10(-5) M, both isomers of FPX reduced bile flow and BSP excretion. It took a higher concentration (7.5 X 10(-5) M) for either isomer of CLX to effect similar reductions.", "PMID": 708148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3226", "title": "Actions and interactions with alcohol of drugs on psychomotor skills: comparison of diazepam and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid.", "content": "Effects of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GOBA) on psychomotor skills related to driving were studied in healthy student volunteers. The effects of oral GOBA 1.0 and 2.0 g, alone or in combination with 0.5 g/kg of ethyl alcohol, were compared in double-blind cross-over trials against oral diazepam 10 mg (D), alcohol 0.5 g/kg, and lactose placebo. Reactive and co-ordinative skills, attention, flicker fusion, proprioception, nystagmus, Maddox wing, and subjective estimations were included. The first single-dose trial with 12 volunteers revealed that neither GOBA 1.0 g nor D modified attention. D impaired reactive skills whilst co-ordinative skills remained largely uninfluenced by D or GOBA. Both D and GOBA impaired leg proprioception. Only D was experienced as a sedative drug. In the second trial with 12 volunteers, GOBA 1.0 g slightly increased reaction mistakes whereas GOBA 2.0 g next day did not. Either dose of GOBA was ineffective on co-ordinative skills, critical flicker fusion frequency, and proprioception. Alcohol alone (0.41 +/- 0.047 mg/ml) improved rather than impaired skills. GOBA 1.0 g + alcohol (0.36 +/- 0.027 mg/ml) impaired reactive skills more than GOBA 2.0 g did but no potentiation was seen. D impaired reactive and co-ordinative skills and flicker fusion. When D was given on two consecutive days, some tachyphylaxis to the D response was seen on co-ordinative skills but not on reactive skills or flicker fusion. It is concluded that in the recommended anxiolytic doses used GOBA neither deteriorates driving skills nor importantly increases the effects of low doses of alcohol.", "contents": "Actions and interactions with alcohol of drugs on psychomotor skills: comparison of diazepam and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Effects of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GOBA) on psychomotor skills related to driving were studied in healthy student volunteers. The effects of oral GOBA 1.0 and 2.0 g, alone or in combination with 0.5 g/kg of ethyl alcohol, were compared in double-blind cross-over trials against oral diazepam 10 mg (D), alcohol 0.5 g/kg, and lactose placebo. Reactive and co-ordinative skills, attention, flicker fusion, proprioception, nystagmus, Maddox wing, and subjective estimations were included. The first single-dose trial with 12 volunteers revealed that neither GOBA 1.0 g nor D modified attention. D impaired reactive skills whilst co-ordinative skills remained largely uninfluenced by D or GOBA. Both D and GOBA impaired leg proprioception. Only D was experienced as a sedative drug. In the second trial with 12 volunteers, GOBA 1.0 g slightly increased reaction mistakes whereas GOBA 2.0 g next day did not. Either dose of GOBA was ineffective on co-ordinative skills, critical flicker fusion frequency, and proprioception. Alcohol alone (0.41 +/- 0.047 mg/ml) improved rather than impaired skills. GOBA 1.0 g + alcohol (0.36 +/- 0.027 mg/ml) impaired reactive skills more than GOBA 2.0 g did but no potentiation was seen. D impaired reactive and co-ordinative skills and flicker fusion. When D was given on two consecutive days, some tachyphylaxis to the D response was seen on co-ordinative skills but not on reactive skills or flicker fusion. It is concluded that in the recommended anxiolytic doses used GOBA neither deteriorates driving skills nor importantly increases the effects of low doses of alcohol.", "PMID": 708150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3227", "title": "Mechanism of positive chronotropic response of the canine SA node to selective administration of ketamine.", "content": "Mechanism for induction of the positive chronotropic effect of ketamine was studied in vivo using a selective perfusion technique of the canine SA node artery. In the reserpinized dogs in which tyramine responsiveness could be restored with norepinephrine, an injection of ketamine induced no sinus acceleration, while its prior administration to norepinephrine suppressed the response to tyramine. In the tetrodotoxin treated preparation in which the effect of electrical stimulation of the vagus and the stellate ganglion was abolished, tyramine produced an increase of sinus rate as usual, but the induction of sinus tachycardia by cocaine and ketamine was completely blocked. The results indicated that the positive chronotropic response of the SA node to ketamine might be induced by an inhibition of the norepinephrine uptake at the adrenergic nerve endings in a cocaine-like manner.", "contents": "Mechanism of positive chronotropic response of the canine SA node to selective administration of ketamine. Mechanism for induction of the positive chronotropic effect of ketamine was studied in vivo using a selective perfusion technique of the canine SA node artery. In the reserpinized dogs in which tyramine responsiveness could be restored with norepinephrine, an injection of ketamine induced no sinus acceleration, while its prior administration to norepinephrine suppressed the response to tyramine. In the tetrodotoxin treated preparation in which the effect of electrical stimulation of the vagus and the stellate ganglion was abolished, tyramine produced an increase of sinus rate as usual, but the induction of sinus tachycardia by cocaine and ketamine was completely blocked. The results indicated that the positive chronotropic response of the SA node to ketamine might be induced by an inhibition of the norepinephrine uptake at the adrenergic nerve endings in a cocaine-like manner.", "PMID": 708151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3228", "title": "The effect of verapamil, isoproterenol, and dexamethasone on enzyme release and viability of coronary obstructed guinea-pig hearts.", "content": "In isolated perfused guinea-pig hearts decrease of coronary flow, release of creatine kinase (CK), severe arrhythmias and early standstill were produced by intracoronary application of plastic microspheres. 1 X 10(-9) g verapamil/ml perfusion fluid significantly decreased the CK release from these \"ischemic\" hearts. With 1 X 10(-8) g/ml a significant increase of the survival times was obtained. Dexamethasone strongly depressed the enzyme release from the coronary obstructed hearts. The survival times, however, were not prolonged. Isoproterenol significantly shortened the survival times. Very low concentrations decreased the CK release, whereas higher concentrations themselves provoked an enzyme release.", "contents": "The effect of verapamil, isoproterenol, and dexamethasone on enzyme release and viability of coronary obstructed guinea-pig hearts. In isolated perfused guinea-pig hearts decrease of coronary flow, release of creatine kinase (CK), severe arrhythmias and early standstill were produced by intracoronary application of plastic microspheres. 1 X 10(-9) g verapamil/ml perfusion fluid significantly decreased the CK release from these \"ischemic\" hearts. With 1 X 10(-8) g/ml a significant increase of the survival times was obtained. Dexamethasone strongly depressed the enzyme release from the coronary obstructed hearts. The survival times, however, were not prolonged. Isoproterenol significantly shortened the survival times. Very low concentrations decreased the CK release, whereas higher concentrations themselves provoked an enzyme release.", "PMID": 708152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3229", "title": "Effects of intraventricular and intraspinal 6-hydroxydopamine on blood pressure of renal hypertensive rats.", "content": "6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OH-DA) was administered into the lateral brain ventricle of normal rats and of rats with renal hypertension produced by unilateral clipping of the renal artery, and was also administered into the spinal cord of normal rats. Intraventricular administration of 6-OH-DA prevented the development of renal hypertension in rats, but was ineffective in developed renal hypertension. The development of renal hypertension was not affected by pretreatment with intraspinal injection of 6-OH-DA, which produced a marked reduction only in spinal cord noradrenaline. These data suggest that brain adrenergic neurones may participate in the production of renal hypertension but the noradrenergic projections in the spinal cords are not essential for this process.", "contents": "Effects of intraventricular and intraspinal 6-hydroxydopamine on blood pressure of renal hypertensive rats. 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OH-DA) was administered into the lateral brain ventricle of normal rats and of rats with renal hypertension produced by unilateral clipping of the renal artery, and was also administered into the spinal cord of normal rats. Intraventricular administration of 6-OH-DA prevented the development of renal hypertension in rats, but was ineffective in developed renal hypertension. The development of renal hypertension was not affected by pretreatment with intraspinal injection of 6-OH-DA, which produced a marked reduction only in spinal cord noradrenaline. These data suggest that brain adrenergic neurones may participate in the production of renal hypertension but the noradrenergic projections in the spinal cords are not essential for this process.", "PMID": 708153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3230", "title": "The potentiating effect of clorgyline and pyrogallol on the blood pressure responses to norepinephrine.", "content": "Intraventricular administration of norepinephrine (NE) into pentobarbital anesthetized rats elicits a pressor or a depressor effect depending on the dose injected: after a low dose, a depressor response is seen while after a high dose, a pressor response is observed. In the animal pretreated intraventricularly with clorgyline or pyrogallol, the hypotensive effect of a low dose of NE was reversed to a hypertensive effect, while the hypertensive effect of a high dose of NE was markedly potentiated. This result suggests that brain monoamine oxidase and catechol-o-methyltransferase can metabolize centrally released NE before it leaks into the peripheral circulation.", "contents": "The potentiating effect of clorgyline and pyrogallol on the blood pressure responses to norepinephrine. Intraventricular administration of norepinephrine (NE) into pentobarbital anesthetized rats elicits a pressor or a depressor effect depending on the dose injected: after a low dose, a depressor response is seen while after a high dose, a pressor response is observed. In the animal pretreated intraventricularly with clorgyline or pyrogallol, the hypotensive effect of a low dose of NE was reversed to a hypertensive effect, while the hypertensive effect of a high dose of NE was markedly potentiated. This result suggests that brain monoamine oxidase and catechol-o-methyltransferase can metabolize centrally released NE before it leaks into the peripheral circulation.", "PMID": 708154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3231", "title": "Effect of antihypertensives on calcium kinetics in the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine whether alterations in 45Ca kinetics, found previously in the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), are the cause or the consequence of high blood pressure. SHR were treated for 3-6 weeks with hydralazine, propranolol or timolol before the uptake and efflux of 45Ca was measured in the aorta and compared with those in untreated animals. Hydralazine prevented the development of hypertension in the rats but did not alter the uptake or efflux of 45Ca. It is concluded that calcium handling in SHR is abnormal also in the absence of high arterial pressure.", "contents": "Effect of antihypertensives on calcium kinetics in the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats. This study was undertaken to determine whether alterations in 45Ca kinetics, found previously in the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), are the cause or the consequence of high blood pressure. SHR were treated for 3-6 weeks with hydralazine, propranolol or timolol before the uptake and efflux of 45Ca was measured in the aorta and compared with those in untreated animals. Hydralazine prevented the development of hypertension in the rats but did not alter the uptake or efflux of 45Ca. It is concluded that calcium handling in SHR is abnormal also in the absence of high arterial pressure.", "PMID": 708155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3232", "title": "Inhibition by metyrapone of the accumulation of nicotine-14C in bronchial epithelium of mice.", "content": "Further studies have been conducted in an attempt to define the mechanism of the intense accumulation of radioactivity in bronchial epithelium following the administration of nicotine-14C to mice. Male and female pigmented (C57B1/6J) and nonpigmented (A/HeJ) mice were studied by whole-body autoradiography following administration of either nicotine-14C (methyl- or 2'-labeled) or nicotine-1'-N-oxide-14C. When each of these compounds was administered at the same specific activity the radioactivity retained in the bronchial epithelium was much greater for the methyl-labeled nicotine-14C than for the ring-labeled. Following administration of the N-oxide very little radioactivity was retained at this site and this was seen only at a few time intervals. Pretreatment with NaHCO3, NH4Cl, SKF 525A, piperonyl butoxide, progesterone, cysteamine, phenobarbital or metyrapone prior to the administration of [methyl-14C]nicotine was studied. Metyrapone totally prevented the accumulation of radioactivity in the bronchial epithelium and progesterone reduced this accumulation; the other substances used for pretreatment had no effect on the uptake of radioactivity. These results are interpreted to indicate that the accumulation of nicotine in bronchial epithelium is not accounted for by transcellular pH gradients but is due to a high affinity of nicotine for a cytochrome P-450 in this tissue which demethylates the nicotine. The relationship and significance of metabolism of nicotine in this tissue to metabolism at other sites in the body are discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition by metyrapone of the accumulation of nicotine-14C in bronchial epithelium of mice. Further studies have been conducted in an attempt to define the mechanism of the intense accumulation of radioactivity in bronchial epithelium following the administration of nicotine-14C to mice. Male and female pigmented (C57B1/6J) and nonpigmented (A/HeJ) mice were studied by whole-body autoradiography following administration of either nicotine-14C (methyl- or 2'-labeled) or nicotine-1'-N-oxide-14C. When each of these compounds was administered at the same specific activity the radioactivity retained in the bronchial epithelium was much greater for the methyl-labeled nicotine-14C than for the ring-labeled. Following administration of the N-oxide very little radioactivity was retained at this site and this was seen only at a few time intervals. Pretreatment with NaHCO3, NH4Cl, SKF 525A, piperonyl butoxide, progesterone, cysteamine, phenobarbital or metyrapone prior to the administration of [methyl-14C]nicotine was studied. Metyrapone totally prevented the accumulation of radioactivity in the bronchial epithelium and progesterone reduced this accumulation; the other substances used for pretreatment had no effect on the uptake of radioactivity. These results are interpreted to indicate that the accumulation of nicotine in bronchial epithelium is not accounted for by transcellular pH gradients but is due to a high affinity of nicotine for a cytochrome P-450 in this tissue which demethylates the nicotine. The relationship and significance of metabolism of nicotine in this tissue to metabolism at other sites in the body are discussed.", "PMID": 708156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3233", "title": "Enhanced hepatotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride following sodium nitrite pretreatment.", "content": "The administration of sodium nitrite (60 mg/kg, s.c.) 30 min prior to carbon tetrachloride intoxication (2 ml/kg, p.o.) significantly enhanced the rise in serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase. Sodium nitrite pretreatment also enhanced the carbon tetrachloride-induced decrease in hepatic microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase activity. Microsomal diene conjugation absorption indicative of microsomal lipid peroxidation was observed following carbon tetrachloride intoxication, but was not altered by sodium nitrite pretreatment. The data indicate a potentially toxic interaction between sodium nitrite-induced methemoglobinemia and carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury.", "contents": "Enhanced hepatotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride following sodium nitrite pretreatment. The administration of sodium nitrite (60 mg/kg, s.c.) 30 min prior to carbon tetrachloride intoxication (2 ml/kg, p.o.) significantly enhanced the rise in serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase. Sodium nitrite pretreatment also enhanced the carbon tetrachloride-induced decrease in hepatic microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase activity. Microsomal diene conjugation absorption indicative of microsomal lipid peroxidation was observed following carbon tetrachloride intoxication, but was not altered by sodium nitrite pretreatment. The data indicate a potentially toxic interaction between sodium nitrite-induced methemoglobinemia and carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury.", "PMID": 708157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3234", "title": "Coffee consumption and mortality. Total mortality, stroke mortality, and coronary heart disease mortality.", "content": "Total mortality showed no association with coffee usage in the four race-sex groups of Evans County, Georgia. Deaths of coronary heart disease (CHD) in white men and women and black men showed no statistically significant difference between high and low coffee consumers. In an area that has been designated as the \"Stroke Belt,\" neither CHD nor cerebrovascular death rates seem related to coffee-drinking habits. However, to refute or confirm the allegations of a detrimental influence of high coffee intake, larger samples are needed. Nevertheless, our finding that mortality from all causes is not increased in the high coffee-consuming group means that a finding of increased CHD mortality with high coffee consumption would have to be compensated by a protective lower rate for other causes of death.", "contents": "Coffee consumption and mortality. Total mortality, stroke mortality, and coronary heart disease mortality. Total mortality showed no association with coffee usage in the four race-sex groups of Evans County, Georgia. Deaths of coronary heart disease (CHD) in white men and women and black men showed no statistically significant difference between high and low coffee consumers. In an area that has been designated as the \"Stroke Belt,\" neither CHD nor cerebrovascular death rates seem related to coffee-drinking habits. However, to refute or confirm the allegations of a detrimental influence of high coffee intake, larger samples are needed. Nevertheless, our finding that mortality from all causes is not increased in the high coffee-consuming group means that a finding of increased CHD mortality with high coffee consumption would have to be compensated by a protective lower rate for other causes of death.", "PMID": 708166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3235", "title": "Myocardial function in hypothyroidism. Relation to disease severity and response to treatment.", "content": "Systolic time intervals (ST) were used to evaluate myocardial function prospectively in 29 hypothyroid patients. The patients were divided into three categories of disease severity: (1) severe hypothyroidism, (2) mild hypothyroidism, and (3) decreased thyroid reserve or \"prehypothyroidism.\" Groups 1 and 2 showed decreased myocardial contractility with a prolonged preejection period (PEP), shortened left ventricular ejection time (LVET), and increase PEP/LVET, compared with normal controls. The STI were more abnormal (P less than .05) in group 1 than in group 2, suggesting that the severity of myocardial dysfunction correlates with the severity of the hypothyroidism. Group 3 had normal STI. Ten patients were restudied when euthyroid and showed complete normalization of their STI, supporting the thesis that hypothyroidism was the sole cause of the initial myocardial dysfunction.", "contents": "Myocardial function in hypothyroidism. Relation to disease severity and response to treatment. Systolic time intervals (ST) were used to evaluate myocardial function prospectively in 29 hypothyroid patients. The patients were divided into three categories of disease severity: (1) severe hypothyroidism, (2) mild hypothyroidism, and (3) decreased thyroid reserve or \"prehypothyroidism.\" Groups 1 and 2 showed decreased myocardial contractility with a prolonged preejection period (PEP), shortened left ventricular ejection time (LVET), and increase PEP/LVET, compared with normal controls. The STI were more abnormal (P less than .05) in group 1 than in group 2, suggesting that the severity of myocardial dysfunction correlates with the severity of the hypothyroidism. Group 3 had normal STI. Ten patients were restudied when euthyroid and showed complete normalization of their STI, supporting the thesis that hypothyroidism was the sole cause of the initial myocardial dysfunction.", "PMID": 708167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3236", "title": "Acid-base disturbances in the salicylate-intoxicated adult.", "content": "This study examined the acid-base disturbances in 67 adults with salicylate intoxication. On admission, 66 patients had an acid-base distrubance. In contract to previous suggestions, however, only 25% of the patients had simple respiratory alkalosis. Unlike salicylate intoxication in children, 33% of these adults with salicylate intoxication had ingested additional drugs. These additional drugs generally were CNS depressants and were important determinants of the variety of the acid-base disturbance. Those patients who ingested additional drugs had a significantly lower incidence of respiratory alkalosis (P less than .005) and a higher incidence of respiratory acidosis (P less than .005) and acidemia (P less than 0.25). The incidence of acidemia correlated with the presence of neurological symptoms.", "contents": "Acid-base disturbances in the salicylate-intoxicated adult. This study examined the acid-base disturbances in 67 adults with salicylate intoxication. On admission, 66 patients had an acid-base distrubance. In contract to previous suggestions, however, only 25% of the patients had simple respiratory alkalosis. Unlike salicylate intoxication in children, 33% of these adults with salicylate intoxication had ingested additional drugs. These additional drugs generally were CNS depressants and were important determinants of the variety of the acid-base disturbance. Those patients who ingested additional drugs had a significantly lower incidence of respiratory alkalosis (P less than .005) and a higher incidence of respiratory acidosis (P less than .005) and acidemia (P less than 0.25). The incidence of acidemia correlated with the presence of neurological symptoms.", "PMID": 708168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3237", "title": "Subcutaneous heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.", "content": "Two patients developed severe and symptomatic thrombocytopenia which was clearly related to the every-12-hour subcutaneous administration of heparin sodium. One patient died of hemorrhage while the other patient's platelet count normalized after withdrawal of the therapy. The literature reveals 27 cases of significant thrombocytopenia associated with intravenous heparin administration. In light of the increasing use of low-dose subcutaneous heparin therapy it is important to recognize that this side effect may occur. Periodic platelet counts are recommended for these patients.", "contents": "Subcutaneous heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Two patients developed severe and symptomatic thrombocytopenia which was clearly related to the every-12-hour subcutaneous administration of heparin sodium. One patient died of hemorrhage while the other patient's platelet count normalized after withdrawal of the therapy. The literature reveals 27 cases of significant thrombocytopenia associated with intravenous heparin administration. In light of the increasing use of low-dose subcutaneous heparin therapy it is important to recognize that this side effect may occur. Periodic platelet counts are recommended for these patients.", "PMID": 708169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3238", "title": "Furosemide-induced forced diuresis in digoxin intoxication.", "content": "In three cases of attempted suicide by massive digoxin ingestion, a therapeutic attempt was undertaken to shorten the duration of toxicity of the drug by accelerating the removal of the glycoside from the body. Early administration of intravenous (IV) furosemide and fluids appeared to increase digoxin excretion in one case, which resulted in a substantially shortened digoxin half-time of eight hours. In two cases this therapy, initiated after a delay of 12 and eight hours was ineffective. The half-times were 51 and 43 hours, respectively. At an early preequilibrium stage, higher serum-tissue ratios of digoxin are present; thus, greater amounts of free digoxin are available for glomerular filtration and excretion. The prompt treatment by IV furosemide may be beneficial in the management of massive digitalis overdose.", "contents": "Furosemide-induced forced diuresis in digoxin intoxication. In three cases of attempted suicide by massive digoxin ingestion, a therapeutic attempt was undertaken to shorten the duration of toxicity of the drug by accelerating the removal of the glycoside from the body. Early administration of intravenous (IV) furosemide and fluids appeared to increase digoxin excretion in one case, which resulted in a substantially shortened digoxin half-time of eight hours. In two cases this therapy, initiated after a delay of 12 and eight hours was ineffective. The half-times were 51 and 43 hours, respectively. At an early preequilibrium stage, higher serum-tissue ratios of digoxin are present; thus, greater amounts of free digoxin are available for glomerular filtration and excretion. The prompt treatment by IV furosemide may be beneficial in the management of massive digitalis overdose.", "PMID": 708170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3239", "title": "Hyperparathyroidism and coexisting diabetes mellitus. Altered carbohydrate metabolism.", "content": "Hyperparathyroidism was diagnosed in a 67-year-old diabetic man treated for 20 years with isophane insulin suspension, 40 to 45 units/day. It was also diagnosed in a 64-year-old diabetic with severe retinopathy and vascular disease, who was not dependent on insulin. In the first case, removal of a parathyroid adenoma resulted in frequent hypoglycemic attacks, which led to a reduction of the administration of insulin isophane suspension to 20 units/day. In the second case, there was a notable improvement in the glucose tolerance testing that followed surgery, accompanied by a decrease in total plasma insulin response from 17,838 to 5,605 units, by planimetry. These observations suggest that hyperparathyroidism worsens coexisting diabetes mellitus and that one must be aware of increased insulin sensitivity and the possibility of severe hypoglycemia in cases that require insulin after surgical correction of the hypercalcemic state.", "contents": "Hyperparathyroidism and coexisting diabetes mellitus. Altered carbohydrate metabolism. Hyperparathyroidism was diagnosed in a 67-year-old diabetic man treated for 20 years with isophane insulin suspension, 40 to 45 units/day. It was also diagnosed in a 64-year-old diabetic with severe retinopathy and vascular disease, who was not dependent on insulin. In the first case, removal of a parathyroid adenoma resulted in frequent hypoglycemic attacks, which led to a reduction of the administration of insulin isophane suspension to 20 units/day. In the second case, there was a notable improvement in the glucose tolerance testing that followed surgery, accompanied by a decrease in total plasma insulin response from 17,838 to 5,605 units, by planimetry. These observations suggest that hyperparathyroidism worsens coexisting diabetes mellitus and that one must be aware of increased insulin sensitivity and the possibility of severe hypoglycemia in cases that require insulin after surgical correction of the hypercalcemic state.", "PMID": 708171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3240", "title": "Apneusis.", "content": "Two cases of apneustic breathing that had several unusual features, as compared with experimental apneusis, are reported here. Both patients had intact vagal function. Respiratory rhythm showed mainly inspiratory apneusis, with a relatively smooth background rhythm. Frequency and duration of apneusis either decreased or were unaffected by breathing CO2, and increased, in one case, after hyperventilation. Both patients were alert and conscious. One had a long history of narcotic abuse, but had no other neurological or respiratory abnormality. Another had been deaf and mute since an episode of meningitis in childhood and had had apneusis for over 35 years, but suffered no other neurological abnormality. These unusual features suggest that the pathogenic mechanisms for apneusis are not the same in experimental models and patients.", "contents": "Apneusis. Two cases of apneustic breathing that had several unusual features, as compared with experimental apneusis, are reported here. Both patients had intact vagal function. Respiratory rhythm showed mainly inspiratory apneusis, with a relatively smooth background rhythm. Frequency and duration of apneusis either decreased or were unaffected by breathing CO2, and increased, in one case, after hyperventilation. Both patients were alert and conscious. One had a long history of narcotic abuse, but had no other neurological or respiratory abnormality. Another had been deaf and mute since an episode of meningitis in childhood and had had apneusis for over 35 years, but suffered no other neurological abnormality. These unusual features suggest that the pathogenic mechanisms for apneusis are not the same in experimental models and patients.", "PMID": 708172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3241", "title": "A composite analysis of renin classification methods.", "content": "We investigated the possibility that variability in classification of patients with essential hypertension into low, normal, or high renin activity subgroups depends on the subject preparation that precedes the measurement of plasma renin activity (PRA). In 47 essential hypertensives, PRA was measured with patients supine and ambulatory who were receiving both an unrestricted dietray sodium intake and a low sodium diet. Additionally, PRA was determined following salt restriction, oral furosemide therapy, and ambulation. These results were compared, using several analytical techniques, to those of a group of age-, race-, and sex-matched normotensive controls. Extreme variability in classification was the rule, with only 28% of patients consistently classified as having normal PRA. No single approach provided maximal detection of both the low and high renin states. We conclude that renin classification of hypertensive patients requires a matched control population and that subtyping appears to be variable depending on diet, posture, and analytical approach.", "contents": "A composite analysis of renin classification methods. We investigated the possibility that variability in classification of patients with essential hypertension into low, normal, or high renin activity subgroups depends on the subject preparation that precedes the measurement of plasma renin activity (PRA). In 47 essential hypertensives, PRA was measured with patients supine and ambulatory who were receiving both an unrestricted dietray sodium intake and a low sodium diet. Additionally, PRA was determined following salt restriction, oral furosemide therapy, and ambulation. These results were compared, using several analytical techniques, to those of a group of age-, race-, and sex-matched normotensive controls. Extreme variability in classification was the rule, with only 28% of patients consistently classified as having normal PRA. No single approach provided maximal detection of both the low and high renin states. We conclude that renin classification of hypertensive patients requires a matched control population and that subtyping appears to be variable depending on diet, posture, and analytical approach.", "PMID": 708173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3242", "title": "Leukopenia in anorexia nervosa. Lack of increased risk of infection.", "content": "To determine whether patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and leukopenia have an increased risk of infection, we reviewed the incidence of leukopenia and infection in 68 cases of AN and studied the mechanism of profound neutropenia in one. Compared with controls, patients with AN had substantially lower total leukocyte counts and absolute neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts. Despite frequent and often severe panleukopenia, the patients with AN had no more infections than did the control subjects. The patient with severe neutropenia ahd a hypocellular bone marrow biopsy specimen showing relative myeloid hyperplasia, normal distribution of neutrophils between the marginal and circulating pools, and normal bone marrow neutrophil reserves as estimated by response to hydrocortisone sodium succinate. We conclude that patients uith AN and associated leukopenia do not have increased infection propensity.", "contents": "Leukopenia in anorexia nervosa. Lack of increased risk of infection. To determine whether patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and leukopenia have an increased risk of infection, we reviewed the incidence of leukopenia and infection in 68 cases of AN and studied the mechanism of profound neutropenia in one. Compared with controls, patients with AN had substantially lower total leukocyte counts and absolute neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts. Despite frequent and often severe panleukopenia, the patients with AN had no more infections than did the control subjects. The patient with severe neutropenia ahd a hypocellular bone marrow biopsy specimen showing relative myeloid hyperplasia, normal distribution of neutrophils between the marginal and circulating pools, and normal bone marrow neutrophil reserves as estimated by response to hydrocortisone sodium succinate. We conclude that patients uith AN and associated leukopenia do not have increased infection propensity.", "PMID": 708174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3243", "title": "Use of diuretics in treatment of hypertension secondary to renal disease.", "content": "Eleven patients with hypertension secondary to renal disease were treated with hydrochlorothiazide or furosemide plus other drugs to normalize blood pressure. Creatinine clearance fell during the initial treatment period, but then either remained constant or rose toward pretreatment levels in spite of continued therapy. Plasma renin activity was low-normal to subnormal in eight of the 11 patients prior to therapy and did not rise significantly with therapy. Aldosterone excretion was within the normal range prior to treatment and remained normal or increased moderately with treatment. This study demonstrates that diuretics effectively reduce blood pressure in patients with hypertension secondary to renal disease without producing severe volume depletion or clinically significant reduction in renal function. The low renin levels are consistent with other evidence that hypertension in these patients is related to salt and water retention.", "contents": "Use of diuretics in treatment of hypertension secondary to renal disease. Eleven patients with hypertension secondary to renal disease were treated with hydrochlorothiazide or furosemide plus other drugs to normalize blood pressure. Creatinine clearance fell during the initial treatment period, but then either remained constant or rose toward pretreatment levels in spite of continued therapy. Plasma renin activity was low-normal to subnormal in eight of the 11 patients prior to therapy and did not rise significantly with therapy. Aldosterone excretion was within the normal range prior to treatment and remained normal or increased moderately with treatment. This study demonstrates that diuretics effectively reduce blood pressure in patients with hypertension secondary to renal disease without producing severe volume depletion or clinically significant reduction in renal function. The low renin levels are consistent with other evidence that hypertension in these patients is related to salt and water retention.", "PMID": 708175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3244", "title": "ECG diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in patients with pacemakers.", "content": "Ventricular pacing may mimic or obscure the Q waves of myocardial infarcton. Although ST-T changes may occur for other reasons, their presence should alert the physician to the possibility of acute infarction. QRS complexes may be evaluated for infarction if supraventricular beats without left bundle-branch block occur prematurely, as part of a supraventricular tachycardia or as escape beats after inhibition of the articifial pacemaker.", "contents": "ECG diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in patients with pacemakers. Ventricular pacing may mimic or obscure the Q waves of myocardial infarcton. Although ST-T changes may occur for other reasons, their presence should alert the physician to the possibility of acute infarction. QRS complexes may be evaluated for infarction if supraventricular beats without left bundle-branch block occur prematurely, as part of a supraventricular tachycardia or as escape beats after inhibition of the articifial pacemaker.", "PMID": 708176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3245", "title": "Rhabdomyolysis and acute myoglobinuric renal failure. Complications of inferior vena cava ligation.", "content": "A 50-year-old man underwent inferior vena cava ligation because of repeated pulmonary emboli despite adequate heparin therapy. His immediate postoperative course was complicated by the development of massive edema in the lower extremities, leading to a compromised arterial blood flow with the resulting ischemic myopathy and acute myoglobinuric renal failrue. Although massive pooling of body fluids in the lower extremities with fatal consequences has been reported as an immediate complication of the sudden mechanical obstruction of the venous return, to our knowledge this is the first case of myoglobinuric acute renal failure due to rhabdomyolysis reported in association with inferior vena cava ligation.", "contents": "Rhabdomyolysis and acute myoglobinuric renal failure. Complications of inferior vena cava ligation. A 50-year-old man underwent inferior vena cava ligation because of repeated pulmonary emboli despite adequate heparin therapy. His immediate postoperative course was complicated by the development of massive edema in the lower extremities, leading to a compromised arterial blood flow with the resulting ischemic myopathy and acute myoglobinuric renal failrue. Although massive pooling of body fluids in the lower extremities with fatal consequences has been reported as an immediate complication of the sudden mechanical obstruction of the venous return, to our knowledge this is the first case of myoglobinuric acute renal failure due to rhabdomyolysis reported in association with inferior vena cava ligation.", "PMID": 708177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3246", "title": "Primary hypothyroidism and pituitary enlargement. Radiological evidence of pituitary regression.", "content": "A patient with primary hypothyroidism and pituitary gland enlargement was studies extensively before and after replacement therapy with levothyroxine sodium. She had evidence of bulging of the diaphragma sellae and increased serum prolactin levels. Thyroid replacement therapy resulted in regression of the pituitary size, as shown on pneumoencephalogram, but mildly elevated serum prolactin levels persisted.", "contents": "Primary hypothyroidism and pituitary enlargement. Radiological evidence of pituitary regression. A patient with primary hypothyroidism and pituitary gland enlargement was studies extensively before and after replacement therapy with levothyroxine sodium. She had evidence of bulging of the diaphragma sellae and increased serum prolactin levels. Thyroid replacement therapy resulted in regression of the pituitary size, as shown on pneumoencephalogram, but mildly elevated serum prolactin levels persisted.", "PMID": 708178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3247", "title": "Aplastic anemia associated with type B viral hepatitis.", "content": "Aplastic anemia is a recognized complication of viral hepatitis, but, to our knowledge, no cases associated with type B hepatitis have been described. We report the case of a patient who developed severe aplastic anemia very early in the course of infection with hepatitis B virus.", "contents": "Aplastic anemia associated with type B viral hepatitis. Aplastic anemia is a recognized complication of viral hepatitis, but, to our knowledge, no cases associated with type B hepatitis have been described. We report the case of a patient who developed severe aplastic anemia very early in the course of infection with hepatitis B virus.", "PMID": 708179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3248", "title": "Thrombophlebitis of the lower extremities and ABO blood type.", "content": "Of 86 medical patients with a hospital discharge diagnosis of thrombophlebitis of the lower extremity, 70 (81%) were of blood type A,B, or AB (non-O). Of the 344 reference patients matched for age, sex, and country, 187 (54%) were of non-O blood type. The estimate of risk ratio of non-O blood type patients to O blood type patients was 3.7 with 90% confidence limits 2.3 and 6.0. The association between non-O blood type and thrombophlebitis of the lower extremity was strongest among the younger patients and women.", "contents": "Thrombophlebitis of the lower extremities and ABO blood type. Of 86 medical patients with a hospital discharge diagnosis of thrombophlebitis of the lower extremity, 70 (81%) were of blood type A,B, or AB (non-O). Of the 344 reference patients matched for age, sex, and country, 187 (54%) were of non-O blood type. The estimate of risk ratio of non-O blood type patients to O blood type patients was 3.7 with 90% confidence limits 2.3 and 6.0. The association between non-O blood type and thrombophlebitis of the lower extremity was strongest among the younger patients and women.", "PMID": 708180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3249", "title": "The 12-lead electrocardiogram in exercise testing. A misleading baseline?", "content": "Mason and Likar reported a modified ECG lead system that largely eliminates intraexercise artifact without reportedly altering the configuration of the recorded leads. This system allows continuous monitoring of all 12 leads during and after exercise and has become the standard by which other systems are compared. We have found, however, that important changes may be seen between the baseline exercise ECG using the Mason-Likar modification and a simultaneous standard ECG. While these differences do not apparently affect the interpretation of the test, they may produce or obscure evidence of antecedent infarction on the baseline exercise ECG and thus preclude it from being considered interchangeable with a standard ECG.", "contents": "The 12-lead electrocardiogram in exercise testing. A misleading baseline? Mason and Likar reported a modified ECG lead system that largely eliminates intraexercise artifact without reportedly altering the configuration of the recorded leads. This system allows continuous monitoring of all 12 leads during and after exercise and has become the standard by which other systems are compared. We have found, however, that important changes may be seen between the baseline exercise ECG using the Mason-Likar modification and a simultaneous standard ECG. While these differences do not apparently affect the interpretation of the test, they may produce or obscure evidence of antecedent infarction on the baseline exercise ECG and thus preclude it from being considered interchangeable with a standard ECG.", "PMID": 708181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3250", "title": "Indirect hemagglutination with PPD in cerebrospinal fluid for the tuberculous meningoencephalitis.", "content": "Reliability of indirect hemagglutination test was evaluated with PPD in CSF for the diagnosis and prognosis of tuberculous meningoencephalitis. The test was positive 100 percent in 22 patients with this disease and negative in 53 patients from the control group (p = 0.001) with viral or pyogenic infection in the CNS. No correlation was observed between antibody titers and the prognosis of the disease. Modifications of the original technique are described.", "contents": "Indirect hemagglutination with PPD in cerebrospinal fluid for the tuberculous meningoencephalitis. Reliability of indirect hemagglutination test was evaluated with PPD in CSF for the diagnosis and prognosis of tuberculous meningoencephalitis. The test was positive 100 percent in 22 patients with this disease and negative in 53 patients from the control group (p = 0.001) with viral or pyogenic infection in the CNS. No correlation was observed between antibody titers and the prognosis of the disease. Modifications of the original technique are described.", "PMID": 708186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3251", "title": "Hepatic synthesis and albumin distribution in the primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS). as demonstrated by immunofluoresce.", "content": "To study some of the aspects of albumin homeostasis and proteinuria in PNS, the hepatic production of albumin is analyzed using semiquantitative immunofluorescent techniques, in biopsy specimens from nine subjects, free of hepatic or renal disease and nine patients with PNS, where renal biopsies were also made. Tissue sections 0.5 millimicron thick were cut. The hepatic synthesis of albumin, interpreted by the number of cells with specific fluorescence, was much higher in patients with PNS (p less than 0.001), and kept inverse relationship with serum albumin concentrations. Numberless droplets containing albumin were observed in the renal tissue indicating intense resorption and catabolism in the luminal and basal portions of the proximal convoluted tubules. Our findings indicate that, in PNS, albumin synthesis is substantially increased and hypoalbuminemia is caused by exaggerated renal excretion and catabolism.", "contents": "Hepatic synthesis and albumin distribution in the primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS). as demonstrated by immunofluoresce. To study some of the aspects of albumin homeostasis and proteinuria in PNS, the hepatic production of albumin is analyzed using semiquantitative immunofluorescent techniques, in biopsy specimens from nine subjects, free of hepatic or renal disease and nine patients with PNS, where renal biopsies were also made. Tissue sections 0.5 millimicron thick were cut. The hepatic synthesis of albumin, interpreted by the number of cells with specific fluorescence, was much higher in patients with PNS (p less than 0.001), and kept inverse relationship with serum albumin concentrations. Numberless droplets containing albumin were observed in the renal tissue indicating intense resorption and catabolism in the luminal and basal portions of the proximal convoluted tubules. Our findings indicate that, in PNS, albumin synthesis is substantially increased and hypoalbuminemia is caused by exaggerated renal excretion and catabolism.", "PMID": 708187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3252", "title": "Production and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid in the spinal subarachnoid space of the dog.", "content": "The formation and absorption capacity of CSF in the isolated spinal subarachnoid space was investigated in seven dogs by using a perfussion of a solution similar to the cerebrospinal fluid labeled with I 131. It was found that there was no CSF production in the spinal canal; however, there was an important absorption rate with an average of 0.2695 ml/min when the intraspinal pressure was of 10 centimeters of water. The clinical implications of this findings are discussed.", "contents": "Production and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid in the spinal subarachnoid space of the dog. The formation and absorption capacity of CSF in the isolated spinal subarachnoid space was investigated in seven dogs by using a perfussion of a solution similar to the cerebrospinal fluid labeled with I 131. It was found that there was no CSF production in the spinal canal; however, there was an important absorption rate with an average of 0.2695 ml/min when the intraspinal pressure was of 10 centimeters of water. The clinical implications of this findings are discussed.", "PMID": 708188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3253", "title": "Affective disorders in a US urban community: the use of research diagnostic criteria in an epidemiological survey.", "content": "The current point and lifetime prevalence rates of affective disorders, based on the application of Research Diagnostic Criteria to a US urban community sample, are reported. The affective disorders studied included major and minor depression, mania, hypomania, bipolar I and II, primary and secondary depression, schizo-affective disorder, depressive and cyclothymic personality, and grief reactions. Epidemiologic surveys that include treated and untreated persons to obtain rates of specific psychiatric disorders are needed for scientific purposes and health care planning.", "contents": "Affective disorders in a US urban community: the use of research diagnostic criteria in an epidemiological survey. The current point and lifetime prevalence rates of affective disorders, based on the application of Research Diagnostic Criteria to a US urban community sample, are reported. The affective disorders studied included major and minor depression, mania, hypomania, bipolar I and II, primary and secondary depression, schizo-affective disorder, depressive and cyclothymic personality, and grief reactions. Epidemiologic surveys that include treated and untreated persons to obtain rates of specific psychiatric disorders are needed for scientific purposes and health care planning.", "PMID": 708194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3254", "title": "Age at onset of bipolar affective illness.", "content": "The age at onset of bipolar affective illness was determined for 100 males and 100 females who met the newly proposed DSM-III criteria for mania. Three different indices of onset were employed: first hospitalization, first treatment, and first apparent symptoms. A table was constructed indicating the cumulative percentage of those who became ill by the time they passed through each age quinquennium. One third were hospitalized before their 25th birthday, and at least 20% had already shown evidence of illness as adolescents. The early 20s was the peak period of onset. No manic episodes were confirmed prior to age 13, and onset after age 60 was rare. Sex, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status did not significantly affect age at onset. Affective illness should be given serious consideration in the differential diagnosis of mental disorders in young people.", "contents": "Age at onset of bipolar affective illness. The age at onset of bipolar affective illness was determined for 100 males and 100 females who met the newly proposed DSM-III criteria for mania. Three different indices of onset were employed: first hospitalization, first treatment, and first apparent symptoms. A table was constructed indicating the cumulative percentage of those who became ill by the time they passed through each age quinquennium. One third were hospitalized before their 25th birthday, and at least 20% had already shown evidence of illness as adolescents. The early 20s was the peak period of onset. No manic episodes were confirmed prior to age 13, and onset after age 60 was rare. Sex, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status did not significantly affect age at onset. Affective illness should be given serious consideration in the differential diagnosis of mental disorders in young people.", "PMID": 708195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3255", "title": "Psychological functioning of bipolar manic-depressives in remission.", "content": "Several dimensions of psychological functioning of bipolar manic-depressives in remission were investigated. The following hypotheses were examined: (1) During remission, these individuals exhibit psychological maladjustment or a lack of positive mental health. (2) Bipolar manic-depressives are characterized by strong external orientations. The Personal Orientation Inventory, Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, Levenson's Internal and Powerful Others Locus of Control Scales, and the Embedded Figures Test were administered to matched groups of 35 bipolar manic-depressives and 35 normal comparison subjects. Discriminant analysis disclosed no significant differences between the two groups on measures of positive mental health and on measures of external orientation. The relationship between these results and the etiology and treatment of manic-depressive disorder is briefly discussed, as well as the contradiction these findings pose to current views of this disorder pervasive among professional and lay populations.", "contents": "Psychological functioning of bipolar manic-depressives in remission. Several dimensions of psychological functioning of bipolar manic-depressives in remission were investigated. The following hypotheses were examined: (1) During remission, these individuals exhibit psychological maladjustment or a lack of positive mental health. (2) Bipolar manic-depressives are characterized by strong external orientations. The Personal Orientation Inventory, Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, Levenson's Internal and Powerful Others Locus of Control Scales, and the Embedded Figures Test were administered to matched groups of 35 bipolar manic-depressives and 35 normal comparison subjects. Discriminant analysis disclosed no significant differences between the two groups on measures of positive mental health and on measures of external orientation. The relationship between these results and the etiology and treatment of manic-depressive disorder is briefly discussed, as well as the contradiction these findings pose to current views of this disorder pervasive among professional and lay populations.", "PMID": 708196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3256", "title": "Primary affective disorder, clinical state change, and MHPG excretion: a longitudinal study.", "content": "Urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethylene glycol (MHPG) excretion, which is thought to reflect CNS norepinephrine metabolism, has been shown to be significantly decreased in some depressed patients. Although there is consensus that urinary MHPG excretion varies directly with mood in rapidly cycling bipolar patients, there is little information on longer term state changes, such as those that accompany recovery from depression. Ten female patients with diagnoses of primary affective disorder were studied initially during an inpatient hospitalization and restudied at least ten months after discharge. Five healthy female comparison subjects were also studied over a similar interval of time. During the baseline period, the patient sample excreted less MHPG than did the comparison group. Improvement in clinical state from a seriously depressed baseline was associated with a significant increase in MHPG excretion, while the patients with recurrences of depression showed no change and continued to excrete less MHPG than the comparison subjects. These results suggest that urinary MHPG excretion may represent an index of psychobiological state in depressive patients.", "contents": "Primary affective disorder, clinical state change, and MHPG excretion: a longitudinal study. Urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethylene glycol (MHPG) excretion, which is thought to reflect CNS norepinephrine metabolism, has been shown to be significantly decreased in some depressed patients. Although there is consensus that urinary MHPG excretion varies directly with mood in rapidly cycling bipolar patients, there is little information on longer term state changes, such as those that accompany recovery from depression. Ten female patients with diagnoses of primary affective disorder were studied initially during an inpatient hospitalization and restudied at least ten months after discharge. Five healthy female comparison subjects were also studied over a similar interval of time. During the baseline period, the patient sample excreted less MHPG than did the comparison group. Improvement in clinical state from a seriously depressed baseline was associated with a significant increase in MHPG excretion, while the patients with recurrences of depression showed no change and continued to excrete less MHPG than the comparison subjects. These results suggest that urinary MHPG excretion may represent an index of psychobiological state in depressive patients.", "PMID": 708197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3257", "title": "[Autoradiographic findings in cerebrospinal fluid cells (author's transl)].", "content": "The report concerns the results of autoradiographic studies of cerebrospinal fluid cells. We investigated pleocytosis in cases of inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system, hemorrhage in the cerebrospinal fluid space, brain tumor and hemoblastosis, as well as in cases of undefined neurologic disease. Cerebrospinal fluid was incubated with tritiated thymidine. The results show that tumor cells have the highest labeling index and monocytes the lowest. Cells from primary brain tumors incorporate tritiated thymidine more rarely and less intensely than cells from cerebral metastases. Lymphocytes from inflammatory disease in infants may demonstrate a high labeling index.", "contents": "[Autoradiographic findings in cerebrospinal fluid cells (author's transl)]. The report concerns the results of autoradiographic studies of cerebrospinal fluid cells. We investigated pleocytosis in cases of inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system, hemorrhage in the cerebrospinal fluid space, brain tumor and hemoblastosis, as well as in cases of undefined neurologic disease. Cerebrospinal fluid was incubated with tritiated thymidine. The results show that tumor cells have the highest labeling index and monocytes the lowest. Cells from primary brain tumors incorporate tritiated thymidine more rarely and less intensely than cells from cerebral metastases. Lymphocytes from inflammatory disease in infants may demonstrate a high labeling index.", "PMID": 708216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3258", "title": "[Cerebral and blood flow and cerebral blood volume in communicating hydrocephalus (author's transl)].", "content": "Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) were estimated in patients with communicating hydrocephalus, arteriosclerotic and presenile dementia. In all groups ischemic patterns were detected which did not allow any differential diagnostic separation between the patients. In some patients with communicating hydrocephalus reduction of cerebrospinal fluid pressure by lumbar puncture or ventriculoperipheral shunt respectively resulted in increase of rCBF and rCBV. This was not achieved in the other patients with dementia. Predominantly areas with ischemic flow values gained profit from reduction of CSF pressure. This was interpreted as a sign of regional damage to the autoregulation.", "contents": "[Cerebral and blood flow and cerebral blood volume in communicating hydrocephalus (author's transl)]. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) were estimated in patients with communicating hydrocephalus, arteriosclerotic and presenile dementia. In all groups ischemic patterns were detected which did not allow any differential diagnostic separation between the patients. In some patients with communicating hydrocephalus reduction of cerebrospinal fluid pressure by lumbar puncture or ventriculoperipheral shunt respectively resulted in increase of rCBF and rCBV. This was not achieved in the other patients with dementia. Predominantly areas with ischemic flow values gained profit from reduction of CSF pressure. This was interpreted as a sign of regional damage to the autoregulation.", "PMID": 708217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3259", "title": "Blink reflex in facial-hypoglossal anastomosis.", "content": "The blink reflex was investigated in two patients after a facial-hypoglossal anastomosis had been performed. In each case the first component of the blink reflex could be demonstrated with normal latency on the operated side after ipsilateral supraorbital stimulation. These findings give further evidence that the first component of the blink reflex is not monosynaptic in nature. The second component of the blink reflex was distinctly retarded in the first case and was not seen at all in the second case. The second component of the blink reflex is influenced strongly by alteration of the intrabulbar and efferent part of the reflex circuits; it shows some correlation with voluntary motor activity.", "contents": "Blink reflex in facial-hypoglossal anastomosis. The blink reflex was investigated in two patients after a facial-hypoglossal anastomosis had been performed. In each case the first component of the blink reflex could be demonstrated with normal latency on the operated side after ipsilateral supraorbital stimulation. These findings give further evidence that the first component of the blink reflex is not monosynaptic in nature. The second component of the blink reflex was distinctly retarded in the first case and was not seen at all in the second case. The second component of the blink reflex is influenced strongly by alteration of the intrabulbar and efferent part of the reflex circuits; it shows some correlation with voluntary motor activity.", "PMID": 708218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3260", "title": "Kraepelin-oriented research-diagnosable schizophrenia, mania, and depression in Schneider-negative schizophrenics.", "content": "The rigorous neo-Kraepelinean research criteria of the St. Louis/Iowa and Taylor groups were applied to case record data of 116 first admissions of Schneider-negative schizophrenics--that is, those without first-rank symptoms (FRSs)--hospitalized in a strongly Schneider-oriented German University Psychiatric Clinic from 1962 to 1971. This sample had a total of 45.7% (53 cases) of psychiatric illness diagnosable by research methods. Indeed, only 31% (36 cases) of Schneider-negative schizophrenics turned out to have research-positive Kraepelin-oriented schizophrenia; and of these, 21 fulfilled both sets of research criteria for schizophrenia. It is important that 14.6% (17 cases) of Schneider-negative schizophrenia consisted of research-diagnosable affective disorder, with mania making up 5.2% and depression 9.4% of this figure. The findings suggest that a sample of Schneider-oriented schizophrenia without FRSs as routinely diagnosed in Germany does not seem to represent a clear-cut homogeneous and 'uncontaminated' group of schizophrenics.", "contents": "Kraepelin-oriented research-diagnosable schizophrenia, mania, and depression in Schneider-negative schizophrenics. The rigorous neo-Kraepelinean research criteria of the St. Louis/Iowa and Taylor groups were applied to case record data of 116 first admissions of Schneider-negative schizophrenics--that is, those without first-rank symptoms (FRSs)--hospitalized in a strongly Schneider-oriented German University Psychiatric Clinic from 1962 to 1971. This sample had a total of 45.7% (53 cases) of psychiatric illness diagnosable by research methods. Indeed, only 31% (36 cases) of Schneider-negative schizophrenics turned out to have research-positive Kraepelin-oriented schizophrenia; and of these, 21 fulfilled both sets of research criteria for schizophrenia. It is important that 14.6% (17 cases) of Schneider-negative schizophrenia consisted of research-diagnosable affective disorder, with mania making up 5.2% and depression 9.4% of this figure. The findings suggest that a sample of Schneider-oriented schizophrenia without FRSs as routinely diagnosed in Germany does not seem to represent a clear-cut homogeneous and 'uncontaminated' group of schizophrenics.", "PMID": 708219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3261", "title": "[Focal migraine attacks without headaches (author's transl)].", "content": "The migraine without headaches is a special form of focal migraine, a migraine accompagn\u00e9e without headaches. The diagnostic classification of the transient focal disturbances is made possible by careful analysis of the attacks. This type of attack starts in a localized manner (primarily in the ophthalmic area), develops corresponding to the cortical representation, and is not always restricted to one vascular area. Typical is the slow spread of symptoms over a period of ten minutes, on the average. This allows a differentiation from transient ischemic attacks or focal epilepsy. The diagnosis is supported by hereditary factors, early onset of manifestation and change of the side of focal symptoms (in 11 of 16 patients). Of 409 migraine patients, 16 were such cases, corresponding to an occurrence of 4%. There were no signs of symptomatic etiology for these transient focal disturbances.", "contents": "[Focal migraine attacks without headaches (author's transl)]. The migraine without headaches is a special form of focal migraine, a migraine accompagn\u00e9e without headaches. The diagnostic classification of the transient focal disturbances is made possible by careful analysis of the attacks. This type of attack starts in a localized manner (primarily in the ophthalmic area), develops corresponding to the cortical representation, and is not always restricted to one vascular area. Typical is the slow spread of symptoms over a period of ten minutes, on the average. This allows a differentiation from transient ischemic attacks or focal epilepsy. The diagnosis is supported by hereditary factors, early onset of manifestation and change of the side of focal symptoms (in 11 of 16 patients). Of 409 migraine patients, 16 were such cases, corresponding to an occurrence of 4%. There were no signs of symptomatic etiology for these transient focal disturbances.", "PMID": 708220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3262", "title": "[Readability of words as a function of their parts of speech in aphasics. A contribution to the definition of anomia (author's transl)].", "content": "Definitions of anomia as a symptom of aphasia have been classified into three categories. Some frequently cited experimental studies designed to establish a rank order of difficulty for parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, verbs) have been briefly evaluated. An experiment has been conducted with 18 mild adult aphasics who were required to read lists of words which were controlled with respect to length, frequency of occurrence and part of speech. The results show that the linguistic category of part of speech has a highly significant influence on readability. Nouns are easier to read than adjectives and these easier than verbs. This finding does not necessarily contradict many definitions of anomia, though it calls into question the validity of many widely accepted interpretations. The results were explained in terms of phrase structure and dependence grammars.", "contents": "[Readability of words as a function of their parts of speech in aphasics. A contribution to the definition of anomia (author's transl)]. Definitions of anomia as a symptom of aphasia have been classified into three categories. Some frequently cited experimental studies designed to establish a rank order of difficulty for parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, verbs) have been briefly evaluated. An experiment has been conducted with 18 mild adult aphasics who were required to read lists of words which were controlled with respect to length, frequency of occurrence and part of speech. The results show that the linguistic category of part of speech has a highly significant influence on readability. Nouns are easier to read than adjectives and these easier than verbs. This finding does not necessarily contradict many definitions of anomia, though it calls into question the validity of many widely accepted interpretations. The results were explained in terms of phrase structure and dependence grammars.", "PMID": 708221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3263", "title": "[Cytology, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase in CSF in mild head injuries (author's transl)].", "content": "Cytology, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase in cerebrospinal fluid were investigated 6-72h after mild head injuries in 59 patients aged 16-49 years. Significant differences were not found in creatine kinase. Lactate dehydrogenase, however, was significantly more elevated in mild cerebral contusions compared with concussions 24h after head injury. Monocytoid reaction in cerebrospinal fluid was significantly more distinct in mild contusions compared with concussions 24h after impact. Large phagocytes were rarely found in concussions and were not traceable 48h after impact. Large phagocytes, however, were found in 50-55% of the mild contusions 48-72h after head injury. Siderophages were found only in contusions (16.5-35%), 48-72h after impact). The optimal time for lumbar punction is 24h after head injury.", "contents": "[Cytology, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase in CSF in mild head injuries (author's transl)]. Cytology, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase in cerebrospinal fluid were investigated 6-72h after mild head injuries in 59 patients aged 16-49 years. Significant differences were not found in creatine kinase. Lactate dehydrogenase, however, was significantly more elevated in mild cerebral contusions compared with concussions 24h after head injury. Monocytoid reaction in cerebrospinal fluid was significantly more distinct in mild contusions compared with concussions 24h after impact. Large phagocytes were rarely found in concussions and were not traceable 48h after impact. Large phagocytes, however, were found in 50-55% of the mild contusions 48-72h after head injury. Siderophages were found only in contusions (16.5-35%), 48-72h after impact). The optimal time for lumbar punction is 24h after head injury.", "PMID": 708222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3264", "title": "[Neuroradiological diagnosis and treatment of dural carotid-cavernous sinus fistulae (author's transl)].", "content": "The neuroradiological diagnostic and therapeutic procedure in seven patients with nine dural fistulae between distal branches of the external carotid artery and the cavernous sinus is described. All patients had proptosis, signs of increased orbital venous pressure, and different degrees of pareses of the ocular muscles. During the diagnostic investigations selective angiographies of the internal and external carotid arteries and of the vertebral arteries were performed on both sides in order to exclude or to demonstrate branches of these vessels supplying the shunts. Subsequently those branches of the external carotid arteries feeding the fistulae were angiographied superselectively and embolized by repeated Gelfoam-injections during this same examination. Finally, the embolization of the shunts was proved by control angiographies in all cases. Following embolization, a pulse-synchronous bruit preexisting in four patients had disappeared. In all patients there was a complete remission of proptosis, signs of increased orbital venous pressure and blepharoedema within 2 weeks, and of the pareses of the ocular muscles within 4 to 6 weeks. After periodical control examinations at intervals of 4 to 6 weeks and during a period of 6 to 15 months none of the patients showed neurological deficits or signs of recurrence of the embolized fistulae. Superselective angiography and simultaneous embolization of dural carotid-cavernous sinus fistulae is therefore proposed as the current therapeutic procedure of choice for the treatment of these vascular malformations.", "contents": "[Neuroradiological diagnosis and treatment of dural carotid-cavernous sinus fistulae (author's transl)]. The neuroradiological diagnostic and therapeutic procedure in seven patients with nine dural fistulae between distal branches of the external carotid artery and the cavernous sinus is described. All patients had proptosis, signs of increased orbital venous pressure, and different degrees of pareses of the ocular muscles. During the diagnostic investigations selective angiographies of the internal and external carotid arteries and of the vertebral arteries were performed on both sides in order to exclude or to demonstrate branches of these vessels supplying the shunts. Subsequently those branches of the external carotid arteries feeding the fistulae were angiographied superselectively and embolized by repeated Gelfoam-injections during this same examination. Finally, the embolization of the shunts was proved by control angiographies in all cases. Following embolization, a pulse-synchronous bruit preexisting in four patients had disappeared. In all patients there was a complete remission of proptosis, signs of increased orbital venous pressure and blepharoedema within 2 weeks, and of the pareses of the ocular muscles within 4 to 6 weeks. After periodical control examinations at intervals of 4 to 6 weeks and during a period of 6 to 15 months none of the patients showed neurological deficits or signs of recurrence of the embolized fistulae. Superselective angiography and simultaneous embolization of dural carotid-cavernous sinus fistulae is therefore proposed as the current therapeutic procedure of choice for the treatment of these vascular malformations.", "PMID": 708223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3265", "title": "Voluntary lid closing inability. Release of a compulsive reaction to the exploration of the environment.", "content": "Voluntary lid closing inability has been observed in two patients with right-sided frontal ischemic damage. The patients developed a transient inability to close their eyelids voluntarily at the same time as a transient forced grasping in the left hand and left hemiparesis not affecting the face. Automatic and reflex lid closures were retained as well as the ability to keep the eyes closed and to reopen them readily on command. In previous reports, inability to close eyelids voluntarily has been attributed to apraxia, paralysis, or motor impersistence. The localization of the lesion observed in our patients suggests other pathogenetic hypotheses similar to compulsive gaze [19]. It is conceivable that the voluntary lid closing inability produced by frontal lobe lesions is due to the release of a compulsion to maintain the lids elevated in the waking state, because of the overactive effect of the visual stimuli.", "contents": "Voluntary lid closing inability. Release of a compulsive reaction to the exploration of the environment. Voluntary lid closing inability has been observed in two patients with right-sided frontal ischemic damage. The patients developed a transient inability to close their eyelids voluntarily at the same time as a transient forced grasping in the left hand and left hemiparesis not affecting the face. Automatic and reflex lid closures were retained as well as the ability to keep the eyes closed and to reopen them readily on command. In previous reports, inability to close eyelids voluntarily has been attributed to apraxia, paralysis, or motor impersistence. The localization of the lesion observed in our patients suggests other pathogenetic hypotheses similar to compulsive gaze [19]. It is conceivable that the voluntary lid closing inability produced by frontal lobe lesions is due to the release of a compulsion to maintain the lids elevated in the waking state, because of the overactive effect of the visual stimuli.", "PMID": 708224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3266", "title": "[Investigations of the plasma cortisol in psychiatric diagnostic groups (author's transl)].", "content": "In 23 endogenous depressives, 24 schizophrenics, 15 manics, 23 depressed neurotics, 23 nondepressed neurotics and 29 nonpsychiatric patients as controls, the plasma cortisol in the morning (7:30 a.m.) and the evening (7:30 p.m.) was measured with radioimmunoassay. Comparing the means of the groups, significant differences were found. In the morning the means of the nondepressed neurotics (-x = 16.6 microgram/100 ml), the endogenous depressives (-x = 14.8 microgram/100 ml), and the depressed neurotics (-x = 14.4 microgram/100 ml) are greater than that of the controls (-x = 10.0 microgram/100 ml). In the evening the means of the nondepressed neurotics (-x = 8.8 microgram/100 ml), the manics (-x = 6.4 microgram/100 ml), and the endogenous depressives (-x = 7.0 microgram/100 ml) are greater than that of the controls (-x = 3.6 microgram/100 ml); also, the mean of the nondepressed neurotics (-x = 8.8 microgram/100 ml) is greater than those of the depressped neurotics (-x = 4.9 microgram/100 ml) and the schizophrenics (-x = 4.4 microgram/100 ml). The results are compared with the literature. The interpretation of the findings is problematic: probably unspecific factors of stress and specific factors of illness--at least in depressive illness of the endogenomorphic type--are relevant.", "contents": "[Investigations of the plasma cortisol in psychiatric diagnostic groups (author's transl)]. In 23 endogenous depressives, 24 schizophrenics, 15 manics, 23 depressed neurotics, 23 nondepressed neurotics and 29 nonpsychiatric patients as controls, the plasma cortisol in the morning (7:30 a.m.) and the evening (7:30 p.m.) was measured with radioimmunoassay. Comparing the means of the groups, significant differences were found. In the morning the means of the nondepressed neurotics (-x = 16.6 microgram/100 ml), the endogenous depressives (-x = 14.8 microgram/100 ml), and the depressed neurotics (-x = 14.4 microgram/100 ml) are greater than that of the controls (-x = 10.0 microgram/100 ml). In the evening the means of the nondepressed neurotics (-x = 8.8 microgram/100 ml), the manics (-x = 6.4 microgram/100 ml), and the endogenous depressives (-x = 7.0 microgram/100 ml) are greater than that of the controls (-x = 3.6 microgram/100 ml); also, the mean of the nondepressed neurotics (-x = 8.8 microgram/100 ml) is greater than those of the depressped neurotics (-x = 4.9 microgram/100 ml) and the schizophrenics (-x = 4.4 microgram/100 ml). The results are compared with the literature. The interpretation of the findings is problematic: probably unspecific factors of stress and specific factors of illness--at least in depressive illness of the endogenomorphic type--are relevant.", "PMID": 708225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3267", "title": "Aneurysmal rupture during angiography.", "content": "A case of rupture, during angiography, of a right middle cerebral artery aneurysm with profuse hemorrhage into the subarachnoidal space is presented. Bleeding must have started between the two injections for the frontal and for the lateral carotidograms. The aneurysm that ruptured two days after a closed cerebral trauma was probably traumatic in origin.", "contents": "Aneurysmal rupture during angiography. A case of rupture, during angiography, of a right middle cerebral artery aneurysm with profuse hemorrhage into the subarachnoidal space is presented. Bleeding must have started between the two injections for the frontal and for the lateral carotidograms. The aneurysm that ruptured two days after a closed cerebral trauma was probably traumatic in origin.", "PMID": 708226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3268", "title": "The course of affective disorders. I. Change of diagnosis of monopolar, unipolar, and bipolar illness.", "content": "All patients suffering from affective psychoses (ICD 296) who were admitted to the Psychiatric University Clinic of Zurich between 1959 and 1963 were studied in a follow-up investigation until 1975. Of 254 affective psychoses, 95 were bipolar patients (37.4%) and 159 were monopolar (62.6%). The sample of bipolar patients was complemented with all patients who had been admitted in the period 1959--1963 because of manic or mixed manic-depressive syndromes. This paper describes the change of diagnosis in the two diagnostic groups. In 10% (N = 20) of monopolar depression cases there was a change of diagnosis to bipolar affective illness. An analysis shows that the diagnosis of patients with three or more depressive episodes (unipolar depressives) was especially prone to change. A mathematical correction of some diagnostic errors leads to the conclusion that the ratio of unipolar depression to bipolar illness may be about 1:1. A major source of diagnostic error lies in the change of affective to schizo-affective illness. Up to now, no clinical criterion exists that would exclude this error, which was found in 6% (n=12) of the monopolar but also in 7.5% (n = 3) of the bipolar index patients. It is recommended that studies of affective disorders should be based on truly representative samples of the illness, including patients with one or two episodes, and that the term 'unipolar depression' be used synonymously with the term 'monopolar depression,' originally created by Kleist (1947) and Leonhard (1957).", "contents": "The course of affective disorders. I. Change of diagnosis of monopolar, unipolar, and bipolar illness. All patients suffering from affective psychoses (ICD 296) who were admitted to the Psychiatric University Clinic of Zurich between 1959 and 1963 were studied in a follow-up investigation until 1975. Of 254 affective psychoses, 95 were bipolar patients (37.4%) and 159 were monopolar (62.6%). The sample of bipolar patients was complemented with all patients who had been admitted in the period 1959--1963 because of manic or mixed manic-depressive syndromes. This paper describes the change of diagnosis in the two diagnostic groups. In 10% (N = 20) of monopolar depression cases there was a change of diagnosis to bipolar affective illness. An analysis shows that the diagnosis of patients with three or more depressive episodes (unipolar depressives) was especially prone to change. A mathematical correction of some diagnostic errors leads to the conclusion that the ratio of unipolar depression to bipolar illness may be about 1:1. A major source of diagnostic error lies in the change of affective to schizo-affective illness. Up to now, no clinical criterion exists that would exclude this error, which was found in 6% (n=12) of the monopolar but also in 7.5% (n = 3) of the bipolar index patients. It is recommended that studies of affective disorders should be based on truly representative samples of the illness, including patients with one or two episodes, and that the term 'unipolar depression' be used synonymously with the term 'monopolar depression,' originally created by Kleist (1947) and Leonhard (1957).", "PMID": 708227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3269", "title": "The course of affective disorders. II. Typology of bipolar manic-depressive illness.", "content": "A representative sample of 95 hospitalized bipolar manic-depressive patients was followed up from 1959 to 1975. The mean age of the group at the time of this study was 61 years. It was observed that female bipolar patients demonstrate depression much more frequently than mania, while male patients show a symmetric distribution of both manic and depressive syndromes. The longitudinal occurrence of syndromes remains more or less constant; for instance, individual patients do not tend to go into depression with increasing age. The study shows that even after three episodes 29% of all bipolar patients would still have been misdiagnosed as unipolar depression. An attempt is made to classify bipolar patients into three subtypes, 'preponderantly manic,' 'preponderantly depressed,' and a 'nuclear' type. Male patients belong mainly to the latter with an equal proportion of the first and third subtype. In contrast, female patients belong mainly to the depressed subtype. The findings are discussed assuming either a heterogeneity of bipolar disorders or a threshold model of affective disorders suggested by Gershon et al. (1976).", "contents": "The course of affective disorders. II. Typology of bipolar manic-depressive illness. A representative sample of 95 hospitalized bipolar manic-depressive patients was followed up from 1959 to 1975. The mean age of the group at the time of this study was 61 years. It was observed that female bipolar patients demonstrate depression much more frequently than mania, while male patients show a symmetric distribution of both manic and depressive syndromes. The longitudinal occurrence of syndromes remains more or less constant; for instance, individual patients do not tend to go into depression with increasing age. The study shows that even after three episodes 29% of all bipolar patients would still have been misdiagnosed as unipolar depression. An attempt is made to classify bipolar patients into three subtypes, 'preponderantly manic,' 'preponderantly depressed,' and a 'nuclear' type. Male patients belong mainly to the latter with an equal proportion of the first and third subtype. In contrast, female patients belong mainly to the depressed subtype. The findings are discussed assuming either a heterogeneity of bipolar disorders or a threshold model of affective disorders suggested by Gershon et al. (1976).", "PMID": 708228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3270", "title": "Marchiafava-Bignami disease. First case in germany.", "content": "The first case of Marchiafava-Bignami disease in a German is reported. The female patient was a heavy drinker and died after a fortnight of coma. Necropsy showed a typical degeneration of the corpus callosum and of the subcortical white matter of the right cerebral hemisphere. Furthermore, this case is the fourth of the cases of Marchiafava-Bignami disease in a woman described up to now.", "contents": "Marchiafava-Bignami disease. First case in germany. The first case of Marchiafava-Bignami disease in a German is reported. The female patient was a heavy drinker and died after a fortnight of coma. Necropsy showed a typical degeneration of the corpus callosum and of the subcortical white matter of the right cerebral hemisphere. Furthermore, this case is the fourth of the cases of Marchiafava-Bignami disease in a woman described up to now.", "PMID": 708229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3271", "title": "Spatial distribution of colonic carcinoma.", "content": "During the past several decades, there has been a shift in the distribution of colorectal cancer toward the right side, with an increase in colon lesions on the right side and a marked decrease in rectal lesions. In 1,009 cases studied between 1966 and 1977, this change in distribution pattern is illustrated. A revision of widespread current concepts of colonic cancer detection is indicated.", "contents": "Spatial distribution of colonic carcinoma. During the past several decades, there has been a shift in the distribution of colorectal cancer toward the right side, with an increase in colon lesions on the right side and a marked decrease in rectal lesions. In 1,009 cases studied between 1966 and 1977, this change in distribution pattern is illustrated. A revision of widespread current concepts of colonic cancer detection is indicated.", "PMID": 708233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3272", "title": "Management of the appendiceal mass.", "content": "The records of forty-three patients with clinically diagnosed appendiceal abscess were reviewed to compare operative vs nonoperative therapy. Thirteen patients were operated on shortly after admission. Eleven of these had appendectomy or drainage of an abscess; two patients had right hemicolectomy. There were no serious complications, and median hospitalization was 7.2 days. Thirty patients were initially treated nonoperatively. Twenty-six of these did well and were discharged a median of 11 days after admission. Four patients required operations for failure to respond. One patient died of a pulmonary embolism. Four patients returned with recurrent appendicitis and underwent appendectomy. Three patients were later found to have other disease processes. Good results can be obtained with either form of therapy. Patients not operated on should be examined to exclude lesions masquerading as appendiceal abscesses.", "contents": "Management of the appendiceal mass. The records of forty-three patients with clinically diagnosed appendiceal abscess were reviewed to compare operative vs nonoperative therapy. Thirteen patients were operated on shortly after admission. Eleven of these had appendectomy or drainage of an abscess; two patients had right hemicolectomy. There were no serious complications, and median hospitalization was 7.2 days. Thirty patients were initially treated nonoperatively. Twenty-six of these did well and were discharged a median of 11 days after admission. Four patients required operations for failure to respond. One patient died of a pulmonary embolism. Four patients returned with recurrent appendicitis and underwent appendectomy. Three patients were later found to have other disease processes. Good results can be obtained with either form of therapy. Patients not operated on should be examined to exclude lesions masquerading as appendiceal abscesses.", "PMID": 708234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3273", "title": "Acute cholecystitis in the elderly: a surgical emergency.", "content": "A retrospective review of 88 male patients older than 60 years of age with billiary tract disease showed a mortality of 6.8%. More than 40% of the patients (39 of 88) had acute cholecystitis. Medical therapy failed for almost all of the patients (38 of 39) with acute inflammatory disease and they then required an operation during their initial hospitalization. In this acute disease group, 21% had empyema of the gallbladder, 18% had gangrenous cholecystitis or free perforation of the gallbladder, and 15% had subphrenic or liver abscesses. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella were obtained from 78% of the bile cultures, and obligate anaerobes were present in 25% of them. A delay in diagnosis and operation occurred in 33% of the patients with acute disease. Factors responsible for this delay included a deceptively benign clinical presentation and the requirement for prolonged resuscitation. Since response to conservative measures is unlikely in the elderly patient with acute cholecystitis, optimal management consists of resuscitation and prompt operation for control of infection.", "contents": "Acute cholecystitis in the elderly: a surgical emergency. A retrospective review of 88 male patients older than 60 years of age with billiary tract disease showed a mortality of 6.8%. More than 40% of the patients (39 of 88) had acute cholecystitis. Medical therapy failed for almost all of the patients (38 of 39) with acute inflammatory disease and they then required an operation during their initial hospitalization. In this acute disease group, 21% had empyema of the gallbladder, 18% had gangrenous cholecystitis or free perforation of the gallbladder, and 15% had subphrenic or liver abscesses. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella were obtained from 78% of the bile cultures, and obligate anaerobes were present in 25% of them. A delay in diagnosis and operation occurred in 33% of the patients with acute disease. Factors responsible for this delay included a deceptively benign clinical presentation and the requirement for prolonged resuscitation. Since response to conservative measures is unlikely in the elderly patient with acute cholecystitis, optimal management consists of resuscitation and prompt operation for control of infection.", "PMID": 708235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3274", "title": "Management of major arteriovenous fistulas by arteriographic techniques.", "content": "Five patients with major symptomatic arteriovenous fistulas were treated between July 1976 and December 1977. In two patients the fistulas were due to trauma; in two others, malignant neoplasms; and in one patient, congenital angiodysplasia. The anatomic location or extent of each arteriovenous fistula would have made direct surgical access to the fistula sites difficult; therefore, it was elected to use arteriographic embolization techniques to attempt definitve obliteration of the fistulas. Wool-tufted wire coli emboli were used in three patients and gelatin sponge-autologous blood clot was used in two patients. These were precisely embolized to the fistula site by superselective catheterization of the feeding artery. Complete obliteration of the fistulas was achieved in each case with no morbidity. Follow-up clinical and ateriographic examination confirmed persistence of fistula closure.", "contents": "Management of major arteriovenous fistulas by arteriographic techniques. Five patients with major symptomatic arteriovenous fistulas were treated between July 1976 and December 1977. In two patients the fistulas were due to trauma; in two others, malignant neoplasms; and in one patient, congenital angiodysplasia. The anatomic location or extent of each arteriovenous fistula would have made direct surgical access to the fistula sites difficult; therefore, it was elected to use arteriographic embolization techniques to attempt definitve obliteration of the fistulas. Wool-tufted wire coli emboli were used in three patients and gelatin sponge-autologous blood clot was used in two patients. These were precisely embolized to the fistula site by superselective catheterization of the feeding artery. Complete obliteration of the fistulas was achieved in each case with no morbidity. Follow-up clinical and ateriographic examination confirmed persistence of fistula closure.", "PMID": 708236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3275", "title": "Salmonella arteritis: a precursor of aortic rupture and pseudoaneurysm formation.", "content": "Salmonella arteritis developed in three patients with subsequent arterial rupture and pseudoaneurysm formation. They had a one- to two-week history of chills and fever, and blood cultures were positive for salmonella. Pulsatile, tender abdominal masses developed in two patients with aortic infection while they were hospitalized. The third patient's femoral artery infection presented as a painful swelling behind the knee. Arteriography demonstrated large vessel rupture with pseudoaneurysm formation and allowed a planned operation in each case. The infected aortic aneurysms were totally excised, the aortic stump oversewn, and the retroperitoneum drained through the flank. Axillobifemoral grafts were constructed to bypass the infection area. Antibiotics effective against salmonella (ampicillin sodium, amoxicillin trihydrate, or chloramphenicol) were given for six weeks postoperatively. Allthree patients are alive without evidence of furhter infection. Recognition that microbial arteritis may be a complication of salmonella infections, particularly when Salmonella choleraesuis and Salmonella typhimurium are cultured, will lead to earlier detection of vascular lesions.", "contents": "Salmonella arteritis: a precursor of aortic rupture and pseudoaneurysm formation. Salmonella arteritis developed in three patients with subsequent arterial rupture and pseudoaneurysm formation. They had a one- to two-week history of chills and fever, and blood cultures were positive for salmonella. Pulsatile, tender abdominal masses developed in two patients with aortic infection while they were hospitalized. The third patient's femoral artery infection presented as a painful swelling behind the knee. Arteriography demonstrated large vessel rupture with pseudoaneurysm formation and allowed a planned operation in each case. The infected aortic aneurysms were totally excised, the aortic stump oversewn, and the retroperitoneum drained through the flank. Axillobifemoral grafts were constructed to bypass the infection area. Antibiotics effective against salmonella (ampicillin sodium, amoxicillin trihydrate, or chloramphenicol) were given for six weeks postoperatively. Allthree patients are alive without evidence of furhter infection. Recognition that microbial arteritis may be a complication of salmonella infections, particularly when Salmonella choleraesuis and Salmonella typhimurium are cultured, will lead to earlier detection of vascular lesions.", "PMID": 708237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3276", "title": "Poststress Doppler ankle pressures: a comparison of treadmill exercise with two other methods of induced hyperemia.", "content": "Postocclusion reactive hyperemia and isolated leg exercise were evaluated as techniques for functional evaluation of lower extremity arterial insufficiency by comparing them with treadmill exercise. Sixty patients with claudication and six normal subjects were evaluated. Changes in Doppler ankle pressures were measured after each form of stress. With substantial occlusive disease, there is a drop in pressure with gradual recovery. Postocclusion reactive hyperemia and isolated leg exercise are abnormal if the pressure does not return to resting levels within two minutes. There was good correlation between the three methods. Postocclusion reactive hyperemia avoids the problems of patient cooperation inherent in the other two methods. Postocclusion reactive hyperemia should probably replace treadmill exercise as the first method of stress testing lower extremities.", "contents": "Poststress Doppler ankle pressures: a comparison of treadmill exercise with two other methods of induced hyperemia. Postocclusion reactive hyperemia and isolated leg exercise were evaluated as techniques for functional evaluation of lower extremity arterial insufficiency by comparing them with treadmill exercise. Sixty patients with claudication and six normal subjects were evaluated. Changes in Doppler ankle pressures were measured after each form of stress. With substantial occlusive disease, there is a drop in pressure with gradual recovery. Postocclusion reactive hyperemia and isolated leg exercise are abnormal if the pressure does not return to resting levels within two minutes. There was good correlation between the three methods. Postocclusion reactive hyperemia avoids the problems of patient cooperation inherent in the other two methods. Postocclusion reactive hyperemia should probably replace treadmill exercise as the first method of stress testing lower extremities.", "PMID": 708238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3277", "title": "Patency of biologic and prosthetic inferior vena cava grafts with distal limb fistula.", "content": "A 5-cm segment of the infrarenal inferior vena cava (IVC) in 27 dogs was excised and replaced with a prosthesis of bovine heterograft, venous allograft, or polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE). On completion of the IVC graft, a side-to-side femoral arteriovenous fistula was constructed in the thigh. At six weeks an IVC venogram was obtained to assess patency and the femoral arteriovenous fistula closed. After three months, the dogs were reexplored, the grafts were removed, and patency was determined. Patency of the venous allograft and bovine heterografts were maintained with the arteriovenous fistula in only two dogs and further deteriorated after closure of the fistula so that only one dog in each group had a patent IVC graft at the end of three months. Eight of the 13 e-PTFE prostheses were patent at six weeks and remained patent for three months after fistula closure. Light and electron microscopy of the patent e-PTFE specimens excised at three months showed regenerative endothelium. Expanded e-PTFE was the most suitable prostheses for replacement of the IVC, resulting in 61% patency three months after closure of a distal arteriovenous femoral fistula.", "contents": "Patency of biologic and prosthetic inferior vena cava grafts with distal limb fistula. A 5-cm segment of the infrarenal inferior vena cava (IVC) in 27 dogs was excised and replaced with a prosthesis of bovine heterograft, venous allograft, or polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE). On completion of the IVC graft, a side-to-side femoral arteriovenous fistula was constructed in the thigh. At six weeks an IVC venogram was obtained to assess patency and the femoral arteriovenous fistula closed. After three months, the dogs were reexplored, the grafts were removed, and patency was determined. Patency of the venous allograft and bovine heterografts were maintained with the arteriovenous fistula in only two dogs and further deteriorated after closure of the fistula so that only one dog in each group had a patent IVC graft at the end of three months. Eight of the 13 e-PTFE prostheses were patent at six weeks and remained patent for three months after fistula closure. Light and electron microscopy of the patent e-PTFE specimens excised at three months showed regenerative endothelium. Expanded e-PTFE was the most suitable prostheses for replacement of the IVC, resulting in 61% patency three months after closure of a distal arteriovenous femoral fistula.", "PMID": 708239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3278", "title": "Pseudo-obstruction of the colon.", "content": "Psuedo-obstruction of the colon is a potentially lethal condition. The diagnosis should be suspected in a patient with derangement of a major extra-abdominal organ system in whom abdominal distention develops. Diagnosis is established by plain abdominal roentgenograms, signoidoscopy, and barium enema examination. The salient features of these examinations are as follows: (1) massive gaseous distention of the cecum and variable distances of the distal colon to a \"cut-off-point\"; (2) lack of fluid-filled colon; (3) normal sigmoidoscopy; and (4) barium enema examination, which rules out mechanical obstruction, volvulus, and mesenteric vascular ischemia. If the diameter of the cecum is less than 12 cm, conservative therapy is indicated but persistence of the distention or cecal diameter greater than 12 cm is an absolute indication for cecostomy. Perforation must be treated by cecostomy or colectomy depending on the amount of colon necrosis.", "contents": "Pseudo-obstruction of the colon. Psuedo-obstruction of the colon is a potentially lethal condition. The diagnosis should be suspected in a patient with derangement of a major extra-abdominal organ system in whom abdominal distention develops. Diagnosis is established by plain abdominal roentgenograms, signoidoscopy, and barium enema examination. The salient features of these examinations are as follows: (1) massive gaseous distention of the cecum and variable distances of the distal colon to a \"cut-off-point\"; (2) lack of fluid-filled colon; (3) normal sigmoidoscopy; and (4) barium enema examination, which rules out mechanical obstruction, volvulus, and mesenteric vascular ischemia. If the diameter of the cecum is less than 12 cm, conservative therapy is indicated but persistence of the distention or cecal diameter greater than 12 cm is an absolute indication for cecostomy. Perforation must be treated by cecostomy or colectomy depending on the amount of colon necrosis.", "PMID": 708240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3279", "title": "Cardiac function and hypercarbia.", "content": "In 12 patients with heart disease, hypercarbia was induced for carotid endarterectomy. Anesthesia was maintained with nitrous oxide in oxygen and methoxyflurane. In addition to intra-arterial measurements of blood pressure, cardiac output, systolic time intervals (STI), and pressure time indices (PTI) were determined in order to assess cardiovascular responses in these patients. Internal carotid stump blood pressure was measured in five patients before and after induction of hypercarbia. Mild elevation of the Paco2 level affected systolic time intervals but not heart rate and blood pressure. When  Paco2 levels reached 56 to 65 torr, systolic but not diastolic blood pressure rose significantly, heart rate and cardiac output increased, while the shortening in the preejection period (PEP), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), and the decrease in the PEP/LVET ratio signified increased mechanical cardiac activity. Hypercarbia caused intense sympathetic stimulation as demonstrated by twofold to threefold increases in plasma catecholamine levels. Stump blood pressure was elevated. Cardiac oxygen demand was significantly increased, while coronary filling time was shortened, as indicated by the increase in the tension time index and shortening in the diastolic time. This signified a relative myocardial underperfusion. Thus, while hypercarbia to levels of 66 to 70 torr increased internal carotid artery stump pressure, it also caused increased cardiac mechanical activity and concomitant unfavorable balance between myocardial oxygen consumption and supply. The measurement of STI and the computation of PTI provided early detection of alterations in cardiac function.", "contents": "Cardiac function and hypercarbia. In 12 patients with heart disease, hypercarbia was induced for carotid endarterectomy. Anesthesia was maintained with nitrous oxide in oxygen and methoxyflurane. In addition to intra-arterial measurements of blood pressure, cardiac output, systolic time intervals (STI), and pressure time indices (PTI) were determined in order to assess cardiovascular responses in these patients. Internal carotid stump blood pressure was measured in five patients before and after induction of hypercarbia. Mild elevation of the Paco2 level affected systolic time intervals but not heart rate and blood pressure. When  Paco2 levels reached 56 to 65 torr, systolic but not diastolic blood pressure rose significantly, heart rate and cardiac output increased, while the shortening in the preejection period (PEP), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), and the decrease in the PEP/LVET ratio signified increased mechanical cardiac activity. Hypercarbia caused intense sympathetic stimulation as demonstrated by twofold to threefold increases in plasma catecholamine levels. Stump blood pressure was elevated. Cardiac oxygen demand was significantly increased, while coronary filling time was shortened, as indicated by the increase in the tension time index and shortening in the diastolic time. This signified a relative myocardial underperfusion. Thus, while hypercarbia to levels of 66 to 70 torr increased internal carotid artery stump pressure, it also caused increased cardiac mechanical activity and concomitant unfavorable balance between myocardial oxygen consumption and supply. The measurement of STI and the computation of PTI provided early detection of alterations in cardiac function.", "PMID": 708241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3280", "title": "Primary carcinoma of the cystic duct.", "content": "We described a case of primary carcinoma of the cystic duct that conforms to previously established criteria. To our knowledge, this is the 21st recorded case; it was accidentally discovered during cholecystectomy. The features of all 21 cases are reviewed. Since these tumors tend to be treated surgically at an early stage because of the relatively early developement of clinical symptoms, such as right upper abdominal pain and palpable mass, caused by the obstruction of the cystic duct, the prognosis is better than that of other extrahepatic bile duct carcinomas.", "contents": "Primary carcinoma of the cystic duct. We described a case of primary carcinoma of the cystic duct that conforms to previously established criteria. To our knowledge, this is the 21st recorded case; it was accidentally discovered during cholecystectomy. The features of all 21 cases are reviewed. Since these tumors tend to be treated surgically at an early stage because of the relatively early developement of clinical symptoms, such as right upper abdominal pain and palpable mass, caused by the obstruction of the cystic duct, the prognosis is better than that of other extrahepatic bile duct carcinomas.", "PMID": 708242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3281", "title": "Closure of an acute perforated peptic ulcer with the falciform ligament.", "content": "When management of a perforated peptic ulcer necessitates simple closure, the omentum may not be of adequate quality to buttress such a closure. In  this unusual circunstance, we have found the falciform ligament to serve as an effective alternative to satisfactorily peptic perforations.", "contents": "Closure of an acute perforated peptic ulcer with the falciform ligament. When management of a perforated peptic ulcer necessitates simple closure, the omentum may not be of adequate quality to buttress such a closure. In  this unusual circunstance, we have found the falciform ligament to serve as an effective alternative to satisfactorily peptic perforations.", "PMID": 708243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3282", "title": "Late results of atrial septal defect repair in adults.", "content": "Repair of secundum atrial septal defects in 75 patients older than age 40 years was associated with a good long-term result, from five to 21 years postoperatively, in 89% of patients who were class I and II preoperatively and in 86% of those in normal sinus rhythm preoperatively. Functional class III or IV, atrial fibrillation, a higher pulmonary artery mean pressure and higher pulmonary vascular resistance affected the prognosis adversely. Repair of atrial septal defect in adults did not reverse existing atrial fibrillation and did not protect against the onset of new atrial fibrillation.", "contents": "Late results of atrial septal defect repair in adults. Repair of secundum atrial septal defects in 75 patients older than age 40 years was associated with a good long-term result, from five to 21 years postoperatively, in 89% of patients who were class I and II preoperatively and in 86% of those in normal sinus rhythm preoperatively. Functional class III or IV, atrial fibrillation, a higher pulmonary artery mean pressure and higher pulmonary vascular resistance affected the prognosis adversely. Repair of atrial septal defect in adults did not reverse existing atrial fibrillation and did not protect against the onset of new atrial fibrillation.", "PMID": 708244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3283", "title": "Congenital aortic stenosis: ten to 22 years after valvulotomy.", "content": "Between 1956 and 1967, 34 patients, aged 2 months to 40 years, underwent aortic valvulotomy under hypothermia for congenital aortic stenosis. There were two early and five late deaths. Twenty-seven patients were followed up for a mean of 15 years. Thirteen patients had no subsequent operation: 11 are asymptomatic, seven with mild aortic insufficiency. Ten patients have had aortic valve replacement (AVR), one revalvulotomy, three will require AVR. Three late deaths were sudden. The literature has been reviewed for data on mortality, endocarditis, aortic insufficiency, and reoperation. Operation improves longevity, but does not restore it to normal. Aortic valve replacement in children carries a poor prognosis, possibly reflecting severity of disease. The chances of reoperation after ten years are 20% to 40%. Valvulotomy must, therefore, be regarded as the first in a possibly lifelong series of operations.", "contents": "Congenital aortic stenosis: ten to 22 years after valvulotomy. Between 1956 and 1967, 34 patients, aged 2 months to 40 years, underwent aortic valvulotomy under hypothermia for congenital aortic stenosis. There were two early and five late deaths. Twenty-seven patients were followed up for a mean of 15 years. Thirteen patients had no subsequent operation: 11 are asymptomatic, seven with mild aortic insufficiency. Ten patients have had aortic valve replacement (AVR), one revalvulotomy, three will require AVR. Three late deaths were sudden. The literature has been reviewed for data on mortality, endocarditis, aortic insufficiency, and reoperation. Operation improves longevity, but does not restore it to normal. Aortic valve replacement in children carries a poor prognosis, possibly reflecting severity of disease. The chances of reoperation after ten years are 20% to 40%. Valvulotomy must, therefore, be regarded as the first in a possibly lifelong series of operations.", "PMID": 708245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3284", "title": "Hemodynamic and angiographic guidelines in selection of patients for femorofemoral bypass.", "content": "Although crossover femorofemoral grafts have had good long-term patency, all patients have not been symptomatically improved. Seventy-one patients underwent 80 femorofemoral bypasses from 1968 to 1978. Hemodynamic assessment included preoperative and postoperative segmental Doppler pressures and femoral artery waveform recordings. Preoperative and selective postoperative arteriography was routinely performed. Twenty-nine failures occurred predominantely in two groups, those with greater than 50% stenosis of the donor iliac artery and those with severe recipient limb outflow occlusive disease. Ten patients with normal outflow beds bilaterally associated with 10% to 50% stenosis of the donor iliac artery underwent successful femorofemoral reconstruction. Progression of donor iliac artery disease was seen in only two patients. Cumulative five-year patency was 74%. Operative mortality totaled three (3.8%). This study supports the use of femorofemoral bypass as a primary procedure when proper guidelines are used.", "contents": "Hemodynamic and angiographic guidelines in selection of patients for femorofemoral bypass. Although crossover femorofemoral grafts have had good long-term patency, all patients have not been symptomatically improved. Seventy-one patients underwent 80 femorofemoral bypasses from 1968 to 1978. Hemodynamic assessment included preoperative and postoperative segmental Doppler pressures and femoral artery waveform recordings. Preoperative and selective postoperative arteriography was routinely performed. Twenty-nine failures occurred predominantely in two groups, those with greater than 50% stenosis of the donor iliac artery and those with severe recipient limb outflow occlusive disease. Ten patients with normal outflow beds bilaterally associated with 10% to 50% stenosis of the donor iliac artery underwent successful femorofemoral reconstruction. Progression of donor iliac artery disease was seen in only two patients. Cumulative five-year patency was 74%. Operative mortality totaled three (3.8%). This study supports the use of femorofemoral bypass as a primary procedure when proper guidelines are used.", "PMID": 708246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3285", "title": "Comparison of caval filters in the management of venous thromboembolism.", "content": "Over a seven-year period, 38 Mobin-Uddin MU and 33 Kim-Ray Greenfield KG vena cava filters were inserted in 71 patients with no substantial complications or deaths directly related to the surgical procedure. Thirteen of the 16 early deaths were due to progression of associated diseases. The remaining three deaths were caused by pulmonary emboli and occurred in each instance after insertion of a MU filter. None of the 14 late deaths were related to the caval filter or sequellae of venous thrombosis. Inferior vena cava patency was objectively assessed in 36 patients by cavagram (22) or autopsy (14). Caval patency of 95% (18 of 19) in those with KG filters was significantly greater than the 47% patency (eight of 17) seen with MU devices (P less than .01). Gray scale ultrasound, when successful in visualizing the vena cava, was found to be a reliable indicator of patency. Venous stasis phenomena were noted in 50% of those with a patent cava and in 70% of those with an occlusion. Thus, it is not surprising that edema was found in only 38% of the patients as compared with 75% of the patients with the MU filter. Both of these devices are safe to insert. However, on the basis of superior patency rate, lower incidence of stasis phenomena, and the absence of recurrent pulmonary emboli in our series, we prefer insertion of a KG filter when caval interruption is required.", "contents": "Comparison of caval filters in the management of venous thromboembolism. Over a seven-year period, 38 Mobin-Uddin MU and 33 Kim-Ray Greenfield KG vena cava filters were inserted in 71 patients with no substantial complications or deaths directly related to the surgical procedure. Thirteen of the 16 early deaths were due to progression of associated diseases. The remaining three deaths were caused by pulmonary emboli and occurred in each instance after insertion of a MU filter. None of the 14 late deaths were related to the caval filter or sequellae of venous thrombosis. Inferior vena cava patency was objectively assessed in 36 patients by cavagram (22) or autopsy (14). Caval patency of 95% (18 of 19) in those with KG filters was significantly greater than the 47% patency (eight of 17) seen with MU devices (P less than .01). Gray scale ultrasound, when successful in visualizing the vena cava, was found to be a reliable indicator of patency. Venous stasis phenomena were noted in 50% of those with a patent cava and in 70% of those with an occlusion. Thus, it is not surprising that edema was found in only 38% of the patients as compared with 75% of the patients with the MU filter. Both of these devices are safe to insert. However, on the basis of superior patency rate, lower incidence of stasis phenomena, and the absence of recurrent pulmonary emboli in our series, we prefer insertion of a KG filter when caval interruption is required.", "PMID": 708247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3286", "title": "Ex vivo renal artery reconstruction.", "content": "Twenty-four patients underwent ex vivo renal artery reconstruction of 26 extensive lesions using continuous hypothermic perfusion and replacement of the diseased renal artery with a hypogastric artery autograft. Postoperative acute tubular necrosis was avoided in these repaired kidneys. There was one postoperative graft occlusion accounting for the only failure in the series. Of the hypertensive patients, 95% were cured or improved during the follow-up period extending from six months to six years. Six of these patients have been followed more than three years and late postoperative arteriograms showed no alteration in their autografts. This method, therefore, extends the potential for renal artery reconstruction to most renal vascular lesions, reserving nephrectomy for the infarcted or severely atrophic kidney only.", "contents": "Ex vivo renal artery reconstruction. Twenty-four patients underwent ex vivo renal artery reconstruction of 26 extensive lesions using continuous hypothermic perfusion and replacement of the diseased renal artery with a hypogastric artery autograft. Postoperative acute tubular necrosis was avoided in these repaired kidneys. There was one postoperative graft occlusion accounting for the only failure in the series. Of the hypertensive patients, 95% were cured or improved during the follow-up period extending from six months to six years. Six of these patients have been followed more than three years and late postoperative arteriograms showed no alteration in their autografts. This method, therefore, extends the potential for renal artery reconstruction to most renal vascular lesions, reserving nephrectomy for the infarcted or severely atrophic kidney only.", "PMID": 708248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3287", "title": "Ultrastructure of medial smooth muscle and myofibroblasts in human arterial dysplasia.", "content": "Ultrastructural characteristics of 20 dysplastic human renal arteries were documented. Loss of smooth muscle with collection of fibrous connective tissue predominated in medical fibrodysplasia, whereas excessive accumulations of elastic fibrils typified perimedial dysplasia. Myofibroblasts were a unique feature of both forms of arterial dysplasia. These modified smooth muscle cells seemed to be the source of abnormal connective tissue synthesis. Transformation of medial smooth muscle cells to myofibroblasts represented a morphologic continuum. Intramedial vasa vasorum were often isolated from surrounding cellular elements by unusual amounts of mural ground substances. The results of this study lend further support to the hypothesis that ischemia and direct physical forces effect hormonally altered cells in the pathogenesis of arterial dysplasia.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of medial smooth muscle and myofibroblasts in human arterial dysplasia. Ultrastructural characteristics of 20 dysplastic human renal arteries were documented. Loss of smooth muscle with collection of fibrous connective tissue predominated in medical fibrodysplasia, whereas excessive accumulations of elastic fibrils typified perimedial dysplasia. Myofibroblasts were a unique feature of both forms of arterial dysplasia. These modified smooth muscle cells seemed to be the source of abnormal connective tissue synthesis. Transformation of medial smooth muscle cells to myofibroblasts represented a morphologic continuum. Intramedial vasa vasorum were often isolated from surrounding cellular elements by unusual amounts of mural ground substances. The results of this study lend further support to the hypothesis that ischemia and direct physical forces effect hormonally altered cells in the pathogenesis of arterial dysplasia.", "PMID": 708249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3288", "title": "Isolated aneurysms of the iliac artery.", "content": "Clinical and diagnostic material were gathered from eight cases of iliac aneurysms encountered over a ten-year period. From the literature, descriptions of 36 lesions were also reviewed to identify their outcome when treated conservatively. Six of the eight aneurysms treated as expected resulted in eventual rupture. Although 48% of all patients (those in the present series and those reported in the literature) had symptoms before rupture, the symptoms of intact iliac aneurysms often mimicked urological or neurological diseases. In contrast to persons with abdominal aortic aneurysms, only 36% of all patients had a palpable abdominal or rectal mass before rupture. In 65% of all cases, noninvasive roentgenography failed to show the lesions. An aneurysmal lesion was often (23%) present in the opposite iliac system as well. Ninety-three percent of all patients survived after an elective operation, but only 48% survived after an emergency iliac aneurysmectomy after rupture occurred.", "contents": "Isolated aneurysms of the iliac artery. Clinical and diagnostic material were gathered from eight cases of iliac aneurysms encountered over a ten-year period. From the literature, descriptions of 36 lesions were also reviewed to identify their outcome when treated conservatively. Six of the eight aneurysms treated as expected resulted in eventual rupture. Although 48% of all patients (those in the present series and those reported in the literature) had symptoms before rupture, the symptoms of intact iliac aneurysms often mimicked urological or neurological diseases. In contrast to persons with abdominal aortic aneurysms, only 36% of all patients had a palpable abdominal or rectal mass before rupture. In 65% of all cases, noninvasive roentgenography failed to show the lesions. An aneurysmal lesion was often (23%) present in the opposite iliac system as well. Ninety-three percent of all patients survived after an elective operation, but only 48% survived after an emergency iliac aneurysmectomy after rupture occurred.", "PMID": 708250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3289", "title": "Effect of arterial reconstruction on limb salvage: a ten-year appraisal.", "content": "Two hundred forty-four consecutive patients were reviewed who presented themselves over a ten-year period (1967 to 1977) with threatened limb loss secondary to arteriosclerosis involving the arteries supplying the lower extremities. Patients with claudication as the presenting complaint were not included. Primary amputation was performed in 14 patients (6%), with an operative mortality of 21%, whereas arterial reconstructive surgery was carried out in 230 patients (94%) with an operative mortality of 2.7% One hundred eleven femoral-popliteal vein grafts in 101 patients showed a cumulative five-year graft patency of 78% with a limb salvage rate of 73%. Twenty-eight femoral-femoral grafts and 21 axillary-bilateral femoral grafts yielded five-year graft patency rates of 91% and 77%, respectively: the limb salvage rates were 91% and 86%. Inclusive of the 14 patients undergoing primary amputation, the overall five-year cumulative limb salvage in the entire group was 76%.", "contents": "Effect of arterial reconstruction on limb salvage: a ten-year appraisal. Two hundred forty-four consecutive patients were reviewed who presented themselves over a ten-year period (1967 to 1977) with threatened limb loss secondary to arteriosclerosis involving the arteries supplying the lower extremities. Patients with claudication as the presenting complaint were not included. Primary amputation was performed in 14 patients (6%), with an operative mortality of 21%, whereas arterial reconstructive surgery was carried out in 230 patients (94%) with an operative mortality of 2.7% One hundred eleven femoral-popliteal vein grafts in 101 patients showed a cumulative five-year graft patency of 78% with a limb salvage rate of 73%. Twenty-eight femoral-femoral grafts and 21 axillary-bilateral femoral grafts yielded five-year graft patency rates of 91% and 77%, respectively: the limb salvage rates were 91% and 86%. Inclusive of the 14 patients undergoing primary amputation, the overall five-year cumulative limb salvage in the entire group was 76%.", "PMID": 708251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3290", "title": "Diagnosis of peripheral occlusive disease: comparison of clinical evaluation and noninvasive laboratory.", "content": "One hundred and two patients with peripheral vascular disease were evaluated by the attending surgeon, residents and students, and the vascular laboratory prior to arteriography to test their ability to make a correct anatomic diagnosis. The attending surgeons made a correct anatomic diagnosis in 98 patients and were at least partially correct in the other four. Surgical housestaff and students were 62% totally correct, 35% partially correct, and 3% totally wrong. The vascular laboratory results were almost identical with the attending surgeon, but two patients could not be evaluated because of calcified arteries. The operation that was eventually performed was suggested initially by the laboratory and the attending surgeon in 98% of the patients.", "contents": "Diagnosis of peripheral occlusive disease: comparison of clinical evaluation and noninvasive laboratory. One hundred and two patients with peripheral vascular disease were evaluated by the attending surgeon, residents and students, and the vascular laboratory prior to arteriography to test their ability to make a correct anatomic diagnosis. The attending surgeons made a correct anatomic diagnosis in 98 patients and were at least partially correct in the other four. Surgical housestaff and students were 62% totally correct, 35% partially correct, and 3% totally wrong. The vascular laboratory results were almost identical with the attending surgeon, but two patients could not be evaluated because of calcified arteries. The operation that was eventually performed was suggested initially by the laboratory and the attending surgeon in 98% of the patients.", "PMID": 708252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3291", "title": "Improved treatment of popliteal arterial injuries using anticoagulation and extra-anatomic reconstruction.", "content": "Management of popliteal arterial injuries remains a challenging problem. Early recognition and treatment, arteriography, fasciotomy, and repair of concomitant popliteal venous injuries are modalities that have contributed to improved results. Systemic heparin sodium anticoagulation and selected extra-anatomic vein graft bypass of the popliteal area are two additional measures that have contributed to a 91% success rate in treatment of popliteal arterial injuries and five of six blunt injuries were treated successfully in this time period. A limb salvage rate of only 46% was attained in the previous five-year period. There were no operative deaths. No complications attributable to systemic anticoagulation or extra-anatomic bypass graft occurred. These adjuncts are recommended to all who manage vascular injuries.", "contents": "Improved treatment of popliteal arterial injuries using anticoagulation and extra-anatomic reconstruction. Management of popliteal arterial injuries remains a challenging problem. Early recognition and treatment, arteriography, fasciotomy, and repair of concomitant popliteal venous injuries are modalities that have contributed to improved results. Systemic heparin sodium anticoagulation and selected extra-anatomic vein graft bypass of the popliteal area are two additional measures that have contributed to a 91% success rate in treatment of popliteal arterial injuries and five of six blunt injuries were treated successfully in this time period. A limb salvage rate of only 46% was attained in the previous five-year period. There were no operative deaths. No complications attributable to systemic anticoagulation or extra-anatomic bypass graft occurred. These adjuncts are recommended to all who manage vascular injuries.", "PMID": 708253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3292", "title": "Selected therapy for ascending aortic aneurysms.", "content": "Since 1971, ten patients, 26 to 62 years of age, have undergone repair of ascending aortic aneurysms with concomitant aortic insufficiency. Three patients had Marfan's syndrome, five patients had cystic medial necrosis, one had leutic aortitis, and one had atherosclerotic involvement of the aorta. There was one operative death. Follow-up exceeds seven years. Because of the tendency for progressive annular and sinus dilation in Marfan's syndrome, composite graft and valve conduits with reimplantation of the coronary arteries is the procedure of choice. In selected patients with annulaortic ectasia, good valve tissue and no sinus dilation, bicuspidization of the valve, and replacement of the ascending aorta is indicated. The operation is generally less formidable than composite graft replacement, maintains normal coronary anatomy, and alleviates the long-term risks of anticoagulation.", "contents": "Selected therapy for ascending aortic aneurysms. Since 1971, ten patients, 26 to 62 years of age, have undergone repair of ascending aortic aneurysms with concomitant aortic insufficiency. Three patients had Marfan's syndrome, five patients had cystic medial necrosis, one had leutic aortitis, and one had atherosclerotic involvement of the aorta. There was one operative death. Follow-up exceeds seven years. Because of the tendency for progressive annular and sinus dilation in Marfan's syndrome, composite graft and valve conduits with reimplantation of the coronary arteries is the procedure of choice. In selected patients with annulaortic ectasia, good valve tissue and no sinus dilation, bicuspidization of the valve, and replacement of the ascending aorta is indicated. The operation is generally less formidable than composite graft replacement, maintains normal coronary anatomy, and alleviates the long-term risks of anticoagulation.", "PMID": 708254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3293", "title": "Significance of asymptomatic carotid bruits.", "content": "To assess the significance of the asymptomatic carotid bruit, the subsequent occurrence of symptomatic cerebrovascular insufficiency and stroke in 256 patients who had undergone operation for atherosclerosis arterial occlusive disease of the lower extremities was documented during a period of two to seven years postoperatively. At the time of operation, none had had a stroke or exhibited symptoms of cerebrovascular insufficiency, but 60 of the 256 patients had audible carotid bruits. A statistically significant difference was demonstrated: 21 (35%( of the 60 patients with carotid bruits exhibited manifestations of cerebrovascular insufficiency, in contrast to 30 (16%) of the 196 patients without bruits. It seems that detection of an asymptomatic carotid bruit is not an innocent finding, but rather predicts a higher incidence of cerebrovascular complications than that expected on the basis of generalized atherosclerosis alone.", "contents": "Significance of asymptomatic carotid bruits. To assess the significance of the asymptomatic carotid bruit, the subsequent occurrence of symptomatic cerebrovascular insufficiency and stroke in 256 patients who had undergone operation for atherosclerosis arterial occlusive disease of the lower extremities was documented during a period of two to seven years postoperatively. At the time of operation, none had had a stroke or exhibited symptoms of cerebrovascular insufficiency, but 60 of the 256 patients had audible carotid bruits. A statistically significant difference was demonstrated: 21 (35%( of the 60 patients with carotid bruits exhibited manifestations of cerebrovascular insufficiency, in contrast to 30 (16%) of the 196 patients without bruits. It seems that detection of an asymptomatic carotid bruit is not an innocent finding, but rather predicts a higher incidence of cerebrovascular complications than that expected on the basis of generalized atherosclerosis alone.", "PMID": 708255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3294", "title": "Doppler cerebrovascular examination, oculoplethysmography, and ocular pneumoplethysmography use in detection of carotid disease: a prospective clinical study.", "content": "To determine the comparative acccuracy of three noninvasive cerebrovascular testing systems, 72 patients underwent complete evaluation by Doppler cerebrovascular examination (DCE), oculoplethysmography (OPG-Kartchner), ocular pneumoplethysmography (OPG-Gee), and angiography. Considering 60% diameter stenosis or more by angiography as a true positive finding, the noninvasive tests of the 72 patients showed the following results: DCE, two false-positive, 17 false-negative, and 53 correct with an overall accuracy of 74%; OPG-Kartchner, six false-positive, four false-negative, and 62 correct with an overall accuracy of 86%; and OPG-Gee, no false-positive, two false-negative, and 70 correct with an overall accuracy of 97%. Independent of noninvasive test results, 57 symptomatic and three asymptomatic patients were selected for carotid endarterectomy. Of these 60 patients, 55 (92%) had positive preoperative OPG-Gee tracings. Noninvasive testing is a valuable carotid endarterectomy. Although considerable carotid ulceration may be undetected by noninvasive study, it was uncommon in this series.", "contents": "Doppler cerebrovascular examination, oculoplethysmography, and ocular pneumoplethysmography use in detection of carotid disease: a prospective clinical study. To determine the comparative acccuracy of three noninvasive cerebrovascular testing systems, 72 patients underwent complete evaluation by Doppler cerebrovascular examination (DCE), oculoplethysmography (OPG-Kartchner), ocular pneumoplethysmography (OPG-Gee), and angiography. Considering 60% diameter stenosis or more by angiography as a true positive finding, the noninvasive tests of the 72 patients showed the following results: DCE, two false-positive, 17 false-negative, and 53 correct with an overall accuracy of 74%; OPG-Kartchner, six false-positive, four false-negative, and 62 correct with an overall accuracy of 86%; and OPG-Gee, no false-positive, two false-negative, and 70 correct with an overall accuracy of 97%. Independent of noninvasive test results, 57 symptomatic and three asymptomatic patients were selected for carotid endarterectomy. Of these 60 patients, 55 (92%) had positive preoperative OPG-Gee tracings. Noninvasive testing is a valuable carotid endarterectomy. Although considerable carotid ulceration may be undetected by noninvasive study, it was uncommon in this series.", "PMID": 708256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3295", "title": "Natural history of nonstenotic, asymptomatic ulcerative lesions of the carotid artery.", "content": "To define the natural history of the asymptomatic, nonstenotic, ulcerative lesion involving the carotid artery bifurcation, the arteriograms and clinical course of 67 patients with 72 asymptomatic ulcerative lesions of the carotid artery were reviewed. The angiographic appearance of ulceration was classified into three groups: minimal (group A), large (group B), and compound (group C). Using life-table methods, the clinical course of these patients was compared between groups and was also compared to a nonrandomized surgically treated group of patients with nonstenotic ulcerative lesions in whom operation was performed for hemispheric or monocular symptoms. There were no significant (P greater than .1) differences in mortality, but the differences in stroke incidence was highly significant (P less than .001). The annual stroke rate, averaged over seven years, was 0.4% per year for group A, 1.47% per year for the surgically treated group, and 12.5% per year for groups B and C. The data indicate that group A ulcers have a benign prognosis, in noticeable contrast to group B and C ulcers which incur a high risk for subsequent stroke.", "contents": "Natural history of nonstenotic, asymptomatic ulcerative lesions of the carotid artery. To define the natural history of the asymptomatic, nonstenotic, ulcerative lesion involving the carotid artery bifurcation, the arteriograms and clinical course of 67 patients with 72 asymptomatic ulcerative lesions of the carotid artery were reviewed. The angiographic appearance of ulceration was classified into three groups: minimal (group A), large (group B), and compound (group C). Using life-table methods, the clinical course of these patients was compared between groups and was also compared to a nonrandomized surgically treated group of patients with nonstenotic ulcerative lesions in whom operation was performed for hemispheric or monocular symptoms. There were no significant (P greater than .1) differences in mortality, but the differences in stroke incidence was highly significant (P less than .001). The annual stroke rate, averaged over seven years, was 0.4% per year for group A, 1.47% per year for the surgically treated group, and 12.5% per year for groups B and C. The data indicate that group A ulcers have a benign prognosis, in noticeable contrast to group B and C ulcers which incur a high risk for subsequent stroke.", "PMID": 708257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3296", "title": "Results of carotid endarterectomy for vertebrobasilar insufficiency: an evaluation over ten years.", "content": "A review was performed of 114 patients with symptoms of vertebrobasilar insufficiency (VBI) alone, or in combination with carotid territory transient ischemic attacks or carotid territory completed stroke (cCS) with follow-up extending to ten years. The most frequent symptoms of VBI were visual changes (50%), dizziness (31%), and syncope (30%). Patients with symptoms of VBI and arteriographic evidence of intracranial disease, regardless of stump pressure, are at high risk for cerebral ischemia during endarterectomy. At late follow-up, ranging from one to ten years, 63% of the patients were alive; 88% were asymptomatic. Causes of death were mainly cardiac (44%) and stroke (36%), but patients with symptoms of VBI and cCS died earlier and from a second cerebrovascular accident. When a correct preoperative diagnosis was established, carotid endarterectomy produced relief of symptoms in 90% of the patients.", "contents": "Results of carotid endarterectomy for vertebrobasilar insufficiency: an evaluation over ten years. A review was performed of 114 patients with symptoms of vertebrobasilar insufficiency (VBI) alone, or in combination with carotid territory transient ischemic attacks or carotid territory completed stroke (cCS) with follow-up extending to ten years. The most frequent symptoms of VBI were visual changes (50%), dizziness (31%), and syncope (30%). Patients with symptoms of VBI and arteriographic evidence of intracranial disease, regardless of stump pressure, are at high risk for cerebral ischemia during endarterectomy. At late follow-up, ranging from one to ten years, 63% of the patients were alive; 88% were asymptomatic. Causes of death were mainly cardiac (44%) and stroke (36%), but patients with symptoms of VBI and cCS died earlier and from a second cerebrovascular accident. When a correct preoperative diagnosis was established, carotid endarterectomy produced relief of symptoms in 90% of the patients.", "PMID": 708258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3297", "title": "[Digestibility and utilization of rations containing differently treated straw. I. Digestibility by sheep of rations containing differently treated straw].", "content": "During 63 digestibility periods of adult sheep, the digestibility of wheat and oat straw sujected to different kinds of treatment was compared. The straw was fed in the following forms: chopped, chopped and treated with 6% sodium hydroxide, pelleted without and with NPN-addition (ammonium bicarbonate and/or urea) during pelleting. Notwithstanding pressing temperatures over 90 degrees C and light moistening of the straw during pellet production, the addition of the two NPN-components did not allow to increase digestibility and energetic feed value. Two replications averaged an increase in energetic feed value by 42% due to NaOH-treatment. Energy digestibility went up by 39 to 55%, and energy concentration increased from 322 to 457 energetic feed equivalents (cattle) per kg DM. In addition, a number of rumen-physiological indices were obtained.", "contents": "[Digestibility and utilization of rations containing differently treated straw. I. Digestibility by sheep of rations containing differently treated straw]. During 63 digestibility periods of adult sheep, the digestibility of wheat and oat straw sujected to different kinds of treatment was compared. The straw was fed in the following forms: chopped, chopped and treated with 6% sodium hydroxide, pelleted without and with NPN-addition (ammonium bicarbonate and/or urea) during pelleting. Notwithstanding pressing temperatures over 90 degrees C and light moistening of the straw during pellet production, the addition of the two NPN-components did not allow to increase digestibility and energetic feed value. Two replications averaged an increase in energetic feed value by 42% due to NaOH-treatment. Energy digestibility went up by 39 to 55%, and energy concentration increased from 322 to 457 energetic feed equivalents (cattle) per kg DM. In addition, a number of rumen-physiological indices were obtained.", "PMID": 708259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3298", "title": "[Digestibility and utilization of rations containing differently treated straw. 2. Energetic utilization by sheep of rations containing differently treated straw].", "content": "A total of 59 complete metabolic periods of adult sheep were used to compare energy balance and energy utilization of rations containing 45, 60 and 99% of straw previously subjected to different treatments. In addition, some indices of rumen physiology were determined. The straw was fed in the following forms: chopped, chopped and treated with 6% sodium hydroxide, pelleted with and without NPN-addition (ammonium bicarbonate and/or urea) during the pelleting process. Notwithstanding pressing temperatures above 90 degrees C during compaction, the addition of NPN-compounds did not result in increased digestibility. The NaOH-treatment of the straw increased the energy digestibility of the ration containing 45% straw by 5 to 6 digestibility units. All experiments revealed a higher energy balance and, consequently, a higher energy utilization than could be expected from calculations on the basis of equations derived from earlier experiments with adult sheep. The variations are discussed under the aspect of energetic feed evaluation and with regard to consequence for the efficient use of straw in rations for ruminants.", "contents": "[Digestibility and utilization of rations containing differently treated straw. 2. Energetic utilization by sheep of rations containing differently treated straw]. A total of 59 complete metabolic periods of adult sheep were used to compare energy balance and energy utilization of rations containing 45, 60 and 99% of straw previously subjected to different treatments. In addition, some indices of rumen physiology were determined. The straw was fed in the following forms: chopped, chopped and treated with 6% sodium hydroxide, pelleted with and without NPN-addition (ammonium bicarbonate and/or urea) during the pelleting process. Notwithstanding pressing temperatures above 90 degrees C during compaction, the addition of NPN-compounds did not result in increased digestibility. The NaOH-treatment of the straw increased the energy digestibility of the ration containing 45% straw by 5 to 6 digestibility units. All experiments revealed a higher energy balance and, consequently, a higher energy utilization than could be expected from calculations on the basis of equations derived from earlier experiments with adult sheep. The variations are discussed under the aspect of energetic feed evaluation and with regard to consequence for the efficient use of straw in rations for ruminants.", "PMID": 708260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3299", "title": "[Digestibility and utilization of rations containing differently treated straw. 3. Energetic utilization by fattening bulls of rations containing differently treated straw].", "content": "In 136 complete metabolic periods of fattening bulls (live weight range 250 to 440 kg) comparative studies were performed on rations containing 30 to 40% straw previously subjected to different treatments. In addition, several rumen-physiological and blood indices were determined. Chopped straw without and with NaOH (6%) treatment and straw pellets without and with NPN-addition (ammonium bicarbonate and/or urea) during the pelleting process were used. No significant differences were found between comparable rations as to energy digestibility. The rations containing 60% straw revealed a higher evergy balance and, consequently, a higher energy utilization than could be expected from calculations on the basis of equations derived from previous experiments with adult steers. The importance of straw as energy source for ruminant feeding is highlighted.", "contents": "[Digestibility and utilization of rations containing differently treated straw. 3. Energetic utilization by fattening bulls of rations containing differently treated straw]. In 136 complete metabolic periods of fattening bulls (live weight range 250 to 440 kg) comparative studies were performed on rations containing 30 to 40% straw previously subjected to different treatments. In addition, several rumen-physiological and blood indices were determined. Chopped straw without and with NaOH (6%) treatment and straw pellets without and with NPN-addition (ammonium bicarbonate and/or urea) during the pelleting process were used. No significant differences were found between comparable rations as to energy digestibility. The rations containing 60% straw revealed a higher evergy balance and, consequently, a higher energy utilization than could be expected from calculations on the basis of equations derived from previous experiments with adult steers. The importance of straw as energy source for ruminant feeding is highlighted.", "PMID": 708261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3300", "title": "[Results of comparative studies on ammoniated straw pellets conducted in two research institutions of animal nutrition].", "content": "Ammoniated straw pellets were produced from pure wheat straw in a pelleting press reaching temperatures of more than 90 degrees C, 4% NH4HCO3 being added as degradation agent. Digestibility trials with sheep gave 389 energetic feed equivalents (cattle) per kg straw dry matter. This value exactly agrees with the formula Energetic feed equivalents (cattle)/kg DM = 650 -6x x = % crude fibre in dry matter which had been reported first in 1973 by Bergner and Marienburg (Arch. Tierern\u00e4hrung 23, 423 [193]) for chemically treated straw pellets. When testing the digestibility of the same straw pellets charge in the Animal Nutrition Division of the Dummerstorf-Rostock Research Centre for Livestock Production, considerably lower values were found which would allow to calculate energy concentration to amount to 310 energetic feed equivalents (cattle)/kg DM (see Arch. Tierern\u00e4hrung Vol. 28, page 393). The reason for this 20% lower feed value of the straws pellets lies possibly in the reversibility of the degradation effect when using ammoniacal media. The digestibility of the straw pellets had been tested in the Berlin research Institution one year earlier than at the Rostock Institute. The possible causes of the reversibility of the ammoniacal degradation effect are discussed.", "contents": "[Results of comparative studies on ammoniated straw pellets conducted in two research institutions of animal nutrition]. Ammoniated straw pellets were produced from pure wheat straw in a pelleting press reaching temperatures of more than 90 degrees C, 4% NH4HCO3 being added as degradation agent. Digestibility trials with sheep gave 389 energetic feed equivalents (cattle) per kg straw dry matter. This value exactly agrees with the formula Energetic feed equivalents (cattle)/kg DM = 650 -6x x = % crude fibre in dry matter which had been reported first in 1973 by Bergner and Marienburg (Arch. Tierern\u00e4hrung 23, 423 [193]) for chemically treated straw pellets. When testing the digestibility of the same straw pellets charge in the Animal Nutrition Division of the Dummerstorf-Rostock Research Centre for Livestock Production, considerably lower values were found which would allow to calculate energy concentration to amount to 310 energetic feed equivalents (cattle)/kg DM (see Arch. Tierern\u00e4hrung Vol. 28, page 393). The reason for this 20% lower feed value of the straws pellets lies possibly in the reversibility of the degradation effect when using ammoniacal media. The digestibility of the straw pellets had been tested in the Berlin research Institution one year earlier than at the Rostock Institute. The possible causes of the reversibility of the ammoniacal degradation effect are discussed.", "PMID": 708262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3301", "title": "[Improvement of the feed value of straw by pelleting and sodium hydroxide addition. 1. Changes in the digestibility of rye and wheat straw].", "content": "Four series of pelleting experiments were conducted using straw from winter rye and winter wheat crops. Pelleting was done with and without grain addition. In each of the experimental series, 7 NaOH dosage levels were tested Further, 2 to 5% urea were added to the mixture to be pelleted. The 28 different pellet batsches and untreated straw were fed to sheep to study digestibility. Evaluation by difference trial revealed that straw pelleting without NaOH addition reduces the digestibility of organic matter by 4.7 units, on the average, whilst NaOH addition was found to increase digestibility depending on the dose applied. The following relationship was found between digestibility of straw dry matter (y) and NaOH dose in g/kg straw dry matter (x): y = 43.4 + 0.358x -0.00116x2. The grain proportion proved largely inert as far as the NaOH action is concerned. In one experimental series in which wheat straw without grain addition had been compacted at high pressing temperatures, an additional disintegration effect was observed irrespective of the NaOH dose applied. It increased digestibility by 8.0 units and is very likely to originate from the specific action of urea.", "contents": "[Improvement of the feed value of straw by pelleting and sodium hydroxide addition. 1. Changes in the digestibility of rye and wheat straw]. Four series of pelleting experiments were conducted using straw from winter rye and winter wheat crops. Pelleting was done with and without grain addition. In each of the experimental series, 7 NaOH dosage levels were tested Further, 2 to 5% urea were added to the mixture to be pelleted. The 28 different pellet batsches and untreated straw were fed to sheep to study digestibility. Evaluation by difference trial revealed that straw pelleting without NaOH addition reduces the digestibility of organic matter by 4.7 units, on the average, whilst NaOH addition was found to increase digestibility depending on the dose applied. The following relationship was found between digestibility of straw dry matter (y) and NaOH dose in g/kg straw dry matter (x): y = 43.4 + 0.358x -0.00116x2. The grain proportion proved largely inert as far as the NaOH action is concerned. In one experimental series in which wheat straw without grain addition had been compacted at high pressing temperatures, an additional disintegration effect was observed irrespective of the NaOH dose applied. It increased digestibility by 8.0 units and is very likely to originate from the specific action of urea.", "PMID": 708263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3302", "title": "Characterization of a Sinbis virus variant with altered host range.", "content": "A variant of Sindbis virus which is much more infectious for mouse cells than the standard virus has been examined for biochemical properties which might be responsible for this biological difference. The variant has a much enhanced ability to adsorb to mouse plasmacytoma (MOPC 315) cells, but when these cells were pretreated with heparin, they were able to adsorb the standard virus almost as well as the variant. This suggested that there was a surface charge difference between variant and standard virus. Differential elution of the viruses from hydroxyapatite and the results of isoelectric focusing of the virion glycoproteins substantiate this interpretation. Both viral glycoproteins E1 and E2 from the variant were more negatively charged than those of the standard virus but we were unable to find changes in tryptic peptides of the variant. Differences were found in stability of the two virus strains to heat and proteolytic enzymes.", "contents": "Characterization of a Sinbis virus variant with altered host range. A variant of Sindbis virus which is much more infectious for mouse cells than the standard virus has been examined for biochemical properties which might be responsible for this biological difference. The variant has a much enhanced ability to adsorb to mouse plasmacytoma (MOPC 315) cells, but when these cells were pretreated with heparin, they were able to adsorb the standard virus almost as well as the variant. This suggested that there was a surface charge difference between variant and standard virus. Differential elution of the viruses from hydroxyapatite and the results of isoelectric focusing of the virion glycoproteins substantiate this interpretation. Both viral glycoproteins E1 and E2 from the variant were more negatively charged than those of the standard virus but we were unable to find changes in tryptic peptides of the variant. Differences were found in stability of the two virus strains to heat and proteolytic enzymes.", "PMID": 708264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3303", "title": "Virulence alterations of tacaribe virus infection in adult mice: lethal model for encephalitis.", "content": "Selection of population of Tacaribe virus strain 11573 lethal for mice was carried out by serial intracerebral passage of the virus in adult mice. Viral populations have been characterized by determination of virulence for suckling, weanling, and adult mice, and by histopathologic changes observed in brains of adult mice after intracerebral inoculation. Some of the virus preparations produced 80 to 90 per cent mortality after two or three intracerebral passages in adult mice and maintained this virulence for 1 to 3 passages, after which the virulence rapidly declined with subsequent passages. Clinical signs of infection in adult mice were manifested by a rough hair-coat, ventriflexed posture, diminished activity, increased excitability, flaccid hind-limb extension with progressive paralysis and death. Histologic examination revealed meningoencephalitis.", "contents": "Virulence alterations of tacaribe virus infection in adult mice: lethal model for encephalitis. Selection of population of Tacaribe virus strain 11573 lethal for mice was carried out by serial intracerebral passage of the virus in adult mice. Viral populations have been characterized by determination of virulence for suckling, weanling, and adult mice, and by histopathologic changes observed in brains of adult mice after intracerebral inoculation. Some of the virus preparations produced 80 to 90 per cent mortality after two or three intracerebral passages in adult mice and maintained this virulence for 1 to 3 passages, after which the virulence rapidly declined with subsequent passages. Clinical signs of infection in adult mice were manifested by a rough hair-coat, ventriflexed posture, diminished activity, increased excitability, flaccid hind-limb extension with progressive paralysis and death. Histologic examination revealed meningoencephalitis.", "PMID": 708265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3304", "title": "Inhibitory effect of virazole (ribavirin) on the replication of tomato white necrosis virus (VNBT).", "content": "Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) inoculated with tomato white necrosis virus (VNBT) and treated with Virazole (1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl--1, 2, 4-triazole-3-carboxamide) at a concentration of 500 mg/l developed systemic virus symptoms in only 40 per cent of the plants in which a remarkable reduction in virus concentration was also observed. From inoculated and Virazole-treated plants which had produced no symptoms, no virus could be recovered. This result suggests that Virazole may inhibit replication of VNBT in tomato.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of virazole (ribavirin) on the replication of tomato white necrosis virus (VNBT). Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) inoculated with tomato white necrosis virus (VNBT) and treated with Virazole (1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl--1, 2, 4-triazole-3-carboxamide) at a concentration of 500 mg/l developed systemic virus symptoms in only 40 per cent of the plants in which a remarkable reduction in virus concentration was also observed. From inoculated and Virazole-treated plants which had produced no symptoms, no virus could be recovered. This result suggests that Virazole may inhibit replication of VNBT in tomato.", "PMID": 708266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3305", "title": "An electron microscopic study of the surface structures and hemadsorption on chick embryo cells infected with rabies virus.", "content": "Characteristic alterations at the surface of chick embryo cells infected with the HF-TC strain of rabies virus and the binding sites of hemadsorption were studied employing both scanning and transmission electron microscopes. The initial alteration of the cell surface structure revealed by scanning electron microscopy was an appearance of elongated and reticulated microvilli on the 2nd day after virus inoculation. On the 3rd day, numerous bullet-shaped virions could be seen budding as single, tetrapod-like structures and as radial projections both from the perikarya and microvilli. Thereafter, elongation of microvilli, formation of numerous blebs in various sizes, disappearance of filopodia, and rounding up of infected cells were observed as characteristic cytopathic effects by rabies virus infection. The attachments of goose erythrocytes to the infected cells occured in two forms. The one was adsorption of erythrocytes to the cell surface involving microvilli and filopodia in the absence of detectable virus, and the other was adsorptio n of erythrocytes to the virus particles budding from cell surface. The former could be seen from the early stage of infection through the end of observation period, while the latter was observed only on and after the 3rd day after virus inoculation. These findings were also confirmed with transmission electron microscopy.", "contents": "An electron microscopic study of the surface structures and hemadsorption on chick embryo cells infected with rabies virus. Characteristic alterations at the surface of chick embryo cells infected with the HF-TC strain of rabies virus and the binding sites of hemadsorption were studied employing both scanning and transmission electron microscopes. The initial alteration of the cell surface structure revealed by scanning electron microscopy was an appearance of elongated and reticulated microvilli on the 2nd day after virus inoculation. On the 3rd day, numerous bullet-shaped virions could be seen budding as single, tetrapod-like structures and as radial projections both from the perikarya and microvilli. Thereafter, elongation of microvilli, formation of numerous blebs in various sizes, disappearance of filopodia, and rounding up of infected cells were observed as characteristic cytopathic effects by rabies virus infection. The attachments of goose erythrocytes to the infected cells occured in two forms. The one was adsorption of erythrocytes to the cell surface involving microvilli and filopodia in the absence of detectable virus, and the other was adsorptio n of erythrocytes to the virus particles budding from cell surface. The former could be seen from the early stage of infection through the end of observation period, while the latter was observed only on and after the 3rd day after virus inoculation. These findings were also confirmed with transmission electron microscopy.", "PMID": 708267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3306", "title": "[Morphology of the thymus as an index of immunodeficient states in children].", "content": "Thymus and other lymph organs were examined in 4799 dead infants and stillborns for the detection of immune deficiency conditions. Congenital immune deficiencies were found in 12 cases (11 deaths and 1 stillbirth) which made 2.5 cases per 1000. Changes in the thymus were found to be most important for the elucidation of the presence or absence of congenital defects of the immune system. Five main types of thymus changes were distinguished: agenesis, hypoplasia of the reticuloepithelium, hypoplasia of the lymphatic tissue, unscheduled fatty metamorphosis, hyperplasia of the lymphatic tissue with or without formation of follicles. A pattern of immune defect is suggested on the basis of changes in the thymus.", "contents": "[Morphology of the thymus as an index of immunodeficient states in children]. Thymus and other lymph organs were examined in 4799 dead infants and stillborns for the detection of immune deficiency conditions. Congenital immune deficiencies were found in 12 cases (11 deaths and 1 stillbirth) which made 2.5 cases per 1000. Changes in the thymus were found to be most important for the elucidation of the presence or absence of congenital defects of the immune system. Five main types of thymus changes were distinguished: agenesis, hypoplasia of the reticuloepithelium, hypoplasia of the lymphatic tissue, unscheduled fatty metamorphosis, hyperplasia of the lymphatic tissue with or without formation of follicles. A pattern of immune defect is suggested on the basis of changes in the thymus.", "PMID": 708275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3307", "title": "[Cytological recognition of the histological types of lymphogranulomatosis in children].", "content": "Examinations of punctates and impressions of lymph nodes from 68 children with primary untreated lymphogranulomatosis permitted to develop the criteria for differential cytological diagnosis of all types and variants of lymphogranulomatosis on the basis of histogenetic analysis and clinico-morphological comparisons, according to histological classification of the WHO. This proved to be possible only after it had been assumed that the original tumor cell must be a semi-stem cell of bone-marrow origin of histiocytic-reticular shoot which normally provides for physiological regeneration of reticular network of the lymph node. It appears that such a cell is a small lymphocyte-like cell with invaginated nucleus, the so-called small cleaved cell.", "contents": "[Cytological recognition of the histological types of lymphogranulomatosis in children]. Examinations of punctates and impressions of lymph nodes from 68 children with primary untreated lymphogranulomatosis permitted to develop the criteria for differential cytological diagnosis of all types and variants of lymphogranulomatosis on the basis of histogenetic analysis and clinico-morphological comparisons, according to histological classification of the WHO. This proved to be possible only after it had been assumed that the original tumor cell must be a semi-stem cell of bone-marrow origin of histiocytic-reticular shoot which normally provides for physiological regeneration of reticular network of the lymph node. It appears that such a cell is a small lymphocyte-like cell with invaginated nucleus, the so-called small cleaved cell.", "PMID": 708276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3308", "title": "[Morphology and pathogenesis of \"brain death\" in stroke].", "content": "The results of morphological examinations of the central nervous system and hypophysis in 15 cases of insult and \"brain death\" developing in patients under conditions of application of artificial lung ventilation (ALV). Isolated death of the brain was observed to be due to discontinuation of intracerebral circulation owing to a sharp increase of intracranial pressure. Morphologically, cerebral edema, necrosis of all parts of the brain without reactive changes in neuroglia and vessels, necrosis of the 1st and 2nd cervical segments of the spinal cord, necroses in adenohypophysis, zones of demarkation in the hypophysis capsule and at the level of the 3rd and 4th cervical segments of the spinal cord, and arrest of the blood stream in the brain vessels were observed. The intensity of the morphological changes was found to depend on the duration of ALV.", "contents": "[Morphology and pathogenesis of \"brain death\" in stroke]. The results of morphological examinations of the central nervous system and hypophysis in 15 cases of insult and \"brain death\" developing in patients under conditions of application of artificial lung ventilation (ALV). Isolated death of the brain was observed to be due to discontinuation of intracerebral circulation owing to a sharp increase of intracranial pressure. Morphologically, cerebral edema, necrosis of all parts of the brain without reactive changes in neuroglia and vessels, necrosis of the 1st and 2nd cervical segments of the spinal cord, necroses in adenohypophysis, zones of demarkation in the hypophysis capsule and at the level of the 3rd and 4th cervical segments of the spinal cord, and arrest of the blood stream in the brain vessels were observed. The intensity of the morphological changes was found to depend on the duration of ALV.", "PMID": 708277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3309", "title": "[Morphological analysis of the Mallory-Weiss syndrome as the basic disease and as a syndrome complicating ischemic heart disease].", "content": "On the basis of the analysis of 8 autopsies of Mallory-Weiss syndrome macro- and microscopic changes of the gastric and oesophageal mucosa were found to be similar in Mallory-Weiss syndrome and in the same syndrome accompanying ischemic heart disease. Liver insufficiency and necrobiotic changes of the liver accompanying it are characteristic of Mallory-Weiss syndrome as a distinct disease.", "contents": "[Morphological analysis of the Mallory-Weiss syndrome as the basic disease and as a syndrome complicating ischemic heart disease]. On the basis of the analysis of 8 autopsies of Mallory-Weiss syndrome macro- and microscopic changes of the gastric and oesophageal mucosa were found to be similar in Mallory-Weiss syndrome and in the same syndrome accompanying ischemic heart disease. Liver insufficiency and necrobiotic changes of the liver accompanying it are characteristic of Mallory-Weiss syndrome as a distinct disease.", "PMID": 708278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3310", "title": "[Proliferating myositis].", "content": "A clinico-morphological analysis of 6 cases of proliferating myositis is presented. The patients varied in ages from 31 to 59 years. All the patients reported an extremely rapid growth of swellings: the period from the moment of the \"tumour\" detection to the operation was within 1 month, and in 4 cases 2 weeks. The main features of the microscopic structure of proliferating myositis included marked proliferation of fibroblasts and random arrangement of large cells with basophilic cytoplasm resembling rhabdomyoblasts and ganglionic cells. A detailed clinico-morphological analysis of the disease permits to differentiate proliferating myositis from similar soft tissue neoplasms (embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, fibrosarcoma, extraabdominal desmoid, nodular fascitis).", "contents": "[Proliferating myositis]. A clinico-morphological analysis of 6 cases of proliferating myositis is presented. The patients varied in ages from 31 to 59 years. All the patients reported an extremely rapid growth of swellings: the period from the moment of the \"tumour\" detection to the operation was within 1 month, and in 4 cases 2 weeks. The main features of the microscopic structure of proliferating myositis included marked proliferation of fibroblasts and random arrangement of large cells with basophilic cytoplasm resembling rhabdomyoblasts and ganglionic cells. A detailed clinico-morphological analysis of the disease permits to differentiate proliferating myositis from similar soft tissue neoplasms (embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, fibrosarcoma, extraabdominal desmoid, nodular fascitis).", "PMID": 708279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3311", "title": "[Alveolar soft tissue sarcoma].", "content": "An autopsy observation of alveolar soft tissue sarcoma of the left hip muscles in a man of 66 is described. Predominantly lymphogenic metastasizing of the alveolar sarcoma was observed and two hypes of tumour cells, \"dark\" and \"light\" were distinguished. PAS-positive substances, lipids and mucus were found in the cytoplasm of the \"light\" cells. Histogenetically, the alveolar soft tissue sarcoma is assumed to be close to striated muscles.", "contents": "[Alveolar soft tissue sarcoma]. An autopsy observation of alveolar soft tissue sarcoma of the left hip muscles in a man of 66 is described. Predominantly lymphogenic metastasizing of the alveolar sarcoma was observed and two hypes of tumour cells, \"dark\" and \"light\" were distinguished. PAS-positive substances, lipids and mucus were found in the cytoplasm of the \"light\" cells. Histogenetically, the alveolar soft tissue sarcoma is assumed to be close to striated muscles.", "PMID": 708281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3312", "title": "[Sudden death syndrome in infants].", "content": "The literature data on the so-called sudden death syndrome (SDS) in children are presented. Theories interpreting this condition from epidemiological, morphological, microbiological, immunological, physiological and biochemical positions are discussed. SDS is thought to be an abstract notion including various definite pathological conditions which are thus far difficult to interpret from nosological positions. A possible role of unfavourable constitutional factors in the SDS genesis, particularly under conditions of virus infection conducive to their manifestation is suggested.", "contents": "[Sudden death syndrome in infants]. The literature data on the so-called sudden death syndrome (SDS) in children are presented. Theories interpreting this condition from epidemiological, morphological, microbiological, immunological, physiological and biochemical positions are discussed. SDS is thought to be an abstract notion including various definite pathological conditions which are thus far difficult to interpret from nosological positions. A possible role of unfavourable constitutional factors in the SDS genesis, particularly under conditions of virus infection conducive to their manifestation is suggested.", "PMID": 708282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3313", "title": "[Thrombocyte function in acute leukemia].", "content": "The literature data on the condition of the platelet part of the homeostasis in patients with acute leukemia are summarized. The importance of functional changes in blood plates in the development of hemorrhagic complications is demonstrated. In acute leukemia, the development of various platelet syndromes such as thrombasthenia, thrombocytopathy, including a deficiency of the pool of storage of athrombia is possible.", "contents": "[Thrombocyte function in acute leukemia]. The literature data on the condition of the platelet part of the homeostasis in patients with acute leukemia are summarized. The importance of functional changes in blood plates in the development of hemorrhagic complications is demonstrated. In acute leukemia, the development of various platelet syndromes such as thrombasthenia, thrombocytopathy, including a deficiency of the pool of storage of athrombia is possible.", "PMID": 708283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3314", "title": "Intra-aortic balloon pumping: theory and practice. Experience with 325 patients.", "content": "Intra-aortic balloon pumping to support the failing circulation is now an accepted therapeutic modality. The device is simple. Insertion can be accomplished rapidly and efficiently in emergency rooms, coronary care units, cardiac catheterization suites and operating rooms, preoperatively, intraoperatively and postoperatively. The hemodynamic effects are immediate and predictable, and the accruing clinical results show increasing survival and hospital discharge rates. In these institutions, mechanical support of the circulation by this and more advanced methods has been formalized within the responsibility of a Circulatory Support Service. The purpose of this report is to summarize some observations and analyses which have been made during care of 325 consecutive postcardiotomy and/or postinfarction cardiogenic shock patients. Historical, theoretical, basic, and applied aspects and current results are included. Foremost are the straightforward concepts of considering the heart as a pump, the failing heart as a failing pump and intra-aortic balloon pumping as a temporary intravascular, auxiliary pump, capable of stabilizing or reversing that failure if utilized early in its evolution.", "contents": "Intra-aortic balloon pumping: theory and practice. Experience with 325 patients. Intra-aortic balloon pumping to support the failing circulation is now an accepted therapeutic modality. The device is simple. Insertion can be accomplished rapidly and efficiently in emergency rooms, coronary care units, cardiac catheterization suites and operating rooms, preoperatively, intraoperatively and postoperatively. The hemodynamic effects are immediate and predictable, and the accruing clinical results show increasing survival and hospital discharge rates. In these institutions, mechanical support of the circulation by this and more advanced methods has been formalized within the responsibility of a Circulatory Support Service. The purpose of this report is to summarize some observations and analyses which have been made during care of 325 consecutive postcardiotomy and/or postinfarction cardiogenic shock patients. Historical, theoretical, basic, and applied aspects and current results are included. Foremost are the straightforward concepts of considering the heart as a pump, the failing heart as a failing pump and intra-aortic balloon pumping as a temporary intravascular, auxiliary pump, capable of stabilizing or reversing that failure if utilized early in its evolution.", "PMID": 708286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3315", "title": "A simple left heart assist device for use after intracardiac surgery: development, deployment and clinical experience.", "content": "A simple left heart assist device (LHAD) has been developed and employed in nineteen patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction who could not be weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass following intracardiac surgery. It has been used when all other means of weaning, including maximum pharmacologic therapy and intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABC), had failed. The device utilizes specially designed and constructed obturated cannulae in the left atrium and the ascending aorta, and an extracorporeal roller pump to partially bypass the left ventricle. With improved cardiac performance, the patient may be separated from the device without need for thoracic reentry. Of the nineteen patients having LHAD support (2-500 hours), thirteen were eventually weaned from the device and seven were discharged from the hospital. Five patients remain alive and well (18 to 50 months postoperatively).", "contents": "A simple left heart assist device for use after intracardiac surgery: development, deployment and clinical experience. A simple left heart assist device (LHAD) has been developed and employed in nineteen patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction who could not be weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass following intracardiac surgery. It has been used when all other means of weaning, including maximum pharmacologic therapy and intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABC), had failed. The device utilizes specially designed and constructed obturated cannulae in the left atrium and the ascending aorta, and an extracorporeal roller pump to partially bypass the left ventricle. With improved cardiac performance, the patient may be separated from the device without need for thoracic reentry. Of the nineteen patients having LHAD support (2-500 hours), thirteen were eventually weaned from the device and seven were discharged from the hospital. Five patients remain alive and well (18 to 50 months postoperatively).", "PMID": 708287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3316", "title": "Transapical left ventricular bypass: a method for partial or total circulatory support.", "content": "A simple cannula method of partial or total left ventricular bypass, utilizing a roller pump and outflow filter, has been developed and applied clinically. One of three patients with severe cardiac and multisystem failure was pumped with total left ventricular bypass for six days and decannulated with recovery of myocardial function after nine days. These results are encouraging and suggest that a number of patients could be salvaged from temporary cardiac failure with a simple cannula-roller-pump bypass system.", "contents": "Transapical left ventricular bypass: a method for partial or total circulatory support. A simple cannula method of partial or total left ventricular bypass, utilizing a roller pump and outflow filter, has been developed and applied clinically. One of three patients with severe cardiac and multisystem failure was pumped with total left ventricular bypass for six days and decannulated with recovery of myocardial function after nine days. These results are encouraging and suggest that a number of patients could be salvaged from temporary cardiac failure with a simple cannula-roller-pump bypass system.", "PMID": 708288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3317", "title": "Clinical application of the ellipsoid left heart assist device.", "content": "The ellipsoid left heart assist device (E-LVAD) was implanted in eight patients suffering from intraoperative heart failure. It was not possible to remove these patients from extracorporeal circulation following an intracardiac procedure; therefore, implantation of the E-LVAD was performed during extracorporeal circulation. The inflow connector was pushed forward from a purse-string suture on the right superior pulmonary vein, across the mitral valve and into the left ventricle. The outflow connector was joined to the ascending aorta. In two patients, the artificial heart chamber was removed after complete recovery of the circulation; these patients, however, later died. In six other patients, untreatable right heart failure developed and these patients died with the pump in place. It is concluded, therefore, that the right heart must also be mechanically supported during postoperative heart failure.", "contents": "Clinical application of the ellipsoid left heart assist device. The ellipsoid left heart assist device (E-LVAD) was implanted in eight patients suffering from intraoperative heart failure. It was not possible to remove these patients from extracorporeal circulation following an intracardiac procedure; therefore, implantation of the E-LVAD was performed during extracorporeal circulation. The inflow connector was pushed forward from a purse-string suture on the right superior pulmonary vein, across the mitral valve and into the left ventricle. The outflow connector was joined to the ascending aorta. In two patients, the artificial heart chamber was removed after complete recovery of the circulation; these patients, however, later died. In six other patients, untreatable right heart failure developed and these patients died with the pump in place. It is concluded, therefore, that the right heart must also be mechanically supported during postoperative heart failure.", "PMID": 708289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3318", "title": "Paracorporeal artificial heart in postoperative heart failure.", "content": "A pneumatically driven artificial heart with a tubular silicone rubber membrane and disc valves was used for functional heart replacement in the paracorporeal mode. A fluidic drive system allows adjustment of the heart rate, positive and negative pressures and systole/diastole ratio. Since August, 1977, the artificial heart has been used in four patients with refractory postoperative heart failure not responding to volume loading, pH and electrolyte correction, catecholamines and intra-aortic balloon pumping. Large cannulae were placed in the atria and great vessels. The ventricles were fixed on the chest paracorporeally. The assist system was used as a left heart bypass in one patient and as a biventricular bypass in three other patients. After 48-72 hours, the ventricular function recovered in three patients, permitting removal of the artificial heart. One patient died of cerebral complications six weeks later; the other two recovered completely and were released in good condition. Profound postoperative heart failure can be completely reversed by the use of the paracorporeal artificial heart; the advantage of the system lies in the simplicity of its implantation and removal.", "contents": "Paracorporeal artificial heart in postoperative heart failure. A pneumatically driven artificial heart with a tubular silicone rubber membrane and disc valves was used for functional heart replacement in the paracorporeal mode. A fluidic drive system allows adjustment of the heart rate, positive and negative pressures and systole/diastole ratio. Since August, 1977, the artificial heart has been used in four patients with refractory postoperative heart failure not responding to volume loading, pH and electrolyte correction, catecholamines and intra-aortic balloon pumping. Large cannulae were placed in the atria and great vessels. The ventricles were fixed on the chest paracorporeally. The assist system was used as a left heart bypass in one patient and as a biventricular bypass in three other patients. After 48-72 hours, the ventricular function recovered in three patients, permitting removal of the artificial heart. One patient died of cerebral complications six weeks later; the other two recovered completely and were released in good condition. Profound postoperative heart failure can be completely reversed by the use of the paracorporeal artificial heart; the advantage of the system lies in the simplicity of its implantation and removal.", "PMID": 708290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3319", "title": "Round window niche melanocytes and webby tissue. Possible collateral route of vascular and perilymph circulation.", "content": "Two hundred thirteen human temporal bones were studied for characteristics of the round window niche. In 163 specimens melanocytes were found within the attachments of the round window membrane and in the niche, most prominently at the level of the cochlear aqueduct opening. Sixty-two specimens demonstrated discrete webby foci within the lining of the niche, 16 of which completely or partially covered the tympanic surface of the round window membrane, unassociated with fibrous tags or adhesions, and in some cases contained congested vascular channels and melanocytes. The webby foci were sometimes associate; with melanocytes, while melanocytes were present without demonstrable webby foci. These findings may represent a collateral route of vascular or perilymph-related drainage from the inner ear.", "contents": "Round window niche melanocytes and webby tissue. Possible collateral route of vascular and perilymph circulation. Two hundred thirteen human temporal bones were studied for characteristics of the round window niche. In 163 specimens melanocytes were found within the attachments of the round window membrane and in the niche, most prominently at the level of the cochlear aqueduct opening. Sixty-two specimens demonstrated discrete webby foci within the lining of the niche, 16 of which completely or partially covered the tympanic surface of the round window membrane, unassociated with fibrous tags or adhesions, and in some cases contained congested vascular channels and melanocytes. The webby foci were sometimes associate; with melanocytes, while melanocytes were present without demonstrable webby foci. These findings may represent a collateral route of vascular or perilymph-related drainage from the inner ear.", "PMID": 708306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3320", "title": "Half-list speech discrimination measures in hearing aid evaluations.", "content": "The usefulness of half-list speech discrimination tests for evaluating hearing aids was assessed. Test and retest speech discrimination scores (SDSs) were obtained from 23 adults with moderate hearing impairment using four preselected hearing aids. Reliability coefficients were generally lower for half-lists than for full-lists, and the rankings of the hearing aids on the basis of SDSs were less consistent for the half-lists than for the full-lists. Individual subject differences between half-list SDSs were 10% or greater in more than one third of the cases. It was concluded that half-lists derived from the NU-6 full-lists should not be used to differentiate among hearing aids.", "contents": "Half-list speech discrimination measures in hearing aid evaluations. The usefulness of half-list speech discrimination tests for evaluating hearing aids was assessed. Test and retest speech discrimination scores (SDSs) were obtained from 23 adults with moderate hearing impairment using four preselected hearing aids. Reliability coefficients were generally lower for half-lists than for full-lists, and the rankings of the hearing aids on the basis of SDSs were less consistent for the half-lists than for the full-lists. Individual subject differences between half-list SDSs were 10% or greater in more than one third of the cases. It was concluded that half-lists derived from the NU-6 full-lists should not be used to differentiate among hearing aids.", "PMID": 708307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3321", "title": "Multiple epiglottic cysts.", "content": "A 66-year-old man had five cystic lesions of the epiglottis, which were discovered at autopsy. He had complained of hoarseness and dysphagia, but no laryngeal examination was performed because of his terminal condition due to widespread adenocarcinoma that did not involve the larynx. To our knowledge, this is the fourth reported case of multiple laryngeal ductal cysts. To develop a concept of the pathogenesis of these cysts, the normal salivary gland-duct epithelial histologic characteristics were studied in 17 epiglottises that were obtained from children and adults at autopsy. We conclude that the cysts arise from the collecting ducts rather than the smaller interlobular or intralobular ducts.", "contents": "Multiple epiglottic cysts. A 66-year-old man had five cystic lesions of the epiglottis, which were discovered at autopsy. He had complained of hoarseness and dysphagia, but no laryngeal examination was performed because of his terminal condition due to widespread adenocarcinoma that did not involve the larynx. To our knowledge, this is the fourth reported case of multiple laryngeal ductal cysts. To develop a concept of the pathogenesis of these cysts, the normal salivary gland-duct epithelial histologic characteristics were studied in 17 epiglottises that were obtained from children and adults at autopsy. We conclude that the cysts arise from the collecting ducts rather than the smaller interlobular or intralobular ducts.", "PMID": 708308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3322", "title": "Myocardial infarction--the problems and prognosis: Paper 3--A summary.", "content": "In the pre-hospital phase of myocardial infarction, the overriding problem is our present inability to alter the fact that approximately 50 per cent of all deaths from infarction occur prior to the patient's arrival in hospital, despite the knowledge that these deaths are due largely to potentially correctible arrythmias.", "contents": "Myocardial infarction--the problems and prognosis: Paper 3--A summary. In the pre-hospital phase of myocardial infarction, the overriding problem is our present inability to alter the fact that approximately 50 per cent of all deaths from infarction occur prior to the patient's arrival in hospital, despite the knowledge that these deaths are due largely to potentially correctible arrythmias.", "PMID": 708310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3323", "title": "Aspects of myocardial ischaemia: sudden death.", "content": "The majority of patients who die suddenly have significant coronary artery disease, and it seems likely that myocardial ischaemia, in consequence of these diseased arteries, plays an aetiological role in causation of sudden death.", "contents": "Aspects of myocardial ischaemia: sudden death. The majority of patients who die suddenly have significant coronary artery disease, and it seems likely that myocardial ischaemia, in consequence of these diseased arteries, plays an aetiological role in causation of sudden death.", "PMID": 708311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3324", "title": "Myocardial infarction: mortality reduction through coronary care?", "content": "It appears that the mortality from coronary heart disease, particularly in men between the ages of thirty and sixty-four, has fallen slightly in recent years. The reasons for this are not clear, but some of this mortality reduction has been attributed to better management of patients, arising through the introduction of coronary care and other forms of medical interference. It is equally possible that this reduction of overall mortality is related to changes in the community's habits.", "contents": "Myocardial infarction: mortality reduction through coronary care? It appears that the mortality from coronary heart disease, particularly in men between the ages of thirty and sixty-four, has fallen slightly in recent years. The reasons for this are not clear, but some of this mortality reduction has been attributed to better management of patients, arising through the introduction of coronary care and other forms of medical interference. It is equally possible that this reduction of overall mortality is related to changes in the community's habits.", "PMID": 708312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3325", "title": "Protection from morbidity and mortality from first infarcts: the case for beta-blockade.", "content": "The original concept of alpha and beta sympathetic receptors put forward by Alquist in 1948 suggesting that beta receptors were situated mainly in the heart and alpha receptors peripherally, gave rise to the theory that selective blockade of beta receptors might have the effect of relieving the heart from excessive sympathetic stimulation. This possibility was developed by Black and Stephenson with the birth of the first beta-blocking drugs--pronethalol and propranolol. The importance of such a drug was foreseen by Chamberlain who showed subsequently that propranolol and cervical sympathectomy reduced an exercise tachycardia to the same extent. Pronethalol was not developed for clinical use and propranolol was in any event found to be the more active drug with no demonstrable hazards. Propranolol was marketed for clinical use as 'Inderal' by the Pharmaceuticals Division of Imperial Chemical Industries, UK, where this original work had been done.", "contents": "Protection from morbidity and mortality from first infarcts: the case for beta-blockade. The original concept of alpha and beta sympathetic receptors put forward by Alquist in 1948 suggesting that beta receptors were situated mainly in the heart and alpha receptors peripherally, gave rise to the theory that selective blockade of beta receptors might have the effect of relieving the heart from excessive sympathetic stimulation. This possibility was developed by Black and Stephenson with the birth of the first beta-blocking drugs--pronethalol and propranolol. The importance of such a drug was foreseen by Chamberlain who showed subsequently that propranolol and cervical sympathectomy reduced an exercise tachycardia to the same extent. Pronethalol was not developed for clinical use and propranolol was in any event found to be the more active drug with no demonstrable hazards. Propranolol was marketed for clinical use as 'Inderal' by the Pharmaceuticals Division of Imperial Chemical Industries, UK, where this original work had been done.", "PMID": 708313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3326", "title": "Surgery and the aged.", "content": "Surgery for the aged presents a special challenge for all members of the hospital team. The tone of a geriatric hospital is unique. It has usually been adapted specifically for the needs of the elderly. Quiet kindness replaces excessive urgency; a slower time scale allows unrushed opportunities for patient care and contact; and a friendly family spirit helps replace what is missing in the lives of many elderly patients.", "contents": "Surgery and the aged. Surgery for the aged presents a special challenge for all members of the hospital team. The tone of a geriatric hospital is unique. It has usually been adapted specifically for the needs of the elderly. Quiet kindness replaces excessive urgency; a slower time scale allows unrushed opportunities for patient care and contact; and a friendly family spirit helps replace what is missing in the lives of many elderly patients.", "PMID": 708315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3327", "title": "The place of surgery in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The medical and surgical management of patients with rheumatoid disease has improved over recent years. Despite the improvements, much disability and pain arise from the condition. The major surgical advances in recent years have been in the field of joint replacement, and these advances are continuing. Joint replacement units have evolved, allowing further specialization in this rapidly advancing field. Close liaison between the general practitioner, rheumatologist, orthopaedic surgeon and allied health professionals is most important in achieving the best possible results in the management of these patients.", "contents": "The place of surgery in rheumatoid arthritis. The medical and surgical management of patients with rheumatoid disease has improved over recent years. Despite the improvements, much disability and pain arise from the condition. The major surgical advances in recent years have been in the field of joint replacement, and these advances are continuing. Joint replacement units have evolved, allowing further specialization in this rapidly advancing field. Close liaison between the general practitioner, rheumatologist, orthopaedic surgeon and allied health professionals is most important in achieving the best possible results in the management of these patients.", "PMID": 708316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3328", "title": "Crystal induced arthritis: gout and pseudogout.", "content": "Intrasynovial deposits of monourate crystals in the presence of serum hyperuricaemia, and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystals, are responsible for gout and pseudogout respectively. Identification of these by synovial fluid analysis is described. The clinical features, minimum investigations, history-taking, management and drug regimes of gout and pseudogout are discussed. Periodic review of the patient is stressed. Other intrasynovial crystals are briefly outlined.", "contents": "Crystal induced arthritis: gout and pseudogout. Intrasynovial deposits of monourate crystals in the presence of serum hyperuricaemia, and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystals, are responsible for gout and pseudogout respectively. Identification of these by synovial fluid analysis is described. The clinical features, minimum investigations, history-taking, management and drug regimes of gout and pseudogout are discussed. Periodic review of the patient is stressed. Other intrasynovial crystals are briefly outlined.", "PMID": 708317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3329", "title": "Intestinal transport of monosaccharide after biliary diversion in the rat.", "content": "Sugar absorption is increased in rats with a bile fistula but approaches normal values with the addition of bile salt. It has therefore been suggested that bile salts have a physiological role in decreasing intestinal absorption of monosaccharides. In experiments using rats, jejunal and ileal uptake of arbutin, a glucose analogue was increased 5 days after creating a bile fistula but normal by the 10th day after operation. Bile fistula rats ate only about one third of the intake of normal rats in the first 5 days after operation. Control animals fed the same amount as the bile fistula group showed a similar increase in jejunal and ileal arbutin uptake. In both groups, on the 5th post-operative day, addition of taurocholate depressed arbutin uptake towards normal. In normal rats, taurocholate depressed arbutin uptake in the ileum but not the jejunum. These results suggest that increased monosaccharide uptake in bile fistula rats is related to semi-starvation and is not a specific effect of bile salts.", "contents": "Intestinal transport of monosaccharide after biliary diversion in the rat. Sugar absorption is increased in rats with a bile fistula but approaches normal values with the addition of bile salt. It has therefore been suggested that bile salts have a physiological role in decreasing intestinal absorption of monosaccharides. In experiments using rats, jejunal and ileal uptake of arbutin, a glucose analogue was increased 5 days after creating a bile fistula but normal by the 10th day after operation. Bile fistula rats ate only about one third of the intake of normal rats in the first 5 days after operation. Control animals fed the same amount as the bile fistula group showed a similar increase in jejunal and ileal arbutin uptake. In both groups, on the 5th post-operative day, addition of taurocholate depressed arbutin uptake towards normal. In normal rats, taurocholate depressed arbutin uptake in the ileum but not the jejunum. These results suggest that increased monosaccharide uptake in bile fistula rats is related to semi-starvation and is not a specific effect of bile salts.", "PMID": 708318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3330", "title": "Turnover rates of muscle protein in cardiac and skeletal muscles of dog, fowl, rat and mouse: turnover rate related to muscle function.", "content": "Turnover rates of muscle protein in cardiac and skeletal muscle have been measured in dogs using a continuous infusion of 14C-tyrosine, and in fowls, rats and mice after a pulse label of either 3H-leucine or 3H-aspartate. In all species the total mixed protein from ventricle turned over the most rapidly. Tonic muscles predominantly comprised of red fibres were intermediate in rate and twitch muscles comprised of predominantly white fibres had the slowest rates of turnover. This same progression of turnover rates was also seen in myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic protein fractions and with myosin. The RNA concentrations of the muscle tissue were highly correlated with the turnover rates. It is suggested that the turnover rate of muscle protein is related to the function of the muscle.", "contents": "Turnover rates of muscle protein in cardiac and skeletal muscles of dog, fowl, rat and mouse: turnover rate related to muscle function. Turnover rates of muscle protein in cardiac and skeletal muscle have been measured in dogs using a continuous infusion of 14C-tyrosine, and in fowls, rats and mice after a pulse label of either 3H-leucine or 3H-aspartate. In all species the total mixed protein from ventricle turned over the most rapidly. Tonic muscles predominantly comprised of red fibres were intermediate in rate and twitch muscles comprised of predominantly white fibres had the slowest rates of turnover. This same progression of turnover rates was also seen in myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic protein fractions and with myosin. The RNA concentrations of the muscle tissue were highly correlated with the turnover rates. It is suggested that the turnover rate of muscle protein is related to the function of the muscle.", "PMID": 708319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3331", "title": "Chromosome damage and DNA repair induced in human fibroblasts by UV and cholesterol oxide.", "content": "In human fibroblasts, cholesterol oxide induced a similar degree of chromosome damage (8.6% of metaphases) and DNA repair synthesis (8-10% of cells with lightly-labelled nuclei) as low doses of ultraviolet light (UV), but did not produce single-strand DNA breaks or DNA damage detectable by inhibition of thymidine incorporation. Chromosome aberrations were detected up to 8 weeks after treatment with cholesterol oxide and UV. Combined treatments had almost additive effects on the frequency of chromosome aberrations but not on repair synthesis. Multiple daily doses of UV did not cause more aberrations than a single dose. Attempts to transform two fibroblast strains from normal donors and three derived from melanoma patients using single and combined treatments of UV, cholesterol oxide and hyperthermia (40 degrees) were unsuccessful.", "contents": "Chromosome damage and DNA repair induced in human fibroblasts by UV and cholesterol oxide. In human fibroblasts, cholesterol oxide induced a similar degree of chromosome damage (8.6% of metaphases) and DNA repair synthesis (8-10% of cells with lightly-labelled nuclei) as low doses of ultraviolet light (UV), but did not produce single-strand DNA breaks or DNA damage detectable by inhibition of thymidine incorporation. Chromosome aberrations were detected up to 8 weeks after treatment with cholesterol oxide and UV. Combined treatments had almost additive effects on the frequency of chromosome aberrations but not on repair synthesis. Multiple daily doses of UV did not cause more aberrations than a single dose. Attempts to transform two fibroblast strains from normal donors and three derived from melanoma patients using single and combined treatments of UV, cholesterol oxide and hyperthermia (40 degrees) were unsuccessful.", "PMID": 708320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3332", "title": "Effect of hydrocortisone on the response of rat lymphocytes to phytohaemagglutinin.", "content": "The proliferative response of rat peripheral blood lymphocytes and spleen cells to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was studied following treatment with single or multiple doses of hydrocortisone. A transient lymphopaenia with a rapid recovery at 24 h occurred with both dose schedules. Hydrocortisone in vitro caused a dose-dependent depression of blood lymphocyte response to PHA but enhanced the response of spleen cells when the steroid was added after the mitogen. An inverse relationship between blood and splenic lymphocyte responses to PHA occurred after a single dose of hydrocortisone. Blood lymphocytes from multiple dose hydrocortisone-treated rats had an enhanced response to PHA. Serum collected within 5 min of injection from single dose-treated rats depressed normal rat blood lymphocyte responses. After multiple doses of hydrocortisone serum enhanced blood lymphocyte responses to PHA. The primary antibody response to sheep erythrocytes was only affected by near toxic doses of hydrocortisone.", "contents": "Effect of hydrocortisone on the response of rat lymphocytes to phytohaemagglutinin. The proliferative response of rat peripheral blood lymphocytes and spleen cells to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was studied following treatment with single or multiple doses of hydrocortisone. A transient lymphopaenia with a rapid recovery at 24 h occurred with both dose schedules. Hydrocortisone in vitro caused a dose-dependent depression of blood lymphocyte response to PHA but enhanced the response of spleen cells when the steroid was added after the mitogen. An inverse relationship between blood and splenic lymphocyte responses to PHA occurred after a single dose of hydrocortisone. Blood lymphocytes from multiple dose hydrocortisone-treated rats had an enhanced response to PHA. Serum collected within 5 min of injection from single dose-treated rats depressed normal rat blood lymphocyte responses. After multiple doses of hydrocortisone serum enhanced blood lymphocyte responses to PHA. The primary antibody response to sheep erythrocytes was only affected by near toxic doses of hydrocortisone.", "PMID": 708321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3333", "title": "Suppression of skin reactivity in rats bearing IgE or IgG2a immunocytomas.", "content": "Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and reversed PCA have been examined in rats bearing IgE or IgG2a immunocytomas. PCA reactivity was completely abolished in rats bearing an IgE immunocytoma, whereas only a slight suppression of PCA reactivity was found in rats bearing an IgG2a immunocytoma. Reversed PCA reactivity was only slightly decreased in rats bearing IgE or IgG2a immunocytomas.", "contents": "Suppression of skin reactivity in rats bearing IgE or IgG2a immunocytomas. Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and reversed PCA have been examined in rats bearing IgE or IgG2a immunocytomas. PCA reactivity was completely abolished in rats bearing an IgE immunocytoma, whereas only a slight suppression of PCA reactivity was found in rats bearing an IgG2a immunocytoma. Reversed PCA reactivity was only slightly decreased in rats bearing IgE or IgG2a immunocytomas.", "PMID": 708322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3334", "title": "Sensitisation of gut-associated lymphoid tissue during oral immunisation.", "content": "The time course of appearance of sensitised lymphocytes was studied in rabbits fed 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA). Antigen reactive cells (ARC) were detected in Peyer's patches at 1 week, prior to both the appearance of primed cells in the spleen and the detection of circulating anti-BSA antibody. Systemic immunisation with 2 mg BSA induced sensitised cells in the spleen and Peyer's patches. No evidence of an early appearance of sensitised cells in the mucosal cell population was found. These data support the postulates that the initial lymphocyte sensitisation to ingested soluble antigen occurs in Peyer's patches, that this lymphoid tissue provides a significant contribution to systemic immunity following oral and parenteral immunisation, and that the mucosal lymphocyte population is not involved in the early phase of sensitisation to ingested antigen.", "contents": "Sensitisation of gut-associated lymphoid tissue during oral immunisation. The time course of appearance of sensitised lymphocytes was studied in rabbits fed 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA). Antigen reactive cells (ARC) were detected in Peyer's patches at 1 week, prior to both the appearance of primed cells in the spleen and the detection of circulating anti-BSA antibody. Systemic immunisation with 2 mg BSA induced sensitised cells in the spleen and Peyer's patches. No evidence of an early appearance of sensitised cells in the mucosal cell population was found. These data support the postulates that the initial lymphocyte sensitisation to ingested soluble antigen occurs in Peyer's patches, that this lymphoid tissue provides a significant contribution to systemic immunity following oral and parenteral immunisation, and that the mucosal lymphocyte population is not involved in the early phase of sensitisation to ingested antigen.", "PMID": 708323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3335", "title": "Fusion and hybridization of marsupial and eutherian cells. Activity of heterokaryons.", "content": "Marsupial and eutherian nuclei in heterokaryons were shown to synthesize DNA and RNA, apparently at control levels, and heterokaryons were found to contain marsupial hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. The two types of nucleus in heterokaryons were also able to undergo synchronous chromosome condensation. our results provide no evidence for suppression of nucleic acid synthesis, gene expression or mitosis in marsupial x eutherian heterokaryons.", "contents": "Fusion and hybridization of marsupial and eutherian cells. Activity of heterokaryons. Marsupial and eutherian nuclei in heterokaryons were shown to synthesize DNA and RNA, apparently at control levels, and heterokaryons were found to contain marsupial hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. The two types of nucleus in heterokaryons were also able to undergo synchronous chromosome condensation. our results provide no evidence for suppression of nucleic acid synthesis, gene expression or mitosis in marsupial x eutherian heterokaryons.", "PMID": 708324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3336", "title": "The RNA genome of Tilligerry virus.", "content": "RNA extracted from Tilligerry virus, a member of the Eubenangee group of orbiviruses, separated into ten segments after electrophoresis in acrylamide gels. The molecular weights of most segments differed from the corresponding segments of Eubenangee virus.", "contents": "The RNA genome of Tilligerry virus. RNA extracted from Tilligerry virus, a member of the Eubenangee group of orbiviruses, separated into ten segments after electrophoresis in acrylamide gels. The molecular weights of most segments differed from the corresponding segments of Eubenangee virus.", "PMID": 708325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3337", "title": "In vitro growth of ovine squamous cell carcinoma.", "content": "Cultured by fragment explantation following a selective trypsinisation procedure, 22/31 (71%) specimens of ovine squamous cell carcinoma yielded pure strains of epithelial cells which to date have passaged vigorously to the 29th level of passage. In contrast to the diploid nature of epithelial cell strains derived from foetal sheep skin, the cell strains derived from skin tumors were highly aneuploid.", "contents": "In vitro growth of ovine squamous cell carcinoma. Cultured by fragment explantation following a selective trypsinisation procedure, 22/31 (71%) specimens of ovine squamous cell carcinoma yielded pure strains of epithelial cells which to date have passaged vigorously to the 29th level of passage. In contrast to the diploid nature of epithelial cell strains derived from foetal sheep skin, the cell strains derived from skin tumors were highly aneuploid.", "PMID": 708326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3338", "title": "Comparative stability of alanine aminotransferase in rat plasma and hepatocyte suspensions.", "content": "Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity in rat plasma was stable for up to 56 days when stored at -25 degrees. High activity plasma samples were less stable. ALT activity was markedly unstable when derived from isolated hepatocyte preparations, and declined to 8-16% of initial values after 28-56 days storage at -25 degrees.", "contents": "Comparative stability of alanine aminotransferase in rat plasma and hepatocyte suspensions. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity in rat plasma was stable for up to 56 days when stored at -25 degrees. High activity plasma samples were less stable. ALT activity was markedly unstable when derived from isolated hepatocyte preparations, and declined to 8-16% of initial values after 28-56 days storage at -25 degrees.", "PMID": 708327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3339", "title": "A cell culture vaccine against bovine ephemeral fever.", "content": "A vaccine was prepared from cell culture fluids harvested from the twelfth passage of the 919 strain of bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) virus in Vero cell cultures. Cattle were vaccinated subcutaneously with various combinations of strain 919 virus and adjuvants. Neutralising antibodies were assayed at various times after vaccination and some cattle were challenged by intravenous inoculation with the virulent 417WBC strain of BEF virus. Strain 919 virus of the third and twelfth passage levels in Vero cells produced neither fever, clinical illness nor detectable viraemia in 5 calves inoculated intravenously. Nor could viraemia be detected in 5 heifers receiving vaccine subcutaneously. When the vaccine was administered mixed with aluminium hydroxide adjuvant, the production of neutralising antibodies increased with an increase in the volume of vaccine from 2.5 ml to 10 ml and the response to 2 injections was significantly better than the response to a single injection. The neutralising antibody response was decreased when vaccine was diluted in phosphate buffered saline. The neutralising antibody response following 2 subcutaneous vaccinations with strain 919 virus mixed with aluminium hydroxide adjuvant was higher than that following intravenous inoculation with virulent virus. The vaccine-induced antibodies persisted for at least 12 months, and revaccination at this time led to an increase in the titre of neutralising antibody. Antibodies induced by a single subcutaneous administration of strain 919 virus mixed with Freund's complete adjuvant persisted for at least 40 weeks; those induced by vaccine containing Freund's incomplete adjuvant had virtually disappeared within 16 weeks. All these calves responded to vaccination with aluminium hydroxide-containing vaccine with increases in levels of neutralising antibodies. Of 26 vaccinated calves challenged with virulent BEF virus, 24 remained clinically normal. Two developed brief periods of pyrexia on the seventh day after challenge, but no other clinical signs. One of these calves had a viraemia that was demonstrated only by intravenous inoculation of a susceptible calf. The remaining calf had no detectable viraemia. All of 7 unvaccinated calves developed severe clinical BEF within 5 days of challenge. No disease attributable to the 919 virus occurred in 24 vaccinated pregnant heifers or their newborn calves.", "contents": "A cell culture vaccine against bovine ephemeral fever. A vaccine was prepared from cell culture fluids harvested from the twelfth passage of the 919 strain of bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) virus in Vero cell cultures. Cattle were vaccinated subcutaneously with various combinations of strain 919 virus and adjuvants. Neutralising antibodies were assayed at various times after vaccination and some cattle were challenged by intravenous inoculation with the virulent 417WBC strain of BEF virus. Strain 919 virus of the third and twelfth passage levels in Vero cells produced neither fever, clinical illness nor detectable viraemia in 5 calves inoculated intravenously. Nor could viraemia be detected in 5 heifers receiving vaccine subcutaneously. When the vaccine was administered mixed with aluminium hydroxide adjuvant, the production of neutralising antibodies increased with an increase in the volume of vaccine from 2.5 ml to 10 ml and the response to 2 injections was significantly better than the response to a single injection. The neutralising antibody response was decreased when vaccine was diluted in phosphate buffered saline. The neutralising antibody response following 2 subcutaneous vaccinations with strain 919 virus mixed with aluminium hydroxide adjuvant was higher than that following intravenous inoculation with virulent virus. The vaccine-induced antibodies persisted for at least 12 months, and revaccination at this time led to an increase in the titre of neutralising antibody. Antibodies induced by a single subcutaneous administration of strain 919 virus mixed with Freund's complete adjuvant persisted for at least 40 weeks; those induced by vaccine containing Freund's incomplete adjuvant had virtually disappeared within 16 weeks. All these calves responded to vaccination with aluminium hydroxide-containing vaccine with increases in levels of neutralising antibodies. Of 26 vaccinated calves challenged with virulent BEF virus, 24 remained clinically normal. Two developed brief periods of pyrexia on the seventh day after challenge, but no other clinical signs. One of these calves had a viraemia that was demonstrated only by intravenous inoculation of a susceptible calf. The remaining calf had no detectable viraemia. All of 7 unvaccinated calves developed severe clinical BEF within 5 days of challenge. No disease attributable to the 919 virus occurred in 24 vaccinated pregnant heifers or their newborn calves.", "PMID": 708328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3340", "title": "Evaluation of new and currently used diagnostic procedures for bovine brucellosis.", "content": "The indirect haemolysis test (IHLT) and the rough antigen complement-fixation test (RCFT) were compared with several conventional tests using serum samples from 9 cows known to be infected with Brucella abortus. In 7 cows all the tests except the RCFT (which was developed to detect antibodies resulting from 45/20 vaccination) became positive and remained so until the cows were autopsied 6 months after infection. In the other 2 cows the Rose Bengal test was occasionally negative and the titre of the serum agglutination test only reached 100 iu briefly. The routine complement-fixation test, the IHLT and the anti-bovine globulin test reached diagnostic levels at most of the weekly test intervals but occasional low titres occurred in them all. Only very low or negative titres were detected by the RCFT.", "contents": "Evaluation of new and currently used diagnostic procedures for bovine brucellosis. The indirect haemolysis test (IHLT) and the rough antigen complement-fixation test (RCFT) were compared with several conventional tests using serum samples from 9 cows known to be infected with Brucella abortus. In 7 cows all the tests except the RCFT (which was developed to detect antibodies resulting from 45/20 vaccination) became positive and remained so until the cows were autopsied 6 months after infection. In the other 2 cows the Rose Bengal test was occasionally negative and the titre of the serum agglutination test only reached 100 iu briefly. The routine complement-fixation test, the IHLT and the anti-bovine globulin test reached diagnostic levels at most of the weekly test intervals but occasional low titres occurred in them all. Only very low or negative titres were detected by the RCFT.", "PMID": 708329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3341", "title": "Breed differences in the response of young beef bulls to electro-ejaculation.", "content": "A total of 702 electro-ejaculation attempts are recorded on young (16 to 31 months) beef bulls of 3 breeds and 3 breed crosses (Brahman cross 100, Africander cross 93, Shorthorn cross 109, Brahman 81, Africander 89, and Hereford 230. Four hundred and forty of these attempts were conducted on bulls of the first 5 of these breeds which had been reared under similar conditions on the same property. The machine employed was a Watson Transtimulator, powered by a 12-volt automobile battery, and connected to a 6.25 cm diameter bipolar ring electrode probe, 37.5 cm in length. The voltages at which the sperm free (sample A) and sperm rich (sample B) samples were initiated were 4.8 +/- .2 and 7.7 +/- .2 volts respectively. No breed differences occurred. Breed differences occurred in the proportion of bulls showing a severe reaction to the electricity (P less than 0.001) with the Africander (32.6%; P less than 0.001) and Ax (28.0%; P less than 0.01) having the highest proportions of severe reactions. These 2 breed groups also had the highest proportions of electro-ejaculation failures (respectively, 23.6%; P less than 0.05 and 19.4%; n.s.). Overall, bulls of Bos indicus derivation did not differ from those of Bos taurus derivation in electro-ejaculation failures. During stimulation, erection was achieved by 19.8% of bulls and failure to collect an assessable ejaculate occurred in 15%. No breed differences occurred in either category. Collapse during stimulation occurred in 5.3% of electro-ejaculation attempts (overall P less than 0.05) with the SH breed group having highest representation (12.8%; P less than 0.001).", "contents": "Breed differences in the response of young beef bulls to electro-ejaculation. A total of 702 electro-ejaculation attempts are recorded on young (16 to 31 months) beef bulls of 3 breeds and 3 breed crosses (Brahman cross 100, Africander cross 93, Shorthorn cross 109, Brahman 81, Africander 89, and Hereford 230. Four hundred and forty of these attempts were conducted on bulls of the first 5 of these breeds which had been reared under similar conditions on the same property. The machine employed was a Watson Transtimulator, powered by a 12-volt automobile battery, and connected to a 6.25 cm diameter bipolar ring electrode probe, 37.5 cm in length. The voltages at which the sperm free (sample A) and sperm rich (sample B) samples were initiated were 4.8 +/- .2 and 7.7 +/- .2 volts respectively. No breed differences occurred. Breed differences occurred in the proportion of bulls showing a severe reaction to the electricity (P less than 0.001) with the Africander (32.6%; P less than 0.001) and Ax (28.0%; P less than 0.01) having the highest proportions of severe reactions. These 2 breed groups also had the highest proportions of electro-ejaculation failures (respectively, 23.6%; P less than 0.05 and 19.4%; n.s.). Overall, bulls of Bos indicus derivation did not differ from those of Bos taurus derivation in electro-ejaculation failures. During stimulation, erection was achieved by 19.8% of bulls and failure to collect an assessable ejaculate occurred in 15%. No breed differences occurred in either category. Collapse during stimulation occurred in 5.3% of electro-ejaculation attempts (overall P less than 0.05) with the SH breed group having highest representation (12.8%; P less than 0.001).", "PMID": 708330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3342", "title": "The influence of the time of treatment in relation to feeding on the efficacy of amoxycillin therapy in dogs and cats.", "content": "A field trial comparing the clinically assessed response to amoxycillin therapy in 148 fasted and 129 non-fasted dogs and cats suffering clinically diagnosed bacterial infections is reported. A satisfactory response to treatment was obtained in 88.8% of these cases. The results indicate that the clinical response to amoxycillin therapy was not affected by the concurrent administration of the antibiotic with food.", "contents": "The influence of the time of treatment in relation to feeding on the efficacy of amoxycillin therapy in dogs and cats. A field trial comparing the clinically assessed response to amoxycillin therapy in 148 fasted and 129 non-fasted dogs and cats suffering clinically diagnosed bacterial infections is reported. A satisfactory response to treatment was obtained in 88.8% of these cases. The results indicate that the clinical response to amoxycillin therapy was not affected by the concurrent administration of the antibiotic with food.", "PMID": 708331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3343", "title": "Evaluation of oral iron galactan as a method of iron supplementation for intensively housed sucking piglets.", "content": "Iron supplementation of piglets with oral galactan given as a single dose within 24 hours of birth was evaluated in a series of on farm trials. The growth rate of piglets receiving this treatment was faster than that of piglets receiving single injections of iron dextran or iron galactan at 3 days of age, or ferrous sulphate crystals orally at weekly intervals. Mean values for red cell parameters of oral iron galactan supplemented piglets at 2 to 4 weeks of age were lower than those of injected piglets but there was no clinical evidence of anaemia in any of the piglets.", "contents": "Evaluation of oral iron galactan as a method of iron supplementation for intensively housed sucking piglets. Iron supplementation of piglets with oral galactan given as a single dose within 24 hours of birth was evaluated in a series of on farm trials. The growth rate of piglets receiving this treatment was faster than that of piglets receiving single injections of iron dextran or iron galactan at 3 days of age, or ferrous sulphate crystals orally at weekly intervals. Mean values for red cell parameters of oral iron galactan supplemented piglets at 2 to 4 weeks of age were lower than those of injected piglets but there was no clinical evidence of anaemia in any of the piglets.", "PMID": 708332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3344", "title": "The effect of anthelmintic treatment and other management factors on the incidence of breech strike in Merino sheep.", "content": "Repeated scouring and soiling of the breech region with faeces rendered mulesed, Merino sheep susceptible to breech strike. Anthelmintic treatment of ewes before and after lambing and of lambs 6 to 8 weeks old reduced intestinal trichostrongylosis, scouring and consequent breech strike. Wether lambs tended to be more susceptible than ewe lambs and sheep grazing long pastures were struck more frequently than those on short pastures.", "contents": "The effect of anthelmintic treatment and other management factors on the incidence of breech strike in Merino sheep. Repeated scouring and soiling of the breech region with faeces rendered mulesed, Merino sheep susceptible to breech strike. Anthelmintic treatment of ewes before and after lambing and of lambs 6 to 8 weeks old reduced intestinal trichostrongylosis, scouring and consequent breech strike. Wether lambs tended to be more susceptible than ewe lambs and sheep grazing long pastures were struck more frequently than those on short pastures.", "PMID": 708333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3345", "title": "The importance of the radical mules operation and tail length for the control of breech strike in scouring Merino sheep.", "content": "While the radical Mules operation reduced the incidence of breech strike from 59% to 13% in scouring sheep, the problem was further alleviated by docking lambs' tails at the correct (medium) length. Docking lambs' tails very short strongly predisposed radically mulesed ewes and wethers to faecal soiling and breech strike (20% struck). Radically mulesed sheep with tails docked midway down the vulval orifice in ewes, and the corresponding length in wethers, were rarely struck (3%) and did not appear to require crutching to prevent breech strike associated with scouring or urine staining.", "contents": "The importance of the radical mules operation and tail length for the control of breech strike in scouring Merino sheep. While the radical Mules operation reduced the incidence of breech strike from 59% to 13% in scouring sheep, the problem was further alleviated by docking lambs' tails at the correct (medium) length. Docking lambs' tails very short strongly predisposed radically mulesed ewes and wethers to faecal soiling and breech strike (20% struck). Radically mulesed sheep with tails docked midway down the vulval orifice in ewes, and the corresponding length in wethers, were rarely struck (3%) and did not appear to require crutching to prevent breech strike associated with scouring or urine staining.", "PMID": 708334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3346", "title": "Preparation of teaser bulls by dorsal scrotal penile deflection.", "content": "A simple, quick and reliable technique of preparing teaser bulls has been developed. Four Bos indicus aged between 1 year 6 months and 2 years were subjected to this method by deflecting their penes backwards about 2 to 3 cm posterior and dorsal to the attachment of the scrotum. No serious postoperative complications were recorded. The sexual behaviour and libido of the bulls did not change after subjecting them to this technique.", "contents": "Preparation of teaser bulls by dorsal scrotal penile deflection. A simple, quick and reliable technique of preparing teaser bulls has been developed. Four Bos indicus aged between 1 year 6 months and 2 years were subjected to this method by deflecting their penes backwards about 2 to 3 cm posterior and dorsal to the attachment of the scrotum. No serious postoperative complications were recorded. The sexual behaviour and libido of the bulls did not change after subjecting them to this technique.", "PMID": 708335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3347", "title": "Objective assessment of prior air traffic control-related experience through the use of an occupational knowledge test.", "content": "The Occupational Knowledge Test (OKT) 101-B was administered to 784 air traffic control trainees who entered the FAA Academy's 16-week training course in 1976. All trainees completed the nonradar laboratory portion of the training and, in addition, completed a preemployment questionnaire. Based on responses to the questionnaire, the trainees were assigned to one of three experience groups, corresponding to groups given credit for experience using Civil Service Commission (CSC) selection procedures. It was found that the OKT was highly correlated with experience (r = 0.64) and, in addition, had a higher correlation with successful completion of the nonradar lab than did experience (r = 0.25 vs. 0.12). It was determined that use of an OKT score of 75 or above to assign extra credit would result in a failure rate of 3.1% for those receiving credit, while use of the current experience scale would result in a failure rate of 7.6% for those receiving extra credit on the CSC selection battery. The results held up for a cross-validation sample of 432 trainees who entered the Academy during 1977. Based on the results, it is recommended that an OKT score of 75 or above be used to assign extra credit for experience in the selection of air traffic controllers.", "contents": "Objective assessment of prior air traffic control-related experience through the use of an occupational knowledge test. The Occupational Knowledge Test (OKT) 101-B was administered to 784 air traffic control trainees who entered the FAA Academy's 16-week training course in 1976. All trainees completed the nonradar laboratory portion of the training and, in addition, completed a preemployment questionnaire. Based on responses to the questionnaire, the trainees were assigned to one of three experience groups, corresponding to groups given credit for experience using Civil Service Commission (CSC) selection procedures. It was found that the OKT was highly correlated with experience (r = 0.64) and, in addition, had a higher correlation with successful completion of the nonradar lab than did experience (r = 0.25 vs. 0.12). It was determined that use of an OKT score of 75 or above to assign extra credit would result in a failure rate of 3.1% for those receiving credit, while use of the current experience scale would result in a failure rate of 7.6% for those receiving extra credit on the CSC selection battery. The results held up for a cross-validation sample of 432 trainees who entered the Academy during 1977. Based on the results, it is recommended that an OKT score of 75 or above be used to assign extra credit for experience in the selection of air traffic controllers.", "PMID": 708341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3348", "title": "Quantifying fatigue in working divers.", "content": "Thirty professional divers involved in training, bounce dives, working saturations, and deep experimental saturations were observed over a 1-month period. The subjects themselves performed simple twice-daily measurements of oral temperature, heart rate, breathhold time, handgrip strength, length and quality of sleep, and a subjective estimation of fatigue. The data were analysed with respect to the type of work done by the diver, separating diving from nondiving days. The results showed that subjective estimation of fatigue corresponded to the increment of evening oral temperature and heart rate over morning values. Both inspiratory and expiratory breathhold times decreased from morning to evening in those situations deemed most tiring by the divers. Sleep was generally of average duration and quality; however, diving during the daytime was associated with a decreased amount of sleep in the 24-h period including the following night. Sleep was also of poorer quality during periods of saturation diving. In addition to such group variations, individual divers showed significant performance changes on the various tests, demonstrating the value of this approach to the practical question of deciding when a man is too tired to dive safely. Extension of this method can, we hope, aid in the definition of safe working rotations for professional divers.", "contents": "Quantifying fatigue in working divers. Thirty professional divers involved in training, bounce dives, working saturations, and deep experimental saturations were observed over a 1-month period. The subjects themselves performed simple twice-daily measurements of oral temperature, heart rate, breathhold time, handgrip strength, length and quality of sleep, and a subjective estimation of fatigue. The data were analysed with respect to the type of work done by the diver, separating diving from nondiving days. The results showed that subjective estimation of fatigue corresponded to the increment of evening oral temperature and heart rate over morning values. Both inspiratory and expiratory breathhold times decreased from morning to evening in those situations deemed most tiring by the divers. Sleep was generally of average duration and quality; however, diving during the daytime was associated with a decreased amount of sleep in the 24-h period including the following night. Sleep was also of poorer quality during periods of saturation diving. In addition to such group variations, individual divers showed significant performance changes on the various tests, demonstrating the value of this approach to the practical question of deciding when a man is too tired to dive safely. Extension of this method can, we hope, aid in the definition of safe working rotations for professional divers.", "PMID": 708342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3349", "title": "Luminance thresholds of the water-immersed eye.", "content": "Luminance thresholds were measured for the water-immersed eye as a function of adaptation level, viewing distance, and turbidity of the water, and compared to standard adaptation curves. In water, thresholds varied as a function of initial adaptation level, and the rate of adaptation paralleled that for the eye in air. However, thresholds were about 1-2 log units higher for the water-immersed eye than for the eye in air at all adaptation levels.", "contents": "Luminance thresholds of the water-immersed eye. Luminance thresholds were measured for the water-immersed eye as a function of adaptation level, viewing distance, and turbidity of the water, and compared to standard adaptation curves. In water, thresholds varied as a function of initial adaptation level, and the rate of adaptation paralleled that for the eye in air. However, thresholds were about 1-2 log units higher for the water-immersed eye than for the eye in air at all adaptation levels.", "PMID": 708344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3350", "title": "Ripcord release capability of female parachutists.", "content": "With the growth in popularity of skydiving as a sport has come an associated increase in parachuting accidents, some of them due to failure to deploy the main or reserve parachutes. The absence of appropriate strength data has prompted a study of the pull force capabilities of female parachutists on a ripcord release in varying positions. Pull forces exerted for periods of 0.25, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 s during a 5-s pull are presented in percentile form. A substantial percentage of female parachutists could not exert the maximum ripcord release pull force permitted by the relevant parachute specification. The relatively low level of strength exhibited by the weakest groups of the population emphasizes the need for such basic information in equipment design.", "contents": "Ripcord release capability of female parachutists. With the growth in popularity of skydiving as a sport has come an associated increase in parachuting accidents, some of them due to failure to deploy the main or reserve parachutes. The absence of appropriate strength data has prompted a study of the pull force capabilities of female parachutists on a ripcord release in varying positions. Pull forces exerted for periods of 0.25, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 s during a 5-s pull are presented in percentile form. A substantial percentage of female parachutists could not exert the maximum ripcord release pull force permitted by the relevant parachute specification. The relatively low level of strength exhibited by the weakest groups of the population emphasizes the need for such basic information in equipment design.", "PMID": 708345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3351", "title": "Effect of vitamin and amino acid supplements on human performance during heavy mental and physical work.", "content": "This paper presents data describing the effects of vitamin and amino acid supplements on the health state and performance of men doing heavy mental and physical work. Experiments on seven test volunteers showed that a 20-d intake of a mixture of vitamins, amino acids, and mineral substances optimized the health state and increased the performance of test subjects doing heavy work.", "contents": "Effect of vitamin and amino acid supplements on human performance during heavy mental and physical work. This paper presents data describing the effects of vitamin and amino acid supplements on the health state and performance of men doing heavy mental and physical work. Experiments on seven test volunteers showed that a 20-d intake of a mixture of vitamins, amino acids, and mineral substances optimized the health state and increased the performance of test subjects doing heavy work.", "PMID": 708346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3352", "title": "Workload and fatigue--in-flight EEG changes.", "content": "Continuous recordings were made of the EEG and ECG of one pilot during a series of instrument flights in a feeder-type transport aircraft. The flights were arranged to contain epochs of distinctly differing levels of workload. In addition, some flights were made after a night of sleep deprivation and others were made as the second and third flights of the day. Subjectively, there appeared to be marked differences in performance between the two types of tired flight. The EEG analyses showed changes that correlated well with differences in workload. In the highest workload areas during fresh flights, EEG activity increased by approximately a factor of 4 over that of the preflight resting values. This large increase did not occur in the tired flights. Further experiments are planned using flights in aircraft and in simulators using several subjects.", "contents": "Workload and fatigue--in-flight EEG changes. Continuous recordings were made of the EEG and ECG of one pilot during a series of instrument flights in a feeder-type transport aircraft. The flights were arranged to contain epochs of distinctly differing levels of workload. In addition, some flights were made after a night of sleep deprivation and others were made as the second and third flights of the day. Subjectively, there appeared to be marked differences in performance between the two types of tired flight. The EEG analyses showed changes that correlated well with differences in workload. In the highest workload areas during fresh flights, EEG activity increased by approximately a factor of 4 over that of the preflight resting values. This large increase did not occur in the tired flights. Further experiments are planned using flights in aircraft and in simulators using several subjects.", "PMID": 708348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3353", "title": "Comparison of the vigilance performance of men and women using a simulated radar task.", "content": "The present study examined the question of possible sex differences in the ability to sustain attention to a complex monitoring task requiring only a detection response to critical stimulus changes. The visual display was designed to approximate a futuristic, highly automated air traffic control radar display containing computer-generated alphanumeric symbols. There were 26 men and 26 women tested, each over a 2-h session. Sixteen targets appeared on the screen at all times, with 10 signals (a designated change in the alphanumerics) randomly presented during each 0.5 h of the test session. Detection latency to the signals increased significantly during the session, but there was no evidence of any significant differences between the sexes in the magnitude or pattern of this increase. The results are discussed in terms of a general decline in alertness that was apparently equal for both sexes.", "contents": "Comparison of the vigilance performance of men and women using a simulated radar task. The present study examined the question of possible sex differences in the ability to sustain attention to a complex monitoring task requiring only a detection response to critical stimulus changes. The visual display was designed to approximate a futuristic, highly automated air traffic control radar display containing computer-generated alphanumeric symbols. There were 26 men and 26 women tested, each over a 2-h session. Sixteen targets appeared on the screen at all times, with 10 signals (a designated change in the alphanumerics) randomly presented during each 0.5 h of the test session. Detection latency to the signals increased significantly during the session, but there was no evidence of any significant differences between the sexes in the magnitude or pattern of this increase. The results are discussed in terms of a general decline in alertness that was apparently equal for both sexes.", "PMID": 708350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3354", "title": "Effects of fracture trauma, estrone treatment, and 2-G environment on the epiphyseal cartilage zones of developing avian radii.", "content": "Female birds subjected to closed fracture of the right radius at 2 weeks post-hatching were allowed to heal for 14 d at either earth gravity (1 G) or a 2-G hypergravity state, with saline-injected controls and 0.2- and 0.4-mg estrone (estrogen) treated groups. Animals were sacrificed following the last injection and radii were routinely processed histologically for micrometer measurements of the mid-coronal height and width of the cartilage zones of the proximal and distal epiphyses. Proximal epiphyses of estrone-treated, normo-gravity chicks showed a decreased growth in height of the articular, proliferating, and hypertrophic cartilage zones and an increased interstitial growth of the hypertrophic and calcified layers of estrone-treated, 2-G animals. Growth in height of the cartilage layers of the distal epiphyses of fractured radii was primarily stimulated when estrone-treated chicks were also exposed to the 2-G state. Appositional growth of all cartilage layers of the proximal and distal epiphyses of normo-gravity birds was increased by 0.2 mg estrone. In addition, growth in the width of all cartilage layers of the distal epiphyses of 2-G animals was increased with the administration of 0.4 mg estrone.", "contents": "Effects of fracture trauma, estrone treatment, and 2-G environment on the epiphyseal cartilage zones of developing avian radii. Female birds subjected to closed fracture of the right radius at 2 weeks post-hatching were allowed to heal for 14 d at either earth gravity (1 G) or a 2-G hypergravity state, with saline-injected controls and 0.2- and 0.4-mg estrone (estrogen) treated groups. Animals were sacrificed following the last injection and radii were routinely processed histologically for micrometer measurements of the mid-coronal height and width of the cartilage zones of the proximal and distal epiphyses. Proximal epiphyses of estrone-treated, normo-gravity chicks showed a decreased growth in height of the articular, proliferating, and hypertrophic cartilage zones and an increased interstitial growth of the hypertrophic and calcified layers of estrone-treated, 2-G animals. Growth in height of the cartilage layers of the distal epiphyses of fractured radii was primarily stimulated when estrone-treated chicks were also exposed to the 2-G state. Appositional growth of all cartilage layers of the proximal and distal epiphyses of normo-gravity birds was increased by 0.2 mg estrone. In addition, growth in the width of all cartilage layers of the distal epiphyses of 2-G animals was increased with the administration of 0.4 mg estrone.", "PMID": 708351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3355", "title": "U.S. fatal general aviation accidents due to cardiovascular incapacitation: 1974-75.", "content": "A study was undertaken to determine the relative impact of inflight cardiovascular incapacitation among general aviation pilots with respect to general aviation flight safety. During calendar years 1974-75, the National Transportation Safety Board reports reveal that 13 U.S. general aviation pilots died of cardiovascular incapacitation during flight. The analysis of these accidents will bear on any suggested changes in pilot medical screening procedures for cardiovascular disease, as well as on pilot safety education programs. Of the 13 cases noted above, nine pilots were flying alone. Of the remaining multiple occupant cases, the nonpilot wife of one deceased victim managed to land the aircraft. Eighteen deaths resulted from the inflight incapacitations. The ages of the pilots ranged from 33-68 years, with both a mean and a median of 52. Postmortem examinations revealed extensive coronary disease (atherosclerosis) in 12 cases (no pilot autopsy data is available in the case where the passenger landed the aircraft). Of these 12 cases, five demonstrated recent occlusions. In four more, evidence of old infarcts was revealed by the postmortem examination. It is concluded that these 13 inflight cardiovascular incapacitations, occurring among a total of 1,404 fatal general aviation accidents in the 1974-75 period, constitute such a small proportion (0.93%) of the documented fatal general aviation accidents that extensive additional cardiovascular screening procedures are not justified at present on cost/yield basis.", "contents": "U.S. fatal general aviation accidents due to cardiovascular incapacitation: 1974-75. A study was undertaken to determine the relative impact of inflight cardiovascular incapacitation among general aviation pilots with respect to general aviation flight safety. During calendar years 1974-75, the National Transportation Safety Board reports reveal that 13 U.S. general aviation pilots died of cardiovascular incapacitation during flight. The analysis of these accidents will bear on any suggested changes in pilot medical screening procedures for cardiovascular disease, as well as on pilot safety education programs. Of the 13 cases noted above, nine pilots were flying alone. Of the remaining multiple occupant cases, the nonpilot wife of one deceased victim managed to land the aircraft. Eighteen deaths resulted from the inflight incapacitations. The ages of the pilots ranged from 33-68 years, with both a mean and a median of 52. Postmortem examinations revealed extensive coronary disease (atherosclerosis) in 12 cases (no pilot autopsy data is available in the case where the passenger landed the aircraft). Of these 12 cases, five demonstrated recent occlusions. In four more, evidence of old infarcts was revealed by the postmortem examination. It is concluded that these 13 inflight cardiovascular incapacitations, occurring among a total of 1,404 fatal general aviation accidents in the 1974-75 period, constitute such a small proportion (0.93%) of the documented fatal general aviation accidents that extensive additional cardiovascular screening procedures are not justified at present on cost/yield basis.", "PMID": 708352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3356", "title": "Movement by helicopter of patients with decompression sickness.", "content": "Rapid movement of a patient with decompression sickness sometimes poses problems when the site of the hyperbaric treatment facility is located a considerable distance away. Six cases of aviator decompression sickness were diagnosed in altitude chamber participants during an 18-month period. Five cases were uncomplicated decompression sickness and the sixth case was of central nervous system decompression sickness. All cases were transferred by low-level helicopter flight. No complications were noted when the helicopter stayed within 200 ft (61 m) AGL of the take-off point. Symptoms of decompression sickness did worsen however, when this altitude was exceeded. This study shows that movement of patients with decompression sickness by low-level helicopter flight is both safe and effective, especially when pressurized aircraft is neither available nor practical.", "contents": "Movement by helicopter of patients with decompression sickness. Rapid movement of a patient with decompression sickness sometimes poses problems when the site of the hyperbaric treatment facility is located a considerable distance away. Six cases of aviator decompression sickness were diagnosed in altitude chamber participants during an 18-month period. Five cases were uncomplicated decompression sickness and the sixth case was of central nervous system decompression sickness. All cases were transferred by low-level helicopter flight. No complications were noted when the helicopter stayed within 200 ft (61 m) AGL of the take-off point. Symptoms of decompression sickness did worsen however, when this altitude was exceeded. This study shows that movement of patients with decompression sickness by low-level helicopter flight is both safe and effective, especially when pressurized aircraft is neither available nor practical.", "PMID": 708353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3357", "title": "Bleeding duodenal ulcer and the flier.", "content": "Over the years, the aeromedical disposition of aircrew members with bleeding duodenal ulcer has been a vexing problem because two essential questions cannot be categorically answered: Is the risk of rebleeding less with medical or with surgical treatment? In either case, is the risk of rebleeding low enough to permit, with reasonable prudence, the resumption of aircrew duties by the aviator? To try to answer these questions, the author has reviewed a portion of the literature and a number of medical records of patients with bleeding duodenal ulcer. With this information, the author draws his conclusions and offers recommendations for the aeromedical disposition of such aircrewmen.", "contents": "Bleeding duodenal ulcer and the flier. Over the years, the aeromedical disposition of aircrew members with bleeding duodenal ulcer has been a vexing problem because two essential questions cannot be categorically answered: Is the risk of rebleeding less with medical or with surgical treatment? In either case, is the risk of rebleeding low enough to permit, with reasonable prudence, the resumption of aircrew duties by the aviator? To try to answer these questions, the author has reviewed a portion of the literature and a number of medical records of patients with bleeding duodenal ulcer. With this information, the author draws his conclusions and offers recommendations for the aeromedical disposition of such aircrewmen.", "PMID": 708354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3358", "title": "The nitrogenase system of Spirillum lipoferum.", "content": "The nitrogenase system of Spirillum lipoferum was separated into three components, the normal Mo-Fe and Fe proteins as well as an activating factor for the Fe protein. The rate of activation is increased by Mn2+ or by an excess of Mg2+, and the process requires ATP.", "contents": "The nitrogenase system of Spirillum lipoferum. The nitrogenase system of Spirillum lipoferum was separated into three components, the normal Mo-Fe and Fe proteins as well as an activating factor for the Fe protein. The rate of activation is increased by Mn2+ or by an excess of Mg2+, and the process requires ATP.", "PMID": 708367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3359", "title": "Comparative studies on intrinsic factor and cobalophilin in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract of the pig.", "content": "The vitamin B(12) binders in the pig pyloric mucosa gastric and intestinal juice from the upper gastrointestinal tract were fractionated into only two molecular forms, classified as intrinsic factor and cobalophilin. The unsaturated vitamin B(12)-binding power due to cobalophilin was lower in the intestinal than in the gastric juice. Electrofocusing revealed that intrinsic factor and cobalophilin in the intestinal juice contained more of the ;neutral'-type isoproteins, and the suggestion is made that this is due to enzyme activity. The gastric-juice intrinsic factor contained more acidic isoproteins, which supports the hypothesis that carbohydrate is added on to the polypeptide chain of this protein before it is secreted into gastric juice. The gastric- and intestinal-juice cobalophilins, studied also by electrofocusing, differed from that of pyloric mucosa and they appeared to be of salivary origin. With regard to molecular dimensions there was no significant difference between the intrinsic factors and cobalophilins from all sources studied. All cobalophilins had molecular weights by the formula of Svedberg of approx. 92500, Stokes radii of 4.62nm and sedimentation coefficients of 5.15S. The corresponding values for the intrinsic factors were 63600, 3.57nm and 4.38S. In addition, the intrinsic factors exhibited similar avidities for binding to the solubilized ileal intrinsic-factor receptor. Also the intrinsic factors and cobalophilins, irrespective of their source, bound to the analogous specific xenoantibodies with the same avidity. The present results demonstrate that intrinsic factor remains practically unaltered during its passage through the proximal intestine and render unlikely the speculations made about the presence of an endogenous binder for intrinsic factor as well as the existence of a ;pancreatic intrinsic factor'. In addition, they are compatible with the theory that the interference by undegraded cobalophilin may be the reason for the abnormal vitamin B(12) absorption observed in patients with pancreatic insufficiency.", "contents": "Comparative studies on intrinsic factor and cobalophilin in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract of the pig. The vitamin B(12) binders in the pig pyloric mucosa gastric and intestinal juice from the upper gastrointestinal tract were fractionated into only two molecular forms, classified as intrinsic factor and cobalophilin. The unsaturated vitamin B(12)-binding power due to cobalophilin was lower in the intestinal than in the gastric juice. Electrofocusing revealed that intrinsic factor and cobalophilin in the intestinal juice contained more of the ;neutral'-type isoproteins, and the suggestion is made that this is due to enzyme activity. The gastric-juice intrinsic factor contained more acidic isoproteins, which supports the hypothesis that carbohydrate is added on to the polypeptide chain of this protein before it is secreted into gastric juice. The gastric- and intestinal-juice cobalophilins, studied also by electrofocusing, differed from that of pyloric mucosa and they appeared to be of salivary origin. With regard to molecular dimensions there was no significant difference between the intrinsic factors and cobalophilins from all sources studied. All cobalophilins had molecular weights by the formula of Svedberg of approx. 92500, Stokes radii of 4.62nm and sedimentation coefficients of 5.15S. The corresponding values for the intrinsic factors were 63600, 3.57nm and 4.38S. In addition, the intrinsic factors exhibited similar avidities for binding to the solubilized ileal intrinsic-factor receptor. Also the intrinsic factors and cobalophilins, irrespective of their source, bound to the analogous specific xenoantibodies with the same avidity. The present results demonstrate that intrinsic factor remains practically unaltered during its passage through the proximal intestine and render unlikely the speculations made about the presence of an endogenous binder for intrinsic factor as well as the existence of a ;pancreatic intrinsic factor'. In addition, they are compatible with the theory that the interference by undegraded cobalophilin may be the reason for the abnormal vitamin B(12) absorption observed in patients with pancreatic insufficiency.", "PMID": 708368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3360", "title": "The role of nitro groups in the binding of nitroaromatics to protein MOPC 315.", "content": "Two series of dinitrophenyl haptens, in which chlorine replaces one or both nitro groups, were used to investigate, by a combination of high-resolution 1H n.m.r. and fluorescence quenching, the presence of groups in the combining site of protein MOPC 315, which form hydrogen bonds to the aromatic-ring substituents of the hapten. The large differences in binding constants on successive replacement of nitro groups were shown to be due to specific hapten-substituent-protein interactions by (a) showing that there was little difference in the interaction between these haptens and 3-methylindole (a model for the residue tryptophan-93L with which the hapten stacks in protein MOPC 315), (b) proving by 1H n.m.r. that the mode of hapten binding is constant and (c) showing that the differences in Kd were consistent with the relative hydrogen-bonding capacities of chlorine and the nitro moiety. In this way it was established that each nitro group forms a hydrogen bond. Furthermore, from consideration of the 1H n.m.r. chemical shifts of several dinitrophenyl haptens and their trinitrophenyl analogues, it was shown that there is no distortion of the o-nitro group on binding to the variable fragment of protein MOPC 315.", "contents": "The role of nitro groups in the binding of nitroaromatics to protein MOPC 315. Two series of dinitrophenyl haptens, in which chlorine replaces one or both nitro groups, were used to investigate, by a combination of high-resolution 1H n.m.r. and fluorescence quenching, the presence of groups in the combining site of protein MOPC 315, which form hydrogen bonds to the aromatic-ring substituents of the hapten. The large differences in binding constants on successive replacement of nitro groups were shown to be due to specific hapten-substituent-protein interactions by (a) showing that there was little difference in the interaction between these haptens and 3-methylindole (a model for the residue tryptophan-93L with which the hapten stacks in protein MOPC 315), (b) proving by 1H n.m.r. that the mode of hapten binding is constant and (c) showing that the differences in Kd were consistent with the relative hydrogen-bonding capacities of chlorine and the nitro moiety. In this way it was established that each nitro group forms a hydrogen bond. Furthermore, from consideration of the 1H n.m.r. chemical shifts of several dinitrophenyl haptens and their trinitrophenyl analogues, it was shown that there is no distortion of the o-nitro group on binding to the variable fragment of protein MOPC 315.", "PMID": 708369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3361", "title": "Protein thiolation and reversible protein-protein conjugation. N-Succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate, a new heterobifunctional reagent.", "content": "A heterobifunctional reagent, N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate, was synthesized. Its N-hydroxysuccinimide ester group reacts with amino groups and the 2-pyridyl disulphide structure reacts with aliphatic thiols. A new thiolation procedure for proteins is based on this reagent. The procedure involves two steps. First, 2-pyridyl disulphide structures are introduced into the protein by the reaction of some of its amino groups with the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester sie of the reagent. The protein-bound 2-pyridyl disulphide structures are then reduced with dithiothreitol. This reaction can be carried out without concomitant reduction of native disulphide bonds. The technique has been used for the introduction of thiol groups de novo into ribonuclease, gamma-globulin, alpha-amylase and horseradish peroxidase. N-Succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate can also be used for the preparation of protein-protein conjugates. This application is based on the fact that protein-2-pyridyl disulphide derivatives (formed from the reaction of non-thiol proteins with the reagent) react with thiol-containing proteins (with native thiols or thiolated by, for example, the method described above) via thiol-disulphide exchange to form disulphide-linked protein-protein conjugates. This conjugation technique has been used for the preparation of an alpha-amylase-urease, a ribonuclease-albumin and a peroxidase-rabbit anti-(human transferrin) antibody conjugate. The disulphide bridges between the protein molecules can easily be split by reduction or by thiol-disulphide exchange. Thus conjugation is reversible. This has been demonstrated by scission of the ribonuclease-albumin and the alpha-amylase-urease conjugate into their components with dithiothreitol. N-Succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate has been prepared in crystalline form, in which state (if protected against humidity) it is stable on storage at room temperature (23 degrees C).", "contents": "Protein thiolation and reversible protein-protein conjugation. N-Succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate, a new heterobifunctional reagent. A heterobifunctional reagent, N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate, was synthesized. Its N-hydroxysuccinimide ester group reacts with amino groups and the 2-pyridyl disulphide structure reacts with aliphatic thiols. A new thiolation procedure for proteins is based on this reagent. The procedure involves two steps. First, 2-pyridyl disulphide structures are introduced into the protein by the reaction of some of its amino groups with the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester sie of the reagent. The protein-bound 2-pyridyl disulphide structures are then reduced with dithiothreitol. This reaction can be carried out without concomitant reduction of native disulphide bonds. The technique has been used for the introduction of thiol groups de novo into ribonuclease, gamma-globulin, alpha-amylase and horseradish peroxidase. N-Succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate can also be used for the preparation of protein-protein conjugates. This application is based on the fact that protein-2-pyridyl disulphide derivatives (formed from the reaction of non-thiol proteins with the reagent) react with thiol-containing proteins (with native thiols or thiolated by, for example, the method described above) via thiol-disulphide exchange to form disulphide-linked protein-protein conjugates. This conjugation technique has been used for the preparation of an alpha-amylase-urease, a ribonuclease-albumin and a peroxidase-rabbit anti-(human transferrin) antibody conjugate. The disulphide bridges between the protein molecules can easily be split by reduction or by thiol-disulphide exchange. Thus conjugation is reversible. This has been demonstrated by scission of the ribonuclease-albumin and the alpha-amylase-urease conjugate into their components with dithiothreitol. N-Succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate has been prepared in crystalline form, in which state (if protected against humidity) it is stable on storage at room temperature (23 degrees C).", "PMID": 708370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3362", "title": "Formation and subsequent removal of O6-methylguanine from deoxyribonucleic acid in rat liver and kidney after small doses of dimethylnitrosamine.", "content": "1. The amounts of 7-methylguanine and O(6)-methylguanine present in the DNA of liver and kidney of rats 4h and 24h after administration of low doses of dimethylnitrosamine were measured. 2. O(6)-Methylguanine was rapidly removed from liver DNA so that less than 15% of the expected amount (on the basis of 7-methylguanine found) was present within 4h after doses of 0.25mg/kg body wt. or less. Within 24h of administration of dimethylnitrosamine at doses of 1mg/kg or below, more than 85% of the expected amount of O(6)-methylguanine was removed. Removal was most efficient (defined in terms of the percentage of the O(6)-methylguanine formed that was subsequently lost within 24h) after doses of 0.25-0.5mg/kg body wt. At doses greater or less than this the removal was less efficient, even though the absolute amount of O(6)-methylguanine lost during 24h increased with the dose of dimethylnitrosamine over the entire range of doses from 0.001 to 20mg/kg body wt. 3. Alkylation of kidney DNA after intraperitoneal injections of 1-50mug of dimethylnitrosamine/kg body wt. occurred at about one-tenth the extent of alkylation of liver DNA. Removal of O(6)-methylguanine from the DNA also took place in the kidney, but was slower than in the liver. 4. After oral administration of these doses of dimethylnitrosamine, the alkylation of kidney DNA was much less than after intraperitoneal administration and represented only 1-2% of that found in the liver. 5. Alkylation of liver and kidney DNA was readily detectable when measured 24h after the final injection in rats that received daily injections of 1mug of [(3)H]dimethylnitrosamine/kg for 2 or 3 weeks. After 3 weeks, O(6)-methylguanine contents in the liver DNA were about 1% of the 7-methylguanine contents. The amount of 7-methylguanine in the liver DNA was 10 times that in the kidney DNA, but liver O(6)-methylguanine contents were only twice those in the kidney. 6. Extracts able to catalyse the removal of O(6)-methylguanine from alkylated DNA in vitro were isolated from liver and kidney. These extracts did not lead to the loss of 7-methylguanine from DNA. 7. The possible relevance of the formation and removal of O(6)-methylguanine in DNA to the risk of tumour induction by exposure to low concentrations of dimethylnitrosamine is discussed.", "contents": "Formation and subsequent removal of O6-methylguanine from deoxyribonucleic acid in rat liver and kidney after small doses of dimethylnitrosamine. 1. The amounts of 7-methylguanine and O(6)-methylguanine present in the DNA of liver and kidney of rats 4h and 24h after administration of low doses of dimethylnitrosamine were measured. 2. O(6)-Methylguanine was rapidly removed from liver DNA so that less than 15% of the expected amount (on the basis of 7-methylguanine found) was present within 4h after doses of 0.25mg/kg body wt. or less. Within 24h of administration of dimethylnitrosamine at doses of 1mg/kg or below, more than 85% of the expected amount of O(6)-methylguanine was removed. Removal was most efficient (defined in terms of the percentage of the O(6)-methylguanine formed that was subsequently lost within 24h) after doses of 0.25-0.5mg/kg body wt. At doses greater or less than this the removal was less efficient, even though the absolute amount of O(6)-methylguanine lost during 24h increased with the dose of dimethylnitrosamine over the entire range of doses from 0.001 to 20mg/kg body wt. 3. Alkylation of kidney DNA after intraperitoneal injections of 1-50mug of dimethylnitrosamine/kg body wt. occurred at about one-tenth the extent of alkylation of liver DNA. Removal of O(6)-methylguanine from the DNA also took place in the kidney, but was slower than in the liver. 4. After oral administration of these doses of dimethylnitrosamine, the alkylation of kidney DNA was much less than after intraperitoneal administration and represented only 1-2% of that found in the liver. 5. Alkylation of liver and kidney DNA was readily detectable when measured 24h after the final injection in rats that received daily injections of 1mug of [(3)H]dimethylnitrosamine/kg for 2 or 3 weeks. After 3 weeks, O(6)-methylguanine contents in the liver DNA were about 1% of the 7-methylguanine contents. The amount of 7-methylguanine in the liver DNA was 10 times that in the kidney DNA, but liver O(6)-methylguanine contents were only twice those in the kidney. 6. Extracts able to catalyse the removal of O(6)-methylguanine from alkylated DNA in vitro were isolated from liver and kidney. These extracts did not lead to the loss of 7-methylguanine from DNA. 7. The possible relevance of the formation and removal of O(6)-methylguanine in DNA to the risk of tumour induction by exposure to low concentrations of dimethylnitrosamine is discussed.", "PMID": 708371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3363", "title": "Purification and properties of succinyl-coenzyme A-3-oxo acid coenzyme A-transferase from sheep kidney.", "content": "CoA-transferase (succinyl-CoA-3-oxo acid CoA-transferase, EC 2.8.3.5) isolated from sheep kidney was purified to homogeneity. The purified enzyme has a specific activity of approx. 200 units/mg. A mol.wt. of 110000 was obtained by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200, and a lower mol.wt. of 102000 was determined by analytical ultracentrifugation. A sedimentation coefficient of 5.6S was also determined. A subunit mol.wt. of 56000 was obtained by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Isoelectric focusing of sheep kidney extracts indicated the presence of a single band of CoA-transferase activity with pI9.0. However, isoelectric focusing of purified CoA-transferase showed the presence of two peaks of CoA-transferase activity with pI values of 8.7 and 8.4, suggesting the presence of proteolytic activity during purification. Evidence for sheep kidney CoA-transferase being a dimer of two identical subunits has been obtained from sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, the amino acid composition, peptide 'mapping' and N-terminal analysis.", "contents": "Purification and properties of succinyl-coenzyme A-3-oxo acid coenzyme A-transferase from sheep kidney. CoA-transferase (succinyl-CoA-3-oxo acid CoA-transferase, EC 2.8.3.5) isolated from sheep kidney was purified to homogeneity. The purified enzyme has a specific activity of approx. 200 units/mg. A mol.wt. of 110000 was obtained by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200, and a lower mol.wt. of 102000 was determined by analytical ultracentrifugation. A sedimentation coefficient of 5.6S was also determined. A subunit mol.wt. of 56000 was obtained by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Isoelectric focusing of sheep kidney extracts indicated the presence of a single band of CoA-transferase activity with pI9.0. However, isoelectric focusing of purified CoA-transferase showed the presence of two peaks of CoA-transferase activity with pI values of 8.7 and 8.4, suggesting the presence of proteolytic activity during purification. Evidence for sheep kidney CoA-transferase being a dimer of two identical subunits has been obtained from sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, the amino acid composition, peptide 'mapping' and N-terminal analysis.", "PMID": 708372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3364", "title": "Structure and enzymic activity of ribonuclease-A esterified at glutamic acid-49 and aspartic acid-53.", "content": "The dimethyl ester of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease-A (dimethyl RNAase-A), the initial product of esterification of RNAase-A in anhydrous methanolic HCl, was isolated in a homogeneous form. The two carboxy functions esterified in this derivative are those of glutamic acid-49 and aspartic acid-53. There were no changes in the u.v.-absorption spectral characteristics, the accessibility of the methionine residues, the resistance of the protein to proteolysis by trypsin and the antigenic behaviour of RNAase-A as a result of the esterification of these two carboxy groups. Dimethyl RNAase-A exhibited only 65% of the specific activity of RNAase-A, but still had the same K(m) value for both RNA and 2':3'-cyclic CMP. However, the V(max.) was decreased by about 35%. On careful hydrolysis of the methyl ester groups at pH9.5, dimethyl RNAase-A was converted back into RNAase-A. Limited proteolysis of dimethyl RNAase-A by subtilisin resulted in the formation of an active RNAase-S-type derivative, namely dimethyl RNAase-S, which was chromatographically distinct from dimethyl RNAase-A and had very nearly the same enzymic activity as dimethyl RNAase-A. Fractionation of dimethyl RNAase-S by trichloroacetic acid yielded dimethyl RNAase-S-protein and dimethyl RNAase-S-peptide, both of which were inactive by themselves but regenerated dimethyl RNAase-S when mixed together. Dimethyl RNAase-A-peptide was identical with RNAase-S-peptide. RNAase-S-protein could be generated from dimethyl RNAase-S-protein by careful hydrolysis of the methyl ester groups at pH9.5. The interaction of dimethyl RNAase-S-protein with RNAase-S-peptide appears to be about 4-fold weaker than that between the RNAase-S-protein and RNAase-S-peptide. Conceivably, the binding of the S-peptide ;tail' of dimethyl RNAase-A with the remainder of the molecule is similarly weaker than that in RNAase-A, and this brings about subtle changes in the geometrical orientation of the active-site amino acid residues of these modified methyl ester derivatives. It is suggested that these changes could be responsible for the generation of the catalytically less-efficient RNAase-A and RNAase-S molecules (dimethyl RNAase-A and dimethyl RNAase-S respectively).", "contents": "Structure and enzymic activity of ribonuclease-A esterified at glutamic acid-49 and aspartic acid-53. The dimethyl ester of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease-A (dimethyl RNAase-A), the initial product of esterification of RNAase-A in anhydrous methanolic HCl, was isolated in a homogeneous form. The two carboxy functions esterified in this derivative are those of glutamic acid-49 and aspartic acid-53. There were no changes in the u.v.-absorption spectral characteristics, the accessibility of the methionine residues, the resistance of the protein to proteolysis by trypsin and the antigenic behaviour of RNAase-A as a result of the esterification of these two carboxy groups. Dimethyl RNAase-A exhibited only 65% of the specific activity of RNAase-A, but still had the same K(m) value for both RNA and 2':3'-cyclic CMP. However, the V(max.) was decreased by about 35%. On careful hydrolysis of the methyl ester groups at pH9.5, dimethyl RNAase-A was converted back into RNAase-A. Limited proteolysis of dimethyl RNAase-A by subtilisin resulted in the formation of an active RNAase-S-type derivative, namely dimethyl RNAase-S, which was chromatographically distinct from dimethyl RNAase-A and had very nearly the same enzymic activity as dimethyl RNAase-A. Fractionation of dimethyl RNAase-S by trichloroacetic acid yielded dimethyl RNAase-S-protein and dimethyl RNAase-S-peptide, both of which were inactive by themselves but regenerated dimethyl RNAase-S when mixed together. Dimethyl RNAase-A-peptide was identical with RNAase-S-peptide. RNAase-S-protein could be generated from dimethyl RNAase-S-protein by careful hydrolysis of the methyl ester groups at pH9.5. The interaction of dimethyl RNAase-S-protein with RNAase-S-peptide appears to be about 4-fold weaker than that between the RNAase-S-protein and RNAase-S-peptide. Conceivably, the binding of the S-peptide ;tail' of dimethyl RNAase-A with the remainder of the molecule is similarly weaker than that in RNAase-A, and this brings about subtle changes in the geometrical orientation of the active-site amino acid residues of these modified methyl ester derivatives. It is suggested that these changes could be responsible for the generation of the catalytically less-efficient RNAase-A and RNAase-S molecules (dimethyl RNAase-A and dimethyl RNAase-S respectively).", "PMID": 708373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3365", "title": "The oxygenation of [3-methyl-3H]desacetoxycephalosporin C [7beta-(5-D-aminadipamido)-3-methylceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid] to [3-hydroxymethyl-3H]desacetylcephalosporin C by 2-oxoglutarate-linked dioxygenases from Acremonium chrysogenum and Streptomyces clavuligerus.", "content": "Cell-free extracts of Acremonium chrysogenum and Streptomyces clavuligerus oxidize the 3-methyl group of desacetoxycephalosporin C to a 3-hydroxymethyl group. The enzyme responsible for this reaction in these organisms was purified 20- and 30-fold respectively by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The enzymes, which were assayed with [3-methyl-3H]desacetoxycephalosporin C as substrate, have the properties expected of 2-oxoglutarate-linked dioxygenases. They require 2-oxoglutarate, Fe2+ cations and a mixture of reducing agents (dithiothreitol and ascorbate) for full activity. The enzyme from A. chrysogenum, but not that S. clavuligerus, is activated about 10-fold when it is preincubated with a reaction mixture from which either desacetoxycephalosporin C or 2-oxoglutarate is omitted. Fe2+ cations seem to play a key role in this activation. Both enzymes seem highly specific for cephalosporins with the natural 7beta-(5-D-aminoadipamido) side chain and are likely to be responsible for the oxidation of the 3-methylcephem nucleus in vivo.", "contents": "The oxygenation of [3-methyl-3H]desacetoxycephalosporin C [7beta-(5-D-aminadipamido)-3-methylceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid] to [3-hydroxymethyl-3H]desacetylcephalosporin C by 2-oxoglutarate-linked dioxygenases from Acremonium chrysogenum and Streptomyces clavuligerus. Cell-free extracts of Acremonium chrysogenum and Streptomyces clavuligerus oxidize the 3-methyl group of desacetoxycephalosporin C to a 3-hydroxymethyl group. The enzyme responsible for this reaction in these organisms was purified 20- and 30-fold respectively by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The enzymes, which were assayed with [3-methyl-3H]desacetoxycephalosporin C as substrate, have the properties expected of 2-oxoglutarate-linked dioxygenases. They require 2-oxoglutarate, Fe2+ cations and a mixture of reducing agents (dithiothreitol and ascorbate) for full activity. The enzyme from A. chrysogenum, but not that S. clavuligerus, is activated about 10-fold when it is preincubated with a reaction mixture from which either desacetoxycephalosporin C or 2-oxoglutarate is omitted. Fe2+ cations seem to play a key role in this activation. Both enzymes seem highly specific for cephalosporins with the natural 7beta-(5-D-aminoadipamido) side chain and are likely to be responsible for the oxidation of the 3-methylcephem nucleus in vivo.", "PMID": 708374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3366", "title": "The interaction of purified acetylcholinesterase from pig brain with liposomes.", "content": "The binding of pig brain acetylcholinesterase to artificial phospholipid membranes was investigated at different temperatures. Calculation of the thermodynamic parameters revealed a small negative enthalpy change, but a large negative change in the free energy and a large positive change in the entropy on binding. The large entropy change might be interpreted as being responsible for forming the enzyme-membrane complex and was indicative of hydrophobic interactions between lipid and protein. This conclusion would also favour the hypothesis that the enzyme was an integral protein. Further support for this theory was provided by the study of acetylcholinesterase binding to liposomes containing the phospholipid 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. Lowering the temperature below the transition temperature or incorporating cholesterol into the liposomes decreased enzyme binding. Both factors could be interpreted as decreasing the fluidity of the hydrocarbon side chains of the phospholipids, causing an increase in bilayer thickness due to closer packing of side chains. This membrane condensation would certainly not favour the binding of integral protein molecules.", "contents": "The interaction of purified acetylcholinesterase from pig brain with liposomes. The binding of pig brain acetylcholinesterase to artificial phospholipid membranes was investigated at different temperatures. Calculation of the thermodynamic parameters revealed a small negative enthalpy change, but a large negative change in the free energy and a large positive change in the entropy on binding. The large entropy change might be interpreted as being responsible for forming the enzyme-membrane complex and was indicative of hydrophobic interactions between lipid and protein. This conclusion would also favour the hypothesis that the enzyme was an integral protein. Further support for this theory was provided by the study of acetylcholinesterase binding to liposomes containing the phospholipid 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. Lowering the temperature below the transition temperature or incorporating cholesterol into the liposomes decreased enzyme binding. Both factors could be interpreted as decreasing the fluidity of the hydrocarbon side chains of the phospholipids, causing an increase in bilayer thickness due to closer packing of side chains. This membrane condensation would certainly not favour the binding of integral protein molecules.", "PMID": 708375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3367", "title": "Amino acid sequence of the N-terminal 108 amino acid residues of the B chain of subcomponent C1q of the first component of human complement.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of the N-terminal 108 residues of the B chain of subcomponent C1q of the first component of human complement was determined. The B chain has a blocked N-terminal amino acid, which was judged to be 5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid. A collagen-like region of 84 residues was found, which started at position B-6, and all of the six hydroxylysine residues and 12 hydroxyproline residues present in the chain were found in this region. Four of the six hydroxylysine residues may be glycosylated. The repeating nature of the collagen-like region is broken at position B-9, where alanine is found in a position where glycine would be expected. The exact position of the interchain disulphide bond joining the A and B chains of human subcomponent C1q was shown to be between residues A4 and B4.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of the N-terminal 108 amino acid residues of the B chain of subcomponent C1q of the first component of human complement. The amino acid sequence of the N-terminal 108 residues of the B chain of subcomponent C1q of the first component of human complement was determined. The B chain has a blocked N-terminal amino acid, which was judged to be 5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid. A collagen-like region of 84 residues was found, which started at position B-6, and all of the six hydroxylysine residues and 12 hydroxyproline residues present in the chain were found in this region. Four of the six hydroxylysine residues may be glycosylated. The repeating nature of the collagen-like region is broken at position B-9, where alanine is found in a position where glycine would be expected. The exact position of the interchain disulphide bond joining the A and B chains of human subcomponent C1q was shown to be between residues A4 and B4.", "PMID": 708376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3368", "title": "Effect of heparin on thrombin inactivation by antithrombin-III.", "content": "The inactivation of thrombin by heat and by its physiological inhibitor, antithrombin-III, shows quite different dependence on heparin concentration. Heparin at 250 microgram/ml protects thrombin against heat inactivation, and thrombin behaves heterogeneously in this reaction. In the absence of heparin, the thermodynamic activation parameters change with temperature (deltaH+ = 733 kJ/mol and 210 kJ/mol at 50 and 58 degrees C respectively). When heparin is present, heat inactivation of the protected thrombin species proceeds with deltaH+ = 88 kJ/mol and is independent of temperature in the same range. On the other hand, heparin at 0.125-2.5 microgram/ml accelerates the thrombin-antithrombin-III reaction. Thrombin does not show heterogeneity in this reaction and the time courses at any heparin concentration and any temperature between 0 and 37 degrees C appear to follow first-order kinetics. Activation enthalpy is independent of heparin concentration or temperature, deltaH+ = 82-101 kJ/mol, varying slightly with antithrombin-III concentration and thrombin specific activity. Heparin seems to exert its effect by increasing activation entropy. On the basis of these data we suggest a mechanism of action of heparin in the thrombin-antithrombin-III reaction which accounts for all the important features of the latter and seems to unify the different hypotheses that have been advanced.", "contents": "Effect of heparin on thrombin inactivation by antithrombin-III. The inactivation of thrombin by heat and by its physiological inhibitor, antithrombin-III, shows quite different dependence on heparin concentration. Heparin at 250 microgram/ml protects thrombin against heat inactivation, and thrombin behaves heterogeneously in this reaction. In the absence of heparin, the thermodynamic activation parameters change with temperature (deltaH+ = 733 kJ/mol and 210 kJ/mol at 50 and 58 degrees C respectively). When heparin is present, heat inactivation of the protected thrombin species proceeds with deltaH+ = 88 kJ/mol and is independent of temperature in the same range. On the other hand, heparin at 0.125-2.5 microgram/ml accelerates the thrombin-antithrombin-III reaction. Thrombin does not show heterogeneity in this reaction and the time courses at any heparin concentration and any temperature between 0 and 37 degrees C appear to follow first-order kinetics. Activation enthalpy is independent of heparin concentration or temperature, deltaH+ = 82-101 kJ/mol, varying slightly with antithrombin-III concentration and thrombin specific activity. Heparin seems to exert its effect by increasing activation entropy. On the basis of these data we suggest a mechanism of action of heparin in the thrombin-antithrombin-III reaction which accounts for all the important features of the latter and seems to unify the different hypotheses that have been advanced.", "PMID": 708377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3369", "title": "Removal by transamination and scission of residues from the peptide representing the copper-transport site of serum albumin.", "content": "The peptide Asp-Ala-His-NH-Me was subjected to removal of its N-terminal residue by transamination and scission. Despite the high affinity of the peptide for Cu2+ ions, they catalysed its transamination smoothly. Two main transamination products were found, a complication previously observed with another peptide with an N-terminal aspartic residue, but their scission gave a single product, Ala-His-NH-Me. This was subjected to a further cycle of transamination and scission, and gave a single product after each step. For scission of transaminated peptides it proved unnecessary to remove them from transamination reagents provided that transamination was stopped with EDTA before adding the scission reagent.", "contents": "Removal by transamination and scission of residues from the peptide representing the copper-transport site of serum albumin. The peptide Asp-Ala-His-NH-Me was subjected to removal of its N-terminal residue by transamination and scission. Despite the high affinity of the peptide for Cu2+ ions, they catalysed its transamination smoothly. Two main transamination products were found, a complication previously observed with another peptide with an N-terminal aspartic residue, but their scission gave a single product, Ala-His-NH-Me. This was subjected to a further cycle of transamination and scission, and gave a single product after each step. For scission of transaminated peptides it proved unnecessary to remove them from transamination reagents provided that transamination was stopped with EDTA before adding the scission reagent.", "PMID": 708378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3370", "title": "Protein and lipid components of the pigeon erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "The plasma membrane of the nucleated pigeon erythrocyte was isolated by a method that is simple, reproducible and minimally disruptive, the final preparation consisting of whole cell 'ghosts', recovered at over 40% yield. Alternative methods, which yield membrane fragments, were also tested and some of their possible disadvantages demonstrated. Analysis of the protein components of the isolated membranes by gel elctrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate revealed that their composition is very similar to that of the proteins of human erythrocyte membranes. However, two major proteins are unique to the nucleated cell membrane; these have apparent mol.wts. of 97000 and 57000. Also, the bands designated 4.2 (74500 mol.wt.) and 6 (35000 mol wt.) by Steck [(1974) J. Cell Biol. 62, 1-19] for the human cell membrane are absent from pigon cell membrane. Glycosylated membrane proteins could not be detected in gels stained with the periodate-Schiff-base procedure. Analysis of membrane phospholipids revealed the same components known to be present in mammalian erythrocytes, though in different proportions. These findings are discussed in the light of known physiological and biochemical differences between avian and mature mammalian erythrocytes.", "contents": "Protein and lipid components of the pigeon erythrocyte membrane. The plasma membrane of the nucleated pigeon erythrocyte was isolated by a method that is simple, reproducible and minimally disruptive, the final preparation consisting of whole cell 'ghosts', recovered at over 40% yield. Alternative methods, which yield membrane fragments, were also tested and some of their possible disadvantages demonstrated. Analysis of the protein components of the isolated membranes by gel elctrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate revealed that their composition is very similar to that of the proteins of human erythrocyte membranes. However, two major proteins are unique to the nucleated cell membrane; these have apparent mol.wts. of 97000 and 57000. Also, the bands designated 4.2 (74500 mol.wt.) and 6 (35000 mol wt.) by Steck [(1974) J. Cell Biol. 62, 1-19] for the human cell membrane are absent from pigon cell membrane. Glycosylated membrane proteins could not be detected in gels stained with the periodate-Schiff-base procedure. Analysis of membrane phospholipids revealed the same components known to be present in mammalian erythrocytes, though in different proportions. These findings are discussed in the light of known physiological and biochemical differences between avian and mature mammalian erythrocytes.", "PMID": 708379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3371", "title": "Solubilization of isolated central-nervous-system myelin preparations by the amniotic detergent sodium dodecyl sulphate.", "content": "The mechanism for the solubilization of isolated central-nervous-system myelin by sodium dodecyl sulphate was studied in detail. The release of protein and phospholipid to the 100000 g x 1 h supernatant fraction is dependent on the total amount of detergent relative to the amount of membrane present and on the ionic strength of the solubilization system. Gel-filtration analysis of supernatant fractions indicate that at suboptimal concentrations of detergent these contain lipid-protein complexes. The complete dissociation of the individual protein components from lipid is dependent on the total amount of sodium dodecyl sulphate present in the system. The results indicate that for the analysis of membrane components in sodium dodecyl sulphate it is essential that sufficient detergent is present.", "contents": "Solubilization of isolated central-nervous-system myelin preparations by the amniotic detergent sodium dodecyl sulphate. The mechanism for the solubilization of isolated central-nervous-system myelin by sodium dodecyl sulphate was studied in detail. The release of protein and phospholipid to the 100000 g x 1 h supernatant fraction is dependent on the total amount of detergent relative to the amount of membrane present and on the ionic strength of the solubilization system. Gel-filtration analysis of supernatant fractions indicate that at suboptimal concentrations of detergent these contain lipid-protein complexes. The complete dissociation of the individual protein components from lipid is dependent on the total amount of sodium dodecyl sulphate present in the system. The results indicate that for the analysis of membrane components in sodium dodecyl sulphate it is essential that sufficient detergent is present.", "PMID": 708380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3372", "title": "Molecular weight and subunit size of rabbit mammary-gland fatty acid synthetase.", "content": "1. The molecular weights of fatty acid synthetases isolated from lactating rabbit, rat, cow and goat mammary glands were estimated by sucrose gradient centrifugation and compared by chromatography on Sepharose 6B. 2. The values obtained for all four enzymes were in the same range (0.40 X 10(6)-0.55 X 10(6)) as that found for other mammalian and avian fatty acid synthetases. The molecular weight found for the rabbit mammary enzyme therefore differs from published values of approx. 0.9 X 10(6). 3. The molecular weights of the subunits of these four synthetases were 225000-242000. Again, the value for the rabbit mammary enzyme differs from published values.", "contents": "Molecular weight and subunit size of rabbit mammary-gland fatty acid synthetase. 1. The molecular weights of fatty acid synthetases isolated from lactating rabbit, rat, cow and goat mammary glands were estimated by sucrose gradient centrifugation and compared by chromatography on Sepharose 6B. 2. The values obtained for all four enzymes were in the same range (0.40 X 10(6)-0.55 X 10(6)) as that found for other mammalian and avian fatty acid synthetases. The molecular weight found for the rabbit mammary enzyme therefore differs from published values of approx. 0.9 X 10(6). 3. The molecular weights of the subunits of these four synthetases were 225000-242000. Again, the value for the rabbit mammary enzyme differs from published values.", "PMID": 708381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3373", "title": "Interactions between different corneal proteoglycans.", "content": "Proteoglycans were extracted from bovine cornea with 4M-guanidinium chloride and purified by CsCl-density-gradient centrifugation. Under associative conditions two fractions were found: one capable of forming assemblies of high molecular weight and another lacking this property. The heavier fraction (density 1.59 g/ml) was eluted as a single retarded peak from Sepharose 2B, but on DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, gave two peaks: the first (eluted with 0.75 M-NaCl) contained mainly proteochondroitin sulphate and the second (eluted with 1.25 M-NaCl) mainly proteokeratan sulphate. Each of these proteoglycans was more retarded on Sepharose 2B than was the original sample from density-gradient centrifugation. Re-aggregation was obtained by recombination of the two fractions. The lighter fraction (density 1.44 g/ml), containing predominantly keratan sulphate chains, was eluted from DEAE-Sephadex as a single peak with 1.25 M-NaCl and was retarded on Sepharose 2B: this fraction was not able to form aggregates with proteochondroitin sulphate. Chemical analyses of the carbohydrate and protein moieties of the proteoglycans from DEAE-Sephadex confirmed that, in the cornea, different subunits are present with characteristic aggregation properties and hydrodynamic volumes.", "contents": "Interactions between different corneal proteoglycans. Proteoglycans were extracted from bovine cornea with 4M-guanidinium chloride and purified by CsCl-density-gradient centrifugation. Under associative conditions two fractions were found: one capable of forming assemblies of high molecular weight and another lacking this property. The heavier fraction (density 1.59 g/ml) was eluted as a single retarded peak from Sepharose 2B, but on DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, gave two peaks: the first (eluted with 0.75 M-NaCl) contained mainly proteochondroitin sulphate and the second (eluted with 1.25 M-NaCl) mainly proteokeratan sulphate. Each of these proteoglycans was more retarded on Sepharose 2B than was the original sample from density-gradient centrifugation. Re-aggregation was obtained by recombination of the two fractions. The lighter fraction (density 1.44 g/ml), containing predominantly keratan sulphate chains, was eluted from DEAE-Sephadex as a single peak with 1.25 M-NaCl and was retarded on Sepharose 2B: this fraction was not able to form aggregates with proteochondroitin sulphate. Chemical analyses of the carbohydrate and protein moieties of the proteoglycans from DEAE-Sephadex confirmed that, in the cornea, different subunits are present with characteristic aggregation properties and hydrodynamic volumes.", "PMID": 708382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3374", "title": "Structural studies on the glycoproteins from bovine cervical mucus.", "content": "The depolymerization of bovine cervical glycoprotein resulting from cleavage of disulphide bonds. Pronase digestion and both procedures sequentially was assessed by using gel filtration. Cleavage of disulphide bonds followed by Pronase digestion produced more extensive depolymerization than did either treatment alone, and gel filtration of the products resulted in two major peaks of glycosylated material on Sepharose CL-2B and Sepharose 4B. The glycopolypeptides in both peaks had similar sugar and sulphate compositions, but they migrated to different extents on gel electrophoresis. Electrophoretic studies indicated that both glycopolypeptides were derived from the same glycoprotein molecule and not from a mixture of two similar glycoproteins. Pronase digestion of glycoproteins in which the disulphide bonds had been labelled with iodo-[1-14C]acetamide revealed that most of the cysteine residues were situated in regions susceptible to Pronase. The results show the presence of two types of structural regions in bovine cervical glycoprotein, namely 'naked' peptide or non-glycosylated regions and glycopolypeptide subunit regions in which glycopolypeptides of two different sizes predominate. Comparison of the cervical glycoproteins isolated from mucus secreted during oestrus and pregnancy, by the methods outlined above, did not reveal any structural differences in the glycoproteins to explain the different physical properties of the mucus secreted under these conditions.", "contents": "Structural studies on the glycoproteins from bovine cervical mucus. The depolymerization of bovine cervical glycoprotein resulting from cleavage of disulphide bonds. Pronase digestion and both procedures sequentially was assessed by using gel filtration. Cleavage of disulphide bonds followed by Pronase digestion produced more extensive depolymerization than did either treatment alone, and gel filtration of the products resulted in two major peaks of glycosylated material on Sepharose CL-2B and Sepharose 4B. The glycopolypeptides in both peaks had similar sugar and sulphate compositions, but they migrated to different extents on gel electrophoresis. Electrophoretic studies indicated that both glycopolypeptides were derived from the same glycoprotein molecule and not from a mixture of two similar glycoproteins. Pronase digestion of glycoproteins in which the disulphide bonds had been labelled with iodo-[1-14C]acetamide revealed that most of the cysteine residues were situated in regions susceptible to Pronase. The results show the presence of two types of structural regions in bovine cervical glycoprotein, namely 'naked' peptide or non-glycosylated regions and glycopolypeptide subunit regions in which glycopolypeptides of two different sizes predominate. Comparison of the cervical glycoproteins isolated from mucus secreted during oestrus and pregnancy, by the methods outlined above, did not reveal any structural differences in the glycoproteins to explain the different physical properties of the mucus secreted under these conditions.", "PMID": 708383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3375", "title": "Properties of human tissue isoferritins.", "content": "1. Human liver ferritin was separated by preparative isoelectric focusing into six fractions. 2. Except for the least acidic fraction the reactivity with antibody against spleen ferritin increased with rising pI, but with antibody against heart ferritin the reactivity decreased. 3. The highest iron content was found in the most acidic isoferritins and progressively decreased with rising pI. 4. Iron uptake was studied in apoferritin prepared from heart and liver ferritin fractions separated by ion-exchange chromatography. There was good correlation between the rate of iron uptake and pI. The most acidic fractions took up iron more rapidly than did the more basic ones. 5. Ferritin was prepared from heart, liver, spleen and kidney. There was little difference on isoelectric focusing between ferritin obtained from normal tissues and the corresponding iron-loaded tissues from patients who had received multiple blood transfusions. The iron-loaked heart ferritin invariably contained relatively more of the basic isoferritins. Normal and iron-overloaded heart ferritins were separated into isoferritin fractions by ion-exchange chromatography, and in each case there was a fall in iron content as the pI increased. The iron content of ferritin from the iron-overloaded heart was higher throughout than that from normal heart. 6. There is a relationship between the rate of iron uptake by apoferritin and pI, and this probably accounts for the variation in iron content of the isoferritins found in human liver and heart.", "contents": "Properties of human tissue isoferritins. 1. Human liver ferritin was separated by preparative isoelectric focusing into six fractions. 2. Except for the least acidic fraction the reactivity with antibody against spleen ferritin increased with rising pI, but with antibody against heart ferritin the reactivity decreased. 3. The highest iron content was found in the most acidic isoferritins and progressively decreased with rising pI. 4. Iron uptake was studied in apoferritin prepared from heart and liver ferritin fractions separated by ion-exchange chromatography. There was good correlation between the rate of iron uptake and pI. The most acidic fractions took up iron more rapidly than did the more basic ones. 5. Ferritin was prepared from heart, liver, spleen and kidney. There was little difference on isoelectric focusing between ferritin obtained from normal tissues and the corresponding iron-loaded tissues from patients who had received multiple blood transfusions. The iron-loaked heart ferritin invariably contained relatively more of the basic isoferritins. Normal and iron-overloaded heart ferritins were separated into isoferritin fractions by ion-exchange chromatography, and in each case there was a fall in iron content as the pI increased. The iron content of ferritin from the iron-overloaded heart was higher throughout than that from normal heart. 6. There is a relationship between the rate of iron uptake by apoferritin and pI, and this probably accounts for the variation in iron content of the isoferritins found in human liver and heart.", "PMID": 708384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3376", "title": "Haem degradation in abnormal haemoglobins.", "content": "The coupled oxidation of certain abnormal haemoglobins leads to different bile-pigment isomer distributions from that of normal haemoglobin. The isomer pattern may be correlated with the structure of the abnormal haemoglobin in the neighbourhood of the haem pocket. This is support for haem degradation by an intramolecular reaction.", "contents": "Haem degradation in abnormal haemoglobins. The coupled oxidation of certain abnormal haemoglobins leads to different bile-pigment isomer distributions from that of normal haemoglobin. The isomer pattern may be correlated with the structure of the abnormal haemoglobin in the neighbourhood of the haem pocket. This is support for haem degradation by an intramolecular reaction.", "PMID": 708385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3377", "title": "Proteins from sciatic-nerve myelin in quaking and jimpy mice.", "content": "Myelin from two neurological mutants in mice was isolated from sciatic nerves and its protein composition analysed. In Quaking mice, two intrinsic myelin proteins P1 and P2 were drastically decreased, whereas the major myelin protein P0 was unaffected. A normal protein composition was found in sciatic myelin from Jimpy mice.", "contents": "Proteins from sciatic-nerve myelin in quaking and jimpy mice. Myelin from two neurological mutants in mice was isolated from sciatic nerves and its protein composition analysed. In Quaking mice, two intrinsic myelin proteins P1 and P2 were drastically decreased, whereas the major myelin protein P0 was unaffected. A normal protein composition was found in sciatic myelin from Jimpy mice.", "PMID": 708386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3378", "title": "A difference in the specificities of human liver N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidases A and B detected by their activities towards glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides.", "content": "N-Acetyl-beta-hexosaminidases A and B differ in their activities towards oligosaccharides prepared from glycosaminoglycans. Trisaccharides from hyaluronic acid and desulphated chondroitin 4-sulphate were hydrolysed by N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidase A, but not by N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidase B.", "contents": "A difference in the specificities of human liver N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidases A and B detected by their activities towards glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides. N-Acetyl-beta-hexosaminidases A and B differ in their activities towards oligosaccharides prepared from glycosaminoglycans. Trisaccharides from hyaluronic acid and desulphated chondroitin 4-sulphate were hydrolysed by N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidase A, but not by N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidase B.", "PMID": 708387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3379", "title": "Oestrogen-induced cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis in Xenopus laevis liver during vitellogenic response.", "content": "1. Oestradiol-17beta induces livers of Xenopus laevis (South African clawed toad) to synthesize and secrete into the serum large quantities of the egg-yolk-protein precursor, vitellogenin. The peak of this response occurs 9-16 days after hormone treatment [Dolphin, Ansari, Lazier, Munday & Akhtar (1971) Biochem. J.124, 751-758]. It is now shown that 6 days after hormone treatment a 120-160-fold stimulation of the synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acid compared with control values occurred. 2. A cell-free system, derived from Xenopus liver, which synthesizes squalene and fatty acid is described. By using this system, several hundredfold stimulation of incorporation of [(14)C]acetate into squalene was recorded 6 days after the administration of oestradiol-17beta, compared with a 3-4-fold stimulation of incorporation of [(3)H]mevalonate compared with control values. It is argued that oestradiol-17beta must affect enzyme(s) catalysing step(s) between acetate and mevalonate in the biosynthetic pathway to cholesterol. 3. In incubation of liver slices in vitro, most of the lipid and cholesterol synthesized in response to the steroid hormone was associated with those subcellular fractions that contained membranes. Moreover, pulse-labelling experiments in vivo showed that 70% of this lipid and cholesterol was retained in the liver. The remainder appeared in the serum, where it was equally distributed between vitellogenin and vitellogenin-free serum. 4. G.l.c. analyses of the cholesterol content of liver microsomal fractions of Xenopus laevis indicated that the cholesterol content was at least 50% higher in microsomal fractions obtained from livers that had been exposed to oestradiol-17beta. Meanwhile, g.l.c. analysis of the lipid moiety of secreted vitellogenin showed that up to 35% of its lipid was cholesterol.", "contents": "Oestrogen-induced cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis in Xenopus laevis liver during vitellogenic response. 1. Oestradiol-17beta induces livers of Xenopus laevis (South African clawed toad) to synthesize and secrete into the serum large quantities of the egg-yolk-protein precursor, vitellogenin. The peak of this response occurs 9-16 days after hormone treatment [Dolphin, Ansari, Lazier, Munday & Akhtar (1971) Biochem. J.124, 751-758]. It is now shown that 6 days after hormone treatment a 120-160-fold stimulation of the synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acid compared with control values occurred. 2. A cell-free system, derived from Xenopus liver, which synthesizes squalene and fatty acid is described. By using this system, several hundredfold stimulation of incorporation of [(14)C]acetate into squalene was recorded 6 days after the administration of oestradiol-17beta, compared with a 3-4-fold stimulation of incorporation of [(3)H]mevalonate compared with control values. It is argued that oestradiol-17beta must affect enzyme(s) catalysing step(s) between acetate and mevalonate in the biosynthetic pathway to cholesterol. 3. In incubation of liver slices in vitro, most of the lipid and cholesterol synthesized in response to the steroid hormone was associated with those subcellular fractions that contained membranes. Moreover, pulse-labelling experiments in vivo showed that 70% of this lipid and cholesterol was retained in the liver. The remainder appeared in the serum, where it was equally distributed between vitellogenin and vitellogenin-free serum. 4. G.l.c. analyses of the cholesterol content of liver microsomal fractions of Xenopus laevis indicated that the cholesterol content was at least 50% higher in microsomal fractions obtained from livers that had been exposed to oestradiol-17beta. Meanwhile, g.l.c. analysis of the lipid moiety of secreted vitellogenin showed that up to 35% of its lipid was cholesterol.", "PMID": 708388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3380", "title": "Comparative biochemistry of beta-oxidation. An investigation into the abilities of isolated heart mitochondria of various animal species to oxidize long-chain fatty acids, including the C22:1 monoenes.", "content": "Rates of acylcarnitine oxidation by isolated heart mitochondria from various animal species were measured polarographically, and by using a spectrophotometric assay [see Osmundsen & Bremer (1977) Biochem. J. 164, 621-633]. Polarographic measurements do not give a correct guide to abilities to beta-oxidize very-long-chain acylcarnitines, in particular C22:1 fatty acylcarnitines. 2. No significant species differences were detected in the abilities to beta-oxidize various C22:1 fatty acylcarnitines. Significant species differences were, however, detected when rates of beta-oxidation were correlated with rates of respiration brought about by very-long-chain acylcarnitines. We concluded that some aspects of oxidative metabolism (possibly the oxidation of tricarboxylic acid-cycle intermediates) are inhibited by very-long-chain fatty acids in some species (e.g. the rat and the cat but not in others (e.g. the pig and the rabbit). 3. It is proposed that the pattern of variation of rates of oxidation of various acylcarnitines (as measured spectrophotometrically) of various chain lengths can be used as a guide to the chain-length specificities of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenases of beta-oxidation (EC 1.3.99.3).", "contents": "Comparative biochemistry of beta-oxidation. An investigation into the abilities of isolated heart mitochondria of various animal species to oxidize long-chain fatty acids, including the C22:1 monoenes. Rates of acylcarnitine oxidation by isolated heart mitochondria from various animal species were measured polarographically, and by using a spectrophotometric assay [see Osmundsen & Bremer (1977) Biochem. J. 164, 621-633]. Polarographic measurements do not give a correct guide to abilities to beta-oxidize very-long-chain acylcarnitines, in particular C22:1 fatty acylcarnitines. 2. No significant species differences were detected in the abilities to beta-oxidize various C22:1 fatty acylcarnitines. Significant species differences were, however, detected when rates of beta-oxidation were correlated with rates of respiration brought about by very-long-chain acylcarnitines. We concluded that some aspects of oxidative metabolism (possibly the oxidation of tricarboxylic acid-cycle intermediates) are inhibited by very-long-chain fatty acids in some species (e.g. the rat and the cat but not in others (e.g. the pig and the rabbit). 3. It is proposed that the pattern of variation of rates of oxidation of various acylcarnitines (as measured spectrophotometrically) of various chain lengths can be used as a guide to the chain-length specificities of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenases of beta-oxidation (EC 1.3.99.3).", "PMID": 708389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3381", "title": "Glutamine metabolism in the kidney during induction of, and recovery from, metabolic acidosis in the rat.", "content": "Experiments were carried out on rats to evaluate the possible regulatory roles of renal glutaminase activity, mitochondrial permeability to glutamine, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity and systemic acid-base changes in the control of renal ammonia (NH(3) plus NH(4) (+)) production. Acidosis was induced by drinking NH(4)Cl solution ad libitum. A pronounced metabolic acidosis without respiratory compensation [pH=7.25; HCO(3) (-)=16.9mequiv./litre; pCO(2)=40.7mmHg (5.41kPa)] was evident for the first 2 days, but thereafter acid-base status returned towards normal. This improvement in acid-base status was accompanied by the attainment of maximal rates of ammonia excretion (onset phase) after about 2 days. A steady rate of ammonia excretion was then maintained (plateau phase) until the rats were supplied with tap water in place of the NH(4)Cl solution, whereupon pCO(2) and HCO(3) (-) became elevated [55.4mmHg (7.37kPa) and 35.5mequiv./litre] and renal ammonia excretion returned to control values within 1 day (recovery phase). Renal arteriovenous differences for glutamine always paralleled rates of ammonia excretion. Phosphate-dependent glutaminase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activities and the rate of glutamine metabolism (NH(3) production and O(2) consumption) by isolated kidney mitochondria all increased during the onset phase. The increases in glutaminase and in mitochondrial metabolism continued into the plateau phase, whereas the increase in the carboxykinase reached a plateau at the same time as did ammonia excretion. During the recovery phase a rapid decrease in carboxykinase activity accompanied the decrease in ammonia excretion, whereas glutaminase and mitochondrial glutamine metabolism in vitro remained elevated. The metabolism of glutamine by kidney-cortex slices (ammonia, glutamate and glucose production) paralleled the metabolism of glutamine in vivo during recovery, i.e. it returned to control values. The results indicate that the adaptations in mitochondrial glutamine metabolism must be regulated by extra-mitochondrial factors, since glutamine metabolism in vivo and in slices returns to control values during recovery, whereas the mitochondrial metabolism of glutamine remains elevated.", "contents": "Glutamine metabolism in the kidney during induction of, and recovery from, metabolic acidosis in the rat. Experiments were carried out on rats to evaluate the possible regulatory roles of renal glutaminase activity, mitochondrial permeability to glutamine, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity and systemic acid-base changes in the control of renal ammonia (NH(3) plus NH(4) (+)) production. Acidosis was induced by drinking NH(4)Cl solution ad libitum. A pronounced metabolic acidosis without respiratory compensation [pH=7.25; HCO(3) (-)=16.9mequiv./litre; pCO(2)=40.7mmHg (5.41kPa)] was evident for the first 2 days, but thereafter acid-base status returned towards normal. This improvement in acid-base status was accompanied by the attainment of maximal rates of ammonia excretion (onset phase) after about 2 days. A steady rate of ammonia excretion was then maintained (plateau phase) until the rats were supplied with tap water in place of the NH(4)Cl solution, whereupon pCO(2) and HCO(3) (-) became elevated [55.4mmHg (7.37kPa) and 35.5mequiv./litre] and renal ammonia excretion returned to control values within 1 day (recovery phase). Renal arteriovenous differences for glutamine always paralleled rates of ammonia excretion. Phosphate-dependent glutaminase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activities and the rate of glutamine metabolism (NH(3) production and O(2) consumption) by isolated kidney mitochondria all increased during the onset phase. The increases in glutaminase and in mitochondrial metabolism continued into the plateau phase, whereas the increase in the carboxykinase reached a plateau at the same time as did ammonia excretion. During the recovery phase a rapid decrease in carboxykinase activity accompanied the decrease in ammonia excretion, whereas glutaminase and mitochondrial glutamine metabolism in vitro remained elevated. The metabolism of glutamine by kidney-cortex slices (ammonia, glutamate and glucose production) paralleled the metabolism of glutamine in vivo during recovery, i.e. it returned to control values. The results indicate that the adaptations in mitochondrial glutamine metabolism must be regulated by extra-mitochondrial factors, since glutamine metabolism in vivo and in slices returns to control values during recovery, whereas the mitochondrial metabolism of glutamine remains elevated.", "PMID": 708390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3382", "title": "Mechanism of dealkylation of clionasterol in the insect Tenebrio molitor.", "content": "1. 25-3H- and 26-14C-labelled (24S)-24-ethylcholest-5-en-3beta-ol (clionasterol) were synthesized from (24S)-24-ethylcholesta-5,25-dien-3beta-ol. 2. These labelled substrates were mixed and administered, together with the hypocholesterolemic agent, triparanol citrate, to Tenebrio molitor larvae. 3. The 3H label from the clionasterol substrate was retained in both the desmosterol and the cholesterol isolated from the larvae. 4. Location of this 3H label in the desmosterol showed that dealkylation of the clionasterol involved 3H migration from C-25 to C-24. A possible mechanism for dealkylation is presented.", "contents": "Mechanism of dealkylation of clionasterol in the insect Tenebrio molitor. 1. 25-3H- and 26-14C-labelled (24S)-24-ethylcholest-5-en-3beta-ol (clionasterol) were synthesized from (24S)-24-ethylcholesta-5,25-dien-3beta-ol. 2. These labelled substrates were mixed and administered, together with the hypocholesterolemic agent, triparanol citrate, to Tenebrio molitor larvae. 3. The 3H label from the clionasterol substrate was retained in both the desmosterol and the cholesterol isolated from the larvae. 4. Location of this 3H label in the desmosterol showed that dealkylation of the clionasterol involved 3H migration from C-25 to C-24. A possible mechanism for dealkylation is presented.", "PMID": 708391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3383", "title": "Metabolism of the surfactants sodium undecyltriethoxy sulphate and sodium dodecyltriethoxy sulphate in the rat.", "content": "The metabolic fates of the synthetic surfactants, sodium [1-(14)C]undecyltriethoxy sulphate and sodium [1-(14)C]dodecyltriethoxy sulphate were studied in the rat. Both compounds were extensively metabolized regardless of the route of administration, oral, intraperitoneal or intravenous. Short-chain radioactive products were eliminated in the urine: the major metabolite of the dodecyl homologue in the urine was identified as (-)O(2)C(14)CH(2)- (OC(2)H(4))(3)OSO(3) (-) by n.m.r. and g.l.c.-mass spectrometry, whereas the major metabolite of the undecyl homologue in the urine was tentatively identified as (-)O(2)CCH(2) (14)CH(2)- (OC(2)H(4))(3)OSO(3) (-). In contrast with experiments with the dodecyl derivative, when [1-(14)C]undecyltriethoxy sulphate was administered to rats, appreciable amounts of radioactivity were recovered as (14)CO(2) in expired air. Whole-body radioautography implicated the liver as the major site of metabolism of both surfactants. The nature of the metabolic products establishes that both compounds are degraded by omega,beta-oxidation. Cleavage of the ether linkage proximal to the sulphate moiety may account for the small amounts of (14)CO(2) recovered in expired air after the administration of [1-(14)C]dodecyltriethoxy sulphate. It is suggested the substantial amounts of (14)CO(2) recovered after [1-(14)C]-undecyltriethoxy sulphate administration originate from (-)O(2) (14)C(OC(2)H(4))(3) OSO(3) (-), an unstable product of omega,beta-oxidation. An n.m.r. spectrum of the metabolite identified as 2-(triethoxy sulphate)acetic acid and a mass spectrum of the trimethylsilyl derivative of the parent alcohol of that metabolite have been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP50086 (5 pages) at the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1978) 169, 5.", "contents": "Metabolism of the surfactants sodium undecyltriethoxy sulphate and sodium dodecyltriethoxy sulphate in the rat. The metabolic fates of the synthetic surfactants, sodium [1-(14)C]undecyltriethoxy sulphate and sodium [1-(14)C]dodecyltriethoxy sulphate were studied in the rat. Both compounds were extensively metabolized regardless of the route of administration, oral, intraperitoneal or intravenous. Short-chain radioactive products were eliminated in the urine: the major metabolite of the dodecyl homologue in the urine was identified as (-)O(2)C(14)CH(2)- (OC(2)H(4))(3)OSO(3) (-) by n.m.r. and g.l.c.-mass spectrometry, whereas the major metabolite of the undecyl homologue in the urine was tentatively identified as (-)O(2)CCH(2) (14)CH(2)- (OC(2)H(4))(3)OSO(3) (-). In contrast with experiments with the dodecyl derivative, when [1-(14)C]undecyltriethoxy sulphate was administered to rats, appreciable amounts of radioactivity were recovered as (14)CO(2) in expired air. Whole-body radioautography implicated the liver as the major site of metabolism of both surfactants. The nature of the metabolic products establishes that both compounds are degraded by omega,beta-oxidation. Cleavage of the ether linkage proximal to the sulphate moiety may account for the small amounts of (14)CO(2) recovered in expired air after the administration of [1-(14)C]dodecyltriethoxy sulphate. It is suggested the substantial amounts of (14)CO(2) recovered after [1-(14)C]-undecyltriethoxy sulphate administration originate from (-)O(2) (14)C(OC(2)H(4))(3) OSO(3) (-), an unstable product of omega,beta-oxidation. An n.m.r. spectrum of the metabolite identified as 2-(triethoxy sulphate)acetic acid and a mass spectrum of the trimethylsilyl derivative of the parent alcohol of that metabolite have been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP50086 (5 pages) at the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1978) 169, 5.", "PMID": 708392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3384", "title": "Evidence for the existence of different pools of microsomal phosphatidylinositol by the use of phosphatidylinositol-exchange protein.", "content": "1. The phosphatidylinositol-exchange protein from bovine brain was used to determine to what extent phosphatidylinositol in rat liver microsomal membranes is available for transfer. 2. The microsomal membranes used in the transfer reaction contained either phosphatidyl[2-(3)H]inositol or (32)P-labelled phospholipid. The (32)P-labelled microsomal membranes were isolated from rat liver after an intraperitoneal injection of [(32)P]P(i). The (3)H-labelled microsomal membranes and rough- and smooth-endoplasmic-reticulum membranes were prepared in vitro by the incorporation of myo-[2-(3)H]inositol into phosphatidylinositol by either exchange in the presence of Mn(2+) or biosynthesis de novo in the presence of CTP and Mg(2+). 3. Tryptic or chymotryptic treatment of the microsomes impaired the biosynthesis de novo of phosphatidylinositol. It was therefore concluded that the biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol and/or its immediate precursor CDP-diacylglycerol takes place on the cytoplasmic surface of the microsomal membrane. 4. Under the conditions of incubation 42% of the microsomal phosphatidyl[2-(3)H]inositol was transferred with an estimated half-life of 5min; 38% was transferred with an estimated half-life of about 1h; the remaining 20% was not transferable. Identical results were obtained irrespective of the method of myo-[2-(3)H]inositol incorporation. 5. Both measurement of phosphatidylinositol phosphorus in the microsomes after transfer and the transfer of microsomal [(32)P]phosphatidylinositol indicate that phosphatidyl[2-(3)H]-inositol formed by exchange or biosynthesis de novo was homogeneously distributed throughout the microsomal phosphatidylinositol. 6. We present evidence that the slowly transferable pool of phosphatidylinositol does not represent the luminal side of the microsomal membrane; hence we suggest that this phosphatidylinositol is bound to membrane proteins.", "contents": "Evidence for the existence of different pools of microsomal phosphatidylinositol by the use of phosphatidylinositol-exchange protein. 1. The phosphatidylinositol-exchange protein from bovine brain was used to determine to what extent phosphatidylinositol in rat liver microsomal membranes is available for transfer. 2. The microsomal membranes used in the transfer reaction contained either phosphatidyl[2-(3)H]inositol or (32)P-labelled phospholipid. The (32)P-labelled microsomal membranes were isolated from rat liver after an intraperitoneal injection of [(32)P]P(i). The (3)H-labelled microsomal membranes and rough- and smooth-endoplasmic-reticulum membranes were prepared in vitro by the incorporation of myo-[2-(3)H]inositol into phosphatidylinositol by either exchange in the presence of Mn(2+) or biosynthesis de novo in the presence of CTP and Mg(2+). 3. Tryptic or chymotryptic treatment of the microsomes impaired the biosynthesis de novo of phosphatidylinositol. It was therefore concluded that the biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol and/or its immediate precursor CDP-diacylglycerol takes place on the cytoplasmic surface of the microsomal membrane. 4. Under the conditions of incubation 42% of the microsomal phosphatidyl[2-(3)H]inositol was transferred with an estimated half-life of 5min; 38% was transferred with an estimated half-life of about 1h; the remaining 20% was not transferable. Identical results were obtained irrespective of the method of myo-[2-(3)H]inositol incorporation. 5. Both measurement of phosphatidylinositol phosphorus in the microsomes after transfer and the transfer of microsomal [(32)P]phosphatidylinositol indicate that phosphatidyl[2-(3)H]-inositol formed by exchange or biosynthesis de novo was homogeneously distributed throughout the microsomal phosphatidylinositol. 6. We present evidence that the slowly transferable pool of phosphatidylinositol does not represent the luminal side of the microsomal membrane; hence we suggest that this phosphatidylinositol is bound to membrane proteins.", "PMID": 708393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3385", "title": "Utilization by the isolated perfused rat liver of N-acetyl-D-[1-14C]galactosamine and N-[3H]acetyl-D-galactosamine for the biosynthesis of glycoproteins.", "content": "The isolated perfused rat liver system has been used to monitor the utilization of N-[3H]acetyl-D-galactosamine and N-acetyl-D-[1-14C]galactosamine for the biosynthesis of radiolabelled glycoproteins, which are subsequently secreted into the plasma. Both radiolabels appear in a number of different glycoproteins, predominantly as sialic acid and N-acetylglucosamine. The ratio of labelled sialic acid to labelled N-acetylglucosamine varies for different glycoproteins, but the bulk of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine is incorporated without deacetylation.", "contents": "Utilization by the isolated perfused rat liver of N-acetyl-D-[1-14C]galactosamine and N-[3H]acetyl-D-galactosamine for the biosynthesis of glycoproteins. The isolated perfused rat liver system has been used to monitor the utilization of N-[3H]acetyl-D-galactosamine and N-acetyl-D-[1-14C]galactosamine for the biosynthesis of radiolabelled glycoproteins, which are subsequently secreted into the plasma. Both radiolabels appear in a number of different glycoproteins, predominantly as sialic acid and N-acetylglucosamine. The ratio of labelled sialic acid to labelled N-acetylglucosamine varies for different glycoproteins, but the bulk of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine is incorporated without deacetylation.", "PMID": 708394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3386", "title": "Kinetics of polyamine synthesis and turnover in mouse fibroblasts.", "content": "Kinetics of polyamine synthesis and degradation were studied in mouse fibroblasts growing in suspension culture. The approach was to prelabel cells with radioactive polyamines and to observe the rate of loss of radioactivity and the rate of decrease in specific activity of these compounds in cells. Radioactive putrescine declined with a half-life of 1.5-2h, whether derived directly from exogenous putrescine or indirectly from ornithine. Much of this turnover was due to excretion, the kinetics of which suggested that a steady-state was being established between putrescine inside and outside the cells. Within 5h of medium change, cells growing at a density of 5x10(5)cells/ml had supplied putrescine to the medium to a concentration of about 1mum. When cells were prelabelled with either putrescine or spermidine, radioactivity in cell spermidine declined with a half-life of 60h. This rate of turnover is sufficient to provide all the spermine required by the cell. Spermine synthesis was the only observed reaction of spermidine, although some excretion into the growth medium was detected. Spermine was not degraded at a detectable rate as long as cells were growing exponentially; in stationary phase, degradation to spermidine, which was excreted, became significant. The half-lives of the specific activities of spermine, spermidine and putrescine were 24, 15 and 1.5h respectively. From these values, the rate of synthesis of each was calculated. Spermidine was synthesized at 6.8 times the rate of spermine, and putrescine was synthesized at 0.46nmol/10(6)cells per h, twice the rate of spermidine. The significance of these kinetic parameters is discussed.", "contents": "Kinetics of polyamine synthesis and turnover in mouse fibroblasts. Kinetics of polyamine synthesis and degradation were studied in mouse fibroblasts growing in suspension culture. The approach was to prelabel cells with radioactive polyamines and to observe the rate of loss of radioactivity and the rate of decrease in specific activity of these compounds in cells. Radioactive putrescine declined with a half-life of 1.5-2h, whether derived directly from exogenous putrescine or indirectly from ornithine. Much of this turnover was due to excretion, the kinetics of which suggested that a steady-state was being established between putrescine inside and outside the cells. Within 5h of medium change, cells growing at a density of 5x10(5)cells/ml had supplied putrescine to the medium to a concentration of about 1mum. When cells were prelabelled with either putrescine or spermidine, radioactivity in cell spermidine declined with a half-life of 60h. This rate of turnover is sufficient to provide all the spermine required by the cell. Spermine synthesis was the only observed reaction of spermidine, although some excretion into the growth medium was detected. Spermine was not degraded at a detectable rate as long as cells were growing exponentially; in stationary phase, degradation to spermidine, which was excreted, became significant. The half-lives of the specific activities of spermine, spermidine and putrescine were 24, 15 and 1.5h respectively. From these values, the rate of synthesis of each was calculated. Spermidine was synthesized at 6.8 times the rate of spermine, and putrescine was synthesized at 0.46nmol/10(6)cells per h, twice the rate of spermidine. The significance of these kinetic parameters is discussed.", "PMID": 708395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3387", "title": "Analytical subcellular fractionation of needle-biopsy specimens from human liver.", "content": "1. Fragments (2-20 mg wet wt.) of closed needle-biopsy specimens from human liver were disrupted in iso-osmotic sucrose and subjected to low-speed centrifugation. The supernatant was layered on a linear sucrose-density gradient in the Beaufay small-volume automatic zonal rotor. The following organelles, with equilibrium densities (g/ml) and principal marker enzyme shown in parentheses, were resolved: plasma membrane (1.12-1.14; 5'-nucleotidase); lysosomes (1.15-1.20; N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase); mitochondria (1.20; malate dehydrogenase); endoplasmic reticulum (1.17-1.21; neutral alpha-glucosidase); peroxisomes (1.22-1.24; catalase). 2. The distribution of particulate alkaline phosphatase and, to a lesser degree, leucine 2-naphthylamidase followed that of 5'-nucleotidase. gamma-Glutamyltransferase was associated with membranes of significantly higher equilibrium density than was 5'-nucleotidase. 3. The distribution of 12 acid hydrolases was determined in the density-gradient fractions. beta-Glucosidase had a predominantly cytosolic localization, but the other enzymes showed a broad distribution of activity throughout the gradient. Evidence was presented for two populations of lysosomes with equilibrium densities of 1.15 and 1.20 g/ml, but containing differing amounts of each enzyme. Further evidence of lysosomal heterogeneity was demonstrated by studying the distribution of isoenzymes of hexosaminidase and of acid phosphatase. 4. The resolving power of the centrifugation procedure can be further enhanced with membrane perturbants. Digitonin (0.12 mM) selectively disrupted lysosomes, markedly increased the equilibrium density of plasma-membrane components and lowered the density of the endoplasmic reticulum, but did not affect the mitochondria or peroxisomes. Pyrophosphate (15 mM) selectively lowered the equilibrium density of the endoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Analytical subcellular fractionation of needle-biopsy specimens from human liver. 1. Fragments (2-20 mg wet wt.) of closed needle-biopsy specimens from human liver were disrupted in iso-osmotic sucrose and subjected to low-speed centrifugation. The supernatant was layered on a linear sucrose-density gradient in the Beaufay small-volume automatic zonal rotor. The following organelles, with equilibrium densities (g/ml) and principal marker enzyme shown in parentheses, were resolved: plasma membrane (1.12-1.14; 5'-nucleotidase); lysosomes (1.15-1.20; N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase); mitochondria (1.20; malate dehydrogenase); endoplasmic reticulum (1.17-1.21; neutral alpha-glucosidase); peroxisomes (1.22-1.24; catalase). 2. The distribution of particulate alkaline phosphatase and, to a lesser degree, leucine 2-naphthylamidase followed that of 5'-nucleotidase. gamma-Glutamyltransferase was associated with membranes of significantly higher equilibrium density than was 5'-nucleotidase. 3. The distribution of 12 acid hydrolases was determined in the density-gradient fractions. beta-Glucosidase had a predominantly cytosolic localization, but the other enzymes showed a broad distribution of activity throughout the gradient. Evidence was presented for two populations of lysosomes with equilibrium densities of 1.15 and 1.20 g/ml, but containing differing amounts of each enzyme. Further evidence of lysosomal heterogeneity was demonstrated by studying the distribution of isoenzymes of hexosaminidase and of acid phosphatase. 4. The resolving power of the centrifugation procedure can be further enhanced with membrane perturbants. Digitonin (0.12 mM) selectively disrupted lysosomes, markedly increased the equilibrium density of plasma-membrane components and lowered the density of the endoplasmic reticulum, but did not affect the mitochondria or peroxisomes. Pyrophosphate (15 mM) selectively lowered the equilibrium density of the endoplasmic reticulum.", "PMID": 708396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3388", "title": "Developmental changes in the activity of lipoprotein lipase (clearing-factor lipase) in rat lung, cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue.", "content": "The lipoprotein lipase activity of the lung, skeletal muscle, heart muscle and brown adipose tissue of the rat was studied during the period from late foetal to adult life. The enzyme activity in all four tissues emerged substantially during the first 24th after birth. Subsequently, heart and lung enzyme activity remained relatively constant per unit wet weight of tissue. The enzyme activity present in brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle was elevated per unit weight of tissue during suckling compared with other periods of life. Delivery of near-term foetuses stimulated the emergence of enzyme activity in all four tissues with the same time course as that evoked by normal delivery. The significance of the presence of the enzyme in the tissues and the activity changes which occurred during development are discussed in relation to possible mechanisms of control.", "contents": "Developmental changes in the activity of lipoprotein lipase (clearing-factor lipase) in rat lung, cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue. The lipoprotein lipase activity of the lung, skeletal muscle, heart muscle and brown adipose tissue of the rat was studied during the period from late foetal to adult life. The enzyme activity in all four tissues emerged substantially during the first 24th after birth. Subsequently, heart and lung enzyme activity remained relatively constant per unit wet weight of tissue. The enzyme activity present in brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle was elevated per unit weight of tissue during suckling compared with other periods of life. Delivery of near-term foetuses stimulated the emergence of enzyme activity in all four tissues with the same time course as that evoked by normal delivery. The significance of the presence of the enzyme in the tissues and the activity changes which occurred during development are discussed in relation to possible mechanisms of control.", "PMID": 708397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3389", "title": "Induction of rat kidney gluconeogenesis during acute liver intoxication by carbon tetrachloride.", "content": "1. Glucose production from L-lactate was completely inhibited 24h after carbon tetrachloride treatment in liver from 48h-starved rats. The activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose diphosphatase and glucose 6-phosphatase were decreased by this treatment in fed and starved rats, whereas lactate dehydrogenase activity was only decreased in fed animals. 2. The production of glucose by renal cortical slices from fed rats previously treated with carbon tetrachloride was enhanced when L-lactate, pyruvate and glutamine but not fructose were used as glucose precursors. Renal phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity was increased in this condition. 3. This increase was counteracted by cycloheximide or actinomycin D, suggesting that the effect was due to the synthesis de novo of the enzyme. 4. The pattern of hepatic gluconeogenic metabolites in treated animals was characterized by an increase in lactate, pyruvate, malate and citrate as well as a decrease in glucose 6-phosphate, suggesting an impairment of liver gluconeogenesis in vivo. 5. In contrast, the profile of renal metabolites suggested that gluconeogenesis was operative in the treated rats, as indicated by the marked increase in the content of phosphoenolpyruvate, 2-phosphoglycerate, 3-phosphoglycerate and glucose 6-phosphate. 6. It is postulated that renal gluconeogenesis could contribute to the maintenance of glycaemia in carbon tetrachloride-treated rats.", "contents": "Induction of rat kidney gluconeogenesis during acute liver intoxication by carbon tetrachloride. 1. Glucose production from L-lactate was completely inhibited 24h after carbon tetrachloride treatment in liver from 48h-starved rats. The activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose diphosphatase and glucose 6-phosphatase were decreased by this treatment in fed and starved rats, whereas lactate dehydrogenase activity was only decreased in fed animals. 2. The production of glucose by renal cortical slices from fed rats previously treated with carbon tetrachloride was enhanced when L-lactate, pyruvate and glutamine but not fructose were used as glucose precursors. Renal phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity was increased in this condition. 3. This increase was counteracted by cycloheximide or actinomycin D, suggesting that the effect was due to the synthesis de novo of the enzyme. 4. The pattern of hepatic gluconeogenic metabolites in treated animals was characterized by an increase in lactate, pyruvate, malate and citrate as well as a decrease in glucose 6-phosphate, suggesting an impairment of liver gluconeogenesis in vivo. 5. In contrast, the profile of renal metabolites suggested that gluconeogenesis was operative in the treated rats, as indicated by the marked increase in the content of phosphoenolpyruvate, 2-phosphoglycerate, 3-phosphoglycerate and glucose 6-phosphate. 6. It is postulated that renal gluconeogenesis could contribute to the maintenance of glycaemia in carbon tetrachloride-treated rats.", "PMID": 708398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3390", "title": "Effects of amino acids, ammonia and leupeptin on protein synthesis and degradation in isolated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "Protein synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes, as measured by the incorporation of [14C]-valine at constant specific radioactivity, proceeded at a rate of 0.3-0.5%/h in an unsupplemented medium, i.e. only about one-tenth the rate of protein degradation (4%/h). Leupeptin, which inhibits lysosomal protein degradation (previously found to be 75% of the total degradation in hepatocytes), had no effect on protein synthesis, showing that endogenous protein degradation supplied amino acids in excess of the substrate requirements for protein synthesis. The inhibition of protein synthesis by NH4Cl (another inhibitor of lysosomal protein degradation) as well as the stimulation by a physiological amino acid mixture must therefore represent indirect effects, either on general energy metabolism, or on unknown regulatory processes.", "contents": "Effects of amino acids, ammonia and leupeptin on protein synthesis and degradation in isolated rat hepatocytes. Protein synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes, as measured by the incorporation of [14C]-valine at constant specific radioactivity, proceeded at a rate of 0.3-0.5%/h in an unsupplemented medium, i.e. only about one-tenth the rate of protein degradation (4%/h). Leupeptin, which inhibits lysosomal protein degradation (previously found to be 75% of the total degradation in hepatocytes), had no effect on protein synthesis, showing that endogenous protein degradation supplied amino acids in excess of the substrate requirements for protein synthesis. The inhibition of protein synthesis by NH4Cl (another inhibitor of lysosomal protein degradation) as well as the stimulation by a physiological amino acid mixture must therefore represent indirect effects, either on general energy metabolism, or on unknown regulatory processes.", "PMID": 708399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3391", "title": "Chromatin structure through the cell cycle. Studies with regeneration rat liver.", "content": "Liver nuclei were prepared through the first cell cycle in partially hepatectomized young rats showing 30% parenchymal cell synchrony. To determine if nucleosome structure altered during this period, liver nuclei from sham-operated rats were compared with nuclei isolated at various times after partial hepatectomy. These nuclei were exposed to deoxyribonuclease I (EC 3.1.4.5), deoxyribonuclease II (EC 3.1.4.6) or micrococcal nuclease (EC 3.1.4.7) and the nucleosome-associated DNA length was ascertained. In no case was a difference in the DNA lengths associated with nucleosome structure observed. Differences were observed with regard to the histones and their relative association with nuclear material. When nuclei from normal rat livers were incubated in hypo-osmolar medium 9% of histone 1 and 4% of the other histones were released. These released histones, unlike those remaining bound to the nuclei, showed high [3H]adenosine and [3H]acetate uptakes in vivo. [32P]P1 uptake was also much greater into released than bound histones 1 and 3, but was not different for histone2A. At 3.5-4.5 h after partial hepatectomy, the release of histone 1 was trebled and that of histone 4 doubled. By 13.5 h, when phosphorylation of the bound forms of histones 2A and especially 1 was increased, no further changes in histone release in hypo-osmolar medium were found. The released histones from partially hepatectomized livers had indistinguishable [3H]adenosine uptakes from controls. The roles are discussed of phosphorylation and ADP-ribosylation in labilizing histone binding.", "contents": "Chromatin structure through the cell cycle. Studies with regeneration rat liver. Liver nuclei were prepared through the first cell cycle in partially hepatectomized young rats showing 30% parenchymal cell synchrony. To determine if nucleosome structure altered during this period, liver nuclei from sham-operated rats were compared with nuclei isolated at various times after partial hepatectomy. These nuclei were exposed to deoxyribonuclease I (EC 3.1.4.5), deoxyribonuclease II (EC 3.1.4.6) or micrococcal nuclease (EC 3.1.4.7) and the nucleosome-associated DNA length was ascertained. In no case was a difference in the DNA lengths associated with nucleosome structure observed. Differences were observed with regard to the histones and their relative association with nuclear material. When nuclei from normal rat livers were incubated in hypo-osmolar medium 9% of histone 1 and 4% of the other histones were released. These released histones, unlike those remaining bound to the nuclei, showed high [3H]adenosine and [3H]acetate uptakes in vivo. [32P]P1 uptake was also much greater into released than bound histones 1 and 3, but was not different for histone2A. At 3.5-4.5 h after partial hepatectomy, the release of histone 1 was trebled and that of histone 4 doubled. By 13.5 h, when phosphorylation of the bound forms of histones 2A and especially 1 was increased, no further changes in histone release in hypo-osmolar medium were found. The released histones from partially hepatectomized livers had indistinguishable [3H]adenosine uptakes from controls. The roles are discussed of phosphorylation and ADP-ribosylation in labilizing histone binding.", "PMID": 708400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3392", "title": "Modeccin, the toxin of Adenia digitata. Purification, toxicity and inhibition of protein synthesis in vitro.", "content": "1. Modeccin, the toxin of Adenia digitata (Modecca digitata), was purified from the roots of this plant by affinity chromatography on Sepharose 4B. 2. This toxin is a protein with mol.wt. 57000, which on treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol can be dissociated into two subunits of mol.wts. 25000 and 32000. 3. Modeccin inhibits protein synthesis in vitro in a lysate of rabbit reticulocytes and in Ehrlich ascites cells; the effect on cells is decreased in the presence of lactose. 4. Dissociation of modeccin into subunits decreases the toxicity to animals and the inhibition of protein synthesis in cells, but enhances the inhibition of protein synthesis in the lysate system.", "contents": "Modeccin, the toxin of Adenia digitata. Purification, toxicity and inhibition of protein synthesis in vitro. 1. Modeccin, the toxin of Adenia digitata (Modecca digitata), was purified from the roots of this plant by affinity chromatography on Sepharose 4B. 2. This toxin is a protein with mol.wt. 57000, which on treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol can be dissociated into two subunits of mol.wts. 25000 and 32000. 3. Modeccin inhibits protein synthesis in vitro in a lysate of rabbit reticulocytes and in Ehrlich ascites cells; the effect on cells is decreased in the presence of lactose. 4. Dissociation of modeccin into subunits decreases the toxicity to animals and the inhibition of protein synthesis in cells, but enhances the inhibition of protein synthesis in the lysate system.", "PMID": 708401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3393", "title": "The purification and some properties of rusticyanin, a blue copper protein involved in iron(II) oxidation from Thiobacillus ferro-oxidans.", "content": "The 'blue' copper-containing protein rusticyanin was purified to homogeneity from cells of the chemolithotrophic bacterium Thiobacillus ferro-oxidans by (NH4)SO4 fractionation and ion-exchange chromatography. The protein, which is stable at low pH, consists of a single polypeptide chain of mol. wt. 16500 and possesses 0.79 (+/- 0.28)g-atom of Cu/mol. The protein, which does not contain arginine residues, has optical absorbance maxima at 287, 450, 597 and 750 nm and is generally similar to azurin. The isolated protein is reduced directly by Fe2+ with a 1:1 stoicheiometry to Cu. On reduction by Fe2+ the absorption peaks at 450, 597 and 750 nm are abolished, with the appearance of a new absorption band at 320 nm. The results obtained are consistent with rusticyanin being the initial acceptor of electrons from Fe2+ during respiratory iron oxidation.", "contents": "The purification and some properties of rusticyanin, a blue copper protein involved in iron(II) oxidation from Thiobacillus ferro-oxidans. The 'blue' copper-containing protein rusticyanin was purified to homogeneity from cells of the chemolithotrophic bacterium Thiobacillus ferro-oxidans by (NH4)SO4 fractionation and ion-exchange chromatography. The protein, which is stable at low pH, consists of a single polypeptide chain of mol. wt. 16500 and possesses 0.79 (+/- 0.28)g-atom of Cu/mol. The protein, which does not contain arginine residues, has optical absorbance maxima at 287, 450, 597 and 750 nm and is generally similar to azurin. The isolated protein is reduced directly by Fe2+ with a 1:1 stoicheiometry to Cu. On reduction by Fe2+ the absorption peaks at 450, 597 and 750 nm are abolished, with the appearance of a new absorption band at 320 nm. The results obtained are consistent with rusticyanin being the initial acceptor of electrons from Fe2+ during respiratory iron oxidation.", "PMID": 708402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3394", "title": "Incorporation of ribonucleic acid in vitro into dense ribonucleoprotein-like materials by isolated rat liver nuclei.", "content": "A cell-free system of isolated rat liver nuclei is described which permits an active incorporation of newly synthesized RNA into 'dense' ribonucleoprotein-like materials. The reaction is stimulated with increasing amounts of cytosol protein isolated from rat liver. This indicates that cytosol protein plays an important role in the formation of such material.", "contents": "Incorporation of ribonucleic acid in vitro into dense ribonucleoprotein-like materials by isolated rat liver nuclei. A cell-free system of isolated rat liver nuclei is described which permits an active incorporation of newly synthesized RNA into 'dense' ribonucleoprotein-like materials. The reaction is stimulated with increasing amounts of cytosol protein isolated from rat liver. This indicates that cytosol protein plays an important role in the formation of such material.", "PMID": 708403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3395", "title": "The brush border of rabbit kidney, a cellular compartment free of glycolytic enzymes.", "content": "Activities of four enzymes of the glycolytic pathway, hexokinase, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase, were determined in a vesicular brush-border preparation from rabbit kidneys. The specific activities of the enzymes were decreased several-hundredfold in the brush-border preparation compared with a kidney homogenate, but the enzymes were not totally absent. Density-gradient centrifugation of the brush-border preparation yielded brush border of even higher purity and also a characteristic pattern of distribution for each of the contaminating intracellular membranes. The presence of hexokinase in the brush-border preparation could be traced to contaminating mitochondria, and that of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase to contaminating vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum. The brush-border vesicles contained some ATP. An intravesicular concentration of 0.1mm was estimated, indicating that the vesicles had retained at least a part of their original content. Experiments in which fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (mol.wt. 20000) was present during cell lysis revealed that much, but not all, of the brush-border contents had been exchanged with the medium. The complete absence of glycolytic enzymes from brush-border vesicles, which had retained part of their original content, indicates that the brush border does not contain glycolytic enzymes in vivo and can be thought of as a compartment of its own, somehow separated from the cytoplasm.", "contents": "The brush border of rabbit kidney, a cellular compartment free of glycolytic enzymes. Activities of four enzymes of the glycolytic pathway, hexokinase, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase, were determined in a vesicular brush-border preparation from rabbit kidneys. The specific activities of the enzymes were decreased several-hundredfold in the brush-border preparation compared with a kidney homogenate, but the enzymes were not totally absent. Density-gradient centrifugation of the brush-border preparation yielded brush border of even higher purity and also a characteristic pattern of distribution for each of the contaminating intracellular membranes. The presence of hexokinase in the brush-border preparation could be traced to contaminating mitochondria, and that of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase to contaminating vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum. The brush-border vesicles contained some ATP. An intravesicular concentration of 0.1mm was estimated, indicating that the vesicles had retained at least a part of their original content. Experiments in which fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (mol.wt. 20000) was present during cell lysis revealed that much, but not all, of the brush-border contents had been exchanged with the medium. The complete absence of glycolytic enzymes from brush-border vesicles, which had retained part of their original content, indicates that the brush border does not contain glycolytic enzymes in vivo and can be thought of as a compartment of its own, somehow separated from the cytoplasm.", "PMID": 708404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3396", "title": "Adenine nucleotides in foetal rat liver cells. Compartmentation and variation with age.", "content": "The digitonin method for the separation of cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions was applied to liver cells isolated from foetal rats. The cytosolic [ATP]/[ADP] ratio approximately doubles during the last 4 days of gestation, whereas the mitochondrial ratio remains constant. In the presence of oligomycin and added glucose, the cytosolic [ATP]/[ADP] ratio does not increase with age, but is still considerably higher than the mitochondrial ratio. Without added glucose, and when the glycogen content of foetal liver is still very low (more than 3 days before birth), the cytosolic [ATP]/[ADP] ratio in the presence of oligomycin becomes very low and equal to the mitochondrial ratio. It is concluded that the increasein the cytosolic [ATP]/[ADP] ratio during the last 4 days of gestation is solely due to enhanced mitochondrial activity in this period. Atractyloside and bongkrekic acid do not influence the O2 consumption, nor the [ATP]/[ADP] ratios in either compartment of foetal liver cells. Respiration of isolated foetal mitochondria, however, is strongly inhibited by both compounds. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Adenine nucleotides in foetal rat liver cells. Compartmentation and variation with age. The digitonin method for the separation of cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions was applied to liver cells isolated from foetal rats. The cytosolic [ATP]/[ADP] ratio approximately doubles during the last 4 days of gestation, whereas the mitochondrial ratio remains constant. In the presence of oligomycin and added glucose, the cytosolic [ATP]/[ADP] ratio does not increase with age, but is still considerably higher than the mitochondrial ratio. Without added glucose, and when the glycogen content of foetal liver is still very low (more than 3 days before birth), the cytosolic [ATP]/[ADP] ratio in the presence of oligomycin becomes very low and equal to the mitochondrial ratio. It is concluded that the increasein the cytosolic [ATP]/[ADP] ratio during the last 4 days of gestation is solely due to enhanced mitochondrial activity in this period. Atractyloside and bongkrekic acid do not influence the O2 consumption, nor the [ATP]/[ADP] ratios in either compartment of foetal liver cells. Respiration of isolated foetal mitochondria, however, is strongly inhibited by both compounds. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 708405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3397", "title": "The effect of dietary carbohydrate and fat on the activities of some enzymes responsible for glycerolipid synthesis in rat liver.", "content": "1. Male rats were fed for 14 days on diets containing (by wt.) 53% of starch, or on diets in which 20% of the starch was replaced by sucrose, corn oil or lard. 2. The hepatic activities of the microsomal glycerol phosphate acyltransferase, dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase, phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase, diacylglycerol acyltransferase and choline phosphotransferase, and of the soluble phosphatidate phosphohydrolase, were measured. 3. The soluble phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity was higher in those rats fed on lard than in those fed on the starch diet. Choline phosphotransferase activity was higher in the rats fed on corn oil than in those fed on the starch diet. 4. The rate of hepatic glycerolipid synthesis was measured in vivo 1 min after injection of [1,3-3H]glycerol and [1-14C]palmitate into the portal veins. 5. The relative rate of phosphatidylcholine synthesis in vivo was increased after feeding with corn oil and the higher specific activity of choline phosphotransferase may contribute to this result. The equivalent rate of triacylglycerol synthesis was increased by feeding with lard rather than corn oil, and the increased activity of phosphatidate phosphohydrolase may partly explain this. The latter changes probably contribute to the increased concentration of triacylglycerol which other authors have observed in the livers and sera of animals fed on saturated and monounsaturated fats.", "contents": "The effect of dietary carbohydrate and fat on the activities of some enzymes responsible for glycerolipid synthesis in rat liver. 1. Male rats were fed for 14 days on diets containing (by wt.) 53% of starch, or on diets in which 20% of the starch was replaced by sucrose, corn oil or lard. 2. The hepatic activities of the microsomal glycerol phosphate acyltransferase, dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase, phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase, diacylglycerol acyltransferase and choline phosphotransferase, and of the soluble phosphatidate phosphohydrolase, were measured. 3. The soluble phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity was higher in those rats fed on lard than in those fed on the starch diet. Choline phosphotransferase activity was higher in the rats fed on corn oil than in those fed on the starch diet. 4. The rate of hepatic glycerolipid synthesis was measured in vivo 1 min after injection of [1,3-3H]glycerol and [1-14C]palmitate into the portal veins. 5. The relative rate of phosphatidylcholine synthesis in vivo was increased after feeding with corn oil and the higher specific activity of choline phosphotransferase may contribute to this result. The equivalent rate of triacylglycerol synthesis was increased by feeding with lard rather than corn oil, and the increased activity of phosphatidate phosphohydrolase may partly explain this. The latter changes probably contribute to the increased concentration of triacylglycerol which other authors have observed in the livers and sera of animals fed on saturated and monounsaturated fats.", "PMID": 708406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3398", "title": "Effects of testosterone on messenger ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis in rat seminal vesicle.", "content": "In a previous report [Higgins et al. (1976) Biochem. J.158, 271-282] we described the effects of alterations in androgen status on the synthesis of two basic secretory proteins of the rat seminal vesicle. In the present paper we examine the effects of testosterone on the activity of mRNA in the seminal vesicle. Total cellular poly(A)-rich RNA was isolated and translated in a cell-free system prepared from wheat germ. Translation products were separated on denaturing polyacrylamide gels and the protein bands corresponding to the two basic secretory proteins were identified immunologically. Incorporation of radioactive methionine into these bands was taken as a measure of the individual mRNA activities. Total mRNA activity was estimated by radioactivity in total acid-precipitable material. The results show that 1 to 2 weeks after castration the activities of mRNA molecules for the basic secretory proteins were decreased 10-20-fold on a tissue basis. Testosterone given in vivo rapidly and substantially restores mRNA activity to normal. Since these changes correlate closely with variations in the rates of synthesis of the secretory proteins in whole cells it suggests that androgenic steroids control protein synthesis chiefly via mRNA availability. In this respect their action resembles those of other steroid hormones acting in other systems. However, these effects of testosterone on the mRNA molecules for the major secretory proteins could not be distinguished from those on total mRNA. Thus the proportion of the total mRNA population accounted for by the two specific mRNA molecules showed less than a 2-fold variation with androgen status. Similarly the two secretory proteins always accounted for 25-33% of general protein synthesis. This is in sharp contrast with the markedly differential effects of other steroid hormones controlling synthesis of major proteins in other well-studied systems. We interpret our results as indicating that testosterone regulates the mRNA population of the seminal vesicle as a whole.", "contents": "Effects of testosterone on messenger ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis in rat seminal vesicle. In a previous report [Higgins et al. (1976) Biochem. J.158, 271-282] we described the effects of alterations in androgen status on the synthesis of two basic secretory proteins of the rat seminal vesicle. In the present paper we examine the effects of testosterone on the activity of mRNA in the seminal vesicle. Total cellular poly(A)-rich RNA was isolated and translated in a cell-free system prepared from wheat germ. Translation products were separated on denaturing polyacrylamide gels and the protein bands corresponding to the two basic secretory proteins were identified immunologically. Incorporation of radioactive methionine into these bands was taken as a measure of the individual mRNA activities. Total mRNA activity was estimated by radioactivity in total acid-precipitable material. The results show that 1 to 2 weeks after castration the activities of mRNA molecules for the basic secretory proteins were decreased 10-20-fold on a tissue basis. Testosterone given in vivo rapidly and substantially restores mRNA activity to normal. Since these changes correlate closely with variations in the rates of synthesis of the secretory proteins in whole cells it suggests that androgenic steroids control protein synthesis chiefly via mRNA availability. In this respect their action resembles those of other steroid hormones acting in other systems. However, these effects of testosterone on the mRNA molecules for the major secretory proteins could not be distinguished from those on total mRNA. Thus the proportion of the total mRNA population accounted for by the two specific mRNA molecules showed less than a 2-fold variation with androgen status. Similarly the two secretory proteins always accounted for 25-33% of general protein synthesis. This is in sharp contrast with the markedly differential effects of other steroid hormones controlling synthesis of major proteins in other well-studied systems. We interpret our results as indicating that testosterone regulates the mRNA population of the seminal vesicle as a whole.", "PMID": 708407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3399", "title": "Transverse organization of phospholipids across the bilayer of plasma-membrane subfractions of rat hepatocytes.", "content": "Phospholipase C treatment of vesicular subfractions of plasma membranes derived from the three functional domains of rat liver indicated that there is an asymmetric distribution of phospholipids across the bilayer of these membranes. The bile-canalicular and sinusoidal membranes were similar and different from the contiguous membrane.", "contents": "Transverse organization of phospholipids across the bilayer of plasma-membrane subfractions of rat hepatocytes. Phospholipase C treatment of vesicular subfractions of plasma membranes derived from the three functional domains of rat liver indicated that there is an asymmetric distribution of phospholipids across the bilayer of these membranes. The bile-canalicular and sinusoidal membranes were similar and different from the contiguous membrane.", "PMID": 708408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3400", "title": "Derivation of an electron-transport rate equation, energy-conservation equations and a luminescence-flux equation of algal and plant photosynthesis.", "content": "On the assumption that the photosynthetic electron-transport rate is sometimes limited on the water-splitting side of Q (the oxidized primary electron acceptor), and that Q reduction, as well as primary charge recombination, is not kinetically a monomolecular process, a rate equation, a luminescence-flux equation and several versions of energy-conservation equations are derived. The energy-conservation equations explain most, if not all, observed relationships between rate and fluorescence. In particular, by assuming that the limiting site on the water-splitting side of Q is uncoupler-sensitive, these equations explain the uncoupler-induced simultaneous stimulations of rate and fluorescence as well as inhibition of luminescence without additional assumption ad hoc for each individual phenomenon. A newly introduced parameter central to the derivation of these equations is the specific affinity between two electron carriers.", "contents": "Derivation of an electron-transport rate equation, energy-conservation equations and a luminescence-flux equation of algal and plant photosynthesis. On the assumption that the photosynthetic electron-transport rate is sometimes limited on the water-splitting side of Q (the oxidized primary electron acceptor), and that Q reduction, as well as primary charge recombination, is not kinetically a monomolecular process, a rate equation, a luminescence-flux equation and several versions of energy-conservation equations are derived. The energy-conservation equations explain most, if not all, observed relationships between rate and fluorescence. In particular, by assuming that the limiting site on the water-splitting side of Q is uncoupler-sensitive, these equations explain the uncoupler-induced simultaneous stimulations of rate and fluorescence as well as inhibition of luminescence without additional assumption ad hoc for each individual phenomenon. A newly introduced parameter central to the derivation of these equations is the specific affinity between two electron carriers.", "PMID": 708409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3401", "title": "The metabolic fate of (2-14C)folic acid and a mixture of (2-14C)- and (3',5',9-3h)-folic acid in the rat.", "content": "The metabolism of [2-14C]folic acid over 13 days and a mixture of [2-14C]- and [3',5',9-3h]-folic acid in rats over a 6-day period is described. Both 14C and 3H are excreted in urine over the 6-day period, but 3H and 14C are only detectable in faeces for 2 days. A breakdown product of folic acid labelled with 3H only was found in some urine samples, but no metabolite corresponding to the part of the molecule containing 14C was detected. These experiments show that in the whole animal a substantial portion of orally administered folic acid undergoes scission shortly after administration [Blair Biochem. J. (1957) 68, 385-387] and that the retained folates are a shortage form for folate monoglutamates.", "contents": "The metabolic fate of (2-14C)folic acid and a mixture of (2-14C)- and (3',5',9-3h)-folic acid in the rat. The metabolism of [2-14C]folic acid over 13 days and a mixture of [2-14C]- and [3',5',9-3h]-folic acid in rats over a 6-day period is described. Both 14C and 3H are excreted in urine over the 6-day period, but 3H and 14C are only detectable in faeces for 2 days. A breakdown product of folic acid labelled with 3H only was found in some urine samples, but no metabolite corresponding to the part of the molecule containing 14C was detected. These experiments show that in the whole animal a substantial portion of orally administered folic acid undergoes scission shortly after administration [Blair Biochem. J. (1957) 68, 385-387] and that the retained folates are a shortage form for folate monoglutamates.", "PMID": 708410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3402", "title": "The role of lipid components of the diet in the regulation of the fatty acid composition of the rat liver endoplasmic reticulum and lipid peroxidation.", "content": "The fatty acid compositions of the lipids and the lipid peroxide concentrations and rates of lipid peroxidation were determined in suspensions of liver endoplasmic reticulum isolated from rats fed on synthetic diets in which the fatty acid composition had been varied but the remaining constituents (protein, carbohydrate, vitamins and minerals) kept constant. Stock diet and synthetic diets containing no fat, 10% corn oil, herring oil, coconut oil or lard were used. The fatty acid composition of the liver endoplasmic reticulum lipid was markedly dependent on the fatty acid composition of the dietary lipid. Feeding a herring-oil diet caused incorporation of 8.7% eicosapentaenoic acid (C(20:5)) and 17% docosahexaenoic acid (C(22:6)), but only 5.1% linoleic acid (C(18:2)) and 6.4% arachidonic acid (C(20:4)), feeding a corn-oil diet caused incorporation of 25.1% C(18:2), 17.8% C(20:4) and 2.5% C(22:6) fatty acids, and feeding a lard diet caused incorporation of 10.3% C(18:2), 13.5% C(20:4) and 4.3% C(22:6) fatty acids into the liver endoplasmic-reticulum lipids. Phenobarbitone injection (100mg/kg) decreased the incorporation of C(20:4) and C(22:6) fatty acids into the liver endoplasmic reticulum of rats fed on a lard, corn-oil or herring-oil diet. Microsomal lipid peroxide concentrations and rates of peroxidation in the presence of ascorbate depended on the nature and quantity of the polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet. The lipid peroxide content was 1.82+/-0.30nmol of malonaldehyde/mg of protein and the rate of peroxidation was 0.60+/-0.08nmol of malonaldehyde/min per mg of protein after feeding a fat-free diet, and the values were increased to 20.80nmol of malonaldehyde/mg of protein and 3.73nmol of malonaldehyde/min per mg of protein after feeding a 10% herring-oil diet in which polyunsaturated fatty acids formed 24% of the total fatty acids. Addition of alpha-tocopherol to the diets (120mg/kg of diet) caused a very large decrease in the lipid peroxide concentration and rate of lipid peroxidation in the endoplasmic reticulum, but addition of the synthetic anti-oxidant 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol to the diet (100mg/kg of diet) was ineffective. Treatment of the animals with phenobarbitone (1mg/ml of drinking water) caused a sharp fall in the rate of lipid peroxidation. It is concluded that the polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of the diet regulates the fatty acid composition of the liver endoplasmic reticulum, and this in turn is an important factor controlling the rate and extent of lipid peroxidation in vitro and possibly in vivo.", "contents": "The role of lipid components of the diet in the regulation of the fatty acid composition of the rat liver endoplasmic reticulum and lipid peroxidation. The fatty acid compositions of the lipids and the lipid peroxide concentrations and rates of lipid peroxidation were determined in suspensions of liver endoplasmic reticulum isolated from rats fed on synthetic diets in which the fatty acid composition had been varied but the remaining constituents (protein, carbohydrate, vitamins and minerals) kept constant. Stock diet and synthetic diets containing no fat, 10% corn oil, herring oil, coconut oil or lard were used. The fatty acid composition of the liver endoplasmic reticulum lipid was markedly dependent on the fatty acid composition of the dietary lipid. Feeding a herring-oil diet caused incorporation of 8.7% eicosapentaenoic acid (C(20:5)) and 17% docosahexaenoic acid (C(22:6)), but only 5.1% linoleic acid (C(18:2)) and 6.4% arachidonic acid (C(20:4)), feeding a corn-oil diet caused incorporation of 25.1% C(18:2), 17.8% C(20:4) and 2.5% C(22:6) fatty acids, and feeding a lard diet caused incorporation of 10.3% C(18:2), 13.5% C(20:4) and 4.3% C(22:6) fatty acids into the liver endoplasmic-reticulum lipids. Phenobarbitone injection (100mg/kg) decreased the incorporation of C(20:4) and C(22:6) fatty acids into the liver endoplasmic reticulum of rats fed on a lard, corn-oil or herring-oil diet. Microsomal lipid peroxide concentrations and rates of peroxidation in the presence of ascorbate depended on the nature and quantity of the polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet. The lipid peroxide content was 1.82+/-0.30nmol of malonaldehyde/mg of protein and the rate of peroxidation was 0.60+/-0.08nmol of malonaldehyde/min per mg of protein after feeding a fat-free diet, and the values were increased to 20.80nmol of malonaldehyde/mg of protein and 3.73nmol of malonaldehyde/min per mg of protein after feeding a 10% herring-oil diet in which polyunsaturated fatty acids formed 24% of the total fatty acids. Addition of alpha-tocopherol to the diets (120mg/kg of diet) caused a very large decrease in the lipid peroxide concentration and rate of lipid peroxidation in the endoplasmic reticulum, but addition of the synthetic anti-oxidant 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol to the diet (100mg/kg of diet) was ineffective. Treatment of the animals with phenobarbitone (1mg/ml of drinking water) caused a sharp fall in the rate of lipid peroxidation. It is concluded that the polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of the diet regulates the fatty acid composition of the liver endoplasmic reticulum, and this in turn is an important factor controlling the rate and extent of lipid peroxidation in vitro and possibly in vivo.", "PMID": 708411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3403", "title": "The influence of passive stretch on the growth and protein turnover of the denervated extensor digitorum longus muscle.", "content": "At 7 days after cutting the sciatic nerve, the extensor digitorum longus muscle was smaller and contained less protein than its innervated control. Correlating with these changes was the finding of elevated rates of protein degradation (measured in vitro) in the denervated tissue. However, at this time, rates of protein synthesis (measured in vitro) and nucleic acid concentrations were also higher in the denervated tissue, changes more usually associated with an active muscle rather than a disused one. These anabolic trends have, at least in part, been explained by the possible greater exposure of the denervated extensor digitorum longus to passive stretch. When immobilized under a maintained influence of stretch the denervated muscle grew to a greater extent. Although this stretch-induced growth appeared to occur predominantly through a stimulation of protein synthesis, it was opposed by smaller increases in degradative rates. Nucleic acids increased at a similar rate to the increase in muscle mass when a continuous influence of stretch was imposed on the denervated tissue. In contrast, immobilization of the denervated extensor digitorum longus in a shortened unstretched state reversed most of the stretch-induced changes; that is, the muscle became even smaller, with protein synthesis decreasing to a greater extent than breakdown after the removal of passive stretch. The present investigation suggests that stretch will promote protein synthesis and hence growth of the extensor digitorum longus even in the absence of an intact nerve supply. However, some factor(s), in addition to passive stretch, must contribute to the anabolic trends in this denervated muscle.", "contents": "The influence of passive stretch on the growth and protein turnover of the denervated extensor digitorum longus muscle. At 7 days after cutting the sciatic nerve, the extensor digitorum longus muscle was smaller and contained less protein than its innervated control. Correlating with these changes was the finding of elevated rates of protein degradation (measured in vitro) in the denervated tissue. However, at this time, rates of protein synthesis (measured in vitro) and nucleic acid concentrations were also higher in the denervated tissue, changes more usually associated with an active muscle rather than a disused one. These anabolic trends have, at least in part, been explained by the possible greater exposure of the denervated extensor digitorum longus to passive stretch. When immobilized under a maintained influence of stretch the denervated muscle grew to a greater extent. Although this stretch-induced growth appeared to occur predominantly through a stimulation of protein synthesis, it was opposed by smaller increases in degradative rates. Nucleic acids increased at a similar rate to the increase in muscle mass when a continuous influence of stretch was imposed on the denervated tissue. In contrast, immobilization of the denervated extensor digitorum longus in a shortened unstretched state reversed most of the stretch-induced changes; that is, the muscle became even smaller, with protein synthesis decreasing to a greater extent than breakdown after the removal of passive stretch. The present investigation suggests that stretch will promote protein synthesis and hence growth of the extensor digitorum longus even in the absence of an intact nerve supply. However, some factor(s), in addition to passive stretch, must contribute to the anabolic trends in this denervated muscle.", "PMID": 708412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3404", "title": "The biochemical basis for the conjugation of bile acids with either glycine or taurine.", "content": "All animals, except for the placental mammals, conjugate their bile acids exclusively with taurine. However, in certain of the placental mammals, glycine conjugates are also found. The basis for the appearance of glycine conjugation among the placental mammals was investigated. The reaction of choloyl-CoA with glycine and taurine, as catalysed by the soluble fraction from guinea-pig liver, had a high affinity for taurine and a poor affinity for glycine. The predominant synthesis of glycine conjugates in the guinea pig can be related to the fact that guinea-pig liver contains an unusually low concentration of taurine and a high concentration of glycine. Rabbits make exclusively glycine conjugates and their livers also contain low concentrations of taurine. However, the biochemical basis for their glycine conjugation is more straightforward than in the guinea pig in that the soluble fraction from rabbit liver has a high affinity for glycine and a poor affinity for taurine. Alternative-substrate-inhibition studies with glycine and taurine in soluble fractions from guinea-pig and rabbit liver revealed that glycine and taurine were mutually inhibitory. This suggests that there is only one enzyme for glycine and taurine conjugation in these tissues. The soluble fractions from bovine liver and human liver also made both glycine and taurine conjugates and evidence is presented that suggests that there is only one enzyme in these tissues too. Even the rat, which excretes mostly taurine conjugates, could make both glycine and taurine conjugates in vitro. However, in contrast with all of the placental mammals studied, the supernatant fraction from liver of the chicken, and other non-mammals, could not make glycine conjugates even in the presence of very high concentrations of glycine.", "contents": "The biochemical basis for the conjugation of bile acids with either glycine or taurine. All animals, except for the placental mammals, conjugate their bile acids exclusively with taurine. However, in certain of the placental mammals, glycine conjugates are also found. The basis for the appearance of glycine conjugation among the placental mammals was investigated. The reaction of choloyl-CoA with glycine and taurine, as catalysed by the soluble fraction from guinea-pig liver, had a high affinity for taurine and a poor affinity for glycine. The predominant synthesis of glycine conjugates in the guinea pig can be related to the fact that guinea-pig liver contains an unusually low concentration of taurine and a high concentration of glycine. Rabbits make exclusively glycine conjugates and their livers also contain low concentrations of taurine. However, the biochemical basis for their glycine conjugation is more straightforward than in the guinea pig in that the soluble fraction from rabbit liver has a high affinity for glycine and a poor affinity for taurine. Alternative-substrate-inhibition studies with glycine and taurine in soluble fractions from guinea-pig and rabbit liver revealed that glycine and taurine were mutually inhibitory. This suggests that there is only one enzyme for glycine and taurine conjugation in these tissues. The soluble fractions from bovine liver and human liver also made both glycine and taurine conjugates and evidence is presented that suggests that there is only one enzyme in these tissues too. Even the rat, which excretes mostly taurine conjugates, could make both glycine and taurine conjugates in vitro. However, in contrast with all of the placental mammals studied, the supernatant fraction from liver of the chicken, and other non-mammals, could not make glycine conjugates even in the presence of very high concentrations of glycine.", "PMID": 708413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3405", "title": "Differential light-scattering of granal and agranal chloroplasts and their fragments.", "content": "Intact (class-A) granal and agranal maize chloroplasts and chloroplast fragments were examined for differential scattering of circularly polarized light (measured at 90 degrees) and c.d. (circular dichroism) (measured at 0 degrees) by using a modified spectropolarimeter with a large acceptance angle. Useful c.d. information was obtained by making corrections for scattered light. Chloroplast fragments exhibited a large and characteristic differential scattering of circularly polarized light recognized in the presence of granal chloroplasts. It is confirmed that agranal chloroplasts do not have the intense 682 nm c.d. peak that is assigned to the presence of grana.", "contents": "Differential light-scattering of granal and agranal chloroplasts and their fragments. Intact (class-A) granal and agranal maize chloroplasts and chloroplast fragments were examined for differential scattering of circularly polarized light (measured at 90 degrees) and c.d. (circular dichroism) (measured at 0 degrees) by using a modified spectropolarimeter with a large acceptance angle. Useful c.d. information was obtained by making corrections for scattered light. Chloroplast fragments exhibited a large and characteristic differential scattering of circularly polarized light recognized in the presence of granal chloroplasts. It is confirmed that agranal chloroplasts do not have the intense 682 nm c.d. peak that is assigned to the presence of grana.", "PMID": 708414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3406", "title": "Disialoganglioside GDla of rat brain subcellular particles during development.", "content": "The increase observed in the amount of the disialoganglioside GDlof the rat cerebrum during development between 21 and 81 days of age accounted for nearly 40% of the overall increase in total ganglioside in the tissue during the same period. Subcellular fractionation showed the microsomal fraction to contribute by far the most towards this increase in Cerebral ganglioside GDla. It is suggested that microsomal ganglioside GDla may serve as a marker for dendritic arborization in the rat cerebrum.", "contents": "Disialoganglioside GDla of rat brain subcellular particles during development. The increase observed in the amount of the disialoganglioside GDlof the rat cerebrum during development between 21 and 81 days of age accounted for nearly 40% of the overall increase in total ganglioside in the tissue during the same period. Subcellular fractionation showed the microsomal fraction to contribute by far the most towards this increase in Cerebral ganglioside GDla. It is suggested that microsomal ganglioside GDla may serve as a marker for dendritic arborization in the rat cerebrum.", "PMID": 708415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3407", "title": "Stereospecific biosynthesis of triacylglycerols in mammary glands from lactating rats.", "content": "Microsomal plus cytosol preparations from the mammary gland of lactating rats are capable of incorporating palmitic acid and oleic acid into triacylglycerols. These triacylglycerols are similar in structure to those found in rat milk, where palmitic acid tends to be confined to the sn-2-position of the glycerol. Both glycerol 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate function as acyl acceptors. The enzymic synthesis of triacylglycerols appears in late pregnancy, increases rapidly during early lactation, but disappears within 3 days of weaning.", "contents": "Stereospecific biosynthesis of triacylglycerols in mammary glands from lactating rats. Microsomal plus cytosol preparations from the mammary gland of lactating rats are capable of incorporating palmitic acid and oleic acid into triacylglycerols. These triacylglycerols are similar in structure to those found in rat milk, where palmitic acid tends to be confined to the sn-2-position of the glycerol. Both glycerol 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate function as acyl acceptors. The enzymic synthesis of triacylglycerols appears in late pregnancy, increases rapidly during early lactation, but disappears within 3 days of weaning.", "PMID": 708416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3408", "title": "The lipoprotein lipase (clearing-factor lipase) activity of cells isolated from rat cardiac muscle.", "content": "The total lipoprotein lipase activity recovered in suspension of cells prepared from adult rat hearts was unaffected by the nutritional state of the animals used. The enzyme activity present in the cell suspensions was almost exclusively associated with the cardiac muscle cells present as the major cell type.", "contents": "The lipoprotein lipase (clearing-factor lipase) activity of cells isolated from rat cardiac muscle. The total lipoprotein lipase activity recovered in suspension of cells prepared from adult rat hearts was unaffected by the nutritional state of the animals used. The enzyme activity present in the cell suspensions was almost exclusively associated with the cardiac muscle cells present as the major cell type.", "PMID": 708417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3409", "title": "Relation of hemodynamics to the incidence of diethylstilbestrol-induced aortic ruptures in hypertensive and hypotensive lines of turkeys.", "content": "Hypertensive and hypotensive lines of turkeys were treated with diethylstilbestrol (DES) alone, or with DES and propranolol (PROP). Untreated turkeys of each blood pressure line served as controls. Mortality rate from aortic ruptures was highest (43.7%) in the hypertensive line treated with DES, but mortality was reduced to 7.7% when this line of turkey was treated with both DES and PROP. Among the hypotensive line of turkeys treated with DES, 26.7% died of aortic ruptures, but none died when these turkeys were treated with DES and PROP. Propranolol did not influence serum cholesterol levels, and all DES or DES and PROP treated birds had greatly elevated values, as contrasted to untreated turkeys. Aortic lipid values were highest in the hypotensive line of turkeys treated with DES, but, by histologic evaluation, aortic atherosclerosis was equally severe in all DES-treated turkeys. Blood pressure and aortic dp/dt max were higher in the hypertensive line treated with DES than in the similarly treated hypotensive line. This probably accounted for the higher mortality in the former group. Absence of significant mortality in either line of turkey following treatment with both DES and PROP apparently resulted from the decreased stress on the aorta caused by lowering of blood pressure and aortic dp/dt max by PROP.", "contents": "Relation of hemodynamics to the incidence of diethylstilbestrol-induced aortic ruptures in hypertensive and hypotensive lines of turkeys. Hypertensive and hypotensive lines of turkeys were treated with diethylstilbestrol (DES) alone, or with DES and propranolol (PROP). Untreated turkeys of each blood pressure line served as controls. Mortality rate from aortic ruptures was highest (43.7%) in the hypertensive line treated with DES, but mortality was reduced to 7.7% when this line of turkey was treated with both DES and PROP. Among the hypotensive line of turkeys treated with DES, 26.7% died of aortic ruptures, but none died when these turkeys were treated with DES and PROP. Propranolol did not influence serum cholesterol levels, and all DES or DES and PROP treated birds had greatly elevated values, as contrasted to untreated turkeys. Aortic lipid values were highest in the hypotensive line of turkeys treated with DES, but, by histologic evaluation, aortic atherosclerosis was equally severe in all DES-treated turkeys. Blood pressure and aortic dp/dt max were higher in the hypertensive line treated with DES than in the similarly treated hypotensive line. This probably accounted for the higher mortality in the former group. Absence of significant mortality in either line of turkey following treatment with both DES and PROP apparently resulted from the decreased stress on the aorta caused by lowering of blood pressure and aortic dp/dt max by PROP.", "PMID": 708484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3410", "title": "Fatty acids and the initial events of endothelial damage seen by scanning and transmission electron microscopy.", "content": "A method was developed for observing changes in the endothelial cells in rabbit ear veins in vivo by scanning electron microscopy. Injection of fatty acids into the ear vein caused damage to the endothelium. The first signs of damage seen were marked bulges in the nuclei and loss of the rhomboidal shape of the endothelial cells. More severe damage included loss of nuclei, leaving holes in the cytoplasm. Some parts of the damaged endothelium showed complete separation of cells from each other and exposure of sub-endothelial tissue to which platelets with pseudopodia were adhering. Damage to the endothelium was produced by arachidonic, linoleic, gamma-linolenic, 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic, 5,8,11,14,-eicosatetraenoic or 15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acids. The effect of arachidonic acid was not prevented by pre-treating the animals with aspirin. It appears that damage produced by the fatty acids is non-specific.", "contents": "Fatty acids and the initial events of endothelial damage seen by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. A method was developed for observing changes in the endothelial cells in rabbit ear veins in vivo by scanning electron microscopy. Injection of fatty acids into the ear vein caused damage to the endothelium. The first signs of damage seen were marked bulges in the nuclei and loss of the rhomboidal shape of the endothelial cells. More severe damage included loss of nuclei, leaving holes in the cytoplasm. Some parts of the damaged endothelium showed complete separation of cells from each other and exposure of sub-endothelial tissue to which platelets with pseudopodia were adhering. Damage to the endothelium was produced by arachidonic, linoleic, gamma-linolenic, 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic, 5,8,11,14,-eicosatetraenoic or 15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acids. The effect of arachidonic acid was not prevented by pre-treating the animals with aspirin. It appears that damage produced by the fatty acids is non-specific.", "PMID": 708486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3411", "title": "Pharmacologically induced hypolipidemia. The ethinyl estradiol-treated rat.", "content": "The aim of this study was to examine in detail the lipid and apoprotein concentrations in the serum of rats treated with pharmacologic doses (5 mg/kg/d for 5 d) of the synthetic estrogen derivative ethinyl estradiol. The results show that in rats, estrogen-induced hypolipidemia is associated with a nearly complete absence of the lipid and protein moieties normally found in d less than 1.21 fraction of serum. Quantitation of specific apolipoproteins by immunoelectrophoresis show that most apolipoproteins are decreased by more than 90% in the serum of estrogen-treated rats. In contrast to the changes in d less than 1.21 lipoproteins, estrogen treatment only slightly reduced serum phospholipid concentrations (by only 10%) and caused no change in the concentration of serum albumin. The results show that the ethinyl estradiol-treated rat is an excellent model of drug-induced hypolipidemia.", "contents": "Pharmacologically induced hypolipidemia. The ethinyl estradiol-treated rat. The aim of this study was to examine in detail the lipid and apoprotein concentrations in the serum of rats treated with pharmacologic doses (5 mg/kg/d for 5 d) of the synthetic estrogen derivative ethinyl estradiol. The results show that in rats, estrogen-induced hypolipidemia is associated with a nearly complete absence of the lipid and protein moieties normally found in d less than 1.21 fraction of serum. Quantitation of specific apolipoproteins by immunoelectrophoresis show that most apolipoproteins are decreased by more than 90% in the serum of estrogen-treated rats. In contrast to the changes in d less than 1.21 lipoproteins, estrogen treatment only slightly reduced serum phospholipid concentrations (by only 10%) and caused no change in the concentration of serum albumin. The results show that the ethinyl estradiol-treated rat is an excellent model of drug-induced hypolipidemia.", "PMID": 708487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3412", "title": "The inhibitory effect of new diphosphonic acids on aortic and kidney calcification in vivo.", "content": "Three new diphosphonic acids, i.e. compounds containing a P-C-P bond, have been investigated for their ability to inhibit the vitamin D-induced calcification of aortas and kidneys in rats. The compounds were applied orally in various doses. All of the compounds, which had previously been shown to effectively inhibit the in vitro crystallization of apatite, markedly decreased the amount of calcium deposited in aortas and kidneys. One of the new compounds was substantially more effective than ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonic acid (EHDP), which was used as a reference compound. Diphosphonic acids might be used therapeutically in man against soft tissue calcification.", "contents": "The inhibitory effect of new diphosphonic acids on aortic and kidney calcification in vivo. Three new diphosphonic acids, i.e. compounds containing a P-C-P bond, have been investigated for their ability to inhibit the vitamin D-induced calcification of aortas and kidneys in rats. The compounds were applied orally in various doses. All of the compounds, which had previously been shown to effectively inhibit the in vitro crystallization of apatite, markedly decreased the amount of calcium deposited in aortas and kidneys. One of the new compounds was substantially more effective than ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonic acid (EHDP), which was used as a reference compound. Diphosphonic acids might be used therapeutically in man against soft tissue calcification.", "PMID": 708489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3413", "title": "Effect of carbon monoxide exposure on aortic and coronary intimal morphology in the rabbit. A revaluation.", "content": "Non-cholesterol-fed rabbits were exposed to carbon monoxide at concentrations in air of either 200, 2000, or 4000 parts per million (=0.02, 0.2 or 0.4%, vol/vol). Using the same criteria for intimal damage as in earlier morphological studies, no histotoxic effect on intimal/subintimal morphology of coronary arteries or the aorta could be demonstrated, when light-microscopic evaluation was performed blindly.", "contents": "Effect of carbon monoxide exposure on aortic and coronary intimal morphology in the rabbit. A revaluation. Non-cholesterol-fed rabbits were exposed to carbon monoxide at concentrations in air of either 200, 2000, or 4000 parts per million (=0.02, 0.2 or 0.4%, vol/vol). Using the same criteria for intimal damage as in earlier morphological studies, no histotoxic effect on intimal/subintimal morphology of coronary arteries or the aorta could be demonstrated, when light-microscopic evaluation was performed blindly.", "PMID": 708490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3414", "title": "Endothelial permeability in experimental aneurysms and arteriovenous fistulas in rabbits as demonstrated by the uptake of Evans blue.", "content": "Rabbits with chronic experimental arteriovenous fistulas or different types of aneurysm fashioned by microvascular surgery have been examined for changed in endothelial permeability by means of a protein-bound tracer dye technique. The aneurysms and anastomosed veins of the arteriovenous aneurysms exhibited pronounced dye-uptake in contrast to low uptake at sites of sham operation. The results demonstrate the importance of haemodynamic factors in altered endothelial function, as shown with a tracer dye technique in these experimental vascular models.", "contents": "Endothelial permeability in experimental aneurysms and arteriovenous fistulas in rabbits as demonstrated by the uptake of Evans blue. Rabbits with chronic experimental arteriovenous fistulas or different types of aneurysm fashioned by microvascular surgery have been examined for changed in endothelial permeability by means of a protein-bound tracer dye technique. The aneurysms and anastomosed veins of the arteriovenous aneurysms exhibited pronounced dye-uptake in contrast to low uptake at sites of sham operation. The results demonstrate the importance of haemodynamic factors in altered endothelial function, as shown with a tracer dye technique in these experimental vascular models.", "PMID": 708491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3415", "title": "Effect of garlic on human platelet aggregation in vitro.", "content": "In 6 healthy adults the effect of essential oil of garlic on platelet aggregation was studied in vitro with an aggreganometer. The blood was collected in a siliconized centrifuge tube containing sodium citrate. The aggregating agents used were ADP, epinephrine and collagen. In each subject aggregation was studied 3 times: (i) initial fasting control; (ii) immediately after (i) but with essential oil of garlic drawn into the syringe together with the sodium citrate; (iii) 5 days after feeding 0.5 mg of essential oil of garlic daily. Addition of essential oil of garlic inhibited in-vitro platelet aggregation induced by ADP, epinephrine or collagen; the effect was dose-related. Oral administration of garlic also decreased platelet aggregation. Thus, garlic seems to inhibit some aspects of thrombus formation.", "contents": "Effect of garlic on human platelet aggregation in vitro. In 6 healthy adults the effect of essential oil of garlic on platelet aggregation was studied in vitro with an aggreganometer. The blood was collected in a siliconized centrifuge tube containing sodium citrate. The aggregating agents used were ADP, epinephrine and collagen. In each subject aggregation was studied 3 times: (i) initial fasting control; (ii) immediately after (i) but with essential oil of garlic drawn into the syringe together with the sodium citrate; (iii) 5 days after feeding 0.5 mg of essential oil of garlic daily. Addition of essential oil of garlic inhibited in-vitro platelet aggregation induced by ADP, epinephrine or collagen; the effect was dose-related. Oral administration of garlic also decreased platelet aggregation. Thus, garlic seems to inhibit some aspects of thrombus formation.", "PMID": 708492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3416", "title": "Artefacts of localization of atherosclerosis in pinned aortas.", "content": "Detailed studies of aortas from 8 rabbits showed that serious artefacts occur if the aortas are pinned at their in vivo dimensions, rather than fixed at physiological pressure. In the pinned aortas, the proximal parts of the branches were pulled up onto the aortic wall. This was more pronounced for the large branches of the abdominal aorta than for the smaller intercostal branches. This artefact caused atherosclerotic lesions, which had developed at the origin of the branch, to appear as if they were entirely on the aortic wall. We found that a marked change in the elastin pattern was present at the origin of the branch; this can be used to mark the true origin of the branch. With the pressure technique we found that lesions had different shapes and locations at different branch points.", "contents": "Artefacts of localization of atherosclerosis in pinned aortas. Detailed studies of aortas from 8 rabbits showed that serious artefacts occur if the aortas are pinned at their in vivo dimensions, rather than fixed at physiological pressure. In the pinned aortas, the proximal parts of the branches were pulled up onto the aortic wall. This was more pronounced for the large branches of the abdominal aorta than for the smaller intercostal branches. This artefact caused atherosclerotic lesions, which had developed at the origin of the branch, to appear as if they were entirely on the aortic wall. We found that a marked change in the elastin pattern was present at the origin of the branch; this can be used to mark the true origin of the branch. With the pressure technique we found that lesions had different shapes and locations at different branch points.", "PMID": 708494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3417", "title": "The effect of garri on rat plasma cholesterol.", "content": "Plasma cholesterol concentrations were measured in rats after incorporation of garri in their diet; control animals were fed a diet without garri. Cholesterol concentrations decreased with incorporation of garri in the diet, but a saturation point was reached after which garri had no further lowering effect on plasma cholesterol. Histology of the kidney and liver revealed cellular vacuolation and cytoplasmic swelling in garri-fed animals.", "contents": "The effect of garri on rat plasma cholesterol. Plasma cholesterol concentrations were measured in rats after incorporation of garri in their diet; control animals were fed a diet without garri. Cholesterol concentrations decreased with incorporation of garri in the diet, but a saturation point was reached after which garri had no further lowering effect on plasma cholesterol. Histology of the kidney and liver revealed cellular vacuolation and cytoplasmic swelling in garri-fed animals.", "PMID": 708495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3418", "title": "Significance of luminal plasma layer resistance in arterial wall oxygen supply.", "content": "Previous analyses of the arterial wall oxygen supply system have assumed that a cell-free layer of plasma next to the endothelium is the major transport barrier in the lumen. Using a computer simulation, we have quantitatively tested this assumption. Our results show that oxygen diffusion gradients extend significantly into the flowing blood well beyond any plasma layer and that the major luminal transport resistance lies in the flowing blood and not in the plasma layer. The simulation was also employed to compute the effect of a reported 50% drop in plasma oxygen diffusivity. This rather large reduction did significantly lower oxygen levels within the arterial wall tissue. Whether such large reductions in diffusivity ever actually occur in human plasma is a subject of current controversy.", "contents": "Significance of luminal plasma layer resistance in arterial wall oxygen supply. Previous analyses of the arterial wall oxygen supply system have assumed that a cell-free layer of plasma next to the endothelium is the major transport barrier in the lumen. Using a computer simulation, we have quantitatively tested this assumption. Our results show that oxygen diffusion gradients extend significantly into the flowing blood well beyond any plasma layer and that the major luminal transport resistance lies in the flowing blood and not in the plasma layer. The simulation was also employed to compute the effect of a reported 50% drop in plasma oxygen diffusivity. This rather large reduction did significantly lower oxygen levels within the arterial wall tissue. Whether such large reductions in diffusivity ever actually occur in human plasma is a subject of current controversy.", "PMID": 708496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3419", "title": "Intravenous fat tolerance in obese Africans with varying grades of carbohydrate tolerance.", "content": "An intravenous fat tolerance test (IVFTT) was performed and fasting plasma lipid values determined in 12 healthy normal weight, 18 obese non-diabetic, 9 obese chemical diabetic and 10 obese symptomatic diabetic African subjects. Their insulin responses to an oral glucose load were also determined. Mean plasma triglyceride levels were similar in the normal weight and obese non-diabetic groups but were significantly raised in the two diabetic groups, being highest in the symptomatic diabetics. The fractional removal-rate of an intravenous injection of the fat emulsion Intralipid was significantly less in each of the obese diabetic groups compared with the normal weight or obese non-diabetic group. There was a significant negative correlation in all but the symptomatic diabetic group between the fasting triglyceride level and the rate constants for the IVFTT. These results suggest that the rate of triglyceride clearance is an important determinant of the basal plasma triglyceride concentration in urban African subjects.", "contents": "Intravenous fat tolerance in obese Africans with varying grades of carbohydrate tolerance. An intravenous fat tolerance test (IVFTT) was performed and fasting plasma lipid values determined in 12 healthy normal weight, 18 obese non-diabetic, 9 obese chemical diabetic and 10 obese symptomatic diabetic African subjects. Their insulin responses to an oral glucose load were also determined. Mean plasma triglyceride levels were similar in the normal weight and obese non-diabetic groups but were significantly raised in the two diabetic groups, being highest in the symptomatic diabetics. The fractional removal-rate of an intravenous injection of the fat emulsion Intralipid was significantly less in each of the obese diabetic groups compared with the normal weight or obese non-diabetic group. There was a significant negative correlation in all but the symptomatic diabetic group between the fasting triglyceride level and the rate constants for the IVFTT. These results suggest that the rate of triglyceride clearance is an important determinant of the basal plasma triglyceride concentration in urban African subjects.", "PMID": 708498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3420", "title": "Computer assisted tomography and pneumoencephalography in nonhydrocephalic, nontumorous head enlargement.", "content": "Forty children with enlarged heads were studied by pneumoencephalography and/or computer assisted tomography (CAT). Ventricular dimensions from CAT scans of 70 normal children formed a control group. In the group of 40 children with neither hydrocephalus nor brain tumor, CAT more reliably showed ventricular enlargement in patients with neurologic impairment.", "contents": "Computer assisted tomography and pneumoencephalography in nonhydrocephalic, nontumorous head enlargement. Forty children with enlarged heads were studied by pneumoencephalography and/or computer assisted tomography (CAT). Ventricular dimensions from CAT scans of 70 normal children formed a control group. In the group of 40 children with neither hydrocephalus nor brain tumor, CAT more reliably showed ventricular enlargement in patients with neurologic impairment.", "PMID": 708499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3421", "title": "Asymmetries of the cerebral hemispheres on computed tomograms.", "content": "Numerous cerebral asymmetries are shown on cerebral computed tomography (CT). Those seen most commonly are: (a) the left occipital pole is frequently wider and protrudes further posteriorly than the right; (b) the right frontal area often measures wider than the left, and the right frontal pole usually protrudes either as far forward as the left or extends beyond the left; and (c) the calcified glomus of the left lateral ventricle commonly lies posterior to that of the right when there is posterior protrusion of the left occipital pole beyond the right. The above hemispheral asymmetries are more common in right handed individuals. Hemispheral asymmetries tend to be less striking in left handed individuals, but widening of the left frontal and right occipital regions is more common in left handers than right handers. In both right and left handers, the central portion of the right hemisphere is frequently wider than the left; the pineal therefore often lies slightly to the left of the midline in normal brains. A study of cerebral asymmetries should help in the detection of early mass lesions and may also help in the study of hemispheral specialization for behavioral function.", "contents": "Asymmetries of the cerebral hemispheres on computed tomograms. Numerous cerebral asymmetries are shown on cerebral computed tomography (CT). Those seen most commonly are: (a) the left occipital pole is frequently wider and protrudes further posteriorly than the right; (b) the right frontal area often measures wider than the left, and the right frontal pole usually protrudes either as far forward as the left or extends beyond the left; and (c) the calcified glomus of the left lateral ventricle commonly lies posterior to that of the right when there is posterior protrusion of the left occipital pole beyond the right. The above hemispheral asymmetries are more common in right handed individuals. Hemispheral asymmetries tend to be less striking in left handed individuals, but widening of the left frontal and right occipital regions is more common in left handers than right handers. In both right and left handers, the central portion of the right hemisphere is frequently wider than the left; the pineal therefore often lies slightly to the left of the midline in normal brains. A study of cerebral asymmetries should help in the detection of early mass lesions and may also help in the study of hemispheral specialization for behavioral function.", "PMID": 708500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3422", "title": "[Sib cases of Dandy-Walker syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Two children of normal parents had \"Dandy-Walker syndrome\" (cystic dilatation of the 4th ventricle with incomplete development of the cerebeller vermis). Both cases were admitted to our hospital in neonatal period, because of apneic spell. Air study showed the enlargement of the 4th ventricle in both cases. One case (22 days after birth, male infant) was operated by occipital craniotomy, and cystic membrane of the roof of the 4th ventricle was removed. But his head was growing rapidly in size, which suggested hydrocephalus. He died of pneumonia at 70 days after V-P shunt operation. At autopsy, defect of the cerebellar vermis and tonsil, involving the enlargement of the 4th ventricle was found. Another case, younger sister of the previous one, was complicated by occipital meningocele, which did not communicated with ventricular system. Her occipital tumor was removed, and now, she is growing normally in body size, but does not react to the visual stimuli with considerable psychomotor retardation. In our cases, occlusion of the foramina Luschka and Magendie was not present. So, we have come to the conclusion that primary underdevelopment of the cerebellum is of major importance for understanding of the etiopathogenesis of this syndrome.", "contents": "[Sib cases of Dandy-Walker syndrome (author's transl)]. Two children of normal parents had \"Dandy-Walker syndrome\" (cystic dilatation of the 4th ventricle with incomplete development of the cerebeller vermis). Both cases were admitted to our hospital in neonatal period, because of apneic spell. Air study showed the enlargement of the 4th ventricle in both cases. One case (22 days after birth, male infant) was operated by occipital craniotomy, and cystic membrane of the roof of the 4th ventricle was removed. But his head was growing rapidly in size, which suggested hydrocephalus. He died of pneumonia at 70 days after V-P shunt operation. At autopsy, defect of the cerebellar vermis and tonsil, involving the enlargement of the 4th ventricle was found. Another case, younger sister of the previous one, was complicated by occipital meningocele, which did not communicated with ventricular system. Her occipital tumor was removed, and now, she is growing normally in body size, but does not react to the visual stimuli with considerable psychomotor retardation. In our cases, occlusion of the foramina Luschka and Magendie was not present. So, we have come to the conclusion that primary underdevelopment of the cerebellum is of major importance for understanding of the etiopathogenesis of this syndrome.", "PMID": 708507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3423", "title": "[A regional cerebral blood flow in patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage--with special references to spasm (author's transl)].", "content": "Measurements of the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were performed 44 times on patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, using the 133-Xe clearance method with aid of the 8 channel detector unit. The patients consisted of 31 preoperative cases within 3 weeks of the last subarachnoid hemorrhage. The sites of the ruptured aneurysms included 11 anterior communicating arteries, 8 middle cerebral arteries, 7 internal carotid arteries and 3 anterior cerebral arteries. In 2 cases, the aneurysms were not identified with the cerebral angiograms. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of spasm on the rCBF. The subjects were divided into two groups: those with and without spasm. Furthermore, the group with spasm was divided into three subgroups according to the degree of spasm. The findings obtained were as follows; The group with spasm showed a statistically significant decrease in the mean of the rCBF. The MrCBF was not influenced by the distribution of spasm, however. In the group without spasm, the MrCBF had a good correlation with the cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSF-P) or the level of consciousness. In the group with spasm, there was no correlation between the MrCBF and the CSF-P or the level of consciousness. For example that marked reduction of the MrCBF were seen in some cases with low CSF-P or only slight disturbance of consciousness. The rCBF was measured 2 or 3 times in 5 cases with spasm. The decrease in MrCBF occured about one week after the incidence of the subarachnoid hemorrhage but MrCBF recovered with the disappearance of spasm 2 or 3 weeks after the attack. There was a poor correlation between spasm and relative flow patterns. The good correlation, however, was found in only one case with the severe spasm at the middle cerebral artery.", "contents": "[A regional cerebral blood flow in patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage--with special references to spasm (author's transl)]. Measurements of the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were performed 44 times on patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, using the 133-Xe clearance method with aid of the 8 channel detector unit. The patients consisted of 31 preoperative cases within 3 weeks of the last subarachnoid hemorrhage. The sites of the ruptured aneurysms included 11 anterior communicating arteries, 8 middle cerebral arteries, 7 internal carotid arteries and 3 anterior cerebral arteries. In 2 cases, the aneurysms were not identified with the cerebral angiograms. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of spasm on the rCBF. The subjects were divided into two groups: those with and without spasm. Furthermore, the group with spasm was divided into three subgroups according to the degree of spasm. The findings obtained were as follows; The group with spasm showed a statistically significant decrease in the mean of the rCBF. The MrCBF was not influenced by the distribution of spasm, however. In the group without spasm, the MrCBF had a good correlation with the cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSF-P) or the level of consciousness. In the group with spasm, there was no correlation between the MrCBF and the CSF-P or the level of consciousness. For example that marked reduction of the MrCBF were seen in some cases with low CSF-P or only slight disturbance of consciousness. The rCBF was measured 2 or 3 times in 5 cases with spasm. The decrease in MrCBF occured about one week after the incidence of the subarachnoid hemorrhage but MrCBF recovered with the disappearance of spasm 2 or 3 weeks after the attack. There was a poor correlation between spasm and relative flow patterns. The good correlation, however, was found in only one case with the severe spasm at the middle cerebral artery.", "PMID": 708508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3424", "title": "[Surgery of anterior communicating artery aneurysm--from the experiences of 346 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "In the past 14 years, 1000 cases of aneurysms were submitted to surgical operations without using microscope. In this report 346 cases of anterior communicating artery aneurysms were studied. The operative result at discharge was as follows; 19 cases (5.5%) were dead, 27 poor, 39 fair, 64 good and 197 excellent. In the follow-up, out of 300 cases 29 were dead (16 were related to the operation), 7 were poor, 13 fair, 26 good and 226 excellent. Out of 19 dead cases during hospitalization, 14 were operated within two weeks after SAH. Ten out of 14 cases operated within two weeks died due to vasospasm and all these 10 cases were operated between five to 11 days after SAH. These results and results of ultra-early surgery on other sites of aneurysm suggested that the surgery should be avoided on the cases from third to 10th day after SAH. After the 3rd day, the operation should be decided by taking vasospasm into consideration. If the SAH attack is a mojor one accompanying loss of consciousness more than one hour, the operation should be postponed until the 14th day. If the SAH attack is a moderate one accompanying loss of consciousness within one hour, it should be postponed until the 9th or 10th day. When the SAH attack doesn't accompany loss of consciousness, the surgery can be done any time. If stiff neck is obvious, it should be performed on the 9th or 10th day. Our approach for anterior communicating artery aneurysms is a interhemispherical approach following the bifrontal craniotomy. Hypothermic anesthesia around 27 degrees C was used in order to prolong the temporary occlusion time until 1971. Since 1972, 500 approximately 800 ml of 20% mannitol was applied intravenously for preventing the infarction following the temporary occlusion under the normothermic general anesthesia. Details of the operative records of 346 cases were analyzed and our operative method, technique and technical points were discussed.", "contents": "[Surgery of anterior communicating artery aneurysm--from the experiences of 346 cases (author's transl)]. In the past 14 years, 1000 cases of aneurysms were submitted to surgical operations without using microscope. In this report 346 cases of anterior communicating artery aneurysms were studied. The operative result at discharge was as follows; 19 cases (5.5%) were dead, 27 poor, 39 fair, 64 good and 197 excellent. In the follow-up, out of 300 cases 29 were dead (16 were related to the operation), 7 were poor, 13 fair, 26 good and 226 excellent. Out of 19 dead cases during hospitalization, 14 were operated within two weeks after SAH. Ten out of 14 cases operated within two weeks died due to vasospasm and all these 10 cases were operated between five to 11 days after SAH. These results and results of ultra-early surgery on other sites of aneurysm suggested that the surgery should be avoided on the cases from third to 10th day after SAH. After the 3rd day, the operation should be decided by taking vasospasm into consideration. If the SAH attack is a mojor one accompanying loss of consciousness more than one hour, the operation should be postponed until the 14th day. If the SAH attack is a moderate one accompanying loss of consciousness within one hour, it should be postponed until the 9th or 10th day. When the SAH attack doesn't accompany loss of consciousness, the surgery can be done any time. If stiff neck is obvious, it should be performed on the 9th or 10th day. Our approach for anterior communicating artery aneurysms is a interhemispherical approach following the bifrontal craniotomy. Hypothermic anesthesia around 27 degrees C was used in order to prolong the temporary occlusion time until 1971. Since 1972, 500 approximately 800 ml of 20% mannitol was applied intravenously for preventing the infarction following the temporary occlusion under the normothermic general anesthesia. Details of the operative records of 346 cases were analyzed and our operative method, technique and technical points were discussed.", "PMID": 708509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3425", "title": "[Experimental brain tumors produced transplacentally by ethylnitrosourea (IV): ultrastructure studied by using transmission and scanning electron microscope (author's transl)].", "content": "The fine structure of rat gliomas induced transplacentally with a single i.p. dose of 50 mg/kg of Ethylnitrosourea has been studied by using transmission and scanning electron microscope. The subependymal matrix layers of the fetus which was affected by ENU have showed irregular and rough arrangements with expanded extracellular spaces as compared with that of control rats. The cells of subependymal layer seemed to form the microtumor. A so-called \"microtumor\", which was found in a 8 week old, has been composed of small round cells. The fine structures of these cells have showed the characteristics in primitive oligodendroglioma. The characteristics of the fine structure of astrocytoma cells was identified by both TEM and SEM. The fine structure of subependymal glioma cells was often pleomorphic. These gliomas contained a mixture of primitive oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells together with anaplastic glial cells. With increasing size, the glioma has become more pleomorphic with a mixture of neoplastic oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and ependymal cells, and ependymoma like cells have showed neither cilia nor junctional complex. Abnormal vascular structure in the tumor has been reconfirmed by injection replica scanning electron microscope method. The fine structure of the separated single tumor cell surface was also studied by scanning electron microscope. The differences of the cells surface between that of astrocytoma cell and oligodendroglioma cells were clearly noticed.", "contents": "[Experimental brain tumors produced transplacentally by ethylnitrosourea (IV): ultrastructure studied by using transmission and scanning electron microscope (author's transl)]. The fine structure of rat gliomas induced transplacentally with a single i.p. dose of 50 mg/kg of Ethylnitrosourea has been studied by using transmission and scanning electron microscope. The subependymal matrix layers of the fetus which was affected by ENU have showed irregular and rough arrangements with expanded extracellular spaces as compared with that of control rats. The cells of subependymal layer seemed to form the microtumor. A so-called \"microtumor\", which was found in a 8 week old, has been composed of small round cells. The fine structures of these cells have showed the characteristics in primitive oligodendroglioma. The characteristics of the fine structure of astrocytoma cells was identified by both TEM and SEM. The fine structure of subependymal glioma cells was often pleomorphic. These gliomas contained a mixture of primitive oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells together with anaplastic glial cells. With increasing size, the glioma has become more pleomorphic with a mixture of neoplastic oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and ependymal cells, and ependymoma like cells have showed neither cilia nor junctional complex. Abnormal vascular structure in the tumor has been reconfirmed by injection replica scanning electron microscope method. The fine structure of the separated single tumor cell surface was also studied by scanning electron microscope. The differences of the cells surface between that of astrocytoma cell and oligodendroglioma cells were clearly noticed.", "PMID": 708510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3426", "title": "[Diabetes insipidus in children--long-term follow-up study].", "content": "A follow-up study was carried out on 12 children with vasopressin sensitive diabetes insipidus. 1) Nine cases (75%) of 12 were finally diagnosed as having brain tumor in later course. There were 3 cases (25%) who could not be decided as having brain tumor during the follow-up period of more than 6 years. 2) There was one case who developed the overt signs of brain tumor 9 years after the onset of diabetes insipidus. Therefore, it seems necessary to follow-up cases with diabetes insipidus for at least 10 years before determining it as idiopathic type. 3) In cases with diabetes insipidus due to brain tumor, associated growth retardation, autonomic symptoms, behavior disorder, endocrine dysfunction and metabolic dysfunction were frequently observed. In the case where these symptoms become aggravated with lapse of time, these findings should be taken seriously as indicating brain tumor. 4) In the case showing either anterior or posterior focal slow waves in the EEG, if such focal slow waves aggravate with age, the findings should be considered as indicative of brain tumor. 5) We would like to emphasize the significance of brain tumor as the underlying pathology of childhood diabetes insipidus.", "contents": "[Diabetes insipidus in children--long-term follow-up study]. A follow-up study was carried out on 12 children with vasopressin sensitive diabetes insipidus. 1) Nine cases (75%) of 12 were finally diagnosed as having brain tumor in later course. There were 3 cases (25%) who could not be decided as having brain tumor during the follow-up period of more than 6 years. 2) There was one case who developed the overt signs of brain tumor 9 years after the onset of diabetes insipidus. Therefore, it seems necessary to follow-up cases with diabetes insipidus for at least 10 years before determining it as idiopathic type. 3) In cases with diabetes insipidus due to brain tumor, associated growth retardation, autonomic symptoms, behavior disorder, endocrine dysfunction and metabolic dysfunction were frequently observed. In the case where these symptoms become aggravated with lapse of time, these findings should be taken seriously as indicating brain tumor. 4) In the case showing either anterior or posterior focal slow waves in the EEG, if such focal slow waves aggravate with age, the findings should be considered as indicative of brain tumor. 5) We would like to emphasize the significance of brain tumor as the underlying pathology of childhood diabetes insipidus.", "PMID": 708511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3427", "title": "Gaps in anterograde conduction in patients with the short PR interval, normal QRS complex syndrome.", "content": "Of 8 patients with the short PR interval, normal QRS complex syndrome studied recently, 3 reported here displayed gaps in anterograde conduction. Atrial premature beats at decreasing coupling intervals conducted with minimal AH prolongation until a zone within the cardiac cycle was reached where conduction failed at a supra-Hisian level. Conduction resumed at earlier atrial coupling intervals and was associated with a sudden increase in the AH interval and the appearance of atrial echo beats with earliest atrial activation on the proximal coronary sinus electrogram. It is suggested that the failure of anterograde conduction at relatively late atrial coupling intervals was caused by a short AH functional refractoriness produced by the pre-excitation of the lower AV junction by a partial AV nodal bypass. Conduction resumed only when early atrial premature beats found the extranodal pathway refractory and were transmitted with decremental delay through the AV node.", "contents": "Gaps in anterograde conduction in patients with the short PR interval, normal QRS complex syndrome. Of 8 patients with the short PR interval, normal QRS complex syndrome studied recently, 3 reported here displayed gaps in anterograde conduction. Atrial premature beats at decreasing coupling intervals conducted with minimal AH prolongation until a zone within the cardiac cycle was reached where conduction failed at a supra-Hisian level. Conduction resumed at earlier atrial coupling intervals and was associated with a sudden increase in the AH interval and the appearance of atrial echo beats with earliest atrial activation on the proximal coronary sinus electrogram. It is suggested that the failure of anterograde conduction at relatively late atrial coupling intervals was caused by a short AH functional refractoriness produced by the pre-excitation of the lower AV junction by a partial AV nodal bypass. Conduction resumed only when early atrial premature beats found the extranodal pathway refractory and were transmitted with decremental delay through the AV node.", "PMID": 708513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3428", "title": "Re-entrant tachycardia using two bypass tracts and excluding AV node in short PR interval, normal QRS syndrome.", "content": "In patients with the short PR interval, normal QRS complex syndrome, paroxysmal tachycardias are usually the result of circus movement involving the AV node and a partial or complete AV nodal bypass. We report 2 patients with this syndrome who suffered distressing rapid paroxysms of tachycardia but in whom there was evidence of a concealed direct VA connection. In both patients, tachycardia was initiated with critical AV prolongation distal to the His bundle, in response to programmed atrial premature stimuli. The constancy of the timing of the atrial echo from the onset of the QRS complex in the presence of a varying HV interval is evidence for involvement of the ventricles in the re-entry pathway. In addition, in both patients the appearance of left bundle-branch block during tachycardia was associated with appropriate prolongation of tachycardia cycle length consistent with the presence of a direct VA connection. The short AH interval during tachycardia and the absence of critical AH prolongation suggests the participation of a rapidly conducting pathway in the anterograde limb of the tachycardia circuit.", "contents": "Re-entrant tachycardia using two bypass tracts and excluding AV node in short PR interval, normal QRS syndrome. In patients with the short PR interval, normal QRS complex syndrome, paroxysmal tachycardias are usually the result of circus movement involving the AV node and a partial or complete AV nodal bypass. We report 2 patients with this syndrome who suffered distressing rapid paroxysms of tachycardia but in whom there was evidence of a concealed direct VA connection. In both patients, tachycardia was initiated with critical AV prolongation distal to the His bundle, in response to programmed atrial premature stimuli. The constancy of the timing of the atrial echo from the onset of the QRS complex in the presence of a varying HV interval is evidence for involvement of the ventricles in the re-entry pathway. In addition, in both patients the appearance of left bundle-branch block during tachycardia was associated with appropriate prolongation of tachycardia cycle length consistent with the presence of a direct VA connection. The short AH interval during tachycardia and the absence of critical AH prolongation suggests the participation of a rapidly conducting pathway in the anterograde limb of the tachycardia circuit.", "PMID": 708514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3429", "title": "Congestive heart failure in normotensive man. Haemodynamics, renin, and angiotensin II blockade.", "content": "The role of the renin angiotensin system was evaluated in 18 normotensive patients with chronic congestive heart failure and in 5 controls. No correlation was observed between plasma renin activity and cardiac index. There was a significant inverse correlation between renin and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (r = -0.61, P less than 0.01). Renin values of the patients appeared to be increased when compared with controls with similar left ventricular filling pressure. Specific angiotensin II inhibition by saralasin decreased arterial pressure in 8 out of 14 patients: their renin was significantly higher than that of the remaining 6 patients (P less than 0.01). The 2 patients with the lowest renin levels responded to saralasin with a blood pressure increase. Left ventricular filling pressure decreased in all but these latter 2 patients with either little change or an increase in stroke volume. Thus, renin levels appear to be increased in normotensive patients with congestive heart failure when related to left ventricular filling pressure. Renin via angiotensin II plays a role in the blood pressure control of many patients with congestive heart failure. In some patients angiotensin II blockade appears to improve cardiac function by unloading the left ventricle.", "contents": "Congestive heart failure in normotensive man. Haemodynamics, renin, and angiotensin II blockade. The role of the renin angiotensin system was evaluated in 18 normotensive patients with chronic congestive heart failure and in 5 controls. No correlation was observed between plasma renin activity and cardiac index. There was a significant inverse correlation between renin and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (r = -0.61, P less than 0.01). Renin values of the patients appeared to be increased when compared with controls with similar left ventricular filling pressure. Specific angiotensin II inhibition by saralasin decreased arterial pressure in 8 out of 14 patients: their renin was significantly higher than that of the remaining 6 patients (P less than 0.01). The 2 patients with the lowest renin levels responded to saralasin with a blood pressure increase. Left ventricular filling pressure decreased in all but these latter 2 patients with either little change or an increase in stroke volume. Thus, renin levels appear to be increased in normotensive patients with congestive heart failure when related to left ventricular filling pressure. Renin via angiotensin II plays a role in the blood pressure control of many patients with congestive heart failure. In some patients angiotensin II blockade appears to improve cardiac function by unloading the left ventricle.", "PMID": 708515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3430", "title": "Use of amiodarone in bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome.", "content": "Five patients with the bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome have been treated successfully with the antiarrhythmic agent amiodarone. Three patients were treated for over nine months and one of these patients had corneal micro deposits. One patient had to be taken off the drug because of side effects. Amiodarone should be tried in patients suffering from the bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome before resorting to cardiac pacing.", "contents": "Use of amiodarone in bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome. Five patients with the bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome have been treated successfully with the antiarrhythmic agent amiodarone. Three patients were treated for over nine months and one of these patients had corneal micro deposits. One patient had to be taken off the drug because of side effects. Amiodarone should be tried in patients suffering from the bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome before resorting to cardiac pacing.", "PMID": 708517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3431", "title": "Disappearing His deflection. Electrophysiological evidence for conduction defect within the His bundle.", "content": "A change in the voltage and character of the His bundle deflection following premature atrial stimuli was observed and analysed in 5 of 95 patients having intracardiac conduction studies because of AV conduction disturbances. Of these 5 patients, 3 had spontaneous block within the His bundle, 2 of them showing block in other segments of the conduction system. With increasing prematurity of programmed atrial stimuli, there was a progressive decrease in the voltage of the His deflection, followed by a split His deflection, and finally disappearance of the His deflection. The voltage of the His deflection was also reduced in sinus beats following spontaneous His bundle premature beats. Similarly, during atrial stimulation at increasing rates, the His deflection decreased in voltage, split, and finally disappeared, but when Wenckebach periods appeared the His deflection reappeared in the first paced beat after the dropped beat. The preceding H-H interval was the only electrophysiological variable consistently related to the changes in the His deflection. These changes in His deflection can be explained electrophysiologically as the result of a conduction disturbance within the His bundle. The clinical significance of the phenomenon is discussed. The occurrence of this phenomenon during a conduction study makes it difficult or even impossible to localise the AV block precisely.", "contents": "Disappearing His deflection. Electrophysiological evidence for conduction defect within the His bundle. A change in the voltage and character of the His bundle deflection following premature atrial stimuli was observed and analysed in 5 of 95 patients having intracardiac conduction studies because of AV conduction disturbances. Of these 5 patients, 3 had spontaneous block within the His bundle, 2 of them showing block in other segments of the conduction system. With increasing prematurity of programmed atrial stimuli, there was a progressive decrease in the voltage of the His deflection, followed by a split His deflection, and finally disappearance of the His deflection. The voltage of the His deflection was also reduced in sinus beats following spontaneous His bundle premature beats. Similarly, during atrial stimulation at increasing rates, the His deflection decreased in voltage, split, and finally disappeared, but when Wenckebach periods appeared the His deflection reappeared in the first paced beat after the dropped beat. The preceding H-H interval was the only electrophysiological variable consistently related to the changes in the His deflection. These changes in His deflection can be explained electrophysiologically as the result of a conduction disturbance within the His bundle. The clinical significance of the phenomenon is discussed. The occurrence of this phenomenon during a conduction study makes it difficult or even impossible to localise the AV block precisely.", "PMID": 708518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3432", "title": "Left anterior hemiblock masking coronary insufficiency.", "content": "A case is presented in which transient left anterior hemiblock masked the electrocardiographic signs of coronary insufficiency during work.", "contents": "Left anterior hemiblock masking coronary insufficiency. A case is presented in which transient left anterior hemiblock masked the electrocardiographic signs of coronary insufficiency during work.", "PMID": 708521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3433", "title": "Supravalvular aortic stenosis in a twin.", "content": "A case of subvalvular aortic stenosis in one of a set of dissimilar twins is reported. The case is discussed in terms of the aetiological factors involved and supports the view that supravalvular aortic stenosis is not environmental and may be genetic in origin.", "contents": "Supravalvular aortic stenosis in a twin. A case of subvalvular aortic stenosis in one of a set of dissimilar twins is reported. The case is discussed in terms of the aetiological factors involved and supports the view that supravalvular aortic stenosis is not environmental and may be genetic in origin.", "PMID": 708522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3434", "title": "Cardiac effects of tricyclic antidepressant medication. A preliminary study of nortriptyline.", "content": "Systolic time intervals and drug plasma concentrations have been measured in a group of patients receiving repeated treatment with nortriptyline. Significant positive correlations between plasma nortriptyline levels and prolongation of pre-ejection phase (P less than 0.005)) and increase in the ratio pre-ejection phase, left ventricular ejection time (P less than 0.05) were obtained. A deterioration in cardiac function, with increase in heart rate, resulting in a negative inotropic effect has been shown to occur with therapeutic doses of nortriptyline. The potential dangers of tricyclic antidepressant drugs on the heart in patients whose myocardium is already compromised or those who accumulate high plasma concentrations are emphasised.", "contents": "Cardiac effects of tricyclic antidepressant medication. A preliminary study of nortriptyline. Systolic time intervals and drug plasma concentrations have been measured in a group of patients receiving repeated treatment with nortriptyline. Significant positive correlations between plasma nortriptyline levels and prolongation of pre-ejection phase (P less than 0.005)) and increase in the ratio pre-ejection phase, left ventricular ejection time (P less than 0.05) were obtained. A deterioration in cardiac function, with increase in heart rate, resulting in a negative inotropic effect has been shown to occur with therapeutic doses of nortriptyline. The potential dangers of tricyclic antidepressant drugs on the heart in patients whose myocardium is already compromised or those who accumulate high plasma concentrations are emphasised.", "PMID": 708524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3435", "title": "Application of an improved intracardiac fibreoptic system.", "content": "An improved fibreoptic in vivo haemoreflection system has been used in over 200 patients. Continuous recording of oxygen saturation while moving the catheter permits measurement of simultaneous pressure and oxygen saturation at almost an unlimited number of sites through the right heart. The oxygen saturation can be continuously monitored and the response is sufficiently fast to permit investigation of changes in oxygen saturation during portions of the cardiac cycle. Dye dilution curves have been recorded from over 200 patients. The only blood withdrawn for the dye dilution curve was the 3 ml needed for checking the calibration of the instrument. We have found that the calibration is extremely stable. In some instances where it has been deemed impractical to obtain blood for calibration, the calibration factor for each catheter may be used. In any case, the calibration check is performed at the end of the study and does not present problems of sterility. The calibration factor may yield a correction factor which then applies uniformly to all the cardiac output values obtained during the study.", "contents": "Application of an improved intracardiac fibreoptic system. An improved fibreoptic in vivo haemoreflection system has been used in over 200 patients. Continuous recording of oxygen saturation while moving the catheter permits measurement of simultaneous pressure and oxygen saturation at almost an unlimited number of sites through the right heart. The oxygen saturation can be continuously monitored and the response is sufficiently fast to permit investigation of changes in oxygen saturation during portions of the cardiac cycle. Dye dilution curves have been recorded from over 200 patients. The only blood withdrawn for the dye dilution curve was the 3 ml needed for checking the calibration of the instrument. We have found that the calibration is extremely stable. In some instances where it has been deemed impractical to obtain blood for calibration, the calibration factor for each catheter may be used. In any case, the calibration check is performed at the end of the study and does not present problems of sterility. The calibration factor may yield a correction factor which then applies uniformly to all the cardiac output values obtained during the study.", "PMID": 708525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3436", "title": "Right ventricular monophasic action potentials in patients with long QT syndrome.", "content": "In 3 patients with the long QT syndrome, one caused by quinidine and 2 of congenital origin, right ventricular monophasic action potentials were excessively prolonged and of varying shapes in different recording sites. In addition, effective refractory periods of the ventricular muscle were abnormally long.", "contents": "Right ventricular monophasic action potentials in patients with long QT syndrome. In 3 patients with the long QT syndrome, one caused by quinidine and 2 of congenital origin, right ventricular monophasic action potentials were excessively prolonged and of varying shapes in different recording sites. In addition, effective refractory periods of the ventricular muscle were abnormally long.", "PMID": 708526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3437", "title": "Anomalous muscle bundle of the right ventricle. Its recognition and surgical treatment.", "content": "This communication presents our experience with 14 cases of congenital heart disease associated with anomalous muscle bundle inside the right ventricular cavity dividing it into two chambers. The clinical picture, natural history, and diagnostic characteristics are described. It can be diagnosed by right ventricular cineangiogram in the anteroposterior position. It can be resected surgically, safely.", "contents": "Anomalous muscle bundle of the right ventricle. Its recognition and surgical treatment. This communication presents our experience with 14 cases of congenital heart disease associated with anomalous muscle bundle inside the right ventricular cavity dividing it into two chambers. The clinical picture, natural history, and diagnostic characteristics are described. It can be diagnosed by right ventricular cineangiogram in the anteroposterior position. It can be resected surgically, safely.", "PMID": 708529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3438", "title": "Postoperative responses in 'prepared' child after cardiac surgery.", "content": "Postoperative reactions of children and adolescents realistically prepared for cardiac surgery were analysed for acute and long-term responses. No cases of delirium or psychoses occurred in the 60 children while they were in hospital. Fifty sets of parents and children answered questionnaires 6 months to 4 years after operation (36 under 1 year, 8 from 1 to 3 years, and 6 over 3 years) and assessment of these showed only long-term reaction. Evaluation of reactions is presented by age and in detail. The children aged 2 to 7 years had the greatest number of negative reactions and the only long-term reaction also came from this group. Children 8 to 11 years of age had the least number of negative reactions and the highest number of positive gains. Adolescents, 12 to 19 years of age, were often concerned with their body image (wanted to be considered 'well', resented the scar, etc). From the standpoint of emotional stability and after effects, the 8 to 11-year-old group seemed to do best.", "contents": "Postoperative responses in 'prepared' child after cardiac surgery. Postoperative reactions of children and adolescents realistically prepared for cardiac surgery were analysed for acute and long-term responses. No cases of delirium or psychoses occurred in the 60 children while they were in hospital. Fifty sets of parents and children answered questionnaires 6 months to 4 years after operation (36 under 1 year, 8 from 1 to 3 years, and 6 over 3 years) and assessment of these showed only long-term reaction. Evaluation of reactions is presented by age and in detail. The children aged 2 to 7 years had the greatest number of negative reactions and the only long-term reaction also came from this group. Children 8 to 11 years of age had the least number of negative reactions and the highest number of positive gains. Adolescents, 12 to 19 years of age, were often concerned with their body image (wanted to be considered 'well', resented the scar, etc). From the standpoint of emotional stability and after effects, the 8 to 11-year-old group seemed to do best.", "PMID": 708530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3439", "title": "Aortic regurgitation as a manifestation of giant cell arteritis.", "content": "The detailed clinical findings of a 65-year-old woman who developed aortic regurgitation caused by giant cell aortitis are presented. The initial phase of the disease was dominated by severe non-specific constitutional symptomatology suggesting infective endocarditis or a malignancy. Aortic regurgitation as a manifestation of giant cell arteritis has hitherto recieved scant attention in the published reports. The clinical and therapeutic relevance of this masquerade is discussed.", "contents": "Aortic regurgitation as a manifestation of giant cell arteritis. The detailed clinical findings of a 65-year-old woman who developed aortic regurgitation caused by giant cell aortitis are presented. The initial phase of the disease was dominated by severe non-specific constitutional symptomatology suggesting infective endocarditis or a malignancy. Aortic regurgitation as a manifestation of giant cell arteritis has hitherto recieved scant attention in the published reports. The clinical and therapeutic relevance of this masquerade is discussed.", "PMID": 708531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3440", "title": "Cardiac and respiratory standstill during sleep.", "content": "An obese man, with an attack of myocardial ischaemia, developed arrhythmias only when he was asleep. Episodes of sinus bradycardia occurred progressing to arterioventricular block and sinus arrest. These changes in the cardiac rhythm coincided with periods of sleep apnoea.", "contents": "Cardiac and respiratory standstill during sleep. An obese man, with an attack of myocardial ischaemia, developed arrhythmias only when he was asleep. Episodes of sinus bradycardia occurred progressing to arterioventricular block and sinus arrest. These changes in the cardiac rhythm coincided with periods of sleep apnoea.", "PMID": 708532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3441", "title": "The diagnosis of a non-stenotic bicuspid aortic valve.", "content": "Follow-up of a group of subjects in whom an aortic ejection sound was the only abnormal finding revealed a bicuspid aortic valve at necropsy or operation in 6 cases. High speed echophonocardiographic studies in 15 subjects with aortic stenosis and known to have bicuspid valves, showed the ejection sound to be exactly synchronous with final halting of the opening aortic valve cusps. Echocardiographic visualisation of the aortic valve from the apex, looking up the left ventricular outflow tract, showed valve echoes during systole indicating abnormal cusp configuration. This proved a more sensitive indicator of a bicuspid aortic valve than the finding of an eccentric aortic valve closure line. These findings were used to evaluate 37 subjects with the auscultatory finding of an isolated aortic ejection sound and the diagnosis of a non-stenotic bicuspid aortic valve was confirmed in 30. The usual cause of misdiagnosis was a sound associated with late tricuspid valve closure. The auscultatory finding of an aortic ejection sound, in the absence of other signs of aortic stenosis, indicates a non-stenotic, bicuspid aortic valve. Confirmation of aortic valvar origin of the sound can be provided by a simultaneous echophonocardiogram.", "contents": "The diagnosis of a non-stenotic bicuspid aortic valve. Follow-up of a group of subjects in whom an aortic ejection sound was the only abnormal finding revealed a bicuspid aortic valve at necropsy or operation in 6 cases. High speed echophonocardiographic studies in 15 subjects with aortic stenosis and known to have bicuspid valves, showed the ejection sound to be exactly synchronous with final halting of the opening aortic valve cusps. Echocardiographic visualisation of the aortic valve from the apex, looking up the left ventricular outflow tract, showed valve echoes during systole indicating abnormal cusp configuration. This proved a more sensitive indicator of a bicuspid aortic valve than the finding of an eccentric aortic valve closure line. These findings were used to evaluate 37 subjects with the auscultatory finding of an isolated aortic ejection sound and the diagnosis of a non-stenotic bicuspid aortic valve was confirmed in 30. The usual cause of misdiagnosis was a sound associated with late tricuspid valve closure. The auscultatory finding of an aortic ejection sound, in the absence of other signs of aortic stenosis, indicates a non-stenotic, bicuspid aortic valve. Confirmation of aortic valvar origin of the sound can be provided by a simultaneous echophonocardiogram.", "PMID": 708534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3442", "title": "The natural history of a non-stenotic bicuspid aortic valve.", "content": "Forty-one patients in whom the diagnosis of a non-stenotic bicuspid aortic valve had been established by noninvasive techniques were followed up for a mean of 10.9 years. During this period, 2 patients required aortic valve replacement because of the development of calcific aortic valve stenosis at the ages of 52 and 64 and 5 others developed evidence of mild aortic valve stenosis. The appearance of calcium in a bicuspid aortic valve suggests the possibility of subsequent calcific aortic stenosis, and patients with this feature should be carefully followed up. Bacterial endocarditis on the aortic valve occurred in 3 patients, one of whom developed severe aortic regurgitation and subsequently died. Patients with a bicuspid aortic valve are at definite risk from bacterial endocarditis and should receive appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis. In 26/41 (63%) patients there was no clinical change during the follow-up period, including 7 of the patients over the age of 50.", "contents": "The natural history of a non-stenotic bicuspid aortic valve. Forty-one patients in whom the diagnosis of a non-stenotic bicuspid aortic valve had been established by noninvasive techniques were followed up for a mean of 10.9 years. During this period, 2 patients required aortic valve replacement because of the development of calcific aortic valve stenosis at the ages of 52 and 64 and 5 others developed evidence of mild aortic valve stenosis. The appearance of calcium in a bicuspid aortic valve suggests the possibility of subsequent calcific aortic stenosis, and patients with this feature should be carefully followed up. Bacterial endocarditis on the aortic valve occurred in 3 patients, one of whom developed severe aortic regurgitation and subsequently died. Patients with a bicuspid aortic valve are at definite risk from bacterial endocarditis and should receive appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis. In 26/41 (63%) patients there was no clinical change during the follow-up period, including 7 of the patients over the age of 50.", "PMID": 708535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3443", "title": "Effect of aortic valvular regurgitation upon the impedance cardiogram.", "content": "The first derivative thoracic impedance cardiogram, phonocardiogram, and electrocardiogram were recorded in three groups of 22 subjects each. In Group 1 (control), simultaneous impedance cardiogram, phonocardiogram, and aortic valve echocardiograms showed that the X point of the impedance cardiogram occurred synchronously with the aortic second heart sound and with echocardiographic aortic valve closure. In group 2 (clinical diagnosis of aortic regurgitation) the scalar magnitude of the impedance cardiogram O wave and the ratios of the impedance cardiogram wave form X/dz/dtmax and O/dz/dtmax were different from control. In addition, the early diastolic (X) and systolic portions (S) of the impedance cardiogram wave form of group 3 patients were planimetered and expressed as the ratio X/S, called the impedance cardiographic aortic regurgitant fraction (aortic RFI). The aortic RFI was increased by handgrip, a manoeuvre which acutely increases the magnitude of aortic regurgitation. The difference between Fick cardiac output and left ventricular angiographic output was used to calculate aortic valvular regurgitant fraction, which related closely to the impedance cardiogram. These data suggest that it is useful in the noninvasive assessment of aortic regurgitation.", "contents": "Effect of aortic valvular regurgitation upon the impedance cardiogram. The first derivative thoracic impedance cardiogram, phonocardiogram, and electrocardiogram were recorded in three groups of 22 subjects each. In Group 1 (control), simultaneous impedance cardiogram, phonocardiogram, and aortic valve echocardiograms showed that the X point of the impedance cardiogram occurred synchronously with the aortic second heart sound and with echocardiographic aortic valve closure. In group 2 (clinical diagnosis of aortic regurgitation) the scalar magnitude of the impedance cardiogram O wave and the ratios of the impedance cardiogram wave form X/dz/dtmax and O/dz/dtmax were different from control. In addition, the early diastolic (X) and systolic portions (S) of the impedance cardiogram wave form of group 3 patients were planimetered and expressed as the ratio X/S, called the impedance cardiographic aortic regurgitant fraction (aortic RFI). The aortic RFI was increased by handgrip, a manoeuvre which acutely increases the magnitude of aortic regurgitation. The difference between Fick cardiac output and left ventricular angiographic output was used to calculate aortic valvular regurgitant fraction, which related closely to the impedance cardiogram. These data suggest that it is useful in the noninvasive assessment of aortic regurgitation.", "PMID": 708536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3444", "title": "Renal arteriovenous fistula masquerading as severe valvar heart disease.", "content": "Two patients with renal arteriovenous fistulae are described, who presented in high output failure. Murmurs were detected in these patients on routine physical examination years before, and when cardiac failure ensued they were assumed to have decompensated valvar heart disease. Full investigation revealed the arteriovenous fistulae and both patients made a good recovery after surgical ligation.", "contents": "Renal arteriovenous fistula masquerading as severe valvar heart disease. Two patients with renal arteriovenous fistulae are described, who presented in high output failure. Murmurs were detected in these patients on routine physical examination years before, and when cardiac failure ensued they were assumed to have decompensated valvar heart disease. Full investigation revealed the arteriovenous fistulae and both patients made a good recovery after surgical ligation.", "PMID": 708538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3445", "title": "Diagnosis of coronary artery disease by estimation of coronary sinus lactate.", "content": "In an attempt to assess the value of coronary sinus lactate estimation before and during atrial pacing for the diagnosis of obstructive coronary artery disease, 70 patients with angina were investigated in this way and by selective coronary arteriography. Thirty-five had radiologically normal coronary arteries and 35 had coronary artery disease. When the change in coronary arteriovenous lactate difference was less than 0.09 mmol/l (0.8 mg/100 ml) between the control and the peak atrial pacing sample, the coronary arteries were normal except in one patient who had distal disease of a single vessel. When the change was greater than 0.22 mmol/l (2.0 mg/100 ml) coronary artery disease was always found, and when the change was greater than 0.39 mmol/l (3.5 mg/100 ml) there was always disease of two or three vessels. Unfortunately, the presence or absence of coronary artery disease could not be predicted when the change fell between 0.09 and 0.22 mmol/l (0.8 and 2.0 mg/100 ml). Estimation of coronary sinus lactate before and during atrial pacing can thus frequently distinguish patients with normal coronary arteries from those with coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Diagnosis of coronary artery disease by estimation of coronary sinus lactate. In an attempt to assess the value of coronary sinus lactate estimation before and during atrial pacing for the diagnosis of obstructive coronary artery disease, 70 patients with angina were investigated in this way and by selective coronary arteriography. Thirty-five had radiologically normal coronary arteries and 35 had coronary artery disease. When the change in coronary arteriovenous lactate difference was less than 0.09 mmol/l (0.8 mg/100 ml) between the control and the peak atrial pacing sample, the coronary arteries were normal except in one patient who had distal disease of a single vessel. When the change was greater than 0.22 mmol/l (2.0 mg/100 ml) coronary artery disease was always found, and when the change was greater than 0.39 mmol/l (3.5 mg/100 ml) there was always disease of two or three vessels. Unfortunately, the presence or absence of coronary artery disease could not be predicted when the change fell between 0.09 and 0.22 mmol/l (0.8 and 2.0 mg/100 ml). Estimation of coronary sinus lactate before and during atrial pacing can thus frequently distinguish patients with normal coronary arteries from those with coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 708539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3446", "title": "Comparison of interventricular septal motion studied by ventriculography and echocardiography in patients with atrial septal defect.", "content": "Abnormal systolic interventricular septal motion is an echocardiographic manifestation of right ventricular volume overload. In order to determine the anatomical basis for this echocardiographic finding, septal motion recorded by left lateral or left anterior oblique ventriculograms was compared with echocardiography ventricular septal motion. Thirteen patients with secundum atrial septal defects and 7 control patients with trivial or no heart disease were included in the study. We found that on ventriculograms the systolic motion of the interventricular septum was similar in both atrial septal defect and control patients. That is, the cephalic third of the septum moved anteriorly in systole in 9 of the 13 patients with atrial septal defect and in 3 of the 7 controls. The caudal two-thirds of the septum moved posteriorly in all patients. These results are compatible with the theory that argues that the echocardiographic abnormalities of septal motion in patients with atrial septal defect result from an end-diastolic septal flattening or bowing of the septum into the cavity of the left ventricle.", "contents": "Comparison of interventricular septal motion studied by ventriculography and echocardiography in patients with atrial septal defect. Abnormal systolic interventricular septal motion is an echocardiographic manifestation of right ventricular volume overload. In order to determine the anatomical basis for this echocardiographic finding, septal motion recorded by left lateral or left anterior oblique ventriculograms was compared with echocardiography ventricular septal motion. Thirteen patients with secundum atrial septal defects and 7 control patients with trivial or no heart disease were included in the study. We found that on ventriculograms the systolic motion of the interventricular septum was similar in both atrial septal defect and control patients. That is, the cephalic third of the septum moved anteriorly in systole in 9 of the 13 patients with atrial septal defect and in 3 of the 7 controls. The caudal two-thirds of the septum moved posteriorly in all patients. These results are compatible with the theory that argues that the echocardiographic abnormalities of septal motion in patients with atrial septal defect result from an end-diastolic septal flattening or bowing of the septum into the cavity of the left ventricle.", "PMID": 708540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3447", "title": "Effects of halothane and sodium thiopentone on surface brain pressure and brain electrical impedance in dogs with normal intracranial tension.", "content": "The effects of the inhalation of halothane and the i.v. administration of thiopentone on surface brain pressure and brain electrical impedance, at a frequency of 1 kHz, were investigated in 14 chronically implanted dogs. In dogs with normal PaCO2, halothane, at inspired concentrations of 0.8, 1.2, 1.5 and 2.0%, produced increases in brain pressure and impedance. Thiopentone i.v. and hyperventilation preceding the administration of halothane lessened, but did not prevent, the increases in brain pressure and impedance. Thiopentone 35 mg kg-1 decreased both pressure and impedance. The dose-related (P less than 0.01) increase in surface brain pressure was attributed to cerebral vascular expansion; the increase in impedance was not dose related and was interpreted as a loss of conductivity in brain extracellular space (e.c.s.). This loss could be a result of a decrease in both brain e.c.s. volume and its electrolyte concentration resulting from intracellular translocation and electrical inactivation of available ions in brain e.c.s. caused by increased cation binding. These phenomena might be related to the interaction between the anaesthetic molecule and cell proteins. The present study suggests that, in contrast to thiopentone, halothane induced a reversible ionic imbalance in the central nervous system.", "contents": "Effects of halothane and sodium thiopentone on surface brain pressure and brain electrical impedance in dogs with normal intracranial tension. The effects of the inhalation of halothane and the i.v. administration of thiopentone on surface brain pressure and brain electrical impedance, at a frequency of 1 kHz, were investigated in 14 chronically implanted dogs. In dogs with normal PaCO2, halothane, at inspired concentrations of 0.8, 1.2, 1.5 and 2.0%, produced increases in brain pressure and impedance. Thiopentone i.v. and hyperventilation preceding the administration of halothane lessened, but did not prevent, the increases in brain pressure and impedance. Thiopentone 35 mg kg-1 decreased both pressure and impedance. The dose-related (P less than 0.01) increase in surface brain pressure was attributed to cerebral vascular expansion; the increase in impedance was not dose related and was interpreted as a loss of conductivity in brain extracellular space (e.c.s.). This loss could be a result of a decrease in both brain e.c.s. volume and its electrolyte concentration resulting from intracellular translocation and electrical inactivation of available ions in brain e.c.s. caused by increased cation binding. These phenomena might be related to the interaction between the anaesthetic molecule and cell proteins. The present study suggests that, in contrast to thiopentone, halothane induced a reversible ionic imbalance in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 708541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3448", "title": "A chemical adsorption system for the sampling of gaseous organic pollutants in operating theatre atmospheres.", "content": "The development of an air sampler and its use in measuring organic pollutants in operating theatre atmospheres are described. Air was sampled continuously during an operating session and the results obtained represent the average pollution at the sample site during that session. The technique involved the chemical adsorption of organic vapours to polymer beads and pollutants thus trapped could be stored for several days before thermal desorption and analysis by gas chromatography. The three most abundant organic pollutants were ethanol, propan-2-ol (isopropanol) and halothane.", "contents": "A chemical adsorption system for the sampling of gaseous organic pollutants in operating theatre atmospheres. The development of an air sampler and its use in measuring organic pollutants in operating theatre atmospheres are described. Air was sampled continuously during an operating session and the results obtained represent the average pollution at the sample site during that session. The technique involved the chemical adsorption of organic vapours to polymer beads and pollutants thus trapped could be stored for several days before thermal desorption and analysis by gas chromatography. The three most abundant organic pollutants were ethanol, propan-2-ol (isopropanol) and halothane.", "PMID": 708542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3449", "title": "Nitrous oxide contamination in dental surgeries using relative analgesia.", "content": "The concentrations of nitrous oxide were determined at various positions in four dental surgeries in which nitrous oxide sedation was used without scavenging. Contamination was present in all the surgeries, the greatest concentration being recorded at the dentist's nose and the least in the peripheral air. The reception area adjoining the surgeries was found also to be contaminated by nitrous oxide.", "contents": "Nitrous oxide contamination in dental surgeries using relative analgesia. The concentrations of nitrous oxide were determined at various positions in four dental surgeries in which nitrous oxide sedation was used without scavenging. Contamination was present in all the surgeries, the greatest concentration being recorded at the dentist's nose and the least in the peripheral air. The reception area adjoining the surgeries was found also to be contaminated by nitrous oxide.", "PMID": 708543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3450", "title": "The negative pressure relief valve: pressure-flow relationships.", "content": "The scavenging of gases from anaesthetic circuits may present hazards to the patient. The negative pressure relief valve prevents the generation of subatmospheric pressures in the circuit as a result of a discrepancy between the fresh gas flow and the gas evacuation rate. The ideal valve will open at a small negative pressure, and immediately permit a high gas inflow. Leakage with positive pressure in the circuit and admixture of atmospheric air during spontaneous respiration must not occur. Six different valves were studied. Two membrane valves came nearest to fulfilling the ideal requirements.", "contents": "The negative pressure relief valve: pressure-flow relationships. The scavenging of gases from anaesthetic circuits may present hazards to the patient. The negative pressure relief valve prevents the generation of subatmospheric pressures in the circuit as a result of a discrepancy between the fresh gas flow and the gas evacuation rate. The ideal valve will open at a small negative pressure, and immediately permit a high gas inflow. Leakage with positive pressure in the circuit and admixture of atmospheric air during spontaneous respiration must not occur. Six different valves were studied. Two membrane valves came nearest to fulfilling the ideal requirements.", "PMID": 708544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3451", "title": "Death attributable to anaesthesia. A 10-year survey (1967--1976).", "content": "The mortality associated with 240 483 anaesthetics administered over 10 years at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, is reported. The frequency of death to which anaesthesia contributed was 0.22 per 1000 anaesthetics (compared with 0.33 per 1000 in the previous 10 years). These deaths were responsible for 2.2% of the total mortality from surgery. Two-thirds of the \"anaesthetic\" deaths were attributable to (in order of frequency): (a) hypovolaemia; (b) respiratory inadequacy following myoneural blockade; (c) complications of tracheal intubation; (d) inadequate postoperative care and supervision.", "contents": "Death attributable to anaesthesia. A 10-year survey (1967--1976). The mortality associated with 240 483 anaesthetics administered over 10 years at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, is reported. The frequency of death to which anaesthesia contributed was 0.22 per 1000 anaesthetics (compared with 0.33 per 1000 in the previous 10 years). These deaths were responsible for 2.2% of the total mortality from surgery. Two-thirds of the \"anaesthetic\" deaths were attributable to (in order of frequency): (a) hypovolaemia; (b) respiratory inadequacy following myoneural blockade; (c) complications of tracheal intubation; (d) inadequate postoperative care and supervision.", "PMID": 708545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3452", "title": "Cerebral blood flow and metabolism during etomidate anaesthesia in man.", "content": "The effects of etomidate on regional cerebral blood flow (rc.b.f.) and cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRo2) were studied in seven patients undergoing diagnostic carotid angiography. Following determination of baseline rc.b.f. while awake, the patients were anaesthetized with a single dose of etomidate 15 mg. Thereafter, an infusion of etomidate (2 or 3 mg min-1) was administered. Etomidate decreased both rc.b.f.10 (mean decrease 34%) and CMRo2 (mean decrease 45%). It was concluded that etomidate is a potent cerebral metabolic depressant. Furthermore, the cerebrovascular reactivity to carbon dioxide was maintained under etomidate anaesthesia.", "contents": "Cerebral blood flow and metabolism during etomidate anaesthesia in man. The effects of etomidate on regional cerebral blood flow (rc.b.f.) and cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRo2) were studied in seven patients undergoing diagnostic carotid angiography. Following determination of baseline rc.b.f. while awake, the patients were anaesthetized with a single dose of etomidate 15 mg. Thereafter, an infusion of etomidate (2 or 3 mg min-1) was administered. Etomidate decreased both rc.b.f.10 (mean decrease 34%) and CMRo2 (mean decrease 45%). It was concluded that etomidate is a potent cerebral metabolic depressant. Furthermore, the cerebrovascular reactivity to carbon dioxide was maintained under etomidate anaesthesia.", "PMID": 708546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3453", "title": "Serum thyroid hormones changes in patients undergoing Caesarean section under general or regional anaesthesia.", "content": "The effects of anaesthesia on serum thyroid hormones were studied in 32 pregnant young women undergoing Caesarean section at term. Eighteen patients received general anaesthesia and 14 lumbar extradural blockade. Maternal serum concentrations of thyrotrophin (TSH), thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) were measured using radioimmunoassay at 0, delivery and 24 h. There were no significant changes in TSH in the two groups. T4 concentrations decreased significantly at 24 h in the general anaesthesia group but regional anaesthesia produced a significant decrease only at the time of delivery. T3 concentrations decreased with both techniques. Reverse T3 increased markedly with general anaesthesia only at 24 h.", "contents": "Serum thyroid hormones changes in patients undergoing Caesarean section under general or regional anaesthesia. The effects of anaesthesia on serum thyroid hormones were studied in 32 pregnant young women undergoing Caesarean section at term. Eighteen patients received general anaesthesia and 14 lumbar extradural blockade. Maternal serum concentrations of thyrotrophin (TSH), thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) were measured using radioimmunoassay at 0, delivery and 24 h. There were no significant changes in TSH in the two groups. T4 concentrations decreased significantly at 24 h in the general anaesthesia group but regional anaesthesia produced a significant decrease only at the time of delivery. T3 concentrations decreased with both techniques. Reverse T3 increased markedly with general anaesthesia only at 24 h.", "PMID": 708547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3454", "title": "Clearance of neostigmine from the circulation during the antagonism of neuromuscular block.", "content": "The plasma concentration of neostigmine was measured in five patients during the antagonism of neuromuscular block. The concentration of the drug decreased rapidly between 2 and 5 min after administration, and then more slowly. Detectable concentrations of neostigmine were present in plasma after 60 min. In the five patients the distribution half-life of neostigmine was less than 1 min; the elimination half-life ranged from 15.4 to 30.1 min.", "contents": "Clearance of neostigmine from the circulation during the antagonism of neuromuscular block. The plasma concentration of neostigmine was measured in five patients during the antagonism of neuromuscular block. The concentration of the drug decreased rapidly between 2 and 5 min after administration, and then more slowly. Detectable concentrations of neostigmine were present in plasma after 60 min. In the five patients the distribution half-life of neostigmine was less than 1 min; the elimination half-life ranged from 15.4 to 30.1 min.", "PMID": 708548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3455", "title": "Antagonism of neuromuscular block by physostigmine in man.", "content": "In 20 adult patients undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy neuromuscular block was induced with tubocurarine 10 mg. In 10 patients, neostigmine 1--2 mg antagonized the block and restored the twitch response to its baseline value. Physostigmine, up to 4 mg, did not produce significant antagonism of the neuromuscular block.", "contents": "Antagonism of neuromuscular block by physostigmine in man. In 20 adult patients undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy neuromuscular block was induced with tubocurarine 10 mg. In 10 patients, neostigmine 1--2 mg antagonized the block and restored the twitch response to its baseline value. Physostigmine, up to 4 mg, did not produce significant antagonism of the neuromuscular block.", "PMID": 708549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3456", "title": "Potency of mixtures of general anaesthetic agents.", "content": "The anaesthetic potencies of binary mixtures of the gases argon (Ar), nitrous oxide (N2O) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) have been measured using mice. The mixtures SF6-N2O and N2O-Ar showed additive behaviour, whereas the constituents of the mixture SF6-Ar were non-additive, having a smaller total potency than expected. Further experiments on this mixture with Italian Great Newts and on the carbon tetrafluoride mixtures CF4-Ar and CF4-SF6 with mice suggested that the anomalous potencies may arise from specific pulmonary effects associated with the breathing of SF6 accompanied by a high pressure of some other gas.", "contents": "Potency of mixtures of general anaesthetic agents. The anaesthetic potencies of binary mixtures of the gases argon (Ar), nitrous oxide (N2O) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) have been measured using mice. The mixtures SF6-N2O and N2O-Ar showed additive behaviour, whereas the constituents of the mixture SF6-Ar were non-additive, having a smaller total potency than expected. Further experiments on this mixture with Italian Great Newts and on the carbon tetrafluoride mixtures CF4-Ar and CF4-SF6 with mice suggested that the anomalous potencies may arise from specific pulmonary effects associated with the breathing of SF6 accompanied by a high pressure of some other gas.", "PMID": 708551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3457", "title": "Comparison of active and passive manoeuvres on the pattern of airway closure in man.", "content": "The effect of active and passive manoeuvres on closing volume was studied in conscious subjects. There were no significant differences in closing volume in nine of 10 non-smokers. There was a significantly greater closing volume with the passive manoeuvre (airway pressure +3 kPa to --2 kPa) in seven of nine smokers and one non-smoker with evidence of mild obstructive airway disease. The sensitivity of the closing volume to airway pressure could not be reproduced in three non-smokers exposed to a histamine aerosol. In two of three smokers the effect of airway pressure on closing volume was abolished by salbutamol. The results suggest that subjects with irritable airways may show an increase in closing volume with a change in airway pressure.", "contents": "Comparison of active and passive manoeuvres on the pattern of airway closure in man. The effect of active and passive manoeuvres on closing volume was studied in conscious subjects. There were no significant differences in closing volume in nine of 10 non-smokers. There was a significantly greater closing volume with the passive manoeuvre (airway pressure +3 kPa to --2 kPa) in seven of nine smokers and one non-smoker with evidence of mild obstructive airway disease. The sensitivity of the closing volume to airway pressure could not be reproduced in three non-smokers exposed to a histamine aerosol. In two of three smokers the effect of airway pressure on closing volume was abolished by salbutamol. The results suggest that subjects with irritable airways may show an increase in closing volume with a change in airway pressure.", "PMID": 708553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3458", "title": "Effect of thiamylal on the sensitivity of glycerinated cardiac fibres to calcium.", "content": "Clarification of the mechanisms of the myocardial depression produced by thiamylal was sought by studying the effect of thiamylal upon the sensitivity of contractile proteins to calcium (Ca2+), by using glycerinated muscle fibres from the canine right ventricle. The dose--response relationship between the concentration of Ca2+ and the force of contraction of the glycerinated cardiac muscle fibres was not shifted from the control curve by the administration of thiamylal 67 microgram ml-1. This result suggests that the changes in the sensitivity of contractile proteins to Ca2+ are not responsible for the depression of myocardial performance produced by thiamylal.", "contents": "Effect of thiamylal on the sensitivity of glycerinated cardiac fibres to calcium. Clarification of the mechanisms of the myocardial depression produced by thiamylal was sought by studying the effect of thiamylal upon the sensitivity of contractile proteins to calcium (Ca2+), by using glycerinated muscle fibres from the canine right ventricle. The dose--response relationship between the concentration of Ca2+ and the force of contraction of the glycerinated cardiac muscle fibres was not shifted from the control curve by the administration of thiamylal 67 microgram ml-1. This result suggests that the changes in the sensitivity of contractile proteins to Ca2+ are not responsible for the depression of myocardial performance produced by thiamylal.", "PMID": 708554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3459", "title": "Effects of age and sex on ketamine anaesthesia in the rat.", "content": "Intraperitoneal injections of ketamine 75 mg kg-1 in rats of both sexes (age 1--16 weeks) revealed a significant relationship between increased age and decreased duration of sleeping time for both sexes during the first 3 weeks of age. This decrease in sleeping time seemed to be associated with the increased production of the cyclohexanone oxidation metabolite of ketamine. After 3 weeks of age there was a greater sleeping time in the female rat than the male and this seemed to be associated with a greater ability of the male to produce the cyclohexanone oxidation metabolite.", "contents": "Effects of age and sex on ketamine anaesthesia in the rat. Intraperitoneal injections of ketamine 75 mg kg-1 in rats of both sexes (age 1--16 weeks) revealed a significant relationship between increased age and decreased duration of sleeping time for both sexes during the first 3 weeks of age. This decrease in sleeping time seemed to be associated with the increased production of the cyclohexanone oxidation metabolite of ketamine. After 3 weeks of age there was a greater sleeping time in the female rat than the male and this seemed to be associated with a greater ability of the male to produce the cyclohexanone oxidation metabolite.", "PMID": 708555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3460", "title": "Effects of althesin and ketamine on resting and stress stimulated adrenocortical activity in rats.", "content": "The effects were studied of two i.v. anaesthetics (Althesin and ketamine) on resting and activated adrenocortical function in the rat. Small doses of Althesin and ketamine comparable to those required to produce induction of anaesthesia in man evoked adrenocortical stimulation, but the stressing effects of ketamine were more prolonged. During deep anaesthesia with either anaesthetic there was an inhibition of pituitary adrenal activation induced by handling and surgery. However, during recovery, ketamine was associated with intense and prolonged adrenocortical stimulation. The stress of laparotomy in control rats and in rats pretreated with the anaesthetics caused a depletion of noradrenaline in the hypothalamus; this suggests that both anaesthetics inhibit adrenocortical activation by mechanisms different from adrenergic inhibition.", "contents": "Effects of althesin and ketamine on resting and stress stimulated adrenocortical activity in rats. The effects were studied of two i.v. anaesthetics (Althesin and ketamine) on resting and activated adrenocortical function in the rat. Small doses of Althesin and ketamine comparable to those required to produce induction of anaesthesia in man evoked adrenocortical stimulation, but the stressing effects of ketamine were more prolonged. During deep anaesthesia with either anaesthetic there was an inhibition of pituitary adrenal activation induced by handling and surgery. However, during recovery, ketamine was associated with intense and prolonged adrenocortical stimulation. The stress of laparotomy in control rats and in rats pretreated with the anaesthetics caused a depletion of noradrenaline in the hypothalamus; this suggests that both anaesthetics inhibit adrenocortical activation by mechanisms different from adrenergic inhibition.", "PMID": 708556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3461", "title": "Effects of halothane on glucose metabolism after injury in the rat.", "content": "The effects of halothane anaesthesia on glucose metabolism have been investigated in rats after a non-lethal scald injury. Anaesthesia was induced about 70 min after injury. Glucose metabolism was studied at two stages: during and shortly after induction, and about 2 h after induction. Comparisons were made with conscious rats at the corresponding times after injury. All rats were in an ambient temperature of 30 degrees C. During and shortly after the induction of anaesthesia, halothane caused a rapid increase in plasma glucose concentration, which by 30 min had begun to return to the values in injured controls; thus glucose production and utilization were increased. Insulin concentrations were increased also. However, after 2 h exposure halothane had decreased glucose production and utilization, as determined with [5-3H]- and [U-14C]-glucose, increased plasma concentrations of insulin and decreased liver concentrations of glycogen, that is it had exacerbated well-known effects of injury in the rat, including insulin resistance. Hyperglycaemia was not increased.", "contents": "Effects of halothane on glucose metabolism after injury in the rat. The effects of halothane anaesthesia on glucose metabolism have been investigated in rats after a non-lethal scald injury. Anaesthesia was induced about 70 min after injury. Glucose metabolism was studied at two stages: during and shortly after induction, and about 2 h after induction. Comparisons were made with conscious rats at the corresponding times after injury. All rats were in an ambient temperature of 30 degrees C. During and shortly after the induction of anaesthesia, halothane caused a rapid increase in plasma glucose concentration, which by 30 min had begun to return to the values in injured controls; thus glucose production and utilization were increased. Insulin concentrations were increased also. However, after 2 h exposure halothane had decreased glucose production and utilization, as determined with [5-3H]- and [U-14C]-glucose, increased plasma concentrations of insulin and decreased liver concentrations of glycogen, that is it had exacerbated well-known effects of injury in the rat, including insulin resistance. Hyperglycaemia was not increased.", "PMID": 708557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3462", "title": "Arterial dominance in the hand.", "content": "Arterial pressure was measured simultaneously in the thumb and in the contralateral arm using strain-gauge plethysmography in 100 healthy persons aged 13--43 yr, before and after compression of the radial or the ulnar artery. The radial and ulnar pulses were palpable in all instances. In 29 (14.5%) hands compression of either artery did not reduce the thumb pressure. In 152 (76%) occlusion of the radial artery caused a decrease of more than 10 mm Hg, but never to less than 40 mm Hg. In 91 (45.5%) occlusion of the ulnar artery reduced thumb pressure, on three occasions to less than 40 mm Hg. Radial dominance was shown in 110 hands (55.0%), 24 (12.0%) showed ulnar dominance and in 66 (33.0%) neither vessel dominated.", "contents": "Arterial dominance in the hand. Arterial pressure was measured simultaneously in the thumb and in the contralateral arm using strain-gauge plethysmography in 100 healthy persons aged 13--43 yr, before and after compression of the radial or the ulnar artery. The radial and ulnar pulses were palpable in all instances. In 29 (14.5%) hands compression of either artery did not reduce the thumb pressure. In 152 (76%) occlusion of the radial artery caused a decrease of more than 10 mm Hg, but never to less than 40 mm Hg. In 91 (45.5%) occlusion of the ulnar artery reduced thumb pressure, on three occasions to less than 40 mm Hg. Radial dominance was shown in 110 hands (55.0%), 24 (12.0%) showed ulnar dominance and in 66 (33.0%) neither vessel dominated.", "PMID": 708558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3463", "title": "Frequency of previous anaesthesia in an anaesthetic patient population.", "content": "Ten thousand patients presenting for anaesthesia were questioned about their anaesthetic history; 6672 had received an anaesthetic previously, 19.2% in the preceding 4 weeks. Of 2780 in whom the agents were known, 80.4% had received thiopentone, 18.1% Althesin and 57.4% halothane. Thirty-seven per cent of the total survey population had received two or more anaesthetics.", "contents": "Frequency of previous anaesthesia in an anaesthetic patient population. Ten thousand patients presenting for anaesthesia were questioned about their anaesthetic history; 6672 had received an anaesthetic previously, 19.2% in the preceding 4 weeks. Of 2780 in whom the agents were known, 80.4% had received thiopentone, 18.1% Althesin and 57.4% halothane. Thirty-seven per cent of the total survey population had received two or more anaesthetics.", "PMID": 708559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3464", "title": "Evaluation of three preparations of etomidate.", "content": "Three formulations of etomidate were evaluated in unpremedicated patients undergoing minor gynaecological procedures. There was a high frequency of pain on injection (up to 50%) and excitatory phenomena (up to 95%) with all formulations. The frequency of excitatory phenomena was significantly greater than that after methohexitone. Recovery was rapid, but emetic sequelae were frequent and significantly more marked than after methohexitone.", "contents": "Evaluation of three preparations of etomidate. Three formulations of etomidate were evaluated in unpremedicated patients undergoing minor gynaecological procedures. There was a high frequency of pain on injection (up to 50%) and excitatory phenomena (up to 95%) with all formulations. The frequency of excitatory phenomena was significantly greater than that after methohexitone. Recovery was rapid, but emetic sequelae were frequent and significantly more marked than after methohexitone.", "PMID": 708560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3465", "title": "Changes in plasma concentration of adrenaline and noradrenaline in anaesthetized patients during sodium nitroprusside-induced hypotension.", "content": "Changes in plasma concentrations of adrenaline and noradrenaline were measured when sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was used for the induction of hypotension in healthy adults undergoing middle ear surgery (group 1) and patients undergoing neurosurgery for subarachnoid haemorrhage (group 2). The mean catecholamine concentrations before the infusion of SNP were four to five times greater in group 2 than in group 1. Group 1 showed significant increases in plasma catecholamines during hypotension induced with SNP, the increase correlating significantly with the degree of hypotension and the rate of infusion of SNP. Group 1 showed an increase in heart rate of about 10%, which could not be related to the catecholamine concentrations. In group 2, changes in plasma catecholamines following infusion of SNP were inconsistent. This may have been because the sympatho--adrenal medullary system was already maximally active and was unable to respond further to induced hypotension.", "contents": "Changes in plasma concentration of adrenaline and noradrenaline in anaesthetized patients during sodium nitroprusside-induced hypotension. Changes in plasma concentrations of adrenaline and noradrenaline were measured when sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was used for the induction of hypotension in healthy adults undergoing middle ear surgery (group 1) and patients undergoing neurosurgery for subarachnoid haemorrhage (group 2). The mean catecholamine concentrations before the infusion of SNP were four to five times greater in group 2 than in group 1. Group 1 showed significant increases in plasma catecholamines during hypotension induced with SNP, the increase correlating significantly with the degree of hypotension and the rate of infusion of SNP. Group 1 showed an increase in heart rate of about 10%, which could not be related to the catecholamine concentrations. In group 2, changes in plasma catecholamines following infusion of SNP were inconsistent. This may have been because the sympatho--adrenal medullary system was already maximally active and was unable to respond further to induced hypotension.", "PMID": 708561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3466", "title": "Plasmapheresis and plasma cholinesterase.", "content": "Plasma cholinesterase (E.C. 3.1.1.8) concentrations were measured in nine outpatients who were undergoing regular plasmapheresis. A single plasmapheresis produced a 64% reduction in cholinesterase concentration compared with the value before plasmaphersis. Another patient who received four plasma exchanges in 6 days showed a progressive reduction in cholinesterase concentration to only 8% of the initial value. It is suggested that drugs metabolized by cholinesterase should be used with caution in patients undergoing plasmapheresis, particularly when frequent plasma exchanges are undertaken.", "contents": "Plasmapheresis and plasma cholinesterase. Plasma cholinesterase (E.C. 3.1.1.8) concentrations were measured in nine outpatients who were undergoing regular plasmapheresis. A single plasmapheresis produced a 64% reduction in cholinesterase concentration compared with the value before plasmaphersis. Another patient who received four plasma exchanges in 6 days showed a progressive reduction in cholinesterase concentration to only 8% of the initial value. It is suggested that drugs metabolized by cholinesterase should be used with caution in patients undergoing plasmapheresis, particularly when frequent plasma exchanges are undertaken.", "PMID": 708562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3467", "title": "Changes in ionized calcium and other plasma constituents associated with cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of calcium fractions, proteins, phosphate and magnesium were measured before, during and after cardiopulmonary bypass in 15 patients undergoing cardiac surgery. When calcium chloride was added to a pump priming solution which contained little or no blood, the concentrations of all calcium fractions were significantly greater after bypass than before, with a mean ionized calcium concentration of 1.52 mmol litre-1 plasma water, 30 min after completion of bypass. This iatrogenic hypercalcaemia was increased significantly by the administration of more than 10 mg kg-1 calcium chloride in the first 30 min after bypass. Other plasma constituents showed the dilutional effect of the pump prime during bypass and only the magnesium concentration failed to return towards normal values after operation.", "contents": "Changes in ionized calcium and other plasma constituents associated with cardiopulmonary bypass. Plasma concentrations of calcium fractions, proteins, phosphate and magnesium were measured before, during and after cardiopulmonary bypass in 15 patients undergoing cardiac surgery. When calcium chloride was added to a pump priming solution which contained little or no blood, the concentrations of all calcium fractions were significantly greater after bypass than before, with a mean ionized calcium concentration of 1.52 mmol litre-1 plasma water, 30 min after completion of bypass. This iatrogenic hypercalcaemia was increased significantly by the administration of more than 10 mg kg-1 calcium chloride in the first 30 min after bypass. Other plasma constituents showed the dilutional effect of the pump prime during bypass and only the magnesium concentration failed to return towards normal values after operation.", "PMID": 708563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3468", "title": "Tracheal tubes and connectors used in neonates--dimensions and resistance to breathing.", "content": "The dimensions of tracheal tubes and connectors in common use were measured together with the resistance to breathing at flow rates occurring in babies breathing quietly. The outside diameters of rubber tubes varied more than those of plastic tubes. The main factors influencing resistance were the internal diameter and a sudden change in diameter or direction of flow. These are of particular importance in tubes of 2.5 mm i.d. and less and may cause an increase in the work of breathing during spontaneous ventilation. The resistance of small Cole pattern tubes was greater than that of plain tubes of similar o.d.", "contents": "Tracheal tubes and connectors used in neonates--dimensions and resistance to breathing. The dimensions of tracheal tubes and connectors in common use were measured together with the resistance to breathing at flow rates occurring in babies breathing quietly. The outside diameters of rubber tubes varied more than those of plastic tubes. The main factors influencing resistance were the internal diameter and a sudden change in diameter or direction of flow. These are of particular importance in tubes of 2.5 mm i.d. and less and may cause an increase in the work of breathing during spontaneous ventilation. The resistance of small Cole pattern tubes was greater than that of plain tubes of similar o.d.", "PMID": 708564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3469", "title": "Application of the Doppler ultrasound bloodflow detector in supraclavicular brachial plexus block.", "content": "A Doppler ultrasound bloodflow detector was used to localize the third division of the subclavian artery, rendering the supraclavicular approach to the brachial plexus safer and highly successful.", "contents": "Application of the Doppler ultrasound bloodflow detector in supraclavicular brachial plexus block. A Doppler ultrasound bloodflow detector was used to localize the third division of the subclavian artery, rendering the supraclavicular approach to the brachial plexus safer and highly successful.", "PMID": 708565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3470", "title": "Emergency obstetric anaesthesia and the use of beta2-sympathomimetic drugs.", "content": "A case of severe foetal distress is recorded and the rationale and use of a beta-sympathomimetic drug are described.", "contents": "Emergency obstetric anaesthesia and the use of beta2-sympathomimetic drugs. A case of severe foetal distress is recorded and the rationale and use of a beta-sympathomimetic drug are described.", "PMID": 708566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3471", "title": "Enhancement and metastasis after immunotherapy of ovine squamous-cell carcinoma.", "content": "Extracts of ovine squamous-cell carcinoma (OSCC) prepared by different procedures, were injected at varying concentrations into 184 tumour-bearing sheep. At a total protein of 0.5 mg and greater, there was significant enhancement and metastasis in all 120 sheep examined. Extracts of OSCC containing less than 0.5 mg protein, or of human squamous-cell carcinoma and normal sheep skin containing high levels of protein, had no effect on subsequent tumour development. Extracts of foetal sheep skin at the 3mg-protein level produced significant enhancement and metastasis. The degree of enhancement was inversely proportional to the developmental stage of the tumour at the time of treatment.", "contents": "Enhancement and metastasis after immunotherapy of ovine squamous-cell carcinoma. Extracts of ovine squamous-cell carcinoma (OSCC) prepared by different procedures, were injected at varying concentrations into 184 tumour-bearing sheep. At a total protein of 0.5 mg and greater, there was significant enhancement and metastasis in all 120 sheep examined. Extracts of OSCC containing less than 0.5 mg protein, or of human squamous-cell carcinoma and normal sheep skin containing high levels of protein, had no effect on subsequent tumour development. Extracts of foetal sheep skin at the 3mg-protein level produced significant enhancement and metastasis. The degree of enhancement was inversely proportional to the developmental stage of the tumour at the time of treatment.", "PMID": 708569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3472", "title": "Evaluation of the normal-lymphocyte-transfer test.", "content": "The normal-lymphocyte-transfer test has been advocated as a method of assessing the immuno-competence of lymphocytes from patients with breast and large-bowel cancer. Evidence is presented in this paper that the methodology is subject to many uncontrollable errors, that the reaction is the result of multiple factors, and that the size of the reaction is related to the age of the patient and not to the extent of the malignancy.", "contents": "Evaluation of the normal-lymphocyte-transfer test. The normal-lymphocyte-transfer test has been advocated as a method of assessing the immuno-competence of lymphocytes from patients with breast and large-bowel cancer. Evidence is presented in this paper that the methodology is subject to many uncontrollable errors, that the reaction is the result of multiple factors, and that the size of the reaction is related to the age of the patient and not to the extent of the malignancy.", "PMID": 708570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3473", "title": "Effect of lymphocyte supernatants on the electrophoretic mobility of erythrocytes: significance in cancer diagnosis.", "content": "We have determined that when an extract of human brain is preincubated with lymphocytes its subsequent capacity to inhibit the electrophoretic mobility of tanned and stabilized erythrocytes is much reduced. There is a differential effect, however, as the observed reduction is from 73% inhibition to approximately 35% when the pre-incubation is with lymphocytes from patients with malignant disease, but from 73% to approximately 10% when it is with lymphocytes from normal controls. These values were obtained at a brain extract concentration of 333 microgram/ml, with 5 times 10(6) lymphocytes, a pre-incubation time of 18-24 h, and a temperature of 27 degrees C, which are the optimum conditions determined for differentiation between cancer patients and normal subjects. In a series of 73 subjects tested by this method 43/51 cancer patients gave an unequivocal \"positive\" value, 22/22 normal controls gave a \"negative\" value, with no false positives.", "contents": "Effect of lymphocyte supernatants on the electrophoretic mobility of erythrocytes: significance in cancer diagnosis. We have determined that when an extract of human brain is preincubated with lymphocytes its subsequent capacity to inhibit the electrophoretic mobility of tanned and stabilized erythrocytes is much reduced. There is a differential effect, however, as the observed reduction is from 73% inhibition to approximately 35% when the pre-incubation is with lymphocytes from patients with malignant disease, but from 73% to approximately 10% when it is with lymphocytes from normal controls. These values were obtained at a brain extract concentration of 333 microgram/ml, with 5 times 10(6) lymphocytes, a pre-incubation time of 18-24 h, and a temperature of 27 degrees C, which are the optimum conditions determined for differentiation between cancer patients and normal subjects. In a series of 73 subjects tested by this method 43/51 cancer patients gave an unequivocal \"positive\" value, 22/22 normal controls gave a \"negative\" value, with no false positives.", "PMID": 708571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3474", "title": "Oncogenic transformation in vitro by the hypoxic cell sensitizer misonidazole.", "content": "The hypoxic cell sensitizer Misonidazole (Ro-07-0582) induces oncogenic transformations in the C3H/10T1/2 mouse embryo cell line cultured in vitro. A drug concentration of 0.4 mM applied to aerated cells for 3 or 6 days results in a transformation rate comparable to that observed following an X-ray dose of 1 Gray. A higher drug concentration of 6.0 mM is equivalent to 4 Gy. The combination of Misonidazole and X-rays produces a significant increase in the frequency of transformation over either drug or radiation alone, but the data are equivocal on the question of additivity vs synergism.", "contents": "Oncogenic transformation in vitro by the hypoxic cell sensitizer misonidazole. The hypoxic cell sensitizer Misonidazole (Ro-07-0582) induces oncogenic transformations in the C3H/10T1/2 mouse embryo cell line cultured in vitro. A drug concentration of 0.4 mM applied to aerated cells for 3 or 6 days results in a transformation rate comparable to that observed following an X-ray dose of 1 Gray. A higher drug concentration of 6.0 mM is equivalent to 4 Gy. The combination of Misonidazole and X-rays produces a significant increase in the frequency of transformation over either drug or radiation alone, but the data are equivocal on the question of additivity vs synergism.", "PMID": 708572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3475", "title": "Potentially carcinogenic analogues of the carcinogen hexamethylphosphoramide: evaluation in vitro.", "content": "Experiments conducted in vitro are described which indicate that a family of specifically substituted phosphoramides may share the carcinogenic properties displayed by the structurally novel carcinogen, hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA). Most of the analogues tested only gave a positive response in vitro when using a substantially modified liver homogenate activation system (S-9 mix). The analogy drawn in our earlier paper between this new class of potential carcinogens and the nitrosamine carcinogens, has been strengthened. The following compounds gave a positive response in the cell transformation assay of Styles: hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA), hexamethylphosphorous triamide, hexamethylphosphorothioic triamide, tripiperidinophosphine oxide, phosphorothioic trimorpholide and diethoxymorpholinophosphine oxide (DEMPA).", "contents": "Potentially carcinogenic analogues of the carcinogen hexamethylphosphoramide: evaluation in vitro. Experiments conducted in vitro are described which indicate that a family of specifically substituted phosphoramides may share the carcinogenic properties displayed by the structurally novel carcinogen, hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA). Most of the analogues tested only gave a positive response in vitro when using a substantially modified liver homogenate activation system (S-9 mix). The analogy drawn in our earlier paper between this new class of potential carcinogens and the nitrosamine carcinogens, has been strengthened. The following compounds gave a positive response in the cell transformation assay of Styles: hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA), hexamethylphosphorous triamide, hexamethylphosphorothioic triamide, tripiperidinophosphine oxide, phosphorothioic trimorpholide and diethoxymorpholinophosphine oxide (DEMPA).", "PMID": 708573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3476", "title": "Measurement of oestradiol receptors by five institutions on common tissue samples.", "content": "The soluble oestrogen-receptor content of common breast tumours has been measured by 5 different laboratories, each using their own assay procedure. Good agreement was achieved on whether a sample was positive or negative for oestrogen receptor. Qualitative differences between laboratories could be explained by differences in thiol-reagent content of assay medium and by the method of homogenization. Recommendations are made on some of the factors involved in the routine assay of receptors in breast tumours.", "contents": "Measurement of oestradiol receptors by five institutions on common tissue samples. The soluble oestrogen-receptor content of common breast tumours has been measured by 5 different laboratories, each using their own assay procedure. Good agreement was achieved on whether a sample was positive or negative for oestrogen receptor. Qualitative differences between laboratories could be explained by differences in thiol-reagent content of assay medium and by the method of homogenization. Recommendations are made on some of the factors involved in the routine assay of receptors in breast tumours.", "PMID": 708574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3477", "title": "Oestrogen receptors and the response to endocrine therapy in advanced breast cancer.", "content": "The relationship between oestrogen-receptor protein (ER) content of the tumour and the response to endocrine therapy was determined in 119 patients, in a collaborative prospective study. Twenty-eight of the 80 patients with measurable ER responded to treatment according to UICC criteria, compared with only 3/39 without ER. It was found that site of biopsy did not influence the result, but tumour content of the tissue sample was significantly related to the presence of receptors. The organizational problems of such a study are discussed.", "contents": "Oestrogen receptors and the response to endocrine therapy in advanced breast cancer. The relationship between oestrogen-receptor protein (ER) content of the tumour and the response to endocrine therapy was determined in 119 patients, in a collaborative prospective study. Twenty-eight of the 80 patients with measurable ER responded to treatment according to UICC criteria, compared with only 3/39 without ER. It was found that site of biopsy did not influence the result, but tumour content of the tissue sample was significantly related to the presence of receptors. The organizational problems of such a study are discussed.", "PMID": 708575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3478", "title": "Bone-metastasizing renal tumour of childhood.", "content": "A primary renal tumour of childhood with histological appearances different from the nephroblastoma is described. This neoplasm, predominantly seen in boys, has a tendency to metastasize to bone. Such metastases are considered to be rare in nephroblastoma and this aspect in studies of Wilms' tumour series is thought to be due, for the most part, to the inclusion of a particular bone-metastasizing tumour in the material.", "contents": "Bone-metastasizing renal tumour of childhood. A primary renal tumour of childhood with histological appearances different from the nephroblastoma is described. This neoplasm, predominantly seen in boys, has a tendency to metastasize to bone. Such metastases are considered to be rare in nephroblastoma and this aspect in studies of Wilms' tumour series is thought to be due, for the most part, to the inclusion of a particular bone-metastasizing tumour in the material.", "PMID": 708576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3479", "title": "Incidence and long term survival of children with intracranial tumours treated in Denmark 1935-1959.", "content": "The total number of children under 15 years of age with intracranial tumours in Denmark during the years 1935-1959 was found to be 533. The average incidence was 21 new cases/10(6) children/year during the 25-year period in question, and 25/10(6) children/year during the first 17 years of Danish cancer registration. The sex ratio (290 boys to 243 girls) was not significantly different from that of the child population in Denmark. In 219 cases the tumour was located in the supratentorial and in 314 in the infratentorial space. 93% of the tumours were histologically verified, with the following order of frequency for the most usual types: astrocytomas (all grades), medulloblastomas, ependymomas, and craniopharyngiomas. Follow-up was 100%. For the 345 children who survived for more than one month after operation or diagnosis, 36% were alive after 15 years. 119 patients were alive in April 1974 and these were all observed between 15-40 years after diagnosis and operation. Of these 44 had tumours in the supratentorial and 75 in the infratentorial space. 66% of the survivors with supratentorial and 90% with infratentorial tumours led a normal life. Most of the survivors had had a cerebellar astrocytoma, a supratentorial astrocytoma, an apendymoma or oligodendroglioma, but other histological diagnoses were also represented, especially in the supratentorial group. The long-term prognosis was especially bad for children with brain-stem tumours, infratentorial ependymomas and medulloblastomas.", "contents": "Incidence and long term survival of children with intracranial tumours treated in Denmark 1935-1959. The total number of children under 15 years of age with intracranial tumours in Denmark during the years 1935-1959 was found to be 533. The average incidence was 21 new cases/10(6) children/year during the 25-year period in question, and 25/10(6) children/year during the first 17 years of Danish cancer registration. The sex ratio (290 boys to 243 girls) was not significantly different from that of the child population in Denmark. In 219 cases the tumour was located in the supratentorial and in 314 in the infratentorial space. 93% of the tumours were histologically verified, with the following order of frequency for the most usual types: astrocytomas (all grades), medulloblastomas, ependymomas, and craniopharyngiomas. Follow-up was 100%. For the 345 children who survived for more than one month after operation or diagnosis, 36% were alive after 15 years. 119 patients were alive in April 1974 and these were all observed between 15-40 years after diagnosis and operation. Of these 44 had tumours in the supratentorial and 75 in the infratentorial space. 66% of the survivors with supratentorial and 90% with infratentorial tumours led a normal life. Most of the survivors had had a cerebellar astrocytoma, a supratentorial astrocytoma, an apendymoma or oligodendroglioma, but other histological diagnoses were also represented, especially in the supratentorial group. The long-term prognosis was especially bad for children with brain-stem tumours, infratentorial ependymomas and medulloblastomas.", "PMID": 708577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3480", "title": "Experimental paracoccidioidomycosis: cranial and nasal localization in mice.", "content": "An experimental mouse model for paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis) is described. When distribution of cranial lesions following i.v. injection was investigated, invasion of the nasal mucosa with subsequent discharge of budding Paracoccidioides brasiliensis cells into the nasal cavity was noted. The possible significance of this finding in terms of the processes associated with naturally occurring paracoccidioidomycosis is discussed.", "contents": "Experimental paracoccidioidomycosis: cranial and nasal localization in mice. An experimental mouse model for paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis) is described. When distribution of cranial lesions following i.v. injection was investigated, invasion of the nasal mucosa with subsequent discharge of budding Paracoccidioides brasiliensis cells into the nasal cavity was noted. The possible significance of this finding in terms of the processes associated with naturally occurring paracoccidioidomycosis is discussed.", "PMID": 708583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3481", "title": "Sensitivity to pyrexial temperatures: a factor contributing to virulence differences between two clones of influenza virus.", "content": "The influence of pyrexia on the differential persistence of a virulent and an attenuated clone of influenza virus in the respiratory tract of ferrets has been further studied. Clone 64d, an attenuated clone of a recombinant virus (A/PR/8/34-A/England/939/69 (H3N2)) grown in organ cultures of ferret nasal turbinates, was inactivated at pyrexial temperatures more readily than a virulent Clone 7a. In addition, replication of Clone 64d was restricted at pyrexial temperatures to a greater extent than that of Clone 7a in organ cultures of both ferret nasal turbinate and lung tissue. The greater adverse effects of pyrexial temperatures on Clone 64d appears to explain the earlier reduction of upper respiratory tract infection seen in ferrets infected with this attenuated clone. Also, the differential influence of pyrexial temperatures may be the reason for the virtual lack of lung infection with Clone 64d in vivo in contrast to the consistent infection found with Clone 7a. The relevance of these findings to human infection and to markers of attenuation of influenza virus is discussed.", "contents": "Sensitivity to pyrexial temperatures: a factor contributing to virulence differences between two clones of influenza virus. The influence of pyrexia on the differential persistence of a virulent and an attenuated clone of influenza virus in the respiratory tract of ferrets has been further studied. Clone 64d, an attenuated clone of a recombinant virus (A/PR/8/34-A/England/939/69 (H3N2)) grown in organ cultures of ferret nasal turbinates, was inactivated at pyrexial temperatures more readily than a virulent Clone 7a. In addition, replication of Clone 64d was restricted at pyrexial temperatures to a greater extent than that of Clone 7a in organ cultures of both ferret nasal turbinate and lung tissue. The greater adverse effects of pyrexial temperatures on Clone 64d appears to explain the earlier reduction of upper respiratory tract infection seen in ferrets infected with this attenuated clone. Also, the differential influence of pyrexial temperatures may be the reason for the virtual lack of lung infection with Clone 64d in vivo in contrast to the consistent infection found with Clone 7a. The relevance of these findings to human infection and to markers of attenuation of influenza virus is discussed.", "PMID": 708585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3482", "title": "Use of lysostaphin to remove cell-adherent staphylococci during in vitro assays of phagocyte function.", "content": "Lysostaphin, a bacteriolytic enzyme, has been used to remove cell-adherent and extracellular Staphylococcus aureus from phagocyte-bacterial mixtures in vitro. Lysostaphin kills S. aureus more rapidly than penicillin, is not toxic for phagocytic cells and, when used for short periods at low concentrations, appears to enter neither human nor mouse mononuclear phagocytes. The use of lysostaphin provides the basis of a simple reliable direct in vitro assay for measuring the attachment and ingestion of S. aureus by phagocytic cells.", "contents": "Use of lysostaphin to remove cell-adherent staphylococci during in vitro assays of phagocyte function. Lysostaphin, a bacteriolytic enzyme, has been used to remove cell-adherent and extracellular Staphylococcus aureus from phagocyte-bacterial mixtures in vitro. Lysostaphin kills S. aureus more rapidly than penicillin, is not toxic for phagocytic cells and, when used for short periods at low concentrations, appears to enter neither human nor mouse mononuclear phagocytes. The use of lysostaphin provides the basis of a simple reliable direct in vitro assay for measuring the attachment and ingestion of S. aureus by phagocytic cells.", "PMID": 708586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3483", "title": "The effects of changes in diet on lipid levels and platelet thrombus formation in living blood vessels.", "content": "The work reported here describes an in vivo study over several days in each animal, of the formation and behaviour of platelet thrombi in injured living blood vessels in response to topically applied adenosine diphosphate (ADP) in rabbits fed initially on normal diets, then on experimental \"saturated\" or \"polyunsaturated\" diets. The effects of these diets on triglyceride fatty acids and on cholesterol and triglyceride levels are reported. It may be of significance that in each experiment the \"polyunsaturated\" and \"saturated\" diets appeared to be associated with an increased sensitivity to ADP greater than observed in rabbits on a normal diet or in normal animals in other studies.", "contents": "The effects of changes in diet on lipid levels and platelet thrombus formation in living blood vessels. The work reported here describes an in vivo study over several days in each animal, of the formation and behaviour of platelet thrombi in injured living blood vessels in response to topically applied adenosine diphosphate (ADP) in rabbits fed initially on normal diets, then on experimental \"saturated\" or \"polyunsaturated\" diets. The effects of these diets on triglyceride fatty acids and on cholesterol and triglyceride levels are reported. It may be of significance that in each experiment the \"polyunsaturated\" and \"saturated\" diets appeared to be associated with an increased sensitivity to ADP greater than observed in rabbits on a normal diet or in normal animals in other studies.", "PMID": 708587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3484", "title": "The morphology of alveolar tissue destruction.", "content": "Destruction of intra-alveolar stroma in regions of tuberculous pneumonia is described. This destruction is associated with phagocytosis of argentophilic granules and fibre fragments by macrophages. The specific features of stromal destruction consist of sequestration, fragmentation, lysis, and other, less obvious, changes in reticulin and collagen fibres found in the air spaces. These findings have important implications in chronic fibrosing pneumonitis where similar intra-alveolar stromal changes occur. Destructive stromal changes have also been noted within granulomatous nodules of sarcoidosis in the region of giant cells. Some of the latter also contain argentophilic fibre fragments.", "contents": "The morphology of alveolar tissue destruction. Destruction of intra-alveolar stroma in regions of tuberculous pneumonia is described. This destruction is associated with phagocytosis of argentophilic granules and fibre fragments by macrophages. The specific features of stromal destruction consist of sequestration, fragmentation, lysis, and other, less obvious, changes in reticulin and collagen fibres found in the air spaces. These findings have important implications in chronic fibrosing pneumonitis where similar intra-alveolar stromal changes occur. Destructive stromal changes have also been noted within granulomatous nodules of sarcoidosis in the region of giant cells. Some of the latter also contain argentophilic fibre fragments.", "PMID": 708588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3485", "title": "A morphological study of the effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine and indomethacin on rat mesenteric venules.", "content": "A method is described for preparing venules of the rat mesentery for electron microscopy after the application of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and pretreatment with indomethacin. Local application of 5-HT caused the leakage of colloidal carbon and the emigration of leucocytes into the venule wall. 5-HT also caused endothelial cells to bulge and their nuclei to contort. It increased the number of protrusions on both the luminal and abluminal surfaces of the endothelium and increased the width of the subendothelial space, and the degree of vesiculation in the endothelial cells. Systemic treatment with indomethacin significantly decreased the amount of carbon passing through the endothelium after the local application of 5-HT, but enhanced some of the other effects of 5-HT. Thus it increased the bulging of endothelial cells and contortion of their nuclei, and further increased the number of surface protrusions and the subendothelial space. It had no effect on the emigration of leucocytes resulting from the application of 5-HT.", "contents": "A morphological study of the effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine and indomethacin on rat mesenteric venules. A method is described for preparing venules of the rat mesentery for electron microscopy after the application of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and pretreatment with indomethacin. Local application of 5-HT caused the leakage of colloidal carbon and the emigration of leucocytes into the venule wall. 5-HT also caused endothelial cells to bulge and their nuclei to contort. It increased the number of protrusions on both the luminal and abluminal surfaces of the endothelium and increased the width of the subendothelial space, and the degree of vesiculation in the endothelial cells. Systemic treatment with indomethacin significantly decreased the amount of carbon passing through the endothelium after the local application of 5-HT, but enhanced some of the other effects of 5-HT. Thus it increased the bulging of endothelial cells and contortion of their nuclei, and further increased the number of surface protrusions and the subendothelial space. It had no effect on the emigration of leucocytes resulting from the application of 5-HT.", "PMID": 708589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3486", "title": "The preparation, properties and action on Staphylococcus aureus of purified fractions from the cationic proteins of rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes.", "content": "A micropreparative electrophoresis system for purifying the major staphylocidal fractions of cationic proteins from rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes is described. The most staphylocidal fraction prepared is also the most cationic and contains two bands migrating immediately behind protamine sulphate on analytical acid gel electrophoresis. SDS gel electrophoresis indicates that these proteins have low molecular weights between 3,500 and 14,400. The staphylocidal activity of the fraction is affected in the same manner as a crude extract of rabbit PMN granules by iron compounds, respiratory inhibitors, and compounds affecting energy transfer and oxidative phosphorylation. It is stable to heating up to 80 degrees and amino acid analysis shows that it contains 24% arginine. Electron microscopy of staphylococcal spheroplasts treated with the purified fraction or with the crude extract shows that they both have a very marked \"blebbing\" and distorting action on the double membrane. Comparisons are made between the action of the purified fraction and protamine, and it is concluded that they have very similar, although not identical, properties and actions on staphylococci.", "contents": "The preparation, properties and action on Staphylococcus aureus of purified fractions from the cationic proteins of rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes. A micropreparative electrophoresis system for purifying the major staphylocidal fractions of cationic proteins from rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes is described. The most staphylocidal fraction prepared is also the most cationic and contains two bands migrating immediately behind protamine sulphate on analytical acid gel electrophoresis. SDS gel electrophoresis indicates that these proteins have low molecular weights between 3,500 and 14,400. The staphylocidal activity of the fraction is affected in the same manner as a crude extract of rabbit PMN granules by iron compounds, respiratory inhibitors, and compounds affecting energy transfer and oxidative phosphorylation. It is stable to heating up to 80 degrees and amino acid analysis shows that it contains 24% arginine. Electron microscopy of staphylococcal spheroplasts treated with the purified fraction or with the crude extract shows that they both have a very marked \"blebbing\" and distorting action on the double membrane. Comparisons are made between the action of the purified fraction and protamine, and it is concluded that they have very similar, although not identical, properties and actions on staphylococci.", "PMID": 708590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3487", "title": "Possible role of connective tissue in epidermal neoplasia.", "content": "Interactions between epidermal cells have been defined within a proposed mathematical model of mammalian skin. Testing the model in a computer suggests that in highly proliferating conditions of the epidermis competition for cell space in the basal layer may be sufficient to generate considerable forces in the papillary dermis. Data shown from human and pig epidermal hyperplasia indicate that basal cells are submitted to considerable lateral forces and that these and not dermal hyperplasia are the forces responsible for the increasingly folded dermo-epidermal junction. When the model was examined in condition of persistently high mitotic rate it was found that it could remain stable only if new connective tissue synthesis was not induced by the developing papillary tension. This complex and counterproductive relationship that may occur between epidermis and dermis and its possible role in the development of neoplasia are discussed.", "contents": "Possible role of connective tissue in epidermal neoplasia. Interactions between epidermal cells have been defined within a proposed mathematical model of mammalian skin. Testing the model in a computer suggests that in highly proliferating conditions of the epidermis competition for cell space in the basal layer may be sufficient to generate considerable forces in the papillary dermis. Data shown from human and pig epidermal hyperplasia indicate that basal cells are submitted to considerable lateral forces and that these and not dermal hyperplasia are the forces responsible for the increasingly folded dermo-epidermal junction. When the model was examined in condition of persistently high mitotic rate it was found that it could remain stable only if new connective tissue synthesis was not induced by the developing papillary tension. This complex and counterproductive relationship that may occur between epidermis and dermis and its possible role in the development of neoplasia are discussed.", "PMID": 708591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3488", "title": "Leukocyte migration agarose test (LMAT) in sarcoidosis using Kveim test material.", "content": "The two-stage leukocyte migration agarose test (indirect LMAT), shown to be a sensitive in vitro assay for cell-mediated immunity, was used to study Kveim reactivity in vitro in patients with sarcoidosis. No Kveim-induced inhibition of leukocyte migration in agarose or Kveim-induced lymphocyte transformation in vitro was found in 23 patients with sarcoidosis, suggesting that the Kveim reaction is not an expression of cell-mediated immunity.", "contents": "Leukocyte migration agarose test (LMAT) in sarcoidosis using Kveim test material. The two-stage leukocyte migration agarose test (indirect LMAT), shown to be a sensitive in vitro assay for cell-mediated immunity, was used to study Kveim reactivity in vitro in patients with sarcoidosis. No Kveim-induced inhibition of leukocyte migration in agarose or Kveim-induced lymphocyte transformation in vitro was found in 23 patients with sarcoidosis, suggesting that the Kveim reaction is not an expression of cell-mediated immunity.", "PMID": 708592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3489", "title": "Toxic epidermal necrolysis. Five case reports of unusual presentation in Zambians.", "content": "A new clinical presentation of epidermal necrolytic reaction affectting a limited area is reported in 5 Zambian patients. No definite causative factor could be identified in any of these cases. A staphylococcal aetiology is suspected because of the compatible histological features. However, none of the patients had pyogenic skin lesions and staphylococcus was not isolated from the skin lesion.", "contents": "Toxic epidermal necrolysis. Five case reports of unusual presentation in Zambians. A new clinical presentation of epidermal necrolytic reaction affectting a limited area is reported in 5 Zambian patients. No definite causative factor could be identified in any of these cases. A staphylococcal aetiology is suspected because of the compatible histological features. However, none of the patients had pyogenic skin lesions and staphylococcus was not isolated from the skin lesion.", "PMID": 708593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3490", "title": "Possible defects in triacylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine metabolism in psoriatic epidermis.", "content": "Biopsies of normal skin, psoriatic lesions and the adjacent psoriatic skin were incubated with I-14C-acetate, 32P-orthophosphate and U-14C-glycerol. Total incorporation of I-14C-acetate into psoriatic lesions (17 samples) was 50% higher than in the adjacent uninvolved epidermis (9 samples) and 120% higher than into normal epidermis (10 samples). In the psoriatic lesion a much higher proportion of the total incorporation was into the neutral lipids and was due mainly to a very high incorporation of I-14C-acetate into the triacylglycerols. The I-14C-acetate incorporated into the phospholipids and especially phosphatidylcholine was proportionally much less in the psoriatic lesion and uninvolved psoriatic epidermis than in normal epidermis even though the incorporation of 32P-orthophosphate and U-14C-glycerol, both representing de novo synthesis, into the phospholipids in the psoriatic lesions and uninvolved epidermis were higher (four-fold in lesion) than in normal epidermis. Our findings (1) are evidence for a much increased triacylglycerol synthesis in psoriatic epidermis which would account for the long-known observation of lipid droplet accumulation in psoriatic cells; (2) suggest that in psoriatic epidermis there is a defect in phospholipid metabolism mainly involving phosphatidycholine and the deacylation (phospholipase A)-reacylation (phospholipid acyltransferase) cycle for fatty acid transfer.", "contents": "Possible defects in triacylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine metabolism in psoriatic epidermis. Biopsies of normal skin, psoriatic lesions and the adjacent psoriatic skin were incubated with I-14C-acetate, 32P-orthophosphate and U-14C-glycerol. Total incorporation of I-14C-acetate into psoriatic lesions (17 samples) was 50% higher than in the adjacent uninvolved epidermis (9 samples) and 120% higher than into normal epidermis (10 samples). In the psoriatic lesion a much higher proportion of the total incorporation was into the neutral lipids and was due mainly to a very high incorporation of I-14C-acetate into the triacylglycerols. The I-14C-acetate incorporated into the phospholipids and especially phosphatidylcholine was proportionally much less in the psoriatic lesion and uninvolved psoriatic epidermis than in normal epidermis even though the incorporation of 32P-orthophosphate and U-14C-glycerol, both representing de novo synthesis, into the phospholipids in the psoriatic lesions and uninvolved epidermis were higher (four-fold in lesion) than in normal epidermis. Our findings (1) are evidence for a much increased triacylglycerol synthesis in psoriatic epidermis which would account for the long-known observation of lipid droplet accumulation in psoriatic cells; (2) suggest that in psoriatic epidermis there is a defect in phospholipid metabolism mainly involving phosphatidycholine and the deacylation (phospholipase A)-reacylation (phospholipid acyltransferase) cycle for fatty acid transfer.", "PMID": 708594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3491", "title": "Glucose tolerance in eczema.", "content": "The glucose tolerance of thirty-nine patients with eczema was studied by the intravenous glucose tolerance test. The glucose disappearance rate for the eczema group was 1.69 +/- 0.13 mg % per min and for that controls was 2.92 +/- 0.12, indicating impairment of glucose tolerance in eczema patients.", "contents": "Glucose tolerance in eczema. The glucose tolerance of thirty-nine patients with eczema was studied by the intravenous glucose tolerance test. The glucose disappearance rate for the eczema group was 1.69 +/- 0.13 mg % per min and for that controls was 2.92 +/- 0.12, indicating impairment of glucose tolerance in eczema patients.", "PMID": 708595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3492", "title": "Oral methoxsalen photochemotherapy of recalcitrant dermatoses of the palms and soles.", "content": "PUVA therapy successfully cleared various dermatoses mainly confined to the palms and soles in 18 of 20 patients treated. The conditions treated were: plaque-type psoriasis, pustular psoriasis, endogenous eczema and persistent palmoplantar pustulosis. Seventeen patients were treated in a controlled study of PUVA therapy versus no treatment at all and in 16 of these patients the disease was cleared in the PUVA-treated areas while the untreated areas remained unchanged or deteriorated. Twelve of the 18 patients were maintained in a clear state by continued maintenance PUVA treatment over 6--31 months while 3 patients had a spontaneous remission and are free of disease off all treatment.", "contents": "Oral methoxsalen photochemotherapy of recalcitrant dermatoses of the palms and soles. PUVA therapy successfully cleared various dermatoses mainly confined to the palms and soles in 18 of 20 patients treated. The conditions treated were: plaque-type psoriasis, pustular psoriasis, endogenous eczema and persistent palmoplantar pustulosis. Seventeen patients were treated in a controlled study of PUVA therapy versus no treatment at all and in 16 of these patients the disease was cleared in the PUVA-treated areas while the untreated areas remained unchanged or deteriorated. Twelve of the 18 patients were maintained in a clear state by continued maintenance PUVA treatment over 6--31 months while 3 patients had a spontaneous remission and are free of disease off all treatment.", "PMID": 708596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3493", "title": "Induction of UV light tolerance by PUVA in patients with polymorphous light eruption.", "content": "A tan induced by 8-methoxypsoralen-long wave ultraviolet light has proved an effective photoprotective sunscreen in 5 patients with long wave ultraviolet light-induced polymorphic light eruption.", "contents": "Induction of UV light tolerance by PUVA in patients with polymorphous light eruption. A tan induced by 8-methoxypsoralen-long wave ultraviolet light has proved an effective photoprotective sunscreen in 5 patients with long wave ultraviolet light-induced polymorphic light eruption.", "PMID": 708597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3494", "title": "Treatment of pustular psoriasis with clofazimine.", "content": "Two cases of generalized pustular psoriasis (von Zumbusch) were successfully treated with clofazimine. No side effects were noted except deep red staining of the skin which faded afterwards.", "contents": "Treatment of pustular psoriasis with clofazimine. Two cases of generalized pustular psoriasis (von Zumbusch) were successfully treated with clofazimine. No side effects were noted except deep red staining of the skin which faded afterwards.", "PMID": 708598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3495", "title": "Assessment of the skin penetration properties of different carrier vehicles for topically applied cortisol.", "content": "Four commercially available topical preparations of cortisol, Alphaderm, Calmurid HC, Efcortelan and Topisone, had trace quantities of tritiated cortisol added to them. The resultant radiolabelled creams were applied to the dorsum of the pig and the penetration of the steroid was assessed. Alphaderm was shown to deliver approximately 16.0 times more cortisol to the skin than Topisone, approximately 8.0 times more than Efcortelan and approximately 3.0 times more than Calmurid HC.", "contents": "Assessment of the skin penetration properties of different carrier vehicles for topically applied cortisol. Four commercially available topical preparations of cortisol, Alphaderm, Calmurid HC, Efcortelan and Topisone, had trace quantities of tritiated cortisol added to them. The resultant radiolabelled creams were applied to the dorsum of the pig and the penetration of the steroid was assessed. Alphaderm was shown to deliver approximately 16.0 times more cortisol to the skin than Topisone, approximately 8.0 times more than Efcortelan and approximately 3.0 times more than Calmurid HC.", "PMID": 708599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3496", "title": "Oral treatment of ichthyosis with an aromatic retinoid.", "content": "An aromatic retinoid (Ro-10/9359) was used for oral treatment of five cases of ichthyosis (three lamellar, two X-linked. Complete clearing of the skin lesions was achieved in all five patients within 24.2 +/- 3.2 days (X-linked 21.75 +/- 6.5, lamellar 23 days). Histopathology showed reduction of the hyperkeratosis, and thickening of the granular layer. Clinical side effects were of mild intensity and included cheilitis, conjunctivitis and pruritus. All side effects were reversible upon reduction of the daily dosage. In three patients treatment was discontinued after clearing of lesions. Fresh lesions re-appeared 6 weeks later. One patient with X-linked ichthyosis developed two recurrences during maintenance treatment; one patient with lamellar ichthyosis was kept in complete remission for 9 weeks on a reduced daily dosage.", "contents": "Oral treatment of ichthyosis with an aromatic retinoid. An aromatic retinoid (Ro-10/9359) was used for oral treatment of five cases of ichthyosis (three lamellar, two X-linked. Complete clearing of the skin lesions was achieved in all five patients within 24.2 +/- 3.2 days (X-linked 21.75 +/- 6.5, lamellar 23 days). Histopathology showed reduction of the hyperkeratosis, and thickening of the granular layer. Clinical side effects were of mild intensity and included cheilitis, conjunctivitis and pruritus. All side effects were reversible upon reduction of the daily dosage. In three patients treatment was discontinued after clearing of lesions. Fresh lesions re-appeared 6 weeks later. One patient with X-linked ichthyosis developed two recurrences during maintenance treatment; one patient with lamellar ichthyosis was kept in complete remission for 9 weeks on a reduced daily dosage.", "PMID": 708600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3497", "title": "Atopic dermatitis and congenital deafness.", "content": "In a family with perceptive, non-progressive hearing loss several of the members suffered from atopic dermatitis. The proband had a severe atopic dermatitis and an extremely high IgE value. Some of the family members suffered from atopic dermatitis, others from deafness, and some from both diseases. The co-existence of these two disorders has been previously described in two families. Atopic dermatitis and perceptive, non-progressive congenital deafness might be genetically associated.", "contents": "Atopic dermatitis and congenital deafness. In a family with perceptive, non-progressive hearing loss several of the members suffered from atopic dermatitis. The proband had a severe atopic dermatitis and an extremely high IgE value. Some of the family members suffered from atopic dermatitis, others from deafness, and some from both diseases. The co-existence of these two disorders has been previously described in two families. Atopic dermatitis and perceptive, non-progressive congenital deafness might be genetically associated.", "PMID": 708601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3498", "title": "Yellow nail syndrome associated with mental retardation in two siblings.", "content": "Two siblings with yellow nail syndrome and mental retardation are described. In addition to nail changes, the younger brother was found to have congenital lymphoedema and idiopathic pleural effusion, and the elder brother, lymphoedema praecox. They had in common a history of respiratory tract infections. Their intelligence quotient as measured by the Suzuki-Binet tests was 30% and 70%, respectively.", "contents": "Yellow nail syndrome associated with mental retardation in two siblings. Two siblings with yellow nail syndrome and mental retardation are described. In addition to nail changes, the younger brother was found to have congenital lymphoedema and idiopathic pleural effusion, and the elder brother, lymphoedema praecox. They had in common a history of respiratory tract infections. Their intelligence quotient as measured by the Suzuki-Binet tests was 30% and 70%, respectively.", "PMID": 708602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3499", "title": "Non-inflammatory dermal elastolysis.", "content": "A 33-year-old woman is described who suffers from an idiopathic loss of mid-dermal elastic tissue which leads to wrinkling of the skin and to discrete perifollicular protrusions. In accordance with Sheley & Wood (1977) we conclude that these findings represent a new entity for which we propose the term 'non-inflammatory dermal elastolysis'.", "contents": "Non-inflammatory dermal elastolysis. A 33-year-old woman is described who suffers from an idiopathic loss of mid-dermal elastic tissue which leads to wrinkling of the skin and to discrete perifollicular protrusions. In accordance with Sheley & Wood (1977) we conclude that these findings represent a new entity for which we propose the term 'non-inflammatory dermal elastolysis'.", "PMID": 708603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3500", "title": "Ultraviolet light inhibition of oriented fibrin formation in psoriasis.", "content": "Radially-oriented fibrin crystallization was induced by incubation of blood from psoriatic patients with killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The phenomenon was inhibited by irradiation of the buffy coat in plasma with UV-B. It was not inhibited by UV-A unless trioxsalen had been added. Addition of UV-A-irradiated plasma to non-irradiated buffy coat also inhibits the fibrin formation.", "contents": "Ultraviolet light inhibition of oriented fibrin formation in psoriasis. Radially-oriented fibrin crystallization was induced by incubation of blood from psoriatic patients with killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The phenomenon was inhibited by irradiation of the buffy coat in plasma with UV-B. It was not inhibited by UV-A unless trioxsalen had been added. Addition of UV-A-irradiated plasma to non-irradiated buffy coat also inhibits the fibrin formation.", "PMID": 708605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3501", "title": "Mouse screening test for evaluating protection to longwave ultraviolet radiation.", "content": "Albino mice photosensitized to psoralens were used for evaluating a sun-barrier preparation for use against longwave ultraviolet radiation. The difference in thickness of the treated and control ears at various times after irradiation was used as a measure of photoprotection.", "contents": "Mouse screening test for evaluating protection to longwave ultraviolet radiation. Albino mice photosensitized to psoralens were used for evaluating a sun-barrier preparation for use against longwave ultraviolet radiation. The difference in thickness of the treated and control ears at various times after irradiation was used as a measure of photoprotection.", "PMID": 708606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3502", "title": "A comparison of the anatomical uniformity of irradiation in two different photochemotherapy units.", "content": "Measurements have been made of the anatomical distribution of ultraviolet radiation resulting from the irradiation of an inanimate manikin in a PUVA 6000 unit and a PUVA 4000 unit. The dosimeter used was phenothiazine film. The results indicated a very similar pattern of relative UV dose on the surface of the manikin from both units.", "contents": "A comparison of the anatomical uniformity of irradiation in two different photochemotherapy units. Measurements have been made of the anatomical distribution of ultraviolet radiation resulting from the irradiation of an inanimate manikin in a PUVA 6000 unit and a PUVA 4000 unit. The dosimeter used was phenothiazine film. The results indicated a very similar pattern of relative UV dose on the surface of the manikin from both units.", "PMID": 708607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3503", "title": "The effect of a single plunking at different times in the hair cycle on the growth of individual mouse vibrissae.", "content": "Mouse vibrissae have been plucked at precise times throughout the hair cycle and the time of appearance of the new hair noted for each individual follicle. It was found that plucking a vibrissa at any time during the cycle resulted in the induction of a new hair and in no case did the follicle continue the same cycle. All the vibrissae grew at the normal rate of 1.0 mm/day for most of the growing period and whenever plucked during this period a new hair appeared after 8--11 days. When the growth rate fell to 0.6--0.7mm/day at the end of the growing period plucking resulted in the appearance of a new hair after 7 days. When the growth rate fell to 0.1--0.3 mm/day a new hair appeared 5 days after plucking, thus the time of normal eruption was not altered. When whiskers were 10--15 mm long and about half way through the active growth phase their follicles were surgically transected at one of three different levels: (1) just above the dermal papilla which left all or most of the differentiating matrix cells, (2) mid-follicle and (3) at the level of the sebacaous gland. In each case the distal part of the hair was then plucked. In five out of ten cases when the cut was made just above the dermal papilla a new hair erupted after a variable time 10--15 days. In all other cases the existing hair cycle was completed after a delay of a few days. This emphasizes the importance of the differentiated matrix cells in the maintenance of the hair cycle.", "contents": "The effect of a single plunking at different times in the hair cycle on the growth of individual mouse vibrissae. Mouse vibrissae have been plucked at precise times throughout the hair cycle and the time of appearance of the new hair noted for each individual follicle. It was found that plucking a vibrissa at any time during the cycle resulted in the induction of a new hair and in no case did the follicle continue the same cycle. All the vibrissae grew at the normal rate of 1.0 mm/day for most of the growing period and whenever plucked during this period a new hair appeared after 8--11 days. When the growth rate fell to 0.6--0.7mm/day at the end of the growing period plucking resulted in the appearance of a new hair after 7 days. When the growth rate fell to 0.1--0.3 mm/day a new hair appeared 5 days after plucking, thus the time of normal eruption was not altered. When whiskers were 10--15 mm long and about half way through the active growth phase their follicles were surgically transected at one of three different levels: (1) just above the dermal papilla which left all or most of the differentiating matrix cells, (2) mid-follicle and (3) at the level of the sebacaous gland. In each case the distal part of the hair was then plucked. In five out of ten cases when the cut was made just above the dermal papilla a new hair erupted after a variable time 10--15 days. In all other cases the existing hair cycle was completed after a delay of a few days. This emphasizes the importance of the differentiated matrix cells in the maintenance of the hair cycle.", "PMID": 708608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3504", "title": "The long term effect of repeated pluckings on the function of the mouse vibrissal follicles.", "content": "Single mouse vibrissae were plucked repeatedly at the same time of the cycle (10--15 days after eruption) for ten successive cycles from eight individual follicles. After three pluckings the first grey whisker appeared, after six pluckings all were grey. Two follicles stopped producing whiskers after seven pluckings and another two after the 8th. Henceforth only 50% of the follicles continued producing whiskers until the end of the experiment. All the follicles which ceased to produce whiskers had a keratogenous cyst occupying most of the follicle in direct contact with the dermal papilla. In all cases the isolated dermal papilla was condensed and rounded in shape. Both loss of pigment and cyst formation could be due to the mechanical damage in the follicle caused by repeated plucking.", "contents": "The long term effect of repeated pluckings on the function of the mouse vibrissal follicles. Single mouse vibrissae were plucked repeatedly at the same time of the cycle (10--15 days after eruption) for ten successive cycles from eight individual follicles. After three pluckings the first grey whisker appeared, after six pluckings all were grey. Two follicles stopped producing whiskers after seven pluckings and another two after the 8th. Henceforth only 50% of the follicles continued producing whiskers until the end of the experiment. All the follicles which ceased to produce whiskers had a keratogenous cyst occupying most of the follicle in direct contact with the dermal papilla. In all cases the isolated dermal papilla was condensed and rounded in shape. Both loss of pigment and cyst formation could be due to the mechanical damage in the follicle caused by repeated plucking.", "PMID": 708609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3505", "title": "Alopecia areata: immunofluorescence and other studies.", "content": "In a study of 24 patients with alopecia areata, scalp biopsies were examined for immunofluorescence; all were negative. A number of other tests also failed to confirm an auto-immune aetiology for this disease. A possible explanation lies in the heterogeneity of alopecia areata, only a small proportion of cases being of the auto-immune type.", "contents": "Alopecia areata: immunofluorescence and other studies. In a study of 24 patients with alopecia areata, scalp biopsies were examined for immunofluorescence; all were negative. A number of other tests also failed to confirm an auto-immune aetiology for this disease. A possible explanation lies in the heterogeneity of alopecia areata, only a small proportion of cases being of the auto-immune type.", "PMID": 708610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3506", "title": "Leukoderma in the nude C57BL/6 mouse.", "content": "The nu gene bred into mice causes the animals to be athymic and nude, that is their hairs do not project past the follicular orifice making them appear to be hairless. The gene has been bred into C57BL/6 mice. C57BL/6 mice which are homozygous for the gene are runted and nude and develop leukoderma around 6 weeks of age. The leukoderma is caused by shedding of short stubby, barely visible black hairs, probably a normal hair cycle. This type of leukoderma is not vitiligo, a disease which causes the skin to turn white because of destruction of the melanocytes in the epidermis or hair bulbs.", "contents": "Leukoderma in the nude C57BL/6 mouse. The nu gene bred into mice causes the animals to be athymic and nude, that is their hairs do not project past the follicular orifice making them appear to be hairless. The gene has been bred into C57BL/6 mice. C57BL/6 mice which are homozygous for the gene are runted and nude and develop leukoderma around 6 weeks of age. The leukoderma is caused by shedding of short stubby, barely visible black hairs, probably a normal hair cycle. This type of leukoderma is not vitiligo, a disease which causes the skin to turn white because of destruction of the melanocytes in the epidermis or hair bulbs.", "PMID": 708611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3507", "title": "Complement components in blood serum and suction blister fluid in erythropoietic protoporphyria.", "content": "Complement factor's C3c, C4, factor B, C3d and the immunoglobulin IgA were determined in suction blister fluid of patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria and in normal controls. The levels increased when the skin of the patients had been previously irradiated with 'white light', but with Kromayer radiation, and were interpreted as being the result of increased vasopermeability.", "contents": "Complement components in blood serum and suction blister fluid in erythropoietic protoporphyria. Complement factor's C3c, C4, factor B, C3d and the immunoglobulin IgA were determined in suction blister fluid of patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria and in normal controls. The levels increased when the skin of the patients had been previously irradiated with 'white light', but with Kromayer radiation, and were interpreted as being the result of increased vasopermeability.", "PMID": 708612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3508", "title": "Genital warts: incidence of associated genital infections.", "content": "Two hundred and seventy-eight men and 200 women who presented to a Special Treatment Clinic with genital warts were screened for accompanying genital infections. One hundred and twenty-nine of 212 presentations (61%) in women compared to 98 of 303 presentations (32%) in men were accompanied by another genital infection P less than 0.001). Recurrent presentation with warts was commoner in men (P less than 0.001). In both sexes recurrences were less likely to be accompanied by another genital infection. (P less than 0.002). Yeasts (25%), C. vaginale (21%), N.gonorrhoea (12%) and T. vaginalis (12%) were the commonest pathogens in women. Non-specific genital infection (17%) and gonorrhoea (10%) were the commonest accompanying infections in men. The identification and treatment of these infections, especially in women, is important for the rapid eradication of warts, for, by increasing genital moisture they can create and maintain a favourable environment for wart proliferation. In addition to screening all patients with warts for other sexually transmitted diseases, women should be screened for yeasts and C. vaginale.", "contents": "Genital warts: incidence of associated genital infections. Two hundred and seventy-eight men and 200 women who presented to a Special Treatment Clinic with genital warts were screened for accompanying genital infections. One hundred and twenty-nine of 212 presentations (61%) in women compared to 98 of 303 presentations (32%) in men were accompanied by another genital infection P less than 0.001). Recurrent presentation with warts was commoner in men (P less than 0.001). In both sexes recurrences were less likely to be accompanied by another genital infection. (P less than 0.002). Yeasts (25%), C. vaginale (21%), N.gonorrhoea (12%) and T. vaginalis (12%) were the commonest pathogens in women. Non-specific genital infection (17%) and gonorrhoea (10%) were the commonest accompanying infections in men. The identification and treatment of these infections, especially in women, is important for the rapid eradication of warts, for, by increasing genital moisture they can create and maintain a favourable environment for wart proliferation. In addition to screening all patients with warts for other sexually transmitted diseases, women should be screened for yeasts and C. vaginale.", "PMID": 708613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3509", "title": "Failure of metronidazole treatment in Ethiopian mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.", "content": "Metronidazole was found to be of no value in the treatment of five cases of Ethtiopian mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.", "contents": "Failure of metronidazole treatment in Ethiopian mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Metronidazole was found to be of no value in the treatment of five cases of Ethtiopian mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.", "PMID": 708614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3510", "title": "An hereditary syndrome of lumpy scalp, odd ears and rudimentary nipples.", "content": "A syndrome, consisting of a congenital abnormality of the scalp, ears and nipples inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, is reported. Ten affected members of a family over five generations are recorded and the four living affected members are described in detail. A review of congenital localized aplasias of skin suggests that this may be a new syndrome.", "contents": "An hereditary syndrome of lumpy scalp, odd ears and rudimentary nipples. A syndrome, consisting of a congenital abnormality of the scalp, ears and nipples inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, is reported. Ten affected members of a family over five generations are recorded and the four living affected members are described in detail. A review of congenital localized aplasias of skin suggests that this may be a new syndrome.", "PMID": 708615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3511", "title": "Follicular atrophoderma with multiple basal cell carcinomas (Bazex).", "content": "Five patients from a single family are reported who have an inherited condition of which the main features are follicular atrophoderma, abnormalities of scalp hair and multiple basal cell carcinomas. Thes abnormalities are consistent with the syndrome described by Bazex et al. (1964). The pattern of inheritance of this condition is discussed.", "contents": "Follicular atrophoderma with multiple basal cell carcinomas (Bazex). Five patients from a single family are reported who have an inherited condition of which the main features are follicular atrophoderma, abnormalities of scalp hair and multiple basal cell carcinomas. Thes abnormalities are consistent with the syndrome described by Bazex et al. (1964). The pattern of inheritance of this condition is discussed.", "PMID": 708616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3512", "title": "Co-existence of pemphigus, anti-skeletal muscle antibody and a retroperitoneal paraganglioma.", "content": "Occasional reports have appeared in the literature describing a relationship between pemphigus vulgaris and malignancy (Krain & Bierman, 1974; Tagami et al., 1976). Carcinoma of the ovary, stomach, breast, endometrium and bronchus have all been associated with pemphigus (Krain, 1974). The association between pemphigus and thymoma is well known (Stillmand & Baer, 1972). Pemphigus has also been described in connection with various lymphoproliferative malignancies (Naysmith & Hancock, 1976). The purpose of this paper is to describe a patient who suffered from a rare retroperitoneal tumour in association with pemphigus vulgaris. His serum contained a high titre of anti-skeletal muscle antibody, although he showed no clinical manifestations of myasthenia gravis. He also had immunological manifestations suggestive of lupus erythematosus.", "contents": "Co-existence of pemphigus, anti-skeletal muscle antibody and a retroperitoneal paraganglioma. Occasional reports have appeared in the literature describing a relationship between pemphigus vulgaris and malignancy (Krain & Bierman, 1974; Tagami et al., 1976). Carcinoma of the ovary, stomach, breast, endometrium and bronchus have all been associated with pemphigus (Krain, 1974). The association between pemphigus and thymoma is well known (Stillmand & Baer, 1972). Pemphigus has also been described in connection with various lymphoproliferative malignancies (Naysmith & Hancock, 1976). The purpose of this paper is to describe a patient who suffered from a rare retroperitoneal tumour in association with pemphigus vulgaris. His serum contained a high titre of anti-skeletal muscle antibody, although he showed no clinical manifestations of myasthenia gravis. He also had immunological manifestations suggestive of lupus erythematosus.", "PMID": 708617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3513", "title": "Epithelioid sarcoma--a case report.", "content": "A case of epithelioid sarcoma is reported which clinically resembled sporotrichosis.", "contents": "Epithelioid sarcoma--a case report. A case of epithelioid sarcoma is reported which clinically resembled sporotrichosis.", "PMID": 708618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3514", "title": "Urticaria-like lesions associated with systemic lupus erythematosus: response to dapsone.", "content": "A cases of systemic lupus erythematosus is reported, presenting with urticaria-like lesions and complement deficiencies, which was completely controlled by dapsone.", "contents": "Urticaria-like lesions associated with systemic lupus erythematosus: response to dapsone. A cases of systemic lupus erythematosus is reported, presenting with urticaria-like lesions and complement deficiencies, which was completely controlled by dapsone.", "PMID": 708619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3515", "title": "Psoriasis and occlusive vascular disease.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that psoriasis is associated with an increased incidence of occlusive vascular disease (thrombophlebitis, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolization, and cerebrovascular accident), the clinical records of 323 psoriatic and 325 non-psoriatic patients admitted to the dermatology service of the Roger Williams General Hospital were examined. The data obtained in this study suggest that (1) the occurrence rate of occlusive vascular disease is significantly greater in the psoriatic than in the non-psoriatic dermatological patient. This is particularly true in the male population; (2) psoriasis predisposes to occlusive vascular disease; and (3) the psoriatic patient with certain predisposing factors is at greater risk of experiencing an occlusive vascular episode than both the non-predisposed psoriatic and the non-psoriatic dermatological patient.", "contents": "Psoriasis and occlusive vascular disease. To test the hypothesis that psoriasis is associated with an increased incidence of occlusive vascular disease (thrombophlebitis, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolization, and cerebrovascular accident), the clinical records of 323 psoriatic and 325 non-psoriatic patients admitted to the dermatology service of the Roger Williams General Hospital were examined. The data obtained in this study suggest that (1) the occurrence rate of occlusive vascular disease is significantly greater in the psoriatic than in the non-psoriatic dermatological patient. This is particularly true in the male population; (2) psoriasis predisposes to occlusive vascular disease; and (3) the psoriatic patient with certain predisposing factors is at greater risk of experiencing an occlusive vascular episode than both the non-predisposed psoriatic and the non-psoriatic dermatological patient.", "PMID": 708620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3516", "title": "HLA antigens in persistent palmoplantar pustulosis and its relationship to psoriasis.", "content": "HLA typing was performed on 93 patients with persistent palmoplantar pustulosis. The incidence of either HLA B13 or BW17 was not significantly increased as compared to controls. In addition the frequency of BW35 was no different from controls. However, the present results document a significantly increased frequency (38.7%) of B8. Taken together these data are good evidence that palmoplantar pustulosis is a genetically distinct disease entity from psoriasis vulgaris, despite the increased incidence of psoriasis in the condition.", "contents": "HLA antigens in persistent palmoplantar pustulosis and its relationship to psoriasis. HLA typing was performed on 93 patients with persistent palmoplantar pustulosis. The incidence of either HLA B13 or BW17 was not significantly increased as compared to controls. In addition the frequency of BW35 was no different from controls. However, the present results document a significantly increased frequency (38.7%) of B8. Taken together these data are good evidence that palmoplantar pustulosis is a genetically distinct disease entity from psoriasis vulgaris, despite the increased incidence of psoriasis in the condition.", "PMID": 708621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3517", "title": "Multinucleate epidermal cells in non-neoplastic dermatoses.", "content": "Multinucleate epidermal cells (MEC) originated from keratinocytes were observed histologically in 92 of 197 cases of non-neoplastic dermatoses, such as lupus erythematosus (26 of 70), lichenoid eruptions (26 of 47), Hailey-Hailey disease (5 of 5), psoriasis vulgaris (20 of 49) and so on. Most of these cells had two nuclei, and a few had three nuclei. MEC usually showed perinuclear bands of eosinophilic material which also showed positive staining for epidermal fibres (tonofilaments). In all cases of Hailey-Hailey disease, close correlation between formation of MEC and dyskeratotic tendency was observed. From these findings, it is concluded that the mechanism of formation of MEC in these dermatoses may be similar to that of Bowen's disease, in which dyskeratotic tonofilaments become entangled with the spindles of the mitotic apparatus so that normal cell division cannot take place. It seems likely that MEC are a manifestation not only of malignant dyskeratosis but also of benign one.", "contents": "Multinucleate epidermal cells in non-neoplastic dermatoses. Multinucleate epidermal cells (MEC) originated from keratinocytes were observed histologically in 92 of 197 cases of non-neoplastic dermatoses, such as lupus erythematosus (26 of 70), lichenoid eruptions (26 of 47), Hailey-Hailey disease (5 of 5), psoriasis vulgaris (20 of 49) and so on. Most of these cells had two nuclei, and a few had three nuclei. MEC usually showed perinuclear bands of eosinophilic material which also showed positive staining for epidermal fibres (tonofilaments). In all cases of Hailey-Hailey disease, close correlation between formation of MEC and dyskeratotic tendency was observed. From these findings, it is concluded that the mechanism of formation of MEC in these dermatoses may be similar to that of Bowen's disease, in which dyskeratotic tonofilaments become entangled with the spindles of the mitotic apparatus so that normal cell division cannot take place. It seems likely that MEC are a manifestation not only of malignant dyskeratosis but also of benign one.", "PMID": 708622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3518", "title": "Dermo-epidermal relationships in pyogenic granulomata.", "content": "The epidermis of pyogenic granulomata is presented with an unusual problem of distorted dermoepidermal relationships. In this study we have attempted to delineate the problem and have studied the way in which the epidermis copes with its difficulties. Sixteen pyogenic granulomata with (where possible) paralesional skin (and for comparison ten Campbell de Morgan spots) were studied by cell kinetic techniques. High labelling indices were found in the epidermis and in the endothelium in the pyogenic granulomata (contrasting strikingly with the findings in the Campbell de Morgan spots). A variable morphological response was found ranging from hyperplasia with parakeratosis to epidermal thinning and atrophy. Possible mechanisms for the epidermal changes are discussed and it is suggested that the data produced from this and similar studies may aid the understanding of dermo-epidermal interaction in a variety of common skin disorders including psoriasis.", "contents": "Dermo-epidermal relationships in pyogenic granulomata. The epidermis of pyogenic granulomata is presented with an unusual problem of distorted dermoepidermal relationships. In this study we have attempted to delineate the problem and have studied the way in which the epidermis copes with its difficulties. Sixteen pyogenic granulomata with (where possible) paralesional skin (and for comparison ten Campbell de Morgan spots) were studied by cell kinetic techniques. High labelling indices were found in the epidermis and in the endothelium in the pyogenic granulomata (contrasting strikingly with the findings in the Campbell de Morgan spots). A variable morphological response was found ranging from hyperplasia with parakeratosis to epidermal thinning and atrophy. Possible mechanisms for the epidermal changes are discussed and it is suggested that the data produced from this and similar studies may aid the understanding of dermo-epidermal interaction in a variety of common skin disorders including psoriasis.", "PMID": 708623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3519", "title": "Towards characterization of epidermal cell migration promotion activity in serum.", "content": "The effect of various fractions of serum on active epidermal cell migration in vitro has been studied by incubating small explants of normal human skin in the presence of the fractions and determining the extent of migration after 48 h incubation. Serum was fractionated by combining ammonium sulphate precipitation and molecular sieve chromatography using Sephadex G-200. The components of serum responsible for most, if not all, of the migration promotion activity were localized in the G-200 third peak (albumin fraction) of the supernatant after precipitation of the serum with ammonium sulphate at 50% saturation.", "contents": "Towards characterization of epidermal cell migration promotion activity in serum. The effect of various fractions of serum on active epidermal cell migration in vitro has been studied by incubating small explants of normal human skin in the presence of the fractions and determining the extent of migration after 48 h incubation. Serum was fractionated by combining ammonium sulphate precipitation and molecular sieve chromatography using Sephadex G-200. The components of serum responsible for most, if not all, of the migration promotion activity were localized in the G-200 third peak (albumin fraction) of the supernatant after precipitation of the serum with ammonium sulphate at 50% saturation.", "PMID": 708624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3520", "title": "A new form of cellular arrangement in guinea-pig ear epidermis.", "content": "A new type of squame arrangements is described in guinea-pig ear epidermis. It is characterized by overlapping obliquely-angled outer cells and squames, which thus form a roof-tile pattern. This pattern develops in epidermis that is thicker than about 42 micron; in thinner epidermis the outer cells and squames form the usual columnar stacks. It is concluded that the roof-tile pattern, which is usually directed towards the ear edge, is typical of slight to moderate hyperplasia. In extreme hyperplasia, when the strata granulosum and corneum are destroyed, only cellular disorder is seen.", "contents": "A new form of cellular arrangement in guinea-pig ear epidermis. A new type of squame arrangements is described in guinea-pig ear epidermis. It is characterized by overlapping obliquely-angled outer cells and squames, which thus form a roof-tile pattern. This pattern develops in epidermis that is thicker than about 42 micron; in thinner epidermis the outer cells and squames form the usual columnar stacks. It is concluded that the roof-tile pattern, which is usually directed towards the ear edge, is typical of slight to moderate hyperplasia. In extreme hyperplasia, when the strata granulosum and corneum are destroyed, only cellular disorder is seen.", "PMID": 708625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3521", "title": "Human infections with Microsporum persicolor in Denmark.", "content": "The geographical and ecological spread of Microsporum persicolor is reviewed. It is concluded that M. persicolor is a zoophilic dermatophyte prevalent mainly in Europe and seldom reported as the cause of human infection. Twelve Danish cases of M. persicolor infection are described--their clinical features, mycological findings, and treatment. The localization of these fungal infections is reviewed on the basis of the present material and 58 cases from the literature.", "contents": "Human infections with Microsporum persicolor in Denmark. The geographical and ecological spread of Microsporum persicolor is reviewed. It is concluded that M. persicolor is a zoophilic dermatophyte prevalent mainly in Europe and seldom reported as the cause of human infection. Twelve Danish cases of M. persicolor infection are described--their clinical features, mycological findings, and treatment. The localization of these fungal infections is reviewed on the basis of the present material and 58 cases from the literature.", "PMID": 708626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3522", "title": "An assessment of (1) cyproterone acetate and (2) ethinyl oestradiol and lynoestrenol (Minilyn) in the treatment of idiopathic hirsutism.", "content": "The administration of cyproterone acetate can be effective in the treatment of 'idiopathic' hirsutism. In 5 similarly affected patients treated with ethinyloestradiol and lynoestrenol (Minilyn) the rate of hair growth was reduced in only two, even though the serum total testosterone was reduced in each instance.", "contents": "An assessment of (1) cyproterone acetate and (2) ethinyl oestradiol and lynoestrenol (Minilyn) in the treatment of idiopathic hirsutism. The administration of cyproterone acetate can be effective in the treatment of 'idiopathic' hirsutism. In 5 similarly affected patients treated with ethinyloestradiol and lynoestrenol (Minilyn) the rate of hair growth was reduced in only two, even though the serum total testosterone was reduced in each instance.", "PMID": 708628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3523", "title": "Generalized Hailey-Hailey disease.", "content": "A woman of 60 developed a generalized erythroderma. The case history revealed classical symptoms of Hailey-Hailey disease for 17 years. Light- and electron microscopic investigations confirmed the diagnosis of generalized Hailey-Hailey disease--an extremely rare condition. Two additional cases with widespread clinical manifestations are presented. These observations underline the fact that the whole epidermis is genetically disturbed and may react to various insults with suprabasal acantholysis.", "contents": "Generalized Hailey-Hailey disease. A woman of 60 developed a generalized erythroderma. The case history revealed classical symptoms of Hailey-Hailey disease for 17 years. Light- and electron microscopic investigations confirmed the diagnosis of generalized Hailey-Hailey disease--an extremely rare condition. Two additional cases with widespread clinical manifestations are presented. These observations underline the fact that the whole epidermis is genetically disturbed and may react to various insults with suprabasal acantholysis.", "PMID": 708629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3524", "title": "Buckley's syndrome.", "content": "An infant girl with chronic eczema, recurrent infections, elevated IgE and impaired neutrophil chemotaxis appeared to belong to the group of patients described by Buckley, Wray & Belmaker (1972). An hereditary influence is suggested by a similar defect found in the patient's mother. Levamisole improved the in vitro defect and the clinical picture.", "contents": "Buckley's syndrome. An infant girl with chronic eczema, recurrent infections, elevated IgE and impaired neutrophil chemotaxis appeared to belong to the group of patients described by Buckley, Wray & Belmaker (1972). An hereditary influence is suggested by a similar defect found in the patient's mother. Levamisole improved the in vitro defect and the clinical picture.", "PMID": 708630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3525", "title": "Localized crusting as an artefact.", "content": "Four patients are reported, two with gross crusting of the nose and two with gross crusting of the lips considered to be artefacts. The crusting was easily removed using soft paraffin or Viscopaste.", "contents": "Localized crusting as an artefact. Four patients are reported, two with gross crusting of the nose and two with gross crusting of the lips considered to be artefacts. The crusting was easily removed using soft paraffin or Viscopaste.", "PMID": 708631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3526", "title": "Eruptive melanocytic naevi following severe bullous disease.", "content": "Two patients developed eruptive naevi following severe bullous disease. The naevi developed after an interval of months and remain unchanged 4 years later. Eruptive naevi have been described after convulsions and both patients developed bullous disease after treatment for convulsions.", "contents": "Eruptive melanocytic naevi following severe bullous disease. Two patients developed eruptive naevi following severe bullous disease. The naevi developed after an interval of months and remain unchanged 4 years later. Eruptive naevi have been described after convulsions and both patients developed bullous disease after treatment for convulsions.", "PMID": 708632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3527", "title": "Ways of expressing results of human bone marrow progenitor cell culture.", "content": "In human bone marrow culture studies the number of granulocyte progenitor cells (CFUc) is expressed as the number of colonies per 10(5) incubated, nucleated cells. However, this provides little information on cell proliferation kinetics of granulopoiesis. The ratio of progenitors (CFUc) to end cells (metamyelocytes or granulocytes) is related to the effectiveness of granulopoiesis and this allows an estimate to be made of an amplification factor within the maturing and proliferating compartments. We measured an index equal to the number of CFUc per 10(5) falls when a large number of granulocytes is produced by each progenitor cell. This was observed in many patients with a neutropenia. An estimation of the total number of metamyelocytes is based on the ratio of the number of metamyelocytes to the number of blood granulocytes. This allows an estimate of the total number of CFUcs, which is of clinical interest.", "contents": "Ways of expressing results of human bone marrow progenitor cell culture. In human bone marrow culture studies the number of granulocyte progenitor cells (CFUc) is expressed as the number of colonies per 10(5) incubated, nucleated cells. However, this provides little information on cell proliferation kinetics of granulopoiesis. The ratio of progenitors (CFUc) to end cells (metamyelocytes or granulocytes) is related to the effectiveness of granulopoiesis and this allows an estimate to be made of an amplification factor within the maturing and proliferating compartments. We measured an index equal to the number of CFUc per 10(5) falls when a large number of granulocytes is produced by each progenitor cell. This was observed in many patients with a neutropenia. An estimation of the total number of metamyelocytes is based on the ratio of the number of metamyelocytes to the number of blood granulocytes. This allows an estimate of the total number of CFUcs, which is of clinical interest.", "PMID": 708635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3528", "title": "A comparison using quantitative enzyme cytochemistry between leucocyte alkaline phosphatase levels in the bone marrow and blood of the rat.", "content": "Leucocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) levels have been compared in neutrophil polymorphs in bone marrow and blood in the rat, using a quantitative enzyme cytochemical technique. It has been shown that LAP levels are higher in bone marrow than blood, both in normal animals and those with experimentally-induced local inflammatory lesions. In the latter group both marrow and blood LAP levels were higher than in controls; blood levels rose because of the outpouring of cells with moderately high LAP levels into the blood and marrow levels rose because only cells with very high LAP levels remained. The inverse relationship between neutrophil age and alkaline phosphatase content, previously demonstrated in the peripheral blood of the rat, has also been shown to exist in the bone marrow.", "contents": "A comparison using quantitative enzyme cytochemistry between leucocyte alkaline phosphatase levels in the bone marrow and blood of the rat. Leucocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) levels have been compared in neutrophil polymorphs in bone marrow and blood in the rat, using a quantitative enzyme cytochemical technique. It has been shown that LAP levels are higher in bone marrow than blood, both in normal animals and those with experimentally-induced local inflammatory lesions. In the latter group both marrow and blood LAP levels were higher than in controls; blood levels rose because of the outpouring of cells with moderately high LAP levels into the blood and marrow levels rose because only cells with very high LAP levels remained. The inverse relationship between neutrophil age and alkaline phosphatase content, previously demonstrated in the peripheral blood of the rat, has also been shown to exist in the bone marrow.", "PMID": 708636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3529", "title": "Correction of the bleeding time in patients with storage pool deficiency by infusion of cryoprecipitate.", "content": "Five patients with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome: storage pool deficiency, albinism and ceroid containing bone marrow macrophages and three patients with uncomplicated storage pool deficiency were treated with cryoprecipitate from 16 donors. Within 2 h of transfusion, bleeding times decreased towards a third of initial values. This effect lasted for at least 4 h but had disappeared after 24 h. Six of these eight patients were also treated with an equal volume of human albumin solution. Infusion of albumin had no effect on the bleeding times. The abnormal platelet function tests and biochemical abnormalities (decreased values of platelet total adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP(I) and serotonin) remained unchanged. On four occasions infusion of cryoprecipitate twice daily protected patients with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome and storage pool deficiency from bleeding during surgery. The mechanism of action of cryoprecipitate in this clinical situation is obscure.", "contents": "Correction of the bleeding time in patients with storage pool deficiency by infusion of cryoprecipitate. Five patients with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome: storage pool deficiency, albinism and ceroid containing bone marrow macrophages and three patients with uncomplicated storage pool deficiency were treated with cryoprecipitate from 16 donors. Within 2 h of transfusion, bleeding times decreased towards a third of initial values. This effect lasted for at least 4 h but had disappeared after 24 h. Six of these eight patients were also treated with an equal volume of human albumin solution. Infusion of albumin had no effect on the bleeding times. The abnormal platelet function tests and biochemical abnormalities (decreased values of platelet total adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP(I) and serotonin) remained unchanged. On four occasions infusion of cryoprecipitate twice daily protected patients with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome and storage pool deficiency from bleeding during surgery. The mechanism of action of cryoprecipitate in this clinical situation is obscure.", "PMID": 708637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3530", "title": "Malignant histiocytosis: a clinico-pathological study of 12 cases.", "content": "The clinico-pathological features of 12 cases of malignant histiocytosis (histiocytic medullary reticulosis), aged 12-60 years, were studied. Special emphasis was put on the analysis of the haematological, cytological and histopathological findings of the disease. Bone marrow aspirates and biopsies from involved tissues (liver, lymph node, spleen and skin) were found best suited for establishing the diagnosis. Cytochemical and ultrastructural data support the concept that the neoplastic cells belong to the mononuclear-phagocyte system. Three untreated patients died in less than 6 months. Median survival of the nine treated patients was 1 year. Seven patients were treated with the combination chemotherapy CHOP and four achieved a complete remission. Three of them are alive and continue in unmaintained remission for more than 1 year, surviving so far for 18+ to 31+ months. Two cases showed evidence of CNS involvement, one during life and the other as a post-mortem finding. The differential diagnosis from other related or unrelated disorders and the possible aetiological factors responsible for the disease are discussed in detail.", "contents": "Malignant histiocytosis: a clinico-pathological study of 12 cases. The clinico-pathological features of 12 cases of malignant histiocytosis (histiocytic medullary reticulosis), aged 12-60 years, were studied. Special emphasis was put on the analysis of the haematological, cytological and histopathological findings of the disease. Bone marrow aspirates and biopsies from involved tissues (liver, lymph node, spleen and skin) were found best suited for establishing the diagnosis. Cytochemical and ultrastructural data support the concept that the neoplastic cells belong to the mononuclear-phagocyte system. Three untreated patients died in less than 6 months. Median survival of the nine treated patients was 1 year. Seven patients were treated with the combination chemotherapy CHOP and four achieved a complete remission. Three of them are alive and continue in unmaintained remission for more than 1 year, surviving so far for 18+ to 31+ months. Two cases showed evidence of CNS involvement, one during life and the other as a post-mortem finding. The differential diagnosis from other related or unrelated disorders and the possible aetiological factors responsible for the disease are discussed in detail.", "PMID": 708640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3531", "title": "Erythrokinetic studies in myelofibrosis: their significance for prognosis.", "content": "Eighty-three patients with myelofibrosis have been studied by erythrokinetics and have been followed up until death or for at least 12 months. Because of a large plasma volume the venous haematocrit gives only a poor idea of the red blood cell volume. The red cell survival was reduced in the majority of cases but significant haemolysis was rare. The amount of haemolysis of autologous and isologous red cells was similar, suggesting an extra-corpuscular origin for the haemolysis. Plasma iron turnover was always increased, sometimes markedly, but red cell iron incorporation was reduced in 70% of cases, indicating ineffective erythropoiesis. Surface counting showed an absence on diminution of sacral iron fixation and a rapid and marked splenic uptake in more than 90% of the cases; uptake of iron by the liver occurred in half the cases, usually not very high; iron release from the spleen was absent or reduced in 67% of the cases. The degree of ineffective erythropoiesis as measured by radio-iron incorporation and release by the spleen, the amount of haemolysis, and the red cell volume were strongly correlated with prognosis. These factors enabled a more precise prediction to be made of the clinical outcome in the 2 years following the study, than the clinical data alone. A prospective study might show whether erythrokinetic studies are also useful in determining the choice of treatment.", "contents": "Erythrokinetic studies in myelofibrosis: their significance for prognosis. Eighty-three patients with myelofibrosis have been studied by erythrokinetics and have been followed up until death or for at least 12 months. Because of a large plasma volume the venous haematocrit gives only a poor idea of the red blood cell volume. The red cell survival was reduced in the majority of cases but significant haemolysis was rare. The amount of haemolysis of autologous and isologous red cells was similar, suggesting an extra-corpuscular origin for the haemolysis. Plasma iron turnover was always increased, sometimes markedly, but red cell iron incorporation was reduced in 70% of cases, indicating ineffective erythropoiesis. Surface counting showed an absence on diminution of sacral iron fixation and a rapid and marked splenic uptake in more than 90% of the cases; uptake of iron by the liver occurred in half the cases, usually not very high; iron release from the spleen was absent or reduced in 67% of the cases. The degree of ineffective erythropoiesis as measured by radio-iron incorporation and release by the spleen, the amount of haemolysis, and the red cell volume were strongly correlated with prognosis. These factors enabled a more precise prediction to be made of the clinical outcome in the 2 years following the study, than the clinical data alone. A prospective study might show whether erythrokinetic studies are also useful in determining the choice of treatment.", "PMID": 708641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3532", "title": "Improvement of polymorphonuclear leucocyte oxidative and bactericidal functions in chronic granulomatous disease with 4-amino-4'-hydroxylaminodiphenyl sulphone.", "content": "In an effort to restore oxidant-dependent capabilities to chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN), we studied a dapsone derivative, 4-amino-4'-hydroxylaminodiphenyl sulphone (DDS-NOH), known to generate H2O2. After incubation of CGD PMN with 0.2 and 1.0 mM DDS-NOH for 30 min, the rate of glucose-1-14C oxidation via hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt increased 2--4-fold and that of iodination of ingested zymosan particles 1.5--2.7-fold. Both effects could be further enhanced by superoxide dismutase (SOD) but inhibited by catalase. In three patients, 0.2 mM DDS-NOH improved in vitro killing of Staph. aureus. DDS-NOH 0.02 mM induced capping of Concanavalin A (Con A) receptor complexes suggesting interference by the drug with microtubule-associated function. Thus, optimal concentrations of DDS-NOH may be employed as an oxidant to improve metabolic and bactericidal functions of PMN from patients with CGD.", "contents": "Improvement of polymorphonuclear leucocyte oxidative and bactericidal functions in chronic granulomatous disease with 4-amino-4'-hydroxylaminodiphenyl sulphone. In an effort to restore oxidant-dependent capabilities to chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN), we studied a dapsone derivative, 4-amino-4'-hydroxylaminodiphenyl sulphone (DDS-NOH), known to generate H2O2. After incubation of CGD PMN with 0.2 and 1.0 mM DDS-NOH for 30 min, the rate of glucose-1-14C oxidation via hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt increased 2--4-fold and that of iodination of ingested zymosan particles 1.5--2.7-fold. Both effects could be further enhanced by superoxide dismutase (SOD) but inhibited by catalase. In three patients, 0.2 mM DDS-NOH improved in vitro killing of Staph. aureus. DDS-NOH 0.02 mM induced capping of Concanavalin A (Con A) receptor complexes suggesting interference by the drug with microtubule-associated function. Thus, optimal concentrations of DDS-NOH may be employed as an oxidant to improve metabolic and bactericidal functions of PMN from patients with CGD.", "PMID": 708642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3533", "title": "Plasma clearance and renal excretion of erythrocyte cryoprotectant hydroxyethylated amylopectin.", "content": "The value of low molecular weight-hydroxyethylated amylopectin (cryo-HES) as an extracellular cryoprotectant has been demonstrated in vitro. It is important that details of the intravascular persistence and urinary excretion be determined to compare with data already available as other grades of HES and with data on transfusion of cryo-HES cryoprotected blood. Following a single 400 ml (14% solution) infusion in man, the intravascular clearance of cryo-HES was well described mathematically by the equation: y = 3.30+6.49e-0.15kappa. The plasma concentration of cryo-HES fell to half its peak value in approximately 9.6 h. Approximately 20% of the total infused cryo-HES was excreted in the urine during the first post-injection hour, and 50% by 72 h. The ESR was not altered significantly by the presence of this material. The present study indicates that cryo-HES is eliminated rapidly and may thus be safe for transfusion to recipients of frozen blood.", "contents": "Plasma clearance and renal excretion of erythrocyte cryoprotectant hydroxyethylated amylopectin. The value of low molecular weight-hydroxyethylated amylopectin (cryo-HES) as an extracellular cryoprotectant has been demonstrated in vitro. It is important that details of the intravascular persistence and urinary excretion be determined to compare with data already available as other grades of HES and with data on transfusion of cryo-HES cryoprotected blood. Following a single 400 ml (14% solution) infusion in man, the intravascular clearance of cryo-HES was well described mathematically by the equation: y = 3.30+6.49e-0.15kappa. The plasma concentration of cryo-HES fell to half its peak value in approximately 9.6 h. Approximately 20% of the total infused cryo-HES was excreted in the urine during the first post-injection hour, and 50% by 72 h. The ESR was not altered significantly by the presence of this material. The present study indicates that cryo-HES is eliminated rapidly and may thus be safe for transfusion to recipients of frozen blood.", "PMID": 708643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3534", "title": "Organelle pathology in primary and secondary haemochromatosis with special reference to lysosomal changes.", "content": "The organelle pathology of liver biopsy specimens from patients with either primary or secondary haemochromatosis was investigated by analytical subcellular fractionation in combination with enzymic microanalysis. The most striking changes were found in the lysosomes. Increased total activities but decreased latent activities of enzymes selectively localized to the high density population of lysosomes was demonstrated in the iron overloaded biopsies. Depletion of the iron, where possible, by venesection was accompanied by a return to normal of these changes. The other subcellular organelles, plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, biliary canaliculi, mitochondria, peroxisomes and the low density population of lysosomes appear to be relatively unaffected. The minor changes demonstrated are similar to those seen in other forms of chronic liver disease. It is suggested that iron mediated lysosomal disruption is implicated in the pathogenesis of the tissue damage in haemochromatosis.", "contents": "Organelle pathology in primary and secondary haemochromatosis with special reference to lysosomal changes. The organelle pathology of liver biopsy specimens from patients with either primary or secondary haemochromatosis was investigated by analytical subcellular fractionation in combination with enzymic microanalysis. The most striking changes were found in the lysosomes. Increased total activities but decreased latent activities of enzymes selectively localized to the high density population of lysosomes was demonstrated in the iron overloaded biopsies. Depletion of the iron, where possible, by venesection was accompanied by a return to normal of these changes. The other subcellular organelles, plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, biliary canaliculi, mitochondria, peroxisomes and the low density population of lysosomes appear to be relatively unaffected. The minor changes demonstrated are similar to those seen in other forms of chronic liver disease. It is suggested that iron mediated lysosomal disruption is implicated in the pathogenesis of the tissue damage in haemochromatosis.", "PMID": 708644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3535", "title": "Non-specific serum iron in thalassaemia: an abnormal serum iron fraction of potential toxicity.", "content": "Iron binding in the sera of 35 patients with beta thalassaemia major and intermedia was studied. In patients receiving regular blood transfusions since infancy transferrin was completely saturated and about 2.7--7.1 mumol/l of the serum iron could be removed by dialysis or ultrafiltration in the presence of a chelating agent or by filtration on DEAE-Sephadex-catecholdisulphonic acid columns. In contrast, less than 1.0 mumol/l of transferrin bound iron was removed when subjected to the same procedures. The non-specific iron of thalassaemic sera could no longer be demonstrated after incubation with normal serum. These findings indicate that non-specific iron is a chelatable with normal serum. These findings indicate that non-specific iron is a chelatable compound which is readily available for transferrin binding. In view of the known toxicity of unbound iron, its identification in thalassaemic sera might be of relevance to the pathogenesis of tissue damage and the protective effect of iron chelating therapy in this disease.", "contents": "Non-specific serum iron in thalassaemia: an abnormal serum iron fraction of potential toxicity. Iron binding in the sera of 35 patients with beta thalassaemia major and intermedia was studied. In patients receiving regular blood transfusions since infancy transferrin was completely saturated and about 2.7--7.1 mumol/l of the serum iron could be removed by dialysis or ultrafiltration in the presence of a chelating agent or by filtration on DEAE-Sephadex-catecholdisulphonic acid columns. In contrast, less than 1.0 mumol/l of transferrin bound iron was removed when subjected to the same procedures. The non-specific iron of thalassaemic sera could no longer be demonstrated after incubation with normal serum. These findings indicate that non-specific iron is a chelatable with normal serum. These findings indicate that non-specific iron is a chelatable compound which is readily available for transferrin binding. In view of the known toxicity of unbound iron, its identification in thalassaemic sera might be of relevance to the pathogenesis of tissue damage and the protective effect of iron chelating therapy in this disease.", "PMID": 708645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3536", "title": "Iron deficiency anaemia in newborn sla mice: a genetic defect of placental iron transport.", "content": "Newborn mice with X-linked anaemia (gene symbol sla) have lower haemoglobin levels at birth than normal and carrier mice but there is considerable overlap. Serial observations showed that the haemoglobin values of segregating male mice separate into a bimodal distribution of 42 d of age, and 50 d values were used to assign genotypes retrospectively. The anaemia in newborn sla mice is attributable to iron deficiency, since their total body iron is lower than in normal newborn mice, while their birth weights are almost identical. Haemoglobin levels at birth in normal, anaemic and carrier mice are also influenced by the mother's genotype and phenotype, and the haemoglobin value was progressively lower according to the sla gene dose of the mother. Materno-fetal iron transfer was examined by labelling pregnant carrier females with radioiron in various ways. When given as single or intermittent doses by injection no clearcut differences emerged in apparent iron transfer to anaemic as compared to non-anaemic fetuses. However, when radioiron was administered continuously in food a significant reduction in iron transfer to anaemic fetuses was demonstrated. The sla gene is already known to have a major effect in reducing iron transport in the small intestine. The present studies provide evidence of an analogous defect in placental iron transport.", "contents": "Iron deficiency anaemia in newborn sla mice: a genetic defect of placental iron transport. Newborn mice with X-linked anaemia (gene symbol sla) have lower haemoglobin levels at birth than normal and carrier mice but there is considerable overlap. Serial observations showed that the haemoglobin values of segregating male mice separate into a bimodal distribution of 42 d of age, and 50 d values were used to assign genotypes retrospectively. The anaemia in newborn sla mice is attributable to iron deficiency, since their total body iron is lower than in normal newborn mice, while their birth weights are almost identical. Haemoglobin levels at birth in normal, anaemic and carrier mice are also influenced by the mother's genotype and phenotype, and the haemoglobin value was progressively lower according to the sla gene dose of the mother. Materno-fetal iron transfer was examined by labelling pregnant carrier females with radioiron in various ways. When given as single or intermittent doses by injection no clearcut differences emerged in apparent iron transfer to anaemic as compared to non-anaemic fetuses. However, when radioiron was administered continuously in food a significant reduction in iron transfer to anaemic fetuses was demonstrated. The sla gene is already known to have a major effect in reducing iron transport in the small intestine. The present studies provide evidence of an analogous defect in placental iron transport.", "PMID": 708646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3537", "title": "Demonstration of the outer surface of freeze-etched normal human platelets: correlation with buoyant density.", "content": "The external surface of the normal human platelet shows clusters of spherical particles in a reticular pattern with smooth and regular surface membrane in adjacent areas. Labelling with cationic ferritin demonstrates a diffuse distribution of ferritin particles which stop at the fracture face of the intramembranous surface. The intramembranous surface is not labelled. Previously discrepant observations on the plasma membrane surface are probably due to different techniques of platelet preparation for freeze-etch electron microscopy. Density-dependent platelet sub-populations do not differ with respect to the ultrastructural features of their external surface and intramembranous portions of the plasma membrane. Based upon the relationship between platelet density and age, it appears that the ultrastructure of the normal platelet plasma membrane does not change with in vivo ageing.", "contents": "Demonstration of the outer surface of freeze-etched normal human platelets: correlation with buoyant density. The external surface of the normal human platelet shows clusters of spherical particles in a reticular pattern with smooth and regular surface membrane in adjacent areas. Labelling with cationic ferritin demonstrates a diffuse distribution of ferritin particles which stop at the fracture face of the intramembranous surface. The intramembranous surface is not labelled. Previously discrepant observations on the plasma membrane surface are probably due to different techniques of platelet preparation for freeze-etch electron microscopy. Density-dependent platelet sub-populations do not differ with respect to the ultrastructural features of their external surface and intramembranous portions of the plasma membrane. Based upon the relationship between platelet density and age, it appears that the ultrastructure of the normal platelet plasma membrane does not change with in vivo ageing.", "PMID": 708648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3538", "title": "Discrepancy between one-stage and two-stage assay of factor VIII:C.", "content": "Two methods (one-stage and two-stage) are commonly used for the assay of factor VIII clotting activity (VIII:C). We present collected data from seven separate studies of VIII:C assay which show that these methods do not give the same result when comparing concentrates and plasma. On average, two-stage assays detect 20% more VIII:C activity in concentrates as compared to plasmas than do one-stage assays.", "contents": "Discrepancy between one-stage and two-stage assay of factor VIII:C. Two methods (one-stage and two-stage) are commonly used for the assay of factor VIII clotting activity (VIII:C). We present collected data from seven separate studies of VIII:C assay which show that these methods do not give the same result when comparing concentrates and plasma. On average, two-stage assays detect 20% more VIII:C activity in concentrates as compared to plasmas than do one-stage assays.", "PMID": 708651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3539", "title": "Vaginal bleeding in childhood: a review of 51 patients.", "content": "A search of the medical records at the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street and Chelsea Hospital for Women, London, revealed 51 cases of vaginal bleeding in children under the age of 10 occurring in the years 1962 through 1977. The bleeding was caused by some form of precocious puberty in 37 patients (73 per cent). Eight of these patients had cyclical vaginal bleeding in the absence of secondary sexual development or advanced bone age. Fourteen patients (27 per cent) bled because of a local lesion and six of these had a malignant neoplasm of the genital tract.", "contents": "Vaginal bleeding in childhood: a review of 51 patients. A search of the medical records at the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street and Chelsea Hospital for Women, London, revealed 51 cases of vaginal bleeding in children under the age of 10 occurring in the years 1962 through 1977. The bleeding was caused by some form of precocious puberty in 37 patients (73 per cent). Eight of these patients had cyclical vaginal bleeding in the absence of secondary sexual development or advanced bone age. Fourteen patients (27 per cent) bled because of a local lesion and six of these had a malignant neoplasm of the genital tract.", "PMID": 708653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3540", "title": "Tobacco chewing in pregnancy.", "content": "The effects of tobacco chewing by pregnant women were investigated. When compared with those who did not do so, tobacco-chewing mothers had a greatly increased stillbirth rate, a low male : female infant sex ratio and a major reduction in birth weight which was due in large part to early delivery.", "contents": "Tobacco chewing in pregnancy. The effects of tobacco chewing by pregnant women were investigated. When compared with those who did not do so, tobacco-chewing mothers had a greatly increased stillbirth rate, a low male : female infant sex ratio and a major reduction in birth weight which was due in large part to early delivery.", "PMID": 708654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3541", "title": "The acute effect of smoking on intervillous blood flow of the placenta.", "content": "Smoking a standard cigarette caused an acute decrease in intervillous placental blood flow. This change normalized within 15 minutes. At the time intervillous blood flow was depressed, heart rate and blood pressure were elevated and remained so throughout the study period. Repeated decreases in the intervillous blood flow could explain growth retardation of the fetus and some other complications of pregnancy in women who smoke.", "contents": "The acute effect of smoking on intervillous blood flow of the placenta. Smoking a standard cigarette caused an acute decrease in intervillous placental blood flow. This change normalized within 15 minutes. At the time intervillous blood flow was depressed, heart rate and blood pressure were elevated and remained so throughout the study period. Repeated decreases in the intervillous blood flow could explain growth retardation of the fetus and some other complications of pregnancy in women who smoke.", "PMID": 708655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3542", "title": "Effects of maternal cigarette smoking on the fetus and placenta.", "content": "In a large, prospective study, mothers who smoked during one pregnancy but not another had smaller infants in the pregnancy in which they smoked, irrespective of birth order and many other factors that affect fetal growth. Light cigarette smokers gained an average 90 g less at term than non-smokers, entirely due to the smaller size of the light smokers' newborn infants. Heavy smokers gained 533 g less than non-smokers, only one-third of which was due to the smaller size of the heavy smokers' newborn infants. As smoking increased, placentas enlarged and developed microscopic lesions characteristic of underperfusion from the uterus. This underperfusion was probably periodic rather than continuous because the smokers' decidua had few of the arterial lesions that are characteristic of chronic low blood flow. Pregnancies were a mean 1.5 days shorter in smokers than in non-smokers, due to more frequent amniotic fluid infections in the smokers.", "contents": "Effects of maternal cigarette smoking on the fetus and placenta. In a large, prospective study, mothers who smoked during one pregnancy but not another had smaller infants in the pregnancy in which they smoked, irrespective of birth order and many other factors that affect fetal growth. Light cigarette smokers gained an average 90 g less at term than non-smokers, entirely due to the smaller size of the light smokers' newborn infants. Heavy smokers gained 533 g less than non-smokers, only one-third of which was due to the smaller size of the heavy smokers' newborn infants. As smoking increased, placentas enlarged and developed microscopic lesions characteristic of underperfusion from the uterus. This underperfusion was probably periodic rather than continuous because the smokers' decidua had few of the arterial lesions that are characteristic of chronic low blood flow. Pregnancies were a mean 1.5 days shorter in smokers than in non-smokers, due to more frequent amniotic fluid infections in the smokers.", "PMID": 708656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3543", "title": "The plasma half-life of placental hormones.", "content": "Blood was collected from 12 women following Caesarean section or normal delivery at term. The decline in plasma concentration of total oestriol, oestriol sulphate, oestriol glucosiduronate, unconjugated oestriol, human placental lactogen and pregnancy specific beta1 glycoprotein following delivery of the placenta was studied for 120 hours. The steroids and human placental lactogen fell very rapidly but pregnancy specific beta1 glycoprotein declined much more slowly. Analysis of the curves of puerperal decline suggests that the oestriol moieties are distributed in many compartments of the mother but that the proteins penetrate only to the plasma and the interstitial fluid.", "contents": "The plasma half-life of placental hormones. Blood was collected from 12 women following Caesarean section or normal delivery at term. The decline in plasma concentration of total oestriol, oestriol sulphate, oestriol glucosiduronate, unconjugated oestriol, human placental lactogen and pregnancy specific beta1 glycoprotein following delivery of the placenta was studied for 120 hours. The steroids and human placental lactogen fell very rapidly but pregnancy specific beta1 glycoprotein declined much more slowly. Analysis of the curves of puerperal decline suggests that the oestriol moieties are distributed in many compartments of the mother but that the proteins penetrate only to the plasma and the interstitial fluid.", "PMID": 708657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3544", "title": "Blood pressure in the arm and leg in late pregnancy.", "content": "Arm and leg blood pressures were measured by an indirect sphygmomanometric method in 12 women in late pregnancy and the results were compared with those in 12 matched non-pregnant women. In most of the pregnant women the diastolic blood pressure measured in the leg fell significantly with a change in posture from the supine to lateral position. In contrast, no significant change was observed in arm blood pressure with postural change after correcting for hydrostatic pressure difference. The interpretation of these findings is discussed with particular reference to methodology of blood pressure measurement.", "contents": "Blood pressure in the arm and leg in late pregnancy. Arm and leg blood pressures were measured by an indirect sphygmomanometric method in 12 women in late pregnancy and the results were compared with those in 12 matched non-pregnant women. In most of the pregnant women the diastolic blood pressure measured in the leg fell significantly with a change in posture from the supine to lateral position. In contrast, no significant change was observed in arm blood pressure with postural change after correcting for hydrostatic pressure difference. The interpretation of these findings is discussed with particular reference to methodology of blood pressure measurement.", "PMID": 708658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3545", "title": "Plasma prolactin in pregnancy induced hypertension.", "content": "In a prospective study, plasma prolactin concentration at 37 to 41 weeks gestation in 45 primigravidae showed a significant correlation with maximal rise in diastolic blood pressure between levels at 7 to 16 weeks and those measured between 28 weeks and delivery.", "contents": "Plasma prolactin in pregnancy induced hypertension. In a prospective study, plasma prolactin concentration at 37 to 41 weeks gestation in 45 primigravidae showed a significant correlation with maximal rise in diastolic blood pressure between levels at 7 to 16 weeks and those measured between 28 weeks and delivery.", "PMID": 708659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3546", "title": "The effect of low haematocrit on serum human placental lactogen values.", "content": "Serial determinations of serum human placental lactogen (HPL) levels in women with haematocrit values of 28 per cent or less between 18 and 30 weeks gestation have been compared with the controls who had haematocrit values of 35 per cent or more. The women with low haematocrit values were found to have significantly raised HPL levels throughout the period of study. The placenta was significantly heavier in the anaemic group (P less than 0.01) but there was no significant difference in birth weights of the infants. It would seem that caution should be exercised in using HPL values as an index of placental function in anaemic women.", "contents": "The effect of low haematocrit on serum human placental lactogen values. Serial determinations of serum human placental lactogen (HPL) levels in women with haematocrit values of 28 per cent or less between 18 and 30 weeks gestation have been compared with the controls who had haematocrit values of 35 per cent or more. The women with low haematocrit values were found to have significantly raised HPL levels throughout the period of study. The placenta was significantly heavier in the anaemic group (P less than 0.01) but there was no significant difference in birth weights of the infants. It would seem that caution should be exercised in using HPL values as an index of placental function in anaemic women.", "PMID": 708660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3547", "title": "The effect of oral salbutamol on serum potassium and blood sugar.", "content": "Serum potassium and blood sugar concentrations were measured in six patients treated with oral salbutamol to inhibit premature labour. The fall in serum potassium and rise in blood sugar were variable and not present in every patient. The values returned to the normal range usually within 72 hours of continuous usage of the drug.", "contents": "The effect of oral salbutamol on serum potassium and blood sugar. Serum potassium and blood sugar concentrations were measured in six patients treated with oral salbutamol to inhibit premature labour. The fall in serum potassium and rise in blood sugar were variable and not present in every patient. The values returned to the normal range usually within 72 hours of continuous usage of the drug.", "PMID": 708661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3548", "title": "Changes in salivary peroxidase and polymorphonuclear neutrophil leucocyte enzyme activities during the menstrual cycle.", "content": "An elevation in salivary peroxidase activity has been found about the time of ovulation in 14 menstrual cycles in a total of six women. This peak coincided with the ovulatory luteinizing hormone (LH) and oestrogen peak in the four cycles in which endocrine studies were performed. Rises in some polymorphonuclear neutrophil leucocyte enzymes were also seen around ovulation. The possible use of changes in salivary peroxidase as a method for detection of ovulation is discussed.", "contents": "Changes in salivary peroxidase and polymorphonuclear neutrophil leucocyte enzyme activities during the menstrual cycle. An elevation in salivary peroxidase activity has been found about the time of ovulation in 14 menstrual cycles in a total of six women. This peak coincided with the ovulatory luteinizing hormone (LH) and oestrogen peak in the four cycles in which endocrine studies were performed. Rises in some polymorphonuclear neutrophil leucocyte enzymes were also seen around ovulation. The possible use of changes in salivary peroxidase as a method for detection of ovulation is discussed.", "PMID": 708662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3549", "title": "Primary peritoneal pregnancy in association with intrauterine contraceptive devices: two case reports.", "content": "Two patients with a primary pelvic peritoneal ectopic pregnancy are reported. Both had been fitted with an intrauterine contraceptive device.", "contents": "Primary peritoneal pregnancy in association with intrauterine contraceptive devices: two case reports. Two patients with a primary pelvic peritoneal ectopic pregnancy are reported. Both had been fitted with an intrauterine contraceptive device.", "PMID": 708663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3550", "title": "The value of cardiotocography in abruptio placentae. Case report.", "content": "The main indication for Caesarean section in cases of placental abruption is fetal distress. We report a patient in whom clinical examination, including auscultation of the fetal heart, suggested a mild haemorrhage, which would normally have been managed conservatively, but continuous fetal heart rate monitoring showed severe asphyxia, necessitating emergency Caesarean section at which a large concealed haemorrhage was found.", "contents": "The value of cardiotocography in abruptio placentae. Case report. The main indication for Caesarean section in cases of placental abruption is fetal distress. We report a patient in whom clinical examination, including auscultation of the fetal heart, suggested a mild haemorrhage, which would normally have been managed conservatively, but continuous fetal heart rate monitoring showed severe asphyxia, necessitating emergency Caesarean section at which a large concealed haemorrhage was found.", "PMID": 708664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3551", "title": "Quantitative relationship between cupping of the optic disc and visual field loss in chronic simple glaucoma.", "content": "The extent of cupping was measured from optic disc photographs of 300 patients with ocular hypertension and suspected or established chronic simple glaucoma, and their visual fields were recorded. The incidence of field defects increased as the vertical cup:disc ratio increased, a value of 0-70 for this ratio being a particularly useful guide to the presence or absence of field loss. There was a significant correlation between the extent of cupping and the size of the visual field. The vertical cup:disc ratio was the most useful quantitative index of cupping.", "contents": "Quantitative relationship between cupping of the optic disc and visual field loss in chronic simple glaucoma. The extent of cupping was measured from optic disc photographs of 300 patients with ocular hypertension and suspected or established chronic simple glaucoma, and their visual fields were recorded. The incidence of field defects increased as the vertical cup:disc ratio increased, a value of 0-70 for this ratio being a particularly useful guide to the presence or absence of field loss. There was a significant correlation between the extent of cupping and the size of the visual field. The vertical cup:disc ratio was the most useful quantitative index of cupping.", "PMID": 708665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3552", "title": "The optic disc in glaucoma, III: diffuse optic disc pallor with raised intraocular pressure.", "content": "Ten patients (14 eyes) with chronic simple glaucoma are described, each with features atypical for this disease and more suggestive that each had suffered an acute ischaemic optic neuropathy. Diagnosis of an acute ischaemic optic neuropathy in these cases is important, as treatment of ocular hypertension in the contralateral 'normal' eye may prevent a similar attack. Optic nerve disease and visual loss in chronic simple glaucoma probably occur as a result of several different mechanisms. Sudden field loss following an acute ischaemic optic neuropathy may be only one of them.", "contents": "The optic disc in glaucoma, III: diffuse optic disc pallor with raised intraocular pressure. Ten patients (14 eyes) with chronic simple glaucoma are described, each with features atypical for this disease and more suggestive that each had suffered an acute ischaemic optic neuropathy. Diagnosis of an acute ischaemic optic neuropathy in these cases is important, as treatment of ocular hypertension in the contralateral 'normal' eye may prevent a similar attack. Optic nerve disease and visual loss in chronic simple glaucoma probably occur as a result of several different mechanisms. Sudden field loss following an acute ischaemic optic neuropathy may be only one of them.", "PMID": 708666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3553", "title": "Ocular hypertension: a comparative follow-up of black and white patients.", "content": "Forty-four eyes in 25 black patients are compared with 92 eyes of 47 white patients in a population with ocular hypertension followed up for 1 to 12 years in a glaucoma clinic. The black patients present at a younger age than the whites and their mean initial intraocular pressure is significantly higher. The fact that more black ocular hypertensives developed glaucoma--8 eyes (18.1%) in the black population as compared with 5 eyes (5.4%) in the white population--is attributed to these two differences.", "contents": "Ocular hypertension: a comparative follow-up of black and white patients. Forty-four eyes in 25 black patients are compared with 92 eyes of 47 white patients in a population with ocular hypertension followed up for 1 to 12 years in a glaucoma clinic. The black patients present at a younger age than the whites and their mean initial intraocular pressure is significantly higher. The fact that more black ocular hypertensives developed glaucoma--8 eyes (18.1%) in the black population as compared with 5 eyes (5.4%) in the white population--is attributed to these two differences.", "PMID": 708667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3554", "title": "The effect of standardised submaximal work load on intraocular pressure.", "content": "A relatively small decrease in intraocular pressure secondary to submaximal work can be demonstrated when factors other than the work load itself are eliminated--diurnal variation, body position, and the effect of repeated examinations. A feedback mechanism that causes a return of IOP towards its normal value after work-induced decreases is postulated.", "contents": "The effect of standardised submaximal work load on intraocular pressure. A relatively small decrease in intraocular pressure secondary to submaximal work can be demonstrated when factors other than the work load itself are eliminated--diurnal variation, body position, and the effect of repeated examinations. A feedback mechanism that causes a return of IOP towards its normal value after work-induced decreases is postulated.", "PMID": 708668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3555", "title": "Effects of cigarette smoking on intraocular pressure and vision.", "content": "In a survey of 426 patients of Toronto ophthalmologists the correlations of reported smoking habits with (1) intraocular pressure and (2) visual acuity were examined. Average tonometer readings were closely similar in smokers, ex-smokers, and non-smokers, and multiple regression analysis showed similar age coefficients for the 3 categories. However, in women (but not in men) there was also a significant coefficient related to total cigarette exposure (puff-pack-years). It is suggested that this was due to recent smoking rather than a permanent effect on tonometer pressures, pointing the need to standardise this aspect of ocular pressure measurements. Visual acuity showed similar age coefficients in smokers, ex-smokers, and non-smokers, with no independent effect of exposure to cigarette smoke.", "contents": "Effects of cigarette smoking on intraocular pressure and vision. In a survey of 426 patients of Toronto ophthalmologists the correlations of reported smoking habits with (1) intraocular pressure and (2) visual acuity were examined. Average tonometer readings were closely similar in smokers, ex-smokers, and non-smokers, and multiple regression analysis showed similar age coefficients for the 3 categories. However, in women (but not in men) there was also a significant coefficient related to total cigarette exposure (puff-pack-years). It is suggested that this was due to recent smoking rather than a permanent effect on tonometer pressures, pointing the need to standardise this aspect of ocular pressure measurements. Visual acuity showed similar age coefficients in smokers, ex-smokers, and non-smokers, with no independent effect of exposure to cigarette smoke.", "PMID": 708669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3556", "title": "Effect of posture on the intraocular pressure of patients with retinal vein obstruction.", "content": "The effect of change of posture on the level of the intraocular pressure was studied in 22 patients who had suffered 'occlusion' of a central retinal vein, 14 patients with occlusion of a tributary of the central vein, and 23 normal subjects. The results showed a significant difference in behaviour between subjects in the control group and both groups of patients with retinal vein occlusions. In general it appears that the normal person maintains a relatively rigid control of ocular tension. The eyes are maintained at similar pressures which vary very little with change in posture. In contrast, the patient with a retinal vein occlusion (whether central or tributary) does not appear to have a similar degree of control. The eyes are not maintained at closely similar pressures, and each eye shows a change of pressure with change of posture which is considerably greater than that shown by the eyes of normal persons. The significance of these results is discussed with particular reference to the clinical association of retinal vein occlusion and chronic simple glaucoma, in which latter condition a similar lack of postural control of the intraocular pressure is found.", "contents": "Effect of posture on the intraocular pressure of patients with retinal vein obstruction. The effect of change of posture on the level of the intraocular pressure was studied in 22 patients who had suffered 'occlusion' of a central retinal vein, 14 patients with occlusion of a tributary of the central vein, and 23 normal subjects. The results showed a significant difference in behaviour between subjects in the control group and both groups of patients with retinal vein occlusions. In general it appears that the normal person maintains a relatively rigid control of ocular tension. The eyes are maintained at similar pressures which vary very little with change in posture. In contrast, the patient with a retinal vein occlusion (whether central or tributary) does not appear to have a similar degree of control. The eyes are not maintained at closely similar pressures, and each eye shows a change of pressure with change of posture which is considerably greater than that shown by the eyes of normal persons. The significance of these results is discussed with particular reference to the clinical association of retinal vein occlusion and chronic simple glaucoma, in which latter condition a similar lack of postural control of the intraocular pressure is found.", "PMID": 708670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3557", "title": "Clearance of debris from the iris through the drainage angle of the rabbit's eye.", "content": "The fate of particulate material on entering the drainage angle of the rabbit's eye was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The infiltrate was produced by photocoagulation of the iris. Initially it consisted of plasma, connective tissue and cellular debris, fibrin, and red blood cells. Later, free melanin granules, polymorphs, macrophages, and iris clump cells were all seen to enter the drainage system. Native meshwork cells were found to be active phagocytes and began to degrade various components of the infiltrate within 2 hours of the formation of the iris lesions. Corneal endothelial cells, the cells which cover the iris pillars, and the adventitial cells of the ciliary body were less active but were also phagocytic.", "contents": "Clearance of debris from the iris through the drainage angle of the rabbit's eye. The fate of particulate material on entering the drainage angle of the rabbit's eye was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The infiltrate was produced by photocoagulation of the iris. Initially it consisted of plasma, connective tissue and cellular debris, fibrin, and red blood cells. Later, free melanin granules, polymorphs, macrophages, and iris clump cells were all seen to enter the drainage system. Native meshwork cells were found to be active phagocytes and began to degrade various components of the infiltrate within 2 hours of the formation of the iris lesions. Corneal endothelial cells, the cells which cover the iris pillars, and the adventitial cells of the ciliary body were less active but were also phagocytic.", "PMID": 708671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3558", "title": "The perimeter as a monitor of glaucomatous changes.", "content": "A small group of glaucoma patients with scotomata were compared with normal coevals. Plots were obtained of the error of each measurement as a function of retinal illumination. A statistical analysis shows the limitations of perimetry as a monitor of the progress of glaucoma. The significance of the data is discussed.", "contents": "The perimeter as a monitor of glaucomatous changes. A small group of glaucoma patients with scotomata were compared with normal coevals. Plots were obtained of the error of each measurement as a function of retinal illumination. A statistical analysis shows the limitations of perimetry as a monitor of the progress of glaucoma. The significance of the data is discussed.", "PMID": 708672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3559", "title": "Isolation of Chlamydia psittaci from a patient with interstitial keratitis and uveitis associated with otological and cardiovascular lesions.", "content": "A case history of a 15-year-old schoolgirl with fluctuating bilateral uveitis, bilateral stromal keratitis with vascularisation, and bilateral deafness associated with tinnitus and balance disturbance is described. Three years from the onset of her clinical signs she died of a sudden cardiac arrest caused by endocarditis associated with valvular and arterial lesions. Chlamydia psittaci was isolated from her conjunctiva. In her blood type-specific antichlamydial antibody at a level of 1/64 against her own isolate was detected. The clinical findings in this patient were suggestive of a Cogan's syndrome. It is highly probable that the chlamydia isolated from the eyes was responsible for her various lesions.", "contents": "Isolation of Chlamydia psittaci from a patient with interstitial keratitis and uveitis associated with otological and cardiovascular lesions. A case history of a 15-year-old schoolgirl with fluctuating bilateral uveitis, bilateral stromal keratitis with vascularisation, and bilateral deafness associated with tinnitus and balance disturbance is described. Three years from the onset of her clinical signs she died of a sudden cardiac arrest caused by endocarditis associated with valvular and arterial lesions. Chlamydia psittaci was isolated from her conjunctiva. In her blood type-specific antichlamydial antibody at a level of 1/64 against her own isolate was detected. The clinical findings in this patient were suggestive of a Cogan's syndrome. It is highly probable that the chlamydia isolated from the eyes was responsible for her various lesions.", "PMID": 708673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3560", "title": "Immunological investigations in post-traumatic granulomatous and non-granulomatous uveitis.", "content": "Histopathological and immunological investigations have been performed in 16 cases of post-traumatic granulomatous (10) and non-granulomatous uveitis (6). Most cases of sympathetic ophthalmitis showed evidence of cell mediated immunity to uveoretinal antigens, though it was not possible to make a definitive diagnosis on immunological grounds alone. Three patients with post-traumatic non-granulomatous uveitis showed a positive immunological response to ocular antigens, and 2 of these later developed clinical evidence of sympathetic ophthalmitis, which suggests that post-traumatic non-granulomatous uveitis in such cases may represent a presympathetic (i.e., incipient) or modified stage of the disease.", "contents": "Immunological investigations in post-traumatic granulomatous and non-granulomatous uveitis. Histopathological and immunological investigations have been performed in 16 cases of post-traumatic granulomatous (10) and non-granulomatous uveitis (6). Most cases of sympathetic ophthalmitis showed evidence of cell mediated immunity to uveoretinal antigens, though it was not possible to make a definitive diagnosis on immunological grounds alone. Three patients with post-traumatic non-granulomatous uveitis showed a positive immunological response to ocular antigens, and 2 of these later developed clinical evidence of sympathetic ophthalmitis, which suggests that post-traumatic non-granulomatous uveitis in such cases may represent a presympathetic (i.e., incipient) or modified stage of the disease.", "PMID": 708674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3561", "title": "Canaliculitis with isolation of Pityrosporum pachydermatis.", "content": "A case of canaliculitis with obstruction of the lacrimal canaliculus and accumulation of conglomerates is described. Pityrosporum pachydermatis was cultured from the conglomerates. To the best of our knowledge this organism has not been previously implicated in such infections. Cure was obtained by treatment with nystatin administered topically and as an irrigation of the lacrimal pathways. The possibility that the pathogenesis of the canaliculitis and obstruction of the lacrimal pathways lies in decreased function of the lacrimal pump is discussed.", "contents": "Canaliculitis with isolation of Pityrosporum pachydermatis. A case of canaliculitis with obstruction of the lacrimal canaliculus and accumulation of conglomerates is described. Pityrosporum pachydermatis was cultured from the conglomerates. To the best of our knowledge this organism has not been previously implicated in such infections. Cure was obtained by treatment with nystatin administered topically and as an irrigation of the lacrimal pathways. The possibility that the pathogenesis of the canaliculitis and obstruction of the lacrimal pathways lies in decreased function of the lacrimal pump is discussed.", "PMID": 708675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3562", "title": "Bilateral acute retinal necrosis.", "content": "In this paper 4 patients are described who had bilateral symmetrical confluent retinal swelling followed by apparent necrosis and sloughing of the retina into the vitreous. The disease was accompanied by signs of uveitis and the clinical appearance suggested inflammation rather than infarction as the pathogenic mechanism. No systemic abnormalities were found by which the aetiology could be identified.", "contents": "Bilateral acute retinal necrosis. In this paper 4 patients are described who had bilateral symmetrical confluent retinal swelling followed by apparent necrosis and sloughing of the retina into the vitreous. The disease was accompanied by signs of uveitis and the clinical appearance suggested inflammation rather than infarction as the pathogenic mechanism. No systemic abnormalities were found by which the aetiology could be identified.", "PMID": 708676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3563", "title": "Macular abnormalities in the reattached retina.", "content": "Sixty-six patients in whom the macula was detached before surgery were observed for at least 1 year after retinal reattachment. Macular abnormalities were recognised clinically in most patients with severely reduced vision. Failure of retinal receptor regeneration or receptor misalignment may account for visual reduction in a minority of patients but may be less important as a cause of reduced visual acuity than was previously supposed. This study confirms that the visual prognosis is related to the duration of the detachment before surgery, and patients with a macular detachment for 2 months or longer are likely to suffer persistently reduced vision.", "contents": "Macular abnormalities in the reattached retina. Sixty-six patients in whom the macula was detached before surgery were observed for at least 1 year after retinal reattachment. Macular abnormalities were recognised clinically in most patients with severely reduced vision. Failure of retinal receptor regeneration or receptor misalignment may account for visual reduction in a minority of patients but may be less important as a cause of reduced visual acuity than was previously supposed. This study confirms that the visual prognosis is related to the duration of the detachment before surgery, and patients with a macular detachment for 2 months or longer are likely to suffer persistently reduced vision.", "PMID": 708677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3564", "title": "Placoid pigment epitheliopathy and Harada's disease.", "content": "Twenty-six patients are described who suffered from acute bilateral multifocal pigment epithelial disease. In 7 the pattern of disease was indistinguishable from acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy, while in 8 it was indistinguishable from Harada's disease. In a further 9 cases the pigment epithelial disease was associated with serious detachment of the retina simulating Harada's disease but without systemic symptoms; spontaneous resolution occurred within a few days, and there was no recurrence. One additional case had short-lived disease with detachment initially, but this was followed by severe recurrence, and the last patient had serious detachment in 1 eye but not the other. When seen as a whole these patients appeared to represent a continuous spectrum of disease making it difficult to define boundaries between one condition and another. The difficulties in distinguishing diseases according to morphology alone are emphasised.", "contents": "Placoid pigment epitheliopathy and Harada's disease. Twenty-six patients are described who suffered from acute bilateral multifocal pigment epithelial disease. In 7 the pattern of disease was indistinguishable from acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy, while in 8 it was indistinguishable from Harada's disease. In a further 9 cases the pigment epithelial disease was associated with serious detachment of the retina simulating Harada's disease but without systemic symptoms; spontaneous resolution occurred within a few days, and there was no recurrence. One additional case had short-lived disease with detachment initially, but this was followed by severe recurrence, and the last patient had serious detachment in 1 eye but not the other. When seen as a whole these patients appeared to represent a continuous spectrum of disease making it difficult to define boundaries between one condition and another. The difficulties in distinguishing diseases according to morphology alone are emphasised.", "PMID": 708678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3565", "title": "Fundus changes in incontinentia pigmenti (Bloch-Sulzberger syndrome): a case report.", "content": "A case of incontinentia pigmenti is reported with fundus changes in 1 eye. She had microaneurysms temporal to the macula, with an abnormal branch of inferior temporal vein. There was extensive retinitis proliferans in the upper temporal equatorial region, which showed leakage on fluorescein angiography.", "contents": "Fundus changes in incontinentia pigmenti (Bloch-Sulzberger syndrome): a case report. A case of incontinentia pigmenti is reported with fundus changes in 1 eye. She had microaneurysms temporal to the macula, with an abnormal branch of inferior temporal vein. There was extensive retinitis proliferans in the upper temporal equatorial region, which showed leakage on fluorescein angiography.", "PMID": 708679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3566", "title": "Television slit-lamp biomicroscopy.", "content": "The basic requirements for performing television slit-lamp biomicroscopy are outlined, and the methods of demonstrating particular features of ocular anatomy and ocular disease are discussed. The technique has a particular role in teaching in the clinical setting.", "contents": "Television slit-lamp biomicroscopy. The basic requirements for performing television slit-lamp biomicroscopy are outlined, and the methods of demonstrating particular features of ocular anatomy and ocular disease are discussed. The technique has a particular role in teaching in the clinical setting.", "PMID": 708680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3567", "title": "B-scan ultrasonography of the anterior segment of the eye.", "content": "B-scan ultrasonograms of the anterior segment were performed on selected patients. The difficulties in imaging the anterior segment are discussed and the value of this technique is demonstrated by illustration of B-scans in different pathological conditions. This technique can often provide important information and allow an early and accurate prognosis.", "contents": "B-scan ultrasonography of the anterior segment of the eye. B-scan ultrasonograms of the anterior segment were performed on selected patients. The difficulties in imaging the anterior segment are discussed and the value of this technique is demonstrated by illustration of B-scans in different pathological conditions. This technique can often provide important information and allow an early and accurate prognosis.", "PMID": 708681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3568", "title": "Cine photography and video recording of anterior segment fluorescein angiography.", "content": "A description is given of apparatus and technique for carrying out cine photography and video recording of anterior segment fluorescein angiography. We found cine best for single-frame analysis and video tape recording less expensive.", "contents": "Cine photography and video recording of anterior segment fluorescein angiography. A description is given of apparatus and technique for carrying out cine photography and video recording of anterior segment fluorescein angiography. We found cine best for single-frame analysis and video tape recording less expensive.", "PMID": 708682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3569", "title": "Penetration of tobramycin sulphate into the human eye.", "content": "Tobramycin sulphate, a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, was injected intramuscularly (80 and 100 mg) and subconjunctivally (10 mg) into patients, and the concentrations of the drug in serum and aqueous humour were determined 1 hour after the injection by an agar wall diffusion plate method. The intramuscular administration of tobramycin produced insignificant and non-inhibitory concentrations in the aqueous humour, while therapeutically effective levels of the antibiotic appeared in the aqueous after subconjunctival administrationof tobramycin (mean: 18.9 microgram/ml). These data suggest that tobramycin sulphate may be of value in the treatment of ocular infections.", "contents": "Penetration of tobramycin sulphate into the human eye. Tobramycin sulphate, a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, was injected intramuscularly (80 and 100 mg) and subconjunctivally (10 mg) into patients, and the concentrations of the drug in serum and aqueous humour were determined 1 hour after the injection by an agar wall diffusion plate method. The intramuscular administration of tobramycin produced insignificant and non-inhibitory concentrations in the aqueous humour, while therapeutically effective levels of the antibiotic appeared in the aqueous after subconjunctival administrationof tobramycin (mean: 18.9 microgram/ml). These data suggest that tobramycin sulphate may be of value in the treatment of ocular infections.", "PMID": 708683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3570", "title": "Reversible dissociation of the alpha beta dimer of tubulin from bovine brain.", "content": "The reversible, concentration-dependent dissociation of the alpha beta dimer of bovine brain tubulin (purified by phosphocellulose chromatography) has been demonstrated by equilibrium ultracentrifugation. The dissociation constant is approximately 8 X 10(-7) M at 4.6 degrees C in PM buffer (0.1 M piperazine-N, N'-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid), 2 mM ethylene glycol bis (beta-aminoethyl ether)-N, N'-tetraacetic acid, 1 mM MgSO4, 0.1 MM guanosine triphosphate, 2mM dithioerythritol, at pH 6.9). This result was confirmed by observation of an appropriate dependence of the sedimentation coefficient of very dilute (is less than 0.5 mg/mL) tubulin on its concentration. Small zone gel filtration experiments on Bio-Gel P-150 also demonstrated an increase in peak elution volume with decreasing column load concentration. Reversibility of the dissociation was demonstrated directly by sedimentation velocity and gel filtration ion experiments on tubulin reconcentrated from dilute solution by pressure ultrafiltration. Control experiments accompanying the sedimentation equilibrium experiments showed that this tubulin retained, under the conditions of the experiments, both its ability to form microtubules and more than 70% of its initial colchicine-binding activity.", "contents": "Reversible dissociation of the alpha beta dimer of tubulin from bovine brain. The reversible, concentration-dependent dissociation of the alpha beta dimer of bovine brain tubulin (purified by phosphocellulose chromatography) has been demonstrated by equilibrium ultracentrifugation. The dissociation constant is approximately 8 X 10(-7) M at 4.6 degrees C in PM buffer (0.1 M piperazine-N, N'-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid), 2 mM ethylene glycol bis (beta-aminoethyl ether)-N, N'-tetraacetic acid, 1 mM MgSO4, 0.1 MM guanosine triphosphate, 2mM dithioerythritol, at pH 6.9). This result was confirmed by observation of an appropriate dependence of the sedimentation coefficient of very dilute (is less than 0.5 mg/mL) tubulin on its concentration. Small zone gel filtration experiments on Bio-Gel P-150 also demonstrated an increase in peak elution volume with decreasing column load concentration. Reversibility of the dissociation was demonstrated directly by sedimentation velocity and gel filtration ion experiments on tubulin reconcentrated from dilute solution by pressure ultrafiltration. Control experiments accompanying the sedimentation equilibrium experiments showed that this tubulin retained, under the conditions of the experiments, both its ability to form microtubules and more than 70% of its initial colchicine-binding activity.", "PMID": 708685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3571", "title": "Identification of the transferrin receptor of the rabbit reticulocyte.", "content": "Reticulocytes were separated on the basis of density by isopycnic centrifugation in dextran gradients. This parameter was shown to correlate with the degree of maturity of the cells. Lactoperoxidase iodination of cells of different densities followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (NaDodSO4) electrophoresis revealed a 190 000 molecular weight protein which was well labeled in early reticulocyte membranes. Efficiency of labeling decreased as the cells increased in density, and high specific activity iodination of mature erythrocytes did not result in the labeling of any species near this molecular weight. Inclusion of rabbit transferrin prior to the iodination procedure resulted in a specific loss of labeling of this 190 000 molecular weight species. When steps were taken to clear endogenous transferrin from the membranes, the labeling of this species was enhanced. These observations are consistent with the concept that transferrin can block the lactoperoxidase catalyzed iodination of this membrane protein by specifically associating with it. Coomassie blue and periodic acid-Schiff staining of NaDodSO4 gels of these membranes revealed that a glycoprotein present at this molecular weight is lost during the course of reticulocyte maturation. It is concluded from these studies that a glycoprotein of molecular weight 190 000 constitutes the transferrin receptor in the reticulocyte membrane.", "contents": "Identification of the transferrin receptor of the rabbit reticulocyte. Reticulocytes were separated on the basis of density by isopycnic centrifugation in dextran gradients. This parameter was shown to correlate with the degree of maturity of the cells. Lactoperoxidase iodination of cells of different densities followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (NaDodSO4) electrophoresis revealed a 190 000 molecular weight protein which was well labeled in early reticulocyte membranes. Efficiency of labeling decreased as the cells increased in density, and high specific activity iodination of mature erythrocytes did not result in the labeling of any species near this molecular weight. Inclusion of rabbit transferrin prior to the iodination procedure resulted in a specific loss of labeling of this 190 000 molecular weight species. When steps were taken to clear endogenous transferrin from the membranes, the labeling of this species was enhanced. These observations are consistent with the concept that transferrin can block the lactoperoxidase catalyzed iodination of this membrane protein by specifically associating with it. Coomassie blue and periodic acid-Schiff staining of NaDodSO4 gels of these membranes revealed that a glycoprotein present at this molecular weight is lost during the course of reticulocyte maturation. It is concluded from these studies that a glycoprotein of molecular weight 190 000 constitutes the transferrin receptor in the reticulocyte membrane.", "PMID": 708686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3572", "title": "Circular dichroism studies on Ca2+-dependent protein modulator oxidized with N-chlorosuccinimide.", "content": "The structural features and Ca2+-binding properties of native and N-chlorosuccinimide-oxidized modulator protein were compared by circular dichroism. In the presence of Ca2+,the far-UV spectra of native and oxidized modulator protein are virtually indistinguishable, indicating that oxidation of surface methionine residues does not alter the overall conformation of the molecule. In the absence of Ca2+, however, the circular dichroism spectra of native and oxidized modulator are different with calculated helical contents of 40% and 26%, respectively. As judged by circular dichroism titration studies, the native modulator contains both high-(Kd = 1.9 X 10(-7) M) and low-affinity (Kd = 4 X 10(-4) M) Ca2+-binding sites, whereas the modified modulator appears to possess only low-affinity sites (Kd = 3.8 X 10(-4) M). The reduced secondary structure in Ca2+-free oxidized modulator protein may account for the absence of high affinity Ca2+ binding sites.", "contents": "Circular dichroism studies on Ca2+-dependent protein modulator oxidized with N-chlorosuccinimide. The structural features and Ca2+-binding properties of native and N-chlorosuccinimide-oxidized modulator protein were compared by circular dichroism. In the presence of Ca2+,the far-UV spectra of native and oxidized modulator protein are virtually indistinguishable, indicating that oxidation of surface methionine residues does not alter the overall conformation of the molecule. In the absence of Ca2+, however, the circular dichroism spectra of native and oxidized modulator are different with calculated helical contents of 40% and 26%, respectively. As judged by circular dichroism titration studies, the native modulator contains both high-(Kd = 1.9 X 10(-7) M) and low-affinity (Kd = 4 X 10(-4) M) Ca2+-binding sites, whereas the modified modulator appears to possess only low-affinity sites (Kd = 3.8 X 10(-4) M). The reduced secondary structure in Ca2+-free oxidized modulator protein may account for the absence of high affinity Ca2+ binding sites.", "PMID": 708687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3573", "title": "Estimation of lateral species separation from phase transitions in nonideal two-dimensional lipid mixtures.", "content": "The two-dimensional statistical mechanical equations necessary to analyze the phase diagram of a nonideal lipid mixture are derived. The Prigogine approximation of the combinatorial term is used in the maximum term of the partition function which contains two parameters that describe the degree of nonideality in the liquid crystal and gel phases. These parameters are used to calculate the mole fraction of like-like and like-unlike lipid interfaces which describe the lateral species separation of like lipids in each phase. Data for several temperatures and compositions of the DMPC/DPPC, DPPC/DSPC, and DMPC/DSPC mixtures are analyzed.", "contents": "Estimation of lateral species separation from phase transitions in nonideal two-dimensional lipid mixtures. The two-dimensional statistical mechanical equations necessary to analyze the phase diagram of a nonideal lipid mixture are derived. The Prigogine approximation of the combinatorial term is used in the maximum term of the partition function which contains two parameters that describe the degree of nonideality in the liquid crystal and gel phases. These parameters are used to calculate the mole fraction of like-like and like-unlike lipid interfaces which describe the lateral species separation of like lipids in each phase. Data for several temperatures and compositions of the DMPC/DPPC, DPPC/DSPC, and DMPC/DSPC mixtures are analyzed.", "PMID": 708688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3574", "title": "Active transport of L-glutamate by membrane vesicles isolated from rat brain.", "content": "Membrane vesicles, isolated after osmotic shock of synaptosomal rat brain fractions, actively accumulate L-glutamate. This process requires the presence of external sodium ions and internal potassium ions and is driven by artifically imposed ion gradients as the sole energy source. Either an Na+ gradient (out is greater than in) or a K+ gradient (in is greater than out) or both can be utilized to concentrate L-glutamate inside the vesicles. Transport is enhanced by valinomycin or by external thiocyanate ions and is about 50% inhibited by the proton ionophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone. This transport thus appears to be stimulated by a membrane potential (interior negative). The glutamate transporter, the Km of which has been determined to be 3 micrometer, is specific for L-glutamate. The transport process is unaffected by ouabain but is strongly inhibited by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate as well as by nigericin, which collapses the energizing ion gradients across this membrane. Unlike the sodium dependent, but potassium independent active accumulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid in these vesicles (Kanner, B.I. (1978) Biochemistry 17, 1207) active L-glutamate uptake is not dependent on the presence of small monovalent anions in the external medium. The results provide direct evidence for Na+-coupled electrogenic active L-glutamate transport by rat brain membrane vesicles. The dependence on internal potassium ions is discussed.", "contents": "Active transport of L-glutamate by membrane vesicles isolated from rat brain. Membrane vesicles, isolated after osmotic shock of synaptosomal rat brain fractions, actively accumulate L-glutamate. This process requires the presence of external sodium ions and internal potassium ions and is driven by artifically imposed ion gradients as the sole energy source. Either an Na+ gradient (out is greater than in) or a K+ gradient (in is greater than out) or both can be utilized to concentrate L-glutamate inside the vesicles. Transport is enhanced by valinomycin or by external thiocyanate ions and is about 50% inhibited by the proton ionophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone. This transport thus appears to be stimulated by a membrane potential (interior negative). The glutamate transporter, the Km of which has been determined to be 3 micrometer, is specific for L-glutamate. The transport process is unaffected by ouabain but is strongly inhibited by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate as well as by nigericin, which collapses the energizing ion gradients across this membrane. Unlike the sodium dependent, but potassium independent active accumulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid in these vesicles (Kanner, B.I. (1978) Biochemistry 17, 1207) active L-glutamate uptake is not dependent on the presence of small monovalent anions in the external medium. The results provide direct evidence for Na+-coupled electrogenic active L-glutamate transport by rat brain membrane vesicles. The dependence on internal potassium ions is discussed.", "PMID": 708689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3575", "title": "Mechanism and kinetics of iron release from ferritin by dihydroflavins and dihydroflavin analogues.", "content": "Dihydroflavins reductively release iron rapidly and quantitatively from purified horse spleen or horse heart ferritin. The NAD(P)H:flavin oxidoreductase from Beneckea harveyi is used to generate a constant concentration of dihydroflavin permitting a continuous assay for complete iron release. Sepharose-linked dihydroflavins are not competent to release ferritin iron, demonstrating that the dihydroflavin must pass through the channels of the protein shell prior to iron reduction. Several experiments fail to show any specific flavin binding site, though dihydroflavins do display saturation kinetics with very high apparent Km's. The rates of iron release by a number of dihydroflavin analogues show that the electron transfer is significantly rate determining in iron release by dihydroriboflavin, while diffusion of the dihydroflavin through the protein channel is slow in the release of iron by dihydroFMN. The rate of iron release is also dependent on the initial content of iron, having a maximum at 1200 iron atoms per ferritin.", "contents": "Mechanism and kinetics of iron release from ferritin by dihydroflavins and dihydroflavin analogues. Dihydroflavins reductively release iron rapidly and quantitatively from purified horse spleen or horse heart ferritin. The NAD(P)H:flavin oxidoreductase from Beneckea harveyi is used to generate a constant concentration of dihydroflavin permitting a continuous assay for complete iron release. Sepharose-linked dihydroflavins are not competent to release ferritin iron, demonstrating that the dihydroflavin must pass through the channels of the protein shell prior to iron reduction. Several experiments fail to show any specific flavin binding site, though dihydroflavins do display saturation kinetics with very high apparent Km's. The rates of iron release by a number of dihydroflavin analogues show that the electron transfer is significantly rate determining in iron release by dihydroriboflavin, while diffusion of the dihydroflavin through the protein channel is slow in the release of iron by dihydroFMN. The rate of iron release is also dependent on the initial content of iron, having a maximum at 1200 iron atoms per ferritin.", "PMID": 708692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3576", "title": "Charge shift optical probes of membrane potential. Theory.", "content": "The chromophores of a series of known and unknown probes of membrane potential are subjected to molecular orbital calculations. These calculations are used to characterize the charge distribution and excitation-induced shift of electron density in the chromophores. This is used to predict or rationalize the magnitude of an electrochromic response to membrane potential. The predictions are consistent with more rigorous calculations on several selected systems as well as with the available experimental data. Emerging from the survey is a variation on previously considered forms of electrochromism involving a simple migration of the charge in an ionic chromophore. The intrinsic amphipathic structures of some of these systems may make them especially well suited for the construction of well oriented, highly responsive probes. A particularly promising charge-shift chromophore is the 4-(p-aminostyryl) pyridinium cation.", "contents": "Charge shift optical probes of membrane potential. Theory. The chromophores of a series of known and unknown probes of membrane potential are subjected to molecular orbital calculations. These calculations are used to characterize the charge distribution and excitation-induced shift of electron density in the chromophores. This is used to predict or rationalize the magnitude of an electrochromic response to membrane potential. The predictions are consistent with more rigorous calculations on several selected systems as well as with the available experimental data. Emerging from the survey is a variation on previously considered forms of electrochromism involving a simple migration of the charge in an ionic chromophore. The intrinsic amphipathic structures of some of these systems may make them especially well suited for the construction of well oriented, highly responsive probes. A particularly promising charge-shift chromophore is the 4-(p-aminostyryl) pyridinium cation.", "PMID": 708694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3577", "title": "Isolation and identification of 5, 6-epoxyretinoic acid: a biologically active metabolite of retinoic acid.", "content": "A highly biologically active metabolite of retinoic acid (8III) has been isolated in pure form from intestinal mucosa of vitamin A deficient rats given [3H]retinoic acid. This metabolite has been positively identified as 5, 6-epoxyretinoic acid based on the ultraviolet absorption spectrum and mass spectrum of its methylated derivative. This identification was confirmed by cochromatography of the methylated metabolite and synthetic methyl 5, 6-epoxyretinoate on reverse-phase and straight-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. The 5, 6-epoxyretinoic acid is a true in vivo generated metabolite of retinoic acid and not an artifact of the isolation procedure. In addition, 5, 8-oxyretinoic acid previously isolated in this laboratory from intestinal mucosa was probably generated from 5, 6-epoxyretinoic acid by the acidic conditions used in the extraction and isolation of the 5, 8-oxyretinoic acid.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of 5, 6-epoxyretinoic acid: a biologically active metabolite of retinoic acid. A highly biologically active metabolite of retinoic acid (8III) has been isolated in pure form from intestinal mucosa of vitamin A deficient rats given [3H]retinoic acid. This metabolite has been positively identified as 5, 6-epoxyretinoic acid based on the ultraviolet absorption spectrum and mass spectrum of its methylated derivative. This identification was confirmed by cochromatography of the methylated metabolite and synthetic methyl 5, 6-epoxyretinoate on reverse-phase and straight-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. The 5, 6-epoxyretinoic acid is a true in vivo generated metabolite of retinoic acid and not an artifact of the isolation procedure. In addition, 5, 8-oxyretinoic acid previously isolated in this laboratory from intestinal mucosa was probably generated from 5, 6-epoxyretinoic acid by the acidic conditions used in the extraction and isolation of the 5, 8-oxyretinoic acid.", "PMID": 708695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3578", "title": "Kinetic studies on electron transfer and interaction between nitrogenase components from Azotobacter vinelandii.", "content": "Kinetic properties of electron transfer by nitrogenase of Azotobacter vinelandii are dependent on the concentration of the two components of nitrogenase. An excess of the MoFe protein inhibits electron transfer in a distinctive manner, and the inhibition is reversed by increasing levels of reductant. The saturation curve for Fe protein is hyperbolic, indicating that only one Fe protein molecule per MoFe protein is required for full activity in ATP hydrolysis and electron transfer. These results can be interpreted on the basis of a complex between the Fe protein and the MoFe protein that dissociates rapidly during turnover. Both 2:1 and 1:1 complexes (Fe-MoFe) are active. Dithionite appears to be a relatively poor reductant for nitrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii, whereas azotobacter flavodoxin is much better. In the presence of the flavodoxin it is possible to increase the specific activity of the Fe protein more than 50% relative to its activity with dithionite alone as a reductant; specific activities greater than 3000 nmol of C2H4 formed min(-1) (mg of Fe protein)(-1) have been observed.", "contents": "Kinetic studies on electron transfer and interaction between nitrogenase components from Azotobacter vinelandii. Kinetic properties of electron transfer by nitrogenase of Azotobacter vinelandii are dependent on the concentration of the two components of nitrogenase. An excess of the MoFe protein inhibits electron transfer in a distinctive manner, and the inhibition is reversed by increasing levels of reductant. The saturation curve for Fe protein is hyperbolic, indicating that only one Fe protein molecule per MoFe protein is required for full activity in ATP hydrolysis and electron transfer. These results can be interpreted on the basis of a complex between the Fe protein and the MoFe protein that dissociates rapidly during turnover. Both 2:1 and 1:1 complexes (Fe-MoFe) are active. Dithionite appears to be a relatively poor reductant for nitrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii, whereas azotobacter flavodoxin is much better. In the presence of the flavodoxin it is possible to increase the specific activity of the Fe protein more than 50% relative to its activity with dithionite alone as a reductant; specific activities greater than 3000 nmol of C2H4 formed min(-1) (mg of Fe protein)(-1) have been observed.", "PMID": 708696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3579", "title": "Rapid, single-step purification of restriction endonucleases on cibacron blue F3GA-agarose.", "content": "After sonication and high-speed centrifugation, crude extracts of B. amyloliquefaciens, P. alcalifaciens, X. holicola, and B. globiggi were adsorbed on the dye Cibacron blue F3GA convalently cross-linked to agarose. The restriction endonucleases BamHI, PalI, XhoI, and BglI together with BglII were isolated by elution of the dye column with linear gradients to 0.5 M NaCl. The enzymes so purified were free of contaminating nucleic acids and other nucleases and were sufficiently concentrated for direct, specific DNA hydrolysis.", "contents": "Rapid, single-step purification of restriction endonucleases on cibacron blue F3GA-agarose. After sonication and high-speed centrifugation, crude extracts of B. amyloliquefaciens, P. alcalifaciens, X. holicola, and B. globiggi were adsorbed on the dye Cibacron blue F3GA convalently cross-linked to agarose. The restriction endonucleases BamHI, PalI, XhoI, and BglI together with BglII were isolated by elution of the dye column with linear gradients to 0.5 M NaCl. The enzymes so purified were free of contaminating nucleic acids and other nucleases and were sufficiently concentrated for direct, specific DNA hydrolysis.", "PMID": 708697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3580", "title": "Postproline cleaving enzyme: kinetic studies of size and stereospecificity of its active site.", "content": "Postproline cleaving enzyme [EC 3.4.21.-] has recently been purified from lamb kidney and tentatively identified as a serine endopeptidase with a high specificity for proline-containing peptides. The interaction of postproline cleaving enzyme with peptide substrates and competitive inhibitors has been studied in an effort to explore the size and stereospecificity of the active site of the protease. The substrates and inhibitors included proline-containing peptide amides, p-nitrophenyl esters, and free acids with increasing numbers of amino acid residues and residues of L and D configuration. Oligopeptides of alanine, which can also be recognized by the protease, were also tested as substrates. This series included Ala3, Ala-D-Ala-Ala, Ala-Ala-D-Ala,Z-(Ala)3, Ala4 through Ala6. The contribution of each of the three amino acid residues flanking the primary specificity site (S1) of postproline enzyme to such kinetic parameters as Km, Kcat, and Kcat/Km in the case of substrates and Ki with inhibitors was determined. The results suggest that postproline cleaving enzyme has an extended substrate binding region in addition to the primary specificity site, S1. It seems to be comprised of three sites located at the amino-terminal site (S1, S2, and S3) and two sites at the carboxyl site from the catalytic point (S1', S2'). High stereospecificity was observed for subsites S1, S2, and S1'.", "contents": "Postproline cleaving enzyme: kinetic studies of size and stereospecificity of its active site. Postproline cleaving enzyme [EC 3.4.21.-] has recently been purified from lamb kidney and tentatively identified as a serine endopeptidase with a high specificity for proline-containing peptides. The interaction of postproline cleaving enzyme with peptide substrates and competitive inhibitors has been studied in an effort to explore the size and stereospecificity of the active site of the protease. The substrates and inhibitors included proline-containing peptide amides, p-nitrophenyl esters, and free acids with increasing numbers of amino acid residues and residues of L and D configuration. Oligopeptides of alanine, which can also be recognized by the protease, were also tested as substrates. This series included Ala3, Ala-D-Ala-Ala, Ala-Ala-D-Ala,Z-(Ala)3, Ala4 through Ala6. The contribution of each of the three amino acid residues flanking the primary specificity site (S1) of postproline enzyme to such kinetic parameters as Km, Kcat, and Kcat/Km in the case of substrates and Ki with inhibitors was determined. The results suggest that postproline cleaving enzyme has an extended substrate binding region in addition to the primary specificity site, S1. It seems to be comprised of three sites located at the amino-terminal site (S1, S2, and S3) and two sites at the carboxyl site from the catalytic point (S1', S2'). High stereospecificity was observed for subsites S1, S2, and S1'.", "PMID": 708698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3581", "title": "Affinity labeling of histamine N-methyltransferase by 2',3'-dialdehyde derivatives of S-adenosylhomocysteine and S-adenosylmethionine. Kinetics of inactivation.", "content": "S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet), S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (L-AdoHcy), and related ribonucleosides have been oxidized with periodic acid to the corresponding 2',3'-dialdehydes. Both AdoMet dialdehyde and L-AdoHcy dialdehyde were observed to rapidly and irreversibly inactivate histamine N-methyltransferase (HMT). Equally active as an irreversible inhibitor was S-adenosyl-D-homocysteine dialdehyde (D-AdoHcy dialdehyde), which is consistent with the known affinity of HMT for S-adenosyl-D-homocysteine (D-AdoHcy). Other analogues of AdoHcy dialdehyde (S-adenosyl-L-cysteine dialdehyde, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine sulfoxide dialdehyde, and adenosine dialdehyde) also produced irreversible inactivation of HMT, but at predictably slower rates. The corresponding acyclic 2',3'-ribonucleosides, which were obtained by NaBH4 reduction of the ribonucleosides dialdehydes, were found to be very weak, reversible inhibitors of HMT. Kinetic analysis of the inactivation of HMT produced by L-AdoHcy dialdehyde, AdoMet dialdehyde, and D-AdoHcy dialdehyde suggested mechanisms involving the formation of dissociable enzyme-inhibitor complexes prior to irreversible inactivation. Studies using L-[2,8-3H] AdoHcy dialdehyde revealed that incorporation of radioactivity into HMT closely paralleled the loss of enzyme activity. The results of these studies indicate that L-AdoHcy dialdehyde, D-AdoHcy dialdehyde, and AdoMet dialdehyde are affinity labeling reagents for HMT.", "contents": "Affinity labeling of histamine N-methyltransferase by 2',3'-dialdehyde derivatives of S-adenosylhomocysteine and S-adenosylmethionine. Kinetics of inactivation. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet), S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (L-AdoHcy), and related ribonucleosides have been oxidized with periodic acid to the corresponding 2',3'-dialdehydes. Both AdoMet dialdehyde and L-AdoHcy dialdehyde were observed to rapidly and irreversibly inactivate histamine N-methyltransferase (HMT). Equally active as an irreversible inhibitor was S-adenosyl-D-homocysteine dialdehyde (D-AdoHcy dialdehyde), which is consistent with the known affinity of HMT for S-adenosyl-D-homocysteine (D-AdoHcy). Other analogues of AdoHcy dialdehyde (S-adenosyl-L-cysteine dialdehyde, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine sulfoxide dialdehyde, and adenosine dialdehyde) also produced irreversible inactivation of HMT, but at predictably slower rates. The corresponding acyclic 2',3'-ribonucleosides, which were obtained by NaBH4 reduction of the ribonucleosides dialdehydes, were found to be very weak, reversible inhibitors of HMT. Kinetic analysis of the inactivation of HMT produced by L-AdoHcy dialdehyde, AdoMet dialdehyde, and D-AdoHcy dialdehyde suggested mechanisms involving the formation of dissociable enzyme-inhibitor complexes prior to irreversible inactivation. Studies using L-[2,8-3H] AdoHcy dialdehyde revealed that incorporation of radioactivity into HMT closely paralleled the loss of enzyme activity. The results of these studies indicate that L-AdoHcy dialdehyde, D-AdoHcy dialdehyde, and AdoMet dialdehyde are affinity labeling reagents for HMT.", "PMID": 708699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3582", "title": "Interferon induction and its dependence on the primary and secondary structure of poly(inosinic acid).poly(cytidylic acid).", "content": "The synthetic interferon (IF) inducer rIn.rCn was modified by substituting the ribosyl residues with either their corresponding deoxy(dC or dI) or 2'-O-methyl analogues (mC or mI). The polynucleotide duplexes of these analogues are inactive as IF inducers. Circular dichroism (CD) studies revealed that, while the deoxy substitution produces significant changes in the conformation of rIn.rCn, the 2'-O-methyl substitution produces no detectable change. Biological competition experiments indicated that the methylated duplexes mIn.rCn, rIn.mCn, and mIn.mCn all compete with rIn.rCn for IF induction, while the deoxy duplexes dIn.rCn and rIn.dCn do not. These results are consistent with those predicted from the CD data. Copolymer duplexes (mI,rI)n.(mC,rC)n of varying degrees of methylation and residue clustering were also evaluated for IF induction in human fibroblasts. The IF-inducing capabilities of these duplexes correlated highly with the presence of clusters containing six or more consecutive ribosyl residues. These combined observations suggest that interaction of rIn.rCn with the cell in the induction process may occur in a biphasic manner involving first the topological recognition of a large segment of the RNA to allow for proper binding to the putative cellular receptor, followed by recognition of a much smaller region of the RNA corresponding to 6--12 consecutive ribosyl residues (0.5 to 1 helical turn) which is responsible for the triggering of the induction process.", "contents": "Interferon induction and its dependence on the primary and secondary structure of poly(inosinic acid).poly(cytidylic acid). The synthetic interferon (IF) inducer rIn.rCn was modified by substituting the ribosyl residues with either their corresponding deoxy(dC or dI) or 2'-O-methyl analogues (mC or mI). The polynucleotide duplexes of these analogues are inactive as IF inducers. Circular dichroism (CD) studies revealed that, while the deoxy substitution produces significant changes in the conformation of rIn.rCn, the 2'-O-methyl substitution produces no detectable change. Biological competition experiments indicated that the methylated duplexes mIn.rCn, rIn.mCn, and mIn.mCn all compete with rIn.rCn for IF induction, while the deoxy duplexes dIn.rCn and rIn.dCn do not. These results are consistent with those predicted from the CD data. Copolymer duplexes (mI,rI)n.(mC,rC)n of varying degrees of methylation and residue clustering were also evaluated for IF induction in human fibroblasts. The IF-inducing capabilities of these duplexes correlated highly with the presence of clusters containing six or more consecutive ribosyl residues. These combined observations suggest that interaction of rIn.rCn with the cell in the induction process may occur in a biphasic manner involving first the topological recognition of a large segment of the RNA to allow for proper binding to the putative cellular receptor, followed by recognition of a much smaller region of the RNA corresponding to 6--12 consecutive ribosyl residues (0.5 to 1 helical turn) which is responsible for the triggering of the induction process.", "PMID": 708705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3583", "title": "Comparison of DNA polymerase alpha and delta from bone marrow.", "content": "DNA polymerases alpha and delta from rabbit bone marrow were purified to specific activities greater than 30 000 nM TMP incorporated (mg of protein)(-1)h(-1). alpha is quantitatively predominant. alpha and delta have the same reaction requirements and are both similarly sensitive to N-ethylmaleimide. The primary functional distinction is the association of 3' to 5' exonuclease activity with delta. Sedimentation coefficients obtained from zone sedimentation in glycerol gradients and Stokes radii values from gel filtration allow the calculation of true molecular weight and frictional ratios. alpha exhibits a bimodal pattern, sedimenting at 6 and 8 S on glycerol gradients and demonstrating components corresponding to 40.5- and 65-A Stokes radii upon gel filtration. The calculated molecular weights of the two forms of alpha are 100 000 and 215 000; the frictional ratios are 1.34 and 1.65. This and other data suggest a possible monomer-dimer relation. In contrast, delta sediments uniformly at 6.5 S and also behaves uniformly upon gel filtration at 4595 A. The molecular weight of delta is distinct at 122 000; its frictional ratio is 1.39. Because of similarities of the DNA polymerizing activities of both forms of alpha and of delta, it is postulated that alpha is derived from delta by structural modification, resulting in a decrease in molecular weight, the tendency to aggregate as dimers, and a concomitant loss of 3' to 5' exonuclease activity.", "contents": "Comparison of DNA polymerase alpha and delta from bone marrow. DNA polymerases alpha and delta from rabbit bone marrow were purified to specific activities greater than 30 000 nM TMP incorporated (mg of protein)(-1)h(-1). alpha is quantitatively predominant. alpha and delta have the same reaction requirements and are both similarly sensitive to N-ethylmaleimide. The primary functional distinction is the association of 3' to 5' exonuclease activity with delta. Sedimentation coefficients obtained from zone sedimentation in glycerol gradients and Stokes radii values from gel filtration allow the calculation of true molecular weight and frictional ratios. alpha exhibits a bimodal pattern, sedimenting at 6 and 8 S on glycerol gradients and demonstrating components corresponding to 40.5- and 65-A Stokes radii upon gel filtration. The calculated molecular weights of the two forms of alpha are 100 000 and 215 000; the frictional ratios are 1.34 and 1.65. This and other data suggest a possible monomer-dimer relation. In contrast, delta sediments uniformly at 6.5 S and also behaves uniformly upon gel filtration at 4595 A. The molecular weight of delta is distinct at 122 000; its frictional ratio is 1.39. Because of similarities of the DNA polymerizing activities of both forms of alpha and of delta, it is postulated that alpha is derived from delta by structural modification, resulting in a decrease in molecular weight, the tendency to aggregate as dimers, and a concomitant loss of 3' to 5' exonuclease activity.", "PMID": 708707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3584", "title": "Binding of hedamycin to deoxyribonucleic acid and chromatin of testis and liver.", "content": "The binding of the antibiotic hedamycin to DNA was evaluated by density gradient centrifugation in CsCl to determine the type I binding, which is essentially irreversible at high and low ionic strength. Exhaustive dialysis at low ionic strength was used to determine the sum of type I and type II binding (irreversible at low ionic strength but reversible at high ionic strength). The maximum ratio of hedamycin to DNA nucleotides (rf) is 0.1 for type I and 0.1 for type II binding to free DNA, but these ratios decrease to 0.07--0.08 in chromatin of rat liver and a testis fraction (spermatogonia plus primary spermatocytes). The rf for type I binding of hedamycin to monomeric nucleosomes of this testis fraction is considerably less than maximum binding to polymeric nucleosomes or chromatin, suggesting that hedamycin binds more effectively to \"linker\" DNA than to DNA attached to the core of the nucleosomes. Hedamycin binding to the chromatin of the spermatid fraction of testis is greatly decreased in comparison with chromatin of early stages; this correlates with the change from nucleohistones to nucleoprotamines at the middle to late spermatid stages of spermiogenesis.", "contents": "Binding of hedamycin to deoxyribonucleic acid and chromatin of testis and liver. The binding of the antibiotic hedamycin to DNA was evaluated by density gradient centrifugation in CsCl to determine the type I binding, which is essentially irreversible at high and low ionic strength. Exhaustive dialysis at low ionic strength was used to determine the sum of type I and type II binding (irreversible at low ionic strength but reversible at high ionic strength). The maximum ratio of hedamycin to DNA nucleotides (rf) is 0.1 for type I and 0.1 for type II binding to free DNA, but these ratios decrease to 0.07--0.08 in chromatin of rat liver and a testis fraction (spermatogonia plus primary spermatocytes). The rf for type I binding of hedamycin to monomeric nucleosomes of this testis fraction is considerably less than maximum binding to polymeric nucleosomes or chromatin, suggesting that hedamycin binds more effectively to \"linker\" DNA than to DNA attached to the core of the nucleosomes. Hedamycin binding to the chromatin of the spermatid fraction of testis is greatly decreased in comparison with chromatin of early stages; this correlates with the change from nucleohistones to nucleoprotamines at the middle to late spermatid stages of spermiogenesis.", "PMID": 708708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3585", "title": "Interaction of calcium and manganese ions with apoconcanavalin A and sugar binding.", "content": "The interaction of apoconcanavalin A (apo-Con A) with Mn2+ and Ca2+ was studied at 25 degrees C using fluorescence stopped flow. The reaction was monitored using 4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside whose fluorescence is quenched on binding to the metalloproteins. At pH 5.0 entry of Mn2+ into apo is second-order (rate constant = 1.2 x 103 M(-1) s(-1)); at higher pH the rate constant is greater than 104 M(-1) s(-1). Reaction of excess Ca2+ with Mn(Con A) is pseudo-first-order with kobsd = Kk[Ca2+](1 + K[Ca2+])(-1). This is interpreted as rapid formation of unlocked MnCa(Con A), with a formation constant K = 3.5 x 102 M(-1), which transforms (k = 0.026 s(-1)) to a locked form, indistinguishable from native. At pH 6.4 and 7.2, K greater than or equal to 103 M(-1) and k = 0.043 and 0.050 s(-1), respectively. Ca(Con A) and Mn(Con A) precipitate glycogen and bind to 4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside as effectively as native protein at pH 7.2. Treatment of the Ca or Mn forms with EDTA produces an apo form with a small binding capacity, which it loses slowly.", "contents": "Interaction of calcium and manganese ions with apoconcanavalin A and sugar binding. The interaction of apoconcanavalin A (apo-Con A) with Mn2+ and Ca2+ was studied at 25 degrees C using fluorescence stopped flow. The reaction was monitored using 4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside whose fluorescence is quenched on binding to the metalloproteins. At pH 5.0 entry of Mn2+ into apo is second-order (rate constant = 1.2 x 103 M(-1) s(-1)); at higher pH the rate constant is greater than 104 M(-1) s(-1). Reaction of excess Ca2+ with Mn(Con A) is pseudo-first-order with kobsd = Kk[Ca2+](1 + K[Ca2+])(-1). This is interpreted as rapid formation of unlocked MnCa(Con A), with a formation constant K = 3.5 x 102 M(-1), which transforms (k = 0.026 s(-1)) to a locked form, indistinguishable from native. At pH 6.4 and 7.2, K greater than or equal to 103 M(-1) and k = 0.043 and 0.050 s(-1), respectively. Ca(Con A) and Mn(Con A) precipitate glycogen and bind to 4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside as effectively as native protein at pH 7.2. Treatment of the Ca or Mn forms with EDTA produces an apo form with a small binding capacity, which it loses slowly.", "PMID": 708709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3586", "title": "Conformation as the determinant of saccharide binding in concanavalin A: Ca2+-concanavalin A complexes.", "content": "The existence of two conformational states of concanavalin A (Con A) with different metal ion binding properties has been recently demonstrated (Brown, R. D., Brewer, C. F., & Koenig, S. H. (1977) Biochemistry 16, 3883). Introduction of Mn2+ to the S1 site and Ca2+ to the S2 site of apo-Con A was shown to induce a conformational change in the protein, ascribed to a cis-trans isomerization of a peptide bond in the secondary structure, which results in extremely tight binding of the metal ions. This induced conformation is referred to as \"locked\" and the initial conformation as \"unlocked\". The locked ternary complex is identical with the native protein. In the present paper, we report evidence for the formation of a relatively stable, locked, ternary Ca2+-Con A complex that possesses properties similar to those of native Ca2+-Mn2+Con A. The experimental technique involves measurement of the magnetic field and time dependence of the nuclear magnetic relaxation rate (1/T1) of solvent water protons in solutions of Ca2+-Con A, after the addition of Mn2+ ion which slowly bind to the protein. The kinetic data can be fit by a model for Ca2+ interactions with Con A which indicates that Ca2+, in the absence of Mn2+, can bind at both the S1 and S2 sites of the protein and, furthermore, can induce the protein to undergo the unlocked to locked conformational transition. In terms of this model, the time-dependent binding of the Mn2+ ions is due to replacement of Ca2+ ions at the S1 sites in the locked protein. The off-rate of Ca2+ from the S2 site of the locked ternary Ca2+-Con A complex is much greater than that from the locked Ca2+-Mn2+-Con A complex. From the effects of added alpha-methyl D-mannopyranoside on the rate of replacement of Ca2+ by Mn2+ at the S1 site of the locked ternary Ca2+-Con A complex, it is concluded that the latter complex binds saccharides as strongly as the locked Ca2+-Mn2+-Con A complex. In addition, analysis of the data indicates that apo-Con A in the locked conformation binds alpha -methyl D-mannopyranoside with approximately 7% of the affinity of the fully metallized locked form of the protein. This strong saccharide-binding activity of locked apo-Con A, compared with that of the unlocked apo-Con A, was further demonstrated by equilibration of unlocked apo-Con A with alpha-methyl D-mannopyranoside, which resulted in the formation of the locked apo-Con A-saccharide complex. These results demonstrate that it is the locked conformation of Con A that is primarily responsible for saccharide-binding activity, and that the function of the bound metals is primarily to maintain the protein in the locked conformation.", "contents": "Conformation as the determinant of saccharide binding in concanavalin A: Ca2+-concanavalin A complexes. The existence of two conformational states of concanavalin A (Con A) with different metal ion binding properties has been recently demonstrated (Brown, R. D., Brewer, C. F., & Koenig, S. H. (1977) Biochemistry 16, 3883). Introduction of Mn2+ to the S1 site and Ca2+ to the S2 site of apo-Con A was shown to induce a conformational change in the protein, ascribed to a cis-trans isomerization of a peptide bond in the secondary structure, which results in extremely tight binding of the metal ions. This induced conformation is referred to as \"locked\" and the initial conformation as \"unlocked\". The locked ternary complex is identical with the native protein. In the present paper, we report evidence for the formation of a relatively stable, locked, ternary Ca2+-Con A complex that possesses properties similar to those of native Ca2+-Mn2+Con A. The experimental technique involves measurement of the magnetic field and time dependence of the nuclear magnetic relaxation rate (1/T1) of solvent water protons in solutions of Ca2+-Con A, after the addition of Mn2+ ion which slowly bind to the protein. The kinetic data can be fit by a model for Ca2+ interactions with Con A which indicates that Ca2+, in the absence of Mn2+, can bind at both the S1 and S2 sites of the protein and, furthermore, can induce the protein to undergo the unlocked to locked conformational transition. In terms of this model, the time-dependent binding of the Mn2+ ions is due to replacement of Ca2+ ions at the S1 sites in the locked protein. The off-rate of Ca2+ from the S2 site of the locked ternary Ca2+-Con A complex is much greater than that from the locked Ca2+-Mn2+-Con A complex. From the effects of added alpha-methyl D-mannopyranoside on the rate of replacement of Ca2+ by Mn2+ at the S1 site of the locked ternary Ca2+-Con A complex, it is concluded that the latter complex binds saccharides as strongly as the locked Ca2+-Mn2+-Con A complex. In addition, analysis of the data indicates that apo-Con A in the locked conformation binds alpha -methyl D-mannopyranoside with approximately 7% of the affinity of the fully metallized locked form of the protein. This strong saccharide-binding activity of locked apo-Con A, compared with that of the unlocked apo-Con A, was further demonstrated by equilibration of unlocked apo-Con A with alpha-methyl D-mannopyranoside, which resulted in the formation of the locked apo-Con A-saccharide complex. These results demonstrate that it is the locked conformation of Con A that is primarily responsible for saccharide-binding activity, and that the function of the bound metals is primarily to maintain the protein in the locked conformation.", "PMID": 708710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3587", "title": "Selective methyl esterification of erythrocyte membrane proteins by protein methylase II.", "content": "Methyl esterification of erythrocyte membrane proteins have been demonstrated by incubating the isolated membrane with purified protein methylase II (S-adenosyl-methionine:protein-carboxyl O-methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.24) and S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-14C]methionine. Methyl esterification of membrane-bound proteins occurred selectively to proteins corresponding to bands 3 (mol wt 97 000), 4 (mol wt 75 000), and 4.5 (mol wt 48 000) [designated according to Steck, T. L. (1974), J. Cell Biol. 62, 1] as identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Mild alkali treated depleted vesicles which lacked bands 1, 2, 5, and 6 had a higher methyl accepting capacity; 500 pmol of methyl groups/mg of depleted vesicle proteins vs. 200 pmol of methyl groups/mg of intact membrane proteins. Alkali-extractable membrane components were not methylated.", "contents": "Selective methyl esterification of erythrocyte membrane proteins by protein methylase II. Methyl esterification of erythrocyte membrane proteins have been demonstrated by incubating the isolated membrane with purified protein methylase II (S-adenosyl-methionine:protein-carboxyl O-methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.24) and S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-14C]methionine. Methyl esterification of membrane-bound proteins occurred selectively to proteins corresponding to bands 3 (mol wt 97 000), 4 (mol wt 75 000), and 4.5 (mol wt 48 000) [designated according to Steck, T. L. (1974), J. Cell Biol. 62, 1] as identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Mild alkali treated depleted vesicles which lacked bands 1, 2, 5, and 6 had a higher methyl accepting capacity; 500 pmol of methyl groups/mg of depleted vesicle proteins vs. 200 pmol of methyl groups/mg of intact membrane proteins. Alkali-extractable membrane components were not methylated.", "PMID": 708712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3588", "title": "Conformational preferences of amino acids in globular proteins.", "content": "In a previous paper [Levitt, M., and Greer, J. (1977), J. Mol. Biol. 114, 181--239], an objective compilation of the secondary-structure regions in more than 50 different globular proteins was produced automatically. In the present paper, these assignments of secondary structure are analyzed to give the frequency of occurrence of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids in alpha helix, beta sheet, and reverse-turn secondary structure. Nineteen of these amino acids have a weak but statistically signficant preference for only on type of secondary structure. These preferences correlate well with the chemical structure of the particular amino acids giving a more objective classification of the conformational properties of amino acids than available before.", "contents": "Conformational preferences of amino acids in globular proteins. In a previous paper [Levitt, M., and Greer, J. (1977), J. Mol. Biol. 114, 181--239], an objective compilation of the secondary-structure regions in more than 50 different globular proteins was produced automatically. In the present paper, these assignments of secondary structure are analyzed to give the frequency of occurrence of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids in alpha helix, beta sheet, and reverse-turn secondary structure. Nineteen of these amino acids have a weak but statistically signficant preference for only on type of secondary structure. These preferences correlate well with the chemical structure of the particular amino acids giving a more objective classification of the conformational properties of amino acids than available before.", "PMID": 708713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3589", "title": "13C Nuclear magnetic resonance studies to the binding of isocyanides to various hemoglobins and myoglobins.", "content": "Interactions between ethyl and isopropyl isocyanides and various hemoglobins and myoglobins have been studied by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. The results indicate that the chemical shift of the bound isocyanide depends on the structure of the hemoglobin subunit or myoglobin. The resonances exhibited by isocyanides bound to myoglobin are sensitive to pH in contrast to the situation with rabbit and human hemoglobins. beta subunits of opossum, rabbit, and human hemoglobins show a significantly greater preferential affinity for CO relative to EIC than do alpha subunits which have allowed the assignment of resonances. Rabbit, human, and opossum hemoglobin subunits bind ethyl isocyanide without observable preferences and an excess of DPG does not appear to affect this random order of ligation. In contrast, an excess of IHP seems to cause preferential ligation of the alpha subunits in these hemoglobins. The results have been used to gain insights into the differing characteristics of the ligand binding pockets of these various hemoglobins.", "contents": "13C Nuclear magnetic resonance studies to the binding of isocyanides to various hemoglobins and myoglobins. Interactions between ethyl and isopropyl isocyanides and various hemoglobins and myoglobins have been studied by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. The results indicate that the chemical shift of the bound isocyanide depends on the structure of the hemoglobin subunit or myoglobin. The resonances exhibited by isocyanides bound to myoglobin are sensitive to pH in contrast to the situation with rabbit and human hemoglobins. beta subunits of opossum, rabbit, and human hemoglobins show a significantly greater preferential affinity for CO relative to EIC than do alpha subunits which have allowed the assignment of resonances. Rabbit, human, and opossum hemoglobin subunits bind ethyl isocyanide without observable preferences and an excess of DPG does not appear to affect this random order of ligation. In contrast, an excess of IHP seems to cause preferential ligation of the alpha subunits in these hemoglobins. The results have been used to gain insights into the differing characteristics of the ligand binding pockets of these various hemoglobins.", "PMID": 708715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3590", "title": "An IgG2a-producing variant of an IgG2b-producing mouse myeloma cell line. Structural studies on the Fc region of parent and variant heavy chains.", "content": "The IgG2b-producing MPC 11 mouse myeloma cell line has yielded a number of variants which synthesize heavy chains characteristic of a different immunoglobulin subclass, IgG2a, as previously shown by serology, peptide maps, and assembly profiles. We have studied the Fc regions of the IgG2a protein synthesized by one variant, ICR 9.9.2.1, and of the IgG2b protein synthesized by MPC 11 and compared them to MOPC 173, an IgG2a protein of known sequence. We analyzed the Fc regions of the three immunoglobulins by several analytical techniques, such as immunoelectrophoresis of papain digests, NaDodSo4-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analyses of Fc CNBr fragments, and comparative ion-exchange chromatography of radiolabeled tryptic and chymotryptic Fc peptides. In addition, Fc CNBr fragments of the variant gamma2a and MPC 11 gamma2b molecules were isolated and subjected to amino acid analysis and partial sequence determination. From these data, we concluded that the Fc fragment of ICR 9.9.2.1 is most probably identical to that of MOPC 173 and different from the parental gamma2b Fc fragment. A number of residue positions which discriminate between gamma2b and gamma2a sequences are described. In two of three segments sequenced, gamma2b and gamma2a molecules share more identical residues than either shares with another mouse subclass, gamma1.", "contents": "An IgG2a-producing variant of an IgG2b-producing mouse myeloma cell line. Structural studies on the Fc region of parent and variant heavy chains. The IgG2b-producing MPC 11 mouse myeloma cell line has yielded a number of variants which synthesize heavy chains characteristic of a different immunoglobulin subclass, IgG2a, as previously shown by serology, peptide maps, and assembly profiles. We have studied the Fc regions of the IgG2a protein synthesized by one variant, ICR 9.9.2.1, and of the IgG2b protein synthesized by MPC 11 and compared them to MOPC 173, an IgG2a protein of known sequence. We analyzed the Fc regions of the three immunoglobulins by several analytical techniques, such as immunoelectrophoresis of papain digests, NaDodSo4-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analyses of Fc CNBr fragments, and comparative ion-exchange chromatography of radiolabeled tryptic and chymotryptic Fc peptides. In addition, Fc CNBr fragments of the variant gamma2a and MPC 11 gamma2b molecules were isolated and subjected to amino acid analysis and partial sequence determination. From these data, we concluded that the Fc fragment of ICR 9.9.2.1 is most probably identical to that of MOPC 173 and different from the parental gamma2b Fc fragment. A number of residue positions which discriminate between gamma2b and gamma2a sequences are described. In two of three segments sequenced, gamma2b and gamma2a molecules share more identical residues than either shares with another mouse subclass, gamma1.", "PMID": 708716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3591", "title": "Glutamate metabolism in relation to glutamate transport in kidney cortex mitochondria of rabbit.", "content": "1. The metabolism of glutamate was followed by measurements of phosphoenolpyruvate production, aspartate synthesis and ammonia release, whereas the transport of glutamate across the inner membrane of kidney cortex mitochondria was studied using an oxygen electrode and the swelling technique. 2. When added separately, avenaciolide and aminooxyacetate only partially inhibited both State 3 and uncoupled respiration of the mitochondria, as studied in the presence of glutamate as substrate. In contrast, the addition of both inhibitors to the reaction medium resulted in an almost complete inhibition of glutamate oxidation. 3. Swelling of kidney mitochondria in an isosmotic solution of ammonium glutamate was accelerated by uncoupler and inhibited by avenaciolide, while the swelling of mitochondria in potassium glutamate was stimulated by valinomycin and inhibited by uncoupler. 4. When glutamate was used as the sole substrate, inhibition of aspartate formation by aminooxyacetate resulted in a stimulation of both ammonia release and phosphoenolpyruvate production. In contrast, with glutamate plus malate as substrate an elevation of the rate of glutamate deamination on the addition of aminooxyacetate was accompanied by an inhibition of phosphoenolpyruvate synthesis in both State 3 and uncoupled conditions. 5. In the presence of valinomycin to induce K+-permeability a marked enhancement of glutamate deamination was accompanied by a significant inhibition of glutamate transamination. 6. Based on the presented results it was concluded that in rabbit renal mitochondria utilizing glutamate as substrate the rate of ammonia production, phosphoenolpyruvate formation and aspartate synthesis vary in response to different metabolic conditions, in which both the glutamate--H+ symport and the glutamate--aspartate exchange systems are functioning to different extents.", "contents": "Glutamate metabolism in relation to glutamate transport in kidney cortex mitochondria of rabbit. 1. The metabolism of glutamate was followed by measurements of phosphoenolpyruvate production, aspartate synthesis and ammonia release, whereas the transport of glutamate across the inner membrane of kidney cortex mitochondria was studied using an oxygen electrode and the swelling technique. 2. When added separately, avenaciolide and aminooxyacetate only partially inhibited both State 3 and uncoupled respiration of the mitochondria, as studied in the presence of glutamate as substrate. In contrast, the addition of both inhibitors to the reaction medium resulted in an almost complete inhibition of glutamate oxidation. 3. Swelling of kidney mitochondria in an isosmotic solution of ammonium glutamate was accelerated by uncoupler and inhibited by avenaciolide, while the swelling of mitochondria in potassium glutamate was stimulated by valinomycin and inhibited by uncoupler. 4. When glutamate was used as the sole substrate, inhibition of aspartate formation by aminooxyacetate resulted in a stimulation of both ammonia release and phosphoenolpyruvate production. In contrast, with glutamate plus malate as substrate an elevation of the rate of glutamate deamination on the addition of aminooxyacetate was accompanied by an inhibition of phosphoenolpyruvate synthesis in both State 3 and uncoupled conditions. 5. In the presence of valinomycin to induce K+-permeability a marked enhancement of glutamate deamination was accompanied by a significant inhibition of glutamate transamination. 6. Based on the presented results it was concluded that in rabbit renal mitochondria utilizing glutamate as substrate the rate of ammonia production, phosphoenolpyruvate formation and aspartate synthesis vary in response to different metabolic conditions, in which both the glutamate--H+ symport and the glutamate--aspartate exchange systems are functioning to different extents.", "PMID": 708719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3592", "title": "Turnover kinetics of photosystem I measured by the electrochromic effect in Chlorella.", "content": "The rise kinetics of the absorption changes induced at 515 nm and 480 nm by a flash were studied using two types of xenon flashes of different durations. The 'slow' rise of the absorption change (t 1/2 = 15--20 microseconds) observed by Cox and Delosme (1978 C.R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) S\u00e9r. D 282, 775--778) and Joliot was found to be due to double hits occurring in the reaction centers of System I during the flash. The turnover kinetics of the reaction centers of System I after a short flash were studied by a double flash method. They are in agreement with a second order reaction between P+-700 and its electron donor.", "contents": "Turnover kinetics of photosystem I measured by the electrochromic effect in Chlorella. The rise kinetics of the absorption changes induced at 515 nm and 480 nm by a flash were studied using two types of xenon flashes of different durations. The 'slow' rise of the absorption change (t 1/2 = 15--20 microseconds) observed by Cox and Delosme (1978 C.R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) S\u00e9r. D 282, 775--778) and Joliot was found to be due to double hits occurring in the reaction centers of System I during the flash. The turnover kinetics of the reaction centers of System I after a short flash were studied by a double flash method. They are in agreement with a second order reaction between P+-700 and its electron donor.", "PMID": 708720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3593", "title": "Flash kinetic study of the last steps in the photoinduced reaction cycle of bacteriorhodopsin.", "content": "The reaction cycle of light adapted bacteriorhodopsin (BR) in aqueous purple membrane suspensions was studied by laser flash photolysis at different temperatures (2--49 degrees C) and pH values (3--10). The activation energy for several reaction steps was determined at pH 7.6. The kinetics of O-bacteriorhodopsin (one of the last intermediates in the cycle) were analyzed in some detail and it was found that the simple consecutive reaction scheme M-BR leads to O-BR leads to BR may explain the kinetics of O-bacteriorhodopsin as measured at 680 nm. Since the pH change in neutral aqueous suspensions of purple membrane follows similar kinetics as O-bacteriorhodopsin it is suggested that protons are released during the reaction M-BR leads to O-BR and taken up again during the reacton O-BR leads to BR. Another long-lived intermediate, which absorbs to a greater extent than bacteriorhodopsin at 570 nm and less than bacteriorhodopsin at 420 nm, was identified with the strongly fluorescing species, pseudo- or P-bacteriorhodopsin. The decay of P-bacteriorhodopsin in bacteriohodopsin had an activation energy of only approx. 1.2 kcal/mol, which suggests that the last step of the photocycle is a relaxation around a single bond. At pH 9--10, the simple first-order kinetics of all the intermediates were changed into a kinetics consisting of two first-order decays. This change of kinetics was accompanied by a drastic decrease in the rotational diffusion relaxation time. To explain the results obtained in this work and those of others, a model involving proton uptake and release by the Schiff base nitrogen combined with an isomerization reaction is finally proposed.", "contents": "Flash kinetic study of the last steps in the photoinduced reaction cycle of bacteriorhodopsin. The reaction cycle of light adapted bacteriorhodopsin (BR) in aqueous purple membrane suspensions was studied by laser flash photolysis at different temperatures (2--49 degrees C) and pH values (3--10). The activation energy for several reaction steps was determined at pH 7.6. The kinetics of O-bacteriorhodopsin (one of the last intermediates in the cycle) were analyzed in some detail and it was found that the simple consecutive reaction scheme M-BR leads to O-BR leads to BR may explain the kinetics of O-bacteriorhodopsin as measured at 680 nm. Since the pH change in neutral aqueous suspensions of purple membrane follows similar kinetics as O-bacteriorhodopsin it is suggested that protons are released during the reaction M-BR leads to O-BR and taken up again during the reacton O-BR leads to BR. Another long-lived intermediate, which absorbs to a greater extent than bacteriorhodopsin at 570 nm and less than bacteriorhodopsin at 420 nm, was identified with the strongly fluorescing species, pseudo- or P-bacteriorhodopsin. The decay of P-bacteriorhodopsin in bacteriohodopsin had an activation energy of only approx. 1.2 kcal/mol, which suggests that the last step of the photocycle is a relaxation around a single bond. At pH 9--10, the simple first-order kinetics of all the intermediates were changed into a kinetics consisting of two first-order decays. This change of kinetics was accompanied by a drastic decrease in the rotational diffusion relaxation time. To explain the results obtained in this work and those of others, a model involving proton uptake and release by the Schiff base nitrogen combined with an isomerization reaction is finally proposed.", "PMID": 708721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3594", "title": "Evidence that the intermediate electron acceptor, A2, in photosystem I is a bound iron-sulfur protein.", "content": "Absorption changes accompanying the formation of light-induced P-700+ were investigated in a highly enriched Photosystem I preparation where an intermediate electron acceptor preceding P-430 could be detected. In an enriched Photosystem I particle, light-induced reversible absorption changes observed at 700 nm in the presence of dithionite resembled those previously seen at 703 nm and 820 nm [9], thus indicating the presence of a backreaction between P700+ and A-2. After this same Photosystem I particle was treated to denature the bound iron-sulfur centers, the photochemical changes that could be attributed to P-700 in equilibrium A2 were completely lost. These results provide evidence that the intermediate electron acceptor, A2, is a bound iron-sulfur protein. Additional studies in the 400--500 nm region with Photosystem I particles prepared by sonication indicate that the spectrum of A2 is different from that of P-430.", "contents": "Evidence that the intermediate electron acceptor, A2, in photosystem I is a bound iron-sulfur protein. Absorption changes accompanying the formation of light-induced P-700+ were investigated in a highly enriched Photosystem I preparation where an intermediate electron acceptor preceding P-430 could be detected. In an enriched Photosystem I particle, light-induced reversible absorption changes observed at 700 nm in the presence of dithionite resembled those previously seen at 703 nm and 820 nm [9], thus indicating the presence of a backreaction between P700+ and A-2. After this same Photosystem I particle was treated to denature the bound iron-sulfur centers, the photochemical changes that could be attributed to P-700 in equilibrium A2 were completely lost. These results provide evidence that the intermediate electron acceptor, A2, is a bound iron-sulfur protein. Additional studies in the 400--500 nm region with Photosystem I particles prepared by sonication indicate that the spectrum of A2 is different from that of P-430.", "PMID": 708722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3595", "title": "The multifarious couplings of energy transduction.", "content": "I have attempted to show in this article that biological coupling is of great complexity resembling that in an electronics circuit with many different forms of feed-back control. Major features of the biological apparatus are (i) the control of diffusion (ii) the structural organisation (iii) the simultaneous use of electronic and electrolytic devices. It is important in the analysis of the coupling to discover the regions of space which can equilibrate. I have put the argument for localised reactions. Chemiosmosis, which is not so very different from these schemes, demands more general equilibration. The great uncertainties lie in the energy distribution in the system and the mechanics of ATP formation. Other couplings may be understood more easily e.g. electron/electron, proton/proton, proton/electron, proton/cation, proton/anion.", "contents": "The multifarious couplings of energy transduction. I have attempted to show in this article that biological coupling is of great complexity resembling that in an electronics circuit with many different forms of feed-back control. Major features of the biological apparatus are (i) the control of diffusion (ii) the structural organisation (iii) the simultaneous use of electronic and electrolytic devices. It is important in the analysis of the coupling to discover the regions of space which can equilibrate. I have put the argument for localised reactions. Chemiosmosis, which is not so very different from these schemes, demands more general equilibration. The great uncertainties lie in the energy distribution in the system and the mechanics of ATP formation. Other couplings may be understood more easily e.g. electron/electron, proton/proton, proton/electron, proton/cation, proton/anion.", "PMID": 708723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3596", "title": "Water binding and phase structures for different Acholeplasma laidlawii membrane lipids studied by deuteron nuclear magnetic resonance and x-ray diffraction.", "content": "Water binding capability and phase structures for different lipid species extracted from Acholeplasma laidlawii A membranes have been studied using deuteron nuclear magnetic resonance and low-angle X-ray diffraction. The dominating membrane lipids are monoglucosyldiglyceride and diglucosyldiglyceride and each of them takes up limited amounts of water (bound plus trapped), i.e., up to 13% (w/w), whereas the phospholipids and phosphoglycolipids have larger hydration capacities. Addition of magnesium and calcium ions, but not sodium ions, to the diglucosyldiglyceride increases the hydration capability. This increase is accompanied by the formation of a metastable liquid crystalline phase and a hysteresis effect for the transition temperature. Large differences in water deuteron quadrupole splitting were observed between mono- and diglucosyldiglyceride. Both 2H nuclear magnetic resonance and low-angle X-ray diffraction studies on lipids containing biosynthetically incorporated omega-d3-palmitic acid clearly indicate the existence of a reverse hexagonal phase structure for the monoglucosyldiglyceride and lamellar structures for the diglucosyldiglyceride and the other membrane lipids. The low hydration capability of the large diglucosyldiglyceride polar head is discussed in terms of polar head configuration. Both mono- and diglucosyldiglyceride have several physical properties similar to those of phosphatidylethanolamine.", "contents": "Water binding and phase structures for different Acholeplasma laidlawii membrane lipids studied by deuteron nuclear magnetic resonance and x-ray diffraction. Water binding capability and phase structures for different lipid species extracted from Acholeplasma laidlawii A membranes have been studied using deuteron nuclear magnetic resonance and low-angle X-ray diffraction. The dominating membrane lipids are monoglucosyldiglyceride and diglucosyldiglyceride and each of them takes up limited amounts of water (bound plus trapped), i.e., up to 13% (w/w), whereas the phospholipids and phosphoglycolipids have larger hydration capacities. Addition of magnesium and calcium ions, but not sodium ions, to the diglucosyldiglyceride increases the hydration capability. This increase is accompanied by the formation of a metastable liquid crystalline phase and a hysteresis effect for the transition temperature. Large differences in water deuteron quadrupole splitting were observed between mono- and diglucosyldiglyceride. Both 2H nuclear magnetic resonance and low-angle X-ray diffraction studies on lipids containing biosynthetically incorporated omega-d3-palmitic acid clearly indicate the existence of a reverse hexagonal phase structure for the monoglucosyldiglyceride and lamellar structures for the diglucosyldiglyceride and the other membrane lipids. The low hydration capability of the large diglucosyldiglyceride polar head is discussed in terms of polar head configuration. Both mono- and diglucosyldiglyceride have several physical properties similar to those of phosphatidylethanolamine.", "PMID": 708724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3597", "title": "A differential interaction of daunomycin, adriamycin and their derivatives with human erythrocytes and phospholipid bilayers.", "content": "Drug-membrane association of daunomycin, adriamycin and three of its derivatives, adriamycin-14-octanoate (AD-14-OCTA), adriamycin-14-acetate (AD-14-ACE) and N-trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-valerate (AD32), was studied using phospholipid bilayers and human erythrocytes. The various drugs exhibited a differential affinity to membrane-lipid domains. Lipid-incorporated drugs exhibit a marked change in the shape of the emission spectrum which was utilized for the evaluation of the apparent dielectric constant, epsilon, of the environment surrounding the anthracycline moiety, as well as for the determination ofthe partitioning constant. By measuring the fluorescence polarization and the fluorescence lifetime of the incorporated drugs, rotational relaxation times of 4--8 ns were derived. These parameters provide a supportive evidence of the association of the fluorophore of the drugs with membrane-lipid domains. The anthracycline derivatives interact to a different degree with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine as reflected by changes in their thermotropic properties assessed by differential scanning calorimetry. Daunomycin was the most effective in decreasing the temperature of the phase transition and brought about a comparable reduction in the enthalpy of melting as AD32 and AD-14-OCTA. Adariamycin was the least potent of the series. AD-14-ACE and AD32 protected erythrocytes against hypotonic lysis, adriamycin and daunomycin had no significant effect on the susceptibility to hypotonic lysis, whereas AD-14-OCTA proved to be hemolytic even at low concentration (approx. 10(-7M).", "contents": "A differential interaction of daunomycin, adriamycin and their derivatives with human erythrocytes and phospholipid bilayers. Drug-membrane association of daunomycin, adriamycin and three of its derivatives, adriamycin-14-octanoate (AD-14-OCTA), adriamycin-14-acetate (AD-14-ACE) and N-trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-valerate (AD32), was studied using phospholipid bilayers and human erythrocytes. The various drugs exhibited a differential affinity to membrane-lipid domains. Lipid-incorporated drugs exhibit a marked change in the shape of the emission spectrum which was utilized for the evaluation of the apparent dielectric constant, epsilon, of the environment surrounding the anthracycline moiety, as well as for the determination ofthe partitioning constant. By measuring the fluorescence polarization and the fluorescence lifetime of the incorporated drugs, rotational relaxation times of 4--8 ns were derived. These parameters provide a supportive evidence of the association of the fluorophore of the drugs with membrane-lipid domains. The anthracycline derivatives interact to a different degree with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine as reflected by changes in their thermotropic properties assessed by differential scanning calorimetry. Daunomycin was the most effective in decreasing the temperature of the phase transition and brought about a comparable reduction in the enthalpy of melting as AD32 and AD-14-OCTA. Adariamycin was the least potent of the series. AD-14-ACE and AD32 protected erythrocytes against hypotonic lysis, adriamycin and daunomycin had no significant effect on the susceptibility to hypotonic lysis, whereas AD-14-OCTA proved to be hemolytic even at low concentration (approx. 10(-7M).", "PMID": 708725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3598", "title": "Shape and stability changes in human erythrocyte membranes induced by metal cations.", "content": "Asymmetric human erythrocyte ghost membranes behave as bilayer couple and exhibit a radius of curvature preference depending on the state of expansion or contraction of each side of the bilayer. The inside-out preference in the absence of added metal cations is gradually reduced as the K+ concentration is raised to 200 mM until a slight right-side-out preference may be exhibited Divalent cations (denoted 72+; Ca2+, Mg2+ and Mn2+) induce inside-out curvature at very low concentrations, right-side-out curvature at intermediate concentrations, and inside-out curvature again at high ones. This \"triphasic\" response is attributed to changes in the packing of acidic phospholipid (PL-) pairs in the A-face as a function of M2+ : PL- binding stoichiometry: 0 : 1 (PL- electrostatic repulsion and A-face expansion), 1 : 2 (PL2M crossbridging an contraction), and 1 : 1 (PLM+ repulsion and expansion). Generally increasing parent vesicle size is associated with higher cation concentrations. This is distinguished from the internal and external membrane blebbing preferred at different concentrations in accord with sidedness preference. Parent vesicle size was interpreted to be most closely associated with cation stabilisation (resistance to fragmentation) of the membrane, while sidedness and size (radius of curvature) of blebs were most closely correlated with packing of lipid molecules in the bilayer.", "contents": "Shape and stability changes in human erythrocyte membranes induced by metal cations. Asymmetric human erythrocyte ghost membranes behave as bilayer couple and exhibit a radius of curvature preference depending on the state of expansion or contraction of each side of the bilayer. The inside-out preference in the absence of added metal cations is gradually reduced as the K+ concentration is raised to 200 mM until a slight right-side-out preference may be exhibited Divalent cations (denoted 72+; Ca2+, Mg2+ and Mn2+) induce inside-out curvature at very low concentrations, right-side-out curvature at intermediate concentrations, and inside-out curvature again at high ones. This \"triphasic\" response is attributed to changes in the packing of acidic phospholipid (PL-) pairs in the A-face as a function of M2+ : PL- binding stoichiometry: 0 : 1 (PL- electrostatic repulsion and A-face expansion), 1 : 2 (PL2M crossbridging an contraction), and 1 : 1 (PLM+ repulsion and expansion). Generally increasing parent vesicle size is associated with higher cation concentrations. This is distinguished from the internal and external membrane blebbing preferred at different concentrations in accord with sidedness preference. Parent vesicle size was interpreted to be most closely associated with cation stabilisation (resistance to fragmentation) of the membrane, while sidedness and size (radius of curvature) of blebs were most closely correlated with packing of lipid molecules in the bilayer.", "PMID": 708726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3599", "title": "Acetylcholinesterase: a probe for the study of antiarrhythmic drug-membrane interactions.", "content": "Structural consequences of antiarrhythmic drug interaction with erythrocyte membranes were analyzed in terms of resulting changes in the activity of membrane-associated acetylcholinesterase. When enzyme inhibitory effects of drugs were compared at concentrations producing an equivalent degree of erythrocyte antihemolysis, a number of distinct groupings emerged, indicating that the molecular consequences of drug-membrane interaction are not identical for all agents examined. Differences in drug-induced acetylcholinesterase inhibition in intact erythrocytes, erythrocyte membranes and a brain synaptic membrane preparation emphaized the role of membrane structural organization in determining the functional consequences of antiarrhythmic interaction in any given system. While the inhibitory actions of lidocaine, D-600 and bretylium in intact red cells were not altered by an increased transmembrane chloride gradient, enhanced enzyme inhibition by quinidine and propranolol was observed under these conditions. The diverse perturbational actions of these membrane-stabilizing antiarrhythmics observed here may be indicative of a corresponding degree of complexity in the mechanisms whereby substances modify the potential-dependent properties of excitable tissues.", "contents": "Acetylcholinesterase: a probe for the study of antiarrhythmic drug-membrane interactions. Structural consequences of antiarrhythmic drug interaction with erythrocyte membranes were analyzed in terms of resulting changes in the activity of membrane-associated acetylcholinesterase. When enzyme inhibitory effects of drugs were compared at concentrations producing an equivalent degree of erythrocyte antihemolysis, a number of distinct groupings emerged, indicating that the molecular consequences of drug-membrane interaction are not identical for all agents examined. Differences in drug-induced acetylcholinesterase inhibition in intact erythrocytes, erythrocyte membranes and a brain synaptic membrane preparation emphaized the role of membrane structural organization in determining the functional consequences of antiarrhythmic interaction in any given system. While the inhibitory actions of lidocaine, D-600 and bretylium in intact red cells were not altered by an increased transmembrane chloride gradient, enhanced enzyme inhibition by quinidine and propranolol was observed under these conditions. The diverse perturbational actions of these membrane-stabilizing antiarrhythmics observed here may be indicative of a corresponding degree of complexity in the mechanisms whereby substances modify the potential-dependent properties of excitable tissues.", "PMID": 708727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3600", "title": "Free-calcium and tension responses in single barnacle muscle fibres following the application of L-glutamate.", "content": "The effect of the putative transmitter, L-glutamate, on free intracellular Ca2+, tension and membrane potential in single muscle fibres from the barnacle Balanus nubilus has been investigated. External application of L-glutamate (0.1--10 mM) resulted in a transient increase in free intracellular Ca2+, monitored by the Ca2+-activated protein aequorin. This increase in free intracellular Ca2+ was associated with membrane depolarization and force development, and was followed by a period of 'desensitization' in which the preparation was unresponsive to L-glutamate. This could be reversed by removing L-glutamate from the external saline. External application of a number of closely related compounds, including D-glutamate and L-aspartate, were ineffective for initiating the transient light response. The L-glutamate response was virtually abolished in Na-free (Li) medium and completely abolished in Ca-free (Na) medium. The responses to L-glutamate were not reduced in Mg-free medium. The fibre's response to 1mM L-glutamate was also inhibited by D-600 (10 micrometer) or by La3+ (1mM), suggesting that Ca was directly involved in the underlying ionic conductance changes brought about by this putative excitatory transmitter.", "contents": "Free-calcium and tension responses in single barnacle muscle fibres following the application of L-glutamate. The effect of the putative transmitter, L-glutamate, on free intracellular Ca2+, tension and membrane potential in single muscle fibres from the barnacle Balanus nubilus has been investigated. External application of L-glutamate (0.1--10 mM) resulted in a transient increase in free intracellular Ca2+, monitored by the Ca2+-activated protein aequorin. This increase in free intracellular Ca2+ was associated with membrane depolarization and force development, and was followed by a period of 'desensitization' in which the preparation was unresponsive to L-glutamate. This could be reversed by removing L-glutamate from the external saline. External application of a number of closely related compounds, including D-glutamate and L-aspartate, were ineffective for initiating the transient light response. The L-glutamate response was virtually abolished in Na-free (Li) medium and completely abolished in Ca-free (Na) medium. The responses to L-glutamate were not reduced in Mg-free medium. The fibre's response to 1mM L-glutamate was also inhibited by D-600 (10 micrometer) or by La3+ (1mM), suggesting that Ca was directly involved in the underlying ionic conductance changes brought about by this putative excitatory transmitter.", "PMID": 708728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3601", "title": "Effect of magnesium on calcium efflux in dialyzed squid axon.", "content": "The Ca efflux mechanism located in the axolemma of the tropical squid Doritheutis plei is shown to be affected by the concentration of intracellular Mg (Mgi). The removal of all of the Mg from the experimental preparation causes an increase in Ca efflux. This effect seems to be more pronounced at low levels of internal ionized calcium and high levels of internal Na.", "contents": "Effect of magnesium on calcium efflux in dialyzed squid axon. The Ca efflux mechanism located in the axolemma of the tropical squid Doritheutis plei is shown to be affected by the concentration of intracellular Mg (Mgi). The removal of all of the Mg from the experimental preparation causes an increase in Ca efflux. This effect seems to be more pronounced at low levels of internal ionized calcium and high levels of internal Na.", "PMID": 708729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3602", "title": "A new assay system of phospholipid exchange activities using concanavalin A in the separation of donor and acceptor liposomes.", "content": "A new assay system of phospholipid exchange activities is described. The exchange activities were quantitated by measuring the stimulation of phospholipid transfer between two separate populations of liposomes, which contained, as the major constituents, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, sphingomyelin, and cholesterol in molar ratios of 6 :2 : 1: 1: 5. One population of the liposomes was made reactive to concanavalin A by the incorporation of 1.8 mol% alpha-D-mannosyl-(1 leads to 3)-alpha-D-mannosyl-sn-1, 2-diglyceride from Micrococcus lysodeikticus. The concanavalin A-reactive liposomes, a phospholipid donor, were doubly labelled with [6-3H] galactosylglucosyl ceramide and that class of 32P-labelled phospholipids whose exchange was being measured. The 3H-labelled glycolipid served as a non-exchangeable reference marker. The other population of the liposomes, a phospholipid acceptor, was concanavalin A nonreactive. These two populations of liposomes were incubated with the cytosol protein of rat liver in a total volume of 0.2 ml. After the incubation, two different procedures were used to separate the two liposomal populations. In one procedure concanavalin A was added to agglutinate the reactive liposomes; the flocculated lectin . liposome complex was separated from the non-reactive liposomes by brief centrifugation. In the other procedure the reactive liposomes were trapped by binding to concanavalin A covalently coupled to Sepharose 2B; the complex was separated from the non-reactive liposomes by filtration through a filter paper under suction. In both assay procedures the amount of phospholipid transferred from the donor to the acceptor liposomes was calculated from the decrease of 32P/3H ratio of the concanavalin A-reactive liposomes during the incubation. By the assasy system it is possible to determine phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol exchange activities in 100 micrograms of rat liver cytosol protein.", "contents": "A new assay system of phospholipid exchange activities using concanavalin A in the separation of donor and acceptor liposomes. A new assay system of phospholipid exchange activities is described. The exchange activities were quantitated by measuring the stimulation of phospholipid transfer between two separate populations of liposomes, which contained, as the major constituents, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, sphingomyelin, and cholesterol in molar ratios of 6 :2 : 1: 1: 5. One population of the liposomes was made reactive to concanavalin A by the incorporation of 1.8 mol% alpha-D-mannosyl-(1 leads to 3)-alpha-D-mannosyl-sn-1, 2-diglyceride from Micrococcus lysodeikticus. The concanavalin A-reactive liposomes, a phospholipid donor, were doubly labelled with [6-3H] galactosylglucosyl ceramide and that class of 32P-labelled phospholipids whose exchange was being measured. The 3H-labelled glycolipid served as a non-exchangeable reference marker. The other population of the liposomes, a phospholipid acceptor, was concanavalin A nonreactive. These two populations of liposomes were incubated with the cytosol protein of rat liver in a total volume of 0.2 ml. After the incubation, two different procedures were used to separate the two liposomal populations. In one procedure concanavalin A was added to agglutinate the reactive liposomes; the flocculated lectin . liposome complex was separated from the non-reactive liposomes by brief centrifugation. In the other procedure the reactive liposomes were trapped by binding to concanavalin A covalently coupled to Sepharose 2B; the complex was separated from the non-reactive liposomes by filtration through a filter paper under suction. In both assay procedures the amount of phospholipid transferred from the donor to the acceptor liposomes was calculated from the decrease of 32P/3H ratio of the concanavalin A-reactive liposomes during the incubation. By the assasy system it is possible to determine phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol exchange activities in 100 micrograms of rat liver cytosol protein.", "PMID": 708730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3603", "title": "Sequential preparation of rat liver microsomal and Golgi membranes.", "content": "A new procedure for the preparation of microsomes, microsomal subfractions and Golgi membranes from the same piece of rat liver has been developed. The smallest amount of liver with which the preparation can be performed is about 1 g (wet weight). 35% of the total activity of marker enzymes for the endoplasmic reticulum was recovered in the microsomal fraction. This recovery is approximately the same as that obtained in our laboratories using other procedures. Golgi membranes, mitochondria, lysosomes and plasma membranes represent less than 13% of the microsomal protein as calculated on the basis of marker enzymes. Golgi membranes must be prepared in two steps to achieve a reasonable recovery and thus a representative sample containing both very low density lipoprotein-rich Golgi vesicles and the heavier cisternal elements. The recovery of UDP-galactosyltransferase activity in the Golgi fraction from the livers of alcohol-treated animals is around 30% of the total activity in the total particulate fraction.", "contents": "Sequential preparation of rat liver microsomal and Golgi membranes. A new procedure for the preparation of microsomes, microsomal subfractions and Golgi membranes from the same piece of rat liver has been developed. The smallest amount of liver with which the preparation can be performed is about 1 g (wet weight). 35% of the total activity of marker enzymes for the endoplasmic reticulum was recovered in the microsomal fraction. This recovery is approximately the same as that obtained in our laboratories using other procedures. Golgi membranes, mitochondria, lysosomes and plasma membranes represent less than 13% of the microsomal protein as calculated on the basis of marker enzymes. Golgi membranes must be prepared in two steps to achieve a reasonable recovery and thus a representative sample containing both very low density lipoprotein-rich Golgi vesicles and the heavier cisternal elements. The recovery of UDP-galactosyltransferase activity in the Golgi fraction from the livers of alcohol-treated animals is around 30% of the total activity in the total particulate fraction.", "PMID": 708731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3604", "title": "Carnitine-induced uptake of L-cartinine into cells from an established cell line from human heart (CCL 27).", "content": "L-Carnitine is actively transported into Girardi human heart cells, an established cell line from human heart. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of different concentrations of L-Carnitine in the growth medium on the rate of uptake of L-[3H] carnitine. Increasing the concentration of L-Carnitine from 2 to 100 mumol/l in the growth medium of cells, increased the rate of uptake of L-[3H] carnitine by about 50%. The maximal effect was reached after approx. 72 h incubation. The increase in rate seemed to be caused by synthesis of increased number of carriers, as judged by the increase of V with unchanged apparent Km for the transport process. This effect of L-carnitine could be inhibited by cycloheximide, indicating the dependence on intact protein synthesis. The morphology of the cells was studied by electron microscopy. No myofilaments were found, thus the cells are dedifferentiated and no longer typical muscular cells.", "contents": "Carnitine-induced uptake of L-cartinine into cells from an established cell line from human heart (CCL 27). L-Carnitine is actively transported into Girardi human heart cells, an established cell line from human heart. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of different concentrations of L-Carnitine in the growth medium on the rate of uptake of L-[3H] carnitine. Increasing the concentration of L-Carnitine from 2 to 100 mumol/l in the growth medium of cells, increased the rate of uptake of L-[3H] carnitine by about 50%. The maximal effect was reached after approx. 72 h incubation. The increase in rate seemed to be caused by synthesis of increased number of carriers, as judged by the increase of V with unchanged apparent Km for the transport process. This effect of L-carnitine could be inhibited by cycloheximide, indicating the dependence on intact protein synthesis. The morphology of the cells was studied by electron microscopy. No myofilaments were found, thus the cells are dedifferentiated and no longer typical muscular cells.", "PMID": 708732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3605", "title": "Calorimetric studies of the structural transitions of the human erythrocyte membrane. Studies of the B and C transitions.", "content": "Differential scanning calorimetry has been used to study several structural transitions of the human erythrocyte membrane. Earlier studies have shown that one of these transitions (the A transition) is due to the thermal unfolding of spectrin on the membrane. In this paper, it is shown that two of the other transitions (B and C) exhibit a high sensitivity to a local anesthetic, benzyl alcohol. Increasing the ionic strength of the suspending medium results in a splitting of the B transition into two indepent transitions (B1 and B2). It is found that one of these (B2) is associated with titrating groups, since the midpoint for the transitions shifts by about 20 degrees C, with an apparent pK near 7.5 Extensive bilateral proteolysis by papain causes a drastic decrease in the size of all transitions except the C transition, which remains unaltered. On the other hand, treatment with phospholipase by A2 largely affects the C transition, causing its disappearance. Because of the lack of sensitivity to proteolysis and the high sensitivity to phospholipase, it appears that the C transition has a large extent of 'lipid involvement'. It might result from the melting of a small fraction of phospholipid which exists in a crystalline state under physiological conditions. Alternatively, the C transition could arise from changes in protein-lipid interactions or from lipid-dependent changes in protein-protein interactions, providing one assumes that only protease-resistant portions of membrane proteins are participating.", "contents": "Calorimetric studies of the structural transitions of the human erythrocyte membrane. Studies of the B and C transitions. Differential scanning calorimetry has been used to study several structural transitions of the human erythrocyte membrane. Earlier studies have shown that one of these transitions (the A transition) is due to the thermal unfolding of spectrin on the membrane. In this paper, it is shown that two of the other transitions (B and C) exhibit a high sensitivity to a local anesthetic, benzyl alcohol. Increasing the ionic strength of the suspending medium results in a splitting of the B transition into two indepent transitions (B1 and B2). It is found that one of these (B2) is associated with titrating groups, since the midpoint for the transitions shifts by about 20 degrees C, with an apparent pK near 7.5 Extensive bilateral proteolysis by papain causes a drastic decrease in the size of all transitions except the C transition, which remains unaltered. On the other hand, treatment with phospholipase by A2 largely affects the C transition, causing its disappearance. Because of the lack of sensitivity to proteolysis and the high sensitivity to phospholipase, it appears that the C transition has a large extent of 'lipid involvement'. It might result from the melting of a small fraction of phospholipid which exists in a crystalline state under physiological conditions. Alternatively, the C transition could arise from changes in protein-lipid interactions or from lipid-dependent changes in protein-protein interactions, providing one assumes that only protease-resistant portions of membrane proteins are participating.", "PMID": 708733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3606", "title": "The effects of anion transport inhibitors on structural transitions in erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "Red blood cell membranes have been labeled with several covalent and noncovalent inhibitors of anion transport and their heat capacity profiles determined as a function of temperature. Covalent inhibitors include the amino reactive agents 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, pyridoxal phosphate and 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitro benzene. The non-covalent inhibitors include several well known local anesthetics. The study was underataken in order to identify regions of the membrane involved in anion transport. Covalent modification in all case resulted in a large upward shift of the C transition, which is beleived to involve a localized phospholipid region. Evidence is presented which indicates that Band III protein and this phospholipid region are in close physical proximity on the membrane. Addition of non-covalent inhibitors affects the membrane in either or both of two ways. In some cases, a lowering and broadening of the C transition occurs; in others the B1 and B2 transitions are altered. These latter transitions are beleived to involve both phospholipid and protein, including Band III. These results may indicate that the non-covalent inhibitors produce their inhibitory effect on anion transport at least in part by interacting with membrane phospholipid.", "contents": "The effects of anion transport inhibitors on structural transitions in erythrocyte membranes. Red blood cell membranes have been labeled with several covalent and noncovalent inhibitors of anion transport and their heat capacity profiles determined as a function of temperature. Covalent inhibitors include the amino reactive agents 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, pyridoxal phosphate and 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitro benzene. The non-covalent inhibitors include several well known local anesthetics. The study was underataken in order to identify regions of the membrane involved in anion transport. Covalent modification in all case resulted in a large upward shift of the C transition, which is beleived to involve a localized phospholipid region. Evidence is presented which indicates that Band III protein and this phospholipid region are in close physical proximity on the membrane. Addition of non-covalent inhibitors affects the membrane in either or both of two ways. In some cases, a lowering and broadening of the C transition occurs; in others the B1 and B2 transitions are altered. These latter transitions are beleived to involve both phospholipid and protein, including Band III. These results may indicate that the non-covalent inhibitors produce their inhibitory effect on anion transport at least in part by interacting with membrane phospholipid.", "PMID": 708734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3607", "title": "Cellular uptake of lithium via amino acid transport system A.", "content": "We now add to the agencies by which cells take up lithium the process of cotransport with neutral amino acids via System A. In the Ehrlich cell various natural and synthetic amino acids, depending on their structure, can cause substantial accelerations of Li+ uptake over a considerable range of levels of Na+, Li+ and H+. Half the maximal augmentation of uptake, namely 1.2 mequiv. Li/kg cell water per 15 min, was obtained for 5.4 mM alanine in a double-reciprocal plot. Alanine also stimulated the exodus of Li+ from the Ehrlich cell. The  human red blood cell, lacking System A as it does, becomes an imperfect model for studying cellular uptake of Li+. Until the Li+ dependence of amino acid uptake in the reticulocyte is known, reticulocytosis can be suspected of contributing to the interpersonal variations seen in Li+-for-Na+ exchange.", "contents": "Cellular uptake of lithium via amino acid transport system A. We now add to the agencies by which cells take up lithium the process of cotransport with neutral amino acids via System A. In the Ehrlich cell various natural and synthetic amino acids, depending on their structure, can cause substantial accelerations of Li+ uptake over a considerable range of levels of Na+, Li+ and H+. Half the maximal augmentation of uptake, namely 1.2 mequiv. Li/kg cell water per 15 min, was obtained for 5.4 mM alanine in a double-reciprocal plot. Alanine also stimulated the exodus of Li+ from the Ehrlich cell. The  human red blood cell, lacking System A as it does, becomes an imperfect model for studying cellular uptake of Li+. Until the Li+ dependence of amino acid uptake in the reticulocyte is known, reticulocytosis can be suspected of contributing to the interpersonal variations seen in Li+-for-Na+ exchange.", "PMID": 708735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3608", "title": "Accumulation of small fragments of DNA in isolated HeLa cell nuclei due to transient incorporation of dUMP.", "content": "[3H]dUMP was incorporated into DNA of isolated S-phase HeLa S3 cell nuclei during DNA synthesis. The incorporated radioactivity was made acid soluble during a chase with excess TTP. A partially purified DNA polymerase alpha incorporated [3H]dUMP into activated salmon sperm DNA. The incorporation rate was equal to the incorporation of [3H]TMP, and the radioactivity incorporated was not made acid soluble during a chase. The nuclei thus have the ability to remove misincorporated uracil. From cytosol we have partially purified an enzyme (80 times purification) that splits the N-glycosidic bond between uracil and deoxyribose in dUMP-containing DNA. This uracil-N-glycosidase has a molecular weight of about 50 000. It does not accept dUTP or RNA as substrates. Pulse labelling of isolated nuclei with radioactive deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates in the presence of dUTP lead to a large accumulation of label in small DNA fragments. The size of these fragments was about 80 nucleotides in a 60 s pulse and no increase in size was observed with increasing pulse length. The corresponding value for control experiments with no dUTP, was 200 nucleotides and the fragments increased in size with increasing pulse length. About 90% of the radioactivity was found in the small fragments after a 3 min pulse when the concentration of dUTP in the test mixture was 100 micrometer and no exogenous TTP was present. In control experiments with no dUTP present, only 14% of the radioactivity was found in small DNA pieces. When test mixture containing dUTP was preincubated with cytosol for 60 s before adding the isolated nuclei, the small fragments increased in size to that of DNA fragments found in control incubations; also the relative amount of label bound to the fragments returned to the levels found in the controls. Increasing the TTP concentration from 5 micrometer to 1.88 mM in the absence of exogenous dUTP had no effect on the size of the DNA fragments.", "contents": "Accumulation of small fragments of DNA in isolated HeLa cell nuclei due to transient incorporation of dUMP. [3H]dUMP was incorporated into DNA of isolated S-phase HeLa S3 cell nuclei during DNA synthesis. The incorporated radioactivity was made acid soluble during a chase with excess TTP. A partially purified DNA polymerase alpha incorporated [3H]dUMP into activated salmon sperm DNA. The incorporation rate was equal to the incorporation of [3H]TMP, and the radioactivity incorporated was not made acid soluble during a chase. The nuclei thus have the ability to remove misincorporated uracil. From cytosol we have partially purified an enzyme (80 times purification) that splits the N-glycosidic bond between uracil and deoxyribose in dUMP-containing DNA. This uracil-N-glycosidase has a molecular weight of about 50 000. It does not accept dUTP or RNA as substrates. Pulse labelling of isolated nuclei with radioactive deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates in the presence of dUTP lead to a large accumulation of label in small DNA fragments. The size of these fragments was about 80 nucleotides in a 60 s pulse and no increase in size was observed with increasing pulse length. The corresponding value for control experiments with no dUTP, was 200 nucleotides and the fragments increased in size with increasing pulse length. About 90% of the radioactivity was found in the small fragments after a 3 min pulse when the concentration of dUTP in the test mixture was 100 micrometer and no exogenous TTP was present. In control experiments with no dUTP present, only 14% of the radioactivity was found in small DNA pieces. When test mixture containing dUTP was preincubated with cytosol for 60 s before adding the isolated nuclei, the small fragments increased in size to that of DNA fragments found in control incubations; also the relative amount of label bound to the fragments returned to the levels found in the controls. Increasing the TTP concentration from 5 micrometer to 1.88 mM in the absence of exogenous dUTP had no effect on the size of the DNA fragments.", "PMID": 708736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3609", "title": "In vitro HeLa cell DNA synthesis. II. Partial characterization of soluble factors stimulating nuclear dna synthesis.", "content": "When HeLa cells are lysed in hypotonic buffer and the lysate is fractionated by centrifugation into particulate and soluble components, the particulate component (nuclei) is deficient compared to unfractionated lysate in the extent to which it can carry out in vitro DNA synthesis. In addition, rapidly labeled short DNA chains (Okazaki pieces) accumulate in purified nuclei, and are chased into higher molecular weight DNA to a lesser degree than in unfractinated lysate. When purified nuclei were reconstituted with soluble component, the capacity of the nuclei for in vitro DNA synthesis was fully restored, as was the capacity of the nuclei for conversion of Okazaki pieces to higher molecular weight DNA. This suggests that the soluble component contains a factor or factors necessary for normal DNA replication. The major incorporation-stimulating activity was partially characterized and partially purified from the soluble component. It is heat labile, non-dialyzable, partially recoverable in the supernatant after pH 5 precipitation, found mainly in a 55--85% saturated (NH4)2SO4 fraction, and is included on Sephadex G-100. After passage through Sephadex G-100, the activity displays increased instability to storage at either 4 degrees C or --70 degrees C. Part of the activity does not bind to phosphocellulose at pH 7.2 and low salt; no additional activity can be recovered in a 0.5 M KC1 wash of the phosphocellulose column. The Okazaki-piece-joining activity was found, along with the bulk of the incorporation-stimulating activity, in the 55--85% (NH4)2SO4 fraction. These findings provide some of the groundwork for future attempts to completely purify and characterize those activities in the soluble component of cell lysates which are involved in DNA replication.", "contents": "In vitro HeLa cell DNA synthesis. II. Partial characterization of soluble factors stimulating nuclear dna synthesis. When HeLa cells are lysed in hypotonic buffer and the lysate is fractionated by centrifugation into particulate and soluble components, the particulate component (nuclei) is deficient compared to unfractionated lysate in the extent to which it can carry out in vitro DNA synthesis. In addition, rapidly labeled short DNA chains (Okazaki pieces) accumulate in purified nuclei, and are chased into higher molecular weight DNA to a lesser degree than in unfractinated lysate. When purified nuclei were reconstituted with soluble component, the capacity of the nuclei for in vitro DNA synthesis was fully restored, as was the capacity of the nuclei for conversion of Okazaki pieces to higher molecular weight DNA. This suggests that the soluble component contains a factor or factors necessary for normal DNA replication. The major incorporation-stimulating activity was partially characterized and partially purified from the soluble component. It is heat labile, non-dialyzable, partially recoverable in the supernatant after pH 5 precipitation, found mainly in a 55--85% saturated (NH4)2SO4 fraction, and is included on Sephadex G-100. After passage through Sephadex G-100, the activity displays increased instability to storage at either 4 degrees C or --70 degrees C. Part of the activity does not bind to phosphocellulose at pH 7.2 and low salt; no additional activity can be recovered in a 0.5 M KC1 wash of the phosphocellulose column. The Okazaki-piece-joining activity was found, along with the bulk of the incorporation-stimulating activity, in the 55--85% (NH4)2SO4 fraction. These findings provide some of the groundwork for future attempts to completely purify and characterize those activities in the soluble component of cell lysates which are involved in DNA replication.", "PMID": 708737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3610", "title": "Cellular polyamine depletion reduces DNA synthesis in isolated lymphocyte nuclei.", "content": "The accumulation of putrescine, spermidine and spermine in activated bovine lymphocytes was blocked by the combined action of two inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis, methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG) and alpha-methylornithine. Lymphocytes were cultured under three conditions: (1) alpha-methylornithine alone, (2) MGBG alone, or (3) alpha-methylornithine plus MGBG. DNA synthesis in nuclei isolated from these cells was reduced from control rates by approx. 10, 55 and 75%, respectively. In each case, the degree of inhibition was similar to that observed with the intact cells. Stimulation of nuclear DNA synthesis with the postnuclear supernatant fraction was not affected by polyamine depletion of the cells. Several experiments indicate that the reduced rate of in vitro DNA synthesis was caused by the lack of polyamines and not by alternate effects of the drugs. No inhibition was observed (1) when spermidine was added to inhibited cultures 12 h before harvest and nuclear isolation, (2) when the drugs were added after polyamines had accumulated, and (3) when the drugs were added directly to the in vitro assay. In addition, the degree of inhibition of in vitro DNA synthesis correlated with the degree of polyamine deficiency. These in vitro studies confirm the results obtained with whole cells and support the hypothesis that DNA synthesis is one cellular site of action of the naturally occurring polyamines.", "contents": "Cellular polyamine depletion reduces DNA synthesis in isolated lymphocyte nuclei. The accumulation of putrescine, spermidine and spermine in activated bovine lymphocytes was blocked by the combined action of two inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis, methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG) and alpha-methylornithine. Lymphocytes were cultured under three conditions: (1) alpha-methylornithine alone, (2) MGBG alone, or (3) alpha-methylornithine plus MGBG. DNA synthesis in nuclei isolated from these cells was reduced from control rates by approx. 10, 55 and 75%, respectively. In each case, the degree of inhibition was similar to that observed with the intact cells. Stimulation of nuclear DNA synthesis with the postnuclear supernatant fraction was not affected by polyamine depletion of the cells. Several experiments indicate that the reduced rate of in vitro DNA synthesis was caused by the lack of polyamines and not by alternate effects of the drugs. No inhibition was observed (1) when spermidine was added to inhibited cultures 12 h before harvest and nuclear isolation, (2) when the drugs were added after polyamines had accumulated, and (3) when the drugs were added directly to the in vitro assay. In addition, the degree of inhibition of in vitro DNA synthesis correlated with the degree of polyamine deficiency. These in vitro studies confirm the results obtained with whole cells and support the hypothesis that DNA synthesis is one cellular site of action of the naturally occurring polyamines.", "PMID": 708738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3611", "title": "Purification and properties of DNA polymerase-beta from guinea pig liver.", "content": "Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase-beta (EC 2.7.7.7) has been purified over 100 000-fold from a whole cell extract of guinea pig liver. The enzyme yields a single stainable band when subjected to non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and this band corresponds to the DNA polymerase activity when a sister gel is sliced and assayed. The final fraction has a specific activity of 21 000 units/mg; this value can be increased significantly by addition of various components, including glycols, polyamines or any of several protein factors which can be purified from the crude extract. The DNA polymerase-beta lacks detectable exonuclease or endonuclease activity, has an alkaline pH optimum and has a requirement for all four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, a divalent cation and a primer-template for maximal activity. While activated DNA is the preferred primer-template, the enzyme is capable of utilizing native and denatured DNA as well as several synthetic polynucleotides as primer-templates. The latter are especially effective when manganese is the divalent cation. Magnesium, at 10 mM, is the preferred divalent cation when activated DNA is used. Manganese, and to a lesser extent cobalt, can substitute for magnesium while zinc and calcium cannot. The beta-polymerase has a half-life of 10 min at 40 degrees C and this is increased in the presence of either DNA or NaCl. The enzyme is stimulated by glycols, polyamines and NaCal or KCl, and is inhibited by several known inhibitors of DNA polymerase activity including o-phenanthroline, heparin, organic solvents and sulfhydryl blocking agents. Guinea pig liver DNA polymerase-beta is remarkably similar to the rat Novikoff hepatoma beta-polymerase with respect to its isoelectric point of 8.4 and its molecular weight of 32 000 as determined by sucrose gradient centrifugation under high or low salt conditions or sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This similarity is further extended to the removal, at the final step in purification, of a protein capable of stimulating the homogeneous enzyme. Removal of this protein could explain the lower molecular weight of the guinea pig and other rodent-derived beta-polymerases, when compared to the beta-polymerases from other systems.", "contents": "Purification and properties of DNA polymerase-beta from guinea pig liver. Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase-beta (EC 2.7.7.7) has been purified over 100 000-fold from a whole cell extract of guinea pig liver. The enzyme yields a single stainable band when subjected to non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and this band corresponds to the DNA polymerase activity when a sister gel is sliced and assayed. The final fraction has a specific activity of 21 000 units/mg; this value can be increased significantly by addition of various components, including glycols, polyamines or any of several protein factors which can be purified from the crude extract. The DNA polymerase-beta lacks detectable exonuclease or endonuclease activity, has an alkaline pH optimum and has a requirement for all four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, a divalent cation and a primer-template for maximal activity. While activated DNA is the preferred primer-template, the enzyme is capable of utilizing native and denatured DNA as well as several synthetic polynucleotides as primer-templates. The latter are especially effective when manganese is the divalent cation. Magnesium, at 10 mM, is the preferred divalent cation when activated DNA is used. Manganese, and to a lesser extent cobalt, can substitute for magnesium while zinc and calcium cannot. The beta-polymerase has a half-life of 10 min at 40 degrees C and this is increased in the presence of either DNA or NaCl. The enzyme is stimulated by glycols, polyamines and NaCal or KCl, and is inhibited by several known inhibitors of DNA polymerase activity including o-phenanthroline, heparin, organic solvents and sulfhydryl blocking agents. Guinea pig liver DNA polymerase-beta is remarkably similar to the rat Novikoff hepatoma beta-polymerase with respect to its isoelectric point of 8.4 and its molecular weight of 32 000 as determined by sucrose gradient centrifugation under high or low salt conditions or sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This similarity is further extended to the removal, at the final step in purification, of a protein capable of stimulating the homogeneous enzyme. Removal of this protein could explain the lower molecular weight of the guinea pig and other rodent-derived beta-polymerases, when compared to the beta-polymerases from other systems.", "PMID": 708739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3612", "title": "A study of an endogenous nucleolytic reaction and of the action micrococcal nuclease and DNAase I on a salt-soluble, compact form of chromatin.", "content": "The endogenous nucleolytic reaction occurring in rabbit thymus nuclear lysates has been studied at extended incubation times (up to 4 h). Production of nucleosomal polymers containing multiples of 205 base pairs of DNA was observed. The stability of the bands and the low release (1%) of acid-soluble nucleotides indicated there was only a small fraction of sensitive DNA between the subunits. The salt-soluble chromatin formed in the endogenous reaction at short incubation times (14--24 min) and purified over Sephadex G-200 has been treated with micrococcal nuclease and DNAase I. With micrococcal nuclease, nucleosomal polymers containing multiples of 201 base pairs of DNA were formed. Extensive digestion reaveled a core subunit containing 145 base pairs of DNA. With DNAase I only random degradation was observed and nucleosomal complexes were not produced.", "contents": "A study of an endogenous nucleolytic reaction and of the action micrococcal nuclease and DNAase I on a salt-soluble, compact form of chromatin. The endogenous nucleolytic reaction occurring in rabbit thymus nuclear lysates has been studied at extended incubation times (up to 4 h). Production of nucleosomal polymers containing multiples of 205 base pairs of DNA was observed. The stability of the bands and the low release (1%) of acid-soluble nucleotides indicated there was only a small fraction of sensitive DNA between the subunits. The salt-soluble chromatin formed in the endogenous reaction at short incubation times (14--24 min) and purified over Sephadex G-200 has been treated with micrococcal nuclease and DNAase I. With micrococcal nuclease, nucleosomal polymers containing multiples of 201 base pairs of DNA were formed. Extensive digestion reaveled a core subunit containing 145 base pairs of DNA. With DNAase I only random degradation was observed and nucleosomal complexes were not produced.", "PMID": 708740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3613", "title": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II from Acanthamoeba castellanii. Comparison of the catalytic properties and subunit architectures of the trophozoite and cyst enzymes.", "content": "The actively growing cells (trophozoites) of the amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii were found to contain three or perhaps four different forms of class II DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6). The chromatographic and catalytic properties of all forms of the Acanthamoeba class II polymerases suggest them to be cognates of the class II polymerases previously reported. The predominant form was purified to near homogeneity and its subunit composition determined. Nine different polypeptides were found associated with the purified enzyme: 21 000; 185 000; 140 000; 70 000; 35 000; 21 000; 19 000; 18 500 and  16 200. These polypeptides were interpreted in terms of two class II RNA polymerases which differ in the molecular weight of their largest subunit. When A. castellanii is transferred to a medium lacking nutrients, the cells undergo cellular differentiation resulting in the formation of metabolically inactive cells (cyst formation). During this process there are significant changes in the RNA sequences transcribed. In contrast to this, we find that the chromatographic and catalytic properties of all of the class II RNA polymerases remain unchanged. Further, the subunit architecture of the predominant form(s) of polymerase II is unaltered. These findings suggest that although new RNA sequences are transcribed during encystment their appearance is not a consequence of extensive alterations in the subunit composition of the major class II RNA polymerase.", "contents": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II from Acanthamoeba castellanii. Comparison of the catalytic properties and subunit architectures of the trophozoite and cyst enzymes. The actively growing cells (trophozoites) of the amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii were found to contain three or perhaps four different forms of class II DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6). The chromatographic and catalytic properties of all forms of the Acanthamoeba class II polymerases suggest them to be cognates of the class II polymerases previously reported. The predominant form was purified to near homogeneity and its subunit composition determined. Nine different polypeptides were found associated with the purified enzyme: 21 000; 185 000; 140 000; 70 000; 35 000; 21 000; 19 000; 18 500 and  16 200. These polypeptides were interpreted in terms of two class II RNA polymerases which differ in the molecular weight of their largest subunit. When A. castellanii is transferred to a medium lacking nutrients, the cells undergo cellular differentiation resulting in the formation of metabolically inactive cells (cyst formation). During this process there are significant changes in the RNA sequences transcribed. In contrast to this, we find that the chromatographic and catalytic properties of all of the class II RNA polymerases remain unchanged. Further, the subunit architecture of the predominant form(s) of polymerase II is unaltered. These findings suggest that although new RNA sequences are transcribed during encystment their appearance is not a consequence of extensive alterations in the subunit composition of the major class II RNA polymerase.", "PMID": 708741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3614", "title": "Evidence for the existence of two forms of RNA polymerases I and II in insect wing epidermis.", "content": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerases were solubilized from developing wings of the oak silkmoth, Antheraea pernyi, and partially purified by ion-exchange chromatography and sucrose gradient sedimentation. Four enzyme species were resolved on the basis of chromatographic behavior, divalent cation requirements, ionic strength optima, template preference and alpha-amanitin sensitivity. Each class (i.e. RNA polymerase I and II) was present in two forms termed IA, IB and IIA, IIB on the basis of their elution pattern from the column. Both class I enzymes were sensitive to high concentrations of alpha-amanitin but this may be due to general toxicity rather than specific inhibition. The intraclass variants did not differ significantly in enzymatic properties although form IIB was more sensitive to alpha-amanitin (50% inhibition at 2 . 10(-9) M) than form IIA (3 . 10(-8)M).", "contents": "Evidence for the existence of two forms of RNA polymerases I and II in insect wing epidermis. DNA-dependent RNA polymerases were solubilized from developing wings of the oak silkmoth, Antheraea pernyi, and partially purified by ion-exchange chromatography and sucrose gradient sedimentation. Four enzyme species were resolved on the basis of chromatographic behavior, divalent cation requirements, ionic strength optima, template preference and alpha-amanitin sensitivity. Each class (i.e. RNA polymerase I and II) was present in two forms termed IA, IB and IIA, IIB on the basis of their elution pattern from the column. Both class I enzymes were sensitive to high concentrations of alpha-amanitin but this may be due to general toxicity rather than specific inhibition. The intraclass variants did not differ significantly in enzymatic properties although form IIB was more sensitive to alpha-amanitin (50% inhibition at 2 . 10(-9) M) than form IIA (3 . 10(-8)M).", "PMID": 708742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3615", "title": "Stabilization of adenovirus nuclear RNA by intercalating drugs.", "content": "The effect of the intercalating drugs proflavine, ethidium bromide and daunomycin on the rate of degradation of newly synthesized adenovirus RNA was examined. As shown previously for heterogeneous nuclear RNA (HnRNA) and 45 S precursor ribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA), proflavine immediately stabilizes newly synthesized adenovirus RNA, while ethidium bromide stabilizes the RNA after a 30--60 min lag period. In contrast to its effect on HnRNA and pre-rRNA, daunomycin also stabilizes newly synthesized adenovirus RNA. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the processing of late adenovirus nuclear RNA involves cleavage of base-paired regions by specific cellular nucleases.", "contents": "Stabilization of adenovirus nuclear RNA by intercalating drugs. The effect of the intercalating drugs proflavine, ethidium bromide and daunomycin on the rate of degradation of newly synthesized adenovirus RNA was examined. As shown previously for heterogeneous nuclear RNA (HnRNA) and 45 S precursor ribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA), proflavine immediately stabilizes newly synthesized adenovirus RNA, while ethidium bromide stabilizes the RNA after a 30--60 min lag period. In contrast to its effect on HnRNA and pre-rRNA, daunomycin also stabilizes newly synthesized adenovirus RNA. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the processing of late adenovirus nuclear RNA involves cleavage of base-paired regions by specific cellular nucleases.", "PMID": 708743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3616", "title": "Protein biosynthesis in a cell-free system from bovine retina.", "content": "A cell-free extract active in the incorporation of [3H]leucine into protein has been prepared from bovine retina. This system may be useful in identifying early precursors and transported forms of the visual  pigment apoprotein. The system completed a minimum of 50% of the preexisting nascent polypeptide chains. 20% of the labelled product accumulated in the soluble fraction of the extract. Gel electrophoresis revealed that this fraction contained six major labelled polypeptide species, each of which correspond to a major unlabelled soluble polypeptide. Some completed polypeptides were retained in the particulate fraction of the extract; several of these were resolved on gel electrophoresis and were of very high specific radioactivity. An antiserum to rod outer segment disc proteins precipitated several labelled species from each fraction. The most interesting of these is a polypeptide of molecular weight 41 000 which was found only in the particulate fraction.", "contents": "Protein biosynthesis in a cell-free system from bovine retina. A cell-free extract active in the incorporation of [3H]leucine into protein has been prepared from bovine retina. This system may be useful in identifying early precursors and transported forms of the visual  pigment apoprotein. The system completed a minimum of 50% of the preexisting nascent polypeptide chains. 20% of the labelled product accumulated in the soluble fraction of the extract. Gel electrophoresis revealed that this fraction contained six major labelled polypeptide species, each of which correspond to a major unlabelled soluble polypeptide. Some completed polypeptides were retained in the particulate fraction of the extract; several of these were resolved on gel electrophoresis and were of very high specific radioactivity. An antiserum to rod outer segment disc proteins precipitated several labelled species from each fraction. The most interesting of these is a polypeptide of molecular weight 41 000 which was found only in the particulate fraction.", "PMID": 708744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3617", "title": "Ursodeoxycholic acid. Effects on sterol metabolism in rats.", "content": "Sterol balance studies using isotopic and chromatographic techniques were performed in rats fed diets supplemented with ursodeoxycholic acid. Compared to controls, ursodeoxycholic acid dramatically altered sterol metabolism. Ursodeoxycholic acid was absorbed and circulated in the enterohepatic circulation. The biliary bile acid composition was significantly altered with ursodeoxycholic acid the predominant biliary bile acid (67%). Cholesterol absorption was depressed by 34%; bile acid synthesis was depressed by 30%; however, cholesterol balance was significantly increased. It is apparent that the effects of ursodeoxycholic acid on sterol metabolism are different in several respects from chenodeoxycholic acid.", "contents": "Ursodeoxycholic acid. Effects on sterol metabolism in rats. Sterol balance studies using isotopic and chromatographic techniques were performed in rats fed diets supplemented with ursodeoxycholic acid. Compared to controls, ursodeoxycholic acid dramatically altered sterol metabolism. Ursodeoxycholic acid was absorbed and circulated in the enterohepatic circulation. The biliary bile acid composition was significantly altered with ursodeoxycholic acid the predominant biliary bile acid (67%). Cholesterol absorption was depressed by 34%; bile acid synthesis was depressed by 30%; however, cholesterol balance was significantly increased. It is apparent that the effects of ursodeoxycholic acid on sterol metabolism are different in several respects from chenodeoxycholic acid.", "PMID": 708745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3618", "title": "Regulation of lipoprotein lipase immunological study of adipose tissue.", "content": "An antibody to purified rat heart lipoprotein lipase was used to determine the relative specific activities of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase from fed and fasted rats. The antibody was immobilized by coupling it to a Sepharose gel. This antibody bound approx. 80% of the lipoprotein lipase activity of extracts of rat adipose tissue. When the extracts were separated by gel chromatography into two lipase activity fractions (lipoprotein lipase \"a\" and lipoprotein lipase \"b\") and these fractions incubated with the antibody, only 10% of the lipoprotein lipase \"a\" activity was bound by the highest antibody concentration employed, whereas 93% of the lipoprotein lipase \"b\" was bound by the same amount of antibody. Increasing amounts of antibody incubated with extracts of adipose tissue of fed or fasted rats yielded similar titration curves. When a constant amount of antibody was incubated with increasing amounts of the adipose extracts, no significant difference was noted between extracts from fed and fasted animals. The data indicate that the high lipoprotein lipase activity of adipose tissue of fed rats, compared with that of rats fasted overnight, results from the presence of more lipoprotein lipase protein.", "contents": "Regulation of lipoprotein lipase immunological study of adipose tissue. An antibody to purified rat heart lipoprotein lipase was used to determine the relative specific activities of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase from fed and fasted rats. The antibody was immobilized by coupling it to a Sepharose gel. This antibody bound approx. 80% of the lipoprotein lipase activity of extracts of rat adipose tissue. When the extracts were separated by gel chromatography into two lipase activity fractions (lipoprotein lipase \"a\" and lipoprotein lipase \"b\") and these fractions incubated with the antibody, only 10% of the lipoprotein lipase \"a\" activity was bound by the highest antibody concentration employed, whereas 93% of the lipoprotein lipase \"b\" was bound by the same amount of antibody. Increasing amounts of antibody incubated with extracts of adipose tissue of fed or fasted rats yielded similar titration curves. When a constant amount of antibody was incubated with increasing amounts of the adipose extracts, no significant difference was noted between extracts from fed and fasted animals. The data indicate that the high lipoprotein lipase activity of adipose tissue of fed rats, compared with that of rats fasted overnight, results from the presence of more lipoprotein lipase protein.", "PMID": 708746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3619", "title": "Retention of acyl groups in LM cell fibroblasts with altered phospholipid composition.", "content": "Incorporation and loss of membrane lipids were measured in murine fibroblasts grown in suspension culture with [2-14C]acetate in a chemically defined medium devoid of serum or lipid. Greater than 98 and 94% of the 14C present in the phospholipids and neutral glycerides respectively was found in the fatty acyl groups. During a 3-day growth period LM fibroblasts lost 65% of their 14C-labelled acyl groups from the phospholipids and 36% from the neutral lipids. Selective retention of 14C in individual isolated phospholipid and neutral lipid species occurred only in phosphatidylethanolamine. Retention of acyl groups in the phospholipids or neutral glycerides was not a property of LM suspension cultured fibroblasts. Supplementation of the LM cells with choline analogues, such as N,N'-dimethylethanolamine, N-monomethylethanolamine, or ethanolamine instead of choline, decreased the loss of 14C-labelled fatty acids from phospholipid and neutral lipid. Ethanolamine supplementation resulted in increased loss of 14C from desmesterol as well as decreased incorporation of 14C into desmosterol. Thus, polar head group manipulation affected acyl group composition, acyl group retention, and sterol metabolism in suspension cultured LM cells.", "contents": "Retention of acyl groups in LM cell fibroblasts with altered phospholipid composition. Incorporation and loss of membrane lipids were measured in murine fibroblasts grown in suspension culture with [2-14C]acetate in a chemically defined medium devoid of serum or lipid. Greater than 98 and 94% of the 14C present in the phospholipids and neutral glycerides respectively was found in the fatty acyl groups. During a 3-day growth period LM fibroblasts lost 65% of their 14C-labelled acyl groups from the phospholipids and 36% from the neutral lipids. Selective retention of 14C in individual isolated phospholipid and neutral lipid species occurred only in phosphatidylethanolamine. Retention of acyl groups in the phospholipids or neutral glycerides was not a property of LM suspension cultured fibroblasts. Supplementation of the LM cells with choline analogues, such as N,N'-dimethylethanolamine, N-monomethylethanolamine, or ethanolamine instead of choline, decreased the loss of 14C-labelled fatty acids from phospholipid and neutral lipid. Ethanolamine supplementation resulted in increased loss of 14C from desmesterol as well as decreased incorporation of 14C into desmosterol. Thus, polar head group manipulation affected acyl group composition, acyl group retention, and sterol metabolism in suspension cultured LM cells.", "PMID": 708748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3620", "title": "Conjugation of 15-keto-prostaglandins by glutathione S-transferases.", "content": "Incubation of 15-keto[3H]prostaglandin F2alpha with glutathione (GSH) produced a metabolite of 15-keto-prostaglandin F2alpha which was not extractable from aqueous solution and thus termed 'water-soluble metabolite'. The addition of cytosol of guinea pig liver to the incubation mixture increased the formation of water soluble metabolite of 15-keto-prostaglandin F2alpha 3-fold. The conversion of 15-keto-prostaglandin F2alpha to water soluble metabolite in both the presence and absence of enzyme was linear during 10 min of incubation and required 2.5 mM GSH for maximal activity. Liver and kidney cytosol possess about 70 and 25 times, respectively, as much activity as compared to lung cytosol. Chromatographic analysis of the water soluble metabolite obtained from incubation of either 15-keto[3H]prostaglandin F2alpha and GSH or [3H]GSH and 15-keto-prostaglandin F2alpha showed that the water-soluble metabolite was an adduct of 15-keto-prostaglandin F2alpha and GSH. The addition of prostaglandin A1, a substrate of GSH S-transferases, to the incubation mixture competitively inhibited the formation of the water-soluble metabolite of 15-keto[3H]prostaglandin F2alpha. Presumably, 15-keto-prostaglandin F2alpha and other 15-keto-prostaglandins are converted to GSH conjugates by GSH S-transferases. This indicates that 15-keto-metabolites produced by prostaglandin dehydrogenase may be further metabolized to GSH conjugates.", "contents": "Conjugation of 15-keto-prostaglandins by glutathione S-transferases. Incubation of 15-keto[3H]prostaglandin F2alpha with glutathione (GSH) produced a metabolite of 15-keto-prostaglandin F2alpha which was not extractable from aqueous solution and thus termed 'water-soluble metabolite'. The addition of cytosol of guinea pig liver to the incubation mixture increased the formation of water soluble metabolite of 15-keto-prostaglandin F2alpha 3-fold. The conversion of 15-keto-prostaglandin F2alpha to water soluble metabolite in both the presence and absence of enzyme was linear during 10 min of incubation and required 2.5 mM GSH for maximal activity. Liver and kidney cytosol possess about 70 and 25 times, respectively, as much activity as compared to lung cytosol. Chromatographic analysis of the water soluble metabolite obtained from incubation of either 15-keto[3H]prostaglandin F2alpha and GSH or [3H]GSH and 15-keto-prostaglandin F2alpha showed that the water-soluble metabolite was an adduct of 15-keto-prostaglandin F2alpha and GSH. The addition of prostaglandin A1, a substrate of GSH S-transferases, to the incubation mixture competitively inhibited the formation of the water-soluble metabolite of 15-keto[3H]prostaglandin F2alpha. Presumably, 15-keto-prostaglandin F2alpha and other 15-keto-prostaglandins are converted to GSH conjugates by GSH S-transferases. This indicates that 15-keto-metabolites produced by prostaglandin dehydrogenase may be further metabolized to GSH conjugates.", "PMID": 708749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3621", "title": "Stimulation of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity after a single dose of the porphyrogenic chemical, allylisopropylacetamide.", "content": "Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity in fasting rats was almost doubled 12 h following a single dose (400 mg/kg) of the porphyrogenic chemical allylisopropylacetamide. This doubling effect of the drug on enzyme activity was observed during the basal period, as well as at midnight, when it is maximal in the diurnal rhythm. Cycloheximide, whether given alone or simultaneously with the drug, reduced the enzyme activity to very low levels. Actinomycin D administered alone prevented the normal rise in reductase activity which occurs at night; however, when administered with the drug, it inhibited but did not completely suppress the inducing effect of allylisopropylacetamide. These data suggest a requirement for protein synthesis to observe the stimulating effect of allylisopropylacetamide on hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity. A modification in the reductase assay is also described wherein the formation of mevalonolactone from mevalonic acid, the end-product of the assay, is maximized with 3 M HCl. Using this procedure, consistent yields of mevalonolactone in the 90% range are observed since the use of 3M HCl prevents dehydration of mevalonic acid to delta3, 4-methyl-delta-valerolactone.", "contents": "Stimulation of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity after a single dose of the porphyrogenic chemical, allylisopropylacetamide. Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity in fasting rats was almost doubled 12 h following a single dose (400 mg/kg) of the porphyrogenic chemical allylisopropylacetamide. This doubling effect of the drug on enzyme activity was observed during the basal period, as well as at midnight, when it is maximal in the diurnal rhythm. Cycloheximide, whether given alone or simultaneously with the drug, reduced the enzyme activity to very low levels. Actinomycin D administered alone prevented the normal rise in reductase activity which occurs at night; however, when administered with the drug, it inhibited but did not completely suppress the inducing effect of allylisopropylacetamide. These data suggest a requirement for protein synthesis to observe the stimulating effect of allylisopropylacetamide on hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity. A modification in the reductase assay is also described wherein the formation of mevalonolactone from mevalonic acid, the end-product of the assay, is maximized with 3 M HCl. Using this procedure, consistent yields of mevalonolactone in the 90% range are observed since the use of 3M HCl prevents dehydration of mevalonic acid to delta3, 4-methyl-delta-valerolactone.", "PMID": 708750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3622", "title": "Thiamine-induced alteration in sterol composition of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis 4228.", "content": "The cells of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis 4228 grown with added thiamine in a vitamin B-6-free medium did not contain ergosterol and zymosterol (the predominant sterols in cells grown without thiamine). Instead, significant amounts of squalene, lanosterol and unidentified sterols accumulated in the thiamine-grown cells. Of the unidentified sterols, the most predominant was delta5,7-ergostadien-3beta-ol at 26.0% of the total sterol. The accumulation of this sterol in the place or ergosterol (delta5,7,22-ergostatrien-3beta-ol) indicates that the desaturation at C-22 of sterol structure is completely blocked in the thiamine-grown cells. On the basis of chromatographic behaviours, the structures of other unidentified sterols were assumed to be 4alpha-methyl-delta8,24(25)-cholestadien-3beta-ol, 4alpha-methyl-delta 8,24(28)-ergostadien-3beta-ol, delta8,24(28)-ergostadien-3beta-ol and delta5,7,24(28)-ergostatrien-3beta-ol. The accumulation of 4alpha-methyl sterols, in addition to that of a large amount of lanosterol (48.4% of total sterol), suggests that the demethylation processes from lanosterol to zymosterol was partially depressed in the thiamine-grown cells.", "contents": "Thiamine-induced alteration in sterol composition of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis 4228. The cells of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis 4228 grown with added thiamine in a vitamin B-6-free medium did not contain ergosterol and zymosterol (the predominant sterols in cells grown without thiamine). Instead, significant amounts of squalene, lanosterol and unidentified sterols accumulated in the thiamine-grown cells. Of the unidentified sterols, the most predominant was delta5,7-ergostadien-3beta-ol at 26.0% of the total sterol. The accumulation of this sterol in the place or ergosterol (delta5,7,22-ergostatrien-3beta-ol) indicates that the desaturation at C-22 of sterol structure is completely blocked in the thiamine-grown cells. On the basis of chromatographic behaviours, the structures of other unidentified sterols were assumed to be 4alpha-methyl-delta8,24(25)-cholestadien-3beta-ol, 4alpha-methyl-delta 8,24(28)-ergostadien-3beta-ol, delta8,24(28)-ergostadien-3beta-ol and delta5,7,24(28)-ergostatrien-3beta-ol. The accumulation of 4alpha-methyl sterols, in addition to that of a large amount of lanosterol (48.4% of total sterol), suggests that the demethylation processes from lanosterol to zymosterol was partially depressed in the thiamine-grown cells.", "PMID": 708751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3623", "title": "Thermodynamic studies on the binding of adenosine diphosphate and calcium to beef cardiac myosin.", "content": "Thermodynamic quantities for the binding of MgADP, CaADP and Ca2+ to purified beef cardiac myosin have been determined by flow calorimetry at 25 degrees C and by equilibrium dialysis at 4 degrees C in 0.5 M KCl, 20 mM tris-HCl (pH 7.5). About 1.65 +/- 0.15 mol MgADP and 1.9 +/- 0.1 mol CaADP were bound per mol myosin. Free energies of binding of MgADP and CaADP were -6.7 and -5.7 kcal/mol, respectively. Enthalpies for binding of MgADP and CaADP were about -12.5 and -19.0 kcal/mol, respectively. Furthermore, there were 1.8 +/- 0.2 mol high affinity Ca2+ binding sites per mol myosin with an affinity constant of about 10(5) M-1. The enthalpy of Ca2+ binding was about zero. It is concluded that CaADP binds to cardiac myosin with a much greater negative enthalpy than MgADP. Also, the free energy of MgADP binding to cardiac myosin is similar to values reported for skeletal myosin. However, the enthalpy of binding is much less negative than the value obtained for skeletal myosin by Kodama and Woledge (J. Biol. Chem. (1976) 251, 7499--7503). The latter results suggest a subtle difference in the nucleotide binding sites of these myosins.", "contents": "Thermodynamic studies on the binding of adenosine diphosphate and calcium to beef cardiac myosin. Thermodynamic quantities for the binding of MgADP, CaADP and Ca2+ to purified beef cardiac myosin have been determined by flow calorimetry at 25 degrees C and by equilibrium dialysis at 4 degrees C in 0.5 M KCl, 20 mM tris-HCl (pH 7.5). About 1.65 +/- 0.15 mol MgADP and 1.9 +/- 0.1 mol CaADP were bound per mol myosin. Free energies of binding of MgADP and CaADP were -6.7 and -5.7 kcal/mol, respectively. Enthalpies for binding of MgADP and CaADP were about -12.5 and -19.0 kcal/mol, respectively. Furthermore, there were 1.8 +/- 0.2 mol high affinity Ca2+ binding sites per mol myosin with an affinity constant of about 10(5) M-1. The enthalpy of Ca2+ binding was about zero. It is concluded that CaADP binds to cardiac myosin with a much greater negative enthalpy than MgADP. Also, the free energy of MgADP binding to cardiac myosin is similar to values reported for skeletal myosin. However, the enthalpy of binding is much less negative than the value obtained for skeletal myosin by Kodama and Woledge (J. Biol. Chem. (1976) 251, 7499--7503). The latter results suggest a subtle difference in the nucleotide binding sites of these myosins.", "PMID": 708753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3624", "title": "The PO protein. The major glycoprotein of peripheral nerve myelin.", "content": "A glycoprotein, referred to as PO protein, was isolated from rabbit sciatic nerve myelin by gel filtration on Agarose 0.5 m in dodecyl sulfate. The purified myelin was first defatted and extracted at pH 2. The water-soluble proteins such as myelin basic protein and P2 protein were extracted leaving a glycoprotein-rich residue, from which the PO protein was isolated. The purified protein showed a single band on gel electrophoresis in dodecyl sulfate when stained with Coomassie Blue of periodic acid-Schiff reagent. The carbohydrate, comprising 6.3% by weight, appears to exist as a nonasaccharide unit having 3 mannose, 3 N-acetylglucosamine, 1 sialic acid, 1 galactose and 1 fucose residue. The polypeptide moiety has a high content of non-polar amino acids. A single amino acid, isoleucine, was found at the NH2-terminal end by dansyl and Edman procedures. The PO protein is the major protein of peripheral nerve myelin.", "contents": "The PO protein. The major glycoprotein of peripheral nerve myelin. A glycoprotein, referred to as PO protein, was isolated from rabbit sciatic nerve myelin by gel filtration on Agarose 0.5 m in dodecyl sulfate. The purified myelin was first defatted and extracted at pH 2. The water-soluble proteins such as myelin basic protein and P2 protein were extracted leaving a glycoprotein-rich residue, from which the PO protein was isolated. The purified protein showed a single band on gel electrophoresis in dodecyl sulfate when stained with Coomassie Blue of periodic acid-Schiff reagent. The carbohydrate, comprising 6.3% by weight, appears to exist as a nonasaccharide unit having 3 mannose, 3 N-acetylglucosamine, 1 sialic acid, 1 galactose and 1 fucose residue. The polypeptide moiety has a high content of non-polar amino acids. A single amino acid, isoleucine, was found at the NH2-terminal end by dansyl and Edman procedures. The PO protein is the major protein of peripheral nerve myelin.", "PMID": 708754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3625", "title": "Isolation of a product from the trypsin-digested glycoprotein of sciatic nerve myelin.", "content": "When purified rabbit sciatic nerve myelin, whether lyophilized or not, is treated with low amounts of trypsin (25 microgram/ml) for 0.5, 3, or 24 h the resulting protein patterns viewed on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis are similar. The most striking feature of the trypsinized myelin is the accumulation of a heavy band at the basic protein position, molecular weight 19 000, which is accounted for as a degradation product of the PO protein, referred to as the TPO protein. The PO protein, the major glycoprotein of sciatic nerve myelin, as well as the 23K and P2 proteins and albumin, an absorbed component, are all partially degraded; most high molecular weight bands are lost. The TPO protein, isolated by gel filtration in 2% SDS on an agarose column, like the PO protein, is highly insoluble in aqueous solvents. It is a glycoprotein (8% carbohydrate), staining with periodic acid-Schiff reagent; containing 3  mannose, 1 galactose, 3 N-acetylglucosamine, 1 sialic acid, and 1 fucose residues and is identical to the nonasaccharide of the parent PO protein. The amino acid composition of the TPO protein, is similar to the PO protein, but has a much higher content of hydrophobic residues and begins with NH2-methionine. This suggests that the PO protein is an amphipathic membrane protein in which its more polar character is confined to the first third of its NH2-terminus. This polar domain is probably positioned above the lipid leaflet where it is accessible to trypsin which cleaves a sensitive lysinyl (or argininyl)-methionine linkage. The more hydrophobic domain (the TPO protein) is buried in the myelin bilayer where it is protected from further tryptic attack. Thus trypsin can serve as a useful probe of myelin structure.", "contents": "Isolation of a product from the trypsin-digested glycoprotein of sciatic nerve myelin. When purified rabbit sciatic nerve myelin, whether lyophilized or not, is treated with low amounts of trypsin (25 microgram/ml) for 0.5, 3, or 24 h the resulting protein patterns viewed on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis are similar. The most striking feature of the trypsinized myelin is the accumulation of a heavy band at the basic protein position, molecular weight 19 000, which is accounted for as a degradation product of the PO protein, referred to as the TPO protein. The PO protein, the major glycoprotein of sciatic nerve myelin, as well as the 23K and P2 proteins and albumin, an absorbed component, are all partially degraded; most high molecular weight bands are lost. The TPO protein, isolated by gel filtration in 2% SDS on an agarose column, like the PO protein, is highly insoluble in aqueous solvents. It is a glycoprotein (8% carbohydrate), staining with periodic acid-Schiff reagent; containing 3  mannose, 1 galactose, 3 N-acetylglucosamine, 1 sialic acid, and 1 fucose residues and is identical to the nonasaccharide of the parent PO protein. The amino acid composition of the TPO protein, is similar to the PO protein, but has a much higher content of hydrophobic residues and begins with NH2-methionine. This suggests that the PO protein is an amphipathic membrane protein in which its more polar character is confined to the first third of its NH2-terminus. This polar domain is probably positioned above the lipid leaflet where it is accessible to trypsin which cleaves a sensitive lysinyl (or argininyl)-methionine linkage. The more hydrophobic domain (the TPO protein) is buried in the myelin bilayer where it is protected from further tryptic attack. Thus trypsin can serve as a useful probe of myelin structure.", "PMID": 708755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3626", "title": "Interaction studies of the 165 000 dalton protein component of the M-line with the S2 subfragment of myosin.", "content": "The M-line protein component of molecular weight 165 000 was isolated and purified from rabbit skeletal muscle using ion exchange chromatography. Sodium dodecyl sulphate electrophoresis revealed that the protein was homogeneous. Circular dichroism measurements indicated that the protein interacts with myosin and heavy meromyosin subfragment 2 (S2). There was an increase in negative ellipticity at 221 nm upon interaction, relative to the calculated values assuming no interprotein interaction. The net increaes in negative ellipticity at 221 nm as a result of interaction of M-protein with myosin and subfragment 2 were 600 degrees and 800 degrees respectively. When the protein was mixed with subfragment 2 in a 1 : 1 mol ratio in 0.5 M KCl/25 mM Tris buffer at pH 8.0, low speed sedimentation equilibrium studies gave a molecular weight of 235 000 +/- 10 000 for the complex, indicative of an interaction of the two components. On a Bio gel A 0.5 m column, M-protein and S2 when applied in 1 : 1 mol ratio, were eluted as a single symmetrical peak and a molecular weight of 230 000 was obtained for the complex from the observed elution volume. Both circular dichroism and sedimentation equilibrium studies indicated no interaction of M-line protein with light meromyosin and subfragment 1. Interaction of the 165 000 component with the flexible hinge region of myosin may have special significance in terms of the mechanism accounting for the reversible expansion of the interfilament distance which occurs during contraction.", "contents": "Interaction studies of the 165 000 dalton protein component of the M-line with the S2 subfragment of myosin. The M-line protein component of molecular weight 165 000 was isolated and purified from rabbit skeletal muscle using ion exchange chromatography. Sodium dodecyl sulphate electrophoresis revealed that the protein was homogeneous. Circular dichroism measurements indicated that the protein interacts with myosin and heavy meromyosin subfragment 2 (S2). There was an increase in negative ellipticity at 221 nm upon interaction, relative to the calculated values assuming no interprotein interaction. The net increaes in negative ellipticity at 221 nm as a result of interaction of M-protein with myosin and subfragment 2 were 600 degrees and 800 degrees respectively. When the protein was mixed with subfragment 2 in a 1 : 1 mol ratio in 0.5 M KCl/25 mM Tris buffer at pH 8.0, low speed sedimentation equilibrium studies gave a molecular weight of 235 000 +/- 10 000 for the complex, indicative of an interaction of the two components. On a Bio gel A 0.5 m column, M-protein and S2 when applied in 1 : 1 mol ratio, were eluted as a single symmetrical peak and a molecular weight of 230 000 was obtained for the complex from the observed elution volume. Both circular dichroism and sedimentation equilibrium studies indicated no interaction of M-line protein with light meromyosin and subfragment 1. Interaction of the 165 000 component with the flexible hinge region of myosin may have special significance in terms of the mechanism accounting for the reversible expansion of the interfilament distance which occurs during contraction.", "PMID": 708756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3627", "title": "Proteolytic fragments from the lobster myosin molecule.", "content": "The fragments produced by proteolysis of lobster abdominal muscle myosin with trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin and papain have been investigated by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis. Essentially monodisperse populations of long rods are produced by alpha-chymotryptic and papain digestion of rabbit myosin but corresponding digestion of lobster myosin yields multicomponent species. Similarly the low ionic strength insoluble fraction from tryptic digestion of lobster myosin is polydisperse in contrast to essentially monodisperse light meromyosin from rabbit myosin. Comparative tryptic digestion of rabbit and lobster myosin papain long rods shows that the latter have five susceptible cleavage sites in the subfragment-2 region while rabbit long rods have only one: both long rods appear to have three cleavage sites in the light meromyosin region. The fragments produced by tryptic digestion of rabbit myosin papain long rods have been tentatively identified by comparison with fragments isolated from papain digests of rabbit heavy meromyosin and tryptic digests of rabbit light meromyosin. The results suggest differences in sensitivity to enzymic proteolysis between the subfragment-2 regions in rabbit and lobster myosin as well as relative differences in proteolytic sensitivity between the subfragment-2 and light meromyosin region within the individual molecules. Partial explanation of the observation is proposed on the basis of differences in heavy chain compositions.", "contents": "Proteolytic fragments from the lobster myosin molecule. The fragments produced by proteolysis of lobster abdominal muscle myosin with trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin and papain have been investigated by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis. Essentially monodisperse populations of long rods are produced by alpha-chymotryptic and papain digestion of rabbit myosin but corresponding digestion of lobster myosin yields multicomponent species. Similarly the low ionic strength insoluble fraction from tryptic digestion of lobster myosin is polydisperse in contrast to essentially monodisperse light meromyosin from rabbit myosin. Comparative tryptic digestion of rabbit and lobster myosin papain long rods shows that the latter have five susceptible cleavage sites in the subfragment-2 region while rabbit long rods have only one: both long rods appear to have three cleavage sites in the light meromyosin region. The fragments produced by tryptic digestion of rabbit myosin papain long rods have been tentatively identified by comparison with fragments isolated from papain digests of rabbit heavy meromyosin and tryptic digests of rabbit light meromyosin. The results suggest differences in sensitivity to enzymic proteolysis between the subfragment-2 regions in rabbit and lobster myosin as well as relative differences in proteolytic sensitivity between the subfragment-2 and light meromyosin region within the individual molecules. Partial explanation of the observation is proposed on the basis of differences in heavy chain compositions.", "PMID": 708757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3628", "title": "Binding of galactose and lactose to ricin. Equilibrium studies.", "content": "The interaction of ricin, one of the two lectins of Ricinus sanguineus, with its specific ligands galactose and lactose (4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose) has been studied by means of equilibrium dialysis, analytical ultracentrifugation and fluorescence polarization. In the studied concentration range, only one molecule of galactose is bound per molecule of ricin with an association constant, Ka = 6900 m-1 at 4 degrees C. Scatchard plots of equilibrium dialysis data show that two molecules of lactose bind to one molecule of ricin, without modification of molecular weight of the lectin. Together with results of microcalorimetric experiments and agglutination of erythrocytes by ricin, equilibrium dialysis data indicate that the lectin contains two distinct saccharide binding sites. Regardless of the existence of extended sites, it is not possible to select between the two models: (a) two independent sites (Ka1 = 35 000 M-1, Ka2 = 2800 M-1 at 4 degrees C) or (b) two identical sites with negative cooperativity.", "contents": "Binding of galactose and lactose to ricin. Equilibrium studies. The interaction of ricin, one of the two lectins of Ricinus sanguineus, with its specific ligands galactose and lactose (4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose) has been studied by means of equilibrium dialysis, analytical ultracentrifugation and fluorescence polarization. In the studied concentration range, only one molecule of galactose is bound per molecule of ricin with an association constant, Ka = 6900 m-1 at 4 degrees C. Scatchard plots of equilibrium dialysis data show that two molecules of lactose bind to one molecule of ricin, without modification of molecular weight of the lectin. Together with results of microcalorimetric experiments and agglutination of erythrocytes by ricin, equilibrium dialysis data indicate that the lectin contains two distinct saccharide binding sites. Regardless of the existence of extended sites, it is not possible to select between the two models: (a) two independent sites (Ka1 = 35 000 M-1, Ka2 = 2800 M-1 at 4 degrees C) or (b) two identical sites with negative cooperativity.", "PMID": 708758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3629", "title": "Isolation and characterization of glycoproteins from canine tracheal mucus.", "content": "Three homogeneous glycoproteins were isolated from reduced and S-carboxy-methylated canine tracheal pouch mucus by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. Initial fractionation was carried out on Sephadex G-200; chromatography of the excluded Sephadex G-200 fraction on Bio-Gel A-15 m yielded two high molecular weight glycoprotein fractions. Following rechromatography on the same column, the main fraction behaved as an electrophoretically homogeneous high molecular weight (581 600) glycoprotein, with a high carbohydrate content (80%) and a single amino-terminal amino acid (arginine). Ion-exchange chromatography (DEAE-cellulose) of the included Sephadex G-200 fraction yielded two electrophoretically homogeneous glycoproteins of lower molecular weight (20 800 and 24 600, respectively). A single amino-terminal amino acid, glycine and alanine, respectively, was detected for each glycoprotein. Chemical analysis of these three glycoproteins revealed the presence of fucose, galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylneuraminic acid and sulfate monoester. The high molecular weight glycoprotein had a higher hexose, sialic acid and sulfate content, per mg of protein, than the low molecular weight glycoproteins. The results of the alkaline borohydride treatment indicated that the majority of the carbohydrate chains of these glycoproteins are linked to the protein core through O-glycosidic bonds involving N-acetylgalactosamine and serine or threonine.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of glycoproteins from canine tracheal mucus. Three homogeneous glycoproteins were isolated from reduced and S-carboxy-methylated canine tracheal pouch mucus by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. Initial fractionation was carried out on Sephadex G-200; chromatography of the excluded Sephadex G-200 fraction on Bio-Gel A-15 m yielded two high molecular weight glycoprotein fractions. Following rechromatography on the same column, the main fraction behaved as an electrophoretically homogeneous high molecular weight (581 600) glycoprotein, with a high carbohydrate content (80%) and a single amino-terminal amino acid (arginine). Ion-exchange chromatography (DEAE-cellulose) of the included Sephadex G-200 fraction yielded two electrophoretically homogeneous glycoproteins of lower molecular weight (20 800 and 24 600, respectively). A single amino-terminal amino acid, glycine and alanine, respectively, was detected for each glycoprotein. Chemical analysis of these three glycoproteins revealed the presence of fucose, galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylneuraminic acid and sulfate monoester. The high molecular weight glycoprotein had a higher hexose, sialic acid and sulfate content, per mg of protein, than the low molecular weight glycoproteins. The results of the alkaline borohydride treatment indicated that the majority of the carbohydrate chains of these glycoproteins are linked to the protein core through O-glycosidic bonds involving N-acetylgalactosamine and serine or threonine.", "PMID": 708759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3630", "title": "Raman spectroscopy of intact feline corneal collagen.", "content": "The Raman Spectrum of Collagen is presented from feline corneas which were fresh and intact, heat denatured, and incubated in 2H20. Two bands in the amide I region at approx. 1630 cm-1 and approx. 1660 cm-1 and two bands at ca. 1270 cm-1 and 1247 cm-1 in the amide III region appear in the Raman spectrum of fresh and heat denatured corneal collagen. The two amide III bands have been assigned to amide III vibrations in the polar and non-polar regions of the protein. Only one small amide I band at approx. 1650 cm-1 appears when corneas are treated with 2H2O suggesting that some portion of the Raman peaks in the amide I region for corneas in water is associated with water vibrations. Feline corneal collagen fibrils do not appear to dissociate appreciably upon heating to 70 degrees C. In fact, heated corneas appear structurally similar to corneas aged 30 h at 50 degrees C. We suggest that the swelling induced by heating and aging is predominantly caused by water being absorbed and remaining between the collagen fibrils, causing a slightly more disordered collagen matrix.", "contents": "Raman spectroscopy of intact feline corneal collagen. The Raman Spectrum of Collagen is presented from feline corneas which were fresh and intact, heat denatured, and incubated in 2H20. Two bands in the amide I region at approx. 1630 cm-1 and approx. 1660 cm-1 and two bands at ca. 1270 cm-1 and 1247 cm-1 in the amide III region appear in the Raman spectrum of fresh and heat denatured corneal collagen. The two amide III bands have been assigned to amide III vibrations in the polar and non-polar regions of the protein. Only one small amide I band at approx. 1650 cm-1 appears when corneas are treated with 2H2O suggesting that some portion of the Raman peaks in the amide I region for corneas in water is associated with water vibrations. Feline corneal collagen fibrils do not appear to dissociate appreciably upon heating to 70 degrees C. In fact, heated corneas appear structurally similar to corneas aged 30 h at 50 degrees C. We suggest that the swelling induced by heating and aging is predominantly caused by water being absorbed and remaining between the collagen fibrils, causing a slightly more disordered collagen matrix.", "PMID": 708760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3631", "title": "Circular dichroism studies on the effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate on the conformation of some phytohemagglutinins.", "content": "Conformation and conformational transitions of phytohemagglutinins (lectins) from Arachis hypogaea (peanut), Lens culinaris (lentil), Glycine max (soybean), and Ricinus communis (castor bean) were studied by the circular dichroism probe. The lectins were found to possess a high amount of the pleated sheet (beta) conformation. The tertiary structure and main chain conformation of the lectins were disorganized by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and the main chain was reconstructed by relatively high concentrations of SDS (weight ratio of SDS to protein about 5-8 to 1) into new orders of higher helix content than in the native protein. More helix was formed in acid solutions than in nearly neutral solutions. The disorganization of the native tertiary structure by SDS was expressed in a decrease of the circular dichroism bands related to the tyrosine and tryptophan chromophores and in appearance of the vibronic fine structure in the phenylalanine band zone. The tertiary structure of the L. culinaris and R. communis lectins was more sensitive to SDS than the tertiary structure of the two other lectins.", "contents": "Circular dichroism studies on the effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate on the conformation of some phytohemagglutinins. Conformation and conformational transitions of phytohemagglutinins (lectins) from Arachis hypogaea (peanut), Lens culinaris (lentil), Glycine max (soybean), and Ricinus communis (castor bean) were studied by the circular dichroism probe. The lectins were found to possess a high amount of the pleated sheet (beta) conformation. The tertiary structure and main chain conformation of the lectins were disorganized by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and the main chain was reconstructed by relatively high concentrations of SDS (weight ratio of SDS to protein about 5-8 to 1) into new orders of higher helix content than in the native protein. More helix was formed in acid solutions than in nearly neutral solutions. The disorganization of the native tertiary structure by SDS was expressed in a decrease of the circular dichroism bands related to the tyrosine and tryptophan chromophores and in appearance of the vibronic fine structure in the phenylalanine band zone. The tertiary structure of the L. culinaris and R. communis lectins was more sensitive to SDS than the tertiary structure of the two other lectins.", "PMID": 708761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3632", "title": "Quantitative analysis of the spin equilibrium of cytochrome P-450 LM-2 fraction from rabbit liver microsomes.", "content": "The LM-2 fraction of cytochrome P-450 from rabbits in the presence and in the absence of substrate (benzphetamine) is shown to be a thermal mixture of a high spin (S = 5/2) and a low spin (S = 1/2) form each of which exhibiting its individual optical basic spectrum with the Soret maxima at 387 nm and 417 nm for the high spin form and the low spin form, respectively. The equilibrium constants and thermodynamic parameters describing the spin transition and the substrate binding have been evaluated from the temperature and substrate difference spectra, respectively. These two interacting equilibria are presented in terms of a thermodynamic model, which provides a clear quantitative description of the properties of the cytochrome P-450 substrate system. From the thermodynamic model also the cause of the substrate difference spectra can be explained. The importance of the spin shift in the presence of substrate with respect to the reduction rate is discussed.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of the spin equilibrium of cytochrome P-450 LM-2 fraction from rabbit liver microsomes. The LM-2 fraction of cytochrome P-450 from rabbits in the presence and in the absence of substrate (benzphetamine) is shown to be a thermal mixture of a high spin (S = 5/2) and a low spin (S = 1/2) form each of which exhibiting its individual optical basic spectrum with the Soret maxima at 387 nm and 417 nm for the high spin form and the low spin form, respectively. The equilibrium constants and thermodynamic parameters describing the spin transition and the substrate binding have been evaluated from the temperature and substrate difference spectra, respectively. These two interacting equilibria are presented in terms of a thermodynamic model, which provides a clear quantitative description of the properties of the cytochrome P-450 substrate system. From the thermodynamic model also the cause of the substrate difference spectra can be explained. The importance of the spin shift in the presence of substrate with respect to the reduction rate is discussed.", "PMID": 708762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3633", "title": "Human spectrin. I. A classical light scattering study.", "content": "Human spectrin heterodimers were analyzed in solutions containing different amounts of salt employing the classical light scattering technique. 1. At 22 degrees C the radius of gyration of isolated human spectrin heterodimers in 0.1 M NaCl aqueous solution (pH 7.3) was found to be about 22 nm. 2. The radius of gyration of isolated human spectrin heterodimers was found to increase to about 40 nm as the ionic strength of the spectrin solution (pH 7.3) was reduced to about 1 mM. 3. The light scattering study indicates that the isolated human spectrin heterodimers were highly expanded and flexible molecules with a contour length exceeding about 140 nm.", "contents": "Human spectrin. I. A classical light scattering study. Human spectrin heterodimers were analyzed in solutions containing different amounts of salt employing the classical light scattering technique. 1. At 22 degrees C the radius of gyration of isolated human spectrin heterodimers in 0.1 M NaCl aqueous solution (pH 7.3) was found to be about 22 nm. 2. The radius of gyration of isolated human spectrin heterodimers was found to increase to about 40 nm as the ionic strength of the spectrin solution (pH 7.3) was reduced to about 1 mM. 3. The light scattering study indicates that the isolated human spectrin heterodimers were highly expanded and flexible molecules with a contour length exceeding about 140 nm.", "PMID": 708763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3634", "title": "Human spectrin. II. An electro-optic study.", "content": "The electrically induced birefringence of human spectrin heterodimer solutions has been studied. 1. Human spectrin heterodimers were found to have a specific Kerr constant Bsp = +(5 +/- 2) . 10(-11) m4/(V2 . kg). 2. Human spectrin exhibited a birefringence relaxation time tau decay = (2.0 +/- 0.3) microseconds. 3. The electro-optic study indicates that human spectrin heterodimers have a contour length of more than 40--50 nm.", "contents": "Human spectrin. II. An electro-optic study. The electrically induced birefringence of human spectrin heterodimer solutions has been studied. 1. Human spectrin heterodimers were found to have a specific Kerr constant Bsp = +(5 +/- 2) . 10(-11) m4/(V2 . kg). 2. Human spectrin exhibited a birefringence relaxation time tau decay = (2.0 +/- 0.3) microseconds. 3. The electro-optic study indicates that human spectrin heterodimers have a contour length of more than 40--50 nm.", "PMID": 708764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3635", "title": "Parvalbumins from coelacanth muscle. I. General survey.", "content": "Parvalbumins from coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) myogen have been isolated by gel filtration of Sephadex G-75 and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Disc electrophoresis and cellulose acetate electrophoresis showed the homogeneity of the three first major parvalbumin peaks (pI = 5.44, pI = 4.95 and pI = 4.52). The fourth component was partially resolved into two more parvalbumins (pI = 3.78 and pI = 3.50) by preparative gel electrophoresis. Amino acid analyses and tryptic peptide maps separated the five components in two major categories. The two less acidic components differ only in the presence or absence of an N-terminal blocking group. The three more acidic components constitute the second category; in spite of this heterogeneity, they share the same amino acid sequence.", "contents": "Parvalbumins from coelacanth muscle. I. General survey. Parvalbumins from coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) myogen have been isolated by gel filtration of Sephadex G-75 and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Disc electrophoresis and cellulose acetate electrophoresis showed the homogeneity of the three first major parvalbumin peaks (pI = 5.44, pI = 4.95 and pI = 4.52). The fourth component was partially resolved into two more parvalbumins (pI = 3.78 and pI = 3.50) by preparative gel electrophoresis. Amino acid analyses and tryptic peptide maps separated the five components in two major categories. The two less acidic components differ only in the presence or absence of an N-terminal blocking group. The three more acidic components constitute the second category; in spite of this heterogeneity, they share the same amino acid sequence.", "PMID": 708765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3636", "title": "Thermodynamic studies of the interaction of alpha-chymotrypsin with water. II. Statistical analyses of the enthalpy-entropy compensation effect.", "content": "Differential enthalpies (deltaH) and entropies (deltaS) of the interaction of water with a high and low temperature conformer of alpha-chymotrypsin were determined previously by multitemperature sorption measurements. The changes in (deltaH) and (deltaS) with water content of the protein were found to show a pronounced compensation pattern. It is known that van 't Hoff data may exhibit enthalpy-entropy compensation, which is entirely due to statistical error propagation. To discriminate between artifactual and significant compensation, the experimental results are analyzed by statistical methods. The results of two different statistical analyses show that a linear, chemically caused compensation effect can be established for the interaction of water with both chymotrypsin conformers. The compensation temperature beta = deltaH/deltaS was found to be 433 +/- 22 K. The compensation effect is detectable only in the water content range above the monolayer volume (upsilonm), computed by the Brunauer, Emmett and Teller equation. This result is discussed in terms of a monolayer hydration mechanism, formulated on the basis of previous thermodynamic results: The interaction of the first water monolayer with the charged and polar surface area of the dry protein, largely stabilizes its tertiary structure. Further water addition then occurs to a practically invariable protein surface. According to this mechanism (which ensures a maximum of conformational stability with a minimum of hydration water), large conformational changes can be expected to occur mainly in the monolayer water content range. This expectation is confirmed by extra-thermodynamic data (infrared and X-ray measurements). The thermodynamic quantities of the sorption process are thus governed by conformational effects below upsilonm. Above the monolayer water content range, however, the water binding process per se strongly predominates. The deltaH/deltaS compensation effect established for this water content range, is thus attributable to phase transitions of water molecules from the gas (or liquid) phase to the protein-bound state (or vice versa). A possible relationship between the linear compensation effect established in this study, and the compensation phenomenon observed in reactions in aqueous solution is discussed.", "contents": "Thermodynamic studies of the interaction of alpha-chymotrypsin with water. II. Statistical analyses of the enthalpy-entropy compensation effect. Differential enthalpies (deltaH) and entropies (deltaS) of the interaction of water with a high and low temperature conformer of alpha-chymotrypsin were determined previously by multitemperature sorption measurements. The changes in (deltaH) and (deltaS) with water content of the protein were found to show a pronounced compensation pattern. It is known that van 't Hoff data may exhibit enthalpy-entropy compensation, which is entirely due to statistical error propagation. To discriminate between artifactual and significant compensation, the experimental results are analyzed by statistical methods. The results of two different statistical analyses show that a linear, chemically caused compensation effect can be established for the interaction of water with both chymotrypsin conformers. The compensation temperature beta = deltaH/deltaS was found to be 433 +/- 22 K. The compensation effect is detectable only in the water content range above the monolayer volume (upsilonm), computed by the Brunauer, Emmett and Teller equation. This result is discussed in terms of a monolayer hydration mechanism, formulated on the basis of previous thermodynamic results: The interaction of the first water monolayer with the charged and polar surface area of the dry protein, largely stabilizes its tertiary structure. Further water addition then occurs to a practically invariable protein surface. According to this mechanism (which ensures a maximum of conformational stability with a minimum of hydration water), large conformational changes can be expected to occur mainly in the monolayer water content range. This expectation is confirmed by extra-thermodynamic data (infrared and X-ray measurements). The thermodynamic quantities of the sorption process are thus governed by conformational effects below upsilonm. Above the monolayer water content range, however, the water binding process per se strongly predominates. The deltaH/deltaS compensation effect established for this water content range, is thus attributable to phase transitions of water molecules from the gas (or liquid) phase to the protein-bound state (or vice versa). A possible relationship between the linear compensation effect established in this study, and the compensation phenomenon observed in reactions in aqueous solution is discussed.", "PMID": 708766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3637", "title": "Parvalbumins from coelacanth muscle. III. Amino acid sequence of the major component.", "content": "The primary structure of the major parvalbumin (pI = 4.52) from coelacanth muscle (Latimeria chalumnae) has been determined. Sequence analysis of the tryptic peptides, in some cases obtained with beta-trypsin, accounts for the total amino acid content of the protein. Chymotryptic peptides provide appropriate sequence overlaps, to complete the localization of the tryptic peptides. Examination of the amino acid sequence of this protein shows the typical structure of a beta-parvalbumin. Its position in the dendrogram of related calcium-binding proteins corresponds to that usually accepted for crossopterygians.", "contents": "Parvalbumins from coelacanth muscle. III. Amino acid sequence of the major component. The primary structure of the major parvalbumin (pI = 4.52) from coelacanth muscle (Latimeria chalumnae) has been determined. Sequence analysis of the tryptic peptides, in some cases obtained with beta-trypsin, accounts for the total amino acid content of the protein. Chymotryptic peptides provide appropriate sequence overlaps, to complete the localization of the tryptic peptides. Examination of the amino acid sequence of this protein shows the typical structure of a beta-parvalbumin. Its position in the dendrogram of related calcium-binding proteins corresponds to that usually accepted for crossopterygians.", "PMID": 708767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3638", "title": "Hemoglobin Detroit: beta95 (FG2) lysine leads to asparagine.", "content": "Hb Detroit is a mutant which migrates between Hb A and Hb J Baltimore on cellulose acetate (pH 8.5), and with Hb A on citrate agar (pH 6.0). Globin chain analyses in alkaline and acid buffers reveal an abnormal beta chain with a mobility between the betaA and betaJ Baltimore chains. Structural characterization of this abnormal chain shows that lysine at position 95 is replaced by asparagine. No hematological abnormalities could be attributed to the presence of the mutant, and the oxygen affinity properties of the stripped hemoglobin are similar to those of Hb A. The beta95 residue which is substituted in Hb Detroit and also in Hb N Baltimore ((beta95 Lys leads to Glu) does not appear to be in a critical functional area of the molecule.", "contents": "Hemoglobin Detroit: beta95 (FG2) lysine leads to asparagine. Hb Detroit is a mutant which migrates between Hb A and Hb J Baltimore on cellulose acetate (pH 8.5), and with Hb A on citrate agar (pH 6.0). Globin chain analyses in alkaline and acid buffers reveal an abnormal beta chain with a mobility between the betaA and betaJ Baltimore chains. Structural characterization of this abnormal chain shows that lysine at position 95 is replaced by asparagine. No hematological abnormalities could be attributed to the presence of the mutant, and the oxygen affinity properties of the stripped hemoglobin are similar to those of Hb A. The beta95 residue which is substituted in Hb Detroit and also in Hb N Baltimore ((beta95 Lys leads to Glu) does not appear to be in a critical functional area of the molecule.", "PMID": 708768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3639", "title": "The partial amino acid sequences of the two H2B histones from sperm of the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris.", "content": "Two new histone H2B variants have been isolated from sperm cells of the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris. They have been designated sperm histone H2B(1) Psammechinus and sperm histone H2B(2) Psammechinus. Both histones are highly homologous to the previously described sperm histones from Parechinus angulosus (Strickland et al. (1977) Eur. J. Biochem. 77, 263--275 and 277--286). The amino acid sequences of the Ps. miliaris sperm histones, though highly homologous, are not identical to the amino acid sequence derived from the codon sequence of a histone H2B gene, characterized from the same organism by Birnstiel et al. ((1977) Nature 266, 603--607).", "contents": "The partial amino acid sequences of the two H2B histones from sperm of the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris. Two new histone H2B variants have been isolated from sperm cells of the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris. They have been designated sperm histone H2B(1) Psammechinus and sperm histone H2B(2) Psammechinus. Both histones are highly homologous to the previously described sperm histones from Parechinus angulosus (Strickland et al. (1977) Eur. J. Biochem. 77, 263--275 and 277--286). The amino acid sequences of the Ps. miliaris sperm histones, though highly homologous, are not identical to the amino acid sequence derived from the codon sequence of a histone H2B gene, characterized from the same organism by Birnstiel et al. ((1977) Nature 266, 603--607).", "PMID": 708769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3640", "title": "Primary structure of hemoglobin from trout (Salmo irideus). Amino acid sequence of alpha chain of Hb trout I.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of the alpha chain of the hemoglobin component of trout's blood which is devoid of heterotropyc phenomena, i.e. Hb trout I, is presented. The sequence has been determined by analyzing the soluble tryptic peptides obtained from the whole globin and the peptides obtained after redigesting the insoluble 'core' with chymotrypsin. Alignment of the peptides with the structure of human as well as carp and Catostomus clarkii alpha chains shows that Hb trout I alpha chain differs from the corresponding human protein by 43% amino acid substitutions and from the two other fish by 34.5% and 33.1%, respectively. Further comparison of sequence data available for the N-terminal region suggests that the divergence between Hb trout I and IV, the other major hemoglobin component of trout's blood, is greater than that found between each trout hemoglobin and the other two fishes (carp and C. clarkii.).", "contents": "Primary structure of hemoglobin from trout (Salmo irideus). Amino acid sequence of alpha chain of Hb trout I. The amino acid sequence of the alpha chain of the hemoglobin component of trout's blood which is devoid of heterotropyc phenomena, i.e. Hb trout I, is presented. The sequence has been determined by analyzing the soluble tryptic peptides obtained from the whole globin and the peptides obtained after redigesting the insoluble 'core' with chymotrypsin. Alignment of the peptides with the structure of human as well as carp and Catostomus clarkii alpha chains shows that Hb trout I alpha chain differs from the corresponding human protein by 43% amino acid substitutions and from the two other fish by 34.5% and 33.1%, respectively. Further comparison of sequence data available for the N-terminal region suggests that the divergence between Hb trout I and IV, the other major hemoglobin component of trout's blood, is greater than that found between each trout hemoglobin and the other two fishes (carp and C. clarkii.).", "PMID": 708770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3641", "title": "The shape of spectrin molecules from human erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "Purified spectrin dimers and tetramers have been directly visualized by low-angle shadowing. The 9-S heterodimer is an asymmetric flexible molecule about 1000 A in length, its constituent monomer polypeptides forming two strands which in many molecules are individually visible, lying partially separated from one another or twisting round each other in a loose double helix. The 12-S tetramer is formed by the end-to-end association of two heterodimers, without overlap. The protein bears no physical resemblance to myosin.", "contents": "The shape of spectrin molecules from human erythrocyte membranes. Purified spectrin dimers and tetramers have been directly visualized by low-angle shadowing. The 9-S heterodimer is an asymmetric flexible molecule about 1000 A in length, its constituent monomer polypeptides forming two strands which in many molecules are individually visible, lying partially separated from one another or twisting round each other in a loose double helix. The 12-S tetramer is formed by the end-to-end association of two heterodimers, without overlap. The protein bears no physical resemblance to myosin.", "PMID": 708771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3642", "title": "Formation of the two-dimensional hexagonal lattice of bacteriorhodopsin in reconstituted brown membrane.", "content": "The aggregation state of reconstituted bacteriorhodopsin molecules in the brown membrane has been investigated by X-ray diffraction and CD spectra. It has been confirmed that reconstituted bacteriorhodopsin molecules form the hexagonal lattice spontaneously whereas bacterioopsin molecules do not.", "contents": "Formation of the two-dimensional hexagonal lattice of bacteriorhodopsin in reconstituted brown membrane. The aggregation state of reconstituted bacteriorhodopsin molecules in the brown membrane has been investigated by X-ray diffraction and CD spectra. It has been confirmed that reconstituted bacteriorhodopsin molecules form the hexagonal lattice spontaneously whereas bacterioopsin molecules do not.", "PMID": 708772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3643", "title": "Disulphide bridging of calf thymus histone H3 by 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid).", "content": "Electrophoretic analysis of the reaction products of calf thymus histone H3 with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), under mild conditions, shows that different oxidized forms of this histone are originated by disulphide interchange. One of the species detected is the intramolecular oxidized monomer of histone H3.", "contents": "Disulphide bridging of calf thymus histone H3 by 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). Electrophoretic analysis of the reaction products of calf thymus histone H3 with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), under mild conditions, shows that different oxidized forms of this histone are originated by disulphide interchange. One of the species detected is the intramolecular oxidized monomer of histone H3.", "PMID": 708773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3644", "title": "Isolectins of Phaseolus vulgaris. Physicochemical studies.", "content": "By a combination of solubility fractionation, continuous free-flow high voltage electrophoresis, molecular sieve and affinity chromatography on fetuin-Sepharose 4B, several lectin fractions of different isoelectric point were obtained from the seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris cv. \"Processor\". The albumin isolectin range comprised of five major lectin components with isoelectric points between pH 4.6 and 5.2, while the partly overlapping globulin isolectins contained several more lectin components with higher isoelectric points. The two groups had similar amino acid and sugar composition but were only partially identical by immunochemical criteria. The isolectins were also shown to be similar by physicochemical measurements with a common protomer weight value of about 119000. Values of so20,w, 6.84 and 6.76 S, and of V av, 0.712 and 715 ml/g, for the albumin and the globulin lectins, respectively, also indicated a close similarity. Both groups contained, in a slow equilibrium with the protomer, just over 10% of dimer and oligomers. In addition, the albumin lectins also contained a small, 2 S, dissociation product in a slow equilibrium with the protomer. The hydrodynamic data obtained for the albumin isolectins: [eta] = 0.063 dl/g; beta = 2.42 . 10(6) and f/fo = 1.56 indicated a highly voluminous particle with an effective volume of 8.6 . 10(-18) ml. This type of molecular arrangement was general for the major P. vulgaris seed glycoproteins and was, thus, suggested to be of potential importance for their physiological functioning during seed maturation and germination.", "contents": "Isolectins of Phaseolus vulgaris. Physicochemical studies. By a combination of solubility fractionation, continuous free-flow high voltage electrophoresis, molecular sieve and affinity chromatography on fetuin-Sepharose 4B, several lectin fractions of different isoelectric point were obtained from the seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris cv. \"Processor\". The albumin isolectin range comprised of five major lectin components with isoelectric points between pH 4.6 and 5.2, while the partly overlapping globulin isolectins contained several more lectin components with higher isoelectric points. The two groups had similar amino acid and sugar composition but were only partially identical by immunochemical criteria. The isolectins were also shown to be similar by physicochemical measurements with a common protomer weight value of about 119000. Values of so20,w, 6.84 and 6.76 S, and of V av, 0.712 and 715 ml/g, for the albumin and the globulin lectins, respectively, also indicated a close similarity. Both groups contained, in a slow equilibrium with the protomer, just over 10% of dimer and oligomers. In addition, the albumin lectins also contained a small, 2 S, dissociation product in a slow equilibrium with the protomer. The hydrodynamic data obtained for the albumin isolectins: [eta] = 0.063 dl/g; beta = 2.42 . 10(6) and f/fo = 1.56 indicated a highly voluminous particle with an effective volume of 8.6 . 10(-18) ml. This type of molecular arrangement was general for the major P. vulgaris seed glycoproteins and was, thus, suggested to be of potential importance for their physiological functioning during seed maturation and germination.", "PMID": 708774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3645", "title": "Glucose in vertebrate skeletal muscle proteins.", "content": "Neutral sugar was found in proteins extracted with acid chloroform/methanol from skeletal muscle of frog, normal and dystrophic chicken as well as in conventional preparations of frog tropomyosin and rabbit myosin. Whenever tested, the sugar content remained unaffected by two extractions with 5% trichloroacetic acid and by treatment with acid (0.1 N hydrochloric acid) or alkali (0.1 N sodium hydroxide, 60--90 min, 100 degrees C). These and other chemical properties favor the notion that sugar is present in covalent linkage to protein rather than as an attending contaminant. In every protein studied sugar profiles consisted of glucose only except rabbit myosin where it was accompanied by another sugar, presumably ribose.", "contents": "Glucose in vertebrate skeletal muscle proteins. Neutral sugar was found in proteins extracted with acid chloroform/methanol from skeletal muscle of frog, normal and dystrophic chicken as well as in conventional preparations of frog tropomyosin and rabbit myosin. Whenever tested, the sugar content remained unaffected by two extractions with 5% trichloroacetic acid and by treatment with acid (0.1 N hydrochloric acid) or alkali (0.1 N sodium hydroxide, 60--90 min, 100 degrees C). These and other chemical properties favor the notion that sugar is present in covalent linkage to protein rather than as an attending contaminant. In every protein studied sugar profiles consisted of glucose only except rabbit myosin where it was accompanied by another sugar, presumably ribose.", "PMID": 708775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3646", "title": "Studies on cephalopod rhodopsin. Fatty acid esters of sucrose as effective detergents.", "content": "Squid rhodopsin was extracted with solutions of fatty acid esters of sucrose (monolaurate and monostearate) and purified by DEAE-cellulose and concanavalin A-Sepharose affinity chromatography. The purified rhodopsin (A280/A480 = 2.5) contained 2.3 mol of glucosamine and 1.2 mol of phospholipid per mol of rhodopsin. The photoproduct metarhodopsin was also stable in these detergent solutions as in digitonin solution. Concanavalin A had no affinity for retinochrome.", "contents": "Studies on cephalopod rhodopsin. Fatty acid esters of sucrose as effective detergents. Squid rhodopsin was extracted with solutions of fatty acid esters of sucrose (monolaurate and monostearate) and purified by DEAE-cellulose and concanavalin A-Sepharose affinity chromatography. The purified rhodopsin (A280/A480 = 2.5) contained 2.3 mol of glucosamine and 1.2 mol of phospholipid per mol of rhodopsin. The photoproduct metarhodopsin was also stable in these detergent solutions as in digitonin solution. Concanavalin A had no affinity for retinochrome.", "PMID": 708776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3647", "title": "Multiple forms of albumin and their conversion from pro-type to serum-type in rat liver in vivo.", "content": "Purified rat serum albumin was resolved into five forms by polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing, while albumin isolated from the subcellular fractions of rat liver consisted of those of serum albumin and four additional forms. This latter four forms were identified as proalbumin, since they were converted to those of serum albumin by limited proteolysis with trypsin. This method was applied to the determination of the conversion site of proalbumin in the liver, revealing that substantial conversion of proalbumin occurs in the Golgi cisternae as well as in the secretory vesicles.", "contents": "Multiple forms of albumin and their conversion from pro-type to serum-type in rat liver in vivo. Purified rat serum albumin was resolved into five forms by polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing, while albumin isolated from the subcellular fractions of rat liver consisted of those of serum albumin and four additional forms. This latter four forms were identified as proalbumin, since they were converted to those of serum albumin by limited proteolysis with trypsin. This method was applied to the determination of the conversion site of proalbumin in the liver, revealing that substantial conversion of proalbumin occurs in the Golgi cisternae as well as in the secretory vesicles.", "PMID": 708777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3648", "title": "Human pituitary thyrotropin. Isolation of alpha and beta subunits by hydrophobic interaction chromatography.", "content": "Various conditions for the dissociation of highly purified human pituitary thyrotropin into subunits have been investigated. Dissociation on a preparative scale was accomplished by treatment with 1 M propionic acid at 32 degrees C for 16 h. The isolation of one alpha and two beta subunits was achieved by hydrophobic interaction chromatography on pentyl-Sepharose-4B. Radioimmunological technique was utilized to classify the subunits in accordance with current nomenclature and also to express their activities. The activities of the subunits overlapped insignificantly (less than or equal to 0.3%) and their content of intact thyrotropin was negligible (less than 0.05%). The characterization of the subunits included determination of their amino acid compositions. Analytical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the subunits at acid and alkaline pH values revealed heterogeneity. By free-zone electrophoresis at alkaline pH it was possible to isolate four discrete iso-forms of both the alpha and the beta subunit. All these eight individual subunits had activities consistent with those of their immediate precursor fractions. Isolation of electrophoretically homogeneous thyrotropin subunits has not been reported previously.", "contents": "Human pituitary thyrotropin. Isolation of alpha and beta subunits by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Various conditions for the dissociation of highly purified human pituitary thyrotropin into subunits have been investigated. Dissociation on a preparative scale was accomplished by treatment with 1 M propionic acid at 32 degrees C for 16 h. The isolation of one alpha and two beta subunits was achieved by hydrophobic interaction chromatography on pentyl-Sepharose-4B. Radioimmunological technique was utilized to classify the subunits in accordance with current nomenclature and also to express their activities. The activities of the subunits overlapped insignificantly (less than or equal to 0.3%) and their content of intact thyrotropin was negligible (less than 0.05%). The characterization of the subunits included determination of their amino acid compositions. Analytical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the subunits at acid and alkaline pH values revealed heterogeneity. By free-zone electrophoresis at alkaline pH it was possible to isolate four discrete iso-forms of both the alpha and the beta subunit. All these eight individual subunits had activities consistent with those of their immediate precursor fractions. Isolation of electrophoretically homogeneous thyrotropin subunits has not been reported previously.", "PMID": 708778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3649", "title": "Proton magnetic resonance and conformational energy calculations of repeat peptides of tropoelastin. A permutation of the hexapeptide.", "content": "The conformation of a hexapeptide sequence occurring in tropoelastin is discussed from the results obtained using a combined approach of theoretical conformational energy calculations on HCO-Val-Ala-Prb-Gly-OMe and 1h nmr studies on t-Boc-Val-Ala-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly-OMe  in a dilute solution of methanol. Both studies have reasonable concurrence with respect to the preferred conformation of the hexapeptide and an analysis of the combined results suggests that the hexapeptide is stabilized by a beta-turn involving the Ala1,iC=O and Val4,iNH groups and a gamma-turn involving Gly5,iC=O and Gly3,iNH groups. A weaker interaction between Gly3,iC=O and Gly5,iNH groups is also found to be possible. Conformational features of the first valyl residue in the sequence Val-Ala-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly and the last valyl residue in Ala-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly-Val are compared and found to have similar torsion angles. The implications of such a similarity are discussed with respect to the conformation of the polyhexapeptide.", "contents": "Proton magnetic resonance and conformational energy calculations of repeat peptides of tropoelastin. A permutation of the hexapeptide. The conformation of a hexapeptide sequence occurring in tropoelastin is discussed from the results obtained using a combined approach of theoretical conformational energy calculations on HCO-Val-Ala-Prb-Gly-OMe and 1h nmr studies on t-Boc-Val-Ala-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly-OMe  in a dilute solution of methanol. Both studies have reasonable concurrence with respect to the preferred conformation of the hexapeptide and an analysis of the combined results suggests that the hexapeptide is stabilized by a beta-turn involving the Ala1,iC=O and Val4,iNH groups and a gamma-turn involving Gly5,iC=O and Gly3,iNH groups. A weaker interaction between Gly3,iC=O and Gly5,iNH groups is also found to be possible. Conformational features of the first valyl residue in the sequence Val-Ala-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly and the last valyl residue in Ala-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly-Val are compared and found to have similar torsion angles. The implications of such a similarity are discussed with respect to the conformation of the polyhexapeptide.", "PMID": 708779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3650", "title": "High affinity calcium binding peptides from the gills, gut and kidneys of the freshwater eel (Anguilla anguilla).", "content": "We report the isolation of high affinity calcium-binding peptides from homogenates of gills, gut and kidneys of the freshwater eel Anguilla anguilla. These peptides show identical gel-filtration profiles on Biogel P-6, from which a molecular weight of 3500 was estimated. The average binding constant (Kf) for calcium is 7 . 10(7)M-1, and MgCl2 up to 5 mM does not displace calcium.", "contents": "High affinity calcium binding peptides from the gills, gut and kidneys of the freshwater eel (Anguilla anguilla). We report the isolation of high affinity calcium-binding peptides from homogenates of gills, gut and kidneys of the freshwater eel Anguilla anguilla. These peptides show identical gel-filtration profiles on Biogel P-6, from which a molecular weight of 3500 was estimated. The average binding constant (Kf) for calcium is 7 . 10(7)M-1, and MgCl2 up to 5 mM does not displace calcium.", "PMID": 708780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3651", "title": "Extraction of mitochondrial proteins by volatile anesthetics.", "content": "Heavy beef heart mitochondria were exposed to controlled concentrations of several volatile anesthetics including halothane, enflurane and chloroform. These anesthetics caused a concentration-dependent release of protein from mitochondria with maximal release occurring at 17.5% halothane and less release at lower and higher concentrations. The proteins released into the supernatants were analyzed by electrophoresis on slab gels containing a 6--20% gradient of acrylamide. The anesthetics caused the release of several polypeptides from mitochondria into the incubation medium; the major polypeptides released had molecular weights of 78 000; 48 000; 47 000; 43 000; 32 000 and 22 000. Two of these were identified by enzyme analysis and by co-electrophoresis with crystalline enzymes as the subunits of aspartate aminotransferase (43 000 daltons; EC 2.6.1.1) and malate dehydrogenase (32 000 daltons; EC 1.1.1.37). Mitochondria exposed to saturated halothane vapors were similar ultrastructurally to controls except that the halothane mitochondria appeared uncoupled. Similar results were obtained with O2 or N2 as carrier gas.", "contents": "Extraction of mitochondrial proteins by volatile anesthetics. Heavy beef heart mitochondria were exposed to controlled concentrations of several volatile anesthetics including halothane, enflurane and chloroform. These anesthetics caused a concentration-dependent release of protein from mitochondria with maximal release occurring at 17.5% halothane and less release at lower and higher concentrations. The proteins released into the supernatants were analyzed by electrophoresis on slab gels containing a 6--20% gradient of acrylamide. The anesthetics caused the release of several polypeptides from mitochondria into the incubation medium; the major polypeptides released had molecular weights of 78 000; 48 000; 47 000; 43 000; 32 000 and 22 000. Two of these were identified by enzyme analysis and by co-electrophoresis with crystalline enzymes as the subunits of aspartate aminotransferase (43 000 daltons; EC 2.6.1.1) and malate dehydrogenase (32 000 daltons; EC 1.1.1.37). Mitochondria exposed to saturated halothane vapors were similar ultrastructurally to controls except that the halothane mitochondria appeared uncoupled. Similar results were obtained with O2 or N2 as carrier gas.", "PMID": 708781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3652", "title": "X-ray crystallographic and molecular orbital studies on the conformation of tryptamine.", "content": "The crystal structure of neutral tryptamine has been determined by X-ray methods. The refinements result in a conventional R value of 0.043. Tryptamine molecules are held together to form layered structures perpendicular to the c axis by van der Waals contacts and by N-H...N type hydrogen bonds. The conformation is similar to that of other cationic tryptamines. By the conformational energy calculation which was carried out by the Complete Neglect of Differential Overlap (CNDO/2) method, it is shown that the folded conformation observed in this crystal structure is attributed mainly to the nature of tryptamine molecule. Furthermore, it seems likely that this conformation is also significant and common in other numerous unsubstituted indolealkylamines, because their conformations are similar to that of the tryptamine.", "contents": "X-ray crystallographic and molecular orbital studies on the conformation of tryptamine. The crystal structure of neutral tryptamine has been determined by X-ray methods. The refinements result in a conventional R value of 0.043. Tryptamine molecules are held together to form layered structures perpendicular to the c axis by van der Waals contacts and by N-H...N type hydrogen bonds. The conformation is similar to that of other cationic tryptamines. By the conformational energy calculation which was carried out by the Complete Neglect of Differential Overlap (CNDO/2) method, it is shown that the folded conformation observed in this crystal structure is attributed mainly to the nature of tryptamine molecule. Furthermore, it seems likely that this conformation is also significant and common in other numerous unsubstituted indolealkylamines, because their conformations are similar to that of the tryptamine.", "PMID": 708782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3653", "title": "The effect of ammonium chloride and glucagon on the metabolism of glutamine in isolated liver cells from starved rats.", "content": "1. Glucagon stimulated gluconeogenesis from glutamine in isolated liver cells to a far greater extent than that from any other amino-acid precursor. 2. Low concentrations of ammonium chloride (less than 1 mM) stimulated glucose production from glutamine. Glucagon further stimulated this glucose production, even in the presence of saturating concentrations of ammonium chloride. 3. In agreement with previous reports, glutamine hydrolysis by isolated mitochondria was found to be stimulated by ammonium chloride. It was found that ammonium chloride activated mitochondrial glutamine hydrolysis at the same concentrations at whict it stimulated glucose production from glutamine in liver cells. The effective activation of glutamine hydrolysis by ammonimum chloride in intact mitochondria was partially inhibited by rotenone and was abolished by uncoupling agents. 4. The addition of glucagon to hepatocytes metabolising glutamine led to a decrease in the intracellular concentration of glutamine and an increase in the intracellular concentration of glutamate. 5. It is likely that glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis from glutamine by mechanisms which are additional to those that may operate in the stimulation of gluconeogenesis from other amino-acid precursors. It is suggested that both ammonium chloride and glucagon exert their effects on glutamine metabolism by increasing the effective activity of mitochondrial glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.2.).", "contents": "The effect of ammonium chloride and glucagon on the metabolism of glutamine in isolated liver cells from starved rats. 1. Glucagon stimulated gluconeogenesis from glutamine in isolated liver cells to a far greater extent than that from any other amino-acid precursor. 2. Low concentrations of ammonium chloride (less than 1 mM) stimulated glucose production from glutamine. Glucagon further stimulated this glucose production, even in the presence of saturating concentrations of ammonium chloride. 3. In agreement with previous reports, glutamine hydrolysis by isolated mitochondria was found to be stimulated by ammonium chloride. It was found that ammonium chloride activated mitochondrial glutamine hydrolysis at the same concentrations at whict it stimulated glucose production from glutamine in liver cells. The effective activation of glutamine hydrolysis by ammonimum chloride in intact mitochondria was partially inhibited by rotenone and was abolished by uncoupling agents. 4. The addition of glucagon to hepatocytes metabolising glutamine led to a decrease in the intracellular concentration of glutamine and an increase in the intracellular concentration of glutamate. 5. It is likely that glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis from glutamine by mechanisms which are additional to those that may operate in the stimulation of gluconeogenesis from other amino-acid precursors. It is suggested that both ammonium chloride and glucagon exert their effects on glutamine metabolism by increasing the effective activity of mitochondrial glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.2.).", "PMID": 708783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3654", "title": "The topology of epoxide hydratase and benzpyrene monooxygenase in the endoplasmic reticulum of rat liver.", "content": "The distributions of benzpyrene monooxygenase and epoxide hydratase in subfractions of liver microsomes from control and from phenobarbital- and methylcholanthrene-treated rats have been investigated. The specific activities of these enzymes in rough and smooth microsomes from control and phenobarbital-treated animals are approximately the same, whereas after methylcholanthrene treatment benzpyrene monooxygenase is four times higher and epoxide hydratase twice as high in the rough vesicles. Further subfractionation of rough and smooth microsomes by rate differential centrifugation revealed the distributions of both enzymes among microsomal vesicles to be highly heterogeneous. Comparison of these distributions leads to the conclusion that the benzpyrene monooxygenase system and epoxide hydratase may form a complex of unique stoichiometry in the membrane of microsomes from control rats, but that such a complex is not consistent with the distributions obtained after methylcholanthrene induction. Studies with proteases and the nonpenetrating chemical reagent diazobenzene sulfonate suggest that epoxide hydratase may be buried deeply in the hydrophobic phase of the membrane of the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "The topology of epoxide hydratase and benzpyrene monooxygenase in the endoplasmic reticulum of rat liver. The distributions of benzpyrene monooxygenase and epoxide hydratase in subfractions of liver microsomes from control and from phenobarbital- and methylcholanthrene-treated rats have been investigated. The specific activities of these enzymes in rough and smooth microsomes from control and phenobarbital-treated animals are approximately the same, whereas after methylcholanthrene treatment benzpyrene monooxygenase is four times higher and epoxide hydratase twice as high in the rough vesicles. Further subfractionation of rough and smooth microsomes by rate differential centrifugation revealed the distributions of both enzymes among microsomal vesicles to be highly heterogeneous. Comparison of these distributions leads to the conclusion that the benzpyrene monooxygenase system and epoxide hydratase may form a complex of unique stoichiometry in the membrane of microsomes from control rats, but that such a complex is not consistent with the distributions obtained after methylcholanthrene induction. Studies with proteases and the nonpenetrating chemical reagent diazobenzene sulfonate suggest that epoxide hydratase may be buried deeply in the hydrophobic phase of the membrane of the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum.", "PMID": 708784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3655", "title": "On the non-ferritin depot iron fraction in the rat liver.", "content": "Liver depot iron can be divided into two fractions: ferritin iron and non-ferritin depot iron. Three methods intended to measure the non-ferritin depot iron in the rat liver were compared using livers of normal rats and livers of rats loaded with iron by transfusion of erythrocytes. Liver depot iron varied between 75 and 850 microgram Fe/g liver. Non-ferritin depot iron, measured as the iron fraction sedimentable at 10 000 x g, was in the range 4--22 microgram Fe/g liver. This fraction did contain ferritin. When measured as the difference between total liver depot iron and heat-stable iron (ferritin iron), the range was 10--270 microgram Fe/g liver but this fraction also includes some ferritin iron. The values derived with both methods were linearly proportional to the total liver depot iron values. Non-ferritin depot iron, when measured as the difference between total liver depot iron and total ferritin iron, ranged from 0 to 190 microgram Fe/g liver. In this last method no ferritin iron is included. This method provides the best estimate of the non-ferritin depot iron fraction. The concentrations obtained with this method were not always linearly proportional to the total liver depot iron concentration. Intravenous injection of rat liver ferritin resulted in a rapid accumulation of ferritin iron in the liver, together with an increase of the non-ferritin depot iron fraction from 18 microgram Fe/g liver to 55 microgram Fe/g liver. This confirms a relationship between ferritin catabolism and the non-ferritin depot iron fraction.", "contents": "On the non-ferritin depot iron fraction in the rat liver. Liver depot iron can be divided into two fractions: ferritin iron and non-ferritin depot iron. Three methods intended to measure the non-ferritin depot iron in the rat liver were compared using livers of normal rats and livers of rats loaded with iron by transfusion of erythrocytes. Liver depot iron varied between 75 and 850 microgram Fe/g liver. Non-ferritin depot iron, measured as the iron fraction sedimentable at 10 000 x g, was in the range 4--22 microgram Fe/g liver. This fraction did contain ferritin. When measured as the difference between total liver depot iron and heat-stable iron (ferritin iron), the range was 10--270 microgram Fe/g liver but this fraction also includes some ferritin iron. The values derived with both methods were linearly proportional to the total liver depot iron values. Non-ferritin depot iron, when measured as the difference between total liver depot iron and total ferritin iron, ranged from 0 to 190 microgram Fe/g liver. In this last method no ferritin iron is included. This method provides the best estimate of the non-ferritin depot iron fraction. The concentrations obtained with this method were not always linearly proportional to the total liver depot iron concentration. Intravenous injection of rat liver ferritin resulted in a rapid accumulation of ferritin iron in the liver, together with an increase of the non-ferritin depot iron fraction from 18 microgram Fe/g liver to 55 microgram Fe/g liver. This confirms a relationship between ferritin catabolism and the non-ferritin depot iron fraction.", "PMID": 708785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3656", "title": "Proton NMR relaxation study of the binding of pyridine and 1-methylimidazole to some ferriporphyrins and to metmyoglobin.", "content": "Proton spin-lattice relaxation times of pyridine and 1-methylimidazole complexed on Fe(III)protoporphyrin IX dimethyl ester, Fe(III)tetraphenylporphyrin in chloroform and on metmyoglobin in 2H2O have been measured. Caused by chemical exchange of the ligand molecules into the bulk solvent phase, the decay of their MZ-magnetization is given by a superposition of two exponentials from which the mean lifetime of the complexed species can be determined. This method offers the possibility to study exchange kinetics of ligand molecules from a well defined molecular configuration. The present data are compared with the results from linewidth measurements of the bulk phase molecules. From both sets of parameters a detailed picture of the ligand exchange can be gained, particularly if spin transition of the paramagnetic organic metal complex occurs, as is the case for some ferriporphyrins. For metmyoglobin, the NMR result is compared with relaxation times extracted from temperature jump experiments under similar conditions.", "contents": "Proton NMR relaxation study of the binding of pyridine and 1-methylimidazole to some ferriporphyrins and to metmyoglobin. Proton spin-lattice relaxation times of pyridine and 1-methylimidazole complexed on Fe(III)protoporphyrin IX dimethyl ester, Fe(III)tetraphenylporphyrin in chloroform and on metmyoglobin in 2H2O have been measured. Caused by chemical exchange of the ligand molecules into the bulk solvent phase, the decay of their MZ-magnetization is given by a superposition of two exponentials from which the mean lifetime of the complexed species can be determined. This method offers the possibility to study exchange kinetics of ligand molecules from a well defined molecular configuration. The present data are compared with the results from linewidth measurements of the bulk phase molecules. From both sets of parameters a detailed picture of the ligand exchange can be gained, particularly if spin transition of the paramagnetic organic metal complex occurs, as is the case for some ferriporphyrins. For metmyoglobin, the NMR result is compared with relaxation times extracted from temperature jump experiments under similar conditions.", "PMID": 708786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3657", "title": "Sex difference in L-glutamine D-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase activity of mouse submandibular gland.", "content": "L-Glutamine D-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose-6-phosphate ketol-isomerase (amino-transferring), EC 5.3.1.19) activities in the three main salivary glands of male and female mice were measured. It was found that the activity in the submandibular gland was about 10 times more in females than in males, whereas the activities in the sublingual and parotid glands of males and females were similar. The activity in the submandibular gland of female mice was not affected appreciably by ovariectomy but it decreased to the level in males on injection of testosterone. The activity in males was not affected appreciably by injection of progesterone or 17beta-estradiol, but it increased to the level in females after castration. The increased activity in castrated male mice was decreased again to the normal level by testosterone injection. Thus, this sex difference is caused by androgen, not by female hormones. On the basis of in vivo experiments using actinomycin D, it was suggested that testosterone produced an \"enzyme inhibitor\", which suppressed the enzyme activity in the submandibular glands of androgen-rich animals.", "contents": "Sex difference in L-glutamine D-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase activity of mouse submandibular gland. L-Glutamine D-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose-6-phosphate ketol-isomerase (amino-transferring), EC 5.3.1.19) activities in the three main salivary glands of male and female mice were measured. It was found that the activity in the submandibular gland was about 10 times more in females than in males, whereas the activities in the sublingual and parotid glands of males and females were similar. The activity in the submandibular gland of female mice was not affected appreciably by ovariectomy but it decreased to the level in males on injection of testosterone. The activity in males was not affected appreciably by injection of progesterone or 17beta-estradiol, but it increased to the level in females after castration. The increased activity in castrated male mice was decreased again to the normal level by testosterone injection. Thus, this sex difference is caused by androgen, not by female hormones. On the basis of in vivo experiments using actinomycin D, it was suggested that testosterone produced an \"enzyme inhibitor\", which suppressed the enzyme activity in the submandibular glands of androgen-rich animals.", "PMID": 708787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3658", "title": "Zinc accumulation and metabolism in primary cultures of adult rat liver cells. Regulation by glucocorticoids.", "content": "Adult rat liver parenchymal cells were isolated by the collagenase perfusion technique and cultured as a monolayer for up to 20 h. The quantity of zinc accumulated from the extracellular environment was significantly increased by adding physiological concentrations of certain glucocorticosteroids to the medium.  The degree of stimulation was directly related to glucocorticoid potency. Sex steroids, certain peptide hormones and prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha did not influence zinc accumulation. Control cells exhibited a decline of zinc accumulation after 4 h in culture although uptake processes were still operative. When dexamethasone, the most potent glucocorticoid used, was present in the medium the cells accumulated zinc at a linear rate greater than that seen in control cells, for at least 20 h. The dexamethasone-induced stimulation of zinc accumulation was relatively specific since 45Ca, 14C-labelled amino acids and [35S]cystine accumulation was not influenced by the hormone. A lag of 4 h was observed before an effect of dexamethasone on zinc accumulation could be detected. Moreover, the hormone-stimulated phase of accumulation was blocked when the cells were simultaneously incubated with either actinomycin D or cycloheximide. The additional complement of zinc accumulated by the dexamethasone-treated cells was localized in the cytosol fraction. Gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography confirmed that this additional cytosol zinc was bound to metallothionein. [35S]Cystine was incorporated into metallothionein in hormone-treated cells indicating that the protein was synthesized de novo during periods of enhanced zinc accumulation.", "contents": "Zinc accumulation and metabolism in primary cultures of adult rat liver cells. Regulation by glucocorticoids. Adult rat liver parenchymal cells were isolated by the collagenase perfusion technique and cultured as a monolayer for up to 20 h. The quantity of zinc accumulated from the extracellular environment was significantly increased by adding physiological concentrations of certain glucocorticosteroids to the medium.  The degree of stimulation was directly related to glucocorticoid potency. Sex steroids, certain peptide hormones and prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha did not influence zinc accumulation. Control cells exhibited a decline of zinc accumulation after 4 h in culture although uptake processes were still operative. When dexamethasone, the most potent glucocorticoid used, was present in the medium the cells accumulated zinc at a linear rate greater than that seen in control cells, for at least 20 h. The dexamethasone-induced stimulation of zinc accumulation was relatively specific since 45Ca, 14C-labelled amino acids and [35S]cystine accumulation was not influenced by the hormone. A lag of 4 h was observed before an effect of dexamethasone on zinc accumulation could be detected. Moreover, the hormone-stimulated phase of accumulation was blocked when the cells were simultaneously incubated with either actinomycin D or cycloheximide. The additional complement of zinc accumulated by the dexamethasone-treated cells was localized in the cytosol fraction. Gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography confirmed that this additional cytosol zinc was bound to metallothionein. [35S]Cystine was incorporated into metallothionein in hormone-treated cells indicating that the protein was synthesized de novo during periods of enhanced zinc accumulation.", "PMID": 708788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3659", "title": "Effects of antihypertensive drugs on hepatic heme biosynthesis, and evaluation of ferrochelatase inhibitors to simplify testing of drugs for heme pathway induction.", "content": "Effects of a series of antihypertensive drugs on the activity of delta-aminolevulinate synthase and on the formation of porphyrins and cytochrome P-450 were examined in the 18-day-old chick embryo liver in ovo. Hydralazine, pargyline, phenoxybenzamine, clonidine, and spironolactone were found to induce delta-aminolevulinate synthase in this system. These drugs therefore have the potential to precipitate clinical expression in human hereditary hepatic porphyrias and should be avoided or used with caution in patients with these disorders. Differential effects of these and other drugs were observed in the avian liver, in that delta-aminolevulinate synthase was more commonly induced than were porphyrins and cytochrome P-450; the synthase was usually highest 6-12 h after injection, whereas porphyrins and cytochrome P-450 were highest at 24 h. Furthermore marked porphyrin accumulation was not seen with many drugs that induce delta-aminolevulinate synthase and cytochrome P-450 but was more characteristic of compounds that reduced the metabolism of protoporphyrin to heme, such as 1,4-dihydro-3,5-dicarbethoxycollidine (DDC) and high doese of hydralazine. A sensitive and convenient method to test for capacity to induce heme biosynthesis was adapted for use in the chick embryo liver. This employed a relatively small \"priming\" dose (0.25 mg) of DDC given with a drug being tested and a fluorometric assay of porphyrins in a liver homogenate obtained at 24 h. This simple method should facilitate screening for those drugs which induce the synthesis of delta-aminolevulinate synthase and/or cytochrome P-450 and are potentially dangerous to patients with hereditary hepatic porphyria.", "contents": "Effects of antihypertensive drugs on hepatic heme biosynthesis, and evaluation of ferrochelatase inhibitors to simplify testing of drugs for heme pathway induction. Effects of a series of antihypertensive drugs on the activity of delta-aminolevulinate synthase and on the formation of porphyrins and cytochrome P-450 were examined in the 18-day-old chick embryo liver in ovo. Hydralazine, pargyline, phenoxybenzamine, clonidine, and spironolactone were found to induce delta-aminolevulinate synthase in this system. These drugs therefore have the potential to precipitate clinical expression in human hereditary hepatic porphyrias and should be avoided or used with caution in patients with these disorders. Differential effects of these and other drugs were observed in the avian liver, in that delta-aminolevulinate synthase was more commonly induced than were porphyrins and cytochrome P-450; the synthase was usually highest 6-12 h after injection, whereas porphyrins and cytochrome P-450 were highest at 24 h. Furthermore marked porphyrin accumulation was not seen with many drugs that induce delta-aminolevulinate synthase and cytochrome P-450 but was more characteristic of compounds that reduced the metabolism of protoporphyrin to heme, such as 1,4-dihydro-3,5-dicarbethoxycollidine (DDC) and high doese of hydralazine. A sensitive and convenient method to test for capacity to induce heme biosynthesis was adapted for use in the chick embryo liver. This employed a relatively small \"priming\" dose (0.25 mg) of DDC given with a drug being tested and a fluorometric assay of porphyrins in a liver homogenate obtained at 24 h. This simple method should facilitate screening for those drugs which induce the synthesis of delta-aminolevulinate synthase and/or cytochrome P-450 and are potentially dangerous to patients with hereditary hepatic porphyria.", "PMID": 708789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3660", "title": "Binding of N5,N10-methylene tetrahydrofolate and the inhibition of thymidylate synthesis by a folate-binding protein.", "content": "A mixture of two ionic forms of a folate-binding protein purified from chronic myelogenous leukemia cells reversibly binds N5,N10-methylene tetrahydrofolate and prevents the coupling of this cofactor to thymidylate synthetase in a terniary complex with fluorodeoxyuridylate. The binding protein also inhibits the enzymic synthesis of thymidine monophosphate by preventing the methylation of deoxyuridylate. These findings suggest that one function of the folate-binding protein may be to regulate the intracellular concentration of free folate cofactors and, thereby, modulate their functional activity.", "contents": "Binding of N5,N10-methylene tetrahydrofolate and the inhibition of thymidylate synthesis by a folate-binding protein. A mixture of two ionic forms of a folate-binding protein purified from chronic myelogenous leukemia cells reversibly binds N5,N10-methylene tetrahydrofolate and prevents the coupling of this cofactor to thymidylate synthetase in a terniary complex with fluorodeoxyuridylate. The binding protein also inhibits the enzymic synthesis of thymidine monophosphate by preventing the methylation of deoxyuridylate. These findings suggest that one function of the folate-binding protein may be to regulate the intracellular concentration of free folate cofactors and, thereby, modulate their functional activity.", "PMID": 708790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3661", "title": "Interactions between insulins and liver membrane receptors of guinea pig, calf and chicken. Exclusion of a species-specific insulin receptor.", "content": "Insulin binding experiments were performed with liver plasma membranes from guinea pig, calf and chicken. Bound insulin was separated from free insulin by a simple and rapid centrifugation of membranes through a layer of silicon oil. 125 I-labeled beef insulin was displaced from receptor sites by unlabelled guinea pig, beef and chicken insulin. The receptors of animals with insulins of different biological activity show similar basic characteristics and affinities to the different insulin molecules and thus are not specialised for the interactions with the homologous insulin molecule. The binding capacity of the membranes for beef insulin seems to be inversely related to the affinity of the homologous insulin to the receptor, guinea pig membranes showing the highest and chicken membranes the lowest receptor concentration.", "contents": "Interactions between insulins and liver membrane receptors of guinea pig, calf and chicken. Exclusion of a species-specific insulin receptor. Insulin binding experiments were performed with liver plasma membranes from guinea pig, calf and chicken. Bound insulin was separated from free insulin by a simple and rapid centrifugation of membranes through a layer of silicon oil. 125 I-labeled beef insulin was displaced from receptor sites by unlabelled guinea pig, beef and chicken insulin. The receptors of animals with insulins of different biological activity show similar basic characteristics and affinities to the different insulin molecules and thus are not specialised for the interactions with the homologous insulin molecule. The binding capacity of the membranes for beef insulin seems to be inversely related to the affinity of the homologous insulin to the receptor, guinea pig membranes showing the highest and chicken membranes the lowest receptor concentration.", "PMID": 708791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3662", "title": "Carbohydrate composition of cells and plasma membranes of Dictyostelium discoideum at selected stages of development.", "content": "Cells of Distyostelium discoideum representing four developmental stages were auto-analysed for constituent monosaccharides and their compositions compared. Rhamnose, ribose, fucose, glucose, mannose, galactose, glucosamine, galactosamine and an unidentified sugar were recovered after hydrolysis in 2 M HCl for 2 h at 100 degrees C. The relative proportions of the individual sugars were found to vary as a function of development. The largest variations were in the proportions contributed by galactose (from 2% of vegetative cell carbohydrate to 12% of the carbohydrate of fruiting bodies) and galactosamine (present in measurable quantity only in fruiting bodies). Plasma membrane \"ghosts\" were found to have the same monosaccharide constituents as whole cells, but in different proportions. Mannose contributed over 24% of the total carbohydrate recovered from aggregating cell \"ghosts\", but only 13% of carbohydrate recovered from \"ghosts\" prepared from vegetative cells. Galactose was the most abundant sugar recovered from vegetative \"ghosts\", and was second only to mannose in aggregating \"ghosts\".", "contents": "Carbohydrate composition of cells and plasma membranes of Dictyostelium discoideum at selected stages of development. Cells of Distyostelium discoideum representing four developmental stages were auto-analysed for constituent monosaccharides and their compositions compared. Rhamnose, ribose, fucose, glucose, mannose, galactose, glucosamine, galactosamine and an unidentified sugar were recovered after hydrolysis in 2 M HCl for 2 h at 100 degrees C. The relative proportions of the individual sugars were found to vary as a function of development. The largest variations were in the proportions contributed by galactose (from 2% of vegetative cell carbohydrate to 12% of the carbohydrate of fruiting bodies) and galactosamine (present in measurable quantity only in fruiting bodies). Plasma membrane \"ghosts\" were found to have the same monosaccharide constituents as whole cells, but in different proportions. Mannose contributed over 24% of the total carbohydrate recovered from aggregating cell \"ghosts\", but only 13% of carbohydrate recovered from \"ghosts\" prepared from vegetative cells. Galactose was the most abundant sugar recovered from vegetative \"ghosts\", and was second only to mannose in aggregating \"ghosts\".", "PMID": 708792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3663", "title": "Testosterone-induced proton release and inhibition of tryptic hydrolysis of albumin.", "content": "Further investigation of the effect of bound testosterone on the susceptibility of human serum albumin to tryptic hydrolysis has revealed a stimulation of hydrolysis at low binding levels, becoming an inhibition at higher binding levels. The inhibition, but not the stimulation, is associated with a two-stage steroid-induced proton release phenomenon which may involve the cysteine (SH) group and tyrosine residues. Proton release is also induced by Ca2+ and ethanol. The nature of the effect and the influence of Ca2+ suggests that stimulation of hydrolysis is associated with the presence of one molecule of testosterone and inhibition with the presence of 2-5 molecules at a set of sites which are thermodynamically equivalent.", "contents": "Testosterone-induced proton release and inhibition of tryptic hydrolysis of albumin. Further investigation of the effect of bound testosterone on the susceptibility of human serum albumin to tryptic hydrolysis has revealed a stimulation of hydrolysis at low binding levels, becoming an inhibition at higher binding levels. The inhibition, but not the stimulation, is associated with a two-stage steroid-induced proton release phenomenon which may involve the cysteine (SH) group and tyrosine residues. Proton release is also induced by Ca2+ and ethanol. The nature of the effect and the influence of Ca2+ suggests that stimulation of hydrolysis is associated with the presence of one molecule of testosterone and inhibition with the presence of 2-5 molecules at a set of sites which are thermodynamically equivalent.", "PMID": 708793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3664", "title": "Assessment of plasminogen synthesis in vitro by mouse tumor cells using a competition radioimmunoassay for mouse plasminogen.", "content": "A sensitive, specific competition radioimmunoassay for mouse plasmin(ogen) has been developed in order to determine whether mouse tumor cells can synthesize plasminogen in vitro. The rabbit anti-BALB/c mouse plasminogen antibodies used in the assay react with the plasminogen present in serum from BALB/c, C3H, AKR and C57BL/6 mice, and also recognized mouse plasmin. The competition radioimmunoassay can detect as little as 50 ng of mouse plasminogen. No competition was observed with preparations of fetal calf, human and rabbit plasminogens. A variety of virus-transformed and mouse tumor cell lines were all found to contain less than 100 ng mouse plasminogen/mg of cell extract protein. Thus, if the plasminogen activator/plasmin system is important in the growth or movement of this group of tumor cells, the cells will be dependent upon the circulatory system of the host for their plasminogen supply.", "contents": "Assessment of plasminogen synthesis in vitro by mouse tumor cells using a competition radioimmunoassay for mouse plasminogen. A sensitive, specific competition radioimmunoassay for mouse plasmin(ogen) has been developed in order to determine whether mouse tumor cells can synthesize plasminogen in vitro. The rabbit anti-BALB/c mouse plasminogen antibodies used in the assay react with the plasminogen present in serum from BALB/c, C3H, AKR and C57BL/6 mice, and also recognized mouse plasmin. The competition radioimmunoassay can detect as little as 50 ng of mouse plasminogen. No competition was observed with preparations of fetal calf, human and rabbit plasminogens. A variety of virus-transformed and mouse tumor cell lines were all found to contain less than 100 ng mouse plasminogen/mg of cell extract protein. Thus, if the plasminogen activator/plasmin system is important in the growth or movement of this group of tumor cells, the cells will be dependent upon the circulatory system of the host for their plasminogen supply.", "PMID": 708794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3665", "title": "A constant-volume ultrafiltration technique for the calculation of equilbrium binding data.", "content": "A constant-volume ultrafiltration technique is described, and details of its assessment presented. The retention characteristics of two membranes were evaluated using molecules of known molecular weight. The technique is rapid, precise, economical of material and yields equilibrium data. In these respects, it compares favourably with conventional techniques such as equilibrium dialysis.", "contents": "A constant-volume ultrafiltration technique for the calculation of equilbrium binding data. A constant-volume ultrafiltration technique is described, and details of its assessment presented. The retention characteristics of two membranes were evaluated using molecules of known molecular weight. The technique is rapid, precise, economical of material and yields equilibrium data. In these respects, it compares favourably with conventional techniques such as equilibrium dialysis.", "PMID": 708795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3666", "title": "[The hemoglobin molecule from a cybernetic and thermodynamic point of view (author's transl)].", "content": "The biological macromolecule hemoglobin (Hb) represents a reversibly functioning molecular machine. The Hb molecule is engaged in inner or structural work, which is cyclic in nature and is regulated through an exchange with the external milieu, of warmth and matter. The endothermic process of deoxygenation requires an external milieu that gives off warmth and that absorbs oxygen; the exothermic process of oxygenation, on the other hand, requires an external milieu that absorbs warmth and gives up oxygen. The Hb molecule exists in two extreme states: in a signal state for oxygenation and in a target state for deoxygenation. The transition from the signal to the target state occurs via the information process that is coupled to the structural work of the Hb molecule, whereby the absorbed warmth is converted via the structural work, without loss of energy, into the structural energy of the Hb molecule.", "contents": "[The hemoglobin molecule from a cybernetic and thermodynamic point of view (author's transl)]. The biological macromolecule hemoglobin (Hb) represents a reversibly functioning molecular machine. The Hb molecule is engaged in inner or structural work, which is cyclic in nature and is regulated through an exchange with the external milieu, of warmth and matter. The endothermic process of deoxygenation requires an external milieu that gives off warmth and that absorbs oxygen; the exothermic process of oxygenation, on the other hand, requires an external milieu that absorbs warmth and gives up oxygen. The Hb molecule exists in two extreme states: in a signal state for oxygenation and in a target state for deoxygenation. The transition from the signal to the target state occurs via the information process that is coupled to the structural work of the Hb molecule, whereby the absorbed warmth is converted via the structural work, without loss of energy, into the structural energy of the Hb molecule.", "PMID": 708796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3667", "title": "Visual detection of spatial contrast; influence of location in the visual field, target extent and illuminance level.", "content": "A model is proposed that permits the prediction of contrast detection thresholds for arbitrary spatial patterns. The influence of the inhomogeneous structure of the visual field and a form of spatial integration are incorporated in the model. A hypothetical density function for the spatial sampling units, which specifies the distribution of these units with respect to both size and location, is described. The density function is compared with anatomical and electrophysiological knowledge of the density of retinal and cortical receptive fields. This density function permits a particularly lucid interpretation in terms of pattern processing. It can be considered as a system that permits simultaneous global and focal views of the surroundings. Thedensity function, together with a schematized adaptation behaviour of single units, and an incoherent summation rule permit us to calculate a measure of the mass response, and consequently the threshold function. Predictions of the model are compared with recently obtained psychophysical data. In particular an explanation is offered for certain invariance properties of spatial contrast detection that seems to possess promising generality.", "contents": "Visual detection of spatial contrast; influence of location in the visual field, target extent and illuminance level. A model is proposed that permits the prediction of contrast detection thresholds for arbitrary spatial patterns. The influence of the inhomogeneous structure of the visual field and a form of spatial integration are incorporated in the model. A hypothetical density function for the spatial sampling units, which specifies the distribution of these units with respect to both size and location, is described. The density function is compared with anatomical and electrophysiological knowledge of the density of retinal and cortical receptive fields. This density function permits a particularly lucid interpretation in terms of pattern processing. It can be considered as a system that permits simultaneous global and focal views of the surroundings. Thedensity function, together with a schematized adaptation behaviour of single units, and an incoherent summation rule permit us to calculate a measure of the mass response, and consequently the threshold function. Predictions of the model are compared with recently obtained psychophysical data. In particular an explanation is offered for certain invariance properties of spatial contrast detection that seems to possess promising generality.", "PMID": 708798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3668", "title": "Physiological model analysis of involuntary human-voice tremor.", "content": "Frequency variations in the human voice result from voluntary and involuntary changes in the parameters of the vocal system. The present work deals with involuntary frequency perturbations from two theoretical aspects: 1) the influence of pitch period variations on frequency changes in the band-limited signal which results from the resonant characteristics of the vocal tract; 2) the physiological parameters of the vocal system which are potentially able to govern involuntary frequency changes. It is shown that the modulation function of the vocal-cord wave can theoretically be derived from its harmonics using FM demodulation techniques, and that higher distortion may appear at higher harmonics. It is also shown that involuntary geometirical changes of the vocal tract and its terminal impedance as well as tension and initial-area changes of the vocal cord--changes well within the physiological range--can influence frequency changes in the human voice. The present results are correlated with our reported experimental findings on involuntary voice tremor, used in psychological stress evaluation. The role of the central nervous system, and possible mechanisms for these phenomena, are discussed.", "contents": "Physiological model analysis of involuntary human-voice tremor. Frequency variations in the human voice result from voluntary and involuntary changes in the parameters of the vocal system. The present work deals with involuntary frequency perturbations from two theoretical aspects: 1) the influence of pitch period variations on frequency changes in the band-limited signal which results from the resonant characteristics of the vocal tract; 2) the physiological parameters of the vocal system which are potentially able to govern involuntary frequency changes. It is shown that the modulation function of the vocal-cord wave can theoretically be derived from its harmonics using FM demodulation techniques, and that higher distortion may appear at higher harmonics. It is also shown that involuntary geometirical changes of the vocal tract and its terminal impedance as well as tension and initial-area changes of the vocal cord--changes well within the physiological range--can influence frequency changes in the human voice. The present results are correlated with our reported experimental findings on involuntary voice tremor, used in psychological stress evaluation. The role of the central nervous system, and possible mechanisms for these phenomena, are discussed.", "PMID": 708799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3669", "title": "A model for light adaptation: producing Weber's law with bleaching-type kinetics.", "content": "An \"adaptation model\" having two stages is introduced and its mathematical properties are examined. The two stages are the \"adaptive process\" (parameter Kb), which has bleaching-type kinetics, and the \"response function\" (parameters Kr and n), which incorporates response saturation. In order to study the increment threshold functions generated by the \"adaptation model\" the concept of a \"detector\" is required. It is demonstrated that without an adaptive process the compression hypothesis, in the form of the \"difference equation\", produces increment threshold functions which saturate and do not obey Weber's law. It is then shown that an adaptive process with bleaching-type kinetics can prevent saturation and produce Weber's law behavior provided that the \"adaptive strength\" of the system exceeds the \"detector sensitivity\".", "contents": "A model for light adaptation: producing Weber's law with bleaching-type kinetics. An \"adaptation model\" having two stages is introduced and its mathematical properties are examined. The two stages are the \"adaptive process\" (parameter Kb), which has bleaching-type kinetics, and the \"response function\" (parameters Kr and n), which incorporates response saturation. In order to study the increment threshold functions generated by the \"adaptation model\" the concept of a \"detector\" is required. It is demonstrated that without an adaptive process the compression hypothesis, in the form of the \"difference equation\", produces increment threshold functions which saturate and do not obey Weber's law. It is then shown that an adaptive process with bleaching-type kinetics can prevent saturation and produce Weber's law behavior provided that the \"adaptive strength\" of the system exceeds the \"detector sensitivity\".", "PMID": 708800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3670", "title": "On the interaction between the central nervous system and the peripheral motor system.", "content": "The problem of the control of voluntary human movements is considered from a cybernetic point of view. The human motor system is considered to be divided into a central part and a peripheral part. The peripheral part is relatively well known and may be regarded as a set of subsystems with well known input-output relations. The interaction between the peripheral part and the central part is related to the mechanisms of the peripheral motor part. With regard to the central part two different types of control mechanisms are possible, a) an intricate functioning of the central part which generates the control signals with regard to internal and extrenal dynamical factors, b) the central part has some degree of independence with respect to the dynamics of the peripheral motor part. In the latter case the central part prescribes the desired movement exactly, but the final performance of the movement is also brought about by peripheral feed-back mechanisms. As a functional form of the interaction between the central part and the peripheral part it might be that the control signals are encoded in a way that is related to the muscle lengths.", "contents": "On the interaction between the central nervous system and the peripheral motor system. The problem of the control of voluntary human movements is considered from a cybernetic point of view. The human motor system is considered to be divided into a central part and a peripheral part. The peripheral part is relatively well known and may be regarded as a set of subsystems with well known input-output relations. The interaction between the peripheral part and the central part is related to the mechanisms of the peripheral motor part. With regard to the central part two different types of control mechanisms are possible, a) an intricate functioning of the central part which generates the control signals with regard to internal and extrenal dynamical factors, b) the central part has some degree of independence with respect to the dynamics of the peripheral motor part. In the latter case the central part prescribes the desired movement exactly, but the final performance of the movement is also brought about by peripheral feed-back mechanisms. As a functional form of the interaction between the central part and the peripheral part it might be that the control signals are encoded in a way that is related to the muscle lengths.", "PMID": 708801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3671", "title": "Is the adaptation model a valid description of the vestibulo-ocular reflex?", "content": "The pendulum model of the vestibulo-ocular reflex, including the effects of adaptation, has been evaluated using the responses of 36 normal subjects to impulsive stimuli of 128 and 256 degree/s. Estimates of the model parameters such as the time constants, the slow velocity threshold, and the minimum stimulus required to produce an after-nystagmus have been obtained using a new analytical technique. Although some of the data support the validity of the adaptation model, evidence is presented to demonstrate that the overall applicability of the model is limited.", "contents": "Is the adaptation model a valid description of the vestibulo-ocular reflex? The pendulum model of the vestibulo-ocular reflex, including the effects of adaptation, has been evaluated using the responses of 36 normal subjects to impulsive stimuli of 128 and 256 degree/s. Estimates of the model parameters such as the time constants, the slow velocity threshold, and the minimum stimulus required to produce an after-nystagmus have been obtained using a new analytical technique. Although some of the data support the validity of the adaptation model, evidence is presented to demonstrate that the overall applicability of the model is limited.", "PMID": 708802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3672", "title": "A study of the motor unit action potential by means of computer simulation.", "content": "In order to study the motor unit action potential a computer stimulation model was developed. It is based on the superposition of single muscle fibre potentials of the fibres belonging to the motor unit. The parameters which characterize each fibre (spatial position, diameter, and a dispersion of arrival time of the potential at the electrode) are chosen from statistical distributions which can be derived from anatomical and physiological data. The electrode type, position and dimensions can be specified. Simulated motor unit action potentials are presented in the time and frequency domain. The stimulation results refer to  (1) the influence of the electrode position and dimensions with respect to the motor unit territory, (2) the meaning of this model for the study of pathological phenomena, (3) the variability of some parameters characterizing the motor unit, (4) the selectivity of uni- and bipolar electrodes and finally (5) the influence of the geometrical situation of the motor end-plates within the muscle, on the shape of motor unit action potentials.", "contents": "A study of the motor unit action potential by means of computer simulation. In order to study the motor unit action potential a computer stimulation model was developed. It is based on the superposition of single muscle fibre potentials of the fibres belonging to the motor unit. The parameters which characterize each fibre (spatial position, diameter, and a dispersion of arrival time of the potential at the electrode) are chosen from statistical distributions which can be derived from anatomical and physiological data. The electrode type, position and dimensions can be specified. Simulated motor unit action potentials are presented in the time and frequency domain. The stimulation results refer to  (1) the influence of the electrode position and dimensions with respect to the motor unit territory, (2) the meaning of this model for the study of pathological phenomena, (3) the variability of some parameters characterizing the motor unit, (4) the selectivity of uni- and bipolar electrodes and finally (5) the influence of the geometrical situation of the motor end-plates within the muscle, on the shape of motor unit action potentials.", "PMID": 708803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3673", "title": "Anistropic connectivity and cooperative phenomena as a basis for orientation sensitivity in the visual cortex.", "content": "A computer simulation model of the neural circuity underlying orientation sensitivity in cortical neurons is examined. The model consists of a network of 3000 neurons divided into two functionally distinct cell types: excitatory (E-cells) and inhibitory (I-cells). We demonstrate that both orientation sensitivity and shape selectivity can be accounted for by making the following assumptions: 1) thalamic afferents to a sheet of cortical neurons are retinotopically organized; 2) thalamic afferents come from a single neuron, or at most a few neurons, in the lateral geniculate nucleus; 3) cortical activity is cooperative, i.e. largely dependent on intracortical connections, some of which have anisotropies along directions parallel to the pial surface. Anisotropies are specified only by the distribution of cells which are postsynaptic to a particular neuron, without specifying the axonal or dendritic contributions. In this paper, orientation sensitivity arises through cooperative interactions among neurons having anisotropic excitatory, and isotropic inhibitory connections.", "contents": "Anistropic connectivity and cooperative phenomena as a basis for orientation sensitivity in the visual cortex. A computer simulation model of the neural circuity underlying orientation sensitivity in cortical neurons is examined. The model consists of a network of 3000 neurons divided into two functionally distinct cell types: excitatory (E-cells) and inhibitory (I-cells). We demonstrate that both orientation sensitivity and shape selectivity can be accounted for by making the following assumptions: 1) thalamic afferents to a sheet of cortical neurons are retinotopically organized; 2) thalamic afferents come from a single neuron, or at most a few neurons, in the lateral geniculate nucleus; 3) cortical activity is cooperative, i.e. largely dependent on intracortical connections, some of which have anisotropies along directions parallel to the pial surface. Anisotropies are specified only by the distribution of cells which are postsynaptic to a particular neuron, without specifying the axonal or dendritic contributions. In this paper, orientation sensitivity arises through cooperative interactions among neurons having anisotropic excitatory, and isotropic inhibitory connections.", "PMID": 708804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3674", "title": "Biological oscillators can be stopped--topological study of a phase response care.", "content": "Many biological oscillators are stable against noise and perturbation (e.g. circadian rhythms, biochemical oscillators, pacemaker neurons, bursting neurons and neural networks with periodic outputs). The experiment of phase shifts resulting from discrete perturbation of stable biological rhythms was developed by Perkel and coworkers (Perkel et al., 1964). By these methods, they could get important insights into the entrainment behaviors of biological rhythms. Phase response curves, which are  measured in these experiments, can be classified into two types. The one is the curve with one mapping degree (Type 1), and the other is that with zero mapping degree (Type 0) (Winfree, 1970). We define the phase response curve mathematically, and explain the difference between these two types by the homotopy theory. Moreover, we prove that, if a Type 0 curve is obtained at a certain magnitude of perturbation, there exists at least one lower magnitude for which the phase response curve cannot be measured. Some applications of these theoretical results are presented.", "contents": "Biological oscillators can be stopped--topological study of a phase response care. Many biological oscillators are stable against noise and perturbation (e.g. circadian rhythms, biochemical oscillators, pacemaker neurons, bursting neurons and neural networks with periodic outputs). The experiment of phase shifts resulting from discrete perturbation of stable biological rhythms was developed by Perkel and coworkers (Perkel et al., 1964). By these methods, they could get important insights into the entrainment behaviors of biological rhythms. Phase response curves, which are  measured in these experiments, can be classified into two types. The one is the curve with one mapping degree (Type 1), and the other is that with zero mapping degree (Type 0) (Winfree, 1970). We define the phase response curve mathematically, and explain the difference between these two types by the homotopy theory. Moreover, we prove that, if a Type 0 curve is obtained at a certain magnitude of perturbation, there exists at least one lower magnitude for which the phase response curve cannot be measured. Some applications of these theoretical results are presented.", "PMID": 708805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3675", "title": "Psychopathy and electrodermal responses to nonsignal stimulation.", "content": "Electrodermal activity was monitored while 64 prison inmates were presented with a random series of fast and slow rise-time tones ranging in intensity from 80 to 120dB. The inmates were divided into groups on the basis of global ratings of psychopathy and scores on the Socialization (Os) scale. The group considered to be most psychopathic (high ratings of psychopathy and low So scores) gave smaller skin conductance responses than did the other groups, but only to the 120dB tones. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that psychopaths are electrodermally hyporesponsive to intense nonsignal stimuli. High ratings of psychopathy were associated with slow recovery of the skin conductance response, but only with the 120dB fast rise-time tones, and only in the left hand.", "contents": "Psychopathy and electrodermal responses to nonsignal stimulation. Electrodermal activity was monitored while 64 prison inmates were presented with a random series of fast and slow rise-time tones ranging in intensity from 80 to 120dB. The inmates were divided into groups on the basis of global ratings of psychopathy and scores on the Socialization (Os) scale. The group considered to be most psychopathic (high ratings of psychopathy and low So scores) gave smaller skin conductance responses than did the other groups, but only to the 120dB tones. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that psychopaths are electrodermally hyporesponsive to intense nonsignal stimuli. High ratings of psychopathy were associated with slow recovery of the skin conductance response, but only with the 120dB fast rise-time tones, and only in the left hand.", "PMID": 708810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3676", "title": "Development of bidirectional operant modifications of the cephalic vasomotor response employing a positive reinforcer.", "content": "The purpose of the present investigation was to assess the effectiveness of a positive reinforcer in the bidirectional operant conditioning of the cephalic vasomotor response and to study the development, across sessions, of operant control over this response. To this end, 24 male, Caucasian subjects participated in five daily sessions (two shaping sessions and three operant control sessions) during which they were reinforced for producing either vasodilations (N = 12) or vasoconstrictions (N = 12) of the temporal artery. The results clearly demonstrated that the cephalic vascular responses can be brought under some degree of operant control employing a positive reinforcement paradigm and further that such control over cephalic vasoconstriction developed more rapidly than did operant control of cephalic vasodilation. Some evidence is presented to support a cognitive mediation effect.", "contents": "Development of bidirectional operant modifications of the cephalic vasomotor response employing a positive reinforcer. The purpose of the present investigation was to assess the effectiveness of a positive reinforcer in the bidirectional operant conditioning of the cephalic vasomotor response and to study the development, across sessions, of operant control over this response. To this end, 24 male, Caucasian subjects participated in five daily sessions (two shaping sessions and three operant control sessions) during which they were reinforced for producing either vasodilations (N = 12) or vasoconstrictions (N = 12) of the temporal artery. The results clearly demonstrated that the cephalic vascular responses can be brought under some degree of operant control employing a positive reinforcement paradigm and further that such control over cephalic vasoconstriction developed more rapidly than did operant control of cephalic vasodilation. Some evidence is presented to support a cognitive mediation effect.", "PMID": 708811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3677", "title": "Physiological response patterning in short--and long--term heart rate control training.", "content": "The present investigation assessed the physiological response patterns which accompany heart-rate control performance, both early and late in training. Six subjects were employed who received six heart-rate control training sessions, half of which were speeding sessions and half of which were slowing. Heart rate, skin resistance, frontalis EMG, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and respiration rate were continuously recorded throughout all training sessions. Results indicated that the physiological response topography during heart-rate control performance changes from early to late training. Moreover, the changes are different for speeding and slowing performance, suggesting the involvement of different underlying physiological mechanisms in the two tasks.", "contents": "Physiological response patterning in short--and long--term heart rate control training. The present investigation assessed the physiological response patterns which accompany heart-rate control performance, both early and late in training. Six subjects were employed who received six heart-rate control training sessions, half of which were speeding sessions and half of which were slowing. Heart rate, skin resistance, frontalis EMG, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and respiration rate were continuously recorded throughout all training sessions. Results indicated that the physiological response topography during heart-rate control performance changes from early to late training. Moreover, the changes are different for speeding and slowing performance, suggesting the involvement of different underlying physiological mechanisms in the two tasks.", "PMID": 708812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3678", "title": "Interhemispheric asymmetries in the visual evoked response: effects of stimulus lateralisation and task.", "content": "VER's were elicited by briefly presented lateralised letters in two experiments. In experiment 1 the subjects engaged in verbal processing of the letters and in experiment 2 they engaged in visuospatial processing. In both experiments the latencies of the first two components of the VER's were consistent with previous findings and with the anatomy of the retino-cortical visual pathways. The pattern of hemisphere asymmetries of the amplitudes of the middle and late components differed in the two experiments in that (i) in the second experiment the amplitude of the middle component from the left hemisphere did not vary with field of stimulus presentation although this was the case in the first experiment and (ii) a hemisphere asymmetry (left greater than right) was observed in the late component only in the second experiment. The results are interpreted as evidence of difference in the cerebral processing of the stimuli in respect of the task demands of the two experiments.", "contents": "Interhemispheric asymmetries in the visual evoked response: effects of stimulus lateralisation and task. VER's were elicited by briefly presented lateralised letters in two experiments. In experiment 1 the subjects engaged in verbal processing of the letters and in experiment 2 they engaged in visuospatial processing. In both experiments the latencies of the first two components of the VER's were consistent with previous findings and with the anatomy of the retino-cortical visual pathways. The pattern of hemisphere asymmetries of the amplitudes of the middle and late components differed in the two experiments in that (i) in the second experiment the amplitude of the middle component from the left hemisphere did not vary with field of stimulus presentation although this was the case in the first experiment and (ii) a hemisphere asymmetry (left greater than right) was observed in the late component only in the second experiment. The results are interpreted as evidence of difference in the cerebral processing of the stimuli in respect of the task demands of the two experiments.", "PMID": 708813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3679", "title": "Circadian variation in performance, subjective sleepiness, sleep, and oral temperature during an altered sleep-wake schedule.", "content": "The effect of an altered sleep-wake schedule on the interrelation of oral temperature, performance, and sleepiness was studied in 38 male Naval volunteers who maintained a 60 min treatment--160 min testing schedule for 40 consecutive hrs. During the 60 min treatment portion of each epoch, 8 subjected napped, 10 subjects exercised, and 20 subjects rested in bed. Sleep measures (for the nap subjects), oral temperature, performance on several tests, and Stanford Sleepiness Scale ratings were obtained at 10 equidistant intervals throughout the 40-hr period. Within-subject correlations showed that minimum oral temperature was significantly associated with maximum nap sleep time, errors on a vigilance task, and sleepiness ratings. In the nap subjects, errors and sleepiness ratings were highest following naps with high total sleep time, suggesting that sleep was detrimental to immediately subsequent performance and alertness. The distribution and interrelation of temperature, errors, and sleepiness, however, was similar in the three groups; this indicated that the synchronous circadian variation in these measures was responsible for the apparent detrimental effect of sleep in the nap subjects. When the diurnal effect was removed by holding time of day constant, the correlations among the variables fell to near-zero, indicating no causal relationship among the variables independent of the circadian rhythm.", "contents": "Circadian variation in performance, subjective sleepiness, sleep, and oral temperature during an altered sleep-wake schedule. The effect of an altered sleep-wake schedule on the interrelation of oral temperature, performance, and sleepiness was studied in 38 male Naval volunteers who maintained a 60 min treatment--160 min testing schedule for 40 consecutive hrs. During the 60 min treatment portion of each epoch, 8 subjected napped, 10 subjects exercised, and 20 subjects rested in bed. Sleep measures (for the nap subjects), oral temperature, performance on several tests, and Stanford Sleepiness Scale ratings were obtained at 10 equidistant intervals throughout the 40-hr period. Within-subject correlations showed that minimum oral temperature was significantly associated with maximum nap sleep time, errors on a vigilance task, and sleepiness ratings. In the nap subjects, errors and sleepiness ratings were highest following naps with high total sleep time, suggesting that sleep was detrimental to immediately subsequent performance and alertness. The distribution and interrelation of temperature, errors, and sleepiness, however, was similar in the three groups; this indicated that the synchronous circadian variation in these measures was responsible for the apparent detrimental effect of sleep in the nap subjects. When the diurnal effect was removed by holding time of day constant, the correlations among the variables fell to near-zero, indicating no causal relationship among the variables independent of the circadian rhythm.", "PMID": 708814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3680", "title": "Magnetic relaxation analysis of dynamic processes in macromolecules in the pico- to microsecond range.", "content": "A formalism based on the theory of Markov processes and suitable for the analysis of multiple internal motions in macromolecules is presented. Computer calculations of specific motional models for (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation, treated as special cases of the proposed formalism, demonstrate the potential of this approach for discriminating between different motional models on the basis of NMR relaxation data.", "contents": "Magnetic relaxation analysis of dynamic processes in macromolecules in the pico- to microsecond range. A formalism based on the theory of Markov processes and suitable for the analysis of multiple internal motions in macromolecules is presented. Computer calculations of specific motional models for (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation, treated as special cases of the proposed formalism, demonstrate the potential of this approach for discriminating between different motional models on the basis of NMR relaxation data.", "PMID": 708816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3681", "title": "New electric field methods in chemical relaxation spectrometry.", "content": "New stationary relaxation methods for the investigation of ionic and dipolar equilibria are presented. The methods are based on the measurement of non-linearities in conductance and permittivity under high electric field conditions. The chemical contributions to the nonlinear effects are discussed in their static as well as their dynamic behavior. A sampling of experimental results shows the potential and range of possible applications of the new techniques. It is shown that these methods will become useful in the study of nonlinear responses to perturbation, in view of the general applicability of the experimental principles involved.", "contents": "New electric field methods in chemical relaxation spectrometry. New stationary relaxation methods for the investigation of ionic and dipolar equilibria are presented. The methods are based on the measurement of non-linearities in conductance and permittivity under high electric field conditions. The chemical contributions to the nonlinear effects are discussed in their static as well as their dynamic behavior. A sampling of experimental results shows the potential and range of possible applications of the new techniques. It is shown that these methods will become useful in the study of nonlinear responses to perturbation, in view of the general applicability of the experimental principles involved.", "PMID": 708817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3682", "title": "Response of acetylcholine receptors to photoisomerizations of bound agonist molecules.", "content": "In these experiments, agonist-induced conductance is measured while a sudden perturbation is produced at the agonist-receptor binding site. A voltage-clamped Electrophorus electroplaque is exposed to trans-Bis-Q, a potent agonist. Some channels are open; these receptors have bound agonist molecules. A light flash isomerizes 3(-35)% of the trans-Bis-Q molecules to their cis form, a far poorer agonist. This causes a rapid decrease of membrane conductance (phase 1), followed by a slower increase (phase 2). Phase 1 has the amplitude and wavelength dependence expected if the channel closes within 100 mus after a single bound trans-Bis-Q is isomerized, and if the photochemistry of bound Bis-Q resembles that in solution. Therefore, the receptor channel responds rapidly, and with a hundred-fold greater closing rate, after this change in the structure of a bound ligand. Phase 2 (the conductance increase) seems to represent the relaxation back toward equilibrium after phase 1, because (a) phase 2 has the same time constant (1(-5) ms) as a voltage- or concentration-jump relaxation under identical conditions; and (b) phase 2 is smaller if the flash has led to a net decrease in (trans-Bis-Q). Still slower signals follow: phase 3, a decrease of conductance (time constant 5(-10 ms); and phase 4, an equal and opposite increase (several seconds). Phase 3 is abolished by curare and does not depend on the history of the membrane voltage. We consider several mechanisms for phases 3 and 4.", "contents": "Response of acetylcholine receptors to photoisomerizations of bound agonist molecules. In these experiments, agonist-induced conductance is measured while a sudden perturbation is produced at the agonist-receptor binding site. A voltage-clamped Electrophorus electroplaque is exposed to trans-Bis-Q, a potent agonist. Some channels are open; these receptors have bound agonist molecules. A light flash isomerizes 3(-35)% of the trans-Bis-Q molecules to their cis form, a far poorer agonist. This causes a rapid decrease of membrane conductance (phase 1), followed by a slower increase (phase 2). Phase 1 has the amplitude and wavelength dependence expected if the channel closes within 100 mus after a single bound trans-Bis-Q is isomerized, and if the photochemistry of bound Bis-Q resembles that in solution. Therefore, the receptor channel responds rapidly, and with a hundred-fold greater closing rate, after this change in the structure of a bound ligand. Phase 2 (the conductance increase) seems to represent the relaxation back toward equilibrium after phase 1, because (a) phase 2 has the same time constant (1(-5) ms) as a voltage- or concentration-jump relaxation under identical conditions; and (b) phase 2 is smaller if the flash has led to a net decrease in (trans-Bis-Q). Still slower signals follow: phase 3, a decrease of conductance (time constant 5(-10 ms); and phase 4, an equal and opposite increase (several seconds). Phase 3 is abolished by curare and does not depend on the history of the membrane voltage. We consider several mechanisms for phases 3 and 4.", "PMID": 708818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3683", "title": "Hapten-linked conformational equilibria in immunolglobulins XRPC-24 and J-539 observed by chemical relaxation.", "content": "The interaction of oligogalactan haptens with the murine myeloma proteins XRPC-24 and J-539 has been investigated by the fluorescence temperature-jump method. The relaxation spectrum is composed of two processes, the faster representing hapten assocaition and the slower a protein isomerization. In both cases the concentration dependence of relaxation times and amplitudes was consistent with the general mechanism formulated by Lancet and Pecht (1976, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73:3549), in which the equilibrium between two conformations of the protein is shifted by hapten binding. The intact proteins and their Fab fragment had identical kinetic behavior, indicating that the conformational changes are located in the Fab region. Temperature dependence analysis for protein J-539 permitted the calculation of activation parameters and led to a consistent energy profile for all the elementary steps. The conformational states are separated by large activation barriers, but have similar free energies. The results suggest that hapten-induced conformational changes in immunoglobulins are more general phenomena than was previously thought.", "contents": "Hapten-linked conformational equilibria in immunolglobulins XRPC-24 and J-539 observed by chemical relaxation. The interaction of oligogalactan haptens with the murine myeloma proteins XRPC-24 and J-539 has been investigated by the fluorescence temperature-jump method. The relaxation spectrum is composed of two processes, the faster representing hapten assocaition and the slower a protein isomerization. In both cases the concentration dependence of relaxation times and amplitudes was consistent with the general mechanism formulated by Lancet and Pecht (1976, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73:3549), in which the equilibrium between two conformations of the protein is shifted by hapten binding. The intact proteins and their Fab fragment had identical kinetic behavior, indicating that the conformational changes are located in the Fab region. Temperature dependence analysis for protein J-539 permitted the calculation of activation parameters and led to a consistent energy profile for all the elementary steps. The conformational states are separated by large activation barriers, but have similar free energies. The results suggest that hapten-induced conformational changes in immunoglobulins are more general phenomena than was previously thought.", "PMID": 708819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3684", "title": "The rate of entry of dioxygen and carbon monoxide into myoglobin.", "content": "The model for carbon monoxide or dioxygen recombination with heme proteins developed by the group at the University of Illinois is reexamined. We propose that the carbon monoxide or dioxygen molecule enters the protein at essentially a diffusion-limited rate determined by the solvent viscosity and that the protein offers no important barriers to this entry. The viscosity dependence of the entry rate k(ED), its magnitude (1 x 10(10) M(-1)s(-1), and the rate of quenching of triplet states of protoprophyrin IX in apomyoglobin by dioxygen are used as supporting evidence. Comparison is made to the model of a fluctuating protein developed by G. Weber.", "contents": "The rate of entry of dioxygen and carbon monoxide into myoglobin. The model for carbon monoxide or dioxygen recombination with heme proteins developed by the group at the University of Illinois is reexamined. We propose that the carbon monoxide or dioxygen molecule enters the protein at essentially a diffusion-limited rate determined by the solvent viscosity and that the protein offers no important barriers to this entry. The viscosity dependence of the entry rate k(ED), its magnitude (1 x 10(10) M(-1)s(-1), and the rate of quenching of triplet states of protoprophyrin IX in apomyoglobin by dioxygen are used as supporting evidence. Comparison is made to the model of a fluctuating protein developed by G. Weber.", "PMID": 708820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3685", "title": "Single cell observations of gas reactions and shape changes in normal and sickling erythrocytes.", "content": "Microspectrophotometry has been applied to single red blood cells to reinvestigate the linked processes of diffusion of gases inside the erythrocyte and their combination with hemoglobin. The experiments took advantage of the photosensitivity of the cabron monoxide derivative of hemoglobin, which allows ligand release from the CO-saturated red cells under strong illumination and recombination when the light is switched off. The photochemical method was also used to study the kinetics of sickling on ligand removal in single erythrocytes of Hb S carriers. The results give new information on the mechanism of the sickling process.", "contents": "Single cell observations of gas reactions and shape changes in normal and sickling erythrocytes. Microspectrophotometry has been applied to single red blood cells to reinvestigate the linked processes of diffusion of gases inside the erythrocyte and their combination with hemoglobin. The experiments took advantage of the photosensitivity of the cabron monoxide derivative of hemoglobin, which allows ligand release from the CO-saturated red cells under strong illumination and recombination when the light is switched off. The photochemical method was also used to study the kinetics of sickling on ligand removal in single erythrocytes of Hb S carriers. The results give new information on the mechanism of the sickling process.", "PMID": 708821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3686", "title": "Detection of hindered rotations of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene in lipid bilayers by differential polarized phase fluorometry.", "content": "Differential polarized phase fluorometry has been used to investigate the depolarizing motions of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) in the isotropic solvent propylene glycol and in lipid bilayers of dimyristoyl-L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC), dipalmitoyl-L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC), and other phosphatidylcholines. Differential phase fluorometry is the measurement of differences in the phase angles between the parallel and perpendicular components of the fluorescence emission of a sample excited with sinusoidally modulated light. The maximum value of the tangent of the phase angle (tan Delta(max)) is known to be a function of the isotropy of the depolarizing motions. For DPH in propylene glycol the maximum tangent is observed at 18 degrees C, and this tangent value corresponds precisely with the value expected for an isotropic rotator. Additionally, the rotational rates determined by steady-state polarization measurements are in precise agreement with the differential phase measurements. These results indicate that differential phase fluorometry provides a reliable measure of the probe's rotational rate under conditions where these rotations are isotropic and unhindered.Rotational rates of DPH obtained from steady-state polarization and differential phase measurements do not agree when this probe is placed in lipid bilayers. The temperature profile of the tan Delta measurements of DPH in DMPC and DPPC bilayers is characterized by a rapid increase of tan Delta at the transition temperature (T(c)), followed by a gradual decline in tan Delta at temperatures above T(c). The observed tanDelta(max) values are only 62 and 43% of the theoretical maximum. This defect in tanDelta(max) is too large to be explained by any degree of rotational anisotropy. However, these defects are explicable by a new theory that describes the tan Delta values under conditions where the probe's rotational motions are restricted to a limiting anisotropy value, r(infinity). Theoretical calculations using this new theory indicate that the temperature dependence of the depolarizing motions of DPH in these saturated bilayers could be explained by a rapid increase in its rotational rate (R) at the transition temperature, coupled with a simultaneous decrease in r(infinity) at this same temperature. The sensitivity of the tan Delta values to both R and r(infinity) indicates that differential phase fluorometry will provide a method to describe more completely the depolarizing motion of probes in lipid bilayers.", "contents": "Detection of hindered rotations of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene in lipid bilayers by differential polarized phase fluorometry. Differential polarized phase fluorometry has been used to investigate the depolarizing motions of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) in the isotropic solvent propylene glycol and in lipid bilayers of dimyristoyl-L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC), dipalmitoyl-L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC), and other phosphatidylcholines. Differential phase fluorometry is the measurement of differences in the phase angles between the parallel and perpendicular components of the fluorescence emission of a sample excited with sinusoidally modulated light. The maximum value of the tangent of the phase angle (tan Delta(max)) is known to be a function of the isotropy of the depolarizing motions. For DPH in propylene glycol the maximum tangent is observed at 18 degrees C, and this tangent value corresponds precisely with the value expected for an isotropic rotator. Additionally, the rotational rates determined by steady-state polarization measurements are in precise agreement with the differential phase measurements. These results indicate that differential phase fluorometry provides a reliable measure of the probe's rotational rate under conditions where these rotations are isotropic and unhindered.Rotational rates of DPH obtained from steady-state polarization and differential phase measurements do not agree when this probe is placed in lipid bilayers. The temperature profile of the tan Delta measurements of DPH in DMPC and DPPC bilayers is characterized by a rapid increase of tan Delta at the transition temperature (T(c)), followed by a gradual decline in tan Delta at temperatures above T(c). The observed tanDelta(max) values are only 62 and 43% of the theoretical maximum. This defect in tanDelta(max) is too large to be explained by any degree of rotational anisotropy. However, these defects are explicable by a new theory that describes the tan Delta values under conditions where the probe's rotational motions are restricted to a limiting anisotropy value, r(infinity). Theoretical calculations using this new theory indicate that the temperature dependence of the depolarizing motions of DPH in these saturated bilayers could be explained by a rapid increase in its rotational rate (R) at the transition temperature, coupled with a simultaneous decrease in r(infinity) at this same temperature. The sensitivity of the tan Delta values to both R and r(infinity) indicates that differential phase fluorometry will provide a method to describe more completely the depolarizing motion of probes in lipid bilayers.", "PMID": 708824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3687", "title": "The structure of the retinylidene chromophore in bathorhodopsin.", "content": "Resonance Raman data on bathorhodopsin (bovine and squid) at 95,77, and 4 degrees K support a mechanism of excitation proposed by Lewis in which both a protein conformational transition and chromophore structural alteration to a \"dicisoid\" configuration are required to generate the bathorhodopsin species observed in steady-state photostationary mixtures. However, these results also suggest that the molecular structure with a red-shifted chromophore absorption detected at room temperatures in 1 ps using picosecond absorption spectroscopy may not necessarily have the same chromophore conformation as the steady-state bathorhodopsin species.", "contents": "The structure of the retinylidene chromophore in bathorhodopsin. Resonance Raman data on bathorhodopsin (bovine and squid) at 95,77, and 4 degrees K support a mechanism of excitation proposed by Lewis in which both a protein conformational transition and chromophore structural alteration to a \"dicisoid\" configuration are required to generate the bathorhodopsin species observed in steady-state photostationary mixtures. However, these results also suggest that the molecular structure with a red-shifted chromophore absorption detected at room temperatures in 1 ps using picosecond absorption spectroscopy may not necessarily have the same chromophore conformation as the steady-state bathorhodopsin species.", "PMID": 708828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3688", "title": "Probing ultrafast biological processes by picosecond spectroscopy.", "content": "A brief discussion of the initial events leading to the visual transduction process will be presented to illustrate the capabilities of picosecond spectroscopy.", "contents": "Probing ultrafast biological processes by picosecond spectroscopy. A brief discussion of the initial events leading to the visual transduction process will be presented to illustrate the capabilities of picosecond spectroscopy.", "PMID": 708835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3689", "title": "Application of pulse radiolysis to the study of proteins: chymotrypsin and trypsin.", "content": "The one-electron reduction of chymotrypsin, trypsin, and their zymogens have been studied by pulse radiolysis. The optical spectra of the transient products from the two active enzymes display a pH-dependent band at 360 nm, associated with the histidine-electron adduct. The yield of the histidyl radical as a function of pH is consistent with a pK(a) less than 4.5, which suggests that the radical is located at the enzyme active site. The histidines of the proenzymes chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen are unreactive towards the hydrated electron. We conclude that formation of the histidine-electron adduct at the serine protease active site is sensitive to the physical alterations which accompany protease activation.", "contents": "Application of pulse radiolysis to the study of proteins: chymotrypsin and trypsin. The one-electron reduction of chymotrypsin, trypsin, and their zymogens have been studied by pulse radiolysis. The optical spectra of the transient products from the two active enzymes display a pH-dependent band at 360 nm, associated with the histidine-electron adduct. The yield of the histidyl radical as a function of pH is consistent with a pK(a) less than 4.5, which suggests that the radical is located at the enzyme active site. The histidines of the proenzymes chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen are unreactive towards the hydrated electron. We conclude that formation of the histidine-electron adduct at the serine protease active site is sensitive to the physical alterations which accompany protease activation.", "PMID": 708836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3690", "title": "Photo-initiated ion formation from octaethyl-porphyrin and its zinc chelate as a model for electron transfer in reaction centers.", "content": "Ion formation from the reaction of triplet (T) and ground state (P) octaethyl-porphyrin (OEP) and zinc octaethyl porphyrin (ZnOEP) and the corresponding cross-reactions have been measured in dry acetonitrile. A uniquely sensitive and fast conductance apparatus and a pulsed dye laser allowed the measurements to be made at the necessarily very low concentrations of T. The hemogeneous reaction of T (ZnOEP) and P (ZnOEP) occurs with rat constant k(1) = 2.0 x 10(8) M(-1)s(-1) and an ion yield of 67%. The similar homogeneous reaction of OEP has k(2) = 1.3 x 10(8)M(-1)s(-1) but an ion yield of only 3%. The cross-reaction of T (OEP) with P (ZnOEP) has k(3) = 1.5 x 10(8) M(-1)s(-1) and an ion yield of 27%, while the inverse cross-reaction of T (ZnOEP) with P (OEP) has k(4) = 3 x 10(8) M(-1)s(-1) and an ion yield of 20%. Thus, the rate constants are only slightly affected but the yields are sensitive to the porphyrin. The possible formation of the heterogeneous ions ZnOEP+ + OEP-, thermodynamically favored by 0.3 V over the homogeneous ions, has little influence on the observed yields. The data are explained by electron transfer and Coulomb field-electon spin-controlled escape of the initial ion-pair.", "contents": "Photo-initiated ion formation from octaethyl-porphyrin and its zinc chelate as a model for electron transfer in reaction centers. Ion formation from the reaction of triplet (T) and ground state (P) octaethyl-porphyrin (OEP) and zinc octaethyl porphyrin (ZnOEP) and the corresponding cross-reactions have been measured in dry acetonitrile. A uniquely sensitive and fast conductance apparatus and a pulsed dye laser allowed the measurements to be made at the necessarily very low concentrations of T. The hemogeneous reaction of T (ZnOEP) and P (ZnOEP) occurs with rat constant k(1) = 2.0 x 10(8) M(-1)s(-1) and an ion yield of 67%. The similar homogeneous reaction of OEP has k(2) = 1.3 x 10(8)M(-1)s(-1) but an ion yield of only 3%. The cross-reaction of T (OEP) with P (ZnOEP) has k(3) = 1.5 x 10(8) M(-1)s(-1) and an ion yield of 27%, while the inverse cross-reaction of T (ZnOEP) with P (OEP) has k(4) = 3 x 10(8) M(-1)s(-1) and an ion yield of 20%. Thus, the rate constants are only slightly affected but the yields are sensitive to the porphyrin. The possible formation of the heterogeneous ions ZnOEP+ + OEP-, thermodynamically favored by 0.3 V over the homogeneous ions, has little influence on the observed yields. The data are explained by electron transfer and Coulomb field-electon spin-controlled escape of the initial ion-pair.", "PMID": 708837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3691", "title": "A picosecond pulse train study of exciton dynamics in photosynthetic membranes.", "content": "The fluorescence decay time of spinach chloroplasts at 77 degrees K was determined at 735 nm (corresponding to the photosystem I emission) using a train of 10-ps laser pulses spaced 10 ns apart. The fluorescence lifetime is constant at congruent to 1.5 ns for up to the fourth pulse, but then decreases with increasing pulse number within the pulse train. This quenching is attributed to triplet excited states, and it is concluded that triplet excitons exhibit a time lag of about 50 ns in diffusing from light harvesting antenna pigments to photosystem I pigments. The diffusion coefficient of triplet excitons is a least 300--400 times slower than the diffusion coefficient of singlet excitons in chloroplast membranes.", "contents": "A picosecond pulse train study of exciton dynamics in photosynthetic membranes. The fluorescence decay time of spinach chloroplasts at 77 degrees K was determined at 735 nm (corresponding to the photosystem I emission) using a train of 10-ps laser pulses spaced 10 ns apart. The fluorescence lifetime is constant at congruent to 1.5 ns for up to the fourth pulse, but then decreases with increasing pulse number within the pulse train. This quenching is attributed to triplet excited states, and it is concluded that triplet excitons exhibit a time lag of about 50 ns in diffusing from light harvesting antenna pigments to photosystem I pigments. The diffusion coefficient of triplet excitons is a least 300--400 times slower than the diffusion coefficient of singlet excitons in chloroplast membranes.", "PMID": 708838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3692", "title": "An inexpensive microcomputer-based stopped-flow data acquisition system.", "content": "A low-cost (less than $2,500) microcomputer-controlled data acquisition system for use with a stopped-flow instrument  is described. Data acquisition, reduction, signal averaging, kinetic modeling, and plotting are performed under software control. Applications to biological and inorganic systems are presented.", "contents": "An inexpensive microcomputer-based stopped-flow data acquisition system. A low-cost (less than $2,500) microcomputer-controlled data acquisition system for use with a stopped-flow instrument  is described. Data acquisition, reduction, signal averaging, kinetic modeling, and plotting are performed under software control. Applications to biological and inorganic systems are presented.", "PMID": 708847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3693", "title": "Picosecond fluorometry in primary events of photosynthesis.", "content": "Many laboratories in different countries are involved in the study of the mechanism of conversion of light energy into chemical energy, namely photosynthesis. As is evident from the literature, the initial phases of photosynthesis, which determine the character of this process, proceed at time intervals of 10(-8) and 10(-13) s. They are associated with absorption of light quanta and energy transfer from the molecules of light-harvesting antenna (LHA) chlorophyll and accesory pigments to the reaction centers (RC), where the key reaction of photosynthesis occurs: photo-induced charge separation. Evidently it is of importance to study experimentally the process that occurs within the 10(-8) -10(-13)s time domain.", "contents": "Picosecond fluorometry in primary events of photosynthesis. Many laboratories in different countries are involved in the study of the mechanism of conversion of light energy into chemical energy, namely photosynthesis. As is evident from the literature, the initial phases of photosynthesis, which determine the character of this process, proceed at time intervals of 10(-8) and 10(-13) s. They are associated with absorption of light quanta and energy transfer from the molecules of light-harvesting antenna (LHA) chlorophyll and accesory pigments to the reaction centers (RC), where the key reaction of photosynthesis occurs: photo-induced charge separation. Evidently it is of importance to study experimentally the process that occurs within the 10(-8) -10(-13)s time domain.", "PMID": 708848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3694", "title": "1-N-Acetylspermidine: occurrence in normal human serum.", "content": "Using gas chromatography mass spectrometry following derivatization (N-trifluoroacetylation), 1-N-acetylspermidine was found to occur in normal human serum at a level of approximately 0.008--0.5 nmol ml(-1), i.e. about two orders of magnitude lower than the corresponding spermidine level. No evidence for the occurrence in serum of the isomeric 8-N-acetylspermidine was found. Mass spectra of authentic samples of trifluoroactylated 1-N- and 8-N-acetylspermidine are presented.", "contents": "1-N-Acetylspermidine: occurrence in normal human serum. Using gas chromatography mass spectrometry following derivatization (N-trifluoroacetylation), 1-N-acetylspermidine was found to occur in normal human serum at a level of approximately 0.008--0.5 nmol ml(-1), i.e. about two orders of magnitude lower than the corresponding spermidine level. No evidence for the occurrence in serum of the isomeric 8-N-acetylspermidine was found. Mass spectra of authentic samples of trifluoroactylated 1-N- and 8-N-acetylspermidine are presented.", "PMID": 708851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3695", "title": "Field desorption mass spectrometric analysis of organic compound residues in the environment. I--Organochlorine insecticides.", "content": "Field desorption mass spectrometry is applied to the positive identification of organochlorine insecticides and their related compounds residing in field soil environment. Additionally, standard field desorption mass spectra of these compounds are presented. Soil samples were collected in lettuce and spinach fields, and insecticides were extracted, cleaned up, and separated with thin-layer chromatography. Residue levels were measured by injecting the extract into a gas chromatography equipped with an electron capture detector. Residues of p,p'-DDT and dieldrin in field soil samples were clearly identified by field desorption mass spectrometry using the emitter dipping method. Moreover, mixed residues of these insecticides were simultaneously confirmed. However, residues of insecticides and their related compounds other than p,p'-DDT and dieldrin could not be characterized. All spectra of standard showed prominent [M].+, [M(35Cl(n-1), 37Cl)].+ and [M(35Cl(n-2, 37Cl2)].+ ions, and the [M(35Cl(n-1), 37Cl)].+ ion was the base peak in all spectra obtained.", "contents": "Field desorption mass spectrometric analysis of organic compound residues in the environment. I--Organochlorine insecticides. Field desorption mass spectrometry is applied to the positive identification of organochlorine insecticides and their related compounds residing in field soil environment. Additionally, standard field desorption mass spectra of these compounds are presented. Soil samples were collected in lettuce and spinach fields, and insecticides were extracted, cleaned up, and separated with thin-layer chromatography. Residue levels were measured by injecting the extract into a gas chromatography equipped with an electron capture detector. Residues of p,p'-DDT and dieldrin in field soil samples were clearly identified by field desorption mass spectrometry using the emitter dipping method. Moreover, mixed residues of these insecticides were simultaneously confirmed. However, residues of insecticides and their related compounds other than p,p'-DDT and dieldrin could not be characterized. All spectra of standard showed prominent [M].+, [M(35Cl(n-1), 37Cl)].+ and [M(35Cl(n-2, 37Cl2)].+ ions, and the [M(35Cl(n-1), 37Cl)].+ ion was the base peak in all spectra obtained.", "PMID": 708852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3696", "title": "Electron impact and chemical ionization mass spectrometry of steroidal spirolactones.", "content": "Electron impact and chemical ionization mass spectra are reported for several steroidal spirolactones and their TMS ethers. The electron impact spectra were characterized generally by low abundance molecular ions and large numbers of fragment ions. Methane chemical ionization spectra exhibited high intensity [M+H]+ and/or [M+H-H2O]+ or [M+H-TMSOH]+ ions with few other fragment ions. Ammonia chemical ionization spectra had intense [M+H]+ and/or [M+NH4]+ ions with a few fragment ions generally formed by loss of H2O  or TMSOH from these parent ions. Ammonia chemical ionization gave intense parent ions even for polyhydroxy compounds and their TMS ethers in contrast to methane chemical ionization. The results of this study suggest that a combination of electron impact with ammonia chemical ionization mass spectrometry would offer the best techniques for detection and identification of these compounds in biological fluids.", "contents": "Electron impact and chemical ionization mass spectrometry of steroidal spirolactones. Electron impact and chemical ionization mass spectra are reported for several steroidal spirolactones and their TMS ethers. The electron impact spectra were characterized generally by low abundance molecular ions and large numbers of fragment ions. Methane chemical ionization spectra exhibited high intensity [M+H]+ and/or [M+H-H2O]+ or [M+H-TMSOH]+ ions with few other fragment ions. Ammonia chemical ionization spectra had intense [M+H]+ and/or [M+NH4]+ ions with a few fragment ions generally formed by loss of H2O  or TMSOH from these parent ions. Ammonia chemical ionization gave intense parent ions even for polyhydroxy compounds and their TMS ethers in contrast to methane chemical ionization. The results of this study suggest that a combination of electron impact with ammonia chemical ionization mass spectrometry would offer the best techniques for detection and identification of these compounds in biological fluids.", "PMID": 708853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3697", "title": "New derivatives of prostaglandin A1 and specific detection of prostaglandin A's and 190hydroxylated prostaglandin A's in human semen.", "content": "The derivatization of prostaglandins of the A series with 1:1 mixtures of bis-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide and nitrogen-containing non-aromatic heterocyclics such as piperidine, pyrrolidine, morpholine and hexamethylenimine (1--4 h at 60--70 degrees C) gives new types of derivatives, designated as 11-heterocycle, 9-enol PGA (TMS)3. These derivatives show very simplified and characteristic mass spectral patterns strikingly dominated by a common [M-173]+ fragment ion and easily detectable by selected ion monitoring. This feature allows the concurrent analytical detection of both prostaglandin A's and 19-hydroxy prostaglandin A's in biological samples. In this case 2 ml samples of human semen were extracted by direct ultrafiltration on a Pellicon membrane with a nominal molecular weight limit of 1000. The prostaglandins in the approximately or equal to 1.6 ml of ultrafiltrate thus obtained were recovered in ethyl acetate, derivatized as indicated above and detected by monitoring of the corresponding [M-173]+ ions.", "contents": "New derivatives of prostaglandin A1 and specific detection of prostaglandin A's and 190hydroxylated prostaglandin A's in human semen. The derivatization of prostaglandins of the A series with 1:1 mixtures of bis-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide and nitrogen-containing non-aromatic heterocyclics such as piperidine, pyrrolidine, morpholine and hexamethylenimine (1--4 h at 60--70 degrees C) gives new types of derivatives, designated as 11-heterocycle, 9-enol PGA (TMS)3. These derivatives show very simplified and characteristic mass spectral patterns strikingly dominated by a common [M-173]+ fragment ion and easily detectable by selected ion monitoring. This feature allows the concurrent analytical detection of both prostaglandin A's and 19-hydroxy prostaglandin A's in biological samples. In this case 2 ml samples of human semen were extracted by direct ultrafiltration on a Pellicon membrane with a nominal molecular weight limit of 1000. The prostaglandins in the approximately or equal to 1.6 ml of ultrafiltrate thus obtained were recovered in ethyl acetate, derivatized as indicated above and detected by monitoring of the corresponding [M-173]+ ions.", "PMID": 708854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3698", "title": "Determination of lithium in microlitre amounts of human body fluids at therapeutic and normal levels by stable isotope dilution and field desorption mass spectrometry.", "content": "The use of field desorption mass spectrometry for the determination of lithium in body fluids at therapeutic levels--ppm region--as well as at the normal level--ppb region--has been developed. The use of a stable isotope enriched internal standard, together with the outstanding sensitivity of field desorption for alkali cations and the high specificity of mass spectrometry, allows a quantitative determination of lithium in microlitre amounts of body fluids, such as plasma, saliva and urine. The assay allows a determination of lithium even at ultratrace concentrations where routine spectroscopic procedures cannot be applied. Analysis of plasma required a simple protein precipitation, whereas saliva and urine could be analysed without treatment. The precision of the data obtained ranged from 2--10%. The time consumption for one analysis in routine work is about 20--30 min.", "contents": "Determination of lithium in microlitre amounts of human body fluids at therapeutic and normal levels by stable isotope dilution and field desorption mass spectrometry. The use of field desorption mass spectrometry for the determination of lithium in body fluids at therapeutic levels--ppm region--as well as at the normal level--ppb region--has been developed. The use of a stable isotope enriched internal standard, together with the outstanding sensitivity of field desorption for alkali cations and the high specificity of mass spectrometry, allows a quantitative determination of lithium in microlitre amounts of body fluids, such as plasma, saliva and urine. The assay allows a determination of lithium even at ultratrace concentrations where routine spectroscopic procedures cannot be applied. Analysis of plasma required a simple protein precipitation, whereas saliva and urine could be analysed without treatment. The precision of the data obtained ranged from 2--10%. The time consumption for one analysis in routine work is about 20--30 min.", "PMID": 708855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3699", "title": "A selected ion monitoring method for the determination of pethidine and norpethidine in plasma. Comparison with a gas chromatographic method using electron capture detection.", "content": "An analytical procedure for the simultaneous determination of pethidine and norpethidine in plasma by selected ion monitoring is described. The method has a capacity of 15--20 analyses per hour and can be used to determine pethidine and norpethidine down to 25 ng ml(-1) and 5 ng ml(-1), respectively. The selected ion monitoring method has been compared with a method based on electron capture detection after analysis of pethidine and norpethidine in spiked plasma samples and in plasma from patients. The two methods are capable of performing selective and accurate determinations of pethidine and norpethidine, in the concentration ranges obtained in man after a single therapeutic dose of pethidine.", "contents": "A selected ion monitoring method for the determination of pethidine and norpethidine in plasma. Comparison with a gas chromatographic method using electron capture detection. An analytical procedure for the simultaneous determination of pethidine and norpethidine in plasma by selected ion monitoring is described. The method has a capacity of 15--20 analyses per hour and can be used to determine pethidine and norpethidine down to 25 ng ml(-1) and 5 ng ml(-1), respectively. The selected ion monitoring method has been compared with a method based on electron capture detection after analysis of pethidine and norpethidine in spiked plasma samples and in plasma from patients. The two methods are capable of performing selective and accurate determinations of pethidine and norpethidine, in the concentration ranges obtained in man after a single therapeutic dose of pethidine.", "PMID": 708856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3700", "title": "Mass spectral studies on prostaglandins. V--Deuterated analogues of prostaglandin F2alpha.", "content": "In order to check the fragmentation mechanisms proposed in the preceding paper of this series the mass spectral behaviour of some deuterated analogues of prostaglandin F2alpha have been studied. In general, the investigation of these compounds confirmed the previous assumptions and shed light on some further details of the fragmentation pathways.", "contents": "Mass spectral studies on prostaglandins. V--Deuterated analogues of prostaglandin F2alpha. In order to check the fragmentation mechanisms proposed in the preceding paper of this series the mass spectral behaviour of some deuterated analogues of prostaglandin F2alpha have been studied. In general, the investigation of these compounds confirmed the previous assumptions and shed light on some further details of the fragmentation pathways.", "PMID": 708857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3701", "title": "Metabolic N-oxidation of 3-substituted pyridines: identification of products by mass spectrometry.", "content": "The mass spectral characteristics of the N-oxides of a range of 3-substituted pyridines, and of quinoline and isoquinoline, are described. The molecular ion is the base peak in the majority of cases, provided that thermolysis is minimized when using the direct probe or gas chromatography inlets. Chromatographic and mass spectral evidence is presented which indicates that biological oxidation of the heteroaromatic nitrogen of 3-substituted pyridines is a route of metabolism in vivo and in vitro.", "contents": "Metabolic N-oxidation of 3-substituted pyridines: identification of products by mass spectrometry. The mass spectral characteristics of the N-oxides of a range of 3-substituted pyridines, and of quinoline and isoquinoline, are described. The molecular ion is the base peak in the majority of cases, provided that thermolysis is minimized when using the direct probe or gas chromatography inlets. Chromatographic and mass spectral evidence is presented which indicates that biological oxidation of the heteroaromatic nitrogen of 3-substituted pyridines is a route of metabolism in vivo and in vitro.", "PMID": 708858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3702", "title": "Selected metastable peak monitoring: a new specific technique in quantitative gas chromatography mass spectrometry.", "content": "Using the combined electrostatic analyser-magnet scan facility of a double focusing mass spectrometer, the daughter ion peak for the fragmentation, [M-57]+ leads to [M-57-76]+, of a 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone tert-butyl-dimethylsilyl ether was monitored during gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The detection limit was approximately 20 pg. The steroid was detected by this method in an extract of human blood plasma.", "contents": "Selected metastable peak monitoring: a new specific technique in quantitative gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Using the combined electrostatic analyser-magnet scan facility of a double focusing mass spectrometer, the daughter ion peak for the fragmentation, [M-57]+ leads to [M-57-76]+, of a 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone tert-butyl-dimethylsilyl ether was monitored during gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The detection limit was approximately 20 pg. The steroid was detected by this method in an extract of human blood plasma.", "PMID": 708859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3703", "title": "Dissimilatory nitrate reduction by liquid membrane encapsulated cell-free extracts and whole cells of Micrococcus denitrificans.", "content": "The combination of Sephadex G-15 and ion-exchange resin columns allows one-step desalting and separation of cellodextrins using water as the sole eluent. The column apparatus described in this paper has the potential of producing up to 3 g cellodextrins in one day. In addition, the columns described are stable and do not require repacking or regeneration after each run. Hence the potential exists for scaling up this system for even greater production of cellodextrins if need be.", "contents": "Dissimilatory nitrate reduction by liquid membrane encapsulated cell-free extracts and whole cells of Micrococcus denitrificans. The combination of Sephadex G-15 and ion-exchange resin columns allows one-step desalting and separation of cellodextrins using water as the sole eluent. The column apparatus described in this paper has the potential of producing up to 3 g cellodextrins in one day. In addition, the columns described are stable and do not require repacking or regeneration after each run. Hence the potential exists for scaling up this system for even greater production of cellodextrins if need be.", "PMID": 708860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3704", "title": "[Effect of feeding on the activity of duodenal smooth muscle in dogs].", "content": "The electric activity of the duodenum smooth muscles was investigated with chronically implanted electrodes. This activity after feeding was compared with that in fasting during the time equal to the period of rest and the active period of the duodenum in fasting. The number of pacesetter potentials was identical during digestion and fasting. The number of spike potentials was significantly different during these compared states. The relationship of the \"digestive\" and \"hungry\" electrical activities of the duodenum depended both on the compared type of potential and on the compared time periods. Apparently the optimum of the \"digestive\" function of the duodenum smooth muscles consists in the fact that this activity fluctuates within a definite range--between the maximum level (during the active period) and the minimum one (during the period of rest, i.e. fasting).", "contents": "[Effect of feeding on the activity of duodenal smooth muscle in dogs]. The electric activity of the duodenum smooth muscles was investigated with chronically implanted electrodes. This activity after feeding was compared with that in fasting during the time equal to the period of rest and the active period of the duodenum in fasting. The number of pacesetter potentials was identical during digestion and fasting. The number of spike potentials was significantly different during these compared states. The relationship of the \"digestive\" and \"hungry\" electrical activities of the duodenum depended both on the compared type of potential and on the compared time periods. Apparently the optimum of the \"digestive\" function of the duodenum smooth muscles consists in the fact that this activity fluctuates within a definite range--between the maximum level (during the active period) and the minimum one (during the period of rest, i.e. fasting).", "PMID": 708862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3705", "title": "[Activity in the myelinated fibers of a cat cutaneous nerve in response to cooling].", "content": "The afferent activation in cat cutaneous nerve fibres in response to cooling was analyzed using the collision method and the method improving the signal-to-noise ratio in the antidromic action potential neurogram. It was found that the nerve fibres of groups Adelta1 and Adelta2 were activated under cutaneous receptors cooling. The activity of a small group of nerve fibres with conduction velocity 13.0--7.5 m/s was inhibited in response to cooling. A group of \"mixed\" fibres inhibited mainly its activity, but only an insignificant part of these fibres activated in response to cutaneous receptors cooling.", "contents": "[Activity in the myelinated fibers of a cat cutaneous nerve in response to cooling]. The afferent activation in cat cutaneous nerve fibres in response to cooling was analyzed using the collision method and the method improving the signal-to-noise ratio in the antidromic action potential neurogram. It was found that the nerve fibres of groups Adelta1 and Adelta2 were activated under cutaneous receptors cooling. The activity of a small group of nerve fibres with conduction velocity 13.0--7.5 m/s was inhibited in response to cooling. A group of \"mixed\" fibres inhibited mainly its activity, but only an insignificant part of these fibres activated in response to cutaneous receptors cooling.", "PMID": 708863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3706", "title": "[Alteration of the antigenic properties of the synaptic membrane proteins of rat cerebral cortex during learning].", "content": "Rabbit antisera to the synaptic membrane fraction (SMF) of the cerebral hemispheres of control rats and animals with conditioned avoidance behaviour, reacting with the corresponding antigens in the complement fixation test, were obtained. Antibodies reacting specifically with the SMF of the brain of trained animals were revealed in the \"trained\" serum after the removal of antibodies to heterologous antigens and to the control SMF antigens.", "contents": "[Alteration of the antigenic properties of the synaptic membrane proteins of rat cerebral cortex during learning]. Rabbit antisera to the synaptic membrane fraction (SMF) of the cerebral hemispheres of control rats and animals with conditioned avoidance behaviour, reacting with the corresponding antigens in the complement fixation test, were obtained. Antibodies reacting specifically with the SMF of the brain of trained animals were revealed in the \"trained\" serum after the removal of antibodies to heterologous antigens and to the control SMF antigens.", "PMID": 708864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3707", "title": "[Heat release and body temperature of white rats in the presence of increased oxygen tension].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on bodies warmed under constant regimen imitating animals; the effect of hyperoxybaria at 1.2--4.0 atmospheres on the heat flow (HF) from them and their temperature was studied. An increase of the recorded HF with its subsequent progressive decrease during the continuing exposure to high gas pressure was revealed. At the same time a fall of the bodies' temperature was observed; this indicated an increased heat loss. The periods of gas compression and decompression were accompanied by a marked increase and decrease of the HF, respectively. In experiments on albino rats alterations in the HF level under compression and decompression were less, and the HF level during the hyperbaria remained almost constant; the rectal and subcutaneous temperature showed no statistically significant difference from the original one. It is suggested that this may be the result of the thermogenesis rise.", "contents": "[Heat release and body temperature of white rats in the presence of increased oxygen tension]. Experiments were conducted on bodies warmed under constant regimen imitating animals; the effect of hyperoxybaria at 1.2--4.0 atmospheres on the heat flow (HF) from them and their temperature was studied. An increase of the recorded HF with its subsequent progressive decrease during the continuing exposure to high gas pressure was revealed. At the same time a fall of the bodies' temperature was observed; this indicated an increased heat loss. The periods of gas compression and decompression were accompanied by a marked increase and decrease of the HF, respectively. In experiments on albino rats alterations in the HF level under compression and decompression were less, and the HF level during the hyperbaria remained almost constant; the rectal and subcutaneous temperature showed no statistically significant difference from the original one. It is suggested that this may be the result of the thermogenesis rise.", "PMID": 708865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3708", "title": "[Glycogen metabolism in ischemic organs].", "content": "Acute ischemia was created by placing a tourniquet on the extremity or on a clamp on the kidney limb for a period corresponding to the critical metabolism level in the test tissue study. Restoration of circulation in the ischemic kidney led to the excessive accumulation of glucose high-molecular polymer of the glycogen type. The character of its branching in the molecule determined by the iodine complex spectrum pointed to the changes in the processes of glycogen biosynthesis. Lactate of the ischemic kidney could be used for the glycogenesis requirements. This anomalous glycogen was shown to be actively uptaken by the kidney tissue. Glycogen accumulation in the muscle tissue following acute ischemia failed to exceed the normal level, and its structure was unchanged.", "contents": "[Glycogen metabolism in ischemic organs]. Acute ischemia was created by placing a tourniquet on the extremity or on a clamp on the kidney limb for a period corresponding to the critical metabolism level in the test tissue study. Restoration of circulation in the ischemic kidney led to the excessive accumulation of glucose high-molecular polymer of the glycogen type. The character of its branching in the molecule determined by the iodine complex spectrum pointed to the changes in the processes of glycogen biosynthesis. Lactate of the ischemic kidney could be used for the glycogenesis requirements. This anomalous glycogen was shown to be actively uptaken by the kidney tissue. Glycogen accumulation in the muscle tissue following acute ischemia failed to exceed the normal level, and its structure was unchanged.", "PMID": 708866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3709", "title": "[Experimental analysis of the humoral mechanism of microcirculatory disorders following thermal and mechanical traumatic shock in experiments on parabiotic rats].", "content": "In experiments on parabiotic rats with crossed circulation and separate innervation mechanical or burn trauma of one of the partners was followed by shock-like condition of the other one, and by microcirculatory changes in the mesentery typical of burn or traumatic shock. It shows that in burn shock, as well as in traumatic one, the detected changes in microcirculation are due to humoral, but not to neural factors.", "contents": "[Experimental analysis of the humoral mechanism of microcirculatory disorders following thermal and mechanical traumatic shock in experiments on parabiotic rats]. In experiments on parabiotic rats with crossed circulation and separate innervation mechanical or burn trauma of one of the partners was followed by shock-like condition of the other one, and by microcirculatory changes in the mesentery typical of burn or traumatic shock. It shows that in burn shock, as well as in traumatic one, the detected changes in microcirculation are due to humoral, but not to neural factors.", "PMID": 708867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3710", "title": "[Effect of cerebral ischemia on the metabolism of individual lipid fractions].", "content": "Ninety minutes after ligation of common carotid arteries a decrease of the metabolism intensity both of the total phospholipids (PL) and of their different fractions was nearly the same. In the diencephalon reduction of the metabolic rate of the total PL was accounted for by metabolic depression of phosphatidylcholine and phosphoinositide fractions only.", "contents": "[Effect of cerebral ischemia on the metabolism of individual lipid fractions]. Ninety minutes after ligation of common carotid arteries a decrease of the metabolism intensity both of the total phospholipids (PL) and of their different fractions was nearly the same. In the diencephalon reduction of the metabolic rate of the total PL was accounted for by metabolic depression of phosphatidylcholine and phosphoinositide fractions only.", "PMID": 708868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3711", "title": "[Effect of artificial gravitational force in space flight on the concentration of water soluble proteins in nerve tissue structures].", "content": "The content of water-soluble proteins in the grey and white matter of the spinal cord, spinal ganglia, and the sensory-motor area of the large hemispheres of the brain of rats after a 18.5-day space flight was measured. The content of water-soluble proteins in the grey and white matter of the spinal cord and spinal ganglia of rats exposed to weightlessness showed a significant decrease 4.5--9.5 hours postflight. The water-soluble protein content in the white matter of the spinal cord diminished in rats exposed to artificial gravity inflight. The water-soluble proteins content in the grey matter of the spinal cord of rats exposed to weightlessness increased significantly 25 days postflight. The content of water-soluble proteins in the grey matter of the cortex of the sensory-motor area of the large hemispheres of the brain of rats exposed to weightlessness and artificial gravity remained unchanged in comparison with the vivarium controls both 4.5--9.5 hours and 25 days postflight.", "contents": "[Effect of artificial gravitational force in space flight on the concentration of water soluble proteins in nerve tissue structures]. The content of water-soluble proteins in the grey and white matter of the spinal cord, spinal ganglia, and the sensory-motor area of the large hemispheres of the brain of rats after a 18.5-day space flight was measured. The content of water-soluble proteins in the grey and white matter of the spinal cord and spinal ganglia of rats exposed to weightlessness showed a significant decrease 4.5--9.5 hours postflight. The water-soluble protein content in the white matter of the spinal cord diminished in rats exposed to artificial gravity inflight. The water-soluble proteins content in the grey matter of the spinal cord of rats exposed to weightlessness increased significantly 25 days postflight. The content of water-soluble proteins in the grey matter of the cortex of the sensory-motor area of the large hemispheres of the brain of rats exposed to weightlessness and artificial gravity remained unchanged in comparison with the vivarium controls both 4.5--9.5 hours and 25 days postflight.", "PMID": 708869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3712", "title": "[Structuro-functional changes in dog liver and regional lymph node lysosomes in toxic hepatitis].", "content": "Structural and functional changes in the dog liver and regional lymph nodes lysosomes were studied during toxic hepatitis induced by CCl4 administration (single and repeated). Total activity of lysosomal enzymes (acid RNA-ase and beta-galactosidase) was higher in the regional lymph nodes than in the liver, reflecting the barrier, protective function of the organ. During acute toxic hepatitis the specific activities of acid RNA-ase and cathepsin D displayed a sharp rise. No normalization of the indices under study occurred during the observation period (from 8 to 30 days). At the same time there was a rise of the regional lymph node weight and an elevation of the relative macrophage and neutrophil content in the sinuses. The increased activity of the lysosome enzymes in the regional lymph nodes in injury of the liver was connected with greater functional load on the lymph nodes effecting hydrolysis of biopolymeres which penetrated into the regional lymphatic node with the lymph.", "contents": "[Structuro-functional changes in dog liver and regional lymph node lysosomes in toxic hepatitis]. Structural and functional changes in the dog liver and regional lymph nodes lysosomes were studied during toxic hepatitis induced by CCl4 administration (single and repeated). Total activity of lysosomal enzymes (acid RNA-ase and beta-galactosidase) was higher in the regional lymph nodes than in the liver, reflecting the barrier, protective function of the organ. During acute toxic hepatitis the specific activities of acid RNA-ase and cathepsin D displayed a sharp rise. No normalization of the indices under study occurred during the observation period (from 8 to 30 days). At the same time there was a rise of the regional lymph node weight and an elevation of the relative macrophage and neutrophil content in the sinuses. The increased activity of the lysosome enzymes in the regional lymph nodes in injury of the liver was connected with greater functional load on the lymph nodes effecting hydrolysis of biopolymeres which penetrated into the regional lymphatic node with the lymph.", "PMID": 708870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3713", "title": "[Effect of cocaine molecule fragments on the central nervous system].", "content": "The influence of ecgonine, tropine, tropinon, and some of their derivatives, propan, N-methylpyrrholidine, N-methylpiperidine on impulse summation in the central nervous system, conditioned reflex of avoidance, antagonism to hexenal, synergisim to cocaine and also their toxicity (LD50) have been studied under experimental conditions. As shown, benzoyl-ecgonine, ecgonine methyl ester, ecgonine, tropine, pseudotropine, carbomethoxytropinon, tropinon, tropine, tropan N-methylpyrrolidine, and N-methylpiperidine produced a pronounced stimulating effect on the central nervous system activity; in this respect they were similar to cocaine. The following conclusions were made: the substances whose molecules contained tropan structure or one of its fragments possess the central stimulating effect. The stimulating effect of cocaine on the central nervous system could be due to the tropan fragment of its molecule.", "contents": "[Effect of cocaine molecule fragments on the central nervous system]. The influence of ecgonine, tropine, tropinon, and some of their derivatives, propan, N-methylpyrrholidine, N-methylpiperidine on impulse summation in the central nervous system, conditioned reflex of avoidance, antagonism to hexenal, synergisim to cocaine and also their toxicity (LD50) have been studied under experimental conditions. As shown, benzoyl-ecgonine, ecgonine methyl ester, ecgonine, tropine, pseudotropine, carbomethoxytropinon, tropinon, tropine, tropan N-methylpyrrolidine, and N-methylpiperidine produced a pronounced stimulating effect on the central nervous system activity; in this respect they were similar to cocaine. The following conclusions were made: the substances whose molecules contained tropan structure or one of its fragments possess the central stimulating effect. The stimulating effect of cocaine on the central nervous system could be due to the tropan fragment of its molecule.", "PMID": 708871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3714", "title": "[Effect of methylapogalanthamine on the tone of cerebral, extracranial and peripheral vessels].", "content": "It was established in acute experiments on anesthetised and nonanesthetised cats by means of resistography that methylapogalanthamine decreased the total arterial pressure, the tone of cerebral vessels, extracranial and femoral vessels. The effect of the latter was more pronounced. A two-phase reaction (dilatation-constriction) was not rare. Methylapogalanthamine diminished the constriction reaction of intra- and extracranial vessels in response to st mulation of the cervical sympathetic nerves. The vasodilator action of methylapogalanthamine was enhanced by anesthesia and decreased by rausedyl.", "contents": "[Effect of methylapogalanthamine on the tone of cerebral, extracranial and peripheral vessels]. It was established in acute experiments on anesthetised and nonanesthetised cats by means of resistography that methylapogalanthamine decreased the total arterial pressure, the tone of cerebral vessels, extracranial and femoral vessels. The effect of the latter was more pronounced. A two-phase reaction (dilatation-constriction) was not rare. Methylapogalanthamine diminished the constriction reaction of intra- and extracranial vessels in response to st mulation of the cervical sympathetic nerves. The vasodilator action of methylapogalanthamine was enhanced by anesthesia and decreased by rausedyl.", "PMID": 708872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3715", "title": "[Effect of reversible inhibitors on the reaction capacity of functional portions of the active center of acetylcholinesterase].", "content": "The effect of galanthamine, tacrine, and oxazyl (ambenomum) on human red cells acetylcholinesterase phosphorylation by armine and Gd-42 (o-ethyl-s-beta-ethylthioethyl ester of methylthiophosphinic acid) was studied. In the presence of galanthamine phosphororganic inhibitors interacted only with the active center of the enzyme, the anionic site of which was not occupied by the reversible inhibitor. Tacrine and oxazyl decreased the reactivity of the free enzyme and the rate of its phosphorylation.", "contents": "[Effect of reversible inhibitors on the reaction capacity of functional portions of the active center of acetylcholinesterase]. The effect of galanthamine, tacrine, and oxazyl (ambenomum) on human red cells acetylcholinesterase phosphorylation by armine and Gd-42 (o-ethyl-s-beta-ethylthioethyl ester of methylthiophosphinic acid) was studied. In the presence of galanthamine phosphororganic inhibitors interacted only with the active center of the enzyme, the anionic site of which was not occupied by the reversible inhibitor. Tacrine and oxazyl decreased the reactivity of the free enzyme and the rate of its phosphorylation.", "PMID": 708873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3716", "title": "[Kinetics of guinea pig taenia coli smooth muscle relaxation. Effect of papaverine and polarization].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on isolated strips of the guinea pig taenia coli by the double sucrose gap technique. The effect of papaverins on the relaxation kinetics of the polarized and depolarized smooth muscle after contractions induced by electric stimulation was investigated. Depolarized muscle was stimulated by long-lasting hyperpolarizing pulses; contraction arose in response to the termination of the current pulse (off-response). It was found that: 1) the relaxation phase of the depolarized muscle off-response was slowed down as compared with the relaxation phase of the spontaneous contractions in Krebs solution; 2) papeverine accelerates the relaxation phase of the off-response of the depolarized muscle; 3) papaverine does not accelerate the relaxation phase of the evoked contractions in Krebs solution; 4) hyperpolarization and additional depolarization accelerate the relaxation phase of the off-response of the depolarized muscle; 5) hyperpolarization does not accelerate the relaxation phase of the off-response of the depolarized papaverine-treated muscle. The data obtained suggest the existence of the slow electroexcitable calcium channels in the membrane of the smooth muscle cells blocked by papaverine. The calcium influx through these channels slows down the relaxation phase of the depolarized muscle off-response.", "contents": "[Kinetics of guinea pig taenia coli smooth muscle relaxation. Effect of papaverine and polarization]. Experiments were conducted on isolated strips of the guinea pig taenia coli by the double sucrose gap technique. The effect of papaverins on the relaxation kinetics of the polarized and depolarized smooth muscle after contractions induced by electric stimulation was investigated. Depolarized muscle was stimulated by long-lasting hyperpolarizing pulses; contraction arose in response to the termination of the current pulse (off-response). It was found that: 1) the relaxation phase of the depolarized muscle off-response was slowed down as compared with the relaxation phase of the spontaneous contractions in Krebs solution; 2) papeverine accelerates the relaxation phase of the off-response of the depolarized muscle; 3) papaverine does not accelerate the relaxation phase of the evoked contractions in Krebs solution; 4) hyperpolarization and additional depolarization accelerate the relaxation phase of the off-response of the depolarized muscle; 5) hyperpolarization does not accelerate the relaxation phase of the off-response of the depolarized papaverine-treated muscle. The data obtained suggest the existence of the slow electroexcitable calcium channels in the membrane of the smooth muscle cells blocked by papaverine. The calcium influx through these channels slows down the relaxation phase of the depolarized muscle off-response.", "PMID": 708874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3717", "title": "[Comparative findings on the stability of plasmid resistance to antibiotics in vitro and in vivo].", "content": "The authors carried out comparative study of the incidence of spontaneous plasmide-negative variants occurrence in the S. aureus 8325phi IIde population developing under various conditions in vitro and in vivo. The mean percentage of such variants in the population developing in vitro constituted 0.9 +/- 0.2 in broth, 1.2 +/- 0.3 in the exudate, 6.3 +/- 2.0 in the population developing in vivo in the subcutaneous purulent-inflammatory focus, 9.5 +/- 2.6 in the kidneys. The mean percentage of plasma-negative variants in the purulent exudate in vivo was significantly greater than in the purulent exudate in vitro. The incidence of negative variants occurrence in vivo depended on the macroorganism properties.", "contents": "[Comparative findings on the stability of plasmid resistance to antibiotics in vitro and in vivo]. The authors carried out comparative study of the incidence of spontaneous plasmide-negative variants occurrence in the S. aureus 8325phi IIde population developing under various conditions in vitro and in vivo. The mean percentage of such variants in the population developing in vitro constituted 0.9 +/- 0.2 in broth, 1.2 +/- 0.3 in the exudate, 6.3 +/- 2.0 in the population developing in vivo in the subcutaneous purulent-inflammatory focus, 9.5 +/- 2.6 in the kidneys. The mean percentage of plasma-negative variants in the purulent exudate in vivo was significantly greater than in the purulent exudate in vitro. The incidence of negative variants occurrence in vivo depended on the macroorganism properties.", "PMID": 708875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3718", "title": "[Increase in the content of thymus hormone sensitive rosette-forming cell precursors in the spleen of mice vaccinated against smallpox].", "content": "Smallpox vaccine injection to 2-month-old C57BL/6j female mice caused during the first days significant rise in the number of precursor cells of rosette-forming lymphocytes, sensitive to the differentiating thymus extract effect. The number of these cells returned to the normal level by the 10th day after vaccination.", "contents": "[Increase in the content of thymus hormone sensitive rosette-forming cell precursors in the spleen of mice vaccinated against smallpox]. Smallpox vaccine injection to 2-month-old C57BL/6j female mice caused during the first days significant rise in the number of precursor cells of rosette-forming lymphocytes, sensitive to the differentiating thymus extract effect. The number of these cells returned to the normal level by the 10th day after vaccination.", "PMID": 708876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3719", "title": "[Carcinogenicity of orthoaminoazotoluene for mouse intestines].", "content": "Carcinogenic activity of orthoaminoazotoluene in relation to intestinal tissues of A/He mice was revealed. Intestinal tumours developed in 19 of 60 mice given this carcinogen; the tumours were localized in the cecum and represented adenomas and adenocarcinomas secreting mucus.", "contents": "[Carcinogenicity of orthoaminoazotoluene for mouse intestines]. Carcinogenic activity of orthoaminoazotoluene in relation to intestinal tissues of A/He mice was revealed. Intestinal tumours developed in 19 of 60 mice given this carcinogen; the tumours were localized in the cecum and represented adenomas and adenocarcinomas secreting mucus.", "PMID": 708877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3720", "title": "[Characteristics of the mitotic cycle of cells during the terminal stage of development of ascitic hepatoma 22A].", "content": "The authors studied growth peculiarities of the ascitic hepatoma 22A at the terminal stage of development. As shown by the autoradiography method, some of the cells could be at the G1-period or at the R1-period for 2 or even 4 days; the average duration of the G2-period constituted 16 hours. 55--60% of the cells were at the much prolonged G1- and R1-period, 7%--at the S-period, and 9%--at the G2-period. The rest 25--30% of cells apparently leave the mitotic cycle irreversibly since they take no part in proliferation after the division stimulation.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the mitotic cycle of cells during the terminal stage of development of ascitic hepatoma 22A]. The authors studied growth peculiarities of the ascitic hepatoma 22A at the terminal stage of development. As shown by the autoradiography method, some of the cells could be at the G1-period or at the R1-period for 2 or even 4 days; the average duration of the G2-period constituted 16 hours. 55--60% of the cells were at the much prolonged G1- and R1-period, 7%--at the S-period, and 9%--at the G2-period. The rest 25--30% of cells apparently leave the mitotic cycle irreversibly since they take no part in proliferation after the division stimulation.", "PMID": 708878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3721", "title": "[Effect of physical training on restoration of rat liver following partial hepatectomy].", "content": "Swimming training of rats led to a change of functional condition of hepatocytes accompanied by the changes in nuclei distribution by classes of DNA ploidity. The blood sugar level and glycogen content in the liver of trained rats were much greater than in the untrained animals 20 and 48 hours after partial hepatectomy. Reparative regeneration following partial hepatectomy in trained rats was characterized by a peculiar distribution of nuclei by classes of DNA ploidity and by entrance into the synthesis of diploid nuclei only, 20 hours after the operation.", "contents": "[Effect of physical training on restoration of rat liver following partial hepatectomy]. Swimming training of rats led to a change of functional condition of hepatocytes accompanied by the changes in nuclei distribution by classes of DNA ploidity. The blood sugar level and glycogen content in the liver of trained rats were much greater than in the untrained animals 20 and 48 hours after partial hepatectomy. Reparative regeneration following partial hepatectomy in trained rats was characterized by a peculiar distribution of nuclei by classes of DNA ploidity and by entrance into the synthesis of diploid nuclei only, 20 hours after the operation.", "PMID": 708879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3722", "title": "[Effect of extracts of different origin on primary cultures of cells from inbred mice].", "content": "The effect of allogeneic and syngeneic extracts from inbred male and female mouse spleens on the primary culture of fibroblasts obtained from subcutaneous connective tissue of CBA and C57BL/6j female mouse fetus was studied. Cytotoxic and growth-inhibiting effect on the cultures increased successively in using extracts from the tissues of syngeneic male mice, allogeneic female and male mice. Consequently, an increase in the degree of antigenic differences of the target=cells and extracts led to enhancement of the allogeneic inhibition phenomenon. For the first time it was shown that in the syngeneic system the extracts from male mouse tissues (containing weak H-Y antigen) exerted a cytotoxic action on the inbred female mouse cells, i.e. caused reaction similar to allogeneic inhibition.", "contents": "[Effect of extracts of different origin on primary cultures of cells from inbred mice]. The effect of allogeneic and syngeneic extracts from inbred male and female mouse spleens on the primary culture of fibroblasts obtained from subcutaneous connective tissue of CBA and C57BL/6j female mouse fetus was studied. Cytotoxic and growth-inhibiting effect on the cultures increased successively in using extracts from the tissues of syngeneic male mice, allogeneic female and male mice. Consequently, an increase in the degree of antigenic differences of the target=cells and extracts led to enhancement of the allogeneic inhibition phenomenon. For the first time it was shown that in the syngeneic system the extracts from male mouse tissues (containing weak H-Y antigen) exerted a cytotoxic action on the inbred female mouse cells, i.e. caused reaction similar to allogeneic inhibition.", "PMID": 708880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3723", "title": "[Autoradiographic study of stimulation of RNA synthesis in fibroblasts].", "content": "The rate of uridine-5 3H incorporation into the skin-muscle wound fibroblasts of control and experimental animals, and also into the fibroblasts of flocculent connective tissue of intact animals was studied. The character of incorporation and distribution of the isotope in the nuclei and cytoplasm in the flocculent connective tissue fibroblasts differed in intact mice from those in the wound fibroblasts only by intensity. Potassium orotate RNA synthesis stimulation in the fibroblast nuclei closely correlated with the increased rate and intensity of the labeled RNA passage from the cell nuclei to the sites of collagen synthesis.", "contents": "[Autoradiographic study of stimulation of RNA synthesis in fibroblasts]. The rate of uridine-5 3H incorporation into the skin-muscle wound fibroblasts of control and experimental animals, and also into the fibroblasts of flocculent connective tissue of intact animals was studied. The character of incorporation and distribution of the isotope in the nuclei and cytoplasm in the flocculent connective tissue fibroblasts differed in intact mice from those in the wound fibroblasts only by intensity. Potassium orotate RNA synthesis stimulation in the fibroblast nuclei closely correlated with the increased rate and intensity of the labeled RNA passage from the cell nuclei to the sites of collagen synthesis.", "PMID": 708881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3724", "title": "[Migration of hematopoietic stem cells in thermal burns].", "content": "Experiments on mice (CBA X C57BL) F1 have shown that a high level of endogenous glucocorticoids in the blood 30 min to 6 hours after burn is accompanied by a 2--2 1/2-fold decrease of the circulating CFU. At this period CFU migration from the bone marrow area shielded during the irradiation (850 R) is inhibited. The stem cells migration is increased 3--4 days after the burn.", "contents": "[Migration of hematopoietic stem cells in thermal burns]. Experiments on mice (CBA X C57BL) F1 have shown that a high level of endogenous glucocorticoids in the blood 30 min to 6 hours after burn is accompanied by a 2--2 1/2-fold decrease of the circulating CFU. At this period CFU migration from the bone marrow area shielded during the irradiation (850 R) is inhibited. The stem cells migration is increased 3--4 days after the burn.", "PMID": 708882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3725", "title": "[Organ cultures of embryonal rat brain tissue (hippocampal area) in a study of the transplacental effect of nitrosoethylurea].", "content": "The transplacental action of nitrosoethylurea (NEU) was studied in organic cultures of the embryonic rat brain tissue (the hyppocampus region). The brain tissue proved to be highly sensitive to NEU. This was expressed in a greater survival of the experimental cultures in comparison with the control and in the appearance of epithelial proliferations of the vascular plexus resembling, in individual cases, adenomas. The amount of morphological changes observed in the experiment depended on the carcinogen dose.", "contents": "[Organ cultures of embryonal rat brain tissue (hippocampal area) in a study of the transplacental effect of nitrosoethylurea]. The transplacental action of nitrosoethylurea (NEU) was studied in organic cultures of the embryonic rat brain tissue (the hyppocampus region). The brain tissue proved to be highly sensitive to NEU. This was expressed in a greater survival of the experimental cultures in comparison with the control and in the appearance of epithelial proliferations of the vascular plexus resembling, in individual cases, adenomas. The amount of morphological changes observed in the experiment depended on the carcinogen dose.", "PMID": 708883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3726", "title": "[Effect of several extreme influences on the submicroscopic organization of rat liver following carbon tetrachloride poisoning].", "content": "Submicroscopic structure of parenchymatous cells was investigated in the liver of rats given CCL4 (0.12 ml/100 g body wt) for 25 days. After cessation of this treatment the animals were subjected to the action of extreme stimulants (immobilization or overheating under sunlight or both). CCL4 poisoning led to the appearance of many lipid incorporations in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes serving as the basis for fat infiltration in the liver. The action of extreme factors was followed by accumulation of lipids in the lumina of the granular cytoplasmic reticulum never found in any other pathological conditions, and apparently reflecting profound disturbances of intracellular metabolism.", "contents": "[Effect of several extreme influences on the submicroscopic organization of rat liver following carbon tetrachloride poisoning]. Submicroscopic structure of parenchymatous cells was investigated in the liver of rats given CCL4 (0.12 ml/100 g body wt) for 25 days. After cessation of this treatment the animals were subjected to the action of extreme stimulants (immobilization or overheating under sunlight or both). CCL4 poisoning led to the appearance of many lipid incorporations in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes serving as the basis for fat infiltration in the liver. The action of extreme factors was followed by accumulation of lipids in the lumina of the granular cytoplasmic reticulum never found in any other pathological conditions, and apparently reflecting profound disturbances of intracellular metabolism.", "PMID": 708884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3727", "title": "[Cytophotometry of DNA in isolated mouse heart myocytes].", "content": "Submicroscopic structure of parenchymatous cells was investigated in the liver of rats given CCL4 (0.12 ml/100 g body wt) for 25 days. After cessation of this treatment the animals were subjected to the action of extreme stimulants (immobilization or overheating under sunlight or both). CCL4 poisoning led to the appearance of many lipid incorporations in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes serving as the basis for fat infiltration in the liver. The action of extreme factors was followed by accumulation of lipids in the lumina of the granular cytoplasmic reticulum never found in any other pathological conditions, and apparently reflecting profound disturbances of intracellular metabolism.", "contents": "[Cytophotometry of DNA in isolated mouse heart myocytes]. Submicroscopic structure of parenchymatous cells was investigated in the liver of rats given CCL4 (0.12 ml/100 g body wt) for 25 days. After cessation of this treatment the animals were subjected to the action of extreme stimulants (immobilization or overheating under sunlight or both). CCL4 poisoning led to the appearance of many lipid incorporations in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes serving as the basis for fat infiltration in the liver. The action of extreme factors was followed by accumulation of lipids in the lumina of the granular cytoplasmic reticulum never found in any other pathological conditions, and apparently reflecting profound disturbances of intracellular metabolism.", "PMID": 708885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3728", "title": "[Effect of hypoxic hypoxia on the shape and surface of erythrocytes (according to observations with transmission and scanning electron microscopes)].", "content": "Changes in the surface and intracellular structure of erythrocytes were studied under experimental conditions with consideration to the general morphological blood picture. Hypoxic hypoxia is accompanied by changes of mature erythrocytes and erythroblastic elements of the bone marrow tissue. At the early periods of hypoxia (the 1st-5th day) there is an increase in the count of erythrocytes, their respiratory surface enlarges and hemoglobin content becomes greater. These changes are adaptive. At later periods of hypoxia (the 10th--15th day) there occurs no increase of erythrocyte count, the number of reticulocytes falls, erythroblasts disappear, i.e. erythropoietic bone marrow capacity becomes exhausted and there appear signs of its decompensation. A rise of erythrocyte count and of blood hemoglobin content is the sequence of intensification of the bone marrow series function; this is indicated by the increase of the peripheral blood reticulocyte count and by the appearance of erythroblasts.", "contents": "[Effect of hypoxic hypoxia on the shape and surface of erythrocytes (according to observations with transmission and scanning electron microscopes)]. Changes in the surface and intracellular structure of erythrocytes were studied under experimental conditions with consideration to the general morphological blood picture. Hypoxic hypoxia is accompanied by changes of mature erythrocytes and erythroblastic elements of the bone marrow tissue. At the early periods of hypoxia (the 1st-5th day) there is an increase in the count of erythrocytes, their respiratory surface enlarges and hemoglobin content becomes greater. These changes are adaptive. At later periods of hypoxia (the 10th--15th day) there occurs no increase of erythrocyte count, the number of reticulocytes falls, erythroblasts disappear, i.e. erythropoietic bone marrow capacity becomes exhausted and there appear signs of its decompensation. A rise of erythrocyte count and of blood hemoglobin content is the sequence of intensification of the bone marrow series function; this is indicated by the increase of the peripheral blood reticulocyte count and by the appearance of erythroblasts.", "PMID": 708886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3729", "title": "[Effect of CO2 on the excitable membrane of a single node of Ranvier].", "content": "Introduction into the chamber containing the preparation of a gaseous mixture with a 5% CO2 content failed to lead to any significant changes in the recorded parameters of the node of Ranvier. Elevation of CO2 concentration to 50% caused a significant increase of resistance, of the critical level of the membrane depolarization, a decrease of the spike amplitude, and of the maximum steepness of its increase. Two minutes after the beginning of the gas mixture introduction spike degeneration stopped. CO2 action was completely reversible. The trace potentials of the node of Ranvier remained unchanged with the CO2 action in the mentioned concentrations.", "contents": "[Effect of CO2 on the excitable membrane of a single node of Ranvier]. Introduction into the chamber containing the preparation of a gaseous mixture with a 5% CO2 content failed to lead to any significant changes in the recorded parameters of the node of Ranvier. Elevation of CO2 concentration to 50% caused a significant increase of resistance, of the critical level of the membrane depolarization, a decrease of the spike amplitude, and of the maximum steepness of its increase. Two minutes after the beginning of the gas mixture introduction spike degeneration stopped. CO2 action was completely reversible. The trace potentials of the node of Ranvier remained unchanged with the CO2 action in the mentioned concentrations.", "PMID": 708887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3730", "title": "Systemic and regional flow distribution in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive young rats subjected to lifetime beta-adrenergic receptor blockade.", "content": "To determine quantitatively organ blood flow distribution as the result of lifelong beta-adrenergic receptor blockade, 23 and 24 normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats, respectively, were treated from conception with tap water (control; 10 WKY and 8 SHR), propranolol (0.5 mg/ml drinking water; 6 WKY and 8 SHR), or timolol (0.5 mg/ml drinking water; 7 WKY and 8 SHR) via placental circulation, mothers' milk, and drinking water. At 12 weeks of age all six groups were studied hemodynamically under ether anesthesia using an electromagnetic flowmeter and radioactive carbonized (15 micrometer) microspheres. Untreated SHR demonstrated normal cardiac output (CO) and CO distribution to all organs except for myocardium and testes, thereby confirming our previous work. With either propranolol or timolol treatment the course of development and maintenance of arterial pressure was no different than the pure-tap-water-fed WKY and SHR despite an approximate 30% reduction in CO. Further, with both beta-receptor antagonists CO distribution was significantly reduced to skeletal muscle (p less than 0.001), unchanged to the heart, and increased (p less than 0.05) to the remaining organs (including kidneys and brain) in both groups. Thus, as a result of lifelong beta-adrenergic receptor blockade, CO was reduced; and this was associated with a redistribution of blood flow so that flow to the kidney, brain, and splanchnic organs could be maintained at the expense of skeletal muslce perfusion.", "contents": "Systemic and regional flow distribution in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive young rats subjected to lifetime beta-adrenergic receptor blockade. To determine quantitatively organ blood flow distribution as the result of lifelong beta-adrenergic receptor blockade, 23 and 24 normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats, respectively, were treated from conception with tap water (control; 10 WKY and 8 SHR), propranolol (0.5 mg/ml drinking water; 6 WKY and 8 SHR), or timolol (0.5 mg/ml drinking water; 7 WKY and 8 SHR) via placental circulation, mothers' milk, and drinking water. At 12 weeks of age all six groups were studied hemodynamically under ether anesthesia using an electromagnetic flowmeter and radioactive carbonized (15 micrometer) microspheres. Untreated SHR demonstrated normal cardiac output (CO) and CO distribution to all organs except for myocardium and testes, thereby confirming our previous work. With either propranolol or timolol treatment the course of development and maintenance of arterial pressure was no different than the pure-tap-water-fed WKY and SHR despite an approximate 30% reduction in CO. Further, with both beta-receptor antagonists CO distribution was significantly reduced to skeletal muscle (p less than 0.001), unchanged to the heart, and increased (p less than 0.05) to the remaining organs (including kidneys and brain) in both groups. Thus, as a result of lifelong beta-adrenergic receptor blockade, CO was reduced; and this was associated with a redistribution of blood flow so that flow to the kidney, brain, and splanchnic organs could be maintained at the expense of skeletal muslce perfusion.", "PMID": 708888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3731", "title": "The innervation of the rabbit ear artery. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "An examination of sections of the central artery of the rabbit external ear with the transmission electron microscope revealed a single and uniform population of axons near the medial-adventitial border. The dimensions of the neuromuscular cleft (mean closest distance 0.5 micrometer) and of the approaches between smooth muscle cells (not less than 20 nm) were determined. On the basis of the morphology of the neuronal vesicles and their ability to take up 5-hydroxydopamine the axons were classified as adrenergic, confirming previous light-microscopic histochemical observations. The axons also exhibited a weak but definite acetylcholinesterase activity in association with their sxon membrane, as shown by a histochemical technique.", "contents": "The innervation of the rabbit ear artery. An ultrastructural study. An examination of sections of the central artery of the rabbit external ear with the transmission electron microscope revealed a single and uniform population of axons near the medial-adventitial border. The dimensions of the neuromuscular cleft (mean closest distance 0.5 micrometer) and of the approaches between smooth muscle cells (not less than 20 nm) were determined. On the basis of the morphology of the neuronal vesicles and their ability to take up 5-hydroxydopamine the axons were classified as adrenergic, confirming previous light-microscopic histochemical observations. The axons also exhibited a weak but definite acetylcholinesterase activity in association with their sxon membrane, as shown by a histochemical technique.", "PMID": 708889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3732", "title": "Differential counts of neutrophil, eosinophil, and macrophage colonies in cultures from human bone marrow and peripheral blood.", "content": "Differential counts for neutrophil, eosinophil, and macrophage colonies were performed in 364 methylcellulose cultures of myeloid precursor cells. 2n bone marrow cultures from normals we found a mean total colony count of 56 +/- 17/10(5), of which 65% were neutrophil, 12% eosinophil, and 23% macrophages. In cultures from normal peripheral blood, the mean total colony count was 26 +/- 16/10(6) with 49% neutrophils, 44% eosinophils and 7% macrophages. There was an increase of eosinophil and macrophage colonies in cultures from patients with malignant hematological diseases, solid tumors and Graft-versus-Host disease. Highest eosinophil colony counts were found in Graft-versus-Host disease, highest macrophage colony counts in untreated Hodgkin's disease. Only 1 patient with extremely high eosinophil colony counts had eosinophilia in the peripheral blood. We conclude that in vitro conditions favor eosinophil \"commitment\". Its increase as nonspecific sign of disease is thus more likely to be recognized in vitro than in vivo.", "contents": "Differential counts of neutrophil, eosinophil, and macrophage colonies in cultures from human bone marrow and peripheral blood. Differential counts for neutrophil, eosinophil, and macrophage colonies were performed in 364 methylcellulose cultures of myeloid precursor cells. 2n bone marrow cultures from normals we found a mean total colony count of 56 +/- 17/10(5), of which 65% were neutrophil, 12% eosinophil, and 23% macrophages. In cultures from normal peripheral blood, the mean total colony count was 26 +/- 16/10(6) with 49% neutrophils, 44% eosinophils and 7% macrophages. There was an increase of eosinophil and macrophage colonies in cultures from patients with malignant hematological diseases, solid tumors and Graft-versus-Host disease. Highest eosinophil colony counts were found in Graft-versus-Host disease, highest macrophage colony counts in untreated Hodgkin's disease. Only 1 patient with extremely high eosinophil colony counts had eosinophilia in the peripheral blood. We conclude that in vitro conditions favor eosinophil \"commitment\". Its increase as nonspecific sign of disease is thus more likely to be recognized in vitro than in vivo.", "PMID": 708890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3733", "title": "Creatine kinase in human erythrocytes: a newly detected genetic anomaly.", "content": "In a family of Italian origin, we found four members with a considerable activity of creatine kinase inside their erythrocytes. All other clinical and hematological findings were normal. The enzyme anomaly seems to be inherited in the autosomal mode. The creatine kinase CK) activity in freshly drawn blood was about 12 U/g Hb. The activity was higher in young red cells than in older ones. Studies with specific antibodies against human CK isoenzymes revealed the CK activity in the probands' red cells to be due to about 90% to the BB-isoenzyme normally found in brain and nerve tissue. The presence of CK in the erythrocytes does not seem to have any consequences for the energy metabolism of the cells. Creatine concentration was slightly elevated, but creatine phosphate could not be detected.", "contents": "Creatine kinase in human erythrocytes: a newly detected genetic anomaly. In a family of Italian origin, we found four members with a considerable activity of creatine kinase inside their erythrocytes. All other clinical and hematological findings were normal. The enzyme anomaly seems to be inherited in the autosomal mode. The creatine kinase CK) activity in freshly drawn blood was about 12 U/g Hb. The activity was higher in young red cells than in older ones. Studies with specific antibodies against human CK isoenzymes revealed the CK activity in the probands' red cells to be due to about 90% to the BB-isoenzyme normally found in brain and nerve tissue. The presence of CK in the erythrocytes does not seem to have any consequences for the energy metabolism of the cells. Creatine concentration was slightly elevated, but creatine phosphate could not be detected.", "PMID": 708891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3734", "title": "[Age and immunity: III. Circulating immune complexes in different age groups (author's transl)].", "content": "Circulating immune complexes were determined utilizing an immunofluorescence technique in sera of 271 healthy donors in different age groups. Practically no immune complexes were detected up to the age of 60. Among the donors ranging in age between 60 and 70 years, 20% revealed immune complexes in their sera. The incidence of circulating immune complexes increased up to 33% among the individuals between 70 and 75 years of age and up to 40% among those over 76 years. In view of earlier findings of decreased numerical and functional capacities of peripheral blood lymphocytes and functional capacities of peripheral blood lymphocytes and increased incidence of auto-antibodies, the observation, that the incidence of circulating immune complexes increases with age seems to support the hypothesis of an age-dependent immunological impairment. To what extent such an immunological insufficiency plays a role in the general aging process remains unknown. It can, however, explain some of the auto-immune diseases seen frequently among the elderly population.", "contents": "[Age and immunity: III. Circulating immune complexes in different age groups (author's transl)]. Circulating immune complexes were determined utilizing an immunofluorescence technique in sera of 271 healthy donors in different age groups. Practically no immune complexes were detected up to the age of 60. Among the donors ranging in age between 60 and 70 years, 20% revealed immune complexes in their sera. The incidence of circulating immune complexes increased up to 33% among the individuals between 70 and 75 years of age and up to 40% among those over 76 years. In view of earlier findings of decreased numerical and functional capacities of peripheral blood lymphocytes and functional capacities of peripheral blood lymphocytes and increased incidence of auto-antibodies, the observation, that the incidence of circulating immune complexes increases with age seems to support the hypothesis of an age-dependent immunological impairment. To what extent such an immunological insufficiency plays a role in the general aging process remains unknown. It can, however, explain some of the auto-immune diseases seen frequently among the elderly population.", "PMID": 708892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3735", "title": "Hatching success and early performance of chicks from eggs sprayed with 2,4-D,2,4,5-T and picloram at various stages of embryonic development.", "content": "Aqueous solutions of 2,4-D, 2,4-5-T and picloram were sprayed on hens' eggs at 10x normal rate (11.2 kg/ha). Eggs used were stored prior to incubation over a 24 day period and application on each age egg occurred at the start as well as 4 and 18 days after the onset of embryonic development. No adverse effects on any parameter used to evaluate either incubation or subsequent live performance could be attributed to either spray treatment or embryonic age when applied. Although extended preincubation storage significantly reduced hatching success, it was independent of herbicide contact and germ stage when contaminated. Chicks derived from eggs stored 1--2 and 23--24 days before incubation performed comparably and were uninfluenced by all treatments during incubation.", "contents": "Hatching success and early performance of chicks from eggs sprayed with 2,4-D,2,4,5-T and picloram at various stages of embryonic development. Aqueous solutions of 2,4-D, 2,4-5-T and picloram were sprayed on hens' eggs at 10x normal rate (11.2 kg/ha). Eggs used were stored prior to incubation over a 24 day period and application on each age egg occurred at the start as well as 4 and 18 days after the onset of embryonic development. No adverse effects on any parameter used to evaluate either incubation or subsequent live performance could be attributed to either spray treatment or embryonic age when applied. Although extended preincubation storage significantly reduced hatching success, it was independent of herbicide contact and germ stage when contaminated. Chicks derived from eggs stored 1--2 and 23--24 days before incubation performed comparably and were uninfluenced by all treatments during incubation.", "PMID": 708918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3736", "title": "Insecticidal and neuroexcitant actions of DDT analogs on the cockroach, Periplaneta americana.", "content": "The American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) was used to test 14 DDT analogs for their ability to cause a) death and b) repetitive firing in the abdominal nerve cord. P,p' -DDT, p,p' -DDD, p,p' -methoxychlor, and o,p -DDT were all found to induce repetitive firing in the nerve cord after a twice threshold stimulus, but only p,p' -DDT, p,p' -DDD, and p,p' -methoxychlor produced mortality within 4 days from injection of the pesticides. Also, cockroaches exposed to sublethal doses of p,p' -DDT and p,p' -methoxychlor were found to exhibit repetitive firing in the abdominal nerve cord three weeks after injection of the pesticide. The 'cause and effect' relationship between neuroexcitation and lethality is therefore questioned, at least in the case of cockroaches.", "contents": "Insecticidal and neuroexcitant actions of DDT analogs on the cockroach, Periplaneta americana. The American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) was used to test 14 DDT analogs for their ability to cause a) death and b) repetitive firing in the abdominal nerve cord. P,p' -DDT, p,p' -DDD, p,p' -methoxychlor, and o,p -DDT were all found to induce repetitive firing in the nerve cord after a twice threshold stimulus, but only p,p' -DDT, p,p' -DDD, and p,p' -methoxychlor produced mortality within 4 days from injection of the pesticides. Also, cockroaches exposed to sublethal doses of p,p' -DDT and p,p' -methoxychlor were found to exhibit repetitive firing in the abdominal nerve cord three weeks after injection of the pesticide. The 'cause and effect' relationship between neuroexcitation and lethality is therefore questioned, at least in the case of cockroaches.", "PMID": 708919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3737", "title": "Toxicity and sublethal effects of No. 2 fuel oil on the supralittoral isopod Lygia exotica.", "content": "1. No. 2 fuel oil was of relatively low toxicity to the intertidal isopod Lygia exotica as indicated by the TLm values of over 100% for the WSF and 73 ppm at 24 and 48 hours and 36.5 ppm at 96 hours for the OWD. 2. Respiration was not significantly affected by short term exposure to several concentrations of No. 2 fuel oil prepared as either a WSF or OWD. 3. Lygia contamined by a spill of No. 2 fuel oil and Bunker C residual oil contained high concentrations of dibenzothiophenes. It is not known whether the dibenzothiophenes were accumulated by the Lygia tissues or absorbed to the exoskeleton. Therefore, the high mortality of Lygia following the spill cannot yet be attributed to the dibenzothiophenes.", "contents": "Toxicity and sublethal effects of No. 2 fuel oil on the supralittoral isopod Lygia exotica. 1. No. 2 fuel oil was of relatively low toxicity to the intertidal isopod Lygia exotica as indicated by the TLm values of over 100% for the WSF and 73 ppm at 24 and 48 hours and 36.5 ppm at 96 hours for the OWD. 2. Respiration was not significantly affected by short term exposure to several concentrations of No. 2 fuel oil prepared as either a WSF or OWD. 3. Lygia contamined by a spill of No. 2 fuel oil and Bunker C residual oil contained high concentrations of dibenzothiophenes. It is not known whether the dibenzothiophenes were accumulated by the Lygia tissues or absorbed to the exoskeleton. Therefore, the high mortality of Lygia following the spill cannot yet be attributed to the dibenzothiophenes.", "PMID": 708921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3738", "title": "Trace metals in some fish species of South Carolina.", "content": "Samples of fish from freshwater and saltwater sources of ocean, rivers, and lakes over the state of South Carolina were collected. The fish collected were Shrimp, Silver Snapper, White Bass, Catfish, Mudfish and Trout. The sample flasks were incubated in a constant temperature stirring water bath at 58 degrees C until clear solution in reagent-grade nitric acid. Triplicate samples of fish muscle tissue were analyzed by wet digestion and dry digestion methods. Trace metal levels were determined by flame atomic absorption using a Perkin-Elmer Model 306 spectrophotometer. Mercury determination was made by Coleman MAS-50 mercury analyzer. A significant finding of this report is that saltwater fish have more trace metal levels than freshwater fish, and larger fish have higher trace metals than smaller fish. Iron and zinc levels were much higher in Shrimp than any other species analyzed.", "contents": "Trace metals in some fish species of South Carolina. Samples of fish from freshwater and saltwater sources of ocean, rivers, and lakes over the state of South Carolina were collected. The fish collected were Shrimp, Silver Snapper, White Bass, Catfish, Mudfish and Trout. The sample flasks were incubated in a constant temperature stirring water bath at 58 degrees C until clear solution in reagent-grade nitric acid. Triplicate samples of fish muscle tissue were analyzed by wet digestion and dry digestion methods. Trace metal levels were determined by flame atomic absorption using a Perkin-Elmer Model 306 spectrophotometer. Mercury determination was made by Coleman MAS-50 mercury analyzer. A significant finding of this report is that saltwater fish have more trace metal levels than freshwater fish, and larger fish have higher trace metals than smaller fish. Iron and zinc levels were much higher in Shrimp than any other species analyzed.", "PMID": 708922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3739", "title": "A plankton net designed to exclude air-sea interface phenomena.", "content": "For use in trace pollutant studies a description is presented of a protected closed plankton net whose purpose is to minimize the exposure of collected samples to surface films and debris. Tests described in this paper appeared to show that the protected closed net was not necessary for the environmental conditions encountered during our field studies. However, additional calculations based on the data of other investigators strongly imply that employment of such a net is heavily polluted surface waters may be highly advantageous.", "contents": "A plankton net designed to exclude air-sea interface phenomena. For use in trace pollutant studies a description is presented of a protected closed plankton net whose purpose is to minimize the exposure of collected samples to surface films and debris. Tests described in this paper appeared to show that the protected closed net was not necessary for the environmental conditions encountered during our field studies. However, additional calculations based on the data of other investigators strongly imply that employment of such a net is heavily polluted surface waters may be highly advantageous.", "PMID": 708926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3740", "title": "A water-extractable toxic compound in vinyl upholstery fabric.", "content": "A compound, highly toxic to goldfish, was found to be released from a vinyl (polyvinyl chloride) automotive upholstery fabric when the material was immersed in their water. The compound, a flame retardant used in such material, was identified by specific detector gas chromatography and mass spectrometry as triphenyl phosphate. Fish exposed to the immersed fabric or pure triphenyl phosphate showed neurologic intoxication and extensive histopathologic lesions.", "contents": "A water-extractable toxic compound in vinyl upholstery fabric. A compound, highly toxic to goldfish, was found to be released from a vinyl (polyvinyl chloride) automotive upholstery fabric when the material was immersed in their water. The compound, a flame retardant used in such material, was identified by specific detector gas chromatography and mass spectrometry as triphenyl phosphate. Fish exposed to the immersed fabric or pure triphenyl phosphate showed neurologic intoxication and extensive histopathologic lesions.", "PMID": 708931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3741", "title": "Humoral immunity in mice following oral administration of selected pesticides.", "content": "Five pesticides (carbaryl, DDT, parathion, chlordimeform, and ametryne) were tested for their effects on the immunocompetence of Balb/c mice. All five of the test pesticides were observed to induce statistically significant suppression of the humoral immune response if administered orally, at near lethal doses, during an ongoing immune response. Ametryne and chlordimeform were also observed to have a suppressive effect on humoral immune competence if orally administered in a sufficiently large quantity, 1 LD50, at the time of, or prior to, immunization. Administration of 0.1 LD50 parathion per day, over an extended period of time, resulted in a statistically significant suppression of the humoral immune response.", "contents": "Humoral immunity in mice following oral administration of selected pesticides. Five pesticides (carbaryl, DDT, parathion, chlordimeform, and ametryne) were tested for their effects on the immunocompetence of Balb/c mice. All five of the test pesticides were observed to induce statistically significant suppression of the humoral immune response if administered orally, at near lethal doses, during an ongoing immune response. Ametryne and chlordimeform were also observed to have a suppressive effect on humoral immune competence if orally administered in a sufficiently large quantity, 1 LD50, at the time of, or prior to, immunization. Administration of 0.1 LD50 parathion per day, over an extended period of time, resulted in a statistically significant suppression of the humoral immune response.", "PMID": 708932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3742", "title": "Books and other endangered species: an inquiry into the values of medical librarianship.", "content": "Major values of medical librarians, as exemplified in their periodical literature 1903-1977, are identified as \"professionalism,\" \"cooperation,\" \"sense of community with health sciences practitioners,\" and \"knowledge orientation.\" These values are examined in terms of interdisciplinary research into human values. Professionalism is studied in greater depth in relation to criteria on a scale of professionalism. Medical librarians have been most concerned with the criteria of organization, specialized education (with more emphasis on continuing education than on introductory medical library education), and service orientation. Indication of challenge to long-held values exists in the contradictions among certain related assumptions underlying our self-image, our current lack of standards, and changing societal views toward commitment to a single, life-long specialization. It is suggested that there is unexplored potential for support of our traditional values and the development of new ones by comparing them with the value systems of health scientists and educators of health sciences practitioners.", "contents": "Books and other endangered species: an inquiry into the values of medical librarianship. Major values of medical librarians, as exemplified in their periodical literature 1903-1977, are identified as \"professionalism,\" \"cooperation,\" \"sense of community with health sciences practitioners,\" and \"knowledge orientation.\" These values are examined in terms of interdisciplinary research into human values. Professionalism is studied in greater depth in relation to criteria on a scale of professionalism. Medical librarians have been most concerned with the criteria of organization, specialized education (with more emphasis on continuing education than on introductory medical library education), and service orientation. Indication of challenge to long-held values exists in the contradictions among certain related assumptions underlying our self-image, our current lack of standards, and changing societal views toward commitment to a single, life-long specialization. It is suggested that there is unexplored potential for support of our traditional values and the development of new ones by comparing them with the value systems of health scientists and educators of health sciences practitioners.", "PMID": 708952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3743", "title": "A survey of computer search service costs in the academic health sciences library.", "content": "The Norris Medical Library, University of Southern California, has recently completed an extensive survey of costs involved in the provision of computer search services beyond vendor charges for connect time and printing. In this survey costs for such items as terminal depreciation, repair contract, personnel time, and supplies are analyzed. Implications of this cost survey are discussed in relation to planning and price setting for computer search services.", "contents": "A survey of computer search service costs in the academic health sciences library. The Norris Medical Library, University of Southern California, has recently completed an extensive survey of costs involved in the provision of computer search services beyond vendor charges for connect time and printing. In this survey costs for such items as terminal depreciation, repair contract, personnel time, and supplies are analyzed. Implications of this cost survey are discussed in relation to planning and price setting for computer search services.", "PMID": 708953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3744", "title": "Systematic serials selection analysis in a small academic health sciences library.", "content": "This paper describes the implementation of a straightforward quantitative technique to analyze the serials collection of the Medical Library at the University of Missouri-Kansas City (UMKC). Our simplified operations research approach resulted in a savings of nearly $1400 per year in subscriptions costs without reducing the net number of seven hundred titles or causing an imbalance in the subject distribution of our collection. By detailing both the rationale behind the process and the actual steps followed at UMKC, we hope to demonstrate that operations research techniques can be used practically and successfully even in small health sciences libraries. In the Appendix a more general and more rigorous operations research approach to the analysis of serials collections is also presented in a fashion that is, as far as possible, not mathematically forbidding.", "contents": "Systematic serials selection analysis in a small academic health sciences library. This paper describes the implementation of a straightforward quantitative technique to analyze the serials collection of the Medical Library at the University of Missouri-Kansas City (UMKC). Our simplified operations research approach resulted in a savings of nearly $1400 per year in subscriptions costs without reducing the net number of seven hundred titles or causing an imbalance in the subject distribution of our collection. By detailing both the rationale behind the process and the actual steps followed at UMKC, we hope to demonstrate that operations research techniques can be used practically and successfully even in small health sciences libraries. In the Appendix a more general and more rigorous operations research approach to the analysis of serials collections is also presented in a fashion that is, as far as possible, not mathematically forbidding.", "PMID": 708954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3745", "title": "Management data for collection analysis and development.", "content": "Sound management data are needed to evaluate the collections of health sciences libraries. This study reports the utilization of computer data bases to compare the libary collections of The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. The University of Texas Medical Branch, and the National Library of Medicine's CATLINE data base. The imprint dates of the records of two libraries are compared to measure acquisitions rates. Subject profiles for the Q and W classes demonstrate the similarity of the collections. Reasons for the variances are considered.", "contents": "Management data for collection analysis and development. Sound management data are needed to evaluate the collections of health sciences libraries. This study reports the utilization of computer data bases to compare the libary collections of The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. The University of Texas Medical Branch, and the National Library of Medicine's CATLINE data base. The imprint dates of the records of two libraries are compared to measure acquisitions rates. Subject profiles for the Q and W classes demonstrate the similarity of the collections. Reasons for the variances are considered.", "PMID": 708955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3746", "title": "Fees for information services to hospitals: a California experience.", "content": "The project was directed toward planning, developing, and implementing a subregional biomedical information network among the forty-three health care facilities (hospitals) of the four-county area served by Loma Linda University's health sciences library. The project coordinator contacted administrators and health care professionals in the forty-three institutions to present a plan for the network. The health care facilities were encouraged to support the continuation of the network through contract fees. The availability of specific information services was assured through contractual agreements. It was anticipated that the subregional network would be self-supporting after the twelve-month project period (December 1, 1976-November 30, 1977). The working territory (40,429 square miles) encompassed Mono, Inyo, Riverside, and San Bernardino counties. The project resulted in nine of the forty-three hospitals signing annual contracts for library services. It is recommended that projects of this kind extend beyond a year's duration in order to educate health professionals concerning the value of access to biomedical literature in improving patient care.", "contents": "Fees for information services to hospitals: a California experience. The project was directed toward planning, developing, and implementing a subregional biomedical information network among the forty-three health care facilities (hospitals) of the four-county area served by Loma Linda University's health sciences library. The project coordinator contacted administrators and health care professionals in the forty-three institutions to present a plan for the network. The health care facilities were encouraged to support the continuation of the network through contract fees. The availability of specific information services was assured through contractual agreements. It was anticipated that the subregional network would be self-supporting after the twelve-month project period (December 1, 1976-November 30, 1977). The working territory (40,429 square miles) encompassed Mono, Inyo, Riverside, and San Bernardino counties. The project resulted in nine of the forty-three hospitals signing annual contracts for library services. It is recommended that projects of this kind extend beyond a year's duration in order to educate health professionals concerning the value of access to biomedical literature in improving patient care.", "PMID": 708956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3747", "title": "The clinical librarian and the patient: report of a project at McMaster University Medical Centre.", "content": "In June 1975 a clinical librarian project was initiated in the Gastroenterology Programme of McMaster University Medical Centre. The objectives of the project were to assist patients in participating more knowledgeably in their own health care and to assist health professionals in applying the latest information from biomedical literature to patient care. The implementation and development of the service are described, including the use of feedback from patients and health professionals to assess the impact of the librarians' participation in clinical settings. Benefits included: 1) increased accessibility of information resources to patients, 2) a greater awareness by health professionals of the usefulness of biomedical literature and the library in patient care, and 3) an opportunity for the librarian to gain a first-hand view of activities and information needs in a clinical setting. Key points in determining the successful implementation of the project are given.", "contents": "The clinical librarian and the patient: report of a project at McMaster University Medical Centre. In June 1975 a clinical librarian project was initiated in the Gastroenterology Programme of McMaster University Medical Centre. The objectives of the project were to assist patients in participating more knowledgeably in their own health care and to assist health professionals in applying the latest information from biomedical literature to patient care. The implementation and development of the service are described, including the use of feedback from patients and health professionals to assess the impact of the librarians' participation in clinical settings. Benefits included: 1) increased accessibility of information resources to patients, 2) a greater awareness by health professionals of the usefulness of biomedical literature and the library in patient care, and 3) an opportunity for the librarian to gain a first-hand view of activities and information needs in a clinical setting. Key points in determining the successful implementation of the project are given.", "PMID": 708957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3748", "title": "Area health education center libraries and medical school libraries: establishing an interface.", "content": "Establishing an interface between area health education center (AHEC) libraries and medical school libraries requires careful planning, including: the overall plan, needs assessment, resource evaluation, a developmental plan, monitoring and evaluation, institutional agreements, and publicity. This paper reports on the development of AHEC libraries in North Dakota.", "contents": "Area health education center libraries and medical school libraries: establishing an interface. Establishing an interface between area health education center (AHEC) libraries and medical school libraries requires careful planning, including: the overall plan, needs assessment, resource evaluation, a developmental plan, monitoring and evaluation, institutional agreements, and publicity. This paper reports on the development of AHEC libraries in North Dakota.", "PMID": 708958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3749", "title": "The CHIPS project: a health information network to serve the consumer.", "content": "CHIPS (Consumer Health Information Program and Services/Salud y Bienestar) is a Library Services and Construction Act Title I-funded project that has as its major goal the formation of a health information network to serve the consumer, the public library client, and the hospital patient. Funded for two years, 1976-1978, this bilingual project coordinates efforts of the Los Angeles County Harbor General Hospital Regional Medical Library and the Los Angeles County Carson Regional Public Library to provide health information resources and services to the public. The target population is over two million people of diverse ethnic backgrounds. This paper discusses the project's objectives and encourages an active role for all libraries in the consumer health education movement.", "contents": "The CHIPS project: a health information network to serve the consumer. CHIPS (Consumer Health Information Program and Services/Salud y Bienestar) is a Library Services and Construction Act Title I-funded project that has as its major goal the formation of a health information network to serve the consumer, the public library client, and the hospital patient. Funded for two years, 1976-1978, this bilingual project coordinates efforts of the Los Angeles County Harbor General Hospital Regional Medical Library and the Los Angeles County Carson Regional Public Library to provide health information resources and services to the public. The target population is over two million people of diverse ethnic backgrounds. This paper discusses the project's objectives and encourages an active role for all libraries in the consumer health education movement.", "PMID": 708959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3750", "title": "An information service for practicing veterinarians.", "content": "Many Indiana veterinarians are relatively isolated from colleagues and information sources. Their information needs cannot be easily met by public or medical libraries. The Veterinary Medical Information Center (VMIC) at Purdue University, which began operation in the fall of 1977, offers information services designed to meet the specific needs of veterinary medical practitioners in the state of Indiana. Questions received by the center have covered all facets of animal medicine and management. After two years of free service, VMIC will begin charging clients for services and will consider expansion of the service to other states. VMIC operations will be evaluated through data collected by the center and follow-up surveys.", "contents": "An information service for practicing veterinarians. Many Indiana veterinarians are relatively isolated from colleagues and information sources. Their information needs cannot be easily met by public or medical libraries. The Veterinary Medical Information Center (VMIC) at Purdue University, which began operation in the fall of 1977, offers information services designed to meet the specific needs of veterinary medical practitioners in the state of Indiana. Questions received by the center have covered all facets of animal medicine and management. After two years of free service, VMIC will begin charging clients for services and will consider expansion of the service to other states. VMIC operations will be evaluated through data collected by the center and follow-up surveys.", "PMID": 708960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3751", "title": "The Medical Library Association's international fellowship programs.", "content": "This article describes the two international fellowship programs administered by the International Cooperation Committee of the Medical Library Association: (1) the program supported by the Rockfeller Foundation from 1948 to 1963; (2) the Eileen R. Cunningham program, supported by Mrs. Cunningham's bequest to the association, from 1971 to date. Comments and suggestions received from Cunningham Fellows in response to a letter sent to each by the author in the summer of 1977 are listed. The cost of the fellowship program, not only in terms of financial support but also in terms of human resources, is documented. While the program receives enthusiastic support from the International Cooperation Committee and many members of MLA, the membership needs to examine its mission with regard to the training of medical librarians from other countries, to determine whether future funding is to be sought.", "contents": "The Medical Library Association's international fellowship programs. This article describes the two international fellowship programs administered by the International Cooperation Committee of the Medical Library Association: (1) the program supported by the Rockfeller Foundation from 1948 to 1963; (2) the Eileen R. Cunningham program, supported by Mrs. Cunningham's bequest to the association, from 1971 to date. Comments and suggestions received from Cunningham Fellows in response to a letter sent to each by the author in the summer of 1977 are listed. The cost of the fellowship program, not only in terms of financial support but also in terms of human resources, is documented. While the program receives enthusiastic support from the International Cooperation Committee and many members of MLA, the membership needs to examine its mission with regard to the training of medical librarians from other countries, to determine whether future funding is to be sought.", "PMID": 708961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3752", "title": "Self-help groups.", "content": "The 1970's have been described as the self-help decade. This paper has shown how the groups explicitly focus on certain specific but simple technical problems while implicity addressing a whole range of everyday problems of living. Self-help groups attempt to solve these technical and social problems by a process based on shared experience in a context of mutual understanding. An essential ingredient of the self-help solution is to do things together, while social activities with members outside the group meetings sustain the self-help method and give new meaning to a member's life and to his conception of his place in the world.", "contents": "Self-help groups. The 1970's have been described as the self-help decade. This paper has shown how the groups explicitly focus on certain specific but simple technical problems while implicity addressing a whole range of everyday problems of living. Self-help groups attempt to solve these technical and social problems by a process based on shared experience in a context of mutual understanding. An essential ingredient of the self-help solution is to do things together, while social activities with members outside the group meetings sustain the self-help method and give new meaning to a member's life and to his conception of his place in the world.", "PMID": 708973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3753", "title": "Hepatic osteodystrophy.", "content": "Hepatic osteodystrophy consists of three types: osteomalacia, osteoporosis, and periosteal reaction with new bone formation. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is very rare, if it occurs at all. The cause of osteomalacia appears to be vitamin D deficiency due to a lack of vitamin D substrate. In the presence of adequate substrates, 25-OHD and dihydroxy vitamin D metabolites are formed. The vitamin D deficiency results in osteomalacia and malabsorption of calcium and phosphorus. The osteomalacia can be treated successfully with vitamin D supplements. In some patients calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium supplements may be required. The aetiology and treatment of the osteoporosis and the periosteal reactions remain obscure.", "contents": "Hepatic osteodystrophy. Hepatic osteodystrophy consists of three types: osteomalacia, osteoporosis, and periosteal reaction with new bone formation. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is very rare, if it occurs at all. The cause of osteomalacia appears to be vitamin D deficiency due to a lack of vitamin D substrate. In the presence of adequate substrates, 25-OHD and dihydroxy vitamin D metabolites are formed. The vitamin D deficiency results in osteomalacia and malabsorption of calcium and phosphorus. The osteomalacia can be treated successfully with vitamin D supplements. In some patients calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium supplements may be required. The aetiology and treatment of the osteoporosis and the periosteal reactions remain obscure.", "PMID": 708974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3754", "title": "Replantation of an entire scalp and ear by microvascular anastomoses of only 1 artery and 1 vein.", "content": "We present a successful microvascular replantation of a scalp and ear, where almost the entire scalp and right ear survived on 1 artery and 1 vein.", "contents": "Replantation of an entire scalp and ear by microvascular anastomoses of only 1 artery and 1 vein. We present a successful microvascular replantation of a scalp and ear, where almost the entire scalp and right ear survived on 1 artery and 1 vein.", "PMID": 708984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3755", "title": "Local and regional lymph node response to ruptured gel-filled mammary prostheses.", "content": "A case of augmentation mammaplasty is described in which spontaneous rupture of a gel-filled prosthesis was followed by the appearance of silicone in the regional lymph nodes.", "contents": "Local and regional lymph node response to ruptured gel-filled mammary prostheses. A case of augmentation mammaplasty is described in which spontaneous rupture of a gel-filled prosthesis was followed by the appearance of silicone in the regional lymph nodes.", "PMID": 708985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3756", "title": "Long-term follow-up of clefts of the secondary palate repaired by von Langenbeck's method.", "content": "In analysing our small series with caution we tend to support the findings of Lindsay (1971) and Blocksma et al. (1975). Thus the combination of no facial growth deformity and a reasonable rate of velopharyngeal competence has encouraged us to continue using this simple and safe procedure for the treatment of cleft palates with intact lip and alveolus.", "contents": "Long-term follow-up of clefts of the secondary palate repaired by von Langenbeck's method. In analysing our small series with caution we tend to support the findings of Lindsay (1971) and Blocksma et al. (1975). Thus the combination of no facial growth deformity and a reasonable rate of velopharyngeal competence has encouraged us to continue using this simple and safe procedure for the treatment of cleft palates with intact lip and alveolus.", "PMID": 708986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3757", "title": "Further evidence for the prevention by guanethidine of noradrenaline efflux from rabbit ventricular slices induced by a low external sodium concentration.", "content": "When guanethidine was applied to rabbit ventricular slices at 37 degrees C for an initial 30 min incubation period, doses of 4 X 10(-5) and 8 X 10(-5) M irreversibly inhibited increases in efflux of noradrenaline induced by the subsequent reduction of external sodium concentrations to 18 mM. This inhibition was prevented if the temperature was reduced to 0 degrees C during the drug application period. Guanethidine transported into adrenergic nerve endings appears to increase permeability to Na+, thereby leading to the reduction in efflux.", "contents": "Further evidence for the prevention by guanethidine of noradrenaline efflux from rabbit ventricular slices induced by a low external sodium concentration. When guanethidine was applied to rabbit ventricular slices at 37 degrees C for an initial 30 min incubation period, doses of 4 X 10(-5) and 8 X 10(-5) M irreversibly inhibited increases in efflux of noradrenaline induced by the subsequent reduction of external sodium concentrations to 18 mM. This inhibition was prevented if the temperature was reduced to 0 degrees C during the drug application period. Guanethidine transported into adrenergic nerve endings appears to increase permeability to Na+, thereby leading to the reduction in efflux.", "PMID": 708988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3758", "title": "An investigation of the role of ganglia in the innervation of the rat anococcygeus muscle: an electrical and mechanical study.", "content": "1 A preparation is described which allows the rat anococcygeus muscle to be stimulated via its two extrinsic nerves. Each nerve contains both excitatory and inhibitory fibres. A ganglionated nerve plexus lies on the surface of the muscle. 2 The possibility that at least part of the excitatory pathway was interrupted as a ganglion synapse lying in one of the nodes of plexus close to the muscle was suggested by the observations that (a) the excitatory response to extrinsic nerve stimulation was reduced by the nicotinic antagonists tubocurarine (0.13 to 0.26 mM) and dihydro beta-erythroidine (0.1 to 0.14 mM). (b) Fibres from one extrinsic nerve were shown to synapse on a ganglion cell from which intracellular recordings were made while the output from this ganglion cell was traced microscopically to the muscle. 3 Intracellular recording from ganglion cells in this plexus indicated that cholinergic synaptic transmission occurred in these ganglia. Tubocurarine (0.13 mM) and hexamethonium (1.3 mM) reversibly abolished intracellularly-recorded synaptic potentials. 4 Hexamethonium (0.1 to 1 mM) initially enhanced the motor response to nerve stimulation and raised muscle tone, probably by an action involving pre- and postsynaptic sites. Subsequently, hexamethonium inhibited the response to extrinsic nerve stimulation presumably by an effect at ganglia lying along the excitatory pathway. Hexamethonium enhanced, without subsequently inhibiting, the response to exogenously added noradrenaline in both untreated and 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats. These results suggest that the initial enhancement produced by hexamethonium involved sites at postganglionic nerve endings and on smooth muscle receptors. 5 Inhibitory responses were obtained following extrinsic nerve stimulation when the tone of the muscle was raised and the excitatory response abolished by either guanethidine (3 micron) alone or by carbachol (10 micron) followed by phentolamine (3 micron). The inhibitory response was not reduced by hexamethonium (up to 2.8 mM) tubocurarine (up to 1.3 mM) or by atropine (up to 1 micron).", "contents": "An investigation of the role of ganglia in the innervation of the rat anococcygeus muscle: an electrical and mechanical study. 1 A preparation is described which allows the rat anococcygeus muscle to be stimulated via its two extrinsic nerves. Each nerve contains both excitatory and inhibitory fibres. A ganglionated nerve plexus lies on the surface of the muscle. 2 The possibility that at least part of the excitatory pathway was interrupted as a ganglion synapse lying in one of the nodes of plexus close to the muscle was suggested by the observations that (a) the excitatory response to extrinsic nerve stimulation was reduced by the nicotinic antagonists tubocurarine (0.13 to 0.26 mM) and dihydro beta-erythroidine (0.1 to 0.14 mM). (b) Fibres from one extrinsic nerve were shown to synapse on a ganglion cell from which intracellular recordings were made while the output from this ganglion cell was traced microscopically to the muscle. 3 Intracellular recording from ganglion cells in this plexus indicated that cholinergic synaptic transmission occurred in these ganglia. Tubocurarine (0.13 mM) and hexamethonium (1.3 mM) reversibly abolished intracellularly-recorded synaptic potentials. 4 Hexamethonium (0.1 to 1 mM) initially enhanced the motor response to nerve stimulation and raised muscle tone, probably by an action involving pre- and postsynaptic sites. Subsequently, hexamethonium inhibited the response to extrinsic nerve stimulation presumably by an effect at ganglia lying along the excitatory pathway. Hexamethonium enhanced, without subsequently inhibiting, the response to exogenously added noradrenaline in both untreated and 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats. These results suggest that the initial enhancement produced by hexamethonium involved sites at postganglionic nerve endings and on smooth muscle receptors. 5 Inhibitory responses were obtained following extrinsic nerve stimulation when the tone of the muscle was raised and the excitatory response abolished by either guanethidine (3 micron) alone or by carbachol (10 micron) followed by phentolamine (3 micron). The inhibitory response was not reduced by hexamethonium (up to 2.8 mM) tubocurarine (up to 1.3 mM) or by atropine (up to 1 micron).", "PMID": 708989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3759", "title": "The effects of putative 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonists on the behaviour produced by administration of tranylcypromine and L-tryptophan or tranylcypromine and L-DOPA to rats.", "content": "1 The putative 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor blocking drugs methysergide (10 mg/kg) and methergoline (5 mg/kg) were found to abolish some components of the hyperactivity syndrome, including head weaving and forepaw treading, which follow administration to rats of tranylcypromine (20 mg/kg) and L-tryptophan (100 mg/kg). Hyperactivity and hyper-reactivity were potentiated with a resultant increase in automated locomotor activity counts. In contrast (-)-propranolol (20 mg/kg) inhibited all features of the syndrome. The same results were obtained with these drugs when the behaviour was elicited by p-chloroamphetamine (10 mg/kg) or by tranylcypromine and tryptamine (10 mg/kg). 2 Methysergide and methergoline had similar effects on the syndrome produced by tranylcypromine and L-DOPA (50 mg/kg) whereas propranolol was without effect. 3 None of the putative 5-HT receptor antagonists affected brain 5-HT turnover as assessed by rate of accumulation of 5-HT following monoamine oxidase inhibition with tranylcypromine. 4 Microinjections of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine into the spinal cord resulted in a 70% fall in cord 5-HT concentrations without an effect on brain 5-HT concentrations. The behavioural response to the putative 5-HT receptor agonist, 5-methoxy N,N-dimethyltryptamine (2 mg/kg), was potentiated in these animals suggesting that 5-HT receptors become supersensitive on denervation, and that some components of the behavioural syndrome are mediated by spinal cord 5-HT receptors. 5 Pretreatment with alpha-methyl p-tyrosine (2 X 200 mg/kg) delayed the onset of all components of the behaviour elicited by tranylcypromine/L-tryptophan by 60 min, indicating an involvement of catecholamines in the syndrome. 6 p-Chloroamphetamine-induced 5-HT depletion had no effect on any component of the tranylcypromine-L-DOPA behaviour.", "contents": "The effects of putative 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonists on the behaviour produced by administration of tranylcypromine and L-tryptophan or tranylcypromine and L-DOPA to rats. 1 The putative 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor blocking drugs methysergide (10 mg/kg) and methergoline (5 mg/kg) were found to abolish some components of the hyperactivity syndrome, including head weaving and forepaw treading, which follow administration to rats of tranylcypromine (20 mg/kg) and L-tryptophan (100 mg/kg). Hyperactivity and hyper-reactivity were potentiated with a resultant increase in automated locomotor activity counts. In contrast (-)-propranolol (20 mg/kg) inhibited all features of the syndrome. The same results were obtained with these drugs when the behaviour was elicited by p-chloroamphetamine (10 mg/kg) or by tranylcypromine and tryptamine (10 mg/kg). 2 Methysergide and methergoline had similar effects on the syndrome produced by tranylcypromine and L-DOPA (50 mg/kg) whereas propranolol was without effect. 3 None of the putative 5-HT receptor antagonists affected brain 5-HT turnover as assessed by rate of accumulation of 5-HT following monoamine oxidase inhibition with tranylcypromine. 4 Microinjections of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine into the spinal cord resulted in a 70% fall in cord 5-HT concentrations without an effect on brain 5-HT concentrations. The behavioural response to the putative 5-HT receptor agonist, 5-methoxy N,N-dimethyltryptamine (2 mg/kg), was potentiated in these animals suggesting that 5-HT receptors become supersensitive on denervation, and that some components of the behavioural syndrome are mediated by spinal cord 5-HT receptors. 5 Pretreatment with alpha-methyl p-tyrosine (2 X 200 mg/kg) delayed the onset of all components of the behaviour elicited by tranylcypromine/L-tryptophan by 60 min, indicating an involvement of catecholamines in the syndrome. 6 p-Chloroamphetamine-induced 5-HT depletion had no effect on any component of the tranylcypromine-L-DOPA behaviour.", "PMID": 708990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3760", "title": "The release of prostaglandins and thromboxanes from guinea-pig lung by slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis, and its inhibition.", "content": "1 Rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS; consisting mainly of thromboxane A2) and prostaglandin-like material were released from guinea-pig isolated perfused lungs by injection of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A). 2 SRS-A was resistant to boiling and proteolytic enzymes and was therefore distinguished from rabbit aorta contracting substance releasing factor (RCS-RF). 3 The release of RCS and prostaglandin-like material by SRS-A was anatagonized by indomethacin (1 microgram/ml), betamethasone and dexamethasone (4 to 50 microgram/ml). 4 Imidazole (200 microgram/ml) inhibited the formation of thromboxane A2 but not that of prostaglandins. 5 The activity of SRS-A on guinea-pig ileum and its ability to release RCS and prostaglandins were destroyed by incubation with arylsulphatase (0.83 microgram to 1 mg/ml) and with lipoxidase (16.5 to 50 microgram/ml): SRS-A lost activity on incubation with bovine serum albumin (9 microgram/ml) due to protein binding.", "contents": "The release of prostaglandins and thromboxanes from guinea-pig lung by slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis, and its inhibition. 1 Rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS; consisting mainly of thromboxane A2) and prostaglandin-like material were released from guinea-pig isolated perfused lungs by injection of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A). 2 SRS-A was resistant to boiling and proteolytic enzymes and was therefore distinguished from rabbit aorta contracting substance releasing factor (RCS-RF). 3 The release of RCS and prostaglandin-like material by SRS-A was anatagonized by indomethacin (1 microgram/ml), betamethasone and dexamethasone (4 to 50 microgram/ml). 4 Imidazole (200 microgram/ml) inhibited the formation of thromboxane A2 but not that of prostaglandins. 5 The activity of SRS-A on guinea-pig ileum and its ability to release RCS and prostaglandins were destroyed by incubation with arylsulphatase (0.83 microgram to 1 mg/ml) and with lipoxidase (16.5 to 50 microgram/ml): SRS-A lost activity on incubation with bovine serum albumin (9 microgram/ml) due to protein binding.", "PMID": 708991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3761", "title": "Age-related changes in the response of rabbit isolated aortae to vasoactive agents.", "content": "1 In helically-cut strips of aortae from rabbits of different ages (2 to 360 days old), responses to vasoconstrictor and vasodilator agents were compared. 2 The passive tension developed by the same magnitude of stretch was markedly less in aortae from immature rabbits than in aortae from mature rabbits. 3 Contractile responses to noradrenaline and K+ increased with age in the range from 2 to 90 days. High concentrations of noradrenaline (10(-5) and 5 X 10(-5) M) produced relaxation of aortic strips from immature rabbits (2 to 30 days). The response to histamine was not altered with age. Age-dependent reductions (90 to 360 days) in the response to 5-hydroxytryptamine were observed. 4 Relaxations induced by isoprenaline of aortic strips contracted with prostaglandin F2alpha increased with age in the range from 2 to 30 days but decreased with age from 30 to 360 days. Similar age-related alterations in the relaxant response to adenosine were observed. 5 It is concluded that aortae from immature rabbits are more distensible than those from mature rabbits; alpha-adrenoceptors mature during an early postnatal period (2 to 30 days), and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor mechanisms deteriorate with age (older than 90 days). The beta-receptor mechanism does not seem to alter greatly with age.", "contents": "Age-related changes in the response of rabbit isolated aortae to vasoactive agents. 1 In helically-cut strips of aortae from rabbits of different ages (2 to 360 days old), responses to vasoconstrictor and vasodilator agents were compared. 2 The passive tension developed by the same magnitude of stretch was markedly less in aortae from immature rabbits than in aortae from mature rabbits. 3 Contractile responses to noradrenaline and K+ increased with age in the range from 2 to 90 days. High concentrations of noradrenaline (10(-5) and 5 X 10(-5) M) produced relaxation of aortic strips from immature rabbits (2 to 30 days). The response to histamine was not altered with age. Age-dependent reductions (90 to 360 days) in the response to 5-hydroxytryptamine were observed. 4 Relaxations induced by isoprenaline of aortic strips contracted with prostaglandin F2alpha increased with age in the range from 2 to 30 days but decreased with age from 30 to 360 days. Similar age-related alterations in the relaxant response to adenosine were observed. 5 It is concluded that aortae from immature rabbits are more distensible than those from mature rabbits; alpha-adrenoceptors mature during an early postnatal period (2 to 30 days), and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor mechanisms deteriorate with age (older than 90 days). The beta-receptor mechanism does not seem to alter greatly with age.", "PMID": 708992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3762", "title": "Some observations on the development of adrenergic innervation in rabbit intestine.", "content": "1 Stimulation of periarterial nerves to the ileum of 1 to 12 day old rabbits with supramaximal voltages and frequencies of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 Hz with square wave pulses of 2--5 ms duration for 30--40 s produced responses that were initially contractor. In the course of the first week, the responses changed from motor to inhibitory, the change occurring first at the highest rates of stimulation. By the 7th day of life, almost all responses were inhibitory. 2 The motor responses were potentiated by physostigmine and blocked by hyoscine suggesting that they were mediated by acetylcholine. 3 In preparations from rabbits older than 3 days, motor responses could be converted to inhibitory ones by prior exposure to noradrenaline (NA, 1 microgram/ml) for 20 min. This procedure also significantly increased the responses which were already inhibitory. 4 The ability of the ileum to take up NA increased with age. This uptake was blocked by cocaine. 5 The following explanations are possible: (a) changeover from cholinergic to adrenergic transmission in sympathetic fibres; (b) existence of 'parasympathetic' splanchnic nerves or a permanent cholinergic 'sympathetic' component of splanchnic nerves and (c) temporal delay in the development of adrenergic nerves (compared with cholinergic nerves) in the intestine.", "contents": "Some observations on the development of adrenergic innervation in rabbit intestine. 1 Stimulation of periarterial nerves to the ileum of 1 to 12 day old rabbits with supramaximal voltages and frequencies of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 Hz with square wave pulses of 2--5 ms duration for 30--40 s produced responses that were initially contractor. In the course of the first week, the responses changed from motor to inhibitory, the change occurring first at the highest rates of stimulation. By the 7th day of life, almost all responses were inhibitory. 2 The motor responses were potentiated by physostigmine and blocked by hyoscine suggesting that they were mediated by acetylcholine. 3 In preparations from rabbits older than 3 days, motor responses could be converted to inhibitory ones by prior exposure to noradrenaline (NA, 1 microgram/ml) for 20 min. This procedure also significantly increased the responses which were already inhibitory. 4 The ability of the ileum to take up NA increased with age. This uptake was blocked by cocaine. 5 The following explanations are possible: (a) changeover from cholinergic to adrenergic transmission in sympathetic fibres; (b) existence of 'parasympathetic' splanchnic nerves or a permanent cholinergic 'sympathetic' component of splanchnic nerves and (c) temporal delay in the development of adrenergic nerves (compared with cholinergic nerves) in the intestine.", "PMID": 708993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3763", "title": "Localization of vasodilator dopamine receptors in the canine hindlimb.", "content": "1 Vascular responses to local injection of dopamine and isoprenaline have been compared in the blood-perfused gracilis muscle and hind paw pads of dogs anaesthetized with chloralose. 2 In the paw pads, dopamine (0.5 to 5.0 microgram) caused a transient vasoconstriction followed by dose-dependent vasodilatation. alpha-Adrenoceptor blockade converted this response to pure vasodilatation, which was attenuated or abolished by the dopamine-receptor antagonist, haloperidol (1 to 2 mg i.a.). In the gracilis, dopamine produced only vasoconstriction. Following alpha-adrenoceptor blockade this was abolished, but only a very small dilator response was revealed. 3 Isoprenaline (0.05 to 0.5 microgram) caused dose-dependent dilatation in both beds, which was attenuated by propranolol (0.1 mg/kg i.v.). 4 Glyceryl trinitrate (0.2 to 5.0 microgram) was used to assess vascular reactivity. When responses to isoprenaline and dopamine were compared with those to glyceryl trinitrate, both beds had approximately equal reactivity to isoprenaline. In contrast the paw pads were 10 fold more responsive to dopamine than was the gracilis. 5 We conclude that the vessels of the paw pads play an important part in the femoral dilator response to dopamine.", "contents": "Localization of vasodilator dopamine receptors in the canine hindlimb. 1 Vascular responses to local injection of dopamine and isoprenaline have been compared in the blood-perfused gracilis muscle and hind paw pads of dogs anaesthetized with chloralose. 2 In the paw pads, dopamine (0.5 to 5.0 microgram) caused a transient vasoconstriction followed by dose-dependent vasodilatation. alpha-Adrenoceptor blockade converted this response to pure vasodilatation, which was attenuated or abolished by the dopamine-receptor antagonist, haloperidol (1 to 2 mg i.a.). In the gracilis, dopamine produced only vasoconstriction. Following alpha-adrenoceptor blockade this was abolished, but only a very small dilator response was revealed. 3 Isoprenaline (0.05 to 0.5 microgram) caused dose-dependent dilatation in both beds, which was attenuated by propranolol (0.1 mg/kg i.v.). 4 Glyceryl trinitrate (0.2 to 5.0 microgram) was used to assess vascular reactivity. When responses to isoprenaline and dopamine were compared with those to glyceryl trinitrate, both beds had approximately equal reactivity to isoprenaline. In contrast the paw pads were 10 fold more responsive to dopamine than was the gracilis. 5 We conclude that the vessels of the paw pads play an important part in the femoral dilator response to dopamine.", "PMID": 708994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3764", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of acebutolol following coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion in anaesthetized dog.", "content": "1 The effects of 5 mg/kg acebutolol given intravenously were investigated in anaesthetized dogs after (a) ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery and (b) coronary reperfusion following 60 min of ligation of the anterior descending coronary artery. 2 Coronary artery ligation produced, after 4 to 6 h, persistent multiple ventricular ectopic beats and abnormalities of R and T waves and of the S-T segment. Administration of acebutolol, after the development of persistent ventricular arrhythmias, restored normal sinus rhythm within 5 min of injection. Electrocardiographic abnormalities were also reduced. 3 Coronary artery reperfusion (following 60 min of ligation) resulted in multiple ventricular ectopic beats, ventricular tachycardia and/or ventricular fibrillation. Pretreatment with acebutolol, 15 min before starting reperfusion, markedly reduced the arrhythmias. 4 Acebutolol did not affect peak inspiratory airway pressure. 5 Acebutolol produced significant bradycardia and slight, transient, hypotension. It was without effect on left ventricular systolic pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, cardiac output or pulmonary arterial pressure. 6 These results suggest beneficial effects of acebutolol in myocardial ischaemia and coronary reperfusion, without any significant risk of cardiodepression or bronchospasm.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of acebutolol following coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion in anaesthetized dog. 1 The effects of 5 mg/kg acebutolol given intravenously were investigated in anaesthetized dogs after (a) ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery and (b) coronary reperfusion following 60 min of ligation of the anterior descending coronary artery. 2 Coronary artery ligation produced, after 4 to 6 h, persistent multiple ventricular ectopic beats and abnormalities of R and T waves and of the S-T segment. Administration of acebutolol, after the development of persistent ventricular arrhythmias, restored normal sinus rhythm within 5 min of injection. Electrocardiographic abnormalities were also reduced. 3 Coronary artery reperfusion (following 60 min of ligation) resulted in multiple ventricular ectopic beats, ventricular tachycardia and/or ventricular fibrillation. Pretreatment with acebutolol, 15 min before starting reperfusion, markedly reduced the arrhythmias. 4 Acebutolol did not affect peak inspiratory airway pressure. 5 Acebutolol produced significant bradycardia and slight, transient, hypotension. It was without effect on left ventricular systolic pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, cardiac output or pulmonary arterial pressure. 6 These results suggest beneficial effects of acebutolol in myocardial ischaemia and coronary reperfusion, without any significant risk of cardiodepression or bronchospasm.", "PMID": 708995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3765", "title": "The pharmacokinetics of lithium in the brain, cerebrospinal fluid and serum of the rat.", "content": "1 Addition of lithium carbonate (55 mmol/kg dry wt.) to the diet of rats for 4 days resulted in ratios between lithium in the brain and serum and between the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum of approx. 1 and 0.4, respectively. The relationships between the concentrations were linear. 2 After single intraperitoneal injections of lithium chloride (5 mmol/kg body wt.) the concentration of lithium in the CSF was greater than that of the brain for 2 h. 3 Repeated subcutaneous injections of lithium chloride (0.9 mmol/kg body wt.) resulted in steady state ratios corresponding to those observed when lithium was given in the diet. The rate of elimination from the CSF was intermediate between that of the serum and cerebral tissue until a new equilibrium was reached after approx. 24 h. At that time the ratios between lithium in the brain and serum, and in the CSF and serum were increased to approx. 5 and 0.8, respectively. 4 These results are consistent with passive transfer kinetics of lithium in the CSF and elimination of lithium from the cerebral tissue via the CSF. 5 The results may explain some of the phenomena observed in patients during intoxication with lithium.", "contents": "The pharmacokinetics of lithium in the brain, cerebrospinal fluid and serum of the rat. 1 Addition of lithium carbonate (55 mmol/kg dry wt.) to the diet of rats for 4 days resulted in ratios between lithium in the brain and serum and between the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum of approx. 1 and 0.4, respectively. The relationships between the concentrations were linear. 2 After single intraperitoneal injections of lithium chloride (5 mmol/kg body wt.) the concentration of lithium in the CSF was greater than that of the brain for 2 h. 3 Repeated subcutaneous injections of lithium chloride (0.9 mmol/kg body wt.) resulted in steady state ratios corresponding to those observed when lithium was given in the diet. The rate of elimination from the CSF was intermediate between that of the serum and cerebral tissue until a new equilibrium was reached after approx. 24 h. At that time the ratios between lithium in the brain and serum, and in the CSF and serum were increased to approx. 5 and 0.8, respectively. 4 These results are consistent with passive transfer kinetics of lithium in the CSF and elimination of lithium from the cerebral tissue via the CSF. 5 The results may explain some of the phenomena observed in patients during intoxication with lithium.", "PMID": 708996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3766", "title": "Demonstration of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors through inhibition by methergoline in cat pial arteries in vitro.", "content": "1 In an attempt to characterize further the nature of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-induced contraction of intracranial vessels, cat's middle cerebral artery was exposed to this amine and the specific 5-HT receptor antagonist, methergoline, under standardized conditions in vitro. Methergoline, in increasing concentrations, produced a parallel shift of the log dose-response curve for 5-HT. 2 The Arunlakshana-Schild plot gave a straight line with a slope of -0.85. The figure corresponding to the pA2 value was 8.80. 3 The findings offer further support for the assumption that the 5-HT-induced intracranial vasoconstriction is mediated by specific 5-HT receptors.", "contents": "Demonstration of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors through inhibition by methergoline in cat pial arteries in vitro. 1 In an attempt to characterize further the nature of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-induced contraction of intracranial vessels, cat's middle cerebral artery was exposed to this amine and the specific 5-HT receptor antagonist, methergoline, under standardized conditions in vitro. Methergoline, in increasing concentrations, produced a parallel shift of the log dose-response curve for 5-HT. 2 The Arunlakshana-Schild plot gave a straight line with a slope of -0.85. The figure corresponding to the pA2 value was 8.80. 3 The findings offer further support for the assumption that the 5-HT-induced intracranial vasoconstriction is mediated by specific 5-HT receptors.", "PMID": 708997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3767", "title": "The influence of sodium and potassium supplements on the diuretic responses to frusemide administration in normal subjects.", "content": "1 Twelve normal subjects received (1) normal diet, (2) normal diet with 100 mmol supplementary sodium chloride and (3) normal diet with 96 mmol supplementary potassium chloride, each for 10 days, in a balanced cross-over study according to a Latin Square design. At the end of each study period, the subjects received 80 mg frusemide orally. Each study period was separated from the other by 10 days. 2 Changes in urinary electrolyte excretion occurred within the first four days of each dietary period then remained constant, with significant differences in urinary Na/K ratio between the dietary regimes. 3 Between-subject correlations, using the mean values over the three study periods, demonstrated significant associations between plasma uric acid and urinary Na/K ratio and between plasma prolactin and urinary potassium excretion. 4 Urinary potassium excretion and Na/K ratio following frusemide were influenced significantly by alteration of diet but there was no change in sodium excretion. 5 Between-subject correlations of pretreatment variables with diuretic response, using the mean values over the three study periods, demonstrated significant associations between both pretreatment urinary Na/K ratio and plasma uric acid and respectively the urinary potassium excretion and urinary Na/K ratio in response to frusemide. 6 While the response to frusemide was altered by short-term changes in dietary sodium and potassium, the difference was less than expected from observations in two populations with customary diets differing in similar manner.", "contents": "The influence of sodium and potassium supplements on the diuretic responses to frusemide administration in normal subjects. 1 Twelve normal subjects received (1) normal diet, (2) normal diet with 100 mmol supplementary sodium chloride and (3) normal diet with 96 mmol supplementary potassium chloride, each for 10 days, in a balanced cross-over study according to a Latin Square design. At the end of each study period, the subjects received 80 mg frusemide orally. Each study period was separated from the other by 10 days. 2 Changes in urinary electrolyte excretion occurred within the first four days of each dietary period then remained constant, with significant differences in urinary Na/K ratio between the dietary regimes. 3 Between-subject correlations, using the mean values over the three study periods, demonstrated significant associations between plasma uric acid and urinary Na/K ratio and between plasma prolactin and urinary potassium excretion. 4 Urinary potassium excretion and Na/K ratio following frusemide were influenced significantly by alteration of diet but there was no change in sodium excretion. 5 Between-subject correlations of pretreatment variables with diuretic response, using the mean values over the three study periods, demonstrated significant associations between both pretreatment urinary Na/K ratio and plasma uric acid and respectively the urinary potassium excretion and urinary Na/K ratio in response to frusemide. 6 While the response to frusemide was altered by short-term changes in dietary sodium and potassium, the difference was less than expected from observations in two populations with customary diets differing in similar manner.", "PMID": 708998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3768", "title": "Inhibition by N-acetyl neuraminic acid of platelet thrombogenesis induced by laser injury to rat and hamster venules.", "content": "1 In rats and hamsters under barbiturate anaesthesia, laser radiation to venules about 50  micrometer in diameter in mesoappendix and cheek pouch respectively caused the formation of platelet thrombi which occluded the vessels in about 9 min. 2 This occlusion time was significantly prolonged by the intravenous injection of N-acetyl neuraminic acid (NANA) but not by D-glucuronic acid or beta-methoxyneuraminic acid, in doses which had no effect on blood pH or on the condition of the animals. 3 The results confirm the anti-thrombotic effect of NANA previously demonstrated with another technique.", "contents": "Inhibition by N-acetyl neuraminic acid of platelet thrombogenesis induced by laser injury to rat and hamster venules. 1 In rats and hamsters under barbiturate anaesthesia, laser radiation to venules about 50  micrometer in diameter in mesoappendix and cheek pouch respectively caused the formation of platelet thrombi which occluded the vessels in about 9 min. 2 This occlusion time was significantly prolonged by the intravenous injection of N-acetyl neuraminic acid (NANA) but not by D-glucuronic acid or beta-methoxyneuraminic acid, in doses which had no effect on blood pH or on the condition of the animals. 3 The results confirm the anti-thrombotic effect of NANA previously demonstrated with another technique.", "PMID": 708999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3769", "title": "Changes in plasma noradrenaline concentration as a measure of release rate.", "content": "1 A method is described for repeated sampling of plasma noradrenaline (NA) in freely moving rats. Na concentration does not change during the day or after adrenalectomy. 2 Exogenous NA has a half-life of 1.5 min; drugs which block neuronal and extra-neuronal uptake lengthen this to 6.3 min. 3 Swim-stress leads to a steep rise followed by a rapid decline in plasma NA concentration. 4 This method of plasma NA sampling can serve as a measure of both steady and rapid changes in release rate over long periods of time.", "contents": "Changes in plasma noradrenaline concentration as a measure of release rate. 1 A method is described for repeated sampling of plasma noradrenaline (NA) in freely moving rats. Na concentration does not change during the day or after adrenalectomy. 2 Exogenous NA has a half-life of 1.5 min; drugs which block neuronal and extra-neuronal uptake lengthen this to 6.3 min. 3 Swim-stress leads to a steep rise followed by a rapid decline in plasma NA concentration. 4 This method of plasma NA sampling can serve as a measure of both steady and rapid changes in release rate over long periods of time.", "PMID": 709000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3770", "title": "Effects of somatostatin on gastric acid secretion and on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in the rat.", "content": "1 Studies were conducted to examine the effects of somatostatin on pentagastrin-induced gastric acid secretion, and on bile, plasma and liver lipid composition in the rat. 2 In addition, liver glycogen and plasma glucose concentrations were measured. 3 Somatostatin was administered intravenously as a bolus (100 microgram) at the start of the experiment followed by a continuous infusion (50 microgram/h) for 2 h. 4 Controls were infused with isotonic saline (1 ml/h) throughout the experiment. Gastric secretions and bile were collected during the infusions. 5 Somatostatin significantly decreased the volume of gastric secretion as well as total gastric acid output but it had no effect on bile or bile lipid composition. 6 Plasma and liver lipids were not affected. Plasma glucose concentrations were significantly elevated but liver glycogen was not changed. 7 Our results suggest that somatostatin probably decreases glucose uptake by peripheral tissue. The effect of somatostatin on bile composition and glucose levels in the rat is different from observations reported in other species.", "contents": "Effects of somatostatin on gastric acid secretion and on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in the rat. 1 Studies were conducted to examine the effects of somatostatin on pentagastrin-induced gastric acid secretion, and on bile, plasma and liver lipid composition in the rat. 2 In addition, liver glycogen and plasma glucose concentrations were measured. 3 Somatostatin was administered intravenously as a bolus (100 microgram) at the start of the experiment followed by a continuous infusion (50 microgram/h) for 2 h. 4 Controls were infused with isotonic saline (1 ml/h) throughout the experiment. Gastric secretions and bile were collected during the infusions. 5 Somatostatin significantly decreased the volume of gastric secretion as well as total gastric acid output but it had no effect on bile or bile lipid composition. 6 Plasma and liver lipids were not affected. Plasma glucose concentrations were significantly elevated but liver glycogen was not changed. 7 Our results suggest that somatostatin probably decreases glucose uptake by peripheral tissue. The effect of somatostatin on bile composition and glucose levels in the rat is different from observations reported in other species.", "PMID": 709001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3771", "title": "The pattern of mortality in severe neuroses.", "content": "Is there an increased relative risk of death in severe neurosis? 1,482 patients from three psychiatric units in different hospitals in Birmingham were followed-up after a mean of 10.9 years. 91 per cent of the sample were traced and 139 patients were found to have died; a highly significant increased mortality for both sexes for all causes of death. Although suicide and accidents contributed disproportionately, particularly in early follow-up, there was still a markedly increased mortality from the combined categories of nervous respiratory and cardiovascular disease, more evenly distributed in time.", "contents": "The pattern of mortality in severe neuroses. Is there an increased relative risk of death in severe neurosis? 1,482 patients from three psychiatric units in different hospitals in Birmingham were followed-up after a mean of 10.9 years. 91 per cent of the sample were traced and 139 patients were found to have died; a highly significant increased mortality for both sexes for all causes of death. Although suicide and accidents contributed disproportionately, particularly in early follow-up, there was still a markedly increased mortality from the combined categories of nervous respiratory and cardiovascular disease, more evenly distributed in time.", "PMID": 709002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3772", "title": "Psychiatrists' versus patients' concepts of unpleasant emotions.", "content": "A semantic differential technique was used to elicit concepts of anxiety, depression and irritability from twenty patients suffering from neurosis and ten experienced psychiatrists. It was found that psychiatrists hold concepts of these unpleasant affects that are much more differentiated than those held by patients. In particular, the psychiatrists' concepts of anxiety and depression showed a correlation of zero, whereas the patients' concepts of these affects overlapped to a considerable degree. Patients were unable to discriminate between anxiety and depression on the basis of 11 somatic symptoms, but were able to use these symptoms to distinguish anxiety and depression from irritability. The psychiatrists were in close accord with the patients over the somatic symptoms that distinguished anxiety from irritability.", "contents": "Psychiatrists' versus patients' concepts of unpleasant emotions. A semantic differential technique was used to elicit concepts of anxiety, depression and irritability from twenty patients suffering from neurosis and ten experienced psychiatrists. It was found that psychiatrists hold concepts of these unpleasant affects that are much more differentiated than those held by patients. In particular, the psychiatrists' concepts of anxiety and depression showed a correlation of zero, whereas the patients' concepts of these affects overlapped to a considerable degree. Patients were unable to discriminate between anxiety and depression on the basis of 11 somatic symptoms, but were able to use these symptoms to distinguish anxiety and depression from irritability. The psychiatrists were in close accord with the patients over the somatic symptoms that distinguished anxiety from irritability.", "PMID": 709003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3773", "title": "Agoraphobia: a critical review of the concept.", "content": "Phobic avoidance has been widely accepted as the central feature of the agoraphobic syndrome, and the presence of agoraphobia has been used to define groups of subjects for clinical research. A review of the evidence suggests that agoraphobia should not be classified with the phobias; several lines of inquiry point to the conclusion that it is a variable feature of patients suffering from anxiety neurosis. Implications for research and problems with the present classification of neurotic affective disorders are noted.", "contents": "Agoraphobia: a critical review of the concept. Phobic avoidance has been widely accepted as the central feature of the agoraphobic syndrome, and the presence of agoraphobia has been used to define groups of subjects for clinical research. A review of the evidence suggests that agoraphobia should not be classified with the phobias; several lines of inquiry point to the conclusion that it is a variable feature of patients suffering from anxiety neurosis. Implications for research and problems with the present classification of neurotic affective disorders are noted.", "PMID": 709004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3774", "title": "Men remanded into custody for medical reports: the selection for treatment.", "content": "In a sample of men remanded into custody for medical reports during a three-month period, it was found that those who received recommendations for treatment had a diagnosis of acute mental illness, had in the past been admitted more frequently to mental hospitals and had spent a longer period as in-patients. They were also assessed as being difficult to manage, i.e. they were considered to be nuisances, were threatening and potentially violent. The men who were not recommended for treatment had a history of excessive drinking and drink-related offences; they also had more extensive criminal histories and a diagnosis of psychopathic disorder.", "contents": "Men remanded into custody for medical reports: the selection for treatment. In a sample of men remanded into custody for medical reports during a three-month period, it was found that those who received recommendations for treatment had a diagnosis of acute mental illness, had in the past been admitted more frequently to mental hospitals and had spent a longer period as in-patients. They were also assessed as being difficult to manage, i.e. they were considered to be nuisances, were threatening and potentially violent. The men who were not recommended for treatment had a history of excessive drinking and drink-related offences; they also had more extensive criminal histories and a diagnosis of psychopathic disorder.", "PMID": 709005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3775", "title": "Men remanded into custody for medical reports: the outcome of the treatment recommendation.", "content": "Over a three-month period, 634 men were remanded into custody at Brixton Prison for medical reports; 87 received recommendations for psychiatric treatment and 82 individuals were actually referred to hospitals for treatment. Fourteen months later nearly three-quarters of the men who went to hospital had been discharged. They fell into three groups by outcome: men with acute psychoses for whom treatment was definitely beneficial; men who remained behaviourally disturbed after receiving treatment although their mental states improved; a group with chronic disorders for whom admission was not beneficial. The two groups with improved mental states represented only 5 per cent of the initial receptions to Brixton Prison.", "contents": "Men remanded into custody for medical reports: the outcome of the treatment recommendation. Over a three-month period, 634 men were remanded into custody at Brixton Prison for medical reports; 87 received recommendations for psychiatric treatment and 82 individuals were actually referred to hospitals for treatment. Fourteen months later nearly three-quarters of the men who went to hospital had been discharged. They fell into three groups by outcome: men with acute psychoses for whom treatment was definitely beneficial; men who remained behaviourally disturbed after receiving treatment although their mental states improved; a group with chronic disorders for whom admission was not beneficial. The two groups with improved mental states represented only 5 per cent of the initial receptions to Brixton Prison.", "PMID": 709006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3776", "title": "Combination of hormonal and psychological treatment for female sexual unresponsiveness: a comparative study.", "content": "Thirty-two couples with the presenting problem of female sexual unresponsiveness were treated in a controlled study using a balanced factorial design. Treatment involved a combination of drug therapy and counselling. Half the subjects received testosterone and half diazepam, half received weekly and half monthly counselling. They were assessed before treatment, at the end of treatment and at six months follow-up. Those receiving testosterone did significantly better on a number of behavioural and attitudinal measures than the diazepam group. There were no notable differences in outcome between the two counselling regimes. There were no undesirable side-effects with the testosterone. Further work is needed to establish the indications for testosterone therapy for unresponsive women.", "contents": "Combination of hormonal and psychological treatment for female sexual unresponsiveness: a comparative study. Thirty-two couples with the presenting problem of female sexual unresponsiveness were treated in a controlled study using a balanced factorial design. Treatment involved a combination of drug therapy and counselling. Half the subjects received testosterone and half diazepam, half received weekly and half monthly counselling. They were assessed before treatment, at the end of treatment and at six months follow-up. Those receiving testosterone did significantly better on a number of behavioural and attitudinal measures than the diazepam group. There were no notable differences in outcome between the two counselling regimes. There were no undesirable side-effects with the testosterone. Further work is needed to establish the indications for testosterone therapy for unresponsive women.", "PMID": 709007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3777", "title": "Season of birth among the sibs of schizophrenics.", "content": "The season of birth distribution of 1,039 sibs of Canadian schizophrenic patients was compared with that of births in the Canadian general population over the same time period. The excess of winter births observed among the schizophrenics was not found among their sibs.", "contents": "Season of birth among the sibs of schizophrenics. The season of birth distribution of 1,039 sibs of Canadian schizophrenic patients was compared with that of births in the Canadian general population over the same time period. The excess of winter births observed among the schizophrenics was not found among their sibs.", "PMID": 709009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3778", "title": "Childhood behaviour in schizophrenia, personality disorder, depression, and neurosis.", "content": "Teachers' comments in the childhood school records (grades K-12) of 143 psychiatric patients and their matched controls were coded along 23 bipolar dimensions. Two methods of grouping these scales were compared: rational clusters and factor analysis. Factor analysis yielded more numerous and narrowly defined behavioural groupings. Schizophrenics, personality disorder patients, neurotics, and depressives were compared to their matched controls on each of the cluster and factor scores. Both schizophrenics and personality disordered patients were significantly less agreeable in childhood than their respective controls. Pre-schizophrenics also were significantly more unstable. Depressives were more independent than their controls, while neurotics did not differ significantly in any respect from normals in childhood. The data suggest that schizophrenia may have specific developmental patterns of possible aetiological or early diagnostic significance.", "contents": "Childhood behaviour in schizophrenia, personality disorder, depression, and neurosis. Teachers' comments in the childhood school records (grades K-12) of 143 psychiatric patients and their matched controls were coded along 23 bipolar dimensions. Two methods of grouping these scales were compared: rational clusters and factor analysis. Factor analysis yielded more numerous and narrowly defined behavioural groupings. Schizophrenics, personality disorder patients, neurotics, and depressives were compared to their matched controls on each of the cluster and factor scores. Both schizophrenics and personality disordered patients were significantly less agreeable in childhood than their respective controls. Pre-schizophrenics also were significantly more unstable. Depressives were more independent than their controls, while neurotics did not differ significantly in any respect from normals in childhood. The data suggest that schizophrenia may have specific developmental patterns of possible aetiological or early diagnostic significance.", "PMID": 709008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3779", "title": "Depot injections and tardive dyskinesia.", "content": "A prospective study was undertaken on 374 out-patients receiving depot fluphenazine or depot flupenthixol to determine the incidence of tardive dyskinesia. In three years the percentage showing the bucco-linguo-masticatory syndrome rose from 8 per cent to 22 per cent, though patients had received various neuroleptics for a mean of 13 years previously. Fluphenazine and flupenthixol were equally involved though 75 per cent of affected patients had the condition in mild degree. Six additional cases of generalized chorea were all receiving flupenthixol. Reduction of dose or the substitution of pimozide produced marked improvement, but results suggest that it is unlikely that this will be permanent. Substitution of depot fluspirilene also produced favourable results. Careful monitoring, minimal neuroleptic dosage, and periods of neuroleptic abstinence are recommended.", "contents": "Depot injections and tardive dyskinesia. A prospective study was undertaken on 374 out-patients receiving depot fluphenazine or depot flupenthixol to determine the incidence of tardive dyskinesia. In three years the percentage showing the bucco-linguo-masticatory syndrome rose from 8 per cent to 22 per cent, though patients had received various neuroleptics for a mean of 13 years previously. Fluphenazine and flupenthixol were equally involved though 75 per cent of affected patients had the condition in mild degree. Six additional cases of generalized chorea were all receiving flupenthixol. Reduction of dose or the substitution of pimozide produced marked improvement, but results suggest that it is unlikely that this will be permanent. Substitution of depot fluspirilene also produced favourable results. Careful monitoring, minimal neuroleptic dosage, and periods of neuroleptic abstinence are recommended.", "PMID": 709010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3780", "title": "Pseudopolyposis in Crohn's disease.", "content": "Eight cases of pseudopolyposis occurring in Crohn's colitis are described. Emphasis is placed on the variability of the lesions. Four of the cases demonstrate localized giant pseudopolyposis which has until recently been regarded mainly as a complication of ulcerative colitis.", "contents": "Pseudopolyposis in Crohn's disease. Eight cases of pseudopolyposis occurring in Crohn's colitis are described. Emphasis is placed on the variability of the lesions. Four of the cases demonstrate localized giant pseudopolyposis which has until recently been regarded mainly as a complication of ulcerative colitis.", "PMID": 709018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3781", "title": "Hepatic oil embolism following lymphography.", "content": "Lymphograms of 1,000 patients were reviewed with special reference to the occurrence of hepatic oil embolism following the procedure. Oily contrast medium (\"Lipiodol\" ultra-fluid) was found in the liver in seven cases, five of whom had carcinoma of the cervix uteri. Hepatic oil embolism was not encountered in patients with lymphomas in this series. Complete or partial lymphatic obstruction was present in all seven cases and one patient had almost complete obstruction of the inferior vena cava. Malignant disease need not always be the predisposing factor since hepatic oil embolism occurred in one patient with retroperitoneal fibrosis. The routes through which the contrast medium may reach the liver are discussed and lymphaticoportal communications in the mesentery are thought to play an important role. Contrast was invariably seen in the liver within two hours of commencement of the injection and was still faintly visible in one case three and a half months later. The way in which the contrast-pattern in the liver changes with time is described. An attempt is made to correlate the radiological appearances with the fate of the contrast medium in the liver.", "contents": "Hepatic oil embolism following lymphography. Lymphograms of 1,000 patients were reviewed with special reference to the occurrence of hepatic oil embolism following the procedure. Oily contrast medium (\"Lipiodol\" ultra-fluid) was found in the liver in seven cases, five of whom had carcinoma of the cervix uteri. Hepatic oil embolism was not encountered in patients with lymphomas in this series. Complete or partial lymphatic obstruction was present in all seven cases and one patient had almost complete obstruction of the inferior vena cava. Malignant disease need not always be the predisposing factor since hepatic oil embolism occurred in one patient with retroperitoneal fibrosis. The routes through which the contrast medium may reach the liver are discussed and lymphaticoportal communications in the mesentery are thought to play an important role. Contrast was invariably seen in the liver within two hours of commencement of the injection and was still faintly visible in one case three and a half months later. The way in which the contrast-pattern in the liver changes with time is described. An attempt is made to correlate the radiological appearances with the fate of the contrast medium in the liver.", "PMID": 709019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3782", "title": "Volume changes in the rat renal cortex during urography.", "content": "At different periods of urography rat kidney were instantly frozen at -165 degrees C. Using appropriate histological techniques and planimetry of different cortical compartments and fractions the structural background of renal cortical volume variations during urography was elucidated. The renal cortex reacted to intravenous injection of hypertonic contrast medium with an immediate increase of volume, followed by a decrease from 30 to 60 seconds. Measuring the volume shares of different cortical compartments, the complex nature of cortical volume variations during the first minutes of urography could be demonstrated. Subdivision of the tubular compartments into cellular and luminal fractions showed even greater complexity of volume variations. All the major cortical volume changes came to an end approximately three minutes after the injections.", "contents": "Volume changes in the rat renal cortex during urography. At different periods of urography rat kidney were instantly frozen at -165 degrees C. Using appropriate histological techniques and planimetry of different cortical compartments and fractions the structural background of renal cortical volume variations during urography was elucidated. The renal cortex reacted to intravenous injection of hypertonic contrast medium with an immediate increase of volume, followed by a decrease from 30 to 60 seconds. Measuring the volume shares of different cortical compartments, the complex nature of cortical volume variations during the first minutes of urography could be demonstrated. Subdivision of the tubular compartments into cellular and luminal fractions showed even greater complexity of volume variations. All the major cortical volume changes came to an end approximately three minutes after the injections.", "PMID": 709020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3783", "title": "Contrast media during coronary arteriography: electrocardiographic changes in the presence of normal coronary arteries.", "content": "In forty patients with normal coronary arteries, the electrocardiographic changes secondary to Urografin 76 and Hypaque 85 injection into both coronary arteries were monitored. Hypaque caused significantly greater prolongation of the PR interval (p less than 0.001), depression of the ST segment (p less than 0.05) and depth of T wave inversion (p less than 0.05). These effects were more noticeable during right coronary artery injection. Both contrast media slowed the heart rate equally during right and left coronary artery injection. In the absence of coronary arterial disease the ECG changes secondary to contrast media injection probably reflect a direct toxic effect. It is possible that premedication  with atropine will reduce these effects. Urografin 76 appears the less toxic of the two media, although one case of ventricular fibrillation occurred with each.", "contents": "Contrast media during coronary arteriography: electrocardiographic changes in the presence of normal coronary arteries. In forty patients with normal coronary arteries, the electrocardiographic changes secondary to Urografin 76 and Hypaque 85 injection into both coronary arteries were monitored. Hypaque caused significantly greater prolongation of the PR interval (p less than 0.001), depression of the ST segment (p less than 0.05) and depth of T wave inversion (p less than 0.05). These effects were more noticeable during right coronary artery injection. Both contrast media slowed the heart rate equally during right and left coronary artery injection. In the absence of coronary arterial disease the ECG changes secondary to contrast media injection probably reflect a direct toxic effect. It is possible that premedication  with atropine will reduce these effects. Urografin 76 appears the less toxic of the two media, although one case of ventricular fibrillation occurred with each.", "PMID": 709021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3784", "title": "The tolerance of mouse tails to necrosis after repeated irradiation with X rays.", "content": "The reduction in the \"tolerance\" dose for the production of tail necrosis in adult mice seven weeks after irradiation has been measured in tails which had previously received various single or multiple tolerable doses. The major findings are: A. The ability of heavily-irradiated and healed tails to tolerate about a further 90% of the first dose was found to apply between six weeks and ten months after the first irradiation. B. The tolerance dose was reduced to about 65% of the original at the third irradiation, and this dose (approximately) remained tolerable at the fourth, fifth and sixth irradiation, all delivered at six week intervals. C. Subsequent to seven weeks after the sixth dose, late effects were observed as an atrophy of the tail, mostly distal to the healed irradiated region. The occurrence was very marked (occurring in about 40% of tails by eight months) compared with that observed after only one dose (not more than 4% by eight months). Hence, if the assay time was extended to eight months after irradiation to include these late effects, the tolerance dose for the tail after the sixth dose would be reduced to about 55% of the original value.", "contents": "The tolerance of mouse tails to necrosis after repeated irradiation with X rays. The reduction in the \"tolerance\" dose for the production of tail necrosis in adult mice seven weeks after irradiation has been measured in tails which had previously received various single or multiple tolerable doses. The major findings are: A. The ability of heavily-irradiated and healed tails to tolerate about a further 90% of the first dose was found to apply between six weeks and ten months after the first irradiation. B. The tolerance dose was reduced to about 65% of the original at the third irradiation, and this dose (approximately) remained tolerable at the fourth, fifth and sixth irradiation, all delivered at six week intervals. C. Subsequent to seven weeks after the sixth dose, late effects were observed as an atrophy of the tail, mostly distal to the healed irradiated region. The occurrence was very marked (occurring in about 40% of tails by eight months) compared with that observed after only one dose (not more than 4% by eight months). Hence, if the assay time was extended to eight months after irradiation to include these late effects, the tolerance dose for the tail after the sixth dose would be reduced to about 55% of the original value.", "PMID": 709022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3785", "title": "Head injuries in children--aetiology, symptoms, physical findings and x-ray wastage.", "content": "One thousand and thirty-two consecutive children with head injuries have been studied. All were outpatients, and 1000 had X-rays requested and performed. Of those X-rayed, only 21 (2.1%) had fractures, whilst 129 cases (12.9%) required admission for observation. No patient developed complications from their injuries. The presence or absence of a fracture neither correlated with the clinical situation nor affected the management. The fact that two thirds of all new casualty attendances at UK hospitals have an X-ray examination (British Medical Journal, 1977) is an unjustified wastage. Much of this wastage is related to skull X-rays in trauma, especially in children. In only a minority of patients does the presence of a fracture result in any modification of treatment. Some suggestions as to indications for skull X-rays in trauma have been made to help select patients for radiography and to avert wastage.", "contents": "Head injuries in children--aetiology, symptoms, physical findings and x-ray wastage. One thousand and thirty-two consecutive children with head injuries have been studied. All were outpatients, and 1000 had X-rays requested and performed. Of those X-rayed, only 21 (2.1%) had fractures, whilst 129 cases (12.9%) required admission for observation. No patient developed complications from their injuries. The presence or absence of a fracture neither correlated with the clinical situation nor affected the management. The fact that two thirds of all new casualty attendances at UK hospitals have an X-ray examination (British Medical Journal, 1977) is an unjustified wastage. Much of this wastage is related to skull X-rays in trauma, especially in children. In only a minority of patients does the presence of a fracture result in any modification of treatment. Some suggestions as to indications for skull X-rays in trauma have been made to help select patients for radiography and to avert wastage.", "PMID": 709034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3786", "title": "Visualization of the cystic artery after injection of Pancreozymin.", "content": "In 84 patients selective angiography of the common hepatic artery before and after injection Pancreozymin was performed. The results prove that: 1. Pancreozymin produces visualization of the cystic artery and its branches and of the gall-bladder wall in the majority of these normal gall-bladders that are not visualized during angiography without Pancreozymin. 2. Pancreozymin improves visualization of many normal and pathological gall-bladders seen only faintly on angiography without Pancreozymin. 3. In a patient with an angiographically normal liver the non-visualization of the branches of the cystic artery or of the gall-bladder wall after injection of Pancreozymin is a reliable sign of organic gall-bladder disease, or of a collapsed gall-bladder seen sometimes in patients with bile duct or pancreatic tumour.", "contents": "Visualization of the cystic artery after injection of Pancreozymin. In 84 patients selective angiography of the common hepatic artery before and after injection Pancreozymin was performed. The results prove that: 1. Pancreozymin produces visualization of the cystic artery and its branches and of the gall-bladder wall in the majority of these normal gall-bladders that are not visualized during angiography without Pancreozymin. 2. Pancreozymin improves visualization of many normal and pathological gall-bladders seen only faintly on angiography without Pancreozymin. 3. In a patient with an angiographically normal liver the non-visualization of the branches of the cystic artery or of the gall-bladder wall after injection of Pancreozymin is a reliable sign of organic gall-bladder disease, or of a collapsed gall-bladder seen sometimes in patients with bile duct or pancreatic tumour.", "PMID": 709035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3787", "title": "Hepatobiliary imaging: the use of 99Tcm-pyridoxylidene glutamate scanning in jaundiced adults and infants.", "content": "99Tcm-pyridoxylidene glutamate (99Tcm-PG) scans have been carried out in 24 jaundiced adults (mean total bilirubin 255 mumol/l and 11 infants with prolonged obstructive jaundice (mean total bilirubin 165 mumol/l). Absence of radioactivity in the gut was interpreted as complete biliary obstruction which was the cause of jaundice in ten adults and six infants. Using this criterion occlusion or patency of the bile ducts was correctly determined in 21 adults and eight infants. False-negative gut images were found in one adult and two infants, and three scans were inconclusive (two adults, one infant). The scan was unable to show details of the site of obstruction or pathology but the technique was simple and atraumatic and was safely performed in patients with serious complications, e.g. renal failure, coagulation defects, septicaemia. In infants the 99Tcm-PG scan compared well with the 131I rose bengal faecal excretion test and with liver biopsy in the investigation of prolonged obstructive jaundice. Repeat scans in infants with biliary atresia were used to assess postoperative bile drainage. It is suggested that 99Tcm-PG scanning is useful screening test in difficult cases of jaundice. It is especially useful in frail patients, and patients with complications.", "contents": "Hepatobiliary imaging: the use of 99Tcm-pyridoxylidene glutamate scanning in jaundiced adults and infants. 99Tcm-pyridoxylidene glutamate (99Tcm-PG) scans have been carried out in 24 jaundiced adults (mean total bilirubin 255 mumol/l and 11 infants with prolonged obstructive jaundice (mean total bilirubin 165 mumol/l). Absence of radioactivity in the gut was interpreted as complete biliary obstruction which was the cause of jaundice in ten adults and six infants. Using this criterion occlusion or patency of the bile ducts was correctly determined in 21 adults and eight infants. False-negative gut images were found in one adult and two infants, and three scans were inconclusive (two adults, one infant). The scan was unable to show details of the site of obstruction or pathology but the technique was simple and atraumatic and was safely performed in patients with serious complications, e.g. renal failure, coagulation defects, septicaemia. In infants the 99Tcm-PG scan compared well with the 131I rose bengal faecal excretion test and with liver biopsy in the investigation of prolonged obstructive jaundice. Repeat scans in infants with biliary atresia were used to assess postoperative bile drainage. It is suggested that 99Tcm-PG scanning is useful screening test in difficult cases of jaundice. It is especially useful in frail patients, and patients with complications.", "PMID": 709036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3788", "title": "Constancy of radiation output during diagnostic x-ray expousers.", "content": "Variation in X-ray output and quality during a diagnostic exposure can be undesirable and may result in unnecessary dose to the patient. When significant build-up or decay periods are present errors will arise if factors obtained under steady-state conditions are employed to estimate the exposure. These parameters must be taken into account when calibrating X-ray generators. A variable speed spinning film device and a spectrometry system have been used to measure the variations under fluoroscopic and radiographic conditions for a number of generators. Variations in output due to filament heating, voltage supply and rectification, cable capacity and target pitting have been demonstrated. At low fluoroscopic currents, large surges and long decays have been observed; the significance of these effects is considered.", "contents": "Constancy of radiation output during diagnostic x-ray expousers. Variation in X-ray output and quality during a diagnostic exposure can be undesirable and may result in unnecessary dose to the patient. When significant build-up or decay periods are present errors will arise if factors obtained under steady-state conditions are employed to estimate the exposure. These parameters must be taken into account when calibrating X-ray generators. A variable speed spinning film device and a spectrometry system have been used to measure the variations under fluoroscopic and radiographic conditions for a number of generators. Variations in output due to filament heating, voltage supply and rectification, cable capacity and target pitting have been demonstrated. At low fluoroscopic currents, large surges and long decays have been observed; the significance of these effects is considered.", "PMID": 709037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3789", "title": "Vascular permeability in the ears of rats after x-irradiation.", "content": "Late fibrosis in normal tissue is a complication which develops gradually after radiotherapy. It may be related to increase in vascular permeability induced by radiation. Plasma proteins leak into irradiated tissue where fibrinogen may be converted into fibrin which is gradually replaced by fibrous tissue. Vascular changes in the rat ear were investigated for six months after X-irradiation; Blood volume and vascular permeability were measured in vivo by monitoring the radioactivity in both irradiated and control ears after intravenous injection of phosphorus 32 labelled red cells and either iodinated (iodine 125) albumin or fibrinogen. After a single dose of 40 Gy there was an early increase in vascular permeability to both albumin and fibrinogen. After 20 Gy permeability to albumin was only increased during desquamation but extra-vascular fibrinogen accumulated at earlier times. Extravascular albumin was removed rapidly from irradiated ears, whereas some residual fibrinogen remained. Vascular permeability returned to normal but six weeks and showed no further changes up to six months after irradiation. Differences between the accumulation of extravascular albumin and fibrinogen at early times after irradiation could be due to some fibrinogen being fixed in the tissue. However, the rat ear showed no late changes comparable to the gradual development of late fibrosis seen in man.", "contents": "Vascular permeability in the ears of rats after x-irradiation. Late fibrosis in normal tissue is a complication which develops gradually after radiotherapy. It may be related to increase in vascular permeability induced by radiation. Plasma proteins leak into irradiated tissue where fibrinogen may be converted into fibrin which is gradually replaced by fibrous tissue. Vascular changes in the rat ear were investigated for six months after X-irradiation; Blood volume and vascular permeability were measured in vivo by monitoring the radioactivity in both irradiated and control ears after intravenous injection of phosphorus 32 labelled red cells and either iodinated (iodine 125) albumin or fibrinogen. After a single dose of 40 Gy there was an early increase in vascular permeability to both albumin and fibrinogen. After 20 Gy permeability to albumin was only increased during desquamation but extra-vascular fibrinogen accumulated at earlier times. Extravascular albumin was removed rapidly from irradiated ears, whereas some residual fibrinogen remained. Vascular permeability returned to normal but six weeks and showed no further changes up to six months after irradiation. Differences between the accumulation of extravascular albumin and fibrinogen at early times after irradiation could be due to some fibrinogen being fixed in the tissue. However, the rat ear showed no late changes comparable to the gradual development of late fibrosis seen in man.", "PMID": 709038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3790", "title": "The relationship between total dose, number of fractions and fractions size in the response of malignant melanoma in patients.", "content": "The response of melanomas was assessed retrospectively from the clinical notes on 52 patients from three centres in the United Kingdom. The response was very variable. A tentative isoeffect curve was fitted to the UK data which gave a good fit to data from a prospective study from Yale. Clinical data from the Melbourne Clinic on response and fraction size showed a similar response to that from the UK and the combined data showed that the response to fraction sizes of 400-800 rad was significantly better (p about 0.01) than to fraction sizes of 200-299 rad.", "contents": "The relationship between total dose, number of fractions and fractions size in the response of malignant melanoma in patients. The response of melanomas was assessed retrospectively from the clinical notes on 52 patients from three centres in the United Kingdom. The response was very variable. A tentative isoeffect curve was fitted to the UK data which gave a good fit to data from a prospective study from Yale. Clinical data from the Melbourne Clinic on response and fraction size showed a similar response to that from the UK and the combined data showed that the response to fraction sizes of 400-800 rad was significantly better (p about 0.01) than to fraction sizes of 200-299 rad.", "PMID": 709039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3791", "title": "Renal growth following reimplantation of the ureters for reflux.", "content": "Renal growth after reimplantation of a refluxing ureter was measured in 17 patients (26 renal units). Measurements of renal length were made from intravenous pyelograms 1, 3 and 5 years post-operatively. Our findings showed that after successful antireflux surgery the rate of renal growth was greater than normal in the first post-operative year but between 1 and 5 years post-operatively was normal.", "contents": "Renal growth following reimplantation of the ureters for reflux. Renal growth after reimplantation of a refluxing ureter was measured in 17 patients (26 renal units). Measurements of renal length were made from intravenous pyelograms 1, 3 and 5 years post-operatively. Our findings showed that after successful antireflux surgery the rate of renal growth was greater than normal in the first post-operative year but between 1 and 5 years post-operatively was normal.", "PMID": 709057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3792", "title": "An evaluation of techniques used for the production of temporary renal ischaemia.", "content": "Five techniques of producing temporary renal ischaemia have been evaluated in the rat. Damage was assessed by measuring inulin clearance, change in renal cortical intracellular water and 125I-fibrin deposition. Continuous renal artery occlusion produces significantly less renal damage than the other techniques commonly used.", "contents": "An evaluation of techniques used for the production of temporary renal ischaemia. Five techniques of producing temporary renal ischaemia have been evaluated in the rat. Damage was assessed by measuring inulin clearance, change in renal cortical intracellular water and 125I-fibrin deposition. Continuous renal artery occlusion produces significantly less renal damage than the other techniques commonly used.", "PMID": 709058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3793", "title": "The pattern of urolithiasis in the Sudan.", "content": "Vesical stones in children are the commonest stones in the Sudan. In recent years there has been a progressive increase in the number of operations for upper tract stone, suggesting a change in the pattern of urolithiasis.", "contents": "The pattern of urolithiasis in the Sudan. Vesical stones in children are the commonest stones in the Sudan. In recent years there has been a progressive increase in the number of operations for upper tract stone, suggesting a change in the pattern of urolithiasis.", "PMID": 709059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3794", "title": "Reimplantation of the wide ureter.", "content": "A modification of the technique of Politano and Leadbetter for reimplantation of wide ureters is described. Nine patients with obstructive megaureter (10 ureters) and 6 with gross vesicoureteric reflux (9 ureters) were treated. A satisfactory result was obtained in 6 of the obstructed patients (7 ureters) and ultimately, after re-operation, in 1 of the remaining ureters. Reflux was corrected in all 6 patients. This method requires less extravesical dissection than others involving extensive remodelling of the wide ureter. There is therefore less risk of damage to the distal ureteric blood supply and the natural flap valve mechanism at the ureteric orifice may be more effectively emulated.", "contents": "Reimplantation of the wide ureter. A modification of the technique of Politano and Leadbetter for reimplantation of wide ureters is described. Nine patients with obstructive megaureter (10 ureters) and 6 with gross vesicoureteric reflux (9 ureters) were treated. A satisfactory result was obtained in 6 of the obstructed patients (7 ureters) and ultimately, after re-operation, in 1 of the remaining ureters. Reflux was corrected in all 6 patients. This method requires less extravesical dissection than others involving extensive remodelling of the wide ureter. There is therefore less risk of damage to the distal ureteric blood supply and the natural flap valve mechanism at the ureteric orifice may be more effectively emulated.", "PMID": 709060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3795", "title": "The behaviour of the bladder during physical activity.", "content": "The technical difficulties of obtaining reliable recordings of bladder, rectal and detrusor pressures from patients who are standing, walking or exercising have been largely overcome by a method described in this paper. The recordings help us to understand the behaviour of the lower urinary tract during physical activity and are of value in the diagnosis of urological problems, especially incontinence.", "contents": "The behaviour of the bladder during physical activity. The technical difficulties of obtaining reliable recordings of bladder, rectal and detrusor pressures from patients who are standing, walking or exercising have been largely overcome by a method described in this paper. The recordings help us to understand the behaviour of the lower urinary tract during physical activity and are of value in the diagnosis of urological problems, especially incontinence.", "PMID": 709061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3796", "title": "Bladder neck incision--a treatment for retention with overflow in the absence of adenoma.", "content": "Twenty-five cases of outlet obstruction with decompensated bladders and minimal adenomatous enlargement were treated by transurethral bladder neck incision. The results showed that bladder neck incision was as effective as transurethral resection of bladder neck and prostate and was a useful operation, especially for the elderly uraemic patient. There were no complications and operating time was considerably less than that required for a formal transurethral resection. The operation should be reserved for cases of outflow obstruction with no or minimal adenomatous hyperplasia.", "contents": "Bladder neck incision--a treatment for retention with overflow in the absence of adenoma. Twenty-five cases of outlet obstruction with decompensated bladders and minimal adenomatous enlargement were treated by transurethral bladder neck incision. The results showed that bladder neck incision was as effective as transurethral resection of bladder neck and prostate and was a useful operation, especially for the elderly uraemic patient. There were no complications and operating time was considerably less than that required for a formal transurethral resection. The operation should be reserved for cases of outflow obstruction with no or minimal adenomatous hyperplasia.", "PMID": 709062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3797", "title": "The effect of pelvic nerve stimulation and some drugs on the urethra and bladder of the dog.", "content": "Pelvic nerve stimulation caused an increase in pressure in both the urethra and bladder of anaesthetised dogs. The increases were only partially blocked by intravenous injection of atropine and were not significantly reduced by phentolamine, propranolol or methysergide. Quinidine produced some reduction in the bladder but not the urethral response. Hexamethonium reduced but did not abolish the responses to pelvic nerve stimulation. Close arterial injection of acetylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine increased the bladder and urethral pressures; noradrenaline produced a biphasic increase in urethral pressure but had no effect on the bladder; ATP increased bladder pressure but the response of the urethra was variable. The results indicate that some fibres in the pelvic nerve to the urethra as well as to the bladder are atropine resistant and suggest that transmission does not involve 5-hydroxytryptamine or noradrenaline and probably not ATP. The significance for treatment of detrusor dysfunction is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of pelvic nerve stimulation and some drugs on the urethra and bladder of the dog. Pelvic nerve stimulation caused an increase in pressure in both the urethra and bladder of anaesthetised dogs. The increases were only partially blocked by intravenous injection of atropine and were not significantly reduced by phentolamine, propranolol or methysergide. Quinidine produced some reduction in the bladder but not the urethral response. Hexamethonium reduced but did not abolish the responses to pelvic nerve stimulation. Close arterial injection of acetylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine increased the bladder and urethral pressures; noradrenaline produced a biphasic increase in urethral pressure but had no effect on the bladder; ATP increased bladder pressure but the response of the urethra was variable. The results indicate that some fibres in the pelvic nerve to the urethra as well as to the bladder are atropine resistant and suggest that transmission does not involve 5-hydroxytryptamine or noradrenaline and probably not ATP. The significance for treatment of detrusor dysfunction is discussed.", "PMID": 709063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3798", "title": "One-stage excision urethroplasty for stricture.", "content": "Forty-two patients have had a one-stage excision urethroplasty for localised strictures in the bulbous urethra. The stricture recurred in 2 patients, one requiring a scrotal flap urethroplasty and the other a further excision and repair with a good result. With careful selection this operation gives very good results and has been used successfully in the primary repair of complete rupture of the bulbous urethra.", "contents": "One-stage excision urethroplasty for stricture. Forty-two patients have had a one-stage excision urethroplasty for localised strictures in the bulbous urethra. The stricture recurred in 2 patients, one requiring a scrotal flap urethroplasty and the other a further excision and repair with a good result. With careful selection this operation gives very good results and has been used successfully in the primary repair of complete rupture of the bulbous urethra.", "PMID": 709064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3799", "title": "Can follicle stimulating hormone estimation replace testicular biopsy in the diagnosis of obstructive azoospermia?", "content": "Sixty azoospermic men were investigated by means of testicular biopsy and estimation of serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels. High FSH levels when associated with small testes indicated severe testicular damage. We suggest that these findings offer sufficient evidence to regard such patients as infertile and that further investigation is unnecessary. In men with normal FSH levels testicular biopsy is still necessary for accurate diagnosis; in practice this may often be done at the same time as epididymovasostomy.", "contents": "Can follicle stimulating hormone estimation replace testicular biopsy in the diagnosis of obstructive azoospermia? Sixty azoospermic men were investigated by means of testicular biopsy and estimation of serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels. High FSH levels when associated with small testes indicated severe testicular damage. We suggest that these findings offer sufficient evidence to regard such patients as infertile and that further investigation is unnecessary. In men with normal FSH levels testicular biopsy is still necessary for accurate diagnosis; in practice this may often be done at the same time as epididymovasostomy.", "PMID": 709065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3800", "title": "Immunological studies of testicular tissue in oligozoospermic and azoospermic patients.", "content": "Testicular biopsies from 6 oligozoospermic and 12 azoospermic patients were examined histologically and immunohistologically. Evidence of maturation arrest and of Type II allergic reactions involving tubular basement membranes was found in all oligozoospermic patients. No evidence of an immune reaction was found in 9 azoospermic patients with maturation arrest. Unilateral or bilateral germ cell aplasia with evidence of mixed Type II and III or Type III and IV reactions was present in 2 oligozoospermic and 2 azoospermic patients. The findings have been interpreted to indicate that maturation arrest and germ cell aplasia may occasionally be linked in a chain of immunological events, initiated possibly by damage to tubular basement membranes. No correlation was demonstrable between the histological and immunohistological findings and indirect immunofluorescent tests for sperm antibodies. It is suggested that testicular biopsy is a potentially hazardous procedure in the investigation of infertility, and that prepubertal testicular tissues as well as sperm be used as antigens in the immunological investigation of infertility.", "contents": "Immunological studies of testicular tissue in oligozoospermic and azoospermic patients. Testicular biopsies from 6 oligozoospermic and 12 azoospermic patients were examined histologically and immunohistologically. Evidence of maturation arrest and of Type II allergic reactions involving tubular basement membranes was found in all oligozoospermic patients. No evidence of an immune reaction was found in 9 azoospermic patients with maturation arrest. Unilateral or bilateral germ cell aplasia with evidence of mixed Type II and III or Type III and IV reactions was present in 2 oligozoospermic and 2 azoospermic patients. The findings have been interpreted to indicate that maturation arrest and germ cell aplasia may occasionally be linked in a chain of immunological events, initiated possibly by damage to tubular basement membranes. No correlation was demonstrable between the histological and immunohistological findings and indirect immunofluorescent tests for sperm antibodies. It is suggested that testicular biopsy is a potentially hazardous procedure in the investigation of infertility, and that prepubertal testicular tissues as well as sperm be used as antigens in the immunological investigation of infertility.", "PMID": 709066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3801", "title": "The role of ultrasound scanning in the diagnosis of thyroid swellings.", "content": "This study has determined the ability of grey scale ultrasound to assess if a thyroid is normal or abnormal, if the appearances of the gland are specific for one disease and if the probability of malignancy can be determined. One hundred patients were studied, 65 with histologically confirmed diagnoses. It was found that the normal gland was distinguished from the abnormal with 99 per cent accuracy, simple cysts were diagnosed with 100 per cent accuracy and a specific disease diagnosis was given with 84 per cent accuracy. It was correctly stated in 87 patients that the disease was definitely benign, but in the remaining 12 patients (3 with cancer) it was stated that malignancy could not be excluded.", "contents": "The role of ultrasound scanning in the diagnosis of thyroid swellings. This study has determined the ability of grey scale ultrasound to assess if a thyroid is normal or abnormal, if the appearances of the gland are specific for one disease and if the probability of malignancy can be determined. One hundred patients were studied, 65 with histologically confirmed diagnoses. It was found that the normal gland was distinguished from the abnormal with 99 per cent accuracy, simple cysts were diagnosed with 100 per cent accuracy and a specific disease diagnosis was given with 84 per cent accuracy. It was correctly stated in 87 patients that the disease was definitely benign, but in the remaining 12 patients (3 with cancer) it was stated that malignancy could not be excluded.", "PMID": 709074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3802", "title": "Intraoperative autotransfusion for elective aortic surgery.", "content": "Intraoperative autotransfusion using the Bentley ATS 100 was used in 23 patients requiring Dacron replacement of their abdominal aorta. An average 2000 ml of blood was reinfused and a total heparinization dose was given. The mean haemoglobin fell 2.8 g/dl and on average 2 pints of banked blood were given in the postoperative period. Coagulation studies performed before and after surgery showed minimal alteration. We feel that further evaluation of this system is essential so that an alternative is established for when banked blood is not available. The system is particularly useful at the present time for such emergencies as a leaking abdominal aortic aneurysm and severe trauma to the liver.", "contents": "Intraoperative autotransfusion for elective aortic surgery. Intraoperative autotransfusion using the Bentley ATS 100 was used in 23 patients requiring Dacron replacement of their abdominal aorta. An average 2000 ml of blood was reinfused and a total heparinization dose was given. The mean haemoglobin fell 2.8 g/dl and on average 2 pints of banked blood were given in the postoperative period. Coagulation studies performed before and after surgery showed minimal alteration. We feel that further evaluation of this system is essential so that an alternative is established for when banked blood is not available. The system is particularly useful at the present time for such emergencies as a leaking abdominal aortic aneurysm and severe trauma to the liver.", "PMID": 709075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3803", "title": "The clinical scope and potential of isotope angiology.", "content": "Arterial imaging using a gamma-camera to follow an intravenously injected bolus of 98Tcm has been performed in over 200 patients. The technique has been found useful in the evaluation of emergency vascular problems, in routine cases where arteriography cannot be performed or is inadvisable and in the assessment and follow-up of patients with intermittent claudication and digital vessel disease.", "contents": "The clinical scope and potential of isotope angiology. Arterial imaging using a gamma-camera to follow an intravenously injected bolus of 98Tcm has been performed in over 200 patients. The technique has been found useful in the evaluation of emergency vascular problems, in routine cases where arteriography cannot be performed or is inadvisable and in the assessment and follow-up of patients with intermittent claudication and digital vessel disease.", "PMID": 709076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3804", "title": "The long term sequelae of deep vein thrombosis.", "content": "Five hundred and sixty-four patients undergoing abdominal surgery, who were carefully assessed at the time of operation for evidence of venous thrombosis, have been followed up to determine the incidence of leg symptoms, varicose veins and post-thrombotic syndrome. Patients are frequently troubled by pain, swelling and phlebitis, which can persist for up to a year after operation. New varicose veins developed by 1 year in 20 per cent of patients. These occurred with increased frequency in patients who also developed a deep vein thrombosis, but they were also seen in patients who showed no clinical or isotopic evidence of thrombosis. The post-thrombotic syndrome was present in 26 patients by 3 years after the operation; half of these patients had suffered the syndrome before the definitive operation. Assessment of the long term effects of venous thrombosis must be carried out against the background of similar effects seen in patients without thrombi, and the development of the post-thrombotic syndrome may best be considered as the summation of a number of incidents, overt or occult, occurring throughout a lifetime.", "contents": "The long term sequelae of deep vein thrombosis. Five hundred and sixty-four patients undergoing abdominal surgery, who were carefully assessed at the time of operation for evidence of venous thrombosis, have been followed up to determine the incidence of leg symptoms, varicose veins and post-thrombotic syndrome. Patients are frequently troubled by pain, swelling and phlebitis, which can persist for up to a year after operation. New varicose veins developed by 1 year in 20 per cent of patients. These occurred with increased frequency in patients who also developed a deep vein thrombosis, but they were also seen in patients who showed no clinical or isotopic evidence of thrombosis. The post-thrombotic syndrome was present in 26 patients by 3 years after the operation; half of these patients had suffered the syndrome before the definitive operation. Assessment of the long term effects of venous thrombosis must be carried out against the background of similar effects seen in patients without thrombi, and the development of the post-thrombotic syndrome may best be considered as the summation of a number of incidents, overt or occult, occurring throughout a lifetime.", "PMID": 709077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3805", "title": "Pullthrough operation with delayed anastomosis for rectal cancer.", "content": "The technique of pullthrough resection with delayed anastomosis for carcinoma of the rectum as performed at the Cleveland Clinic is described. A series of 84 cases of rectal cancer treated in this way is reported. The average tumour diameter was 4.5 cm, the average margin of resection was 4.1 cm and the average distance of the tumour from the anus was 7.6 cm. The incidence of necrosis of the pullthrough was 1.2 per cent. The overall 5-year survival was 63 per cent with 100 per cent, 57 per cent and 53 per cent for Dukes' A, B and C tumours respectively. The quality of bowel function following surgery is described in detail. It is felt that this procedure has an important place in sphincter conservation in carcinoma of the middle third of the rectum.", "contents": "Pullthrough operation with delayed anastomosis for rectal cancer. The technique of pullthrough resection with delayed anastomosis for carcinoma of the rectum as performed at the Cleveland Clinic is described. A series of 84 cases of rectal cancer treated in this way is reported. The average tumour diameter was 4.5 cm, the average margin of resection was 4.1 cm and the average distance of the tumour from the anus was 7.6 cm. The incidence of necrosis of the pullthrough was 1.2 per cent. The overall 5-year survival was 63 per cent with 100 per cent, 57 per cent and 53 per cent for Dukes' A, B and C tumours respectively. The quality of bowel function following surgery is described in detail. It is felt that this procedure has an important place in sphincter conservation in carcinoma of the middle third of the rectum.", "PMID": 709078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3806", "title": "Immediate resection in the treatment of large bowel emergencies.", "content": "In a consecutive series of 122 patients who required an emergency operation for disease or injury of the colon or rectum, 80 (65 per cent) had an immediate resection of the diseased segment of bowel, with an operative mortality of 15 per cent. The free use of immediate resection is of benefit to patients, but good results depend on the experience of the surgeon and the use of a number of special techniques.", "contents": "Immediate resection in the treatment of large bowel emergencies. In a consecutive series of 122 patients who required an emergency operation for disease or injury of the colon or rectum, 80 (65 per cent) had an immediate resection of the diseased segment of bowel, with an operative mortality of 15 per cent. The free use of immediate resection is of benefit to patients, but good results depend on the experience of the surgeon and the use of a number of special techniques.", "PMID": 709080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3807", "title": "Parathyroid hormone and calcium homeostasis in acute pancreatitis.", "content": "Sequential daily measurements of plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH) have been performed in 89 patients with acute pancreatitis. A total of 439 PTH assays was obtained during 98 episodes of the disease. Three main patterns of PTH response were found. These responses were correlated with severity of disease graded by objective criteria and also to corrected serum calcium levels. The first type of PTH response was characterized by significantly elevated PTH levels soon after hospitalization with a subsequent decrease in levels to within the normal range by the third or fourth day of illness. This type of response was specifically associated with transient severe hypocalcaemia (corrected calcium less than 2.0 mmol/l). It was also associated with the most severe forms of disease and 6 of the 7 deaths. The second type of PTH response revealed initial PTH values in the upper level of the normal range (400--600 ng/l) while persistently low PTH levels were characteristic of the third type of response. Persistently low PTH levels were associated with normocalcaemia, and no patient in this group died. None of a group of 14 control patients exhibited the type 1 PTH response. An effective PTH response to an unidentified hypocalcaemic stimulus results in satisfactory calcium homeostasis in most patients with acute pancreatitis.", "contents": "Parathyroid hormone and calcium homeostasis in acute pancreatitis. Sequential daily measurements of plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH) have been performed in 89 patients with acute pancreatitis. A total of 439 PTH assays was obtained during 98 episodes of the disease. Three main patterns of PTH response were found. These responses were correlated with severity of disease graded by objective criteria and also to corrected serum calcium levels. The first type of PTH response was characterized by significantly elevated PTH levels soon after hospitalization with a subsequent decrease in levels to within the normal range by the third or fourth day of illness. This type of response was specifically associated with transient severe hypocalcaemia (corrected calcium less than 2.0 mmol/l). It was also associated with the most severe forms of disease and 6 of the 7 deaths. The second type of PTH response revealed initial PTH values in the upper level of the normal range (400--600 ng/l) while persistently low PTH levels were characteristic of the third type of response. Persistently low PTH levels were associated with normocalcaemia, and no patient in this group died. None of a group of 14 control patients exhibited the type 1 PTH response. An effective PTH response to an unidentified hypocalcaemic stimulus results in satisfactory calcium homeostasis in most patients with acute pancreatitis.", "PMID": 709081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3808", "title": "The effect of highly selective vagotomy on the relationship between gastric mucosal blood flow and acid secretion in man.", "content": "Previous work has shown that the duodenal ulcer population can be defined by a lower ratio between gastric mucosal blood flow and acid secretion (during pentagastrin stimulation) than is found in normal subjects. The results of the present investigation have shown that the ratio is restored to normality by highly selective vagotomy. This suggests that increased tonic activity of the vagus on the parietal cell is one of the important disorders in duodenal ulceration.", "contents": "The effect of highly selective vagotomy on the relationship between gastric mucosal blood flow and acid secretion in man. Previous work has shown that the duodenal ulcer population can be defined by a lower ratio between gastric mucosal blood flow and acid secretion (during pentagastrin stimulation) than is found in normal subjects. The results of the present investigation have shown that the ratio is restored to normality by highly selective vagotomy. This suggests that increased tonic activity of the vagus on the parietal cell is one of the important disorders in duodenal ulceration.", "PMID": 709082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3809", "title": "Evidence for an enterotropic hormone: compensatory hyperplasia in defunctioned bowel.", "content": "The relative contributions of luminal and systemic factors to the development of compensatory intestinal hyperplasia were assessed by comparing the adaptive response to jejunal resection in functioning and defunctioned ileum. In Thiry--Vella loops of upper ileum, mucosal contents of RNA and DNA increased by 16--21 per cent 2--7 days after jejunectomy (P = 0.05--0.01), but DNA specific activity was unchanged. In lower ileum remaining in continuity with the nutrient stream, nucleic acids were elevated by 27--86 per cent (P less than 0.001) and specific activity by 34--36 per cent (P = 0.05--0.005). Proximal to the site of resection, duodenal hyperplasia was equally rapid but less intense than in the distal bowel. Full adaptation requires both intraluminal nutrients and enterotropic hormones to be present.", "contents": "Evidence for an enterotropic hormone: compensatory hyperplasia in defunctioned bowel. The relative contributions of luminal and systemic factors to the development of compensatory intestinal hyperplasia were assessed by comparing the adaptive response to jejunal resection in functioning and defunctioned ileum. In Thiry--Vella loops of upper ileum, mucosal contents of RNA and DNA increased by 16--21 per cent 2--7 days after jejunectomy (P = 0.05--0.01), but DNA specific activity was unchanged. In lower ileum remaining in continuity with the nutrient stream, nucleic acids were elevated by 27--86 per cent (P less than 0.001) and specific activity by 34--36 per cent (P = 0.05--0.005). Proximal to the site of resection, duodenal hyperplasia was equally rapid but less intense than in the distal bowel. Full adaptation requires both intraluminal nutrients and enterotropic hormones to be present.", "PMID": 709083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3810", "title": "Assessment of the nutritional state of patients with an intestinal fistula.", "content": "The arm muscle area, derived fat-free mass, urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine and creatinine were measured serially in a group of patients with an intestinal fistula receiving prolonged nutritional support. While the two anthropometric tests appeared reasonable indicators of changes in muscle mass in these patients, the marked intra-individual variability in excretion of 3-methylhistidine and creatinine created problems in interpretation. It is suggested that more use be made of serial anthropometry in district general hospitals as an alternative, simple, measure of nutritional status.", "contents": "Assessment of the nutritional state of patients with an intestinal fistula. The arm muscle area, derived fat-free mass, urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine and creatinine were measured serially in a group of patients with an intestinal fistula receiving prolonged nutritional support. While the two anthropometric tests appeared reasonable indicators of changes in muscle mass in these patients, the marked intra-individual variability in excretion of 3-methylhistidine and creatinine created problems in interpretation. It is suggested that more use be made of serial anthropometry in district general hospitals as an alternative, simple, measure of nutritional status.", "PMID": 709084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3811", "title": "Amoebic perforation of the bowel: experiences with 26 cases.", "content": "Over a period of 14 1/2 years, 26 instances of amoebic perforation of the bowel occurring in 25 patients were treated surgically. Nineteen perforations occurred in males and 7 in females, whose ages ranged from 3 to 74 years. The duration of symptoms varied from 12 h up to 5 months (average 15 days). All patients were toxic and a right lower quadrant mass was present in 14. The correct diagnosis was made or suspected in 14 (54 per cent). Amoebic perforation of the bowel should be suspected in patients presenting with an acute abdomen if a past history of fever, pain and diarrhoea is obtained, particularly if a large tender mass is present in the right iliac fossa. Resectional surgery was performed in 7 patients, with a mortality of 71 per cent, whereas procedures designed to divert the faecal stream were carried out in 19, with a mortality of 43 per cent. All 6 patients with concomitant liver abscesses died. If these patients are excluded, the mortality from resections was 60 per cent and from faecal diversion 27 per cent. Faecal diversion with wide drainage is the treatment of choice for amoebic perforation of the colon.", "contents": "Amoebic perforation of the bowel: experiences with 26 cases. Over a period of 14 1/2 years, 26 instances of amoebic perforation of the bowel occurring in 25 patients were treated surgically. Nineteen perforations occurred in males and 7 in females, whose ages ranged from 3 to 74 years. The duration of symptoms varied from 12 h up to 5 months (average 15 days). All patients were toxic and a right lower quadrant mass was present in 14. The correct diagnosis was made or suspected in 14 (54 per cent). Amoebic perforation of the bowel should be suspected in patients presenting with an acute abdomen if a past history of fever, pain and diarrhoea is obtained, particularly if a large tender mass is present in the right iliac fossa. Resectional surgery was performed in 7 patients, with a mortality of 71 per cent, whereas procedures designed to divert the faecal stream were carried out in 19, with a mortality of 43 per cent. All 6 patients with concomitant liver abscesses died. If these patients are excluded, the mortality from resections was 60 per cent and from faecal diversion 27 per cent. Faecal diversion with wide drainage is the treatment of choice for amoebic perforation of the colon.", "PMID": 709086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3812", "title": "Low-cholesterol diet: enhancement of effect of CDCA in patients with gall stones.", "content": "Fifteen patients with gall stones who were taking chenodeoxycholic acid(CDCA) 15 mg/kg at bedtime participated in two separate experiments to investigate the effects of altering sterol intake on the cholesterol saturation index (SI) of fasting gall-bladder bile. In experiment I the 15 patients on an unrestricted diet had a SI of 0.87 +/- 0.04 (mean +/- SE of mean), which fell to 0.75 +/- 0.04 after one week in hospital on a diet of 100 mg cholesterol daily. In experiment II seven of the patients were given four different dietary regimens lasting one month each in random order as outpatients. On a diet of 600 mg of cholesterol daily the mean SI was 0.72 +/- 0.05, which fell to 0.67 +/- 0.05 when the patients were put on a 100 mg cholesterol diet. The addition of plant sterols (3 g daily) to both diets raised the mean SIs to 0.80 +/- 0.05 and 0.77 +/- 0.05 respectively. The percentage CDCA in bile was unaffected by alterations in the cholesterol and plant sterol intakes. We conclude that a low-cholesterol diet but not a high intake of plant sterols enhances the effect of CDCA in patients with gall stones.", "contents": "Low-cholesterol diet: enhancement of effect of CDCA in patients with gall stones. Fifteen patients with gall stones who were taking chenodeoxycholic acid(CDCA) 15 mg/kg at bedtime participated in two separate experiments to investigate the effects of altering sterol intake on the cholesterol saturation index (SI) of fasting gall-bladder bile. In experiment I the 15 patients on an unrestricted diet had a SI of 0.87 +/- 0.04 (mean +/- SE of mean), which fell to 0.75 +/- 0.04 after one week in hospital on a diet of 100 mg cholesterol daily. In experiment II seven of the patients were given four different dietary regimens lasting one month each in random order as outpatients. On a diet of 600 mg of cholesterol daily the mean SI was 0.72 +/- 0.05, which fell to 0.67 +/- 0.05 when the patients were put on a 100 mg cholesterol diet. The addition of plant sterols (3 g daily) to both diets raised the mean SIs to 0.80 +/- 0.05 and 0.77 +/- 0.05 respectively. The percentage CDCA in bile was unaffected by alterations in the cholesterol and plant sterol intakes. We conclude that a low-cholesterol diet but not a high intake of plant sterols enhances the effect of CDCA in patients with gall stones.", "PMID": 709092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3813", "title": "Mortality and morbidity of reusing dialysers. A report by the registration committee of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association.", "content": "The practice of reusing dialysers in renal units in the UK was surveyed by examining the patient questionnaires returned to the EDTA registration committee for 1976 and by a special questionnaire sent to all UK renal units. Altogether 65.6% of the 1785 patients treated with non-disposable dialysers and 49.6% of the 1109 treated with disposable dialysers reused their equipment. Reuse of dialysers caused some morbidity but no mortality. Most centres where disposable dialysers were used accepted that their reuse was necessary because of financial constraints and was ethically defensible.", "contents": "Mortality and morbidity of reusing dialysers. A report by the registration committee of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association. The practice of reusing dialysers in renal units in the UK was surveyed by examining the patient questionnaires returned to the EDTA registration committee for 1976 and by a special questionnaire sent to all UK renal units. Altogether 65.6% of the 1785 patients treated with non-disposable dialysers and 49.6% of the 1109 treated with disposable dialysers reused their equipment. Reuse of dialysers caused some morbidity but no mortality. Most centres where disposable dialysers were used accepted that their reuse was necessary because of financial constraints and was ethically defensible.", "PMID": 709093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3814", "title": "A method for self-assessment of disability before and after hip replacement operations.", "content": "A standardised form was developed to review the daily problems suffered by patients with arthritis of the hip and provide clinicians with information for planning treatment and in judging subsequent progress. The reports made by various patients in a preliminary study provided 81 statements on pain, restricted movements, and restricted activities that were then tested to identify the most reliable. The responses of 32 patients waiting for hip replacements and 66 patients who had undergone operation were compared with independent assessments of pain and physical limitations. The 33 statements eventually selected were chosen mainly on the basis of their sensitivity to differences between preoperative and postoperative patients and their correlation with the independent assessments. The final questionnaire provides a valid and concise summary of a patient's disabilities and is simple enough for the patient to complete while waiting to see the doctor.", "contents": "A method for self-assessment of disability before and after hip replacement operations. A standardised form was developed to review the daily problems suffered by patients with arthritis of the hip and provide clinicians with information for planning treatment and in judging subsequent progress. The reports made by various patients in a preliminary study provided 81 statements on pain, restricted movements, and restricted activities that were then tested to identify the most reliable. The responses of 32 patients waiting for hip replacements and 66 patients who had undergone operation were compared with independent assessments of pain and physical limitations. The 33 statements eventually selected were chosen mainly on the basis of their sensitivity to differences between preoperative and postoperative patients and their correlation with the independent assessments. The final questionnaire provides a valid and concise summary of a patient's disabilities and is simple enough for the patient to complete while waiting to see the doctor.", "PMID": 709094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3815", "title": "Screening for impaired visual acuity in middle age in general practice.", "content": "Screening for impaired distant visual acuity was one component of a controlled trial of multiphasic screening in middle age carried out in two general practices. The prevalence of impaired visual acuity (6/18 or worse in the better eye) at the initial screening in 1967 was 9.6% overall, ranging from 5.9% in people aged 40-49 years to 16.3% in those aged over 60. The question \"Do you have difficulty seeing distant objects?\" had a low sensitivity and high specificity, rendering it unsatisfactory for use in mass population screening for visual impairment. The prevalences of impaired visual acuity in the screening and control groups at the survey in 1972 showed no significant differences in any age group. Mass screening for defects of visual acuity in the course of a multiphasic examination is thus unlikely to reduce the prevalence of impaired distant visual acuity in the community.", "contents": "Screening for impaired visual acuity in middle age in general practice. Screening for impaired distant visual acuity was one component of a controlled trial of multiphasic screening in middle age carried out in two general practices. The prevalence of impaired visual acuity (6/18 or worse in the better eye) at the initial screening in 1967 was 9.6% overall, ranging from 5.9% in people aged 40-49 years to 16.3% in those aged over 60. The question \"Do you have difficulty seeing distant objects?\" had a low sensitivity and high specificity, rendering it unsatisfactory for use in mass population screening for visual impairment. The prevalences of impaired visual acuity in the screening and control groups at the survey in 1972 showed no significant differences in any age group. Mass screening for defects of visual acuity in the course of a multiphasic examination is thus unlikely to reduce the prevalence of impaired distant visual acuity in the community.", "PMID": 709095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3816", "title": "Effect of cirrhosis of the liver on the pharmacokinetics of chlormethiazole.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of chlormethiazole were studied in eight patients with advanced cirrhosis of the liver and in six healthy volunteers after oral and intravenous administration of the drug. In the patients the systemic bioavailability of oral chlormethiazole was increased about tenfold, whereas its elimination was only slightly retarded. The increased bioavailability was clearly due to decreased first-pass metabolism of chlormethiazole in the cirrhotic liver. The results indicate that chlormethiazole should be used in reduced dosage when given by mouth to patients with cirrhosis of the liver.", "contents": "Effect of cirrhosis of the liver on the pharmacokinetics of chlormethiazole. The pharmacokinetics of chlormethiazole were studied in eight patients with advanced cirrhosis of the liver and in six healthy volunteers after oral and intravenous administration of the drug. In the patients the systemic bioavailability of oral chlormethiazole was increased about tenfold, whereas its elimination was only slightly retarded. The increased bioavailability was clearly due to decreased first-pass metabolism of chlormethiazole in the cirrhotic liver. The results indicate that chlormethiazole should be used in reduced dosage when given by mouth to patients with cirrhosis of the liver.", "PMID": 709096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3817", "title": "Surma and lead poisoning.", "content": "Blood lead concentrations were measured in 62 Asian children, of whom 37 had definitely had surma applied to their eyes and 25 were thought not to have done. The mean concentration in those who had not used surma was 0.98 +/- SD 0.42 mumol/1 (20.3 +/- 8.7 microgram/100 ml) compared with 1.65 +/- 0.68 mumol/4 (34.2 +/- 14.1 microgram/100 ml) in those who had. Analysis of 29 different samples of surma showed 23 of them to be composed largely of lead sulphide. We conclude that the use of surma is associated with high blood lead concentrations. In our cases most of it had been obtained abroad, and hence government restrictions might be ineffective in limiting its use: a better method of prevention might be to inform the leaders of Asian communities of the risks.", "contents": "Surma and lead poisoning. Blood lead concentrations were measured in 62 Asian children, of whom 37 had definitely had surma applied to their eyes and 25 were thought not to have done. The mean concentration in those who had not used surma was 0.98 +/- SD 0.42 mumol/1 (20.3 +/- 8.7 microgram/100 ml) compared with 1.65 +/- 0.68 mumol/4 (34.2 +/- 14.1 microgram/100 ml) in those who had. Analysis of 29 different samples of surma showed 23 of them to be composed largely of lead sulphide. We conclude that the use of surma is associated with high blood lead concentrations. In our cases most of it had been obtained abroad, and hence government restrictions might be ineffective in limiting its use: a better method of prevention might be to inform the leaders of Asian communities of the risks.", "PMID": 709125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3818", "title": "Heart valve replacement in the elderly.", "content": "From January 1973 to December 1976, 70 operations for heart valve replacement were performed on 68 patients aged 65--75 years. These comprised 40 aortic valve replacements, 27 mitral valve replacements, and three aortic and mitral valve replacements. Three patients died within 30 days of operation (early mortality 4.3%), and five died 12 weeks to three years after operation. Four patients showed no improvement. The results were excellent or good in the remaining 56 patients. Valve replacemnt can restore to a useful independent life elderly patients who would otherwise be a burden on costly social and medical domiciliary services. The indications for valve surgery in the elderly should therefore be the same as in any other age group.", "contents": "Heart valve replacement in the elderly. From January 1973 to December 1976, 70 operations for heart valve replacement were performed on 68 patients aged 65--75 years. These comprised 40 aortic valve replacements, 27 mitral valve replacements, and three aortic and mitral valve replacements. Three patients died within 30 days of operation (early mortality 4.3%), and five died 12 weeks to three years after operation. Four patients showed no improvement. The results were excellent or good in the remaining 56 patients. Valve replacemnt can restore to a useful independent life elderly patients who would otherwise be a burden on costly social and medical domiciliary services. The indications for valve surgery in the elderly should therefore be the same as in any other age group.", "PMID": 709126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3819", "title": "Lack of relation between venous plasma total catecholamine concentrations and ventricular arrhythmias after acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Electrocardiographic tracings were recorded continuously to monitor ventricular tachycardia and R-on-T and R-on-apex-T ventricular premature beats, and repeated estimations of venous plasma total catecholamine concentrations were carried out in 26 patients admitted to a coronary care unit with acute myocardial infarction. No relation existed between the increased catecholamine concentrations found in these patients and the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias occurring six to 48 hours after the onset of symptoms.", "contents": "Lack of relation between venous plasma total catecholamine concentrations and ventricular arrhythmias after acute myocardial infarction. Electrocardiographic tracings were recorded continuously to monitor ventricular tachycardia and R-on-T and R-on-apex-T ventricular premature beats, and repeated estimations of venous plasma total catecholamine concentrations were carried out in 26 patients admitted to a coronary care unit with acute myocardial infarction. No relation existed between the increased catecholamine concentrations found in these patients and the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias occurring six to 48 hours after the onset of symptoms.", "PMID": 709127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3820", "title": "Pupillary signs in diabetic autonomic neuropathy.", "content": "Pupillary function was investigated in 36 insulin-dependent diabetics and 36 controls matched for age and sex. About half of the diabetics had evidence of peripheral somatic or autonomic neuropathy, or both. The diabetic patients had abnormally small pupil diameters in the dark and less fluctuation in pupil size (hippus) during continuous illumination than the controls. They also had reduced reflex responses to light flashes of an intensity adjusted for individual retinal sensitivities. The pupillary findings were compared with results of five tests of cardiovascular function and five tests of peripheral sensory and motor nerve function. Almost all the patients with autonomic neuropathy had pupillary signs, which we therefore conclude are a common manifestation of diabetic autonomic neuropathy.", "contents": "Pupillary signs in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Pupillary function was investigated in 36 insulin-dependent diabetics and 36 controls matched for age and sex. About half of the diabetics had evidence of peripheral somatic or autonomic neuropathy, or both. The diabetic patients had abnormally small pupil diameters in the dark and less fluctuation in pupil size (hippus) during continuous illumination than the controls. They also had reduced reflex responses to light flashes of an intensity adjusted for individual retinal sensitivities. The pupillary findings were compared with results of five tests of cardiovascular function and five tests of peripheral sensory and motor nerve function. Almost all the patients with autonomic neuropathy had pupillary signs, which we therefore conclude are a common manifestation of diabetic autonomic neuropathy.", "PMID": 709128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3821", "title": "Taking medical histories through interpreters: practice in a Nigerian outpatient department.", "content": "Consultations through interpreters in the medical outpatient department of a Nigerian hospital were tape-recorded. These recordings were translated completely into English and transcribed, and the performance of the interpreters was analysed. The interpreters often did not provide word-for-word translations of what the doctor or patient had said. Some of these deviations were helpful, but others were confusing or incorrect. In particular, interpreters were inclined to conduct much of the consultations themselves. Hospitals using interpreters should ensure that they have no conflicting duties during consultations and that they have some training in language and interpretation. The quality of interpretation should be checked by native-speaking doctors and by using recordings. Doctors using interpreters should try to make sure that everything said is translated and check the patient's answers by asking questions in several ways.", "contents": "Taking medical histories through interpreters: practice in a Nigerian outpatient department. Consultations through interpreters in the medical outpatient department of a Nigerian hospital were tape-recorded. These recordings were translated completely into English and transcribed, and the performance of the interpreters was analysed. The interpreters often did not provide word-for-word translations of what the doctor or patient had said. Some of these deviations were helpful, but others were confusing or incorrect. In particular, interpreters were inclined to conduct much of the consultations themselves. Hospitals using interpreters should ensure that they have no conflicting duties during consultations and that they have some training in language and interpretation. The quality of interpretation should be checked by native-speaking doctors and by using recordings. Doctors using interpreters should try to make sure that everything said is translated and check the patient's answers by asking questions in several ways.", "PMID": 709137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3822", "title": "Obstetric care in the central Canadian Arctic.", "content": "All pregnancies that occurred during 1971-5 among 4000 Canadian Eskimos living in isolated settlements in a district of the North-west Territories were reviewed. Obstetric care was provided in settlement nursing stations, at a base hospital manned by general practitioners, and at a teaching hospital in Winnipeg. Of the 622 infants delivered in 1971-5 218 were delivered in nursing stations by midwives, 338 in the base hospital, and 54 in the teaching hospital. Caesarean sections were performed in 10 cases, and the perinatal mortality was 25.7 per 1000 births. Though it is hard to defend patients delivering their babies in remote areas with no medical help, the results seemed to be acceptable. The credit for this goes to experienced midwives, a liberal evacuation policy, close co-operation from general practitioners, and the specialist visiting and consulting service.", "contents": "Obstetric care in the central Canadian Arctic. All pregnancies that occurred during 1971-5 among 4000 Canadian Eskimos living in isolated settlements in a district of the North-west Territories were reviewed. Obstetric care was provided in settlement nursing stations, at a base hospital manned by general practitioners, and at a teaching hospital in Winnipeg. Of the 622 infants delivered in 1971-5 218 were delivered in nursing stations by midwives, 338 in the base hospital, and 54 in the teaching hospital. Caesarean sections were performed in 10 cases, and the perinatal mortality was 25.7 per 1000 births. Though it is hard to defend patients delivering their babies in remote areas with no medical help, the results seemed to be acceptable. The credit for this goes to experienced midwives, a liberal evacuation policy, close co-operation from general practitioners, and the specialist visiting and consulting service.", "PMID": 709174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3823", "title": "Drug treatment of psychiatric patients in general practice.", "content": "The prescribing of psychotropic drugs by general practitioners was assessed by analysing the drug treatment of all patients referred from general practice to a psychiatric outpatient clinic over four years. Of the 287 patients, 220 were taking one or more of 56 different psychotropic drugs at referral, diazepam being the most common. Benzodiazepines and barbiturates had been taken for significantly longer than other drugs, and, of a total of 342 drugs, 61 had been prescribed regularly for over a year. Half of the drugs were considered to be incorrectly prescribed on pharmacological grounds, the main errors being unnecessarily prolonged regular treatment, incorrect dosage (particularly common with antidepressants), and polypharmacy with drugs of similar pharmacological action. A basic grounding in the pharmacology of psychotropic drugs might help practitioners to avoid prescribing errors of this kind.", "contents": "Drug treatment of psychiatric patients in general practice. The prescribing of psychotropic drugs by general practitioners was assessed by analysing the drug treatment of all patients referred from general practice to a psychiatric outpatient clinic over four years. Of the 287 patients, 220 were taking one or more of 56 different psychotropic drugs at referral, diazepam being the most common. Benzodiazepines and barbiturates had been taken for significantly longer than other drugs, and, of a total of 342 drugs, 61 had been prescribed regularly for over a year. Half of the drugs were considered to be incorrectly prescribed on pharmacological grounds, the main errors being unnecessarily prolonged regular treatment, incorrect dosage (particularly common with antidepressants), and polypharmacy with drugs of similar pharmacological action. A basic grounding in the pharmacology of psychotropic drugs might help practitioners to avoid prescribing errors of this kind.", "PMID": 709177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3824", "title": "Neonatal death in Northern Ireland.", "content": "A survey of neonatal deaths occurring over two years in Northern Ireland disclosed that many hospitals where babies could be born probably could not be staffed and equipped to deal effectively with major perinatal problems. The incidence of congenital malformations, especially neural tube defects, was high. A reduction in neonatal deaths from this cause might be expected if facilities for antenatal diagnosis and termination of pregnancy were made available, although this raises grave ethical problems. Many infants died of prematurity and the idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome. A considerable reduction in neonatal deaths might be expected with improved care at the place of delivery backed by a regional centre with facilities for transporting and treating severely ill infants needing intensive care.", "contents": "Neonatal death in Northern Ireland. A survey of neonatal deaths occurring over two years in Northern Ireland disclosed that many hospitals where babies could be born probably could not be staffed and equipped to deal effectively with major perinatal problems. The incidence of congenital malformations, especially neural tube defects, was high. A reduction in neonatal deaths from this cause might be expected if facilities for antenatal diagnosis and termination of pregnancy were made available, although this raises grave ethical problems. Many infants died of prematurity and the idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome. A considerable reduction in neonatal deaths might be expected with improved care at the place of delivery backed by a regional centre with facilities for transporting and treating severely ill infants needing intensive care.", "PMID": 709203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3825", "title": "National Childhood Encephalopathy Study: an interim report.", "content": "Data from the first year of the National Childhood Encephalopathy Study were reviewed to see whether any relation was apparent between pertussis vaccination and brain disease. Three hundred and eighty-seven cases of encephalitis and other specified neurological conditions in which the children were admitted to hospital were reported, of which 267 satisfied the study criteria. Control children were matched for age with the index cases, and medical and immunisation histories were reviewed. Few of the index cases had been vaccinated within 28 days before admission to hospital, so that no close association between vaccination and brain disease existed in most cases. The number of children who had recently been immunised was too small for any statistically useful conclusion to be reached about the risk associated with pertussis vaccine. The study is continuing.", "contents": "National Childhood Encephalopathy Study: an interim report. Data from the first year of the National Childhood Encephalopathy Study were reviewed to see whether any relation was apparent between pertussis vaccination and brain disease. Three hundred and eighty-seven cases of encephalitis and other specified neurological conditions in which the children were admitted to hospital were reported, of which 267 satisfied the study criteria. Control children were matched for age with the index cases, and medical and immunisation histories were reviewed. Few of the index cases had been vaccinated within 28 days before admission to hospital, so that no close association between vaccination and brain disease existed in most cases. The number of children who had recently been immunised was too small for any statistically useful conclusion to be reached about the risk associated with pertussis vaccine. The study is continuing.", "PMID": 709204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3826", "title": "Untrained community help in the rehabilitation of stroke sufferers with language disorder.", "content": "The Newcastle Speech-After-Stroke Project is one of many schemes in Britain that have used untrained helpers to set up community clubs and home visiting for dysphasic stroke sufferers. To examine the contribution to rehabilitation made by such activities, patients' language abilities and social confidence were assessed when they entered the project and after about six months. Formal tests of language showed no significant improvement after six months, but social confidence increased. Such projects can make a valuable contribution in helping dysphasic people to regain a role in the community. Nevertheless, too much should not be expected of them in the way of direct help in the patients' recovery of language.", "contents": "Untrained community help in the rehabilitation of stroke sufferers with language disorder. The Newcastle Speech-After-Stroke Project is one of many schemes in Britain that have used untrained helpers to set up community clubs and home visiting for dysphasic stroke sufferers. To examine the contribution to rehabilitation made by such activities, patients' language abilities and social confidence were assessed when they entered the project and after about six months. Formal tests of language showed no significant improvement after six months, but social confidence increased. Such projects can make a valuable contribution in helping dysphasic people to regain a role in the community. Nevertheless, too much should not be expected of them in the way of direct help in the patients' recovery of language.", "PMID": 709213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3827", "title": "Decreased first-pass metabolism of labetalol in chronic liver disease.", "content": "The effect of chronic liver disease on the rate of elimination and extent of \"first-pass\" metabolism of labetalol was studied. Pharmacokinetic measurements were made after both oral and intravenous administration to seven healthy subjects and to 10 patients with chronic liver disease. Plasma half life was similar in the two groups. Plasma concentrations were considerably higher in the patients than in the healthy subjects after oral administration but similar after intravenous injection. Thus the bioavailability of labetalol was increased in liver disease due to reduced first-pass metabolism. Bioavailability in the group of patients correlated negatively with serum albumin concentration. There were falls in supine heart rate and blood pressure which tended to be greater after oral administration in the patients with liver disease, suggesting an exaggerated response related to the increased bioavailability. Oral dosage requirements of labetalol and possibly other drugs susceptible to first-pass metabolism are reduced in the presence of liver disease.", "contents": "Decreased first-pass metabolism of labetalol in chronic liver disease. The effect of chronic liver disease on the rate of elimination and extent of \"first-pass\" metabolism of labetalol was studied. Pharmacokinetic measurements were made after both oral and intravenous administration to seven healthy subjects and to 10 patients with chronic liver disease. Plasma half life was similar in the two groups. Plasma concentrations were considerably higher in the patients than in the healthy subjects after oral administration but similar after intravenous injection. Thus the bioavailability of labetalol was increased in liver disease due to reduced first-pass metabolism. Bioavailability in the group of patients correlated negatively with serum albumin concentration. There were falls in supine heart rate and blood pressure which tended to be greater after oral administration in the patients with liver disease, suggesting an exaggerated response related to the increased bioavailability. Oral dosage requirements of labetalol and possibly other drugs susceptible to first-pass metabolism are reduced in the presence of liver disease.", "PMID": 709214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3828", "title": "Anti-acetylcholine-receptor antibody concentrations after thymectomy in patients with myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Serum concentrations of anti-acetylcholine-receptor (anti-AChR) antibody were measured in patients with myasthenia gravis. In those patients undergoing thymectomy concentrations were measured before and after the operation to see whether there might be a connection between the thymus and antibody production. We found no correlation between antibody concentration and either thymectomy or duration and severity of the disease before the operation. Our results suggest that if anti-AChR antibodies are the principal pathogenic factor in myasthenia gravis then immunological and neurophysical variables other than the total serum anti-AChR antibody concentration contribute to the severity of the disease.", "contents": "Anti-acetylcholine-receptor antibody concentrations after thymectomy in patients with myasthenia gravis. Serum concentrations of anti-acetylcholine-receptor (anti-AChR) antibody were measured in patients with myasthenia gravis. In those patients undergoing thymectomy concentrations were measured before and after the operation to see whether there might be a connection between the thymus and antibody production. We found no correlation between antibody concentration and either thymectomy or duration and severity of the disease before the operation. Our results suggest that if anti-AChR antibodies are the principal pathogenic factor in myasthenia gravis then immunological and neurophysical variables other than the total serum anti-AChR antibody concentration contribute to the severity of the disease.", "PMID": 709215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3829", "title": "A different kind of day hospital--for patients with preterminal cancer and chronic disease.", "content": "A new day hospital has been set up in Sheffield for patients with preterminal cancer and chronic disease. During the first 26 months 197 patients with cancer and 66 chronically sick patients attended. Of the 2701 attendances by patients with cancer, breast cancer accounted for 38%. One hundred and forty of the patients with cancer died, 83% in the terminal-care unit and 12% at home. Ninety per cent of respondents to a questionnaire thought that the support provided was of great importance to both patient and family; and over two-thirds of the patients were said to have benefited from improved control of symptoms. A similar facility could be developed within existing day hospitals without major revenue consequences, and should produce a genuine improvement in care. This study suggests, however, that it would not shorten the terminal stay in hospital.", "contents": "A different kind of day hospital--for patients with preterminal cancer and chronic disease. A new day hospital has been set up in Sheffield for patients with preterminal cancer and chronic disease. During the first 26 months 197 patients with cancer and 66 chronically sick patients attended. Of the 2701 attendances by patients with cancer, breast cancer accounted for 38%. One hundred and forty of the patients with cancer died, 83% in the terminal-care unit and 12% at home. Ninety per cent of respondents to a questionnaire thought that the support provided was of great importance to both patient and family; and over two-thirds of the patients were said to have benefited from improved control of symptoms. A similar facility could be developed within existing day hospitals without major revenue consequences, and should produce a genuine improvement in care. This study suggests, however, that it would not shorten the terminal stay in hospital.", "PMID": 709216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3830", "title": "Deaths under 50. Medical Services Study Group of the Royal College of Physicians of London.", "content": "The Medical Services Study Group has started a collaborative study in the Mersey, West Midlands, and Grampian regions to examine the causes of death among medical inpatients aged 1 to 50. The cause of death is determined from the case notes and the consultant's opinion. The rate of ascertainment of cases was initially low, though it is increasing; despite this limitation an analysis of the first 250 cases showed one important finding. No fewer than 98 patients contributed to their own deaths through overeating, drinking, smoking, or not complying with treatment. Despite the present statistical limitations of the study, it has been valuable in enlisting the good will of the participating physicians, which will help to ensure the success of other projects, and it has avoided the problems inherent in determining the cause of death from death certificates alone.", "contents": "Deaths under 50. Medical Services Study Group of the Royal College of Physicians of London. The Medical Services Study Group has started a collaborative study in the Mersey, West Midlands, and Grampian regions to examine the causes of death among medical inpatients aged 1 to 50. The cause of death is determined from the case notes and the consultant's opinion. The rate of ascertainment of cases was initially low, though it is increasing; despite this limitation an analysis of the first 250 cases showed one important finding. No fewer than 98 patients contributed to their own deaths through overeating, drinking, smoking, or not complying with treatment. Despite the present statistical limitations of the study, it has been valuable in enlisting the good will of the participating physicians, which will help to ensure the success of other projects, and it has avoided the problems inherent in determining the cause of death from death certificates alone.", "PMID": 709219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3831", "title": "Death certification and epidemiological research. Medical Services Study Group of the Royal College of Physicians of London.", "content": "The cause of death shown on 191 death certificates was compared with the cause indicated by the hospital case notes, the consultants' opinions, and the necropsy findings. All 191 deaths occurred among medical hospital patients aged under 50. In 39 cases there was a major discrepancy between the two sources over the cause of death and in another 54 ther was a minor but epidemiologically important difference. Death certificates are not primarily intended for epidemiological research, but researchers often rely on them. This and other studies have shown, however, that death certificates are often inaccurate records of the cause of death--even coroner's certificates issued after a coroner's necropsy. The accuracy of death certificates might be improved if coroners consulted clinicians more closely and if senior hospital staff completed hospital death certificates.", "contents": "Death certification and epidemiological research. Medical Services Study Group of the Royal College of Physicians of London. The cause of death shown on 191 death certificates was compared with the cause indicated by the hospital case notes, the consultants' opinions, and the necropsy findings. All 191 deaths occurred among medical hospital patients aged under 50. In 39 cases there was a major discrepancy between the two sources over the cause of death and in another 54 ther was a minor but epidemiologically important difference. Death certificates are not primarily intended for epidemiological research, but researchers often rely on them. This and other studies have shown, however, that death certificates are often inaccurate records of the cause of death--even coroner's certificates issued after a coroner's necropsy. The accuracy of death certificates might be improved if coroners consulted clinicians more closely and if senior hospital staff completed hospital death certificates.", "PMID": 709220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3832", "title": "Changing social-class distribution of heart disease.", "content": "Analysis of mortality trends over 40 years in England and Wales showed that mortality from coronary heart disease had become progressively more common in  working-class men and women than in those from the middle and upper classes. The change was most noticeable for men. Whereas in 1931 and 1951 heart disease was more common in men of social classes I and II, by 1961 it was more common in men of classes IV and V. This change in social-class distribution can only partly be explained by changes in diagnostic methods. The worsening mortality of classes IV and V correlated with relatively more smoking, a higher consumption of sugar, and a lower consumption of wholemeal bread in these classes. There was no correlation between change in heart disease and change in the social-class pattern of fat consumption.", "contents": "Changing social-class distribution of heart disease. Analysis of mortality trends over 40 years in England and Wales showed that mortality from coronary heart disease had become progressively more common in  working-class men and women than in those from the middle and upper classes. The change was most noticeable for men. Whereas in 1931 and 1951 heart disease was more common in men of social classes I and II, by 1961 it was more common in men of classes IV and V. This change in social-class distribution can only partly be explained by changes in diagnostic methods. The worsening mortality of classes IV and V correlated with relatively more smoking, a higher consumption of sugar, and a lower consumption of wholemeal bread in these classes. There was no correlation between change in heart disease and change in the social-class pattern of fat consumption.", "PMID": 709255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3833", "title": "How often should patients be reviewed after treatment with iodine-131 for thyrotoxicosis?", "content": "Six to 18 years after treatment with iodine-131 for thyrotoxicosis 69 euthyroid patients with raised serum thyrotrophin (TSH) concentrations (mean 25.0 +/- SE 2.0 mU/l) and 61 with normal concentrations (mean 4.0 +/- 0.2 mU/l) were included in a prospective five-year follow-up study beginning in 1972. During this period 13 patients from the original group with raised serum TSH concentrations became hypothyroid. In contrast it was five years before hypothyroidism developed in a single patient from the group with normal serum TSH concentrations in 1972, although raised concentrations were recorded in 19 of these patients during the study.", "contents": "How often should patients be reviewed after treatment with iodine-131 for thyrotoxicosis? Six to 18 years after treatment with iodine-131 for thyrotoxicosis 69 euthyroid patients with raised serum thyrotrophin (TSH) concentrations (mean 25.0 +/- SE 2.0 mU/l) and 61 with normal concentrations (mean 4.0 +/- 0.2 mU/l) were included in a prospective five-year follow-up study beginning in 1972. During this period 13 patients from the original group with raised serum TSH concentrations became hypothyroid. In contrast it was five years before hypothyroidism developed in a single patient from the group with normal serum TSH concentrations in 1972, although raised concentrations were recorded in 19 of these patients during the study.", "PMID": 709256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3834", "title": "The social toll of Crohn's disease.", "content": "Eighty-five outpatients with Crohn's disease who knew their diagnosis and that the disease was subject to relapse were interviewed. The personalities of the women as measured by the Eysenck personality questionnaire were similar to those of a control group, but the men were more neurotic and introverted. Most patients continued to live optimistic, useful lives; they felt well, continued to work, hoped that their disease would not deteriorate in the future, and often had an improved relationship with their spouse despite less frequent sexual intercourse. We found that the successful adaptation of patients to this chronic disease was more closely related to their personality than to the activity or extent of the disease.", "contents": "The social toll of Crohn's disease. Eighty-five outpatients with Crohn's disease who knew their diagnosis and that the disease was subject to relapse were interviewed. The personalities of the women as measured by the Eysenck personality questionnaire were similar to those of a control group, but the men were more neurotic and introverted. Most patients continued to live optimistic, useful lives; they felt well, continued to work, hoped that their disease would not deteriorate in the future, and often had an improved relationship with their spouse despite less frequent sexual intercourse. We found that the successful adaptation of patients to this chronic disease was more closely related to their personality than to the activity or extent of the disease.", "PMID": 709257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3835", "title": "Respiratory distress syndrome in infants of Cardiff residents during 1965-75.", "content": "The incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) among singleton infants of Cardiff residents was greater during 1970-4 than in the preceding five years. This was consistent with changes in the distribution of gestational age and birth weight. Case fatality rates among infants with RDS fell only slightly during the period examined. Detailed examination of secular trends during 1965-75 suggested (a) that increased use of elective delivery without assessment of pulmonary maturity increases the risk of RDS, and (b) that innovations in the management of RDS during the early 1970s cannot be assumed to have had widespread impact on case fatality rates.", "contents": "Respiratory distress syndrome in infants of Cardiff residents during 1965-75. The incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) among singleton infants of Cardiff residents was greater during 1970-4 than in the preceding five years. This was consistent with changes in the distribution of gestational age and birth weight. Case fatality rates among infants with RDS fell only slightly during the period examined. Detailed examination of secular trends during 1965-75 suggested (a) that increased use of elective delivery without assessment of pulmonary maturity increases the risk of RDS, and (b) that innovations in the management of RDS during the early 1970s cannot be assumed to have had widespread impact on case fatality rates.", "PMID": 709258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3836", "title": "Increasing prevalence of breast-feeding.", "content": "Two studies were performed to gauge the prevalence of and attitudes towards breast-feeding. Mothers delivered in one month in 1975 and in one month in 1977 were sent a questionnaire one month later to determine whether they were breast-feeding their babies; those that were received a second questionnaire at three months. The prevalence of breast-feeding increased significantly between 1975 and 1977, and in both periods primiparas were more likely to breast-feed than multiparas. A survey of mothers' intentions to breast-feed showed that there were no significant racial differences, but that 82% of women in social classes I and II intended to breast-feed compared with 54% in classes IV and V. These results show that, although the level of breast-feeding was high in 1975, a campaign directed at mothers, doctors, midwives, and health visitors did increase the prevalence of breast-feeding.", "contents": "Increasing prevalence of breast-feeding. Two studies were performed to gauge the prevalence of and attitudes towards breast-feeding. Mothers delivered in one month in 1975 and in one month in 1977 were sent a questionnaire one month later to determine whether they were breast-feeding their babies; those that were received a second questionnaire at three months. The prevalence of breast-feeding increased significantly between 1975 and 1977, and in both periods primiparas were more likely to breast-feed than multiparas. A survey of mothers' intentions to breast-feed showed that there were no significant racial differences, but that 82% of women in social classes I and II intended to breast-feed compared with 54% in classes IV and V. These results show that, although the level of breast-feeding was high in 1975, a campaign directed at mothers, doctors, midwives, and health visitors did increase the prevalence of breast-feeding.", "PMID": 709259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3837", "title": "Minimum information needed by prescribers.", "content": "The prescriber needs adequate and concise information about each product that he uses, to allow him to obtain optimal effects while minimising harm. Neither the present UK data sheets nor their equivalents in other countries have succeeded in providing such information clearly or completely. This paper develops the proposals on the arrangement of drug information made in the WHO report \"The selection of essential drugs.\" Three sets of minimum information (on tetracycline, propranolol, and aspirin) which illustrate this approach were compared with the manufacturers' data sheets: the latter were incomplete. The information content of our proposals was worked out with a group of clinical pharmacologists, general practitioners, and specialists, and we suggest that this approach should be extended to other drugs.", "contents": "Minimum information needed by prescribers. The prescriber needs adequate and concise information about each product that he uses, to allow him to obtain optimal effects while minimising harm. Neither the present UK data sheets nor their equivalents in other countries have succeeded in providing such information clearly or completely. This paper develops the proposals on the arrangement of drug information made in the WHO report \"The selection of essential drugs.\" Three sets of minimum information (on tetracycline, propranolol, and aspirin) which illustrate this approach were compared with the manufacturers' data sheets: the latter were incomplete. The information content of our proposals was worked out with a group of clinical pharmacologists, general practitioners, and specialists, and we suggest that this approach should be extended to other drugs.", "PMID": 709266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3838", "title": "Package inserts for prescribed medicines: what minimum information do patients need?", "content": "The information a patient needs about a prescribed medicine can be determined by considering what responsibilities he can assume in relation to taking medicine. When the medicine has been dispensed the patient needs to know how to take the drug; how to store the drug; how it is expected to help; and how to recognise problems and what to do about them. A guide was designed to specify what information is required to meet these needs. Using this guide, a set of minimum information on tetracycline was prepared that aimed at being brief, specific, and readable. The best format for the information remains to be determined. Since leaflets produced by professional organisations are generally unsuitable for these purposes, information sets should be put together by small independent groups consisting of clinical pharmacologists, clinicians, pharmacists, and consumers. Each country should produce its own sets, adapting model sets to the circumstances of local practice.", "contents": "Package inserts for prescribed medicines: what minimum information do patients need? The information a patient needs about a prescribed medicine can be determined by considering what responsibilities he can assume in relation to taking medicine. When the medicine has been dispensed the patient needs to know how to take the drug; how to store the drug; how it is expected to help; and how to recognise problems and what to do about them. A guide was designed to specify what information is required to meet these needs. Using this guide, a set of minimum information on tetracycline was prepared that aimed at being brief, specific, and readable. The best format for the information remains to be determined. Since leaflets produced by professional organisations are generally unsuitable for these purposes, information sets should be put together by small independent groups consisting of clinical pharmacologists, clinicians, pharmacists, and consumers. Each country should produce its own sets, adapting model sets to the circumstances of local practice.", "PMID": 709267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3839", "title": "The Safety Net and preregistration posts.", "content": "The Safety Net is a clearing system that collects and distributes information about preregistration posts remaining unallocated after as many doctors as possible have been placed by local efforts. Provided that the local systems operate in the final year, the Safety Net should ensure that each student has a post allocated to him before he sits the final examination.", "contents": "The Safety Net and preregistration posts. The Safety Net is a clearing system that collects and distributes information about preregistration posts remaining unallocated after as many doctors as possible have been placed by local efforts. Provided that the local systems operate in the final year, the Safety Net should ensure that each student has a post allocated to him before he sits the final examination.", "PMID": 709268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3840", "title": "Clinical examination, xeromammography, and fine-needle aspiration cytology in diagnosis of breast tumours.", "content": "The diagnostic accuracy of clinical examination, xeromammography, and fine-needle aspiration cytology was compared with definitive histological findings in 255 breast lumps excised during one year. When suitable aspirates were obtained for cytological examination the diagnostic accuracy of aspiration cytology was higher than clinical examination or xeromammography. A diagnostic accuracy of 99% was achieved when all three screening tests were in agreement. As well as confirming a clinical diagnosis of malignancy, cytology is useful in identifying malignancy when clinical findings suggest that the tumour is benign. The availability of accurate cytology has affected patient management in many ways. Xeromammography did not enhance the diagnostic accuracy of clinical examination and aspiration cytology in patients presenting with a breast lump and, as a procedure with potential hazard, the benefit of routine xeromammography is questionable when an efficient cytological service is available.", "contents": "Clinical examination, xeromammography, and fine-needle aspiration cytology in diagnosis of breast tumours. The diagnostic accuracy of clinical examination, xeromammography, and fine-needle aspiration cytology was compared with definitive histological findings in 255 breast lumps excised during one year. When suitable aspirates were obtained for cytological examination the diagnostic accuracy of aspiration cytology was higher than clinical examination or xeromammography. A diagnostic accuracy of 99% was achieved when all three screening tests were in agreement. As well as confirming a clinical diagnosis of malignancy, cytology is useful in identifying malignancy when clinical findings suggest that the tumour is benign. The availability of accurate cytology has affected patient management in many ways. Xeromammography did not enhance the diagnostic accuracy of clinical examination and aspiration cytology in patients presenting with a breast lump and, as a procedure with potential hazard, the benefit of routine xeromammography is questionable when an efficient cytological service is available.", "PMID": 709269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3841", "title": "Early treatment of myocardial infarction in the community.", "content": "The prehospital management of acute myocardial infarction by general practitioners and emergency-treatment service physicians was analysed in 53 patients. The correct clinical diagnosis was made or suggested before admission in 47 patients. Only 25 patients received analgesics from the general practitioner, and 32 were still in pain and needed diamorphine on admission to hospital. Only one patient received antiarrythmic treatment. The findings suggest that, despite accurate clinical diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction, deficiencies exist in the prehospital phase of management and that education programmes are worth consideration.", "contents": "Early treatment of myocardial infarction in the community. The prehospital management of acute myocardial infarction by general practitioners and emergency-treatment service physicians was analysed in 53 patients. The correct clinical diagnosis was made or suggested before admission in 47 patients. Only 25 patients received analgesics from the general practitioner, and 32 were still in pain and needed diamorphine on admission to hospital. Only one patient received antiarrythmic treatment. The findings suggest that, despite accurate clinical diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction, deficiencies exist in the prehospital phase of management and that education programmes are worth consideration.", "PMID": 709271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3842", "title": "Terminal symptoms in children dying suddenly and unexpectedly at home. Preliminary report of the DHSS multicentre study of postneonatal mortality.", "content": "Terminal symptoms in 145 children who died suddenly and unexpectedly at home were investigated and compared with symptoms in 154 control children. Eighty-five (59%) of the children who died had had terminal symptoms, which in 69 cases (48%) appeared to have been major. Non-specific symptoms were especially common among the children who died. Symptoms were often present for several days before death. Only 12 of the 69 children who died with major symptoms had been seen by a doctor within 24 hours before death. We conclude that many deaths in young children might be prevented if doctors and parents were more aware of the importance of non-specific symptoms as markers of life-threatening illness.", "contents": "Terminal symptoms in children dying suddenly and unexpectedly at home. Preliminary report of the DHSS multicentre study of postneonatal mortality. Terminal symptoms in 145 children who died suddenly and unexpectedly at home were investigated and compared with symptoms in 154 control children. Eighty-five (59%) of the children who died had had terminal symptoms, which in 69 cases (48%) appeared to have been major. Non-specific symptoms were especially common among the children who died. Symptoms were often present for several days before death. Only 12 of the 69 children who died with major symptoms had been seen by a doctor within 24 hours before death. We conclude that many deaths in young children might be prevented if doctors and parents were more aware of the importance of non-specific symptoms as markers of life-threatening illness.", "PMID": 709302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3843", "title": "Severe hyponatraemia in hospital inpatients.", "content": "A prospective study of severe hyponatraemia in adult hospital inpatients showed that 44 patients had plasma sodium concentrations below 125 mmol(mEq)/1. Eighteen cases (41%) were iatrogenic, caused by diuretic treatment or postoperative administration of intravenous 5% dextrose, or both. Chest infection, a seldom-recognised and ill-understood cause of hyponatraemia, proved more common than carcinoma of the bronchus. Thirty-one patients had symptoms attributable to the hyponatraemia, but these were severe in only five cases. Analysis of blood and urine was of no value in distinguishing the different diagnostic groups in an emergency.", "contents": "Severe hyponatraemia in hospital inpatients. A prospective study of severe hyponatraemia in adult hospital inpatients showed that 44 patients had plasma sodium concentrations below 125 mmol(mEq)/1. Eighteen cases (41%) were iatrogenic, caused by diuretic treatment or postoperative administration of intravenous 5% dextrose, or both. Chest infection, a seldom-recognised and ill-understood cause of hyponatraemia, proved more common than carcinoma of the bronchus. Thirty-one patients had symptoms attributable to the hyponatraemia, but these were severe in only five cases. Analysis of blood and urine was of no value in distinguishing the different diagnostic groups in an emergency.", "PMID": 709303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3844", "title": "Benign postinfection polymyositis.", "content": "Six patients developed persistent muscular cramps, aching pain, and fatigability after an influenza-like illness. Electromyography showed myopathic changes, although results of routine laboratory investigations were normal in all but one patient, whose serum creatine kinase concentration was slightly increased. All but one of the patients improved: three were asymptomatic within one to two years. The syndrome was probably a benign form of polymyositis.", "contents": "Benign postinfection polymyositis. Six patients developed persistent muscular cramps, aching pain, and fatigability after an influenza-like illness. Electromyography showed myopathic changes, although results of routine laboratory investigations were normal in all but one patient, whose serum creatine kinase concentration was slightly increased. All but one of the patients improved: three were asymptomatic within one to two years. The syndrome was probably a benign form of polymyositis.", "PMID": 709304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3845", "title": "Urodynamic findings in chronic retention of urine and their relevance to results of surgery.", "content": "Fifty-five consecutive male patients aged 18-77 with chronic retention of urine were investigated urodynamically. All were shown to have obstructed micturition. Inflow cystometry defined two groups, one with high-pressure and one with low-pressure filling. Recent-onset enuresis and upper-tract dilatation as seen on radiography were significantly associated with high-pressure bladder filling. Postoperative studies showed that patients with high-pressure filling on preoperative cystometryhad a better response to outflow-tract surgery. The poor response of the patients with low-pressure filling was due to a high incidence of inadequate detrusor contraction leading to persistent residual urine. Thus urodynamic studies may be used to indicate which patients are likely to benefit from prostatectomy and, after the operation, whether the obstruction has been relieved.", "contents": "Urodynamic findings in chronic retention of urine and their relevance to results of surgery. Fifty-five consecutive male patients aged 18-77 with chronic retention of urine were investigated urodynamically. All were shown to have obstructed micturition. Inflow cystometry defined two groups, one with high-pressure and one with low-pressure filling. Recent-onset enuresis and upper-tract dilatation as seen on radiography were significantly associated with high-pressure bladder filling. Postoperative studies showed that patients with high-pressure filling on preoperative cystometryhad a better response to outflow-tract surgery. The poor response of the patients with low-pressure filling was due to a high incidence of inadequate detrusor contraction leading to persistent residual urine. Thus urodynamic studies may be used to indicate which patients are likely to benefit from prostatectomy and, after the operation, whether the obstruction has been relieved.", "PMID": 709305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3846", "title": "Ethanol-induced increase in drug acetylation in man and isolated rat liver cells.", "content": "Sixteen healthy volunteers took part in a cross-over study examining the effect of ethanol on the rate of sulphadimidine acetylation (blood ethanol concentration about 1 g/1). In both rapid and slow acetylators the apparent half life of the drug decreased by about 20% after ethanol (mean reduction 39 +/- SE 8 min) and the amount of drug acetylated, measured in blood and urine, increased. In three slow acetylators the rate of acetylation in blood increased so noticeably after ethanol that they would otherwise have been classified as rapid acetylators. Suspensions of isolated rat liver cells showed an increase of about 30% in the rate of sulphadimidine acetylation after the addition of ethanol (2 g/1). Patients' usual alcohol consumption should be taken into account in determining their acetylator status.", "contents": "Ethanol-induced increase in drug acetylation in man and isolated rat liver cells. Sixteen healthy volunteers took part in a cross-over study examining the effect of ethanol on the rate of sulphadimidine acetylation (blood ethanol concentration about 1 g/1). In both rapid and slow acetylators the apparent half life of the drug decreased by about 20% after ethanol (mean reduction 39 +/- SE 8 min) and the amount of drug acetylated, measured in blood and urine, increased. In three slow acetylators the rate of acetylation in blood increased so noticeably after ethanol that they would otherwise have been classified as rapid acetylators. Suspensions of isolated rat liver cells showed an increase of about 30% in the rate of sulphadimidine acetylation after the addition of ethanol (2 g/1). Patients' usual alcohol consumption should be taken into account in determining their acetylator status.", "PMID": 709306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3847", "title": "Prophylaxis against systemic infection after transrectal biopsy for suspected prostatic carcinoma.", "content": "Five minutes after transrectal prostatic biopsy 16 out of 21 patients were shown by blood culture to have bacteraemia. Antibiotic prophylaxis--routinely with ampicillin and metronidazole for 48 hours--prevented progression to septicaemia, and four days after the procedure all blood samples were negative. Irrespective of whether antibiotic prophylaxis is used, blood culture should be routine in all patients undergoing transrectal prostatic biopsy.", "contents": "Prophylaxis against systemic infection after transrectal biopsy for suspected prostatic carcinoma. Five minutes after transrectal prostatic biopsy 16 out of 21 patients were shown by blood culture to have bacteraemia. Antibiotic prophylaxis--routinely with ampicillin and metronidazole for 48 hours--prevented progression to septicaemia, and four days after the procedure all blood samples were negative. Irrespective of whether antibiotic prophylaxis is used, blood culture should be routine in all patients undergoing transrectal prostatic biopsy.", "PMID": 709307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3848", "title": "Drowning risks to epileptic children: a study from Hawaii.", "content": "The role of epileptiform seizures in causing drowning and near-drowning among children was studied by examining the case reports of all 140 childhood immersion accidents that occurred in an area of Hawaii over five years. Four of the 140 immersion accidents were caused partly by epileptiform seizures, but none were fatal. The combined results of the Hawaiian and Brisbane studies (total population studied over five years 1 600 000) showed that no epileptic children died from accidents in the sea or in swimming pools; and the 2.9% incidence of immersion accidents due to seizures in the Hawaiian study compares well with the incidence found in other series. If an epileptic child is mentally normal, well controlled with anticonvulsants, and supervised in the water then the risk of drowning is very small.", "contents": "Drowning risks to epileptic children: a study from Hawaii. The role of epileptiform seizures in causing drowning and near-drowning among children was studied by examining the case reports of all 140 childhood immersion accidents that occurred in an area of Hawaii over five years. Four of the 140 immersion accidents were caused partly by epileptiform seizures, but none were fatal. The combined results of the Hawaiian and Brisbane studies (total population studied over five years 1 600 000) showed that no epileptic children died from accidents in the sea or in swimming pools; and the 2.9% incidence of immersion accidents due to seizures in the Hawaiian study compares well with the incidence found in other series. If an epileptic child is mentally normal, well controlled with anticonvulsants, and supervised in the water then the risk of drowning is very small.", "PMID": 709318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3849", "title": "Asymptomatic urethral gonorrhoea in men.", "content": "Over a period of nine months 203 cases of urethral gonorrhoea were seen in 188 men. In 36 (17%) of the cases there were no symptoms, and in 14 (7%) the symptoms were considered so mild that the patients thought medical care was unnecessary. The symptomless patients and those with mild symptoms were found only as a result of efficient contact tracing. This high incidence illustrates the importance of good contact tracing and careful investigation.", "contents": "Asymptomatic urethral gonorrhoea in men. Over a period of nine months 203 cases of urethral gonorrhoea were seen in 188 men. In 36 (17%) of the cases there were no symptoms, and in 14 (7%) the symptoms were considered so mild that the patients thought medical care was unnecessary. The symptomless patients and those with mild symptoms were found only as a result of efficient contact tracing. This high incidence illustrates the importance of good contact tracing and careful investigation.", "PMID": 709346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3850", "title": "Unsuspected gonococcal infection in female patients.", "content": "Four hundred and ten female patients attending obstetric and gynaecological outpatient departments were investigated for possible gonococcal infection. All were in their reproductive phase. Forty-two (10.2%) of them harboured Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Of the infected patients, 40.5% had no symptoms at all. Investigation was carried out using a single, endocervical specimen cultured in Chacko-Nair egg-enriched media.", "contents": "Unsuspected gonococcal infection in female patients. Four hundred and ten female patients attending obstetric and gynaecological outpatient departments were investigated for possible gonococcal infection. All were in their reproductive phase. Forty-two (10.2%) of them harboured Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Of the infected patients, 40.5% had no symptoms at all. Investigation was carried out using a single, endocervical specimen cultured in Chacko-Nair egg-enriched media.", "PMID": 709347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3851", "title": "Role of Chlamydia trachomatis in non-acute prostatitis.", "content": "The possible role of Chlamydia trachomatis in non-acute prostatitis was investigated by cultural and serological techniques in a study of 53 adult males. C. trachomatis was isolated from the urethra of only one of the 53 patients and from none of the 28 specimens of prostatic fluid from the same patients. By means of a modified microimmunofluorescent test, serum chlamydial IgG antibodies at a titre of 1/64 or greater, or IgM antibodies at a titre of 1/8 or greater, or both were detected in six of the patients, suggesting a recent or current chlamydial infection, while IgG or IgA antibodies at a titre of 1/8 or greater were detected in the specimens of prostatic fluid from two of the 28 men studied. In the seven patients with evidence of chlamydial infection, as well as in a further 13 of the 53 patients studied, the presenting symptoms suggested non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) rather than prostatitis. Thus in this study C. trachomatis would appear to play a minor aetiological role, if any, in non-acute prostatitis.", "contents": "Role of Chlamydia trachomatis in non-acute prostatitis. The possible role of Chlamydia trachomatis in non-acute prostatitis was investigated by cultural and serological techniques in a study of 53 adult males. C. trachomatis was isolated from the urethra of only one of the 53 patients and from none of the 28 specimens of prostatic fluid from the same patients. By means of a modified microimmunofluorescent test, serum chlamydial IgG antibodies at a titre of 1/64 or greater, or IgM antibodies at a titre of 1/8 or greater, or both were detected in six of the patients, suggesting a recent or current chlamydial infection, while IgG or IgA antibodies at a titre of 1/8 or greater were detected in the specimens of prostatic fluid from two of the 28 men studied. In the seven patients with evidence of chlamydial infection, as well as in a further 13 of the 53 patients studied, the presenting symptoms suggested non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) rather than prostatitis. Thus in this study C. trachomatis would appear to play a minor aetiological role, if any, in non-acute prostatitis.", "PMID": 709348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3852", "title": "Efficacy of co-trimoxazole in Donovanosis. A preliminary report.", "content": "Co-trimoxazole (Septrin, Wellcome) was prescribed in a dose of two tablets twice daily for the treatment of 10 patients with Donovanosis. All the patients responded well to this treatment, and the ulcers healed completely within 10 days in eight patients and within 14 days in the remaining two. Ten days' treatment with 40 tablets of co-trimoxazole is suggested as sufficient to treat Donovanosis. No adverse reactions were noted in any patient.", "contents": "Efficacy of co-trimoxazole in Donovanosis. A preliminary report. Co-trimoxazole (Septrin, Wellcome) was prescribed in a dose of two tablets twice daily for the treatment of 10 patients with Donovanosis. All the patients responded well to this treatment, and the ulcers healed completely within 10 days in eight patients and within 14 days in the remaining two. Ten days' treatment with 40 tablets of co-trimoxazole is suggested as sufficient to treat Donovanosis. No adverse reactions were noted in any patient.", "PMID": 709349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3853", "title": "Carcinoma of the penis developed in lichen sclerosus et atrophicus.", "content": "Malignant change developing in lichen sclerosus et atrophicus is rare in men. A case is described in a 39-year-old man.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the penis developed in lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. Malignant change developing in lichen sclerosus et atrophicus is rare in men. A case is described in a 39-year-old man.", "PMID": 709350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3854", "title": "Bilateral tactile aphasia: a tacto-verbal dysfunction.", "content": "Bilateral tactile aphasia was exhibited by a patient who was operated upon for a left parieto-occipital haematoma. Neuropsychological investigation established the following points: (1) the patient, in whom no expressive or receptive dysphasia could be found, misnamed objects when they were presented to him tactually, whereas he almost always gave the correct name when they were presented visually or auditorily; (2) the naming disturbance was identical when the object was presented to the left hand or to the right hand; (3) not only did the patient have no sensory deficit, but he could give unquestionable proof of correct tactile identification by using the objects presented to him tactually; (4) the defect appeared in the verbo-tactile as well as in the tacto-verbal direction; (5) it was not restricted to the name of the object since the patient was unable to describe, without making dysphasic errors, the morphology or usage of objects presented to him tactually; (6) the tacto-verbal dysfunction did not result from a tacto-visual impairment. Computerized tomography scans showed that: (1) there was no evidence suggesting a lesion of the right hemisphere, nor of the corpus callosum; (2) the left lesion involved the angular gyrus, the posterior part of the second temporal convolution, the inferior longitudinal fasciculus, the geniculostriate fibres and some fibres of the tapetum.", "contents": "Bilateral tactile aphasia: a tacto-verbal dysfunction. Bilateral tactile aphasia was exhibited by a patient who was operated upon for a left parieto-occipital haematoma. Neuropsychological investigation established the following points: (1) the patient, in whom no expressive or receptive dysphasia could be found, misnamed objects when they were presented to him tactually, whereas he almost always gave the correct name when they were presented visually or auditorily; (2) the naming disturbance was identical when the object was presented to the left hand or to the right hand; (3) not only did the patient have no sensory deficit, but he could give unquestionable proof of correct tactile identification by using the objects presented to him tactually; (4) the defect appeared in the verbo-tactile as well as in the tacto-verbal direction; (5) it was not restricted to the name of the object since the patient was unable to describe, without making dysphasic errors, the morphology or usage of objects presented to him tactually; (6) the tacto-verbal dysfunction did not result from a tacto-visual impairment. Computerized tomography scans showed that: (1) there was no evidence suggesting a lesion of the right hemisphere, nor of the corpus callosum; (2) the left lesion involved the angular gyrus, the posterior part of the second temporal convolution, the inferior longitudinal fasciculus, the geniculostriate fibres and some fibres of the tapetum.", "PMID": 709353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3855", "title": "Factors influencing the risk of multiple sclerosis developing in patients with optic neuritis.", "content": "One-hundred and forty-six patients who had presented with optic neuritis but without evidence of demyelination elsewhere in the nervous system, and in whom no specific cause could be identified, were reassessed clinically between one month and twenty-three years after the onset. Fifty-eight patients (40 per cent) had developed MS. All 146 patients were HLA-typed. Three factors were identified which were significantly associated with the development of MS: positive typing for the HLA antigen BT 101, winter onset of the initial attack of optic neuritis in BT 101-positive patients only, and recurrent attacks of optic neuritis. The application of these results to the individual patient is of limited use. However, recurrent attacks of optic neuritis should be given the same significance in the clinical classification of MS as episodes of demyelination occurring elsewhere in the central nervous system in a patient with a previous attack of optic neuritis. The results suggest that optic neuritis is caused by two different environmental agents or groups of agents and that the agent which is most common in the winter leads to the development of MS in the genetically susceptible individual. The agent more common in the summer is much less likely to cause MS in either suscetible or non-susceptible individuals. The biological role of the HLA system in the handling of foreign antigens is discussed and it is suggested that the presence of the HLA antigens associated with MS confers a specific disadvantage on individuals in the ability to handle infection by the MS causative agent and that this allows damaging immunological processes to develop.", "contents": "Factors influencing the risk of multiple sclerosis developing in patients with optic neuritis. One-hundred and forty-six patients who had presented with optic neuritis but without evidence of demyelination elsewhere in the nervous system, and in whom no specific cause could be identified, were reassessed clinically between one month and twenty-three years after the onset. Fifty-eight patients (40 per cent) had developed MS. All 146 patients were HLA-typed. Three factors were identified which were significantly associated with the development of MS: positive typing for the HLA antigen BT 101, winter onset of the initial attack of optic neuritis in BT 101-positive patients only, and recurrent attacks of optic neuritis. The application of these results to the individual patient is of limited use. However, recurrent attacks of optic neuritis should be given the same significance in the clinical classification of MS as episodes of demyelination occurring elsewhere in the central nervous system in a patient with a previous attack of optic neuritis. The results suggest that optic neuritis is caused by two different environmental agents or groups of agents and that the agent which is most common in the winter leads to the development of MS in the genetically susceptible individual. The agent more common in the summer is much less likely to cause MS in either suscetible or non-susceptible individuals. The biological role of the HLA system in the handling of foreign antigens is discussed and it is suggested that the presence of the HLA antigens associated with MS confers a specific disadvantage on individuals in the ability to handle infection by the MS causative agent and that this allows damaging immunological processes to develop.", "PMID": 709354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3856", "title": "Changes in catecholamine turnover in the anterior part of the mediobasal hypothalamus and the medial preoptic area in response to hyperprolactinemia in ovariectomized rats.", "content": "High serum prolactin levels in ovariectomized rats were induced by transplantation of additional pituitaries under the kidney capsule. Such high prolactin levels reduced serum LH but not FSH levels 3 days after pituitary transplantion. LH and FSH values were at a control levels at day 15 and above these levels at day 24, although prolactin values were still high. Dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) turnover in the anterior part of the mediobasal hypothalamus (AMBH) and in the medial preoptic area (MPO) was measured by following the decrease in NE or DA content after synthesis blockage with a-methyl-p-tyrosine. The content was measured using a radioenzymatic assay. DA turnover in the AMBH was significantly increased 3, 15 and 24 days after induction of hyperprolactinemia. Although NE concentration in the AMBH was also increased at these times an increased NE turnover was statistically significant only at day 24. DA as well as NE turnover rates in the MPO were reduced by day 3 after pituitary transplantation and at control values at day 15 and 24. It is concluded that the increased DA turnover in the AMBH depresses pituitary LH release probably by inhibiting hypothalamic LH-RH secretion. This inhibition is counteracted by the somewhat slower increase of NE turnover resulting in normalization of LH levels. The increased gonadotropin levels after long-lasting hyperprolactinemia may be due to desensitization of the DA receptor, which was reported earlier. The reduced NE turnover in the MPO 3 days after induction of hyperprolactinemia may be an additional factor in reducing pituitary LH release acting at the level of LH-RH-producing perikarya.", "contents": "Changes in catecholamine turnover in the anterior part of the mediobasal hypothalamus and the medial preoptic area in response to hyperprolactinemia in ovariectomized rats. High serum prolactin levels in ovariectomized rats were induced by transplantation of additional pituitaries under the kidney capsule. Such high prolactin levels reduced serum LH but not FSH levels 3 days after pituitary transplantion. LH and FSH values were at a control levels at day 15 and above these levels at day 24, although prolactin values were still high. Dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) turnover in the anterior part of the mediobasal hypothalamus (AMBH) and in the medial preoptic area (MPO) was measured by following the decrease in NE or DA content after synthesis blockage with a-methyl-p-tyrosine. The content was measured using a radioenzymatic assay. DA turnover in the AMBH was significantly increased 3, 15 and 24 days after induction of hyperprolactinemia. Although NE concentration in the AMBH was also increased at these times an increased NE turnover was statistically significant only at day 24. DA as well as NE turnover rates in the MPO were reduced by day 3 after pituitary transplantation and at control values at day 15 and 24. It is concluded that the increased DA turnover in the AMBH depresses pituitary LH release probably by inhibiting hypothalamic LH-RH secretion. This inhibition is counteracted by the somewhat slower increase of NE turnover resulting in normalization of LH levels. The increased gonadotropin levels after long-lasting hyperprolactinemia may be due to desensitization of the DA receptor, which was reported earlier. The reduced NE turnover in the MPO 3 days after induction of hyperprolactinemia may be an additional factor in reducing pituitary LH release acting at the level of LH-RH-producing perikarya.", "PMID": 709355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3857", "title": "L-Proline and related compounds: correlation of structure, amnesic potency and anti-spreading depression potency.", "content": "The effects of L-proline, D-proline, and L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (L-A.2.C., the lower homolog of L-proline) have been compared in two systems. L-Proline is more potent than either analog in causing amnesia of one-trial avoidance conditioning of the 2-day-old chick and in preventing mechanically induced spreading depression in the retina isolated from 2-3-week-old chicks. The results suggest that the L-configuration and the proper molecular size are essential for the effects of L-proline upon memory and upon spreading depression. This level of specificity is greater than that involved in protein synthesis because L-A.2.C. is incorporated into protein in place of L-proline, in several protein-synthesizing systems.", "contents": "L-Proline and related compounds: correlation of structure, amnesic potency and anti-spreading depression potency. The effects of L-proline, D-proline, and L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (L-A.2.C., the lower homolog of L-proline) have been compared in two systems. L-Proline is more potent than either analog in causing amnesia of one-trial avoidance conditioning of the 2-day-old chick and in preventing mechanically induced spreading depression in the retina isolated from 2-3-week-old chicks. The results suggest that the L-configuration and the proper molecular size are essential for the effects of L-proline upon memory and upon spreading depression. This level of specificity is greater than that involved in protein synthesis because L-A.2.C. is incorporated into protein in place of L-proline, in several protein-synthesizing systems.", "PMID": 709356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3858", "title": "Cytochemical localization of 5'-nucleotidase in glial plasma membranes.", "content": "By means of a cytochemical procedure 5'-nucleotidase activity is demonstrated electron microscopically. The enzyme is present in plasma membranes of astrocytes, oligodendroglial cells and microglial cells, but not in neuronal plasma membranes.", "contents": "Cytochemical localization of 5'-nucleotidase in glial plasma membranes. By means of a cytochemical procedure 5'-nucleotidase activity is demonstrated electron microscopically. The enzyme is present in plasma membranes of astrocytes, oligodendroglial cells and microglial cells, but not in neuronal plasma membranes.", "PMID": 709366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3859", "title": "Changes in the synapses of spiral ganglion cells in the rostral anteroventral cochlear nucleus of the waltzing guinea pig following hair cell loss.", "content": "Between 10 and 60 days of age in the waltzing guinea pig, there is a genetically induced loss of all hair cells in the organ of Corti. About 43% of the spiral ganglion cells degenerate between 30 and 60 days of age. After 90 days of age, there is no further loss of spiral ganglion cells. Both Type I and II ganglion cells remain and are without afferent input. The terminals of these ganglion cells in the rostral AVCN, the end bulbs of Held, are normal until 30 days of age. During the period of ganglion cell loss degenerating end bulbs are seen. After 60 days of age, when most ganglion cell degeneration is complete, the remaining end bulbs have fewer synaptic vesicles and their synaptic junctions are flattened. The channels of enlarged extracellular space, which normally surround each synaptic junction or small groups of junctions, are only infrequently present. In freeze-fracture replicas of the rostral AVCN of waltzing guinea pigs after hair cell loss, the number of large, non-aggregate particles on the external leaflet of the principal cell opposite the end bulb is increased, and the number of perisynaptic aggregates is decreased compared to waltzing guinea pigs 10 days of age. The junctional aggregates are unaltered. These changes in the presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic membrane may be related to the loss of afferent input to the spiral ganglion cells, suggesting that activity is important for maintaining the synapse.", "contents": "Changes in the synapses of spiral ganglion cells in the rostral anteroventral cochlear nucleus of the waltzing guinea pig following hair cell loss. Between 10 and 60 days of age in the waltzing guinea pig, there is a genetically induced loss of all hair cells in the organ of Corti. About 43% of the spiral ganglion cells degenerate between 30 and 60 days of age. After 90 days of age, there is no further loss of spiral ganglion cells. Both Type I and II ganglion cells remain and are without afferent input. The terminals of these ganglion cells in the rostral AVCN, the end bulbs of Held, are normal until 30 days of age. During the period of ganglion cell loss degenerating end bulbs are seen. After 60 days of age, when most ganglion cell degeneration is complete, the remaining end bulbs have fewer synaptic vesicles and their synaptic junctions are flattened. The channels of enlarged extracellular space, which normally surround each synaptic junction or small groups of junctions, are only infrequently present. In freeze-fracture replicas of the rostral AVCN of waltzing guinea pigs after hair cell loss, the number of large, non-aggregate particles on the external leaflet of the principal cell opposite the end bulb is increased, and the number of perisynaptic aggregates is decreased compared to waltzing guinea pigs 10 days of age. The junctional aggregates are unaltered. These changes in the presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic membrane may be related to the loss of afferent input to the spiral ganglion cells, suggesting that activity is important for maintaining the synapse.", "PMID": 709367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3860", "title": "Synchronized rhythmic discharges of the secondary olfactory neurons in carp.", "content": "(1) Rhythmic and synchronized multiunit bursts of spike discharges, which were superimposed on the peaks of the oscillatory potentials of 4--10 Hz (olfactory tract waves), were induced in the olfactory tract fibers of the carp in response to olfactory stimulation. Suppression of the spike discharges was observed during the interburst periods of discharges. (2) Single-unit analysis revealed three types of discharge patterns in the olfactory tract fibers in response to olfactory stimulation: rhythmic excitation (Type 1), suppression (Type 2) and no response (Type 3). A synchronization of spike discharges was observed among the Type 1 units. (3) Mass potentials were evoked in the olfactory tract by electrical stimulations applied to the olfactory nerve. When the time interval between the conditioning stimulation and the test stimulation was about 200 msec, a transient recovery of the evoked mass response was observed. This interval approximately corresponded to the cycle length of the olfactory tract waves. (4) It was concluded from the results obtained that the olfactory tract waves are the summated action potentials from the axons of the secondary olfactory neurons discharging rhythmically and synchronously. (5) An inhibitory phasing mechanism in the olfactory bulb was suggested which may cause the synchronized rhythmic activity of the secondary olfactory neurons.", "contents": "Synchronized rhythmic discharges of the secondary olfactory neurons in carp. (1) Rhythmic and synchronized multiunit bursts of spike discharges, which were superimposed on the peaks of the oscillatory potentials of 4--10 Hz (olfactory tract waves), were induced in the olfactory tract fibers of the carp in response to olfactory stimulation. Suppression of the spike discharges was observed during the interburst periods of discharges. (2) Single-unit analysis revealed three types of discharge patterns in the olfactory tract fibers in response to olfactory stimulation: rhythmic excitation (Type 1), suppression (Type 2) and no response (Type 3). A synchronization of spike discharges was observed among the Type 1 units. (3) Mass potentials were evoked in the olfactory tract by electrical stimulations applied to the olfactory nerve. When the time interval between the conditioning stimulation and the test stimulation was about 200 msec, a transient recovery of the evoked mass response was observed. This interval approximately corresponded to the cycle length of the olfactory tract waves. (4) It was concluded from the results obtained that the olfactory tract waves are the summated action potentials from the axons of the secondary olfactory neurons discharging rhythmically and synchronously. (5) An inhibitory phasing mechanism in the olfactory bulb was suggested which may cause the synchronized rhythmic activity of the secondary olfactory neurons.", "PMID": 709369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3861", "title": "Characterization of electrophysiological properties of intracellularly recorded neurons in the neocortex of awake cats: a comparison of the response to injected current in spike overshoot and undershoot neurons.", "content": "Intracellular recordings were obtained from 212 neurons of the coronal pericruciate cortex of 7 awake, untrained cats. Glass microelectrodes, filled with K+ citrate alone or K+ citrate with either cyclic GMP or 5'-GMP were used for recording and for injecting steady depolarizing and hyperpolarizing currents intracellularly. The effects of rectangular linearly rising (ramp) current pulses were also studied. Results were compared in spike overshoot* versus undershoot recordings. Spike overshoot recordings had action potentials (APs) larger than associated baseline shifts on penetration; undershoot recordings had APs smaller than associated baseline shifts on penetration. Undershoot recordings are more commonly encountered in mammalian neocortex than are overshoot recordings. (1) Except for sizes and slopes of APs and other effects consistent with the penetration of passive dendritic cables remote from regions of active spike initiation or propagation, no differences in response to current injection or in other electrophysiological properties were found between overshoot and undershoot recordings. (2) Injection of depolarizing currents produced de-reases in the amplitudes of APs, decreased rates of rise and fall of APs and increased frequencies of AP discharge. Injection of hyperpolarizing current produced slowing or cessation of AP discharge with little or only slight increases in AP amplitude when the resting potential was greater than 47 mV. (3) An effectively linear relationship was found between changes in AP size and the magnitude of weak injection depolarizing currents. This relationship provides a basis for measuring changes in cortical neuronal input resistance by the differential spike height method. (4) Most neurons showed little or no accommodative response to the injection of linearly rising, depolarizing currents. Simple or ceiling threshold-latency curves rather than minimal gradient curves were obtained in 83% of the cells in which ramp currents were injected. (5) Modal values of resting potentials between 47 and 53 mV, without increased rates of spontaneous discharge, indicate that most cells have a critical firing threshold near that reported for somatodendritic (SD) rather than initial segment (IS) generated spikes. The evidence suggests that undershoot recordings primarily reflect penetrations of passive dendritic regions rather than functional modification of neurocellular properties as a consequence of impalement.", "contents": "Characterization of electrophysiological properties of intracellularly recorded neurons in the neocortex of awake cats: a comparison of the response to injected current in spike overshoot and undershoot neurons. Intracellular recordings were obtained from 212 neurons of the coronal pericruciate cortex of 7 awake, untrained cats. Glass microelectrodes, filled with K+ citrate alone or K+ citrate with either cyclic GMP or 5'-GMP were used for recording and for injecting steady depolarizing and hyperpolarizing currents intracellularly. The effects of rectangular linearly rising (ramp) current pulses were also studied. Results were compared in spike overshoot* versus undershoot recordings. Spike overshoot recordings had action potentials (APs) larger than associated baseline shifts on penetration; undershoot recordings had APs smaller than associated baseline shifts on penetration. Undershoot recordings are more commonly encountered in mammalian neocortex than are overshoot recordings. (1) Except for sizes and slopes of APs and other effects consistent with the penetration of passive dendritic cables remote from regions of active spike initiation or propagation, no differences in response to current injection or in other electrophysiological properties were found between overshoot and undershoot recordings. (2) Injection of depolarizing currents produced de-reases in the amplitudes of APs, decreased rates of rise and fall of APs and increased frequencies of AP discharge. Injection of hyperpolarizing current produced slowing or cessation of AP discharge with little or only slight increases in AP amplitude when the resting potential was greater than 47 mV. (3) An effectively linear relationship was found between changes in AP size and the magnitude of weak injection depolarizing currents. This relationship provides a basis for measuring changes in cortical neuronal input resistance by the differential spike height method. (4) Most neurons showed little or no accommodative response to the injection of linearly rising, depolarizing currents. Simple or ceiling threshold-latency curves rather than minimal gradient curves were obtained in 83% of the cells in which ramp currents were injected. (5) Modal values of resting potentials between 47 and 53 mV, without increased rates of spontaneous discharge, indicate that most cells have a critical firing threshold near that reported for somatodendritic (SD) rather than initial segment (IS) generated spikes. The evidence suggests that undershoot recordings primarily reflect penetrations of passive dendritic regions rather than functional modification of neurocellular properties as a consequence of impalement.", "PMID": 709370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3862", "title": "Effect of ischemic anoxia and barbiturate anesthesia on free radical oxidation of mitochondrial phospholipids.", "content": "The mitochondrial fraction obtained from brains of animals submitted to ischemia shows a decrease of phospholipid level, especially plasmalogens in the fraction of ethanolamine phospholipids and choline phospholipids. There appears simultaneously an increase of free radical oxidation processes of unsaturated fatty acids from these phospholipids. The peroxidation processes of mitochondrial lipids are stimulated by calcium ions and, to a smaller extent, by magnesium ions. Barbiturate anesthesia inhibits the peroxidation of fatty acids and increases the antioxidant abilities of the nervous tissue. Nembutal added in vitro remains without effect on the above processes. The effect of acetylcholine and the antioxidant ability of nervous tissue under barbiturate anesthesia with respect to ischemia are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of ischemic anoxia and barbiturate anesthesia on free radical oxidation of mitochondrial phospholipids. The mitochondrial fraction obtained from brains of animals submitted to ischemia shows a decrease of phospholipid level, especially plasmalogens in the fraction of ethanolamine phospholipids and choline phospholipids. There appears simultaneously an increase of free radical oxidation processes of unsaturated fatty acids from these phospholipids. The peroxidation processes of mitochondrial lipids are stimulated by calcium ions and, to a smaller extent, by magnesium ions. Barbiturate anesthesia inhibits the peroxidation of fatty acids and increases the antioxidant abilities of the nervous tissue. Nembutal added in vitro remains without effect on the above processes. The effect of acetylcholine and the antioxidant ability of nervous tissue under barbiturate anesthesia with respect to ischemia are discussed.", "PMID": 709372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3863", "title": "Experimental stroke in gerbils: effect on translation and transcription.", "content": "The effect of cerebral ischemia on polypeptide synthesis with isolated microsomes and DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity with isolated nuclei was investigated by occlusion of right common carotid artery of gerbils. There was a prompt decline of microsomal polypeptide synthesis already at 30 min after occlusion of the artery, and at 4--5 h the specific radioactivity (dpm per microgram protein) was 50% of the control value. At 24 h, when the animals were only slightly responsive to external stimuli, the specific radioactivity of ischemic brain was only 20% of the control value. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity was unaffected for 1 h, and clear suppression did not appear until 3 h after occlusion. However, the extent of suppression was similar between polypeptide synthesis and RNA polymerase activity beyond 3 h after occlusion. Although more selective vulnerability of polypeptide synthesis thus exists in cerebral ischemia, the difference between two biochemical processes was not as striking as seen in cerebral anoxia. Focal progression of cerebral ischemia to diffuse infarction in gerbils was suggested  as a possible explanation for the disparity in comparison to the diffuse effect in cerebral anoxia along with the difference in the magnitude of acidosis and depletion of energy reserve.", "contents": "Experimental stroke in gerbils: effect on translation and transcription. The effect of cerebral ischemia on polypeptide synthesis with isolated microsomes and DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity with isolated nuclei was investigated by occlusion of right common carotid artery of gerbils. There was a prompt decline of microsomal polypeptide synthesis already at 30 min after occlusion of the artery, and at 4--5 h the specific radioactivity (dpm per microgram protein) was 50% of the control value. At 24 h, when the animals were only slightly responsive to external stimuli, the specific radioactivity of ischemic brain was only 20% of the control value. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity was unaffected for 1 h, and clear suppression did not appear until 3 h after occlusion. However, the extent of suppression was similar between polypeptide synthesis and RNA polymerase activity beyond 3 h after occlusion. Although more selective vulnerability of polypeptide synthesis thus exists in cerebral ischemia, the difference between two biochemical processes was not as striking as seen in cerebral anoxia. Focal progression of cerebral ischemia to diffuse infarction in gerbils was suggested  as a possible explanation for the disparity in comparison to the diffuse effect in cerebral anoxia along with the difference in the magnitude of acidosis and depletion of energy reserve.", "PMID": 709373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3864", "title": "Cerebellar inhibition and ICSS from stimulation in the area of the nucleus locus coeruleus.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) and the long-lasting inhibition (LLI) of cerebellar Purkinje cells which are produced by stimulation around the dorsal pontine nucleus locus coeruleus (LC). No strong correlation was found between the dorsal pontine sites which produced LLI and those sites which yielded ICSS. Moreover, ICSS sites were no more effective than non-ICSS sites in producing LLI. LLI of Purkinje cells was produced most effectively by stimulation of an area dorsolateral to the LC where axons arising from the LC collect to ascend to the cerebellum. The LLI produced by stimulation of this dorsolateral region was less often associated with short latency excitations, compared to the LLI produced by stimulation of the cerebellar white matter. This characteristic may be useful as an indication of LC-produced LLI. Sites yielding ICSS were scattered around the LC but were most consistent ventrolateral to the LC. These results indicate that ICSS and LLI of Purkinje cells appear to be independent phenomena which depend on different mechanisms.", "contents": "Cerebellar inhibition and ICSS from stimulation in the area of the nucleus locus coeruleus. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) and the long-lasting inhibition (LLI) of cerebellar Purkinje cells which are produced by stimulation around the dorsal pontine nucleus locus coeruleus (LC). No strong correlation was found between the dorsal pontine sites which produced LLI and those sites which yielded ICSS. Moreover, ICSS sites were no more effective than non-ICSS sites in producing LLI. LLI of Purkinje cells was produced most effectively by stimulation of an area dorsolateral to the LC where axons arising from the LC collect to ascend to the cerebellum. The LLI produced by stimulation of this dorsolateral region was less often associated with short latency excitations, compared to the LLI produced by stimulation of the cerebellar white matter. This characteristic may be useful as an indication of LC-produced LLI. Sites yielding ICSS were scattered around the LC but were most consistent ventrolateral to the LC. These results indicate that ICSS and LLI of Purkinje cells appear to be independent phenomena which depend on different mechanisms.", "PMID": 709381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3865", "title": "Effects of priming stimulation of catecholamine containing nuclei in rat brain on runway performance.", "content": "Rats were implanted with bipolar fine wire stimulating electrodes in the region of the pontine nucleus locus coerulus (LC) and the pars compacta of the substantia nigra (SN). The reinforcing properties of stimulation of each electrode were determined. Subsequently, rats were run in a two alley runway and the effects of priming stimulation on performance in acquisition, discrimination and reversals were measured. It was found that LC priming caused an increased latency to exit from start box. Also, LC priming reduced running time in the rewarded alley in a reversal task whereas SN priming affected both performance in the rewarded and non-rewarded alley.", "contents": "Effects of priming stimulation of catecholamine containing nuclei in rat brain on runway performance. Rats were implanted with bipolar fine wire stimulating electrodes in the region of the pontine nucleus locus coerulus (LC) and the pars compacta of the substantia nigra (SN). The reinforcing properties of stimulation of each electrode were determined. Subsequently, rats were run in a two alley runway and the effects of priming stimulation on performance in acquisition, discrimination and reversals were measured. It was found that LC priming caused an increased latency to exit from start box. Also, LC priming reduced running time in the rewarded alley in a reversal task whereas SN priming affected both performance in the rewarded and non-rewarded alley.", "PMID": 709382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3866", "title": "Requirement of the hen for sulphur-containing amino acids.", "content": "The sulphur amino acid requirements of White Leghorn-type laying hens were determined in two 52-week experiments using diets based on maize and soyabean meal providing from 5.0 to 6.5 g sulphur amino acids/kg, 12.35 MJ ME/kg and 8.6 to 8.8 g lysine/kg. There were six replicates of 15 individually-caged hens each per treatment. 2. A requirement of approximately 775 to 800 mg sulphur amino acids/hen d, of which about 390 to 440 mg was methionine, was found for a maximum of 80 to 83 eggs/100 hen d. There were indications that the requirement for maximum egg production was less than that for maximum efficiency of food utilisation. 3. Diets containing 138 g protein/kg supplemented with methionine and lysine supported production and food utilisation as effectively as a diet containing 167 g protein/kg.", "contents": "Requirement of the hen for sulphur-containing amino acids. The sulphur amino acid requirements of White Leghorn-type laying hens were determined in two 52-week experiments using diets based on maize and soyabean meal providing from 5.0 to 6.5 g sulphur amino acids/kg, 12.35 MJ ME/kg and 8.6 to 8.8 g lysine/kg. There were six replicates of 15 individually-caged hens each per treatment. 2. A requirement of approximately 775 to 800 mg sulphur amino acids/hen d, of which about 390 to 440 mg was methionine, was found for a maximum of 80 to 83 eggs/100 hen d. There were indications that the requirement for maximum egg production was less than that for maximum efficiency of food utilisation. 3. Diets containing 138 g protein/kg supplemented with methionine and lysine supported production and food utilisation as effectively as a diet containing 167 g protein/kg.", "PMID": 709389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3867", "title": "Ameliorating effects of hyperbaric oxygenation on experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.", "content": "The effect of hyperbaric oxygenation (OHP) on survival and quality of survival of guinea pigs afflicted with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was investigated. EAE was induced in Hartley and Strain 13 animals by intradermal injections of whole guinea pig spinal cord in complete Freund's adjuvant. The inoculated animals were divided into control and treatment groups; the treated animals received OHP in a variety of treatment schedules. Clinical signs of EAE were quantitated and mean survival times were measured. When Hartley animals were exposed to 100% O2 at 2.5 atmospheres absolute (ATA) for 2 hr/day from 5--19 days postinoculation, the mean survival time (+/- SE) was 19.1 +/- 1.6 days relative to 15.7 +/- 0.7 days in the control (p less than 0.050). When Strain 13 guinea pigs were treated with 100% O2 at 2ATA for 4 hr/day on 5--16 days, the mean survival time was 21.6 +/- 0.6 days compared to 16.0 +/- 0.4 days for the control (p less than 0.001). Clinical sign measurements demonstrated that the onset of EAE in the treated animals of both strains occurred between 4--6 days after these signs became detectable in control animals. These results suggest that OHP therapy can ameliorate EAE in afflicted guinea pigs.", "contents": "Ameliorating effects of hyperbaric oxygenation on experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. The effect of hyperbaric oxygenation (OHP) on survival and quality of survival of guinea pigs afflicted with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was investigated. EAE was induced in Hartley and Strain 13 animals by intradermal injections of whole guinea pig spinal cord in complete Freund's adjuvant. The inoculated animals were divided into control and treatment groups; the treated animals received OHP in a variety of treatment schedules. Clinical signs of EAE were quantitated and mean survival times were measured. When Hartley animals were exposed to 100% O2 at 2.5 atmospheres absolute (ATA) for 2 hr/day from 5--19 days postinoculation, the mean survival time (+/- SE) was 19.1 +/- 1.6 days relative to 15.7 +/- 0.7 days in the control (p less than 0.050). When Strain 13 guinea pigs were treated with 100% O2 at 2ATA for 4 hr/day on 5--16 days, the mean survival time was 21.6 +/- 0.6 days compared to 16.0 +/- 0.4 days for the control (p less than 0.001). Clinical sign measurements demonstrated that the onset of EAE in the treated animals of both strains occurred between 4--6 days after these signs became detectable in control animals. These results suggest that OHP therapy can ameliorate EAE in afflicted guinea pigs.", "PMID": 709384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3868", "title": "The effect of ovariectomy on liver metabolism and maintenance energy requirement of hens.", "content": "Six pullets from each of an egg-producing and meat-producing strain were ovariectomised at 12 weeks of age. Ovarian regrowth occurred in two of the egg-producing and four of the meat-producing strain. 2. Measurements of heat production and energy balance were made after peak lay with ovariectomised and sham-operated laying pullets of both strains. Measurements on the ovariectomised pullets were made before and after implantation with oestrogen pellets. 3. Within each strain the ME requirements for maintenance (per kg W0.75), determined by linear regression analysis, were similar whether or not the starvation heat production data were included. 4. The ME requirements for maintenance decreased substantially after ovariectomy but subsequent implantation with oestrogen pellets did not increase these requirements. 5. Studies of hepatic enzyme activities indicated that the major influence of the mature ovary was on hepatic lipid metabolism. This was exerted through a specific stimulation of lipogenesis rather than a general increase in metabolism.", "contents": "The effect of ovariectomy on liver metabolism and maintenance energy requirement of hens. Six pullets from each of an egg-producing and meat-producing strain were ovariectomised at 12 weeks of age. Ovarian regrowth occurred in two of the egg-producing and four of the meat-producing strain. 2. Measurements of heat production and energy balance were made after peak lay with ovariectomised and sham-operated laying pullets of both strains. Measurements on the ovariectomised pullets were made before and after implantation with oestrogen pellets. 3. Within each strain the ME requirements for maintenance (per kg W0.75), determined by linear regression analysis, were similar whether or not the starvation heat production data were included. 4. The ME requirements for maintenance decreased substantially after ovariectomy but subsequent implantation with oestrogen pellets did not increase these requirements. 5. Studies of hepatic enzyme activities indicated that the major influence of the mature ovary was on hepatic lipid metabolism. This was exerted through a specific stimulation of lipogenesis rather than a general increase in metabolism.", "PMID": 709390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3869", "title": "Effect of progesterone on the magnum proteins during primary stimulation of chick oviduct.", "content": "The effect of progesterone on the secretion of protein by the magnum of 5-d-old, female chicks was determined. 2. The supernatant prepared by centrifuging an homogenate of the magnum at 105 000g was found, by immunodiffusion, to contain an antigenic component which precipitated the antisera for conalbumin 1, conalbumin 2 and ovalbumin after 5 d treatment with progesterone: there was no reaction to ovomucoid, lysozyme and avidin antisera. 3. Disc-electrophoresis of the homogenate revealed two bands at the site of ovalbumin. 4. Incorporation of 3H-lysine into the magnum proteins of progesterone-treated chicks did not differ from that of controls. 5. The secretion available in the magnum may be only a transudate from the serum and not a true secretory product. Progesterone behaved qualitatively as oestrogen in this study although the action is much less pronounced and was delayed.", "contents": "Effect of progesterone on the magnum proteins during primary stimulation of chick oviduct. The effect of progesterone on the secretion of protein by the magnum of 5-d-old, female chicks was determined. 2. The supernatant prepared by centrifuging an homogenate of the magnum at 105 000g was found, by immunodiffusion, to contain an antigenic component which precipitated the antisera for conalbumin 1, conalbumin 2 and ovalbumin after 5 d treatment with progesterone: there was no reaction to ovomucoid, lysozyme and avidin antisera. 3. Disc-electrophoresis of the homogenate revealed two bands at the site of ovalbumin. 4. Incorporation of 3H-lysine into the magnum proteins of progesterone-treated chicks did not differ from that of controls. 5. The secretion available in the magnum may be only a transudate from the serum and not a true secretory product. Progesterone behaved qualitatively as oestrogen in this study although the action is much less pronounced and was delayed.", "PMID": 709391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3870", "title": "Effects of nerve growth factor on behavioral recovery following caudate nucleus lesions in rats.", "content": "Rats with bilateral lesions of the caudate nucleus received intracaudate injections of either nerve growth factor protein (NGF) on inert buffer immediately following surgery. NGF-treated animals demonstrated a faster recovery of normal appetitive behavior and perseverated less than their buffer-treated counterparts on a spatial reversal task, but both groups were impaired relative to sham controls on acquisition of an active avoidance response. Glia to neuron ratios were significantly increased in both lesion groups when compared with sham controls. However, this increase was less in the NGF-treated animals than in the buffer-treated animals. NGF treatment had no effect on steady-state caudate dopamine levels, measured six months after surgery.", "contents": "Effects of nerve growth factor on behavioral recovery following caudate nucleus lesions in rats. Rats with bilateral lesions of the caudate nucleus received intracaudate injections of either nerve growth factor protein (NGF) on inert buffer immediately following surgery. NGF-treated animals demonstrated a faster recovery of normal appetitive behavior and perseverated less than their buffer-treated counterparts on a spatial reversal task, but both groups were impaired relative to sham controls on acquisition of an active avoidance response. Glia to neuron ratios were significantly increased in both lesion groups when compared with sham controls. However, this increase was less in the NGF-treated animals than in the buffer-treated animals. NGF treatment had no effect on steady-state caudate dopamine levels, measured six months after surgery.", "PMID": 709386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3871", "title": "Neuronal receptive field properties in feline nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis.", "content": "Nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (NGC) has been shown, using both behavioral and physiological techniques, to be involved in the processing of nociceptive information. However, previous studies of the receptive fields of NGC neurons have utilized only innocuous stimuli. Thus, while neurons in NGC may play an important role in nociception, the receptive field properties of these cells remain to be defined. This investigation was designed to determine the receptive field properties of neurons in NGC using  nociceptive and innocuous stimuli. Receptive fields were determined for 127 neurons in NGC. Eighty-seven percnet of the NGC neurons studied responded exclusively to noxious stimuli, while 13% also responded to innocuous stimuli. None of the neurons studied responded exclusively to innocuous stimuli. The receptive fields of most NGC neurons (63%) were large, discontinuous, and bilaterally symmetrical. Eighty-one percent of NGC neurons received convergent inputs from both spinal and trigeminal systems. These receptive field properties differ from those previously reported using only innocuous stimulation.", "contents": "Neuronal receptive field properties in feline nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis. Nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (NGC) has been shown, using both behavioral and physiological techniques, to be involved in the processing of nociceptive information. However, previous studies of the receptive fields of NGC neurons have utilized only innocuous stimuli. Thus, while neurons in NGC may play an important role in nociception, the receptive field properties of these cells remain to be defined. This investigation was designed to determine the receptive field properties of neurons in NGC using  nociceptive and innocuous stimuli. Receptive fields were determined for 127 neurons in NGC. Eighty-seven percnet of the NGC neurons studied responded exclusively to noxious stimuli, while 13% also responded to innocuous stimuli. None of the neurons studied responded exclusively to innocuous stimuli. The receptive fields of most NGC neurons (63%) were large, discontinuous, and bilaterally symmetrical. Eighty-one percent of NGC neurons received convergent inputs from both spinal and trigeminal systems. These receptive field properties differ from those previously reported using only innocuous stimulation.", "PMID": 709385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3872", "title": "Enhanced passive avoidance learning and appetitive T-maze learning with post-trial rewarding hypothalamic stimulation.", "content": "Experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of post-trial reinforcing stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus on learning in rats. The reinforcing stimulation was always presented for a duration of 20--30 sec (0.2 sec on/0.8 sec off), and was administered either immediately, 30 sec delayed or 300 sec delayed after exposure to the learning situation. In experiment 1 post-trial stimulation led to improved passive avoidance learning of an alcove-avoidance task when presented 30 sec compared to immediately after the footshock. In Experiment 2 reversal learning of a one-way shuttle-box avoidance task was facilitated by 30 sec delayed, but not 300 sec delayed post-trial reinforcing stimulation. In Experiment 3 appetitive left-right discrimination was investigated using a T-maze task. Thirty sec delayed post-trial reinforcing stimulation presented contingent on errors facilitated learning of this task. Together, the 3 studies provide further support for the hypothesis that reinforcers directly influence labile memory processes (such as short-term memory) and thereby improve learning.", "contents": "Enhanced passive avoidance learning and appetitive T-maze learning with post-trial rewarding hypothalamic stimulation. Experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of post-trial reinforcing stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus on learning in rats. The reinforcing stimulation was always presented for a duration of 20--30 sec (0.2 sec on/0.8 sec off), and was administered either immediately, 30 sec delayed or 300 sec delayed after exposure to the learning situation. In experiment 1 post-trial stimulation led to improved passive avoidance learning of an alcove-avoidance task when presented 30 sec compared to immediately after the footshock. In Experiment 2 reversal learning of a one-way shuttle-box avoidance task was facilitated by 30 sec delayed, but not 300 sec delayed post-trial reinforcing stimulation. In Experiment 3 appetitive left-right discrimination was investigated using a T-maze task. Thirty sec delayed post-trial reinforcing stimulation presented contingent on errors facilitated learning of this task. Together, the 3 studies provide further support for the hypothesis that reinforcers directly influence labile memory processes (such as short-term memory) and thereby improve learning.", "PMID": 709387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3873", "title": "Ventricular surface of rabbit hippocampus: a scanning electron microscope study.", "content": "Portions of the ependyma were obtained from the hippocampus of adult rabbits and processed for scanning electron microscopy. The major part of the ependymal surface was covered with a dense layer of cilia, some of these cilia showed bulbous preterminal enlargements. Irregularly arranged pits of variable diameter were also seen. Pes hippocampi showed fewer cilia and deeper furrows than did the remainder of the hippocampus.", "contents": "Ventricular surface of rabbit hippocampus: a scanning electron microscope study. Portions of the ependyma were obtained from the hippocampus of adult rabbits and processed for scanning electron microscopy. The major part of the ependymal surface was covered with a dense layer of cilia, some of these cilia showed bulbous preterminal enlargements. Irregularly arranged pits of variable diameter were also seen. Pes hippocampi showed fewer cilia and deeper furrows than did the remainder of the hippocampus.", "PMID": 709388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3874", "title": "Short-term stressor effects of reserpine.", "content": "The effects of reserpine on plasma glucose, FFA and cholesterol and on adrenal cholesterol were determined in 1-and 21-d-old chicks over a 24-h period. 2. Irrespective of age, reserpinised chicks became hyperglycaemic and hypocholesteraemic, their stores of adrenal cholesterol were depleted and the mobilisation of the lipid was impaired. The response of the older bird was quantitatively larger than that of the younger bird. 3. Propranolol prevented the increase in plasma glucose concentration seen 1 h after reserpine but it did not affect subsequent changes. 4. It is concluded that reserpine acts as a stressor and it is shown that its effects have not been entirely overcome after 24 h.", "contents": "Short-term stressor effects of reserpine. The effects of reserpine on plasma glucose, FFA and cholesterol and on adrenal cholesterol were determined in 1-and 21-d-old chicks over a 24-h period. 2. Irrespective of age, reserpinised chicks became hyperglycaemic and hypocholesteraemic, their stores of adrenal cholesterol were depleted and the mobilisation of the lipid was impaired. The response of the older bird was quantitatively larger than that of the younger bird. 3. Propranolol prevented the increase in plasma glucose concentration seen 1 h after reserpine but it did not affect subsequent changes. 4. It is concluded that reserpine acts as a stressor and it is shown that its effects have not been entirely overcome after 24 h.", "PMID": 709393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3875", "title": "The morphology of bone mineral crystals.", "content": "Electron microscopical observations of the size and shape of bone mineral crystallites have not been in complete agreement with X-ray diffraction findings. The two prevalent viewpoints consider bone mineral crystals to be either rod, or plate like in habit. There appears to be agreement that the smallest dimension of the crystals is about 5 nm, but there is discrepancy in the reported c-axial lengths. The method of dark field imaging is used to obtain a quantitative measurement of the c-axial length distribution in rabbit, ox and human bone: mean c-axial lengths 32.6 nm, 36.2 nm and 32.4 nm, respectively, show no significant difference at the 5% level to the mean c-axial length measured by X-ray line broadening. Both bright and dark field images strongly suggest that bone mineral has a plate like form. Reasons for past discrepancies are discussed.", "contents": "The morphology of bone mineral crystals. Electron microscopical observations of the size and shape of bone mineral crystallites have not been in complete agreement with X-ray diffraction findings. The two prevalent viewpoints consider bone mineral crystals to be either rod, or plate like in habit. There appears to be agreement that the smallest dimension of the crystals is about 5 nm, but there is discrepancy in the reported c-axial lengths. The method of dark field imaging is used to obtain a quantitative measurement of the c-axial length distribution in rabbit, ox and human bone: mean c-axial lengths 32.6 nm, 36.2 nm and 32.4 nm, respectively, show no significant difference at the 5% level to the mean c-axial length measured by X-ray line broadening. Both bright and dark field images strongly suggest that bone mineral has a plate like form. Reasons for past discrepancies are discussed.", "PMID": 709402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3876", "title": "Changes in organic matrix of bone and of bone and blood ATP in rats fed rachitogenic diets.", "content": "Vitamin D deficient and phosphate deficient states were produced in young rats by the use of synthetic diets. Whole blood ATP, serum calcium and phosphorus and the ash, phospholipid, hexosamine and hydroxyproline contents of metaphyseal bones of control and rachitic rats were measured after 4 weeks on the diets. There was a decrease in whole blood ATP and serum phosphorus of the rachitic rats, and in the contents of ash, phospholipid and hexosamine of the rachitic metaphyses, while the hydroxyproline contents of the rachitic bones were higher than those of the controls. Subcutaneous injection of ATP or inorganic phosphate in rats, fed a low phosphate diet deficient in vitamin D, caused an increase in serum phosphorus and blood ATP levels and in metaphyseal ash contents. It is suggested that some of the metabolic disturbances in rickets are due to alteration in ATP production.", "contents": "Changes in organic matrix of bone and of bone and blood ATP in rats fed rachitogenic diets. Vitamin D deficient and phosphate deficient states were produced in young rats by the use of synthetic diets. Whole blood ATP, serum calcium and phosphorus and the ash, phospholipid, hexosamine and hydroxyproline contents of metaphyseal bones of control and rachitic rats were measured after 4 weeks on the diets. There was a decrease in whole blood ATP and serum phosphorus of the rachitic rats, and in the contents of ash, phospholipid and hexosamine of the rachitic metaphyses, while the hydroxyproline contents of the rachitic bones were higher than those of the controls. Subcutaneous injection of ATP or inorganic phosphate in rats, fed a low phosphate diet deficient in vitamin D, caused an increase in serum phosphorus and blood ATP levels and in metaphyseal ash contents. It is suggested that some of the metabolic disturbances in rickets are due to alteration in ATP production.", "PMID": 709405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3877", "title": "Changes in the red cell, plasma and inulin spaces and in the total water contents of rat femurs in cortisone induced osteoporosis.", "content": "Measurements of the bone vascular space by use of 99mTc-labelled red cells and 131I-serum albumin, and of the 3H-inulin spaces and total water contents were carried out in female rats treated for four weeks by daily subcutaneous injections of 15 mg cortisone acetate. Significant decreases in bone vascularity, inulin space and water contents were noted as compared to controls. These changes were not associated with differences in plasma calcium values, or parathyroid gland weights. They were found to be present together with significant decreases in bone density and ash contents of the femoral shafts in the steroid-treated animals. It is suggested that the changes in the vascular and extravascular fluid spaces of bones were probably consequent upon a generally depressed level of cellular activity and bone turnover, which could be found in steroid induced osteoporosis.", "contents": "Changes in the red cell, plasma and inulin spaces and in the total water contents of rat femurs in cortisone induced osteoporosis. Measurements of the bone vascular space by use of 99mTc-labelled red cells and 131I-serum albumin, and of the 3H-inulin spaces and total water contents were carried out in female rats treated for four weeks by daily subcutaneous injections of 15 mg cortisone acetate. Significant decreases in bone vascularity, inulin space and water contents were noted as compared to controls. These changes were not associated with differences in plasma calcium values, or parathyroid gland weights. They were found to be present together with significant decreases in bone density and ash contents of the femoral shafts in the steroid-treated animals. It is suggested that the changes in the vascular and extravascular fluid spaces of bones were probably consequent upon a generally depressed level of cellular activity and bone turnover, which could be found in steroid induced osteoporosis.", "PMID": 709406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3878", "title": "Oestrogen binding proteins in bone cell cytosol.", "content": "Attempts were made to demonstrate the presence of specific oestrogen binding proteins (\"receptors\") in bone cells. High speed cytosol preparations of bone were incubated with several concentrations of radioactive oestradiol alone and with radioactive oestradiol in the presence of a specific antioestrogen, Nafoxidine. Separation of bound and free oestradiol was carried out by dextran coated charcoal treatment and by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. Several types of bones likely to be oestrogen-sensitive were investigated: human femoral heads, human phalanx, rat and rabbit calvaria, humeri and femora of female rats. In all experiments we were unable to demonstrate the presence of specific oestrogen receptors in bone cell cytosol indicating that the direct effect of oestrogens on bone, if present, is not mediated by specific oestrogen receptors.", "contents": "Oestrogen binding proteins in bone cell cytosol. Attempts were made to demonstrate the presence of specific oestrogen binding proteins (\"receptors\") in bone cells. High speed cytosol preparations of bone were incubated with several concentrations of radioactive oestradiol alone and with radioactive oestradiol in the presence of a specific antioestrogen, Nafoxidine. Separation of bound and free oestradiol was carried out by dextran coated charcoal treatment and by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. Several types of bones likely to be oestrogen-sensitive were investigated: human femoral heads, human phalanx, rat and rabbit calvaria, humeri and femora of female rats. In all experiments we were unable to demonstrate the presence of specific oestrogen receptors in bone cell cytosol indicating that the direct effect of oestrogens on bone, if present, is not mediated by specific oestrogen receptors.", "PMID": 709407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3879", "title": "Fetal rat bone in organ culture: effect of bone growth and bone atrophy on the comparative losses of 45Ca and 3H-tetracycline.", "content": "Fetal rat bones were cultured in either growth-inducing or resorption-inducing media to study mineral losses during bone growth and atrophy in vitro. Whole radii and ulnae from 19-day-old fetal rats, prelabeled with 45Ca and/or 3H-tetracycline, were cultured intact or cut, and then digested by collagenase to obtain the calcified portion of the bones. Three- to five-fold more 3H-tetracycline than 45Ca was lost from the calcified portion when the bones were cultured for 4 days in growth-inducing media. Similar small amounts of 45Ca were lost from live and killed bones, but more 3H-tetracycline was lost from live bones than from killed bones. More 3H-tetracycline was released into the growth medium with a low concentration of calcium (0.5 mM) than when the calcium concentration was high (1.0 mM); no significant difference was seen in the release of 45Ca into the medium at different calcium concentrations. Larger amounts of both isotopes were lost when the prelabeled bones were cultured in resorption-inducing media than in growth-inducing media. When parathyroid hormone stimulated bone resorption in a resorption-inducing medium, equal proportions of both isotopes and bone collagen were lost. Greater losses of 3H-tetracycline than of 45Ca suggest that 45Ca was conserved locally during the resorption that accompanies bone growth, but not during resorption that accompanies bone atrophy.", "contents": "Fetal rat bone in organ culture: effect of bone growth and bone atrophy on the comparative losses of 45Ca and 3H-tetracycline. Fetal rat bones were cultured in either growth-inducing or resorption-inducing media to study mineral losses during bone growth and atrophy in vitro. Whole radii and ulnae from 19-day-old fetal rats, prelabeled with 45Ca and/or 3H-tetracycline, were cultured intact or cut, and then digested by collagenase to obtain the calcified portion of the bones. Three- to five-fold more 3H-tetracycline than 45Ca was lost from the calcified portion when the bones were cultured for 4 days in growth-inducing media. Similar small amounts of 45Ca were lost from live and killed bones, but more 3H-tetracycline was lost from live bones than from killed bones. More 3H-tetracycline was released into the growth medium with a low concentration of calcium (0.5 mM) than when the calcium concentration was high (1.0 mM); no significant difference was seen in the release of 45Ca into the medium at different calcium concentrations. Larger amounts of both isotopes were lost when the prelabeled bones were cultured in resorption-inducing media than in growth-inducing media. When parathyroid hormone stimulated bone resorption in a resorption-inducing medium, equal proportions of both isotopes and bone collagen were lost. Greater losses of 3H-tetracycline than of 45Ca suggest that 45Ca was conserved locally during the resorption that accompanies bone growth, but not during resorption that accompanies bone atrophy.", "PMID": 709408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3880", "title": "Quantitative measurement of fractional bone volume using digital scanning videodensitometry.", "content": "A method is described for reproducible and rapid quantitative measurements of fractional bone volume in sections of a bone biopsy. The presence or absence of bone is determined at several thousand points over the entire surface area of each specimen by high-speed digitization and computer analysis of video scans of enlarged microradiographic images of bone sections. An operator interactive light-pen assembly permits selective delineation of desired areas of the video image to facilitate computation of regional bone mass within each specimen. Tests of the reproducibility of the method of performed and are described. The results obtained from application of the method to determine the amount of bone in various age groups and in two groups of patients before and after therapy are also presented. These data indicate the potential of this technique for high volume, high resolution measurements of the fractional bone volume in both investigative and clinical diagnostic studies of age dependent and disease dependent processes.", "contents": "Quantitative measurement of fractional bone volume using digital scanning videodensitometry. A method is described for reproducible and rapid quantitative measurements of fractional bone volume in sections of a bone biopsy. The presence or absence of bone is determined at several thousand points over the entire surface area of each specimen by high-speed digitization and computer analysis of video scans of enlarged microradiographic images of bone sections. An operator interactive light-pen assembly permits selective delineation of desired areas of the video image to facilitate computation of regional bone mass within each specimen. Tests of the reproducibility of the method of performed and are described. The results obtained from application of the method to determine the amount of bone in various age groups and in two groups of patients before and after therapy are also presented. These data indicate the potential of this technique for high volume, high resolution measurements of the fractional bone volume in both investigative and clinical diagnostic studies of age dependent and disease dependent processes.", "PMID": 709409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3881", "title": "Bone mineral turnover in a patient with osteogenesis imperfecta estimated by fluoride excretion.", "content": "A child with severe osteogenesis imperfecta was treated with NaF for 8 years, at the end of which time his iliac bone contained 29 mg F/g Ca. Urine F was assayed at intervals for 4.5 years after discontinuing treatment. After the first few days the decline in urinary F excretion can be described by a two component exponential function, with half-times of 5.4 months (10%) and 8.9 years (90%). The latter half-time value is of the same order of magnitude as those observed for F and other \"bone-seeking\" elements in normal subjects, which suggests that the turnover rate of bone mineral is normal in this disease. Three methods for estimating the attained body F burden at the end of NaF treatment--namely, metabolic balance, bone biopsy, and integration of the exponential function--yielded comparable values.", "contents": "Bone mineral turnover in a patient with osteogenesis imperfecta estimated by fluoride excretion. A child with severe osteogenesis imperfecta was treated with NaF for 8 years, at the end of which time his iliac bone contained 29 mg F/g Ca. Urine F was assayed at intervals for 4.5 years after discontinuing treatment. After the first few days the decline in urinary F excretion can be described by a two component exponential function, with half-times of 5.4 months (10%) and 8.9 years (90%). The latter half-time value is of the same order of magnitude as those observed for F and other \"bone-seeking\" elements in normal subjects, which suggests that the turnover rate of bone mineral is normal in this disease. Three methods for estimating the attained body F burden at the end of NaF treatment--namely, metabolic balance, bone biopsy, and integration of the exponential function--yielded comparable values.", "PMID": 709411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3882", "title": "Effects of morphine, naloxone, d,l-cyclazocine, and d-amphetamine on behaviour controlled by a schedule of interresponse time reinforcement.", "content": "The separate effects of graded doses of morphine, naloxone, d,l-cyclazocine, and d-amphetamine on responding maintained by a differential reinforcement of low rate schedule of food presentation were examined in rats. Morphine did not alter response rates at doses of 1--5.6 mg/kg; at 10 mg/kg a 57% decrease in responding was observed and behaviour was even more severely depressed by 30 mg of morphine per kilogram. Naloxone did not affect responding at doses ranging from 0.1 to 10 mg/kg. d,l-Cyclazocine at doses of 3 and 5.6 mg/kg induced substantial increases in responding not observed when the dose was increased to 10 mg/kg. Cyclazocine, as well as morphine, produced dose-dependent decreases in the number of reinforcements per session. d-Amphetamine exerted a biphasic effect on responding; small doses increased response rates (0.3--3 mg/kg) and responding was suppressed by the drug at a dose of 10 mg/kg. Behaviourally active doses of d-amphetamine caused a dose-dependent reduction in the number of reinforcements per session. Naloxone at otherwise inactive doses (1--10 mg/kg) was found, in separate experiments, to antagonize the rate-decreasing effects of morphine, and to reduce the rate-increasing effects of d-amphetamine. The latter effect is not easily interpreted but confirms and extends other research employing rats in which naloxone was found to reduce the rate-increasing effects of small doses of d-amphetamine upon locomotor activity and responding maintained by a continuous electric-shock postponement procedure. In additional experiments morphine was given daily for 25 consecutive sessions at a dose of 30 mg/kg, 5 min preceding each test session. Responding was suppressed throughout this period and the dose of morphine given before each session was reduced to 10 mg/kg for 35 further sessions. Tolerance to the rate-decreasing effects of morphine was demonstrated; naloxone given in conjunction with morphine (10 mg/kg) in morphine-tolerant rats restored to control values the number of reinforcements per session without causing significant change in overall rates of responding. Few experiments have dealt previously with the development of tolerance to the behavioural effects of morphine under comparable dose regimens, time-course relationships, or behavioural testing procedures. Systematic analyses of these interrelated variables are needed since it is now evident that the schedule employed to maintain responding itself exerts significant effects.", "contents": "Effects of morphine, naloxone, d,l-cyclazocine, and d-amphetamine on behaviour controlled by a schedule of interresponse time reinforcement. The separate effects of graded doses of morphine, naloxone, d,l-cyclazocine, and d-amphetamine on responding maintained by a differential reinforcement of low rate schedule of food presentation were examined in rats. Morphine did not alter response rates at doses of 1--5.6 mg/kg; at 10 mg/kg a 57% decrease in responding was observed and behaviour was even more severely depressed by 30 mg of morphine per kilogram. Naloxone did not affect responding at doses ranging from 0.1 to 10 mg/kg. d,l-Cyclazocine at doses of 3 and 5.6 mg/kg induced substantial increases in responding not observed when the dose was increased to 10 mg/kg. Cyclazocine, as well as morphine, produced dose-dependent decreases in the number of reinforcements per session. d-Amphetamine exerted a biphasic effect on responding; small doses increased response rates (0.3--3 mg/kg) and responding was suppressed by the drug at a dose of 10 mg/kg. Behaviourally active doses of d-amphetamine caused a dose-dependent reduction in the number of reinforcements per session. Naloxone at otherwise inactive doses (1--10 mg/kg) was found, in separate experiments, to antagonize the rate-decreasing effects of morphine, and to reduce the rate-increasing effects of d-amphetamine. The latter effect is not easily interpreted but confirms and extends other research employing rats in which naloxone was found to reduce the rate-increasing effects of small doses of d-amphetamine upon locomotor activity and responding maintained by a continuous electric-shock postponement procedure. In additional experiments morphine was given daily for 25 consecutive sessions at a dose of 30 mg/kg, 5 min preceding each test session. Responding was suppressed throughout this period and the dose of morphine given before each session was reduced to 10 mg/kg for 35 further sessions. Tolerance to the rate-decreasing effects of morphine was demonstrated; naloxone given in conjunction with morphine (10 mg/kg) in morphine-tolerant rats restored to control values the number of reinforcements per session without causing significant change in overall rates of responding. Few experiments have dealt previously with the development of tolerance to the behavioural effects of morphine under comparable dose regimens, time-course relationships, or behavioural testing procedures. Systematic analyses of these interrelated variables are needed since it is now evident that the schedule employed to maintain responding itself exerts significant effects.", "PMID": 709412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3883", "title": "Time course of mesenteric vasodilatation following hypophysectomy and the stopping of a vasopressin infusion.", "content": "Hypophysectomy caused an increase in superior mesenteric arterial conductance that reached a new plateau approximately 20 min after removal of the gland in four pentobarbital-anesthetized cats. Intravenous infusion of arginine vasopressin (0.74 +/- 0.21 mU min-1kg-1) caused conductance to decrease to approximately prehypophysectomy control values. Stopping the infusion resulted in an increase in conductance and the time course of this vasodilatation was virtually identical to that which occurred following hypophysectomy. The results are consistent with the interpretation that the effects of acute hypophysectomy on the mesenteric resistance vessels are due primarily to removal of the vasopressin system and the concomitant elimination of circulating vasopressin.", "contents": "Time course of mesenteric vasodilatation following hypophysectomy and the stopping of a vasopressin infusion. Hypophysectomy caused an increase in superior mesenteric arterial conductance that reached a new plateau approximately 20 min after removal of the gland in four pentobarbital-anesthetized cats. Intravenous infusion of arginine vasopressin (0.74 +/- 0.21 mU min-1kg-1) caused conductance to decrease to approximately prehypophysectomy control values. Stopping the infusion resulted in an increase in conductance and the time course of this vasodilatation was virtually identical to that which occurred following hypophysectomy. The results are consistent with the interpretation that the effects of acute hypophysectomy on the mesenteric resistance vessels are due primarily to removal of the vasopressin system and the concomitant elimination of circulating vasopressin.", "PMID": 709414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3884", "title": "Relationship between analgesia and turnover of brain biogenic amines.", "content": "The analgesic activity of morphine, delta9THC, and sodium salicylate was studied concomitantly with changes in brainstem and cortex turnover of dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), and serotonin (5HT). The results show that a correlation exists between the presence of analgesia and the increased turnover rates of the three biogenic amines. Morphine and sodium salicylate induced analgesia is accompanied by an increased turnover rate of all three biogenic amines; delta9THC-induced analgesia is accompanied by an increased turnover rate of DA and 5HT only. There is, however, no consistent relationship between the degree of analgesia and the degree of change in the turnover rates. The existence of the endogenous morphine-like substances, endorphines, may explain why morphine analgesia is distinct from that of delta9THC and sodium salicylate. The possible relationship between this morphine-like substance and biogenic amines is discussed.", "contents": "Relationship between analgesia and turnover of brain biogenic amines. The analgesic activity of morphine, delta9THC, and sodium salicylate was studied concomitantly with changes in brainstem and cortex turnover of dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), and serotonin (5HT). The results show that a correlation exists between the presence of analgesia and the increased turnover rates of the three biogenic amines. Morphine and sodium salicylate induced analgesia is accompanied by an increased turnover rate of all three biogenic amines; delta9THC-induced analgesia is accompanied by an increased turnover rate of DA and 5HT only. There is, however, no consistent relationship between the degree of analgesia and the degree of change in the turnover rates. The existence of the endogenous morphine-like substances, endorphines, may explain why morphine analgesia is distinct from that of delta9THC and sodium salicylate. The possible relationship between this morphine-like substance and biogenic amines is discussed.", "PMID": 709413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3885", "title": "Increased sensitivity of frog skeletal muscle to procaine in the presence of organic anions.", "content": "In solutions containing an organic anion in place of chloride, frog toe muscles displayed increased sensitivity to the local anaesthetic action of procaine. Twitch inhibition by procaine in all media was accompanied by suppression of action potentials without change in membrane resting potentials. The twitch depressant effect of procaine was greater in solutions with carboxylate anions than with alkyl sulfonates. The intensity and the rapidity of onset of the effects of organic anions was related to the size of their hydrophobic component. Procaine accentuated acetate-induced reductions in the [K]0 required to produce K contractures and in the time course of submaximum K contractures. These effects were not shared by benzocaine. They were antagonized by increased [Ca]0. The results indicate that separate agents can exert mutually enhancing actions from opposite surfaces of the sarcolemma to facilitate the inactivation of depolarization-induced excitation--contraction coupling as well as that of the potential-dependent sodium channel.", "contents": "Increased sensitivity of frog skeletal muscle to procaine in the presence of organic anions. In solutions containing an organic anion in place of chloride, frog toe muscles displayed increased sensitivity to the local anaesthetic action of procaine. Twitch inhibition by procaine in all media was accompanied by suppression of action potentials without change in membrane resting potentials. The twitch depressant effect of procaine was greater in solutions with carboxylate anions than with alkyl sulfonates. The intensity and the rapidity of onset of the effects of organic anions was related to the size of their hydrophobic component. Procaine accentuated acetate-induced reductions in the [K]0 required to produce K contractures and in the time course of submaximum K contractures. These effects were not shared by benzocaine. They were antagonized by increased [Ca]0. The results indicate that separate agents can exert mutually enhancing actions from opposite surfaces of the sarcolemma to facilitate the inactivation of depolarization-induced excitation--contraction coupling as well as that of the potential-dependent sodium channel.", "PMID": 709415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3886", "title": "Periodic, short-term heat exposure and reproductive function in male and female rats.", "content": "Reproductive function of male and female rats was examined in relation to periodic, short-term heat treatment. Daily exposure to an environmental temperature of 38.2 degrees C for 55 min elevated rectal temperatures to 39.9 and 41.2 degrees C in male and female rats, respectively. Heat exposure tended to decrease copulation in males cohabitated with unheated females. The rate of conception was affected similarly, and fetal survival tended to be reduced by paternal heat treatment. Estrous cycles were disrupted initially in heat-exposed females, but the rate of copulation and conception of females cohabitated with unheated males was unaltered by heat treatment. However, maternal heat exposure impaired prenatal survival and growth. During lactation, a high incidence of maternal and pup deaths was observed at approximately 14 days postpartum. Maternal deaths were coincident with a decrease in thermoregulatory ability and rectal temperatures exceeding 42 degrees C.", "contents": "Periodic, short-term heat exposure and reproductive function in male and female rats. Reproductive function of male and female rats was examined in relation to periodic, short-term heat treatment. Daily exposure to an environmental temperature of 38.2 degrees C for 55 min elevated rectal temperatures to 39.9 and 41.2 degrees C in male and female rats, respectively. Heat exposure tended to decrease copulation in males cohabitated with unheated females. The rate of conception was affected similarly, and fetal survival tended to be reduced by paternal heat treatment. Estrous cycles were disrupted initially in heat-exposed females, but the rate of copulation and conception of females cohabitated with unheated males was unaltered by heat treatment. However, maternal heat exposure impaired prenatal survival and growth. During lactation, a high incidence of maternal and pup deaths was observed at approximately 14 days postpartum. Maternal deaths were coincident with a decrease in thermoregulatory ability and rectal temperatures exceeding 42 degrees C.", "PMID": 709416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3887", "title": "Labeling of a glucose binding protein in the rabbit intestinal brush border membrane.", "content": "Using a double labeling method based on the method of Thomas (Thomas, L. 1973). Isolation of N-ethylmaleimide-labeled phloridzin-sensitive D-glucose binding protein of brush border membrane from rat kidney cortex. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 291, 454--464), with radioactive N-ethylmaleimide ([3H]NEM and [14C]NEM) in the presence and absence of D-glucose, a protein band which is periodic acid--Schiff staining insensitive and which has a relative mobility (Rm) of 0.55 (corresponding to a molecular weight of 51 000 daltons) as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) electrophoresis was labeled preferentially. When radioactive p-hydroxymercuriphenylsulfonate ([203Hg]PCMBS) is used in the presence and absence of D-glucose, as described by Smith et al. (Smith, M. W., Ferguson, D. R., and Burton, K. A. 1975. Glucose- and phloridzin-protected thiol groups in pig intestinal brush border membranes. Biochem. J. 147, 617--619.), a protein band which has a relative mobility of 0.62 and a corresponding molecular weight of 42 000 daltons was labeled. Control experiments have shown that increasing concentrations of nonradioactive NEM (0.1--5.0 mM) do not substantially modify the electrophoretic pattern of SDS-solubilized brush border membrane. Nonradioactive PCMBS (0.1--10 mM), on the other hand, modifies the electrophoretic pattern and especially causes a change in relative mobility of the 0.55 protein band which migrates after 1 mM PCMBS treatment with a Rm of 0.62. The effect of 1 mM PCMBS can be reversed by adding L-cysteine or dithiothreitol. Actin extracted from rabbit muscle migrates with the same Rm as the 0.55 protein band in our electrophoretic conditions.", "contents": "Labeling of a glucose binding protein in the rabbit intestinal brush border membrane. Using a double labeling method based on the method of Thomas (Thomas, L. 1973). Isolation of N-ethylmaleimide-labeled phloridzin-sensitive D-glucose binding protein of brush border membrane from rat kidney cortex. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 291, 454--464), with radioactive N-ethylmaleimide ([3H]NEM and [14C]NEM) in the presence and absence of D-glucose, a protein band which is periodic acid--Schiff staining insensitive and which has a relative mobility (Rm) of 0.55 (corresponding to a molecular weight of 51 000 daltons) as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) electrophoresis was labeled preferentially. When radioactive p-hydroxymercuriphenylsulfonate ([203Hg]PCMBS) is used in the presence and absence of D-glucose, as described by Smith et al. (Smith, M. W., Ferguson, D. R., and Burton, K. A. 1975. Glucose- and phloridzin-protected thiol groups in pig intestinal brush border membranes. Biochem. J. 147, 617--619.), a protein band which has a relative mobility of 0.62 and a corresponding molecular weight of 42 000 daltons was labeled. Control experiments have shown that increasing concentrations of nonradioactive NEM (0.1--5.0 mM) do not substantially modify the electrophoretic pattern of SDS-solubilized brush border membrane. Nonradioactive PCMBS (0.1--10 mM), on the other hand, modifies the electrophoretic pattern and especially causes a change in relative mobility of the 0.55 protein band which migrates after 1 mM PCMBS treatment with a Rm of 0.62. The effect of 1 mM PCMBS can be reversed by adding L-cysteine or dithiothreitol. Actin extracted from rabbit muscle migrates with the same Rm as the 0.55 protein band in our electrophoretic conditions.", "PMID": 709417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3888", "title": "The electromyographic response to sudden stretches of limb muscles in normal human subjects.", "content": "The electromyographic (EMG) activity following a sudden stretch applied to wrist flexor or extensor muscles was investigated using a method which enabled the individual records and cumulative results of 30 trials to be observed simultaneously. The results showed that in each case the spinal reflex EMG burst was followed by one or two additional reflex bursts. The second of these latter bursts, when present, occurred in one of two distinct latency ranges. Thus, three distinct latency ranges were observed for reflex bursts following the spinal reflex burst. A possible explanation for these results is that there are three distinct long-loop reflexes, one or two of which may be active following a muscle stretch. The present results do not distinguish whether any or all of these long-loop reflexes are segmental or supraspinal in origin.", "contents": "The electromyographic response to sudden stretches of limb muscles in normal human subjects. The electromyographic (EMG) activity following a sudden stretch applied to wrist flexor or extensor muscles was investigated using a method which enabled the individual records and cumulative results of 30 trials to be observed simultaneously. The results showed that in each case the spinal reflex EMG burst was followed by one or two additional reflex bursts. The second of these latter bursts, when present, occurred in one of two distinct latency ranges. Thus, three distinct latency ranges were observed for reflex bursts following the spinal reflex burst. A possible explanation for these results is that there are three distinct long-loop reflexes, one or two of which may be active following a muscle stretch. The present results do not distinguish whether any or all of these long-loop reflexes are segmental or supraspinal in origin.", "PMID": 709418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3889", "title": "Cryoactivation and tryptic activation of blood 'prorenin' in normal man and animals.", "content": "Plasma and serum of healthy subjects apparently contain a precursor form of renin, or 'prorenin,' which can be activated by the ice-cold temperature at which samples are customarily handled for prolonged periods in laboratories and blood banks. The effect of such prior cryoactivation for 9 days at 4 degrees C is to increase subsequent plasma renin activity (PRA) at 37 degrees C by 108 +/- 16.3% (mean +/- SE) over the nonactivated control value (P less than 0.001). At a lower temperature (-4 degrees C), the cryoactivation effect is considerably greater than at 4 degrees C. Cryoactivation is not obliterated by the prefreezing of plasma, or reduced by inclusion of bacteriostats. Nor is it attributable to any detectable reduction in angiotensinase activity. In rats, cryoactivation at 4 degrees C is much lower than in humans, suggesting a marked species difference either in prorenin concentration or in the rapidity of its spontaneous conversion after blood collection. Trypsin at near optimal concentrations also consistently activates human plasma prorenin, whether at 4, 23, or 37 degrees C indicating that cold is not an essential concomitant of tryptic activation. In excess, the magnitude of which varies among individuals, trypsin at first produces activation and later a decline in PRA, probably due to degradation of the reactants (prorenin, renin, angiotensinogen) and of the initial product (angiotensin I). The identity of angiotensin I in activated and control plasmas can be established by specific radioimmunoassay, and bioassay. Our data indicate that tryptic activation involves little direct production of angiotensin I but rather converts prorenin, thereby enhancing the angiotensin generating capacity of the plasma renin system itself. Tryptic activation in plasma of anaesthetized dogs is lower than in humans, but higher than in conscious or anaesthetized rabbits in whom the effect appears to be slight. In anaesthetized rats there is virtually no tryptic activation, which is in line with the results by cryoactivation. Since the renin--angiotensin systems of dogs, rabbits, and rats have been extensively studied in experimental models of human hypertension, these observed departures from human levels of cryoactivation and tryptic activation of prorenin deserve further investigation.", "contents": "Cryoactivation and tryptic activation of blood 'prorenin' in normal man and animals. Plasma and serum of healthy subjects apparently contain a precursor form of renin, or 'prorenin,' which can be activated by the ice-cold temperature at which samples are customarily handled for prolonged periods in laboratories and blood banks. The effect of such prior cryoactivation for 9 days at 4 degrees C is to increase subsequent plasma renin activity (PRA) at 37 degrees C by 108 +/- 16.3% (mean +/- SE) over the nonactivated control value (P less than 0.001). At a lower temperature (-4 degrees C), the cryoactivation effect is considerably greater than at 4 degrees C. Cryoactivation is not obliterated by the prefreezing of plasma, or reduced by inclusion of bacteriostats. Nor is it attributable to any detectable reduction in angiotensinase activity. In rats, cryoactivation at 4 degrees C is much lower than in humans, suggesting a marked species difference either in prorenin concentration or in the rapidity of its spontaneous conversion after blood collection. Trypsin at near optimal concentrations also consistently activates human plasma prorenin, whether at 4, 23, or 37 degrees C indicating that cold is not an essential concomitant of tryptic activation. In excess, the magnitude of which varies among individuals, trypsin at first produces activation and later a decline in PRA, probably due to degradation of the reactants (prorenin, renin, angiotensinogen) and of the initial product (angiotensin I). The identity of angiotensin I in activated and control plasmas can be established by specific radioimmunoassay, and bioassay. Our data indicate that tryptic activation involves little direct production of angiotensin I but rather converts prorenin, thereby enhancing the angiotensin generating capacity of the plasma renin system itself. Tryptic activation in plasma of anaesthetized dogs is lower than in humans, but higher than in conscious or anaesthetized rabbits in whom the effect appears to be slight. In anaesthetized rats there is virtually no tryptic activation, which is in line with the results by cryoactivation. Since the renin--angiotensin systems of dogs, rabbits, and rats have been extensively studied in experimental models of human hypertension, these observed departures from human levels of cryoactivation and tryptic activation of prorenin deserve further investigation.", "PMID": 709420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3890", "title": "Effect of renal denervation on the development of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "The involvement of the renal nerves in the development of hypertension in Okamoto spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was investigated by performing bilateral renal denervation in a group (n = 7) of SHR at 8 weeks of age. A sham-operated group (n = 7) of SHR served as surgical controls. Systolic arterial pressure was recorded twice a week until 14 weeks of age using a tail cuff method. Renal denervation significantly (P less than 0.01) altered the time course for development of hypertension, although both groups eventually developed hypertension. During the 6-week observation period, there were no significant differences in body weight, average 24-h food and fluid intake, urine output, or Na+ and K+ excretion between the two groups. At 20 weeks of age there were no significant differences in systolic pressure, average fluid intake, or urine output between the sham and denervated groups. These results suggest that the renal nerves may be involved in the early phase of development of hypertension in the SHR. The possibility that altered renal function may be the mechanism of the above effects is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of renal denervation on the development of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. The involvement of the renal nerves in the development of hypertension in Okamoto spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was investigated by performing bilateral renal denervation in a group (n = 7) of SHR at 8 weeks of age. A sham-operated group (n = 7) of SHR served as surgical controls. Systolic arterial pressure was recorded twice a week until 14 weeks of age using a tail cuff method. Renal denervation significantly (P less than 0.01) altered the time course for development of hypertension, although both groups eventually developed hypertension. During the 6-week observation period, there were no significant differences in body weight, average 24-h food and fluid intake, urine output, or Na+ and K+ excretion between the two groups. At 20 weeks of age there were no significant differences in systolic pressure, average fluid intake, or urine output between the sham and denervated groups. These results suggest that the renal nerves may be involved in the early phase of development of hypertension in the SHR. The possibility that altered renal function may be the mechanism of the above effects is discussed.", "PMID": 709421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3891", "title": "The guinea pig tracheobronchial spiral strip: responses to selected agonists.", "content": "The guinea pig tracheal spiral strip is a useful preparation for studying bronchoconstrictor and bronchodilator compounds. Employing a simple and rapid modification of this technique, experiments were performed in vitro to quantitate the effects of selected bronchospastic agents on guinea pig tracheobronchial smooth muscle. Three sections of the main airways were prepared from each animal: an upper tracheal, a lower tracheal, and a bronchial segment. The dose-dependent contractile responses of the three tissue segments were determined for carbachol, acetylcholine, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and bradykinin. Differences were observed amongst the agonists in magnitudes of contraction, effective concentration ranges, and slopes of dose-response curves. ED25, ED50, and ED75 values were calculated from regression analysis of dose-response data. The relative order for these agents to produce maximum contractions was found to be carbachol congruent to acetylcholine greater than histamine greater than 5-hydroxytryptamine greater than bradykinin. Furthermore, it was found that there was no significant difference between the three tissue segments in their responses to the various agonists.", "contents": "The guinea pig tracheobronchial spiral strip: responses to selected agonists. The guinea pig tracheal spiral strip is a useful preparation for studying bronchoconstrictor and bronchodilator compounds. Employing a simple and rapid modification of this technique, experiments were performed in vitro to quantitate the effects of selected bronchospastic agents on guinea pig tracheobronchial smooth muscle. Three sections of the main airways were prepared from each animal: an upper tracheal, a lower tracheal, and a bronchial segment. The dose-dependent contractile responses of the three tissue segments were determined for carbachol, acetylcholine, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and bradykinin. Differences were observed amongst the agonists in magnitudes of contraction, effective concentration ranges, and slopes of dose-response curves. ED25, ED50, and ED75 values were calculated from regression analysis of dose-response data. The relative order for these agents to produce maximum contractions was found to be carbachol congruent to acetylcholine greater than histamine greater than 5-hydroxytryptamine greater than bradykinin. Furthermore, it was found that there was no significant difference between the three tissue segments in their responses to the various agonists.", "PMID": 709422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3892", "title": "Effects of 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 on ion transport by isolated rabbit gastric mucosa and rat intestinal epithelial cells.", "content": "The actions of 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (dmPGE2) were investigated on ion transport in in vitro rabbit fundic mucosa and rat isolated jejunal cells. Addition of dmPGE2 (1.3 X 10(-4)M) to the serosal side of the rabbit mucosa resulted in a significant decrease in the transmural potential difference (PD) and short circuit current (Isc). The transmembrane resistance (R) displayed a significant rise over control values. Furthermore, the net serosa to mucosa flux of chloride ion decreased while the net serosa to mucosa movement of sodium remained unchanged. In the rat intestinal cells, increasing the concentration of dmPGE2 from 10(-10) to 10(-4)M caused a fall in sodium efflux. These data indicate that dmPGE2 alters the rate of active transport of the predominant ion pump of the resting rabbit gastric mucosa and the rate of Na efflux from rat intestinal epithelial cells without apparently affecting the membrane permeability.", "contents": "Effects of 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 on ion transport by isolated rabbit gastric mucosa and rat intestinal epithelial cells. The actions of 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (dmPGE2) were investigated on ion transport in in vitro rabbit fundic mucosa and rat isolated jejunal cells. Addition of dmPGE2 (1.3 X 10(-4)M) to the serosal side of the rabbit mucosa resulted in a significant decrease in the transmural potential difference (PD) and short circuit current (Isc). The transmembrane resistance (R) displayed a significant rise over control values. Furthermore, the net serosa to mucosa flux of chloride ion decreased while the net serosa to mucosa movement of sodium remained unchanged. In the rat intestinal cells, increasing the concentration of dmPGE2 from 10(-10) to 10(-4)M caused a fall in sodium efflux. These data indicate that dmPGE2 alters the rate of active transport of the predominant ion pump of the resting rabbit gastric mucosa and the rate of Na efflux from rat intestinal epithelial cells without apparently affecting the membrane permeability.", "PMID": 709423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3893", "title": "Enzymatic degradation of somatostatin by rat plasma and hypothalamus.", "content": "A highly sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for somatostatin has been used to study inactivation of the neurohormone by plasma and hypothalamic peptidase(s). Specificity of the inactivation process was indicated by the absence of interference by addition of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, oxytocin, or substance P. The inactivating ability of hypothalamic tissue and plasma was destroyed by heating and the protease inhibitor benzamidine prevented plasma activity, thus suggesting the enzymatic nature of the processes involved. The present data suggest that the inactivation of somatostatin by hypothalamus and plasma could be an important factor in the regulation of circulating somatostatin levels.", "contents": "Enzymatic degradation of somatostatin by rat plasma and hypothalamus. A highly sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for somatostatin has been used to study inactivation of the neurohormone by plasma and hypothalamic peptidase(s). Specificity of the inactivation process was indicated by the absence of interference by addition of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, oxytocin, or substance P. The inactivating ability of hypothalamic tissue and plasma was destroyed by heating and the protease inhibitor benzamidine prevented plasma activity, thus suggesting the enzymatic nature of the processes involved. The present data suggest that the inactivation of somatostatin by hypothalamus and plasma could be an important factor in the regulation of circulating somatostatin levels.", "PMID": 709424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3894", "title": "Metabolism of the isolated perfused rabbit heart. I. Responses to anoxia and reoxygenation. II. Energy stores.", "content": "Cardiac performance, substrate utilization, and creatine kinase (CK) release were studied in Langendorff rabbit hearts during aerobic perfusion, 25 min of anoxia, and 75 min of reoxygenation. In study I (n = 40), increasing glucose availability during aerobic perfusion enhanced substrate utilization without influencing cardiac performance, and this effect was not modified by insulin. Reoxygenation with glucose decreased CK (milliunits per millilitre) in the coronary sinus effluent but the best early recovery occurred in hearts protected with the 'cocktail' (see Table 1) during anoxia and perfused with glucose and insulin during recovery. This early recovery of performance was associated with transient higher CK loss, an effect that may have been related to one or more of the following factors: squeezing out of interstitial CK, heterogeneous anoxic injury to the myocardium, severe sarcolemmal damage, and preferential energy utilization by the contractile apparatus. In study II (N = 82), increasing recovery of cardiac performance was associated with increasing rate of CK loss (milliunits per minute) during reoxygenation. At 15 min of recovery, creatine phosphate (CP) and ATP stores were 400 and 50% of the aerobic group suggesting the presence of a defect in energy transfer from CP to the cytosolic ADP:ATP system. Thereafter, CP levels gradually declined while ATP reached a peak concentration of 85% of the aerobic group at 30 min. By the end of recovery, ATP stores were low at 23% of control, at a time when cardiac performance and the rate of CK loss were maximal. The significance of these depleted ATP stores remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Metabolism of the isolated perfused rabbit heart. I. Responses to anoxia and reoxygenation. II. Energy stores. Cardiac performance, substrate utilization, and creatine kinase (CK) release were studied in Langendorff rabbit hearts during aerobic perfusion, 25 min of anoxia, and 75 min of reoxygenation. In study I (n = 40), increasing glucose availability during aerobic perfusion enhanced substrate utilization without influencing cardiac performance, and this effect was not modified by insulin. Reoxygenation with glucose decreased CK (milliunits per millilitre) in the coronary sinus effluent but the best early recovery occurred in hearts protected with the 'cocktail' (see Table 1) during anoxia and perfused with glucose and insulin during recovery. This early recovery of performance was associated with transient higher CK loss, an effect that may have been related to one or more of the following factors: squeezing out of interstitial CK, heterogeneous anoxic injury to the myocardium, severe sarcolemmal damage, and preferential energy utilization by the contractile apparatus. In study II (N = 82), increasing recovery of cardiac performance was associated with increasing rate of CK loss (milliunits per minute) during reoxygenation. At 15 min of recovery, creatine phosphate (CP) and ATP stores were 400 and 50% of the aerobic group suggesting the presence of a defect in energy transfer from CP to the cytosolic ADP:ATP system. Thereafter, CP levels gradually declined while ATP reached a peak concentration of 85% of the aerobic group at 30 min. By the end of recovery, ATP stores were low at 23% of control, at a time when cardiac performance and the rate of CK loss were maximal. The significance of these depleted ATP stores remains to be elucidated.", "PMID": 709425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3895", "title": "Brain extracellular potassium and general anaesthetics.", "content": "General anaesthetic agents (halothane, trichlorethylene, methohexital, pentobarbital, and alphaxalone--alphadolone) depress the extracellular accumulations (deltaEk) and associated focal potentials (deltaV) which are evoked in the cuneate nucleus by tetanic stimulation of peripheral nerves. Depressions of deltaV are significantly greater than those of deltaEk; at the same time there is a dissociation of the relation between deltaV and deltaEk. There are no detectable changes in the resting levels of K+ or the small voltage shifts evoked by low-frequency intranuclear stimulation with a microlectrode. When anaesthesia produces severe hypotension, augmentations of [K+]0 occur which can be attributed to depression of electrogenic Na--K pumping. A possible explanation of the reduction in K+ release resulting from afferent fibre activity would be failure of conduction caused by membrane stabilization or hyperpolarization.", "contents": "Brain extracellular potassium and general anaesthetics. General anaesthetic agents (halothane, trichlorethylene, methohexital, pentobarbital, and alphaxalone--alphadolone) depress the extracellular accumulations (deltaEk) and associated focal potentials (deltaV) which are evoked in the cuneate nucleus by tetanic stimulation of peripheral nerves. Depressions of deltaV are significantly greater than those of deltaEk; at the same time there is a dissociation of the relation between deltaV and deltaEk. There are no detectable changes in the resting levels of K+ or the small voltage shifts evoked by low-frequency intranuclear stimulation with a microlectrode. When anaesthesia produces severe hypotension, augmentations of [K+]0 occur which can be attributed to depression of electrogenic Na--K pumping. A possible explanation of the reduction in K+ release resulting from afferent fibre activity would be failure of conduction caused by membrane stabilization or hyperpolarization.", "PMID": 709426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3896", "title": "Atropine blockade of cholinergic drugs on rabbit stomach muscle.", "content": "The competition between atropine and a full agonist, carbachol, was tested on dibenamine-pretreated smooth muscle of rabbit stomach. Even after extensive irreversible blockade by dibenamine, atropine blockade of the response to carbachol was still competitive and the atropine affinity constant was unchanged. This differed from the noncompetitive action of atropine in blocking the contractile effects of partial agonists such as pilocarpine or heptyl trimethylammonium. The results thus indicate that it is not possible to convert a full agonist into a partial agonist merely by reducing the number of available cholinergic receptors. The present study compares the competitive effect of atropine on the actions of the full agonist carbachol, under conditions of irreversible blockade, with the competitive effect of atropine on partial agonists such as pilocarpine or heptyl trimethylammonium.", "contents": "Atropine blockade of cholinergic drugs on rabbit stomach muscle. The competition between atropine and a full agonist, carbachol, was tested on dibenamine-pretreated smooth muscle of rabbit stomach. Even after extensive irreversible blockade by dibenamine, atropine blockade of the response to carbachol was still competitive and the atropine affinity constant was unchanged. This differed from the noncompetitive action of atropine in blocking the contractile effects of partial agonists such as pilocarpine or heptyl trimethylammonium. The results thus indicate that it is not possible to convert a full agonist into a partial agonist merely by reducing the number of available cholinergic receptors. The present study compares the competitive effect of atropine on the actions of the full agonist carbachol, under conditions of irreversible blockade, with the competitive effect of atropine on partial agonists such as pilocarpine or heptyl trimethylammonium.", "PMID": 709427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3897", "title": "Effect of a local cold stress on peripheral temperatures of Inuit, Oriental, and Caucasian subjects.", "content": "Male subjects comprised of six Inuit from Igloolik, N.W.T., and five Orientals and six Caucasians from Toronto, Ont., volunteered for tests to determine the effect of localized cold stress on peripheral temperatures. In each subject, skin temperatures of the right index finger, the arm, and the cheek, as well as blood pressure and heart rate, were measured before, during, and after foot immersion in water of 10 degrees C temperature for 10 min. There was an immediate decrease in finger temperature on foot immersion in all three subject groups; however, the Inuit finger temperatures recovered very quickly to control values, the Caucasian finger temperatures began to increase after decreasing for 7.5 min, and the Oriental finger temperatures decreased continuously during the foot immersion and remained cool even 10 min after the removal of the cold stimulus. The cold stimulus did not affect the cheek or arm temperatures of any of the groups. In all subjects, systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rates increased on foot immersion, gradually returning towards normal values. No intergroup differences were seen in these parameters.", "contents": "Effect of a local cold stress on peripheral temperatures of Inuit, Oriental, and Caucasian subjects. Male subjects comprised of six Inuit from Igloolik, N.W.T., and five Orientals and six Caucasians from Toronto, Ont., volunteered for tests to determine the effect of localized cold stress on peripheral temperatures. In each subject, skin temperatures of the right index finger, the arm, and the cheek, as well as blood pressure and heart rate, were measured before, during, and after foot immersion in water of 10 degrees C temperature for 10 min. There was an immediate decrease in finger temperature on foot immersion in all three subject groups; however, the Inuit finger temperatures recovered very quickly to control values, the Caucasian finger temperatures began to increase after decreasing for 7.5 min, and the Oriental finger temperatures decreased continuously during the foot immersion and remained cool even 10 min after the removal of the cold stimulus. The cold stimulus did not affect the cheek or arm temperatures of any of the groups. In all subjects, systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rates increased on foot immersion, gradually returning towards normal values. No intergroup differences were seen in these parameters.", "PMID": 709428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3898", "title": "The effect of clothing on the initial ventilatory responses during cold-water immersion.", "content": "The effect of clothing on ventilatory responses during cold-water immersion was studied. Subjects were immersed in water at 13.9 degrees C on two occasions wearing either a bathing suit only or clothed with jacket, shirt, pants, and sports shoes. It was found that the initial gasp and subsequent minutes of expired ventilation were significantly attenuated, whereas the changes in end-tidal PCO2 were only significantly different for the 2nd and 3rd min of the immersion. It would appear that the use of clothing may prove beneficial during the first few minutes of a cold-water immersion by decreasing the powerful drive to increased respiration.", "contents": "The effect of clothing on the initial ventilatory responses during cold-water immersion. The effect of clothing on ventilatory responses during cold-water immersion was studied. Subjects were immersed in water at 13.9 degrees C on two occasions wearing either a bathing suit only or clothed with jacket, shirt, pants, and sports shoes. It was found that the initial gasp and subsequent minutes of expired ventilation were significantly attenuated, whereas the changes in end-tidal PCO2 were only significantly different for the 2nd and 3rd min of the immersion. It would appear that the use of clothing may prove beneficial during the first few minutes of a cold-water immersion by decreasing the powerful drive to increased respiration.", "PMID": 709429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3899", "title": "Epileptiform seizures in domestic fowl. IX. Implications of the absence of anticonvulsant activity of ethosuximide in a pharmacological model of epilepsy.", "content": "Acute dose--response studies were conducted to determine if ethosuximide had anticonvulsant activity against seizures evoked by stroboscopic stimulation of epileptic fowl and to correlate the observed effects with the concentration of the drug in the plasma. Ethosuximide, in doses that produced mean plasma concentrations of 366 microgram/ml and signs of sedation, did not reduce seizure susceptibility. Twice daily administration of ethosuximide produced mean plasma concentrations of 430 microgram/ml after 36 h without affecting seizure susceptibility even in the presence of marked sedation. Previous studies have shown that epileptic fowl are sensitive to the anticonvulsant effects of phenobarbital, phenytoin, and primidone at plasma concentrations similar to those required in humans. Since ethosuximide has a high specificity against petit mal seizures in humans, the failure of ethosuximide to provide protection indicates that epileptic fowl represent a relatively specific pharmacological model for drugs effective against generalized tonic--clonic and focal cortical epilepsies in humans.", "contents": "Epileptiform seizures in domestic fowl. IX. Implications of the absence of anticonvulsant activity of ethosuximide in a pharmacological model of epilepsy. Acute dose--response studies were conducted to determine if ethosuximide had anticonvulsant activity against seizures evoked by stroboscopic stimulation of epileptic fowl and to correlate the observed effects with the concentration of the drug in the plasma. Ethosuximide, in doses that produced mean plasma concentrations of 366 microgram/ml and signs of sedation, did not reduce seizure susceptibility. Twice daily administration of ethosuximide produced mean plasma concentrations of 430 microgram/ml after 36 h without affecting seizure susceptibility even in the presence of marked sedation. Previous studies have shown that epileptic fowl are sensitive to the anticonvulsant effects of phenobarbital, phenytoin, and primidone at plasma concentrations similar to those required in humans. Since ethosuximide has a high specificity against petit mal seizures in humans, the failure of ethosuximide to provide protection indicates that epileptic fowl represent a relatively specific pharmacological model for drugs effective against generalized tonic--clonic and focal cortical epilepsies in humans.", "PMID": 709430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3900", "title": "Purine metabolism and differential inhibition of spore germination in Phytophthora infestans.", "content": "An analysis of the effect of various purines and pyrimidines on the germination process in three different isolates of the late blight fungus, Phytophthora infestans, revealed increased rates of indirect germination in one isolate by adenine, hypoxanthine, and the riboside of dimethylaminopurine. This observation coupled with the capacity of sporangia of the race affected (1.2.3.4) for the uptake and interconversion of purines, as demonstrated by experiments with labelled purines under in vivo and in vitro conditions, pointed to hypoxanthine as a key intermediate in the purine metabolism directly associated with spore formation and development. This enhanced germination contrasted sharply with the almost complete arrest of indirect germination that occurred when sporangia were incubated with the purine analogue, benzimidazole, or with either of the respiratory inhibitors, sodium azide and 2,4-dinitrophenol. The pattern of differential inhibition exhibited by sporangia versus zoospores upon treatment with actinomycin D, 4-FLUOROURACIL, OR CYCLOHEXIMIDE INDICATED THat continued translation on preformed messenger RNA may be one essential requirement for the formation and release of zoospores, whereas their subsequent germination and development may depend upon renewed transcription as well.", "contents": "Purine metabolism and differential inhibition of spore germination in Phytophthora infestans. An analysis of the effect of various purines and pyrimidines on the germination process in three different isolates of the late blight fungus, Phytophthora infestans, revealed increased rates of indirect germination in one isolate by adenine, hypoxanthine, and the riboside of dimethylaminopurine. This observation coupled with the capacity of sporangia of the race affected (1.2.3.4) for the uptake and interconversion of purines, as demonstrated by experiments with labelled purines under in vivo and in vitro conditions, pointed to hypoxanthine as a key intermediate in the purine metabolism directly associated with spore formation and development. This enhanced germination contrasted sharply with the almost complete arrest of indirect germination that occurred when sporangia were incubated with the purine analogue, benzimidazole, or with either of the respiratory inhibitors, sodium azide and 2,4-dinitrophenol. The pattern of differential inhibition exhibited by sporangia versus zoospores upon treatment with actinomycin D, 4-FLUOROURACIL, OR CYCLOHEXIMIDE INDICATED THat continued translation on preformed messenger RNA may be one essential requirement for the formation and release of zoospores, whereas their subsequent germination and development may depend upon renewed transcription as well.", "PMID": 709431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3901", "title": "Influence of calcium on the differentiation and growth of aggregated organs in Sphaerostilbe repens.", "content": "In the ascomycete Sphaerostilbe repens the vegetative mycelium aggregated into structures composed of aerial coremia and rhizomorphs immersed in the culture medium. The morphology and growth of the cultures were examined on a defined medium with and without calcium supplementation. Initiation and growth of aggregated organs occurred only if calcium was present continuously in the culture medium. On calcium-deficient media the fungus produced only vegetative mycelium which retained its ability to aggregate in the presence of the cation. Small concentrations of calcium (less than 1 ppm) stimulated aggregation of the mycelium, but higher concentrations (about 200 ppm) were necessary to obtain optimum development of the aggregated organs. Strontium partially replaced calcium, but lithium did not, as a stimulator of aggregation.", "contents": "Influence of calcium on the differentiation and growth of aggregated organs in Sphaerostilbe repens. In the ascomycete Sphaerostilbe repens the vegetative mycelium aggregated into structures composed of aerial coremia and rhizomorphs immersed in the culture medium. The morphology and growth of the cultures were examined on a defined medium with and without calcium supplementation. Initiation and growth of aggregated organs occurred only if calcium was present continuously in the culture medium. On calcium-deficient media the fungus produced only vegetative mycelium which retained its ability to aggregate in the presence of the cation. Small concentrations of calcium (less than 1 ppm) stimulated aggregation of the mycelium, but higher concentrations (about 200 ppm) were necessary to obtain optimum development of the aggregated organs. Strontium partially replaced calcium, but lithium did not, as a stimulator of aggregation.", "PMID": 709432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3902", "title": "Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from surface and well waters in Ontario.", "content": "Yersinia enterocolitica was isolated from forty-three surface- and well-water samples and one municipal supply. In many cases these samples were negative for coliform bacteria. After incubation of membrane filters on M-Endo agar LES at 35 degrees C for total coliform analysis, filters were held an additional 24 h at room temperature. This method was more productive for isolation of waterborne types of Y. enterocolitica than was cold enrichment in buffer alone or in combination with modified Rappaport broth. Most of the water isolates were atypical in being rhamnose-positive. Eighteen isolates (38%) were serotypable, presenting nine different serotypes with 0:4 occurring most frequently followed by 0:6,30. Water isolates of serotype 0:6,30 resemble human strains of the same serotype.", "contents": "Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from surface and well waters in Ontario. Yersinia enterocolitica was isolated from forty-three surface- and well-water samples and one municipal supply. In many cases these samples were negative for coliform bacteria. After incubation of membrane filters on M-Endo agar LES at 35 degrees C for total coliform analysis, filters were held an additional 24 h at room temperature. This method was more productive for isolation of waterborne types of Y. enterocolitica than was cold enrichment in buffer alone or in combination with modified Rappaport broth. Most of the water isolates were atypical in being rhamnose-positive. Eighteen isolates (38%) were serotypable, presenting nine different serotypes with 0:4 occurring most frequently followed by 0:6,30. Water isolates of serotype 0:6,30 resemble human strains of the same serotype.", "PMID": 709433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3903", "title": "Early phases of degeneration of mycoplasma-like bodies in plant tissue cultures infected with aster yellows: morphological analogies with Mycoplasma hominis.", "content": "Several forms of mycoplasma-like bodies (MLBs) were observed in electron micrographs of phloem cells from explants infected with aster yellows disease. The structures were found only in explants 11--25 days old, when the degenerating MLBs were first observed. They resembled those described by Anderson and Barile in 1965 for Mycoplasma hominis. A sequence of events in the degeneration of MLBs is postulated and morphological analogies with degenerating M. hominis are discussed.", "contents": "Early phases of degeneration of mycoplasma-like bodies in plant tissue cultures infected with aster yellows: morphological analogies with Mycoplasma hominis. Several forms of mycoplasma-like bodies (MLBs) were observed in electron micrographs of phloem cells from explants infected with aster yellows disease. The structures were found only in explants 11--25 days old, when the degenerating MLBs were first observed. They resembled those described by Anderson and Barile in 1965 for Mycoplasma hominis. A sequence of events in the degeneration of MLBs is postulated and morphological analogies with degenerating M. hominis are discussed.", "PMID": 709434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3904", "title": "The effects of a pesticide program on non-target epiphytic microbial populations of apple leaves.", "content": "The epiphytic microbial community was quantitatively and qualitatively altered when a standard pesticide schedule that comprised applications of an insecticide, a bactericide, and a fungicide was applied to McIntosh apple trees. Effects on non-target organisms were observed for two seasons by three indirect methods and three direct methods: plating of leaf washings, imprinting of leaves onto five different media, spore fall patterns, light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and isolation of propagules from leaves incubated in humidity chambers. Magnitude of reduction of bacteria, filamentous fungi, yeasts, and actinomycetes varied annually and between categories of microflora. Populations from treated leaves were reduced 10- to 1000-fold in 1976 and up to 50-fold in 1977. Qualitatively, fluorescent pseudomonads and lactic acid-type bacteria were among those depressed by pesticide. Fungal populations on treated leaves were less diverse than on control leaves. Aureobasidium was only slightly affected and incidence of Sporobolomyces was substantially higher on treated leaves than on controls. The results suggest that numbers of antagonists to foliar pathogens of apple which may occur as part of the natural epiphytic microbial community may be reduced by current pesticide programs and hence have possible implications for the development of biological approaches to integrated control strategies.", "contents": "The effects of a pesticide program on non-target epiphytic microbial populations of apple leaves. The epiphytic microbial community was quantitatively and qualitatively altered when a standard pesticide schedule that comprised applications of an insecticide, a bactericide, and a fungicide was applied to McIntosh apple trees. Effects on non-target organisms were observed for two seasons by three indirect methods and three direct methods: plating of leaf washings, imprinting of leaves onto five different media, spore fall patterns, light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and isolation of propagules from leaves incubated in humidity chambers. Magnitude of reduction of bacteria, filamentous fungi, yeasts, and actinomycetes varied annually and between categories of microflora. Populations from treated leaves were reduced 10- to 1000-fold in 1976 and up to 50-fold in 1977. Qualitatively, fluorescent pseudomonads and lactic acid-type bacteria were among those depressed by pesticide. Fungal populations on treated leaves were less diverse than on control leaves. Aureobasidium was only slightly affected and incidence of Sporobolomyces was substantially higher on treated leaves than on controls. The results suggest that numbers of antagonists to foliar pathogens of apple which may occur as part of the natural epiphytic microbial community may be reduced by current pesticide programs and hence have possible implications for the development of biological approaches to integrated control strategies.", "PMID": 709435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3905", "title": "[Identification of actinomycetes with antifungal activity which do not affect Rhizobium meliloti].", "content": "Thirteen isolates of actinomycetes that have broad antifungal activity and do not affect two efficient strains of Rhizobium meliloti were identified as: Nocardia autotrophica, Streptomyces antimycoticus, S. anulatus, S. capoamus, S. lydicus, S. murinus, S. roseo-luteus, and S. thermotolerans.", "contents": "[Identification of actinomycetes with antifungal activity which do not affect Rhizobium meliloti]. Thirteen isolates of actinomycetes that have broad antifungal activity and do not affect two efficient strains of Rhizobium meliloti were identified as: Nocardia autotrophica, Streptomyces antimycoticus, S. anulatus, S. capoamus, S. lydicus, S. murinus, S. roseo-luteus, and S. thermotolerans.", "PMID": 709436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3906", "title": "Rapid spectrophotometric determination of Acholeplasma laidlawii membranes.", "content": "The amount of Acholeplasma laidlawii membranes can be accurately, rapidly, and simply determined by spectrophotometric measurements after solubilization in 0.02 M SDS, 0.02 M Tris-HCl (pH 8.0). Extinction coefficients from the 260- to 300-nm-absorption region are adequate for quantitative membrane determination. The following values were found: E1%1cm,280 = 9.11 +/- 0.63, E1%,S1cm,280 = 8.52 +/- 0.40 (corrected for light scattering), E1%1cm,280--310 = 8.15 +/- 0.35. The last value is the most satisfactory for routine analysis. These coefficients are not affected by large differences in the carotene and flavin contents of the membranes or by spectral changes that occur when the membranes are exposed to light. The precision obtained with this method is comparable with that achieved in spectrophotometric determinations of proteins. As little as 6 microgram of membrane can be measured in 50-microliter samples.", "contents": "Rapid spectrophotometric determination of Acholeplasma laidlawii membranes. The amount of Acholeplasma laidlawii membranes can be accurately, rapidly, and simply determined by spectrophotometric measurements after solubilization in 0.02 M SDS, 0.02 M Tris-HCl (pH 8.0). Extinction coefficients from the 260- to 300-nm-absorption region are adequate for quantitative membrane determination. The following values were found: E1%1cm,280 = 9.11 +/- 0.63, E1%,S1cm,280 = 8.52 +/- 0.40 (corrected for light scattering), E1%1cm,280--310 = 8.15 +/- 0.35. The last value is the most satisfactory for routine analysis. These coefficients are not affected by large differences in the carotene and flavin contents of the membranes or by spectral changes that occur when the membranes are exposed to light. The precision obtained with this method is comparable with that achieved in spectrophotometric determinations of proteins. As little as 6 microgram of membrane can be measured in 50-microliter samples.", "PMID": 709438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3907", "title": "Role of the physician in screening for carriers of Tay-Sachs disease.", "content": "A screening test for carriers of Tay-Sachs disease has been available in Toronto for more than 6 years. In that time more than 11 000 Jewish residents have been tested. Most had requested testing after hearing about the screening program from friends or the media; few had been advised by their physicians to be tested. To sample the attitudes of physicians in Toronto towards carrier screening, we studied questionnaire responses of 42 physicians whose practices were composed largely of Jewish patients. Only 31% regularly advised their young adult Jewish patients to have a carrier screening test but 76% said they had patients who asked if they should be tested. Of the 14 (33%) who had had one or more patients with Tay-Sachs disease 6 did not advise carrier testing. There was a positive correlation between specialty training and support for the screening program. Methods for increasing physician advocacy of these programs are discussed.", "contents": "Role of the physician in screening for carriers of Tay-Sachs disease. A screening test for carriers of Tay-Sachs disease has been available in Toronto for more than 6 years. In that time more than 11 000 Jewish residents have been tested. Most had requested testing after hearing about the screening program from friends or the media; few had been advised by their physicians to be tested. To sample the attitudes of physicians in Toronto towards carrier screening, we studied questionnaire responses of 42 physicians whose practices were composed largely of Jewish patients. Only 31% regularly advised their young adult Jewish patients to have a carrier screening test but 76% said they had patients who asked if they should be tested. Of the 14 (33%) who had had one or more patients with Tay-Sachs disease 6 did not advise carrier testing. There was a positive correlation between specialty training and support for the screening program. Methods for increasing physician advocacy of these programs are discussed.", "PMID": 709448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3908", "title": "Postural hypotension and diuretic therapy in the elderly.", "content": "Blood pressures were recorded in 319 ambulatory subjects, largely men, age 50 to 99 years. The mean systolic pressures were maximal in the seventh and eighth decades (136.0 and 132.1 mm Hg with the subjects supine and erect, respectively), whereas the mean diastolic pressures fell progressively after age 69. The distribution of postural changes in mean blood pressure was similar in each decade; a decrease of 20 mm Hg on more was noted in 3.4% of the subjects aged 80 to 99 years and in 4.1% of those aged 50 to 79 years. The frequency of postural hypotension was 4.6% in subjects treated with diuretics and 3.4% in those not so treated. Blood pressures and the frequency of postural hypotension did not progressively increase in age in this elderly population.", "contents": "Postural hypotension and diuretic therapy in the elderly. Blood pressures were recorded in 319 ambulatory subjects, largely men, age 50 to 99 years. The mean systolic pressures were maximal in the seventh and eighth decades (136.0 and 132.1 mm Hg with the subjects supine and erect, respectively), whereas the mean diastolic pressures fell progressively after age 69. The distribution of postural changes in mean blood pressure was similar in each decade; a decrease of 20 mm Hg on more was noted in 3.4% of the subjects aged 80 to 99 years and in 4.1% of those aged 50 to 79 years. The frequency of postural hypotension was 4.6% in subjects treated with diuretics and 3.4% in those not so treated. Blood pressures and the frequency of postural hypotension did not progressively increase in age in this elderly population.", "PMID": 709449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3909", "title": "Prolonged outbreak of nosocomial urinary tract infection with a single strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Sixty-six hospitalized patients became infected with a single strain of multiply resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa over a 22-month period. The catheterized urinary tract was the site of the infection in 59 patients (89%). The outbreak was confined to a urology ward until an infected patient from this ward spent 2 weeks in the surgical intensive care unit (SICU). Subsequently patients who acquired the infection in the SICU were discharged to surgical wards throughout the hospital. Urine measuring containers and urometers used in the SICU were the reservoir of the P. aeruginosa; daily sterilization of this equipment terminated the outbreak. Urometers appeared to be the reservoir of the epidemic strain in subsequent outbreaks. Five patients were still infected when they were readmitted 3 to 12 months after the first admission, and therefore represented an additional reservoir of infection.", "contents": "Prolonged outbreak of nosocomial urinary tract infection with a single strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sixty-six hospitalized patients became infected with a single strain of multiply resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa over a 22-month period. The catheterized urinary tract was the site of the infection in 59 patients (89%). The outbreak was confined to a urology ward until an infected patient from this ward spent 2 weeks in the surgical intensive care unit (SICU). Subsequently patients who acquired the infection in the SICU were discharged to surgical wards throughout the hospital. Urine measuring containers and urometers used in the SICU were the reservoir of the P. aeruginosa; daily sterilization of this equipment terminated the outbreak. Urometers appeared to be the reservoir of the epidemic strain in subsequent outbreaks. Five patients were still infected when they were readmitted 3 to 12 months after the first admission, and therefore represented an additional reservoir of infection.", "PMID": 709450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3910", "title": "Hemoglobinopathies in a hospital population in Vancouver.", "content": "A number of varieties of thalassemia were found to be common in the Vancouver area and in other parts of British Columbia. Of 3117 patients whose blood samples were studied by hemoglobin electrophoresis at the Vancouver General Hospital between Jan 1, 1965 and June 30,1977, 813 had the beta-thalassemia trait, 18 had homozygous beta-thalassemia, 97 had alpha-thalassemia trait, 24 had hemoglobin H disease and 14 had miscellaneous variants. Eight patients had interactions of beta-thalassemia with hemoglobin S,C, D, O arab or Vancouver, and one patient had alpha thalassemia associated with hemoglobin Constant Spring. Twelve other variants were noted. They included hemoglobins B2, E, Q, GHsi Tsou, J Bangkok, British Columbia, KOLN, Lepore, Rampa, Tacoma, St. Claude and an unidentified alpha-chain variant.", "contents": "Hemoglobinopathies in a hospital population in Vancouver. A number of varieties of thalassemia were found to be common in the Vancouver area and in other parts of British Columbia. Of 3117 patients whose blood samples were studied by hemoglobin electrophoresis at the Vancouver General Hospital between Jan 1, 1965 and June 30,1977, 813 had the beta-thalassemia trait, 18 had homozygous beta-thalassemia, 97 had alpha-thalassemia trait, 24 had hemoglobin H disease and 14 had miscellaneous variants. Eight patients had interactions of beta-thalassemia with hemoglobin S,C, D, O arab or Vancouver, and one patient had alpha thalassemia associated with hemoglobin Constant Spring. Twelve other variants were noted. They included hemoglobins B2, E, Q, GHsi Tsou, J Bangkok, British Columbia, KOLN, Lepore, Rampa, Tacoma, St. Claude and an unidentified alpha-chain variant.", "PMID": 709469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3911", "title": "[Thalassemia in French-speaking Quebec residents].", "content": "Eighty-five cases of beta-thalassemia minor were found between January 1975 and November 1977 in 18 families of French-speaking Quebeckers without Mediterranean ancestry. Most of the families had settled in Quebec more than 200 years ago, largely in Portneuf county. This is the first report of such a number of cases of beta-thalassemia in this population. Thus, beta-thalassemia minor is a relatively common condition in Quebec and must be considered in cases of microcytic anemia without evidence of iron deficiency. The hematologic findings were similar to those reported in the past in other populations. Two cases of delta beta-thalassemia minor (in sisters) are also reported; this is the first report of such cases in French Canadians.", "contents": "[Thalassemia in French-speaking Quebec residents]. Eighty-five cases of beta-thalassemia minor were found between January 1975 and November 1977 in 18 families of French-speaking Quebeckers without Mediterranean ancestry. Most of the families had settled in Quebec more than 200 years ago, largely in Portneuf county. This is the first report of such a number of cases of beta-thalassemia in this population. Thus, beta-thalassemia minor is a relatively common condition in Quebec and must be considered in cases of microcytic anemia without evidence of iron deficiency. The hematologic findings were similar to those reported in the past in other populations. Two cases of delta beta-thalassemia minor (in sisters) are also reported; this is the first report of such cases in French Canadians.", "PMID": 709470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3912", "title": "Pancreaticocolonic fistula: a complication of pancreatitis.", "content": "In three cases of pancreaticocolonic fistula presenting before the stage of exsanguinating hemorrhage of severe sepsis the problem was diagnosed on the basis of the clinical history, visualization of the terminal part of the fistula by roentgenography after a barium enema had been given and, in two cases, demonstration of the communication with the pancreatic ductal system by endoscopic retrograde pancreatography. The lesions were repaired surgically. Pancreaticocolonic fistula should be suspected in a patient with upper abdominal pain who has a history of abdominal pain and excessive alcohol consumption and in whom diarrhea and fever, hematochezia or a disappearing abdominal mass develops. Characteristically barium will collect in the terminal part of the fistula and thus permit a tentative diagnosis; the diagnosis can then be confirmed by endoscopic retrograde pancreatography. With this approach surgical treatment can be carried out earlier and the often fatal course of the disorder can be averted.", "contents": "Pancreaticocolonic fistula: a complication of pancreatitis. In three cases of pancreaticocolonic fistula presenting before the stage of exsanguinating hemorrhage of severe sepsis the problem was diagnosed on the basis of the clinical history, visualization of the terminal part of the fistula by roentgenography after a barium enema had been given and, in two cases, demonstration of the communication with the pancreatic ductal system by endoscopic retrograde pancreatography. The lesions were repaired surgically. Pancreaticocolonic fistula should be suspected in a patient with upper abdominal pain who has a history of abdominal pain and excessive alcohol consumption and in whom diarrhea and fever, hematochezia or a disappearing abdominal mass develops. Characteristically barium will collect in the terminal part of the fistula and thus permit a tentative diagnosis; the diagnosis can then be confirmed by endoscopic retrograde pancreatography. With this approach surgical treatment can be carried out earlier and the often fatal course of the disorder can be averted.", "PMID": 709471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3913", "title": "Death attributed to ventricular arrhythmia induced by thioridazine in combination with a single Contac C capsule.", "content": "Phenothiazines are known to produce electrocardiographic repolarization abnormalities. Thioridazine and mesoridazine appear to induce such changes more frequently than other neuroleptics and are also known to induce fatal ventricular arrhythmia. The woman described in this article died after taking her usual dose of thioridazine, 100 mg/d, in combination with a single capsule of Contac. C, a decongestant-antihistamine containing phenylpropanolamine and chlorpheniramine. Phenylpropanolamine, an ephedrine-like drug, was thought to have favoured the initiation by thioridazine of the ventricular arrhythmia that led to the woman's death. It is therefore suggested that ephedrine-like medications not be given to patients receiving thioridazine.", "contents": "Death attributed to ventricular arrhythmia induced by thioridazine in combination with a single Contac C capsule. Phenothiazines are known to produce electrocardiographic repolarization abnormalities. Thioridazine and mesoridazine appear to induce such changes more frequently than other neuroleptics and are also known to induce fatal ventricular arrhythmia. The woman described in this article died after taking her usual dose of thioridazine, 100 mg/d, in combination with a single capsule of Contac. C, a decongestant-antihistamine containing phenylpropanolamine and chlorpheniramine. Phenylpropanolamine, an ephedrine-like drug, was thought to have favoured the initiation by thioridazine of the ventricular arrhythmia that led to the woman's death. It is therefore suggested that ephedrine-like medications not be given to patients receiving thioridazine.", "PMID": 709472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3914", "title": "Gonorrhea in homosexual men.", "content": "Extragenital gonorrhea was seen in 65% of 54 cases of gonorrhea in 43 homosexual men attending a venereal diseases clinic between 1974 and 1977; in 21 cases the infection was extragenital only. This type of gonorrhea was often asymptomatic and was associated with a high rate of failure of initial treatment in 6 of the 50 cases in which the patient returned for follow-up assessment, and in 5 of the 6 the persistent infection was extragenital. Syphillis was seen concomitantly or had previously occurred in 6 of the 54 cases. Fifteen of 28 cases of primary, secondary or early latent syphilis seen in men during the same study period had occurred in homosexuals. Appropriate testing for extragenital gonorrhea and for syphilis is important in homosexual men who present for examination, and homosexuality with the possibility of extragenital gonorrhea should be considered in a man with syphilis of recent onset.", "contents": "Gonorrhea in homosexual men. Extragenital gonorrhea was seen in 65% of 54 cases of gonorrhea in 43 homosexual men attending a venereal diseases clinic between 1974 and 1977; in 21 cases the infection was extragenital only. This type of gonorrhea was often asymptomatic and was associated with a high rate of failure of initial treatment in 6 of the 50 cases in which the patient returned for follow-up assessment, and in 5 of the 6 the persistent infection was extragenital. Syphillis was seen concomitantly or had previously occurred in 6 of the 54 cases. Fifteen of 28 cases of primary, secondary or early latent syphilis seen in men during the same study period had occurred in homosexuals. Appropriate testing for extragenital gonorrhea and for syphilis is important in homosexual men who present for examination, and homosexuality with the possibility of extragenital gonorrhea should be considered in a man with syphilis of recent onset.", "PMID": 709473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3915", "title": "Impaired serum antibody response to inactivated influenza A and B vaccine in cancer patients.", "content": "The serum antibody response to vaccination with bivalent inactivated influenza vaccine containing A/Port Chalmers/1/73 (H3N2) and B/Hong Kong/5/72 antigens was assessed in 44 patients with cancer and in 27 healthy control subjects. A fourfold or greater increase in antibody titre after vaccination occurred in 16 of the 44 cancer patients and 25 of the 27 controls for the A antigen, and in 14 of the 44 cancer patients and 20 of the 27 controls for the B antigen. Patients with lymphoma, who tended to have hypogammaglobulinemia, responded less well than did patients with solid tumours. Among the latter the failure to show a fourfold or greater increase in antibody titre correlated with a poorer 18-month survival.", "contents": "Impaired serum antibody response to inactivated influenza A and B vaccine in cancer patients. The serum antibody response to vaccination with bivalent inactivated influenza vaccine containing A/Port Chalmers/1/73 (H3N2) and B/Hong Kong/5/72 antigens was assessed in 44 patients with cancer and in 27 healthy control subjects. A fourfold or greater increase in antibody titre after vaccination occurred in 16 of the 44 cancer patients and 25 of the 27 controls for the A antigen, and in 14 of the 44 cancer patients and 20 of the 27 controls for the B antigen. Patients with lymphoma, who tended to have hypogammaglobulinemia, responded less well than did patients with solid tumours. Among the latter the failure to show a fourfold or greater increase in antibody titre correlated with a poorer 18-month survival.", "PMID": 709474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3916", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma arising in a meningomyelocele.", "content": "Squamous cell carcinoma developed in the meningomyelocele of a 25-year-old man. This is the third such case reported. The possibility of malignant disease arising in this congenital defect must be taken into account when treatment is being considered.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma arising in a meningomyelocele. Squamous cell carcinoma developed in the meningomyelocele of a 25-year-old man. This is the third such case reported. The possibility of malignant disease arising in this congenital defect must be taken into account when treatment is being considered.", "PMID": 709475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3917", "title": "Usefulness of three additional electrocardiographic chest leads (V7, V8, and V9) in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Additional electrocardiocardiographic chest leads (V7, V8, and V9) were used in 117 persons consecutively admitted to a coronary care unit. Among the 46 (39%) with a proven acute myocardial infarction the electrocardiograms (ECGs) of 9 (20%) showed ST-segment elevation or abnormal Q-waves, or both, in the three additional leads. In six of the nine, such changes were associated with signs of anterolateral or inferior wall infarction (in three each) on the standard 12-lead ECG, but in the other three (7% of the 46) electrocardiographic changes diagnostic of acute myocardial infarction were found only on the additional chest leads; the last three had characteristic changes in serum enzyme concentrations. This study showed that additional chest leads are helpful in detecting myocardial injury of necrosis in areas of the heart not properly reflected on the standard 12-lead ECG.", "contents": "Usefulness of three additional electrocardiographic chest leads (V7, V8, and V9) in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Additional electrocardiocardiographic chest leads (V7, V8, and V9) were used in 117 persons consecutively admitted to a coronary care unit. Among the 46 (39%) with a proven acute myocardial infarction the electrocardiograms (ECGs) of 9 (20%) showed ST-segment elevation or abnormal Q-waves, or both, in the three additional leads. In six of the nine, such changes were associated with signs of anterolateral or inferior wall infarction (in three each) on the standard 12-lead ECG, but in the other three (7% of the 46) electrocardiographic changes diagnostic of acute myocardial infarction were found only on the additional chest leads; the last three had characteristic changes in serum enzyme concentrations. This study showed that additional chest leads are helpful in detecting myocardial injury of necrosis in areas of the heart not properly reflected on the standard 12-lead ECG.", "PMID": 709476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3918", "title": "Recent advances in the pharmacologic regulation of fertility in men.", "content": "An updated review of research into contraceptives for men is presented. New concepts of the pharmacologic effects of chemical agents on germinal stem cells and spermatogenic arrest, and the effect of new compounds that act at the post-testicular level but do not affect androgen production are discussed. The latest results of studies on steroidal compounds that inhibit pituitary secretion of gonadotropin and hence result in suppression of spermatogenesis and testosterone secretion are presented. The newer contraceptive pills for men are also evaluated. The major drawback to the development of chemical contraceptives for men is the fear of genetic damage and impotence. New and continued research into this type of contraception is urgently needed.", "contents": "Recent advances in the pharmacologic regulation of fertility in men. An updated review of research into contraceptives for men is presented. New concepts of the pharmacologic effects of chemical agents on germinal stem cells and spermatogenic arrest, and the effect of new compounds that act at the post-testicular level but do not affect androgen production are discussed. The latest results of studies on steroidal compounds that inhibit pituitary secretion of gonadotropin and hence result in suppression of spermatogenesis and testosterone secretion are presented. The newer contraceptive pills for men are also evaluated. The major drawback to the development of chemical contraceptives for men is the fear of genetic damage and impotence. New and continued research into this type of contraception is urgently needed.", "PMID": 709477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3919", "title": "Psychiatric services in China: or, Mao versus Freud.", "content": "Reportedly, the People's Republic of China has made great progress in health care services, particularly at preventive, primary and community levels. Information on their psychiatric services is still scarce. A group of 12 health professionals visited the country for three weeks in July 1977. This paper provides a description and an analysis of the network of mental health services using a sample of one mental hospital, six general hospitals and a number of health units in cities, factories and communes. The basic principles of policy and administration are those of a collective socialism with strong central guidelines and considerable local administrative initiative. Admissions to the mental hospital in Shanghai reveal that 83% are young acute schizophrenic cases and very few are neurotic or non-psychotic. This distribution stands in great contrast with admissions to mental hospitals in the West, as is the case in Canada, where schizophrenics represent only 12% of all first admissions to mental hospitals and non-psychotic or minor conditions amount to two-thirds. An impressionistic survey of Chinese traditional medicine rooms in general hospitals revealed that a good proportion of their cases (60-70%) are diagnosed as suffering from minor organic or vague organic conditions without evidence of organic pathology and which in the West would be considered as neurotic or psychosomatic conditions. Outside the institutions, in the communes of the rural and urban areas behavioural, interpersonal and family problems are not defined specifically as mental health problems, but handled within the moral and political ideology prevalent in the country. None of the general hospitals visited had a psychiatric unit, but every patient in every hospital or health unit in the cities and countryside received a combination of traditional Chinese medicine (herbal preparations, acupuncture and moxibustion) besides the Western or modern type of treatment. Officially mental illness is not considered a major problem and it is given very low priority in medical school curricula or in the planning of health services. It is concluded that psychiatric services in China are concerned primarily with cases of psychosis and severe neurosis, that neuroses are viewed as general health problems, and personality and behaviour disorders are considered social or community matters.", "contents": "Psychiatric services in China: or, Mao versus Freud. Reportedly, the People's Republic of China has made great progress in health care services, particularly at preventive, primary and community levels. Information on their psychiatric services is still scarce. A group of 12 health professionals visited the country for three weeks in July 1977. This paper provides a description and an analysis of the network of mental health services using a sample of one mental hospital, six general hospitals and a number of health units in cities, factories and communes. The basic principles of policy and administration are those of a collective socialism with strong central guidelines and considerable local administrative initiative. Admissions to the mental hospital in Shanghai reveal that 83% are young acute schizophrenic cases and very few are neurotic or non-psychotic. This distribution stands in great contrast with admissions to mental hospitals in the West, as is the case in Canada, where schizophrenics represent only 12% of all first admissions to mental hospitals and non-psychotic or minor conditions amount to two-thirds. An impressionistic survey of Chinese traditional medicine rooms in general hospitals revealed that a good proportion of their cases (60-70%) are diagnosed as suffering from minor organic or vague organic conditions without evidence of organic pathology and which in the West would be considered as neurotic or psychosomatic conditions. Outside the institutions, in the communes of the rural and urban areas behavioural, interpersonal and family problems are not defined specifically as mental health problems, but handled within the moral and political ideology prevalent in the country. None of the general hospitals visited had a psychiatric unit, but every patient in every hospital or health unit in the cities and countryside received a combination of traditional Chinese medicine (herbal preparations, acupuncture and moxibustion) besides the Western or modern type of treatment. Officially mental illness is not considered a major problem and it is given very low priority in medical school curricula or in the planning of health services. It is concluded that psychiatric services in China are concerned primarily with cases of psychosis and severe neurosis, that neuroses are viewed as general health problems, and personality and behaviour disorders are considered social or community matters.", "PMID": 709488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3920", "title": "An introduction to holistic primal therapy.", "content": "Holistic primal therapy is a comprehensive system of therapy where the therapist, while establishing a relationship of trust and mutual respect, acts as a catalyst for regression, the dismantling of defenses and the intensification of feelings. He or she acts as a transference object for the patient but also serves as a model of an ideal parent and normal adult. Through his own vitality he re-energizes the patient and helps him to overcome therapeutic impasse by focusing and integrating. Holistic primal therapy represents an important addition to the existing psychiatric modalities of treatment and suitable candidates should no longer be denied access to it.", "contents": "An introduction to holistic primal therapy. Holistic primal therapy is a comprehensive system of therapy where the therapist, while establishing a relationship of trust and mutual respect, acts as a catalyst for regression, the dismantling of defenses and the intensification of feelings. He or she acts as a transference object for the patient but also serves as a model of an ideal parent and normal adult. Through his own vitality he re-energizes the patient and helps him to overcome therapeutic impasse by focusing and integrating. Holistic primal therapy represents an important addition to the existing psychiatric modalities of treatment and suitable candidates should no longer be denied access to it.", "PMID": 709489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3921", "title": "Operant management of the behavioural sequelae of Wilson's disease: a case report.", "content": "An approach to the management of the behavioural manifestations of Wilson's Disease by operant technique is outlined. There was considerable improvement in the patient's ability to perform autonomously on this program. When the contingencies were changed the patient's behaviour deteriorated markedly, thereby suggesting that improvement in behaviour was not due to medication alone.", "contents": "Operant management of the behavioural sequelae of Wilson's disease: a case report. An approach to the management of the behavioural manifestations of Wilson's Disease by operant technique is outlined. There was considerable improvement in the patient's ability to perform autonomously on this program. When the contingencies were changed the patient's behaviour deteriorated markedly, thereby suggesting that improvement in behaviour was not due to medication alone.", "PMID": 709490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3922", "title": "Basic principles in custody assessments.", "content": "The paper discusses some of the principles of custody assessments in divorce proceedings. It is felt that such assessments should be undertaken only upon the request of the judge or both lawyers. The assessment should be extensive and should include collecting and collating all available data obtained through interviews or letters. The report should include historical material, the formulation, and the reasons for the recommendations. Clinically, the important issue is to decide under whose care the child's growth and development is enhanced. Factors that help in this decision include the emotional ties between the parent and the child, the capacity of each parent to provide physically and emotionally, the preference of the child, and the need for continuity. The psychiatric and moral \"fitness\" of parents is critically reviewed. It is maintained that no parent should be given an inherent preference in custody rulings. Finally, it is argued that access should be expected after divorce and should be changed or eliminated only under strict conditions.", "contents": "Basic principles in custody assessments. The paper discusses some of the principles of custody assessments in divorce proceedings. It is felt that such assessments should be undertaken only upon the request of the judge or both lawyers. The assessment should be extensive and should include collecting and collating all available data obtained through interviews or letters. The report should include historical material, the formulation, and the reasons for the recommendations. Clinically, the important issue is to decide under whose care the child's growth and development is enhanced. Factors that help in this decision include the emotional ties between the parent and the child, the capacity of each parent to provide physically and emotionally, the preference of the child, and the need for continuity. The psychiatric and moral \"fitness\" of parents is critically reviewed. It is maintained that no parent should be given an inherent preference in custody rulings. Finally, it is argued that access should be expected after divorce and should be changed or eliminated only under strict conditions.", "PMID": 709495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3923", "title": "The authoritarian family and its adolescents.", "content": "Authoritarian Families possess characteristics similar to those of the Authoritarian Personality. They are power oriented, tend to have dichotomous conceptions, have emotional and intellectual rigidity and submit easily to authoritarian forces. The adolescents in such families are deprived of their basic needs for stability, flexibility and guidance. Consequently they feel frustrated and angry. Their anger manifests itself in various forms. A large percentage of these adolescents adopt their parents' attitudes and develop similar authoritarian personality characteristics. The second group are those who experience considerable conflict and tend to become aggressive and hostile in their interpersonal relationships. STill, there are adolescents who become withdrawn, depressed and apathetic and display great difficulty in dealing effectively with the ordinary demands of their lives. These adolescents and their families are difficult to treat. Several case histories are provided and brief outlines of a treatment approach are given.", "contents": "The authoritarian family and its adolescents. Authoritarian Families possess characteristics similar to those of the Authoritarian Personality. They are power oriented, tend to have dichotomous conceptions, have emotional and intellectual rigidity and submit easily to authoritarian forces. The adolescents in such families are deprived of their basic needs for stability, flexibility and guidance. Consequently they feel frustrated and angry. Their anger manifests itself in various forms. A large percentage of these adolescents adopt their parents' attitudes and develop similar authoritarian personality characteristics. The second group are those who experience considerable conflict and tend to become aggressive and hostile in their interpersonal relationships. STill, there are adolescents who become withdrawn, depressed and apathetic and display great difficulty in dealing effectively with the ordinary demands of their lives. These adolescents and their families are difficult to treat. Several case histories are provided and brief outlines of a treatment approach are given.", "PMID": 709496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3924", "title": "Notes on the treatment of anhedonia.", "content": "This paper discusses the concept of anhedonia defined as the inability to experience pleasure. Many authors have noted the presence of anhedonia as a personality feature in patients with schizophrenia and other disorders. Anhedonia apparently begins early in life in relation to pathological reactions within the core family. Many authors feel that anhedonia is closely associated with poor premorbid adjustment, interpersonal incompetence and chronicity, and mediates towards poor prognosis. The authors feel that interpretive forms of psychotherapy and psychoactive medication are not particularly effective in the treatment of anhedonic patients. They propose a selection of intellectual, physical and social activities as a more direct attack on this problem of anhedonia. Through these activities the patients are able to gain a tangible experience of pleasure while developing more effective interpersonal skills. The response of patients to activities also provides material for structured forms of psychotherapy and the combination and interaction of activity therapy and traditional psychotherapy is considered to be effective in many anhedonic patients.", "contents": "Notes on the treatment of anhedonia. This paper discusses the concept of anhedonia defined as the inability to experience pleasure. Many authors have noted the presence of anhedonia as a personality feature in patients with schizophrenia and other disorders. Anhedonia apparently begins early in life in relation to pathological reactions within the core family. Many authors feel that anhedonia is closely associated with poor premorbid adjustment, interpersonal incompetence and chronicity, and mediates towards poor prognosis. The authors feel that interpretive forms of psychotherapy and psychoactive medication are not particularly effective in the treatment of anhedonic patients. They propose a selection of intellectual, physical and social activities as a more direct attack on this problem of anhedonia. Through these activities the patients are able to gain a tangible experience of pleasure while developing more effective interpersonal skills. The response of patients to activities also provides material for structured forms of psychotherapy and the combination and interaction of activity therapy and traditional psychotherapy is considered to be effective in many anhedonic patients.", "PMID": 709497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3925", "title": "Poppers, a new recreational drug craze.", "content": "The study was conducted to obtain information on the recreational use of the vasodilators (RVs) amyl nitrite and butyl nitrite in Toronto. The results of 70 interviews (40 complete) indicate that sniffing these RVs gives a 'high' lasting from a few seconds to a few minutes with headache being the most common side effect. None of the more serious side effects mentioned in the literature were reported. RVs are used chiefly in conjunction with sexual activities and dancing. Their use is currently a craze amongst the male homosexual population.", "contents": "Poppers, a new recreational drug craze. The study was conducted to obtain information on the recreational use of the vasodilators (RVs) amyl nitrite and butyl nitrite in Toronto. The results of 70 interviews (40 complete) indicate that sniffing these RVs gives a 'high' lasting from a few seconds to a few minutes with headache being the most common side effect. None of the more serious side effects mentioned in the literature were reported. RVs are used chiefly in conjunction with sexual activities and dancing. Their use is currently a craze amongst the male homosexual population.", "PMID": 709498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3926", "title": "Monosymptomatic hypochondriacal psychoses: a diagnostic entity which may respond to pimozide.", "content": "Monosymptomatic hypochondriacal psychoses are akin to paranoia. Although presenting with a variety of delusional complaints in individual cases, the condition appears to represent a relatively dis crete diagnostic entity. It is less rare than usually thought, but those afflicted frequently to to the physical specialties, whose treatment does not benefit them. It is important to recognize the illness, since there is tentative evidence that it may respond to treatment with pimozide.", "contents": "Monosymptomatic hypochondriacal psychoses: a diagnostic entity which may respond to pimozide. Monosymptomatic hypochondriacal psychoses are akin to paranoia. Although presenting with a variety of delusional complaints in individual cases, the condition appears to represent a relatively dis crete diagnostic entity. It is less rare than usually thought, but those afflicted frequently to to the physical specialties, whose treatment does not benefit them. It is important to recognize the illness, since there is tentative evidence that it may respond to treatment with pimozide.", "PMID": 709499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3927", "title": "Treatment of minimal brain dysfunction in a young adult.", "content": "A discussion of the clinical picture and treatment of minimal brain dysfunction in post adolescence is presented. Small amounts of methylphenidate appear to have a salutary effect on symptoms such as irritability, moodiness, restlessness and poor concentration .", "contents": "Treatment of minimal brain dysfunction in a young adult. A discussion of the clinical picture and treatment of minimal brain dysfunction in post adolescence is presented. Small amounts of methylphenidate appear to have a salutary effect on symptoms such as irritability, moodiness, restlessness and poor concentration .", "PMID": 709500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3928", "title": "The analytical reliability of the zirconyl phosphate method of plasma carcinoembryonic antigen.", "content": "We evaluated the analytical reliability of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) method of Hansen. Our experience is based on performing over 23,000 CEA assays in more than 10,000 clinical samples. The sensitivity of the assay is 0.5 ng/ml. The precision must be defined as a function of concentration. In the range 2.6 to 12 ng/ml the coefficient of variation is 4.96 to 7.39%. Long-range studies of the reproducibility of the standard curve, over a period of several years and including 435 standard curves, have shown an overall mean B/Bo of 31.45% which is close to the theoretical optimal of 33%. The long-term 90 and 50% intercepts are 0.55 +/- 0.15 and 7.11 +/- 1.0, respectively. Interlaboratory surveys show good agreement between the means of the survey group and the target values but rather large individual discrepancies. The CEA method studied here is sensitive and reproducible in intralaboratory studies but less so in interlaboratory comparisons. The reagents have performed uniformly and close to specifications over an extended period of time.", "contents": "The analytical reliability of the zirconyl phosphate method of plasma carcinoembryonic antigen. We evaluated the analytical reliability of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) method of Hansen. Our experience is based on performing over 23,000 CEA assays in more than 10,000 clinical samples. The sensitivity of the assay is 0.5 ng/ml. The precision must be defined as a function of concentration. In the range 2.6 to 12 ng/ml the coefficient of variation is 4.96 to 7.39%. Long-range studies of the reproducibility of the standard curve, over a period of several years and including 435 standard curves, have shown an overall mean B/Bo of 31.45% which is close to the theoretical optimal of 33%. The long-term 90 and 50% intercepts are 0.55 +/- 0.15 and 7.11 +/- 1.0, respectively. Interlaboratory surveys show good agreement between the means of the survey group and the target values but rather large individual discrepancies. The CEA method studied here is sensitive and reproducible in intralaboratory studies but less so in interlaboratory comparisons. The reagents have performed uniformly and close to specifications over an extended period of time.", "PMID": 709508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3929", "title": "Pre- and postoperative uses of CEA.", "content": "CEA plasma levels obtained prior to definitive surgery in patients with colorectal cancer in our hands have predictive ability. An elevated CEA greater than 2.5 ng/ml recorded by our laboratory means an increased risk of subsequent local recurrence or of later metastatic disease. The question as to whether or not this is additive as a prognostic variable when tested against careful histopathological staging remains. As a monitor, CEA will detect recurrence. Again, the problem as to how accurate this is remains. If we use two consecutive elevations of plasma CEA greater than 2.5 ng/ml as a criteria, we encounter about 15% false positives which must be weighed against finding disease significantly earlier in about one-third of the patients followed. Our data for second-look procedures indicate clearly that when used in patients with an elevated CEA laparotomy may be useful and further studies showed the presence of disease in 11 of 14 patients with an elevation following surgery for two consecutive tests were greater than 2.5 ng/ml. Two were operable. The significance of these findings is described.", "contents": "Pre- and postoperative uses of CEA. CEA plasma levels obtained prior to definitive surgery in patients with colorectal cancer in our hands have predictive ability. An elevated CEA greater than 2.5 ng/ml recorded by our laboratory means an increased risk of subsequent local recurrence or of later metastatic disease. The question as to whether or not this is additive as a prognostic variable when tested against careful histopathological staging remains. As a monitor, CEA will detect recurrence. Again, the problem as to how accurate this is remains. If we use two consecutive elevations of plasma CEA greater than 2.5 ng/ml as a criteria, we encounter about 15% false positives which must be weighed against finding disease significantly earlier in about one-third of the patients followed. Our data for second-look procedures indicate clearly that when used in patients with an elevated CEA laparotomy may be useful and further studies showed the presence of disease in 11 of 14 patients with an elevation following surgery for two consecutive tests were greater than 2.5 ng/ml. Two were operable. The significance of these findings is described.", "PMID": 709509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3930", "title": "The use of serial CEA determinations to predict recurrence of colon cancer and when to do a second-look operation.", "content": "The concept of second-look surgery was introduced by Wangensteen 25 years ago, and 17% of patients were reported to be converted to a cancer-free state. Instead of an arbitrary time interval for reoperation, serial CEA values were used as the indicator of colon cancer recurrence and second-look operation. Twenty-two retrospective and 18 prospective patients were evaluable. There was no operative mortality. The CEA Nomogram was used to determine whether the CEA change was significant. All patient-samples were analyzed in duplicate, stored, and compared with the most recent sample; therefore, each patient served as his own control. The prospective results emphasize the importance of minimizing the time delay between a significant change in CEA values and reoperation. Equally important are the frequency of serial determinations (every one or two months), a thorough understanding of the limitations of the CEA radioimmunoassay, and the clinical condition of the patient.", "contents": "The use of serial CEA determinations to predict recurrence of colon cancer and when to do a second-look operation. The concept of second-look surgery was introduced by Wangensteen 25 years ago, and 17% of patients were reported to be converted to a cancer-free state. Instead of an arbitrary time interval for reoperation, serial CEA values were used as the indicator of colon cancer recurrence and second-look operation. Twenty-two retrospective and 18 prospective patients were evaluable. There was no operative mortality. The CEA Nomogram was used to determine whether the CEA change was significant. All patient-samples were analyzed in duplicate, stored, and compared with the most recent sample; therefore, each patient served as his own control. The prospective results emphasize the importance of minimizing the time delay between a significant change in CEA values and reoperation. Equally important are the frequency of serial determinations (every one or two months), a thorough understanding of the limitations of the CEA radioimmunoassay, and the clinical condition of the patient.", "PMID": 709510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3931", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as a monitor of chemotherapy in disseminated colorectal cancer.", "content": "A rising CEA level is accepted as a sensitive indicator of recurrent colorectal carcinoma. In order to assess its efficacy in monitoring responses to chemotherapy in disseminated disease, 47 patients with documented metastatic colorectal cancer were studied. All had pretreatment CEA determinations and 40/47 (85%) patients had CEA levels greater than 4.0 ng/ml. Patients with hepatic metastases had the highest CEA values and none were found to have levels less than 4.0 ng/ml. Thirty patients received chemotherapy and had serial CEA determinations. 4/30 (13.3%) demonstrated probable tumor regression, 7/30 (23.3%) had stable disease, while 19/30 (63.3%) showed disease progression. CEA titers declined in all four responders, but in only one instance did the level fall to below 4.0 ng/ml and provide evidence of a tumor response not appreciated clinically. The only cytotoxic drugs effecting tumor regressions were 5-FU and 5-FUDR. CEA levels usually rose as disease progressed, but once elevated, absolute values did not correlate directly with tumor burden. The further usefulness of CEA assays in monitoring disseminated colorectal cancer awaits the development of improved chemotherapeutic agents.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as a monitor of chemotherapy in disseminated colorectal cancer. A rising CEA level is accepted as a sensitive indicator of recurrent colorectal carcinoma. In order to assess its efficacy in monitoring responses to chemotherapy in disseminated disease, 47 patients with documented metastatic colorectal cancer were studied. All had pretreatment CEA determinations and 40/47 (85%) patients had CEA levels greater than 4.0 ng/ml. Patients with hepatic metastases had the highest CEA values and none were found to have levels less than 4.0 ng/ml. Thirty patients received chemotherapy and had serial CEA determinations. 4/30 (13.3%) demonstrated probable tumor regression, 7/30 (23.3%) had stable disease, while 19/30 (63.3%) showed disease progression. CEA titers declined in all four responders, but in only one instance did the level fall to below 4.0 ng/ml and provide evidence of a tumor response not appreciated clinically. The only cytotoxic drugs effecting tumor regressions were 5-FU and 5-FUDR. CEA levels usually rose as disease progressed, but once elevated, absolute values did not correlate directly with tumor burden. The further usefulness of CEA assays in monitoring disseminated colorectal cancer awaits the development of improved chemotherapeutic agents.", "PMID": 709511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3932", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA): its role as a monitor of radiation therapy for colorectal cancer.", "content": "Serial CEA radioimmunoassays have been performed on patients receiving radiation therapy preoperatively or as treatment of recurrent or metastatic colorectal cancer. Pretreatment circulating CEA titers which were elevated showed a significant decrease with accumulating doses of irradiation, indicating that the bulk of CEA-producing tumor was within the radiation therapy portal. The decrease of circulating CEA with preoperative radiation therapy was short-lived and suggested that surgical resection should be performed within 8 weeks of irradiation. Serial CEA titers are useful as an adjunct to other clinical, laboratory and radiologic data in formulating patient management decisions.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA): its role as a monitor of radiation therapy for colorectal cancer. Serial CEA radioimmunoassays have been performed on patients receiving radiation therapy preoperatively or as treatment of recurrent or metastatic colorectal cancer. Pretreatment circulating CEA titers which were elevated showed a significant decrease with accumulating doses of irradiation, indicating that the bulk of CEA-producing tumor was within the radiation therapy portal. The decrease of circulating CEA with preoperative radiation therapy was short-lived and suggested that surgical resection should be performed within 8 weeks of irradiation. Serial CEA titers are useful as an adjunct to other clinical, laboratory and radiologic data in formulating patient management decisions.", "PMID": 709512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3933", "title": "Reversible elevation of plasma CEA associated with iatrogenic unilateral hydronephrosis in a patient operated for colorectal cancer.", "content": "A patient is reported with progressively rising plasma levels of CEA in association with iatrogenic, unilateral hydronephrosis, subsequent to surgery for colorectal cancer. The CEA level returned to normal with spontaneous recovery of the hydronephrosis. The knowledge of this association should serve as an additional guideline when a \"second-look\" operation is being considered in colorectal cancer patients (who have been previously rendered free of disease by pelvic surgery) when plasma CEA begins to rise progressively.", "contents": "Reversible elevation of plasma CEA associated with iatrogenic unilateral hydronephrosis in a patient operated for colorectal cancer. A patient is reported with progressively rising plasma levels of CEA in association with iatrogenic, unilateral hydronephrosis, subsequent to surgery for colorectal cancer. The CEA level returned to normal with spontaneous recovery of the hydronephrosis. The knowledge of this association should serve as an additional guideline when a \"second-look\" operation is being considered in colorectal cancer patients (who have been previously rendered free of disease by pelvic surgery) when plasma CEA begins to rise progressively.", "PMID": 709513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3934", "title": "The monitoring role of plasma CEA alone and in association with other tumor markers in colorectal and mammary carcinoma.", "content": "During the past decade, evidence has accumulated to show that most, if not all, human tumors produce a variety of different factors which, if they pass into the blood and/or urine, may serve as tumor index substances (tumor markers).7 Tumor markers may either be: 1) tumor-derived--i.e., produced by the tumor itself, or 2) tumor-associated--i.e., produced by other tissues in response to the presence of the tumor and its local or distant effects on that tissue. Examples of this latter category include the changes in urinary hydroxyproline output in patients with bone metastases or the altered levels of serum acute phase proteins in neoplasia in general.7 Tumor-derived markers may be produced by either the tumor cell population itself, e.g., CEA, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and other oncofetal antigens, inappropriate hormones such as ACTH etc., or by their supporting framework (stroma), e.g., the osteolysins of human breast cancer.3", "contents": "The monitoring role of plasma CEA alone and in association with other tumor markers in colorectal and mammary carcinoma. During the past decade, evidence has accumulated to show that most, if not all, human tumors produce a variety of different factors which, if they pass into the blood and/or urine, may serve as tumor index substances (tumor markers).7 Tumor markers may either be: 1) tumor-derived--i.e., produced by the tumor itself, or 2) tumor-associated--i.e., produced by other tissues in response to the presence of the tumor and its local or distant effects on that tissue. Examples of this latter category include the changes in urinary hydroxyproline output in patients with bone metastases or the altered levels of serum acute phase proteins in neoplasia in general.7 Tumor-derived markers may be produced by either the tumor cell population itself, e.g., CEA, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and other oncofetal antigens, inappropriate hormones such as ACTH etc., or by their supporting framework (stroma), e.g., the osteolysins of human breast cancer.3", "PMID": 709515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3935", "title": "Circulating carcinoembryonic antigen in pancreatic carcinoma.", "content": "Circulating CEA levels were determined in 102 patients wtih histologically proven pancreatic carcinoma and 26 patients with chronic pancreatitis. In the group with pancreatic carcinoma eleven patients had resectable tumors, the mean CEA in the nonjaundiced patients was 10 +/- 5 ng/ml while the mean value in jaundiced patients in this group was 27 +/- 40. Thirty-four patients with nonmetastatic locally unresectable disease had a mean serum CEA of 25 +/- 52 with a range of 1 to 250 ng/ml. Twenty-one percent had values of 5 ng/ml or less. The mean value in 57 patients with metastatic disease was 97 +/- 194 with a range of 0.05 to 1000 ng/ml and 19 percent had values of 5 ng/ml or less. Survival of patients with locally unresectable or metastatic carcinoma was significantly longer in those patients who had a normal CEA at the time of diagnosis. Circulating CEA in the metastatic group was much lower in patients with nonhepatic metastases as well as in those with well differentiated adenocarcinoma histology. Twenty-three patients with chronic pancreatitis and normal serum bilirubin had a mean CEA value of 5.3 +/- 4 ng/ml with 65% of values being 5 ng/ml or less but the CEA ranged from 4.6 to 27 in three who were jaundiced.", "contents": "Circulating carcinoembryonic antigen in pancreatic carcinoma. Circulating CEA levels were determined in 102 patients wtih histologically proven pancreatic carcinoma and 26 patients with chronic pancreatitis. In the group with pancreatic carcinoma eleven patients had resectable tumors, the mean CEA in the nonjaundiced patients was 10 +/- 5 ng/ml while the mean value in jaundiced patients in this group was 27 +/- 40. Thirty-four patients with nonmetastatic locally unresectable disease had a mean serum CEA of 25 +/- 52 with a range of 1 to 250 ng/ml. Twenty-one percent had values of 5 ng/ml or less. The mean value in 57 patients with metastatic disease was 97 +/- 194 with a range of 0.05 to 1000 ng/ml and 19 percent had values of 5 ng/ml or less. Survival of patients with locally unresectable or metastatic carcinoma was significantly longer in those patients who had a normal CEA at the time of diagnosis. Circulating CEA in the metastatic group was much lower in patients with nonhepatic metastases as well as in those with well differentiated adenocarcinoma histology. Twenty-three patients with chronic pancreatitis and normal serum bilirubin had a mean CEA value of 5.3 +/- 4 ng/ml with 65% of values being 5 ng/ml or less but the CEA ranged from 4.6 to 27 in three who were jaundiced.", "PMID": 709516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3936", "title": "Initial levels of CEA and their rate of change in pancreatic carcinoma following surgery chemotherapy and radiation therapy.", "content": "CEA levels and their rate of change in 41 patients with pancreatic carcinoma following surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy were determined. Surgical resection, though not curative, was associated with a decrease in CEA level, with approximately half these levels returned to normal. No correlation with survival was noted. CEA levels are increased by obstructive jaundice. Radiation alone or in combination with 5-Fluorouracil did not change CEA levels in patients with locally unresectable pancreatic carcinoma. CEA levels progressively increased in patients with widespread metastatic pancreatic carcinoma, who expired from their disease.", "contents": "Initial levels of CEA and their rate of change in pancreatic carcinoma following surgery chemotherapy and radiation therapy. CEA levels and their rate of change in 41 patients with pancreatic carcinoma following surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy were determined. Surgical resection, though not curative, was associated with a decrease in CEA level, with approximately half these levels returned to normal. No correlation with survival was noted. CEA levels are increased by obstructive jaundice. Radiation alone or in combination with 5-Fluorouracil did not change CEA levels in patients with locally unresectable pancreatic carcinoma. CEA levels progressively increased in patients with widespread metastatic pancreatic carcinoma, who expired from their disease.", "PMID": 709517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3937", "title": "Measurement of carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "Estimation of CEA levels by the Z-gel method indicates that smokers, patients with limited lung cancer and patients with extensive lung cancer have higher values than nonsmoking controls. The CEA levels within each group are significantly different from one another. Use of CEA estimation for diagnostic purposes is limited because of the considerable overlap between normal controls and patients with cancer, the relatively low incidence of elevated values in patients with limited disease and the high incidence of false negatives (20%) even in patients with extensive disease. Elevated CEA values are associated with a poor prognosis and could be of clinical value as an addition to clinical staging to determine survival particularly for patients with extra-thoracic disease. Persistently high values in patients deemed clinically disease-free postoperatively are indicative of residual disease and a poor prognosis. If and when effective therapy for bronchogenic carcinoma becomes available, monitoring of CEA values may be useful in some patients as an early indication of release. Further studies are required to determine if the extraordinarily poor prognosis associated with marked elevations of CEA may be used as an additional criterion of inoperability in such patients.", "contents": "Measurement of carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. Estimation of CEA levels by the Z-gel method indicates that smokers, patients with limited lung cancer and patients with extensive lung cancer have higher values than nonsmoking controls. The CEA levels within each group are significantly different from one another. Use of CEA estimation for diagnostic purposes is limited because of the considerable overlap between normal controls and patients with cancer, the relatively low incidence of elevated values in patients with limited disease and the high incidence of false negatives (20%) even in patients with extensive disease. Elevated CEA values are associated with a poor prognosis and could be of clinical value as an addition to clinical staging to determine survival particularly for patients with extra-thoracic disease. Persistently high values in patients deemed clinically disease-free postoperatively are indicative of residual disease and a poor prognosis. If and when effective therapy for bronchogenic carcinoma becomes available, monitoring of CEA values may be useful in some patients as an early indication of release. Further studies are required to determine if the extraordinarily poor prognosis associated with marked elevations of CEA may be used as an additional criterion of inoperability in such patients.", "PMID": 709519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3938", "title": "CEA levels in patients with carcinoma of the esophagus.", "content": "Serum CEA levels were determined serially by the Hansen Z gel technique on 41 patients with carcinoma of the esophagus and compared to 276 controls. Seventy percent of patients with carcinomas of the esophagus had elevated CEA levels. CEA levels greater than 10.0 ng/ml after therapy correlated with significantly shortened survival. CEA appears promising as an indicator of tumor presence in patients with carcinoma of the esophagus.", "contents": "CEA levels in patients with carcinoma of the esophagus. Serum CEA levels were determined serially by the Hansen Z gel technique on 41 patients with carcinoma of the esophagus and compared to 276 controls. Seventy percent of patients with carcinomas of the esophagus had elevated CEA levels. CEA levels greater than 10.0 ng/ml after therapy correlated with significantly shortened survival. CEA appears promising as an indicator of tumor presence in patients with carcinoma of the esophagus.", "PMID": 709520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3939", "title": "The detection of elevated plasma levels of carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with suspected or established medullary thyroid carcinoma.", "content": "Plasma levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and calcitonin (CT) were measured in 35 normal control subjects and in 37 patients with suspected or established medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). None of the normal control subjects had elevated basal plasma levels of either CEA (greater than 5 ng/ml) or CT (greater than 0.25 ng/ml). However, of the 37 patients with suspected or established MTC, 23 (62%) had elevated basal plasma levels of CEA (range 9.8--7,000 ng/ml) and 27 (73%) had elevated basal plasma CT values (range 0.30--500 ng/ml). Generally, patients with clinically apparent MTC, either primary or metastatic, had higher plasma CEA and CT levels than those with occult disease. A positive correlation was found (r = 0.785, p less than 0.01) when comparing basal plasma CEA and stimulated plasma CT levels in 20 patients. A marked increase above the basal plasma level of CT but not CEA was detected in each of six MTC patients following intravenous calcium or pentagastrin. These data demonstrate that basal plasma levels of CEA and CT were increased in a large percentage of patients with MTC. Plasma calcitonin levels unlike plasma CEA levels were more often elevated in patients with occult disease and were increased above basal following the intravenous administration of either calcium gluconate or pentagastrin.", "contents": "The detection of elevated plasma levels of carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with suspected or established medullary thyroid carcinoma. Plasma levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and calcitonin (CT) were measured in 35 normal control subjects and in 37 patients with suspected or established medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). None of the normal control subjects had elevated basal plasma levels of either CEA (greater than 5 ng/ml) or CT (greater than 0.25 ng/ml). However, of the 37 patients with suspected or established MTC, 23 (62%) had elevated basal plasma levels of CEA (range 9.8--7,000 ng/ml) and 27 (73%) had elevated basal plasma CT values (range 0.30--500 ng/ml). Generally, patients with clinically apparent MTC, either primary or metastatic, had higher plasma CEA and CT levels than those with occult disease. A positive correlation was found (r = 0.785, p less than 0.01) when comparing basal plasma CEA and stimulated plasma CT levels in 20 patients. A marked increase above the basal plasma level of CT but not CEA was detected in each of six MTC patients following intravenous calcium or pentagastrin. These data demonstrate that basal plasma levels of CEA and CT were increased in a large percentage of patients with MTC. Plasma calcitonin levels unlike plasma CEA levels were more often elevated in patients with occult disease and were increased above basal following the intravenous administration of either calcium gluconate or pentagastrin.", "PMID": 709521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3940", "title": "Clinical correlation between CEA and breast cancer.", "content": "Elevated plasma CEA levels were observed in 14.2% (2/14) of preoperative patients, 7.9% (3/38) of postoperative patients, and 70.9% (83/117) of patients with metastatic disease. Within these respective groups the simultaneous measurement of hCG, three polyamines and three minor nucleosides further enhanced the detection rates to 69.2%, 54.2%, and 98.6%. It was observed that in patients with at least one elevated CEA, measurement of sequential CEA levels paralleled the clinical course of metastatic disease in 25 patients. Prior to therapy for metastatic disease CEA levels greater than 5 ng/ml were associated with lower response rates and a shorter time to treatment failure than were levels less than or equal to 5 ng/ml. This effect was enhanced in patients also having an elevated hCG level. Hepatic and osseous involvement were associated with a greater incidence of CEA elevations than were pulmonary or soft tissue sites of involvement.", "contents": "Clinical correlation between CEA and breast cancer. Elevated plasma CEA levels were observed in 14.2% (2/14) of preoperative patients, 7.9% (3/38) of postoperative patients, and 70.9% (83/117) of patients with metastatic disease. Within these respective groups the simultaneous measurement of hCG, three polyamines and three minor nucleosides further enhanced the detection rates to 69.2%, 54.2%, and 98.6%. It was observed that in patients with at least one elevated CEA, measurement of sequential CEA levels paralleled the clinical course of metastatic disease in 25 patients. Prior to therapy for metastatic disease CEA levels greater than 5 ng/ml were associated with lower response rates and a shorter time to treatment failure than were levels less than or equal to 5 ng/ml. This effect was enhanced in patients also having an elevated hCG level. Hepatic and osseous involvement were associated with a greater incidence of CEA elevations than were pulmonary or soft tissue sites of involvement.", "PMID": 709522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3941", "title": "Evaluation of carcinoembryonic antigen as a plasma monitor for human breast carcinoma.", "content": "Plasma CEA levels have been determined in 92 normal women and 768 women with benign or malignant breast diseases. Only one of 92 normal women had a CEA level above 5 ng/ml. Of 253 women with benign breast diseases (gross cystic disease, adenofibroma, fibrosis, etc.) only one had a CEA level above 5 ng/ml. Ninety-four percent of the above two groups of women had CEA levels below 3 ng/ml. Of 164 women operated upon for Columbia Clinical Classification Stage A or B breast carcinoma, preoperative CEA levels were above 5 ng/ml in seven (4%). Patients with a preoperative CEA level above 3 ng/ml seemed to have an increased incidence of tumor recurrence. Elevated CEA levels (greater than 10 ng/ml) in our postmastectomy population of 288 patients have correlated with development of metastases in 14 of 46 subjects. Of 216 patients under treatment for metastatic breast carcinoma, CEA levels above 10 ng/ml have been detected in 15 percent of patients with soft tissue metastases, 38% of patients with visceral metastases and 50% of patients with osseous metastases. Of metastatic breast carcinoma patients with CEA levels above 10 ng/ml serial measurements have correlated with the patients response to therapy, progressively increasing in treatment failures and decreasing in treatment responders.", "contents": "Evaluation of carcinoembryonic antigen as a plasma monitor for human breast carcinoma. Plasma CEA levels have been determined in 92 normal women and 768 women with benign or malignant breast diseases. Only one of 92 normal women had a CEA level above 5 ng/ml. Of 253 women with benign breast diseases (gross cystic disease, adenofibroma, fibrosis, etc.) only one had a CEA level above 5 ng/ml. Ninety-four percent of the above two groups of women had CEA levels below 3 ng/ml. Of 164 women operated upon for Columbia Clinical Classification Stage A or B breast carcinoma, preoperative CEA levels were above 5 ng/ml in seven (4%). Patients with a preoperative CEA level above 3 ng/ml seemed to have an increased incidence of tumor recurrence. Elevated CEA levels (greater than 10 ng/ml) in our postmastectomy population of 288 patients have correlated with development of metastases in 14 of 46 subjects. Of 216 patients under treatment for metastatic breast carcinoma, CEA levels above 10 ng/ml have been detected in 15 percent of patients with soft tissue metastases, 38% of patients with visceral metastases and 50% of patients with osseous metastases. Of metastatic breast carcinoma patients with CEA levels above 10 ng/ml serial measurements have correlated with the patients response to therapy, progressively increasing in treatment failures and decreasing in treatment responders.", "PMID": 709523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3942", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in breast cancer.", "content": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were determined in 742 postoperative patients with breast cancer. Within this group the percentage of elevated (greater than or equal to 4.0 ng/ml) assays increased with UICC clinical stage and was 14.8% (12/81), 23.7% (27/114), 73.1% (190/260) and 20.0% (49/245) for stages I, II, III, IV and X (unstagable due to insufficient data) patients. We have now followed the above 482 stages I, II, III and X patients in whom CEA was performed less than or equal to 3 months after initial surgery at a time when there was no evidence of residual disease, for an average interval of 255 days from date of diagnosis. At present 16.2% (17/105) of patients with elevated CEA values compared to only 4.8% (18/377) of patients with normal values have developed recurrent disease (p less than .0005). There is an association of elevation of CEA postoperatively with different clinical stages of breast cancer. Elevated CEA levels postoperatively are associated with an increased risk of development of recurrent disease in breast cancer patients.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in breast cancer. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were determined in 742 postoperative patients with breast cancer. Within this group the percentage of elevated (greater than or equal to 4.0 ng/ml) assays increased with UICC clinical stage and was 14.8% (12/81), 23.7% (27/114), 73.1% (190/260) and 20.0% (49/245) for stages I, II, III, IV and X (unstagable due to insufficient data) patients. We have now followed the above 482 stages I, II, III and X patients in whom CEA was performed less than or equal to 3 months after initial surgery at a time when there was no evidence of residual disease, for an average interval of 255 days from date of diagnosis. At present 16.2% (17/105) of patients with elevated CEA values compared to only 4.8% (18/377) of patients with normal values have developed recurrent disease (p less than .0005). There is an association of elevation of CEA postoperatively with different clinical stages of breast cancer. Elevated CEA levels postoperatively are associated with an increased risk of development of recurrent disease in breast cancer patients.", "PMID": 709524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3943", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in the cancer family syndrome.", "content": "We present findings on plasma CEA in relatives and spouses from six kindreds manifesting the Cancer Family syndrome. The CEA distributions per se were transformed to square root CEA to correct for skewness and kurtosis. Significant effects of age and duration of smoking were adjusted for by linear regression. Relatives were classified as: 1) cancer patients, 2) individuals at high genetic cancer risk (one or more first-degree relatives affected, and 3) individuals at low genetic cancer risk (no first-degree relatives affected) for statistical comparisons. Unrelated spouses were also classified into corresponding groups according to their directline mate's status. Cancer patients and relatives at high genetic risk had significantly greater mean square root CEA than relatives at low genetic risk, and, surprisingly, unrelated spouses had mean levels of square root CEA which were similar to that in the corresponding cancer risk class of their direct-line mates. Our results suggest the existence of both a genetic and connubial effect on CEA, presumably due to a common environmental agent acting in concert with the degree of genetic predisposition to oncogenesis in this syndrome.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in the cancer family syndrome. We present findings on plasma CEA in relatives and spouses from six kindreds manifesting the Cancer Family syndrome. The CEA distributions per se were transformed to square root CEA to correct for skewness and kurtosis. Significant effects of age and duration of smoking were adjusted for by linear regression. Relatives were classified as: 1) cancer patients, 2) individuals at high genetic cancer risk (one or more first-degree relatives affected, and 3) individuals at low genetic cancer risk (no first-degree relatives affected) for statistical comparisons. Unrelated spouses were also classified into corresponding groups according to their directline mate's status. Cancer patients and relatives at high genetic risk had significantly greater mean square root CEA than relatives at low genetic risk, and, surprisingly, unrelated spouses had mean levels of square root CEA which were similar to that in the corresponding cancer risk class of their direct-line mates. Our results suggest the existence of both a genetic and connubial effect on CEA, presumably due to a common environmental agent acting in concert with the degree of genetic predisposition to oncogenesis in this syndrome.", "PMID": 709527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3944", "title": "Present status of the zinc glycinate marker (ZGM).", "content": "ZGM was purified from both primary and metastatic colonic carcinomas demonstrably positive for ZGM by immunofluorescence microscopy. ZGM purification included preparative Pevikon electrophoresis, Sepharose 4B molecular exclusion chromatography and Con A-Sepharose affinity chromatography. ZGM had an alpha2 electrophoretic mobility, an estimated molecular weight by Sepharose 4B equal to or greater than 2 x 10(6), and did not bind to Con A-Sepharose, although having determinants with CEA-like activity. Its immunologic activity was resistant to trypsin or phospholipase A but not to neuraminidase. Antisera prepared to ZGM and absorbed with saliva, when tested by double immunodiffusion, formed a single precipitation line with saline extracts of colon tumors and did not cross-react with CEA, AFP, normal tissue extracts, ferritin, NCA, NCA-2, CSAp, blood groups A, B, H, Lewis antigen, or buffy coat, alpha-2 macroglobulin, saliva or ovarian cyst fluid. Immunofluorescence microscopy confirmed the presence of ZGM in 40 out of 45 adenocarcinomas of the GI tract staining primarily in tumors, the apical cytoplasm, and in grossly nonmalignant tissues, the deep crypts of the villi, while all of 22 non-GI tumors in the study were ZGM negative.", "contents": "Present status of the zinc glycinate marker (ZGM). ZGM was purified from both primary and metastatic colonic carcinomas demonstrably positive for ZGM by immunofluorescence microscopy. ZGM purification included preparative Pevikon electrophoresis, Sepharose 4B molecular exclusion chromatography and Con A-Sepharose affinity chromatography. ZGM had an alpha2 electrophoretic mobility, an estimated molecular weight by Sepharose 4B equal to or greater than 2 x 10(6), and did not bind to Con A-Sepharose, although having determinants with CEA-like activity. Its immunologic activity was resistant to trypsin or phospholipase A but not to neuraminidase. Antisera prepared to ZGM and absorbed with saliva, when tested by double immunodiffusion, formed a single precipitation line with saline extracts of colon tumors and did not cross-react with CEA, AFP, normal tissue extracts, ferritin, NCA, NCA-2, CSAp, blood groups A, B, H, Lewis antigen, or buffy coat, alpha-2 macroglobulin, saliva or ovarian cyst fluid. Immunofluorescence microscopy confirmed the presence of ZGM in 40 out of 45 adenocarcinomas of the GI tract staining primarily in tumors, the apical cytoplasm, and in grossly nonmalignant tissues, the deep crypts of the villi, while all of 22 non-GI tumors in the study were ZGM negative.", "PMID": 709528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3945", "title": "Comparative evaluation of carcinoembryonic antigen and gross cystic disease fluid protein as plasma markers for human breast carcinoma.", "content": "A comparative evaluation of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and gross cystic disease fluid protein (GCDFP) as plasma markers for human breast carcinoma has been performed. Both assays appear to be useful in patients with metastatic breast carcinoma. Of 216 patients under treatment for metastatic disease, 111 (51%) had abnormal plasma levels of CEA and/or GCDFP. Abnormal plasma levels of CEA were present in 73 patients whereas abnormal GCDFP levels were present in 67. Twenty-nine patients had increased plasma levels of both markers simultaneously, 44 patients had increased CEA levels only and 38 patients had increased GCDFP levels only. Thus, of the 111 patients with elevated levels of either CEA or GCDFP, the two markers varied independently of each other in 74%. Utilizing both assays, abnormal plasma levels were present in 79% of patients with osseous metastasis, 53% of patients with visceral metastasis and 26% with soft tissue metastasis. Both assays, when performed serially in patients treated for metastatic breast carcinoma, were found to have utility in monitoring responsiveness; and increasing CEA or GCDFP plasma level indicated disease progression and a decreasing plasma level indicated regression.", "contents": "Comparative evaluation of carcinoembryonic antigen and gross cystic disease fluid protein as plasma markers for human breast carcinoma. A comparative evaluation of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and gross cystic disease fluid protein (GCDFP) as plasma markers for human breast carcinoma has been performed. Both assays appear to be useful in patients with metastatic breast carcinoma. Of 216 patients under treatment for metastatic disease, 111 (51%) had abnormal plasma levels of CEA and/or GCDFP. Abnormal plasma levels of CEA were present in 73 patients whereas abnormal GCDFP levels were present in 67. Twenty-nine patients had increased plasma levels of both markers simultaneously, 44 patients had increased CEA levels only and 38 patients had increased GCDFP levels only. Thus, of the 111 patients with elevated levels of either CEA or GCDFP, the two markers varied independently of each other in 74%. Utilizing both assays, abnormal plasma levels were present in 79% of patients with osseous metastasis, 53% of patients with visceral metastasis and 26% with soft tissue metastasis. Both assays, when performed serially in patients treated for metastatic breast carcinoma, were found to have utility in monitoring responsiveness; and increasing CEA or GCDFP plasma level indicated disease progression and a decreasing plasma level indicated regression.", "PMID": 709529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3946", "title": "The value of adriamycin in the treatment of diffuse malignant pleural mesothelioma.", "content": "Thirty-six patients with diffuse malignant pleural mesothelioma were seen over a period of 15 years. The median age was 60 years (range, 21 to 75 years), and the male to female ratio was 2.3 to 1. The most common symptoms were chest pain and shortness of breath and all patients presented with pleural effusion on chest x-ray. The diagnosis was established by tissue biopsy in all cases. The median survival time for all patients was 12.5 months. Twenty-one patients were treated with an adriamycin-containing regimen and in this group, the median survival time from histological diagnosis was 14 months. In contrast, the median survival time for the 15 patients, who did not receive adriamycin, was 6 months (p = 0.009). The median survival time from the initiation of chemotherapy was 9 months for the adriamycin group and 2 months for patients treated with other type of chemotherapy (p = 0.001). Adriamycin appears to be of benefit in the treatment of diffuse malignant pleural mesothelioma.", "contents": "The value of adriamycin in the treatment of diffuse malignant pleural mesothelioma. Thirty-six patients with diffuse malignant pleural mesothelioma were seen over a period of 15 years. The median age was 60 years (range, 21 to 75 years), and the male to female ratio was 2.3 to 1. The most common symptoms were chest pain and shortness of breath and all patients presented with pleural effusion on chest x-ray. The diagnosis was established by tissue biopsy in all cases. The median survival time for all patients was 12.5 months. Twenty-one patients were treated with an adriamycin-containing regimen and in this group, the median survival time from histological diagnosis was 14 months. In contrast, the median survival time for the 15 patients, who did not receive adriamycin, was 6 months (p = 0.009). The median survival time from the initiation of chemotherapy was 9 months for the adriamycin group and 2 months for patients treated with other type of chemotherapy (p = 0.001). Adriamycin appears to be of benefit in the treatment of diffuse malignant pleural mesothelioma.", "PMID": 709531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3947", "title": "Cytosine arabinoside induced gastrointestinal toxic alterations in sequential chemotherapeutic protocols: a clinical-pathologic study of 33 patients.", "content": "Sequential chemotherapeutic regimens, primarily used in the treatment of hematopoietic malignancies, and employing ara-C as a basic antineoplastic agent induce mucosal alterations in the entire gastrointestinal tract. These are characterized by surface and glandular epithelial atypia, immaturity, and necrosis. Glandular regeneration is characteristically delayed leading to a state of intestinal aproliferative cytopenia. Other toxic intestinal changes include telangiectasia of blood vessels and the formation of intramural hematomas. Intestinal infections develop frequently and are complicated by peritonitis, liver abscesses, pneumatosis cystoides in testinalis and sepsis. These intestinal lesions are accompanied by a predictable clinical syndrome which begins concomitantly with ara-C infusions and is characterized by diarrhea, ileus, abdominal pain, hematemesis and melena, severe hypokalemia, hypocalcemia and a protein-losing enteropathy. Additional toxic manifestations induced by ara-C include transient weight gains, fever elevations and severe bone marrow depression. The genesis of the intestinal lesions is linked to the three day dose schedule of ara-C infusions which insures both arrest of the cycling intestinal cells in the S-phase and a high cytotoxic index. The severity of these lesions is markedly augmented by prior treatment with ara-C and cyclophosphamide which causes synchronization and probable recruitment of intestinal stem cells, respectively.", "contents": "Cytosine arabinoside induced gastrointestinal toxic alterations in sequential chemotherapeutic protocols: a clinical-pathologic study of 33 patients. Sequential chemotherapeutic regimens, primarily used in the treatment of hematopoietic malignancies, and employing ara-C as a basic antineoplastic agent induce mucosal alterations in the entire gastrointestinal tract. These are characterized by surface and glandular epithelial atypia, immaturity, and necrosis. Glandular regeneration is characteristically delayed leading to a state of intestinal aproliferative cytopenia. Other toxic intestinal changes include telangiectasia of blood vessels and the formation of intramural hematomas. Intestinal infections develop frequently and are complicated by peritonitis, liver abscesses, pneumatosis cystoides in testinalis and sepsis. These intestinal lesions are accompanied by a predictable clinical syndrome which begins concomitantly with ara-C infusions and is characterized by diarrhea, ileus, abdominal pain, hematemesis and melena, severe hypokalemia, hypocalcemia and a protein-losing enteropathy. Additional toxic manifestations induced by ara-C include transient weight gains, fever elevations and severe bone marrow depression. The genesis of the intestinal lesions is linked to the three day dose schedule of ara-C infusions which insures both arrest of the cycling intestinal cells in the S-phase and a high cytotoxic index. The severity of these lesions is markedly augmented by prior treatment with ara-C and cyclophosphamide which causes synchronization and probable recruitment of intestinal stem cells, respectively.", "PMID": 709532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3948", "title": "Pituitary oncocytic tumor with Cushing's disease.", "content": "Pituitary adenomas composed of oncocytes are rare. We report a young female with an atypical oncocytic tumor of the pituitary. The histology was unusual because the oncocytic cells--in addition to an abundance of abnormal mitochondria--contained a conspicuous smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The tumor grew invasively and the patient developed adrenal hypercorticism.", "contents": "Pituitary oncocytic tumor with Cushing's disease. Pituitary adenomas composed of oncocytes are rare. We report a young female with an atypical oncocytic tumor of the pituitary. The histology was unusual because the oncocytic cells--in addition to an abundance of abnormal mitochondria--contained a conspicuous smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The tumor grew invasively and the patient developed adrenal hypercorticism.", "PMID": 709533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3949", "title": "Adenosquamous carcinoma of skin appendages (adenoid squamous cell carcinoma, pseudoglandular squamous cell carcinoma, adenocanthoma of sweat gland of Lever) of the vulva: a clinical and ultrastructural study.", "content": "History and clinical findings of 18 cases of adenosquamous carcinoma of the skin appendages found among 135 cases of primary carcinoma of the vulva seen at the University of Minnesota Hospital between 1951 and 1970 were analyzed. In addition, two recent cases of this tumor were studied with conventional transmission electron microscopy. Adenosquamous carcinoma of the vulva showed poorer survival and a higher rate of lymph node metastases than squamous cell carcinoma of the corresponding stages (carcinoma in situ excluded). In four out of thirteen cases, the metastatic lesions in the lymph nodes retained glandular pattern. The ultrastructure showed mucin-producing columnar cells lining glandular lumina, and poorly differentiated squamous cells elsewhere; further, cells of the intermediate type between the two were present. This study indicates that adenosquamous carcinoma of the vulva is a distinctively separate entity from squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva, and possibly arises from mucin-producing cells of the skin appendages as suggested by Johnson and Helwig.", "contents": "Adenosquamous carcinoma of skin appendages (adenoid squamous cell carcinoma, pseudoglandular squamous cell carcinoma, adenocanthoma of sweat gland of Lever) of the vulva: a clinical and ultrastructural study. History and clinical findings of 18 cases of adenosquamous carcinoma of the skin appendages found among 135 cases of primary carcinoma of the vulva seen at the University of Minnesota Hospital between 1951 and 1970 were analyzed. In addition, two recent cases of this tumor were studied with conventional transmission electron microscopy. Adenosquamous carcinoma of the vulva showed poorer survival and a higher rate of lymph node metastases than squamous cell carcinoma of the corresponding stages (carcinoma in situ excluded). In four out of thirteen cases, the metastatic lesions in the lymph nodes retained glandular pattern. The ultrastructure showed mucin-producing columnar cells lining glandular lumina, and poorly differentiated squamous cells elsewhere; further, cells of the intermediate type between the two were present. This study indicates that adenosquamous carcinoma of the vulva is a distinctively separate entity from squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva, and possibly arises from mucin-producing cells of the skin appendages as suggested by Johnson and Helwig.", "PMID": 709534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3950", "title": "Intraoral papillary squamous cell tumor of the soft palate with features of sialadenoma papilliferum-? malignant sialadenoma papilliferum.", "content": "An unusual, recurring, squamous papillary tumor involving and possibly arising from minor salivary gland excretory ducts in the palate is presented. Similarity to sialadenoma papilliferum and upper respiratory tract papillomatosis is noted. A paraglandular cystic mass with some resemblance to the palatal lesion, and a solitary lymph node with papillary squamous epithelial deposits was found in a radical neck dissection. We suggest that the lymph node lesion represents a metastasis which may have arisen from the palatal lesion, and therefore propose the concept of a possible malignant analogue of sialadenoma papilliferum.", "contents": "Intraoral papillary squamous cell tumor of the soft palate with features of sialadenoma papilliferum-? malignant sialadenoma papilliferum. An unusual, recurring, squamous papillary tumor involving and possibly arising from minor salivary gland excretory ducts in the palate is presented. Similarity to sialadenoma papilliferum and upper respiratory tract papillomatosis is noted. A paraglandular cystic mass with some resemblance to the palatal lesion, and a solitary lymph node with papillary squamous epithelial deposits was found in a radical neck dissection. We suggest that the lymph node lesion represents a metastasis which may have arisen from the palatal lesion, and therefore propose the concept of a possible malignant analogue of sialadenoma papilliferum.", "PMID": 709535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3951", "title": "Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy and adenocarcinoma of the pancreas: a case report.", "content": "Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy developed 5 months before the clinical manifestation of an anaplastic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas in a 53-year-old male. The possible association and significance of this relationship, which has not been hitherto reported, is discussed.", "contents": "Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy and adenocarcinoma of the pancreas: a case report. Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy developed 5 months before the clinical manifestation of an anaplastic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas in a 53-year-old male. The possible association and significance of this relationship, which has not been hitherto reported, is discussed.", "PMID": 709536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3952", "title": "Anaplastic dysgerminoma.", "content": "A rare case of rapidly evolving dysgerminoma produced death by tumor in less than two months after onset of symptoms. It is important to recall that dysgerminoma possesses considerable malignant potential, which infrequently is manifested by rapidly progressive disease. Certain risk factors, present in the pathological specimen, serve to indicate the aggressive potential of such neoplasms.", "contents": "Anaplastic dysgerminoma. A rare case of rapidly evolving dysgerminoma produced death by tumor in less than two months after onset of symptoms. It is important to recall that dysgerminoma possesses considerable malignant potential, which infrequently is manifested by rapidly progressive disease. Certain risk factors, present in the pathological specimen, serve to indicate the aggressive potential of such neoplasms.", "PMID": 709537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3953", "title": "A preliminary study of intralesional, intralymph node, intravenous and intraperitoneal Corynebacterium parvum treatments in patients with advanced cancer.", "content": "Twenty-one patients with squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity and/or cervical lymph node and four patients with soft tissue sarcomas were given intralesional (2-4 mg/m2) and intralymph node (2-4 mg/m2) C. parvum injections followed by 5 intravenous (2-4 mg/m2) C. parvum treatments and conventional therapies. Seven patients with Stage III ovarian carcinomas were given intraperitoneal (2-4 mg/m2) C. parvum injections followed by conventional therapies. The local and systemic effects of the C. parvum treatments were described and the anti-tumor effects were evaluated in this series of patients.", "contents": "A preliminary study of intralesional, intralymph node, intravenous and intraperitoneal Corynebacterium parvum treatments in patients with advanced cancer. Twenty-one patients with squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity and/or cervical lymph node and four patients with soft tissue sarcomas were given intralesional (2-4 mg/m2) and intralymph node (2-4 mg/m2) C. parvum injections followed by 5 intravenous (2-4 mg/m2) C. parvum treatments and conventional therapies. Seven patients with Stage III ovarian carcinomas were given intraperitoneal (2-4 mg/m2) C. parvum injections followed by conventional therapies. The local and systemic effects of the C. parvum treatments were described and the anti-tumor effects were evaluated in this series of patients.", "PMID": 709538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3954", "title": "Value of serum copper levels and erythrocyte sedimentation rates as indicators of disease activity in children with Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Initial and serial serum copper levels (SCL) and erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESR) of 29 children with Hodgkin's disease were reviewed to determine the relationship of these features to disease activity. Only six of 10 patients who relapsed had SCL greater than adult upper normal levels. Although correction for age increased this to 7, it also increased the number of patients with false positive results to 9 of 19. Although 9 of the 10 patients at relapse had an increase in SCL over the preceding value, almost one-fifth of patients in remission had increases in consecutive SCL greater than the average increase of patients who relapsed. We conclude that SCL, even when age corrected and consecutively followed, are not useful as indicators of disease activity in children with Hodgkin's disease. Although the ESR increased to greater than 20 mm/hour in 9 of 10 patients who relapsed, this determination could not be considered a useful early indicator of disease recurrence since it was so frequently elevated in patients who were free of disease (62 of 109 determinations). The extremely nonspecific nature of SCL and ESR in childhood renders these tests unreliable, particularly in the individual child.", "contents": "Value of serum copper levels and erythrocyte sedimentation rates as indicators of disease activity in children with Hodgkin's disease. Initial and serial serum copper levels (SCL) and erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESR) of 29 children with Hodgkin's disease were reviewed to determine the relationship of these features to disease activity. Only six of 10 patients who relapsed had SCL greater than adult upper normal levels. Although correction for age increased this to 7, it also increased the number of patients with false positive results to 9 of 19. Although 9 of the 10 patients at relapse had an increase in SCL over the preceding value, almost one-fifth of patients in remission had increases in consecutive SCL greater than the average increase of patients who relapsed. We conclude that SCL, even when age corrected and consecutively followed, are not useful as indicators of disease activity in children with Hodgkin's disease. Although the ESR increased to greater than 20 mm/hour in 9 of 10 patients who relapsed, this determination could not be considered a useful early indicator of disease recurrence since it was so frequently elevated in patients who were free of disease (62 of 109 determinations). The extremely nonspecific nature of SCL and ESR in childhood renders these tests unreliable, particularly in the individual child.", "PMID": 709539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3955", "title": "Cancer and total mortality among active Mormons.", "content": "Based on Church records for 15,500 California Mormons during 1968 to 1975 and for 55,000 Utah Mormons during 1970 and 1975, the ratio of age-adjusted death rates for religiously active Mormon males compared with U.S. white males is 38% for ages 35 to 64 years and 50% for ages 35 years and above. The remaining life expectancy for active Mormon men at age 35 is about 44 years, over 7 years greater than for U.S. white males. Their standardized mortality ratio is 50% for all cancer, being 23% for smoking-related cancer sites and 68% for all other sites. Active Mormons, defined here to be High Priests and Seventies, abstain almost completely from the use of tobacco, alcohol, coffee, and tea, but appear to be fairly similar to other white males with regard to socioeconomic status, urbanization, and diet. Active Mormons are healthier than Mormons as a whole and rank among the lowest in mortality when compared with other groups of healthy males.", "contents": "Cancer and total mortality among active Mormons. Based on Church records for 15,500 California Mormons during 1968 to 1975 and for 55,000 Utah Mormons during 1970 and 1975, the ratio of age-adjusted death rates for religiously active Mormon males compared with U.S. white males is 38% for ages 35 to 64 years and 50% for ages 35 years and above. The remaining life expectancy for active Mormon men at age 35 is about 44 years, over 7 years greater than for U.S. white males. Their standardized mortality ratio is 50% for all cancer, being 23% for smoking-related cancer sites and 68% for all other sites. Active Mormons, defined here to be High Priests and Seventies, abstain almost completely from the use of tobacco, alcohol, coffee, and tea, but appear to be fairly similar to other white males with regard to socioeconomic status, urbanization, and diet. Active Mormons are healthier than Mormons as a whole and rank among the lowest in mortality when compared with other groups of healthy males.", "PMID": 709540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3956", "title": "Relative high frequency of childhood Hodgkin's disease in the north of Portugal.", "content": "Sex, age and histopathologic pattern of 322 cases of Hodgkin's disease diagnosed at the Laboratory of Pathology of Oporto Medical School between 1930 and 1974 are presented. 35 (10.9%) of the 322 patients were less than 10 years old. The male/female ratio of childhood Hodgkin's disease was 2.9:1 and the histologic observation revealed mixed cellularity in 18 (51.4%) and nodular sclerosis in 10 (28.6%) of the 35 cases. Childhood Hodgkin's disease relative frequency has abruptly decreased in the last five years of the study period. Most of the children belonged to large families living under poor socioeconomic conditions and the majority of them presented in advanced clinical stages. These findings are similar to those previously described in some developing countries of tropical and subtropical regions and reinforce the advanced relationship between under-development and the geographic variations in childhood Hodgkin's disease frequency and pattern.", "contents": "Relative high frequency of childhood Hodgkin's disease in the north of Portugal. Sex, age and histopathologic pattern of 322 cases of Hodgkin's disease diagnosed at the Laboratory of Pathology of Oporto Medical School between 1930 and 1974 are presented. 35 (10.9%) of the 322 patients were less than 10 years old. The male/female ratio of childhood Hodgkin's disease was 2.9:1 and the histologic observation revealed mixed cellularity in 18 (51.4%) and nodular sclerosis in 10 (28.6%) of the 35 cases. Childhood Hodgkin's disease relative frequency has abruptly decreased in the last five years of the study period. Most of the children belonged to large families living under poor socioeconomic conditions and the majority of them presented in advanced clinical stages. These findings are similar to those previously described in some developing countries of tropical and subtropical regions and reinforce the advanced relationship between under-development and the geographic variations in childhood Hodgkin's disease frequency and pattern.", "PMID": 709541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3957", "title": "Systematic restaging in patients with Hodgkin's disease: a Southwest Oncology Group Study.", "content": "Eighty-two patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease who were in apparent complete remission (CR) after receiving 10 courses of combination chemotherapy were systematically reevaluated for persisting disease. Occult Hodgkin's disease was found in 10 (12%) of these patients and was predominantly present in nodal sites (91%) which were known to have been involved at initial staging (100%). Repeat chest radiography, Gallium-67 tumor scanning and lymphography were the most helpful procedures for detecting residual disease. Nine of the 72 (13%) patients felt to be free of disease after negative restaging subsequently relapsed within 8 months. Sites of early relapse, like the sites of disease found at restaging, occurred almost always in previously involved nodal areas. We conclude that systematic restaging should be incorporated into subsequent lymphoma trials in order to define more clearly complete remission and that every patient treated for lymphoma should undergo a careful restaging evaluation before therapy is discontinued.", "contents": "Systematic restaging in patients with Hodgkin's disease: a Southwest Oncology Group Study. Eighty-two patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease who were in apparent complete remission (CR) after receiving 10 courses of combination chemotherapy were systematically reevaluated for persisting disease. Occult Hodgkin's disease was found in 10 (12%) of these patients and was predominantly present in nodal sites (91%) which were known to have been involved at initial staging (100%). Repeat chest radiography, Gallium-67 tumor scanning and lymphography were the most helpful procedures for detecting residual disease. Nine of the 72 (13%) patients felt to be free of disease after negative restaging subsequently relapsed within 8 months. Sites of early relapse, like the sites of disease found at restaging, occurred almost always in previously involved nodal areas. We conclude that systematic restaging should be incorporated into subsequent lymphoma trials in order to define more clearly complete remission and that every patient treated for lymphoma should undergo a careful restaging evaluation before therapy is discontinued.", "PMID": 709542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3958", "title": "Mediastinal rhabdomyoma.", "content": "An 80-year-old black male with gastric adenocarcinoma, liver metastases, and parathyroid adenomas also had a rhabdomyoma of the anterior-superior mediastinum. This appears to be the first reported case of mediastinal rhabdomyoma in the literature. The ultrastructural demonstration of haphazardly arranged myofilaments with prominent Z bands and the absence of demosomes indicates that it is of extra-cardiac type. The probable origin of this tumor from the myoid cells of the thymus is discussed.", "contents": "Mediastinal rhabdomyoma. An 80-year-old black male with gastric adenocarcinoma, liver metastases, and parathyroid adenomas also had a rhabdomyoma of the anterior-superior mediastinum. This appears to be the first reported case of mediastinal rhabdomyoma in the literature. The ultrastructural demonstration of haphazardly arranged myofilaments with prominent Z bands and the absence of demosomes indicates that it is of extra-cardiac type. The probable origin of this tumor from the myoid cells of the thymus is discussed.", "PMID": 709543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3959", "title": "Lymphangioma circumscriptum following radical mastectomy and radiation therapy.", "content": "Lymphangioma circumscriptum, a rare long-term complication of chronic lymphedema, has been described only twice following radical mastectomy. The case discussed in this report developed 25 years after radical mastectomy and radiation therapy. Both this condition and lymphangiosarcoma, its malignant counterpart, may arise in lymphedematous extremities regardless of the etiology of the lymphatic obstruction.", "contents": "Lymphangioma circumscriptum following radical mastectomy and radiation therapy. Lymphangioma circumscriptum, a rare long-term complication of chronic lymphedema, has been described only twice following radical mastectomy. The case discussed in this report developed 25 years after radical mastectomy and radiation therapy. Both this condition and lymphangiosarcoma, its malignant counterpart, may arise in lymphedematous extremities regardless of the etiology of the lymphatic obstruction.", "PMID": 709544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3960", "title": "Major peripheral arterial occlusion due to malignant tumor embolism: histologic recognition and surgical management.", "content": "Four cases of major peripheral arterial occlusion due to malignant tumor emboli are reported. All of the emboli originated from primary lung carcinomas, three following resection of the lung tumor, and the fourth occurring spontaneously before discovery of the lung primary. Each patient underwent successful embolectomy and was discharged without any related deficits. Their survival ranged from three to seven months. These cases emphasize the possibility of tumor embolism either spontaneously or following surgical manipulation. Early pulmonary vein ligation and, if indicated, intrapericardial ligation should be performed at the time of resection to try to prevent this complication.", "contents": "Major peripheral arterial occlusion due to malignant tumor embolism: histologic recognition and surgical management. Four cases of major peripheral arterial occlusion due to malignant tumor emboli are reported. All of the emboli originated from primary lung carcinomas, three following resection of the lung tumor, and the fourth occurring spontaneously before discovery of the lung primary. Each patient underwent successful embolectomy and was discharged without any related deficits. Their survival ranged from three to seven months. These cases emphasize the possibility of tumor embolism either spontaneously or following surgical manipulation. Early pulmonary vein ligation and, if indicated, intrapericardial ligation should be performed at the time of resection to try to prevent this complication.", "PMID": 709545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3961", "title": "Recognition and successful management in pulmonary aspergillosis in leukemia.", "content": "Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is a common fungal infection in the compromised host. The outcome has been generally poor and, until recently, most reports are derived from autopsy series. We report nine patients with leukemia and the characteristic clinical presentation of pulmonary infarction. There is histological evidence that infarction is due to fungal invasion of the pulmonary arterial system with distal hemorrhagic infarction, cavitation, and mycetoma formation. This complete evolution was detected in six patients, none of whom had previous cavitary pulmonary disease. Therapy included amphotericin B (9 patients), aerosolized nystatin (6 patients), and 5-fluorocytosine (5 patients). Complete resolution of the pulmonary lesions occurred in six patients with a subsequent median survival of 13.5 months (range: 5-32+ months). Three patients died with continuing pulmonary infiltrate. Despite the antifungal chemotherapy, resolution seemed to correlate best with recovery of circulating neutrophils.", "contents": "Recognition and successful management in pulmonary aspergillosis in leukemia. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is a common fungal infection in the compromised host. The outcome has been generally poor and, until recently, most reports are derived from autopsy series. We report nine patients with leukemia and the characteristic clinical presentation of pulmonary infarction. There is histological evidence that infarction is due to fungal invasion of the pulmonary arterial system with distal hemorrhagic infarction, cavitation, and mycetoma formation. This complete evolution was detected in six patients, none of whom had previous cavitary pulmonary disease. Therapy included amphotericin B (9 patients), aerosolized nystatin (6 patients), and 5-fluorocytosine (5 patients). Complete resolution of the pulmonary lesions occurred in six patients with a subsequent median survival of 13.5 months (range: 5-32+ months). Three patients died with continuing pulmonary infiltrate. Despite the antifungal chemotherapy, resolution seemed to correlate best with recovery of circulating neutrophils.", "PMID": 709546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3962", "title": "Sister chromatid exchanges in lymphocyte cultures of patients receiving chemotherapy for malignant disorders.", "content": "The frequency of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) was studied in peripheral lymphocytes of patients receiving chemotherapy for various malignant disorders. Significantly increased SCE frequencies were recorded in six patients 2-7 weeks after CCNU treatment and in one patient 2 weeks after melphalan treatment. One patient treated with prednimustine and one treated with DTIC had SCE frequencies just within the upper limit of the control range 1-2 weeks after therapy. Normal SCE frequencies were recorded in nine patients studied at times varying from 3 days to several weeks after administration of cytostatic courses involving 5-fluorouracil, vincristine, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, bleomycin, thioTEPA, methotrexate, and prednimustine. Radiotherapy could not be causally related to increased SCE frequencies in any of the patients. The results indicate that CCNU and melphalan, in contrast to several other chemotherapeutic agents, induce very long-lived DNA lesions, which may be of crucial importance for the development of secondary neoplasms.", "contents": "Sister chromatid exchanges in lymphocyte cultures of patients receiving chemotherapy for malignant disorders. The frequency of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) was studied in peripheral lymphocytes of patients receiving chemotherapy for various malignant disorders. Significantly increased SCE frequencies were recorded in six patients 2-7 weeks after CCNU treatment and in one patient 2 weeks after melphalan treatment. One patient treated with prednimustine and one treated with DTIC had SCE frequencies just within the upper limit of the control range 1-2 weeks after therapy. Normal SCE frequencies were recorded in nine patients studied at times varying from 3 days to several weeks after administration of cytostatic courses involving 5-fluorouracil, vincristine, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, bleomycin, thioTEPA, methotrexate, and prednimustine. Radiotherapy could not be causally related to increased SCE frequencies in any of the patients. The results indicate that CCNU and melphalan, in contrast to several other chemotherapeutic agents, induce very long-lived DNA lesions, which may be of crucial importance for the development of secondary neoplasms.", "PMID": 709547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3963", "title": "Biology and therapeutic response of a mouse mammary adenocarcinoma (16/C) and its potential as a model for surgical adjuvant chemotherapy.", "content": "A mammary adenocarcinoma (16/C) was isolated and maintained in serial passage by transplantation of metastatic lung foci. This tumor originated as a spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma in a C3H/He female mouse. It was selected as a model from greater than 50 mammary tumors studied because it was highly metastatic and because it responded to most of the agents reported to be active against breast cancer in women. Sc implanted 16/C tumors (in the 300--1000-mg range) metastasized to the lungs in greater than 75% of the mice and to the axillary lymph nodes in greater than 30%. This tumor has been tested for sensitivity to greater than 40 clinically used agents. Adriamycin was the most active single agent. Other active agents included cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, vincristine, melphalan, dibromodulcitol, maytansine, neocarzinostatin, palmO-ara-C, vinblastine, and VP-16-213. Agents most active against 40--1000-mg tumours were also most active against micrometastatic disease (eg, adriamycin). The converse was also true; agents inactive or marginally active against 40--1000-mg tumors were at best marginally active against micrometastatic disease (eg, BCNU). Tumors greater than 20 mg were not curable by chemotherapy alone, although adriamycin treatment caused complete regressions of 100--400-mg tumors in greater than 80% of the mice. Surgical removal of 300--1000-mg tumors plus therapy with adriamycin resulted in 40%--72% cures as compared to 0--26% cures with surgery only. Data resulting from treatment with other agents, singly and in combination, are presented.", "contents": "Biology and therapeutic response of a mouse mammary adenocarcinoma (16/C) and its potential as a model for surgical adjuvant chemotherapy. A mammary adenocarcinoma (16/C) was isolated and maintained in serial passage by transplantation of metastatic lung foci. This tumor originated as a spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma in a C3H/He female mouse. It was selected as a model from greater than 50 mammary tumors studied because it was highly metastatic and because it responded to most of the agents reported to be active against breast cancer in women. Sc implanted 16/C tumors (in the 300--1000-mg range) metastasized to the lungs in greater than 75% of the mice and to the axillary lymph nodes in greater than 30%. This tumor has been tested for sensitivity to greater than 40 clinically used agents. Adriamycin was the most active single agent. Other active agents included cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, vincristine, melphalan, dibromodulcitol, maytansine, neocarzinostatin, palmO-ara-C, vinblastine, and VP-16-213. Agents most active against 40--1000-mg tumours were also most active against micrometastatic disease (eg, adriamycin). The converse was also true; agents inactive or marginally active against 40--1000-mg tumors were at best marginally active against micrometastatic disease (eg, BCNU). Tumors greater than 20 mg were not curable by chemotherapy alone, although adriamycin treatment caused complete regressions of 100--400-mg tumors in greater than 80% of the mice. Surgical removal of 300--1000-mg tumors plus therapy with adriamycin resulted in 40%--72% cures as compared to 0--26% cures with surgery only. Data resulting from treatment with other agents, singly and in combination, are presented.", "PMID": 709550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3964", "title": "Protective effect of hyperthermia against the cytotoxicity of actinomycin D on Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "Hyperthermia is being tested as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for clinical use. We elected to study the interaction of heat at 43 degrees C with actinomycin D (AMD) (0.5 microgram/ml) in tissue culture using plateau phase Chinese hamster cells. The simultaneous administration of 43 degrees C and AMD produces more than additive cytotoxicity if the duration of exposure is less than 30 minutes; however, this is quickly reversed with longer exposures with the cells developing resistance to further cytotoxicity of AMD. If heat (43 degrees C) is applied before AMD exposure, the cells also are rendered insensitive, with a greater protection observed for longer periods of heating. For example, for cells heated for 2 hours at 43 degrees C and then exposed to AMD (0.5 microgram/ml for 2 hours), cytotoxicity to AMD is decreased by a factor of 10. Heat-induced resistance to AMD persists for at least 18 hours before full recovery of AMD effect returns. The application of heat following AMD exposure also protects against the cytotoxicity of AMD. Studies using 3H-AMD demonstrate that the resistance does not correlate with reduced membrane permeability to AMD of heated cells. Attention must be given to the timing of hyperthermia when used clinically as adjuvant therapy in patients receiving AMD.", "contents": "Protective effect of hyperthermia against the cytotoxicity of actinomycin D on Chinese hamster cells. Hyperthermia is being tested as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for clinical use. We elected to study the interaction of heat at 43 degrees C with actinomycin D (AMD) (0.5 microgram/ml) in tissue culture using plateau phase Chinese hamster cells. The simultaneous administration of 43 degrees C and AMD produces more than additive cytotoxicity if the duration of exposure is less than 30 minutes; however, this is quickly reversed with longer exposures with the cells developing resistance to further cytotoxicity of AMD. If heat (43 degrees C) is applied before AMD exposure, the cells also are rendered insensitive, with a greater protection observed for longer periods of heating. For example, for cells heated for 2 hours at 43 degrees C and then exposed to AMD (0.5 microgram/ml for 2 hours), cytotoxicity to AMD is decreased by a factor of 10. Heat-induced resistance to AMD persists for at least 18 hours before full recovery of AMD effect returns. The application of heat following AMD exposure also protects against the cytotoxicity of AMD. Studies using 3H-AMD demonstrate that the resistance does not correlate with reduced membrane permeability to AMD of heated cells. Attention must be given to the timing of hyperthermia when used clinically as adjuvant therapy in patients receiving AMD.", "PMID": 709551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3965", "title": "Hepatic arterial BCNU: a pilot clinical-pharmacologic study in patients with liver tumors.", "content": "BCNU at a dose of 200 mg/m2 was administered in a 60-minute hepatic arterial (HA) infusion to three patients with liver-predominant neoplastic disease. Nitrosourea blood levels were measured during the 60-minute infusion and for 30 minutes after completion of the infusion in samples obtained simultaneously from a hepatic venous (HV) catheter and a peripheral venous (PV) site. Direct extraction of blood with diethyl ether was used in order to remove quantitatively the nitrosourea from blood and thereby stabilize it against in vitro breakdown in blood prior to colorimetric analysis. As determined by blood levels, steady-state was achieved within 50 minutes of infusion. Mean HV levels at steady-state were 2.5-fold higher in the HV compared to PV samples. The higher HV compared to PV levels must reflect higher tumor exposure to nitrosourea with HA compared to the usual iv route of administration. No drug-related hepatic toxicity was noted. Myelosuppression was noted in only one patient in whom reversible leukopenia (granulocyte nadir, 500/mm3) and thrombocytopenia (platelet nadir, 20,000/mm3) developed.", "contents": "Hepatic arterial BCNU: a pilot clinical-pharmacologic study in patients with liver tumors. BCNU at a dose of 200 mg/m2 was administered in a 60-minute hepatic arterial (HA) infusion to three patients with liver-predominant neoplastic disease. Nitrosourea blood levels were measured during the 60-minute infusion and for 30 minutes after completion of the infusion in samples obtained simultaneously from a hepatic venous (HV) catheter and a peripheral venous (PV) site. Direct extraction of blood with diethyl ether was used in order to remove quantitatively the nitrosourea from blood and thereby stabilize it against in vitro breakdown in blood prior to colorimetric analysis. As determined by blood levels, steady-state was achieved within 50 minutes of infusion. Mean HV levels at steady-state were 2.5-fold higher in the HV compared to PV samples. The higher HV compared to PV levels must reflect higher tumor exposure to nitrosourea with HA compared to the usual iv route of administration. No drug-related hepatic toxicity was noted. Myelosuppression was noted in only one patient in whom reversible leukopenia (granulocyte nadir, 500/mm3) and thrombocytopenia (platelet nadir, 20,000/mm3) developed.", "PMID": 709552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3966", "title": "Evaluation of single-dose vincristine, actinomycin D, and cyclophosphamide in childhood solid tumors.", "content": "Bolus chemotherapy with vincristine, actinomycin D, and cyclophosphamide was administered to 31 patients with solid tumors. Among 12 patients with measurable disease who had not received prior treatment, a complete response was achieved in one with Ewing's sarcoma and a partial response was achieved in another with rhabdomyosarcoma. The dose-limiting toxicity was granulocytopenia.", "contents": "Evaluation of single-dose vincristine, actinomycin D, and cyclophosphamide in childhood solid tumors. Bolus chemotherapy with vincristine, actinomycin D, and cyclophosphamide was administered to 31 patients with solid tumors. Among 12 patients with measurable disease who had not received prior treatment, a complete response was achieved in one with Ewing's sarcoma and a partial response was achieved in another with rhabdomyosarcoma. The dose-limiting toxicity was granulocytopenia.", "PMID": 709553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3967", "title": "Treatment of advanced colorectal cancer with methyl-CCNU plus 5-day 5-fluorouracil infusion.", "content": "Thirty-six patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma who had not received prior chemotherapy and had tumor sites measurable or evaluable for response received methyl-CCNU at a dose of 175 mg/m2 orally on Day 1 plus 5-fluorouracil at a dose of 30 mg/kg/24 hours by continuous iv infusion for 120 hours (Days 1-5). Doses were chosen to approach the maximum which could be administered in combination. The cycle was repeated 6 weeks later. Objective partial responses occurred in six patients (17%), with five responses apparent after the first cycle and one additional response after the second cycle. The response duration ranged from 1.5 to 18+ months (median, 5 months). Dose-limiting toxic effects included mucositis in 18 patients (50%) and dermatitis in nine patients (25%), while leukopenia (less than 4000 cells/mm3) and thrombocytopenia (less than 100,000 platelets/mm3) were observed on at least one occasion during therapy in 52% and 46% of patients, respectively. 5-Fluorouracil administration by infusion avoided overlapping myelosuppression and allowed a higher total dose to be given with methyl-CCNU. However, the response to the combination did not exceed the results anticipated for the use of either drug alone.", "contents": "Treatment of advanced colorectal cancer with methyl-CCNU plus 5-day 5-fluorouracil infusion. Thirty-six patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma who had not received prior chemotherapy and had tumor sites measurable or evaluable for response received methyl-CCNU at a dose of 175 mg/m2 orally on Day 1 plus 5-fluorouracil at a dose of 30 mg/kg/24 hours by continuous iv infusion for 120 hours (Days 1-5). Doses were chosen to approach the maximum which could be administered in combination. The cycle was repeated 6 weeks later. Objective partial responses occurred in six patients (17%), with five responses apparent after the first cycle and one additional response after the second cycle. The response duration ranged from 1.5 to 18+ months (median, 5 months). Dose-limiting toxic effects included mucositis in 18 patients (50%) and dermatitis in nine patients (25%), while leukopenia (less than 4000 cells/mm3) and thrombocytopenia (less than 100,000 platelets/mm3) were observed on at least one occasion during therapy in 52% and 46% of patients, respectively. 5-Fluorouracil administration by infusion avoided overlapping myelosuppression and allowed a higher total dose to be given with methyl-CCNU. However, the response to the combination did not exceed the results anticipated for the use of either drug alone.", "PMID": 709554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3968", "title": "In vivo characteristics of resistance and cross-resistance of an adriamycin-resistant subline of P388 leukemia.", "content": "A subline of P388 leukemia resistant to adriamycin (P388/ADR) was developed by exposure to the drug in vivo. Resistance to adriamycin proved to be a stable characteristic of P388/ADR. There was no significant inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis in P388/ADR cells in vivo following a dose of 10 mg/kg of adriamycin in contrast to a prolonged and complete inhibition, particularly of DNA synthesis, observed in parental sensitive P388 leukemia cells. P388/ADR proved to be completely cross-resistant to a spectrum of anthracycline derivatives. Cross-resistance was observed to nonanthracycline DNA intercalating agents (with the exception of anthramycin), to agents which interfere with mitotic spindle function, and to antineoplastic inhibitors of protein biosynthesis (with the exception of bruceantin). P388/ADR was sensitive to antimetabolites and alkylating agents. Cross-resistance was also observed to several agents (ICRF-159, a terephthalanilide, taxol, lymphosarcin, bouvardin, and a crude extract of Ervatamia hyneana) whose mechanisms of action have not yet been clearly defined. This observation has proved useful in providing a lead for determination of mechanism of action of some of these drugs. The pattern of cross-resistance of a subline of P388 leukemia resistant to daunorubicin, though not studied extensively, appears to be similar to that of P388/ADR.", "contents": "In vivo characteristics of resistance and cross-resistance of an adriamycin-resistant subline of P388 leukemia. A subline of P388 leukemia resistant to adriamycin (P388/ADR) was developed by exposure to the drug in vivo. Resistance to adriamycin proved to be a stable characteristic of P388/ADR. There was no significant inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis in P388/ADR cells in vivo following a dose of 10 mg/kg of adriamycin in contrast to a prolonged and complete inhibition, particularly of DNA synthesis, observed in parental sensitive P388 leukemia cells. P388/ADR proved to be completely cross-resistant to a spectrum of anthracycline derivatives. Cross-resistance was observed to nonanthracycline DNA intercalating agents (with the exception of anthramycin), to agents which interfere with mitotic spindle function, and to antineoplastic inhibitors of protein biosynthesis (with the exception of bruceantin). P388/ADR was sensitive to antimetabolites and alkylating agents. Cross-resistance was also observed to several agents (ICRF-159, a terephthalanilide, taxol, lymphosarcin, bouvardin, and a crude extract of Ervatamia hyneana) whose mechanisms of action have not yet been clearly defined. This observation has proved useful in providing a lead for determination of mechanism of action of some of these drugs. The pattern of cross-resistance of a subline of P388 leukemia resistant to daunorubicin, though not studied extensively, appears to be similar to that of P388/ADR.", "PMID": 709555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3969", "title": "Chemotherapy for colorectal cancer with a combination of 5-fluorouracil, mitomycin C, adriamycin, and cytosine arabinoside: a pilot study.", "content": "Fifty-four patients with clinical evidence of residual colorectal adenocarcinoma following surgical removal of the primary tumor were treated with a combination of 5-fluorouracil, mitomycin C, adriamycin, and cytosine arabinoside. The objective response rate in these patients was 17%. Bone marrow suppression was the major toxic effect. These data fail to show an advantage of this combination therapy over previously described chemotherapeutic regimens.", "contents": "Chemotherapy for colorectal cancer with a combination of 5-fluorouracil, mitomycin C, adriamycin, and cytosine arabinoside: a pilot study. Fifty-four patients with clinical evidence of residual colorectal adenocarcinoma following surgical removal of the primary tumor were treated with a combination of 5-fluorouracil, mitomycin C, adriamycin, and cytosine arabinoside. The objective response rate in these patients was 17%. Bone marrow suppression was the major toxic effect. These data fail to show an advantage of this combination therapy over previously described chemotherapeutic regimens.", "PMID": 709556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3970", "title": "Amphotericin B and combination chemotherapy in the treatment of refractory metastatic breast carcinoma and sarcoma.", "content": "Nineteen patients resistant to an adriamycin-containing regimen were treated with 4 days of amphotericin B and the same adriamycin-containing chemotherapy regimen that had been given without amphotericin B. Of the 14 evaluable patients (11 with breast carcinoma and three with sarcoma), one patient with breast carcinoma achieved a partial remission and a second patient with breast carcinoma remained stable. All other patients developed progressive disease. Both hematologic and nonhematologic toxicity were significantly increased when amphotericin B was added to chemotherapy.", "contents": "Amphotericin B and combination chemotherapy in the treatment of refractory metastatic breast carcinoma and sarcoma. Nineteen patients resistant to an adriamycin-containing regimen were treated with 4 days of amphotericin B and the same adriamycin-containing chemotherapy regimen that had been given without amphotericin B. Of the 14 evaluable patients (11 with breast carcinoma and three with sarcoma), one patient with breast carcinoma achieved a partial remission and a second patient with breast carcinoma remained stable. All other patients developed progressive disease. Both hematologic and nonhematologic toxicity were significantly increased when amphotericin B was added to chemotherapy.", "PMID": 709557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3971", "title": "Antitumor activity of fungal metabolites: verrucarin beta-9, 10-epoxides.", "content": "Verrucarins A (4) and B (5) and verrucarin A acetate, in vivo antileukemic inactive fungal metabolites, have been oxidized with m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid to give verrucarin beta-9,10-epoxides which show high in vivo activity against P388 mouse leukemia.", "contents": "Antitumor activity of fungal metabolites: verrucarin beta-9, 10-epoxides. Verrucarins A (4) and B (5) and verrucarin A acetate, in vivo antileukemic inactive fungal metabolites, have been oxidized with m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid to give verrucarin beta-9,10-epoxides which show high in vivo activity against P388 mouse leukemia.", "PMID": 709560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3972", "title": "Ophthalmologic toxicity after cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) therapy.", "content": "Two cases of apparent ophthalmologic toxicity which occurred during treatment with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (DDP) are described. In the first case, a patient with testicular carcinoma developed papilledema after three courses of DDP and adriamycin therapy. In the second case, a patient with breast cancer developed retrobulbar neuritis after three courses of DDP therapy. The differential diagnosis and possible explanation for these toxic effects are discussed.", "contents": "Ophthalmologic toxicity after cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) therapy. Two cases of apparent ophthalmologic toxicity which occurred during treatment with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (DDP) are described. In the first case, a patient with testicular carcinoma developed papilledema after three courses of DDP and adriamycin therapy. In the second case, a patient with breast cancer developed retrobulbar neuritis after three courses of DDP therapy. The differential diagnosis and possible explanation for these toxic effects are discussed.", "PMID": 709562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3973", "title": "Specific conversion of D-galactose into D-galacturonic acid residues in glycoproteins: a facile method for carbohydrate linkage-analysis.", "content": "The terminal D-galactopyranosyl residues of asialoglycopeptides isolated from human alpha1-acid glycoprotein were oxidized in nearly quantitative yield to the corresponding uronic acid residues by a two-step sequence employing D-galactose oxidase followed by treatment with Tollens reagent, Ag(NH3)+2. Mild acid hydrolysis of the oxidized glycopeptides led to the isolation of the corresponding aldobiuronic acid(s). Structural and colorimetric analysis revealed that only one aldobiuronic acid 2-amino-2-deoxy-4-O-(beta-D-galactopyranosyluronic acid)-D-glucose, was isolated from the oxidized glycopeptides of alpha1-acid glycoprotein. This method can readily distinguish between the (1 leads to 3), (1 leads to 4), and (1 leads to 6) isomers of the corresponding aldobiuronic acids.", "contents": "Specific conversion of D-galactose into D-galacturonic acid residues in glycoproteins: a facile method for carbohydrate linkage-analysis. The terminal D-galactopyranosyl residues of asialoglycopeptides isolated from human alpha1-acid glycoprotein were oxidized in nearly quantitative yield to the corresponding uronic acid residues by a two-step sequence employing D-galactose oxidase followed by treatment with Tollens reagent, Ag(NH3)+2. Mild acid hydrolysis of the oxidized glycopeptides led to the isolation of the corresponding aldobiuronic acid(s). Structural and colorimetric analysis revealed that only one aldobiuronic acid 2-amino-2-deoxy-4-O-(beta-D-galactopyranosyluronic acid)-D-glucose, was isolated from the oxidized glycopeptides of alpha1-acid glycoprotein. This method can readily distinguish between the (1 leads to 3), (1 leads to 4), and (1 leads to 6) isomers of the corresponding aldobiuronic acids.", "PMID": 709566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3974", "title": "Exercise testing in children and young adults: an overview.", "content": "This chapter has demonstrated the diagnostic capability and feasibility of documenting functional abnormalities during dynamic stress in a pediatric population. The overview confirms that a controlled exercise procedure can be performed routinely in ambulatory children with or without cardiovascular disease and should be included in the clinical evaluation of specific lesions. It now appears that the primary indications for noninvasive exercise testing in the pediatric population include the following disorders: 1. Left ventricular outflow obstructions, a. Subvalvar obstructions, b. Valvar obstructions, c. Supravalvar obstructions, d. Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, e. Coarctation of the aorta; 2. Chronic left or right ventricular volume overload, a. Atrioventricular or semilunar valve incompetence, b. Left-to-right shunts; 3. Rhythm and conduction disturbances, a. Postoperative ventriculotomy, b. Bradytachyarrhythmias, c. Arrhythmias in patients with or without symptoms. The role of the exercise procedure is not yet established in the following areas: 1. Patients with family history of premature atherosclerosis or Type II hyperlipoproteinemia; 2. Patients with elevated blood pressure; 3. The evaluation of syncope, chest pain, or atypical findings on physical examinations (especially in athletes). Consequent upon increased interest and improved technology, the role of this technique will soon be established in the invasive and noninvasive evaluation of pediatric patients with or without overt cardiovascular disease.", "contents": "Exercise testing in children and young adults: an overview. This chapter has demonstrated the diagnostic capability and feasibility of documenting functional abnormalities during dynamic stress in a pediatric population. The overview confirms that a controlled exercise procedure can be performed routinely in ambulatory children with or without cardiovascular disease and should be included in the clinical evaluation of specific lesions. It now appears that the primary indications for noninvasive exercise testing in the pediatric population include the following disorders: 1. Left ventricular outflow obstructions, a. Subvalvar obstructions, b. Valvar obstructions, c. Supravalvar obstructions, d. Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, e. Coarctation of the aorta; 2. Chronic left or right ventricular volume overload, a. Atrioventricular or semilunar valve incompetence, b. Left-to-right shunts; 3. Rhythm and conduction disturbances, a. Postoperative ventriculotomy, b. Bradytachyarrhythmias, c. Arrhythmias in patients with or without symptoms. The role of the exercise procedure is not yet established in the following areas: 1. Patients with family history of premature atherosclerosis or Type II hyperlipoproteinemia; 2. Patients with elevated blood pressure; 3. The evaluation of syncope, chest pain, or atypical findings on physical examinations (especially in athletes). Consequent upon increased interest and improved technology, the role of this technique will soon be established in the invasive and noninvasive evaluation of pediatric patients with or without overt cardiovascular disease.", "PMID": 709568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3975", "title": "Purification and partial characterization of protein 35/7.7 a cytosol protein that is abundant in rapidly growing hepatomas.", "content": "Protein 35/7.7 is an abundant cytosol protein of Morris hepatoma 3924A and Novikoff hepatoma which was not found in normal liver. Protein 35/7.7 was isolated from the cytosol of Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells by ammonium sulfate precipitation and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. It migrated as a single major spot on two-dimensional isoelectric focusing-SDS polyacrylamide gels. The N-terminal hexapeptide is Val-Asx-Pro-Thr-Val-Phe and its carboxyl-terminal amino acid is phenylalanine.", "contents": "Purification and partial characterization of protein 35/7.7 a cytosol protein that is abundant in rapidly growing hepatomas. Protein 35/7.7 is an abundant cytosol protein of Morris hepatoma 3924A and Novikoff hepatoma which was not found in normal liver. Protein 35/7.7 was isolated from the cytosol of Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells by ammonium sulfate precipitation and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. It migrated as a single major spot on two-dimensional isoelectric focusing-SDS polyacrylamide gels. The N-terminal hexapeptide is Val-Asx-Pro-Thr-Val-Phe and its carboxyl-terminal amino acid is phenylalanine.", "PMID": 709606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3976", "title": "Preparation of membrane-depleted polygonal coat structures from isolated coated vesicles.", "content": "When coated vesicles isolated from porcine brain are treated with buffers containing 2 M urea and subjected to ultracentrifugation, pellets are obtained which consist of largely smooth-surfaced, i.e. coat-free, vesicles. On dialysis of the urea from the supernatant solution spheroidal particles can be pelleted which are of similar size to the coated vesicles and show the typical polygonal lattice arrays but do not reveal any vesicle membrane profiles. Gel electrophoresis of these membrane-depleted polygonal arrangements demonstrates the predominance, if not exclusive occurrence, of the polypeptide band component with an apparent molecular weight of about 180,000. This suggests that the polygonal coat structure contains only clathrin.", "contents": "Preparation of membrane-depleted polygonal coat structures from isolated coated vesicles. When coated vesicles isolated from porcine brain are treated with buffers containing 2 M urea and subjected to ultracentrifugation, pellets are obtained which consist of largely smooth-surfaced, i.e. coat-free, vesicles. On dialysis of the urea from the supernatant solution spheroidal particles can be pelleted which are of similar size to the coated vesicles and show the typical polygonal lattice arrays but do not reveal any vesicle membrane profiles. Gel electrophoresis of these membrane-depleted polygonal arrangements demonstrates the predominance, if not exclusive occurrence, of the polypeptide band component with an apparent molecular weight of about 180,000. This suggests that the polygonal coat structure contains only clathrin.", "PMID": 709607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3977", "title": "A three-dimensional study of organelle interrelationships in regenerating rat liver. 1. The Gerl-system.", "content": "Arguments are put together indicating that the GERL-system, or at least its thick membrane and part of its content are derived from the mature Golgi cisterna. Just like every Golgi cisterna does, the GERL shows direct continuities with ER, from which a complement of products may be supplied. Rigid lamellae are interpreted as intermediate forms in the transformation of the mature Golgi cisterna into the GERL-system. In hepatocytes the GERL produces two types of lysosomes: dense bodies, which may either contain lipoprotein granules or not, and small coated vesicles. The probable meaning of lipoprotein digestion (crinophagy) is discussed.", "contents": "A three-dimensional study of organelle interrelationships in regenerating rat liver. 1. The Gerl-system. Arguments are put together indicating that the GERL-system, or at least its thick membrane and part of its content are derived from the mature Golgi cisterna. Just like every Golgi cisterna does, the GERL shows direct continuities with ER, from which a complement of products may be supplied. Rigid lamellae are interpreted as intermediate forms in the transformation of the mature Golgi cisterna into the GERL-system. In hepatocytes the GERL produces two types of lysosomes: dense bodies, which may either contain lipoprotein granules or not, and small coated vesicles. The probable meaning of lipoprotein digestion (crinophagy) is discussed.", "PMID": 709608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3978", "title": "A three-dimensional study of organelle interrelationships in regenerating rat liver. 2. Transient connections with luminal continuity between thin- and thick-membraned organelles.", "content": "Luminal continuities can be established between thin- and thick-membraned structures, and serve the transfer of their contents. The abrupt change in membrane thickness at the site of connection suggests that exchange of membrane constituents is very limited. This enables retrograde separation of the connected organelles. sER (endoplasmic space) makes up such continuities with exoplasmic structures (mature Golgi cisterna, GERL-system, occasionally MVB). Transfer tubules, possessing a thiny membrane but nevertheless belonging to the exoplasmic space, take up endocytized material from large coated vesicles or from coated plasma membrane loops and carry it to MVB. They offer the possibility to recycle the internalized plasma membrane.", "contents": "A three-dimensional study of organelle interrelationships in regenerating rat liver. 2. Transient connections with luminal continuity between thin- and thick-membraned organelles. Luminal continuities can be established between thin- and thick-membraned structures, and serve the transfer of their contents. The abrupt change in membrane thickness at the site of connection suggests that exchange of membrane constituents is very limited. This enables retrograde separation of the connected organelles. sER (endoplasmic space) makes up such continuities with exoplasmic structures (mature Golgi cisterna, GERL-system, occasionally MVB). Transfer tubules, possessing a thiny membrane but nevertheless belonging to the exoplasmic space, take up endocytized material from large coated vesicles or from coated plasma membrane loops and carry it to MVB. They offer the possibility to recycle the internalized plasma membrane.", "PMID": 709609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3979", "title": "[Immunocytology and immunohistology of malignant lymphomas].", "content": "Two methods of immunological tests used in haematology were assessed with fairly positive results. However, the authors have some considerable reservations as regards the practical significance of the two methods insofar as practice independent of research is concerned. Their pessimism is substantiated by the demanding complexities of immunological methods, but also by the relatively rare essential diagnostic significance of these findings and by the vulnerability of result interpretation.", "contents": "[Immunocytology and immunohistology of malignant lymphomas]. Two methods of immunological tests used in haematology were assessed with fairly positive results. However, the authors have some considerable reservations as regards the practical significance of the two methods insofar as practice independent of research is concerned. Their pessimism is substantiated by the demanding complexities of immunological methods, but also by the relatively rare essential diagnostic significance of these findings and by the vulnerability of result interpretation.", "PMID": 709664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3980", "title": "[Prognosis of hematopoietic-system tumors as based on structural properties].", "content": "Comparisons were made in a series of 43 orofacial biopsies and 91 necropsies as regards the survival rate in patients with histological types of malignant lymphoma and other tumours of the haematopoietic system. Results listed in tables are, on the whole, in agreement with literary data. Problems were only encountered in the group of immunoblastomas where the nodular and angiofollicular varieties were repeatedly seen in association with a survival time of as much as 3 years as opposed to 1 year survival time in the diffuse variety.", "contents": "[Prognosis of hematopoietic-system tumors as based on structural properties]. Comparisons were made in a series of 43 orofacial biopsies and 91 necropsies as regards the survival rate in patients with histological types of malignant lymphoma and other tumours of the haematopoietic system. Results listed in tables are, on the whole, in agreement with literary data. Problems were only encountered in the group of immunoblastomas where the nodular and angiofollicular varieties were repeatedly seen in association with a survival time of as much as 3 years as opposed to 1 year survival time in the diffuse variety.", "PMID": 709665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3981", "title": "[Angiofollicular hyperplasia of lymph nodes (Castleman's hyperplasia)].", "content": "Intrathoracic angiofollicular enlarged nodes illustrating two histological types according to Flendrig and Keller were removed in a 36- and an 18-year old man. Clinical symptomatology was absent in one of the patients, and disappeared in the other after resection. The histological pictures featured in particular: protein penetration from the hyperplastic vascular bed, regressive changes in the follicles, and plasmocytic hyperplasia. Vascular as well as interfollicular fibrosis were seen as one of the causes of visualization of normal follicular vascularization, which is normally poorly visible. The whole process, however, revealed increased interfollicular vascularization, the significance of which is the subject of discussion.", "contents": "[Angiofollicular hyperplasia of lymph nodes (Castleman's hyperplasia)]. Intrathoracic angiofollicular enlarged nodes illustrating two histological types according to Flendrig and Keller were removed in a 36- and an 18-year old man. Clinical symptomatology was absent in one of the patients, and disappeared in the other after resection. The histological pictures featured in particular: protein penetration from the hyperplastic vascular bed, regressive changes in the follicles, and plasmocytic hyperplasia. Vascular as well as interfollicular fibrosis were seen as one of the causes of visualization of normal follicular vascularization, which is normally poorly visible. The whole process, however, revealed increased interfollicular vascularization, the significance of which is the subject of discussion.", "PMID": 709666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3982", "title": "[Myxoma of the external nose].", "content": "A male bus-driver aged 45 had a proboscoid mass on the tip of his nose removed after three year's duration of the disease. Microscopically, the tumour appeared to be a myxoma with marked mucus accumulation extending subepidermally and leading to the formation of lacunes lined with fibroblasts.", "contents": "[Myxoma of the external nose]. A male bus-driver aged 45 had a proboscoid mass on the tip of his nose removed after three year's duration of the disease. Microscopically, the tumour appeared to be a myxoma with marked mucus accumulation extending subepidermally and leading to the formation of lacunes lined with fibroblasts.", "PMID": 709667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3983", "title": "[Sclerosing lipogranuloma (with lipid pseudocysts)].", "content": "A case of sclerosing lipogranuloma (with oil pseudocysts) in a 38-year old woman is described. The disease started at the age of 16 as extensive foci with local inflammatory manifestations on the legs. Later on, it took the form of relapsing disseminations of tiny fibrous nodules with no inflammatory manifestations. Judging from literary data and his own observations, the author describes sclerotizing lipogranuloma as an independent pathological involvement of the subcutis quite distinct from histologically identical lesions caused by exogenous lipids (paraffinomas).", "contents": "[Sclerosing lipogranuloma (with lipid pseudocysts)]. A case of sclerosing lipogranuloma (with oil pseudocysts) in a 38-year old woman is described. The disease started at the age of 16 as extensive foci with local inflammatory manifestations on the legs. Later on, it took the form of relapsing disseminations of tiny fibrous nodules with no inflammatory manifestations. Judging from literary data and his own observations, the author describes sclerotizing lipogranuloma as an independent pathological involvement of the subcutis quite distinct from histologically identical lesions caused by exogenous lipids (paraffinomas).", "PMID": 709668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3984", "title": "Arabinosyl nucleosides. XII. Influence of arabino-furanosylthymine on growth of L5178y cells.", "content": "The antibiotic 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylthymine (araThd) is a potent inhibitor of the growth of mouse lymphoma cells (L5178y). The ED50 concentration was found to be 9.8 muM. The cells die as a consequence of an unbalanced growth. The cytostatic activity of araThd can be abolished by coincubation with dThd and dUrd but not with Urd. At cytostatic concentrations araThd selectively blocks DNA synthesis; RNA- and protein synthesis are unaffected. Intracellularly araThd is rapidly phosphorylated to araTTP. This enzymic phosphorylation does not influence the synthesis of the naturally occuring, related triphosphate dTTP. AraTMP is incorporated into DNA during DNA synthesis; 1 mol of ara-TMP is incorporated/19,500 molecules of dTMP.", "contents": "Arabinosyl nucleosides. XII. Influence of arabino-furanosylthymine on growth of L5178y cells. The antibiotic 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylthymine (araThd) is a potent inhibitor of the growth of mouse lymphoma cells (L5178y). The ED50 concentration was found to be 9.8 muM. The cells die as a consequence of an unbalanced growth. The cytostatic activity of araThd can be abolished by coincubation with dThd and dUrd but not with Urd. At cytostatic concentrations araThd selectively blocks DNA synthesis; RNA- and protein synthesis are unaffected. Intracellularly araThd is rapidly phosphorylated to araTTP. This enzymic phosphorylation does not influence the synthesis of the naturally occuring, related triphosphate dTTP. AraTMP is incorporated into DNA during DNA synthesis; 1 mol of ara-TMP is incorporated/19,500 molecules of dTMP.", "PMID": 709683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3985", "title": "Arabinosyl nucleosides. XIII. Influence of arabinofuranosylthymine on DNA-, RNA- and protein-synthesizing systems in vitro.", "content": "The natural metabolite of the sponge Cryptotethya crypta, arabinofuranosylthymine (araThd), is intracellularly phosphorylated to araTTP. The present study demonstrates that araTTP inhibits both isolated DNA polymerases alpha and the DNA polymerase beta from L5178y cells competitively with respect to the analogous substrate dTTP. The affinity of araTTP is higher to the DNA polymerase alpha than to the DNA polymerase beta. The activity of mammalian DNA-dependent RNA polymerases I, II and III as well as the incorporation rate of a protein cellfree system is not affected by high doses of araTTP.", "contents": "Arabinosyl nucleosides. XIII. Influence of arabinofuranosylthymine on DNA-, RNA- and protein-synthesizing systems in vitro. The natural metabolite of the sponge Cryptotethya crypta, arabinofuranosylthymine (araThd), is intracellularly phosphorylated to araTTP. The present study demonstrates that araTTP inhibits both isolated DNA polymerases alpha and the DNA polymerase beta from L5178y cells competitively with respect to the analogous substrate dTTP. The affinity of araTTP is higher to the DNA polymerase alpha than to the DNA polymerase beta. The activity of mammalian DNA-dependent RNA polymerases I, II and III as well as the incorporation rate of a protein cellfree system is not affected by high doses of araTTP.", "PMID": 709684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3986", "title": "Effects of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic chemicals on plasma esterases in BALB/c mice.", "content": "Esterase profiles of plasma from female BALB/c mice treated with a variety of carcinogenic and weakly- or non-carcinogenic chemicals were analyzed. Mice treated with the potent carcinogens diethylnitrosamine, dinitrosopiperazine, dipropylnitrosamine, dimethylhydrazine, urethane, and dimethyldinitrosopiperazine had similarly altered plasma esterase profiles after 7 days' exposure to the chemicals. The alterations consisted of increased activity in 4 esterase bands. The increased activity persisted in some of the bands after cessation of carcinogen exposure. Exposure to high concentrations of the weakly- or non-carcinogenic compounds nitrosohydroxyproline, nitrosomethoxymethylamine, 1-nitroso-4methylpiperazine,nitroso-2,6dimethylpiperidine, and ethyl methanesulfonate caused no obvious plasma esterase alterations. Ingestion of carbon tetrachloride resulted in increased activity in one esterase band with concomitant decrease in a second band. Analysis of serum from test mice for levels of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase-lactate substrate, and D-gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase did not differentiate between mice treated with selected carcinogens and those treated with non-carcinogens and/or carbon tetrachloride.", "contents": "Effects of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic chemicals on plasma esterases in BALB/c mice. Esterase profiles of plasma from female BALB/c mice treated with a variety of carcinogenic and weakly- or non-carcinogenic chemicals were analyzed. Mice treated with the potent carcinogens diethylnitrosamine, dinitrosopiperazine, dipropylnitrosamine, dimethylhydrazine, urethane, and dimethyldinitrosopiperazine had similarly altered plasma esterase profiles after 7 days' exposure to the chemicals. The alterations consisted of increased activity in 4 esterase bands. The increased activity persisted in some of the bands after cessation of carcinogen exposure. Exposure to high concentrations of the weakly- or non-carcinogenic compounds nitrosohydroxyproline, nitrosomethoxymethylamine, 1-nitroso-4methylpiperazine,nitroso-2,6dimethylpiperidine, and ethyl methanesulfonate caused no obvious plasma esterase alterations. Ingestion of carbon tetrachloride resulted in increased activity in one esterase band with concomitant decrease in a second band. Analysis of serum from test mice for levels of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase-lactate substrate, and D-gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase did not differentiate between mice treated with selected carcinogens and those treated with non-carcinogens and/or carbon tetrachloride.", "PMID": 709685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3987", "title": "Benzo(a)pyrene 7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-oxide modification of DNA: relation to chromatin structure and reconstitution.", "content": "Purified duck reticulocyte DNA was incubated in vitro with a 7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-oxide derivative of benzo(a)pyrene (BPDE). The carcinogen-modified DNA was somewhat more susceptible to partial digestion by the single strand specific endonuclease S1 than unmodified DNA, suggesting slight denaturation of the helix at sites of modification. Chromatin was reconstituted in vitro utilizing this carcinogen-modified DNA and unmodified-chromatin associated proteins. This reconstituted chromatin showed the same kinetics and extent of digestion by Staphylococcal nuclease, and similar nucleosome profiles on sucrose density gradient centrifugation, as those obtained with native chromatin or chromatin reconstituted with unmodified DNA. Moreover, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of DNA fragments obtained from nuclease digests gel electrophoresis of DNA fragments obtained from nuclease digests of the reconstituted chromatins suggested that the chromatin containing carcinogen-modified DNA had the same subnucleosome structure as that reconstituted with unmodified DNA. In a separate set of studies intact duck reticulocyte chromatin was reacted directly with BPDE. Nuclease digestion studies indicated that 65% of the carcinogen was bound to the 'open' regions of chromatin, and 35% to 'closed' regions. These results indicate that although convalent binding of a benzo(a)pyrene (BP) derivative to DNA produces local distortions in conformation of the helix, this modification does not appear to interfere with the ability of the DNA to associate with histones to form nucleosome structures. In addition, although DNA in the open regions of chromatin is more susceptible to reaction with the BP derivative, there is appreciable reaction with the DNA associated with histones.", "contents": "Benzo(a)pyrene 7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-oxide modification of DNA: relation to chromatin structure and reconstitution. Purified duck reticulocyte DNA was incubated in vitro with a 7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-oxide derivative of benzo(a)pyrene (BPDE). The carcinogen-modified DNA was somewhat more susceptible to partial digestion by the single strand specific endonuclease S1 than unmodified DNA, suggesting slight denaturation of the helix at sites of modification. Chromatin was reconstituted in vitro utilizing this carcinogen-modified DNA and unmodified-chromatin associated proteins. This reconstituted chromatin showed the same kinetics and extent of digestion by Staphylococcal nuclease, and similar nucleosome profiles on sucrose density gradient centrifugation, as those obtained with native chromatin or chromatin reconstituted with unmodified DNA. Moreover, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of DNA fragments obtained from nuclease digests gel electrophoresis of DNA fragments obtained from nuclease digests of the reconstituted chromatins suggested that the chromatin containing carcinogen-modified DNA had the same subnucleosome structure as that reconstituted with unmodified DNA. In a separate set of studies intact duck reticulocyte chromatin was reacted directly with BPDE. Nuclease digestion studies indicated that 65% of the carcinogen was bound to the 'open' regions of chromatin, and 35% to 'closed' regions. These results indicate that although convalent binding of a benzo(a)pyrene (BP) derivative to DNA produces local distortions in conformation of the helix, this modification does not appear to interfere with the ability of the DNA to associate with histones to form nucleosome structures. In addition, although DNA in the open regions of chromatin is more susceptible to reaction with the BP derivative, there is appreciable reaction with the DNA associated with histones.", "PMID": 709686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3988", "title": "Heavy metal complexation in polluted molluscs. III. Periwinkles (Littorina littorea), cockles (Cardium edule) and scallops (Chlamys opercularis).", "content": "The accumulation of cadmium, zinc and copper by environmentally contaminated periwinkles, cockles and scallops has been studied by gel permeation chromatography of water-soluble extracts of the shellfish. Three distinct low mol. wt. (less than 3000) zinc complexes were separated from periwinkle extracts. Copper and cadmium were present as a single low mol. wt. species which is apparently responsible for the elevated copper levels in Littorina littorea.", "contents": "Heavy metal complexation in polluted molluscs. III. Periwinkles (Littorina littorea), cockles (Cardium edule) and scallops (Chlamys opercularis). The accumulation of cadmium, zinc and copper by environmentally contaminated periwinkles, cockles and scallops has been studied by gel permeation chromatography of water-soluble extracts of the shellfish. Three distinct low mol. wt. (less than 3000) zinc complexes were separated from periwinkle extracts. Copper and cadmium were present as a single low mol. wt. species which is apparently responsible for the elevated copper levels in Littorina littorea.", "PMID": 709687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3989", "title": "The glutathione-linked metabolism of 2-allyl-2-isopropy-lacetamide in rats. Further evidence for the formation of a reactive metabolite.", "content": "2-Allyl-2-isopropylacetamide (AIA) causes a depletion of liver glutathione in rats only if the animals have been pretreated with phenobarbitone. Phenobarbitone stimulates the excretion in bile of a component derived from AIA and glutathione which is apparently not the same as the conjugate formed by reaction of the two components in simple solutions. The significance of these findings are considered in relation to the suggestion that AIA is metabolised to an epoxide by the microsomal enzyme system; in addition several differences between AIA and the non-porphyrogenic compound, acrylamide, are discussed.", "contents": "The glutathione-linked metabolism of 2-allyl-2-isopropy-lacetamide in rats. Further evidence for the formation of a reactive metabolite. 2-Allyl-2-isopropylacetamide (AIA) causes a depletion of liver glutathione in rats only if the animals have been pretreated with phenobarbitone. Phenobarbitone stimulates the excretion in bile of a component derived from AIA and glutathione which is apparently not the same as the conjugate formed by reaction of the two components in simple solutions. The significance of these findings are considered in relation to the suggestion that AIA is metabolised to an epoxide by the microsomal enzyme system; in addition several differences between AIA and the non-porphyrogenic compound, acrylamide, are discussed.", "PMID": 709688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3990", "title": "Inhibition of the alkylation of nucleic acids and of the metabolism of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine by aminoacetonitrile.", "content": "Pretreatment of rats with aminoacetonitrile inhibited the metabolism of [14C]1,2-dimethylhydrazine to 14CO2 and increased the expiration of [14C]-azomethane. Alkylation of nucleic acids following administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine was reduced by aminoacetonitrile to 5% of control levels in liver, 11% of control levels in kidney and 43% of control levels in colon.", "contents": "Inhibition of the alkylation of nucleic acids and of the metabolism of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine by aminoacetonitrile. Pretreatment of rats with aminoacetonitrile inhibited the metabolism of [14C]1,2-dimethylhydrazine to 14CO2 and increased the expiration of [14C]-azomethane. Alkylation of nucleic acids following administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine was reduced by aminoacetonitrile to 5% of control levels in liver, 11% of control levels in kidney and 43% of control levels in colon.", "PMID": 709691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3991", "title": "Isolation and purification of Lea blood-group active and related glycolipids from human plasma of blood-group A Lea individuals.", "content": "From 81 of human plasma of blood-group A Lea nonsecretors three different Lea blood-group active ceramide pentasaccharides (a total of 4.65 mg) have been isolated, all revealing glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine and fucose in molar ratios of 1 : 2 : 1 : 1 as determined by gas liquid chromatography. A fourth blood-group active fraction (0.72 mg) represents a mixture of a Lea active ceramide pentasaccharide and an A active ceramide hexasaccharide (molar ration 7.7 : 2.3 as calculated from the content of different aminosugars). Additionally, two different globosides, two different hematosides and a new N-acetylglucosamine containing ceramide tetrasaccharide were obtained. All 9 glycolipid fractions demonstrated homogeneity in analytical high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) using 4 different solvent systems. 0.2 microgram of each Lea active glycolipid completely inhibited the agglutination of O Le(a+b-) erythrocytes by 50 microliter of 4 hemagglutinating units of caprine anti Lea serum. At least 0.04 microgram of each Lea antigen are sufficient for incubation to convert 9 x 10(7) O Le(a-b-) erythrocytes into Lea-positive cells. Mainly due to the relatively low content of the blood-group A glycolipid in plasma (0.17 mg/81), previously negative erythrocytes readily become agglutinable by anti Lea sera and not by anti A sera after incubation with appropriate plasma.", "contents": "Isolation and purification of Lea blood-group active and related glycolipids from human plasma of blood-group A Lea individuals. From 81 of human plasma of blood-group A Lea nonsecretors three different Lea blood-group active ceramide pentasaccharides (a total of 4.65 mg) have been isolated, all revealing glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine and fucose in molar ratios of 1 : 2 : 1 : 1 as determined by gas liquid chromatography. A fourth blood-group active fraction (0.72 mg) represents a mixture of a Lea active ceramide pentasaccharide and an A active ceramide hexasaccharide (molar ration 7.7 : 2.3 as calculated from the content of different aminosugars). Additionally, two different globosides, two different hematosides and a new N-acetylglucosamine containing ceramide tetrasaccharide were obtained. All 9 glycolipid fractions demonstrated homogeneity in analytical high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) using 4 different solvent systems. 0.2 microgram of each Lea active glycolipid completely inhibited the agglutination of O Le(a+b-) erythrocytes by 50 microliter of 4 hemagglutinating units of caprine anti Lea serum. At least 0.04 microgram of each Lea antigen are sufficient for incubation to convert 9 x 10(7) O Le(a-b-) erythrocytes into Lea-positive cells. Mainly due to the relatively low content of the blood-group A glycolipid in plasma (0.17 mg/81), previously negative erythrocytes readily become agglutinable by anti Lea sera and not by anti A sera after incubation with appropriate plasma.", "PMID": 709700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3992", "title": "[Pyogenic infections of the sacro iliac joint in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report 13 pyogenic infections of the sacro-iliac joint in children. They emphasize the difficulties of the diagnosis. The disease is sometimes recognised only at a late stage because the sign must be misleading. The radiological appearance of the sacro-iliac joint is usually sufficient to diagnose the condition. The germ was most often a staphylococcus aureus. Healing is always obtained by rest or immobilisation on a plaster and antibiotics active against staphylococcus. Surgery is only indicated in presence of an abcess or in cases of diagnostic uncertainty.", "contents": "[Pyogenic infections of the sacro iliac joint in children (author's transl)]. The authors report 13 pyogenic infections of the sacro-iliac joint in children. They emphasize the difficulties of the diagnosis. The disease is sometimes recognised only at a late stage because the sign must be misleading. The radiological appearance of the sacro-iliac joint is usually sufficient to diagnose the condition. The germ was most often a staphylococcus aureus. Healing is always obtained by rest or immobilisation on a plaster and antibiotics active against staphylococcus. Surgery is only indicated in presence of an abcess or in cases of diagnostic uncertainty.", "PMID": 709701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3993", "title": "[Personal experience of Cotrel's method in the surgical treatment of scoliosis and kyphosis (author's transl)].", "content": "This current report of our experience of Cotrel's method falls within the context of continuing the developments in our treatment of scoliosis. Our follow-up for Harrington's operation is 13 years, 281 patients having undergone surgery. On other words, having known the beginnings of this surgery, we are in a position to measure the progress represented by Berckoise's technique (7, 6, 8).", "contents": "[Personal experience of Cotrel's method in the surgical treatment of scoliosis and kyphosis (author's transl)]. This current report of our experience of Cotrel's method falls within the context of continuing the developments in our treatment of scoliosis. Our follow-up for Harrington's operation is 13 years, 281 patients having undergone surgery. On other words, having known the beginnings of this surgery, we are in a position to measure the progress represented by Berckoise's technique (7, 6, 8).", "PMID": 709702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3994", "title": "[Future of the remaining rectum after treatment of familial polyposis (author's transl)].", "content": "In the treatment of familial polyposis the conservation of the rectum is essential to assure a convenient control and rhythm of defecation. Meanwhile the future of resting polyps deserves the attention of the surgeon. Certain authors are optimistic and claim that spontaneous regression of the polyps is possible. Our experience illustrates that the rectal mucosa tends to fabricate new crops of polyps. The prolonged post operative observation of more than 4 years of polyposis in one family has permitted us to follow the evolution of the rectal mucosa and to deduce that gravity of the lesion is quite variable. The polypotique character of the rectal mucosa must influence the choice of certain surgical technic  specially that nine of them achieve entire satisfaction yet.", "contents": "[Future of the remaining rectum after treatment of familial polyposis (author's transl)]. In the treatment of familial polyposis the conservation of the rectum is essential to assure a convenient control and rhythm of defecation. Meanwhile the future of resting polyps deserves the attention of the surgeon. Certain authors are optimistic and claim that spontaneous regression of the polyps is possible. Our experience illustrates that the rectal mucosa tends to fabricate new crops of polyps. The prolonged post operative observation of more than 4 years of polyposis in one family has permitted us to follow the evolution of the rectal mucosa and to deduce that gravity of the lesion is quite variable. The polypotique character of the rectal mucosa must influence the choice of certain surgical technic  specially that nine of them achieve entire satisfaction yet.", "PMID": 709703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3995", "title": "[Rectal agenesis with absent bladder in a female newborn (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper reports a very unusual variety of female ano-rectal agenesis without fistula associated with severe urogenital malformations. The patient died of renal failure and, at autopsy, both ureters draining dysplastic ectopic kidneys and two vaginas, either with its corresponding uterus and annexa were found opening to s single perineal orifice through a very narrow conduit. Bladder and urachus were absent and a single left umbilical artery was found. This infant had also thoracic vertebral anomalies.", "contents": "[Rectal agenesis with absent bladder in a female newborn (author's transl)]. This paper reports a very unusual variety of female ano-rectal agenesis without fistula associated with severe urogenital malformations. The patient died of renal failure and, at autopsy, both ureters draining dysplastic ectopic kidneys and two vaginas, either with its corresponding uterus and annexa were found opening to s single perineal orifice through a very narrow conduit. Bladder and urachus were absent and a single left umbilical artery was found. This infant had also thoracic vertebral anomalies.", "PMID": 709704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3996", "title": "[The resection of lumbosacral hemivertebrae (author's transl)].", "content": "The spinal deformities due to lumbo sacral hemivertebrae are difficult to correct: The orthopedic treatment is not effective. Surgical correction of the lumbar compensatory curve is of no use as it does not correct the oblique take off. The resection of the hemivertebra is actually the more efficient way. The surgical technique used in 2 cases is described. The results depend mainly upon the age of operation, which should be performed in the first years of life, in order to correct the oblique take off before the lumbar compensatory curve become a structural one.", "contents": "[The resection of lumbosacral hemivertebrae (author's transl)]. The spinal deformities due to lumbo sacral hemivertebrae are difficult to correct: The orthopedic treatment is not effective. Surgical correction of the lumbar compensatory curve is of no use as it does not correct the oblique take off. The resection of the hemivertebra is actually the more efficient way. The surgical technique used in 2 cases is described. The results depend mainly upon the age of operation, which should be performed in the first years of life, in order to correct the oblique take off before the lumbar compensatory curve become a structural one.", "PMID": 709705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3997", "title": "[Correction of subcoronal and high penile hypospadias].", "content": "The authors present a surgical procedure for the treatment of subcoronal and high penile hypospadias. According to this technique, the urethra is elongated to the extremity of the glans penis, so the anatomic and functional reestablishment of the malformation is absolutely normal. They applied this technique to twenty two cases. The results were very satisfactory.", "contents": "[Correction of subcoronal and high penile hypospadias]. The authors present a surgical procedure for the treatment of subcoronal and high penile hypospadias. According to this technique, the urethra is elongated to the extremity of the glans penis, so the anatomic and functional reestablishment of the malformation is absolutely normal. They applied this technique to twenty two cases. The results were very satisfactory.", "PMID": 709706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3998", "title": "[Segmental replacement of thoracic aorta with autologous pericardium during growth (author's transl)].", "content": "Surgical treatment of coarctation of the aorta in the newborn often recurs during childhood. As a means of avoiding this complication segmental replacement of the thoracic aorta with autologous pericardium was evaluated. The isthmic aorta of seven mongrel puppies was replaced by a tubular live pericardial autograft. Between 5 and 36 months (average 15) after surgery, the status of the graft was evaluated by hemodynamic, angiographic, macroscopical and histological studies. Growth of the graft was appreciated by comparing its diameter to that of the descending aorta DG/DA. No pressure gradient across the graft was noted. No significant structure of the graft was observed. The internal surface of the graft was smooth, and the wall, slightly thinner than that of the aorta showed no aneurysm. The diameter of the graft was increased (DG mean 37 %) proportionally to the increase of the aorta (DA mean 36 %). Histologically the graft was endothelialized, the wall was thickened and made up of concentric collagen fibers, live fibroblasts and muscular cells. These results show that during the first months of life, the isthmus of the aorta can be replaced by an autologous pericardial graft which will follow the growth of the normal aorta and adapt to its hemodynamic regimen.", "contents": "[Segmental replacement of thoracic aorta with autologous pericardium during growth (author's transl)]. Surgical treatment of coarctation of the aorta in the newborn often recurs during childhood. As a means of avoiding this complication segmental replacement of the thoracic aorta with autologous pericardium was evaluated. The isthmic aorta of seven mongrel puppies was replaced by a tubular live pericardial autograft. Between 5 and 36 months (average 15) after surgery, the status of the graft was evaluated by hemodynamic, angiographic, macroscopical and histological studies. Growth of the graft was appreciated by comparing its diameter to that of the descending aorta DG/DA. No pressure gradient across the graft was noted. No significant structure of the graft was observed. The internal surface of the graft was smooth, and the wall, slightly thinner than that of the aorta showed no aneurysm. The diameter of the graft was increased (DG mean 37 %) proportionally to the increase of the aorta (DA mean 36 %). Histologically the graft was endothelialized, the wall was thickened and made up of concentric collagen fibers, live fibroblasts and muscular cells. These results show that during the first months of life, the isthmus of the aorta can be replaced by an autologous pericardial graft which will follow the growth of the normal aorta and adapt to its hemodynamic regimen.", "PMID": 709707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_3999", "title": "[Stress ulcer by hypovolemic shock in pregnant and normal rabbits and in the fetuses (author's transl)].", "content": "The purpose of this experimental  work was to study the possibility of stress ulcer in fetal Surgery. Firstly an experimental model of production of stress ulcer by hypovolemic shock was worked out: by removing a volume of blood equivalent to 2% of body weight out of the femoral artery, a stress ulcer was was regularly induced in 25 female rabbits in the fundic area within 3 hours. In 10 pregnant rabbits and in the fetuses a stress ulcer could not be produced by the same method. This observation suggests the hypothesis that the reactions of the gastric wall are modified by the specific hormonal situation of the pregnant rabbit. This assumption ought to be elucidated by further investigations.", "contents": "[Stress ulcer by hypovolemic shock in pregnant and normal rabbits and in the fetuses (author's transl)]. The purpose of this experimental  work was to study the possibility of stress ulcer in fetal Surgery. Firstly an experimental model of production of stress ulcer by hypovolemic shock was worked out: by removing a volume of blood equivalent to 2% of body weight out of the femoral artery, a stress ulcer was was regularly induced in 25 female rabbits in the fundic area within 3 hours. In 10 pregnant rabbits and in the fetuses a stress ulcer could not be produced by the same method. This observation suggests the hypothesis that the reactions of the gastric wall are modified by the specific hormonal situation of the pregnant rabbit. This assumption ought to be elucidated by further investigations.", "PMID": 709708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4000", "title": "[Mediastinoscopy in children].", "content": "This technique enables the exploration of the mediastinum by the cervical way, but remains an unfrequent examination in children. Among almost 1000 mediastinoscopies made by the authors, the indication concerned only 20 children aged less than 17. Made in a prognostical purpose in most of the cases (16 patients) it gave the diagnosis 14 times. In four cases the mediastinoscopy was carried out as a prognosis during a pre-therapeutics of some hematosarcomas. This method requires a general anaesthesia with intubation, but doesn't differ much from the technic for adults. Besides the supra-sternal way leading to the axial mediastinum (Carlens's technic) other ways are used, particularly the anterior mediastinoscopy--exploring the thymic lodge--and the antero-lateral way through an intercostal space. The mediastinoscope enable the visual control of the lesions, completed with biopsies of the tissues for an histological examination and puncture with a needle for the cytology study. The diagnosis was made in 90% of the cases, sometimes after repeat mediastinoscopy. The failures are due most often to an incertitude in the interpretation of the samples than a badly directed biopsy. There was no surgical incident in our serie. The general morbidity of the examination is 1,5% and the mortality is 0,1% according to the authors. But two anesthetic incidents were observed in children with malignant lymphomas and required the use of reanimation technics. The mediastinoscopy is useful in the tumors of the thymus (10 times), the tumors of the lateral mediastinum (8 times) an hematosarcomas or Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "[Mediastinoscopy in children]. This technique enables the exploration of the mediastinum by the cervical way, but remains an unfrequent examination in children. Among almost 1000 mediastinoscopies made by the authors, the indication concerned only 20 children aged less than 17. Made in a prognostical purpose in most of the cases (16 patients) it gave the diagnosis 14 times. In four cases the mediastinoscopy was carried out as a prognosis during a pre-therapeutics of some hematosarcomas. This method requires a general anaesthesia with intubation, but doesn't differ much from the technic for adults. Besides the supra-sternal way leading to the axial mediastinum (Carlens's technic) other ways are used, particularly the anterior mediastinoscopy--exploring the thymic lodge--and the antero-lateral way through an intercostal space. The mediastinoscope enable the visual control of the lesions, completed with biopsies of the tissues for an histological examination and puncture with a needle for the cytology study. The diagnosis was made in 90% of the cases, sometimes after repeat mediastinoscopy. The failures are due most often to an incertitude in the interpretation of the samples than a badly directed biopsy. There was no surgical incident in our serie. The general morbidity of the examination is 1,5% and the mortality is 0,1% according to the authors. But two anesthetic incidents were observed in children with malignant lymphomas and required the use of reanimation technics. The mediastinoscopy is useful in the tumors of the thymus (10 times), the tumors of the lateral mediastinum (8 times) an hematosarcomas or Hodgkin's disease.", "PMID": 709709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4001", "title": "[Vascular traumatic injuries of the limbs in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors review 66 case reports of trauma involving major vessels of the limbs in children and confirm the seriousness of these lesions. It becomes apparent that iatrogenic lesions are quite frequent especially after arterial punctures and arteriographies in general. They stress the  importance of clinical diagnosis in vascular blocks. Arteriography should be exceptionally used for infants. Management should aim at restoring vascular continuity by deobstruction, suture or vein grafting. The ideal solution is often easily obtained when repair is undertaken quickly. Normal blood flow was satisfactorily obtained in only 36 patients whereas poor results in the remaining cases was explained because of delayed action. Sequellae are severe and more frequently encountered when blood flow is not restored. On the other hand, the repercussions on growth and development of the limb after chronic ischemia is still not a proven fact. Finally, the authors underline the severe consequences of thromboses after arteriographies by femoral puncture in infants.", "contents": "[Vascular traumatic injuries of the limbs in children (author's transl)]. The authors review 66 case reports of trauma involving major vessels of the limbs in children and confirm the seriousness of these lesions. It becomes apparent that iatrogenic lesions are quite frequent especially after arterial punctures and arteriographies in general. They stress the  importance of clinical diagnosis in vascular blocks. Arteriography should be exceptionally used for infants. Management should aim at restoring vascular continuity by deobstruction, suture or vein grafting. The ideal solution is often easily obtained when repair is undertaken quickly. Normal blood flow was satisfactorily obtained in only 36 patients whereas poor results in the remaining cases was explained because of delayed action. Sequellae are severe and more frequently encountered when blood flow is not restored. On the other hand, the repercussions on growth and development of the limb after chronic ischemia is still not a proven fact. Finally, the authors underline the severe consequences of thromboses after arteriographies by femoral puncture in infants.", "PMID": 709710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4002", "title": "[Gastroschisis. Analysis of 19 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Since 10 years, 19 cases of gastroschisis have been observed in the surgical paediatric unit of Rouen. 12 children are alive and 7 died. It is possible to classify the lesions of the alimentary tract in four groups of increasing gravity. For the first two groups, survival is probable when the treatment is correct. The third group, including bowel resections and risk of short bowel is more difficult to treat. The last group, with necrosis of the main part of the bowel is uncurable. Surgical treatment of choice is immediate closure with small enlargement of the initial parietat defect. It was possible without complication in 8 cases (9 trials). Delayed closure is now employed when immediate closure is impossible. Post-operative treatment is marked by risks of infectious problems and chronic subocclusion. In this last occurence, reintervention must not be too much delayed. Parenteral feeding, with occasionnal continuous enteral feeding must be sufficient.", "contents": "[Gastroschisis. Analysis of 19 cases (author's transl)]. Since 10 years, 19 cases of gastroschisis have been observed in the surgical paediatric unit of Rouen. 12 children are alive and 7 died. It is possible to classify the lesions of the alimentary tract in four groups of increasing gravity. For the first two groups, survival is probable when the treatment is correct. The third group, including bowel resections and risk of short bowel is more difficult to treat. The last group, with necrosis of the main part of the bowel is uncurable. Surgical treatment of choice is immediate closure with small enlargement of the initial parietat defect. It was possible without complication in 8 cases (9 trials). Delayed closure is now employed when immediate closure is impossible. Post-operative treatment is marked by risks of infectious problems and chronic subocclusion. In this last occurence, reintervention must not be too much delayed. Parenteral feeding, with occasionnal continuous enteral feeding must be sufficient.", "PMID": 709711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4003", "title": "[Osteoid osteoma in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "15 cases of osteo\u00efd osteoma are studied and the various investigations are considered. The authors underline the specific characters of this bony tumour of which early diagnosis is difficult for the X-ray signs often delay. They emphasize a complet pathologic investigation of all the specimens. The prognosis is evaluated and possibility of relapse. So the rules of the surgical treatment of the osteo\u00efd osteoma are stated.", "contents": "[Osteoid osteoma in childhood (author's transl)]. 15 cases of osteo\u00efd osteoma are studied and the various investigations are considered. The authors underline the specific characters of this bony tumour of which early diagnosis is difficult for the X-ray signs often delay. They emphasize a complet pathologic investigation of all the specimens. The prognosis is evaluated and possibility of relapse. So the rules of the surgical treatment of the osteo\u00efd osteoma are stated.", "PMID": 709712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4004", "title": "[Osteoarticular tuberculosis in children (author's transl)].", "content": "A group of sixteen children suffering from osteoarticular tuberculosis were seen over the past five years in the Belgrade Paediatric Surgery Clinic. This disease is now extremely rare and effects chiefly children born outside maternity departments and not receiving BCG vaccination at birth for different reasons. The osteoarticular tuberculosis rate in the Socialist Republic of Serbia over this period was thus one in 500,000 children. The disease is three times as common in male children, most often affecting the hip and presenting above all at about the age of nine. At the time of admission, eight children had tuberculosis lesions affecting the lungs, visible and active or latent, partially or completely. In five children, one of the parents was receiving treatment for active pulmonary tuberculosis at the time of onset of the disease. Conservative treatment (immobilisation, tuberculous bacteriostatic therapy and general measures) was used in fifteen children and only one underwent surgery, in addition to the standard treatment described. In only one child, there was ankylosis of the hip and the end of treatment, the others having less sequelae of returning completely to normal. In one girl, osteoarticular tuberculosis was complicated by exsudative tuberculosis pericarditis.", "contents": "[Osteoarticular tuberculosis in children (author's transl)]. A group of sixteen children suffering from osteoarticular tuberculosis were seen over the past five years in the Belgrade Paediatric Surgery Clinic. This disease is now extremely rare and effects chiefly children born outside maternity departments and not receiving BCG vaccination at birth for different reasons. The osteoarticular tuberculosis rate in the Socialist Republic of Serbia over this period was thus one in 500,000 children. The disease is three times as common in male children, most often affecting the hip and presenting above all at about the age of nine. At the time of admission, eight children had tuberculosis lesions affecting the lungs, visible and active or latent, partially or completely. In five children, one of the parents was receiving treatment for active pulmonary tuberculosis at the time of onset of the disease. Conservative treatment (immobilisation, tuberculous bacteriostatic therapy and general measures) was used in fifteen children and only one underwent surgery, in addition to the standard treatment described. In only one child, there was ankylosis of the hip and the end of treatment, the others having less sequelae of returning completely to normal. In one girl, osteoarticular tuberculosis was complicated by exsudative tuberculosis pericarditis.", "PMID": 709713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4005", "title": "[The lungs in congenital diaphragmatic hernias (author's transl)].", "content": "In congenital diaphragmatic hernias, the presence of abdominal viscera in the thoracic cavity will arrest the development of the ipsilateral lung, and occasionally of the controlateral lung also. The lung may thus be either compressed or hypoplastic in varying degrees. Its state of development conditions the prognosis of this disease. In severe forms, known as \"High Risk\" forms, presenting in the 3 first days of life with respiratory distress, the lung is very often hypoplastic, the number of bronchial, bronichiolar and vascular generations is diminished. The airways pulmonary function in medium and long term has been studied in 10 children over a period of 3 to 15 years. The clinical radiological, scannery and fonctional lung study results present not unfrequently signs of overdistention, of obstructive disease, and pulmonary bronchectasis on the side of the hernia. The evolution could be explained by the normal post natal multiplication of airways as well as by an increase of their size in such a manner as to occupy the whole thoracic cavity.", "contents": "[The lungs in congenital diaphragmatic hernias (author's transl)]. In congenital diaphragmatic hernias, the presence of abdominal viscera in the thoracic cavity will arrest the development of the ipsilateral lung, and occasionally of the controlateral lung also. The lung may thus be either compressed or hypoplastic in varying degrees. Its state of development conditions the prognosis of this disease. In severe forms, known as \"High Risk\" forms, presenting in the 3 first days of life with respiratory distress, the lung is very often hypoplastic, the number of bronchial, bronichiolar and vascular generations is diminished. The airways pulmonary function in medium and long term has been studied in 10 children over a period of 3 to 15 years. The clinical radiological, scannery and fonctional lung study results present not unfrequently signs of overdistention, of obstructive disease, and pulmonary bronchectasis on the side of the hernia. The evolution could be explained by the normal post natal multiplication of airways as well as by an increase of their size in such a manner as to occupy the whole thoracic cavity.", "PMID": 709714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4006", "title": "[Towards reasoned early surgical treatment for hiatal hernia in the infant (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report 2 cases of HH and MCT in newborn of 1 1/2 and 5 months old who quickly develop a peptic stenosis despite a good medical treatment. Reviewing 51 cases of early surgical treatment (29 cases operated on before 2 months of age), they estimate legitimal an early surgical treatment for HH and MCT in newborn. They insist on the necessity to begin with a rigourous medical treatment, which cannot exceed one month if an oesophagitis persist (documented by a good and acurate endoscopic examination). This examination is the guide line for the surgical indication and is more acurate than the clinical and radiological informations. They point out the absence of mortality and the improvement of the results if the patients are operated on before 2 months old. In the literature ones can observe that the incidence of recurrence and peptic stenosis is decreased when the patients are operated on early.", "contents": "[Towards reasoned early surgical treatment for hiatal hernia in the infant (author's transl)]. The authors report 2 cases of HH and MCT in newborn of 1 1/2 and 5 months old who quickly develop a peptic stenosis despite a good medical treatment. Reviewing 51 cases of early surgical treatment (29 cases operated on before 2 months of age), they estimate legitimal an early surgical treatment for HH and MCT in newborn. They insist on the necessity to begin with a rigourous medical treatment, which cannot exceed one month if an oesophagitis persist (documented by a good and acurate endoscopic examination). This examination is the guide line for the surgical indication and is more acurate than the clinical and radiological informations. They point out the absence of mortality and the improvement of the results if the patients are operated on before 2 months old. In the literature ones can observe that the incidence of recurrence and peptic stenosis is decreased when the patients are operated on early.", "PMID": 709715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4007", "title": "[Orthopedic problems in fibrous dysplasia in infant's bones. A report on 23 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on 23 cases of fibrons in infants who had been treated surgically, and review the therapeutic problem which arise from this particular type of bone fragility. When located in the diaphysis they had been treated by screw fixation, isolated grafts being constantly unsuccessful. Various procedures had been used in 9 cases with localization in the proximal end of the femur, and they are reviewed critically.", "contents": "[Orthopedic problems in fibrous dysplasia in infant's bones. A report on 23 cases (author's transl)]. The authors report on 23 cases of fibrons in infants who had been treated surgically, and review the therapeutic problem which arise from this particular type of bone fragility. When located in the diaphysis they had been treated by screw fixation, isolated grafts being constantly unsuccessful. Various procedures had been used in 9 cases with localization in the proximal end of the femur, and they are reviewed critically.", "PMID": 709716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4008", "title": "[Segmentary growth of the lower limb after surgical lengthening in the children (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors review their results after continuous and increasing distraction of either the tibia or femur and attempt to formulate grow the patterns of the lower extremity. To do this, they plotted 23 growth curves of 27 segmentary lengthenings. All measurements were taken on telemetric x-rays and developmental status determined according to the Greulich and Pyle Atlas. Length gain of the elongated segment and limb were analysed in each case. Findings clearly show that growth of the lower extremity depends on the amount of lengthening obtained by distraction. It appears that growth may be normal or accelerated after moderate lengthening (less than 5 cm), reduced or momentarily halted after significant gain. Growth appears to be more favorable when weight bearing is begun early. On the contrary, neither distraction rate, age nor aetology of length discrepancy seem to modify the final outcome. The other segments are equally influenced by distraction. The authors were surprised to find that growth rate here is either exaggerated or reduced in such a way as to result in an over-all lengthening or shortening with regards to the opposite side. They feel that such unexpected variations should promote caution before predicting final status.", "contents": "[Segmentary growth of the lower limb after surgical lengthening in the children (author's transl)]. The authors review their results after continuous and increasing distraction of either the tibia or femur and attempt to formulate grow the patterns of the lower extremity. To do this, they plotted 23 growth curves of 27 segmentary lengthenings. All measurements were taken on telemetric x-rays and developmental status determined according to the Greulich and Pyle Atlas. Length gain of the elongated segment and limb were analysed in each case. Findings clearly show that growth of the lower extremity depends on the amount of lengthening obtained by distraction. It appears that growth may be normal or accelerated after moderate lengthening (less than 5 cm), reduced or momentarily halted after significant gain. Growth appears to be more favorable when weight bearing is begun early. On the contrary, neither distraction rate, age nor aetology of length discrepancy seem to modify the final outcome. The other segments are equally influenced by distraction. The authors were surprised to find that growth rate here is either exaggerated or reduced in such a way as to result in an over-all lengthening or shortening with regards to the opposite side. They feel that such unexpected variations should promote caution before predicting final status.", "PMID": 709717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4009", "title": "[Fibrosis of the rectus femoris muscle (author's transl)].", "content": "The author presents seven cases of isolated fibrosis of the rectus femoris muscle. The retraction of the rectus femoris muscle is characterized clinically by limping and the blocking of the knee flexion in the movement of the hip articulation in fixed in extension. The hip flexion immediately permits the knee flexion. The tenomiotomy of the proximal insertions of the muscle led in all cases to the disparition of the limping and to complete freedom of movement of the knee flexion.", "contents": "[Fibrosis of the rectus femoris muscle (author's transl)]. The author presents seven cases of isolated fibrosis of the rectus femoris muscle. The retraction of the rectus femoris muscle is characterized clinically by limping and the blocking of the knee flexion in the movement of the hip articulation in fixed in extension. The hip flexion immediately permits the knee flexion. The tenomiotomy of the proximal insertions of the muscle led in all cases to the disparition of the limping and to complete freedom of movement of the knee flexion.", "PMID": 709718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4010", "title": "[Congenital tracheobiliary fistula. Report of a case with choledocal hypoplasia (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe a new observation of a congenital aerobiliar fistula in a newborn infant showing choleptysies associated with a pulmonary obstruction. The most remarkable facts are the presence of a radiological pneumogallbladder, and the existence of a real trifurcation of the trachea on the bronchography, associated with a choledocal hypoplasia. The death having occured before the operation, the autopsy  allowed the confirmation of the termination on the left hepatical duct and the duality of conformation of the fistula, respiratory and biliary. On the occurence of this 9th case, a review of the literature shows the stereotyped nature of the clinical signs and the course of the fistula which seems invariable. The different aspects of the malformation are considered as well as the treatment which necessitates an exeresis by thoracic pathway.", "contents": "[Congenital tracheobiliary fistula. Report of a case with choledocal hypoplasia (author's transl)]. The authors describe a new observation of a congenital aerobiliar fistula in a newborn infant showing choleptysies associated with a pulmonary obstruction. The most remarkable facts are the presence of a radiological pneumogallbladder, and the existence of a real trifurcation of the trachea on the bronchography, associated with a choledocal hypoplasia. The death having occured before the operation, the autopsy  allowed the confirmation of the termination on the left hepatical duct and the duality of conformation of the fistula, respiratory and biliary. On the occurence of this 9th case, a review of the literature shows the stereotyped nature of the clinical signs and the course of the fistula which seems invariable. The different aspects of the malformation are considered as well as the treatment which necessitates an exeresis by thoracic pathway.", "PMID": 709719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4011", "title": "[Aortic reposition of the anormal subclavian artery (case report of 3 infants) (author's transl)].", "content": "The most common anomaly of the aortic arches is retro-oesophageal position of the right subclavian artery. Most often this malposition does not exhibit any clinical manifestation. In some rare cases, eso-tracheal compression is therefore observed. In these cases, a reposition of the subclavian artery in the ascending aorta was performed according to the technique presented. This surgical procedure, suppresses all symptoms without decreasing the vascularisation of the upper extremity as well as of the vertebral and basilarian territories. Long-term follow-up studies were carried out using ultra-sonic flow-metry.", "contents": "[Aortic reposition of the anormal subclavian artery (case report of 3 infants) (author's transl)]. The most common anomaly of the aortic arches is retro-oesophageal position of the right subclavian artery. Most often this malposition does not exhibit any clinical manifestation. In some rare cases, eso-tracheal compression is therefore observed. In these cases, a reposition of the subclavian artery in the ascending aorta was performed according to the technique presented. This surgical procedure, suppresses all symptoms without decreasing the vascularisation of the upper extremity as well as of the vertebral and basilarian territories. Long-term follow-up studies were carried out using ultra-sonic flow-metry.", "PMID": 709720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4012", "title": "[The anomalies of limbs obtained by injections of cyclophosphamid to the pregnant rabbit (author's transl)].", "content": "By injections of cyclophosphamid to pregnant rabbits, we obtained different sorts of agenesis. These anomalies are the consequence of a lack of the quantity of mesenchyme necessary to the formation of the limbs. The final malformation depends on the date, the dose and the period of action of the cyclophosphamid.", "contents": "[The anomalies of limbs obtained by injections of cyclophosphamid to the pregnant rabbit (author's transl)]. By injections of cyclophosphamid to pregnant rabbits, we obtained different sorts of agenesis. These anomalies are the consequence of a lack of the quantity of mesenchyme necessary to the formation of the limbs. The final malformation depends on the date, the dose and the period of action of the cyclophosphamid.", "PMID": 709722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4013", "title": "Pericardial tamponade-induced myocardial ischemic injury.", "content": "Cats of either sex anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (30 mg/kg, IV) were subjected to sham pericardial tamponade or pericardial tamponade for five hours. Five cats underwent sham pericardial tamponade and six cats were subjected to pericardial tamponade which reduced the mean arterial blood pressure to approximately 40 mm Hg. Pericardial tamponade produced a 44-51% and a 28-38% decrease in the myocardial activities of cathepsin D and creatine phosphokinase (CPK), respectively. Observation of cellular and subcellular structure of left ventricular tissue of two sham operated cats and two cats after tamponade revealed myocardial injury in cats subjected to tamponade. Tissue stained with hematoxylin-basic fuchsin-picric acid stain showed extensive crimson-red basic fuchsin staining in cats subjected to pericardial tamponade and the absence of staining in cardiac tissue of sham-operated cats. Electron micrographs of cardiac tissue of cats subjected to acute pericardial tamponade revealed extensive vacuolization and extreme contracture. These results indicate ischemic injury with loss of cellular and subcellular enzymes in hearts of cats after five hours of pericardial tamponade sufficient to reduce the mean arterial blood pressure to about 40 mm Hg.", "contents": "Pericardial tamponade-induced myocardial ischemic injury. Cats of either sex anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (30 mg/kg, IV) were subjected to sham pericardial tamponade or pericardial tamponade for five hours. Five cats underwent sham pericardial tamponade and six cats were subjected to pericardial tamponade which reduced the mean arterial blood pressure to approximately 40 mm Hg. Pericardial tamponade produced a 44-51% and a 28-38% decrease in the myocardial activities of cathepsin D and creatine phosphokinase (CPK), respectively. Observation of cellular and subcellular structure of left ventricular tissue of two sham operated cats and two cats after tamponade revealed myocardial injury in cats subjected to tamponade. Tissue stained with hematoxylin-basic fuchsin-picric acid stain showed extensive crimson-red basic fuchsin staining in cats subjected to pericardial tamponade and the absence of staining in cardiac tissue of sham-operated cats. Electron micrographs of cardiac tissue of cats subjected to acute pericardial tamponade revealed extensive vacuolization and extreme contracture. These results indicate ischemic injury with loss of cellular and subcellular enzymes in hearts of cats after five hours of pericardial tamponade sufficient to reduce the mean arterial blood pressure to about 40 mm Hg.", "PMID": 709732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4014", "title": "Preserved liver function and leukocyte response in superlethal endotoxic shock.", "content": "Recent studies reveal that endotoxin-pretreated awake dogs become markedly leukocytotic and survive superlethal endotoxin challenge without hypoglycemia. The purpose of this study was to determine if an association exists between leukocytosis, liver function, and survival in endotoxin shock. Studies were conducted on awake, conditioned adult dogs, with the experimental group (N= 5) injected intravenously with 1/1,000 LD100 E. coli endotoxin on Days 1 and 2, LD100 on Day 3, and 2 x LD100 on Day 4. A control group (N = 6) received equal volumes of saline on Days 1, 2, and 3, but on Day 4 received 2 x LD100 endotoxin. All saline-pretreated dogs died within seven hours following superlethal endotoxin challenge. Each animal in the experimental group was sacrificed at the time of its paired saline control's death for a comparison of liver pathology, since in parallel studies all endotoxin-pretreated dogs (N = 11) survived for 30 days. Animals in the experimental group exhibited a marked leukocytosis of 39,000/cu mm (mature neutrophils, 28,000/cu mm, immature neutrophils, 8,300/cu mm (P is less than 0.001) on Day 4 compared with saline-pretreated controls. At the time of death the liver enzymes, arginase, and SGPT were significantly elevated in the saline-pretreated controls compared with endotoxin-pretreated dogs (P is less than 0.02). Liver pathology in endotoxin-pretreated dogs consisted of mild necrosis, while saline-pretreated animals demonstrated massive hepatocellular necrosis. Results support the view that increased numbers of neutrophils protect liver function and enhance survival in endotoxin shock.", "contents": "Preserved liver function and leukocyte response in superlethal endotoxic shock. Recent studies reveal that endotoxin-pretreated awake dogs become markedly leukocytotic and survive superlethal endotoxin challenge without hypoglycemia. The purpose of this study was to determine if an association exists between leukocytosis, liver function, and survival in endotoxin shock. Studies were conducted on awake, conditioned adult dogs, with the experimental group (N= 5) injected intravenously with 1/1,000 LD100 E. coli endotoxin on Days 1 and 2, LD100 on Day 3, and 2 x LD100 on Day 4. A control group (N = 6) received equal volumes of saline on Days 1, 2, and 3, but on Day 4 received 2 x LD100 endotoxin. All saline-pretreated dogs died within seven hours following superlethal endotoxin challenge. Each animal in the experimental group was sacrificed at the time of its paired saline control's death for a comparison of liver pathology, since in parallel studies all endotoxin-pretreated dogs (N = 11) survived for 30 days. Animals in the experimental group exhibited a marked leukocytosis of 39,000/cu mm (mature neutrophils, 28,000/cu mm, immature neutrophils, 8,300/cu mm (P is less than 0.001) on Day 4 compared with saline-pretreated controls. At the time of death the liver enzymes, arginase, and SGPT were significantly elevated in the saline-pretreated controls compared with endotoxin-pretreated dogs (P is less than 0.02). Liver pathology in endotoxin-pretreated dogs consisted of mild necrosis, while saline-pretreated animals demonstrated massive hepatocellular necrosis. Results support the view that increased numbers of neutrophils protect liver function and enhance survival in endotoxin shock.", "PMID": 709733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4015", "title": "Adrenal insufficiency secondary to massive corticomedullary junction hemorrhage following hypotension in three anticoagulated patients.", "content": "Three patients treated by anticoagulation therapy were found at autopsy to have sustained massive bilateral adrenal hemorrhages. In each instance, an episode of hypotension preceded the onset of the terminal course. In two patients death was regarded in retrospect to have probably been attributable to acute Addisonian crisis. Hypotension commonly produces necrosis of the adrenal corticomedullary junction, which normally heals by fibrosis, but in the anticoagulated patient, this necrosis may be complicated by hemorrhage.", "contents": "Adrenal insufficiency secondary to massive corticomedullary junction hemorrhage following hypotension in three anticoagulated patients. Three patients treated by anticoagulation therapy were found at autopsy to have sustained massive bilateral adrenal hemorrhages. In each instance, an episode of hypotension preceded the onset of the terminal course. In two patients death was regarded in retrospect to have probably been attributable to acute Addisonian crisis. Hypotension commonly produces necrosis of the adrenal corticomedullary junction, which normally heals by fibrosis, but in the anticoagulated patient, this necrosis may be complicated by hemorrhage.", "PMID": 709734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4016", "title": "Effects of indomethacin on cardiovascular hemodynamics of goats in hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "We examined effects of indomethacin, meclofenamate, and prostaglandin E1 on systemic arterial pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, and systemic vascular resistance of anesthetized juvenile goats in severe hemorrhagic shock. Hemorrhagic shock was characterized by low systemic arterial pressure, decreased vascular resistance, and reduction in cardiac output. In acute experiments, indomethacin (3.4 mg/kg) attenuated the systemic hypotension of hemorrhagic shock. The increase in systemic arterial pressure following treatment with indomethacin was the result of increased systemic vascular resistance. Systemic arterial pressure, heart rate, and cardiac output fell during intravenous prostaglandin E1 infusions (3 micrograms/kg/min for 5 min) in both controls and goats in shock. The effects of prostaglandin E1 were more pronounced and prolonged in goats that had undergone the hemorrhagic-shock-producing procedure followed by indomethacin than in control animals treated with indomethacin but not hemorrhaged. Not only was meclofenamate less effective than indomethacin in increasing the systemic arterial pressures of goats in this type of hemorrhagic shock, but also it attenuated the pressor effects of indomethacin. Substances synthesized via prostaglandin fatty acid cyclo-oxygenase may be involved in the systemic hypotension that is characteristic of hemorrhagic shock.", "contents": "Effects of indomethacin on cardiovascular hemodynamics of goats in hemorrhagic shock. We examined effects of indomethacin, meclofenamate, and prostaglandin E1 on systemic arterial pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, and systemic vascular resistance of anesthetized juvenile goats in severe hemorrhagic shock. Hemorrhagic shock was characterized by low systemic arterial pressure, decreased vascular resistance, and reduction in cardiac output. In acute experiments, indomethacin (3.4 mg/kg) attenuated the systemic hypotension of hemorrhagic shock. The increase in systemic arterial pressure following treatment with indomethacin was the result of increased systemic vascular resistance. Systemic arterial pressure, heart rate, and cardiac output fell during intravenous prostaglandin E1 infusions (3 micrograms/kg/min for 5 min) in both controls and goats in shock. The effects of prostaglandin E1 were more pronounced and prolonged in goats that had undergone the hemorrhagic-shock-producing procedure followed by indomethacin than in control animals treated with indomethacin but not hemorrhaged. Not only was meclofenamate less effective than indomethacin in increasing the systemic arterial pressures of goats in this type of hemorrhagic shock, but also it attenuated the pressor effects of indomethacin. Substances synthesized via prostaglandin fatty acid cyclo-oxygenase may be involved in the systemic hypotension that is characteristic of hemorrhagic shock.", "PMID": 709735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4017", "title": "The effects of heparin pretreatment on plasma histamine following thermal injury in rats and cats.", "content": "An elevated plasma histamine level in response to thermal injury is demonstrated in the rat and cat. In cats, the initial elevation of plasma histamine occurred within the first 15 minutes following thermal injury, and this was followed by a second rise between 60 and 120 minutes. Heparin pretreatment markedly reduced the plasma histamine elevating effect of thermal injury in both rats and cats. This suggests that the therapeutic basis for the use of heparin in the treatment of burn shock might conceivable be attributed to its ability to interfere with the elevated histamine levels normally associated with thermal injury.", "contents": "The effects of heparin pretreatment on plasma histamine following thermal injury in rats and cats. An elevated plasma histamine level in response to thermal injury is demonstrated in the rat and cat. In cats, the initial elevation of plasma histamine occurred within the first 15 minutes following thermal injury, and this was followed by a second rise between 60 and 120 minutes. Heparin pretreatment markedly reduced the plasma histamine elevating effect of thermal injury in both rats and cats. This suggests that the therapeutic basis for the use of heparin in the treatment of burn shock might conceivable be attributed to its ability to interfere with the elevated histamine levels normally associated with thermal injury.", "PMID": 709736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4018", "title": "Sinus node response to premature atrial stimulation in the rabbit studied with multiple microelectrode impalements.", "content": "In this study we investigated the response of the isolated rabbit sinus node to ectopic atrial premature beats elicited late in the atrial cycle. In three experiments the response of at least 45 different fibers of the sinus node was recorded, whereas, in other experiments, investigation was less extensive. In this way the spread of activation of the total pacemaker area could be mapped accurately both during spontaneous beating and the induction of ectopic atrial beats of different degrees of prematurity. We found that: (1) The conduction of an impulse from the dominant pacemaker area to the atrium during spontaneous rhythm (antegrade conduction) is slower than the conduction of an ectopic atrial impulse towards the center of the sinus node (retrograde conduction). (2) The action potential of the dominant pacemaker fibers in the sinus node is shortened because of premature activation caused by an ectopic impulse from the atrium. Late premature beats had no effect on diastolic depolarization. If the retrograde activation wave did not reach the area of the dominant pacemaker before the spontaneous discharge of these fibers, there was electrotonic influence demonstrable over a distance of about 0.5 mm. (3) Comparison of the true sinoatrial conduction time with the estimated sinoatrial conduction calculated indirectly from the length of the postextrasystolic atrial cycle revealed that, in the isolated rabbit heart, the calculated value is a serious underestimation of the true antegrade sinoatrial conduction time.", "contents": "Sinus node response to premature atrial stimulation in the rabbit studied with multiple microelectrode impalements. In this study we investigated the response of the isolated rabbit sinus node to ectopic atrial premature beats elicited late in the atrial cycle. In three experiments the response of at least 45 different fibers of the sinus node was recorded, whereas, in other experiments, investigation was less extensive. In this way the spread of activation of the total pacemaker area could be mapped accurately both during spontaneous beating and the induction of ectopic atrial beats of different degrees of prematurity. We found that: (1) The conduction of an impulse from the dominant pacemaker area to the atrium during spontaneous rhythm (antegrade conduction) is slower than the conduction of an ectopic atrial impulse towards the center of the sinus node (retrograde conduction). (2) The action potential of the dominant pacemaker fibers in the sinus node is shortened because of premature activation caused by an ectopic impulse from the atrium. Late premature beats had no effect on diastolic depolarization. If the retrograde activation wave did not reach the area of the dominant pacemaker before the spontaneous discharge of these fibers, there was electrotonic influence demonstrable over a distance of about 0.5 mm. (3) Comparison of the true sinoatrial conduction time with the estimated sinoatrial conduction calculated indirectly from the length of the postextrasystolic atrial cycle revealed that, in the isolated rabbit heart, the calculated value is a serious underestimation of the true antegrade sinoatrial conduction time.", "PMID": 709737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4019", "title": "Relationship of aortic wall and baroreceptor properties during development in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "We studied the relationship between aortic baroreceptor function and aortic wall properties in normotensive (NTR) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats 10-20 weeks old. Baroreceptor discharge, static pressure-volume (P-V), and pressure-radius relationships were measured in excised aortic segments. Histological studies of wall thickness and receptor numbers also were made. Circumferential wall stress and strain were calculated, as was the incremental elastic modulus (EINC). EINC in NTR's at 100 mm Hg was similar to values reported for in vivo human, dog, and rat aortas. At 10 weeks, SHR's had significantly elevated blood pressure, but SHR and NTR aortas had similar relationships among pressures, volumes, strains, and EINC's. Differences arose subsequently and, at 20 weeks, NTR aortas had larger volumes, larger strains, and smaller EINC's at equivalent pressures, whereas SHR aortas were unchanged. Thus the reduced distensibility of SHR relative to NTR aortas, rather than being due to retrogressive changes from normal, appeared to result from a failure to pass through a phase of increased distensibility. At 10 weeks, SHR baroreceptors showed resetting in both pressure-response and strain-response curves, and it was concluded that early hypertensive baroreceptor resetting was due to primary changes in the receptors. At 20 weeks, the order of the strain-response curves for NTR and SHR baroreceptors was reversed due to a reduction in strain sensitivity of NTR baroreceptors. Resetting of NTR baroreceptors during development may have important implications as a mechanism of blood pressure control in development.", "contents": "Relationship of aortic wall and baroreceptor properties during development in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. We studied the relationship between aortic baroreceptor function and aortic wall properties in normotensive (NTR) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats 10-20 weeks old. Baroreceptor discharge, static pressure-volume (P-V), and pressure-radius relationships were measured in excised aortic segments. Histological studies of wall thickness and receptor numbers also were made. Circumferential wall stress and strain were calculated, as was the incremental elastic modulus (EINC). EINC in NTR's at 100 mm Hg was similar to values reported for in vivo human, dog, and rat aortas. At 10 weeks, SHR's had significantly elevated blood pressure, but SHR and NTR aortas had similar relationships among pressures, volumes, strains, and EINC's. Differences arose subsequently and, at 20 weeks, NTR aortas had larger volumes, larger strains, and smaller EINC's at equivalent pressures, whereas SHR aortas were unchanged. Thus the reduced distensibility of SHR relative to NTR aortas, rather than being due to retrogressive changes from normal, appeared to result from a failure to pass through a phase of increased distensibility. At 10 weeks, SHR baroreceptors showed resetting in both pressure-response and strain-response curves, and it was concluded that early hypertensive baroreceptor resetting was due to primary changes in the receptors. At 20 weeks, the order of the strain-response curves for NTR and SHR baroreceptors was reversed due to a reduction in strain sensitivity of NTR baroreceptors. Resetting of NTR baroreceptors during development may have important implications as a mechanism of blood pressure control in development.", "PMID": 709739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4020", "title": "The distribution of blood rheological parameters in the microvasculature of cat mesentery.", "content": "In vivo studies of the rheological behavior of blood in the microcirculation were conducted by direct in situ measurements in cat mesentery. Upstream to downstream pressure drops were measured in unbranched arterioles, capillaries, and venules, with diameters from 7 to 58 micrometer. Simultaneous measurements of red cell velocity and vessel geometry facilitated computation of bulk velocity, pressure gradient, apparent viscosity, wall shear stress, and resistance. Arteriovenous distributions of these parameters revealed the following. Maximum pressure gradient (0.015 cm H20/micrometer) occurs in the true capillaries (7 micrometer in diameter); intravascular wall shear stress averaged 47.1 dynes/cm2 in arterioles and 29.0 dynes/cm2 in venules. Extreme values as great as 200 dynes/cm2 were observed in a few shunting arterioles. Apparent viscosity averaged 3.59 cP in arterioles, 5.15 cP in venules, and 4.22 cP overall. Intravascular resistance per unit length of microvessel varied with luminal diameter as a power law function with exponents of -4.04 for arterioles, -3.94 for venules, and -3.99 for all vessels combined. This apparent maintenance of Poiseuille's law is attributed to the opposing processes of hematocrit reduction and decreasing shear rate as blood is dispersed in successive arteriolar segments, and the converse action of these processes in the venous confluences which lessen the extent of network variations in apparent viscosity. Reductions in bulk velocity from the normal flow state to below 0.5 mm/sec resulted in increases in apparent viscosity by a factor of 2 to 10, which are attributed primarily to obstruction of the lumen by leukocyte-endothelium adhesion.", "contents": "The distribution of blood rheological parameters in the microvasculature of cat mesentery. In vivo studies of the rheological behavior of blood in the microcirculation were conducted by direct in situ measurements in cat mesentery. Upstream to downstream pressure drops were measured in unbranched arterioles, capillaries, and venules, with diameters from 7 to 58 micrometer. Simultaneous measurements of red cell velocity and vessel geometry facilitated computation of bulk velocity, pressure gradient, apparent viscosity, wall shear stress, and resistance. Arteriovenous distributions of these parameters revealed the following. Maximum pressure gradient (0.015 cm H20/micrometer) occurs in the true capillaries (7 micrometer in diameter); intravascular wall shear stress averaged 47.1 dynes/cm2 in arterioles and 29.0 dynes/cm2 in venules. Extreme values as great as 200 dynes/cm2 were observed in a few shunting arterioles. Apparent viscosity averaged 3.59 cP in arterioles, 5.15 cP in venules, and 4.22 cP overall. Intravascular resistance per unit length of microvessel varied with luminal diameter as a power law function with exponents of -4.04 for arterioles, -3.94 for venules, and -3.99 for all vessels combined. This apparent maintenance of Poiseuille's law is attributed to the opposing processes of hematocrit reduction and decreasing shear rate as blood is dispersed in successive arteriolar segments, and the converse action of these processes in the venous confluences which lessen the extent of network variations in apparent viscosity. Reductions in bulk velocity from the normal flow state to below 0.5 mm/sec resulted in increases in apparent viscosity by a factor of 2 to 10, which are attributed primarily to obstruction of the lumen by leukocyte-endothelium adhesion.", "PMID": 709740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4021", "title": "Effect of changing metabolic rate on local blood flow control in the canine hindlimb.", "content": "This study examined the effect of changing hindlimb metabolic rate on hindlimb blood flow control in anesthetized dogs. The hyperemias induced by graded levels of arterial hypoxia and the degree of steady state autoregulation evoked by changes in blood pressure were measured. Metabolic rate was increased above the resting value by direct electrical stimulation of hindlimb muscles at rates from 0.5 to 1.5 pulses/second, and in three dogs was reduced by cooling. In response to 6 minutes of arterial hypoxia, hindlimb blood flow steadily increased. At rest, and at each level of muscle stimulation, the steepness of the response increased as arterial oxygen saturation (SAO2) decreased. At all levels of SAO2, the response was steeper at increasing stimulation rates. For SAO2 greater than 50%, the relationship between the percentage increase in blood flow from control and SAO2, however, was unaffected by the degree of muscle activity, suggesting that during mild to moderate hypoxia the dynamics of the response were similar whether the muscles were at rest or exercising. The responses to severe hypoxia (SAO2 less than 50%) during stimulation were significantly enhanced compared with those at rest. Autoregulation of blood flow was measured in the steady state by comparing the relative change in blood flow from control with the relative change in blood pressure that produced it. Steady state autoregulation was weak at rest, but improved markedly with increasing muscle stimulation. Conversely, cooling the hindlimb depressed the resting steady state autoregulation. A close correlation was found between the degree of autoregulation and the hindlimb metabolic rate. The results suggest that tissue metabolic rate determines the precision of local blood flow control.", "contents": "Effect of changing metabolic rate on local blood flow control in the canine hindlimb. This study examined the effect of changing hindlimb metabolic rate on hindlimb blood flow control in anesthetized dogs. The hyperemias induced by graded levels of arterial hypoxia and the degree of steady state autoregulation evoked by changes in blood pressure were measured. Metabolic rate was increased above the resting value by direct electrical stimulation of hindlimb muscles at rates from 0.5 to 1.5 pulses/second, and in three dogs was reduced by cooling. In response to 6 minutes of arterial hypoxia, hindlimb blood flow steadily increased. At rest, and at each level of muscle stimulation, the steepness of the response increased as arterial oxygen saturation (SAO2) decreased. At all levels of SAO2, the response was steeper at increasing stimulation rates. For SAO2 greater than 50%, the relationship between the percentage increase in blood flow from control and SAO2, however, was unaffected by the degree of muscle activity, suggesting that during mild to moderate hypoxia the dynamics of the response were similar whether the muscles were at rest or exercising. The responses to severe hypoxia (SAO2 less than 50%) during stimulation were significantly enhanced compared with those at rest. Autoregulation of blood flow was measured in the steady state by comparing the relative change in blood flow from control with the relative change in blood pressure that produced it. Steady state autoregulation was weak at rest, but improved markedly with increasing muscle stimulation. Conversely, cooling the hindlimb depressed the resting steady state autoregulation. A close correlation was found between the degree of autoregulation and the hindlimb metabolic rate. The results suggest that tissue metabolic rate determines the precision of local blood flow control.", "PMID": 709741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4022", "title": "Effects of acetylcholine on the ventricular specialized conducting system of neonatal and adult dogs.", "content": "We determined the effects of acetylcholine on automaticity of isolated cardiac Purkinje fibers from neonatal and adult dogs and on the idioventricular rhythm of adult dogs with complete atrioventricular block. Isolated Purkinje fibers were studied with standard microelectrode techniques during superfusion with Tyrode's solution at 37 degrees C. For both age groups, spontaneous rate was decreased by acetylcholine, an effect which was reduced by atropine. The magnitude of the effect is equal in both neonatal and adult dogs. The negative chronotropic effect of acetylcholine was not prevented by phentolamine, indicating that an alpha-adrenergic mechanism was not involved. The idioventricular rate of conscious dogs with formalin-induced heart block was decreased by administration of acetylcholine. The effect was augmented by propranolol and attenuated by atropine. Thus, for both the in vitro and in situ ventricular specialized conducting system, acetylcholine decreases automaticity presumably through combination with a muscarinic receptor.", "contents": "Effects of acetylcholine on the ventricular specialized conducting system of neonatal and adult dogs. We determined the effects of acetylcholine on automaticity of isolated cardiac Purkinje fibers from neonatal and adult dogs and on the idioventricular rhythm of adult dogs with complete atrioventricular block. Isolated Purkinje fibers were studied with standard microelectrode techniques during superfusion with Tyrode's solution at 37 degrees C. For both age groups, spontaneous rate was decreased by acetylcholine, an effect which was reduced by atropine. The magnitude of the effect is equal in both neonatal and adult dogs. The negative chronotropic effect of acetylcholine was not prevented by phentolamine, indicating that an alpha-adrenergic mechanism was not involved. The idioventricular rate of conscious dogs with formalin-induced heart block was decreased by administration of acetylcholine. The effect was augmented by propranolol and attenuated by atropine. Thus, for both the in vitro and in situ ventricular specialized conducting system, acetylcholine decreases automaticity presumably through combination with a muscarinic receptor.", "PMID": 709742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4023", "title": "The circulatory influences of vagal afferents at rest and during coronary occlusion in conscious dogs.", "content": "We studied the role of cardiopulmonary vagal afferents in the cardiovascular responses to coronary artery occlusion in conscious dogs with intact carotid sinuses and following functional denervation of the arterial baroreceptors. The contributions of vagal afferents were determined by cold blocking the vagi. In dogs with intact carotid sinuses, coronary artery occlusion produced small decreases in mean cardiac output and arterial pressure, whereas heart rate increased by 35 beats/min. In dogs with intact carotid sinuses, vagal cold block increased mean arterial pressure by 22 +/- 2 (mean +/- SE) mm Hg and heart rate by 90 +/- 6 beats/min. Mean cardiac output increased by 505 +/- 90 ml/min. With the exception of heart rate, responses to coronary occlusion during vagal cold block were similar to the occlusion response prior to vagal cold block. Furthermore, prior occlusion of the coronary artery did not significantly influence the responses to vagal cold block. After arterial baroreceptor denervation, coronary artery occlusion resulted in a substantially greater fall in systemic arterial pressure (-52 mm Hg as compared to -8 mm Hg, with intact carotid sinuses) and peripheral resistance decreased by -0.49 peripheral resistance units (PRU). Vagal cold block following denervation increased the arterial pressure by 49 +/- 10 mm Hg and peripheral resistance by 0.59 +/- 0.13 PRU. Both values were significantly greater than those observed during vagal cold block prior to denervation. In arterial baroreceptor-denervated dogs, vagal blockade significantly attenuated the response to coronary occlusion. Therefore, in conscious dogs, vagal afferents from cardiopulmonary receptors exert a significant inhibitory influence on the peripheral vascular tone. When the carotid sinuses are intact, this inhibitory influence appears to be marked during myocardial ischemia. In the absence of functional arterial baroreflexes, vagal afferent activity contributes to the depressor responses observed during ischemia.", "contents": "The circulatory influences of vagal afferents at rest and during coronary occlusion in conscious dogs. We studied the role of cardiopulmonary vagal afferents in the cardiovascular responses to coronary artery occlusion in conscious dogs with intact carotid sinuses and following functional denervation of the arterial baroreceptors. The contributions of vagal afferents were determined by cold blocking the vagi. In dogs with intact carotid sinuses, coronary artery occlusion produced small decreases in mean cardiac output and arterial pressure, whereas heart rate increased by 35 beats/min. In dogs with intact carotid sinuses, vagal cold block increased mean arterial pressure by 22 +/- 2 (mean +/- SE) mm Hg and heart rate by 90 +/- 6 beats/min. Mean cardiac output increased by 505 +/- 90 ml/min. With the exception of heart rate, responses to coronary occlusion during vagal cold block were similar to the occlusion response prior to vagal cold block. Furthermore, prior occlusion of the coronary artery did not significantly influence the responses to vagal cold block. After arterial baroreceptor denervation, coronary artery occlusion resulted in a substantially greater fall in systemic arterial pressure (-52 mm Hg as compared to -8 mm Hg, with intact carotid sinuses) and peripheral resistance decreased by -0.49 peripheral resistance units (PRU). Vagal cold block following denervation increased the arterial pressure by 49 +/- 10 mm Hg and peripheral resistance by 0.59 +/- 0.13 PRU. Both values were significantly greater than those observed during vagal cold block prior to denervation. In arterial baroreceptor-denervated dogs, vagal blockade significantly attenuated the response to coronary occlusion. Therefore, in conscious dogs, vagal afferents from cardiopulmonary receptors exert a significant inhibitory influence on the peripheral vascular tone. When the carotid sinuses are intact, this inhibitory influence appears to be marked during myocardial ischemia. In the absence of functional arterial baroreflexes, vagal afferent activity contributes to the depressor responses observed during ischemia.", "PMID": 709745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4024", "title": "Inotropic and toxic effects of a polar cardiac glycoside derivative in the dog.", "content": "It has been suggested that central nervous system (CNS) neuroexcitation plays an important role in digitalis-induced cardiac arrhythmias. To elucidate further the role of the CNS in digitalis-induced arrhythmias, the inotropic and toxic effects of a highly polar semisynthetic cardiac glycoside, 3beta-O-(4 amino-4,6 dideoxy-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-digitoxigenin (ASI-222) were compared to those of digoxin and correlated with plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of each drug. Thirteen dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital were given repeated intravenous doses of digoxin or ASI-222. Ventricular tachycardia was elicited at a mean dose of digoxin of 0.12 mg/kg, compared with 0.09 mg/kg for ASI-222 (not significant). Terminal ventricular fibrillation occurred after 0.18 mg/kg of digoxin, a value significantly larger than the ASI-222 dose (0.14 mg/kg, P less than 0.05) required to produce lethal arrhythmias. Digoxin produced a 21% increase in LV dP/dt at a plasma digoxin concentration of 20.0 +/- 2 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM) 30 minutes after 0.05 mg/kg; the CSF digoxin concentration at this time averaged 0.7 +/- 0.1 ng/ml. At death, the plasma digoxin concentration was 88 +/- 16 ng/ml and CSF digoxin concentration was 5.7 +/- 1.6 ng/ml. ASI-222 produced a similar 25% increase in LV dP/dt 30 minutes after administration of 0.05 mg/kg, with a plasma concentration of 18 +/- 2 ng/ml as determined by a newly developed radioimmunoassay. The plasma ASI-222 concentration at death, 95 +/- 18 ng/ml, was similar to that of digoxin. However, CSF samples at 30 minutes and at death showed no detectable levels of ASI-222. Thus, despite similar inotropic and toxic responses and similar plasma drug concentrations compared to digoxin, ASI-222 was demonstrated to have limited if any access to the CNS as judged by CSF concentrations. These findings suggest that direct CNS stimulation does not play a primary part in the genesis of digitalis-induced cardiac arrhythmias in this experimental model, or that CNS effects are mediated by an area or areas lacking an effective blood-brain barrier.", "contents": "Inotropic and toxic effects of a polar cardiac glycoside derivative in the dog. It has been suggested that central nervous system (CNS) neuroexcitation plays an important role in digitalis-induced cardiac arrhythmias. To elucidate further the role of the CNS in digitalis-induced arrhythmias, the inotropic and toxic effects of a highly polar semisynthetic cardiac glycoside, 3beta-O-(4 amino-4,6 dideoxy-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-digitoxigenin (ASI-222) were compared to those of digoxin and correlated with plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of each drug. Thirteen dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital were given repeated intravenous doses of digoxin or ASI-222. Ventricular tachycardia was elicited at a mean dose of digoxin of 0.12 mg/kg, compared with 0.09 mg/kg for ASI-222 (not significant). Terminal ventricular fibrillation occurred after 0.18 mg/kg of digoxin, a value significantly larger than the ASI-222 dose (0.14 mg/kg, P less than 0.05) required to produce lethal arrhythmias. Digoxin produced a 21% increase in LV dP/dt at a plasma digoxin concentration of 20.0 +/- 2 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM) 30 minutes after 0.05 mg/kg; the CSF digoxin concentration at this time averaged 0.7 +/- 0.1 ng/ml. At death, the plasma digoxin concentration was 88 +/- 16 ng/ml and CSF digoxin concentration was 5.7 +/- 1.6 ng/ml. ASI-222 produced a similar 25% increase in LV dP/dt 30 minutes after administration of 0.05 mg/kg, with a plasma concentration of 18 +/- 2 ng/ml as determined by a newly developed radioimmunoassay. The plasma ASI-222 concentration at death, 95 +/- 18 ng/ml, was similar to that of digoxin. However, CSF samples at 30 minutes and at death showed no detectable levels of ASI-222. Thus, despite similar inotropic and toxic responses and similar plasma drug concentrations compared to digoxin, ASI-222 was demonstrated to have limited if any access to the CNS as judged by CSF concentrations. These findings suggest that direct CNS stimulation does not play a primary part in the genesis of digitalis-induced cardiac arrhythmias in this experimental model, or that CNS effects are mediated by an area or areas lacking an effective blood-brain barrier.", "PMID": 709746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4025", "title": "Direct evidence that the greater contractility of resistance vessels in spontaneously hypertensive rats is associated with a narrowed lumen, a thickened media, and an increased number of smooth muscle cell layers.", "content": "The mechanical and morphological properties of segments of certain precisely defined resistance vessels (approximately 150 micrometer lumen diameter) in the mesenteric bed of spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive (WKY) rats have been compared in vitro under carefully controlled conditions and also after fixation. At a given transmural pressure, the relaxed SHR vessels (compared with the WKY vessels) would have had a 16% smaller lumen diameter (P less than 0.01) and a 49% thicker media (P less than 0.005), so that the media volume per unit segment length was 31% greater (P less than 0.05). The smooth muscle cells were arranged circumferentially in about four layers in the SHR vessels and in about three layers in the WKY vessels. The SHR active wall tension in response to potassium was 53% greater (P less than 0.02) and to norepinephrine was 50% greater (P less than 0.01) than for WKY. However, the ED50 values for the norepinephrine dose-response curves were similar (approximately 5 micrometer). Activation with potassium plus norepinephrine gave greater responses in both vessel types, than with either agent alone, but the SHR responses were on average only 19% greater than the WKY (P less than 0.10). However, under these conditions, the SHR vessels would have been able to contract against 45% greater transmural pressures (P less than 0.001) because of their smaller lumen. On maximal activation, the mean force developed by each cell (approximately 3.85 micro N) was the same in both vessel types, even though on average (P = 0.10) the SHR cells had a 21% greater cross-sectional area. The results support the Folkow hypothesis that in genetic hypertension the increased peripheral resistance is associated with structural changes in the resistance vessels.", "contents": "Direct evidence that the greater contractility of resistance vessels in spontaneously hypertensive rats is associated with a narrowed lumen, a thickened media, and an increased number of smooth muscle cell layers. The mechanical and morphological properties of segments of certain precisely defined resistance vessels (approximately 150 micrometer lumen diameter) in the mesenteric bed of spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive (WKY) rats have been compared in vitro under carefully controlled conditions and also after fixation. At a given transmural pressure, the relaxed SHR vessels (compared with the WKY vessels) would have had a 16% smaller lumen diameter (P less than 0.01) and a 49% thicker media (P less than 0.005), so that the media volume per unit segment length was 31% greater (P less than 0.05). The smooth muscle cells were arranged circumferentially in about four layers in the SHR vessels and in about three layers in the WKY vessels. The SHR active wall tension in response to potassium was 53% greater (P less than 0.02) and to norepinephrine was 50% greater (P less than 0.01) than for WKY. However, the ED50 values for the norepinephrine dose-response curves were similar (approximately 5 micrometer). Activation with potassium plus norepinephrine gave greater responses in both vessel types, than with either agent alone, but the SHR responses were on average only 19% greater than the WKY (P less than 0.10). However, under these conditions, the SHR vessels would have been able to contract against 45% greater transmural pressures (P less than 0.001) because of their smaller lumen. On maximal activation, the mean force developed by each cell (approximately 3.85 micro N) was the same in both vessel types, even though on average (P = 0.10) the SHR cells had a 21% greater cross-sectional area. The results support the Folkow hypothesis that in genetic hypertension the increased peripheral resistance is associated with structural changes in the resistance vessels.", "PMID": 709747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4026", "title": "Isometric relaxation of rat myocardium at end-systolic fiber length.", "content": "In a \"physiologically sequenced\" contraction (PSC), which loads the isolated muscle preparation in a manner which approximates that of the intact heart, isometric relaxation precedes isotonic relaxation and occurs at minimum (\"end-systolic\") length. We studied the effects of inital muscle length, load, temperature, calcium, and isoproterenol on the isometric relaxation phase of physiologically sequenced contractions to define the determinants of the rate of isometric relaxation of rat left ventricular myocardium. At the baseline temperature (28 degrees C), relaxation was found to be nonexponential, and the maximum rate of decline of force (-dF/dtmax) was used to evaluate changes in relaxation. Three factors, shortening, end-systolic length, and total load, were examined as possible mechanical determinants of -dF/dtmax. We found that -dF/dtmax is linearly related to end-systolic muscle length for lengths below 94% of Lmax; -dF/dtmax is also strongly related to total load for lightly loaded contractions, but peaks at loads of approximately 80% of peak developed force and declines thereafter. Shortening is poorly correlated with -dF/dtmax. The slope of the linear portion of the relation between -dF/dtmax and end-systolic length appears to be independent of muscle-loading conditions and sensitive to factors known to alter relaxation.", "contents": "Isometric relaxation of rat myocardium at end-systolic fiber length. In a \"physiologically sequenced\" contraction (PSC), which loads the isolated muscle preparation in a manner which approximates that of the intact heart, isometric relaxation precedes isotonic relaxation and occurs at minimum (\"end-systolic\") length. We studied the effects of inital muscle length, load, temperature, calcium, and isoproterenol on the isometric relaxation phase of physiologically sequenced contractions to define the determinants of the rate of isometric relaxation of rat left ventricular myocardium. At the baseline temperature (28 degrees C), relaxation was found to be nonexponential, and the maximum rate of decline of force (-dF/dtmax) was used to evaluate changes in relaxation. Three factors, shortening, end-systolic length, and total load, were examined as possible mechanical determinants of -dF/dtmax. We found that -dF/dtmax is linearly related to end-systolic muscle length for lengths below 94% of Lmax; -dF/dtmax is also strongly related to total load for lightly loaded contractions, but peaks at loads of approximately 80% of peak developed force and declines thereafter. Shortening is poorly correlated with -dF/dtmax. The slope of the linear portion of the relation between -dF/dtmax and end-systolic length appears to be independent of muscle-loading conditions and sensitive to factors known to alter relaxation.", "PMID": 709748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4027", "title": "The relation between arterial viscoelasticity and wave propagation in the canine femoral artery in vivo.", "content": "The influence of arterial dimensions and viscoelasticity on pulse wave propagation has been expressed in many theoretical models of blood flow in arteries, but few experimental tests of these theories in vivo have been reported. The measurements required for such tests include not only the arterial viscoelasticity, diameter, and wall thickness, but also the true propagation coefficients and impedances, for comparison with the values \"predicted\" by solution of the model equations. We made such measurements in 16 experiments on the femoral artery in nine anesthetized dogs. A two-point pressure and flow technique was used to measure wave propagation, and an ultrasonic micrometer was used to measure vessel diameter as a function of time and pressure. Measured attenuation constants ranged from 0.010 at 1.3 Hz to 0.075 at 12.7 Hz, and were more than twice as large as those predicted by two representative linear models. True phase velocity, which increased from 6.71 m/sec at 1.3 Hz to 10.54 m/sec at 12.7 Hz, agreed closely with the values computed by the Cox model but were lower than those given by the Jager model. The resistive, but not the reactive, component of longitudinal impedance was significantly greater than predicted by the models at all frequencies. The experiments do not identify the source of these discrepancies. The use of linear models to calculate pulsatile blood flow from pressure gradients in relatively small vessels, or to calculate attenuation and characteristic impedance from arterial viscoelasticity in vessels of any size, produces significant errors.", "contents": "The relation between arterial viscoelasticity and wave propagation in the canine femoral artery in vivo. The influence of arterial dimensions and viscoelasticity on pulse wave propagation has been expressed in many theoretical models of blood flow in arteries, but few experimental tests of these theories in vivo have been reported. The measurements required for such tests include not only the arterial viscoelasticity, diameter, and wall thickness, but also the true propagation coefficients and impedances, for comparison with the values \"predicted\" by solution of the model equations. We made such measurements in 16 experiments on the femoral artery in nine anesthetized dogs. A two-point pressure and flow technique was used to measure wave propagation, and an ultrasonic micrometer was used to measure vessel diameter as a function of time and pressure. Measured attenuation constants ranged from 0.010 at 1.3 Hz to 0.075 at 12.7 Hz, and were more than twice as large as those predicted by two representative linear models. True phase velocity, which increased from 6.71 m/sec at 1.3 Hz to 10.54 m/sec at 12.7 Hz, agreed closely with the values computed by the Cox model but were lower than those given by the Jager model. The resistive, but not the reactive, component of longitudinal impedance was significantly greater than predicted by the models at all frequencies. The experiments do not identify the source of these discrepancies. The use of linear models to calculate pulsatile blood flow from pressure gradients in relatively small vessels, or to calculate attenuation and characteristic impedance from arterial viscoelasticity in vessels of any size, produces significant errors.", "PMID": 709749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4028", "title": "A solid angle analysis of the epicardial ischemic TQ-ST deflection in the pig. A theoretical and experimental study.", "content": "The solid angle theory has long been applied to the interpretation of the ECG; however, quantitative evaluation of its applicability has been minimal. We applied solid angle analysis to the interpretation of the TQ-ST deflection during acute ischemia. Five anesthetized pigs were studied 1--3 hours after coronary occlusion. Multiple unipolar tracings were recorded from precisely determined positions on the epicardium overlying the ischemic and normal zones. The geometry of the hearts and ischemic zones was preserved, the margins of ischemia being defined as the outer border of Thioflavin S nonfluorescence. Wax replicas of the hearts with ischemic zones removed were constructed. Solid angles subtended at electrode positions on the replicas were calculated. A linear relationship (r = 0.84 - 0.97, P less than 0.001) was shown to exist between the observed TQ-ST deflection and the calculated solid angle. A small but patterned deviation from exact fit of the TQ-ST deflection with the calculated solid angle led us to investigate the possibility that dipole moment strength (phi) is not confined to the ischemic margins. Computations using idealized heart models with ischemic zones cylindrical and transmural in shape allowed us to distribute phi arbitrarily within the ischemic zone, comparing this predicted pattern of TQ-ST deflection with that observed experimentally. The experimental data appear most consistent with the condition in which phi is distributed over a 1-cm border region during the first several hours of ischemia. We conclude that the solid angle theory provides a rational basis for interpretation of the ischemic TQ-ST deflection; however, phi may be distributed over a marginal zone.", "contents": "A solid angle analysis of the epicardial ischemic TQ-ST deflection in the pig. A theoretical and experimental study. The solid angle theory has long been applied to the interpretation of the ECG; however, quantitative evaluation of its applicability has been minimal. We applied solid angle analysis to the interpretation of the TQ-ST deflection during acute ischemia. Five anesthetized pigs were studied 1--3 hours after coronary occlusion. Multiple unipolar tracings were recorded from precisely determined positions on the epicardium overlying the ischemic and normal zones. The geometry of the hearts and ischemic zones was preserved, the margins of ischemia being defined as the outer border of Thioflavin S nonfluorescence. Wax replicas of the hearts with ischemic zones removed were constructed. Solid angles subtended at electrode positions on the replicas were calculated. A linear relationship (r = 0.84 - 0.97, P less than 0.001) was shown to exist between the observed TQ-ST deflection and the calculated solid angle. A small but patterned deviation from exact fit of the TQ-ST deflection with the calculated solid angle led us to investigate the possibility that dipole moment strength (phi) is not confined to the ischemic margins. Computations using idealized heart models with ischemic zones cylindrical and transmural in shape allowed us to distribute phi arbitrarily within the ischemic zone, comparing this predicted pattern of TQ-ST deflection with that observed experimentally. The experimental data appear most consistent with the condition in which phi is distributed over a 1-cm border region during the first several hours of ischemia. We conclude that the solid angle theory provides a rational basis for interpretation of the ischemic TQ-ST deflection; however, phi may be distributed over a marginal zone.", "PMID": 709750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4029", "title": "Modulation by prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors of the action of exogenous angiotensin II on glomerular ultrafiltration in the rat.", "content": "We studied the effects of angiotensin II (A II) infusion, with and without inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis, on the determinants of glomerular ultrafiltration in 27 plasma volume-expanded Munich-Wistar rats. The effects of PG inhibition alone and infusion of vehicle alone also were investigated. With a pressor dose of A II single nephron (SN) GFR and total GFR did not change significantly, despite declines in both glomerular plasma flow rate (QA) and the ultrafiltration coefficient (Kf), due to an offsetting rise in the transcapillary hydraulic pressure difference (deltaP). Afferent and efferent arteriolar resistances (RA and RE) increased by approximately 100% above control during A II infusion. Inhibition of PG synthesis alone and infusion of vehicle alone similarly failed to affect SNGFR and total GFR, and only slight changes occurred in the determinants of glomerular ultrafiltration in these rats. When A II infusion was accompanied by inhibition of PG synthesis, however, profound declines in SNGFR and total GFR were seen, due to further reductions in QA and 2-fold greater increases in RA and RE than occurred with the same dose of A II alone. The A II-induced fall in Kf was not affected by simultaneous PG inhibition. Thus, endogenous PGs attenuate the vasoconstrictor actions of A II on the superficial renal microvasculature and minimize changes in QA, SNGFR, and total GFR. It is likely that an interaction between A II and PG may be important in pathophysiological conditions in which endogenous A II levels are elevated.", "contents": "Modulation by prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors of the action of exogenous angiotensin II on glomerular ultrafiltration in the rat. We studied the effects of angiotensin II (A II) infusion, with and without inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis, on the determinants of glomerular ultrafiltration in 27 plasma volume-expanded Munich-Wistar rats. The effects of PG inhibition alone and infusion of vehicle alone also were investigated. With a pressor dose of A II single nephron (SN) GFR and total GFR did not change significantly, despite declines in both glomerular plasma flow rate (QA) and the ultrafiltration coefficient (Kf), due to an offsetting rise in the transcapillary hydraulic pressure difference (deltaP). Afferent and efferent arteriolar resistances (RA and RE) increased by approximately 100% above control during A II infusion. Inhibition of PG synthesis alone and infusion of vehicle alone similarly failed to affect SNGFR and total GFR, and only slight changes occurred in the determinants of glomerular ultrafiltration in these rats. When A II infusion was accompanied by inhibition of PG synthesis, however, profound declines in SNGFR and total GFR were seen, due to further reductions in QA and 2-fold greater increases in RA and RE than occurred with the same dose of A II alone. The A II-induced fall in Kf was not affected by simultaneous PG inhibition. Thus, endogenous PGs attenuate the vasoconstrictor actions of A II on the superficial renal microvasculature and minimize changes in QA, SNGFR, and total GFR. It is likely that an interaction between A II and PG may be important in pathophysiological conditions in which endogenous A II levels are elevated.", "PMID": 709751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4030", "title": "The relation of localized myocardial warming to changes in cardiac surface electrograms in dogs.", "content": "We studied the relationship of the size and severity of alteration of recovery properties in localized areas to changes in cardiac surface electrograms in experiments on six open-chest dogs. Alterations in recovery properties were induced thermally because size and severity of the affected area could be controlled on the basis of physical principles which were modeled. We recorded unipolar electrograms from 75 cardiac surface sites simultaneously during stimulation of atria and pulmonary conus in control periods and in the presence of warmed areas of varying sizes and intensities. Size of the areas was controlled by the diameter of an aperture through which a light source was directed. Intensity was controlled by the light source excitation voltage. Myocardial temperature was monitored with a thermistor. The QRS, STT, and QRST deflection areas were determined by computer processing and displayed as isoarea maps. Difference maps also were determined by subtracting control QRST isoarea maps from those obtained in the presence of warmed areas. QRST area difference maps were related closely to the size and severity of the thermally induced changes in recovery properties. With areas of the same size and increasing myocardial temperatures, the magnitude of the change in QRST area increased, and the gradient of contour lines between the affected and unaffected areas increased. When myocardial temperature at the center of the warmed area was kept constant and the size of the warmed area was increased, the affected cardiac surface area increased, but the number of isoarea contours remained approximately the same. These findings suggest that the change in QRST isoarea maps may be a useful indicator of lesion size when combined with an index of lesion severity such as the QRST area change in the electrogram with the maximum change. QRST areas during both activation orders were similar, suggesting that the QRST area is independent of changes in activation sequence.", "contents": "The relation of localized myocardial warming to changes in cardiac surface electrograms in dogs. We studied the relationship of the size and severity of alteration of recovery properties in localized areas to changes in cardiac surface electrograms in experiments on six open-chest dogs. Alterations in recovery properties were induced thermally because size and severity of the affected area could be controlled on the basis of physical principles which were modeled. We recorded unipolar electrograms from 75 cardiac surface sites simultaneously during stimulation of atria and pulmonary conus in control periods and in the presence of warmed areas of varying sizes and intensities. Size of the areas was controlled by the diameter of an aperture through which a light source was directed. Intensity was controlled by the light source excitation voltage. Myocardial temperature was monitored with a thermistor. The QRS, STT, and QRST deflection areas were determined by computer processing and displayed as isoarea maps. Difference maps also were determined by subtracting control QRST isoarea maps from those obtained in the presence of warmed areas. QRST area difference maps were related closely to the size and severity of the thermally induced changes in recovery properties. With areas of the same size and increasing myocardial temperatures, the magnitude of the change in QRST area increased, and the gradient of contour lines between the affected and unaffected areas increased. When myocardial temperature at the center of the warmed area was kept constant and the size of the warmed area was increased, the affected cardiac surface area increased, but the number of isoarea contours remained approximately the same. These findings suggest that the change in QRST isoarea maps may be a useful indicator of lesion size when combined with an index of lesion severity such as the QRST area change in the electrogram with the maximum change. QRST areas during both activation orders were similar, suggesting that the QRST area is independent of changes in activation sequence.", "PMID": 709752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4031", "title": "Staircase in frog ventricular muscle. Its dependence on membrane excitation and extracellular ionic composition.", "content": "Staircase was studied in frog ventricle strip preparations where it was possible to alter extracellular ionic composition extremely rapidly in the diastolic interval between beats. Several findings strongly indicate that staircase in this tissue is a result of progressively increasing calcium influx per beat, rather than a beat-by-beat augmentation of an intracellular calcium pool which contributes to activation. After a steady state of force development, the very next beat could be graded, from approximately zero force to the steady state value attained during the staircase progression, by grading the calcium concentration of a new Ringer's solution switched to perfuse the muscle in the diastolic period immediately before that beat. Also, action potentials, elicited during the \"quiescent\" period in the virtual absence of contraction (in 0.025 mm calcium Ringer's solution), markedly increase force development and accelerate the staircase seen upon return to normal Ringer's solution. Staircase is augmented and accelerated by prior exposure of the muscle, during the quiescent period, to calcium-poor media and markedly suppressed by prior exposure to sodium-poor media. Tetrodotoxin, in a dose that markedly slows the action potential upstroke, has no effect on staircase. Finally, staircase is seen to occur during a train of depolarizations (by voltage clamp) to inside positive levels greater than the equilibrium potential for sodium. It is concluded that changes in intracellular sodium concentration will alter the staircase response and may contribute to its genesis, but that this cannot be the sole cause of staircase.", "contents": "Staircase in frog ventricular muscle. Its dependence on membrane excitation and extracellular ionic composition. Staircase was studied in frog ventricle strip preparations where it was possible to alter extracellular ionic composition extremely rapidly in the diastolic interval between beats. Several findings strongly indicate that staircase in this tissue is a result of progressively increasing calcium influx per beat, rather than a beat-by-beat augmentation of an intracellular calcium pool which contributes to activation. After a steady state of force development, the very next beat could be graded, from approximately zero force to the steady state value attained during the staircase progression, by grading the calcium concentration of a new Ringer's solution switched to perfuse the muscle in the diastolic period immediately before that beat. Also, action potentials, elicited during the \"quiescent\" period in the virtual absence of contraction (in 0.025 mm calcium Ringer's solution), markedly increase force development and accelerate the staircase seen upon return to normal Ringer's solution. Staircase is augmented and accelerated by prior exposure of the muscle, during the quiescent period, to calcium-poor media and markedly suppressed by prior exposure to sodium-poor media. Tetrodotoxin, in a dose that markedly slows the action potential upstroke, has no effect on staircase. Finally, staircase is seen to occur during a train of depolarizations (by voltage clamp) to inside positive levels greater than the equilibrium potential for sodium. It is concluded that changes in intracellular sodium concentration will alter the staircase response and may contribute to its genesis, but that this cannot be the sole cause of staircase.", "PMID": 709753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4032", "title": "Age-related changes in Purkinje fiber action potentials of adult dogs.", "content": "To determine the effects of age on electrophysiological properties of Purkinje fibers (PF), we used standard microelectrode techniques to study PF from normal beagles of five age groups: 19.1 +/- 0.8, 63.7 +/- 2.6, 88.3 +/- 1.9, 107.2 +/- 1.6, and 132.3 +/- 4.3 months (mean +/- SE). Maximum diastolic potential (MDP) did not change over this age range. Action potential (AP) amplitude and maximum upstroke velocity of phase 0 (Vmax) attained peak values at 63.7 months and then declined. As age increased there was an increase in phase 1 repolarization, a prolongation in the time to the peak of the plateau, and a decrease in plateau height. AP duration reached a maximum at 63.7 months and thereafter remained unchanged. Fibers were superfused with the slow channel blocker, AHR-2666, and the fast channel blocker, tetrodotoxin (TTX). AHR-2666 had age-related effects on AP duration, phase 1 repolarization, plateau height, and time to the peak of the plateau. There were no age-related changes in TTX effects on phases 0--2. In another series of experiments, Purkinje fibers from dogs 23 +/- 1.2 to 106 +/- 1.4 months old were superfused with a calcium-rich solution in which Na+ was replaced by tetraethylammonium (TEA+). The resultant slow response action potentials, which are calcium dependent, showed an age-related decrease in AP amplitude, Vmax, and time to peak amplitude. When these fibers were superfused with the slow channel blocker, verapamil, there was an age-related effect on AP amplitude. Our studies indicate that in the normal aging heart, major changes occur in repolarization that appear, in the main, to result from change in the slow inward current carried by Ca2+.", "contents": "Age-related changes in Purkinje fiber action potentials of adult dogs. To determine the effects of age on electrophysiological properties of Purkinje fibers (PF), we used standard microelectrode techniques to study PF from normal beagles of five age groups: 19.1 +/- 0.8, 63.7 +/- 2.6, 88.3 +/- 1.9, 107.2 +/- 1.6, and 132.3 +/- 4.3 months (mean +/- SE). Maximum diastolic potential (MDP) did not change over this age range. Action potential (AP) amplitude and maximum upstroke velocity of phase 0 (Vmax) attained peak values at 63.7 months and then declined. As age increased there was an increase in phase 1 repolarization, a prolongation in the time to the peak of the plateau, and a decrease in plateau height. AP duration reached a maximum at 63.7 months and thereafter remained unchanged. Fibers were superfused with the slow channel blocker, AHR-2666, and the fast channel blocker, tetrodotoxin (TTX). AHR-2666 had age-related effects on AP duration, phase 1 repolarization, plateau height, and time to the peak of the plateau. There were no age-related changes in TTX effects on phases 0--2. In another series of experiments, Purkinje fibers from dogs 23 +/- 1.2 to 106 +/- 1.4 months old were superfused with a calcium-rich solution in which Na+ was replaced by tetraethylammonium (TEA+). The resultant slow response action potentials, which are calcium dependent, showed an age-related decrease in AP amplitude, Vmax, and time to peak amplitude. When these fibers were superfused with the slow channel blocker, verapamil, there was an age-related effect on AP amplitude. Our studies indicate that in the normal aging heart, major changes occur in repolarization that appear, in the main, to result from change in the slow inward current carried by Ca2+.", "PMID": 709754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4033", "title": "Fixed coupling: different mechanisms revealed by exercise-induced changes in cycle length.", "content": "Fixed coupled ventricular premature depolarizations (VPDs) are usually considered reentrant; recent experimental models have demonstrated that parasystolic rhythms may also appear in fixed coupled patterns. To analyze the mechanisms of fixed coupled VPDs, 60 exercise tests were chosen to evaluate the response of VPD coupling intervals to changes in cycle length of the dominant supraventricular rhythm. Selection criteria included the presence of frequent, unifocal VPDs that were fixed coupled (variation less than or equal to 80 msec) at any one cycle length, with the persistence of VPDs at several different cycle lengths. Three patterns of response of coupling intervals to changes in cycle length were noted: 1) 32 patients with a direct linear relation (r greater than or equal to 0.9) of coupling intervals to cycle length; 2) 16 patients with coupling intervals fixed, independent of cycle length; and 3) 12 patients with no consistent relation over a wide range of cycle lengths. Two patients in group 2 and four in group 3 fulfilled criteria for parasystole with interectopic intervals that remained constant at different cycle lengths. These results suggest that VPDs in group 1 are reentrant, while some patients with group 2 or 3 responses have evidence for parasystolic rhythms. We conclude that 1) fixed coupling of VPDs is not diagnostic of reentry, and 2) changes in cycle length induced with exercise may be useful in the analysis of mechanisms of VPDs.", "contents": "Fixed coupling: different mechanisms revealed by exercise-induced changes in cycle length. Fixed coupled ventricular premature depolarizations (VPDs) are usually considered reentrant; recent experimental models have demonstrated that parasystolic rhythms may also appear in fixed coupled patterns. To analyze the mechanisms of fixed coupled VPDs, 60 exercise tests were chosen to evaluate the response of VPD coupling intervals to changes in cycle length of the dominant supraventricular rhythm. Selection criteria included the presence of frequent, unifocal VPDs that were fixed coupled (variation less than or equal to 80 msec) at any one cycle length, with the persistence of VPDs at several different cycle lengths. Three patterns of response of coupling intervals to changes in cycle length were noted: 1) 32 patients with a direct linear relation (r greater than or equal to 0.9) of coupling intervals to cycle length; 2) 16 patients with coupling intervals fixed, independent of cycle length; and 3) 12 patients with no consistent relation over a wide range of cycle lengths. Two patients in group 2 and four in group 3 fulfilled criteria for parasystole with interectopic intervals that remained constant at different cycle lengths. These results suggest that VPDs in group 1 are reentrant, while some patients with group 2 or 3 responses have evidence for parasystolic rhythms. We conclude that 1) fixed coupling of VPDs is not diagnostic of reentry, and 2) changes in cycle length induced with exercise may be useful in the analysis of mechanisms of VPDs.", "PMID": 709757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4034", "title": "Abolition and modification of reentry within the His-Purkinje system by procainamide in man.", "content": "The effects of intravenous procainamide infusion of 10--14 mg/kg body weight (i.e., 750 mg) of procainamide (PA) on reentry within the His-Purkinje system (HPS) were studied in 13 patients using His bundle electrograms and ventricular extrastimulus method. PA abolished reentry in eight patients (group 1) and decreased the width of reentry zone in the remaining five (group 2). At comparable S1S2 intervals, the S2H2 intervals after PA were longer than control in all patients. In group 1 patients, after PA, reentry did not occur even at S2H2 intervals that were significantly longer than control critical S2H2 intervals. In two of eight patients in group 1, PA abolished reentry by converting unidirectional block into bidirectional block in the antegrade limb (right bundle) of the reentry circuit. In the remaining six patients reentry was abolished because of consistent retrograde block of S2 impulse at some point between the site of stimulation and the His bundle recording site. In group 2, reentry was initiated after PA at approximately the same S1S2 intervals as in control, but required significantly longer S2H2 intervals; in these patients the zone of reentry was shortened due to increase in effective refractory period of the ventricular muscle. PA significantly increased the functional refractory period of HPS and the effective refractory period of ventricular muscle. The results of this study differ from the previously reported effects of lower concentrations of PA which facilitated reentry within the same circuit. We conclude that the effects of PA on reentry are dose-related and can both facilitate and suppress reentry, depending on critical changes in conduction and refractoriness of the HPS.", "contents": "Abolition and modification of reentry within the His-Purkinje system by procainamide in man. The effects of intravenous procainamide infusion of 10--14 mg/kg body weight (i.e., 750 mg) of procainamide (PA) on reentry within the His-Purkinje system (HPS) were studied in 13 patients using His bundle electrograms and ventricular extrastimulus method. PA abolished reentry in eight patients (group 1) and decreased the width of reentry zone in the remaining five (group 2). At comparable S1S2 intervals, the S2H2 intervals after PA were longer than control in all patients. In group 1 patients, after PA, reentry did not occur even at S2H2 intervals that were significantly longer than control critical S2H2 intervals. In two of eight patients in group 1, PA abolished reentry by converting unidirectional block into bidirectional block in the antegrade limb (right bundle) of the reentry circuit. In the remaining six patients reentry was abolished because of consistent retrograde block of S2 impulse at some point between the site of stimulation and the His bundle recording site. In group 2, reentry was initiated after PA at approximately the same S1S2 intervals as in control, but required significantly longer S2H2 intervals; in these patients the zone of reentry was shortened due to increase in effective refractory period of the ventricular muscle. PA significantly increased the functional refractory period of HPS and the effective refractory period of ventricular muscle. The results of this study differ from the previously reported effects of lower concentrations of PA which facilitated reentry within the same circuit. We conclude that the effects of PA on reentry are dose-related and can both facilitate and suppress reentry, depending on critical changes in conduction and refractoriness of the HPS.", "PMID": 709758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4035", "title": "Disparate electrophysiological alterations accompanying dysrhythmia due to coronary occlusion and reperfusion in the cat.", "content": "The electrophysiologic changes associated with dysrhythmias induced by coronary occlusion and by subsequent reperfusion were characterized with six complimentary approaches in chloralose-anesthetized cats (n = 57) with proximal occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. Occlusion led to reproducible ventricular dysrhythmia which abated in 35 minutes. The electrophysiologic effects of reperfusion initiated at this time could be studied. Simultaneous bipolar electrograms (epi-, myo- and endocardial) from ischemic and normal zones were analyzed by computer. Before the onset of the dysrhythmia induced by occlusion, conduction was markedly slowed, with dV/dt decreasing to 34% +/- 6% of control and conduction time (endo- to epicardial activation) prolonged to 328 +/- 77% of control. However, these values returned toward normal with reperfusion, even though it also consistently induced dysrhythmia. The idioventricular escape rate (determined by intense vagal stimulation) was 62 +/- 6 beats/min during the dysrhythmia induced by occlusion (equal to control), but increased during the reperfusion dysrhythmia to 188 +/- 12 beats/min. The occlusion dysrhythmia was exacerbated, but the reperfusion dysrhythmia was suppressed by rapid atrial pacing. The refractory period progressively shortened after occlusion and remained decreased during early reperfusion. Thus, increased conduction time through myocardial and epicardial regions, asynchronous depolarization and shortening of the refractory period accompanied dysrhythmia induced by occlusion. In contrast, the dysrhythmia induced by reperfusion was characterized by normal conduction time, through myocardial regions with continued significant epicardial delay, overdrive suppression, synchronous depolarization and a high idioventricular rate.", "contents": "Disparate electrophysiological alterations accompanying dysrhythmia due to coronary occlusion and reperfusion in the cat. The electrophysiologic changes associated with dysrhythmias induced by coronary occlusion and by subsequent reperfusion were characterized with six complimentary approaches in chloralose-anesthetized cats (n = 57) with proximal occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. Occlusion led to reproducible ventricular dysrhythmia which abated in 35 minutes. The electrophysiologic effects of reperfusion initiated at this time could be studied. Simultaneous bipolar electrograms (epi-, myo- and endocardial) from ischemic and normal zones were analyzed by computer. Before the onset of the dysrhythmia induced by occlusion, conduction was markedly slowed, with dV/dt decreasing to 34% +/- 6% of control and conduction time (endo- to epicardial activation) prolonged to 328 +/- 77% of control. However, these values returned toward normal with reperfusion, even though it also consistently induced dysrhythmia. The idioventricular escape rate (determined by intense vagal stimulation) was 62 +/- 6 beats/min during the dysrhythmia induced by occlusion (equal to control), but increased during the reperfusion dysrhythmia to 188 +/- 12 beats/min. The occlusion dysrhythmia was exacerbated, but the reperfusion dysrhythmia was suppressed by rapid atrial pacing. The refractory period progressively shortened after occlusion and remained decreased during early reperfusion. Thus, increased conduction time through myocardial and epicardial regions, asynchronous depolarization and shortening of the refractory period accompanied dysrhythmia induced by occlusion. In contrast, the dysrhythmia induced by reperfusion was characterized by normal conduction time, through myocardial regions with continued significant epicardial delay, overdrive suppression, synchronous depolarization and a high idioventricular rate.", "PMID": 709759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4036", "title": "Multicentric origin of the atrial depolarization wave: the pacemaker complex. Relation to dynamics of atrial conduction, P-wave changes and heart rate control.", "content": "In studies to ascertain the basis of dynamic changes in the P wave, bipolar epicardial potentials were recorded from multiple atrial electrodes in dogs. One hundred to 120 activation times were displayed by a digital computer and used to construct atrial isotemporal activation sequence maps. Changes in heart rate or beat-to-beat cycle length were induced by vagal stimulation or infusion of autonomic mediating drugs. Changes in cycle length were associated with dynamic changes in the atrial activation sequence and surface P-wave. A conspicuous finding was that epicardial atrial depolarization began at three widely separated locations. These three points were consistently present in all animals and were generally located at the 12, 3, and 6 o'clock positions of the superior vena cava-right atrial junction. The dynamic changes in P waves and atrial activation sequence which accompanied the changes in cycle length were due to sudden shifts in the point of earliest activity between the three early sites. Asymmetric atrial depolarization with more rapid conduction along the crista terminalis, superior interatrial band, and pectinate muscles was present in all dogs. Although the anisotropic atrial geometry played an important role in the asymmetric conduction, the widely distributed onset of activity contributed significantly to the uneven spread. The multiple points of origin of the atrial wavefront might be explained by either a trifocal, distributed pacemaker or the epicardial exits of three specialized pathways conducting an impulse emanating from a single focus. These data explain the dynamic variation in P-wave morphology in normal hearts and also imply a relationship between the altered origin of atrial depolarization, atypical P waves, brady- or tachyarrhythmias, and heart rate control.", "contents": "Multicentric origin of the atrial depolarization wave: the pacemaker complex. Relation to dynamics of atrial conduction, P-wave changes and heart rate control. In studies to ascertain the basis of dynamic changes in the P wave, bipolar epicardial potentials were recorded from multiple atrial electrodes in dogs. One hundred to 120 activation times were displayed by a digital computer and used to construct atrial isotemporal activation sequence maps. Changes in heart rate or beat-to-beat cycle length were induced by vagal stimulation or infusion of autonomic mediating drugs. Changes in cycle length were associated with dynamic changes in the atrial activation sequence and surface P-wave. A conspicuous finding was that epicardial atrial depolarization began at three widely separated locations. These three points were consistently present in all animals and were generally located at the 12, 3, and 6 o'clock positions of the superior vena cava-right atrial junction. The dynamic changes in P waves and atrial activation sequence which accompanied the changes in cycle length were due to sudden shifts in the point of earliest activity between the three early sites. Asymmetric atrial depolarization with more rapid conduction along the crista terminalis, superior interatrial band, and pectinate muscles was present in all dogs. Although the anisotropic atrial geometry played an important role in the asymmetric conduction, the widely distributed onset of activity contributed significantly to the uneven spread. The multiple points of origin of the atrial wavefront might be explained by either a trifocal, distributed pacemaker or the epicardial exits of three specialized pathways conducting an impulse emanating from a single focus. These data explain the dynamic variation in P-wave morphology in normal hearts and also imply a relationship between the altered origin of atrial depolarization, atypical P waves, brady- or tachyarrhythmias, and heart rate control.", "PMID": 709760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4037", "title": "Echocardiographic evaluation of intracardiac pacing catheters: M-mode and two-dimensional studies.", "content": "Thirty patients with right ventricular (RV) and 15 with coronary sinus (CS) pacing catheters were studied by M-mode echocardiography. RV catheters, detected in 23, appeared as linear echoes in the right ventricle during mitral valve recordings in 12, adjacent or superimposed on the tricuspid valve (TV) in 14, and immediately anterior to aortic root and pulmonary valve echoes in two with a redundant loop in RV outflow. In three with complete heart block, prominent systolic anterior movements of the TV occurred when atrial systole coincided with ventricular systole, probably due to catheter-induced TV \"buckling\" or exaggerated TV annular motion. Catheter echoes mimicked TV recordings in three, since its motion pattern was similar, although delayed and mimicked prolapsing right atrial myxomas in two because of multilayered complexes behind TV, while reverberations cluttering the left ventricle simulated structural echoes present in that cavity. CS catheters, detected in 14 as linear echoes in the area of atrial septum recorded behind the TV, showed typical small humps in late diastole/early systole. Cross-sectional echocardiography with a mechanical sector scanner demonstrated RV catheters at the RV apex in five of seven patients, while CS catheters were detected near the base of the atrial septum in three of five patients. Echocardiography has the potential to localize pacing catheters which are occasionally difficult radiologically or electrocardiographically. Failure to recognize catheter echo patterns may result in errors in echocardiographic interpretation.", "contents": "Echocardiographic evaluation of intracardiac pacing catheters: M-mode and two-dimensional studies. Thirty patients with right ventricular (RV) and 15 with coronary sinus (CS) pacing catheters were studied by M-mode echocardiography. RV catheters, detected in 23, appeared as linear echoes in the right ventricle during mitral valve recordings in 12, adjacent or superimposed on the tricuspid valve (TV) in 14, and immediately anterior to aortic root and pulmonary valve echoes in two with a redundant loop in RV outflow. In three with complete heart block, prominent systolic anterior movements of the TV occurred when atrial systole coincided with ventricular systole, probably due to catheter-induced TV \"buckling\" or exaggerated TV annular motion. Catheter echoes mimicked TV recordings in three, since its motion pattern was similar, although delayed and mimicked prolapsing right atrial myxomas in two because of multilayered complexes behind TV, while reverberations cluttering the left ventricle simulated structural echoes present in that cavity. CS catheters, detected in 14 as linear echoes in the area of atrial septum recorded behind the TV, showed typical small humps in late diastole/early systole. Cross-sectional echocardiography with a mechanical sector scanner demonstrated RV catheters at the RV apex in five of seven patients, while CS catheters were detected near the base of the atrial septum in three of five patients. Echocardiography has the potential to localize pacing catheters which are occasionally difficult radiologically or electrocardiographically. Failure to recognize catheter echo patterns may result in errors in echocardiographic interpretation.", "PMID": 709761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4038", "title": "Physiologic correlates of echocardiographic pulmonary valve motion in diastole.", "content": "It has been shown that the echographic motion of the posterior aortic wall in diastole is closely related to the underlying left atrial events, possibly due to the anatomical proximity of the two structures. We observed that the pulmonary artery shares a similar close anatomical relationship with the left atrium. The present study in 55 consecutive patients with adequate echocardiographic recordings of the aortic root and the pulmonary valve demonstrates that the diastolic waveforms of the pulmonary valve and the posterior aortic wall are nearly identical in early diastole. The pulmonary valve e-f slope correlated with the posterior aortic wall O-R slope (r = 0.95) and the S2-f interval (second heart sound to f on the pulmonary valve) correlated closely with the S2-R interval (second heart sound to R on the posterior aortic root) (r = 0.94)). No significant correlation was found between the pulmonary valve e-f slope and the pulmonary artery pressures. The presence and amplitude of the maximum \"a dip,\" on the other hand, correlated with the presence of pulmonary hypertension, with some notable exceptions. In addition, the \"a dip\" on the pulmonary valve and the depth of the A wave on the posterior aortic wall were significantly correlated (r = 0.85). It appears that the \"a dip\" on the pulmonary valve is influenced by dual mechanisms: pressure differences between the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle in late diastole and the left atrial events. Thus, the early diastolic waveform of the pulmonary valve, like the posterior aortic wall waveform, may primarily reflect underlying left atrial events and is not a measure of pulmonary artery pressure. The late diastolic waveform \"a dip\" has a dual mechanism, related in part to the underlying left atrial events, and also reflecting the instantaneous pressure differences across the pulmonary valve following atrial systole.", "contents": "Physiologic correlates of echocardiographic pulmonary valve motion in diastole. It has been shown that the echographic motion of the posterior aortic wall in diastole is closely related to the underlying left atrial events, possibly due to the anatomical proximity of the two structures. We observed that the pulmonary artery shares a similar close anatomical relationship with the left atrium. The present study in 55 consecutive patients with adequate echocardiographic recordings of the aortic root and the pulmonary valve demonstrates that the diastolic waveforms of the pulmonary valve and the posterior aortic wall are nearly identical in early diastole. The pulmonary valve e-f slope correlated with the posterior aortic wall O-R slope (r = 0.95) and the S2-f interval (second heart sound to f on the pulmonary valve) correlated closely with the S2-R interval (second heart sound to R on the posterior aortic root) (r = 0.94)). No significant correlation was found between the pulmonary valve e-f slope and the pulmonary artery pressures. The presence and amplitude of the maximum \"a dip,\" on the other hand, correlated with the presence of pulmonary hypertension, with some notable exceptions. In addition, the \"a dip\" on the pulmonary valve and the depth of the A wave on the posterior aortic wall were significantly correlated (r = 0.85). It appears that the \"a dip\" on the pulmonary valve is influenced by dual mechanisms: pressure differences between the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle in late diastole and the left atrial events. Thus, the early diastolic waveform of the pulmonary valve, like the posterior aortic wall waveform, may primarily reflect underlying left atrial events and is not a measure of pulmonary artery pressure. The late diastolic waveform \"a dip\" has a dual mechanism, related in part to the underlying left atrial events, and also reflecting the instantaneous pressure differences across the pulmonary valve following atrial systole.", "PMID": 709762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4039", "title": "Recommendations regarding quantitation in M-mode echocardiography: results of a survey of echocardiographic measurements.", "content": "Four hundred M-mode echocardiographic surveys were distributed to determine interobserver variability in M-mode echocardiographic measurements. This was done with a view toward examining the need and determining the criteria for standardization of measurement. Each survey consisted of five M-mode echocardiograms with a calibration marker, measured by the survey participants anonymously. The echoes were judged of adequate quality for measurement of structures. Seventy-six of the 400 (19%) were returned, allowing comparison of interobserver variability as well as examination of the measurement criteria which were used. Mean measurements and percent uncertainty were derived for each structure for each criterion of measurement. For example, for the aorta, 33% of examiners measured the aorta as an outer/inner or leading edge dimension, and 20% measured it as an outer/outer dimension. The percent uncertainty for the measurement (1.97 SD divided by the mean) showed a mean of 13.8% for the 25 packets of five echoes measured using the former criteria and 24.2% using the latter criteria. For ventricular chamber and cavity measurements, almost one-half of the examiners used the peak of the QRS and one-half of the examiners used the onset of the QRS for determining end-diastole. Estimates of the percent of measurement uncertainty for the septum, posterior wall and left ventricular cavity dimension in this study were 10--25%. They were much higher (40--70%) for the right ventricular cavity and right ventricular anterior wall. The survey shows significant interobserver and interlaboratory variation in measurement when examining the same echoes and indicates a need for ongoing education, quality control and standardization of measurement criteria. Recommendations for new criteria for measurement of M-mode echocardiograms are offered.", "contents": "Recommendations regarding quantitation in M-mode echocardiography: results of a survey of echocardiographic measurements. Four hundred M-mode echocardiographic surveys were distributed to determine interobserver variability in M-mode echocardiographic measurements. This was done with a view toward examining the need and determining the criteria for standardization of measurement. Each survey consisted of five M-mode echocardiograms with a calibration marker, measured by the survey participants anonymously. The echoes were judged of adequate quality for measurement of structures. Seventy-six of the 400 (19%) were returned, allowing comparison of interobserver variability as well as examination of the measurement criteria which were used. Mean measurements and percent uncertainty were derived for each structure for each criterion of measurement. For example, for the aorta, 33% of examiners measured the aorta as an outer/inner or leading edge dimension, and 20% measured it as an outer/outer dimension. The percent uncertainty for the measurement (1.97 SD divided by the mean) showed a mean of 13.8% for the 25 packets of five echoes measured using the former criteria and 24.2% using the latter criteria. For ventricular chamber and cavity measurements, almost one-half of the examiners used the peak of the QRS and one-half of the examiners used the onset of the QRS for determining end-diastole. Estimates of the percent of measurement uncertainty for the septum, posterior wall and left ventricular cavity dimension in this study were 10--25%. They were much higher (40--70%) for the right ventricular cavity and right ventricular anterior wall. The survey shows significant interobserver and interlaboratory variation in measurement when examining the same echoes and indicates a need for ongoing education, quality control and standardization of measurement criteria. Recommendations for new criteria for measurement of M-mode echocardiograms are offered.", "PMID": 709763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4040", "title": "The echocardiographic profile of patients after Mustard's operation.", "content": "In order to establish an echocardiographic profile of patients with simple transposition after Mustard's operation, we examined the M-mode records of 10 patients who were found to be free of significant abnormalities at follow-up cardiac catheterization. When compared with established normals, right ventricular wall thicknesses and cavity dimensions were increased, while left ventricular wall thicknesses and cavity dimensions fell below the mean. The wall thicknesses, cavity dimensions and ratios of right ventricular preejection period/ejection time and left ventricular preejection period/ejection time were appropriate for the physiologic role of the ventricles rather than their morphologic identity. In each patient, a portion of the intra-atrial baffle was identified behind the pulmonary root. There was variation in baffle position and baffle mobility within the group, as well as in individual echograms. A variety of valve motion abnormalities were noted; these included diastolic flutter of the atrioventricular valves in all 10 patients and systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve in six patients. Paradoxical septal motion was found in nine patients. Although only minimal or no left ventricular outflow gradients were found at catheterization, nine patients had narrowing of the left ventricular outflow tract, 10 had systolic flutter of the pulmonary valve and eight had early partial closure of the pulmonary valve. The finding of a large number of echocardiographic abnormalities in a group of patients with good hemodynamic results suggests that these echocardiographic features are to be expected after Mustard's opration. Furthermore, the reversal of the physiologic role of the ventricles must be considered when interpreting the echocardiographic dimensions and systolic time intervals.", "contents": "The echocardiographic profile of patients after Mustard's operation. In order to establish an echocardiographic profile of patients with simple transposition after Mustard's operation, we examined the M-mode records of 10 patients who were found to be free of significant abnormalities at follow-up cardiac catheterization. When compared with established normals, right ventricular wall thicknesses and cavity dimensions were increased, while left ventricular wall thicknesses and cavity dimensions fell below the mean. The wall thicknesses, cavity dimensions and ratios of right ventricular preejection period/ejection time and left ventricular preejection period/ejection time were appropriate for the physiologic role of the ventricles rather than their morphologic identity. In each patient, a portion of the intra-atrial baffle was identified behind the pulmonary root. There was variation in baffle position and baffle mobility within the group, as well as in individual echograms. A variety of valve motion abnormalities were noted; these included diastolic flutter of the atrioventricular valves in all 10 patients and systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve in six patients. Paradoxical septal motion was found in nine patients. Although only minimal or no left ventricular outflow gradients were found at catheterization, nine patients had narrowing of the left ventricular outflow tract, 10 had systolic flutter of the pulmonary valve and eight had early partial closure of the pulmonary valve. The finding of a large number of echocardiographic abnormalities in a group of patients with good hemodynamic results suggests that these echocardiographic features are to be expected after Mustard's opration. Furthermore, the reversal of the physiologic role of the ventricles must be considered when interpreting the echocardiographic dimensions and systolic time intervals.", "PMID": 709764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4041", "title": "Lung biopsy in congenital heart disease: a morphometric approach to pulmonary vascular disease.", "content": "Fifty patients with congenital heart disease, ages 2 days-30 years (median 12 months) at cardiac surgery, underwent lung biopsy to assess pulmonary vascular disease (PVD). Twenty-six had ventricular septal defects (VSD), 17 d-transposition of the great arteries (D-TGA), and seven, defects of the atrioventricular canal (AVC). Quantitative morphologic data was correlated with hemodynamic data. Three new grades of PVD were observed. Abnormal extension of muscle into peripheral arteries (grade A) was found in all patients; all had increased pulmonary blood flow. In addition, 38 of 50 patients had an increase in percentage arterial wall thickness (grade B); this correlated with elevation in pulmonary artery (PA) pressure (r = 0.59). Another 10 of 50 patients had, in addition to A and B, a reduction in the number of small arteries (grade C); nine of 10 were patients with elevated PA resistance greater than 3.5 mu/m2 (P less than 0.005). All three patients with Heath-Edwards changes of grade III or worse also had grade C. Reduction in peripheral arterial number probably precedes obliterative PVD and may identify those patients in whom, despite corrective surgery, PVD will progress.", "contents": "Lung biopsy in congenital heart disease: a morphometric approach to pulmonary vascular disease. Fifty patients with congenital heart disease, ages 2 days-30 years (median 12 months) at cardiac surgery, underwent lung biopsy to assess pulmonary vascular disease (PVD). Twenty-six had ventricular septal defects (VSD), 17 d-transposition of the great arteries (D-TGA), and seven, defects of the atrioventricular canal (AVC). Quantitative morphologic data was correlated with hemodynamic data. Three new grades of PVD were observed. Abnormal extension of muscle into peripheral arteries (grade A) was found in all patients; all had increased pulmonary blood flow. In addition, 38 of 50 patients had an increase in percentage arterial wall thickness (grade B); this correlated with elevation in pulmonary artery (PA) pressure (r = 0.59). Another 10 of 50 patients had, in addition to A and B, a reduction in the number of small arteries (grade C); nine of 10 were patients with elevated PA resistance greater than 3.5 mu/m2 (P less than 0.005). All three patients with Heath-Edwards changes of grade III or worse also had grade C. Reduction in peripheral arterial number probably precedes obliterative PVD and may identify those patients in whom, despite corrective surgery, PVD will progress.", "PMID": 709766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4042", "title": "Systolic time intervals in children: normal standards for clinical use.", "content": "Systolic time intervals were measured in 253 normal children, with careful attention to precise recording and measuring techniques, to derive regression equations which could be used as reliable standards for clinical assessment of left ventricular performance in this age group. Using stepwise regression analysis, a highly significant correlation was found for electromechanical systole (QS2) and for left ventricular ejection time (LVET) with heart rate alone in both males and females, and age was not found to be a relevant variable. Similarly, for the preejection period (PEP) in males, heart rate was the only relevant variable. PEP in females showed a small but significant influence of age in addition to heart rate; in practice, this small influence can be neglected. Regression equations relating each of the systolic time intervals to heart rate alone were therefore derived for clinical use. The PEP/LVET ratio was found to be only weakly correlated with heart rate in males and with age in females, and in practice can be considered to be independent of these variables. The mean value of the PEP/LVET ratio and its standard deviation (0.30 +/- 0.04) can therefore be used for all children. We found that satisfactory recording of systolic time intervals can be obtained with little difficulty in almost all children using the techniques described. The method is therefore practical for clinical use in children, as it is in adults, and the normal standards derived in this study can serve as a reliable basis for its application.", "contents": "Systolic time intervals in children: normal standards for clinical use. Systolic time intervals were measured in 253 normal children, with careful attention to precise recording and measuring techniques, to derive regression equations which could be used as reliable standards for clinical assessment of left ventricular performance in this age group. Using stepwise regression analysis, a highly significant correlation was found for electromechanical systole (QS2) and for left ventricular ejection time (LVET) with heart rate alone in both males and females, and age was not found to be a relevant variable. Similarly, for the preejection period (PEP) in males, heart rate was the only relevant variable. PEP in females showed a small but significant influence of age in addition to heart rate; in practice, this small influence can be neglected. Regression equations relating each of the systolic time intervals to heart rate alone were therefore derived for clinical use. The PEP/LVET ratio was found to be only weakly correlated with heart rate in males and with age in females, and in practice can be considered to be independent of these variables. The mean value of the PEP/LVET ratio and its standard deviation (0.30 +/- 0.04) can therefore be used for all children. We found that satisfactory recording of systolic time intervals can be obtained with little difficulty in almost all children using the techniques described. The method is therefore practical for clinical use in children, as it is in adults, and the normal standards derived in this study can serve as a reliable basis for its application.", "PMID": 709767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4043", "title": "Detection of serum cardiac myosin light chains in acute experimental myocardial infarction: radioimmunoassay of cardiac myosin light chains.", "content": "To develop a more specific plasma test for myocardial infarction, antibodies specific for cardiac myosin light chains (CM-LC) were elicited that showed less than 3% cross-reactivity with skeletal muscle light chains. These antibodies were used to develop a radioimmunoassay for CM-LC that had a sensitivity of 20 ng (+/- 4 SD; P less than 0.001). Normal dog plasma showed no measurable concentrations of CM-LC (n = 6). Plasma samples from 10 dogs with experimental myocardial infarction produced by persistent left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) occlusion were obtained at 0, 2, 4, 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours. CM-LC were first detectable in all 10 animals 6 hours after occlusion (97.98 +/- 14 ng/ml [mean +/- SEM]; P less than 0.001). Maximal CM-LC levels were usually obtained between 24 and 48 hours. Sham-operated open chest dogs (0--48 hours, n = 3) showed no measurable CM-LC in the plasma samples. Another group of 10 dogs were subjected to 5 hours of LAD occlusion, followed by reperfusion. In four dogs, CM-LC were detectable as early as 1 hour after reperfusion (81.88 +/- 37.75 ng/ml serum). Sera from all 10 dogs showed elevated levels of CM-LC (199.75 +/- 24.0 ng/ml) by 24 hours. Peak CM-LC concentrations were obtained in five dogs at 24 hours (247.0 +/- 35.28 ng/ml) and in another dog at 120 hours (245 ng/ml). Histochemical infarct size was determined to be 0.5--10% of the left ventricular mass at seven days by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. The specificity and sensitivity of this radioimmunoassay for detection of CM-LC, unique proteins to the heart, may be valuable in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Detection of serum cardiac myosin light chains in acute experimental myocardial infarction: radioimmunoassay of cardiac myosin light chains. To develop a more specific plasma test for myocardial infarction, antibodies specific for cardiac myosin light chains (CM-LC) were elicited that showed less than 3% cross-reactivity with skeletal muscle light chains. These antibodies were used to develop a radioimmunoassay for CM-LC that had a sensitivity of 20 ng (+/- 4 SD; P less than 0.001). Normal dog plasma showed no measurable concentrations of CM-LC (n = 6). Plasma samples from 10 dogs with experimental myocardial infarction produced by persistent left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) occlusion were obtained at 0, 2, 4, 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours. CM-LC were first detectable in all 10 animals 6 hours after occlusion (97.98 +/- 14 ng/ml [mean +/- SEM]; P less than 0.001). Maximal CM-LC levels were usually obtained between 24 and 48 hours. Sham-operated open chest dogs (0--48 hours, n = 3) showed no measurable CM-LC in the plasma samples. Another group of 10 dogs were subjected to 5 hours of LAD occlusion, followed by reperfusion. In four dogs, CM-LC were detectable as early as 1 hour after reperfusion (81.88 +/- 37.75 ng/ml serum). Sera from all 10 dogs showed elevated levels of CM-LC (199.75 +/- 24.0 ng/ml) by 24 hours. Peak CM-LC concentrations were obtained in five dogs at 24 hours (247.0 +/- 35.28 ng/ml) and in another dog at 120 hours (245 ng/ml). Histochemical infarct size was determined to be 0.5--10% of the left ventricular mass at seven days by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. The specificity and sensitivity of this radioimmunoassay for detection of CM-LC, unique proteins to the heart, may be valuable in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 709768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4044", "title": "Early imaging of experimental myocardial infarction by intracoronary administraion of 131I-labelled anticardiac myosin (Fab')2 fragments.", "content": "We examined the feasibility of early imaging of myocardial infarcts by intracoronary injection of 131I-labelled cardiac myosin-specific antibody (Fab')2. The left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded for 5 hours by a balloon catheter introduced through the carotid artery in 12 dogs. The catheter was withdrawn and 1 mCi 201Tl was injected intravenously and 500 muCi of 131I antibody were injected into the main left coronary artery. Six of these animals demonstrated evidence of myocardial infarction by ECG and subsequent triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride staining, while the others did not. In each of the infarcted animals, in vivo scintograms one-half hour after injection of isotope showed uptake of 131I in the anteroapical region of the heart corresponding to the region of absent 201Tl uptake. This relationship was confirmed in the excised hearts and in heart slices. In slices, 131I uptake corresponded to regions that did not stain with triphenyltetrazolium chloride. In the six animals that did not show evidence for infarction after coronary occlusion, uptake of 131I was not demonstrated, either in vivo or in excised specimens. In four additional dogs subjected to the same procedure, 125I-labelled (Fab')2 from nonimmune IgG was injected simultaneously into the left main coronary artery with 131I-labelled canine myosin-specific antibody (Fab')2. The ratio of uptake between infarct center and normal tissue was 34.3 +/- 1.5 (mean+/-SEM) for the specific antibody fragment as contrasted to 6.6+/-0.4 for the nonimmune IgG fragment, indicating that intracoronary injection does not favor nonspecific sequestration of protein in regions of infarction. Thus, the intracoronary administration of myosin-specific antibody fragments leads to early and specific one-half hour imaging of myocardial infarcts.", "contents": "Early imaging of experimental myocardial infarction by intracoronary administraion of 131I-labelled anticardiac myosin (Fab')2 fragments. We examined the feasibility of early imaging of myocardial infarcts by intracoronary injection of 131I-labelled cardiac myosin-specific antibody (Fab')2. The left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded for 5 hours by a balloon catheter introduced through the carotid artery in 12 dogs. The catheter was withdrawn and 1 mCi 201Tl was injected intravenously and 500 muCi of 131I antibody were injected into the main left coronary artery. Six of these animals demonstrated evidence of myocardial infarction by ECG and subsequent triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride staining, while the others did not. In each of the infarcted animals, in vivo scintograms one-half hour after injection of isotope showed uptake of 131I in the anteroapical region of the heart corresponding to the region of absent 201Tl uptake. This relationship was confirmed in the excised hearts and in heart slices. In slices, 131I uptake corresponded to regions that did not stain with triphenyltetrazolium chloride. In the six animals that did not show evidence for infarction after coronary occlusion, uptake of 131I was not demonstrated, either in vivo or in excised specimens. In four additional dogs subjected to the same procedure, 125I-labelled (Fab')2 from nonimmune IgG was injected simultaneously into the left main coronary artery with 131I-labelled canine myosin-specific antibody (Fab')2. The ratio of uptake between infarct center and normal tissue was 34.3 +/- 1.5 (mean+/-SEM) for the specific antibody fragment as contrasted to 6.6+/-0.4 for the nonimmune IgG fragment, indicating that intracoronary injection does not favor nonspecific sequestration of protein in regions of infarction. Thus, the intracoronary administration of myosin-specific antibody fragments leads to early and specific one-half hour imaging of myocardial infarcts.", "PMID": 709769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4045", "title": "Myocardial infarction size from serial CPK: variability of CPK serum entry ratio with size and model of infarction.", "content": "To study the variability of the fraction of CPK released from the infarcted heart which enters the serum (serum entry ratio, or SER) with size and model of infarction, nine dogs underwent homogeneous infarctions (LAD ligation) of varying sizes, and 10 dogs underwent scattered infarctions (left coronary embolization). In homogeneous infarcts there was an inverse linear relationship of SER to infarct size (IS) (SER = -0.8514% LV + 0.345, r = 0.98). No such relationship was found for scattered infarcts. CPK Kd (exponential disappearance constant for CPK) was not significantly different in homogeneous (-0.00178 min-1) vs scattered infarcts (-0.00195 min-1). Although similar IS was produced in each (homogeneous 19.9% LV, scattered 18.4% LV) cumulative CPK serum entry (CPKr) was much lower in homogeneous (4175 mlU/ml) vs scattered infarcts (7,296 mlU/ml). SER was also much lower in homogeneous (17.7%) vs scattered infarcts (29.0%) (P less than 0.025). Cumulative CPK plateau occurred significantly later in homogeneous (15.8 hours) vs scattered infarcts (11.7 hours) (P less than 0.01). Further corrections to the serial CPK equations for IS determination are indicated. The method may not be applicable in some infarct situations, e.g., scattered infarction.", "contents": "Myocardial infarction size from serial CPK: variability of CPK serum entry ratio with size and model of infarction. To study the variability of the fraction of CPK released from the infarcted heart which enters the serum (serum entry ratio, or SER) with size and model of infarction, nine dogs underwent homogeneous infarctions (LAD ligation) of varying sizes, and 10 dogs underwent scattered infarctions (left coronary embolization). In homogeneous infarcts there was an inverse linear relationship of SER to infarct size (IS) (SER = -0.8514% LV + 0.345, r = 0.98). No such relationship was found for scattered infarcts. CPK Kd (exponential disappearance constant for CPK) was not significantly different in homogeneous (-0.00178 min-1) vs scattered infarcts (-0.00195 min-1). Although similar IS was produced in each (homogeneous 19.9% LV, scattered 18.4% LV) cumulative CPK serum entry (CPKr) was much lower in homogeneous (4175 mlU/ml) vs scattered infarcts (7,296 mlU/ml). SER was also much lower in homogeneous (17.7%) vs scattered infarcts (29.0%) (P less than 0.025). Cumulative CPK plateau occurred significantly later in homogeneous (15.8 hours) vs scattered infarcts (11.7 hours) (P less than 0.01). Further corrections to the serial CPK equations for IS determination are indicated. The method may not be applicable in some infarct situations, e.g., scattered infarction.", "PMID": 709770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4046", "title": "Relationship of regional myocardial perfusion to segmental wall motion: a physiologic basis for understanding the presence and reversibility of asynergy.", "content": "Experimental work has shown that even small reductions in myocardial perfusion impair contractile performance. We, therefore, studied the relationship between regional perfusion, assessed by thallium-201 scintigraphy and segmental wall motion, quantitated on biplane contrast ventriculograms, in patients with coronary artery disease. We evaluated 270 segments in 54 patients, including 27 without evidence of myocardial infarction. Most normally perfused regions (125 of 140) contracted normally, whereas those with scintigraphic defects at rest were usually asynergic (42 of 46). Surprisingly, 57% (48 of 84) of regions with exercise-induced perfusion defects were also asynergic, including 48% (25 of 52) of those in patients without myocardial infarction. In 22 patients who had intervention ventriculograms, improvement of perfusion abnormalities at rest correlated closely with reversibility of asynergy. Although there was an association between the location and severity of coronary artery stenosis and segmental wall motion, myocardial perfusion during exercise was a significantly better predictor of asynergy. These findings suggest that resting asynergy may occur even in patients without previous infarction, predominantly in regions with jeopardized perfusion. Asynergy in regions with exercise-induced perfusion abnormalities may, therefore, be an indicator of resting ischemia and may be reversible by coronary artery revascularization.", "contents": "Relationship of regional myocardial perfusion to segmental wall motion: a physiologic basis for understanding the presence and reversibility of asynergy. Experimental work has shown that even small reductions in myocardial perfusion impair contractile performance. We, therefore, studied the relationship between regional perfusion, assessed by thallium-201 scintigraphy and segmental wall motion, quantitated on biplane contrast ventriculograms, in patients with coronary artery disease. We evaluated 270 segments in 54 patients, including 27 without evidence of myocardial infarction. Most normally perfused regions (125 of 140) contracted normally, whereas those with scintigraphic defects at rest were usually asynergic (42 of 46). Surprisingly, 57% (48 of 84) of regions with exercise-induced perfusion defects were also asynergic, including 48% (25 of 52) of those in patients without myocardial infarction. In 22 patients who had intervention ventriculograms, improvement of perfusion abnormalities at rest correlated closely with reversibility of asynergy. Although there was an association between the location and severity of coronary artery stenosis and segmental wall motion, myocardial perfusion during exercise was a significantly better predictor of asynergy. These findings suggest that resting asynergy may occur even in patients without previous infarction, predominantly in regions with jeopardized perfusion. Asynergy in regions with exercise-induced perfusion abnormalities may, therefore, be an indicator of resting ischemia and may be reversible by coronary artery revascularization.", "PMID": 709771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4047", "title": "Emergency revascularization for unstable angina.", "content": "Emergency revascularization for unstable angina (defined according to criteria of the National Cooperative Study Group) was performed in 100 consecutive patients. The mean interval from onset of pain to operation was one day. Nineteen patients had single-vessel narrowing of greater than 70% of lumen diameter, 32 double-vessel obstruction and 49 triple-vessel disease. Fourteen of these patients had left main trunk obstruction. Four patients died within 30 days, three from complications of myocardial infarction. Seventeen of 96 (18%) early survivors sustained perioperative infarction. After a mean follow-up of 42 months, four late deaths and three late infarctions occurred. Postoperative angiography in 47 patients (mean interval 14 months) showed 86% graft patency. Of 92 survivors, 72 are symptom-free. Three of the four operative deaths occurred within 24 hours postoperatively; in each of these, postmortem examination confirmed a recent myocardial infarction which antedated the operation, despite the absence of new infarction in the peroperative electrocardiogram or elevation of cardiac enzymes. Results from this emergency series suggest that, although myocardium may be salvaged in some instances, in other cases infarction has already occurred and treatment might better be directed toward alleviation of acute ischemia to provide a stable period in which diagnostic studies are performed and acute myocardial infarction may be ruled out.", "contents": "Emergency revascularization for unstable angina. Emergency revascularization for unstable angina (defined according to criteria of the National Cooperative Study Group) was performed in 100 consecutive patients. The mean interval from onset of pain to operation was one day. Nineteen patients had single-vessel narrowing of greater than 70% of lumen diameter, 32 double-vessel obstruction and 49 triple-vessel disease. Fourteen of these patients had left main trunk obstruction. Four patients died within 30 days, three from complications of myocardial infarction. Seventeen of 96 (18%) early survivors sustained perioperative infarction. After a mean follow-up of 42 months, four late deaths and three late infarctions occurred. Postoperative angiography in 47 patients (mean interval 14 months) showed 86% graft patency. Of 92 survivors, 72 are symptom-free. Three of the four operative deaths occurred within 24 hours postoperatively; in each of these, postmortem examination confirmed a recent myocardial infarction which antedated the operation, despite the absence of new infarction in the peroperative electrocardiogram or elevation of cardiac enzymes. Results from this emergency series suggest that, although myocardium may be salvaged in some instances, in other cases infarction has already occurred and treatment might better be directed toward alleviation of acute ischemia to provide a stable period in which diagnostic studies are performed and acute myocardial infarction may be ruled out.", "PMID": 709772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4048", "title": "Ventriculographic features predictive of surgical outcome for left ventricular aneurysm.", "content": "Although clinical and hemodynamic stability predicted outcome very well when left ventricular aneurysm was electively resected in 25 patients (95% survival), more discriminate criteria were essential for 20 patients undergoing urgent operation for severe myocardial decompensation (50% survival). Three methods of ventriculographic analysis primarily sensitive to the function of the non-aneurysmal left ventricle were evaluated. These methods separated patients undergoing urgent operation into a population with high operative risk (less than 18% survival) and a population with low operative risk (greater than 82% survival). These criteria also separated 15 patients undergoing operation within three months of myocardial infarction into a group with excellent prognosis (greater than 85% survival) and a group with poor prognosis (less than 15% survival). The high operative risk in patients undergoing urgent operation or operation within three months of myocardial infarction, when non-aneurysmal ventricular function is poor, may be too high; it should be undertaken only under unusual circumstances.", "contents": "Ventriculographic features predictive of surgical outcome for left ventricular aneurysm. Although clinical and hemodynamic stability predicted outcome very well when left ventricular aneurysm was electively resected in 25 patients (95% survival), more discriminate criteria were essential for 20 patients undergoing urgent operation for severe myocardial decompensation (50% survival). Three methods of ventriculographic analysis primarily sensitive to the function of the non-aneurysmal left ventricle were evaluated. These methods separated patients undergoing urgent operation into a population with high operative risk (less than 18% survival) and a population with low operative risk (greater than 82% survival). These criteria also separated 15 patients undergoing operation within three months of myocardial infarction into a group with excellent prognosis (greater than 85% survival) and a group with poor prognosis (less than 15% survival). The high operative risk in patients undergoing urgent operation or operation within three months of myocardial infarction, when non-aneurysmal ventricular function is poor, may be too high; it should be undertaken only under unusual circumstances.", "PMID": 709773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4049", "title": "A conductive catheter to improve patient safety during cardiac catheterization.", "content": "A 60 Hz current, as small as 20 microamperemeter (rms) is capable of causing ventricular fibrillation when directly applied to the heart. Significant cost and engineering effort has been spent to construct monitoring equipment which satisfies the safety regulations requiring maximum leakage currents below this value. Patients undergoing cardiac catheterization are particularly at risk from electrical hazards, primarily because catheters are made from nonconductive materials. A conductive catheter should allow externally applied currents to leak through its walls before reaching the catheter tip. A new electrically conductive catheter was compared with a standard nonconductive catheter. Five dogs were studied, with 81 attempts to cause fibrillation. Sixty-hertz voltage between the catheter and an external electrode was increased until fibrillation occurred or 130 V was reached. Eight states were studied in randomized sequence: conductive or nonconductive catheter, guidewire or saline-filled and tip touching wall, or free in left ventricle (verified by fluoroscopy and cineangiography). The saline-filled and conductive catheter was safer in that fibrillation never occurred, while fibrillation nearly always occurred with the nonconductive catheter. A conductive guidewire negates the protection of the conductive catheter. The application of conductive catheters could reduce instrumentation costs in laboratories and intensive care units and improve patient safety.", "contents": "A conductive catheter to improve patient safety during cardiac catheterization. A 60 Hz current, as small as 20 microamperemeter (rms) is capable of causing ventricular fibrillation when directly applied to the heart. Significant cost and engineering effort has been spent to construct monitoring equipment which satisfies the safety regulations requiring maximum leakage currents below this value. Patients undergoing cardiac catheterization are particularly at risk from electrical hazards, primarily because catheters are made from nonconductive materials. A conductive catheter should allow externally applied currents to leak through its walls before reaching the catheter tip. A new electrically conductive catheter was compared with a standard nonconductive catheter. Five dogs were studied, with 81 attempts to cause fibrillation. Sixty-hertz voltage between the catheter and an external electrode was increased until fibrillation occurred or 130 V was reached. Eight states were studied in randomized sequence: conductive or nonconductive catheter, guidewire or saline-filled and tip touching wall, or free in left ventricle (verified by fluoroscopy and cineangiography). The saline-filled and conductive catheter was safer in that fibrillation never occurred, while fibrillation nearly always occurred with the nonconductive catheter. A conductive guidewire negates the protection of the conductive catheter. The application of conductive catheters could reduce instrumentation costs in laboratories and intensive care units and improve patient safety.", "PMID": 709775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4050", "title": "Relationship between plasma concentration and dose of digoxin in patients with and without renal impairment.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a linear relationship between oral doses of digoxin and various measurements of steady-state digoxin plasma concentration and urinary excretion in patients with wide range of renal function. Ten patients (mean age 58 years) with creatinine clearances greater than 50 ml/min/1.73 m2 BSA (mean creatinine clearance 80 ml/min/1.73 m2 BSA) and nine patients mean age 61 years) with creatinine clearances less than 50 ml/min/1.73 m2 BSA (mean creatinine clearance 20 ml/min/1.73 m2 BSA) were given digoxin tablets orally at two or three different dose levels (dose range 0.0313--0.5 mg/day). After a dosing period equal to at least five half-lives, three to four consecutive daily digoxin plasma concentrations were determined. Plasma concentrations and urinary digoxin excretion were measured during one 24-hour dosing interval at each dose level. Digoxin plasma and urine concentrations were determined in triplicate using radioimmunoassay. Individual patient plots provided evidence of linearity for: digoxin 24-hour steady-state plasma concentration vs dose; digoxin 24-hour cumulative urinary excretion versus dose; and area under the digoxin plasma concentration-time curve during a 24-hour dosing interval vs dose. Absolute values for these various parameters indicated substantial interpatient variation probably due to patient differences in both digoxin absorption and digoxin total body clearance. These results indicate that there is a linear relationship between digoxin plasma concentration and dose in patients with normal and decreased renal function. This linearity is support for dose-independent pharmacokinetics of digoxin in man. We conclude from these data that a change in digoxin dose should result in a proportional change in digoxin plasma concentration over the dose range examined.", "contents": "Relationship between plasma concentration and dose of digoxin in patients with and without renal impairment. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a linear relationship between oral doses of digoxin and various measurements of steady-state digoxin plasma concentration and urinary excretion in patients with wide range of renal function. Ten patients (mean age 58 years) with creatinine clearances greater than 50 ml/min/1.73 m2 BSA (mean creatinine clearance 80 ml/min/1.73 m2 BSA) and nine patients mean age 61 years) with creatinine clearances less than 50 ml/min/1.73 m2 BSA (mean creatinine clearance 20 ml/min/1.73 m2 BSA) were given digoxin tablets orally at two or three different dose levels (dose range 0.0313--0.5 mg/day). After a dosing period equal to at least five half-lives, three to four consecutive daily digoxin plasma concentrations were determined. Plasma concentrations and urinary digoxin excretion were measured during one 24-hour dosing interval at each dose level. Digoxin plasma and urine concentrations were determined in triplicate using radioimmunoassay. Individual patient plots provided evidence of linearity for: digoxin 24-hour steady-state plasma concentration vs dose; digoxin 24-hour cumulative urinary excretion versus dose; and area under the digoxin plasma concentration-time curve during a 24-hour dosing interval vs dose. Absolute values for these various parameters indicated substantial interpatient variation probably due to patient differences in both digoxin absorption and digoxin total body clearance. These results indicate that there is a linear relationship between digoxin plasma concentration and dose in patients with normal and decreased renal function. This linearity is support for dose-independent pharmacokinetics of digoxin in man. We conclude from these data that a change in digoxin dose should result in a proportional change in digoxin plasma concentration over the dose range examined.", "PMID": 709776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4051", "title": "Cardiac sarcoid: a clinicopathologic study of 84 unselected patients with systemic sarcoidosis.", "content": "Although sarcoid may involve the myocardium, there is little information on its incidence or significance. We studied 84 consecutive autopsied patients with sarcoidosis. The patients ranged in age from 18--80 years (average 46 years) and 61% were women; 23 (27%) of them had myocardial granulomas. In eight (35%) these were clinically silent, and in 15 (65%) there was a history of heart failure and/or arrhythmias and conduction defects. Of the 23 patients, only four (17%) had grossly evident, widespread myocardial lesions: three of these four (75%) had documented arrhythmias. All four had sudden, unexpected death at an average age of 36 years; in only two had sarcoid been suspected during life. The other 19 patients (83%) had microscopically evident granulomatous involvement. Of these, eight (42%) had a thythm or conduction disturbance and three (16%) sudden death, although none of those who suffered sudden death had a recognized rhythm or conduction disturbance. Nine (15%) of those without cardiac sarcoidosis had a rhythm or conduction disturbance and eight (13%) suffered a sudden death. The results show that although myocardial involvement occurs in at least 25% of patients with sarcoid, it most often involves a small portion of myocardium and is clinically silent. Since some of the 61 patients in whom myocardial lesions were not identified may still have had small microscopic granulomas, the true incidence of myocardial sarcoid may be even greater than suggested here. Rhythm and conduction disturbances are more common in the cardiac sarcoid group, but the findings suggest that only the small subset of patients with severe, grossly evident myocardial sarcoid are at increased risk for sudden death.", "contents": "Cardiac sarcoid: a clinicopathologic study of 84 unselected patients with systemic sarcoidosis. Although sarcoid may involve the myocardium, there is little information on its incidence or significance. We studied 84 consecutive autopsied patients with sarcoidosis. The patients ranged in age from 18--80 years (average 46 years) and 61% were women; 23 (27%) of them had myocardial granulomas. In eight (35%) these were clinically silent, and in 15 (65%) there was a history of heart failure and/or arrhythmias and conduction defects. Of the 23 patients, only four (17%) had grossly evident, widespread myocardial lesions: three of these four (75%) had documented arrhythmias. All four had sudden, unexpected death at an average age of 36 years; in only two had sarcoid been suspected during life. The other 19 patients (83%) had microscopically evident granulomatous involvement. Of these, eight (42%) had a thythm or conduction disturbance and three (16%) sudden death, although none of those who suffered sudden death had a recognized rhythm or conduction disturbance. Nine (15%) of those without cardiac sarcoidosis had a rhythm or conduction disturbance and eight (13%) suffered a sudden death. The results show that although myocardial involvement occurs in at least 25% of patients with sarcoid, it most often involves a small portion of myocardium and is clinically silent. Since some of the 61 patients in whom myocardial lesions were not identified may still have had small microscopic granulomas, the true incidence of myocardial sarcoid may be even greater than suggested here. Rhythm and conduction disturbances are more common in the cardiac sarcoid group, but the findings suggest that only the small subset of patients with severe, grossly evident myocardial sarcoid are at increased risk for sudden death.", "PMID": 709777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4052", "title": "Electrode-catheter arrhythmia induction in the selection and assessment of antiarrhythmic drug therapy for recurrent ventricular tachycardia.", "content": "We performed intracardiac electrophysiologic studies in 33 patients with recurrent ventricular tachycardia. Nineteen patients underwent one, 10 patients two, and four patients three serial electrophysiologic studies. Ventricular tachycardia was successfully induced in 83% of the patients, and pacing methods were successful in terminating tachycardia in 71% of the studies, although pacing-induced acceleration of ventricular tachycardia occurred at least once in 36% of the studies. Seventeen of the 33 patients (52%) required a total of 24 external direct current cardioversions during study. In 21 patients a variety of antiarrhythmic drugs were given I.V. and attempts at ventricular tachycardia induction were repeated to assess prophylactic effects of the drugs. An acutely effective drug or combination of drugs was found in 15 of the patients (71%). Fourteen of the 15 were placed on chronic oral therapy with the effective agent and were followed for an average period of 8.1 months (range one to 33 months). In all 14 patients we could document complete (13 patients) or partial (one patient) long-term prophylaxis against ventricular tachycardia. We conclude that drug efficacy trials in patients with recurrent ventricular tachycardia using intracardiac pacing techniques is a rapid and accurate method of selecting effective long-term antiarrhythmic therapy.", "contents": "Electrode-catheter arrhythmia induction in the selection and assessment of antiarrhythmic drug therapy for recurrent ventricular tachycardia. We performed intracardiac electrophysiologic studies in 33 patients with recurrent ventricular tachycardia. Nineteen patients underwent one, 10 patients two, and four patients three serial electrophysiologic studies. Ventricular tachycardia was successfully induced in 83% of the patients, and pacing methods were successful in terminating tachycardia in 71% of the studies, although pacing-induced acceleration of ventricular tachycardia occurred at least once in 36% of the studies. Seventeen of the 33 patients (52%) required a total of 24 external direct current cardioversions during study. In 21 patients a variety of antiarrhythmic drugs were given I.V. and attempts at ventricular tachycardia induction were repeated to assess prophylactic effects of the drugs. An acutely effective drug or combination of drugs was found in 15 of the patients (71%). Fourteen of the 15 were placed on chronic oral therapy with the effective agent and were followed for an average period of 8.1 months (range one to 33 months). In all 14 patients we could document complete (13 patients) or partial (one patient) long-term prophylaxis against ventricular tachycardia. We conclude that drug efficacy trials in patients with recurrent ventricular tachycardia using intracardiac pacing techniques is a rapid and accurate method of selecting effective long-term antiarrhythmic therapy.", "PMID": 709781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4053", "title": "Recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia 3. Role of the electrophysiologic study in selection of antiarrhythmic regimens.", "content": "Twenty patients with recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) underwent serial electrophysiological studies (EPS) 1) to determine the predictive value of the EPS in the selection of antiarrhythmic therapy, and 2) to establish the therapeutic efficacy of available antiarrhythmic agents. In each patient VT could be reproducibly initiated by programmed stimulation. After control EPS, the effects of several drugs (lidocaine, procainamide, quinidine, disopyramide and diphenylhydantoin) on the ability to initiate VT were assessed. An oral regimen was chosen on the basis of acute EPS and its effectiveness was evaluated by repeat EPS in 24--72 hours. Blood levels achieved acutely were used as guidelines to chronic therapy. In 14 patients the initiation of VT was prevented by the acute administration of one or more agents. In 13 of these patients, a chronic oral regimen based on these results prevented recurrence of VT with a three- to 27-month follow-up. In the remaining patient, oral therapy could not achieve blood levels of procainamide shown to be effective intravenously, and VT recurred. In six patients no single drug or drug combination was effective during acute EPS, and VT recurred in all while on therapy with the agent shown to make initiation of VT most difficult. Procainamide prevented VT in nine patients; quinidine in three patients; lidocaine in three patients; diphenylhydantoin in two patients; and disopyramide in one patient. The mean duration of EPS studies was 4.5 days. This study suggests that serial EPS provides rapid identification of successful antiarrhythmic therapy and can predict in which patients conventional therapy would be ineffective, thereby identifying patients requiring more aggressive modes of therapy.", "contents": "Recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia 3. Role of the electrophysiologic study in selection of antiarrhythmic regimens. Twenty patients with recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) underwent serial electrophysiological studies (EPS) 1) to determine the predictive value of the EPS in the selection of antiarrhythmic therapy, and 2) to establish the therapeutic efficacy of available antiarrhythmic agents. In each patient VT could be reproducibly initiated by programmed stimulation. After control EPS, the effects of several drugs (lidocaine, procainamide, quinidine, disopyramide and diphenylhydantoin) on the ability to initiate VT were assessed. An oral regimen was chosen on the basis of acute EPS and its effectiveness was evaluated by repeat EPS in 24--72 hours. Blood levels achieved acutely were used as guidelines to chronic therapy. In 14 patients the initiation of VT was prevented by the acute administration of one or more agents. In 13 of these patients, a chronic oral regimen based on these results prevented recurrence of VT with a three- to 27-month follow-up. In the remaining patient, oral therapy could not achieve blood levels of procainamide shown to be effective intravenously, and VT recurred. In six patients no single drug or drug combination was effective during acute EPS, and VT recurred in all while on therapy with the agent shown to make initiation of VT most difficult. Procainamide prevented VT in nine patients; quinidine in three patients; lidocaine in three patients; diphenylhydantoin in two patients; and disopyramide in one patient. The mean duration of EPS studies was 4.5 days. This study suggests that serial EPS provides rapid identification of successful antiarrhythmic therapy and can predict in which patients conventional therapy would be ineffective, thereby identifying patients requiring more aggressive modes of therapy.", "PMID": 709782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4054", "title": "Cellular immunity to a lung homogenate in asymptomatic cigarette smokers.", "content": "Leucocyte migration in the presence and absence of a soluble lung homogenate has been studied in a group of asymptomatic cigarette smokers. Results were expressed as migration indices. Controls consisted of age-matched subjects who had never smoked and had no past history of any pulmonary disease. The migration indices, the number of pack-years smoked and the results of pulmonary function studies were tested for correlation. The mean leucocyte migration index of the test group of sixteen smokers was significantly less than was that of the control group (P less than 0.001). Inhibition of leucocyte migration in the presence of the lung homogenate was not observed in any of the control subjects. Six of the sixteen asymptomatic cigarette smokers, however, were identified by inhibition of leucocyte migration in the presence of the lung homogenate. The number of pack-years which had been smoked did not correlate with the migration indices (r = -0.06); however, inhibition of leucocyte migration was not observed in subjects who had smoked less than 6 pack-years.", "contents": "Cellular immunity to a lung homogenate in asymptomatic cigarette smokers. Leucocyte migration in the presence and absence of a soluble lung homogenate has been studied in a group of asymptomatic cigarette smokers. Results were expressed as migration indices. Controls consisted of age-matched subjects who had never smoked and had no past history of any pulmonary disease. The migration indices, the number of pack-years smoked and the results of pulmonary function studies were tested for correlation. The mean leucocyte migration index of the test group of sixteen smokers was significantly less than was that of the control group (P less than 0.001). Inhibition of leucocyte migration in the presence of the lung homogenate was not observed in any of the control subjects. Six of the sixteen asymptomatic cigarette smokers, however, were identified by inhibition of leucocyte migration in the presence of the lung homogenate. The number of pack-years which had been smoked did not correlate with the migration indices (r = -0.06); however, inhibition of leucocyte migration was not observed in subjects who had smoked less than 6 pack-years.", "PMID": 709784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4055", "title": "Effect of reagins and allergen extracts on radioallergosorbent assays for mite allergen.", "content": "The reproducibility of the radioallergosorbent (RAST) inhibition and direct binding assys with mite allergen were investigated in the presence of heterogeneous extracts and non-mite-sensitive atopic sera. Both contain components similar to potential contaminants which would occur in the assay of mite allergen and dust allergen and dust allergen extracts. The standardized inhibition and direct binding assays employed had a day to day (n = 4) coefficient of variation [(s.d. x 100)/mean] of 15% and 24% respectively. The inhibition assay for mite allergen was reproducible in the presence of protein concentrations of added plant, fungal, arthropod and animal extracts in excess of the protein concentrations that occur under the operational mite assay conditions. The mite inhibition assay was also reproducible in the presence of non-mite allergen extracts, with and without additional sera containing IgE specific for the non-mite allergens. The binding of a additional sera containing IgE specific for the non-mite allergens. The binding of a constant quantity of mite allergen to the activated solid phase in the direct binding assay was reproducible in the presence of added bovine serum albumin, and of a fungal or arthropod extract, representing the heterogeneous components of an allergen extract at the concentrations of total protein known to occur in the direct binding assay of mite extracts.", "contents": "Effect of reagins and allergen extracts on radioallergosorbent assays for mite allergen. The reproducibility of the radioallergosorbent (RAST) inhibition and direct binding assys with mite allergen were investigated in the presence of heterogeneous extracts and non-mite-sensitive atopic sera. Both contain components similar to potential contaminants which would occur in the assay of mite allergen and dust allergen and dust allergen extracts. The standardized inhibition and direct binding assays employed had a day to day (n = 4) coefficient of variation [(s.d. x 100)/mean] of 15% and 24% respectively. The inhibition assay for mite allergen was reproducible in the presence of protein concentrations of added plant, fungal, arthropod and animal extracts in excess of the protein concentrations that occur under the operational mite assay conditions. The mite inhibition assay was also reproducible in the presence of non-mite allergen extracts, with and without additional sera containing IgE specific for the non-mite allergens. The binding of a additional sera containing IgE specific for the non-mite allergens. The binding of a constant quantity of mite allergen to the activated solid phase in the direct binding assay was reproducible in the presence of added bovine serum albumin, and of a fungal or arthropod extract, representing the heterogeneous components of an allergen extract at the concentrations of total protein known to occur in the direct binding assay of mite extracts.", "PMID": 709785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4056", "title": "Allergy to penicillin unsuccessfully treated with a haptenic inhibitor (benzyl-penicilloyl-N2-formil-lysine; BPO-flys). A case report.", "content": "In a patient with a past history of allergy to penicillin and requiring treatment, skin tests with penicillin and penicilloyl-polylysine (PPL) were positive, and a penicilloyl RAST was strongly positive, although the Prausnitz-K\u00fcstner test to penicillin and PPL were negative. The haptin BPO-Flys was administered together with penicillin to try to prevent reactions. An anaphylactic reaction occurred on the fifth day, and treatment was stopped. Serum total IgE values increased markedly after the reaction and PK titres to penicillin and PPL reached values of 1/256. The skin test reaction to PPL was negative the day after the clinical reaction, but became strongly positive again a few days later. The penicilloyl RAST remained strongly positive throughout. The authors consider that there was hypersensitivity to a penicillin metabolite other than the penicilloyl group, e.g. to minor determinants, and for this reason the hapten inhibitor failed.", "contents": "Allergy to penicillin unsuccessfully treated with a haptenic inhibitor (benzyl-penicilloyl-N2-formil-lysine; BPO-flys). A case report. In a patient with a past history of allergy to penicillin and requiring treatment, skin tests with penicillin and penicilloyl-polylysine (PPL) were positive, and a penicilloyl RAST was strongly positive, although the Prausnitz-K\u00fcstner test to penicillin and PPL were negative. The haptin BPO-Flys was administered together with penicillin to try to prevent reactions. An anaphylactic reaction occurred on the fifth day, and treatment was stopped. Serum total IgE values increased markedly after the reaction and PK titres to penicillin and PPL reached values of 1/256. The skin test reaction to PPL was negative the day after the clinical reaction, but became strongly positive again a few days later. The penicilloyl RAST remained strongly positive throughout. The authors consider that there was hypersensitivity to a penicillin metabolite other than the penicilloyl group, e.g. to minor determinants, and for this reason the hapten inhibitor failed.", "PMID": 709786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4057", "title": "The seasonal symptoms of hyposensitized and untreated hay fever patients in relation to birch pollen counts: correlations with nasal sensitivity, prick tests and RAST.", "content": "A 2 year prospective study of thirty-eight birch pollen-sensitive hay fever patients under specific immunotherapy and of nineteen untreated control patients showed a significant correlation between the total seasonal symptom scores of the patients and their clinical sensitivities assessed by the RAST and a graded nasal test. The agreement between a positive nasal test and a positive RAST was 74%. In the early season with low pollen counts the onset of symptoms was significantly associated with high sensitivity of the patients, while many patients showed symptoms in the late season irrespective of their nasal and RAST sensitivity. About 90% of both the treated and the untreated patients reported mild symptoms when the pollen count exceeded 80/m(3) in the early season. 80% of them still had symptoms when the count was below 30/m(3) in the late pollen season. Although hyposensitization therapy had no effect on the occurrence of the mild symptoms, the treated patinets had severe symptoms significantly less often than the untreated ones on days with high pollen counts.", "contents": "The seasonal symptoms of hyposensitized and untreated hay fever patients in relation to birch pollen counts: correlations with nasal sensitivity, prick tests and RAST. A 2 year prospective study of thirty-eight birch pollen-sensitive hay fever patients under specific immunotherapy and of nineteen untreated control patients showed a significant correlation between the total seasonal symptom scores of the patients and their clinical sensitivities assessed by the RAST and a graded nasal test. The agreement between a positive nasal test and a positive RAST was 74%. In the early season with low pollen counts the onset of symptoms was significantly associated with high sensitivity of the patients, while many patients showed symptoms in the late season irrespective of their nasal and RAST sensitivity. About 90% of both the treated and the untreated patients reported mild symptoms when the pollen count exceeded 80/m(3) in the early season. 80% of them still had symptoms when the count was below 30/m(3) in the late pollen season. Although hyposensitization therapy had no effect on the occurrence of the mild symptoms, the treated patinets had severe symptoms significantly less often than the untreated ones on days with high pollen counts.", "PMID": 709787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4058", "title": "Relationship between nasal and conjunctival tests in patients with allergic rhinitis.", "content": "Simultaneous conjunctival and nasal provcation tests, a total of 174 test pairs, were carried out in fifty patients with allergic rhinitis, using serially diluted antigen solutions of birch, Timothy grass and mugwort pollen, as well as cat and dog dander. The nasal mucosa was found to be more sensitive than the conjunctival mucosa in ninety-six test pairs (55%). This differs from earlier reports. Nasal reaction only was observed in twenty-nine instances (17%). Posterior rhinomanometry was also used to evaluate test reactions, but was found to yield little additional information. In 43% of nasal provocation tests, which according to other criteria were positive, the rhinomanometric results were negative. Despite a fairly good correlation between the results obtained by nasal and conjunctival challenge, the results point to organ specificity in type I reactions. Provocation tests, if indicated in a thorough allergy evaluation, should be performed in the shock organ. The provocation methods and interpretation of reactions of this study differ from those of earlier reports. Comparison of results is difficult and standardization of methods is needed.", "contents": "Relationship between nasal and conjunctival tests in patients with allergic rhinitis. Simultaneous conjunctival and nasal provcation tests, a total of 174 test pairs, were carried out in fifty patients with allergic rhinitis, using serially diluted antigen solutions of birch, Timothy grass and mugwort pollen, as well as cat and dog dander. The nasal mucosa was found to be more sensitive than the conjunctival mucosa in ninety-six test pairs (55%). This differs from earlier reports. Nasal reaction only was observed in twenty-nine instances (17%). Posterior rhinomanometry was also used to evaluate test reactions, but was found to yield little additional information. In 43% of nasal provocation tests, which according to other criteria were positive, the rhinomanometric results were negative. Despite a fairly good correlation between the results obtained by nasal and conjunctival challenge, the results point to organ specificity in type I reactions. Provocation tests, if indicated in a thorough allergy evaluation, should be performed in the shock organ. The provocation methods and interpretation of reactions of this study differ from those of earlier reports. Comparison of results is difficult and standardization of methods is needed.", "PMID": 709788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4059", "title": "In vivo tests with pollen extracts previously investigated by means of direct RAST titration allergen assay.", "content": "The allergenic potency of different birch, Timothy and mugwort pollen extracts was determined by means of a direct RAST titration allergen assay. For birch and Timothy allergens, the results of skin and provocation tests did not confirm the results of the in vitro determinations of allergenicity. There was a poor correlation between the results of skin tests and the results of Phadebas RAST for determination of specific IgE to mugwort, whereas the correlation between skin tests and RAST for other allergens was excellent. It is concluded that direct RAST titration allergen assay is not adequate for all kinds of allergen preparations and that the Phadebas RAST for mugwort is less sensitive than the RAST for other allergens. The diagnostic efficacy of the different allergen preparations could not be evaluated.", "contents": "In vivo tests with pollen extracts previously investigated by means of direct RAST titration allergen assay. The allergenic potency of different birch, Timothy and mugwort pollen extracts was determined by means of a direct RAST titration allergen assay. For birch and Timothy allergens, the results of skin and provocation tests did not confirm the results of the in vitro determinations of allergenicity. There was a poor correlation between the results of skin tests and the results of Phadebas RAST for determination of specific IgE to mugwort, whereas the correlation between skin tests and RAST for other allergens was excellent. It is concluded that direct RAST titration allergen assay is not adequate for all kinds of allergen preparations and that the Phadebas RAST for mugwort is less sensitive than the RAST for other allergens. The diagnostic efficacy of the different allergen preparations could not be evaluated.", "PMID": 709789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4060", "title": "Analysis of cell-mediated hypersensitivity, immune complexes and monocyte-released factor(s) in allergic alveolitis and asymptomatic exposed subjects.", "content": "Patients with allergic alveolitis to various antigens, asymptomatic exposed individuals and healthy control subjects were studied. The lymphocyte transformation test and the formation of two lymphokines were shown to be positive in almost all affected subjects and only rarely in asymptomatic exposed individuals. In most symptomatic subjects and only rarely in asymptomatic exposed individuals. In most symptomatic subjects, the presence of antigen-antibody complexes could be demonstrated. However, such complexes were also present in six of the nine asymptomatic exposed individuals having precipitating antibodies. Factor(s) released from sensitized monocytes strongly facilitate the in vitro formation of specific antibodies but are poorly effective when incubated with cells from asymptomatic exposed subjects or normal individuals.", "contents": "Analysis of cell-mediated hypersensitivity, immune complexes and monocyte-released factor(s) in allergic alveolitis and asymptomatic exposed subjects. Patients with allergic alveolitis to various antigens, asymptomatic exposed individuals and healthy control subjects were studied. The lymphocyte transformation test and the formation of two lymphokines were shown to be positive in almost all affected subjects and only rarely in asymptomatic exposed individuals. In most symptomatic subjects and only rarely in asymptomatic exposed individuals. In most symptomatic subjects, the presence of antigen-antibody complexes could be demonstrated. However, such complexes were also present in six of the nine asymptomatic exposed individuals having precipitating antibodies. Factor(s) released from sensitized monocytes strongly facilitate the in vitro formation of specific antibodies but are poorly effective when incubated with cells from asymptomatic exposed subjects or normal individuals.", "PMID": 709790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4061", "title": "Cell-mediated immune reactions in asthma.", "content": "Abnormally high levels of IgE are produced in various diseases, including atopic eczema, and a functional decrease in the T-lymphocyte population occurs at the same time. T-cell function has been studied in a group of asthma patients with high, normal and low IgE levels and in a control group. T-cell function appears to be reduced in asthmatic patients with high concentrations of IgE when skin tests are performed with Candida antigen (P less than 0.05). There was also a decline in the lymphocyte transformation tests with candida antigen in autologous serum (P less than 0.05), although not in foetal calf serum. The responses to in vivo tests with streptokinase-streptodornase were normal, as was the response of the lymphocytes to PHA.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immune reactions in asthma. Abnormally high levels of IgE are produced in various diseases, including atopic eczema, and a functional decrease in the T-lymphocyte population occurs at the same time. T-cell function has been studied in a group of asthma patients with high, normal and low IgE levels and in a control group. T-cell function appears to be reduced in asthmatic patients with high concentrations of IgE when skin tests are performed with Candida antigen (P less than 0.05). There was also a decline in the lymphocyte transformation tests with candida antigen in autologous serum (P less than 0.05), although not in foetal calf serum. The responses to in vivo tests with streptokinase-streptodornase were normal, as was the response of the lymphocytes to PHA.", "PMID": 709791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4062", "title": "The use of the radioallergosorbent test in the diagnosis of Hymenoptera anaphylaxis.", "content": "IgE antibody levels to Hymenoptera (honey bee, hornet, wasp or yellow jacket) venom or venom sac were measured in the serum of ninety-six patients with a history of immediate hypersensitivity reactions to these insect stings. Normal levels of IgE antibody were found in fourty-four of these patients tested. The severity of the systemic reaction was similar in those patients with normal and elevated IgE antibody levels, and the interval from the systemic reaction to antibody determination was also similar. In twelve patients with a definite reaction to honey bee venom, the IgE antibody was elevated in all and correlated with a positive venom skin test in nine out of the twelve. It is not possible to determine if the other patients with normal IgE antibody and a systemic reaction represent a false negative RAST value, loss of sensitivity to the Hymenoptera venom, or a lack of RAST sensitivity with some venom or venom sac antigens. Without the ready availability of venom skin tests to all Hymenoptera antigens or other in vitro tests, a definite assessment of insect anaphylaxis remains in doubt for the patient and physician.", "contents": "The use of the radioallergosorbent test in the diagnosis of Hymenoptera anaphylaxis. IgE antibody levels to Hymenoptera (honey bee, hornet, wasp or yellow jacket) venom or venom sac were measured in the serum of ninety-six patients with a history of immediate hypersensitivity reactions to these insect stings. Normal levels of IgE antibody were found in fourty-four of these patients tested. The severity of the systemic reaction was similar in those patients with normal and elevated IgE antibody levels, and the interval from the systemic reaction to antibody determination was also similar. In twelve patients with a definite reaction to honey bee venom, the IgE antibody was elevated in all and correlated with a positive venom skin test in nine out of the twelve. It is not possible to determine if the other patients with normal IgE antibody and a systemic reaction represent a false negative RAST value, loss of sensitivity to the Hymenoptera venom, or a lack of RAST sensitivity with some venom or venom sac antigens. Without the ready availability of venom skin tests to all Hymenoptera antigens or other in vitro tests, a definite assessment of insect anaphylaxis remains in doubt for the patient and physician.", "PMID": 709792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4063", "title": "A clinical comparison of aerosol and powder administration of beclomethasone dipropionate in asthma.", "content": "A clinical comparison of conventional aerosol administration of beclomethasone dipropionate and insufflation as a powder using the \"Rotahaler\" device in four doses of 100 microgram each was made in thirty-seven cases. Each treatment was given for 4 weeks, the order being randomized. Symptom records, twice daily peak flow readings and records of bronchodilator and steroid dosage showed the powder to be as effective as the aerosol. In the physician's opinion the powder was preferable to the aerosol in some cases.", "contents": "A clinical comparison of aerosol and powder administration of beclomethasone dipropionate in asthma. A clinical comparison of conventional aerosol administration of beclomethasone dipropionate and insufflation as a powder using the \"Rotahaler\" device in four doses of 100 microgram each was made in thirty-seven cases. Each treatment was given for 4 weeks, the order being randomized. Symptom records, twice daily peak flow readings and records of bronchodilator and steroid dosage showed the powder to be as effective as the aerosol. In the physician's opinion the powder was preferable to the aerosol in some cases.", "PMID": 709793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4064", "title": "Complement changes during exercise-induced asthma.", "content": "Two groups of asthmatic children, one with and one without a history of post-exercise wheezing, and one non-asthmatic adult, were exercised on a treadmill, and their complement levels were measured before and after exercise. The first group of patients had the most obvious fall in FEV 1 and all showed a slight rise in haemolytic complement following exercise. Two of the patients of the second group also had a rise in haemolytic complement. The C4 titre did not change in any of the asthmatic children who did not wheeze after exercise, but there were changes, albeit inconsistent, in the titres of C4 in four of the six patients who exhibited post-exercise wheezing. C3 breakdown products were not detected in any of the sera, following exercise. The role of complement in exercise-induced bronchospasm is not clear, but there does appear to be a greater lability of the complement system in patients who are susceptible to this form of provocation.", "contents": "Complement changes during exercise-induced asthma. Two groups of asthmatic children, one with and one without a history of post-exercise wheezing, and one non-asthmatic adult, were exercised on a treadmill, and their complement levels were measured before and after exercise. The first group of patients had the most obvious fall in FEV 1 and all showed a slight rise in haemolytic complement following exercise. Two of the patients of the second group also had a rise in haemolytic complement. The C4 titre did not change in any of the asthmatic children who did not wheeze after exercise, but there were changes, albeit inconsistent, in the titres of C4 in four of the six patients who exhibited post-exercise wheezing. C3 breakdown products were not detected in any of the sera, following exercise. The role of complement in exercise-induced bronchospasm is not clear, but there does appear to be a greater lability of the complement system in patients who are susceptible to this form of provocation.", "PMID": 709794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4065", "title": "Lymphocyte transformation in extrinsic bronchial asthma.", "content": "Lymphocytes from sixteen patients with extrinsic bronchial asthma and sixteen normals were investigated for their in vitro reactivity to stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A). No significant differences in maximum lymphocyte responses to PHA or Con A, either in the presence of foetal calf serum or autologous plasma, were found. The significance of these results in relation to T suppressor cell control of IgE formation is discussed.", "contents": "Lymphocyte transformation in extrinsic bronchial asthma. Lymphocytes from sixteen patients with extrinsic bronchial asthma and sixteen normals were investigated for their in vitro reactivity to stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A). No significant differences in maximum lymphocyte responses to PHA or Con A, either in the presence of foetal calf serum or autologous plasma, were found. The significance of these results in relation to T suppressor cell control of IgE formation is discussed.", "PMID": 709795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4066", "title": "Humidifier fever and endotoxin exposure.", "content": "Three cases of humidifier fever were detected in an office environment. Flavobacteria were found in the contaminated water in a humidifier. After an experimental exposure, the three persons with previous symptoms suffered from fever and slight respiratory symptoms. A leucocytosis and an increase in the number of segmented white blood cells were found the day following the exposure. General immunoglobulins as well as antibodies to Flavobacterium and endotoxin were slightly elevated in the exposed group. The possibility that endotoxins may be the causative agent by means of an indirect complement activation is discussed.", "contents": "Humidifier fever and endotoxin exposure. Three cases of humidifier fever were detected in an office environment. Flavobacteria were found in the contaminated water in a humidifier. After an experimental exposure, the three persons with previous symptoms suffered from fever and slight respiratory symptoms. A leucocytosis and an increase in the number of segmented white blood cells were found the day following the exposure. General immunoglobulins as well as antibodies to Flavobacterium and endotoxin were slightly elevated in the exposed group. The possibility that endotoxins may be the causative agent by means of an indirect complement activation is discussed.", "PMID": 709796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4067", "title": "Measurement of nasal patency using a Vitalograph.", "content": "A standard Vitalograph was used to measure the volume of air inspired through the mouth (M-FIV0.5) and nose (N-FIV0.5) in 0.5 sec. The ratio of these parameters was used as a nasal patency index (NPI) and the characteristics of NPI and N-FIV0.5 investigated in terms of reproducibility and sensitivity. Both indices were significantly reduced by intranasal histamine (100 micrograms and 200 micrograms) and it is concluded that NPI and N-FIV0.5 are reproducible and sensitive indices of nasal patency.", "contents": "Measurement of nasal patency using a Vitalograph. A standard Vitalograph was used to measure the volume of air inspired through the mouth (M-FIV0.5) and nose (N-FIV0.5) in 0.5 sec. The ratio of these parameters was used as a nasal patency index (NPI) and the characteristics of NPI and N-FIV0.5 investigated in terms of reproducibility and sensitivity. Both indices were significantly reduced by intranasal histamine (100 micrograms and 200 micrograms) and it is concluded that NPI and N-FIV0.5 are reproducible and sensitive indices of nasal patency.", "PMID": 709797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4068", "title": "Asthma and extrinsic allergic alveolitis due to Merulius lacrymans.", "content": "A teacher with breathlessness of insidious onset developed acute symptoms on return home following his discharge from hospital. His flat was found to have extensive dry rot (Merulius lacrymans). Precipitins and specific IgE and IgG antibody against M. lacrymans were present and intracutaneous testing gave a typical dual skin reaction. Pulmonary physiology demonstrated airflow obstruction with a low DLCO and KCO, and a chest X-ray showed diffuse micronodular shadowing, maximal in the mid-zones. Inhalation challenge testing provoked a combined asthmatic reaction without a change in DLCO. Rapid clinical recovery and more gradual radiographic and physiological improvement followed cessation of exposure to the antigen.", "contents": "Asthma and extrinsic allergic alveolitis due to Merulius lacrymans. A teacher with breathlessness of insidious onset developed acute symptoms on return home following his discharge from hospital. His flat was found to have extensive dry rot (Merulius lacrymans). Precipitins and specific IgE and IgG antibody against M. lacrymans were present and intracutaneous testing gave a typical dual skin reaction. Pulmonary physiology demonstrated airflow obstruction with a low DLCO and KCO, and a chest X-ray showed diffuse micronodular shadowing, maximal in the mid-zones. Inhalation challenge testing provoked a combined asthmatic reaction without a change in DLCO. Rapid clinical recovery and more gradual radiographic and physiological improvement followed cessation of exposure to the antigen.", "PMID": 709798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4069", "title": "Methods of quantifying circulating IgE.", "content": "Four radioimmunoassay techniques, two conventional and two sandwich, have been used to measure circulating IgE levels in 100 sera. The test sera had IgE levels ranging from 1.0 to 20,000 u/ml, and each was measured at five dilutions, ranging from three-fold to 400-fold. The same IgE standards were used throughout, and the optimal range for each assay was determined by assessing data for quality control sera and the WHO standard 69/204. To be of general use in the United Kingdom an IgE test must measure accurately levels as low as 20-30 u IgE/ml. The Phadebas RIST method failed to meet this criterion, and of the remaining tests the double antibody method had the most useful operating range and produced the most reliable results. However, the double antibody method is not available commercially and so, for the majority of laboratories, the Phadebas PRIST technique should be the method chosen.", "contents": "Methods of quantifying circulating IgE. Four radioimmunoassay techniques, two conventional and two sandwich, have been used to measure circulating IgE levels in 100 sera. The test sera had IgE levels ranging from 1.0 to 20,000 u/ml, and each was measured at five dilutions, ranging from three-fold to 400-fold. The same IgE standards were used throughout, and the optimal range for each assay was determined by assessing data for quality control sera and the WHO standard 69/204. To be of general use in the United Kingdom an IgE test must measure accurately levels as low as 20-30 u IgE/ml. The Phadebas RIST method failed to meet this criterion, and of the remaining tests the double antibody method had the most useful operating range and produced the most reliable results. However, the double antibody method is not available commercially and so, for the majority of laboratories, the Phadebas PRIST technique should be the method chosen.", "PMID": 709799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4070", "title": "Serum IgE levels in amoebiasis.", "content": "Elevated levels of serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) are found in many parasitic diseases. In order to determine the influence of Entamoeba histolytica on IgE levels of clinically symptomatic patients with intestinal amoebiasis, a controlled study was performed. There was no difference between the serum IgE values from Brazilian patients with amoebiasis and those from age-, race- and sex-matched normal Brazilian controls. Based also on our previous similar studies on giardiasis and Chagas' disease, we conclude that protozoan infections do not elevate serum IgE levels.", "contents": "Serum IgE levels in amoebiasis. Elevated levels of serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) are found in many parasitic diseases. In order to determine the influence of Entamoeba histolytica on IgE levels of clinically symptomatic patients with intestinal amoebiasis, a controlled study was performed. There was no difference between the serum IgE values from Brazilian patients with amoebiasis and those from age-, race- and sex-matched normal Brazilian controls. Based also on our previous similar studies on giardiasis and Chagas' disease, we conclude that protozoan infections do not elevate serum IgE levels.", "PMID": 709800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4071", "title": "Occupational asthma in Finland.", "content": "In Finland occupational asthma caused by protein allergens and reactive chemicals present in the air of work environments is increasing. This communication describes provocative challenge tests and methods for measuring exposure under simulated work conditions. The importance of lung function measurements during non-exposure and placebo periods is stressed. Especially late reactions are difficult to assess because of the great circadian variation in the lung function parameters of asthmatics. For a positive challenge test, a decrease in peak flow values of at least 15% and a clear deviation from normal circadian variation and placebo periods is required. The allergens of vegetable or animal origin primarily affect patients with an atopic constitution. Chemical allergens seem to attack all exposed workers in the same way. The report lists the occupations with risk for asthma and refers to the population at risk; bakers seem to be the group with the most risk. The importance of early diagnosis, removal of the worker from exposure and improvement of the hygienic aspects of the work environment are stressed.", "contents": "Occupational asthma in Finland. In Finland occupational asthma caused by protein allergens and reactive chemicals present in the air of work environments is increasing. This communication describes provocative challenge tests and methods for measuring exposure under simulated work conditions. The importance of lung function measurements during non-exposure and placebo periods is stressed. Especially late reactions are difficult to assess because of the great circadian variation in the lung function parameters of asthmatics. For a positive challenge test, a decrease in peak flow values of at least 15% and a clear deviation from normal circadian variation and placebo periods is required. The allergens of vegetable or animal origin primarily affect patients with an atopic constitution. Chemical allergens seem to attack all exposed workers in the same way. The report lists the occupations with risk for asthma and refers to the population at risk; bakers seem to be the group with the most risk. The importance of early diagnosis, removal of the worker from exposure and improvement of the hygienic aspects of the work environment are stressed.", "PMID": 709801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4072", "title": "Aerobiological studies based in Derby. I. A simplified automatic volumetric spore trap.", "content": "A simplified version of the Hirst automatic volumetric spore trap has been developed in Derby for aerobiological studies. In comparative trials, the number of spores retained by the Morrow Brown trap were similar in the case of larger spores such as Alternaria (102%), rather higher in the case of grass pollen (136%) and considerably higher (166--201%) for very small spores such as Sporobolomyces and Tilletiopsis. Impaction efficiency has been improved by using a narrower slit. The trap designed in Derby is simple to produce and presents advantages in design over the Hirst version.", "contents": "Aerobiological studies based in Derby. I. A simplified automatic volumetric spore trap. A simplified version of the Hirst automatic volumetric spore trap has been developed in Derby for aerobiological studies. In comparative trials, the number of spores retained by the Morrow Brown trap were similar in the case of larger spores such as Alternaria (102%), rather higher in the case of grass pollen (136%) and considerably higher (166--201%) for very small spores such as Sporobolomyces and Tilletiopsis. Impaction efficiency has been improved by using a narrower slit. The trap designed in Derby is simple to produce and presents advantages in design over the Hirst version.", "PMID": 709802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4073", "title": "Aerobiological studies based in Derby. III. A comparison of simultaneous pollen and spore counts from the east coast, Midlands and west coast of England and Wales.", "content": "The air spora of two sites on the east coast of Britain and one on the west coast were compared with each other and with the regular sampling site in Derby by the simultaneous operation of volumetric spore traps. Concentrations of airborne spores and pollen were found to be usually less at the coastal sites than in Derby. The effect of wind direction was shown to be important at coastal sites because daily counts often showed rises and falls corresponding to off- and on-shore winds respectively. Counts at the west coast site were nearly always lower than those on the east. These findings, together with the prevalence of westerly winds over Britain and the different land use in the east and west, suggest that fewer airborne allergens may be encountered on the west coast.", "contents": "Aerobiological studies based in Derby. III. A comparison of simultaneous pollen and spore counts from the east coast, Midlands and west coast of England and Wales. The air spora of two sites on the east coast of Britain and one on the west coast were compared with each other and with the regular sampling site in Derby by the simultaneous operation of volumetric spore traps. Concentrations of airborne spores and pollen were found to be usually less at the coastal sites than in Derby. The effect of wind direction was shown to be important at coastal sites because daily counts often showed rises and falls corresponding to off- and on-shore winds respectively. Counts at the west coast site were nearly always lower than those on the east. These findings, together with the prevalence of westerly winds over Britain and the different land use in the east and west, suggest that fewer airborne allergens may be encountered on the west coast.", "PMID": 709803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4074", "title": "Serum ribonuclease of normal persons and patients with renal impairment.", "content": "Serum ribonuclease of normal persons and of patients with renal impairment was determined with polycytidylic acid as substrate. There was a pronounced rise in the serum ribonuclease of patients with renal impairment. Average serum ribonuclease values of 25 normal persons and 25 patients with renal impairment, respectively were 110 and 2329 units per ml of serum. Serum ribonuclease, because of its unique specificity, stability and abnormal elevation in the sera of patients with renal failure, might serve as an additional indicator in the assessment of renal function.", "contents": "Serum ribonuclease of normal persons and patients with renal impairment. Serum ribonuclease of normal persons and of patients with renal impairment was determined with polycytidylic acid as substrate. There was a pronounced rise in the serum ribonuclease of patients with renal impairment. Average serum ribonuclease values of 25 normal persons and 25 patients with renal impairment, respectively were 110 and 2329 units per ml of serum. Serum ribonuclease, because of its unique specificity, stability and abnormal elevation in the sera of patients with renal failure, might serve as an additional indicator in the assessment of renal function.", "PMID": 709804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4075", "title": "Semi-automatic data processing in clinical chemistry.", "content": "A semi-automatic system for data processing in the Clinical Chemistry Department of the School of Pathology, Johannesburg, is outlined. Careful planning of workflow in the laboratory can provide a better interface of laboratory results with a manual cumulative reporting system in which technologists and clerks co-ordinate their activities. The system used provides a less tedious and less error-prone process via automatic printing facilities. This system achieves improved patient care in terms of quality control (data checks) and cumulative reporting of results. Facility for accounts and administration purpose are also incorporated. In our experience, semi-automatic data processing can provide a solution to the clerical problems generated by the introduction of automatic testing equipment. Hardware costs are minimal in comparison to fully automated systems, which utilize on-line or off-line computers.", "contents": "Semi-automatic data processing in clinical chemistry. A semi-automatic system for data processing in the Clinical Chemistry Department of the School of Pathology, Johannesburg, is outlined. Careful planning of workflow in the laboratory can provide a better interface of laboratory results with a manual cumulative reporting system in which technologists and clerks co-ordinate their activities. The system used provides a less tedious and less error-prone process via automatic printing facilities. This system achieves improved patient care in terms of quality control (data checks) and cumulative reporting of results. Facility for accounts and administration purpose are also incorporated. In our experience, semi-automatic data processing can provide a solution to the clerical problems generated by the introduction of automatic testing equipment. Hardware costs are minimal in comparison to fully automated systems, which utilize on-line or off-line computers.", "PMID": 709806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4076", "title": "Reliable fifteen-minute assay for theophylline.", "content": "We describe a reliable, rapid high pressure liquid chromatography assay for serum theophylline which can be performed on 0.5 ml or smaller samples. The procedure involves extraction, centrifugation and sampling all in the same disposable centrifuge tube. In the therapeutic range the coefficients of variation for within-day and day-to-day assays are 1.0% and 2.6%, respectively. The sensitivity of the method is better than 1 microgram/ml in serum. The minimum number of steps, rapid elution and use of only peak heights contribute to the reliability and rapidity of the assay.", "contents": "Reliable fifteen-minute assay for theophylline. We describe a reliable, rapid high pressure liquid chromatography assay for serum theophylline which can be performed on 0.5 ml or smaller samples. The procedure involves extraction, centrifugation and sampling all in the same disposable centrifuge tube. In the therapeutic range the coefficients of variation for within-day and day-to-day assays are 1.0% and 2.6%, respectively. The sensitivity of the method is better than 1 microgram/ml in serum. The minimum number of steps, rapid elution and use of only peak heights contribute to the reliability and rapidity of the assay.", "PMID": 709807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4077", "title": "The effects of acute and chronic uremia in rats on their hepatic microsomal enzyme activity.", "content": "The activity of the hepatic microsomal enzymes hexabarbital oxidase, aminopyrine demethylase, and p-nitrobenzoic acid reductase were determined in the chronically uremic rats, acutely uremic rats and controls. Plasma corticoid levels (corticosterone) were also measured in all groups. A significant reduction in the hepatic microsomal enzyme activity as compared to controls was observed in both groups, with the chronic group showing slightly greater reduction. Furthermore, while plasma corticoid levels were significantly elevated in both groups, the acute uremic group had plasma corticoid levels which were almost twice the levels found in the chronically uremic animals. The significance of these observations are discussed.", "contents": "The effects of acute and chronic uremia in rats on their hepatic microsomal enzyme activity. The activity of the hepatic microsomal enzymes hexabarbital oxidase, aminopyrine demethylase, and p-nitrobenzoic acid reductase were determined in the chronically uremic rats, acutely uremic rats and controls. Plasma corticoid levels (corticosterone) were also measured in all groups. A significant reduction in the hepatic microsomal enzyme activity as compared to controls was observed in both groups, with the chronic group showing slightly greater reduction. Furthermore, while plasma corticoid levels were significantly elevated in both groups, the acute uremic group had plasma corticoid levels which were almost twice the levels found in the chronically uremic animals. The significance of these observations are discussed.", "PMID": 709809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4078", "title": "A sensitive method for the determination of hydrochlorothiazide in serum by high pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A high pressure liquid chromatographic method for the determination of hydrochlorothiazide in serum has been elaborated and verified in a blood level study in normal individuals given a single oral dose of 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide. Based on 5 ml of serum, the limit of detection of the method is 2 ng/ml.", "contents": "A sensitive method for the determination of hydrochlorothiazide in serum by high pressure liquid chromatography. A high pressure liquid chromatographic method for the determination of hydrochlorothiazide in serum has been elaborated and verified in a blood level study in normal individuals given a single oral dose of 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide. Based on 5 ml of serum, the limit of detection of the method is 2 ng/ml.", "PMID": 709810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4079", "title": "Comparison of CK-MB fractionation by antibody inhibition reaction and DEAE-sephadex chromatography.", "content": "1. CK-MB isoenzyme fractionation has been compared between DEAE-sephadex chromatography and the CK-M-subunit inhibiting antibody procedure. 2. It was found that the inhibiting antibody method generally gave lower values than the chromatography procedure. 3. The above difference can be partially attributed to inhibitory factors in the antibody system. 4. It was concluded that although there was general agreement between the two procedures, the CK-M-subunit inhibiting antibody procedure should be viewed with caution at low creatine kinase activities, and should never be done without the appropriate reagent blanks.", "contents": "Comparison of CK-MB fractionation by antibody inhibition reaction and DEAE-sephadex chromatography. 1. CK-MB isoenzyme fractionation has been compared between DEAE-sephadex chromatography and the CK-M-subunit inhibiting antibody procedure. 2. It was found that the inhibiting antibody method generally gave lower values than the chromatography procedure. 3. The above difference can be partially attributed to inhibitory factors in the antibody system. 4. It was concluded that although there was general agreement between the two procedures, the CK-M-subunit inhibiting antibody procedure should be viewed with caution at low creatine kinase activities, and should never be done without the appropriate reagent blanks.", "PMID": 709811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4080", "title": "A study of factors affecting laboratory workload.", "content": "1. The use of a mathematical modelling technique is described. The factors influencing the day to day variation in laboratory workload were investigated to provide for accurate management forecasts. Analysis by linear stepwise regression showed that a potentially controllable factor the clinician ordering habits, accounted more significantly in this variation than less controllable factors such as admissions, routine and acute, total occupied beds and public holidays. 2. The significant factors remained valid after a review period of one year.", "contents": "A study of factors affecting laboratory workload. 1. The use of a mathematical modelling technique is described. The factors influencing the day to day variation in laboratory workload were investigated to provide for accurate management forecasts. Analysis by linear stepwise regression showed that a potentially controllable factor the clinician ordering habits, accounted more significantly in this variation than less controllable factors such as admissions, routine and acute, total occupied beds and public holidays. 2. The significant factors remained valid after a review period of one year.", "PMID": 709812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4081", "title": "A water purification system for laboratory use.", "content": "A water purification system is described, capable of producing Type I water upon demand at multiple locations up to 700 feet, from the purifying equipment. Tap water is initially treated employing reverse osmosis, followed by treatment with activated charcoal and mixed anion/cation exchange resins. The resultant Type I quality water is maintained by means of a recycling loop until removal upon demand. The current cost of producing water of this quality is $0.03 per liter, exclusive of capital and installation costs.", "contents": "A water purification system for laboratory use. A water purification system is described, capable of producing Type I water upon demand at multiple locations up to 700 feet, from the purifying equipment. Tap water is initially treated employing reverse osmosis, followed by treatment with activated charcoal and mixed anion/cation exchange resins. The resultant Type I quality water is maintained by means of a recycling loop until removal upon demand. The current cost of producing water of this quality is $0.03 per liter, exclusive of capital and installation costs.", "PMID": 709813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4082", "title": "Experience with Boehringer Mannheim GOD/PAP (Trinder) glucose reagent kit on Autoanalyser I and SMA 12/60 systems.", "content": "We report here our experience with Boehringer Mannheim GOD/PAP (Trinder) glucose kit on Autonanalyzer I and SMA 12/60 systems. With slight modification on the existing procedures, we are able to obtain an efficient method that yields satisfactory results with very low cost.", "contents": "Experience with Boehringer Mannheim GOD/PAP (Trinder) glucose reagent kit on Autoanalyser I and SMA 12/60 systems. We report here our experience with Boehringer Mannheim GOD/PAP (Trinder) glucose kit on Autonanalyzer I and SMA 12/60 systems. With slight modification on the existing procedures, we are able to obtain an efficient method that yields satisfactory results with very low cost.", "PMID": 709814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4083", "title": "Estimation of free triiodothyronine in serum: a new method and its clinical relevance.", "content": "We describe a method for estimating free triiodothyronine in serum by polyacrylamide gel filtration. Precise and easy to perform, it avoids the lengthy incubation required for equilibrium dialysis. Results of this procedure correlate well with those by the dialysis method over a wide range of thyroid states. The role of free triiodothyronine as part of a protocol for the evaluation of thyroid status is discussed.", "contents": "Estimation of free triiodothyronine in serum: a new method and its clinical relevance. We describe a method for estimating free triiodothyronine in serum by polyacrylamide gel filtration. Precise and easy to perform, it avoids the lengthy incubation required for equilibrium dialysis. Results of this procedure correlate well with those by the dialysis method over a wide range of thyroid states. The role of free triiodothyronine as part of a protocol for the evaluation of thyroid status is discussed.", "PMID": 709815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4084", "title": "Additive, multiplicative, and mixed analytical errors.", "content": "Depending on the change in magnitude of analytical error occuring with change in concentration of analyte, two limiting types of error properties can be defined: additive and multiplicative. We investigated whether one of these two error types also characterizes the overall error of methods involving multiple procedural steps, or whether mixed error properties result in these cases. Using \"open\" quality-control data (i.e., and analyst identifies controls) from each of two hospitals and \"blind\" quality-control data from one hospital for 11 different assays, we found: (a) With current methodology, overall errors typically are mixed, though predominantly additive and multiplicative overall errors exist as well. (b) \"Blinding\" the quality-control system typically augments the multiplicative but not the additive error component.", "contents": "Additive, multiplicative, and mixed analytical errors. Depending on the change in magnitude of analytical error occuring with change in concentration of analyte, two limiting types of error properties can be defined: additive and multiplicative. We investigated whether one of these two error types also characterizes the overall error of methods involving multiple procedural steps, or whether mixed error properties result in these cases. Using \"open\" quality-control data (i.e., and analyst identifies controls) from each of two hospitals and \"blind\" quality-control data from one hospital for 11 different assays, we found: (a) With current methodology, overall errors typically are mixed, though predominantly additive and multiplicative overall errors exist as well. (b) \"Blinding\" the quality-control system typically augments the multiplicative but not the additive error component.", "PMID": 709816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4085", "title": "Mass-fragmentographic determination of catecholamine metabolites in amniotic fluid and its possible clinical usefulness.", "content": "We describe the determination of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylacetic acid, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylamandelic acid, and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol in amniotic fluid by means of mass fragmentography, with use of deuterated internal standards. The results expressed in terms of absolute concentration and creatinine concentration, are given as a function of gestational age. In the 15th to 17th week, concentrations in amniotic fluid are a reflection of those in the mother's serum, whereas in the 32nd to 40th week, these concentrations, expressed in terms of creatinine, are similar to those found in the urine of newborns. We discuss the possible usefulness of the determination of catecholamine metabolites in amniotic fluid in the diagnosis of congenital neuroblastoma, maternal pheochromocytoma, and underdevelopment.", "contents": "Mass-fragmentographic determination of catecholamine metabolites in amniotic fluid and its possible clinical usefulness. We describe the determination of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylacetic acid, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylamandelic acid, and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol in amniotic fluid by means of mass fragmentography, with use of deuterated internal standards. The results expressed in terms of absolute concentration and creatinine concentration, are given as a function of gestational age. In the 15th to 17th week, concentrations in amniotic fluid are a reflection of those in the mother's serum, whereas in the 32nd to 40th week, these concentrations, expressed in terms of creatinine, are similar to those found in the urine of newborns. We discuss the possible usefulness of the determination of catecholamine metabolites in amniotic fluid in the diagnosis of congenital neuroblastoma, maternal pheochromocytoma, and underdevelopment.", "PMID": 709817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4086", "title": "New enzymatic method for serum uric acid at 500 nm.", "content": "We describe a manual method, well suited to mechanization, for quantitating serum uric acid at 500 nm. In the assay mixture (0.10 ml of sample and 3.00 ml of reagent) the hydrogen peroxide produced from uric acid by uricase is coupled with p-hydroxybenzoate and 4-aminoantipyrine in the presence of peroxidase to form a colored complex, which is measured. A separate sample blank is obviated by taking an initial absorbance measurement 20 s after the sample is added. The reaction is complete within 5 min; its sensitivity is 0.001 deltaA/mg per liter. Absorbances are linearly related to uric acid concentrations up to 120 mg/liter. Many substances that may be present in normal serum do not interfere, but bilirubin in moderately above-normal concentrations will interfere. The procedure can be modified to largely correct for this, when necessary. The proposed method (y) correlated well (r = 0.979) with the uric acid 293 nm reference method (x) and the relation is described by the equation y = 0.998x + 2.42.", "contents": "New enzymatic method for serum uric acid at 500 nm. We describe a manual method, well suited to mechanization, for quantitating serum uric acid at 500 nm. In the assay mixture (0.10 ml of sample and 3.00 ml of reagent) the hydrogen peroxide produced from uric acid by uricase is coupled with p-hydroxybenzoate and 4-aminoantipyrine in the presence of peroxidase to form a colored complex, which is measured. A separate sample blank is obviated by taking an initial absorbance measurement 20 s after the sample is added. The reaction is complete within 5 min; its sensitivity is 0.001 deltaA/mg per liter. Absorbances are linearly related to uric acid concentrations up to 120 mg/liter. Many substances that may be present in normal serum do not interfere, but bilirubin in moderately above-normal concentrations will interfere. The procedure can be modified to largely correct for this, when necessary. The proposed method (y) correlated well (r = 0.979) with the uric acid 293 nm reference method (x) and the relation is described by the equation y = 0.998x + 2.42.", "PMID": 709818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4087", "title": "Bisalbuminemia. A new molecular variant, albumin Vancouver.", "content": "Of 18 members of a Fiji Indian family investigated, eight of the 12 males and two of the six females had an electrophoretically slow-type bisalbuminemia (alloalbuminemia). The albumin was characterized by the hiterto unique ratio of the two bands (Al A 35%: variant 65%), and by dye-binding studies and electrophoretic mobility in different media. The data suggest that this is a new variant, which we propose to call albumin Vancouver (Al Va).", "contents": "Bisalbuminemia. A new molecular variant, albumin Vancouver. Of 18 members of a Fiji Indian family investigated, eight of the 12 males and two of the six females had an electrophoretically slow-type bisalbuminemia (alloalbuminemia). The albumin was characterized by the hiterto unique ratio of the two bands (Al A 35%: variant 65%), and by dye-binding studies and electrophoretic mobility in different media. The data suggest that this is a new variant, which we propose to call albumin Vancouver (Al Va).", "PMID": 709819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4088", "title": "Serum prostate-specific acid phosphatase: development and validation of a specific radioimmunoassay.", "content": "We describe radioimmunoassay for human prostatic acid phosphatase [orthophosphoric-monoester phospho-hydrolase (acid optimum), EC 3.1.3.2] in serum, with use of monospecific antisera raised in rabbits against highly purified acid phosphatase from human prostates. The antiserum did not cross react with partly purified acid phosphatases from human spleen, erythrocytes, or synovial tissues. 125I-labeled acid phosphatase was prepared by a Chloramine T method, and the bound and free antigen was separated in the assay by use of anti-rabbit gamma-globulin raised in sheep. Uniform low nonspecific binding of the [125I]acid phosphatase was achieved by using acid-phosphatase-free serum to prepare standard curves and diluted samples of serum with high acid phosphatase activities. Concentrations of immunoreactive acid phosphatase in the serum of healthy men ranged from  less than 1 to 10 microgram/liter and for 12 patients with advanced prostatic carcinoma between 100 and 500 microgram/liter. The concentrations of the enzyme in sera of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia were very similar to those in sera of the reference group.", "contents": "Serum prostate-specific acid phosphatase: development and validation of a specific radioimmunoassay. We describe radioimmunoassay for human prostatic acid phosphatase [orthophosphoric-monoester phospho-hydrolase (acid optimum), EC 3.1.3.2] in serum, with use of monospecific antisera raised in rabbits against highly purified acid phosphatase from human prostates. The antiserum did not cross react with partly purified acid phosphatases from human spleen, erythrocytes, or synovial tissues. 125I-labeled acid phosphatase was prepared by a Chloramine T method, and the bound and free antigen was separated in the assay by use of anti-rabbit gamma-globulin raised in sheep. Uniform low nonspecific binding of the [125I]acid phosphatase was achieved by using acid-phosphatase-free serum to prepare standard curves and diluted samples of serum with high acid phosphatase activities. Concentrations of immunoreactive acid phosphatase in the serum of healthy men ranged from  less than 1 to 10 microgram/liter and for 12 patients with advanced prostatic carcinoma between 100 and 500 microgram/liter. The concentrations of the enzyme in sera of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia were very similar to those in sera of the reference group.", "PMID": 709820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4089", "title": "Simultaneous determination of retinol and retinyl esters in serum or plasma by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "We propose a single-run liquid-chromatographic determination, with ultraviolet detection at 330 nm, for serum retinol and retinyl esters. The vitamin A derivatives are extracted according to the Bligh-Dyer procedure. With 200 microliter or serum, the lower detection limit is 50 microgram/liter for retinol and about 100 microgram/liter for retinyl esters. Within-run precision (CV) was 2.3% for retinol, 4.3% for retinyl palmitate. Day-to-day percision (CV, n = 20) for retinol was 4.9% during a month. The method can be used for the assessment of vitamin A absorption tests and for the determination of serum retinol (normal, subnormal, and above-normal concentrations). Serum retinyl esters can only be measured in conditions where concentrations exceed 100 microgram/liter.", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of retinol and retinyl esters in serum or plasma by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. We propose a single-run liquid-chromatographic determination, with ultraviolet detection at 330 nm, for serum retinol and retinyl esters. The vitamin A derivatives are extracted according to the Bligh-Dyer procedure. With 200 microliter or serum, the lower detection limit is 50 microgram/liter for retinol and about 100 microgram/liter for retinyl esters. Within-run precision (CV) was 2.3% for retinol, 4.3% for retinyl palmitate. Day-to-day percision (CV, n = 20) for retinol was 4.9% during a month. The method can be used for the assessment of vitamin A absorption tests and for the determination of serum retinol (normal, subnormal, and above-normal concentrations). Serum retinyl esters can only be measured in conditions where concentrations exceed 100 microgram/liter.", "PMID": 709821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4090", "title": "A water-soluble cholesterol derivative for use in augmenting serum control materials.", "content": "Cholesterol determination has been hampered by the lack of suitable means to prepare lyophilized serum control materials with an appropriate range of values. We prepared a water-soluble cholesterol derivative by first esterifying cholesterol with adipic acid and then reacting the cholesterol hemiadipate with Polyethylene Glycol 600 to form polyethoxyethanyl-cholesteryl adipate. The compound reacts quantitatively in several commonly used methods, including enzymic, extraction, and direct-assay procedures. When the additive is directly mixed with human serum that has been depleted of beta- and pre-beta-lipoproteins, an optically clear solution results for which cholesterol values are stable. The clarity is retained upon lyophilization and reconstitution. Addition of this cholesterol compound to partially delipidized serum appeared to have no significant effect on results of assay of 18 other commonly measured serum constituents.", "contents": "A water-soluble cholesterol derivative for use in augmenting serum control materials. Cholesterol determination has been hampered by the lack of suitable means to prepare lyophilized serum control materials with an appropriate range of values. We prepared a water-soluble cholesterol derivative by first esterifying cholesterol with adipic acid and then reacting the cholesterol hemiadipate with Polyethylene Glycol 600 to form polyethoxyethanyl-cholesteryl adipate. The compound reacts quantitatively in several commonly used methods, including enzymic, extraction, and direct-assay procedures. When the additive is directly mixed with human serum that has been depleted of beta- and pre-beta-lipoproteins, an optically clear solution results for which cholesterol values are stable. The clarity is retained upon lyophilization and reconstitution. Addition of this cholesterol compound to partially delipidized serum appeared to have no significant effect on results of assay of 18 other commonly measured serum constituents.", "PMID": 709822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4091", "title": "Radioenzymatic assay of DOPA (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine).", "content": "We modified the single-isotope radioenzymatic assay for catecholamines [Life Sci. 21, 625 (1977)] to assay 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). DOPA decarboxylase is used to convert DOPA to dopamine, which concurrently is converted to [3H]-3-O-methyldopamine in the presence of catechol-O-methyltransferase and [methyl-3H]-S-adenosylmethionine and assayed radioenzymatically. For assay of plasma DOPA, 50 microliter of untreated plasma is added directly into the incubation mixture. A duplicate mixture containing an internal standard requires a second 50-microliter aliquot of plasma. Because the assay measures both DOPA and endogenous dopamine, two additonal aliquots of plasma must be assayed for dopamine in the absence of the decarboxylase by the differential assay; DOPA is estimated by difference. The assay is sensitive to 25 pg (500 ng/liter of plasma). Analysis of DOPA (DOPA plus dopamine) and the concurrent differential assay of catecholamines in at least 10 samples can be done in a single working day. Plasma DOPA concentrations for 42 normotensive adults were 1430 +/- 19 ng/liter (mean +/- SEM). In contrast, do-pamine concentrations for these same subjects averaged 23 +/- 20 ng/liter. Values for the 24 women subjects (15 10 +/- 62 ng/liter) significantly (P = 0.04) exceeded those for the men (1320 +/- 75 ng/liter).", "contents": "Radioenzymatic assay of DOPA (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine). We modified the single-isotope radioenzymatic assay for catecholamines [Life Sci. 21, 625 (1977)] to assay 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). DOPA decarboxylase is used to convert DOPA to dopamine, which concurrently is converted to [3H]-3-O-methyldopamine in the presence of catechol-O-methyltransferase and [methyl-3H]-S-adenosylmethionine and assayed radioenzymatically. For assay of plasma DOPA, 50 microliter of untreated plasma is added directly into the incubation mixture. A duplicate mixture containing an internal standard requires a second 50-microliter aliquot of plasma. Because the assay measures both DOPA and endogenous dopamine, two additonal aliquots of plasma must be assayed for dopamine in the absence of the decarboxylase by the differential assay; DOPA is estimated by difference. The assay is sensitive to 25 pg (500 ng/liter of plasma). Analysis of DOPA (DOPA plus dopamine) and the concurrent differential assay of catecholamines in at least 10 samples can be done in a single working day. Plasma DOPA concentrations for 42 normotensive adults were 1430 +/- 19 ng/liter (mean +/- SEM). In contrast, do-pamine concentrations for these same subjects averaged 23 +/- 20 ng/liter. Values for the 24 women subjects (15 10 +/- 62 ng/liter) significantly (P = 0.04) exceeded those for the men (1320 +/- 75 ng/liter).", "PMID": 709823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4092", "title": "Standardization of the Coomassie Blue method for cerebrospinal fluid proteins.", "content": "Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 can be used to quantitatively determine proteins in cerebrospinal fluid. When the dye combines with protein, the absorption maximum of the dye shifts. The dye-protein color forms almost instantaneously and is stable for at least 1 h. The procedure is also insensitive to changes in temperature in the range of 20--30 degrees C. The absorptivities of the dye complexes with human albumin or globulin differ, thus a pure albumin or pure globulin standard is unsuitable; a standard containing 70% albumin and 30% globulins is the most appropriate for this application. A bichromatic approach to standardization increases the range of linearity of a calibration curve. The method gives values that are about 9% higher than a sodium sulfate-sulfosalicylic turbidimetric procedure for cerbrospinal fluid proteins.", "contents": "Standardization of the Coomassie Blue method for cerebrospinal fluid proteins. Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 can be used to quantitatively determine proteins in cerebrospinal fluid. When the dye combines with protein, the absorption maximum of the dye shifts. The dye-protein color forms almost instantaneously and is stable for at least 1 h. The procedure is also insensitive to changes in temperature in the range of 20--30 degrees C. The absorptivities of the dye complexes with human albumin or globulin differ, thus a pure albumin or pure globulin standard is unsuitable; a standard containing 70% albumin and 30% globulins is the most appropriate for this application. A bichromatic approach to standardization increases the range of linearity of a calibration curve. The method gives values that are about 9% higher than a sodium sulfate-sulfosalicylic turbidimetric procedure for cerbrospinal fluid proteins.", "PMID": 709824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4093", "title": "Proteinuria: accuracy and precision of laboratory diagnosis by dip-stick analysis.", "content": "We studied and compared results of two urine dip-stick procedures for protein with those of quantitative measurements of total protein and albumin in urine. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of \"normal\" and \"abnormal\" dip-stick results, assay efficiency, technologist precision, and method association were determined. Precision was poor, attributable largely to variation within each technologist. Relative to a defined measure of precision, technologist performance appears to be uniform within each product. Patients' urinary protein concentrations of less than 200 mg/liter can be distinguished from concentrations greater than 3000 mg/liter with confidence by dip-stick procedures. Urin samples with low albumin/total protein ratios were frequently falsely negative by dip-stick assays.", "contents": "Proteinuria: accuracy and precision of laboratory diagnosis by dip-stick analysis. We studied and compared results of two urine dip-stick procedures for protein with those of quantitative measurements of total protein and albumin in urine. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of \"normal\" and \"abnormal\" dip-stick results, assay efficiency, technologist precision, and method association were determined. Precision was poor, attributable largely to variation within each technologist. Relative to a defined measure of precision, technologist performance appears to be uniform within each product. Patients' urinary protein concentrations of less than 200 mg/liter can be distinguished from concentrations greater than 3000 mg/liter with confidence by dip-stick procedures. Urin samples with low albumin/total protein ratios were frequently falsely negative by dip-stick assays.", "PMID": 709825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4094", "title": "High-performance liquid-chromatographic assay of aminoglycoside antibiotics in serum.", "content": "We describe procedures for the high-performance liquid-chromatographic assay of gentamicin, amikacin, and tobramycin in serum. The aminoglycoside antibiotic is extracted from serum by using a CM-Sephadex column and is measured by reversed-phase, ion-pair chromatography. Continuous-flow, post-column derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde is used to form fluorescent products for detection. An internal standard is used in each assay. Synthesis of 1-N-acetylgentamicin C1, the internal standard for the gentamicin assay, is described. For each procedure, concentration and instrument response are linearly related in the range of therapeutically important concentrations. The methods are precise and results correlate well with results obtained by bioassay. The between-day CV (n = 10) for each procedure was less than 4%. No substances have been detected in clinical specimens that interfere with these chromatographic procedures. The possible use of these methods for analysis for other aminoglycoside antibiotics is discussed.", "contents": "High-performance liquid-chromatographic assay of aminoglycoside antibiotics in serum. We describe procedures for the high-performance liquid-chromatographic assay of gentamicin, amikacin, and tobramycin in serum. The aminoglycoside antibiotic is extracted from serum by using a CM-Sephadex column and is measured by reversed-phase, ion-pair chromatography. Continuous-flow, post-column derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde is used to form fluorescent products for detection. An internal standard is used in each assay. Synthesis of 1-N-acetylgentamicin C1, the internal standard for the gentamicin assay, is described. For each procedure, concentration and instrument response are linearly related in the range of therapeutically important concentrations. The methods are precise and results correlate well with results obtained by bioassay. The between-day CV (n = 10) for each procedure was less than 4%. No substances have been detected in clinical specimens that interfere with these chromatographic procedures. The possible use of these methods for analysis for other aminoglycoside antibiotics is discussed.", "PMID": 709826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4095", "title": "High-performance liquid-chromatographic simultaneous determination of commonly used tricyclic antidepressants.", "content": "We report a method for simultaneous measurement of five commonly used tricyclic antidepressant drugs (doxepin, desipramine, nortriptyline, imipramine, and amitriptyline) in serum by paired-ion high-performance liquid chromatography, with use of a reversed-phase column and ultraviolet detection at 254 nm. The drugs are extracted from 2 ml of serum at pH 14 into hexane/isoamyl alcohol (99/1 by vol) and re-extracted into 200 microliter of 0.1 mol/liter HCI. An aliquot of the aqueous acid phase is chromatographed with use of a methanol/acetonitrile/water (41/15/44) solvent system, containing 5 mmol of pentanesulfonic acid per liter of phosphate buffer (0.1 mol/liter, pH 6.5), at a flow rate of 1,5 ml/min. Analytical recoveries of the drugs from serum increase with increasing concentration, from 62% at 25 microgram/liter to 93% at 300 microgram/liter. Linear response is observed for drug concentrations up to 1500 microgram/liter and the detection limit is 2-3 microgram/liter. Within-run precision ranges from 1.4 to 2.9% and day-to-day precision from 1.7 to 7%, depending on the specific drug. The entire procedure can be completed within 45 min and is well adapted to the routine clinical laboratory. Of 48 common basic and several neutral drugs tested for possible interferences, only three benzodiazepines, three phenothiazines, and three antihistamines interfere with the assay of doxepin, desipramine, and nortriptyline, respectively.", "contents": "High-performance liquid-chromatographic simultaneous determination of commonly used tricyclic antidepressants. We report a method for simultaneous measurement of five commonly used tricyclic antidepressant drugs (doxepin, desipramine, nortriptyline, imipramine, and amitriptyline) in serum by paired-ion high-performance liquid chromatography, with use of a reversed-phase column and ultraviolet detection at 254 nm. The drugs are extracted from 2 ml of serum at pH 14 into hexane/isoamyl alcohol (99/1 by vol) and re-extracted into 200 microliter of 0.1 mol/liter HCI. An aliquot of the aqueous acid phase is chromatographed with use of a methanol/acetonitrile/water (41/15/44) solvent system, containing 5 mmol of pentanesulfonic acid per liter of phosphate buffer (0.1 mol/liter, pH 6.5), at a flow rate of 1,5 ml/min. Analytical recoveries of the drugs from serum increase with increasing concentration, from 62% at 25 microgram/liter to 93% at 300 microgram/liter. Linear response is observed for drug concentrations up to 1500 microgram/liter and the detection limit is 2-3 microgram/liter. Within-run precision ranges from 1.4 to 2.9% and day-to-day precision from 1.7 to 7%, depending on the specific drug. The entire procedure can be completed within 45 min and is well adapted to the routine clinical laboratory. Of 48 common basic and several neutral drugs tested for possible interferences, only three benzodiazepines, three phenothiazines, and three antihistamines interfere with the assay of doxepin, desipramine, and nortriptyline, respectively.", "PMID": 709827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4096", "title": "A one-tube micromethod for radioimmunoassay of plasma cortisol.", "content": "A micro-scale method is presented for measurement of cortisol. Serum or plasma, 2 microliter, is diluted with buffer and the solution heated at 60 degrees C in the presence of high-affinity antibody and [3H] cortisol. Corticosteroid-binding globulin in the serum is denatured, releasing cortisol and making it available to the antibody, which is stable during the incubation. After cooling, ammonium sulfate solution is added, followed by a toluene-based scintillant that does not dissolve in the aqueous phase. The vial is shaken to extract the free cortisol into the scintillant. Antibody bound cortisol remains in the aqueous phase and does not produce any scintillation. The amount of [3H] cortisol that is free at the end of the incubation, and which therefore gives rise to the measured counts, is related to the concentration of cortisol in the original serum, and may be calculated from a standard curve. The assay is sensitive and precise. Ranges are presented for normal and pathologic subjects.", "contents": "A one-tube micromethod for radioimmunoassay of plasma cortisol. A micro-scale method is presented for measurement of cortisol. Serum or plasma, 2 microliter, is diluted with buffer and the solution heated at 60 degrees C in the presence of high-affinity antibody and [3H] cortisol. Corticosteroid-binding globulin in the serum is denatured, releasing cortisol and making it available to the antibody, which is stable during the incubation. After cooling, ammonium sulfate solution is added, followed by a toluene-based scintillant that does not dissolve in the aqueous phase. The vial is shaken to extract the free cortisol into the scintillant. Antibody bound cortisol remains in the aqueous phase and does not produce any scintillation. The amount of [3H] cortisol that is free at the end of the incubation, and which therefore gives rise to the measured counts, is related to the concentration of cortisol in the original serum, and may be calculated from a standard curve. The assay is sensitive and precise. Ranges are presented for normal and pathologic subjects.", "PMID": 709828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4097", "title": "Modification of the choriogonadotropin beta-subunit radioimmunoassay for determination of urinary choriogonadotropin.", "content": "The choriogonadotropin beta-subunit radioimminoassay has been used extensively to measure human choriogonadotropin in the sera of pregnant women and individuals with trophoblastic and nontrophoblastic tumors. Unmodified, this method cannot be used to measure choriogonadotropin in urine because of interfering substances. We circumvented the non-parallelism between the standards and serial dilutions of urine containing choriogonadotropin by adding pooled urine from men to the standard tubes and limiting the volume of urine to 100 microliter. This modified assay has a sensitivity of 3 int. units/liter of urine and is specific for choriogonadotropin concentrations of 40 int. units/liter of urine. Analytical recovery of choriogonadotropin added to urine ranged from 96 to 105%. The within-assay CV was 7.6%; the between-assay CV was 11.8%. Concentrations of choriogonadotropin in concurrently collected serum and urine samples from pregnant women correlated well. The test can be performed within 24 h by using the double-antibody method for separating bound from free hormone, or in 3 h with a dioxane method. The assay is about 20-fold more sensitive than the 2-min or 2-h slide and tube pregnancy tests, and seven-to 12-fold more sensitive than the radioreceptor assay.", "contents": "Modification of the choriogonadotropin beta-subunit radioimmunoassay for determination of urinary choriogonadotropin. The choriogonadotropin beta-subunit radioimminoassay has been used extensively to measure human choriogonadotropin in the sera of pregnant women and individuals with trophoblastic and nontrophoblastic tumors. Unmodified, this method cannot be used to measure choriogonadotropin in urine because of interfering substances. We circumvented the non-parallelism between the standards and serial dilutions of urine containing choriogonadotropin by adding pooled urine from men to the standard tubes and limiting the volume of urine to 100 microliter. This modified assay has a sensitivity of 3 int. units/liter of urine and is specific for choriogonadotropin concentrations of 40 int. units/liter of urine. Analytical recovery of choriogonadotropin added to urine ranged from 96 to 105%. The within-assay CV was 7.6%; the between-assay CV was 11.8%. Concentrations of choriogonadotropin in concurrently collected serum and urine samples from pregnant women correlated well. The test can be performed within 24 h by using the double-antibody method for separating bound from free hormone, or in 3 h with a dioxane method. The assay is about 20-fold more sensitive than the 2-min or 2-h slide and tube pregnancy tests, and seven-to 12-fold more sensitive than the radioreceptor assay.", "PMID": 709829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4098", "title": "Serum ionized calcium and corrected total calcium in borderline hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "We studied 25 borderline-hyperparathyroidism patients whose total serum calcium concentration was within normal limits (reference range: 2.25--2.75 mmol/liter) but whose concentrations of serum ionized calcium were above normal (reference range: 1.03--1.23 mmol/liter). Their hyperparathyroidism was histopathologically verified. To compare the discriminating value of corrected serum calcium with ionized calcium, we studied the serum calcium and albumin concentrations in a reference group of 2098 patients. After patients from endocrine and dialysis departments were excluded from the reference group, we obtained the range (mean +/- 2 SD) 2.05--2.71 mmol/liter for uncorrected serum calcium and 2.11--2.63 mmol/liter for corrected serum calcium. The correction factor for calcium on albumin was 20 mumol/g. Even with this limit for corrected serum calcium, 13 of 25 borderline hyperparathyroidism patients had values that fell within the reference range. We conclude that correcting total serum calcium values for serum albumin concentration improves discrimination of borderline hyperparathyroid patients, but that measurement of ionized calcium in serum discriminates better.", "contents": "Serum ionized calcium and corrected total calcium in borderline hyperparathyroidism. We studied 25 borderline-hyperparathyroidism patients whose total serum calcium concentration was within normal limits (reference range: 2.25--2.75 mmol/liter) but whose concentrations of serum ionized calcium were above normal (reference range: 1.03--1.23 mmol/liter). Their hyperparathyroidism was histopathologically verified. To compare the discriminating value of corrected serum calcium with ionized calcium, we studied the serum calcium and albumin concentrations in a reference group of 2098 patients. After patients from endocrine and dialysis departments were excluded from the reference group, we obtained the range (mean +/- 2 SD) 2.05--2.71 mmol/liter for uncorrected serum calcium and 2.11--2.63 mmol/liter for corrected serum calcium. The correction factor for calcium on albumin was 20 mumol/g. Even with this limit for corrected serum calcium, 13 of 25 borderline hyperparathyroidism patients had values that fell within the reference range. We conclude that correcting total serum calcium values for serum albumin concentration improves discrimination of borderline hyperparathyroid patients, but that measurement of ionized calcium in serum discriminates better.", "PMID": 709830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4099", "title": "Effect of in vitro hemolysis on chemical values for serum.", "content": "Hemolysis in serum specimens is commonplace. This study examines the effect of hemolysis on results of selected chemical assays. Hemolysis was simulated by adding hemolysate to serum to give hemoglobin concentrations of 90 to 2800 mg/liter and a rating by technologists of 0 to 4 + hemolyzed. The effect of hemolysis on values for some serum constituents, particularly acid phosphatase and creatine kinase, was shown to be method dependent. Not unexpectedly, hemolysis most affects results for lactate dehydrogenase.", "contents": "Effect of in vitro hemolysis on chemical values for serum. Hemolysis in serum specimens is commonplace. This study examines the effect of hemolysis on results of selected chemical assays. Hemolysis was simulated by adding hemolysate to serum to give hemoglobin concentrations of 90 to 2800 mg/liter and a rating by technologists of 0 to 4 + hemolyzed. The effect of hemolysis on values for some serum constituents, particularly acid phosphatase and creatine kinase, was shown to be method dependent. Not unexpectedly, hemolysis most affects results for lactate dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 709831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4100", "title": "Isoenzyme distribution of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase in serum and skeletal muscle in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, collagen disease, and other muscular disorders.", "content": "We determined the total activity and isoenzyme distribution of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase in serum and biopsy specimens from skeletal muscle of nine normal individuals and nine patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (I), five with collagen disease (II), and four with non-progressive unclassified myopathy (III). Mean total serum creatine kinase in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (867 U/liter, SD = 197) was 31-fold that in the control group (28 U/liter, SD = 14). There was also a small (3.3-fold) increase in the mean total serum creatine kinase of patients with III, but none in the serum from patients with II. Changes in the creatine kinase isoenzyme distribution of skeletal muscle were primarily in the MB isoenzyme. The mean percentage of creatine kinase-MB activity in muscle from patients with I (2.81, SD = 1.15) and patients with III (1.69, SD = 1.07) significantly (P less than 0.005) exceeded that of the control group (0.43, SD = 0.18). Muscle from patients with II showed little change. The most striking changes in lactate dehydrogenase were also observed in patients with I, in whom the mean total serum activity (356 U/liter, SD = 115) was 3.4-fold that of serum from the control group (105 U/liter, SD = 19). Skeletal muscle from these patients also showed a significant decrease in mean percent isoenzyme 5 activity (from 50 to 23) and an increase in that of isoenzymes 1 and 2 (from 1 to 9 and 8 to 20, respectively). These changes in the distribution of these two sets of isoenzymes in muscle were reflected in the serum.", "contents": "Isoenzyme distribution of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase in serum and skeletal muscle in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, collagen disease, and other muscular disorders. We determined the total activity and isoenzyme distribution of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase in serum and biopsy specimens from skeletal muscle of nine normal individuals and nine patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (I), five with collagen disease (II), and four with non-progressive unclassified myopathy (III). Mean total serum creatine kinase in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (867 U/liter, SD = 197) was 31-fold that in the control group (28 U/liter, SD = 14). There was also a small (3.3-fold) increase in the mean total serum creatine kinase of patients with III, but none in the serum from patients with II. Changes in the creatine kinase isoenzyme distribution of skeletal muscle were primarily in the MB isoenzyme. The mean percentage of creatine kinase-MB activity in muscle from patients with I (2.81, SD = 1.15) and patients with III (1.69, SD = 1.07) significantly (P less than 0.005) exceeded that of the control group (0.43, SD = 0.18). Muscle from patients with II showed little change. The most striking changes in lactate dehydrogenase were also observed in patients with I, in whom the mean total serum activity (356 U/liter, SD = 115) was 3.4-fold that of serum from the control group (105 U/liter, SD = 19). Skeletal muscle from these patients also showed a significant decrease in mean percent isoenzyme 5 activity (from 50 to 23) and an increase in that of isoenzymes 1 and 2 (from 1 to 9 and 8 to 20, respectively). These changes in the distribution of these two sets of isoenzymes in muscle were reflected in the serum.", "PMID": 709832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4101", "title": "Serum galactose determination with centrifugal analyzers.", "content": "I describe a rapid quantitative centrifugal analysis for galactose in blood. The technique involves galactose dehydrogenase. As compared to the manual (o-toluidine) method for galactose determination, analysis time (4 min 45 s on the GEMSAEC, 4 min 10 s on the CentificCHEM) and sample volume  (5 microliter) were considerably reduced. Sample deproteinization is eliminated. A modified commercial kit was also tested. Results by the procedure correlate well with those by the more classical methods and analytical recovery is about 100%. The method is applied to the determination of galactose in intravenous galactose tolerance tests. Results of actual tests are reported.", "contents": "Serum galactose determination with centrifugal analyzers. I describe a rapid quantitative centrifugal analysis for galactose in blood. The technique involves galactose dehydrogenase. As compared to the manual (o-toluidine) method for galactose determination, analysis time (4 min 45 s on the GEMSAEC, 4 min 10 s on the CentificCHEM) and sample volume  (5 microliter) were considerably reduced. Sample deproteinization is eliminated. A modified commercial kit was also tested. Results by the procedure correlate well with those by the more classical methods and analytical recovery is about 100%. The method is applied to the determination of galactose in intravenous galactose tolerance tests. Results of actual tests are reported.", "PMID": 709833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4102", "title": "Trace elements in scalp-hair of persons with multiple sclerosis and of normal individuals.", "content": "Scalp-hair samples from 40 multiple sclerosis patients and 42 controls were analyzed by neutron activation analysis, with a SLOWPOKE reactor as the neutron source. Ag, Al, As, Au, Ba, Br, Ca, Cl, Cu, l, K, Mg, Mn, Na, S, Sb, Se, Sr, V, and Zn were determined in samples of about 0.1 g. Highly significant differences (99% confidence) were observed between the two groups in concentrations of Cu, l, Mn, S, Se, and V.", "contents": "Trace elements in scalp-hair of persons with multiple sclerosis and of normal individuals. Scalp-hair samples from 40 multiple sclerosis patients and 42 controls were analyzed by neutron activation analysis, with a SLOWPOKE reactor as the neutron source. Ag, Al, As, Au, Ba, Br, Ca, Cl, Cu, l, K, Mg, Mn, Na, S, Sb, Se, Sr, V, and Zn were determined in samples of about 0.1 g. Highly significant differences (99% confidence) were observed between the two groups in concentrations of Cu, l, Mn, S, Se, and V.", "PMID": 709834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4103", "title": "Determination of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylene glycol, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylmandelic acid in urine by mass fragmentography, with use of deuterium-labeled internal standards.", "content": "We report the determination of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylmandelic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylene glycol in urine, by use of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in combination with a simple purification method and deuterium-labeled internal standards. Normal excretion values in terms of creatinine, expressed as a function of age, are given, together with results obtained for patients with neuroblastoma, pheochromocytoma, or parkinsonism treated with L-DOPA + peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor, and for a patient receiving dopamine. We were unable to identify 3, 4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid in urine. The results obtained and their relation to other catecholamine metabolites and catecholamine-precursor metabolites in urine are discussed.", "contents": "Determination of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylene glycol, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylmandelic acid in urine by mass fragmentography, with use of deuterium-labeled internal standards. We report the determination of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylmandelic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylene glycol in urine, by use of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in combination with a simple purification method and deuterium-labeled internal standards. Normal excretion values in terms of creatinine, expressed as a function of age, are given, together with results obtained for patients with neuroblastoma, pheochromocytoma, or parkinsonism treated with L-DOPA + peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor, and for a patient receiving dopamine. We were unable to identify 3, 4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid in urine. The results obtained and their relation to other catecholamine metabolites and catecholamine-precursor metabolites in urine are discussed.", "PMID": 709835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4104", "title": "Copper coproporphyrin excretion in familial coproporphyria.", "content": "Analysis of stool specimens from a patient with familial coproporphyria by high-performance liquid chromatography revealed that 112 microgram per gram of dry feces (14% of the total porphyrin present) was copper coproporphyrin. Examination of stool specimens from other patients with this disease confirmed the presence of significant amounts of both copper coproporphyrin and coproporphyrin. Further investigation showed that the copper coproporphyrin was probably formed by a nonenzymic incorporation of copper by the coproporphyrin in either the bile or feces.", "contents": "Copper coproporphyrin excretion in familial coproporphyria. Analysis of stool specimens from a patient with familial coproporphyria by high-performance liquid chromatography revealed that 112 microgram per gram of dry feces (14% of the total porphyrin present) was copper coproporphyrin. Examination of stool specimens from other patients with this disease confirmed the presence of significant amounts of both copper coproporphyrin and coproporphyrin. Further investigation showed that the copper coproporphyrin was probably formed by a nonenzymic incorporation of copper by the coproporphyrin in either the bile or feces.", "PMID": 709836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4105", "title": "Relative merits of two electrophoretic and two column-chromatographic kets for determining serum creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity.", "content": "Prospective analysis (by use of commercially available kits) of 339 validated admission specimens from patients consecutively admitted to a cardiac monitoring unit revealed sensitivities of 68 and 63% for two electrophoretic assays (Bioware and Helena) and up to 73 and 77% for two chromatographic assays (Roche and Worthington). Specificities were 94.8, 96,6, 90.2, and 89.7% and efficiencies were 90.2, 90.7, 87.0, and 87.0, respectively. Although these results differ from early reports, they agree well with several recent studies. However, 86 (25%) of the specimens gave at least one discrepant result based on clinical evaluation of the patients, and 68 (20%) gave at least one discrepant result between methods.", "contents": "Relative merits of two electrophoretic and two column-chromatographic kets for determining serum creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity. Prospective analysis (by use of commercially available kits) of 339 validated admission specimens from patients consecutively admitted to a cardiac monitoring unit revealed sensitivities of 68 and 63% for two electrophoretic assays (Bioware and Helena) and up to 73 and 77% for two chromatographic assays (Roche and Worthington). Specificities were 94.8, 96,6, 90.2, and 89.7% and efficiencies were 90.2, 90.7, 87.0, and 87.0, respectively. Although these results differ from early reports, they agree well with several recent studies. However, 86 (25%) of the specimens gave at least one discrepant result based on clinical evaluation of the patients, and 68 (20%) gave at least one discrepant result between methods.", "PMID": 709837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4106", "title": "Continuous-flow enzymic method evaluated for measurement of serum triglycerides with use of an improved lipase reagent.", "content": "We compared a modified enzymic continuous-flow method for serum triglycerides, in which a microbial lipase is used without protease, to an extraction-fluorometric method. Results (for total--blank) correlated well with those by the comparison procedure: enzymic = 1.002 fluorometric--14 mg/liter; r = 0.9968. Serum blanks were measured for each sample in both methods, and the concentration of free glycerol measured by the enzymic method was shown to be as much as 15 to 71% of the total triglyceride result in 7% of the samples analyzed. The dual-channel continuous-flow system provides automatic free-glycerol blank subtraction for the enzymic method.", "contents": "Continuous-flow enzymic method evaluated for measurement of serum triglycerides with use of an improved lipase reagent. We compared a modified enzymic continuous-flow method for serum triglycerides, in which a microbial lipase is used without protease, to an extraction-fluorometric method. Results (for total--blank) correlated well with those by the comparison procedure: enzymic = 1.002 fluorometric--14 mg/liter; r = 0.9968. Serum blanks were measured for each sample in both methods, and the concentration of free glycerol measured by the enzymic method was shown to be as much as 15 to 71% of the total triglyceride result in 7% of the samples analyzed. The dual-channel continuous-flow system provides automatic free-glycerol blank subtraction for the enzymic method.", "PMID": 709838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4107", "title": "Measurement of plasma nortriptyline concentrations: radioimmunoassay and gas-chromatography compared.", "content": "We compared measurement of plasma nortriptyline by a recently developed radioimmunoassay technique with values obtained by traditional gas chromatography. The coefficient of correlation (r) was 0.98 for 84 samples from 21 controlled patients; for a separate series of 45 samples from 34 patients who were receiving in addition other medication, r was 0.96. Use of radioimmunoassay in the routine determination of plasma nortriptyline concentration is discussed.", "contents": "Measurement of plasma nortriptyline concentrations: radioimmunoassay and gas-chromatography compared. We compared measurement of plasma nortriptyline by a recently developed radioimmunoassay technique with values obtained by traditional gas chromatography. The coefficient of correlation (r) was 0.98 for 84 samples from 21 controlled patients; for a separate series of 45 samples from 34 patients who were receiving in addition other medication, r was 0.96. Use of radioimmunoassay in the routine determination of plasma nortriptyline concentration is discussed.", "PMID": 709839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4108", "title": "Manual and centrifugal analyzer determination of cholesterol and triglycerides with single-vial enzymatic reagents.", "content": "We have assessed Calbiochem single-vial enzymatic reagent systems for the analysis for cholesterol and triglycerides, using manual and centrifugal analyzer techniques. Analysis for cholesterol by both techniques had acceptable performance by the short-term criteria of the Center for Disease Control (CDC) during this study carried out under optimal conditions of variance. Analysis for triglycerides by the manual technique did not meet CDC criteria, and we do not recommend use of this method. Analysis for triglycerides by the centrifugal analyzer technique had acceptable short-term precision but had unacceptable accuracy at high concentrations of triglycerides; this method may be considered to have acceptable performance for routine laboratory use.", "contents": "Manual and centrifugal analyzer determination of cholesterol and triglycerides with single-vial enzymatic reagents. We have assessed Calbiochem single-vial enzymatic reagent systems for the analysis for cholesterol and triglycerides, using manual and centrifugal analyzer techniques. Analysis for cholesterol by both techniques had acceptable performance by the short-term criteria of the Center for Disease Control (CDC) during this study carried out under optimal conditions of variance. Analysis for triglycerides by the manual technique did not meet CDC criteria, and we do not recommend use of this method. Analysis for triglycerides by the centrifugal analyzer technique had acceptable short-term precision but had unacceptable accuracy at high concentrations of triglycerides; this method may be considered to have acceptable performance for routine laboratory use.", "PMID": 709840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4109", "title": "Mechanized micro-scale determination of protein in platelet pellet sonicates.", "content": "With the method described here, samples can be assayed at the rate of 40/h, with increased reproducibility. As described, the method covers an analytical range of 1 to 7 g/liter, but it can be readily adapted to measure different ranges of concentration in other protein preparations.", "contents": "Mechanized micro-scale determination of protein in platelet pellet sonicates. With the method described here, samples can be assayed at the rate of 40/h, with increased reproducibility. As described, the method covers an analytical range of 1 to 7 g/liter, but it can be readily adapted to measure different ranges of concentration in other protein preparations.", "PMID": 709841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4110", "title": "Immobilized-enzyme membrane sandwich reactor used in automated micro-scale assay of plasma uric acid.", "content": "We describe the automated microassay of plasma uric acid by use of an immobilized uricase-membrane sandwich reactor. Hydrogen peroxide, formed when uric acid is oxidized, oxidatively couples two molecules of p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid in the presence of peroxidase to produce a highly fluorescent compound. The specificity of the uricase reaction is coupled with a significantly lower cost of analysis.", "contents": "Immobilized-enzyme membrane sandwich reactor used in automated micro-scale assay of plasma uric acid. We describe the automated microassay of plasma uric acid by use of an immobilized uricase-membrane sandwich reactor. Hydrogen peroxide, formed when uric acid is oxidized, oxidatively couples two molecules of p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid in the presence of peroxidase to produce a highly fluorescent compound. The specificity of the uricase reaction is coupled with a significantly lower cost of analysis.", "PMID": 709842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4111", "title": "Continuous-flow analysis for serum albumin, by use of the immediate reaction with bromcresol green.", "content": "Albumin reacts with bromcresol green reagent almost immediately, other serum proteins more slowly. This phenomenon can be exploited to improve the specificity of this routine method for determining serum albumin. I describe a 30-s reaction as adapted to continuous-flow analyzers, with no interference from other serum proteins. The method shows linearity to 72 g/liter. Results of this method correlate very well with those by the Laurell \"rocket\" and manual (30-s) bromcresol green methods. This procedure gives a considerable improvement in specificity for continuous-flow analyzers as compared with current bromcresol green methods.", "contents": "Continuous-flow analysis for serum albumin, by use of the immediate reaction with bromcresol green. Albumin reacts with bromcresol green reagent almost immediately, other serum proteins more slowly. This phenomenon can be exploited to improve the specificity of this routine method for determining serum albumin. I describe a 30-s reaction as adapted to continuous-flow analyzers, with no interference from other serum proteins. The method shows linearity to 72 g/liter. Results of this method correlate very well with those by the Laurell \"rocket\" and manual (30-s) bromcresol green methods. This procedure gives a considerable improvement in specificity for continuous-flow analyzers as compared with current bromcresol green methods.", "PMID": 709843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4112", "title": "Should blood samples for assay of plasma renin activity be chilled?", "content": "Collecting blood on ice for renin determination reportedly may produce falsely high results. To assess the probability of this occurring under actual collection conditions, we measured renin activity in duplicate aliquots of plasma from blood samples from 25 hypertensive patients, both supine and upright, and in 10 supine normotensive controls. One aliquot of the blood was collected on ice and processed at 4 degrees C, the other at room temperature. The two aliquots showed no significant differences in renin activity. If anything, values for samples collected at room temperature were higher. Repeat determination on the same specimens stored at--20 degrees C for nine and 12 months revealed no significant changes in results for any samples, although the amount of angiotensin I found in the sample before incubation at 37 degrees C significantly increased. We conclude that it makes little difference at what temperature one collects blood for renin determination, but because of the wide fluctuations in \"room\" temperature we recommend that blood samples be collected on ice.", "contents": "Should blood samples for assay of plasma renin activity be chilled? Collecting blood on ice for renin determination reportedly may produce falsely high results. To assess the probability of this occurring under actual collection conditions, we measured renin activity in duplicate aliquots of plasma from blood samples from 25 hypertensive patients, both supine and upright, and in 10 supine normotensive controls. One aliquot of the blood was collected on ice and processed at 4 degrees C, the other at room temperature. The two aliquots showed no significant differences in renin activity. If anything, values for samples collected at room temperature were higher. Repeat determination on the same specimens stored at--20 degrees C for nine and 12 months revealed no significant changes in results for any samples, although the amount of angiotensin I found in the sample before incubation at 37 degrees C significantly increased. We conclude that it makes little difference at what temperature one collects blood for renin determination, but because of the wide fluctuations in \"room\" temperature we recommend that blood samples be collected on ice.", "PMID": 709844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4113", "title": "Enzymatic determination of plasma ammonia: evaluation of Sigma and BMC Kits.", "content": "We compared two kit methods for the enzymatic determination of plasma ammonia. The procedures involved measuring the decrease in absorbance at 340 nm resulting from the consumption of NADH in the Sigma kit, NADPH in the BMC kit. Both kits gave acceptable results for aqueous samples, but for plasma specimens values with the Sigma kit significantly exceeded those obtained with the BMC kit. In our hands, values with the BMC kit were more accurate and precise. On the basis of these results, we conclude that the BMC kit is the better choice.", "contents": "Enzymatic determination of plasma ammonia: evaluation of Sigma and BMC Kits. We compared two kit methods for the enzymatic determination of plasma ammonia. The procedures involved measuring the decrease in absorbance at 340 nm resulting from the consumption of NADH in the Sigma kit, NADPH in the BMC kit. Both kits gave acceptable results for aqueous samples, but for plasma specimens values with the Sigma kit significantly exceeded those obtained with the BMC kit. In our hands, values with the BMC kit were more accurate and precise. On the basis of these results, we conclude that the BMC kit is the better choice.", "PMID": 709845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4114", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of serum myoglobin: evaluation and modification of a commercial kit and assessment of its usefulness for detecting acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "We evaluated a modified procedure for a commercially available myoglobin radioimmunoassay kit (Nuclear Medical Systems). Within-run and run-to-run precision was acceptable. Normal ranges were established and paralelism studies performed. Clinical usefulness was assessed in 100 consecutive patients admitted to our coronary-care facility. The determinations were done daily, along with creatine kinase and its isoenzymes, and lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes. Fifty of the 100 patients ultimately were shown to have had acute myocardial infarction. Myoglobinemia was present in most of the patients with acute myocardial infarction, but information on its presence was less usefull clinically than was detection of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of serum myoglobin: evaluation and modification of a commercial kit and assessment of its usefulness for detecting acute myocardial infarction. We evaluated a modified procedure for a commercially available myoglobin radioimmunoassay kit (Nuclear Medical Systems). Within-run and run-to-run precision was acceptable. Normal ranges were established and paralelism studies performed. Clinical usefulness was assessed in 100 consecutive patients admitted to our coronary-care facility. The determinations were done daily, along with creatine kinase and its isoenzymes, and lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes. Fifty of the 100 patients ultimately were shown to have had acute myocardial infarction. Myoglobinemia was present in most of the patients with acute myocardial infarction, but information on its presence was less usefull clinically than was detection of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB.", "PMID": 709846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4115", "title": "Creatine kinase isoenzyme of high relative molecular mass in serum of a cancer patient.", "content": "We describe an atypical serum creatine kinase isoenzyme in the serum of a woman with cancer of the left breast. This isoenzyme migrated toward the cathode, closely following the MM isoenzyme on agarose gel electrophoresis. Its relative molecular mass was estimated to be about 325,000, fourfold that of normal creatine kinase. It is more heat-stable and is inhibited more by urea than the normal MM isoenzyme. Isoenzyme monomer B activity was observed to be 20 U/liter in the serum, as measured with use of an antibody against the M monomer. On anion-exchange column analysis, creatine kinase activity was observed only in the MM fraction, in spite of the fact that B activity was observed in the patient's serum. Results of the immunological investigation make it unlikely that the atypical isoenzyme is linked to immunoglobulin or beta-lipoprotein. It may have been present as the result of modification of normal creatine kinase by the therapeutic radiation the patient was receiving.", "contents": "Creatine kinase isoenzyme of high relative molecular mass in serum of a cancer patient. We describe an atypical serum creatine kinase isoenzyme in the serum of a woman with cancer of the left breast. This isoenzyme migrated toward the cathode, closely following the MM isoenzyme on agarose gel electrophoresis. Its relative molecular mass was estimated to be about 325,000, fourfold that of normal creatine kinase. It is more heat-stable and is inhibited more by urea than the normal MM isoenzyme. Isoenzyme monomer B activity was observed to be 20 U/liter in the serum, as measured with use of an antibody against the M monomer. On anion-exchange column analysis, creatine kinase activity was observed only in the MM fraction, in spite of the fact that B activity was observed in the patient's serum. Results of the immunological investigation make it unlikely that the atypical isoenzyme is linked to immunoglobulin or beta-lipoprotein. It may have been present as the result of modification of normal creatine kinase by the therapeutic radiation the patient was receiving.", "PMID": 709848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4116", "title": "On the chemistry of 'black' pigment stones from the gallbladder.", "content": "Radiolucent (33 cases) and radiopaque (17 cases) black pigment gallstones from patients who underwent cholecystectomy were studied using several spectroscopic and chromatographic methods. Radiolucent pigment stones (mean Ca percentage 2.1%) are composed chiefly of degenerated tetrapyrrolic bile pigments (mean 85.3%) deriving from bilirubin and bilirubinates. Degeneration includes both polymerization and bacterial reduction and leads to products of different grade of polymerization. Final extraction residues (mean 55.5%), called the 'black pigments' are considered to be degenerated bile pigments of high molecular weight. The mean percentage of bilirubin (free and inorganic bound bilirubin) was 8.5%, while the percentage of lipids was very low (mean of total lipids approximately 2.7%). Radiopaque black pigment stones (Ca: 12.4%) were composed of 'black pigments', too, but contained large amounts of calcium phosphate (carbonate apatite) and/or calcium carbonate. 65% of the radiopaque stones were calcified by calcium phosphate. 'Black pigments' were degraded by chromate to maleimides and 2,5-pyrroledialdehyde. These degradation products can be prepared in the same way from normal bile pigments with a tetrapyrrole structure. Polymerized dipyrrolic bile pigments like polymer propentdyopent or 'mesobilifuscin' did not give 2,5-pyrroledialdehydes during chromate oxidation. Thus we conclude that the formation of 'black pigments' starts from the polymerization of tetrapyrrolic, but not from dipyrrolic units. Accumulation of unconjugated bilirubin and bilirubinates within the gallbladder will precede the development of 'black pigments' which play an important role in pigment gallstone formation.", "contents": "On the chemistry of 'black' pigment stones from the gallbladder. Radiolucent (33 cases) and radiopaque (17 cases) black pigment gallstones from patients who underwent cholecystectomy were studied using several spectroscopic and chromatographic methods. Radiolucent pigment stones (mean Ca percentage 2.1%) are composed chiefly of degenerated tetrapyrrolic bile pigments (mean 85.3%) deriving from bilirubin and bilirubinates. Degeneration includes both polymerization and bacterial reduction and leads to products of different grade of polymerization. Final extraction residues (mean 55.5%), called the 'black pigments' are considered to be degenerated bile pigments of high molecular weight. The mean percentage of bilirubin (free and inorganic bound bilirubin) was 8.5%, while the percentage of lipids was very low (mean of total lipids approximately 2.7%). Radiopaque black pigment stones (Ca: 12.4%) were composed of 'black pigments', too, but contained large amounts of calcium phosphate (carbonate apatite) and/or calcium carbonate. 65% of the radiopaque stones were calcified by calcium phosphate. 'Black pigments' were degraded by chromate to maleimides and 2,5-pyrroledialdehyde. These degradation products can be prepared in the same way from normal bile pigments with a tetrapyrrole structure. Polymerized dipyrrolic bile pigments like polymer propentdyopent or 'mesobilifuscin' did not give 2,5-pyrroledialdehydes during chromate oxidation. Thus we conclude that the formation of 'black pigments' starts from the polymerization of tetrapyrrolic, but not from dipyrrolic units. Accumulation of unconjugated bilirubin and bilirubinates within the gallbladder will precede the development of 'black pigments' which play an important role in pigment gallstone formation.", "PMID": 709861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4117", "title": "Radioenzymatic estimation of noradrenalin in small plasma samples without prior extraction.", "content": "We have developed a radioenzymatic method for the estimation of noradrenalin in small plasma samples by utilizing partly purified phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase. Noradrenalin can be estimated in deproteinised plasma without prior extraction. The sensitivity of the assay is better than 2.5 pg. Inclusion of an internal standard with each sample is necessary as the enzyme reaction is slightly influenced by some components of the plasma. Prior extraction with alumina severely decreases the sensitivity of the assay.", "contents": "Radioenzymatic estimation of noradrenalin in small plasma samples without prior extraction. We have developed a radioenzymatic method for the estimation of noradrenalin in small plasma samples by utilizing partly purified phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase. Noradrenalin can be estimated in deproteinised plasma without prior extraction. The sensitivity of the assay is better than 2.5 pg. Inclusion of an internal standard with each sample is necessary as the enzyme reaction is slightly influenced by some components of the plasma. Prior extraction with alumina severely decreases the sensitivity of the assay.", "PMID": 709862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4118", "title": "Glycolic acid in urine. A colorimetric method with values in normal adult controls and in patients with primary hyperoxaluria.", "content": "An improved Chromotropic acid-sulfuric acid assay for urinary glycolic acid is described. The sample (0.5 ml or less) is precleaned by filtering through strongly acidic and strongly basic ion-exchangers and compared with a standard made up in normal urine. From the many compounds tested, only glyceric acid in pathologically high concentrations interfers partially; this interference can be recognized at 776 nm and eliminated by a second determination. Per man-day, 8--12 samples can be analyzed. Recovery of 0.8 mmol/l glycolic acid added to the urines of 12 persons was 100.6 +/- 4.7% (1 S.D., n=12) without, and 101.9 +/- 5.3% (1 S.D., n=12) with correction for isotope dilution of [1-14C]glycolic acid, respectively, using 0.5-ml sample volumes. The variation coefficients of a single determination were 1.5 and 2.1% without and with correction for isotope dilution, respectively (n=7). The method was checked by mass fragmentography. The following normal values were found in adults (n=15; x +/- 1 S.D. (range)): 47.3 +/- 10.1 (24.4--63.7) mmol/mol creatinine and 0.60 +/- 0.15 (0.29--0.91) mmol/day or 45.8 +/- 11.3 (22.2--69.0) mg/day. Two patients (F.G. and A.S.) with primary hyperoxaluria type I excreted glycolic acid between 112 and 379 mmol/mol creatinine and 1.21--5.64 mmol/day or 92--429 mg/day. Under vitamin B-6 treatment, urinary excretion decreased in one patient (F.G.) to 71--131 mmol/mol creatinine and 0.92--2.0 mmol/day or 70--152 mg/day.", "contents": "Glycolic acid in urine. A colorimetric method with values in normal adult controls and in patients with primary hyperoxaluria. An improved Chromotropic acid-sulfuric acid assay for urinary glycolic acid is described. The sample (0.5 ml or less) is precleaned by filtering through strongly acidic and strongly basic ion-exchangers and compared with a standard made up in normal urine. From the many compounds tested, only glyceric acid in pathologically high concentrations interfers partially; this interference can be recognized at 776 nm and eliminated by a second determination. Per man-day, 8--12 samples can be analyzed. Recovery of 0.8 mmol/l glycolic acid added to the urines of 12 persons was 100.6 +/- 4.7% (1 S.D., n=12) without, and 101.9 +/- 5.3% (1 S.D., n=12) with correction for isotope dilution of [1-14C]glycolic acid, respectively, using 0.5-ml sample volumes. The variation coefficients of a single determination were 1.5 and 2.1% without and with correction for isotope dilution, respectively (n=7). The method was checked by mass fragmentography. The following normal values were found in adults (n=15; x +/- 1 S.D. (range)): 47.3 +/- 10.1 (24.4--63.7) mmol/mol creatinine and 0.60 +/- 0.15 (0.29--0.91) mmol/day or 45.8 +/- 11.3 (22.2--69.0) mg/day. Two patients (F.G. and A.S.) with primary hyperoxaluria type I excreted glycolic acid between 112 and 379 mmol/mol creatinine and 1.21--5.64 mmol/day or 92--429 mg/day. Under vitamin B-6 treatment, urinary excretion decreased in one patient (F.G.) to 71--131 mmol/mol creatinine and 0.92--2.0 mmol/day or 70--152 mg/day.", "PMID": 709863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4119", "title": "Continuous monitoring in vivo of blood glucose, lactate, alanine and 3-hydroxybutyrate.", "content": "Methods are described for simultaneous continuous in vivo monitoring of blood glucose, lactate, alanine and 3-hydroxybutyrate. The methods use dialysis, immobilized enzymes and measure generated reduced pyridine nucleotides fluorimetrically. The methods are accurate, sensitive, stable, and are suitable for use in emergency situations or in clinical investigation.", "contents": "Continuous monitoring in vivo of blood glucose, lactate, alanine and 3-hydroxybutyrate. Methods are described for simultaneous continuous in vivo monitoring of blood glucose, lactate, alanine and 3-hydroxybutyrate. The methods use dialysis, immobilized enzymes and measure generated reduced pyridine nucleotides fluorimetrically. The methods are accurate, sensitive, stable, and are suitable for use in emergency situations or in clinical investigation.", "PMID": 709864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4120", "title": "Pancreatitis-like isoamylase pattern in normal persons.", "content": "On the assumption that a rise in the pancreatic type isoamylases may not necessarily indicate underlying pancreatitis, genetic studies of human serum and urinary amylase isoenzymes have been performed with the use of electrophoresis. Although the preponderant increase in the two principal pancreatic isoamylases Amylase-1 and 2 has been accepted to be a specific index of pancreatic involvement, 1.68% of normal persons had Amylase-2 with an elevated amylase activity (named \"Dominant Amylase-2\") up to the same levels as the major isoenzymes. Results of pancreozymin-secretin test and other laboratory findings of these persons with Dominant Amylase-2 were all within normal ranges. Pedigree studies confirmed an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance for this variant. The important of serial determination and pedigree investigations has been shown to distinguish normal persons having Dominant Amylase-2 from patients with pancreatitis without elevated amylase activity. The existence of an inherited trait of pancreatitis-like isoamylase pattern in healthy individuals must be born in mind before coming to a conclusion when amylase isoenzymes are used for clinical medicine, though preponderance of the pancreatic type isoenzymes in serum and urine has been revealed to be a characteristic finding in pancreatitis. Knowledge of amylase genetic polymorphism provides a scientific basis for amylase isoenzyme interpretation.", "contents": "Pancreatitis-like isoamylase pattern in normal persons. On the assumption that a rise in the pancreatic type isoamylases may not necessarily indicate underlying pancreatitis, genetic studies of human serum and urinary amylase isoenzymes have been performed with the use of electrophoresis. Although the preponderant increase in the two principal pancreatic isoamylases Amylase-1 and 2 has been accepted to be a specific index of pancreatic involvement, 1.68% of normal persons had Amylase-2 with an elevated amylase activity (named \"Dominant Amylase-2\") up to the same levels as the major isoenzymes. Results of pancreozymin-secretin test and other laboratory findings of these persons with Dominant Amylase-2 were all within normal ranges. Pedigree studies confirmed an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance for this variant. The important of serial determination and pedigree investigations has been shown to distinguish normal persons having Dominant Amylase-2 from patients with pancreatitis without elevated amylase activity. The existence of an inherited trait of pancreatitis-like isoamylase pattern in healthy individuals must be born in mind before coming to a conclusion when amylase isoenzymes are used for clinical medicine, though preponderance of the pancreatic type isoenzymes in serum and urine has been revealed to be a characteristic finding in pancreatitis. Knowledge of amylase genetic polymorphism provides a scientific basis for amylase isoenzyme interpretation.", "PMID": 709865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4121", "title": "Quantitation of red cell porphyrins by fluorescence scanning after thin-layer chromatography.", "content": "This paper reports a new method for the quantitative determination of erythrocyte and plasma porphyrins by fluoroscanning of the methyl esters separated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). After esterification overnight in the dark the polycarboxylated porphyrin methyl esters were extracted into chloroform and aliquots applied to the TLC plates within the range of quantities shown in a preliminary study to be directly proportional to fluorescence intensity. The accuracy and reliability of the technique was tested by comparison of RBC protoporphyrin values obtained by TLC with an established quantitative porphyrin solvent extraction method and with a rapid method presently in common use. Good correlation was demonstrated between the solvent extraction and the TLC techniques. The high sensitivity and adaptability of the TLC technique and its ability to clearly separate all the porphyrins present in the samples are discussed, along with the fluorescence mechanisms involved and the effects of instrumentation.", "contents": "Quantitation of red cell porphyrins by fluorescence scanning after thin-layer chromatography. This paper reports a new method for the quantitative determination of erythrocyte and plasma porphyrins by fluoroscanning of the methyl esters separated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). After esterification overnight in the dark the polycarboxylated porphyrin methyl esters were extracted into chloroform and aliquots applied to the TLC plates within the range of quantities shown in a preliminary study to be directly proportional to fluorescence intensity. The accuracy and reliability of the technique was tested by comparison of RBC protoporphyrin values obtained by TLC with an established quantitative porphyrin solvent extraction method and with a rapid method presently in common use. Good correlation was demonstrated between the solvent extraction and the TLC techniques. The high sensitivity and adaptability of the TLC technique and its ability to clearly separate all the porphyrins present in the samples are discussed, along with the fluorescence mechanisms involved and the effects of instrumentation.", "PMID": 709868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4122", "title": "Interpretation of urinary oestrogen:creatinine ratio for monitoring fetoplacental function in late pregnancy.", "content": "In pregnancies with a normal outcome the oestrogen:creatinine ratio in early morning samples of urine showed a smaller day-to-day variation than the ratio in 24-h urine or the 24-h total oestrogen excretion, and a significant fall could be detected more easily. Patients admitted to hospital who eventually delivered a healthy baby provided a reference range which, after logarithmic transformation, increased linearly with period of gestation. A fall in log10 oestrogen:creatinine ratio exceeding 40% of this range is unusual in pregnancies with a healthy outcome, and suggest impaired fetoplacental function.", "contents": "Interpretation of urinary oestrogen:creatinine ratio for monitoring fetoplacental function in late pregnancy. In pregnancies with a normal outcome the oestrogen:creatinine ratio in early morning samples of urine showed a smaller day-to-day variation than the ratio in 24-h urine or the 24-h total oestrogen excretion, and a significant fall could be detected more easily. Patients admitted to hospital who eventually delivered a healthy baby provided a reference range which, after logarithmic transformation, increased linearly with period of gestation. A fall in log10 oestrogen:creatinine ratio exceeding 40% of this range is unusual in pregnancies with a healthy outcome, and suggest impaired fetoplacental function.", "PMID": 709869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4123", "title": "Separation fluoroimmunoassay methods for phenytoin in serum.", "content": "A separation fluoroimmunoassay system for phenytoin was established based on the use of a specific rabbit antiserum, a fluorescein-labelled ligand, and precipitation of the antibody-bound fraction of the labelled ligand with sodium sulphate. Simple measures were taken to obviate non-specific binding and matrix effects. Either the free fraction (in the supernatant) or thebound fraction of the labelled ligand was quantitated fluorimetrically. Assays of patient serum samples by either method correlated well with established gas-liquid chromatographic and radioimmunoassay techniques. Advantages of a separation based procedure as compared with previously described non-separation hapten fluoroimmunoassay techniques are that only simple instrumentation and assay reagents are required, and that the separation step may enable the removal of any interfering intrinsic fluorescence of serum samples.", "contents": "Separation fluoroimmunoassay methods for phenytoin in serum. A separation fluoroimmunoassay system for phenytoin was established based on the use of a specific rabbit antiserum, a fluorescein-labelled ligand, and precipitation of the antibody-bound fraction of the labelled ligand with sodium sulphate. Simple measures were taken to obviate non-specific binding and matrix effects. Either the free fraction (in the supernatant) or thebound fraction of the labelled ligand was quantitated fluorimetrically. Assays of patient serum samples by either method correlated well with established gas-liquid chromatographic and radioimmunoassay techniques. Advantages of a separation based procedure as compared with previously described non-separation hapten fluoroimmunoassay techniques are that only simple instrumentation and assay reagents are required, and that the separation step may enable the removal of any interfering intrinsic fluorescence of serum samples.", "PMID": 709870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4124", "title": "The fatty acid composition of various lipid fractions isolated from erythrocytes and blood plasma of patients with Duchenne and congenital myotonic muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Ten lipid fractions, both neutral and phospholipids, were isolateed from erythrocytes of patients with Duchenne and congenital myotonic dystrophy. These fractions were: phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, sphingomyelin, lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidic acid, glycosphingolipids, triglycerides, diglycerides and one unknown. The fatty acid compositions were compared with control values. The major deviation was a decreased level of palmitoleic acid (16 : 1omega7) in three neutral lipid fractions. It was lowered from 9.1 to 1.3% in diglycerides and from 10.6 to 2.6% in triglycerides in myotonic dystrophy. In Duchenne muscular dystrophy this percentage was decreased from 9.1 to 4.0 in diglycerides. From blood plasma were isolated phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and phosphatidylethanolamine. The myristic acid (14 : 0) content was raised in lysophosphatidylcholine (from 4.4 to 8.6%) and in sphingomyelin (from 3.3 to 5.0%) in myotonic dystrophy, In the latter phospholipid the stearic acid level was decreased from 18.6 to 12.8%. In phosphatidylcholine from plasma in myotonic dystrophy the level of eicosatrienoic acid (20 : 3omega6) was lowered from 3.1 to 2.0%. Plasma fractions from Duchenne dystrophy showed no deviation. The results do not constitute an explanation for the various biochemical abnormalities found in dystrophic erythrocytes. Neither do they point to a defect in a major pathway in lipid metabolism. However, an aberration in the de novo synthesis of lipids in immature red blood cells cannot be excluded.", "contents": "The fatty acid composition of various lipid fractions isolated from erythrocytes and blood plasma of patients with Duchenne and congenital myotonic muscular dystrophy. Ten lipid fractions, both neutral and phospholipids, were isolateed from erythrocytes of patients with Duchenne and congenital myotonic dystrophy. These fractions were: phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, sphingomyelin, lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidic acid, glycosphingolipids, triglycerides, diglycerides and one unknown. The fatty acid compositions were compared with control values. The major deviation was a decreased level of palmitoleic acid (16 : 1omega7) in three neutral lipid fractions. It was lowered from 9.1 to 1.3% in diglycerides and from 10.6 to 2.6% in triglycerides in myotonic dystrophy. In Duchenne muscular dystrophy this percentage was decreased from 9.1 to 4.0 in diglycerides. From blood plasma were isolated phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and phosphatidylethanolamine. The myristic acid (14 : 0) content was raised in lysophosphatidylcholine (from 4.4 to 8.6%) and in sphingomyelin (from 3.3 to 5.0%) in myotonic dystrophy, In the latter phospholipid the stearic acid level was decreased from 18.6 to 12.8%. In phosphatidylcholine from plasma in myotonic dystrophy the level of eicosatrienoic acid (20 : 3omega6) was lowered from 3.1 to 2.0%. Plasma fractions from Duchenne dystrophy showed no deviation. The results do not constitute an explanation for the various biochemical abnormalities found in dystrophic erythrocytes. Neither do they point to a defect in a major pathway in lipid metabolism. However, an aberration in the de novo synthesis of lipids in immature red blood cells cannot be excluded.", "PMID": 709871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4125", "title": "Experimental optimization of the detection limit of two-step solid-phase radioimmunoassay.", "content": "For two-step inhibition radioimmunoassay (sequential saturation or delayed addition of labeled antigen) generally a higher sensitivity than for one-step inhibition radioimmunoassay (equilibrium assay) is expected. The detection limit of a two-step solid phase inhibition radioimmunoassay for human serum immunoglobulin A was minimized by statistical methods of experimental optimization. Under optimal conditions the detection limit was 2.3 ng IgA. This is about 1.8 times lower than the minimal detection limit of the one-step assay under similar conditions of the qualitative variables such as the origin of the antibody. This increase in sensitivity was associated with a decrease in the precision of the assay. The results are discussed with respect to the comparison of the one-step and the two-step assay and the usefulness of a sensitive radioimmunoassay in practice.", "contents": "Experimental optimization of the detection limit of two-step solid-phase radioimmunoassay. For two-step inhibition radioimmunoassay (sequential saturation or delayed addition of labeled antigen) generally a higher sensitivity than for one-step inhibition radioimmunoassay (equilibrium assay) is expected. The detection limit of a two-step solid phase inhibition radioimmunoassay for human serum immunoglobulin A was minimized by statistical methods of experimental optimization. Under optimal conditions the detection limit was 2.3 ng IgA. This is about 1.8 times lower than the minimal detection limit of the one-step assay under similar conditions of the qualitative variables such as the origin of the antibody. This increase in sensitivity was associated with a decrease in the precision of the assay. The results are discussed with respect to the comparison of the one-step and the two-step assay and the usefulness of a sensitive radioimmunoassay in practice.", "PMID": 709872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4126", "title": "A simple screening method for plasma lipids by thin-layer chromatography with flame ionization detection.", "content": "Thin-layer chromatography was carried out on glass rods coated with Silica gel (chromarod) and the fractions were detected with a flame ionization detector (FID). This system was applied to the fractionation and screening of plasma lipids. As the relative response of the flame ionization detector depends on the nature of the lipids, correction factors had to be introduced. These correction factors were derived from comparison of the results of the thin-layer chromatography with flame ionization detection with those obtained by conventional chemical analysis of the same sample. The coefficients of variation of the lipid profiles were comparable for both techniques. The absolute lipid concentration for the various fractions obtained by combination of the concentration of the total lipids with the relative lipid profile, correlate very well with the values obtained by conventional chemical analysis of the various lipids.", "contents": "A simple screening method for plasma lipids by thin-layer chromatography with flame ionization detection. Thin-layer chromatography was carried out on glass rods coated with Silica gel (chromarod) and the fractions were detected with a flame ionization detector (FID). This system was applied to the fractionation and screening of plasma lipids. As the relative response of the flame ionization detector depends on the nature of the lipids, correction factors had to be introduced. These correction factors were derived from comparison of the results of the thin-layer chromatography with flame ionization detection with those obtained by conventional chemical analysis of the same sample. The coefficients of variation of the lipid profiles were comparable for both techniques. The absolute lipid concentration for the various fractions obtained by combination of the concentration of the total lipids with the relative lipid profile, correlate very well with the values obtained by conventional chemical analysis of the various lipids.", "PMID": 709873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4127", "title": "A new approach to determining cholinesterase activities in samples of whole blood.", "content": "A sensitive method, especially suitable for clinical laboratories, for the routine determination of cholinesterase activities in whole blood is presented. This method is based on the hydrolysis of propionylthiocholine and the spectrophotometric determination of the thiocholine produced by reaction with 4,4'-dithiodipyridine. The reaction product 4-thiopyridone has an absorption maximum at 324 nm, so that measurement in the presence of hemoglobin is possible. Propionylthiocholine is used at the substrate for both plasma butyrylcholinesterase and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase. These two enzymes, in the relative amounts at which they are present in human blood, split this ester at about the same rate. Consequently, a first determination gives the total activity of which each individual activity is about 50%. A second determination in the presence of a selective inhibitor (\"Astra 1397\") for plasma butyrylcholinesterase gives the activity of the erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase. The difference between the two values represents the activity of the plasma enzyme. The validity of the method and the reliability of the results were checked with each blood sample in two ways: (1) by determining the activities of whole blood with an earlier gasometric technique which uses blood sample dried on filter paper; and (2) by measuring the activities in separated plasma and erythrocyte hemolysate eith propionylthiocholine as the substrate.", "contents": "A new approach to determining cholinesterase activities in samples of whole blood. A sensitive method, especially suitable for clinical laboratories, for the routine determination of cholinesterase activities in whole blood is presented. This method is based on the hydrolysis of propionylthiocholine and the spectrophotometric determination of the thiocholine produced by reaction with 4,4'-dithiodipyridine. The reaction product 4-thiopyridone has an absorption maximum at 324 nm, so that measurement in the presence of hemoglobin is possible. Propionylthiocholine is used at the substrate for both plasma butyrylcholinesterase and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase. These two enzymes, in the relative amounts at which they are present in human blood, split this ester at about the same rate. Consequently, a first determination gives the total activity of which each individual activity is about 50%. A second determination in the presence of a selective inhibitor (\"Astra 1397\") for plasma butyrylcholinesterase gives the activity of the erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase. The difference between the two values represents the activity of the plasma enzyme. The validity of the method and the reliability of the results were checked with each blood sample in two ways: (1) by determining the activities of whole blood with an earlier gasometric technique which uses blood sample dried on filter paper; and (2) by measuring the activities in separated plasma and erythrocyte hemolysate eith propionylthiocholine as the substrate.", "PMID": 709874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4128", "title": "Rapid quantitative surface immunofixation of proteins in polyacrylamide gels.", "content": "A new method is described which allows rapid identification of sub-microgram amounts of protein in polyacrylamide gels. The technique has been applied to samples of cerebrospinal fluid and serum and is suitable for localisation of both discrete protein bands and diffuse zones. Results from cerebrospinal fluid confirm that IgG is localised in the oligoclonal bands seen in multiple sclerosis. Given antibody excess, there is a linear relationship between the amount of protein applied to the gel and the density of the stained immune complexes on the gel surface.", "contents": "Rapid quantitative surface immunofixation of proteins in polyacrylamide gels. A new method is described which allows rapid identification of sub-microgram amounts of protein in polyacrylamide gels. The technique has been applied to samples of cerebrospinal fluid and serum and is suitable for localisation of both discrete protein bands and diffuse zones. Results from cerebrospinal fluid confirm that IgG is localised in the oligoclonal bands seen in multiple sclerosis. Given antibody excess, there is a linear relationship between the amount of protein applied to the gel and the density of the stained immune complexes on the gel surface.", "PMID": 709875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4129", "title": "Magnesium and phosphate in the serum of patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid.", "content": "Magnesium, phosphate, immunoreactive parathyroid hormone and calcium were measured in the serum of nine patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid and high serum calcitonin, and compared with the values in nine patients with normal serum calcitonin. Serum phosphate was significantly higher in the group of patients with high serum calcitonin (P less than 0.025). No correlation was observed between the serum concentrations of magnesium and calcitonin, nor of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone and calcitonin.", "contents": "Magnesium and phosphate in the serum of patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Magnesium, phosphate, immunoreactive parathyroid hormone and calcium were measured in the serum of nine patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid and high serum calcitonin, and compared with the values in nine patients with normal serum calcitonin. Serum phosphate was significantly higher in the group of patients with high serum calcitonin (P less than 0.025). No correlation was observed between the serum concentrations of magnesium and calcitonin, nor of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone and calcitonin.", "PMID": 709876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4130", "title": "Indoleamine compartmentation in human blood.", "content": "Improved methods are described for the fluorimetric determination of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and tryptophan (TRP) in plasma, platelet and RBC blood compartments. The methods for 5-HT and 5-HIAA utilize ion exchange chromatography and allow simultaneous determinations to be made on the same blood sample. The tryptophan assay is a modification of an existing extraction method. All of the 5-HT in whole blood was found to be associated with the platelet fraction (122.6 ng/ml), whereas all 5-HIAA was distributed between the plasma (78.3 ng/ml) and RBC (124.0 ng/ml) compartments. Tryptophan was found in all three compartments although the majority of this amino acid was in the plasma (4.3 microgram/ml) and RBC (1.7 microgram/ml) fractions.", "contents": "Indoleamine compartmentation in human blood. Improved methods are described for the fluorimetric determination of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and tryptophan (TRP) in plasma, platelet and RBC blood compartments. The methods for 5-HT and 5-HIAA utilize ion exchange chromatography and allow simultaneous determinations to be made on the same blood sample. The tryptophan assay is a modification of an existing extraction method. All of the 5-HT in whole blood was found to be associated with the platelet fraction (122.6 ng/ml), whereas all 5-HIAA was distributed between the plasma (78.3 ng/ml) and RBC (124.0 ng/ml) compartments. Tryptophan was found in all three compartments although the majority of this amino acid was in the plasma (4.3 microgram/ml) and RBC (1.7 microgram/ml) fractions.", "PMID": 709877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4131", "title": "Human erythrocyte phenol O-methyltransferase: radiochemical microassay and biochemical properties.", "content": "A radiochemical microassay for the determination of phenol O-methyltransferase (PMT) activity in human red blood cell membranes has been developed. Acetaminophen was used as the substrate. The apparent Michaelis-Menten (KM) value for acetaminophen was 21.2 X 10(-3) M. The apparent KM value for S-adenosyl-L-methionine, a co-substrate for the reaction, was 4.8 X 10(-6) M, and the pH optimum of the reaction was approximately 9.0 with four different buffer systems. Phenol was also tested as a substrate and had an apparent KM value of 2.0 X 10(-3) M. Human erythrocyte (RBC) membrane PMT activity did not have the biochemical characteristics of catechol O-methyltransferase, another RBC membrane methyltransferase enzyme activity. Blood samples obtained from 212 randomly selected adult white subjects had a mean activity of 134.5 +/- 41.5 pmol of p-acetanisidide formed per mg protein per hour (mean +/- S.D.). Activities varied from 44 to 282 units. There were no differences in the mean activities of samples from men and women. Experiments in which mixtures of \"low\" and \"high\" activity RBC membrane preparations were assayed for PMT provided no evidence that the variations in enzyme activity were due to the presence of endogenous PMT activators or inhibitors. RBC membrane PMT activity in blood from 9 patients with renal failure, a pathological state in which there are elevated circulating levels of phenols, was found to be significantly decreased with average activity of 76.2 +/- 9.7 (mean +/- S.E.M., P less than 0.001).", "contents": "Human erythrocyte phenol O-methyltransferase: radiochemical microassay and biochemical properties. A radiochemical microassay for the determination of phenol O-methyltransferase (PMT) activity in human red blood cell membranes has been developed. Acetaminophen was used as the substrate. The apparent Michaelis-Menten (KM) value for acetaminophen was 21.2 X 10(-3) M. The apparent KM value for S-adenosyl-L-methionine, a co-substrate for the reaction, was 4.8 X 10(-6) M, and the pH optimum of the reaction was approximately 9.0 with four different buffer systems. Phenol was also tested as a substrate and had an apparent KM value of 2.0 X 10(-3) M. Human erythrocyte (RBC) membrane PMT activity did not have the biochemical characteristics of catechol O-methyltransferase, another RBC membrane methyltransferase enzyme activity. Blood samples obtained from 212 randomly selected adult white subjects had a mean activity of 134.5 +/- 41.5 pmol of p-acetanisidide formed per mg protein per hour (mean +/- S.D.). Activities varied from 44 to 282 units. There were no differences in the mean activities of samples from men and women. Experiments in which mixtures of \"low\" and \"high\" activity RBC membrane preparations were assayed for PMT provided no evidence that the variations in enzyme activity were due to the presence of endogenous PMT activators or inhibitors. RBC membrane PMT activity in blood from 9 patients with renal failure, a pathological state in which there are elevated circulating levels of phenols, was found to be significantly decreased with average activity of 76.2 +/- 9.7 (mean +/- S.E.M., P less than 0.001).", "PMID": 709878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4132", "title": "beta-Sitosterol as a nonabsorbable marker of dietary lipid absorption in man.", "content": "beta-[14C]Sitosterol was evaluated for its usefulness as a nonabsorbable marker of lipid absorption in intubation studies. A liquid meal, including [3H]triolein as a marker of absorbable lipid, was used. The beta-sitosterol was shown to remain well mixed with triolein in the gastric antrum, validating its suitability for this type of study. In small bowel fluid, the beta-sitosterol was shown to partition into the aqueous phase in proportion to triolein and its hydrolysis products. With this system, lipid absorption was shown to take place chiefly in the jejunum in normal individuals.", "contents": "beta-Sitosterol as a nonabsorbable marker of dietary lipid absorption in man. beta-[14C]Sitosterol was evaluated for its usefulness as a nonabsorbable marker of lipid absorption in intubation studies. A liquid meal, including [3H]triolein as a marker of absorbable lipid, was used. The beta-sitosterol was shown to remain well mixed with triolein in the gastric antrum, validating its suitability for this type of study. In small bowel fluid, the beta-sitosterol was shown to partition into the aqueous phase in proportion to triolein and its hydrolysis products. With this system, lipid absorption was shown to take place chiefly in the jejunum in normal individuals.", "PMID": 709879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4133", "title": "A preparative method for the isolation of genetic variant forms of glucosephosphate isomerase and a study of five variants.", "content": "A method has been developed for the rapid, quantitative separation of normal and abnormal glucosephosphate isomerase allozymes from individuals heterozygous for genetic variant forms of the enzyme. The method utilizes a substrate gradient elution of the enzyme from carboxymethyl Biogel and is far superior in terms of resolution and recovery to methods based on electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. Five different genetic variant forms of the enzyme were isolated and subjected to a systematic comparison of their physical, catalytic and stability properties. While the physical and catalytic properties of most of the variants were similar, clear differences in the stability of the allozymes were apparent. In order to detect mutations affecting the stability, a series of different stability tests are required.", "contents": "A preparative method for the isolation of genetic variant forms of glucosephosphate isomerase and a study of five variants. A method has been developed for the rapid, quantitative separation of normal and abnormal glucosephosphate isomerase allozymes from individuals heterozygous for genetic variant forms of the enzyme. The method utilizes a substrate gradient elution of the enzyme from carboxymethyl Biogel and is far superior in terms of resolution and recovery to methods based on electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. Five different genetic variant forms of the enzyme were isolated and subjected to a systematic comparison of their physical, catalytic and stability properties. While the physical and catalytic properties of most of the variants were similar, clear differences in the stability of the allozymes were apparent. In order to detect mutations affecting the stability, a series of different stability tests are required.", "PMID": 709881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4134", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid enzymology: creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase activity and isozyme pattern as a brain damage index.", "content": "Blood serum and cerebrospinal fluid from a 4.5-year-old girl suffering from convulsive episodes of toxic origin were investigated for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) activities. Elevated levels of both enzymes were found. Furthermore CK was higher in the CSF (680 I.U./1) than in blood serum (160 I.U./1). The CSF activity was demonstrated mainly as the BB form (96%) for CK and H4 (63%) was the predominant form for LDH. Identical investigations were performed 45 h later and results compared with the first set. These data provide an additional example of interest in CSF enzymatic studies as a brain damage index.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid enzymology: creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase activity and isozyme pattern as a brain damage index. Blood serum and cerebrospinal fluid from a 4.5-year-old girl suffering from convulsive episodes of toxic origin were investigated for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) activities. Elevated levels of both enzymes were found. Furthermore CK was higher in the CSF (680 I.U./1) than in blood serum (160 I.U./1). The CSF activity was demonstrated mainly as the BB form (96%) for CK and H4 (63%) was the predominant form for LDH. Identical investigations were performed 45 h later and results compared with the first set. These data provide an additional example of interest in CSF enzymatic studies as a brain damage index.", "PMID": 709883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4135", "title": "Interference with the kinetic determination of acid phosphatase.", "content": "This study advocates cautious use of the kinetic determination method for acid phosphatase with alpha-naphthylphosphate as substrate and a diazonium salt for colour development. The occurrence of considerable blank rates due to the spontaneous hydrolysis of the substrate was noticed. Of the diazonium salts which were tested as alternatives for Fast Red TR, diazotised p-nitroaniline seemed to be useful. Also the interaction between plasma components and diazonium salts may influence the results of the determination. In this respect a number of possible interfering compounds was investigated and from these a structural element which may lead to side reactions was deduced.", "contents": "Interference with the kinetic determination of acid phosphatase. This study advocates cautious use of the kinetic determination method for acid phosphatase with alpha-naphthylphosphate as substrate and a diazonium salt for colour development. The occurrence of considerable blank rates due to the spontaneous hydrolysis of the substrate was noticed. Of the diazonium salts which were tested as alternatives for Fast Red TR, diazotised p-nitroaniline seemed to be useful. Also the interaction between plasma components and diazonium salts may influence the results of the determination. In this respect a number of possible interfering compounds was investigated and from these a structural element which may lead to side reactions was deduced.", "PMID": 709884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4136", "title": "Substrates for the assay of alpha-L-iduronidase.", "content": "Procedures are described for the preparation of two disaccharides, 4-O-alpha-L-iduronosyl-2,5-anhydro[3H]mannitol and 3-O-alpha-L-iduronosyl-2,5-anhydro[3H]-talitol, from heparin and dermatan sulfate, respectively. These disaccharides lend themselves to an easy assay of alpha-L-iduronidase which is based on the fractionation of the liberated neutral anhydro[3H]mannitol or anhydro[3H]talitol from the unreacted substrate by adsorption of the latter to Dowex 1. Investigation of the reaction conditions showed that the alpha-L-iduronidase activity (enzyme from human fibroblasts and Helix pomatia) was optimal at pH 3.6 in acetate buffer containing 0.01 M NaCl with iduronosyl-2,5-anhydro[3H]mannitol as substrate. For iduronosyl-2,5-anhydro[3H]talitol the pH optimum was 4.0 with the H. pomatia enzyme. The KM for iduronosyl-2,5-anhydro[3H]mannitol was 0.23 mM with human fibroblasts and 0.04 mM with Helix enzyme; a KM value of 0.02 mM was determined for iduronosyl-2,5-anhydro[3H]talitol with the Helix alpha-L-iduronidase.", "contents": "Substrates for the assay of alpha-L-iduronidase. Procedures are described for the preparation of two disaccharides, 4-O-alpha-L-iduronosyl-2,5-anhydro[3H]mannitol and 3-O-alpha-L-iduronosyl-2,5-anhydro[3H]-talitol, from heparin and dermatan sulfate, respectively. These disaccharides lend themselves to an easy assay of alpha-L-iduronidase which is based on the fractionation of the liberated neutral anhydro[3H]mannitol or anhydro[3H]talitol from the unreacted substrate by adsorption of the latter to Dowex 1. Investigation of the reaction conditions showed that the alpha-L-iduronidase activity (enzyme from human fibroblasts and Helix pomatia) was optimal at pH 3.6 in acetate buffer containing 0.01 M NaCl with iduronosyl-2,5-anhydro[3H]mannitol as substrate. For iduronosyl-2,5-anhydro[3H]talitol the pH optimum was 4.0 with the H. pomatia enzyme. The KM for iduronosyl-2,5-anhydro[3H]mannitol was 0.23 mM with human fibroblasts and 0.04 mM with Helix enzyme; a KM value of 0.02 mM was determined for iduronosyl-2,5-anhydro[3H]talitol with the Helix alpha-L-iduronidase.", "PMID": 709885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4137", "title": "An enzymic determination for serum phospholipid.", "content": "A new colorimetric determination for serum phospholipid is described. Firstly, serum phospholipid is incubated with phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus, and then the released diglyceride and triglyceride are hydrolyzed completely to fatty acid and glycerol by lipoprotein lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens. Secondly, the glycerol produced is enzymatically determined by glycerol dehydrogenase in the presence of NAD+, using phenazine methosulfate-nitro blue tetrazolium as color reagents. The absorbance at 570 nm is recorded. The amount of the glycerol from phospholipid is calculated by subtracting the amount of glycerol from triglyceride from the amount of total glycerol. The present method requires only 20 microliter of serum and a 40 min incubation and is highly reproducible. The results obtained show good correlation with those obtained by a chemical method (correlation coefficient, 0.925) or the phospholipase D-choline oxidase method (correlation coefficient, 0.936). These results strongly suggest that the proposed method can be utilized as a routine clinical test.", "contents": "An enzymic determination for serum phospholipid. A new colorimetric determination for serum phospholipid is described. Firstly, serum phospholipid is incubated with phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus, and then the released diglyceride and triglyceride are hydrolyzed completely to fatty acid and glycerol by lipoprotein lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens. Secondly, the glycerol produced is enzymatically determined by glycerol dehydrogenase in the presence of NAD+, using phenazine methosulfate-nitro blue tetrazolium as color reagents. The absorbance at 570 nm is recorded. The amount of the glycerol from phospholipid is calculated by subtracting the amount of glycerol from triglyceride from the amount of total glycerol. The present method requires only 20 microliter of serum and a 40 min incubation and is highly reproducible. The results obtained show good correlation with those obtained by a chemical method (correlation coefficient, 0.925) or the phospholipase D-choline oxidase method (correlation coefficient, 0.936). These results strongly suggest that the proposed method can be utilized as a routine clinical test.", "PMID": 709886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4138", "title": "Lysosomal hydrolases in cystic fibrosis livers.", "content": "The specific activity of several lysosomal hydrolases in normal and cystic fibrosis (CF) livers has been investigated. Neuraminidase activity with respect to two natural substrates (fetuin and bovine submaxillary mucin) is normal in CF livers. No significant differences were found between CF and normal livers in 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-D-mannosidase specific activities determined at three different pH values (4.3, 5.65 and 6.5) corresponding to lysosomal, golgi and cytosolic components of the enzyme, respectively. The specific activities of p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-mannosidase and 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase were also both similar in CF and normal livers.", "contents": "Lysosomal hydrolases in cystic fibrosis livers. The specific activity of several lysosomal hydrolases in normal and cystic fibrosis (CF) livers has been investigated. Neuraminidase activity with respect to two natural substrates (fetuin and bovine submaxillary mucin) is normal in CF livers. No significant differences were found between CF and normal livers in 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-D-mannosidase specific activities determined at three different pH values (4.3, 5.65 and 6.5) corresponding to lysosomal, golgi and cytosolic components of the enzyme, respectively. The specific activities of p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-mannosidase and 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase were also both similar in CF and normal livers.", "PMID": 709887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4139", "title": "3,4-Dimethoxyphenylethylamine excretion of normals and schizophrenics, behaviour during total fasting.", "content": "A specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay for the determination of 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine (3,4-DMPEA) in urine was developed. In 5 fasting healthy volunteers excretion of 3,4-DMPEA was not diminished, indicating that this substance can be regarded as an endogenous metabolite. In addition, the time profile of the excretion of 3,4-DMPEA was measured in one patient during total fasting. In 25 patients with schizophrenic psychoses, 9 psychiatric patients without schizophrenia and 80 control patients excretion of 3,4-DMPEA was compared. No significant differences could be observed between these three groups.", "contents": "3,4-Dimethoxyphenylethylamine excretion of normals and schizophrenics, behaviour during total fasting. A specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay for the determination of 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine (3,4-DMPEA) in urine was developed. In 5 fasting healthy volunteers excretion of 3,4-DMPEA was not diminished, indicating that this substance can be regarded as an endogenous metabolite. In addition, the time profile of the excretion of 3,4-DMPEA was measured in one patient during total fasting. In 25 patients with schizophrenic psychoses, 9 psychiatric patients without schizophrenia and 80 control patients excretion of 3,4-DMPEA was compared. No significant differences could be observed between these three groups.", "PMID": 709888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4140", "title": "Isoelectric focussing of proteins on thick (500 micron) modified cellulose acetate gel membranes.", "content": "A method is described for isoelectric focussing proteins on thick (500 micron) cellulose acetate gel membrane modified by boron trigluoride in methanol. Longer pH gradients could be formed and larger sample volumes could be applied than on the normal thickness product.", "contents": "Isoelectric focussing of proteins on thick (500 micron) modified cellulose acetate gel membranes. A method is described for isoelectric focussing proteins on thick (500 micron) cellulose acetate gel membrane modified by boron trigluoride in methanol. Longer pH gradients could be formed and larger sample volumes could be applied than on the normal thickness product.", "PMID": 709889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4141", "title": "Acute endocrine profile of sulpiride in the human.", "content": "Normal men and normally menstruating women received i.m. injections of 0.1 to 4.0 mg/kg sulpiride. This psychotropic drug induced a very rapid (already significant after 5 minutes) and sustained (still significant after 7 hours) elevation of prolactin (PRL) concentrations in all subjects with no consistent modification of LH and FSH. After injection of 4.0 mg/kg, there was similarly no modification of mean TSH concentrations in the women tested in the luteal phase, as well as of mean GH levels in men. Sulpiride prevented the inhibitory effect on PRL levels of 500 mg levodopa, administered orally simultaneously; levodopa administered 2 hours prior to sulpiride failed to counteract the PRL-stimulatory effect of sulpiride. Under chronic sulpiride-induced hyperprolactinaemia, levodopa exhibited however a very slight inhibitory effect on PRL concentrations. These data are in agreement with the hypothesis that sulpiride acts mainly at the pituitary level by blocking dopamine receptors of the lactotropes and support the concept that the menstrual cycle perturbations observed under chronic sulpiride administration result from hyperprolactinaemia itself or from a mechanism quite similar to that by which sulpiride induces hyperprolactinaemia.", "contents": "Acute endocrine profile of sulpiride in the human. Normal men and normally menstruating women received i.m. injections of 0.1 to 4.0 mg/kg sulpiride. This psychotropic drug induced a very rapid (already significant after 5 minutes) and sustained (still significant after 7 hours) elevation of prolactin (PRL) concentrations in all subjects with no consistent modification of LH and FSH. After injection of 4.0 mg/kg, there was similarly no modification of mean TSH concentrations in the women tested in the luteal phase, as well as of mean GH levels in men. Sulpiride prevented the inhibitory effect on PRL levels of 500 mg levodopa, administered orally simultaneously; levodopa administered 2 hours prior to sulpiride failed to counteract the PRL-stimulatory effect of sulpiride. Under chronic sulpiride-induced hyperprolactinaemia, levodopa exhibited however a very slight inhibitory effect on PRL concentrations. These data are in agreement with the hypothesis that sulpiride acts mainly at the pituitary level by blocking dopamine receptors of the lactotropes and support the concept that the menstrual cycle perturbations observed under chronic sulpiride administration result from hyperprolactinaemia itself or from a mechanism quite similar to that by which sulpiride induces hyperprolactinaemia.", "PMID": 709890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4142", "title": "Autoimmune thyroid disease and the polymyalgia rheumatica-giant cell arteritis syndrome.", "content": "In a study of 250 patients with autoimmune thyroid disease, seven (2.8%) were found to have polymyalgia rheumatica or giant cell arteritis. All cases occurred in female patients over the age of 60 years, a prevalence in this group of 9.3%. No cases of either disorder were seen in a control population of 150 female patients over the age of 50 years attending a cardiac clinic at the same hospital. Awareness of this association may allow earlier diagnosis and treatment of this syndrome in elderly patients with thyroid disease.", "contents": "Autoimmune thyroid disease and the polymyalgia rheumatica-giant cell arteritis syndrome. In a study of 250 patients with autoimmune thyroid disease, seven (2.8%) were found to have polymyalgia rheumatica or giant cell arteritis. All cases occurred in female patients over the age of 60 years, a prevalence in this group of 9.3%. No cases of either disorder were seen in a control population of 150 female patients over the age of 50 years attending a cardiac clinic at the same hospital. Awareness of this association may allow earlier diagnosis and treatment of this syndrome in elderly patients with thyroid disease.", "PMID": 709891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4143", "title": "Thyroidal hormone metabolism in obesity during semi-starvation.", "content": "Six obese subjects were studied over a period of 12 weeks whilst on a 1260 kJ (300 kcal) formula diet. Weight loss was initially rapid, but later slowed markedly despite good patient compliance. The basal metabolic rate (BMR) fell in all patients during the study. Plasma triiodothyronine fell in all patients, whilst the plasma half-life of thyroxine increased. Plasma thyroxine, reverse triiodothyronine (reverse T3) and the serum prolactin and thyrotropin response to thyroliberin all showed no significant change.", "contents": "Thyroidal hormone metabolism in obesity during semi-starvation. Six obese subjects were studied over a period of 12 weeks whilst on a 1260 kJ (300 kcal) formula diet. Weight loss was initially rapid, but later slowed markedly despite good patient compliance. The basal metabolic rate (BMR) fell in all patients during the study. Plasma triiodothyronine fell in all patients, whilst the plasma half-life of thyroxine increased. Plasma thyroxine, reverse triiodothyronine (reverse T3) and the serum prolactin and thyrotropin response to thyroliberin all showed no significant change.", "PMID": 709892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4144", "title": "Pituitary-gonadal function in XYY and XXY men identified in a population survey.", "content": "Evidence on pituitary-gonadal function in XYY subjects has been inconclusive and based, for the most part, on selected samples such as institutionalized individuals or subjects examined for particular behavioural or medical characteristics. We report the results of a double-blind hormonal study of a sample from an entire well-defined birth cohort of men. The starting population included all males born in Copenhagen during the period 1944-1947 comprising 31,436 individuals. Chromosome determinations conducted on 4139 men representing the top 15.9% of the height distribution of the sample identified 12 XYY and 16 XXY men. All the XYY subjects and 14 XXYs consented to participate in an individual case study and were individually matched to XY controls selected from the total sample. The XYY men had significantly higher plasma concentrations of LH, FSH and testosterone than matched XY controls. There were no differences in testicular size and in the reported number of children between the XYYs and control group. XXY men from the same population showed significantly higher LH and FSH, lower concentrations of testosterone, had smaller testes and reported fewer children than their matched controls.", "contents": "Pituitary-gonadal function in XYY and XXY men identified in a population survey. Evidence on pituitary-gonadal function in XYY subjects has been inconclusive and based, for the most part, on selected samples such as institutionalized individuals or subjects examined for particular behavioural or medical characteristics. We report the results of a double-blind hormonal study of a sample from an entire well-defined birth cohort of men. The starting population included all males born in Copenhagen during the period 1944-1947 comprising 31,436 individuals. Chromosome determinations conducted on 4139 men representing the top 15.9% of the height distribution of the sample identified 12 XYY and 16 XXY men. All the XYY subjects and 14 XXYs consented to participate in an individual case study and were individually matched to XY controls selected from the total sample. The XYY men had significantly higher plasma concentrations of LH, FSH and testosterone than matched XY controls. There were no differences in testicular size and in the reported number of children between the XYYs and control group. XXY men from the same population showed significantly higher LH and FSH, lower concentrations of testosterone, had smaller testes and reported fewer children than their matched controls.", "PMID": 709893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4145", "title": "Hyperprolactinaemia in renal disease.", "content": "Basal prolactin concentrations in 357 patients with renal disease of defined pathology have been compared with those in 210 control subjects. Elevated prolactin concentrations were found in 113 renal patients (32%) including 53 patients in whom elevated concentrations were possibly attributable to drug therapy. In the remaining 60 patients who had hyperprolactinaemia not attributable to drugs, elevated concentrations (P less than 0.005) were found exclusively in patients with impaired renal function. A significant correlation was observed between prolactin and creatinine concentrations in these patients (r = 0.45 P less than 0.005) and prolactin reverted towards normal after successful renal transplantation. A significant arteriovenous prolactin concentration difference across the kidney (mean 16% range 8-29% P less than 0.02) was found in seven patients with non-renal non-endocrine disease. It is concluded that the hyperprolactinaemia found commonly in patients with impaired renal function is only partly attributable to drug therapy. The positive correlation between prolactin and creatinine reversion of prolactin towards normal after successful transplantation and arteriovenous hormone concentration differences across the normal kidney suggests that the kidney has a important role in prolactin metabolism. Abnormal regulation of prolactin secretion in renal failure may also be involved.", "contents": "Hyperprolactinaemia in renal disease. Basal prolactin concentrations in 357 patients with renal disease of defined pathology have been compared with those in 210 control subjects. Elevated prolactin concentrations were found in 113 renal patients (32%) including 53 patients in whom elevated concentrations were possibly attributable to drug therapy. In the remaining 60 patients who had hyperprolactinaemia not attributable to drugs, elevated concentrations (P less than 0.005) were found exclusively in patients with impaired renal function. A significant correlation was observed between prolactin and creatinine concentrations in these patients (r = 0.45 P less than 0.005) and prolactin reverted towards normal after successful renal transplantation. A significant arteriovenous prolactin concentration difference across the kidney (mean 16% range 8-29% P less than 0.02) was found in seven patients with non-renal non-endocrine disease. It is concluded that the hyperprolactinaemia found commonly in patients with impaired renal function is only partly attributable to drug therapy. The positive correlation between prolactin and creatinine reversion of prolactin towards normal after successful transplantation and arteriovenous hormone concentration differences across the normal kidney suggests that the kidney has a important role in prolactin metabolism. Abnormal regulation of prolactin secretion in renal failure may also be involved.", "PMID": 709894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4146", "title": "Effect of acute myocardial infarction on pituitary-testicular function.", "content": "The effect of acute myocardial infarction on the secretions of LH, FSH and testosterone was studied in thirteen male patients. Plasma testosterone fell transiently on the fourth day after acute myocardial infarction. This was accompanied by a rise in LH on the same day which persisted for a week after infarction. Serum FSH showed no significant change. The data suggest that following the medical stress of myocardial infarction, testosterone concentration was suppressed resulting in a compensatory rise in LH.", "contents": "Effect of acute myocardial infarction on pituitary-testicular function. The effect of acute myocardial infarction on the secretions of LH, FSH and testosterone was studied in thirteen male patients. Plasma testosterone fell transiently on the fourth day after acute myocardial infarction. This was accompanied by a rise in LH on the same day which persisted for a week after infarction. Serum FSH showed no significant change. The data suggest that following the medical stress of myocardial infarction, testosterone concentration was suppressed resulting in a compensatory rise in LH.", "PMID": 709895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4147", "title": "The effect of alpha adrenergic receptor blockade on the glucagon-induced growth hormone response.", "content": "The effect of a alpha adrenergic blockade (phentolamine) on glucagon induced growth hormone response was tested in five normal men. There was no significant difference in growth hormone concentrations between the glucagon test and the glucagon-phentolamine test (mean maximum level, 23.4 +/- 3.7 ng/ml and 23.1 +/- 5.9 ng/ml, respectively). Insulin secretion was significantly higher (P less than 0.025) 30 and 60 min after an injection of glucagon in the glucagon-phentolamine test. The results suggest that the stimulation of growth hormone secretion by glucagon is not mediated through an alpha adrenergic mechanism.", "contents": "The effect of alpha adrenergic receptor blockade on the glucagon-induced growth hormone response. The effect of a alpha adrenergic blockade (phentolamine) on glucagon induced growth hormone response was tested in five normal men. There was no significant difference in growth hormone concentrations between the glucagon test and the glucagon-phentolamine test (mean maximum level, 23.4 +/- 3.7 ng/ml and 23.1 +/- 5.9 ng/ml, respectively). Insulin secretion was significantly higher (P less than 0.025) 30 and 60 min after an injection of glucagon in the glucagon-phentolamine test. The results suggest that the stimulation of growth hormone secretion by glucagon is not mediated through an alpha adrenergic mechanism.", "PMID": 709896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4148", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) in patients with central diabetes insipidus.", "content": "The pharmacokinetic parameters and biological duration of action of DDAVP were measured in five patients with central diabetes insipidus of differing severity. Plasma half-life correlated significantly with the duration of action (r = 0.89, P less than 0.05), 0ut there was no correlation between the severity of diabetes insipidus and either plasma half-life or duration of action of DDAVP.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) in patients with central diabetes insipidus. The pharmacokinetic parameters and biological duration of action of DDAVP were measured in five patients with central diabetes insipidus of differing severity. Plasma half-life correlated significantly with the duration of action (r = 0.89, P less than 0.05), 0ut there was no correlation between the severity of diabetes insipidus and either plasma half-life or duration of action of DDAVP.", "PMID": 709897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4149", "title": "Urinary excretion of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3).", "content": "A simple and sensitive radioimmunoassay for reverse T3 in urine using small Sephadex G25 fine columns is described. The recovery of rT3 added to urine was on average 101.0 +/- 4.2% (mean +/- SEM). Detection limit was 4 pg/column. Urine excretion of rT3 (mean +/- SD) was 72.0 +/- 32.1 ng/24 h in 61 healthy euthyroid subjects with a slight increase with age (P less than 0.05), 28.8 +/- 18.2 ng/24 h in 12 hypothyroid patients and 183.6 +/- 79.7 ng/24 in 25 hyperthyroid patients.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3). A simple and sensitive radioimmunoassay for reverse T3 in urine using small Sephadex G25 fine columns is described. The recovery of rT3 added to urine was on average 101.0 +/- 4.2% (mean +/- SEM). Detection limit was 4 pg/column. Urine excretion of rT3 (mean +/- SD) was 72.0 +/- 32.1 ng/24 h in 61 healthy euthyroid subjects with a slight increase with age (P less than 0.05), 28.8 +/- 18.2 ng/24 h in 12 hypothyroid patients and 183.6 +/- 79.7 ng/24 in 25 hyperthyroid patients.", "PMID": 709898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4150", "title": "Glucose-induced insulin secretion in patients with parathyroid disorders.", "content": "Glucose-induced insulin secretion was studied in ten patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and two with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism both before and after treatment. In each individual, insulin secretion during an intravenous glucose tolerance test was greater when the plasma calcium was higher. No consistent change in insulin secretion with plasma calcium concentration was observed during an oral glucose tolerance test. These findings could be explained by the suggestion that insulin secretion provoked by orally administered glucose is enhanced by gut hormones which may stimulate insulin secretion by a mechanism independent of extracellular calcium.", "contents": "Glucose-induced insulin secretion in patients with parathyroid disorders. Glucose-induced insulin secretion was studied in ten patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and two with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism both before and after treatment. In each individual, insulin secretion during an intravenous glucose tolerance test was greater when the plasma calcium was higher. No consistent change in insulin secretion with plasma calcium concentration was observed during an oral glucose tolerance test. These findings could be explained by the suggestion that insulin secretion provoked by orally administered glucose is enhanced by gut hormones which may stimulate insulin secretion by a mechanism independent of extracellular calcium.", "PMID": 709899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4151", "title": "Johanson-Blizzard syndrome in a large inbred kindred with three involved members.", "content": "An infant with aplastic alae nasi, imperforate anus, focal aplasia cutis over the fontanels, microcephaly, and mental retardation is presented as an example of the Johanson-Blizzard syndrome. The infant failed to thrive and had evidence of malabsorption. He died at 4 months of age. The occurrence of extensive consanguinity in his family and the occurrence of two other members of the kindred with a similar syndrome indicate that this disorder is transmitted by an autosomal recessive gene.", "contents": "Johanson-Blizzard syndrome in a large inbred kindred with three involved members. An infant with aplastic alae nasi, imperforate anus, focal aplasia cutis over the fontanels, microcephaly, and mental retardation is presented as an example of the Johanson-Blizzard syndrome. The infant failed to thrive and had evidence of malabsorption. He died at 4 months of age. The occurrence of extensive consanguinity in his family and the occurrence of two other members of the kindred with a similar syndrome indicate that this disorder is transmitted by an autosomal recessive gene.", "PMID": 709902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4152", "title": "Autosomal recessive inheritance of metaphyseal dysplasia (Pyle disease).", "content": "Two young adults with Pyle disease have been investigated in a large Afrikaner kindred in South Africa. Consanguinity was present in the family, and it is likely that the condition was inherited as an autosomal recessive. This contention is supported by the radiographic demonstration of minor degrees of widening of the distal femora in obligatory and potentially heterozygous relatives. Apart from genu valgus of moderate degree, the patients enjoyed good health and their gross radiographic skeletal abnormalities contrasted with the innocuous clinical presentation. Differentiation of Pyle disease from the autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive forms of cranio-metaphyseal dysplasia is of prognostic importance in view of the potentially serious complications in these latter disorders.", "contents": "Autosomal recessive inheritance of metaphyseal dysplasia (Pyle disease). Two young adults with Pyle disease have been investigated in a large Afrikaner kindred in South Africa. Consanguinity was present in the family, and it is likely that the condition was inherited as an autosomal recessive. This contention is supported by the radiographic demonstration of minor degrees of widening of the distal femora in obligatory and potentially heterozygous relatives. Apart from genu valgus of moderate degree, the patients enjoyed good health and their gross radiographic skeletal abnormalities contrasted with the innocuous clinical presentation. Differentiation of Pyle disease from the autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive forms of cranio-metaphyseal dysplasia is of prognostic importance in view of the potentially serious complications in these latter disorders.", "PMID": 709903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4153", "title": "Creatine kinase isoenzyme patterns in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Serum creatine kinase isoenzymes were studied in 41 patients suffering from Duchenne type muscular dystrophy and 20 mothers of patients (carriers) by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Both the MM and MB types were found in all cases of Duchenne type dystrophy patients, and in carriers with highly elevated total creatine kinase activity BB was not observed above the detection limits of the methods used. However, a so-called atypical CK--BB band has been demonstrated.", "contents": "Creatine kinase isoenzyme patterns in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Serum creatine kinase isoenzymes were studied in 41 patients suffering from Duchenne type muscular dystrophy and 20 mothers of patients (carriers) by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Both the MM and MB types were found in all cases of Duchenne type dystrophy patients, and in carriers with highly elevated total creatine kinase activity BB was not observed above the detection limits of the methods used. However, a so-called atypical CK--BB band has been demonstrated.", "PMID": 709904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4154", "title": "Autosomal dominantly inherited adductor laryngeal paralysis--a new syndrome with a suggestion of linkage to HLA.", "content": "A family is reported with autosomal dominantly inherited congenital bilateral adductor paralysis of the larynx. This disorder has apparently not been described previously. A search for linkage in this family with the loci for 19 other genetic markers showed a suggestion of linkage with HLA and GLO, and accordingly a suggestion that the locus for this disorder may be assigned to chromosome 6.", "contents": "Autosomal dominantly inherited adductor laryngeal paralysis--a new syndrome with a suggestion of linkage to HLA. A family is reported with autosomal dominantly inherited congenital bilateral adductor paralysis of the larynx. This disorder has apparently not been described previously. A search for linkage in this family with the loci for 19 other genetic markers showed a suggestion of linkage with HLA and GLO, and accordingly a suggestion that the locus for this disorder may be assigned to chromosome 6.", "PMID": 709905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4155", "title": "The effect of maintenance dialysis on lymphocyte function. II. Peritoneal dialysis.", "content": "Lymphocyte function, as assessed by PHA-stimulated DNA synthesis, was studied in chronic renal failure patients maintained by peritoneal dialysis. In contrast to patients on haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis patients had normal lymphocyte responsiveness pre-dialysis. There was no deterioration in the post-peritoneal dialysis plasma's ability to support control lymphocyte responsiveness as occurred after haemodialysis. Plasma dilution and reconstitution studies indicated that haemodialysis depleted the patients' plasma of nutrients and also added toxins, but peritoneal dialysis had neither effect.", "contents": "The effect of maintenance dialysis on lymphocyte function. II. Peritoneal dialysis. Lymphocyte function, as assessed by PHA-stimulated DNA synthesis, was studied in chronic renal failure patients maintained by peritoneal dialysis. In contrast to patients on haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis patients had normal lymphocyte responsiveness pre-dialysis. There was no deterioration in the post-peritoneal dialysis plasma's ability to support control lymphocyte responsiveness as occurred after haemodialysis. Plasma dilution and reconstitution studies indicated that haemodialysis depleted the patients' plasma of nutrients and also added toxins, but peritoneal dialysis had neither effect.", "PMID": 709906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4156", "title": "Complement-mediated immune mechanisms in renal infection.", "content": "The belief that the inactivation of complement by renal ammonia enhances the susceptibility of renal tissue to infection has been held for some years. This thesis has been investigated in the present experiments using cultures of renal tissue maintained in vitro under physiological conditions. The experiments have confirmed that exposure of normal serum to renal issue in culture does result in the rapid loss of complement activity, but that the inactivation was not due to renal ammonia. Furthermore, in quantitative experiments, the liver was found to have even greater anti-complementary activity than renal tissue. In experiments where the biological significance of this phenomenon was examined, it was shown that the bactericidal capacity of serum was maintained even after exposure to renal tissue. The results of these investigations suggest that the biological significance of the inactivation of complement by renal tissue in vitro has been over-emphasized and requires further studies in vivo.", "contents": "Complement-mediated immune mechanisms in renal infection. The belief that the inactivation of complement by renal ammonia enhances the susceptibility of renal tissue to infection has been held for some years. This thesis has been investigated in the present experiments using cultures of renal tissue maintained in vitro under physiological conditions. The experiments have confirmed that exposure of normal serum to renal issue in culture does result in the rapid loss of complement activity, but that the inactivation was not due to renal ammonia. Furthermore, in quantitative experiments, the liver was found to have even greater anti-complementary activity than renal tissue. In experiments where the biological significance of this phenomenon was examined, it was shown that the bactericidal capacity of serum was maintained even after exposure to renal tissue. The results of these investigations suggest that the biological significance of the inactivation of complement by renal tissue in vitro has been over-emphasized and requires further studies in vivo.", "PMID": 709907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4157", "title": "Spontaneous and lectin-dependent cellular cytotoxicity by lymphocyte subpopulations against cell lines susceptible or resistant to spontaneous cytotoxicity.", "content": "In the present study we have investigated whether cell lines, which are resistant to spontaneous cytotoxicity, can be killed by lectin-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (LDCC), the expression of EAC (7S) receptors on LDCC effector cells, and the relationship between spontaneous cytotoxicity and LDCC when EAC (7S) receptor-positive or -negative subpopulations are tested against different target cell lines. We found that target cells which are resistant to spontaneous cytotoxicity can, indeed, be killed by LDCC, and that there is an inverse relationship between spontaneous cytotoxicity and LDCC, both when unfractionated lymphocytes were tested against different target cells and when fractionated cells were tested against cell lines highly susceptible to spontaneous cytotoxicity. The implications of these findings, in relation to the relative specificity of the spontaneous cytotoxicity system, are discussed.", "contents": "Spontaneous and lectin-dependent cellular cytotoxicity by lymphocyte subpopulations against cell lines susceptible or resistant to spontaneous cytotoxicity. In the present study we have investigated whether cell lines, which are resistant to spontaneous cytotoxicity, can be killed by lectin-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (LDCC), the expression of EAC (7S) receptors on LDCC effector cells, and the relationship between spontaneous cytotoxicity and LDCC when EAC (7S) receptor-positive or -negative subpopulations are tested against different target cell lines. We found that target cells which are resistant to spontaneous cytotoxicity can, indeed, be killed by LDCC, and that there is an inverse relationship between spontaneous cytotoxicity and LDCC, both when unfractionated lymphocytes were tested against different target cells and when fractionated cells were tested against cell lines highly susceptible to spontaneous cytotoxicity. The implications of these findings, in relation to the relative specificity of the spontaneous cytotoxicity system, are discussed.", "PMID": 709908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4158", "title": "Defective neutrophil motility and recurrent infection. In vitro and in vivo effects of levamisole.", "content": "Eighteen patients with primary abnormalities of neutrophil chemotaxis are described. The most common clinical presentation was one of recurrent upper respiratory tract infection (nine patients) or recurrent pyoderma (seven patients), and two children had a history of oropharyngeal candidiasis and recurrent skin sepsis. Of these eighteen patients, sixteen had intrinsic polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) defects as shown by diminished random migration and movement towards endotoxin-activated serum. PMN chemotaxis towards casein was, however, normal. In nine out of the latter patients, there was an associated inability of the serum to generate chemotactic factors. PMN from two adult patients, both suffering from recurrent boils, moved normally both in random and directed systems, but sera from these patients contained heat-stable inhibitors of neutrophil chemotaxis. In vitro levamisole treatment (10(-3) M) markedly improved the PMN function. When patients were treated with levamisole, however, no clinical response was noted, although PMN movement improved in a number of cases.", "contents": "Defective neutrophil motility and recurrent infection. In vitro and in vivo effects of levamisole. Eighteen patients with primary abnormalities of neutrophil chemotaxis are described. The most common clinical presentation was one of recurrent upper respiratory tract infection (nine patients) or recurrent pyoderma (seven patients), and two children had a history of oropharyngeal candidiasis and recurrent skin sepsis. Of these eighteen patients, sixteen had intrinsic polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) defects as shown by diminished random migration and movement towards endotoxin-activated serum. PMN chemotaxis towards casein was, however, normal. In nine out of the latter patients, there was an associated inability of the serum to generate chemotactic factors. PMN from two adult patients, both suffering from recurrent boils, moved normally both in random and directed systems, but sera from these patients contained heat-stable inhibitors of neutrophil chemotaxis. In vitro levamisole treatment (10(-3) M) markedly improved the PMN function. When patients were treated with levamisole, however, no clinical response was noted, although PMN movement improved in a number of cases.", "PMID": 709909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4159", "title": "Correlation between hypersensitivity to parenteral chymopapain and the presence of IgE anti-chymopapain antibody.", "content": "A solid phase radioimmunoassay, similar to the RAST, was developed in an attempt to predict anaphylactic reactions in patients injected with the proteolytic enzyme chymopapain, used in therapy for prolapsed intervertebral disc. The test measured the serum content of anti-chymopapain antibodies of the IgE class. Of 1263 patients tested, twelve gave anaphylactic reactions. The test was predictive for seven of them (58%), while sixty were false positives. Measurements were also made of anti-chymopapain IgE or other classes of antibodies which developed in the sera of patients after chymopapain injection. The presence of antibodies to chymopapain in individuals who had not been injected was also demonstrated.", "contents": "Correlation between hypersensitivity to parenteral chymopapain and the presence of IgE anti-chymopapain antibody. A solid phase radioimmunoassay, similar to the RAST, was developed in an attempt to predict anaphylactic reactions in patients injected with the proteolytic enzyme chymopapain, used in therapy for prolapsed intervertebral disc. The test measured the serum content of anti-chymopapain antibodies of the IgE class. Of 1263 patients tested, twelve gave anaphylactic reactions. The test was predictive for seven of them (58%), while sixty were false positives. Measurements were also made of anti-chymopapain IgE or other classes of antibodies which developed in the sera of patients after chymopapain injection. The presence of antibodies to chymopapain in individuals who had not been injected was also demonstrated.", "PMID": 709910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4160", "title": "Analysis of immunosuppression during early acute infection of mice with Ascaris suum.", "content": "Immunosuppression was examined at 10 to 12 days following oral inoculation of 10,000 to 12,000 embryonated Ascaris suum eggs. Reduced antibody responses to sheep red cells (SRC) following systemic immunization were confirmed in CD-1 and C57Bl/6 mice. Infection alone induced antibody reactive with DNP equivalent to that observed after immunization with DNP--Ficoll. There was a decrease in thymus and spleen size by day 8 of infection, followed by a splenic proliferative response during the second week. In the second week, serum antibodies reactive with SRC, chicken erythrocytes, DNP and bacterial lipopolysaccharide were demonstrated, suggesting polyclonal B-cell stimulation. The cellular basis of immunosuppression was investigated by in vitro culture of splenocytes from C57Bl/6 mice. Differential leucocyte counts of splenocytes before culture demonstrated a relative increase in plasma cells, blastoid cells, complement receptor-bearing lymphocytes and eosinophils, with a relative decrease in small lymphocytes. The splenocytes had reduced responses to T-cell mitogens, as measured by thymidine incorporation in vitro, and reduced antibody responses to SRC and DNP--Ficoll. In vitro, cell mixing experiments did not demonstrate suppressor cells in the spleens of infected mice.", "contents": "Analysis of immunosuppression during early acute infection of mice with Ascaris suum. Immunosuppression was examined at 10 to 12 days following oral inoculation of 10,000 to 12,000 embryonated Ascaris suum eggs. Reduced antibody responses to sheep red cells (SRC) following systemic immunization were confirmed in CD-1 and C57Bl/6 mice. Infection alone induced antibody reactive with DNP equivalent to that observed after immunization with DNP--Ficoll. There was a decrease in thymus and spleen size by day 8 of infection, followed by a splenic proliferative response during the second week. In the second week, serum antibodies reactive with SRC, chicken erythrocytes, DNP and bacterial lipopolysaccharide were demonstrated, suggesting polyclonal B-cell stimulation. The cellular basis of immunosuppression was investigated by in vitro culture of splenocytes from C57Bl/6 mice. Differential leucocyte counts of splenocytes before culture demonstrated a relative increase in plasma cells, blastoid cells, complement receptor-bearing lymphocytes and eosinophils, with a relative decrease in small lymphocytes. The splenocytes had reduced responses to T-cell mitogens, as measured by thymidine incorporation in vitro, and reduced antibody responses to SRC and DNP--Ficoll. In vitro, cell mixing experiments did not demonstrate suppressor cells in the spleens of infected mice.", "PMID": 709911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4161", "title": "The acquisition and loss of antigen-specific cellular immune responsiveness in acute and chronic schistosomiasis in man.", "content": "To characterize the development and evolution of cellular immune responsiveness in individuals infected with the parasite Schistosoma mansoni, we studied fifteen patients with acute, subacute and chronic schistosomiasis. Lymphocytes from the three acutely infected patients responded vigorously to schistosome antigens in an in vitro blastogenic assay. By contrast, cells from nine chronically infected individuals were essentially unreactive to these same antigens. Patients infected for an intermediate period of time (9 months) generated responses between those of acute and chronic patients. The diminished responsiveness of chronically infected individuals was specific for schistosome antigens and did not extend to humoral immune responses. Following treatment of the infection with niridazole, these patients temporarily regained responsiveness to schistosome antigens. From these data we speculate that during the course of this parasitic helminth infection there develops a progressive and specific modulation of antigen recognition and proliferation by lymphocytes to schistosome antigens, and that such diminished immune reactivity may be important in maintaining the unique biological relationship which exists between a host and its parasites.", "contents": "The acquisition and loss of antigen-specific cellular immune responsiveness in acute and chronic schistosomiasis in man. To characterize the development and evolution of cellular immune responsiveness in individuals infected with the parasite Schistosoma mansoni, we studied fifteen patients with acute, subacute and chronic schistosomiasis. Lymphocytes from the three acutely infected patients responded vigorously to schistosome antigens in an in vitro blastogenic assay. By contrast, cells from nine chronically infected individuals were essentially unreactive to these same antigens. Patients infected for an intermediate period of time (9 months) generated responses between those of acute and chronic patients. The diminished responsiveness of chronically infected individuals was specific for schistosome antigens and did not extend to humoral immune responses. Following treatment of the infection with niridazole, these patients temporarily regained responsiveness to schistosome antigens. From these data we speculate that during the course of this parasitic helminth infection there develops a progressive and specific modulation of antigen recognition and proliferation by lymphocytes to schistosome antigens, and that such diminished immune reactivity may be important in maintaining the unique biological relationship which exists between a host and its parasites.", "PMID": 709912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4162", "title": "Inhibition of lymphocyte cytotoxicity in chronic active hepatitis.", "content": "Inhibitory factors were investigated, using 51Cr-labelled Chang cells as targets, based on the inhibition of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (LMC) in patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH). A significant reduction of LMC was noted (P less than 0.001) when autologous sera of patients with CAH was added. The addition of HBsAg-positive and -negative homologous sera from CAH, which were as capable of inhibiting LMC as autologous sera, decreased LMC significantly (P less than 0.001). The LMC fell significantly (P less than 0.001) in the presence of sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A significantly higher inhibition (P less than 0.001) by rheumatoid factor (RF) positive autologous sera of patients with CAH was observed when compared to that of RF-negative sera. Such autologous sera inhibiting LMC contained increased IgG levels (P less than 0.01) when compared to those that failed to inhibit LMC. A significant reduction of LMC was also induced with the addition of anti-HBs (P less than 0.05), HBsAg--anti-HBs (P less than 0.001) and IgG--anti-IgG (P less than 0.01) complexes, or aggregated IgG (P less than 0.001). The LMC was reduced significantly (P less than 0.001) after adding a purified liver-specific membrane lipoprotein (LSP) from human livers. There was some evidence for the inhibition of LMC being effected by these additives as a result of their acting on an effector cell level. These findings suggest that humoral factors including immune complexes, aggregated IgG and LSP play an important role for lymphocyte cytotoxicity in the pathogenesis of CAH.", "contents": "Inhibition of lymphocyte cytotoxicity in chronic active hepatitis. Inhibitory factors were investigated, using 51Cr-labelled Chang cells as targets, based on the inhibition of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (LMC) in patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH). A significant reduction of LMC was noted (P less than 0.001) when autologous sera of patients with CAH was added. The addition of HBsAg-positive and -negative homologous sera from CAH, which were as capable of inhibiting LMC as autologous sera, decreased LMC significantly (P less than 0.001). The LMC fell significantly (P less than 0.001) in the presence of sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A significantly higher inhibition (P less than 0.001) by rheumatoid factor (RF) positive autologous sera of patients with CAH was observed when compared to that of RF-negative sera. Such autologous sera inhibiting LMC contained increased IgG levels (P less than 0.01) when compared to those that failed to inhibit LMC. A significant reduction of LMC was also induced with the addition of anti-HBs (P less than 0.05), HBsAg--anti-HBs (P less than 0.001) and IgG--anti-IgG (P less than 0.01) complexes, or aggregated IgG (P less than 0.001). The LMC was reduced significantly (P less than 0.001) after adding a purified liver-specific membrane lipoprotein (LSP) from human livers. There was some evidence for the inhibition of LMC being effected by these additives as a result of their acting on an effector cell level. These findings suggest that humoral factors including immune complexes, aggregated IgG and LSP play an important role for lymphocyte cytotoxicity in the pathogenesis of CAH.", "PMID": 709913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4163", "title": "The effect of maintenance dialysis on lymphocyte function. I. Haemodialysis.", "content": "The effect of haemodialysis on mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte DNA synthesis was determined in twenty-four uraemic patients. Lymphocytes pre-haemodialysis were significantly less responsive to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) than were control lymphocytes and showed the same degree of impairment as uraemic lymphocytes. Intrinsic lymphocyte responsiveness improved immediately after each haemodialysis. Pre-haemodialysis plasma inhibited control lymphocyte responsiveness and this inhibition was even greater in post-haemodialysis plasma. This effect of haemodialysis on plasma lasted for 4--8 hr. Similar alterations of response were noted, despite the use of different dialysers and also when two other mitogens were substituted for PHA. This deleterious effect of haemodialysis on lymphocyte function is important for its possible immune consequences, and may indicate a deficiency in current haemodialysis technique.", "contents": "The effect of maintenance dialysis on lymphocyte function. I. Haemodialysis. The effect of haemodialysis on mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte DNA synthesis was determined in twenty-four uraemic patients. Lymphocytes pre-haemodialysis were significantly less responsive to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) than were control lymphocytes and showed the same degree of impairment as uraemic lymphocytes. Intrinsic lymphocyte responsiveness improved immediately after each haemodialysis. Pre-haemodialysis plasma inhibited control lymphocyte responsiveness and this inhibition was even greater in post-haemodialysis plasma. This effect of haemodialysis on plasma lasted for 4--8 hr. Similar alterations of response were noted, despite the use of different dialysers and also when two other mitogens were substituted for PHA. This deleterious effect of haemodialysis on lymphocyte function is important for its possible immune consequences, and may indicate a deficiency in current haemodialysis technique.", "PMID": 709914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4164", "title": "Operative treatment of displaced Salter-Harris III distal tibial fractures.", "content": "Displaced, isolated Salter-Harris III fractures of the distal tibia are infrequent. Typically, the mechanism of injury is an external rotation stress to the adolescent ankle. The distal tibial growth plate fuses from medial to lateral during adolescence. If the anterior tibiofibular ligament remains intact, lateral distal epiphysis of the tibia. Closed reduction of displaced fractures is usually unsuccessful. In 5 displaced fractures, periosteal flaps were frequently found to have blocked closed reduction. Follow-up evaluation after open reduction and internal fixation revealed anatomic healing and normal ankle strength.", "contents": "Operative treatment of displaced Salter-Harris III distal tibial fractures. Displaced, isolated Salter-Harris III fractures of the distal tibia are infrequent. Typically, the mechanism of injury is an external rotation stress to the adolescent ankle. The distal tibial growth plate fuses from medial to lateral during adolescence. If the anterior tibiofibular ligament remains intact, lateral distal epiphysis of the tibia. Closed reduction of displaced fractures is usually unsuccessful. In 5 displaced fractures, periosteal flaps were frequently found to have blocked closed reduction. Follow-up evaluation after open reduction and internal fixation revealed anatomic healing and normal ankle strength.", "PMID": 709916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4165", "title": "Foreign body (palm thorn) in knee joint.", "content": "A child who lives in a semitropical or tropical zone and has monarticular symptoms involving the knee joint and a history of playing in the vicinity of plams should be examined for the possibility of a palm thorn within the joint. The diagnosis, made after careful elimination of more common entities, can only be confirmed by surgical exploration.", "contents": "Foreign body (palm thorn) in knee joint. A child who lives in a semitropical or tropical zone and has monarticular symptoms involving the knee joint and a history of playing in the vicinity of plams should be examined for the possibility of a palm thorn within the joint. The diagnosis, made after careful elimination of more common entities, can only be confirmed by surgical exploration.", "PMID": 709917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4166", "title": "A standardized method for the radiographic evaluation of clubfeet.", "content": "A new standardized technique is presented for positioning patients for the radiographic evaluation of clubfeet. The main reasons for inadequacy of the usual techniques are inaccuracy in measurement, movement of the patient and improper positioning of the patient or X-ray equipment. Means are proposed to avoid or minimize these problems. The critical views are those taken immediately preoperatively to assess deformity combinations and those taken before wound closure to verify completeness of surgical correction. These films are taken with the patient asleep to eliminate movement. Unacceptable films which do not conform to the standard technique are rejected and new films obtained. The method has proven to be acceptably accurate.", "contents": "A standardized method for the radiographic evaluation of clubfeet. A new standardized technique is presented for positioning patients for the radiographic evaluation of clubfeet. The main reasons for inadequacy of the usual techniques are inaccuracy in measurement, movement of the patient and improper positioning of the patient or X-ray equipment. Means are proposed to avoid or minimize these problems. The critical views are those taken immediately preoperatively to assess deformity combinations and those taken before wound closure to verify completeness of surgical correction. These films are taken with the patient asleep to eliminate movement. Unacceptable films which do not conform to the standard technique are rejected and new films obtained. The method has proven to be acceptably accurate.", "PMID": 709918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4167", "title": "Stress fractures in the calcaneus of a child. A case report.", "content": "An 11-year-old girl with splastic quadriplegia, and immobilization atrophy developed a stress fracture of the calcaneus, are rare cause of heel pain in children. There was complete remission of symptoms with healing of the fracture.", "contents": "Stress fractures in the calcaneus of a child. A case report. An 11-year-old girl with splastic quadriplegia, and immobilization atrophy developed a stress fracture of the calcaneus, are rare cause of heel pain in children. There was complete remission of symptoms with healing of the fracture.", "PMID": 709919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4168", "title": "Muscle transfer for abduction paralysis of the shoulder in poliomyelitis.", "content": "Muscle transplantation in deltoid paralysis in poliomyelitis has been practiced only sporadically and considered ineffective. Trapezius transfer to humeral shaft with fascia lata extension was performed to restore abduction power of the shoulder in 24 patients between 4--10 years of age. It is recommended that the muscle re-education program and bracing be continued for a sufficiently long time so that the muscle may develop enough strength to function. If a forward subluxation of the joint develops and persists, a Nicola procedure is effective. The functional results obtained in a follow-up of 1--3 years has been encouraging in these children, especially when the accessory muscles were not paralyzed.", "contents": "Muscle transfer for abduction paralysis of the shoulder in poliomyelitis. Muscle transplantation in deltoid paralysis in poliomyelitis has been practiced only sporadically and considered ineffective. Trapezius transfer to humeral shaft with fascia lata extension was performed to restore abduction power of the shoulder in 24 patients between 4--10 years of age. It is recommended that the muscle re-education program and bracing be continued for a sufficiently long time so that the muscle may develop enough strength to function. If a forward subluxation of the joint develops and persists, a Nicola procedure is effective. The functional results obtained in a follow-up of 1--3 years has been encouraging in these children, especially when the accessory muscles were not paralyzed.", "PMID": 709920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4169", "title": "Anterior subglenoid dislocation of the shoulder in an infant following pneumococcal meningitis.", "content": "A 7 1/2-month-old boy had an anterior inferior dislocation of the shoulder. Dislocations of the shoulder in infants have previously been reported, and were either congenital dislocations with associated anomalies of the glenohumeral joint with dislocations from Erb's palsy or septic arthritis. In the present case, dislocation of the shoulder was associated with spastic brain damage. The marked spasticity of the deltoid muscle may have been the deforming force. Capsular and subscapularis plication plus recession of the deltoid corrected the deformity and prevented further dislocations.", "contents": "Anterior subglenoid dislocation of the shoulder in an infant following pneumococcal meningitis. A 7 1/2-month-old boy had an anterior inferior dislocation of the shoulder. Dislocations of the shoulder in infants have previously been reported, and were either congenital dislocations with associated anomalies of the glenohumeral joint with dislocations from Erb's palsy or septic arthritis. In the present case, dislocation of the shoulder was associated with spastic brain damage. The marked spasticity of the deltoid muscle may have been the deforming force. Capsular and subscapularis plication plus recession of the deltoid corrected the deformity and prevented further dislocations.", "PMID": 709921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4170", "title": "Tardy ulnar nerve palsy in children.", "content": "Tardy ulnar nerve palsy in the child is an infrequent occurrence. In 5 cases all occurring after injury about the elbow, the lesion involved not only lateral but also medial structures. The latency period from elbow injury to palsy was not always long and ranged from 2 months to 29 months. Possibly because of the age of the patients and short duration of the palsy, anterior transposition promoted prompt remission of symptoms and signs.", "contents": "Tardy ulnar nerve palsy in children. Tardy ulnar nerve palsy in the child is an infrequent occurrence. In 5 cases all occurring after injury about the elbow, the lesion involved not only lateral but also medial structures. The latency period from elbow injury to palsy was not always long and ranged from 2 months to 29 months. Possibly because of the age of the patients and short duration of the palsy, anterior transposition promoted prompt remission of symptoms and signs.", "PMID": 709922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4171", "title": "Solitary bone cyst in the infant radius. A case report.", "content": "The exceptional case in the distal radius of an 18-month-old girl demonstrates the natural history and characteristic features of solitary bone cyst at an early age. There were recurrent pathological fractures and even recurrence of the cyst, but spontaneous complete healing occurred after a period of 7 years. Splinting of the fractures, curettage and bone graft were performed per primum. Aspiration of the cyst and collapse of the cyst walls were secondary procedures. The recommended treatment is biopsy and prolonged immobilization until spontaneous healing of the cyst is complete.", "contents": "Solitary bone cyst in the infant radius. A case report. The exceptional case in the distal radius of an 18-month-old girl demonstrates the natural history and characteristic features of solitary bone cyst at an early age. There were recurrent pathological fractures and even recurrence of the cyst, but spontaneous complete healing occurred after a period of 7 years. Splinting of the fractures, curettage and bone graft were performed per primum. Aspiration of the cyst and collapse of the cyst walls were secondary procedures. The recommended treatment is biopsy and prolonged immobilization until spontaneous healing of the cyst is complete.", "PMID": 709923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4172", "title": "The relationship of intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis to venous thrombosis following total hip replacement.", "content": "Soluble fibrin complexes, fibrin degradation products, and anti-thrombin III levels were determined in the plasma of 20 patients undergoing elective total hip replacement. The presence of deep venous thrombophlebitis was determined by venography at the end of the first postoperative week. Patients who developed thrombosis exhibited impairment of fibrinolysis as de-Patients who developed thrombosis exhibited impairment of fibrinolysis as detected levels of anti-thrombin III and soluble fibrin complexes were not useful in indicating the presence of deep venous thrombosis. However, the preoperative level of soluble fibrin complexes closely correlated with the subsequent development of thrombosis. Elevated soluble fibrin complexes appear to identify a group of patients with activated coagulation systems who are prone to develop thrombosis during total hip replacement.", "contents": "The relationship of intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis to venous thrombosis following total hip replacement. Soluble fibrin complexes, fibrin degradation products, and anti-thrombin III levels were determined in the plasma of 20 patients undergoing elective total hip replacement. The presence of deep venous thrombophlebitis was determined by venography at the end of the first postoperative week. Patients who developed thrombosis exhibited impairment of fibrinolysis as de-Patients who developed thrombosis exhibited impairment of fibrinolysis as detected levels of anti-thrombin III and soluble fibrin complexes were not useful in indicating the presence of deep venous thrombosis. However, the preoperative level of soluble fibrin complexes closely correlated with the subsequent development of thrombosis. Elevated soluble fibrin complexes appear to identify a group of patients with activated coagulation systems who are prone to develop thrombosis during total hip replacement.", "PMID": 709924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4173", "title": "Proximal femoral focal deficiency: Treatment and classification in forty-two cases.", "content": "A review of the surgical experiences in 42 patients with proximal femoral focal deficiency has led us to propose a new classification system. This simplified system consists of 4 definite classes based on the roentgenographic appearance of the proximal shaft, and includes distinct prognosis and treatment groups. Early and accurate prognostication facilitates rational prosthetic design and appropriate surgical treatment in all degrees of involvement. In the less severely involved classes, emphasis is placed on the utilization of the proximal shaft signs of Fixsen and Lloyd-Roberts to identify those hips with an unfavorable prognosis.", "contents": "Proximal femoral focal deficiency: Treatment and classification in forty-two cases. A review of the surgical experiences in 42 patients with proximal femoral focal deficiency has led us to propose a new classification system. This simplified system consists of 4 definite classes based on the roentgenographic appearance of the proximal shaft, and includes distinct prognosis and treatment groups. Early and accurate prognostication facilitates rational prosthetic design and appropriate surgical treatment in all degrees of involvement. In the less severely involved classes, emphasis is placed on the utilization of the proximal shaft signs of Fixsen and Lloyd-Roberts to identify those hips with an unfavorable prognosis.", "PMID": 709925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4174", "title": "Ligamentous laxity and scar formation.", "content": "The character of scar tissue is relative to or influenced by ligamentous laxity. Patients who are able to passively hyperextend the terminal interphalangeal joint of the index finger to 45 degrees and beyond have a tendency to leave broad scars. This proved to be statistically significance (p less than .001). It is suggested that in female patients in particular, assessment of the passive hyperextensibility of the terminal interphalangeal joint of the index finger can be used preoperatively to determine whether the patient will be left with a cosmetically displeasing scar following any operative procedure.", "contents": "Ligamentous laxity and scar formation. The character of scar tissue is relative to or influenced by ligamentous laxity. Patients who are able to passively hyperextend the terminal interphalangeal joint of the index finger to 45 degrees and beyond have a tendency to leave broad scars. This proved to be statistically significance (p less than .001). It is suggested that in female patients in particular, assessment of the passive hyperextensibility of the terminal interphalangeal joint of the index finger can be used preoperatively to determine whether the patient will be left with a cosmetically displeasing scar following any operative procedure.", "PMID": 709926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4175", "title": "Acromioclavicular dislocations: treatment by transfer of the conjoined tendon and distal end of the coracoid process to the clavicle.", "content": "A retrospective study of 23 acute and 6 chronic acromioclavicular dislocations treated by surgical transfer of the distal 1/2 inch of the coracoid process with the attached conjoined tendon of the coracobrachialis and short head of the biceps to the clavicle revealed 14 excellent, 14 good and one fair result. Results were determined according to symptoms, range of motion at the shoulder and elbow, strength, anatomic reduction, and return to previous activities. Although most patients with this injury are treated conservatively, this procedure is reserved for the athlete or manual laborer below age 45 years, especially with involvement of the dominant-extremity. The 29 cases were evaluated 20--108 months following surgery. Thirteen additional cases with less than 18 month follow-up have also been good or excellent. Weakness and pain have not been as pronounced following this procedure in vigorous individuals as have been noted after conservative treatment. Few postoperative complications developed, and early return to competitive athletics was possible.", "contents": "Acromioclavicular dislocations: treatment by transfer of the conjoined tendon and distal end of the coracoid process to the clavicle. A retrospective study of 23 acute and 6 chronic acromioclavicular dislocations treated by surgical transfer of the distal 1/2 inch of the coracoid process with the attached conjoined tendon of the coracobrachialis and short head of the biceps to the clavicle revealed 14 excellent, 14 good and one fair result. Results were determined according to symptoms, range of motion at the shoulder and elbow, strength, anatomic reduction, and return to previous activities. Although most patients with this injury are treated conservatively, this procedure is reserved for the athlete or manual laborer below age 45 years, especially with involvement of the dominant-extremity. The 29 cases were evaluated 20--108 months following surgery. Thirteen additional cases with less than 18 month follow-up have also been good or excellent. Weakness and pain have not been as pronounced following this procedure in vigorous individuals as have been noted after conservative treatment. Few postoperative complications developed, and early return to competitive athletics was possible.", "PMID": 709927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4176", "title": "Forces at the glenohumeral joint in abduction.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the forces in the glenohumeral joint for isometric abduction (including all directions of rotation) in the plane of the scapula. The lines of actions of muscles were obtained from 3 upper quarter specimens, electromyographic data was used, as well as geometrical parameters of shoulder motion. The main assumption made in the analysis was that the force in a muscle was proportional to its area times the integrated electromyographic signal. The resultant force reached a maximum of 0.89 times body weight at 90 degrees of abduction, while the shearing component up the face of the glenoid was a maximum of 0.42 times body weight at 60 degrees of abduction.", "contents": "Forces at the glenohumeral joint in abduction. The purpose of this study was to determine the forces in the glenohumeral joint for isometric abduction (including all directions of rotation) in the plane of the scapula. The lines of actions of muscles were obtained from 3 upper quarter specimens, electromyographic data was used, as well as geometrical parameters of shoulder motion. The main assumption made in the analysis was that the force in a muscle was proportional to its area times the integrated electromyographic signal. The resultant force reached a maximum of 0.89 times body weight at 90 degrees of abduction, while the shearing component up the face of the glenoid was a maximum of 0.42 times body weight at 60 degrees of abduction.", "PMID": 709928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4177", "title": "Barbotage of the shoulder with image-intensified fluoroscopic control of needle placement for calcific tendinitis.", "content": "In 9 patients with symptomatic calcific deposits in the rotator cuff, followed for an average of 9 years, good to excellent results were obtained by barbotage (needle irrigation and aspiration). The deposit was localized with a needle using an image intensifier. Postbarbotage X-rays show residual deposits, but films taken on follow-up show complete disappearance of the lesion except in one instance where a small density was seen. One patient had early recurrence of symptoms out of the 3 who had postbarbotage cortisone injection. Barbotage is simple, effective, with virtually no complications. Failures of the method were apparently due to difficulty in locating the deposit with the needle. Barbotage is most indicated in the acute phase of the disease but may be used in cases with chronic symptoms to remove dry granular deposits. It is not essential, however, to completely remove the deposits because the resorption process continues. Local cortisone injection either as a primary procedure of after barbotage is not recommended because it aborts the natural course of the disease and promotes recurrences.", "contents": "Barbotage of the shoulder with image-intensified fluoroscopic control of needle placement for calcific tendinitis. In 9 patients with symptomatic calcific deposits in the rotator cuff, followed for an average of 9 years, good to excellent results were obtained by barbotage (needle irrigation and aspiration). The deposit was localized with a needle using an image intensifier. Postbarbotage X-rays show residual deposits, but films taken on follow-up show complete disappearance of the lesion except in one instance where a small density was seen. One patient had early recurrence of symptoms out of the 3 who had postbarbotage cortisone injection. Barbotage is simple, effective, with virtually no complications. Failures of the method were apparently due to difficulty in locating the deposit with the needle. Barbotage is most indicated in the acute phase of the disease but may be used in cases with chronic symptoms to remove dry granular deposits. It is not essential, however, to completely remove the deposits because the resorption process continues. Local cortisone injection either as a primary procedure of after barbotage is not recommended because it aborts the natural course of the disease and promotes recurrences.", "PMID": 709929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4178", "title": "Extensor fasciotomy for tennis elbow: a long-term follow-up study.", "content": "In 37 of 43 cases (86%) the late results of fasciotomy for chronic lateral epicondylitis were excellent or good. The initial result was maintained for an average of 8.0 years. The procedure is simple and morbidity is minimal. Patient selection and technical factors appeared to account for the failures.", "contents": "Extensor fasciotomy for tennis elbow: a long-term follow-up study. In 37 of 43 cases (86%) the late results of fasciotomy for chronic lateral epicondylitis were excellent or good. The initial result was maintained for an average of 8.0 years. The procedure is simple and morbidity is minimal. Patient selection and technical factors appeared to account for the failures.", "PMID": 709930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4179", "title": "Management of redislocated Colles' fractures.", "content": "One question which often confronts the clinician is whether or not a Colles' fracture, shown to be redisplaced, should be subjected to renewed reduction. Earlier reports have shown a rather good correlation between the accuracy of reduction and the functional and cosmetic end result. Roentgenograms of 40 rereduced Colles' fractures are reviewed in order to answer the following questions. What are the chances of a lasting improvement resulting from a renewed reduction of a redislocated Colles' fracture? What is the most suitable time for renewed reduction? Permanent improvement was found in about 1/3 of all the case. To establish the most suitable time for rereduction the material was divided into early rereduced (1-6 days after primary reduction) and late rereduced (7-15 days) fractures. It was found that early rereduction led to lasting improvement of the fractures position in only 2 of the 15 cases. Late rereduction led to permanent improvement in 15 of 30 cases with respect to dorsal angulation and in 9 cases to radial compression. If a rereduction is to be performed, it should be done during the second week after primary reduction.", "contents": "Management of redislocated Colles' fractures. One question which often confronts the clinician is whether or not a Colles' fracture, shown to be redisplaced, should be subjected to renewed reduction. Earlier reports have shown a rather good correlation between the accuracy of reduction and the functional and cosmetic end result. Roentgenograms of 40 rereduced Colles' fractures are reviewed in order to answer the following questions. What are the chances of a lasting improvement resulting from a renewed reduction of a redislocated Colles' fracture? What is the most suitable time for renewed reduction? Permanent improvement was found in about 1/3 of all the case. To establish the most suitable time for rereduction the material was divided into early rereduced (1-6 days after primary reduction) and late rereduced (7-15 days) fractures. It was found that early rereduction led to lasting improvement of the fractures position in only 2 of the 15 cases. Late rereduction led to permanent improvement in 15 of 30 cases with respect to dorsal angulation and in 9 cases to radial compression. If a rereduction is to be performed, it should be done during the second week after primary reduction.", "PMID": 709931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4180", "title": "Experiences with U.C.I. total knee.", "content": "In 200 low friction knee arthroplasties with a minimum follow-up of 2 years the primary goal of relief from pain was accomplished in most patients. However, the evaluation of the result of a knee arthroplasty is difficult. Many of the patients who rated good or better had, to some extent, patellofemoral complaints. Cold flow deformation and prosthetic loosening is a definite concern about the tibial component. A longer follow-up study is needed to better evaluate the significance of the one to 2 mm radiolucent line at the bone cement interface of the tibial component. Collateral and cruciate ligament deterioration with time is also of concern and warrants careful follow-up. Although most patients patients in this series were greatly relieved of pain, even better results might have been obtained if the arthroplasty included the patellofemoral joint and a more substantial tibial component with better fixation. By our rating criteria, rheumatoid patients, in general, were benefited the most. Patients, surgeons and engineers realize that the natural human knee joint is a remarkable product of adaptive evolution, and that it may be imitated with increasing success though it can never be duplicated.", "contents": "Experiences with U.C.I. total knee. In 200 low friction knee arthroplasties with a minimum follow-up of 2 years the primary goal of relief from pain was accomplished in most patients. However, the evaluation of the result of a knee arthroplasty is difficult. Many of the patients who rated good or better had, to some extent, patellofemoral complaints. Cold flow deformation and prosthetic loosening is a definite concern about the tibial component. A longer follow-up study is needed to better evaluate the significance of the one to 2 mm radiolucent line at the bone cement interface of the tibial component. Collateral and cruciate ligament deterioration with time is also of concern and warrants careful follow-up. Although most patients patients in this series were greatly relieved of pain, even better results might have been obtained if the arthroplasty included the patellofemoral joint and a more substantial tibial component with better fixation. By our rating criteria, rheumatoid patients, in general, were benefited the most. Patients, surgeons and engineers realize that the natural human knee joint is a remarkable product of adaptive evolution, and that it may be imitated with increasing success though it can never be duplicated.", "PMID": 709933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4181", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of alkaline phosphatase in initial intramembranous osteogenesis.", "content": "Developing fetal calvariae in which calcification of woven bone has been initiated, have been decalcified with formic acid, buffered with citrate at pH5 to remove all traces of calcium and phosphate from the tissue. The decalcified bone was then incubated in medium containing sodium-beta-glycerophosphate, an artificial substrate for alkaline phosphatase. The Hugon and Borgers-modified Gomori reaction revealed the sites of A-Pase activity as electron dense deposits of lead phosphate. 23,24 One site of A-pase localization was in Golgi vesicles. Another site, at the cell membrane, indicated that A-Pase was apparently secreted from the osteoblasts into the calcifying matrix. A strong reaction in the matrix vesicles and at the periphery of bone nodules (vesicles) indicated that A-Pase was localized ultrastructurally in the precise zones of calcification during initial intramembraneous ossification.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of alkaline phosphatase in initial intramembranous osteogenesis. Developing fetal calvariae in which calcification of woven bone has been initiated, have been decalcified with formic acid, buffered with citrate at pH5 to remove all traces of calcium and phosphate from the tissue. The decalcified bone was then incubated in medium containing sodium-beta-glycerophosphate, an artificial substrate for alkaline phosphatase. The Hugon and Borgers-modified Gomori reaction revealed the sites of A-Pase activity as electron dense deposits of lead phosphate. 23,24 One site of A-pase localization was in Golgi vesicles. Another site, at the cell membrane, indicated that A-Pase was apparently secreted from the osteoblasts into the calcifying matrix. A strong reaction in the matrix vesicles and at the periphery of bone nodules (vesicles) indicated that A-Pase was localized ultrastructurally in the precise zones of calcification during initial intramembraneous ossification.", "PMID": 709934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4182", "title": "Short-term effects of varying doses of 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 on blood and urine chemistry and calcium absorption of osteoporotic patients.", "content": "During a period of 4-7 days, synthetic 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 (1alpha-OH-D3) was given to osteoporotic patients with hip fractures in 3 different dose levels, viz. 1 microgram, 2 microgram, and 4 microgram, in combination with calcium. The increase in serum calcium level was more prominent during treatment with 2 microgram and 4 microgram doses of 1 alpha-OH-D3 and was also dependent on the duration of treatment. The level of serum phosphate was only slightly elevated. The urinary calcium excretion increased, while the urine phosphate and hydroxyproline excretion decreased. The intestinal absorption of calcium increased in rate during treatment with 1 alpha-OH-D3. On discontinuation of treatment, values did not normalize within 6 days. The administration of small doses of 1 alpha-OH-D3 did not seem to expose osteoporotic patients to the risks of hypercalcemia. The efficiency of vitamin D metabolites in the treatment of osteoporosis requires further investigation.", "contents": "Short-term effects of varying doses of 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 on blood and urine chemistry and calcium absorption of osteoporotic patients. During a period of 4-7 days, synthetic 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 (1alpha-OH-D3) was given to osteoporotic patients with hip fractures in 3 different dose levels, viz. 1 microgram, 2 microgram, and 4 microgram, in combination with calcium. The increase in serum calcium level was more prominent during treatment with 2 microgram and 4 microgram doses of 1 alpha-OH-D3 and was also dependent on the duration of treatment. The level of serum phosphate was only slightly elevated. The urinary calcium excretion increased, while the urine phosphate and hydroxyproline excretion decreased. The intestinal absorption of calcium increased in rate during treatment with 1 alpha-OH-D3. On discontinuation of treatment, values did not normalize within 6 days. The administration of small doses of 1 alpha-OH-D3 did not seem to expose osteoporotic patients to the risks of hypercalcemia. The efficiency of vitamin D metabolites in the treatment of osteoporosis requires further investigation.", "PMID": 709935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4183", "title": "Interim report on treatment of osteoporotic patients with 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 and calcium.", "content": "Fifteen patients, 13 women and 2 men (mean age 60 years) with osteoporosis of different types have been under treatment with 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 and calcium. The responses were observed clinically and by the use of roentgen morphometry, photon absorptiometry and by blood and urine chemical analyses. The treatment had beneficial clinical effect in all but 3 patients. The intestinal calcium absorption rate increased significantly. Slight hypercalcemia and a significant hypercalciuria occurred during treatment. Serum and urine phosphate levels, alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone values were within normal ranges. The bone mineral content increased significantly during treatment. 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 and calcium was well tolerated by the patients. Three patients had coincidental acute attacks of spinal pain and 2 had further vertebral crush fractures. A period of time longer than one year is necessary to further evaluate the effects of 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 therapy on the clinical course of severe osteoporosis.", "contents": "Interim report on treatment of osteoporotic patients with 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 and calcium. Fifteen patients, 13 women and 2 men (mean age 60 years) with osteoporosis of different types have been under treatment with 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 and calcium. The responses were observed clinically and by the use of roentgen morphometry, photon absorptiometry and by blood and urine chemical analyses. The treatment had beneficial clinical effect in all but 3 patients. The intestinal calcium absorption rate increased significantly. Slight hypercalcemia and a significant hypercalciuria occurred during treatment. Serum and urine phosphate levels, alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone values were within normal ranges. The bone mineral content increased significantly during treatment. 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 and calcium was well tolerated by the patients. Three patients had coincidental acute attacks of spinal pain and 2 had further vertebral crush fractures. A period of time longer than one year is necessary to further evaluate the effects of 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 therapy on the clinical course of severe osteoporosis.", "PMID": 709936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4184", "title": "The in vitro production and activity of 24, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in cartilage and calvarium.", "content": "Previously reported results from our laboratory have indicated that 24, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol can be formed in vitro during incubations of cartilage tissue or cartilage cells with 25-hydroxycholecalcified. They have also demonstrated the high potency of this dihydroxymetabolite of vitamin D3 in stimulating in vitro the sulfate incorporation into proteoglycans of cartilage cells in culture and in decreasing in vitro the parathyroid hormone action on rat calvarium phosphatases activities. The present report shows that 24, 25-)OH)2 D3 can also be produced during rat calvarium incubations with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and that therefore calvarium as well as cartilage might be both a site of formation and a site of action for 24, 25-(OH)2 D3. The review of recent experimental and clinical investigations strongly suggests that this metabolite has a physiological significance and may be specifically active on some parameters of bone mineralization. Further studies on the cartilage and calvarium abilities to convert 25-hydroxycholecalciferol into 24, 25-(OH)2 D3 shows that this transformation occurs in the mitochondrial fraction but that it does not seem modified by factors known to control the 25-hydroxycholecalciferol metabolism in the kidney. Finally the analysis of experimental and clinical results published so far does not yet bring enough information to understand the significance of this extrarenal metabolism of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol.", "contents": "The in vitro production and activity of 24, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in cartilage and calvarium. Previously reported results from our laboratory have indicated that 24, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol can be formed in vitro during incubations of cartilage tissue or cartilage cells with 25-hydroxycholecalcified. They have also demonstrated the high potency of this dihydroxymetabolite of vitamin D3 in stimulating in vitro the sulfate incorporation into proteoglycans of cartilage cells in culture and in decreasing in vitro the parathyroid hormone action on rat calvarium phosphatases activities. The present report shows that 24, 25-)OH)2 D3 can also be produced during rat calvarium incubations with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and that therefore calvarium as well as cartilage might be both a site of formation and a site of action for 24, 25-(OH)2 D3. The review of recent experimental and clinical investigations strongly suggests that this metabolite has a physiological significance and may be specifically active on some parameters of bone mineralization. Further studies on the cartilage and calvarium abilities to convert 25-hydroxycholecalciferol into 24, 25-(OH)2 D3 shows that this transformation occurs in the mitochondrial fraction but that it does not seem modified by factors known to control the 25-hydroxycholecalciferol metabolism in the kidney. Finally the analysis of experimental and clinical results published so far does not yet bring enough information to understand the significance of this extrarenal metabolism of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol.", "PMID": 709937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4185", "title": "Femoral bifurcation with tibial aplasia. A case report and review of the literatures.", "content": "An extremely rare femoral bifurcation in combination with ipsilateral tibial aplasia, lumbosacral myelomeningocele, anomalies of hand and feet occurred in a premature infant. Review of the pertinent literature suggests that femoral bifurcation usually occurs in association with ipsilateral tibial aplasia. The pathogenesis of this rare congenital anomaly may be associated with an ectopic tibial anlage in the femur and insertions of disorganized muscles.", "contents": "Femoral bifurcation with tibial aplasia. A case report and review of the literatures. An extremely rare femoral bifurcation in combination with ipsilateral tibial aplasia, lumbosacral myelomeningocele, anomalies of hand and feet occurred in a premature infant. Review of the pertinent literature suggests that femoral bifurcation usually occurs in association with ipsilateral tibial aplasia. The pathogenesis of this rare congenital anomaly may be associated with an ectopic tibial anlage in the femur and insertions of disorganized muscles.", "PMID": 709938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4186", "title": "Corticosteroid-induced avascular necrosis: an experimental study in rabbits.", "content": "New Zealand white rabbits were divided into 4 groups for the study of the etiology of corticosteroid-induced osteonecrosis (avascular necrosis). Group A and B received intramuscular injections of methylprednisolone acetate and methylprednisolone succinate respectively. Group C, on semirestricted diets, and Group D, on ad libitum diets, were controls. Osteocyte death, necrotic debris and intravascular fat emboli were evident in sections of proximal and distal femur by the 2nd week in experimental animals. Blood analysis revealed elevated lipid and prostaglandin levels. Osteoporosis was first observed at 6 weeks. Evidence of advanced osteonecrosis was present histologically at 18 weeks. It is concluded that osteonecrosis probably develops as the result of the interaction of several corticosteroid-induced alterations, including circulating fat emboli and inflammatory unbound free fatty acids or prostaglandins. Osteoporosis may also be a factor in explaining the sporadic nature of the disorder.", "contents": "Corticosteroid-induced avascular necrosis: an experimental study in rabbits. New Zealand white rabbits were divided into 4 groups for the study of the etiology of corticosteroid-induced osteonecrosis (avascular necrosis). Group A and B received intramuscular injections of methylprednisolone acetate and methylprednisolone succinate respectively. Group C, on semirestricted diets, and Group D, on ad libitum diets, were controls. Osteocyte death, necrotic debris and intravascular fat emboli were evident in sections of proximal and distal femur by the 2nd week in experimental animals. Blood analysis revealed elevated lipid and prostaglandin levels. Osteoporosis was first observed at 6 weeks. Evidence of advanced osteonecrosis was present histologically at 18 weeks. It is concluded that osteonecrosis probably develops as the result of the interaction of several corticosteroid-induced alterations, including circulating fat emboli and inflammatory unbound free fatty acids or prostaglandins. Osteoporosis may also be a factor in explaining the sporadic nature of the disorder.", "PMID": 709939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4187", "title": "Delayed surgical repair of ruptured ligaments: a comparative biomechanical and histological study.", "content": "The importance of prompt surgical repair of complete ligament ruptures was quantitated using 38 rabbits with standardized transection injuries ofthe medial collateral ligament of one knee. Tensile testing of the mechanical properties, coupled with histological evaluation allowed assessment of the integrity of suture repairs performed immediately after ligament injury, versus those with 3 and 10 day delay times as well as those with non-operative management. Surgical repair performed within the first 3 days is beneficial in terms of final repair strength. Irreversible ligament strength and stiffness deficits progressively accumulate during the 10 days immediately following injury. Surgical repair after more than 10 days postinjury is contraindicated since the postoperative mechanical properties of the healed ligament do not differ from those for non-operative injury management.", "contents": "Delayed surgical repair of ruptured ligaments: a comparative biomechanical and histological study. The importance of prompt surgical repair of complete ligament ruptures was quantitated using 38 rabbits with standardized transection injuries ofthe medial collateral ligament of one knee. Tensile testing of the mechanical properties, coupled with histological evaluation allowed assessment of the integrity of suture repairs performed immediately after ligament injury, versus those with 3 and 10 day delay times as well as those with non-operative management. Surgical repair performed within the first 3 days is beneficial in terms of final repair strength. Irreversible ligament strength and stiffness deficits progressively accumulate during the 10 days immediately following injury. Surgical repair after more than 10 days postinjury is contraindicated since the postoperative mechanical properties of the healed ligament do not differ from those for non-operative injury management.", "PMID": 709940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4188", "title": "The strength of metal reinforced methylmethacrylate fixation of pathologic fractures.", "content": "Fixation of the pathological fracture in terminal patients has in the past added the trauma of an extensive surgical procedure to an already weakened patient. Intramedullary fixation with single and double rods in conjuction with polymethylmethacrylate have been compared to ascertain the effect of different loading conditions using torque and analysis under compression measurements of the strength of repair bone. Extensive intramedullary reaming can be avoided with polymethylmethacrylate. The cement effectively transmits the load from the proximal to the distal fragment. The single large rod method would be more desirable for stiffer bones while the double thin rod technique may be applicable to more flexible bones.", "contents": "The strength of metal reinforced methylmethacrylate fixation of pathologic fractures. Fixation of the pathological fracture in terminal patients has in the past added the trauma of an extensive surgical procedure to an already weakened patient. Intramedullary fixation with single and double rods in conjuction with polymethylmethacrylate have been compared to ascertain the effect of different loading conditions using torque and analysis under compression measurements of the strength of repair bone. Extensive intramedullary reaming can be avoided with polymethylmethacrylate. The cement effectively transmits the load from the proximal to the distal fragment. The single large rod method would be more desirable for stiffer bones while the double thin rod technique may be applicable to more flexible bones.", "PMID": 709941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4189", "title": "Blount disease. A review of etiological factors in 110 patients.", "content": "The infantile form of Blount disease is common in the African Negro population of South Africa, although it is very rare in other groups in this country. A series of 110 affected children, investigated in an attempt to elucidate the pathogenesis of this condition, demonstrates an approximately equal sex incidence while geographic distribution is patchy. Bowing of the legs, which is symmetrical in 82% is usually the presenting feature and develops at the onset of ambulation. There is no preceding illness, either local or systemic, and no dietary inadequacy. The children do not differ from their peers in age of walking, weight or range of joint movements. There are no biochemical or hematological abnormalities and no radiographic evidence of involvement of joints other than the knees. Twenty-two of the patients had never been carried in the traditional \"pick-a-back\" position and it is therefore unlikely that this posture is a significant causative factor. The children had a total of 231 siblings, of whom 10 had bowlegs, while 16 parents had been similarly affected during their own infancy. On this basis, Mendelian dominant or recessive inheritance is unlikely although it is possible that Blount disease is multifactorial in etiology.", "contents": "Blount disease. A review of etiological factors in 110 patients. The infantile form of Blount disease is common in the African Negro population of South Africa, although it is very rare in other groups in this country. A series of 110 affected children, investigated in an attempt to elucidate the pathogenesis of this condition, demonstrates an approximately equal sex incidence while geographic distribution is patchy. Bowing of the legs, which is symmetrical in 82% is usually the presenting feature and develops at the onset of ambulation. There is no preceding illness, either local or systemic, and no dietary inadequacy. The children do not differ from their peers in age of walking, weight or range of joint movements. There are no biochemical or hematological abnormalities and no radiographic evidence of involvement of joints other than the knees. Twenty-two of the patients had never been carried in the traditional \"pick-a-back\" position and it is therefore unlikely that this posture is a significant causative factor. The children had a total of 231 siblings, of whom 10 had bowlegs, while 16 parents had been similarly affected during their own infancy. On this basis, Mendelian dominant or recessive inheritance is unlikely although it is possible that Blount disease is multifactorial in etiology.", "PMID": 709942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4190", "title": "An experimental model of osteogenesis: a closed in vivo culture system using diffusion chambers.", "content": "Part of young mouse radii were isolated and transplanted into an intraperitoneal Millipore diffusion chamber. The survival of the implants was followed for 22 days, using morphological criteria, and by autoradiography with tritiated thymidine. Periosteal cells and epiphyseal plate chondrocytes survived well for one to two weeks. DNA synthesis was noted up to the twenty-second day of culture. Osteogenetic cells proliferated well in transplants of shorter duration, but in the third week there was overgrowth by fibroblasts. The method seems well suited for the culture of osteogenetic cells as whole-bone pieces for at least one to two weeks.", "contents": "An experimental model of osteogenesis: a closed in vivo culture system using diffusion chambers. Part of young mouse radii were isolated and transplanted into an intraperitoneal Millipore diffusion chamber. The survival of the implants was followed for 22 days, using morphological criteria, and by autoradiography with tritiated thymidine. Periosteal cells and epiphyseal plate chondrocytes survived well for one to two weeks. DNA synthesis was noted up to the twenty-second day of culture. Osteogenetic cells proliferated well in transplants of shorter duration, but in the third week there was overgrowth by fibroblasts. The method seems well suited for the culture of osteogenetic cells as whole-bone pieces for at least one to two weeks.", "PMID": 709943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4191", "title": "Cementum-like bone production in solitary bone cysts. (so-called \"cementoma\" of long bones). Report of three cases. Electron microscopic observations supporting a synovial origin to the simple bone cyst.", "content": "Three cases of simple bone cysts (S.B.C) in association with cementum-like bone production are reported. Analysis of our cases and the 2 previously reported in the literature as so-called cementomas has led us to conclude that the \"cementoma\" of long bone is not a distinct entity, but merely, a form of S.B.C. associated with a peculiar, poorly cellular form of bone which mimics tooth cementum by light microscopy only. Electron microscopic studies of this substance demonstrate collagen fibers and numerous matrix vesicles which form the initial sites of calcification. Matrix vesicles are a product of osteoblastic activity and are never found in the cementum of the tooth or oral cementum producing tumors. We also report the first ultramiscroscopic observations on the wall of the simple bone cyst and its lining. Two cell types constitute the lining, having features identical to those described for type A and type B synovial cells. Because of this new observation, we believe, the most reasonable explanation for the simple bone cyst is that it represents a congenital \"rest\" of synovial tissue displaced into the thin, cortical metaphyseal region of bones at the synovial-capsularbone reflection. Its benign nature and slow growth would explain its discovery in early childhood and the marked preponderance of its proximal humerofemoral location dependent upon the fact that these 2 bones have the largest area of capsular to metaphyseal bone reflection.", "contents": "Cementum-like bone production in solitary bone cysts. (so-called \"cementoma\" of long bones). Report of three cases. Electron microscopic observations supporting a synovial origin to the simple bone cyst. Three cases of simple bone cysts (S.B.C) in association with cementum-like bone production are reported. Analysis of our cases and the 2 previously reported in the literature as so-called cementomas has led us to conclude that the \"cementoma\" of long bone is not a distinct entity, but merely, a form of S.B.C. associated with a peculiar, poorly cellular form of bone which mimics tooth cementum by light microscopy only. Electron microscopic studies of this substance demonstrate collagen fibers and numerous matrix vesicles which form the initial sites of calcification. Matrix vesicles are a product of osteoblastic activity and are never found in the cementum of the tooth or oral cementum producing tumors. We also report the first ultramiscroscopic observations on the wall of the simple bone cyst and its lining. Two cell types constitute the lining, having features identical to those described for type A and type B synovial cells. Because of this new observation, we believe, the most reasonable explanation for the simple bone cyst is that it represents a congenital \"rest\" of synovial tissue displaced into the thin, cortical metaphyseal region of bones at the synovial-capsularbone reflection. Its benign nature and slow growth would explain its discovery in early childhood and the marked preponderance of its proximal humerofemoral location dependent upon the fact that these 2 bones have the largest area of capsular to metaphyseal bone reflection.", "PMID": 709944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4192", "title": "Congenital synostosis of the knee.", "content": "Three congenital synostoses of the knee occurred in 2 patients. Complete bony epiphyseal fusion was present on the radiographs. This condition is a failure of joint formation in the early mesenchymal stage at 4--5 weeks gestation and appears as connected cartilaginous cell masses which later ossify. Involvement of other joints has been reported in the literature, but these may be the first documented cases of the condition in knee joints.", "contents": "Congenital synostosis of the knee. Three congenital synostoses of the knee occurred in 2 patients. Complete bony epiphyseal fusion was present on the radiographs. This condition is a failure of joint formation in the early mesenchymal stage at 4--5 weeks gestation and appears as connected cartilaginous cell masses which later ossify. Involvement of other joints has been reported in the literature, but these may be the first documented cases of the condition in knee joints.", "PMID": 709948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4193", "title": "Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica of the ulna.", "content": "A 3-year-old boy developed an abnormality of the forearm and wrist characterized by asymmetrical overgrowth, premature ossification of the distal ulnar epiphysis, shortening of both bones of the forearm, dorsal bowing of the ulna and formation of an enlarged lunate from 2 ossification centers. The eccentric overgrowth of the distal ulnar epiphysis was similar to the abnormality seen in dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica of the long bones of the lower limbs, tarsal and carpal bones.", "contents": "Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica of the ulna. A 3-year-old boy developed an abnormality of the forearm and wrist characterized by asymmetrical overgrowth, premature ossification of the distal ulnar epiphysis, shortening of both bones of the forearm, dorsal bowing of the ulna and formation of an enlarged lunate from 2 ossification centers. The eccentric overgrowth of the distal ulnar epiphysis was similar to the abnormality seen in dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica of the long bones of the lower limbs, tarsal and carpal bones.", "PMID": 709949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4194", "title": "Supracondylar osteotomy in thalassemia.", "content": "The skeletal system manifestations of thalassemia are characterized by severe osteoporosis, frequent fractures and delayed healing. Permanent deformity and disability can complicate the fractures. Surgical correction of deformity by osteotomy of severely osteoporotic bone and immobilization without internal fixation was successful in a 20-year-old woman. While operative correction of deformity is not routinely recommended, the good experience with this case suggests that similar orthopedic procedures can be included in the treatment of thalassemia.", "contents": "Supracondylar osteotomy in thalassemia. The skeletal system manifestations of thalassemia are characterized by severe osteoporosis, frequent fractures and delayed healing. Permanent deformity and disability can complicate the fractures. Surgical correction of deformity by osteotomy of severely osteoporotic bone and immobilization without internal fixation was successful in a 20-year-old woman. While operative correction of deformity is not routinely recommended, the good experience with this case suggests that similar orthopedic procedures can be included in the treatment of thalassemia.", "PMID": 709950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4195", "title": "Proximal tibiofibular synostosis.", "content": "The occurrence of a proximal tibiofibular synostosis is indeed a rare condition with only 2 cases unassociated with other diseases reported to our knowledge to date. Two skeletally immature patients presented with a synostosis of the proximal tibiofibular region associated with shortening of the limb in the affected segments. Although the shortening and the synostosis seem interrelated no explanation of their relationship is evident from these 2 cases.", "contents": "Proximal tibiofibular synostosis. The occurrence of a proximal tibiofibular synostosis is indeed a rare condition with only 2 cases unassociated with other diseases reported to our knowledge to date. Two skeletally immature patients presented with a synostosis of the proximal tibiofibular region associated with shortening of the limb in the affected segments. Although the shortening and the synostosis seem interrelated no explanation of their relationship is evident from these 2 cases.", "PMID": 709951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4196", "title": "The multiple synostoses syndrome. A plea for simplicity.", "content": "Case reports are presented of a father and daughter suffering from what has formerly been called the Nievergelt-Pearlmansyndrome, and now termed \"multiple synostoses syndrome.\" Features of the condition include: proximal symphalangism; tarsal and carpal coalitions; short first metacarpals and metatarsals; elbow fusions or dysplasias; conductive nerve deafness. This syndrome appears to be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait of variable penetrance, and probably caused by a single gene abnormality.", "contents": "The multiple synostoses syndrome. A plea for simplicity. Case reports are presented of a father and daughter suffering from what has formerly been called the Nievergelt-Pearlmansyndrome, and now termed \"multiple synostoses syndrome.\" Features of the condition include: proximal symphalangism; tarsal and carpal coalitions; short first metacarpals and metatarsals; elbow fusions or dysplasias; conductive nerve deafness. This syndrome appears to be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait of variable penetrance, and probably caused by a single gene abnormality.", "PMID": 709952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4197", "title": "Pain provoked scoliosis. Observations on the evolution of the deformity.", "content": "The case reports of 5 children with scoliosis provoked by painful vertebral lesions of osteoid osteoma and eosinophilic granuloma reveal that the final outcome of the deformity is determined by the interaction of 2 factors: the age of the child (in relation to his growth velocity); the duration of symptoms. Complete resolution in 2 children with scoliosis of 10 months' and one year's duration respectively, and partial regression of a curve which has been present for 6 years in another child draws attention to the fact that spontaneous correction of structural scoliosis can and does occur in a growing child. In the light of this and other evidence it is suggested that early idiopathic scoliosis could possess the potential for spontaneous correction.", "contents": "Pain provoked scoliosis. Observations on the evolution of the deformity. The case reports of 5 children with scoliosis provoked by painful vertebral lesions of osteoid osteoma and eosinophilic granuloma reveal that the final outcome of the deformity is determined by the interaction of 2 factors: the age of the child (in relation to his growth velocity); the duration of symptoms. Complete resolution in 2 children with scoliosis of 10 months' and one year's duration respectively, and partial regression of a curve which has been present for 6 years in another child draws attention to the fact that spontaneous correction of structural scoliosis can and does occur in a growing child. In the light of this and other evidence it is suggested that early idiopathic scoliosis could possess the potential for spontaneous correction.", "PMID": 709953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4198", "title": "Oxacillin induced neutropenia. A case report.", "content": "Oxacillin-induced neutropenia is reported in a 16-year-old boy being treated for osteomyelitis. The startling neutropenia developed after 20 days of 200 mg/kg/day of intravenous oxacillin. The neutropenia was not associated with symptoms and was rapidly reversible upon stopping the antibiotic. This reaction may happen with any of the betal lactam antibiotics and is believed to be a direct toxic effect on white cell precursors in the bone marrow.", "contents": "Oxacillin induced neutropenia. A case report. Oxacillin-induced neutropenia is reported in a 16-year-old boy being treated for osteomyelitis. The startling neutropenia developed after 20 days of 200 mg/kg/day of intravenous oxacillin. The neutropenia was not associated with symptoms and was rapidly reversible upon stopping the antibiotic. This reaction may happen with any of the betal lactam antibiotics and is believed to be a direct toxic effect on white cell precursors in the bone marrow.", "PMID": 709954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4199", "title": "Acquired os odontoideum. A case report.", "content": "A 7-year-old boy presented with os odontoideum after a 5 story fall at 19 months of age, at which time roentgenograms documented a normal odontoid. Current flexion-extension films revealed a marked altlantoaxial instability related to the acquired \"os.\" The treatment consisted of an atlantoaxial arthrodesis. Acquired os odontoideum is a recognized, though uncommon entity in which it is hypothesized that trauma produces vascular insufficiency, with subsequent resorption of the central portion of the odontoid, resulting in the classical features of os odontoideum. It is often associated with instability, with potential danger to the spinal cord. Instability in cases of os odontoideum is a positive indication for atlantoaxial arthrodesis.", "contents": "Acquired os odontoideum. A case report. A 7-year-old boy presented with os odontoideum after a 5 story fall at 19 months of age, at which time roentgenograms documented a normal odontoid. Current flexion-extension films revealed a marked altlantoaxial instability related to the acquired \"os.\" The treatment consisted of an atlantoaxial arthrodesis. Acquired os odontoideum is a recognized, though uncommon entity in which it is hypothesized that trauma produces vascular insufficiency, with subsequent resorption of the central portion of the odontoid, resulting in the classical features of os odontoideum. It is often associated with instability, with potential danger to the spinal cord. Instability in cases of os odontoideum is a positive indication for atlantoaxial arthrodesis.", "PMID": 709955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4200", "title": "Autotransfusions in scoliosis surgery. Review of 20 Harrington fusions.", "content": "A significant blood loss during a Harrington fusion for scoliosis is usually replaced with homologous bank blood transfusion. To decrease the risk of potential severe complications for the patient, autotransfusions were used in 20 patients undergoing posterior spinal fusions for scoliosis. To have fresh blood at the time of surgery the previous stock was recirculated at each weekly session. The last of the 3 sessions was one week before surgery. The mean age was 17 years and 4 months. On average the hemoglobin before donation was 12.85 g, the volume donated 1455 ml, and the hemoglobin preoperatively 12.04 g. Blood loss averaged 1175.0 ml at surgery and 635.0 ml subsequently by vacuum drainage. Two days after operation the hemoglobin averaged 10.4 g. No complications related to transfusion occurred. Three patients received additional homologous blood. The rationale, modes, technique, value, and underutilization of autotransfusion are noteworthy.", "contents": "Autotransfusions in scoliosis surgery. Review of 20 Harrington fusions. A significant blood loss during a Harrington fusion for scoliosis is usually replaced with homologous bank blood transfusion. To decrease the risk of potential severe complications for the patient, autotransfusions were used in 20 patients undergoing posterior spinal fusions for scoliosis. To have fresh blood at the time of surgery the previous stock was recirculated at each weekly session. The last of the 3 sessions was one week before surgery. The mean age was 17 years and 4 months. On average the hemoglobin before donation was 12.85 g, the volume donated 1455 ml, and the hemoglobin preoperatively 12.04 g. Blood loss averaged 1175.0 ml at surgery and 635.0 ml subsequently by vacuum drainage. Two days after operation the hemoglobin averaged 10.4 g. No complications related to transfusion occurred. Three patients received additional homologous blood. The rationale, modes, technique, value, and underutilization of autotransfusion are noteworthy.", "PMID": 709956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4201", "title": "Congenital calcifying hamartoma. A resolving lesion producing gastrocnemius contracture--report of a case.", "content": "An 18-month-boy developed a calcifying mass in the gastrocnemius muscle. The lesion presented on the day of birth and resolved completely within 5 months leaving only a fibrous cord replacing the medial head of the gastrocnemius. There were no facts in the history to suggest the etiology of this lesion. Calcification of a vascular hamartoma with subsequent fibrosis is proposed as a possible explanation. The benign course of this lesion is evidence of the value of conservative treatment.", "contents": "Congenital calcifying hamartoma. A resolving lesion producing gastrocnemius contracture--report of a case. An 18-month-boy developed a calcifying mass in the gastrocnemius muscle. The lesion presented on the day of birth and resolved completely within 5 months leaving only a fibrous cord replacing the medial head of the gastrocnemius. There were no facts in the history to suggest the etiology of this lesion. Calcification of a vascular hamartoma with subsequent fibrosis is proposed as a possible explanation. The benign course of this lesion is evidence of the value of conservative treatment.", "PMID": 709957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4202", "title": "Role of innominate osteotomy in the treatment of children with Legg-Perthes disease.", "content": "Innominate osteotomy is based on the supposition that coverage of the femoral capital epiphysis is necessary. The morbidity is minimal, early postoperative weight-bearing is permissible, even encouraged. No further evidence of deterioration of the contour of the hip joint appears following surgery. Prompt consolidation of the fragments may occur. In selected cases innominate osteotomy can provide a better prognosis than non-operative treatment.", "contents": "Role of innominate osteotomy in the treatment of children with Legg-Perthes disease. Innominate osteotomy is based on the supposition that coverage of the femoral capital epiphysis is necessary. The morbidity is minimal, early postoperative weight-bearing is permissible, even encouraged. No further evidence of deterioration of the contour of the hip joint appears following surgery. Prompt consolidation of the fragments may occur. In selected cases innominate osteotomy can provide a better prognosis than non-operative treatment.", "PMID": 709958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4203", "title": "Valgus slip of the capital femoral epiphysis.", "content": "Valgus slip of the capital femoral epiphysis, a rare entity which may be acute or chronic, occurred in a 12-year-old boy. The displacement may be associated with a pre-existing coxa valga. The patient also had a varus slip of the capital femoral epiphysis on the contralateral side. Both hips were successful treated by in situ pinning. A review of the English literature reveals only 8 previously reported cases of valgus slipping of the capital femoral epiphysis. Either valgus or lateral slips are unusual.", "contents": "Valgus slip of the capital femoral epiphysis. Valgus slip of the capital femoral epiphysis, a rare entity which may be acute or chronic, occurred in a 12-year-old boy. The displacement may be associated with a pre-existing coxa valga. The patient also had a varus slip of the capital femoral epiphysis on the contralateral side. Both hips were successful treated by in situ pinning. A review of the English literature reveals only 8 previously reported cases of valgus slipping of the capital femoral epiphysis. Either valgus or lateral slips are unusual.", "PMID": 709959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4204", "title": "Slipped capital femoral epiphysis. A study of 50 cases in black children.", "content": "In 50 black children with 70 slipped capital femoral epiphyses, a satisfactory result was obtained in 87% of the hips. Chondrolysis developed in 6% of the hips, occurring only when there was persistent intraarticular protrusion of the transepiphyseal fixation device. The chondrolytic process resulted in a relatively painless fibrous ankylosis of each hip. Avascular necrosis developed in 7% of the hips, and occurred only in the presence of a valgus reduction of an acute slipped epiphysis. Each case of avascular necrosis was of the whole-head type and was severely progressive. Biplane subtrochanteric femoral osteotomy was employed as a reconstructive procedure in the severely-displaced slipped epiphysis; it was delayed until after epiphyseal plate closure, and restored satisfactory hip function in all cases. Black children are not predisposed to poor results after slipped capital femoral epiphysis contrary to a commonly held impression.", "contents": "Slipped capital femoral epiphysis. A study of 50 cases in black children. In 50 black children with 70 slipped capital femoral epiphyses, a satisfactory result was obtained in 87% of the hips. Chondrolysis developed in 6% of the hips, occurring only when there was persistent intraarticular protrusion of the transepiphyseal fixation device. The chondrolytic process resulted in a relatively painless fibrous ankylosis of each hip. Avascular necrosis developed in 7% of the hips, and occurred only in the presence of a valgus reduction of an acute slipped epiphysis. Each case of avascular necrosis was of the whole-head type and was severely progressive. Biplane subtrochanteric femoral osteotomy was employed as a reconstructive procedure in the severely-displaced slipped epiphysis; it was delayed until after epiphyseal plate closure, and restored satisfactory hip function in all cases. Black children are not predisposed to poor results after slipped capital femoral epiphysis contrary to a commonly held impression.", "PMID": 709960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4205", "title": "The hazards of tibial pin replacement in 90--90 skeletal traction.", "content": "Tibial pin placement and 90--90 traction may lead to serious knee difficulties. Not only proximal tibial epiphyseal insult, but also serious displacement of the tibia on the femur may occur. In light of these potential complications, distal femoral pin placement should always be preferable for 90--90 traction in treatment of fractured femurs in children.", "contents": "The hazards of tibial pin replacement in 90--90 skeletal traction. Tibial pin placement and 90--90 traction may lead to serious knee difficulties. Not only proximal tibial epiphyseal insult, but also serious displacement of the tibia on the femur may occur. In light of these potential complications, distal femoral pin placement should always be preferable for 90--90 traction in treatment of fractured femurs in children.", "PMID": 709961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4206", "title": "Nuclear anatomy of diversionary central nervous system shunts in children.", "content": "A simple method of demonstrating shunt morphology with 99m technetium diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid (99m Tc-DTPA) is described. The anatomic abnormalities are illustrated. Demonstration of the site of obstruction is useful in selecting the neurosurgical approach. The procedure is minimally invasive, accurate, and simple to interpret.", "contents": "Nuclear anatomy of diversionary central nervous system shunts in children. A simple method of demonstrating shunt morphology with 99m technetium diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid (99m Tc-DTPA) is described. The anatomic abnormalities are illustrated. Demonstration of the site of obstruction is useful in selecting the neurosurgical approach. The procedure is minimally invasive, accurate, and simple to interpret.", "PMID": 709979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4207", "title": "Detection of active bleeding from ruptured aortic aneurysm by emergency radionuclide angiography.", "content": "Radionuclide angiography of the abdominal aorta provides hemodynamic information of the kidneys, aorta and aneurysm as well as the location and extent of aneurysm. Visualization of early abnormal activity in the pelvic region simultaneously with iliac artery visualization is thought to be a specific finding of active bleeding from a ruptured aneurysm of the abdominal aorta.", "contents": "Detection of active bleeding from ruptured aortic aneurysm by emergency radionuclide angiography. Radionuclide angiography of the abdominal aorta provides hemodynamic information of the kidneys, aorta and aneurysm as well as the location and extent of aneurysm. Visualization of early abnormal activity in the pelvic region simultaneously with iliac artery visualization is thought to be a specific finding of active bleeding from a ruptured aneurysm of the abdominal aorta.", "PMID": 709980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4208", "title": "Radionuclide demonstration of relative increased blood flow in uniappendicular secondary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy.", "content": "A rare case of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (HO) limited to one lower extremity is described in a male with a history of familial polyposis coli and bilateral aortofemoral grafts. The precise etiology remains unknown. Radiography depicted the HO, but 99m Tc-methylene diphosphonate imaging showed more extensive involvement. An intra-aortic injection of 99m Tc-macroaggregates of albumin portrayed a larger blood flow to the involved limb compared to the contralateral extremity. The major part of this increase was in bone rather than in the adjacent soft tissue.", "contents": "Radionuclide demonstration of relative increased blood flow in uniappendicular secondary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. A rare case of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (HO) limited to one lower extremity is described in a male with a history of familial polyposis coli and bilateral aortofemoral grafts. The precise etiology remains unknown. Radiography depicted the HO, but 99m Tc-methylene diphosphonate imaging showed more extensive involvement. An intra-aortic injection of 99m Tc-macroaggregates of albumin portrayed a larger blood flow to the involved limb compared to the contralateral extremity. The major part of this increase was in bone rather than in the adjacent soft tissue.", "PMID": 709981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4209", "title": "Adrenal scintigraphy in low renin essential hypertension.", "content": "Adrenal scintigraphy was performed on 23 patients with low renin essential hypertension (LREH). After baseline scintigraphy was shown not to be helpful, 13 of these 23 patients underwent dexamethasone suppression adrenal scintigraphy. Four adrenal imaging patterns were observed: unilateral imaging with adenoma; bilateral early or late imaging with hyperplasia; no uptake with normal adrenals. These imaging patterns were shown to be predictive of the individual patient's response to spironolactone administration of functional adrenal cortical abnormalities in LREH supplies direct evidence for the hypothesis that LREH has an adrenal mineralocorticoid etiology.", "contents": "Adrenal scintigraphy in low renin essential hypertension. Adrenal scintigraphy was performed on 23 patients with low renin essential hypertension (LREH). After baseline scintigraphy was shown not to be helpful, 13 of these 23 patients underwent dexamethasone suppression adrenal scintigraphy. Four adrenal imaging patterns were observed: unilateral imaging with adenoma; bilateral early or late imaging with hyperplasia; no uptake with normal adrenals. These imaging patterns were shown to be predictive of the individual patient's response to spironolactone administration of functional adrenal cortical abnormalities in LREH supplies direct evidence for the hypothesis that LREH has an adrenal mineralocorticoid etiology.", "PMID": 709982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4210", "title": "Splenic infarct associated with diaphragmatic eventration: case report illustrating the non-specificity of splenic focal defects.", "content": "The authors report a scintigraph of a 76-year-old man interpreted as being of a partially herniated spleen constricted by the diaphragm. The constriction proved illusory.", "contents": "Splenic infarct associated with diaphragmatic eventration: case report illustrating the non-specificity of splenic focal defects. The authors report a scintigraph of a 76-year-old man interpreted as being of a partially herniated spleen constricted by the diaphragm. The constriction proved illusory.", "PMID": 709983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4211", "title": "Unusual bone scan presentation in osteomalacia: symmetrical uptake--a suggestive sign.", "content": "Osteomalacia presents radiographically as deossification, coarsening of the trabecular pattern, and pseudofractures. Contrary to the usual bone scan manifestation of osteomalacia, consisting of a generalized increase in periarticular radionuclide accumulation and pronounced costochondral junctional uptake, this report describes an unusual bone scan presentation with negative radiographic studies showing only some deossification. Symmetric distribution of the focal lesions is considered a suggestive sign of osteomalacia.", "contents": "Unusual bone scan presentation in osteomalacia: symmetrical uptake--a suggestive sign. Osteomalacia presents radiographically as deossification, coarsening of the trabecular pattern, and pseudofractures. Contrary to the usual bone scan manifestation of osteomalacia, consisting of a generalized increase in periarticular radionuclide accumulation and pronounced costochondral junctional uptake, this report describes an unusual bone scan presentation with negative radiographic studies showing only some deossification. Symmetric distribution of the focal lesions is considered a suggestive sign of osteomalacia.", "PMID": 709984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4212", "title": "Scintilymphangiography with 99 mTc-antimony sulfide colloid in hereditary lymphedema (Nonne-Milroy diseases).", "content": "A family of four patients suffering from Nonne-Milroy disease has been examined by pedal scintilymphangiography. Lower limb edema was present in three patients and was bilateral in two instances. Scintilymphangiographic abnormality was invariably present, ranging from almost total obstruction of lymphatic flow to lymphatic pooling. The inguinal, iliac and para-aortic nodes on the affected sides were also noted to be small and few in number. The examination is safe and simple and may be used to distinguish Nonne-Milroy edema from edema due to other causes.", "contents": "Scintilymphangiography with 99 mTc-antimony sulfide colloid in hereditary lymphedema (Nonne-Milroy diseases). A family of four patients suffering from Nonne-Milroy disease has been examined by pedal scintilymphangiography. Lower limb edema was present in three patients and was bilateral in two instances. Scintilymphangiographic abnormality was invariably present, ranging from almost total obstruction of lymphatic flow to lymphatic pooling. The inguinal, iliac and para-aortic nodes on the affected sides were also noted to be small and few in number. The examination is safe and simple and may be used to distinguish Nonne-Milroy edema from edema due to other causes.", "PMID": 709985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4213", "title": "Kinematics of the cervical spine.", "content": "This has been a review of some of the movements of the cervical spine. Much data remain to be accumulated and certainly much work must be done to evaluate the effect of forces in various directions upon these movements. Perhaps an improved understanding of these movements in association with an understanding of the pathogenesis of disc degeneration will enable us to better understand the development of spondylosis. Most important this review uncovers the fallacy of laying the blame for the development of cervical spondylosis solely at the door of increased or decreased mobility at certain area. Physical stress and tissue degeneration must be playing a significant role.", "contents": "Kinematics of the cervical spine. This has been a review of some of the movements of the cervical spine. Much data remain to be accumulated and certainly much work must be done to evaluate the effect of forces in various directions upon these movements. Perhaps an improved understanding of these movements in association with an understanding of the pathogenesis of disc degeneration will enable us to better understand the development of spondylosis. Most important this review uncovers the fallacy of laying the blame for the development of cervical spondylosis solely at the door of increased or decreased mobility at certain area. Physical stress and tissue degeneration must be playing a significant role.", "PMID": 709993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4214", "title": "Microsurgical anatomy of the orbital apex and principles of transcranial orbital exploration.", "content": "Although many problems may present with unilateral proptosis, a careful clinical investigation can narrow the differential diagnosis to those problems which can be treated best by the neurosurgeon. The primary indication for transcranial exploration is when the pathological process is found to involve both the orbit and the cranial cavity as in all cases of optic nerve glioma, orbital meningioma, encephalocele, and some mucoceles, hemangiomas, aneurysmal bone cysts, and ossifying fibromas. Transcranial exploration may also be indicated for some tumors which crowd the orbital apex, such as, neurofibromas and osteomas; tumors in this location can be more widely exposed and safely dealt with by this route. A prime objective in these cases, however, must be preservation of function with a good cosmetic result. It is of equal importance to be aware that many conditions producing exophthalmos can be cured by direct orbital exploration, radiotherapy, or medical management. Malignant orbital tumors should never be exposed to the cranial cavity by transcranial exploration, whereas, radical exenteration may be curative in some carefully studied cases. Accuracy in clinical diagnosis and the proper selection of treatment modality for conditions in the orbit requires a clear understanding of this regional anatomy. I hope that this brief review of the pertinent microsurgical anatomy of the orbital apical region has helped to substantiate a strong neurosurgical claim to all primary optic nerve tumors; and, incidentally, I hope it provides an explanation for why I sent so many other patients back to Dr. Algernon Reese with the recommendation that transcranial surgery did not seem indicated. The success of this attitude may be attested to by the fact that we performed no unnecessary craniotomies nor did we pass by problems which would have best been treated by transcranial orbital exploration.", "contents": "Microsurgical anatomy of the orbital apex and principles of transcranial orbital exploration. Although many problems may present with unilateral proptosis, a careful clinical investigation can narrow the differential diagnosis to those problems which can be treated best by the neurosurgeon. The primary indication for transcranial exploration is when the pathological process is found to involve both the orbit and the cranial cavity as in all cases of optic nerve glioma, orbital meningioma, encephalocele, and some mucoceles, hemangiomas, aneurysmal bone cysts, and ossifying fibromas. Transcranial exploration may also be indicated for some tumors which crowd the orbital apex, such as, neurofibromas and osteomas; tumors in this location can be more widely exposed and safely dealt with by this route. A prime objective in these cases, however, must be preservation of function with a good cosmetic result. It is of equal importance to be aware that many conditions producing exophthalmos can be cured by direct orbital exploration, radiotherapy, or medical management. Malignant orbital tumors should never be exposed to the cranial cavity by transcranial exploration, whereas, radical exenteration may be curative in some carefully studied cases. Accuracy in clinical diagnosis and the proper selection of treatment modality for conditions in the orbit requires a clear understanding of this regional anatomy. I hope that this brief review of the pertinent microsurgical anatomy of the orbital apical region has helped to substantiate a strong neurosurgical claim to all primary optic nerve tumors; and, incidentally, I hope it provides an explanation for why I sent so many other patients back to Dr. Algernon Reese with the recommendation that transcranial surgery did not seem indicated. The success of this attitude may be attested to by the fact that we performed no unnecessary craniotomies nor did we pass by problems which would have best been treated by transcranial orbital exploration.", "PMID": 710013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4215", "title": "Role of aldosterone in the antihypertensive effect of spironolactone in essential hypertension.", "content": "In order to evaluate the relationship between aldosterone status and the blood pressure-lowering effect of spironolactone, 38 patients with essential hypertension were treated with spironolactone (400 mg/day) during one week in hospital on a rigidly sodium-restricted diet. The degree of hyperaldosteronism was assessed by the aldosterone secretory rate after 5 days of salt loading (315 mmol Na+/day). The mean arterial pressure decreased 5.6% (range, -21 to +8%). When the patients were divided into subgroups with low and normal renin activity, there was no difference in the change in mean arterial pressure (-5.0% and -6.1%). When the patients were divided into three groups with low, normal, and supranormal aldosterone secretory rates, the last group had a significantly greater fall in blood pressure after the spironolactone than the other groups (-1.0, -7.1, -11.1%). Thus there was a correlation between the aldosterone secretory rate after sodium loading and the blood pressure-lowering effect of spironolactone (r = -0.53, p less than 0.01). The blood pressure-lowering effect was not related to changes in body weight, kidney function, or plasma electrolytes. Our findings do not provide solid arguments for the view that the blood pressure-lowering effect of high dose spironolactone is due to its antimineralocorticoid activity, but the correlation between the degree of hyperaldosteronism and the blood pressure-lowering effect strongly suggests that aldosterone does play a role in the genesis or maintenance of the hypertension in these patients.", "contents": "Role of aldosterone in the antihypertensive effect of spironolactone in essential hypertension. In order to evaluate the relationship between aldosterone status and the blood pressure-lowering effect of spironolactone, 38 patients with essential hypertension were treated with spironolactone (400 mg/day) during one week in hospital on a rigidly sodium-restricted diet. The degree of hyperaldosteronism was assessed by the aldosterone secretory rate after 5 days of salt loading (315 mmol Na+/day). The mean arterial pressure decreased 5.6% (range, -21 to +8%). When the patients were divided into subgroups with low and normal renin activity, there was no difference in the change in mean arterial pressure (-5.0% and -6.1%). When the patients were divided into three groups with low, normal, and supranormal aldosterone secretory rates, the last group had a significantly greater fall in blood pressure after the spironolactone than the other groups (-1.0, -7.1, -11.1%). Thus there was a correlation between the aldosterone secretory rate after sodium loading and the blood pressure-lowering effect of spironolactone (r = -0.53, p less than 0.01). The blood pressure-lowering effect was not related to changes in body weight, kidney function, or plasma electrolytes. Our findings do not provide solid arguments for the view that the blood pressure-lowering effect of high dose spironolactone is due to its antimineralocorticoid activity, but the correlation between the degree of hyperaldosteronism and the blood pressure-lowering effect strongly suggests that aldosterone does play a role in the genesis or maintenance of the hypertension in these patients.", "PMID": 710023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4216", "title": "Lidocaine and its active metabolites.", "content": "It has been shown that the antiarrhythmic and toxic effects of lidocaine may be in part dependent on its two active metabolites, monoethylglycylxylidide (MEGX) and glycylxylidide (GX). Presently available gas liquid chromatographic analytic methods require long and tedious steps or sophisticated equipment such as gas liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The assay method reported here with the use of high-performance liquid chromatography is rapid and allows accurate, precise determination of lidocaine, MEGX, and GX in biologic fluids. On the 3 patients studied extensively with the use of this assay, one patient had MEGX concentrations almost twice those of lidocaine. At 83% lidocaine potency, the contribution of MEGX in this patient was about 1.5 times that of lidocaine. The second patient studied on two consecutive days had a 20% increase in serum lidocaine concentration and an equivalent decrease in MEGX concentration on the second day. In the third patient lidocaine was stopped with a resulting half-life of 3.8 hr, which is consistent with previously reported values for patients on long-term lidocaine infusion. Urinary excretion of lidocaine and its metabolites is in agreement with previous work. These data suggest that much information still remains to be learned about the active metabolites of lidocaine as well as of lidocaine.", "contents": "Lidocaine and its active metabolites. It has been shown that the antiarrhythmic and toxic effects of lidocaine may be in part dependent on its two active metabolites, monoethylglycylxylidide (MEGX) and glycylxylidide (GX). Presently available gas liquid chromatographic analytic methods require long and tedious steps or sophisticated equipment such as gas liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The assay method reported here with the use of high-performance liquid chromatography is rapid and allows accurate, precise determination of lidocaine, MEGX, and GX in biologic fluids. On the 3 patients studied extensively with the use of this assay, one patient had MEGX concentrations almost twice those of lidocaine. At 83% lidocaine potency, the contribution of MEGX in this patient was about 1.5 times that of lidocaine. The second patient studied on two consecutive days had a 20% increase in serum lidocaine concentration and an equivalent decrease in MEGX concentration on the second day. In the third patient lidocaine was stopped with a resulting half-life of 3.8 hr, which is consistent with previously reported values for patients on long-term lidocaine infusion. Urinary excretion of lidocaine and its metabolites is in agreement with previous work. These data suggest that much information still remains to be learned about the active metabolites of lidocaine as well as of lidocaine.", "PMID": 710024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4217", "title": "Disposition of metformin (N,N-dimethylbiguanide) in man.", "content": "Kinetic parameters of metformin (N,N-dimethylbiguanide), an anti-diabetic reported to be associated with a lower number of episodes of lactic acidosis than phenformin, were determined in volunteers with normal renal function and in patients with different degrees of renal impairment. Drug in body fluids was measured by a highly specific and sensitive mass fragmentographic method, after the formation of a triazine derivative, obtained with heptafluorobutyric anhydride. The half-life (t 1/2) for the elimination of drug from plasma after intravenous injection in 5 normal subjects (1.52 +/- 0.3 hr) (mean +/- SD) was shorter than that reported for phenformin by a similar assay method (7 to 15 hr). The mean t 1/2 in 5 renal patients was 4.94 +/- 1.11 hr, and a correlation was observed between t 1/2 of drug from plasma and creatinine clearance. After oral administration of metformin tablets, drug recovery in urines was only 37.6%, possibly not as a consequence of low bioavailability (a similar low recovery was found after oral administration of the metformin solution used for the intravenous studies), but of binding to the intestinal wall, as shown in animal and clinical studies with metformin and other biguanides. Metformin is rapidly eliminated through active secretion by the kidney (mean renal clearance, 440.8 ml/min)--it is neither metabolized nor protein bound in plasma. The very brief plasma t 1/2 makes significant cumulation, with a standard tid regimen, unlikely. These findings may help explain the lower incidence of toxic effects, particularly lactic acidosis, than after phenformin.", "contents": "Disposition of metformin (N,N-dimethylbiguanide) in man. Kinetic parameters of metformin (N,N-dimethylbiguanide), an anti-diabetic reported to be associated with a lower number of episodes of lactic acidosis than phenformin, were determined in volunteers with normal renal function and in patients with different degrees of renal impairment. Drug in body fluids was measured by a highly specific and sensitive mass fragmentographic method, after the formation of a triazine derivative, obtained with heptafluorobutyric anhydride. The half-life (t 1/2) for the elimination of drug from plasma after intravenous injection in 5 normal subjects (1.52 +/- 0.3 hr) (mean +/- SD) was shorter than that reported for phenformin by a similar assay method (7 to 15 hr). The mean t 1/2 in 5 renal patients was 4.94 +/- 1.11 hr, and a correlation was observed between t 1/2 of drug from plasma and creatinine clearance. After oral administration of metformin tablets, drug recovery in urines was only 37.6%, possibly not as a consequence of low bioavailability (a similar low recovery was found after oral administration of the metformin solution used for the intravenous studies), but of binding to the intestinal wall, as shown in animal and clinical studies with metformin and other biguanides. Metformin is rapidly eliminated through active secretion by the kidney (mean renal clearance, 440.8 ml/min)--it is neither metabolized nor protein bound in plasma. The very brief plasma t 1/2 makes significant cumulation, with a standard tid regimen, unlikely. These findings may help explain the lower incidence of toxic effects, particularly lactic acidosis, than after phenformin.", "PMID": 710026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4218", "title": "Protein binding of tolmetin.", "content": "The protein binding of the new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent tolmetin to human serum albumin (HSA) and to the plasma of 8 healthy subjects was studied by equilibrium dialysis at 37 degrees and pH 7.4 with 14C-tolmetin. Over the total concentration (Ct) range 3.0 to 28.7 microgram/ml (therapeutic range), the fraction of tolmetin unbound to 4% HSA was largely invariant at 0.3%. At 100 microgram/ml the unbound fraction rose to 0.8 and at 434 microgram/ml to 3.6%. Within the therapeutic concentration range, tolmetin binding to 0.4% HSA was reduced in accordance with the law of mass action and at Ct = 26.2 microgram/ml, 10.5% was free. Analysis of the 0.4% HSA data showed tolmetin had 3 classes of binding sites (n1 = 1, K1 = 8.3 X 10(5) M-1; n2 = 4, K2 = 2.4 X 10(4) M-1; n3 = 44, K1 = 7.9 X 10(1) M-1). By studying the binding to 0.4% HSA at 23 degrees, it was established that the free energy change in binding for the first two classes of sites was entirely entropic in nature. Albumin accounted for almost all the binding of tolmetin in human plasma. The effect of other drugs, the tolmetin metabolite McN 2987 (5-p-carboxybenzoyl-1-methylpyrrole-2-acetic acid), tryptophan, and oleic acid on tolmetin binding to 4% HSA was studied using ultrafiltration and 14C-tolmetin. Aspirin and salicyclic acid decreased tolmetin binding and a combination of aspirin and salicyclic acid exerted a synergistic displacing effect. Indomethacin and ibuprofen had no effect while phenylhbutazone and acetaminophen increased tolmetin binding slightly. Tolmetin binding was decreased slightly by McN 2987 and tryptophan and markedly increased by oleic acid. McN 2987 was not bound as extensively as tolmetin. Binding of 14C-tolmetin to the plasma of 4 arthritic patients was studied by ultrafiltration and found to be less than to normal plasma and 4% HSA. Distribution of tolmetin in the whole blood of 8 healthy subjects using a centrifugation technique showed that the drug was not taken up by red blood cells at therapeutic concentrations.", "contents": "Protein binding of tolmetin. The protein binding of the new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent tolmetin to human serum albumin (HSA) and to the plasma of 8 healthy subjects was studied by equilibrium dialysis at 37 degrees and pH 7.4 with 14C-tolmetin. Over the total concentration (Ct) range 3.0 to 28.7 microgram/ml (therapeutic range), the fraction of tolmetin unbound to 4% HSA was largely invariant at 0.3%. At 100 microgram/ml the unbound fraction rose to 0.8 and at 434 microgram/ml to 3.6%. Within the therapeutic concentration range, tolmetin binding to 0.4% HSA was reduced in accordance with the law of mass action and at Ct = 26.2 microgram/ml, 10.5% was free. Analysis of the 0.4% HSA data showed tolmetin had 3 classes of binding sites (n1 = 1, K1 = 8.3 X 10(5) M-1; n2 = 4, K2 = 2.4 X 10(4) M-1; n3 = 44, K1 = 7.9 X 10(1) M-1). By studying the binding to 0.4% HSA at 23 degrees, it was established that the free energy change in binding for the first two classes of sites was entirely entropic in nature. Albumin accounted for almost all the binding of tolmetin in human plasma. The effect of other drugs, the tolmetin metabolite McN 2987 (5-p-carboxybenzoyl-1-methylpyrrole-2-acetic acid), tryptophan, and oleic acid on tolmetin binding to 4% HSA was studied using ultrafiltration and 14C-tolmetin. Aspirin and salicyclic acid decreased tolmetin binding and a combination of aspirin and salicyclic acid exerted a synergistic displacing effect. Indomethacin and ibuprofen had no effect while phenylhbutazone and acetaminophen increased tolmetin binding slightly. Tolmetin binding was decreased slightly by McN 2987 and tryptophan and markedly increased by oleic acid. McN 2987 was not bound as extensively as tolmetin. Binding of 14C-tolmetin to the plasma of 4 arthritic patients was studied by ultrafiltration and found to be less than to normal plasma and 4% HSA. Distribution of tolmetin in the whole blood of 8 healthy subjects using a centrifugation technique showed that the drug was not taken up by red blood cells at therapeutic concentrations.", "PMID": 710027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4219", "title": "The role of radiology in the assessment of bladder cancer.", "content": "Bipedal lymphography and intravenous urography were carried out in 44 patients in an attempt to define the role of these procedures in the assessment of the patient with carcinoma of the bladder. Evidence of lymphatic involvement, even though unsupported by histological proof and a major abnormality on urography, conferred a worse prognosis than if these examinations were thought to be normal. Implications for therapy are considered.", "contents": "The role of radiology in the assessment of bladder cancer. Bipedal lymphography and intravenous urography were carried out in 44 patients in an attempt to define the role of these procedures in the assessment of the patient with carcinoma of the bladder. Evidence of lymphatic involvement, even though unsupported by histological proof and a major abnormality on urography, conferred a worse prognosis than if these examinations were thought to be normal. Implications for therapy are considered.", "PMID": 710032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4220", "title": "Representative planes of dose distribution for intracavitary radiotherapy of cancer of the cervix.", "content": "Four different frontal planes have been evaluated for their usefulness in considering the dose distribution from intracavitary applications for carcinoma of the uterine cervix, in relation to the subsequent planning of supplementary external beam therapy. For the primary tumour and its immediate zone of direct invasion the most useful planes are those passing through the radioactive sources in the body of the uterus. Not one of the planes examined gave satisfactory information concerning the dose in the regional lymph node areas. In order to combine the dose distributions from intracavitary and supplementary external beam irradiation, it is found that every case must be considered individually, particularly in regard to the degree of anterversion or retroversion of the uterus. The dose in the lymph nodes may be calculated directly from coordinates determined by the authors, for each specific regional lymph node group.", "contents": "Representative planes of dose distribution for intracavitary radiotherapy of cancer of the cervix. Four different frontal planes have been evaluated for their usefulness in considering the dose distribution from intracavitary applications for carcinoma of the uterine cervix, in relation to the subsequent planning of supplementary external beam therapy. For the primary tumour and its immediate zone of direct invasion the most useful planes are those passing through the radioactive sources in the body of the uterus. Not one of the planes examined gave satisfactory information concerning the dose in the regional lymph node areas. In order to combine the dose distributions from intracavitary and supplementary external beam irradiation, it is found that every case must be considered individually, particularly in regard to the degree of anterversion or retroversion of the uterus. The dose in the lymph nodes may be calculated directly from coordinates determined by the authors, for each specific regional lymph node group.", "PMID": 710033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4221", "title": "Percutaneous needle biopsy in the management of solitary lesions of bone.", "content": "Needle biopsies were performed in 12 patients with solitary bone lesions, employing a simple 18 gauge cutting needle. Material sufficient for reliable diagnosis was obtained from eight of our 12 cases, thereby avoiding exploratory surgery. It is concluded that percutaneous needle biopsy of bone is a safe and simple procedure of value in the management of solitary lesions of bone.", "contents": "Percutaneous needle biopsy in the management of solitary lesions of bone. Needle biopsies were performed in 12 patients with solitary bone lesions, employing a simple 18 gauge cutting needle. Material sufficient for reliable diagnosis was obtained from eight of our 12 cases, thereby avoiding exploratory surgery. It is concluded that percutaneous needle biopsy of bone is a safe and simple procedure of value in the management of solitary lesions of bone.", "PMID": 710034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4222", "title": "Computed tomography in the diagnosis of diseases of the paranasal sinuses.", "content": "The authors investigated 31 patients suffering from benign and malignant lesions of the paranasal sinuses. Clinical, conventional radiological methods and computed tomography were used. In benign lesions CT added little significant information to that obtained by conventional radiological methods. In malignant lesions, however, CT provides additional valuable information. It gives a clear picture of the posterior, superior and orbital extent of paranasal tumours. It also shows the extent of the tumour into the infratemporal fossa.", "contents": "Computed tomography in the diagnosis of diseases of the paranasal sinuses. The authors investigated 31 patients suffering from benign and malignant lesions of the paranasal sinuses. Clinical, conventional radiological methods and computed tomography were used. In benign lesions CT added little significant information to that obtained by conventional radiological methods. In malignant lesions, however, CT provides additional valuable information. It gives a clear picture of the posterior, superior and orbital extent of paranasal tumours. It also shows the extent of the tumour into the infratemporal fossa.", "PMID": 710035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4223", "title": "Technetium 99Tcm pyrophosphate scanning in the assessment of the painful hip prosthesis.", "content": "Technetium 99Tcm pyrophosphate bone scans were done on 35 patients who complained of persistent hip following total hip replacement. The scans of six patients were normal and the symptoms of these patients either resolved (three) or greatly improved (three) without further treatment. Twenty-nine patients had abnormal scans. Seventeen of these were due to infection or loosening of the prosthesis. Paget's disease of bone, protrusion of the prosthesis and heterotopic ossification also caused scan abnormalities. These causes could not be distinguished from one another on the scan. A radiograph of the hip is essential for interpreting the scan correctly. Scanning of the painful hip prosthesis helps to detect patients in whom serious complications are present or are likely to develop.", "contents": "Technetium 99Tcm pyrophosphate scanning in the assessment of the painful hip prosthesis. Technetium 99Tcm pyrophosphate bone scans were done on 35 patients who complained of persistent hip following total hip replacement. The scans of six patients were normal and the symptoms of these patients either resolved (three) or greatly improved (three) without further treatment. Twenty-nine patients had abnormal scans. Seventeen of these were due to infection or loosening of the prosthesis. Paget's disease of bone, protrusion of the prosthesis and heterotopic ossification also caused scan abnormalities. These causes could not be distinguished from one another on the scan. A radiograph of the hip is essential for interpreting the scan correctly. Scanning of the painful hip prosthesis helps to detect patients in whom serious complications are present or are likely to develop.", "PMID": 710036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4224", "title": "Primary adenocarcinoma of the upper oesophagus.", "content": "Adenocarcinoma of the upper one-third of the oesophagus is an uncommon entity. A review of the literature reveals 20 reported cases. This paper reports an additional case. The lesion may arise from oesophageal glands, foci of ectopic gastric mucosa, or a Barrett's oesophagus. In contrast with squamous cell carcinomas submucosal spread is not prominent; however, transverse penetration through the oesophageal wall is common. The prognosis is grave. Treatment modalities that have been employed include supportive care, surgery alone, pre-operative radiation therapy and surgery and radiation therapy alone. Survival statistics produced by these various regimens are similar. There is little documented evidence for the radioresponsiveness of primary adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus. The case described demonstrates marked tumour regression following a course of external radiotherapy as shown by serial oesophagrams. Optimum treatment for adenocarcinoma of the upper oesophagus remains to be determined. It is felt that the role of radiation therapy should be further evaluated.", "contents": "Primary adenocarcinoma of the upper oesophagus. Adenocarcinoma of the upper one-third of the oesophagus is an uncommon entity. A review of the literature reveals 20 reported cases. This paper reports an additional case. The lesion may arise from oesophageal glands, foci of ectopic gastric mucosa, or a Barrett's oesophagus. In contrast with squamous cell carcinomas submucosal spread is not prominent; however, transverse penetration through the oesophageal wall is common. The prognosis is grave. Treatment modalities that have been employed include supportive care, surgery alone, pre-operative radiation therapy and surgery and radiation therapy alone. Survival statistics produced by these various regimens are similar. There is little documented evidence for the radioresponsiveness of primary adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus. The case described demonstrates marked tumour regression following a course of external radiotherapy as shown by serial oesophagrams. Optimum treatment for adenocarcinoma of the upper oesophagus remains to be determined. It is felt that the role of radiation therapy should be further evaluated.", "PMID": 710037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4225", "title": "Correlations between duodenal loop size and external body measurements.", "content": "Measurements of the area, height and width of duodenal loops in male and female controls were correlated with their body height, weight, surface area, lean body mass and adjusted body surface area in order to assess the possibility of predicting loop size from body habitus. In male subjects the most marked correlations were between bodyweight and loop area (r = 0.58) and between true body surface area and loop area (r = 0.57). No relationship was observed between the size of the duodenal loop and body size in females.", "contents": "Correlations between duodenal loop size and external body measurements. Measurements of the area, height and width of duodenal loops in male and female controls were correlated with their body height, weight, surface area, lean body mass and adjusted body surface area in order to assess the possibility of predicting loop size from body habitus. In male subjects the most marked correlations were between bodyweight and loop area (r = 0.58) and between true body surface area and loop area (r = 0.57). No relationship was observed between the size of the duodenal loop and body size in females.", "PMID": 710038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4226", "title": "Transient small bowel intussusception in adult coeliac disease.", "content": "Considerable disagreement exists in the literature concerning the occurrence and incidence of transient non-obstructive intussusception in adult coeliac disease. Only a few case reports have been published and several standard texts do not mention the association at all. We report six adult patients, all with coeliac disease, who demonstrated transient non-obstructive intussusception on small bowel meal examination. The technique of the small bowel meal and the radiological signs of malabsorption are briefly described. The literature is reviewed and reasons for the disagreement herein are discussed. We conclude that the incidence of finding intussusception in adult coeliac disease is related to the intensity of searching and in our series this association was seen in at least 20% of cases. It is considered to be an additional radiological sign of coeliac disease although in no case did it occur in the absence of other prominent radiological evidence of malabsorption.", "contents": "Transient small bowel intussusception in adult coeliac disease. Considerable disagreement exists in the literature concerning the occurrence and incidence of transient non-obstructive intussusception in adult coeliac disease. Only a few case reports have been published and several standard texts do not mention the association at all. We report six adult patients, all with coeliac disease, who demonstrated transient non-obstructive intussusception on small bowel meal examination. The technique of the small bowel meal and the radiological signs of malabsorption are briefly described. The literature is reviewed and reasons for the disagreement herein are discussed. We conclude that the incidence of finding intussusception in adult coeliac disease is related to the intensity of searching and in our series this association was seen in at least 20% of cases. It is considered to be an additional radiological sign of coeliac disease although in no case did it occur in the absence of other prominent radiological evidence of malabsorption.", "PMID": 710039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4227", "title": "Calcified meconium in the newborn.", "content": "Six neonates are described in whom plain films of the abdomen demonstrated scattered flecks of calcification. Three of the patients had rectal atresia with recto-urethral fistula, one rectal atresia without fistula, one jejunal atresia and one a severe stenosis of the distal small bowel associated with log segment aganglionosis. At operation the calcification was found to be in meconium within the bowel lumen and not as expected to represent serosal plaques following meconium peritonitis due to an intrauterine bowel perforation. Previous case reports are reviewed and possible mechanism discussed.", "contents": "Calcified meconium in the newborn. Six neonates are described in whom plain films of the abdomen demonstrated scattered flecks of calcification. Three of the patients had rectal atresia with recto-urethral fistula, one rectal atresia without fistula, one jejunal atresia and one a severe stenosis of the distal small bowel associated with log segment aganglionosis. At operation the calcification was found to be in meconium within the bowel lumen and not as expected to represent serosal plaques following meconium peritonitis due to an intrauterine bowel perforation. Previous case reports are reviewed and possible mechanism discussed.", "PMID": 710040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4228", "title": "Radiology of the gastrointestinal abnormalities seen in patients with adult hepatorenal polycystic disease.", "content": "A review of 97 patients with adult hepatorenal polycystic disease (AHRPD) revealed a significant number of patients with gastrointestinal symptoms as the initial or primary manifestation of their disease. The typical appearance of the gastrointestinal barium examinations is presented.", "contents": "Radiology of the gastrointestinal abnormalities seen in patients with adult hepatorenal polycystic disease. A review of 97 patients with adult hepatorenal polycystic disease (AHRPD) revealed a significant number of patients with gastrointestinal symptoms as the initial or primary manifestation of their disease. The typical appearance of the gastrointestinal barium examinations is presented.", "PMID": 710041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4229", "title": "The hysterographic diagnosis of stromal endometriosis.", "content": "The hysterographic appearances in three histologically verified cases of stromal endometrosis are presented. Interpretation of the unusual radiographic findings on the basis of uterine pathology is attempted. Little is known about the preoperative diagnosis of the disease. A triad of uterine enlargement, endometrial stromal hyperplasia with few or no glands in the curettings and unusual hysterographic findings strongly suggests a diagnosis of stromal endometriosis.", "contents": "The hysterographic diagnosis of stromal endometriosis. The hysterographic appearances in three histologically verified cases of stromal endometrosis are presented. Interpretation of the unusual radiographic findings on the basis of uterine pathology is attempted. Little is known about the preoperative diagnosis of the disease. A triad of uterine enlargement, endometrial stromal hyperplasia with few or no glands in the curettings and unusual hysterographic findings strongly suggests a diagnosis of stromal endometriosis.", "PMID": 710043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4230", "title": "The role of computerised tomography in the diagnosis and management of intracranial abscess.", "content": "A retrospective study has been undertaken of patients with intracerebral abscess and subdural empyema. Computerised tomography (CT) offers a rapid, non-invasive mode of diagnosis with accurate localisation and assessment of multiplicity of lesions. We propose that early diagnosis and correctly timed surgical intervention has lessened the mortality rate. CT allows for easy follow-up of patients and has allowed us in one case, to treat an inaccessible abscess conservatively.", "contents": "The role of computerised tomography in the diagnosis and management of intracranial abscess. A retrospective study has been undertaken of patients with intracerebral abscess and subdural empyema. Computerised tomography (CT) offers a rapid, non-invasive mode of diagnosis with accurate localisation and assessment of multiplicity of lesions. We propose that early diagnosis and correctly timed surgical intervention has lessened the mortality rate. CT allows for easy follow-up of patients and has allowed us in one case, to treat an inaccessible abscess conservatively.", "PMID": 710044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4231", "title": "The phlebographic demonstration of venous thrombosis occurring during the treatment of scoliosis.", "content": "The application of plaster casts to the trunk plays an important part in the management of severe scoliosis. The edge of these casts may impair venous drainage from the limbs and predispose to thrombosis, as in the three illustrative cases. A further case shows the possibility of a pelvic halo ring device causing similar venous compression. Steps should be taken to prevent this venous impingement from occurring, both at the time of case application and afterwards.", "contents": "The phlebographic demonstration of venous thrombosis occurring during the treatment of scoliosis. The application of plaster casts to the trunk plays an important part in the management of severe scoliosis. The edge of these casts may impair venous drainage from the limbs and predispose to thrombosis, as in the three illustrative cases. A further case shows the possibility of a pelvic halo ring device causing similar venous compression. Steps should be taken to prevent this venous impingement from occurring, both at the time of case application and afterwards.", "PMID": 710045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4232", "title": "Soft tissue changes in early rheumatoid arthritis as seen on xeroradiography and non-screen radiographs.", "content": "Forty-seven patients with early or newly established rheumatoid arthritis were studied with non-screen radiography and xerography. Estimations of soft tissue swelling, bone erosion and cysts were made by two observers and the results compared between observers and the two types of imaging. The results indicate no significant advantage or disadvantage in xerographic imaging compared with non-screen radiographs in the identification of superficial soft tissue swelling and bone erosions. More cysts were, however, identified on the radiographs. In a previous anatomical study of the dissected hand, xerography showed definite advantages in the detection of certain features.", "contents": "Soft tissue changes in early rheumatoid arthritis as seen on xeroradiography and non-screen radiographs. Forty-seven patients with early or newly established rheumatoid arthritis were studied with non-screen radiography and xerography. Estimations of soft tissue swelling, bone erosion and cysts were made by two observers and the results compared between observers and the two types of imaging. The results indicate no significant advantage or disadvantage in xerographic imaging compared with non-screen radiographs in the identification of superficial soft tissue swelling and bone erosions. More cysts were, however, identified on the radiographs. In a previous anatomical study of the dissected hand, xerography showed definite advantages in the detection of certain features.", "PMID": 710046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4233", "title": "Excretion of urea by the foetal guinea pig.", "content": "1. The placental transfer of urea was studied by perfusing the guinea-pig foetal placenta in situ with dextran solutions containing various amounts of urea, and radioactively labelled urea. 2. Transfer of urea was linearly related to the difference in concentration between the maternal and the foetal sides of the placenta, but transfer in both directions across the placenta was equal when the concentration of urea in the perfusing fluid was 2.5--3.5 mmol/l less than the maternal arterial value. This suggested that urea may be transferred against a concentration gradient. 3. Foetal plasma urea concentrations were found to be 0.5 mmol/l less than the maternal, suggesting that active transfer from the foetal circulation to the maternal can occur. However, because of the close relationship between foetal and maternal plasma urea (r = 0.96), it is concluded that the major control of foetal urea concentrations is by diffusion of urea between maternal and foetal extracellular fluids.", "contents": "Excretion of urea by the foetal guinea pig. 1. The placental transfer of urea was studied by perfusing the guinea-pig foetal placenta in situ with dextran solutions containing various amounts of urea, and radioactively labelled urea. 2. Transfer of urea was linearly related to the difference in concentration between the maternal and the foetal sides of the placenta, but transfer in both directions across the placenta was equal when the concentration of urea in the perfusing fluid was 2.5--3.5 mmol/l less than the maternal arterial value. This suggested that urea may be transferred against a concentration gradient. 3. Foetal plasma urea concentrations were found to be 0.5 mmol/l less than the maternal, suggesting that active transfer from the foetal circulation to the maternal can occur. However, because of the close relationship between foetal and maternal plasma urea (r = 0.96), it is concluded that the major control of foetal urea concentrations is by diffusion of urea between maternal and foetal extracellular fluids.", "PMID": 710047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4234", "title": "Effect of prolactin on glomerular filtration rate.", "content": "1. The effect of infusion of ovine prolactin was studied in anaesthetized dogs pretreated with bromocryptine to reduce the release of endogenous prolactin. 2. Prolactin, injected intravenously and also directly into one kidney, resulted in a 12--18% increase in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by both kidneys. 3. This increased GFR was not associated with any demonstrable changes in whole-kidney blood flow, distribution of intrarenal blood flow, fractional excretion of sodium or osmolar or free-water clearance. 4. We conclude that ovine prolactin produced an increase in GFR not dependent on an increase in whole-kidney plasma flow.", "contents": "Effect of prolactin on glomerular filtration rate. 1. The effect of infusion of ovine prolactin was studied in anaesthetized dogs pretreated with bromocryptine to reduce the release of endogenous prolactin. 2. Prolactin, injected intravenously and also directly into one kidney, resulted in a 12--18% increase in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by both kidneys. 3. This increased GFR was not associated with any demonstrable changes in whole-kidney blood flow, distribution of intrarenal blood flow, fractional excretion of sodium or osmolar or free-water clearance. 4. We conclude that ovine prolactin produced an increase in GFR not dependent on an increase in whole-kidney plasma flow.", "PMID": 710048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4235", "title": "Effect of acute ethanol administration on liver oxidative capacity in rats.", "content": "1. The administration of a single oral dose of 2, 3, 4 or 5 g of ethanol/kg (43.5, 65.2, 87.0 or 108.7 mmol/kg respectively) to rats increases the rate of oxygen consumption by liver slices from animals killed 24--48 h later. 2. The increase in the rate of hepatic respiration can be blocked by incubation in a medium containing ouabain, an inhibitor of the sodium pump, or in a calcium-free medium. 3. The enhancement of oxygen uptake caused by a single dose of ethanol can be abolished by adrenalectomy or by prior administration of the alpha-adrenergic blocking agent phentolamine, and is markedly less in thyroidectomized animals. 4. It is suggested that the effect which is elicited by acute ethanol administration on respiration by liver slices is mediated by adrenaline and by throid hormones, both of which appear to exert a calorigenic effect by activation of the sodium pump. The results are discussed in relation to the changes in liver oxidative capacity induced by chronic alcohol ingestion.", "contents": "Effect of acute ethanol administration on liver oxidative capacity in rats. 1. The administration of a single oral dose of 2, 3, 4 or 5 g of ethanol/kg (43.5, 65.2, 87.0 or 108.7 mmol/kg respectively) to rats increases the rate of oxygen consumption by liver slices from animals killed 24--48 h later. 2. The increase in the rate of hepatic respiration can be blocked by incubation in a medium containing ouabain, an inhibitor of the sodium pump, or in a calcium-free medium. 3. The enhancement of oxygen uptake caused by a single dose of ethanol can be abolished by adrenalectomy or by prior administration of the alpha-adrenergic blocking agent phentolamine, and is markedly less in thyroidectomized animals. 4. It is suggested that the effect which is elicited by acute ethanol administration on respiration by liver slices is mediated by adrenaline and by throid hormones, both of which appear to exert a calorigenic effect by activation of the sodium pump. The results are discussed in relation to the changes in liver oxidative capacity induced by chronic alcohol ingestion.", "PMID": 710049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4236", "title": "Effect of a surgically created side-to-side arteriovenous fistula on heat elimination from the human hand and forearm: evidence for a critical role of venous resistance in determining fistular flow.", "content": "1. In eight patients with a unilateral fistula between the radial artery and a nearby superficial vein, heat elimination from both hand and forearm, as measured by calorimetry, was always substantially greater on the side of the fistula (a mean excess from hand-plus-forearm 889 J/min). 2. Fistular blood flow measured by hand-plus-forearm plethysmography in these patients averaged 431ml/min. Correlation between fistular blood flow and heat elimination was poor (r = 0.70, P less than 0.06), probably because heat elimination due to the fistula takes place mainly from veins, whose pattern varies from patient to patient. 3. Approximately half of the total increased heat elimination due to the fistula is from the hand. Occlusion of the circulation to the hand caused fistular flow rate to be reduced by about half. This suggests that the  main resistance to fistular is venous, proximal veins offering a similar resistance to distal veins. 4. The obligatory heat loss due to fistula is unlikely to embarrass temperature regulation, except in severe cold stress.", "contents": "Effect of a surgically created side-to-side arteriovenous fistula on heat elimination from the human hand and forearm: evidence for a critical role of venous resistance in determining fistular flow. 1. In eight patients with a unilateral fistula between the radial artery and a nearby superficial vein, heat elimination from both hand and forearm, as measured by calorimetry, was always substantially greater on the side of the fistula (a mean excess from hand-plus-forearm 889 J/min). 2. Fistular blood flow measured by hand-plus-forearm plethysmography in these patients averaged 431ml/min. Correlation between fistular blood flow and heat elimination was poor (r = 0.70, P less than 0.06), probably because heat elimination due to the fistula takes place mainly from veins, whose pattern varies from patient to patient. 3. Approximately half of the total increased heat elimination due to the fistula is from the hand. Occlusion of the circulation to the hand caused fistular flow rate to be reduced by about half. This suggests that the  main resistance to fistular is venous, proximal veins offering a similar resistance to distal veins. 4. The obligatory heat loss due to fistula is unlikely to embarrass temperature regulation, except in severe cold stress.", "PMID": 710050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4237", "title": "Hepatic elimination of renin in man.", "content": "1. Hepatic elimination of renin was measured in 10 well-compensated cardiac patients with normal liver function during a control period and during a period of reduced hepatic plasma flow, induced by physical exercise (seven patients) or intravenous infusion of lysine vasopressin (three patients). 2. Hepatic renin elimination rate (hepatic plasma flow x arterial-hepatic vein difference of plasma renin activity) was found to be linearly correlated with arterial plasma renin activity (r = 0.986, P less than 0.001). 3. When hepatic plasma flow fell by 45% the hepatic extraction ratio of renin (arterial-hepatic vein plasma renin activity difference/arterial plasma renin activity) increased by 75%. Hepatic renin clearance (hepatic plasma flow x extraction ratio) remained constant. 4. The results indicate that changes in the hepatic elimination rate of renin do not contribute to changes in plasma renin activity during these events.", "contents": "Hepatic elimination of renin in man. 1. Hepatic elimination of renin was measured in 10 well-compensated cardiac patients with normal liver function during a control period and during a period of reduced hepatic plasma flow, induced by physical exercise (seven patients) or intravenous infusion of lysine vasopressin (three patients). 2. Hepatic renin elimination rate (hepatic plasma flow x arterial-hepatic vein difference of plasma renin activity) was found to be linearly correlated with arterial plasma renin activity (r = 0.986, P less than 0.001). 3. When hepatic plasma flow fell by 45% the hepatic extraction ratio of renin (arterial-hepatic vein plasma renin activity difference/arterial plasma renin activity) increased by 75%. Hepatic renin clearance (hepatic plasma flow x extraction ratio) remained constant. 4. The results indicate that changes in the hepatic elimination rate of renin do not contribute to changes in plasma renin activity during these events.", "PMID": 710052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4238", "title": "Effects of chronic renal insufficiency and metabolic acidosis on glutamine metabolism in man.", "content": "1. Arterial concentration and arterial-venous differences of glutamine across the kidney, forearm, hepato-splanchnic bed and brain were measured in patients with chronic renal insufficiency and in patients with normally functioning kidneys before and during chronic ammonium chloride acidosis. 2. In chronic renal insufficiency and in chronic metabolic acidosis there is a rise in glutamine release from the muscles and a suppression of glutamine uptake by the hepato-splanchnic bed and the brain. 3. In chronic renal insufficiency arterial glutamine concentrations is significantly increased in comparison with subjects with normal renal function and either normal acid-base balance or chronic metabolic acidosis. 4. In patients with chronic renal insufficiency the kidney extracts negligible amounts of glutamine, which cannot account for the renal ammonia production measured in the same patients.", "contents": "Effects of chronic renal insufficiency and metabolic acidosis on glutamine metabolism in man. 1. Arterial concentration and arterial-venous differences of glutamine across the kidney, forearm, hepato-splanchnic bed and brain were measured in patients with chronic renal insufficiency and in patients with normally functioning kidneys before and during chronic ammonium chloride acidosis. 2. In chronic renal insufficiency and in chronic metabolic acidosis there is a rise in glutamine release from the muscles and a suppression of glutamine uptake by the hepato-splanchnic bed and the brain. 3. In chronic renal insufficiency arterial glutamine concentrations is significantly increased in comparison with subjects with normal renal function and either normal acid-base balance or chronic metabolic acidosis. 4. In patients with chronic renal insufficiency the kidney extracts negligible amounts of glutamine, which cannot account for the renal ammonia production measured in the same patients.", "PMID": 710053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4239", "title": "Tracing the fate of oxygen consumed during phagocytosis by human neutrophils with 15O2.", "content": "1. The metabolism of oxygen by phagocytosing neutrophils was traced by using 15O2. 2. The isotope did not exchange with the incubation medium or cells to an appreciable extent and unmetabolized oxygen was readily eluted by gassing the cell suspension. 3. The polarographic measurements of oxygen consumption closely paralleled the recovery of metabolized 15O2. 4. Almost all the metabolized 15O2 was converted into water, both in the presence and absence of KCN, supporting the concept that the oxygen consumed by neutrophils is converted into H2O2. It is unlikely that an appreciable proportion of this oxygen is incorporated into the organic composition of the cell or of the ingested micro-organism.", "contents": "Tracing the fate of oxygen consumed during phagocytosis by human neutrophils with 15O2. 1. The metabolism of oxygen by phagocytosing neutrophils was traced by using 15O2. 2. The isotope did not exchange with the incubation medium or cells to an appreciable extent and unmetabolized oxygen was readily eluted by gassing the cell suspension. 3. The polarographic measurements of oxygen consumption closely paralleled the recovery of metabolized 15O2. 4. Almost all the metabolized 15O2 was converted into water, both in the presence and absence of KCN, supporting the concept that the oxygen consumed by neutrophils is converted into H2O2. It is unlikely that an appreciable proportion of this oxygen is incorporated into the organic composition of the cell or of the ingested micro-organism.", "PMID": 710056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4240", "title": "Child abuse training: a community-based interdisciplinary program.", "content": "In the area of child abuse, a scarce resource is trained personnel. This paper describes a training program focusing on the need for individuals representing diverse disciplines to work together. Subjects discussed are the rationale and the organization process for a multidisciplinary, community-based training program; the formulation of the educational experience and the curriculum; evaluation measures; and the implementation of the program in a typical site. Various activities related to child abuse have been initiated in communities where training has occurred. Plans are to provide more intensive training in the treatment area for those professionals trained so far.", "contents": "Child abuse training: a community-based interdisciplinary program. In the area of child abuse, a scarce resource is trained personnel. This paper describes a training program focusing on the need for individuals representing diverse disciplines to work together. Subjects discussed are the rationale and the organization process for a multidisciplinary, community-based training program; the formulation of the educational experience and the curriculum; evaluation measures; and the implementation of the program in a typical site. Various activities related to child abuse have been initiated in communities where training has occurred. Plans are to provide more intensive training in the treatment area for those professionals trained so far.", "PMID": 710065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4241", "title": "Peer review in community mental health.", "content": "The paper discusses the medical origins of the peer review legislation and its adaptation to community mental health. Three models of peer eview are presented which could be used in community mental health centers. They are the problem model, the sequential model, and the Psychiatric Utilization Review and Evaluation Project (PURE) model. All three require a review of records by a committee of respected clinical staff, regardless of profession.", "contents": "Peer review in community mental health. The paper discusses the medical origins of the peer review legislation and its adaptation to community mental health. Three models of peer eview are presented which could be used in community mental health centers. They are the problem model, the sequential model, and the Psychiatric Utilization Review and Evaluation Project (PURE) model. All three require a review of records by a committee of respected clinical staff, regardless of profession.", "PMID": 710066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4242", "title": "Multimodal outpatient group treatment for the psychiatrically disabled.", "content": "Outpatient clinics gradually accumulate patients with longstanding disabilities. The traditional treatment approach is to see such patients in brief, intermittent, individual visits. Staff generally dislikes treating such patients and patients may, in part, maintain their symptoms in order to maintain ties with a nurturing institution. The experience with an alternative approach, weekly group meetings using a number of helping modalities, is described. Although no panacea, the approach appears to provide a reasonably effective, efficient, and enjoyable way of helping chronically disabled patients.", "contents": "Multimodal outpatient group treatment for the psychiatrically disabled. Outpatient clinics gradually accumulate patients with longstanding disabilities. The traditional treatment approach is to see such patients in brief, intermittent, individual visits. Staff generally dislikes treating such patients and patients may, in part, maintain their symptoms in order to maintain ties with a nurturing institution. The experience with an alternative approach, weekly group meetings using a number of helping modalities, is described. Although no panacea, the approach appears to provide a reasonably effective, efficient, and enjoyable way of helping chronically disabled patients.", "PMID": 710067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4243", "title": "Design considerations for community mental health management information systems.", "content": "Many community mental health centers are presently faced with the necessity of implementing a management information system. This article offers guidelines for centers dealing with this situation. Whether a center chooses to adapt an existing system or develop one of its own, careful planning prior to the implementation of the system can help ensure that it will meet the needs of the center and operate successfully. The guidelines are organized into the categories of data considerations, people considerations, and system considerations. The first two categories are of general interest, whereas the last category is more technical in nature.", "contents": "Design considerations for community mental health management information systems. Many community mental health centers are presently faced with the necessity of implementing a management information system. This article offers guidelines for centers dealing with this situation. Whether a center chooses to adapt an existing system or develop one of its own, careful planning prior to the implementation of the system can help ensure that it will meet the needs of the center and operate successfully. The guidelines are organized into the categories of data considerations, people considerations, and system considerations. The first two categories are of general interest, whereas the last category is more technical in nature.", "PMID": 710068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4244", "title": "The acces system: a procedure for evaluating children's services at community mental health centers.", "content": "This paper describes the efforts made by one community mental health center to develop a system of program evaluation for children's treatment services. The approach described has the capability of objectively assessing (1) patterns of utilization of children's services; (2) satisfaction with services as well as the availability, accessibility, and acceptability of services; and (3) the quality of children's mental health services as measured by the attainment of individualized treatment goals. A rationale for the development of this system as well as a description of the modifications and automatization of the procedure are included. By way of illustration, initial results are presented which pertain to 500 goals written for 208 child clients receiving treatment within any one of three of the center's child direct-service programs.", "contents": "The acces system: a procedure for evaluating children's services at community mental health centers. This paper describes the efforts made by one community mental health center to develop a system of program evaluation for children's treatment services. The approach described has the capability of objectively assessing (1) patterns of utilization of children's services; (2) satisfaction with services as well as the availability, accessibility, and acceptability of services; and (3) the quality of children's mental health services as measured by the attainment of individualized treatment goals. A rationale for the development of this system as well as a description of the modifications and automatization of the procedure are included. By way of illustration, initial results are presented which pertain to 500 goals written for 208 child clients receiving treatment within any one of three of the center's child direct-service programs.", "PMID": 710069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4245", "title": "Referral preferences among the mental health professions.", "content": "A questionnaire presenting two clinical cases with questions about a diagnosis, type of treatment, and whether the respondent would treat or refer the person was administered to pastoral counselors, psychologists, social workers, and psychiatrists. Psychiatrists tend to see the most and social workers the least pathology in the cases. Psychiatrists see the least need for a psychometric evaluation, but no difference was found concerning need for a neurological examination. The majority prefer to treat the \"neurotic\" case, whereas there was an almost equal tendency to refer the \"phychotic\" case. Social workers most prefer to treat and pastoral counselors to refer the \"psychotic\" case. Overall, social workers refer the most, pastoral counselors the least. Credibility as referral source is ranked as follows: psychiatry, psychology, social work, counselors (both pastoral and marriage, family and child), with laymen ranking lowest. Rankings of credibility and effectiveness as referral sources are highly correlated. Furthermore, the more effective and credible a professional group, the supply of such persons is seen as ample.", "contents": "Referral preferences among the mental health professions. A questionnaire presenting two clinical cases with questions about a diagnosis, type of treatment, and whether the respondent would treat or refer the person was administered to pastoral counselors, psychologists, social workers, and psychiatrists. Psychiatrists tend to see the most and social workers the least pathology in the cases. Psychiatrists see the least need for a psychometric evaluation, but no difference was found concerning need for a neurological examination. The majority prefer to treat the \"neurotic\" case, whereas there was an almost equal tendency to refer the \"phychotic\" case. Social workers most prefer to treat and pastoral counselors to refer the \"psychotic\" case. Overall, social workers refer the most, pastoral counselors the least. Credibility as referral source is ranked as follows: psychiatry, psychology, social work, counselors (both pastoral and marriage, family and child), with laymen ranking lowest. Rankings of credibility and effectiveness as referral sources are highly correlated. Furthermore, the more effective and credible a professional group, the supply of such persons is seen as ample.", "PMID": 710070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4246", "title": "How evaluation findings can be integrated into program decision making.", "content": "The paper describes difficulties in integrating the findings of research and evaluation studies back into the ongoing process of decision making. The paper suggests how to present information in such a way as to improve its intellectual understandability and to decrease affective resistances to the acceptance of new information. The paper also describes common blocks that are met in the attempt to implement recommendations and describes methods to overcome them.", "contents": "How evaluation findings can be integrated into program decision making. The paper describes difficulties in integrating the findings of research and evaluation studies back into the ongoing process of decision making. The paper suggests how to present information in such a way as to improve its intellectual understandability and to decrease affective resistances to the acceptance of new information. The paper also describes common blocks that are met in the attempt to implement recommendations and describes methods to overcome them.", "PMID": 710071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4247", "title": "A client satisfaction survey as one element in evaluation.", "content": "Surveys and interviews were conducted with clients and former clients of units of a large mental health and mental retardation authority as part of an evaluation of the agency. Both clients and former clients reported overall satisfaction with services. Highest percent of dissatisfaction was reported toward operating hours of the agency. Results of the survey were compared with those from similar investigations and conclusions drawn as to why clients are inclined to give favorable ratings to services.", "contents": "A client satisfaction survey as one element in evaluation. Surveys and interviews were conducted with clients and former clients of units of a large mental health and mental retardation authority as part of an evaluation of the agency. Both clients and former clients reported overall satisfaction with services. Highest percent of dissatisfaction was reported toward operating hours of the agency. Results of the survey were compared with those from similar investigations and conclusions drawn as to why clients are inclined to give favorable ratings to services.", "PMID": 710072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4248", "title": "Together with the farmers: social and rural medicine in Japan.", "content": "Japan emerged from feudalism a century ago. Farmers comprise 20 percent of the population of 110 million. The agricultural cooperative movement sponsors 118 hospitals in rural areas. Of these, the Saku Central Hospital is the largest, and provides leadership to a vigorous rural health movement. Its unique outreach program and its contributions to rural health are described, together with remarks about Japan's health situation generally. There may be lessons here for America.", "contents": "Together with the farmers: social and rural medicine in Japan. Japan emerged from feudalism a century ago. Farmers comprise 20 percent of the population of 110 million. The agricultural cooperative movement sponsors 118 hospitals in rural areas. Of these, the Saku Central Hospital is the largest, and provides leadership to a vigorous rural health movement. Its unique outreach program and its contributions to rural health are described, together with remarks about Japan's health situation generally. There may be lessons here for America.", "PMID": 710075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4249", "title": "Transcultural aspects of psychiatric patients in Qatar.", "content": "The illness behaviour of Qatari psychiatric patients is defined by the nature of their symptomatology. The importance of somatic symptoms in determining the patient role and patient-doctor relationship is discussed in the light of cultural characteristics of the Qatari community. Delusory cultural beliefs related to possession, sorcery and envy provide a conceptual framework for explanation of many disorders. Inter-generational conflict is an important factor in neurotic disorders. Failure to report symptoms in an abstract fashion is characteristic of qatari patients. The cultural and religious heritage absorbs many behaviours which would otherwise be considered symptomatic of psychiatric disorder.", "contents": "Transcultural aspects of psychiatric patients in Qatar. The illness behaviour of Qatari psychiatric patients is defined by the nature of their symptomatology. The importance of somatic symptoms in determining the patient role and patient-doctor relationship is discussed in the light of cultural characteristics of the Qatari community. Delusory cultural beliefs related to possession, sorcery and envy provide a conceptual framework for explanation of many disorders. Inter-generational conflict is an important factor in neurotic disorders. Failure to report symptoms in an abstract fashion is characteristic of qatari patients. The cultural and religious heritage absorbs many behaviours which would otherwise be considered symptomatic of psychiatric disorder.", "PMID": 710076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4250", "title": "The 14-MeV neutron activation analysis of Chinese medicines for protein, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium contents.", "content": "Elementary form of nitrogen (protein), phosphorus, potassium and magnesium contained in sixty-six different kinds of Chinese medicines were analyzed by means of 14-MeV neutron activation technique. The % contents of these elements in Chinese medicines range from 4.1 to 38.6% (average: 12.7%) for protein, 0.1 to 10.5% (average: 1.3%) for phosphorus, 1.6 to 13.8% (average 4.5%) for potassium and 0.1 to 2.5% (average: 0.5%) for magnesium. The procedure proves to be quite precise and potentially quite accurate, while only requiring about 20 minutes per sample. The methods of determining the elements are described.", "contents": "The 14-MeV neutron activation analysis of Chinese medicines for protein, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium contents. Elementary form of nitrogen (protein), phosphorus, potassium and magnesium contained in sixty-six different kinds of Chinese medicines were analyzed by means of 14-MeV neutron activation technique. The % contents of these elements in Chinese medicines range from 4.1 to 38.6% (average: 12.7%) for protein, 0.1 to 10.5% (average: 1.3%) for phosphorus, 1.6 to 13.8% (average 4.5%) for potassium and 0.1 to 2.5% (average: 0.5%) for magnesium. The procedure proves to be quite precise and potentially quite accurate, while only requiring about 20 minutes per sample. The methods of determining the elements are described.", "PMID": 710077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4251", "title": "Endorphin release: a possible mechanism of acupuncture analgesia.", "content": "The action of acupuncture stimulation on analgesia has been investigated. The brain and serum extracts of acupunctured rabbits injected into rabbits produced a marked analgesic effect on the recipient, as shown by a great increase of their pain threshold. This effect is counteracted by a specific opiate anatagonist, naloxone. The data suggest that the release of the endogenous substances with morphine-like biological properties, endorphins, is increased by acupuncture stimulation, thus inhibiting pain perception.", "contents": "Endorphin release: a possible mechanism of acupuncture analgesia. The action of acupuncture stimulation on analgesia has been investigated. The brain and serum extracts of acupunctured rabbits injected into rabbits produced a marked analgesic effect on the recipient, as shown by a great increase of their pain threshold. This effect is counteracted by a specific opiate anatagonist, naloxone. The data suggest that the release of the endogenous substances with morphine-like biological properties, endorphins, is increased by acupuncture stimulation, thus inhibiting pain perception.", "PMID": 710079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4252", "title": "Physiological effects of stimulation at acupuncture loci: a review.", "content": "Recent studies reporting significant physiological effects associated with electrical and manual stimulation at several traditional Chinese acupuncture loci are reviewed. Other reports on the anatomy and electrical properties (DC resistance and potential, AC impedance) of these sites indicate that many are significant local skin resistance minima and may also be points of locally more positive DC potential. Further investigation of the basic properties of the acupuncture system and its mode of action is fully warranted by these preliminary findings.", "contents": "Physiological effects of stimulation at acupuncture loci: a review. Recent studies reporting significant physiological effects associated with electrical and manual stimulation at several traditional Chinese acupuncture loci are reviewed. Other reports on the anatomy and electrical properties (DC resistance and potential, AC impedance) of these sites indicate that many are significant local skin resistance minima and may also be points of locally more positive DC potential. Further investigation of the basic properties of the acupuncture system and its mode of action is fully warranted by these preliminary findings.", "PMID": 710080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4253", "title": "Technical aspects of CT scanning.", "content": "The advent of computed tomography (CT) has initiated a technological revolution which continues to the present time. A brief review of basic principles of CT scanning is presented, and the evolution of modern CT scanner systems is traced. Some early indications of future trends are also presented.", "contents": "Technical aspects of CT scanning. The advent of computed tomography (CT) has initiated a technological revolution which continues to the present time. A brief review of basic principles of CT scanning is presented, and the evolution of modern CT scanner systems is traced. Some early indications of future trends are also presented.", "PMID": 710085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4254", "title": "Anatomic and pathologic correlations with computerized tomography.", "content": "Material familiar to the pathologist is reviewed from the view point of confirming and extending the diagnostic utility of computerized tomography. Pathological examples of variations in ventricular shape, acute hydrocephalus and obstruction of arachnoid villi are cited. Calcification in basal ganglia and periventricular leukomalacia are illustrated. Acute traumatic hemorrhage and hemorrhagic necrosis of the visual cortex are shown.", "contents": "Anatomic and pathologic correlations with computerized tomography. Material familiar to the pathologist is reviewed from the view point of confirming and extending the diagnostic utility of computerized tomography. Pathological examples of variations in ventricular shape, acute hydrocephalus and obstruction of arachnoid villi are cited. Calcification in basal ganglia and periventricular leukomalacia are illustrated. Acute traumatic hemorrhage and hemorrhagic necrosis of the visual cortex are shown.", "PMID": 710086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4255", "title": "Radionuclide brain imaging--its role and relation to CT scanning.", "content": "Separate CNS disease entities are discussed with either the complementary or exclusive indications for radionuclide brain imaging and computerized cranial tomography. Either modality alone has a potential overall precision somewhat in excess of 90% in the localization of cerebral lesions with the effectiveness of each modality differing according to the histology and anatomic location of the lesion. Most investigators agree that the combined application of the two procedures is far superior to their separate use. Routine dynamic isotope studies are essential and in addition, new radiopharmaceuticals and technological advances may improve the radionuclide evaluation of CNS disease. Areas discussed include: primary and secondary CNS neoplasms; acute cerebrovascular accidents; arteriovenous malformations; traumatic cerebrovascular disease; hydrocephalus and dementia; and intracranial inflammatory processes.", "contents": "Radionuclide brain imaging--its role and relation to CT scanning. Separate CNS disease entities are discussed with either the complementary or exclusive indications for radionuclide brain imaging and computerized cranial tomography. Either modality alone has a potential overall precision somewhat in excess of 90% in the localization of cerebral lesions with the effectiveness of each modality differing according to the histology and anatomic location of the lesion. Most investigators agree that the combined application of the two procedures is far superior to their separate use. Routine dynamic isotope studies are essential and in addition, new radiopharmaceuticals and technological advances may improve the radionuclide evaluation of CNS disease. Areas discussed include: primary and secondary CNS neoplasms; acute cerebrovascular accidents; arteriovenous malformations; traumatic cerebrovascular disease; hydrocephalus and dementia; and intracranial inflammatory processes.", "PMID": 710087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4256", "title": "CT diagnosis of cerebrovascular disorders--a review.", "content": "During the past few years CT has emerged as an unsurpassed diagnostic modality in cerebrovascular disease. CT is of limited value in TIA, but reveals a wide variety of findings in completed infarcts. Ischemic, petechial, and hemorrhagic infarcts can be distinguished. Contrast enhancement, varying with the age of the infarct, is frequent. Also the general density of the infarct varies with time. Differential diagnosis, primarily infarct vs tumor, is made by angiography or by followup CT scans. Saccular aneurysms are directly demonstrable by CT if larger than 0.5 cm in diameter. Sequelae of ruptured aneurysm--hematoma, hydrocephalus, ischemia--are consistently visible. This generally also applies to arteriovenous malformations. Angiography is necessary to clarify anatomical details of aneurysms and vascular malformations, and is often indispensable for differential diagnosis.", "contents": "CT diagnosis of cerebrovascular disorders--a review. During the past few years CT has emerged as an unsurpassed diagnostic modality in cerebrovascular disease. CT is of limited value in TIA, but reveals a wide variety of findings in completed infarcts. Ischemic, petechial, and hemorrhagic infarcts can be distinguished. Contrast enhancement, varying with the age of the infarct, is frequent. Also the general density of the infarct varies with time. Differential diagnosis, primarily infarct vs tumor, is made by angiography or by followup CT scans. Saccular aneurysms are directly demonstrable by CT if larger than 0.5 cm in diameter. Sequelae of ruptured aneurysm--hematoma, hydrocephalus, ischemia--are consistently visible. This generally also applies to arteriovenous malformations. Angiography is necessary to clarify anatomical details of aneurysms and vascular malformations, and is often indispensable for differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 710088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4257", "title": "CT scanning in traumatic and emergency patients.", "content": "In emergency cases and traumatic head cases, CT scanning has completely changed the diagnostic method and angiography can in most cases be avoided. Not only can a proper diagnosis be set concerning intracranial bleedings or hematomas of different kinds but also additional information which earlier with help of angiography were not available can now be diagnosed. The article discusses the principles for using CT scanning as a diagnostic method in traumatic and emergency patients and discusses also the limitations and benefits with this method compared with angiography.", "contents": "CT scanning in traumatic and emergency patients. In emergency cases and traumatic head cases, CT scanning has completely changed the diagnostic method and angiography can in most cases be avoided. Not only can a proper diagnosis be set concerning intracranial bleedings or hematomas of different kinds but also additional information which earlier with help of angiography were not available can now be diagnosed. The article discusses the principles for using CT scanning as a diagnostic method in traumatic and emergency patients and discusses also the limitations and benefits with this method compared with angiography.", "PMID": 710089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4258", "title": "The blood-brain barrier: its role in contrast studies.", "content": "The concept of a blood-brain barrier includes overlapping control mechanisms which work together to produce a constant microenvironment. Most important is the barrier to macromolecule passage located in cerebral capillary endothelium. Many drugs bound to proteins cannot pass this obstruction. Also important are membrane properties shared by all living cells. Lipid soluble molecules pass cell membranes easily; water soluble and ionized molecules do not. Other components include selective ion regulation, facilitated sugar transport, and resorption by the choroid plexus. The bulk flow of cerebrospinal fluid washes all solutes, and even particulate debris, from the system.", "contents": "The blood-brain barrier: its role in contrast studies. The concept of a blood-brain barrier includes overlapping control mechanisms which work together to produce a constant microenvironment. Most important is the barrier to macromolecule passage located in cerebral capillary endothelium. Many drugs bound to proteins cannot pass this obstruction. Also important are membrane properties shared by all living cells. Lipid soluble molecules pass cell membranes easily; water soluble and ionized molecules do not. Other components include selective ion regulation, facilitated sugar transport, and resorption by the choroid plexus. The bulk flow of cerebrospinal fluid washes all solutes, and even particulate debris, from the system.", "PMID": 710090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4259", "title": "Craniocerebral computed tomography in the neonate.", "content": "Craniocerebral computed tomography (CT) is an extremely important component of the armanentarium for diagnosis of neurological disorders in the neonate. The indications, techniques, normal anatomy, and pathologic abnormalities of CT scans in newborn infants are presented. Hydrocephalus and intracranial hemorrhage are discussed in depth.", "contents": "Craniocerebral computed tomography in the neonate. Craniocerebral computed tomography (CT) is an extremely important component of the armanentarium for diagnosis of neurological disorders in the neonate. The indications, techniques, normal anatomy, and pathologic abnormalities of CT scans in newborn infants are presented. Hydrocephalus and intracranial hemorrhage are discussed in depth.", "PMID": 710091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4260", "title": "CT diagnosis of intracranial cystic abnormalities in children.", "content": "The introduction of computed axial tomography has been of tremendous importance in the evaluation of intracranial pathology in children. The broad spectrum of cystic intracranial lesions of congenital, infectious, traumatic, vascular and neoplastic origin are discussed. Their CT findings, pathology and pathogenesis are emphasized.", "contents": "CT diagnosis of intracranial cystic abnormalities in children. The introduction of computed axial tomography has been of tremendous importance in the evaluation of intracranial pathology in children. The broad spectrum of cystic intracranial lesions of congenital, infectious, traumatic, vascular and neoplastic origin are discussed. Their CT findings, pathology and pathogenesis are emphasized.", "PMID": 710092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4261", "title": "Computed tomography in the evaluation of sella and parasella lesions: the value of sagittal and coronal reconstructions.", "content": "A method is described whereby contiguous, thin-section (3 mm) axial CT scans are obtained followed by computer manipulation of the data to reconstruct good quality images in sagittal and coronal planes. The application of this technique in the evaluation of sella and parasella abnormalities is discussed. In our experience, this has resulted in an increased sensitivity of CT scanning for the detection of abnormalities around the sella. In addition, it has been possible to more accurately define the true extrasella extension of pituitary tumors.", "contents": "Computed tomography in the evaluation of sella and parasella lesions: the value of sagittal and coronal reconstructions. A method is described whereby contiguous, thin-section (3 mm) axial CT scans are obtained followed by computer manipulation of the data to reconstruct good quality images in sagittal and coronal planes. The application of this technique in the evaluation of sella and parasella abnormalities is discussed. In our experience, this has resulted in an increased sensitivity of CT scanning for the detection of abnormalities around the sella. In addition, it has been possible to more accurately define the true extrasella extension of pituitary tumors.", "PMID": 710093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4262", "title": "Midline angio-tomography of the posterior fossa.", "content": "Interpretation of the angiographic findings in posterior fossa angiography can be improved by a simple angiotomographic device which gives a midline tomography of the posterior fossa. Especially the vessels around the brain stem and close to the midline can be well seen and this is especially helpful with lesions in the brain stem and the anterior part of the posterior fossa. A few examples are given of midline angiotomography which demonstrates the advantages of this technique.", "contents": "Midline angio-tomography of the posterior fossa. Interpretation of the angiographic findings in posterior fossa angiography can be improved by a simple angiotomographic device which gives a midline tomography of the posterior fossa. Especially the vessels around the brain stem and close to the midline can be well seen and this is especially helpful with lesions in the brain stem and the anterior part of the posterior fossa. A few examples are given of midline angiotomography which demonstrates the advantages of this technique.", "PMID": 710094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4263", "title": "Contact dermatitis in Salvador, Brazil.", "content": "In Salvador, Brazil, 536 patients were patch tested with 24 contact allergens. The most common sensitizers included potassium dichromate, thimerosal, hydroquinone, nitrofurazone ointment and nickel sulfate. The results of this South American study are compared with those published by North American and European dermatologists. Low frequencies of positive reactions were encountered in Salvador to some substances, including mercury bichloride and p-phenylenediamine. The influences of climate and life style in determining patterns of contact sensitivity are discussed.", "contents": "Contact dermatitis in Salvador, Brazil. In Salvador, Brazil, 536 patients were patch tested with 24 contact allergens. The most common sensitizers included potassium dichromate, thimerosal, hydroquinone, nitrofurazone ointment and nickel sulfate. The results of this South American study are compared with those published by North American and European dermatologists. Low frequencies of positive reactions were encountered in Salvador to some substances, including mercury bichloride and p-phenylenediamine. The influences of climate and life style in determining patterns of contact sensitivity are discussed.", "PMID": 710095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4264", "title": "Contact allergy to toothpaste flavors.", "content": "Toothpaste flavors are fragrance mixtures. Oil of peppermint and spearmint, carvone and anethole are ingredients with a low sensitizing potential, but they are used in almost every brand of toothpaste and caused seven cases of contact allergy in a 6-year period at Gentofte Hospital. Toothpaste reactions are rare due to several reasons; local factors in the mouth, the low sensitizing potential of the flavors generally used, and the lack of recognition. It is emphasized that the toothpaste battery for patch testing has to be relevant and changed according to the consumers' and manufacturers' taste and fashion.", "contents": "Contact allergy to toothpaste flavors. Toothpaste flavors are fragrance mixtures. Oil of peppermint and spearmint, carvone and anethole are ingredients with a low sensitizing potential, but they are used in almost every brand of toothpaste and caused seven cases of contact allergy in a 6-year period at Gentofte Hospital. Toothpaste reactions are rare due to several reasons; local factors in the mouth, the low sensitizing potential of the flavors generally used, and the lack of recognition. It is emphasized that the toothpaste battery for patch testing has to be relevant and changed according to the consumers' and manufacturers' taste and fashion.", "PMID": 710096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4265", "title": "Immunological activity of parthenin and its diasteriomer in persons sensitized by Parthenium hysterophorus L.", "content": "Persons suffering from allergic dermatitis caused by direct contact with Parthenium hysterophorus (Compositae) showed delayed immunologic reaction to the sesquiterpene lactone parthenin but not to its diasteriomer, hymenin.", "contents": "Immunological activity of parthenin and its diasteriomer in persons sensitized by Parthenium hysterophorus L. Persons suffering from allergic dermatitis caused by direct contact with Parthenium hysterophorus (Compositae) showed delayed immunologic reaction to the sesquiterpene lactone parthenin but not to its diasteriomer, hymenin.", "PMID": 710097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4266", "title": "Sensitizing capacity of naturally occurring quinones. V. 2.6-dimethoxy-p-benzoquinone: occurrence and significance as a contact allergen.", "content": "2.6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone has already been discovered in more than 25 different plants and woods. Several authors have shown its strong bacteriostatic activity against micro-organisms. In 1972 a positive skin reaction to 2.6-dimethoxybenzoquinone was obtained in a patient allergic to Sucupira wood (Bowdichia nitida Benth.). This compound could be isolated from the wood. During the chemical investigations of other commercial woods which have been described as the cause of allergic contact dermatitis, 2.6-dimethoxybenzoquinone could be isolated from an additional 21 different species. In the case of Australian blackwood Acacia melanoxylan R.BR., its structure was elucidated by x-ray analysis. Sensitization of guinea pigs revealed that 2.6-dimethoxybenzoquinone is a relatively good sensitizer. In some of the woods investigated, quinones have never been discovered before, for example in Makor\u00e9, Australian blackwood, Weng\u00e9, White wood, Afrormosia and Afzelia. In 10 of them only this quinone was detectable. Besides its allergenic properties, 2.6-dimethoxybenzoquinone may be responsible for the high termite resistance of these woods. In all cases of contact dermatitis from these wood species in which quinoid allergens other than 2,6-dimethoxybenzoquinone could be detected, this quinone should be used for patch tests.", "contents": "Sensitizing capacity of naturally occurring quinones. V. 2.6-dimethoxy-p-benzoquinone: occurrence and significance as a contact allergen. 2.6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone has already been discovered in more than 25 different plants and woods. Several authors have shown its strong bacteriostatic activity against micro-organisms. In 1972 a positive skin reaction to 2.6-dimethoxybenzoquinone was obtained in a patient allergic to Sucupira wood (Bowdichia nitida Benth.). This compound could be isolated from the wood. During the chemical investigations of other commercial woods which have been described as the cause of allergic contact dermatitis, 2.6-dimethoxybenzoquinone could be isolated from an additional 21 different species. In the case of Australian blackwood Acacia melanoxylan R.BR., its structure was elucidated by x-ray analysis. Sensitization of guinea pigs revealed that 2.6-dimethoxybenzoquinone is a relatively good sensitizer. In some of the woods investigated, quinones have never been discovered before, for example in Makor\u00e9, Australian blackwood, Weng\u00e9, White wood, Afrormosia and Afzelia. In 10 of them only this quinone was detectable. Besides its allergenic properties, 2.6-dimethoxybenzoquinone may be responsible for the high termite resistance of these woods. In all cases of contact dermatitis from these wood species in which quinoid allergens other than 2,6-dimethoxybenzoquinone could be detected, this quinone should be used for patch tests.", "PMID": 710098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4267", "title": "Allergic contact dermatitis from chromate in military textiles.", "content": "Two cases with allergic contact dermatitis from chromate in green military uniform sweater and pants are described. Chemical analysis showed that water-soluble chromate was released from a uniform even after repeated washings.", "contents": "Allergic contact dermatitis from chromate in military textiles. Two cases with allergic contact dermatitis from chromate in green military uniform sweater and pants are described. Chemical analysis showed that water-soluble chromate was released from a uniform even after repeated washings.", "PMID": 710099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4268", "title": "Purpuric allergic contact dermatitis to paraphenylenediamine.", "content": "A 59-year-old saleswoman of black hats presented with a severe purpuric eruption of the exposed areas of the face, neck and arms. Patch testing to paraphenylenediamine produced a purpuric test reaction. Similar eruptions have been reported due to N-isopropyl-N-phenylparaphenylenediamine (IPPD), a rubber antioxidant. The patient had previous dermatitis underneath the elastic portions of her undergarments. It was determined that IPPD is added to elastic material used in some elastic trim on undergarments in the United States. This relationship is discussed.", "contents": "Purpuric allergic contact dermatitis to paraphenylenediamine. A 59-year-old saleswoman of black hats presented with a severe purpuric eruption of the exposed areas of the face, neck and arms. Patch testing to paraphenylenediamine produced a purpuric test reaction. Similar eruptions have been reported due to N-isopropyl-N-phenylparaphenylenediamine (IPPD), a rubber antioxidant. The patient had previous dermatitis underneath the elastic portions of her undergarments. It was determined that IPPD is added to elastic material used in some elastic trim on undergarments in the United States. This relationship is discussed.", "PMID": 710100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4269", "title": "Kinetics of PTH metabolism and PTH fragments in chronic renal failure.", "content": "Distribution and metabolic degradation of bPTH was studied in man after infusion of 400 U bPTH and blood sampling up to 2h. Disappearance rates of intact 1-84 bPTH, carboxyl- and amino-regional peptides were calculated for healthy subjects (n = 12); patients suffering from moderate (GFR 15--30 ml/min, n = 4) and advanced (GFR less than or equal to 10 ml/min, n = 36) chronic renal failure; and bilateral nephrectomized patients (n = 3). Two components with a rapid and a slow disappearance rate can be separated (\"distribution\", \"metabolism\"). Half-lives are found to be in the range known from animal experiments with marked differences between intact 1-84 PTH and peptide fragments. Influence of impaired renal function on metabolic turnover rates of PTH is given.", "contents": "Kinetics of PTH metabolism and PTH fragments in chronic renal failure. Distribution and metabolic degradation of bPTH was studied in man after infusion of 400 U bPTH and blood sampling up to 2h. Disappearance rates of intact 1-84 bPTH, carboxyl- and amino-regional peptides were calculated for healthy subjects (n = 12); patients suffering from moderate (GFR 15--30 ml/min, n = 4) and advanced (GFR less than or equal to 10 ml/min, n = 36) chronic renal failure; and bilateral nephrectomized patients (n = 3). Two components with a rapid and a slow disappearance rate can be separated (\"distribution\", \"metabolism\"). Half-lives are found to be in the range known from animal experiments with marked differences between intact 1-84 PTH and peptide fragments. Influence of impaired renal function on metabolic turnover rates of PTH is given.", "PMID": 710134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4270", "title": "Humoral control by the kidney of intestinal transport to sodium.", "content": "The impairment of water and sodium absorption by the jejunum following an acute saline load depends on the dietary balance of sodium, the mucosa-to-serosa unidirectional flux of this ion being modulated by a direct effect of the changes in blood concentration and by a humoral material of renal origin which itself is released as a consequence of either chronic or acute sodium loading. A possible interference of mineralocorticosteroids, angiotensin or antidiuretic hormone seems to be excluded. A positive correlation exists between mucosa-to-serosa sodium flux and glucose absorption. The kidney controls the exchanges of sodium and water in the jejunum as well as in the kidney itself by the way of an endocrine function.", "contents": "Humoral control by the kidney of intestinal transport to sodium. The impairment of water and sodium absorption by the jejunum following an acute saline load depends on the dietary balance of sodium, the mucosa-to-serosa unidirectional flux of this ion being modulated by a direct effect of the changes in blood concentration and by a humoral material of renal origin which itself is released as a consequence of either chronic or acute sodium loading. A possible interference of mineralocorticosteroids, angiotensin or antidiuretic hormone seems to be excluded. A positive correlation exists between mucosa-to-serosa sodium flux and glucose absorption. The kidney controls the exchanges of sodium and water in the jejunum as well as in the kidney itself by the way of an endocrine function.", "PMID": 710136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4271", "title": "Dopamine-sodium relationship: is dopamine a part of the endogenous natriuretic system?", "content": "A possible role of DA as an endogenous natriuretic hormone was reviewed under three aspects: (1) its excretion in response to saline vs. albumin-induced volume expansion, (2) the origin of urinary free DA and (3) urinary free DA excretion in an unexplained salt-retaining condition, idiopathic edema. We have shown (1) that the urinary free DA excretion increase in response to saline is specifically related to salt and does not occur when the same degree of volume expansion is induced by albumin, (2) that this increase in free DA originates in the kidney and (3) that idiopathic edema patients excrete less free DA than control subjects. It is proposed that free DA originating in the kidney is a rather sal than volume-dependent endogenous natriuretic factor. Its deficiency may contribute to excessive sodium retention in idiopathic edema. However, DA is probably not the single natriuretic hormone but a part of a natriuretic system, components of which are other renal vasodilating and natriuretic substances such as prostaglandins and kallikrein-bradykinin.", "contents": "Dopamine-sodium relationship: is dopamine a part of the endogenous natriuretic system? A possible role of DA as an endogenous natriuretic hormone was reviewed under three aspects: (1) its excretion in response to saline vs. albumin-induced volume expansion, (2) the origin of urinary free DA and (3) urinary free DA excretion in an unexplained salt-retaining condition, idiopathic edema. We have shown (1) that the urinary free DA excretion increase in response to saline is specifically related to salt and does not occur when the same degree of volume expansion is induced by albumin, (2) that this increase in free DA originates in the kidney and (3) that idiopathic edema patients excrete less free DA than control subjects. It is proposed that free DA originating in the kidney is a rather sal than volume-dependent endogenous natriuretic factor. Its deficiency may contribute to excessive sodium retention in idiopathic edema. However, DA is probably not the single natriuretic hormone but a part of a natriuretic system, components of which are other renal vasodilating and natriuretic substances such as prostaglandins and kallikrein-bradykinin.", "PMID": 710137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4272", "title": "Natriuretic factor, a lasting enigma.", "content": "A gel filtration fraction of urine from patients with chronic uremia (natriuretic factor) decreases potential difference, net sodium flux and lumen to peritubular flux of sodium across the isolated rabbit cortical collecting tubule. These effects are consistent with the possibility that natriuretic factor represents a modulator of sodium excretion in the mammalian nephron. Natriuretic factor induces a dose-dependent inhibition of short-circuit current in the isolated toad bladder. By comparing the effects of natriuretic factor to those of a standard unit of reference, it may be possible to develop a quantitative assay for natriuretic factor. The acidic nature of natriuretic factor was confirmed by cation exchange column in a high pressure liquid chromatography system.", "contents": "Natriuretic factor, a lasting enigma. A gel filtration fraction of urine from patients with chronic uremia (natriuretic factor) decreases potential difference, net sodium flux and lumen to peritubular flux of sodium across the isolated rabbit cortical collecting tubule. These effects are consistent with the possibility that natriuretic factor represents a modulator of sodium excretion in the mammalian nephron. Natriuretic factor induces a dose-dependent inhibition of short-circuit current in the isolated toad bladder. By comparing the effects of natriuretic factor to those of a standard unit of reference, it may be possible to develop a quantitative assay for natriuretic factor. The acidic nature of natriuretic factor was confirmed by cation exchange column in a high pressure liquid chromatography system.", "PMID": 710138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4273", "title": "Role of erythropoietin in the anemia of renal insufficiency in man and in an experimental uremic rabbit model.", "content": "ESF deficiency is probably not a major contributing factor in the early stages of the anemia of renal insufficiency. Serum ESF titers are lower in advanced renal failure when compared to that of nonuremic anemic subjects suffering from equivalent anemia. With increasing renal insufficiency a relative ESF deficiency gains increasing importance as a pathogenic factor in reduced erythropoiesis. Kidneys without excretory function may still be erythropoietically effective, since a further increase in the anemia occurs after bilateral nephrectomy. However, a basal erythropoiesis is still maintained by extrarenal ESF production, which is also enhanced by hypoxia. ESF deficiency is compensated after successful renal transplantation. A decreased response of the bone marrow to ESF may be another factor contributing to the hypoproliferative state of erythropoiesis in uremia. As demonstrated in a chronic uremic rabbit model there may be a blockade of further differentiation of the erythroid precursors. The relationship of this blockade in differentiation to the inhibitor of heme synthesis is not clear.", "contents": "Role of erythropoietin in the anemia of renal insufficiency in man and in an experimental uremic rabbit model. ESF deficiency is probably not a major contributing factor in the early stages of the anemia of renal insufficiency. Serum ESF titers are lower in advanced renal failure when compared to that of nonuremic anemic subjects suffering from equivalent anemia. With increasing renal insufficiency a relative ESF deficiency gains increasing importance as a pathogenic factor in reduced erythropoiesis. Kidneys without excretory function may still be erythropoietically effective, since a further increase in the anemia occurs after bilateral nephrectomy. However, a basal erythropoiesis is still maintained by extrarenal ESF production, which is also enhanced by hypoxia. ESF deficiency is compensated after successful renal transplantation. A decreased response of the bone marrow to ESF may be another factor contributing to the hypoproliferative state of erythropoiesis in uremia. As demonstrated in a chronic uremic rabbit model there may be a blockade of further differentiation of the erythroid precursors. The relationship of this blockade in differentiation to the inhibitor of heme synthesis is not clear.", "PMID": 710140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4274", "title": "Regulation of the vitamin D endocrine system located in the kidney.", "content": "During the past decade, it has been clearly established that the kidney is an endocrine organ which converts 25-hydroxyvitamin D to the active hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. The kidney and intestine are the sites of an alternative hydroxylation which places an 24 hydroxyl in the R position on either 25-hydroxyvitamin D or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. The production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D is stimulated by hypocalcemia through the parathyroid gland, hypophosphatemia, the sex hormones and the peptide hormones insulin and prolactin. This vitamin D based endocrine system is of central importance in regulating calcium and phosphorus metabolism and its disturbances result in a variety of pathological conditions.", "contents": "Regulation of the vitamin D endocrine system located in the kidney. During the past decade, it has been clearly established that the kidney is an endocrine organ which converts 25-hydroxyvitamin D to the active hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. The kidney and intestine are the sites of an alternative hydroxylation which places an 24 hydroxyl in the R position on either 25-hydroxyvitamin D or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. The production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D is stimulated by hypocalcemia through the parathyroid gland, hypophosphatemia, the sex hormones and the peptide hormones insulin and prolactin. This vitamin D based endocrine system is of central importance in regulating calcium and phosphorus metabolism and its disturbances result in a variety of pathological conditions.", "PMID": 710141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4275", "title": "Reference values for clinical chemistry using the Coulter Chemistry System.", "content": "Reference (normal) ranges were established for clinical chemistry results obtained from the Coulter Chemistry instrument on specimens from dogs, cats, horses, and cattle. These results, in general, are very similar to those reported in the current veterinary literature. The specimens obtained from horses and cows were subdivided according to age and lactation status, respectively. Significant differences were noted between the subgroups in the results of certain tests.", "contents": "Reference values for clinical chemistry using the Coulter Chemistry System. Reference (normal) ranges were established for clinical chemistry results obtained from the Coulter Chemistry instrument on specimens from dogs, cats, horses, and cattle. These results, in general, are very similar to those reported in the current veterinary literature. The specimens obtained from horses and cows were subdivided according to age and lactation status, respectively. Significant differences were noted between the subgroups in the results of certain tests.", "PMID": 710143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4276", "title": "Visual agnosia in an artist.", "content": "This report describes a 73 year old left-handed male artist who presented with agnosic symptoms following an occipital cerebral vascular accident. Against a background of a memory disturbance, but otherwise essentially intact linguistic and cognitive capacities, the patient was generally unable to identify single objects on visual presentation, and displayed marked difficulty in interpreting complex objects, depicted scenes, and partially occluded figures. The patient's preserved ability to recognize geometric forms, to perceive optical illusions, and to copy designs, and objects with considerable accuracy suggested the clinical picture of visual agnosia. An examination was undertaken of the effects of this recognition disorder on the artist's capacity to draw. Despite an inability to recognize an object or scene, the patient retained various techniques (perspective, shadowing, designation of texture) which allowed him to copy the display in a veridical fashion. When displays were recognized, or when the patient was given only the name of the object and asked to draw it, he adopted a less slavish approach, characteristic of his pre-morbid artwork. While his post-morbid drawings bore a strong similarity to his earlier works, such features as insufficient differentiation of figure from ground, over-elaboration of detail, and areas of neglect revealed the debilitating effects of the recognition disorder. Moreover, an examination of the patient's strategies revealed numerous compensatory verbal and motor procedures which guided his drawing. Acknowledgments. We wish to acknowledge Dr. Prather Palmer, J.R.'s neurologist, for his cooperation and for making available his very thorough examination notes. Thanks also to Dr. Kent Stevens for providing the stereograms, and to Dr. Frank Benson and Dr. Edgar Zurif for their helpful comments on the manuscript.", "contents": "Visual agnosia in an artist. This report describes a 73 year old left-handed male artist who presented with agnosic symptoms following an occipital cerebral vascular accident. Against a background of a memory disturbance, but otherwise essentially intact linguistic and cognitive capacities, the patient was generally unable to identify single objects on visual presentation, and displayed marked difficulty in interpreting complex objects, depicted scenes, and partially occluded figures. The patient's preserved ability to recognize geometric forms, to perceive optical illusions, and to copy designs, and objects with considerable accuracy suggested the clinical picture of visual agnosia. An examination was undertaken of the effects of this recognition disorder on the artist's capacity to draw. Despite an inability to recognize an object or scene, the patient retained various techniques (perspective, shadowing, designation of texture) which allowed him to copy the display in a veridical fashion. When displays were recognized, or when the patient was given only the name of the object and asked to draw it, he adopted a less slavish approach, characteristic of his pre-morbid artwork. While his post-morbid drawings bore a strong similarity to his earlier works, such features as insufficient differentiation of figure from ground, over-elaboration of detail, and areas of neglect revealed the debilitating effects of the recognition disorder. Moreover, an examination of the patient's strategies revealed numerous compensatory verbal and motor procedures which guided his drawing. Acknowledgments. We wish to acknowledge Dr. Prather Palmer, J.R.'s neurologist, for his cooperation and for making available his very thorough examination notes. Thanks also to Dr. Kent Stevens for providing the stereograms, and to Dr. Frank Benson and Dr. Edgar Zurif for their helpful comments on the manuscript.", "PMID": 710146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4277", "title": "Alliteration and assonance in neologistic jargon aphasia.", "content": "This paper discusses certain aspects of the speech patterns of neologistic jargon aphasic patients, whose syndrome is one form of a more general classification referred to as Wernicke's or cortical sensory aphasia. The classical lesion site is in the posterior superior temporal convolution of the dominant hemisphere. Patients with such lesions typically have difficulties in the comprehension of auditory linguistic stimuli and their speech is often marked with neologistic jargon. A neologism is a phonological form produced by the patient for which one cannot recover with any reasonable degree of certainty some single item in the patient's vocabulary as it presumably existed before the onset of the disease. Specific analysis is focused on those stretches of speech which exhibit perseveration to the point where there is an excessive amount of alliteration and assonance. The data is described in terms of segments, syllables and sequences of syllables and related to both a mechanism underlying the production of this sort of speech and to the more general problems of neologisms in jargon aphasia.", "contents": "Alliteration and assonance in neologistic jargon aphasia. This paper discusses certain aspects of the speech patterns of neologistic jargon aphasic patients, whose syndrome is one form of a more general classification referred to as Wernicke's or cortical sensory aphasia. The classical lesion site is in the posterior superior temporal convolution of the dominant hemisphere. Patients with such lesions typically have difficulties in the comprehension of auditory linguistic stimuli and their speech is often marked with neologistic jargon. A neologism is a phonological form produced by the patient for which one cannot recover with any reasonable degree of certainty some single item in the patient's vocabulary as it presumably existed before the onset of the disease. Specific analysis is focused on those stretches of speech which exhibit perseveration to the point where there is an excessive amount of alliteration and assonance. The data is described in terms of segments, syllables and sequences of syllables and related to both a mechanism underlying the production of this sort of speech and to the more general problems of neologisms in jargon aphasia.", "PMID": 710147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4278", "title": "Responses to dichotic listening tasks in temporal epileptics with or without clinically evident lesions.", "content": "Dichotic listening was studied in two groups of temporal epileptics with monolateral circumscribed EEG focus: the first presenting with signs of brain damage and the second free from these signs. The lesional group tended to prefer the ear ipsilateral to the side of lesion, while subjects with non-lesional focus tended to prefer the ear contralateral to the side of focus. The results are discussed and compared with other observations in this field.", "contents": "Responses to dichotic listening tasks in temporal epileptics with or without clinically evident lesions. Dichotic listening was studied in two groups of temporal epileptics with monolateral circumscribed EEG focus: the first presenting with signs of brain damage and the second free from these signs. The lesional group tended to prefer the ear ipsilateral to the side of lesion, while subjects with non-lesional focus tended to prefer the ear contralateral to the side of focus. The results are discussed and compared with other observations in this field.", "PMID": 710148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4279", "title": "\"Semantic\" and \"acoustic\" errors of aphasic and schizophrenic patients in a sound-picture matching task.", "content": "Broca's aphasics, Wernicke's aphasics, brain-damaged patients without aphasia, and chronic schizophrenics were tested on a task to match meaningful sounds to one of four pictures. One of the depicted objects was the natural source of the sound, one was an object belonging to the same semantic category as the correct object, one was an object producing acoustically similar sounds as the correct object, and one was an object not related either semantically or acoustically to the correct object. In one item set the \"semantic\" distractors produced a sound completely different from the presented one; in another item set the \"semantic\" distractors made practically no specific sounds at all. Broca's and Wernicke's aphasics were shown to have significantly higher total error scores than brain-damaged patients without aphasia and to make significantly more \"semantic\" errors only on the first item set and \"acoustic\" errors on both item sets than the brain-damaged patients without aphasia. However, after correcting for guessing the differences  between groups with respect to \"semantic\" and \"acoustic\" errors vanished. The aphasics' difficulties in coping with the sound-picture matching task might be difficulties in processing the acoustic dimensions of the items. It is, however, suggested that the impairment is not perceptual but of the cognitive kind repeatedly demonstrated in tasks which require the analytic extraction of features of the stimulus or of the concept represented by the stimulus.", "contents": "\"Semantic\" and \"acoustic\" errors of aphasic and schizophrenic patients in a sound-picture matching task. Broca's aphasics, Wernicke's aphasics, brain-damaged patients without aphasia, and chronic schizophrenics were tested on a task to match meaningful sounds to one of four pictures. One of the depicted objects was the natural source of the sound, one was an object belonging to the same semantic category as the correct object, one was an object producing acoustically similar sounds as the correct object, and one was an object not related either semantically or acoustically to the correct object. In one item set the \"semantic\" distractors produced a sound completely different from the presented one; in another item set the \"semantic\" distractors made practically no specific sounds at all. Broca's and Wernicke's aphasics were shown to have significantly higher total error scores than brain-damaged patients without aphasia and to make significantly more \"semantic\" errors only on the first item set and \"acoustic\" errors on both item sets than the brain-damaged patients without aphasia. However, after correcting for guessing the differences  between groups with respect to \"semantic\" and \"acoustic\" errors vanished. The aphasics' difficulties in coping with the sound-picture matching task might be difficulties in processing the acoustic dimensions of the items. It is, however, suggested that the impairment is not perceptual but of the cognitive kind repeatedly demonstrated in tasks which require the analytic extraction of features of the stimulus or of the concept represented by the stimulus.", "PMID": 710149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4280", "title": "Analytic and global strategies in copying designs by unilaterally brain-damaged patients.", "content": "Different strategies in copying designs were investigated in unilaterally brain-damaged patients. Site of lesions (right or left) and presence or absence of aphasia, seen as a planning disorder, were taken in consideration. Aphasic patients proved to be more inclined to use an analytic strategy rather than a global one, differing from both other brain-damaged patients and normals. A comparison between patients with right and left brain lesion failed to yield a significant difference.", "contents": "Analytic and global strategies in copying designs by unilaterally brain-damaged patients. Different strategies in copying designs were investigated in unilaterally brain-damaged patients. Site of lesions (right or left) and presence or absence of aphasia, seen as a planning disorder, were taken in consideration. Aphasic patients proved to be more inclined to use an analytic strategy rather than a global one, differing from both other brain-damaged patients and normals. A comparison between patients with right and left brain lesion failed to yield a significant difference.", "PMID": 710150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4281", "title": "Upright and inverted faces: the right hemisphere knows the difference.", "content": "The existence of a right hemisphere capacity, specific to upright faces was investigated. Upright and inverted faces, equally complex as patterns, were presented under lateralized tachistoscopic conditions to two groups of normal adult subjects. A significant orientation by visual field advantage was found. While there was a highly significant left visual field advantage for upright faces, the visual field difference for inverted faces failed to reach significane. This pattern of results supports the hypothesis that the right hemisphere is specialized for the perception of faces in particular, in addition to its specialization for the perception of visuospatial patterns in general.", "contents": "Upright and inverted faces: the right hemisphere knows the difference. The existence of a right hemisphere capacity, specific to upright faces was investigated. Upright and inverted faces, equally complex as patterns, were presented under lateralized tachistoscopic conditions to two groups of normal adult subjects. A significant orientation by visual field advantage was found. While there was a highly significant left visual field advantage for upright faces, the visual field difference for inverted faces failed to reach significane. This pattern of results supports the hypothesis that the right hemisphere is specialized for the perception of faces in particular, in addition to its specialization for the perception of visuospatial patterns in general.", "PMID": 710151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4282", "title": "The effect of unilateral brain damage on the appearance of question-induced CLEM reactions.", "content": "Three groups of subjects--34 non brain damaged, 15 left hemisphere damaged patients, and 15 right hemisphere damaged patients--were administered 40 questions facing the questioner while eye-movement following each question was recorded. 20 of the questions required subjects to indicate how many letters were in a given word. 20 questions tested their visuospatial capacity. The control group revealed a marked tendency to look to the left visual field regardless of the content of the question. The tendency to left-look or right-look, however, was not found to be related to education, age, length of hospitalization, the score on the \"letters in a word\" test, or the score on the visuospatial test. The left hemisphere damaged group performed remarkably like the control in that they too looked more to the left visual field than to the right. The right hemisphere damaged group, however, did not show a significant difference between left looking and right looking in response to both questionnaires. The findings were discussed in relation to the previous work of Kinsbourne (1972), and Gur, Gur and Harris (1975).", "contents": "The effect of unilateral brain damage on the appearance of question-induced CLEM reactions. Three groups of subjects--34 non brain damaged, 15 left hemisphere damaged patients, and 15 right hemisphere damaged patients--were administered 40 questions facing the questioner while eye-movement following each question was recorded. 20 of the questions required subjects to indicate how many letters were in a given word. 20 questions tested their visuospatial capacity. The control group revealed a marked tendency to look to the left visual field regardless of the content of the question. The tendency to left-look or right-look, however, was not found to be related to education, age, length of hospitalization, the score on the \"letters in a word\" test, or the score on the visuospatial test. The left hemisphere damaged group performed remarkably like the control in that they too looked more to the left visual field than to the right. The right hemisphere damaged group, however, did not show a significant difference between left looking and right looking in response to both questionnaires. The findings were discussed in relation to the previous work of Kinsbourne (1972), and Gur, Gur and Harris (1975).", "PMID": 710152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4283", "title": "Recognition reading in paralexia.", "content": "Reading aloud and recognition reading were examined in a paralexic patient. Certainty ratings made by the patient during oral reading indicated that he was usually unaware of paralexic errors which he made. In an auditory recognition reading task for words previously misread, the patient still performed poorly, often chosing his paralexic response as the correct alternative. Possible mechanisms underlying paralexia are discussed in the light of these findings.", "contents": "Recognition reading in paralexia. Reading aloud and recognition reading were examined in a paralexic patient. Certainty ratings made by the patient during oral reading indicated that he was usually unaware of paralexic errors which he made. In an auditory recognition reading task for words previously misread, the patient still performed poorly, often chosing his paralexic response as the correct alternative. Possible mechanisms underlying paralexia are discussed in the light of these findings.", "PMID": 710153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4284", "title": "The effect of auditory rhythmic stimulation on articulatory accuracy in apraxia of speech.", "content": "In order to study the effects of different rates of rhythmic auditory stimulation on the phonemic accuracy of speakers who have apraxia of speech, eight apraxic subjects read four equated monosyllabic passages under one control and three experimental conditions. In the experimental conditions, rhythmic auditory stimulation provided by a metronome was imposed at each subject's oral reading rate as well as 75% and 125% of this established rate. In the control condition, the subjects read without any accompanying rhythmic stimulation. It was found that the stimulus supplied by an auditory metronome did not significantly improve the phonemic accuracy of these subjects. Articulatory accuracy tended to deteriorate under imposed rhythmic stimulation.", "contents": "The effect of auditory rhythmic stimulation on articulatory accuracy in apraxia of speech. In order to study the effects of different rates of rhythmic auditory stimulation on the phonemic accuracy of speakers who have apraxia of speech, eight apraxic subjects read four equated monosyllabic passages under one control and three experimental conditions. In the experimental conditions, rhythmic auditory stimulation provided by a metronome was imposed at each subject's oral reading rate as well as 75% and 125% of this established rate. In the control condition, the subjects read without any accompanying rhythmic stimulation. It was found that the stimulus supplied by an auditory metronome did not significantly improve the phonemic accuracy of these subjects. Articulatory accuracy tended to deteriorate under imposed rhythmic stimulation.", "PMID": 710154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4285", "title": "Indigenous and expatriate addicts in Laos: a comparison.", "content": "Opium addiction has been reported among virtually all large ethnic groups in Asia. Conspicuous by its absence has been any mention of addiction among the Lao, a people surrounded by poppy-growing tribal groups. A sample of Lao patient-addicts are here compared to expatriate Asian addicts in Laos. Lao and expatriate addicts show marked similarity in their sociodemographic profiles and patterns of narcotic use. Some differences in their recent use of narcotic drugs appear related to the greater cash income of the expatriate Asians and their greater access to heroin. No specifically 'cultural' factors for explaining ethnic differences in addiction have yet been identified.", "contents": "Indigenous and expatriate addicts in Laos: a comparison. Opium addiction has been reported among virtually all large ethnic groups in Asia. Conspicuous by its absence has been any mention of addiction among the Lao, a people surrounded by poppy-growing tribal groups. A sample of Lao patient-addicts are here compared to expatriate Asian addicts in Laos. Lao and expatriate addicts show marked similarity in their sociodemographic profiles and patterns of narcotic use. Some differences in their recent use of narcotic drugs appear related to the greater cash income of the expatriate Asians and their greater access to heroin. No specifically 'cultural' factors for explaining ethnic differences in addiction have yet been identified.", "PMID": 710168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4286", "title": "Scars of experience: the art of moxibustion in Japanese medicine and society.", "content": "Beliefs and practices surrounding moxibustion, a cautery technique used in Japan, are analyzed to demonstrate that the concept of holism is culture-bound and that the practice of East Asian medicine is often reductionistic. Pluralistic traditional medical belief systems of historical and contemporary Japan are discussed with reference to moxibustion. Moxa is used in popular family medicine, for ritual purification, as a technique to cure disease or as part of a holistic approach to healing; its symbolic meaning changes according to its usage and it serves to unite disparate medical beliefs. Socialization practices concerning attitudes towards illness reflect pluralistic values derived from traditional medical systems. One dominant set of values encourages patient and family responsibility during the healing process, adaptation to psychosocial relationships regarded as causal in disease occurrence and avoidance of verbal analysis of problems. These concepts, fundamental to East Asian medicine, cannot be readily adapted in the West as part of a holistic approach to health care.", "contents": "Scars of experience: the art of moxibustion in Japanese medicine and society. Beliefs and practices surrounding moxibustion, a cautery technique used in Japan, are analyzed to demonstrate that the concept of holism is culture-bound and that the practice of East Asian medicine is often reductionistic. Pluralistic traditional medical belief systems of historical and contemporary Japan are discussed with reference to moxibustion. Moxa is used in popular family medicine, for ritual purification, as a technique to cure disease or as part of a holistic approach to healing; its symbolic meaning changes according to its usage and it serves to unite disparate medical beliefs. Socialization practices concerning attitudes towards illness reflect pluralistic values derived from traditional medical systems. One dominant set of values encourages patient and family responsibility during the healing process, adaptation to psychosocial relationships regarded as causal in disease occurrence and avoidance of verbal analysis of problems. These concepts, fundamental to East Asian medicine, cannot be readily adapted in the West as part of a holistic approach to health care.", "PMID": 710169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4287", "title": "Traditional medical practices and medicinal plant usage on a Bahamian island.", "content": "The traditional medical system of a small Bahamian island is explored through a health survey of 83% of the population and an analysis of the activities and materials of the two main native health 'professionals'--the healing specialist and the 'herbalist'. The present findings suggest that the Bimini medical system has historically been efficacious in the treatment and management of many health problems on the island. Part of the success may be attributed to the resourceful utilization of indigenous medicinal plant species, several of which contain chemical substances that may be curatively effective against a number of diseases as claimed. In recent years the island has experienced a relatively smooth process of medical modernization including the increased availability of 'westernized' health care and the gradual supplementation of the herbal remedies by imported patent and prescription medications.", "contents": "Traditional medical practices and medicinal plant usage on a Bahamian island. The traditional medical system of a small Bahamian island is explored through a health survey of 83% of the population and an analysis of the activities and materials of the two main native health 'professionals'--the healing specialist and the 'herbalist'. The present findings suggest that the Bimini medical system has historically been efficacious in the treatment and management of many health problems on the island. Part of the success may be attributed to the resourceful utilization of indigenous medicinal plant species, several of which contain chemical substances that may be curatively effective against a number of diseases as claimed. In recent years the island has experienced a relatively smooth process of medical modernization including the increased availability of 'westernized' health care and the gradual supplementation of the herbal remedies by imported patent and prescription medications.", "PMID": 710170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4288", "title": "Latah: the symbolism of a putative mental disorder.", "content": "This paper examines the symbolic properties and cultural relevance of latah, a behavioral state noted in Malay and Indonesia since the 19th Century. Most interpretations of latah have been psychological, latah being perceived as a 'mental disorder.' In the following, it is concluded that latah is intimately related to other aspects of Malayo-Indonesian culture and that it is a well-known cultural pattern and not a mental disorder as such, though it may occur among persons, largely women, in a socially and psychologically marginal situation. Latah is a symbolic representation of marginality, and it is as appropriate to certain mythological and religious figures to the socially marginal.", "contents": "Latah: the symbolism of a putative mental disorder. This paper examines the symbolic properties and cultural relevance of latah, a behavioral state noted in Malay and Indonesia since the 19th Century. Most interpretations of latah have been psychological, latah being perceived as a 'mental disorder.' In the following, it is concluded that latah is intimately related to other aspects of Malayo-Indonesian culture and that it is a well-known cultural pattern and not a mental disorder as such, though it may occur among persons, largely women, in a socially and psychologically marginal situation. Latah is a symbolic representation of marginality, and it is as appropriate to certain mythological and religious figures to the socially marginal.", "PMID": 710172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4289", "title": "The atypical psychoses.", "content": "The psychiatric literature contains numerous accounts of psychoses found worldwide that do not fit classic definitions of schizophrenia, manic-depression, or organic brain syndrome. These vaguely defined 'atypical psychoses' are under scrutiny because of growing knowledge and more rigorous methodology in descriptive and cross-cultural psychiatry. The authors trace the history of atypical psychosis concepts from the contributions of Kraepelin, Jaspers, and Freud to contemporary European and Anglo-American viewpoints. Studies of the atypical psychoses are reviewed in the light of current validation methods in psychiatry. Several methodologic problems plague this area: inadequate definitions, etiologic prejudice, poor premorbid and follow-up assessment, as well as certain naive notions about psychopathology in different cultures. Consequently, knowledge of atypical psychosis is limited and largely impractical. The authors suggest several possibilities for interpreting present and future evidence about these disorders and certain strategies for future studies.", "contents": "The atypical psychoses. The psychiatric literature contains numerous accounts of psychoses found worldwide that do not fit classic definitions of schizophrenia, manic-depression, or organic brain syndrome. These vaguely defined 'atypical psychoses' are under scrutiny because of growing knowledge and more rigorous methodology in descriptive and cross-cultural psychiatry. The authors trace the history of atypical psychosis concepts from the contributions of Kraepelin, Jaspers, and Freud to contemporary European and Anglo-American viewpoints. Studies of the atypical psychoses are reviewed in the light of current validation methods in psychiatry. Several methodologic problems plague this area: inadequate definitions, etiologic prejudice, poor premorbid and follow-up assessment, as well as certain naive notions about psychopathology in different cultures. Consequently, knowledge of atypical psychosis is limited and largely impractical. The authors suggest several possibilities for interpreting present and future evidence about these disorders and certain strategies for future studies.", "PMID": 710173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4290", "title": "Ethno-behaviorism and the culture-bound syndromes: the case of Amok.", "content": "The phenomenon of amok is reviewed in order to demonstrate the heuristic value of an ethno-behavioral model of culture-bound syndromes. The notion that culture-bound syndromes share underlying common disease forms is rejected. Instead, the ethno-behavioral model postulates that culture-bound syndromes consist of culturally specific behavioral repertoires legitimated by culturally sanctioned norms and concepts, but with both behavior and norms acquired in accordance with basic principles of human learning universal to all cultures. Consistent with this model, amok is shown to be a common behavioral pathway for multiple precipitants (which may or may not include disease pathology), but with a distinct form and conceptualization which can be traced to the social learning practices and beliefs of the Malay.", "contents": "Ethno-behaviorism and the culture-bound syndromes: the case of Amok. The phenomenon of amok is reviewed in order to demonstrate the heuristic value of an ethno-behavioral model of culture-bound syndromes. The notion that culture-bound syndromes share underlying common disease forms is rejected. Instead, the ethno-behavioral model postulates that culture-bound syndromes consist of culturally specific behavioral repertoires legitimated by culturally sanctioned norms and concepts, but with both behavior and norms acquired in accordance with basic principles of human learning universal to all cultures. Consistent with this model, amok is shown to be a common behavioral pathway for multiple precipitants (which may or may not include disease pathology), but with a distinct form and conceptualization which can be traced to the social learning practices and beliefs of the Malay.", "PMID": 710174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4291", "title": "The effect of pentoxifylline on the flow properties of human blood.", "content": "Recent investigations have revealed that erythrocytes from patients with chronic arterial occlusive disease are significantly less deformable than red blood cells from healthy subjects. The influence of pentoxifylline on red blood cell fluidity was measured by a standard filtration technique using 8 micron membrane filters. Impaired deformability of erythrocytes was significantly improved in patients suffering from peripheral vascular disorders following intravenous injection of 200 mg pentoxifylline. Studies on reduced red cell deformability induced by hyperosmolarity in vitro showed that pentoxifylline (4 and 20 microgram/ml) produced a dose-dependent improvement both in blood from healthy subjects and from patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. The results suggest that the positive therapeutic effect of pentoxifylline in peripheral arterial occlusive disease is mediated by improving red cell fluidity in the microcirculation.", "contents": "The effect of pentoxifylline on the flow properties of human blood. Recent investigations have revealed that erythrocytes from patients with chronic arterial occlusive disease are significantly less deformable than red blood cells from healthy subjects. The influence of pentoxifylline on red blood cell fluidity was measured by a standard filtration technique using 8 micron membrane filters. Impaired deformability of erythrocytes was significantly improved in patients suffering from peripheral vascular disorders following intravenous injection of 200 mg pentoxifylline. Studies on reduced red cell deformability induced by hyperosmolarity in vitro showed that pentoxifylline (4 and 20 microgram/ml) produced a dose-dependent improvement both in blood from healthy subjects and from patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. The results suggest that the positive therapeutic effect of pentoxifylline in peripheral arterial occlusive disease is mediated by improving red cell fluidity in the microcirculation.", "PMID": 710175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4292", "title": "Labetalol in the difficult hypertensive patient in general practice.", "content": "An open study was carried out in general practice to assess the effectiveness and tolerance of labetalol in the treatment of 53 difficult hypertensive patients, most of whom had failed to respond to previous hypotensive therapy. The results showed that in the 49 patients receiving treatment for more than 3 months good blood pressure control was readily achieved, and with labetalol alone in all but 6 of them. The majority were controlled on doses ranging from 300 to 600 mg per day. Treatment was discontinued in 3 patients because of severe side-effects. Mild, tolerable side-effects, similar to those found with beta-adrenergic blocking agents, were reported by 35 patients.", "contents": "Labetalol in the difficult hypertensive patient in general practice. An open study was carried out in general practice to assess the effectiveness and tolerance of labetalol in the treatment of 53 difficult hypertensive patients, most of whom had failed to respond to previous hypotensive therapy. The results showed that in the 49 patients receiving treatment for more than 3 months good blood pressure control was readily achieved, and with labetalol alone in all but 6 of them. The majority were controlled on doses ranging from 300 to 600 mg per day. Treatment was discontinued in 3 patients because of severe side-effects. Mild, tolerable side-effects, similar to those found with beta-adrenergic blocking agents, were reported by 35 patients.", "PMID": 710176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4293", "title": "Carbenoxolone and incorporation of (3H) glucosamine into gastric mucosa.", "content": "The effect of carbenoxolone on incorporation of the labelled sugar, (3H) glucosamine, into rat gastric mucosa was examined. Rats were treated with either 25 mg/kg, or 50 mg/kg or 75 mg/kg carbenoxolone for 10 days. The rats were then killed and the uptake of (3H) glucosamine by gastric mucosal scrapings measured. There was no statistically significant difference in uptake between treated and untreated scrapings. The results do not confirm earlier findings of other investigators which suggested that carbenoxolone promoted gastric ulcer healing by stimulating specific glycosyl transferases to produce a modified mucus.", "contents": "Carbenoxolone and incorporation of (3H) glucosamine into gastric mucosa. The effect of carbenoxolone on incorporation of the labelled sugar, (3H) glucosamine, into rat gastric mucosa was examined. Rats were treated with either 25 mg/kg, or 50 mg/kg or 75 mg/kg carbenoxolone for 10 days. The rats were then killed and the uptake of (3H) glucosamine by gastric mucosal scrapings measured. There was no statistically significant difference in uptake between treated and untreated scrapings. The results do not confirm earlier findings of other investigators which suggested that carbenoxolone promoted gastric ulcer healing by stimulating specific glycosyl transferases to produce a modified mucus.", "PMID": 710177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4294", "title": "Clinical experience with a low dose oral contraceptive containing norethisterone and ethinyl oestradiol.", "content": "The results are presented of a clinical investigation of an oral contraceptive containing 0.5 mg norethisterone and 0.035 mg ethinyl oestradiol. The medication was administered orally as a 21-day cyclic regimen in 1,168 women. Duration of use was from 1 to 53 cycles with an overall total of 16,345 cycles. When the preparation was taken as directed, no pregnancies occurred. Three women conceived during the course of this study; however, these subjects missed 3, 2, and 1 prescribed tablets, respectively, and their pregnancies are thus judged due to patient failure. The overall pregnancy rate was 0.22 per 100 women years of use calculated as a Pearl Index. Intermenstrual bleeding (spotting and/or breakthrough bleeding) was noted primarily in the early cycles, soon tapering off to a lower and stable level. The overall cumulative cyclic incidence of amenorrhoea was 1.0%.", "contents": "Clinical experience with a low dose oral contraceptive containing norethisterone and ethinyl oestradiol. The results are presented of a clinical investigation of an oral contraceptive containing 0.5 mg norethisterone and 0.035 mg ethinyl oestradiol. The medication was administered orally as a 21-day cyclic regimen in 1,168 women. Duration of use was from 1 to 53 cycles with an overall total of 16,345 cycles. When the preparation was taken as directed, no pregnancies occurred. Three women conceived during the course of this study; however, these subjects missed 3, 2, and 1 prescribed tablets, respectively, and their pregnancies are thus judged due to patient failure. The overall pregnancy rate was 0.22 per 100 women years of use calculated as a Pearl Index. Intermenstrual bleeding (spotting and/or breakthrough bleeding) was noted primarily in the early cycles, soon tapering off to a lower and stable level. The overall cumulative cyclic incidence of amenorrhoea was 1.0%.", "PMID": 710178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4295", "title": "Children discharged from foster care in New York City: where to--when--at what age?", "content": "The Child Welfare Information Service (CWIS) a computerized information system in New York City, provides data shedding new light on the movement of children out of the foster care system.", "contents": "Children discharged from foster care in New York City: where to--when--at what age? The Child Welfare Information Service (CWIS) a computerized information system in New York City, provides data shedding new light on the movement of children out of the foster care system.", "PMID": 710181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4296", "title": "Alaska's children's code.", "content": "Enactment of alaska's new Children's Code was achieved only after years of struggle involving many professional and public forces. The code is considered a breakthrough in legislation for children.", "contents": "Alaska's children's code. Enactment of alaska's new Children's Code was achieved only after years of struggle involving many professional and public forces. The code is considered a breakthrough in legislation for children.", "PMID": 710182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4297", "title": "Acoustic features and auditory perceptions of the cries of newborns with prenatal and perinatal complications.", "content": "This article describes 2 experiments which examine the relation between neonatal cry features and obstetric histories. Experiment 1 shows that 24 clinically healthy, normal newborns who may be at risk due to a high number of prenatal and perinatal complications can be distinguished from 24 low-complications infants by harmonic and durational features of the cry. High-complications infants required more stimulation to elicit the cry, had a longer latency to cry onset, a shorter first cry expiration, a higher cry pitch, and cried less in total time than low-complications infants. In experiment 2, naive adults rated the high-complications infant cries as more aversive, grating sick, urgent, distressing, piercing, discomforting, and arousing than low-complications infant crues. Factor analyses showed that although the low-complications infant cries were described along one dimension of discomfort, a second factor emerged conveying the \"sick\" nature of the sound of the cry of the high-complications infants. It was suggested that certain cry features may reflect the risk status of the infant.", "contents": "Acoustic features and auditory perceptions of the cries of newborns with prenatal and perinatal complications. This article describes 2 experiments which examine the relation between neonatal cry features and obstetric histories. Experiment 1 shows that 24 clinically healthy, normal newborns who may be at risk due to a high number of prenatal and perinatal complications can be distinguished from 24 low-complications infants by harmonic and durational features of the cry. High-complications infants required more stimulation to elicit the cry, had a longer latency to cry onset, a shorter first cry expiration, a higher cry pitch, and cried less in total time than low-complications infants. In experiment 2, naive adults rated the high-complications infant cries as more aversive, grating sick, urgent, distressing, piercing, discomforting, and arousing than low-complications infant crues. Factor analyses showed that although the low-complications infant cries were described along one dimension of discomfort, a second factor emerged conveying the \"sick\" nature of the sound of the cry of the high-complications infants. It was suggested that certain cry features may reflect the risk status of the infant.", "PMID": 710187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4298", "title": "Third-party purchase of voluntary agency services.", "content": "The problem of setting rates for third-party purchase of voluntary agency services is a complex one. The approach taken affects agency efficiency as well as the flow of private donations.", "contents": "Third-party purchase of voluntary agency services. The problem of setting rates for third-party purchase of voluntary agency services is a complex one. The approach taken affects agency efficiency as well as the flow of private donations.", "PMID": 710183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4299", "title": "The effects of height on infants' social responses to unfamiliar persons.", "content": "The effects of absolute height of an approaching unfamiliar person and height of the person relative to the infants' viewing height on infants' social responsiveness were investigated. 48 infants, 9--12 months old, were observed as 2 tall (6 feet, 2 inches) and 2 short (5 feet, 6 inches) male strangers approached them. Infants were divided into 3 viewing height groups: low (35 inches from the floor), medium (53 inches), and high (72 inches). Facial expresion, gase aversion, fretting/fussing, and directional movement were measured as the strangers touched the infants. Infants did not respond more negatively to tall versus short strangers. However, they did respond more negatively as a function of viewing-height condition. Infants who were in the low and medium conditions showed more movement away, more gaze aversion, and less concentration than infants in the highest viewing condition. These observations are explained ethologically in terms of an inborn predisposition to respond negatively to towering stimuli in unfamiliar settings. The importance of a multideterminant model of infants' social responses to unfamiliar persons is emphasized.", "contents": "The effects of height on infants' social responses to unfamiliar persons. The effects of absolute height of an approaching unfamiliar person and height of the person relative to the infants' viewing height on infants' social responsiveness were investigated. 48 infants, 9--12 months old, were observed as 2 tall (6 feet, 2 inches) and 2 short (5 feet, 6 inches) male strangers approached them. Infants were divided into 3 viewing height groups: low (35 inches from the floor), medium (53 inches), and high (72 inches). Facial expresion, gase aversion, fretting/fussing, and directional movement were measured as the strangers touched the infants. Infants did not respond more negatively to tall versus short strangers. However, they did respond more negatively as a function of viewing-height condition. Infants who were in the low and medium conditions showed more movement away, more gaze aversion, and less concentration than infants in the highest viewing condition. These observations are explained ethologically in terms of an inborn predisposition to respond negatively to towering stimuli in unfamiliar settings. The importance of a multideterminant model of infants' social responses to unfamiliar persons is emphasized.", "PMID": 710188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4300", "title": "Youth helping youth in cases of maltreatment of adolescents.", "content": "The active involvement of youth themselves in meeting the problem of maltreatment of adolescents is the central feature of this innovative project.", "contents": "Youth helping youth in cases of maltreatment of adolescents. The active involvement of youth themselves in meeting the problem of maltreatment of adolescents is the central feature of this innovative project.", "PMID": 710184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4301", "title": "Defining the comminity context for parent-child relations: the correlates of child maltreatment.", "content": "This report presents the results of studies designed to illustrate the use of child maltreatment report data as social indicators of the quality of life for families. It addresses the feedback function of family-support systems and links maltreatment to the overall balance of stresses and supports in the neighborhood context of families. This study focuses on the reported incidence of child abuse and neglect at 2 levels of neighborhood analysis within a single metropolitan county-20 neighborhood areas and 93 census tracts. Multiple-regression analysis is used to develop predictive equations using socioeconomic, demographic, and some attudinal data as the independent variables. For the 20 subareas, 81% of the variance and for the 93 census tract, 52% of the variance is accounted for. Data on the source of reports tend to discount the widely held position that biased reporting accounts for the negative correlation between socioeconomic status and chold maltreatment. The results are related to an emerging ecological perspective on human development.", "contents": "Defining the comminity context for parent-child relations: the correlates of child maltreatment. This report presents the results of studies designed to illustrate the use of child maltreatment report data as social indicators of the quality of life for families. It addresses the feedback function of family-support systems and links maltreatment to the overall balance of stresses and supports in the neighborhood context of families. This study focuses on the reported incidence of child abuse and neglect at 2 levels of neighborhood analysis within a single metropolitan county-20 neighborhood areas and 93 census tracts. Multiple-regression analysis is used to develop predictive equations using socioeconomic, demographic, and some attudinal data as the independent variables. For the 20 subareas, 81% of the variance and for the 93 census tract, 52% of the variance is accounted for. Data on the source of reports tend to discount the widely held position that biased reporting accounts for the negative correlation between socioeconomic status and chold maltreatment. The results are related to an emerging ecological perspective on human development.", "PMID": 710189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4302", "title": "The role of spatial cues in the probe-type serial memory task.", "content": "2 experiments were carried out with the aim of clarifying the role of spatial cues in the probe-type serial memory task devised by Atkinson, Hansen, and Bernbach. In experiment 1, preventing the formation of specific items-location associations drastically reduced performance at the early to intermediate serial positions for a group of second graders; yet these children still exhibited a primancy effect (position 1 greater than position2). In experiment 2, the stimulus items were spaced farther apart than usual in an attempt to reduce the contextual uniqueness of the first (far left) item. Children aged 4 and 5 years who were administered this task produced a serial-position function that was essentially flat. It was concluded that (a) spatial cues serve as functional stimuli in the standard probe-type task, and (b) the contextual uniqueness of the first item is probably responsible for the occurrence of primacy in young children. Implications of this research for interpreting age-related differences in the shape of the serial-position curve were also discussed.", "contents": "The role of spatial cues in the probe-type serial memory task. 2 experiments were carried out with the aim of clarifying the role of spatial cues in the probe-type serial memory task devised by Atkinson, Hansen, and Bernbach. In experiment 1, preventing the formation of specific items-location associations drastically reduced performance at the early to intermediate serial positions for a group of second graders; yet these children still exhibited a primancy effect (position 1 greater than position2). In experiment 2, the stimulus items were spaced farther apart than usual in an attempt to reduce the contextual uniqueness of the first (far left) item. Children aged 4 and 5 years who were administered this task produced a serial-position function that was essentially flat. It was concluded that (a) spatial cues serve as functional stimuli in the standard probe-type task, and (b) the contextual uniqueness of the first item is probably responsible for the occurrence of primacy in young children. Implications of this research for interpreting age-related differences in the shape of the serial-position curve were also discussed.", "PMID": 710190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4303", "title": "The development of time concepts in young children: the relations between duration and succession.", "content": "108 children from nursery school, first grade, and third grade were given 5 problems measuring the concept of time, in which they were required to judge and explain which of 2 partially overlapping events started first, which ended first, and which lasted for a longer time. 2 types of problems were used which presented time with and without the interference of movement: \"still time\" (the duration of 2 lights) and \"linear time\" (the traveling time of 2 toy cars). In both types of problems, judging the succession of both beginnings and endings was equally difficult and was easier than judging duration. Duration judgments were explaned predominantly by succession, whereas succession judgments were explained tautologically or by mere \"seeing.\" Overall, performance increased with age and decreased with interference. A recent model of the development of time concepts is further elaborated and compared with Piaget's framework.", "contents": "The development of time concepts in young children: the relations between duration and succession. 108 children from nursery school, first grade, and third grade were given 5 problems measuring the concept of time, in which they were required to judge and explain which of 2 partially overlapping events started first, which ended first, and which lasted for a longer time. 2 types of problems were used which presented time with and without the interference of movement: \"still time\" (the duration of 2 lights) and \"linear time\" (the traveling time of 2 toy cars). In both types of problems, judging the succession of both beginnings and endings was equally difficult and was easier than judging duration. Duration judgments were explaned predominantly by succession, whereas succession judgments were explained tautologically or by mere \"seeing.\" Overall, performance increased with age and decreased with interference. A recent model of the development of time concepts is further elaborated and compared with Piaget's framework.", "PMID": 710191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4304", "title": "The role of perceptual salience in the development of analysis and synthesis processes.", "content": "The ability of 6- and 11-year-old children to solve problems requiring the analysis or the synthesis of salience-assessed stimulus relations was investigated. The relative salience of the relations of form, color, and position was assessed and a salience hierachy determined for each child. Following salience assessment, children were given a recall problem in which the salience of the relations and the type of evaluation required for solution were varied. In analysis problems, the relative salience of the irrelevant relation was either higher or lower than that of the relevant relation. In synthesis problems, the two relations to be evaluated were either more or less salient. Both younger and older children were able to solve problems requiring the analysis or the synthesis of relations, but the rate of solution varied as a function of the salience of the relations involved. There was no evidence that either analysis or synthesis preceded the other in the course of development.", "contents": "The role of perceptual salience in the development of analysis and synthesis processes. The ability of 6- and 11-year-old children to solve problems requiring the analysis or the synthesis of salience-assessed stimulus relations was investigated. The relative salience of the relations of form, color, and position was assessed and a salience hierachy determined for each child. Following salience assessment, children were given a recall problem in which the salience of the relations and the type of evaluation required for solution were varied. In analysis problems, the relative salience of the irrelevant relation was either higher or lower than that of the relevant relation. In synthesis problems, the two relations to be evaluated were either more or less salient. Both younger and older children were able to solve problems requiring the analysis or the synthesis of relations, but the rate of solution varied as a function of the salience of the relations involved. There was no evidence that either analysis or synthesis preceded the other in the course of development.", "PMID": 710192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4305", "title": "Family outreach: a program for the prevention of child neglect and abuse.", "content": "A Texas volunteer program designed to prevent child neglect and abuse also stresses promotion of the public's awareness of its responsibility to report suspected cases.", "contents": "Family outreach: a program for the prevention of child neglect and abuse. A Texas volunteer program designed to prevent child neglect and abuse also stresses promotion of the public's awareness of its responsibility to report suspected cases.", "PMID": 710186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4306", "title": "Linking the group home and the community school.", "content": "A group home lacking an on-grounds school set up a system of progress reports from teachers in a community school, and then integrated the reports into the home program. The benefits were considerable.", "contents": "Linking the group home and the community school. A group home lacking an on-grounds school set up a system of progress reports from teachers in a community school, and then integrated the reports into the home program. The benefits were considerable.", "PMID": 710185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4307", "title": "The effect of change in stimuli on the transfer of dimensional pretraining to the discrimination learning of kindergarten children.", "content": "Kindergarten children were given verbal pretaining prior to a simultaneous discrimination learning task under 1 or 2 stimulus conditions. For half the children, the stimuli were changed from the pretaining task to the criterion task; for the other half, the stimuli were identical in the 2 tasks. During pretaining, the children learned to label the values of the dimension that would be either relevant, constant, or irrelevant in discrimination learning. When the stimuli were identical in 2 tasks, pretaining produced significant facilitation and interference effects in discrimination performance. The pretaining effects in the changed-stimulus condition were greatly attenuated and nonsignificant. The relation of these results to earlier findings and to studies of dimensional attention in general is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of change in stimuli on the transfer of dimensional pretraining to the discrimination learning of kindergarten children. Kindergarten children were given verbal pretaining prior to a simultaneous discrimination learning task under 1 or 2 stimulus conditions. For half the children, the stimuli were changed from the pretaining task to the criterion task; for the other half, the stimuli were identical in the 2 tasks. During pretaining, the children learned to label the values of the dimension that would be either relevant, constant, or irrelevant in discrimination learning. When the stimuli were identical in 2 tasks, pretaining produced significant facilitation and interference effects in discrimination performance. The pretaining effects in the changed-stimulus condition were greatly attenuated and nonsignificant. The relation of these results to earlier findings and to studies of dimensional attention in general is discussed.", "PMID": 710193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4308", "title": "Memory for location and picture cues at ages two and three.", "content": "3 delayed-relayed-response experiments are reported, testing 2-and 3-year-old children's memory for location of a hiddeen object under several combinations of spatial and pictorial cue availability and emphasis. In the first study, both age groups responded well on the basis of location cues alone. However, when picture cues were available, the 2-year-olds primarily relied on location while the 3-year-olds depended more pictures. The next studies asked if changes designed to de-emphasize location cues or emphasize pictures could encourage the younger children to make more use of pictorial information. Although these manipulations were only partially successful, the combined results of these studies suggest (1y, that information about both location and picture cues can be represented by both age groups and (2), that there is a real shift from reliance on place cues at age 2 to increased utilization of pictorial cues by age 3.", "contents": "Memory for location and picture cues at ages two and three. 3 delayed-relayed-response experiments are reported, testing 2-and 3-year-old children's memory for location of a hiddeen object under several combinations of spatial and pictorial cue availability and emphasis. In the first study, both age groups responded well on the basis of location cues alone. However, when picture cues were available, the 2-year-olds primarily relied on location while the 3-year-olds depended more pictures. The next studies asked if changes designed to de-emphasize location cues or emphasize pictures could encourage the younger children to make more use of pictorial information. Although these manipulations were only partially successful, the combined results of these studies suggest (1y, that information about both location and picture cues can be represented by both age groups and (2), that there is a real shift from reliance on place cues at age 2 to increased utilization of pictorial cues by age 3.", "PMID": 710194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4309", "title": "The perception of solid form in early infancy.", "content": "Day and McKenzie determined the rate of habituation of fixation of young infants to repeated visual presentations of a cube. They found the habituation rate to be the same when the stimulus orientation changed between presentations as when it was fixed, and they interpreted this as evidence of shape constancy. However, a failure to discriminate between cubes in different orientations is only evidence of shape constancy if the infant can at the same time discriminate the cube from other cubelike forms. The experiment described here contrasted the rate of habituation of fixation of 12-week-old infants to a homogenous stimulus series (a cube presented in different orientations) with the rates of habituation to various heterogeneous series, in each of which a cube was alternated with some other solid. It was found that, while the infant could distinguish a cube from a photograph of a cube and a concave solid (an L-form), there was no evidence of discrimination between the cube and either a wedge or a truncated pyramid. The results imply limits to the young infants capacity to resolve solid form.", "contents": "The perception of solid form in early infancy. Day and McKenzie determined the rate of habituation of fixation of young infants to repeated visual presentations of a cube. They found the habituation rate to be the same when the stimulus orientation changed between presentations as when it was fixed, and they interpreted this as evidence of shape constancy. However, a failure to discriminate between cubes in different orientations is only evidence of shape constancy if the infant can at the same time discriminate the cube from other cubelike forms. The experiment described here contrasted the rate of habituation of fixation of 12-week-old infants to a homogenous stimulus series (a cube presented in different orientations) with the rates of habituation to various heterogeneous series, in each of which a cube was alternated with some other solid. It was found that, while the infant could distinguish a cube from a photograph of a cube and a concave solid (an L-form), there was no evidence of discrimination between the cube and either a wedge or a truncated pyramid. The results imply limits to the young infants capacity to resolve solid form.", "PMID": 710195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4310", "title": "Effects of similarity grouping on attentional processes in children.", "content": "First and fifth graders sorted cards into 2 piles based on the orientation of a T figure. Cards did or did not contain irrelevant information: irrelevant information did or did not contrast in line slope with the target. The position of targets varied within arrays from 1 card to the next. Children at both grade levels sorted more slowly in the presence of contrasting irrelevant information relative to no irrelevant information, but younger children were slowed more that older ones when sorting in the presence of similar irrelevant information relative to contrasting irrelevant information. A second card-sorting experiment examined similar effects in a filtering task in which target position was constant from card to card. Effects were minimal for fifth graders, wheras first graders were slower in the presence of contrasting irrelevant information relative to no irrelevant information, and slower in the presence of similar as compared with contrasting irrelevant information. Processing differences underlying these results are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of similarity grouping on attentional processes in children. First and fifth graders sorted cards into 2 piles based on the orientation of a T figure. Cards did or did not contain irrelevant information: irrelevant information did or did not contrast in line slope with the target. The position of targets varied within arrays from 1 card to the next. Children at both grade levels sorted more slowly in the presence of contrasting irrelevant information relative to no irrelevant information, but younger children were slowed more that older ones when sorting in the presence of similar irrelevant information relative to contrasting irrelevant information. A second card-sorting experiment examined similar effects in a filtering task in which target position was constant from card to card. Effects were minimal for fifth graders, wheras first graders were slower in the presence of contrasting irrelevant information relative to no irrelevant information, and slower in the presence of similar as compared with contrasting irrelevant information. Processing differences underlying these results are discussed.", "PMID": 710196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4311", "title": "The relationship of hand dominance to the motor corrdination, mental ability, and right-left awareness of young normal children.", "content": "Normal children who had established hand dominance, as measured by the McCarthy Scales, were compared on mental and motor variables with youngsters who did not give evidence of dominance. Using the McCarthy normative sample (N = 1,032) as the data source, significant differences in cognitive and motor ability were found for 2(1/2)--4(1/2)-year-olds but not for 5--8(1/2)-year-olds. However, a significant relationship between handedness and right versus left awareness was obtained for the older group.", "contents": "The relationship of hand dominance to the motor corrdination, mental ability, and right-left awareness of young normal children. Normal children who had established hand dominance, as measured by the McCarthy Scales, were compared on mental and motor variables with youngsters who did not give evidence of dominance. Using the McCarthy normative sample (N = 1,032) as the data source, significant differences in cognitive and motor ability were found for 2(1/2)--4(1/2)-year-olds but not for 5--8(1/2)-year-olds. However, a significant relationship between handedness and right versus left awareness was obtained for the older group.", "PMID": 710197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4312", "title": "[Anatomical directions for the placement of central venous catheters].", "content": "Based on approximately 70 dissection studies, the topographical situation of the central veins forming the superior vena cava is described. Actual problems and complications following punctures of central veins are commented upon, from the morphological point of view.", "contents": "[Anatomical directions for the placement of central venous catheters]. Based on approximately 70 dissection studies, the topographical situation of the central veins forming the superior vena cava is described. Actual problems and complications following punctures of central veins are commented upon, from the morphological point of view.", "PMID": 710216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4313", "title": "[Synovial cysts of the hip joint].", "content": "Four cases of a ganglion of the hip joint are reported. Besides the symptomatology and the clinical findings, special attention is payed to the anatomical relationship. The weak part of the joint capsula medially to the longitudinal traction of the ligamentum iliofemorale and laterally to the ligamentum pubofemorale was found to be the source of these ganglions. The most helpful diagnostic measure is arthrography through a lateral access. Therapy consists of resection of the cystic tumor, and careful closure of the hip joint capsula will prevent recurrence.", "contents": "[Synovial cysts of the hip joint]. Four cases of a ganglion of the hip joint are reported. Besides the symptomatology and the clinical findings, special attention is payed to the anatomical relationship. The weak part of the joint capsula medially to the longitudinal traction of the ligamentum iliofemorale and laterally to the ligamentum pubofemorale was found to be the source of these ganglions. The most helpful diagnostic measure is arthrography through a lateral access. Therapy consists of resection of the cystic tumor, and careful closure of the hip joint capsula will prevent recurrence.", "PMID": 710217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4314", "title": "[The significance of the duodenal papilla within the framework of diseases of gallbladder and bile ducts].", "content": "On the basis of 3185 biliary tract operations performed at the city hospitals of Braunschweig and L\u00fcneburg, 12% of which included papillotomies, the frequency and pathogenesis of Vater's papilla stenosis is discussed. About 5% of all stenoses of Vater's papilla do not appear in connection with lithiasis in the biliary tract; these are defined as primary stenoses. 95% of Vater's papilla stenoses occur with lithiasis and inflammatory diseases of biliary tract. Stenosis of Vater's papilla is most often seen in connection with severe cholecystitis and pericholecystitis. There exists in most cases a purely inflammatory swelling of papillas mucosa which decreases following sanitation of the biliary tract. Intraoperative findings show good dilatation through catheterization and Vater's papilla should therefore not be discised. In opposite the concommitant stenoses of Vater's papilla caused by choledocholithiasis, chiefly in case of calculus near the papilla, are signed by severe deforming alterations even concerning deeper layers of papilla wall. The high grade destruction of muscle tissue leads to a not retrogressive stenosis, even after sanitation of biliary tract, which principally should be discised. 211 biopsies of papilla were taken and histologically analyzed. A specific pathologic-anatomic substrate of stenosis of Vater's papilla could not be found.", "contents": "[The significance of the duodenal papilla within the framework of diseases of gallbladder and bile ducts]. On the basis of 3185 biliary tract operations performed at the city hospitals of Braunschweig and L\u00fcneburg, 12% of which included papillotomies, the frequency and pathogenesis of Vater's papilla stenosis is discussed. About 5% of all stenoses of Vater's papilla do not appear in connection with lithiasis in the biliary tract; these are defined as primary stenoses. 95% of Vater's papilla stenoses occur with lithiasis and inflammatory diseases of biliary tract. Stenosis of Vater's papilla is most often seen in connection with severe cholecystitis and pericholecystitis. There exists in most cases a purely inflammatory swelling of papillas mucosa which decreases following sanitation of the biliary tract. Intraoperative findings show good dilatation through catheterization and Vater's papilla should therefore not be discised. In opposite the concommitant stenoses of Vater's papilla caused by choledocholithiasis, chiefly in case of calculus near the papilla, are signed by severe deforming alterations even concerning deeper layers of papilla wall. The high grade destruction of muscle tissue leads to a not retrogressive stenosis, even after sanitation of biliary tract, which principally should be discised. 211 biopsies of papilla were taken and histologically analyzed. A specific pathologic-anatomic substrate of stenosis of Vater's papilla could not be found.", "PMID": 710218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4315", "title": "[Experiences with transumbilical cannulation of the portal vein. Review of 180 consecutive cases].", "content": "The canulation of the umbilical vein in the adult is reported on 180 consecutive cases. The small operation hardly stressing the patient and not having led to serious complications, may be allowed without any objection if the necessary precautions are observed.", "contents": "[Experiences with transumbilical cannulation of the portal vein. Review of 180 consecutive cases]. The canulation of the umbilical vein in the adult is reported on 180 consecutive cases. The small operation hardly stressing the patient and not having led to serious complications, may be allowed without any objection if the necessary precautions are observed.", "PMID": 710219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4316", "title": "Nucleolar size in parallel with ribosomal RNA synthesis at diapause termination in the eggs of Bombyx mori.", "content": "The eggs of Bombyx mori, both in diapause and nondiapause, were subjected to cytological examination of nucleoli and measurement of RNA precursor incorporation (2 hours) into ribosomal RNA. In diapause eggs, the nucleoli were very small and the rate of ribosomal RNA synthesis was the lowest of the samples tested. Most cells in diapause possessed nuclei with one nucleolus. In contrast, the eggs activated from diapause by long chilling attained the largest size of nucleoli and the highest rate of ribosomal RNA synthesis. A significant proportion of the cell nuclei still had only one nucleolus at this stage. Three days after activation, the eggs exhibited intermediate levels in both the size of nucleoli and the rate of ribosomal RNA sythesis. At this stage, about half of the egg cell nuclei had two nucleoli.", "contents": "Nucleolar size in parallel with ribosomal RNA synthesis at diapause termination in the eggs of Bombyx mori. The eggs of Bombyx mori, both in diapause and nondiapause, were subjected to cytological examination of nucleoli and measurement of RNA precursor incorporation (2 hours) into ribosomal RNA. In diapause eggs, the nucleoli were very small and the rate of ribosomal RNA synthesis was the lowest of the samples tested. Most cells in diapause possessed nuclei with one nucleolus. In contrast, the eggs activated from diapause by long chilling attained the largest size of nucleoli and the highest rate of ribosomal RNA synthesis. A significant proportion of the cell nuclei still had only one nucleolus at this stage. Three days after activation, the eggs exhibited intermediate levels in both the size of nucleoli and the rate of ribosomal RNA sythesis. At this stage, about half of the egg cell nuclei had two nucleoli.", "PMID": 710235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4317", "title": "Identification of the small nuclear RNAs associated with the mitotic chromosomes of Amoeba proteus.", "content": "Amebas contain 7 electrophoretically distinct species of small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), some of which are known to associate in a striking manner with mitotic chromosomes. These RNAs can be divided into 2 classes, one consisting of 4 snRNA species that shuttle in a non-random way between nucleus and cytoplasm during interphase and one consisting of 3 snRNA species that do not leave the nucleus at all during interphase. In the work reported here we sought to determine which class is associated with mitotic chromosomes. Through a series of micromanipulative procedures we arranged for the shuttling snRNAs to be the only radioactive molecules in the cell. Such cells were allowed to enter mitosis, whereupon they were fixed and subjected to autoradiography. In those cells no radioactive snRNAs were found associated with mitotic chromosomes. It is concluded, therefore, that those snRNAs that do associate with mitotic chromosomes must be one or more of the non-shuttling species.--In the Discussion, how the non-shuttling snRNAs may function in cell activities is considered.", "contents": "Identification of the small nuclear RNAs associated with the mitotic chromosomes of Amoeba proteus. Amebas contain 7 electrophoretically distinct species of small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), some of which are known to associate in a striking manner with mitotic chromosomes. These RNAs can be divided into 2 classes, one consisting of 4 snRNA species that shuttle in a non-random way between nucleus and cytoplasm during interphase and one consisting of 3 snRNA species that do not leave the nucleus at all during interphase. In the work reported here we sought to determine which class is associated with mitotic chromosomes. Through a series of micromanipulative procedures we arranged for the shuttling snRNAs to be the only radioactive molecules in the cell. Such cells were allowed to enter mitosis, whereupon they were fixed and subjected to autoradiography. In those cells no radioactive snRNAs were found associated with mitotic chromosomes. It is concluded, therefore, that those snRNAs that do associate with mitotic chromosomes must be one or more of the non-shuttling species.--In the Discussion, how the non-shuttling snRNAs may function in cell activities is considered.", "PMID": 710236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4318", "title": "Septic shock associated with operations for colorectal disease.", "content": "The hospital records of 24 patients with septic shock associated with the need for surgical treatment of diseases of the colon and rectum were reviewed. In this group of patients shock was caused by gram-negative or anaerobic microorganisms. The sources or infection were the abdomen, chest, and urinary tract. Nineteen (79 per cent) patients survived the acute shock episode, but only four (16 per cent) were permanent survivors. The 15 patients who died following resuscitation from shock succumbed to continuing infection and/or multiple organ failure. Although the timing of treatment did not affect immediate survival, long-term survival occurred only among those patients treated early in the course of shock. Accordingly, the pathophysiology of early septic shock is presented, and the need to recognize and treat the condition at this stage is emphasized. In addition, the author's current treatment protocol, with which they have been able to achieve 85 per cent acute and 60 per cent long-term survival, is discussed.", "contents": "Septic shock associated with operations for colorectal disease. The hospital records of 24 patients with septic shock associated with the need for surgical treatment of diseases of the colon and rectum were reviewed. In this group of patients shock was caused by gram-negative or anaerobic microorganisms. The sources or infection were the abdomen, chest, and urinary tract. Nineteen (79 per cent) patients survived the acute shock episode, but only four (16 per cent) were permanent survivors. The 15 patients who died following resuscitation from shock succumbed to continuing infection and/or multiple organ failure. Although the timing of treatment did not affect immediate survival, long-term survival occurred only among those patients treated early in the course of shock. Accordingly, the pathophysiology of early septic shock is presented, and the need to recognize and treat the condition at this stage is emphasized. In addition, the author's current treatment protocol, with which they have been able to achieve 85 per cent acute and 60 per cent long-term survival, is discussed.", "PMID": 710238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4319", "title": "Prophylactic administration of low-dose heparin in colorectal surgery.", "content": "A retrospective study of 192 patients operated on by three members of the Edward Wilson Colon and Rectum Unit, Sydney Hospital, was carried out. All operations performed involved dissection within the pelvis. Prophylactic administration of low-dose heparin was used for 71 of these patients. The incidences of clinical thromboembolic disease were 7 per cent in both the group receiving heparin and the other group. In slightly more than half of the patients, pulmonary emboli occurred in the absence of peripheral deep venous thrombosis. It is suggested that the source of these emboli was thrombosis arising in the pelvic veins.", "contents": "Prophylactic administration of low-dose heparin in colorectal surgery. A retrospective study of 192 patients operated on by three members of the Edward Wilson Colon and Rectum Unit, Sydney Hospital, was carried out. All operations performed involved dissection within the pelvis. Prophylactic administration of low-dose heparin was used for 71 of these patients. The incidences of clinical thromboembolic disease were 7 per cent in both the group receiving heparin and the other group. In slightly more than half of the patients, pulmonary emboli occurred in the absence of peripheral deep venous thrombosis. It is suggested that the source of these emboli was thrombosis arising in the pelvic veins.", "PMID": 710239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4320", "title": "Juvenile colonic polyposis associated with congenital heart disease.", "content": "Four members of a family with juvenile colonic polyposis in two generations were examined by the authors. The disease showed a very marked dominant mode of inheritance, not sex-linked, in this family. At the same time, the same members of the family had congenital heart disease, including atrial septal defects and pulmonary stenosis. This disease also resulted from a dominant, highly penetrating gene, not sex-linked. The occurrence of both these hereditary diseases at the same time suggests a close relationship or link between the responsible genes. This combination may represent the emergence of a new syndrome.", "contents": "Juvenile colonic polyposis associated with congenital heart disease. Four members of a family with juvenile colonic polyposis in two generations were examined by the authors. The disease showed a very marked dominant mode of inheritance, not sex-linked, in this family. At the same time, the same members of the family had congenital heart disease, including atrial septal defects and pulmonary stenosis. This disease also resulted from a dominant, highly penetrating gene, not sex-linked. The occurrence of both these hereditary diseases at the same time suggests a close relationship or link between the responsible genes. This combination may represent the emergence of a new syndrome.", "PMID": 710243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4321", "title": "Benign lymphoid hyperplasia manifesting as a cecal mass: report of a case.", "content": "We have presented an unusual case of benign lymphoid hyperplasia, which manifested as a cecal deformity in a 15-year-old boy. The clinical manifestation may have been related to partial occlusion of the appendiceal orifice. In future cases of benign lymphoid hyperplasia, colonoscopy may be diagnostic, and if it is used for continuing observation, may avert unnecessary surgical procedures in children and young adults.", "contents": "Benign lymphoid hyperplasia manifesting as a cecal mass: report of a case. We have presented an unusual case of benign lymphoid hyperplasia, which manifested as a cecal deformity in a 15-year-old boy. The clinical manifestation may have been related to partial occlusion of the appendiceal orifice. In future cases of benign lymphoid hyperplasia, colonoscopy may be diagnostic, and if it is used for continuing observation, may avert unnecessary surgical procedures in children and young adults.", "PMID": 710245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4322", "title": "Pseudomembranous colitis associated with ampicillin and erythromycin therapy: report of a case.", "content": "Pseudomembranous colitis has been observed increasingly often after therapy with several antibiotics. This report describes the case of a patient in whom pseudomembranous colitis developed in association with ampicillin, an extremely rare complication of this drug, and erythromycin, a drug that has not been previously reported to cause the disease. Clinical and pathologic features, pathogenesis, and management are discussed. Early diagnosis and treatment are extremely important to reduce the significant morbidity and mortality associated with this disorder.", "contents": "Pseudomembranous colitis associated with ampicillin and erythromycin therapy: report of a case. Pseudomembranous colitis has been observed increasingly often after therapy with several antibiotics. This report describes the case of a patient in whom pseudomembranous colitis developed in association with ampicillin, an extremely rare complication of this drug, and erythromycin, a drug that has not been previously reported to cause the disease. Clinical and pathologic features, pathogenesis, and management are discussed. Early diagnosis and treatment are extremely important to reduce the significant morbidity and mortality associated with this disorder.", "PMID": 710246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4323", "title": "A comparison of treatment effectiveness of nonaddict and exaddict professionals in an adolescent treatment program.", "content": "This paper examines the relative effectiveness of the nonaddict professional and the exaddict professional in an adolescent drug abuse treatment program. Based upon statistical and clinical considerations, the authors' conclusion is that exaddict professionals untrained in psychology or a related health field should perhaps not work with adolescents who present with drug and mental health problems. Strengths and weaknesses of each group are discussed, as is clinical effectiveness with respect to client retention and discharge rates. Age, race and sex were explored relative to length of employment. It was found that exaddict professionals left work significantly more often than nonaddict professionals as a result of negative or unethical behavior.", "contents": "A comparison of treatment effectiveness of nonaddict and exaddict professionals in an adolescent treatment program. This paper examines the relative effectiveness of the nonaddict professional and the exaddict professional in an adolescent drug abuse treatment program. Based upon statistical and clinical considerations, the authors' conclusion is that exaddict professionals untrained in psychology or a related health field should perhaps not work with adolescents who present with drug and mental health problems. Strengths and weaknesses of each group are discussed, as is clinical effectiveness with respect to client retention and discharge rates. Age, race and sex were explored relative to length of employment. It was found that exaddict professionals left work significantly more often than nonaddict professionals as a result of negative or unethical behavior.", "PMID": 710264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4324", "title": "Seeking truth in heroin indicators: the case of New York City.", "content": "An epidemiological investigation of New York City's indirect indicators of heroin activity from 1970 through 1976 yielded insights about New York City heroin trends. Indirect indicators were gathered from official data sources, such as law enforcement, health, and treatment agencies. Since each indicator had significant limitations inhibiting interpretation, a factor analysis of the indicators was performed, resulting in the reduction of a large number of variables to a small number of factors. The factor analysis demonstrated the way in which New York City indicators cluster or move together--a \"street\" component, including arrests, hepatitis, price and purity of retail heroin; a \"new admissions to methadone treatment\" component; and a \"readmissions to methadone treatment\" component. Furthermore, the analysis revealed the time-lag relationships between components--\"new admissions to methadone treatment\" lag 1--2 years behind the \"street\" component; \"readmissions to methadone treatment\" lag 1--3 years behind the \"new admissions\" component. Finally, the 1970--1976 factor scores were related to 1970--1974 estimates of narcotic addicts in New York City in regression analysis, and were also projected through 1978, yielding estimates of New York City's heroin addict population from 1975 through 1978.", "contents": "Seeking truth in heroin indicators: the case of New York City. An epidemiological investigation of New York City's indirect indicators of heroin activity from 1970 through 1976 yielded insights about New York City heroin trends. Indirect indicators were gathered from official data sources, such as law enforcement, health, and treatment agencies. Since each indicator had significant limitations inhibiting interpretation, a factor analysis of the indicators was performed, resulting in the reduction of a large number of variables to a small number of factors. The factor analysis demonstrated the way in which New York City indicators cluster or move together--a \"street\" component, including arrests, hepatitis, price and purity of retail heroin; a \"new admissions to methadone treatment\" component; and a \"readmissions to methadone treatment\" component. Furthermore, the analysis revealed the time-lag relationships between components--\"new admissions to methadone treatment\" lag 1--2 years behind the \"street\" component; \"readmissions to methadone treatment\" lag 1--3 years behind the \"new admissions\" component. Finally, the 1970--1976 factor scores were related to 1970--1974 estimates of narcotic addicts in New York City in regression analysis, and were also projected through 1978, yielding estimates of New York City's heroin addict population from 1975 through 1978.", "PMID": 710265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4325", "title": "Drug dependence, crime and personality among female addicts.", "content": "Female drug addicts and female criminals have received relatively little research attention. This study investigates the personality correlates of female addicts attending a London drug clinic convicted for drug-related, violent and other offences. More than half of the sample had at least one conviction, and fourteen out of thirty-seven had convictions for non-drug-related offences. Convicted subjects were more extraverted than non-convicted subjects. This result may reflect some relationship between impulsivity and criminal behaviour, though other personality factors may interact with extraversion.", "contents": "Drug dependence, crime and personality among female addicts. Female drug addicts and female criminals have received relatively little research attention. This study investigates the personality correlates of female addicts attending a London drug clinic convicted for drug-related, violent and other offences. More than half of the sample had at least one conviction, and fourteen out of thirty-seven had convictions for non-drug-related offences. Convicted subjects were more extraverted than non-convicted subjects. This result may reflect some relationship between impulsivity and criminal behaviour, though other personality factors may interact with extraversion.", "PMID": 710266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4326", "title": "Social skills training and cognitive restructuring with alcoholics.", "content": "Social skills training (SST) has been shown to produce significant increases in skills immediately after training. However, persistence of skills has not been demonstrated during the follow-up period. The present study investigated this issue using SST and cognitive restructuring (CR) methods. Twenty-four hospitalized \"alcoholics\" were allocated to one of the following three group: (i) SST, (ii) CR, and (iii) traditional supportive therapy (TST). Twelve 2-hour sessions were conducted with each group. Before, following, and three months after treatment (i) behaviour ratings through structured interview, (ii) nurses' ratings, (iii) self-reported ratings of social skills and (iv) alcohol intake were recorded. Analysis of variance indicated SST to be significantly superior on all measures compared to CR, which was superior to TST immediately after training. However, 3 months after treatment, the subjects in the CR group indicated greater skill increments than the SST group subjects who, in turn, showed greater improvement than subjects in the TST group. These results led to the conclusion that CR was more effective than SST and TST in producing long-term skill increments. The significance of these findings in providing support for the social learning model of alcohol dependence and cognitive restructuring theory of social skills modification is discussed.", "contents": "Social skills training and cognitive restructuring with alcoholics. Social skills training (SST) has been shown to produce significant increases in skills immediately after training. However, persistence of skills has not been demonstrated during the follow-up period. The present study investigated this issue using SST and cognitive restructuring (CR) methods. Twenty-four hospitalized \"alcoholics\" were allocated to one of the following three group: (i) SST, (ii) CR, and (iii) traditional supportive therapy (TST). Twelve 2-hour sessions were conducted with each group. Before, following, and three months after treatment (i) behaviour ratings through structured interview, (ii) nurses' ratings, (iii) self-reported ratings of social skills and (iv) alcohol intake were recorded. Analysis of variance indicated SST to be significantly superior on all measures compared to CR, which was superior to TST immediately after training. However, 3 months after treatment, the subjects in the CR group indicated greater skill increments than the SST group subjects who, in turn, showed greater improvement than subjects in the TST group. These results led to the conclusion that CR was more effective than SST and TST in producing long-term skill increments. The significance of these findings in providing support for the social learning model of alcohol dependence and cognitive restructuring theory of social skills modification is discussed.", "PMID": 710268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4327", "title": "[Reversible myocardial ischaemia or irreversible myocardial fibrosis? Differentiation by biphasic 201thallium scintigraphy (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of biphasic 201thallium (201Tl) scanning were compared with those of coronary arteriography, left ventricular angiogarphy and stress ECG in 56 patients with coronary artery disease and six with no evidence of heart disease. There were 104 201Tl defects, 50 of them reversible. The defects were always located in the area supplied by a critically stenotic coronary artery. Correlation of regional wall motion with 201Tl activity demonstrated that in all forms of abnormal wall motion there was either ischaemia or fibrosis. The resting LV angiogram thus does not make it possible to distinguish between myocardial ischaemia and fibrosis. Taking the LV angiogram as a standard, the rate of false-positive 201Tl scintigrams was 5%, that of false-negative ones 23%. The biphasic 201Tl scintigram was more sensitive than the stress ECG in detecting myocardial ischaemia. It furthermore made it possible to localize the ischaemic (or fibrotic) region within the LV and to estimate its size.", "contents": "[Reversible myocardial ischaemia or irreversible myocardial fibrosis? Differentiation by biphasic 201thallium scintigraphy (author's transl)]. The results of biphasic 201thallium (201Tl) scanning were compared with those of coronary arteriography, left ventricular angiogarphy and stress ECG in 56 patients with coronary artery disease and six with no evidence of heart disease. There were 104 201Tl defects, 50 of them reversible. The defects were always located in the area supplied by a critically stenotic coronary artery. Correlation of regional wall motion with 201Tl activity demonstrated that in all forms of abnormal wall motion there was either ischaemia or fibrosis. The resting LV angiogram thus does not make it possible to distinguish between myocardial ischaemia and fibrosis. Taking the LV angiogram as a standard, the rate of false-positive 201Tl scintigrams was 5%, that of false-negative ones 23%. The biphasic 201Tl scintigram was more sensitive than the stress ECG in detecting myocardial ischaemia. It furthermore made it possible to localize the ischaemic (or fibrotic) region within the LV and to estimate its size.", "PMID": 710279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4328", "title": "[Peptic ulcer in children: diagnosis and treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Within a period of 14 years 23 children were treated for peptic ulcer (0.039% of all inpatients). Acute ulcers were seen in neonates or after major surgery, and were diagnosed only after perforation or bleeding. Chronic ulcers predominantly occurred after the sixth year. In addition to abdominal pain and colic, perforation and haemorrhage were also seen, the latter occasionally without previous symptoms. Three children were operated on for perforation, two for gastroduodenal haemorrhage. One of them, a neonate, died of septicaemia with subarachnoid haemorrhage. The bleedings were stopped by purse-string suture, the perforations by oversewing in two, local excision in one. Follow-up examination was undertaken in 14 of the 22 surviving children six months to 12 years after the initial manifestation. None had a recurrence. It is concluded that peptic ulcer is more frequent in children than is generally supposed. Treatment is mainly conservative. In case of perforation or haemorrhage the least possible surgical intervention should be practised.", "contents": "[Peptic ulcer in children: diagnosis and treatment (author's transl)]. Within a period of 14 years 23 children were treated for peptic ulcer (0.039% of all inpatients). Acute ulcers were seen in neonates or after major surgery, and were diagnosed only after perforation or bleeding. Chronic ulcers predominantly occurred after the sixth year. In addition to abdominal pain and colic, perforation and haemorrhage were also seen, the latter occasionally without previous symptoms. Three children were operated on for perforation, two for gastroduodenal haemorrhage. One of them, a neonate, died of septicaemia with subarachnoid haemorrhage. The bleedings were stopped by purse-string suture, the perforations by oversewing in two, local excision in one. Follow-up examination was undertaken in 14 of the 22 surviving children six months to 12 years after the initial manifestation. None had a recurrence. It is concluded that peptic ulcer is more frequent in children than is generally supposed. Treatment is mainly conservative. In case of perforation or haemorrhage the least possible surgical intervention should be practised.", "PMID": 710280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4329", "title": "[On the aetiology of malignant pericardial mesothelioma (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of malignant pericardial mesothelioma are described. Morphologically they corresponded to the epithelial or fibrous type, respectively. In one patient, an old-metal dealer, an increased number of asbestos bodies were found in the lung parenchyma and phase-microscopy demonstrated increased asbestos needles in the lung parenchyma. Since, beyond a certain fibre size, asbestos can induce bronchial carcinoma as well as pleural or peritoneal mesothelioma, it is likely that the pericardial mesothelioma had a similar aetiology.", "contents": "[On the aetiology of malignant pericardial mesothelioma (author's transl)]. Two cases of malignant pericardial mesothelioma are described. Morphologically they corresponded to the epithelial or fibrous type, respectively. In one patient, an old-metal dealer, an increased number of asbestos bodies were found in the lung parenchyma and phase-microscopy demonstrated increased asbestos needles in the lung parenchyma. Since, beyond a certain fibre size, asbestos can induce bronchial carcinoma as well as pleural or peritoneal mesothelioma, it is likely that the pericardial mesothelioma had a similar aetiology.", "PMID": 710281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4330", "title": "[The hypertensive heart. VII. Effect of atenolol on the function, coronary haemodynamics and oxygen uptake of the left ventricle (author's transl)].", "content": "After acute beta-adrenergic blockade (5 mg atenolol intravenously) in 11 patients with essential hypertension but no heart failure arterial blood pressure and inotropic state fell slightly (-5.4% and -7.5%, respectively), but there was a definite decrease in heart rate (-13.8%), cardiac index (-11.5%) and cardiac work (-14.3%). There was a marked decrease in coronary blood flow (-14.5%) and myocardial oxygen uptake (-13.6%), while the coronary arterio-venous oxygen difference remained normal. Coronary vascular resistance increased significantly (+12.7%). Atenolol increased the coronary reserve of the left ventricle by about 21% in the five patients in whom it was measured. The results indicate that during acute beta-adrenergic blockade in essential hypertension there is an effective lowering of the left ventricular systolic load, with an equivalent decrease in myocardial energy requirement. The change in coronary vascular resistance and increase in coronary reserve of the left ventricle during this blockade is apparently the result of metabolic changes.", "contents": "[The hypertensive heart. VII. Effect of atenolol on the function, coronary haemodynamics and oxygen uptake of the left ventricle (author's transl)]. After acute beta-adrenergic blockade (5 mg atenolol intravenously) in 11 patients with essential hypertension but no heart failure arterial blood pressure and inotropic state fell slightly (-5.4% and -7.5%, respectively), but there was a definite decrease in heart rate (-13.8%), cardiac index (-11.5%) and cardiac work (-14.3%). There was a marked decrease in coronary blood flow (-14.5%) and myocardial oxygen uptake (-13.6%), while the coronary arterio-venous oxygen difference remained normal. Coronary vascular resistance increased significantly (+12.7%). Atenolol increased the coronary reserve of the left ventricle by about 21% in the five patients in whom it was measured. The results indicate that during acute beta-adrenergic blockade in essential hypertension there is an effective lowering of the left ventricular systolic load, with an equivalent decrease in myocardial energy requirement. The change in coronary vascular resistance and increase in coronary reserve of the left ventricle during this blockade is apparently the result of metabolic changes.", "PMID": 710288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4331", "title": "[The diagnostic value of determining serum-mercaptans in liver disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Aliphatic mercaptans (aethanthiol, methanthiol, dimethylsulphide) can be measured in serum with a simple and rapid gaschromatographic method. The test takes 30 minutes. Aethantiol was found to be increased ten-fold (P less than 0.0001) in patients with acute hepatic failure (endogenous coma), while in exogenous hepatic coma it was always normal or decreased. Mild increase in aethanthiol concentration (two or threefold) was also found in chronic aggressive hepatitis, cirrhosis and obstructive jaundice. Methanthiol concentration was elevated in patients with endogenous and exogenous hepatic coma. Values for methanthiol are, however, of only limited use, because methionine is converted in small amounts to methanthiol during the test procedures. Dimethylsulphide is found in only very severe cases of endogenous or exogenous hepatic coma and can be considered to be a prognostically unfavourable sign. Determination of mercaptans makes it possible to differentiate exactly between endogenous and exogenous hepatic coma. Its value also lies in the recognition of the severity of endogenous intoxication and it is suitable for serial and control determination of the effectiveness of therapeutic measures.", "contents": "[The diagnostic value of determining serum-mercaptans in liver disease (author's transl)]. Aliphatic mercaptans (aethanthiol, methanthiol, dimethylsulphide) can be measured in serum with a simple and rapid gaschromatographic method. The test takes 30 minutes. Aethantiol was found to be increased ten-fold (P less than 0.0001) in patients with acute hepatic failure (endogenous coma), while in exogenous hepatic coma it was always normal or decreased. Mild increase in aethanthiol concentration (two or threefold) was also found in chronic aggressive hepatitis, cirrhosis and obstructive jaundice. Methanthiol concentration was elevated in patients with endogenous and exogenous hepatic coma. Values for methanthiol are, however, of only limited use, because methionine is converted in small amounts to methanthiol during the test procedures. Dimethylsulphide is found in only very severe cases of endogenous or exogenous hepatic coma and can be considered to be a prognostically unfavourable sign. Determination of mercaptans makes it possible to differentiate exactly between endogenous and exogenous hepatic coma. Its value also lies in the recognition of the severity of endogenous intoxication and it is suitable for serial and control determination of the effectiveness of therapeutic measures.", "PMID": 710290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4332", "title": "[A trial of combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy for stage IV Hodgkin's disease with initial lung involvement (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1972 and 1975 a total of 20 patients were treated for stage IV Hodgkin's disease with initial lung involvement. All had pathological findings in the mediastinum, and 17 had a nodular-sclerosing type histologically. Four patients were in full remission after six months of multiple chemotherapy. Further chemotherapy or combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy achieved full remission in a total of eight patients, i.e. a six-year  survival rate of 40%. The prognosis was poor if lung involvement was still evident after six-month chemotherapy. But if the lung involvement disappears radiologically the authors recommend further treatment, analogous to that in stages II and III, i.e. exploratory laparotomy with splenectomy, plus upper and - if necessary - lower section radiotherapy.", "contents": "[A trial of combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy for stage IV Hodgkin's disease with initial lung involvement (author's transl)]. Between 1972 and 1975 a total of 20 patients were treated for stage IV Hodgkin's disease with initial lung involvement. All had pathological findings in the mediastinum, and 17 had a nodular-sclerosing type histologically. Four patients were in full remission after six months of multiple chemotherapy. Further chemotherapy or combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy achieved full remission in a total of eight patients, i.e. a six-year  survival rate of 40%. The prognosis was poor if lung involvement was still evident after six-month chemotherapy. But if the lung involvement disappears radiologically the authors recommend further treatment, analogous to that in stages II and III, i.e. exploratory laparotomy with splenectomy, plus upper and - if necessary - lower section radiotherapy.", "PMID": 710303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4333", "title": "[Epidemiology, clinical data and immune response of an epidemic of hepatitis A (author's transl)].", "content": "Almost all members of an affected family (46 persons) were followed up for a year after contracting hepatitis A during an epidemic in a rural area. Sixteen children, one juvenile and a 42-year-old woman had been infected. A mild subclinical course was present in about a third. All but one person in the studied population who were over 25 years had antibody titres from an earlier hepatitis A infection. As result, those who fell ill were almost exclusively children and juveniles with an average age of 15 years. Contagion rate within the family was 56.7% for those not immunised. Antibodies against hepatitis A virus of the IgG class rose in the majority of patients between the sixth and twelfth month of the infection. There was a significant correlation between the titre after one year and maximal GPT and bilirubin levels in the acute phase of the illness.", "contents": "[Epidemiology, clinical data and immune response of an epidemic of hepatitis A (author's transl)]. Almost all members of an affected family (46 persons) were followed up for a year after contracting hepatitis A during an epidemic in a rural area. Sixteen children, one juvenile and a 42-year-old woman had been infected. A mild subclinical course was present in about a third. All but one person in the studied population who were over 25 years had antibody titres from an earlier hepatitis A infection. As result, those who fell ill were almost exclusively children and juveniles with an average age of 15 years. Contagion rate within the family was 56.7% for those not immunised. Antibodies against hepatitis A virus of the IgG class rose in the majority of patients between the sixth and twelfth month of the infection. There was a significant correlation between the titre after one year and maximal GPT and bilirubin levels in the acute phase of the illness.", "PMID": 710304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4334", "title": "[A simple and quick method for measuring low blood-glucose concentrations (author's transl)].", "content": "A new method of measuring glucose concentrations (Reflotest-Hypoglycemie) was tested on 141 serum samples and 119 capillary blood samples and compared with the hexokinase-glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase method. The Reflotest (reflectance meter) compared well with the reference test. Comparison of results with three sera measured by the method in six different laboratories indicated the accuracy of the test. Endogenous bilirubin, uric acid, and haematocrit values did not influence the result. The test is therefore suitable for quantitative measurements.", "contents": "[A simple and quick method for measuring low blood-glucose concentrations (author's transl)]. A new method of measuring glucose concentrations (Reflotest-Hypoglycemie) was tested on 141 serum samples and 119 capillary blood samples and compared with the hexokinase-glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase method. The Reflotest (reflectance meter) compared well with the reference test. Comparison of results with three sera measured by the method in six different laboratories indicated the accuracy of the test. Endogenous bilirubin, uric acid, and haematocrit values did not influence the result. The test is therefore suitable for quantitative measurements.", "PMID": 710305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4335", "title": "[Suicide with beta-methyldigoxin (author's transl)].", "content": "A 50-year-old woman committed suicide by taking an overdose of beta-methyldigoxin. The interval between swallowing the tablets and death was about 60 minutes. Plasma and tissue samples, taken 163 hours after death, were analysed for glycosides by radioimmunoassay. The plasma-glycoside level was 75.1 ng/ml, in the left ventricular myocardium it was 143.2 ng/g wet-weight. and in the right ventricular myocardium 159.7 ng/g wet-weight. The tissue-plasma ratio for the various parts of the heart varied from 0.8 to 2.1. Death occurred in the early distribution stage.", "contents": "[Suicide with beta-methyldigoxin (author's transl)]. A 50-year-old woman committed suicide by taking an overdose of beta-methyldigoxin. The interval between swallowing the tablets and death was about 60 minutes. Plasma and tissue samples, taken 163 hours after death, were analysed for glycosides by radioimmunoassay. The plasma-glycoside level was 75.1 ng/ml, in the left ventricular myocardium it was 143.2 ng/g wet-weight. and in the right ventricular myocardium 159.7 ng/g wet-weight. The tissue-plasma ratio for the various parts of the heart varied from 0.8 to 2.1. Death occurred in the early distribution stage.", "PMID": 710306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4336", "title": "[Pancreatic glucagon and the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (author's transl)].", "content": "Eleven patients who had had total pancreatic resection had hyperglycaemia (16.8 +/- 7.7 mmol/1 corresponding to 3.02 +/- 1.38 g/l) after fasting for 14 or 36 hours. After arginine stimulation there was no evidence for pancreatic glucagon. These findings indicate that (1) in man there are no sites of pancreatic glucagon production outside of the (resected) pancreas; (2) marked hyperglycaemia may occur without glucagon.", "contents": "[Pancreatic glucagon and the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (author's transl)]. Eleven patients who had had total pancreatic resection had hyperglycaemia (16.8 +/- 7.7 mmol/1 corresponding to 3.02 +/- 1.38 g/l) after fasting for 14 or 36 hours. After arginine stimulation there was no evidence for pancreatic glucagon. These findings indicate that (1) in man there are no sites of pancreatic glucagon production outside of the (resected) pancreas; (2) marked hyperglycaemia may occur without glucagon.", "PMID": 710311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4337", "title": "[Heparin in the prevention of thromboembolism after elective hip-joint operations (author's transl)].", "content": "Using the 125I-fibrinogen test, the antithrombotic effect of three different heparin schedules was examined in 113 patients untergoing elective hip surgery. Low-dose heparin (3 X 5000 IU/24 h) reduced the incidence of postoperative thrombosis from 60% in the control subjects (not receiving any heparin) to 33%. Combined low-dose heparin and acetylsalicyl-lysine, given intravenously, further reduced the incidence slightly to 27%. Increasing the heparin dosage postoperatively to 3 X 7500 IU/24 h effectively prevented the incidence of thrombosis by reducing it to 11% in these high-risk patients.", "contents": "[Heparin in the prevention of thromboembolism after elective hip-joint operations (author's transl)]. Using the 125I-fibrinogen test, the antithrombotic effect of three different heparin schedules was examined in 113 patients untergoing elective hip surgery. Low-dose heparin (3 X 5000 IU/24 h) reduced the incidence of postoperative thrombosis from 60% in the control subjects (not receiving any heparin) to 33%. Combined low-dose heparin and acetylsalicyl-lysine, given intravenously, further reduced the incidence slightly to 27%. Increasing the heparin dosage postoperatively to 3 X 7500 IU/24 h effectively prevented the incidence of thrombosis by reducing it to 11% in these high-risk patients.", "PMID": 710312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4338", "title": "[Dopamine and dobutamine in the treatment of severe cardiac failure (author's transl)].", "content": "Ten patients in severe cardiac failure were treated with dopamine (4 microgram/kg . min) and dobutamine (7.5 microgram/kg.min). Both drugs brought about a similar increase in stroke volume and cardiac output of about 50% and 60%, respectively, accompanied by a fall in peripheral vascular resistance of about 33%. On dopamine the heart rate increased by 12%, but remained unaltered on dobutamine. There was a significant fall in the preload of both ventricles with dobutamine, while ventricular filling pressure during dopamine infusion was only slightly decreased, unchanged or even increased. The pulmonary (wedge) pressure during dopamine infusion averaged 9 mm Hg higher than during dobutamine (P less than 0.001). There is thus the potential danger with dopamine of aggravating pulmonary congestion. Furthermore, the improvement in cardiac function due to dopamine is at the expense of a higher oxygen demand than with dobutamine. Dobutamine is, therfore, preferable to dopamine in the treatment of advanced myocardial failure.", "contents": "[Dopamine and dobutamine in the treatment of severe cardiac failure (author's transl)]. Ten patients in severe cardiac failure were treated with dopamine (4 microgram/kg . min) and dobutamine (7.5 microgram/kg.min). Both drugs brought about a similar increase in stroke volume and cardiac output of about 50% and 60%, respectively, accompanied by a fall in peripheral vascular resistance of about 33%. On dopamine the heart rate increased by 12%, but remained unaltered on dobutamine. There was a significant fall in the preload of both ventricles with dobutamine, while ventricular filling pressure during dopamine infusion was only slightly decreased, unchanged or even increased. The pulmonary (wedge) pressure during dopamine infusion averaged 9 mm Hg higher than during dobutamine (P less than 0.001). There is thus the potential danger with dopamine of aggravating pulmonary congestion. Furthermore, the improvement in cardiac function due to dopamine is at the expense of a higher oxygen demand than with dobutamine. Dobutamine is, therfore, preferable to dopamine in the treatment of advanced myocardial failure.", "PMID": 710319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4339", "title": "[Activator treatment of acute venous thrombosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Plasminogen activator contains equimolar proportions of streptokinase and human plasminogen, and as proactivator-streptokinase complex it has activator properties. In nine patients with recent venous thromboses of the upper or lower limbs plasminogen activator treatment achieved complete recanalisation in 14 of 27 veins occluded by thrombosis and partially in six. Clotting tests indicated that activator treatment can be better controlled than streptokinase treatment.", "contents": "[Activator treatment of acute venous thrombosis (author's transl)]. Plasminogen activator contains equimolar proportions of streptokinase and human plasminogen, and as proactivator-streptokinase complex it has activator properties. In nine patients with recent venous thromboses of the upper or lower limbs plasminogen activator treatment achieved complete recanalisation in 14 of 27 veins occluded by thrombosis and partially in six. Clotting tests indicated that activator treatment can be better controlled than streptokinase treatment.", "PMID": 710320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4340", "title": "[Cortical localizations seen by the dynamic gamma-camera : a new approach in neuropsychology].", "content": "We present here the results obtained in the study of normal brain functions, in normal awake man performing normal voluntary tasks, by mean of new approach developed in our laboratory. Its principle lies on the fact that focal changes in cortical blood flow during brain function are due to the coupling between local function aand metabolism, which has been demonstrated in man during hand movement by Olesen (1971) and by Raichle and associates (1976). So far as the changes are focal (uni- or multifocal) they can be assessed by external measurement of focal cerebral blood flow (rCBF) with the 133Xenon clearance technique, provided that the detection apparatus used yields a proper spatial and temporal resolution. A temporal resolution of 45 sec. is made possible by the initial slope calculation of Olesen and coll. (1971), using intracarotid injection of isotope. The spatial resolution has been improved by the design of a special system using 254 scintillation detectors with individual collimation, each 8 mm \u00f8, connected to individual ratemeters (Sveinsdottir et al., 1975). This allows the simultaneous processing of the 254 clearance curves by a small on-line Varian computer. The results are displayed as functional colour pictures of the brain on a T.B. screen, less than 3 min. after isotope injection. The studies have been performed to date in more than 200 patients, usually in connection with carotid angiography. 84 subjects could be classified as \"normals+ because of lack of detectable brain lesion and of permanent symptoms, and they constitute the reference material for exploring normal brain functions. In each case one or two \"rest\" studies have been made for comparison with the test situations. The following observations were made: Resting pattern: with the patients lying in a quiet dark room with minimal sensory input the normal pattern is much the same in both hemispheres and it is characterized by higher flows in the anterior upper parts of the frontal lobes (fig. 1 a). The percent variation in a given area during two different rest studies is about 5 percent (fig. 1 b). Primary sensory inputs. Auditory and visual inputs activate the corresponding parts of temporal and occipital regions (fig. 2 and 3). Simple cutaneous stimulation such as touch or vibrations do not change the rest pattern. Moderate pain gives a global increase of CBF, pre-dominantly in the frontal regions (Ingvar, 1976). Vestibular stimulation with cold or warm water in the ear gives an increase of rCBF in the parietal regions. Simple movements. Movements of mouth, eyes, hand or foot clearly activate the corresponding parts of the central region, with an increase of rCBF up to 50--100% (Sveinsdottir et al., 1975). When the movement is repetitive there is in all cases an additional clearcut increase in the upper premotor region, probably including the supplementary motor area. This last region is activated alone when the subject tries to imagine a movement without actually moving (fig. 5 a, b, c). Sensory discrimination...", "contents": "[Cortical localizations seen by the dynamic gamma-camera : a new approach in neuropsychology]. We present here the results obtained in the study of normal brain functions, in normal awake man performing normal voluntary tasks, by mean of new approach developed in our laboratory. Its principle lies on the fact that focal changes in cortical blood flow during brain function are due to the coupling between local function aand metabolism, which has been demonstrated in man during hand movement by Olesen (1971) and by Raichle and associates (1976). So far as the changes are focal (uni- or multifocal) they can be assessed by external measurement of focal cerebral blood flow (rCBF) with the 133Xenon clearance technique, provided that the detection apparatus used yields a proper spatial and temporal resolution. A temporal resolution of 45 sec. is made possible by the initial slope calculation of Olesen and coll. (1971), using intracarotid injection of isotope. The spatial resolution has been improved by the design of a special system using 254 scintillation detectors with individual collimation, each 8 mm \u00f8, connected to individual ratemeters (Sveinsdottir et al., 1975). This allows the simultaneous processing of the 254 clearance curves by a small on-line Varian computer. The results are displayed as functional colour pictures of the brain on a T.B. screen, less than 3 min. after isotope injection. The studies have been performed to date in more than 200 patients, usually in connection with carotid angiography. 84 subjects could be classified as \"normals+ because of lack of detectable brain lesion and of permanent symptoms, and they constitute the reference material for exploring normal brain functions. In each case one or two \"rest\" studies have been made for comparison with the test situations. The following observations were made: Resting pattern: with the patients lying in a quiet dark room with minimal sensory input the normal pattern is much the same in both hemispheres and it is characterized by higher flows in the anterior upper parts of the frontal lobes (fig. 1 a). The percent variation in a given area during two different rest studies is about 5 percent (fig. 1 b). Primary sensory inputs. Auditory and visual inputs activate the corresponding parts of temporal and occipital regions (fig. 2 and 3). Simple cutaneous stimulation such as touch or vibrations do not change the rest pattern. Moderate pain gives a global increase of CBF, pre-dominantly in the frontal regions (Ingvar, 1976). Vestibular stimulation with cold or warm water in the ear gives an increase of rCBF in the parietal regions. Simple movements. Movements of mouth, eyes, hand or foot clearly activate the corresponding parts of the central region, with an increase of rCBF up to 50--100% (Sveinsdottir et al., 1975). When the movement is repetitive there is in all cases an additional clearcut increase in the upper premotor region, probably including the supplementary motor area. This last region is activated alone when the subject tries to imagine a movement without actually moving (fig. 5 a, b, c). Sensory discrimination...", "PMID": 710363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4341", "title": "Time distortion in acute phencyclidine (PCP) psychosis. A correlation between 30 seconds estimation and urine drugs levels.", "content": "In fifteen patients hospitalized with phencyclidine (PCP) psychosis, several measures of psychopathology, including those of time distorsion, were examined in relationship to urine PCP levels and duration of hsopitalization. Impaired ability to estimate thirty seconds duration was found to correlate significantly with a higher urine PCP level and a longer hospitalization, the test for ability to estimate thirty seconds may be useful in clinical management of patients with PCP psychosis particularly when there is no urine PCP level available.", "contents": "Time distortion in acute phencyclidine (PCP) psychosis. A correlation between 30 seconds estimation and urine drugs levels. In fifteen patients hospitalized with phencyclidine (PCP) psychosis, several measures of psychopathology, including those of time distorsion, were examined in relationship to urine PCP levels and duration of hsopitalization. Impaired ability to estimate thirty seconds duration was found to correlate significantly with a higher urine PCP level and a longer hospitalization, the test for ability to estimate thirty seconds may be useful in clinical management of patients with PCP psychosis particularly when there is no urine PCP level available.", "PMID": 710364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4342", "title": "Plasma mineralocorticoids, plasma renin, and urinary kallikrein in salt-sensitive and salt-resistant rats.", "content": "Plasma aldosterone, deoxycorticosterone (DOC), 18-hydroxy-deoxycorticosterone (18OH-DOC), and corticosterone were measured in Dahl salt-sensitive (S) and salt-resistant (R) rats. Plasma corticosterone and DOC were not different between strains but plasma aldosterone was decreased and plasma 18OH-DOC increased in S compared to R. Plasma renin activity and urinary kallikrein excretion were both lower in S than R. Urinary kallikrein is known to vary directly with mineralocorticoid activity and 18OH-DOC is a weak mineralocorticoid. The lower urinary kallikrein in the presence of elevated 18OH-DOC could mean that urinary kallikrein differences between S and R are under independent genetic control from 18OH-DOC.", "contents": "Plasma mineralocorticoids, plasma renin, and urinary kallikrein in salt-sensitive and salt-resistant rats. Plasma aldosterone, deoxycorticosterone (DOC), 18-hydroxy-deoxycorticosterone (18OH-DOC), and corticosterone were measured in Dahl salt-sensitive (S) and salt-resistant (R) rats. Plasma corticosterone and DOC were not different between strains but plasma aldosterone was decreased and plasma 18OH-DOC increased in S compared to R. Plasma renin activity and urinary kallikrein excretion were both lower in S than R. Urinary kallikrein is known to vary directly with mineralocorticoid activity and 18OH-DOC is a weak mineralocorticoid. The lower urinary kallikrein in the presence of elevated 18OH-DOC could mean that urinary kallikrein differences between S and R are under independent genetic control from 18OH-DOC.", "PMID": 710365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4343", "title": "Structure of human luteinizing hormone alpha subunit.", "content": "Structural studies have substantiated the concept that the glycoprotein hormones consist of a \"common\" alpha subunit and \"hormone-specific\" beta subunit. Despite this, consensus is still lacking concerning certain portions of the amino acid sequences, including alignment of residues 81--82 in the alpha subunit. We have carried out sequence analysis of the alpha subunit of human luteinizing hormone (hLH) to clarify the assignment of these residues and to examine further the nature of the amino-terminal heterogeneity found among the different alpha subunits. Our structure showed residues 80--84 to be -His-Cys-Ser-Thy-Cys-, consistent with findings of others for human follicle stimulating hormone (hFSH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The extensive degree of heterogeneity found in the amino terminal region of hFSH and hCG is present to only a minor extent in hLH. The differences in the pattern of amino-terminal heterogeneity among the various hormones may result from differences in the nature of cleavage of subunit from a larger intracellular precursor peptide.", "contents": "Structure of human luteinizing hormone alpha subunit. Structural studies have substantiated the concept that the glycoprotein hormones consist of a \"common\" alpha subunit and \"hormone-specific\" beta subunit. Despite this, consensus is still lacking concerning certain portions of the amino acid sequences, including alignment of residues 81--82 in the alpha subunit. We have carried out sequence analysis of the alpha subunit of human luteinizing hormone (hLH) to clarify the assignment of these residues and to examine further the nature of the amino-terminal heterogeneity found among the different alpha subunits. Our structure showed residues 80--84 to be -His-Cys-Ser-Thy-Cys-, consistent with findings of others for human follicle stimulating hormone (hFSH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The extensive degree of heterogeneity found in the amino terminal region of hFSH and hCG is present to only a minor extent in hLH. The differences in the pattern of amino-terminal heterogeneity among the various hormones may result from differences in the nature of cleavage of subunit from a larger intracellular precursor peptide.", "PMID": 710366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4344", "title": "The occurrence of 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC)-induced hypertension in the Long-Evans rat.", "content": "The sensitivity of two strains of rat to the hypertensinogenic action of DOC was studied. Hypertensive cardiovascular disease was evident within 3 weeks of implantation of DOC  pellets in sensitized female rats of the Sprague-Dawley and Long-Evans strains. Cardiac and renal hypertrophy due to DOC treatment was evident in both strains of rat. The DOC treatment also resulted in a significant decrease in absolute adrenal weight. These results, which indicate that Long-Evans rats are not resistant to DOC-induced hypertension, contrast with previous reports by others. An explanation of the discrepancy may be the use of free DOC rather than DOC acetate in the present study.", "contents": "The occurrence of 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC)-induced hypertension in the Long-Evans rat. The sensitivity of two strains of rat to the hypertensinogenic action of DOC was studied. Hypertensive cardiovascular disease was evident within 3 weeks of implantation of DOC  pellets in sensitized female rats of the Sprague-Dawley and Long-Evans strains. Cardiac and renal hypertrophy due to DOC treatment was evident in both strains of rat. The DOC treatment also resulted in a significant decrease in absolute adrenal weight. These results, which indicate that Long-Evans rats are not resistant to DOC-induced hypertension, contrast with previous reports by others. An explanation of the discrepancy may be the use of free DOC rather than DOC acetate in the present study.", "PMID": 710367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4345", "title": "Electrophoretic and histochemical studies on hepatic 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the rat.", "content": "Four isozymes of 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3alpha-HSD) appeared in rat livers to be classified into three categories concerned with the requirement of coenzyme. Two isozymes in the first group had affinity for both NAD and NADP. One of the other isozymes classified in the second was linked with NADP to show specificity for 5beta-androstan-3alpha-ol-17-one (etiocholanolone) as the steroid substrate. An isozyme belonging to the third required only NAD as cofactor. This has the same migration rate of a lactate-dehydrogenase isozyme. In the histochemical observation, the maximal activity of the enzyme was demonstrated with 5-alpha androstan-3alpha-ol-17 one (androsterone) but not with etiocholanolone as a substrate. On the other hand, all 3 alpha-HSD isozymes revealed by electrophoresis showed a higher affinity for etiocholanolone than androsterone. It is worthwhile to note that the zymogram of 3alpha-HSD in the cold acetone-treated section was essentially the same as the zymogram in the intact liver. All isozymes in the section were highest in activity when etiocholanolone was used as a substrate. These findings indicate that in the cold acetone-treated section the enzyme still has affinity for etiocholanolone to resist the histochemical procedure employed.", "contents": "Electrophoretic and histochemical studies on hepatic 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the rat. Four isozymes of 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3alpha-HSD) appeared in rat livers to be classified into three categories concerned with the requirement of coenzyme. Two isozymes in the first group had affinity for both NAD and NADP. One of the other isozymes classified in the second was linked with NADP to show specificity for 5beta-androstan-3alpha-ol-17-one (etiocholanolone) as the steroid substrate. An isozyme belonging to the third required only NAD as cofactor. This has the same migration rate of a lactate-dehydrogenase isozyme. In the histochemical observation, the maximal activity of the enzyme was demonstrated with 5-alpha androstan-3alpha-ol-17 one (androsterone) but not with etiocholanolone as a substrate. On the other hand, all 3 alpha-HSD isozymes revealed by electrophoresis showed a higher affinity for etiocholanolone than androsterone. It is worthwhile to note that the zymogram of 3alpha-HSD in the cold acetone-treated section was essentially the same as the zymogram in the intact liver. All isozymes in the section were highest in activity when etiocholanolone was used as a substrate. These findings indicate that in the cold acetone-treated section the enzyme still has affinity for etiocholanolone to resist the histochemical procedure employed.", "PMID": 710368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4346", "title": "Histometric study of the pituitary in mice treated neonatally with steroids and the relationship between prolactin cells and mammary tumorigenesis.", "content": "Neonatal female mice of the BALB/cC3H/Crgl strain were given daily injections of 17 beta-estradiol, progesterone and prolactin, singly and in some combinations, for 5 days beginning within 36 hr after birth. Mice were killed at tumor age or by 12 months of age. Differential cell counts of the anterior pituitary showed that prolactin cells were more numerous in neomatally estrogen-treated mice and progesterone-treated intact mice than in control mice. Paired analysis of tumor-bearing and non-tumor-bearing mice of all groups revealed that the occurrence of prolactin cells was greater in the former than the latter. Counts of gonadotropes and thyrotropes did not show any significant correlation with mammary tumorigenesis. However, neonatal estrogen and/or progesterone treatment resulted in significantly decreased numbers of gonadotropes in intact mice. In ovariectomized mice, gonadotropes were significantly increased regardless of neonatal treatment. The present results support the suggestion that the stimulatory effects of neonatal steroid treatment of mammary tumorigenesis may be a consequence of increased prolactin secretion, resulting from sustained minimal estrogen secretion by the ovary.", "contents": "Histometric study of the pituitary in mice treated neonatally with steroids and the relationship between prolactin cells and mammary tumorigenesis. Neonatal female mice of the BALB/cC3H/Crgl strain were given daily injections of 17 beta-estradiol, progesterone and prolactin, singly and in some combinations, for 5 days beginning within 36 hr after birth. Mice were killed at tumor age or by 12 months of age. Differential cell counts of the anterior pituitary showed that prolactin cells were more numerous in neomatally estrogen-treated mice and progesterone-treated intact mice than in control mice. Paired analysis of tumor-bearing and non-tumor-bearing mice of all groups revealed that the occurrence of prolactin cells was greater in the former than the latter. Counts of gonadotropes and thyrotropes did not show any significant correlation with mammary tumorigenesis. However, neonatal estrogen and/or progesterone treatment resulted in significantly decreased numbers of gonadotropes in intact mice. In ovariectomized mice, gonadotropes were significantly increased regardless of neonatal treatment. The present results support the suggestion that the stimulatory effects of neonatal steroid treatment of mammary tumorigenesis may be a consequence of increased prolactin secretion, resulting from sustained minimal estrogen secretion by the ovary.", "PMID": 710369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4347", "title": "Inhibition of fetal adrenal 21-hydroxylase by naturally occurring steroids.", "content": "Inhibitory effects of naturally occurring steroids on 21-hydroxylase activity were determined by measuring the initial conversion rate of 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnene-3, 20-dione) to 11-deoxycortisol (17alpha, 21-dihydroxy-4-pregnene-3, 20-dione) in incubation experiments with the microsomal fraction (10,000--105,000 X g percipitate) of the human fetal adrenal gland. The apparent Michaelis constant (Km) for conversion of 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 13.3 X 10(-6)M. Human fetal adrenal 21-hydroxylase was inhibited by some of the steroids produced in the feto-placental unit. The following steroids acted as competitive inhibitors of the reaction; progesterone (Ki = 20.0 X 10(-6)M), 11-deoxycortisol (Ki = 87.5 X 10(-6)M) and estradiol-17beta (Ki = 87.5 X 10(-6)M). The most potent inhibitor among the estrogens was estradiol-17beta.", "contents": "Inhibition of fetal adrenal 21-hydroxylase by naturally occurring steroids. Inhibitory effects of naturally occurring steroids on 21-hydroxylase activity were determined by measuring the initial conversion rate of 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnene-3, 20-dione) to 11-deoxycortisol (17alpha, 21-dihydroxy-4-pregnene-3, 20-dione) in incubation experiments with the microsomal fraction (10,000--105,000 X g percipitate) of the human fetal adrenal gland. The apparent Michaelis constant (Km) for conversion of 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 13.3 X 10(-6)M. Human fetal adrenal 21-hydroxylase was inhibited by some of the steroids produced in the feto-placental unit. The following steroids acted as competitive inhibitors of the reaction; progesterone (Ki = 20.0 X 10(-6)M), 11-deoxycortisol (Ki = 87.5 X 10(-6)M) and estradiol-17beta (Ki = 87.5 X 10(-6)M). The most potent inhibitor among the estrogens was estradiol-17beta.", "PMID": 710370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4348", "title": "Effect of CB-154 therapy on the glucose tolerance, IRI and GH response to glucose administration in acromegaly.", "content": "Effects of CB-154 therapy on the glucose tolerance, IRI and GH responses to the oral glucose administration in 5 acromegalic patients with impaired glucose tolerance were examined. Glucose tolerance improved in all patients with a reduction in GH levels. Insulin secretion in response to the oral glucose administration was exaggerated in 3 patients, while it was supressed in 2 patients who had severely impaired glucose tolerance. After receiving CB-154 therapy, hyperresponsiveness of insulin observed in the 3 patients and a suppressed response in one patient were corrected to normal, while a low response in another stayed unchanged. This observation suggest that variable abnormalities in insulin secretion induced by the excess of GH improve with a decrease in plasma GH levels. However, the abnormal GH secretion in response to hyperglycemia persisted still after administration of CB-154 in spite of decreased basal plasma GH levels.", "contents": "Effect of CB-154 therapy on the glucose tolerance, IRI and GH response to glucose administration in acromegaly. Effects of CB-154 therapy on the glucose tolerance, IRI and GH responses to the oral glucose administration in 5 acromegalic patients with impaired glucose tolerance were examined. Glucose tolerance improved in all patients with a reduction in GH levels. Insulin secretion in response to the oral glucose administration was exaggerated in 3 patients, while it was supressed in 2 patients who had severely impaired glucose tolerance. After receiving CB-154 therapy, hyperresponsiveness of insulin observed in the 3 patients and a suppressed response in one patient were corrected to normal, while a low response in another stayed unchanged. This observation suggest that variable abnormalities in insulin secretion induced by the excess of GH improve with a decrease in plasma GH levels. However, the abnormal GH secretion in response to hyperglycemia persisted still after administration of CB-154 in spite of decreased basal plasma GH levels.", "PMID": 710371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4349", "title": "Plasma TSH and prolactin response to insulin induced hypoglycemia in patients with hypothalamic pituitary disorders.", "content": "Plasma TSH and prolactin (PRL) responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia (ITT) were examined in 37 patients with various hypothalamic pituitary disorders. Four patients showed a definite TSH response to ITT. They were 2 patients with suspected pinealoma with diabetes insipidus (DI), a patient with pituitary adenoma and a patient with acute prophyria. A suspected hypothalamic dysfunction and a slightly impaired pituitary function manifested as GH deficiency were their common endocrinological features. On the contrary, plasma PRL response to ITT was noted in about one third of the patients examined, but no concomitant PRL response was observed in any of the patients with a definite TSH response. This suggested a different mechanism of TSH and PRL secretion may be different under this circumstance and a certain factor related to the hypothalamic disorder may play a modulating role in an unusual TSH response to hypoglycemia in these particular patients.", "contents": "Plasma TSH and prolactin response to insulin induced hypoglycemia in patients with hypothalamic pituitary disorders. Plasma TSH and prolactin (PRL) responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia (ITT) were examined in 37 patients with various hypothalamic pituitary disorders. Four patients showed a definite TSH response to ITT. They were 2 patients with suspected pinealoma with diabetes insipidus (DI), a patient with pituitary adenoma and a patient with acute prophyria. A suspected hypothalamic dysfunction and a slightly impaired pituitary function manifested as GH deficiency were their common endocrinological features. On the contrary, plasma PRL response to ITT was noted in about one third of the patients examined, but no concomitant PRL response was observed in any of the patients with a definite TSH response. This suggested a different mechanism of TSH and PRL secretion may be different under this circumstance and a certain factor related to the hypothalamic disorder may play a modulating role in an unusual TSH response to hypoglycemia in these particular patients.", "PMID": 710372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4350", "title": "Effect of thyroidectomy on the secretory profiles of growth hormone, thyrotropin and corticosterone in the rat.", "content": "Changes in pituitary hormone secretions following thyroidectomy were examined in sequentially collected blood samples every 15 min day and night for 7 hr from male rats via cannulae into the right atria. Pulsatile growth hormone secretions were observed every 2.5 or 3.5 hr in normal rats, while thyroidectomy 3 weeks prior to experiments abolished the growth hormone burst. Corticosterone profiles from normal rats showed also episodic patterns which were more often observed in the night experiment. The eisodic secretion of corticosterone seemed to inhibit the subsequent growth hormone burst but not vice versa. The interrelation between integrated concentrations of growth hormone and corticosterone showed a negative correlation although the coefficient was not statistically significant. After thyroidectomy, the basal level of corticosterone decreased and the episodic secretion was blunted. There was no nyctohemeral variation in the plasma thyrotropin level in normal rats but small and slow fluctuations. Thyroidectomy caused about ten-fold elevation in the basal thyrotropin level and, in addition to this, a decrease at 1500 hr and an increase during the night, followed thereafter by a decreasing tendency to 0400 hr. Power spectral analysis revealed smaller components in growth hormone secretion of normal rats, which had periods of 60, 40 and 36 min, besides the hormone burst. The spectral analysis also made it clear that there were small and frequent components (40 or 36 min period) in corticosterone secretion.", "contents": "Effect of thyroidectomy on the secretory profiles of growth hormone, thyrotropin and corticosterone in the rat. Changes in pituitary hormone secretions following thyroidectomy were examined in sequentially collected blood samples every 15 min day and night for 7 hr from male rats via cannulae into the right atria. Pulsatile growth hormone secretions were observed every 2.5 or 3.5 hr in normal rats, while thyroidectomy 3 weeks prior to experiments abolished the growth hormone burst. Corticosterone profiles from normal rats showed also episodic patterns which were more often observed in the night experiment. The eisodic secretion of corticosterone seemed to inhibit the subsequent growth hormone burst but not vice versa. The interrelation between integrated concentrations of growth hormone and corticosterone showed a negative correlation although the coefficient was not statistically significant. After thyroidectomy, the basal level of corticosterone decreased and the episodic secretion was blunted. There was no nyctohemeral variation in the plasma thyrotropin level in normal rats but small and slow fluctuations. Thyroidectomy caused about ten-fold elevation in the basal thyrotropin level and, in addition to this, a decrease at 1500 hr and an increase during the night, followed thereafter by a decreasing tendency to 0400 hr. Power spectral analysis revealed smaller components in growth hormone secretion of normal rats, which had periods of 60, 40 and 36 min, besides the hormone burst. The spectral analysis also made it clear that there were small and frequent components (40 or 36 min period) in corticosterone secretion.", "PMID": 710373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4351", "title": "Methods of electrophoretical application of estrogen to a single neuron of the brain under in vivo and in vitro conditions.", "content": "The techniques of the electrophoretical study of hormone sensitivities of neurons were examined in vivo and in vitro. For the in vivo study, estrogen and other hormones were applied electrophoretically to neurons of the rat brain of both sexes under urethane anesthesia. Some neurons were sensitive to estrogen and their activities were all inhibited. These neurons were distributed in the hypothalamus and the septal nucleus of the limbic system. So the in vivo method affords direct evidence for the presence of estrogen-sensitive neurons in the brain. Then a useful method was found to study the similar effects under the microscopic observations of a single neuron instead of stereotaxic insertion of the microelectrode. By this in vitro method the chemicals and hormones are able to be applied to any point on a single neuron through the micropipette and the medium composition around the neuron can be variously changed at the same time.", "contents": "Methods of electrophoretical application of estrogen to a single neuron of the brain under in vivo and in vitro conditions. The techniques of the electrophoretical study of hormone sensitivities of neurons were examined in vivo and in vitro. For the in vivo study, estrogen and other hormones were applied electrophoretically to neurons of the rat brain of both sexes under urethane anesthesia. Some neurons were sensitive to estrogen and their activities were all inhibited. These neurons were distributed in the hypothalamus and the septal nucleus of the limbic system. So the in vivo method affords direct evidence for the presence of estrogen-sensitive neurons in the brain. Then a useful method was found to study the similar effects under the microscopic observations of a single neuron instead of stereotaxic insertion of the microelectrode. By this in vitro method the chemicals and hormones are able to be applied to any point on a single neuron through the micropipette and the medium composition around the neuron can be variously changed at the same time.", "PMID": 710374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4352", "title": "Reaction of 4-methylumbelliferylguanidinobenzoate with proteases in plasma of patients with cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Protease activity, assayed using 4-methylumbelliferylguanidinobenzoate, an active site titrant of certain proteases, is significantly deficient in plasma of patients with cystic fibrosis. The deficiency can be demonstrated with both chloroform-ellagic acid activated plasma in which the proteases can hydrolyze esters of arginine and unactivated plasma in which the proteases have negligible activity towards these esters. The deficiency can also be demonstrated by separation of the proteases by isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gels or by chromatography on agarose columsn. Since protease deficiency can be demonstrated with unactivated plasma, the deficiency in cystic fibrosis is probably due to a reduced number of protease molecules rather than their decreased catalytic efficiency.", "contents": "Reaction of 4-methylumbelliferylguanidinobenzoate with proteases in plasma of patients with cystic fibrosis. Protease activity, assayed using 4-methylumbelliferylguanidinobenzoate, an active site titrant of certain proteases, is significantly deficient in plasma of patients with cystic fibrosis. The deficiency can be demonstrated with both chloroform-ellagic acid activated plasma in which the proteases can hydrolyze esters of arginine and unactivated plasma in which the proteases have negligible activity towards these esters. The deficiency can also be demonstrated by separation of the proteases by isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gels or by chromatography on agarose columsn. Since protease deficiency can be demonstrated with unactivated plasma, the deficiency in cystic fibrosis is probably due to a reduced number of protease molecules rather than their decreased catalytic efficiency.", "PMID": 710382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4353", "title": "Dysregulation of protein synthesis in injured liver. A comparative study on microsomal and cytosole enzyme activities, microsomal lipoperoxidation and polysomal pattern in D-galactosamine and carbon tetrachloride-injured livers.", "content": "Despite the presence of a marked decrease in liver protein content 48 h after a single injection of D-galactosamine, increased activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, low-Km hexokinase and pyruvate kinase type M2 were observed in the injured liver. Microsomal aniline hydroxylase activity and cytochrome P-450 content in liver decreased significantly in 48 h of galactosamine treatment but not in the first 2 h in contrast with carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) intoxication. The extents of those changes were not so great as in CCl4-treated rats. The disaggreation of polyribosomes in liver was observed in 24 h of galactosamine treatment. However, the formation of microsomal lipoperoxidation did not increase in the entire course of acute liver injury by the amino sugar. These results taken together with our previous observations indicate that the dysregulation of protein synthesis is an essential biochemical event of hepatocyte injury induced by treatment of rats with galactosamine as well as CCl4.", "contents": "Dysregulation of protein synthesis in injured liver. A comparative study on microsomal and cytosole enzyme activities, microsomal lipoperoxidation and polysomal pattern in D-galactosamine and carbon tetrachloride-injured livers. Despite the presence of a marked decrease in liver protein content 48 h after a single injection of D-galactosamine, increased activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, low-Km hexokinase and pyruvate kinase type M2 were observed in the injured liver. Microsomal aniline hydroxylase activity and cytochrome P-450 content in liver decreased significantly in 48 h of galactosamine treatment but not in the first 2 h in contrast with carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) intoxication. The extents of those changes were not so great as in CCl4-treated rats. The disaggreation of polyribosomes in liver was observed in 24 h of galactosamine treatment. However, the formation of microsomal lipoperoxidation did not increase in the entire course of acute liver injury by the amino sugar. These results taken together with our previous observations indicate that the dysregulation of protein synthesis is an essential biochemical event of hepatocyte injury induced by treatment of rats with galactosamine as well as CCl4.", "PMID": 710383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4354", "title": "Assay of leucine aminotransferase in rat tissues and tumors.", "content": "A survey of leucine aminotransferase activities in an extensive variety of rat tissues further defined the unique distribution of this enzyme. Its reaction was measured in cell-free extracts under optimal conditions, and its product assayed both colorimetrically and with 14CO2 formed from it by decarboxylation with H2O2. The two methods agreed, though the second was more precise and dependable. In all the tissues and cell fractions examined, except adult liver, the activities with valine and isoleucine were parallel and similar to that with leucine. In adult liver there was low activity only with leucine, which is referable to a known isozyme (type II). Although the fraction of enzyme activity present in mitochondria has often been neglected, these studies showed that this portion in all tissues is about equal, more or less, to that of the more familiar soluble forms. There was good agreement between the relative concentrations of this enzyme in the commonly measured rat tissue preparations as determined here and in the more recently published studies. The unique occurrence of high levels of this enzyme in heart, kidney, brain and muscle, in that order, was confirmed. The unusual distribution of this enzyme was emphasized by the recognition that equally high or even higher levels also occurred in pancreas, lactating mammary gland and salivary gland. The relative amounts were less in normal, undifferentiated and in neoplastic tissues.", "contents": "Assay of leucine aminotransferase in rat tissues and tumors. A survey of leucine aminotransferase activities in an extensive variety of rat tissues further defined the unique distribution of this enzyme. Its reaction was measured in cell-free extracts under optimal conditions, and its product assayed both colorimetrically and with 14CO2 formed from it by decarboxylation with H2O2. The two methods agreed, though the second was more precise and dependable. In all the tissues and cell fractions examined, except adult liver, the activities with valine and isoleucine were parallel and similar to that with leucine. In adult liver there was low activity only with leucine, which is referable to a known isozyme (type II). Although the fraction of enzyme activity present in mitochondria has often been neglected, these studies showed that this portion in all tissues is about equal, more or less, to that of the more familiar soluble forms. There was good agreement between the relative concentrations of this enzyme in the commonly measured rat tissue preparations as determined here and in the more recently published studies. The unique occurrence of high levels of this enzyme in heart, kidney, brain and muscle, in that order, was confirmed. The unusual distribution of this enzyme was emphasized by the recognition that equally high or even higher levels also occurred in pancreas, lactating mammary gland and salivary gland. The relative amounts were less in normal, undifferentiated and in neoplastic tissues.", "PMID": 710384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4355", "title": "Dihydropteridine reductase activity of adult, fetal and neoplastic tissues.", "content": "Optimal conditions for the assay of dihydropteridine reductase in crude tissue extracts have been developed. Among adult rat tissues, liver and kidney had the highest activity followed by thymus, lung, cerebellum and cerebrum. Fetal tissues and neoplasms exhibit lower activities than the cognate adult tissues. In both liver and kidney the developmental upsurge of dihydropteridine reductase, which produces the cofactor necessary for the hydroxylation of aromatic amino acids, begins earlier than does that of phenylalanine hydroxylase. In human liver and lung also, the dihydropteridine reductase activity doubles between midgestation and adult life. The undifferentiated enzymic composition of neoplasms is reflected by the lower dihydropteridine reductase content of pulmonary tumors than of nonneoplastic human lung.", "contents": "Dihydropteridine reductase activity of adult, fetal and neoplastic tissues. Optimal conditions for the assay of dihydropteridine reductase in crude tissue extracts have been developed. Among adult rat tissues, liver and kidney had the highest activity followed by thymus, lung, cerebellum and cerebrum. Fetal tissues and neoplasms exhibit lower activities than the cognate adult tissues. In both liver and kidney the developmental upsurge of dihydropteridine reductase, which produces the cofactor necessary for the hydroxylation of aromatic amino acids, begins earlier than does that of phenylalanine hydroxylase. In human liver and lung also, the dihydropteridine reductase activity doubles between midgestation and adult life. The undifferentiated enzymic composition of neoplasms is reflected by the lower dihydropteridine reductase content of pulmonary tumors than of nonneoplastic human lung.", "PMID": 710385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4356", "title": "Postnatal behaviour of guanase activity in rat tissues.", "content": "The behaviour of guanase activity and the 8-azaguanine/guanine deamination ratio of rat tissues during postnatal development were studied. In the liver and brain, the enzymatic activity, present from birth, gradually increases up to the 4th week. In the kidney, guanase activity appears after the 1st week and reaches the level found in adult tissues after the 6th week. The value of the deamination ratio of tissues at birth is higher than that of adult animal tissues.", "contents": "Postnatal behaviour of guanase activity in rat tissues. The behaviour of guanase activity and the 8-azaguanine/guanine deamination ratio of rat tissues during postnatal development were studied. In the liver and brain, the enzymatic activity, present from birth, gradually increases up to the 4th week. In the kidney, guanase activity appears after the 1st week and reaches the level found in adult tissues after the 6th week. The value of the deamination ratio of tissues at birth is higher than that of adult animal tissues.", "PMID": 710386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4357", "title": "Validity of the relative percent concept for equating training intensity.", "content": "The validity of the relative percent concept for equating training intensity was investigated using the point of metabolic acidosis (anaerobic threshold) as the criterion variable. Percent oxygen uptake, heart rate and metabolic acidosis were determined at 60, 70, and 80% of max heart rate on a bicycle ergometer test(N = 31). At 60 and 70% of max heart rate only one individual was definitely in metabolic acidosis. At 80% max heart rate 17 subjects were working at a level above the point of metabolic acidosis while 14 were working at or below this point. Thus, it was suggested that even if subjects are exercising at the same relative percent miximum HR, the metabolic stress using metabolic acidosis as the criterion is not constant across subjects. It was further shown that the regression of percent VO2 max on percent max HR was a spurious one resulting in poor prediction of individual VO2 values. The data presented suggest that the relative percent concept for equating exercise or subsequent training intensity needs careful re-evaluation.", "contents": "Validity of the relative percent concept for equating training intensity. The validity of the relative percent concept for equating training intensity was investigated using the point of metabolic acidosis (anaerobic threshold) as the criterion variable. Percent oxygen uptake, heart rate and metabolic acidosis were determined at 60, 70, and 80% of max heart rate on a bicycle ergometer test(N = 31). At 60 and 70% of max heart rate only one individual was definitely in metabolic acidosis. At 80% max heart rate 17 subjects were working at a level above the point of metabolic acidosis while 14 were working at or below this point. Thus, it was suggested that even if subjects are exercising at the same relative percent miximum HR, the metabolic stress using metabolic acidosis as the criterion is not constant across subjects. It was further shown that the regression of percent VO2 max on percent max HR was a spurious one resulting in poor prediction of individual VO2 values. The data presented suggest that the relative percent concept for equating exercise or subsequent training intensity needs careful re-evaluation.", "PMID": 710387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4358", "title": "Cardiopulmonary adjustment and metabolic response to maximal and submaximal physical exercise of boys and girls at different stages of maturity.", "content": "Cardiopulmonary and metabolic variables were investigated at maximal and submaximal bicycle ergometer exercises in 41 swimmers of both sexes, 8--18 years old. VO2 max and VO2 max . HR-1 were higher in boys than in girls and increased with maturity, while VO2 max. kg-1 and HVE were not influenced by this. The HV increased clearly during this growth period, the pubertal and postpubertal subjects showing 16 and 17% higher values for HV and HV . kg-1 than those reported in normal schoolchildren populations. During the submaximal exercise at 70% VO2 max the highest HR values were found in the prepubertal group, whilst the lowest were observed in the postpubertal subjects. These findings suggest that a given percentage of VO2 max as a reference unit, is more reliable than a certain HR to obtain comparable results in subjects with different ages. Blood samples were collected before, during, and after the submaximal exercise. Blood glucose and FFA did not differ in relation to the stages of maturity. During exercise, insulin decreased in prepubertal children, did not alter in pubertal adolescents, and increased in postpubertal subjects. The lactate concentration, during exercise, increased in relation to maturity. The same results were found for HGH, but no differences were found with regard to sex. Since the pattern of HGH secretion during exercise is similar to that found after arginine and insulin administration it is assumed that the same mechanism (i.e., sex hormones) triggers the HGH release.", "contents": "Cardiopulmonary adjustment and metabolic response to maximal and submaximal physical exercise of boys and girls at different stages of maturity. Cardiopulmonary and metabolic variables were investigated at maximal and submaximal bicycle ergometer exercises in 41 swimmers of both sexes, 8--18 years old. VO2 max and VO2 max . HR-1 were higher in boys than in girls and increased with maturity, while VO2 max. kg-1 and HVE were not influenced by this. The HV increased clearly during this growth period, the pubertal and postpubertal subjects showing 16 and 17% higher values for HV and HV . kg-1 than those reported in normal schoolchildren populations. During the submaximal exercise at 70% VO2 max the highest HR values were found in the prepubertal group, whilst the lowest were observed in the postpubertal subjects. These findings suggest that a given percentage of VO2 max as a reference unit, is more reliable than a certain HR to obtain comparable results in subjects with different ages. Blood samples were collected before, during, and after the submaximal exercise. Blood glucose and FFA did not differ in relation to the stages of maturity. During exercise, insulin decreased in prepubertal children, did not alter in pubertal adolescents, and increased in postpubertal subjects. The lactate concentration, during exercise, increased in relation to maturity. The same results were found for HGH, but no differences were found with regard to sex. Since the pattern of HGH secretion during exercise is similar to that found after arginine and insulin administration it is assumed that the same mechanism (i.e., sex hormones) triggers the HGH release.", "PMID": 710388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4359", "title": "Specificity of metabolic and circulatory responses to arm or leg interval training.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to evaluate metabolic and circulatory responses to interval training of legs or arms during steady-state, submaximal cycling. 15 college males cycled on a bicycle ergometer twice with arms (63 and 83 W) and twice with legs (100 and 125 W) before and following 5 weeks of daily interval training. Seven subjects trained with arm cycling and eight with leg cycling. Significant post-training decreases in submaximal oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), and venous blood lactate (LA(V)) were noted when cycling with trained and untrained muscles with the magnitude of change significantly greater with trained muscles. These results indicate metabolic and circulatory adaptations to interval training that are mediated centrally and peripherally. With respect to HR, but not VO2, training a larger muscle mass (legs) produced a greater central but lesser peripheral effect whereas the opposite was true for the smaller arm muscles. The data also suggested that the peripheral adaptation involves a common mechanism controlling both HR and LA(V)) changes with a separate mechanism controlling VO2.", "contents": "Specificity of metabolic and circulatory responses to arm or leg interval training. The purpose of this study was to evaluate metabolic and circulatory responses to interval training of legs or arms during steady-state, submaximal cycling. 15 college males cycled on a bicycle ergometer twice with arms (63 and 83 W) and twice with legs (100 and 125 W) before and following 5 weeks of daily interval training. Seven subjects trained with arm cycling and eight with leg cycling. Significant post-training decreases in submaximal oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), and venous blood lactate (LA(V)) were noted when cycling with trained and untrained muscles with the magnitude of change significantly greater with trained muscles. These results indicate metabolic and circulatory adaptations to interval training that are mediated centrally and peripherally. With respect to HR, but not VO2, training a larger muscle mass (legs) produced a greater central but lesser peripheral effect whereas the opposite was true for the smaller arm muscles. The data also suggested that the peripheral adaptation involves a common mechanism controlling both HR and LA(V)) changes with a separate mechanism controlling VO2.", "PMID": 710389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4360", "title": "[Performance- and strain-compensation with informatory work].", "content": "With results from literature it is shown that eye-blinking-rate is negative significant correlated with physiologic performance ability. Experiments with an abstract tracking task presented in this paper confirm that eye-blinking-rate is an indicator for activation. Taking in the indicator for activation (blinking-rate), tracking performance and central-physiological strain, phases of performance- and strain-compensation (stability, effort, fatigue, performance break-down) are defined in an hierarchical concept of stability. The compensatory processes of the human operator are discussed on the background of a stress-strain-concept taking account of the principle of feed-back.", "contents": "[Performance- and strain-compensation with informatory work]. With results from literature it is shown that eye-blinking-rate is negative significant correlated with physiologic performance ability. Experiments with an abstract tracking task presented in this paper confirm that eye-blinking-rate is an indicator for activation. Taking in the indicator for activation (blinking-rate), tracking performance and central-physiological strain, phases of performance- and strain-compensation (stability, effort, fatigue, performance break-down) are defined in an hierarchical concept of stability. The compensatory processes of the human operator are discussed on the background of a stress-strain-concept taking account of the principle of feed-back.", "PMID": 710391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4361", "title": "Maximal oxygen intake and body composition of female dancers.", "content": "Complete paucity of any data regarding the influence of habitual dance on cardiovascular-pulmonary fitness and body composition of female dancers prompted this study in which 12 female dancers and 12 sedentary female students of the same age range participated as subjects. Maximal oxygen intake was determined on the treadmill, body composition was calculated from skinfolds and vital signs were determined besides measurements of height and weight. Dancers had significantly lower weight, lower resting heart rate, and lower diastolic blood pressure. Systolic blood pressure was also lower in dancers but the difference between the means did not reach statistical significance. Maximal oxygen intake was higher in dancers when expressed in relative terms. Dancers had also significantly lower total body fat. In conclusion, it seems tha, dance with all the variations, should be encouraged in schools as a suitable behavioral modifier of sedentary habits and for maintenance of physical fitness and ideal weight.", "contents": "Maximal oxygen intake and body composition of female dancers. Complete paucity of any data regarding the influence of habitual dance on cardiovascular-pulmonary fitness and body composition of female dancers prompted this study in which 12 female dancers and 12 sedentary female students of the same age range participated as subjects. Maximal oxygen intake was determined on the treadmill, body composition was calculated from skinfolds and vital signs were determined besides measurements of height and weight. Dancers had significantly lower weight, lower resting heart rate, and lower diastolic blood pressure. Systolic blood pressure was also lower in dancers but the difference between the means did not reach statistical significance. Maximal oxygen intake was higher in dancers when expressed in relative terms. Dancers had also significantly lower total body fat. In conclusion, it seems tha, dance with all the variations, should be encouraged in schools as a suitable behavioral modifier of sedentary habits and for maintenance of physical fitness and ideal weight.", "PMID": 710392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4362", "title": "Hormonal changes in serum in young men during prolonged physical strain.", "content": "The endocrine response to severe physical strain including lack of sleep has been investigated in army personnel during a combat course of 5 days' duration. The thyroxine (T4) concentration in serum increased during the first 24 h, and then declined at a rate corresponding to a halflife of 7.6 days and on day 6 had reached the lowest level, 55 ng/ml. Triiodothyronine (T3) displayed a similar pattern, although an increase during the first 24 h could not be demonstrated. Within 48 h after the course T4 had returned to normal, whereas the serum level of T3 was significantly below the level before the course (p less than 0.05). The serum level of TSH was suppressed during the course. The serum level of prolactin was significantly suppressed and growth hormone was markedly elevated during the course with a significant negative correlation (r=-0.6) between the two. In agreement with a previous report, there was a rapid and sustained suppression of the serum level of testosterone to a mean level of 1.1 ng/ml on day 5. Short periods of sleep (3--6 h) were shown to be effective in reversing the changes described in this paper, especially for growth hormone, prolactin, and testosterone.", "contents": "Hormonal changes in serum in young men during prolonged physical strain. The endocrine response to severe physical strain including lack of sleep has been investigated in army personnel during a combat course of 5 days' duration. The thyroxine (T4) concentration in serum increased during the first 24 h, and then declined at a rate corresponding to a halflife of 7.6 days and on day 6 had reached the lowest level, 55 ng/ml. Triiodothyronine (T3) displayed a similar pattern, although an increase during the first 24 h could not be demonstrated. Within 48 h after the course T4 had returned to normal, whereas the serum level of T3 was significantly below the level before the course (p less than 0.05). The serum level of TSH was suppressed during the course. The serum level of prolactin was significantly suppressed and growth hormone was markedly elevated during the course with a significant negative correlation (r=-0.6) between the two. In agreement with a previous report, there was a rapid and sustained suppression of the serum level of testosterone to a mean level of 1.1 ng/ml on day 5. Short periods of sleep (3--6 h) were shown to be effective in reversing the changes described in this paper, especially for growth hormone, prolactin, and testosterone.", "PMID": 710393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4363", "title": "Subcellular localization of two long-chain acyl-coenzyme-A synthetases in Candida lipolytica.", "content": "Studies have been made on the subcellular localization of two long-chain acyl-coenzyme-A synthetases as well as glycerolphosphate acyltransferase and the acyl-CoA-oxidizing system in Candida lipolytica grown on oleic acid. Acyl-CoA synthetase I is distributed among different subcellular fractions, including microsomes and mitochondria where glycerolphosphate acyltransferase is located. On the other hand, acyl-CoA synthetase II is localized in microbodies where the acyl-CoA-oxidizing system is located. These results support our previous conclusion that acyl-CoA synthetase I is responsible for the production of acyl-CoA to be utilized for the synthesis of cellular lipids, while acyl-CoA synthetase II provides acyl-CoA that is exclusively degraded via beta-oxidation.", "contents": "Subcellular localization of two long-chain acyl-coenzyme-A synthetases in Candida lipolytica. Studies have been made on the subcellular localization of two long-chain acyl-coenzyme-A synthetases as well as glycerolphosphate acyltransferase and the acyl-CoA-oxidizing system in Candida lipolytica grown on oleic acid. Acyl-CoA synthetase I is distributed among different subcellular fractions, including microsomes and mitochondria where glycerolphosphate acyltransferase is located. On the other hand, acyl-CoA synthetase II is localized in microbodies where the acyl-CoA-oxidizing system is located. These results support our previous conclusion that acyl-CoA synthetase I is responsible for the production of acyl-CoA to be utilized for the synthesis of cellular lipids, while acyl-CoA synthetase II provides acyl-CoA that is exclusively degraded via beta-oxidation.", "PMID": 710394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4364", "title": "Adaptive responses of enzymes of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism to dietary alteration in genetically obese Zucker rats (fa/fa).", "content": "1. Measurements have been made of the activities of enzymes of the glycolytic route, the pentose phosphate pathway, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and lipogenesis in liver and adipose tissue from genetically obese (fa/fa) rats and their lean litter mates (fa/ --). The effect of food restriction for a period of three weeks on the enzyme profile of liver and adipose tissue of the obese rat was also studied. 2. The most striking increases in enzyme activity in livers from obese rats were: (a) among enzymes of lipogenesis; ATP-citrate lyase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthetase, malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) and cytoplasmic glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase; (b) within the pentose phosphate pathway; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase; (c) within the glycolytic pathway; glucokinase, pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase. All of these enzymes showed a significant increase in activity on the basis of U/g liver and U/mg DNA. In adipose tissue all the enzymes of lipogenesis, of the glycolytic route, of the oxidative segment of the pentose phosphate pathway and of the tricarboxylic acid cycle were increased when expressed as U/2 fat pads or as U/mg DNA. 3. The restriction of the food intake of obese rats to that consumed by their lean litter mates for periods of three weeks did not produce the expected adaptive decrease in enzymes of lipogenesis; in adipose tissue, only ATP-citrate lyase and malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) showed a marked decrease; no significant change was found in adipose tissue or liver of the activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase, when expressed on a cell basis (U/mg DNA). The non-oxidative enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway and enzymes involved in glycerogenesis (pyruvate carboxylase, malate dehydrogenase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase) all increased in adipose tissue from limit-fed obese rats. 4. The rate of conversion of specifically labelled glucose to (14C)O2 and 14C-labelled lipid by pieces of adipose tissue and by liver slices was also measured. Insulin caused an increase in the conversion of (1-14C)glucose to (14C)O2 and 14C-labelled lipid in obese rats fed ad libitum, limit-fed rats and in their lean litter mates. 5. The results are discussed in relation to the raised insulin and hypothyroid state of the obese rat. The effect of this altered hormonal status on the activity of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and cellular levels of adenosine 3' :5'-monophosphate and guanosine 3' :5'-monophosphate and guanosine 3' :5'-monophosphate in relation to the obese syndrome is considered.", "contents": "Adaptive responses of enzymes of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism to dietary alteration in genetically obese Zucker rats (fa/fa). 1. Measurements have been made of the activities of enzymes of the glycolytic route, the pentose phosphate pathway, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and lipogenesis in liver and adipose tissue from genetically obese (fa/fa) rats and their lean litter mates (fa/ --). The effect of food restriction for a period of three weeks on the enzyme profile of liver and adipose tissue of the obese rat was also studied. 2. The most striking increases in enzyme activity in livers from obese rats were: (a) among enzymes of lipogenesis; ATP-citrate lyase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthetase, malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) and cytoplasmic glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase; (b) within the pentose phosphate pathway; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase; (c) within the glycolytic pathway; glucokinase, pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase. All of these enzymes showed a significant increase in activity on the basis of U/g liver and U/mg DNA. In adipose tissue all the enzymes of lipogenesis, of the glycolytic route, of the oxidative segment of the pentose phosphate pathway and of the tricarboxylic acid cycle were increased when expressed as U/2 fat pads or as U/mg DNA. 3. The restriction of the food intake of obese rats to that consumed by their lean litter mates for periods of three weeks did not produce the expected adaptive decrease in enzymes of lipogenesis; in adipose tissue, only ATP-citrate lyase and malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) showed a marked decrease; no significant change was found in adipose tissue or liver of the activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase, when expressed on a cell basis (U/mg DNA). The non-oxidative enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway and enzymes involved in glycerogenesis (pyruvate carboxylase, malate dehydrogenase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase) all increased in adipose tissue from limit-fed obese rats. 4. The rate of conversion of specifically labelled glucose to (14C)O2 and 14C-labelled lipid by pieces of adipose tissue and by liver slices was also measured. Insulin caused an increase in the conversion of (1-14C)glucose to (14C)O2 and 14C-labelled lipid in obese rats fed ad libitum, limit-fed rats and in their lean litter mates. 5. The results are discussed in relation to the raised insulin and hypothyroid state of the obese rat. The effect of this altered hormonal status on the activity of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and cellular levels of adenosine 3' :5'-monophosphate and guanosine 3' :5'-monophosphate and guanosine 3' :5'-monophosphate in relation to the obese syndrome is considered.", "PMID": 710395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4365", "title": "Interaction between membrane functions and protein synthesis in reticulocytes. Isolation of RNase M, a membrane component inhibiting protein synthesis through specific endonucleolytic activity.", "content": "An inhibitor of protein synthesis has been isolated from reticulocyte membranes by solubilization with Triton X-100; it has been purified using heat treatment, filtration on Amicon filters, DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography and Sephadex G-75 gel chromatography. A final purification of 120-fold was achieved. The purified inhibitor was found to be 95% homogenous when run on a dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel system. Three independent methods were used to estimate the molecular weight of the purified inhibitor: Sephadex G-75 gel chromatography, dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and sucrose gradient all confirmed that the purified inhibitor was a small molecule with a sedimentation coefficient of 0.7 S and a molecular weight ranging between 5000 and 8000. The purified inhibitor was shown to possess a specific endonucleolytic activity, degrading the 28-S species of ribosomal RNA to species sedimenting between 10 and 14 S. Due to its membrane localisation the name RNase M is proposed. The purified inhibitor's endonucleolytic activity was characterized with regard to its kinetics, concentration dependence, pH optimum and its requirements for divalent cations. Kinetics showed that RNase M retained its specificity after 60 min of incubation with the RNA substrate. Specificity was also demonstrated by incubating the polysomal RNA with high concentrations of purified enzyme. The pH optimum was found to be between pH 6 and pH 7, and the enzyme did not require divalent cations for its activity. Pancreatic RNase B used at a similar protein synthesis inhibitory concentration as the RNase M caused a complete breakdown of ribosomal RNA to oligonucleotides and mononucleotides. The possible biological significance of the purified inhibitor in regulating protein synthesis in the maturing reticulocyte is discussed.", "contents": "Interaction between membrane functions and protein synthesis in reticulocytes. Isolation of RNase M, a membrane component inhibiting protein synthesis through specific endonucleolytic activity. An inhibitor of protein synthesis has been isolated from reticulocyte membranes by solubilization with Triton X-100; it has been purified using heat treatment, filtration on Amicon filters, DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography and Sephadex G-75 gel chromatography. A final purification of 120-fold was achieved. The purified inhibitor was found to be 95% homogenous when run on a dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel system. Three independent methods were used to estimate the molecular weight of the purified inhibitor: Sephadex G-75 gel chromatography, dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and sucrose gradient all confirmed that the purified inhibitor was a small molecule with a sedimentation coefficient of 0.7 S and a molecular weight ranging between 5000 and 8000. The purified inhibitor was shown to possess a specific endonucleolytic activity, degrading the 28-S species of ribosomal RNA to species sedimenting between 10 and 14 S. Due to its membrane localisation the name RNase M is proposed. The purified inhibitor's endonucleolytic activity was characterized with regard to its kinetics, concentration dependence, pH optimum and its requirements for divalent cations. Kinetics showed that RNase M retained its specificity after 60 min of incubation with the RNA substrate. Specificity was also demonstrated by incubating the polysomal RNA with high concentrations of purified enzyme. The pH optimum was found to be between pH 6 and pH 7, and the enzyme did not require divalent cations for its activity. Pancreatic RNase B used at a similar protein synthesis inhibitory concentration as the RNase M caused a complete breakdown of ribosomal RNA to oligonucleotides and mononucleotides. The possible biological significance of the purified inhibitor in regulating protein synthesis in the maturing reticulocyte is discussed.", "PMID": 710396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4366", "title": "Characteristics of the active transport of Ca2+ by submitochondrial vesicles.", "content": "Inner membrane vesicles have been prepared by cholate treatment of rat liver mitoplasts. The vesicles can actively accumulate Ca2+ in the absence or presence of inorganic phosphate. The uptake is inhibited by ruthenium red and uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. Like in intact mitochondria the driving force for the uptake reaction seems to be the negative inside membrane potential generated during the oxidation of substrates. The level of antimycin-A-sensitive reduction of ferricyanide by succinate indicates that the cholate inner membrane vesicles are about 70% right side out. Using cytochrome-c-extracted inner membrane vesicles it can be shown that only those which have the same right-side-out polarity as intact mitochondria can actively accumulate Ca2+.", "contents": "Characteristics of the active transport of Ca2+ by submitochondrial vesicles. Inner membrane vesicles have been prepared by cholate treatment of rat liver mitoplasts. The vesicles can actively accumulate Ca2+ in the absence or presence of inorganic phosphate. The uptake is inhibited by ruthenium red and uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. Like in intact mitochondria the driving force for the uptake reaction seems to be the negative inside membrane potential generated during the oxidation of substrates. The level of antimycin-A-sensitive reduction of ferricyanide by succinate indicates that the cholate inner membrane vesicles are about 70% right side out. Using cytochrome-c-extracted inner membrane vesicles it can be shown that only those which have the same right-side-out polarity as intact mitochondria can actively accumulate Ca2+.", "PMID": 710397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4367", "title": "A 1H nuclear-magnetic-resonance study of the solution conformation of the isoinhibitor K from Helix pomatia.", "content": "The isoinhibitor K from Helix pomatia was investigated by high-resolution 1H nuclear magnetic resonance at 360 MHZ. Detailed studies of the labile protons and the resonances of the aromatic residues indicated extensive homologies between the spatial structures of the snail inhibitor, the basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz) from bovine tissue and the cos colostrum trypsin inhibitor. Comparison of these three homologous inhibitors indicated that the overall flexibility of the globular protein conformation is reduced and its stability with respect to thermal denaturation raised when the content of amino acids with charged side chains is increased. It is suggested that this relation between amino acid composition and stability of the globular solution structure might be valid also for other classes of homologous proteins.", "contents": "A 1H nuclear-magnetic-resonance study of the solution conformation of the isoinhibitor K from Helix pomatia. The isoinhibitor K from Helix pomatia was investigated by high-resolution 1H nuclear magnetic resonance at 360 MHZ. Detailed studies of the labile protons and the resonances of the aromatic residues indicated extensive homologies between the spatial structures of the snail inhibitor, the basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz) from bovine tissue and the cos colostrum trypsin inhibitor. Comparison of these three homologous inhibitors indicated that the overall flexibility of the globular protein conformation is reduced and its stability with respect to thermal denaturation raised when the content of amino acids with charged side chains is increased. It is suggested that this relation between amino acid composition and stability of the globular solution structure might be valid also for other classes of homologous proteins.", "PMID": 710398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4368", "title": "The amino-acid sequence of S-100 protein (PAP I-b protein) and its relation to the calcium-binding proteins.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of a brain-specific protein, S-100, has been determined by the analysis of four cyanogen bromide peptides and fourteen tryptic peptides derived from the protein. The protein chain consists of 91 amino acid residues and has a molecular weight of 10507. The sequence shows regions of stong clustering of hydrophobic, basic and acidic amino acids, with an apparent calcium-binding site in the acidic cluster.", "contents": "The amino-acid sequence of S-100 protein (PAP I-b protein) and its relation to the calcium-binding proteins. The amino acid sequence of a brain-specific protein, S-100, has been determined by the analysis of four cyanogen bromide peptides and fourteen tryptic peptides derived from the protein. The protein chain consists of 91 amino acid residues and has a molecular weight of 10507. The sequence shows regions of stong clustering of hydrophobic, basic and acidic amino acids, with an apparent calcium-binding site in the acidic cluster.", "PMID": 710399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4369", "title": "Pyrimidine metabolism in microplasmodia of Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "If microplasmodia of Physarum polycephalum are exposed to 14C-labelled pyrimidine nucleosides or bases, an unusual pattern of metabolism is found. Only the nucleosides are taken up. Analysis of the distribution of the radioactivity in the cells revealed that ribonucleosides and deoxyribonucleosides are incorporated into nucleotides; however, a substantial catabolism takes place. Thus incubation with [2-14C]pyrimidine nucleosides readily gives rise to [14C]O2, particularly in the case of [2-14C]thymidine. Due to this a significant part of the trichloroacetic-acid-insoluble radioactivity from exogenously supplied [2-14C]thymidine is not associated with DNA. The pattern of labelling of nucleoside triphosphates from exogenously supplied nucleosides indicated that the de novo synthesis of nucleotides was only partly repressed. An unusual conversion of deoxycytidine into cytidine was noted. Enzyme analysis on cell-free extracts revealed that pyrimidine nucleosides can be salvaged by kinases and that their initial catabolism is initiated by hydrolases. Incubation of microplasmodia with pyrimidine analogues showed that only nucleoside analogues are toxic. The experimental results have led us to propose a scheme for the metabolism of pyrimidine nucleosides and bases in Physarum polycephalum.", "contents": "Pyrimidine metabolism in microplasmodia of Physarum polycephalum. If microplasmodia of Physarum polycephalum are exposed to 14C-labelled pyrimidine nucleosides or bases, an unusual pattern of metabolism is found. Only the nucleosides are taken up. Analysis of the distribution of the radioactivity in the cells revealed that ribonucleosides and deoxyribonucleosides are incorporated into nucleotides; however, a substantial catabolism takes place. Thus incubation with [2-14C]pyrimidine nucleosides readily gives rise to [14C]O2, particularly in the case of [2-14C]thymidine. Due to this a significant part of the trichloroacetic-acid-insoluble radioactivity from exogenously supplied [2-14C]thymidine is not associated with DNA. The pattern of labelling of nucleoside triphosphates from exogenously supplied nucleosides indicated that the de novo synthesis of nucleotides was only partly repressed. An unusual conversion of deoxycytidine into cytidine was noted. Enzyme analysis on cell-free extracts revealed that pyrimidine nucleosides can be salvaged by kinases and that their initial catabolism is initiated by hydrolases. Incubation of microplasmodia with pyrimidine analogues showed that only nucleoside analogues are toxic. The experimental results have led us to propose a scheme for the metabolism of pyrimidine nucleosides and bases in Physarum polycephalum.", "PMID": 710400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4370", "title": "Conformation of erabutoxins a and b in aqueous solution as studied by nuclear magnetic resonance and circular dichroism.", "content": "The 270-MHZ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of erabutoxins a and b have been observed in 2H2O solution. By the use of convolution difference and double resonance techniques, proton signals in the aromatic and methyl regions have been assigned. From the pH dependence of NMR chemical shifts, the pKa value of His-26 of erabutoxin b is found to be 5.8, whereas His-7 of erabutoxins a and b is not protonated at pH above 3. The imidazole ring of His-7 is protonated upon the denaturation at pH 2.85. The acid denaturation process has been followed by the His-26 and methyl proton signals and is found to be reversible but is slow as compared with NMR chemical shift time scale. The circular dichroism (CD) of erabutoxin b has also been observed. The denaturation is found to involve a major change from the beta-rich conformation to a disordered one. The NMR and CD changes upon acid denaturation are satisfactorily explained by the two-state process. The deuterium exchange rates of the C-2 protons of His-26 and His-7 of erabutoxin b indicate that His-26 is exposed to the solvent whereas His-7 is tightly buried in the interior of the protein globule. The pKa value of Tyr-25 is as high as about 12.0, possibly due to the hydrogen bond formation between the hydroxyl group of Tyr-25 and a carboxylate group. The hydroxyl group of Tyr-25 is reversibly titrated so that this group is not buried tightly in the interior of the protein globule. The line width of the aromatic proton signals of Tyr-25 is significantly broad at room temperature, suggesting a restricted rotation of the aromatic ring. The aromatic proton signals of Trp-29 are fairly sharp; this aromatic ring is exposed and mobile. Except for His-7, the micro-environments of Tyr-25, His-26, and Trp-29 residues and methyl proton signals of valine and isoleucine are consistent with the locations of alpha carbon atoms as elucidated by X-ray crystal analyses.", "contents": "Conformation of erabutoxins a and b in aqueous solution as studied by nuclear magnetic resonance and circular dichroism. The 270-MHZ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of erabutoxins a and b have been observed in 2H2O solution. By the use of convolution difference and double resonance techniques, proton signals in the aromatic and methyl regions have been assigned. From the pH dependence of NMR chemical shifts, the pKa value of His-26 of erabutoxin b is found to be 5.8, whereas His-7 of erabutoxins a and b is not protonated at pH above 3. The imidazole ring of His-7 is protonated upon the denaturation at pH 2.85. The acid denaturation process has been followed by the His-26 and methyl proton signals and is found to be reversible but is slow as compared with NMR chemical shift time scale. The circular dichroism (CD) of erabutoxin b has also been observed. The denaturation is found to involve a major change from the beta-rich conformation to a disordered one. The NMR and CD changes upon acid denaturation are satisfactorily explained by the two-state process. The deuterium exchange rates of the C-2 protons of His-26 and His-7 of erabutoxin b indicate that His-26 is exposed to the solvent whereas His-7 is tightly buried in the interior of the protein globule. The pKa value of Tyr-25 is as high as about 12.0, possibly due to the hydrogen bond formation between the hydroxyl group of Tyr-25 and a carboxylate group. The hydroxyl group of Tyr-25 is reversibly titrated so that this group is not buried tightly in the interior of the protein globule. The line width of the aromatic proton signals of Tyr-25 is significantly broad at room temperature, suggesting a restricted rotation of the aromatic ring. The aromatic proton signals of Trp-29 are fairly sharp; this aromatic ring is exposed and mobile. Except for His-7, the micro-environments of Tyr-25, His-26, and Trp-29 residues and methyl proton signals of valine and isoleucine are consistent with the locations of alpha carbon atoms as elucidated by X-ray crystal analyses.", "PMID": 710401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4371", "title": "The complete amino-acid sequence of histone H2B(3) from sperm of the sea urchin Parechinus angulosus.", "content": "The primary structure of a third H2B histone isolated from sperm of the sea urchin Parechinus angulosus has been determined. H2B(3) consists of a polypeptide chain of the following 148 amino acid residues: Pro-Arg-Ser-Pro-Ala-Lys-Thr-Ser-Pro-Arg-Lys-Gly-Ser-Pro-Arg-Lys-Gly-Ser-Pro-Arg-Lys-Gly-Ser-Pro-Ser-Arg-Lys-Ala-Ser-Pro-Lys-Arg-Gly-Gly-Lys-Gly-Ala-Lys-Arg-Ala-Gly-Lys-Gly-Gly-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Val-Val-Lys-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Glu-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Ile-Tyr-Ile-Tyr-Lys-Val-Leu-Lys-Gln-Val-His-Pro-Asp-Thr-Gly-Ile-Ser-Ser-Arg-Ala-Met-Ser-Val-Met-Asn-Ser-Phe-Val-Asn-Asp-Val-Phe-Glu-Arg-Ile-Ala-Ser-Glu-Ala-Ser-Arg-Leu-Thr-Ser-Ala-Asn-Arg-Arg-Ser-Thr-Val-Ser-Ser-Arg-Glu-Ile-gln-Thr-Ala-Val-Arg-Leu-Leu-Leu-Pro-Gly-Glu-Leu-Ala-Lys-His-Ala-Val-Ser-Glu-Gly-Thr-Lys-Ala-Val-Thr-Lys-Tyr-Thr-Thr-Ser-Arg. H2B(3) Parechinus closely resembles HIB(2) Parechinus but has one additional repeating pentapeptide in the amino-terminal region and a serine replacing glycine at position 98.", "contents": "The complete amino-acid sequence of histone H2B(3) from sperm of the sea urchin Parechinus angulosus. The primary structure of a third H2B histone isolated from sperm of the sea urchin Parechinus angulosus has been determined. H2B(3) consists of a polypeptide chain of the following 148 amino acid residues: Pro-Arg-Ser-Pro-Ala-Lys-Thr-Ser-Pro-Arg-Lys-Gly-Ser-Pro-Arg-Lys-Gly-Ser-Pro-Arg-Lys-Gly-Ser-Pro-Ser-Arg-Lys-Ala-Ser-Pro-Lys-Arg-Gly-Gly-Lys-Gly-Ala-Lys-Arg-Ala-Gly-Lys-Gly-Gly-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Val-Val-Lys-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg-Glu-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Ile-Tyr-Ile-Tyr-Lys-Val-Leu-Lys-Gln-Val-His-Pro-Asp-Thr-Gly-Ile-Ser-Ser-Arg-Ala-Met-Ser-Val-Met-Asn-Ser-Phe-Val-Asn-Asp-Val-Phe-Glu-Arg-Ile-Ala-Ser-Glu-Ala-Ser-Arg-Leu-Thr-Ser-Ala-Asn-Arg-Arg-Ser-Thr-Val-Ser-Ser-Arg-Glu-Ile-gln-Thr-Ala-Val-Arg-Leu-Leu-Leu-Pro-Gly-Glu-Leu-Ala-Lys-His-Ala-Val-Ser-Glu-Gly-Thr-Lys-Ala-Val-Thr-Lys-Tyr-Thr-Thr-Ser-Arg. H2B(3) Parechinus closely resembles HIB(2) Parechinus but has one additional repeating pentapeptide in the amino-terminal region and a serine replacing glycine at position 98.", "PMID": 710402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4372", "title": "Ecdysone oxidase: reaction and specificity.", "content": "Ecdysone oxidase oxidizes 3-hydroxysteroids of the excysteroid type irreversibly to 3-dehydro derivatives. The hydrogen of the steroid is transferred by the enzyme to oxygen which is reduced to hydrogen peroxide. Ecdysone oxidase is relatively specific for ecdysone and ecdysterone. Apparent Michaelis constants for these two physiological substrates are 98 and 31 micron, respectively. Cholesterol oxidase and 3alpha-hydroxysteroid and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases which catalyze similar reactions are unable to oxidize ecdysteroids.", "contents": "Ecdysone oxidase: reaction and specificity. Ecdysone oxidase oxidizes 3-hydroxysteroids of the excysteroid type irreversibly to 3-dehydro derivatives. The hydrogen of the steroid is transferred by the enzyme to oxygen which is reduced to hydrogen peroxide. Ecdysone oxidase is relatively specific for ecdysone and ecdysterone. Apparent Michaelis constants for these two physiological substrates are 98 and 31 micron, respectively. Cholesterol oxidase and 3alpha-hydroxysteroid and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases which catalyze similar reactions are unable to oxidize ecdysteroids.", "PMID": 710403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4373", "title": "D-Glucose transport in Trypanosoma brucei. D-Glucose transport is the rate-limiting step of its metabolism.", "content": "D-Glucose and 2-deoxyglucose enter the 'long-slender' bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei only by means of a carrier-mediated process; no free diffusion can be observed. Permeation is not energy-dependent. The uptake is driven by the downhill concentration gradient of free substrate. The latter is maintained by the continual removal of sugar, due to the extremely high activities of the glycolytic enzymes. The permeation process is the rate-limiting step of glucose consumption, because permeation proceeds at a rate slower than metabolism. The inhibition of sugar uptake by glycerol was tested. Interactions at the carrier site can be ruled out since glucose and its 2-deoxy analog exhibit different inhibition kinetics.", "contents": "D-Glucose transport in Trypanosoma brucei. D-Glucose transport is the rate-limiting step of its metabolism. D-Glucose and 2-deoxyglucose enter the 'long-slender' bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei only by means of a carrier-mediated process; no free diffusion can be observed. Permeation is not energy-dependent. The uptake is driven by the downhill concentration gradient of free substrate. The latter is maintained by the continual removal of sugar, due to the extremely high activities of the glycolytic enzymes. The permeation process is the rate-limiting step of glucose consumption, because permeation proceeds at a rate slower than metabolism. The inhibition of sugar uptake by glycerol was tested. Interactions at the carrier site can be ruled out since glucose and its 2-deoxy analog exhibit different inhibition kinetics.", "PMID": 710404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4374", "title": "Structure of an (A-blood-group)-active glycolipid isolated from human erythrocytes.", "content": "An (A-blood-group)-active glycolipid possessing 23 sugars has been isolated, from human erythrocyte membrane. Smith degradation and methylation studies allow a structure to be proposed of the nonreducing end of the oligosaccharide chain.", "contents": "Structure of an (A-blood-group)-active glycolipid isolated from human erythrocytes. An (A-blood-group)-active glycolipid possessing 23 sugars has been isolated, from human erythrocyte membrane. Smith degradation and methylation studies allow a structure to be proposed of the nonreducing end of the oligosaccharide chain.", "PMID": 710405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4375", "title": "High-resolution proton-magnetic-resonance studies of chromatin core particles.", "content": "The binding of histones in chromatin core particles and in core particles depleted of histones H2A and H2B has been studied by high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) at 270 MHZ. At low ionic strengths it is shown that histones H3 and H4 are bound in the core particle. Further, whereas the apolar regions of H2A and H2B are also bound to the core particle, the basic N-terminal and C-terminal regions are more mobile and give rise to sharp resonances in the NMR spectrum of the core particle. Between 0.3 and 0.6 M NaCl there is further release of basic regions of histones H3 and H4 from the complex. The dissociation of the core particle between 0.6 and 2.0 M NaCl is accompanied by the release of the structured apolar regions of the histones as evidenced by the appearance of a complex aromatic spectrum and perturbed upfield ring-current-shifted methyl resonances. Arginine residues are implicated in the binding between histones and DNA and 69% of these residues are found in the apolar regions of the histones. The interactions between histones and DNA in the core particle thus involves H3 and H4 and the apolar regions of H2A and H2B. It is suggested that these basic regions of H2A and H2B have binding sites outside the core particle.", "contents": "High-resolution proton-magnetic-resonance studies of chromatin core particles. The binding of histones in chromatin core particles and in core particles depleted of histones H2A and H2B has been studied by high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) at 270 MHZ. At low ionic strengths it is shown that histones H3 and H4 are bound in the core particle. Further, whereas the apolar regions of H2A and H2B are also bound to the core particle, the basic N-terminal and C-terminal regions are more mobile and give rise to sharp resonances in the NMR spectrum of the core particle. Between 0.3 and 0.6 M NaCl there is further release of basic regions of histones H3 and H4 from the complex. The dissociation of the core particle between 0.6 and 2.0 M NaCl is accompanied by the release of the structured apolar regions of the histones as evidenced by the appearance of a complex aromatic spectrum and perturbed upfield ring-current-shifted methyl resonances. Arginine residues are implicated in the binding between histones and DNA and 69% of these residues are found in the apolar regions of the histones. The interactions between histones and DNA in the core particle thus involves H3 and H4 and the apolar regions of H2A and H2B. It is suggested that these basic regions of H2A and H2B have binding sites outside the core particle.", "PMID": 710406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4376", "title": "Analysis of phosphorylation of protein synthesis initiation factor eIF-2 by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.", "content": "We describe a method for examining the state of phosphorylation of initiation factor eIF-2 in reticulocyte lysates. The procedure involves incubation of the lysate with iodo[1-14C]acetate in 8.5 M urea, and fractionation of the labelled proteins by two-dimensional acrylamide gel electrophoresis. This approach has been used to show that haem deficiency, double-stranded RNA, and oxidised glutathione, which all inhibit the initiation of protein synthesis in an analogous manner, all cause a net increase in the level of phosphorylated eIF-2 in the complete lysate protein synthesis system.", "contents": "Analysis of phosphorylation of protein synthesis initiation factor eIF-2 by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. We describe a method for examining the state of phosphorylation of initiation factor eIF-2 in reticulocyte lysates. The procedure involves incubation of the lysate with iodo[1-14C]acetate in 8.5 M urea, and fractionation of the labelled proteins by two-dimensional acrylamide gel electrophoresis. This approach has been used to show that haem deficiency, double-stranded RNA, and oxidised glutathione, which all inhibit the initiation of protein synthesis in an analogous manner, all cause a net increase in the level of phosphorylated eIF-2 in the complete lysate protein synthesis system.", "PMID": 710407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4377", "title": "Biochemical characterization of the restriction-modification system of Bacillus sphaericus.", "content": "A type II restriction endonuclease (endo R . Bsp) has been purified from Bacillus sphaericus to electrophoretic homogeneity. The enzyme appears to be a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 35000. Its pH optimum is around 8.2, it requires 20 mM Mg2+ for optimal activity and it is inhibited by Zn2+. The yield of the enzyme is higher than that of any type II restriction endonuclease so far reported. The enzyme also cleaves single-stranded DNA, albeit at a slower rate. It seems likely that single-stranded DNA is cleaved at the same sequences as double-stranded DNA. Bacillus sphaericus also contains a modification methylase (meth M . Bsp) which completely protects the cell's own DNA against cleavage by its restriction endonuclease. The methylase activity has been partially purified, it copurifies with the nuclease until the next to the last step. The enzyme does not require ATP or Mg2+, it transfers the methyl group of S-adenosyl-methionine to cytosine residues of DNA. As the action of this methylase completely protects any DNA from endo R . Bsp cleavage, it seems likely that the methylase recognizes and methylates the same sequence (dG-dG-dC-dC) as the nuclease.", "contents": "Biochemical characterization of the restriction-modification system of Bacillus sphaericus. A type II restriction endonuclease (endo R . Bsp) has been purified from Bacillus sphaericus to electrophoretic homogeneity. The enzyme appears to be a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 35000. Its pH optimum is around 8.2, it requires 20 mM Mg2+ for optimal activity and it is inhibited by Zn2+. The yield of the enzyme is higher than that of any type II restriction endonuclease so far reported. The enzyme also cleaves single-stranded DNA, albeit at a slower rate. It seems likely that single-stranded DNA is cleaved at the same sequences as double-stranded DNA. Bacillus sphaericus also contains a modification methylase (meth M . Bsp) which completely protects the cell's own DNA against cleavage by its restriction endonuclease. The methylase activity has been partially purified, it copurifies with the nuclease until the next to the last step. The enzyme does not require ATP or Mg2+, it transfers the methyl group of S-adenosyl-methionine to cytosine residues of DNA. As the action of this methylase completely protects any DNA from endo R . Bsp cleavage, it seems likely that the methylase recognizes and methylates the same sequence (dG-dG-dC-dC) as the nuclease.", "PMID": 710408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4378", "title": "The structure of chromatin replicated in vitro.", "content": "Nuclei from concanavalin-A-activated lymphocytes were used to study the replication of chromatin in vitro. Micrococcal nuclease was employed to obtain information about the structure of the replicated chromatin. The nuclease digestion products were examined by sucrose gradient sedimentation and by gel electrophoresis. Experiments are presented which indicate that DNA replicated in vitro is organized into chromatin whose structure is similar to that of bulk chromatin. This conclusion is based on the following observations: (a) DNA replicated in vitro is associated with typical chromatin subunits (nucleosomes) even after short replication times, when the newly replicated DNA consists almost entirely of Okazaki fragments; (b) the length of internucleosomal spacer DNA in part of the replicated chromatin corresponds to that in bulk chromatin. Evidence which suggests that the structure of nucleosomes is transiently altered in the vicinity of the replication fork is presented.", "contents": "The structure of chromatin replicated in vitro. Nuclei from concanavalin-A-activated lymphocytes were used to study the replication of chromatin in vitro. Micrococcal nuclease was employed to obtain information about the structure of the replicated chromatin. The nuclease digestion products were examined by sucrose gradient sedimentation and by gel electrophoresis. Experiments are presented which indicate that DNA replicated in vitro is organized into chromatin whose structure is similar to that of bulk chromatin. This conclusion is based on the following observations: (a) DNA replicated in vitro is associated with typical chromatin subunits (nucleosomes) even after short replication times, when the newly replicated DNA consists almost entirely of Okazaki fragments; (b) the length of internucleosomal spacer DNA in part of the replicated chromatin corresponds to that in bulk chromatin. Evidence which suggests that the structure of nucleosomes is transiently altered in the vicinity of the replication fork is presented.", "PMID": 710409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4379", "title": "Purification and characterization of an endonuclease from Micrococcus luteus that acts on depurinated and carcinogen-modified DNA.", "content": "An endonuclease which is active with regard to depurinated, alkylated, arylated, and arylamidated DNA has been purified 500-fold from Micrococcus luteus. In this purification, separation from the pyrimidine-dimer-specific ultraviolet-endonuclease has been achieved. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 30000 on the basis of gel filtration; its activity is not absolutely dependent upon the presence of Mg2+, but 5--30 mM Mg2+ produces a five-fold stimulation. Potassium chloride concentrations of less than 100 mM are optimal, while concentrations exceeding 100 mM inhibit. The enzyme has no effect on native DNA, but introduces single-strand breaks into DNA containing apurinic/apyrimidinic sites produced by heating at an acidic pH. DNA treated with such carcinogens as N-alkyl-N-nitrosoureas, alkyl methanesulfonates, alkyl sulfates, nitrogen mustard, beta-propiolactone, 7-bromomethyl-benz[a]anthracene, N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, and 7,12-dimethyl-benz[a]anthracene-5,6-oxide also becomes susceptible to enzymic action. The activity of the enzyme has been detected by making use of the difference in mobility between supercoiled closed-circular DNA of Pseudomonas phage PM2 and its nicked form in agarose gel elctrophoresis. Even depurinated or carcinogen-modified supercoiled PM2 DNA migrated faster than the respective relaxed nicked forms. A comparison of the number of enzyme-catalyzed single-strand breaks with the number of alkali-labile (i.e. apurinic) sites in carcinogen-modified PM2 DNA showed that the enzyme preparation introduced approximately twice as many breaks into the substrates as the number of apurinic sites present. We conclude that the enzyme preparation either recognizes both apurinic sites and DNA bases carrying carcinogenic residues or contains DNA glycosidase activity in addition to the endonuclease activity. Exposure of ultraviolet-irradiated PM2 DNA to the endonuclease preparation showed that pyrimidine dimers were not substrates. The yield of enzyme-catalyzed single-strand breaks found in ultraviolet-irradiated DNA was five times the number of alkali-labile sites present suggesting that minor photoproducts, possibly 5,6-saturated pyrimidine residues, were recognized in addition to apurinic sites.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of an endonuclease from Micrococcus luteus that acts on depurinated and carcinogen-modified DNA. An endonuclease which is active with regard to depurinated, alkylated, arylated, and arylamidated DNA has been purified 500-fold from Micrococcus luteus. In this purification, separation from the pyrimidine-dimer-specific ultraviolet-endonuclease has been achieved. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 30000 on the basis of gel filtration; its activity is not absolutely dependent upon the presence of Mg2+, but 5--30 mM Mg2+ produces a five-fold stimulation. Potassium chloride concentrations of less than 100 mM are optimal, while concentrations exceeding 100 mM inhibit. The enzyme has no effect on native DNA, but introduces single-strand breaks into DNA containing apurinic/apyrimidinic sites produced by heating at an acidic pH. DNA treated with such carcinogens as N-alkyl-N-nitrosoureas, alkyl methanesulfonates, alkyl sulfates, nitrogen mustard, beta-propiolactone, 7-bromomethyl-benz[a]anthracene, N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, and 7,12-dimethyl-benz[a]anthracene-5,6-oxide also becomes susceptible to enzymic action. The activity of the enzyme has been detected by making use of the difference in mobility between supercoiled closed-circular DNA of Pseudomonas phage PM2 and its nicked form in agarose gel elctrophoresis. Even depurinated or carcinogen-modified supercoiled PM2 DNA migrated faster than the respective relaxed nicked forms. A comparison of the number of enzyme-catalyzed single-strand breaks with the number of alkali-labile (i.e. apurinic) sites in carcinogen-modified PM2 DNA showed that the enzyme preparation introduced approximately twice as many breaks into the substrates as the number of apurinic sites present. We conclude that the enzyme preparation either recognizes both apurinic sites and DNA bases carrying carcinogenic residues or contains DNA glycosidase activity in addition to the endonuclease activity. Exposure of ultraviolet-irradiated PM2 DNA to the endonuclease preparation showed that pyrimidine dimers were not substrates. The yield of enzyme-catalyzed single-strand breaks found in ultraviolet-irradiated DNA was five times the number of alkali-labile sites present suggesting that minor photoproducts, possibly 5,6-saturated pyrimidine residues, were recognized in addition to apurinic sites.", "PMID": 710410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4380", "title": "Mannosylation of endogenous proteins of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and of Golgi membranes.", "content": "Mannosylation of the proteins of microsomal and Golgi membranes was investigated both after incubation in vitro of the isolated subfractions with GDP-[14C]mannose and after injection of [3H]mannose into rats followed by separation of these subfractions. Mannosylation of endogenous and added exogenous dolichol phosphate and also of dolichol pyrophosphate-oligosaccharide occurs in all three fractions. It was essential to inhibit antagonistic enzymes during incubation and to centrifuge after incubation. The presence of detergent in the incubation mixture influences the incorporation pattern of the different fractions in very different ways. In a system in vitro predominantly membrane proteins and not secretory proteins are mannosylated. Trypsin treatment of intact vesicles removes components from the outer surface only; such treatment liberates about one third of the radioactive mannose associated with lipid, releases radioactivity from the protein acceptor to the same extent and causes some inactivation of the transferase activities. It appears that a part of the mannosyl transferase system in rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and in Golgi membranes is localized at the cytoplasmic side of these membranes. This activity is probably involved in the glycosylation of proteins localized at the cytoplasmic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Mannosylation of endogenous proteins of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and of Golgi membranes. Mannosylation of the proteins of microsomal and Golgi membranes was investigated both after incubation in vitro of the isolated subfractions with GDP-[14C]mannose and after injection of [3H]mannose into rats followed by separation of these subfractions. Mannosylation of endogenous and added exogenous dolichol phosphate and also of dolichol pyrophosphate-oligosaccharide occurs in all three fractions. It was essential to inhibit antagonistic enzymes during incubation and to centrifuge after incubation. The presence of detergent in the incubation mixture influences the incorporation pattern of the different fractions in very different ways. In a system in vitro predominantly membrane proteins and not secretory proteins are mannosylated. Trypsin treatment of intact vesicles removes components from the outer surface only; such treatment liberates about one third of the radioactive mannose associated with lipid, releases radioactivity from the protein acceptor to the same extent and causes some inactivation of the transferase activities. It appears that a part of the mannosyl transferase system in rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and in Golgi membranes is localized at the cytoplasmic side of these membranes. This activity is probably involved in the glycosylation of proteins localized at the cytoplasmic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum.", "PMID": 710411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4381", "title": "The binding of low-affinity and high-affinity heparin to antithrombin. Fluorescence studies.", "content": "The interaction between antithrombin and two forms of heparin, differing in their affinity for the matrix-linked protein, has been studied by fluorescence. The binding of the high-affinity heparin fraction to antithrombin leads to activation of the inhibitor, allowing it to react more rapidly with a number of serine proteases of the coagulation cascade. The interaction with the low-affinity heparin fraction, however, has considerably less influence on this inhibition rate. The binding of either fraction to antithrombin was found to result in an increase of the tryptophan fluorescence of the protein. This increase was much larger for high-affinity heparin than for low-affinity heparin, suggesting a different mode of binding of the two fractions to the protein. The fluorescence enhancement caused by high-affinity heparin is consistent with a conformational change of antithrombin related to its activation. Only the fluorescence enhancement observed on the binding of high-affinity heparin was of a sufficient magnitude to allow quantitative studies. These showed high-affinity heparin to bind to antithrombin with a stoichiometry of about one and with a binding constant at physiological ionic strength of about 8 X 10(7) M-1. At higher ionic strengths, however, the affinity decreased markedly.", "contents": "The binding of low-affinity and high-affinity heparin to antithrombin. Fluorescence studies. The interaction between antithrombin and two forms of heparin, differing in their affinity for the matrix-linked protein, has been studied by fluorescence. The binding of the high-affinity heparin fraction to antithrombin leads to activation of the inhibitor, allowing it to react more rapidly with a number of serine proteases of the coagulation cascade. The interaction with the low-affinity heparin fraction, however, has considerably less influence on this inhibition rate. The binding of either fraction to antithrombin was found to result in an increase of the tryptophan fluorescence of the protein. This increase was much larger for high-affinity heparin than for low-affinity heparin, suggesting a different mode of binding of the two fractions to the protein. The fluorescence enhancement caused by high-affinity heparin is consistent with a conformational change of antithrombin related to its activation. Only the fluorescence enhancement observed on the binding of high-affinity heparin was of a sufficient magnitude to allow quantitative studies. These showed high-affinity heparin to bind to antithrombin with a stoichiometry of about one and with a binding constant at physiological ionic strength of about 8 X 10(7) M-1. At higher ionic strengths, however, the affinity decreased markedly.", "PMID": 710412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4382", "title": "Birefringence of oriented thin filaments in the I-bands of crab striated muscle and comparison with the flow birefringence of reconstituted thin filaments.", "content": "Birefringence of the I-band of glycerinated myofibrils of the walking legs of the crab, Plagusia dentipes was examined by rectified polarization optics. The coefficient of birefringence of the I-band was estimated to be 1.64 X 10(-3), which attained about 60% of the birefringence of the H-zone. The number ratio of thin filaments to thick filaments in the A-band was six according to electron microscopy and the spacing between neighbouring thick filaments was about 56 nm according to X-ray diffraction. From these values, the protein concentration in the I-band was estimated to be 91 mg/ml. Thus, the birefringence of the I-band was found to be of the same order as the birefringence of the reconstituted thin filaments oriented by flow at the same protein concentration. The ratio of protein concentration in the I-band to that in the H-zone was determined by interferometry. The ratio of birefringence of the I-band to that of the H-zone per unit protein concentration was found to be about 0.9, which was comparable to the ratio of birefringence of the thin filaments and thick filaments in solution. The imbibition experiment showed that 70% of the total birefringence of the I-band is form birefringence and remaining 30% comes from intrinsic birefringence.", "contents": "Birefringence of oriented thin filaments in the I-bands of crab striated muscle and comparison with the flow birefringence of reconstituted thin filaments. Birefringence of the I-band of glycerinated myofibrils of the walking legs of the crab, Plagusia dentipes was examined by rectified polarization optics. The coefficient of birefringence of the I-band was estimated to be 1.64 X 10(-3), which attained about 60% of the birefringence of the H-zone. The number ratio of thin filaments to thick filaments in the A-band was six according to electron microscopy and the spacing between neighbouring thick filaments was about 56 nm according to X-ray diffraction. From these values, the protein concentration in the I-band was estimated to be 91 mg/ml. Thus, the birefringence of the I-band was found to be of the same order as the birefringence of the reconstituted thin filaments oriented by flow at the same protein concentration. The ratio of protein concentration in the I-band to that in the H-zone was determined by interferometry. The ratio of birefringence of the I-band to that of the H-zone per unit protein concentration was found to be about 0.9, which was comparable to the ratio of birefringence of the thin filaments and thick filaments in solution. The imbibition experiment showed that 70% of the total birefringence of the I-band is form birefringence and remaining 30% comes from intrinsic birefringence.", "PMID": 710413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4383", "title": "Mechanism of spermine stimulation of rat-liver isoleucyl-tRNA formation.", "content": "The mechanism of spermine stimulation of rat-liver isoleucyl-tRNA formation has been studied by Cleland's method [Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 67, 104--137 & 173--197 (1963)]. It was demonstrated that isoleucyl-tRNA formation proceeded through a ping-pong mechanism in the presence of spermine and magnesium. From a study of the effect of spermine on both the formation of isoleucyl-AMP . enzyme complex and on the subsequent formation of isoleucyl-tRNA from the isoleucyl-AMP . enzyme complex, evidence is presented that the stimulatory effect of spermine functions mainly through the spermine preventing the tRNA inhibition of isoleucyl-AMP . enzyme complex formation.", "contents": "Mechanism of spermine stimulation of rat-liver isoleucyl-tRNA formation. The mechanism of spermine stimulation of rat-liver isoleucyl-tRNA formation has been studied by Cleland's method [Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 67, 104--137 & 173--197 (1963)]. It was demonstrated that isoleucyl-tRNA formation proceeded through a ping-pong mechanism in the presence of spermine and magnesium. From a study of the effect of spermine on both the formation of isoleucyl-AMP . enzyme complex and on the subsequent formation of isoleucyl-tRNA from the isoleucyl-AMP . enzyme complex, evidence is presented that the stimulatory effect of spermine functions mainly through the spermine preventing the tRNA inhibition of isoleucyl-AMP . enzyme complex formation.", "PMID": 710414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4384", "title": "A microsomal (cytochrome P-450)-linked lauric-acid-monooxygenase from aged Jerusalem-artichoke-tuber tissues.", "content": "A lauric acid monooxygenase which catalyzes the formation of hydroxylaurate from lauric acid has been characterized in ageing tissues of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) tuber. Three reaction products have been identified from the mass fragmentation pattern of their methyltrimethylsilyl derivatives: 10-hydroxylauric acid, 9-hydroxylauric acid and 8-hydroxylauric acid. Enzyme activity is located on the microsomal fraction which also carries cytochrome P-450 and NADPH cytochrome-c reductase. The apparent Km of the enzyme for lauric acid is 0.97 micronM. Laurate  monooxygenation is dependent upon O2 and inhibited by CO. The latter effect is light reversible. NADPH is the preferred electron donor although appreciable NADH-sustained activity was observed. NADPH cytochrome c reductase is involved in electron transfer as evidenced by the inhibitory effects of NADP+ and oxidized cytochrome c on laurate monooxygenation. Thus, the enzyme catalyzing laurate oxidation in Jerusalem artichoke tuber tissues appears to be a typical (cytochrome P-450)-linked monooxygenase.", "contents": "A microsomal (cytochrome P-450)-linked lauric-acid-monooxygenase from aged Jerusalem-artichoke-tuber tissues. A lauric acid monooxygenase which catalyzes the formation of hydroxylaurate from lauric acid has been characterized in ageing tissues of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) tuber. Three reaction products have been identified from the mass fragmentation pattern of their methyltrimethylsilyl derivatives: 10-hydroxylauric acid, 9-hydroxylauric acid and 8-hydroxylauric acid. Enzyme activity is located on the microsomal fraction which also carries cytochrome P-450 and NADPH cytochrome-c reductase. The apparent Km of the enzyme for lauric acid is 0.97 micronM. Laurate  monooxygenation is dependent upon O2 and inhibited by CO. The latter effect is light reversible. NADPH is the preferred electron donor although appreciable NADH-sustained activity was observed. NADPH cytochrome c reductase is involved in electron transfer as evidenced by the inhibitory effects of NADP+ and oxidized cytochrome c on laurate monooxygenation. Thus, the enzyme catalyzing laurate oxidation in Jerusalem artichoke tuber tissues appears to be a typical (cytochrome P-450)-linked monooxygenase.", "PMID": 710415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4385", "title": "Cellobiose oxidase, purification and partial characterization of a hemoprotein from Sporotrichum pulverulentum.", "content": "An extracellular enzyme which utilizes molecular oxygen to oxidize cellodextrins to the corresponding aldonic acids has been isolated from culture filtrates of the white-rot fungus Sporotrichum pulverulentum. This enzyme, tentatively named cellobiose oxidase, has been highly purified by classical techniques and has been demonstrated to be a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of approximately 93000. Ultraviolet spectra of the enzyme in the presence and absence of substrate are characteristic of a hemoprotein. Acidic hydrolyses of the enzyme followed by a spectrofluorimetric investigation of the hydrolysate has demonstrated the presence of approximately one flavin component per enzyme molecule. The possible role of this complex enzyme in cellulose degradation is discussed.", "contents": "Cellobiose oxidase, purification and partial characterization of a hemoprotein from Sporotrichum pulverulentum. An extracellular enzyme which utilizes molecular oxygen to oxidize cellodextrins to the corresponding aldonic acids has been isolated from culture filtrates of the white-rot fungus Sporotrichum pulverulentum. This enzyme, tentatively named cellobiose oxidase, has been highly purified by classical techniques and has been demonstrated to be a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of approximately 93000. Ultraviolet spectra of the enzyme in the presence and absence of substrate are characteristic of a hemoprotein. Acidic hydrolyses of the enzyme followed by a spectrofluorimetric investigation of the hydrolysate has demonstrated the presence of approximately one flavin component per enzyme molecule. The possible role of this complex enzyme in cellulose degradation is discussed.", "PMID": 710416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4386", "title": "Blood-group-(A + H) complex fucolipids of hog gastric mucosa.", "content": "A new group complex glycosphingolipids exhibiting blood-group-(A + H) activity was isolated from the lipid extract of hog gastric mucosa. Four components of this group have been purified to homogeneity and their structures and immunological properties were studied. The branched structures of glycolipids were identified by partial acid hydrolysis, sequential degradation with specific glycosidases, oxidation with periodate and chromium trioxide, and comparison of the permethylation products of the native and defucosylated compounds. The structures of these fucolipids are proposed to be as follows.", "contents": "Blood-group-(A + H) complex fucolipids of hog gastric mucosa. A new group complex glycosphingolipids exhibiting blood-group-(A + H) activity was isolated from the lipid extract of hog gastric mucosa. Four components of this group have been purified to homogeneity and their structures and immunological properties were studied. The branched structures of glycolipids were identified by partial acid hydrolysis, sequential degradation with specific glycosidases, oxidation with periodate and chromium trioxide, and comparison of the permethylation products of the native and defucosylated compounds. The structures of these fucolipids are proposed to be as follows.", "PMID": 710419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4387", "title": "Regulation of translation of ovalbumin messenger RNA by estrogens and progesterone in oviduct of withdrawn chicks.", "content": "In the oviduct of chicks withdrawn from previous treatment with estrogens, no ovalbumin synthesis can be detected, although there are a limited number of ovalbumin mRNA sequences. These sequences are predominately associated with membrane-bound ribosomes. However, the size of the polysomes is small compared to those from the laying hen, suggesting that the inability to detect ovalbumin synthesis is the result of inefficient initiation of ovalbumin synthesis. When the rate of peptide chain elongation is reduced by treatment of chicks with cycloheximide, there is an increase in the average size of polysomes and a shift of ovalbumin mRNA sequences from small to large-sized polysomes. Readministration of estrogen to withdrawn chicks results in a time-dependent shift of monosomes to polysomes and a proportional shift of ovalbumin mRNA sequences between the two fractions, indicating that estrogen stimulates the rate of initiation of all mRNA species in the oviduct to essentially the same extent. In contrast, progesterone administration results in a preferential shift of ovalbumin mRNA relative to total RNA, suggesting a preferential effect of progesterone on initiation of protein synthesis with ovalbumin mRNA.", "contents": "Regulation of translation of ovalbumin messenger RNA by estrogens and progesterone in oviduct of withdrawn chicks. In the oviduct of chicks withdrawn from previous treatment with estrogens, no ovalbumin synthesis can be detected, although there are a limited number of ovalbumin mRNA sequences. These sequences are predominately associated with membrane-bound ribosomes. However, the size of the polysomes is small compared to those from the laying hen, suggesting that the inability to detect ovalbumin synthesis is the result of inefficient initiation of ovalbumin synthesis. When the rate of peptide chain elongation is reduced by treatment of chicks with cycloheximide, there is an increase in the average size of polysomes and a shift of ovalbumin mRNA sequences from small to large-sized polysomes. Readministration of estrogen to withdrawn chicks results in a time-dependent shift of monosomes to polysomes and a proportional shift of ovalbumin mRNA sequences between the two fractions, indicating that estrogen stimulates the rate of initiation of all mRNA species in the oviduct to essentially the same extent. In contrast, progesterone administration results in a preferential shift of ovalbumin mRNA relative to total RNA, suggesting a preferential effect of progesterone on initiation of protein synthesis with ovalbumin mRNA.", "PMID": 710420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4388", "title": "The composition, structure and origin of proteose-peptone component 5 of bovine milk.", "content": "Proteose-peptone component 5 has been isolated from bovine milk. Molecular weight values within the range 12000--13500 were obtained by sedimentation equilibrium, dodecylsulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration in urea-containing buffers. A dansylation procedure showed that the sequence Arg-Glu occupied the N-terminal position while hydrazinolysis revealed C-terminal lysine. The latter was confirmed by experiments with carboxypeptidases B and C which indicated that a mixture of molecules was present, about 80% of which had a C-terminal sequence -(Ala-Met)-Ala-Pro-Lys while about 20% had an additional -His-Lys in the terminal position. These results, together with data on the overall composition, showed that this component of the proteose-peptone fraction of milk corresponded to a mixture of molecules representing residues 1--105 and 1--107 of the beta-casein molecule, a finding that was confirmed by peptide mapping. This demonstration that proteose-peptone components correspond to the N-terminal portions of the beta-casein molecule while the gamma-caseins represent the matching C-terminal portions provides strong evidence in favour of a proteolytic mechanism for the formation of these substances in vivo and in vitro.", "contents": "The composition, structure and origin of proteose-peptone component 5 of bovine milk. Proteose-peptone component 5 has been isolated from bovine milk. Molecular weight values within the range 12000--13500 were obtained by sedimentation equilibrium, dodecylsulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration in urea-containing buffers. A dansylation procedure showed that the sequence Arg-Glu occupied the N-terminal position while hydrazinolysis revealed C-terminal lysine. The latter was confirmed by experiments with carboxypeptidases B and C which indicated that a mixture of molecules was present, about 80% of which had a C-terminal sequence -(Ala-Met)-Ala-Pro-Lys while about 20% had an additional -His-Lys in the terminal position. These results, together with data on the overall composition, showed that this component of the proteose-peptone fraction of milk corresponded to a mixture of molecules representing residues 1--105 and 1--107 of the beta-casein molecule, a finding that was confirmed by peptide mapping. This demonstration that proteose-peptone components correspond to the N-terminal portions of the beta-casein molecule while the gamma-caseins represent the matching C-terminal portions provides strong evidence in favour of a proteolytic mechanism for the formation of these substances in vivo and in vitro.", "PMID": 710421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4389", "title": "The composition, structure and origin of proteose-peptone component 8F of bovine milk.", "content": "Proteose-peptone component 8F (or '8-fast') has been prepared from bovine milk. Sedimentation equilibrium analysis, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate and gel filtration in urea-containing buffers all gave molecular weight values between 3300 and 3900. The N-terminal sequence was found to be Arg-Glu- by dansylation and Edman degradation. Hydrazinolysis released lysine from the C-terminus. A mixture of carboxypeptidases A and B showed that the C-terminal sequence was -Thr-(Arg,Ile,Asn)-Lys. The phosphate content was 3.8 mol/mol and was completely released by a short alkaline hydrolysis indicating linkage to serine. This and all other aspects of the composition were entirely consistent with the identification of this proteosepeptone as residues 1--28 of the beta-casein molecule. This identity was confirmed by a peptide mapping procedure. Thus proteose-peptone component 8F represents the N-terminal fragment when the gamma1-caseins are formed by proteolysis of beta-casein.", "contents": "The composition, structure and origin of proteose-peptone component 8F of bovine milk. Proteose-peptone component 8F (or '8-fast') has been prepared from bovine milk. Sedimentation equilibrium analysis, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate and gel filtration in urea-containing buffers all gave molecular weight values between 3300 and 3900. The N-terminal sequence was found to be Arg-Glu- by dansylation and Edman degradation. Hydrazinolysis released lysine from the C-terminus. A mixture of carboxypeptidases A and B showed that the C-terminal sequence was -Thr-(Arg,Ile,Asn)-Lys. The phosphate content was 3.8 mol/mol and was completely released by a short alkaline hydrolysis indicating linkage to serine. This and all other aspects of the composition were entirely consistent with the identification of this proteosepeptone as residues 1--28 of the beta-casein molecule. This identity was confirmed by a peptide mapping procedure. Thus proteose-peptone component 8F represents the N-terminal fragment when the gamma1-caseins are formed by proteolysis of beta-casein.", "PMID": 710422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4390", "title": "Evidence against the existence of real isozymes of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase.", "content": "A method for reducing the degree of heterogeneity in the electrophoretic enzyme activity pattern of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase preparations by incubation with a (magnesium) phosphoribosyl diphosphate substrate is described. Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase was isolated from human erythrocytes and Chinese hamster livers. A subunit molecular weight of 26000--27000 as reported by other authors was obtained for both enzymes by gel electrophoresis in the presence of dodecylsulfate. Gradient gel electrophoresis revealed that the native enzymes mainly have a molecular weight of 105000--110000 and are thus apparently tetrameric, when held in the active state by the presence of phosphoribosyl diphosphate. The dimeric enzyme with a molecular weight of 52000--55000, was also found under other conditions. The trimer occurred only in the absence of phosphoribosyl diphosphate, for instance by glycerol gradient centrifugation. The enzyme from human erythrocytes was partly degraded during purification in the absence of a protease inhibitor. The purified enzyme has a very low protease contamination level. Proteolysis is an additional cause of heterogeneity and might therefore explain earlier conflicting results. Since the heterogeneous nature of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase is caused only by the secondary processes of dissociation/association and, in the case of the human erythrocyte enzyme, degradation, we suggest that the use of the term 'isozyme' to describe the different forms should be avoided.", "contents": "Evidence against the existence of real isozymes of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase. A method for reducing the degree of heterogeneity in the electrophoretic enzyme activity pattern of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase preparations by incubation with a (magnesium) phosphoribosyl diphosphate substrate is described. Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase was isolated from human erythrocytes and Chinese hamster livers. A subunit molecular weight of 26000--27000 as reported by other authors was obtained for both enzymes by gel electrophoresis in the presence of dodecylsulfate. Gradient gel electrophoresis revealed that the native enzymes mainly have a molecular weight of 105000--110000 and are thus apparently tetrameric, when held in the active state by the presence of phosphoribosyl diphosphate. The dimeric enzyme with a molecular weight of 52000--55000, was also found under other conditions. The trimer occurred only in the absence of phosphoribosyl diphosphate, for instance by glycerol gradient centrifugation. The enzyme from human erythrocytes was partly degraded during purification in the absence of a protease inhibitor. The purified enzyme has a very low protease contamination level. Proteolysis is an additional cause of heterogeneity and might therefore explain earlier conflicting results. Since the heterogeneous nature of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase is caused only by the secondary processes of dissociation/association and, in the case of the human erythrocyte enzyme, degradation, we suggest that the use of the term 'isozyme' to describe the different forms should be avoided.", "PMID": 710424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4391", "title": "Human serum galactosyltransferase: distinction, separation and product identification of two galactosyltransferase activities.", "content": "Two different galactosyltransferase activities have been found in normal sera from A and O donors. Galactosyltransferase A incorporated galactose from UDP-Gal into sialic-acid-free ovine submaxillary mucin (asialo-mucin), whereas galactosyltransferase B transferred galactose from UDP-Gal to free N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylglucosamine-glycoproteins. Specificity, kinetic and stability differences permitted the distinction of the activity of galactosyltransferase A from that of galactosyltransferase B; the only substrate found for galactosyltransferase A was asialo-mucin, whereas galactosyltransferase B showed only low activity towards asialo-mucin and free N-acetyl-galactosamine, but had a main specificity for either free N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylglucosamine-protein. Galactosyltransferase B was more stable on heat inactivation than galactosyltransferase A; galactosyltransferase B could be separated from galactosyltransferase A by affinity chromatography on N-acetylglucosamine-derivatized agarose. The products of both enzyme activities have been analyzed. The galactosyltransferase A product was cleaved from asialo-mucin by alkaline-borohydride treatment. The acceptor used to identify the galactosyltransferase B product was free N-acetylglucosamine. Periodate oxidation studies performed on the reduced disaccharides indicated the linkage type of the products. The anomeric configuration of the respective galactosyltransferase products were determined with specific galactosidases. Using these methods, galactosyltransferase A was found to form a Galbeta (1 leads to 3)GalNAc-protein linkage and galactosyltransferase B was found to form a Galbeta(1 leads to 4)GlcNAc-linkage.", "contents": "Human serum galactosyltransferase: distinction, separation and product identification of two galactosyltransferase activities. Two different galactosyltransferase activities have been found in normal sera from A and O donors. Galactosyltransferase A incorporated galactose from UDP-Gal into sialic-acid-free ovine submaxillary mucin (asialo-mucin), whereas galactosyltransferase B transferred galactose from UDP-Gal to free N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylglucosamine-glycoproteins. Specificity, kinetic and stability differences permitted the distinction of the activity of galactosyltransferase A from that of galactosyltransferase B; the only substrate found for galactosyltransferase A was asialo-mucin, whereas galactosyltransferase B showed only low activity towards asialo-mucin and free N-acetyl-galactosamine, but had a main specificity for either free N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylglucosamine-protein. Galactosyltransferase B was more stable on heat inactivation than galactosyltransferase A; galactosyltransferase B could be separated from galactosyltransferase A by affinity chromatography on N-acetylglucosamine-derivatized agarose. The products of both enzyme activities have been analyzed. The galactosyltransferase A product was cleaved from asialo-mucin by alkaline-borohydride treatment. The acceptor used to identify the galactosyltransferase B product was free N-acetylglucosamine. Periodate oxidation studies performed on the reduced disaccharides indicated the linkage type of the products. The anomeric configuration of the respective galactosyltransferase products were determined with specific galactosidases. Using these methods, galactosyltransferase A was found to form a Galbeta (1 leads to 3)GalNAc-protein linkage and galactosyltransferase B was found to form a Galbeta(1 leads to 4)GlcNAc-linkage.", "PMID": 710425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4392", "title": "The biosynthesis of linoleate from oleoyl-CoA via oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine in microsomes of developing safflower seeds.", "content": "Microsomes prepared from developing safflower seeds rapidly desaturated added [14C]oleoyl-CoA in the presence of NADH. The distribution of [14C]oleate and [14C]linoleate between different lipid classes revealed that phosphatidylcholine was labelled with [14C]linoleate before any other lipid class investigated. Considerable desaturation continued after the disappearance of [14C]oleoyl-CoA in the reaction mixture. No [14C]linoleoyl-CoA could be detected. Incubation in the absence of added NADH caused a rapid disappearance of [14C]oleoyl-CoA by incorporation into triacylglycerols and phosphatidylcholine and also by release as [14C]oleic acid. Upon subsequent addition of NADH, [14C]linoleate was formed to the same extent as when NADH was present at the onset of the incubation. These data are contradictory to the previously assumed pathway for linoleic acid biosynthesis in developing safflower seeds, claiming oleoyl-CoA as the direct substrate and linoleoyl-CoA as the primary product. However, our data corroborate published results on Chlorella, Candida, Torulopsis and on developing pea leaves, which strongly suggest that oleoyl-CoA is first incorporated into phosphatidylcholine and then desaturated to linoleoyl-phosphatidylcholine.", "contents": "The biosynthesis of linoleate from oleoyl-CoA via oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine in microsomes of developing safflower seeds. Microsomes prepared from developing safflower seeds rapidly desaturated added [14C]oleoyl-CoA in the presence of NADH. The distribution of [14C]oleate and [14C]linoleate between different lipid classes revealed that phosphatidylcholine was labelled with [14C]linoleate before any other lipid class investigated. Considerable desaturation continued after the disappearance of [14C]oleoyl-CoA in the reaction mixture. No [14C]linoleoyl-CoA could be detected. Incubation in the absence of added NADH caused a rapid disappearance of [14C]oleoyl-CoA by incorporation into triacylglycerols and phosphatidylcholine and also by release as [14C]oleic acid. Upon subsequent addition of NADH, [14C]linoleate was formed to the same extent as when NADH was present at the onset of the incubation. These data are contradictory to the previously assumed pathway for linoleic acid biosynthesis in developing safflower seeds, claiming oleoyl-CoA as the direct substrate and linoleoyl-CoA as the primary product. However, our data corroborate published results on Chlorella, Candida, Torulopsis and on developing pea leaves, which strongly suggest that oleoyl-CoA is first incorporated into phosphatidylcholine and then desaturated to linoleoyl-phosphatidylcholine.", "PMID": 710426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4393", "title": "Primary structure of histone H2A from gonad of the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence (125 residues) of sea urchin histone H2A has been established by structural studies of peptides derived from tryptic and chymotryptic cleavage of the maleylated protein and from thermolysin cleavage of the intact protein. By comparison with calf homologous histone, the basic amino-terminal and carboxy-terminal parts of the protein show 11 substitutions and 4 deletions. The remainder of the sequence, mostly hydrophobic, is almost completely unchanged.", "contents": "Primary structure of histone H2A from gonad of the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris. The complete amino acid sequence (125 residues) of sea urchin histone H2A has been established by structural studies of peptides derived from tryptic and chymotryptic cleavage of the maleylated protein and from thermolysin cleavage of the intact protein. By comparison with calf homologous histone, the basic amino-terminal and carboxy-terminal parts of the protein show 11 substitutions and 4 deletions. The remainder of the sequence, mostly hydrophobic, is almost completely unchanged.", "PMID": 710427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4394", "title": "Isolation and characterization of the lipopolysaccharide of Thiocapsa roseopersicina.", "content": "The lipopolysaccharide from Thiocapsa roseopersicina was isolated by phenol/water, being found in the water phase. It is cleaved into a polysaccharide moiety (degraded polysaccharide) and lipid A by hydrolysis with 10% acetic acid (100 degree C, 3 h). D-Mannose, L-rhamnose, 3-amino-3, 6-dideoxy-D-galactose and D-glucose are the major constituents of the degraded polysaccharide. 2-O-Methyl-L-rhamnose, 3-O-methyl-D-mannose, D-galactose, glucosamine and quinovosamine are minor constituents. D-Glycer-D-manno-heptose (tentatively identified) and 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid were detected in only small amounts. Conspicuously, lipid A from T. roseopersicina contains a neutral sugar, D-mannose, in addition to D-glucosamine, as had been observed with lipid A from Chromatium vinosum D. Major fatty acids are beta-hydroxymyristic and lauric acids. Only trace amounts of phosphorus were found indicating this lipid A to be free of phosphate. The lipopolysaccharide of T. roseopersicina represents the O-antigen of the strain. It reacts with antisera prepared against living or heat-killed cells in passive hemagglutination.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of the lipopolysaccharide of Thiocapsa roseopersicina. The lipopolysaccharide from Thiocapsa roseopersicina was isolated by phenol/water, being found in the water phase. It is cleaved into a polysaccharide moiety (degraded polysaccharide) and lipid A by hydrolysis with 10% acetic acid (100 degree C, 3 h). D-Mannose, L-rhamnose, 3-amino-3, 6-dideoxy-D-galactose and D-glucose are the major constituents of the degraded polysaccharide. 2-O-Methyl-L-rhamnose, 3-O-methyl-D-mannose, D-galactose, glucosamine and quinovosamine are minor constituents. D-Glycer-D-manno-heptose (tentatively identified) and 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid were detected in only small amounts. Conspicuously, lipid A from T. roseopersicina contains a neutral sugar, D-mannose, in addition to D-glucosamine, as had been observed with lipid A from Chromatium vinosum D. Major fatty acids are beta-hydroxymyristic and lauric acids. Only trace amounts of phosphorus were found indicating this lipid A to be free of phosphate. The lipopolysaccharide of T. roseopersicina represents the O-antigen of the strain. It reacts with antisera prepared against living or heat-killed cells in passive hemagglutination.", "PMID": 710428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4395", "title": "Anthracycline antitumor antibiotic nucleic-acid interactions. Structural aspects of the daunomycin poly(dA-dT) complex in solution.", "content": "The helix-to-coil transition of the synthetic DNA poly(dA-dT) in the presence of the anthracycline antitumor antibiotic daunomycin has been investigated by high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrocopy in 1 M salt solution. The dissociation of the complex, containing molar ratios of phosphate to daunomycin (Pi/drug) of 50, 25, 9 and 5, with increasing temperature can be monitored independently at the nucleic acid and the antibiotic resonances under conditions of fast exchange. The antibiotic complex formation shifts suggest that either ring B and/or C of the intercalated anthracycline chromophore of daunomycin overlaps with adjacent nucleic acid base pairs. Ultraviolet/visible melting studies of daunomycin complexes with a series of synthetic DNAs substituted with halogen atoms (Br, I) at position 5 of the pyrimidine ring suggest that intercalation of the antibiotic into poly(dA-dU) is not perturbed by bulky substituents at this position. A comparison of the melting curves for the daunomycin . poly(dA-dT) complex with an analog of the antibiotic where the NH3 + group is replaced by dimethylglycine demonstrates the important contributions of electrostatic interactions between the amino sugar and backbone phosphates to the stability of the complex in low salt solution. The ultraviolet/visible and NMR studies monitor biphasic melting transitions at the nucleic acid markers in the daunomycin . poly(dA-dT) complexes, Pi/drug = 50--9, so that antibiotic-free base-pair regions and those centered about bound daunomycin can be independently studied at the synthetic DNA level in solution.", "contents": "Anthracycline antitumor antibiotic nucleic-acid interactions. Structural aspects of the daunomycin poly(dA-dT) complex in solution. The helix-to-coil transition of the synthetic DNA poly(dA-dT) in the presence of the anthracycline antitumor antibiotic daunomycin has been investigated by high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrocopy in 1 M salt solution. The dissociation of the complex, containing molar ratios of phosphate to daunomycin (Pi/drug) of 50, 25, 9 and 5, with increasing temperature can be monitored independently at the nucleic acid and the antibiotic resonances under conditions of fast exchange. The antibiotic complex formation shifts suggest that either ring B and/or C of the intercalated anthracycline chromophore of daunomycin overlaps with adjacent nucleic acid base pairs. Ultraviolet/visible melting studies of daunomycin complexes with a series of synthetic DNAs substituted with halogen atoms (Br, I) at position 5 of the pyrimidine ring suggest that intercalation of the antibiotic into poly(dA-dU) is not perturbed by bulky substituents at this position. A comparison of the melting curves for the daunomycin . poly(dA-dT) complex with an analog of the antibiotic where the NH3 + group is replaced by dimethylglycine demonstrates the important contributions of electrostatic interactions between the amino sugar and backbone phosphates to the stability of the complex in low salt solution. The ultraviolet/visible and NMR studies monitor biphasic melting transitions at the nucleic acid markers in the daunomycin . poly(dA-dT) complexes, Pi/drug = 50--9, so that antibiotic-free base-pair regions and those centered about bound daunomycin can be independently studied at the synthetic DNA level in solution.", "PMID": 710429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4396", "title": "Studies on the occurrence of disialosyl groups in glycoproteins of salivary glands.", "content": "The major glycoprotein of pig submandibular and rat sublingual glands were investigated for the presence of disialosyl groups. The content of (C-8)-substituted sialic acid in the glycoproteins was determined by three different procedures: colorimetric, periodate oxidation and permethylation. Approximately 13% of sialic acid in pig submandibular glycoprotein, but none in rat sublingual glycoprotein, contained a substituent at C-8. This substituent was identified as sialic acid from its susceptibility to neuraminidase treatment. From our estimation, it appears that one out of four sialic acid residues in pig submandibular glycoprotein occurs in an N-acylneuraminyl-alpha(2 leads to 8)-N-acylneuraminyl group.", "contents": "Studies on the occurrence of disialosyl groups in glycoproteins of salivary glands. The major glycoprotein of pig submandibular and rat sublingual glands were investigated for the presence of disialosyl groups. The content of (C-8)-substituted sialic acid in the glycoproteins was determined by three different procedures: colorimetric, periodate oxidation and permethylation. Approximately 13% of sialic acid in pig submandibular glycoprotein, but none in rat sublingual glycoprotein, contained a substituent at C-8. This substituent was identified as sialic acid from its susceptibility to neuraminidase treatment. From our estimation, it appears that one out of four sialic acid residues in pig submandibular glycoprotein occurs in an N-acylneuraminyl-alpha(2 leads to 8)-N-acylneuraminyl group.", "PMID": 710430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4397", "title": "A nuclear-magnetic-resonance study of the globular structure of the H5 histone.", "content": "The structure of the globular region of the chicken erythrocyte H5 histone has been studied by 270-MHz proton magnetic resonance. The aromatic resonances have been partially assigned by a combination of selective deuteration and iodination with the nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Detailed titration studies have revealed interactions between residues in the structure. A technique involving the measurement of small nuclear Overhauser effects has enabled  the assignment of the aromatic residues causing the perturbation of the ring-current-shifted methyl resonances occurring in the upfield region of the spectrum. Spin-decoupling experiments on these peaks has enabled a partial assignment of shifted methyl resonances. The results support the notion that the histone H5 globular structure is different from that of the homologous histone H1 molecule.", "contents": "A nuclear-magnetic-resonance study of the globular structure of the H5 histone. The structure of the globular region of the chicken erythrocyte H5 histone has been studied by 270-MHz proton magnetic resonance. The aromatic resonances have been partially assigned by a combination of selective deuteration and iodination with the nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Detailed titration studies have revealed interactions between residues in the structure. A technique involving the measurement of small nuclear Overhauser effects has enabled  the assignment of the aromatic residues causing the perturbation of the ring-current-shifted methyl resonances occurring in the upfield region of the spectrum. Spin-decoupling experiments on these peaks has enabled a partial assignment of shifted methyl resonances. The results support the notion that the histone H5 globular structure is different from that of the homologous histone H1 molecule.", "PMID": 710431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4398", "title": "Manipulation of phospholipid composition of membranes with the aid of lipid exchange proteins. Incorporation  of phosphatidylcholine into protoplasts of Micrococcus lysodeikticus.", "content": "Incubation of Micrococcus lysodeikticus protoplasts with phosphatidylcholine liposomes and rat liver exchange proteins (pH 5.1 supernatant fraction) resulted in replacement of about one half of the bacterial total phospholipids by phosphatidylcholine. Protoplasts modified by phosphatidylcholine showed a decreased rate of oxidation of exogenous substrates (NADH, malate) and decreased ferricyanide reductase activity as compared to the initial protoplasts. At the same time incorporation of phosphatidylcholine had no influence on the level of endogeneous respiration. Protoplasts modified by phosphatidylcholine were osmotically more stable than the initial protoplasts. After osmotic lysis of the phosphatidylcholine protoplasts their NADH (malate) oxidase and ferricyanide reductase activities were restored. Incorporation of phosphatidylcholine into membrane ghosts, obtained by osmotic rupture of the initial protoplasts had only small if any effect on the malate and NADH oxidase and dehydrogenase activities. It is concluded that phosphatidylcholine in incorporated predominantly into the outer part of cytoplasmic membrane and that proteinmediated transfer of phosphatidylcholine results in restoration of the permeability barrier due to repair of local defects in the initial protoplast membrane.", "contents": "Manipulation of phospholipid composition of membranes with the aid of lipid exchange proteins. Incorporation  of phosphatidylcholine into protoplasts of Micrococcus lysodeikticus. Incubation of Micrococcus lysodeikticus protoplasts with phosphatidylcholine liposomes and rat liver exchange proteins (pH 5.1 supernatant fraction) resulted in replacement of about one half of the bacterial total phospholipids by phosphatidylcholine. Protoplasts modified by phosphatidylcholine showed a decreased rate of oxidation of exogenous substrates (NADH, malate) and decreased ferricyanide reductase activity as compared to the initial protoplasts. At the same time incorporation of phosphatidylcholine had no influence on the level of endogeneous respiration. Protoplasts modified by phosphatidylcholine were osmotically more stable than the initial protoplasts. After osmotic lysis of the phosphatidylcholine protoplasts their NADH (malate) oxidase and ferricyanide reductase activities were restored. Incorporation of phosphatidylcholine into membrane ghosts, obtained by osmotic rupture of the initial protoplasts had only small if any effect on the malate and NADH oxidase and dehydrogenase activities. It is concluded that phosphatidylcholine in incorporated predominantly into the outer part of cytoplasmic membrane and that proteinmediated transfer of phosphatidylcholine results in restoration of the permeability barrier due to repair of local defects in the initial protoplast membrane.", "PMID": 710432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4399", "title": "Naja haje haje (Egyptian cobra) venom. Some properties and the complete primary structure of three toxins (CM-2, CM-11 and CM-12).", "content": "Three toxins (CM-2, CM-11 and CM-12) were purified from Naja haje haje (Egyptian cobra) venom. Whereas toxin CM-11 contains 65 amino acid residues and five intrachain disulphide bridges, toxin CM-2 and CM-12 comprise, respectively, 61 and 62 residues but both contain four disulphide bridges. The complete primary  structures of the three toxins have been established. The sequence and the invarient amino acid residues of CM-2 resemble those of part of a long neurotoxin, a short neurotoxin and a cytotoxin. The sequence of CM-11 reveals that it is a homologue of the neurotoxins and to some extent also a cytotoxin. The immunochemical properties and the sequences of CM-12 suggest that it is related to the cytotoxin group. Further, the sequences of CM-11 and CM-12 from Naja haje haje venom show a high degree of homology with those of the corresponding toxins isolated from NaJA annulifera or NaJA melanoleuca venoms.", "contents": "Naja haje haje (Egyptian cobra) venom. Some properties and the complete primary structure of three toxins (CM-2, CM-11 and CM-12). Three toxins (CM-2, CM-11 and CM-12) were purified from Naja haje haje (Egyptian cobra) venom. Whereas toxin CM-11 contains 65 amino acid residues and five intrachain disulphide bridges, toxin CM-2 and CM-12 comprise, respectively, 61 and 62 residues but both contain four disulphide bridges. The complete primary  structures of the three toxins have been established. The sequence and the invarient amino acid residues of CM-2 resemble those of part of a long neurotoxin, a short neurotoxin and a cytotoxin. The sequence of CM-11 reveals that it is a homologue of the neurotoxins and to some extent also a cytotoxin. The immunochemical properties and the sequences of CM-12 suggest that it is related to the cytotoxin group. Further, the sequences of CM-11 and CM-12 from Naja haje haje venom show a high degree of homology with those of the corresponding toxins isolated from NaJA annulifera or NaJA melanoleuca venoms.", "PMID": 710433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4400", "title": "Phosphorylase kinase isoenzymes in deficient ICR/IAn mice.", "content": "ICR/IAn mice present a deficiency in phosphorylase kinase activity; the extent of this deficiency is less in some tissues [Lyon, S.B. Biochem. Genet. 4, 169--185 (1970)] than in skeletal muscle, where enzyme activity is 0.3% of normal [Cohen, P.T. W & Cohen, P. FEBS Lett. 29, 113--115 (1973)].  New-born mice of this strain were also reported (Lyon, 1970) to reveal a small amount of skeletal muscle enzyme activity. The properties of these residual phosphorylase kinases were compared to those of control C57 BL mice, with reference to control muscle and liver enzymes which were shown to be of different molecular species [Daegelen-Proux et al. Biochim. Biophys Acta, 452, 398--405 (1976)]. The properties investigated were the immunological reactivity against an antiserum raised against muscle phosphorylase kinase, the thermal stability and the Ca2+ dependency. The results suggest that the muscle enzyme from the new-born ICR/IAn mice and the heart enzyme from adult deficient mice are different to the muscle enzyme from adult normal mice, but they have properties in common with normal adult liver enzyme. These results lead to the conclusion that there exists in the muscle of I strain a \"foetal form\" of phosphorylase kinase, the activity of which decreases progressively after birth. Out work also confirmed the observations made by Cohen et al. [Eur. J. Biochem. 66, 347--356 (1976)] which showed that there is no evidence for the existence of a cross-reacting material in the muscle of adult deficient mice.", "contents": "Phosphorylase kinase isoenzymes in deficient ICR/IAn mice. ICR/IAn mice present a deficiency in phosphorylase kinase activity; the extent of this deficiency is less in some tissues [Lyon, S.B. Biochem. Genet. 4, 169--185 (1970)] than in skeletal muscle, where enzyme activity is 0.3% of normal [Cohen, P.T. W & Cohen, P. FEBS Lett. 29, 113--115 (1973)].  New-born mice of this strain were also reported (Lyon, 1970) to reveal a small amount of skeletal muscle enzyme activity. The properties of these residual phosphorylase kinases were compared to those of control C57 BL mice, with reference to control muscle and liver enzymes which were shown to be of different molecular species [Daegelen-Proux et al. Biochim. Biophys Acta, 452, 398--405 (1976)]. The properties investigated were the immunological reactivity against an antiserum raised against muscle phosphorylase kinase, the thermal stability and the Ca2+ dependency. The results suggest that the muscle enzyme from the new-born ICR/IAn mice and the heart enzyme from adult deficient mice are different to the muscle enzyme from adult normal mice, but they have properties in common with normal adult liver enzyme. These results lead to the conclusion that there exists in the muscle of I strain a \"foetal form\" of phosphorylase kinase, the activity of which decreases progressively after birth. Out work also confirmed the observations made by Cohen et al. [Eur. J. Biochem. 66, 347--356 (1976)] which showed that there is no evidence for the existence of a cross-reacting material in the muscle of adult deficient mice.", "PMID": 710434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4401", "title": "Degradation of the ribosomal genes by DNAse I in Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "Treatment of nuclei from Physarum polycephalum with DNAse I leads to DNA fragments with a regular pattern of multiples of 10 nucleotides, when analyzed on gels under denaturing conditions as has been shown for other eukaryotes. Reports from Weintraub and Axel lead to the conclusion, that active genes are preferentially digested by DNAse I. When Physarum chromatin is degraded by DNAse I, the ribosomal genes are no longer available for hybridization with 19-S and 26-S rRNA and are thus preferentially destroyed. Degradation of chromatin from nuclei in mitosis, where no rRNA is synthesized and from nuclei in late G2 phase, where rRNA synthesis is maximal, leads to the same proportion of the ribosomal sequences being lost for hybridization. Therefore the preferential degradation of the ribosomal genes in Physarum by DNAse I probably does not reflect the actual momentary activity of these genes. This suggests that DNAse I treatment may distinguish between active chromatin and very strongly repressed chromatin.", "contents": "Degradation of the ribosomal genes by DNAse I in Physarum polycephalum. Treatment of nuclei from Physarum polycephalum with DNAse I leads to DNA fragments with a regular pattern of multiples of 10 nucleotides, when analyzed on gels under denaturing conditions as has been shown for other eukaryotes. Reports from Weintraub and Axel lead to the conclusion, that active genes are preferentially digested by DNAse I. When Physarum chromatin is degraded by DNAse I, the ribosomal genes are no longer available for hybridization with 19-S and 26-S rRNA and are thus preferentially destroyed. Degradation of chromatin from nuclei in mitosis, where no rRNA is synthesized and from nuclei in late G2 phase, where rRNA synthesis is maximal, leads to the same proportion of the ribosomal sequences being lost for hybridization. Therefore the preferential degradation of the ribosomal genes in Physarum by DNAse I probably does not reflect the actual momentary activity of these genes. This suggests that DNAse I treatment may distinguish between active chromatin and very strongly repressed chromatin.", "PMID": 710437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4402", "title": "Message sequences are not adjacent to poly(A) in heterogeneous nuclear RNA of Friend leukemic cells.", "content": "Hybridization of labeled RNA with excess amounts of unlabeled complementary DNA (cDNA) was used to investigate the location of cytoplasmic mRNA sequences in heterogenous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) of noninduced Friend leukemic cells. A heterologous hybrid between hnRNA and cytoplasmic cDNA was formed. Two homologous hybrids were also formed, one between poly(A)-containing mRNA and cytoplasmic cDNA, and the other between poly-(A)-containing hnRNA and nuclear cDNA. All hybrids were selected on hydroxyapatite columns after RNase treatment. The hybrids were further investigated for the presence of poly(A). No poly(A) was found in the heterologous hybrid, while both homologous hybrids contained poly(A). From these results we conclude that there exists a spacer nucleotide sequence between the poly(A) and the message sequences in hnRNA.", "contents": "Message sequences are not adjacent to poly(A) in heterogeneous nuclear RNA of Friend leukemic cells. Hybridization of labeled RNA with excess amounts of unlabeled complementary DNA (cDNA) was used to investigate the location of cytoplasmic mRNA sequences in heterogenous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) of noninduced Friend leukemic cells. A heterologous hybrid between hnRNA and cytoplasmic cDNA was formed. Two homologous hybrids were also formed, one between poly(A)-containing mRNA and cytoplasmic cDNA, and the other between poly-(A)-containing hnRNA and nuclear cDNA. All hybrids were selected on hydroxyapatite columns after RNase treatment. The hybrids were further investigated for the presence of poly(A). No poly(A) was found in the heterologous hybrid, while both homologous hybrids contained poly(A). From these results we conclude that there exists a spacer nucleotide sequence between the poly(A) and the message sequences in hnRNA.", "PMID": 710438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4403", "title": "Purification and properties of a ribonuclease induced during the early larval development of Artemia salina.", "content": "Dormant gastrulae and developing embryos of the brine shrimp Artemia salina contain very low levels of nuclease activity. During early larval development, there is an induction of ribonuclease which has been partially purified and characterized. The enzyme catalyzes an endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA and has no detectable activity on native or denatured DNA. Among a series of synthetic polynucleotides, poly(U) is hydrolyzed with the highest efficiency and poly(G) is not cleaved by the enzyme. The activity on poly(U) is 100 times higher than on RNA. The enzyme requires Mg2+ or Mn2+ and in inactivated by treatment with chelating agent. The inactive preparations can be reactivated by Ca2+ and Mn2+ but not by Mg2+. The ribonuclease is thermosensitive and has maximal activity at pH 7.5. These properties distinguish the Artemia salina ribonuclease from other eukaryotic ribonucleases already reported. The high activity and specificity of this ribonuclease on poly(U) may suggest a role for this enzyme in the processing of the messenger RNA.", "contents": "Purification and properties of a ribonuclease induced during the early larval development of Artemia salina. Dormant gastrulae and developing embryos of the brine shrimp Artemia salina contain very low levels of nuclease activity. During early larval development, there is an induction of ribonuclease which has been partially purified and characterized. The enzyme catalyzes an endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA and has no detectable activity on native or denatured DNA. Among a series of synthetic polynucleotides, poly(U) is hydrolyzed with the highest efficiency and poly(G) is not cleaved by the enzyme. The activity on poly(U) is 100 times higher than on RNA. The enzyme requires Mg2+ or Mn2+ and in inactivated by treatment with chelating agent. The inactive preparations can be reactivated by Ca2+ and Mn2+ but not by Mg2+. The ribonuclease is thermosensitive and has maximal activity at pH 7.5. These properties distinguish the Artemia salina ribonuclease from other eukaryotic ribonucleases already reported. The high activity and specificity of this ribonuclease on poly(U) may suggest a role for this enzyme in the processing of the messenger RNA.", "PMID": 710439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4404", "title": "Photo-induced protein-RNA cross-linking in mammalian 40-S ribosomal subunits.", "content": "RNA-protein interaction in the 40-S subunits of rat liver ribosomes were studied by measuring cross-linking of proteins to RNA induced by ultraviolet radiation. Under conditions which caused neither extensive degradation of the 40-S subunits (or 18-S RNA) nor biological inactivation, the total staining intensity of the proteins extracted from irradiated subunits was considerably reduced on the two-dimensional electrophoregrams. Convincing evidence was obtained that cross-linking of the proteins to 18-S RNA was the predominant reaction. The cross-linking extent of the individual proteins was studied as a function of the radiation dose. At 4 degree C, 13--15 proteins were found to cross-linked to RNA even at low doses of quanta. They generally correspond to proteins which have been previously shown to react poorly on the ribosomes with various chemical reagents. At 25 degree C, all the proteins became cross-linked to RNA using the same radiation doses.", "contents": "Photo-induced protein-RNA cross-linking in mammalian 40-S ribosomal subunits. RNA-protein interaction in the 40-S subunits of rat liver ribosomes were studied by measuring cross-linking of proteins to RNA induced by ultraviolet radiation. Under conditions which caused neither extensive degradation of the 40-S subunits (or 18-S RNA) nor biological inactivation, the total staining intensity of the proteins extracted from irradiated subunits was considerably reduced on the two-dimensional electrophoregrams. Convincing evidence was obtained that cross-linking of the proteins to 18-S RNA was the predominant reaction. The cross-linking extent of the individual proteins was studied as a function of the radiation dose. At 4 degree C, 13--15 proteins were found to cross-linked to RNA even at low doses of quanta. They generally correspond to proteins which have been previously shown to react poorly on the ribosomes with various chemical reagents. At 25 degree C, all the proteins became cross-linked to RNA using the same radiation doses.", "PMID": 710440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4405", "title": "Second-derivative spectroscopy of proteins. A method for the quantitative determination of aromatic amino acids in proteins.", "content": "Second derivative spectroscopy has been used to resolve the complex protein spectrum in the near-ultraviolet region and the contributions of the three aromatic chromophores have been evaluated. A method for the direct quantitative determination of phenylalanine and tryptophan in proteins has been carried out. Phenylalanine determination has been carried out in the spectral region between 250 and 265 nm, where there are no significant contributions from other aromatic chromophores. Tryptophan determination has been performed in the 290-295-nm region and the experimental values have been corrected for the presence of tyrosine. The results obtained on 10 highly purified proteins have been found in good agreement with those obtained from sequence analysis.", "contents": "Second-derivative spectroscopy of proteins. A method for the quantitative determination of aromatic amino acids in proteins. Second derivative spectroscopy has been used to resolve the complex protein spectrum in the near-ultraviolet region and the contributions of the three aromatic chromophores have been evaluated. A method for the direct quantitative determination of phenylalanine and tryptophan in proteins has been carried out. Phenylalanine determination has been carried out in the spectral region between 250 and 265 nm, where there are no significant contributions from other aromatic chromophores. Tryptophan determination has been performed in the 290-295-nm region and the experimental values have been corrected for the presence of tyrosine. The results obtained on 10 highly purified proteins have been found in good agreement with those obtained from sequence analysis.", "PMID": 710441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4406", "title": "Identification and characterization of ribosomal proteins phosphorylated in vaccinia-virus-infected HeLa cells.", "content": "Two-dimensional analysis of 32P-labelled ribosomal proteins revealed three proteins which are phosphorylated in vaccinia-virus-infected HeLa cells. All three proteins belong to the 40-S ribosomal subunits and were identified as S2, S6 and S16. The ribosomal protein S6 is phosphorylated also in uninfected HeLa cells. Phosphoserine was detected in all three proteins, phosphothreonine only in the protein S2. Phosphorylation of these ribosomal proteins in infected cells is dependent on the multiplicity of the viral infection and increases during the first six hours of infection. All three proteins are also phosphorylated in virus-infected cells treated with cycloheximide and in cells infected with ultraviolet-irradiated virus. This suggests that the phosphorylation reaction involves a vaccinia virion-associated protein kinase.", "contents": "Identification and characterization of ribosomal proteins phosphorylated in vaccinia-virus-infected HeLa cells. Two-dimensional analysis of 32P-labelled ribosomal proteins revealed three proteins which are phosphorylated in vaccinia-virus-infected HeLa cells. All three proteins belong to the 40-S ribosomal subunits and were identified as S2, S6 and S16. The ribosomal protein S6 is phosphorylated also in uninfected HeLa cells. Phosphoserine was detected in all three proteins, phosphothreonine only in the protein S2. Phosphorylation of these ribosomal proteins in infected cells is dependent on the multiplicity of the viral infection and increases during the first six hours of infection. All three proteins are also phosphorylated in virus-infected cells treated with cycloheximide and in cells infected with ultraviolet-irradiated virus. This suggests that the phosphorylation reaction involves a vaccinia virion-associated protein kinase.", "PMID": 710442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4407", "title": "Chemical composition of cholinergic synaptic vesicles from Torpedo marmorata based on improved purification.", "content": "Cholinergic synaptic vesicles from the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata have been purified to a constant composition and a higher transmitter content than previously reported. By optimising the extraction conditions and using a two-step purification on discontinuous and continuous sucrose density gradients, 10-fold higher acetylcholine and ATP values per weight of protein were obtained. The purity of the vesicle preparation was confirmed by electronmicroscopy, absence of marker enzymes, behaviour in density gradient centrifugation, as well as by a specific and reproducible protein composition. Vesicles contain 6.9 mumol acetylcholine and 1.0 mumol ATP per mg protein. The lipid/protein ratio of 3.5 (w/w) indicates a lipid-rich membrane. The value suggests the absence of a proteinaceous core. Upon dodecylsulphate gel electrophoresis a distinct protein pattern is obtained with components ranging from 20000 to 160000 in molecular weight. Vesiculin, reported earlier to be a low-molecular-weight vesicle protein, is not detected. One of the major bands comigrates with muscle actin from the same animal. Further characterisation of this protein by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis suggested that it is an actin-like polypeptide. Evidence for a specific association of this actin-like protein with vesicles and its possible involvement in the neurosecretory process is discussed.", "contents": "Chemical composition of cholinergic synaptic vesicles from Torpedo marmorata based on improved purification. Cholinergic synaptic vesicles from the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata have been purified to a constant composition and a higher transmitter content than previously reported. By optimising the extraction conditions and using a two-step purification on discontinuous and continuous sucrose density gradients, 10-fold higher acetylcholine and ATP values per weight of protein were obtained. The purity of the vesicle preparation was confirmed by electronmicroscopy, absence of marker enzymes, behaviour in density gradient centrifugation, as well as by a specific and reproducible protein composition. Vesicles contain 6.9 mumol acetylcholine and 1.0 mumol ATP per mg protein. The lipid/protein ratio of 3.5 (w/w) indicates a lipid-rich membrane. The value suggests the absence of a proteinaceous core. Upon dodecylsulphate gel electrophoresis a distinct protein pattern is obtained with components ranging from 20000 to 160000 in molecular weight. Vesiculin, reported earlier to be a low-molecular-weight vesicle protein, is not detected. One of the major bands comigrates with muscle actin from the same animal. Further characterisation of this protein by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis suggested that it is an actin-like polypeptide. Evidence for a specific association of this actin-like protein with vesicles and its possible involvement in the neurosecretory process is discussed.", "PMID": 710443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4408", "title": "Physico-chemical evidence for the interaction between aldolase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "content": "Polarization of fluorescence measurements of aldolase and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate have been used to detect the possible formation of a soluble complex between the proteins. The results suggest an interaction between aldolase and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase with an apparent dissociation constant 3 X 10(-7) M and an apparent stoichiometry of two aldolase tetramers bound per tetramer of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "contents": "Physico-chemical evidence for the interaction between aldolase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Polarization of fluorescence measurements of aldolase and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate have been used to detect the possible formation of a soluble complex between the proteins. The results suggest an interaction between aldolase and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase with an apparent dissociation constant 3 X 10(-7) M and an apparent stoichiometry of two aldolase tetramers bound per tetramer of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 710444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4409", "title": "RNA-binding proteins of rabbit reticulocytes. Isolation and electrophoretic characteristics.", "content": "A complete set of RNA-binding proteins was isolated from the ribosome-free extract of rabbit reticulocytes using the method of affinity chromatography on RNA covalently coupled with Sepharose. The purity of the isolated proteins was no less than 90%. These proteins comprised about 1% of the total protein of the extract and included the main polypeptide chains of three sizes, with molecular weights of about 95000, 49000 and 36000, as well as numerous minor components. An analogous set of proteins was observed as a result of chromatography of the extract on the column with poly(U) covalently coupled with Sepharose. The protein with the molecular weight of 49000 had the highest affinity to RNA.", "contents": "RNA-binding proteins of rabbit reticulocytes. Isolation and electrophoretic characteristics. A complete set of RNA-binding proteins was isolated from the ribosome-free extract of rabbit reticulocytes using the method of affinity chromatography on RNA covalently coupled with Sepharose. The purity of the isolated proteins was no less than 90%. These proteins comprised about 1% of the total protein of the extract and included the main polypeptide chains of three sizes, with molecular weights of about 95000, 49000 and 36000, as well as numerous minor components. An analogous set of proteins was observed as a result of chromatography of the extract on the column with poly(U) covalently coupled with Sepharose. The protein with the molecular weight of 49000 had the highest affinity to RNA.", "PMID": 710445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4410", "title": "Studies on the structure of rat-liver polysomes by small-angle X-ray scattering.", "content": "The spatial structure of rat liver polysomes in dilute solution has been studied by the small-angle X-ray scattering technique. The distance between the mass centres of neighbouring ribosomes on the mRNA molecule is 35 nm, and the distance from next-but-one neighbour, about 55 nm. The spatial arrangement of the ribosomes on the polysome is compact; stretched configurations can be ruled out. The best model is a solenoid with six ribosomes per turn and a pitch of about 33 nm. The greatest diameter of a polysome with eight ribosomes is 130 nm, the radius of gyration 34 nm.", "contents": "Studies on the structure of rat-liver polysomes by small-angle X-ray scattering. The spatial structure of rat liver polysomes in dilute solution has been studied by the small-angle X-ray scattering technique. The distance between the mass centres of neighbouring ribosomes on the mRNA molecule is 35 nm, and the distance from next-but-one neighbour, about 55 nm. The spatial arrangement of the ribosomes on the polysome is compact; stretched configurations can be ruled out. The best model is a solenoid with six ribosomes per turn and a pitch of about 33 nm. The greatest diameter of a polysome with eight ribosomes is 130 nm, the radius of gyration 34 nm.", "PMID": 710447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4411", "title": "Transcription in vitro of adenovirus-2 DNA by RNA polymerases class C purified from uninfected and adenovirus-infected HeLa cells.", "content": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase class C (or III) has been solubilized from either uninfected or adenovirus-2-infected HeLa cells and purified by chromatography on phosphocellulose, DNA-cellulose, CM-Sephadex and DEAE-Sephadex. The last column separated the enzyme into three forms CI, CII and CIII, which were completely free of RNA polymerases class A and B and of DNase and RNase. The total and the relative amount of these different enzyme C forms did not vary whether purified from uninfected or infected cells. Irrespective of the stage of purification, the three enzyme forms transcribed deproteinized adenovirus-2DNA very efficiently. This transcription was highly sensitive to elevated ionic strength (especially in the presence of Mg2+) and was accompanied by continuous reinitiation as shown by adding poly(rI), a potent inhibitor of initiation. In addition heparin-resistant initiation complexes could be formed at elevated temperature. The RNA synthesized in vitro on deproteinized intact adenovirus-2 DNA by the different forms of RNA polymerase class C, has been characterized. Analysis of the transcripts by gel electrophoresis, RNA self-annealing, hybridization to separated adenovirus-2 DNA strands and to restriction endonuclease (BamHI, HindIII), adenovirus-2 DNA fragments have demonstrated that restriction endonuclease (BamHI, HindIII), adenovirus-2 DNA fragments have demonstrated that the various regions of the adenovirus-2 genome were randomly transcribed. In addition, hybridization of RNA transcripts labelled at their 5' end by either  [gamma32P]ATP or [gamma-32P]GTP indicated that not only elongation but also initiation occurred randomly through the entire adenovirus-2 genome, irrespective of the form of the enzyme and of the origin of the cells (normal or infected). The results are discussed in terms of the components which are possibly involved in specific transcription.", "contents": "Transcription in vitro of adenovirus-2 DNA by RNA polymerases class C purified from uninfected and adenovirus-infected HeLa cells. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase class C (or III) has been solubilized from either uninfected or adenovirus-2-infected HeLa cells and purified by chromatography on phosphocellulose, DNA-cellulose, CM-Sephadex and DEAE-Sephadex. The last column separated the enzyme into three forms CI, CII and CIII, which were completely free of RNA polymerases class A and B and of DNase and RNase. The total and the relative amount of these different enzyme C forms did not vary whether purified from uninfected or infected cells. Irrespective of the stage of purification, the three enzyme forms transcribed deproteinized adenovirus-2DNA very efficiently. This transcription was highly sensitive to elevated ionic strength (especially in the presence of Mg2+) and was accompanied by continuous reinitiation as shown by adding poly(rI), a potent inhibitor of initiation. In addition heparin-resistant initiation complexes could be formed at elevated temperature. The RNA synthesized in vitro on deproteinized intact adenovirus-2 DNA by the different forms of RNA polymerase class C, has been characterized. Analysis of the transcripts by gel electrophoresis, RNA self-annealing, hybridization to separated adenovirus-2 DNA strands and to restriction endonuclease (BamHI, HindIII), adenovirus-2 DNA fragments have demonstrated that restriction endonuclease (BamHI, HindIII), adenovirus-2 DNA fragments have demonstrated that the various regions of the adenovirus-2 genome were randomly transcribed. In addition, hybridization of RNA transcripts labelled at their 5' end by either  [gamma32P]ATP or [gamma-32P]GTP indicated that not only elongation but also initiation occurred randomly through the entire adenovirus-2 genome, irrespective of the form of the enzyme and of the origin of the cells (normal or infected). The results are discussed in terms of the components which are possibly involved in specific transcription.", "PMID": 710451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4412", "title": "Subacute necrotizing encephalopathy (Leigh) in an adult.", "content": "The case of a 31-year-old man who died after a 4 month illness of adult subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy (Leigh) is reported. The disease presented with visual disturbances and the principal symptoms were ptosis, a conjugate ophthalmoparesis and a slight tremor of the hands. The case was misdiagnosed as probable multiple sclerosis. Neuropathology disclosed characteristic symmetrical necrotizing lesions, mainly localized in the brain stem. The similarity of the lesions with Wernicke's disease is pointed out. Possible etiological and pathogenetic factors are discussed.", "contents": "Subacute necrotizing encephalopathy (Leigh) in an adult. The case of a 31-year-old man who died after a 4 month illness of adult subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy (Leigh) is reported. The disease presented with visual disturbances and the principal symptoms were ptosis, a conjugate ophthalmoparesis and a slight tremor of the hands. The case was misdiagnosed as probable multiple sclerosis. Neuropathology disclosed characteristic symmetrical necrotizing lesions, mainly localized in the brain stem. The similarity of the lesions with Wernicke's disease is pointed out. Possible etiological and pathogenetic factors are discussed.", "PMID": 710452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4413", "title": "Steroid-CPK test. A new diagnostic aid for muscular dystrophy and its carriers?", "content": "The response of serum creatine phosphokinase (SCPK) to intravenous hydrocortisone was studied in different neuromuscular diseases, in Duchenne carriers and relatives of various muscular dystrophy (MD) cases. SCPK activity increased significantly in MD cases, 50% of known and 18.7% of possible Duchenne carriers. No such increase was found in other neuromuscular disease, in other relatives of MD cases and in normal controls. An inverse correlation was observed between the grade of disability and post-steroid percentage increase of SCPK activity in X-linked severe (DMD) cases. Such an inverse correlation was also found between the duration of the disease and post-steroid percentage increase of SCPK activity in DMD cases. A possible explanation is given.", "contents": "Steroid-CPK test. A new diagnostic aid for muscular dystrophy and its carriers? The response of serum creatine phosphokinase (SCPK) to intravenous hydrocortisone was studied in different neuromuscular diseases, in Duchenne carriers and relatives of various muscular dystrophy (MD) cases. SCPK activity increased significantly in MD cases, 50% of known and 18.7% of possible Duchenne carriers. No such increase was found in other neuromuscular disease, in other relatives of MD cases and in normal controls. An inverse correlation was observed between the grade of disability and post-steroid percentage increase of SCPK activity in X-linked severe (DMD) cases. Such an inverse correlation was also found between the duration of the disease and post-steroid percentage increase of SCPK activity in DMD cases. A possible explanation is given.", "PMID": 710453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4414", "title": "The dependence of cerebral blood flow on age.", "content": "Cerebral circulation time was studied with angiography of the carotid artery within a group of 45 normal cases of different age. The results showed an approximately linear increase of the circulation time with age, the coefficient of which amounts to 1% per year. For an average age of 35 years the average circulation time was determined and found to be 3.2 sec with narcosis and 4.3 sec without narcosis. This indicates that narcosis is another important parameter for the cerebral circulation.", "contents": "The dependence of cerebral blood flow on age. Cerebral circulation time was studied with angiography of the carotid artery within a group of 45 normal cases of different age. The results showed an approximately linear increase of the circulation time with age, the coefficient of which amounts to 1% per year. For an average age of 35 years the average circulation time was determined and found to be 3.2 sec with narcosis and 4.3 sec without narcosis. This indicates that narcosis is another important parameter for the cerebral circulation.", "PMID": 710454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4415", "title": "Nerve cell loss with aging in the putamen.", "content": "A significant correlation between age and decrease in the number of nerve cells has been found in the putamen. Both small and large cells in this nucleus were proportionally involved. A possible relationship with the outfall of cells in other structures of the brain, with which the putamen is connected, in order to balance the activity of the extrapyramidal system has been suggested.", "contents": "Nerve cell loss with aging in the putamen. A significant correlation between age and decrease in the number of nerve cells has been found in the putamen. Both small and large cells in this nucleus were proportionally involved. A possible relationship with the outfall of cells in other structures of the brain, with which the putamen is connected, in order to balance the activity of the extrapyramidal system has been suggested.", "PMID": 710455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4416", "title": "Motor nerve conduction velocity in experimental portal-systemic shunting. Preliminary communication.", "content": "The influence of portal-systemic shunting on motor nerve conduction velocity (MCV) was analyzed in rats with portacaval shunts. At 3 and 8 weeks after the shunting there was a marked but transient fall in MCV. At 16 weeks the MCV had almost normalized, despite sustained portal-systemic shunting. The results favour hepatocellular failure as the more important pathophysiological mechanism in hepatic neuropathy.", "contents": "Motor nerve conduction velocity in experimental portal-systemic shunting. Preliminary communication. The influence of portal-systemic shunting on motor nerve conduction velocity (MCV) was analyzed in rats with portacaval shunts. At 3 and 8 weeks after the shunting there was a marked but transient fall in MCV. At 16 weeks the MCV had almost normalized, despite sustained portal-systemic shunting. The results favour hepatocellular failure as the more important pathophysiological mechanism in hepatic neuropathy.", "PMID": 710456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4417", "title": "Effect of a xanthine oxidase inhibitor on adenine nucleotide degradation in hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "Biochemical effects of treatment with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor (allopurinol) were investigated in an experimental hemorrhagic shock procedure. Allopurinol pretreatment abolished the increase in plasma uric acid which occurs in untreated dogs during hemorrhagic hypotension and resulted in a much lesser increase in plasma allantoin. The pancreatic, liver and duodenal adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and total adenine nucleotides of untreated dogs were severely reduced, while those of allopurinol-pretreated dogs were essentially normal 2 h following reinfusion. Pretreatment with allopurinol resulted in a significantly lesser release of the lysosomal enzymes, acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase, following reinfusion. When treatment was delayed until after reinfusion, an infusion of hypoxanthine + allpurinol restored normal ATP concentrations. The role of adenine nucleotide breakdown in irreversible shock is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of a xanthine oxidase inhibitor on adenine nucleotide degradation in hemorrhagic shock. Biochemical effects of treatment with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor (allopurinol) were investigated in an experimental hemorrhagic shock procedure. Allopurinol pretreatment abolished the increase in plasma uric acid which occurs in untreated dogs during hemorrhagic hypotension and resulted in a much lesser increase in plasma allantoin. The pancreatic, liver and duodenal adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and total adenine nucleotides of untreated dogs were severely reduced, while those of allopurinol-pretreated dogs were essentially normal 2 h following reinfusion. Pretreatment with allopurinol resulted in a significantly lesser release of the lysosomal enzymes, acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase, following reinfusion. When treatment was delayed until after reinfusion, an infusion of hypoxanthine + allpurinol restored normal ATP concentrations. The role of adenine nucleotide breakdown in irreversible shock is discussed.", "PMID": 710457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4418", "title": "Effect of ex vivo perfusion of isolated canine stomach with fluorocarbon on the composition of gastric tissues.", "content": "Isolated canine stomachs were perfused for 6 h with fluorocarbon emulsion suspended in a simulated physiological solution of electrolytes with glucose added. Gastric mucosa and extramucosal tissues of perfused stomachs were sampled for biochemical analysis of high energy phosphates, glucose and electrolytes. Comparable samples were also taken from normal canine stomachs, dissected under similar surgical conditions as the stomachs used for perfusion. Gastric tissue ATP, ADP and AMP were reduced but CP was increased in the tissues perfused with fluorocarbon as compared with controls. Gastric tissue water content and sodium were increased but potassium was reduced in a stomach so perfused. The biochemical tests performed were considered as viability tests of organs preserved-perfused in fluorocarbon prior to possible transplantation. Significance of the changes observed is discussed in the light of the current knowledge on energy metabolism.", "contents": "Effect of ex vivo perfusion of isolated canine stomach with fluorocarbon on the composition of gastric tissues. Isolated canine stomachs were perfused for 6 h with fluorocarbon emulsion suspended in a simulated physiological solution of electrolytes with glucose added. Gastric mucosa and extramucosal tissues of perfused stomachs were sampled for biochemical analysis of high energy phosphates, glucose and electrolytes. Comparable samples were also taken from normal canine stomachs, dissected under similar surgical conditions as the stomachs used for perfusion. Gastric tissue ATP, ADP and AMP were reduced but CP was increased in the tissues perfused with fluorocarbon as compared with controls. Gastric tissue water content and sodium were increased but potassium was reduced in a stomach so perfused. The biochemical tests performed were considered as viability tests of organs preserved-perfused in fluorocarbon prior to possible transplantation. Significance of the changes observed is discussed in the light of the current knowledge on energy metabolism.", "PMID": 710458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4419", "title": "Modulation of the prostaglandin-induced intestinal motility in humans through the transmitters of the vegetative nervous system.", "content": "Research was done on the reciprocity between adrenergic and cholinergic stimulating or inhibiting pharmaceuticals and the prostaglandin-induced intestinal motility. By cholinergic activation, the amplitudes of the prostaglandin-dependent rhythmical contractions of human taenia coli were intensified. There was very little influence on the frequency of contractions, however. Simultaneous stimulation of adrenergic beta-receptors by increasing doses of adrenaline or noradrenaline caused the contraction amplitude and frequency to decrease continually until the contractions were completely eliminated. The cholinergic effect could be suppressed with atropine, the adrenergic-stimulated reaction was reversed by the blockage of beta-receptors. It was completely abolished by simultaneous addition of alpha- and beta-receptor-blocking drugs.", "contents": "Modulation of the prostaglandin-induced intestinal motility in humans through the transmitters of the vegetative nervous system. Research was done on the reciprocity between adrenergic and cholinergic stimulating or inhibiting pharmaceuticals and the prostaglandin-induced intestinal motility. By cholinergic activation, the amplitudes of the prostaglandin-dependent rhythmical contractions of human taenia coli were intensified. There was very little influence on the frequency of contractions, however. Simultaneous stimulation of adrenergic beta-receptors by increasing doses of adrenaline or noradrenaline caused the contraction amplitude and frequency to decrease continually until the contractions were completely eliminated. The cholinergic effect could be suppressed with atropine, the adrenergic-stimulated reaction was reversed by the blockage of beta-receptors. It was completely abolished by simultaneous addition of alpha- and beta-receptor-blocking drugs.", "PMID": 710459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4420", "title": "Release of inflammatory mediators into the gastric wall of rats with acute acetic acid induced ulcer.", "content": "An acute, acetic acid induced gastric ulcer in rats is associated with increased capillary permeability and albumin leakage into the gastric wall surrounding the ulcer. This is an inflammatory reaction, and the present experiment was undertaken in an attempt to identify inflammatory mediators in the gastric wall around the ulcer. Rats were pretreated with inflammatory antagonists, and the protein leakage was estimated by means of 125I-labelled albumin 40--60 min and 4 h after ulcer induction. We found no effect on the protein leakage of mepyramine (antihistamine) deseril (antiserotonin) or indomethacin (antiprostaglandin) given separately, or of the combination of mepyramine and deseril. The combination of all three substances, mepyramine, deseril and indomethacin significantly decreased protein leakage at 4 h after ulcer induction. This indicates that prostaglandins are released in the tissues near the acute ulcer. Cimetidine (histamine-H2-antagonist) did not decrease the protein leakage either alone or in combination with mepyramine (histamine-H1-antagonist).", "contents": "Release of inflammatory mediators into the gastric wall of rats with acute acetic acid induced ulcer. An acute, acetic acid induced gastric ulcer in rats is associated with increased capillary permeability and albumin leakage into the gastric wall surrounding the ulcer. This is an inflammatory reaction, and the present experiment was undertaken in an attempt to identify inflammatory mediators in the gastric wall around the ulcer. Rats were pretreated with inflammatory antagonists, and the protein leakage was estimated by means of 125I-labelled albumin 40--60 min and 4 h after ulcer induction. We found no effect on the protein leakage of mepyramine (antihistamine) deseril (antiserotonin) or indomethacin (antiprostaglandin) given separately, or of the combination of mepyramine and deseril. The combination of all three substances, mepyramine, deseril and indomethacin significantly decreased protein leakage at 4 h after ulcer induction. This indicates that prostaglandins are released in the tissues near the acute ulcer. Cimetidine (histamine-H2-antagonist) did not decrease the protein leakage either alone or in combination with mepyramine (histamine-H1-antagonist).", "PMID": 710460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4421", "title": "Ex situ surgery of the kidney: experience with 20 autotransplantations.", "content": "The authors propose a classification of ex situ surgery of the kidney and present their clinical experience of 20 renal autotransplantations over a period of 6 years: 16 were performed for renovascular hypertension with 2 failures and 4 for recurrent staghorn calculi, with 1 stone recurrence. Based on their experience and on the literature they discuss the present status and the future implications of ex situ surgery of the kidney.", "contents": "Ex situ surgery of the kidney: experience with 20 autotransplantations. The authors propose a classification of ex situ surgery of the kidney and present their clinical experience of 20 renal autotransplantations over a period of 6 years: 16 were performed for renovascular hypertension with 2 failures and 4 for recurrent staghorn calculi, with 1 stone recurrence. Based on their experience and on the literature they discuss the present status and the future implications of ex situ surgery of the kidney.", "PMID": 710461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4422", "title": "Primary hyperparathyroidism and stone formation in medullary sponge kidneys.", "content": "The etiological role of primary hyperparathyroidism in stone formation in medullary sponge kidney was studied. The necessity of carrying out special biochemical tests for primary hyperparathyroidism has been shown. The combination of two diseases in cases of stones and nephrocalcinosis is explained by the genetic nature of sponge kidney and primary hyperparathyroidism. 4 patients have been under observation; all underwent successful parathyroidectomy.", "contents": "Primary hyperparathyroidism and stone formation in medullary sponge kidneys. The etiological role of primary hyperparathyroidism in stone formation in medullary sponge kidney was studied. The necessity of carrying out special biochemical tests for primary hyperparathyroidism has been shown. The combination of two diseases in cases of stones and nephrocalcinosis is explained by the genetic nature of sponge kidney and primary hyperparathyroidism. 4 patients have been under observation; all underwent successful parathyroidectomy.", "PMID": 710462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4423", "title": "Continuous determination of various enzymes and sodium concentration in urine. a usable method for diagnosis of kidney graft rejection.", "content": "We investigated changes in urinary enzyme activity and sodium concentration of kidney transplant patients. We found that the increase of the activity of brush border enzymes is one of the earliest signs of tubular damage following rejection. The decrease in the urinary sodium concentration points also to rejection episodes. Despite the unspecificity of both variables, their continuous determination and combined analysis of the results could improve the differential diagnosis of rejection after transplantation and might give important information about the pathogenesis of the graft damage.", "contents": "Continuous determination of various enzymes and sodium concentration in urine. a usable method for diagnosis of kidney graft rejection. We investigated changes in urinary enzyme activity and sodium concentration of kidney transplant patients. We found that the increase of the activity of brush border enzymes is one of the earliest signs of tubular damage following rejection. The decrease in the urinary sodium concentration points also to rejection episodes. Despite the unspecificity of both variables, their continuous determination and combined analysis of the results could improve the differential diagnosis of rejection after transplantation and might give important information about the pathogenesis of the graft damage.", "PMID": 710463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4424", "title": "Radical surgery for renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "A modified radical nephrectomy to cope with renal carcinoma presenting at advanced stages, is evaluated. A total of 50 cases were treated in this hospital from 1962 to 1976. The poor results from treatment of renal cell carcinoma in the earlier years, have prompted the modification of the conventional radical nephrectomy to cope with this disease which is still frequently seen at advanced stages. The modification includes exclusion of distant metastasis. The adherent segment of colon is resected along with the tumour. The renal vessels are then isolated. If the IVC is involved by a right-sided tumour, it is resected along with the tumour. The ureter is then ligated and the tumour with the adrenal gland, the resected colon segment, regional lymph nodes and the IVC are removed in one block. 2 such patients who otherwise would have been considered inoperable have survived for over 3 years.", "contents": "Radical surgery for renal cell carcinoma. A modified radical nephrectomy to cope with renal carcinoma presenting at advanced stages, is evaluated. A total of 50 cases were treated in this hospital from 1962 to 1976. The poor results from treatment of renal cell carcinoma in the earlier years, have prompted the modification of the conventional radical nephrectomy to cope with this disease which is still frequently seen at advanced stages. The modification includes exclusion of distant metastasis. The adherent segment of colon is resected along with the tumour. The renal vessels are then isolated. If the IVC is involved by a right-sided tumour, it is resected along with the tumour. The ureter is then ligated and the tumour with the adrenal gland, the resected colon segment, regional lymph nodes and the IVC are removed in one block. 2 such patients who otherwise would have been considered inoperable have survived for over 3 years.", "PMID": 710464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4425", "title": "Usefulness and limitation of estrogen receptor protein (ERP) assay in human renal cell carcinomas.", "content": "The presence of estrogen-binding sites in human renal cell carcinomas appears certainly demonstrated. The authors analyze the clinical contributions which may be obtained from this finding and the possibility of using the ERP assay currently for the screening of patients with estrogen-dependent tumors.", "contents": "Usefulness and limitation of estrogen receptor protein (ERP) assay in human renal cell carcinomas. The presence of estrogen-binding sites in human renal cell carcinomas appears certainly demonstrated. The authors analyze the clinical contributions which may be obtained from this finding and the possibility of using the ERP assay currently for the screening of patients with estrogen-dependent tumors.", "PMID": 710465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4426", "title": "Urinary fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) in bladder cancer.", "content": "The value of urinary fibrinogen degradation products (EPD) as a biological marker of bladder cancer has been studied. An increase in FDP was found in 75% of bladder cancer patients, independent of the fact that they had active tumours or that they were disease free. A high correlation between the amount of the increase and the grade, local invasiveness, and risk of recurrence of the tumour has been established. The assessment of urinary FDP is considered as a valuable screening and follow-up test in patients with bladder neoplasms.", "contents": "Urinary fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) in bladder cancer. The value of urinary fibrinogen degradation products (EPD) as a biological marker of bladder cancer has been studied. An increase in FDP was found in 75% of bladder cancer patients, independent of the fact that they had active tumours or that they were disease free. A high correlation between the amount of the increase and the grade, local invasiveness, and risk of recurrence of the tumour has been established. The assessment of urinary FDP is considered as a valuable screening and follow-up test in patients with bladder neoplasms.", "PMID": 710466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4427", "title": "Characterization of bladder tumours by flow cytometry on bladder washings.", "content": "The DNA content of individual nuclei in bladder washings was estimated by means of flow cytometry. A method of preparation using a detergent to produce single nuclei was used. By means of a differential count the DNA distribution was corrected for the content of leucocytes. The DNA histograms were divided into a 2c fraction containing nuclei with less than 3c DNA, a 4c fraction with 3c--6c DNA and an 8c fraction with more than 6c DNA. Three groups of patients were investigated: 17 patients with invasive bladder tumours, 38 patients with non-invasive bladder tumours, and 22 patients with normal bladders. The washings from patients with invasive tumours contained significantly larger 4c and 8c fractions than washings from normal bladders. There was a correlation between cell anaplasia and the DNA distribution: grade III bladder tumours had larger 4c and 8c fractions than grade II tumours.", "contents": "Characterization of bladder tumours by flow cytometry on bladder washings. The DNA content of individual nuclei in bladder washings was estimated by means of flow cytometry. A method of preparation using a detergent to produce single nuclei was used. By means of a differential count the DNA distribution was corrected for the content of leucocytes. The DNA histograms were divided into a 2c fraction containing nuclei with less than 3c DNA, a 4c fraction with 3c--6c DNA and an 8c fraction with more than 6c DNA. Three groups of patients were investigated: 17 patients with invasive bladder tumours, 38 patients with non-invasive bladder tumours, and 22 patients with normal bladders. The washings from patients with invasive tumours contained significantly larger 4c and 8c fractions than washings from normal bladders. There was a correlation between cell anaplasia and the DNA distribution: grade III bladder tumours had larger 4c and 8c fractions than grade II tumours.", "PMID": 710467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4428", "title": "On the etiology of cancer of the prostate.", "content": "This paper demonstrates experimentally that the penetration of spermatozoa into the prostatic tissue can induce prostatic lesions such as abscesses, lithiasis and carcinoma.", "contents": "On the etiology of cancer of the prostate. This paper demonstrates experimentally that the penetration of spermatozoa into the prostatic tissue can induce prostatic lesions such as abscesses, lithiasis and carcinoma.", "PMID": 710468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4429", "title": "Experimental and clinical investigations on the transfusion of autologous blood in urological operations.", "content": "In view of the known risks in homologous blood transfusions, the procedures for transfusion of endogenous blood are gaining increasing importance. Using this fact as a basis, the feasibility of direct intraoperative autotransfusion in the area of urology was investigated. 6 mongrel dogs received blood-urine autotransfusions after cystotomy and cavotomy (n = 2) as well as after left-side nephrotomy (n = 4). Coagulation and hemolysis parameters were examined 1, 2, 24 h and 7 days after the autotransfusion, and showed transitory pathological changes which were, without exception, reversible within 7 days. Clinical effects were not observed. On the basis of favorable experience, the intraoperative, machine autotransfusion was also used clinically for renal traumas (n = 13), urinary bladder traumas (n = 4) and nephrotomies (n = 3). Postoperative checks showed pathological changes in the hemolysis and coagulation values only during the first 3 postoperative days. The blood-urine autotransfusion was well tolerated without exception. Indications and contraindications for direct intraoperative autotransfusions in the area of urological operations are discussed.", "contents": "Experimental and clinical investigations on the transfusion of autologous blood in urological operations. In view of the known risks in homologous blood transfusions, the procedures for transfusion of endogenous blood are gaining increasing importance. Using this fact as a basis, the feasibility of direct intraoperative autotransfusion in the area of urology was investigated. 6 mongrel dogs received blood-urine autotransfusions after cystotomy and cavotomy (n = 2) as well as after left-side nephrotomy (n = 4). Coagulation and hemolysis parameters were examined 1, 2, 24 h and 7 days after the autotransfusion, and showed transitory pathological changes which were, without exception, reversible within 7 days. Clinical effects were not observed. On the basis of favorable experience, the intraoperative, machine autotransfusion was also used clinically for renal traumas (n = 13), urinary bladder traumas (n = 4) and nephrotomies (n = 3). Postoperative checks showed pathological changes in the hemolysis and coagulation values only during the first 3 postoperative days. The blood-urine autotransfusion was well tolerated without exception. Indications and contraindications for direct intraoperative autotransfusions in the area of urological operations are discussed.", "PMID": 710469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4430", "title": "Alloplastic replacement of the canine ureter by expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (gore-tex) grafts. Preliminary report.", "content": "In 12 female dogs, subtotal unilateral (8 dogs) or bilateral (4 dogs) ureteric resection and replacement by expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore-Tex) prostheses were performed. Follow-up consisted of periodic excretory urographies. Short- and long-term results, consisting of periodic excretory urographies for up to 12 months, are promising and induce further studies with this new type of graft.", "contents": "Alloplastic replacement of the canine ureter by expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (gore-tex) grafts. Preliminary report. In 12 female dogs, subtotal unilateral (8 dogs) or bilateral (4 dogs) ureteric resection and replacement by expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore-Tex) prostheses were performed. Follow-up consisted of periodic excretory urographies. Short- and long-term results, consisting of periodic excretory urographies for up to 12 months, are promising and induce further studies with this new type of graft.", "PMID": 710470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4431", "title": "Cystic kidneys, renal dysplasia and microdissection data in 5 children with congenital valvular urethral obstruction.", "content": "A survey of the findings in 5 children with urethral obstruction due to valves is presented. The microdissection data found in the 7 kidneys of this series were compared. The microdissection findings in all 7 kidneys are mostly the same with a continuum of processes ranging from relatively mild to severe derangements. We could not find two varieties of renal change designated type II or IV by potter. The characterization of the lesions by nephron dissection always approached those of the type II (multicystic, dysplastic kidney). Renal dysplasia was associated with extrarenal malformations in 2 of our cases and we therefore believe that the significance of the dysplasia lies rather in the period of the insult during organogenesis than in the obstruction.", "contents": "Cystic kidneys, renal dysplasia and microdissection data in 5 children with congenital valvular urethral obstruction. A survey of the findings in 5 children with urethral obstruction due to valves is presented. The microdissection data found in the 7 kidneys of this series were compared. The microdissection findings in all 7 kidneys are mostly the same with a continuum of processes ranging from relatively mild to severe derangements. We could not find two varieties of renal change designated type II or IV by potter. The characterization of the lesions by nephron dissection always approached those of the type II (multicystic, dysplastic kidney). Renal dysplasia was associated with extrarenal malformations in 2 of our cases and we therefore believe that the significance of the dysplasia lies rather in the period of the insult during organogenesis than in the obstruction.", "PMID": 710471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4432", "title": "Fungus ball formation of aspergillus in the bladder. an unusual case report.", "content": "An unusual case of fungus ball formation of Aspergillus in the bladder without any evidence of disseminated and renal aspergillosis is presented. A 49-year-old man whose chief complaint was progressively worsening dysuria after a stomach operation was admitted. Cystoscopy revealed many ball-like masses on the retrotrigone and left wall. Histological studies showed that these masses were composed of many Aspergilli. The uniqueness of the case and the route of infection are discussed.", "contents": "Fungus ball formation of aspergillus in the bladder. an unusual case report. An unusual case of fungus ball formation of Aspergillus in the bladder without any evidence of disseminated and renal aspergillosis is presented. A 49-year-old man whose chief complaint was progressively worsening dysuria after a stomach operation was admitted. Cystoscopy revealed many ball-like masses on the retrotrigone and left wall. Histological studies showed that these masses were composed of many Aspergilli. The uniqueness of the case and the route of infection are discussed.", "PMID": 710472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4433", "title": "Variant forms of angina pectoris.", "content": "3 patients with different clinical and electrocardiographic manifestations of coronary artery spasm are discussed. All 3 patients had anginal attacks at rest. In addition, 2 of these patients, who did not have significant preexisting narrowing of their coronary arteries, also had anginal pain related to exercise. During pain, 1 patient showed ST-segment elevation, the other ST-segment depression, while the third showed ST-segment depression shortly followed by ST-elevation on the electrocardiogram. At coronary  angiography, spontaneous or induced spasm of one of the major coronary arteries could be demonstrated in all 3 patients. In 2 cases, sublingual nitroglycerin failed to completely relieve the spasm. This raises the question whether a residual stenosis after NTG conclusively proves a fixed organic narrowing. It is concluded that the clinical spectrum of spasm of the coronary arteries is wider than was originally reported by Prinzmetal and coworkers. Clinical and electrocardiographic manifestations are probably dependent on the site and severity of the spasm, which may cause different degrees of myocardial ischemia.", "contents": "Variant forms of angina pectoris. 3 patients with different clinical and electrocardiographic manifestations of coronary artery spasm are discussed. All 3 patients had anginal attacks at rest. In addition, 2 of these patients, who did not have significant preexisting narrowing of their coronary arteries, also had anginal pain related to exercise. During pain, 1 patient showed ST-segment elevation, the other ST-segment depression, while the third showed ST-segment depression shortly followed by ST-elevation on the electrocardiogram. At coronary  angiography, spontaneous or induced spasm of one of the major coronary arteries could be demonstrated in all 3 patients. In 2 cases, sublingual nitroglycerin failed to completely relieve the spasm. This raises the question whether a residual stenosis after NTG conclusively proves a fixed organic narrowing. It is concluded that the clinical spectrum of spasm of the coronary arteries is wider than was originally reported by Prinzmetal and coworkers. Clinical and electrocardiographic manifestations are probably dependent on the site and severity of the spasm, which may cause different degrees of myocardial ischemia.", "PMID": 710490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4434", "title": "Complete heart block due to granulomatous giant cell myocarditis: report of 3 cases.", "content": "3 patients with chronic complete AV block were found at autopsy to have granulomatous giant cell myocarditis (GGCM). In 1 patient an unusual clinical course led to more extensive investigation including echocardiography which revealed ventricular septal abnormalities. A review of the literature is presented. Although GGCM is a rare disease echocardiography may be a useful screening procedure in patient with AV block especially in the presence of immunological disorders.", "contents": "Complete heart block due to granulomatous giant cell myocarditis: report of 3 cases. 3 patients with chronic complete AV block were found at autopsy to have granulomatous giant cell myocarditis (GGCM). In 1 patient an unusual clinical course led to more extensive investigation including echocardiography which revealed ventricular septal abnormalities. A review of the literature is presented. Although GGCM is a rare disease echocardiography may be a useful screening procedure in patient with AV block especially in the presence of immunological disorders.", "PMID": 710492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4435", "title": "The electrocardiographic response to exercise in 44 patients with leaflet prolapse.", "content": "The response to electrocardiographically monitored submaximal exercise stress testing has been studied in 44 patients with mitral leaflet prolapse (MLP). With exercise, ventricular premature contractions occurred in 7, ventricular tachycardia in 1, and atrial fibrillation in 1. Exercise was terminated short of target heart rate in 18 patients, because of chest pain (5), fatigue (7), ventricular arrhythmia (4), dizziness (1) or ST segment depression (1). 23 patients developed postexercise ST segment abnormalities, of whom 5 had 'ischemic' patterns and arteriographically proven coronary artery disease (CAD); among the 18 others, the ST segments were depressed and minimally downsloping in 2, slowly ascending from depressed J point in 3, horizontal for greater than or equal to 80 msec with J depression of less than 1 mm in 12, and cupped in 1. The incidence of arrhythmias provoked by submaximal exercise stress testing in patients with MLP was lower than suggested in previous reports. In all 5 cases where MLP and CAD coexisted, the classical 'ischemic' electrocardiographic response to exercise was not obscured. Even in the absence of CAD, postexercise ST segment abnormalities were common with MLP (18/39 = 46%) and differed from the progressively resolving ST segment deviation characteristic of CAD with angina. Exercise testing can safely be recommended, subject to standard contraindications, in patients with MLP and yields useful information.", "contents": "The electrocardiographic response to exercise in 44 patients with leaflet prolapse. The response to electrocardiographically monitored submaximal exercise stress testing has been studied in 44 patients with mitral leaflet prolapse (MLP). With exercise, ventricular premature contractions occurred in 7, ventricular tachycardia in 1, and atrial fibrillation in 1. Exercise was terminated short of target heart rate in 18 patients, because of chest pain (5), fatigue (7), ventricular arrhythmia (4), dizziness (1) or ST segment depression (1). 23 patients developed postexercise ST segment abnormalities, of whom 5 had 'ischemic' patterns and arteriographically proven coronary artery disease (CAD); among the 18 others, the ST segments were depressed and minimally downsloping in 2, slowly ascending from depressed J point in 3, horizontal for greater than or equal to 80 msec with J depression of less than 1 mm in 12, and cupped in 1. The incidence of arrhythmias provoked by submaximal exercise stress testing in patients with MLP was lower than suggested in previous reports. In all 5 cases where MLP and CAD coexisted, the classical 'ischemic' electrocardiographic response to exercise was not obscured. Even in the absence of CAD, postexercise ST segment abnormalities were common with MLP (18/39 = 46%) and differed from the progressively resolving ST segment deviation characteristic of CAD with angina. Exercise testing can safely be recommended, subject to standard contraindications, in patients with MLP and yields useful information.", "PMID": 710493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4436", "title": "Natural history of valvular pulmonary stenosis in children below the age of two years. Long-term follow-up with serial heart catheterizations.", "content": "18 patients with mild and moderate valvular pulmonary stenosis diagnosed by heart catheterization before the age of 2 yr (mean 11.6 mth) were followed for 5 to 21 yr without operation. 15 cases had a repeat catheterization study after a mean interval of 10.7 yr. Of 7 cases with an initial right ventricular peak systolic pressure (RVSP) of 50 mm Hg or below, 6 had a decrease and 1 a moderate increase in RVSP. Of 8 cases with an initial RVSP of greater than 50 mm Hg 2 had a decrease, 2 had no change and 4 had a significant increase in RVSP; the latter subsequently underwent operation. Electrocardiography yielded some information, but neither roentgenography nor history was of any help in evaluating the severity of the stenosis at follow-up. As mild and moderate valvular pulmonary stenosis in infants and children below the age of 2 may progress and require operation a repeat heart catheterization is usually to be recommended later in childhood.", "contents": "Natural history of valvular pulmonary stenosis in children below the age of two years. Long-term follow-up with serial heart catheterizations. 18 patients with mild and moderate valvular pulmonary stenosis diagnosed by heart catheterization before the age of 2 yr (mean 11.6 mth) were followed for 5 to 21 yr without operation. 15 cases had a repeat catheterization study after a mean interval of 10.7 yr. Of 7 cases with an initial right ventricular peak systolic pressure (RVSP) of 50 mm Hg or below, 6 had a decrease and 1 a moderate increase in RVSP. Of 8 cases with an initial RVSP of greater than 50 mm Hg 2 had a decrease, 2 had no change and 4 had a significant increase in RVSP; the latter subsequently underwent operation. Electrocardiography yielded some information, but neither roentgenography nor history was of any help in evaluating the severity of the stenosis at follow-up. As mild and moderate valvular pulmonary stenosis in infants and children below the age of 2 may progress and require operation a repeat heart catheterization is usually to be recommended later in childhood.", "PMID": 710494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4437", "title": "Expression of Thy-1 glycoprotein on lectin-resistant lymphoma cell lines.", "content": "Lectin-resistant mutants with specific defects in glycosylation have been selected from the mouse lymphoma cell line, BW5147 (Thy-1+). The quantitative expression of cell surface glycoproteins on the mutant cells has been studied. The results show that some glycosylation defects that confer resistance to the cytotoxic effects of concanavalin A block the expression of Thy-1 glycoprotein on the cell surface. However, some changes in the oligosaccharides of Thy-1 glycoprotein generated by glycosylation defects found in PHAR mutant cells and restricted to the termini of complex-type oligosaccharides have no effect on the ability of Thy-1 to reach the cell surface. No glycosylation defects were found that interfered with the expression of either gp 69, 71 or H-2 on the surface of the mutant cells. It is concluded that aberrant biosynthesis of Thy-1 oligosaccharides can interfere with its expression on the cell surface, but that specific changes in oligosaccharide structure are necessary to block transport to the cell surface and integration into the plasma membrane.", "contents": "Expression of Thy-1 glycoprotein on lectin-resistant lymphoma cell lines. Lectin-resistant mutants with specific defects in glycosylation have been selected from the mouse lymphoma cell line, BW5147 (Thy-1+). The quantitative expression of cell surface glycoproteins on the mutant cells has been studied. The results show that some glycosylation defects that confer resistance to the cytotoxic effects of concanavalin A block the expression of Thy-1 glycoprotein on the cell surface. However, some changes in the oligosaccharides of Thy-1 glycoprotein generated by glycosylation defects found in PHAR mutant cells and restricted to the termini of complex-type oligosaccharides have no effect on the ability of Thy-1 to reach the cell surface. No glycosylation defects were found that interfered with the expression of either gp 69, 71 or H-2 on the surface of the mutant cells. It is concluded that aberrant biosynthesis of Thy-1 oligosaccharides can interfere with its expression on the cell surface, but that specific changes in oligosaccharide structure are necessary to block transport to the cell surface and integration into the plasma membrane.", "PMID": 710496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4438", "title": "Specific antigens of chicken thymus.", "content": "Purified plasma membranes from chicken thymus and bursa cells were prepared and solubilized with sarkosyl (sodium salt of N-methyl-N-(1-oxodecyl)-glycine). Antisera to solubilized thymus plasma membrane (TPM) were produced in rabbits and the globulin fraction obtained by ammonium sulfate precipitation. Four precipitating antigens were detected in solubilized TPM by immunoelectrophoresis. Following absorption with chicken serum and bursa plasma membrane (BPM) immunosorbents, three antigens, designated T1, T2, T3, were specific for the TPM fraction, and one antigen, T1, was found in soluble extracts of thymus tissue. Absorption with isolated plasma membrane and whole cells indicated that the T1 and T2 antigens in solubilized TPM are associated with the plasma membrane but not expressed on the surface of the cell. A common antigen, designated BT, was detected in BPM and TPM fractions and in membrane preparations of spleen. The antigens were not detected in any other tissues or cells including brain, circulating lymphocytes and erythrocytes.", "contents": "Specific antigens of chicken thymus. Purified plasma membranes from chicken thymus and bursa cells were prepared and solubilized with sarkosyl (sodium salt of N-methyl-N-(1-oxodecyl)-glycine). Antisera to solubilized thymus plasma membrane (TPM) were produced in rabbits and the globulin fraction obtained by ammonium sulfate precipitation. Four precipitating antigens were detected in solubilized TPM by immunoelectrophoresis. Following absorption with chicken serum and bursa plasma membrane (BPM) immunosorbents, three antigens, designated T1, T2, T3, were specific for the TPM fraction, and one antigen, T1, was found in soluble extracts of thymus tissue. Absorption with isolated plasma membrane and whole cells indicated that the T1 and T2 antigens in solubilized TPM are associated with the plasma membrane but not expressed on the surface of the cell. A common antigen, designated BT, was detected in BPM and TPM fractions and in membrane preparations of spleen. The antigens were not detected in any other tissues or cells including brain, circulating lymphocytes and erythrocytes.", "PMID": 710499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4439", "title": "The antiarrhythmic action of amitriptyline on arrhythmias associated with myocardial infarction in dogs.", "content": "The antiarrhythmic activity of amitriptyline, a tricyclic antidepressant, was evaluated in anesthetized dogs 24 h after coronary occlusion, during the period of spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias. In all experiments amitriptyline was administered i.v. in incremental doses of 0.3 mg/kg at 1 min intervals until a conversion to normal sinus rhythm was evident. Amitriptyline administration resulted in conversion of the ventricular arrhythmia to a normal sinus rhythm in 100% of the animals tested at a mean dose of 1.3 +/- 0.1 mg/kg. Smaller doses also resulted in a dose-related decrease in non-sinus nodal pacemaker activity. Lidocaine, when administered to the same group of animals, produced a reduction of ectopic pacemaker activity, but did not eliminate it at a cumulative dose of 2 mg/kg. Antiarrhythmic doses of amitriptyline did not produce significant changes in arterial blood pressure, cardiac output or electrocardiographic parameters associated with atrioventricular or intraventricular conduction. The results of this study suggest that at very low doses amitriptyline may be an effective antiarrhythmic agent in ventricular arrhythmias associated with myocardial ischemia.", "contents": "The antiarrhythmic action of amitriptyline on arrhythmias associated with myocardial infarction in dogs. The antiarrhythmic activity of amitriptyline, a tricyclic antidepressant, was evaluated in anesthetized dogs 24 h after coronary occlusion, during the period of spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias. In all experiments amitriptyline was administered i.v. in incremental doses of 0.3 mg/kg at 1 min intervals until a conversion to normal sinus rhythm was evident. Amitriptyline administration resulted in conversion of the ventricular arrhythmia to a normal sinus rhythm in 100% of the animals tested at a mean dose of 1.3 +/- 0.1 mg/kg. Smaller doses also resulted in a dose-related decrease in non-sinus nodal pacemaker activity. Lidocaine, when administered to the same group of animals, produced a reduction of ectopic pacemaker activity, but did not eliminate it at a cumulative dose of 2 mg/kg. Antiarrhythmic doses of amitriptyline did not produce significant changes in arterial blood pressure, cardiac output or electrocardiographic parameters associated with atrioventricular or intraventricular conduction. The results of this study suggest that at very low doses amitriptyline may be an effective antiarrhythmic agent in ventricular arrhythmias associated with myocardial ischemia.", "PMID": 710500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4440", "title": "The effect of substantia negra stimulation and morphine on alpha-motoneurones and the tail-flick response.", "content": "Rats were used to study the effect of unilateral stimulation of the substantia nigra on the reflex discharge of alpha-motoneurones and on  the reaction time of the tail-flick response. In preparations with prenigral decerebration, nigral stimulation facilitated monosynaptic alpha-reflex activity, whilst gamma-reflex activity remained unchanged. The facilitation of monosynaptic alpha-reflex activity was reduced by naloxone (1 mg/kg); morphine (2 mg/kg) did not change the number of alpha-reflex discharges, but it reduced the alpha-reflex latency, enhanced the effect of nigral stimulation on the latency and abolished the effect of naloxone on nigral facilitation. Nigral stimulation prolonged the reaction time of the tail-flick response in rats with an intact brain and after prenigral decerbration. Naloxone did not influence the anti-nociceptive effect of nigral stimulation, whilst morphine enhanced it in rats with an intact brain. The anti-nociceptive effect exerted by morphine in animals with an intact brain was abolished by prenigral decerbration, and an additional spinalization restored it. Inactivating the nigral neurones by unilateral microinjections of procaine or GABA into the substantia nigra depressed the nociceptive reflex. It is concluded that (1) activation of nigral neurones influenced mono- and polysynaptic reflexes in a reciprocal fashion by a pathway descending via brain stem relays to the spinal cord, (2) inactivation of nigral neurones produced similar changes in reflex activity by altering the function of the nigro-striatal feedback system, the outlet from the system to the spinal cord not being the substantia nigra, (3) morphine influenced the nociceptive reflex by an action at different levels of the central nervous system.", "contents": "The effect of substantia negra stimulation and morphine on alpha-motoneurones and the tail-flick response. Rats were used to study the effect of unilateral stimulation of the substantia nigra on the reflex discharge of alpha-motoneurones and on  the reaction time of the tail-flick response. In preparations with prenigral decerebration, nigral stimulation facilitated monosynaptic alpha-reflex activity, whilst gamma-reflex activity remained unchanged. The facilitation of monosynaptic alpha-reflex activity was reduced by naloxone (1 mg/kg); morphine (2 mg/kg) did not change the number of alpha-reflex discharges, but it reduced the alpha-reflex latency, enhanced the effect of nigral stimulation on the latency and abolished the effect of naloxone on nigral facilitation. Nigral stimulation prolonged the reaction time of the tail-flick response in rats with an intact brain and after prenigral decerbration. Naloxone did not influence the anti-nociceptive effect of nigral stimulation, whilst morphine enhanced it in rats with an intact brain. The anti-nociceptive effect exerted by morphine in animals with an intact brain was abolished by prenigral decerbration, and an additional spinalization restored it. Inactivating the nigral neurones by unilateral microinjections of procaine or GABA into the substantia nigra depressed the nociceptive reflex. It is concluded that (1) activation of nigral neurones influenced mono- and polysynaptic reflexes in a reciprocal fashion by a pathway descending via brain stem relays to the spinal cord, (2) inactivation of nigral neurones produced similar changes in reflex activity by altering the function of the nigro-striatal feedback system, the outlet from the system to the spinal cord not being the substantia nigra, (3) morphine influenced the nociceptive reflex by an action at different levels of the central nervous system.", "PMID": 710502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4441", "title": "Aspirin- and indomethacin-induced ulcers and their antagonism by antihistamines.", "content": "Gastric ulceration produced by aspirin and indomethacin was compared in acutely stressed and non-stressed rats. We found a synergism between these anti-inflammatory agents and acute stress in the production of gastric ulcers. Even at relatively high doses, neither agent caused appreciable gastric damage in non-stressed rats, whereas moderate doses of both agents produced massive ulceration in stressed rats. The synergism appears unrelated to the effect of these agents on the pituitary-adrenal response. The size and regional distribution of ulcers produced by aspirin and indomethacin in stressed rats were comparable. However, the dose--response curves of the two drugs were markedly dissimilar. Furthermore, the ulceration produced by indomethacin was attenuated by both H1 and H2 histamine receptor antagonists, whereas ulceration produced by aspirin was attenuated only by an H2 antagonist. The results suggest that the ulcerogenic mechanism of indomethacin may differ from that of aspirin and add to the growing evidence on the importance of endogenous histamine in various forms of gastric ulceration.", "contents": "Aspirin- and indomethacin-induced ulcers and their antagonism by antihistamines. Gastric ulceration produced by aspirin and indomethacin was compared in acutely stressed and non-stressed rats. We found a synergism between these anti-inflammatory agents and acute stress in the production of gastric ulcers. Even at relatively high doses, neither agent caused appreciable gastric damage in non-stressed rats, whereas moderate doses of both agents produced massive ulceration in stressed rats. The synergism appears unrelated to the effect of these agents on the pituitary-adrenal response. The size and regional distribution of ulcers produced by aspirin and indomethacin in stressed rats were comparable. However, the dose--response curves of the two drugs were markedly dissimilar. Furthermore, the ulceration produced by indomethacin was attenuated by both H1 and H2 histamine receptor antagonists, whereas ulceration produced by aspirin was attenuated only by an H2 antagonist. The results suggest that the ulcerogenic mechanism of indomethacin may differ from that of aspirin and add to the growing evidence on the importance of endogenous histamine in various forms of gastric ulceration.", "PMID": 710503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4442", "title": "Application of high-powered microwave irradiation for acetylcholine analysis in mouse brain.", "content": "Acetylcholine (ACh) levels in whole brains or discrete areas of mice brains were measured after sacrificing by decapitation, conventional or high-powered microwave irradiation. ACh levels in mice brains varied according to the time required to inactivate the enzymes. ACh levels after high-powered microwave irradiation for a shorter time were significantly higher than those after conventional irradiation.", "contents": "Application of high-powered microwave irradiation for acetylcholine analysis in mouse brain. Acetylcholine (ACh) levels in whole brains or discrete areas of mice brains were measured after sacrificing by decapitation, conventional or high-powered microwave irradiation. ACh levels in mice brains varied according to the time required to inactivate the enzymes. ACh levels after high-powered microwave irradiation for a shorter time were significantly higher than those after conventional irradiation.", "PMID": 710504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4443", "title": "Effect of labetalol on the accumulation and release of noradrenaline in rat ventricle.", "content": "In rat ventricular tissue, labetalol inhibited the accumulation of (-)-[3H]noradrenaline and released [3H] following preloading with (-)[3H]noradrenaline. Cocaine (30 micrometer) inhibited the release observed with tyramine (5 micrometer) and beta-phenethylamine (5 micrometer) but not that observed with labetalol (5 micrometer). Reserpine pretreatment of the animals abolished the release observed with labetalol (5 and 50 micrometer). Labetalol primarily increased the loss of deaminated metabolites of noradrenaline. It is suggested that labetalol may release (-)-noradrenaline from the vesicles.", "contents": "Effect of labetalol on the accumulation and release of noradrenaline in rat ventricle. In rat ventricular tissue, labetalol inhibited the accumulation of (-)-[3H]noradrenaline and released [3H] following preloading with (-)[3H]noradrenaline. Cocaine (30 micrometer) inhibited the release observed with tyramine (5 micrometer) and beta-phenethylamine (5 micrometer) but not that observed with labetalol (5 micrometer). Reserpine pretreatment of the animals abolished the release observed with labetalol (5 and 50 micrometer). Labetalol primarily increased the loss of deaminated metabolites of noradrenaline. It is suggested that labetalol may release (-)-noradrenaline from the vesicles.", "PMID": 710505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4444", "title": "Chronotropic effect of tyramine on rat heart cells cultured with sympathetic neurons.", "content": "Dissociated newborn rat superior cervical ganglion neurons in culture without exogenous nerve growth factor survive and extend processes on a monolayer of rat heart ventricular cells. An increase in the contraction rate of the heart cells was observed in 83% of the co-cultures treated with 5 X 10(-6) M tyramine. No increase was seen in heart cell cultures without neurons. These results are consistent with the assumed mode of action of tyramine--the release of catecholamines from nerve terminals--and suggest that functional interaction can occur in culture between sympathetic neurons and heart ventricular cells.", "contents": "Chronotropic effect of tyramine on rat heart cells cultured with sympathetic neurons. Dissociated newborn rat superior cervical ganglion neurons in culture without exogenous nerve growth factor survive and extend processes on a monolayer of rat heart ventricular cells. An increase in the contraction rate of the heart cells was observed in 83% of the co-cultures treated with 5 X 10(-6) M tyramine. No increase was seen in heart cell cultures without neurons. These results are consistent with the assumed mode of action of tyramine--the release of catecholamines from nerve terminals--and suggest that functional interaction can occur in culture between sympathetic neurons and heart ventricular cells.", "PMID": 710508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4445", "title": "A new in vivo method for quantitatively evaluating local anesthetics.", "content": "A method utilizing the reflex contraction of the retractor muscle of the hamster cheek pouch was developed to evaluate onset and duration of blockade produced by a local anesthetic agent infiltrated into or absorbed through the pouch epithelium. It provides a quantitative measure of reflex tension developed by the muscle as a function of afferent nerve conductivity in the pouch. The method is based upon the fact that when the pouch is everted activation of the retractor muscle results in the pouch being pulled toward the oral cavity. The method was validated by comparing the results with those obtained with other animal models and clinical trials. Ketocaine, an experimental drug, was evaluated for its efficacy as a local anesthetic when administered topically. In its present formulation the long latency of onset of blockade renders it impractical for clinical use.", "contents": "A new in vivo method for quantitatively evaluating local anesthetics. A method utilizing the reflex contraction of the retractor muscle of the hamster cheek pouch was developed to evaluate onset and duration of blockade produced by a local anesthetic agent infiltrated into or absorbed through the pouch epithelium. It provides a quantitative measure of reflex tension developed by the muscle as a function of afferent nerve conductivity in the pouch. The method is based upon the fact that when the pouch is everted activation of the retractor muscle results in the pouch being pulled toward the oral cavity. The method was validated by comparing the results with those obtained with other animal models and clinical trials. Ketocaine, an experimental drug, was evaluated for its efficacy as a local anesthetic when administered topically. In its present formulation the long latency of onset of blockade renders it impractical for clinical use.", "PMID": 710509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4446", "title": "Morphine: effects on serotonergic neurons and neurons in areas with a serotonergic input.", "content": "The hypothesis that morphine acts on the serotonergic system to produce analgesia is based on the previous observations that (1) lesions and stimulation of midbrain raphe nuclei after the threshold to nociceptive stimuli; (2) morphine alters the turnover of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT). Microiontophoretic experiments were carried out to determine if morphine affected the firing rate of cells in five areas of the serotonergic system consisting of 5-HT containing neurons in the midbrain raphe nuclei (dorsal raphe and median raphe) or neurons in three areas (amygdala, optic tectum and subiculum) which are thought to receive a 5-HT input from the raphe nuclei. Morphine administered microiontophoretically slowed or inhibited the spontaneous neuronal firing in 34% of the cells studied in both the pre- and post-synaptic areas; systemically administered morphine gave similar results. However, the inhibition of neuronal firing by morphine in the five areas of the serotonergic system studied was not a specific narcotic effect because (1) it was not stereospecific; and (2) it was rarely blocked by naloxone. The inhibitory effect of morphine does not appear to be related to the analgesic effects of morphine because neuronal firing in the midbrain raphe nuclei and three possible postsynaptic areas was rarely altered by a nociceptive stimulus. It is concluded that (1) the analgesic effect of morphine is not related to an effect on neurons in the midbrain raphe nuclei and three areas which receive an identified 5-HT input; and (2) the effect of morphine on neurons in these five areas of the serotonergic system is not a specific narcotic effect.", "contents": "Morphine: effects on serotonergic neurons and neurons in areas with a serotonergic input. The hypothesis that morphine acts on the serotonergic system to produce analgesia is based on the previous observations that (1) lesions and stimulation of midbrain raphe nuclei after the threshold to nociceptive stimuli; (2) morphine alters the turnover of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT). Microiontophoretic experiments were carried out to determine if morphine affected the firing rate of cells in five areas of the serotonergic system consisting of 5-HT containing neurons in the midbrain raphe nuclei (dorsal raphe and median raphe) or neurons in three areas (amygdala, optic tectum and subiculum) which are thought to receive a 5-HT input from the raphe nuclei. Morphine administered microiontophoretically slowed or inhibited the spontaneous neuronal firing in 34% of the cells studied in both the pre- and post-synaptic areas; systemically administered morphine gave similar results. However, the inhibition of neuronal firing by morphine in the five areas of the serotonergic system studied was not a specific narcotic effect because (1) it was not stereospecific; and (2) it was rarely blocked by naloxone. The inhibitory effect of morphine does not appear to be related to the analgesic effects of morphine because neuronal firing in the midbrain raphe nuclei and three possible postsynaptic areas was rarely altered by a nociceptive stimulus. It is concluded that (1) the analgesic effect of morphine is not related to an effect on neurons in the midbrain raphe nuclei and three areas which receive an identified 5-HT input; and (2) the effect of morphine on neurons in these five areas of the serotonergic system is not a specific narcotic effect.", "PMID": 710510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4447", "title": "Consummatory behavior and urine production after cerebroventricular injection of vasopressin and vasopressin antiserum.", "content": "Vasopressin, or vasopressin antiserum, was injected into a lateral cerebral ventricle of conscious rats. These rats were normally hydrated, cellular dehydrated (NaCl loading) or hypovolemic (polyethylene glycol model). Elevation or reduction of vasopressin in cerebrospinal fluid produced no consistent change in consummatory behavior, urine volume or sodium and potassium excretion. These results show vasopressin in cerebrospinal fluid not to be an absolute requirement for maintenance of hydration or for response to acute volume and osmotic stimuli.", "contents": "Consummatory behavior and urine production after cerebroventricular injection of vasopressin and vasopressin antiserum. Vasopressin, or vasopressin antiserum, was injected into a lateral cerebral ventricle of conscious rats. These rats were normally hydrated, cellular dehydrated (NaCl loading) or hypovolemic (polyethylene glycol model). Elevation or reduction of vasopressin in cerebrospinal fluid produced no consistent change in consummatory behavior, urine volume or sodium and potassium excretion. These results show vasopressin in cerebrospinal fluid not to be an absolute requirement for maintenance of hydration or for response to acute volume and osmotic stimuli.", "PMID": 710511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4448", "title": "Effect of hypothalamic stimulation in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine if central nervous system differences in blood pressure regulation exist between spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) controls. Central control mechanisms were examined by observing the effects of posterior hypothalamic (PH) stimulation upon preganglionic sympathetic activity in 14--18 week old SHR and WKY rats. A bipolar, concentric electrode was stereotaxically placed in the PH. Stimulation was delivered at 20, 60 and 100 Hz (3-sec duration, 0.1 msec pulse width) at a voltage twice that producing an increase in blood pressure (less than 5 mm Hg) at 60 Hz. Sympathetic activity was recorded from a portion of the splanchnic nerve just distal to the diaphragm. Blood pressure was measured from a femoral artery catheter. SHR responded with greater increases in sympathetic activity than WKY; the differences were statistically significant at 60 and 100 Hz. SHR also responded with significantly greater increases in blood pressure at all frequencies of stimulation. To determine if the enhanced sympathetic response to PH stimulation seen in adult SHR is an intrinsic difference rather than secondary to sustained hypertension, we maintained SHR normotensive from four weeks of age with antihypertensive drug therapy (clonidine or hydralazine). Chronically treated animals were then tested at 14--18 weeks of age while on antihypertensives or four days after drug discontinuance. Sympathetic and blood pressure responses to PH stimulation were significantly greater in SHR maintained normotensive than untreated or chronically treated WKY. These data support the concept that a central factor is involved in the etiology of hypertension in the SHR.", "contents": "Effect of hypothalamic stimulation in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats. This study was undertaken to determine if central nervous system differences in blood pressure regulation exist between spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) controls. Central control mechanisms were examined by observing the effects of posterior hypothalamic (PH) stimulation upon preganglionic sympathetic activity in 14--18 week old SHR and WKY rats. A bipolar, concentric electrode was stereotaxically placed in the PH. Stimulation was delivered at 20, 60 and 100 Hz (3-sec duration, 0.1 msec pulse width) at a voltage twice that producing an increase in blood pressure (less than 5 mm Hg) at 60 Hz. Sympathetic activity was recorded from a portion of the splanchnic nerve just distal to the diaphragm. Blood pressure was measured from a femoral artery catheter. SHR responded with greater increases in sympathetic activity than WKY; the differences were statistically significant at 60 and 100 Hz. SHR also responded with significantly greater increases in blood pressure at all frequencies of stimulation. To determine if the enhanced sympathetic response to PH stimulation seen in adult SHR is an intrinsic difference rather than secondary to sustained hypertension, we maintained SHR normotensive from four weeks of age with antihypertensive drug therapy (clonidine or hydralazine). Chronically treated animals were then tested at 14--18 weeks of age while on antihypertensives or four days after drug discontinuance. Sympathetic and blood pressure responses to PH stimulation were significantly greater in SHR maintained normotensive than untreated or chronically treated WKY. These data support the concept that a central factor is involved in the etiology of hypertension in the SHR.", "PMID": 710512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4449", "title": "Nucleus accumbens lesions reduce amphetamine hyperthermia but not hyperactivity.", "content": "Electrolytic lesions of the nucleus accumbens were found to produce an increase in spontaneous locomotion; additionally, these lesions attenuated the hyperthermic, but not the hyperkinetic, actions of d-amphetamine. These results suggest that while dopamine release from the mesolimbic system may underlie amphetamine-induced hyperthermia, other structures must also be involved in amphetamine-induced hypermotility.", "contents": "Nucleus accumbens lesions reduce amphetamine hyperthermia but not hyperactivity. Electrolytic lesions of the nucleus accumbens were found to produce an increase in spontaneous locomotion; additionally, these lesions attenuated the hyperthermic, but not the hyperkinetic, actions of d-amphetamine. These results suggest that while dopamine release from the mesolimbic system may underlie amphetamine-induced hyperthermia, other structures must also be involved in amphetamine-induced hypermotility.", "PMID": 710513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4450", "title": "[Establishment of a new breeding colony of germfree CF no. 1 mice (author's transl)].", "content": "Baby CF no. 1 mice were obtained by hysterectomy and reared by hand feeding under aseptic condition. Temperature in the cage was kept at 33 degrees C for first 14 days of age. Artificial milk, diet RM was composed of rat milk (44%) collected from the stomach of killed baby rats, evaporated cow milk (16%) and vitamin mixture (2%). The diet was homogenized after sterilization and given mice using a latex gum stomach tube at intervals of four hours for 20 to 24 days of age. Feeding size a day (Y ml) was given by the following regression curve, Y = 0.412 X - 0.299, (X : body weights in gram). According to this procedure, 40 out of 74 germfree mice (54%) were weaned with good growth. From a male and a female mice, the germfree CF no. 1 mouse colony of Takeda was established in 1967 and the lines were distributed to several laboratories of this country.", "contents": "[Establishment of a new breeding colony of germfree CF no. 1 mice (author's transl)]. Baby CF no. 1 mice were obtained by hysterectomy and reared by hand feeding under aseptic condition. Temperature in the cage was kept at 33 degrees C for first 14 days of age. Artificial milk, diet RM was composed of rat milk (44%) collected from the stomach of killed baby rats, evaporated cow milk (16%) and vitamin mixture (2%). The diet was homogenized after sterilization and given mice using a latex gum stomach tube at intervals of four hours for 20 to 24 days of age. Feeding size a day (Y ml) was given by the following regression curve, Y = 0.412 X - 0.299, (X : body weights in gram). According to this procedure, 40 out of 74 germfree mice (54%) were weaned with good growth. From a male and a female mice, the germfree CF no. 1 mouse colony of Takeda was established in 1967 and the lines were distributed to several laboratories of this country.", "PMID": 710515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4451", "title": "[Measurement of rat serum corticosterone using radiostereoassay kit for cortisol (author's transl)].", "content": "A very simple technique for measurement of rat serum corticosterone with radiostereoassy kit using 75Se-cortisol was devised. Only 25--50 microliter serum was required for this assay. The serum sample was first diluted to 300 microliter with water and heated in a glass tube to denature the endogeneous cortisol binding protein. Then an aliquot of the sample was transferred into an assay vial containing 75Se-cortisol, cortisol binding protein and adsorbent granules. After rotated, an aliquot of the supernatant was taken for counting. High level of rat serum corticosterone was measured with satisfying accuracy by dilution with water. Serum corticosterone levels in 7 normal female Sprague-Dawley rats (7 weeks old, Ca 200g body weight) at 2.00 pm were 29.5 +/- 12.2 microgram/dl (mean +/- SD). The levels were lower and higher in rats treated with dexamethasone and with 1-18 ACTH, respectively.", "contents": "[Measurement of rat serum corticosterone using radiostereoassay kit for cortisol (author's transl)]. A very simple technique for measurement of rat serum corticosterone with radiostereoassy kit using 75Se-cortisol was devised. Only 25--50 microliter serum was required for this assay. The serum sample was first diluted to 300 microliter with water and heated in a glass tube to denature the endogeneous cortisol binding protein. Then an aliquot of the sample was transferred into an assay vial containing 75Se-cortisol, cortisol binding protein and adsorbent granules. After rotated, an aliquot of the supernatant was taken for counting. High level of rat serum corticosterone was measured with satisfying accuracy by dilution with water. Serum corticosterone levels in 7 normal female Sprague-Dawley rats (7 weeks old, Ca 200g body weight) at 2.00 pm were 29.5 +/- 12.2 microgram/dl (mean +/- SD). The levels were lower and higher in rats treated with dexamethasone and with 1-18 ACTH, respectively.", "PMID": 710516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4452", "title": "[Survey of marker genes in the 9 rat strains (author's transl)].", "content": "In total of 17 genetic traits of the 9 strains of rats, Rattus norvegicus, examined, 9 loci showed polymorphic, being a, c, d, h, Es-1, Es-2, Es-3, Amy-1 and sex-influenced esterase (d-allele is not identified [12]. These genetic markers are not only useful as linkage markers but also available for inspection of proper maintenance of inbred rat strains.", "contents": "[Survey of marker genes in the 9 rat strains (author's transl)]. In total of 17 genetic traits of the 9 strains of rats, Rattus norvegicus, examined, 9 loci showed polymorphic, being a, c, d, h, Es-1, Es-2, Es-3, Amy-1 and sex-influenced esterase (d-allele is not identified [12]. These genetic markers are not only useful as linkage markers but also available for inspection of proper maintenance of inbred rat strains.", "PMID": 710517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4453", "title": "[A simplified method for determination of biochemical marker genes in inbred strains of mice (author's transl)].", "content": "A rapid method is described for the determination of biochemical variants of mice by Titan III cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Variants examined were hemoglobin beta-chain, serum esterase-1, malic enzyme (supernatant form), and isocitrate dehydrogenase (supernatant form). The present procedure can be recommended as a simplified method to analyze biochemical variants for checking of marker genes in inbred strains of mice.", "contents": "[A simplified method for determination of biochemical marker genes in inbred strains of mice (author's transl)]. A rapid method is described for the determination of biochemical variants of mice by Titan III cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Variants examined were hemoglobin beta-chain, serum esterase-1, malic enzyme (supernatant form), and isocitrate dehydrogenase (supernatant form). The present procedure can be recommended as a simplified method to analyze biochemical variants for checking of marker genes in inbred strains of mice.", "PMID": 710518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4454", "title": "[Small scale efficient reproduction of El mice (author's transl)].", "content": "Epilepic anormaly strain of mice \"El\" derived from National Institute of Health, Japan were bred by sister-brother mating during the first 3 months and maintained thereafter by random mating at this laboratory. About 20% (21/101) of virgin females and 4% (2/49) of males were infertile and rate of delivering was relatively poor; mean delivery rate was 70.6%. Delivery rate were drawn after fourth litter. The mean litter size and weaning rate were 7.54 and 97.9%, respectively. Male El mice died following convulsion. Autopsy revealed the obstruction of urether, bleeding in the bladder and seminal vesicules. The time of 50% death was 166 days of age.", "contents": "[Small scale efficient reproduction of El mice (author's transl)]. Epilepic anormaly strain of mice \"El\" derived from National Institute of Health, Japan were bred by sister-brother mating during the first 3 months and maintained thereafter by random mating at this laboratory. About 20% (21/101) of virgin females and 4% (2/49) of males were infertile and rate of delivering was relatively poor; mean delivery rate was 70.6%. Delivery rate were drawn after fourth litter. The mean litter size and weaning rate were 7.54 and 97.9%, respectively. Male El mice died following convulsion. Autopsy revealed the obstruction of urether, bleeding in the bladder and seminal vesicules. The time of 50% death was 166 days of age.", "PMID": 710519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4455", "title": "[A micro-method developed for prothrombin time assay (author's transl)].", "content": "Prothrombin time was measured by a newly developed micro-method using a plastic film available in the market (PARAFILM, American Can. Co.). The comparative study of this micro-method with that of Quick in rats disclosed a good correlation, with correlation coefficient of 0.951, supporting the usefulness of the method for examination of blood coagulability. The new method gave the physiological values of 9.8 sec in rabbits, 12.5 sec in dogs, 13.3 sec in mice, 14.8 sec in cats and 16.0 sec in rats, respectively. Among them, guinea pigs took the longest time of 25.3 sec for the coagulation.", "contents": "[A micro-method developed for prothrombin time assay (author's transl)]. Prothrombin time was measured by a newly developed micro-method using a plastic film available in the market (PARAFILM, American Can. Co.). The comparative study of this micro-method with that of Quick in rats disclosed a good correlation, with correlation coefficient of 0.951, supporting the usefulness of the method for examination of blood coagulability. The new method gave the physiological values of 9.8 sec in rabbits, 12.5 sec in dogs, 13.3 sec in mice, 14.8 sec in cats and 16.0 sec in rats, respectively. Among them, guinea pigs took the longest time of 25.3 sec for the coagulation.", "PMID": 710520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4456", "title": "Effect of a single oral dose of oxymetholone on the metabolism of human erythrocytes.", "content": "Androgenic steroids have been shown to enhance erythrocyte 2,3-DPG production in vivo and in vitro, and to stimulate the pentose shunt oxidative reactions in vitro. Furthermore, a 3 beta- and a 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase have been identified in red cells. The present study was carried out to explore a cumulative effect of androgens on glycolysis and androgen reduction in human erythrocytes in vivo following a single 50 mg oral dose of 17 beta-hydroxy-2 (hydroxymethylene)-17 methyl-5 alpha-androstan-3-one (oxymetholone). The rate of erythrocyte glycolysis was measured by quantitative determination of: fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP); dehydroxyacetone phosphate (DAP); 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG); adenosine triphosphate (ATP); and lactate. Serum and erythrocyte steroids were separated by thin layer chromatography. The reduction of 5 alpha-androstan-17 beta-ol-3-one by red cell hemolysate was measured in the presence of NADPH as an index of 3(17)beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. Our results  show that oxymetholone administration is followed by the appearance of an unidentified steroid fraction in chromatograms of serum and erythrocytes, simultaneously with the enhancement of glycolysis and of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in erythrocytes. A direct effect of androgen on erythrocyte metabolism, which is independent of the hormone erythropoietic effect, is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of a single oral dose of oxymetholone on the metabolism of human erythrocytes. Androgenic steroids have been shown to enhance erythrocyte 2,3-DPG production in vivo and in vitro, and to stimulate the pentose shunt oxidative reactions in vitro. Furthermore, a 3 beta- and a 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase have been identified in red cells. The present study was carried out to explore a cumulative effect of androgens on glycolysis and androgen reduction in human erythrocytes in vivo following a single 50 mg oral dose of 17 beta-hydroxy-2 (hydroxymethylene)-17 methyl-5 alpha-androstan-3-one (oxymetholone). The rate of erythrocyte glycolysis was measured by quantitative determination of: fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP); dehydroxyacetone phosphate (DAP); 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG); adenosine triphosphate (ATP); and lactate. Serum and erythrocyte steroids were separated by thin layer chromatography. The reduction of 5 alpha-androstan-17 beta-ol-3-one by red cell hemolysate was measured in the presence of NADPH as an index of 3(17)beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. Our results  show that oxymetholone administration is followed by the appearance of an unidentified steroid fraction in chromatograms of serum and erythrocytes, simultaneously with the enhancement of glycolysis and of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in erythrocytes. A direct effect of androgen on erythrocyte metabolism, which is independent of the hormone erythropoietic effect, is discussed.", "PMID": 710546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4457", "title": "Population sizes of granulocyte-macrophage and monocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells in Sl/Sld.", "content": "The sizes of granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-c) and monocyte-macrophage (CFC) progenitor cell populations were measured and compared in Sl/Sld and +/+ mice. In the marrow, the CFU-c and CFC population sizes were 40% and 67%, respectively, of the +/+ marrow CFU-c and CFC population sizes. There was no difference in the size of these two-cell populations in the spleens or thymi of Sl/Sld mice as compared with +/+ mice. Furthermore, the marrow CFC population was found to be heterogeneous by velocity sedimentation. One of the marrow CFC subpopulations is characterized by a velocity sedimentation value of 5.05 mm/h while the other has a value of 6.30 mm/h.", "contents": "Population sizes of granulocyte-macrophage and monocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells in Sl/Sld. The sizes of granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-c) and monocyte-macrophage (CFC) progenitor cell populations were measured and compared in Sl/Sld and +/+ mice. In the marrow, the CFU-c and CFC population sizes were 40% and 67%, respectively, of the +/+ marrow CFU-c and CFC population sizes. There was no difference in the size of these two-cell populations in the spleens or thymi of Sl/Sld mice as compared with +/+ mice. Furthermore, the marrow CFC population was found to be heterogeneous by velocity sedimentation. One of the marrow CFC subpopulations is characterized by a velocity sedimentation value of 5.05 mm/h while the other has a value of 6.30 mm/h.", "PMID": 710547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4458", "title": "Effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharide on proliferation of CFU-S.", "content": "Multiple injections of S. typhosa LPS increased the number of CFU-S in the spleen 20-50 fold and decreased the number in the femur to one half or less. LPS injections did not affect the growth rates of CFU-S in the spleen or femur of lethally irradiated mice. The plateau levels which were attained in these mice after proliferation, corresponded with the levels in LPS-treated non-irradiated mice. Local irradiation of the spleen with 3000 rad hardly affected the capacity of the spleen to accommodate the increased CFU-S numbers after LPS injection. These results suggest that irradiation resistant microenvironmental factors in the spleen determine the CFU-S accumulation in this organ after injection of Salmonella typhosa LPS. The increased number of CFU-S in the blood after LPS injection was maintained in splenectomized mice as well as in mice which received a local splenic x-irradiation with 3000 rad, indicating that this rise of blood CFU-S numbers is independent of the spleen.", "contents": "Effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharide on proliferation of CFU-S. Multiple injections of S. typhosa LPS increased the number of CFU-S in the spleen 20-50 fold and decreased the number in the femur to one half or less. LPS injections did not affect the growth rates of CFU-S in the spleen or femur of lethally irradiated mice. The plateau levels which were attained in these mice after proliferation, corresponded with the levels in LPS-treated non-irradiated mice. Local irradiation of the spleen with 3000 rad hardly affected the capacity of the spleen to accommodate the increased CFU-S numbers after LPS injection. These results suggest that irradiation resistant microenvironmental factors in the spleen determine the CFU-S accumulation in this organ after injection of Salmonella typhosa LPS. The increased number of CFU-S in the blood after LPS injection was maintained in splenectomized mice as well as in mice which received a local splenic x-irradiation with 3000 rad, indicating that this rise of blood CFU-S numbers is independent of the spleen.", "PMID": 710548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4459", "title": "Hemopoiesis on macrophage-coated cellulose acetate membranes (CAMS) in mice: an immunological study.", "content": "Macrophage-coated cellulose acetate membranes (CAMS), implanted into the peritoneal cavities of sublethally irradiated mice, support the growth of hemopoietic colonies. To investigate the nature of the precursor cells (CFU-ML) which form colonies on CAMS, we pre-treated marrow cells with rabbit anti-mouse brain serum (RAMBS), a known anti-pluripotent stem cell (CFU-S) serum, plus complement (C) and studied the number of colonies formed and the distribution of their sizes among the various histological types. Marrow cells pre-treated with RAMBS + C, even with the opportunity for interaction with macrophages in vivo, did not form fewer or smaller colonies than those formed from CRS + C treated cells, suggesting that most of the CFU-ML are antigenically distinct from CFU-S.", "contents": "Hemopoiesis on macrophage-coated cellulose acetate membranes (CAMS) in mice: an immunological study. Macrophage-coated cellulose acetate membranes (CAMS), implanted into the peritoneal cavities of sublethally irradiated mice, support the growth of hemopoietic colonies. To investigate the nature of the precursor cells (CFU-ML) which form colonies on CAMS, we pre-treated marrow cells with rabbit anti-mouse brain serum (RAMBS), a known anti-pluripotent stem cell (CFU-S) serum, plus complement (C) and studied the number of colonies formed and the distribution of their sizes among the various histological types. Marrow cells pre-treated with RAMBS + C, even with the opportunity for interaction with macrophages in vivo, did not form fewer or smaller colonies than those formed from CRS + C treated cells, suggesting that most of the CFU-ML are antigenically distinct from CFU-S.", "PMID": 710549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4460", "title": "Erythroid colony formation in vitro from the marrow of dogs with cyclic hematopoiesis: interrelationship of progenitor cells.", "content": "Committed erythroid progenitor cells (Colony Forming Units-Erythroid, CFU-E) have been studied in canine cyclic hematopoiesis (CH) utilizing a semi-solid methyl cellulose culture system. Erythroid colonies were stimulated by the addition of a standard volume of serum from normal dogs that had been phlebotomized and subjected to hypoxia. CFU-E fluctuated over the cycle in dogs with CH from concentrations 4--5 times normal during the periods of peripheral blood neutropenia to less than one tenth of normal during the phases of elevated peripheral blood neutrophil counts. In spite of these marked fluctuations there was no change in the proliferation rate of the CFU-E as estimated by the tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) suicide technique. Failure to demonstrate a change in the CFU-E proliferation rate may be related to the relative maturity of these cells with the fluctuations in number resulting from a 'feed-in' from more immature cells. The results show that CFU-E fluctuate in the same phase as committed granulocytic progenitor cells (CFU-C). Our current knowledge of the interrelationships of marrow progenitor cells and events in the peripheral blood of dogs with CH is briefly reviewed and some additional questions, raised by recent studies regarding the pathogenesis of this disease, are discussed.", "contents": "Erythroid colony formation in vitro from the marrow of dogs with cyclic hematopoiesis: interrelationship of progenitor cells. Committed erythroid progenitor cells (Colony Forming Units-Erythroid, CFU-E) have been studied in canine cyclic hematopoiesis (CH) utilizing a semi-solid methyl cellulose culture system. Erythroid colonies were stimulated by the addition of a standard volume of serum from normal dogs that had been phlebotomized and subjected to hypoxia. CFU-E fluctuated over the cycle in dogs with CH from concentrations 4--5 times normal during the periods of peripheral blood neutropenia to less than one tenth of normal during the phases of elevated peripheral blood neutrophil counts. In spite of these marked fluctuations there was no change in the proliferation rate of the CFU-E as estimated by the tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) suicide technique. Failure to demonstrate a change in the CFU-E proliferation rate may be related to the relative maturity of these cells with the fluctuations in number resulting from a 'feed-in' from more immature cells. The results show that CFU-E fluctuate in the same phase as committed granulocytic progenitor cells (CFU-C). Our current knowledge of the interrelationships of marrow progenitor cells and events in the peripheral blood of dogs with CH is briefly reviewed and some additional questions, raised by recent studies regarding the pathogenesis of this disease, are discussed.", "PMID": 710550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4461", "title": "Determination of heme and non-heme iron content of mouse erythropoietic organs.", "content": "A procedure is described for determining the content of heme and non-heme iron in organs and tissues of the mouse. Heme iron after homogenization and hemolysis of the samples is extracted as hemin by means of a mixture of ethyl acetate and glacial acetic acid, the extraction being followed by washing with hydrochloric acid. Total iron content is determined with commercial analytical sets exploiting color reaction with bathophenanthroline after mineralization of the samples. The presence of bone or other tissues does not distort the results. The procedure is relatively simple and suitable for serial analyses. The results obtained for the mouse by this method are in good agreement with recognized principles of ferrokinetics in mammals.", "contents": "Determination of heme and non-heme iron content of mouse erythropoietic organs. A procedure is described for determining the content of heme and non-heme iron in organs and tissues of the mouse. Heme iron after homogenization and hemolysis of the samples is extracted as hemin by means of a mixture of ethyl acetate and glacial acetic acid, the extraction being followed by washing with hydrochloric acid. Total iron content is determined with commercial analytical sets exploiting color reaction with bathophenanthroline after mineralization of the samples. The presence of bone or other tissues does not distort the results. The procedure is relatively simple and suitable for serial analyses. The results obtained for the mouse by this method are in good agreement with recognized principles of ferrokinetics in mammals.", "PMID": 710551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4462", "title": "Beta-adrenergic thirst and its relation to the renin-angiotensin system.", "content": "Isoproterenol is a potent dipsogen and antidiuretic agent. It also stimulates the release of renin from the kidney. Evidence is presented to substantiate the view that the drinking and increased vasopressin release that follow the systemic injection of a small dose of isoproterenol are mediated via increased activity of the renin-angiotensin system. Larger doses of isoproterenol, which have profound effects on the cardiovascular system, cause drinking and vasopressin release by mechanisms that do not depend solely on the renin-angiotensin system. Other experiments discussed do not support the hypothesis that hypothalamic beta-adrenergic neurons are important in facilitating thirst. Low doses of isoproterenol are more effective in causing drinking and vasopressin release when given peripherally rather than centrally. Evidence is discussed that supports the view that isoproterenol given centrally leaks into the periphery and causes release of renin and subsequent stimulation of drinking and vasopressin release.", "contents": "Beta-adrenergic thirst and its relation to the renin-angiotensin system. Isoproterenol is a potent dipsogen and antidiuretic agent. It also stimulates the release of renin from the kidney. Evidence is presented to substantiate the view that the drinking and increased vasopressin release that follow the systemic injection of a small dose of isoproterenol are mediated via increased activity of the renin-angiotensin system. Larger doses of isoproterenol, which have profound effects on the cardiovascular system, cause drinking and vasopressin release by mechanisms that do not depend solely on the renin-angiotensin system. Other experiments discussed do not support the hypothesis that hypothalamic beta-adrenergic neurons are important in facilitating thirst. Low doses of isoproterenol are more effective in causing drinking and vasopressin release when given peripherally rather than centrally. Evidence is discussed that supports the view that isoproterenol given centrally leaks into the periphery and causes release of renin and subsequent stimulation of drinking and vasopressin release.", "PMID": 710589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4463", "title": "The renin-angiotensin system and thirst: some unanswered questions.", "content": "Recent experiments dispute the significance of four findings that usually are cited to support the hypothesis that angiotensin is a natural dipsogen. First, although administration of exogenous renin consistently increases water intake, the plasma renin activities that are produced seem to be outside of the normal physiological range when the elicited drinking is substantial. Second, although plasma renin activities are elevated following caval ligation, colloid, or isoproterenol treatment, this activity of the renin-angiotensin system appears to account for only a small portion of the observed water intake. Third, although bilateral nephrectomy abolishes the water intake that otherwise occurs after caval ligation or isoproterenol treatment, the observed blood pressure appears to be so low as to preclude drinking behavior. Finally, although drinking can be stimulated in these hypotensive rats by various treatments, in each case a pressor response also is observed that might have restored the ability to drink. These new observations have provoked a reevaluation of the circumstances in which endogenous angiotensin stimulates thirst and the magnitude of its contribution then. At present, there is no persuasive evidence that the renin-angiotensin system normally plays a direct and substantial role in mediating the ingestion of water or saline.", "contents": "The renin-angiotensin system and thirst: some unanswered questions. Recent experiments dispute the significance of four findings that usually are cited to support the hypothesis that angiotensin is a natural dipsogen. First, although administration of exogenous renin consistently increases water intake, the plasma renin activities that are produced seem to be outside of the normal physiological range when the elicited drinking is substantial. Second, although plasma renin activities are elevated following caval ligation, colloid, or isoproterenol treatment, this activity of the renin-angiotensin system appears to account for only a small portion of the observed water intake. Third, although bilateral nephrectomy abolishes the water intake that otherwise occurs after caval ligation or isoproterenol treatment, the observed blood pressure appears to be so low as to preclude drinking behavior. Finally, although drinking can be stimulated in these hypotensive rats by various treatments, in each case a pressor response also is observed that might have restored the ability to drink. These new observations have provoked a reevaluation of the circumstances in which endogenous angiotensin stimulates thirst and the magnitude of its contribution then. At present, there is no persuasive evidence that the renin-angiotensin system normally plays a direct and substantial role in mediating the ingestion of water or saline.", "PMID": 710591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4464", "title": "Intestinal ischemia and shock factors.", "content": "Perfusion pressure reduction to the small intestinal vascular bed for 2 hours to followed by characteristic villous damage and a general cardiovascular derangement. In an extensive series of experiments on cats it was demonstrated that the cardiovascular derangement could not be ascribed to any pooling of blood and/or fluid in the small intestine. Cardiotoxic material has been demonstrated in the cat intestinal venous blood in in vivo and in vitro experiments using working rat hearts and isolated rabbit papillary muscles. A relationship between the extent of the villous damage and the appearance of cardiotoxic material in the intestinal venous blood has been found. The cardiotoxic material seems to consist of at least two heat stable fractions. One is water soluble with a molecular mass between 500 and 1,000 daltons and the other is lipid soluble with an unknown molecular mass.", "contents": "Intestinal ischemia and shock factors. Perfusion pressure reduction to the small intestinal vascular bed for 2 hours to followed by characteristic villous damage and a general cardiovascular derangement. In an extensive series of experiments on cats it was demonstrated that the cardiovascular derangement could not be ascribed to any pooling of blood and/or fluid in the small intestine. Cardiotoxic material has been demonstrated in the cat intestinal venous blood in in vivo and in vitro experiments using working rat hearts and isolated rabbit papillary muscles. A relationship between the extent of the villous damage and the appearance of cardiotoxic material in the intestinal venous blood has been found. The cardiotoxic material seems to consist of at least two heat stable fractions. One is water soluble with a molecular mass between 500 and 1,000 daltons and the other is lipid soluble with an unknown molecular mass.", "PMID": 710594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4465", "title": "Human leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF): a lymphocyte mediator with esteratic properties.", "content": "Sensitized human or guinea pig lymphocytes stimulated by specific antigen or nonspecifically by mitogens elaborate a soluble leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF) that selectively inhibits the random migration of polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes. LIF has the properties of a protein and is unique among lymphocyte mediators because of its esterase nature. While its natural substrate on PMN leukocytes is unknown, a synthetic amino acid derivative ([3H]benzoyl arginine ethyl ester) has been shown to be capable of serving as an artificial substrate. Through the use of selective esterase inhibitors it may eventually be possible to develop a biochemical assay for its detection in lieu of the biologic assay. LIF-containing supernatants have been shown to enhance a number of PMN leukocyte functions, including adherence, phagocytosis, metabolism, and electrophoretic mobility. In a chemotactic assay, LIF was found to induce the release of a low molecular weight peptide (neutrophil immobilization factor) from PMN leukocytes which decreased their spontaneous random movement and directed movement in the presence of a chemoattractant. This latter pathway may provide an amplification of LIF activity on the migration of PMN leukocytes.", "contents": "Human leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF): a lymphocyte mediator with esteratic properties. Sensitized human or guinea pig lymphocytes stimulated by specific antigen or nonspecifically by mitogens elaborate a soluble leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF) that selectively inhibits the random migration of polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes. LIF has the properties of a protein and is unique among lymphocyte mediators because of its esterase nature. While its natural substrate on PMN leukocytes is unknown, a synthetic amino acid derivative ([3H]benzoyl arginine ethyl ester) has been shown to be capable of serving as an artificial substrate. Through the use of selective esterase inhibitors it may eventually be possible to develop a biochemical assay for its detection in lieu of the biologic assay. LIF-containing supernatants have been shown to enhance a number of PMN leukocyte functions, including adherence, phagocytosis, metabolism, and electrophoretic mobility. In a chemotactic assay, LIF was found to induce the release of a low molecular weight peptide (neutrophil immobilization factor) from PMN leukocytes which decreased their spontaneous random movement and directed movement in the presence of a chemoattractant. This latter pathway may provide an amplification of LIF activity on the migration of PMN leukocytes.", "PMID": 710595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4466", "title": "Failures following fimbriectomy: a further report.", "content": "In 1977 we reported on seven patients who presented with intrauterine pregnancy in spite of previous fimbriectomy; in a detailed morphologic study one tuboperitoneal fistula was documented in each of four patients. In the present study three more patients are reported with pregnancy following fimbriectomy, and another four tuboperitoneal fistulas are morphologically investigated and their possible etiology is discussed. In spite of a failure rate of almost 2.6%, the concept about the reliability of fimbriectomy need not necessarily be condemned. This concept can be judged only if information is available both about the total number of fistulas subsequent to a certain technique and about the number of those fistulas which contributed to pregnancy.", "contents": "Failures following fimbriectomy: a further report. In 1977 we reported on seven patients who presented with intrauterine pregnancy in spite of previous fimbriectomy; in a detailed morphologic study one tuboperitoneal fistula was documented in each of four patients. In the present study three more patients are reported with pregnancy following fimbriectomy, and another four tuboperitoneal fistulas are morphologically investigated and their possible etiology is discussed. In spite of a failure rate of almost 2.6%, the concept about the reliability of fimbriectomy need not necessarily be condemned. This concept can be judged only if information is available both about the total number of fistulas subsequent to a certain technique and about the number of those fistulas which contributed to pregnancy.", "PMID": 710596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4467", "title": "Continued clinical experience with an increasing dosage regimen of clomiphene citrate administration.", "content": "Between August 1, 1975, and July 31, 1977, 60 patients with infertility and ovulatory dysfunction were evaluated at the Naval Regional Medical Center, Oakland. Of these, 15 had incomplete work-ups or were lost to follow-up. Of the remaining 45 patients, 2 (4.5%) failed to ovulate at a maximal dose of 250 mg of clomiphene for 5 days with 10,000 units of human chorionic gonadotropin. Of the 43 (95.5%) who did ovulate, 33 conceived. Of these 33 patients, 9 (27%) required greater than 100 mg of clomiphene and/or longer than three ovulatory cycles to conceive. Of the 10 patients who did not become pregnant, additional infertility factors were present in 5. When these 5 were eliminated, the corrected pregnancy rate was 87% (33 of 38). The spontaneous abortion rate was 12.2% and there were no multiple gestations. These results would further emphasize that clomiphene can be used safely and effectively at doses greater than 100 mg or for longer than three ovulatory cycles.", "contents": "Continued clinical experience with an increasing dosage regimen of clomiphene citrate administration. Between August 1, 1975, and July 31, 1977, 60 patients with infertility and ovulatory dysfunction were evaluated at the Naval Regional Medical Center, Oakland. Of these, 15 had incomplete work-ups or were lost to follow-up. Of the remaining 45 patients, 2 (4.5%) failed to ovulate at a maximal dose of 250 mg of clomiphene for 5 days with 10,000 units of human chorionic gonadotropin. Of the 43 (95.5%) who did ovulate, 33 conceived. Of these 33 patients, 9 (27%) required greater than 100 mg of clomiphene and/or longer than three ovulatory cycles to conceive. Of the 10 patients who did not become pregnant, additional infertility factors were present in 5. When these 5 were eliminated, the corrected pregnancy rate was 87% (33 of 38). The spontaneous abortion rate was 12.2% and there were no multiple gestations. These results would further emphasize that clomiphene can be used safely and effectively at doses greater than 100 mg or for longer than three ovulatory cycles.", "PMID": 710597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4468", "title": "Diagnostic evaluation of hirsutism in women by selective bilateral adrenal and ovarian venous catheterization.", "content": "To determine the most significant secretory source of their androgens, 13 hirsute nonvirilized women underwent selective bilateral adrenal and ovarian venous catheterization to obtain effluent blood for the assay of testosterone and delta4-androstenedione. In three patients the testosterone and delta4-androstenedione gradients were significantly greater in the adrenal venous effluents. Testosterone and delta4-androstenedione gradients were significantly greater in the ovarian venous effluents in four patients. In six patients there were no significant differences in the testosterone gradients between the adrenal and ovarian venous effluents. The delta4-androstenedione gradients were greater in the adrenal venous effluents in three of these patients, greater in the ovarian venous effluents in one, and not significantly different in two of these patients. The fact that the measurement of urinary 17-ketosteroid excretion, the suppressibility of peripheral plasma androgens with dexamethasone, and the stimulation of peripheral plasma androgens with human chorionic gonadotropin correlated poorly with the selective catheterization data suggests that the former modalities are imprecise in the diagnostic evaluation of hirsutism in women.", "contents": "Diagnostic evaluation of hirsutism in women by selective bilateral adrenal and ovarian venous catheterization. To determine the most significant secretory source of their androgens, 13 hirsute nonvirilized women underwent selective bilateral adrenal and ovarian venous catheterization to obtain effluent blood for the assay of testosterone and delta4-androstenedione. In three patients the testosterone and delta4-androstenedione gradients were significantly greater in the adrenal venous effluents. Testosterone and delta4-androstenedione gradients were significantly greater in the ovarian venous effluents in four patients. In six patients there were no significant differences in the testosterone gradients between the adrenal and ovarian venous effluents. The delta4-androstenedione gradients were greater in the adrenal venous effluents in three of these patients, greater in the ovarian venous effluents in one, and not significantly different in two of these patients. The fact that the measurement of urinary 17-ketosteroid excretion, the suppressibility of peripheral plasma androgens with dexamethasone, and the stimulation of peripheral plasma androgens with human chorionic gonadotropin correlated poorly with the selective catheterization data suggests that the former modalities are imprecise in the diagnostic evaluation of hirsutism in women.", "PMID": 710599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4469", "title": "The effects of a once-a-week steroid contraceptive (R2323) on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in women during three months of use.", "content": "Forty-four women were prospectively evaluated with a 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test while they used a new weekly oral contraceptive drug, R2323. The blood tests were carried out before the drug was administered and again 3 months after its use. Both blood glucose and plasma insulin levels were measured. In the 40 women with a \"normal\" control glucose tolerance test, it was found that only the 1-hour blood glucose value was significantly elevated after 3 months of drug use and the plasma insulin values were unchanged. The tests of three of the four women with borderline abnormal to abnormal control test curves converted to normal with 3 months of treatment and that of one remained unchanged. The fasting plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels were unchanged over the 3 months' time. These results suggest that this steroid contraceptive has no effect on lipid metabolism. It also has minimal adverse effects on normal carbohydrate metabolism and may possibly improve abnormal metabolism.", "contents": "The effects of a once-a-week steroid contraceptive (R2323) on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in women during three months of use. Forty-four women were prospectively evaluated with a 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test while they used a new weekly oral contraceptive drug, R2323. The blood tests were carried out before the drug was administered and again 3 months after its use. Both blood glucose and plasma insulin levels were measured. In the 40 women with a \"normal\" control glucose tolerance test, it was found that only the 1-hour blood glucose value was significantly elevated after 3 months of drug use and the plasma insulin values were unchanged. The tests of three of the four women with borderline abnormal to abnormal control test curves converted to normal with 3 months of treatment and that of one remained unchanged. The fasting plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels were unchanged over the 3 months' time. These results suggest that this steroid contraceptive has no effect on lipid metabolism. It also has minimal adverse effects on normal carbohydrate metabolism and may possibly improve abnormal metabolism.", "PMID": 710600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4470", "title": "Quantitation of Leydig cells in testicular biopsies of oligospermic men with varicocele.", "content": "Leydig cell density was evaluated quantitatively in bilateral testicular biopsies from 16 oligospermic men with varicocele. The method utilized for this quantitation is based on the determination of the total number of Leydig cells, Leydig cell clusters, and seminiferous tubules in the entire histologic section of each biopsy, and the calculation of the following indices: mean Leydig cells per seminiferous tubule, mean Leydig cell clusters per seminiferous tubule, and mean Leydig cells per cluster. A significant correlation between Leydig cells per tubule and Leydig cell clusters per tubule was demonstrated, suggesting that determination of Leydig cell clusters per seminiferous tubule in testicular biopsies is an objective and clinically applicable method for quantitative evaluation of Leydig cell density. An association of varicocele with Leydig cell hyperplasia was not noted for the 16 patients studied. In addition, no significant differences in Leydig cell density between right and left testes were found, and no correlation between Leydig cell density and site or degree of varicocele, or age of the patients could be demonstrated. To our knowledge this is the first report of quantitative analysis of Leydig cell density in men with varicocele.", "contents": "Quantitation of Leydig cells in testicular biopsies of oligospermic men with varicocele. Leydig cell density was evaluated quantitatively in bilateral testicular biopsies from 16 oligospermic men with varicocele. The method utilized for this quantitation is based on the determination of the total number of Leydig cells, Leydig cell clusters, and seminiferous tubules in the entire histologic section of each biopsy, and the calculation of the following indices: mean Leydig cells per seminiferous tubule, mean Leydig cell clusters per seminiferous tubule, and mean Leydig cells per cluster. A significant correlation between Leydig cells per tubule and Leydig cell clusters per tubule was demonstrated, suggesting that determination of Leydig cell clusters per seminiferous tubule in testicular biopsies is an objective and clinically applicable method for quantitative evaluation of Leydig cell density. An association of varicocele with Leydig cell hyperplasia was not noted for the 16 patients studied. In addition, no significant differences in Leydig cell density between right and left testes were found, and no correlation between Leydig cell density and site or degree of varicocele, or age of the patients could be demonstrated. To our knowledge this is the first report of quantitative analysis of Leydig cell density in men with varicocele.", "PMID": 710601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4471", "title": "A new chamber for rapid sperm count and motility estimation.", "content": "A new chamber for sperm count and motility estimation is described. This chamber, which is only 10 micron deep, enables free horizontal movement of spermatozoa in one focal plane and provides conditions for the examination of undiluted samples. Therefore, with the aid of this instrument it is possible to compare sperm motility in various samples from the same person or in different samples at different times. This can be done either by simple estimation or with any other method of motility evaluation chosen by the examiner. The sperm count can be made rapidly and directly from an undiluted, preheated sample by counting spermatozoa in the area of a grid located within the eyepiece; the count is expressed in millions per milliliter. Thirty-seven specimens were analyzed with this chamber. Statistical evaluation of the results revealed high precision, accuracy, and reliability of sperm counts when compared with the hemocytometric method. Better results were obtained when motility estimation was compared with the ordinary slide technique. Easy performance, rapid sperm counts, and improvement of motility estimation make this chamber a useful tool where sperm analysis is carried out.", "contents": "A new chamber for rapid sperm count and motility estimation. A new chamber for sperm count and motility estimation is described. This chamber, which is only 10 micron deep, enables free horizontal movement of spermatozoa in one focal plane and provides conditions for the examination of undiluted samples. Therefore, with the aid of this instrument it is possible to compare sperm motility in various samples from the same person or in different samples at different times. This can be done either by simple estimation or with any other method of motility evaluation chosen by the examiner. The sperm count can be made rapidly and directly from an undiluted, preheated sample by counting spermatozoa in the area of a grid located within the eyepiece; the count is expressed in millions per milliliter. Thirty-seven specimens were analyzed with this chamber. Statistical evaluation of the results revealed high precision, accuracy, and reliability of sperm counts when compared with the hemocytometric method. Better results were obtained when motility estimation was compared with the ordinary slide technique. Easy performance, rapid sperm counts, and improvement of motility estimation make this chamber a useful tool where sperm analysis is carried out.", "PMID": 710602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4472", "title": "Evaluation of a new silastic seminal fluid collection device.", "content": "A new Silastic seminal fluid collection device has been tested and compared in vitro with glass jars, latex condoms, and the Milex polyethylene sheath. In a series of tests utilizing 50 different semen samples and observing the effects on motility over a period of 4 hours, the Silastic seminal fluid collection device demonstrated sperm survival slightly better than that with glass jars, superior to that with the polyethylene Milex sheath, and far greater survival (by several hours) than with the latex condom. The Silastic collection device was found to be more comfortable and more pleasurable to the patients than was the Milex sheath. The accuracy of seminal volume measurements was also found to be better in the Silastic collection device.", "contents": "Evaluation of a new silastic seminal fluid collection device. A new Silastic seminal fluid collection device has been tested and compared in vitro with glass jars, latex condoms, and the Milex polyethylene sheath. In a series of tests utilizing 50 different semen samples and observing the effects on motility over a period of 4 hours, the Silastic seminal fluid collection device demonstrated sperm survival slightly better than that with glass jars, superior to that with the polyethylene Milex sheath, and far greater survival (by several hours) than with the latex condom. The Silastic collection device was found to be more comfortable and more pleasurable to the patients than was the Milex sheath. The accuracy of seminal volume measurements was also found to be better in the Silastic collection device.", "PMID": 710603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4473", "title": "Binding of steroids to human spermatozoa and its possible role in contraception.", "content": "The binding of steroids to human ejaculated spermatozoa and the effect of steroids bound to spermatozoa on sperm migration and motility in vitro was examined. A correlation between progestogens that bind to steroid-binding sites on human spermatozoa and progestogens that inhibit sperm migration was established. The results indicated that there is a direct and specific steroid effect on human spermatozoa, as some steroids such as progesterone, lynestrenol, and norethynodrel markedly inhibited sperm migration and motility, whereas other steroids such as estrone had no detectable effect on sperm migration and motility. The significance of these findings was discussed in relation to the contraceptive action of steroids applied directly to the lumen of the female genital tract.", "contents": "Binding of steroids to human spermatozoa and its possible role in contraception. The binding of steroids to human ejaculated spermatozoa and the effect of steroids bound to spermatozoa on sperm migration and motility in vitro was examined. A correlation between progestogens that bind to steroid-binding sites on human spermatozoa and progestogens that inhibit sperm migration was established. The results indicated that there is a direct and specific steroid effect on human spermatozoa, as some steroids such as progesterone, lynestrenol, and norethynodrel markedly inhibited sperm migration and motility, whereas other steroids such as estrone had no detectable effect on sperm migration and motility. The significance of these findings was discussed in relation to the contraceptive action of steroids applied directly to the lumen of the female genital tract.", "PMID": 710604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4474", "title": "The role of phosphate esters in male fertility.", "content": "Spermatozoa do not achieve full maturation and fertilizing capacity until passage through the epididymis. During this time they also gain motility, although spermatozoa do not move until after ejaculation. The organic fraction of human seminal plasma contains phosphate esters, particularly glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC), phosphorylcholine (PCh), and inorganic phosphate (Pi). GPC is found in relatively high concentrations in the semen of many male animals, including man. GPC is synthesized by the epithelial cells of the epididymis, apparently under androgenic control. Consequently, it has been suggested that GPC might be a useful indicator of epididymal function. We have measured GPC, Pi, and PCh in fresh and frozen semen samples, using phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR). All samples were assayed for phosphate esters. It was found that PCh was totally hydrolized to Pi. The average ratio of GPC to total phosphate (TP = GPC + Pi) remained constant at a value of about 0.1 for sperm counts over 20 million/ml. The ratio for azoospermic specimens was 0.02 or less; the same results were obtained from vasectomy specimens. This finding indicates that most of the GPC comes from the epididymis. There was a significant correlation between motility, progression, and the GPC ratio. Poor motility and progression in the specimens were accompanied by low GPC ratios regardless of the sperm counts.", "contents": "The role of phosphate esters in male fertility. Spermatozoa do not achieve full maturation and fertilizing capacity until passage through the epididymis. During this time they also gain motility, although spermatozoa do not move until after ejaculation. The organic fraction of human seminal plasma contains phosphate esters, particularly glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC), phosphorylcholine (PCh), and inorganic phosphate (Pi). GPC is found in relatively high concentrations in the semen of many male animals, including man. GPC is synthesized by the epithelial cells of the epididymis, apparently under androgenic control. Consequently, it has been suggested that GPC might be a useful indicator of epididymal function. We have measured GPC, Pi, and PCh in fresh and frozen semen samples, using phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR). All samples were assayed for phosphate esters. It was found that PCh was totally hydrolized to Pi. The average ratio of GPC to total phosphate (TP = GPC + Pi) remained constant at a value of about 0.1 for sperm counts over 20 million/ml. The ratio for azoospermic specimens was 0.02 or less; the same results were obtained from vasectomy specimens. This finding indicates that most of the GPC comes from the epididymis. There was a significant correlation between motility, progression, and the GPC ratio. Poor motility and progression in the specimens were accompanied by low GPC ratios regardless of the sperm counts.", "PMID": 710605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4475", "title": "The effect of prostaglandins F2alpha and E2 on pregnancy in mice during implantation.", "content": "The uterine content of prostaglandins (PGs) increases following insertion of an intrauterine device (IUD). Such IUD-bearing uteri also exhibit impaired decidualization. Although prostaglandins have been shown to be luteolytic in several species, it is not clear that inhibition of decidualization is mediated solely through alterations in ovarian steroidogenesis. In these experiments, ovariectomized, hormone-replaced pregnant mice, as well as intact mice, were treated systemically with either PGE2 or PGF2alpha so that the extraovarian actions of prostaglandins upon decidualization could be segregated from effects mediated by alterations in ovarian steroidogenesis. The results suggest that the effect of PGF2alpha upon decidualization was mediated via an alteration in ovarian steroidogenesis, but that PGE2 acted independently of the ovary. The hypothesis is presented that alterations in the ratio of E to F prostaglandins elicited within the endometrium by an IUD inhibit decidualization at the uterine level, and that this effect might be mediated by impairment of histamine release from endometrial mast cells.", "contents": "The effect of prostaglandins F2alpha and E2 on pregnancy in mice during implantation. The uterine content of prostaglandins (PGs) increases following insertion of an intrauterine device (IUD). Such IUD-bearing uteri also exhibit impaired decidualization. Although prostaglandins have been shown to be luteolytic in several species, it is not clear that inhibition of decidualization is mediated solely through alterations in ovarian steroidogenesis. In these experiments, ovariectomized, hormone-replaced pregnant mice, as well as intact mice, were treated systemically with either PGE2 or PGF2alpha so that the extraovarian actions of prostaglandins upon decidualization could be segregated from effects mediated by alterations in ovarian steroidogenesis. The results suggest that the effect of PGF2alpha upon decidualization was mediated via an alteration in ovarian steroidogenesis, but that PGE2 acted independently of the ovary. The hypothesis is presented that alterations in the ratio of E to F prostaglandins elicited within the endometrium by an IUD inhibit decidualization at the uterine level, and that this effect might be mediated by impairment of histamine release from endometrial mast cells.", "PMID": 710606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4476", "title": "The effect of intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2alpha on anterior pituitary hormone release during midtrimester abortion.", "content": "The effect of intra-amniotic administration of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) on pituitary hormone release was studied in women undergoing midtrimester abortion. Serum prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH), thyrotropin (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured prior to and at 15-minute intervals for 2 hours following intra-amniotic administration of 40 gm of urea alone, 20 mg of PGF2alpha and 40 gm of urea, or an equal volume of normal saline. Serum PRL levels were significantly higher at sampling times from 15 through 120 minutes when both PGF2alpha and urea were administered than after saline or urea alone. The elevation in serum GH following PGF2alpha and urea was not significantly greater than for urea alone. The GH response in the women receiving normal saline was significantly less than for the two groups of women receiving the abortifacients. These results indicate that the GH response was related to the stress effects of the abortifacients. There was no difference in the TSH, LH, and FSH responses for the three groups. These results suggest that PGF2alpha selectively causes pituitary release of PRL in women during midtrimester pregnancy.", "contents": "The effect of intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2alpha on anterior pituitary hormone release during midtrimester abortion. The effect of intra-amniotic administration of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) on pituitary hormone release was studied in women undergoing midtrimester abortion. Serum prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH), thyrotropin (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured prior to and at 15-minute intervals for 2 hours following intra-amniotic administration of 40 gm of urea alone, 20 mg of PGF2alpha and 40 gm of urea, or an equal volume of normal saline. Serum PRL levels were significantly higher at sampling times from 15 through 120 minutes when both PGF2alpha and urea were administered than after saline or urea alone. The elevation in serum GH following PGF2alpha and urea was not significantly greater than for urea alone. The GH response in the women receiving normal saline was significantly less than for the two groups of women receiving the abortifacients. These results indicate that the GH response was related to the stress effects of the abortifacients. There was no difference in the TSH, LH, and FSH responses for the three groups. These results suggest that PGF2alpha selectively causes pituitary release of PRL in women during midtrimester pregnancy.", "PMID": 710611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4477", "title": "Effect of 15(S)-15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha on human oviductal motility and ovum transport.", "content": "The effects of an intravenous infusion of 15(S)-15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) on oviductal motility and ovum transport were studied in women who were scheduled for elective tubal sterilization. Infusion rates of 0.38 microgram/kg/hour or higher caused an increase in oviductal motility in all patients. Lower infusion rates did not always cause a stimulation of motility. Low infusion rates generally caused an increase in the amplitude of contractions without any effect on basal oviductal tone. The higher infusion rates usually caused a large increase in basal tone as well as an increase in the amplitude of contractions. Ova were recovered from the oviducts of five patients who had received an intravenous infusion of 15(S)-15methyl PGF2alpha. The ova were recovered from the ampulla in three patients, from the ampullary-isthmic junction in one patient, and from the isthmus in one patient. Since one would expect to recover ova from the oviducts at similar times under normal circumstances, there was no evidence that this prostaglandin treatment caused an acceleration of ovum transport. These data support the conclusion that a PGF analog which stimulates oviductal motility does not necessarily also accelerate ovum transport in women.", "contents": "Effect of 15(S)-15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha on human oviductal motility and ovum transport. The effects of an intravenous infusion of 15(S)-15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) on oviductal motility and ovum transport were studied in women who were scheduled for elective tubal sterilization. Infusion rates of 0.38 microgram/kg/hour or higher caused an increase in oviductal motility in all patients. Lower infusion rates did not always cause a stimulation of motility. Low infusion rates generally caused an increase in the amplitude of contractions without any effect on basal oviductal tone. The higher infusion rates usually caused a large increase in basal tone as well as an increase in the amplitude of contractions. Ova were recovered from the oviducts of five patients who had received an intravenous infusion of 15(S)-15methyl PGF2alpha. The ova were recovered from the ampulla in three patients, from the ampullary-isthmic junction in one patient, and from the isthmus in one patient. Since one would expect to recover ova from the oviducts at similar times under normal circumstances, there was no evidence that this prostaglandin treatment caused an acceleration of ovum transport. These data support the conclusion that a PGF analog which stimulates oviductal motility does not necessarily also accelerate ovum transport in women.", "PMID": 710612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4478", "title": "The duration of infertility: an important datum for the fertility prognosis of men with semen abnormalities.", "content": "In a group of 584 men with semen abnormalities the relationship between conception and the duration of infertility was studied. \"Spontaneous\" pregnancies were reported significantly more frequently for men with an infertility duration of less than 2 years than for men with an infertility duration of more than 2 years. Seventy-three conceptions occurred \"spontaneously\" and sixty-six occurred while the men were undergoing different forms of therapy. When all pregnancies were considered together it appeared that the \"chance\" of fathering a child after 2 years of infertility was still about 20% during the ensuing 3 years.", "contents": "The duration of infertility: an important datum for the fertility prognosis of men with semen abnormalities. In a group of 584 men with semen abnormalities the relationship between conception and the duration of infertility was studied. \"Spontaneous\" pregnancies were reported significantly more frequently for men with an infertility duration of less than 2 years than for men with an infertility duration of more than 2 years. Seventy-three conceptions occurred \"spontaneously\" and sixty-six occurred while the men were undergoing different forms of therapy. When all pregnancies were considered together it appeared that the \"chance\" of fathering a child after 2 years of infertility was still about 20% during the ensuing 3 years.", "PMID": 710613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4479", "title": "Immunologic studies of male infertility.", "content": "Blood and semen samples were obtained from 13 men who had self-agglutination of spermatozoa and spermatozoal antibodies in their sera. The seminal plasma of these men produced spermatozoal immobilization and agglutination when added to normal semen from healthy men. Analysis of the seminal plasma samples showed that immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels were higher in the study group than in the control subjects. They contained IgA and complements C3 and C4, whereas only 2 of 15 samples from normal men contained IgA, and only one case contained C3 and C4. IgM was detected in 10 samples of the study group and in one sample of the control group. IgG levels in the blood of the study group were significantly higher than those in the blood of control subjects. Therefore, the immunoglobulins which probably play a role in the mechanism of autoagglutination and immobilization of spermatozoa are IgG, IgA, and IgM, and complements C3 and C4.", "contents": "Immunologic studies of male infertility. Blood and semen samples were obtained from 13 men who had self-agglutination of spermatozoa and spermatozoal antibodies in their sera. The seminal plasma of these men produced spermatozoal immobilization and agglutination when added to normal semen from healthy men. Analysis of the seminal plasma samples showed that immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels were higher in the study group than in the control subjects. They contained IgA and complements C3 and C4, whereas only 2 of 15 samples from normal men contained IgA, and only one case contained C3 and C4. IgM was detected in 10 samples of the study group and in one sample of the control group. IgG levels in the blood of the study group were significantly higher than those in the blood of control subjects. Therefore, the immunoglobulins which probably play a role in the mechanism of autoagglutination and immobilization of spermatozoa are IgG, IgA, and IgM, and complements C3 and C4.", "PMID": 710614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4480", "title": "Statisical comparison of the parameters of semen analysis of whole semen versus the fractions of the split ejaculate.", "content": "The split ejaculate has proven to be a reliable method for concentrating sperm in a small volume. However, there is some controversy whether the spermatozoa in the most sperm-rich fraction of the split ejaculate has better motility than the spermatozoa in whole semen. In this study, at least two specimens of whole semen and two split ejaculates were obtained from 45 infertile males. The mean values for the parameters of the semen analysis were compared statistically. Our data indicate that increased sperm density is a consistent finding with the split ejaculate, even for severely oligospermic men. However, improved sperm motility with the split ejaculate is more variable. On the other hand, patients with mild oligospermia (10 to 40 million sperm/ml of whole semen) and high semen volumes (greater than 5.0 ml) demonstrated improvement in all parameters in the split ejaculate.", "contents": "Statisical comparison of the parameters of semen analysis of whole semen versus the fractions of the split ejaculate. The split ejaculate has proven to be a reliable method for concentrating sperm in a small volume. However, there is some controversy whether the spermatozoa in the most sperm-rich fraction of the split ejaculate has better motility than the spermatozoa in whole semen. In this study, at least two specimens of whole semen and two split ejaculates were obtained from 45 infertile males. The mean values for the parameters of the semen analysis were compared statistically. Our data indicate that increased sperm density is a consistent finding with the split ejaculate, even for severely oligospermic men. However, improved sperm motility with the split ejaculate is more variable. On the other hand, patients with mild oligospermia (10 to 40 million sperm/ml of whole semen) and high semen volumes (greater than 5.0 ml) demonstrated improvement in all parameters in the split ejaculate.", "PMID": 710615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4481", "title": "Suppressive effect of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane on human spermatogenesis.", "content": "Azoospermia was diagnosed in six factory workers who had been chronically exposed to 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane. Infertility was the presenting symptom in two patients and a decrease in libido or impotence characterized the others. Hormone studies revealed elevated plasma follicle-stimulating hormone levels and normal plasma luteinizing hormone and testosterone concentrations. Testicular biopsy showed selective atrophy of the germinal epithelium, intact Sertoli cells, and a normal appearance of a relatively increased number of Leydig cells.", "contents": "Suppressive effect of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane on human spermatogenesis. Azoospermia was diagnosed in six factory workers who had been chronically exposed to 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane. Infertility was the presenting symptom in two patients and a decrease in libido or impotence characterized the others. Hormone studies revealed elevated plasma follicle-stimulating hormone levels and normal plasma luteinizing hormone and testosterone concentrations. Testicular biopsy showed selective atrophy of the germinal epithelium, intact Sertoli cells, and a normal appearance of a relatively increased number of Leydig cells.", "PMID": 710616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4482", "title": "Quantitative analysis of the seminiferous epithelium in human testicular biopsies, and the relation of spermatogenesis to sperm density.", "content": "Quantitative analysis of the seminiferous epithelium was performed in bilateral testicular biopsy specimens from 14 patients with sperm counts ranging from 0 to 89 million/ml. All Sertoli cells and germ cells within each seminiferous tubule cross-section were counted in all biopsies. Results were expressed either as number of cells per unit length of seminiferous tubule circumference or as number of cells per Sertoli cell. Results were correlated with sperm count (millions per milliliter), total sperm count (millions per ejaculate), and age. A significant correlation between sperm density and germ cell counts was demonstrated. Coefficients of correlation were higher when results were expressed per unit of tubular wall length than when expressed per Sertoli cell. In men with sperm counts below 5 million/ml the number of germ cells in the biopsy was lower than in men with higher sperm counts. Spermiogenesis appeared to be most affected. In this group of patients an adverse effect of age on spermatogenesis was noted.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of the seminiferous epithelium in human testicular biopsies, and the relation of spermatogenesis to sperm density. Quantitative analysis of the seminiferous epithelium was performed in bilateral testicular biopsy specimens from 14 patients with sperm counts ranging from 0 to 89 million/ml. All Sertoli cells and germ cells within each seminiferous tubule cross-section were counted in all biopsies. Results were expressed either as number of cells per unit length of seminiferous tubule circumference or as number of cells per Sertoli cell. Results were correlated with sperm count (millions per milliliter), total sperm count (millions per ejaculate), and age. A significant correlation between sperm density and germ cell counts was demonstrated. Coefficients of correlation were higher when results were expressed per unit of tubular wall length than when expressed per Sertoli cell. In men with sperm counts below 5 million/ml the number of germ cells in the biopsy was lower than in men with higher sperm counts. Spermiogenesis appeared to be most affected. In this group of patients an adverse effect of age on spermatogenesis was noted.", "PMID": 710617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4483", "title": "Short-loop feedback of luteinizing hormone: dose-response relationships and specificity.", "content": "The short-loop feedback control of rabbit luteinizing hormone (rLH) was studied by using a highly specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) system for rLH which does not react with human LH. Permanent intravenous catheters were placed in adult female New Zealand White rabbits at the time of castration. Highly purified human luteinizing hormone (hLH) was injected intravenously at doses of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 50, and 100 IU into unanesthetized animals 1 to 16 days following castration. Blood samples were obtained at -20, 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes via catheter, and rLH and rabbit follicle-stimulating hormone (rFSH) levels were determined by RIA. Doses between 1 and 100 IU of hLH produced a prompt decrease in rLH (within 5 minutes); the maximal response occurred within 20 to 30 minutes. Calculated as integrated area of response between 0 and 180 minutes, a dose-response relationship existed between 0.5 and 4.0 IU of hLH. Human LH, even at high doses of 50 IU, produced no changes in endogeneous rFSH. This is the first description of an entirely specific control system for LH, separate from FSH. The short-loop feedback control system for LH is sensitive to levels of LH estimated to be present in eugonadal animals.", "contents": "Short-loop feedback of luteinizing hormone: dose-response relationships and specificity. The short-loop feedback control of rabbit luteinizing hormone (rLH) was studied by using a highly specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) system for rLH which does not react with human LH. Permanent intravenous catheters were placed in adult female New Zealand White rabbits at the time of castration. Highly purified human luteinizing hormone (hLH) was injected intravenously at doses of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 50, and 100 IU into unanesthetized animals 1 to 16 days following castration. Blood samples were obtained at -20, 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes via catheter, and rLH and rabbit follicle-stimulating hormone (rFSH) levels were determined by RIA. Doses between 1 and 100 IU of hLH produced a prompt decrease in rLH (within 5 minutes); the maximal response occurred within 20 to 30 minutes. Calculated as integrated area of response between 0 and 180 minutes, a dose-response relationship existed between 0.5 and 4.0 IU of hLH. Human LH, even at high doses of 50 IU, produced no changes in endogeneous rFSH. This is the first description of an entirely specific control system for LH, separate from FSH. The short-loop feedback control system for LH is sensitive to levels of LH estimated to be present in eugonadal animals.", "PMID": 710618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4484", "title": "Role of blood and fibrinogen in development of intraperitoneal adhesions in rats.", "content": "One hundred and twenty rats were divided into six groups and laparotomized. In three of the groups the cecum was left intact. In one of these groups the cecum was only lifted up through the abdominal incision and then replaced in the abdominal cavity. In another group the intact cecum was bathed with a certain amount of blood from the animal's tail. In the third group the uninjured cecum was covered with fibrinogen in an amount equivalent to that in the blood used in the other group. In the remaining three groups the cecum was traumatized in a standardized way. In one of these groups the injured cecum was left untreated. In another group the traumatized cecum was bathed in homologous blood and in the third group the injured cecum was treated with fibrinogen as described above. Two weeks later the rats were killed and the number and quality of the intra-abdominal adhesions were studied. The findings in the present investigation indicate that neither blood nor fibrinogen per se induced adhesions to the serosa. On the contrary, a defect in the serosa initiated the formation of adhesions.", "contents": "Role of blood and fibrinogen in development of intraperitoneal adhesions in rats. One hundred and twenty rats were divided into six groups and laparotomized. In three of the groups the cecum was left intact. In one of these groups the cecum was only lifted up through the abdominal incision and then replaced in the abdominal cavity. In another group the intact cecum was bathed with a certain amount of blood from the animal's tail. In the third group the uninjured cecum was covered with fibrinogen in an amount equivalent to that in the blood used in the other group. In the remaining three groups the cecum was traumatized in a standardized way. In one of these groups the injured cecum was left untreated. In another group the traumatized cecum was bathed in homologous blood and in the third group the injured cecum was treated with fibrinogen as described above. Two weeks later the rats were killed and the number and quality of the intra-abdominal adhesions were studied. The findings in the present investigation indicate that neither blood nor fibrinogen per se induced adhesions to the serosa. On the contrary, a defect in the serosa initiated the formation of adhesions.", "PMID": 710620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4485", "title": "[Secretory cycle of pancreatic acinar cells in different functional states].", "content": "Time parameter and secretory cycle in acinar cells of the pancreas were studied after atropine, trazilol, pilocarpine administration, and subtotal resection of the small intestine. The duration of secretory cycle was found to be about 45 min. in intact rats. Atropine and trazilol suppressed the secretion process, first inhibiting the release of the formed product and then reducing the synthesis. Pilocarpine first accelerated but very soon decreased the synthetic process. A marked acceleration of synthesis and intensification of secretory cycle in glandular cells occurred in postresectional period. Interrelationships of intracellular mechanisms for the product release and synthesis of new protein molecules, are discussed.", "contents": "[Secretory cycle of pancreatic acinar cells in different functional states]. Time parameter and secretory cycle in acinar cells of the pancreas were studied after atropine, trazilol, pilocarpine administration, and subtotal resection of the small intestine. The duration of secretory cycle was found to be about 45 min. in intact rats. Atropine and trazilol suppressed the secretion process, first inhibiting the release of the formed product and then reducing the synthesis. Pilocarpine first accelerated but very soon decreased the synthetic process. A marked acceleration of synthesis and intensification of secretory cycle in glandular cells occurred in postresectional period. Interrelationships of intracellular mechanisms for the product release and synthesis of new protein molecules, are discussed.", "PMID": 710628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4486", "title": "[Cytophysiology of the absorption cycle of enterocytes].", "content": "The protein absorption (albumin and gamma-globulin) by epithelial cells of small intestine of neonatal rats was studied in order to define the duration of its stages, the role of intracellular structures in trensport of the absorbed substances, and the cyclic activity of enterocytes. The volume of the absorbed substances depends on the number and size of pynocytotic formations at the cell apex. The protein transport via cells into interstitia is an active process involving the Golgi complex, mitochondria, and other cellular structures. Due to be intracellular regeneration, the restoration of enterocytes begins from gradual protein unloading and is over when the product has been transported to the lymphatic capillary lumen from interstitia. As a result, the continuous absorption is possible in the mucous layer of small intestine although the villi enterocytes activity is of a cyclic character.", "contents": "[Cytophysiology of the absorption cycle of enterocytes]. The protein absorption (albumin and gamma-globulin) by epithelial cells of small intestine of neonatal rats was studied in order to define the duration of its stages, the role of intracellular structures in trensport of the absorbed substances, and the cyclic activity of enterocytes. The volume of the absorbed substances depends on the number and size of pynocytotic formations at the cell apex. The protein transport via cells into interstitia is an active process involving the Golgi complex, mitochondria, and other cellular structures. Due to be intracellular regeneration, the restoration of enterocytes begins from gradual protein unloading and is over when the product has been transported to the lymphatic capillary lumen from interstitia. As a result, the continuous absorption is possible in the mucous layer of small intestine although the villi enterocytes activity is of a cyclic character.", "PMID": 710629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4487", "title": "[Effect of histamine and pentagastrin on the functional state of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal secretory system].", "content": "Histochemistry, cario- and zytometry methods showed that the activators of gastric secretion (histamine and pentagastrine) exerted opposite effects upon functional state of hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal secretory system in the guinea-pigs. Histamine (4 mg/kg) activated the system and induced the development of gastric mucosa defects. Pentagastrine (5, 12, 15, 25, and 60 mcg/kg) decreased the activity of the system. No gastric mucosa or duodenum defects developed after pentagastrine administration.", "contents": "[Effect of histamine and pentagastrin on the functional state of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal secretory system]. Histochemistry, cario- and zytometry methods showed that the activators of gastric secretion (histamine and pentagastrine) exerted opposite effects upon functional state of hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal secretory system in the guinea-pigs. Histamine (4 mg/kg) activated the system and induced the development of gastric mucosa defects. Pentagastrine (5, 12, 15, 25, and 60 mcg/kg) decreased the activity of the system. No gastric mucosa or duodenum defects developed after pentagastrine administration.", "PMID": 710632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4488", "title": "[Anabolic effects of parenterally administered gastric gland hydrolases].", "content": "In rats, i.v. administration of amylase, pepsinogen, and tripsinogen in microdoses increased the incretion of radiomethyonin from the blood into the tissue proteins of some organs. The incretion of pepsinogen stimulated the protein-production function of pancreas, tripsinogen stimulated the function of stomach glands, amylase--the function of the liver and the small intestine mucosa. The labeled pepsinogen 125I concentrated mainly in secretory organs.", "contents": "[Anabolic effects of parenterally administered gastric gland hydrolases]. In rats, i.v. administration of amylase, pepsinogen, and tripsinogen in microdoses increased the incretion of radiomethyonin from the blood into the tissue proteins of some organs. The incretion of pepsinogen stimulated the protein-production function of pancreas, tripsinogen stimulated the function of stomach glands, amylase--the function of the liver and the small intestine mucosa. The labeled pepsinogen 125I concentrated mainly in secretory organs.", "PMID": 710634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4489", "title": "[Ultrastructure of pancreatic acinar cells under the influence of pancreozymin, serotonin and histamine].", "content": "The pancreas was removed from male white mice given intraperitoneally pancreozymin (2 i. u./kg and 4 i. u./kg), serotonin (0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg) or histamine (0.1 mg/kg) within 5--10 min. Pancreozymin caused hypertrophy of the Golgi zone and the appearance of multivesicular bodies. Serotonin induced an intensive autophagia in the apical parts of acinar cells. The effect of histamine was revealed in the rapidity of the extrusion of zymogen granules and the dilatation of cisterns of granular cytoplasmatic reticulum. Possible physiological significance of the ultrastructural alterations of acinar cells is discussed.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of pancreatic acinar cells under the influence of pancreozymin, serotonin and histamine]. The pancreas was removed from male white mice given intraperitoneally pancreozymin (2 i. u./kg and 4 i. u./kg), serotonin (0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg) or histamine (0.1 mg/kg) within 5--10 min. Pancreozymin caused hypertrophy of the Golgi zone and the appearance of multivesicular bodies. Serotonin induced an intensive autophagia in the apical parts of acinar cells. The effect of histamine was revealed in the rapidity of the extrusion of zymogen granules and the dilatation of cisterns of granular cytoplasmatic reticulum. Possible physiological significance of the ultrastructural alterations of acinar cells is discussed.", "PMID": 710636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4490", "title": "[Studies on the purification and the immunological properties of LATS-immunoglobulin (author's transl].", "content": "It has been shown that LATS activity is mainly distributed in the fraction of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the serum from hyperthyroid patients. The present paper examined the immunological character of LATS and the method for separation of LATS activity from LATS positive serum using DEAE-Cellulose and affinity chromatography methods. LATS activity was distributed in the IgG fraction that could be separated by the DEAE-Cellulose column equilibrated with a 0.0175 M prosphate buffer, pH 6.3 from LATS positive serum. When LATS positive serum was fractionated by affinity chromatography on a Sepharose-bound antibody against human IgG, Fab of IgG and Fc of IgG, LATS activity was always retained in IgG fraction. When LATS positive serum was fractionated by affinity chromatography on a Sepharose-bound anti-K chain, LATS activity was found in the fraction that reacted with the anti-K chain. Because of the low antibody titer of the anti-lambda chain, LATS activity did not react with this antibody. By affinity chromatography on Sepharose-bound Concanavalin A, serum LATS activity was also retained in IgG fraction. LATS activity could be separated from LATS positive serum without significant loss of biological activity by affinity chromatography. When IgG (1) was purified from the fraction by affinity chromatography on anti-IgG (1)-bound Sepharose, about 80% of the original LATS activity was found in IgG (1) fraction. When the Fab fragment of IgG (1) was separated from papain hydrolysed IgG (1), using a Protein A-bound Sepharose column, a short-acting type of thyroid stimulating activity was found in only this fraction. These data suggest that the biological activity of the thyroid stimulation is distributed mainly in the Fab fragment of IgG (1).", "contents": "[Studies on the purification and the immunological properties of LATS-immunoglobulin (author's transl]. It has been shown that LATS activity is mainly distributed in the fraction of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the serum from hyperthyroid patients. The present paper examined the immunological character of LATS and the method for separation of LATS activity from LATS positive serum using DEAE-Cellulose and affinity chromatography methods. LATS activity was distributed in the IgG fraction that could be separated by the DEAE-Cellulose column equilibrated with a 0.0175 M prosphate buffer, pH 6.3 from LATS positive serum. When LATS positive serum was fractionated by affinity chromatography on a Sepharose-bound antibody against human IgG, Fab of IgG and Fc of IgG, LATS activity was always retained in IgG fraction. When LATS positive serum was fractionated by affinity chromatography on a Sepharose-bound anti-K chain, LATS activity was found in the fraction that reacted with the anti-K chain. Because of the low antibody titer of the anti-lambda chain, LATS activity did not react with this antibody. By affinity chromatography on Sepharose-bound Concanavalin A, serum LATS activity was also retained in IgG fraction. LATS activity could be separated from LATS positive serum without significant loss of biological activity by affinity chromatography. When IgG (1) was purified from the fraction by affinity chromatography on anti-IgG (1)-bound Sepharose, about 80% of the original LATS activity was found in IgG (1) fraction. When the Fab fragment of IgG (1) was separated from papain hydrolysed IgG (1), using a Protein A-bound Sepharose column, a short-acting type of thyroid stimulating activity was found in only this fraction. These data suggest that the biological activity of the thyroid stimulation is distributed mainly in the Fab fragment of IgG (1).", "PMID": 710642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4491", "title": "[A rapid and direct 125 I-based radioimmunoassay for unconjugated estriol in pregnancy serum and its clinical application (author's transl)].", "content": "A rapid and simple R.I.A. method for serum unconjugated estriol in pregnancy had been studied for its usefulness as a routine obstetrical test to assess fetal well-being. Diluted serum samples or known amounts of standard estriol were applied with 125 I-estriol on pre-packed minicolumns of Sephadex G-25, followed by appropriately diluted antiserum. During incubation, the columns were counted in an Auto Well gamma-System to read the total counts (T). After a 90 minute incubation period, the columns were eluted with a buffer solution to remove the bound fraction, and the free estriol remaining in the columns was counted (F). Two quality control samples and sera from 74 pregnant women were analysed by this new method, and the results were compared to those obtained by the conventional radioimmunoassay method. The new column method is simple, specific and accurate. Results can be calculated within 4 hours after 30 sample sera are brought into the laboratory. Within and between assay coefficients, variations are 12.6 and 13.5%, respectively. This method correlates well with the results of the conventional method (r=0.7088, p less than 0.001), which requires almost 2 full days to process the same numbers of samples. Results of clinical cases as well as advantages of measuring free-circulating estriol in pregnancy are discussed.", "contents": "[A rapid and direct 125 I-based radioimmunoassay for unconjugated estriol in pregnancy serum and its clinical application (author's transl)]. A rapid and simple R.I.A. method for serum unconjugated estriol in pregnancy had been studied for its usefulness as a routine obstetrical test to assess fetal well-being. Diluted serum samples or known amounts of standard estriol were applied with 125 I-estriol on pre-packed minicolumns of Sephadex G-25, followed by appropriately diluted antiserum. During incubation, the columns were counted in an Auto Well gamma-System to read the total counts (T). After a 90 minute incubation period, the columns were eluted with a buffer solution to remove the bound fraction, and the free estriol remaining in the columns was counted (F). Two quality control samples and sera from 74 pregnant women were analysed by this new method, and the results were compared to those obtained by the conventional radioimmunoassay method. The new column method is simple, specific and accurate. Results can be calculated within 4 hours after 30 sample sera are brought into the laboratory. Within and between assay coefficients, variations are 12.6 and 13.5%, respectively. This method correlates well with the results of the conventional method (r=0.7088, p less than 0.001), which requires almost 2 full days to process the same numbers of samples. Results of clinical cases as well as advantages of measuring free-circulating estriol in pregnancy are discussed.", "PMID": 710643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4492", "title": "[Temporal relationship of LH and estradiol at mid cycle (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to quantitate the feedback effect of estradiol (E2) on the release of LH, serum LH and E2 were measured in 27 ovulatory women daily during the menstrual cycle. The initial rise of LH levels concomitantly occurred when serum E2 concentrations over 100 pg/ml and over 200 pg/ml were maintained for 2 approximately 4 days and for 1 approximately 2 days respectively. The initial rises of LH levels were observed on the day of preovulatory E2 peak. A more detail analysis of the relationship between the two hormones were obtained in five subjects whose blood samples were taken at every eight hours around the time of ovulation. In one among five cases, samples were not obtained early enough to ascertain the relation of the E2 peak to the LH peak. In 3 out of the 4 cases, the intial rises of LH levels occured prior to or concomitant with the time of the E2 peak. By average of all of the five cases, a significant initial rise of LH levels was observed simultaneously with the time of the E2 peak. These results suggest that the increase of the circulatory E2 levels is essential for the initiation of LH surge and their decrease levels are an unrequired mechanism for the midcycle LH release.", "contents": "[Temporal relationship of LH and estradiol at mid cycle (author's transl)]. In order to quantitate the feedback effect of estradiol (E2) on the release of LH, serum LH and E2 were measured in 27 ovulatory women daily during the menstrual cycle. The initial rise of LH levels concomitantly occurred when serum E2 concentrations over 100 pg/ml and over 200 pg/ml were maintained for 2 approximately 4 days and for 1 approximately 2 days respectively. The initial rises of LH levels were observed on the day of preovulatory E2 peak. A more detail analysis of the relationship between the two hormones were obtained in five subjects whose blood samples were taken at every eight hours around the time of ovulation. In one among five cases, samples were not obtained early enough to ascertain the relation of the E2 peak to the LH peak. In 3 out of the 4 cases, the intial rises of LH levels occured prior to or concomitant with the time of the E2 peak. By average of all of the five cases, a significant initial rise of LH levels was observed simultaneously with the time of the E2 peak. These results suggest that the increase of the circulatory E2 levels is essential for the initiation of LH surge and their decrease levels are an unrequired mechanism for the midcycle LH release.", "PMID": 710644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4493", "title": "[Changes in serum thyrotropin, thyroxine and triiodothyronine after complete thyroidectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Changes in serum TSH, T4 and T3 concentrations after complete thyroidectomy were observed for 4 weeks in 9 euthyroid patients with thyroid carcinoma. Completeness of the thyroidectomy was confirmed by a 131 I scintigram performed one or two months after the operation. Serum TSH levels rose progressively during the 4 weeks of observation, and a significant increase was noticed as early as 3 days after the thyroidectomy. Serum T4 and T3 concentrations decreased significantly 3 days and 18 hrs, respectively, after the thyroidectomy. A sharp decrease in serum T3 concentrations within 18 hrs without a significant change in serum T4 levels and possibly without a significant change in the amount of T3 derived from T4 suggests that the amount of T3 secreted from the thyroid is large enough to affect serum T3 concentrations. The rate of decrease of serum T4 (t 1/2: 16 days) or serum T3 (t 1/2: 23 days) after the 3rd day of the thyroidectomy was much slower than the rate of disappearance of labeled T4 or T3 reported previously. The slow decrease rate of serum T3 is probably due to the conversion of T4 to T3 in peripheral tissues, and that of serum T4 may be due to either the decrease in T4 disposal rate in hypothyroidism or due to the release of T4 from peripheral tissues to serum.", "contents": "[Changes in serum thyrotropin, thyroxine and triiodothyronine after complete thyroidectomy (author's transl)]. Changes in serum TSH, T4 and T3 concentrations after complete thyroidectomy were observed for 4 weeks in 9 euthyroid patients with thyroid carcinoma. Completeness of the thyroidectomy was confirmed by a 131 I scintigram performed one or two months after the operation. Serum TSH levels rose progressively during the 4 weeks of observation, and a significant increase was noticed as early as 3 days after the thyroidectomy. Serum T4 and T3 concentrations decreased significantly 3 days and 18 hrs, respectively, after the thyroidectomy. A sharp decrease in serum T3 concentrations within 18 hrs without a significant change in serum T4 levels and possibly without a significant change in the amount of T3 derived from T4 suggests that the amount of T3 secreted from the thyroid is large enough to affect serum T3 concentrations. The rate of decrease of serum T4 (t 1/2: 16 days) or serum T3 (t 1/2: 23 days) after the 3rd day of the thyroidectomy was much slower than the rate of disappearance of labeled T4 or T3 reported previously. The slow decrease rate of serum T3 is probably due to the conversion of T4 to T3 in peripheral tissues, and that of serum T4 may be due to either the decrease in T4 disposal rate in hypothyroidism or due to the release of T4 from peripheral tissues to serum.", "PMID": 710646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4494", "title": "[Microdetermination of corticosteroids in adrenocortical zones in various adrenal diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Since the relationship between steroidogenic activity and morphological differentiation is not necessarily clear in the human adrenal cortex, aldosterone (Al), cortisol (F) and corticosterone (b) from the adrenal tissues cut into four small pieces (capsule and glomerulosa, outer fascicular, inner fascicular, and reticular zones) on a cryostat immediately after their removal at surgery were estimated by radioimmunoassay in 15 patients with adrenal diseases (8 primary aldosteronism, 1 idiopathic aldosteronism, 4 Cushing's syndrome and 2 pheochromocytoma) and 8 control subjects with other diseases. A larger amount of Al was contained in the outer fascicular zone than in other zones in control subjects. Al showed a high value of 0.16 approximately 7.40 ng/mg tissue in adenomas of primary aldosteronism and a low value of 0 approximately 0.25 ng/mg tissue in adenomas of Cushing's syndrome. A high value of Al was detected in idiopathic aldosteronism but not in the remaining adrenal of primary aldosteronism. In Cushing's syndrome, F showed a high value of 2.58 approximately 12.3 ng/mg tissue in adenoma and a relatively low level of 0.77 ng/mg tissue in carcinoma. A larger amount of F and B was found in the inner fascicular zone than in other zones in the control subjects. These results indicate that the corticosteroid content in each adrenal zone correlates with the morphological findings.", "contents": "[Microdetermination of corticosteroids in adrenocortical zones in various adrenal diseases (author's transl)]. Since the relationship between steroidogenic activity and morphological differentiation is not necessarily clear in the human adrenal cortex, aldosterone (Al), cortisol (F) and corticosterone (b) from the adrenal tissues cut into four small pieces (capsule and glomerulosa, outer fascicular, inner fascicular, and reticular zones) on a cryostat immediately after their removal at surgery were estimated by radioimmunoassay in 15 patients with adrenal diseases (8 primary aldosteronism, 1 idiopathic aldosteronism, 4 Cushing's syndrome and 2 pheochromocytoma) and 8 control subjects with other diseases. A larger amount of Al was contained in the outer fascicular zone than in other zones in control subjects. Al showed a high value of 0.16 approximately 7.40 ng/mg tissue in adenomas of primary aldosteronism and a low value of 0 approximately 0.25 ng/mg tissue in adenomas of Cushing's syndrome. A high value of Al was detected in idiopathic aldosteronism but not in the remaining adrenal of primary aldosteronism. In Cushing's syndrome, F showed a high value of 2.58 approximately 12.3 ng/mg tissue in adenoma and a relatively low level of 0.77 ng/mg tissue in carcinoma. A larger amount of F and B was found in the inner fascicular zone than in other zones in the control subjects. These results indicate that the corticosteroid content in each adrenal zone correlates with the morphological findings.", "PMID": 710647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4495", "title": "Fine structure of the secretion granules in the mandibular gland of the echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus (Monotremata).", "content": "The cells of the secretory tubules in the mandibular gland of the echidna are packed with fairly large birefringent granules, which show a lamellated structure consisting of alternating thin and thick layers or shells of protein. This presumably rigid substructure collapses during exocytosis and the shells unravel as sheets that form a tangled mass in the lumen of the secretory tubule. Relatively pure fractions were obtained of the relevant granules and protein sheets, which should allow a further study to be made on the secretory proteins in this gland.", "contents": "Fine structure of the secretion granules in the mandibular gland of the echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus (Monotremata). The cells of the secretory tubules in the mandibular gland of the echidna are packed with fairly large birefringent granules, which show a lamellated structure consisting of alternating thin and thick layers or shells of protein. This presumably rigid substructure collapses during exocytosis and the shells unravel as sheets that form a tangled mass in the lumen of the secretory tubule. Relatively pure fractions were obtained of the relevant granules and protein sheets, which should allow a further study to be made on the secretory proteins in this gland.", "PMID": 710670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4496", "title": "Estrogen and tracheal secretion: the effect of estrogen on the epithelial secretory cells of the rat trachea.", "content": "Epithelial secretory cells of the tracheal mucosa obtained from ovariectomized control and ovariectomized estrogen-treated rats were studied morphologically by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and by the combined periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and alcian blue (AB) staining method. A significant decrease was observed in the number of large PAS-reactive secretory cells following estrogen treatment. Concomitantly the number of the Mixed+ cells containing both weakly acid and neutral glycoproteins was found to increase significantly. A majority of the observed secretory cells exhibited either an apical protrusion loaded with secretory granules, extending to a maximum distance of 7.9 micrometer into the tracheal lumen or an apical indentation devoid of mature secretory granules, descending to 5.6 micrometer below the luminal surface. The frequency of cells exhibiting an apical indentation was significantly greater in estrogen-treated animals than in controls. The present findings indicate that estrogen treatment of ovariectomized rats results in: 1) an increase in the synthesis of weakly acid glycoprotein within tracheal secretory cells; 2) a concomitant decrease in the frequency of secretory cells containing neutral glycoprotein; and 3) a general increase in the secretion by the tracheal cells.", "contents": "Estrogen and tracheal secretion: the effect of estrogen on the epithelial secretory cells of the rat trachea. Epithelial secretory cells of the tracheal mucosa obtained from ovariectomized control and ovariectomized estrogen-treated rats were studied morphologically by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and by the combined periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and alcian blue (AB) staining method. A significant decrease was observed in the number of large PAS-reactive secretory cells following estrogen treatment. Concomitantly the number of the Mixed+ cells containing both weakly acid and neutral glycoproteins was found to increase significantly. A majority of the observed secretory cells exhibited either an apical protrusion loaded with secretory granules, extending to a maximum distance of 7.9 micrometer into the tracheal lumen or an apical indentation devoid of mature secretory granules, descending to 5.6 micrometer below the luminal surface. The frequency of cells exhibiting an apical indentation was significantly greater in estrogen-treated animals than in controls. The present findings indicate that estrogen treatment of ovariectomized rats results in: 1) an increase in the synthesis of weakly acid glycoprotein within tracheal secretory cells; 2) a concomitant decrease in the frequency of secretory cells containing neutral glycoprotein; and 3) a general increase in the secretion by the tracheal cells.", "PMID": 710671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4497", "title": "The influence of microinjected phalloidin on locomotion, protoplasmic streaming and cytoplasmic organization in Amoeba proteus and Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "Microinjected phalloidin induces both time and concentration-dependent changes in morphology and motility of amoebae and acellular slime moulds. In A. proteus injection of a 10(-3)M solution of the drug causes a separation of cortical hyaline plasma from central granular plasma. Simultaneously protoplasmic streaming and cellular locomotion are lost irreversibly. Lowering the concentration of phalloidin to 2 x 10(-4)M results in a reversible disturbance; amoebae recover after 30 to 60 minutes and show normal movement. In Ph. polycephalum the injection of a 10(-3)M solution of phalloidin into single veins induces a local gelation of the protoplasm followed by the separation of hyalo- and granuloplasm. In semi-thin and ultrathin sections the hyaline plasma regions contain a fine granular groundplasm rich in ribosomes but free of cellular organelles. The central granular plasma consists mainly of membrane-surrounded cellular compartments. The two morphologically distinct plasma regions are separated by a 0.5 to 1.0 micrometer layer of filamentous material. In A. proteus the filamentous layer is found shortly after phalloidin injection in close proximity to the plasma membrane, and consists of thin 5 to 6 nm filaments. With increasing time this layer contracts, separates from the inner plasma membrane and moves to the interior of the cell. During contraction thicker filaments with diameters of 10 to 30 nm and lengths of 300 to 500 nm are formed. The results indicate that the display and contraction of the phalloidin-induced filament layer can account for the changes observed in cellular movement and cytoplasmic organization. The resulting phenomena i.e. separation of hyaline plasma from granular plasma and changes in both the protoplasmic streaming pattern and locomotory activity of the cells, are discussed in terms of a general understanding of amoeboid movement.", "contents": "The influence of microinjected phalloidin on locomotion, protoplasmic streaming and cytoplasmic organization in Amoeba proteus and Physarum polycephalum. Microinjected phalloidin induces both time and concentration-dependent changes in morphology and motility of amoebae and acellular slime moulds. In A. proteus injection of a 10(-3)M solution of the drug causes a separation of cortical hyaline plasma from central granular plasma. Simultaneously protoplasmic streaming and cellular locomotion are lost irreversibly. Lowering the concentration of phalloidin to 2 x 10(-4)M results in a reversible disturbance; amoebae recover after 30 to 60 minutes and show normal movement. In Ph. polycephalum the injection of a 10(-3)M solution of phalloidin into single veins induces a local gelation of the protoplasm followed by the separation of hyalo- and granuloplasm. In semi-thin and ultrathin sections the hyaline plasma regions contain a fine granular groundplasm rich in ribosomes but free of cellular organelles. The central granular plasma consists mainly of membrane-surrounded cellular compartments. The two morphologically distinct plasma regions are separated by a 0.5 to 1.0 micrometer layer of filamentous material. In A. proteus the filamentous layer is found shortly after phalloidin injection in close proximity to the plasma membrane, and consists of thin 5 to 6 nm filaments. With increasing time this layer contracts, separates from the inner plasma membrane and moves to the interior of the cell. During contraction thicker filaments with diameters of 10 to 30 nm and lengths of 300 to 500 nm are formed. The results indicate that the display and contraction of the phalloidin-induced filament layer can account for the changes observed in cellular movement and cytoplasmic organization. The resulting phenomena i.e. separation of hyaline plasma from granular plasma and changes in both the protoplasmic streaming pattern and locomotory activity of the cells, are discussed in terms of a general understanding of amoeboid movement.", "PMID": 710672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4498", "title": "Chromatin activation in peritoneal exudate leukocytes after fusion with L cell cytoplasts.", "content": "Cells reconstituted from the L cell cytoplasts and nuclei of mouse peritoneal leukocytes (PL) have been obtained by fusion procedures. The dormant nuclei of leukocytes undergo reactivation after fusion with active L cell cytoplasms. The reactivation is manifested by the swelling of nuclei, the increase of 3H-actinomycin D binding to chromatin in situ and the 3H-uridine incorporation in nuclei in vivo and by the appearance of nucleoli. The data obtained indicate that the process of dormant nuclei reactivation does not require the presence of the nucleus of the active cell partner. Moreover, the process of chromatin reactivation is more rapid in reconstituted cells than in PL + L cell heterokaryons. Some other details of PL chromatin activation in reconstituted cells and heterokaryons are discussed.", "contents": "Chromatin activation in peritoneal exudate leukocytes after fusion with L cell cytoplasts. Cells reconstituted from the L cell cytoplasts and nuclei of mouse peritoneal leukocytes (PL) have been obtained by fusion procedures. The dormant nuclei of leukocytes undergo reactivation after fusion with active L cell cytoplasms. The reactivation is manifested by the swelling of nuclei, the increase of 3H-actinomycin D binding to chromatin in situ and the 3H-uridine incorporation in nuclei in vivo and by the appearance of nucleoli. The data obtained indicate that the process of dormant nuclei reactivation does not require the presence of the nucleus of the active cell partner. Moreover, the process of chromatin reactivation is more rapid in reconstituted cells than in PL + L cell heterokaryons. Some other details of PL chromatin activation in reconstituted cells and heterokaryons are discussed.", "PMID": 710673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4499", "title": "Reaction of the contractile apparatus in Physarum to injected Ca++, ATP, ADP and 5'AMP.", "content": "After replacement of endoplasm by artificial media, the ectoplasmic tube of the plasmodial veins survives and contraction automaticity continues. Motive force generation for plasmodial locomotion is widely independent of the presence of endoplasm, i.e. force generation is located within the ectoplasmic tube. The replacement of endoplasm offers the possibility to study the effects of physiologically active substances upon the contraction activity of cytoplasmic actomyosin under in vivo conditions. Using different methods for measuring the force output as indicator of the effects of injected substances, the influences of free Ca++-ions and different nucleotides were studied. The injection of Ca++ buffers revealed that force output of the veins increased with ascending Ca++ concentrations between 2 x 10(-7) and 10(-6) M. Half maximal response was found to lie in the range of 4 x 10(-7) M, the saturation value at 6 x 10(-7) M Ca++. The injection of adenosine nucleotides induced optimal contraction responses at 0.2 mM ATP, 0.5 mM ADP and 2.5 mM 5'AMP, respectively. The contraction response induced by 0.2 mM ATP depends strongly on the concentration of the available Ca++. From a threshold concentration of 2 x 10(-7) M Ca++, force output increased up to 10(-5) M Ca++. In presence of 0.2 mM ATP, the value for half maximal contraction response to Ca++ was 10(-6) M Ca++. It is concluded that 0.2 mM ATP and 2 to 4 x 10(-7) M Ca++, are the conditions, under which the cytoplasmic actomyosin system of Physarum performs its function in vivo. The implication of the results and the possibilites of the new method for further investigations of the contraction physiology of Physarum as a model system for cytoplasmic actomyosin are discussed.", "contents": "Reaction of the contractile apparatus in Physarum to injected Ca++, ATP, ADP and 5'AMP. After replacement of endoplasm by artificial media, the ectoplasmic tube of the plasmodial veins survives and contraction automaticity continues. Motive force generation for plasmodial locomotion is widely independent of the presence of endoplasm, i.e. force generation is located within the ectoplasmic tube. The replacement of endoplasm offers the possibility to study the effects of physiologically active substances upon the contraction activity of cytoplasmic actomyosin under in vivo conditions. Using different methods for measuring the force output as indicator of the effects of injected substances, the influences of free Ca++-ions and different nucleotides were studied. The injection of Ca++ buffers revealed that force output of the veins increased with ascending Ca++ concentrations between 2 x 10(-7) and 10(-6) M. Half maximal response was found to lie in the range of 4 x 10(-7) M, the saturation value at 6 x 10(-7) M Ca++. The injection of adenosine nucleotides induced optimal contraction responses at 0.2 mM ATP, 0.5 mM ADP and 2.5 mM 5'AMP, respectively. The contraction response induced by 0.2 mM ATP depends strongly on the concentration of the available Ca++. From a threshold concentration of 2 x 10(-7) M Ca++, force output increased up to 10(-5) M Ca++. In presence of 0.2 mM ATP, the value for half maximal contraction response to Ca++ was 10(-6) M Ca++. It is concluded that 0.2 mM ATP and 2 to 4 x 10(-7) M Ca++, are the conditions, under which the cytoplasmic actomyosin system of Physarum performs its function in vivo. The implication of the results and the possibilites of the new method for further investigations of the contraction physiology of Physarum as a model system for cytoplasmic actomyosin are discussed.", "PMID": 710674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4500", "title": "Glucose tolerance in jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity: a fifteen month follow-up.", "content": "Twelve patients with body weight varying from 106 to 163 Kg, underwent jejunoileal bypass operations; their oral glucose tolerance tests (oGTT) were evaluated before the operation and one, five, and fifteen months afterwards. The lowering of the glycemic curve and the decrease of the insulinemia values during oGTT have been studied in relation to intestinal absorption deficit and weight loss. It is concluded that weight loss was the main factor determining the improvement of glucose metabolism.", "contents": "Glucose tolerance in jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity: a fifteen month follow-up. Twelve patients with body weight varying from 106 to 163 Kg, underwent jejunoileal bypass operations; their oral glucose tolerance tests (oGTT) were evaluated before the operation and one, five, and fifteen months afterwards. The lowering of the glycemic curve and the decrease of the insulinemia values during oGTT have been studied in relation to intestinal absorption deficit and weight loss. It is concluded that weight loss was the main factor determining the improvement of glucose metabolism.", "PMID": 710676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4501", "title": "Humoral antibacterial immunity in first degree relatives of insulin-dependent diabetics.", "content": "Humoral immunity to bacterial antigens was investigated in 68 tissue typed and glucose tolerance tested first degree blood relatives of insulin dependent diabetics (IDD). The data were compared with those obtained in 60 IDDs and in 55 healthy controls. The prevalence of bacterial antibodies to E. coli, staphylococci, pertussis and diphtheria toxins were just slightly, but not significantly reduced in the blood relations compared with controls. Incidence of antibacterial antibodies was almost identical in blood relations with impaired and in those with normal glucose tolerance. By contrast, antibody formation to E. coli and staphylococci (p less than 0,0005, p less than 0,0005) respectively was significantly impaired in IDD. No correlation between genes of the major histocompatibility complex and humoral antibacterial immunity could be observed in IDD and blood relations. In conclusion, antibacterial antibody formation was found to be severely impaired in IDD patients but to be almost normal in blood relations of insulin dependent diabetics. These findings suggest that the humoral antibacterial immunodeficiency observed in IDD is a disease associated process probably independent of major histocompatibility complex linked genes.", "contents": "Humoral antibacterial immunity in first degree relatives of insulin-dependent diabetics. Humoral immunity to bacterial antigens was investigated in 68 tissue typed and glucose tolerance tested first degree blood relatives of insulin dependent diabetics (IDD). The data were compared with those obtained in 60 IDDs and in 55 healthy controls. The prevalence of bacterial antibodies to E. coli, staphylococci, pertussis and diphtheria toxins were just slightly, but not significantly reduced in the blood relations compared with controls. Incidence of antibacterial antibodies was almost identical in blood relations with impaired and in those with normal glucose tolerance. By contrast, antibody formation to E. coli and staphylococci (p less than 0,0005, p less than 0,0005) respectively was significantly impaired in IDD. No correlation between genes of the major histocompatibility complex and humoral antibacterial immunity could be observed in IDD and blood relations. In conclusion, antibacterial antibody formation was found to be severely impaired in IDD patients but to be almost normal in blood relations of insulin dependent diabetics. These findings suggest that the humoral antibacterial immunodeficiency observed in IDD is a disease associated process probably independent of major histocompatibility complex linked genes.", "PMID": 710677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4502", "title": "[Adipocyte size in primary hypertriglyceridemia with and without obesity (author's transl)].", "content": "Adipose tissue cellularity of patients with endogenous hypertriglyceridemia whether associated with obesity or not has been studied by means of a semiautomatic method of counting and sizing osmium tetroxide fixed adipocytes. Cell population distributions were analyzed by mathematical computation. The Coulter Counter system was able to determine mean diameter (or volume) and cell size dispersion which defined adipocyte population. An overall shift of cell population size has been found to characterize adipose tissue cellularity of the different groups examined. Adipocyte population in the obese was defined by increased fat cell size with overlapping distributions between both groups of same weight. Nevertheless normolipemic obese patients were characterized by larger cell size than hypertriglyceridemic subjects matched for adiposity index. The results are discussed in relation to the removal defect found in endogenous hypertriglyceridemia.", "contents": "[Adipocyte size in primary hypertriglyceridemia with and without obesity (author's transl)]. Adipose tissue cellularity of patients with endogenous hypertriglyceridemia whether associated with obesity or not has been studied by means of a semiautomatic method of counting and sizing osmium tetroxide fixed adipocytes. Cell population distributions were analyzed by mathematical computation. The Coulter Counter system was able to determine mean diameter (or volume) and cell size dispersion which defined adipocyte population. An overall shift of cell population size has been found to characterize adipose tissue cellularity of the different groups examined. Adipocyte population in the obese was defined by increased fat cell size with overlapping distributions between both groups of same weight. Nevertheless normolipemic obese patients were characterized by larger cell size than hypertriglyceridemic subjects matched for adiposity index. The results are discussed in relation to the removal defect found in endogenous hypertriglyceridemia.", "PMID": 710678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4503", "title": "Effects of prostaglandin E1 and prostaglandin F2alpha on insulin and glucagon plasma levels during the intravenous glucose tolerance test in man.", "content": "The influence of prostaglandin E1 and prostaglandin F2alpha on circulating concentrations of insulin and glucagon during the intravenous glucose tolerance test has been studied in normal man. Insulin responses to glucose during PGE1 infusion (0.2 microgram/Kg/min) were significantly lower than in control infusions (p less than 0.001 at 2, 5, 10 and 15 min). Moreover, PGE1 caused a clear elevation of basal glucagon (p less than 0.02). PGF2alpha, at the two doses used (0.2 and 0.5 microgram/Kg/min), had no effect on basal glucose, insulin and glucagon levels, nor upon glucose-induced insulin secretion. Neither prostaglandin affected the glucose-induced inhibition of pancreatic alpha-cells. There is thus some evidence that PGs of E series may play some role in modulating the secretion of human pancreatic beta-cells.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandin E1 and prostaglandin F2alpha on insulin and glucagon plasma levels during the intravenous glucose tolerance test in man. The influence of prostaglandin E1 and prostaglandin F2alpha on circulating concentrations of insulin and glucagon during the intravenous glucose tolerance test has been studied in normal man. Insulin responses to glucose during PGE1 infusion (0.2 microgram/Kg/min) were significantly lower than in control infusions (p less than 0.001 at 2, 5, 10 and 15 min). Moreover, PGE1 caused a clear elevation of basal glucagon (p less than 0.02). PGF2alpha, at the two doses used (0.2 and 0.5 microgram/Kg/min), had no effect on basal glucose, insulin and glucagon levels, nor upon glucose-induced insulin secretion. Neither prostaglandin affected the glucose-induced inhibition of pancreatic alpha-cells. There is thus some evidence that PGs of E series may play some role in modulating the secretion of human pancreatic beta-cells.", "PMID": 710679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4504", "title": "Ascorbic acid status in idiopathic hemochromatosis.", "content": "Vitamin C status was studied, by means of leucocyte ascorbic acid concentrations, in 67 cases of idiopathic hemochromatosis subdivided into 44 untreated and 25 treated cases (2 patients belonging to both subgroups) and compared to 31 normal subjects and 37 alcoholic cirrhosis patients. The control groups exhibited the following mean levels (+/- SEM): 34.4 +/- 1.9 microgram/10(8) WBC in normals and 22.0 +/- 1.8 microgram/10(8) WBC in alcoholic cirrhosis. In idiopathic hemochromatosis the mean levels were: for the untreated group 19.5 +/- 1.7 microgram/10(8) WBC and for the treated group 34.3 +/- 2.3 microgram/10(8) WBC. These results (1) affirm an important vitamin C deficiency in the untreated disease; (2) suggest that iron overload is the main causal factor in view of the striking difference--to date unreported--between untreated and treated cases of idiopathic hemochromatosis. Besides its possible theoretical interests, this vitamin C deficiency is responsible in idiopathic hemochromatosis for a significant underestimation of the desferrioxamine-induced urinary iron excretion.", "contents": "Ascorbic acid status in idiopathic hemochromatosis. Vitamin C status was studied, by means of leucocyte ascorbic acid concentrations, in 67 cases of idiopathic hemochromatosis subdivided into 44 untreated and 25 treated cases (2 patients belonging to both subgroups) and compared to 31 normal subjects and 37 alcoholic cirrhosis patients. The control groups exhibited the following mean levels (+/- SEM): 34.4 +/- 1.9 microgram/10(8) WBC in normals and 22.0 +/- 1.8 microgram/10(8) WBC in alcoholic cirrhosis. In idiopathic hemochromatosis the mean levels were: for the untreated group 19.5 +/- 1.7 microgram/10(8) WBC and for the treated group 34.3 +/- 2.3 microgram/10(8) WBC. These results (1) affirm an important vitamin C deficiency in the untreated disease; (2) suggest that iron overload is the main causal factor in view of the striking difference--to date unreported--between untreated and treated cases of idiopathic hemochromatosis. Besides its possible theoretical interests, this vitamin C deficiency is responsible in idiopathic hemochromatosis for a significant underestimation of the desferrioxamine-induced urinary iron excretion.", "PMID": 710734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4505", "title": "Fine structural changes in the liver of methotrexate-treated psoriatics.", "content": "Ultrastructure of 55 liver biopsies obtained from 52 patients, all but 1 with psoriasis and all but 5 treated with methotrexate (MTX), have been studied. In MTX-treated psoriatics, liver cell nuclei showed reduced electron opacity with frequent cytoplasmic invaginations and glycogen inclusions. In the mitochondria nonspecific changes, such as pleomorphism, gigantism, paracrystalline inclusions, compartmentalization, signs of division and sequestration via autophagosomy were noted. The pericanalicular ectoplasm exhibited widening with accumulation of microfilaments. Detachment of desmosomal plaques between hepatocytes was common. A striking finding was the hyperplasia of fat-storing perisinusoidal (Ito) cells. No definite correlation was found between morphology, duration of disease, treatment as well as cumulative dose of MTX.", "contents": "Fine structural changes in the liver of methotrexate-treated psoriatics. Ultrastructure of 55 liver biopsies obtained from 52 patients, all but 1 with psoriasis and all but 5 treated with methotrexate (MTX), have been studied. In MTX-treated psoriatics, liver cell nuclei showed reduced electron opacity with frequent cytoplasmic invaginations and glycogen inclusions. In the mitochondria nonspecific changes, such as pleomorphism, gigantism, paracrystalline inclusions, compartmentalization, signs of division and sequestration via autophagosomy were noted. The pericanalicular ectoplasm exhibited widening with accumulation of microfilaments. Detachment of desmosomal plaques between hepatocytes was common. A striking finding was the hyperplasia of fat-storing perisinusoidal (Ito) cells. No definite correlation was found between morphology, duration of disease, treatment as well as cumulative dose of MTX.", "PMID": 710735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4506", "title": "Physiologic release of secretin measured in peripheral and portal venous blood of dogs.", "content": "The effect of food on circulating levels of secretin, measured by radioimmunoassay, was studied in 7 dogs. Significant postprandial increases in secretin were found in portal and peripheral plasma of dogs fasted for 18 h. Basal levels of secretin were significantly lower in dogs fasted for 72 h when compared with dogs after an 18-hour fast. After the prolonged fast, food caused a significant release of secretin, measured peripherally. We conclude that secretin is released by a physiologic stimulus (food) and that circulating levels of secretin are depressed after prolonged starvation.", "contents": "Physiologic release of secretin measured in peripheral and portal venous blood of dogs. The effect of food on circulating levels of secretin, measured by radioimmunoassay, was studied in 7 dogs. Significant postprandial increases in secretin were found in portal and peripheral plasma of dogs fasted for 18 h. Basal levels of secretin were significantly lower in dogs fasted for 72 h when compared with dogs after an 18-hour fast. After the prolonged fast, food caused a significant release of secretin, measured peripherally. We conclude that secretin is released by a physiologic stimulus (food) and that circulating levels of secretin are depressed after prolonged starvation.", "PMID": 710736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4507", "title": "Lack of parallelism between microsomal enzyme induction and phenobarbital-induced hypercholeresis in the rat.", "content": "The relationship between microsomal enzyme induction and the increase in bile flow associated with phenobarbital administration was studied in rats in three experimental situations: examination of the time-course effect of a single dose of phenobarbital (8 mg/100 g body weight) on bile flow and hepatic cytochrome P-450 concentration; study of the influence of SKF 525-A (8 mg/100 g body weight) and cobaltous chloride (6 mg/100 g body weight/day for 3 days) on the phenobarbital-induced hypercholeresis. It was observed that: (a) the maximal increase in bile flow occurred 18 h after the single injection of phenobarbital, while the maximal increase in cytochrome P-450 occurred at 48 h; (b) in rats pretreated with phenobarbital for 3 days, SKF 525-A did not suppress the hypercholeresis due to phenobarbital, and (c) in rats treated with phenobarbital and cobaltous chloride, cytochrome P-450 concentration in the liver was not increased, while bile flow was increased to approximately the same extent as in animals treated with phenobarbital alone. These results further support the hypothesis that microsomal cytochrome P-450-dependent enzyme induction and increase in bile flow are two separate effects of phenobarbital.", "contents": "Lack of parallelism between microsomal enzyme induction and phenobarbital-induced hypercholeresis in the rat. The relationship between microsomal enzyme induction and the increase in bile flow associated with phenobarbital administration was studied in rats in three experimental situations: examination of the time-course effect of a single dose of phenobarbital (8 mg/100 g body weight) on bile flow and hepatic cytochrome P-450 concentration; study of the influence of SKF 525-A (8 mg/100 g body weight) and cobaltous chloride (6 mg/100 g body weight/day for 3 days) on the phenobarbital-induced hypercholeresis. It was observed that: (a) the maximal increase in bile flow occurred 18 h after the single injection of phenobarbital, while the maximal increase in cytochrome P-450 occurred at 48 h; (b) in rats pretreated with phenobarbital for 3 days, SKF 525-A did not suppress the hypercholeresis due to phenobarbital, and (c) in rats treated with phenobarbital and cobaltous chloride, cytochrome P-450 concentration in the liver was not increased, while bile flow was increased to approximately the same extent as in animals treated with phenobarbital alone. These results further support the hypothesis that microsomal cytochrome P-450-dependent enzyme induction and increase in bile flow are two separate effects of phenobarbital.", "PMID": 710737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4508", "title": "Antral vagotomy in parietal cell vagotomized dogs with a Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasty. Effect upon gastric emptying and motility, serum gastrin concentration, and Heidenhain pouch acid secretion.", "content": "In 6 Heidenhain pouch (HP) dogs who previously had undergone parietal cell vagotomy (PCV) with a Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasty (Ppl), the antral nerves were cut. No significant changes in HP acid secretion or serum gastrin concentration occurred. In a similar previous study using HP dogs with a PCV and a gastroduodenostomy (GD), a significant rise in HP acid secretion without concomitant changes in serum gastrin concentration were observed after antral denervation. These findings indicate that the antral vagal nerves have no direct influence on HP acid secretion, but the rised HP acid secretion in the GD dogs after antral denervation may be related to the changed gastroduodenal emptying pattern which partly excludes the food acid stream from the acid inhibitory mechanism in the duodenal bulb.", "contents": "Antral vagotomy in parietal cell vagotomized dogs with a Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasty. Effect upon gastric emptying and motility, serum gastrin concentration, and Heidenhain pouch acid secretion. In 6 Heidenhain pouch (HP) dogs who previously had undergone parietal cell vagotomy (PCV) with a Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasty (Ppl), the antral nerves were cut. No significant changes in HP acid secretion or serum gastrin concentration occurred. In a similar previous study using HP dogs with a PCV and a gastroduodenostomy (GD), a significant rise in HP acid secretion without concomitant changes in serum gastrin concentration were observed after antral denervation. These findings indicate that the antral vagal nerves have no direct influence on HP acid secretion, but the rised HP acid secretion in the GD dogs after antral denervation may be related to the changed gastroduodenal emptying pattern which partly excludes the food acid stream from the acid inhibitory mechanism in the duodenal bulb.", "PMID": 710738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4509", "title": "Effects of prostaglandins and their methylated analogues upon human adenylate cyclase in the upper gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "The effects of prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin A2 and their methylated analogues upon the adenylate cyclase in human gastric mucosa were studied. PG E2 and 16,16-dimethyl-PG E2 stimulated the enzyme activity to a greater degree than PG A2 and 16,16-dimethyl-PG A2. 16,16-dimethyl-PG E2 was less potent in activating the enzyme system than its parent compound. The results suggest that the more pronounced antisecretory activity of 16,16-dimethyl-PG E2 is due to its greater resistance against enzymatic degradation.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandins and their methylated analogues upon human adenylate cyclase in the upper gastrointestinal tract. The effects of prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin A2 and their methylated analogues upon the adenylate cyclase in human gastric mucosa were studied. PG E2 and 16,16-dimethyl-PG E2 stimulated the enzyme activity to a greater degree than PG A2 and 16,16-dimethyl-PG A2. 16,16-dimethyl-PG E2 was less potent in activating the enzyme system than its parent compound. The results suggest that the more pronounced antisecretory activity of 16,16-dimethyl-PG E2 is due to its greater resistance against enzymatic degradation.", "PMID": 710739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4510", "title": "Effect of food intake on circulating antigen-antibody complexes in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis.", "content": "Serum antibodies directed against 5 alimentary antigens and antigen-antibody complexes were determined in 15 control subjects and in 15 patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Cirrhotic patients presented an increased immune response against these antigens. Antigen-antibody complexes were detected in the fasting plasma of 7 cirrhotic patients. The level of immune complexes increased in 6 out of these 7 patients 1 h after lunch.", "contents": "Effect of food intake on circulating antigen-antibody complexes in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Serum antibodies directed against 5 alimentary antigens and antigen-antibody complexes were determined in 15 control subjects and in 15 patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Cirrhotic patients presented an increased immune response against these antigens. Antigen-antibody complexes were detected in the fasting plasma of 7 cirrhotic patients. The level of immune complexes increased in 6 out of these 7 patients 1 h after lunch.", "PMID": 710740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4511", "title": "Continuous blood glucose analysis in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "A practical method for continuous blood glucose analysis in vivo is described. Using an interference-free enzyme reagent in a modified Auto-Analyzer whole blood glucose concentration can be monitored continuously and interpreted in terms of the actual plasma glucose concentration. The method uses a novel technique for preheating the sample diluent without introducing additional time delays, consumes whole blood at a rate of 0.05 ml/min, and demonstrates a transport delay of 148 s. Other improvements include an average baseline drift of -0.11 mg/dl/h and a mean change in sensitivity of -0.4% after 8.5 h. In vitro glucose recovery studies comparing whole blood to the corresponding plasma samples show the method is precise (101.3 +/- 0.7%), linearly proportional (slope of 1.007 +/- 0.012) and highly correlated (greater than 0.998) over the range of 0 to 500 mg/dl, with reference to a Beckman glucose analyzer. In vivo applications are presented to show that this method is suitable for us in systems such as the 'artificial endocrine pancreas'.", "contents": "Continuous blood glucose analysis in vitro and in vivo. A practical method for continuous blood glucose analysis in vivo is described. Using an interference-free enzyme reagent in a modified Auto-Analyzer whole blood glucose concentration can be monitored continuously and interpreted in terms of the actual plasma glucose concentration. The method uses a novel technique for preheating the sample diluent without introducing additional time delays, consumes whole blood at a rate of 0.05 ml/min, and demonstrates a transport delay of 148 s. Other improvements include an average baseline drift of -0.11 mg/dl/h and a mean change in sensitivity of -0.4% after 8.5 h. In vitro glucose recovery studies comparing whole blood to the corresponding plasma samples show the method is precise (101.3 +/- 0.7%), linearly proportional (slope of 1.007 +/- 0.012) and highly correlated (greater than 0.998) over the range of 0 to 500 mg/dl, with reference to a Beckman glucose analyzer. In vivo applications are presented to show that this method is suitable for us in systems such as the 'artificial endocrine pancreas'.", "PMID": 710752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4512", "title": "Thickening of glomerular basement membrane in spontaneously diabetic rats.", "content": "The glomerular basement membrane of spontaneously diabetic rats was investigated by quantitative analysis using electron microscopy, with special reference to the effect of ageing. Constant age-related increase in the width of basement membrane was ascertained both in diabetic and control rats, and the mean values of basement membrane thickness were always higher in the spontaneously diabetic rats than in normal control rats. Significant thickening of glomerular basement membrane was found in the diabetic rats at 12 weeks of age, while younger diabetic rats had no definite increase. The difference in basement membrane thickness between diabetic and normal control rats became larger with increasing age.", "contents": "Thickening of glomerular basement membrane in spontaneously diabetic rats. The glomerular basement membrane of spontaneously diabetic rats was investigated by quantitative analysis using electron microscopy, with special reference to the effect of ageing. Constant age-related increase in the width of basement membrane was ascertained both in diabetic and control rats, and the mean values of basement membrane thickness were always higher in the spontaneously diabetic rats than in normal control rats. Significant thickening of glomerular basement membrane was found in the diabetic rats at 12 weeks of age, while younger diabetic rats had no definite increase. The difference in basement membrane thickness between diabetic and normal control rats became larger with increasing age.", "PMID": 710753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4513", "title": "Effect of free fatty acids and amino acids on glucagon and insulin secretions in normal and diabetic ducks.", "content": "The relationship between two metabolites free fatty acids (FFA) and amino acids (AA), and the two main pancreatic hormones, insulin and glucagon, was studied by infusing small amounts of these metabolites into normal and diabetic Peking ducks, i.e. two days after subtotal pancreatectomy. Infusion of oleic acid (0.365 g/kg/30 min as an emulsion in plasma) indicated a suppressive effect of free fatty acids on glucagon secretion, but was without effect on insulin secretion, in normal as well as in diabetic ducks, indicating that insulin might not be directly involved in the FFA-glucagon feedback in the duck. Infusions of arginine for one hour (1 g/kg/h) into normal ducks, hyperglycaemic normal birds (as a result of glucose infusion: 1 g/kg/h) and diabetic ducks, suggested the persistence of amino acid effect on glucagon secretion, and a slight reduction of the effect on insulin secretion in diabetes. This suggests that insulin may not be involved in amino acid-induced glucagon secretion in the duck.", "contents": "Effect of free fatty acids and amino acids on glucagon and insulin secretions in normal and diabetic ducks. The relationship between two metabolites free fatty acids (FFA) and amino acids (AA), and the two main pancreatic hormones, insulin and glucagon, was studied by infusing small amounts of these metabolites into normal and diabetic Peking ducks, i.e. two days after subtotal pancreatectomy. Infusion of oleic acid (0.365 g/kg/30 min as an emulsion in plasma) indicated a suppressive effect of free fatty acids on glucagon secretion, but was without effect on insulin secretion, in normal as well as in diabetic ducks, indicating that insulin might not be directly involved in the FFA-glucagon feedback in the duck. Infusions of arginine for one hour (1 g/kg/h) into normal ducks, hyperglycaemic normal birds (as a result of glucose infusion: 1 g/kg/h) and diabetic ducks, suggested the persistence of amino acid effect on glucagon secretion, and a slight reduction of the effect on insulin secretion in diabetes. This suggests that insulin may not be involved in amino acid-induced glucagon secretion in the duck.", "PMID": 710754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4514", "title": "Sulphydryl requirement for insulin release from the perfused pancreas. Studies with ethacrynic acid and dithiothreitol.", "content": "Using the isolated, perfused rat pancreas the importance of sulphydryl groups for the secretory process of insulin was investigated. It was found that ethacrynic acid (EA, 0.075-0.6 mmol/1) caused a dose-dependent, monophasic insulin release. Addition of EA to a glucose-stimulated (20 mmol/1) pancreas led to a sudden increase in hormone release, followed by a dose-dependent inhibition of release, which was not reversible after removal of EA. The same phenomenon was seen in the presence of 20 mmol/1 leucine. Dithiothreitol (DTT, 0.1 and 1 mmol/1) had no effect on basal insulin secretion. Added to a glucose-stimulated pancreas DTT (1 mmol/1) caused a reversible inhibition of insulin release. The persistent inhibitory action of EA on glucose-induced insulin release could be reversed by simultaneous perfusion of EA and DTT. Sequential exposure of a glucose-stimulated pancreas to EA and DTT led to a rapid release of insulin, due to DTT; however, the EA-induced inhibition of insulin secretion could not be prevented. Two kinds of thiol groups in the plasma membrane and in the beta cell might be responsible for the various kinetics of insulin release induced by EA and DTT.", "contents": "Sulphydryl requirement for insulin release from the perfused pancreas. Studies with ethacrynic acid and dithiothreitol. Using the isolated, perfused rat pancreas the importance of sulphydryl groups for the secretory process of insulin was investigated. It was found that ethacrynic acid (EA, 0.075-0.6 mmol/1) caused a dose-dependent, monophasic insulin release. Addition of EA to a glucose-stimulated (20 mmol/1) pancreas led to a sudden increase in hormone release, followed by a dose-dependent inhibition of release, which was not reversible after removal of EA. The same phenomenon was seen in the presence of 20 mmol/1 leucine. Dithiothreitol (DTT, 0.1 and 1 mmol/1) had no effect on basal insulin secretion. Added to a glucose-stimulated pancreas DTT (1 mmol/1) caused a reversible inhibition of insulin release. The persistent inhibitory action of EA on glucose-induced insulin release could be reversed by simultaneous perfusion of EA and DTT. Sequential exposure of a glucose-stimulated pancreas to EA and DTT led to a rapid release of insulin, due to DTT; however, the EA-induced inhibition of insulin secretion could not be prevented. Two kinds of thiol groups in the plasma membrane and in the beta cell might be responsible for the various kinetics of insulin release induced by EA and DTT.", "PMID": 710755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4515", "title": "Haloperidol, a dopaminergic antagonist: somatostatin-like inhibition of glucagon and insulin release from the isolated, perfused canine pancreas.", "content": "The effect of haloperidol, a dopaminergic antagonist, on insulin and glucagon secretion was investigated using the isolated, perfused canine pancreas. Haloperidol at 4 X 10(-7) to 10(-5) mol/l caused a dose-dependent inhibition of glucagon release both at low (25 mg/100 ml) and high glucose concentrations (150 mg/100 ml). At the low glucose concentration insulin release was already maximally suppressed. At the high glucose concentration haloperidol (4 X 10(-7) to 10(-5) mol/1) also caused a dose-dependent inhibition of insulin release. Haloperidol (10(-5) mol/1) inhibited dramatically pancreatic A and B cell responses to isoproterenol (2 ng/ml), acetylcholine (1 mumol/1) and arginine (5 mmol/1). The inhibitory effect of haloperidol on both glucagon and insulin release could be eliminated by increasing perfusate calcium concentration from 1.3 to 8.8 mmol/1. These findings suggested that haloperidol blocks glucagon and insulin release in a somatostatin-like manner by affecting a fundamental step of the stimulus-secretion coupling, probably by interfering with calcium handling of the pancreatic A and B cells.", "contents": "Haloperidol, a dopaminergic antagonist: somatostatin-like inhibition of glucagon and insulin release from the isolated, perfused canine pancreas. The effect of haloperidol, a dopaminergic antagonist, on insulin and glucagon secretion was investigated using the isolated, perfused canine pancreas. Haloperidol at 4 X 10(-7) to 10(-5) mol/l caused a dose-dependent inhibition of glucagon release both at low (25 mg/100 ml) and high glucose concentrations (150 mg/100 ml). At the low glucose concentration insulin release was already maximally suppressed. At the high glucose concentration haloperidol (4 X 10(-7) to 10(-5) mol/1) also caused a dose-dependent inhibition of insulin release. Haloperidol (10(-5) mol/1) inhibited dramatically pancreatic A and B cell responses to isoproterenol (2 ng/ml), acetylcholine (1 mumol/1) and arginine (5 mmol/1). The inhibitory effect of haloperidol on both glucagon and insulin release could be eliminated by increasing perfusate calcium concentration from 1.3 to 8.8 mmol/1. These findings suggested that haloperidol blocks glucagon and insulin release in a somatostatin-like manner by affecting a fundamental step of the stimulus-secretion coupling, probably by interfering with calcium handling of the pancreatic A and B cells.", "PMID": 710756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4516", "title": "[Clinical use of a minicomputer in heart surgery intensive care units].", "content": "The Authors present three respiratory parameters useful to estimate the respiratory and hemodynamic conditions of a cardiac patients before these turn into obvious pathological clinical pictures. The parameters are: alveolar-arterial oxygen difference, respiratory index and arterial-venous pulmonary shunts. The sophisticated mathematic calculations necessary to calculate and to elaborate such data are made, in few seconds, by a minicomputer which is very easy to work with. A clinical example in which the above-mentioned data have been employed helps to demonstrate their extreme usefulness.", "contents": "[Clinical use of a minicomputer in heart surgery intensive care units]. The Authors present three respiratory parameters useful to estimate the respiratory and hemodynamic conditions of a cardiac patients before these turn into obvious pathological clinical pictures. The parameters are: alveolar-arterial oxygen difference, respiratory index and arterial-venous pulmonary shunts. The sophisticated mathematic calculations necessary to calculate and to elaborate such data are made, in few seconds, by a minicomputer which is very easy to work with. A clinical example in which the above-mentioned data have been employed helps to demonstrate their extreme usefulness.", "PMID": 710757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4517", "title": "[The administration of an association of sodium nitroprusside and adrenaline in cardiac surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "In 223 operations of cardiovascular surgery, myocardial performance was supported, after the interruption of cardiopulmonary bypass, by means of a combined and strictly controlled administration of a pure vasodilator drug (sodium nitroprusside) and of an inotropic agent (epinephrine). The reduction of afterload achieved by the former, the increase of contractility and heart rate induced by the latter, the coronary dilator effect of both, associated with an adequate maintaining of preload proved to be rapidly effective. This appeared to be particularly true in patients with overt left ventricular failure after valve replacement and/or myocardial revascularization procedures. The proposed association of drugs and treatment program seem to be an appropriate way of managing the myocardial and hemodynamic response to the metabolic reactivation that follows the surgical ischemic cardiac arrest.", "contents": "[The administration of an association of sodium nitroprusside and adrenaline in cardiac surgery (author's transl)]. In 223 operations of cardiovascular surgery, myocardial performance was supported, after the interruption of cardiopulmonary bypass, by means of a combined and strictly controlled administration of a pure vasodilator drug (sodium nitroprusside) and of an inotropic agent (epinephrine). The reduction of afterload achieved by the former, the increase of contractility and heart rate induced by the latter, the coronary dilator effect of both, associated with an adequate maintaining of preload proved to be rapidly effective. This appeared to be particularly true in patients with overt left ventricular failure after valve replacement and/or myocardial revascularization procedures. The proposed association of drugs and treatment program seem to be an appropriate way of managing the myocardial and hemodynamic response to the metabolic reactivation that follows the surgical ischemic cardiac arrest.", "PMID": 710758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4518", "title": "[\"T'orsade de pointe\" and amiodarone (author's transl)].", "content": "A long Q-T interval syndrome is described, followed by \"torsade de pointe\" and by irriducible ventricular fibrillation that is ascribed to a badly conducted therapy with amiodarone, in a patient affected by mitral valve disease, microcitaemia and hemolitic intercurrent moderate jaundice.", "contents": "[\"T'orsade de pointe\" and amiodarone (author's transl)]. A long Q-T interval syndrome is described, followed by \"torsade de pointe\" and by irriducible ventricular fibrillation that is ascribed to a badly conducted therapy with amiodarone, in a patient affected by mitral valve disease, microcitaemia and hemolitic intercurrent moderate jaundice.", "PMID": 710760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4519", "title": "[Natural history of angina pectoris: follow-up on 519 unoperated patients (author's transl)].", "content": "519 patients with angina pectoris studied by selective coronary arteriography and left ventriculogram, were followed for a period ranging from 18 months to 7 years. The mean follow-up was 42.2 months. The patients showed a survival probability of 81% at the 7th year. After 5 years the survival probability was 83.2% for patients with typical stable angina, 70.3% for patients with unstable angina, 96.7% for patients with atypical angina. The survival probability was 78.8% for the male sex and 94.6% for the female (at the 5th year). Age, a long-lasting angina, the presence of: previous infarction, myocardial failure, cigarette smoking, hyperlipidemia, cardiomegaly and an ischemic resting EKG were factors with poor prognostic value. The prognostic value of significant coronary stenosis was confirmed. The survival probability at the 5th year of the patients without critical stenosis was 96.6%, of patients with stenosis of 1, 2 and 3 main coronary arteries was respectively: 87.6%, 79% 54.7%. Significative prognostic differences were observed in patients with normal left ventricle kinesia (survival probability at the 5th year: 90%), compared with patients with severe VS ipokinesia (62.7%) and with VS diskinesia (69%). In the follow-up period an incidence of 9% of myocardial infarctions was observed. The degree of each stenosis and the number of vessels involved, the type of angina, the presence of risk factors or previous myocardial infarction did not affect the clinical evolution of angina.", "contents": "[Natural history of angina pectoris: follow-up on 519 unoperated patients (author's transl)]. 519 patients with angina pectoris studied by selective coronary arteriography and left ventriculogram, were followed for a period ranging from 18 months to 7 years. The mean follow-up was 42.2 months. The patients showed a survival probability of 81% at the 7th year. After 5 years the survival probability was 83.2% for patients with typical stable angina, 70.3% for patients with unstable angina, 96.7% for patients with atypical angina. The survival probability was 78.8% for the male sex and 94.6% for the female (at the 5th year). Age, a long-lasting angina, the presence of: previous infarction, myocardial failure, cigarette smoking, hyperlipidemia, cardiomegaly and an ischemic resting EKG were factors with poor prognostic value. The prognostic value of significant coronary stenosis was confirmed. The survival probability at the 5th year of the patients without critical stenosis was 96.6%, of patients with stenosis of 1, 2 and 3 main coronary arteries was respectively: 87.6%, 79% 54.7%. Significative prognostic differences were observed in patients with normal left ventricle kinesia (survival probability at the 5th year: 90%), compared with patients with severe VS ipokinesia (62.7%) and with VS diskinesia (69%). In the follow-up period an incidence of 9% of myocardial infarctions was observed. The degree of each stenosis and the number of vessels involved, the type of angina, the presence of risk factors or previous myocardial infarction did not affect the clinical evolution of angina.", "PMID": 710762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4520", "title": "[Myocardial infarction in young people. A coronary angiographic study in 21 patients under the age of 30 (author's transl)].", "content": "The Authors have taken into account 21 patients who complained of myocardial infarction before they were 30 years old. We performed coronary angiography, left ventriculography and left cardiac catheterization in all the patients. In 20 cases we found atherosclerotic alterations (50 or greater obstruction) at least in one of the three main braches of  coronary tree. The coronary angiography in one patient showed a picture of dissection of right coronary. The alterations are localized more frequently on the anterior descending branch than on the right coronary. On the contrary we found very seldom atherosclerotic lesions on the circumflex artery. Monovascular alterations were more frequent than plurivascular alterations (more than 40% of the total). Left ventricular function was out of order in almost all cases. In summary the important differences between young patients with myocardial infarction and older patients are the following: 1) from the clinical point of view the sudden onset of myocardial infarction without previous symptoms of angina pectoris; 2) from the angiography point of view high incidence of monovascular alterations and low incidence of collateral circulations.", "contents": "[Myocardial infarction in young people. A coronary angiographic study in 21 patients under the age of 30 (author's transl)]. The Authors have taken into account 21 patients who complained of myocardial infarction before they were 30 years old. We performed coronary angiography, left ventriculography and left cardiac catheterization in all the patients. In 20 cases we found atherosclerotic alterations (50 or greater obstruction) at least in one of the three main braches of  coronary tree. The coronary angiography in one patient showed a picture of dissection of right coronary. The alterations are localized more frequently on the anterior descending branch than on the right coronary. On the contrary we found very seldom atherosclerotic lesions on the circumflex artery. Monovascular alterations were more frequent than plurivascular alterations (more than 40% of the total). Left ventricular function was out of order in almost all cases. In summary the important differences between young patients with myocardial infarction and older patients are the following: 1) from the clinical point of view the sudden onset of myocardial infarction without previous symptoms of angina pectoris; 2) from the angiography point of view high incidence of monovascular alterations and low incidence of collateral circulations.", "PMID": 710764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4521", "title": "[An echocardiographic study of the isovolumetric relaxation period in the myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "Variations have been examined in the left ventricle's transverse dimension (TD) during the isovolumic relaxation period (IRP) in 12 healthy subjects and in 38 patients with anterior or antero-inferior infarct. Healthy subjects have shown no increase in TD during the IRP whereas this fact has been noted in 24 out of 38 (63%) patients with different distribution according to the site of the infarct (29%) for inferior infarcts and 86% for anterior or antero-inferior infarcts). These results suggest that inferior infarct compared with anterior infarct, implies a less incoordinate ventricular contraction. It is thus stressed the opportunity of echocardiography approach for the identification of the incoordinate ventricular contraction and for the determination of IRP duration which may be exposed to serious mistakes using the traditional phono-apexcardiographic method.", "contents": "[An echocardiographic study of the isovolumetric relaxation period in the myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. Variations have been examined in the left ventricle's transverse dimension (TD) during the isovolumic relaxation period (IRP) in 12 healthy subjects and in 38 patients with anterior or antero-inferior infarct. Healthy subjects have shown no increase in TD during the IRP whereas this fact has been noted in 24 out of 38 (63%) patients with different distribution according to the site of the infarct (29%) for inferior infarcts and 86% for anterior or antero-inferior infarcts). These results suggest that inferior infarct compared with anterior infarct, implies a less incoordinate ventricular contraction. It is thus stressed the opportunity of echocardiography approach for the identification of the incoordinate ventricular contraction and for the determination of IRP duration which may be exposed to serious mistakes using the traditional phono-apexcardiographic method.", "PMID": 710765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4522", "title": "[Usefulness of x-ray parameters in the functional evaluation of patients with nonvalvular cardiopathies].", "content": "In 49 patients suffering of heart diseases we have studied the changes of radiologic cardiac measurements and systolic time intervals (STI) in the four functional classes of the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification, investigating also the existence of any relationship between these different parameters. Only the patients in functional classes 3rd and 4th showed significant changes in STI and radiologic measurements as compared to the control group. Moreover, a significant negative correlation has been observed between relative heart volume and left ventricular ejection time (LVET) (r = 0.69, P less than 0.001) and LVETc (r = 0.82, P less than 0.001) and a positive correlation between relative heart volume and pre-ejection period (PEP) (r = 0.59, P less than 0.01) and PEP/LVET ratio (r = 0.75, P less than 0.001). These results seem to demonstrate that relative heart volumetry is a fairly accurate index of the cardiac conditions in non valvular heart diseases.", "contents": "[Usefulness of x-ray parameters in the functional evaluation of patients with nonvalvular cardiopathies]. In 49 patients suffering of heart diseases we have studied the changes of radiologic cardiac measurements and systolic time intervals (STI) in the four functional classes of the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification, investigating also the existence of any relationship between these different parameters. Only the patients in functional classes 3rd and 4th showed significant changes in STI and radiologic measurements as compared to the control group. Moreover, a significant negative correlation has been observed between relative heart volume and left ventricular ejection time (LVET) (r = 0.69, P less than 0.001) and LVETc (r = 0.82, P less than 0.001) and a positive correlation between relative heart volume and pre-ejection period (PEP) (r = 0.59, P less than 0.01) and PEP/LVET ratio (r = 0.75, P less than 0.001). These results seem to demonstrate that relative heart volumetry is a fairly accurate index of the cardiac conditions in non valvular heart diseases.", "PMID": 710766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4523", "title": "[A specific anomalies of ventricular repolarization. Dysgenetic syndromes caused by functional asymmetry of the cardiac sympathetic nerves].", "content": "The following is a personal study of the case histories of 3 patients, spontaneous carriers of \"labile pseudo-ischemic T wave\" and of their direct consanguineous, a total of 25 subjects. In these three families the family incidence on electrocardiographic anomalies is confirmed. In these same subjects as well as in others belonging to families examined in a previous study, a total of 90 subjects, the duration of the QT interval was measured, showing values which tended to be above the average and, in some cases, above the accepted maximum. The analogy among the anomalies of the ventricular repolarization to be found during the course of neurological diseases and under experimental conditions of unilateral lesions of the sympathetic cardiac innervation and the \"labile T wave\" syndrome, sometimes coexisting in the same family with a report of elongated QT interval, suggests the hypothesis that this may be placed within the ambit of disgenetic syndromes from alterations of the functional balance between right and left component of the sympathetic heart innervation.", "contents": "[A specific anomalies of ventricular repolarization. Dysgenetic syndromes caused by functional asymmetry of the cardiac sympathetic nerves]. The following is a personal study of the case histories of 3 patients, spontaneous carriers of \"labile pseudo-ischemic T wave\" and of their direct consanguineous, a total of 25 subjects. In these three families the family incidence on electrocardiographic anomalies is confirmed. In these same subjects as well as in others belonging to families examined in a previous study, a total of 90 subjects, the duration of the QT interval was measured, showing values which tended to be above the average and, in some cases, above the accepted maximum. The analogy among the anomalies of the ventricular repolarization to be found during the course of neurological diseases and under experimental conditions of unilateral lesions of the sympathetic cardiac innervation and the \"labile T wave\" syndrome, sometimes coexisting in the same family with a report of elongated QT interval, suggests the hypothesis that this may be placed within the ambit of disgenetic syndromes from alterations of the functional balance between right and left component of the sympathetic heart innervation.", "PMID": 710767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4524", "title": "[Reflex pressor response in young subjects with labile hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "A study on the pressor response to various tests of sympathetic stimulation has been performed in 36 young subjects, 9 with labile hypertension and 27 normotensive. All have been studied with \"tilt test\", \"cold pressor test\" and \"mental arithmetic stress\". In the labile hypertensive subjects the \"tilt test\" induced increases of the systolic and diastolic pressure significantly higher than in the normotensives. The \"cold pressor test\" produced an increase of the arterial pressure and of the heart rate significantly lower in the labile hypertensive than in the normotensive. The pressure responses and the changes of the heart rate produced by the \"mental arithmetic stress\" did not show significant differences in the two groups of patients studied. The results are discussed.", "contents": "[Reflex pressor response in young subjects with labile hypertension (author's transl)]. A study on the pressor response to various tests of sympathetic stimulation has been performed in 36 young subjects, 9 with labile hypertension and 27 normotensive. All have been studied with \"tilt test\", \"cold pressor test\" and \"mental arithmetic stress\". In the labile hypertensive subjects the \"tilt test\" induced increases of the systolic and diastolic pressure significantly higher than in the normotensives. The \"cold pressor test\" produced an increase of the arterial pressure and of the heart rate significantly lower in the labile hypertensive than in the normotensive. The pressure responses and the changes of the heart rate produced by the \"mental arithmetic stress\" did not show significant differences in the two groups of patients studied. The results are discussed.", "PMID": 710769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4525", "title": "Thromboplastic and fibrinolytic activities of ascites tumor cells of rats, with reference to their role in metastasis formation.", "content": "Thromboplastic and fibrinolytic activities of rat ascites tumor cells avoiding any stromal elements were examined and the role of these activities in the blood-borne metastasis was discussed. Ten lines of tumor cells showed varied thromboplastic and fibrinolytic activities. Tumor cell lines examined were classified into four groups; (1) lines AH-130, AH-62, and AH-7974 with high thromboplastic and high fibrinolytic activities, (2) lines AH-130F(N), AH-66F, and AH-7974F with low thromboplastic and low fibrinolytic activities, (3) line SLC with high thromboplastic and low fibrinolytic activities, and (4) lines AH-109A, AH-41A, and AH-41C with moderate thromboplastic and low fibrinolytic activities. The cell lines AH-130 and AH-130F(N), as well as AH-7974 and AH-7974F, have the same origin and showed different enzymic activities. AH-130 caused more prominent thrombus formation in the pulmonary vessels of rats in the early stage of intravenous inoculation and induced more prominent decrease in the number of platelets and fibrinogen levels in peripheral blood than AH-130F(N). Also, AH-130 developed more abundant metastatic foci in the lung 72 hr and 7 days after intravenous inoculation than AH-130F(N).", "contents": "Thromboplastic and fibrinolytic activities of ascites tumor cells of rats, with reference to their role in metastasis formation. Thromboplastic and fibrinolytic activities of rat ascites tumor cells avoiding any stromal elements were examined and the role of these activities in the blood-borne metastasis was discussed. Ten lines of tumor cells showed varied thromboplastic and fibrinolytic activities. Tumor cell lines examined were classified into four groups; (1) lines AH-130, AH-62, and AH-7974 with high thromboplastic and high fibrinolytic activities, (2) lines AH-130F(N), AH-66F, and AH-7974F with low thromboplastic and low fibrinolytic activities, (3) line SLC with high thromboplastic and low fibrinolytic activities, and (4) lines AH-109A, AH-41A, and AH-41C with moderate thromboplastic and low fibrinolytic activities. The cell lines AH-130 and AH-130F(N), as well as AH-7974 and AH-7974F, have the same origin and showed different enzymic activities. AH-130 caused more prominent thrombus formation in the pulmonary vessels of rats in the early stage of intravenous inoculation and induced more prominent decrease in the number of platelets and fibrinogen levels in peripheral blood than AH-130F(N). Also, AH-130 developed more abundant metastatic foci in the lung 72 hr and 7 days after intravenous inoculation than AH-130F(N).", "PMID": 710800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4526", "title": "Autoradiography and organ distribution of N-methyl-N-nitro-sobenzylamine in rats.", "content": "Donryu strain male rats were administered a large amount of N-methyl-N-nitrosobenzylamine directly into the stomach through a tube. Ulcers were found to develop in the portion of the esophagus where esophageal carcinoma is known to develop. Autoradiography of the entire body of rats after an intravenous injection of N-methyl[U-3H]-N-nitrosobenzylamine showed specific incorporation of radioactivity in the esophagus. When N-methyl[U-3H]-N-nitrosobenzyl-amine was injected intravenously, incorporation of radioactivity in the esophagus was higher than in other parts of the alimentary canal, and remained at the same value even after 24 hr. Microautoradiography of rats injected with N-methyl[U-3H]-N-nitrosobenzylamine through the tail vein showed that the silver grains were dominant in the mucous membrane than in the muscle layer in the esophagus. These results suggest that N-methyl-N-nitrosobenzylamine accumulated specifically in the esophagus, resulting in the production of carcinoma.", "contents": "Autoradiography and organ distribution of N-methyl-N-nitro-sobenzylamine in rats. Donryu strain male rats were administered a large amount of N-methyl-N-nitrosobenzylamine directly into the stomach through a tube. Ulcers were found to develop in the portion of the esophagus where esophageal carcinoma is known to develop. Autoradiography of the entire body of rats after an intravenous injection of N-methyl[U-3H]-N-nitrosobenzylamine showed specific incorporation of radioactivity in the esophagus. When N-methyl[U-3H]-N-nitrosobenzyl-amine was injected intravenously, incorporation of radioactivity in the esophagus was higher than in other parts of the alimentary canal, and remained at the same value even after 24 hr. Microautoradiography of rats injected with N-methyl[U-3H]-N-nitrosobenzylamine through the tail vein showed that the silver grains were dominant in the mucous membrane than in the muscle layer in the esophagus. These results suggest that N-methyl-N-nitrosobenzylamine accumulated specifically in the esophagus, resulting in the production of carcinoma.", "PMID": 710801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4527", "title": "Comparative immunological studies on cryosurgery and surgical operation using Moloney murine sarcoma virus-induced primary tumors in BALB/c mice.", "content": "The effect of cryosurgery and surgical operation on Moloney murine sarcoma virus-induced primary tumors in the treated and untreated groups of BALB/c mice was compared in terms of tumor growth, cumulative mortality, lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity, proliferative response of lymphocytes, and humoral antibody formation. The results indicate that cryosurgical treatment showed both in vivo and in vitro effects; (i) tumor growth and cumulative mortality in mice treated by cryosurgery were significantly lower than those in untreated groups, and (ii) their cellular immune response was enhanced, as manifested by increase in a proliferative response and in lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxic activity against Moloney murine leukemia virus-induced lymphoma. The proliferative response of spleen cells and the cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes were not parallel; the proliferative response detected by 3H-thymidine incoroporation manifested peak activity 3 days after cryosurgery, but the cytotoxic activity detected by 125I-iododeoxyuridine-releasing tests was considerably decreased at this stage. Two weeks after cryosurgery and thereafter, however, the cytotoxic activity of this group increased to a level higher than that of untreated or surgically treated groups. On the contrary, surgical operation abrogated the proliferative response of spleen cells. Immunofluorescence tests revealed, however, that humoral antibody formation was higher in surgically operated groups than in other groups.", "contents": "Comparative immunological studies on cryosurgery and surgical operation using Moloney murine sarcoma virus-induced primary tumors in BALB/c mice. The effect of cryosurgery and surgical operation on Moloney murine sarcoma virus-induced primary tumors in the treated and untreated groups of BALB/c mice was compared in terms of tumor growth, cumulative mortality, lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity, proliferative response of lymphocytes, and humoral antibody formation. The results indicate that cryosurgical treatment showed both in vivo and in vitro effects; (i) tumor growth and cumulative mortality in mice treated by cryosurgery were significantly lower than those in untreated groups, and (ii) their cellular immune response was enhanced, as manifested by increase in a proliferative response and in lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxic activity against Moloney murine leukemia virus-induced lymphoma. The proliferative response of spleen cells and the cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes were not parallel; the proliferative response detected by 3H-thymidine incoroporation manifested peak activity 3 days after cryosurgery, but the cytotoxic activity detected by 125I-iododeoxyuridine-releasing tests was considerably decreased at this stage. Two weeks after cryosurgery and thereafter, however, the cytotoxic activity of this group increased to a level higher than that of untreated or surgically treated groups. On the contrary, surgical operation abrogated the proliferative response of spleen cells. Immunofluorescence tests revealed, however, that humoral antibody formation was higher in surgically operated groups than in other groups.", "PMID": 710802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4528", "title": "Preferential incorporation of some 14C-labeled D-amino acids into tumor-bearing animals.", "content": "In order to acquire a fundamental knowledge for the development of better tumor-scanning agents, the in vivo incorporation pattern of three 14C-labeled D-amino acids, alanine, leucine, and tryptophan, into the tumor cells and organs of animals bearing Ehrlich mouse tumor, sarcoma-180, leukemia L-1210, or Yoshida sarcoma was investigated, and compared with that of the corresponding L-forms. The radioactivity of D-amino acids tested was most highly found in tumor cells and pancreas, and the activity in tumor cells was several times higher than that of L-forms. A large portion of the radioactivity of D-forms was found in trichloroacetic acid-soluble fraction of the cells, whereas that of L-forms was mostly in protein fraction, except L-alanine. Although the mechanisms whereby the radioactivity of D-amino acids was concentrated more than that of L-forms in the tumor cells have not yet been clearly elucidated, it was concluded that gamma-emitter-labeled D-amino acids themselves or their derivatives might be useful as tumor-detecting radiopharmaceuticals.", "contents": "Preferential incorporation of some 14C-labeled D-amino acids into tumor-bearing animals. In order to acquire a fundamental knowledge for the development of better tumor-scanning agents, the in vivo incorporation pattern of three 14C-labeled D-amino acids, alanine, leucine, and tryptophan, into the tumor cells and organs of animals bearing Ehrlich mouse tumor, sarcoma-180, leukemia L-1210, or Yoshida sarcoma was investigated, and compared with that of the corresponding L-forms. The radioactivity of D-amino acids tested was most highly found in tumor cells and pancreas, and the activity in tumor cells was several times higher than that of L-forms. A large portion of the radioactivity of D-forms was found in trichloroacetic acid-soluble fraction of the cells, whereas that of L-forms was mostly in protein fraction, except L-alanine. Although the mechanisms whereby the radioactivity of D-amino acids was concentrated more than that of L-forms in the tumor cells have not yet been clearly elucidated, it was concluded that gamma-emitter-labeled D-amino acids themselves or their derivatives might be useful as tumor-detecting radiopharmaceuticals.", "PMID": 710803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4529", "title": "Antitumor activity of 3-[(4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl]-1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea hydrochloride in a variety of experimental tumors.", "content": "A water-soluble nitrosourea, 3-[(4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl]-1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea hydrochloride (ACNU, NSC-245382), was tested for its antitumor activity against some kinds of transplantable mouse tumors. The compound was markedly active against myeloid leukemia C1498, plasmacytoma X5563, Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, and mammary tumor FM3A43, and moderately active against mammary tumor MM102 and meningeal sarcoma MS147. It appears that ACNU has a broad antitumor spectrum.", "contents": "Antitumor activity of 3-[(4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl]-1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea hydrochloride in a variety of experimental tumors. A water-soluble nitrosourea, 3-[(4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl]-1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea hydrochloride (ACNU, NSC-245382), was tested for its antitumor activity against some kinds of transplantable mouse tumors. The compound was markedly active against myeloid leukemia C1498, plasmacytoma X5563, Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, and mammary tumor FM3A43, and moderately active against mammary tumor MM102 and meningeal sarcoma MS147. It appears that ACNU has a broad antitumor spectrum.", "PMID": 710804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4530", "title": "Mechanism of natural resistance of rat ascites hepatomas to 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine.", "content": "The biochemical basis for natural resistance to 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) was investigated in the intact cells of 4 rat ascites hepatomas, AH-66F, AH-60C, AH-109A, and AH-66, whose sensitivity to ara-C was different in that decreasing order. The initial rapid uptake of ara-C, mediated by the facilitated diffusion, was similar in all the cell lines tested but the subsequent slow uptake due to phosphorylation of ara-C was inversely correlated with their drug resistance. The capacity for drug phosphorylation was slightly higher in AH-66F and much lower in AH-60C, AH-109A, and AH-66 than in the host bone marrow. In contrast, mouse leukemia L-1210, one of the tumors sensitive to ara-C, phosphorylated the drug about 7 times faster than AH-66F and 4 times faster than the host bone marrow. More than 95% of phosphorylated ara-C was the triphosphate, the active form. Deamination of ara-C was not observed in any tumor or bone marrow. It is concluded that the low capacity for nucleotide formation is related to the natural resistance of rat ascites hepatomas to ara-C.", "contents": "Mechanism of natural resistance of rat ascites hepatomas to 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine. The biochemical basis for natural resistance to 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) was investigated in the intact cells of 4 rat ascites hepatomas, AH-66F, AH-60C, AH-109A, and AH-66, whose sensitivity to ara-C was different in that decreasing order. The initial rapid uptake of ara-C, mediated by the facilitated diffusion, was similar in all the cell lines tested but the subsequent slow uptake due to phosphorylation of ara-C was inversely correlated with their drug resistance. The capacity for drug phosphorylation was slightly higher in AH-66F and much lower in AH-60C, AH-109A, and AH-66 than in the host bone marrow. In contrast, mouse leukemia L-1210, one of the tumors sensitive to ara-C, phosphorylated the drug about 7 times faster than AH-66F and 4 times faster than the host bone marrow. More than 95% of phosphorylated ara-C was the triphosphate, the active form. Deamination of ara-C was not observed in any tumor or bone marrow. It is concluded that the low capacity for nucleotide formation is related to the natural resistance of rat ascites hepatomas to ara-C.", "PMID": 710805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4531", "title": "Effect of dose on the carcinogenic activity of orally administered N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine in rats.", "content": "The carcinogenic activity of orally administered N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)-nitrosamine (DHPN) in male Wistar rats was evaluated with respect to its dose. DHPN was administered at two doses, 100 ppm and 500 ppm, in the drinking water to rats for 25 to 52 weeks. Tumors developed in the lung, liver, and thyroid of rats receiving 100 ppm DHPN and in the lung, liver thyroid, esophagus, kidney, and urinary bladder of rats receiving 500 ppm DHPN. The principal target organ was the lung in rats receiving either 100 or 500 ppm DHPN, indicating that the carcinogenic action of these doses of DHPN was similar to that of higher doses previously reported. Histologically, the tumors were adenoma, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and combined carcinoma of the lung, hepatocellular carcinoma and hemangioma of the liver, adenoma and adenocarcinoma of the thyroid, squamous cell papilloma and carcinoma of the esophagus, renal cell and transitional carcinoma of the kidney, and transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. No pancreatic tumors were observed.", "contents": "Effect of dose on the carcinogenic activity of orally administered N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine in rats. The carcinogenic activity of orally administered N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)-nitrosamine (DHPN) in male Wistar rats was evaluated with respect to its dose. DHPN was administered at two doses, 100 ppm and 500 ppm, in the drinking water to rats for 25 to 52 weeks. Tumors developed in the lung, liver, and thyroid of rats receiving 100 ppm DHPN and in the lung, liver thyroid, esophagus, kidney, and urinary bladder of rats receiving 500 ppm DHPN. The principal target organ was the lung in rats receiving either 100 or 500 ppm DHPN, indicating that the carcinogenic action of these doses of DHPN was similar to that of higher doses previously reported. Histologically, the tumors were adenoma, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and combined carcinoma of the lung, hepatocellular carcinoma and hemangioma of the liver, adenoma and adenocarcinoma of the thyroid, squamous cell papilloma and carcinoma of the esophagus, renal cell and transitional carcinoma of the kidney, and transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. No pancreatic tumors were observed.", "PMID": 710806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4532", "title": "Distribution of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid in mice.", "content": "Distribution of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, a tryptophan metabolite suspected of being carcinogenic, was studied in mice. After sc injection of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid generally labeled with tritium into male (BALB/c X DBA/2)F1 mice, the distribution of tritium was investigated by whole-body autoradiography and radioactivity measurement. Then, metabolites in the organs and urine was analyzed by paper and thin-layer chromatography. At 30 and 60 min after injection, tritium was distributed mainly in the liver and kidneys, and after 6 hr, tritium remained in the lymphoid organs. However, at 30 min and 6 hr after injection, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and its metabolites that might be related to carcinogenic action could not be detected in the liver, kidneys, spleen, or lymph node. 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid and its sulfate were detected only in urine. These results suggest that 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid is rapidly metabolized and does not accumulate per se in the specific organ. However, urinary organs can be exposed to this compound.", "contents": "Distribution of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid in mice. Distribution of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, a tryptophan metabolite suspected of being carcinogenic, was studied in mice. After sc injection of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid generally labeled with tritium into male (BALB/c X DBA/2)F1 mice, the distribution of tritium was investigated by whole-body autoradiography and radioactivity measurement. Then, metabolites in the organs and urine was analyzed by paper and thin-layer chromatography. At 30 and 60 min after injection, tritium was distributed mainly in the liver and kidneys, and after 6 hr, tritium remained in the lymphoid organs. However, at 30 min and 6 hr after injection, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and its metabolites that might be related to carcinogenic action could not be detected in the liver, kidneys, spleen, or lymph node. 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid and its sulfate were detected only in urine. These results suggest that 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid is rapidly metabolized and does not accumulate per se in the specific organ. However, urinary organs can be exposed to this compound.", "PMID": 710807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4533", "title": "Frequency of anti-AG-4 antibody in patients with uterine cervical cancer and controls.", "content": "Association of herpesvirus type-2 (HSV-2) with cervical cancer was studied from seroepidemiological viewpoint, using early antigen induced in Hep-2 cells by HSV-2 4 hr after infection (AG-4). The AG-4 antibody was assayed by the microquantitative complement fixation method. Antibody to AG-4 was respectively detected in 47% and 14% of cervical cancer patients and controls (P less than 0.001). There was a tendency of the antibody prevalence to increase with clinical stage. There was no correlation between prevalence of AG-4 antibody and that of HSV-2 neutralizing antibody estimated by the kinetics of neutralization assay, confirming previous conclusions that AG-4 differs from viral antigens involved in neutralization. Although previous study could not confirm higher prevalence of neutralizing antibody to HSV-2 in cancer patients, the present data suggest that HSV-2 is not unrelated to cervical cancer.", "contents": "Frequency of anti-AG-4 antibody in patients with uterine cervical cancer and controls. Association of herpesvirus type-2 (HSV-2) with cervical cancer was studied from seroepidemiological viewpoint, using early antigen induced in Hep-2 cells by HSV-2 4 hr after infection (AG-4). The AG-4 antibody was assayed by the microquantitative complement fixation method. Antibody to AG-4 was respectively detected in 47% and 14% of cervical cancer patients and controls (P less than 0.001). There was a tendency of the antibody prevalence to increase with clinical stage. There was no correlation between prevalence of AG-4 antibody and that of HSV-2 neutralizing antibody estimated by the kinetics of neutralization assay, confirming previous conclusions that AG-4 differs from viral antigens involved in neutralization. Although previous study could not confirm higher prevalence of neutralizing antibody to HSV-2 in cancer patients, the present data suggest that HSV-2 is not unrelated to cervical cancer.", "PMID": 710808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4534", "title": "Bioassay of cholecystokinin in the duodenal mucosa.", "content": "Cholecystokinin (CCK)-like activities in the duodenal mucosa were measured by bioassay in patients with duodenal ulcer, cholelithiasis and some other gastrointestinal diseases as well as in healthy normal subjects. The mean CCK-like activity of the duodenal mucosa in patients with duodenal ulcer and cholelithiasis was 0.405 Ivy dog units per milligram and 0.376 Ivy dog units per milligram of dry weight of the duodenal mucosa (IDU/mg d.w.), respectively. Both these figures are significantly higher than 0.180 IDU/mg d.w. in normal subjects (p less than 0.005, p less than 0.005, respectively). It can be speculated that the CCK-level of the duodenal mucosa in patients with cholelithiasis may be regulated by a feedback mechanism and CCK in patients with duodenal ulcer may act physiologically for the cure of duodenal ulcer.", "contents": "Bioassay of cholecystokinin in the duodenal mucosa. Cholecystokinin (CCK)-like activities in the duodenal mucosa were measured by bioassay in patients with duodenal ulcer, cholelithiasis and some other gastrointestinal diseases as well as in healthy normal subjects. The mean CCK-like activity of the duodenal mucosa in patients with duodenal ulcer and cholelithiasis was 0.405 Ivy dog units per milligram and 0.376 Ivy dog units per milligram of dry weight of the duodenal mucosa (IDU/mg d.w.), respectively. Both these figures are significantly higher than 0.180 IDU/mg d.w. in normal subjects (p less than 0.005, p less than 0.005, respectively). It can be speculated that the CCK-level of the duodenal mucosa in patients with cholelithiasis may be regulated by a feedback mechanism and CCK in patients with duodenal ulcer may act physiologically for the cure of duodenal ulcer.", "PMID": 710821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4535", "title": "Evaluation of fibergastroscopic biopsy in the diagnosis of gastric cancer: a study of 339 cases.", "content": "Three hundred and sixty-five biopsies under direct vision, using a fibergastroscope, were performed on 339 patients with gastric cancer from 1966 to 1975. Diagnostic accuracy improved with an increased in the number of biopsy specimens and reached 100% when 6 or more biopsy specimens were obtained. Positive specimens were obtained with 48.5% of the biopsied tissue from the center of the lesion (A), 52.2% from the inner margin of the lesion (B1), 19.6% from the outer margin of the lesion (B2), and 1.6% from the area around the lesion (C). The combined result of the biopsies from A and B1 was highly positive in 49 out of 51 cases (96.1%). Diagnostic accuracy of the early cancer reached 96.9%. This was significantly higher than that of advanced cancer (80.3%). False negative biopsies were found in 51 (16.3%) of the 313 patients who were gastrectomized and diagnosed by histological examinations. Twenty-three of the 27 patients, who were diagnosed as benign either by x-ray or endoscopic examination, and 4 of the 5 patients who were diagnosed as benign under both examinations, were found to have positive results by biopsy. Positive biopsy examination was particularly helpful with patients showing on inconclusive or benign diagnosis by x-ray and/or endoscopic examinations.", "contents": "Evaluation of fibergastroscopic biopsy in the diagnosis of gastric cancer: a study of 339 cases. Three hundred and sixty-five biopsies under direct vision, using a fibergastroscope, were performed on 339 patients with gastric cancer from 1966 to 1975. Diagnostic accuracy improved with an increased in the number of biopsy specimens and reached 100% when 6 or more biopsy specimens were obtained. Positive specimens were obtained with 48.5% of the biopsied tissue from the center of the lesion (A), 52.2% from the inner margin of the lesion (B1), 19.6% from the outer margin of the lesion (B2), and 1.6% from the area around the lesion (C). The combined result of the biopsies from A and B1 was highly positive in 49 out of 51 cases (96.1%). Diagnostic accuracy of the early cancer reached 96.9%. This was significantly higher than that of advanced cancer (80.3%). False negative biopsies were found in 51 (16.3%) of the 313 patients who were gastrectomized and diagnosed by histological examinations. Twenty-three of the 27 patients, who were diagnosed as benign either by x-ray or endoscopic examination, and 4 of the 5 patients who were diagnosed as benign under both examinations, were found to have positive results by biopsy. Positive biopsy examination was particularly helpful with patients showing on inconclusive or benign diagnosis by x-ray and/or endoscopic examinations.", "PMID": 710822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4536", "title": "Clinicopathological study of gastric leiomyogenic tumors.", "content": "1. Seventy cases of the leiomyogenic tumors were found in 5451 resected stomachs; 49 leiomyoma, 17 leiomyosarcoma and 4 leiomyoblastoma. These leiomyogenic tumors occupied 40.5% of 173 submucosal tumors of the stomach. 2. The average age was 51.7 in leiomyoma, 57.3 in leiomyosarcoma and 41.6 in leiomyoblastoma with male predominance. 3. The leiomyoma and leimyosarcoma were frequently found in the upper 2/3 of the stomach. 4. The size of the tumors was within 3 cm in diameter in about 80% of leiomyoma with ulcer formation of 10.2% and over 3 cm in about 88% of leiomyosarcoma with ulcer formation of 64.7%. 5. The classification of the leiomyogenic tumors into the benign and malignant was occationally difficult. For the diagnosis of the leiomyosarcoma, the number of mitosis, irregularity of nucleus, increase of cellularity and decrease of smooth muscle production were helpful.", "contents": "Clinicopathological study of gastric leiomyogenic tumors. 1. Seventy cases of the leiomyogenic tumors were found in 5451 resected stomachs; 49 leiomyoma, 17 leiomyosarcoma and 4 leiomyoblastoma. These leiomyogenic tumors occupied 40.5% of 173 submucosal tumors of the stomach. 2. The average age was 51.7 in leiomyoma, 57.3 in leiomyosarcoma and 41.6 in leiomyoblastoma with male predominance. 3. The leiomyoma and leimyosarcoma were frequently found in the upper 2/3 of the stomach. 4. The size of the tumors was within 3 cm in diameter in about 80% of leiomyoma with ulcer formation of 10.2% and over 3 cm in about 88% of leiomyosarcoma with ulcer formation of 64.7%. 5. The classification of the leiomyogenic tumors into the benign and malignant was occationally difficult. For the diagnosis of the leiomyosarcoma, the number of mitosis, irregularity of nucleus, increase of cellularity and decrease of smooth muscle production were helpful.", "PMID": 710823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4537", "title": "Recurrent common duct stones, with special reference to primary common duct stones.", "content": "A series of 1,358 cholelithic patients operated on at 32 affiliated hospitals during the last year and 492 patients operated on at authors' hospital during the last 21 years were reviewed with special reference to the cases of recurrent common duct stones. Of the former series 15 patients and of the latter series 12 patients respectively were reoperated on for recurrent, but not for residual, common duct stones, and all of them had in the markedly dilated common duct bilirubin stones showing characteristics of stasis stone-primary in common duct. Two representative cases are presented briefly. Congenital hypotonia of the common duct and inflammatory choledochitis are condemned and bilioenterostomy is recommended for preventing stone recurrences.", "contents": "Recurrent common duct stones, with special reference to primary common duct stones. A series of 1,358 cholelithic patients operated on at 32 affiliated hospitals during the last year and 492 patients operated on at authors' hospital during the last 21 years were reviewed with special reference to the cases of recurrent common duct stones. Of the former series 15 patients and of the latter series 12 patients respectively were reoperated on for recurrent, but not for residual, common duct stones, and all of them had in the markedly dilated common duct bilirubin stones showing characteristics of stasis stone-primary in common duct. Two representative cases are presented briefly. Congenital hypotonia of the common duct and inflammatory choledochitis are condemned and bilioenterostomy is recommended for preventing stone recurrences.", "PMID": 710824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4538", "title": "A case of Menetrier's disease associated with protein-losing gastropathy and abnormal serum complement profile.", "content": "A 44-year-old man with Menetrier's disease associated with protein-losing gastropathy and with abnormal serum complement profile is reported. He was treated by an antifibrinolytic compound tranexamic acid (trans-AMCHA) since he was found to have elevated fibrinolytic activity in the biopsied gastric mucosa. The therapy brought his serum protein from 3.8 g/dl to 5.6g/dl, however could not reduce his mucosal disorder. Substitution of a placebo for trans-AMCHA resulted in marked depression of his serum protein to 3.7 g/dl. It was concluded that trans-AMCHA was effective in raising his serum protein to a certain extent but failed to block the vicious circle of \"mucosal disorder\", \"increased tissue fibrinolysis\" and \"hypoproteinemia\" (Kondo, M. et al. Gastroenterology 70, 1045, 1976). Abnormal serum complement profile seen in this patient was found to be due to cold activation of the classical complement pathway (Kondo, M. et al. J. Immunol. 117, 486, 1976). Although no correlation between the phenomenon and Menetrier's disease has been clarified yet, the appearance of wheezing as in asthma when exposed to cold suggested that cold activation of complement occurred in vivo and resulted in increasing of the vascular permeability in the lungs.", "contents": "A case of Menetrier's disease associated with protein-losing gastropathy and abnormal serum complement profile. A 44-year-old man with Menetrier's disease associated with protein-losing gastropathy and with abnormal serum complement profile is reported. He was treated by an antifibrinolytic compound tranexamic acid (trans-AMCHA) since he was found to have elevated fibrinolytic activity in the biopsied gastric mucosa. The therapy brought his serum protein from 3.8 g/dl to 5.6g/dl, however could not reduce his mucosal disorder. Substitution of a placebo for trans-AMCHA resulted in marked depression of his serum protein to 3.7 g/dl. It was concluded that trans-AMCHA was effective in raising his serum protein to a certain extent but failed to block the vicious circle of \"mucosal disorder\", \"increased tissue fibrinolysis\" and \"hypoproteinemia\" (Kondo, M. et al. Gastroenterology 70, 1045, 1976). Abnormal serum complement profile seen in this patient was found to be due to cold activation of the classical complement pathway (Kondo, M. et al. J. Immunol. 117, 486, 1976). Although no correlation between the phenomenon and Menetrier's disease has been clarified yet, the appearance of wheezing as in asthma when exposed to cold suggested that cold activation of complement occurred in vivo and resulted in increasing of the vascular permeability in the lungs.", "PMID": 710825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4539", "title": "Plasma alpha-amino-n-butyric acid to leucine ratio: nonspecificity as a marker for alcoholism.", "content": "Recent studies suggest that the ratio of plasma alpha-amino-n-butyric acid to leucine is increased specifically by chronic heavy alcohol consumption. To test this hypothesis, we determined this ratio in normal controls and (1) currently drinking chronic heavy alcoholics; (2) currently abstaining chronic alcoholics; (3) patients with nonalcoholic liver disease; (4) chronically alcohol-fed rats and mice; (5) mice infected with murine hepatitis virus; and (6) mice exposed to carbon tetrachloride. Mean ratios in control persons, drinking alcoholics, abstaining alcoholics, and nonalcoholic liver disease patients were not statistically different. Of 5 drinking alcoholics followed serially from the beginning of abstinence, 1 had an elevated ratio on admission and a persistently elevated ratio even 2 weeks later; another had a ratio more elevated after 2 weeks of abstinence, than on admission; and 3 had ratios in the normal elevated after 2 weeks of abstinence than on admission; and 3 had ratios in the normal range. Compared to control rats, chronically alcohol-fed rats had a significantly elevated mean ratio after 1 month and an even higher ratio after 2 months (P less than 0.001). In control, alcohol-fed and carbon tetrachloride-treated mice, alpha-amino-n-butyric acid was undetectable, but in two sets of mice with severe murine hepatitis virus infection, elevated ratios were found. We conclude that because the ratio of alpha-amino-n-butyric acid to leucine is not necessarily elevated in chronic heavy alcoholics but can be elevated in acute experimental liver cell injury, it does not appear to be a specific marker for the detection of alcoholism.", "contents": "Plasma alpha-amino-n-butyric acid to leucine ratio: nonspecificity as a marker for alcoholism. Recent studies suggest that the ratio of plasma alpha-amino-n-butyric acid to leucine is increased specifically by chronic heavy alcohol consumption. To test this hypothesis, we determined this ratio in normal controls and (1) currently drinking chronic heavy alcoholics; (2) currently abstaining chronic alcoholics; (3) patients with nonalcoholic liver disease; (4) chronically alcohol-fed rats and mice; (5) mice infected with murine hepatitis virus; and (6) mice exposed to carbon tetrachloride. Mean ratios in control persons, drinking alcoholics, abstaining alcoholics, and nonalcoholic liver disease patients were not statistically different. Of 5 drinking alcoholics followed serially from the beginning of abstinence, 1 had an elevated ratio on admission and a persistently elevated ratio even 2 weeks later; another had a ratio more elevated after 2 weeks of abstinence, than on admission; and 3 had ratios in the normal elevated after 2 weeks of abstinence than on admission; and 3 had ratios in the normal range. Compared to control rats, chronically alcohol-fed rats had a significantly elevated mean ratio after 1 month and an even higher ratio after 2 months (P less than 0.001). In control, alcohol-fed and carbon tetrachloride-treated mice, alpha-amino-n-butyric acid was undetectable, but in two sets of mice with severe murine hepatitis virus infection, elevated ratios were found. We conclude that because the ratio of alpha-amino-n-butyric acid to leucine is not necessarily elevated in chronic heavy alcoholics but can be elevated in acute experimental liver cell injury, it does not appear to be a specific marker for the detection of alcoholism.", "PMID": 710826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4540", "title": "Drug metabolism in liver disease. Identification of patients with impaired hepatic drug metabolism.", "content": "Antipyrine half-life (AP t1/2) was measured in 62 patients with, and 10 control patients without, liver disease to ascertain possible factors which may be useful in identifying patients with abnormal drug metabolism. Antipyrine metabolism was normal or marginally impaired in patients with compensated cirrhosis or acute hepatitis, whereas it was frequently abnormal in those with chronic active hepatitis or advanced alcoholic liver disease. A high degree of correlation was found among AP t1/2 and prothrombin time, hepatic encephalopathy, and ascites. Of patients  with severely impaired drug metabolism, 80% had one or more of these features. The severity of histological changes in liver biopsies was of additional help in predicting impaired drug metabolism. Concurrent drug ingestion enhanced antipyrine metabolism in most patients with liver disease as well as in control patients. Inadequate diet was associated with prolongation of AP t1/2, but other environmental factors such as alcohol ingestion, cigarette smoking, and coffee consumption did not affect rates of drug metabolism in patients with liver disease. Consideration of all of the above factors allows qualitative predictions of the rate of hepatic drug metabolism in patients with liver disease, as assessed by the AP t1/2.", "contents": "Drug metabolism in liver disease. Identification of patients with impaired hepatic drug metabolism. Antipyrine half-life (AP t1/2) was measured in 62 patients with, and 10 control patients without, liver disease to ascertain possible factors which may be useful in identifying patients with abnormal drug metabolism. Antipyrine metabolism was normal or marginally impaired in patients with compensated cirrhosis or acute hepatitis, whereas it was frequently abnormal in those with chronic active hepatitis or advanced alcoholic liver disease. A high degree of correlation was found among AP t1/2 and prothrombin time, hepatic encephalopathy, and ascites. Of patients  with severely impaired drug metabolism, 80% had one or more of these features. The severity of histological changes in liver biopsies was of additional help in predicting impaired drug metabolism. Concurrent drug ingestion enhanced antipyrine metabolism in most patients with liver disease as well as in control patients. Inadequate diet was associated with prolongation of AP t1/2, but other environmental factors such as alcohol ingestion, cigarette smoking, and coffee consumption did not affect rates of drug metabolism in patients with liver disease. Consideration of all of the above factors allows qualitative predictions of the rate of hepatic drug metabolism in patients with liver disease, as assessed by the AP t1/2.", "PMID": 710827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4541", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of plasma ligandin: a sensitive index of experimental hepatocellular necrosis.", "content": "The development of sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for ligandin, a protein present in abundance in the hepatic cytoplasm, has permitted measurement of ligandin in rat plasma. Plasma ligandin levels were estimated in normal, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-treated, and bile duct-ligated rats, with parallel estimation of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT). Plasma ligandin levels rose at a greater rate and to higher levels than did SGOT in CCl4-treated rats and showed a more linear increment to increasing doses of CCl4. A marked depletion of hepatic, but not renal ligandin, was associated with CCl4 poisoning. Twelve hours after acute bile duct ligation, both plasma ligandin and SGOT were moderately elevated, plasma ligandin returning to normal by 24 hr, at which time SGOT was still raised. The findings of this study indicate that plasma ligandin is a sensitive index of experimental hepatocellular necrosis.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of plasma ligandin: a sensitive index of experimental hepatocellular necrosis. The development of sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for ligandin, a protein present in abundance in the hepatic cytoplasm, has permitted measurement of ligandin in rat plasma. Plasma ligandin levels were estimated in normal, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-treated, and bile duct-ligated rats, with parallel estimation of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT). Plasma ligandin levels rose at a greater rate and to higher levels than did SGOT in CCl4-treated rats and showed a more linear increment to increasing doses of CCl4. A marked depletion of hepatic, but not renal ligandin, was associated with CCl4 poisoning. Twelve hours after acute bile duct ligation, both plasma ligandin and SGOT were moderately elevated, plasma ligandin returning to normal by 24 hr, at which time SGOT was still raised. The findings of this study indicate that plasma ligandin is a sensitive index of experimental hepatocellular necrosis.", "PMID": 710828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4542", "title": "Bilary lipids and bile acid pool size after vagotomy in man. Evidence against a predisposition to gallstones.", "content": "Eight male subjects who had previously undergone vagotomy and pyloroplasty were found to have significantly larger bile acid pools than did a group of matched control subjects. Associated with these expanded pools was a significantly lower molar per cent cholesterol of gallbladder bile in the vagotomy group. These findings are the opposite of those expected in a group predisposed to cholesterol cholelithiasis, suggesting that vagotomy, at least in males, does not predispose to cholesterol gallstones. If such stones form after vagotomy, they presumably do so by a mechanism not presently appreciated.", "contents": "Bilary lipids and bile acid pool size after vagotomy in man. Evidence against a predisposition to gallstones. Eight male subjects who had previously undergone vagotomy and pyloroplasty were found to have significantly larger bile acid pools than did a group of matched control subjects. Associated with these expanded pools was a significantly lower molar per cent cholesterol of gallbladder bile in the vagotomy group. These findings are the opposite of those expected in a group predisposed to cholesterol cholelithiasis, suggesting that vagotomy, at least in males, does not predispose to cholesterol gallstones. If such stones form after vagotomy, they presumably do so by a mechanism not presently appreciated.", "PMID": 710829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4543", "title": "Some parameters of large bowel motility in normal man.", "content": "This study presents normal values of bowel habits, colonic transit times of radioopaque markers, and anorectal pressure obtained from 114 normal subjects. Their stool frequency ranged from 3 to 11 per 7 days, whereas their diet contained an average of 14.4 g of crude fibers. Radioopaque markers progressed regularly along the large bowel and a range of transit times was established for its different segments. Manometric studies included measurements of anal pressure at rest, amplitude and duration of the rectoanal inhibitory reflex, anal inflation reflex, and amplitude of rectal contraction in response to rectal distension. Normal ranges were established. Amplitude, duration and magnitude (as measured by planimetry) of anal relaxation elicited by rectal distensions were related to rectal distending volume (P less than 0.001). The incidence of spontaneous variations of anal pressure at rest and of overshoot of pressure after the inhibitory reflex was also established. These data obtained on normal subjects may be compared to those obtained in patients with constipation in order to define the symptoms and to understand pathophysiological mechanisms. This has been done in a companion study.", "contents": "Some parameters of large bowel motility in normal man. This study presents normal values of bowel habits, colonic transit times of radioopaque markers, and anorectal pressure obtained from 114 normal subjects. Their stool frequency ranged from 3 to 11 per 7 days, whereas their diet contained an average of 14.4 g of crude fibers. Radioopaque markers progressed regularly along the large bowel and a range of transit times was established for its different segments. Manometric studies included measurements of anal pressure at rest, amplitude and duration of the rectoanal inhibitory reflex, anal inflation reflex, and amplitude of rectal contraction in response to rectal distension. Normal ranges were established. Amplitude, duration and magnitude (as measured by planimetry) of anal relaxation elicited by rectal distensions were related to rectal distending volume (P less than 0.001). The incidence of spontaneous variations of anal pressure at rest and of overshoot of pressure after the inhibitory reflex was also established. These data obtained on normal subjects may be compared to those obtained in patients with constipation in order to define the symptoms and to understand pathophysiological mechanisms. This has been done in a companion study.", "PMID": 710830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4544", "title": "Barium enema in chronic constipation: is it meaningful?", "content": "Seventeen pairs of pre- and postoperative barium enemas performed under fixed conditions (same preparation, filling technique, and radiographic factors) were selected from the records of a group of 62 chronically constipated patients who had undergone anorectal myectomy. Measurements at different levels of the large bowel and over-all subjective diagnosis were compared to those made in group of 26 controls. The barium enema did not aid in the diagnosis of constipation or its evolution after surgery.", "contents": "Barium enema in chronic constipation: is it meaningful? Seventeen pairs of pre- and postoperative barium enemas performed under fixed conditions (same preparation, filling technique, and radiographic factors) were selected from the records of a group of 62 chronically constipated patients who had undergone anorectal myectomy. Measurements at different levels of the large bowel and over-all subjective diagnosis were compared to those made in group of 26 controls. The barium enema did not aid in the diagnosis of constipation or its evolution after surgery.", "PMID": 710831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4545", "title": "Mechanisms of idiopathic constipation: outlet obstruction.", "content": "Anorectal myectomy was performed in 62 patients suffering from symptoms attributed to ineffective colonic motility. Indications for surgery rested on the presence of one or more of the following three criteria: abnormally reduced stool frequency, prolonged transit of radioopaque markers, and abnormal anorectal manometry. One year after myectomy in the 50 patients with less than three stools per week the average number of stools per week increased from 1.2 to 4.2 (P less than 0.001). The remaining 12 patients, who had more than three stools per week, were completely relieved of their symptoms. In all cases with improved symptoms, myectomy acclerated the transit of radioopaque markers through the large bowel. Organic constipation amenable to surgical treatment is more frequent than previously thought. Idiopathic constipation may result from colonic inertia or outlet (anorectal) obstruction.", "contents": "Mechanisms of idiopathic constipation: outlet obstruction. Anorectal myectomy was performed in 62 patients suffering from symptoms attributed to ineffective colonic motility. Indications for surgery rested on the presence of one or more of the following three criteria: abnormally reduced stool frequency, prolonged transit of radioopaque markers, and abnormal anorectal manometry. One year after myectomy in the 50 patients with less than three stools per week the average number of stools per week increased from 1.2 to 4.2 (P less than 0.001). The remaining 12 patients, who had more than three stools per week, were completely relieved of their symptoms. In all cases with improved symptoms, myectomy acclerated the transit of radioopaque markers through the large bowel. Organic constipation amenable to surgical treatment is more frequent than previously thought. Idiopathic constipation may result from colonic inertia or outlet (anorectal) obstruction.", "PMID": 710832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4546", "title": "Predisposition to gastric erosions in the rat: behavioral and nutritional effects of early maternal separation.", "content": "After early maternal deprivation (on postnatal day 15), the incidence of restraint-induced gastric erosions on day 30 increases to approximately 5 times that of rats separated at the customary (day 21) weaning age. These data suggest that factors in the mother-infant relationship during postnatal development in young rats can influence later susceptibility or resistance to gastric erosions. We present a series of experiments to test whether loss of behavioral interaction with the mother or loss of maternal milk results in this increase in gastric erosion susceptibility. The results show that the absence of maternal milk, rather than behavioral deprivation, is primarily responsible for the increase in susceptibility after early maternal separation. However, behavioral interaction with the mother can additionally modify this susceptibility.", "contents": "Predisposition to gastric erosions in the rat: behavioral and nutritional effects of early maternal separation. After early maternal deprivation (on postnatal day 15), the incidence of restraint-induced gastric erosions on day 30 increases to approximately 5 times that of rats separated at the customary (day 21) weaning age. These data suggest that factors in the mother-infant relationship during postnatal development in young rats can influence later susceptibility or resistance to gastric erosions. We present a series of experiments to test whether loss of behavioral interaction with the mother or loss of maternal milk results in this increase in gastric erosion susceptibility. The results show that the absence of maternal milk, rather than behavioral deprivation, is primarily responsible for the increase in susceptibility after early maternal separation. However, behavioral interaction with the mother can additionally modify this susceptibility.", "PMID": 710833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4547", "title": "Effects of compounds chemically related to salicylate on isolated antral mucosa of rabbits.", "content": "This study examines some of the gastric mucosal effects of compounds structurally related to salicylate (which consists of a hydroxyl and a carboxyl group attached to a benzene ring) in order to determine the importance of the various ligands of the salicylate molecule. The presence of carboxyl group increases mucosal permeability to acid. This increase in cation flow initially is associated with a decrease in anion permeability. These ion selective effects subsequently give way to a nonspecific increase in permeability. The presence of a carboxyl group also is associated with a more than 80% decrease in short circuit current. A similar decrease in short circuit current occurs when the mucosa is exposed to a pyridine molecule with an attached carboxyl group (pyridine-3-carboxylic acid), but in a relatively low concentration, this agent also decreases the back diffusion of acid. The above noted changes in mucosal permeability and short circuit current do not appear to be attributable to the benzene or phenolic ligands of the salicylate molecule. It is concluded that the presence of a sufficient concentration of an exposed carboxyl group on the mucosal side of the tissue causes an increase in the permeability of the mucosa to acid. The presence of a carboxyl group also appears to alter active ion transport, but this effect cannot be attributed to enhanced diffusion of acid into the tissue. The data implicate the carboxyl group of salicylate as being key to its damaging effects on the stomach.", "contents": "Effects of compounds chemically related to salicylate on isolated antral mucosa of rabbits. This study examines some of the gastric mucosal effects of compounds structurally related to salicylate (which consists of a hydroxyl and a carboxyl group attached to a benzene ring) in order to determine the importance of the various ligands of the salicylate molecule. The presence of carboxyl group increases mucosal permeability to acid. This increase in cation flow initially is associated with a decrease in anion permeability. These ion selective effects subsequently give way to a nonspecific increase in permeability. The presence of a carboxyl group also is associated with a more than 80% decrease in short circuit current. A similar decrease in short circuit current occurs when the mucosa is exposed to a pyridine molecule with an attached carboxyl group (pyridine-3-carboxylic acid), but in a relatively low concentration, this agent also decreases the back diffusion of acid. The above noted changes in mucosal permeability and short circuit current do not appear to be attributable to the benzene or phenolic ligands of the salicylate molecule. It is concluded that the presence of a sufficient concentration of an exposed carboxyl group on the mucosal side of the tissue causes an increase in the permeability of the mucosa to acid. The presence of a carboxyl group also appears to alter active ion transport, but this effect cannot be attributed to enhanced diffusion of acid into the tissue. The data implicate the carboxyl group of salicylate as being key to its damaging effects on the stomach.", "PMID": 710834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4548", "title": "Effect of propranolol on ricinoleic acid- and deoxycholic acid-induced changes of intestinal electrolyte movement and mucosal permeability. Evidence against the importance of altered permeability in the production of fluid and electrolyte accumulation.", "content": "Hydroxy fatty acids and bile acids produce both intestinal fluid and electrolyte accumulation and increases in inulin clearance, a parameter of mucosal permeability. The relationship of the changes in mucosal permeability to the production of fluid and electrolyte accumulation is uncertain. These experiments were designed to determine whether the alterations of mucosal permeability produced by ricinoleic acid and deoxycholic acid were related to production of hydroxy fatty acid- and bile acid-induced fluid and electrolyte accumulation in the rat colon. Propranolol (1 mg per 100 g of body weight) administered daily for 3 days inhibited ricinoleic acid- and deoxycholic acid-induced Na and water accumulation. In contrast, propranolol did not affect either the increase in inulin clearance or the decrease in electrical potential difference produced by ricinoleic acid and deoxycholic acid. Further, amphotericin B increased inulin clearance by the colon and also increased water and Na absorption. These studies suggest that changes in mucosal permeability are not primarily responsible for hydroxy fatty acid- and bile acid-induced fluid and Na accumulation.", "contents": "Effect of propranolol on ricinoleic acid- and deoxycholic acid-induced changes of intestinal electrolyte movement and mucosal permeability. Evidence against the importance of altered permeability in the production of fluid and electrolyte accumulation. Hydroxy fatty acids and bile acids produce both intestinal fluid and electrolyte accumulation and increases in inulin clearance, a parameter of mucosal permeability. The relationship of the changes in mucosal permeability to the production of fluid and electrolyte accumulation is uncertain. These experiments were designed to determine whether the alterations of mucosal permeability produced by ricinoleic acid and deoxycholic acid were related to production of hydroxy fatty acid- and bile acid-induced fluid and electrolyte accumulation in the rat colon. Propranolol (1 mg per 100 g of body weight) administered daily for 3 days inhibited ricinoleic acid- and deoxycholic acid-induced Na and water accumulation. In contrast, propranolol did not affect either the increase in inulin clearance or the decrease in electrical potential difference produced by ricinoleic acid and deoxycholic acid. Further, amphotericin B increased inulin clearance by the colon and also increased water and Na absorption. These studies suggest that changes in mucosal permeability are not primarily responsible for hydroxy fatty acid- and bile acid-induced fluid and Na accumulation.", "PMID": 710835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4549", "title": "Cell proliferation in esophageal columnar epithelium (Barrett's esophagus).", "content": "In order to correlate histopathology and cell turnover in esophageal tissue in patients with esophageal columnar epithelium, biopsy specimens from 11 patients were studied. Two of the patients had adenocarcinoma of the esophagus not present in the specimens studied. In the heterogeneous esophageal columnar epithelium, the DNA synthesis phase averaged 10.4 +/- 0.3 hr; labeling index of cells in the crypt-like structures was 23.3 +/- 0.3%; generation time was 44.6 +/- 1.2 hr, and the mitotic index was 1.82 +/- 0.07%. Significant differences were not present among specimens with columnar epithelium but they differed from cell proliferation in adjacent squamous epithelium where S phase was similar but labeling and mitotic indexes were lower and generation time increased to 105 +/- 6 hr. In the 2 patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, and in 1 of 9 without adenocarcinoma, labeling of surface columnar cells after brief exposure to [3H]thymidine was present suggests that this may be a manifestation of early malignant change.", "contents": "Cell proliferation in esophageal columnar epithelium (Barrett's esophagus). In order to correlate histopathology and cell turnover in esophageal tissue in patients with esophageal columnar epithelium, biopsy specimens from 11 patients were studied. Two of the patients had adenocarcinoma of the esophagus not present in the specimens studied. In the heterogeneous esophageal columnar epithelium, the DNA synthesis phase averaged 10.4 +/- 0.3 hr; labeling index of cells in the crypt-like structures was 23.3 +/- 0.3%; generation time was 44.6 +/- 1.2 hr, and the mitotic index was 1.82 +/- 0.07%. Significant differences were not present among specimens with columnar epithelium but they differed from cell proliferation in adjacent squamous epithelium where S phase was similar but labeling and mitotic indexes were lower and generation time increased to 105 +/- 6 hr. In the 2 patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, and in 1 of 9 without adenocarcinoma, labeling of surface columnar cells after brief exposure to [3H]thymidine was present suggests that this may be a manifestation of early malignant change.", "PMID": 710836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4550", "title": "Iron transport by isolated rat intestinal mucosal cells.", "content": "In vitro uptake of radioiron by suspensions of isolated rat duodenal mucosal cells has been examined. The cells bind iron avidly, with uptakes of 15 to 20% after 20 min of incubation. Uptake is dependent upon temperature, pH, and iron and cell concentration. It is unaffected by inhibitors of cellular respiration but is blocked in a concentration-dependent fashion by iron-chelating agents. Iron-deficient cells take up iron at the same rate as normal cells. Binding by brush borders appears to account for 50 to 60% of the total uptake by isolated cells. In vitro radioiron uptake by isolated cells occurs by passive diffusion, is not regulated by the animal's iron status, and is primarily a function of bioavailability of iron in the incubating medium. If the model reflects the behavior of cells in vivo, the initial uptake of iron by the mucosa is a passive process which may serve to concentrate dilute luminal iron at the mucosal surface in preparation for absorption.", "contents": "Iron transport by isolated rat intestinal mucosal cells. In vitro uptake of radioiron by suspensions of isolated rat duodenal mucosal cells has been examined. The cells bind iron avidly, with uptakes of 15 to 20% after 20 min of incubation. Uptake is dependent upon temperature, pH, and iron and cell concentration. It is unaffected by inhibitors of cellular respiration but is blocked in a concentration-dependent fashion by iron-chelating agents. Iron-deficient cells take up iron at the same rate as normal cells. Binding by brush borders appears to account for 50 to 60% of the total uptake by isolated cells. In vitro radioiron uptake by isolated cells occurs by passive diffusion, is not regulated by the animal's iron status, and is primarily a function of bioavailability of iron in the incubating medium. If the model reflects the behavior of cells in vivo, the initial uptake of iron by the mucosa is a passive process which may serve to concentrate dilute luminal iron at the mucosal surface in preparation for absorption.", "PMID": 710837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4551", "title": "Definitive diagnosis of gluten-sensitive enteropathy. Use of an in vitro organ culture model.", "content": "The flat mucosal lesion of the small intestine is not pathognomonic of gluten-sensitive enteropathy (GSE). Frequently, the definitive diagnosis of this condition can only be established after three intestinal biopsies are performed: an initial one to show a flat mucosal lesion, one after a gluten-free diet to show morphological recovery, and one after a gluten challenge to show morphological deterioration. We used an organ culture model of GSE to determine the usefulness of this technique in establishing a diagnosis of GSE on the basis of the initial biopsy. Seventy-five patients with diarrhea, and/or malabsorption were evaluated prospectively; 40 had a flat mucosal lesion of variable degree; of these 26 were ultimately determined to have gluten-sensitive enteropathy by the above criteria. A rise in alkaline phosphatase activity of intestinal tissue from 22 of these 26 patients was inhibited when the tissue was cultured in gluten-containing medium as compared to enzyme activities of cultures in a gluten-free medium (108 +/- 69 versus 206 +/- 96, mean +/- SD, P less than 0.001). Mean enzyme values in the similarly cultured intestinal tissue from 13 of 14 patients ultimately shown not to have GSE were not affected by gluten (224 +/- 94 versus 201 +/- 109, P greater than 0.4). Examination of the data by stepwise discriminant analysis provided a function which correctly classified 35 of the 40 patients (88%). The false-positive and false-negative rate for establishing the diagnosis of GSE was 7% (1 of 14) and 15% (4 of 26), respectively. All patients with normal biopsies were classified correctly. The model can be used to establish prospectively the definitive diagnosis of GSE, obviate the need for additional diagnostic biopsies, and allow for the prompt pursuit of alternative diagnoses when gluten sensitivity is not shown.", "contents": "Definitive diagnosis of gluten-sensitive enteropathy. Use of an in vitro organ culture model. The flat mucosal lesion of the small intestine is not pathognomonic of gluten-sensitive enteropathy (GSE). Frequently, the definitive diagnosis of this condition can only be established after three intestinal biopsies are performed: an initial one to show a flat mucosal lesion, one after a gluten-free diet to show morphological recovery, and one after a gluten challenge to show morphological deterioration. We used an organ culture model of GSE to determine the usefulness of this technique in establishing a diagnosis of GSE on the basis of the initial biopsy. Seventy-five patients with diarrhea, and/or malabsorption were evaluated prospectively; 40 had a flat mucosal lesion of variable degree; of these 26 were ultimately determined to have gluten-sensitive enteropathy by the above criteria. A rise in alkaline phosphatase activity of intestinal tissue from 22 of these 26 patients was inhibited when the tissue was cultured in gluten-containing medium as compared to enzyme activities of cultures in a gluten-free medium (108 +/- 69 versus 206 +/- 96, mean +/- SD, P less than 0.001). Mean enzyme values in the similarly cultured intestinal tissue from 13 of 14 patients ultimately shown not to have GSE were not affected by gluten (224 +/- 94 versus 201 +/- 109, P greater than 0.4). Examination of the data by stepwise discriminant analysis provided a function which correctly classified 35 of the 40 patients (88%). The false-positive and false-negative rate for establishing the diagnosis of GSE was 7% (1 of 14) and 15% (4 of 26), respectively. All patients with normal biopsies were classified correctly. The model can be used to establish prospectively the definitive diagnosis of GSE, obviate the need for additional diagnostic biopsies, and allow for the prompt pursuit of alternative diagnoses when gluten sensitivity is not shown.", "PMID": 710838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4552", "title": "Rectal mucosa in cystic fibrosis. Morphological features before and after short term organ culture.", "content": "Histological changes observed in the large intestinal mucosa of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, including crypt enlargement as well as intracellular and extracellular accumulation of mucus, have been considered by some to be useful diagnostic signs of this disease. The extent of these changes, however, has not been evaluated quantitatively. In this study, quantitative stereological methods were applied to biopsies of rectal mucosa from 5 CF patients, 5 sibling controls, and 2 normal adults, to measure goblet cell numbers, crypt luminal volume, and volume of intracellular mucus. It was found that CF crypt lumina were variably dilated, but that the average relative volume of intracellular mucus and the numbers of goblet cells in CF mucosae were comparable to those of sibling and adult controls. In CF biopsies, however, surface columnar absorptive cells consistently contained putative lipid droplets and rapidly accumulated additional large lipid droplets during short term organ culture. Lipid droplets were not observed in the same cell types of control biopsies before or after short term organ culture.", "contents": "Rectal mucosa in cystic fibrosis. Morphological features before and after short term organ culture. Histological changes observed in the large intestinal mucosa of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, including crypt enlargement as well as intracellular and extracellular accumulation of mucus, have been considered by some to be useful diagnostic signs of this disease. The extent of these changes, however, has not been evaluated quantitatively. In this study, quantitative stereological methods were applied to biopsies of rectal mucosa from 5 CF patients, 5 sibling controls, and 2 normal adults, to measure goblet cell numbers, crypt luminal volume, and volume of intracellular mucus. It was found that CF crypt lumina were variably dilated, but that the average relative volume of intracellular mucus and the numbers of goblet cells in CF mucosae were comparable to those of sibling and adult controls. In CF biopsies, however, surface columnar absorptive cells consistently contained putative lipid droplets and rapidly accumulated additional large lipid droplets during short term organ culture. Lipid droplets were not observed in the same cell types of control biopsies before or after short term organ culture.", "PMID": 710839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4553", "title": "Small intestinal epithelial renewal in the Syrian hamster exposed to cholera enterotoxin.", "content": "Epithelial renewal of the small intestine was measured in the Syrian hamster utilizing tritiated thymidine by standard autoradiographic and a scintillation counting technique. Scintillation counting of intestinal replicates proved to be as accurate as standard autoradiography. Average mucosal cell turnover was 71 +/- 3.0 hr in jejunum and 79 +/- 4.2 hr in ileum. Scintillation counting was utilized to study the effect of a maximum cholera enterotoxic secretory stimulus on small intestinal mucosal cell turnover. No significant change in epithelial cell migration occurred during cholera enterotoxin (CT)-induced fluid and electrolyte secretion. The rate of decline in radioactivity as a measure of cell turnover in CT-exposed animals was no different from controls. Epithelial cell proliferation 1 to 42 hr after CT exposure showed no difference from controls. Intestinal fluid and electrolyte secretion persisted for 24 hr after CT exposure. It is concluded that (1) the small intestinal epithelial cell migration was unaltered by this metabolic secretory stimulus, and (2) the data are consistent with the concept that epithelial migration after CT exposure was one factor, although not necessarily the major determinant of the progressive decline in intestinal secretory activity.", "contents": "Small intestinal epithelial renewal in the Syrian hamster exposed to cholera enterotoxin. Epithelial renewal of the small intestine was measured in the Syrian hamster utilizing tritiated thymidine by standard autoradiographic and a scintillation counting technique. Scintillation counting of intestinal replicates proved to be as accurate as standard autoradiography. Average mucosal cell turnover was 71 +/- 3.0 hr in jejunum and 79 +/- 4.2 hr in ileum. Scintillation counting was utilized to study the effect of a maximum cholera enterotoxic secretory stimulus on small intestinal mucosal cell turnover. No significant change in epithelial cell migration occurred during cholera enterotoxin (CT)-induced fluid and electrolyte secretion. The rate of decline in radioactivity as a measure of cell turnover in CT-exposed animals was no different from controls. Epithelial cell proliferation 1 to 42 hr after CT exposure showed no difference from controls. Intestinal fluid and electrolyte secretion persisted for 24 hr after CT exposure. It is concluded that (1) the small intestinal epithelial cell migration was unaltered by this metabolic secretory stimulus, and (2) the data are consistent with the concept that epithelial migration after CT exposure was one factor, although not necessarily the major determinant of the progressive decline in intestinal secretory activity.", "PMID": 710840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4554", "title": "Jejunal biopsy with the Watson capsule and perforation in the elderly.", "content": "Details of jejunal biopsies using the Watson small intestinal biopsy capsule done from 1966 through 1976 at three centers in Liverpool were obtained. The only complications were jejunal perforation which occurred in 2 patients over 65 years of age, 1 of whom died. This increased risk in elderly does not appear to have been previously recognized and both cases are reported. Diagnostic yield in the age group over 65 is discussed. Stricter criteria in selection of these patients for biopsy are suggested. A period of in-patient observation after biopsy in those over the age of 65 may decrease the risks of perforation. In addition, the use of a pediatric capsule, ideally with controlled suction, may lessen the risk further. The use of duodenal biopsy via an endoscope may prove to be a useful additional technique in elderly patients.", "contents": "Jejunal biopsy with the Watson capsule and perforation in the elderly. Details of jejunal biopsies using the Watson small intestinal biopsy capsule done from 1966 through 1976 at three centers in Liverpool were obtained. The only complications were jejunal perforation which occurred in 2 patients over 65 years of age, 1 of whom died. This increased risk in elderly does not appear to have been previously recognized and both cases are reported. Diagnostic yield in the age group over 65 is discussed. Stricter criteria in selection of these patients for biopsy are suggested. A period of in-patient observation after biopsy in those over the age of 65 may decrease the risks of perforation. In addition, the use of a pediatric capsule, ideally with controlled suction, may lessen the risk further. The use of duodenal biopsy via an endoscope may prove to be a useful additional technique in elderly patients.", "PMID": 710841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4555", "title": "Sex differences in hepatic sulfation of taurolithocholate in the rat.", "content": "Metabolism of the bile salts by formation of sulfate esters is catalyzed by bile salt sulfotransferase, an enzyme isolated from rat liver and kidney. The activity of bile salt sulfotransferase was measured in liver and kidney of male and female rats and in oophorectomized rats with or without estrogen replacement. In vitro sulfotransferase activity was correlated with in vivo sulfation by measuring the percentage of an infused dose (0.03 micron per 100 g per min) of taurolithocholate, which was excreted in bile as the sulfate. The activity of sulfotransferase in liver was higher in females (26.3 +/- 3.0 pmoles per mg of protein per min) than in males (9.6 +/- 3.9) and was lower (12.1 +/- 3.8) after oophorectomy. The decrease in activity was prevented by replacement of estrogen. Renal sulfotransferase activity did not differ between the sexes and was unaffected by oophorectomy. Hepatic sulfotransferase activity measured in vitro correlated with in vivo sulfation of taurolithocholate. This study shows definite sex differences in hepatic bile salt sulfotransferase activity, which in females is affected by the presence of estrogen. The correlation between in vitro sulfotransferase activity and in vivo bile salt sulfation suggests that bile salt sulfotransferase is responsible for bile salt sulfation in vivo.", "contents": "Sex differences in hepatic sulfation of taurolithocholate in the rat. Metabolism of the bile salts by formation of sulfate esters is catalyzed by bile salt sulfotransferase, an enzyme isolated from rat liver and kidney. The activity of bile salt sulfotransferase was measured in liver and kidney of male and female rats and in oophorectomized rats with or without estrogen replacement. In vitro sulfotransferase activity was correlated with in vivo sulfation by measuring the percentage of an infused dose (0.03 micron per 100 g per min) of taurolithocholate, which was excreted in bile as the sulfate. The activity of sulfotransferase in liver was higher in females (26.3 +/- 3.0 pmoles per mg of protein per min) than in males (9.6 +/- 3.9) and was lower (12.1 +/- 3.8) after oophorectomy. The decrease in activity was prevented by replacement of estrogen. Renal sulfotransferase activity did not differ between the sexes and was unaffected by oophorectomy. Hepatic sulfotransferase activity measured in vitro correlated with in vivo sulfation of taurolithocholate. This study shows definite sex differences in hepatic bile salt sulfotransferase activity, which in females is affected by the presence of estrogen. The correlation between in vitro sulfotransferase activity and in vivo bile salt sulfation suggests that bile salt sulfotransferase is responsible for bile salt sulfation in vivo.", "PMID": 710853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4556", "title": "Decarboxylation to tyramine: an important route of tyrosine metabolism in dogs with experimental hepatic encephalopathy.", "content": "Tyrosine metabolism via decarboxylation to tyramine was evaluated in dogs with functional end-to-side portacaval shunt. It was found that the endogenous plasma levels of both tyrosine and tyramine increased steadily after the construction of the shunt. These elevations became more pronounced when the dogs manifested symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy. In encephalopathic dogs, average endogenous plasma tyrosine and tyramine concentrations were 110.1 mumoles per liter and 7.6 ng per ml as compared to 55.4 and 1.2 in control dogs, respectively. The pattern of plasma concentrations of tyrosine and tyramine after an oral dose of L-tyrosine (50 mg per kg) was also investigated in control and shunted dogs. There was a progressive rise in peak levels of tyramine (to about 50-fold increase, at 6 weeks) after the construction of the shunt, as compared to levels obtained in pre- and at 1 and 4 weeks postoperatively (70.6 versus 1.20, 3.9, and 8.11 ng per ml). Similar observations were made with levels of plasma tyrosine. Six weeks after portacaval shunt, mean peak levels of plasma tyrosine, achieved at 5 hr after dose administration, were 450 as compared to 85 mumoles per liter obtained in preshunted dogs. These studies demonstrated a correlation between abnormalities in tyrosine metabolism and postshunt hepatic encephalopathy.", "contents": "Decarboxylation to tyramine: an important route of tyrosine metabolism in dogs with experimental hepatic encephalopathy. Tyrosine metabolism via decarboxylation to tyramine was evaluated in dogs with functional end-to-side portacaval shunt. It was found that the endogenous plasma levels of both tyrosine and tyramine increased steadily after the construction of the shunt. These elevations became more pronounced when the dogs manifested symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy. In encephalopathic dogs, average endogenous plasma tyrosine and tyramine concentrations were 110.1 mumoles per liter and 7.6 ng per ml as compared to 55.4 and 1.2 in control dogs, respectively. The pattern of plasma concentrations of tyrosine and tyramine after an oral dose of L-tyrosine (50 mg per kg) was also investigated in control and shunted dogs. There was a progressive rise in peak levels of tyramine (to about 50-fold increase, at 6 weeks) after the construction of the shunt, as compared to levels obtained in pre- and at 1 and 4 weeks postoperatively (70.6 versus 1.20, 3.9, and 8.11 ng per ml). Similar observations were made with levels of plasma tyrosine. Six weeks after portacaval shunt, mean peak levels of plasma tyrosine, achieved at 5 hr after dose administration, were 450 as compared to 85 mumoles per liter obtained in preshunted dogs. These studies demonstrated a correlation between abnormalities in tyrosine metabolism and postshunt hepatic encephalopathy.", "PMID": 710855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4557", "title": "Significance of microscopic cholangitis in alcoholic liver disease.", "content": "Marked biochemical cholestasis mimicking extrahepatic obstruction may occur in alcoholic liver disease. Twenty-three consecutive hyperbilirubinemic alcoholics who underwent liver biopsy were studied. Comparison of the clinical, laboratory, and histological features was made between patients with no or rare intraductal polymorphonuclear leukocytes, group A (19 cases), and those with polymorphonuclear leukocytes in multiple bile ducts (\"microscopic cholangitis\"), group B (4 cases). Extrahepatic biliary obstruction was excluded in group B by cholangiography. Group B had significantly higher serum SGOT, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and cholesterol than group A. All group B patients had periductal acute inflammation and severe panlobular cholestasis. However, there was no significant histological difference comparing group A patients with alkaline phosphatase greater than 300 mIU per ml and group B patients, except for the presence of intraductal polymorphonuclear inflammation. Therefore, we conclude that microscopic cholangitis is a feature of severe cholestasis which may accompany alcoholic liver injury.", "contents": "Significance of microscopic cholangitis in alcoholic liver disease. Marked biochemical cholestasis mimicking extrahepatic obstruction may occur in alcoholic liver disease. Twenty-three consecutive hyperbilirubinemic alcoholics who underwent liver biopsy were studied. Comparison of the clinical, laboratory, and histological features was made between patients with no or rare intraductal polymorphonuclear leukocytes, group A (19 cases), and those with polymorphonuclear leukocytes in multiple bile ducts (\"microscopic cholangitis\"), group B (4 cases). Extrahepatic biliary obstruction was excluded in group B by cholangiography. Group B had significantly higher serum SGOT, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and cholesterol than group A. All group B patients had periductal acute inflammation and severe panlobular cholestasis. However, there was no significant histological difference comparing group A patients with alkaline phosphatase greater than 300 mIU per ml and group B patients, except for the presence of intraductal polymorphonuclear inflammation. Therefore, we conclude that microscopic cholangitis is a feature of severe cholestasis which may accompany alcoholic liver injury.", "PMID": 710856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4558", "title": "Experimental evidence for vasoactive intestinal peptide as the cause of the watery diarrhea syndrome.", "content": "We have infused pure porcine vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) into 8 healthy ambulant unsedated pigs. At plasma VIP levels closely comparable to those found in the human Verner-Morrison syndrome, gross watery diarrhea and hypokalemia were produced. When the VIP infusion was discontinued the water diarrhea ceased abruptly. This study therefore provides some evidence to implicate VIP as a possible causal agent in the pathogenesis of the human watery diarrhea syndrome.", "contents": "Experimental evidence for vasoactive intestinal peptide as the cause of the watery diarrhea syndrome. We have infused pure porcine vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) into 8 healthy ambulant unsedated pigs. At plasma VIP levels closely comparable to those found in the human Verner-Morrison syndrome, gross watery diarrhea and hypokalemia were produced. When the VIP infusion was discontinued the water diarrhea ceased abruptly. This study therefore provides some evidence to implicate VIP as a possible causal agent in the pathogenesis of the human watery diarrhea syndrome.", "PMID": 710857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4559", "title": "Survival in peptic ulcer.", "content": "The present study of the prognosis in peptic ulcer comprises (1) an analysis of deaths caused by the disease itself, and (2) an independent actuarial analysis of life expectancy. The computations are based on 235 deaths that occurred among 1905 patients with peptic ulcer who constituted a random sample of the occurrence of ulcer disease in an area of Denmark comprising half a million inhabitants. The two methods of analysis both showed that peptic ulcer does influence the survival, but the excess of deaths was small and, in the case of solitary peptic ulcer, was present only in the first year or two after the diagnosis. The prognosis tended to be more serious in gastric ulcer than in duodenal ulcer, but the difference was not significant. In duodenal ulcer the survival tended to be better when only a deformed bulb was present. The life expectancy was not significantly different for men and women. Patients with combined gastric and duodenal ulcers had a fatality twice as great as those with solitary ulcers. No excess of deaths was found in patients under the age of 50 years at diagnosis. The duration of prediagnostic symptoms was not predictive for the prognosis.", "contents": "Survival in peptic ulcer. The present study of the prognosis in peptic ulcer comprises (1) an analysis of deaths caused by the disease itself, and (2) an independent actuarial analysis of life expectancy. The computations are based on 235 deaths that occurred among 1905 patients with peptic ulcer who constituted a random sample of the occurrence of ulcer disease in an area of Denmark comprising half a million inhabitants. The two methods of analysis both showed that peptic ulcer does influence the survival, but the excess of deaths was small and, in the case of solitary peptic ulcer, was present only in the first year or two after the diagnosis. The prognosis tended to be more serious in gastric ulcer than in duodenal ulcer, but the difference was not significant. In duodenal ulcer the survival tended to be better when only a deformed bulb was present. The life expectancy was not significantly different for men and women. Patients with combined gastric and duodenal ulcers had a fatality twice as great as those with solitary ulcers. No excess of deaths was found in patients under the age of 50 years at diagnosis. The duration of prediagnostic symptoms was not predictive for the prognosis.", "PMID": 710858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4560", "title": "Alterations in cell surface membrane components of adapting rat small intestinal epithelium. Studies with lectins after massive proximal jejunoileal resection and jejunoileal transposition.", "content": "After proximal resection or transposition of intestinal segments, the small intestinal mucosa of rats was examined with fluorescein-conjugated lectins derived from Ricinus communis and Triticum vulgare (wheat germ). These agglutinins are thought to be specific for the nonreducing end-terminal carbohydrate residues, beta-D-galactose and beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, respectively. After 70% proximal jejunoilealal resection as well as transposition of ileal segments to jejunum, ileal villus cell surface labeling by both lectins was changed to a pattern characteristic of normal rat proximal intestine. Alterations were not detected proximal to the surgical anastomosis after massive resection or in the jejunal segments transposed to ileum. Although the labeling pattern of goblet cell mucin differed in proximal duodenum from the remainder of control small intestine in normal animals, no differences were detected in goblet cell mucin labeling between normal and resected or transposed animals. This study confirms the previously reported differential lectin-labeling patterns of the small intestinal crypt and villus cells and further emphasizes the differences between cell surface carbohydrate and secretory mucins of goblet cells. Furthermore, the changes induced in the cell surface-labeling pattern by massive proximal jejunoileal resection and transposition suggest that cell surface and secretory components may be altered differently during adaptation of the small intestine.", "contents": "Alterations in cell surface membrane components of adapting rat small intestinal epithelium. Studies with lectins after massive proximal jejunoileal resection and jejunoileal transposition. After proximal resection or transposition of intestinal segments, the small intestinal mucosa of rats was examined with fluorescein-conjugated lectins derived from Ricinus communis and Triticum vulgare (wheat germ). These agglutinins are thought to be specific for the nonreducing end-terminal carbohydrate residues, beta-D-galactose and beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, respectively. After 70% proximal jejunoilealal resection as well as transposition of ileal segments to jejunum, ileal villus cell surface labeling by both lectins was changed to a pattern characteristic of normal rat proximal intestine. Alterations were not detected proximal to the surgical anastomosis after massive resection or in the jejunal segments transposed to ileum. Although the labeling pattern of goblet cell mucin differed in proximal duodenum from the remainder of control small intestine in normal animals, no differences were detected in goblet cell mucin labeling between normal and resected or transposed animals. This study confirms the previously reported differential lectin-labeling patterns of the small intestinal crypt and villus cells and further emphasizes the differences between cell surface carbohydrate and secretory mucins of goblet cells. Furthermore, the changes induced in the cell surface-labeling pattern by massive proximal jejunoileal resection and transposition suggest that cell surface and secretory components may be altered differently during adaptation of the small intestine.", "PMID": 710859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4561", "title": "Binding of secretin to plastic surfaces.", "content": "Five carboxyl-terminal fragments of secretin ranging in size from 6 to 21 amino acid residues were tested for pancreatic secretory activity in the rat. None of the fragments displayed activity when given alone but each displayed significant activity when given after secretin. This apparent activity was shown to be the result of displacement of secretin bound to the walls of the injection catheter. The activity was abolished by dissolving secretin in 2% bovine serum albumin. The finding emphasizes the ease with which secretin can bind to plastic surfaces and consequently the need to reevaluate previous dose-response studies and the caution required in the design of future studies.", "contents": "Binding of secretin to plastic surfaces. Five carboxyl-terminal fragments of secretin ranging in size from 6 to 21 amino acid residues were tested for pancreatic secretory activity in the rat. None of the fragments displayed activity when given alone but each displayed significant activity when given after secretin. This apparent activity was shown to be the result of displacement of secretin bound to the walls of the injection catheter. The activity was abolished by dissolving secretin in 2% bovine serum albumin. The finding emphasizes the ease with which secretin can bind to plastic surfaces and consequently the need to reevaluate previous dose-response studies and the caution required in the design of future studies.", "PMID": 710860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4562", "title": "Profiles of pure pancreatic secretions in patients with acute pancreatitis: the possible role of proteolytic enzymes in pathogenesis.", "content": "Studies have been performed on pure pancreatic juice obtained by direct cannulation of the pancreatic duct in 2 patients with acute pancreatitis. The striking abnormalities observed, which were in marked contrast to our observations in 15 normal subjects, were high concentrations of protein throughout the period of secretin stimulation and the sporadic appearance of free proteolytic activity in many 1-min specimens throughout the collection period. In 1 subject repeat studies were performed after resolution of the pancreatitis when the profile observed was normal. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that obstruction of ductules and intraductal activation of zymogens may be important in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis.", "contents": "Profiles of pure pancreatic secretions in patients with acute pancreatitis: the possible role of proteolytic enzymes in pathogenesis. Studies have been performed on pure pancreatic juice obtained by direct cannulation of the pancreatic duct in 2 patients with acute pancreatitis. The striking abnormalities observed, which were in marked contrast to our observations in 15 normal subjects, were high concentrations of protein throughout the period of secretin stimulation and the sporadic appearance of free proteolytic activity in many 1-min specimens throughout the collection period. In 1 subject repeat studies were performed after resolution of the pancreatitis when the profile observed was normal. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that obstruction of ductules and intraductal activation of zymogens may be important in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis.", "PMID": 710862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4563", "title": "Effect of acute hypercalcemia on human esophageal motility.", "content": "In order to evaluate the effect of acute moderate hypercalcemia on both smooth and skeletal muscle function of the human esophagus, 12 subjects were given intravenous calcium chloride in normal saline. Serum calcium increased from a basal value of 9.6 +/- 0.1 mg per dl (mean +/- 1 SEM) to 11.4 +/- 0.2 mg per dl at 90 min after initiation of calcium infusion (P less than 0.01). Both amplitude and Dp/Dt of esophageal contractions decreased significantly in the skeletal muscle segment; however, amplitude and Dp/Dt increased significantly in the smooth muscle segment. Lower esophageal sphincter pressure remained unchanged. Duration of contractions and peristaltic wave speed were unaltered. Possible explanations for the divergent effect of hypercalcemia on the two types of esophageal muscle are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of acute hypercalcemia on human esophageal motility. In order to evaluate the effect of acute moderate hypercalcemia on both smooth and skeletal muscle function of the human esophagus, 12 subjects were given intravenous calcium chloride in normal saline. Serum calcium increased from a basal value of 9.6 +/- 0.1 mg per dl (mean +/- 1 SEM) to 11.4 +/- 0.2 mg per dl at 90 min after initiation of calcium infusion (P less than 0.01). Both amplitude and Dp/Dt of esophageal contractions decreased significantly in the skeletal muscle segment; however, amplitude and Dp/Dt increased significantly in the smooth muscle segment. Lower esophageal sphincter pressure remained unchanged. Duration of contractions and peristaltic wave speed were unaltered. Possible explanations for the divergent effect of hypercalcemia on the two types of esophageal muscle are discussed.", "PMID": 710863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4564", "title": "\"Sucrose gap\" technique for measurement of focal gastric mucosal potential differences in the rat.", "content": "Bile salts, mechanical trauma, and ischemia were used to produce focal alterations in rat gastric mucosa in a chamber preparation. Gastric mucosal to serosal potential difference (PD) was measured from both treated and untreated areas using electrodes in contact with the mucosal surface. The sensitivity of the measurements was increased if a nonconducting solution (isotonic sucrose) was used to isolate electrically the control from the experimental sites. This \"sucrose gap\" technique thus allows the identification of focal areas of gastric mucosa with an altered PD. In addition, this technique was used to measure the PD of the forestomach, fundus, and antrum of the rat, and to demonstrate that atropine and pentagastrin influence the PD only in the fundus.", "contents": "\"Sucrose gap\" technique for measurement of focal gastric mucosal potential differences in the rat. Bile salts, mechanical trauma, and ischemia were used to produce focal alterations in rat gastric mucosa in a chamber preparation. Gastric mucosal to serosal potential difference (PD) was measured from both treated and untreated areas using electrodes in contact with the mucosal surface. The sensitivity of the measurements was increased if a nonconducting solution (isotonic sucrose) was used to isolate electrically the control from the experimental sites. This \"sucrose gap\" technique thus allows the identification of focal areas of gastric mucosa with an altered PD. In addition, this technique was used to measure the PD of the forestomach, fundus, and antrum of the rat, and to demonstrate that atropine and pentagastrin influence the PD only in the fundus.", "PMID": 710864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4565", "title": "Rapid fall of serum phosphorus secondary to antacid therapy.", "content": "Two patients with marked hypophosphatemia secondary to antacid therapy are described, 1 asymptomatic and the other symptomatic. In contrast to previous reports, these 2 patients were on aluminum hydroxide-containing antacids for relatively short periods of time before the hypophosphatemia occurred. Hypophosphatemia developed after only moderate doses of antacid in the symptomatic patient who was on a low phosphorus diet. An adequate intake of dietary phosphorus or phosphorus-containing antacids may be necessary to avoid a low serum phosphorus in patients taking aluminum hydroxide antacids even when the duration of therapy is as short as 2 weeks and the dose of antacids is not large.", "contents": "Rapid fall of serum phosphorus secondary to antacid therapy. Two patients with marked hypophosphatemia secondary to antacid therapy are described, 1 asymptomatic and the other symptomatic. In contrast to previous reports, these 2 patients were on aluminum hydroxide-containing antacids for relatively short periods of time before the hypophosphatemia occurred. Hypophosphatemia developed after only moderate doses of antacid in the symptomatic patient who was on a low phosphorus diet. An adequate intake of dietary phosphorus or phosphorus-containing antacids may be necessary to avoid a low serum phosphorus in patients taking aluminum hydroxide antacids even when the duration of therapy is as short as 2 weeks and the dose of antacids is not large.", "PMID": 710865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4566", "title": "Giant pseudopolyposis in colitis with colonic intussusception.", "content": "When an area of giant pseudopolyp formation resulted in intussusception in a patient with known ulcerative colitis, operative intervention was required. The double contrast barium enema and fiberoptic colonoscopy were valuable complimentary diagnostic techniques in the evaluation of such a patient.", "contents": "Giant pseudopolyposis in colitis with colonic intussusception. When an area of giant pseudopolyp formation resulted in intussusception in a patient with known ulcerative colitis, operative intervention was required. The double contrast barium enema and fiberoptic colonoscopy were valuable complimentary diagnostic techniques in the evaluation of such a patient.", "PMID": 710866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4567", "title": "Diffuse ischemic colitis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus--response to subtotal colectomy.", "content": "A 26-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus developed massive rectal bleeding that failed to respond to medical treatment. X-rays and proctoscopy indicated that she had universal colitis. She underwent emergency subtotal colectomy because of a rapidly declining clinical course. The small intestine appeared normal. Pathological examination demonstrated a gangrenous large intestine, ischemic ulcerations, and extensive fibrinoid vasculitis that was typical of systemic lupus. The patient has had no further gastrointestinal complaints for 2 years since surgery.", "contents": "Diffuse ischemic colitis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus--response to subtotal colectomy. A 26-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus developed massive rectal bleeding that failed to respond to medical treatment. X-rays and proctoscopy indicated that she had universal colitis. She underwent emergency subtotal colectomy because of a rapidly declining clinical course. The small intestine appeared normal. Pathological examination demonstrated a gangrenous large intestine, ischemic ulcerations, and extensive fibrinoid vasculitis that was typical of systemic lupus. The patient has had no further gastrointestinal complaints for 2 years since surgery.", "PMID": 710867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4568", "title": "Reversibility of hepatitis B virus-induced glomerulonephritis and chronic active hepatitis after spontaneous clearance of serum hepatitis B surface antigen.", "content": "A patient presenting with nephrotic syndrome was found to have hepatitis B surface antigen-positive chronic active hepatitis and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Glomeruli stained positive for hepatitis B surface antigen, IgG, and C1q. After spontaneous clearance of hepatitis B surface antigen both the glomerulonephritis and the chronic active hepatitis improved. The natural history, pathogenesis, and treatment of this disease complex are discussed.", "contents": "Reversibility of hepatitis B virus-induced glomerulonephritis and chronic active hepatitis after spontaneous clearance of serum hepatitis B surface antigen. A patient presenting with nephrotic syndrome was found to have hepatitis B surface antigen-positive chronic active hepatitis and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Glomeruli stained positive for hepatitis B surface antigen, IgG, and C1q. After spontaneous clearance of hepatitis B surface antigen both the glomerulonephritis and the chronic active hepatitis improved. The natural history, pathogenesis, and treatment of this disease complex are discussed.", "PMID": 710868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4569", "title": "[The value of roentgenography in the lateral projection for the conduct of breech delivery (author's transl)].", "content": "Breech delivery is still attended by considerably higher perinatal mortality and morbidity than is the normal presentation. Additional diagnostic methods are, therefore, needed for the safe conduct of breech deliveries. Roentgenograms in the lateral projection are a simple, but too rarely used, means that, in conjunction with the clinical findings, will provide essential information regarding the obstetric technique to be adopted. The objections to \"X-ray diagnosis during pregnancy\" are totally unfounded it Guthmann's single exposure technique is used. A retrospective analysis of 221 roentgenograms of breech presentation was correlated with the course of delivery. The results were highly informative in respect of both the pelvic abnormality and, especially, the therapeutic consequences. The X-ray evidence made it possible to reduce perinatal mortality (uncorrected) to 1.8 percent (generally stated to be 10--15 percent) and corrected mortality to nil.", "contents": "[The value of roentgenography in the lateral projection for the conduct of breech delivery (author's transl)]. Breech delivery is still attended by considerably higher perinatal mortality and morbidity than is the normal presentation. Additional diagnostic methods are, therefore, needed for the safe conduct of breech deliveries. Roentgenograms in the lateral projection are a simple, but too rarely used, means that, in conjunction with the clinical findings, will provide essential information regarding the obstetric technique to be adopted. The objections to \"X-ray diagnosis during pregnancy\" are totally unfounded it Guthmann's single exposure technique is used. A retrospective analysis of 221 roentgenograms of breech presentation was correlated with the course of delivery. The results were highly informative in respect of both the pelvic abnormality and, especially, the therapeutic consequences. The X-ray evidence made it possible to reduce perinatal mortality (uncorrected) to 1.8 percent (generally stated to be 10--15 percent) and corrected mortality to nil.", "PMID": 710875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4570", "title": "[The problem of enterocele (author's transl)].", "content": "During the past nine years 70 enteroceles were observed. There were 27 primary and 43 secondary enteroceles. Etiologic factors were multiparity, advanced age, general lack of elasticity, obestiy, constipation and increased intra-abdominal pressure. The pathogenesis of primary enteroceles was usually to do a genital prolapse, tissue atrophy, a distended pouch of Douglas due to a tumour. The pathogenesis of secondary enterocele following previous uterine surgery was that at times the pre-existent enterocele had not been observed and the space between the uterosacral ligament and the rectum not been closed, or the patients had vaginal hysterectomies and anterior and posterior colporrhaphies, or the patients had previous uterine suspensions or abdominal hysterectomies. The interval between uterine surgery and enterocele was a mean 1.5 years for vaginal hysterectomies and a mean 15 years for the other operations. Different operative procedures for enterocele are discussed. In 90% of the cases the enteroceles were repaired vaginally by the method of Shaw O'Sullivan.", "contents": "[The problem of enterocele (author's transl)]. During the past nine years 70 enteroceles were observed. There were 27 primary and 43 secondary enteroceles. Etiologic factors were multiparity, advanced age, general lack of elasticity, obestiy, constipation and increased intra-abdominal pressure. The pathogenesis of primary enteroceles was usually to do a genital prolapse, tissue atrophy, a distended pouch of Douglas due to a tumour. The pathogenesis of secondary enterocele following previous uterine surgery was that at times the pre-existent enterocele had not been observed and the space between the uterosacral ligament and the rectum not been closed, or the patients had vaginal hysterectomies and anterior and posterior colporrhaphies, or the patients had previous uterine suspensions or abdominal hysterectomies. The interval between uterine surgery and enterocele was a mean 1.5 years for vaginal hysterectomies and a mean 15 years for the other operations. Different operative procedures for enterocele are discussed. In 90% of the cases the enteroceles were repaired vaginally by the method of Shaw O'Sullivan.", "PMID": 710876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4571", "title": "[Descending salpingitis following ruptured appendicitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The retrospective study of ovarian abscesses alerted us to the possibility of a descending salpingitis. The salpingitis arises from the pelvic periteneum following perforation of abscesses. Usually the fimbriated end remains open despite the inflammation. The pelvic peritonitis starts with ovarian abscesses, periappendiceal abscesses or complications of inflammatory intestinal diseases.", "contents": "[Descending salpingitis following ruptured appendicitis (author's transl)]. The retrospective study of ovarian abscesses alerted us to the possibility of a descending salpingitis. The salpingitis arises from the pelvic periteneum following perforation of abscesses. Usually the fimbriated end remains open despite the inflammation. The pelvic peritonitis starts with ovarian abscesses, periappendiceal abscesses or complications of inflammatory intestinal diseases.", "PMID": 710878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4572", "title": "[Comments on the diagnosis of tubal pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "51 women with suspected tubal pregnancy were admitted to our hospital during the past two years. Tubal pregnancy was present in 31 women. Diagnosis is rarely accurate with the conventional examination methods. The \"LH/HCG\" test was positive in all of our patients. Hence it appears resonable, whenever tubal pregnancy is suspected, to combine several noninvasive examination methods, special preference being given to the LH/HCG test.", "contents": "[Comments on the diagnosis of tubal pregnancy (author's transl)]. 51 women with suspected tubal pregnancy were admitted to our hospital during the past two years. Tubal pregnancy was present in 31 women. Diagnosis is rarely accurate with the conventional examination methods. The \"LH/HCG\" test was positive in all of our patients. Hence it appears resonable, whenever tubal pregnancy is suspected, to combine several noninvasive examination methods, special preference being given to the LH/HCG test.", "PMID": 710879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4573", "title": "[Comparison between intra and para cervical anaesthesia in therapeutic abortion (author's transl)].", "content": "Therapeutic abortion during the first trimester of pregnancy was carried out as an out-patient procedure under local anaesthesia in 40 women. The intracervical injection of 1% mepivacaine resulted in satisfactory freedom from pain just as the paracervical injection. There was no dignificant difference in the intensity of pain in intracervical and paracervical local anaesthesia. The dilatation of the cervical canal was the determining factor for pain during the procedure. The intracervical and the paracervical local block are equally suitable for out-patient therapeutic abortion in our series.", "contents": "[Comparison between intra and para cervical anaesthesia in therapeutic abortion (author's transl)]. Therapeutic abortion during the first trimester of pregnancy was carried out as an out-patient procedure under local anaesthesia in 40 women. The intracervical injection of 1% mepivacaine resulted in satisfactory freedom from pain just as the paracervical injection. There was no dignificant difference in the intensity of pain in intracervical and paracervical local anaesthesia. The dilatation of the cervical canal was the determining factor for pain during the procedure. The intracervical and the paracervical local block are equally suitable for out-patient therapeutic abortion in our series.", "PMID": 710880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4574", "title": "[Ultra sonography for the localization of intra-uterine contraceptive devices (i.u.d.'s) (author's transl)].", "content": "The localization of uterine devices by ultra-sound techniques was investigated. Seven different types of intra-uterine contraceptive devices were checked under immersion in water and in the uterus of 585 wearers of I.U.D.'s. The quality of the ultra-sound pictures is mostly determined by the type of intra-uterine device. Under optimal conditions the investigated types of I.U.D.'s produced standard ultra-sound pictures which permitted their identification. The evaluation of the localization of the intra-uterine contraceptive devices in the uterus was reasonably accurate. At first the classification of normal localization, lower segment localization and cervical localization was used, and this was later enlarged by the measurement of the distance between the uterine fundus and the end of the device closest to the fundus. It was possible to estimate the contraceptive efficiency with these measurements. In 486 cases (83%) the intra-uterine device was found in normal position. In 24 (4.1%) of the cases removal and repeat insertion of the device was suggested. In 18 (3.1%) cases the device was not localized despite normal intra-uterine localization.", "contents": "[Ultra sonography for the localization of intra-uterine contraceptive devices (i.u.d.'s) (author's transl)]. The localization of uterine devices by ultra-sound techniques was investigated. Seven different types of intra-uterine contraceptive devices were checked under immersion in water and in the uterus of 585 wearers of I.U.D.'s. The quality of the ultra-sound pictures is mostly determined by the type of intra-uterine device. Under optimal conditions the investigated types of I.U.D.'s produced standard ultra-sound pictures which permitted their identification. The evaluation of the localization of the intra-uterine contraceptive devices in the uterus was reasonably accurate. At first the classification of normal localization, lower segment localization and cervical localization was used, and this was later enlarged by the measurement of the distance between the uterine fundus and the end of the device closest to the fundus. It was possible to estimate the contraceptive efficiency with these measurements. In 486 cases (83%) the intra-uterine device was found in normal position. In 24 (4.1%) of the cases removal and repeat insertion of the device was suggested. In 18 (3.1%) cases the device was not localized despite normal intra-uterine localization.", "PMID": 710881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4575", "title": "[Conisation during pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper reviews 15 cases undergoing conisation during pregnancy. In 2 conisation was immediately followed by radical operation for invasive squamous carcinoma. 11 patients had pre-invasive carcinoma by microscopic evidence on serial step sections, while the remaining 2 showed high-grade dysplasia of the cervix. Atypical tissue was successfully removed in toto in 6 of the 8 cases with lesions predominantly localizing at the cervical surface. Of the 5 abnormal epithelial processes which were almost entirely endocervical only 1 was completely removed. Abortion occurred in 4 of the 13 patients undergoing conisation without prophylactic cerclage. Shirodkar's operation was done at the time of conisation in 7 cases, in one after an interval of 10 weeks. This prophylactic measure failed to prevent prematurity in 2 cases, while the remaining 6 gave birth to living and mature infants between the 37th and the 40th week of gestation.", "contents": "[Conisation during pregnancy (author's transl)]. The paper reviews 15 cases undergoing conisation during pregnancy. In 2 conisation was immediately followed by radical operation for invasive squamous carcinoma. 11 patients had pre-invasive carcinoma by microscopic evidence on serial step sections, while the remaining 2 showed high-grade dysplasia of the cervix. Atypical tissue was successfully removed in toto in 6 of the 8 cases with lesions predominantly localizing at the cervical surface. Of the 5 abnormal epithelial processes which were almost entirely endocervical only 1 was completely removed. Abortion occurred in 4 of the 13 patients undergoing conisation without prophylactic cerclage. Shirodkar's operation was done at the time of conisation in 7 cases, in one after an interval of 10 weeks. This prophylactic measure failed to prevent prematurity in 2 cases, while the remaining 6 gave birth to living and mature infants between the 37th and the 40th week of gestation.", "PMID": 710882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4576", "title": "[Percutaneous antegrade needle hydronephrosis as an emergency measure in the management (author's transl)].", "content": "The needle of acute aspiration of the pyelon assures immediate drainage of the urine in a hydronephrosis with a distended calceal system. This emergency measure often is necessary in acute high risk cases which are often gynecological cases. A cannula for percutaneous needle aspiration of the kidney basin is presented. With this cannula antegrade percutaneous translumbar needle drainage of the kidney basin is possible without operative risk. Operative exposure of a hydronephrotic kidney with the only aim of nephrostomy can be avoided with this method in most cases.", "contents": "[Percutaneous antegrade needle hydronephrosis as an emergency measure in the management (author's transl)]. The needle of acute aspiration of the pyelon assures immediate drainage of the urine in a hydronephrosis with a distended calceal system. This emergency measure often is necessary in acute high risk cases which are often gynecological cases. A cannula for percutaneous needle aspiration of the kidney basin is presented. With this cannula antegrade percutaneous translumbar needle drainage of the kidney basin is possible without operative risk. Operative exposure of a hydronephrotic kidney with the only aim of nephrostomy can be avoided with this method in most cases.", "PMID": 710883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4577", "title": "[Bilateral carcinoma of the breast after radiotherapy and chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "A 34-year-old patient had radiotherapy and chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease of the nodular sclerosing type 2 A thirteen years prior to the treatment of a right cancer of the breast in the stage M0 N1 T3. Seven months later the patient had a left cancer of the breast in the stage M0 N0 T4. The literature is reviewed and the possibility of occurrance of secondary carcinoma following treatment of Hodgkin's disease is discussed.", "contents": "[Bilateral carcinoma of the breast after radiotherapy and chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)]. A 34-year-old patient had radiotherapy and chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease of the nodular sclerosing type 2 A thirteen years prior to the treatment of a right cancer of the breast in the stage M0 N1 T3. Seven months later the patient had a left cancer of the breast in the stage M0 N0 T4. The literature is reviewed and the possibility of occurrance of secondary carcinoma following treatment of Hodgkin's disease is discussed.", "PMID": 710884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4578", "title": "[Determination of microelements in the human placenta. III. Commun.: atomic-absorption spectrophotometric determination of Zn, Cu, Cd, Mn, Fe, and Mg contents of human placentas (author's transl)].", "content": "In human placentas from the West Berlin area is the content on Zn, Cu, Cd, Mn, Fe, and Mg determined by means of the flameless and the flame atom absorption spectrophotometry, respectively.", "contents": "[Determination of microelements in the human placenta. III. Commun.: atomic-absorption spectrophotometric determination of Zn, Cu, Cd, Mn, Fe, and Mg contents of human placentas (author's transl)]. In human placentas from the West Berlin area is the content on Zn, Cu, Cd, Mn, Fe, and Mg determined by means of the flameless and the flame atom absorption spectrophotometry, respectively.", "PMID": 710885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4579", "title": "Four common ocular complications of diabetes--and how to treat them.", "content": "To minimize the risk of visual loss in diabetic patients, recognition of early signs of oculopathy is essential. Diabetes-associated third-nerve palsy is manifested by unilateral ptosis and exotropia. Symptoms of closed-angle glaucoma are intense pain, halos around lights, and blurred vision. Open-angle glaucoma does not necessarily produce symptoms and is treated medically. A gradual decrease in visual acuity, sometimes associated with photophobia and difficulty in night driving, and monocular diplopia, are manifestations of cataract. The patient with \"background\" retinopathy usually complains of blurred or distorted central vision. Once the macula is involved, vision progressively decreases. Although the relationship of metabolic control to retinopathy has not been settled, evidence indicates that good medical control of the disease may delay onset of vascular complications.", "contents": "Four common ocular complications of diabetes--and how to treat them. To minimize the risk of visual loss in diabetic patients, recognition of early signs of oculopathy is essential. Diabetes-associated third-nerve palsy is manifested by unilateral ptosis and exotropia. Symptoms of closed-angle glaucoma are intense pain, halos around lights, and blurred vision. Open-angle glaucoma does not necessarily produce symptoms and is treated medically. A gradual decrease in visual acuity, sometimes associated with photophobia and difficulty in night driving, and monocular diplopia, are manifestations of cataract. The patient with \"background\" retinopathy usually complains of blurred or distorted central vision. Once the macula is involved, vision progressively decreases. Although the relationship of metabolic control to retinopathy has not been settled, evidence indicates that good medical control of the disease may delay onset of vascular complications.", "PMID": 710891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4580", "title": "Should you treat systolic hypertension in elderly patients?", "content": "Systolic hypertension is difficult to control in the elderly, but this is not an excuse for denying these patients the benefits of carefully controlled antihypertensive treatment, particularly when target organ disease is present. Although drug therapy may produce alarming symptoms, it is highly doubtful that it increases the incidence of myocardial infarction or permanent neurologic damage. In fact, evidence indicates that antihypertensive therapy may prevent hemorrhagic and thrombotic strokes. Arterial pressure should be reduced slowly and cautiously--to allow control without interfering with cerebral flow stability. Drug therapy should be started in small doses and may be initiated with diuretics. Methyldopa in small or moderate doses has been effective and does not often cause postural hypotension. Drugs that interfere with reflex arteriolar constriction should not be used.", "contents": "Should you treat systolic hypertension in elderly patients? Systolic hypertension is difficult to control in the elderly, but this is not an excuse for denying these patients the benefits of carefully controlled antihypertensive treatment, particularly when target organ disease is present. Although drug therapy may produce alarming symptoms, it is highly doubtful that it increases the incidence of myocardial infarction or permanent neurologic damage. In fact, evidence indicates that antihypertensive therapy may prevent hemorrhagic and thrombotic strokes. Arterial pressure should be reduced slowly and cautiously--to allow control without interfering with cerebral flow stability. Drug therapy should be started in small doses and may be initiated with diuretics. Methyldopa in small or moderate doses has been effective and does not often cause postural hypotension. Drugs that interfere with reflex arteriolar constriction should not be used.", "PMID": 710890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4581", "title": "Intestinal stomas: managing the \"unmentionable\".", "content": "Learning to live with an intestinal stoma is a difficult adjustment for elderly patients. Thoughtful, sensitive preoperative counseling and postoperative education in caring for the stoma are essential, and both are often the responsibility of the primary care physician. Irrigation is the preferred method of colostomy management, and with proper instruction, most patients can learn the technique. The physician and nurse should work in concert to teach patients how to control bowel movements, prevent odor, and maintain the integrity of the stoma and the skin. Elderly patients are able to accept a stoma much more readily if they can manage it easily.", "contents": "Intestinal stomas: managing the \"unmentionable\". Learning to live with an intestinal stoma is a difficult adjustment for elderly patients. Thoughtful, sensitive preoperative counseling and postoperative education in caring for the stoma are essential, and both are often the responsibility of the primary care physician. Irrigation is the preferred method of colostomy management, and with proper instruction, most patients can learn the technique. The physician and nurse should work in concert to teach patients how to control bowel movements, prevent odor, and maintain the integrity of the stoma and the skin. Elderly patients are able to accept a stoma much more readily if they can manage it easily.", "PMID": 710892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4582", "title": "Can you recognize and treat mycosis fungoides?", "content": "Whenever lesions resembling psoriasis or nummular eczema remain unchanged for several months or do not respond to topical steroid therapy, mycosis fungoides should be suspected and multiple biopsies performed. Early diagnosis increases the possibility of destroying malignant cells before they involve internal organs. Early treatment is usually conservative, with topical steroids and occlusion. Topical nitrogen mustard, oral psoralens, long-wave ultraviolet light, and--ultimately--radiation are used as the disease progresses. Use of whole-body electron beam therapy appears promising.", "contents": "Can you recognize and treat mycosis fungoides? Whenever lesions resembling psoriasis or nummular eczema remain unchanged for several months or do not respond to topical steroid therapy, mycosis fungoides should be suspected and multiple biopsies performed. Early diagnosis increases the possibility of destroying malignant cells before they involve internal organs. Early treatment is usually conservative, with topical steroids and occlusion. Topical nitrogen mustard, oral psoralens, long-wave ultraviolet light, and--ultimately--radiation are used as the disease progresses. Use of whole-body electron beam therapy appears promising.", "PMID": 710893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4583", "title": "What we know--and don't know--about bone loss in the elderly.", "content": "The incidence of fracture in women increases with age; yet studies of age-associated bone loss have shown conflicting results. Cross-sectional studies show that variation in bone content does not increase significantly with age, supporting the theory that there is a universal bone loss with age, and that women with low initial bone mineral are the most susceptible to osteoporosis. On the other hand, prospective studies show that people do lose bone at different rates. Both types of studies indicate that the rate of bone loss is significantly lower in elderly women than in those in the early postmenopausal period. The hallmark of osteoporosis is vertebral fracture, which is most often asymptomatic and increases in incidence in elderly women. However, there is considerable overlap in the amount of bone mineral in those with fracture and those without fracture. The overlap at fracture sites may indicate that factors other than low bone mass--such as osteomalacia--may play an important role in the development of fracture.", "contents": "What we know--and don't know--about bone loss in the elderly. The incidence of fracture in women increases with age; yet studies of age-associated bone loss have shown conflicting results. Cross-sectional studies show that variation in bone content does not increase significantly with age, supporting the theory that there is a universal bone loss with age, and that women with low initial bone mineral are the most susceptible to osteoporosis. On the other hand, prospective studies show that people do lose bone at different rates. Both types of studies indicate that the rate of bone loss is significantly lower in elderly women than in those in the early postmenopausal period. The hallmark of osteoporosis is vertebral fracture, which is most often asymptomatic and increases in incidence in elderly women. However, there is considerable overlap in the amount of bone mineral in those with fracture and those without fracture. The overlap at fracture sites may indicate that factors other than low bone mass--such as osteomalacia--may play an important role in the development of fracture.", "PMID": 710894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4584", "title": "Techniques for communicating with your elderly patient.", "content": "A physician can best treat elderly patients if he or she understands their unique problems and employs effective techniques of communication. Be aware how your patient's anxiety or your own view about the elderly can erect a barrier to communication. Your position in the room, your tone of voice, your touch all communicate--either positively or negatively--to your elderly patient.", "contents": "Techniques for communicating with your elderly patient. A physician can best treat elderly patients if he or she understands their unique problems and employs effective techniques of communication. Be aware how your patient's anxiety or your own view about the elderly can erect a barrier to communication. Your position in the room, your tone of voice, your touch all communicate--either positively or negatively--to your elderly patient.", "PMID": 710895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4585", "title": "Histamine and insulin dose-response studies of gastric secretion in Indian control subjects and patients with duodenal ulcer in the Ganges delta.", "content": "The gastric secretory responses to various doses of histamine and insulin have been studied in 11 control and 12 duodenal ulcer subjects belonging to the Ganges delta of India where the incidence of duodenal ulcer disease is known to be high. A dose of 0.04 mg/kg body weight of histamine acid phosphate was sufficient to produce peak gastric acid output both in the control and duodenal ulcer subjects. However, a dose as low as 0.025 U insulin/kg body weight was enough to produce peak rates of gastric acid output in duodenal ulcer subjects, whereas in the controls a minimum dose of 0.05 U insulin/kg body weight was sufficient. A greater proportion of the duodenal ulcer patients also showed a peak acid secretory response in the first hour after administration of insulin. Furthermore, increasing doses of insulin in this population did not produce lower levels of blood glucose but did produce increasingly high acid output as subjects do in the West. K values derived from the intravenous glucose tolerance test showed that 75% of duodenal ulcer patients and 54% of the controls had variable degrees of intolerance to glucose. Gastric acid secretion in response to a bolus of 50 ml 50% intravenous glucose was also studied in a separate group of 16 duodenal ulcer and 13 control subjects. A sharp rise in the volume, titratable acidity, and total acid output was observed in the early part of the fourth hour in the control and duodenal ulcer subjects. In a separate group of controls a bolus of intravenous hypertonic saline produced no such increase in gastric acid secretion.", "contents": "Histamine and insulin dose-response studies of gastric secretion in Indian control subjects and patients with duodenal ulcer in the Ganges delta. The gastric secretory responses to various doses of histamine and insulin have been studied in 11 control and 12 duodenal ulcer subjects belonging to the Ganges delta of India where the incidence of duodenal ulcer disease is known to be high. A dose of 0.04 mg/kg body weight of histamine acid phosphate was sufficient to produce peak gastric acid output both in the control and duodenal ulcer subjects. However, a dose as low as 0.025 U insulin/kg body weight was enough to produce peak rates of gastric acid output in duodenal ulcer subjects, whereas in the controls a minimum dose of 0.05 U insulin/kg body weight was sufficient. A greater proportion of the duodenal ulcer patients also showed a peak acid secretory response in the first hour after administration of insulin. Furthermore, increasing doses of insulin in this population did not produce lower levels of blood glucose but did produce increasingly high acid output as subjects do in the West. K values derived from the intravenous glucose tolerance test showed that 75% of duodenal ulcer patients and 54% of the controls had variable degrees of intolerance to glucose. Gastric acid secretion in response to a bolus of 50 ml 50% intravenous glucose was also studied in a separate group of 16 duodenal ulcer and 13 control subjects. A sharp rise in the volume, titratable acidity, and total acid output was observed in the early part of the fourth hour in the control and duodenal ulcer subjects. In a separate group of controls a bolus of intravenous hypertonic saline produced no such increase in gastric acid secretion.", "PMID": 710959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4586", "title": "Availability of monoglutamyl and polyglutamyl folates in normal subjects and in patients with coeliac sprue.", "content": "Intestinal folate absorption was assessed in six normal subjects and in four patients with coeliac sprue who were studied before and after treatment by dietary gluten exclusion. Comparisons were made of the luminal disappearance from the perfused jejunum of 3H-pteroylmonoglutamate and pteroyl 14C-glutamylhexaglutamate, and of the 48-hour urinary recovery of each isotope after perfusion and a tissue saturating dose of folic acid. The labelled urinary folates consisted of folic acid, 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. In each group urinary recovery of 3H was significantly greater than that of 14C, confirming the evidence from jejunal perfusion that the availability of monoglutamyl folate is greater than that of polyglutamyl folate. According to the urinary recovery data, both folates were poorly absorbed in untreated coeliac sprue, but were normally absorbed after treatment. Assuming uniform displacement of the absorbed labelled folates by the parenteral flushing dose, the finding of greater urinary isotope recovery than of luminal folate disappearance from the perfused proximal jejunal segment suggests an adaptation of the distal small bowel for folate absorption in coeliac sprue.", "contents": "Availability of monoglutamyl and polyglutamyl folates in normal subjects and in patients with coeliac sprue. Intestinal folate absorption was assessed in six normal subjects and in four patients with coeliac sprue who were studied before and after treatment by dietary gluten exclusion. Comparisons were made of the luminal disappearance from the perfused jejunum of 3H-pteroylmonoglutamate and pteroyl 14C-glutamylhexaglutamate, and of the 48-hour urinary recovery of each isotope after perfusion and a tissue saturating dose of folic acid. The labelled urinary folates consisted of folic acid, 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. In each group urinary recovery of 3H was significantly greater than that of 14C, confirming the evidence from jejunal perfusion that the availability of monoglutamyl folate is greater than that of polyglutamyl folate. According to the urinary recovery data, both folates were poorly absorbed in untreated coeliac sprue, but were normally absorbed after treatment. Assuming uniform displacement of the absorbed labelled folates by the parenteral flushing dose, the finding of greater urinary isotope recovery than of luminal folate disappearance from the perfused proximal jejunal segment suggests an adaptation of the distal small bowel for folate absorption in coeliac sprue.", "PMID": 710960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4587", "title": "Lundh test and ERCP in pancreatic disease.", "content": "The Lundh test and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) were used to investigate 40 patients with known or suspected pancreatic disease. Pancreatograms were classified as being normal or showing minimal or gross changes. There was good correlation between the two tests in assessing the degree of pancreatic disease (P less than 0.01). Gross radiographic changes were associated with a mean tryptic activity (MTA) of less than 6 IU/ml, while minimal changes were associated with an MTA between 6 and 14 IU/ml. Although some patients with normal pancreatograms had MTAs within this range, no patients with an MTA above 14 IU/ml had an abnormal pancreatogram. The Lundh meal is of great value in detecting extensive pancreatic disease and an unequivocally normal result virtually excludes significant chronic pancreatic disease. Values in the equivocal range usefully draw attention to early pancreatitis which may be confirmed by ERCP. In this paper the interpretation of pancreatograms is discussed and the clinical features of the patients with minimal change disease are reviewed.", "contents": "Lundh test and ERCP in pancreatic disease. The Lundh test and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) were used to investigate 40 patients with known or suspected pancreatic disease. Pancreatograms were classified as being normal or showing minimal or gross changes. There was good correlation between the two tests in assessing the degree of pancreatic disease (P less than 0.01). Gross radiographic changes were associated with a mean tryptic activity (MTA) of less than 6 IU/ml, while minimal changes were associated with an MTA between 6 and 14 IU/ml. Although some patients with normal pancreatograms had MTAs within this range, no patients with an MTA above 14 IU/ml had an abnormal pancreatogram. The Lundh meal is of great value in detecting extensive pancreatic disease and an unequivocally normal result virtually excludes significant chronic pancreatic disease. Values in the equivocal range usefully draw attention to early pancreatitis which may be confirmed by ERCP. In this paper the interpretation of pancreatograms is discussed and the clinical features of the patients with minimal change disease are reviewed.", "PMID": 710961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4588", "title": "Comparison of rectosigmoid myoelectrical activity in the irritable colon syndrome during relapses and remissions.", "content": "Recent studies have suggested that a high incidence of 0.05 Hz (3 c/m) slow wave electrical activity is present within the rectosigmoid of patients with the irritable colon syndrome during symptomatic phases. However, it is known that this is a chronic relapsing disorder and in this study we have compared myoelectrical recordings, using an on-line frequency analyser, during periods of severe symptoms and asymptomatic phases. Treatment with either bran (in the form of bran tablets) or an antispasmodic resulted in 12 of the 20 patients becoming free from symptoms after one to three months. In those patients who were initially constipated a statistically significant increase in mean stool weight and a decrease in mean transit time occurred, but this was not associated with any alteration in either percentage motility or electrical activity. In patients with predominant diarrhoea no statistically significant difference occurred in either transit time or stool weight after treatment nor did the abnormal myoelectrical activity return towards normal with symptomatic improvement. These results suggest that a fixed basic myoelectrical abnormality exists which is unrelated to symptoms. This may help to explain the chronic relapsing nature of the irritable colon syndrome.", "contents": "Comparison of rectosigmoid myoelectrical activity in the irritable colon syndrome during relapses and remissions. Recent studies have suggested that a high incidence of 0.05 Hz (3 c/m) slow wave electrical activity is present within the rectosigmoid of patients with the irritable colon syndrome during symptomatic phases. However, it is known that this is a chronic relapsing disorder and in this study we have compared myoelectrical recordings, using an on-line frequency analyser, during periods of severe symptoms and asymptomatic phases. Treatment with either bran (in the form of bran tablets) or an antispasmodic resulted in 12 of the 20 patients becoming free from symptoms after one to three months. In those patients who were initially constipated a statistically significant increase in mean stool weight and a decrease in mean transit time occurred, but this was not associated with any alteration in either percentage motility or electrical activity. In patients with predominant diarrhoea no statistically significant difference occurred in either transit time or stool weight after treatment nor did the abnormal myoelectrical activity return towards normal with symptomatic improvement. These results suggest that a fixed basic myoelectrical abnormality exists which is unrelated to symptoms. This may help to explain the chronic relapsing nature of the irritable colon syndrome.", "PMID": 710962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4589", "title": "Serum factor affecting neutrophil function during acute viral hepatitis.", "content": "Sera from eight of 17 patients with acute viral hepatitis was deficient in its ability to support neutrophil bactericidal function in vitro. This defect appeared to be related to the viral infection itself. Sera from patients with drug hepatitis or mechanical obstructive jaundice did not show this effect.", "contents": "Serum factor affecting neutrophil function during acute viral hepatitis. Sera from eight of 17 patients with acute viral hepatitis was deficient in its ability to support neutrophil bactericidal function in vitro. This defect appeared to be related to the viral infection itself. Sera from patients with drug hepatitis or mechanical obstructive jaundice did not show this effect.", "PMID": 710963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4590", "title": "Portal and systemic bacteraemia and endotoxaemia in liver disease.", "content": "Using a percutaneous transhepatic technique, blood was obtained from the portal veins of 30 patients with various hepatic disorders and examined for the presence of bacteria and endotoxin. Simultaneous samples also were drawn from hepatic and peripheral veins. In three cases, portal vein cultures grew diphtheroids, which were of doubtful significance, while all hepatic and peripheral cultures were sterile. Endotoxin was detected in seven portal vein samples; in none of these patients were the hepatic or peripheral blood samples positive. In three cases, only peripheral blood samples were positive for endotoxin. It was concluded that portal bacteraemia occurs as infrequently in patients with liver disease as in those without. Portal endotoxaemia was detected in patients with all degrees of liver disease but, even in patients with moderately severe portal hypertension, the liver may remain an effective filter of endotoxin.", "contents": "Portal and systemic bacteraemia and endotoxaemia in liver disease. Using a percutaneous transhepatic technique, blood was obtained from the portal veins of 30 patients with various hepatic disorders and examined for the presence of bacteria and endotoxin. Simultaneous samples also were drawn from hepatic and peripheral veins. In three cases, portal vein cultures grew diphtheroids, which were of doubtful significance, while all hepatic and peripheral cultures were sterile. Endotoxin was detected in seven portal vein samples; in none of these patients were the hepatic or peripheral blood samples positive. In three cases, only peripheral blood samples were positive for endotoxin. It was concluded that portal bacteraemia occurs as infrequently in patients with liver disease as in those without. Portal endotoxaemia was detected in patients with all degrees of liver disease but, even in patients with moderately severe portal hypertension, the liver may remain an effective filter of endotoxin.", "PMID": 710964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4591", "title": "Gastric emptying after treatment of stenosis secondary to duodenal ulceration by proximal gastric vagotomy and duodenoplasty or pyloric dilatation.", "content": "A consecutive series of 12 patients with stenosis secondary to duodenal ulceration were treated by proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV) and duodenoplasty or PGV and dilatation of the stenosis. Three months after operation the rate and pattern of gastric emptying of a solid meal was measured in each patient and compared with 18 patients with uncomplicated duodenal ulcer treated by PGV alone. Two patients developed gastric stasis in the early postoperative period which resolved with medical treatment. All patients were asymptomatic and were eating normally three months after operation. There was no significant difference in the rate of gastric emptying postoperatively between the patients who had stenosis and those who had uncomplicated duodenal ulcers. These results indicate that despite early postoperative difficulties in some patients pyloric dilatation or duodenoplasty with PGV are both effective treatments for stenosis due to duodenal ulceration.", "contents": "Gastric emptying after treatment of stenosis secondary to duodenal ulceration by proximal gastric vagotomy and duodenoplasty or pyloric dilatation. A consecutive series of 12 patients with stenosis secondary to duodenal ulceration were treated by proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV) and duodenoplasty or PGV and dilatation of the stenosis. Three months after operation the rate and pattern of gastric emptying of a solid meal was measured in each patient and compared with 18 patients with uncomplicated duodenal ulcer treated by PGV alone. Two patients developed gastric stasis in the early postoperative period which resolved with medical treatment. All patients were asymptomatic and were eating normally three months after operation. There was no significant difference in the rate of gastric emptying postoperatively between the patients who had stenosis and those who had uncomplicated duodenal ulcers. These results indicate that despite early postoperative difficulties in some patients pyloric dilatation or duodenoplasty with PGV are both effective treatments for stenosis due to duodenal ulceration.", "PMID": 710966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4592", "title": "Treatment of encephalopathy during fulminant hepatic failure by haemodialysis with high permeability membrane.", "content": "Forty-one patients with fulminant hepatic failure and coma underwent 180 periods of haemodialysis with polyacrylonitrile membrane (AN 69 HD). Hepatic failure was due to viral hepatitis in 40 and drugs in one. Total recovery of consciousness occurred in 17 patients (43.6%), and partial in seven (17.9%)--that is, an overall figure of 61.5%. Regain of consciousness was not related to liver regeneration as assessed by levels of factor V and hepatocyte volume fraction. At the time of the first haemodialysis, neurological status was significantly impaired in the patients who could not be aroused. Mean duration of coma grade IV averaged 6.1 +/- 4.3 days and mean duration of illness until death or decerebration 8.6 +/- 8.3 days. Of the 17 patients who totally regained consciousness, nine recovered and eight died (three from intercurrent complications and five with no liver regeneration).", "contents": "Treatment of encephalopathy during fulminant hepatic failure by haemodialysis with high permeability membrane. Forty-one patients with fulminant hepatic failure and coma underwent 180 periods of haemodialysis with polyacrylonitrile membrane (AN 69 HD). Hepatic failure was due to viral hepatitis in 40 and drugs in one. Total recovery of consciousness occurred in 17 patients (43.6%), and partial in seven (17.9%)--that is, an overall figure of 61.5%. Regain of consciousness was not related to liver regeneration as assessed by levels of factor V and hepatocyte volume fraction. At the time of the first haemodialysis, neurological status was significantly impaired in the patients who could not be aroused. Mean duration of coma grade IV averaged 6.1 +/- 4.3 days and mean duration of illness until death or decerebration 8.6 +/- 8.3 days. Of the 17 patients who totally regained consciousness, nine recovered and eight died (three from intercurrent complications and five with no liver regeneration).", "PMID": 710967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4593", "title": "Increased serum immunoreactive gastrin levels in idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.", "content": "The serum immunoreactive gastrin (IRG) level in infants with confirmed idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) has been determined and compared to that found in vomiting infants without IHPS, in normal infants, and in normal adults. The mean serum IRG level of normal infants (103 +/- 9 pg/ml (mean +/- SEM) exceeded that of normal adults (28 +/- 5 pg/ml). The preoperative mean serum IRG level in IHPS infants (256 +/- 26 pg/ml) was significantly higher than that of both normal infants and vomiting infants without IHPS (93 +/- 9 pg/ml). Twenty-five per cent (5/20) of the IHPS infants had serum IRG levels within the upper range of normal infants. Fasting serum IRG levels in IHPS infants were not altered immediately by pyloromyotomy. The results from this study suggest a relationship between gastrin and idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.", "contents": "Increased serum immunoreactive gastrin levels in idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. The serum immunoreactive gastrin (IRG) level in infants with confirmed idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) has been determined and compared to that found in vomiting infants without IHPS, in normal infants, and in normal adults. The mean serum IRG level of normal infants (103 +/- 9 pg/ml (mean +/- SEM) exceeded that of normal adults (28 +/- 5 pg/ml). The preoperative mean serum IRG level in IHPS infants (256 +/- 26 pg/ml) was significantly higher than that of both normal infants and vomiting infants without IHPS (93 +/- 9 pg/ml). Twenty-five per cent (5/20) of the IHPS infants had serum IRG levels within the upper range of normal infants. Fasting serum IRG levels in IHPS infants were not altered immediately by pyloromyotomy. The results from this study suggest a relationship between gastrin and idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.", "PMID": 710968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4594", "title": "Parietal cell hyperplasia induced by long-term administration of antacids to rats.", "content": "Suspension of magnesium and aluminum hydroxide (30--60 mEq/24h) or a comparable volme of water was orally administered by gastric intubation to two groups of 20 male Wistar rats each over 60 days. The antacid treatment led to a significant increase in the height (0.464 +/- 0.02 mm v. 0.318 +/- 0.06) and in the volume (472 +/- 32 mm3v.328 +/- 45) of the fundic mucosa of the stomach, in the average count of parietal cells per unit area of the mucosa (32.37 +/- 1.8 v. 22.3 +/- 1.6), and in the total parietal cell population of the stomach (53.6 +/- 3.5 x 10(6) v. 43.2 +/- 3.7 x 10(6)). Furthermore fasting serum gastrin concentration was significantly higher in the antacid treated rats (81.2 +/- 7.4 pg/ml) than in control animals (56.9 +/- 6.9 pg/ml).", "contents": "Parietal cell hyperplasia induced by long-term administration of antacids to rats. Suspension of magnesium and aluminum hydroxide (30--60 mEq/24h) or a comparable volme of water was orally administered by gastric intubation to two groups of 20 male Wistar rats each over 60 days. The antacid treatment led to a significant increase in the height (0.464 +/- 0.02 mm v. 0.318 +/- 0.06) and in the volume (472 +/- 32 mm3v.328 +/- 45) of the fundic mucosa of the stomach, in the average count of parietal cells per unit area of the mucosa (32.37 +/- 1.8 v. 22.3 +/- 1.6), and in the total parietal cell population of the stomach (53.6 +/- 3.5 x 10(6) v. 43.2 +/- 3.7 x 10(6)). Furthermore fasting serum gastrin concentration was significantly higher in the antacid treated rats (81.2 +/- 7.4 pg/ml) than in control animals (56.9 +/- 6.9 pg/ml).", "PMID": 710969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4595", "title": "Drug metabolism in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis in the Sudan: a study with antipyrine.", "content": "The disposition of antipyrine following oral administration of 1200 mg has been investigated in 10 patients with histologically confirmed hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and 11 normal subjects living in Sudan. Drug metabolising activity as assessed by antipyrine clearance was similar in patients when compared with normal controls. We conclude that antipyrine disposition is normal in patients with clinically compensated hepatosplenic schistosomiasis.", "contents": "Drug metabolism in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis in the Sudan: a study with antipyrine. The disposition of antipyrine following oral administration of 1200 mg has been investigated in 10 patients with histologically confirmed hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and 11 normal subjects living in Sudan. Drug metabolising activity as assessed by antipyrine clearance was similar in patients when compared with normal controls. We conclude that antipyrine disposition is normal in patients with clinically compensated hepatosplenic schistosomiasis.", "PMID": 710970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4596", "title": "Suppression of rejection of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in iron and protein deficient rats: effect of syngeneic lymphocyte transfer.", "content": "Rejection of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis is impaired in iron and protein deficient rats and this suggests that iron and protein deficiency directly or indirectly suppresses the immune response. The site of the immunological defect in deficient rats was investigated using the technique of cellular transfer of resistance. The functional activity of immune mesenteric lymph node cells obtained from iron and protein deficient donors was not depressed as measured by their capacity to cause parasite rejection in nutritionally sufficient recipients. In contrast, immune lymph node cells obtained from either sufficient or deficient donors did not result in parasite rejection in iron and protein deficient recipients. These results indicate that there is no permanent defect of lymphocyte function in iron and protein deficient rats and suggest that either some other component of the rejection mechanism is defective, or that lymphocyte function is blocked in an iron and protein deficient environment.", "contents": "Suppression of rejection of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in iron and protein deficient rats: effect of syngeneic lymphocyte transfer. Rejection of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis is impaired in iron and protein deficient rats and this suggests that iron and protein deficiency directly or indirectly suppresses the immune response. The site of the immunological defect in deficient rats was investigated using the technique of cellular transfer of resistance. The functional activity of immune mesenteric lymph node cells obtained from iron and protein deficient donors was not depressed as measured by their capacity to cause parasite rejection in nutritionally sufficient recipients. In contrast, immune lymph node cells obtained from either sufficient or deficient donors did not result in parasite rejection in iron and protein deficient recipients. These results indicate that there is no permanent defect of lymphocyte function in iron and protein deficient rats and suggest that either some other component of the rejection mechanism is defective, or that lymphocyte function is blocked in an iron and protein deficient environment.", "PMID": 710971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4597", "title": "Relationship of the constituents of bile to biliary peritonitis in the rat.", "content": "The local action of bile salts has been associated with a wide variety of gastrointestinal diseases. This paper describes an animal model to determine which of the major solid components of bile are responsible for peritoneal destruction in biliary peritonitis. In the rat, bile salts within the peritoneal cavity cause peritonitis but cholesterol and lecithin are without deleterious effect.", "contents": "Relationship of the constituents of bile to biliary peritonitis in the rat. The local action of bile salts has been associated with a wide variety of gastrointestinal diseases. This paper describes an animal model to determine which of the major solid components of bile are responsible for peritoneal destruction in biliary peritonitis. In the rat, bile salts within the peritoneal cavity cause peritonitis but cholesterol and lecithin are without deleterious effect.", "PMID": 710972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4598", "title": "Membrane lipid composition of red blood cells in liver disease: regression of spur cell anaemia after infusion of polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine.", "content": "The morphology of red blood cells was studied in 30 patients with severe liver cirrhosis, in 10 patients with extrahepatic jaundice, and in 10 control subjects. In all the patients with extrahepatic jaundice more than 30% of red blood cells were target cells with increased resistance to osmotic lysis. In 12 patients with liver cirrhosis more than 30% of red blood cells were spur cells. The cholesterol: phospholipids (C/PL) molar ratio was 0.89 in target cells, 1.33 in spur cells, and 0.74 in normal red blood cells. The red blood cell membrane cholesterol and phospholipids exchanged with plasma lipoproteins, the lipid composition of which was studied in eight patients with spur cells; the free cholesterol: phospholipid (FC/PL) molar ratio was 0.33 (0.16 in the controls) in high density lipoproteins (HDL) and 1.40 (0.82 in the controls) in low density lipoproteins (LDL); in these patients the polyunsaturated fatty acid content was low in both phospholipids and cholesterol esters of lipoproteins. The irregular folds of the spur cells regressed when polyunsaturated lecithin was infused (2 g daily for five days) in eight patients with spur cell anaemia; the infusions decreased both C/PL ratio in RC to 0.88 and the concentration of unconjugated bilirubin (104.3 to 82.0 mumol/l (6.1 to 4.8 mg%)), whereas the activity of the plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) increased from 31.2 to 54.4 mumol/l/h. Polyunsaturated fatty acid content of RC lecithin increased after the infusion as it did in HDL, the FC/PL ratio of which decreased to 0.23.", "contents": "Membrane lipid composition of red blood cells in liver disease: regression of spur cell anaemia after infusion of polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine. The morphology of red blood cells was studied in 30 patients with severe liver cirrhosis, in 10 patients with extrahepatic jaundice, and in 10 control subjects. In all the patients with extrahepatic jaundice more than 30% of red blood cells were target cells with increased resistance to osmotic lysis. In 12 patients with liver cirrhosis more than 30% of red blood cells were spur cells. The cholesterol: phospholipids (C/PL) molar ratio was 0.89 in target cells, 1.33 in spur cells, and 0.74 in normal red blood cells. The red blood cell membrane cholesterol and phospholipids exchanged with plasma lipoproteins, the lipid composition of which was studied in eight patients with spur cells; the free cholesterol: phospholipid (FC/PL) molar ratio was 0.33 (0.16 in the controls) in high density lipoproteins (HDL) and 1.40 (0.82 in the controls) in low density lipoproteins (LDL); in these patients the polyunsaturated fatty acid content was low in both phospholipids and cholesterol esters of lipoproteins. The irregular folds of the spur cells regressed when polyunsaturated lecithin was infused (2 g daily for five days) in eight patients with spur cell anaemia; the infusions decreased both C/PL ratio in RC to 0.88 and the concentration of unconjugated bilirubin (104.3 to 82.0 mumol/l (6.1 to 4.8 mg%)), whereas the activity of the plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) increased from 31.2 to 54.4 mumol/l/h. Polyunsaturated fatty acid content of RC lecithin increased after the infusion as it did in HDL, the FC/PL ratio of which decreased to 0.23.", "PMID": 710973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4599", "title": "Ultrastructural study of gonads in the complete and incomplete feminization syndrome.", "content": "The gonads of two individuals with complete and one with incomplete testicular feminization were examined by light and electron microscopy. In the seminiferous tubules of the complete forms, clear, intermediate, and dark-type Sertoli cells could be distinguished. These are immature elements which had assumed, under the influence of hormones, different morphology. Leydig cells were also immature, at varying stages of differentiation. In the complete form Sertoli and Leydig cells had an almost normal fine structure; the lamina basalis of the tubules, however, was considerably thickened.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of gonads in the complete and incomplete feminization syndrome. The gonads of two individuals with complete and one with incomplete testicular feminization were examined by light and electron microscopy. In the seminiferous tubules of the complete forms, clear, intermediate, and dark-type Sertoli cells could be distinguished. These are immature elements which had assumed, under the influence of hormones, different morphology. Leydig cells were also immature, at varying stages of differentiation. In the complete form Sertoli and Leydig cells had an almost normal fine structure; the lamina basalis of the tubules, however, was considerably thickened.", "PMID": 710974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4600", "title": "Energy metabolism in the exteriorized fetus.", "content": "Umbilical blood flow rate (UBF) was measured in 9 exteriorized fetal lambs by weight changes of the fetus during total umbilical vein occlusion. Concentrations of oxygen, lactate and pyruvate in umbilical arterial (UA) and umbilical venous (UV) blood were determined. Rate of fetal oxygen consumption (.QO2) was 5.2 +/- (SEM) 0.48 ml. kg(-1) . min (-1), and was correlated with UBF (r = 0.793), but not with the content of O2 in UA or UV. The UV-UA differences in lactate/pyruvate ratios indicated varying degrees of anaerobic metabolism in those fetuses with highest UBF and .QO2, but not in poorly perfused fetuses with low .QO2. Fetal exteriorization can result in inadequate perfusion of fetal tissue, lowering of fetal oxygen consumption and some anaerobic metabolism.", "contents": "Energy metabolism in the exteriorized fetus. Umbilical blood flow rate (UBF) was measured in 9 exteriorized fetal lambs by weight changes of the fetus during total umbilical vein occlusion. Concentrations of oxygen, lactate and pyruvate in umbilical arterial (UA) and umbilical venous (UV) blood were determined. Rate of fetal oxygen consumption (.QO2) was 5.2 +/- (SEM) 0.48 ml. kg(-1) . min (-1), and was correlated with UBF (r = 0.793), but not with the content of O2 in UA or UV. The UV-UA differences in lactate/pyruvate ratios indicated varying degrees of anaerobic metabolism in those fetuses with highest UBF and .QO2, but not in poorly perfused fetuses with low .QO2. Fetal exteriorization can result in inadequate perfusion of fetal tissue, lowering of fetal oxygen consumption and some anaerobic metabolism.", "PMID": 710975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4601", "title": "Fine structure of the human placenta in prolonged pregnancy. Preliminary report.", "content": "Placentas from 15 prolonged (is greater than 42 weeks), but otherwise normal pregnancies, and 8 normal-term placentas were studied. Placental villi from term placentas revealed intact syncytial and cytotrophoblast elements. All term placentas presented a minimal to mild degree of villous necrosis and deposition of fibrinoid material. Placental villi from cases of prolonged pregnancy presented a moderate to severe degree of necrosis in 11 of 15 placentas and a minimal to mild degree in 4 of 15 placentas. A moderate to severe degree of fibrinoid deposition was noted in 7 of 15 placentas, whilst 8 of 15 revealed a minimal to mild degree of deposition. The presence or absence of meconium was noted in the prolonged-pregnancy group and correlated with the above morphological features. Statistically, a correlation was found between prolonged pregnancy and necrosis (p is less than 0.001), prolonged pregnancy and fibrinoid deposition (p is less than 0.03) and between necrosis and deposition of fibrinoid (p is less than 0.05). There was no correlation between the incidence of meconium staining and the above parameters.", "contents": "Fine structure of the human placenta in prolonged pregnancy. Preliminary report. Placentas from 15 prolonged (is greater than 42 weeks), but otherwise normal pregnancies, and 8 normal-term placentas were studied. Placental villi from term placentas revealed intact syncytial and cytotrophoblast elements. All term placentas presented a minimal to mild degree of villous necrosis and deposition of fibrinoid material. Placental villi from cases of prolonged pregnancy presented a moderate to severe degree of necrosis in 11 of 15 placentas and a minimal to mild degree in 4 of 15 placentas. A moderate to severe degree of fibrinoid deposition was noted in 7 of 15 placentas, whilst 8 of 15 revealed a minimal to mild degree of deposition. The presence or absence of meconium was noted in the prolonged-pregnancy group and correlated with the above morphological features. Statistically, a correlation was found between prolonged pregnancy and necrosis (p is less than 0.001), prolonged pregnancy and fibrinoid deposition (p is less than 0.03) and between necrosis and deposition of fibrinoid (p is less than 0.05). There was no correlation between the incidence of meconium staining and the above parameters.", "PMID": 710976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4602", "title": "Estriol antagonism of the action of bradykinin and adrenalin on human umbilical artery.", "content": "The effect of estriol on the response of human umbilical artery to bradykinin (0.2 microgram/ml) and adrenalin (0.8 microgram/ml) was studied by an in vitro perfusion method. Estriol (10 microgram/ml) added to the nutrient medium decreased the response of the preparation to the two vasoactive agents. The results suggest the participation of estriol as a modulator of the vascular response at the level of the umbilical circulation, where it may act to protect the maternal-fetal circulatory system from physical or chemical stimuli.", "contents": "Estriol antagonism of the action of bradykinin and adrenalin on human umbilical artery. The effect of estriol on the response of human umbilical artery to bradykinin (0.2 microgram/ml) and adrenalin (0.8 microgram/ml) was studied by an in vitro perfusion method. Estriol (10 microgram/ml) added to the nutrient medium decreased the response of the preparation to the two vasoactive agents. The results suggest the participation of estriol as a modulator of the vascular response at the level of the umbilical circulation, where it may act to protect the maternal-fetal circulatory system from physical or chemical stimuli.", "PMID": 710977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4603", "title": "Dupuytren's disease--the influence of occupation and previous hand injuries.", "content": "The influence of handedness, work and previous hand trauma is studied in 901 persons with Dupuytren's disease, collected in an epidemiological study of 15,950 citizens in a small, Norwegian town. Dupuytren's disease occurred in all occupational groups, but the prevalence was higher and the contracture more severe in people doing hard manual work than in people doing light or non manual work. Persons with Dupuytren's disease has sustained previous hand trauma more frequently than the general population, and the interval between trauma and first sign of disease was usually a few years. Previous hand injuries were definitely more common among people doing hard manual work, but even when these were excluded from the work material, Dupuytren's disease was still more common among people doing hard manual work, than in people doing light or non manual work. The study has indicated that Dupuytren's disease in certain cases is precipitated and/or aggravated by both work and definite hand injury.", "contents": "Dupuytren's disease--the influence of occupation and previous hand injuries. The influence of handedness, work and previous hand trauma is studied in 901 persons with Dupuytren's disease, collected in an epidemiological study of 15,950 citizens in a small, Norwegian town. Dupuytren's disease occurred in all occupational groups, but the prevalence was higher and the contracture more severe in people doing hard manual work than in people doing light or non manual work. Persons with Dupuytren's disease has sustained previous hand trauma more frequently than the general population, and the interval between trauma and first sign of disease was usually a few years. Previous hand injuries were definitely more common among people doing hard manual work, but even when these were excluded from the work material, Dupuytren's disease was still more common among people doing hard manual work, than in people doing light or non manual work. The study has indicated that Dupuytren's disease in certain cases is precipitated and/or aggravated by both work and definite hand injury.", "PMID": 710978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4604", "title": "The treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the hand.", "content": "This paper is a review of a series of forty-four patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the hand. The various forms of treatment carried out are outlined and the results reported.", "contents": "The treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the hand. This paper is a review of a series of forty-four patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the hand. The various forms of treatment carried out are outlined and the results reported.", "PMID": 710979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4605", "title": "Reconstruction of the digital tendon-sheath in \"no-man's\" land with autologous transplanted vein-graft.", "content": "A two-stage procedure is described for severely damaged flexor tendons in \"no man's land\". In the first stage the damaged tendons and scarred tendon sheath are excised and a segment of the saphenous vein, cannulated by a silicone rubber rod is transplanted into the tendon bed. In the second stage the silicone-rod is replaced by a free transplanted tendon. The endothelial lining of the vein is a guarantee of a good gliding surface and an obstacle to adhesion formation, and so it ensures good function. A review of the method and a survey of thirty-nine cases are presented.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the digital tendon-sheath in \"no-man's\" land with autologous transplanted vein-graft. A two-stage procedure is described for severely damaged flexor tendons in \"no man's land\". In the first stage the damaged tendons and scarred tendon sheath are excised and a segment of the saphenous vein, cannulated by a silicone rubber rod is transplanted into the tendon bed. In the second stage the silicone-rod is replaced by a free transplanted tendon. The endothelial lining of the vein is a guarantee of a good gliding surface and an obstacle to adhesion formation, and so it ensures good function. A review of the method and a survey of thirty-nine cases are presented.", "PMID": 710980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4606", "title": "The length of flexor tendon grafts.", "content": "The distance between the origin of the lumbrical muscle and the insertion of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon was measured at surgery in forty-eight patients. It was found that this distance was predictable and could be estimated without measurement prior to operation. A standard technique of flexor tendon grafting is described where this distance equals the length of the tendon graft.", "contents": "The length of flexor tendon grafts. The distance between the origin of the lumbrical muscle and the insertion of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon was measured at surgery in forty-eight patients. It was found that this distance was predictable and could be estimated without measurement prior to operation. A standard technique of flexor tendon grafting is described where this distance equals the length of the tendon graft.", "PMID": 710981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4607", "title": "Avulsion of the ring finger flexor digitorum profundus tendon: an experimental study.", "content": "The results of an experimental study of the breaking strength of the tendon-bone junction of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon in cadaver specimens indicates a significantly weaker insertion of the ring finger compared to the middle finger. This explains in part the more frequent occurrence of avulsion of the ring finger profundus tendon as observed clinically.", "contents": "Avulsion of the ring finger flexor digitorum profundus tendon: an experimental study. The results of an experimental study of the breaking strength of the tendon-bone junction of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon in cadaver specimens indicates a significantly weaker insertion of the ring finger compared to the middle finger. This explains in part the more frequent occurrence of avulsion of the ring finger profundus tendon as observed clinically.", "PMID": 710982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4608", "title": "Upper-limb-cardiovascular syndrome. Two cases of Holt-Oram syndrome.", "content": "Two cases of Holt-Oram syndrome with an atrial septal defect and thumb deformities are reported. The embryological basis for the association between skeletal malformations particularly of the hand, and congenital heart disease, is discussed.", "contents": "Upper-limb-cardiovascular syndrome. Two cases of Holt-Oram syndrome. Two cases of Holt-Oram syndrome with an atrial septal defect and thumb deformities are reported. The embryological basis for the association between skeletal malformations particularly of the hand, and congenital heart disease, is discussed.", "PMID": 710983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4609", "title": "Long-term results of ulnar to median nerve pedicle grafts.", "content": "Nerve pedicle grafts in the upper limb were performed on nine patients with Volkmann's Ischaemia. Long-term follow-up of three cases has shown that the results of this operation are successful. Sensory and motor recovery of the median nerve occurs and consequently useful hand function is regained. Since Volkmann's Ischaemic contracture is not rare in developing countries, this operation should be the treatment of choice when the median and ulnar nerves have been damaged beyond hope of recovery.", "contents": "Long-term results of ulnar to median nerve pedicle grafts. Nerve pedicle grafts in the upper limb were performed on nine patients with Volkmann's Ischaemia. Long-term follow-up of three cases has shown that the results of this operation are successful. Sensory and motor recovery of the median nerve occurs and consequently useful hand function is regained. Since Volkmann's Ischaemic contracture is not rare in developing countries, this operation should be the treatment of choice when the median and ulnar nerves have been damaged beyond hope of recovery.", "PMID": 710984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4610", "title": "Carpal tunnel syndrome due to thrombosed persisting median artery. A case report.", "content": "Surgical intervention for carpal tunnel syndrome in a seventy year old woman revealed thrombosis of a double persisting median artery. The persisting median artery is a rare anomaly and its association with a thrombotic process to cause carpal tunnel syndrome is even rarer. Carpal tunnel syndrome is a widely-known phenomenon about which much has been written in the medical literature. A persisting median artery accompanying the nerve into the carpal tunnel is uncommon, occurring in only about 10% of such cases (Pecket, 1973) and thrombosis of such an artery as a cause for carpal tunnel syndrome is very rare (Burnham, 1963; DeAbreu & Godoy Moreira, 1958). We describe a case in which thrombosis is a double persisting median artery was discovered to be the cause of carpal tunnel syndrome at operation.", "contents": "Carpal tunnel syndrome due to thrombosed persisting median artery. A case report. Surgical intervention for carpal tunnel syndrome in a seventy year old woman revealed thrombosis of a double persisting median artery. The persisting median artery is a rare anomaly and its association with a thrombotic process to cause carpal tunnel syndrome is even rarer. Carpal tunnel syndrome is a widely-known phenomenon about which much has been written in the medical literature. A persisting median artery accompanying the nerve into the carpal tunnel is uncommon, occurring in only about 10% of such cases (Pecket, 1973) and thrombosis of such an artery as a cause for carpal tunnel syndrome is very rare (Burnham, 1963; DeAbreu & Godoy Moreira, 1958). We describe a case in which thrombosis is a double persisting median artery was discovered to be the cause of carpal tunnel syndrome at operation.", "PMID": 710985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4611", "title": "Saint Anthony's fire or carpal tunnel syndrome? (a case of iatrogenic ergotism).", "content": "A case of unilateral upper limb ischaemia from ergot overdosage is presented. An unusual feature was a median nerve neuropathy suggestive of carpal tunnel syndrome. The arteriographic appearances are demonstrated and management discussed.", "contents": "Saint Anthony's fire or carpal tunnel syndrome? (a case of iatrogenic ergotism). A case of unilateral upper limb ischaemia from ergot overdosage is presented. An unusual feature was a median nerve neuropathy suggestive of carpal tunnel syndrome. The arteriographic appearances are demonstrated and management discussed.", "PMID": 710987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4612", "title": "Racquet player's pisiform.", "content": "Four patients whose sport involved wielding a racquet presented with symptoms at the base of the hypothenar eminence which were due to minor degrees of subluxation of the pisiform. In two there was in addition a chondromalacia of the articular cartilage of the joint.", "contents": "Racquet player's pisiform. Four patients whose sport involved wielding a racquet presented with symptoms at the base of the hypothenar eminence which were due to minor degrees of subluxation of the pisiform. In two there was in addition a chondromalacia of the articular cartilage of the joint.", "PMID": 710988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4613", "title": "Three-dimensional architecture of blood vessels of tendons demonstrated by corrosion casts.", "content": "Three-dimensional observation of the microcirculation of the tendon was readily and clearly demonstrated by preparing methyl methacrylate casts and observing them under the scanning electron microscope. In the muscles blood vessels made a network like a ladder surrounding every muscle fibre. The fibrous digital sheath had blood vessels made in a fine meshed cylinder. By microdissection of the vessels of the sheath the blood vessels of the vinculae and tendons were observed stereoscopically in relation to the peritendinous tissues. The casting method contributes to better understanding of vascular architecture of tendons.", "contents": "Three-dimensional architecture of blood vessels of tendons demonstrated by corrosion casts. Three-dimensional observation of the microcirculation of the tendon was readily and clearly demonstrated by preparing methyl methacrylate casts and observing them under the scanning electron microscope. In the muscles blood vessels made a network like a ladder surrounding every muscle fibre. The fibrous digital sheath had blood vessels made in a fine meshed cylinder. By microdissection of the vessels of the sheath the blood vessels of the vinculae and tendons were observed stereoscopically in relation to the peritendinous tissues. The casting method contributes to better understanding of vascular architecture of tendons.", "PMID": 710989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4614", "title": "The conservative treatment of the Swan-Neck deformity in the rheumatoid hand.", "content": "A technique is described to correct rheumatoid Swan-Neck deformity in those patients where there is limited proximal interphalangeal joint flexion in all positions. It involves the manipulation of these joints and their temporary immobilisation with Kirschner wires followed by mobilisation using an elastic band method.", "contents": "The conservative treatment of the Swan-Neck deformity in the rheumatoid hand. A technique is described to correct rheumatoid Swan-Neck deformity in those patients where there is limited proximal interphalangeal joint flexion in all positions. It involves the manipulation of these joints and their temporary immobilisation with Kirschner wires followed by mobilisation using an elastic band method.", "PMID": 710990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4615", "title": "The use of the Flatt hinge prosthesis in the rheumatoid thumb.", "content": "Nine patients with marked destruction in both the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints of the thumb, were treated with fusion of the interphalangeal joint and insertion of the Flatt hinged metal prosthesis into the metacarpophalangeal joint. Of the nine thumbs treated in this manner, eight had good to excellent results. One prosthesis was removed after it became infected, leaving both joints fused.", "contents": "The use of the Flatt hinge prosthesis in the rheumatoid thumb. Nine patients with marked destruction in both the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints of the thumb, were treated with fusion of the interphalangeal joint and insertion of the Flatt hinged metal prosthesis into the metacarpophalangeal joint. Of the nine thumbs treated in this manner, eight had good to excellent results. One prosthesis was removed after it became infected, leaving both joints fused.", "PMID": 710991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4616", "title": "Microvascular great toe transfer for congenital absence of the thumb.", "content": "Two cases of microvascular great toe transfer for congenital absence of the thumb in children are reported. A rationale and operative details are discussed. A long term follow up is needed, but at this stage the results are most encouraging. There has been no interference with gait.", "contents": "Microvascular great toe transfer for congenital absence of the thumb. Two cases of microvascular great toe transfer for congenital absence of the thumb in children are reported. A rationale and operative details are discussed. A long term follow up is needed, but at this stage the results are most encouraging. There has been no interference with gait.", "PMID": 710992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4617", "title": "A comparison of three techniques of micro nerve repairs in dogs.", "content": "An assessment of the results of three techniques of nerve repair. Epineurial repair, Funicular repair with resection of epineurium and Combined Funicular and Epineurial repair. The results were essentially similar.", "contents": "A comparison of three techniques of micro nerve repairs in dogs. An assessment of the results of three techniques of nerve repair. Epineurial repair, Funicular repair with resection of epineurium and Combined Funicular and Epineurial repair. The results were essentially similar.", "PMID": 710994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4618", "title": "The determinants of flexor tendon fibrosis following trauma: an experimental study in rabbits.", "content": "Twenty-six rabbits were subjected to various types of forepaw flexor tendon laceration. After two weeks the tendons were examined. Fibrosis was densest around the proximal stump of the divided profundus tendon. Double partial transverse nicks, designed to induce local ischaemia, caused no more fibrosis than a single longitudinal slit of the same length. Rendering the proximal stump ischaemic with a snare caused no increase in fibrosis. It was concluded that movement and tissue trauma are more important than ischaemia in determining the degree of fibrosis around the injured flexor tendon in the rabbit forepaw.", "contents": "The determinants of flexor tendon fibrosis following trauma: an experimental study in rabbits. Twenty-six rabbits were subjected to various types of forepaw flexor tendon laceration. After two weeks the tendons were examined. Fibrosis was densest around the proximal stump of the divided profundus tendon. Double partial transverse nicks, designed to induce local ischaemia, caused no more fibrosis than a single longitudinal slit of the same length. Rendering the proximal stump ischaemic with a snare caused no increase in fibrosis. It was concluded that movement and tissue trauma are more important than ischaemia in determining the degree of fibrosis around the injured flexor tendon in the rabbit forepaw.", "PMID": 710995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4619", "title": "Primary repair of flexor tendons within the digital theca of the hand.", "content": "The results of primary repair of the flexor tendons within the digital theca of the hand in twenty-three fingers have been very encouraging. Eighty-seven percent of the fingers had excellent to good results. Primary tenorrhapy by the technique described in selected cases offers the patient a shorter period of disablement with functional results as good or even better than those after a free tendon graft.", "contents": "Primary repair of flexor tendons within the digital theca of the hand. The results of primary repair of the flexor tendons within the digital theca of the hand in twenty-three fingers have been very encouraging. Eighty-seven percent of the fingers had excellent to good results. Primary tenorrhapy by the technique described in selected cases offers the patient a shorter period of disablement with functional results as good or even better than those after a free tendon graft.", "PMID": 710996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4620", "title": "Restoration of opposition of the thumb.", "content": "During the period 1966--75 operation to restore thumb opposition was performed in thirty four patients. Out of twenty seven patients who could be traced, twenty one had obtained a satisfactory result, five had considerably improved, while one had to be classified as a failure. Complications from the operation and the motor tendon are discussed. Among 147 cases with injury to the median nerve treated during the same period, operation to obtain opposition was indicated in 14%.", "contents": "Restoration of opposition of the thumb. During the period 1966--75 operation to restore thumb opposition was performed in thirty four patients. Out of twenty seven patients who could be traced, twenty one had obtained a satisfactory result, five had considerably improved, while one had to be classified as a failure. Complications from the operation and the motor tendon are discussed. Among 147 cases with injury to the median nerve treated during the same period, operation to obtain opposition was indicated in 14%.", "PMID": 710997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4621", "title": "Compression of the deep palmar branch of the ulnar nerve by the arch of the adductor pollicis.", "content": "A case of palsy of the distal part of the deep palmar branch of the ulnar nerve is described. The possibility of an entrapment by the arch of the adductor pollicis is discussed. Anatomical features of this arch are reported.", "contents": "Compression of the deep palmar branch of the ulnar nerve by the arch of the adductor pollicis. A case of palsy of the distal part of the deep palmar branch of the ulnar nerve is described. The possibility of an entrapment by the arch of the adductor pollicis is discussed. Anatomical features of this arch are reported.", "PMID": 710999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4622", "title": "Fracture of the hook of the hamate presenting as carpal tunnel syndrome.", "content": "This case report of a fracture of the hook of the hamate presenting as carpal tunnel syndrome emphasizes the importance of a careful physical examination, the necessity for a carpal tunnel roentgenogram and a high degree of suspicion by the surgeon in patients with symptoms of median nerve compression following trauma to the wrist.", "contents": "Fracture of the hook of the hamate presenting as carpal tunnel syndrome. This case report of a fracture of the hook of the hamate presenting as carpal tunnel syndrome emphasizes the importance of a careful physical examination, the necessity for a carpal tunnel roentgenogram and a high degree of suspicion by the surgeon in patients with symptoms of median nerve compression following trauma to the wrist.", "PMID": 711000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4623", "title": "Bone density and the carpal tunnel syndrome.", "content": "Bone density was studied in ten patients before and after release of an idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome. A corticomedullary ratio was measured at the mid-point of the metacarpals and proximal phalanges of both hands. There was a significant increase in the mean bone density over the period of observation in the thumb and middle finger metacarpals and in the index, middle, and ring finger proximal phalanges of the operated hand. There was no significant increase in the density of either metacarpal or proximal phalanx on the non-operated side. Release of the carpal tunnel syndrome provides not only symptomatic relief but also leads to increased bone density.", "contents": "Bone density and the carpal tunnel syndrome. Bone density was studied in ten patients before and after release of an idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome. A corticomedullary ratio was measured at the mid-point of the metacarpals and proximal phalanges of both hands. There was a significant increase in the mean bone density over the period of observation in the thumb and middle finger metacarpals and in the index, middle, and ring finger proximal phalanges of the operated hand. There was no significant increase in the density of either metacarpal or proximal phalanx on the non-operated side. Release of the carpal tunnel syndrome provides not only symptomatic relief but also leads to increased bone density.", "PMID": 711001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4624", "title": "The effects of sural nerve excision in autogenous nerve grafting.", "content": "The effect of excising fifty sural nerves from the legs of forty-five patients undergoing nerve grafting are described. Forty-two per cent of patients complained of tenderness in the calf, likely to be due to neuroma formation. Ten per cent of patients had other minor complaints. One would haematoma and one deep vein thrombosis occurred. Overall patient satisfaction was high when the functional result of the nerve grafting was taken into account.", "contents": "The effects of sural nerve excision in autogenous nerve grafting. The effect of excising fifty sural nerves from the legs of forty-five patients undergoing nerve grafting are described. Forty-two per cent of patients complained of tenderness in the calf, likely to be due to neuroma formation. Ten per cent of patients had other minor complaints. One would haematoma and one deep vein thrombosis occurred. Overall patient satisfaction was high when the functional result of the nerve grafting was taken into account.", "PMID": 711002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4625", "title": "Metacarpal shortening.", "content": "A case of Psoriatic Arthritis with disabling flexion deformities at the metacarpo-phalangeal joints of the fingers is described. Skeletal shortening decreased the deformity and improved the function.", "contents": "Metacarpal shortening. A case of Psoriatic Arthritis with disabling flexion deformities at the metacarpo-phalangeal joints of the fingers is described. Skeletal shortening decreased the deformity and improved the function.", "PMID": 711004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4626", "title": "Acute flexor tenosynovitis caused by gonococcal infection. A case report.", "content": "Gonococcal infection of tendon synovial sheath is discussed. A case of acute gonococcal flexor tenosynovitis without joint involvement is presented.", "contents": "Acute flexor tenosynovitis caused by gonococcal infection. A case report. Gonococcal infection of tendon synovial sheath is discussed. A case of acute gonococcal flexor tenosynovitis without joint involvement is presented.", "PMID": 711006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4627", "title": "Tooth fragment in a metacarpophalangeal joint.", "content": "A patient with septic arthritis and a retained tooth fragment in a metacarpophalangeal joint is described. The case illustrates the mechanism of the initial injury.", "contents": "Tooth fragment in a metacarpophalangeal joint. A patient with septic arthritis and a retained tooth fragment in a metacarpophalangeal joint is described. The case illustrates the mechanism of the initial injury.", "PMID": 711007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4628", "title": "[Observation of animal behavior by revolving activity cage method: A new automatic measuring and recording system of motor activity of a mouse by means of revolving activity cage is presented (author's transl)].", "content": "With this system, several parameters can be recorded continuously over several months without exterior stimuli. Time per revolution is counted and punched into the paper tape as binary coded numbers, and the number of revolutions and the frequency of \"passage\" in a given time are printed out on a rolled paper by a digital recorder. \"Passage\" is defined as one revolving trial without a pause over a fixed time (criterion time) and used as a behavioral unit of \"stop and go\". The raw data on the paper tape are processed and analyzed with a general-purpose computer. It was confirmed that when a mouse became well accustomed to the revolving activity cage, the time per revolution followed the law of exponential distribution probability, while the length of passage (i.e. the number of revolutions per revolving trial) followed that of geometrical distribution probability. The revolving activity of mice treated with single subcutaneous injection of methamphetamine was examined using these parameters.", "contents": "[Observation of animal behavior by revolving activity cage method: A new automatic measuring and recording system of motor activity of a mouse by means of revolving activity cage is presented (author's transl)]. With this system, several parameters can be recorded continuously over several months without exterior stimuli. Time per revolution is counted and punched into the paper tape as binary coded numbers, and the number of revolutions and the frequency of \"passage\" in a given time are printed out on a rolled paper by a digital recorder. \"Passage\" is defined as one revolving trial without a pause over a fixed time (criterion time) and used as a behavioral unit of \"stop and go\". The raw data on the paper tape are processed and analyzed with a general-purpose computer. It was confirmed that when a mouse became well accustomed to the revolving activity cage, the time per revolution followed the law of exponential distribution probability, while the length of passage (i.e. the number of revolutions per revolving trial) followed that of geometrical distribution probability. The revolving activity of mice treated with single subcutaneous injection of methamphetamine was examined using these parameters.", "PMID": 711027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4629", "title": "[Distribution, metabolism and excretion of toluene in mice (author's transl)].", "content": "Tissue distribution, metabolism and excretion of 14C-labeled toluene were investigated after a single intraperitoneal administration (290 microgram/kg) of the compound into mice. The highest radioactivity was detected in the adipose tissue, followed in descending order by the kidney, liver and lung. The lowest radioactivity was retained in brain tissue and the brain/blood concentration ratio was about 0.4 throughout. Radioactivity in the blood declined exponentially and the biological half-life was estimated to be 25 min. Radioactive materials detected at as early as 8 min in the kidney (78%) and liver (64%) proved to be non-volatile metabolites. On the contrary, 70% of radioactive materials in the brain and near 100% in the adipose tissue were found to be a volatie compound (probably unchanged toluene). The cumulative urinary excretion of radio-activity was 26.4% of the dose at 30 min and 73.8% at 18 hr, whereas the pulmonary or fecal excretion was negligibly small. Radioactive materials excreted in the urine were identified by paper and the thin-layer chromatography as hippuric acid (59%) and benzoylglucuronic acid (41%). These results show that toluene is metabolized rapidly and is excreted mainly in the urine. The relative importance of glucuronide formation in detoxication mechanisms was noted.", "contents": "[Distribution, metabolism and excretion of toluene in mice (author's transl)]. Tissue distribution, metabolism and excretion of 14C-labeled toluene were investigated after a single intraperitoneal administration (290 microgram/kg) of the compound into mice. The highest radioactivity was detected in the adipose tissue, followed in descending order by the kidney, liver and lung. The lowest radioactivity was retained in brain tissue and the brain/blood concentration ratio was about 0.4 throughout. Radioactivity in the blood declined exponentially and the biological half-life was estimated to be 25 min. Radioactive materials detected at as early as 8 min in the kidney (78%) and liver (64%) proved to be non-volatile metabolites. On the contrary, 70% of radioactive materials in the brain and near 100% in the adipose tissue were found to be a volatie compound (probably unchanged toluene). The cumulative urinary excretion of radio-activity was 26.4% of the dose at 30 min and 73.8% at 18 hr, whereas the pulmonary or fecal excretion was negligibly small. Radioactive materials excreted in the urine were identified by paper and the thin-layer chromatography as hippuric acid (59%) and benzoylglucuronic acid (41%). These results show that toluene is metabolized rapidly and is excreted mainly in the urine. The relative importance of glucuronide formation in detoxication mechanisms was noted.", "PMID": 711028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4630", "title": "[Experimental asthma in rats, and the effect of N (3', 4'-dimethoxycinnamoyl) anthranilic acid (N-5') (author's transl)].", "content": "Although guinea pigs have been frequently used as a model of asthma, antibodies produced in this species are generally gamma1 and gamma2 and belong to IgG. The antibody responsible for asthmatic attacks in humans is IgE, and such is quite different from gamma1 and gamma2, immunologically. Guinea pigs are not therefore an adequate model for investigating anti-asthmatic drugs which inhibit IgE-mediated mediator release, such as disodium cromoglycate. On the other hand, rats do produce an antibody similar to human IgE, the so-called homocytotropic antibody (HTA), by sensitization with dinitrophenylated ascaris extract (DNP-As) together with killed Bordetella pertussis as an adjuvant. To rats actively sensitized with DNP-As or passively sensitized with HTA serum against DNP-As, intravenous administration of antigen did not produce a transient increase in respiration (unlike that of guinea pigs) immediately after the antigen treatment, but a respiratory disorder similar to that seen during asthmatic attacks in humans did occur. The response to antigen was reproducible in passively sensitized rats compared with that of actively sensitized ones, though the symptom was moderate. The effect of N(3', 4'-dimethoxycinnamoyl) anthranilic acid (N-5'), a new anti-allergic drug, was determined in cases of experimental asthma in passively sensitized rats. Respiratory disorders as a result of antigen were clearly inhibited with oral administration of this agent.", "contents": "[Experimental asthma in rats, and the effect of N (3', 4'-dimethoxycinnamoyl) anthranilic acid (N-5') (author's transl)]. Although guinea pigs have been frequently used as a model of asthma, antibodies produced in this species are generally gamma1 and gamma2 and belong to IgG. The antibody responsible for asthmatic attacks in humans is IgE, and such is quite different from gamma1 and gamma2, immunologically. Guinea pigs are not therefore an adequate model for investigating anti-asthmatic drugs which inhibit IgE-mediated mediator release, such as disodium cromoglycate. On the other hand, rats do produce an antibody similar to human IgE, the so-called homocytotropic antibody (HTA), by sensitization with dinitrophenylated ascaris extract (DNP-As) together with killed Bordetella pertussis as an adjuvant. To rats actively sensitized with DNP-As or passively sensitized with HTA serum against DNP-As, intravenous administration of antigen did not produce a transient increase in respiration (unlike that of guinea pigs) immediately after the antigen treatment, but a respiratory disorder similar to that seen during asthmatic attacks in humans did occur. The response to antigen was reproducible in passively sensitized rats compared with that of actively sensitized ones, though the symptom was moderate. The effect of N(3', 4'-dimethoxycinnamoyl) anthranilic acid (N-5'), a new anti-allergic drug, was determined in cases of experimental asthma in passively sensitized rats. Respiratory disorders as a result of antigen were clearly inhibited with oral administration of this agent.", "PMID": 711029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4631", "title": "[Effects of a vitamin B complex on functional recovery after nerve injury (author's transl)].", "content": "Functional recovery after nerve crushing was investigated in the following manner: Under pentobarbital anesthesia the sciatic nerve of the rat was crushed at the level of the hip (proximal crush) or the thigh (distal crush). The recovery processes after the nerve crushing were followed by measuring distances between the first and fifth digits(DBD.1 approximately 5) and between the second and fourth digits (DBD.2 approximately 4) of the hind paw, and by observing changes in \"behavior\" scored on a scale of 10 according to the degree of behavioral disorder of the hind paw and leg. Results obtained by these methods showed good reproducibility. The DBD values and the scores for behavior recovered significantly faster after weak nerve crushing than after strong crushing, and after distal rather than after proximal crushing. When a segment of the sciatic nerve was resected, there was no recovery. These results suggest that DBD.1 approximately 5, DBD.2 approximately 4, and the behavior observed in these experiments serve as good indices for evaluating the degree of functional recovery after nerve injury in unanesthetized and unrestrained animals. Effects of a preparation of vitamins B1, B6, and B12 (B complex) on these three parameters and on weights of 9 muscles of the hind leg were also studied. These studies showed that the B complex facilitated functional recovery from nerve injury faster than its components, and that on muscle atrophy the B complex had its most effects on the soleus. It was also shown that B1 and B12 by themselves had significant facilitating effects on the functional recovery.", "contents": "[Effects of a vitamin B complex on functional recovery after nerve injury (author's transl)]. Functional recovery after nerve crushing was investigated in the following manner: Under pentobarbital anesthesia the sciatic nerve of the rat was crushed at the level of the hip (proximal crush) or the thigh (distal crush). The recovery processes after the nerve crushing were followed by measuring distances between the first and fifth digits(DBD.1 approximately 5) and between the second and fourth digits (DBD.2 approximately 4) of the hind paw, and by observing changes in \"behavior\" scored on a scale of 10 according to the degree of behavioral disorder of the hind paw and leg. Results obtained by these methods showed good reproducibility. The DBD values and the scores for behavior recovered significantly faster after weak nerve crushing than after strong crushing, and after distal rather than after proximal crushing. When a segment of the sciatic nerve was resected, there was no recovery. These results suggest that DBD.1 approximately 5, DBD.2 approximately 4, and the behavior observed in these experiments serve as good indices for evaluating the degree of functional recovery after nerve injury in unanesthetized and unrestrained animals. Effects of a preparation of vitamins B1, B6, and B12 (B complex) on these three parameters and on weights of 9 muscles of the hind leg were also studied. These studies showed that the B complex facilitated functional recovery from nerve injury faster than its components, and that on muscle atrophy the B complex had its most effects on the soleus. It was also shown that B1 and B12 by themselves had significant facilitating effects on the functional recovery.", "PMID": 711031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4632", "title": "[Anti-inflammatory activity of SL-573 (author's transl)].", "content": "In the carrageenin-induced edema test in rats, the anti-inflammatory activity of SL-573 was 1.6 times as potent as those of phenylbutazone (PB) and ibuprofen (IP), 3.3 times as potent as that of mefenamic acid (MF) and 6.7 times as potent as that of mepirizole (MP). In the yeast-induced edema test in rats, SL-573 showed equipotent activity with IP, the activity of which was 4 times as potent as that of MP. In the dextran-induced edema test in rats, the anti-inflammatory activity of SL-573 was significantly higher than those of IP and MP. SL-573 showed no anti-inflammatory activity in the formalin-induced edema test in rats in the same way as seen with IP and MP. SL-573 markedly inhibited the increase in capillary permeability in mice induced by intraperitoneal administration of acetic acid, and its activity was 12 times as potent as that of PB and 17 times as potent as that of MF. SL-573 showed anti-granuloma activity neither systemically nor locally. SL-573 showed equi-potent activity with PB in the adjuvant arthritis test in rats and had little effect on the healing process of the skin wound in rats. The effect of SL-573 on the carrageenin-induced edema was not diminished in the adrenalectomized rats. The gastric bleeding effect of SL-573 was significantly weaker than that usually seen in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. SL-573 did not induce intestinal perforation even at the high dose of 800 mg/kg. Additionally, SL-573 showed a protective effect on the indomethacin-induced intestinal lesions. These pharmacological profiles of SL-573 were considered to be quite characteristic as compared with those of known nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents.", "contents": "[Anti-inflammatory activity of SL-573 (author's transl)]. In the carrageenin-induced edema test in rats, the anti-inflammatory activity of SL-573 was 1.6 times as potent as those of phenylbutazone (PB) and ibuprofen (IP), 3.3 times as potent as that of mefenamic acid (MF) and 6.7 times as potent as that of mepirizole (MP). In the yeast-induced edema test in rats, SL-573 showed equipotent activity with IP, the activity of which was 4 times as potent as that of MP. In the dextran-induced edema test in rats, the anti-inflammatory activity of SL-573 was significantly higher than those of IP and MP. SL-573 showed no anti-inflammatory activity in the formalin-induced edema test in rats in the same way as seen with IP and MP. SL-573 markedly inhibited the increase in capillary permeability in mice induced by intraperitoneal administration of acetic acid, and its activity was 12 times as potent as that of PB and 17 times as potent as that of MF. SL-573 showed anti-granuloma activity neither systemically nor locally. SL-573 showed equi-potent activity with PB in the adjuvant arthritis test in rats and had little effect on the healing process of the skin wound in rats. The effect of SL-573 on the carrageenin-induced edema was not diminished in the adrenalectomized rats. The gastric bleeding effect of SL-573 was significantly weaker than that usually seen in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. SL-573 did not induce intestinal perforation even at the high dose of 800 mg/kg. Additionally, SL-573 showed a protective effect on the indomethacin-induced intestinal lesions. These pharmacological profiles of SL-573 were considered to be quite characteristic as compared with those of known nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents.", "PMID": 711032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4633", "title": "[Evidence for existence of type A MAO in mitochondria from human placenta (author's transl)].", "content": "The existence of type A and B MAO in mitochondria from human placenta was investigated on the basis of inhibitions by selective MAO inhibitors, such as clorgyline (type A inhibitor) and pargyline and deprenyl (type B inhibitors) with serotonin (substrate for type A MAO), tyramine (substrate for both types of MAO) and beta-phenylethylamine (substrate for type B MAO) as substrates and the results were compared with those obtained with MAO in rat liver. The rates of serotonin, beta-phenylethylamine and benzylamine oxidations by placental MAO were approximately 191, 12 and 48% to those of rat liver MAO, respectively. Placental MAO was more sensitive to tryptic digestion than the enzyme in rat liver. Both MAO's could be separated into two fractions by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, but the two types could not be distinguished when inhibitor sensitivity and substrate specificity experiments were carried out. Placental MAO activity was inhibited by low concentrations of type A inhibitor and was relatively insensitive to those of type B. Simple sigmoidal and identical inhibition curves with various concentrations of either type A or type B inhibitors were obtained with these substrates. These findings suggest that mitochondria MAO in human placenta essentially consists of one distinguishable type of MAO which closely resembles the type A MAO found in other tissues of many species.", "contents": "[Evidence for existence of type A MAO in mitochondria from human placenta (author's transl)]. The existence of type A and B MAO in mitochondria from human placenta was investigated on the basis of inhibitions by selective MAO inhibitors, such as clorgyline (type A inhibitor) and pargyline and deprenyl (type B inhibitors) with serotonin (substrate for type A MAO), tyramine (substrate for both types of MAO) and beta-phenylethylamine (substrate for type B MAO) as substrates and the results were compared with those obtained with MAO in rat liver. The rates of serotonin, beta-phenylethylamine and benzylamine oxidations by placental MAO were approximately 191, 12 and 48% to those of rat liver MAO, respectively. Placental MAO was more sensitive to tryptic digestion than the enzyme in rat liver. Both MAO's could be separated into two fractions by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, but the two types could not be distinguished when inhibitor sensitivity and substrate specificity experiments were carried out. Placental MAO activity was inhibited by low concentrations of type A inhibitor and was relatively insensitive to those of type B. Simple sigmoidal and identical inhibition curves with various concentrations of either type A or type B inhibitors were obtained with these substrates. These findings suggest that mitochondria MAO in human placenta essentially consists of one distinguishable type of MAO which closely resembles the type A MAO found in other tissues of many species.", "PMID": 711033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4634", "title": "[Irritative activity of antiinflammatory agents, betamethasone 17-valerate, beclomethasone 17, 21-dipropionate, betamethasone 17, 21-dipropionate, or indomethacin on the gastrointestinal tract in rats and dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "Irritative effects of three steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the gastrointestinal tract of rats and dogs were determined. With either single or repeated subcutaneous administration these drugs dose dependently irritated the gastric mucosa of both species. The intestinal mucosa was less affected. Concomitant oral administration of aspirin or subcutaneous administration of indomethacin revealed an aggravation of aspirin-induced gastric ulcers by betamethasone valerate and inhibition of indomethacin-induced intestinal ulcers by beta-methasone dipropionate. These two steroidal drugs had no noxious effect on healing of chronic gastric ulcers induced in rats and dogs. Betamethasone valerate, however, delayed the healing of gastric ulcer in rats. Indomethacin, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, also induced serious damage to the gastric and intestinal mucosa both of rats and dogs. Indomethacin ingestion delayed the healing of chronic gastric ulcer in rats but not in dogs. Since both steroidal and non-steroidal drugs induce damage to the gastrointestinal tract, a careful monitoring of the patients' complaints should be carried out when these compounds are used as a systemic treatment. Steroidal drugs used in this study, however, appear to be highly safe from the point of dose inasmuch as they are used as a topical treatment.", "contents": "[Irritative activity of antiinflammatory agents, betamethasone 17-valerate, beclomethasone 17, 21-dipropionate, betamethasone 17, 21-dipropionate, or indomethacin on the gastrointestinal tract in rats and dogs (author's transl)]. Irritative effects of three steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the gastrointestinal tract of rats and dogs were determined. With either single or repeated subcutaneous administration these drugs dose dependently irritated the gastric mucosa of both species. The intestinal mucosa was less affected. Concomitant oral administration of aspirin or subcutaneous administration of indomethacin revealed an aggravation of aspirin-induced gastric ulcers by betamethasone valerate and inhibition of indomethacin-induced intestinal ulcers by beta-methasone dipropionate. These two steroidal drugs had no noxious effect on healing of chronic gastric ulcers induced in rats and dogs. Betamethasone valerate, however, delayed the healing of gastric ulcer in rats. Indomethacin, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, also induced serious damage to the gastric and intestinal mucosa both of rats and dogs. Indomethacin ingestion delayed the healing of chronic gastric ulcer in rats but not in dogs. Since both steroidal and non-steroidal drugs induce damage to the gastrointestinal tract, a careful monitoring of the patients' complaints should be carried out when these compounds are used as a systemic treatment. Steroidal drugs used in this study, however, appear to be highly safe from the point of dose inasmuch as they are used as a topical treatment.", "PMID": 711034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4635", "title": "A new omomyid primate from the Wasatch formation of southern Wyoming.", "content": "A new omomyid primate, Arapahovius gazini, is represented by many jaws and teeth and a few tarsal bones from a 15-meter stratigraphic interval at the base of the uppermost one-third of the Main Body of the Wasatch Formation, south-central Wyoming, USA. This primate is a conspicuous element in a faunule which lived at about the same time as the fauna of the Lysite Member of the Wind River Formation, estimated to be in the interval 52-50 million years before present. Individuals referable to the new omomyid are chiefly specialized by the intricate corrugation of enamel on the occlusal surfaces of their incisors, premolars and molars and by relatively molariform posterior lower premolars. These specializations may be interpreted as adaptation toward a more herbivorous-frugivorous diet. The tarsal bones referred to Arapahovius suggest that animals in this genus were habitual leapers. This new omomyid bears 'omomyine' and 'anaptomorphine' characters and may have been derived from an earlier Wasatchian (earliest Eocene) 'anaptomorphine' such as Tetonoides pearcei Gazin. Arapahovius seems to have had no phylogenetic successors.", "contents": "A new omomyid primate from the Wasatch formation of southern Wyoming. A new omomyid primate, Arapahovius gazini, is represented by many jaws and teeth and a few tarsal bones from a 15-meter stratigraphic interval at the base of the uppermost one-third of the Main Body of the Wasatch Formation, south-central Wyoming, USA. This primate is a conspicuous element in a faunule which lived at about the same time as the fauna of the Lysite Member of the Wind River Formation, estimated to be in the interval 52-50 million years before present. Individuals referable to the new omomyid are chiefly specialized by the intricate corrugation of enamel on the occlusal surfaces of their incisors, premolars and molars and by relatively molariform posterior lower premolars. These specializations may be interpreted as adaptation toward a more herbivorous-frugivorous diet. The tarsal bones referred to Arapahovius suggest that animals in this genus were habitual leapers. This new omomyid bears 'omomyine' and 'anaptomorphine' characters and may have been derived from an earlier Wasatchian (earliest Eocene) 'anaptomorphine' such as Tetonoides pearcei Gazin. Arapahovius seems to have had no phylogenetic successors.", "PMID": 711049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4636", "title": "Continual sexual receptivity in the female chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes).", "content": "Daily observations during a 5-year period showed that the mean frequencies of copulation per day during various sexual states of the female chimpanzee were almost identical, except for during maximum tumescence and lactation. The mean frequency of observed copulation peaked during maximum tumescence and was lowest during lactation.", "contents": "Continual sexual receptivity in the female chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Daily observations during a 5-year period showed that the mean frequencies of copulation per day during various sexual states of the female chimpanzee were almost identical, except for during maximum tumescence and lactation. The mean frequency of observed copulation peaked during maximum tumescence and was lowest during lactation.", "PMID": 711050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4637", "title": "Evaluation of breath alcohol instruments. I. In vitro experiments with alcolmeter pocket model.", "content": "An Alcolmeter Pocket Model breath alcohol device, on an electrochemical (fuel cell) oxidation principle for ethanol analysis, has been evaluated under in vitro conditions. The result of a test is displayed on an analogue meter within 20--30 seconds after sampling: replicate tests may be made within 3--5 minutes. The electrochemical detector used was found to respond to acetaldehyde, methanol, isopropanol and n-propanol vapours besides ethanol, but it was insensitive to acetone vapour. The Alcolmeter response with a 0--2.0 mg/ml scale was linearly related to ethanol vapour concentration up to 1.0 mg/ml blood alcohol equivalent concentration; above this level the response was curvilinear, the Alcolmeter reading being too low. The standard deviation of an ethanol vapour determination in vitro was +/-0.0175 mg/ml at a mean concentration of 0.902 mg/ml. The accuracy of the device expressed as percent recovery at 0.50, 1.0 and 1.4 mg/ml blood alcohol concentrations was 96.8%, 98.3% and 88.3%, respectively. When the Alcolmeter was was calibrated at 0.50 mg/ml and used occasionally each day over an 18-day period, the drop in initial calibration was 0.01 mg/ml per week.", "contents": "Evaluation of breath alcohol instruments. I. In vitro experiments with alcolmeter pocket model. An Alcolmeter Pocket Model breath alcohol device, on an electrochemical (fuel cell) oxidation principle for ethanol analysis, has been evaluated under in vitro conditions. The result of a test is displayed on an analogue meter within 20--30 seconds after sampling: replicate tests may be made within 3--5 minutes. The electrochemical detector used was found to respond to acetaldehyde, methanol, isopropanol and n-propanol vapours besides ethanol, but it was insensitive to acetone vapour. The Alcolmeter response with a 0--2.0 mg/ml scale was linearly related to ethanol vapour concentration up to 1.0 mg/ml blood alcohol equivalent concentration; above this level the response was curvilinear, the Alcolmeter reading being too low. The standard deviation of an ethanol vapour determination in vitro was +/-0.0175 mg/ml at a mean concentration of 0.902 mg/ml. The accuracy of the device expressed as percent recovery at 0.50, 1.0 and 1.4 mg/ml blood alcohol concentrations was 96.8%, 98.3% and 88.3%, respectively. When the Alcolmeter was was calibrated at 0.50 mg/ml and used occasionally each day over an 18-day period, the drop in initial calibration was 0.01 mg/ml per week.", "PMID": 711081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4638", "title": "Evaluation of breath alcohol instruments. II. In vivo experiments with alcolmeter pocket model.", "content": "The precision and accuracy of an Alcolmeter Pocket Model breath alcohol instrument have been investigated in experiments with human subjects under controlled conditions. The instrument response was zero in all tests with breath samples from alcohol-free subjects. The standard deviations of ethanol determinations in breath were +/-0.0722 mg/ml during ethanol absorption and +/-0.416 mg/ml during ethanol elimination. The standard deviation during the elimination phase increased with ethanol concentration in the sample, being +/-0.0416 mg/ml on average at a mean concentration of 0.420 mg/ml, corresponding to a coefficient of variation of 9.9%. The blood alcohol estimates using the Alcolmeter were somewhat too high during active absorption of ethanol, and too low during elimination, when a constant blood-breath alcohol ratio of 2100:1 was used to calibrate the instrument. During the elimination phase of ethanol kinetics and at a mean blood alcohol concentration of 0.50 mg/ml, the mean Alcolmeter result was 0.456 +/- 0.169 mg/ml with 95% confidence, i.e. varying between 0.287 and 0.625 mg/ml 95 times out of 100 tests at this critical blood alcohol level", "contents": "Evaluation of breath alcohol instruments. II. In vivo experiments with alcolmeter pocket model. The precision and accuracy of an Alcolmeter Pocket Model breath alcohol instrument have been investigated in experiments with human subjects under controlled conditions. The instrument response was zero in all tests with breath samples from alcohol-free subjects. The standard deviations of ethanol determinations in breath were +/-0.0722 mg/ml during ethanol absorption and +/-0.416 mg/ml during ethanol elimination. The standard deviation during the elimination phase increased with ethanol concentration in the sample, being +/-0.0416 mg/ml on average at a mean concentration of 0.420 mg/ml, corresponding to a coefficient of variation of 9.9%. The blood alcohol estimates using the Alcolmeter were somewhat too high during active absorption of ethanol, and too low during elimination, when a constant blood-breath alcohol ratio of 2100:1 was used to calibrate the instrument. During the elimination phase of ethanol kinetics and at a mean blood alcohol concentration of 0.50 mg/ml, the mean Alcolmeter result was 0.456 +/- 0.169 mg/ml with 95% confidence, i.e. varying between 0.287 and 0.625 mg/ml 95 times out of 100 tests at this critical blood alcohol level", "PMID": 711082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4639", "title": "Biochemical reconstruction of three cases of death--results of international cooperation.", "content": "Biochemical serotonin and histamine determinations were applied to the reconstruction of three suspected homicide cases. To distinguish between ante-mortem and post-mortem wounds and to time the ante-mortem injuries the concentrations of free histamine and serotonin in the wound samples and in the control samples from neighbouring intact skin were examined. The results of these biochemical determinations allowed a reconstruction of the events and one of the three cases was shown to be suicide instead of homicide. The methods can be used at least during the first 4--5 days after death and sometimes even longer. This allows for international cooperation when investigating and reconstructing complicated cases of death.", "contents": "Biochemical reconstruction of three cases of death--results of international cooperation. Biochemical serotonin and histamine determinations were applied to the reconstruction of three suspected homicide cases. To distinguish between ante-mortem and post-mortem wounds and to time the ante-mortem injuries the concentrations of free histamine and serotonin in the wound samples and in the control samples from neighbouring intact skin were examined. The results of these biochemical determinations allowed a reconstruction of the events and one of the three cases was shown to be suicide instead of homicide. The methods can be used at least during the first 4--5 days after death and sometimes even longer. This allows for international cooperation when investigating and reconstructing complicated cases of death.", "PMID": 711083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4640", "title": "Post-mortem hypoxanthine levels in the vitreous humour. An introductory report.", "content": "Post-mortem hypoxanthine levels in vitreous humour were determined in 86 consecutive legal autopsy cases. In cases of sudden death caused by trauma or by myocardial infarction, levels ranging from 0 to 540 mumol/l were found. The mean value was about ten times higher than normal in vivo plasma levels. The hypoxanthine levels seem to be independent of time post-mortem, at least during the first 48 hours. It is known that augmentation of the hypoxanthine plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine levels reflects tissue hypoxia. In the present material no elevation of hypoxanthine levels in the vitreous humour was found in cases of strangulation or suspension, while statistically significant elevation was found in cases of drug intoxication. It is concluded that this may reflect the effect of drug-induced prolonged tissue hypoxia caused by respiratory depression.", "contents": "Post-mortem hypoxanthine levels in the vitreous humour. An introductory report. Post-mortem hypoxanthine levels in vitreous humour were determined in 86 consecutive legal autopsy cases. In cases of sudden death caused by trauma or by myocardial infarction, levels ranging from 0 to 540 mumol/l were found. The mean value was about ten times higher than normal in vivo plasma levels. The hypoxanthine levels seem to be independent of time post-mortem, at least during the first 48 hours. It is known that augmentation of the hypoxanthine plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine levels reflects tissue hypoxia. In the present material no elevation of hypoxanthine levels in the vitreous humour was found in cases of strangulation or suspension, while statistically significant elevation was found in cases of drug intoxication. It is concluded that this may reflect the effect of drug-induced prolonged tissue hypoxia caused by respiratory depression.", "PMID": 711084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4641", "title": "The possible effect of hashish on leukocytes and plasma lipids.", "content": "The possible fluctuation of leukocytes and plasma lipids, 30--60 min after smoking hashish, was studied. Total phospholipid content in both leukocytes and plasma was increased in a similar way to the total lipid content after smoking hashish. Differences in most of the phospholipid classes in leukocytes and plasma before and after smoking hashish were observed while the values in controls and chronic users of the drug before smoking hashish were found to be relatively close. Findings are discussed in relation to the pharmacological action of the drug on liver lipid metabolism.", "contents": "The possible effect of hashish on leukocytes and plasma lipids. The possible fluctuation of leukocytes and plasma lipids, 30--60 min after smoking hashish, was studied. Total phospholipid content in both leukocytes and plasma was increased in a similar way to the total lipid content after smoking hashish. Differences in most of the phospholipid classes in leukocytes and plasma before and after smoking hashish were observed while the values in controls and chronic users of the drug before smoking hashish were found to be relatively close. Findings are discussed in relation to the pharmacological action of the drug on liver lipid metabolism.", "PMID": 711085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4642", "title": "Isolation of drugs from blood and tissues with XAD-2 bags.", "content": "Nylon bags containing 2-g portions of Amberlite XAD-2 resin were used for systematic analysis of drugs in biosamples. The procedure requires 10 or less grams of material, two XAD-2 bags, and enables rapid and economical isolation of most common drugs. The method was demonstrated on autopsy blood spiked withe 19 of the most common drugs, and was routinely used in cases of fatal and non-fatal poisoning. The eluates were clean and suitable for direct gas chromatographic and ultraviolet spectrophotometric analysis. The procedure used appeared more convenient than XAD-2 column extraction procedures. Classic solvent extraction methods were usually less efficient.", "contents": "Isolation of drugs from blood and tissues with XAD-2 bags. Nylon bags containing 2-g portions of Amberlite XAD-2 resin were used for systematic analysis of drugs in biosamples. The procedure requires 10 or less grams of material, two XAD-2 bags, and enables rapid and economical isolation of most common drugs. The method was demonstrated on autopsy blood spiked withe 19 of the most common drugs, and was routinely used in cases of fatal and non-fatal poisoning. The eluates were clean and suitable for direct gas chromatographic and ultraviolet spectrophotometric analysis. The procedure used appeared more convenient than XAD-2 column extraction procedures. Classic solvent extraction methods were usually less efficient.", "PMID": 711086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4643", "title": "[Adipose tissue and obesity. Part 1: fat cell size and fat cell number].", "content": "The role of the number and size of adipocytes in the pathogenesis of obesity is reviewed. The observation that hyperplasia of adipose tissue is associated with child-onset obesity was over-interpreted. Nevertheless most recent studies suggest that fact cell size and number are regulated and can influence food intake. The discovery of preadipocytes has opened a new field or research offering the possibility of new concepts in the prevention and therapy of obesity.", "contents": "[Adipose tissue and obesity. Part 1: fat cell size and fat cell number]. The role of the number and size of adipocytes in the pathogenesis of obesity is reviewed. The observation that hyperplasia of adipose tissue is associated with child-onset obesity was over-interpreted. Nevertheless most recent studies suggest that fact cell size and number are regulated and can influence food intake. The discovery of preadipocytes has opened a new field or research offering the possibility of new concepts in the prevention and therapy of obesity.", "PMID": 711090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4644", "title": "[Is the Atkins diet safe in respect to health?].", "content": "The \"Atkins dietary revolution\" is a ketogenic diet consisting almost exclusively of food from animal origin. A similar diet was introduced as the \"Banting diet\" more than a century ago by the English physician Harvey. This carbohydrate-free diet is high in fat, cholesterol and purines. The measurable ketosis is a precondition for the effect of this kind of diet. However, the predictable hyperlipacidemia and ketosis are recognized health risks. Additionally, hypercholesterolemia is to be expected in a greater part of the adherents to such a diet. Even children under ketogenic diet develop hypercholesterolemia within a short time. A similar high-fat diet, known as the Sippy diet for ulcer therapy, was found earlier to cause an increased incidence in coronary heart disease. On the basis of the known facts the Atkins diet seems to be potentially hazardous to health, unless a controlled study is performed. However, considering the risks it seems very problematic to perform such a study.", "contents": "[Is the Atkins diet safe in respect to health?]. The \"Atkins dietary revolution\" is a ketogenic diet consisting almost exclusively of food from animal origin. A similar diet was introduced as the \"Banting diet\" more than a century ago by the English physician Harvey. This carbohydrate-free diet is high in fat, cholesterol and purines. The measurable ketosis is a precondition for the effect of this kind of diet. However, the predictable hyperlipacidemia and ketosis are recognized health risks. Additionally, hypercholesterolemia is to be expected in a greater part of the adherents to such a diet. Even children under ketogenic diet develop hypercholesterolemia within a short time. A similar high-fat diet, known as the Sippy diet for ulcer therapy, was found earlier to cause an increased incidence in coronary heart disease. On the basis of the known facts the Atkins diet seems to be potentially hazardous to health, unless a controlled study is performed. However, considering the risks it seems very problematic to perform such a study.", "PMID": 711091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4645", "title": "[Prevention of special complications in gynecologic operations. Part 2. Prevention of adhesions in the peritoneal region, prevention of wound healing disorders].", "content": "Own experiences in the prevention of certain complications of gynecological operations are presented. Prophylaxis proved to be possible intraoperatively in capillary bleedings and infections as well as postoperatively in disorders of intestinal motility, peritoneal adhesions and healing disturbances. The successful treatment of our patients in 1976 (1583 major operations including 158 patients at high risk) is summarized in suggestions for therapy.", "contents": "[Prevention of special complications in gynecologic operations. Part 2. Prevention of adhesions in the peritoneal region, prevention of wound healing disorders]. Own experiences in the prevention of certain complications of gynecological operations are presented. Prophylaxis proved to be possible intraoperatively in capillary bleedings and infections as well as postoperatively in disorders of intestinal motility, peritoneal adhesions and healing disturbances. The successful treatment of our patients in 1976 (1583 major operations including 158 patients at high risk) is summarized in suggestions for therapy.", "PMID": 711094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4646", "title": "[Percutaneous kidney biopsy. Evaluation of a diagnostic method].", "content": "The evaluation of the results of nearly 800 percutaneous renal biopsies, including biopsies in which insufficient renal tissue was obtained or histologic changes were non-specific, indicated that in 85% of the cases a positive diagnosis could be made. The liberal extension of the indication to percutaneous renal biopsy to include oligosymptomatic renal diseases, the nephrotic syndrome and acute renal failure often resulted in therapeutic and prognostic consequences. Renal biopsy does not facilitate the diagnosis of pyelonephritis. Uremia, severe atherosclerosis, small kidneys, advanced age and lack of cooperation are not contraindications to percutaneous renal biopsy nor do they increase its risk. Severe complications are extremely rare and are always secondary to retroperitoneal hemorrhage. Close observation and prompt treatment can always preclude a fatal outcome. Long-term complications are not to be expected. If the technique of percutaneous renal biopsy and its histologic evaluation are efficiently performed, further extension of the indications to biopsy could be medically sanctioned.", "contents": "[Percutaneous kidney biopsy. Evaluation of a diagnostic method]. The evaluation of the results of nearly 800 percutaneous renal biopsies, including biopsies in which insufficient renal tissue was obtained or histologic changes were non-specific, indicated that in 85% of the cases a positive diagnosis could be made. The liberal extension of the indication to percutaneous renal biopsy to include oligosymptomatic renal diseases, the nephrotic syndrome and acute renal failure often resulted in therapeutic and prognostic consequences. Renal biopsy does not facilitate the diagnosis of pyelonephritis. Uremia, severe atherosclerosis, small kidneys, advanced age and lack of cooperation are not contraindications to percutaneous renal biopsy nor do they increase its risk. Severe complications are extremely rare and are always secondary to retroperitoneal hemorrhage. Close observation and prompt treatment can always preclude a fatal outcome. Long-term complications are not to be expected. If the technique of percutaneous renal biopsy and its histologic evaluation are efficiently performed, further extension of the indications to biopsy could be medically sanctioned.", "PMID": 711098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4647", "title": "[Behavior of the fasting blood sugar values in diabetics treated with oral and parenteral pentoxifylline].", "content": "Fasting blood sugar levels in hospitalized diabetics with peripheral vascular disease receiving pentoxifylline i.v. and p.o. did not-in comparison to a control group-show statistically significant changes during the observation period in well-controlled, stable diabetes mellitus (BS is less than or equal to 130 mg%); a decrease did occur in hyperglycemic patients. As a hypoglycemic drug effect was not demonstrable in the well-controlled patient-group, the decrease might well be attributable to improved dietary and antidiabetic care during the hospital-stay.", "contents": "[Behavior of the fasting blood sugar values in diabetics treated with oral and parenteral pentoxifylline]. Fasting blood sugar levels in hospitalized diabetics with peripheral vascular disease receiving pentoxifylline i.v. and p.o. did not-in comparison to a control group-show statistically significant changes during the observation period in well-controlled, stable diabetes mellitus (BS is less than or equal to 130 mg%); a decrease did occur in hyperglycemic patients. As a hypoglycemic drug effect was not demonstrable in the well-controlled patient-group, the decrease might well be attributable to improved dietary and antidiabetic care during the hospital-stay.", "PMID": 711100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4648", "title": "[Allergic alveolitis. Diagnosis and therapy in practice].", "content": "The diagnostic steps for the disease are listed and are discussed. The diagnosis includes: 1. the anamnesis, 2. the clinical examination, 3. the chest X-ray, 4. serological-immunological methods of examination including detection of antibodies, skin tests, allergen inhalation test, 5. lung function tests. The therapy consists in antigen exclusion and corticosteroids.", "contents": "[Allergic alveolitis. Diagnosis and therapy in practice]. The diagnostic steps for the disease are listed and are discussed. The diagnosis includes: 1. the anamnesis, 2. the clinical examination, 3. the chest X-ray, 4. serological-immunological methods of examination including detection of antibodies, skin tests, allergen inhalation test, 5. lung function tests. The therapy consists in antigen exclusion and corticosteroids.", "PMID": 711102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4649", "title": "[Perbronchial lung biopsy and respiratory function tests].", "content": "27 patients with diffuse pulmonary disease according to X-ray findings were examined by lung function and perbronchial lung biopsy. The lung function tests are compared with the extent of impairment of lung function expected according to lung specimen obtained by perbronchial biopsy. It is shown that lung function is a good indicator if the lung specimen is representative for the disease, and that the results of perbronchial biopsy mostly are representing the disease. The use of perbronchial biopsy is discussed and shown in some cases.", "contents": "[Perbronchial lung biopsy and respiratory function tests]. 27 patients with diffuse pulmonary disease according to X-ray findings were examined by lung function and perbronchial lung biopsy. The lung function tests are compared with the extent of impairment of lung function expected according to lung specimen obtained by perbronchial biopsy. It is shown that lung function is a good indicator if the lung specimen is representative for the disease, and that the results of perbronchial biopsy mostly are representing the disease. The use of perbronchial biopsy is discussed and shown in some cases.", "PMID": 711103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4650", "title": "[Juvenile hip pain. 2. Femur head epiphysiolysis, hip dysplasia, tumors].", "content": "The early symptom in hip joint diseases in children is pain. Pain is localized in the groin and thight, but mostly in the knee. Other important signs are limping and reduced internal rotation. If a hip disease is suspected it is necessary to take X-rays in two planes. If diagnosis is early and special therapy started immediately, the results are usually excellent without deformation of the hip. Otherwise early osteoarthritis can develop. This is important because osteoarthritis in the hip joint is in 75% of the cases due to hip joint diseases in childhood. The problems of diagnosis and treatment of the most common hip joint diseases in children (transient synovitis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteomyelitis, Legg-Perthes disease, slipped capital femoral epiphysis, dysplasia, tumors) are discussed.", "contents": "[Juvenile hip pain. 2. Femur head epiphysiolysis, hip dysplasia, tumors]. The early symptom in hip joint diseases in children is pain. Pain is localized in the groin and thight, but mostly in the knee. Other important signs are limping and reduced internal rotation. If a hip disease is suspected it is necessary to take X-rays in two planes. If diagnosis is early and special therapy started immediately, the results are usually excellent without deformation of the hip. Otherwise early osteoarthritis can develop. This is important because osteoarthritis in the hip joint is in 75% of the cases due to hip joint diseases in childhood. The problems of diagnosis and treatment of the most common hip joint diseases in children (transient synovitis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteomyelitis, Legg-Perthes disease, slipped capital femoral epiphysis, dysplasia, tumors) are discussed.", "PMID": 711104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4651", "title": "[Death and dying in our time].", "content": "As modern technical medicine more and more progresses, more old and sick people die in hospitals. Therefore, there arise new tasks of dealing with dying people and their families, which the doctors and nurses are not sufficiently prepared for. The question of telling the truth to the patient and accompanying him during the process of dying is a problem of communication between doctor and patient, connected with many emotional conflicts not only for the dying patient, but also for doctor and nurses and people taking care of him. Since the management of dying people is often inhuman, it is necessary to integrate the subject of \"death and dying\" into the education of doctors and nurses.", "contents": "[Death and dying in our time]. As modern technical medicine more and more progresses, more old and sick people die in hospitals. Therefore, there arise new tasks of dealing with dying people and their families, which the doctors and nurses are not sufficiently prepared for. The question of telling the truth to the patient and accompanying him during the process of dying is a problem of communication between doctor and patient, connected with many emotional conflicts not only for the dying patient, but also for doctor and nurses and people taking care of him. Since the management of dying people is often inhuman, it is necessary to integrate the subject of \"death and dying\" into the education of doctors and nurses.", "PMID": 711107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4652", "title": "[Effect of fractures on the juvenile epiphysis].", "content": "In a clinical and experimental study two factors have been found to be most important for the increase of growth after fractures in childhood: 1. Trauma leads to changes of blood circulation in the epiphysis. Changes in oxygen tension cause morphometric alterations of cellular and intercellular constituents of the plate as well as measurable changes in thickness of the plate and length of the cartilage columns. These changes are relatively uniform and nearly independent of the kind of fracture and its treatment. Growth stimulation by fracture alone is moderate, limited to the time of fracture healing and hardly influenced by implantation of metallic material for osteosynthesis. 2. Angular deformity stimulates the epiphyseal plate to spontaneous correction. This correction is mostly stimulated by the change of pressure caused by the muscular coat and only minimally by static load. Correction of angular deformity can only happen under simultaneous increase in longitudinal growth, as long as pressure in the plate is changed. If angular deformity does not lead to changes in pressure by muscular tension on the concavity of the fracture (e.g. recurvation of tibia, varus in supracondylar fracture of humerus, torsion deformity of long bones) no stimulation of the epiphyseal plate will occur. In these cases the increase of growth is insignificant.", "contents": "[Effect of fractures on the juvenile epiphysis]. In a clinical and experimental study two factors have been found to be most important for the increase of growth after fractures in childhood: 1. Trauma leads to changes of blood circulation in the epiphysis. Changes in oxygen tension cause morphometric alterations of cellular and intercellular constituents of the plate as well as measurable changes in thickness of the plate and length of the cartilage columns. These changes are relatively uniform and nearly independent of the kind of fracture and its treatment. Growth stimulation by fracture alone is moderate, limited to the time of fracture healing and hardly influenced by implantation of metallic material for osteosynthesis. 2. Angular deformity stimulates the epiphyseal plate to spontaneous correction. This correction is mostly stimulated by the change of pressure caused by the muscular coat and only minimally by static load. Correction of angular deformity can only happen under simultaneous increase in longitudinal growth, as long as pressure in the plate is changed. If angular deformity does not lead to changes in pressure by muscular tension on the concavity of the fracture (e.g. recurvation of tibia, varus in supracondylar fracture of humerus, torsion deformity of long bones) no stimulation of the epiphyseal plate will occur. In these cases the increase of growth is insignificant.", "PMID": 711109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4653", "title": "[Experiences with replantation of large limbs].", "content": "From November 1975 to August 1978 26 limb replantations were performed. All 5 lower extremities had to be reamputated. Of the 21 replanted arms 15 healed without major complications, 9 have regained sufficient function up to now; 3 others show signs of reinnervation.", "contents": "[Experiences with replantation of large limbs]. From November 1975 to August 1978 26 limb replantations were performed. All 5 lower extremities had to be reamputated. Of the 21 replanted arms 15 healed without major complications, 9 have regained sufficient function up to now; 3 others show signs of reinnervation.", "PMID": 711113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4654", "title": "[Prevention in general practice: what is dangerous for liver cells?].", "content": "The liver is engaged in detoxication and elimination of toxic-nutritional foreign material. In addition it is of high affinity to viruses and parasites. Different influences may cause pathological reactions, which are of great consequence to the normal and even more to the previously damaged liver. In general, interactions and cumulative effects of different toxic agents occur. The increase of chronic hepatic disorders in the last years has to be noticed considering economic and social medical aspects. At the first place of agents with a toxic effect to the liver there is alcohol, followed by hyperalimentation and malnutrition. Numerous drugs with different reactions to liver morphology, liver impairment caused by environmental influences and infections retain further places. Prophylaxis and therapy of toxic-nutritional liver damage is based on recognition and elimination of the noxes. Patients with chronic liver disease need a special management and consultation by their physician.", "contents": "[Prevention in general practice: what is dangerous for liver cells?]. The liver is engaged in detoxication and elimination of toxic-nutritional foreign material. In addition it is of high affinity to viruses and parasites. Different influences may cause pathological reactions, which are of great consequence to the normal and even more to the previously damaged liver. In general, interactions and cumulative effects of different toxic agents occur. The increase of chronic hepatic disorders in the last years has to be noticed considering economic and social medical aspects. At the first place of agents with a toxic effect to the liver there is alcohol, followed by hyperalimentation and malnutrition. Numerous drugs with different reactions to liver morphology, liver impairment caused by environmental influences and infections retain further places. Prophylaxis and therapy of toxic-nutritional liver damage is based on recognition and elimination of the noxes. Patients with chronic liver disease need a special management and consultation by their physician.", "PMID": 711115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4655", "title": "[Rehabilitation in ambulatory coronary groups].", "content": "In Western Germany anti-coronary clubs are a relatively new form of organized rehabilitation and secondary prevention after myocardial infarction. At the present time there are operating about 120 such groups, sponsored by hospitals, sports clubs, groups of family doctors, educational organizations and patient selfhelping groups. The groups divided in \"good risk\", \"bad risk\" and \"preventive\" group play an important role in a comprehensive rehabilitation program. Their aims are: changing the risk factors and life style, easing anxiety, depressions, denial and overmotivation, improving life quality, reintegrating the patients into social life, improving physical fitness. Multicenter studies are necessary to find out, if Anticoronary Clubs are able to lower the mortality rate and the reinfarction morbidity.", "contents": "[Rehabilitation in ambulatory coronary groups]. In Western Germany anti-coronary clubs are a relatively new form of organized rehabilitation and secondary prevention after myocardial infarction. At the present time there are operating about 120 such groups, sponsored by hospitals, sports clubs, groups of family doctors, educational organizations and patient selfhelping groups. The groups divided in \"good risk\", \"bad risk\" and \"preventive\" group play an important role in a comprehensive rehabilitation program. Their aims are: changing the risk factors and life style, easing anxiety, depressions, denial and overmotivation, improving life quality, reintegrating the patients into social life, improving physical fitness. Multicenter studies are necessary to find out, if Anticoronary Clubs are able to lower the mortality rate and the reinfarction morbidity.", "PMID": 711118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4656", "title": "[BCG vaccination and leukemia. Epidemiologic studies on the effect of BCG vaccination on leukemia].", "content": "The possible influence of BCG vaccination on leukemia mortality of infants was investigated by various authors. The methods used were prospective trials, retrospective studies and epidemiological analyses. In some of these studies a protective effect of BCG vaccination was observed, in other studies no influence was found. Up to now this problem is subject to controversial discussions. An epidemiological analysis of the Austrian data using trend analyses, regression analyses and analyses of rank correlation showed an inverse correlation between BCG vaccination rate of newborns and leukemia mortality in the age group 0--5 years. From this correlation a protection rate of 0.77 could be calculated.", "contents": "[BCG vaccination and leukemia. Epidemiologic studies on the effect of BCG vaccination on leukemia]. The possible influence of BCG vaccination on leukemia mortality of infants was investigated by various authors. The methods used were prospective trials, retrospective studies and epidemiological analyses. In some of these studies a protective effect of BCG vaccination was observed, in other studies no influence was found. Up to now this problem is subject to controversial discussions. An epidemiological analysis of the Austrian data using trend analyses, regression analyses and analyses of rank correlation showed an inverse correlation between BCG vaccination rate of newborns and leukemia mortality in the age group 0--5 years. From this correlation a protection rate of 0.77 could be calculated.", "PMID": 711119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4657", "title": "[Cytological smears in gynecological practice].", "content": "The technique of gynecological smear is discussed. Since poor results, i.e. false-negative findings, are frequently caused by an inadequate preparation, the possible errors in smear taking and their elimination are described. The validity of additional microbiological and cyto-hormonal findings in routine smear is pointed out.", "contents": "[Cytological smears in gynecological practice]. The technique of gynecological smear is discussed. Since poor results, i.e. false-negative findings, are frequently caused by an inadequate preparation, the possible errors in smear taking and their elimination are described. The validity of additional microbiological and cyto-hormonal findings in routine smear is pointed out.", "PMID": 711121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4658", "title": "[Post-pill amenorrhea and menarche].", "content": "After stopping hormonal contraception, some women have temporarily impaired fertility. In a study on more than 500 women, using the age of menarche as parameter, it was evaluated which would develop post-pill amenorrhea. It was found that women with early menarche are emotionally more stable, get higher school degrees and have a more positive state of mind regarding sexuality, pregnancy and birth than those with late menarche. All these factors should be considered in patient care.", "contents": "[Post-pill amenorrhea and menarche]. After stopping hormonal contraception, some women have temporarily impaired fertility. In a study on more than 500 women, using the age of menarche as parameter, it was evaluated which would develop post-pill amenorrhea. It was found that women with early menarche are emotionally more stable, get higher school degrees and have a more positive state of mind regarding sexuality, pregnancy and birth than those with late menarche. All these factors should be considered in patient care.", "PMID": 711122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4659", "title": "[Possibilities of treatment in acute failure of the right heart].", "content": "Acute right heart failure can be influenced positively by means of right-sided respectively left-sided intraventricular balloon pump and the intraaortic counterpulsation. Yet, due to a narrow safety margin one should not try the right-sided intraventricular balloon pump in humans. Left-sided intraventricular balloon pumping immediately enhances cardiac output by 20--30%; the myocardial blood-flow to the subendocardium increases by 50%; finally the myocardial oxygen supply improves. Balloon inflation only during ejection time is demanded. So, up to 6 hours, properly timed left intraventricular balloon pumping does not damage left ventricular dimensions. The use of the intraaortic balloon pump was without problems. This pump device increases myocardial bloodflow to the subendocardium most effectively. There is a broad safety margin, too. Intraaortic counterpulsation should be started as soon as acute right heart failure is evident.", "contents": "[Possibilities of treatment in acute failure of the right heart]. Acute right heart failure can be influenced positively by means of right-sided respectively left-sided intraventricular balloon pump and the intraaortic counterpulsation. Yet, due to a narrow safety margin one should not try the right-sided intraventricular balloon pump in humans. Left-sided intraventricular balloon pumping immediately enhances cardiac output by 20--30%; the myocardial blood-flow to the subendocardium increases by 50%; finally the myocardial oxygen supply improves. Balloon inflation only during ejection time is demanded. So, up to 6 hours, properly timed left intraventricular balloon pumping does not damage left ventricular dimensions. The use of the intraaortic balloon pump was without problems. This pump device increases myocardial bloodflow to the subendocardium most effectively. There is a broad safety margin, too. Intraaortic counterpulsation should be started as soon as acute right heart failure is evident.", "PMID": 711124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4660", "title": "[Clinical and experimental studies on changes in lysosomal enzyme activity in fatty livers (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to examine a role of lysosomes in the pathogenesis of fatty livers, analysis was made on possible etiologic factors, clinical signs and symptoms as well as laboratory data of routine liver function tests in 32 subjects with fatty livers. Of 18 cases, enzyme activities of serum acid phosphatase (Acp), beta-glucuronidase (betaG) and n-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (nbetaG) were measured and compared with those obtained in 20 normal subjects. Subjective symptoms were observed in 75% of the cases examined, liver swelling in 56%, positive GOT, GPT and BSP retention were in 59, 75 and 68%, respectively. The activity of serum lysosomal enzymes such as Acp, betaG and nbetaG were significantly increased and their incidence was 28, 89 and 78%, respectively. In animal experiments, activities of these enzymes in both serum and liver homogenate were examined in rats with choline-deficient, ethionine-treated, and alcoholic fatty livers. Results obtained were as follows: 1) Lysosomal enzyme activity in sera and livers of choline-deficient rats showed a significant decrease in lysosome-rich fraction and a significant increase in supernatant fraction and sera. 2) The enzyme activity in ethionine-treated rats decreased significantly in lysosome-rich fraction and tended to increase in supernatant fraction. The activity of betaG in sera increased markedly. 3) In rats given ethanol for 4 weeks, the enzyme activity of sera and liver homogenates significantly increased in lysosome-rich fraction. These results indicate that the analysis of serum lysosomal enzyme activity, in the light of clinical features and laboratory data of routine liver function tests, is useful for the diagnosis of the fatty liver. A discussion is given of a possible mode of variation of lysosomal enzymes in rats with fatty livers.", "contents": "[Clinical and experimental studies on changes in lysosomal enzyme activity in fatty livers (author's transl)]. In order to examine a role of lysosomes in the pathogenesis of fatty livers, analysis was made on possible etiologic factors, clinical signs and symptoms as well as laboratory data of routine liver function tests in 32 subjects with fatty livers. Of 18 cases, enzyme activities of serum acid phosphatase (Acp), beta-glucuronidase (betaG) and n-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (nbetaG) were measured and compared with those obtained in 20 normal subjects. Subjective symptoms were observed in 75% of the cases examined, liver swelling in 56%, positive GOT, GPT and BSP retention were in 59, 75 and 68%, respectively. The activity of serum lysosomal enzymes such as Acp, betaG and nbetaG were significantly increased and their incidence was 28, 89 and 78%, respectively. In animal experiments, activities of these enzymes in both serum and liver homogenate were examined in rats with choline-deficient, ethionine-treated, and alcoholic fatty livers. Results obtained were as follows: 1) Lysosomal enzyme activity in sera and livers of choline-deficient rats showed a significant decrease in lysosome-rich fraction and a significant increase in supernatant fraction and sera. 2) The enzyme activity in ethionine-treated rats decreased significantly in lysosome-rich fraction and tended to increase in supernatant fraction. The activity of betaG in sera increased markedly. 3) In rats given ethanol for 4 weeks, the enzyme activity of sera and liver homogenates significantly increased in lysosome-rich fraction. These results indicate that the analysis of serum lysosomal enzyme activity, in the light of clinical features and laboratory data of routine liver function tests, is useful for the diagnosis of the fatty liver. A discussion is given of a possible mode of variation of lysosomal enzymes in rats with fatty livers.", "PMID": 711125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4661", "title": "[Effect of physical exercise on glycolysis in human red blood cells (author's transl)].", "content": "Untrained healthy male volunteers were studied to observe the effects of physical exercise (bicycle ergometer, 920 kpm/min for 10 min, 15 min and 30 min) upon glycolytic intermediates in red blood cells. The levels of glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, pyruvate  and lactate increased after each exercise. The levels of fructose 1,6-diphosphate increased and phosphoenolpyruvate decreased respectively only after 30 min of exercise. At the rest period of 30 min after 30 min of exercise the lactate level still remained unchanged, however all the other intermediates returned to the preexercise values. A negative crossover point seemed to exist between fructose 6-phosphate and fructose 1, 6-diphosphate after 15 min of exercise. A positive crossover point was observed between phosphoenolpyruvate and pyruvate after 30 min of exercise. There were significant increases in hexokinase and pyruvate kinase activities, but not in phosphofructokinase activity after 30 min of exercise. These facts suggested that the increase in pyruvate kinase activity was due to the elevated fructose 1,6-diphosphate level after 30 min of exercise. A significant increase in plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity was found after each exercise. A close positive correlation was observed between pyruvate-phosphoenolpyruvate ratio and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity after 30 min of exercise. It was suggested that pyruvate-phosphoenolpyruvate ratio provided a reliable index of physical exercise.", "contents": "[Effect of physical exercise on glycolysis in human red blood cells (author's transl)]. Untrained healthy male volunteers were studied to observe the effects of physical exercise (bicycle ergometer, 920 kpm/min for 10 min, 15 min and 30 min) upon glycolytic intermediates in red blood cells. The levels of glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, pyruvate  and lactate increased after each exercise. The levels of fructose 1,6-diphosphate increased and phosphoenolpyruvate decreased respectively only after 30 min of exercise. At the rest period of 30 min after 30 min of exercise the lactate level still remained unchanged, however all the other intermediates returned to the preexercise values. A negative crossover point seemed to exist between fructose 6-phosphate and fructose 1, 6-diphosphate after 15 min of exercise. A positive crossover point was observed between phosphoenolpyruvate and pyruvate after 30 min of exercise. There were significant increases in hexokinase and pyruvate kinase activities, but not in phosphofructokinase activity after 30 min of exercise. These facts suggested that the increase in pyruvate kinase activity was due to the elevated fructose 1,6-diphosphate level after 30 min of exercise. A significant increase in plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity was found after each exercise. A close positive correlation was observed between pyruvate-phosphoenolpyruvate ratio and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity after 30 min of exercise. It was suggested that pyruvate-phosphoenolpyruvate ratio provided a reliable index of physical exercise.", "PMID": 711126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4662", "title": "Effect of catecholamines on insulin secretion and liver glycogenolysis in the rat.", "content": "The relative activities of adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoprenaline in producing hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia and glycogenolysis in liver and skeletal muscle have been studied in both fed and fasted rats. Independent of prandial state isoprenaline significantly elevates plasma insulin level. Noradrenaline has no demonstrable glycogenolytic action in the liver even at a dose of 1 mg/kg regardless to the prandial state. These observations suggest that in the intact organism enhanced insulin-secretory effect of isoprenaline counteracts and masks the glycogenolytic effect of this drug in the liver.", "contents": "Effect of catecholamines on insulin secretion and liver glycogenolysis in the rat. The relative activities of adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoprenaline in producing hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia and glycogenolysis in liver and skeletal muscle have been studied in both fed and fasted rats. Independent of prandial state isoprenaline significantly elevates plasma insulin level. Noradrenaline has no demonstrable glycogenolytic action in the liver even at a dose of 1 mg/kg regardless to the prandial state. These observations suggest that in the intact organism enhanced insulin-secretory effect of isoprenaline counteracts and masks the glycogenolytic effect of this drug in the liver.", "PMID": 711129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4663", "title": "Recovery of immune system in diabetic mice after treatment with insulin.", "content": "In mice with alloxan-induced diabetes, humoral and cellular immunological reactivity were weak. The number of leucocytes, and especially lymphocytes, was reduced, and the weight and cellularity of lymphatic organs were lower than in normal mice. Treatment of diabetic mice with insulin reversed morphological and functional deficiency of the immunological system. Observed depression of immunological functions was attributed to impaired transport of glucose into immunocompetent cells, rather than to toxic effects of alloxan.", "contents": "Recovery of immune system in diabetic mice after treatment with insulin. In mice with alloxan-induced diabetes, humoral and cellular immunological reactivity were weak. The number of leucocytes, and especially lymphocytes, was reduced, and the weight and cellularity of lymphatic organs were lower than in normal mice. Treatment of diabetic mice with insulin reversed morphological and functional deficiency of the immunological system. Observed depression of immunological functions was attributed to impaired transport of glucose into immunocompetent cells, rather than to toxic effects of alloxan.", "PMID": 711130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4664", "title": "Adipose tissue cellularity: effect on insulin and thyroxine.", "content": "The influence of insulin and thyroxine on the cellularity of adipose tissue in the rat epididymal fat pad has been studied. Incorporation of (3H) thymidine into the DNA of fat cells and stroma was measured together with fat cell size and number in rats pre-treated with either one of these hormones. There was an increase in fat pad weight in insulin treated rats which was due to 'lipid filling' of existing adipocytes and not increased proliferation of new fat cells. Thyroxine treated rats showed a decrease in fat pad weight caused by a decrease in size of individual fat cells. Cell number remained unaffected by either treatment.", "contents": "Adipose tissue cellularity: effect on insulin and thyroxine. The influence of insulin and thyroxine on the cellularity of adipose tissue in the rat epididymal fat pad has been studied. Incorporation of (3H) thymidine into the DNA of fat cells and stroma was measured together with fat cell size and number in rats pre-treated with either one of these hormones. There was an increase in fat pad weight in insulin treated rats which was due to 'lipid filling' of existing adipocytes and not increased proliferation of new fat cells. Thyroxine treated rats showed a decrease in fat pad weight caused by a decrease in size of individual fat cells. Cell number remained unaffected by either treatment.", "PMID": 711131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4665", "title": "Effects of pinealectomy and of sham-pinealectomy on blood glucose levels in the alloxan-diabetic rat.", "content": "Alloxan-diabetic male rats were used to test effects of pinealectomy (PX) and of sham-pinealectomy (SPX) on blood glucose levels at mid-dark in the daily light-dark (LD 12:12) cycle. Animals received a diabetogenic dose of alloxan 10 days postoperatively. Blood glucose was measured on days -1,1,2,3,4,5,7,10 and 15 after 8-hour fasts. Pinealectomized (PX) and non-operated (C) animals were equivalent in their hyperglycemia following alloxan. SPX animals contrastingly showed significantly less response to alloxan than did animals of the other two groups. This difference of the SPX animals was in terms of lower hyperglycemia, better maintenance of body weight and of survival. It is concluded that intracranial surgery alone (SPX) and without visible brain damage can affect mechanisms of glucose homeostasis, and that at least in some circumstances such a surgical effect is not only different from effects of surgical pinealectomy (PX), but is also probably not pineal-dependent.", "contents": "Effects of pinealectomy and of sham-pinealectomy on blood glucose levels in the alloxan-diabetic rat. Alloxan-diabetic male rats were used to test effects of pinealectomy (PX) and of sham-pinealectomy (SPX) on blood glucose levels at mid-dark in the daily light-dark (LD 12:12) cycle. Animals received a diabetogenic dose of alloxan 10 days postoperatively. Blood glucose was measured on days -1,1,2,3,4,5,7,10 and 15 after 8-hour fasts. Pinealectomized (PX) and non-operated (C) animals were equivalent in their hyperglycemia following alloxan. SPX animals contrastingly showed significantly less response to alloxan than did animals of the other two groups. This difference of the SPX animals was in terms of lower hyperglycemia, better maintenance of body weight and of survival. It is concluded that intracranial surgery alone (SPX) and without visible brain damage can affect mechanisms of glucose homeostasis, and that at least in some circumstances such a surgical effect is not only different from effects of surgical pinealectomy (PX), but is also probably not pineal-dependent.", "PMID": 711132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4666", "title": "Action of insulin on thyroid protein synthesis in dogs.", "content": "The study was performed on dog thyroid slices after in vivo administration of monocomponent insulin (carotid perfusion of a lobe: 25 mIU/kg/min for 15 min, and 2nd lobe perfused as control: saline) and after in vitro hormone addition (100 mIU/ml of glucose-free incubation medium). The 3H-leucine incorporation in thyroid proteins (dpm/mg) was determined following incubation of slices for 1 h and 2 h. Insulin given in situ significantly increased the mean incorporation into homogenate and cytosol proteins: about 130% after 1 h of incubation, for an identical hypoglycaemia in both lobes. When insulin was added to the medium, a similar response was observed after 1 h of incubation, the effect being less pronounced after 2 h but still significant. The sucrose gradient analysis of the soluble fraction showed that the stimulation affected all thyroid proteins. Polyribosomes isolated from in vivo insulin-perfused thyroids exhibited an increased activity when tested in cell-free system. These data suggest that insulin stimulated the thyroid protein synthesis in dogs through a direct action on the thyroid cell.", "contents": "Action of insulin on thyroid protein synthesis in dogs. The study was performed on dog thyroid slices after in vivo administration of monocomponent insulin (carotid perfusion of a lobe: 25 mIU/kg/min for 15 min, and 2nd lobe perfused as control: saline) and after in vitro hormone addition (100 mIU/ml of glucose-free incubation medium). The 3H-leucine incorporation in thyroid proteins (dpm/mg) was determined following incubation of slices for 1 h and 2 h. Insulin given in situ significantly increased the mean incorporation into homogenate and cytosol proteins: about 130% after 1 h of incubation, for an identical hypoglycaemia in both lobes. When insulin was added to the medium, a similar response was observed after 1 h of incubation, the effect being less pronounced after 2 h but still significant. The sucrose gradient analysis of the soluble fraction showed that the stimulation affected all thyroid proteins. Polyribosomes isolated from in vivo insulin-perfused thyroids exhibited an increased activity when tested in cell-free system. These data suggest that insulin stimulated the thyroid protein synthesis in dogs through a direct action on the thyroid cell.", "PMID": 711133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4667", "title": "Prolactin cell adenomas of the human pituitary. Morphologic features of prolactin cells in the nontumorous portions of the anterior lobe.", "content": "Twenty pituitary glands, harbouring prolactin cell adenomas, obtained from autopsy of male and female patients of various ages and dying of different diseases have been investigated by the immunoperoxidase technique in order to reveal the morphologic changes of prolactin cells in the nontumorous protions of the anterior lobes. For comparison, 40 nontumorous pituitary glands and 20 pituitaries lodging adenomas not consisting of prolactin cells have also been studied. In all four prolactin cell adenoma cases, the anterior lobes contained numberous prolactin cells outside the tumors, indicating a lack of involution of prolactin cells in the nontumorous portions of the pituitary glands.", "contents": "Prolactin cell adenomas of the human pituitary. Morphologic features of prolactin cells in the nontumorous portions of the anterior lobe. Twenty pituitary glands, harbouring prolactin cell adenomas, obtained from autopsy of male and female patients of various ages and dying of different diseases have been investigated by the immunoperoxidase technique in order to reveal the morphologic changes of prolactin cells in the nontumorous protions of the anterior lobes. For comparison, 40 nontumorous pituitary glands and 20 pituitaries lodging adenomas not consisting of prolactin cells have also been studied. In all four prolactin cell adenoma cases, the anterior lobes contained numberous prolactin cells outside the tumors, indicating a lack of involution of prolactin cells in the nontumorous portions of the pituitary glands.", "PMID": 711135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4668", "title": "Specific weight loss in hyperthyroidism.", "content": "To assess metabolic turnover in patients with hyperthyroidism weight loss in mg . kg-1 . min-1 (specific weight loss, SWL) was measured by means of a new type of scale working on the buoyance principle with a minimal susceptibility of 10 mg per 100 kg. Weight loss rate was significantly increased in hyperthyroid patients (n=22;SWL, 22.0 +/-1.4 (SE) mg. kg-1 . min-1) compared to health controls (n=11; SWL, 10.0 +/-0.4 (SE) mg . kg-1 . min-1). The fall in SWL paralleled the decrease in thyroid hormone levels in serum in the beginning of antithyroid treatment and remained unchanged thereafter in spite of a further drop in thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) levels. After six weeks of treatment SWL reached the upper normal range despite hormone levels in the low range of normal. The findings indicate that the normalization of the basal metabolic rate as assessed by the estimation of SWL is slower than the decline in serum hormone levels. There was no correlation between thyroid hormone levels and SWL before initiating therapy or during antithyroid treatment (T4 vs. SWL, r = 0.22;n = 56). Thus serum levels of T4 and T3 appear to be rather insufficient indices regarding the respective metabolic state as estimated by SWL.", "contents": "Specific weight loss in hyperthyroidism. To assess metabolic turnover in patients with hyperthyroidism weight loss in mg . kg-1 . min-1 (specific weight loss, SWL) was measured by means of a new type of scale working on the buoyance principle with a minimal susceptibility of 10 mg per 100 kg. Weight loss rate was significantly increased in hyperthyroid patients (n=22;SWL, 22.0 +/-1.4 (SE) mg. kg-1 . min-1) compared to health controls (n=11; SWL, 10.0 +/-0.4 (SE) mg . kg-1 . min-1). The fall in SWL paralleled the decrease in thyroid hormone levels in serum in the beginning of antithyroid treatment and remained unchanged thereafter in spite of a further drop in thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) levels. After six weeks of treatment SWL reached the upper normal range despite hormone levels in the low range of normal. The findings indicate that the normalization of the basal metabolic rate as assessed by the estimation of SWL is slower than the decline in serum hormone levels. There was no correlation between thyroid hormone levels and SWL before initiating therapy or during antithyroid treatment (T4 vs. SWL, r = 0.22;n = 56). Thus serum levels of T4 and T3 appear to be rather insufficient indices regarding the respective metabolic state as estimated by SWL.", "PMID": 711136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4669", "title": "31P magnetic resonance of intact endocrine tissue: adrenal glands of dogs.", "content": "Intact dog adrenal glands were examined for their phosphate profiles in the 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer at 36.43 MHz at 31 degrees, and the resultant spectra were compared to those obtained from perchloric acid extracts of the same endocrine tissue. The adrenal gland presents a unique organ for whole tissue spectroscopy in that its phosphate profile shows a number of features which have not been previously observed in similar phosphate profiles obtained from other intact tissue preparations. A number of prominant resonances are observed in the intact adrenal gland which arise from phosphorus-containing substances that are not extractable with perchloric acid. The 31P shifts of these resonances indicate that they may arise from phosphorylated proteins and membrane phospholipids.", "contents": "31P magnetic resonance of intact endocrine tissue: adrenal glands of dogs. Intact dog adrenal glands were examined for their phosphate profiles in the 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer at 36.43 MHz at 31 degrees, and the resultant spectra were compared to those obtained from perchloric acid extracts of the same endocrine tissue. The adrenal gland presents a unique organ for whole tissue spectroscopy in that its phosphate profile shows a number of features which have not been previously observed in similar phosphate profiles obtained from other intact tissue preparations. A number of prominant resonances are observed in the intact adrenal gland which arise from phosphorus-containing substances that are not extractable with perchloric acid. The 31P shifts of these resonances indicate that they may arise from phosphorylated proteins and membrane phospholipids.", "PMID": 711137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4670", "title": "Changes in plasma amino acid levels during the human menstrual cycle and in early pregnancy. A preliminary report.", "content": "Fasting plasma amino acids have been measured in two normal females. In one subject changes in the levels of the amino acids have been followed weekly during four normal menstrual cycles. In the second subject changes in amino acid levels have been followed through a normal cycle, conception and early pregnancy. During a normal menstrual cycle it has been found that not all amino acids behave in a similar fashion. At least three distinct patterns of behaviour in respect of changes of concentration have been identified. In pregnancy it has been found that the depression in amino acid levels, reported by other workers in later pregnancy, in fact occur immediately following conception. The changes in levels of plasma amino acids which occur during the menstrual cycle and in pregnancy appear to be inversely related to the reported changes in progesterone levels which occur during these physiological events.", "contents": "Changes in plasma amino acid levels during the human menstrual cycle and in early pregnancy. A preliminary report. Fasting plasma amino acids have been measured in two normal females. In one subject changes in the levels of the amino acids have been followed weekly during four normal menstrual cycles. In the second subject changes in amino acid levels have been followed through a normal cycle, conception and early pregnancy. During a normal menstrual cycle it has been found that not all amino acids behave in a similar fashion. At least three distinct patterns of behaviour in respect of changes of concentration have been identified. In pregnancy it has been found that the depression in amino acid levels, reported by other workers in later pregnancy, in fact occur immediately following conception. The changes in levels of plasma amino acids which occur during the menstrual cycle and in pregnancy appear to be inversely related to the reported changes in progesterone levels which occur during these physiological events.", "PMID": 711138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4671", "title": "Actions of salbutamol in late pregnancy. Serum levels of human chorionic gonadotrophin, human placental lactogen, total oestriol and progesterone in diabetic and non-diabetic women during infusion of salbutamol.", "content": "The acute effects of salbutamol on the serum levels of hPL, hCG, oestriol and progesterone in diabetic and non-diabetic pregnant women in the last trimester were studied. I.V. administration of salbutamol in an increasing dose from 0 to 22.5 ug/min caused no change in hPL or hCG levels in any group. Progesterone showed a significant fall after 40 min in the diabetic group and a less pronounced, although still significant fall after 80 min in the non-diabetic group. The oestriol levels increased significantly after 40 min in the diabetic group while no significant change was noted in the non-diabetic group. It is speculated that the effects in the diabetic women might be explained by a redistribution of the available placental 5-pregnenolone due to an increased fetal conversion into oestriol. This might be due to an increased sensitivity of the adrenal cortex of these foetuses to a supposed stimulatory effect of salbutamol.", "contents": "Actions of salbutamol in late pregnancy. Serum levels of human chorionic gonadotrophin, human placental lactogen, total oestriol and progesterone in diabetic and non-diabetic women during infusion of salbutamol. The acute effects of salbutamol on the serum levels of hPL, hCG, oestriol and progesterone in diabetic and non-diabetic pregnant women in the last trimester were studied. I.V. administration of salbutamol in an increasing dose from 0 to 22.5 ug/min caused no change in hPL or hCG levels in any group. Progesterone showed a significant fall after 40 min in the diabetic group and a less pronounced, although still significant fall after 80 min in the non-diabetic group. The oestriol levels increased significantly after 40 min in the diabetic group while no significant change was noted in the non-diabetic group. It is speculated that the effects in the diabetic women might be explained by a redistribution of the available placental 5-pregnenolone due to an increased fetal conversion into oestriol. This might be due to an increased sensitivity of the adrenal cortex of these foetuses to a supposed stimulatory effect of salbutamol.", "PMID": 711139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4672", "title": "Effects of calcium intake and renal function on plasma immunoreactive parathyroid hormone levels in rats.", "content": "Parathyroid hormone (PTH) was estimated with a radioimmunoassay system which recognised presumably intact rat PTH as the major circulating species. A low calcium diet was found to increase PTH levels in shamoperated and in 5/6-nephrectomized rats. In rats with normal renal function, a low calcium intake resulted in a significant mean increase of PTH levels, while changes in plasma calcium, magnesium, phosphate and protein concentrations were not detectable; at the same time the ability of the duodenum to transport calcium in vitro was accelerated. In 5/6-nephrectomized rats, on the other hand, PTH levels were dramatically increased in hypocalcemic animals kept on a calcium deficient diet, while intestinal calcium transport was impaired. These data support the concept that hypocalcemia is the most important stimulus for increased PTH release. Since increased PTH levels can be seen in situations where increased 1,25-dihydroxy-cholecalciferol synthesis is known to occur, it appears that this metabolite cannot inhibit a rise in plasma PTH levels.", "contents": "Effects of calcium intake and renal function on plasma immunoreactive parathyroid hormone levels in rats. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) was estimated with a radioimmunoassay system which recognised presumably intact rat PTH as the major circulating species. A low calcium diet was found to increase PTH levels in shamoperated and in 5/6-nephrectomized rats. In rats with normal renal function, a low calcium intake resulted in a significant mean increase of PTH levels, while changes in plasma calcium, magnesium, phosphate and protein concentrations were not detectable; at the same time the ability of the duodenum to transport calcium in vitro was accelerated. In 5/6-nephrectomized rats, on the other hand, PTH levels were dramatically increased in hypocalcemic animals kept on a calcium deficient diet, while intestinal calcium transport was impaired. These data support the concept that hypocalcemia is the most important stimulus for increased PTH release. Since increased PTH levels can be seen in situations where increased 1,25-dihydroxy-cholecalciferol synthesis is known to occur, it appears that this metabolite cannot inhibit a rise in plasma PTH levels.", "PMID": 711140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4673", "title": "[Covalent C-terminal fixation of cyanogen bromide peptides in the liquid-phase-sequenator (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper describes the covalent fixation and hydrophilisation of homoserin lactone peptides enabling complete C-terminal sequencing in the squenator. Dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide and 6M guanidine hydrochloride in water were used as solvents, ethylendiamine, hexamethylendiamine and histamine base as amino components. The diamine peptide derivative was reacted with the hydrophilic isothiocyanates I and IV, the fixed peptide was sequenced to the C-terminal amino acid, Histamine reacted particularly well and the program with 0.1N quadrol and the hydrophobic buffers was especially suitable for this derivative. The phenylthiohydantoin derivative of homoserine was proven in good yields. The application of this method is suggested.", "contents": "[Covalent C-terminal fixation of cyanogen bromide peptides in the liquid-phase-sequenator (author's transl)]. This paper describes the covalent fixation and hydrophilisation of homoserin lactone peptides enabling complete C-terminal sequencing in the squenator. Dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide and 6M guanidine hydrochloride in water were used as solvents, ethylendiamine, hexamethylendiamine and histamine base as amino components. The diamine peptide derivative was reacted with the hydrophilic isothiocyanates I and IV, the fixed peptide was sequenced to the C-terminal amino acid, Histamine reacted particularly well and the program with 0.1N quadrol and the hydrophobic buffers was especially suitable for this derivative. The phenylthiohydantoin derivative of homoserine was proven in good yields. The application of this method is suggested.", "PMID": 711147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4674", "title": "Kinetic investigations of liver microsomal esterases with oxazepam esters.", "content": "Hepatic microsomal esterases of the mouse responsible for the bioactivation of inactive (prodrug) esters of the centrally acting oxazepam were studied. The enzymes are situated on the cytoplasmic side of the microsomes. The esterases are partly solubilized and partly inactivated by homogenization in aqueous glycerol and treatment with deoxycholate. There is good correlation between the rates of hydrolysis and steric constants of the acyl moiety. Substrate binding increases to an optimum with the number of carbon atoms in the acyl moiety and is of hydrophobic nature. An attempt has been made to classify the esterases on the basis of the effect of inhibitors and activators.", "contents": "Kinetic investigations of liver microsomal esterases with oxazepam esters. Hepatic microsomal esterases of the mouse responsible for the bioactivation of inactive (prodrug) esters of the centrally acting oxazepam were studied. The enzymes are situated on the cytoplasmic side of the microsomes. The esterases are partly solubilized and partly inactivated by homogenization in aqueous glycerol and treatment with deoxycholate. There is good correlation between the rates of hydrolysis and steric constants of the acyl moiety. Substrate binding increases to an optimum with the number of carbon atoms in the acyl moiety and is of hydrophobic nature. An attempt has been made to classify the esterases on the basis of the effect of inhibitors and activators.", "PMID": 711150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4675", "title": "Pentagastrin analogs containing alpha-aminooxy acids, I. Synthesis of analogs substituted at the N-terminus.", "content": "Nine new pentagastrin analogs containing a free or protected alpha-aminooxy acid at the N-terminus were synthesized stepwise. Analogs containing leucyl, norleucyl, norvalyl, L- and D-2-aminodecanoyl residues instead of methionyl residue were also prepared. The peptides were synthesized by the active ester method with subsequent removal of the protecting groups. The purification of the end products was performed by crystallization or column chromatography on silica gel.", "contents": "Pentagastrin analogs containing alpha-aminooxy acids, I. Synthesis of analogs substituted at the N-terminus. Nine new pentagastrin analogs containing a free or protected alpha-aminooxy acid at the N-terminus were synthesized stepwise. Analogs containing leucyl, norleucyl, norvalyl, L- and D-2-aminodecanoyl residues instead of methionyl residue were also prepared. The peptides were synthesized by the active ester method with subsequent removal of the protecting groups. The purification of the end products was performed by crystallization or column chromatography on silica gel.", "PMID": 711151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4676", "title": "Pentagastrin analogs containing alpha-aminooxy acids, II. Simultaneous substitutions at the N- and C-terminus.", "content": "Twenty-seven new pentagastrin analogs containing free or protected aminooxy acids at the N-terminus and D-2-aminooxy-3-phenyl-propionic acid, L-(4-chlorophenyl)glycine, L- and D-phenylglycine, or L- or D-cyclohexyglycine instead of the C-terminal L-phenylalanine and analogs extended by aminooxyacetic acid at the C-terminus, were synthesized stepwise. The end products were purified by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose or silica gel.", "contents": "Pentagastrin analogs containing alpha-aminooxy acids, II. Simultaneous substitutions at the N- and C-terminus. Twenty-seven new pentagastrin analogs containing free or protected aminooxy acids at the N-terminus and D-2-aminooxy-3-phenyl-propionic acid, L-(4-chlorophenyl)glycine, L- and D-phenylglycine, or L- or D-cyclohexyglycine instead of the C-terminal L-phenylalanine and analogs extended by aminooxyacetic acid at the C-terminus, were synthesized stepwise. The end products were purified by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose or silica gel.", "PMID": 711152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4677", "title": "Pentagastrin analogs containing alpha-aminooxy acids, III. Biological studies and structure-activity relationships.", "content": "The stimulation of gastric acid flow by thirty-six new pentagastrin analogs administered intravenously, intrajejunally and intrarectally was determined in rats. Some of the analogs are several times more active than the pentagastrin (Peptavlon, I.C.I.) used as control. Unlike the control, some analogs are absorbed in active form from the jejunum. The N-terminal substitution with alpha-aminooxy acids seems to increase the gastric secretory response, probably by improving the enzymatic resistance of the molecule to various enzymes. None of the analogs tested significantly inhibit the gastric acid output in rats induced by pentagastrin. Structure-activity relationships are discussed.", "contents": "Pentagastrin analogs containing alpha-aminooxy acids, III. Biological studies and structure-activity relationships. The stimulation of gastric acid flow by thirty-six new pentagastrin analogs administered intravenously, intrajejunally and intrarectally was determined in rats. Some of the analogs are several times more active than the pentagastrin (Peptavlon, I.C.I.) used as control. Unlike the control, some analogs are absorbed in active form from the jejunum. The N-terminal substitution with alpha-aminooxy acids seems to increase the gastric secretory response, probably by improving the enzymatic resistance of the molecule to various enzymes. None of the analogs tested significantly inhibit the gastric acid output in rats induced by pentagastrin. Structure-activity relationships are discussed.", "PMID": 711153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4678", "title": "Diazoniobenzenesulfonate as marker for cell surface proteins: study of the surface coat of Trypanosoma congolense.", "content": "It is possible to label selectively the surface coat of Trypanosoma congolense with radioactive sulfanilic acid diazonium salt. As demonstrated by both sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing, radioactivity is incorporated into only one protein, which has a molecular weight of 57 000 and an isoelectric point of 6.25. This indicates that the surface coat of T. congolense is a homogeneous layer, composed of molecules of one type of protein.", "contents": "Diazoniobenzenesulfonate as marker for cell surface proteins: study of the surface coat of Trypanosoma congolense. It is possible to label selectively the surface coat of Trypanosoma congolense with radioactive sulfanilic acid diazonium salt. As demonstrated by both sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing, radioactivity is incorporated into only one protein, which has a molecular weight of 57 000 and an isoelectric point of 6.25. This indicates that the surface coat of T. congolense is a homogeneous layer, composed of molecules of one type of protein.", "PMID": 711154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4679", "title": "Structure and activity of insulin, XVI. Semisyntheses of desheptapeptide-(B24--30)- up to destripeptide-(B28--30)-insulin with lysine or alanine in place of arginine in position B22: influence on the three-step-increase of activity in positions B24--26 (Phe-Phe-Tyr).", "content": "The desonapeptide-(B22--30)-insulin pentamethyl ester, protected with Boc- at the two N-terminal amino groups, was prepared as described in the preceding XVth communication[6]. The free carboxyl group of the glutamic acid residue B21 of this compound was coupled to the following synthetic oligopeptide esters (X = Lys or Ala): X-Gly-OMe X-Gly-Phe-OMe X-Gly-Phe-Phe-OME X-Gly-Phe-Phe-Tyr-OMe X-Gly-Phe-Phe-Tyr-Ala-OMe After coupling, the semisynthetic products were deprotected and purified. Their biological activities were determined in the mouse fall test and by measurement of blood glucose levels. There were no statistical differences between the values obtained for the lysine B22 and alanine B22 products. The three-step increase in activity due to the amino acids Phe-Phe-Tyr (B24--26) was still recognizable, but compared with the analogues containing arginine B22, the activities were very stronly diminished. These results are in contrast with the assumption that activity of insulin is dependent on the formation of a strong ionic linkage between the asparagine-A21 carboxyl group and any positive charge in B22. The results, however, demonstrate the high specificity of the arginine guanidino group in position B22.", "contents": "Structure and activity of insulin, XVI. Semisyntheses of desheptapeptide-(B24--30)- up to destripeptide-(B28--30)-insulin with lysine or alanine in place of arginine in position B22: influence on the three-step-increase of activity in positions B24--26 (Phe-Phe-Tyr). The desonapeptide-(B22--30)-insulin pentamethyl ester, protected with Boc- at the two N-terminal amino groups, was prepared as described in the preceding XVth communication[6]. The free carboxyl group of the glutamic acid residue B21 of this compound was coupled to the following synthetic oligopeptide esters (X = Lys or Ala): X-Gly-OMe X-Gly-Phe-OMe X-Gly-Phe-Phe-OME X-Gly-Phe-Phe-Tyr-OMe X-Gly-Phe-Phe-Tyr-Ala-OMe After coupling, the semisynthetic products were deprotected and purified. Their biological activities were determined in the mouse fall test and by measurement of blood glucose levels. There were no statistical differences between the values obtained for the lysine B22 and alanine B22 products. The three-step increase in activity due to the amino acids Phe-Phe-Tyr (B24--26) was still recognizable, but compared with the analogues containing arginine B22, the activities were very stronly diminished. These results are in contrast with the assumption that activity of insulin is dependent on the formation of a strong ionic linkage between the asparagine-A21 carboxyl group and any positive charge in B22. The results, however, demonstrate the high specificity of the arginine guanidino group in position B22.", "PMID": 711155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4680", "title": "The conformer nature of the multiple forms of beef liver catalase as obtained by biochemical and small-angle X-ray scattering experiments. A model for the quaternary structure of the beef liver catalase molecule.", "content": "Two of the five multiple forms of beef liver catalase have been extensively studied using biochemical and biophysical analysis techniques. The two molecules, cat I and cat V, have different isoelectric points (pH 6.55 and 5.6), different surface charges (25.8 and 32.7 elementary charges) and display different numbers of primary amino groups on their surfaces. The numbers of tyrosine residues on the surfaces of the two molecules are also different (16 and 10 at pH 10). Since the two forms of catalase can be interconverted, the described changes may be caused by conformational changes of the four protein subunits within the molecule. This mobility of the polypeptide chains is also demonstrated by the different absorption spectra below 390 nm. Using small-angle X-ray scattering, the radii and the volumes of the two catalase forms were shown to be different (cat 1 is smaller than cat V). All five multiple forms of beef liver catalase are concormers of the molecule. A model for the quaternary sturcture of the beef liver catalase are conformers of the molecule. A model for the quaternary structure of the beef liver catalase molecule is suggested. It consists of a regular configuration of four prolate rotational ellipsoids (semiaxes: a = 52 A, b = c = 21 A) in close contact in which the nearest neighbour subunits are shifted by 37 A parallel to each other. Thus the height of the complete molecule is 141 A and the diameter 94 A.", "contents": "The conformer nature of the multiple forms of beef liver catalase as obtained by biochemical and small-angle X-ray scattering experiments. A model for the quaternary structure of the beef liver catalase molecule. Two of the five multiple forms of beef liver catalase have been extensively studied using biochemical and biophysical analysis techniques. The two molecules, cat I and cat V, have different isoelectric points (pH 6.55 and 5.6), different surface charges (25.8 and 32.7 elementary charges) and display different numbers of primary amino groups on their surfaces. The numbers of tyrosine residues on the surfaces of the two molecules are also different (16 and 10 at pH 10). Since the two forms of catalase can be interconverted, the described changes may be caused by conformational changes of the four protein subunits within the molecule. This mobility of the polypeptide chains is also demonstrated by the different absorption spectra below 390 nm. Using small-angle X-ray scattering, the radii and the volumes of the two catalase forms were shown to be different (cat 1 is smaller than cat V). All five multiple forms of beef liver catalase are concormers of the molecule. A model for the quaternary sturcture of the beef liver catalase are conformers of the molecule. A model for the quaternary structure of the beef liver catalase molecule is suggested. It consists of a regular configuration of four prolate rotational ellipsoids (semiaxes: a = 52 A, b = c = 21 A) in close contact in which the nearest neighbour subunits are shifted by 37 A parallel to each other. Thus the height of the complete molecule is 141 A and the diameter 94 A.", "PMID": 711156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4681", "title": "Crystallization, crystal structure analysis and atomic model of the complex formed by a human Fc fragment and fragment B of protein A from Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Crystals of the complex formed by human Fc fragment and fragment B (FB) of protein A from Staphylococcus aureus were prepared and the crystal structure determined at high resolution by multiple isomorphous replacement. Phase were improved considerably by combining these phases with calculated phases from the Fc component. FB is a small globular protein built of three parallel helices arranged in a triangular array. It binds by the first two helices of Fc and is attached to segments of CH2 and CH3. The CH3 module is unchanged between complex and Fc fragment crystals, but CH2 changes its position slightly relative to CH3. In addition, the upper third of CH2 is disordered in the complex crystals. Possible sources of this disorder are discussed.", "contents": "Crystallization, crystal structure analysis and atomic model of the complex formed by a human Fc fragment and fragment B of protein A from Staphylococcus aureus. Crystals of the complex formed by human Fc fragment and fragment B (FB) of protein A from Staphylococcus aureus were prepared and the crystal structure determined at high resolution by multiple isomorphous replacement. Phase were improved considerably by combining these phases with calculated phases from the Fc component. FB is a small globular protein built of three parallel helices arranged in a triangular array. It binds by the first two helices of Fc and is attached to segments of CH2 and CH3. The CH3 module is unchanged between complex and Fc fragment crystals, but CH2 changes its position slightly relative to CH3. In addition, the upper third of CH2 is disordered in the complex crystals. Possible sources of this disorder are discussed.", "PMID": 711157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4682", "title": "Synthesis of protected decapeptide (B21--30) of human insulin.", "content": "The synthesis of the C-terminal decapeptide derivative B21--30 of the B-chain of human insulin (benzyloxycarbonyl-gamma-t-butoxyglutamyl-arginyl-glycyl-phenylalanyl-phenylalanyl-O-t-butyltyrosyl-O-t-butylthreonyl-prolyl-Nepsilon-t-butyl-oxycarbonyllysyl-O-t-butylthreonine t-butyl ester, (XIII) by the fragment condensation of the tripeptide B21--23 with the heptapeptide B24--30 is described. Two new routes for both the tripeptide and the heptapeptide were established. A simplified method for the purification of O-t-butylthreonine t-butyl ester was developed.", "contents": "Synthesis of protected decapeptide (B21--30) of human insulin. The synthesis of the C-terminal decapeptide derivative B21--30 of the B-chain of human insulin (benzyloxycarbonyl-gamma-t-butoxyglutamyl-arginyl-glycyl-phenylalanyl-phenylalanyl-O-t-butyltyrosyl-O-t-butylthreonyl-prolyl-Nepsilon-t-butyl-oxycarbonyllysyl-O-t-butylthreonine t-butyl ester, (XIII) by the fragment condensation of the tripeptide B21--23 with the heptapeptide B24--30 is described. Two new routes for both the tripeptide and the heptapeptide were established. A simplified method for the purification of O-t-butylthreonine t-butyl ester was developed.", "PMID": 711158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4683", "title": "Inactivation of boar acrosin by peptidyl-arginyl-chloromethanes. Comparison of the reactivity of acrosin, trypsin and thrombin.", "content": "A survey of the reactivity of 16 peptidyl-argininyl-chloromethanes with boar acrosin indicated that these compounds as a general group of reagents were highly effective in the inactivation of acrosin since at least half of the reagents tested rapidly inactivated this protease at a concentration of 0.10 micrometer or lower. For example, Dns-Glu-Gly-ArgCH2Cl inactivates acrosin by 50% in 1.8 min at a concentration of 75 nM, whereas in contrast, a 14000-fold higher concentration of Nalpha-tosyllysyl-chloromethane is required to obtain an equivalent rate of inactivation. A comparison of the reactivity of acrosin and trypsin with the peptides of arginyl-chloromethane containing different substituents in the P2 and P3 positions suggests that the secondary binding sites of these two proteases are very similar. Reagents with homoarginine, lysine and D-arginine in the P1 position have also been prepared and evaluated, but these were considerably less effective than the corresponding arginyl-chloromethanes in the inactivation of both acrosin and trypsin.", "contents": "Inactivation of boar acrosin by peptidyl-arginyl-chloromethanes. Comparison of the reactivity of acrosin, trypsin and thrombin. A survey of the reactivity of 16 peptidyl-argininyl-chloromethanes with boar acrosin indicated that these compounds as a general group of reagents were highly effective in the inactivation of acrosin since at least half of the reagents tested rapidly inactivated this protease at a concentration of 0.10 micrometer or lower. For example, Dns-Glu-Gly-ArgCH2Cl inactivates acrosin by 50% in 1.8 min at a concentration of 75 nM, whereas in contrast, a 14000-fold higher concentration of Nalpha-tosyllysyl-chloromethane is required to obtain an equivalent rate of inactivation. A comparison of the reactivity of acrosin and trypsin with the peptides of arginyl-chloromethane containing different substituents in the P2 and P3 positions suggests that the secondary binding sites of these two proteases are very similar. Reagents with homoarginine, lysine and D-arginine in the P1 position have also been prepared and evaluated, but these were considerably less effective than the corresponding arginyl-chloromethanes in the inactivation of both acrosin and trypsin.", "PMID": 711159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4684", "title": "Further studies on the membrane glycoprotein defects of S--s--and En(a--)-erythrocytes.", "content": "Sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic methods were applied to S--s--and En(a--) red cells as well as to erythrocytes from individuals being heterozygous for these defects. The results demonstrate more conclusively than previous data, that the glycosylated part of the MN glycoprotein is lakcing in En(a--) red cell membranes. S--s--U--erythrocytes either lack the Ss glycoprotein completely or contain a defective molecule which is devoid of the glycosylated part. Conversely, S--s--U+ cells exhibit small amounts of Ss glycoprotein which could only be detected when large amounts of extracted glycoproteins were separated. It is shown that this molecule possesses the 'N' antigenic determinant.", "contents": "Further studies on the membrane glycoprotein defects of S--s--and En(a--)-erythrocytes. Sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic methods were applied to S--s--and En(a--) red cells as well as to erythrocytes from individuals being heterozygous for these defects. The results demonstrate more conclusively than previous data, that the glycosylated part of the MN glycoprotein is lakcing in En(a--) red cell membranes. S--s--U--erythrocytes either lack the Ss glycoprotein completely or contain a defective molecule which is devoid of the glycosylated part. Conversely, S--s--U+ cells exhibit small amounts of Ss glycoprotein which could only be detected when large amounts of extracted glycoproteins were separated. It is shown that this molecule possesses the 'N' antigenic determinant.", "PMID": 711160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4685", "title": "Comparison of the kininogenase activity of human pancreatic trypsins and porcine Kallikrein on Met-Lys-bradykinin and human plasma kininogen.", "content": "Human trypsins 1 and 2 both converted Met-Lys-bradykinin to bradykinin and released bradykinin from kininogen in human plasma as measured by bioassay with the isolated guinea pig ileum. Porcine kallikrein did not act on Met-Lys-bradykinin and released kallidin from human kininogen. Since human trypsin 1 is only partially and trypsin 2 completely inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor, these data show that the criterion of susceptibility to soybean trypsin inhibitor cannot be used to discriminate between trypsin and kallikrein of different species.", "contents": "Comparison of the kininogenase activity of human pancreatic trypsins and porcine Kallikrein on Met-Lys-bradykinin and human plasma kininogen. Human trypsins 1 and 2 both converted Met-Lys-bradykinin to bradykinin and released bradykinin from kininogen in human plasma as measured by bioassay with the isolated guinea pig ileum. Porcine kallikrein did not act on Met-Lys-bradykinin and released kallidin from human kininogen. Since human trypsin 1 is only partially and trypsin 2 completely inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor, these data show that the criterion of susceptibility to soybean trypsin inhibitor cannot be used to discriminate between trypsin and kallikrein of different species.", "PMID": 711161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4686", "title": "Crystalline [A21-desamido]bovine insulin.", "content": "[A21-Desamido]insulin is the major product formed during mild acid hydrolysis of bovine insulin at low insulin concentration. The derivative was isolated by standard procedures and its purity established by isoelectric focusing, disc electrophoresis and electrophoresis on cellulose acetate strips. The identity of the acid-transformed derivative was determined as [A21-desamido]insulin by the action of carboxypeptidase A, using conditions under which a C-terminal aspartic acid residue would not be removed. The biological activity of this crystalline derivative was found to be 15.9 units/mg as measured by the mouse convulsion assay.", "contents": "Crystalline [A21-desamido]bovine insulin. [A21-Desamido]insulin is the major product formed during mild acid hydrolysis of bovine insulin at low insulin concentration. The derivative was isolated by standard procedures and its purity established by isoelectric focusing, disc electrophoresis and electrophoresis on cellulose acetate strips. The identity of the acid-transformed derivative was determined as [A21-desamido]insulin by the action of carboxypeptidase A, using conditions under which a C-terminal aspartic acid residue would not be removed. The biological activity of this crystalline derivative was found to be 15.9 units/mg as measured by the mouse convulsion assay.", "PMID": 711162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4687", "title": "Mental health services: equity, quality, and constraints.", "content": "The current restrictions on resources for mental health care reflect political priorities rather than immutable economic forces, the author contends. He believes that despite the public cynicism about the motives of professionals who plead for additional resources for mental health, professionals have a continuing obligation to be advocates for patients and to lobby for universal access to effective services. In his view, the best use of resources would take three major programmatic thrusts: a full range of services for psychotic patients, consultation and collaboration with primary-practice physicians to enhance their skill in the management of psychiatric and psychosomatic problems, and comprehensive maternal and child health programs. He emphasizes the need for services for minority groups, who continue to bear a disproportionate health burden as reflected in longevity and mortality rates, and for increased funding for health research.", "contents": "Mental health services: equity, quality, and constraints. The current restrictions on resources for mental health care reflect political priorities rather than immutable economic forces, the author contends. He believes that despite the public cynicism about the motives of professionals who plead for additional resources for mental health, professionals have a continuing obligation to be advocates for patients and to lobby for universal access to effective services. In his view, the best use of resources would take three major programmatic thrusts: a full range of services for psychotic patients, consultation and collaboration with primary-practice physicians to enhance their skill in the management of psychiatric and psychosomatic problems, and comprehensive maternal and child health programs. He emphasizes the need for services for minority groups, who continue to bear a disproportionate health burden as reflected in longevity and mortality rates, and for increased funding for health research.", "PMID": 711171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4688", "title": "Developing a psychiatric inpatient service in a rural area.", "content": "An inpatient psychiatric service was developed in a community hospital in Appalachia by building on the hospital's existing mental health components, a comprehensive alcoholism program and an inservice training program for general-duty nurses. In its first phase, the program offered a consultation service to help physicians deal with emotional problems of medical-surgical patients and a daytime therapy program for selected patients referred by the consultation service. In the second phase, psychiatric patients were admitted directly from the community and placed in wards throughout the hospital. Eventually a separate 23-bed psychiatric unit was opened. Between 1973 and 1976 more than 2200 patients were treated by the therapy service or as psychiatric inpatients. The author discusses problems that occurred during each phase of development, including a continuing shortage of nursing staff.", "contents": "Developing a psychiatric inpatient service in a rural area. An inpatient psychiatric service was developed in a community hospital in Appalachia by building on the hospital's existing mental health components, a comprehensive alcoholism program and an inservice training program for general-duty nurses. In its first phase, the program offered a consultation service to help physicians deal with emotional problems of medical-surgical patients and a daytime therapy program for selected patients referred by the consultation service. In the second phase, psychiatric patients were admitted directly from the community and placed in wards throughout the hospital. Eventually a separate 23-bed psychiatric unit was opened. Between 1973 and 1976 more than 2200 patients were treated by the therapy service or as psychiatric inpatients. The author discusses problems that occurred during each phase of development, including a continuing shortage of nursing staff.", "PMID": 711172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4689", "title": "Meeting the special needs of Appalachian alcoholics.", "content": "The Appalachian Regional Comprehensive Alcoholism Program in Beckley, West Virginia, was established in 1972 to meet the needs of a four-county catchment area. In designing the program, planners took into account the special cultural and economic characteristics of the population to be served--individualism, isolation, religiosity, conservatism, distrust of newcomers, and economic deprivation--and set up a program they believe respects local norms. For instance, the program has been staffed mainly by local professionals. Individual therapy, family therapy, and crisis intervention are used much more frequently than group psychotherapy, and clients have a strong voice in treatment decisions. Local ministerial associations are involved whenever possible, and outreach efforts include home visits as well as the use of the media to disseminate information.", "contents": "Meeting the special needs of Appalachian alcoholics. The Appalachian Regional Comprehensive Alcoholism Program in Beckley, West Virginia, was established in 1972 to meet the needs of a four-county catchment area. In designing the program, planners took into account the special cultural and economic characteristics of the population to be served--individualism, isolation, religiosity, conservatism, distrust of newcomers, and economic deprivation--and set up a program they believe respects local norms. For instance, the program has been staffed mainly by local professionals. Individual therapy, family therapy, and crisis intervention are used much more frequently than group psychotherapy, and clients have a strong voice in treatment decisions. Local ministerial associations are involved whenever possible, and outreach efforts include home visits as well as the use of the media to disseminate information.", "PMID": 711173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4690", "title": "The alcohol emergency room in a general hospital: a model for crisis intervention.", "content": "The alcohol emergency room at Denver General Hospital provides a model for crisis intervention for alcoholics. The unit is staffed 24 hours a day by nurses. Patients spend an average of 45 minutes in waiting time and triage. About half the patients require inpatient treatment; the others are referred to outpatient programs. Unit staff emphasize consultation and liaison with other hospital staff to coordinate the treatment system and provide education on aspects of alcoholism. They also explain the patient's condition and needs to his significant others, who provide crucial external support. Staff currently see 400 patients and answer about 270 telephone requests for information about alcoholism treatment monthly.", "contents": "The alcohol emergency room in a general hospital: a model for crisis intervention. The alcohol emergency room at Denver General Hospital provides a model for crisis intervention for alcoholics. The unit is staffed 24 hours a day by nurses. Patients spend an average of 45 minutes in waiting time and triage. About half the patients require inpatient treatment; the others are referred to outpatient programs. Unit staff emphasize consultation and liaison with other hospital staff to coordinate the treatment system and provide education on aspects of alcoholism. They also explain the patient's condition and needs to his significant others, who provide crucial external support. Staff currently see 400 patients and answer about 270 telephone requests for information about alcoholism treatment monthly.", "PMID": 711174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4691", "title": "Mental health training and consultation: a model for liaison with clergy.", "content": "A chaplain, a psychiatrist, and a social worker developed a program to train clergy in more effective mental health case management, counseling, and referral skills, and to sensitize mental health center professionals to the work of the clergy in mental health. The program consists of 12 two-hour meetings conducted by a clinician and a chaplain once a week. In the first four meetings, clergy are trained to use a self-report personal-data kit with individuals presenting with emotional problems. In the next eight meetings, clergy make case presentations that are used as a basis for consultation and group discussion. The project has established a firm basis for collaboration between clergy and mental health center staff in providing care.", "contents": "Mental health training and consultation: a model for liaison with clergy. A chaplain, a psychiatrist, and a social worker developed a program to train clergy in more effective mental health case management, counseling, and referral skills, and to sensitize mental health center professionals to the work of the clergy in mental health. The program consists of 12 two-hour meetings conducted by a clinician and a chaplain once a week. In the first four meetings, clergy are trained to use a self-report personal-data kit with individuals presenting with emotional problems. In the next eight meetings, clergy make case presentations that are used as a basis for consultation and group discussion. The project has established a firm basis for collaboration between clergy and mental health center staff in providing care.", "PMID": 711179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4692", "title": "Schizophrenia through the eyes of families.", "content": "The authors contend that families of schizophrenics have received too little help from mental health professionals, even though in many cases families are the real primary care agents for long-term patients released from mental hospitals. They discuss some of the problems that occur in living with a long-term patient and describe mutual-support and advocacy groups that relatives have formed. They emphasize that mental health professionals can help families of schizophrenics by providing practical, realistic advice on how to deal with the illness, by offering empathy and support rather than placing blame, and by working to ensure that there are adequate treatment and rehabilitation services available.", "contents": "Schizophrenia through the eyes of families. The authors contend that families of schizophrenics have received too little help from mental health professionals, even though in many cases families are the real primary care agents for long-term patients released from mental hospitals. They discuss some of the problems that occur in living with a long-term patient and describe mutual-support and advocacy groups that relatives have formed. They emphasize that mental health professionals can help families of schizophrenics by providing practical, realistic advice on how to deal with the illness, by offering empathy and support rather than placing blame, and by working to ensure that there are adequate treatment and rehabilitation services available.", "PMID": 711180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4693", "title": "No-fault malpractice insurance: Swedish plan shows us the way.", "content": "No-fault medical accident insurance could help solve some of the medical malpractice insurance problems that plague American physicians and hospitals. In Sweden, the Patient Injury Insurance Plan has been working for two years, and, with the statistics that are now available, the claims experiences under the new Swedish system can be compared with the claims experience in the United States under the traditional liability system. The author believes that an insurance system similar to the Swedish plan can work in the United States, but only if certain conditions are created.", "contents": "No-fault malpractice insurance: Swedish plan shows us the way. No-fault medical accident insurance could help solve some of the medical malpractice insurance problems that plague American physicians and hospitals. In Sweden, the Patient Injury Insurance Plan has been working for two years, and, with the statistics that are now available, the claims experiences under the new Swedish system can be compared with the claims experience in the United States under the traditional liability system. The author believes that an insurance system similar to the Swedish plan can work in the United States, but only if certain conditions are created.", "PMID": 711182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4694", "title": "Materials management cuts costs with internal, external controls.", "content": "A hospital's materials management division is helping to contain nonpayroll expenses, particularly purchasing expenses, through centralized purchasing, inventory control, a monitoring and projection system for costs related to procurement activities, and participation in a group purchasing arrangement.", "contents": "Materials management cuts costs with internal, external controls. A hospital's materials management division is helping to contain nonpayroll expenses, particularly purchasing expenses, through centralized purchasing, inventory control, a monitoring and projection system for costs related to procurement activities, and participation in a group purchasing arrangement.", "PMID": 711184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4695", "title": "Computerized systems cut dietary department's costs.", "content": "The department of dietetics at a large teaching hospital has substantially reduced its food and labor costs through use of computerized systems that ensure efficient inventory management, recipe standardization, ingredient control, quantity and quality control, and identification of productive man-hours and appropriate staffing levels.", "contents": "Computerized systems cut dietary department's costs. The department of dietetics at a large teaching hospital has substantially reduced its food and labor costs through use of computerized systems that ensure efficient inventory management, recipe standardization, ingredient control, quantity and quality control, and identification of productive man-hours and appropriate staffing levels.", "PMID": 711183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4696", "title": "Synopsis '78: hospital cost containment stalled; few health bills pass.", "content": "During 1978, hospitals brought to Capitol Hill the heaviest barrage of information that Congress has ever seen about rising health care costs, the causes of those costs, and what is being done about them.", "contents": "Synopsis '78: hospital cost containment stalled; few health bills pass. During 1978, hospitals brought to Capitol Hill the heaviest barrage of information that Congress has ever seen about rising health care costs, the causes of those costs, and what is being done about them.", "PMID": 711191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4697", "title": "Education and training need to be brought up-to-date.", "content": "Training of hospital employees consumes a large segment of total hospital dollars, so it is important to document clear proof of value. If training programs are to be successful, they must be relevant to the measured needs of the institution. In addition to this essential characteristic of the training process, the author discusses six others that affect the outcome of such programs.", "contents": "Education and training need to be brought up-to-date. Training of hospital employees consumes a large segment of total hospital dollars, so it is important to document clear proof of value. If training programs are to be successful, they must be relevant to the measured needs of the institution. In addition to this essential characteristic of the training process, the author discusses six others that affect the outcome of such programs.", "PMID": 711193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4698", "title": "Hospital takes systematic approach to educational programs.", "content": "After analysis of its educational programs showed them to be deficient, Deaconess Hospital, Evansville, IN, undertook the development of a comprehensive, systematic program of education and training. First steps were the establishment of an independent department of education and the preparation of an official position on the use and value of educational programs within the hospital.", "contents": "Hospital takes systematic approach to educational programs. After analysis of its educational programs showed them to be deficient, Deaconess Hospital, Evansville, IN, undertook the development of a comprehensive, systematic program of education and training. First steps were the establishment of an independent department of education and the preparation of an official position on the use and value of educational programs within the hospital.", "PMID": 711194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4699", "title": "Emergency department key factor in hospital admissions.", "content": "A significant proportion of a community hospital's inpatient population is admitted through the emergency department. Administrators who are aware of the frequency of this practice in their institutions can schedule and staff services more efficiently. A 1975 survey conducted by the American Hospital Association shows that the number of emergency department admissions depends on hospital size, location, ownership, and type of physician coverage in the emergency department.", "contents": "Emergency department key factor in hospital admissions. A significant proportion of a community hospital's inpatient population is admitted through the emergency department. Administrators who are aware of the frequency of this practice in their institutions can schedule and staff services more efficiently. A 1975 survey conducted by the American Hospital Association shows that the number of emergency department admissions depends on hospital size, location, ownership, and type of physician coverage in the emergency department.", "PMID": 711195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4700", "title": "Alternative birth centers offer family-centered care.", "content": "With the endorsement of the five major health care associations involved in maternity/newborn care and the support of the American Hospital Association, hospitals throughout the country are beginning to offer alternatives to traditional maternity care. Alternative birth centers (ABCs) have sprung up throughout the country and are providing one-room, homelike environments for labor, delivery and recovery; Leboyer atmosphere; natural childbirth techniques; rooming in; and early discharge. Consumer demand has greatly influenced the changes, and hospital costs have been cut in half.", "contents": "Alternative birth centers offer family-centered care. With the endorsement of the five major health care associations involved in maternity/newborn care and the support of the American Hospital Association, hospitals throughout the country are beginning to offer alternatives to traditional maternity care. Alternative birth centers (ABCs) have sprung up throughout the country and are providing one-room, homelike environments for labor, delivery and recovery; Leboyer atmosphere; natural childbirth techniques; rooming in; and early discharge. Consumer demand has greatly influenced the changes, and hospital costs have been cut in half.", "PMID": 711196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4701", "title": "Baptist and Catholic hospitals share to save money, improve services.", "content": "Highlands Medical Center, Louisville, is the first instance of a Baptist-Catholic sharing arrangement in the nation. Without attempting to alter the religious dedication or legal operation of either of the two hospitals involved, the Highlands Center arrangement helps the facilities and their patients to save money and the hospitals to provide their community with a greater range of services at the lowest possible cost.", "contents": "Baptist and Catholic hospitals share to save money, improve services. Highlands Medical Center, Louisville, is the first instance of a Baptist-Catholic sharing arrangement in the nation. Without attempting to alter the religious dedication or legal operation of either of the two hospitals involved, the Highlands Center arrangement helps the facilities and their patients to save money and the hospitals to provide their community with a greater range of services at the lowest possible cost.", "PMID": 711201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4702", "title": "Anointing the healers: a consecration ceremony for all staff.", "content": "All persons who serve the Lord through their work in a health care facility should be considered healers and need to be made aware of the special charisms in healing. Among the means of accomplishing this are pastoral department input into new staff orientation, periodic workshops recalling the Church's commitment to healing, special days of recollection, Masses, Bible services, scriptural sharings, and prayer groups. Especially meaningful may be a ceremoney in which individuals are anointed with oil to dedicate them to the charisms of their particular tasks.", "contents": "Anointing the healers: a consecration ceremony for all staff. All persons who serve the Lord through their work in a health care facility should be considered healers and need to be made aware of the special charisms in healing. Among the means of accomplishing this are pastoral department input into new staff orientation, periodic workshops recalling the Church's commitment to healing, special days of recollection, Masses, Bible services, scriptural sharings, and prayer groups. Especially meaningful may be a ceremoney in which individuals are anointed with oil to dedicate them to the charisms of their particular tasks.", "PMID": 711202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4703", "title": "CHA as an ecclesial community.", "content": "In discussing the CHA Study Committee's description of the CHA as an ecclesial community, Fr. Clarke explains why the committee chose this particular description and outlines in theological and pastoral terms what accepting this concept means for the present and future activities of CHA.", "contents": "CHA as an ecclesial community. In discussing the CHA Study Committee's description of the CHA as an ecclesial community, Fr. Clarke explains why the committee chose this particular description and outlines in theological and pastoral terms what accepting this concept means for the present and future activities of CHA.", "PMID": 711203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4704", "title": "Theological and scientific understandings of health.", "content": "A pilgrimage to discover the meaning of \"health\" within a Christian orientation begins with religious and scientific definitions of the term. The ideas of thinkers such as Tillich, Hiltner, Lapsley, and Illich are briefly explored, as is the unrealistic American insistence on complete and constant physical well-being. This leads to the consideration of a holistic concept of health and the suggestion of theological guidelines for a Christian approach to defining health.", "contents": "Theological and scientific understandings of health. A pilgrimage to discover the meaning of \"health\" within a Christian orientation begins with religious and scientific definitions of the term. The ideas of thinkers such as Tillich, Hiltner, Lapsley, and Illich are briefly explored, as is the unrealistic American insistence on complete and constant physical well-being. This leads to the consideration of a holistic concept of health and the suggestion of theological guidelines for a Christian approach to defining health.", "PMID": 711204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4705", "title": "A board searches for a CEO.", "content": "The board of directors of Mercy Hospital, Urbana, IL, recently chose to conduct its own search for a new CEO. Research on other self-directed searchers, delineation of the hospital's needs, and development of criteria for the CEO led to the screening of candidates. Both the board and the new CEO believe that the selection method--a time- and energy-consuming one--contributed greatly to the current mutual satisfaction.", "contents": "A board searches for a CEO. The board of directors of Mercy Hospital, Urbana, IL, recently chose to conduct its own search for a new CEO. Research on other self-directed searchers, delineation of the hospital's needs, and development of criteria for the CEO led to the screening of candidates. Both the board and the new CEO believe that the selection method--a time- and energy-consuming one--contributed greatly to the current mutual satisfaction.", "PMID": 711205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4706", "title": "Unions and health care cost inflation.", "content": "Since the 1974 Taft-Hartley amendments gave nonproprietary hospital employees the right to organize and bargain collectively, the rate of growth of work stoppages has decelerated and the number of man days lost has been reduced. Wage rates, earnings differential, and fringe benefits have not been significantly improved by unionization. And little evidence supports the contention that unionization has contributed substantially to the inflation experienced in the health care industry.", "contents": "Unions and health care cost inflation. Since the 1974 Taft-Hartley amendments gave nonproprietary hospital employees the right to organize and bargain collectively, the rate of growth of work stoppages has decelerated and the number of man days lost has been reduced. Wage rates, earnings differential, and fringe benefits have not been significantly improved by unionization. And little evidence supports the contention that unionization has contributed substantially to the inflation experienced in the health care industry.", "PMID": 711206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4707", "title": "Needed: cooperation to create a health care data bank.", "content": "Only the best possible utilization of existing data collection systems and the cooperative development of more comprehensive systems will enable participants in health care delivery to control the vast bulk of health care data and thereby make more rational efforts to control industry costs and quality. Relief from the threat of antitrust action would facilitate such necessary cooperative efforts.", "contents": "Needed: cooperation to create a health care data bank. Only the best possible utilization of existing data collection systems and the cooperative development of more comprehensive systems will enable participants in health care delivery to control the vast bulk of health care data and thereby make more rational efforts to control industry costs and quality. Relief from the threat of antitrust action would facilitate such necessary cooperative efforts.", "PMID": 711207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4708", "title": "Drug-induced liver injury.", "content": "In the usual course of events, the liver detoxifies hepatocytotoxic intermediates of drug metabolism. But when protective systems are overloaded by normally harmless drugs, the intermediates can cause massive, even fatal, hepatic necrosis.", "contents": "Drug-induced liver injury. In the usual course of events, the liver detoxifies hepatocytotoxic intermediates of drug metabolism. But when protective systems are overloaded by normally harmless drugs, the intermediates can cause massive, even fatal, hepatic necrosis.", "PMID": 711216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4709", "title": "The fine structure of human thyroid cancer.", "content": "This ultrastructural description of human thyroid cancers is based on the available literature and on our own studies of about 150 cases. Electron microscopy is an invaluable diagnostic adjunct to light microscopy, as it may eliminate inaccurate designations such as \"small cell malignant tumors of the thyroid,\" which include tumors of different histogenetic origin with a different prognosis and treatment that share only a similarity in appearance under the light microscope. Ultrastructure is also of diagnostic importance in cases of medullary carcinoma that imitate papillary or follicular patterns or lack amyloid stroma. Its importance in separating follicular adenomas from carcinomas, however, has not been proven. In conjunction with other methods ultrastructural study might throw new light on the controversial classification of papillary and follicular carcinomas and improve our understanding of their different biologic behavior. Immunoelectron microscopy may help in solving the problem of amyloid pathogenesis in endocrine tumors and in charting the subcellular mechanisms involved in the production of multiple polypeptide hormones in a single tumor.", "contents": "The fine structure of human thyroid cancer. This ultrastructural description of human thyroid cancers is based on the available literature and on our own studies of about 150 cases. Electron microscopy is an invaluable diagnostic adjunct to light microscopy, as it may eliminate inaccurate designations such as \"small cell malignant tumors of the thyroid,\" which include tumors of different histogenetic origin with a different prognosis and treatment that share only a similarity in appearance under the light microscope. Ultrastructure is also of diagnostic importance in cases of medullary carcinoma that imitate papillary or follicular patterns or lack amyloid stroma. Its importance in separating follicular adenomas from carcinomas, however, has not been proven. In conjunction with other methods ultrastructural study might throw new light on the controversial classification of papillary and follicular carcinomas and improve our understanding of their different biologic behavior. Immunoelectron microscopy may help in solving the problem of amyloid pathogenesis in endocrine tumors and in charting the subcellular mechanisms involved in the production of multiple polypeptide hormones in a single tumor.", "PMID": 711222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4710", "title": "A re-evaluation of diabetic glomerulosclerosis 50 years after the discovery of insulin.", "content": "Diabetic glomerulosclerosis is a degenerative-proliferative lesion involving most glomeruli in the kidneys of all individuals with hereditary, pancreatic, or experimental diabetes mellitus. The exact nature of the lesion and its etiology remain unknown. Morphologically there appear to be two courses this disease may follow. There is a benign course, which occurred in 89 per cent of our series of adult diabetic patients, consisting of concurrent thickening of the capillary basement membranes and diffuse glomerulosclerosis. The benign course is slowly progressive over many years, and rarely leads to renal failure. The accelerated course, in our experience is always superimposed on the changes of the benign course, and consists of a more rapid progression with the development of glomerulocapillary microaneurysms. Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules, exudative-deposit lesions, and glomerulocapsular adhesions leading to glomerular obliteration and renal failure. Data are presented to support the concept that large Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules are formed by the organization of the glomerulocapillary microaneurysms.", "contents": "A re-evaluation of diabetic glomerulosclerosis 50 years after the discovery of insulin. Diabetic glomerulosclerosis is a degenerative-proliferative lesion involving most glomeruli in the kidneys of all individuals with hereditary, pancreatic, or experimental diabetes mellitus. The exact nature of the lesion and its etiology remain unknown. Morphologically there appear to be two courses this disease may follow. There is a benign course, which occurred in 89 per cent of our series of adult diabetic patients, consisting of concurrent thickening of the capillary basement membranes and diffuse glomerulosclerosis. The benign course is slowly progressive over many years, and rarely leads to renal failure. The accelerated course, in our experience is always superimposed on the changes of the benign course, and consists of a more rapid progression with the development of glomerulocapillary microaneurysms. Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules, exudative-deposit lesions, and glomerulocapsular adhesions leading to glomerular obliteration and renal failure. Data are presented to support the concept that large Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules are formed by the organization of the glomerulocapillary microaneurysms.", "PMID": 711223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4711", "title": "Histologic changes in Paget's disease treated with calcitonin.", "content": "In recent years the use of calcitonin in the medical treatment of Paget's disease of bone has been gaining in popularity. Seventeen patients on long term calcitonin therapy showed objective morphologic evidence of improvement in the quality of bone matrix deposition, in the trabecular organization, and in the parameters used to evaluate the rates of bone turnover. The usefulness of bone biopsy and fine detail radiography of the biopsy core in evaluating the progress of disease and the effects of therapy is discussed. It is concluded that the longer the period of therapy and follow-up, the higher the proportion of patients showing histologic evidence of improvement.", "contents": "Histologic changes in Paget's disease treated with calcitonin. In recent years the use of calcitonin in the medical treatment of Paget's disease of bone has been gaining in popularity. Seventeen patients on long term calcitonin therapy showed objective morphologic evidence of improvement in the quality of bone matrix deposition, in the trabecular organization, and in the parameters used to evaluate the rates of bone turnover. The usefulness of bone biopsy and fine detail radiography of the biopsy core in evaluating the progress of disease and the effects of therapy is discussed. It is concluded that the longer the period of therapy and follow-up, the higher the proportion of patients showing histologic evidence of improvement.", "PMID": 711224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4712", "title": "Collision carcinoma of the gastric cardia.", "content": "A case of squamous cell carcinoma of the lower end of the esophagus colliding with adenocarcinoma of the cardiac end of the stomach is reported. The rarity of the lesion, its diagnostic criteria, and therapeutic implications are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Collision carcinoma of the gastric cardia. A case of squamous cell carcinoma of the lower end of the esophagus colliding with adenocarcinoma of the cardiac end of the stomach is reported. The rarity of the lesion, its diagnostic criteria, and therapeutic implications are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 711225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4713", "title": "Localized congenital hepatic fibrosis presenting as an abdominal mass.", "content": "A six month old male with a liver mass localized to the right lobe that had the histological features of congenital hepatic fibrosis is presented. The mass was resected and the patient was asymptomatic 10 months after surgery. This case serves to further broaden the range of lesions with the histological features of congenital hepatic fibrosis; only one other example of localized congenital hepatic fibrosis has been previously reported.", "contents": "Localized congenital hepatic fibrosis presenting as an abdominal mass. A six month old male with a liver mass localized to the right lobe that had the histological features of congenital hepatic fibrosis is presented. The mass was resected and the patient was asymptomatic 10 months after surgery. This case serves to further broaden the range of lesions with the histological features of congenital hepatic fibrosis; only one other example of localized congenital hepatic fibrosis has been previously reported.", "PMID": 711226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4714", "title": "Tenosynovial chondroma of the hand: a case report with a brief review of the literature.", "content": "Tumors of hyaline cartilage occurring in the soft tissues of the hands and feet arise by metaplasia from the synovium of tendon sheaths and have a benign clinical evolution. Although recurrences may develop, they show no tendency to metastasize. The majority of these tumors prove to be diagnostic difficulties because of the alarming histologic atypia they display. We report a case of tenosynovial chondroma of the hand and briefly review the salient features of these lesions.", "contents": "Tenosynovial chondroma of the hand: a case report with a brief review of the literature. Tumors of hyaline cartilage occurring in the soft tissues of the hands and feet arise by metaplasia from the synovium of tendon sheaths and have a benign clinical evolution. Although recurrences may develop, they show no tendency to metastasize. The majority of these tumors prove to be diagnostic difficulties because of the alarming histologic atypia they display. We report a case of tenosynovial chondroma of the hand and briefly review the salient features of these lesions.", "PMID": 711227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4715", "title": "Cardiac amyloidosis in hereditary neuropathic amyloidosis diagnosed by endomyocardial biopsy.", "content": "A 57 year old male first developed progressive neuropathy of the lower extremities and then similar involvement in the upper extremities. Two years later he developed dyspnea and then complete atrioventricular block requiring the use of a permanent cardiac pacemaker. An older brother had an almost identical clinical course, including the installation of a permanent pacemaker. Both died of left ventricular failure. An endomyocardial biopsy revealed extensive amyloidosis and fibrosis of the myocardium. This is the first report of a myocardial biopsy showing amyloid on electron microscopy.", "contents": "Cardiac amyloidosis in hereditary neuropathic amyloidosis diagnosed by endomyocardial biopsy. A 57 year old male first developed progressive neuropathy of the lower extremities and then similar involvement in the upper extremities. Two years later he developed dyspnea and then complete atrioventricular block requiring the use of a permanent cardiac pacemaker. An older brother had an almost identical clinical course, including the installation of a permanent pacemaker. Both died of left ventricular failure. An endomyocardial biopsy revealed extensive amyloidosis and fibrosis of the myocardium. This is the first report of a myocardial biopsy showing amyloid on electron microscopy.", "PMID": 711228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4716", "title": "Immunohistochemistry of human cutaneous sarcoidosis: a study of nine cases.", "content": "Biopsy specimens of sarcoid skin lesions from nine patients with sarcoidosis were examined for the presence of immunoglobulins, complement (C3 and C4), and fibrinogen. Granulomas in all skin lesions were positive only for fibrinogen. The literature relating to the immunohistochemistry of sarcoidosis is reviewed and its significance discussed.", "contents": "Immunohistochemistry of human cutaneous sarcoidosis: a study of nine cases. Biopsy specimens of sarcoid skin lesions from nine patients with sarcoidosis were examined for the presence of immunoglobulins, complement (C3 and C4), and fibrinogen. Granulomas in all skin lesions were positive only for fibrinogen. The literature relating to the immunohistochemistry of sarcoidosis is reviewed and its significance discussed.", "PMID": 711230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4717", "title": "Yolk sac tumors with pure and mixed polyvesicular vitelline patterns.", "content": "Four cases of polyvesicular vitelline tumor are presented; two were of a previously unreported pure type, and the other two were mixed with endodermal sinus tumor. The morphologic features of the vesicles favor an endodermal origin, as originally proposed by Teilum. Marked specialization of the vesicular lining cells, seen ultrastructurally, suggests a differentiation toward gut structures and mature yolk sac. One case of pure polyvesicular vitelline tumor showed massive erythropoiesis. We propose that the pure tumor reflects an intermediate degree of differentiation within the selectively endodermal yolk sac tumor group, that is, a further stage of organization than the endodermal sinus tumor. In  our cases of pure polyvesicular vitelline tumor, the marked degree of differentiaiton was correlated with an improved prognosis, as in the case of the possible homologue of this tumor, the yolk sac tumor of the infant testis. In contrast, the two cases of the tumor admixed with endodermal sinus tumor illustrated the low survival rate expected in the pure endodermal sinus tumor; in these cases the metastases had no polyvesicular component. Because of the significance of such a difference in prognosis we emphasize the importance of an accurate diagnosis, suggesting that a large number of sections be taken in order to demonstrate any endodermal sinus tumor component that may be present, and that the possibility of pure polyvesicular vitelline tumor always be considered in the differential diagnosis of multicystic ovarian tumors.", "contents": "Yolk sac tumors with pure and mixed polyvesicular vitelline patterns. Four cases of polyvesicular vitelline tumor are presented; two were of a previously unreported pure type, and the other two were mixed with endodermal sinus tumor. The morphologic features of the vesicles favor an endodermal origin, as originally proposed by Teilum. Marked specialization of the vesicular lining cells, seen ultrastructurally, suggests a differentiation toward gut structures and mature yolk sac. One case of pure polyvesicular vitelline tumor showed massive erythropoiesis. We propose that the pure tumor reflects an intermediate degree of differentiation within the selectively endodermal yolk sac tumor group, that is, a further stage of organization than the endodermal sinus tumor. In  our cases of pure polyvesicular vitelline tumor, the marked degree of differentiaiton was correlated with an improved prognosis, as in the case of the possible homologue of this tumor, the yolk sac tumor of the infant testis. In contrast, the two cases of the tumor admixed with endodermal sinus tumor illustrated the low survival rate expected in the pure endodermal sinus tumor; in these cases the metastases had no polyvesicular component. Because of the significance of such a difference in prognosis we emphasize the importance of an accurate diagnosis, suggesting that a large number of sections be taken in order to demonstrate any endodermal sinus tumor component that may be present, and that the possibility of pure polyvesicular vitelline tumor always be considered in the differential diagnosis of multicystic ovarian tumors.", "PMID": 711231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4718", "title": "Genital actinomycosis and intrauterine contraceptive devices. Cytopathologic diagnosis and clinical significance.", "content": "This study from a community hospital documents the relatively frequent occurrence of Actinomyces in 36 women diagnosed by Papanicolaou stained cervicovaginal smears. Actinomyces was identified exclusively in patients wearing an intrauterine or vaginal foreign body (intrauterine devices and pessaries). By using fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled antiserum, the organisms were shown to be Actinomyces israelii in eight randomly selected smears. In five cases Actinomyces was demonstrated in tissues obtained by endocervical and endometrial curettage. Anaerobic microbiologic studies performed in 11 of the 36 cases showed a relatively high rate of recovery of Actinomyces (36.3 per cent) with a yield of four positive cultures. In two cases the isolated organisms were shown to be Actinomyces israelii. In the remaining two cases the exact species of Actinomyces has remained uncertain. Of the 36 patients with smear evidence of Actinomyces, nine (25 per cent) had pelvic inflammatory disease, a rate that appears to be much higher than the already high rate among all intrauterine device users. This observation underscores the importance and clinical significance of the finding of Actinomyces in the vaginal smears of intrauterine device users. Papanicolaou stained cervicovaginal smears provide a relatively easy, inexpensive, fast, and highly specific method for the morphologic diagnosis of Actinomyces and allows us to recognize at a relatively early stage a group of patients who are potentially at risk for the development of pelvic inflammatory disease and its associated more severe complications. The hope is that prompt identification of Actinomyces in cervicovaginal smears can help to prevent the more serious infectious complications in intrauterine device users.", "contents": "Genital actinomycosis and intrauterine contraceptive devices. Cytopathologic diagnosis and clinical significance. This study from a community hospital documents the relatively frequent occurrence of Actinomyces in 36 women diagnosed by Papanicolaou stained cervicovaginal smears. Actinomyces was identified exclusively in patients wearing an intrauterine or vaginal foreign body (intrauterine devices and pessaries). By using fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled antiserum, the organisms were shown to be Actinomyces israelii in eight randomly selected smears. In five cases Actinomyces was demonstrated in tissues obtained by endocervical and endometrial curettage. Anaerobic microbiologic studies performed in 11 of the 36 cases showed a relatively high rate of recovery of Actinomyces (36.3 per cent) with a yield of four positive cultures. In two cases the isolated organisms were shown to be Actinomyces israelii. In the remaining two cases the exact species of Actinomyces has remained uncertain. Of the 36 patients with smear evidence of Actinomyces, nine (25 per cent) had pelvic inflammatory disease, a rate that appears to be much higher than the already high rate among all intrauterine device users. This observation underscores the importance and clinical significance of the finding of Actinomyces in the vaginal smears of intrauterine device users. Papanicolaou stained cervicovaginal smears provide a relatively easy, inexpensive, fast, and highly specific method for the morphologic diagnosis of Actinomyces and allows us to recognize at a relatively early stage a group of patients who are potentially at risk for the development of pelvic inflammatory disease and its associated more severe complications. The hope is that prompt identification of Actinomyces in cervicovaginal smears can help to prevent the more serious infectious complications in intrauterine device users.", "PMID": 711232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4719", "title": "Histogenesis of cloacogenic carcinoma. Fine structure of anal transitional epithelium and cloacogenic carcinoma.", "content": "The fine structural morphology of the anal transitional zone is described and is compared to the ultrastructure of urothelium and anal squamous epithelium. Electron microscopic observations in eight cases of cloacogenic carcinoma are also presented. Anal transitional epithelium is not highly specialized and incorporates features of both urothelium and squamous epithelium; slight urothelial differentiation is considered vestigial. Cloacogenic carcinoma is a specific morphologic entity, which can be distinguished from urothelial and squamous carcinoma. The \"transitional\" variant is composed of cells similar to the intermediate zone cells of anal transitional epithelium, an observation confirming the concept that the transitional form of cloacogenic carcinoma is derived from the anal transitional zone. The \"basaloid\" and pleomorphic variants appear to represent less differentiated forms of cloacogenic carcinoma.", "contents": "Histogenesis of cloacogenic carcinoma. Fine structure of anal transitional epithelium and cloacogenic carcinoma. The fine structural morphology of the anal transitional zone is described and is compared to the ultrastructure of urothelium and anal squamous epithelium. Electron microscopic observations in eight cases of cloacogenic carcinoma are also presented. Anal transitional epithelium is not highly specialized and incorporates features of both urothelium and squamous epithelium; slight urothelial differentiation is considered vestigial. Cloacogenic carcinoma is a specific morphologic entity, which can be distinguished from urothelial and squamous carcinoma. The \"transitional\" variant is composed of cells similar to the intermediate zone cells of anal transitional epithelium, an observation confirming the concept that the transitional form of cloacogenic carcinoma is derived from the anal transitional zone. The \"basaloid\" and pleomorphic variants appear to represent less differentiated forms of cloacogenic carcinoma.", "PMID": 711233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4720", "title": "Infarction of the lymph nodes: a cause of a palisading macrophage reaction mimicking necrotizing granulomas.", "content": "A case of multiple cholesterol atheromatous emboli with infarction in various parts of the body is described. The histologic appearance of infarction in the lymph nodes, a rare condition, mimicked that seen in necrotizing granulomas usually secondary to micro-organisms.", "contents": "Infarction of the lymph nodes: a cause of a palisading macrophage reaction mimicking necrotizing granulomas. A case of multiple cholesterol atheromatous emboli with infarction in various parts of the body is described. The histologic appearance of infarction in the lymph nodes, a rare condition, mimicked that seen in necrotizing granulomas usually secondary to micro-organisms.", "PMID": 711234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4721", "title": "Long term post-traumatic retrograde corticospinal degeneration in man.", "content": "The spinal cord and brain of a man who died 18 years after a crush injury of lumbar segments contained some unusual lesions. There was a reduced number of myelinated axons in the corticospinal tracts as high as the fifth cervical segment. Such retrograde degeneration has been described in human pyramidal tracts only a few times. The results of reported studies of experimental retrograde degeneration have been inconsistent. The course of the fasciculus  gracilis, as delineated by gliosis, was atypical, and an unusual glial nodule, possibly neoplastic, was present in the dorsal columns at C8.", "contents": "Long term post-traumatic retrograde corticospinal degeneration in man. The spinal cord and brain of a man who died 18 years after a crush injury of lumbar segments contained some unusual lesions. There was a reduced number of myelinated axons in the corticospinal tracts as high as the fifth cervical segment. Such retrograde degeneration has been described in human pyramidal tracts only a few times. The results of reported studies of experimental retrograde degeneration have been inconsistent. The course of the fasciculus  gracilis, as delineated by gliosis, was atypical, and an unusual glial nodule, possibly neoplastic, was present in the dorsal columns at C8.", "PMID": 711235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4722", "title": "Partial deletion of 4p16 band in a ring chromosome and Wolf Syndrome.", "content": "A new case of ring chromosome 4 in a 2-day-old female child with multiple malformations is described. By means of the GTG-banding technique, a karyotype 46,XX,r(4), (p16 leads to q35) was determined. The characteristics of the child's karyotype and the relationship with the structure of the chromosome, especially the location of the deletion that produces the syndrome, are compared with previous reports.", "contents": "Partial deletion of 4p16 band in a ring chromosome and Wolf Syndrome. A new case of ring chromosome 4 in a 2-day-old female child with multiple malformations is described. By means of the GTG-banding technique, a karyotype 46,XX,r(4), (p16 leads to q35) was determined. The characteristics of the child's karyotype and the relationship with the structure of the chromosome, especially the location of the deletion that produces the syndrome, are compared with previous reports.", "PMID": 711237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4723", "title": "Chromosome 7 short-arm interstitial deletion (p14).", "content": "A 13-year-old girl presented with microcephaly, short and broad neck, low posterior hairline, congenital heart disease, limitation of joint movement, and mild mental retardation. Chromosomal analysis showed interstitial deletion of band p14 of the short arm of chromosome 7. The patient's physical and cytogenetic findings are compared with those of five other patients with 7p- deletions.", "contents": "Chromosome 7 short-arm interstitial deletion (p14). A 13-year-old girl presented with microcephaly, short and broad neck, low posterior hairline, congenital heart disease, limitation of joint movement, and mild mental retardation. Chromosomal analysis showed interstitial deletion of band p14 of the short arm of chromosome 7. The patient's physical and cytogenetic findings are compared with those of five other patients with 7p- deletions.", "PMID": 711238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4724", "title": "Small metacentric nonsatellited extra chromosome: report of five mentally retarded individuals and review of literature. Contribution to further delineation of a new syndrome.", "content": "Five mentally retarded male patients with a supernumerary small metacentric nonsatellited chromosome were found to have many clinical features in common. The face showed characteristic small crowded features, the bodily habitus was asthenic, and the hands and feet had minor abnormalities. Renal anomalies were present in two patients. One patient had a myelomeningocele. Cytogenetic studies employing Q, R, and C banding in four patients showed the small extra chromosome to have staining properties compatible with an isochromosome of the short arm of chromosome 18. A comparison with previous case reports suggests a new syndrome. However, the identity of the extra chromosome has not yet been determined.", "contents": "Small metacentric nonsatellited extra chromosome: report of five mentally retarded individuals and review of literature. Contribution to further delineation of a new syndrome. Five mentally retarded male patients with a supernumerary small metacentric nonsatellited chromosome were found to have many clinical features in common. The face showed characteristic small crowded features, the bodily habitus was asthenic, and the hands and feet had minor abnormalities. Renal anomalies were present in two patients. One patient had a myelomeningocele. Cytogenetic studies employing Q, R, and C banding in four patients showed the small extra chromosome to have staining properties compatible with an isochromosome of the short arm of chromosome 18. A comparison with previous case reports suggests a new syndrome. However, the identity of the extra chromosome has not yet been determined.", "PMID": 711239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4725", "title": "Male pseudohermaphroditism: genetics and clinical delineation.", "content": "The genetics and clinical delineation of male pseudohermaphroditism are reviewed. These disorders are categorized initially by their genetic etiology--cytogenetic, Mendelian, or teratogenic. It is especially important to distinguish cytogenetic forms, usually associated with 45,X/46,XY mosaicism, from Mendelian (genetic) forms because in the former the prevalence of gonadoblastomas or dysgerminomas is about 15--20%. Genetic forms include (1) those associated with a multiple malformation pattern, (2) those due to an error in adrenal or testicular hormonal biosynthesis, (3) complete testicular feminization, (4) incomplete testicular feminization, (5) Reifenstein syndrome, (6) pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias, and (7) agondia, and possibly other conditions. Incomplete testicular feminization and the Reifenstein syndrome may or may not represent varied expressivity of the same trait. The designation pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias is appropriate only if constellations of clinical features are present and if no metabolic abnormalities are demonstrable. Etiology and available genetic data are reviewed for each of these disorders.", "contents": "Male pseudohermaphroditism: genetics and clinical delineation. The genetics and clinical delineation of male pseudohermaphroditism are reviewed. These disorders are categorized initially by their genetic etiology--cytogenetic, Mendelian, or teratogenic. It is especially important to distinguish cytogenetic forms, usually associated with 45,X/46,XY mosaicism, from Mendelian (genetic) forms because in the former the prevalence of gonadoblastomas or dysgerminomas is about 15--20%. Genetic forms include (1) those associated with a multiple malformation pattern, (2) those due to an error in adrenal or testicular hormonal biosynthesis, (3) complete testicular feminization, (4) incomplete testicular feminization, (5) Reifenstein syndrome, (6) pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias, and (7) agondia, and possibly other conditions. Incomplete testicular feminization and the Reifenstein syndrome may or may not represent varied expressivity of the same trait. The designation pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias is appropriate only if constellations of clinical features are present and if no metabolic abnormalities are demonstrable. Etiology and available genetic data are reviewed for each of these disorders.", "PMID": 711236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4726", "title": "Partial trisomy for the short arm of chromosome 2 due to familial balance translocation.", "content": "A partial trisomy for the short arm of chromosome 2 (p21 leads to pter) was observed in a severely retarded infant with facial, skeletal, genital, renal, and CNS anomalies. The phenotypically normal mother and older brother had a balanced translocation between the short arm of chromosome 2 and the long arm of chromosome 14: 46, XX-XY,t(2;14)(p21;q32).", "contents": "Partial trisomy for the short arm of chromosome 2 due to familial balance translocation. A partial trisomy for the short arm of chromosome 2 (p21 leads to pter) was observed in a severely retarded infant with facial, skeletal, genital, renal, and CNS anomalies. The phenotypically normal mother and older brother had a balanced translocation between the short arm of chromosome 2 and the long arm of chromosome 14: 46, XX-XY,t(2;14)(p21;q32).", "PMID": 711241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4727", "title": "Humoral immune responses in foetal sheep.", "content": "A total of fifty-two foetal sheep between 49 and 126 days gestation were injected with polymeric and monomeric flagellin, dinitrophenylated monomeric flagellin, chicken red blood cells, ovalbumin, ferritin, chicken gamma-globulin and the somatic antigens of Salmonella typhimurium in a variety of combinations. Immune responses were followed in these animals by taking serial blood samples from them through indwelling vascular cannulae and measuring the circulating titres of antibody. Of the antigens tested, ferritin induced immune responses in the youngest foetuses. A short time later in gestation, the majority of foetuses responded to chicken red blood cells, polymeric flagellin, monomeric flagellin and dinitrophenylated monomeric flagellin. Only older foetuses responded regularly to chicken gamma-globulin and ovalbumin. However, antibodies to all these antigens were first detected over the relatively short period of development between 64 and 82 days gestation and this made it difficult to define any precise order in the development of immune responsiveness. Of the antigens tested only the somatic antigens of S. typhimurium failed to induce a primary antibody response during foetal life. The character and magnitude of the antibody responses in foetuses changed throughout in utero development. Both the total amount of antibody produced and the duration of the response increased with foetal age. Foetuses younger than 87 days gestation did not synthesize 2-mercaptoethanol resistant antibodies or IgG1 immunoglobulin to any of the antigens tested, whereas most foetuses older than this regularly did so.", "contents": "Humoral immune responses in foetal sheep. A total of fifty-two foetal sheep between 49 and 126 days gestation were injected with polymeric and monomeric flagellin, dinitrophenylated monomeric flagellin, chicken red blood cells, ovalbumin, ferritin, chicken gamma-globulin and the somatic antigens of Salmonella typhimurium in a variety of combinations. Immune responses were followed in these animals by taking serial blood samples from them through indwelling vascular cannulae and measuring the circulating titres of antibody. Of the antigens tested, ferritin induced immune responses in the youngest foetuses. A short time later in gestation, the majority of foetuses responded to chicken red blood cells, polymeric flagellin, monomeric flagellin and dinitrophenylated monomeric flagellin. Only older foetuses responded regularly to chicken gamma-globulin and ovalbumin. However, antibodies to all these antigens were first detected over the relatively short period of development between 64 and 82 days gestation and this made it difficult to define any precise order in the development of immune responsiveness. Of the antigens tested only the somatic antigens of S. typhimurium failed to induce a primary antibody response during foetal life. The character and magnitude of the antibody responses in foetuses changed throughout in utero development. Both the total amount of antibody produced and the duration of the response increased with foetal age. Foetuses younger than 87 days gestation did not synthesize 2-mercaptoethanol resistant antibodies or IgG1 immunoglobulin to any of the antigens tested, whereas most foetuses older than this regularly did so.", "PMID": 711249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4728", "title": "Correlation between intestinal synthesis of specific immunoglobulin A and protection against experimental cholera in mice.", "content": "The importance of locally and systemically formed antibodies of various classes for protection against experimental cholera has been studied in mice immunized with cholera toxin. Groups of mice were given various numbers of peroral or intravenous immunizations, or a combination of both. Serum antibodies and antibodies synthesized by spleen and small intestine in vitro during tissue culture were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and protective immunity against intestinal toxin challenge was determined by means of a small-bowel loop assay. Regression analyses showed a close correlation between the magnitude of intestinal synthesis of specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies and protection (r = 0.98), whereas neither the local formation of IgG or IgM nor the production of antitoxin antibodies of any immunoglobulin class by spleen showed any significant correlation with protection. The serum titers of IgG and IgM antibodies did not show any such relation, whereas the level of specific IgA in serum, probably mainly derived from the intestine, correlated significantly (r = 0.90).", "contents": "Correlation between intestinal synthesis of specific immunoglobulin A and protection against experimental cholera in mice. The importance of locally and systemically formed antibodies of various classes for protection against experimental cholera has been studied in mice immunized with cholera toxin. Groups of mice were given various numbers of peroral or intravenous immunizations, or a combination of both. Serum antibodies and antibodies synthesized by spleen and small intestine in vitro during tissue culture were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and protective immunity against intestinal toxin challenge was determined by means of a small-bowel loop assay. Regression analyses showed a close correlation between the magnitude of intestinal synthesis of specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies and protection (r = 0.98), whereas neither the local formation of IgG or IgM nor the production of antitoxin antibodies of any immunoglobulin class by spleen showed any significant correlation with protection. The serum titers of IgG and IgM antibodies did not show any such relation, whereas the level of specific IgA in serum, probably mainly derived from the intestine, correlated significantly (r = 0.90).", "PMID": 711308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4729", "title": "Increased tissue conductance and ion transport in guinea pig ileum after exposure to Staphylococcus aureus delta-toxin in vitro.", "content": "Prior studies had shown that Staphylococcus aureus delta-toxin was able to inhibit water absorption in guinea pig ileum and to elevate the cyclic AMP content of this tissue, but was unable to elicit certain cyclic AMP-mediated changes in Y-1 adrenal or Chinese hamster ovary cells. Because water movement passively follows the net movement of electrolytes in the gut, this study investigated the effect of delta-toxin on ion transport in guinea pig ileum maintained in vitro. The transmural potential difference (PD) of guinea pig ileum was measured and nullified with an automatic voltage clamp. The short circuit flowing under these conditions (I(sc)) was measured, and the conductance was calculated (I(sc)/PD). Unidirectional (22)Na(+) and (36)Cl(-) fluxes were measured. In a glucose-free Ringer solution, delta-toxin caused an immediate spike in PD and I(sc), and the extent and duration of the spike generally increased with increasing toxin concentration. The conductance of ileum was increased by delta-toxin, and this effect on conductance could be blocked by lecithin, a known inhibitor of delta-toxin. Tissue in the presence of glucose did not exhibit a spike in PD or I(sc) when exposed to delta-toxin. In a glucose-free medium, delta-toxin caused a 1.5- to 2.5-fold increase in both the unidirectional absorption and secretion of Na(+) and Cl(-), whereas the net secretion of Na(+) increased above basal levels. The observation that delta-toxin causes a prompt increase in intestinal ion flux lends credence to the concept that the elevation in cellular cyclic AMP, which occurs later, is a secondary response to the toxin. The rapid increase in ion flux may reflect the ability of delta-toxin to augment intercellular movement of ions across the mucosa rather than the stimulation of transcellular processes.", "contents": "Increased tissue conductance and ion transport in guinea pig ileum after exposure to Staphylococcus aureus delta-toxin in vitro. Prior studies had shown that Staphylococcus aureus delta-toxin was able to inhibit water absorption in guinea pig ileum and to elevate the cyclic AMP content of this tissue, but was unable to elicit certain cyclic AMP-mediated changes in Y-1 adrenal or Chinese hamster ovary cells. Because water movement passively follows the net movement of electrolytes in the gut, this study investigated the effect of delta-toxin on ion transport in guinea pig ileum maintained in vitro. The transmural potential difference (PD) of guinea pig ileum was measured and nullified with an automatic voltage clamp. The short circuit flowing under these conditions (I(sc)) was measured, and the conductance was calculated (I(sc)/PD). Unidirectional (22)Na(+) and (36)Cl(-) fluxes were measured. In a glucose-free Ringer solution, delta-toxin caused an immediate spike in PD and I(sc), and the extent and duration of the spike generally increased with increasing toxin concentration. The conductance of ileum was increased by delta-toxin, and this effect on conductance could be blocked by lecithin, a known inhibitor of delta-toxin. Tissue in the presence of glucose did not exhibit a spike in PD or I(sc) when exposed to delta-toxin. In a glucose-free medium, delta-toxin caused a 1.5- to 2.5-fold increase in both the unidirectional absorption and secretion of Na(+) and Cl(-), whereas the net secretion of Na(+) increased above basal levels. The observation that delta-toxin causes a prompt increase in intestinal ion flux lends credence to the concept that the elevation in cellular cyclic AMP, which occurs later, is a secondary response to the toxin. The rapid increase in ion flux may reflect the ability of delta-toxin to augment intercellular movement of ions across the mucosa rather than the stimulation of transcellular processes.", "PMID": 711309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4730", "title": "Pulmonary infection of mice with Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "The survival of Staphylococcus aureus in the lungs of mice was studied under various conditions. Doses of 10(7) to 10(9) washed staphylococci were quantitatively introduced into the lungs after intratracheal inoculation in mice under either ether or sodium pentobarbital anesthesia. Mice were sacrificed at intervals, the lungs were excised and homogenized, and the cocci were enumerated by plate count. The 50% lethal dose was 6 x 10(8) cocci per mouse, and mice died within 24 h but without proliferation of the inoculum. Mice given 10(8) cocci intratracheally under pentobarbital anesthesia regularly survived and eliminated the organisms over a 48-h period. The use of ether anesthesia resulted in persistence of the inoculum for up to 48 h, but the organisms were then eliminated. Inability to proliferate did not appear to result from a lack of iron because pretreatment of the mice with ferric ammonium citrate or Imferon did not alter inoculum survival. Staphylococci inoculated intratracheally in mice infected with influenza virus 3 to 21 days previously showed no enhanced persistence or multiplication. Cocci preclumped with fibrinogen, inocula mixed with 10 times the number of Formalin-killed staphylococci, or inocula of the encapsulated Smith strain did not survive any better than conventional inocula, suggesting that phagocytosis might not be the sole mechanism for elimination. However, a sedimentable fraction from normal or infected lung homogenates proved either inhibitory or cidal for staphylococci in vitro.", "contents": "Pulmonary infection of mice with Staphylococcus aureus. The survival of Staphylococcus aureus in the lungs of mice was studied under various conditions. Doses of 10(7) to 10(9) washed staphylococci were quantitatively introduced into the lungs after intratracheal inoculation in mice under either ether or sodium pentobarbital anesthesia. Mice were sacrificed at intervals, the lungs were excised and homogenized, and the cocci were enumerated by plate count. The 50% lethal dose was 6 x 10(8) cocci per mouse, and mice died within 24 h but without proliferation of the inoculum. Mice given 10(8) cocci intratracheally under pentobarbital anesthesia regularly survived and eliminated the organisms over a 48-h period. The use of ether anesthesia resulted in persistence of the inoculum for up to 48 h, but the organisms were then eliminated. Inability to proliferate did not appear to result from a lack of iron because pretreatment of the mice with ferric ammonium citrate or Imferon did not alter inoculum survival. Staphylococci inoculated intratracheally in mice infected with influenza virus 3 to 21 days previously showed no enhanced persistence or multiplication. Cocci preclumped with fibrinogen, inocula mixed with 10 times the number of Formalin-killed staphylococci, or inocula of the encapsulated Smith strain did not survive any better than conventional inocula, suggesting that phagocytosis might not be the sole mechanism for elimination. However, a sedimentable fraction from normal or infected lung homogenates proved either inhibitory or cidal for staphylococci in vitro.", "PMID": 711310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4731", "title": "Immunoprophylaxis with BCG of experimental Echinococcus multilocularis infections.", "content": "Previous studies have demonstrated that prophylactic treatment with BCG protects cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) against experimental infections with Echinococcus multilocularis; this treatment can, however, induce granulomatous reactions. In an attempt to identify a minimum prophylactic dose of BCG which would not induce granulomas, cotton rats were treated intraperitoneally with various doses of BCG (10(1) to 10(7) colony-forming units [CFU]) and then inoculated intraperitoneally with one brood capsule of the parasite. Consistent and complete protection was obtained by the inoculation of as few as 10(3) CFU of BCG. A dose of 10(1) CFU gave no protection whatsoever, and 10(2) CFU gave only partial protection. Doses larger than 10(3) (10(5), 10(7) CFU) also afforded complete protection but gave rise to granulomatous lesions. At the time of the inoculation of the parasite, protection coincided with a general elevation of leukocytes, especially cells of the monocyte/macrophage series. It is proposed that these results support evidence for the macrophage being the principal potential effector cell in hydatid disease.", "contents": "Immunoprophylaxis with BCG of experimental Echinococcus multilocularis infections. Previous studies have demonstrated that prophylactic treatment with BCG protects cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) against experimental infections with Echinococcus multilocularis; this treatment can, however, induce granulomatous reactions. In an attempt to identify a minimum prophylactic dose of BCG which would not induce granulomas, cotton rats were treated intraperitoneally with various doses of BCG (10(1) to 10(7) colony-forming units [CFU]) and then inoculated intraperitoneally with one brood capsule of the parasite. Consistent and complete protection was obtained by the inoculation of as few as 10(3) CFU of BCG. A dose of 10(1) CFU gave no protection whatsoever, and 10(2) CFU gave only partial protection. Doses larger than 10(3) (10(5), 10(7) CFU) also afforded complete protection but gave rise to granulomatous lesions. At the time of the inoculation of the parasite, protection coincided with a general elevation of leukocytes, especially cells of the monocyte/macrophage series. It is proposed that these results support evidence for the macrophage being the principal potential effector cell in hydatid disease.", "PMID": 711311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4732", "title": "Morphological and cytochemical characterization of cells infiltrating mouse lungs after influenza infection.", "content": "To initiate evaluation of the cell-mediated immunological response to influenza virus in a major site of disease, lung cells were obtained by transpleural lavage from lungs of uninfected mice and from those infected 3 or 6 days previously with 5 50% mouse infectious doses (MID(50)) of avirulent (P3) or virulent (P9) influenza A Hong Kong (H3N2) virus. The number of cells recovered by lavage was dependent on the dose, time after inoculation, and the type of virus used for inoculation. Although lavage pools were shown to contain peripheral blood leukocytes, this contamination was shown to be consistently less than 5% of the total leukocytes harvested. Among the ca. 0.75 x 10(6) lavage cells obtained from each uninfected mouse, about 90% were macrophages or lymphocytes in approximately equal proportion. T, B, and null (lyphocytes lacking theta or surface immunoglobulin markers) lymphocytes averaged 23, 9, and 7% of cells in these suspensions, respectively. After infection with either P3 or P9 virus, increased numbers of activated macrophages and lymphoblasts were observed. The major change during P3 infection was an increase in absolute numbers of null lymphocytes. In contrast, during P9 infection, T and B lymphocytes and macrophages progressively increased in absolute numbers while null cells decreased. These data suggest that cell-mediated immunological responses to influenza virus occur in the lung during infection, but that the responses to virulent and avirulent variants may differ both qualitatively and quantitatively.", "contents": "Morphological and cytochemical characterization of cells infiltrating mouse lungs after influenza infection. To initiate evaluation of the cell-mediated immunological response to influenza virus in a major site of disease, lung cells were obtained by transpleural lavage from lungs of uninfected mice and from those infected 3 or 6 days previously with 5 50% mouse infectious doses (MID(50)) of avirulent (P3) or virulent (P9) influenza A Hong Kong (H3N2) virus. The number of cells recovered by lavage was dependent on the dose, time after inoculation, and the type of virus used for inoculation. Although lavage pools were shown to contain peripheral blood leukocytes, this contamination was shown to be consistently less than 5% of the total leukocytes harvested. Among the ca. 0.75 x 10(6) lavage cells obtained from each uninfected mouse, about 90% were macrophages or lymphocytes in approximately equal proportion. T, B, and null (lyphocytes lacking theta or surface immunoglobulin markers) lymphocytes averaged 23, 9, and 7% of cells in these suspensions, respectively. After infection with either P3 or P9 virus, increased numbers of activated macrophages and lymphoblasts were observed. The major change during P3 infection was an increase in absolute numbers of null lymphocytes. In contrast, during P9 infection, T and B lymphocytes and macrophages progressively increased in absolute numbers while null cells decreased. These data suggest that cell-mediated immunological responses to influenza virus occur in the lung during infection, but that the responses to virulent and avirulent variants may differ both qualitatively and quantitatively.", "PMID": 711312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4733", "title": "Analyses of glucans from cariogenic and mutant Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "The extracellular, water-soluble and cell-associated, 1 N NaOH-soluble glucans from cariogenic Streptococcus mutans 6715-13 \"wild type\" (WT) and glucan synthesis-defective mutants with diminished virulence have been quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed by methylation analysis and gel chromatography. The mutants synthesized more of a highly branched alpha-(1 --> 6)-rich extracellular polymer than WT, and some of this glucan was also found to be cell associated in all but one case. WT, in distinction to the mutants, also synthesized a highly branched, alpha-(1 --> 3)-rich, cell-associated polymer. Treatment of these two distinct polymer types with dextranase or an alpha-(1 --> 3)-hydrolyzing enzyme indicated they were composed of both alpha-(1 --> 3) and alpha-(1 --> 6) linkages and of alpha-(1 --> 6) with branches at the 3-position, rather than of separate alpha-(1 --> 3) and alpha-(1 --> 6) homopolymer mixtures. Gel chromatography before enzymatic hydrolysis disclosed a high degree of polydispersity in both glucan classes. After hydrolysis polydispersity was reduced, again without resolution of two glucan populations. These findings suggest that (i) there are two distinct glucan classes, one alpha-(1 --> 3) rich and the other alpha-(1 --> 6) rich in WT, (ii) diminution of virulence in the mutants is probably ascribable to a failure to form the alpha-(1 --> 3)-rich component, (iii) both alpha-(1 --> 6)- and alpha-(1 --> 3)-rich glucans are found in association with the cell, and (iv) both highly branched glucan types are dextranase and alpha-(1 --> 3)-hydrolase sensitive, and methylation analysis and gel chromatography suggest polymers with highly polydisperse molecular weights which contain mixtures of linkage types.", "contents": "Analyses of glucans from cariogenic and mutant Streptococcus mutans. The extracellular, water-soluble and cell-associated, 1 N NaOH-soluble glucans from cariogenic Streptococcus mutans 6715-13 \"wild type\" (WT) and glucan synthesis-defective mutants with diminished virulence have been quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed by methylation analysis and gel chromatography. The mutants synthesized more of a highly branched alpha-(1 --> 6)-rich extracellular polymer than WT, and some of this glucan was also found to be cell associated in all but one case. WT, in distinction to the mutants, also synthesized a highly branched, alpha-(1 --> 3)-rich, cell-associated polymer. Treatment of these two distinct polymer types with dextranase or an alpha-(1 --> 3)-hydrolyzing enzyme indicated they were composed of both alpha-(1 --> 3) and alpha-(1 --> 6) linkages and of alpha-(1 --> 6) with branches at the 3-position, rather than of separate alpha-(1 --> 3) and alpha-(1 --> 6) homopolymer mixtures. Gel chromatography before enzymatic hydrolysis disclosed a high degree of polydispersity in both glucan classes. After hydrolysis polydispersity was reduced, again without resolution of two glucan populations. These findings suggest that (i) there are two distinct glucan classes, one alpha-(1 --> 3) rich and the other alpha-(1 --> 6) rich in WT, (ii) diminution of virulence in the mutants is probably ascribable to a failure to form the alpha-(1 --> 3)-rich component, (iii) both alpha-(1 --> 6)- and alpha-(1 --> 3)-rich glucans are found in association with the cell, and (iv) both highly branched glucan types are dextranase and alpha-(1 --> 3)-hydrolase sensitive, and methylation analysis and gel chromatography suggest polymers with highly polydisperse molecular weights which contain mixtures of linkage types.", "PMID": 711313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4734", "title": "Induction of a mucosal antitoxin response and its role in immunity to experimental canine cholera.", "content": "The induction of a jejunal antitoxin response was studied in dogs immunized with cholera toxin or toxoid. Single doses of toxoid given subcutaneously (s.c.) or of toxin given intraluminally (i.l.) were each effective in priming the mucosal immune system, whereas toxoid given i.l. was much less effective. In contrast, toxin and toxoid given i.l. were each effective as booster antigens. The local secondary response was rapid and brief, the peak occurring at about 7 days after i.l. boosting and declining by 90% after 2 more weeks. After s.c. priming and i.l. boosting with toxoid, antitoxin-containing plasma cells appeared predominantly in the portion of jejunum exposed to the i.l. booster. The appearance of antitoxin-containing plasma cells in jejunal lamina propria correlated with the amount of antitoxin recovered in jejunal washings which, in turn, correlated with protection against challenge with cholera toxin. Thus, lamina propria antitoxin-containing plasma cells appeared to be the source of protective antitoxin. However, after sequential s.c.-oral immunization with toxoid, protection against challenge with Vibrio cholerae far outlasted the major systemic and local antitoxin responses and was not obviously explained by either. These studies reveal methods for induction of a mucosal antitoxin response, but leave in question the mechanism of prolonged protection induced by s.c.-oral immunization of dogs.", "contents": "Induction of a mucosal antitoxin response and its role in immunity to experimental canine cholera. The induction of a jejunal antitoxin response was studied in dogs immunized with cholera toxin or toxoid. Single doses of toxoid given subcutaneously (s.c.) or of toxin given intraluminally (i.l.) were each effective in priming the mucosal immune system, whereas toxoid given i.l. was much less effective. In contrast, toxin and toxoid given i.l. were each effective as booster antigens. The local secondary response was rapid and brief, the peak occurring at about 7 days after i.l. boosting and declining by 90% after 2 more weeks. After s.c. priming and i.l. boosting with toxoid, antitoxin-containing plasma cells appeared predominantly in the portion of jejunum exposed to the i.l. booster. The appearance of antitoxin-containing plasma cells in jejunal lamina propria correlated with the amount of antitoxin recovered in jejunal washings which, in turn, correlated with protection against challenge with cholera toxin. Thus, lamina propria antitoxin-containing plasma cells appeared to be the source of protective antitoxin. However, after sequential s.c.-oral immunization with toxoid, protection against challenge with Vibrio cholerae far outlasted the major systemic and local antitoxin responses and was not obviously explained by either. These studies reveal methods for induction of a mucosal antitoxin response, but leave in question the mechanism of prolonged protection induced by s.c.-oral immunization of dogs.", "PMID": 711314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4735", "title": "Genetic mapping of mutations in independently isolated nontoxinogenic mutants of Vibrio cholerae.", "content": "Conjugal mating experiments were performed between donor strains of Vibrio cholerae carrying the vibrio sex plasmid P and recipient strains lacking the P plasmid. Donor and recipient genotypes differed with respect to toxinogenicity (tox), nutritional requirements, and antibiotic susceptibilities. Recombinants carrying selected donor and recipient markers were produced at low frequencies in conjugal matings. Mapping of tox markers was accomplished by scoring for the frequency of coinheritance of the donor tox allele with selected and unselected donor markers. Four independently isolated tox markers were analyzed. Each of these four tox markers was shown to be linked to the his-1 site in linkage group I on the genetic map of V. cholerae. In matings between a recipient strain carrying the tox-1 marker and donor strains carrying either tox-2, tox-3, or tox-4, all selected his+ recombinants remained nontoxinogenic. Matings between multiply marked strains demonstrated that the position of tox-1 with respect to other genetic loci in linkage group I is as follows: met-2--trp-1--asp-1--nal-1--his-1--tox-1. These findings demonstrate that a chromosomal determinant linked to his-1 in linkage group I on the genetic map of V. cholerae is essential for toxinogenesis and suggest that tox-1,tox-2, tox-3, and tox-4 may be alleles of a single tox gene.", "contents": "Genetic mapping of mutations in independently isolated nontoxinogenic mutants of Vibrio cholerae. Conjugal mating experiments were performed between donor strains of Vibrio cholerae carrying the vibrio sex plasmid P and recipient strains lacking the P plasmid. Donor and recipient genotypes differed with respect to toxinogenicity (tox), nutritional requirements, and antibiotic susceptibilities. Recombinants carrying selected donor and recipient markers were produced at low frequencies in conjugal matings. Mapping of tox markers was accomplished by scoring for the frequency of coinheritance of the donor tox allele with selected and unselected donor markers. Four independently isolated tox markers were analyzed. Each of these four tox markers was shown to be linked to the his-1 site in linkage group I on the genetic map of V. cholerae. In matings between a recipient strain carrying the tox-1 marker and donor strains carrying either tox-2, tox-3, or tox-4, all selected his+ recombinants remained nontoxinogenic. Matings between multiply marked strains demonstrated that the position of tox-1 with respect to other genetic loci in linkage group I is as follows: met-2--trp-1--asp-1--nal-1--his-1--tox-1. These findings demonstrate that a chromosomal determinant linked to his-1 in linkage group I on the genetic map of V. cholerae is essential for toxinogenesis and suggest that tox-1,tox-2, tox-3, and tox-4 may be alleles of a single tox gene.", "PMID": 711315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4736", "title": "Local and systemic immunity to influenza infections in ferrets.", "content": "To establish whether immunity to influenza infection in the ferret is local or systemic, two sites of challenge were utilized: the nose and the anatomically isolated tracheal pouch. Infection of either site did not spread to the other site, and challenge of either site resulted in seroconversion by 13 days. Simultaneous challenge of both sites 21 days after the primary infection revealed that prior infection of the pouch prevented subsequent reinfection of the pouch, but not infection of the nose. Thus, systemic immunity did not prevent the initiation of nasal influenza infection in the ferret. However, the duration of virus shedding from the nose was reduced to half of that seen when ferrets were infected for the first time, showing that the prior pouch infection did lead to a more rapid recovery from the subsequent nasal infection. Passively administered anti-influenza antibody did not prevent or modify the nasal infection, but it did prevent the pouch infection. This is consistent with the observation that an initial infection of the nose prevented pouch infection upon challenge 21 days later. The prior nasal infection also prevented the subsequent nasal infection. These data suggest that immunity to acquisition of influenza infection in the ferret is a local phenomenon, whereas recovery from active infection is influenced by systemic immune mechanisms.", "contents": "Local and systemic immunity to influenza infections in ferrets. To establish whether immunity to influenza infection in the ferret is local or systemic, two sites of challenge were utilized: the nose and the anatomically isolated tracheal pouch. Infection of either site did not spread to the other site, and challenge of either site resulted in seroconversion by 13 days. Simultaneous challenge of both sites 21 days after the primary infection revealed that prior infection of the pouch prevented subsequent reinfection of the pouch, but not infection of the nose. Thus, systemic immunity did not prevent the initiation of nasal influenza infection in the ferret. However, the duration of virus shedding from the nose was reduced to half of that seen when ferrets were infected for the first time, showing that the prior pouch infection did lead to a more rapid recovery from the subsequent nasal infection. Passively administered anti-influenza antibody did not prevent or modify the nasal infection, but it did prevent the pouch infection. This is consistent with the observation that an initial infection of the nose prevented pouch infection upon challenge 21 days later. The prior nasal infection also prevented the subsequent nasal infection. These data suggest that immunity to acquisition of influenza infection in the ferret is a local phenomenon, whereas recovery from active infection is influenced by systemic immune mechanisms.", "PMID": 711316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4737", "title": "Demonstration of three different subtypes of adenovirus type 7 by DNA restriction site mapping.", "content": "Restriction site mapping of the genomes of eight different isolates of adenovirus serotype 7 (Ad7) has been performed with six different restriction endonucleases. In this analysis, 37 different restriction sites were localized. Three distinctly different cleavage patterns of the genomes of the Ad7 strains were observed. These strains could not be distinguished by serological techniques. The following three subtypes were defined on the basis of their restriction site patterns: the Ad7 prototype, represented by strain Gomen originally isolated from a case of pharyngitis; subtype Ad7a, represented by the Ad7 vaccine strain and strains isolated from undifferentiated respiratory disease and from a healthy carrier; and a third subtype of Ad7, represented by three strains which were isolated from Swedish patients, all having pronounced clinical symptoms indicating severe systemic infection. A comparison of the restriction site maps of the protype of Ad3 and the three subtypes of Ad7 indicated greater differences in the position of restriction sites between strains of Ad7 than between strains of the two serotypes. This technique is consequently recommended to obtain a more precise definition of distinct entities of viruses.", "contents": "Demonstration of three different subtypes of adenovirus type 7 by DNA restriction site mapping. Restriction site mapping of the genomes of eight different isolates of adenovirus serotype 7 (Ad7) has been performed with six different restriction endonucleases. In this analysis, 37 different restriction sites were localized. Three distinctly different cleavage patterns of the genomes of the Ad7 strains were observed. These strains could not be distinguished by serological techniques. The following three subtypes were defined on the basis of their restriction site patterns: the Ad7 prototype, represented by strain Gomen originally isolated from a case of pharyngitis; subtype Ad7a, represented by the Ad7 vaccine strain and strains isolated from undifferentiated respiratory disease and from a healthy carrier; and a third subtype of Ad7, represented by three strains which were isolated from Swedish patients, all having pronounced clinical symptoms indicating severe systemic infection. A comparison of the restriction site maps of the protype of Ad3 and the three subtypes of Ad7 indicated greater differences in the position of restriction sites between strains of Ad7 than between strains of the two serotypes. This technique is consequently recommended to obtain a more precise definition of distinct entities of viruses.", "PMID": 711317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4738", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of experimental Trichophyton mentagrophytes infections in guinea pig skin.", "content": "Trichophyton mentagrophytes invasion of guinea pig skin was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Biopsies were obtained daily for 12 days from experimental infection sites. Dermatophyte invasion, examined in detail by scanning electron microscopy of cross-sectioned, prefixed skin was evidenced by: the appearance of hyphae within the stratum corneum; follicular invasion by hyphae, which remained initially within the follicle wall; emergence of the hyphae from the wall into the follicular canal; proliferation of the fungus down the follicle, with furrowing of the follicle wall and hair shaft cuticle; penetration of hyphae into the hair shaft by subcuticular and transcuticular routes; and massive peripilar hyphal proliferation with arthrosporogenesis. A three-dimensional perception of the invasion sequence of a dermatophyte in guinea pig skin was obtained by scanning electron microscopy.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of experimental Trichophyton mentagrophytes infections in guinea pig skin. Trichophyton mentagrophytes invasion of guinea pig skin was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Biopsies were obtained daily for 12 days from experimental infection sites. Dermatophyte invasion, examined in detail by scanning electron microscopy of cross-sectioned, prefixed skin was evidenced by: the appearance of hyphae within the stratum corneum; follicular invasion by hyphae, which remained initially within the follicle wall; emergence of the hyphae from the wall into the follicular canal; proliferation of the fungus down the follicle, with furrowing of the follicle wall and hair shaft cuticle; penetration of hyphae into the hair shaft by subcuticular and transcuticular routes; and massive peripilar hyphal proliferation with arthrosporogenesis. A three-dimensional perception of the invasion sequence of a dermatophyte in guinea pig skin was obtained by scanning electron microscopy.", "PMID": 711318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4739", "title": "Characterization of glucosyltransferase-deficient, plasmid-containing mutants of Streptococcus mutans LM-7.", "content": "The possibility that glucosyltransferase (GT)-mediated insoluble-glucan synthesis from sucrose is controlled by the 3-megadalton plasmid pAM7 in Streptococcus mutans LM-7 has been examined. A low-sucrose agar medium was developed to readily detect and quantitate presumptive GT-negative mutants. Such mutants were isolated from Todd-Hewitt broth cultures grown either with or without sodium dodecyl sulfate (10 microgram/ml) or acriflavine (0.5 microgram/ml) at frequencies ranging from about 0.01 to 1%. Independently isolated mutants had the following characteristics: (i) cells were virtually devoid of cell-associated GT and did not aggregate upon addition of sucrose; (ii) cell-free culture fluids synthesized 10X less insoluble glucan than those of the parent; and (iii) cultures grown with sucrose did not form adherent deposits on the wall of the culture tube, as is typical of S. mutans. Both parent and mutants formed relatively little soluble glucan in 1-h assays. Three independently isolated mutants and the parent were found to contain similar amounts of plasmid DNA. Analysis by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and agarose gel electrophoresis did not reveal a size difference between the plasmids from parent and mutants. These results show that (i) S. mutans LM-7 generates GT-deficient mutants at relatively high frequency that still contain a 3-megadalton plasmid; (ii) both cell-associated and extracellular GT levels are depressed in the mutants, which suggests that these activities are directly or indirectly controlled by the same gene or by genes that segregate as a unit.", "contents": "Characterization of glucosyltransferase-deficient, plasmid-containing mutants of Streptococcus mutans LM-7. The possibility that glucosyltransferase (GT)-mediated insoluble-glucan synthesis from sucrose is controlled by the 3-megadalton plasmid pAM7 in Streptococcus mutans LM-7 has been examined. A low-sucrose agar medium was developed to readily detect and quantitate presumptive GT-negative mutants. Such mutants were isolated from Todd-Hewitt broth cultures grown either with or without sodium dodecyl sulfate (10 microgram/ml) or acriflavine (0.5 microgram/ml) at frequencies ranging from about 0.01 to 1%. Independently isolated mutants had the following characteristics: (i) cells were virtually devoid of cell-associated GT and did not aggregate upon addition of sucrose; (ii) cell-free culture fluids synthesized 10X less insoluble glucan than those of the parent; and (iii) cultures grown with sucrose did not form adherent deposits on the wall of the culture tube, as is typical of S. mutans. Both parent and mutants formed relatively little soluble glucan in 1-h assays. Three independently isolated mutants and the parent were found to contain similar amounts of plasmid DNA. Analysis by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and agarose gel electrophoresis did not reveal a size difference between the plasmids from parent and mutants. These results show that (i) S. mutans LM-7 generates GT-deficient mutants at relatively high frequency that still contain a 3-megadalton plasmid; (ii) both cell-associated and extracellular GT levels are depressed in the mutants, which suggests that these activities are directly or indirectly controlled by the same gene or by genes that segregate as a unit.", "PMID": 711319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4740", "title": "Ciliated respiratory epithelial monolayers: new model for Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection.", "content": "Hamster respiratory epithelial cells were cultured in a monolayer format, and 20% of the cells were ciliated. Mycoplasma pneumoniae attached to the epithelial cells in a neuraminidase-specific fashion and induced ciliostasis and cytonecrosis.", "contents": "Ciliated respiratory epithelial monolayers: new model for Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Hamster respiratory epithelial cells were cultured in a monolayer format, and 20% of the cells were ciliated. Mycoplasma pneumoniae attached to the epithelial cells in a neuraminidase-specific fashion and induced ciliostasis and cytonecrosis.", "PMID": 711320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4741", "title": "Long-term fecal excretion and resistance induced in mice infected with Yersinia enterocolitica.", "content": "European isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica serotypes O3 and O9 were shown to infect but not kill mice, which became fecal excreters for up to 135 days. The mice challenged with 500 50% lethal doses of the virulent WA strain of Y. enterocolitica serotype O8 survived, and some excreted the virulent strain. This rodent model may be of value in assessing the ecological significance of rodents in the maintenance of Y. enterocolitica.", "contents": "Long-term fecal excretion and resistance induced in mice infected with Yersinia enterocolitica. European isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica serotypes O3 and O9 were shown to infect but not kill mice, which became fecal excreters for up to 135 days. The mice challenged with 500 50% lethal doses of the virulent WA strain of Y. enterocolitica serotype O8 survived, and some excreted the virulent strain. This rodent model may be of value in assessing the ecological significance of rodents in the maintenance of Y. enterocolitica.", "PMID": 711321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4742", "title": "Enhanced glucosyltransferase activity in penicillin-treated cultures of Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "Penicillin-treated cultures of Streptococcus mutants GS-5 produced elevated levels of extracellular glucosyltransferase activity.", "contents": "Enhanced glucosyltransferase activity in penicillin-treated cultures of Streptococcus mutans. Penicillin-treated cultures of Streptococcus mutants GS-5 produced elevated levels of extracellular glucosyltransferase activity.", "PMID": 711322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4743", "title": "Protective effect of vaccination against Mycoplasma pulmonis respiratory disease in rats.", "content": "Intravenous vaccination of rats with either viable or Formalin-inactivated Mycoplasma pulmonis reduced the incidence and severity of lower respiratory tract lesions after intranasal challenge with viable organisms. Intranasal vaccination with killed organisms reduced the severity of rhinitis, but did not affect lesions in any other region of the respiratory tract. The maximum protection against upper tract lesions (rhinitis, otitis, and laryngotracheitis) was provided by intravenous immunization with viable organisms. Dual vaccination (intraperitoneal plus intranasal) with killed organisms provided no significant protection in any segment of the tract. However, these ineffective vaccine regimens did not potentiate the lesions. These results conclusively demonstrate that vaccination of rats against mycoplasma respiratory disease is feasible and also suggest that systemic vaccination may provide greater protection for the lungs than intranasal vaccination, at least when equivalent antigen doses are used.", "contents": "Protective effect of vaccination against Mycoplasma pulmonis respiratory disease in rats. Intravenous vaccination of rats with either viable or Formalin-inactivated Mycoplasma pulmonis reduced the incidence and severity of lower respiratory tract lesions after intranasal challenge with viable organisms. Intranasal vaccination with killed organisms reduced the severity of rhinitis, but did not affect lesions in any other region of the respiratory tract. The maximum protection against upper tract lesions (rhinitis, otitis, and laryngotracheitis) was provided by intravenous immunization with viable organisms. Dual vaccination (intraperitoneal plus intranasal) with killed organisms provided no significant protection in any segment of the tract. However, these ineffective vaccine regimens did not potentiate the lesions. These results conclusively demonstrate that vaccination of rats against mycoplasma respiratory disease is feasible and also suggest that systemic vaccination may provide greater protection for the lungs than intranasal vaccination, at least when equivalent antigen doses are used.", "PMID": 711323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4744", "title": "Lung clearance of Staphylococcus aureus strains with differing protein A content: protein A effect on in vivo clearance.", "content": "We have studied the clearance from murine lungs of two strains of Staphylococcus aureus, one possessing high and the other possessing low levels of protein  A.S. aureus FDA 209 and S. aureus Wood 46 were assayed for their ability to bind mouse immunoglobulin G, using an indirect radioimmunoassay. S. aureus FDA 209 binding of mouse immunoglobulin was significantly greater than that of S. aureus Wood 46 (118,909 versus 37,845 cpm). Clearance of these two strains from the lung after a 30-min aerosol inoculation period was not significantly different. The percentage of bacteria remaining in the lung was 49.2 and 55.0% at 2h, 31.8 and 33.2% at 3 h, and 25.4 and 17.2% at 4 h for protein A-rich and protein A-poor strains, respectively (P greater than 0.20 at each time). These data suggest that the previously demonstrated in vitro antiphagocytic effect of protein A may not be relevant to pulmonary clearance mechanisms.", "contents": "Lung clearance of Staphylococcus aureus strains with differing protein A content: protein A effect on in vivo clearance. We have studied the clearance from murine lungs of two strains of Staphylococcus aureus, one possessing high and the other possessing low levels of protein  A.S. aureus FDA 209 and S. aureus Wood 46 were assayed for their ability to bind mouse immunoglobulin G, using an indirect radioimmunoassay. S. aureus FDA 209 binding of mouse immunoglobulin was significantly greater than that of S. aureus Wood 46 (118,909 versus 37,845 cpm). Clearance of these two strains from the lung after a 30-min aerosol inoculation period was not significantly different. The percentage of bacteria remaining in the lung was 49.2 and 55.0% at 2h, 31.8 and 33.2% at 3 h, and 25.4 and 17.2% at 4 h for protein A-rich and protein A-poor strains, respectively (P greater than 0.20 at each time). These data suggest that the previously demonstrated in vitro antiphagocytic effect of protein A may not be relevant to pulmonary clearance mechanisms.", "PMID": 711324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4745", "title": "Cross-protection in mice after immunization with H2N2, H3N2, and Heq2Neq2 influenza virus strains.", "content": "Mice were vaccinated with the influenza viruses A/Japan/57 (H2N2), A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2), and A/Equi/Miami/63 (Heq2Neq2) and the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase recombinants derived from these viruses. After infection with the parent viruses, protection was compared with serological findings. It was found that influenza vaccine protects not only against infection with a strain identical or closely related to the vaccine strain, but against heterologous strains as well. Vaccination with Hong Kong/68 and its neuraminidase recombinant resulted in a heterologous neuraminidase inhibition titer against Japan/57 and in a protection against infection with Japan/57. By contrast, after vaccination with Japan/57 and its neuraminidase recombinant, no relevant heterologous neuraminidase inhibition titer against Hong Kong/68 was observed, whereas a protection against infection with Hong Kong/68 did exist. A cross-protection between Hong Kong/68 and Miami/63, but no relationship in the hemagglutination or neuraminidase inhibition tests, was established in the preinfection sera. A one-way antigenic relationship between these viruses was confirmed by the rise of hemagglutinin or neuraminidase antibodies against Hong Kong/68 in the postinfection sera. No cross-protection or serological relationship existed between Miami/63 and Japan/57. Besides the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, a third factor, the \"mouse-protecting antigen,\" was considered to contribute to the protection obtained. According to the protection observed, the mouse-protecting antigen of Hong Kong/68 virus is related to that of Japan/57 as well as Miami/63 virus. The mouse-protecting antigens of both Japan/57 and Miami/63 are related to that of Hong Kong/68.", "contents": "Cross-protection in mice after immunization with H2N2, H3N2, and Heq2Neq2 influenza virus strains. Mice were vaccinated with the influenza viruses A/Japan/57 (H2N2), A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2), and A/Equi/Miami/63 (Heq2Neq2) and the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase recombinants derived from these viruses. After infection with the parent viruses, protection was compared with serological findings. It was found that influenza vaccine protects not only against infection with a strain identical or closely related to the vaccine strain, but against heterologous strains as well. Vaccination with Hong Kong/68 and its neuraminidase recombinant resulted in a heterologous neuraminidase inhibition titer against Japan/57 and in a protection against infection with Japan/57. By contrast, after vaccination with Japan/57 and its neuraminidase recombinant, no relevant heterologous neuraminidase inhibition titer against Hong Kong/68 was observed, whereas a protection against infection with Hong Kong/68 did exist. A cross-protection between Hong Kong/68 and Miami/63, but no relationship in the hemagglutination or neuraminidase inhibition tests, was established in the preinfection sera. A one-way antigenic relationship between these viruses was confirmed by the rise of hemagglutinin or neuraminidase antibodies against Hong Kong/68 in the postinfection sera. No cross-protection or serological relationship existed between Miami/63 and Japan/57. Besides the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, a third factor, the \"mouse-protecting antigen,\" was considered to contribute to the protection obtained. According to the protection observed, the mouse-protecting antigen of Hong Kong/68 virus is related to that of Japan/57 as well as Miami/63 virus. The mouse-protecting antigens of both Japan/57 and Miami/63 are related to that of Hong Kong/68.", "PMID": 711325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4746", "title": "In vitro colonization of Streptococcus mutans on enamel.", "content": "An in vitro model consisting of enamel from extracted human molars, suspended from wires in inoculated culture tubes, was used to study the adhesion of bacteria to enamel. Under conditions in which there was no macroscopically visible plaque formation, electron micrographs showed no bacterial deposits on the enamel surface. In samples where Streptococcus mutans attached to enamel, an extracellular, pellicle-like material was associated with the bacteria adjacent to the enamel. This material appeared to bind to the enamel surface and to mediate bacterial attachment. Membrane-filtered (Millipore Corp.) saliva deposited a thin surface layer on the enamel, but there were no observable alterations of S. mutans attachment to enamel pretreated with saliva. It was noted that Bratthall serotype c and e strains of S. mutans, when grown in glucose-containing medium, attached, although less tenaciously, to enamel and nichrome wires. Chemical and gas chromatographic analyses of cell-associated materials formed by serotype c and e strains cultured in glucose-containing medium revealed low amounts of glucose-positive material and no polymer linkages characteristic of glucan; yet the same strains cultured in sucrose-containing medium had relatively high amounts of glucose-positive material, with polymer linkages-characteristic of glucan. Serotype a, b, and d strains could attach only in sucrose-containing media.", "contents": "In vitro colonization of Streptococcus mutans on enamel. An in vitro model consisting of enamel from extracted human molars, suspended from wires in inoculated culture tubes, was used to study the adhesion of bacteria to enamel. Under conditions in which there was no macroscopically visible plaque formation, electron micrographs showed no bacterial deposits on the enamel surface. In samples where Streptococcus mutans attached to enamel, an extracellular, pellicle-like material was associated with the bacteria adjacent to the enamel. This material appeared to bind to the enamel surface and to mediate bacterial attachment. Membrane-filtered (Millipore Corp.) saliva deposited a thin surface layer on the enamel, but there were no observable alterations of S. mutans attachment to enamel pretreated with saliva. It was noted that Bratthall serotype c and e strains of S. mutans, when grown in glucose-containing medium, attached, although less tenaciously, to enamel and nichrome wires. Chemical and gas chromatographic analyses of cell-associated materials formed by serotype c and e strains cultured in glucose-containing medium revealed low amounts of glucose-positive material and no polymer linkages characteristic of glucan; yet the same strains cultured in sucrose-containing medium had relatively high amounts of glucose-positive material, with polymer linkages-characteristic of glucan. Serotype a, b, and d strains could attach only in sucrose-containing media.", "PMID": 711326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4747", "title": "Specific binding of staphylococcal alpha-toxin to isolated rabbit vagus nerves in vitro.", "content": "The binding of staphylococcal [125I]alpha-toxin to rabbit vagus nerves in vitro was a saturable process. The radiolabeled alpha-toxin binding was reduced by the coaddition of added navive alpha-toxin, indicating that the binding is specific. Sucrose gradient analysis of detergent-extracted complexes of [125I]alpha-toxin-rabbit vagus nerves showed both high and low S-value peaks analogous to those observed with similarly treated alpha-toxin-rabbit erythrocyte preparations (P. Cassidy and S. Harshman, Biochemistry, in press).", "contents": "Specific binding of staphylococcal alpha-toxin to isolated rabbit vagus nerves in vitro. The binding of staphylococcal [125I]alpha-toxin to rabbit vagus nerves in vitro was a saturable process. The radiolabeled alpha-toxin binding was reduced by the coaddition of added navive alpha-toxin, indicating that the binding is specific. Sucrose gradient analysis of detergent-extracted complexes of [125I]alpha-toxin-rabbit vagus nerves showed both high and low S-value peaks analogous to those observed with similarly treated alpha-toxin-rabbit erythrocyte preparations (P. Cassidy and S. Harshman, Biochemistry, in press).", "PMID": 711327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4748", "title": "Requirement for a radiosensitive lymphoid cell in the generation of lipopolysaccharide-induced rejection of a murine tumor allograft.", "content": "Lipopolysaccharide-initiated rejection of a tumor allograft requires the cooperation of a radiosensitive nonadherent lymphoid cell population and an adherent cell, presumably a macrophage.", "contents": "Requirement for a radiosensitive lymphoid cell in the generation of lipopolysaccharide-induced rejection of a murine tumor allograft. Lipopolysaccharide-initiated rejection of a tumor allograft requires the cooperation of a radiosensitive nonadherent lymphoid cell population and an adherent cell, presumably a macrophage.", "PMID": 711328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4749", "title": "Delayed hypersensitivity responses of experimental animals to histoplasmin from the yeast and mycelial phases of Histoplasma capsulatum.", "content": "Controlled yeast lysate (CYL) and controlled mycelial lysate (CML) histoplasmins were produced from Histoplasma capsulatum grown in a nutritionally lean, chemically defined medium. The lysates were assayed for skin-test activity in guinea pigs sensitized by infection with the homologous organism. In some studies, nonliving vaccine preparations were employed also. Inter-lot biological variation was minimal, and 20 lots of the CYL reagent elicited strong dermal reactions with high specificity. Further, CYL reagents were nonreactive in guinea pigs infected with Coccidioides immitis, whereas the commercial Food and Drug Administration preparations cross-reacted to some degree. The CML histoplasmins were generally less reactive than the CYL preparations and exhibited somewhat more inter-lot variation in sensitivity and specificity. No correlation between potency and protein:polysaccharide ratios were observed with either reagent. An intradermal test with the CYL reagent did not induce significant changes in the complement-fixing titer of sensitized guinea pigs. Such changes in sensitized animals were elicited by a skin test with commercial histoplasmin.", "contents": "Delayed hypersensitivity responses of experimental animals to histoplasmin from the yeast and mycelial phases of Histoplasma capsulatum. Controlled yeast lysate (CYL) and controlled mycelial lysate (CML) histoplasmins were produced from Histoplasma capsulatum grown in a nutritionally lean, chemically defined medium. The lysates were assayed for skin-test activity in guinea pigs sensitized by infection with the homologous organism. In some studies, nonliving vaccine preparations were employed also. Inter-lot biological variation was minimal, and 20 lots of the CYL reagent elicited strong dermal reactions with high specificity. Further, CYL reagents were nonreactive in guinea pigs infected with Coccidioides immitis, whereas the commercial Food and Drug Administration preparations cross-reacted to some degree. The CML histoplasmins were generally less reactive than the CYL preparations and exhibited somewhat more inter-lot variation in sensitivity and specificity. No correlation between potency and protein:polysaccharide ratios were observed with either reagent. An intradermal test with the CYL reagent did not induce significant changes in the complement-fixing titer of sensitized guinea pigs. Such changes in sensitized animals were elicited by a skin test with commercial histoplasmin.", "PMID": 711329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4750", "title": "Parameters affecting the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of immunoglobulin G antibody to a rough mutant of Salmonella minnesota.", "content": "An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to detect rabbit immunoglobulin G antibodies against purified lipopolysaccharide of the rough Re mutant of Salmonella minnesota. The time necessary for each step was investigated, and this resulted in a test that could be completed in 1 working day. Serial dilutions of rabbit sera drawn throughout immunization with the Re mutant revealed an elimination of the prozone effect upon prolonged immunization. We interpret this to demonstrate an increase in immunoglobulin G affinity for the lipopolysaccharide on prolonged immunization. We propose that the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay prozone effect be investigated for use as a measure of antibody affinity.", "contents": "Parameters affecting the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of immunoglobulin G antibody to a rough mutant of Salmonella minnesota. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to detect rabbit immunoglobulin G antibodies against purified lipopolysaccharide of the rough Re mutant of Salmonella minnesota. The time necessary for each step was investigated, and this resulted in a test that could be completed in 1 working day. Serial dilutions of rabbit sera drawn throughout immunization with the Re mutant revealed an elimination of the prozone effect upon prolonged immunization. We interpret this to demonstrate an increase in immunoglobulin G affinity for the lipopolysaccharide on prolonged immunization. We propose that the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay prozone effect be investigated for use as a measure of antibody affinity.", "PMID": 711330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4751", "title": "Susceptibility of mice to acute and persistent measles infection.", "content": "Intracerebral inoculation of neonatal mice with the Edmonston strain of measles virus produced an acute, lethal encephalitis and thymic dysplasia in susceptible mice. There was an age-related development of resistance to infection. This resistance was strain-dependent and appeared to be associated with the extent of virus growth in the brain. Studies on the genetic basis for susceptibility, using hybrid and backcross mice, revealed that the principal determinant of host resistance to acute infection was a dominant gene or genes which segregated independently of the H-2 complex. A small number of survivors of the acute infection showed persistence of measles virus antigens in the cerebellum and spleen for up to 2 months after inoculation. However, the low frequency of this persistence indicated that, at this time, intracerebral inoculation of neonatal mice with the Edmonston strain of measles virus constitutes a difficult model for the study of persistant measles infection.", "contents": "Susceptibility of mice to acute and persistent measles infection. Intracerebral inoculation of neonatal mice with the Edmonston strain of measles virus produced an acute, lethal encephalitis and thymic dysplasia in susceptible mice. There was an age-related development of resistance to infection. This resistance was strain-dependent and appeared to be associated with the extent of virus growth in the brain. Studies on the genetic basis for susceptibility, using hybrid and backcross mice, revealed that the principal determinant of host resistance to acute infection was a dominant gene or genes which segregated independently of the H-2 complex. A small number of survivors of the acute infection showed persistence of measles virus antigens in the cerebellum and spleen for up to 2 months after inoculation. However, the low frequency of this persistence indicated that, at this time, intracerebral inoculation of neonatal mice with the Edmonston strain of measles virus constitutes a difficult model for the study of persistant measles infection.", "PMID": 711331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4752", "title": "Infections of congenitally athymic (nude) and normal mice with avirulent and virulent strains of Venezuelan encephalitis virus.", "content": "Two strains of Venezuelan encephalitis virus that are avirulent for normal BALB/c mice inoculated subcutaneously were also avirulent for infected congenitally athymic (nude) mice of the same strain. Viremias were of similar magnitudes and durations in normal and nude mice. Brain concentrations were higher in nude mice with the one avirulent strain tested, although the periods of detectable virus in brains were similar. No lesions were found in brains, spleens, or lymph nodes by ordinary histopathological examination. Viral neutralizing antibody titers in plasmas at 1 to 3 weeks after infection were lower and more transient in nude than in normal mice, and implantations of thymic tissues into nude mice partially restored their neutralizing antibody responses. Concentrations of spleen cells producing antibodies that lysed sheep erythrocytes 4 days after inoculation of erythrocytes and avirulent virus into nude mice were above the levels of uninfected nude mice. These concentrations were similar in infected and uninfected normal mice. In contrast, two mouse-virulent strains of Venezuelan encephalitis virus killed nude mice faster than normal mice after subcutaneous inoculation. Yet concentrations and durations of virus in bloods and brains were not consistently different between nude and normal mice. There were perivascular monocytes in brains and slight architectural alterations of spleens and lymph nodes. Concentrations of spleen cells producing antibodies hemolytic for sheep erythrocytes 4 days after inoculation with erythrocytes were depressed in nude and normal mice by infection with virulent strains.", "contents": "Infections of congenitally athymic (nude) and normal mice with avirulent and virulent strains of Venezuelan encephalitis virus. Two strains of Venezuelan encephalitis virus that are avirulent for normal BALB/c mice inoculated subcutaneously were also avirulent for infected congenitally athymic (nude) mice of the same strain. Viremias were of similar magnitudes and durations in normal and nude mice. Brain concentrations were higher in nude mice with the one avirulent strain tested, although the periods of detectable virus in brains were similar. No lesions were found in brains, spleens, or lymph nodes by ordinary histopathological examination. Viral neutralizing antibody titers in plasmas at 1 to 3 weeks after infection were lower and more transient in nude than in normal mice, and implantations of thymic tissues into nude mice partially restored their neutralizing antibody responses. Concentrations of spleen cells producing antibodies that lysed sheep erythrocytes 4 days after inoculation of erythrocytes and avirulent virus into nude mice were above the levels of uninfected nude mice. These concentrations were similar in infected and uninfected normal mice. In contrast, two mouse-virulent strains of Venezuelan encephalitis virus killed nude mice faster than normal mice after subcutaneous inoculation. Yet concentrations and durations of virus in bloods and brains were not consistently different between nude and normal mice. There were perivascular monocytes in brains and slight architectural alterations of spleens and lymph nodes. Concentrations of spleen cells producing antibodies hemolytic for sheep erythrocytes 4 days after inoculation with erythrocytes were depressed in nude and normal mice by infection with virulent strains.", "PMID": 711332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4753", "title": "Rapid method for identification and enumeration of oral Actinomyces.", "content": "Serotype-specific antisera prepared against whole cells of Actinomyces viscosus, A. naeslundii, and A. israeli were labeled with fluorescein dye and used to detect and quantitate antigenically related microorganisms in human dental plaque. By relating the DNA content of the dental plaque microflora to the number of Actinomyces present in the plaque samples, a reproducible method was developed for specifically enumerating five serotypic representatives of this genus found in human plaque.", "contents": "Rapid method for identification and enumeration of oral Actinomyces. Serotype-specific antisera prepared against whole cells of Actinomyces viscosus, A. naeslundii, and A. israeli were labeled with fluorescein dye and used to detect and quantitate antigenically related microorganisms in human dental plaque. By relating the DNA content of the dental plaque microflora to the number of Actinomyces present in the plaque samples, a reproducible method was developed for specifically enumerating five serotypic representatives of this genus found in human plaque.", "PMID": 711333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4754", "title": "Pathogenesis of fever in delayed hypersensitivity: factors influencing release of pyrogen-inducing lymphokines.", "content": "In continuing studies on the pathogenesis of fever in states of delayed hypersensitivity, we have investigated the conditions for the release of an endogenous pyrogen (EP)-inducing lymphokine from draining-lymph-node lymphocytes of rabbits with delayed hypersensitivity to bovine gamma globulin. Using doses of 4 X 10(7) to 5 X 10(7) blood leukocytes (BL) as a source of EP, we found that ratios of about 5:1 of viable lymphocytes to BL were required to stimulate the BL to produce detectable amounts of EP in vitro. Both irradiated lymphocytes (1,700 R) as well as those from steroid-treated donors retained their ability to activate BL when incubated with antigen, properties consistent with activated \"T\" lymphocytes. In experiments to determine effects of temperature and duration of incubation on lymphokine release, the maximum EP-releasing activity was found to be present in supernatants of sensitized lymphocytes incubated with antigen for 18 h at 37 degrees C. These studies have confirmed that sensitized lymphocytes release a soluble, pyrogen-inducing lymphokine when incubated with antigen and further demonstrate that tissue macrophages (Kupffer cells) as well as BL can be activated to produce EP in vitro by this agent.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of fever in delayed hypersensitivity: factors influencing release of pyrogen-inducing lymphokines. In continuing studies on the pathogenesis of fever in states of delayed hypersensitivity, we have investigated the conditions for the release of an endogenous pyrogen (EP)-inducing lymphokine from draining-lymph-node lymphocytes of rabbits with delayed hypersensitivity to bovine gamma globulin. Using doses of 4 X 10(7) to 5 X 10(7) blood leukocytes (BL) as a source of EP, we found that ratios of about 5:1 of viable lymphocytes to BL were required to stimulate the BL to produce detectable amounts of EP in vitro. Both irradiated lymphocytes (1,700 R) as well as those from steroid-treated donors retained their ability to activate BL when incubated with antigen, properties consistent with activated \"T\" lymphocytes. In experiments to determine effects of temperature and duration of incubation on lymphokine release, the maximum EP-releasing activity was found to be present in supernatants of sensitized lymphocytes incubated with antigen for 18 h at 37 degrees C. These studies have confirmed that sensitized lymphocytes release a soluble, pyrogen-inducing lymphokine when incubated with antigen and further demonstrate that tissue macrophages (Kupffer cells) as well as BL can be activated to produce EP in vitro by this agent.", "PMID": 711334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4755", "title": "Pathogenesis of fever in delayed hypersensitivity: role of monocytes.", "content": "The present studies were designed to investigate the role of monocytes in the pathogenesis of fever in delayed hypersensitivity. Adherent rabbit blood monocytes (from both normal and sensitized donors) were separated on Ficoll-Hypaque gradients and incubated with antigen (Ag; ovalbumin) and sensitized draining-lymph-node lymphocytes (or their supernatants) from rabbits with delayed hypersensitivity, and release of endogenous pyrogen was assayed. Results indicated that monocytes are activated to produce endogenous pyrogen by Ag and suspensions of draining-lymph-node cells or by an agent (lymphokine) in the supernatants of sensitized lymphocytes preincubated with Ag. The release of lymphokine was Ag specific and was correlated with the skin test reactivity of the donor rabbits to the sensitizing Ag. No evidence was found that Ag-antibody complexes or (in the case of sensitized monocytes) cytophilic antibodies play a role in the activity of this lymphokine which appears to act selectively on monocytes rather than on granulocytes.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of fever in delayed hypersensitivity: role of monocytes. The present studies were designed to investigate the role of monocytes in the pathogenesis of fever in delayed hypersensitivity. Adherent rabbit blood monocytes (from both normal and sensitized donors) were separated on Ficoll-Hypaque gradients and incubated with antigen (Ag; ovalbumin) and sensitized draining-lymph-node lymphocytes (or their supernatants) from rabbits with delayed hypersensitivity, and release of endogenous pyrogen was assayed. Results indicated that monocytes are activated to produce endogenous pyrogen by Ag and suspensions of draining-lymph-node cells or by an agent (lymphokine) in the supernatants of sensitized lymphocytes preincubated with Ag. The release of lymphokine was Ag specific and was correlated with the skin test reactivity of the donor rabbits to the sensitizing Ag. No evidence was found that Ag-antibody complexes or (in the case of sensitized monocytes) cytophilic antibodies play a role in the activity of this lymphokine which appears to act selectively on monocytes rather than on granulocytes.", "PMID": 711335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4756", "title": "Bacteriology of human experimental gingivitis: effect of plaque age.", "content": "Twenty-five subjects with previously excellent hygiene and healthy gingiva developed heavy plaque accumulations and bleeding or nonbleeding gingivitis about certain papilla after 21 days of no oral hygiene. Gingival marginal plaque about a single papilla was collected at 0, 1, 2, and 3 weeks of no oral hygiene in each subject. The plaque was dispersed, serially diluted, and plated on MM10 sucrose agar in an oxygen-free atmosphere. From 50 to 100 colonies from a single high-dilution plate were characterized for each sample. Over 8,500 isolates were partially characterized and placed into one of 29 taxonomic species or groups. The flora was predominantly gram-positive at all time periods. Streptococcal species dominated in the 0- and 1-week-old plaques, i.e. 62 and 43% of the colonyforming units (CFU), but dropped to 26 to 32% of the CFU in the 2- and 3-week-old plaques. Actinomyces species dominated in the older plaques, i.e., 40 to 50% of the CFU. Actinomyces israelii was the most prominent species in the older plaques. Veillonella accounted for 15 to 20% of the CFU at all time periods. Although the other gram-negative species increased with time, collectively they averaged less than 5% of the CFU at week 3. The shift from a Streptococcus-dominated plaque to an Actinomyces-dominated plaque was the most striking microbial change observed as the plaque aged.", "contents": "Bacteriology of human experimental gingivitis: effect of plaque age. Twenty-five subjects with previously excellent hygiene and healthy gingiva developed heavy plaque accumulations and bleeding or nonbleeding gingivitis about certain papilla after 21 days of no oral hygiene. Gingival marginal plaque about a single papilla was collected at 0, 1, 2, and 3 weeks of no oral hygiene in each subject. The plaque was dispersed, serially diluted, and plated on MM10 sucrose agar in an oxygen-free atmosphere. From 50 to 100 colonies from a single high-dilution plate were characterized for each sample. Over 8,500 isolates were partially characterized and placed into one of 29 taxonomic species or groups. The flora was predominantly gram-positive at all time periods. Streptococcal species dominated in the 0- and 1-week-old plaques, i.e. 62 and 43% of the colonyforming units (CFU), but dropped to 26 to 32% of the CFU in the 2- and 3-week-old plaques. Actinomyces species dominated in the older plaques, i.e., 40 to 50% of the CFU. Actinomyces israelii was the most prominent species in the older plaques. Veillonella accounted for 15 to 20% of the CFU at all time periods. Although the other gram-negative species increased with time, collectively they averaged less than 5% of the CFU at week 3. The shift from a Streptococcus-dominated plaque to an Actinomyces-dominated plaque was the most striking microbial change observed as the plaque aged.", "PMID": 711336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4757", "title": "Bacteriology of human experimental gingivitis: effect of plaque and gingivitis score.", "content": "The plaque flora isolated from discrete dentogingival sites during a human gingivitis experiment was analyzed as a function of the plaque score and of the gingivitis score. When the gingivitis score was plotted as a function of the plaque score, a nonbleeding gingivitis was associated with a proportional increase in the Actinomyces sp. at the expense of the Streptococcus sp. In particular, the percentage of Actinomyces israelii increased significantly, while the percent Streptococcus sanguis decreased significantly. A. israelii also increased significantly when a bleeding gingivitis developed. When the plaque score was plotted as a function of the gingivitis score, A. israelii increased significantly as the nonbleeding gingivitis developed, but A. viscosus and Bacteroides melaninogenicus increased significantly when the bleeding gingivitis developed. The availability of a sufficient number of plaques with a plaque score of 2.0 permitted the examination of the interrelationship of gingivitis and flora minus the effect of plaque biomass. The bacteriological profile showed that when bleeding occurred, the levels and proportions of A. viscosus and B. melaninogenicus increased significantly. These findings raise the possibility that proportional changes in the gingival plaque flora may uniquely contribute to the development of gingival inflammation in this experimental model.", "contents": "Bacteriology of human experimental gingivitis: effect of plaque and gingivitis score. The plaque flora isolated from discrete dentogingival sites during a human gingivitis experiment was analyzed as a function of the plaque score and of the gingivitis score. When the gingivitis score was plotted as a function of the plaque score, a nonbleeding gingivitis was associated with a proportional increase in the Actinomyces sp. at the expense of the Streptococcus sp. In particular, the percentage of Actinomyces israelii increased significantly, while the percent Streptococcus sanguis decreased significantly. A. israelii also increased significantly when a bleeding gingivitis developed. When the plaque score was plotted as a function of the gingivitis score, A. israelii increased significantly as the nonbleeding gingivitis developed, but A. viscosus and Bacteroides melaninogenicus increased significantly when the bleeding gingivitis developed. The availability of a sufficient number of plaques with a plaque score of 2.0 permitted the examination of the interrelationship of gingivitis and flora minus the effect of plaque biomass. The bacteriological profile showed that when bleeding occurred, the levels and proportions of A. viscosus and B. melaninogenicus increased significantly. These findings raise the possibility that proportional changes in the gingival plaque flora may uniquely contribute to the development of gingival inflammation in this experimental model.", "PMID": 711337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4758", "title": "Effects of local immunization with glucosyltransferase fractions from Streptococcus mutans on dental caries in hamsters caused by homologous and heterologous serotypes of Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "Seven serotypes of Streptococcus mutans have been identified. The biochemical, genetic, and serological characteristics of these serotypes have indicated that certain serotypes are quite similar, whereas others are quite distinct. The effect of local immunization with glucosyltransferase (GTF) enzymes from serotypes a, c, or g on infection and disease caused by homologous or heterologous cariogenic S. mutans is reported. Organisms with either similar (a and g) or different (c and g) biochemical and serological characteristics were selected for heterologous challenge. NIH white hamsters were injected four times at weekly intervals with GTF prepared by 6 M guanidine-hydrochloride elution from water-insoluble glucan of serotypes a, c, or g, which resulted in enzyme (homologous) inhibitory activity in sera and salivas. After infection of GTF-immunized and sham-immunized groups of hamsters with cariogenic S. mutans of the same serotype as the injected antigen (homologous infection) or with S. mutans of a different serotype from the injected antigen (heterologous infection), the numbers of streptomycin-labeled S. mutans, caries, and lesions were determined. Immunization with GTF preparations from each of the three serotypes resulted in statistically significant reductions in the extent of infection and disease and number of lesions caused by infections with homologous cariogenic S. mutans. Statistically significant reductions in these three parameters were also observed in groups immunized with enzyme from serotype a (strain E49) and challenged with cariogenic serotype g (strain 6715) organisms; or immunized with enzyme from serotype c (strain Ingbritt) and challenged with cariogenic serotype g (strain 6715) organisms; or immunized with enzyme from serotype g (strain 6715) and challenged with cariogenic serotype c (strain Ingbritt) organisms. These studies suggest that soluble antigen preparations containing GTF from one serotype may elicit a protective immune response against infection with cariogenic S. mutans from many or possibly all serotypes.", "contents": "Effects of local immunization with glucosyltransferase fractions from Streptococcus mutans on dental caries in hamsters caused by homologous and heterologous serotypes of Streptococcus mutans. Seven serotypes of Streptococcus mutans have been identified. The biochemical, genetic, and serological characteristics of these serotypes have indicated that certain serotypes are quite similar, whereas others are quite distinct. The effect of local immunization with glucosyltransferase (GTF) enzymes from serotypes a, c, or g on infection and disease caused by homologous or heterologous cariogenic S. mutans is reported. Organisms with either similar (a and g) or different (c and g) biochemical and serological characteristics were selected for heterologous challenge. NIH white hamsters were injected four times at weekly intervals with GTF prepared by 6 M guanidine-hydrochloride elution from water-insoluble glucan of serotypes a, c, or g, which resulted in enzyme (homologous) inhibitory activity in sera and salivas. After infection of GTF-immunized and sham-immunized groups of hamsters with cariogenic S. mutans of the same serotype as the injected antigen (homologous infection) or with S. mutans of a different serotype from the injected antigen (heterologous infection), the numbers of streptomycin-labeled S. mutans, caries, and lesions were determined. Immunization with GTF preparations from each of the three serotypes resulted in statistically significant reductions in the extent of infection and disease and number of lesions caused by infections with homologous cariogenic S. mutans. Statistically significant reductions in these three parameters were also observed in groups immunized with enzyme from serotype a (strain E49) and challenged with cariogenic serotype g (strain 6715) organisms; or immunized with enzyme from serotype c (strain Ingbritt) and challenged with cariogenic serotype g (strain 6715) organisms; or immunized with enzyme from serotype g (strain 6715) and challenged with cariogenic serotype c (strain Ingbritt) organisms. These studies suggest that soluble antigen preparations containing GTF from one serotype may elicit a protective immune response against infection with cariogenic S. mutans from many or possibly all serotypes.", "PMID": 711338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4759", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid and serum immunoglobulins and antibody titers in mumps meningitis and aseptic meningitis of other etiology.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum from 19 patients with mumps meningitis and 19 patients with meningitis of other etiology were investigated on two or more occasions for at least 1 month after onset. Intrathecal synthesis of immunoglobulin (Ig) G was found in 55%, of IgA in 26%, and of IgM in 24% of the patients. Oligoclonal Ig was demonstrable by agarose gel electrophoresis in 37% of the patients, mostly already during the first week after onset, and could persist for years. Mumps virus antibody synthesis within the central nervous system occurred in 37% of the mumps meningitis patients. The inflammatory reaction within the central nervous system as reflected by mononuclear pleocytosis, Ig synthesis, and oligoclonal Ig was not correlated to the clinical course. The blood-brain barrier was evaluated by determination of the CSF total protein, CSF/serum albumin ratio, and CSF/serum alpha2-macroglobulin ratio. A significant correlation was found among these three parameters. Persistence of the elevated CSF/serum albumin ratio seems to influence prognosis, and this parameter is recommended for evaluation of the blood-brain barrier function.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid and serum immunoglobulins and antibody titers in mumps meningitis and aseptic meningitis of other etiology. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum from 19 patients with mumps meningitis and 19 patients with meningitis of other etiology were investigated on two or more occasions for at least 1 month after onset. Intrathecal synthesis of immunoglobulin (Ig) G was found in 55%, of IgA in 26%, and of IgM in 24% of the patients. Oligoclonal Ig was demonstrable by agarose gel electrophoresis in 37% of the patients, mostly already during the first week after onset, and could persist for years. Mumps virus antibody synthesis within the central nervous system occurred in 37% of the mumps meningitis patients. The inflammatory reaction within the central nervous system as reflected by mononuclear pleocytosis, Ig synthesis, and oligoclonal Ig was not correlated to the clinical course. The blood-brain barrier was evaluated by determination of the CSF total protein, CSF/serum albumin ratio, and CSF/serum alpha2-macroglobulin ratio. A significant correlation was found among these three parameters. Persistence of the elevated CSF/serum albumin ratio seems to influence prognosis, and this parameter is recommended for evaluation of the blood-brain barrier function.", "PMID": 711339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4760", "title": "Chemotaxigenic activity of extracts from the mycelial and spherule phases of Coccidioides immitis for human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "In order to further characterize human host defenses against Coccidioides immitis, extracts of this fungus were tested in vitro for their ability to attract polymorphonuclear leukocytes derived from peripheral blood of uninfected subjects. Soluble substances prepared from the mycelial (saprophytic) and spherule (tissue) phases exhibited, in the presence of serum, dose-dependent chemotactic activity. The dose-response correlations were different. The spherule-derived preparation showed decreased activity at the high concentrations, a diminution not observed with equivalent concentrations of the mycelial filtrate. Chemotactic activity was not observed with either substance in the absence of serum or if heat-inactivated serum was substituted. Because the response of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes to these fungal substances appears complement mediated, a selective cellular defect in this function which antedates exposure to C. immitis seems unlikely.", "contents": "Chemotaxigenic activity of extracts from the mycelial and spherule phases of Coccidioides immitis for human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. In order to further characterize human host defenses against Coccidioides immitis, extracts of this fungus were tested in vitro for their ability to attract polymorphonuclear leukocytes derived from peripheral blood of uninfected subjects. Soluble substances prepared from the mycelial (saprophytic) and spherule (tissue) phases exhibited, in the presence of serum, dose-dependent chemotactic activity. The dose-response correlations were different. The spherule-derived preparation showed decreased activity at the high concentrations, a diminution not observed with equivalent concentrations of the mycelial filtrate. Chemotactic activity was not observed with either substance in the absence of serum or if heat-inactivated serum was substituted. Because the response of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes to these fungal substances appears complement mediated, a selective cellular defect in this function which antedates exposure to C. immitis seems unlikely.", "PMID": 711340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4761", "title": "Antigens of Streptococcus sanguis: purification and characterization of the b antigen.", "content": "The antigen defining Streptococcus sanguis serotype 2 has been designated the b antigen. This antigen can be detected in extracts, obtained from whole cells by autoclaving (Rantz and Randall extraction), as a single precipitin band using a reference antiserum (M-5). However, the extract can also be shown to contain a teichoic acid using anti-polyglycerol phosphate serum. This teichoic acid does not contain the antigenic determinant for group H specificity. Studies of the b antigen have been hampered because of the difficulty in separating the b antigen from the teichoic acid using ion-exchange and molecular sieve chromatography. However, a relatively pure preparation has been obtained by affinity chromatography using anti-polyglycerol phosphate serum coupled to Sepharose. The isolated b antigen is a typical streptococcal cell wall polysaccharide composed of glucose, rhamnose, and N-acetylglucosamine in a molar ratio of 2.5:1.0:0.1. The antigen appears to have a single antigenic determinant closely related to isomaltose (glucose alpha-1,6-glucoside) based upon hapten inhibition studies.", "contents": "Antigens of Streptococcus sanguis: purification and characterization of the b antigen. The antigen defining Streptococcus sanguis serotype 2 has been designated the b antigen. This antigen can be detected in extracts, obtained from whole cells by autoclaving (Rantz and Randall extraction), as a single precipitin band using a reference antiserum (M-5). However, the extract can also be shown to contain a teichoic acid using anti-polyglycerol phosphate serum. This teichoic acid does not contain the antigenic determinant for group H specificity. Studies of the b antigen have been hampered because of the difficulty in separating the b antigen from the teichoic acid using ion-exchange and molecular sieve chromatography. However, a relatively pure preparation has been obtained by affinity chromatography using anti-polyglycerol phosphate serum coupled to Sepharose. The isolated b antigen is a typical streptococcal cell wall polysaccharide composed of glucose, rhamnose, and N-acetylglucosamine in a molar ratio of 2.5:1.0:0.1. The antigen appears to have a single antigenic determinant closely related to isomaltose (glucose alpha-1,6-glucoside) based upon hapten inhibition studies.", "PMID": 711341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4762", "title": "Effect of cortisol on the growth of Chlamydia trachomatis in McCoy cells.", "content": "The number of intracytoplasmic inclusions of Chlamydia trachomatis produced in McCoy cell monolayer cultures infected with a constant inoculum of a recently isolated genital strain was compared in cultures of untreated replicating cells and in monolayers which had been incubated in the presence of cortisol at initial extracellular concentrations between 0.0001 and 100 microgram/ml. The effect of adding cortisol was dependent on its concentration, on the time of addition to the tissue culture medium, and on the initial number of McCoy cells seeded to form the monolayer. When a concentration of 1.0 microgram/ml was added at the time of infection with C. trachomatis, the number of inclusions detectable after a further 48 h of incubation was increased by 1.84-fold over those detected in untreated cells. The mean size of inclusions and the ease of their recognition in McCoy cell cultures was also increased by this procedure.", "contents": "Effect of cortisol on the growth of Chlamydia trachomatis in McCoy cells. The number of intracytoplasmic inclusions of Chlamydia trachomatis produced in McCoy cell monolayer cultures infected with a constant inoculum of a recently isolated genital strain was compared in cultures of untreated replicating cells and in monolayers which had been incubated in the presence of cortisol at initial extracellular concentrations between 0.0001 and 100 microgram/ml. The effect of adding cortisol was dependent on its concentration, on the time of addition to the tissue culture medium, and on the initial number of McCoy cells seeded to form the monolayer. When a concentration of 1.0 microgram/ml was added at the time of infection with C. trachomatis, the number of inclusions detectable after a further 48 h of incubation was increased by 1.84-fold over those detected in untreated cells. The mean size of inclusions and the ease of their recognition in McCoy cell cultures was also increased by this procedure.", "PMID": 711342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4763", "title": "Polymorphonuclear cell function in the various polar types of leprosy and erythema nodosum leprosum.", "content": "Polymorphonuclear leukocyte motility, both in vivo and in vitro, and reduction of Nitro Blue Tetrazolium was studied in tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy patients and a group of lepromatous patients with erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL). A profound defect in random migration, chemotaxis, and chemokinesis was found in lepromatous patients with and without complicating ENL, and marked depletion of skin window migration confirmed these in vitro findings. Tuberculoid patients exhibited a mild defect in polymorphonuclear leukocyte motility. Serum inhibitors of normal polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis were found in all types of leprosy, but sera from lepromatous and ENL patients were most inhibitory. Resting levels of Nitro Blue Tetrazolium reduction were normal in all three groups. Reconstitution of polymorphonuclear leukocyte cells from normal and ENL patients with ENL serum, however, showed increased Nitro Blue Tetrazolium reduction well above the normal range, whereas reconstitution with normal, lepromatous, and tuberculoid sera failed to increase Nitro Blue Tetrazolium reduction above the normal values.", "contents": "Polymorphonuclear cell function in the various polar types of leprosy and erythema nodosum leprosum. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte motility, both in vivo and in vitro, and reduction of Nitro Blue Tetrazolium was studied in tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy patients and a group of lepromatous patients with erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL). A profound defect in random migration, chemotaxis, and chemokinesis was found in lepromatous patients with and without complicating ENL, and marked depletion of skin window migration confirmed these in vitro findings. Tuberculoid patients exhibited a mild defect in polymorphonuclear leukocyte motility. Serum inhibitors of normal polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis were found in all types of leprosy, but sera from lepromatous and ENL patients were most inhibitory. Resting levels of Nitro Blue Tetrazolium reduction were normal in all three groups. Reconstitution of polymorphonuclear leukocyte cells from normal and ENL patients with ENL serum, however, showed increased Nitro Blue Tetrazolium reduction well above the normal range, whereas reconstitution with normal, lepromatous, and tuberculoid sera failed to increase Nitro Blue Tetrazolium reduction above the normal values.", "PMID": 711343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4764", "title": "Cytotoxic activity of Aeromonas hydrophila.", "content": "Most strains of Aeromonas hydrophila tested demonstrated cytotoxic activity on several tissue-cultured cell lines. The cytotoxin is heat-labile, non-dialyzable, and immunologically distinct from that of Shigella dysenteriae and Clostridium perfringens. None of the aeromonas isolates was found to be enterotoxigenic by either tissue culture or rabbit ileal loop assays.", "contents": "Cytotoxic activity of Aeromonas hydrophila. Most strains of Aeromonas hydrophila tested demonstrated cytotoxic activity on several tissue-cultured cell lines. The cytotoxin is heat-labile, non-dialyzable, and immunologically distinct from that of Shigella dysenteriae and Clostridium perfringens. None of the aeromonas isolates was found to be enterotoxigenic by either tissue culture or rabbit ileal loop assays.", "PMID": 711344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4765", "title": "Some aspects of the relationship between body weight and sexual behaviour with particular reference to massive obesity and anorexia nervosa.", "content": "There is some evidence for the existence of a precise weight/fat threshold for puberty. Following puberty, body weight and shape take on important new psycho-social significances for both males and females. Adolescent females usually strive to reduce their 'fatness' even it is not excessive from a biological standpoint. Super-obesity and anorexia nervosa are two human disorders of weight and fatness, more common in women, and importantly related to disturbances of sexual behavior, metabolic, social and experiential. These latter aspects sometimes at least reflect the presence of several factors which have contributed to the development of the disorders. Anorexia nervosa in particular reflects the adaptive psychosocial needs of the person concerned. Attention to this aspect during treatment will often allow the patient to tolerate the major weight gain required for recovery, thereby at the same time providing a paradigm for aspects of the pubertal process which can then be studied. The results of some such investigations together with related studies of the super-obese are reported here.", "contents": "Some aspects of the relationship between body weight and sexual behaviour with particular reference to massive obesity and anorexia nervosa. There is some evidence for the existence of a precise weight/fat threshold for puberty. Following puberty, body weight and shape take on important new psycho-social significances for both males and females. Adolescent females usually strive to reduce their 'fatness' even it is not excessive from a biological standpoint. Super-obesity and anorexia nervosa are two human disorders of weight and fatness, more common in women, and importantly related to disturbances of sexual behavior, metabolic, social and experiential. These latter aspects sometimes at least reflect the presence of several factors which have contributed to the development of the disorders. Anorexia nervosa in particular reflects the adaptive psychosocial needs of the person concerned. Attention to this aspect during treatment will often allow the patient to tolerate the major weight gain required for recovery, thereby at the same time providing a paradigm for aspects of the pubertal process which can then be studied. The results of some such investigations together with related studies of the super-obese are reported here.", "PMID": 711353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4766", "title": "The lipoprotein-lipase activity of adipose tissue from different sites in obese women and relationship to cell size.", "content": "The lipoprotein-lipase activities (LPLA) and fat cell sizes were determined in subcutaneous, adipose tissue from four different sites in a group of 17 obese women. The LPLA per gram and per cell were significantly higher in the adipose tissue from gluteal and femoral sites than in tissue from the abdominal site. The degree of obesity of the subjects, as reflected in the fat cell size, was correlated with the LPLA per cell, so that large cells contained more LPLA per cell than small cells. On the other hand, no correlation was found between the cell size and the LPLA per gram. Intra-individually, the cell weight was related also to the LPLA per gram, so that sites with large fat cells also had high concentrations of LPLA per gram. The interpretation of the results with regard to obesity and to the variation in size of fat depots in an individual is discussed.", "contents": "The lipoprotein-lipase activity of adipose tissue from different sites in obese women and relationship to cell size. The lipoprotein-lipase activities (LPLA) and fat cell sizes were determined in subcutaneous, adipose tissue from four different sites in a group of 17 obese women. The LPLA per gram and per cell were significantly higher in the adipose tissue from gluteal and femoral sites than in tissue from the abdominal site. The degree of obesity of the subjects, as reflected in the fat cell size, was correlated with the LPLA per cell, so that large cells contained more LPLA per cell than small cells. On the other hand, no correlation was found between the cell size and the LPLA per gram. Intra-individually, the cell weight was related also to the LPLA per gram, so that sites with large fat cells also had high concentrations of LPLA per gram. The interpretation of the results with regard to obesity and to the variation in size of fat depots in an individual is discussed.", "PMID": 711354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4767", "title": "An evaluation of the efficacy and acceptability of 'Slender' in refractory obesity.", "content": "A formula diet 'Slender' was assessed in 55 patients with refractory obesity. During the initial 12 weeks of the study, the subjects were instructed to take a carbohydrate restricted diet designed to provide 1000 kcal (4.2 MJ) per day. They were then advised to replace up to four meals a day with a packet of Slender. Of the 42 subjects completing the study, 21 stopped taking Slender after six weeks and 21 completed 12 weeks. During the pre-Slender treatment, the mean weight gain was 1.7 kg. This contrasts with a mean weight loss during the first six weeks of treatment with Slender of 1.9 kg. Those continuing to take Slender for 12 weeks lost 3.7 kg and subjects who said that they had adhered strictly throughout the trial period had a mean loss of 4.6 kg. The overall results are relatively disappointing but are similar to that which can be achieved with other forms of therapy in comparable patients. If there is use for Slender, and other similar products, it may be the prevention of obesity rather than in the management of the morbidly obese.", "contents": "An evaluation of the efficacy and acceptability of 'Slender' in refractory obesity. A formula diet 'Slender' was assessed in 55 patients with refractory obesity. During the initial 12 weeks of the study, the subjects were instructed to take a carbohydrate restricted diet designed to provide 1000 kcal (4.2 MJ) per day. They were then advised to replace up to four meals a day with a packet of Slender. Of the 42 subjects completing the study, 21 stopped taking Slender after six weeks and 21 completed 12 weeks. During the pre-Slender treatment, the mean weight gain was 1.7 kg. This contrasts with a mean weight loss during the first six weeks of treatment with Slender of 1.9 kg. Those continuing to take Slender for 12 weeks lost 3.7 kg and subjects who said that they had adhered strictly throughout the trial period had a mean loss of 4.6 kg. The overall results are relatively disappointing but are similar to that which can be achieved with other forms of therapy in comparable patients. If there is use for Slender, and other similar products, it may be the prevention of obesity rather than in the management of the morbidly obese.", "PMID": 711355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4768", "title": "Tolerance and cross tolerance to the anorexigenic effect of appetite suppressants in rats.", "content": "Rats were treated chronically with various anorexigenic substances which were administered orally once (or twice) daily or bidaily. Complete tolerance to the anorectic effect of d-amphetamine, fenfluramine, benfluorex (780 SE), chlorphentermine, and mazindol developed in 11-17 days. Test doses were given at different points of time after withdrawal in order to recognize the presence or absence of direct or cross tolerance. Direct tolerance to fenfluramine and benfluorex persisted for 46 days, whereas tolerance to mazindol was no longer present at day 20. There was lasting bidirectional cross tolerance between chlorphentermine and fenfluramine, transient bidirectional cross tolerance between mazindol and amphetamine, but only unidirectional cross tolerance between amphetamine and fenfluramine.", "contents": "Tolerance and cross tolerance to the anorexigenic effect of appetite suppressants in rats. Rats were treated chronically with various anorexigenic substances which were administered orally once (or twice) daily or bidaily. Complete tolerance to the anorectic effect of d-amphetamine, fenfluramine, benfluorex (780 SE), chlorphentermine, and mazindol developed in 11-17 days. Test doses were given at different points of time after withdrawal in order to recognize the presence or absence of direct or cross tolerance. Direct tolerance to fenfluramine and benfluorex persisted for 46 days, whereas tolerance to mazindol was no longer present at day 20. There was lasting bidirectional cross tolerance between chlorphentermine and fenfluramine, transient bidirectional cross tolerance between mazindol and amphetamine, but only unidirectional cross tolerance between amphetamine and fenfluramine.", "PMID": 711356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4769", "title": "Multidisciplinary approach to adult obesity therapy.", "content": "A comprehensive program has been designed to treat medically significant obesity (body mass index greater than 30). The essential components include nutritional education, exercise, mental conditioning, relaxation and assertiveness training. Adherence to this combined program is supported by rapid weight loss utilizing a protein-sparing modified fast. Initial efforts include greater than 18 kg (40 lb) weight loss in three out of four patients and greater than two years maintenance in one out of three patients. The varying success depends on patient adherence to a prolonged education program at least six months to one year directed at modification of lifestyle. Both for lasting safety and effectiveness a professional partnership is required between the physician and patient. Finally the result of therapy appears to be rehabilitation and not cure from the problem of obesity.", "contents": "Multidisciplinary approach to adult obesity therapy. A comprehensive program has been designed to treat medically significant obesity (body mass index greater than 30). The essential components include nutritional education, exercise, mental conditioning, relaxation and assertiveness training. Adherence to this combined program is supported by rapid weight loss utilizing a protein-sparing modified fast. Initial efforts include greater than 18 kg (40 lb) weight loss in three out of four patients and greater than two years maintenance in one out of three patients. The varying success depends on patient adherence to a prolonged education program at least six months to one year directed at modification of lifestyle. Both for lasting safety and effectiveness a professional partnership is required between the physician and patient. Finally the result of therapy appears to be rehabilitation and not cure from the problem of obesity.", "PMID": 711360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4770", "title": "Results of the treatment of obesity with a protein-sparing modified fast.", "content": "Thirty-six obese adults received a protein-sparing modified fast (PSMF) consisting of 1.5 g of meat protein per kilogram of ideal body weight and meeting vitamin, mineral, and fluid requirements. These studies were conducted as short-term inpatient metabolic studies followed by a program of outpatient obesity treatment. Thirty-one patients were contacted from one to 4 1/2 years from initial assessment. Significant weight loss of greater than 9 kg (20 lb) occurred in more than half the patients, and of greater than 40 lb in one-third of patients over the study period. A PSMF for weight reduction, accompanied by instruction in behaviour modification, nutrition, and exercise for maintenance of weight loss may be helpful in the management of obesity.", "contents": "Results of the treatment of obesity with a protein-sparing modified fast. Thirty-six obese adults received a protein-sparing modified fast (PSMF) consisting of 1.5 g of meat protein per kilogram of ideal body weight and meeting vitamin, mineral, and fluid requirements. These studies were conducted as short-term inpatient metabolic studies followed by a program of outpatient obesity treatment. Thirty-one patients were contacted from one to 4 1/2 years from initial assessment. Significant weight loss of greater than 9 kg (20 lb) occurred in more than half the patients, and of greater than 40 lb in one-third of patients over the study period. A PSMF for weight reduction, accompanied by instruction in behaviour modification, nutrition, and exercise for maintenance of weight loss may be helpful in the management of obesity.", "PMID": 711361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4771", "title": "Physical training in the treatment of obesity.", "content": "Physical training is useful as a therapeutic means to obtain a decrease in body fat. The success in terms of lost fat is dependent on the ability to adhere to the programme, and probably also on regulatory factors associated with the degree of filling of adipose tissue (adipocyte volume). The rate of weight loss is usually slower than with dietary treatment but physical exercise may be more successful and less uncomfortable in the long run as a means to lose weight and prevent regaining it. Physical training is also effective against the metabolic complications associated with obesity such as decreased glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia and hypertriglyceridemia and should therefore be a method of choice to prevent or treat adult onset diabetes mellitus and endogenous hypertriglyceridemia in obesity. The feasibility of training in different groups of subjects seems to be dependent on, among other factors, selection of subjects and design of the training programme.", "contents": "Physical training in the treatment of obesity. Physical training is useful as a therapeutic means to obtain a decrease in body fat. The success in terms of lost fat is dependent on the ability to adhere to the programme, and probably also on regulatory factors associated with the degree of filling of adipose tissue (adipocyte volume). The rate of weight loss is usually slower than with dietary treatment but physical exercise may be more successful and less uncomfortable in the long run as a means to lose weight and prevent regaining it. Physical training is also effective against the metabolic complications associated with obesity such as decreased glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia and hypertriglyceridemia and should therefore be a method of choice to prevent or treat adult onset diabetes mellitus and endogenous hypertriglyceridemia in obesity. The feasibility of training in different groups of subjects seems to be dependent on, among other factors, selection of subjects and design of the training programme.", "PMID": 711362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4772", "title": "Jejunoileal bypass in the treatment of morbid obesity.", "content": "Dietary management of morbid obesity has been uniformally unsuccessful. although abdominal surgery is a drastic therapeutic modality, it may offer the only hope for many morbidly obese patients. In addition to producing weight loss in the vast majority of patients, metabolic complications of obesity have been markedly improved in the post-operative period. Metabolic complications of the procedure are many and varied, but in certain high risk patients the benefits may outweigh the risks.", "contents": "Jejunoileal bypass in the treatment of morbid obesity. Dietary management of morbid obesity has been uniformally unsuccessful. although abdominal surgery is a drastic therapeutic modality, it may offer the only hope for many morbidly obese patients. In addition to producing weight loss in the vast majority of patients, metabolic complications of obesity have been markedly improved in the post-operative period. Metabolic complications of the procedure are many and varied, but in certain high risk patients the benefits may outweigh the risks.", "PMID": 711363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4773", "title": "Gastric bypass for obesity after ten years experience.", "content": "Over 625 patients having gastric bypass for the treatment of morbid obesity are currently being followed at the University of Iowa. Many innovations have increased operative exposure, greatly reduced operating time, and improved the effectiveness and safety of the operation. Recent weight figures show that a 55 percent loss of excess weight can be expected. Several comparative studies between gastric and jejunoileal bypass show that gastric bypass, while producing identical weight loss, has few of the many complications such as liver failure, renal and gallstone formation, diarrhea, enteritis, that are commonly associated with jejunoileal bypass. Stomal ulcer occurrence has been only 2 percent. Imporvements in diabetes mellitus and hypertension can be expected with weight loss. Other effects of gastric bypass were determined by use of a questionnaire. It is concluded, by surgeons having experience with both gastric and jejunoileal bypass, that gastric bypass is the treatment of choice for morbid obesity when nonoperative measures fail.", "contents": "Gastric bypass for obesity after ten years experience. Over 625 patients having gastric bypass for the treatment of morbid obesity are currently being followed at the University of Iowa. Many innovations have increased operative exposure, greatly reduced operating time, and improved the effectiveness and safety of the operation. Recent weight figures show that a 55 percent loss of excess weight can be expected. Several comparative studies between gastric and jejunoileal bypass show that gastric bypass, while producing identical weight loss, has few of the many complications such as liver failure, renal and gallstone formation, diarrhea, enteritis, that are commonly associated with jejunoileal bypass. Stomal ulcer occurrence has been only 2 percent. Imporvements in diabetes mellitus and hypertension can be expected with weight loss. Other effects of gastric bypass were determined by use of a questionnaire. It is concluded, by surgeons having experience with both gastric and jejunoileal bypass, that gastric bypass is the treatment of choice for morbid obesity when nonoperative measures fail.", "PMID": 711364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4774", "title": "The management of hypertension associated with obesity.", "content": "For the past several decades, treatment of primary hypertension has relied chiefly upon the use of pharmacologic agents. Many hypertensive patients are obese. Evidence is accumulating that their hypertension may be reversed by aggressive and comprehensive regimens for weight reduction. Controlled studies are needed to determine whether there may be particular subtypes of obesity which respond more favorably to such management and to evaluate the long-term benefits of the dietary approach.", "contents": "The management of hypertension associated with obesity. For the past several decades, treatment of primary hypertension has relied chiefly upon the use of pharmacologic agents. Many hypertensive patients are obese. Evidence is accumulating that their hypertension may be reversed by aggressive and comprehensive regimens for weight reduction. Controlled studies are needed to determine whether there may be particular subtypes of obesity which respond more favorably to such management and to evaluate the long-term benefits of the dietary approach.", "PMID": 711366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4775", "title": "Some correlates of the maintenance of weight lost through behavior modification.", "content": "Using a mail and in-class distributed survey, data were collected from 721 members of Weight Watchers classes some 15 months after they reached their goal weights. The group averaged 73.2 kg (162.1 lb) before losing 19.0 percent of their body weight to reach goal weights averaging 59.6 kg (131.2 lb) in an average of 31 weeks. Fifteen months after reaching goal, 24.6 percent were below goal, 28.9 were within 5 percent of their goal, 17.5 percent were from 6--10 percent above their goal and 28.9 percent were 11 percent or more above goal. Those who maintained their goal weight, as opposed to those who regained, tended to have several things in common: they attended classes after reaching goal weight in the same locations and with the same lecturers that assissted their weight loss; they had lower initial weights: they conceived of themselves as 'overweight' when they were approximately three pounds above goal; they had improved self-concepts; they made more lifestyle changes supporting weight maintenance; and they continued, after goal, use of many of the techniques used to reach goal weight. Each of these factors has implications for planning for more programs designed to produce more lasting weight losses.", "contents": "Some correlates of the maintenance of weight lost through behavior modification. Using a mail and in-class distributed survey, data were collected from 721 members of Weight Watchers classes some 15 months after they reached their goal weights. The group averaged 73.2 kg (162.1 lb) before losing 19.0 percent of their body weight to reach goal weights averaging 59.6 kg (131.2 lb) in an average of 31 weeks. Fifteen months after reaching goal, 24.6 percent were below goal, 28.9 were within 5 percent of their goal, 17.5 percent were from 6--10 percent above their goal and 28.9 percent were 11 percent or more above goal. Those who maintained their goal weight, as opposed to those who regained, tended to have several things in common: they attended classes after reaching goal weight in the same locations and with the same lecturers that assissted their weight loss; they had lower initial weights: they conceived of themselves as 'overweight' when they were approximately three pounds above goal; they had improved self-concepts; they made more lifestyle changes supporting weight maintenance; and they continued, after goal, use of many of the techniques used to reach goal weight. Each of these factors has implications for planning for more programs designed to produce more lasting weight losses.", "PMID": 711367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4776", "title": "Behavioral treatment of obesity: the current status.", "content": "The introduction of a behavioral approach to the treatment of obesity ten years ago stimulated a large amount of research and clinical application, and has had an influence upon  psychological treatment far beyond the field of obesity. This research has demonstrated that behavior therapy represents a significant improvement over traditional methods of treatment of mild and moderate obesity. Furthermore, ten years of investigation have introduced into psychological treatment research designs and a methodological sophistication without precedent in this field. Although behavior therapy has advanced the treatment of obesity, its results are still of limited clinical significance. Weight losses have been modest and the variability in results large and unexplained even long-term maintenance of weight loss, which, it was originally hoped, would be a particular benefit of the behavioral approach, has not yet been established. On possibility of increasing the effectiveness of behavioral treatments is to combine them with other measures--dietary and pharmacological. Three recent efforts at combining treatments show promise.", "contents": "Behavioral treatment of obesity: the current status. The introduction of a behavioral approach to the treatment of obesity ten years ago stimulated a large amount of research and clinical application, and has had an influence upon  psychological treatment far beyond the field of obesity. This research has demonstrated that behavior therapy represents a significant improvement over traditional methods of treatment of mild and moderate obesity. Furthermore, ten years of investigation have introduced into psychological treatment research designs and a methodological sophistication without precedent in this field. Although behavior therapy has advanced the treatment of obesity, its results are still of limited clinical significance. Weight losses have been modest and the variability in results large and unexplained even long-term maintenance of weight loss, which, it was originally hoped, would be a particular benefit of the behavioral approach, has not yet been established. On possibility of increasing the effectiveness of behavioral treatments is to combine them with other measures--dietary and pharmacological. Three recent efforts at combining treatments show promise.", "PMID": 711368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4777", "title": "Definition, measurement, and classification of the syndromes of obesity.", "content": "The definition and risks of obesity have been reviewed and a nomogram provided for reference. Organization of information about the syndromes of obesity has been approached from several points of view. An anatomic classification has been developed, in which generalized and localized forms of fat accumulation can be separated. Hypercellularity of the adipose tissue in the childhood-onset forms of obesity is usually, but not always, present. Etiologic mechanisms are also useful in classifying obesity. This nosologic approach has been derived largely from experimental studies but has contributed significantly to understanding of pathogenetic mechanisms in man. Hypothalamic obesity is now thought to result from augmented secretion of insulin. The recessively inherited forms of obesity, on the other hand, appear to result from loss of a thermogenic system involving the ouabain-suppressible thyroid-induced (Na+ + K+) -ATPase which, in turn, accounts for the myriad of defects in these animals. Techniques of cybernetic engineering provide a third approach to classification of the syndromes of obesity. The control of body fat was analyzed as an analogy to the control of temperature in a building. These various approaches, and the new insights which they have provided for understanding the syndromes of obesity, promise to provide new pathways for pharmacologic intervention in the treatment of this problem.", "contents": "Definition, measurement, and classification of the syndromes of obesity. The definition and risks of obesity have been reviewed and a nomogram provided for reference. Organization of information about the syndromes of obesity has been approached from several points of view. An anatomic classification has been developed, in which generalized and localized forms of fat accumulation can be separated. Hypercellularity of the adipose tissue in the childhood-onset forms of obesity is usually, but not always, present. Etiologic mechanisms are also useful in classifying obesity. This nosologic approach has been derived largely from experimental studies but has contributed significantly to understanding of pathogenetic mechanisms in man. Hypothalamic obesity is now thought to result from augmented secretion of insulin. The recessively inherited forms of obesity, on the other hand, appear to result from loss of a thermogenic system involving the ouabain-suppressible thyroid-induced (Na+ + K+) -ATPase which, in turn, accounts for the myriad of defects in these animals. Techniques of cybernetic engineering provide a third approach to classification of the syndromes of obesity. The control of body fat was analyzed as an analogy to the control of temperature in a building. These various approaches, and the new insights which they have provided for understanding the syndromes of obesity, promise to provide new pathways for pharmacologic intervention in the treatment of this problem.", "PMID": 711370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4778", "title": "Side reactions in peptide synthesis. VI. A reexamination of the benzyl group in the protection of the side chains of tyrosine and aspartic acid.", "content": "The acid catalyzed O leads to C migration of the benzyl group in the side chain of tyrosine could be reduced by applying HBr in a mixture of phenol and p-cresol instead of BHr in trifluoroacetic acid for acidolytic deprotection. This side reaction occurs also during the removal of Boc groups. The loss of O-benzyl protection and the formation of 3-benzyltyrosine residues could be suppressed by the application of a 7:3 mixture of trifluoroacetic acid and acetic acid. The acid- and base-catalyzed ring closure of beta-benzylaspartyl residues to aminosuccinyl derivatives was also studied. In this case HBr in trifluoroacetic acid was found to be relatively harmless. Deprotection with HBr in a mixture of trifluoroacetic acid and p-cresol can be applied for peptides that contain both beta-benzylaspartyl and O-benzyltyrosyl residues. An attempt to reduce the rate of the base-catalyzed side reaction by application of hindered tertiary amines was abandoned because the tertiary amines which were effective in this respect let to significant reduction of the rate of the desired reaction, the aminolysis of active esters, as well. A satisfactory solution for the problem was found in the selective catalysis of the active ester reaction with 1-hydroxybenzotriazole or 4-dimethyl-aminopyridine. These catalysts do not enhance the rate of ring closure and in their presence essentially pure beta-benzylaspartyl peptides can be produced in good yield.", "contents": "Side reactions in peptide synthesis. VI. A reexamination of the benzyl group in the protection of the side chains of tyrosine and aspartic acid. The acid catalyzed O leads to C migration of the benzyl group in the side chain of tyrosine could be reduced by applying HBr in a mixture of phenol and p-cresol instead of BHr in trifluoroacetic acid for acidolytic deprotection. This side reaction occurs also during the removal of Boc groups. The loss of O-benzyl protection and the formation of 3-benzyltyrosine residues could be suppressed by the application of a 7:3 mixture of trifluoroacetic acid and acetic acid. The acid- and base-catalyzed ring closure of beta-benzylaspartyl residues to aminosuccinyl derivatives was also studied. In this case HBr in trifluoroacetic acid was found to be relatively harmless. Deprotection with HBr in a mixture of trifluoroacetic acid and p-cresol can be applied for peptides that contain both beta-benzylaspartyl and O-benzyltyrosyl residues. An attempt to reduce the rate of the base-catalyzed side reaction by application of hindered tertiary amines was abandoned because the tertiary amines which were effective in this respect let to significant reduction of the rate of the desired reaction, the aminolysis of active esters, as well. A satisfactory solution for the problem was found in the selective catalysis of the active ester reaction with 1-hydroxybenzotriazole or 4-dimethyl-aminopyridine. These catalysts do not enhance the rate of ring closure and in their presence essentially pure beta-benzylaspartyl peptides can be produced in good yield.", "PMID": 711371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4779", "title": "Side reactions in peptide synthesis. VII. Sequence dependence in the formation of aminosuccinyl derivatives from beta-benzyl-aspartyl peptides.", "content": "The base catalyzed ring closure in t-Boc-Asp-X beta-napthylamides was examined in a series of 2-peptide derivatives in which position X was occupied by the neutral and acidic amino acid residues that occur in proteins. Bulkiness and functional groups in the side chain of X have a major effect on the rate of cyclization, e.g. acidic groups slow down the formation of aminosuccinyl derivatives. Rate-enhancing effect can be observed in serine and threonine, while the side reaction is unexpectedly slow when X is methionine.", "contents": "Side reactions in peptide synthesis. VII. Sequence dependence in the formation of aminosuccinyl derivatives from beta-benzyl-aspartyl peptides. The base catalyzed ring closure in t-Boc-Asp-X beta-napthylamides was examined in a series of 2-peptide derivatives in which position X was occupied by the neutral and acidic amino acid residues that occur in proteins. Bulkiness and functional groups in the side chain of X have a major effect on the rate of cyclization, e.g. acidic groups slow down the formation of aminosuccinyl derivatives. Rate-enhancing effect can be observed in serine and threonine, while the side reaction is unexpectedly slow when X is methionine.", "PMID": 711372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4780", "title": "Benzyloxycarbonylarginine nitrophenyl ester salts: 1-hydroxybenzotriazole catalyzed acylations of amines.", "content": "Benzyloxycarbonylarginine p-nitrophenyl ester has been prepared by the p-nitrophenyltrifluoroacetate method. The p-nitrophenyl ester derivative was isolated as its crystalline picrate and nitrate salts. The ester salts couple with amino compounds in the presence of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole, but decompose without acylation of amines in the absence of the 1-hydroxybenzotriazole catalyst. Benzyloxycarbonylarginine p-nitrophenyl ester and other activated esters of N-a-sustituted arginine salts may be useful reagents for introduction of trypsin-labile protecting groups into peptide fragments for purpose of polypeptide semi-synthesis. At the same time, side reactions of such carboxyl-activated arginine derivatives may serve as models for side reactions in the couplings of peptide fragments with arginine residues in the carboxyl-terminal position. Peptide fragment couplings of this type may frequently be encountered in semisynthesis of polypeptides from tryptic fragments.", "contents": "Benzyloxycarbonylarginine nitrophenyl ester salts: 1-hydroxybenzotriazole catalyzed acylations of amines. Benzyloxycarbonylarginine p-nitrophenyl ester has been prepared by the p-nitrophenyltrifluoroacetate method. The p-nitrophenyl ester derivative was isolated as its crystalline picrate and nitrate salts. The ester salts couple with amino compounds in the presence of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole, but decompose without acylation of amines in the absence of the 1-hydroxybenzotriazole catalyst. Benzyloxycarbonylarginine p-nitrophenyl ester and other activated esters of N-a-sustituted arginine salts may be useful reagents for introduction of trypsin-labile protecting groups into peptide fragments for purpose of polypeptide semi-synthesis. At the same time, side reactions of such carboxyl-activated arginine derivatives may serve as models for side reactions in the couplings of peptide fragments with arginine residues in the carboxyl-terminal position. Peptide fragment couplings of this type may frequently be encountered in semisynthesis of polypeptides from tryptic fragments.", "PMID": 711373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4781", "title": "Coacervation properties in sequential polypeptide models of elastin. Synthesis of H-(Ala-Pro-Gly-Gly)n-Val-OMe and H-(Ala-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly)n-Val-OMe.", "content": "Syntheses of two sequential polypeptides H-(Ala-Pro-Gly-Gly)n-Val-OMe and H-(Ala-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly)n-Val-OMe via the p-nitrophenyl active ester procedure are reported. The two polymers were obtained in good yields and the polymers were shown to be of large molecular weights, n greater than 40. These two polypeptides were synthesized as analogs of the two coacervating sequential polypeptides H-(Val-Pro-Gly-Gly)n-Val-OMe, and H-(Val-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly)n-Val-OMe, in which the Val-l residue is replaced by an Ala-l residue. H-(Ala-Pro-Gly-Gly)n-Val-OMe did not coacervate even at as high a temperature as 100 degrees, and H-(Ala-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly)n-Val-OMe did not coacervate; however, it precipitated irreversibly around 65--70 degrees C. This suggests the critical role of the Val-Pro hydrophobic side chain interaction in coacervation.", "contents": "Coacervation properties in sequential polypeptide models of elastin. Synthesis of H-(Ala-Pro-Gly-Gly)n-Val-OMe and H-(Ala-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly)n-Val-OMe. Syntheses of two sequential polypeptides H-(Ala-Pro-Gly-Gly)n-Val-OMe and H-(Ala-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly)n-Val-OMe via the p-nitrophenyl active ester procedure are reported. The two polymers were obtained in good yields and the polymers were shown to be of large molecular weights, n greater than 40. These two polypeptides were synthesized as analogs of the two coacervating sequential polypeptides H-(Val-Pro-Gly-Gly)n-Val-OMe, and H-(Val-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly)n-Val-OMe, in which the Val-l residue is replaced by an Ala-l residue. H-(Ala-Pro-Gly-Gly)n-Val-OMe did not coacervate even at as high a temperature as 100 degrees, and H-(Ala-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly)n-Val-OMe did not coacervate; however, it precipitated irreversibly around 65--70 degrees C. This suggests the critical role of the Val-Pro hydrophobic side chain interaction in coacervation.", "PMID": 711374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4782", "title": "Purification and characterization of the surface active proteins of black gram (Phaseolus mungo).", "content": "The surface active globulin from black gram has been resolved into two components with high foam-forming activity. They were found to be homogeneous by electrophoresis and ultracentrifugal examinations and had high molecular weights around 100,000 daltons. They were rich in acidic as well basic amino acids but low in sulphur amino acids. Heat treatment, proteolysis and treatment with certain inorganic salts such as copper, and mercurous mercury, group specific reagents P-chloromercury benzoate and N-ethylmalemide (PCMB, NEM) and protein denaturants were found to have an adverse effect, while oxidizing agents had no effect. The free sulphydryl content was low (3 and 4 mumol/mol), but essential for full manifestation of surface activity. Other purified proteins also needed free sulphydryl groups.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of the surface active proteins of black gram (Phaseolus mungo). The surface active globulin from black gram has been resolved into two components with high foam-forming activity. They were found to be homogeneous by electrophoresis and ultracentrifugal examinations and had high molecular weights around 100,000 daltons. They were rich in acidic as well basic amino acids but low in sulphur amino acids. Heat treatment, proteolysis and treatment with certain inorganic salts such as copper, and mercurous mercury, group specific reagents P-chloromercury benzoate and N-ethylmalemide (PCMB, NEM) and protein denaturants were found to have an adverse effect, while oxidizing agents had no effect. The free sulphydryl content was low (3 and 4 mumol/mol), but essential for full manifestation of surface activity. Other purified proteins also needed free sulphydryl groups.", "PMID": 711375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4783", "title": "Sorghum proteinase inhibitors: purification and some biochemical properties.", "content": "An investigation has been carried out on the proteinase inhibitors of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). One of the inhibitors has been isolated in a pure form and characterized. The proteinase inhibitor was extracted from the acetone-defatted sorghum meal and purified by selective thermal denaturation, ammonium sulfate fractionation, Sephadex gel filtration and DEAE-cellulose chromatography (DEAE-preparation II). This preparation was demonstrated to be a mixture of three inhibitor components by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. Further resolution of this mixture into Inhibitors I to III was achieved by QAE-Sephadex chromatography. Sorghum Inhibitor III was homogeneous by the criteria of disc gel electrophoresis and has been more fully characterized. A molecular weight of 25,000 was obtained for Inhibitor III by gel filtration and was in agreement with the value calculated from the amino acid composition of the inhibitor. The N-terminal amino acid residue of Inhibitor III, a single chain protein, was isoleucine. Sorghum proteinase inhibitors inhibit specifically the serine proteinases and are inactive towards the other classes of proteinases. Inhibitor III is primarily a chymotrypsin inhibitor, whereas Inhibitors I and II inhibit both trypsin and chymotrypsin.", "contents": "Sorghum proteinase inhibitors: purification and some biochemical properties. An investigation has been carried out on the proteinase inhibitors of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). One of the inhibitors has been isolated in a pure form and characterized. The proteinase inhibitor was extracted from the acetone-defatted sorghum meal and purified by selective thermal denaturation, ammonium sulfate fractionation, Sephadex gel filtration and DEAE-cellulose chromatography (DEAE-preparation II). This preparation was demonstrated to be a mixture of three inhibitor components by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. Further resolution of this mixture into Inhibitors I to III was achieved by QAE-Sephadex chromatography. Sorghum Inhibitor III was homogeneous by the criteria of disc gel electrophoresis and has been more fully characterized. A molecular weight of 25,000 was obtained for Inhibitor III by gel filtration and was in agreement with the value calculated from the amino acid composition of the inhibitor. The N-terminal amino acid residue of Inhibitor III, a single chain protein, was isoleucine. Sorghum proteinase inhibitors inhibit specifically the serine proteinases and are inactive towards the other classes of proteinases. Inhibitor III is primarily a chymotrypsin inhibitor, whereas Inhibitors I and II inhibit both trypsin and chymotrypsin.", "PMID": 711376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4784", "title": "Syntheses of monocyclic and bicyclic peptides of tryptathionine and glycine.", "content": "L-3a-Hydroxy-1.2.3.3a.8.8a-hexahydropyrrolo [2,3-b-]-indole-2-carboxylic acid (Hpi), obtained from L-tryptophan by oxidation with peroxyacetic acid (Savige, 1975), after introduction of the Boc-residue at N-1, is coupled with various glycine peptides of S-trityl-L-cysteine to give the Hpi-peptides 6(a-f). By treatment with absolute trifluoroacetic acid these peptides are converted by an intramolecular thiolysis to the monocyclic thioethers 7(a-f). Two of them, 7e and 7f, can be subjected to a second cyclization by the mixed anhydride method thus yielding the bicyclic tryptathionine heptapeptide 8e and octapeptide 8f. In their structures the bicyclic molecules resemble the mushroom phallotoxins and amatoxins, respectively. They show CD spectra closely related to the naturally occurring bicyclic peptides thus indicating conformational similarities. The CD spectra of the other cyclic peptides synthesized are also presented and discussed.", "contents": "Syntheses of monocyclic and bicyclic peptides of tryptathionine and glycine. L-3a-Hydroxy-1.2.3.3a.8.8a-hexahydropyrrolo [2,3-b-]-indole-2-carboxylic acid (Hpi), obtained from L-tryptophan by oxidation with peroxyacetic acid (Savige, 1975), after introduction of the Boc-residue at N-1, is coupled with various glycine peptides of S-trityl-L-cysteine to give the Hpi-peptides 6(a-f). By treatment with absolute trifluoroacetic acid these peptides are converted by an intramolecular thiolysis to the monocyclic thioethers 7(a-f). Two of them, 7e and 7f, can be subjected to a second cyclization by the mixed anhydride method thus yielding the bicyclic tryptathionine heptapeptide 8e and octapeptide 8f. In their structures the bicyclic molecules resemble the mushroom phallotoxins and amatoxins, respectively. They show CD spectra closely related to the naturally occurring bicyclic peptides thus indicating conformational similarities. The CD spectra of the other cyclic peptides synthesized are also presented and discussed.", "PMID": 711377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4785", "title": "Inhibition of thrombin and trypsin by tripeptide aldehydes.", "content": "Inhibitory effects of certain tripeptide aldehydes on both thrombin and trypsin have been found to be strongly substrate-dependent. These compounds should therefore be considered as inhibitors of the particular proteolytic reaction for which they had been designed rather than real enzyme inhibitors, i.e. protein or polypeptide proteinase inhibitors of natural origin.", "contents": "Inhibition of thrombin and trypsin by tripeptide aldehydes. Inhibitory effects of certain tripeptide aldehydes on both thrombin and trypsin have been found to be strongly substrate-dependent. These compounds should therefore be considered as inhibitors of the particular proteolytic reaction for which they had been designed rather than real enzyme inhibitors, i.e. protein or polypeptide proteinase inhibitors of natural origin.", "PMID": 711378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4786", "title": "The need for co-ordination of research in nutrition.", "content": "On two assumptions, first that the number of dietarily essential nutrients for Man and the common monogastric mammals is 40 and, second, that the effects of at least two dietary levels of each nutrient would have to be examined in order to cover the possible nutrient interactions, then 2(40), or approximately 10(12) diets would need to be prepared. This number is beyond human capacity within any reasonable period of time: moreover, it assumes constancy of the non-essential part of the diet. Very few of the possible nutrient interactions have been studied and, as a supplement to piecemeal studies by individual workers, a co-ordinated research programme is desirable. It is noted that, while considerable attention has been paid to the nutrition of growth, the adult stage has been very neglected: the status of adult man in particular calls for attention. Factors concerned in the planning of co-ordinated research are briefly discussed.", "contents": "The need for co-ordination of research in nutrition. On two assumptions, first that the number of dietarily essential nutrients for Man and the common monogastric mammals is 40 and, second, that the effects of at least two dietary levels of each nutrient would have to be examined in order to cover the possible nutrient interactions, then 2(40), or approximately 10(12) diets would need to be prepared. This number is beyond human capacity within any reasonable period of time: moreover, it assumes constancy of the non-essential part of the diet. Very few of the possible nutrient interactions have been studied and, as a supplement to piecemeal studies by individual workers, a co-ordinated research programme is desirable. It is noted that, while considerable attention has been paid to the nutrition of growth, the adult stage has been very neglected: the status of adult man in particular calls for attention. Factors concerned in the planning of co-ordinated research are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 711379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4787", "title": "Pancreatic exocrine function in rats with severe retinol deficiency.", "content": "Starting from the fact that extensive retinol deficiency leads to morphological pancreatic alterations, the secretion of the gland and the specific enzyme activities in the pancreatic tissue were studied in rats fed a retinol-free diet for 70 days. No clear alteration of the exogen stimulated pancreatic secretion and of the enzyme content of the gland was observed.", "contents": "Pancreatic exocrine function in rats with severe retinol deficiency. Starting from the fact that extensive retinol deficiency leads to morphological pancreatic alterations, the secretion of the gland and the specific enzyme activities in the pancreatic tissue were studied in rats fed a retinol-free diet for 70 days. No clear alteration of the exogen stimulated pancreatic secretion and of the enzyme content of the gland was observed.", "PMID": 711380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4788", "title": "The effect of medium-chain triglycerides on the bioavailability of vitamin E.", "content": "Overnight fasted, normal rats were fed a single dose of isotopically labeled vitamin E emulsified in either medium-chain or long-chain triglyceride (MCT or LCT). The animals were sacrificed at various time intervals of up to 72 hours. Levels of radioactivity in the small intestinal wall, liver, plasma, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue were higher in animals in which tocopherol was administered in MCT rather than LCT. Thus, the intestinal absorption of vitamin E was enhanced by solubilization in MCT. These findings are consistent with the theory that the gastrointestinal absorption of dietary tocopherol is dependent upon the simultaneous  digestion and absorption of the fat in which the vitamin is solubilized.", "contents": "The effect of medium-chain triglycerides on the bioavailability of vitamin E. Overnight fasted, normal rats were fed a single dose of isotopically labeled vitamin E emulsified in either medium-chain or long-chain triglyceride (MCT or LCT). The animals were sacrificed at various time intervals of up to 72 hours. Levels of radioactivity in the small intestinal wall, liver, plasma, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue were higher in animals in which tocopherol was administered in MCT rather than LCT. Thus, the intestinal absorption of vitamin E was enhanced by solubilization in MCT. These findings are consistent with the theory that the gastrointestinal absorption of dietary tocopherol is dependent upon the simultaneous  digestion and absorption of the fat in which the vitamin is solubilized.", "PMID": 711382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4789", "title": "Inhibition of platelet aggregation by alpha-tocopherol and its nicotinate and acetate esters.", "content": "Two esters of vitamin E, dl-a-tocopheryl nicotinate and dl-a-tocopheryl acetate were found to be more inhibitors than tocopherol itself on platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid and collagen. The nicotinate was 1--5 times more potent than the acetate and 2--18 times more potent than the unesterified tocopherol in inhibiting collagen induced aggregation in human citratet platelet-rich plasma.", "contents": "Inhibition of platelet aggregation by alpha-tocopherol and its nicotinate and acetate esters. Two esters of vitamin E, dl-a-tocopheryl nicotinate and dl-a-tocopheryl acetate were found to be more inhibitors than tocopherol itself on platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid and collagen. The nicotinate was 1--5 times more potent than the acetate and 2--18 times more potent than the unesterified tocopherol in inhibiting collagen induced aggregation in human citratet platelet-rich plasma.", "PMID": 711383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4790", "title": "Resolution of the initial phase controversy in the thiamine-polyphenol reaction.", "content": "The kinetics of interactions between thiamine and seven polyphenols were followed by two types of thiochrome assays. The assays on the reaction mixture showed the extremely rapid initial phase whereas those on the eluate of the mixture previously treated by the Decalso column did not. The former assay methods also produced higher estimates of thiamine modification than the latter over the period of 3 hours of reaction. Arguments are given to show the probable non-existence of the observed extremely rapid initial phase. Reinterpretation of some past results are also presented.", "contents": "Resolution of the initial phase controversy in the thiamine-polyphenol reaction. The kinetics of interactions between thiamine and seven polyphenols were followed by two types of thiochrome assays. The assays on the reaction mixture showed the extremely rapid initial phase whereas those on the eluate of the mixture previously treated by the Decalso column did not. The former assay methods also produced higher estimates of thiamine modification than the latter over the period of 3 hours of reaction. Arguments are given to show the probable non-existence of the observed extremely rapid initial phase. Reinterpretation of some past results are also presented.", "PMID": 711384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4791", "title": "Studies on metabolism of thiamine chloride ester monophosphate of bis-D-glucosamine. II. Effect of TCMPG in vitamin B1-deficient rats.", "content": "In order to investigate the metabolism of thiamine chloride ester monophosphate of bis-D-glucosamine (TCMPG) urinary excretion, blood levels and tissue content of thiamine in vitamin B1-deficient rats were measured after intraperitoneal injection of this compound or of thiamine monophosphate or of a mixture of thiamine monophosphate and glucosamine. The greater retention and the higher levels of vitamin observed in the blood and in the tissues of animals treated with TCMPG compared with the control rats confirm the hypothesis that a more efficient utilization of vitamin B1 is obtained by the organism when it is administered salified with glucosamine.", "contents": "Studies on metabolism of thiamine chloride ester monophosphate of bis-D-glucosamine. II. Effect of TCMPG in vitamin B1-deficient rats. In order to investigate the metabolism of thiamine chloride ester monophosphate of bis-D-glucosamine (TCMPG) urinary excretion, blood levels and tissue content of thiamine in vitamin B1-deficient rats were measured after intraperitoneal injection of this compound or of thiamine monophosphate or of a mixture of thiamine monophosphate and glucosamine. The greater retention and the higher levels of vitamin observed in the blood and in the tissues of animals treated with TCMPG compared with the control rats confirm the hypothesis that a more efficient utilization of vitamin B1 is obtained by the organism when it is administered salified with glucosamine.", "PMID": 711385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4792", "title": "Vitamin C status of institutionalised and non-institutionalised aged.", "content": "The vitamin C status of 186 elderly subjects living at home and institutionalised in hospital, residential accommodation and sheltered dwelling was studied. Subjects from hospital and home receiving multivitamin supplements regularly were grouped separately. Ascorbic acid deficiency (plasma ascorbic acid less than or equal to 0.3 mg/100 ml) was noted in 47.2, 39.0, 46.2 and 47.4 per cent subjects of home, hospital, residential accommodation and sheltered dwelling, respectively. All subjects receiving multi-vitamin had plasma ascorbic acid (PAA) levels greater than or equal to 0.3 mg/100 ml. The mean levels of PAA appeared higher in females than males and the percentage incidence of low vitamin C status was higher in males than females in the majority of the groups. Leucocyte ascorbic acid (LAA) levels were measured in only 26 subjects of residential accommodation and of these 38.5 per cent had low LAA levels (less than 15 microgram/10(8) cells). The biochemical vitamin C deficiency was not accompanied by any recognised clinical manifestation.", "contents": "Vitamin C status of institutionalised and non-institutionalised aged. The vitamin C status of 186 elderly subjects living at home and institutionalised in hospital, residential accommodation and sheltered dwelling was studied. Subjects from hospital and home receiving multivitamin supplements regularly were grouped separately. Ascorbic acid deficiency (plasma ascorbic acid less than or equal to 0.3 mg/100 ml) was noted in 47.2, 39.0, 46.2 and 47.4 per cent subjects of home, hospital, residential accommodation and sheltered dwelling, respectively. All subjects receiving multi-vitamin had plasma ascorbic acid (PAA) levels greater than or equal to 0.3 mg/100 ml. The mean levels of PAA appeared higher in females than males and the percentage incidence of low vitamin C status was higher in males than females in the majority of the groups. Leucocyte ascorbic acid (LAA) levels were measured in only 26 subjects of residential accommodation and of these 38.5 per cent had low LAA levels (less than 15 microgram/10(8) cells). The biochemical vitamin C deficiency was not accompanied by any recognised clinical manifestation.", "PMID": 711386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4793", "title": "The degradation of tryptophan in severe liver disease.", "content": "Patients with severe acute or chronic liver disease were found to have a high mean plasma free tryptophan, an abnormal urinary excretion pattern of tryptophan-kynurenine metabolites and low circulating levels of the vitamins required for tryptophan degradation, i.e. pyridoxine, thiamine and ascorbic acid. In patients with decompensated chronic liver disease (DCLD), ineffective vitamin B6(pyridoxine hydrochloride) supplementation with effective thiamine and ascorbic acid supplementation increased urinary 3-hydroxykynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and xanthurenic acid excretion. Effective B6(pyridoxal phosphate) supplementation did not cause a similar change. It is postulated that the combination of increased input into the pathway together with vitamin B6 deficiency may explain the abnormal tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in severe liver disease. Imbalanced or ineffective vitamin supplementation may aggravate the disturbance of tryptophan degradation.", "contents": "The degradation of tryptophan in severe liver disease. Patients with severe acute or chronic liver disease were found to have a high mean plasma free tryptophan, an abnormal urinary excretion pattern of tryptophan-kynurenine metabolites and low circulating levels of the vitamins required for tryptophan degradation, i.e. pyridoxine, thiamine and ascorbic acid. In patients with decompensated chronic liver disease (DCLD), ineffective vitamin B6(pyridoxine hydrochloride) supplementation with effective thiamine and ascorbic acid supplementation increased urinary 3-hydroxykynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and xanthurenic acid excretion. Effective B6(pyridoxal phosphate) supplementation did not cause a similar change. It is postulated that the combination of increased input into the pathway together with vitamin B6 deficiency may explain the abnormal tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in severe liver disease. Imbalanced or ineffective vitamin supplementation may aggravate the disturbance of tryptophan degradation.", "PMID": 711387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4794", "title": "Effect of enzyme combination and dialysis on amino acid patterns released from proteins.", "content": "Different combinations of gastrointestinal enzymes and dialysis altered amino acid yield and patterns released from proteins but did not negate the \"variable ratio effect\". That is, as substrate was increased relative to enzymes some amino acids increased, others decreased while still others were unchanged as a function of total quantity released. None of the enzymatic treatments degraded proteins proportional to amino acid composition.", "contents": "Effect of enzyme combination and dialysis on amino acid patterns released from proteins. Different combinations of gastrointestinal enzymes and dialysis altered amino acid yield and patterns released from proteins but did not negate the \"variable ratio effect\". That is, as substrate was increased relative to enzymes some amino acids increased, others decreased while still others were unchanged as a function of total quantity released. None of the enzymatic treatments degraded proteins proportional to amino acid composition.", "PMID": 711388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4795", "title": "Visual scanning, pattern recognition and decision-making in pulmonary nodule detection.", "content": "Eye movements were recorded while four subjects searched a set of 60 films, 24 normal and 36 abnormal for pulmonary nodules. Error rates, scanning patterns and the dwell time of fixation clusters on normal and nodule-containing areas of the film were studied. Using the assumption that prolonged dwell time indicates intensive processing of visual data, a model was developed for nodule detection that includes four steps: orientation, scanning, pattern recognition and decision-making. False-negative errors were divided into three classes: scanning errors, recognition errors and decision-making errors. Of 20 false-negative errors, 30% were considered scanning, 25% recognition and 45% decision-making.", "contents": "Visual scanning, pattern recognition and decision-making in pulmonary nodule detection. Eye movements were recorded while four subjects searched a set of 60 films, 24 normal and 36 abnormal for pulmonary nodules. Error rates, scanning patterns and the dwell time of fixation clusters on normal and nodule-containing areas of the film were studied. Using the assumption that prolonged dwell time indicates intensive processing of visual data, a model was developed for nodule detection that includes four steps: orientation, scanning, pattern recognition and decision-making. False-negative errors were divided into three classes: scanning errors, recognition errors and decision-making errors. Of 20 false-negative errors, 30% were considered scanning, 25% recognition and 45% decision-making.", "PMID": 711391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4796", "title": "Intervertebral disc abnormalities associated with vertebral metastasis: observations in patients and cadavers with prostatic cancer.", "content": "Abnormalities of intervertebral discs associated with vertebral metastasis from prostatic carcinoma are described in an investigation utilizing patient and cadaveric material. Radiographic and pathologic findings indicate that discal abnormality in this situation relates to three potential processes: intervertebral disc degeneration (intervertebral osteochondrosis); cartilaginous (Schmorl's) nodes; discal invasion by tumor. In most patients with vertebral metastasis, the adjacent intervertebral disc appears normal, a useful radiographic finding suggesting the presence of tumor rather than infection. Occasional patients with vertebral metastasis demonstrate roentgen abnormalities of the adjacent intervertebral disc indicating the occurrence of one or more of the above processes.", "contents": "Intervertebral disc abnormalities associated with vertebral metastasis: observations in patients and cadavers with prostatic cancer. Abnormalities of intervertebral discs associated with vertebral metastasis from prostatic carcinoma are described in an investigation utilizing patient and cadaveric material. Radiographic and pathologic findings indicate that discal abnormality in this situation relates to three potential processes: intervertebral disc degeneration (intervertebral osteochondrosis); cartilaginous (Schmorl's) nodes; discal invasion by tumor. In most patients with vertebral metastasis, the adjacent intervertebral disc appears normal, a useful radiographic finding suggesting the presence of tumor rather than infection. Occasional patients with vertebral metastasis demonstrate roentgen abnormalities of the adjacent intervertebral disc indicating the occurrence of one or more of the above processes.", "PMID": 711392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4797", "title": "A simple method to measure mesenteric arteriovenous shunt flow during arteriography.", "content": "A quantitative method for external detection of mesenteric arteriovenous shunts was developed. 99mTc-Human Serum Albumin Microspheres (15--30 microns) were injected into the superior mesenteric artery of dogs through an angiographic catheter, followed by external scintillation counting of the liver activity, which represented the shunted spheres. Thereafter, 99mTc-sulfur colloid was injected identically and the liver activity counted again. The liver net count after sulfur colloid represented a 100% shunt, when a correction factor for the actual liver uptake was applied. The a shunt rate was calculated. Eleven animal studies were performed and shunt rates similar to previous in vitro determinations were obtained. This method is suitable for clinical investigation and can conveniently be applied to mesenteric arteriography.", "contents": "A simple method to measure mesenteric arteriovenous shunt flow during arteriography. A quantitative method for external detection of mesenteric arteriovenous shunts was developed. 99mTc-Human Serum Albumin Microspheres (15--30 microns) were injected into the superior mesenteric artery of dogs through an angiographic catheter, followed by external scintillation counting of the liver activity, which represented the shunted spheres. Thereafter, 99mTc-sulfur colloid was injected identically and the liver activity counted again. The liver net count after sulfur colloid represented a 100% shunt, when a correction factor for the actual liver uptake was applied. The a shunt rate was calculated. Eleven animal studies were performed and shunt rates similar to previous in vitro determinations were obtained. This method is suitable for clinical investigation and can conveniently be applied to mesenteric arteriography.", "PMID": 711393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4798", "title": "A proposed mechanism for transient increases in arterial pressure and flow during angiographic injections.", "content": "In a series of animal experiments, we have confirmed the observation that arterial pressure and flow increase distal to the injection site during power injections through non-obstructing catheters. Our data suggest that the phenomenon is secondary to the transient production of turbulence. Thus, for a given injection rate, catheters with smaller end holes create more fluid velocity, which increases the Reynolds number and causes augmentation of downstream pressure and flow. The addition of side holes decreases the fluid velocity of the injectate and minimizes the hemodynamic effects. The discussion deals with factors contributing to the generation of local turbulence, the magnitude of pressure and flow changes caused by the injections, and the clinical implications of these artifacts.", "contents": "A proposed mechanism for transient increases in arterial pressure and flow during angiographic injections. In a series of animal experiments, we have confirmed the observation that arterial pressure and flow increase distal to the injection site during power injections through non-obstructing catheters. Our data suggest that the phenomenon is secondary to the transient production of turbulence. Thus, for a given injection rate, catheters with smaller end holes create more fluid velocity, which increases the Reynolds number and causes augmentation of downstream pressure and flow. The addition of side holes decreases the fluid velocity of the injectate and minimizes the hemodynamic effects. The discussion deals with factors contributing to the generation of local turbulence, the magnitude of pressure and flow changes caused by the injections, and the clinical implications of these artifacts.", "PMID": 711394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4799", "title": "Transcatheter embolization with microfibrillar collagen in swine.", "content": "Transcatheter embolization of the gastrosplenic and renal arteries was performed in 7 domestic swine with suspensions of microfibrillar collagen (MFC), a recently developed topical hemostatic agent. Embolized vessels remained occluded 2 days following embolization. Recanalization occurred by 14 days, although some occlusion in distal vessel persisted at 3 months. Pathologically a marked granulomatous arteritis was noted at 14 days which resolved by 3 months. Gastric ulcers or infarcts were present in two animals. The severe vasculitis and gastric pathology observed with MFC in this study would seem to preclude its use as a general embolic agent. It may be useful, however, in the preoperative embolization of neoplasms, especially in pediatric patients since its physical characteristics allow it to be easily injected through small diameter catheters.", "contents": "Transcatheter embolization with microfibrillar collagen in swine. Transcatheter embolization of the gastrosplenic and renal arteries was performed in 7 domestic swine with suspensions of microfibrillar collagen (MFC), a recently developed topical hemostatic agent. Embolized vessels remained occluded 2 days following embolization. Recanalization occurred by 14 days, although some occlusion in distal vessel persisted at 3 months. Pathologically a marked granulomatous arteritis was noted at 14 days which resolved by 3 months. Gastric ulcers or infarcts were present in two animals. The severe vasculitis and gastric pathology observed with MFC in this study would seem to preclude its use as a general embolic agent. It may be useful, however, in the preoperative embolization of neoplasms, especially in pediatric patients since its physical characteristics allow it to be easily injected through small diameter catheters.", "PMID": 711395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4800", "title": "Clinical application of Compton and photo-electric reconstruction in computed tomography: preliminary results.", "content": "Although computed tomography has demonstrated some promise in the direction of quantative radiology, valuable information related to the varying response of tissues to x-rays of different energy is still not utilized on a routine basis. Advancements in a method proposed by Alvarez and Macovski for decomposing dual-spectra CT projection data into its material-dependent Compton and photo-electric components are described. Results are presented to demonstrate that such a separation can be performed. Reconstructed images of separated Compton and photo-electric data obtained from clinical scans are shown. With the improvements described, the Compton images begin to approach the quality of conventional reconstructions with evidence of improved polychromatic correction. The photo-electric data, while separable, suffers from unacceptable noise level. Analysis of this difficulty is presented, with recommendations for future improvement by careful selection of the effective energy of the low energy spectrum. The encouraging results suggest that this technique warrants continued development and evaluation.", "contents": "Clinical application of Compton and photo-electric reconstruction in computed tomography: preliminary results. Although computed tomography has demonstrated some promise in the direction of quantative radiology, valuable information related to the varying response of tissues to x-rays of different energy is still not utilized on a routine basis. Advancements in a method proposed by Alvarez and Macovski for decomposing dual-spectra CT projection data into its material-dependent Compton and photo-electric components are described. Results are presented to demonstrate that such a separation can be performed. Reconstructed images of separated Compton and photo-electric data obtained from clinical scans are shown. With the improvements described, the Compton images begin to approach the quality of conventional reconstructions with evidence of improved polychromatic correction. The photo-electric data, while separable, suffers from unacceptable noise level. Analysis of this difficulty is presented, with recommendations for future improvement by careful selection of the effective energy of the low energy spectrum. The encouraging results suggest that this technique warrants continued development and evaluation.", "PMID": 711396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4801", "title": "Imaging characteristics of a small germanium camera.", "content": "A high purity germanium gamma-camera has been developed and is currently being evaluated. This camera incorporates unique performance parameters such as a 2 mm full-width spatial response function with rejection of multiple-scatter in the detector, a 2.2% FWHM energy resolution for 99 mTc, a 180 nsec paralyzable dead-time, and a 2 mu sec non-paralyzable dead-time. Imaging studies demonstrate the superior capabilities of this instrument.", "contents": "Imaging characteristics of a small germanium camera. A high purity germanium gamma-camera has been developed and is currently being evaluated. This camera incorporates unique performance parameters such as a 2 mm full-width spatial response function with rejection of multiple-scatter in the detector, a 2.2% FWHM energy resolution for 99 mTc, a 180 nsec paralyzable dead-time, and a 2 mu sec non-paralyzable dead-time. Imaging studies demonstrate the superior capabilities of this instrument.", "PMID": 711397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4802", "title": "Renal cell carcinoma: two new cell lines and a serially transplantable nude mouse tumor (NC 65). Preliminary report.", "content": "Two long-term tissue culture cell lines and a serially transplantable tumor line growing on nude mice were obtained from a renal cell adenocarcinoma (NC 65). Results of the preliminary characterization of these tumor lines are presented. These data include tumor and cell morphology and growth characteristics in vivo and in vitro. In the nude mouse the tumor matastases to axillary and inguinal lymph nodes. The slow growth rates in culture and in the nude mice as well as the maintenance of the original histologic picture indicate that this tumor still reflects properties of the original carcinoma. Chromosomal analysis proves the human origin of the cell lines.", "contents": "Renal cell carcinoma: two new cell lines and a serially transplantable nude mouse tumor (NC 65). Preliminary report. Two long-term tissue culture cell lines and a serially transplantable tumor line growing on nude mice were obtained from a renal cell adenocarcinoma (NC 65). Results of the preliminary characterization of these tumor lines are presented. These data include tumor and cell morphology and growth characteristics in vivo and in vitro. In the nude mouse the tumor matastases to axillary and inguinal lymph nodes. The slow growth rates in culture and in the nude mice as well as the maintenance of the original histologic picture indicate that this tumor still reflects properties of the original carcinoma. Chromosomal analysis proves the human origin of the cell lines.", "PMID": 711402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4803", "title": "Internal ureteropexy: a simple technique to prevent reflux after ureteroneocystostomy.", "content": "An experimental study in dogs showed that the implantation of hydroureters onto a denuded area of the bladder muscle led to mucosal regeneration and formation of a submucosal tunnel. Reflux was prevented in all animals when the bladder wall was immobilized at the reimplantation site by fixation to the psoas muscle. Urinary stasis normalized after 10 to 12 reimplantations. Internal ureteropexy would seem to be a most simple and satisfactory technique for preventing reflux when dissection of a submucosal tunnel fails in ureteroneocystostomy. It has been used in three patients with good results.", "contents": "Internal ureteropexy: a simple technique to prevent reflux after ureteroneocystostomy. An experimental study in dogs showed that the implantation of hydroureters onto a denuded area of the bladder muscle led to mucosal regeneration and formation of a submucosal tunnel. Reflux was prevented in all animals when the bladder wall was immobilized at the reimplantation site by fixation to the psoas muscle. Urinary stasis normalized after 10 to 12 reimplantations. Internal ureteropexy would seem to be a most simple and satisfactory technique for preventing reflux when dissection of a submucosal tunnel fails in ureteroneocystostomy. It has been used in three patients with good results.", "PMID": 711403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4804", "title": "ECG changes and arrhythmias induced by ionic and non-ionic contrast media during coronary arteriography in dogs.", "content": "Metrizamide (non-ionic, Nyegaard Co., Oslo, Norway), diatrizoate (ionic) and metrizoate (ionic) were selectively injected into the right or the left canine coronary artery. ECG was recorded and external defibrillation was performed whenever ventricular fibrillation occurred. During left coronary injections metrizamide prolonged the PQ and QT intervals less than did the diatrizoate. During right coronary injections metrizamide affected the QT interval less than either diatrizoate and metrizoate. During right coronary infusions metrizamide caused significantly fewer incidences of ventricular fibrillation than diatrizoate. In clinical coronary arteriography it is assumed that metrizamide would generate fewer AV blocks than diatrizoate and fewer incidences of ventricular fibrillation after right coronary injections than diatrizoate. Changes in the PQ and QT intervals during coronary arteriography can be used as tests to predict the safety of new contrast media.", "contents": "ECG changes and arrhythmias induced by ionic and non-ionic contrast media during coronary arteriography in dogs. Metrizamide (non-ionic, Nyegaard Co., Oslo, Norway), diatrizoate (ionic) and metrizoate (ionic) were selectively injected into the right or the left canine coronary artery. ECG was recorded and external defibrillation was performed whenever ventricular fibrillation occurred. During left coronary injections metrizamide prolonged the PQ and QT intervals less than did the diatrizoate. During right coronary injections metrizamide affected the QT interval less than either diatrizoate and metrizoate. During right coronary infusions metrizamide caused significantly fewer incidences of ventricular fibrillation than diatrizoate. In clinical coronary arteriography it is assumed that metrizamide would generate fewer AV blocks than diatrizoate and fewer incidences of ventricular fibrillation after right coronary injections than diatrizoate. Changes in the PQ and QT intervals during coronary arteriography can be used as tests to predict the safety of new contrast media.", "PMID": 711398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4805", "title": "Reduction in ventricular fibrillation using calcium-enriched Renografin 76.", "content": "Renografin 76 has been shown to have significant calcium-binding properties in vivo and in vitro. Two contrast media solutions were compared by selective injection into the right coronary artery of dogs. One set of injections was made with commercially available Renografin 76 (referred to as stock Renografin) and another set of injections was made with Renografin 76 to which had been added 24 mMols/liter of calcium chloride dihydrate. Ventricular fibrillation occurred significantly more often with the stock Renografin 76. The nature of the calcium binding and its effects are discussed.", "contents": "Reduction in ventricular fibrillation using calcium-enriched Renografin 76. Renografin 76 has been shown to have significant calcium-binding properties in vivo and in vitro. Two contrast media solutions were compared by selective injection into the right coronary artery of dogs. One set of injections was made with commercially available Renografin 76 (referred to as stock Renografin) and another set of injections was made with Renografin 76 to which had been added 24 mMols/liter of calcium chloride dihydrate. Ventricular fibrillation occurred significantly more often with the stock Renografin 76. The nature of the calcium binding and its effects are discussed.", "PMID": 711399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4806", "title": "Adrenergic innervation of the ureter.", "content": "To determine whether the ureter is innervated by the autonomic nervous system, isolated canine ureters were superfused with modified Tyrode solution, and force developed in response to 100-msec duration stimuli at a rate of 3 per min was monitored. Norepinephrine and phenylephrine significantly increased developed force; the latter more than the former. These increases in developed force were blocked by phentolamine, and propranolol enhanced the stimulatory effect of norepinephrine. In the presence of phentolamine, norepinephrine significantly decreased developed force. Isoproterenol significantly decreased developed force and this significant decrease in contractility was not observed in the presence of propranolol. High intensity, high frequency, short duration stimuli which in themselves were unable to excite quiescent rabbit and canine ureteral segments potentiated contractile force of segments contracting at the basal rate of 3 per min in response to long duration stimuli. When these same high intensity, high frequency, short duration stimuli were applied to ureteral segments pretreated with phentolamine, the developed force of the basally driven preparations decreased. These data suggest the presence of alpha-stimulatory and beta-inhibitory adrenergic receptors in canine and rabbit ureter and provide evidence for adrenergic tissue within the wall of the ureter that can influence contractile force.", "contents": "Adrenergic innervation of the ureter. To determine whether the ureter is innervated by the autonomic nervous system, isolated canine ureters were superfused with modified Tyrode solution, and force developed in response to 100-msec duration stimuli at a rate of 3 per min was monitored. Norepinephrine and phenylephrine significantly increased developed force; the latter more than the former. These increases in developed force were blocked by phentolamine, and propranolol enhanced the stimulatory effect of norepinephrine. In the presence of phentolamine, norepinephrine significantly decreased developed force. Isoproterenol significantly decreased developed force and this significant decrease in contractility was not observed in the presence of propranolol. High intensity, high frequency, short duration stimuli which in themselves were unable to excite quiescent rabbit and canine ureteral segments potentiated contractile force of segments contracting at the basal rate of 3 per min in response to long duration stimuli. When these same high intensity, high frequency, short duration stimuli were applied to ureteral segments pretreated with phentolamine, the developed force of the basally driven preparations decreased. These data suggest the presence of alpha-stimulatory and beta-inhibitory adrenergic receptors in canine and rabbit ureter and provide evidence for adrenergic tissue within the wall of the ureter that can influence contractile force.", "PMID": 711404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4807", "title": "Lymph and intrarenal venous blood as indicators of canine renal cortical function.", "content": "Samplings of canine capsular and hilar lymph, and intrarenal venous blood were investigated as in vivo techniques for detecting renal cortical function in control and NH4Cl pretreated anesthetized animals. The glucose concentration of capsular, but not hilar, lymph was indicative of cortical drainage in both groups. When lymph flow was increased by elevating renal venous pressure, capsular lymph glucose concentration reflected cortical function only in the NH4Cl animals. The glucose concentration of intrarenal venous blood indicated cortical drainage in both the control and NH4Cl animals but the cortical function of a high para-aminohippuric acid extraction was only detectable in the NH4Cl group. Conclusions are that sampling of capsular lymph and intrarenal venous blood may prove to be useful techniques for studying certain in vivo cortical functions but the intrarenal venous technique is less sensitive than capsular lymph collection.", "contents": "Lymph and intrarenal venous blood as indicators of canine renal cortical function. Samplings of canine capsular and hilar lymph, and intrarenal venous blood were investigated as in vivo techniques for detecting renal cortical function in control and NH4Cl pretreated anesthetized animals. The glucose concentration of capsular, but not hilar, lymph was indicative of cortical drainage in both groups. When lymph flow was increased by elevating renal venous pressure, capsular lymph glucose concentration reflected cortical function only in the NH4Cl animals. The glucose concentration of intrarenal venous blood indicated cortical drainage in both the control and NH4Cl animals but the cortical function of a high para-aminohippuric acid extraction was only detectable in the NH4Cl group. Conclusions are that sampling of capsular lymph and intrarenal venous blood may prove to be useful techniques for studying certain in vivo cortical functions but the intrarenal venous technique is less sensitive than capsular lymph collection.", "PMID": 711405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4808", "title": "Observation on the metabolism of iopanoyl (Telepaque) glucuronide in dogs treated with antibiotics.", "content": "The purpose of our investigation was to determine whether iopanoyl glucuronide, the major metabolite of iopanoic acid (Telepaque), undergoes hydrolysis by bacterial beta-glucuronidase in dogs. The conjugated compound was identified and quantitated by elemental analysis, fluorescent excitation analysis, thin-layer chromatography, and high pressure liquid chromatography. The experiments were performed before and after combined antibiotic treatment with neomycin and vancomycin. It was first determined that reabsorption and excretion of sodium iopanoate was only minimally diminished during antibiotic treatment. Known amounts of iopanoyl glucuronide were infused into the small bowel of 4 awake dogs with chronic bile fistula, and bile was collected for 5--8 hours. The excretion of the recirculated conjugated compound was 4--5 times lower during antibiotic treatment.  Incubation of ileal fluid with bile containing iopanoyl glucuronide suggested that beta-glucuronidase hydrolyzes the conjugated compound. Hydrolysis was markedly decreased after pretreatment with antibiotics. These findings suggest that the beta-glucuronidase produced by bacteria may be a major mechanism in enterohepatic recirculation of iopanoyl glucuronide. Mechanisms and possible implications are discussed.", "contents": "Observation on the metabolism of iopanoyl (Telepaque) glucuronide in dogs treated with antibiotics. The purpose of our investigation was to determine whether iopanoyl glucuronide, the major metabolite of iopanoic acid (Telepaque), undergoes hydrolysis by bacterial beta-glucuronidase in dogs. The conjugated compound was identified and quantitated by elemental analysis, fluorescent excitation analysis, thin-layer chromatography, and high pressure liquid chromatography. The experiments were performed before and after combined antibiotic treatment with neomycin and vancomycin. It was first determined that reabsorption and excretion of sodium iopanoate was only minimally diminished during antibiotic treatment. Known amounts of iopanoyl glucuronide were infused into the small bowel of 4 awake dogs with chronic bile fistula, and bile was collected for 5--8 hours. The excretion of the recirculated conjugated compound was 4--5 times lower during antibiotic treatment.  Incubation of ileal fluid with bile containing iopanoyl glucuronide suggested that beta-glucuronidase hydrolyzes the conjugated compound. Hydrolysis was markedly decreased after pretreatment with antibiotics. These findings suggest that the beta-glucuronidase produced by bacteria may be a major mechanism in enterohepatic recirculation of iopanoyl glucuronide. Mechanisms and possible implications are discussed.", "PMID": 711400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4809", "title": "The development of a test system for inhibition of urinary oxalate lithiasis.", "content": "The production of calcium oxalate deposits on zinc pellets in the bladder of rats was induced by the addition of 0.25 to 1.0 per cent ethylene glycol to their drinking water. Sprague Dawley rats requied more than 0.50 per cent ethylene glycol to produce calcium oxalate exclusively. The quantity of deposits varied widely between test animals, but intermediate operation to check on the amount of deposit showed that each rat at the 0.75 per cent ethylene glycol level maintained its individual rate of deposition within an acceptable standard deviation relative to the mean. At 1 per cent ethylene glycol deposition in the kidneys interfered with deposition on the zinc pellet.", "contents": "The development of a test system for inhibition of urinary oxalate lithiasis. The production of calcium oxalate deposits on zinc pellets in the bladder of rats was induced by the addition of 0.25 to 1.0 per cent ethylene glycol to their drinking water. Sprague Dawley rats requied more than 0.50 per cent ethylene glycol to produce calcium oxalate exclusively. The quantity of deposits varied widely between test animals, but intermediate operation to check on the amount of deposit showed that each rat at the 0.75 per cent ethylene glycol level maintained its individual rate of deposition within an acceptable standard deviation relative to the mean. At 1 per cent ethylene glycol deposition in the kidneys interfered with deposition on the zinc pellet.", "PMID": 711406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4810", "title": "Nephrotoxicity of sodium iopanoate in hydrated and dehydrated dogs.", "content": "The nephrotoxic effect of sodium iopanoate, infused intravenously in dosages of 1.5, 3 and 6 g over a 2-hour period in eight dogs (22--27 kg) in both the hydrated and dehydrated stages, were investigated. On biochemical, hemodynamic and morphological studies, the nephrotoxic effect was found to be clearly dose-dependent and greater in the dehydrated stage. Previously suggested mechanisms for acute renal failure, such as a direct tubular toxicity, tubular obstruction and hypotension, could not be supported as main factors in the development of acute renal failure post-cholecystography, although they might well have a contributory effect. The primary cause of renal failure post-cholecystography cannot be determined unequivocally from this investigation. However, the observed findings would appear to be consistent with a toxic effect of iopanoate in the small vessels possibly resulting in ischemic tubular necrosis.", "contents": "Nephrotoxicity of sodium iopanoate in hydrated and dehydrated dogs. The nephrotoxic effect of sodium iopanoate, infused intravenously in dosages of 1.5, 3 and 6 g over a 2-hour period in eight dogs (22--27 kg) in both the hydrated and dehydrated stages, were investigated. On biochemical, hemodynamic and morphological studies, the nephrotoxic effect was found to be clearly dose-dependent and greater in the dehydrated stage. Previously suggested mechanisms for acute renal failure, such as a direct tubular toxicity, tubular obstruction and hypotension, could not be supported as main factors in the development of acute renal failure post-cholecystography, although they might well have a contributory effect. The primary cause of renal failure post-cholecystography cannot be determined unequivocally from this investigation. However, the observed findings would appear to be consistent with a toxic effect of iopanoate in the small vessels possibly resulting in ischemic tubular necrosis.", "PMID": 711401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4811", "title": "Transvenous perfusion cooling of the kidney: a new technique of local renal hypothermia.", "content": "In an experimental study involving ten dogs, the feasibility of transvenous perfusion cooling of the kidney is proven. The theoretical basis of this new method of regional renal hypothermia is presented; the technique is easy to perform and requires cannulation of the renal vein. The perfusate leaves the kidney either via the capsular veins which have been divided during renal exposure, or through the proposed nephrotomy. Renal vein thrombosis or tearing of the venous vasculature was not observed. The only complication encountered in one instance was hemorrhage from the puncture site of the renal vein.", "contents": "Transvenous perfusion cooling of the kidney: a new technique of local renal hypothermia. In an experimental study involving ten dogs, the feasibility of transvenous perfusion cooling of the kidney is proven. The theoretical basis of this new method of regional renal hypothermia is presented; the technique is easy to perform and requires cannulation of the renal vein. The perfusate leaves the kidney either via the capsular veins which have been divided during renal exposure, or through the proposed nephrotomy. Renal vein thrombosis or tearing of the venous vasculature was not observed. The only complication encountered in one instance was hemorrhage from the puncture site of the renal vein.", "PMID": 711407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4812", "title": "Transport efficiency of ureteral peristalsis correlated to pacemaker activity of renal pelvis.", "content": "The transport efficiency of ureteral peristalsis under the control of the pacemaker was examined during renal pelvic perfusion in dogs. Simultaneous recordings of the perfusion rate, renal pelvic pressure, ureteral electromyogram, and bolus volume were made during each period of perfusion at a constant rate. For a graphic representation of transport efficiency of each peristaltic contraction, changes in balance level between the perfusion rate and the bolus volume were registered by a presettable binary counter. A quantitative evaluation of transport efficiency was also made of each group of peristaltic contractions that was classified by its characteristic distribution of the interperistaltic internal. The pacemaker activity of the renal pelvis and its control of ureteral peristalsis were identified in this preparation. Most of the peristaltic contractions excreted the same volume of fluid that had entered the pelviureteral system during the preceding period of nonperistalsis within the range of studied perfusion rates. The transport efficiency defined as interperistaltic interval x perfusion rate/bolus volume showed a small variation around the value 1 for peristaltic contractions in each group.", "contents": "Transport efficiency of ureteral peristalsis correlated to pacemaker activity of renal pelvis. The transport efficiency of ureteral peristalsis under the control of the pacemaker was examined during renal pelvic perfusion in dogs. Simultaneous recordings of the perfusion rate, renal pelvic pressure, ureteral electromyogram, and bolus volume were made during each period of perfusion at a constant rate. For a graphic representation of transport efficiency of each peristaltic contraction, changes in balance level between the perfusion rate and the bolus volume were registered by a presettable binary counter. A quantitative evaluation of transport efficiency was also made of each group of peristaltic contractions that was classified by its characteristic distribution of the interperistaltic internal. The pacemaker activity of the renal pelvis and its control of ureteral peristalsis were identified in this preparation. Most of the peristaltic contractions excreted the same volume of fluid that had entered the pelviureteral system during the preceding period of nonperistalsis within the range of studied perfusion rates. The transport efficiency defined as interperistaltic interval x perfusion rate/bolus volume showed a small variation around the value 1 for peristaltic contractions in each group.", "PMID": 711408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4813", "title": "Protein electrophoretic patterns of canine prostatic fluid. Effect of hormonal manipulation.", "content": "The effects of castration and estrogen administration on prostatic fluid proteins were compared in two groups of dogs. Prostatic fistulae were created in 10 animals and prostatic fluid secretions stimulated by electroejaculation. After a stabilization period, five animals were administered polyestradiol phosphate and the remaining five were castrated. After 3 months estrogen administration was discontinued and depo-testosterone was administered to the castrate animals. Fluids were collected at weekly intervals throughout the study and prostatic fluid proteins separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. No difference between animal receiving estrogen and castrated animals was noted and administration of testosterone to castrate animals reestablished a normal protein pattern.", "contents": "Protein electrophoretic patterns of canine prostatic fluid. Effect of hormonal manipulation. The effects of castration and estrogen administration on prostatic fluid proteins were compared in two groups of dogs. Prostatic fistulae were created in 10 animals and prostatic fluid secretions stimulated by electroejaculation. After a stabilization period, five animals were administered polyestradiol phosphate and the remaining five were castrated. After 3 months estrogen administration was discontinued and depo-testosterone was administered to the castrate animals. Fluids were collected at weekly intervals throughout the study and prostatic fluid proteins separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. No difference between animal receiving estrogen and castrated animals was noted and administration of testosterone to castrate animals reestablished a normal protein pattern.", "PMID": 711409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4814", "title": "Sex steroid imprinting of the immature prostate. Long-term effects.", "content": "New periods of sex hormone sensitivity in the life cycle of the male rat that occur before the onset of sexual maturation and that determine subsequent responsiveness and growth of the adult prostate have been elucidated. If high doses of estrogen (17 beta-estradiol--500 microgram per day, or estradiol benzoate--250 micrograms per day, or estradiol dipropionate--100 micrograms per day) are administered to intact male rats for 2 days during the 1st week after birth, the prostate, at adulthood, is diminutive in size and is inert to the action of exogenous androgens. In contrast, lower doses of estrogen (17 beta estradiol--100 micrograms per day) administered at 20 and 22 days of age enhance the sensitivity of the adult prostate to testosterone by approximately 50 per cent. Furthermore, it has been determined that continued testicular function is required up to the time of puberty for full prostatic growth.", "contents": "Sex steroid imprinting of the immature prostate. Long-term effects. New periods of sex hormone sensitivity in the life cycle of the male rat that occur before the onset of sexual maturation and that determine subsequent responsiveness and growth of the adult prostate have been elucidated. If high doses of estrogen (17 beta-estradiol--500 microgram per day, or estradiol benzoate--250 micrograms per day, or estradiol dipropionate--100 micrograms per day) are administered to intact male rats for 2 days during the 1st week after birth, the prostate, at adulthood, is diminutive in size and is inert to the action of exogenous androgens. In contrast, lower doses of estrogen (17 beta estradiol--100 micrograms per day) administered at 20 and 22 days of age enhance the sensitivity of the adult prostate to testosterone by approximately 50 per cent. Furthermore, it has been determined that continued testicular function is required up to the time of puberty for full prostatic growth.", "PMID": 711410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4815", "title": "Enhancement of renal excretion of uric acid during long-term thiazide therapy.", "content": "The effect of thiazide (hydrochlorothiazide 100 mg per day orally in two divided doses for up to 3 years) on uric acid metabolism was examined in 21 patients with renal stones suffering from renal hypercalciuria or absorptive hypercalciuria. Serum concentration of uric acid increased during thiazide therapy in every patient. In 12 of 21 patients, there was a transient or persistent rise in urinary uric acid of more than 50 mg per day during treatment. The mean urinary uric acid produced by thiazide was positively correlated with the change in the renal clearance of uric acid. Thus, an increase in urinary uric acid was often associated with a rise in uric acid clearance. The results suggest that thiazide may either increase the production of uric acid or decrease the extrarenal disposal of uric acid, in some patients.", "contents": "Enhancement of renal excretion of uric acid during long-term thiazide therapy. The effect of thiazide (hydrochlorothiazide 100 mg per day orally in two divided doses for up to 3 years) on uric acid metabolism was examined in 21 patients with renal stones suffering from renal hypercalciuria or absorptive hypercalciuria. Serum concentration of uric acid increased during thiazide therapy in every patient. In 12 of 21 patients, there was a transient or persistent rise in urinary uric acid of more than 50 mg per day during treatment. The mean urinary uric acid produced by thiazide was positively correlated with the change in the renal clearance of uric acid. Thus, an increase in urinary uric acid was often associated with a rise in uric acid clearance. The results suggest that thiazide may either increase the production of uric acid or decrease the extrarenal disposal of uric acid, in some patients.", "PMID": 711411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4816", "title": "Quantitaion of collagen in the wall of contracted schistosomal bladder.", "content": "Biochemical assay of vesical collagen was carried out in six cases of contracted schistosomal bladders and five controls. It revealed 11.52 and 9.56 per cent of collagen by weight respectively. Detrusor myopathy seems to be more important than fibrosis. Quantitation of the muscle mass in these cases is needed.", "contents": "Quantitaion of collagen in the wall of contracted schistosomal bladder. Biochemical assay of vesical collagen was carried out in six cases of contracted schistosomal bladders and five controls. It revealed 11.52 and 9.56 per cent of collagen by weight respectively. Detrusor myopathy seems to be more important than fibrosis. Quantitation of the muscle mass in these cases is needed.", "PMID": 711412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4817", "title": "Collagen in 155 human bladders.", "content": "The percentage of bladder collagen, as obtained by the dosage of hydroxyproline, was determined in autopsy specimens from 48 female and 107 male cadavers. The average percentage of collagen in the human bladder is 57.4 per cent (+/- 9) of the dry weight of insoluble protein. There is good correlation (r = 0.55) between detrusor and trigone collagen content. There is no significant difference between pre- and postpuberty age groups in relative collagen content. In females more than 50 years of age there is a significant increase in collagen.", "contents": "Collagen in 155 human bladders. The percentage of bladder collagen, as obtained by the dosage of hydroxyproline, was determined in autopsy specimens from 48 female and 107 male cadavers. The average percentage of collagen in the human bladder is 57.4 per cent (+/- 9) of the dry weight of insoluble protein. There is good correlation (r = 0.55) between detrusor and trigone collagen content. There is no significant difference between pre- and postpuberty age groups in relative collagen content. In females more than 50 years of age there is a significant increase in collagen.", "PMID": 711413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4818", "title": "In vivo smooth muscle function in normal and obstructed rabbit vas deferens.", "content": "We characterized smooth muscle function in the rabbit vas deferens in vivo by means of a new strainometer. Intraluminal pressure was measured and smooth muscle tension in the wall was calculated. Our studies revealed a low baseline pressure, no spontaneous contractions, and a constant wall tension. Studies of the effect of vasectomy on in vivo smooth muscle function showed increased intraluminal pressure, diameter, and baseline wall tension, and development of spontaneous contractions with increased wall tension, intraluminal pressure, and diameter with each contraction.", "contents": "In vivo smooth muscle function in normal and obstructed rabbit vas deferens. We characterized smooth muscle function in the rabbit vas deferens in vivo by means of a new strainometer. Intraluminal pressure was measured and smooth muscle tension in the wall was calculated. Our studies revealed a low baseline pressure, no spontaneous contractions, and a constant wall tension. Studies of the effect of vasectomy on in vivo smooth muscle function showed increased intraluminal pressure, diameter, and baseline wall tension, and development of spontaneous contractions with increased wall tension, intraluminal pressure, and diameter with each contraction.", "PMID": 711414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4819", "title": "Response of the rabbit vas deferens in vivo to vasoactive drugs.", "content": "We evaluated the smooth muscle response to the systemic administration of various vasoactive drugs and hormones in vivo in the rabbit vas deferens. Norepinephrine, epinephrine, and urecholine caused contractions of the vas deferens that caused it to shorten and thicken. Isuprel inhibited contractions that were initiated by obstruction of the vas deferens. Catecholamine depletion from guanethidine caused dilation of the vas deferens, increased intraluminal pressures spontaneous contractions, and a spermpacked lumen. The vas deferens in the immature rabbit showed normal response to norepinephrine and obstruction. Estrogen administration prevented the normal dilation and increased peristalsis observed with obstruction.", "contents": "Response of the rabbit vas deferens in vivo to vasoactive drugs. We evaluated the smooth muscle response to the systemic administration of various vasoactive drugs and hormones in vivo in the rabbit vas deferens. Norepinephrine, epinephrine, and urecholine caused contractions of the vas deferens that caused it to shorten and thicken. Isuprel inhibited contractions that were initiated by obstruction of the vas deferens. Catecholamine depletion from guanethidine caused dilation of the vas deferens, increased intraluminal pressures spontaneous contractions, and a spermpacked lumen. The vas deferens in the immature rabbit showed normal response to norepinephrine and obstruction. Estrogen administration prevented the normal dilation and increased peristalsis observed with obstruction.", "PMID": 711415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4820", "title": "Cutaneous tubeless ureterostomy as a procedure to study renal function in conscious dogs.", "content": "We describe the results obtained with a modified technique for single-side cutaneous ureterostomy in awake mongrel dogs. The success of this surgical procedure was evaluated by intravenous pyelography and urinary cultures that ruled out infection. In addition, we investigated the effects of this procedure on the excretory capacity of the kidney with a diverted ureter. Average values for effective renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate were comparable to those obtained in the literature and in the constralateral untouched kidney of the same dogs. The results indicate that cutaneous ureterostomy can be used successfully to monitor renal function in awake dogs over periods of weeks or months.", "contents": "Cutaneous tubeless ureterostomy as a procedure to study renal function in conscious dogs. We describe the results obtained with a modified technique for single-side cutaneous ureterostomy in awake mongrel dogs. The success of this surgical procedure was evaluated by intravenous pyelography and urinary cultures that ruled out infection. In addition, we investigated the effects of this procedure on the excretory capacity of the kidney with a diverted ureter. Average values for effective renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate were comparable to those obtained in the literature and in the constralateral untouched kidney of the same dogs. The results indicate that cutaneous ureterostomy can be used successfully to monitor renal function in awake dogs over periods of weeks or months.", "PMID": 711416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4821", "title": "Experimental assessment of graded ureteral obstruction utilizing liquid and gaseous perfusion techniques.", "content": "Ureteral perfusion studies (Whitaker's test) utilizing both saline and carbon dioxide were performed in nonobstructed canine ureters and in ureters subjected to a standardized partial and high grade obstruction to characterize the pattern of pressure response. Three separate ranges of pressure elevation were identified with each perfusate and a high degree of correlation between saline and CO2 pressures was observed. However, a significant overlap between the pressure range for nonobstructed and partially obstructed ureters was noted. This overlap must be carefully considered in human studies before defining clinically significant obstruction on the basis of an absolute perfusion pressure value.", "contents": "Experimental assessment of graded ureteral obstruction utilizing liquid and gaseous perfusion techniques. Ureteral perfusion studies (Whitaker's test) utilizing both saline and carbon dioxide were performed in nonobstructed canine ureters and in ureters subjected to a standardized partial and high grade obstruction to characterize the pattern of pressure response. Three separate ranges of pressure elevation were identified with each perfusate and a high degree of correlation between saline and CO2 pressures was observed. However, a significant overlap between the pressure range for nonobstructed and partially obstructed ureters was noted. This overlap must be carefully considered in human studies before defining clinically significant obstruction on the basis of an absolute perfusion pressure value.", "PMID": 711417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4822", "title": "Histology and ultrastructure of the R-3327 C-F transplantable prostate tumor of Cophenhagen-Fisher rats.", "content": "The R-3327 C-F tumor is an adenocarcinoma of the prostate maintained by serial transplantation in male Copenhagen-Fisher hybrid rats. The tumor is histologically different from other tumor sublines derived from the original R-3327 tumor discovered in 1961 in an aged Copenhagen rat. Light and electron microscopy have shown that the R-3327 C-F tumor contains a well organized glandular epithelium with myoepithelial cells and a continuous basement membrane, although epithelial cells were much less differentiated than epithelial cells of either dorsal or lateral normal prostate of the rat. Two features of interest were the presence of large, abnormal fibroblasts in stroma, and of lymphocytes embedded in the epithelium. Virus particles have not been observed in the specimens examined by electron microscopy.", "contents": "Histology and ultrastructure of the R-3327 C-F transplantable prostate tumor of Cophenhagen-Fisher rats. The R-3327 C-F tumor is an adenocarcinoma of the prostate maintained by serial transplantation in male Copenhagen-Fisher hybrid rats. The tumor is histologically different from other tumor sublines derived from the original R-3327 tumor discovered in 1961 in an aged Copenhagen rat. Light and electron microscopy have shown that the R-3327 C-F tumor contains a well organized glandular epithelium with myoepithelial cells and a continuous basement membrane, although epithelial cells were much less differentiated than epithelial cells of either dorsal or lateral normal prostate of the rat. Two features of interest were the presence of large, abnormal fibroblasts in stroma, and of lymphocytes embedded in the epithelium. Virus particles have not been observed in the specimens examined by electron microscopy.", "PMID": 711418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4823", "title": "The effects of vasectomy on the movement of 14C-urea in the seminiferous tubule of the hamster.", "content": "14C-urea entry into the hamster seminiferous tubule (SNT) and cauda epididymidal tubule was observed in intact males and in animals vasectomized for 2 weeks and for 4 months. 14C-urea entry rate and plateau level were significantly increased 4 months postvasectomy. 14C-urea entry into the cauda epididymidis was significantly altered 2 weeks postvasectomy. 2, 4,-dinitrophenol significantly increased 14C-urea concentration in the SNT. This is compatible with the presence of an outward directed energy dependent movement of urea in the hamster SNT. Increasing 14C-urea concentrations in the postvasectomy SNT may be attributable to a failure or inhibition of this physiologic activity.", "contents": "The effects of vasectomy on the movement of 14C-urea in the seminiferous tubule of the hamster. 14C-urea entry into the hamster seminiferous tubule (SNT) and cauda epididymidal tubule was observed in intact males and in animals vasectomized for 2 weeks and for 4 months. 14C-urea entry rate and plateau level were significantly increased 4 months postvasectomy. 14C-urea entry into the cauda epididymidis was significantly altered 2 weeks postvasectomy. 2, 4,-dinitrophenol significantly increased 14C-urea concentration in the SNT. This is compatible with the presence of an outward directed energy dependent movement of urea in the hamster SNT. Increasing 14C-urea concentrations in the postvasectomy SNT may be attributable to a failure or inhibition of this physiologic activity.", "PMID": 711419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4824", "title": "Comparative polypeptide patterns of representative human and nonhuman adenoviruses.", "content": "SDS-polyacrylamide slab gel analysis of selected primate and nonprimate adenoviruses has shown these viruses to differ significantly at the polypeptide molecular level. It follows that data derived from study of a single adenovirus serotype are unique to that serotype and are not representative of the adenovirus group as a whole.", "contents": "Comparative polypeptide patterns of representative human and nonhuman adenoviruses. SDS-polyacrylamide slab gel analysis of selected primate and nonprimate adenoviruses has shown these viruses to differ significantly at the polypeptide molecular level. It follows that data derived from study of a single adenovirus serotype are unique to that serotype and are not representative of the adenovirus group as a whole.", "PMID": 711420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4825", "title": "[Results of incidence analyses in external hemorrhoids].", "content": "The perianal region of 294 healthy persons (151 male, 143 female) of different age was examined and the size, the localization and the number of the skin tags were registered. The frequency increases in women especially at the beginning of the second decade and in men especially at the fourth decade of life. 80% of all women and 60% of all men have skin tags. The size of the skin tag increases while the person becomes older. In the average women have bigger skin tags than men. Most of the skin tags are located in the region of 12 and 6 h lithotomy position.", "contents": "[Results of incidence analyses in external hemorrhoids]. The perianal region of 294 healthy persons (151 male, 143 female) of different age was examined and the size, the localization and the number of the skin tags were registered. The frequency increases in women especially at the beginning of the second decade and in men especially at the fourth decade of life. 80% of all women and 60% of all men have skin tags. The size of the skin tag increases while the person becomes older. In the average women have bigger skin tags than men. Most of the skin tags are located in the region of 12 and 6 h lithotomy position.", "PMID": 711445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4826", "title": "[The testing of photochemotherapy in various dermatoses].", "content": "Experimental PUVA therapy in five different skin diseases showed excellent results in lichen planus and pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis. Present experience indicates a favourable influence of PUVA also in pityriasis rubra pilaris and in lymphomatoid papulosis. In Darier's disease PUVA leads to acute exacerbation.", "contents": "[The testing of photochemotherapy in various dermatoses]. Experimental PUVA therapy in five different skin diseases showed excellent results in lichen planus and pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis. Present experience indicates a favourable influence of PUVA also in pityriasis rubra pilaris and in lymphomatoid papulosis. In Darier's disease PUVA leads to acute exacerbation.", "PMID": 711446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4827", "title": "[Zinc-deficiency syndrome with acrodermatitis].", "content": "The symptoms of the zinc depletion syndrome are demonstrated in two males and two females. The four patients, 23 to 39 years old, were suffering from ileocolitis Crohn. After three to eight weeks of total parenteral nutrition they showed signs of acrodermatitis. Serum zinc was found considerably below normal levels (0,21--0,68 microgram/ml). After oral nutrition was re-initiated the dermatitis healed within four weeks without zinc oxid or zinc sulphate administration. Serum zinc increased to normal levels.", "contents": "[Zinc-deficiency syndrome with acrodermatitis]. The symptoms of the zinc depletion syndrome are demonstrated in two males and two females. The four patients, 23 to 39 years old, were suffering from ileocolitis Crohn. After three to eight weeks of total parenteral nutrition they showed signs of acrodermatitis. Serum zinc was found considerably below normal levels (0,21--0,68 microgram/ml). After oral nutrition was re-initiated the dermatitis healed within four weeks without zinc oxid or zinc sulphate administration. Serum zinc increased to normal levels.", "PMID": 711447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4828", "title": "[Orthopedic problems of the lower extremities excluding the hips, in meningomyelocele].", "content": "Four types of problems relating to the lower limbs, hips excluded are reviewed in connection with myelomeningocele. These are essentially deformities and instability. Deformities follow three patterns: prenatal due to uterine pressure on paralyzed limbs, postnatal either postural or secondary to muscular imbalance. Various means of preventing these deformities are exposed. Lower limb stabilization by means of more or less extensive bracing according to the level of the initial lesion is described. Emphasis is put on early weight bearing and gait training in these patients. Problems of skin lesions and of spontaneous fractures are mentioned.", "contents": "[Orthopedic problems of the lower extremities excluding the hips, in meningomyelocele]. Four types of problems relating to the lower limbs, hips excluded are reviewed in connection with myelomeningocele. These are essentially deformities and instability. Deformities follow three patterns: prenatal due to uterine pressure on paralyzed limbs, postnatal either postural or secondary to muscular imbalance. Various means of preventing these deformities are exposed. Lower limb stabilization by means of more or less extensive bracing according to the level of the initial lesion is described. Emphasis is put on early weight bearing and gait training in these patients. Problems of skin lesions and of spontaneous fractures are mentioned.", "PMID": 711487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4829", "title": "[The treatment of the feet in meningomyelocele].", "content": "Experiences in management of paralytic foot deformities in 30 children and adolescents with myelomeningoceles are reported. Suitable reconstruction of foot form can be achieved regularly with the help of early manipulation, walking plasters and orthopaedic surgery. However, the impairment of sensation remains unchanged. The polypropylene solid ankle orthosis has proved particularly useful for maintaining good weight-bearing abilities of the foot combined with partial load transfer to sensitive skin regions below the knee joint.", "contents": "[The treatment of the feet in meningomyelocele]. Experiences in management of paralytic foot deformities in 30 children and adolescents with myelomeningoceles are reported. Suitable reconstruction of foot form can be achieved regularly with the help of early manipulation, walking plasters and orthopaedic surgery. However, the impairment of sensation remains unchanged. The polypropylene solid ankle orthosis has proved particularly useful for maintaining good weight-bearing abilities of the foot combined with partial load transfer to sensitive skin regions below the knee joint.", "PMID": 711488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4830", "title": "[Own experiences in the orthopedic treatment of meningomyelocele].", "content": "30 myelomeningocele patients which were surveyed at Zurich's Children's Hospital and at the Wilhelm Schulthess Clinic in the years from 1962 to 1976 have been postexamined. Significant for the rehabilitation of these children in respect for the gaining of their best ever possible independence and capability to walk are primarily the neurosegmental level of the lesion, the remaining motor power as well as intelligence and motivation. Of secondary significance is the orthopaedic operation whereby specifically the correction of fixed deformity is important. The quantity of anesthesias should be hold at minimum, bilateral hip-dislocations can be left alone, and psoas-transfers (SHARRARD) should be made on children with strong quadriceps only.", "contents": "[Own experiences in the orthopedic treatment of meningomyelocele]. 30 myelomeningocele patients which were surveyed at Zurich's Children's Hospital and at the Wilhelm Schulthess Clinic in the years from 1962 to 1976 have been postexamined. Significant for the rehabilitation of these children in respect for the gaining of their best ever possible independence and capability to walk are primarily the neurosegmental level of the lesion, the remaining motor power as well as intelligence and motivation. Of secondary significance is the orthopaedic operation whereby specifically the correction of fixed deformity is important. The quantity of anesthesias should be hold at minimum, bilateral hip-dislocations can be left alone, and psoas-transfers (SHARRARD) should be made on children with strong quadriceps only.", "PMID": 711489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4831", "title": "[Hereditary angioneurotic edema. Clinical aspects, pathogenesis and therapy].", "content": "A family with hereditary angioedema is presented. In 4 members of the family the diagnosis was confirmed by decreased C1 esterase inhibitor levels. Clinical course and pathogenesis are described briefly. New ways of treatment are discussed, especially injection of purified C1 esterase inhibitor and stimulation of C1 esterase inhibitor synthesis by oral therapy with attenuated androgens.", "contents": "[Hereditary angioneurotic edema. Clinical aspects, pathogenesis and therapy]. A family with hereditary angioedema is presented. In 4 members of the family the diagnosis was confirmed by decreased C1 esterase inhibitor levels. Clinical course and pathogenesis are described briefly. New ways of treatment are discussed, especially injection of purified C1 esterase inhibitor and stimulation of C1 esterase inhibitor synthesis by oral therapy with attenuated androgens.", "PMID": 711490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4832", "title": "[Juvenile pernicious anemia with congenital intrinsic factor deficiency and intermediate intrinsic factor secretion in the parents].", "content": "A 11 1/2-year-old girl of Turkish origin showed symptoms and signs of pernicious anaemia with low B12 level in blood but normal gastric acid secretion. There were no antibodies to mucosal cells or intrinsic factor. Quantitative determination of intrinsic factor in gastric juice, done by a RIA method, proved absence of the factor. Both parents had normal values for haemoglobin, normal B12-absorption tests and slightly decreased B12 blood levels. The gastric acid secretion was normal in both, but intrinsic factor in the gastric juice was decreased markedly. These findings support the hypothesis that congenital pernicious anaemia, e.g. congenital absence of intrinsic factor, is transmitted by an autosomal recessive trait.", "contents": "[Juvenile pernicious anemia with congenital intrinsic factor deficiency and intermediate intrinsic factor secretion in the parents]. A 11 1/2-year-old girl of Turkish origin showed symptoms and signs of pernicious anaemia with low B12 level in blood but normal gastric acid secretion. There were no antibodies to mucosal cells or intrinsic factor. Quantitative determination of intrinsic factor in gastric juice, done by a RIA method, proved absence of the factor. Both parents had normal values for haemoglobin, normal B12-absorption tests and slightly decreased B12 blood levels. The gastric acid secretion was normal in both, but intrinsic factor in the gastric juice was decreased markedly. These findings support the hypothesis that congenital pernicious anaemia, e.g. congenital absence of intrinsic factor, is transmitted by an autosomal recessive trait.", "PMID": 711491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4833", "title": "Protein-losing enteropathy due to segmental erosive and ulcerative intestinal disease cured by limited resection of the bowel.", "content": "Two children suffering from extensive intestinal protein loss due to subacute and chronic segmental small bowel disease are presented. In the first case a tentative diagnosis of chronic erosive and ulcerative non-granulomatous jejunitis as described in adults was made. The second child suffered from subacute erosive and ulcerative segmental transmural ileitis following mechanical ileus. In both instances resection of the involved segments of small intestine promptly cured the enteric protein loss. It is suggested that excessive protein loss due to subacute or chronic segmental erosive and ulcerative intestinal disease may be cured definitively by surgical resection. An explorative laparotomy should be performed if broad internistic investigations do not provide an explanation for the severe and prolonged enteric protein loss.", "contents": "Protein-losing enteropathy due to segmental erosive and ulcerative intestinal disease cured by limited resection of the bowel. Two children suffering from extensive intestinal protein loss due to subacute and chronic segmental small bowel disease are presented. In the first case a tentative diagnosis of chronic erosive and ulcerative non-granulomatous jejunitis as described in adults was made. The second child suffered from subacute erosive and ulcerative segmental transmural ileitis following mechanical ileus. In both instances resection of the involved segments of small intestine promptly cured the enteric protein loss. It is suggested that excessive protein loss due to subacute or chronic segmental erosive and ulcerative intestinal disease may be cured definitively by surgical resection. An explorative laparotomy should be performed if broad internistic investigations do not provide an explanation for the severe and prolonged enteric protein loss.", "PMID": 711492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4834", "title": "Hypophosphatemia and hyperparathyroidism in a case of Bartter's syndrome.", "content": "In an 18-year-old boy with Bartter's syndrome, hypophosphatemia was discovered (2.4 mg/100 ml) with normal serum calcium concentration (9.7 mg/100 ml) and elevated alkaline phosphatase level: 528 mU/ml (normal less than or equal to 150). Skeleton X-rays showed osteomalacia on the pelvic bones and metaphyseal rickets on the wrists. Plasma 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHCC) concentration was 7.2 ng/ml (normal = 13 +/- 4.4), and serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) concentration 160 micron1Eq/ml (normal less than or equal to 150). Ca infusion (1500 mg/m2/12 h) induced an increase in serum P level to 3.2 mg/100 ml, in tubular phosphate reabsorption from 72 to 90%, while serum iPTH decreased to 33 micron1Eq/ml. Vitamin D2 administration (45 mg) resulted in increased 25-OHCC concentration to 28 ng/ml and in healing of pelvic osteomalacia. However, there was little change of the radiological aspect of the wrist and of serum phosphorus and iPTH concentrations. In a control 6-year-old hypokalemic girl, administration of parathyroid hormone (8 USP/kg) produced a marked phosphaturic response and an increase in urinary cyclic AMP excretion. These data suggest that hypophosphatemia can be attributed to secondary hyperparathyroidism in the patient with Bartter's syndrome. Hypokalemia does not impair the renal activity of parathyroid hormone.", "contents": "Hypophosphatemia and hyperparathyroidism in a case of Bartter's syndrome. In an 18-year-old boy with Bartter's syndrome, hypophosphatemia was discovered (2.4 mg/100 ml) with normal serum calcium concentration (9.7 mg/100 ml) and elevated alkaline phosphatase level: 528 mU/ml (normal less than or equal to 150). Skeleton X-rays showed osteomalacia on the pelvic bones and metaphyseal rickets on the wrists. Plasma 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHCC) concentration was 7.2 ng/ml (normal = 13 +/- 4.4), and serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) concentration 160 micron1Eq/ml (normal less than or equal to 150). Ca infusion (1500 mg/m2/12 h) induced an increase in serum P level to 3.2 mg/100 ml, in tubular phosphate reabsorption from 72 to 90%, while serum iPTH decreased to 33 micron1Eq/ml. Vitamin D2 administration (45 mg) resulted in increased 25-OHCC concentration to 28 ng/ml and in healing of pelvic osteomalacia. However, there was little change of the radiological aspect of the wrist and of serum phosphorus and iPTH concentrations. In a control 6-year-old hypokalemic girl, administration of parathyroid hormone (8 USP/kg) produced a marked phosphaturic response and an increase in urinary cyclic AMP excretion. These data suggest that hypophosphatemia can be attributed to secondary hyperparathyroidism in the patient with Bartter's syndrome. Hypokalemia does not impair the renal activity of parathyroid hormone.", "PMID": 711493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4835", "title": "[Fatal outcome of retinoblastoma. Retrospective study of 22 patients].", "content": "18 patients of 22 lethal cases of retinoblastoma died of recurrence or metastases of the primary tumor, which were mostly located in the head. Two clinical groups can be distinguished. In the patients with recurrence from the side of the enucleated eye, the mean survival time was 26 months, whereas the four children with a relaps originating in the conservatively treated eye survived 23 to 65 months. Two other children died of secondary tumors, and two of unrelated disease.", "contents": "[Fatal outcome of retinoblastoma. Retrospective study of 22 patients]. 18 patients of 22 lethal cases of retinoblastoma died of recurrence or metastases of the primary tumor, which were mostly located in the head. Two clinical groups can be distinguished. In the patients with recurrence from the side of the enucleated eye, the mean survival time was 26 months, whereas the four children with a relaps originating in the conservatively treated eye survived 23 to 65 months. Two other children died of secondary tumors, and two of unrelated disease.", "PMID": 711495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4836", "title": "Value of serum thyroxine measurements for the management of congenital hypothyroidism in children.", "content": "Fourteen cases of primary congenital hypothyroidism were studied and separated for the analysis purpose into two groups. Group A consisted of 7 children whose hypothyroidism was diagnosed after 1971 and the therapy by thyroid gland extracts evaluated by regular serum thyroid hormone determinations. Group B was made of 7 children whose disease was diagnosed and treated before 1971. Two periods were therefore studied in group B: first period, before any hormonal determinations (as a growth control period for group A), and second period, during which hormonal determinations were made and taken into consideration for the dosage. Although growth patterns were similar in both groups, mean thyroid extracts dose was 63 +/- 25 mg/m2/day (mean +/- SD) during follow-up with hormonal determinations, while it was markedly higher during the first period of group B (125 +/- 76, range 46.1 to 219.9 mg/m2/day). The mean dose of 63 +/- 25 mg/m2 induces a mean level of plasma thyroxine of 82 +/- 32 microgram/1 (mean +/- 1SD), a normal growth (with catch-up growth in the patients who had a retarded growth), and a good psychomotor development. Regular measurements of serum thyroxine during therapy seems to be a valid parameter for determining the dose of thyroid gland extracts necessary for adequate substitution. Serum=1-triiodo-thyronine levels have more fluctuations than thyroxine. Serum TSH mainly prevents the underdose of patients but cannot help in case of overdose. The suggested dose for treatment of such patients is 88 mg/m2/day (= 63 + 1SD).", "contents": "Value of serum thyroxine measurements for the management of congenital hypothyroidism in children. Fourteen cases of primary congenital hypothyroidism were studied and separated for the analysis purpose into two groups. Group A consisted of 7 children whose hypothyroidism was diagnosed after 1971 and the therapy by thyroid gland extracts evaluated by regular serum thyroid hormone determinations. Group B was made of 7 children whose disease was diagnosed and treated before 1971. Two periods were therefore studied in group B: first period, before any hormonal determinations (as a growth control period for group A), and second period, during which hormonal determinations were made and taken into consideration for the dosage. Although growth patterns were similar in both groups, mean thyroid extracts dose was 63 +/- 25 mg/m2/day (mean +/- SD) during follow-up with hormonal determinations, while it was markedly higher during the first period of group B (125 +/- 76, range 46.1 to 219.9 mg/m2/day). The mean dose of 63 +/- 25 mg/m2 induces a mean level of plasma thyroxine of 82 +/- 32 microgram/1 (mean +/- 1SD), a normal growth (with catch-up growth in the patients who had a retarded growth), and a good psychomotor development. Regular measurements of serum thyroxine during therapy seems to be a valid parameter for determining the dose of thyroid gland extracts necessary for adequate substitution. Serum=1-triiodo-thyronine levels have more fluctuations than thyroxine. Serum TSH mainly prevents the underdose of patients but cannot help in case of overdose. The suggested dose for treatment of such patients is 88 mg/m2/day (= 63 + 1SD).", "PMID": 711496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4837", "title": "Liver involvement in cystic fibrosis. A report of 9 cases.", "content": "9 out of 204 unselected cystic fibrosis (CF) patients seen at the Department of Pediatrics, University of Berne, Switzerland, over the last 20 years had clinically overt liver disease. In 7 patients liver cirrhosis was demonstrated (3.4%). Focal biliary cirrhosis was the pertinent finding in 3 cases, whereas another 3 showed unspecific nodular cirrhosis. One infant presented with prolonged obstructive jaundice due to partial extrahepatic atresia and delayed passing of meconium. Two other patients had steatosis. A review of the literature dealing with clinical and laboratory findings in CF patients with liver disease is given.", "contents": "Liver involvement in cystic fibrosis. A report of 9 cases. 9 out of 204 unselected cystic fibrosis (CF) patients seen at the Department of Pediatrics, University of Berne, Switzerland, over the last 20 years had clinically overt liver disease. In 7 patients liver cirrhosis was demonstrated (3.4%). Focal biliary cirrhosis was the pertinent finding in 3 cases, whereas another 3 showed unspecific nodular cirrhosis. One infant presented with prolonged obstructive jaundice due to partial extrahepatic atresia and delayed passing of meconium. Two other patients had steatosis. A review of the literature dealing with clinical and laboratory findings in CF patients with liver disease is given.", "PMID": 711497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4838", "title": "[BCG vaccination, cancer and infectious mononucleosis. A retrospective study of hospitalized patients].", "content": "A retrospective study (1966--1976) of patients hospitalized for cancer was carried out to determine a possible relationship with BCG vaccination, with a control group matched for age and sex and a similar study concerning infectious mononucleosis. Among 105 patients with cancer, 54 (51.42%) had been previously vaccinated with BCG, 56 (53.33%) in the control group, and 22 (33.84%) among the 65 patients with infectious mononucleosis (p less than 0.05, x2). The mean age on admission for cancer or infectious mononucleosis among vaccinees is significantly older than among non-vaccinees, suggesting a transient protection afforded by vaccination. These results need to be confirmed by a prospective study with Epstein-Barr virus serology.", "contents": "[BCG vaccination, cancer and infectious mononucleosis. A retrospective study of hospitalized patients]. A retrospective study (1966--1976) of patients hospitalized for cancer was carried out to determine a possible relationship with BCG vaccination, with a control group matched for age and sex and a similar study concerning infectious mononucleosis. Among 105 patients with cancer, 54 (51.42%) had been previously vaccinated with BCG, 56 (53.33%) in the control group, and 22 (33.84%) among the 65 patients with infectious mononucleosis (p less than 0.05, x2). The mean age on admission for cancer or infectious mononucleosis among vaccinees is significantly older than among non-vaccinees, suggesting a transient protection afforded by vaccination. These results need to be confirmed by a prospective study with Epstein-Barr virus serology.", "PMID": 711498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4839", "title": "[Transient diabetes mellitus in a dystrophic newborn infant].", "content": "We report a female small for date neonate, who developed transient diabetes mellitus (TDN) five days after birth and required insulin therapy for five weeks. At the onset of the disease, plasma insulin concentration was extremely low. At four weeks of age, after insulin withdrawal, the patient was still hyperglycemic, and basal insulin values assayed over a period of 24 h were mostly inadequate. Glucagon secretion was not suppressed. Growth hormone levels were lower than those of three small for date infants of the same age. At three months of age, the patient was still intolerant to an oral glucose load, insulin secretion remained inadequate while glucagon paradoxically increased 30 min after glucose challenge. The oral glucose tolerance values were in the normal range at six months of age. We conclude that TDN is caused by a transitory defect of insulin secretion, which would also explain the glucagon response as a consequence of insulin deficiency. We found no evidence associating the insulin antagonists observed in our study with the pathogenesis of this illness.", "contents": "[Transient diabetes mellitus in a dystrophic newborn infant]. We report a female small for date neonate, who developed transient diabetes mellitus (TDN) five days after birth and required insulin therapy for five weeks. At the onset of the disease, plasma insulin concentration was extremely low. At four weeks of age, after insulin withdrawal, the patient was still hyperglycemic, and basal insulin values assayed over a period of 24 h were mostly inadequate. Glucagon secretion was not suppressed. Growth hormone levels were lower than those of three small for date infants of the same age. At three months of age, the patient was still intolerant to an oral glucose load, insulin secretion remained inadequate while glucagon paradoxically increased 30 min after glucose challenge. The oral glucose tolerance values were in the normal range at six months of age. We conclude that TDN is caused by a transitory defect of insulin secretion, which would also explain the glucagon response as a consequence of insulin deficiency. We found no evidence associating the insulin antagonists observed in our study with the pathogenesis of this illness.", "PMID": 711499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4840", "title": "Endocrine dysfunction in the diencephalic syndrome of emaciation in infancy.", "content": "A 10-month-old boy with the clinical features of the diencephalic syndrome of emaciation due to a suprasellar spongioblastoma is described. The patient showed high basal levels of growth hormone (GH greater than 80 muU/ml on several occasions). In addition, elevated concentration of plasma testosterone (125.5 ng/100ml) was combined with a relatively high LH-increase to LHRH (45.6 mU/ml). After completion of irradiation basal GH-levels had been normalized, and GH responses to insulin induced hypoglycemia (IIH) and propranolol-glucagon (PG) were adequate. Complete clinical remission of emaciation occurred soon after radiation therapy and went parallel with the normalization of GH-regulation.", "contents": "Endocrine dysfunction in the diencephalic syndrome of emaciation in infancy. A 10-month-old boy with the clinical features of the diencephalic syndrome of emaciation due to a suprasellar spongioblastoma is described. The patient showed high basal levels of growth hormone (GH greater than 80 muU/ml on several occasions). In addition, elevated concentration of plasma testosterone (125.5 ng/100ml) was combined with a relatively high LH-increase to LHRH (45.6 mU/ml). After completion of irradiation basal GH-levels had been normalized, and GH responses to insulin induced hypoglycemia (IIH) and propranolol-glucagon (PG) were adequate. Complete clinical remission of emaciation occurred soon after radiation therapy and went parallel with the normalization of GH-regulation.", "PMID": 711500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4841", "title": "A new familial defect in neutrophil bactericidal activity.", "content": "A 4-year-old boy with recurrent infections and his clinically healthy father showed a severe, isolated defect in bactericidal activity of peripheral neutrophil leukocytes (the mother and the only sister were normal). Lymph nodes, spleen and liver of the child presented a massive infiltration by macrophages. Such infiltration and the segmentary albinism of the hair resemble traits of the Chediak-Higashi syndrome, but some of the most relevant traits of this syndrome are absent, since all other neutrophil functions were normal in our patient.", "contents": "A new familial defect in neutrophil bactericidal activity. A 4-year-old boy with recurrent infections and his clinically healthy father showed a severe, isolated defect in bactericidal activity of peripheral neutrophil leukocytes (the mother and the only sister were normal). Lymph nodes, spleen and liver of the child presented a massive infiltration by macrophages. Such infiltration and the segmentary albinism of the hair resemble traits of the Chediak-Higashi syndrome, but some of the most relevant traits of this syndrome are absent, since all other neutrophil functions were normal in our patient.", "PMID": 711501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4842", "title": "Hyperornithinemia and gyrate atrophy of choroid and retina. Report of a case.", "content": "A case of hyperornithinemia and gyrate atrophy of choroid and retina has been observed in a 3-year and 9-month-old girl. She presented also mild mental retardation, delayed language development and speech defects. The restriction of protein intake to a minimum of 0.8 g/kg/day induced a significant reduction of plasma ornithine levels. In some of the previous reports of the syndrome, a deficient ornithine-ketoacid transaminase activity has been found in cultured fibroblasts.", "contents": "Hyperornithinemia and gyrate atrophy of choroid and retina. Report of a case. A case of hyperornithinemia and gyrate atrophy of choroid and retina has been observed in a 3-year and 9-month-old girl. She presented also mild mental retardation, delayed language development and speech defects. The restriction of protein intake to a minimum of 0.8 g/kg/day induced a significant reduction of plasma ornithine levels. In some of the previous reports of the syndrome, a deficient ornithine-ketoacid transaminase activity has been found in cultured fibroblasts.", "PMID": 711502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4843", "title": "[A case of endothelial splenic cyst in an infant].", "content": "The authors report a case of isolated splenomegaly in a healthy 7-year-old boy, not showing any other clinical or biological anomaly. The radiological examination (selective arteriography of left renal artery) and spleenscan were compatible with an intrasplenic process. The splenectomy was performed. The spleen was large (15/20 cm) and demonstrating a cystic lesion in the inferior pole. Histological examination revealed polycystic formations covered with endothelial type cells and associated with angiomatous multifocal lesions. Differential diagnosis of cystic lesions of the spleen is discussed and complete preoperative investigation is stressed.", "contents": "[A case of endothelial splenic cyst in an infant]. The authors report a case of isolated splenomegaly in a healthy 7-year-old boy, not showing any other clinical or biological anomaly. The radiological examination (selective arteriography of left renal artery) and spleenscan were compatible with an intrasplenic process. The splenectomy was performed. The spleen was large (15/20 cm) and demonstrating a cystic lesion in the inferior pole. Histological examination revealed polycystic formations covered with endothelial type cells and associated with angiomatous multifocal lesions. Differential diagnosis of cystic lesions of the spleen is discussed and complete preoperative investigation is stressed.", "PMID": 711503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4844", "title": "Silver impregnation methods for reticulum fibers and reticulin: a re-investigation of their origins and specificity.", "content": "Maresch (1905) introduced Bielschowsky's silver impregnation technic for neurofibrils as a stain for reticulum fibers, but emphasized the nonspecificity of such procedures. This lack of specificity has been confirmed repeatedly. Yet, since the 1920's the definition of \"reticulin\" and studies of its distribution were based solely on silver impregnation technics. The chemical mechanism and specificity of this group of stains is obscure. Application of Gomori's and Wilder's methods to human tissues showed variations of staining patterns with the fixatives and technics employed. Besides reticulum fibers, various other tissue structures, e.g. I bands of striated muscle, fibers in nervous tissues, and model substances, e.g. polysaccharides, egg white, gliadin, were also stained. Deposition of silver compounds on reticulum fibers was limited to an easily removable substance; the remaining collagen component did not bind silver. These histochemical studies indicate that silver impregnation technics for reticulum fibers have no chemical significance and cannot be considered as histochemical technics for \"reticulin\" or type III collagen.", "contents": "Silver impregnation methods for reticulum fibers and reticulin: a re-investigation of their origins and specificity. Maresch (1905) introduced Bielschowsky's silver impregnation technic for neurofibrils as a stain for reticulum fibers, but emphasized the nonspecificity of such procedures. This lack of specificity has been confirmed repeatedly. Yet, since the 1920's the definition of \"reticulin\" and studies of its distribution were based solely on silver impregnation technics. The chemical mechanism and specificity of this group of stains is obscure. Application of Gomori's and Wilder's methods to human tissues showed variations of staining patterns with the fixatives and technics employed. Besides reticulum fibers, various other tissue structures, e.g. I bands of striated muscle, fibers in nervous tissues, and model substances, e.g. polysaccharides, egg white, gliadin, were also stained. Deposition of silver compounds on reticulum fibers was limited to an easily removable substance; the remaining collagen component did not bind silver. These histochemical studies indicate that silver impregnation technics for reticulum fibers have no chemical significance and cannot be considered as histochemical technics for \"reticulin\" or type III collagen.", "PMID": 711512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4845", "title": "The histochemistry of complex carbohydrates in the ovarian follicles of adult mice.", "content": "In the ovarian follicles of adult mice, complex carbohydrate-containing structures have been studied by means of light microscopic histochemical methods. In the ovarian follicles, the zona pellucida of oocytes, follicular fluid and intercellular matrix of the granulosa layer are found to exhibit positive reactions for complex carbohydrates with 1,2-glycol and acidic groups and alpha-D-mannosyl and alpha-D-glucosyl residues. The present histochemical analyses have revealed that the complex carbohydrates common to the three types of the structures are hyaluronic acid, sulfated glycosaminoglycans other than isomeric chondroitin sulfates and neutral glycoproteins and that sialic acid is a particular moiety of the zona pellucida, whereas isomeric chondroitin sulfates being that of the follicular fluid and intercellular matrix of the granulosa layer. The histophysiological activities of the carbohydrate-containing structures have been discussed with special reference to their histochemical properties determined in the present study.", "contents": "The histochemistry of complex carbohydrates in the ovarian follicles of adult mice. In the ovarian follicles of adult mice, complex carbohydrate-containing structures have been studied by means of light microscopic histochemical methods. In the ovarian follicles, the zona pellucida of oocytes, follicular fluid and intercellular matrix of the granulosa layer are found to exhibit positive reactions for complex carbohydrates with 1,2-glycol and acidic groups and alpha-D-mannosyl and alpha-D-glucosyl residues. The present histochemical analyses have revealed that the complex carbohydrates common to the three types of the structures are hyaluronic acid, sulfated glycosaminoglycans other than isomeric chondroitin sulfates and neutral glycoproteins and that sialic acid is a particular moiety of the zona pellucida, whereas isomeric chondroitin sulfates being that of the follicular fluid and intercellular matrix of the granulosa layer. The histophysiological activities of the carbohydrate-containing structures have been discussed with special reference to their histochemical properties determined in the present study.", "PMID": 711513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4846", "title": "Concanavalin  A receptors in normal and inflamed oesophageal epithelium. A light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "We have examined normal and inflamed oesophageal biopsies for the distribution of alpha-D-mannosyl and alpha-D-glucosyl residues using the concanavalin A--horse radish peroxidase--Diamino-benzidine (DAB) technique at the light and electron microscope level. Receptors were found on the epithelial surface and in the nuclear membrane and endoplasmic reticulum. A similar distribution was found with the intrusive lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the inflamed state. Some of the increased intercellular debris from inflamed biopsies contained concanavalin A receptors.", "contents": "Concanavalin  A receptors in normal and inflamed oesophageal epithelium. A light and electron microscopic study. We have examined normal and inflamed oesophageal biopsies for the distribution of alpha-D-mannosyl and alpha-D-glucosyl residues using the concanavalin A--horse radish peroxidase--Diamino-benzidine (DAB) technique at the light and electron microscope level. Receptors were found on the epithelial surface and in the nuclear membrane and endoplasmic reticulum. A similar distribution was found with the intrusive lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the inflamed state. Some of the increased intercellular debris from inflamed biopsies contained concanavalin A receptors.", "PMID": 711514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4847", "title": "[Inner ear disturbance following long-term usage of hormonal contraceptives (author's transl)].", "content": "Four cases of either unilateral or bilateral irreversible hearing loss are reported in young women following long-term usage of hormonal contraceptives. Two different forms of the hearing disturbance and their causes are described, taking into consideration related neurological, medical and ophthalmologic literature. From this material, guidelines for clinical practise are proposed.", "contents": "[Inner ear disturbance following long-term usage of hormonal contraceptives (author's transl)]. Four cases of either unilateral or bilateral irreversible hearing loss are reported in young women following long-term usage of hormonal contraceptives. Two different forms of the hearing disturbance and their causes are described, taking into consideration related neurological, medical and ophthalmologic literature. From this material, guidelines for clinical practise are proposed.", "PMID": 711515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4848", "title": "[Disturbances of taste from oral disinfectants (author's transl)].", "content": "Oral disinfectants containing chlorhexidine or hexetidine are able to produce disturbances of taste, as demonstrated by Krarup's electrogustometric method and the gustometric method of Harris and Kalmus. Hypo- and dysgeusia are characterized by dissociated disturbances, the most prominent of which concerns the sweet perception. The bitter taste is least affected, whereas the effects on salty and acidic tastes range between that for sweet and bitter. Taste disturbances which include ageusia for 48 h were observed when the tongue was touched with a 20% solution of chlorhexidine. Not only the disinfectants themselves provoked dysgeusia but also other \"taste improving\" agents (particularly, the volatile oild). In addition to dysgeusia, the authors found disturbances of the mucous membrane sensitivity caused by the test substances.", "contents": "[Disturbances of taste from oral disinfectants (author's transl)]. Oral disinfectants containing chlorhexidine or hexetidine are able to produce disturbances of taste, as demonstrated by Krarup's electrogustometric method and the gustometric method of Harris and Kalmus. Hypo- and dysgeusia are characterized by dissociated disturbances, the most prominent of which concerns the sweet perception. The bitter taste is least affected, whereas the effects on salty and acidic tastes range between that for sweet and bitter. Taste disturbances which include ageusia for 48 h were observed when the tongue was touched with a 20% solution of chlorhexidine. Not only the disinfectants themselves provoked dysgeusia but also other \"taste improving\" agents (particularly, the volatile oild). In addition to dysgeusia, the authors found disturbances of the mucous membrane sensitivity caused by the test substances.", "PMID": 711516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4849", "title": "[Sudden deafness and vestibular failure in the cervical syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Acute onset deafness with vestibular failure in the cervical syndrome could be due to embolism of the labyrinthine artery. Probably the symptomatology of the cervical syndrome developes independantly. Two patients with sudden deafness and vestibular failure are reported. Embolism of the labyrinthine artery in at least one of these patients appears to have occurred. The prognosis in respect of recovery of function is unfavourable.", "contents": "[Sudden deafness and vestibular failure in the cervical syndrome (author's transl)]. Acute onset deafness with vestibular failure in the cervical syndrome could be due to embolism of the labyrinthine artery. Probably the symptomatology of the cervical syndrome developes independantly. Two patients with sudden deafness and vestibular failure are reported. Embolism of the labyrinthine artery in at least one of these patients appears to have occurred. The prognosis in respect of recovery of function is unfavourable.", "PMID": 711517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4850", "title": "[Cortisol blood level in children with subglottic laryngitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical observations have shown that fear of suffocation aggravates respiratory tract occlusion in children with subglottic laryngitis (s.l.). In similar situations of emotional stress, changes occur in the function of the adrenal glands. The author's observations lead to the conclusion that rapid intravenous injection of glucocorticoids results in the alleviation of symptoms endangering a child's life so that in a majority of cases a tracheotomy is no longer necessary. Cortisol blood level was estimated by the technique of de Moor as modified by Derech and Golebiowska. These levels were then determined in 20 children with s.l. not treated with glucocorticoids before hospitalization and 10 children in a control group. In children with s.l., high levels of cortisol were detected at the time of admission. In a few cases 100 microgram/100 ml. After symptoms of s.l. subsided, levels of cortisol resembled those of the control group as seen on primary examination. Administration of ACTH induced a more pronounced increase in cortisol level in children with s.l. than in children of the control group.", "contents": "[Cortisol blood level in children with subglottic laryngitis (author's transl)]. Clinical observations have shown that fear of suffocation aggravates respiratory tract occlusion in children with subglottic laryngitis (s.l.). In similar situations of emotional stress, changes occur in the function of the adrenal glands. The author's observations lead to the conclusion that rapid intravenous injection of glucocorticoids results in the alleviation of symptoms endangering a child's life so that in a majority of cases a tracheotomy is no longer necessary. Cortisol blood level was estimated by the technique of de Moor as modified by Derech and Golebiowska. These levels were then determined in 20 children with s.l. not treated with glucocorticoids before hospitalization and 10 children in a control group. In children with s.l., high levels of cortisol were detected at the time of admission. In a few cases 100 microgram/100 ml. After symptoms of s.l. subsided, levels of cortisol resembled those of the control group as seen on primary examination. Administration of ACTH induced a more pronounced increase in cortisol level in children with s.l. than in children of the control group.", "PMID": 711518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4851", "title": "[Spontaneous ethmoid pneumocele in chronic maxillary and ethmoid sinusitis and polyposis (author's transl)].", "content": "A 47 year old man with asthma, allergic rhinitis, and chronic maxillary and ethmoid sinusitis and polyposis, in whom for 2 years intraorbital pressure symptoms are experienced on nose-blowing, sneezing and coughing, is presented. Paranasal sinus X-rays demonstrated an intraorbital pneumocoele that increased in size with Valsalva manoeuvre. The diagnosis, pathology and treatment of intraorbital emphysema and pneumoceles are discussed.", "contents": "[Spontaneous ethmoid pneumocele in chronic maxillary and ethmoid sinusitis and polyposis (author's transl)]. A 47 year old man with asthma, allergic rhinitis, and chronic maxillary and ethmoid sinusitis and polyposis, in whom for 2 years intraorbital pressure symptoms are experienced on nose-blowing, sneezing and coughing, is presented. Paranasal sinus X-rays demonstrated an intraorbital pneumocoele that increased in size with Valsalva manoeuvre. The diagnosis, pathology and treatment of intraorbital emphysema and pneumoceles are discussed.", "PMID": 711519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4852", "title": "[Testing directional hearing with a modified artificial head recording system (author's transl)].", "content": "Previous methods for testing directional hearing are described and a new directional hearing test with a modified artificial head recording system is demonstrated. The new method complies well with natural conditions and allows the possibility of testing different hearing losses. The results of testing in 110 non-exercised subjects are discussed.", "contents": "[Testing directional hearing with a modified artificial head recording system (author's transl)]. Previous methods for testing directional hearing are described and a new directional hearing test with a modified artificial head recording system is demonstrated. The new method complies well with natural conditions and allows the possibility of testing different hearing losses. The results of testing in 110 non-exercised subjects are discussed.", "PMID": 711520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4853", "title": "VA/Q inhomogeneity and AaDO2 in man during exercise: effect of SF6 breathing.", "content": "Pulmonary gas exchange was studied in five normal subjects both at rest and during moderate steady-state exercise on a bicycle ergometer while breathing a) room air and b) a mixture of 20.9% O2-balance sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). The alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure differences (AaDO2) widened significantly from rest to exercise. Breathing the O2-SF6 mixture reduced the AaDo2 significantly from 10.9 to 4.2 Torr at rest and from 15.5 to 10.1 Torr during exercise (P less than or equal to 0.01). There were no concurrent changes in metabolism, cardiac output, or heart rate during the SF6 breathing. Possible changes in the anatomic shunt fraction, alveolar-end-capillary equilibration, or the distribution of blood flow cannot account for these observations. We conclude that the AaDO2 increase during exercise reflects an inhomogeneity of ventilation-perfusion ratios (VA/Q) most probably arising within regions of the lung (intraregional inhomogeneity) rather than between regions (interregional inhomogeneity).", "contents": "VA/Q inhomogeneity and AaDO2 in man during exercise: effect of SF6 breathing. Pulmonary gas exchange was studied in five normal subjects both at rest and during moderate steady-state exercise on a bicycle ergometer while breathing a) room air and b) a mixture of 20.9% O2-balance sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). The alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure differences (AaDO2) widened significantly from rest to exercise. Breathing the O2-SF6 mixture reduced the AaDo2 significantly from 10.9 to 4.2 Torr at rest and from 15.5 to 10.1 Torr during exercise (P less than or equal to 0.01). There were no concurrent changes in metabolism, cardiac output, or heart rate during the SF6 breathing. Possible changes in the anatomic shunt fraction, alveolar-end-capillary equilibration, or the distribution of blood flow cannot account for these observations. We conclude that the AaDO2 increase during exercise reflects an inhomogeneity of ventilation-perfusion ratios (VA/Q) most probably arising within regions of the lung (intraregional inhomogeneity) rather than between regions (interregional inhomogeneity).", "PMID": 711565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4854", "title": "Fibrinogen clearance from alveoli.", "content": "In experiments lasting 311 +/- 8 (SE) min, we studied the clearance of 125I-fibrinogen ([125I])RIF) from distal lung units of anesthetized, ventilated dogs. We instilled varying concentrations of isosmolar, citrated [125I]RIF ranging from 0.75 to 4 mg/ml into alveoli of individual dogs, and we monitored clearance by the use of external detectors and blood and lymph sampling. Approximately 9% [125I]RIF passed into proximal airways according to detector signal analysis. Excluding airway flow, whole lung clearance of [125I]RIF occurred by degradation to small molecules that rapidly became evenly distributed in body extracellular water. The degradation appeared to take place within the distal airway and not within the lung interstitium because 131I-fibrinogen, injected intravenously, was degraded less in passing from plasma to right duct lymph. The intra-alveolar kinetics of [125I]RIF had 1.5 reaction order with a specific rate of 1.27 X 10(-5) ml(3/2)-mg(-1/2)-min(-1). The data indicate that fibrinogen clearance from alveoli occurs by both transbronchial bulk flow and intraalveolar degradation.", "contents": "Fibrinogen clearance from alveoli. In experiments lasting 311 +/- 8 (SE) min, we studied the clearance of 125I-fibrinogen ([125I])RIF) from distal lung units of anesthetized, ventilated dogs. We instilled varying concentrations of isosmolar, citrated [125I]RIF ranging from 0.75 to 4 mg/ml into alveoli of individual dogs, and we monitored clearance by the use of external detectors and blood and lymph sampling. Approximately 9% [125I]RIF passed into proximal airways according to detector signal analysis. Excluding airway flow, whole lung clearance of [125I]RIF occurred by degradation to small molecules that rapidly became evenly distributed in body extracellular water. The degradation appeared to take place within the distal airway and not within the lung interstitium because 131I-fibrinogen, injected intravenously, was degraded less in passing from plasma to right duct lymph. The intra-alveolar kinetics of [125I]RIF had 1.5 reaction order with a specific rate of 1.27 X 10(-5) ml(3/2)-mg(-1/2)-min(-1). The data indicate that fibrinogen clearance from alveoli occurs by both transbronchial bulk flow and intraalveolar degradation.", "PMID": 711566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4855", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of whole-body heating in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "The cardiovascular response to severe whole-body heating was examined in anesthetized spontaneously hypertensive (SH) (mean BP = 140 Torr) and normotensive (N) rats (mean BP = 96 Torr). Elevation of colonic temperature to 44 degrees C resulted in an initial increase in arterial pressure (mean BP: SH = 199 Torr, N = 124 Torr) with a subsequent severe hypotension. There was little evidence to suggest that this collapse in systemic pressure was related to a direct heat impairment of cardiac function. It was more likely the result of a progressive venodilation which produced venous pooling and decreased venous return. The arterial blood pressure response to exogenous catecholamine challenge decreased at elevated temperatures. This suggests that there was a deterioration of the vasoconstrictor response and indicated a possible effect of heat at the receptor or effector level. There were significant differences between the responses of normotensive and hypertensive rats to whole-body heating suggesting an enhanced cardiovascular sensitivity in hypertensive rats that may partially explain earlier reports of inferior thermoregulation and heat intolerance in these animals.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of whole-body heating in spontaneously hypertensive rats. The cardiovascular response to severe whole-body heating was examined in anesthetized spontaneously hypertensive (SH) (mean BP = 140 Torr) and normotensive (N) rats (mean BP = 96 Torr). Elevation of colonic temperature to 44 degrees C resulted in an initial increase in arterial pressure (mean BP: SH = 199 Torr, N = 124 Torr) with a subsequent severe hypotension. There was little evidence to suggest that this collapse in systemic pressure was related to a direct heat impairment of cardiac function. It was more likely the result of a progressive venodilation which produced venous pooling and decreased venous return. The arterial blood pressure response to exogenous catecholamine challenge decreased at elevated temperatures. This suggests that there was a deterioration of the vasoconstrictor response and indicated a possible effect of heat at the receptor or effector level. There were significant differences between the responses of normotensive and hypertensive rats to whole-body heating suggesting an enhanced cardiovascular sensitivity in hypertensive rats that may partially explain earlier reports of inferior thermoregulation and heat intolerance in these animals.", "PMID": 711567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4856", "title": "Regional intrapulmonary gas distribution in awake and anesthetized-paralyzed prone man.", "content": "The intrapulmonary distribution of inspired gas (ventilation/unit lung volume, VI), functional residual capacity (FRC), closing capacity (CC), and the slope of phase III were determined in five awake and five anesthetized-paralyzed volunteers who were in the prone position with the abdomen unsupported. After induction of anesthesia-paralysis, FRC was less in four of five subjects and CC was consistently less. At FRC there was no difference in the vertical gradient of regional lung volumes between the awake and anesthetized-paralyzed prone subjects. Also, there was no difference in VI between the two states. The normalized slope of phase III decreased consistently with induction of anesthesia-paralysis, but the vertical distribution of a 133Xe bolus inhaled from residual volume was not different between the two states. The data of the study are compatible with 1) a pattern of expansion of the respiratory system during anesthesia-paralysis and mechanical ventilation different than that during spontaneous breathing and 2) a more uniform intraregional distribution of inspired gas and/or a different sequence of emptying during anesthesia-paralysis.", "contents": "Regional intrapulmonary gas distribution in awake and anesthetized-paralyzed prone man. The intrapulmonary distribution of inspired gas (ventilation/unit lung volume, VI), functional residual capacity (FRC), closing capacity (CC), and the slope of phase III were determined in five awake and five anesthetized-paralyzed volunteers who were in the prone position with the abdomen unsupported. After induction of anesthesia-paralysis, FRC was less in four of five subjects and CC was consistently less. At FRC there was no difference in the vertical gradient of regional lung volumes between the awake and anesthetized-paralyzed prone subjects. Also, there was no difference in VI between the two states. The normalized slope of phase III decreased consistently with induction of anesthesia-paralysis, but the vertical distribution of a 133Xe bolus inhaled from residual volume was not different between the two states. The data of the study are compatible with 1) a pattern of expansion of the respiratory system during anesthesia-paralysis and mechanical ventilation different than that during spontaneous breathing and 2) a more uniform intraregional distribution of inspired gas and/or a different sequence of emptying during anesthesia-paralysis.", "PMID": 711568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4857", "title": "Camel thyroid metabolism: effect of season and dehydration.", "content": "The thyroid function of normally hydrated and dehydrated camels was examined in winter, spring, and summer. The thyroid was stimulated in summer when water was available, but was inhibited following dehydration. It is concluded that the decline of thyroid function, as gauged by hormone secretion during dehydration in the summer, aids in preservation of body water by decreasing pulmonary water loss and dropping basic metabolism.", "contents": "Camel thyroid metabolism: effect of season and dehydration. The thyroid function of normally hydrated and dehydrated camels was examined in winter, spring, and summer. The thyroid was stimulated in summer when water was available, but was inhibited following dehydration. It is concluded that the decline of thyroid function, as gauged by hormone secretion during dehydration in the summer, aids in preservation of body water by decreasing pulmonary water loss and dropping basic metabolism.", "PMID": 711570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4858", "title": "Pulmonary vasomotion and the distribution of vascular resistance in a dog lung lobe.", "content": "We examined the influence of stellate ganglion stimulation, hypoxia, and the infusion of norepinephrine, PGF2alpha, serotonin, and histamine on the longitudinal distribution of vascular resistance and intravascular pressures in an isolated left lower lobe of the dog lung using the low-viscosity bolus technique. Sympathetic stimulation, norepinephrine, serotonin, PGF2alpha, and hypoxia increased total pulmonary vascular resistance by increasing the resistance, primarily on the arterial or upstream side of the volume midpoint, whereas histamine increased the resistance near the venous end of the lobar vascular bed. Hypoxia increased the volume upstream from the site of maximum resistance, suggesting that the larger lobar arteries were distended by the elevated lobar artery pressure. Sympathetic stimulation, norepinephrine, PGF2alpha, and serotonin, on the other hand, had little effect on the volume upstream from the maximum resistance, suggesting that these vasomotor stimuli prevented distension of the larger arteries.", "contents": "Pulmonary vasomotion and the distribution of vascular resistance in a dog lung lobe. We examined the influence of stellate ganglion stimulation, hypoxia, and the infusion of norepinephrine, PGF2alpha, serotonin, and histamine on the longitudinal distribution of vascular resistance and intravascular pressures in an isolated left lower lobe of the dog lung using the low-viscosity bolus technique. Sympathetic stimulation, norepinephrine, serotonin, PGF2alpha, and hypoxia increased total pulmonary vascular resistance by increasing the resistance, primarily on the arterial or upstream side of the volume midpoint, whereas histamine increased the resistance near the venous end of the lobar vascular bed. Hypoxia increased the volume upstream from the site of maximum resistance, suggesting that the larger lobar arteries were distended by the elevated lobar artery pressure. Sympathetic stimulation, norepinephrine, PGF2alpha, and serotonin, on the other hand, had little effect on the volume upstream from the maximum resistance, suggesting that these vasomotor stimuli prevented distension of the larger arteries.", "PMID": 711571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4859", "title": "Role of shell diffusion area in incubating eggs at simulated high altitude.", "content": "Embryonic development is inhibited when eggs are incubated at 9,100 m (0.3 atm) despite a normoxic environment. The problem apparently relates to respiratory gas exchange occurring by diffusion through gas-filled pores in the shell. Gaseous flux is therefore inversely proportional to ambient pressure and is affected by the physical characteristics of the ambient gas (Chapman-Enskog equation). Excess loss of H2O and CO2 occurs in eggs incubating at altitude and could be detrimental. Such increased loss should be correctable by decreasing diffusion area. This was tested by progressively increasing coverage of the shell with paraffin and incubating at simulated 0.3 ATA (225 Torr) in 100% O2. Uncoated eggs failed to hatch, but numbers of chicks increased with increased coverage. Maximum hatch was an extrapolated 90% of controls at 69% shell coverage. With further coverage, hatch size decreased. Egg weight loss, and estimate of H2O diffusion, was around three times controls in uncoated eggs but decreased linearly with paraffin coverage, reaching near normal at maximum hatch. Reduction of diffusion area to 0.3 normal at maximum hatch generally balanced the increased flux predicted for 0.3 ATA.", "contents": "Role of shell diffusion area in incubating eggs at simulated high altitude. Embryonic development is inhibited when eggs are incubated at 9,100 m (0.3 atm) despite a normoxic environment. The problem apparently relates to respiratory gas exchange occurring by diffusion through gas-filled pores in the shell. Gaseous flux is therefore inversely proportional to ambient pressure and is affected by the physical characteristics of the ambient gas (Chapman-Enskog equation). Excess loss of H2O and CO2 occurs in eggs incubating at altitude and could be detrimental. Such increased loss should be correctable by decreasing diffusion area. This was tested by progressively increasing coverage of the shell with paraffin and incubating at simulated 0.3 ATA (225 Torr) in 100% O2. Uncoated eggs failed to hatch, but numbers of chicks increased with increased coverage. Maximum hatch was an extrapolated 90% of controls at 69% shell coverage. With further coverage, hatch size decreased. Egg weight loss, and estimate of H2O diffusion, was around three times controls in uncoated eggs but decreased linearly with paraffin coverage, reaching near normal at maximum hatch. Reduction of diffusion area to 0.3 normal at maximum hatch generally balanced the increased flux predicted for 0.3 ATA.", "PMID": 711572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4860", "title": "Exercise ventilation correlates positively with ventilatory chemoresponsiveness.", "content": "To determine the relationship of ventilatory responsiveness to hypoxia and hypercapnia to exercise hyperpnea, these responses and steady-state exercise ventilation (VE) were measured in 16 athletes during light (1/3 VO2 max) and heavy (2/3 VO2 max) exercise. Both the hypoxic and hypercapnic ventilatory responses correlated positively with VE per unit metabolic rate (VE/VCO2) at both exercise levels (P less than 0.05). The contribution of the hypoxic response to normoxic exercise VE was quantified by comparing VE in normoxia to VE during a brief (1 min) exposure to high O2 (PAO2 = 200 Torr). High O2 reduced normoxic exercise VE by a mean of 20% at either exercise intensity. Among individuals this reduction was directly dependent upon the intensity of the hypoxic response, and ranged from 7 to 42% of normoxic VE. After the variable reduction of normoxic VE by hyperoxia, all correlations of ventilatory response with exercise VE were lost except for the correlation of hypercapnic response with heavy exercise VE/VCO2. These findings indicate that the extent of VE in light or heavy exercise is modified by the strength of the hypoxic ventilatory response, and that the hypercapnic response independently correlates with VE during heavy exercise.", "contents": "Exercise ventilation correlates positively with ventilatory chemoresponsiveness. To determine the relationship of ventilatory responsiveness to hypoxia and hypercapnia to exercise hyperpnea, these responses and steady-state exercise ventilation (VE) were measured in 16 athletes during light (1/3 VO2 max) and heavy (2/3 VO2 max) exercise. Both the hypoxic and hypercapnic ventilatory responses correlated positively with VE per unit metabolic rate (VE/VCO2) at both exercise levels (P less than 0.05). The contribution of the hypoxic response to normoxic exercise VE was quantified by comparing VE in normoxia to VE during a brief (1 min) exposure to high O2 (PAO2 = 200 Torr). High O2 reduced normoxic exercise VE by a mean of 20% at either exercise intensity. Among individuals this reduction was directly dependent upon the intensity of the hypoxic response, and ranged from 7 to 42% of normoxic VE. After the variable reduction of normoxic VE by hyperoxia, all correlations of ventilatory response with exercise VE were lost except for the correlation of hypercapnic response with heavy exercise VE/VCO2. These findings indicate that the extent of VE in light or heavy exercise is modified by the strength of the hypoxic ventilatory response, and that the hypercapnic response independently correlates with VE during heavy exercise.", "PMID": 711573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4861", "title": "Role of cardiac output in the pressor responses to graded muscle ischemia in man.", "content": "Ten men repeatedly performed leg exercise (100-150 W) for 7 min with 30-min recovery periods interspersed. Both legs were made ischemic by total occlusion (OCCL), first for 3 min immediately after exercise and second for 30 s before exercise ended and 3 min into recovery. In addition legs were occluded for 3 min at rest (seated). OCCL at rest increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) by 9 Torr but did not affect cardiac output (CO) or heart rate (HR). OCCL at the end of exercise significantly raised MAP and HR above control values during 3-min recovery but CO was unaffected. OCCL 30 s before the end of exercise further increased MAP and HR significantly during recovery; MAP, CO, and HR were significantly increased above control values (CO by 2.1 1-min-1) during the 3rd min of recovery. We conclude that a strong reflex from ischemic legs maintains normal or elevated CO during leg OCCL. Thus CO was too high relative to total vascular conductance so that MAP was elevated.", "contents": "Role of cardiac output in the pressor responses to graded muscle ischemia in man. Ten men repeatedly performed leg exercise (100-150 W) for 7 min with 30-min recovery periods interspersed. Both legs were made ischemic by total occlusion (OCCL), first for 3 min immediately after exercise and second for 30 s before exercise ended and 3 min into recovery. In addition legs were occluded for 3 min at rest (seated). OCCL at rest increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) by 9 Torr but did not affect cardiac output (CO) or heart rate (HR). OCCL at the end of exercise significantly raised MAP and HR above control values during 3-min recovery but CO was unaffected. OCCL 30 s before the end of exercise further increased MAP and HR significantly during recovery; MAP, CO, and HR were significantly increased above control values (CO by 2.1 1-min-1) during the 3rd min of recovery. We conclude that a strong reflex from ischemic legs maintains normal or elevated CO during leg OCCL. Thus CO was too high relative to total vascular conductance so that MAP was elevated.", "PMID": 711574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4862", "title": "Effects of body position change on thoracoabdominal motion.", "content": "With a linearized respiratory magnetometer, measurements of anteroposterior and lateral diameters of both the rib cage and the abdomen were made at functional residual capacity and continuously during tidal breathing. Twenty-five subjects with normal respiratory systems were studied in the sitting, supine, lateral decubitus, and prone body positions. When subjects changed from sitting to supine position anteroposterior diameters of both rib cage and abdomen decreased while their lateral diameters increased. Both anteroposterior and lateral tidal excursions of the rib cage decreased; those of the abdomen increased. When subjects turned from supine to lateral decubitus position both anteroposterior diameters increased and the lateral diameters decreased. This was associated with an increase in both lateral excursions and a decrease in the abdominal anteroposterior excursions. Diameters and tidal excursions in the prone position resembled those in the supine position. Diameter changes could be explained by gravitational effects. Differences in tidal excursions accompanying body position change were probably related to 1) differences in the distribution of respiratory muscle force, 2) differences in the activity or mechanical advantage of various inspiratory muscles, and 3) local compliance changes in parts of the rib cage and abdomen.", "contents": "Effects of body position change on thoracoabdominal motion. With a linearized respiratory magnetometer, measurements of anteroposterior and lateral diameters of both the rib cage and the abdomen were made at functional residual capacity and continuously during tidal breathing. Twenty-five subjects with normal respiratory systems were studied in the sitting, supine, lateral decubitus, and prone body positions. When subjects changed from sitting to supine position anteroposterior diameters of both rib cage and abdomen decreased while their lateral diameters increased. Both anteroposterior and lateral tidal excursions of the rib cage decreased; those of the abdomen increased. When subjects turned from supine to lateral decubitus position both anteroposterior diameters increased and the lateral diameters decreased. This was associated with an increase in both lateral excursions and a decrease in the abdominal anteroposterior excursions. Diameters and tidal excursions in the prone position resembled those in the supine position. Diameter changes could be explained by gravitational effects. Differences in tidal excursions accompanying body position change were probably related to 1) differences in the distribution of respiratory muscle force, 2) differences in the activity or mechanical advantage of various inspiratory muscles, and 3) local compliance changes in parts of the rib cage and abdomen.", "PMID": 711575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4863", "title": "Mechanisms of pulsus paradoxus in upper airway obstruction.", "content": "Pulsus paradoxus, a greater than 10 Torr systolic pressure fluctuation during the respiratory cycle, is seen in upper airway obstruction. To test the hypotheses 1) that blood is pooled in the pulmonary circulation with reduced return to the left heart during inspiration and 2) that inspiration increases left ventricular afterload, the following was done. Esophageal pressure (Pes), pericardial pressure (Pp), left atrial transmural pressure (Platm), and left ventricular transmural pressure at end-isovolumic systole (Plvtm) were recorded during partially obstructed inspirations in spontaneously breathing dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital (25 mg/kg). Changes in Pes and Pp were nearly identical (r = 0.9883) confirming that changes in Pes adequately reflect changes in Pp. During inspiration Platm and Plvtm increased 0.5 and 0.4 Torr, respectively, per Torr decrease in Pes suggesting that increased blood return to left atrium and increased left ventricular afterload occur. Similar changes were observed during near constant thoracic volume (total airway block) and cardiac reflex blockade (atropine 0.05 mg/kg and propranolol 0.5 mg/kg). Thus mechanical factors including left ventricular afterload appear of major importance in producing pulsus paradoxus in upper airway obstruction.", "contents": "Mechanisms of pulsus paradoxus in upper airway obstruction. Pulsus paradoxus, a greater than 10 Torr systolic pressure fluctuation during the respiratory cycle, is seen in upper airway obstruction. To test the hypotheses 1) that blood is pooled in the pulmonary circulation with reduced return to the left heart during inspiration and 2) that inspiration increases left ventricular afterload, the following was done. Esophageal pressure (Pes), pericardial pressure (Pp), left atrial transmural pressure (Platm), and left ventricular transmural pressure at end-isovolumic systole (Plvtm) were recorded during partially obstructed inspirations in spontaneously breathing dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital (25 mg/kg). Changes in Pes and Pp were nearly identical (r = 0.9883) confirming that changes in Pes adequately reflect changes in Pp. During inspiration Platm and Plvtm increased 0.5 and 0.4 Torr, respectively, per Torr decrease in Pes suggesting that increased blood return to left atrium and increased left ventricular afterload occur. Similar changes were observed during near constant thoracic volume (total airway block) and cardiac reflex blockade (atropine 0.05 mg/kg and propranolol 0.5 mg/kg). Thus mechanical factors including left ventricular afterload appear of major importance in producing pulsus paradoxus in upper airway obstruction.", "PMID": 711577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4864", "title": "Effects of exercise training on coronary reactive hyperemia and blood flow in the dog.", "content": "The reactive hyperemic responses to 10-s coronary occlusions were studied in seven sedentary-control (C) and eight exercise-trained (T) anesthetized dogs, with electromagnetic flowmeters placed on the left anterior descending coronary artery. Radiolabeled microspheres (9 +/- 0.8 micron) were used to measure resting coronary flow per gram and to study the effects of isoproterenol infusion (ISO) (1 mg/kg-min) on total and regional coronary flow. Base-line coronary flow per 100 g was significantly greater in the T dogs (122 +/- 7) than in C dogs (100 +/- 4). During ISO, T and C coronary resistances did not differ significantly, whereas the effects of ISO on total and regional coronary flow were quite different in T dogs as compared to C dogs. C and T hyperemic flow debt repayments did not differ significantly; however, the peak reactive hyperemic flow in T dogs (344 +/- 12%) was significantly greater than the control (306 +/- 10%). Since resting coronary flow per gram was greater in T dogs, the greater peak reactive hyperemic flow implies that T dogs have an increased coronary reserve. Although the mechanisms involved are unclear, the results of this study indicate that chronic exercise training may have beneficial effects on coronary physiology.", "contents": "Effects of exercise training on coronary reactive hyperemia and blood flow in the dog. The reactive hyperemic responses to 10-s coronary occlusions were studied in seven sedentary-control (C) and eight exercise-trained (T) anesthetized dogs, with electromagnetic flowmeters placed on the left anterior descending coronary artery. Radiolabeled microspheres (9 +/- 0.8 micron) were used to measure resting coronary flow per gram and to study the effects of isoproterenol infusion (ISO) (1 mg/kg-min) on total and regional coronary flow. Base-line coronary flow per 100 g was significantly greater in the T dogs (122 +/- 7) than in C dogs (100 +/- 4). During ISO, T and C coronary resistances did not differ significantly, whereas the effects of ISO on total and regional coronary flow were quite different in T dogs as compared to C dogs. C and T hyperemic flow debt repayments did not differ significantly; however, the peak reactive hyperemic flow in T dogs (344 +/- 12%) was significantly greater than the control (306 +/- 10%). Since resting coronary flow per gram was greater in T dogs, the greater peak reactive hyperemic flow implies that T dogs have an increased coronary reserve. Although the mechanisms involved are unclear, the results of this study indicate that chronic exercise training may have beneficial effects on coronary physiology.", "PMID": 711578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4865", "title": "Relaxed +GZ tolerance in healthy men: effect of age.", "content": "Fifty-three healthy US Air Force aircrewmen, 26-55 yr old, volunteered for a centrifuge study designed to determine the effect of age on relaxed +GZ tolerance. Each was subjected to G forces of gradual and rapid onset, with G tolerance determined by standardized contraction of peripheral visual fields. Of the subject characteristics studied, only age was positively correlated with rapid-onset G tolerance; both age and weight were positively correlated with gradual-onset G tolerance. A combination of age and weight gave a stronger positive correlation with G tolerance (rapid- and gradual-onset) than did either characteristic alone. No significant negative correlations were observed. We conclude that aging may offer some protection from G stress; there is no evidence that aging leads to a decrement in G tolerance.", "contents": "Relaxed +GZ tolerance in healthy men: effect of age. Fifty-three healthy US Air Force aircrewmen, 26-55 yr old, volunteered for a centrifuge study designed to determine the effect of age on relaxed +GZ tolerance. Each was subjected to G forces of gradual and rapid onset, with G tolerance determined by standardized contraction of peripheral visual fields. Of the subject characteristics studied, only age was positively correlated with rapid-onset G tolerance; both age and weight were positively correlated with gradual-onset G tolerance. A combination of age and weight gave a stronger positive correlation with G tolerance (rapid- and gradual-onset) than did either characteristic alone. No significant negative correlations were observed. We conclude that aging may offer some protection from G stress; there is no evidence that aging leads to a decrement in G tolerance.", "PMID": 711580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4866", "title": "A respiratory jacket for ventilatory measurements in children.", "content": "The properties of an air-filled polyurethane-coated nylon jacket for measuring volume parameters were determined on a model and in 13 subjects. There was a linear relationship between jacket pressure on a logarithmic scale and the lung volume change over an operating pressure range of 0.7-6 cmH2O. The magnitude of pressure change was frequency dependent. The magnitude of a calibration signal was reduced by superimposed tidal breathing. For the jacket tested, the calibration signal during tidal breathing was 87% of the calibration during apnea. With these properties established, a calibration technique was devised and tested on 13 infants. Corrected tidal volumes (VT) obtained with the jacket correlated well with those obtained with a pneumotachograph (r = 0.986). At the operating pressures used the jacket caused no significant change in functional residual capacity (FRC), VT, or frequency. The jacket is a reliable technique for measurement of VT and immediate changes in FRC in awake children.", "contents": "A respiratory jacket for ventilatory measurements in children. The properties of an air-filled polyurethane-coated nylon jacket for measuring volume parameters were determined on a model and in 13 subjects. There was a linear relationship between jacket pressure on a logarithmic scale and the lung volume change over an operating pressure range of 0.7-6 cmH2O. The magnitude of pressure change was frequency dependent. The magnitude of a calibration signal was reduced by superimposed tidal breathing. For the jacket tested, the calibration signal during tidal breathing was 87% of the calibration during apnea. With these properties established, a calibration technique was devised and tested on 13 infants. Corrected tidal volumes (VT) obtained with the jacket correlated well with those obtained with a pneumotachograph (r = 0.986). At the operating pressures used the jacket caused no significant change in functional residual capacity (FRC), VT, or frequency. The jacket is a reliable technique for measurement of VT and immediate changes in FRC in awake children.", "PMID": 711581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4867", "title": "An electrode for PN2O and PO2 analysis in blood and gas.", "content": "The development of a new polarographic sensor for measuring simultaneously both N2O and O2, in either gas or blood, is described. The cathode is made of silver, and it is shown that silver deposition on normal platinum or gold cathode electrodes can result in an enhancement of a PO2 signal, when measured in the presence of nitrous oxide. Silver can be deposited on the cathode by means of Ag+ ions diffusing through the electrolyte from an Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The use of an Ag cathode enables both O2 and N2O signals to be measured.", "contents": "An electrode for PN2O and PO2 analysis in blood and gas. The development of a new polarographic sensor for measuring simultaneously both N2O and O2, in either gas or blood, is described. The cathode is made of silver, and it is shown that silver deposition on normal platinum or gold cathode electrodes can result in an enhancement of a PO2 signal, when measured in the presence of nitrous oxide. Silver can be deposited on the cathode by means of Ag+ ions diffusing through the electrolyte from an Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The use of an Ag cathode enables both O2 and N2O signals to be measured.", "PMID": 711582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4868", "title": "A simple technique for measuring alveolar CO2 in infants.", "content": "We designed a system consisting of a nostril adapter and a catheter for measurement of end-tidal (\"alveolar\") CO2 in small infants using the Beckman LB-1 analyzer. Using this system, we obtained a capillary-\"alveolar\" PCO2 difference (PaCO2-PACO2) of 2.4 Torr in 19 normal term infants, 3.5 Torr in 12 preterm infants who had recovered from respiratory distress syndrome, and 9.0 Torr in 4 preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. We also found in 5 infants that systems using faster flow rates (140-400 ml-min-1) or slower response times (greater than 0.3 s) reduced the duration of the alveolar plateaus as well as the calculated end-tidal PCO2. In addition, when term infants were not in a steady state, PACO2 values were unreliable and significantly lower than capillary values. We therefore conclude that measurement of alveolar CO2 using our technique is a simple noninvasive way of evaluating newborn pulmonary function.", "contents": "A simple technique for measuring alveolar CO2 in infants. We designed a system consisting of a nostril adapter and a catheter for measurement of end-tidal (\"alveolar\") CO2 in small infants using the Beckman LB-1 analyzer. Using this system, we obtained a capillary-\"alveolar\" PCO2 difference (PaCO2-PACO2) of 2.4 Torr in 19 normal term infants, 3.5 Torr in 12 preterm infants who had recovered from respiratory distress syndrome, and 9.0 Torr in 4 preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. We also found in 5 infants that systems using faster flow rates (140-400 ml-min-1) or slower response times (greater than 0.3 s) reduced the duration of the alveolar plateaus as well as the calculated end-tidal PCO2. In addition, when term infants were not in a steady state, PACO2 values were unreliable and significantly lower than capillary values. We therefore conclude that measurement of alveolar CO2 using our technique is a simple noninvasive way of evaluating newborn pulmonary function.", "PMID": 711583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4869", "title": "Effect of interval between booster vaccination and time of breeding on protection against campylobacteriosis (vibriosis) in cattle.", "content": "Thirteen heifers (group A) given a booster vaccination with Campylobacter fetus 4 1/2 months before breeding to bulls infected with the homologous strain had a pregnancy rate of 54%, compared with a pregnancy rate of 92% for 12 heifers (group B) given a booster vaccination 10 days before the 63-day breeding period began. None of 7 nonvaccinated heifers became pregnant, and all remained infected for at least 136 days. All three groups of heifers were bred by the same infected bulls. Nine of the heifers in group A, but none of the heifers in group B, became infected during the first estrus. Blood serum agglutination titers peaked 2 weeks after the first vaccination but  decreased to prevaccination titers 6 weeks later. Titers more than double those produced by one vaccination peaked between 2 and 3 weeks after booster vaccination but in most heifers had decreased to low titers 7 weeks later. When the breeding period began, the median antibody titer was 640 for heifers in group A and 10, 240 for heifers in group B. Indications of an anamnestic response due to natural challenge were not found in any of the 9 infected heifers in group A when serum titers were determined 27 and 34 days after breeding began. Therefore, it appears that in many heifers and cows, only the antibodies produced by booster vaccination will be available to provide protection. Inasmuch as vaccinal antibody titers decrease rapidly, it was concluded that booster vaccinations should be given approximately 10 days before breeding so that titers will be high during the breeding period.", "contents": "Effect of interval between booster vaccination and time of breeding on protection against campylobacteriosis (vibriosis) in cattle. Thirteen heifers (group A) given a booster vaccination with Campylobacter fetus 4 1/2 months before breeding to bulls infected with the homologous strain had a pregnancy rate of 54%, compared with a pregnancy rate of 92% for 12 heifers (group B) given a booster vaccination 10 days before the 63-day breeding period began. None of 7 nonvaccinated heifers became pregnant, and all remained infected for at least 136 days. All three groups of heifers were bred by the same infected bulls. Nine of the heifers in group A, but none of the heifers in group B, became infected during the first estrus. Blood serum agglutination titers peaked 2 weeks after the first vaccination but  decreased to prevaccination titers 6 weeks later. Titers more than double those produced by one vaccination peaked between 2 and 3 weeks after booster vaccination but in most heifers had decreased to low titers 7 weeks later. When the breeding period began, the median antibody titer was 640 for heifers in group A and 10, 240 for heifers in group B. Indications of an anamnestic response due to natural challenge were not found in any of the 9 infected heifers in group A when serum titers were determined 27 and 34 days after breeding began. Therefore, it appears that in many heifers and cows, only the antibodies produced by booster vaccination will be available to provide protection. Inasmuch as vaccinal antibody titers decrease rapidly, it was concluded that booster vaccinations should be given approximately 10 days before breeding so that titers will be high during the breeding period.", "PMID": 711587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4870", "title": "Evaluation of a transport medium for campylobacter (Vibrio) fetus.", "content": "A quantitative assessment was performed on a serum enrichment medium for Campylobacter (Vibrio) fetus, to test its effectiveness as a transport medium. Abundant yields of C fetus were obtained with an inoculum size of 10(4), even after keeping the medium in air at 22 to 23 C for 4 days prior to incubation at 37 C under microaerophilic conditions. The organism could be isolated from the medium kept in air at 22 to 23 C for at least 2 days, with an inoculum as small as 100 organisms. It was concluded that this formulation comprises a convenient and effective transport medium for field use. Transit time should not exceed 3 days and, ideally, should be restricted to less than or equal to 2 days. At least duplicate vials of transport medium should be inoculated with each sample.", "contents": "Evaluation of a transport medium for campylobacter (Vibrio) fetus. A quantitative assessment was performed on a serum enrichment medium for Campylobacter (Vibrio) fetus, to test its effectiveness as a transport medium. Abundant yields of C fetus were obtained with an inoculum size of 10(4), even after keeping the medium in air at 22 to 23 C for 4 days prior to incubation at 37 C under microaerophilic conditions. The organism could be isolated from the medium kept in air at 22 to 23 C for at least 2 days, with an inoculum as small as 100 organisms. It was concluded that this formulation comprises a convenient and effective transport medium for field use. Transit time should not exceed 3 days and, ideally, should be restricted to less than or equal to 2 days. At least duplicate vials of transport medium should be inoculated with each sample.", "PMID": 711588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4871", "title": "Anomalous left coronary artery in a calf.", "content": "An anomalous left coronary artery was seen arising from an ostium in the pulmonary artery in a 4-month-old Hereford calf. Endocardial fibrosis was found in the left atrium and left ventricle. The mitral valve was dilated and thickened. A normal right coronary artery originated from the aorta.", "contents": "Anomalous left coronary artery in a calf. An anomalous left coronary artery was seen arising from an ostium in the pulmonary artery in a 4-month-old Hereford calf. Endocardial fibrosis was found in the left atrium and left ventricle. The mitral valve was dilated and thickened. A normal right coronary artery originated from the aorta.", "PMID": 711589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4872", "title": "Age and milk production data of cattle culled from a dairy herd with paratuberculosis.", "content": "Statistical assessment of age and milk production data revealed a significantly shorter life expectancy and reduced milk production of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis-infected dairy cows, when compared with non-infected herdmates. High producing cows were frequently culled after their 1st or 2nd gestation, contributing to an undetermined economic loss with regard to their potential breeding value. Cows with subclinical infection frequently had problems of infertility and of mastitis.", "contents": "Age and milk production data of cattle culled from a dairy herd with paratuberculosis. Statistical assessment of age and milk production data revealed a significantly shorter life expectancy and reduced milk production of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis-infected dairy cows, when compared with non-infected herdmates. High producing cows were frequently culled after their 1st or 2nd gestation, contributing to an undetermined economic loss with regard to their potential breeding value. Cows with subclinical infection frequently had problems of infertility and of mastitis.", "PMID": 711590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4873", "title": "Azotemia in cattle.", "content": "Blood biochemical studies were performed on 21 azotemic cattle with various disease conditions. The cattle were greater than or equal to 4 months old. Blood urea nitrogen concentrations ranged from 41 to 346 mg/dl. The azotemia was determined to be of prerenal origin in 10 cattle and of renal or postrenal origin in 11 cattle. The most consistent biochemical finding was that of hypochloremia. Sixteen cattle had lower than normal concentrations of serum calcium, and 15 had serum inorganic phosphorus concentrations greater than normal. In 17 cattle, the serum concentration of inorganic phosphorus was greater than that of calcium. Plasma sodium content was lower than normal in 9 of the 21 cattle, and plasma potassium concentrations were quite variable. Most of the cattle tended to maintain a normal acid-base status or had metabolic alkalosis. It was concluded that evaluation of biochemical data does not make it possible to determine whether azotemia is prerenal, renal, or postrenal in origin.", "contents": "Azotemia in cattle. Blood biochemical studies were performed on 21 azotemic cattle with various disease conditions. The cattle were greater than or equal to 4 months old. Blood urea nitrogen concentrations ranged from 41 to 346 mg/dl. The azotemia was determined to be of prerenal origin in 10 cattle and of renal or postrenal origin in 11 cattle. The most consistent biochemical finding was that of hypochloremia. Sixteen cattle had lower than normal concentrations of serum calcium, and 15 had serum inorganic phosphorus concentrations greater than normal. In 17 cattle, the serum concentration of inorganic phosphorus was greater than that of calcium. Plasma sodium content was lower than normal in 9 of the 21 cattle, and plasma potassium concentrations were quite variable. Most of the cattle tended to maintain a normal acid-base status or had metabolic alkalosis. It was concluded that evaluation of biochemical data does not make it possible to determine whether azotemia is prerenal, renal, or postrenal in origin.", "PMID": 711591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4874", "title": "Induced paragonimiasis in cats: clinical signs and diagnosis.", "content": "Twenty-eight specific-pathogen-free cats were inoculated with 14 to 50 metacercariae of Paragonimus kellicotti obtained from the hearts of naturally infected crayfish. Young flukes excysted in the intestine of cats and appeared in the peritoneal cavity from 1 to 14 days after inoculation (DAI) and in the pleural cavity from 5 to 23 DAI. Flukes penetrated the pulmonary parenchyma and formed hemorrhagic subpleural lesions within 5 weeks after inoculation. Marked eosinophilia developed between 2 and 12 weeks after inoculation. Fluke-containing pulmonary lesions were detected by radiography 3 to 4 weeks after inoculation. Lesions developed most frequently in the right caudal lung lobe. Clinical signs were mild and did not appear until 4 weeks after inoculation. Thereafter, cats appeared dull and coughed intermittently. One cat became dyspneic due to pneumothorax. Paragonimus eggs were first detected at the 34th DAI, using a fecal sedimentation technique.", "contents": "Induced paragonimiasis in cats: clinical signs and diagnosis. Twenty-eight specific-pathogen-free cats were inoculated with 14 to 50 metacercariae of Paragonimus kellicotti obtained from the hearts of naturally infected crayfish. Young flukes excysted in the intestine of cats and appeared in the peritoneal cavity from 1 to 14 days after inoculation (DAI) and in the pleural cavity from 5 to 23 DAI. Flukes penetrated the pulmonary parenchyma and formed hemorrhagic subpleural lesions within 5 weeks after inoculation. Marked eosinophilia developed between 2 and 12 weeks after inoculation. Fluke-containing pulmonary lesions were detected by radiography 3 to 4 weeks after inoculation. Lesions developed most frequently in the right caudal lung lobe. Clinical signs were mild and did not appear until 4 weeks after inoculation. Thereafter, cats appeared dull and coughed intermittently. One cat became dyspneic due to pneumothorax. Paragonimus eggs were first detected at the 34th DAI, using a fecal sedimentation technique.", "PMID": 711593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4875", "title": "Portal hypertension secondary to a right atrial tumor in a dog.", "content": "A German Shepherd Dog was examined because of ascites and hepatomegaly. The finding of proteinaceous ascitic fluid and hepatic histologic features of centrizonal sinusoidal congestion suggested hepatic venous outflow obstruction. Diagnostic tests eliminated heart failure from the differential diagnosis and thus indicated an obstruction between the right atrium and hepatic sinusoids. Vascular manometry and angiography established the site of the lesion in the right atrium and confirmed portal vein hypertension. Surgical exploration revealed an unresectable right atrial tumor occluding the caudal vena cava.", "contents": "Portal hypertension secondary to a right atrial tumor in a dog. A German Shepherd Dog was examined because of ascites and hepatomegaly. The finding of proteinaceous ascitic fluid and hepatic histologic features of centrizonal sinusoidal congestion suggested hepatic venous outflow obstruction. Diagnostic tests eliminated heart failure from the differential diagnosis and thus indicated an obstruction between the right atrium and hepatic sinusoids. Vascular manometry and angiography established the site of the lesion in the right atrium and confirmed portal vein hypertension. Surgical exploration revealed an unresectable right atrial tumor occluding the caudal vena cava.", "PMID": 711596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4876", "title": "Acquired achalasia (megaesophagus) in a dog: clinical features and response to therapy.", "content": "Acquired megaesophagus was diagnosed in a mature mixed-breed dog. The onset of clinical signs, pattern of esophageal motility, and response to surgery differed from these factors in dogs with congenital megaesophagus. The dog improved following esophagomyotomy and feeding from an elevated container. Emptying of the esophagus improved postsurgically.", "contents": "Acquired achalasia (megaesophagus) in a dog: clinical features and response to therapy. Acquired megaesophagus was diagnosed in a mature mixed-breed dog. The onset of clinical signs, pattern of esophageal motility, and response to surgery differed from these factors in dogs with congenital megaesophagus. The dog improved following esophagomyotomy and feeding from an elevated container. Emptying of the esophagus improved postsurgically.", "PMID": 711597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4877", "title": "Lymphangioma in four dogs.", "content": "Lymphangioma, a rare benign tumor of lymph vessels, was diagnosed in 4 dogs. The lesions were in the nasopharynx, retroperitoneum, axilla, and medial aspect of thigh. Treatment was either surgical excision or marsupialization.", "contents": "Lymphangioma in four dogs. Lymphangioma, a rare benign tumor of lymph vessels, was diagnosed in 4 dogs. The lesions were in the nasopharynx, retroperitoneum, axilla, and medial aspect of thigh. Treatment was either surgical excision or marsupialization.", "PMID": 711598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4878", "title": "Surgical approach for medial meniscectomy in the horse.", "content": "After preliminary studies on cadavers, a surgical approach was developed for removal of the medial meniscus, offering maximal exposure and minimal trauma to the articular surfaces of the medial tibial plateau and femoral condyle. Medial meniscectomy was then performed on 10 clinically normal horses that had been given general anesthesia. Nine horses were euthanatized at intervals of 1 to 6 months, and the joints were evaluated grossly and histologically. (One horse will be examined 1 year after surgery). Medial meniscus tears were diagnosed in 5 horses; medial meniscectomy was done on 4 horses and 1 horse was rested. Removal of the medial meniscus was considered feasible in the horse, but the resulting degree of locomotor impairment varies. Prognosis for surgical removal of the medial meniscus was considered to be guarded to good.", "contents": "Surgical approach for medial meniscectomy in the horse. After preliminary studies on cadavers, a surgical approach was developed for removal of the medial meniscus, offering maximal exposure and minimal trauma to the articular surfaces of the medial tibial plateau and femoral condyle. Medial meniscectomy was then performed on 10 clinically normal horses that had been given general anesthesia. Nine horses were euthanatized at intervals of 1 to 6 months, and the joints were evaluated grossly and histologically. (One horse will be examined 1 year after surgery). Medial meniscus tears were diagnosed in 5 horses; medial meniscectomy was done on 4 horses and 1 horse was rested. Removal of the medial meniscus was considered feasible in the horse, but the resulting degree of locomotor impairment varies. Prognosis for surgical removal of the medial meniscus was considered to be guarded to good.", "PMID": 711600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4879", "title": "Clinical and clinicopathologic observations in induced malignant catarrhal fever of cattle.", "content": "In an epizootic of malignant catarrhal fever in 1976/1977 in southern California, 166 cows (17%) died. Blood from one of those cows was used in transmission studies involving 8- to 14-month-old steers. In 17 (74%) of 23 inoculated steers, the disease was reproduced. The clinical signs in 8 of the diseased steers were characterized by an initially mild intestinal form of the disease, which suddenly fulminated and terminated in death within 1 to 3 days. No lesions or only mild oral or ocular lesions were noticed in this group, but in the other steers, such lesions predominated. It was concluded that a subtle form of the disease can terminate in acute fatal indigestion.", "contents": "Clinical and clinicopathologic observations in induced malignant catarrhal fever of cattle. In an epizootic of malignant catarrhal fever in 1976/1977 in southern California, 166 cows (17%) died. Blood from one of those cows was used in transmission studies involving 8- to 14-month-old steers. In 17 (74%) of 23 inoculated steers, the disease was reproduced. The clinical signs in 8 of the diseased steers were characterized by an initially mild intestinal form of the disease, which suddenly fulminated and terminated in death within 1 to 3 days. No lesions or only mild oral or ocular lesions were noticed in this group, but in the other steers, such lesions predominated. It was concluded that a subtle form of the disease can terminate in acute fatal indigestion.", "PMID": 711603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4880", "title": "Effect of local anesthesia of the penis and dorsal penile neurectomy on the mating ability of bulls.", "content": "Eleven bulls were used to study the effect of the loss of nerve sensitivity in the free portion of the penis and glans penis on their ability to copulate. The loss of sensitivity was induced by topical anesthesia, infiltration anesthesia, and dorsal penile neurectomy. Topical anesthesia of the glans penis reduced the ability of the bulls to search for and to locate the vagina and to complete copulation; however, all bulls eventually copulated. Topical anesthesia of the free portion of the penis and glans penis blocked the ability of all bulls to copulate. Infiltration of the glans penis with lidocaine resulted in bulls failing to ejaculate, indicating the need for input from deep nerve receptors. Ten of the eleven bulls with unilateral neurectomy were able to copulate, but a longer time was required. In the one bull that failed to complete intromission and ejaculation, the sectioned nerve made up 75% of the nerve mass to the distal end of the penis, leaving only a small number of functional fibers. With this small number of fibers, there may have been insufficient sensory input to elicit the thrusting responses and to cause the animal to ejaculate. Bulls with bilateral neurectomy were unable to copulate.", "contents": "Effect of local anesthesia of the penis and dorsal penile neurectomy on the mating ability of bulls. Eleven bulls were used to study the effect of the loss of nerve sensitivity in the free portion of the penis and glans penis on their ability to copulate. The loss of sensitivity was induced by topical anesthesia, infiltration anesthesia, and dorsal penile neurectomy. Topical anesthesia of the glans penis reduced the ability of the bulls to search for and to locate the vagina and to complete copulation; however, all bulls eventually copulated. Topical anesthesia of the free portion of the penis and glans penis blocked the ability of all bulls to copulate. Infiltration of the glans penis with lidocaine resulted in bulls failing to ejaculate, indicating the need for input from deep nerve receptors. Ten of the eleven bulls with unilateral neurectomy were able to copulate, but a longer time was required. In the one bull that failed to complete intromission and ejaculation, the sectioned nerve made up 75% of the nerve mass to the distal end of the penis, leaving only a small number of functional fibers. With this small number of fibers, there may have been insufficient sensory input to elicit the thrusting responses and to cause the animal to ejaculate. Bulls with bilateral neurectomy were unable to copulate.", "PMID": 711604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4881", "title": "Evaluation of phosmet for the control of the common scabies mite on cattle.", "content": "Thirty-four young range cattle heavily infested with the common scabies mite, Psoroptes ovis, were dipped in phosmet (O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate S-ester with N-(mercaptomethyl)phthalimide) in 15 trials. All concentrations from 0.15% to 0.25% that were applied once failed in at least one trial, but all concentrations from 0.075% to 0.20% were successful in eradicating mites when used twice at 7- to 10-day intervals. One single dip tried at 0.30% also was successful. Uninfested yearlings were dipped in 0.30% phosmet without apparent intoxication, but 2-year-old cattle treated in a spray-dip machine at 0.40% active ingredient became depressed and stiff gaited.", "contents": "Evaluation of phosmet for the control of the common scabies mite on cattle. Thirty-four young range cattle heavily infested with the common scabies mite, Psoroptes ovis, were dipped in phosmet (O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate S-ester with N-(mercaptomethyl)phthalimide) in 15 trials. All concentrations from 0.15% to 0.25% that were applied once failed in at least one trial, but all concentrations from 0.075% to 0.20% were successful in eradicating mites when used twice at 7- to 10-day intervals. One single dip tried at 0.30% also was successful. Uninfested yearlings were dipped in 0.30% phosmet without apparent intoxication, but 2-year-old cattle treated in a spray-dip machine at 0.40% active ingredient became depressed and stiff gaited.", "PMID": 711605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4882", "title": "Acquired bilateral cortical cataracts in mature sows.", "content": "Bilateral cortical cataracts developed in approximately 30% of all sows greater than or equal to 2 1/2 years old on 4 farms in southwestern Ontario and on 2 farms in Quebec. A cataractogenic agent was not established, but hygromycin B was suspected as the cause.", "contents": "Acquired bilateral cortical cataracts in mature sows. Bilateral cortical cataracts developed in approximately 30% of all sows greater than or equal to 2 1/2 years old on 4 farms in southwestern Ontario and on 2 farms in Quebec. A cataractogenic agent was not established, but hygromycin B was suspected as the cause.", "PMID": 711606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4883", "title": "Repair of fractured dens of the axis in a foal.", "content": "Quadriplegia of 4 days' duration in a 3-week-old foal was caused by displacement of the dens of the axis due to a fracture at the dens growth plate. The displacement was reduced and was immobilized surgically. Two months after surgery, the foal was able to rise, walk, and trot without apparent neurologic deficiencies. Three years later, the only defect was a mild gait disturbance in the left hindlimb seen at a canter and a gallop.", "contents": "Repair of fractured dens of the axis in a foal. Quadriplegia of 4 days' duration in a 3-week-old foal was caused by displacement of the dens of the axis due to a fracture at the dens growth plate. The displacement was reduced and was immobilized surgically. Two months after surgery, the foal was able to rise, walk, and trot without apparent neurologic deficiencies. Three years later, the only defect was a mild gait disturbance in the left hindlimb seen at a canter and a gallop.", "PMID": 711607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4884", "title": "A new route to the synthesis of cyclitol derivatives.", "content": "Three cyclitol derivatives, 2,4/3-triacetoxycyclohexanone diethyl dithioketal (XVIII), and 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-1-O-ethyl-2,4/1,3-cyclohexanetetrol (XXA) and 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-1-O-ethyl-1,2,4/3-cyclohexanetetrol (XXB), have been synthesized via the cyclisation of 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-5,6-dideoxy-D-xylo-hex-5-enose diethyl dithioacetal (XIV) and the cyclisation of 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-5,6-dideoxy-D-xylo-hex-5-enose diethyl acetal (XV) under ultraviolet or direct sunlight, in aqueous acetone.", "contents": "A new route to the synthesis of cyclitol derivatives. Three cyclitol derivatives, 2,4/3-triacetoxycyclohexanone diethyl dithioketal (XVIII), and 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-1-O-ethyl-2,4/1,3-cyclohexanetetrol (XXA) and 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-1-O-ethyl-1,2,4/3-cyclohexanetetrol (XXB), have been synthesized via the cyclisation of 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-5,6-dideoxy-D-xylo-hex-5-enose diethyl dithioacetal (XIV) and the cyclisation of 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-5,6-dideoxy-D-xylo-hex-5-enose diethyl acetal (XV) under ultraviolet or direct sunlight, in aqueous acetone.", "PMID": 711610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4885", "title": "Cephamycin derivatives: comparison of the in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of SQ 14,359, CS-1170, and cefoxitin.", "content": "SQ 14,359 is a new cephamycin-type (7alpha-OCH3) antibiotic belonging to a series containing a 7alpha-ureidoacetyl substituent. The compound is the most potent extended spectrum derivative of this type yet reported, surpassing CS-1170 and cefoxitin by a wide margin. This activity in vitro which extends throughout the Enterobacteriaceae is particularly prominent against Gram-negative organisms that are producers of \"cephalosporinase-type\" beta-lactamases such as Enterobacter, Serratia, Citrobacter and indole-positive Proteus species. Superior activity also is demonstrated in vitro against streptococci, beta-lactamase-producing staphylococci, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and many Gram-negative pathogens resistant to aminoglycoside antibiotics. Experimental chemotherapeutic studies have confirmed these observations in wound and selected systemic infections in mice as well as acute pyelonephritis and meningitis in rats. The pharmacokinetics for each drug including antibiotic bound to serum was similar in both mice and rats. The pharmacokinetic profile in blood and cerebrospinal fluid favored SQ 14,359.", "contents": "Cephamycin derivatives: comparison of the in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of SQ 14,359, CS-1170, and cefoxitin. SQ 14,359 is a new cephamycin-type (7alpha-OCH3) antibiotic belonging to a series containing a 7alpha-ureidoacetyl substituent. The compound is the most potent extended spectrum derivative of this type yet reported, surpassing CS-1170 and cefoxitin by a wide margin. This activity in vitro which extends throughout the Enterobacteriaceae is particularly prominent against Gram-negative organisms that are producers of \"cephalosporinase-type\" beta-lactamases such as Enterobacter, Serratia, Citrobacter and indole-positive Proteus species. Superior activity also is demonstrated in vitro against streptococci, beta-lactamase-producing staphylococci, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and many Gram-negative pathogens resistant to aminoglycoside antibiotics. Experimental chemotherapeutic studies have confirmed these observations in wound and selected systemic infections in mice as well as acute pyelonephritis and meningitis in rats. The pharmacokinetics for each drug including antibiotic bound to serum was similar in both mice and rats. The pharmacokinetic profile in blood and cerebrospinal fluid favored SQ 14,359.", "PMID": 711611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4886", "title": "Action of cefoxitin and cefamandole on human neutrophil function.", "content": "Polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocyte chemotaxis was examined in vitro in the presence to two new antibiotics: cefamandole and cefoxitin. Results indicate that cefamandole inhibited neutrophil chemotaxis to a significant degree only at high antibiotic concentrations of 100 microgram/ml (P less than 0.01) and has no significant effect at normal serum therapeutic range. Cefoxitin was found to produce a 43% inhibition (P less than 0.01) of human in vivo neutrophil chemotaxis at antibiotic concentrations of 100 microgram/ml and have a minimal inhibitory effect (1 approximately 9%) at low concentrations (1 approximately 5 microgram/ml). Both cefamandole and cefoxitin had no significant effect on opsonophagocytosis.", "contents": "Action of cefoxitin and cefamandole on human neutrophil function. Polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocyte chemotaxis was examined in vitro in the presence to two new antibiotics: cefamandole and cefoxitin. Results indicate that cefamandole inhibited neutrophil chemotaxis to a significant degree only at high antibiotic concentrations of 100 microgram/ml (P less than 0.01) and has no significant effect at normal serum therapeutic range. Cefoxitin was found to produce a 43% inhibition (P less than 0.01) of human in vivo neutrophil chemotaxis at antibiotic concentrations of 100 microgram/ml and have a minimal inhibitory effect (1 approximately 9%) at low concentrations (1 approximately 5 microgram/ml). Both cefamandole and cefoxitin had no significant effect on opsonophagocytosis.", "PMID": 711612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4887", "title": "The chemistry of the rubradirins. I. The structures of rubransarols A and B.", "content": "The antibiotic rubradirin, C48H46N4O20 was cleaved at an ester function by aqueous methylamine into rubransarol A, C23H23NO8, and a methyl amide, C26H28N4O12. Rubradirin B, C40H33N3O15, was similarly cleaved in methanolic ammonia into rubransarol B, C23H23NO8, and the primary amide, C17H13N3O7. The rubransarols are shown to be unique ansamycins which are isomeric at a double bond in the large ring.", "contents": "The chemistry of the rubradirins. I. The structures of rubransarols A and B. The antibiotic rubradirin, C48H46N4O20 was cleaved at an ester function by aqueous methylamine into rubransarol A, C23H23NO8, and a methyl amide, C26H28N4O12. Rubradirin B, C40H33N3O15, was similarly cleaved in methanolic ammonia into rubransarol B, C23H23NO8, and the primary amide, C17H13N3O7. The rubransarols are shown to be unique ansamycins which are isomeric at a double bond in the large ring.", "PMID": 711615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4888", "title": "Trichostatin C, a glucopyranosyl hydroxamate.", "content": "In addition to trichostatins A and B, a new antifungal antibiotic, trichostatin C was isolated. The structure was shown to be a glucoside of trichostatin A by spectroscopic examinations and chemical degradations. Trichostatin C is presumably the first example of a glucopyranosyl hydroxamate from nature.", "contents": "Trichostatin C, a glucopyranosyl hydroxamate. In addition to trichostatins A and B, a new antifungal antibiotic, trichostatin C was isolated. The structure was shown to be a glucoside of trichostatin A by spectroscopic examinations and chemical degradations. Trichostatin C is presumably the first example of a glucopyranosyl hydroxamate from nature.", "PMID": 711616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4889", "title": "The isolation and characterization of rubradirin B.", "content": "Rubradirin B, C40H33N3O15, was separated from other components of the rubradirin complex by chromatographic and crystallization procedures. The spectrum of antibacterial activity is similar to that of rubradirin, but the antibiotic is less active.", "contents": "The isolation and characterization of rubradirin B. Rubradirin B, C40H33N3O15, was separated from other components of the rubradirin complex by chromatographic and crystallization procedures. The spectrum of antibacterial activity is similar to that of rubradirin, but the antibiotic is less active.", "PMID": 711617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4890", "title": "Rifamycin R, a novel metabolite from a mutant of Nocardia mediterranea.", "content": "Rifamycin R is a novel ansamycin produced by a mutant of Nocardia mediterranea; both physical and chemical data indicate that it is 30-demethyl-30-hydroxymethyl rifamycin S.", "contents": "Rifamycin R, a novel metabolite from a mutant of Nocardia mediterranea. Rifamycin R is a novel ansamycin produced by a mutant of Nocardia mediterranea; both physical and chemical data indicate that it is 30-demethyl-30-hydroxymethyl rifamycin S.", "PMID": 711618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4891", "title": "G1499-2, a new quinoline compound isolated from the fermentation broth of Cytophaga johnsonii.", "content": "A new quinoline compound, G1499-2[C18H21NO(I)] is produced by Cytophaga johnsonii. G1499-2 has an unusual structure containing a cyclopropylidene radical. The compound has limited antibiotic activity against a few bacteria. It is not toxic to mice.", "contents": "G1499-2, a new quinoline compound isolated from the fermentation broth of Cytophaga johnsonii. A new quinoline compound, G1499-2[C18H21NO(I)] is produced by Cytophaga johnsonii. G1499-2 has an unusual structure containing a cyclopropylidene radical. The compound has limited antibiotic activity against a few bacteria. It is not toxic to mice.", "PMID": 711619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4892", "title": "Production of deoxyfrenolicin and a new antibiotic, frenolicin B by Streptomyces roseofulvus strain AM-3867.", "content": "Two antibiotics of frenolicin group, antibiotic AM-3867 I and II were isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces roseofulvus strain No. AM-3867, a soil isolate. The former was a new antibiotic designated as frenolicin B and its structure containing gamma-lactone was determined, while the latter was identified as deoxyfrenolicin having been chemically prepared from frenolicin.", "contents": "Production of deoxyfrenolicin and a new antibiotic, frenolicin B by Streptomyces roseofulvus strain AM-3867. Two antibiotics of frenolicin group, antibiotic AM-3867 I and II were isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces roseofulvus strain No. AM-3867, a soil isolate. The former was a new antibiotic designated as frenolicin B and its structure containing gamma-lactone was determined, while the latter was identified as deoxyfrenolicin having been chemically prepared from frenolicin.", "PMID": 711620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4893", "title": "Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance assignments of pactamycin and related compounds.", "content": "All resonances observed in the 13C NMR spectrum of the antitumor antibiotic pactamycin and its degradation product pactamy\u00e7ate have been assigned, employing off-resonance and specific proton decoupling as well as comparison with the 13C NMR spectra of the model compounds m-aminoacetophenone and ethyl 6-methylsalicylate.", "contents": "Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance assignments of pactamycin and related compounds. All resonances observed in the 13C NMR spectrum of the antitumor antibiotic pactamycin and its degradation product pactamy\u00e7ate have been assigned, employing off-resonance and specific proton decoupling as well as comparison with the 13C NMR spectra of the model compounds m-aminoacetophenone and ethyl 6-methylsalicylate.", "PMID": 711622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4894", "title": "Ionomycin, a new polyether antibiotic.", "content": "Ionomycin, a new polyether antibiotic with a high affinity for calcium ions, is obtained in pure form from fermentation broths of Streptomyces conglobatus sp. nov. Trejo by solvent extraction. It is unique amongst known polyether antibiotics in that it has a UV absorption maximum at 300 nm. thereby distinguishing it from other antibiotics of its class. The Ca salt has the molecular formula C41H70O9Ca. Ionomycin is a narrow spectrum antibiotic being active against Gram-positive bacteria.", "contents": "Ionomycin, a new polyether antibiotic. Ionomycin, a new polyether antibiotic with a high affinity for calcium ions, is obtained in pure form from fermentation broths of Streptomyces conglobatus sp. nov. Trejo by solvent extraction. It is unique amongst known polyether antibiotics in that it has a UV absorption maximum at 300 nm. thereby distinguishing it from other antibiotics of its class. The Ca salt has the molecular formula C41H70O9Ca. Ionomycin is a narrow spectrum antibiotic being active against Gram-positive bacteria.", "PMID": 711623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4895", "title": "Noboritomycins A and B, new polyether antibiotics.", "content": "Noboritomycins A and B, two new polycyclic ionophoric polyethers were isolated from a strain of Streptomyces noboritoensis. The crystal structure and absolute configuration of noboritomycin A were established by X-ray analysis of its silver salt C43/63O14Ag. Noboritomycin A is the first metabolic polyether possessing two carboxylic acid functions on the carbon backbone (C-31), namely a free acid and an additional carboxylic acid ethylester group. An unusual spiroketal system as well as a salicylic acid chromophore represent further remarkable elements. Noboritomycin A shows in this respect a structural relationship to salinomycin and lasalocid respectively. Comparison of physico-chemical data, in particular the interpretation of the 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra, revealed that noboritomycins A and B are structurally closely related, noboritomycin B carrying an ethyl substituent on the aromatic ring in the place of a methyl group present in noboritomycin A. Both metabolites exhibit activity against Gram-positive bacteria and against Eimeria tenella (chicken coccidiosis).", "contents": "Noboritomycins A and B, new polyether antibiotics. Noboritomycins A and B, two new polycyclic ionophoric polyethers were isolated from a strain of Streptomyces noboritoensis. The crystal structure and absolute configuration of noboritomycin A were established by X-ray analysis of its silver salt C43/63O14Ag. Noboritomycin A is the first metabolic polyether possessing two carboxylic acid functions on the carbon backbone (C-31), namely a free acid and an additional carboxylic acid ethylester group. An unusual spiroketal system as well as a salicylic acid chromophore represent further remarkable elements. Noboritomycin A shows in this respect a structural relationship to salinomycin and lasalocid respectively. Comparison of physico-chemical data, in particular the interpretation of the 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra, revealed that noboritomycins A and B are structurally closely related, noboritomycin B carrying an ethyl substituent on the aromatic ring in the place of a methyl group present in noboritomycin A. Both metabolites exhibit activity against Gram-positive bacteria and against Eimeria tenella (chicken coccidiosis).", "PMID": 711624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4896", "title": "New antibiotics, enaminomycins A, B and C. I. Producing organism, fermentation and isolation.", "content": "New antibiotics, enaminomycins A, B and C, were found in the culture broth of streptomycete strain No. 13120, which was identified as Streptomyces baarnensis and designated as S. baarnensis No. 13120. Fermentation of enaminomycins were performed by conventional submerged culture in a 30-liter jar fermentor. Isolation of the antibiotics was performed by centrifugation of the culture broth and adsorption of the antibiotics from the supernatant on a column of activated carbon, followed by elution with aqueous acetone. Enaminomycins A, B and C were separated from each other on a column of Sephadex LH-20.", "contents": "New antibiotics, enaminomycins A, B and C. I. Producing organism, fermentation and isolation. New antibiotics, enaminomycins A, B and C, were found in the culture broth of streptomycete strain No. 13120, which was identified as Streptomyces baarnensis and designated as S. baarnensis No. 13120. Fermentation of enaminomycins were performed by conventional submerged culture in a 30-liter jar fermentor. Isolation of the antibiotics was performed by centrifugation of the culture broth and adsorption of the antibiotics from the supernatant on a column of activated carbon, followed by elution with aqueous acetone. Enaminomycins A, B and C were separated from each other on a column of Sephadex LH-20.", "PMID": 711625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4897", "title": "New antibiotics, enaminomycins A, B and C. III. The structures of enaminomycins A, B and C.", "content": "The structures of enaminomycins A and B were determined by their physico-chemical properties and X-ray crystallographic analyses to be 4-amino-2,5-dioxo-7-oxa-bicyclo[4,1,0]hept-3-ene-3-carboxylic acid and 2-oxo-4-amino-5-hydroxy-5-acetonyl-7-oxa-bicyclo[4,1,0]hept-3-ene-3-carboxylic acid, respectively. The structure of enaminomycin C was also determined by the analysis of NMR spectrum and other physico-chemical properties to be 2-oxo-4-amino-5-hydroxy-7-oxa-bicyclo[4,1,0]hept-3-ene-3-carboxylic acid.", "contents": "New antibiotics, enaminomycins A, B and C. III. The structures of enaminomycins A, B and C. The structures of enaminomycins A and B were determined by their physico-chemical properties and X-ray crystallographic analyses to be 4-amino-2,5-dioxo-7-oxa-bicyclo[4,1,0]hept-3-ene-3-carboxylic acid and 2-oxo-4-amino-5-hydroxy-5-acetonyl-7-oxa-bicyclo[4,1,0]hept-3-ene-3-carboxylic acid, respectively. The structure of enaminomycin C was also determined by the analysis of NMR spectrum and other physico-chemical properties to be 2-oxo-4-amino-5-hydroxy-7-oxa-bicyclo[4,1,0]hept-3-ene-3-carboxylic acid.", "PMID": 711626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4898", "title": "Production, isolation and chemical characterization of mimosamycin.", "content": "A procedure is described for the large-scale production of mimosamycin, a satellite antibiotic found in the culture filtrate of Streptomyces lavendulae No. 314. The 1H and 13C NMR, and mass spectroscopic data, are explained in terms of the structure of mimosamycin.", "contents": "Production, isolation and chemical characterization of mimosamycin. A procedure is described for the large-scale production of mimosamycin, a satellite antibiotic found in the culture filtrate of Streptomyces lavendulae No. 314. The 1H and 13C NMR, and mass spectroscopic data, are explained in terms of the structure of mimosamycin.", "PMID": 711627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4899", "title": "Mechanism of action of macromomycin: DNA strand scission, inhibition of DNA synthesis and mitosis.", "content": "The effects of macromomycin (MCR), a high molecular weight peptide antibiotic, on cell division, DNA synthesis and DNA fragmentation were examined in cultured mammalian tumor cells. When MCR was added to HeLa cell culture simultaneously with [3H]thymidine, inhibition of DNA synthesis was observed depending on the amount of the drug present, although the inhibition was partial even at a high concentration of the drug. Preincubation of cells with MCR for 2 hours before assay was required for the complete inhibition of DNA synthesis. Cell division of synchronized L5178Y cells, arrested at metaphase, was strongly inhibited by MCR, indicating that the inhibition of cell mitosis by the drug was not dependent on the inhibition of DNA synthesis. Strand scission of DNA in MCR-treated cells was observed by alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation. The fragmentation of cellular DNA occurred at low concentration of the drug and within a very short incubation time (37 degrees C, 5 minutes). At high concentrations of the drug, however, the size of the fragmented DNA remained constant. DNA polymerase activity in isolated nuclei from HeLa and L5178Y cells was stimulated by MCR. These data suggest that MCR works directly on cell nuclei and strand scission of DNA is one of the more important actions of the drug.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of macromomycin: DNA strand scission, inhibition of DNA synthesis and mitosis. The effects of macromomycin (MCR), a high molecular weight peptide antibiotic, on cell division, DNA synthesis and DNA fragmentation were examined in cultured mammalian tumor cells. When MCR was added to HeLa cell culture simultaneously with [3H]thymidine, inhibition of DNA synthesis was observed depending on the amount of the drug present, although the inhibition was partial even at a high concentration of the drug. Preincubation of cells with MCR for 2 hours before assay was required for the complete inhibition of DNA synthesis. Cell division of synchronized L5178Y cells, arrested at metaphase, was strongly inhibited by MCR, indicating that the inhibition of cell mitosis by the drug was not dependent on the inhibition of DNA synthesis. Strand scission of DNA in MCR-treated cells was observed by alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation. The fragmentation of cellular DNA occurred at low concentration of the drug and within a very short incubation time (37 degrees C, 5 minutes). At high concentrations of the drug, however, the size of the fragmented DNA remained constant. DNA polymerase activity in isolated nuclei from HeLa and L5178Y cells was stimulated by MCR. These data suggest that MCR works directly on cell nuclei and strand scission of DNA is one of the more important actions of the drug.", "PMID": 711629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4900", "title": "Studies on the ionophorous antibiotics. XVI. The ionophore-mediated calcium transport and concomitant osmotic swelling of mitochondria.", "content": "The effects of various carboxylic ionophores on divalent metal cation translocation in mitochondria have been investigated. High levels of divalent cation ionophores lysocellin and lasalocid A (10 approximately 50 micrometer) produced mitochondrial osmotic swelling in Ca2+ or Mg2+ medium, which was associated with an increase of cation influx. The extent of swelling was a function of both the ionophore and cation concentrations in the medium. This effect was larger in mitochondria de-energized by treatment with antimycin A and oligomycin than in respiring mitochondria. On the other hand, the monovalent cation ionophores carriomycin and etheromycin at concentrations of 50 approximately 100 micrometer also induced mitochondrial swelling in Ca2+ medium but were ineffective in Mg2+ medium. Addition of ruthenium red reversed divalent cation ionophore-induced swelling and released Ca2+ from preloaded mitochondria. In contrast, ruthenium red increased monovalent cation ionophore-induced swelling. In a divalent cation-free medium, lysocellin and lasalocid A caused depletion of membrane-bound Ca2+ and released endogenous Ca2+ and Mg2+ from mitochondria, while carriomycin and etheromycin exerted only a limited effect. These results indicate that the divalent cation ionophores affect divalent cation distribution in mitochondria by increasing both influx and efflux of the cations through the inner membrane.", "contents": "Studies on the ionophorous antibiotics. XVI. The ionophore-mediated calcium transport and concomitant osmotic swelling of mitochondria. The effects of various carboxylic ionophores on divalent metal cation translocation in mitochondria have been investigated. High levels of divalent cation ionophores lysocellin and lasalocid A (10 approximately 50 micrometer) produced mitochondrial osmotic swelling in Ca2+ or Mg2+ medium, which was associated with an increase of cation influx. The extent of swelling was a function of both the ionophore and cation concentrations in the medium. This effect was larger in mitochondria de-energized by treatment with antimycin A and oligomycin than in respiring mitochondria. On the other hand, the monovalent cation ionophores carriomycin and etheromycin at concentrations of 50 approximately 100 micrometer also induced mitochondrial swelling in Ca2+ medium but were ineffective in Mg2+ medium. Addition of ruthenium red reversed divalent cation ionophore-induced swelling and released Ca2+ from preloaded mitochondria. In contrast, ruthenium red increased monovalent cation ionophore-induced swelling. In a divalent cation-free medium, lysocellin and lasalocid A caused depletion of membrane-bound Ca2+ and released endogenous Ca2+ and Mg2+ from mitochondria, while carriomycin and etheromycin exerted only a limited effect. These results indicate that the divalent cation ionophores affect divalent cation distribution in mitochondria by increasing both influx and efflux of the cations through the inner membrane.", "PMID": 711630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4901", "title": "Physiological disposition of a series of rifamycins in rat: a comparative study.", "content": "The disposition of four C3-substituted piperazinyl rifamycins was studied in the rat following the intravenous administration of 5 mg/kg of the 14C-labelled antibiotics. Considerable quantitative differences in the pharmacokinetics of these antibiotics were shown in blood levels, tissue distributions and body clearances. Feces were largely the major route of elimination for the parent drug and metabolites. The results suggest that the liver compartimentalization, regulating the biliary excretion, is to be the kinetic parameter affecting the pharmacokinetic behaviour of this class of antibiotics.", "contents": "Physiological disposition of a series of rifamycins in rat: a comparative study. The disposition of four C3-substituted piperazinyl rifamycins was studied in the rat following the intravenous administration of 5 mg/kg of the 14C-labelled antibiotics. Considerable quantitative differences in the pharmacokinetics of these antibiotics were shown in blood levels, tissue distributions and body clearances. Feces were largely the major route of elimination for the parent drug and metabolites. The results suggest that the liver compartimentalization, regulating the biliary excretion, is to be the kinetic parameter affecting the pharmacokinetic behaviour of this class of antibiotics.", "PMID": 711631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4902", "title": "Effects of cycloheximide and streptovitacin A on protein synthesis and gastric secretion in rats.", "content": "Cycloheximide and streptovitacin A administered in vivo to rats display a similar dual effect on the labelling of soluble liver proteins by valine-14C, and result in a similar enhancement of liver uridine kinase activity. On the other hand, in pylorus-ligated rats, both antibiotics markedly depress gastric secretion, acid output, and the level of mucoproteins and proteolytic activity in secreted juice. Streptovitacin A on a molar basis was in all cases 5 approximately 8 times more effective than cycloheximide.", "contents": "Effects of cycloheximide and streptovitacin A on protein synthesis and gastric secretion in rats. Cycloheximide and streptovitacin A administered in vivo to rats display a similar dual effect on the labelling of soluble liver proteins by valine-14C, and result in a similar enhancement of liver uridine kinase activity. On the other hand, in pylorus-ligated rats, both antibiotics markedly depress gastric secretion, acid output, and the level of mucoproteins and proteolytic activity in secreted juice. Streptovitacin A on a molar basis was in all cases 5 approximately 8 times more effective than cycloheximide.", "PMID": 711632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4903", "title": "Heterogeneity and distribution of lipopolysaccharide in the cell wall of a gram-negative marine bacterium.", "content": "Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extracted from Alteromonas haloplanktis 214, variants 1 and 3, separated into three fractions when subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The fractions appeared in the gels as bands which stained for carbohydrate with the periodate-Schiff reagent. Variant 1, a smooth variant of the organism, and variant 3, a rough colonial variant, produced identical banding patterns. Under similar conditions, LPS from Neisseria meningitidis SDIC, Escherichia coli O111:B4, and Salmonella typhimurium LT2 gave rise to one, two, and three bands, respectively. LPS from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) failed to stain clearly with the reagent used. The banding pattern obtained with A. haloplanktis LPS was found not to be due to artifacts produced by the extraction or solubilization procedures employed or to the amount of protein associated with the LPS. When Triton X-100 replaced sodium dodecyl sulfate in the electrophoresis system, LPS failed to migrate into the gel. The lipid A but not the degraded polysaccharide fraction obtained by mild acid hydrolysis of the LPS migrated into the gel on electrophoresis. The three carbohydrate-staining bands obtained with A. haloplanktis LPS and referred to as LPS I, II, and III, in order of increasing electrophoretic mobility, were detected in each of the three outer layers of the cell wall of the organism. Estimations from densitometer scans indicated that 17% of the total LPS in the cell was present in the outer membrane, with the remainder divided almost equally between the loosely bound outer layer and the periplasmic space. Of the three fractions, LPS II was present in each of the layers in greatest amounts. Less LPS I and more LPS III were present in the outer membrane than in the periplasmic space. Pulse-labeling studies indicated that LPS I and II may be synthesized independently, whereas LPS III, which appeared only in cells in the stationary phase of growth, may be a degradation product of LPS I.", "contents": "Heterogeneity and distribution of lipopolysaccharide in the cell wall of a gram-negative marine bacterium. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extracted from Alteromonas haloplanktis 214, variants 1 and 3, separated into three fractions when subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The fractions appeared in the gels as bands which stained for carbohydrate with the periodate-Schiff reagent. Variant 1, a smooth variant of the organism, and variant 3, a rough colonial variant, produced identical banding patterns. Under similar conditions, LPS from Neisseria meningitidis SDIC, Escherichia coli O111:B4, and Salmonella typhimurium LT2 gave rise to one, two, and three bands, respectively. LPS from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) failed to stain clearly with the reagent used. The banding pattern obtained with A. haloplanktis LPS was found not to be due to artifacts produced by the extraction or solubilization procedures employed or to the amount of protein associated with the LPS. When Triton X-100 replaced sodium dodecyl sulfate in the electrophoresis system, LPS failed to migrate into the gel. The lipid A but not the degraded polysaccharide fraction obtained by mild acid hydrolysis of the LPS migrated into the gel on electrophoresis. The three carbohydrate-staining bands obtained with A. haloplanktis LPS and referred to as LPS I, II, and III, in order of increasing electrophoretic mobility, were detected in each of the three outer layers of the cell wall of the organism. Estimations from densitometer scans indicated that 17% of the total LPS in the cell was present in the outer membrane, with the remainder divided almost equally between the loosely bound outer layer and the periplasmic space. Of the three fractions, LPS II was present in each of the layers in greatest amounts. Less LPS I and more LPS III were present in the outer membrane than in the periplasmic space. Pulse-labeling studies indicated that LPS I and II may be synthesized independently, whereas LPS III, which appeared only in cells in the stationary phase of growth, may be a degradation product of LPS I.", "PMID": 711665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4904", "title": "Effect of light nitrogenase function and synthesis in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata.", "content": "The metabolic versatility of the purple nonsulfur photosynethetic bacterial permits the expression of either a phototrophic or a dark aerobic mode of growth. These organism also possess nitrogenase activity which may function under semiaerboic conditions. On the basis of these important properties, the light dependence of nitrogenase function and synthesis in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata was investigated. Nitrogenase activity was strictly dependent on light; no activity was observed in the dark, even when energy (ATP) was supplied by oxidative phosphorylation. It was concluded that the low-potential reducing agent required by the nitrogenase-catalyzed reaction could only be generated by a photochemical reaction. Nitrogenase biosynthesis was also largely dependent on light; however, a small amount of synthesis was observed in resting cells incubated in the dark. Resting cells prepared from dark-grown cultures synthesized nitrogenase at high rates upon illumination. The highest stability of nitrogenase in these resting cells was observed when suspensions were exposed to a diurnal pattern of illumination rather than continuous light. Although nitrogenase function and synthesis are closely coupled to photosynthetic activity, the biosyntheses of bacteriochorophyll and nitrogenase are independent of each other and are most probably subject to different regulatory mechanisms by light.", "contents": "Effect of light nitrogenase function and synthesis in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. The metabolic versatility of the purple nonsulfur photosynethetic bacterial permits the expression of either a phototrophic or a dark aerobic mode of growth. These organism also possess nitrogenase activity which may function under semiaerboic conditions. On the basis of these important properties, the light dependence of nitrogenase function and synthesis in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata was investigated. Nitrogenase activity was strictly dependent on light; no activity was observed in the dark, even when energy (ATP) was supplied by oxidative phosphorylation. It was concluded that the low-potential reducing agent required by the nitrogenase-catalyzed reaction could only be generated by a photochemical reaction. Nitrogenase biosynthesis was also largely dependent on light; however, a small amount of synthesis was observed in resting cells incubated in the dark. Resting cells prepared from dark-grown cultures synthesized nitrogenase at high rates upon illumination. The highest stability of nitrogenase in these resting cells was observed when suspensions were exposed to a diurnal pattern of illumination rather than continuous light. Although nitrogenase function and synthesis are closely coupled to photosynthetic activity, the biosyntheses of bacteriochorophyll and nitrogenase are independent of each other and are most probably subject to different regulatory mechanisms by light.", "PMID": 711666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4905", "title": "Modulation of an apparent mRNA pool for extracellular protease in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.", "content": "Late-log-phase cells of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens have the unusual capacity to produce extracellular protease for over 60 min in the presence of rifampin or actinomycin D at levels which strongly inhibit incorporation of amino acids into cellular protein. If cells are incubated in the presence of high levels of amino acids for 75 min this capacity is exhausted, but it is retained if the incubation is carried out in low levels of amino acids. Transfer of exhausted cells from high to low concentrations of amino acids results in a progressive recovery of the capacity for rifampin-actinomycin-insensitive protease production. The results seem best explained on the basis of the accumulation of a reserve pool of mRNA for extracellular protease. Measurement of the apparent mRNA pool size over 12 h shows a cyclical rise and fall, and these changes correlate with a periodic variation of the rate of protease production. A working hypothesis is presented to account for these observations in terms of a novel control situation over protease mRNA transcription.", "contents": "Modulation of an apparent mRNA pool for extracellular protease in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Late-log-phase cells of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens have the unusual capacity to produce extracellular protease for over 60 min in the presence of rifampin or actinomycin D at levels which strongly inhibit incorporation of amino acids into cellular protein. If cells are incubated in the presence of high levels of amino acids for 75 min this capacity is exhausted, but it is retained if the incubation is carried out in low levels of amino acids. Transfer of exhausted cells from high to low concentrations of amino acids results in a progressive recovery of the capacity for rifampin-actinomycin-insensitive protease production. The results seem best explained on the basis of the accumulation of a reserve pool of mRNA for extracellular protease. Measurement of the apparent mRNA pool size over 12 h shows a cyclical rise and fall, and these changes correlate with a periodic variation of the rate of protease production. A working hypothesis is presented to account for these observations in terms of a novel control situation over protease mRNA transcription.", "PMID": 711667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4906", "title": "Crossed immunoelectrophoresis, in the presence of tween 20 or sodium deoxycholate, of purified membrane proteins from Acholeplasma laidlawii.", "content": "Five membrane proteins from Acholeplasma laidlawii have been previously purified on a large scale. These proteins have been used to establish the relationship between the precipitation lines obtained by crossed immunoelectrophoresis of solubilized cell membrane proteins from A. laidlawii in the presence of the neutral detergent Tween 20 or those obtained in the presence of the anionic detergent sodium deoxycholate. This relationship, which was unambiguously established for four of the five proteins, was determined by tandem or \"parallel\" crossed immunoelectrophoresis of the sodium deoxycholate-solubilized membrane together with the purified proteins. Membranes from strain A of A. laidlawii were composed of proteins, which were immunologically related to and probably identical to membrane proteins from strain B of this organism.", "contents": "Crossed immunoelectrophoresis, in the presence of tween 20 or sodium deoxycholate, of purified membrane proteins from Acholeplasma laidlawii. Five membrane proteins from Acholeplasma laidlawii have been previously purified on a large scale. These proteins have been used to establish the relationship between the precipitation lines obtained by crossed immunoelectrophoresis of solubilized cell membrane proteins from A. laidlawii in the presence of the neutral detergent Tween 20 or those obtained in the presence of the anionic detergent sodium deoxycholate. This relationship, which was unambiguously established for four of the five proteins, was determined by tandem or \"parallel\" crossed immunoelectrophoresis of the sodium deoxycholate-solubilized membrane together with the purified proteins. Membranes from strain A of A. laidlawii were composed of proteins, which were immunologically related to and probably identical to membrane proteins from strain B of this organism.", "PMID": 711668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4907", "title": "Kinetics of accumulation of a photodynamically induced cell-surface polypeptide in a species of Arthrobacter.", "content": "Cells of a species of Arthrobacter were incubated in the light with methylene blue, a dye that sensitizes photooxidative reactions by the production of singlet oxygen. An early and major response by the cells to these conditions was stimulation of synthesis of a single cell-surface polypeptide, 21,000 daltons in mass. The rate of synthesis of this polypeptide reached a maximal level about 30 min after the start of illumination. As a consequence, the amount of this polypeptide increased at least 10-fold during a period of 5 h. The presence of histidine or methionine, scavengers of singlet oxygen, markedly diminished synthesis and accumulation of this polypeptide. Concomitant with the accumulation of this polypeptide on the cell surface was the appearance of an extensive array of pili.", "contents": "Kinetics of accumulation of a photodynamically induced cell-surface polypeptide in a species of Arthrobacter. Cells of a species of Arthrobacter were incubated in the light with methylene blue, a dye that sensitizes photooxidative reactions by the production of singlet oxygen. An early and major response by the cells to these conditions was stimulation of synthesis of a single cell-surface polypeptide, 21,000 daltons in mass. The rate of synthesis of this polypeptide reached a maximal level about 30 min after the start of illumination. As a consequence, the amount of this polypeptide increased at least 10-fold during a period of 5 h. The presence of histidine or methionine, scavengers of singlet oxygen, markedly diminished synthesis and accumulation of this polypeptide. Concomitant with the accumulation of this polypeptide on the cell surface was the appearance of an extensive array of pili.", "PMID": 711669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4908", "title": "Characterization and construction of molecular cloning vehicles within Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Four chloramphenicol resistance (Cm) and four tetracycline resistance (Tc) plasmids from Staphylococcus aureus were characterized by restriction endonuclease mapping. All four Tc plasmids had molecular masses of 2.9 megadaltons (Mdaltons) and indistinguishable responses to seven different restriction endonucleases. The four Cm plasmids (pCW6, pCW7, pCW8, and pC221) had molecular masses of 2.6, 2.8, 1.9, and 2.9 Mdaltons, respectively. The four Cm plasmids also differed both in the level of resistance to Cm and in susceptibility to retriction endonucleases. Single restriction endonuclease sites contained within each plasmid included the following: in pCW6 for HindIII, XbaI, HpaII, and BstEII; in pCW7 for HindIII, BstEII, BglII, HaeIII, and HpaII; in pCW8 for HindIII, HaeIII, and HpaII; in pC221 for HindIII, BstEII, and EcoRI. The molecular cloning capabilities of pCW8 and pC221 were determined. Cm and erythromycin resistance (Em) recombinant plasmids pCW12, PCW13, and pCW14 were constructed and used to transform S. aureus 8325-4. A 2.8-Mdalton HindIII fragment from plasmid pI258 was found to encode Em resistance and contain single sites for the retriction endonucleases BglII, PstI, HaeIII, and HpaII. The largest EcoRI fragment (8 Mdaltons) from pI258 contained the HindIII fragment encoding Em resistance intact. Cloning of DNA into the BglII site of pCW14 did not alter Em resistance. Cloning of DNA into the HindIII site of pCW8 and the HindIII and EcoRI sites of pC221 did not disrupt either plasmid replication of Cm resistance.", "contents": "Characterization and construction of molecular cloning vehicles within Staphylococcus aureus. Four chloramphenicol resistance (Cm) and four tetracycline resistance (Tc) plasmids from Staphylococcus aureus were characterized by restriction endonuclease mapping. All four Tc plasmids had molecular masses of 2.9 megadaltons (Mdaltons) and indistinguishable responses to seven different restriction endonucleases. The four Cm plasmids (pCW6, pCW7, pCW8, and pC221) had molecular masses of 2.6, 2.8, 1.9, and 2.9 Mdaltons, respectively. The four Cm plasmids also differed both in the level of resistance to Cm and in susceptibility to retriction endonucleases. Single restriction endonuclease sites contained within each plasmid included the following: in pCW6 for HindIII, XbaI, HpaII, and BstEII; in pCW7 for HindIII, BstEII, BglII, HaeIII, and HpaII; in pCW8 for HindIII, HaeIII, and HpaII; in pC221 for HindIII, BstEII, and EcoRI. The molecular cloning capabilities of pCW8 and pC221 were determined. Cm and erythromycin resistance (Em) recombinant plasmids pCW12, PCW13, and pCW14 were constructed and used to transform S. aureus 8325-4. A 2.8-Mdalton HindIII fragment from plasmid pI258 was found to encode Em resistance and contain single sites for the retriction endonucleases BglII, PstI, HaeIII, and HpaII. The largest EcoRI fragment (8 Mdaltons) from pI258 contained the HindIII fragment encoding Em resistance intact. Cloning of DNA into the BglII site of pCW14 did not alter Em resistance. Cloning of DNA into the HindIII site of pCW8 and the HindIII and EcoRI sites of pC221 did not disrupt either plasmid replication of Cm resistance.", "PMID": 711670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4909", "title": "Lack of lysogenic induction in \"diaminopimelic acid spheroplasts\".", "content": "As part of an attempt to develop a semi-in vitro system of lysogenic induction, using spheroplasts of Escherichia coli K-12 lysogenic for prophage lambda, we prepared spheroplasts by depriving E. coli dap of diaminopimelic acid (DAP-spheroplasts). DAP-spheroplasts made from E. coli (lambda cI857) were thermally inducible. However, DAP-spheroplasts of E. coli (lambda) were not inducible by UV light. Thus, it appears that a functional cell wall is required for UV induction of prophage lambda.", "contents": "Lack of lysogenic induction in \"diaminopimelic acid spheroplasts\". As part of an attempt to develop a semi-in vitro system of lysogenic induction, using spheroplasts of Escherichia coli K-12 lysogenic for prophage lambda, we prepared spheroplasts by depriving E. coli dap of diaminopimelic acid (DAP-spheroplasts). DAP-spheroplasts made from E. coli (lambda cI857) were thermally inducible. However, DAP-spheroplasts of E. coli (lambda) were not inducible by UV light. Thus, it appears that a functional cell wall is required for UV induction of prophage lambda.", "PMID": 711671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4910", "title": "Linkage analysis of Pseudomonas glycinea.", "content": "The IncP-1 plasmid R68 and variants R68.45 and R68.185 were tested for their chromosome donor ability in a selected recipient of Pseudomonas glycinea PGR12. It was found that variants did not express their selected characteristic of increased donor ability over that of R68 or R68.5, our commonly used donor plasmids. Coinheritance analysis of a variety of crosses provides evidence of a linkage group comprising 11 loci.", "contents": "Linkage analysis of Pseudomonas glycinea. The IncP-1 plasmid R68 and variants R68.45 and R68.185 were tested for their chromosome donor ability in a selected recipient of Pseudomonas glycinea PGR12. It was found that variants did not express their selected characteristic of increased donor ability over that of R68 or R68.5, our commonly used donor plasmids. Coinheritance analysis of a variety of crosses provides evidence of a linkage group comprising 11 loci.", "PMID": 711672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4911", "title": "Relationship between extracellular enzymes and cell growth during the cell cycle of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe: acid phosphatase.", "content": "By using the intact cells of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the activity of acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) was compared through the cell cycle with the growth in cell length as a measure of cell growth. The cells of a growing asynchronous culture increased exponentially in number and in total enzyme activity, but remained constant in average length and in specific activity, In a synchronous culture prepared by selection or by induction, the specific activity was periodic in parallel with the increase in average cell length. When hydroxyurea was added to an asynchronous or a synchronous culture by selection, both specific and total activity followed the same continuous pattern as the growth in cell length after the stoppage of cell division. When oversized cells produced by a hydroxyurea pulse treatment to the culture previously syndronized by selection were transferred to a poor medium, they divided synchronously but could hardly grow in the total cell length. In this experimental situation, the total enzyme activity also scarcely increased through three division cycles. These results suggested that the increase in acid phosphatase in dependent on cell elongation.", "contents": "Relationship between extracellular enzymes and cell growth during the cell cycle of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe: acid phosphatase. By using the intact cells of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the activity of acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) was compared through the cell cycle with the growth in cell length as a measure of cell growth. The cells of a growing asynchronous culture increased exponentially in number and in total enzyme activity, but remained constant in average length and in specific activity, In a synchronous culture prepared by selection or by induction, the specific activity was periodic in parallel with the increase in average cell length. When hydroxyurea was added to an asynchronous or a synchronous culture by selection, both specific and total activity followed the same continuous pattern as the growth in cell length after the stoppage of cell division. When oversized cells produced by a hydroxyurea pulse treatment to the culture previously syndronized by selection were transferred to a poor medium, they divided synchronously but could hardly grow in the total cell length. In this experimental situation, the total enzyme activity also scarcely increased through three division cycles. These results suggested that the increase in acid phosphatase in dependent on cell elongation.", "PMID": 711673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4912", "title": "Effects of magnesium, calcium, and serum on reversion of stable L-forms.", "content": "The L-form of Agromyces ramosus was stable in the absence of penicillin when transferred on heart infusion agar containing NaCl and serum. It reverted to its bacterial form, however, when magnesium replaced the serum in this medium. On a dilute medium containing NaCl but lacking serum, the L-form died out unless calcium, magnesium, or serum was added. It grew as the L-form in the presence of calcium of serum but reverted to the bacterial form in the presence of magnesium. Reversion also occurred when magnesium was added to the dilute medium containing serum. Calcium interfered with or prevented the magnesium-induced reversion. The revertant bacterial form resulting from these studies was not NaCl sensitive, as was the case of the bacterial revertant of this organism produced in soil (A. H. Horwitz and L. E. Casida, Jr., Can. J. Microbiol, 24:50--55, 1978).", "contents": "Effects of magnesium, calcium, and serum on reversion of stable L-forms. The L-form of Agromyces ramosus was stable in the absence of penicillin when transferred on heart infusion agar containing NaCl and serum. It reverted to its bacterial form, however, when magnesium replaced the serum in this medium. On a dilute medium containing NaCl but lacking serum, the L-form died out unless calcium, magnesium, or serum was added. It grew as the L-form in the presence of calcium of serum but reverted to the bacterial form in the presence of magnesium. Reversion also occurred when magnesium was added to the dilute medium containing serum. Calcium interfered with or prevented the magnesium-induced reversion. The revertant bacterial form resulting from these studies was not NaCl sensitive, as was the case of the bacterial revertant of this organism produced in soil (A. H. Horwitz and L. E. Casida, Jr., Can. J. Microbiol, 24:50--55, 1978).", "PMID": 711674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4913", "title": "Carbon monoxide oxidation by Clostridium thermoaceticum and Clostridium formicoaceticum.", "content": "Cultures of Clostridium formicoaceticum and C. thermoaceticum growing on fructose and glucose, respectively, were shown to rapidly oxidize CO to CO(2). Rates up to 0.4 mumol min(-1) mg of wet cells(-1) were observed. Carbon monoxide oxidation by cell suspensions was found (i) to be dependent on pyruvate, (ii) to be inhibited by alkyl halides and arsenate, and (iii) to stimulate CO(2) reduction to acetate. Cell extracts catalyzed the oxidation of carbon monoxide with methyl viologen at specific rates up to 10 mumol min(-1) mg of protein(-1) (35 degrees C, pH 7.2). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and ferredoxin from C. pasteurianum were ineffective as electron acceptors. The catalytic mechanism of carbon monoxide oxidation was \"ping-pong,\" indicating that the enzyme catalyzing carbon monoxide oxidation can be present in an oxidized and a reduced form. The oxidized form was shown to react reversibly with cyanide, and the reduced form was shown to react reversibly with alkyl halides: cyanide inactivated the enzyme only in the absence of carbon monoxide, and alkyl halides inactivated it only in the presence of carbon monoxide. Extracts inactivated by alkyl halides were reactivated by photolysis. The findings are interpreted to indicate that carbon monoxide oxidation in the two bacteria is catalyzed by a corrinoid enzyme and that in vivo the reaction is coupled with the reduction of CO(2) to acetate. Cultures of C. acidi-urici and C. cylindrosporum growing on hypoxanthine were found not to oxidize CO, indicating that clostridia mediating a corrinoid-independent total synthesis of acetate from CO(2) do not possess a CO-oxidizing system.", "contents": "Carbon monoxide oxidation by Clostridium thermoaceticum and Clostridium formicoaceticum. Cultures of Clostridium formicoaceticum and C. thermoaceticum growing on fructose and glucose, respectively, were shown to rapidly oxidize CO to CO(2). Rates up to 0.4 mumol min(-1) mg of wet cells(-1) were observed. Carbon monoxide oxidation by cell suspensions was found (i) to be dependent on pyruvate, (ii) to be inhibited by alkyl halides and arsenate, and (iii) to stimulate CO(2) reduction to acetate. Cell extracts catalyzed the oxidation of carbon monoxide with methyl viologen at specific rates up to 10 mumol min(-1) mg of protein(-1) (35 degrees C, pH 7.2). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and ferredoxin from C. pasteurianum were ineffective as electron acceptors. The catalytic mechanism of carbon monoxide oxidation was \"ping-pong,\" indicating that the enzyme catalyzing carbon monoxide oxidation can be present in an oxidized and a reduced form. The oxidized form was shown to react reversibly with cyanide, and the reduced form was shown to react reversibly with alkyl halides: cyanide inactivated the enzyme only in the absence of carbon monoxide, and alkyl halides inactivated it only in the presence of carbon monoxide. Extracts inactivated by alkyl halides were reactivated by photolysis. The findings are interpreted to indicate that carbon monoxide oxidation in the two bacteria is catalyzed by a corrinoid enzyme and that in vivo the reaction is coupled with the reduction of CO(2) to acetate. Cultures of C. acidi-urici and C. cylindrosporum growing on hypoxanthine were found not to oxidize CO, indicating that clostridia mediating a corrinoid-independent total synthesis of acetate from CO(2) do not possess a CO-oxidizing system.", "PMID": 711675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4914", "title": "Role of metalloprotease in activation of the precursor of staphylococcal protease.", "content": "A metalloprotease was isolated from the culture medium of a mutant of Staphylococcus aureus strain V8. The enzyme had a molecular weight of 38,000 as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and an optimum pH of 7.0 and exhibited a specificity for peptide bonds on the N-terminal side of large hydrophobic residues. The protease was fully inactivated by 0-phenanthroline but could be reactivated by zinc ions. Cobalt may be substituted for zinc, producing an activity which corresponds to 160% of that of the native enzyme. All these data indicate that this protease is a typical bacterial neutral metalloprotease. The role of this metalloprotease in the activation of the precursor of another protease secreted by the same organism, staphylococcal protease, has been identified. Mutants which lack the metalloprotease accumulated the precursor, which can be specifically activated by the addition of the purified metalloprotease or the related enzyme thermolysin. The purification of the precursor is also reported.", "contents": "Role of metalloprotease in activation of the precursor of staphylococcal protease. A metalloprotease was isolated from the culture medium of a mutant of Staphylococcus aureus strain V8. The enzyme had a molecular weight of 38,000 as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and an optimum pH of 7.0 and exhibited a specificity for peptide bonds on the N-terminal side of large hydrophobic residues. The protease was fully inactivated by 0-phenanthroline but could be reactivated by zinc ions. Cobalt may be substituted for zinc, producing an activity which corresponds to 160% of that of the native enzyme. All these data indicate that this protease is a typical bacterial neutral metalloprotease. The role of this metalloprotease in the activation of the precursor of another protease secreted by the same organism, staphylococcal protease, has been identified. Mutants which lack the metalloprotease accumulated the precursor, which can be specifically activated by the addition of the purified metalloprotease or the related enzyme thermolysin. The purification of the precursor is also reported.", "PMID": 711676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4915", "title": "Consequences of aspartase deficiency in Yersinia pestis.", "content": "Growing cells of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, but not those of closely related Yersinia pestis, rapidly destroyed exogenous L-aspartic and L-glutamic acids, thus prompting a comparative study of dicarboxylic amino acid catabolism. Rates of amino acid metabolism by resting cells of both species were determined at pH 5.5, 7.0, and 8.5. Regardless of pH, Y. pseudotuberculosis destroyed L-glutamic acid, L-glutamine, L-aspartic acid, and L-asparagine at rates greater than those observed for Y. pestis. Although rates of proline degardation were similar, its metabolism by Y. pestis at pH 8.5 resulted in excretion of glutamic and aspartic acids. Similarly, Y. pestis excreted aspartic acid when incubated with L-glutamic acid (pH 8.5) or L-asparagine (pH 5.5, 7.0, and 8.5). Aspartase activity was not detected in extracts of 10 strains of Y. pestis but was present in all 11 isolates of Y. pseudotuberculosis. The latter contained significantly more glutaminase, asparaginase, and L-glutamate-oxalacetate transminase activity than did extracts of Y. pestis; specific activities of L-glutamate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase were similar. The observed differences in dicarboxylic amino acid metabolism are traceable to asparatase deficiency in Y. pestis and may account for the slow doubling time of this organism relative to Y. pseudotuberculosis.", "contents": "Consequences of aspartase deficiency in Yersinia pestis. Growing cells of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, but not those of closely related Yersinia pestis, rapidly destroyed exogenous L-aspartic and L-glutamic acids, thus prompting a comparative study of dicarboxylic amino acid catabolism. Rates of amino acid metabolism by resting cells of both species were determined at pH 5.5, 7.0, and 8.5. Regardless of pH, Y. pseudotuberculosis destroyed L-glutamic acid, L-glutamine, L-aspartic acid, and L-asparagine at rates greater than those observed for Y. pestis. Although rates of proline degardation were similar, its metabolism by Y. pestis at pH 8.5 resulted in excretion of glutamic and aspartic acids. Similarly, Y. pestis excreted aspartic acid when incubated with L-glutamic acid (pH 8.5) or L-asparagine (pH 5.5, 7.0, and 8.5). Aspartase activity was not detected in extracts of 10 strains of Y. pestis but was present in all 11 isolates of Y. pseudotuberculosis. The latter contained significantly more glutaminase, asparaginase, and L-glutamate-oxalacetate transminase activity than did extracts of Y. pestis; specific activities of L-glutamate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase were similar. The observed differences in dicarboxylic amino acid metabolism are traceable to asparatase deficiency in Y. pestis and may account for the slow doubling time of this organism relative to Y. pseudotuberculosis.", "PMID": 711677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4916", "title": "Coordinated regulation of octopine degradation and conjugative transfer of Ti plasmids in Agrobacterium tumefaciens: evidence for a common regulatory gene and separate operons.", "content": "By using the analog noroctopine, mutants of agrobacterium tumefaciens were isolated with altered regulation patterns for the Ti plasmid-borne octopine utilization genes. These could be divided into three classes: (i) strains with a constitutive level of octopine enzymes and a high degree of spontaneous Ti transfer; (ii) one strain with constitutive octopine enzymes but no spontaneous Ti transfer; and (iii) strains with an altered inducibility in which, contrary to the wild-type Ti plasmid, conjugation and octopine utilization were induced by noroctopine. These results are best explained by the activity of a common regulatory gene. In a second step, using homo-octopine, mutants were isolated with lesions preventing the utilization of octopine. All mutations were plasmid borne and did not prevent the induction of tumors. Plasmids of two isolates were characterized by large deletions resulting in a decreased virulence and the absence of octopine in the tumor. With a plasmid carrying an inserted transposon Tn1, a significant number of strains were isolated which were unable both utilize octopine and to transfer the Ti plasmid. This suggests that there may be another common factor--presumably positive--between these traits. Transfer-negative mutants were still virulent. This seems to exclude a role for the conjugative transfer during the process of plant tumor induction. A way to test octopine oxidase by the use of permeable cells is described.", "contents": "Coordinated regulation of octopine degradation and conjugative transfer of Ti plasmids in Agrobacterium tumefaciens: evidence for a common regulatory gene and separate operons. By using the analog noroctopine, mutants of agrobacterium tumefaciens were isolated with altered regulation patterns for the Ti plasmid-borne octopine utilization genes. These could be divided into three classes: (i) strains with a constitutive level of octopine enzymes and a high degree of spontaneous Ti transfer; (ii) one strain with constitutive octopine enzymes but no spontaneous Ti transfer; and (iii) strains with an altered inducibility in which, contrary to the wild-type Ti plasmid, conjugation and octopine utilization were induced by noroctopine. These results are best explained by the activity of a common regulatory gene. In a second step, using homo-octopine, mutants were isolated with lesions preventing the utilization of octopine. All mutations were plasmid borne and did not prevent the induction of tumors. Plasmids of two isolates were characterized by large deletions resulting in a decreased virulence and the absence of octopine in the tumor. With a plasmid carrying an inserted transposon Tn1, a significant number of strains were isolated which were unable both utilize octopine and to transfer the Ti plasmid. This suggests that there may be another common factor--presumably positive--between these traits. Transfer-negative mutants were still virulent. This seems to exclude a role for the conjugative transfer during the process of plant tumor induction. A way to test octopine oxidase by the use of permeable cells is described.", "PMID": 711678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4917", "title": "Isolation and characterization of Caulobacter crescentus flagellar hooks.", "content": "The basal hook structure of the flagellar organelle Caulobacter crescentus was isolated from release flagella. Hook preparations contained a single major proteins species of 73,000 molecular weight and proteins in smaller amounts that may be minor hook components. Hooks isolated from C. crescents CB13B1a and CB15 were immunologically cross-reactive.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of Caulobacter crescentus flagellar hooks. The basal hook structure of the flagellar organelle Caulobacter crescentus was isolated from release flagella. Hook preparations contained a single major proteins species of 73,000 molecular weight and proteins in smaller amounts that may be minor hook components. Hooks isolated from C. crescents CB13B1a and CB15 were immunologically cross-reactive.", "PMID": 711679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4918", "title": "Potentiometric titration of the high- and low-potential 4Fe-4S* centers of Azotobacter vinelandii ferredoxin I.", "content": "The high-potential 4Fe-4S* center ofAzotobacter vinelandii ferredoxin I has been titrated potentiometrically by a reductive procedure. The absorbance decrease at 510 nm accompanying the reduction of the high-potential center titrated with an Em of 320 mV (n = 1). The low-potential 4Fe-4S* center was titrated by using the absorbance decrease at 410 nm to monitor its reduction. This center exhibited an Em of -424 mV (n = 1).", "contents": "Potentiometric titration of the high- and low-potential 4Fe-4S* centers of Azotobacter vinelandii ferredoxin I. The high-potential 4Fe-4S* center ofAzotobacter vinelandii ferredoxin I has been titrated potentiometrically by a reductive procedure. The absorbance decrease at 510 nm accompanying the reduction of the high-potential center titrated with an Em of 320 mV (n = 1). The low-potential 4Fe-4S* center was titrated by using the absorbance decrease at 410 nm to monitor its reduction. This center exhibited an Em of -424 mV (n = 1).", "PMID": 711680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4919", "title": "Comparison of lipids from Spiroplasma citri and corn stunt spiroplasma.", "content": "The qualitative lipid composition of Spiroplasma citri and corn stunt spiroplasma is identical. Small amounts of acylated glucose and steryl glucoside were found.", "contents": "Comparison of lipids from Spiroplasma citri and corn stunt spiroplasma. The qualitative lipid composition of Spiroplasma citri and corn stunt spiroplasma is identical. Small amounts of acylated glucose and steryl glucoside were found.", "PMID": 711681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4920", "title": "Dosage schedule and plasma levels of doxepin and desmethyldoxepin.", "content": "Plasma levels of doxepin and its metabolite desmethyldoxepin were determined in 7 depressed patients treated with doxepin hydrochloride in 3 divided doses at 1000, 1600, and 2200 hours (t.i.d.), and repeated after changing the dosage schedule to a single daily bedtime (h.s.) dose at 2200 hours. Doxepin and its metabolite were measured at 9000, 1200, 1500, and 1800 hours. None of the individual patients showed clinically significant changes in their plasma concentration of tricyclic antidepressant on the 2 dosage schedules. No difference in the clinical condition of the patients was detected on the 2 dosage schedules using the Zung Self Rating Depression Scale, however patients experienced more morning sedation while on the single h.s. dosage. This study provides pharmacological support for the prescription of doxepin on a once daily basis.", "contents": "Dosage schedule and plasma levels of doxepin and desmethyldoxepin. Plasma levels of doxepin and its metabolite desmethyldoxepin were determined in 7 depressed patients treated with doxepin hydrochloride in 3 divided doses at 1000, 1600, and 2200 hours (t.i.d.), and repeated after changing the dosage schedule to a single daily bedtime (h.s.) dose at 2200 hours. Doxepin and its metabolite were measured at 9000, 1200, 1500, and 1800 hours. None of the individual patients showed clinically significant changes in their plasma concentration of tricyclic antidepressant on the 2 dosage schedules. No difference in the clinical condition of the patients was detected on the 2 dosage schedules using the Zung Self Rating Depression Scale, however patients experienced more morning sedation while on the single h.s. dosage. This study provides pharmacological support for the prescription of doxepin on a once daily basis.", "PMID": 711683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4921", "title": "A star-struck service: impact of the admission of a celebrity to an inpatient unit.", "content": "The celebrity shares features of the VIP or special patient. The celebrity, however, who refuses to remain anonymous within a hospital setting, often evokes more intense and even specific inappropriate reactions in those around him. His presence creates what the authors call the \"star-struck phenomenon.\" The authors discuss the dynamics that produce this phenomenon.", "contents": "A star-struck service: impact of the admission of a celebrity to an inpatient unit. The celebrity shares features of the VIP or special patient. The celebrity, however, who refuses to remain anonymous within a hospital setting, often evokes more intense and even specific inappropriate reactions in those around him. His presence creates what the authors call the \"star-struck phenomenon.\" The authors discuss the dynamics that produce this phenomenon.", "PMID": 711684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4922", "title": "Family history of alcoholism in patients with chronic fatigue.", "content": "Persistent fatigue is a common functional physical complaint. This study reports a possible relationship between parental alcoholism or advanced parental age at the patient's birth and the functional fatigue syndrome.", "contents": "Family history of alcoholism in patients with chronic fatigue. Persistent fatigue is a common functional physical complaint. This study reports a possible relationship between parental alcoholism or advanced parental age at the patient's birth and the functional fatigue syndrome.", "PMID": 711685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4923", "title": "Dialysis, depression and antidepressants.", "content": "The treatment of depression occurring in patients undergoing chronic renal dialysis is discussed. This study was conducted on a Dialysis Unit where 10 Travenol dialyzers of the recycling single by-pass type are used to maintain a total of 22 patients. Imipramine in the usual dosage range and schedule was used when an antidepressant was indicated.", "contents": "Dialysis, depression and antidepressants. The treatment of depression occurring in patients undergoing chronic renal dialysis is discussed. This study was conducted on a Dialysis Unit where 10 Travenol dialyzers of the recycling single by-pass type are used to maintain a total of 22 patients. Imipramine in the usual dosage range and schedule was used when an antidepressant was indicated.", "PMID": 711686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4924", "title": "Suicide and female aggression: a contemporary analysis of anomic suicide.", "content": "Much has been said about the combined efforts of civil disorder and the emergence of the Women's Right Movement during the mid 1960s-early 1970s, suggesting that perhaps now females would rebel against their traditional subordinate/passive role and aspire to more assertive positions within society. Since social disruption and anomic suicide are closely associated, the authors looked at the relationship between suicide and female assertiveness (aggressive suicides). While male/female suicide rates remained proportional over time, female victims, during this period, did manifest a greater degree of aggression than in the past.", "contents": "Suicide and female aggression: a contemporary analysis of anomic suicide. Much has been said about the combined efforts of civil disorder and the emergence of the Women's Right Movement during the mid 1960s-early 1970s, suggesting that perhaps now females would rebel against their traditional subordinate/passive role and aspire to more assertive positions within society. Since social disruption and anomic suicide are closely associated, the authors looked at the relationship between suicide and female assertiveness (aggressive suicides). While male/female suicide rates remained proportional over time, female victims, during this period, did manifest a greater degree of aggression than in the past.", "PMID": 711687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4925", "title": "Adolescent infectious mononucleosis with psychosis.", "content": "This report describes an adolescent with an acute catatonic schizophrenic illness associated with infectious mononucleosis. The literature and clinical evidence supporting a diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis encephalopathy are reviewed. Diagnostic questions in such cases are discussed from a clinical psychiatric perspective. Therapeutic and developmental issues in managing adolescent psychosis of uncertain etiology are explored.", "contents": "Adolescent infectious mononucleosis with psychosis. This report describes an adolescent with an acute catatonic schizophrenic illness associated with infectious mononucleosis. The literature and clinical evidence supporting a diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis encephalopathy are reviewed. Diagnostic questions in such cases are discussed from a clinical psychiatric perspective. Therapeutic and developmental issues in managing adolescent psychosis of uncertain etiology are explored.", "PMID": 711688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4926", "title": "Thrombocytopenia in the absence of leukopenia associated with the use of neuroleptics.", "content": "Thrombocytopenia, a fairly uncommon side effect of phenothiazine treatment, usually appears in the presence of a concommitant leukopenia. The authors report 1 patient in whom the illness appeared in the presence of a long known Beta thalassemia but without evidence of alteration in myeloid or lymphoid series. Platelet changes were seen in the presence of a butyrophenone and an aliphatic phenothiazine. A piperazine derivative was used without difficulty.", "contents": "Thrombocytopenia in the absence of leukopenia associated with the use of neuroleptics. Thrombocytopenia, a fairly uncommon side effect of phenothiazine treatment, usually appears in the presence of a concommitant leukopenia. The authors report 1 patient in whom the illness appeared in the presence of a long known Beta thalassemia but without evidence of alteration in myeloid or lymphoid series. Platelet changes were seen in the presence of a butyrophenone and an aliphatic phenothiazine. A piperazine derivative was used without difficulty.", "PMID": 711689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4927", "title": "Agranulocytosis and chlorpromazine.", "content": "A case of death associated with chlorpromazine agranulocytosis and the pertinent literature is reviewed. The authors conclude that the condition is cumulative dose related. Elderly, sickly Caucasian females are the population at high risk. Daily evaluation of the need for medication, the cumulative dose, and signs of infection and fever can reduce the incidence.", "contents": "Agranulocytosis and chlorpromazine. A case of death associated with chlorpromazine agranulocytosis and the pertinent literature is reviewed. The authors conclude that the condition is cumulative dose related. Elderly, sickly Caucasian females are the population at high risk. Daily evaluation of the need for medication, the cumulative dose, and signs of infection and fever can reduce the incidence.", "PMID": 711690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4928", "title": "Demonstration of somatomedin activity of \"multiplication-stimulating activity\" in rabbit costal chondrocytes in culture.", "content": "Multiplication-stimulating activity (MSA), a substance obtained from conditioned medium of Buffalo rat liver cells, stimulated replication of rabbit costal chondrocytes in culture and their DNA synthesis, sulfation of glycosaminoglycans, protein synthesis, and collagen synthesis. These stimulatory effects of MSA were dose-dependent in serum-free medium, indicating that MSA has intrinsic somatomedin activity. Even after several successive passages, cultured chondrocytes were more responsive to MSA than other organ- and cell-culture systems reported. Therefore, cultured rabbit costal chondrocytes proved a good in vitro system for analysis of somatomedin actions.", "contents": "Demonstration of somatomedin activity of \"multiplication-stimulating activity\" in rabbit costal chondrocytes in culture. Multiplication-stimulating activity (MSA), a substance obtained from conditioned medium of Buffalo rat liver cells, stimulated replication of rabbit costal chondrocytes in culture and their DNA synthesis, sulfation of glycosaminoglycans, protein synthesis, and collagen synthesis. These stimulatory effects of MSA were dose-dependent in serum-free medium, indicating that MSA has intrinsic somatomedin activity. Even after several successive passages, cultured chondrocytes were more responsive to MSA than other organ- and cell-culture systems reported. Therefore, cultured rabbit costal chondrocytes proved a good in vitro system for analysis of somatomedin actions.", "PMID": 711693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4929", "title": "Interaction of mucopolysaccharides with glycosaminoglycans on glycosaminoglycan-bound AH-Sepharose 4B.", "content": "Chondroitinase C, chondroitinase AC, heparinase, and heparitinase separated from an extract of Flavobacterium heparinum were subjected to affinity chromatography with glycosaminoglycan-bound AH-Sepharose 4B, previously coated non-covalently with glycosaminoglycan, as the matrix. The results suggested the importance of coating the matrix with glycosaminoglycan in the binding of the enzyme protein to the matrix.", "contents": "Interaction of mucopolysaccharides with glycosaminoglycans on glycosaminoglycan-bound AH-Sepharose 4B. Chondroitinase C, chondroitinase AC, heparinase, and heparitinase separated from an extract of Flavobacterium heparinum were subjected to affinity chromatography with glycosaminoglycan-bound AH-Sepharose 4B, previously coated non-covalently with glycosaminoglycan, as the matrix. The results suggested the importance of coating the matrix with glycosaminoglycan in the binding of the enzyme protein to the matrix.", "PMID": 711694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4930", "title": "Binding of troponin components to tropomyosin fragments.", "content": "Binding abilities of troponin components to two fragments of rabbit skeletal alpha-tropomyosin, one the N-chain (residues 1-189) obtained by specific cleavage at Cys 190 and the other the p-fragment (residues 183-284) of the tryptic product, were investigated by gel electrophoresis. The mixture of the tropomyosin fragments showed a new band of complex with either troponin (T + C) or whole troponin, troponin-(T + I + C), irrespective of the presence of Ca2+ in solution. On the other hand, troponin-T and troponin-(T + I) as well as troponin-C, -I, and -(I + C) had little bindin capacity to the tropomyosin fragments. Thus, troponin-C enhances the binding capacity of troponin-T to tropomyosin fragments. A two-site binding of troponin-T to tropomyosin is proposed.", "contents": "Binding of troponin components to tropomyosin fragments. Binding abilities of troponin components to two fragments of rabbit skeletal alpha-tropomyosin, one the N-chain (residues 1-189) obtained by specific cleavage at Cys 190 and the other the p-fragment (residues 183-284) of the tryptic product, were investigated by gel electrophoresis. The mixture of the tropomyosin fragments showed a new band of complex with either troponin (T + C) or whole troponin, troponin-(T + I + C), irrespective of the presence of Ca2+ in solution. On the other hand, troponin-T and troponin-(T + I) as well as troponin-C, -I, and -(I + C) had little bindin capacity to the tropomyosin fragments. Thus, troponin-C enhances the binding capacity of troponin-T to tropomyosin fragments. A two-site binding of troponin-T to tropomyosin is proposed.", "PMID": 711695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4931", "title": "Tropomyosin inhibits the interaction of F-actin and filamin.", "content": "The value of flow birefringence of F-actin was greatly decreased by filamin due to precipitate formation. This precipitate could be dispersed into birefringent filaments by sonication. Tropomyosin inhibited precipitation of F-actin induced by filamin, and no decrease in birefringence occurred when filamin was added to tropomyosin-bound F-actin. Hence it appears that filamin acts on F-actin in non-muscle cells similarly to alpha-actinin.", "contents": "Tropomyosin inhibits the interaction of F-actin and filamin. The value of flow birefringence of F-actin was greatly decreased by filamin due to precipitate formation. This precipitate could be dispersed into birefringent filaments by sonication. Tropomyosin inhibited precipitation of F-actin induced by filamin, and no decrease in birefringence occurred when filamin was added to tropomyosin-bound F-actin. Hence it appears that filamin acts on F-actin in non-muscle cells similarly to alpha-actinin.", "PMID": 711696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4932", "title": "Water-soluble lipoproteins from yolk granules in sea urchin eggs. I. Isolation and general properties.", "content": "Most of the water-soluble lipoproteins in sea urchin eggs (Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus) were localized within yolk granules. Under hypotonic conditions, yolk granules released lipoproteins and a 24S protein species as high molecular weight components; the lipoproteins constituted about 40% of the total materials released. Three yolk lipoproteins(YLP-1, 2, and 3, in order of quantity) were isolated by ultracentrifugation and gel filtration. The hydrated densities of YLP-1, 2, and 3 were 1.027, 1.062, and 1.009 g/cm(3), respectively. YLP-1, 2, and 3 contained glyceride as a major lipid in quantities of 3.1, 1.8, and 4.3 times the amount of each protein, respectively. These lipoproteins contained large amounts of carbohydrate. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed four major periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) positive polypeptide bands common to the three lipoproteins. All the constituent polypeptides of the 24S protein were also PAS positive. Electron microscopy of negatively stained YLP-1, 2, and 3 revealed the average diameters to be 36, 29, and 48nm, respectively. The 24S protein appeared to be cylindrical in shape with average exterior dimensions of 10--20 nm. Thin-section micrographs showed that yolk granules are packed with particles around 30 nm in diameter, suggesting that these particles are not the 24S proteins but the lipoprotein particles.", "contents": "Water-soluble lipoproteins from yolk granules in sea urchin eggs. I. Isolation and general properties. Most of the water-soluble lipoproteins in sea urchin eggs (Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus) were localized within yolk granules. Under hypotonic conditions, yolk granules released lipoproteins and a 24S protein species as high molecular weight components; the lipoproteins constituted about 40% of the total materials released. Three yolk lipoproteins(YLP-1, 2, and 3, in order of quantity) were isolated by ultracentrifugation and gel filtration. The hydrated densities of YLP-1, 2, and 3 were 1.027, 1.062, and 1.009 g/cm(3), respectively. YLP-1, 2, and 3 contained glyceride as a major lipid in quantities of 3.1, 1.8, and 4.3 times the amount of each protein, respectively. These lipoproteins contained large amounts of carbohydrate. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed four major periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) positive polypeptide bands common to the three lipoproteins. All the constituent polypeptides of the 24S protein were also PAS positive. Electron microscopy of negatively stained YLP-1, 2, and 3 revealed the average diameters to be 36, 29, and 48nm, respectively. The 24S protein appeared to be cylindrical in shape with average exterior dimensions of 10--20 nm. Thin-section micrographs showed that yolk granules are packed with particles around 30 nm in diameter, suggesting that these particles are not the 24S proteins but the lipoprotein particles.", "PMID": 711697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4933", "title": "Study on the factors yielding high color in the carbazole reaction with hexuronic acid-containing substances.", "content": "The color yields with hexuronic acids and hexuronic acid-containing substances were studied by means of the carbazole method of Bitter and Muir with or without 0.025 M borate. The carbazole-borate to carbazole (CB/C) ratios thus obtained indicated not only the degree of the borate effects on the color yields with these materials but also the anomalous nature of some of these substances in the carbozole reaction. The present data indicate that the high color yield with heparin in the carbozole reaction may be due to the production of free amino groups from acid-labile sulfamino groups in the early stage of the reaction, resulting in suppression of protonation on the alpha-D-glucosaminidic oxygen atoms attached to the hexuronic acid residues in the molecule. Moreover, it is suggested that the degree of the unusual color yields in the carbazole reaction with glycosaminoglycans is greatly influenced by the anomeric configuration of the hexosaminyl linkages attached to the hexuronic acid residues in these polymers.", "contents": "Study on the factors yielding high color in the carbazole reaction with hexuronic acid-containing substances. The color yields with hexuronic acids and hexuronic acid-containing substances were studied by means of the carbazole method of Bitter and Muir with or without 0.025 M borate. The carbazole-borate to carbazole (CB/C) ratios thus obtained indicated not only the degree of the borate effects on the color yields with these materials but also the anomalous nature of some of these substances in the carbozole reaction. The present data indicate that the high color yield with heparin in the carbozole reaction may be due to the production of free amino groups from acid-labile sulfamino groups in the early stage of the reaction, resulting in suppression of protonation on the alpha-D-glucosaminidic oxygen atoms attached to the hexuronic acid residues in the molecule. Moreover, it is suggested that the degree of the unusual color yields in the carbazole reaction with glycosaminoglycans is greatly influenced by the anomeric configuration of the hexosaminyl linkages attached to the hexuronic acid residues in these polymers.", "PMID": 711699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4934", "title": "Study on calcium transport by sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles using fluorescence probes.", "content": "Fluorescence changes of 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonic acid and 3,3'-dipropyl-2,2'-thiadicarbocyanine during Ca transport by sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles were studied. The fluorescence of both probes is enhanced corresponding to the rapid initial Ca uptake. The enhancement could be interpreted in terms of increased binding of the former (anionic) dye and decreased binding of the latter (cationic) dye to the vesicles, suggesting a change in the surface charge of the membranes associated with Ca transport. Under limited conditions where Na, K, and Mg were not added exogenously, Ca could be transported without concomitant counter-transport of these cations.", "contents": "Study on calcium transport by sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles using fluorescence probes. Fluorescence changes of 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonic acid and 3,3'-dipropyl-2,2'-thiadicarbocyanine during Ca transport by sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles were studied. The fluorescence of both probes is enhanced corresponding to the rapid initial Ca uptake. The enhancement could be interpreted in terms of increased binding of the former (anionic) dye and decreased binding of the latter (cationic) dye to the vesicles, suggesting a change in the surface charge of the membranes associated with Ca transport. Under limited conditions where Na, K, and Mg were not added exogenously, Ca could be transported without concomitant counter-transport of these cations.", "PMID": 711700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4935", "title": "The determination of molecular weights of Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor and the complex of Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor and subtilisin BPN' by sedimentation equilibrium.", "content": "The molecular weight of Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor (SSI), a protein proteinase inhibitor, and that of the complex of SSI and subtilisin BPN' [EC 3.4.21.14] were determined by a sedimentation equilibrium method in 25 mM phosphate buffer, at pH 7.0, ionic strength 0.1 M (NaCl), 25.0 degrees C. The molecular weight of SSI was found to be 23,000 over a wide concentration range, 0.01-10 mg/ml, the range used for inhibitory, spectrophotometric, and kinetic measurements. Based on the amino acid sequence, the molecular weight of SSI has been calculated to be 11,500 (Ikenaka, T., et al. (1974) J. Biochem. 76, 1191-1209); therefore, the molecular weight of 23,000 obtained above suggests that SSI is in a dimeric form under usual conditions in the concentration range of 5 X 10(-7)-5 X 10(-4) M. The molecular weight of the subtilisin BPN'-SSI complex was determined to be 78,000 in the concentration range of 0.03-5.0 mg/ml by sedimentation equilibrium of the crystallized preparation and by that of a mixture of subtilisin BPN' and SSI treated as a multicomponent-polydisperse system. The molecular weight obtained here, combined with the results of binding stoichiometry (Inouye, K., et al. (1977) J. Biochem. 82, 961-967) that showed that one mol of SSI (molecular weight, 11,500) and one mol of the enzyme (molecular weight, 27,500) are tightly bound (Kd less than 1 nM), demonstrate that one mol of dimeric SSI binds two mol of the enzyme to form a stable complex, E2I2.", "contents": "The determination of molecular weights of Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor and the complex of Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor and subtilisin BPN' by sedimentation equilibrium. The molecular weight of Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor (SSI), a protein proteinase inhibitor, and that of the complex of SSI and subtilisin BPN' [EC 3.4.21.14] were determined by a sedimentation equilibrium method in 25 mM phosphate buffer, at pH 7.0, ionic strength 0.1 M (NaCl), 25.0 degrees C. The molecular weight of SSI was found to be 23,000 over a wide concentration range, 0.01-10 mg/ml, the range used for inhibitory, spectrophotometric, and kinetic measurements. Based on the amino acid sequence, the molecular weight of SSI has been calculated to be 11,500 (Ikenaka, T., et al. (1974) J. Biochem. 76, 1191-1209); therefore, the molecular weight of 23,000 obtained above suggests that SSI is in a dimeric form under usual conditions in the concentration range of 5 X 10(-7)-5 X 10(-4) M. The molecular weight of the subtilisin BPN'-SSI complex was determined to be 78,000 in the concentration range of 0.03-5.0 mg/ml by sedimentation equilibrium of the crystallized preparation and by that of a mixture of subtilisin BPN' and SSI treated as a multicomponent-polydisperse system. The molecular weight obtained here, combined with the results of binding stoichiometry (Inouye, K., et al. (1977) J. Biochem. 82, 961-967) that showed that one mol of SSI (molecular weight, 11,500) and one mol of the enzyme (molecular weight, 27,500) are tightly bound (Kd less than 1 nM), demonstrate that one mol of dimeric SSI binds two mol of the enzyme to form a stable complex, E2I2.", "PMID": 711701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4936", "title": "Separation and purification of phospholipid exchange proteins in rat small intestinal mucosa.", "content": "The cytosol fraction of rat small intestinal mucosa stimulated the transfer of [32P]phosphatidylcholine and [32P]phosphatidylinositol from donor liposomes to acceptor liposomes. The proteins which catalyzed the exchanges were separated into three fractions by gel filtration on a Sephadex G-75 column and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and CM-cellulose. One of the fractions was purified 340-fold and stimulated phosphatidylcholine exchange but not phosphatidylinositol exchange. The other two fractions were active in the stimulation of phosphatidylcholine exchange as well as phosphatidylinositol exchange. These two fractions were purified 35-fold and 44-fold over the cytosol fraction with respect to the phosphatidylinositol exchange activity.", "contents": "Separation and purification of phospholipid exchange proteins in rat small intestinal mucosa. The cytosol fraction of rat small intestinal mucosa stimulated the transfer of [32P]phosphatidylcholine and [32P]phosphatidylinositol from donor liposomes to acceptor liposomes. The proteins which catalyzed the exchanges were separated into three fractions by gel filtration on a Sephadex G-75 column and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and CM-cellulose. One of the fractions was purified 340-fold and stimulated phosphatidylcholine exchange but not phosphatidylinositol exchange. The other two fractions were active in the stimulation of phosphatidylcholine exchange as well as phosphatidylinositol exchange. These two fractions were purified 35-fold and 44-fold over the cytosol fraction with respect to the phosphatidylinositol exchange activity.", "PMID": 711702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4937", "title": "Crystal structure of a protein proteinase inhibitor, SSI (Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor), at 4 A resolution.", "content": "The crystal structure of a protein proteinase inhibitor, SSI (Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor), which strongly inhibits bacterial alkaline proteinases specifically, was determined at 4 A resolution using four heavy-atom derivatives. The SSI molecule can be described as an ellipsoid of about 30 X 40 X 65 A composed of two identical subunits each having dimensions of about 35 X 25 X 40 A and a molecular weight of 11,483. The subunit has an extensive beta-sheet structure, but no long alpha-helices are present. Based on the binding sites of platinum reagents known to form coordination complexes with methionine, it is speculated that the P1 residue, Met 73, of the reactive site is at the protruding edge of the subunit. At the subunit-subunit interface, a beta-sheet of one subunit is stacked on top of the corresponding beta-sheet of the other subunit.", "contents": "Crystal structure of a protein proteinase inhibitor, SSI (Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor), at 4 A resolution. The crystal structure of a protein proteinase inhibitor, SSI (Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor), which strongly inhibits bacterial alkaline proteinases specifically, was determined at 4 A resolution using four heavy-atom derivatives. The SSI molecule can be described as an ellipsoid of about 30 X 40 X 65 A composed of two identical subunits each having dimensions of about 35 X 25 X 40 A and a molecular weight of 11,483. The subunit has an extensive beta-sheet structure, but no long alpha-helices are present. Based on the binding sites of platinum reagents known to form coordination complexes with methionine, it is speculated that the P1 residue, Met 73, of the reactive site is at the protruding edge of the subunit. At the subunit-subunit interface, a beta-sheet of one subunit is stacked on top of the corresponding beta-sheet of the other subunit.", "PMID": 711703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4938", "title": "\"Thermal stability\" maps for several double-stranded DNA fragments of known sequence.", "content": "The origin of cooperatively melting regions in DNA, which appear as fine structures in the optical melting profile, has been examined for DNA fragments of known base sequences from bacteriophages phiX174 and fd. Thermal stability maps, which indicate the states of base pairs along these DNA strands, were constructed within the established theoretical framework using the parameters which best reproduce the melting profiles obtained by high temperature resolution experiments. By comparing these stability maps with genetic maps, it was found that several cooperatively melting regions which span several hundred bases have some correlation with the gene locations.", "contents": "\"Thermal stability\" maps for several double-stranded DNA fragments of known sequence. The origin of cooperatively melting regions in DNA, which appear as fine structures in the optical melting profile, has been examined for DNA fragments of known base sequences from bacteriophages phiX174 and fd. Thermal stability maps, which indicate the states of base pairs along these DNA strands, were constructed within the established theoretical framework using the parameters which best reproduce the melting profiles obtained by high temperature resolution experiments. By comparing these stability maps with genetic maps, it was found that several cooperatively melting regions which span several hundred bases have some correlation with the gene locations.", "PMID": 711704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4939", "title": "Age-related changes in the content of the collagen crosslink, pyridinoline.", "content": "Pyridinoline is a crosslinking amino acid of collagen fibers. The age-related changes in the content of pyridinoline were followed for collagens from human and rat costal cartilage and Achilles tendon. The pyridinoline content of the collagens in fetal or newborn animals was very low and increased markedly with growth of the animals. In rat tissues, the pyridinoline content continued to increase after the animal had reached maturity. On the other hand, in human tissues, it began to decrease after about 30 years of age. Pyridinoline may serve as an interesting index for the aging of connective tissues.", "contents": "Age-related changes in the content of the collagen crosslink, pyridinoline. Pyridinoline is a crosslinking amino acid of collagen fibers. The age-related changes in the content of pyridinoline were followed for collagens from human and rat costal cartilage and Achilles tendon. The pyridinoline content of the collagens in fetal or newborn animals was very low and increased markedly with growth of the animals. In rat tissues, the pyridinoline content continued to increase after the animal had reached maturity. On the other hand, in human tissues, it began to decrease after about 30 years of age. Pyridinoline may serve as an interesting index for the aging of connective tissues.", "PMID": 711705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4940", "title": "Biochemical studies on liver functions in primary cultured hepatocytes of adult rats. I. Hormonal effects on cell viability and protein synthesis.", "content": "Liver parenchymal cells were isolated from adult rats by digesting liver slices or perfusing liver with collagenase. The cell yields were 1.5 X 10(7) and 1.0 X 10(8) cells/g liver from slices and perfused liver, respectively, and in both cases the cell viabilities and attachment efficiencies were over 90% and 60%, respectively. The cells were viable for more than one week when cultured in Williams medium E with 10% fetal bovine serum, and addition of insulin and dexamethasone enhanced the maintenance of cell viability. Various biochemical functions or freshly isolated cells and cultured cells were compared in this medium. In freshly isolated cells, induction of tyrosine transaminase [EC 2.6.1.5] by dexamethasone was low and none of the hormones examined stimulated protein synthesis; but when the cells had been cultured for a few days, induction of tyrosine transaminase became prominent, and insulin and dexamethasone stimulated protein synthesis and glucagon inhibited their effect. About half the synthesized proteins were secreted into the medium and among these proteins, albumin, transferrin, fibrinogen, and lipoproteins were identified immunochemically and electrophoretically. It was also shown that the polysomes in freshly isolated cells were almost completely disaggregated, but that in cells after a few days culture they were reaggregated. These results showed that freshly isolated cells have impaired functions, but that after culture for a few days the cells recover various liver functions and thus become more suitable for use in biochemical studies on liver functions.", "contents": "Biochemical studies on liver functions in primary cultured hepatocytes of adult rats. I. Hormonal effects on cell viability and protein synthesis. Liver parenchymal cells were isolated from adult rats by digesting liver slices or perfusing liver with collagenase. The cell yields were 1.5 X 10(7) and 1.0 X 10(8) cells/g liver from slices and perfused liver, respectively, and in both cases the cell viabilities and attachment efficiencies were over 90% and 60%, respectively. The cells were viable for more than one week when cultured in Williams medium E with 10% fetal bovine serum, and addition of insulin and dexamethasone enhanced the maintenance of cell viability. Various biochemical functions or freshly isolated cells and cultured cells were compared in this medium. In freshly isolated cells, induction of tyrosine transaminase [EC 2.6.1.5] by dexamethasone was low and none of the hormones examined stimulated protein synthesis; but when the cells had been cultured for a few days, induction of tyrosine transaminase became prominent, and insulin and dexamethasone stimulated protein synthesis and glucagon inhibited their effect. About half the synthesized proteins were secreted into the medium and among these proteins, albumin, transferrin, fibrinogen, and lipoproteins were identified immunochemically and electrophoretically. It was also shown that the polysomes in freshly isolated cells were almost completely disaggregated, but that in cells after a few days culture they were reaggregated. These results showed that freshly isolated cells have impaired functions, but that after culture for a few days the cells recover various liver functions and thus become more suitable for use in biochemical studies on liver functions.", "PMID": 711706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4941", "title": "An osmotic effect operative in frontal gel chromatography.", "content": "The osmotic effect operative in frontal gel chromatography was quantitatively studied. When mixtures of a non-penetrating solute (Kav = 0) and a partially penetrating solute (0 less than Kav less than 1) were subjected to frontal gel chromatography, the latter formed a coextensive concentration gradient across the trailing boundary of the former, leading to the formation of a second plateau where the concentration exceeded that of the original solution plateau. It was shown that this anomaly, which we have previously predicted, was a direct consequence of osmotic perturbation of the bead size of the Sephadex gel and could be satisfactorily described by an equation based solely on the osmotic distention of the gel beads. Finally, the implications of the osmotic effect in the frontal chromatographic analysis of acceptor-ligand interactions is discussed and a method for correcting this effect is presented.", "contents": "An osmotic effect operative in frontal gel chromatography. The osmotic effect operative in frontal gel chromatography was quantitatively studied. When mixtures of a non-penetrating solute (Kav = 0) and a partially penetrating solute (0 less than Kav less than 1) were subjected to frontal gel chromatography, the latter formed a coextensive concentration gradient across the trailing boundary of the former, leading to the formation of a second plateau where the concentration exceeded that of the original solution plateau. It was shown that this anomaly, which we have previously predicted, was a direct consequence of osmotic perturbation of the bead size of the Sephadex gel and could be satisfactorily described by an equation based solely on the osmotic distention of the gel beads. Finally, the implications of the osmotic effect in the frontal chromatographic analysis of acceptor-ligand interactions is discussed and a method for correcting this effect is presented.", "PMID": 711707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4942", "title": "Isolation of human urinary lysozyme.", "content": "For the isolation of human lysozyme from the urine of leukemia patients, a simple method has been established which involves precipitation of urinary proteins by 60% saturation with ammonium sulfate, fractionation of crude lysozyme on Sephadex G-50 and purification by CM-Sepharose chromatography. By this method approximately 60% of the lysozyme in the urine was isolated in a pure state in ten days.", "contents": "Isolation of human urinary lysozyme. For the isolation of human lysozyme from the urine of leukemia patients, a simple method has been established which involves precipitation of urinary proteins by 60% saturation with ammonium sulfate, fractionation of crude lysozyme on Sephadex G-50 and purification by CM-Sepharose chromatography. By this method approximately 60% of the lysozyme in the urine was isolated in a pure state in ten days.", "PMID": 711708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4943", "title": "A chromatin-bound neutral protease and its inhibitor in rat peritoneal macrophages.", "content": "Rat peritoneal macrophages are known to contain a chymotrypsin-like neutral protease associated with a specific inhibitor. By homogenizing the cells in 0.25 M sucrose (pH 8.0) containing 0.5% Triton X-100, both the protease and the inhibitor were found to be localized in the nuclei, particularly in chromatin. The inhibitory factor in chromatin was then separated from the protease by hydroxylapatite gel chromatography in the presence of 2 M NaCl and 5 M urea. The inhibitor fraction obtained was deproteinized by digestion with Pronase and subsequent extraction with phenol; these treatments did not alter the inhibitory potency. The deproteinized inhibitor fraction had a UV absorption ratio, A280/A260, of 0.61, but it was resistant to digestion with various nucleases, including DNase 1, nuclease P1, and snake venom phosphodiesterase. However, when it was incubated with poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase from calf thymus, the inhibitory potency was markedly decreased. An authentic poly(ADP-ribose), with a mean chain length of approximately 30 ADP-ribose units, produced significant inhibition of the neutral protease isolated from macrophage chromatin. No such inhibition was produced by DNA, single-stranded DNA, RNA, polyadenylate, polyuridylate, polycytidylate, or monomeric ADP-ribose.", "contents": "A chromatin-bound neutral protease and its inhibitor in rat peritoneal macrophages. Rat peritoneal macrophages are known to contain a chymotrypsin-like neutral protease associated with a specific inhibitor. By homogenizing the cells in 0.25 M sucrose (pH 8.0) containing 0.5% Triton X-100, both the protease and the inhibitor were found to be localized in the nuclei, particularly in chromatin. The inhibitory factor in chromatin was then separated from the protease by hydroxylapatite gel chromatography in the presence of 2 M NaCl and 5 M urea. The inhibitor fraction obtained was deproteinized by digestion with Pronase and subsequent extraction with phenol; these treatments did not alter the inhibitory potency. The deproteinized inhibitor fraction had a UV absorption ratio, A280/A260, of 0.61, but it was resistant to digestion with various nucleases, including DNase 1, nuclease P1, and snake venom phosphodiesterase. However, when it was incubated with poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase from calf thymus, the inhibitory potency was markedly decreased. An authentic poly(ADP-ribose), with a mean chain length of approximately 30 ADP-ribose units, produced significant inhibition of the neutral protease isolated from macrophage chromatin. No such inhibition was produced by DNA, single-stranded DNA, RNA, polyadenylate, polyuridylate, polycytidylate, or monomeric ADP-ribose.", "PMID": 711709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4944", "title": "Preferential association of newly synthesized H3 and H4 histones with newly replicated DNA.", "content": "The assembly of newly synthesized histones into chromatin during replication of MH-134SC cells was studied. Cells pulse-labeled with iododeoxyuridine and [3H]lysine were mixed with an equivalent number of normal cells labeled with [14C]lysine. Nuclease chromatin obtained from pooled cells was fractionated by buoyant-density centrifugation in a gradient containing Metrizamide and 3-iodo-1,2-propanediol. Histones extracted from heavy and normal chromatin regions of the gradient were fractionated by acid-urea gel electrophoresis, and 3H/14C ratios of individual histones were compared. The results showed highly preferential association of newly synthesized H3 and H4 with newly replicated DNA.", "contents": "Preferential association of newly synthesized H3 and H4 histones with newly replicated DNA. The assembly of newly synthesized histones into chromatin during replication of MH-134SC cells was studied. Cells pulse-labeled with iododeoxyuridine and [3H]lysine were mixed with an equivalent number of normal cells labeled with [14C]lysine. Nuclease chromatin obtained from pooled cells was fractionated by buoyant-density centrifugation in a gradient containing Metrizamide and 3-iodo-1,2-propanediol. Histones extracted from heavy and normal chromatin regions of the gradient were fractionated by acid-urea gel electrophoresis, and 3H/14C ratios of individual histones were compared. The results showed highly preferential association of newly synthesized H3 and H4 with newly replicated DNA.", "PMID": 711710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4945", "title": "D-Glucose anomeric preference of hexokinases in higher animals.", "content": "The D-glucose anomeric preference of hexokinases isolated from rat liver, brain, and skeletal muscle, and bovine retina was studied using the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-NADP system. The ratios of maximum phosphorylation rates of beta-D-glucose to those of alpha-D-glucose were 1.33, 1.46, and 1.54 for hexokinase types I, II, and III from rat liver, 1.45 and 1.63 for type I from rat brain and bovine retina, 1.53 for type II from rat skeletal muscle, and 0.55 (when determined at 5 mM) for type IV (glucokinase) from rat liver, respectively.", "contents": "D-Glucose anomeric preference of hexokinases in higher animals. The D-glucose anomeric preference of hexokinases isolated from rat liver, brain, and skeletal muscle, and bovine retina was studied using the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-NADP system. The ratios of maximum phosphorylation rates of beta-D-glucose to those of alpha-D-glucose were 1.33, 1.46, and 1.54 for hexokinase types I, II, and III from rat liver, 1.45 and 1.63 for type I from rat brain and bovine retina, 1.53 for type II from rat skeletal muscle, and 0.55 (when determined at 5 mM) for type IV (glucokinase) from rat liver, respectively.", "PMID": 711711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4946", "title": "Effects of administration of cobalt chloride and cobalt protoporphyrin on delta-aminolevulinate synthase in rat liver.", "content": "Cobalt protoporphyrin inhibited the drug-induced increase of delta-aminolevulinate synthase as well as its transfer from the cytosol fraction to the mitochondria in rat liver in a similar way to protoheme. Cobalt chloride given to animals in a large dose exhibited similar effects. Cobalt protoporphyrin was isolated from the liver of rats treated with cobalt chloride. The observed regulatory effects of cobalt chloride with respect to the induction and the intracellular translocation of delta-aminolevulinate synthase may be mediated by cobalt protoporphyrin synthesized in vivo.", "contents": "Effects of administration of cobalt chloride and cobalt protoporphyrin on delta-aminolevulinate synthase in rat liver. Cobalt protoporphyrin inhibited the drug-induced increase of delta-aminolevulinate synthase as well as its transfer from the cytosol fraction to the mitochondria in rat liver in a similar way to protoheme. Cobalt chloride given to animals in a large dose exhibited similar effects. Cobalt protoporphyrin was isolated from the liver of rats treated with cobalt chloride. The observed regulatory effects of cobalt chloride with respect to the induction and the intracellular translocation of delta-aminolevulinate synthase may be mediated by cobalt protoporphyrin synthesized in vivo.", "PMID": 711712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4947", "title": "Oxygen exchange in silicone rubber capillaries.", "content": "Capillaries of 7 and 12.5 mu diameter have been fabricated in silicone rubber. Whole blood treated with heparin has been perfused through these capillaries. Under flowing conditions, no clotting or other clumping effects have been observed and red cells appear to maintain a constant velocity. Oxygen transfer data to and from saline perfusing the 12.5 mu diameter capillaries have been obtained in order to determine how rapidly O2 will permeate the silicone rubber film. The data indicate that the capillaries simulate lung tissue oxygen exchange and will allow for the first time the experimental determination of oxygen exchange kinetics in flowing whole blood.", "contents": "Oxygen exchange in silicone rubber capillaries. Capillaries of 7 and 12.5 mu diameter have been fabricated in silicone rubber. Whole blood treated with heparin has been perfused through these capillaries. Under flowing conditions, no clotting or other clumping effects have been observed and red cells appear to maintain a constant velocity. Oxygen transfer data to and from saline perfusing the 12.5 mu diameter capillaries have been obtained in order to determine how rapidly O2 will permeate the silicone rubber film. The data indicate that the capillaries simulate lung tissue oxygen exchange and will allow for the first time the experimental determination of oxygen exchange kinetics in flowing whole blood.", "PMID": 711713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4948", "title": "Instrumentation for monitoring oxygen consumption using a replenishment technique.", "content": "An instrument to measure patient oxygen consumption simply and accurately has been built using a replenishment technique. Oxygen is added to the patient's exhaled gas until its oxygen concentration is the same as the oxygen concentration of the inhaled gas. The rate at which oxygen is added is a measure of the patient's oxygen consumption. Bench tests show that oxygen consumption is measured with an accuracy of +/- 2.3 percent and human tests show an accuracy of +/- 5.9 percent. The instrument interfaces easily with a mechanical ventilator and is readily accepted by the clinician.", "contents": "Instrumentation for monitoring oxygen consumption using a replenishment technique. An instrument to measure patient oxygen consumption simply and accurately has been built using a replenishment technique. Oxygen is added to the patient's exhaled gas until its oxygen concentration is the same as the oxygen concentration of the inhaled gas. The rate at which oxygen is added is a measure of the patient's oxygen consumption. Bench tests show that oxygen consumption is measured with an accuracy of +/- 2.3 percent and human tests show an accuracy of +/- 5.9 percent. The instrument interfaces easily with a mechanical ventilator and is readily accepted by the clinician.", "PMID": 711714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4949", "title": "A novel filler free silicone rubber biomaterial. II. Radiation chemical and physical evaluation.", "content": "Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane was polymerized at 60 degrees C by gamma radiation to yield filler free silicone rubber (FFSR). The G (crosslinking) value of 23.5 was found for the FFSR polymerized for 4 hours, compared to about 2 for the pure polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The sol fractions for both FFSR and cross-linked PDMS varied between 5-7%. The FFSR and the cross-linked PDMS both had tensile strength of about 1 kg per cm2 but FFSR was not brittle and could be extended as much as 500% before breaking. It is believed that the marked improvement in physical properties of FFSR is due to the formation of domains of highly cross-linked material which act as \"internal filler\".", "contents": "A novel filler free silicone rubber biomaterial. II. Radiation chemical and physical evaluation. Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane was polymerized at 60 degrees C by gamma radiation to yield filler free silicone rubber (FFSR). The G (crosslinking) value of 23.5 was found for the FFSR polymerized for 4 hours, compared to about 2 for the pure polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The sol fractions for both FFSR and cross-linked PDMS varied between 5-7%. The FFSR and the cross-linked PDMS both had tensile strength of about 1 kg per cm2 but FFSR was not brittle and could be extended as much as 500% before breaking. It is believed that the marked improvement in physical properties of FFSR is due to the formation of domains of highly cross-linked material which act as \"internal filler\".", "PMID": 711716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4950", "title": "Polymer modification and blood compatibility.", "content": "Two procedures have been examined for altering the blood compatibility of copolymers of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, where blood compatibility has been measured by the recalcification time of platelet rich plasma. The improvement in blood compatibility of a copolymer of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate resulting from contact with heparin has been shown to be dependent on both copolymer composition and the method of polymerization. The hydrophilicity of a copolymer of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and acrylonitrile has been altered by reaction with ethylene oxide gas. The relationship between time of exposure to ethylene oxide gas. The relationship between time of exposure to ethylene oxide gas and clotting time indicates a dependence of compatibility on copolymer hydrophilicity.", "contents": "Polymer modification and blood compatibility. Two procedures have been examined for altering the blood compatibility of copolymers of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, where blood compatibility has been measured by the recalcification time of platelet rich plasma. The improvement in blood compatibility of a copolymer of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate resulting from contact with heparin has been shown to be dependent on both copolymer composition and the method of polymerization. The hydrophilicity of a copolymer of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and acrylonitrile has been altered by reaction with ethylene oxide gas. The relationship between time of exposure to ethylene oxide gas. The relationship between time of exposure to ethylene oxide gas and clotting time indicates a dependence of compatibility on copolymer hydrophilicity.", "PMID": 711717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4951", "title": "Experimental myringoplasty.", "content": "Different materials were compared as implants in performing a myringoplasty on rats immediately after making a total perforation, (autologous fascia, homologous tympanic membrane, homologous collagen, heterologous collagen, heterologous amnion and proplast). As a reference one group of rats had no myringoplasty done after perforating their drums. The animals were examined regularly, then killed after 40 and 64 weeks. Macroscopically and microscopically proplast and homologous collagen were very inferior to homograft tympanic membrane and autologous fascia. The best results were obtained both macroscopically and histologically with heterologous collagen and heterologous amnion.", "contents": "Experimental myringoplasty. Different materials were compared as implants in performing a myringoplasty on rats immediately after making a total perforation, (autologous fascia, homologous tympanic membrane, homologous collagen, heterologous collagen, heterologous amnion and proplast). As a reference one group of rats had no myringoplasty done after perforating their drums. The animals were examined regularly, then killed after 40 and 64 weeks. Macroscopically and microscopically proplast and homologous collagen were very inferior to homograft tympanic membrane and autologous fascia. The best results were obtained both macroscopically and histologically with heterologous collagen and heterologous amnion.", "PMID": 711718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4952", "title": "Intra-articular implant of filamentous carbon fibre in the experimental animal.", "content": "The effects of filling drilled holes and articular cartilage grooves in rabbit femora with 9 micrometer diameter filamentous carbon fibre in vivo were studied. The animals were killed at four weeks and five months and the medial and lateral femoral condyles removed and studied morphologically by gross and scanning electron microscopic examination, and histologically using hematoxylin and eosin, van Gieson, toluidine blue and safranin O staining techniques. Fibrous tissue appeared to surround the carbon fibre bundle and emerge at the surface in large organised bundles, overflowing to cover the surface adjacent to the hole defects. Fibrous tissue surrounds the carbon fibre bundle, and forms a new surface over grooves made in the articular cartilage of rabbits that were kept alive for five months, the tissue within the control grooves filled with disorganised fibrous tissue. There was very little foreign body reaction and the fibrous tissue appeared to grow parallel and surround the carbon fibre bundle.", "contents": "Intra-articular implant of filamentous carbon fibre in the experimental animal. The effects of filling drilled holes and articular cartilage grooves in rabbit femora with 9 micrometer diameter filamentous carbon fibre in vivo were studied. The animals were killed at four weeks and five months and the medial and lateral femoral condyles removed and studied morphologically by gross and scanning electron microscopic examination, and histologically using hematoxylin and eosin, van Gieson, toluidine blue and safranin O staining techniques. Fibrous tissue appeared to surround the carbon fibre bundle and emerge at the surface in large organised bundles, overflowing to cover the surface adjacent to the hole defects. Fibrous tissue surrounds the carbon fibre bundle, and forms a new surface over grooves made in the articular cartilage of rabbits that were kept alive for five months, the tissue within the control grooves filled with disorganised fibrous tissue. There was very little foreign body reaction and the fibrous tissue appeared to grow parallel and surround the carbon fibre bundle.", "PMID": 711720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4953", "title": "Aortic valve mechanics--Part I: material properties of natural porcine aortic valves.", "content": "A new methodology has been developed whereby the inhomogeneous and anisotropic aspects of an irregularly surfaced organ component have been incorporated in establishing the material properties of its tissue. Specifically the direction-dependent post-transition elastic moduli have been calculated from microtensile experiments for the porcine aortic valve leaflets with an average of ECIRC/ERAD = 3.2. Furthermore pressure-strain data have been measured for a grid of points on the surface of a porcine aortic valve and an isostrain map has been developed for P = 80 mm. Hg. These data are used for the stress analysis of porcine aortic valves which is the subject of a companion paper.", "contents": "Aortic valve mechanics--Part I: material properties of natural porcine aortic valves. A new methodology has been developed whereby the inhomogeneous and anisotropic aspects of an irregularly surfaced organ component have been incorporated in establishing the material properties of its tissue. Specifically the direction-dependent post-transition elastic moduli have been calculated from microtensile experiments for the porcine aortic valve leaflets with an average of ECIRC/ERAD = 3.2. Furthermore pressure-strain data have been measured for a grid of points on the surface of a porcine aortic valve and an isostrain map has been developed for P = 80 mm. Hg. These data are used for the stress analysis of porcine aortic valves which is the subject of a companion paper.", "PMID": 711721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4954", "title": "Effect of polyurethane morphology on blood coagulation.", "content": "A series of polyurethanes based on the hard segment MDI and soft segment PTMG were synthesized. The molecular weight of the PTMG was 730, 1000, and 2000, and ethylene diamine was used as chain extender. The fabrication process was varied so as to achieve the maximum disorder (nonequilibrium state) and maximum order, fully annealed. It was demostrated that the \"quenched\" non-equilibrium state reduces the rate of activation of the intrinsic systems, factor XII pathway, when compared to the fully annealed state. Platelet attachment is primarily affected by phase separation.", "contents": "Effect of polyurethane morphology on blood coagulation. A series of polyurethanes based on the hard segment MDI and soft segment PTMG were synthesized. The molecular weight of the PTMG was 730, 1000, and 2000, and ethylene diamine was used as chain extender. The fabrication process was varied so as to achieve the maximum disorder (nonequilibrium state) and maximum order, fully annealed. It was demostrated that the \"quenched\" non-equilibrium state reduces the rate of activation of the intrinsic systems, factor XII pathway, when compared to the fully annealed state. Platelet attachment is primarily affected by phase separation.", "PMID": 711722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4955", "title": "The thrombogenicity of radiation grafted polymers as measured by the vena cava ring test.", "content": "Radiation grafted hydrogels on silicone rubber with water contents ranging from 10--90% have been evaluated by the vena cava ring test. All hydrogel grafted materials were found to accumulate less thrombus than ungrafted silicone rubber, and graft level was found to have little effect on thrombus accumulation. Acrylamide grafts demonstrated superior thromboresistance by this test. Poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-ethyl methacrylate (HEMA/EMA) copolymers were examined along with pure HEMA and EMA grafts. At two weeks implantation, intermediate HEMA/EMA copolymers were found to have the least thrombus accumulation of any of the polymers in this series. EMA grafted rings were highly thrombogenic. The results from these studies indicate that the sensitivity of the vena cava ring test for detecting certain differences in polymer structure is poor. Also, the significance of the vena cava ring test for evaluating materials for use in contact with flowing human blood is questionable, based upon comparisons of results for similar materials tested in other blood compatibility evaluation systems.", "contents": "The thrombogenicity of radiation grafted polymers as measured by the vena cava ring test. Radiation grafted hydrogels on silicone rubber with water contents ranging from 10--90% have been evaluated by the vena cava ring test. All hydrogel grafted materials were found to accumulate less thrombus than ungrafted silicone rubber, and graft level was found to have little effect on thrombus accumulation. Acrylamide grafts demonstrated superior thromboresistance by this test. Poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-ethyl methacrylate (HEMA/EMA) copolymers were examined along with pure HEMA and EMA grafts. At two weeks implantation, intermediate HEMA/EMA copolymers were found to have the least thrombus accumulation of any of the polymers in this series. EMA grafted rings were highly thrombogenic. The results from these studies indicate that the sensitivity of the vena cava ring test for detecting certain differences in polymer structure is poor. Also, the significance of the vena cava ring test for evaluating materials for use in contact with flowing human blood is questionable, based upon comparisons of results for similar materials tested in other blood compatibility evaluation systems.", "PMID": 711723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4956", "title": "In vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo acute responses to some amino acid copolymers and their esters.", "content": "The present study was performed in order to establish if there is any correspondence between specific parameters of tissue reaction to implanted biomedical materials and in vitro cytotoxicity. The presence of various types of inflammatory cells and/or necrosis in rats implanted subcutaneously with a series of 42 alpha-amino acid copolymers and their esters was compared with their in vitro toxic effects, as determined by an agar overlay technique. Only necrosis appeared to correlate with reactions scored as strongly positive by tissue culture procedures. Future studies with slightly toxic materials should assess if tissue culture methods could be helpful in predicting other levels of reaction at the polymer-tissue interface.", "contents": "In vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo acute responses to some amino acid copolymers and their esters. The present study was performed in order to establish if there is any correspondence between specific parameters of tissue reaction to implanted biomedical materials and in vitro cytotoxicity. The presence of various types of inflammatory cells and/or necrosis in rats implanted subcutaneously with a series of 42 alpha-amino acid copolymers and their esters was compared with their in vitro toxic effects, as determined by an agar overlay technique. Only necrosis appeared to correlate with reactions scored as strongly positive by tissue culture procedures. Future studies with slightly toxic materials should assess if tissue culture methods could be helpful in predicting other levels of reaction at the polymer-tissue interface.", "PMID": 711724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4957", "title": "A model for evaluating the ocular contusion injury potential of propelled objects.", "content": "The existing data on experimental ocular contusion were analyzed in terms of a simple mathematical model which predicts the maximum contact force between the eye and the impacting projectile. It was shown that this force was related to the injury producing mechanism, eyeball expansion, which was widely advocated in the literature. The effect of loading rate was also accounted for in the model. A dimensional analysis allowed previous experimental data to be used to generate tolerance curves for ocular injury. The agreement between the prediction of the model and previous subjective opinions of a panel of ophthalmologists was considered to be satisfactory. When the model was used to predict the hazard potential of projectile toys which presently exist in the market place, it was found that the contusive injury producing capability of these products covered the full range from safe to hazardous.", "contents": "A model for evaluating the ocular contusion injury potential of propelled objects. The existing data on experimental ocular contusion were analyzed in terms of a simple mathematical model which predicts the maximum contact force between the eye and the impacting projectile. It was shown that this force was related to the injury producing mechanism, eyeball expansion, which was widely advocated in the literature. The effect of loading rate was also accounted for in the model. A dimensional analysis allowed previous experimental data to be used to generate tolerance curves for ocular injury. The agreement between the prediction of the model and previous subjective opinions of a panel of ophthalmologists was considered to be satisfactory. When the model was used to predict the hazard potential of projectile toys which presently exist in the market place, it was found that the contusive injury producing capability of these products covered the full range from safe to hazardous.", "PMID": 711727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4958", "title": "An accurate data collection method for spatial motion using a sonic digitizer.", "content": "An accurate collecting method for spatial displacement data utilizing a sonic digitizer which works electronically and acoustically is described. The sequence of the operation of the digitizer system is explained. As an application, the study of elbow flexion-extension is presented. Finally, operational precautions for using this system are discussed.", "contents": "An accurate data collection method for spatial motion using a sonic digitizer. An accurate collecting method for spatial displacement data utilizing a sonic digitizer which works electronically and acoustically is described. The sequence of the operation of the digitizer system is explained. As an application, the study of elbow flexion-extension is presented. Finally, operational precautions for using this system are discussed.", "PMID": 711728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4959", "title": "Isolation of a cross-linked dimer of elastin.", "content": "Salt-soluble elastin, isolated by coacervation from extracts of copper-deficient pig aorta, contains a minor protein component separable by gel electrophoresis in 6 M urea. This protein has a molecular weight of 150,000 compared to 75,000 of the major component. The amino acid analyses of both proteins are typical of elastin but the higher molecular weight component has a significantly lower lysine content and lysine-derived cross-links that are lacking from the major component. The proteins were labeled by incubation of the fresh aortic tissue with [14C]lysine. The acid hydrolysate of the borohydride-reduced higher molecular weight protein contained a labeled amino acid eluting at a time identical to standard merodesmosine and a trace of radioactivity corresponding to lysinonorleucine. We conclude that the higher molecular weight protein is a cross-linked dimer of the previously identified soluble elastin.", "contents": "Isolation of a cross-linked dimer of elastin. Salt-soluble elastin, isolated by coacervation from extracts of copper-deficient pig aorta, contains a minor protein component separable by gel electrophoresis in 6 M urea. This protein has a molecular weight of 150,000 compared to 75,000 of the major component. The amino acid analyses of both proteins are typical of elastin but the higher molecular weight component has a significantly lower lysine content and lysine-derived cross-links that are lacking from the major component. The proteins were labeled by incubation of the fresh aortic tissue with [14C]lysine. The acid hydrolysate of the borohydride-reduced higher molecular weight protein contained a labeled amino acid eluting at a time identical to standard merodesmosine and a trace of radioactivity corresponding to lysinonorleucine. We conclude that the higher molecular weight protein is a cross-linked dimer of the previously identified soluble elastin.", "PMID": 711730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4960", "title": "The amino acid sequence of radioimmunoassayable neurotensin from bovine intestine.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of radioimmunoassayable neurotensin, isolated from bovine small intestinal extracts, has been shown to be the same as that of the peptide originally isolated from bovine hypothalamic extracts. This was accomplished by sequence studies on the intact peptide as well as on its chymotryptic and papain-generated fragments. Thus, neurotensin joins the group of biologically active peptides shown to be present in the same molecular form in both brain and intestine.", "contents": "The amino acid sequence of radioimmunoassayable neurotensin from bovine intestine. The amino acid sequence of radioimmunoassayable neurotensin, isolated from bovine small intestinal extracts, has been shown to be the same as that of the peptide originally isolated from bovine hypothalamic extracts. This was accomplished by sequence studies on the intact peptide as well as on its chymotryptic and papain-generated fragments. Thus, neurotensin joins the group of biologically active peptides shown to be present in the same molecular form in both brain and intestine.", "PMID": 711731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4961", "title": "Erythroglycan, a high molecular weight glycopeptide with the repeating structure [galactosyl-(1 leads to 4)-2-deoxy-2-acetamido-glucosyl(1 leads to 3)] comprising more than one-third of the protein-bound carbohydrate of human erythrocyte stroma.", "content": "Glycopeptides of molecualr weight range 7,000 to 11,000, unusual in size and structure, have been partially purified from pronase digests of lipid-free human erythrocyte ghosts; we term this fraction \"erythroglycan.\" These substances comprise about one-third of the galactose and glucosamine of the ghost. Methylation analysis of erythroglycan yields mainly 4-linked glucosamine, 3-linked galactose, and 3,6-linked galactose, along with mannose and fucose derivatives. Hydrazinolysis and nitrous acid deamination degrade erythroglycan to galactosyl-2,5-anhydromannose, indicating a repeating structure of galactosyl, (1 leads to 4)-2deoxy-2-acetamidoglucosyl (1 leads to 3). Digestion with the endo-beta-galactosidase from Escherichia freundii gives only partial cleavage of the erythroglycan, probably because of the arborized structure indicated by the branched galactose. Since sphingosine is not detectable after methanolysis by chemical ionization mass spectrometry, and since amino acids are present, we conclude that these substances are probably glycopeptidic in origin and are not \"macroglycolipids.\" Erythroglycan may have the same type of keratan-like core structure as the long chain blood group glycolipids from human erythrocytes and could be a protein-bound carrier of the ABO determinants.", "contents": "Erythroglycan, a high molecular weight glycopeptide with the repeating structure [galactosyl-(1 leads to 4)-2-deoxy-2-acetamido-glucosyl(1 leads to 3)] comprising more than one-third of the protein-bound carbohydrate of human erythrocyte stroma. Glycopeptides of molecualr weight range 7,000 to 11,000, unusual in size and structure, have been partially purified from pronase digests of lipid-free human erythrocyte ghosts; we term this fraction \"erythroglycan.\" These substances comprise about one-third of the galactose and glucosamine of the ghost. Methylation analysis of erythroglycan yields mainly 4-linked glucosamine, 3-linked galactose, and 3,6-linked galactose, along with mannose and fucose derivatives. Hydrazinolysis and nitrous acid deamination degrade erythroglycan to galactosyl-2,5-anhydromannose, indicating a repeating structure of galactosyl, (1 leads to 4)-2deoxy-2-acetamidoglucosyl (1 leads to 3). Digestion with the endo-beta-galactosidase from Escherichia freundii gives only partial cleavage of the erythroglycan, probably because of the arborized structure indicated by the branched galactose. Since sphingosine is not detectable after methanolysis by chemical ionization mass spectrometry, and since amino acids are present, we conclude that these substances are probably glycopeptidic in origin and are not \"macroglycolipids.\" Erythroglycan may have the same type of keratan-like core structure as the long chain blood group glycolipids from human erythrocytes and could be a protein-bound carrier of the ABO determinants.", "PMID": 711733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4962", "title": "Resistance of lipophilin, a hydrophobic myelin protein, to denaturation by urea and guanidinium salts.", "content": "The influence of urea, guanidinium chloride (GdmCl), and granidinium thiocyanate (GdmSCN) on the solution structure of lipophilin was examined by circular dischroism and fluorescence techniques. According to the CD results, lipophilin retained at least 60% of organized secondary structure in 8 M urea and 6 M GdmCl (measurements were not possible in GdmSCN). This partial denaturation was of a complex, irreversible nature, and was not appreciably enhanced by prolonged incubation (8 days), by heating to 70 degrees C, by disulfide bond reduction, or by pH variation in the range pH 1.5 to 11. Fluorescence studies demonstrated that the tryptophan residues were only slightly perturbed by 8 M and 6 M GdmCl and remained well buried to the permeant quenching agent acrylamide. A greater, but still far from complete, disruption of lipophilin was achieved in 6 M GdmSCN, and fluorescence polarization provided evidence for some form of cooperative structural change induced by increasing concentrations of this reagent. Transfer of the protein from 2-chloroethanol, in which the tryptophan residues are fully exposed, into 6 M GdmSCN by dialysis resulted in reburial of the fluorophores owing to development of tertiary structure. The combined evidence suggests that the extraordinary resistance of lipophilin to these denaturants is due to the presence of an impervious hydrophobic core. In lipophilin and some other membrane-associated proteins, extended sequences of apolar residues might provide the nuclei for such structural domains.", "contents": "Resistance of lipophilin, a hydrophobic myelin protein, to denaturation by urea and guanidinium salts. The influence of urea, guanidinium chloride (GdmCl), and granidinium thiocyanate (GdmSCN) on the solution structure of lipophilin was examined by circular dischroism and fluorescence techniques. According to the CD results, lipophilin retained at least 60% of organized secondary structure in 8 M urea and 6 M GdmCl (measurements were not possible in GdmSCN). This partial denaturation was of a complex, irreversible nature, and was not appreciably enhanced by prolonged incubation (8 days), by heating to 70 degrees C, by disulfide bond reduction, or by pH variation in the range pH 1.5 to 11. Fluorescence studies demonstrated that the tryptophan residues were only slightly perturbed by 8 M and 6 M GdmCl and remained well buried to the permeant quenching agent acrylamide. A greater, but still far from complete, disruption of lipophilin was achieved in 6 M GdmSCN, and fluorescence polarization provided evidence for some form of cooperative structural change induced by increasing concentrations of this reagent. Transfer of the protein from 2-chloroethanol, in which the tryptophan residues are fully exposed, into 6 M GdmSCN by dialysis resulted in reburial of the fluorophores owing to development of tertiary structure. The combined evidence suggests that the extraordinary resistance of lipophilin to these denaturants is due to the presence of an impervious hydrophobic core. In lipophilin and some other membrane-associated proteins, extended sequences of apolar residues might provide the nuclei for such structural domains.", "PMID": 711734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4963", "title": "The covalent structure of bovine liver rhodanese. NH2-terminal sequence and partial structural analysis of tryptic peptides from the citraconylated protein.", "content": "Nineteen tryptic peptides produced by cleavage at 18 of the 20 arginyl residues in citraconylated S-carboxymethylcysteinyl-rhodanese have been isolated by a combination of gel filtration and high voltage paper electrophoresis. These Tc fragments account for all of the 293 residues in the parent polypeptide and their partial or complete sequences have been determined by automated and manual Edman degradation. In some cases, sequence analyses were completed by degradation of peptides derived by secondary cleavages of the decitraconylated Tc fragments with trypsin, chymotrypsin, or the protease from Staphylococcus aureus. Automated Edman degradation of intact S-carboxymethylcysteinyl-rhodanese was performed for 60 cycles; the information thus obtained permitted the alignment of seven of the Tc fragments and gave the sequence of the first 79 residues in the polypeptide chain. The Tc peptide at the COOH terminus of rhodanese was placed by virtue of the fact that it contained no arginine. Structural analysis of the Tc peptides provided the sequences surrounding all five of the methionyl residues in the enzyme. One of the methionines was found in a 19-residue Tc fragment which also contained the cysteinyl residue essential for catalysis.", "contents": "The covalent structure of bovine liver rhodanese. NH2-terminal sequence and partial structural analysis of tryptic peptides from the citraconylated protein. Nineteen tryptic peptides produced by cleavage at 18 of the 20 arginyl residues in citraconylated S-carboxymethylcysteinyl-rhodanese have been isolated by a combination of gel filtration and high voltage paper electrophoresis. These Tc fragments account for all of the 293 residues in the parent polypeptide and their partial or complete sequences have been determined by automated and manual Edman degradation. In some cases, sequence analyses were completed by degradation of peptides derived by secondary cleavages of the decitraconylated Tc fragments with trypsin, chymotrypsin, or the protease from Staphylococcus aureus. Automated Edman degradation of intact S-carboxymethylcysteinyl-rhodanese was performed for 60 cycles; the information thus obtained permitted the alignment of seven of the Tc fragments and gave the sequence of the first 79 residues in the polypeptide chain. The Tc peptide at the COOH terminus of rhodanese was placed by virtue of the fact that it contained no arginine. Structural analysis of the Tc peptides provided the sequences surrounding all five of the methionyl residues in the enzyme. One of the methionines was found in a 19-residue Tc fragment which also contained the cysteinyl residue essential for catalysis.", "PMID": 711736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4964", "title": "The covalent structure of bovine liver rhodanese. Isolation and partial structural analysis of cyanogen bromide fragements and the complete sequence of the enzyme.", "content": "Cyanogen bromide fragments from reduced and carboxymethylated rhodanese have been isolated by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography on columns of Sephadex G-50 and sulfoethyl-Sephadex C-25, respectively. Partial or complete structural analysis of these fragments has permitted the ordering in sequence of all eleven of the nonaligned tryptic peptides from citraconylated, S-carboxymethylcysteinyl-rhodanese and has thus provided the complete covalent structure of the enzyme. Rhodanese is a single polypeptide of 293 residues and the molecule weight calculated from the covalent structural analysis is about 32,900. The cysteinyl residue implicated in the catalytic function of rhodanese is at position 247. In some preparations of the enzyme the NH2-terminal dipeptide Val-His is missing and the sequence begins with the glutamine at position 3. The rhodanese thus obtained contains 291 amino acid residues and possesses full enzymic activity. X-ray crystallographic analysis of rhodanese has shown that the halves of the molecule (Domains I and II) are nearly identical in conformation. Comparative analysis of the sequences in Domains I and II containing residues with conformationally equivalent alpha C atoms has revealed some degree of homology between the halves of the rhodanese polypeptide. Nethertheless, the structural equivalence of the rhodanese domains is reflected much more by their similarity in tertiary structural than by their sequence homology, even when the sequence comparisons are optimized with reference to the crystallographic results.", "contents": "The covalent structure of bovine liver rhodanese. Isolation and partial structural analysis of cyanogen bromide fragements and the complete sequence of the enzyme. Cyanogen bromide fragments from reduced and carboxymethylated rhodanese have been isolated by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography on columns of Sephadex G-50 and sulfoethyl-Sephadex C-25, respectively. Partial or complete structural analysis of these fragments has permitted the ordering in sequence of all eleven of the nonaligned tryptic peptides from citraconylated, S-carboxymethylcysteinyl-rhodanese and has thus provided the complete covalent structure of the enzyme. Rhodanese is a single polypeptide of 293 residues and the molecule weight calculated from the covalent structural analysis is about 32,900. The cysteinyl residue implicated in the catalytic function of rhodanese is at position 247. In some preparations of the enzyme the NH2-terminal dipeptide Val-His is missing and the sequence begins with the glutamine at position 3. The rhodanese thus obtained contains 291 amino acid residues and possesses full enzymic activity. X-ray crystallographic analysis of rhodanese has shown that the halves of the molecule (Domains I and II) are nearly identical in conformation. Comparative analysis of the sequences in Domains I and II containing residues with conformationally equivalent alpha C atoms has revealed some degree of homology between the halves of the rhodanese polypeptide. Nethertheless, the structural equivalence of the rhodanese domains is reflected much more by their similarity in tertiary structural than by their sequence homology, even when the sequence comparisons are optimized with reference to the crystallographic results.", "PMID": 711737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4965", "title": "Active site cysteinyl and arginyl residues of rhodanese. A novel formation of disulfide bonds in the active site promoted by phenylglyoxal.", "content": "Chemical modification studies of bovine liver rhodanese have underscored important distinctions between free rhodanese and the catalytic intermediate in which the sulfane atom of the sulfur donor is bound covalently to the enzyme (sulfur-rhodanese). Treatment of free rhodanese with near-stoichiometric quantities of either iodoacetate or phenylglyoxal results in the rapid modification of the essential sulfhydryl group of Cys-247 and the consequent inactivation of the enzyme. Analysis of rate data for the iodoacetate reaction showed that the apparent pK of this group is 7.8 in free rhodanese and 6.7 to 7.0 in complexes of the enzyme with analogs of sulfur donor substrates, in agreement with the previous inference from steady state kinetic observations. Inactivation of free rhodanese by phenylglyoxal in the presence of cyanide was shown to be caused by a novel reaction in which disulfide bonds are formed between Cys-247 and either Cys-254 or Cys-263. In contrast to these results with free rhodanese, the sulfur-substituted enzyme is not inactivated by iodoacetate and is only relatively slowly inactivted by treatment with substantial excesses of phenylglyoxal. The loss of enzyme activity in sulfur-rhodanese does not involve cysteinyl residues but can be correlated with the modification of guanidino groups, notably that of Arg-186, the side chain of which may play a role in substrate binding. These chemical modification studies have implications with respect to the chemical mechanism of rhodanese catalysis and the interpretation of the x-ray crystallographic analysis of this enzyme.", "contents": "Active site cysteinyl and arginyl residues of rhodanese. A novel formation of disulfide bonds in the active site promoted by phenylglyoxal. Chemical modification studies of bovine liver rhodanese have underscored important distinctions between free rhodanese and the catalytic intermediate in which the sulfane atom of the sulfur donor is bound covalently to the enzyme (sulfur-rhodanese). Treatment of free rhodanese with near-stoichiometric quantities of either iodoacetate or phenylglyoxal results in the rapid modification of the essential sulfhydryl group of Cys-247 and the consequent inactivation of the enzyme. Analysis of rate data for the iodoacetate reaction showed that the apparent pK of this group is 7.8 in free rhodanese and 6.7 to 7.0 in complexes of the enzyme with analogs of sulfur donor substrates, in agreement with the previous inference from steady state kinetic observations. Inactivation of free rhodanese by phenylglyoxal in the presence of cyanide was shown to be caused by a novel reaction in which disulfide bonds are formed between Cys-247 and either Cys-254 or Cys-263. In contrast to these results with free rhodanese, the sulfur-substituted enzyme is not inactivated by iodoacetate and is only relatively slowly inactivted by treatment with substantial excesses of phenylglyoxal. The loss of enzyme activity in sulfur-rhodanese does not involve cysteinyl residues but can be correlated with the modification of guanidino groups, notably that of Arg-186, the side chain of which may play a role in substrate binding. These chemical modification studies have implications with respect to the chemical mechanism of rhodanese catalysis and the interpretation of the x-ray crystallographic analysis of this enzyme.", "PMID": 711738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4966", "title": "Protein associations and basic protein conformation in the myelin membrane. The use of difluorodinitrobenzene as a cross-linking reagent.", "content": "The near-neighbor relationships of proteins in the myelin membrane were examined using dinitrodifluorobenzene and other cross-linking reagents. When intact cat dorsal column or isolated myelin fragments were treated with cross-linking reagents, up to 20% of the myelin basic protein dimerized. The only other cross-linked product formed in the intact cat dorsal column was a heterodimer consisting of myelin basic protein and either the major or minor proteolipid protein. The remaining myelin proteins, including the major proteolipid protein, were cross-linked into very high molecular weight aggregates. In contrast, when the myelin membrane was dipersed in sodium dodecyl sulfate before the addition of cross-linking reagent, all the proteins remained essentially monomeric, with the exception of myelin basic protein which dimerized to some extent. In the absence of cross-linking reagent, it was shown by radioimmunoassay that small amounts of myelin basic protein dimer and the heterodimer were normally present in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. We found no evidence of intramolecular cross-links between the two peptides formed by N-bromosuccinimide cleavage or between the two peptides formed by cyanogen bromide cleavage of the basic protein monomer. The regions of the myelin basic protein molecule involved in dimerization were also determined by similar cleavage of the cross-linked dimer. A rudimentary model for the structure of basic protein dimer in myelin is presented.", "contents": "Protein associations and basic protein conformation in the myelin membrane. The use of difluorodinitrobenzene as a cross-linking reagent. The near-neighbor relationships of proteins in the myelin membrane were examined using dinitrodifluorobenzene and other cross-linking reagents. When intact cat dorsal column or isolated myelin fragments were treated with cross-linking reagents, up to 20% of the myelin basic protein dimerized. The only other cross-linked product formed in the intact cat dorsal column was a heterodimer consisting of myelin basic protein and either the major or minor proteolipid protein. The remaining myelin proteins, including the major proteolipid protein, were cross-linked into very high molecular weight aggregates. In contrast, when the myelin membrane was dipersed in sodium dodecyl sulfate before the addition of cross-linking reagent, all the proteins remained essentially monomeric, with the exception of myelin basic protein which dimerized to some extent. In the absence of cross-linking reagent, it was shown by radioimmunoassay that small amounts of myelin basic protein dimer and the heterodimer were normally present in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. We found no evidence of intramolecular cross-links between the two peptides formed by N-bromosuccinimide cleavage or between the two peptides formed by cyanogen bromide cleavage of the basic protein monomer. The regions of the myelin basic protein molecule involved in dimerization were also determined by similar cleavage of the cross-linked dimer. A rudimentary model for the structure of basic protein dimer in myelin is presented.", "PMID": 711741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4967", "title": "The nonpolar peptide segment of cytochrome b5. Binding to phospholipid vesicles and identification of the fluorescent tryptophanyl residue.", "content": "The nonpolar peptide segment of cytochrome b5 consisting of the COOH-terminal 43 amino acid residues binds rapidly to dimyristyl lecithin vesicles above the transition temperature of the phospholipid. The binding is complete as indicated by density gradient centrifugation and is accompanied by approximately a 2-fold increase in the fluorescence emission of the protein, and insertion in the bilayer is apparently in an orientation indistinguishable from that of the whole cytochrome b5 molecule. Quantitative reaction of the protein with N-bromosuccinimide destroys the fluorescence of the protein with a stoichiometry which indicates that a single tryptophanyl residue is responsbile for the fluorescence. The fluorescent tryptophanyl residue is one of 2 adjacent residues, Trp-108 or Trp-109, as shown by carboxypeptidase digestion of N-bromosuccinimide-reacted nonpolar peptide.", "contents": "The nonpolar peptide segment of cytochrome b5. Binding to phospholipid vesicles and identification of the fluorescent tryptophanyl residue. The nonpolar peptide segment of cytochrome b5 consisting of the COOH-terminal 43 amino acid residues binds rapidly to dimyristyl lecithin vesicles above the transition temperature of the phospholipid. The binding is complete as indicated by density gradient centrifugation and is accompanied by approximately a 2-fold increase in the fluorescence emission of the protein, and insertion in the bilayer is apparently in an orientation indistinguishable from that of the whole cytochrome b5 molecule. Quantitative reaction of the protein with N-bromosuccinimide destroys the fluorescence of the protein with a stoichiometry which indicates that a single tryptophanyl residue is responsbile for the fluorescence. The fluorescent tryptophanyl residue is one of 2 adjacent residues, Trp-108 or Trp-109, as shown by carboxypeptidase digestion of N-bromosuccinimide-reacted nonpolar peptide.", "PMID": 711745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4968", "title": "Structural and functional properties of the membrane binding segment of cytochrome b5.", "content": "Derivatives of cytochrome b5 that had been selectively shortened at the COOH-terminal, membrane binding segment of this amphipathic protein were employed to examine the minimum structural requirements for binding to phospholipid vesicles and for catalytic interactions in the stearyl-CoA desaturase system. Three derivatives shortened by 6, 18, and 27 amino acid residues were produced by controlled proteolysis with carboxypeptidases. The two largest derivatives bound to synthetic lipid vesicles and interacted with cytochrome b5. The third derivative neither bound to vesicles nor reacted with the desaturase. Whole nonpolar peptide and the nonpllar peptides of the two largest derivates contain only 29 to 34% polar residues, whereas the nonpolar peptide of the third derivative contains 44% polar residues. The secondary structure of the membrane binding segment was studied by circular dichroism of whole nonpolar peptide and the corresponding peptides of the three derivatives. The data for whole nonpolar peptide are consistent with a structure containing approximately 50% helical and 25% beta sheet structure. The CD of the nonpolar peptides of the two largest derivatives are consistent with structures containing 56% helix and 19% beta sheet structure, and 40% helix and 20% beta sheet structure. These data support a predicted model for secondary structure, proposed previously, based upon the primary structure (Fleming, P. J., Dailey, H. A., Corcoran D., and Strittmatter, P. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 5369-5372).", "contents": "Structural and functional properties of the membrane binding segment of cytochrome b5. Derivatives of cytochrome b5 that had been selectively shortened at the COOH-terminal, membrane binding segment of this amphipathic protein were employed to examine the minimum structural requirements for binding to phospholipid vesicles and for catalytic interactions in the stearyl-CoA desaturase system. Three derivatives shortened by 6, 18, and 27 amino acid residues were produced by controlled proteolysis with carboxypeptidases. The two largest derivatives bound to synthetic lipid vesicles and interacted with cytochrome b5. The third derivative neither bound to vesicles nor reacted with the desaturase. Whole nonpolar peptide and the nonpllar peptides of the two largest derivates contain only 29 to 34% polar residues, whereas the nonpolar peptide of the third derivative contains 44% polar residues. The secondary structure of the membrane binding segment was studied by circular dichroism of whole nonpolar peptide and the corresponding peptides of the three derivatives. The data for whole nonpolar peptide are consistent with a structure containing approximately 50% helical and 25% beta sheet structure. The CD of the nonpolar peptides of the two largest derivatives are consistent with structures containing 56% helix and 19% beta sheet structure, and 40% helix and 20% beta sheet structure. These data support a predicted model for secondary structure, proposed previously, based upon the primary structure (Fleming, P. J., Dailey, H. A., Corcoran D., and Strittmatter, P. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 5369-5372).", "PMID": 711746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4969", "title": "Mechanism of enhanced renal prostaglandin biosynthesis in ureter obstruction. Role of de novo protein synthesis.", "content": "Perfusion of a rabbit kidney 72 h after ureter obstruction resulted in a progressive increase in bioassayable prostaglandin-like substances released in response to a fixed dose of bradykinin with time. Contralateral or normal kidneys showed no progressive increase with time of prostaglandin-like substances released in response to the same dose of agonist during perfusion. Actinomycin D, an inhibitor of RNA synthesis and cycholeximide, reversibly blocked the time-dependent progressive increase in renal prostaglandin-like substances released from the obstructed kidney. Acetylsalicylic acid, which covalently acetylates the cyclooxygenase, inhibited initial bradykinin-stimulated prostaglandin biosynthesis by 95% in the ureter-obstructed kidney, but within 60 to 90 min of perfusion there was progressive bioassayable prostaglandin E2 release in response to bradykinin which paralleled the non-aspirin-treated control. In the aspirin-treated contralateral (unobstructed control) and normal kidneys bradykinin-stimulated release of prostaglandin-like substances was inhibited by 85% and did not recover during the perfusion experiments consistent with the evidence that the control kidneys are not synthesizing new enzyme. These experiments suggest that the progressive enhanced prostaglandin release to fixed bradykinin doses in the ureter-obstructed kidney is dependent on de novo cyclooxygenase synthesis.", "contents": "Mechanism of enhanced renal prostaglandin biosynthesis in ureter obstruction. Role of de novo protein synthesis. Perfusion of a rabbit kidney 72 h after ureter obstruction resulted in a progressive increase in bioassayable prostaglandin-like substances released in response to a fixed dose of bradykinin with time. Contralateral or normal kidneys showed no progressive increase with time of prostaglandin-like substances released in response to the same dose of agonist during perfusion. Actinomycin D, an inhibitor of RNA synthesis and cycholeximide, reversibly blocked the time-dependent progressive increase in renal prostaglandin-like substances released from the obstructed kidney. Acetylsalicylic acid, which covalently acetylates the cyclooxygenase, inhibited initial bradykinin-stimulated prostaglandin biosynthesis by 95% in the ureter-obstructed kidney, but within 60 to 90 min of perfusion there was progressive bioassayable prostaglandin E2 release in response to bradykinin which paralleled the non-aspirin-treated control. In the aspirin-treated contralateral (unobstructed control) and normal kidneys bradykinin-stimulated release of prostaglandin-like substances was inhibited by 85% and did not recover during the perfusion experiments consistent with the evidence that the control kidneys are not synthesizing new enzyme. These experiments suggest that the progressive enhanced prostaglandin release to fixed bradykinin doses in the ureter-obstructed kidney is dependent on de novo cyclooxygenase synthesis.", "PMID": 711747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4970", "title": "A low molecular weight DNA polymerase beta in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpurantus. Partial purification, properties, and changes in development.", "content": "A low molecular weight DNA polymerase which sediments at 3.3 S on sucrose gradients has been purified from total cell homogenates of rapidly dividing embryos of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. In the presence of 2 mM N-ethylmaleimide, it is the major polymerase activity in whole cell homogenates when assayed with an oligo(dT)10.poly(dA)200 template; a template which it uses about 200 times more efficiently than activated DNA. The requirement for N-ethylmaleimide exists only in crude cell fractions where it acts to inhibit a template digesting nuclease activity. The polymerase is highly stable if maintained in the presence of 20% glycerol, is completely dependent on added template, and shows no end addition activity. The physical and enzymatic properties of this enzyme clearly distinguish it from the DNA polymerase previously described by Loeb (Loeb, L. A. (1969) J. Biol. Chem. 244, 1672-1681) which sediments as a high moeluclar weight (5.6 to 6.6 S) enzyme and prefers the activated DNA template. In addition, these two DNA polymerase enzymes show distinctive chromatographic properties using DEAE-cellulose and phosphocellulose columns as well as their sensitivity to N-ethylmaleimide. The properties of the low molecular weight polymerase indicate close similarity to the beta-polymerase isolated from mammalian cells. These low molecular weight enzymes are both sensitive to phosphate salt and able to utilize the artificial ribohomopolymer template oligo(dT)10.poly(rA)200. A quantitative analysis of the low molecular weight DNA polymerase during early embryonic development indicates that the activity of this enzyme increases at least 2-fold immediately following fertilization and again during early blastula stage (hatching). Such quantitative changes in a beta enzyme activity are in contrast to findings with the alpha-polymerase which remains constant during early development.", "contents": "A low molecular weight DNA polymerase beta in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpurantus. Partial purification, properties, and changes in development. A low molecular weight DNA polymerase which sediments at 3.3 S on sucrose gradients has been purified from total cell homogenates of rapidly dividing embryos of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. In the presence of 2 mM N-ethylmaleimide, it is the major polymerase activity in whole cell homogenates when assayed with an oligo(dT)10.poly(dA)200 template; a template which it uses about 200 times more efficiently than activated DNA. The requirement for N-ethylmaleimide exists only in crude cell fractions where it acts to inhibit a template digesting nuclease activity. The polymerase is highly stable if maintained in the presence of 20% glycerol, is completely dependent on added template, and shows no end addition activity. The physical and enzymatic properties of this enzyme clearly distinguish it from the DNA polymerase previously described by Loeb (Loeb, L. A. (1969) J. Biol. Chem. 244, 1672-1681) which sediments as a high moeluclar weight (5.6 to 6.6 S) enzyme and prefers the activated DNA template. In addition, these two DNA polymerase enzymes show distinctive chromatographic properties using DEAE-cellulose and phosphocellulose columns as well as their sensitivity to N-ethylmaleimide. The properties of the low molecular weight polymerase indicate close similarity to the beta-polymerase isolated from mammalian cells. These low molecular weight enzymes are both sensitive to phosphate salt and able to utilize the artificial ribohomopolymer template oligo(dT)10.poly(rA)200. A quantitative analysis of the low molecular weight DNA polymerase during early embryonic development indicates that the activity of this enzyme increases at least 2-fold immediately following fertilization and again during early blastula stage (hatching). Such quantitative changes in a beta enzyme activity are in contrast to findings with the alpha-polymerase which remains constant during early development.", "PMID": 711748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4971", "title": "Analysis of the adult and embryonic chicken globin genes in chromosomal DNA.", "content": "Globin-specific mRNA has been purified from the red blood cells of anemic adult hens and from those of 5-day and 7-day chick embryos. These RNA preparations were used to synthesize labeled cDNA for solution and filter hybridization (Southern blotting) experiments. Hybridization of cDNAs prepared with separated adult alpha- and beta-mRNAs and of rabbit globin-specific probes to restriction enzyme-digested, filter-bound chicken chromosomal DNA has shown that the adult globin genes of the chicken exist within EcoRI-cleaved chromosomal DNA fragments which are 4.3, 6.0, and 12.5 kilobase pairs (kbp) in size. These fragments contain the majority or entirety of the adult alpha D, beta, and alpha A genes, respectively. Furthermore, we present evidence that the predominant chicken embryonic globins are contained within EcoRI fragments 9.4 and 15 kbp in size. Evidence is also presented that the same globin organization exists in several different breeds of chickens and in several chicken culture cell types. Finally, it is demonstrated that the pattern of globin-specific hybridization to reticulocyte chromosomal DNA digested with several restriction enzymes is unchanged during erythropoietic development.", "contents": "Analysis of the adult and embryonic chicken globin genes in chromosomal DNA. Globin-specific mRNA has been purified from the red blood cells of anemic adult hens and from those of 5-day and 7-day chick embryos. These RNA preparations were used to synthesize labeled cDNA for solution and filter hybridization (Southern blotting) experiments. Hybridization of cDNAs prepared with separated adult alpha- and beta-mRNAs and of rabbit globin-specific probes to restriction enzyme-digested, filter-bound chicken chromosomal DNA has shown that the adult globin genes of the chicken exist within EcoRI-cleaved chromosomal DNA fragments which are 4.3, 6.0, and 12.5 kilobase pairs (kbp) in size. These fragments contain the majority or entirety of the adult alpha D, beta, and alpha A genes, respectively. Furthermore, we present evidence that the predominant chicken embryonic globins are contained within EcoRI fragments 9.4 and 15 kbp in size. Evidence is also presented that the same globin organization exists in several different breeds of chickens and in several chicken culture cell types. Finally, it is demonstrated that the pattern of globin-specific hybridization to reticulocyte chromosomal DNA digested with several restriction enzymes is unchanged during erythropoietic development.", "PMID": 711749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4972", "title": "Hepatic malonyl-CoA levels of fed, fasted and diabetic rats as measured using a simple radioisotopic assay.", "content": "A simple radioisotopic assay for malonyl-CoA is described. The method is based on the malonyl-CoA-dependent incorporation of labeled acetyl-CoA into palmitic acid catalyzed by fatty acid synthetase in the presence of NADPH. Its main advantages over the more conventional spectrophotometric procedure is that it is extremely sensitive and allows the simultaneous determination of picomole quantities of malonyl-CoA in multiple tissue extracts. It should prove particularly suitable for studies on the regulation of lipid metabolism in isolated hepatocytes where the quantity of tissue available for analysis is frequently very small. Application of the method to the measurement of malonyl-CoA in livers from fed, fasted, and diabetic rats yielded values that were consistent with the recently postulated role of malonyl-CoA in the regulation of hepatic ketone body production.", "contents": "Hepatic malonyl-CoA levels of fed, fasted and diabetic rats as measured using a simple radioisotopic assay. A simple radioisotopic assay for malonyl-CoA is described. The method is based on the malonyl-CoA-dependent incorporation of labeled acetyl-CoA into palmitic acid catalyzed by fatty acid synthetase in the presence of NADPH. Its main advantages over the more conventional spectrophotometric procedure is that it is extremely sensitive and allows the simultaneous determination of picomole quantities of malonyl-CoA in multiple tissue extracts. It should prove particularly suitable for studies on the regulation of lipid metabolism in isolated hepatocytes where the quantity of tissue available for analysis is frequently very small. Application of the method to the measurement of malonyl-CoA in livers from fed, fasted, and diabetic rats yielded values that were consistent with the recently postulated role of malonyl-CoA in the regulation of hepatic ketone body production.", "PMID": 711752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4973", "title": "The role of malonyl-coa in the coordination of fatty acid synthesis and oxidation in isolated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "Fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid oxidation were examined in rat hepatocytes under a variety of experimental conditions. In cells from fed animals, glucagon acutely switched the direction of fatty acid metabolism from synthesis to oxidation. Addition of lactate plus pyruvate had the opposite effect. The inhibitory action of glucagon on fatty acid synthesis and its stimulatory effect on fatty acid oxidation were largely, but not completely, offset by the simultaneous addition of lactate plus pyruvate. Changes in cellular citrate and malonyl-CoA levels indicated that glucagon exerted its inhibitory effect on fatty acid synthesis at two levels: (i) blockade of glycolysis; and (ii) partial inhibition of a more distal step, probably acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Under all conditions, fatty acid oxidation was related in a linear and reciprocal fashion to the rate of fatty acid synthesis and the tissue malonyl-CoA content. The latter fluctuated through a range of 1 to 6 nmol per g wet weight of cells. Since malonyl-CoA inhibits carnitine acyltransferase I of liver mitochondria with a Ki in the region of 1 to 2 micron, the present studies support the concept that this compound plays a pivotal role in the coordination of hepatic fatty acid synthesis and oxidation. The ketogenic effect of glucagon on liver appears to be manifested in large part through the ability of the hormone to reduce the tissue malonyl-CoA concentration.", "contents": "The role of malonyl-coa in the coordination of fatty acid synthesis and oxidation in isolated rat hepatocytes. Fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid oxidation were examined in rat hepatocytes under a variety of experimental conditions. In cells from fed animals, glucagon acutely switched the direction of fatty acid metabolism from synthesis to oxidation. Addition of lactate plus pyruvate had the opposite effect. The inhibitory action of glucagon on fatty acid synthesis and its stimulatory effect on fatty acid oxidation were largely, but not completely, offset by the simultaneous addition of lactate plus pyruvate. Changes in cellular citrate and malonyl-CoA levels indicated that glucagon exerted its inhibitory effect on fatty acid synthesis at two levels: (i) blockade of glycolysis; and (ii) partial inhibition of a more distal step, probably acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Under all conditions, fatty acid oxidation was related in a linear and reciprocal fashion to the rate of fatty acid synthesis and the tissue malonyl-CoA content. The latter fluctuated through a range of 1 to 6 nmol per g wet weight of cells. Since malonyl-CoA inhibits carnitine acyltransferase I of liver mitochondria with a Ki in the region of 1 to 2 micron, the present studies support the concept that this compound plays a pivotal role in the coordination of hepatic fatty acid synthesis and oxidation. The ketogenic effect of glucagon on liver appears to be manifested in large part through the ability of the hormone to reduce the tissue malonyl-CoA concentration.", "PMID": 711753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4974", "title": "Platelet factor 4. Crystallization and x-ray diffraction studies.", "content": "Human platelet factor 4 was crystallized with ammonium sulfate. The crystals were orthorhombic, space group P21212, with unit cell dimensions a = 78.7 A, b = 80.6 A, and c = 54.6 A. Unit cell volume and mass of the protein (7800 daltons) indicated four or five molecules in each asymmetric unit cell.", "contents": "Platelet factor 4. Crystallization and x-ray diffraction studies. Human platelet factor 4 was crystallized with ammonium sulfate. The crystals were orthorhombic, space group P21212, with unit cell dimensions a = 78.7 A, b = 80.6 A, and c = 54.6 A. Unit cell volume and mass of the protein (7800 daltons) indicated four or five molecules in each asymmetric unit cell.", "PMID": 711754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4975", "title": "Distribution of membrane marker enzymes in cultured arterial endothelial and smooth muscle cells. The subcellular location of oleoyl-CoA:1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acyltransferase.", "content": "The subcellular distribution of oleoyl-CoA:1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acyltransferase (E.C.2.3.1.23) in cultured swine aorta endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells was investigated. Isolated membrane pellets were centrifuged through linear sucrose gradients, and the distributions of the activities of seven membrane-bound enzymes were measured. The distribution of acyltrasferase activity was similar to that of the endoplasmic reticulum enzymes. Gradient fractions which contained intact mitochondria had very low activities of acyltransferase. Experiments using mixed fractions and measurements made under conditions which inhibit phospholipase A2 showed that no acyltransferase activity from this location was masked by competing activities. When membranes were treated with digitonin, plasma membranes specifically increased in density, facilitating their separation from endoplasmic reticulum membranes. The plasma membranes were free of acyltransferase activity. We conclude that in cultured swine arterial smooth muscle and endothelial cells, acyltransferase is located primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Distribution of membrane marker enzymes in cultured arterial endothelial and smooth muscle cells. The subcellular location of oleoyl-CoA:1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acyltransferase. The subcellular distribution of oleoyl-CoA:1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acyltransferase (E.C.2.3.1.23) in cultured swine aorta endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells was investigated. Isolated membrane pellets were centrifuged through linear sucrose gradients, and the distributions of the activities of seven membrane-bound enzymes were measured. The distribution of acyltrasferase activity was similar to that of the endoplasmic reticulum enzymes. Gradient fractions which contained intact mitochondria had very low activities of acyltransferase. Experiments using mixed fractions and measurements made under conditions which inhibit phospholipase A2 showed that no acyltransferase activity from this location was masked by competing activities. When membranes were treated with digitonin, plasma membranes specifically increased in density, facilitating their separation from endoplasmic reticulum membranes. The plasma membranes were free of acyltransferase activity. We conclude that in cultured swine arterial smooth muscle and endothelial cells, acyltransferase is located primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum.", "PMID": 711755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4976", "title": "Isolation and characterization of GD3 ganglioside having a novel disialosyl residue from rabbit thymus.", "content": "A major component of the di- and trisialoganglioside fraction of rabbit thymus was isolated. By neuraminidase treatment, methylation analysis, and CrO3 oxidation, it was identified as GD3 ganglioside with the novel disialosyl residue, NeuNGlyc(alpha, 2-8)NeuNAc(alpha, 2-3)Gal-(beta, 1-4)Glc(beta, 1-1)ceramide. Its concentration was 21.92 nmol/g of wet tissue (12.10% of the total gangliosides) and it contained 91.52% of the lipid-bound sialic acid in di- and trisialogangliosides of rabbit thymus.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of GD3 ganglioside having a novel disialosyl residue from rabbit thymus. A major component of the di- and trisialoganglioside fraction of rabbit thymus was isolated. By neuraminidase treatment, methylation analysis, and CrO3 oxidation, it was identified as GD3 ganglioside with the novel disialosyl residue, NeuNGlyc(alpha, 2-8)NeuNAc(alpha, 2-3)Gal-(beta, 1-4)Glc(beta, 1-1)ceramide. Its concentration was 21.92 nmol/g of wet tissue (12.10% of the total gangliosides) and it contained 91.52% of the lipid-bound sialic acid in di- and trisialogangliosides of rabbit thymus.", "PMID": 711756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4977", "title": "Cholesterol distribution between the two halves of the lipid bilayer of human erythrocyte ghost membranes.", "content": "The binding of filipin with cholesterol in sealed and unsealed ghosts prepared from human erythrocytes and in right-side-out and inside-out vesicles prepared from ghosts follows second order kinetics (first order in each reactant). The second order rate constant of interaction of filipin with cholesterol, determined by stopped flow measurements of the initial rate, is slower in sealed ghosts than in unsealed ghosts by a factor of 2.0, whereas identical rate constants were obtained with right-side-out and inside-out vesicles. These results suggest that the cholesterol accessible to rapid reaction with filipin is distributed symmetrically between the inner and outer halves of the lipid bilayer of erythrocyte ghost membranes.", "contents": "Cholesterol distribution between the two halves of the lipid bilayer of human erythrocyte ghost membranes. The binding of filipin with cholesterol in sealed and unsealed ghosts prepared from human erythrocytes and in right-side-out and inside-out vesicles prepared from ghosts follows second order kinetics (first order in each reactant). The second order rate constant of interaction of filipin with cholesterol, determined by stopped flow measurements of the initial rate, is slower in sealed ghosts than in unsealed ghosts by a factor of 2.0, whereas identical rate constants were obtained with right-side-out and inside-out vesicles. These results suggest that the cholesterol accessible to rapid reaction with filipin is distributed symmetrically between the inner and outer halves of the lipid bilayer of erythrocyte ghost membranes.", "PMID": 711757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4978", "title": "Polyadenylation of RNA in a cell-free system from mouse myeloma cells.", "content": "Isolated nuclei frommouse myeloma cells which were active in RNA synthesis did not synthesize detectable amounts of poly(A)-containing RNA. On addition of a soluble protein extract from crude nuclei, the highly purified nuclei synthesized significanamounts of poly(A)-containing RNA, as analyzed by chromatography on poly(U)-Sepharose. The poly(A) tract was totally synthesized de novo and was indistinguishable from poly(A) synthesized in vivo. Twenty per cent of the RNA polymerase II products were polyadenylated. More than 80% of the newly synthesized poly(A) was present on molecules at least partially transcribed in vitro. The transcription and polyadenylation reaction could be separated temporally and a portion (10%) of the polyadenylated RNA was released into the extra nuclear fraction. We conclude that this system carries out one RNA processing reaction, polyadenylation, faithfully.", "contents": "Polyadenylation of RNA in a cell-free system from mouse myeloma cells. Isolated nuclei frommouse myeloma cells which were active in RNA synthesis did not synthesize detectable amounts of poly(A)-containing RNA. On addition of a soluble protein extract from crude nuclei, the highly purified nuclei synthesized significanamounts of poly(A)-containing RNA, as analyzed by chromatography on poly(U)-Sepharose. The poly(A) tract was totally synthesized de novo and was indistinguishable from poly(A) synthesized in vivo. Twenty per cent of the RNA polymerase II products were polyadenylated. More than 80% of the newly synthesized poly(A) was present on molecules at least partially transcribed in vitro. The transcription and polyadenylation reaction could be separated temporally and a portion (10%) of the polyadenylated RNA was released into the extra nuclear fraction. We conclude that this system carries out one RNA processing reaction, polyadenylation, faithfully.", "PMID": 711758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4979", "title": "Boar malpha-acrosin. Purification and characterization of the inital active enzyme resulting from the conversion of boar proacrosin to acrosin.", "content": "The preparation of highly purified malpha-acrosin is described. Purification was achieved by controlled activation of partially purified proacrosin, followed by gel chromatography over Sephadex G-100 at pH 3.0. The final malpha-acrosin preparation resulted in a single protein band with a molecular weight of 49,000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-disc gel electrophoresis. Disc arginine naphthylamide hydrolyzing band with a relative migration of 0.39 malpha-acrosin catalyzed the hydrolysis of synthetic substrates containing arginine and lysine, but not phenylalanine. Although calcium ions were not required for enzymatic activity, the addition of calcium chloride stimulated the activity through an increased substrate affinity and an increased maximal velocity. Polyamines stimulated the maximal velocity of the reaction, but were without effect on the substrate affinity. malpha-Acrosin was inhibited by lima bean, ovo-mucoid, and seminal plasma proteinase inhibitors. Diisopropyl fluorophosphate and 1-chloro-3-tosylamide-7-amino-L-2-heptanone treatment resulted in an irreversible inhibition, while L-arginine, benzamidine, and p-aminobenzamidine were competitive inhibitors with respect to substrate. These properties of malpha-acrosin are very similar to those previously reported for mbeta-acrosin and suggest that the portion of the molecule lost during the conversion of malpha-acrosin to mbeta-acrosin contributes little to the topography of either the active site or regulatory sites of the enzyme.", "contents": "Boar malpha-acrosin. Purification and characterization of the inital active enzyme resulting from the conversion of boar proacrosin to acrosin. The preparation of highly purified malpha-acrosin is described. Purification was achieved by controlled activation of partially purified proacrosin, followed by gel chromatography over Sephadex G-100 at pH 3.0. The final malpha-acrosin preparation resulted in a single protein band with a molecular weight of 49,000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-disc gel electrophoresis. Disc arginine naphthylamide hydrolyzing band with a relative migration of 0.39 malpha-acrosin catalyzed the hydrolysis of synthetic substrates containing arginine and lysine, but not phenylalanine. Although calcium ions were not required for enzymatic activity, the addition of calcium chloride stimulated the activity through an increased substrate affinity and an increased maximal velocity. Polyamines stimulated the maximal velocity of the reaction, but were without effect on the substrate affinity. malpha-Acrosin was inhibited by lima bean, ovo-mucoid, and seminal plasma proteinase inhibitors. Diisopropyl fluorophosphate and 1-chloro-3-tosylamide-7-amino-L-2-heptanone treatment resulted in an irreversible inhibition, while L-arginine, benzamidine, and p-aminobenzamidine were competitive inhibitors with respect to substrate. These properties of malpha-acrosin are very similar to those previously reported for mbeta-acrosin and suggest that the portion of the molecule lost during the conversion of malpha-acrosin to mbeta-acrosin contributes little to the topography of either the active site or regulatory sites of the enzyme.", "PMID": 711760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4980", "title": "Role of dehydrogenase competition in metabloic regulation. The case of lactate and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenases.", "content": "Many tissues expressing capacities for both anaerobic and aerobic glycolysis contain significant amounts of both lactate dehydrogenase and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. Since the first serves in oxidation-reduction balance during anaerobic metabolism, while the second serves in the alpha-glycerophosphate cycle during aerobic metabolism, a provision seemed to be made (through competition for coenzyme) to encourage relatively exclusive function of either one or the other dehydrogenase. Competition for coenzyme was found to depend upon the isoenzyme form of each dehydrogenase (which determines the sensitivity of each reaction to modulators) and the concentration of two key metabolites, alpha-glycerophosphate and creatine phosphate, which differentially influence alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenases and lactate dehydrogenases. The sensitivities of various dehydrogenase isoenzymes to these modulators correlated well with their expected roles in the tissue of origin.", "contents": "Role of dehydrogenase competition in metabloic regulation. The case of lactate and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenases. Many tissues expressing capacities for both anaerobic and aerobic glycolysis contain significant amounts of both lactate dehydrogenase and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. Since the first serves in oxidation-reduction balance during anaerobic metabolism, while the second serves in the alpha-glycerophosphate cycle during aerobic metabolism, a provision seemed to be made (through competition for coenzyme) to encourage relatively exclusive function of either one or the other dehydrogenase. Competition for coenzyme was found to depend upon the isoenzyme form of each dehydrogenase (which determines the sensitivity of each reaction to modulators) and the concentration of two key metabolites, alpha-glycerophosphate and creatine phosphate, which differentially influence alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenases and lactate dehydrogenases. The sensitivities of various dehydrogenase isoenzymes to these modulators correlated well with their expected roles in the tissue of origin.", "PMID": 711761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4981", "title": "Interaction of the parathyroid and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the control of renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 metabolism.", "content": "Parathyroid extract and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) were found to antagonize each other's action to regulate the kidney hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Parathyroid extract prompted an increase in serum 1,25-(OH)2D3 in thyroparathyroidectomized rats whereas the administration of exogenous 1,25 (OH)2D3 resulted in stimulated 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and suppressed 1,25-(OH)2D3 serum levels. The actions of parathyroid and 1,25-(OH)2D3 to modulate kidney 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 hydroxylase enzyme activities were not additive; rather, the hormone and metabolite acted to suppress each other's in vivo regulatory action. The specificity and rate of 25-hydroxyvitamin  D3 hydroxylation was determined by the interdependent modulatory actions of parathyroid extract and 1,25-(OH)2D3. Such results suggest that the kidney 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1- and 24-hydroxylase enzyme systems are regulated in response to the relative modulatory activities of parathyroid hormone and 1,25-(OH)2D3.", "contents": "Interaction of the parathyroid and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the control of renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 metabolism. Parathyroid extract and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) were found to antagonize each other's action to regulate the kidney hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Parathyroid extract prompted an increase in serum 1,25-(OH)2D3 in thyroparathyroidectomized rats whereas the administration of exogenous 1,25 (OH)2D3 resulted in stimulated 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and suppressed 1,25-(OH)2D3 serum levels. The actions of parathyroid and 1,25-(OH)2D3 to modulate kidney 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 hydroxylase enzyme activities were not additive; rather, the hormone and metabolite acted to suppress each other's in vivo regulatory action. The specificity and rate of 25-hydroxyvitamin  D3 hydroxylation was determined by the interdependent modulatory actions of parathyroid extract and 1,25-(OH)2D3. Such results suggest that the kidney 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1- and 24-hydroxylase enzyme systems are regulated in response to the relative modulatory activities of parathyroid hormone and 1,25-(OH)2D3.", "PMID": 711762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4982", "title": "Ligand responses of alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites from skeletal muscle and optic lobe of the chick.", "content": "Binding properties of detergent-solubilized receptors for alpha-bungarotoxin from skeletal muscle of the 13th day chick embryo and from optic lobe of the hatching chick were compared. It was found that both types of receptor are nicotinic, although they differ in their affinities for individual ligands and in the rank order of ligands. In contrast to the muscle receptor, the neuronal receptor binds the toxin in a reversible fashion (KD = 2.1 X 10(-10) M at 23 degrees C). Small ligands inhibit brain equilibrium procedures. Toxin and ligands compete for a single type of noninteracting site, and the ratio of toxin binding sites to ligand-binding sites is unity. The inhibitory potency of ligands parallels their ability, at higher concentrations, to accelerate receptor . toxin by interaction with the same site on the receptor derived from the optic lobe.", "contents": "Ligand responses of alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites from skeletal muscle and optic lobe of the chick. Binding properties of detergent-solubilized receptors for alpha-bungarotoxin from skeletal muscle of the 13th day chick embryo and from optic lobe of the hatching chick were compared. It was found that both types of receptor are nicotinic, although they differ in their affinities for individual ligands and in the rank order of ligands. In contrast to the muscle receptor, the neuronal receptor binds the toxin in a reversible fashion (KD = 2.1 X 10(-10) M at 23 degrees C). Small ligands inhibit brain equilibrium procedures. Toxin and ligands compete for a single type of noninteracting site, and the ratio of toxin binding sites to ligand-binding sites is unity. The inhibitory potency of ligands parallels their ability, at higher concentrations, to accelerate receptor . toxin by interaction with the same site on the receptor derived from the optic lobe.", "PMID": 711763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4983", "title": "Biphasic association of p-nitrophenyl 2-O-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside and concanavalin A as detected by stopped flow spectroscopy.", "content": "Kinetics of binding of p-nitrophenyl 2-O-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside (M2) to concanaviln A (con A) were examined. The time course of formation of a M2 . con A complex is clearly biphasic, whereas the association with con A of p-nitrophenyl 2-O-methyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside and other monosaccharides is a monophasic process. The biphasic time course of the binding of M2 to conA is most simply explained in terms of a model wherein the disaccharide can bind to con A two different ways. In the initial rapid phase of the biphasic reaction, both complexes form in amounts determined by the relative values of the rate constants for association. In the subsequent slow phase, the complexes equilibriate according to the relative values of the initial constants for formation of each complex. The enthalpy of activation for formation of the initial complexes with M2 is about 4 kcal/mol less favorable than for monosaccharides, whereas the entropy of activations about 14 e.u. more favorable for binding of the disaccharide. These differences in the activation parameters for binding M2 and monosaccharides suggest that con A interacts simultaneously with groups on both mannopyranosyl residues.", "contents": "Biphasic association of p-nitrophenyl 2-O-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside and concanavalin A as detected by stopped flow spectroscopy. Kinetics of binding of p-nitrophenyl 2-O-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside (M2) to concanaviln A (con A) were examined. The time course of formation of a M2 . con A complex is clearly biphasic, whereas the association with con A of p-nitrophenyl 2-O-methyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside and other monosaccharides is a monophasic process. The biphasic time course of the binding of M2 to conA is most simply explained in terms of a model wherein the disaccharide can bind to con A two different ways. In the initial rapid phase of the biphasic reaction, both complexes form in amounts determined by the relative values of the rate constants for association. In the subsequent slow phase, the complexes equilibriate according to the relative values of the initial constants for formation of each complex. The enthalpy of activation for formation of the initial complexes with M2 is about 4 kcal/mol less favorable than for monosaccharides, whereas the entropy of activations about 14 e.u. more favorable for binding of the disaccharide. These differences in the activation parameters for binding M2 and monosaccharides suggest that con A interacts simultaneously with groups on both mannopyranosyl residues.", "PMID": 711765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4984", "title": "Rates of DNA synthesis during the S-phase of HeLa cells.", "content": "The rates of DNA synthesis were determined for each of two consecutive journeys through S-phase by highly synchronized HeLa cells. Cells at various times after release from the metabolic block were pulsed with [3H]thymidine. The amount of radioactivity in whole cells, purified DNA, and Okazaki fragments provided indexes of the rates of DNA synthesis. Measurements of the average DNA content per cell by the diphenylamine method and the individual DNA content per cell by DNA:propidium fluorescence provided better estimations of the actual rates of DNA synthesis, independent of thymidine metabolism. Unsynchronized cells that had been pulsed with [3H]thymidine were sorted into early, middle, and late S-phase preparations for estimations of the amount of radioactivity per cell. There were differences in the rates predicted by each of the various methods. Rates estimated by fluorescence measurements of DNA content per cell, or by diphenylamine measurements of average DNA content per cell exhibited a pattern of an initial burst, followed by a decreased rate then a final burst. Similar patterns were obtained for the amount of radioactivity in Okazaki fragments, and in early, middle, and late S-phase cells separated from a log-phase culture by electronic cell sorting. Rates estimated by measurements of the amount of radioactivity in whole cells, and the specific activity of purified DNA exhibited a different pattern of an initial slow rate, followed by a maximal rate then a slow rate.", "contents": "Rates of DNA synthesis during the S-phase of HeLa cells. The rates of DNA synthesis were determined for each of two consecutive journeys through S-phase by highly synchronized HeLa cells. Cells at various times after release from the metabolic block were pulsed with [3H]thymidine. The amount of radioactivity in whole cells, purified DNA, and Okazaki fragments provided indexes of the rates of DNA synthesis. Measurements of the average DNA content per cell by the diphenylamine method and the individual DNA content per cell by DNA:propidium fluorescence provided better estimations of the actual rates of DNA synthesis, independent of thymidine metabolism. Unsynchronized cells that had been pulsed with [3H]thymidine were sorted into early, middle, and late S-phase preparations for estimations of the amount of radioactivity per cell. There were differences in the rates predicted by each of the various methods. Rates estimated by fluorescence measurements of DNA content per cell, or by diphenylamine measurements of average DNA content per cell exhibited a pattern of an initial burst, followed by a decreased rate then a final burst. Similar patterns were obtained for the amount of radioactivity in Okazaki fragments, and in early, middle, and late S-phase cells separated from a log-phase culture by electronic cell sorting. Rates estimated by measurements of the amount of radioactivity in whole cells, and the specific activity of purified DNA exhibited a different pattern of an initial slow rate, followed by a maximal rate then a slow rate.", "PMID": 711767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4985", "title": "The mechanism of quenching of liver alcohol dehydrogenase fluorescence due to ternary complex formation.", "content": "Difference fluorescence emission spectra, reciprocal Stern-Volmer plots, and variable excitation wave-lengths have been used to evaluate the selective quenching of the two tryptophan residues/subunit of liver alcohol dehydrogenase. Trp-15, at the surface of the enzyme, is quenched by KI consistent with a collisional mechanism, and has a blue-shifted excitation and red-shifted emission spectrum when compared with the spectral properties of TRP-314, which is in a hydrophobic milieu at the subunit interface of the dimeric enzyme. With excitation at 295 nm, Trp-314 is 80% quenched by formation of a ternary enzyme.NAD+.trifluoroethanol complex, and the quenching is essentially additive to that caused by KI. Alkaline pH also results in selective quenching of Trp-314. These results, and considerations of the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme, indicate that the quenching of protein fluorescence of liver alcohol dehydrogenase by either ternary complex formation or alkaline pH is due to resonance energy transfer to tyrosinate. Likely candidates as energy acceptors are the Tyr-286 residues are within transfer distance for each Trp-314 residue, as well as being at the surface of the enzyme and 30 A from the active center zinc atom. Alkaline pH directly ionizes this tyrosine residue, while ternary complex formation causes a conformational change resulting in its ionization.", "contents": "The mechanism of quenching of liver alcohol dehydrogenase fluorescence due to ternary complex formation. Difference fluorescence emission spectra, reciprocal Stern-Volmer plots, and variable excitation wave-lengths have been used to evaluate the selective quenching of the two tryptophan residues/subunit of liver alcohol dehydrogenase. Trp-15, at the surface of the enzyme, is quenched by KI consistent with a collisional mechanism, and has a blue-shifted excitation and red-shifted emission spectrum when compared with the spectral properties of TRP-314, which is in a hydrophobic milieu at the subunit interface of the dimeric enzyme. With excitation at 295 nm, Trp-314 is 80% quenched by formation of a ternary enzyme.NAD+.trifluoroethanol complex, and the quenching is essentially additive to that caused by KI. Alkaline pH also results in selective quenching of Trp-314. These results, and considerations of the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme, indicate that the quenching of protein fluorescence of liver alcohol dehydrogenase by either ternary complex formation or alkaline pH is due to resonance energy transfer to tyrosinate. Likely candidates as energy acceptors are the Tyr-286 residues are within transfer distance for each Trp-314 residue, as well as being at the surface of the enzyme and 30 A from the active center zinc atom. Alkaline pH directly ionizes this tyrosine residue, while ternary complex formation causes a conformational change resulting in its ionization.", "PMID": 711768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4986", "title": "Cloning of a double-stranded cDNA that codes for a portion of chicken preproalbumin. A general method for isolating a specific DNA sequence from partially purified mRNA.", "content": "A scheme is presented for cloning a double-stranded cDNA molecule that codes for a portion of chicken preproalbumin. This method, which does not require pure mRNA or cDNA, has widespread applicability. Chicken preproalbumin was identified as a Mr = 72,000 polypeptide by immunoprecipitation of proteins synehesized in a wheat germ cell-free translation system from total, guanidine.HCl-extracted, rooster liver RNA. After removal of the bulk of the ribosomal RNA by poly(U)-Sephadex G-10 chromatography, albumin mRNA was enriched approximately 2-fold by centrifugation through low salt, isokinetic sucrose gradients, until it represented about 30% of the mRNA sequences present. Double-stranded cDNA prepared from this mRNA was then inserted into the Pst 1 site of the plasmid PBR322 by the \"G-C tailing\" technique and the recombinant DNA was used to transform Echerichia coli stran X1776. Transformants containing putative albumin DNA sequences were identified by colony hybridization with a cDNA probe that was highly enriched for albumin cDNA sequences. This probe was isolated by hybridizing the partially purified RNA preparation to its cDNA, under conditions of RNA excess, to a R0t value such that only the most abundant cDNA sequences had hybridized. Unhybridized, less abundant, sequences were destroyed by subsequent S1 nuclease digestion. The identity of clones that hybridized to this abundant class cDNA was established by DNA-mRNA hybrid-arrested cell-free translation. Hybridization of nick-translated, albumin-containing, plasmid DNA to total liver poly(A)+ RNA, that had been separated on methyl mercury agarose gels and transferred to diazobenzyloxymethyl paper, established that avian albumin mRNA has a molecular weight of 850,000. This molecular weight corresponds to approximately 2,600 nucleotides, or 600 nucleotides longer than the size required to code for the preproalbumin polypeptide.", "contents": "Cloning of a double-stranded cDNA that codes for a portion of chicken preproalbumin. A general method for isolating a specific DNA sequence from partially purified mRNA. A scheme is presented for cloning a double-stranded cDNA molecule that codes for a portion of chicken preproalbumin. This method, which does not require pure mRNA or cDNA, has widespread applicability. Chicken preproalbumin was identified as a Mr = 72,000 polypeptide by immunoprecipitation of proteins synehesized in a wheat germ cell-free translation system from total, guanidine.HCl-extracted, rooster liver RNA. After removal of the bulk of the ribosomal RNA by poly(U)-Sephadex G-10 chromatography, albumin mRNA was enriched approximately 2-fold by centrifugation through low salt, isokinetic sucrose gradients, until it represented about 30% of the mRNA sequences present. Double-stranded cDNA prepared from this mRNA was then inserted into the Pst 1 site of the plasmid PBR322 by the \"G-C tailing\" technique and the recombinant DNA was used to transform Echerichia coli stran X1776. Transformants containing putative albumin DNA sequences were identified by colony hybridization with a cDNA probe that was highly enriched for albumin cDNA sequences. This probe was isolated by hybridizing the partially purified RNA preparation to its cDNA, under conditions of RNA excess, to a R0t value such that only the most abundant cDNA sequences had hybridized. Unhybridized, less abundant, sequences were destroyed by subsequent S1 nuclease digestion. The identity of clones that hybridized to this abundant class cDNA was established by DNA-mRNA hybrid-arrested cell-free translation. Hybridization of nick-translated, albumin-containing, plasmid DNA to total liver poly(A)+ RNA, that had been separated on methyl mercury agarose gels and transferred to diazobenzyloxymethyl paper, established that avian albumin mRNA has a molecular weight of 850,000. This molecular weight corresponds to approximately 2,600 nucleotides, or 600 nucleotides longer than the size required to code for the preproalbumin polypeptide.", "PMID": 711769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4987", "title": "Progression in idiopathic scoliosis: A preliminary report of a possible mechanism.", "content": "Recent surveys have shown that idiopathic structural scoliosis of mild degree is generally not progressive. We will propose a mechanism which may be responsible for deterioration in the few. It has been observed that the spinal cord, although displaced towards the concavity, does not rotate in company with the vertebrae, thus exposing the emerging nerve roots to the effects of traction and possibly of entrapment. We suggest that progression occurs when the neuraxis is unable to adjust to the change in the anatomy of vertebral column. Our proposition is based upon our findings in a complete spinal column obtained from a baby with structural scoliosis. Support is provided by intercostal angiography, and by observations upon normal anatomy, the pathological anatomy of mature scoliotic spines and the anatomy of contrived scoliosis in normal spines. Although our histological and electrophysiological investigations are incomplete we can demonstrate a significant increase in degenerate cells in the dorsal root ganglia at the apex on the convex side. Lack of suitable necropsy material prevents us from confirming our observations so that our report is inevitably preliminary. We enter a plea that careful examination of the neuraxis be undertaken whenever a specimen of a scoliotic spine becomes available.", "contents": "Progression in idiopathic scoliosis: A preliminary report of a possible mechanism. Recent surveys have shown that idiopathic structural scoliosis of mild degree is generally not progressive. We will propose a mechanism which may be responsible for deterioration in the few. It has been observed that the spinal cord, although displaced towards the concavity, does not rotate in company with the vertebrae, thus exposing the emerging nerve roots to the effects of traction and possibly of entrapment. We suggest that progression occurs when the neuraxis is unable to adjust to the change in the anatomy of vertebral column. Our proposition is based upon our findings in a complete spinal column obtained from a baby with structural scoliosis. Support is provided by intercostal angiography, and by observations upon normal anatomy, the pathological anatomy of mature scoliotic spines and the anatomy of contrived scoliosis in normal spines. Although our histological and electrophysiological investigations are incomplete we can demonstrate a significant increase in degenerate cells in the dorsal root ganglia at the apex on the convex side. Lack of suitable necropsy material prevents us from confirming our observations so that our report is inevitably preliminary. We enter a plea that careful examination of the neuraxis be undertaken whenever a specimen of a scoliotic spine becomes available.", "PMID": 711790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4988", "title": "Perthes' disease of the hip in three regions of England.", "content": "Throughout 1976 orthopaedic surgeons in three regions of England forwarded details of all new patients with Perthes' disease attending outpatient clinics or admitted as inpatients. The incidence in the Mersey region (11.1 per 100 000 children under fifteen years) was twice that in Wessex (5.5) with Trent having an intermediate incidence (7.6). The ratio of male to female incidence varied between the regions as did the age distribution of male cases. These findings point to the importance of environmental factors in the aetiology of the disease, and suggest the need for further epidemiological studies.", "contents": "Perthes' disease of the hip in three regions of England. Throughout 1976 orthopaedic surgeons in three regions of England forwarded details of all new patients with Perthes' disease attending outpatient clinics or admitted as inpatients. The incidence in the Mersey region (11.1 per 100 000 children under fifteen years) was twice that in Wessex (5.5) with Trent having an intermediate incidence (7.6). The ratio of male to female incidence varied between the regions as did the age distribution of male cases. These findings point to the importance of environmental factors in the aetiology of the disease, and suggest the need for further epidemiological studies.", "PMID": 711792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4989", "title": "Measurement of the spinal canal by diagnostic ultrasound.", "content": "A method is described of measuring the lumbar spinal canal by pulsed echo ultrasound. It is simple, safe and has a high degree of accuracy. The lumbar canal has been measured in over 800 subjects including 100 mining recruits and fifty nurses between the ages of fifteen and eighteen years. Ultrasound can demonstrate the degree and extent of bony stenosis. It may have value in preventive medicine, identifying the subject at risk.", "contents": "Measurement of the spinal canal by diagnostic ultrasound. A method is described of measuring the lumbar spinal canal by pulsed echo ultrasound. It is simple, safe and has a high degree of accuracy. The lumbar canal has been measured in over 800 subjects including 100 mining recruits and fifty nurses between the ages of fifteen and eighteen years. Ultrasound can demonstrate the degree and extent of bony stenosis. It may have value in preventive medicine, identifying the subject at risk.", "PMID": 711793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4990", "title": "The spinal canal in symptomatic lumbar disc lesions.", "content": "The oblique sagittal diameter of the lumbar spinal canal was measured by diagnostic ultrasound in seventy-three patients with symptomatic disc lesions, and compared with measurements from 200 asymptomatic subjects. Results suggest that the available space in the spinal canal is highly significant in the symptomatology of disc lesions, and in the patient's response to treatment.", "contents": "The spinal canal in symptomatic lumbar disc lesions. The oblique sagittal diameter of the lumbar spinal canal was measured by diagnostic ultrasound in seventy-three patients with symptomatic disc lesions, and compared with measurements from 200 asymptomatic subjects. Results suggest that the available space in the spinal canal is highly significant in the symptomatology of disc lesions, and in the patient's response to treatment.", "PMID": 711794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4991", "title": "Low-friction arthroplasty after fracture-dislocations of the hip.", "content": "Sixty-six patients are presented who have had a total hip replacement by the Charnley low-friction technique after injuries of the hip, the majority of which were fracture-dislocations. The clinical results of the arthroplasties in this relatively young group of patients are shown to be very good. The selection of young patients for total hip replacement arthroplasty is discussed.", "contents": "Low-friction arthroplasty after fracture-dislocations of the hip. Sixty-six patients are presented who have had a total hip replacement by the Charnley low-friction technique after injuries of the hip, the majority of which were fracture-dislocations. The clinical results of the arthroplasties in this relatively young group of patients are shown to be very good. The selection of young patients for total hip replacement arthroplasty is discussed.", "PMID": 711795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4992", "title": "Charnley low-friction arthroplasties of the hip in rheumatoid arthritis. A study of the complications and results of 378 arthroplasties.", "content": "During the years 1971 to 1975, 378 Charnley low-friction arthroplasties of the hip were performed on 278 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The average age at operation was thirty-nine years. The follow-up time ranged from one to six years (mean two and a half years). Forty per cent of patients were receiving steroids at the time of operation. The most common complications were loosening of the prosthesis (3.4%), perforation of the femoral cortex and fracture. Deep infection occurred in 0.7%, dislocation in 0.7%, and thromboembolic episodes in 1.3%. Ninety-five per cent of patients were free of pain at follow-up compared to 84% who were severely handicapped by pain before operation. In addition, the increased mobility in 98.5% of patients and their improved independence makes hip replacement a recommendable procedure in these patients.", "contents": "Charnley low-friction arthroplasties of the hip in rheumatoid arthritis. A study of the complications and results of 378 arthroplasties. During the years 1971 to 1975, 378 Charnley low-friction arthroplasties of the hip were performed on 278 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The average age at operation was thirty-nine years. The follow-up time ranged from one to six years (mean two and a half years). Forty per cent of patients were receiving steroids at the time of operation. The most common complications were loosening of the prosthesis (3.4%), perforation of the femoral cortex and fracture. Deep infection occurred in 0.7%, dislocation in 0.7%, and thromboembolic episodes in 1.3%. Ninety-five per cent of patients were free of pain at follow-up compared to 84% who were severely handicapped by pain before operation. In addition, the increased mobility in 98.5% of patients and their improved independence makes hip replacement a recommendable procedure in these patients.", "PMID": 711796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4993", "title": "Closed K\u00fcntscher nailing of femoral shaft fractures. A series of 100 consecutive patients.", "content": "One hundred and two fractures of the femoral shaft, including eighteen pathological fractures, in 100 patients were internally fixed by closed K\u00fcntscher nailing. Sixty-eight fractures resulted from motor vehicle accidents; ten were compound. Seventy-five patients were under the age of thirty years and thirty-four had multiple injuries. Sixty-nine fractures were nailed on the day of the accident and the operative technique is described. Complications during and after operations were few. Fifty-eight patients left hospital within four weeks and 77% of those working returned to work in less than four months. There were no wound or bone infections. The results are discussed and it is concluded that, with the correct equipment and careful attention to detail, closed nailing is a straightforward procedure with few complications. Advantages include the wide range of fractures that can be nailed, the short hospitalisation, the rapid return of function to the knee, the early return to work and the absence of infection.", "contents": "Closed K\u00fcntscher nailing of femoral shaft fractures. A series of 100 consecutive patients. One hundred and two fractures of the femoral shaft, including eighteen pathological fractures, in 100 patients were internally fixed by closed K\u00fcntscher nailing. Sixty-eight fractures resulted from motor vehicle accidents; ten were compound. Seventy-five patients were under the age of thirty years and thirty-four had multiple injuries. Sixty-nine fractures were nailed on the day of the accident and the operative technique is described. Complications during and after operations were few. Fifty-eight patients left hospital within four weeks and 77% of those working returned to work in less than four months. There were no wound or bone infections. The results are discussed and it is concluded that, with the correct equipment and careful attention to detail, closed nailing is a straightforward procedure with few complications. Advantages include the wide range of fractures that can be nailed, the short hospitalisation, the rapid return of function to the knee, the early return to work and the absence of infection.", "PMID": 711797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4994", "title": "Ipsilateral fracture of the femur and tibia.", "content": "The hospital records of 222 cases of ipsilateral fractures of the femur and tibia were reviewed, and patients were grouped according to the type of fracture and the method of treatment. Thirty-five per cent of patients required late operation for delayed union or non-union, osteomyelitis, refracture and malunion, regardless of the treatment group. A disturbing factor was the 30% incidence of osteomyelitis in patients treated by fixation of both fractures, almost three times the incidence when only one fracture was fixed. A 30% incidence of delayed union or non-union occurred in patients managed conservatively. Of sixty-three patients personally examined, the worst results found were those following conservative management of both fractures. More use of rigid external fixation and of cast bracing is recommended in the management of the fractured tibia, combined with internal fixation of the femoral fracture. Examination of the knee suggested that, with ipsilateral fractures, disruption of ligaments is a common occurrence and should always be suspected.", "contents": "Ipsilateral fracture of the femur and tibia. The hospital records of 222 cases of ipsilateral fractures of the femur and tibia were reviewed, and patients were grouped according to the type of fracture and the method of treatment. Thirty-five per cent of patients required late operation for delayed union or non-union, osteomyelitis, refracture and malunion, regardless of the treatment group. A disturbing factor was the 30% incidence of osteomyelitis in patients treated by fixation of both fractures, almost three times the incidence when only one fracture was fixed. A 30% incidence of delayed union or non-union occurred in patients managed conservatively. Of sixty-three patients personally examined, the worst results found were those following conservative management of both fractures. More use of rigid external fixation and of cast bracing is recommended in the management of the fractured tibia, combined with internal fixation of the femoral fracture. Examination of the knee suggested that, with ipsilateral fractures, disruption of ligaments is a common occurrence and should always be suspected.", "PMID": 711798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4995", "title": "The use of suction drainage in the operation of meniscectomy.", "content": "A prospective trial has been carried out to determine the value of suction drainage in the operation of meniscectomy. One hundred operations were analysed, in half of which drains had been used. The use of the drain could not be shown to result in any sustained advantages. The demand for analgesics after the operation was reduced but not to a statistically significant level. The size of the early effusion was significantly reduced, but this benefit was lost when the knee was mobilised. The return of power to the quadriceps and of movement to the knee were not hastened. The average volume of fluid drained was 134 millilitres and it has been shown that forty-eight hours is a suitable time for removal of the drain. The use of suction drainage is not advocated for the uncomplicated operation of meniscectomy.", "contents": "The use of suction drainage in the operation of meniscectomy. A prospective trial has been carried out to determine the value of suction drainage in the operation of meniscectomy. One hundred operations were analysed, in half of which drains had been used. The use of the drain could not be shown to result in any sustained advantages. The demand for analgesics after the operation was reduced but not to a statistically significant level. The size of the early effusion was significantly reduced, but this benefit was lost when the knee was mobilised. The return of power to the quadriceps and of movement to the knee were not hastened. The average volume of fluid drained was 134 millilitres and it has been shown that forty-eight hours is a suitable time for removal of the drain. The use of suction drainage is not advocated for the uncomplicated operation of meniscectomy.", "PMID": 711799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4996", "title": "The repair of cruciate ligaments with flexible carbon fibre. A longer term study of the induction of new ligaments and of the fate of the implanted carbon.", "content": "Carbon fibre appears to induce the formation of tendon in both animals and humans. Experiments have been conducted in sheep in which new anterior cruciate ligaments have been induced in response to the implantation of filamentous carbon fibre. Long-term studies indicate that the carbon fibre slowly breaks up at the site of implantation and later begins to appear in the regional lymph nodes.", "contents": "The repair of cruciate ligaments with flexible carbon fibre. A longer term study of the induction of new ligaments and of the fate of the implanted carbon. Carbon fibre appears to induce the formation of tendon in both animals and humans. Experiments have been conducted in sheep in which new anterior cruciate ligaments have been induced in response to the implantation of filamentous carbon fibre. Long-term studies indicate that the carbon fibre slowly breaks up at the site of implantation and later begins to appear in the regional lymph nodes.", "PMID": 711800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4997", "title": "Chronic tenosynovitis of the posterior tibial tendon with new bone formation.", "content": "Chronic non-specific tenosynovitis of the posterior tibial tendon is a well-known clinical entity, characterised by pain, swelling and tenderness behind the medial malleolus. There are no reports in the literature of any case associated with any radiological abnormality. Three such cases are discussed, each presenting with the clinical findings typical of the syndrome but with associated radiological changes. These changes may pose diagnostic problems and several primary conditions need to be excluded. Surgical decompression of the tendon may be necessary to relieve symptoms, to prevent erosion and rupture of the tendon, and to establish the diagnosis.", "contents": "Chronic tenosynovitis of the posterior tibial tendon with new bone formation. Chronic non-specific tenosynovitis of the posterior tibial tendon is a well-known clinical entity, characterised by pain, swelling and tenderness behind the medial malleolus. There are no reports in the literature of any case associated with any radiological abnormality. Three such cases are discussed, each presenting with the clinical findings typical of the syndrome but with associated radiological changes. These changes may pose diagnostic problems and several primary conditions need to be excluded. Surgical decompression of the tendon may be necessary to relieve symptoms, to prevent erosion and rupture of the tendon, and to establish the diagnosis.", "PMID": 711801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4998", "title": "Peroneal spastic flat foot. Its treatment by osteotomy of the os calcis.", "content": "A series of patients treated by osteotomy of the os calcis for the relief of peroneal spastic flat foot is reviewed. The late results have been evaluated, and the literature reviewed. It is suggested that this is an effective method of treatment which has advantages over tarsal fusions.", "contents": "Peroneal spastic flat foot. Its treatment by osteotomy of the os calcis. A series of patients treated by osteotomy of the os calcis for the relief of peroneal spastic flat foot is reviewed. The late results have been evaluated, and the literature reviewed. It is suggested that this is an effective method of treatment which has advantages over tarsal fusions.", "PMID": 711802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_4999", "title": "The natural history of hooked forefoot.", "content": "This paper reports on a prospective study undertaken to determine the natural history of untreated idiopathic hooked forefoot. The progress of 130 affected feet in eighty-three children was followed for an average of seven years. At review 86% of the feet were normal or only mildly deformed and all were fully mobile; 10% were still moderately deformed but were asymptomatic; 4% remained deformed and stiff. It was not possible to detect these resistant cases before the age of three years, but the low failure rate would seem to justify a policy of expectant treatment.", "contents": "The natural history of hooked forefoot. This paper reports on a prospective study undertaken to determine the natural history of untreated idiopathic hooked forefoot. The progress of 130 affected feet in eighty-three children was followed for an average of seven years. At review 86% of the feet were normal or only mildly deformed and all were fully mobile; 10% were still moderately deformed but were asymptomatic; 4% remained deformed and stiff. It was not possible to detect these resistant cases before the age of three years, but the low failure rate would seem to justify a policy of expectant treatment.", "PMID": 711803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5000", "title": "The surgical treatment of equinovarus deformity in adults with spasticity.", "content": "Adults with deformities of the lower limb due to spasticity may be considerably improved by operation, but thorough pre-operative assessment as an inpatient is essential in order to pinpoint the disability. The commonest deformity is equinovarus which often responds to simple operative procedures. The results of seventy-seven operative procedures in fifty patients are recorded. Correction once achieved is stable and the deformity does not recur.", "contents": "The surgical treatment of equinovarus deformity in adults with spasticity. Adults with deformities of the lower limb due to spasticity may be considerably improved by operation, but thorough pre-operative assessment as an inpatient is essential in order to pinpoint the disability. The commonest deformity is equinovarus which often responds to simple operative procedures. The results of seventy-seven operative procedures in fifty patients are recorded. Correction once achieved is stable and the deformity does not recur.", "PMID": 711804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5001", "title": "An analysis of residual deformity in club feet submitted to early operation.", "content": "The contributions made by metatarsus primus varus, medial subluxation of the navicular, and angulation of the neck of the talus to the residual deformity in treated club feet were assessed from radiographs. Their relation to the appearance of the feet, to the age of the patient, to the results of operations, and to the age at the time of the first operation were investigated. Lateral rotation of the ankle and flattening of the talus were also studied. Medial subluxation of the navicular was found to be the most important factor influencing both the appearance of the feet and the lateral rotation of the ankle. Relocation of the talonavicular joint correlated with the success of operative treatment; and the timing of the primary operation determined the degree of relocation which could be achieved. Metatarsus primus varus and angulation of the talus were of little importance. Increased emphasis is given to the need for early relocation of the talonavicular joint.", "contents": "An analysis of residual deformity in club feet submitted to early operation. The contributions made by metatarsus primus varus, medial subluxation of the navicular, and angulation of the neck of the talus to the residual deformity in treated club feet were assessed from radiographs. Their relation to the appearance of the feet, to the age of the patient, to the results of operations, and to the age at the time of the first operation were investigated. Lateral rotation of the ankle and flattening of the talus were also studied. Medial subluxation of the navicular was found to be the most important factor influencing both the appearance of the feet and the lateral rotation of the ankle. Relocation of the talonavicular joint correlated with the success of operative treatment; and the timing of the primary operation determined the degree of relocation which could be achieved. Metatarsus primus varus and angulation of the talus were of little importance. Increased emphasis is given to the need for early relocation of the talonavicular joint.", "PMID": 711805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5002", "title": "The refractory painful arc syndrome.", "content": "Twenty-three patients with a severe refractory painful arc syndrome have been treated by excision of the outer end of the clavicle and division of the coracoacromial ligament through a deltoid-splitting approach. After a follow-up of more than six months all patients have been relieved of night pain. Six still have slight pain on movement, but the rest are symptom-free.", "contents": "The refractory painful arc syndrome. Twenty-three patients with a severe refractory painful arc syndrome have been treated by excision of the outer end of the clavicle and division of the coracoacromial ligament through a deltoid-splitting approach. After a follow-up of more than six months all patients have been relieved of night pain. Six still have slight pain on movement, but the rest are symptom-free.", "PMID": 711806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5003", "title": "Thoracoscapular fusion for facioscapulohumeral dystrophy.", "content": "Eleven thoracoscapular fusion operations have been done on six patients. The indication is symptomatic winging of the scapula caused by thoracoscapular muscle paresis with intact function in the deltoid. This situation almost exclusively occurs in facioscapulohumeral dystrophy. The operation is successful in achieving stability of the scapula and in greatly improving function and cosmesis. Although the course of this type of muscular dystrophy is variable, the benefits of operation have not deteriorated with progression of the disease over a maximum follow-up period of twenty-three years.", "contents": "Thoracoscapular fusion for facioscapulohumeral dystrophy. Eleven thoracoscapular fusion operations have been done on six patients. The indication is symptomatic winging of the scapula caused by thoracoscapular muscle paresis with intact function in the deltoid. This situation almost exclusively occurs in facioscapulohumeral dystrophy. The operation is successful in achieving stability of the scapula and in greatly improving function and cosmesis. Although the course of this type of muscular dystrophy is variable, the benefits of operation have not deteriorated with progression of the disease over a maximum follow-up period of twenty-three years.", "PMID": 711807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5004", "title": "Clinical application study of multifunctional prosthetic hands.", "content": "A control system for a multifunctional hand prosthesis, which requires a minimum of training for the amputee, has been developed. The great advantage of the pattern recognition technique in making it possible to control as many as six prosthetic movements has prompted this study. The development of a complete miniaturised system has allowed a clinical trial on four patients. Two different tests have been employed to evaluate this system: an objective computer test and a test representing activities of daily living (ADL test). The computer test shows that a high rate of correct recognition is obtained immediately after the prosthesis is applied to the amputee. The ADL test shows that forearm rotation, and flexion and extension of the wrist are used in most activities, indicating that few compensatory movements are performed. It is suggested that this control system is feasible and that long periods of training are unnecessary.", "contents": "Clinical application study of multifunctional prosthetic hands. A control system for a multifunctional hand prosthesis, which requires a minimum of training for the amputee, has been developed. The great advantage of the pattern recognition technique in making it possible to control as many as six prosthetic movements has prompted this study. The development of a complete miniaturised system has allowed a clinical trial on four patients. Two different tests have been employed to evaluate this system: an objective computer test and a test representing activities of daily living (ADL test). The computer test shows that a high rate of correct recognition is obtained immediately after the prosthesis is applied to the amputee. The ADL test shows that forearm rotation, and flexion and extension of the wrist are used in most activities, indicating that few compensatory movements are performed. It is suggested that this control system is feasible and that long periods of training are unnecessary.", "PMID": 711808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5005", "title": "Adjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of clinically localised Ewing's sarcoma.", "content": "The results are presented of thirty-seven patients with Ewing's sarcoma; ten were treated by a combination of operation, radiotherapy and cyclic chemotherapy, the remainder by radiotherapy and chemotherapy but without operation. The drugs, vincristine, cyclophosphamide and adriamycin were used in combination and were continued for two years. The follow-up ranged from twelve to sixty-two months. The mortality rate and the incidence of metastases were both markedly lower than in a comparable previous series treated by radiotherapy alone, or by operation plus radiotherapy, but all without chemotherapy. The percentage of local recurrences and of metastases was much higher in the twenty-seven patients who had radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy, than in the ten in whom operation was also performed. It is suggested that on the basis of these results (and on theoretical grounds) treatment should consist of radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy plus, whenever feasible, operative excision of the primary tumour.", "contents": "Adjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of clinically localised Ewing's sarcoma. The results are presented of thirty-seven patients with Ewing's sarcoma; ten were treated by a combination of operation, radiotherapy and cyclic chemotherapy, the remainder by radiotherapy and chemotherapy but without operation. The drugs, vincristine, cyclophosphamide and adriamycin were used in combination and were continued for two years. The follow-up ranged from twelve to sixty-two months. The mortality rate and the incidence of metastases were both markedly lower than in a comparable previous series treated by radiotherapy alone, or by operation plus radiotherapy, but all without chemotherapy. The percentage of local recurrences and of metastases was much higher in the twenty-seven patients who had radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy, than in the ten in whom operation was also performed. It is suggested that on the basis of these results (and on theoretical grounds) treatment should consist of radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy plus, whenever feasible, operative excision of the primary tumour.", "PMID": 711809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5006", "title": "The effects of varying oxygen tensions upon bone resorption in vitro.", "content": "Calvaria from six-day-old infant mice were grown on a grid culture in a chemically defined medium under varying oxygen tensions. Quantitative isotope studies demonstrated a linear association between bone resorption and oxygen tension in the physiological range. This result was supported by histological, histochemical and vital staining experiments. The clinical finding of osteoporosis in areas of hyperaemia could therefore be attributed to a rise in oxygen tension causing increased bone resorption.", "contents": "The effects of varying oxygen tensions upon bone resorption in vitro. Calvaria from six-day-old infant mice were grown on a grid culture in a chemically defined medium under varying oxygen tensions. Quantitative isotope studies demonstrated a linear association between bone resorption and oxygen tension in the physiological range. This result was supported by histological, histochemical and vital staining experiments. The clinical finding of osteoporosis in areas of hyperaemia could therefore be attributed to a rise in oxygen tension causing increased bone resorption.", "PMID": 711810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5007", "title": "The uptake by the canine tibia of the bone-scanning agent 99mTc-MDP before and after an osteotomy.", "content": "The residue and extraction of technetium-labelled methylene diphosphonate (99mTc-MDP), a substance used in bone scanning, was examined in the canine tibia and found to be low. Examination of washout curves suggested that there were four compartments in cortical bone, a vascular, a perivascular, a bone fluid and a bone compartment. After an osteotomy in the canine tibia the residue of 99mTc-MDP increased. This was believed to be due to an increase in the blood supply to the bone and to an associated increase in new bone available for exchange. Bone scanning in a fracture is therefore a reflection of the vascular status of the bone being examined and of the uptake by bone. This is dependent on there being an adequate blood supply to the bone and an increased number of mineral-binding sites.", "contents": "The uptake by the canine tibia of the bone-scanning agent 99mTc-MDP before and after an osteotomy. The residue and extraction of technetium-labelled methylene diphosphonate (99mTc-MDP), a substance used in bone scanning, was examined in the canine tibia and found to be low. Examination of washout curves suggested that there were four compartments in cortical bone, a vascular, a perivascular, a bone fluid and a bone compartment. After an osteotomy in the canine tibia the residue of 99mTc-MDP increased. This was believed to be due to an increase in the blood supply to the bone and to an associated increase in new bone available for exchange. Bone scanning in a fracture is therefore a reflection of the vascular status of the bone being examined and of the uptake by bone. This is dependent on there being an adequate blood supply to the bone and an increased number of mineral-binding sites.", "PMID": 711811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5008", "title": "Enlargement of the right ventricle using a viable atrial pedicle graft.", "content": "A viable muscle pedicle of right atrial wall was used to enlarge the right ventricle in 5 dogs. The procedure consistently resulted in an increase in right ventricular circumference of approximately 20%. Although ventricular function was adequate to permit survival, cardiac index did not increase appropriately to an elevation in preload. Morphologic studies demonstrated later scarring and thickening of the muscle pedicle suggesting the graft had not maintained its contractile nature.", "contents": "Enlargement of the right ventricle using a viable atrial pedicle graft. A viable muscle pedicle of right atrial wall was used to enlarge the right ventricle in 5 dogs. The procedure consistently resulted in an increase in right ventricular circumference of approximately 20%. Although ventricular function was adequate to permit survival, cardiac index did not increase appropriately to an elevation in preload. Morphologic studies demonstrated later scarring and thickening of the muscle pedicle suggesting the graft had not maintained its contractile nature.", "PMID": 711812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5009", "title": "Hypernatraemic dehydration following tricuspid valve replacement.", "content": "The development of abnormally high plasma sodium and plasma osmolality levels is described in 5 patients following open-heart surgery involving prosthetic replacement of the tricuspid valve. These biochemical abnormalities developed in the early post-operative period and were associated with an excessive diuresis during the first 3 to 4 days after operation. Biochemical correction required a prolonged, high volume intravenous water load, and was paralleled by progressive clinical improvement, notably in peripheral circulation, tissue turgor and cerebral function. Plasma sodium and osmolality levels and observed fluid balance in 20 patients undergoing similar surgical procedures for tricuspid valve lesions fail to show this hypernatraemic, hyperosmolar state, and indicate that the majority of such patients have a markedly positive observed fluid balance in the early post-operative period. These differences are statistically highly  significant (p less than 0.001). Consideration of urine/plasma osmolality levels reveals a transient but highly significant impairment of renal concentration in the hypernatraemic patients (p less than 0.001).", "contents": "Hypernatraemic dehydration following tricuspid valve replacement. The development of abnormally high plasma sodium and plasma osmolality levels is described in 5 patients following open-heart surgery involving prosthetic replacement of the tricuspid valve. These biochemical abnormalities developed in the early post-operative period and were associated with an excessive diuresis during the first 3 to 4 days after operation. Biochemical correction required a prolonged, high volume intravenous water load, and was paralleled by progressive clinical improvement, notably in peripheral circulation, tissue turgor and cerebral function. Plasma sodium and osmolality levels and observed fluid balance in 20 patients undergoing similar surgical procedures for tricuspid valve lesions fail to show this hypernatraemic, hyperosmolar state, and indicate that the majority of such patients have a markedly positive observed fluid balance in the early post-operative period. These differences are statistically highly  significant (p less than 0.001). Consideration of urine/plasma osmolality levels reveals a transient but highly significant impairment of renal concentration in the hypernatraemic patients (p less than 0.001).", "PMID": 711813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5010", "title": "Estimation of adequate subendocardial blood flow by online computation of systolic pressure time index and diastolic pressure time index after cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "Subendocardial perfusion was monitored in 48 patients subjected to valve replacement by calculation of diastolic pressure time index (DPTI), systolic pressure time index (TTI) and DPTI/TTI. An on-line computer which derives these values from the systemic pressure and wave-form was applied. For myocardial protection general body hypothermia (esophageal temperature 25 degrees C) and hypothermic injection cardioplegia were employed. No low cardiac output state occurred and no inotropic drugs were required. In all patients DPTI/TTI rose above 1 within 60 minutes from termination of cardiopulmonary bypass so that the necessity to intraaortic balloon counterpulsation could be denied in all cases. We believe that the calculation of DPTI/TTI after extracorporeal circulation is a useful modality to predict the adequacy of subendocardial perfusion and monitor myocardial performance.", "contents": "Estimation of adequate subendocardial blood flow by online computation of systolic pressure time index and diastolic pressure time index after cardiopulmonary bypass. Subendocardial perfusion was monitored in 48 patients subjected to valve replacement by calculation of diastolic pressure time index (DPTI), systolic pressure time index (TTI) and DPTI/TTI. An on-line computer which derives these values from the systemic pressure and wave-form was applied. For myocardial protection general body hypothermia (esophageal temperature 25 degrees C) and hypothermic injection cardioplegia were employed. No low cardiac output state occurred and no inotropic drugs were required. In all patients DPTI/TTI rose above 1 within 60 minutes from termination of cardiopulmonary bypass so that the necessity to intraaortic balloon counterpulsation could be denied in all cases. We believe that the calculation of DPTI/TTI after extracorporeal circulation is a useful modality to predict the adequacy of subendocardial perfusion and monitor myocardial performance.", "PMID": 711814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5011", "title": "The effect of furosemide on renal function in open heart surgery.", "content": "The effect of furosemide on renal function in patients undergoing open heart surgery was investigated, using creatinine clearance, urine flow, sodium and potassium excretion as the parameters. The effect of furosemide (2 mg/kg i.v.) on blood flow in arteria renalis and the tissue oxygen tension of the renal cortex and medulla were also investigated experimentally in six dogs. The flow was measured with an electromagnetic flowmeter and the tissue oxygen tension with IBC tissue oxygen electrodes. Prolongation of the perfusion time to more than 60 minutes resulted in a decline of creatinine clearance to appr. 50% of the initial level. Prophylactic furosemide given prior to the perfusion brought down the creatinine clearance to 64% of the initial level. Furosemide, administered either prophylactically just before the cardiopulmonary bypass or after urine flow had declined below 0.5 ml/kg/h, had no effect on the potassium balance in the long perfusion group (over 60 minutes), though it clearly increased the negative potassium balance in the short perfusion group (below 60 minutes). In an experimental work on dogs, furosemide was found to elevate the tissue oxygen tension in the renal cortex and and medulla, and slightly to increase the blood flow in arteria renalis.", "contents": "The effect of furosemide on renal function in open heart surgery. The effect of furosemide on renal function in patients undergoing open heart surgery was investigated, using creatinine clearance, urine flow, sodium and potassium excretion as the parameters. The effect of furosemide (2 mg/kg i.v.) on blood flow in arteria renalis and the tissue oxygen tension of the renal cortex and medulla were also investigated experimentally in six dogs. The flow was measured with an electromagnetic flowmeter and the tissue oxygen tension with IBC tissue oxygen electrodes. Prolongation of the perfusion time to more than 60 minutes resulted in a decline of creatinine clearance to appr. 50% of the initial level. Prophylactic furosemide given prior to the perfusion brought down the creatinine clearance to 64% of the initial level. Furosemide, administered either prophylactically just before the cardiopulmonary bypass or after urine flow had declined below 0.5 ml/kg/h, had no effect on the potassium balance in the long perfusion group (over 60 minutes), though it clearly increased the negative potassium balance in the short perfusion group (below 60 minutes). In an experimental work on dogs, furosemide was found to elevate the tissue oxygen tension in the renal cortex and and medulla, and slightly to increase the blood flow in arteria renalis.", "PMID": 711815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5012", "title": "Morphological and biochemical correlates of skeletal muscle contractility in the cat. I. Histochemical and electron microscopic studies.", "content": "Three cat hind limb muscles have been examined, histochemically and ultrastructurally, in a multiparameter correlative study of structure and function in skeletal muscle contractility. The soleus, a histochemically pure, slow-twitch muscle possesses ultrastructural features which are, in many cases, significantly different from those of almost pure fast twitch caudofemoralis muscle. Although stereological analysis of fiber types indicates a correlation between speed of relaxation and volume of sarcoplasmic reticulum, morphological features such as fenestrated collars and triad morphology are identical in all fiber types. The fast twitch-oxidative-glycolytic fiber possesses features common to both slow twitch fibers (high mitochondrial content) as well as fast twitch fibers (high sarcoplasmic reticulum content) in addition to Z band width which falls in between these two fiber types. Sarcoplasmic microtubules have been described in all three fiber types in all muscles examined. They occur in predictable orientation and their possible function(s) is described.", "contents": "Morphological and biochemical correlates of skeletal muscle contractility in the cat. I. Histochemical and electron microscopic studies. Three cat hind limb muscles have been examined, histochemically and ultrastructurally, in a multiparameter correlative study of structure and function in skeletal muscle contractility. The soleus, a histochemically pure, slow-twitch muscle possesses ultrastructural features which are, in many cases, significantly different from those of almost pure fast twitch caudofemoralis muscle. Although stereological analysis of fiber types indicates a correlation between speed of relaxation and volume of sarcoplasmic reticulum, morphological features such as fenestrated collars and triad morphology are identical in all fiber types. The fast twitch-oxidative-glycolytic fiber possesses features common to both slow twitch fibers (high mitochondrial content) as well as fast twitch fibers (high sarcoplasmic reticulum content) in addition to Z band width which falls in between these two fiber types. Sarcoplasmic microtubules have been described in all three fiber types in all muscles examined. They occur in predictable orientation and their possible function(s) is described.", "PMID": 711822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5013", "title": "Intraoperative blood measurements following revascularization of the lower extremities with chronic arterial occlusive disease.", "content": "We have measured blood flows in 155 limbs with chronic arterial occlusive disease after revascularization procedures. Blood flows were recorded during standard electromagnetic flowmeter techniques. Base line flows after maximal vasodilatation with papaverine were recorded. The most important measurement to determine immediate results was the percentage increase of the basal flow after intraarterial injection of 30 mg papaverine. In aorto-iliac revascularization we found a significant difference according to the outflow tract, whether the superficial femoral was patent or occluded. Grafts in which proximal anastomosis were at the aorta on the axillary artery yielded better flows than those from the opposite femoral artery. A vein graft of inadequate caliber may determine a pressure gradient higher than 10 mm. Hg. In these circumstances the the blood flow is lower. Blood flow measurements may aid in the selection of the adequate surgical procedure in cases of arterial lesions of doubtful significance.", "contents": "Intraoperative blood measurements following revascularization of the lower extremities with chronic arterial occlusive disease. We have measured blood flows in 155 limbs with chronic arterial occlusive disease after revascularization procedures. Blood flows were recorded during standard electromagnetic flowmeter techniques. Base line flows after maximal vasodilatation with papaverine were recorded. The most important measurement to determine immediate results was the percentage increase of the basal flow after intraarterial injection of 30 mg papaverine. In aorto-iliac revascularization we found a significant difference according to the outflow tract, whether the superficial femoral was patent or occluded. Grafts in which proximal anastomosis were at the aorta on the axillary artery yielded better flows than those from the opposite femoral artery. A vein graft of inadequate caliber may determine a pressure gradient higher than 10 mm. Hg. In these circumstances the the blood flow is lower. Blood flow measurements may aid in the selection of the adequate surgical procedure in cases of arterial lesions of doubtful significance.", "PMID": 711819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5014", "title": "Experimental remarks on leg ischemia following popliteal artery injuries.", "content": "Popliteal artery injuries are followed, in many cases, by amputation of the leg. Results after re-construction depend on the time of ischemia. In this experimental work 12 dogs with injury of the popliteal artery had a direct end to end anastomosis or an anastomosis using saphenous vein graft. Blood flow was checked by an electromagnetic flowmeter or ultrasounds, blood samples for Hb, oxyhaemoglobin saturation, Hct and ph were taken before and after operation. Changes in these values depend on the time elapsing between injury and re-establishment of circulation. Operative angiography was done in all dogs. Except in two dogs, no early or late thrombosis occurred. Three dogs required amputation. The outcome of the operation is related to the time elapsing between injury and restoration of circulation.", "contents": "Experimental remarks on leg ischemia following popliteal artery injuries. Popliteal artery injuries are followed, in many cases, by amputation of the leg. Results after re-construction depend on the time of ischemia. In this experimental work 12 dogs with injury of the popliteal artery had a direct end to end anastomosis or an anastomosis using saphenous vein graft. Blood flow was checked by an electromagnetic flowmeter or ultrasounds, blood samples for Hb, oxyhaemoglobin saturation, Hct and ph were taken before and after operation. Changes in these values depend on the time elapsing between injury and re-establishment of circulation. Operative angiography was done in all dogs. Except in two dogs, no early or late thrombosis occurred. Three dogs required amputation. The outcome of the operation is related to the time elapsing between injury and restoration of circulation.", "PMID": 711821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5015", "title": "The effects of electrical field stimulation and tetrodotoxin on ion transport by the isolated rabbit ileum.", "content": "To determine whether intramural nerves affect intestinal ion transport, we studied the effect of electrical field stimulation (EFS) on the movement of ions across isolated rabbit ileum. EFS increased the transmural electrical potential difference and the short circuit current (Isc), caused C1 secretion, and reduced conductance, but did not alter fluxes of Na or the residual current (JRnet). The neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin, prevented all the changes caused by EFS but did not prevent the increase in Isc caused by theophylline (5 mM), carbachol (10 micrometer), or glucose (10 mM), or the reduction in Isc caused by norepinephrine (10 micrometer), implying that tetrodotoxin prevented responses to EFS by affecting electrically excitable cells rather than epithelial cells. Tetrodotoxin also enhanced the mucosa to serosa fluxes of Na and C1, reduced the potential difference and Isc, and increased conductance. The site of tetrodotoxin action is uncertain because it may affect the release of at least four neuro-transmitters and the release of peptides from endoctine cells. The Isc response to EFS was not affected by atropine (10 micrometer), physostigmine (10 micrometer), or by hemicholinium (1 micrometer). The mechanism by which EFS causes C1 secretion remains to be determined.", "contents": "The effects of electrical field stimulation and tetrodotoxin on ion transport by the isolated rabbit ileum. To determine whether intramural nerves affect intestinal ion transport, we studied the effect of electrical field stimulation (EFS) on the movement of ions across isolated rabbit ileum. EFS increased the transmural electrical potential difference and the short circuit current (Isc), caused C1 secretion, and reduced conductance, but did not alter fluxes of Na or the residual current (JRnet). The neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin, prevented all the changes caused by EFS but did not prevent the increase in Isc caused by theophylline (5 mM), carbachol (10 micrometer), or glucose (10 mM), or the reduction in Isc caused by norepinephrine (10 micrometer), implying that tetrodotoxin prevented responses to EFS by affecting electrically excitable cells rather than epithelial cells. Tetrodotoxin also enhanced the mucosa to serosa fluxes of Na and C1, reduced the potential difference and Isc, and increased conductance. The site of tetrodotoxin action is uncertain because it may affect the release of at least four neuro-transmitters and the release of peptides from endoctine cells. The Isc response to EFS was not affected by atropine (10 micrometer), physostigmine (10 micrometer), or by hemicholinium (1 micrometer). The mechanism by which EFS causes C1 secretion remains to be determined.", "PMID": 711850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5016", "title": "Human skin aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. Induction by coal tar.", "content": "Coal tar products, which are widely used in treating dermatologic disease, contain numerous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, including 3,4-benzo[a]pyrene (BP). BP is among the most potent environmental chemical carcinogens and is known to evoke tumors in the skin of experimental animals and perhaps also of man. In this study the effect of cutaneous application of coal tar solution (U. S. Pharmacopeia) on aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity in the skin of patients usually treated with this drug was investigated. AHH, a cytochrome P-450 dependent carcinogen-metabolizing enzyme appears to play an important role in the activation of polycyclic hydrocarbons into reactive moieties that can bind to DNA and that may directly induce cancer. Application of coal tar solution to human skin caused a two to five-fold induction of cutaneous AHH in nine subjects. In further studies, the incubation of human skin with coal tar solution in vitro also caused variable induction of cutaneous AHH. Maximum responses in both systems occurred after 24 h and enzyme activity in vitro was time- and tissue- and substrate-concentration dependent. Studies in experimental animals showed that topical application of coal tar solution caused induction of AHH in skin and, after percutaneous absorption, in liver as well. Assay of several defined constituents of coal tar for AHH induction showed that BP was the most potent inducer of AHH tested. These studies indicate that topical application of coal tar solution in doses ordinarily used in treating dermatologic disease causes induction of AHH in human skin and suggest that such induced enzymatic activity could relate to carcinogenic responses to this agent in skin or, after percutaneous absorption, in other tissues as well.", "contents": "Human skin aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. Induction by coal tar. Coal tar products, which are widely used in treating dermatologic disease, contain numerous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, including 3,4-benzo[a]pyrene (BP). BP is among the most potent environmental chemical carcinogens and is known to evoke tumors in the skin of experimental animals and perhaps also of man. In this study the effect of cutaneous application of coal tar solution (U. S. Pharmacopeia) on aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity in the skin of patients usually treated with this drug was investigated. AHH, a cytochrome P-450 dependent carcinogen-metabolizing enzyme appears to play an important role in the activation of polycyclic hydrocarbons into reactive moieties that can bind to DNA and that may directly induce cancer. Application of coal tar solution to human skin caused a two to five-fold induction of cutaneous AHH in nine subjects. In further studies, the incubation of human skin with coal tar solution in vitro also caused variable induction of cutaneous AHH. Maximum responses in both systems occurred after 24 h and enzyme activity in vitro was time- and tissue- and substrate-concentration dependent. Studies in experimental animals showed that topical application of coal tar solution caused induction of AHH in skin and, after percutaneous absorption, in liver as well. Assay of several defined constituents of coal tar for AHH induction showed that BP was the most potent inducer of AHH tested. These studies indicate that topical application of coal tar solution in doses ordinarily used in treating dermatologic disease causes induction of AHH in human skin and suggest that such induced enzymatic activity could relate to carcinogenic responses to this agent in skin or, after percutaneous absorption, in other tissues as well.", "PMID": 711851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5017", "title": "Receptor specific clearance by the reticuloendothelial system in chronic liver diseases. Demonstration of defective C3b-specific clearance in primary biliary cirrhosis.", "content": "An approach to the assessment of reticuloendothelial function that quantitates clearance specifically mediated by membrane receptors for C3b and immunoglobulin (Ig)G has been applied in man. Clearance of isologous erythrocytes coated with IgM or C3b or coated with IgG were examined in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), chronic hepatitis, or alcoholic cirrhosis and normal control subjects and compared with the clearance of aggregated human serum albumin. Clearance of these three types of particles varied independently. None of the patients studied had a defect in the clearance of aggregated albumin. No patient with PBC (0:6) had delayed clearance of IgG-coated erythrocytes; one of six patients with chronic hepatitis had delayed clearance of these cells. Indeed, four of six with PBC had increased rates of IgG-mediated clearance. In contrast, six out of six patients with PBC had an unequivocal defect in clearance mediated by C3b receptors. The patients with PBC varied widely in terms of duration of symptoms, degree of cholestasis, and histologic stage of disease. No defect of C3b-mediated erythrocyte clearance was found in the patients with chronic hepatitis or alcoholic cirrhosis. Furthermore, a patient with severe cholestasis secondary to large duct biliary obstruction exhibited normal C3b-mediated clearance. The defect in C3b-mediated clearance in PBC did not correlate with serum levels of individual complement components or inhibitors or with the presence of circulating immune complexes as measured by the Clq precipitation assay. Thus, measurements of receptor specific clearance, but not clearance of aggregated proteins, have revealed a highly specific defect in reticuloendothelial function in PBC.", "contents": "Receptor specific clearance by the reticuloendothelial system in chronic liver diseases. Demonstration of defective C3b-specific clearance in primary biliary cirrhosis. An approach to the assessment of reticuloendothelial function that quantitates clearance specifically mediated by membrane receptors for C3b and immunoglobulin (Ig)G has been applied in man. Clearance of isologous erythrocytes coated with IgM or C3b or coated with IgG were examined in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), chronic hepatitis, or alcoholic cirrhosis and normal control subjects and compared with the clearance of aggregated human serum albumin. Clearance of these three types of particles varied independently. None of the patients studied had a defect in the clearance of aggregated albumin. No patient with PBC (0:6) had delayed clearance of IgG-coated erythrocytes; one of six patients with chronic hepatitis had delayed clearance of these cells. Indeed, four of six with PBC had increased rates of IgG-mediated clearance. In contrast, six out of six patients with PBC had an unequivocal defect in clearance mediated by C3b receptors. The patients with PBC varied widely in terms of duration of symptoms, degree of cholestasis, and histologic stage of disease. No defect of C3b-mediated erythrocyte clearance was found in the patients with chronic hepatitis or alcoholic cirrhosis. Furthermore, a patient with severe cholestasis secondary to large duct biliary obstruction exhibited normal C3b-mediated clearance. The defect in C3b-mediated clearance in PBC did not correlate with serum levels of individual complement components or inhibitors or with the presence of circulating immune complexes as measured by the Clq precipitation assay. Thus, measurements of receptor specific clearance, but not clearance of aggregated proteins, have revealed a highly specific defect in reticuloendothelial function in PBC.", "PMID": 711852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5018", "title": "Purification and characterization of an abnormal factor IX (Christmas factor) molecule. Factor IX Chapel Hill.", "content": "Human Factor IX (Christmas factor) was isolated from the plasma of a patient with mild hemophilia B. The patient's plasma contained 5% Factor IX clotting activity but 100% Factor IX antigenic activity as determined by immunological assays, which included inhibitor neutralization and a radioimmunoassay for Factor IX. This abnormal Factor IX is called Factor IX Chapel Hill (Factor IXCH). Both normal Factor IX and Factor IXCH have tyrosine as the NH2-terminal amino acid. The two proteins have a similar molecular weight, a similar amino acid analysis, the same number of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues (10 gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues), and a similar carbohydrate content. Both exist as a single-chain glycoprotein in plasma. The major difference between normal Factor IX and Factor IXCH is that the latter exhibits delayed activation to Factor IXa in the presence of Factor XIa and Ca2+. Thus, Factor IXCH differs from other previously described abnormal Factor IX molecules.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of an abnormal factor IX (Christmas factor) molecule. Factor IX Chapel Hill. Human Factor IX (Christmas factor) was isolated from the plasma of a patient with mild hemophilia B. The patient's plasma contained 5% Factor IX clotting activity but 100% Factor IX antigenic activity as determined by immunological assays, which included inhibitor neutralization and a radioimmunoassay for Factor IX. This abnormal Factor IX is called Factor IX Chapel Hill (Factor IXCH). Both normal Factor IX and Factor IXCH have tyrosine as the NH2-terminal amino acid. The two proteins have a similar molecular weight, a similar amino acid analysis, the same number of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues (10 gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues), and a similar carbohydrate content. Both exist as a single-chain glycoprotein in plasma. The major difference between normal Factor IX and Factor IXCH is that the latter exhibits delayed activation to Factor IXa in the presence of Factor XIa and Ca2+. Thus, Factor IXCH differs from other previously described abnormal Factor IX molecules.", "PMID": 711853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5019", "title": "Surface markers of complement receptor lymphocytes.", "content": "Normal blood lymphocytes bearing complement receptors (CRL) were divided into two populations, one expressing both CR1 (C4b-C3b receptor) and CR2 (C3d receptor) and a second expressing only CR1. Nearly all of the population that expressed both CR1 and CR2 also bore membrane surface immunoglobulins (Ig) and Ia antigens. The majority of cells that had only CR1 lacked detectable surface Ig. These Ig- CR1+ CR2- cells could be distinguished from the majority of monocytes and immature granulocytes, in that the latter ingested latex particles and expressed CR2 as well as CR1. The Ig- CR1+ cells were further subdivided into an Ia-bearing subpopulation and another that lacked Ia. Among the Ig- Ia- CR1+ cells, one third formed spontaneous rosettes with sheep erythrocytes while all of the remaining CRL were erythrocyte-rosette negative. Essentially all CRL in normal blood had IgG Fc receptors, but a qualitative heterogeneity in the Fc receptors of Ia+ CRL vs. Ia- CRL was observed in their binding of different immune complex systems.", "contents": "Surface markers of complement receptor lymphocytes. Normal blood lymphocytes bearing complement receptors (CRL) were divided into two populations, one expressing both CR1 (C4b-C3b receptor) and CR2 (C3d receptor) and a second expressing only CR1. Nearly all of the population that expressed both CR1 and CR2 also bore membrane surface immunoglobulins (Ig) and Ia antigens. The majority of cells that had only CR1 lacked detectable surface Ig. These Ig- CR1+ CR2- cells could be distinguished from the majority of monocytes and immature granulocytes, in that the latter ingested latex particles and expressed CR2 as well as CR1. The Ig- CR1+ cells were further subdivided into an Ia-bearing subpopulation and another that lacked Ia. Among the Ig- Ia- CR1+ cells, one third formed spontaneous rosettes with sheep erythrocytes while all of the remaining CRL were erythrocyte-rosette negative. Essentially all CRL in normal blood had IgG Fc receptors, but a qualitative heterogeneity in the Fc receptors of Ia+ CRL vs. Ia- CRL was observed in their binding of different immune complex systems.", "PMID": 711854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5020", "title": "Effect of chronic potassium loading on potassium secretion by the pars recta or descending limb of the juxtamedullary nephron in the rat.", "content": "Recently we demonstrated potassium secretion by the pars recta or by the descending limb of the juxtamedullary nephron. The purpose of this present investigation is to study the effect of a chronic high-potassium intake on this phenomenon. Fractional reabsorption of water and sodium by the juxtamedullary proximal nephron was decreased when compared to that in normal hydropenic rats. There was a striking increase in the fraction of filtered potassium at the end of the juxtamedullary descending limb from 94+/11% to 180+/18%, which was principally a result of enhanced potassium secretion. When the concentration of potassium in the collecting tubule fluid of potassium-loaded rats was reduced after the administration of amiloride, a sharp fall was observed in the amount of potassium which reached the end of the descending limb (64+/8%). A direct correlation was observed between the fraction of filtered potassium at the descending limb and the potassium concentration in the final urine (P less than 0.001). The findings suggest that potassium, like urea, normally undergoes medullary recycling, which is enhanced by chronic potassium loading.", "contents": "Effect of chronic potassium loading on potassium secretion by the pars recta or descending limb of the juxtamedullary nephron in the rat. Recently we demonstrated potassium secretion by the pars recta or by the descending limb of the juxtamedullary nephron. The purpose of this present investigation is to study the effect of a chronic high-potassium intake on this phenomenon. Fractional reabsorption of water and sodium by the juxtamedullary proximal nephron was decreased when compared to that in normal hydropenic rats. There was a striking increase in the fraction of filtered potassium at the end of the juxtamedullary descending limb from 94+/11% to 180+/18%, which was principally a result of enhanced potassium secretion. When the concentration of potassium in the collecting tubule fluid of potassium-loaded rats was reduced after the administration of amiloride, a sharp fall was observed in the amount of potassium which reached the end of the descending limb (64+/8%). A direct correlation was observed between the fraction of filtered potassium at the descending limb and the potassium concentration in the final urine (P less than 0.001). The findings suggest that potassium, like urea, normally undergoes medullary recycling, which is enhanced by chronic potassium loading.", "PMID": 711855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5021", "title": "Low serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity. A marker of congestive heart failure.", "content": "To gain information about the nature of disturbances in sympathetic nervous system control in congestive heart failure, serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity was measured in 30 patients with heart failure of diverse etiologies and 29 healthy normotensive controls. The heart failure patients had been symptomatic for at least 6 wk and had elevated filling pressures, low cardiac indices, low ejection fractions, and wide arteriovenous oxygen differences. DBH activity was 47.1+/-4.7 (mean+/-SE) for the controls and 14.4+/-2.7 IU for the heart failure patients (P < 0.001). Sera from some patients with heart failure had potent inhibitory effects on DBH activity of normal sera. The inhibitor was heat stable and dialyzable and could be demonstrated despite presence of N-ethylmaleimide or Cu(++) in the reaction mixture. However, some inhibitory activity was also present in sera of normal patients; this inhibitory property was not demonstrable in unheated normal serum, but was unmasked when DBH was heat inactivated. It is proposed that although the inhibitor may have been a factor in low serum DBH activity in some patients with heart failure, the major cause of the low activity in the heart failure group was a reduced rate of synthesis or release of the enzyme by sympathetic nerves. This may reflect a dissociation between rates of neural release of norepinephrine and release of DBH in chronic, severe heart failure. The observation of low serum DBH levels in patients with heart failure suggests that measurement of DBH levels may serve as a useful indicator of cardiac dysfunction.", "contents": "Low serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity. A marker of congestive heart failure. To gain information about the nature of disturbances in sympathetic nervous system control in congestive heart failure, serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity was measured in 30 patients with heart failure of diverse etiologies and 29 healthy normotensive controls. The heart failure patients had been symptomatic for at least 6 wk and had elevated filling pressures, low cardiac indices, low ejection fractions, and wide arteriovenous oxygen differences. DBH activity was 47.1+/-4.7 (mean+/-SE) for the controls and 14.4+/-2.7 IU for the heart failure patients (P < 0.001). Sera from some patients with heart failure had potent inhibitory effects on DBH activity of normal sera. The inhibitor was heat stable and dialyzable and could be demonstrated despite presence of N-ethylmaleimide or Cu(++) in the reaction mixture. However, some inhibitory activity was also present in sera of normal patients; this inhibitory property was not demonstrable in unheated normal serum, but was unmasked when DBH was heat inactivated. It is proposed that although the inhibitor may have been a factor in low serum DBH activity in some patients with heart failure, the major cause of the low activity in the heart failure group was a reduced rate of synthesis or release of the enzyme by sympathetic nerves. This may reflect a dissociation between rates of neural release of norepinephrine and release of DBH in chronic, severe heart failure. The observation of low serum DBH levels in patients with heart failure suggests that measurement of DBH levels may serve as a useful indicator of cardiac dysfunction.", "PMID": 711856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5022", "title": "Binding of chemotactic collagen-derived peptides to fibroblasts. The relationship to fibroblast chemotaxis.", "content": "We previously showed that collagen, alpha-chains, and collagen-derived peptide fragments induce chemotactic migration of human fibroblasts in vitro. We now describe biochemical and immunological evidence showing there are binding sites for collagen peptides on fibroblast membranes.By the use of (14)C-labeled alpha1(I) chain, binding to intact fibroblasts was demonstrated. The process was reversible, and time- and fibroblast concentration-dependent. Scatchard plot analyses of the data obtained for the binding of alpha1(I) suggested that there are congruent with 16 x 10(6) binding sites per fibroblast with an association constant of 1.1 x 10(7)/M for alpha1(I). Dissociation of the bound radioactivity and subsequent chromatographic analysis on agarose A-1.5 m revealed that the alpha1 was unaltered. The binding of (14)C-labeled alpha1 was inhibited by each of the CNBr peptides derived from alpha1 chain of chick skin collagen and CNBr peptide mixtures of various genetic types of collagen chains. Immunofluorescence studies with anti-alpha1 antibody showed that alpha1-treated fibroblasts exhibited strong immunofluorescence. The intensity of fluorescence was markedly diminished by prior absorption of the antibody with alpha1. The alpha1-treated cells stained with preimmune sera did not show significant fluorescence.Dose-response curves of fibroblast chemotaxis induced by alpha1 and the binding of alpha1 by fibroblasts correlate closely. Furthermore, the potency of alpha1-CNBr peptides as chemotactic agents correlates with their ability to inhibit the binding of labeled alpha1(I). These data suggest the hypothesis that collagenderived peptides cause fibroblast chemotactic migration by acting on fibroblast membranes.", "contents": "Binding of chemotactic collagen-derived peptides to fibroblasts. The relationship to fibroblast chemotaxis. We previously showed that collagen, alpha-chains, and collagen-derived peptide fragments induce chemotactic migration of human fibroblasts in vitro. We now describe biochemical and immunological evidence showing there are binding sites for collagen peptides on fibroblast membranes.By the use of (14)C-labeled alpha1(I) chain, binding to intact fibroblasts was demonstrated. The process was reversible, and time- and fibroblast concentration-dependent. Scatchard plot analyses of the data obtained for the binding of alpha1(I) suggested that there are congruent with 16 x 10(6) binding sites per fibroblast with an association constant of 1.1 x 10(7)/M for alpha1(I). Dissociation of the bound radioactivity and subsequent chromatographic analysis on agarose A-1.5 m revealed that the alpha1 was unaltered. The binding of (14)C-labeled alpha1 was inhibited by each of the CNBr peptides derived from alpha1 chain of chick skin collagen and CNBr peptide mixtures of various genetic types of collagen chains. Immunofluorescence studies with anti-alpha1 antibody showed that alpha1-treated fibroblasts exhibited strong immunofluorescence. The intensity of fluorescence was markedly diminished by prior absorption of the antibody with alpha1. The alpha1-treated cells stained with preimmune sera did not show significant fluorescence.Dose-response curves of fibroblast chemotaxis induced by alpha1 and the binding of alpha1 by fibroblasts correlate closely. Furthermore, the potency of alpha1-CNBr peptides as chemotactic agents correlates with their ability to inhibit the binding of labeled alpha1(I). These data suggest the hypothesis that collagenderived peptides cause fibroblast chemotactic migration by acting on fibroblast membranes.", "PMID": 711857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5023", "title": "Heterozygote expression in propionyl coenzyme A carboxylase deficiency. Differences between major complementation groups.", "content": "We measured propionyl coenzyme A carboxylase (PCC) activity in extracts of skin fibroblasts and peripheral blood leukocytes from controls and obligate heterozygotes for PCC deficiency. 6 heterozygotes were from the pcc A complementation group; 12 were from the other major complementation group, designated pcc C. Mean PCC activity in fibroblast extracts from pcc A heterozygotes was 52% of that in controls, whereas mean PCC activity in pcc C heterozygotes was indistinguishable from that of controls. Similar results were obtained with extracts of peripheral blood leukocytes. In none of eight families (three pcc A and five pcc C) in which PCC activity was studied in both parents of an affected child were significant intrafamilial differences observed. The activities of two other mitochondrial enzymes (beta-methyl-crotonyl CoA carboxylase and glutamate dehydrogenase) were comparable in controls and both groups of heterozygotes. Whereas the data from pcc A heterozygotes are consistent with expected gene dosage effects, those from pcc C heterozygotes are not. Inasmuch as mammalian PCC is a large molecular weight tetramer, each protomer of which is probably composed of two nonidentical subunits, the latter results are most consistent with unbalanced rates of synthesis and(or) degradation of the two subunits in normal cells with compensatory balancing in pcc C heterozygotes.", "contents": "Heterozygote expression in propionyl coenzyme A carboxylase deficiency. Differences between major complementation groups. We measured propionyl coenzyme A carboxylase (PCC) activity in extracts of skin fibroblasts and peripheral blood leukocytes from controls and obligate heterozygotes for PCC deficiency. 6 heterozygotes were from the pcc A complementation group; 12 were from the other major complementation group, designated pcc C. Mean PCC activity in fibroblast extracts from pcc A heterozygotes was 52% of that in controls, whereas mean PCC activity in pcc C heterozygotes was indistinguishable from that of controls. Similar results were obtained with extracts of peripheral blood leukocytes. In none of eight families (three pcc A and five pcc C) in which PCC activity was studied in both parents of an affected child were significant intrafamilial differences observed. The activities of two other mitochondrial enzymes (beta-methyl-crotonyl CoA carboxylase and glutamate dehydrogenase) were comparable in controls and both groups of heterozygotes. Whereas the data from pcc A heterozygotes are consistent with expected gene dosage effects, those from pcc C heterozygotes are not. Inasmuch as mammalian PCC is a large molecular weight tetramer, each protomer of which is probably composed of two nonidentical subunits, the latter results are most consistent with unbalanced rates of synthesis and(or) degradation of the two subunits in normal cells with compensatory balancing in pcc C heterozygotes.", "PMID": 711858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5024", "title": "Iron uptake from rat plasma transferrin by rat reticulocytes.", "content": "Fast and slow rat transferrins were isolated by isoelectric focusing and prepared in their di- and monoferric forms. A comparison of the rates of iron release between fast and slow monoferric transferrins when incubated with reticulocytes or injected in vivo showed no significant difference in the behavior of the two isotransferrin species. Reticulocyte uptake of diferric transferrin resulted in the removal of both iron atoms from the transferrin molecule. A twofold greater iron uptake was observed from diferric as compared with monoferric iron, provided reticulocyte receptors were saturated. It is concluded that the two species of transferrin and their individual sites function similarly in their release of iron to tissue receptors.", "contents": "Iron uptake from rat plasma transferrin by rat reticulocytes. Fast and slow rat transferrins were isolated by isoelectric focusing and prepared in their di- and monoferric forms. A comparison of the rates of iron release between fast and slow monoferric transferrins when incubated with reticulocytes or injected in vivo showed no significant difference in the behavior of the two isotransferrin species. Reticulocyte uptake of diferric transferrin resulted in the removal of both iron atoms from the transferrin molecule. A twofold greater iron uptake was observed from diferric as compared with monoferric iron, provided reticulocyte receptors were saturated. It is concluded that the two species of transferrin and their individual sites function similarly in their release of iron to tissue receptors.", "PMID": 711859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5025", "title": "Renin-angiotensin system inhibition in conscious dogs during acute hypoxemia. Effects on systemic hemodynamics, regional blood flows, and tissue metabolism.", "content": "The role of the renin-angiotensin system in mediating the circulatory and metabolic responses to hypoxia was studied in three groups of conscious dogs that were infused continuously with normal saline, teprotide (10 mug/kg per min), and saralasin (1 mug/kg per min), respectively. Hypoxia was produced by switching from breathing room air to 5 or 8% oxygen-nitrogen mixture. Plasma renin activity increased from 2.3+/-0.4 to 4.9+/-0.8 ng/ml per h during 8% oxygen breathing, and from 2.8+/-0.4 to 8.4+/-1.8 ng/ml per h during 5% oxygen breathing. As expected, cardiac output, heart rate, mean aortic blood pressure, and left ventricular dP/dt and dP/dt/P increased during both 5 and 8% oxygen breathing in the saline-treated dogs; greater increases occurred during the more severe hypoxia. Teprotide and saralasin infusion diminished the hemodynamic responses to 5% oxygen breathing, but did not affect the responses to 8% oxygen breathing significantly. In addition, the increased blood flows to the myocardium, kidneys, adrenals, brain, intercostal muscle, and diaphragm that usually occur during 5% oxygen breathing were reduced by both agents. These agents also reduced the increases in plasma norepinephrine concentration during 5% oxygen breathing, but had no effects on tissue aerobic or anaerobic metabolism. In dogs pretreated with propranolol and phentolamine, administration of teprotide (0.5 mg/kg) during 5% oxygen breathing reduced mean aortic blood pressure and total peripheral vascular resistance, and increased cardiac output and heart rate, but did not affect left ventricular dP/dt, dP/dt/P, and end-diastolic pressure. Simultaneously, renal and myocardial blood flows increased and myocardial oxygen extraction decreased, while myocardial oxygen consumption did not change significantly. These results suggest that the renin-angiotensin system plays an important role in the hemodynamic responses to severe hypoxia. It appears that angiotensin not only exerts a direct vasoconstrictor action, especially upon the coronary and renal circulations, but also potentiates the cardiovascular effects of sympathetic stimulation that occur during severe hypoxia.", "contents": "Renin-angiotensin system inhibition in conscious dogs during acute hypoxemia. Effects on systemic hemodynamics, regional blood flows, and tissue metabolism. The role of the renin-angiotensin system in mediating the circulatory and metabolic responses to hypoxia was studied in three groups of conscious dogs that were infused continuously with normal saline, teprotide (10 mug/kg per min), and saralasin (1 mug/kg per min), respectively. Hypoxia was produced by switching from breathing room air to 5 or 8% oxygen-nitrogen mixture. Plasma renin activity increased from 2.3+/-0.4 to 4.9+/-0.8 ng/ml per h during 8% oxygen breathing, and from 2.8+/-0.4 to 8.4+/-1.8 ng/ml per h during 5% oxygen breathing. As expected, cardiac output, heart rate, mean aortic blood pressure, and left ventricular dP/dt and dP/dt/P increased during both 5 and 8% oxygen breathing in the saline-treated dogs; greater increases occurred during the more severe hypoxia. Teprotide and saralasin infusion diminished the hemodynamic responses to 5% oxygen breathing, but did not affect the responses to 8% oxygen breathing significantly. In addition, the increased blood flows to the myocardium, kidneys, adrenals, brain, intercostal muscle, and diaphragm that usually occur during 5% oxygen breathing were reduced by both agents. These agents also reduced the increases in plasma norepinephrine concentration during 5% oxygen breathing, but had no effects on tissue aerobic or anaerobic metabolism. In dogs pretreated with propranolol and phentolamine, administration of teprotide (0.5 mg/kg) during 5% oxygen breathing reduced mean aortic blood pressure and total peripheral vascular resistance, and increased cardiac output and heart rate, but did not affect left ventricular dP/dt, dP/dt/P, and end-diastolic pressure. Simultaneously, renal and myocardial blood flows increased and myocardial oxygen extraction decreased, while myocardial oxygen consumption did not change significantly. These results suggest that the renin-angiotensin system plays an important role in the hemodynamic responses to severe hypoxia. It appears that angiotensin not only exerts a direct vasoconstrictor action, especially upon the coronary and renal circulations, but also potentiates the cardiovascular effects of sympathetic stimulation that occur during severe hypoxia.", "PMID": 711860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5026", "title": "Human antihapten antibodies in trimellitic anhydride inhalation reactions. Immunoglobulin classes of anti-trimellitic anhydride antibodies and hapten inhibition studies.", "content": "Inhalational exposure to trimellitic anhydride (TMA) produces an immediate-type asthmatic or a late respiratory systemic syndrome in certain workers after a latent period of work exposure. TMA has been found to react with proteins to produce a hapten-protein complex (trimellitate [TM] protein) or become hydrolyzed in aqueous, alkaline solutions to produce a salt, NaTM. Using a solid-phase radioimmunoassay technique, antibodies of different Ig classes were detected against TM-protein conjugates. IgE antibody was detected in three of five workers with asthma. IgG and IgA antibodies were detected in most exposed workers but higher levels of antibody were found in symptomatic workers even after long periods without direct TMA exposure. IgM antibody activity against TM-human serum albumin (TM-HSA) was detected but did not differentiate symptomatic from asymptomatic workers. NaTM served as a hapten for study because it does not react with proteins to form a hapten-protein complex as TMA does. The NaTM only partially inhibited IgG antibody activity against TM-HSA and much smaller amounts of TM-HSA than of NaTM were required to neutralize IgG antibody. A similar result was found with TM-ovalbumin. The latter results suggest that some IgG antibody is directed against a TM-protein moiety, probably a TM-amino acid determinant. In contrast to IgG, marked inhibition by NaTM of IgA and IgM antibody against TM-HSA was found in the sera studied.", "contents": "Human antihapten antibodies in trimellitic anhydride inhalation reactions. Immunoglobulin classes of anti-trimellitic anhydride antibodies and hapten inhibition studies. Inhalational exposure to trimellitic anhydride (TMA) produces an immediate-type asthmatic or a late respiratory systemic syndrome in certain workers after a latent period of work exposure. TMA has been found to react with proteins to produce a hapten-protein complex (trimellitate [TM] protein) or become hydrolyzed in aqueous, alkaline solutions to produce a salt, NaTM. Using a solid-phase radioimmunoassay technique, antibodies of different Ig classes were detected against TM-protein conjugates. IgE antibody was detected in three of five workers with asthma. IgG and IgA antibodies were detected in most exposed workers but higher levels of antibody were found in symptomatic workers even after long periods without direct TMA exposure. IgM antibody activity against TM-human serum albumin (TM-HSA) was detected but did not differentiate symptomatic from asymptomatic workers. NaTM served as a hapten for study because it does not react with proteins to form a hapten-protein complex as TMA does. The NaTM only partially inhibited IgG antibody activity against TM-HSA and much smaller amounts of TM-HSA than of NaTM were required to neutralize IgG antibody. A similar result was found with TM-ovalbumin. The latter results suggest that some IgG antibody is directed against a TM-protein moiety, probably a TM-amino acid determinant. In contrast to IgG, marked inhibition by NaTM of IgA and IgM antibody against TM-HSA was found in the sera studied.", "PMID": 711861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5027", "title": "Cell-cell interaction in erythropoiesis. Role of human monocytes.", "content": "Erythroid burst forming units (BFU-E) are proliferative cells present in peripheral blood and bone marrow which may be precursors of the erythroid colony forming cell found in the bone marrow. To examine the possible role of monocyte-macrophages in the modulation of erythropoiesis, the effect of monocytes on peripheral blood BFU-E proliferation in response to erythropoietin was investigated in the plasma clot culture system. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from normal human donors were separated into four fractions. Fraction-I cells were obtained from the interface of Ficoll-Hypaque gradients (20-30% monocytes; 60-80% lymphocytes); fraction-II cells were fraction-I cells that were nonadherent to plastic (2-10% monocytes; 90-98% lymphocytes); fraction-III cells were obtained by incubation of fraction-II cells with carbonyl iron followed by Ficoll-Hypaque centrifugation (>99% lymphocytes); and fraction-IV cells represented the adherent population of fraction-II cells released from the plastic by lidocaine (>95% monocytes). When cells from these fractions were cultured in the presence of erythropoietin, the number of BFU-E-derived colonies was inversely proportional to the number of monocytes present (r = -0.96, P < 0.001). The suppressive effect of monocytes on BFU-E proliferation was confirmed by admixing autologous purified monocytes (fraction-IV cells) with fraction-III cells. Monocyte concentrations of >/=20% completely suppressed BFU-E activity. Reduction in the number of plated BFU-E by monocyte dilution could not account for these findings: a 15% reduction in the number of fraction-III cells plated resulted in only a 15% reduction in colony formation. These results indicate that monocyte-macrophages may play a significant role in the regulation of erythropoiesis and be involved in the pathogenesis of the hypoproliferative anemias associated with infection and certain neoplasia in which increased monocyte activity and monopoiesis also occur.", "contents": "Cell-cell interaction in erythropoiesis. Role of human monocytes. Erythroid burst forming units (BFU-E) are proliferative cells present in peripheral blood and bone marrow which may be precursors of the erythroid colony forming cell found in the bone marrow. To examine the possible role of monocyte-macrophages in the modulation of erythropoiesis, the effect of monocytes on peripheral blood BFU-E proliferation in response to erythropoietin was investigated in the plasma clot culture system. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from normal human donors were separated into four fractions. Fraction-I cells were obtained from the interface of Ficoll-Hypaque gradients (20-30% monocytes; 60-80% lymphocytes); fraction-II cells were fraction-I cells that were nonadherent to plastic (2-10% monocytes; 90-98% lymphocytes); fraction-III cells were obtained by incubation of fraction-II cells with carbonyl iron followed by Ficoll-Hypaque centrifugation (>99% lymphocytes); and fraction-IV cells represented the adherent population of fraction-II cells released from the plastic by lidocaine (>95% monocytes). When cells from these fractions were cultured in the presence of erythropoietin, the number of BFU-E-derived colonies was inversely proportional to the number of monocytes present (r = -0.96, P < 0.001). The suppressive effect of monocytes on BFU-E proliferation was confirmed by admixing autologous purified monocytes (fraction-IV cells) with fraction-III cells. Monocyte concentrations of >/=20% completely suppressed BFU-E activity. Reduction in the number of plated BFU-E by monocyte dilution could not account for these findings: a 15% reduction in the number of fraction-III cells plated resulted in only a 15% reduction in colony formation. These results indicate that monocyte-macrophages may play a significant role in the regulation of erythropoiesis and be involved in the pathogenesis of the hypoproliferative anemias associated with infection and certain neoplasia in which increased monocyte activity and monopoiesis also occur.", "PMID": 711862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5028", "title": "Studies on the tubulo-glomerular feedback system in the rat. The mechanism of reduction in filtration rate with benzolamide.", "content": "The specific mechanism whereby superficial nephron glomerular filtration rate (sngfr) is reduced after the administration of benzolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor with a primary inhibitory effect in the proximal tubule, have been examined by measuring pertinent pressures, flows, and glomerular permeabilities in the hydropenic Munich-Wistar rat, a strain with surface glomeruli. Because benzolamide decreases absolute proximal reabsorptive rate, the rate of delivery of tubular fluid to the distal nephron should be at least transiently increased and may reduce sngfr by activating the tubulo-glomerular feedback system. Sngfr fell from 29.2+/2.0 to 2.1+/3.1 nl/min (P less than 0.01) after benzolamide (group 1), a percentage reduction equal to kidney glomerular filtration rate and similar to sngfr obtained in collections from distal tubules. Separate studies (group 2) revealed that if transient increases in distal nephron delivery were prevented by insertion of a long oil block in proximal tubules before control, the decrease in sngfr was prevented (30.3+/1.0 vs. 30.3+/1.8 nl/min, P greater than 0.9). In paired \"unblocked\" nephrons in the same rats, sngfr fell in group 2 (33.0+/1.0 vs. 25.2+/2.3 nl/min, P less than 0.01). In \"blocked\" nephrons in which sngfr reduction was prevented, the rate of fluid leaving the proximal tubule increased from 16.9+/ to 23.1+/1.0 nl/min (P less than 0.01). In group 1 studies in which sngfr fell and transient increases in flow out of the last segment of the proximal tubule (distal delivery) (approximately equal to 8 nl/min) were not prevented, steady-state distal delivery was unchanged by benzolamide (13.9+/1.1 vs. 14.2+/2.2 nl/min). Also, sngfr returned toward control, pre-benzolamide values, when a proximal oil block was placed for 15 min and the rate of distal delivery reduced after benzolamide administration, which suggests that this activation was reversible. These data suggest that activation of tubulo-glomerular feedback by transient increases in distal delivery was responsible for decreases in sngfr. Analysis of all determinants of glomerular ultra-filtration revealed that the efferent mechanism leading to reduced sngfr after benzolamide was decreased nephron plasma flow (101+/13 vs. 66+/13 nl/min, P less than 0.01). Hydrostatic pressure and the glomerular permeability coefficient did not contribute to reductions in sngfr with benzolamide. Because the rate of distal delivery remained constant in spite of large changes in both sngfr and absolute proximal reabsorptive rate, it is suggested that the rate of distal delivery may be the physiologic entity that is regulated by the tubulo-glomerular feedback system via alterations in sngfr.", "contents": "Studies on the tubulo-glomerular feedback system in the rat. The mechanism of reduction in filtration rate with benzolamide. The specific mechanism whereby superficial nephron glomerular filtration rate (sngfr) is reduced after the administration of benzolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor with a primary inhibitory effect in the proximal tubule, have been examined by measuring pertinent pressures, flows, and glomerular permeabilities in the hydropenic Munich-Wistar rat, a strain with surface glomeruli. Because benzolamide decreases absolute proximal reabsorptive rate, the rate of delivery of tubular fluid to the distal nephron should be at least transiently increased and may reduce sngfr by activating the tubulo-glomerular feedback system. Sngfr fell from 29.2+/2.0 to 2.1+/3.1 nl/min (P less than 0.01) after benzolamide (group 1), a percentage reduction equal to kidney glomerular filtration rate and similar to sngfr obtained in collections from distal tubules. Separate studies (group 2) revealed that if transient increases in distal nephron delivery were prevented by insertion of a long oil block in proximal tubules before control, the decrease in sngfr was prevented (30.3+/1.0 vs. 30.3+/1.8 nl/min, P greater than 0.9). In paired \"unblocked\" nephrons in the same rats, sngfr fell in group 2 (33.0+/1.0 vs. 25.2+/2.3 nl/min, P less than 0.01). In \"blocked\" nephrons in which sngfr reduction was prevented, the rate of fluid leaving the proximal tubule increased from 16.9+/ to 23.1+/1.0 nl/min (P less than 0.01). In group 1 studies in which sngfr fell and transient increases in flow out of the last segment of the proximal tubule (distal delivery) (approximately equal to 8 nl/min) were not prevented, steady-state distal delivery was unchanged by benzolamide (13.9+/1.1 vs. 14.2+/2.2 nl/min). Also, sngfr returned toward control, pre-benzolamide values, when a proximal oil block was placed for 15 min and the rate of distal delivery reduced after benzolamide administration, which suggests that this activation was reversible. These data suggest that activation of tubulo-glomerular feedback by transient increases in distal delivery was responsible for decreases in sngfr. Analysis of all determinants of glomerular ultra-filtration revealed that the efferent mechanism leading to reduced sngfr after benzolamide was decreased nephron plasma flow (101+/13 vs. 66+/13 nl/min, P less than 0.01). Hydrostatic pressure and the glomerular permeability coefficient did not contribute to reductions in sngfr with benzolamide. Because the rate of distal delivery remained constant in spite of large changes in both sngfr and absolute proximal reabsorptive rate, it is suggested that the rate of distal delivery may be the physiologic entity that is regulated by the tubulo-glomerular feedback system via alterations in sngfr.", "PMID": 711863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5029", "title": "Henmon-Nelson IQ scores as predictors of WAIS full scale IQ in alcoholics.", "content": "Used the Henmon-Nelson Test of Mental Abilities to predict WAIS Full Scale IQ Scores with a group (N = 41) of hospitalized alcoholics. The results suggest a moderately high correlation (r = .807), which corresponds with reports of these studies of Watson and Klett for a group of hospitalized psychiatric patients. A linear regression was calculated and a and b weights generated.", "contents": "Henmon-Nelson IQ scores as predictors of WAIS full scale IQ in alcoholics. Used the Henmon-Nelson Test of Mental Abilities to predict WAIS Full Scale IQ Scores with a group (N = 41) of hospitalized alcoholics. The results suggest a moderately high correlation (r = .807), which corresponds with reports of these studies of Watson and Klett for a group of hospitalized psychiatric patients. A linear regression was calculated and a and b weights generated.", "PMID": 711864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5030", "title": "Personality characteristic of the female alcoholic.", "content": "Utilized the Personal Reaction Inventory (PRI-100) on a sample of 47 hospitalized female alcoholics and a control group of 47 individually matched nonalcoholic Ss. A measure of drinking behavior was established by the Volume Variability Index (V/V) administered to each S immediately prior to the administration of the PRI-100. A test-retest experimental design over a 2-week period yielded an average reliability coefficient of .88 for the PRI-100. The findings show that the personality characteristics associated with Assertive Antisocial Behavior, one of the factors of the PRI-100, are valuable predictors of drinking behavior. The two other personality factors of the PRI-100, Lack of Order and Lively Social Presence, were found to be unrelated to drinking behavior and therefore inadequate predictors.", "contents": "Personality characteristic of the female alcoholic. Utilized the Personal Reaction Inventory (PRI-100) on a sample of 47 hospitalized female alcoholics and a control group of 47 individually matched nonalcoholic Ss. A measure of drinking behavior was established by the Volume Variability Index (V/V) administered to each S immediately prior to the administration of the PRI-100. A test-retest experimental design over a 2-week period yielded an average reliability coefficient of .88 for the PRI-100. The findings show that the personality characteristics associated with Assertive Antisocial Behavior, one of the factors of the PRI-100, are valuable predictors of drinking behavior. The two other personality factors of the PRI-100, Lack of Order and Lively Social Presence, were found to be unrelated to drinking behavior and therefore inadequate predictors.", "PMID": 711865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5031", "title": "A multimodal treatment approach for incarcerated alcoholics.", "content": "A multimodal milieu treatment approach for alcoholism was assessed in a prison setting by use of the MMPI. The participants had a mean age of 41, four prior incarcerations, and documented difficulty with alcohol abuse prior to their incarceration. Analysis of an A-B treatment design showed significant changes on the F, PT, ES (p less than .05), L, K, D, SI, and A (p less than .01) scales of the MMPI after 6 months of program participation. With the exception of the PD scale, all changes were seen as positive. It should be noted that the PD scale may not be the most appropriate indicator of positive behavioral changes in a prison setting.", "contents": "A multimodal treatment approach for incarcerated alcoholics. A multimodal milieu treatment approach for alcoholism was assessed in a prison setting by use of the MMPI. The participants had a mean age of 41, four prior incarcerations, and documented difficulty with alcohol abuse prior to their incarceration. Analysis of an A-B treatment design showed significant changes on the F, PT, ES (p less than .05), L, K, D, SI, and A (p less than .01) scales of the MMPI after 6 months of program participation. With the exception of the PD scale, all changes were seen as positive. It should be noted that the PD scale may not be the most appropriate indicator of positive behavioral changes in a prison setting.", "PMID": 711866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5032", "title": "The sex role identity of male drug abusers.", "content": "Administered a revised version of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) to clients at a drug-addict rehabilitation agency in New York City (N = 203). Three samples of undergraduates were the comparison groups. In addition, information that related to demographic and family characteristics, attitudes toward parents and opposite sex, and MMPI scores were collected on the clients. Results indicate the revised BSRI has high internal consistency reliability for the addict sample. There is a modest correlation between sex-role identity score and reported reasons for drug use, as well as for the MF and SI scales on the MMPI. There were no significant correlations with demographic, family, attitude toward parents or opposite sex variables. The hypothesized difference in sex-role identity between drug-addicts and other males was confirmed for one comparative sample, but not for the two other samples.", "contents": "The sex role identity of male drug abusers. Administered a revised version of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) to clients at a drug-addict rehabilitation agency in New York City (N = 203). Three samples of undergraduates were the comparison groups. In addition, information that related to demographic and family characteristics, attitudes toward parents and opposite sex, and MMPI scores were collected on the clients. Results indicate the revised BSRI has high internal consistency reliability for the addict sample. There is a modest correlation between sex-role identity score and reported reasons for drug use, as well as for the MF and SI scales on the MMPI. There were no significant correlations with demographic, family, attitude toward parents or opposite sex variables. The hypothesized difference in sex-role identity between drug-addicts and other males was confirmed for one comparative sample, but not for the two other samples.", "PMID": 711867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5033", "title": "EMG biofeedback applicability for differing personality types.", "content": "Divided thirty-two male alcoholics into two groups on the basis of their MMPI profile. Group 1 consisted of Ss determined to be tense and anxious, while Group 2 included a more heterogeneous sample of personality types. Eight Ss from each group received 14 days of progressive relaxation training and EMG biofeedback; the remainder received control sessions of taped music and EMG monitoring. Group 1 experimental S achieved greater levels of relaxation than either their matched controls or Group 2 Ss. POMS scores revealed a significant difference over time for all Ss in the direction of improved mood states. No significant between-groups difference was found. Generally, these results suggest the following: (1) patients may be selected credibly for relaxation-biofeedback treatment by use of the MMPI; (2) patients who exhibit significant anxiety and tension may achieve lower levels of tension during training than patients with lower levels of pretreatment anxiety.", "contents": "EMG biofeedback applicability for differing personality types. Divided thirty-two male alcoholics into two groups on the basis of their MMPI profile. Group 1 consisted of Ss determined to be tense and anxious, while Group 2 included a more heterogeneous sample of personality types. Eight Ss from each group received 14 days of progressive relaxation training and EMG biofeedback; the remainder received control sessions of taped music and EMG monitoring. Group 1 experimental S achieved greater levels of relaxation than either their matched controls or Group 2 Ss. POMS scores revealed a significant difference over time for all Ss in the direction of improved mood states. No significant between-groups difference was found. Generally, these results suggest the following: (1) patients may be selected credibly for relaxation-biofeedback treatment by use of the MMPI; (2) patients who exhibit significant anxiety and tension may achieve lower levels of tension during training than patients with lower levels of pretreatment anxiety.", "PMID": 711868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5034", "title": "Demographic and clinical characteristics as predictors of readmission: a one-year follow-up.", "content": "Follows up an earlier investigation in which demographic and clinical characteristics of psychiatric patients were used to predict readmission within 3 months of discharge. In the initial study, stepwise multiple regression analysis identified six variables as the optimal set of predictors for readmission within 3 months of discharge: type of discharge, number of prior psychiatric hospitalizations, race, suicide attempt within 1 month of admission, subjective report of depression upon admission, and occupational level (R = .452). In the present study the same sample was followed up at 1 year after discharge, and demographic and clinical variables were used to predict readmission within 1 year of discharge. Stepwise multiple regression analysis identified three variables as the optimal set of predictors for readmission within 1 year of discharge: past history of suicidal behavior, subjective report of depression upon admission, and number of prior psychiatric hospitalizations. Changes in predictors as a function of length of follow-up period are considered, and implications of the findings for identifying high-risk readmission candidates are discussed.", "contents": "Demographic and clinical characteristics as predictors of readmission: a one-year follow-up. Follows up an earlier investigation in which demographic and clinical characteristics of psychiatric patients were used to predict readmission within 3 months of discharge. In the initial study, stepwise multiple regression analysis identified six variables as the optimal set of predictors for readmission within 3 months of discharge: type of discharge, number of prior psychiatric hospitalizations, race, suicide attempt within 1 month of admission, subjective report of depression upon admission, and occupational level (R = .452). In the present study the same sample was followed up at 1 year after discharge, and demographic and clinical variables were used to predict readmission within 1 year of discharge. Stepwise multiple regression analysis identified three variables as the optimal set of predictors for readmission within 1 year of discharge: past history of suicidal behavior, subjective report of depression upon admission, and number of prior psychiatric hospitalizations. Changes in predictors as a function of length of follow-up period are considered, and implications of the findings for identifying high-risk readmission candidates are discussed.", "PMID": 711870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5035", "title": "Effects of ambiguous and unambiguous stimulus word differences on popular responses of schizophrenics.", "content": "Tested that aspect of response interference theory that predicts that schizophrenics give fewer dominant and more competing responses for ambiguous, but not unambiguous, conditions. It was hypothesized that schizophrenics would evidence in a word association task greater gains, after treatment, in response popularity for ambiguous, but not for unambiguous, stimulus words. The prediction was assessed by administering a specially-constructed wordlist balanced for idiodynamic semantic sets (Moran, 1966). Results, from a pre- and posttest control group design, met predictions for 24 matched pairs of schizophrenics and neurotics: after 5 weeks of treatment, schizophrenics gained significantly in popular responses for ambiguous but not for unambiguous stimulus words, whereas neurotics did not gain significantly for either condition. Positive correlation for schizophrenics between ambiguous word response popularity gains in home and community adjustment as rated by a significant other coincided with expectations from response interference theory (Broen, 1968).", "contents": "Effects of ambiguous and unambiguous stimulus word differences on popular responses of schizophrenics. Tested that aspect of response interference theory that predicts that schizophrenics give fewer dominant and more competing responses for ambiguous, but not unambiguous, conditions. It was hypothesized that schizophrenics would evidence in a word association task greater gains, after treatment, in response popularity for ambiguous, but not for unambiguous, stimulus words. The prediction was assessed by administering a specially-constructed wordlist balanced for idiodynamic semantic sets (Moran, 1966). Results, from a pre- and posttest control group design, met predictions for 24 matched pairs of schizophrenics and neurotics: after 5 weeks of treatment, schizophrenics gained significantly in popular responses for ambiguous but not for unambiguous stimulus words, whereas neurotics did not gain significantly for either condition. Positive correlation for schizophrenics between ambiguous word response popularity gains in home and community adjustment as rated by a significant other coincided with expectations from response interference theory (Broen, 1968).", "PMID": 711871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5036", "title": "Differentiating schizophrenics through parental conflict.", "content": "Compared 154 parents of Schizophrenic Maladjusted, and Community young people (S, M, C) through the Conflict in Marriage Scale (CIMS), an agree-disagree card sort. Both men and women could be differentiated accurately according to the diagnostic group of their offspring (discriminant function analysis). On CIMS items that showed at least a 20% difference between any two diagnostic groups in proportion of affirmative response, S fathers were intermediate between M and C fathers significantly more often than in a high or low (extreme) position.", "contents": "Differentiating schizophrenics through parental conflict. Compared 154 parents of Schizophrenic Maladjusted, and Community young people (S, M, C) through the Conflict in Marriage Scale (CIMS), an agree-disagree card sort. Both men and women could be differentiated accurately according to the diagnostic group of their offspring (discriminant function analysis). On CIMS items that showed at least a 20% difference between any two diagnostic groups in proportion of affirmative response, S fathers were intermediate between M and C fathers significantly more often than in a high or low (extreme) position.", "PMID": 711872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5037", "title": "Suicidal, aggressive, and normal children's perception of personal and impersonal death.", "content": "Tested the assumption that young children's suicidal behavior is connected to their concept of death. An additional objective was to explore whether distortions in the concept of death stem from limitations in cognitive functioning or from a defensive process. The sample consisted of 21 Ss in three equal groups of suicidal, aggressive, and normal children, ages 10-12. The variables of socioeconomic status, cultural background, and intelligence were controlled. The children were asked to respond to questions about impersonal death (the death of others) and personal death (one's own death). The results indicated that the three groups differed mainly in regard to the personal death concept. Suicidal children attributed the cause of death to suicide and referred to life after death and to resurrection more often than the other groups. Both normal and aggressive children emphasized the finality and irreversibility of death. However, normal children attributed the cause of death to natural processes, while aggressive children referred to brutality as a main cause of death. It is concluded that the suicidal children's view of death could facilitate suicidal behavior and that it should be a subject for concern in the treatment of such children.", "contents": "Suicidal, aggressive, and normal children's perception of personal and impersonal death. Tested the assumption that young children's suicidal behavior is connected to their concept of death. An additional objective was to explore whether distortions in the concept of death stem from limitations in cognitive functioning or from a defensive process. The sample consisted of 21 Ss in three equal groups of suicidal, aggressive, and normal children, ages 10-12. The variables of socioeconomic status, cultural background, and intelligence were controlled. The children were asked to respond to questions about impersonal death (the death of others) and personal death (one's own death). The results indicated that the three groups differed mainly in regard to the personal death concept. Suicidal children attributed the cause of death to suicide and referred to life after death and to resurrection more often than the other groups. Both normal and aggressive children emphasized the finality and irreversibility of death. However, normal children attributed the cause of death to natural processes, while aggressive children referred to brutality as a main cause of death. It is concluded that the suicidal children's view of death could facilitate suicidal behavior and that it should be a subject for concern in the treatment of such children.", "PMID": 711873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5038", "title": "Insomnia: anxiety, sleep-incompatible behaviors and depression.", "content": "Evaluated the relevance of the physiological-arousal model, the stimulus-control paradigm, and depression to insomnia both as a unitary construct and to its components. The Manifest Anxiety Scale, the Sleep Behavior Self Rating Scale and the Zung Depression Scale were administered to 81 clinical Ss. Three separate discriminant function analyses were performed with self-reported \"sleeping difficulty,\" \"latency of falling asleep,\" and \"total hours of sleep\" as criterion variables. The above three scales and the following four sleep patterns were used as indices: number of nocturnal wakings, latency to fall asleep once awake, number of early wakings, and frequency of feelings of fatigue upon wakings. The findings indicated that the physiological-arousal model was relevant both to insomnia overall and to its component of sleep-onset insomnia. The stimulus-control paradigm was found to be relevant only to sleep-onset insomnia. Depression was not a sensitive discriminator, possibly due to the heterogeneity of the patient population studied. It is emphasized that different mechanisms might be operating with the heterogeneous symptom \"insomnia,\" and the replication of findings with criteria that include significant others and electroencephalographic measures is suggested.", "contents": "Insomnia: anxiety, sleep-incompatible behaviors and depression. Evaluated the relevance of the physiological-arousal model, the stimulus-control paradigm, and depression to insomnia both as a unitary construct and to its components. The Manifest Anxiety Scale, the Sleep Behavior Self Rating Scale and the Zung Depression Scale were administered to 81 clinical Ss. Three separate discriminant function analyses were performed with self-reported \"sleeping difficulty,\" \"latency of falling asleep,\" and \"total hours of sleep\" as criterion variables. The above three scales and the following four sleep patterns were used as indices: number of nocturnal wakings, latency to fall asleep once awake, number of early wakings, and frequency of feelings of fatigue upon wakings. The findings indicated that the physiological-arousal model was relevant both to insomnia overall and to its component of sleep-onset insomnia. The stimulus-control paradigm was found to be relevant only to sleep-onset insomnia. Depression was not a sensitive discriminator, possibly due to the heterogeneity of the patient population studied. It is emphasized that different mechanisms might be operating with the heterogeneous symptom \"insomnia,\" and the replication of findings with criteria that include significant others and electroencephalographic measures is suggested.", "PMID": 711875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5039", "title": "Essential hypertension and self-disclosure.", "content": "A matched sample of 16 hypertensive and 16 non-hypertensive Air Force male Ss were administered the Journal Self-Disclosure questionnaire and participated in an interview that discussed high and low intimate topics. Questionnaire data, content analysis scores of interview topics, and situational stress measures supported the hypothesis that hypertensives conceal their personal thoughts and feelings from others and deny the emotion-arousing stimuli of a self-disclosure situation. Investigation of the underlying psychodynamics of hypertension in a self-disclosing situation as a potentially fruitful line of research was discussed.", "contents": "Essential hypertension and self-disclosure. A matched sample of 16 hypertensive and 16 non-hypertensive Air Force male Ss were administered the Journal Self-Disclosure questionnaire and participated in an interview that discussed high and low intimate topics. Questionnaire data, content analysis scores of interview topics, and situational stress measures supported the hypothesis that hypertensives conceal their personal thoughts and feelings from others and deny the emotion-arousing stimuli of a self-disclosure situation. Investigation of the underlying psychodynamics of hypertension in a self-disclosing situation as a potentially fruitful line of research was discussed.", "PMID": 711876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5040", "title": "Verbal reinforcement combinations in schizophrenics.", "content": "Investigated the effects of verbal reinforcement paradigms on hospitalized schizophrenics and staff. Positive reinforcement that involved good was found to be relatively ineffective for all groups; furthermore, associating good with the termination of a white noise did not increase its effectiveness for schizophrenics. Verbal punishment was more effective than verbal positive reinforcement for staff, but for schizophrenics only when explicit problem-solving instructions were given. The results suggest that the reduction of deficit is not more likely via verbal punishment; if anything, deficit is increased because of increased staff performance under verbal punishment.", "contents": "Verbal reinforcement combinations in schizophrenics. Investigated the effects of verbal reinforcement paradigms on hospitalized schizophrenics and staff. Positive reinforcement that involved good was found to be relatively ineffective for all groups; furthermore, associating good with the termination of a white noise did not increase its effectiveness for schizophrenics. Verbal punishment was more effective than verbal positive reinforcement for staff, but for schizophrenics only when explicit problem-solving instructions were given. The results suggest that the reduction of deficit is not more likely via verbal punishment; if anything, deficit is increased because of increased staff performance under verbal punishment.", "PMID": 711877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5041", "title": "Personality correlates of the sex role types.", "content": "Tested three hypotheses with regard to the differences among four sex-role types. Ss were 423 girls and 225 boys in five private high schools in grades 9 to 12. Each volunteer S completed the Berm Sex Role Inventory, the Interpersonal Style Inventory, and Loevinger's Sentence Completion Test. Ss were categorized or typed as Masculine, Feminine, Androgynous and Undifferentiated on the basis of their masculine and feminine BSRI scores. A discriminant function was applied to compare the groups with respect to the ISI scores. The first dimension of difference for both sexes was defined by the Masculine typed group and the second dimension by the Feminine typed group. The Androgynous typed group scored high on both axes, while the Undifferentiated scored low on both axes. The Masculine typed group was most directive, achieving, and independent. The Feminine group was highest on nurturance, tolerance and sensitivity. The Androgynous members were balanced with respect to the above characteristics. Comparison of the groups, separated by sex, as to ego development score, indicated that the male undifferentiated were significantly lower.", "contents": "Personality correlates of the sex role types. Tested three hypotheses with regard to the differences among four sex-role types. Ss were 423 girls and 225 boys in five private high schools in grades 9 to 12. Each volunteer S completed the Berm Sex Role Inventory, the Interpersonal Style Inventory, and Loevinger's Sentence Completion Test. Ss were categorized or typed as Masculine, Feminine, Androgynous and Undifferentiated on the basis of their masculine and feminine BSRI scores. A discriminant function was applied to compare the groups with respect to the ISI scores. The first dimension of difference for both sexes was defined by the Masculine typed group and the second dimension by the Feminine typed group. The Androgynous typed group scored high on both axes, while the Undifferentiated scored low on both axes. The Masculine typed group was most directive, achieving, and independent. The Feminine group was highest on nurturance, tolerance and sensitivity. The Androgynous members were balanced with respect to the above characteristics. Comparison of the groups, separated by sex, as to ego development score, indicated that the male undifferentiated were significantly lower.", "PMID": 711878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5042", "title": "The prediction of outcome from anhedonia and process-reactive scales.", "content": "Earlier researchers have suggested that the ability of process-reactive measures to predict future adjustment may result from their relationships to the anhedonia dimension. In the present study the abilities of process-reactive and anhedonia measures, independent of one another, to predict rehospitalization data were compared. After anhedonia scores had been partialed out, schizophrenics' process-reactive scores were correlated modestly with length of the patients' next hospitalization and reclassification as nonschizophrenic. No such significant correlations appeared between anhedonia and adjustment measures after process-reactive scores had been partialed out. Among nonschizophrenics, a sizeable correlation between anhedonia and the probability of later diagnosis of schizophrenia appeared, which suggests that anhedonia may be a useful prodromal marker for schizophrenia.", "contents": "The prediction of outcome from anhedonia and process-reactive scales. Earlier researchers have suggested that the ability of process-reactive measures to predict future adjustment may result from their relationships to the anhedonia dimension. In the present study the abilities of process-reactive and anhedonia measures, independent of one another, to predict rehospitalization data were compared. After anhedonia scores had been partialed out, schizophrenics' process-reactive scores were correlated modestly with length of the patients' next hospitalization and reclassification as nonschizophrenic. No such significant correlations appeared between anhedonia and adjustment measures after process-reactive scores had been partialed out. Among nonschizophrenics, a sizeable correlation between anhedonia and the probability of later diagnosis of schizophrenia appeared, which suggests that anhedonia may be a useful prodromal marker for schizophrenia.", "PMID": 711879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5043", "title": "Utilization of the Goldberg MMPI profile classification rules for the assessment of psychopathology in different clinical populations.", "content": "MMPI profiles of 545 psychiatric inpatients and 560 incarcerated offenders were separated sequentially into normal, sociopathic, neurotic and psychotic groups by means of Goldberg's profile classification rules. Patient-prisoner differences in both rates of classification and profile patterns of groups within diagnostic categories were assessed quantitatively, and profiles were interpreted by use of standard MMPI codebooks. For the hospitalized Ss comparisons also were made between clinical diagnoses and Goldberg-MMPI classifications. The resulting differences in classification rates, similarities of profiles within diagnostic categories, correspondence between obtained and codebook-expected profiles, and agreement between clinical and Goldberg-MMPI classifications were not such that this approach could be used with confidence as a basis for establishing diagnostic group membership. Although Goldberg's system appears to represent certain improvements over previous criterion-related methods of profile classification, it was concluded that its value nonetheless is limited by the assumption of an invariant relationship between test patterns and nontest variables.", "contents": "Utilization of the Goldberg MMPI profile classification rules for the assessment of psychopathology in different clinical populations. MMPI profiles of 545 psychiatric inpatients and 560 incarcerated offenders were separated sequentially into normal, sociopathic, neurotic and psychotic groups by means of Goldberg's profile classification rules. Patient-prisoner differences in both rates of classification and profile patterns of groups within diagnostic categories were assessed quantitatively, and profiles were interpreted by use of standard MMPI codebooks. For the hospitalized Ss comparisons also were made between clinical diagnoses and Goldberg-MMPI classifications. The resulting differences in classification rates, similarities of profiles within diagnostic categories, correspondence between obtained and codebook-expected profiles, and agreement between clinical and Goldberg-MMPI classifications were not such that this approach could be used with confidence as a basis for establishing diagnostic group membership. Although Goldberg's system appears to represent certain improvements over previous criterion-related methods of profile classification, it was concluded that its value nonetheless is limited by the assumption of an invariant relationship between test patterns and nontest variables.", "PMID": 711880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5044", "title": "Performance satisfaction of depressives under high and low success conditions.", "content": "Evaluated two competing predictions about the effects of high and low success experiences on depressives' satisfaction with performance. No support was found for the prediction derived from Beck's cognitive theory, which posits distorted, negative cognitions about the self as the central dynamic of depression. However, results did tend to support the learned helplessness model's contention that depression is characterized by the perception that reinforcements occur independent of the individual's responses.", "contents": "Performance satisfaction of depressives under high and low success conditions. Evaluated two competing predictions about the effects of high and low success experiences on depressives' satisfaction with performance. No support was found for the prediction derived from Beck's cognitive theory, which posits distorted, negative cognitions about the self as the central dynamic of depression. However, results did tend to support the learned helplessness model's contention that depression is characterized by the perception that reinforcements occur independent of the individual's responses.", "PMID": 711881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5045", "title": "Correcting for cultural factors in evaluating intellectual deficit on the WAIS.", "content": "Obtained estimates of the effects of ethnic group, sex, education, and clinical diagnosis on WAIS IQ scores of 776 psychiatric patients by least squares regression methods. Estimates of expected IQ for various demographically defined segments of the general population were obtained by setting the expected IQ for white high school graduates at 101 and then adding or subtracting the specific effects associated with different ethnic group, sex, and education. A formula for norming WAIS Full Scale IQ scores to X = 100 and SD = 15 within various demographically defined segments of the population is proposed.", "contents": "Correcting for cultural factors in evaluating intellectual deficit on the WAIS. Obtained estimates of the effects of ethnic group, sex, education, and clinical diagnosis on WAIS IQ scores of 776 psychiatric patients by least squares regression methods. Estimates of expected IQ for various demographically defined segments of the general population were obtained by setting the expected IQ for white high school graduates at 101 and then adding or subtracting the specific effects associated with different ethnic group, sex, and education. A formula for norming WAIS Full Scale IQ scores to X = 100 and SD = 15 within various demographically defined segments of the population is proposed.", "PMID": 711882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5046", "title": "The Trail Making Test and Bender Background Interference Procedure as screening devices.", "content": "The Trail Making Test and Bender Background Interference Procedure were evaluated with 598 Ss against both external neurologic criteria and against psychological opinion derived from a more complete evaluation. For Trails, highly significant differences in mean scores were seen when preselected neurologic patients and patients without neurologic stigmata were compared. Similarly, the distribution of classification of these patients by Bender is significantly different from chance. Application of these measures in a screening paradigm, however, yielded large numbers of false negatives against both neurological and psychological criteria. It was not possible to establish an optimal cutting score to justify application of these measures as screening devices, either alone or in concert.", "contents": "The Trail Making Test and Bender Background Interference Procedure as screening devices. The Trail Making Test and Bender Background Interference Procedure were evaluated with 598 Ss against both external neurologic criteria and against psychological opinion derived from a more complete evaluation. For Trails, highly significant differences in mean scores were seen when preselected neurologic patients and patients without neurologic stigmata were compared. Similarly, the distribution of classification of these patients by Bender is significantly different from chance. Application of these measures in a screening paradigm, however, yielded large numbers of false negatives against both neurological and psychological criteria. It was not possible to establish an optimal cutting score to justify application of these measures as screening devices, either alone or in concert.", "PMID": 711883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5047", "title": "Abbreviating the Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological test battery.", "content": "Describes a brief and relatively data-rich abbreviated form of the Reitan. By employing the Trail Making Test, the Aphasia Screening Test, and Block Design and Digit Symbol from the WAIS, one can predict the presence and severity of organic impairment and comment on lateralization and localization. Findings are cross-validated.", "contents": "Abbreviating the Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological test battery. Describes a brief and relatively data-rich abbreviated form of the Reitan. By employing the Trail Making Test, the Aphasia Screening Test, and Block Design and Digit Symbol from the WAIS, one can predict the presence and severity of organic impairment and comment on lateralization and localization. Findings are cross-validated.", "PMID": 711884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5048", "title": "Bender-Gestalt reproduction times for retarded adults.", "content": "Examined the length of time required by retarded adults to complete the Bender-Gestalt test with a sample of 241 test administrations. In order to provide for normative comparisons among retarded adults, descriptive data are presented on the Bender reproduction times of adults  in three AAMD ranges of retardation based on WAIS IQs and two ranges based on Stanford-Binet IQs. Negative correlations were found between the length of Bender times and the degree of retardation. The duration of Bender times was correlated positively with the number of errors in reproduction as measured by the Koppitz developmental scoring system.", "contents": "Bender-Gestalt reproduction times for retarded adults. Examined the length of time required by retarded adults to complete the Bender-Gestalt test with a sample of 241 test administrations. In order to provide for normative comparisons among retarded adults, descriptive data are presented on the Bender reproduction times of adults  in three AAMD ranges of retardation based on WAIS IQs and two ranges based on Stanford-Binet IQs. Negative correlations were found between the length of Bender times and the degree of retardation. The duration of Bender times was correlated positively with the number of errors in reproduction as measured by the Koppitz developmental scoring system.", "PMID": 711885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5049", "title": "A further analysis of the Block Rotation Test.", "content": "While Satz's Block Rotation Test has shown promise in its ability to detect brain dysfunction, its factorial and psychometric properties have not been investigated extensively. This study investigated the factor structure of the test across two different S groups. In addition, internal reliability and discrimination between patient groups with and without neurological impairment was assessed. Only one factor, which dealt with Time Errors and Age of the patient, was replicated across two separate factor analyses that used different patient populations. Analyses of internal consistency, using a number of different breakdowns, yielded corrected Spearman-Brown coefficients that ranged from .77 to .94. A fourth analysis showed that a simple summation of errors on the two parts of the test could discriminate reliably between different diagnostic patient groups.", "contents": "A further analysis of the Block Rotation Test. While Satz's Block Rotation Test has shown promise in its ability to detect brain dysfunction, its factorial and psychometric properties have not been investigated extensively. This study investigated the factor structure of the test across two different S groups. In addition, internal reliability and discrimination between patient groups with and without neurological impairment was assessed. Only one factor, which dealt with Time Errors and Age of the patient, was replicated across two separate factor analyses that used different patient populations. Analyses of internal consistency, using a number of different breakdowns, yielded corrected Spearman-Brown coefficients that ranged from .77 to .94. A fourth analysis showed that a simple summation of errors on the two parts of the test could discriminate reliably between different diagnostic patient groups.", "PMID": 711886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5050", "title": "The development of a WAIS short form for clinical populations.", "content": "Assessed the validity of a brief form of the WAIS in the evaluation of several clinical populations. The short form was composed of three subtests: Similarities, Picture Arrangement, and Block Design. The sample consisted of 27 schizophrenics, paranoid type; 30 schizophrenics, schizoid-affective type, 29 schizophrenics, chronic undifferentiated type; and 28 organics (brain syndrome patients). Correlations were computed between the weighted IQ scores of each population and the Full Scale IQ. Correlations of .94 for chronic undifferentiated schizophrenics and .81 for organics were particularly noteworthy. Moreover, this triad of subtests underestimated the IQ score for organics by 7.11 points, which suggests that the constant used with this population should be corrected appropriately.", "contents": "The development of a WAIS short form for clinical populations. Assessed the validity of a brief form of the WAIS in the evaluation of several clinical populations. The short form was composed of three subtests: Similarities, Picture Arrangement, and Block Design. The sample consisted of 27 schizophrenics, paranoid type; 30 schizophrenics, schizoid-affective type, 29 schizophrenics, chronic undifferentiated type; and 28 organics (brain syndrome patients). Correlations were computed between the weighted IQ scores of each population and the Full Scale IQ. Correlations of .94 for chronic undifferentiated schizophrenics and .81 for organics were particularly noteworthy. Moreover, this triad of subtests underestimated the IQ score for organics by 7.11 points, which suggests that the constant used with this population should be corrected appropriately.", "PMID": 711887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5051", "title": "A comparison of the WISC and WISC-R on black child psychiatric outpatients.", "content": "Administered the WISC and WISC-R in a counterbalanced design to 20 black child psychiatric outpatients. The resulting test scores revealed the two to be essentially different with lower Verbal, Performance and Full Scale IQs Subtests WISC-R scores were also lower than those on the WISC. Significant practice effects occurred when the WISC was preceded by the WISC-R, but not when the order of test presentation was reversed. The boys' combined WISC and WISC-R scores were higher than the girls' on the Information, Arithmetic, Similarities, Vocabulary, Picture Completion, Block Design, Object Assembly, and Coding Subtests and Verbal and Full Scale IQs. The girls scored higher on Coding. The tests were found to be highly correlated. The major implication is that greater numbers of black children may be given developmental disability labels.", "contents": "A comparison of the WISC and WISC-R on black child psychiatric outpatients. Administered the WISC and WISC-R in a counterbalanced design to 20 black child psychiatric outpatients. The resulting test scores revealed the two to be essentially different with lower Verbal, Performance and Full Scale IQs Subtests WISC-R scores were also lower than those on the WISC. Significant practice effects occurred when the WISC was preceded by the WISC-R, but not when the order of test presentation was reversed. The boys' combined WISC and WISC-R scores were higher than the girls' on the Information, Arithmetic, Similarities, Vocabulary, Picture Completion, Block Design, Object Assembly, and Coding Subtests and Verbal and Full Scale IQs. The girls scored higher on Coding. The tests were found to be highly correlated. The major implication is that greater numbers of black children may be given developmental disability labels.", "PMID": 711888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5052", "title": "A comparison of an ITPA estimated psycholinguistic quotient and WISC-R IQS for developmentally disabled children.", "content": "Compared an estimated Psycholinguistic Quotient, based on Cronkhite and Penner's (1975) revised scoring procedure for the ITPA Psycholinguistic Age, to the WISC-R Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs of developmentally disabled children. The Quotient entered into strong relationships with the WISC-R Verbal and Full Scale IQs. The diagnostic significance of these correlations was discussed. The data indicated that the estimated Psycholinguistic Quotient was a valid measure for screening intellectual status in this population.", "contents": "A comparison of an ITPA estimated psycholinguistic quotient and WISC-R IQS for developmentally disabled children. Compared an estimated Psycholinguistic Quotient, based on Cronkhite and Penner's (1975) revised scoring procedure for the ITPA Psycholinguistic Age, to the WISC-R Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs of developmentally disabled children. The Quotient entered into strong relationships with the WISC-R Verbal and Full Scale IQs. The diagnostic significance of these correlations was discussed. The data indicated that the estimated Psycholinguistic Quotient was a valid measure for screening intellectual status in this population.", "PMID": 711889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5053", "title": "MMPL-differences between fee-paying and non-fee-paying psychotherapy clients.", "content": "Compared the MMPI profiles of 23 randomly selected fee-paying clients (FP group) of an out-patient psychiatry clinic to those of 23 clients who left unpaid bills (NFP group). All Ss had been terminated at least 2 months. No differences between groups were found on age, education, income, fee level, number of therapy sessions, sex, or marital status. The NFP group scored significantly higher on the F, Paranoia, and Schizophrenia scales. Additionally, the NFP group endorsed significantly more critical items and generated a greater number of mean scale scores over 70. These results suggest a relationship between degree of psychopathology and non-fee-payment.", "contents": "MMPL-differences between fee-paying and non-fee-paying psychotherapy clients. Compared the MMPI profiles of 23 randomly selected fee-paying clients (FP group) of an out-patient psychiatry clinic to those of 23 clients who left unpaid bills (NFP group). All Ss had been terminated at least 2 months. No differences between groups were found on age, education, income, fee level, number of therapy sessions, sex, or marital status. The NFP group scored significantly higher on the F, Paranoia, and Schizophrenia scales. Additionally, the NFP group endorsed significantly more critical items and generated a greater number of mean scale scores over 70. These results suggest a relationship between degree of psychopathology and non-fee-payment.", "PMID": 711890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5054", "title": "Anxiety and actualization: further research.", "content": "In a recent article, Wilkins, Hjelle, and Thompson (1977) argued that unlike the Dabrowski-deGrace hypothesis, self-actualized Ss should have lower levels of manifest anxiety than low self-actualized Ss. Wilkins et al. demonstrated that this was indeed a preferable hypothesis. The present experiment concerns the relationship of actualization to state and trait anxiety. Ss were administered the Personal Orientation Inventory, the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, and Catteil's measure of state-trait anxiety. The results support the Wilkins et al. reformulation by demonstrating that: (1) high self-actualized Ss had lower trait anxiety scores; and (2) high self-actualized Ss were susceptible to state anxiety within the limits established by their trait anxiety level.", "contents": "Anxiety and actualization: further research. In a recent article, Wilkins, Hjelle, and Thompson (1977) argued that unlike the Dabrowski-deGrace hypothesis, self-actualized Ss should have lower levels of manifest anxiety than low self-actualized Ss. Wilkins et al. demonstrated that this was indeed a preferable hypothesis. The present experiment concerns the relationship of actualization to state and trait anxiety. Ss were administered the Personal Orientation Inventory, the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, and Catteil's measure of state-trait anxiety. The results support the Wilkins et al. reformulation by demonstrating that: (1) high self-actualized Ss had lower trait anxiety scores; and (2) high self-actualized Ss were susceptible to state anxiety within the limits established by their trait anxiety level.", "PMID": 711891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5055", "title": "Sex-role stereotyping in mental health standards in Israel.", "content": "Investigated sex-role stereotyping in mental health standards in Israel in a sample of 60 nonclients, 60 clients and 60 psychotherapists. Recent studies of sex-role stereotypes in America have shown that males still maintain traditional stereotypes and perceive the healthy adult female as more stereotypically feminine than either the healthy male or adult. Women, however, have changed their traditional perceptions toward female mental health and now rate the healthy adult female as similar to the healthy adult male and the healthy adult. In contrast to the recent American findings, female therapists in the Israeli study viewed the healthy female as significantly more stereotypically feminine than the healthy male. Male therapists were more equalitarian in their ratings and surprisingly rated the healthy male as significantly more feminine than did female therapists. These findings are discussed in terms of cross-cultural differences. Congruency of client-therapist sex-linked mental health standards also are examined and the implications for the therapeutic process discussed.", "contents": "Sex-role stereotyping in mental health standards in Israel. Investigated sex-role stereotyping in mental health standards in Israel in a sample of 60 nonclients, 60 clients and 60 psychotherapists. Recent studies of sex-role stereotypes in America have shown that males still maintain traditional stereotypes and perceive the healthy adult female as more stereotypically feminine than either the healthy male or adult. Women, however, have changed their traditional perceptions toward female mental health and now rate the healthy adult female as similar to the healthy adult male and the healthy adult. In contrast to the recent American findings, female therapists in the Israeli study viewed the healthy female as significantly more stereotypically feminine than the healthy male. Male therapists were more equalitarian in their ratings and surprisingly rated the healthy male as significantly more feminine than did female therapists. These findings are discussed in terms of cross-cultural differences. Congruency of client-therapist sex-linked mental health standards also are examined and the implications for the therapeutic process discussed.", "PMID": 711892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5056", "title": "Analyzing affective responses to past events: women's reactions to a childbearing year.", "content": "Applied content analysis scales on the work of Gottschalk and Gleser (1969) to 200 women's recollections of four stages of a recently completed child-bearing year. On 11 of 13 affective indices, significant differences were found. Pregnancy was characterized by diffuse and cognitive anxiety and hostility directed inward, and labor by mutilation anxiety. During both pregnancy and labor, general anxiety, death anxiety, ambivalent hostility, and affective costs were comparatively high. Mothers revealed least affective arousal during hospitalization. Considerable guilt and shame anxiety were experienced in the months after the birth.", "contents": "Analyzing affective responses to past events: women's reactions to a childbearing year. Applied content analysis scales on the work of Gottschalk and Gleser (1969) to 200 women's recollections of four stages of a recently completed child-bearing year. On 11 of 13 affective indices, significant differences were found. Pregnancy was characterized by diffuse and cognitive anxiety and hostility directed inward, and labor by mutilation anxiety. During both pregnancy and labor, general anxiety, death anxiety, ambivalent hostility, and affective costs were comparatively high. Mothers revealed least affective arousal during hospitalization. Considerable guilt and shame anxiety were experienced in the months after the birth.", "PMID": 711893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5057", "title": "A multidimensional scaling analysis of empathy.", "content": "Randomly arranged 10 high stimuli into 45 pairs, and a group of psychologists made judgments as to the similarity of the pairs in terms of Truax and Carkhuff's (1967) definition of empathy along a 7-point scale. A similar procedure was followed for the 10 stimuli in the \"low\" group and the results analyzed by multidimensional scaling. Three similar dimensions accounted for a majority of the variance in Ss judgments in both groups. Dimension One was interpreted in terms of the appropriateness vs. inappropriateness of the therapist's voice tone and comments. Dimension Two reflected high vs. low emotional intensity. Dimension Three was interpreted as patient vs. therapist dominance. An attempt was made to relate these dimensions to those proposed by Truax and Carkhuff (1967) to be involved in the empathetic process.", "contents": "A multidimensional scaling analysis of empathy. Randomly arranged 10 high stimuli into 45 pairs, and a group of psychologists made judgments as to the similarity of the pairs in terms of Truax and Carkhuff's (1967) definition of empathy along a 7-point scale. A similar procedure was followed for the 10 stimuli in the \"low\" group and the results analyzed by multidimensional scaling. Three similar dimensions accounted for a majority of the variance in Ss judgments in both groups. Dimension One was interpreted in terms of the appropriateness vs. inappropriateness of the therapist's voice tone and comments. Dimension Two reflected high vs. low emotional intensity. Dimension Three was interpreted as patient vs. therapist dominance. An attempt was made to relate these dimensions to those proposed by Truax and Carkhuff (1967) to be involved in the empathetic process.", "PMID": 711894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5058", "title": "Negative expectancy as a mediating variable in marihuana intoxication.", "content": "Sixty experienced marihuana smokers participated in a study designed to assess the effect of a negative expectancy on marihuana intoxication. Two different environments, threat of shock and no-threat, were used under the drug conditions of marihuana and placebo. Ss came into the laboratory and adjusted a level of shock received at their fingertips, to a point of mild discomfort. Only those Ss in the threat groups were given the expectation that they would receive the shock at random times during the sessions. Results show that Ss in the marihuana threat group got subjectively less intoxicated, found the environment less pleasant, and yet had higher pulse rates than did Ss in the marihuana  no-threat group. The results are discussed in terms of a cognitive component, and specifically that of labelling, in the determination of level of intoxication.", "contents": "Negative expectancy as a mediating variable in marihuana intoxication. Sixty experienced marihuana smokers participated in a study designed to assess the effect of a negative expectancy on marihuana intoxication. Two different environments, threat of shock and no-threat, were used under the drug conditions of marihuana and placebo. Ss came into the laboratory and adjusted a level of shock received at their fingertips, to a point of mild discomfort. Only those Ss in the threat groups were given the expectation that they would receive the shock at random times during the sessions. Results show that Ss in the marihuana threat group got subjectively less intoxicated, found the environment less pleasant, and yet had higher pulse rates than did Ss in the marihuana  no-threat group. The results are discussed in terms of a cognitive component, and specifically that of labelling, in the determination of level of intoxication.", "PMID": 711895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5059", "title": "Voluntary heart rate changes and the marihuana \"high\".", "content": "Investigated the interaction of psychological and physiological measures of the marihuana intoxicated state. The subjective measure of intoxication was the \"How High\" Scale, a rating of percentage of the S's usual \"high.\" The objective measure was pulse rate, which has been found to be the most consistent physiological indicator of marihuana intoxication. By means of biofeedback techniques, Ss in the experimental group were taught to increase voluntarily pulse rate when intoxicated. A control group attended to feedback, but did not manipulate pulse rate. Group comparisons of the dependent measures demonstrated that while both groups experienced a similar subjective \"high\", the experimental group demonstrated a significantly higher pulse rate. This discrepancy between objective and subjective measures demonstrates the complexity of the intoxicated state.", "contents": "Voluntary heart rate changes and the marihuana \"high\". Investigated the interaction of psychological and physiological measures of the marihuana intoxicated state. The subjective measure of intoxication was the \"How High\" Scale, a rating of percentage of the S's usual \"high.\" The objective measure was pulse rate, which has been found to be the most consistent physiological indicator of marihuana intoxication. By means of biofeedback techniques, Ss in the experimental group were taught to increase voluntarily pulse rate when intoxicated. A control group attended to feedback, but did not manipulate pulse rate. Group comparisons of the dependent measures demonstrated that while both groups experienced a similar subjective \"high\", the experimental group demonstrated a significantly higher pulse rate. This discrepancy between objective and subjective measures demonstrates the complexity of the intoxicated state.", "PMID": 711896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5060", "title": "The use of the Goldberg Indices with alcoholics: a cautionary note.", "content": "Applied Goldberg's (1972) regression equation for the classification of MMPI profiles to the MMPI profiles of 173 alcoholic male veterans. All Ss also completed a detailed alcoholic life history questionnaire. It was hypothesized that there would be differences between the life history responses of those Ss classified as sociopathic and those classified as normal neurotic, or psychotic. However, analysis revealed no significant differences between the groups. This finding is discussed in terms of the relationship of life events to diagnosis and the validity of the use of Goldberg Indices with alcoholic patients.", "contents": "The use of the Goldberg Indices with alcoholics: a cautionary note. Applied Goldberg's (1972) regression equation for the classification of MMPI profiles to the MMPI profiles of 173 alcoholic male veterans. All Ss also completed a detailed alcoholic life history questionnaire. It was hypothesized that there would be differences between the life history responses of those Ss classified as sociopathic and those classified as normal neurotic, or psychotic. However, analysis revealed no significant differences between the groups. This finding is discussed in terms of the relationship of life events to diagnosis and the validity of the use of Goldberg Indices with alcoholic patients.", "PMID": 711897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5061", "title": "Modification of smoking behaviors in a correctional institution.", "content": "Effected two studies in a prison setting to determine the effectiveness of self-control procedures with institutionalized cigarette smokers. In Study I, 14 male inmates were given instruction in self-control techniques. The 6 inmates who completed treatment manifested significant reductions in their cigarette smoking. Intercorrelations between goal setting and smoking rates suggested the efficacy of a changing criterion schedule. A second study replicated Study I and suggested an appreciable (p less than .06) locus of control X type of goal setting (therapist vs. client) interaction. Study II also showed: (1) some components of treatment were perceived as significantly more helpful than others; (2) self-control treatment seemed effective with a pipe smoker; and (3) in comparison to Study I a relatively low drop-out rate occurred in this study, which used a contracting procedure to discourage drop-outs. Results are discussed in terms of treatment implications for inmate smokers, and suggestions for further research were provided.", "contents": "Modification of smoking behaviors in a correctional institution. Effected two studies in a prison setting to determine the effectiveness of self-control procedures with institutionalized cigarette smokers. In Study I, 14 male inmates were given instruction in self-control techniques. The 6 inmates who completed treatment manifested significant reductions in their cigarette smoking. Intercorrelations between goal setting and smoking rates suggested the efficacy of a changing criterion schedule. A second study replicated Study I and suggested an appreciable (p less than .06) locus of control X type of goal setting (therapist vs. client) interaction. Study II also showed: (1) some components of treatment were perceived as significantly more helpful than others; (2) self-control treatment seemed effective with a pipe smoker; and (3) in comparison to Study I a relatively low drop-out rate occurred in this study, which used a contracting procedure to discourage drop-outs. Results are discussed in terms of treatment implications for inmate smokers, and suggestions for further research were provided.", "PMID": 711898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5062", "title": "Sensitivity of urine-grown cells of Providencia stuartii to antiseptics.", "content": "Urine-grown cultures of 23 clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacteria having a range of minimum inhibitory concentration values for chorhexidine were challenged with various concentrations of this antiseptic. The results suggest that cells of Providencia stuartii, in particular, exhibit a considerable degree of resistance to chlorhexidine under these conditions, concentrations of up to 10 000--20 000 microgram/ml of urine being necessary to produce complete loss of viability of such cultures. Of the other two antiseptics tested, phenoxyethanol proved to be the more effective, the recommended use concentration of 2% v/v producing reductions in viable counts of greater than six logarithms in all the strains examined. It is suggested that phenoxyethanol may be a suitable alternative to the cationic agents for use in antiseptic policies for bladder management of urinary tract infections with Providencia stuartii.", "contents": "Sensitivity of urine-grown cells of Providencia stuartii to antiseptics. Urine-grown cultures of 23 clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacteria having a range of minimum inhibitory concentration values for chorhexidine were challenged with various concentrations of this antiseptic. The results suggest that cells of Providencia stuartii, in particular, exhibit a considerable degree of resistance to chlorhexidine under these conditions, concentrations of up to 10 000--20 000 microgram/ml of urine being necessary to produce complete loss of viability of such cultures. Of the other two antiseptics tested, phenoxyethanol proved to be the more effective, the recommended use concentration of 2% v/v producing reductions in viable counts of greater than six logarithms in all the strains examined. It is suggested that phenoxyethanol may be a suitable alternative to the cationic agents for use in antiseptic policies for bladder management of urinary tract infections with Providencia stuartii.", "PMID": 711901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5063", "title": "Further studies on the umbilical cord and its water content.", "content": "The results show that the varied appearance of the umbilical cord at birth can be related to its water content and that there are associated changes to be seen histologically in all layers of the cord, but especially in Wharton's jelly. Quantimet analysis confirms these findings and highlights a small group where dual pathology may exist. The relationship between oedematous cords, large drip volume, and respiratory distress in the newborn is considered, and a possible explanation for reduced placental transfusion and low red cell mass in these babies is proffered.", "contents": "Further studies on the umbilical cord and its water content. The results show that the varied appearance of the umbilical cord at birth can be related to its water content and that there are associated changes to be seen histologically in all layers of the cord, but especially in Wharton's jelly. Quantimet analysis confirms these findings and highlights a small group where dual pathology may exist. The relationship between oedematous cords, large drip volume, and respiratory distress in the newborn is considered, and a possible explanation for reduced placental transfusion and low red cell mass in these babies is proffered.", "PMID": 711902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5064", "title": "Catecholamines and free fatty acids in plasma of patients undergoing cardiac operations with hypothermia and bypass.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of adrenaline, noradrenaline, and free fatty acids were measured at different stages of cardiac operations in which hypothermia and bypass were used. The rise of adrenaline, noradrenaline, and free fatty acid concentrations in plasma is consistent with the concept that these are important compounds in stress situations such as hypothermia and surgical operations. There is a more marked release of adrenaline and it may be a more specific hormone in response to hypothermia and bypass than is noradrenaline in man.", "contents": "Catecholamines and free fatty acids in plasma of patients undergoing cardiac operations with hypothermia and bypass. Plasma concentrations of adrenaline, noradrenaline, and free fatty acids were measured at different stages of cardiac operations in which hypothermia and bypass were used. The rise of adrenaline, noradrenaline, and free fatty acid concentrations in plasma is consistent with the concept that these are important compounds in stress situations such as hypothermia and surgical operations. There is a more marked release of adrenaline and it may be a more specific hormone in response to hypothermia and bypass than is noradrenaline in man.", "PMID": 711903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5065", "title": "An improved method for the diagnosis of polycythaemia.", "content": "The red cell mass was measured in 44 normal subjects and showed a closer correlation with total body water or surface area than with body weight. The results obtained in a group of patients with polycythaemia, however, still overlap with the normal range. When the total number of circulating red cells is measured these patients form a group quite separate from the normals. The diagnostic value of this measurement is therefore considerably greater than results obtained with the red cell mass.", "contents": "An improved method for the diagnosis of polycythaemia. The red cell mass was measured in 44 normal subjects and showed a closer correlation with total body water or surface area than with body weight. The results obtained in a group of patients with polycythaemia, however, still overlap with the normal range. When the total number of circulating red cells is measured these patients form a group quite separate from the normals. The diagnostic value of this measurement is therefore considerably greater than results obtained with the red cell mass.", "PMID": 711904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5066", "title": "Haemoglobin A2 levels in vitamin B12 and folate deficiency.", "content": "Haemoglobin A2 levels were measured in 50 patients with vitamin B12 deficiency, 50 patients with folate deficiency, and six patients with combined deficiencies of these vitamins. All were normal except for three patients with vitamin B12 deficiency, who had a slightly elevated Hb A2 level; this fell to normal after vitamin B12 therapy. It is concluded that haemoglobin A2 levels are usually normal in vitamin B12 or folate deficiency. However, raised levels of haemoglobin A2 may be found, but these are not as high as is found in beta thalassaemia trait and should not cause difficutly in diagnosis.", "contents": "Haemoglobin A2 levels in vitamin B12 and folate deficiency. Haemoglobin A2 levels were measured in 50 patients with vitamin B12 deficiency, 50 patients with folate deficiency, and six patients with combined deficiencies of these vitamins. All were normal except for three patients with vitamin B12 deficiency, who had a slightly elevated Hb A2 level; this fell to normal after vitamin B12 therapy. It is concluded that haemoglobin A2 levels are usually normal in vitamin B12 or folate deficiency. However, raised levels of haemoglobin A2 may be found, but these are not as high as is found in beta thalassaemia trait and should not cause difficutly in diagnosis.", "PMID": 711905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5067", "title": "Atheroembolism.", "content": "A review of the literature has shown that atheroembolism as a cause of clinically evident disease is an entity that is little documented. Sections of tissues from necropsies on patients over the age of 60 years from 1970 to 1977 inclusive were reviewed and examined for evidence of atheroembolism, and an incidence of 0.79% was found. In every case of embolism the aorta showed advanced atheroma, sometimes with aneurysm formation. The ESR in some instances was increased, sometimes markedly so. Some of the problems of antemorten diagnosis are discussed. To emphasise the possible clinical importance of the condition, a rare instance of spinal cord infarction due to atheroembolism is described.", "contents": "Atheroembolism. A review of the literature has shown that atheroembolism as a cause of clinically evident disease is an entity that is little documented. Sections of tissues from necropsies on patients over the age of 60 years from 1970 to 1977 inclusive were reviewed and examined for evidence of atheroembolism, and an incidence of 0.79% was found. In every case of embolism the aorta showed advanced atheroma, sometimes with aneurysm formation. The ESR in some instances was increased, sometimes markedly so. Some of the problems of antemorten diagnosis are discussed. To emphasise the possible clinical importance of the condition, a rare instance of spinal cord infarction due to atheroembolism is described.", "PMID": 711906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5068", "title": "Carcinoid tumour of the uterine cervix.", "content": "A carcinoid tumour of the cervix in a 64-year-old woman is described. It is the first time that this rare tumour has been associated with carcinoma-in-situ.", "contents": "Carcinoid tumour of the uterine cervix. A carcinoid tumour of the cervix in a 64-year-old woman is described. It is the first time that this rare tumour has been associated with carcinoma-in-situ.", "PMID": 711907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5069", "title": "Technical quality control in histopathology.", "content": "A pilot scheme for technical quality control in histopathology is described. The test material used and the methods of assessment and reporting are detailed. The scheme outlines not only interlaboratory comparison of technical performance but also provides a method of sharing uncommon material.", "contents": "Technical quality control in histopathology. A pilot scheme for technical quality control in histopathology is described. The test material used and the methods of assessment and reporting are detailed. The scheme outlines not only interlaboratory comparison of technical performance but also provides a method of sharing uncommon material.", "PMID": 711908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5070", "title": "Pathology of five Scottish deaths from pneumonic illnesses acquired in Spain due to Legionnaires' disease agent.", "content": "The pathology and histology are reported of five Scots who died of severe pneumonic illnesses after holidays in Spain, three in 1973 and two in 1977. There is strong evidence in favour of all the deaths having been due to the newly discovered Legionnaires' disease (LD) agent. The agent (or its soluble antigen) has been visualised in sections of lung tissue by fluorescent-antibody tests in all cases, and the agent has been identified by the Dieterle silver staining method in small numbers in all cases. Serological testing was possible in three of the patients, and two had very high antibody titres against the LD agent. Apart from the extensive and severe nature of the pathological process there is no feature to distinguish pulmonary infection by this agent from that due to more commonly known bacteria capable of causing lobar pneumonia. The severity and extensive nature of the process is partly a reflection of neglect in seeking treatment until late in the infection, and partly a reflection, as revealed in retrospect, on the use of the wrong antibiotic combination during treatment. Erythromycin has been recommended by other workers as the drug of choice against the LD agent. Infection by this organism is not confined to the USA or to Spain and is indigenous also in the United Kingdom.", "contents": "Pathology of five Scottish deaths from pneumonic illnesses acquired in Spain due to Legionnaires' disease agent. The pathology and histology are reported of five Scots who died of severe pneumonic illnesses after holidays in Spain, three in 1973 and two in 1977. There is strong evidence in favour of all the deaths having been due to the newly discovered Legionnaires' disease (LD) agent. The agent (or its soluble antigen) has been visualised in sections of lung tissue by fluorescent-antibody tests in all cases, and the agent has been identified by the Dieterle silver staining method in small numbers in all cases. Serological testing was possible in three of the patients, and two had very high antibody titres against the LD agent. Apart from the extensive and severe nature of the pathological process there is no feature to distinguish pulmonary infection by this agent from that due to more commonly known bacteria capable of causing lobar pneumonia. The severity and extensive nature of the process is partly a reflection of neglect in seeking treatment until late in the infection, and partly a reflection, as revealed in retrospect, on the use of the wrong antibiotic combination during treatment. Erythromycin has been recommended by other workers as the drug of choice against the LD agent. Infection by this organism is not confined to the USA or to Spain and is indigenous also in the United Kingdom.", "PMID": 711909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5071", "title": "Circulating immune complexes and complement levels in relation to the clinical presentation of Nigerian children with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Circulating immune complexes have been detected in the sera of 24 Nigerian children with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis using two methods. There was a significant correlation between levels of soluble complexes, detected in samples taken from patients in the oliguric phase of acute nephritis, and severity of disease, as judged by blood urea levels. Serial estimation of immune complexes was more useful than serial C3 estimation in predicting the onset of anuria in two patients admitted with mild disease who subsequently deteriorated. With one exception, C4 values were normal. Factor B levels were low in 90% of cases, in keeping with activation of the alternate complement pathway.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes and complement levels in relation to the clinical presentation of Nigerian children with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Circulating immune complexes have been detected in the sera of 24 Nigerian children with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis using two methods. There was a significant correlation between levels of soluble complexes, detected in samples taken from patients in the oliguric phase of acute nephritis, and severity of disease, as judged by blood urea levels. Serial estimation of immune complexes was more useful than serial C3 estimation in predicting the onset of anuria in two patients admitted with mild disease who subsequently deteriorated. With one exception, C4 values were normal. Factor B levels were low in 90% of cases, in keeping with activation of the alternate complement pathway.", "PMID": 711910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5072", "title": "Routine use of counter-immunoelectrophoresis test for detecting antibody to hepatitis B virus core antigen.", "content": "Tests by counter-immunoelectrophoresis for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) were introduced into a routine testing programme for evidence of hepatitis B virus infection. Samples tested for anti-HBc were selected on the basis of the results of tests for HBsAg and clinical details. The sensitivity and specificity of the test were assessed and correlations made with the presence of HBsAg. The presence of anti-HBc was very useful in the interpretation of a doubtful positive result for HBsAg in the haemagglutination test. With very few exceptions the serum samples positive for HBsAg by routine tests also contained anti-HBc. It is concluded that the test is valuable and merits introduction into routine testing programmes.", "contents": "Routine use of counter-immunoelectrophoresis test for detecting antibody to hepatitis B virus core antigen. Tests by counter-immunoelectrophoresis for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) were introduced into a routine testing programme for evidence of hepatitis B virus infection. Samples tested for anti-HBc were selected on the basis of the results of tests for HBsAg and clinical details. The sensitivity and specificity of the test were assessed and correlations made with the presence of HBsAg. The presence of anti-HBc was very useful in the interpretation of a doubtful positive result for HBsAg in the haemagglutination test. With very few exceptions the serum samples positive for HBsAg by routine tests also contained anti-HBc. It is concluded that the test is valuable and merits introduction into routine testing programmes.", "PMID": 711911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5073", "title": "Serological evidence of presence of HBsAg undetectable by conventional radioimmunoassay in anti-HBc positive blood donors.", "content": "Sera from two blood donors, one of whom was implicated in a case of post-transfusion hepatitis B, were found to be positive for anti-HBc and negative for HBsAg by conventional radioimmunoassay and were retested for HBsAg after concentration (pepsin digestion and polyethylene glycol precipitation). The presence of occult HBsAg was confirmed in both. These observations have implications for blood transfusion, and wider studies of anti-HBc in blood donors are recommended before the introduction of routine screening for anti-HBc and exclusion of the positive donors from blood donation.", "contents": "Serological evidence of presence of HBsAg undetectable by conventional radioimmunoassay in anti-HBc positive blood donors. Sera from two blood donors, one of whom was implicated in a case of post-transfusion hepatitis B, were found to be positive for anti-HBc and negative for HBsAg by conventional radioimmunoassay and were retested for HBsAg after concentration (pepsin digestion and polyethylene glycol precipitation). The presence of occult HBsAg was confirmed in both. These observations have implications for blood transfusion, and wider studies of anti-HBc in blood donors are recommended before the introduction of routine screening for anti-HBc and exclusion of the positive donors from blood donation.", "PMID": 711912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5074", "title": "Prevalence of pathogenic yeasts and humoral antibodies to candida in diabetic patients.", "content": "The prevalence of oral yeasts and humoral precipitating antibodies to candida was estimated in 204 unselected diabetic patients (172 outpatients and 32 inpatients). Yeasts, mainly Candida albicans, were isolated from the mouths of 41% of the outpatients and precipitins were found in 17.5% although none of the patients had clinically overt candidiasis. The extent of oral yeast colonisation and incidence of antibodies was not related to their antidiabetic treatment or to the duration of their diabetes. It was, however, related to the blood glucose and urine sugar levels at the time they were sampled, the highest incidence being among the diabetic inpatients with high blood glucose levels at the time of sampling and the lowest among outpatients with normal blood glucose levels at the time of sampling. There was no such correlation when diabetic control over the previous 12-month period was considered.", "contents": "Prevalence of pathogenic yeasts and humoral antibodies to candida in diabetic patients. The prevalence of oral yeasts and humoral precipitating antibodies to candida was estimated in 204 unselected diabetic patients (172 outpatients and 32 inpatients). Yeasts, mainly Candida albicans, were isolated from the mouths of 41% of the outpatients and precipitins were found in 17.5% although none of the patients had clinically overt candidiasis. The extent of oral yeast colonisation and incidence of antibodies was not related to their antidiabetic treatment or to the duration of their diabetes. It was, however, related to the blood glucose and urine sugar levels at the time they were sampled, the highest incidence being among the diabetic inpatients with high blood glucose levels at the time of sampling and the lowest among outpatients with normal blood glucose levels at the time of sampling. There was no such correlation when diabetic control over the previous 12-month period was considered.", "PMID": 711913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5075", "title": "Food as a source of Klebsiella species for colonisation and infection of intensive care patients.", "content": "Food prepared for intensive care patients was frequently contaminated with Klebsiella species. Sixty-eight per cent of nasogastric feeds were contaminated with up to 10(4) klebsiellae per ml. Hospital kitchens were the source of contamination. Three patients ingested klebsiellae and subsequently excreted the same serotype in their faeces. Over a four-week period there was a correlation between kitchen, food, faecal, and clinical serotypes of klebsiellae. Serotypes ingested by intensive care patients occurred more frequently in clinical isolates from intensive care patients than from other hospital patients. Patients often acquired a food strain that had been ingested by another patient on the same ward.", "contents": "Food as a source of Klebsiella species for colonisation and infection of intensive care patients. Food prepared for intensive care patients was frequently contaminated with Klebsiella species. Sixty-eight per cent of nasogastric feeds were contaminated with up to 10(4) klebsiellae per ml. Hospital kitchens were the source of contamination. Three patients ingested klebsiellae and subsequently excreted the same serotype in their faeces. Over a four-week period there was a correlation between kitchen, food, faecal, and clinical serotypes of klebsiellae. Serotypes ingested by intensive care patients occurred more frequently in clinical isolates from intensive care patients than from other hospital patients. Patients often acquired a food strain that had been ingested by another patient on the same ward.", "PMID": 711914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5076", "title": "R-factor mediated trimethoprim resistance: result of two three-month clinical surveys.", "content": "All urinary tract isolates were monitored in the Whittington Hospital, London for trimethoprim resistance over a three-month period in 1975; this survey was repeated 18 months later in 1977. In the later survey the incidence of trimethoprim resistance had increased significantly, and the proportion of strains carrying R-factors conferring trimethoprim resistance had nearly doubled. The pattern of resistances associated with R-factor trimethoprim resistance also changed betweeen these two surveys.", "contents": "R-factor mediated trimethoprim resistance: result of two three-month clinical surveys. All urinary tract isolates were monitored in the Whittington Hospital, London for trimethoprim resistance over a three-month period in 1975; this survey was repeated 18 months later in 1977. In the later survey the incidence of trimethoprim resistance had increased significantly, and the proportion of strains carrying R-factors conferring trimethoprim resistance had nearly doubled. The pattern of resistances associated with R-factor trimethoprim resistance also changed betweeen these two surveys.", "PMID": 711915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5077", "title": "Use of sensitivity discs as primary antibiotic standards in MIC determination.", "content": "A method for the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) is described, in which commercially prepared antibiotic sensitivity testing discs are used as primary antibiotic standards from which the necessary dilutions are prepared in WHO Perspex haemagglutination plates. The materials required are readily available in most laboratories at a cost in time and reagents that compares favourably with most traditional methods of MIC testing. The same techniques may also be used to demonstrate combined antibiotic activity and to differentiate between bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity, with little expenditure of laboratory resources.", "contents": "Use of sensitivity discs as primary antibiotic standards in MIC determination. A method for the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) is described, in which commercially prepared antibiotic sensitivity testing discs are used as primary antibiotic standards from which the necessary dilutions are prepared in WHO Perspex haemagglutination plates. The materials required are readily available in most laboratories at a cost in time and reagents that compares favourably with most traditional methods of MIC testing. The same techniques may also be used to demonstrate combined antibiotic activity and to differentiate between bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity, with little expenditure of laboratory resources.", "PMID": 711916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5078", "title": "Gas liquid chromatography for detection of bacteriuria: examination for volatile acidic and neutral compounds.", "content": "Direct injection of clinically infected urines on porous-polymer columns was investigated to determine which microbial metabolites were consistently detectable, and whether their presence could be used as a reliable index of infection. Chromosorb 101 was found to be the most suitable porous polymer for the detection of microbial metabolites; greater sensitivity of detection was achieved by partial purification of the urine before injection. Acetic acid was the only compound found consistently and it enabled 10(6) microorganisms per ml to be detected in urine. However, as urinary tract infection is diagnosed by the presence of 10(5) organisms or more per ml, our method is insufficiently sensitive for the detection of bacteriuria. Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella spp, Proteus spp, Stapyhlococcus albus, and Streptocococcus faecalis were detectable by our method but Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans were not.", "contents": "Gas liquid chromatography for detection of bacteriuria: examination for volatile acidic and neutral compounds. Direct injection of clinically infected urines on porous-polymer columns was investigated to determine which microbial metabolites were consistently detectable, and whether their presence could be used as a reliable index of infection. Chromosorb 101 was found to be the most suitable porous polymer for the detection of microbial metabolites; greater sensitivity of detection was achieved by partial purification of the urine before injection. Acetic acid was the only compound found consistently and it enabled 10(6) microorganisms per ml to be detected in urine. However, as urinary tract infection is diagnosed by the presence of 10(5) organisms or more per ml, our method is insufficiently sensitive for the detection of bacteriuria. Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella spp, Proteus spp, Stapyhlococcus albus, and Streptocococcus faecalis were detectable by our method but Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans were not.", "PMID": 711917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5079", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of serum ferritin.", "content": "Purified human spleen ferritin was labelled with 125I. On Sepharose 6-B gel filtration four species of labelled products were separated: a component with a higher molecular weight than ferritin; a component which is eluted in the same volume as unlabelled ferritin; and two labelled compounds with molecular weights lower than ferritin. When these labelled materials were used in a double antibody radioimmunoassay, the high molecular weight fraction showed variable and high non-specific binding and was poorly displaced by unlabelled ferritin; the fraction behaving like true ferritin gave good standard curves and showed non-specific binding of less than 1%. The remaining two components showed poor binding to rabbit antiferritin. Using labelled material from the second fraction, a double antibody radioimmunoassay capable of measuring 2 microgram ferritin protein/litre of serum was developed. Inter- and intra-assay variation was between 3% and 8% over a concentration range of 0 to 250 microgram ferritin protein/litre. Good agreement between serum ferritin levels assayed by the present method and by an immunoradiometric method was obtained. Labelled ferritin was stable for at least six weeks. The simplicity of the methodology makes it possible to assay serum ferritin in large batches.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of serum ferritin. Purified human spleen ferritin was labelled with 125I. On Sepharose 6-B gel filtration four species of labelled products were separated: a component with a higher molecular weight than ferritin; a component which is eluted in the same volume as unlabelled ferritin; and two labelled compounds with molecular weights lower than ferritin. When these labelled materials were used in a double antibody radioimmunoassay, the high molecular weight fraction showed variable and high non-specific binding and was poorly displaced by unlabelled ferritin; the fraction behaving like true ferritin gave good standard curves and showed non-specific binding of less than 1%. The remaining two components showed poor binding to rabbit antiferritin. Using labelled material from the second fraction, a double antibody radioimmunoassay capable of measuring 2 microgram ferritin protein/litre of serum was developed. Inter- and intra-assay variation was between 3% and 8% over a concentration range of 0 to 250 microgram ferritin protein/litre. Good agreement between serum ferritin levels assayed by the present method and by an immunoradiometric method was obtained. Labelled ferritin was stable for at least six weeks. The simplicity of the methodology makes it possible to assay serum ferritin in large batches.", "PMID": 711918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5080", "title": "A microtechnique for measuring red cell osmotic fragility of infants.", "content": "Chloramphenicol (D-threo-2-dichloroacetamido-1-p-nitrophenylpropane-1,3-diol) added to blood samples did not alter the observed shift in the red cell osmotic fragility curves as the samples were aged in vitro for 24 hours at 37 degrees C. Nor was the normal rate of loss of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, ATP, or glutathione from the red cells affected by the presence of chloramphenicol over the same period. Consequently, this bacteriostatic agent can be added to blood samples taken under non-sterile conditions, such as from the heel of an infant, in order to preserve them from the effects of microbial contamination. In this way red cell osmotic fragility results can be obtained on non-sterile samples after their incubation at 37 degrees C for 24 hours. A miniaturisation of the standard osmotic fragility procedure is described, which allows results to be produced from the small, non-sterile samples obtained by heel-prick of infants.", "contents": "A microtechnique for measuring red cell osmotic fragility of infants. Chloramphenicol (D-threo-2-dichloroacetamido-1-p-nitrophenylpropane-1,3-diol) added to blood samples did not alter the observed shift in the red cell osmotic fragility curves as the samples were aged in vitro for 24 hours at 37 degrees C. Nor was the normal rate of loss of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, ATP, or glutathione from the red cells affected by the presence of chloramphenicol over the same period. Consequently, this bacteriostatic agent can be added to blood samples taken under non-sterile conditions, such as from the heel of an infant, in order to preserve them from the effects of microbial contamination. In this way red cell osmotic fragility results can be obtained on non-sterile samples after their incubation at 37 degrees C for 24 hours. A miniaturisation of the standard osmotic fragility procedure is described, which allows results to be produced from the small, non-sterile samples obtained by heel-prick of infants.", "PMID": 711919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5081", "title": "An unstable haemoglobin, Hb Tacoma beta30 (B12) arg leads to ser, detected at birth by the demonstration of red cell inclusions.", "content": "Incomplete expression of human haemoglobin beta-chains at birth may lead to difficulty in the early demonstration of an inherited beta-chain variant. In this case, the rare unstable variant, Hb Tacoma beta30 (B12) arg leads to ser, although not present in cord blood in sufficient amounts to be easily detected by routine electrophoretic techniques, was readily shown to be present by the striking inclusions provoked by prolonged incubation of the neonatal red cells with new methylene blue.", "contents": "An unstable haemoglobin, Hb Tacoma beta30 (B12) arg leads to ser, detected at birth by the demonstration of red cell inclusions. Incomplete expression of human haemoglobin beta-chains at birth may lead to difficulty in the early demonstration of an inherited beta-chain variant. In this case, the rare unstable variant, Hb Tacoma beta30 (B12) arg leads to ser, although not present in cord blood in sufficient amounts to be easily detected by routine electrophoretic techniques, was readily shown to be present by the striking inclusions provoked by prolonged incubation of the neonatal red cells with new methylene blue.", "PMID": 711920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5082", "title": "An analysis of blood specimen container leakage.", "content": "Procedures have been designed to test specimen containers for leakage, using blood and aqueous fluorescein solution as indicators. They have been used in a trial evaluation of a number of commercially available containers intended for medical specimens. Glass bijou bottles, evacuated container systems, and several types of plastic container showed no significant leakage rate with either blood or aqueous solution when they were tested at room temperature, but a large proportion of the plastic containers leaked after being subjected to -20 degrees. C. These would thus be suitable and satisfactory for blood count specimens but not for specimens of serum and other body fluids, which are usually stored frozen. With all types of container tested there was spontaneous discharge of contents (blood or aqueous solution) on opening in a proportion of them; thus no container at present available seems to be entirely free from hazard.", "contents": "An analysis of blood specimen container leakage. Procedures have been designed to test specimen containers for leakage, using blood and aqueous fluorescein solution as indicators. They have been used in a trial evaluation of a number of commercially available containers intended for medical specimens. Glass bijou bottles, evacuated container systems, and several types of plastic container showed no significant leakage rate with either blood or aqueous solution when they were tested at room temperature, but a large proportion of the plastic containers leaked after being subjected to -20 degrees. C. These would thus be suitable and satisfactory for blood count specimens but not for specimens of serum and other body fluids, which are usually stored frozen. With all types of container tested there was spontaneous discharge of contents (blood or aqueous solution) on opening in a proportion of them; thus no container at present available seems to be entirely free from hazard.", "PMID": 711921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5083", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of morphine in cardiac disease.", "content": "The hemodynamic effects of intravenous morphine were documented by right heart catheterization in six patients with an acute uncomplicated transmural myocardial infarction one to three days after the onset of symptoms. Intracardiac pressures, brachial artery pressure, and cardiac output were determined before and 15 minutes after the termination of the morphine infusion. Five milligrams morphine was given intravenously over a 10-minute period. The brachial artery pressure fell from a mean of 78 to a mean of 73 mm Hg (NS). As a result or morphine administration, the average cardiac index decreased from 2.68 to 2.31 liters/min-m2 (P is less than 0.05), and the stroke index decreased from 27 to 22 ml/beat-m2 (P is less than 0.05). Only small changes were observed in the intracardiac pressures.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of morphine in cardiac disease. The hemodynamic effects of intravenous morphine were documented by right heart catheterization in six patients with an acute uncomplicated transmural myocardial infarction one to three days after the onset of symptoms. Intracardiac pressures, brachial artery pressure, and cardiac output were determined before and 15 minutes after the termination of the morphine infusion. Five milligrams morphine was given intravenously over a 10-minute period. The brachial artery pressure fell from a mean of 78 to a mean of 73 mm Hg (NS). As a result or morphine administration, the average cardiac index decreased from 2.68 to 2.31 liters/min-m2 (P is less than 0.05), and the stroke index decreased from 27 to 22 ml/beat-m2 (P is less than 0.05). Only small changes were observed in the intracardiac pressures.", "PMID": 711925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5084", "title": "Contribution to the pharmacokinetics of amitriptyline.", "content": "The clinical pharmacokinetics of amitriptyline were studied in four volunteers after the oral administration of 75 mg. Peak amitriptyline plasma concentrations ranged from 10.8 to 43.7 ng/ml. The disappearance was biphasic and followed first-order kinetics. The mean elimination half-life was 36.1 hours. The mean estimated first-pass metabolism of amitriptyline was 60 per cent. Significant quantities of the metabolite, nortriptyline, were produced although peak concentrations ranged from only 5.9 to 12.3 ng/ml. The relationship between these findings to clinical practice and earlier reports is discussed.", "contents": "Contribution to the pharmacokinetics of amitriptyline. The clinical pharmacokinetics of amitriptyline were studied in four volunteers after the oral administration of 75 mg. Peak amitriptyline plasma concentrations ranged from 10.8 to 43.7 ng/ml. The disappearance was biphasic and followed first-order kinetics. The mean elimination half-life was 36.1 hours. The mean estimated first-pass metabolism of amitriptyline was 60 per cent. Significant quantities of the metabolite, nortriptyline, were produced although peak concentrations ranged from only 5.9 to 12.3 ng/ml. The relationship between these findings to clinical practice and earlier reports is discussed.", "PMID": 711927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5085", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in infancy.", "content": "Theophylline clearance rates and half-life values were measured in 15 infants aged three to 23 months, after infusion of aminophylline by the intravenous route for at least 24 hours. The mean clearance rate was 1.07 +/- 0.55 ml/min-kg, which is comparable with values obtained by others in older children. There was some correlation of clearance rates with age. The mean half-life was 4.4 +/- 2.2 hours. There was a tenfold variability in half-life, suggesting that individualization of theophylline dose is especially important in infants if undertreatment and toxicity are to be avoided.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in infancy. Theophylline clearance rates and half-life values were measured in 15 infants aged three to 23 months, after infusion of aminophylline by the intravenous route for at least 24 hours. The mean clearance rate was 1.07 +/- 0.55 ml/min-kg, which is comparable with values obtained by others in older children. There was some correlation of clearance rates with age. The mean half-life was 4.4 +/- 2.2 hours. There was a tenfold variability in half-life, suggesting that individualization of theophylline dose is especially important in infants if undertreatment and toxicity are to be avoided.", "PMID": 711929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5086", "title": "Displacement of bilirubin from albumin by indomethacin.", "content": "The primary albumin binding site of indomethacin is remote from the bilirubin binding site. Indomethacin is, at most, a weak displacer of bilirubin at low serum drug concentrations. When administered at dosages less than 1 mg/kg, indomethacin would appear to be safe with respect to serum binding of bilirubin in premature infants.", "contents": "Displacement of bilirubin from albumin by indomethacin. The primary albumin binding site of indomethacin is remote from the bilirubin binding site. Indomethacin is, at most, a weak displacer of bilirubin at low serum drug concentrations. When administered at dosages less than 1 mg/kg, indomethacin would appear to be safe with respect to serum binding of bilirubin in premature infants.", "PMID": 711930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5087", "title": "The effect of phenobarbital on the metabolism of meperidine in normal volunteers.", "content": "Phenobarbital has been observed clinically to alter the metabolism of meperidine, with resultant enhanced toxicity. In order to determine if this effect occurs consistently, 12 health volunteers were entered into a two-way, crossover study comparing the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of meperidine after pretreatment with both phenobarbital and placebo. Phenobarbital pretreatment had no significant effect on serum levels or the half-life of meperidine. However, phenobarbital pretreatment resulted in a decrease in the cumulative excretion of meperidine and an increase in the cumulative excretion of the N-demethylated metabolite normeperidine. Similarly, phenobarbital pretreatment resulted in a decrease in meperidinic acid and increase in normeperidinic acid. In addition, phenobarbital pretreatment also significantly altered the hepatic clearance of meperidine, indicating an increase in the hepatic N-demethylation of meperidine. Since normeperidine has been reported to be less efficacious and more toxic than meperidine, this reported interaction may be important clinically, especially with repeated doses.", "contents": "The effect of phenobarbital on the metabolism of meperidine in normal volunteers. Phenobarbital has been observed clinically to alter the metabolism of meperidine, with resultant enhanced toxicity. In order to determine if this effect occurs consistently, 12 health volunteers were entered into a two-way, crossover study comparing the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of meperidine after pretreatment with both phenobarbital and placebo. Phenobarbital pretreatment had no significant effect on serum levels or the half-life of meperidine. However, phenobarbital pretreatment resulted in a decrease in the cumulative excretion of meperidine and an increase in the cumulative excretion of the N-demethylated metabolite normeperidine. Similarly, phenobarbital pretreatment resulted in a decrease in meperidinic acid and increase in normeperidinic acid. In addition, phenobarbital pretreatment also significantly altered the hepatic clearance of meperidine, indicating an increase in the hepatic N-demethylation of meperidine. Since normeperidine has been reported to be less efficacious and more toxic than meperidine, this reported interaction may be important clinically, especially with repeated doses.", "PMID": 711931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5088", "title": "Cinoxacin: pharmacokinetics and the effect of probenecid.", "content": "Cinoxacin is a new synthetic organic antibacterial compound which has a serum half-life of approximately 1 hour. Most of the drug is eliminated in man by the kidney, primarily as unchanged drug. The renal clearance of cinoxacin is slightly greater than the usually accepted value for the average glomerular filtration rate, which suggests that it is probably filtered and is also secreted by the tubule. Results after pretreatment with probenecid further suggest secretion of the drug.", "contents": "Cinoxacin: pharmacokinetics and the effect of probenecid. Cinoxacin is a new synthetic organic antibacterial compound which has a serum half-life of approximately 1 hour. Most of the drug is eliminated in man by the kidney, primarily as unchanged drug. The renal clearance of cinoxacin is slightly greater than the usually accepted value for the average glomerular filtration rate, which suggests that it is probably filtered and is also secreted by the tubule. Results after pretreatment with probenecid further suggest secretion of the drug.", "PMID": 711932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5089", "title": "Transverse section imaging with carbon-11 labeled carbon monoxide.", "content": "The inhalation of small quantities of carbon-11 labeled carbon monoxide results in a useful red cell label to identify vascular structures in the body and quantitate red cell concentration in tissues. Transverse section images are obtained using PC-II, the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Positron Camera. Attenuation correction is performed either by means of transmission data or by analytical methods. Sets of transverse section images give information on red cell distribution in head and torso. Such images may be useful in identifying vascular abnormalities or in quantitating red cell physiology.", "contents": "Transverse section imaging with carbon-11 labeled carbon monoxide. The inhalation of small quantities of carbon-11 labeled carbon monoxide results in a useful red cell label to identify vascular structures in the body and quantitate red cell concentration in tissues. Transverse section images are obtained using PC-II, the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Positron Camera. Attenuation correction is performed either by means of transmission data or by analytical methods. Sets of transverse section images give information on red cell distribution in head and torso. Such images may be useful in identifying vascular abnormalities or in quantitating red cell physiology.", "PMID": 711940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5090", "title": "Computed tomographic metrizamide myelography in spinal dysraphism in infants and children.", "content": "Computed tomographic metrizamide myelography (CTMM) is an accurate and satisfactory method for examining the spinal cord in infants and children. Twenty-three patients with spinal dysraphism have been studied by CTMM. This method has proven more informative than conventional myelography in the evaluation of the dysraphic state.", "contents": "Computed tomographic metrizamide myelography in spinal dysraphism in infants and children. Computed tomographic metrizamide myelography (CTMM) is an accurate and satisfactory method for examining the spinal cord in infants and children. Twenty-three patients with spinal dysraphism have been studied by CTMM. This method has proven more informative than conventional myelography in the evaluation of the dysraphic state.", "PMID": 711941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5091", "title": "Computed tomography of the paranasal sinuses and face: part I. Normal anatomy.", "content": "With the ability to image both bone and soft tissue structures, computed tomography (CT) is capable of visualizing many normal anatomical structures of the paranasal sinuses and face not seen with other radiological techniques. The superficial and deep fat planes, all of the muscles of mastication, and many of the facial muscles are readily identified. The extraocular muscles, optic nerves, and globes are clearly seen. The purpose of this report is to review the normal anatomy of the paranasal sinuses and face imaged by CT in both the transverse and coronal planes.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the paranasal sinuses and face: part I. Normal anatomy. With the ability to image both bone and soft tissue structures, computed tomography (CT) is capable of visualizing many normal anatomical structures of the paranasal sinuses and face not seen with other radiological techniques. The superficial and deep fat planes, all of the muscles of mastication, and many of the facial muscles are readily identified. The extraocular muscles, optic nerves, and globes are clearly seen. The purpose of this report is to review the normal anatomy of the paranasal sinuses and face imaged by CT in both the transverse and coronal planes.", "PMID": 711942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5092", "title": "Computed tomography of the paranasal sinuses and face: part II. Pathological anatomy.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) has added an important new dimension to the radiological evaluation of diseases of the paranasal sinuses and face. Using transverse and coronal scans, accurate assessment of the character and extent of mass lesions in this region can be achieved. Erosion of thin bony lamine and involvement of soft tissue structures of the face can be seen. Most important, CT is capable of precisely defining the extension of lesions into the pterygopalatine fossa, orbit, and cranial cavity, information that is essential for therapeutic planning.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the paranasal sinuses and face: part II. Pathological anatomy. Computed tomography (CT) has added an important new dimension to the radiological evaluation of diseases of the paranasal sinuses and face. Using transverse and coronal scans, accurate assessment of the character and extent of mass lesions in this region can be achieved. Erosion of thin bony lamine and involvement of soft tissue structures of the face can be seen. Most important, CT is capable of precisely defining the extension of lesions into the pterygopalatine fossa, orbit, and cranial cavity, information that is essential for therapeutic planning.", "PMID": 711943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5093", "title": "An evaluation of cadmium telluride detectors for computer assisted tomography.", "content": "Cadmium telluride (CdTe) presents a set of extremely attractive features as an X-ray detector for computer assisted tomography (CAT). It is stable and easily handled; has a high detection efficiency and very efficient conversion of energy to charge; and permits a high element density in a compact configuration. Unfortunately, effects due to \"polarization,\" \"tailing,\" high and variable leakage currents, and long \"memory\" are incompatible with the needs of CAT instrumentation. Pulse-processing techniques have allowed us to eliminate these problems in positive-sensitive detectors, thus opening the way for utilization of CdTe in CAT.", "contents": "An evaluation of cadmium telluride detectors for computer assisted tomography. Cadmium telluride (CdTe) presents a set of extremely attractive features as an X-ray detector for computer assisted tomography (CAT). It is stable and easily handled; has a high detection efficiency and very efficient conversion of energy to charge; and permits a high element density in a compact configuration. Unfortunately, effects due to \"polarization,\" \"tailing,\" high and variable leakage currents, and long \"memory\" are incompatible with the needs of CAT instrumentation. Pulse-processing techniques have allowed us to eliminate these problems in positive-sensitive detectors, thus opening the way for utilization of CdTe in CAT.", "PMID": 711945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5094", "title": "Computed tomographic diagnosis of pseudoascites (floating viscera syndrome).", "content": "Two cases of excessive fat deposition in the abdomen, confused clinically as massive ascites, are reported. Computed tomography (CT) has proven useful in making a definitive diagnosis of fat deposition in the abdominal and retroperitoneal space and has made further clinical studies unnecessary. No prior cases of pseudoascites (floating viscera syndrome) have been reported in the radiologic literature despite the specificity of CT diagnosis.", "contents": "Computed tomographic diagnosis of pseudoascites (floating viscera syndrome). Two cases of excessive fat deposition in the abdomen, confused clinically as massive ascites, are reported. Computed tomography (CT) has proven useful in making a definitive diagnosis of fat deposition in the abdominal and retroperitoneal space and has made further clinical studies unnecessary. No prior cases of pseudoascites (floating viscera syndrome) have been reported in the radiologic literature despite the specificity of CT diagnosis.", "PMID": 711946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5095", "title": "The displaced crus: a sign for distinguishing between pleural fluid and ascites on computed tomography.", "content": "Fluid collections in the lower pleural cavity and upper abdominal cavity may sometimes appear similar on computed tomography. Lateral displacement of the diaphragmatic crus and interposition of fluid between the crus and vertebral column indicate an intrapleural component. Demonstration of fluid anterior to the crus establishes an intraperitoneal component. Medial location of the posterior recess of the fluid collection and the intercostal bulging of its lateral margin suggest a pleural effusion.", "contents": "The displaced crus: a sign for distinguishing between pleural fluid and ascites on computed tomography. Fluid collections in the lower pleural cavity and upper abdominal cavity may sometimes appear similar on computed tomography. Lateral displacement of the diaphragmatic crus and interposition of fluid between the crus and vertebral column indicate an intrapleural component. Demonstration of fluid anterior to the crus establishes an intraperitoneal component. Medial location of the posterior recess of the fluid collection and the intercostal bulging of its lateral margin suggest a pleural effusion.", "PMID": 711947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5096", "title": "Differentiation of pleural and pulmonary lesions using computed tomography.", "content": "We report an analysis of computed tomography (CT) of the thorax in 75 patients with combinations of pleural and parenchymal disease or complex pleural shadows. These patients were among more than 300 with pulmonary disease examined by this method. Twenty-eight percent of the 75 scans within this group were classified as high value, contributing information which was not available from other clinical or roentgenographic data, and which directly altered the management, diagnosis, or prognosis of these patients. Forty percent of the scans were classified as of intermediate value, contributing to better understanding of the case but with no major influence on patient management or prognosis. Thirty-two percent of the scans added no additional information to the chest roentgenograms. Thirty-seven percent of the 46 scans done specifically to differentiate pleural from parenchymal disease were classified as of high value, but only 14% of the scans in patients with pleural fluid loculations or pleural masses were placed in this category. We conclude that thoracic CT provided information not otherwise available in one third of the patients with complex combined pleural and parenchymal disease examined in our series.", "contents": "Differentiation of pleural and pulmonary lesions using computed tomography. We report an analysis of computed tomography (CT) of the thorax in 75 patients with combinations of pleural and parenchymal disease or complex pleural shadows. These patients were among more than 300 with pulmonary disease examined by this method. Twenty-eight percent of the 75 scans within this group were classified as high value, contributing information which was not available from other clinical or roentgenographic data, and which directly altered the management, diagnosis, or prognosis of these patients. Forty percent of the scans were classified as of intermediate value, contributing to better understanding of the case but with no major influence on patient management or prognosis. Thirty-two percent of the scans added no additional information to the chest roentgenograms. Thirty-seven percent of the 46 scans done specifically to differentiate pleural from parenchymal disease were classified as of high value, but only 14% of the scans in patients with pleural fluid loculations or pleural masses were placed in this category. We conclude that thoracic CT provided information not otherwise available in one third of the patients with complex combined pleural and parenchymal disease examined in our series.", "PMID": 711948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5097", "title": "Utility of body computed tomography in the clinical follow-up of abdominal masses.", "content": "The value of follow-up body computed tomography was assessed in 101 patients with a known or suspected abdominal or pelvic mass. Computed tomography proved to be a useful noninvasive technique for evaluating progression, regression, or recurrence of such masses after therapeutic intervention. Computed tomography provided new or unique clinical information in 87% of these patients: it was not helpful in 2% due to technical difficulty and was misleading in 4%.", "contents": "Utility of body computed tomography in the clinical follow-up of abdominal masses. The value of follow-up body computed tomography was assessed in 101 patients with a known or suspected abdominal or pelvic mass. Computed tomography proved to be a useful noninvasive technique for evaluating progression, regression, or recurrence of such masses after therapeutic intervention. Computed tomography provided new or unique clinical information in 87% of these patients: it was not helpful in 2% due to technical difficulty and was misleading in 4%.", "PMID": 711949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5098", "title": "Computed tomography in hydatid disease of the liver: a report on 13 cases.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) findings in hydatid disease (echinococciasis) of the liver are described. Disease was caused by Echinococcus granulosus (n = 8) or E. alveolaris (n = 5), respectively. The CT appearance of these two types of echinococciasis is quite different; in disease caused by E. granulosus the CT appearance is pathognomonic when cysts and daughter cysts surrounded by a capsula and peripheral calcification are discernible. In addition, the extent of organ involvement can be determined prior to surgical intervention. The CT appearance of E. alveolaris lesions may be indiscernible from malignant tumors.", "contents": "Computed tomography in hydatid disease of the liver: a report on 13 cases. Computed tomography (CT) findings in hydatid disease (echinococciasis) of the liver are described. Disease was caused by Echinococcus granulosus (n = 8) or E. alveolaris (n = 5), respectively. The CT appearance of these two types of echinococciasis is quite different; in disease caused by E. granulosus the CT appearance is pathognomonic when cysts and daughter cysts surrounded by a capsula and peripheral calcification are discernible. In addition, the extent of organ involvement can be determined prior to surgical intervention. The CT appearance of E. alveolaris lesions may be indiscernible from malignant tumors.", "PMID": 711950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5099", "title": "Evaluation of laryngeal cancer by computed tomography.", "content": "Six cases of laryngeal cancer have been examined by computed tomography. The findings were correlated with those obtained by laryngoscopy and in five cases by pathological examination of the surgical specimens. Computed tomography accurately delineated the extent of tumor involvement of the laryngeal and paralaryngeal soft tissues. The diagnosis of involvement of the laryngeal cartilages presents some problems, which are discussed.", "contents": "Evaluation of laryngeal cancer by computed tomography. Six cases of laryngeal cancer have been examined by computed tomography. The findings were correlated with those obtained by laryngoscopy and in five cases by pathological examination of the surgical specimens. Computed tomography accurately delineated the extent of tumor involvement of the laryngeal and paralaryngeal soft tissues. The diagnosis of involvement of the laryngeal cartilages presents some problems, which are discussed.", "PMID": 711951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5100", "title": "Intraventricular hemorrhage in blunt head trauma.", "content": "A series of 200 computed tomography (CT) scans performed for blunt head trauma was reviewed. Six patients were found to have clearly definable intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH); in three cases no other CT abnormality was noted. Computed tomography represents the only noninvasive method of detecting IVH, and the incidence of this entity has not previously been studied. Future attention to this problem may well demonstrate an even higher incidence, and establishment of its prognostic significance in trauma will be of considerable value. Scanning in the immediate posttrauma period is crucial.", "contents": "Intraventricular hemorrhage in blunt head trauma. A series of 200 computed tomography (CT) scans performed for blunt head trauma was reviewed. Six patients were found to have clearly definable intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH); in three cases no other CT abnormality was noted. Computed tomography represents the only noninvasive method of detecting IVH, and the incidence of this entity has not previously been studied. Future attention to this problem may well demonstrate an even higher incidence, and establishment of its prognostic significance in trauma will be of considerable value. Scanning in the immediate posttrauma period is crucial.", "PMID": 711952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5101", "title": "Case report. Computer assisted tomography in syringomyelia.", "content": "A case of cervicothoracic syringomyelia shown on computer assisted tomography is presented. Surgical verification was obtained, and the extent of the cord cavitation was also demonstrated.", "contents": "Case report. Computer assisted tomography in syringomyelia. A case of cervicothoracic syringomyelia shown on computer assisted tomography is presented. Surgical verification was obtained, and the extent of the cord cavitation was also demonstrated.", "PMID": 711953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5102", "title": "Storage of lactose-hydrolysed dried milk: effect of water activity on the protein nutritional value.", "content": "The retention of the protein nutritional value during storage of lactose-hydrolysed dried milk at different water activities (aw) was studied and compared with that of ordinary milk. In the lactose-hydrolysed milk biologically available lysine decreased much more rapidly than in the ordinary milk at all the different aw studied. Thus, at conditions normally accepted for ordinary dried milk (aw approximately 0.2; moisture approximately 4%) there was an available lysine loss in the hydrolysed milk of about 25% after 2 months and about 40% after 6-months storage at room temperature. This occurred without any visible browning. It is concluded that drying to very low aw (less than or equal to 0.11) is necessary to obtain good stability of the protein nutritional value (PNV) in lactose-hydrolysed milk. The drying, however, must be done so that losses in nutritional value are minimal during that process. It should also be noted that fat oxidation might be a problem at such low aw. A chemical method for available lysine assay (guanidination and assay of homoarginine) gave values in good agreement with the biological evaluations with rats.", "contents": "Storage of lactose-hydrolysed dried milk: effect of water activity on the protein nutritional value. The retention of the protein nutritional value during storage of lactose-hydrolysed dried milk at different water activities (aw) was studied and compared with that of ordinary milk. In the lactose-hydrolysed milk biologically available lysine decreased much more rapidly than in the ordinary milk at all the different aw studied. Thus, at conditions normally accepted for ordinary dried milk (aw approximately 0.2; moisture approximately 4%) there was an available lysine loss in the hydrolysed milk of about 25% after 2 months and about 40% after 6-months storage at room temperature. This occurred without any visible browning. It is concluded that drying to very low aw (less than or equal to 0.11) is necessary to obtain good stability of the protein nutritional value (PNV) in lactose-hydrolysed milk. The drying, however, must be done so that losses in nutritional value are minimal during that process. It should also be noted that fat oxidation might be a problem at such low aw. A chemical method for available lysine assay (guanidination and assay of homoarginine) gave values in good agreement with the biological evaluations with rats.", "PMID": 711955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5103", "title": "The metabolism of [14C]bicarbonate by Streptococcus lactis: the synthesis of succinic acid.", "content": "Whole cells of Streptococcus lactis C10, when incubated with an energy source, converted fumarate to succinate and malate to lactate. Cell-free extracts of Str. lactis C10 contained fumarate reductase, but no aspartase, adenylosuccinate synthetase and lyase or argininosuccinate synthetase and lyase activity could be detected. Cells grown in the presence of [14C]bicarbonate produced labelled succinate during the synthesis of purine bases. However, the amount of succinate produced by this pathway only accounted for approximately one-sixth of the succinate produced by the cells.", "contents": "The metabolism of [14C]bicarbonate by Streptococcus lactis: the synthesis of succinic acid. Whole cells of Streptococcus lactis C10, when incubated with an energy source, converted fumarate to succinate and malate to lactate. Cell-free extracts of Str. lactis C10 contained fumarate reductase, but no aspartase, adenylosuccinate synthetase and lyase or argininosuccinate synthetase and lyase activity could be detected. Cells grown in the presence of [14C]bicarbonate produced labelled succinate during the synthesis of purine bases. However, the amount of succinate produced by this pathway only accounted for approximately one-sixth of the succinate produced by the cells.", "PMID": 711956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5104", "title": "The metabolism of [14C]bicarbonate by Streptococcus lactis: the fixation of [14C]bicarbonate by pyruvate carboxylase.", "content": "The fixation of [14C]bicarbonate into aspartate by Streptococcus lactis C10 was achieved by the combined reactions of pyruvate carboxylase (E.C. 6.4.1.1) and glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (E.C. 2.6.1.1). The pyruvate carboxylase from Str. lactis C10, which was most active at pH 8.0, was activated by the divalent metal ions Mn2+, Mg2+ and Co2+, and inhibited by sulphydryl reagents. The enzyme was inhibited non-competitively by aspartic acid and competitively by oxaloacetate.", "contents": "The metabolism of [14C]bicarbonate by Streptococcus lactis: the fixation of [14C]bicarbonate by pyruvate carboxylase. The fixation of [14C]bicarbonate into aspartate by Streptococcus lactis C10 was achieved by the combined reactions of pyruvate carboxylase (E.C. 6.4.1.1) and glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (E.C. 2.6.1.1). The pyruvate carboxylase from Str. lactis C10, which was most active at pH 8.0, was activated by the divalent metal ions Mn2+, Mg2+ and Co2+, and inhibited by sulphydryl reagents. The enzyme was inhibited non-competitively by aspartic acid and competitively by oxaloacetate.", "PMID": 711957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5105", "title": "Calorimetric identification of several strains of lactic acid bacteria.", "content": "A microcalorimetric method has been developed for the identification of 9 representative strains of lactic acid bacteria used in the dairy industry. A chemically defined medium containing several carbohydrates gave reproducible and characteristic growth patterns. The technique is proposed as a rapid alternative method for the identification of bacteria selected for commercial use.", "contents": "Calorimetric identification of several strains of lactic acid bacteria. A microcalorimetric method has been developed for the identification of 9 representative strains of lactic acid bacteria used in the dairy industry. A chemically defined medium containing several carbohydrates gave reproducible and characteristic growth patterns. The technique is proposed as a rapid alternative method for the identification of bacteria selected for commercial use.", "PMID": 711958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5106", "title": "Formation of intracellular fat droplets: interrelation of newly synthesized phosphatidylcholine and triglyceride in milk.", "content": "The lipogenic system of fresh goat milk was used to investigate the relationship of lipid synthesis to formation of fat droplets. The skim milk phase was incubated with [1-carbon-14] palmitate and incorporation of activity into the glycerolipids was assayed. In two representative experiments, 44 and 56% of the label was incorporated into the lipids. Most of this activity (78 to 84%) was in triglycerides. Of 12 and 10% activity in the phospholipids, about 60% was contained in phosphatidylcholine with substantially smaller amounts in the other phospholipids. The synthesis of triglyceride and phosphatidylcholine was further investigated in relation to distribution of labeled lipids in a cream layer and a sedimenting fluff (membrane) fraction derived by centrifuging the skim milks following incubation. The correlation coefficient for the amounts of activity in phosphatidylcholine and triglyceride in the cream layer was .97. The data are consistent with synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and triglyceride to meet the requirements of surface and volume expansion, respectively, in formation of fat droplets. Our findings suggest the interesting working hypothesis that phosphatidylcholine synthesis regulates development of fat droplets.", "contents": "Formation of intracellular fat droplets: interrelation of newly synthesized phosphatidylcholine and triglyceride in milk. The lipogenic system of fresh goat milk was used to investigate the relationship of lipid synthesis to formation of fat droplets. The skim milk phase was incubated with [1-carbon-14] palmitate and incorporation of activity into the glycerolipids was assayed. In two representative experiments, 44 and 56% of the label was incorporated into the lipids. Most of this activity (78 to 84%) was in triglycerides. Of 12 and 10% activity in the phospholipids, about 60% was contained in phosphatidylcholine with substantially smaller amounts in the other phospholipids. The synthesis of triglyceride and phosphatidylcholine was further investigated in relation to distribution of labeled lipids in a cream layer and a sedimenting fluff (membrane) fraction derived by centrifuging the skim milks following incubation. The correlation coefficient for the amounts of activity in phosphatidylcholine and triglyceride in the cream layer was .97. The data are consistent with synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and triglyceride to meet the requirements of surface and volume expansion, respectively, in formation of fat droplets. Our findings suggest the interesting working hypothesis that phosphatidylcholine synthesis regulates development of fat droplets.", "PMID": 711960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5107", "title": "Effect of succulent and nonsucculent diets on rumen motility and pressure before, during, and after eating.", "content": "Rumen motility was measured in cattle by recording changes in rumen pressure through a rumen cannula. Irrespective of diet, eating increased rumen motility and amplitude of primary rumen contractions. Succulent, readily fermentable, and nonscabrous alfalfa tops fed alone or with oat hay produced a greater frequency of primary and secondary rumen contractions than oat hay fed alone. The intrarumen pressure was also greater when alfalfa tops were fed. Oat hay in the diet caused primary rumen contractions of a greater amplitude than when alfalfa tops were fed alone. Correlations were positive between frequency of primary and secondary rumen contractions and intrarumen pressure.", "contents": "Effect of succulent and nonsucculent diets on rumen motility and pressure before, during, and after eating. Rumen motility was measured in cattle by recording changes in rumen pressure through a rumen cannula. Irrespective of diet, eating increased rumen motility and amplitude of primary rumen contractions. Succulent, readily fermentable, and nonscabrous alfalfa tops fed alone or with oat hay produced a greater frequency of primary and secondary rumen contractions than oat hay fed alone. The intrarumen pressure was also greater when alfalfa tops were fed. Oat hay in the diet caused primary rumen contractions of a greater amplitude than when alfalfa tops were fed alone. Correlations were positive between frequency of primary and secondary rumen contractions and intrarumen pressure.", "PMID": 711961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5108", "title": "Effect of environmental factors and fetal and maternal genotype on gestation length and birth weight of Holstein calves.", "content": "Records of gestation length and birth weight on 1522 live single births (from 1958 to 1976) of Holstein calves were from 81 sires and 552 dams. Average gestation length was 282.3 days, and average birth weight was 42.9 kg. Male calves were carried 1.7 days longer than female calves and weighed 2.9 kg more at birth. Both gestation length and birth weight increased with parity. Calves born in spring and summer were carried shorter times and weighed less than those born in fall and winter. Heritabilities of gestation length and birth weight as progeny traits were .73 and .51 and as maternal traits were .19 and .26. Genetic correlations between gestation length and birth weight were .46 as a progeny trait and .35 as a maternal trait. Genetic correlations between progeny traits and maternal traits were negative. The phenotypic correlation between gestation length and birth weight was .37, and environmental correlation was .30.", "contents": "Effect of environmental factors and fetal and maternal genotype on gestation length and birth weight of Holstein calves. Records of gestation length and birth weight on 1522 live single births (from 1958 to 1976) of Holstein calves were from 81 sires and 552 dams. Average gestation length was 282.3 days, and average birth weight was 42.9 kg. Male calves were carried 1.7 days longer than female calves and weighed 2.9 kg more at birth. Both gestation length and birth weight increased with parity. Calves born in spring and summer were carried shorter times and weighed less than those born in fall and winter. Heritabilities of gestation length and birth weight as progeny traits were .73 and .51 and as maternal traits were .19 and .26. Genetic correlations between gestation length and birth weight were .46 as a progeny trait and .35 as a maternal trait. Genetic correlations between progeny traits and maternal traits were negative. The phenotypic correlation between gestation length and birth weight was .37, and environmental correlation was .30.", "PMID": 711962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5109", "title": "Concurrent cutaneous and hepatic hemangiomata in infancy: report of a case and a review of the literature.", "content": "Fifty-eight cases of concurrent cutaneous and hepatic hemangiomatosis in infants have been reported in the world literature. A fifty-ninth case is herewith reported and the literature is reviewed. Untreated cases have a mortality rate of 81%, whereas the mortality of treated cases is 29%. The main cause of death appears to be the consequence of arteriovenous shunting in the liver. Early and aggressive treatment by prednisone, radiotherapy to the liver, partial resection of liver, and ligation of the hepatic artery, each alone or in combinations, have been effective.", "contents": "Concurrent cutaneous and hepatic hemangiomata in infancy: report of a case and a review of the literature. Fifty-eight cases of concurrent cutaneous and hepatic hemangiomatosis in infants have been reported in the world literature. A fifty-ninth case is herewith reported and the literature is reviewed. Untreated cases have a mortality rate of 81%, whereas the mortality of treated cases is 29%. The main cause of death appears to be the consequence of arteriovenous shunting in the liver. Early and aggressive treatment by prednisone, radiotherapy to the liver, partial resection of liver, and ligation of the hepatic artery, each alone or in combinations, have been effective.", "PMID": 711970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5110", "title": "Therapeutic vascular occlusion.", "content": "Therapeutic vascular occlusion has been developed to a practicable point by now. The materials used and methods practiced in the Department of Radiology of the New York University School of Medicine are presented in detail.", "contents": "Therapeutic vascular occlusion. Therapeutic vascular occlusion has been developed to a practicable point by now. The materials used and methods practiced in the Department of Radiology of the New York University School of Medicine are presented in detail.", "PMID": 711971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5111", "title": "Social factors and height of primary schoolchildren in England and Scotland.", "content": "In 1972 the height of 7601 children aged five to 11.5 years in England and of 2214 in Scotland was measured. Their parents were asked to complete a questionnaire to provide social and antrhopometric information. A sequence of linear models was fitted to the data to assess the associations between social and biological factors and height. At the time of the study it was found that sibship size, father's social class, and his employment status all had a significant relationship with child's height; however, parents' height and child's birthweight both accounted for relatively more of the variance in child's height than father's social class and employment status. In England, sibship size significantly influenced the height of children of manual workers, but not that of nonmanual workers' children. In Scotland, sibship size was associated with height in all social groups. Surveillance and possibly intervention in a wide range of activities should be directed at socially more deprived groups; for example, in Social Class V, in which there are more large families and unemployment is more common.", "contents": "Social factors and height of primary schoolchildren in England and Scotland. In 1972 the height of 7601 children aged five to 11.5 years in England and of 2214 in Scotland was measured. Their parents were asked to complete a questionnaire to provide social and antrhopometric information. A sequence of linear models was fitted to the data to assess the associations between social and biological factors and height. At the time of the study it was found that sibship size, father's social class, and his employment status all had a significant relationship with child's height; however, parents' height and child's birthweight both accounted for relatively more of the variance in child's height than father's social class and employment status. In England, sibship size significantly influenced the height of children of manual workers, but not that of nonmanual workers' children. In Scotland, sibship size was associated with height in all social groups. Surveillance and possibly intervention in a wide range of activities should be directed at socially more deprived groups; for example, in Social Class V, in which there are more large families and unemployment is more common.", "PMID": 711973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5112", "title": "Comparative epidemiology of multiple sclerosis and dental caries.", "content": "The geographical distribution and other epidemiological characteristics of multiple sclerosis (MS) are compared with those of dental caries. The rates of death due to MS in Australian states are linearly related to the numbers of decayed, missing, and filled (DMF) teeth found in individuals from those states (r=0.97, P less than 0.002). In the United States of America, a strong positive correlation (r=0.55, P less than 0.001) also exists between MS death rates and dental caries indices. The prevalence of MS in 45 countries or areas correlates well with the frequencies of DMF teeth among children of school age in those locations (r=0.78, P less than 0.001). The prevalence of MS also correlates well with the percentage of edentulous individuals in certain countries (r=0.99, P less than 0.001). A review of the literature shows that the risk for dental caries is lower among the following groups: the lower socioeconomic classes in the United States of America; Chinese immigrants to England compared with natives; blacks compared with whites; and males compared with females. The dental caries risk is higher during pregnancy and lactation. All these trends have been described for MS as well. It is suggested that dental caries may be a more accurate epidemiological model for MS than poliomyelitis. It is also suggested that MS and dental caries may share certain aetiological factors, two of which may be dietary excess of certain fats, and vitamin D deficiency.", "contents": "Comparative epidemiology of multiple sclerosis and dental caries. The geographical distribution and other epidemiological characteristics of multiple sclerosis (MS) are compared with those of dental caries. The rates of death due to MS in Australian states are linearly related to the numbers of decayed, missing, and filled (DMF) teeth found in individuals from those states (r=0.97, P less than 0.002). In the United States of America, a strong positive correlation (r=0.55, P less than 0.001) also exists between MS death rates and dental caries indices. The prevalence of MS in 45 countries or areas correlates well with the frequencies of DMF teeth among children of school age in those locations (r=0.78, P less than 0.001). The prevalence of MS also correlates well with the percentage of edentulous individuals in certain countries (r=0.99, P less than 0.001). A review of the literature shows that the risk for dental caries is lower among the following groups: the lower socioeconomic classes in the United States of America; Chinese immigrants to England compared with natives; blacks compared with whites; and males compared with females. The dental caries risk is higher during pregnancy and lactation. All these trends have been described for MS as well. It is suggested that dental caries may be a more accurate epidemiological model for MS than poliomyelitis. It is also suggested that MS and dental caries may share certain aetiological factors, two of which may be dietary excess of certain fats, and vitamin D deficiency.", "PMID": 711974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5113", "title": "Hysterectomy rates and their influence upon mortality from carcinoma of the cervix.", "content": "Cumulative hysterectomy rates for women in England and Wales have been estimated from data in the Hospital In-Patient Enquiry, and the effect of hysterectomy operations on mortality from cancer of the cervix has been calculated. About six to seven per cent of women born at about the turn of the century have had an hysterectomy by the age of 70, and this proportion could rise to about 19% for women born in the 1940s if present operation rates continue. The time trends in mortality from cancer of the cervix between generations of women are not at present distorted by correction for women without a cervix. Operation rates and their effect on cervical cancer mortality rates are much smaller in England and Wales than in the United States of America.", "contents": "Hysterectomy rates and their influence upon mortality from carcinoma of the cervix. Cumulative hysterectomy rates for women in England and Wales have been estimated from data in the Hospital In-Patient Enquiry, and the effect of hysterectomy operations on mortality from cancer of the cervix has been calculated. About six to seven per cent of women born at about the turn of the century have had an hysterectomy by the age of 70, and this proportion could rise to about 19% for women born in the 1940s if present operation rates continue. The time trends in mortality from cancer of the cervix between generations of women are not at present distorted by correction for women without a cervix. Operation rates and their effect on cervical cancer mortality rates are much smaller in England and Wales than in the United States of America.", "PMID": 711975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5114", "title": "Carcinoma of the breast in East Anglia 1960-1975: a changing pattern of presentation?", "content": "A study was made of the clinical stage at presentation in 10 081 cases of carcinoma of the breast registered with the East Anglian Cancer Registration Bureau between 1960 and 1975. Information about the length of clinical history was obtained in 8862 cases. There has been a gradual increase in the population-adjusted incidence of breast carcinoma in the region during the period studied. Since 1968, there has been a consistent increase in Stage I and II registrations, but a fall in Stage III registrations. Stage IV registrations have remained constant. A greater proportion of women with Stage I or II lesions present with a short clinical history, and this pattern has not changed during the course of the study. We suggest that increased interest in, and opportunities for, the early diagnosis of breast disease are leading to a change in the pattern of presentation.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the breast in East Anglia 1960-1975: a changing pattern of presentation? A study was made of the clinical stage at presentation in 10 081 cases of carcinoma of the breast registered with the East Anglian Cancer Registration Bureau between 1960 and 1975. Information about the length of clinical history was obtained in 8862 cases. There has been a gradual increase in the population-adjusted incidence of breast carcinoma in the region during the period studied. Since 1968, there has been a consistent increase in Stage I and II registrations, but a fall in Stage III registrations. Stage IV registrations have remained constant. A greater proportion of women with Stage I or II lesions present with a short clinical history, and this pattern has not changed during the course of the study. We suggest that increased interest in, and opportunities for, the early diagnosis of breast disease are leading to a change in the pattern of presentation.", "PMID": 711976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5115", "title": "A study of the fertility of mothers of twins.", "content": "Data on all births to Birmingham residents during a ten-year period were used to compare the reproductive history of mothers immediately before and after a twin maternity with that of mothers of similar age and parity before and after a single birth. It was found that mothers of twins were less likely than mothers of singletons to have a subsequent birth if both twins survived, but if only one survived there was little difference between the two groups. If both twins died, however, the likelihood of a later birth was increased. The interval before the next birth was longer than expected when both twins survived and much shorter when both died. The sex of the twins appeared to have little influence on subsequent reproduction, in spite of the fact that for singleton-containing fraternities a further pregnancy was more likely if the first two children were of the same sex than if they were of opposite sexes. The mean interval preceding a twin maternity was almost the same as that preceding a single birth when both twins survived, but it was shorter when one twin died (being similar to that preceding the birth of a singleton who died) and it was much shorter when both twins died.", "contents": "A study of the fertility of mothers of twins. Data on all births to Birmingham residents during a ten-year period were used to compare the reproductive history of mothers immediately before and after a twin maternity with that of mothers of similar age and parity before and after a single birth. It was found that mothers of twins were less likely than mothers of singletons to have a subsequent birth if both twins survived, but if only one survived there was little difference between the two groups. If both twins died, however, the likelihood of a later birth was increased. The interval before the next birth was longer than expected when both twins survived and much shorter when both died. The sex of the twins appeared to have little influence on subsequent reproduction, in spite of the fact that for singleton-containing fraternities a further pregnancy was more likely if the first two children were of the same sex than if they were of opposite sexes. The mean interval preceding a twin maternity was almost the same as that preceding a single birth when both twins survived, but it was shorter when one twin died (being similar to that preceding the birth of a singleton who died) and it was much shorter when both twins died.", "PMID": 711977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5116", "title": "Predisposing factors leading to child trauma. An analysis of specific versus non-specific causes in motor vehicle and drowning fatalities.", "content": "In many Western countries, trauma is the chief cause of death in children aged one to 14 years. A large number of these deaths are the result of motor vehicle accidents or drowning. It is postulated that the causes of such trauma can be classified into (a) non-specific, predetermining social factors; (b) specific social factors; and (c) acute triggers. Prevention strategies vary considerably for these three groups. Prevention is most cost-effective when directed against specific social factors. In this paper, data for childhood motor vehicle and drowning fatalities in Australia have been analysed and scored for non-specific social influences on childhood accidents such as overcrowding or poverty. This approach allows the ranking of different communities by risk. Motor vehicle accident ratios have been calculated, and these are sufficiently specific, by age and sex, to enable comparisons to be made in future with other communities.", "contents": "Predisposing factors leading to child trauma. An analysis of specific versus non-specific causes in motor vehicle and drowning fatalities. In many Western countries, trauma is the chief cause of death in children aged one to 14 years. A large number of these deaths are the result of motor vehicle accidents or drowning. It is postulated that the causes of such trauma can be classified into (a) non-specific, predetermining social factors; (b) specific social factors; and (c) acute triggers. Prevention strategies vary considerably for these three groups. Prevention is most cost-effective when directed against specific social factors. In this paper, data for childhood motor vehicle and drowning fatalities in Australia have been analysed and scored for non-specific social influences on childhood accidents such as overcrowding or poverty. This approach allows the ranking of different communities by risk. Motor vehicle accident ratios have been calculated, and these are sufficiently specific, by age and sex, to enable comparisons to be made in future with other communities.", "PMID": 711978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5117", "title": "The effects of immunisation upon the natural history of pertussis. A family study in the Cardiff area.", "content": "During an outbreak of pertussis in the Cardiff area in 1974, 229 children with the disease were studied to assess the effect of immunisation upon its natural history and severity. The typical clinical features of pertussis, such as paroxysmal cough, whooping, vomiting, cyanosis, and irregular breathing, were less prevalent in both the immunised and the older children. Immunisation is the main factor in protecting against complications such as fits; and, together with older age, it protects against hospitalisation. Nevertheless, pertussis today can be just as severe as it was 40 years ago, and the vaccine remains the major factor ameliorating its natural history. The immunisation programme needs more active support by all child health workers.", "contents": "The effects of immunisation upon the natural history of pertussis. A family study in the Cardiff area. During an outbreak of pertussis in the Cardiff area in 1974, 229 children with the disease were studied to assess the effect of immunisation upon its natural history and severity. The typical clinical features of pertussis, such as paroxysmal cough, whooping, vomiting, cyanosis, and irregular breathing, were less prevalent in both the immunised and the older children. Immunisation is the main factor in protecting against complications such as fits; and, together with older age, it protects against hospitalisation. Nevertheless, pertussis today can be just as severe as it was 40 years ago, and the vaccine remains the major factor ameliorating its natural history. The immunisation programme needs more active support by all child health workers.", "PMID": 711979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5118", "title": "Health service 'input' and mortality 'output' in developed countries.", "content": "The relationship between age-specific mortality rates and some indices of health facilities and some environmental and dietary factors has been studied in 18 developed couuntries. The indices of health care are not negatively associated with mortality, and there is a marked positive association between the prevalence of doctors and mortality in the younger age groups. No explanation of this doctor anomaly has so far been found. Gross national product per head is the principal variable which shows a consistently strong negative association with mortality.", "contents": "Health service 'input' and mortality 'output' in developed countries. The relationship between age-specific mortality rates and some indices of health facilities and some environmental and dietary factors has been studied in 18 developed couuntries. The indices of health care are not negatively associated with mortality, and there is a marked positive association between the prevalence of doctors and mortality in the younger age groups. No explanation of this doctor anomaly has so far been found. Gross national product per head is the principal variable which shows a consistently strong negative association with mortality.", "PMID": 711980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5119", "title": "The application of a Poisson model to the annual distribution of daily mortality at six Montreal hospitals.", "content": "The daily distributions of annual mortality for varying numbers of years between 1965 and 1975 were investigated in three geriatric hospitals and three general hospitals in the Montreal area. Nearly all the observed mortality distributions were found to mimic the classical Poisson distribution, with little departure. In two of the larger hospitals, the matching of the daily mortality distributions with their Poisson models met stringent statistical criteria. In one of them it was even possible to predict the expected mortality frequencies merely from a knowledge of the annual totals. The remaining four hospitals, which included the three geriatric institutions, also exhibited mortalities regarded as highly suggestive of Poisson distributions, although in one of the geriatric hospitals the mortality distribution tended to be somewhat erratic in this respect.", "contents": "The application of a Poisson model to the annual distribution of daily mortality at six Montreal hospitals. The daily distributions of annual mortality for varying numbers of years between 1965 and 1975 were investigated in three geriatric hospitals and three general hospitals in the Montreal area. Nearly all the observed mortality distributions were found to mimic the classical Poisson distribution, with little departure. In two of the larger hospitals, the matching of the daily mortality distributions with their Poisson models met stringent statistical criteria. In one of them it was even possible to predict the expected mortality frequencies merely from a knowledge of the annual totals. The remaining four hospitals, which included the three geriatric institutions, also exhibited mortalities regarded as highly suggestive of Poisson distributions, although in one of the geriatric hospitals the mortality distribution tended to be somewhat erratic in this respect.", "PMID": 711981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5120", "title": "Social support of patients attending a geriatric day hospital.", "content": "A longitudinal survey of the social support of patients attending one geriatric day hospital confirmed an impression that support was not being adjusted to meet the changing degrees of dependency among the patients. An experimental study, in which the social support available to a small group of consecutive new admissions was reduced, showed that their dependency scores were not significantly different from those of a control group which continued to receive support. The significance of this finding in reducing the cost of day hospital care is discussed.", "contents": "Social support of patients attending a geriatric day hospital. A longitudinal survey of the social support of patients attending one geriatric day hospital confirmed an impression that support was not being adjusted to meet the changing degrees of dependency among the patients. An experimental study, in which the social support available to a small group of consecutive new admissions was reduced, showed that their dependency scores were not significantly different from those of a control group which continued to receive support. The significance of this finding in reducing the cost of day hospital care is discussed.", "PMID": 711982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5121", "title": "Smoking in hospital: a survey of attitudes of staff, patients, and visitors.", "content": "A survey was carried out on attitudes to smoking in hospital. Analysis of 411 interviews showed that the majority (64%) of those questioned approved of some restrictions on patients smoking in the wards. Eighteen per cent would have liked to see a complete ban on smoking, while an identical number favoured no restrictions at all. Smoking habit influenced response; only 8% of smokers, compared with 25% of non-smokers, would have liked to see a total ban on smoking. Attitudes to smoking varied according to the status of the persons interviewed; only 6% of visitors and 7% of nurses approved of a complete ban on smoking, compared with 32% of medical students and 27% of doctors. The results suggest that the introduction of smoking and non-smoking areas in hospital wards would be approved by the majority of patients, staff, and visitors.", "contents": "Smoking in hospital: a survey of attitudes of staff, patients, and visitors. A survey was carried out on attitudes to smoking in hospital. Analysis of 411 interviews showed that the majority (64%) of those questioned approved of some restrictions on patients smoking in the wards. Eighteen per cent would have liked to see a complete ban on smoking, while an identical number favoured no restrictions at all. Smoking habit influenced response; only 8% of smokers, compared with 25% of non-smokers, would have liked to see a total ban on smoking. Attitudes to smoking varied according to the status of the persons interviewed; only 6% of visitors and 7% of nurses approved of a complete ban on smoking, compared with 32% of medical students and 27% of doctors. The results suggest that the introduction of smoking and non-smoking areas in hospital wards would be approved by the majority of patients, staff, and visitors.", "PMID": 711983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5122", "title": "Binaural summation of the loudness of pure tones.", "content": "Subjects made magnitude estimations of the loudness of pure tones (100, 400, and 1000 Hz), which were presented at equal and unequal sound pressure levels to the two ears. The results were consistent with a model of linear binaural loudness summation: The estimates of loudness approximated the linear sum of the loudness estimates of the individual left-ear and right-ear components. The relation between loudness and sound pressure, over moderate SPLs, can be described by a power function with an exponent of about 0.6 at 400 and 1000 Hz, 0.75 at 100 Hz.", "contents": "Binaural summation of the loudness of pure tones. Subjects made magnitude estimations of the loudness of pure tones (100, 400, and 1000 Hz), which were presented at equal and unequal sound pressure levels to the two ears. The results were consistent with a model of linear binaural loudness summation: The estimates of loudness approximated the linear sum of the loudness estimates of the individual left-ear and right-ear components. The relation between loudness and sound pressure, over moderate SPLs, can be described by a power function with an exponent of about 0.6 at 400 and 1000 Hz, 0.75 at 100 Hz.", "PMID": 711989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5123", "title": "Frequency discrimination in the chinchilla.", "content": "Chinchillas were trained with shock-avoidance procedures to discriminate or detect pure-tone frequency differences. Inital attempts at determining frequency-difference thresholds utilized a complex discrimination paradigm and a go-no-go response. Although discriminations of large frequency differences were obtained from chinchillas after considerable training, discriminations of small frequency differences could not be trained. Therefore, determinations of frequency-difference thresholds could not be made with the complex discrimination paradigm and the go-no-go response task. A simple detection paradigm, involving the detection of frequency alternation in an ongoing train of tone bursts proved to be a more successful technique. Frequency-alternation detection was quickly learned by six chinchillas, and frequency-difference thresholds were obtained with an adaptive sequential procedure. Psychometric functions were reconstructed from the threshold tracking data of chinchillas, and comparisons were made with differential frequency thresholds from cats and humans obtained by previous investigators. Differential frequency thresholds from chinchillas paralleled those from cats and were about twice as large. Differential frequency thresholds from humans were considerably smaller than from chinchillas, especially for low-frequency tones. When a constant detectability index was used to specify differential frequency sensitiviy in chinchillas, chinchilla and human differential sensitivity functions paralleled one another. Human differential sensitivity was about ten times better than that of the chinchilla.", "contents": "Frequency discrimination in the chinchilla. Chinchillas were trained with shock-avoidance procedures to discriminate or detect pure-tone frequency differences. Inital attempts at determining frequency-difference thresholds utilized a complex discrimination paradigm and a go-no-go response. Although discriminations of large frequency differences were obtained from chinchillas after considerable training, discriminations of small frequency differences could not be trained. Therefore, determinations of frequency-difference thresholds could not be made with the complex discrimination paradigm and the go-no-go response task. A simple detection paradigm, involving the detection of frequency alternation in an ongoing train of tone bursts proved to be a more successful technique. Frequency-alternation detection was quickly learned by six chinchillas, and frequency-difference thresholds were obtained with an adaptive sequential procedure. Psychometric functions were reconstructed from the threshold tracking data of chinchillas, and comparisons were made with differential frequency thresholds from cats and humans obtained by previous investigators. Differential frequency thresholds from chinchillas paralleled those from cats and were about twice as large. Differential frequency thresholds from humans were considerably smaller than from chinchillas, especially for low-frequency tones. When a constant detectability index was used to specify differential frequency sensitiviy in chinchillas, chinchilla and human differential sensitivity functions paralleled one another. Human differential sensitivity was about ten times better than that of the chinchilla.", "PMID": 711990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5124", "title": "Theory of binaural interaction based in auditory-nerve data. IV. A model for subjective lateral position.", "content": "A model for the subjective lateral position of 500-Hz tones is presented and compared with experimental lateralization data. Previous papers in this series have explicitly described the auditory-nerve response to these stimuli and proposed a binaural displayer that interaurally compares the auditory-nerve firing times. The outputs of the displayer are postulated to represent the only information about detailed firing times that is available to the brain. In the present paper, lateral-position predictions are obtained by a central nonoptimal weighting of these outputs that depends on the interaural intensity difference of the tone. These predictions describe the results of lateralization-matching experiments more accurately and over a wider range of stimulus conditions than previous theories, except for those results which suggest that low-frequency binaural tones can generate multiple perceptual images. The predictions of our model are also consistent with the results of centering and laterality-comparison experiments. It is argued that the data discussed in this paper are generally incompatible with theories that propose a peripheral interaction of interaural timing and intensity information such as the latency hypothesis.", "contents": "Theory of binaural interaction based in auditory-nerve data. IV. A model for subjective lateral position. A model for the subjective lateral position of 500-Hz tones is presented and compared with experimental lateralization data. Previous papers in this series have explicitly described the auditory-nerve response to these stimuli and proposed a binaural displayer that interaurally compares the auditory-nerve firing times. The outputs of the displayer are postulated to represent the only information about detailed firing times that is available to the brain. In the present paper, lateral-position predictions are obtained by a central nonoptimal weighting of these outputs that depends on the interaural intensity difference of the tone. These predictions describe the results of lateralization-matching experiments more accurately and over a wider range of stimulus conditions than previous theories, except for those results which suggest that low-frequency binaural tones can generate multiple perceptual images. The predictions of our model are also consistent with the results of centering and laterality-comparison experiments. It is argued that the data discussed in this paper are generally incompatible with theories that propose a peripheral interaction of interaural timing and intensity information such as the latency hypothesis.", "PMID": 711991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5125", "title": "Suppression and critical bands in band-limiting experiments.", "content": "Band-limiting experiments were performed at three noise spectrum levels (N0 = 25, 40, and 55 dB SPL) for forward, simultaneous, and backward masking. Threshold for a 2-kHz sinusoid decreased for masker bandwidths greater than a \"critical bandwidth\" in nonsimultaneous masking. These results are evidence for a suppression effect not observed in simultaneous masking; however, a qualitative model of suppression can account for the results in all three types of masking. In addition, the data for simultaneous masking support Fletcher's [Rev. Mod. Phys. 12, 47--61 (1940)] rectangular filter interpretation of the band-limiting experiment and are well described by a level-dependent critical band.", "contents": "Suppression and critical bands in band-limiting experiments. Band-limiting experiments were performed at three noise spectrum levels (N0 = 25, 40, and 55 dB SPL) for forward, simultaneous, and backward masking. Threshold for a 2-kHz sinusoid decreased for masker bandwidths greater than a \"critical bandwidth\" in nonsimultaneous masking. These results are evidence for a suppression effect not observed in simultaneous masking; however, a qualitative model of suppression can account for the results in all three types of masking. In addition, the data for simultaneous masking support Fletcher's [Rev. Mod. Phys. 12, 47--61 (1940)] rectangular filter interpretation of the band-limiting experiment and are well described by a level-dependent critical band.", "PMID": 711992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5126", "title": "Behavioral, compound action potential, and single unit thresholds: relationship in normal and abnormal ears.", "content": "Comparisons were made for two species (chinchilla and mongolian gerbil) among mean behavioral audiogram, mean just detectable action potential (AP) responses to tone bursts, and single-fiber response thresholds at the characteristic frequency, averaged in one-octave bands. In normal animals and in a group of Kayamycin-treated chinchillas, these mean measures appear to have a well-ordered relationship. Unit and AP thresholds are within 10 dB from one another throughout the frequency range. Behavioral thresholds are usually 15--20 dB more sensitive, but the three curves are roughly parallel except at the highest frequencies, where the behavioral threshold begins to increase approximately one-half octave above the physiological ones. Individual examples for four gerbils and four chinchillas having hair cell losses due to Kanamycin intoxication reinforce the notion based on mean data that in most cases AP thresholds can serve to predict the behavioral threshold configuration.", "contents": "Behavioral, compound action potential, and single unit thresholds: relationship in normal and abnormal ears. Comparisons were made for two species (chinchilla and mongolian gerbil) among mean behavioral audiogram, mean just detectable action potential (AP) responses to tone bursts, and single-fiber response thresholds at the characteristic frequency, averaged in one-octave bands. In normal animals and in a group of Kayamycin-treated chinchillas, these mean measures appear to have a well-ordered relationship. Unit and AP thresholds are within 10 dB from one another throughout the frequency range. Behavioral thresholds are usually 15--20 dB more sensitive, but the three curves are roughly parallel except at the highest frequencies, where the behavioral threshold begins to increase approximately one-half octave above the physiological ones. Individual examples for four gerbils and four chinchillas having hair cell losses due to Kanamycin intoxication reinforce the notion based on mean data that in most cases AP thresholds can serve to predict the behavioral threshold configuration.", "PMID": 711993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5127", "title": "Presumed noise-induced permanent threshold shift resulting from exposure to an A-weighted Leq of 89 dB.", "content": "The noise-induced permanent threshold shift (NIPTS) resultings form up to ten years of exposure to an average A-weighted sound level Leq of 89 dB was investigated. Prior occupational noise exposure was controlled for by eliminating subjects with previous high-noise-level jobs or uncertain exposure histories. The final population consisted of 42 males and 58 females working a steady-state broadband noise environments. No attempt was made to screen subjects for any auditory pathology. A 222-subject control group from the same geographic area as the exposed subjects was selected such that none of its constituents had any effective industrial noise exposure. Presumed NIPTS was calculated by correcting each individual audiogram of the exposed subjects according to the aging curves developed from the control population hearing levels. The results indicated a considerable male-female difference in NIPTS, even though both groups were exposed to the same Leq. Averaging the results for all 100 subjects, in order to make comparisons to other available data, yielded results in close agreement to predictions based upon the work of Burns and Robinson, Baughn. NIOSH, and Passchier--Vermeer, indicating that 10 years of exposure to a daily Leq of 89 dB causes measurable hearing loss at 4 kHz.", "contents": "Presumed noise-induced permanent threshold shift resulting from exposure to an A-weighted Leq of 89 dB. The noise-induced permanent threshold shift (NIPTS) resultings form up to ten years of exposure to an average A-weighted sound level Leq of 89 dB was investigated. Prior occupational noise exposure was controlled for by eliminating subjects with previous high-noise-level jobs or uncertain exposure histories. The final population consisted of 42 males and 58 females working a steady-state broadband noise environments. No attempt was made to screen subjects for any auditory pathology. A 222-subject control group from the same geographic area as the exposed subjects was selected such that none of its constituents had any effective industrial noise exposure. Presumed NIPTS was calculated by correcting each individual audiogram of the exposed subjects according to the aging curves developed from the control population hearing levels. The results indicated a considerable male-female difference in NIPTS, even though both groups were exposed to the same Leq. Averaging the results for all 100 subjects, in order to make comparisons to other available data, yielded results in close agreement to predictions based upon the work of Burns and Robinson, Baughn. NIOSH, and Passchier--Vermeer, indicating that 10 years of exposure to a daily Leq of 89 dB causes measurable hearing loss at 4 kHz.", "PMID": 711994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5128", "title": "Nationwide urban noise survey.", "content": "Most current knowledge about community response to noise exposure is derived from studies of high-level transportation sources. A nationwide urban noise survey was undertaken to study effects associated with more moderate but far more common sorts of noise exposure. Over 2000 respondents at 24 sites in seven cities of varying noise exposure and population density were interviewed by telephone and in person about their reactions to everyday noises. A brief but comprehensive structured questionnaire was based on direct questioning about annoyance and related effects. Among the major findings of the survey were widespread annoyance and speech interference from exposure to urban noise and strong relationships between the extent of annoyance and exposure level, speech interference, and population density.", "contents": "Nationwide urban noise survey. Most current knowledge about community response to noise exposure is derived from studies of high-level transportation sources. A nationwide urban noise survey was undertaken to study effects associated with more moderate but far more common sorts of noise exposure. Over 2000 respondents at 24 sites in seven cities of varying noise exposure and population density were interviewed by telephone and in person about their reactions to everyday noises. A brief but comprehensive structured questionnaire was based on direct questioning about annoyance and related effects. Among the major findings of the survey were widespread annoyance and speech interference from exposure to urban noise and strong relationships between the extent of annoyance and exposure level, speech interference, and population density.", "PMID": 711995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5129", "title": "Disturbance of sleep by noise.", "content": "Young, middle-aged, and old subjects, 35 in all, were tested to determine the probability of disturbance of sleep, as judged by EEG records, by seven noises per night produced by a recording of a passing truck. There is roughly a linear relation with the A-weighted noise level. Young and old people have nearly the same response while middle-aged subjects are more sensitive by about 15 dB. This applies also to the probability of awaking. The probability of shifts in sleep to a shallower level does not appear to adapt in 24 successive nights with seven noises per night but the probability of waking drops to half value in about two weeks. Response increases with duration of the stimulus, at least over the limited range from fractions of a second to a minute.", "contents": "Disturbance of sleep by noise. Young, middle-aged, and old subjects, 35 in all, were tested to determine the probability of disturbance of sleep, as judged by EEG records, by seven noises per night produced by a recording of a passing truck. There is roughly a linear relation with the A-weighted noise level. Young and old people have nearly the same response while middle-aged subjects are more sensitive by about 15 dB. This applies also to the probability of awaking. The probability of shifts in sleep to a shallower level does not appear to adapt in 24 successive nights with seven noises per night but the probability of waking drops to half value in about two weeks. Response increases with duration of the stimulus, at least over the limited range from fractions of a second to a minute.", "PMID": 711996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5130", "title": "Human response to house vibrations caused by sonic booms or air blasts.", "content": "Descriptions of the effects of sonic booms of air blasts by observers in buildings have included such statements as \"noticeable vibrations\" in addition to phrases such as \"the house rattles,\" \"the windows rattle,\" or \"bric-\u00e0-brac rattles.\" Analysis of studies of human response to vibrations, vibration complaints in the Toronto area, special tests by Kryter at Edwards Air Force Base, and laboratory studies of human response to sonic booms show that perceived vibration is not normally a factor that contributes significantly to human response to airborne, large-amplitude impulse noise. Rather, human response is solely the result of the impulse noise itself and of audible noise due to induced radiation from vibrating surfaces.", "contents": "Human response to house vibrations caused by sonic booms or air blasts. Descriptions of the effects of sonic booms of air blasts by observers in buildings have included such statements as \"noticeable vibrations\" in addition to phrases such as \"the house rattles,\" \"the windows rattle,\" or \"bric-\u00e0-brac rattles.\" Analysis of studies of human response to vibrations, vibration complaints in the Toronto area, special tests by Kryter at Edwards Air Force Base, and laboratory studies of human response to sonic booms show that perceived vibration is not normally a factor that contributes significantly to human response to airborne, large-amplitude impulse noise. Rather, human response is solely the result of the impulse noise itself and of audible noise due to induced radiation from vibrating surfaces.", "PMID": 711997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5131", "title": "Statistical estimation of percentage of overexposed workers.", "content": "A method is outlined for estimating, from a statistical sample of exposure times and noise levels, the percentage of noise-impacted workers who are overexposed according to the OSHA regulation.", "contents": "Statistical estimation of percentage of overexposed workers. A method is outlined for estimating, from a statistical sample of exposure times and noise levels, the percentage of noise-impacted workers who are overexposed according to the OSHA regulation.", "PMID": 711998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5132", "title": "Responses of the cat's collicular auditory neuron to human speech.", "content": "Collicular auditory neurons in cats were exposed to human speech sounds, and responses to the vowel /a/ in isolation and in connected speech were compared. The fundamental frequency coded was found to be independent of CF, response type (\"on\" type or slowly adapting), and directional sensitivity to frequency change. This suggests that the coding of speech sounds depends on the periodicity of the neural-response pattern. Responsiveness was generally greater to segmented vowels; it seems probable that a neuron's response adapts to and is suppressed by preceeding speech stimuli. The context in which a message is embedded may be very important for the processing of speech sounds.", "contents": "Responses of the cat's collicular auditory neuron to human speech. Collicular auditory neurons in cats were exposed to human speech sounds, and responses to the vowel /a/ in isolation and in connected speech were compared. The fundamental frequency coded was found to be independent of CF, response type (\"on\" type or slowly adapting), and directional sensitivity to frequency change. This suggests that the coding of speech sounds depends on the periodicity of the neural-response pattern. Responsiveness was generally greater to segmented vowels; it seems probable that a neuron's response adapts to and is suppressed by preceeding speech stimuli. The context in which a message is embedded may be very important for the processing of speech sounds.", "PMID": 711999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5133", "title": "Motor unit correlates of stress: preliminary observations.", "content": "Motor unit activity was measured during 20 repetitions of [aepae] and 20 repetitions of [aepa\u00e9] with emphatic stress placed on the second syllable. A definite pattern of recruitment and discharge reorganization was observed during stressed productions characterized by (1) an increase in motor unit discharge rate, (2) recruitment of additional motor units, (3) a reduction in time intervals separating successively activated motor units, (4) an earlier onset of mandibular lowering for the open vowel in relation to initiation of motor unit activity, (5) fewer discharges of a given motor unit per utterance, and (6) sharply reduced variability in recruitment intervals. The shortened and highly stable latencies between motor unit events and motor unit-articulator events point to a more carefully orchestrated motor program for heavily stressed productions as a more forceful attainment of target specification is carried out.", "contents": "Motor unit correlates of stress: preliminary observations. Motor unit activity was measured during 20 repetitions of [aepae] and 20 repetitions of [aepa\u00e9] with emphatic stress placed on the second syllable. A definite pattern of recruitment and discharge reorganization was observed during stressed productions characterized by (1) an increase in motor unit discharge rate, (2) recruitment of additional motor units, (3) a reduction in time intervals separating successively activated motor units, (4) an earlier onset of mandibular lowering for the open vowel in relation to initiation of motor unit activity, (5) fewer discharges of a given motor unit per utterance, and (6) sharply reduced variability in recruitment intervals. The shortened and highly stable latencies between motor unit events and motor unit-articulator events point to a more carefully orchestrated motor program for heavily stressed productions as a more forceful attainment of target specification is carried out.", "PMID": 712000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5134", "title": "Perceptibility of phonetic features in fluent speech.", "content": "A series of experiments examined listeners' ability to detect mispronounced words in a short story. Mispronunciations were produced by changing a single consonant segment in a word to produce a (phonologically permissible) nonsense word. The results of six different experiments showed that prestressed work-initial stop consonants are more perceptible than other consonants. For example, mispronunciations produced by changing the voicing of a word-initial stop (e.g., \"boy\" to \"poy\") were detected about 70% of the time, while changes in voicing of a word-initial fricative (e.g., \"voice\" to \"foice\") were detected about 38% of the time. Mispronunciations produced by changing the place of articulation of a prestressed word-initial stop were most detectable of all (80% to 90% detection) for three different speakers. A change in place of articulation of a word-initial stop (e.g., \"baby\" to \"daby\") was detected as often as a change in both place of articulation and voicing (e.g., \"baby\" to \"taby\"). Finally, it was found that a mispronunciation was detected about twice as often in word-initial than in word-final position in one syllable words for both stops and nasals. The results suggest that listeners pay special attention to word-initial stop consonants in natural continuous speech.", "contents": "Perceptibility of phonetic features in fluent speech. A series of experiments examined listeners' ability to detect mispronounced words in a short story. Mispronunciations were produced by changing a single consonant segment in a word to produce a (phonologically permissible) nonsense word. The results of six different experiments showed that prestressed work-initial stop consonants are more perceptible than other consonants. For example, mispronunciations produced by changing the voicing of a word-initial stop (e.g., \"boy\" to \"poy\") were detected about 70% of the time, while changes in voicing of a word-initial fricative (e.g., \"voice\" to \"foice\") were detected about 38% of the time. Mispronunciations produced by changing the place of articulation of a prestressed word-initial stop were most detectable of all (80% to 90% detection) for three different speakers. A change in place of articulation of a word-initial stop (e.g., \"baby\" to \"daby\") was detected as often as a change in both place of articulation and voicing (e.g., \"baby\" to \"taby\"). Finally, it was found that a mispronunciation was detected about twice as often in word-initial than in word-final position in one syllable words for both stops and nasals. The results suggest that listeners pay special attention to word-initial stop consonants in natural continuous speech.", "PMID": 712001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5135", "title": "Effects of transition length on the perception of stop consonants.", "content": "This study investigated the effects of lengthened transitions on the perception of stop consonants. In experiment I, three continua representing the phonetic categories [da] and [ga]containing transitions of 45, 95, or 145 ms were presented to 20 subjects for both labeling and discrimination. Results indicated that although there was a significant change in identification performance from 95 to 145 ms, the shape of the functions, and the locus and slope of the phonetic boundary did not significantly vary across transition lengths. In addition, discrimination of within-category stimulus comparisons was significantly better at the 95-ms transition length than at 45 or 145 ms. In experiment II, the availability of acoustic information was investigated further with the adaptation paradigm. Eight subjects labeled the 45-ms series before and after adaptation with 45-, 95-, and 145-ms [da] stimuli. No effect of transition length was found. These results suggest that the slope and duration of formant transitions seem to contribute minimally to the perception of place of articulation in stop consonants.", "contents": "Effects of transition length on the perception of stop consonants. This study investigated the effects of lengthened transitions on the perception of stop consonants. In experiment I, three continua representing the phonetic categories [da] and [ga]containing transitions of 45, 95, or 145 ms were presented to 20 subjects for both labeling and discrimination. Results indicated that although there was a significant change in identification performance from 95 to 145 ms, the shape of the functions, and the locus and slope of the phonetic boundary did not significantly vary across transition lengths. In addition, discrimination of within-category stimulus comparisons was significantly better at the 95-ms transition length than at 45 or 145 ms. In experiment II, the availability of acoustic information was investigated further with the adaptation paradigm. Eight subjects labeled the 45-ms series before and after adaptation with 45-, 95-, and 145-ms [da] stimuli. No effect of transition length was found. These results suggest that the slope and duration of formant transitions seem to contribute minimally to the perception of place of articulation in stop consonants.", "PMID": 712002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5136", "title": "Indirect assessment of the contribution of subglottal air pressure and vocal-fold tension to changes of fundamental frequency in English.", "content": "The contributions of vocal-fold tension and of subglottal air pressure to changing fundamental frequency F0 are indirectly assessed by comparing human glottal-source data with synthetic glottal waveforms generated by the Ishizaka-Flanagan two-mass model of vocal-fold vibration. In this model, synthetic male and female glottal waves may be generated with known values of subglottal air pressure and vocal-fold tension. Human glottal waves were recorded with a reflectionless tube into which ten male and female adults phonated. The subjects produced interrogative (rising F0) and declarative (falling F0) glides and trisyllabic words with primary stress on the initial, medial, or final syllable. Two types of change in the glottal wave over time are possible, depending on whether F0 is changed primarily by vocal-fold tension or by subglottal air pressure. Comparison of the natural and synthetic glottal waves indicates that (1) the rise of frequency in interrogative words is due principally to increasing vocal-fold tension, while (2) the fall of frequency in declarative words is due principally to decreasing subglottal air pressure; (3) in the polysyllabic words, the change of frequency within syllables resembles that of the declarative monosyllables and appears due primarily to changes of subglottal air pressure; and (4) the heightened f0 of the stressed syllable is due to an increase in the vocal-fold tension, typically accompanied by increased subglottal air pressure.", "contents": "Indirect assessment of the contribution of subglottal air pressure and vocal-fold tension to changes of fundamental frequency in English. The contributions of vocal-fold tension and of subglottal air pressure to changing fundamental frequency F0 are indirectly assessed by comparing human glottal-source data with synthetic glottal waveforms generated by the Ishizaka-Flanagan two-mass model of vocal-fold vibration. In this model, synthetic male and female glottal waves may be generated with known values of subglottal air pressure and vocal-fold tension. Human glottal waves were recorded with a reflectionless tube into which ten male and female adults phonated. The subjects produced interrogative (rising F0) and declarative (falling F0) glides and trisyllabic words with primary stress on the initial, medial, or final syllable. Two types of change in the glottal wave over time are possible, depending on whether F0 is changed primarily by vocal-fold tension or by subglottal air pressure. Comparison of the natural and synthetic glottal waves indicates that (1) the rise of frequency in interrogative words is due principally to increasing vocal-fold tension, while (2) the fall of frequency in declarative words is due principally to decreasing subglottal air pressure; (3) in the polysyllabic words, the change of frequency within syllables resembles that of the declarative monosyllables and appears due primarily to changes of subglottal air pressure; and (4) the heightened f0 of the stressed syllable is due to an increase in the vocal-fold tension, typically accompanied by increased subglottal air pressure.", "PMID": 712003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5137", "title": "Multidimensional classification of normal voice qualities.", "content": "This study investigates and acoustically defines some of the perceptual parameters used to distinguish among normal male and female voices. Twenty normal speaking subjects, ten male and ten female, produced speech segments which were paired, randomized, and presented to ten listener judges. The judges rated the similarity of all combinations of voices on a seven-point scale, and these similarities were analyzed by a multidimensional analysis technique, INDSCAL. For each speaker, eight acoustical measures were obtained, and psychophysical ratings of four commonly used descriptive terms were made by ten speech pathologists. These measurements and ratings provided the interpretation of the INDSCAL solution and were also submitted to correlational analyses. The results indicate that, when distinguishing among the voices, the judges gave the greatest weight to the male versus female dimension and its acoustical correlates. The results of both the INDSCAL analysis and the correlational analyses suggest that listeners may use different perceptual strategies to classify male voices than they use to classify females ones.", "contents": "Multidimensional classification of normal voice qualities. This study investigates and acoustically defines some of the perceptual parameters used to distinguish among normal male and female voices. Twenty normal speaking subjects, ten male and ten female, produced speech segments which were paired, randomized, and presented to ten listener judges. The judges rated the similarity of all combinations of voices on a seven-point scale, and these similarities were analyzed by a multidimensional analysis technique, INDSCAL. For each speaker, eight acoustical measures were obtained, and psychophysical ratings of four commonly used descriptive terms were made by ten speech pathologists. These measurements and ratings provided the interpretation of the INDSCAL solution and were also submitted to correlational analyses. The results indicate that, when distinguishing among the voices, the judges gave the greatest weight to the male versus female dimension and its acoustical correlates. The results of both the INDSCAL analysis and the correlational analyses suggest that listeners may use different perceptual strategies to classify male voices than they use to classify females ones.", "PMID": 712004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5138", "title": "Occurrence of glottal stops in fluent speech.", "content": "The use of glottal stops in continuous speech in American English has not been well studied, in spite of the common belief that they may serve as boundary markers. This paper reports the result from measurements of five speakers' readings of four stories, each arranged in both list and story form. Data were analyzed according to the difference in speakers, materials, versions, phonological situations (phoneme sequence and stress situations), grammatical conditions, and frequency of occurrence of words. Results show that higher-level factors such as speaker's reading style and difficulty of material have a strong influence than phonological and grammatical factors.", "contents": "Occurrence of glottal stops in fluent speech. The use of glottal stops in continuous speech in American English has not been well studied, in spite of the common belief that they may serve as boundary markers. This paper reports the result from measurements of five speakers' readings of four stories, each arranged in both list and story form. Data were analyzed according to the difference in speakers, materials, versions, phonological situations (phoneme sequence and stress situations), grammatical conditions, and frequency of occurrence of words. Results show that higher-level factors such as speaker's reading style and difficulty of material have a strong influence than phonological and grammatical factors.", "PMID": 712005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5139", "title": "Theory of binaural interaction based on auditory-nerve data. III. Joint dependence on interaural time and amplitude differences in discrimination and detection.", "content": "This paper is primarily concerned with issues of symmetry-asymmetry in the joint dependence of binaural performance on interaural time delay and interaural amplitude ratio. The predictions of our model based on auditory-nerve data are shown to be inadequate for available data showing asymmetries in interaural time discrimination. Measured detection thresholds for a 500-Hz tone burst masked by wide-band noise are reported for nonunity amplitude ratios and both polarities of delays in order to test for asymmetries analogous to those observed in the time discrimination case. The detection results show only small asymmetries and are not inconsistent with the model. A general discussion of our model and the implications of available empirical results leads to a suggested modification of the model. We show by an example that modifications of the type we are suggesting are capable of describing the detection data and at least the gross trends of the discrimination data.", "contents": "Theory of binaural interaction based on auditory-nerve data. III. Joint dependence on interaural time and amplitude differences in discrimination and detection. This paper is primarily concerned with issues of symmetry-asymmetry in the joint dependence of binaural performance on interaural time delay and interaural amplitude ratio. The predictions of our model based on auditory-nerve data are shown to be inadequate for available data showing asymmetries in interaural time discrimination. Measured detection thresholds for a 500-Hz tone burst masked by wide-band noise are reported for nonunity amplitude ratios and both polarities of delays in order to test for asymmetries analogous to those observed in the time discrimination case. The detection results show only small asymmetries and are not inconsistent with the model. A general discussion of our model and the implications of available empirical results leads to a suggested modification of the model. We show by an example that modifications of the type we are suggesting are capable of describing the detection data and at least the gross trends of the discrimination data.", "PMID": 712006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5140", "title": "Threshold shifts in chinchillas exposed to octave bands of noise centered at 63 and 1000 Hz for three days(a).", "content": "Audiograms were obtained on eight binaural chinchillas trained on a shuttlebox avoidance procedure. Four of the animals were exposed to three successive levels of an octave band of noise centered at 63 Hz: 100 dB SPL (74 dBA), 110 dB SPL (84 dBA), and 120 dB SPL (94 dBA). The other four animals were also exposed to three successive levels of an octave band of noise centered at 1000 Hz: 75 dB SPL (75 dBA), 85 dB SPL (85 dBA), and 95 dB SPL (95 dBA). All exposure durations were 75 h. Little threshold shift (TS) resulted from the lower two exposure levels of the 63-Hz noise band. At the 120-dB exposure level, maximum TS of 43 dB occurred at 2000 Hz. Permanent threshold shifts (PTSs) of 16 dB at 2000 Hz and 11 dB at 1400 Hz were found. Exposure to the three levels of the 1000-Hz noise band produced TSs of 20, 45, and 61 dB at 1400 Hz. The 95-dB exposure level resulted in PTSs of 6 dB at 1400 Hz and 9 dB AT 2000 Hz. The major results were (1) high-frequency hearing loss to a low-frequency noise and (2) that noise bands matched within 1 dBA were not equally hazardous as dictated by damage-risk criteria. The 63-Hz noise band produced nearly twice as much PTS as the 1000-Hz noise band.", "contents": "Threshold shifts in chinchillas exposed to octave bands of noise centered at 63 and 1000 Hz for three days(a). Audiograms were obtained on eight binaural chinchillas trained on a shuttlebox avoidance procedure. Four of the animals were exposed to three successive levels of an octave band of noise centered at 63 Hz: 100 dB SPL (74 dBA), 110 dB SPL (84 dBA), and 120 dB SPL (94 dBA). The other four animals were also exposed to three successive levels of an octave band of noise centered at 1000 Hz: 75 dB SPL (75 dBA), 85 dB SPL (85 dBA), and 95 dB SPL (95 dBA). All exposure durations were 75 h. Little threshold shift (TS) resulted from the lower two exposure levels of the 63-Hz noise band. At the 120-dB exposure level, maximum TS of 43 dB occurred at 2000 Hz. Permanent threshold shifts (PTSs) of 16 dB at 2000 Hz and 11 dB at 1400 Hz were found. Exposure to the three levels of the 1000-Hz noise band produced TSs of 20, 45, and 61 dB at 1400 Hz. The 95-dB exposure level resulted in PTSs of 6 dB at 1400 Hz and 9 dB AT 2000 Hz. The major results were (1) high-frequency hearing loss to a low-frequency noise and (2) that noise bands matched within 1 dBA were not equally hazardous as dictated by damage-risk criteria. The 63-Hz noise band produced nearly twice as much PTS as the 1000-Hz noise band.", "PMID": 712007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5141", "title": "Timbre discrimination in musical patterns.", "content": "Most research on timbre perception has studied isolated tones. This study compares timbre discrimination of isolated tones with discrimination in various musical contexts, both single-voiced and multivoiced. Twelve different contexts were used (four isolated tonal comparisons, four single-voice musical patterns, and four multivoice patterns). Listerners judged whether the timbre remained the same or changed during the trial. Two possible versions of any instrumental timbre differed in the physical information used in their synthesis. Three instrumental timbres were tested in all contexts: clarinet, trumpet, and bassoon. The effects of context upon discrimination varied across instruments. The clarinet and trumpet versions were best discriminated in isolated contexts, with discrimination progressively worse in single-voice and multivoice patterns. The bassoon versions were best discriminated in the single-voice patterns, with equal discrimination in the isolated and multivoice cases. It is suggested that these results were due to pronounced physical differences observed between the spectra of the two versions of the bassoon that were not apparent between the versions of the clarinet or trumpet.", "contents": "Timbre discrimination in musical patterns. Most research on timbre perception has studied isolated tones. This study compares timbre discrimination of isolated tones with discrimination in various musical contexts, both single-voiced and multivoiced. Twelve different contexts were used (four isolated tonal comparisons, four single-voice musical patterns, and four multivoice patterns). Listerners judged whether the timbre remained the same or changed during the trial. Two possible versions of any instrumental timbre differed in the physical information used in their synthesis. Three instrumental timbres were tested in all contexts: clarinet, trumpet, and bassoon. The effects of context upon discrimination varied across instruments. The clarinet and trumpet versions were best discriminated in isolated contexts, with discrimination progressively worse in single-voice and multivoice patterns. The bassoon versions were best discriminated in the single-voice patterns, with equal discrimination in the isolated and multivoice cases. It is suggested that these results were due to pronounced physical differences observed between the spectra of the two versions of the bassoon that were not apparent between the versions of the clarinet or trumpet.", "PMID": 712008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5142", "title": "Model study of Zwicker's \"masking period patterns\".", "content": "Zwicker has demonstrated that the threshold for a high-frequency test-tone burst in the presence of a continuous low-frequency masking tone is a complicated function of the frequency and intensity of the masker and the phase of the masker at which the test tone is presented. \"Masking period patterns\" measured for these stimuli show nonlinear effects in that a high masker levels the threshold of test-tone bursts reaches local maxima at two different phases of the masker. We have investigated the implications of these psychophysical data on a computational model for motion of the basilar membrane. The model consists of a nonlinear mechanical system followed by an additional stage of frequency selectivity (\"second filter\"). The output of the model is applied as input to a threshold-level detector. With this model it is possible to reproduce the effects Zwicker observed. Masking period patterns are interpreted as a manifestation of two-tone suppression. On the basis of our computer simulation of Zwicker's psychophysical data, we make the following specific predictions concerning the nature of mechanical to neural transduction at the auditory periphery: (1) Membrane motion in one direction produces a nonlinear increase in the loss term, while membrane motion in the other direction does not. (2) The direction of membrane motion that produces increased loss is also the direction of motion that produces neural excitation. (3) There is a stage of sharpening, a \"second filter,\" between membrane motion and the neural excitatory signal.", "contents": "Model study of Zwicker's \"masking period patterns\". Zwicker has demonstrated that the threshold for a high-frequency test-tone burst in the presence of a continuous low-frequency masking tone is a complicated function of the frequency and intensity of the masker and the phase of the masker at which the test tone is presented. \"Masking period patterns\" measured for these stimuli show nonlinear effects in that a high masker levels the threshold of test-tone bursts reaches local maxima at two different phases of the masker. We have investigated the implications of these psychophysical data on a computational model for motion of the basilar membrane. The model consists of a nonlinear mechanical system followed by an additional stage of frequency selectivity (\"second filter\"). The output of the model is applied as input to a threshold-level detector. With this model it is possible to reproduce the effects Zwicker observed. Masking period patterns are interpreted as a manifestation of two-tone suppression. On the basis of our computer simulation of Zwicker's psychophysical data, we make the following specific predictions concerning the nature of mechanical to neural transduction at the auditory periphery: (1) Membrane motion in one direction produces a nonlinear increase in the loss term, while membrane motion in the other direction does not. (2) The direction of membrane motion that produces increased loss is also the direction of motion that produces neural excitation. (3) There is a stage of sharpening, a \"second filter,\" between membrane motion and the neural excitatory signal.", "PMID": 712009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5143", "title": "Strength of the pitches associated with ripple noise.", "content": "A discrimination procedure was used to measure the pitch strength of the repetition pitches associated with comb-filtered or ripple noise. Pitch strength was measured as a function of overall ripple noise level, the repetition pitch of the noise, and as a function of the center frequency of 1/3-octave bandpass filtered noise. In addition, other experiments were conducted to help determine which parameters should be used in measuring pitch strength when the discrimination procedure is employed. Pitch strength was strongest for pitches of approximately 500 Hz. The stimuli had essentially no pitch strength for pitches below 50 and above 2000 Hz. The strongest pitches were obtained when 1/3-octave filters were placed in a frequency region cented at four times the repetition pitch. Filtering at other center frequencies resulted in a large decrease in pitch strength. These results are consistent with assumptions concerning the dominant region for pitch perception of complex stimuli. The results are also discussed in terms of processing information from reflected sound sources.", "contents": "Strength of the pitches associated with ripple noise. A discrimination procedure was used to measure the pitch strength of the repetition pitches associated with comb-filtered or ripple noise. Pitch strength was measured as a function of overall ripple noise level, the repetition pitch of the noise, and as a function of the center frequency of 1/3-octave bandpass filtered noise. In addition, other experiments were conducted to help determine which parameters should be used in measuring pitch strength when the discrimination procedure is employed. Pitch strength was strongest for pitches of approximately 500 Hz. The stimuli had essentially no pitch strength for pitches below 50 and above 2000 Hz. The strongest pitches were obtained when 1/3-octave filters were placed in a frequency region cented at four times the repetition pitch. Filtering at other center frequencies resulted in a large decrease in pitch strength. These results are consistent with assumptions concerning the dominant region for pitch perception of complex stimuli. The results are also discussed in terms of processing information from reflected sound sources.", "PMID": 712010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5144", "title": "Phase locking in monaural and binaural medullary neurons: implications for binaural phenomena.", "content": "The synchrony of neural impulses in response to low-frequency sinusoids is described for auditory medullary neurons. The results are summarized as follows: (1) In general, neural synchrony is found to improve with increases in intensity and frequency of stimulation for both monaural and binaural neurons when measurements are make in absolute time. (2) An analysis of our population of neurons implies that two separate mechanisms are responsible for the decrease in synchrony found in many neurons as compared to primarylike neurons with high-locking ability. The two mechanisms are convergence of mistimed impulses and electrontonic changes which occur in dendrites. (3) An analysis of binaural vector strength data provides an explanation for physiological differences between cyclic and noncyclic vector strengths as a function of interaural time and reveals the effects of mistimed convergence upon neural synchrony.(4) In contrast to the inferior colliculus, where the neurons discharge best with contralateral leads in time, superior olivary neurons exhibited no such preference. Some discharge best to ipsilateral while others to contralateral leads. This comparison reveals a striking difference in the coding characteristics of medullary and inferior colliculus neurons. (5) Finally, the results are compared with the psychophysically determined difference limens.", "contents": "Phase locking in monaural and binaural medullary neurons: implications for binaural phenomena. The synchrony of neural impulses in response to low-frequency sinusoids is described for auditory medullary neurons. The results are summarized as follows: (1) In general, neural synchrony is found to improve with increases in intensity and frequency of stimulation for both monaural and binaural neurons when measurements are make in absolute time. (2) An analysis of our population of neurons implies that two separate mechanisms are responsible for the decrease in synchrony found in many neurons as compared to primarylike neurons with high-locking ability. The two mechanisms are convergence of mistimed impulses and electrontonic changes which occur in dendrites. (3) An analysis of binaural vector strength data provides an explanation for physiological differences between cyclic and noncyclic vector strengths as a function of interaural time and reveals the effects of mistimed convergence upon neural synchrony.(4) In contrast to the inferior colliculus, where the neurons discharge best with contralateral leads in time, superior olivary neurons exhibited no such preference. Some discharge best to ipsilateral while others to contralateral leads. This comparison reveals a striking difference in the coding characteristics of medullary and inferior colliculus neurons. (5) Finally, the results are compared with the psychophysically determined difference limens.", "PMID": 712011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5145", "title": "Low-frequency neural and cochlear-microphonic tuning curves in the gerbil.", "content": "Average tuning curves of single auditory-nerve fibers are compared with average cochlear-microphonic (CM) tuning curves corrected for electrical filtering of the cochlea. Both the neural and CM data were obtained from Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) with the same acoustic system and similar corrections for middle-ear effects. Under these conditions the CM tuning in the second and third cochlear turns is similar to the tuning of fibers whose characteristic frequencies (CFs) correspond to the CM best frequencies (2.5 and 0.5 dHz). Thus, little sharpening seems to take place for low CF fibers. CM tuning at the most apical electrode position is sharper than expected for frequencies below the best frequency--a result that may be due to the shunting effect of the helicotrema at low frequencies- Previous modeling results have confirmed that apical basilar-membrane tuning may be appreciable affected by the mechanical impedance of the helicotrema. This helicotrema effect may account for the nearly symmetrical shapes of neural tuning curves of low-CF fibers.", "contents": "Low-frequency neural and cochlear-microphonic tuning curves in the gerbil. Average tuning curves of single auditory-nerve fibers are compared with average cochlear-microphonic (CM) tuning curves corrected for electrical filtering of the cochlea. Both the neural and CM data were obtained from Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) with the same acoustic system and similar corrections for middle-ear effects. Under these conditions the CM tuning in the second and third cochlear turns is similar to the tuning of fibers whose characteristic frequencies (CFs) correspond to the CM best frequencies (2.5 and 0.5 dHz). Thus, little sharpening seems to take place for low CF fibers. CM tuning at the most apical electrode position is sharper than expected for frequencies below the best frequency--a result that may be due to the shunting effect of the helicotrema at low frequencies- Previous modeling results have confirmed that apical basilar-membrane tuning may be appreciable affected by the mechanical impedance of the helicotrema. This helicotrema effect may account for the nearly symmetrical shapes of neural tuning curves of low-CF fibers.", "PMID": 712012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5146", "title": "A new approach to the guinea pig auditory nerve.", "content": "A new approach to the guinea pig auditory nerve is presented. This approach, which has several advantages over previous methods, enables stable recordings from primary nerve fibers to be make. Entry to the auditory nerve is through the modiolus via scala tympani of the basal turn of the cochlea.", "contents": "A new approach to the guinea pig auditory nerve. A new approach to the guinea pig auditory nerve is presented. This approach, which has several advantages over previous methods, enables stable recordings from primary nerve fibers to be make. Entry to the auditory nerve is through the modiolus via scala tympani of the basal turn of the cochlea.", "PMID": 712013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5147", "title": "Intensity perception. IX. Effect of a fixed standard on resolution in identification.", "content": "This note reports some measurements of the changes in identification performance that result form presenting a fixed standard before each trial. These measurements indicate that the presence of the standard improves performance for test stimuli in the vicinity of the standard, except when the standard is near the extremes of the stimulus range.", "contents": "Intensity perception. IX. Effect of a fixed standard on resolution in identification. This note reports some measurements of the changes in identification performance that result form presenting a fixed standard before each trial. These measurements indicate that the presence of the standard improves performance for test stimuli in the vicinity of the standard, except when the standard is near the extremes of the stimulus range.", "PMID": 712014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5148", "title": "Two determinants of localization acuity in the horizontal plane.", "content": "An attempt was made to extend the auditory localization model of Searle, Braida, Davis, and Colburn [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 60, 1164-1175 (1976)] to regions beyond the fontal horizontal plane. On the basis of two experiments, it appears that the assumption of acuity independent of angle is not valid for these more extensive regions, although the distribution of error magnitude can be accounted for by a span-specific unitary acuity. However, the assertion by the same authors that acuity is partially determined by the angular size of the speaker span was substantiated by direct experimental test. The results confirm the initial suggestion of Searle et al. that a complete account of the sound localization process must include both span and angular dependencies of acuity, and indicate average error to be a promising measurement technique in resolving this particular problem.", "contents": "Two determinants of localization acuity in the horizontal plane. An attempt was made to extend the auditory localization model of Searle, Braida, Davis, and Colburn [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 60, 1164-1175 (1976)] to regions beyond the fontal horizontal plane. On the basis of two experiments, it appears that the assumption of acuity independent of angle is not valid for these more extensive regions, although the distribution of error magnitude can be accounted for by a span-specific unitary acuity. However, the assertion by the same authors that acuity is partially determined by the angular size of the speaker span was substantiated by direct experimental test. The results confirm the initial suggestion of Searle et al. that a complete account of the sound localization process must include both span and angular dependencies of acuity, and indicate average error to be a promising measurement technique in resolving this particular problem.", "PMID": 712015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5149", "title": "Ultrasound velocity in major bovine blood vessel walls.", "content": "Data on ultrasound velocity, compressibility. and specific acoustic impedance in bovine aorta, pulmonary artery, vena cava, and myocardium are reported and analyzed based on amounts of structural proteins present in these tissues.", "contents": "Ultrasound velocity in major bovine blood vessel walls. Data on ultrasound velocity, compressibility. and specific acoustic impedance in bovine aorta, pulmonary artery, vena cava, and myocardium are reported and analyzed based on amounts of structural proteins present in these tissues.", "PMID": 712016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5150", "title": "A three- to five-year follow-up of the use of the aerosol steroid, beclomethasone dipropionate, in childhood asthma.", "content": "Nineteen asthmatic children treated with the aerosol steroid, beclomethasone dipropionate, were followed 3 to 5 yr. Good control was maintained in all but one child throughout, although 73% have needed 1 or 2 wk of supplementary oral steroids per year for exacerbations. Growth has been along the percentile on which the child entered the study. No serious side effects have been encountered among 41 children treated between 1 and 5 yr with beclomethasone dipropionate. Seventeen percent needed prolonged alternate-day oral steroids, although all but one child did eventually return to good control with beclomethasone dipropionate.", "contents": "A three- to five-year follow-up of the use of the aerosol steroid, beclomethasone dipropionate, in childhood asthma. Nineteen asthmatic children treated with the aerosol steroid, beclomethasone dipropionate, were followed 3 to 5 yr. Good control was maintained in all but one child throughout, although 73% have needed 1 or 2 wk of supplementary oral steroids per year for exacerbations. Growth has been along the percentile on which the child entered the study. No serious side effects have been encountered among 41 children treated between 1 and 5 yr with beclomethasone dipropionate. Seventeen percent needed prolonged alternate-day oral steroids, although all but one child did eventually return to good control with beclomethasone dipropionate.", "PMID": 712019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5151", "title": "The effects of acute corticosteroid therapy for asthma on serum immunoglobulin levels.", "content": "Immunoglobulin levels were followed in 21 nonsteroid-dependent asthmatics who required corticosteroids for an exacerbation of asthma. Twenty subjects who did not receive corticosteroids were used as controls. Baseline IgM and IgE levels were significantly higher in the corticosteroid-treated group. A fall in IgG level, maximal at 2 to 4 wk, was observed in the corticosteroid group, but not in control patients. Similarly, a significant fall in IgA was observed only in the corticosteroid group, maximal at 6 to 8 wk. There was no significant change in IgM levels in either group. Total IgE levels increased dramatically 1 wk after institution of corticosteroids. This was followed by a decrease to baseline or below at 6 to 8 wk. Changes in specific IgE antibody titers as measured by RAST technique revealed similar changes to those seen with total IgE. The results of the study indicate that asthma therapy with short-term corticosteroids can be associated with prolonged depressions of serum IgG, IgA levels and transient elevations of IgE levels, without apparent alterations of IgM levels.", "contents": "The effects of acute corticosteroid therapy for asthma on serum immunoglobulin levels. Immunoglobulin levels were followed in 21 nonsteroid-dependent asthmatics who required corticosteroids for an exacerbation of asthma. Twenty subjects who did not receive corticosteroids were used as controls. Baseline IgM and IgE levels were significantly higher in the corticosteroid-treated group. A fall in IgG level, maximal at 2 to 4 wk, was observed in the corticosteroid group, but not in control patients. Similarly, a significant fall in IgA was observed only in the corticosteroid group, maximal at 6 to 8 wk. There was no significant change in IgM levels in either group. Total IgE levels increased dramatically 1 wk after institution of corticosteroids. This was followed by a decrease to baseline or below at 6 to 8 wk. Changes in specific IgE antibody titers as measured by RAST technique revealed similar changes to those seen with total IgE. The results of the study indicate that asthma therapy with short-term corticosteroids can be associated with prolonged depressions of serum IgG, IgA levels and transient elevations of IgE levels, without apparent alterations of IgM levels.", "PMID": 712020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5152", "title": "Pathology of centenarians. III. Osseous system, malignant lesions, and causes of death.", "content": "This third autopsy study of 23 centenarians (7 men and 16 women) included the pathologic examination of bone, the detection of malignant neoplasms, and the determination of the main and contributory causes of death. (Previous studies concerned the lungs and the cardiovascular, urogenital and digestive systems). The vertebral bone specimens showed definite osteoporosis in 14 of the 23 subjects. In some cases it was associated with kyphosis or scoliosis of the spine or a history of femoral fracture. Eight malignant neoplasms were observed in six patients. Prostatic cancers were found in three of the seven men. All the cancers were well differentiated structurally. Four latent cancers were detected at autopsy. Most of these centenarians died of bronchopneumonia or myocardial fibrosis. Death from a malignant neoplasm was uncommon, and usually the cancer was only a contributory cause. The importance of atherosclerosis prevention is stressed by the fact that atherosclerosis was the basic cause of the cardiovascular lesions that constituted a main cause of death.", "contents": "Pathology of centenarians. III. Osseous system, malignant lesions, and causes of death. This third autopsy study of 23 centenarians (7 men and 16 women) included the pathologic examination of bone, the detection of malignant neoplasms, and the determination of the main and contributory causes of death. (Previous studies concerned the lungs and the cardiovascular, urogenital and digestive systems). The vertebral bone specimens showed definite osteoporosis in 14 of the 23 subjects. In some cases it was associated with kyphosis or scoliosis of the spine or a history of femoral fracture. Eight malignant neoplasms were observed in six patients. Prostatic cancers were found in three of the seven men. All the cancers were well differentiated structurally. Four latent cancers were detected at autopsy. Most of these centenarians died of bronchopneumonia or myocardial fibrosis. Death from a malignant neoplasm was uncommon, and usually the cancer was only a contributory cause. The importance of atherosclerosis prevention is stressed by the fact that atherosclerosis was the basic cause of the cardiovascular lesions that constituted a main cause of death.", "PMID": 712021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5153", "title": "Relative genealogic incidence of certain \"civilization diseases\" in a geriatric population versus pregeriatric groups.", "content": "In a prevalence epidemiologic study conducted in a characteristic submontane area in North Bohemia, the genealogic incidence of myocardial infarction, sudden brain vascular episodes, and malignant tumors was studied in a representative sample of persons aged 70 to 105 years. The incidence was then compared with that in two other samples: 1) men under age 40 with a history of transmural myocardial infarction, and 2) both men and women aged 40--60 who had a stroke. The statistical evaluation was performed according to accepted international criteria (WHO). A significantly lower genealogic incidence of myocardial infarction and sudden brain vascular episodes was found in the geriatric subjects (70--105 years old) who had symptoms of so-called physiologic aging, as compared with the incidence in the younger subjects who had symptoms of so-called pathologic aging. The difference was less clear-cut with respect to the genealogic incidence of malignant tumors.", "contents": "Relative genealogic incidence of certain \"civilization diseases\" in a geriatric population versus pregeriatric groups. In a prevalence epidemiologic study conducted in a characteristic submontane area in North Bohemia, the genealogic incidence of myocardial infarction, sudden brain vascular episodes, and malignant tumors was studied in a representative sample of persons aged 70 to 105 years. The incidence was then compared with that in two other samples: 1) men under age 40 with a history of transmural myocardial infarction, and 2) both men and women aged 40--60 who had a stroke. The statistical evaluation was performed according to accepted international criteria (WHO). A significantly lower genealogic incidence of myocardial infarction and sudden brain vascular episodes was found in the geriatric subjects (70--105 years old) who had symptoms of so-called physiologic aging, as compared with the incidence in the younger subjects who had symptoms of so-called pathologic aging. The difference was less clear-cut with respect to the genealogic incidence of malignant tumors.", "PMID": 712022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5154", "title": "Age-dependent disposition of amobarbital: analog computer evaluation.", "content": "Previously published observations on 4-hour and 24-hour amobarbital blood levels in two groups of subjects (ages 20--40 and over-65) were analyzed with use of an analog computer and literature data for the rate constants of absorption, distribution and metabolism. It was found that the volume of distribution did not change with age, and the increase in biologic half-life from 22.8 hours in the young subjects to 86.62 in the elderly subjects was due to a decreased rate of metabolism. When the one-point method is used, the size of the nightly dose of amobarbital should be reduced in elderly subjects from 200 mg to 50 mg in order to maintain the same steady-state blood levels found in younger subjects.", "contents": "Age-dependent disposition of amobarbital: analog computer evaluation. Previously published observations on 4-hour and 24-hour amobarbital blood levels in two groups of subjects (ages 20--40 and over-65) were analyzed with use of an analog computer and literature data for the rate constants of absorption, distribution and metabolism. It was found that the volume of distribution did not change with age, and the increase in biologic half-life from 22.8 hours in the young subjects to 86.62 in the elderly subjects was due to a decreased rate of metabolism. When the one-point method is used, the size of the nightly dose of amobarbital should be reduced in elderly subjects from 200 mg to 50 mg in order to maintain the same steady-state blood levels found in younger subjects.", "PMID": 712023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5155", "title": "Leisure satisfaction and psychologic well-being in old age: effects of health and income.", "content": "From a study (probability sampling methods) of the response of 74 older adults residing in a high-rise pbulic housing complex, it was concluded that the association between leisure satisfaction and psychologic well-being is substantial and seems relatively unaffected by self-rated levels of health and income.", "contents": "Leisure satisfaction and psychologic well-being in old age: effects of health and income. From a study (probability sampling methods) of the response of 74 older adults residing in a high-rise pbulic housing complex, it was concluded that the association between leisure satisfaction and psychologic well-being is substantial and seems relatively unaffected by self-rated levels of health and income.", "PMID": 712024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5156", "title": "The black aged: a strategy for future mental health services.", "content": "The younger generation of today will become the elderly of tomorrow. The qualitative differences in life experiences of blacks versus whites lead to differences in the manifestations of emotional problems. Thus the need for a special psychiatric strategy for aged blacks in the future. The problems of blacks, regardless of age, are inextricably linked with beliefs regarding illness, health and institutionalized racism. The many psychiatric ghettoes stemming from the depopulation of mental hospitals reflect poor planning and an obvious disregard for the realities of the whole life situations of elderly blacks. There should be an end to living in squalor and being the victims of muggings, rape and all forms of exploitation. Psychiatry should step forward with some careful and significant plans.", "contents": "The black aged: a strategy for future mental health services. The younger generation of today will become the elderly of tomorrow. The qualitative differences in life experiences of blacks versus whites lead to differences in the manifestations of emotional problems. Thus the need for a special psychiatric strategy for aged blacks in the future. The problems of blacks, regardless of age, are inextricably linked with beliefs regarding illness, health and institutionalized racism. The many psychiatric ghettoes stemming from the depopulation of mental hospitals reflect poor planning and an obvious disregard for the realities of the whole life situations of elderly blacks. There should be an end to living in squalor and being the victims of muggings, rape and all forms of exploitation. Psychiatry should step forward with some careful and significant plans.", "PMID": 712025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5157", "title": "Hypochondriasis in an institutional geriatric population: construction of a scale (HSIG).", "content": "The staffs at three extended care facilities identified a group of 10 hypochondriacal patients. The research team asked these 10 patients and 59 controls, 27 questions relating to health attitudes and behaviors. Six items were found to be fairly useful in distinguishing hypochondriacal from non-hypochondriacal subjects. These six items were taken as the Hypochondriasis Scale for Institutional Geriatric Patients (HSIG), and each patient scored on the basis of his responses to these six items. This test proved to be one way of distinguishing between hypochondriacal and non-hypochondriacal groups (P less than .005). However, because of the possibility of false positive results, the scale should be used only to confirm staff suspicions of hyponchondriasis and should not be used as part of the clinical intake procedure.", "contents": "Hypochondriasis in an institutional geriatric population: construction of a scale (HSIG). The staffs at three extended care facilities identified a group of 10 hypochondriacal patients. The research team asked these 10 patients and 59 controls, 27 questions relating to health attitudes and behaviors. Six items were found to be fairly useful in distinguishing hypochondriacal from non-hypochondriacal subjects. These six items were taken as the Hypochondriasis Scale for Institutional Geriatric Patients (HSIG), and each patient scored on the basis of his responses to these six items. This test proved to be one way of distinguishing between hypochondriacal and non-hypochondriacal groups (P less than .005). However, because of the possibility of false positive results, the scale should be used only to confirm staff suspicions of hyponchondriasis and should not be used as part of the clinical intake procedure.", "PMID": 712026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5158", "title": "A high pressure liquid chromatographic method for the quantitation of sub-microgram amounts of zearalenone (F-2) in agricultural products.", "content": "A highly sensitive and reliable method for the quantitation of sub-microgram quantitaties of zearalenone (F-2) residues in corn, corn oil and mixed feed is described. The isolation of this mycotoxin from a mixed solvent extract involves partitioning of the alkali soluble components from a chloroform solution, followed by acidification and extraction of organic components into chloroform, a silica gel column clean-up and analysis by high pressure liquid chromatography using a ultraviolet (UV) detector at 280 nm. The limit of detection of the instrument is shown to be 2.5 ng and that of the method is 100 ppb. The percent recoveries of zearalenone in corn is found to be 72.1 +/- 6.0 at the levels between 0.1 and 1.0 ppm, in corn oil 72.6 +/- 8.8 at levels 0.25 and 1.0 ppm and in pig starter 67.3 +/- 4.5 at 1.0 ppm level. In the case of two field samples, the reproducibility of analysis is very good and the mycotoxin contents are shown to be 11.5 +/- 0.26 and 0.61 +/- 0.07 ppm.", "contents": "A high pressure liquid chromatographic method for the quantitation of sub-microgram amounts of zearalenone (F-2) in agricultural products. A highly sensitive and reliable method for the quantitation of sub-microgram quantitaties of zearalenone (F-2) residues in corn, corn oil and mixed feed is described. The isolation of this mycotoxin from a mixed solvent extract involves partitioning of the alkali soluble components from a chloroform solution, followed by acidification and extraction of organic components into chloroform, a silica gel column clean-up and analysis by high pressure liquid chromatography using a ultraviolet (UV) detector at 280 nm. The limit of detection of the instrument is shown to be 2.5 ng and that of the method is 100 ppb. The percent recoveries of zearalenone in corn is found to be 72.1 +/- 6.0 at the levels between 0.1 and 1.0 ppm, in corn oil 72.6 +/- 8.8 at levels 0.25 and 1.0 ppm and in pig starter 67.3 +/- 4.5 at 1.0 ppm level. In the case of two field samples, the reproducibility of analysis is very good and the mycotoxin contents are shown to be 11.5 +/- 0.26 and 0.61 +/- 0.07 ppm.", "PMID": 712036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5159", "title": "Penetration of soil dust through woven and nonwoven fabrics.", "content": "Several types of fabrics were laboratory-tested for their effectiveness in workers protection to pesticide-laden dust encountered in the agricultural environment. Of the applied less than 100 mesh dust, penetrations through knitted jersey and woven fabrics were greater than 87% and less than 5.8%, respectively. Treatment of woven fabrics with fluorocarbon polymers curtailed penetration by greater than 60%. Nonwoven fabrics allowed less than 0.5% dust penetration. Parathion mixed with 100-mesh sieved dust resulted in increasing \"ppm\" levels with decreasing particle size; extent of parathion conversion to paraoxon was independent of particle size for the sandy loam dust used.", "contents": "Penetration of soil dust through woven and nonwoven fabrics. Several types of fabrics were laboratory-tested for their effectiveness in workers protection to pesticide-laden dust encountered in the agricultural environment. Of the applied less than 100 mesh dust, penetrations through knitted jersey and woven fabrics were greater than 87% and less than 5.8%, respectively. Treatment of woven fabrics with fluorocarbon polymers curtailed penetration by greater than 60%. Nonwoven fabrics allowed less than 0.5% dust penetration. Parathion mixed with 100-mesh sieved dust resulted in increasing \"ppm\" levels with decreasing particle size; extent of parathion conversion to paraoxon was independent of particle size for the sandy loam dust used.", "PMID": 712037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5160", "title": "Isolation and identification of 1,3,5-trichloro-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)benzene (CNP) in shellfish.", "content": "1,3,5-trichloro-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)benzene (CNP), a widely used herbicide in Japan, has been identified in environmental biota for the first time. CNP was isolated from mussel collected in Tokyo bay and confirmed by GC-MS, IR and UV spectra. The level of CNP in the mussel sample was approximately 1 ppm on wet basis.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of 1,3,5-trichloro-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)benzene (CNP) in shellfish. 1,3,5-trichloro-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)benzene (CNP), a widely used herbicide in Japan, has been identified in environmental biota for the first time. CNP was isolated from mussel collected in Tokyo bay and confirmed by GC-MS, IR and UV spectra. The level of CNP in the mussel sample was approximately 1 ppm on wet basis.", "PMID": 712038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5161", "title": "[Contraception before pregnancy. Evolution between 1972 and 1975 in the Rhone-Alpes region (author's transl)].", "content": "The studies was made from two enquiries carried out on women who delivered in June 1972 and 1975 in the Rhone-Alpes region. Contraception therefore dealt exclusively with birth control before a pregnancy. It is clear that contraception has developed significantly: it is practised by 48% of women who were questioned in 1975 as compared with 41% in 1972. There is also a change in the last method used between the two dates: the pill featured in only 17% of all the method used in 1972 and 45% in 1975: on the other hand coitus interruptus went down from 41% to 21%. The spread of the use of the pill is a generalised phenomenon whereas there are several categories of women who do not seem to have used, coitus interruptus less frequently. As far as the social classes are concerned, it is to be pointed out that only non-skilled working-class people have not changed their habits as far as these two methods are concerned. Contraception is practised with more and more success as a method of birth control: on the one hand the number of conceptions which occurred when the women was using a birth control method has gone down from 27% in 1972 to 15% in 1975: on the other hand 51% of those who used a birth control method stopped using it in order to have a baby, whereas in 1972 only 32% did so. Parallel with this evolution, one can point out that the number of women who have 2 or more children has gone down. On the other hand the number of conceptions before marriage and the rhythm of the way the families are constituted has not changed between the two dates.", "contents": "[Contraception before pregnancy. Evolution between 1972 and 1975 in the Rhone-Alpes region (author's transl)]. The studies was made from two enquiries carried out on women who delivered in June 1972 and 1975 in the Rhone-Alpes region. Contraception therefore dealt exclusively with birth control before a pregnancy. It is clear that contraception has developed significantly: it is practised by 48% of women who were questioned in 1975 as compared with 41% in 1972. There is also a change in the last method used between the two dates: the pill featured in only 17% of all the method used in 1972 and 45% in 1975: on the other hand coitus interruptus went down from 41% to 21%. The spread of the use of the pill is a generalised phenomenon whereas there are several categories of women who do not seem to have used, coitus interruptus less frequently. As far as the social classes are concerned, it is to be pointed out that only non-skilled working-class people have not changed their habits as far as these two methods are concerned. Contraception is practised with more and more success as a method of birth control: on the one hand the number of conceptions which occurred when the women was using a birth control method has gone down from 27% in 1972 to 15% in 1975: on the other hand 51% of those who used a birth control method stopped using it in order to have a baby, whereas in 1972 only 32% did so. Parallel with this evolution, one can point out that the number of women who have 2 or more children has gone down. On the other hand the number of conceptions before marriage and the rhythm of the way the families are constituted has not changed between the two dates.", "PMID": 712039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5162", "title": "[Maternal mortality at the Charles Nicolle Hospital Maternity Department in Tunis between 1972 and 1975. With the exclusion of abortions (author's transl)].", "content": "The change in maternal mortality during the time of pregnancy, labour and the puerperium is similar in our department to that reported in many countries. The overall figure for maternal mortality between 1972 and 1975 is 0.54 per 1000 (54 per 100,000 deliveries. This is a halving of numbers as compared with our previous statistics. This improvement can be ascribed to several factors, which are increased in number and quality of medical and para-medical personnel, and the better environmental factors of the inhabitants of the region. On the other hand if mortality is looked at in relationship to aetiology, there has been no change in the order of the causes, which are principally haemorrhage and eclampsia. The former is avoidable in most cases by better prevention and blood replacement, which has to be fought for. The second, in spite of the drop of 50%, remains very worrying. Improvement in the prognosis for the mother depends on measures that are taken such as better equipment of maternity departments and informing and educating pregnant women.", "contents": "[Maternal mortality at the Charles Nicolle Hospital Maternity Department in Tunis between 1972 and 1975. With the exclusion of abortions (author's transl)]. The change in maternal mortality during the time of pregnancy, labour and the puerperium is similar in our department to that reported in many countries. The overall figure for maternal mortality between 1972 and 1975 is 0.54 per 1000 (54 per 100,000 deliveries. This is a halving of numbers as compared with our previous statistics. This improvement can be ascribed to several factors, which are increased in number and quality of medical and para-medical personnel, and the better environmental factors of the inhabitants of the region. On the other hand if mortality is looked at in relationship to aetiology, there has been no change in the order of the causes, which are principally haemorrhage and eclampsia. The former is avoidable in most cases by better prevention and blood replacement, which has to be fought for. The second, in spite of the drop of 50%, remains very worrying. Improvement in the prognosis for the mother depends on measures that are taken such as better equipment of maternity departments and informing and educating pregnant women.", "PMID": 712040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5163", "title": "[Sclerosing tumour of the ovarian stroma. A case history (author's transl)].", "content": "An anatomo-clinical presentation of a benign sclerosing tumour of the ovarian stroma brings the number of such cases reported, as far as we can tell, in the literature to 13. Removal of this tumour from a woman of 26 years of age rapidly solved the problem of her sterility. The patient is in good health more than 6 years after the operation. From the histopathological point of view the tumour is characterised especially by a tissue arranged in intensely vasculaised lobules, which are rich in ballooned-but cells filled with lipids and followed by sclerosis.", "contents": "[Sclerosing tumour of the ovarian stroma. A case history (author's transl)]. An anatomo-clinical presentation of a benign sclerosing tumour of the ovarian stroma brings the number of such cases reported, as far as we can tell, in the literature to 13. Removal of this tumour from a woman of 26 years of age rapidly solved the problem of her sterility. The patient is in good health more than 6 years after the operation. From the histopathological point of view the tumour is characterised especially by a tissue arranged in intensely vasculaised lobules, which are rich in ballooned-but cells filled with lipids and followed by sclerosis.", "PMID": 712041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5164", "title": "[The activity of urinary cystine-aminopeptidase in normal pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Knowing that examining the levels of aminopeptidases in the serum of pregnant women can give us information about normal feto-placental function, we have tried to see if testing for these enzymes in urine of women with normal pregnancies could lead us to a more adequate and easy screening for fetal distress. With this end in view we examined the activity of urinary cystine aminopeptidase (CAP) in a group of 60 pregnant women at different stages of normal pregnancies. This activity was determined on 24 hour specimens of urine collected at different times in pregnancy and the results showed that there were variations from one week to another. As compared with activity in serum in normal pregnancies, urinary activity of this enzyme is raised in the first trimester of the pregnancy and lowered in the last trimester. The explanation of other authors about the possibility of these enzymes with high molecular weights passing into the urine is discussed. Asymptomatic bacteriuria is common in pregnancy, and so it can explain how CAP is excreted in the urine. But this hypothesis has still to be studied and proven.", "contents": "[The activity of urinary cystine-aminopeptidase in normal pregnancy (author's transl)]. Knowing that examining the levels of aminopeptidases in the serum of pregnant women can give us information about normal feto-placental function, we have tried to see if testing for these enzymes in urine of women with normal pregnancies could lead us to a more adequate and easy screening for fetal distress. With this end in view we examined the activity of urinary cystine aminopeptidase (CAP) in a group of 60 pregnant women at different stages of normal pregnancies. This activity was determined on 24 hour specimens of urine collected at different times in pregnancy and the results showed that there were variations from one week to another. As compared with activity in serum in normal pregnancies, urinary activity of this enzyme is raised in the first trimester of the pregnancy and lowered in the last trimester. The explanation of other authors about the possibility of these enzymes with high molecular weights passing into the urine is discussed. Asymptomatic bacteriuria is common in pregnancy, and so it can explain how CAP is excreted in the urine. But this hypothesis has still to be studied and proven.", "PMID": 712042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5165", "title": "[Placental blood flow measured using xenon 133 (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have developed a method of measuring placental blood flow using intravenous injection of Xenon 133, the method being derived from that described by Rekonen. The technique is reliable and without any danger. The measurements were taken in the last 4 weeks of 25 normal pregnancies and 12 where intra-uterine growth was retarded. The placental blood flow is 92.02 +/- 16.34 ml s100 ml per minute in normal pregnancies at the end of which infants with a weight above or equal to the 10th percentile were born (the mean percentile was 46.69 +/- 25.36). The placental blood flow was 52.29 +/- 17.31 ml/100 ml per minute in cases with retarded intra-uterine growth where the infants were lighter than the 10th percentile (mean percentile 5.08 +/- 1.83). The difference between the two groups is highly significant (p less than 0.001).", "contents": "[Placental blood flow measured using xenon 133 (author's transl)]. The authors have developed a method of measuring placental blood flow using intravenous injection of Xenon 133, the method being derived from that described by Rekonen. The technique is reliable and without any danger. The measurements were taken in the last 4 weeks of 25 normal pregnancies and 12 where intra-uterine growth was retarded. The placental blood flow is 92.02 +/- 16.34 ml s100 ml per minute in normal pregnancies at the end of which infants with a weight above or equal to the 10th percentile were born (the mean percentile was 46.69 +/- 25.36). The placental blood flow was 52.29 +/- 17.31 ml/100 ml per minute in cases with retarded intra-uterine growth where the infants were lighter than the 10th percentile (mean percentile 5.08 +/- 1.83). The difference between the two groups is highly significant (p less than 0.001).", "PMID": 712043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5166", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of nonheme celluar iron with ferrocyanide.", "content": "The Prussian blue reaction was evaluated at the ultrastructural level as a cytochemical method to identify ferric and ferrous iron in rat bone marrow and splenic macrophages. Satisfactory tissue preservation and staining were achieved after fixation for 1 hr in 3% glutaraldehyde and exposure for 30 min to Perls's ferrocyanide solution before routine osmication and embedding. The acid ferrocyanide solution formed cuboidal and irregular electron-opaque deposits which localized ferric iron in the macrophage siderosomes and hyaloplasm. When thin sections were directly stained with the acid ferrocyanide, the stain deposits were much less distinct. The size and number of cytes exhibited sparse evenly distributed stain deposits. Several cells displayed abundant precipitates on the inner surface of the plasmalemma. Prussian blue precipitates were occasionally seen in mitochondria and nuclear euchromatin. Although osmium tetroxide post-fixation improved tissue preservation, it did not enhance the density of the ferri-ferrocyanide precipitate. The ferrocyanide solution yielded cuboidal deposits also in clots impregnated with ferritin, and electron diffraction analysis confirmed the symmetrical crystal structure of these stain precipitates. Smaller irregular precipitates were formed in clots impregnated with FeCl3, or Fe2 (SO4)3 solutions, despite the equally interpreted as indicating that the iron hydroxide core or protein structure of ferritin and hemosiderin contributed to the formation of the ultrastructurally evident cuboidal precipitates, but were not necessary for the formation of a colored reaction product. The acid ferrocyanide solution failed to stain clots formed in FeCI2, CuCI2 or CuCI solutions. Staining with a ferricyanide solution identified only sparse foci of ferrous iron in some siderosomes. This study demonstrates that the Prussian blue reaction can be used ultrastructurally to localize iron cations bound to some nonheme iron binding proteins.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of nonheme celluar iron with ferrocyanide. The Prussian blue reaction was evaluated at the ultrastructural level as a cytochemical method to identify ferric and ferrous iron in rat bone marrow and splenic macrophages. Satisfactory tissue preservation and staining were achieved after fixation for 1 hr in 3% glutaraldehyde and exposure for 30 min to Perls's ferrocyanide solution before routine osmication and embedding. The acid ferrocyanide solution formed cuboidal and irregular electron-opaque deposits which localized ferric iron in the macrophage siderosomes and hyaloplasm. When thin sections were directly stained with the acid ferrocyanide, the stain deposits were much less distinct. The size and number of cytes exhibited sparse evenly distributed stain deposits. Several cells displayed abundant precipitates on the inner surface of the plasmalemma. Prussian blue precipitates were occasionally seen in mitochondria and nuclear euchromatin. Although osmium tetroxide post-fixation improved tissue preservation, it did not enhance the density of the ferri-ferrocyanide precipitate. The ferrocyanide solution yielded cuboidal deposits also in clots impregnated with ferritin, and electron diffraction analysis confirmed the symmetrical crystal structure of these stain precipitates. Smaller irregular precipitates were formed in clots impregnated with FeCl3, or Fe2 (SO4)3 solutions, despite the equally interpreted as indicating that the iron hydroxide core or protein structure of ferritin and hemosiderin contributed to the formation of the ultrastructurally evident cuboidal precipitates, but were not necessary for the formation of a colored reaction product. The acid ferrocyanide solution failed to stain clots formed in FeCI2, CuCI2 or CuCI solutions. Staining with a ferricyanide solution identified only sparse foci of ferrous iron in some siderosomes. This study demonstrates that the Prussian blue reaction can be used ultrastructurally to localize iron cations bound to some nonheme iron binding proteins.", "PMID": 712049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5167", "title": "[The antepartum oxytocin fetal assessment challenge test 1,827 case histories. Significance of \"prepathological testing\". \"Results\" (author's transl)].", "content": "We carried out the Oxytocin Challenge Test (or OCT as American authors call it) by injecting 5 m.U. per minute into pregnant women who are suspect of having high fetal risk from the 34th week of pregnancy onwards. The material that we have examined is from 1,366 cases with 1,827 tests. The perinatal mortality over all was 13.17 per thousand of the cases. We have described three types of response: normal (87.44%), pre-pathological (7.77%) and pathological (6.78%). We have concluded that the test has a good prognostic value and point out the significance of the pre-pathological results, which we think have up till now not been accorded sufficient attention.", "contents": "[The antepartum oxytocin fetal assessment challenge test 1,827 case histories. Significance of \"prepathological testing\". \"Results\" (author's transl)]. We carried out the Oxytocin Challenge Test (or OCT as American authors call it) by injecting 5 m.U. per minute into pregnant women who are suspect of having high fetal risk from the 34th week of pregnancy onwards. The material that we have examined is from 1,366 cases with 1,827 tests. The perinatal mortality over all was 13.17 per thousand of the cases. We have described three types of response: normal (87.44%), pre-pathological (7.77%) and pathological (6.78%). We have concluded that the test has a good prognostic value and point out the significance of the pre-pathological results, which we think have up till now not been accorded sufficient attention.", "PMID": 712044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5168", "title": "The alpha-glucan-uridine diphosphate glucosyltransferase reation for the identification of glycogen-depleted muscle fibers.", "content": "This paper decribes the use of the alpha-glucan uridine di-phosphate glucosyl transferase reaction for enhancing the contrast between glycogen depleted and non-depleted muscle fibers in the periodic acid schiff (PAS) reaction. Muscle fiber glycogen was depleted by prolonged repetitive stimulation of single motor units of the extensor digitorum longus muscle from the rat.", "contents": "The alpha-glucan-uridine diphosphate glucosyltransferase reation for the identification of glycogen-depleted muscle fibers. This paper decribes the use of the alpha-glucan uridine di-phosphate glucosyl transferase reaction for enhancing the contrast between glycogen depleted and non-depleted muscle fibers in the periodic acid schiff (PAS) reaction. Muscle fiber glycogen was depleted by prolonged repetitive stimulation of single motor units of the extensor digitorum longus muscle from the rat.", "PMID": 712050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5169", "title": "A photographic technique to increase image contrast in photomicrographs.", "content": "The photographic technique described in this report enables investigators to emphasize image details in low contrast photographs, resulting from under exposure, poor development or low contrast subject matter. The technique is easily carried out in nearly any darkroom facility and is less costly and faster than the more sophisticated methods available today.", "contents": "A photographic technique to increase image contrast in photomicrographs. The photographic technique described in this report enables investigators to emphasize image details in low contrast photographs, resulting from under exposure, poor development or low contrast subject matter. The technique is easily carried out in nearly any darkroom facility and is less costly and faster than the more sophisticated methods available today.", "PMID": 712051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5170", "title": "[A case associating an atypical Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome, an Turner-like dysmorphia with normal karyotype (Ullrich-Nooman syndrome) (author's transl)].", "content": "Full description of the case is given first: an atypical Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome (with absence of both fallopian tubes) is associated with Turner-like dysmorphia (including a Klippel-Feil syndrome), karyotype being normal. The Turner-like dysmorphia of the reported case perfectly fits into a syndrome described by Nora in 1974; this Ullrich-Noonan syndrome helps simplifying the classification of Turner syndromes and related syndromes: transmission is autosomal dominant in most cases.", "contents": "[A case associating an atypical Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome, an Turner-like dysmorphia with normal karyotype (Ullrich-Nooman syndrome) (author's transl)]. Full description of the case is given first: an atypical Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome (with absence of both fallopian tubes) is associated with Turner-like dysmorphia (including a Klippel-Feil syndrome), karyotype being normal. The Turner-like dysmorphia of the reported case perfectly fits into a syndrome described by Nora in 1974; this Ullrich-Noonan syndrome helps simplifying the classification of Turner syndromes and related syndromes: transmission is autosomal dominant in most cases.", "PMID": 712046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5171", "title": "[Uterine ruptures. The experience of 64 cases in Africa (author's transl)].", "content": "Having seen a series of 64 ruptures of the uterus, the author has analysed the reasons for the relative frequency of this dreaded complication in Black Africa (10% or patients had Caesarean sections in the same period. Inadequate medical attention and obstetrical superivision and dehiscence of the uterus because of the still frequently practised procedure of hysterotomy through the uterine body seem to be the principal factors responsible for these ruptures, which still cause heavy mortality (fetal 93%. maternal 17%).", "contents": "[Uterine ruptures. The experience of 64 cases in Africa (author's transl)]. Having seen a series of 64 ruptures of the uterus, the author has analysed the reasons for the relative frequency of this dreaded complication in Black Africa (10% or patients had Caesarean sections in the same period. Inadequate medical attention and obstetrical superivision and dehiscence of the uterus because of the still frequently practised procedure of hysterotomy through the uterine body seem to be the principal factors responsible for these ruptures, which still cause heavy mortality (fetal 93%. maternal 17%).", "PMID": 712047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5172", "title": "Quantitative histological studies on the lateral geniculate nucleus in the cat. III. Distribution of different types of neurons in the several layers of LGN.", "content": "An attempt is made on the definition of proportional distribution of the different types of neurons in the layers of LGN by means of quantitative method. On the basis of nuclear volume, nuclear and cell diameters the different types of neurons were separated according to their size and shape. The ratio of relay and interneurons proved to be 2:1 in all layers of LGN of cat. The proportional distribution of further subgroups of neurons was also defined. The bilateral connections between the relay and interneurons based on initial axon collateral of TCR neurons and on axon terminals and dendritic appendages of INs, are also calculated. The interneurons--in the LGN--have widespread contacts with both types of relay neurons, similarly the relay neurons contact the interneurons. The numerical data of morphological observations are accord with the results of physiologists.", "contents": "Quantitative histological studies on the lateral geniculate nucleus in the cat. III. Distribution of different types of neurons in the several layers of LGN. An attempt is made on the definition of proportional distribution of the different types of neurons in the layers of LGN by means of quantitative method. On the basis of nuclear volume, nuclear and cell diameters the different types of neurons were separated according to their size and shape. The ratio of relay and interneurons proved to be 2:1 in all layers of LGN of cat. The proportional distribution of further subgroups of neurons was also defined. The bilateral connections between the relay and interneurons based on initial axon collateral of TCR neurons and on axon terminals and dendritic appendages of INs, are also calculated. The interneurons--in the LGN--have widespread contacts with both types of relay neurons, similarly the relay neurons contact the interneurons. The numerical data of morphological observations are accord with the results of physiologists.", "PMID": 712053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5173", "title": "[Cervical coagulation (author's transl)].", "content": "Coagulation of the cervix is one of the most frequently carried out gynaecological procedures. All the same, protagonists and antagonists produce numerous arguments about the indications for the operation, the best techniques to adopt and whether it does have any prophylactic action against cancer. The author, in this article, which reviews the arguments and counter-arguments, summarises the opinion of several specialists about this matter. The advice given seems to be very divided as far as the indications are concerned, the author himself reserving coagulation especially for those cervices from which pathological discharges emanate, after he has controlled the state by smears and colposcopy, and has considered atypical epithelia as a contra-indication to coagulation. The variety of techniques in use prove that the problem has not been resolved. To bipolar diathermy coagulation has followed cryosurgery and coagulation at 90 degrees C. Finally, the prophylactic role against cancer is discussed. Whatever the attitude taken, coagulation of the cervix does not mean that follow-up may be dispensed with.", "contents": "[Cervical coagulation (author's transl)]. Coagulation of the cervix is one of the most frequently carried out gynaecological procedures. All the same, protagonists and antagonists produce numerous arguments about the indications for the operation, the best techniques to adopt and whether it does have any prophylactic action against cancer. The author, in this article, which reviews the arguments and counter-arguments, summarises the opinion of several specialists about this matter. The advice given seems to be very divided as far as the indications are concerned, the author himself reserving coagulation especially for those cervices from which pathological discharges emanate, after he has controlled the state by smears and colposcopy, and has considered atypical epithelia as a contra-indication to coagulation. The variety of techniques in use prove that the problem has not been resolved. To bipolar diathermy coagulation has followed cryosurgery and coagulation at 90 degrees C. Finally, the prophylactic role against cancer is discussed. Whatever the attitude taken, coagulation of the cervix does not mean that follow-up may be dispensed with.", "PMID": 712048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5174", "title": "Pricing health services: verification of a monopoly pricing model for dentistry.", "content": "A model of monopoly with constant marginal costs is used to derive a price function for dental services. The implications of the model are tested using data on individual practitioners from a national survey. The implications of the model are met by the data, providing strong evidence of the appropriateness of the monopoly model to analyses of the market for dental services. The empirical evidence also provides substantial information on the determinants of dental fees.", "contents": "Pricing health services: verification of a monopoly pricing model for dentistry. A model of monopoly with constant marginal costs is used to derive a price function for dental services. The implications of the model are tested using data on individual practitioners from a national survey. The implications of the model are met by the data, providing strong evidence of the appropriateness of the monopoly model to analyses of the market for dental services. The empirical evidence also provides substantial information on the determinants of dental fees.", "PMID": 712059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5175", "title": "Qa-2 and Qa-3 antigens on lymphocyte subpopulations. I. Mitogen responsiveness.", "content": "The effects of anti-Qa-2 plus C and anti-Qa-3 plus C on mitogen-induced proliferation were studied. Both of these antisera in the presence of C markedly reduced both Con A- and PHA-induced proliferation while having little or no effect on LPS-induced proliferation. LPS, Con A, and PHA cultures and cultures containing media alone, examined at 72 hr, contained high proportions of Qa-2+ and Qa-3+ cells.", "contents": "Qa-2 and Qa-3 antigens on lymphocyte subpopulations. I. Mitogen responsiveness. The effects of anti-Qa-2 plus C and anti-Qa-3 plus C on mitogen-induced proliferation were studied. Both of these antisera in the presence of C markedly reduced both Con A- and PHA-induced proliferation while having little or no effect on LPS-induced proliferation. LPS, Con A, and PHA cultures and cultures containing media alone, examined at 72 hr, contained high proportions of Qa-2+ and Qa-3+ cells.", "PMID": 712060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5176", "title": "p30-Anti-p30 immune complexes: intravascular clearance and extravascular sequestration in rats bearing Moloney sarcoma.", "content": "Complexes of 125I p30, a viral core polypeptide, and rat anti-p30 antibody, preformed in vitro, were injected into the heart of BN rats bearing Moloney sarcomas (MST) and of BN rats bearing an unrelated tumor or unexposed to tumor. Complexes were cleared from the circulation of MST-bearing rats more rapidly than from sera of controls and were almost completely eliminated after 30 hr. There was no relationship between rate of disappearance and size of tumor or levels of circulating complexes. Disappearance rates in rats with progressing and regressing tumors were similar. Uncomplexed labeled p30 was cleared from the circulation of tumor-bearing and control rats with kinetics similar to those of labeled complexes. Complexes were localized in the spleen of tumor-bearing and control rats, but much more in spleens of MST-bearing rats. No other tissues, including tumor, concentrated complexes, nor was there binding to peripheral blood and spleen cells. The data suggest that augmented clearance and sequestration were due to the formation of large insoluble complexes that were rapidly removed by the reticulo-endothelial system.", "contents": "p30-Anti-p30 immune complexes: intravascular clearance and extravascular sequestration in rats bearing Moloney sarcoma. Complexes of 125I p30, a viral core polypeptide, and rat anti-p30 antibody, preformed in vitro, were injected into the heart of BN rats bearing Moloney sarcomas (MST) and of BN rats bearing an unrelated tumor or unexposed to tumor. Complexes were cleared from the circulation of MST-bearing rats more rapidly than from sera of controls and were almost completely eliminated after 30 hr. There was no relationship between rate of disappearance and size of tumor or levels of circulating complexes. Disappearance rates in rats with progressing and regressing tumors were similar. Uncomplexed labeled p30 was cleared from the circulation of tumor-bearing and control rats with kinetics similar to those of labeled complexes. Complexes were localized in the spleen of tumor-bearing and control rats, but much more in spleens of MST-bearing rats. No other tissues, including tumor, concentrated complexes, nor was there binding to peripheral blood and spleen cells. The data suggest that augmented clearance and sequestration were due to the formation of large insoluble complexes that were rapidly removed by the reticulo-endothelial system.", "PMID": 712062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5177", "title": "Regulation of alloantigen-induced cytotoxic responses by concanavalin A-activated lymphoid cells: suppression by antigen elimination.", "content": "Spleen cells activated by concanavalin A (Con A) and subsequently irradiated with 1500 R were able to suppress the primary in vitro cytotoxic lymphocyte (CL) response of syngeneic splenocytes to H-2 disparate targets. Similarly activated and irradiated BALB/c (H-2d) splenocytes which were cultured with C57BL/6 (H-2b) stimulators for 24 hr developed cytotoxicity for H-2b, but not H-2d, tumor cell targets. This suggested that Con A-activated cells allogeneic to the stimulator might suppress the development of cytotoxic lymphocytes by eliminating antigen early in mixed leukocytes culture. This hypothesis was supported by the observation that suppression of primary cytotoxic responses was overridden by the use of greater numbers of stimulator cells. Moreover, Con A-activated (A X B)F1 lymphocytes suppressed the response of parent A to the H-2 disparate strain C to a much greater extent than they suppressed A-anti-B responses generated in such cultures. Addition of greater numbers of F1 suppressor cells did reveal a suppressive effect not readily explicable on a cytotoxic mechanism, in that modest but significant suppression of the A-anti-B response was observed. Thus, antigen elimination is a major, but not exclusive, mechanism in the suppression of CL responses by Con A-activated cells.", "contents": "Regulation of alloantigen-induced cytotoxic responses by concanavalin A-activated lymphoid cells: suppression by antigen elimination. Spleen cells activated by concanavalin A (Con A) and subsequently irradiated with 1500 R were able to suppress the primary in vitro cytotoxic lymphocyte (CL) response of syngeneic splenocytes to H-2 disparate targets. Similarly activated and irradiated BALB/c (H-2d) splenocytes which were cultured with C57BL/6 (H-2b) stimulators for 24 hr developed cytotoxicity for H-2b, but not H-2d, tumor cell targets. This suggested that Con A-activated cells allogeneic to the stimulator might suppress the development of cytotoxic lymphocytes by eliminating antigen early in mixed leukocytes culture. This hypothesis was supported by the observation that suppression of primary cytotoxic responses was overridden by the use of greater numbers of stimulator cells. Moreover, Con A-activated (A X B)F1 lymphocytes suppressed the response of parent A to the H-2 disparate strain C to a much greater extent than they suppressed A-anti-B responses generated in such cultures. Addition of greater numbers of F1 suppressor cells did reveal a suppressive effect not readily explicable on a cytotoxic mechanism, in that modest but significant suppression of the A-anti-B response was observed. Thus, antigen elimination is a major, but not exclusive, mechanism in the suppression of CL responses by Con A-activated cells.", "PMID": 712063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5178", "title": "The effects of passive immunization with tumor-specific antiserum on the active immune response of mice to sublines of leukemia L1210.", "content": "In vivo, tumor cell killing was monitored with 131I-IUdR-labeled tumor cells and whole-body measurement of retained radioactivity. Treatment with antiserum in quantities that were not sufficient to kill the total leukemia cell inoculum (i.e., antigen excess) caused an immunopotentiation of the active immune responses; this was manifested by an accelerated rate of tumor cell killing beginning between days 10 and 11. The results obtained in vivo were confirmed by in vitro quantitation; both the cytotoxic antibody and cell-mediated immune responses were potentiated by the injection of antiserum. Immunosuppression was also observed in passively immunized mice. Whether potentiation or suppression occurred was dependent on the relative amounts of antiserum and leukemic cells injected and the innate immunogenicity (and/or antigenicity) of the leukemic cells; antibody excess and high immunogenicity favored suppression.", "contents": "The effects of passive immunization with tumor-specific antiserum on the active immune response of mice to sublines of leukemia L1210. In vivo, tumor cell killing was monitored with 131I-IUdR-labeled tumor cells and whole-body measurement of retained radioactivity. Treatment with antiserum in quantities that were not sufficient to kill the total leukemia cell inoculum (i.e., antigen excess) caused an immunopotentiation of the active immune responses; this was manifested by an accelerated rate of tumor cell killing beginning between days 10 and 11. The results obtained in vivo were confirmed by in vitro quantitation; both the cytotoxic antibody and cell-mediated immune responses were potentiated by the injection of antiserum. Immunosuppression was also observed in passively immunized mice. Whether potentiation or suppression occurred was dependent on the relative amounts of antiserum and leukemic cells injected and the innate immunogenicity (and/or antigenicity) of the leukemic cells; antibody excess and high immunogenicity favored suppression.", "PMID": 712064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5179", "title": "Cell-mediated destruction of cells grown on artificial capillaries.", "content": "This investigation was designed to determine the conditions required to assess cell-mediated destruction of target L-cells grown on artificial capillaries. In control cultures that contained L-cells alone, solid nodules with a diameter of 1 mm as well as dense cellular growth could be visually observed by the 12th day of culture. Alloimmune spleen cells from both immunized and normal C57BL/10 mice were shown to be capable of destroying tritiated thymidine-labeled L-cells growing on artificial capillaries. The destruction of target cells grown as monolayers in capillary culture correlated well with monolayer cultures incubated in 16-mm plastic tissue culture wells. When target cells were grown in capillary culture for 5 days before the addition of effector cells, significant destruction by normal effector cells was not observed until the 15th day of culture whereas that mediated by immune cells was observed by the 7th day. The possible effects of cell-culturing conditions on the kinetics of cell-mediated destruction in capillary chambers are discussed.", "contents": "Cell-mediated destruction of cells grown on artificial capillaries. This investigation was designed to determine the conditions required to assess cell-mediated destruction of target L-cells grown on artificial capillaries. In control cultures that contained L-cells alone, solid nodules with a diameter of 1 mm as well as dense cellular growth could be visually observed by the 12th day of culture. Alloimmune spleen cells from both immunized and normal C57BL/10 mice were shown to be capable of destroying tritiated thymidine-labeled L-cells growing on artificial capillaries. The destruction of target cells grown as monolayers in capillary culture correlated well with monolayer cultures incubated in 16-mm plastic tissue culture wells. When target cells were grown in capillary culture for 5 days before the addition of effector cells, significant destruction by normal effector cells was not observed until the 15th day of culture whereas that mediated by immune cells was observed by the 7th day. The possible effects of cell-culturing conditions on the kinetics of cell-mediated destruction in capillary chambers are discussed.", "PMID": 712068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5180", "title": "Suppression of growth of guinea pig line-10 hepatocarcinoma. II. Effect of passive transfer of xenogeneic and syngeneic antibodies and normal lymphoid cells.", "content": "Complete or partial protection against the line-10 hepatocarcinoma was conferred to a significant number of strain-2 guinea pigs by the passive transfer of antibodies reactive to antigens from line-10 cells. Immunoglobulins were administered intradermally and injected sites were subsequently challenged with line-10 cells. Immunoglobulins prepared from the sera of rabbits that had been immunized to line-10 cells and from the sera of guinea pigs that had been rendered immune to this tumor by previously described methods were more effective than immunoglobulins obtained from normal rabbit or guinea pig sera. Protection was abolished if immunoglobulins were absorbed with line-10 cells. Antitumor effects were dependent on the close contact of antibodies and tumor cells. Protection was greater if normal syngeneic peritoneal exudate cells were transferred in addition to the immunoglobulins. A possible mechanism for the antitumor effects observed is that of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.", "contents": "Suppression of growth of guinea pig line-10 hepatocarcinoma. II. Effect of passive transfer of xenogeneic and syngeneic antibodies and normal lymphoid cells. Complete or partial protection against the line-10 hepatocarcinoma was conferred to a significant number of strain-2 guinea pigs by the passive transfer of antibodies reactive to antigens from line-10 cells. Immunoglobulins were administered intradermally and injected sites were subsequently challenged with line-10 cells. Immunoglobulins prepared from the sera of rabbits that had been immunized to line-10 cells and from the sera of guinea pigs that had been rendered immune to this tumor by previously described methods were more effective than immunoglobulins obtained from normal rabbit or guinea pig sera. Protection was abolished if immunoglobulins were absorbed with line-10 cells. Antitumor effects were dependent on the close contact of antibodies and tumor cells. Protection was greater if normal syngeneic peritoneal exudate cells were transferred in addition to the immunoglobulins. A possible mechanism for the antitumor effects observed is that of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.", "PMID": 712072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5181", "title": "Plasmacytomas of the NZB mouse.", "content": "Plasmacytomas were readily induced in NZB mice by three i.p. inoculations with pristane (2, 6, 10, 14-tetramethylpentadecane). In comparison with comparable induction regimens in BALB/c mice a) the latent period for plasmacytoma development was significantly longer in NZB's; b) the frequency of IgA paraproteins produced by NZB tumors was much reduced and that of IgG (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3Y was significantly increased; and c) the frequency of carbohydrate-binding paraproteins was 10-fold lower. There was a high frequency of primary ascites containing more than one paraprotein, but none of 25 such tumors produced more than one immunoglobulin class on serial transplantation.", "contents": "Plasmacytomas of the NZB mouse. Plasmacytomas were readily induced in NZB mice by three i.p. inoculations with pristane (2, 6, 10, 14-tetramethylpentadecane). In comparison with comparable induction regimens in BALB/c mice a) the latent period for plasmacytoma development was significantly longer in NZB's; b) the frequency of IgA paraproteins produced by NZB tumors was much reduced and that of IgG (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3Y was significantly increased; and c) the frequency of carbohydrate-binding paraproteins was 10-fold lower. There was a high frequency of primary ascites containing more than one paraprotein, but none of 25 such tumors produced more than one immunoglobulin class on serial transplantation.", "PMID": 712074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5182", "title": "Membrane proteins of the P388D1 macrophage cell line: isolation of membrane polypeptides that bind to the Fc portion of aggregated IgG.", "content": "Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed cell surface radioiodination was employed to radiolabel membrane polypeptides of a murine macrophage cell line P388D1. Optimal conditions for radioiodination of P388D1 cells were determined and were found to differ from conditions used to label lymphoid cells. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of detergent soluble membrane polypeptides revealed that 9 to 10 molecular species from 1 X 10(5) to 0.15 X 10(5) daltons were labeled. Radioiodinated, Triton X-100 extracted P388D1 membrane polypeptides were subjected to affinity chromatography on aggregated IgG:Sepharose columns. Elution of the bound polypeptides and analysis by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed polypeptides with an apparent molecular size of 8 X 10(4), which possess binding affinity for the Fc portion of aggregated IgG. The 8 X 10(4) dalton membrane polypeptides do not readily aggregate, are resistant to degradation, are not composed of disulfide-linked subunits, and do not appear to contain much carbohydrate. Cellular binding characteristics paralleled the binding of soluble receptor for sieved fractions of aggregated IgG suggesting that these polypeptides may be responsible for the in situ binding of aggregated IgG to P388D1 cells.", "contents": "Membrane proteins of the P388D1 macrophage cell line: isolation of membrane polypeptides that bind to the Fc portion of aggregated IgG. Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed cell surface radioiodination was employed to radiolabel membrane polypeptides of a murine macrophage cell line P388D1. Optimal conditions for radioiodination of P388D1 cells were determined and were found to differ from conditions used to label lymphoid cells. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of detergent soluble membrane polypeptides revealed that 9 to 10 molecular species from 1 X 10(5) to 0.15 X 10(5) daltons were labeled. Radioiodinated, Triton X-100 extracted P388D1 membrane polypeptides were subjected to affinity chromatography on aggregated IgG:Sepharose columns. Elution of the bound polypeptides and analysis by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed polypeptides with an apparent molecular size of 8 X 10(4), which possess binding affinity for the Fc portion of aggregated IgG. The 8 X 10(4) dalton membrane polypeptides do not readily aggregate, are resistant to degradation, are not composed of disulfide-linked subunits, and do not appear to contain much carbohydrate. Cellular binding characteristics paralleled the binding of soluble receptor for sieved fractions of aggregated IgG suggesting that these polypeptides may be responsible for the in situ binding of aggregated IgG to P388D1 cells.", "PMID": 712075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5183", "title": "Studies on immunosuppression by cobra venom factor. II. On responses to DNP-Ficoll and DNP-Polyacrylamide.", "content": "We have reassessed the effects of CVF administration on the humoral responses to two T-independent immunogens: DNP-Ficoll and DNP-Polyacrylamide. With high immunogen doses, little or no evidence of suppression was found. However, when the immunizing dose was reduced, suppression of both IgG and IgM responses became apparent. As indicated in a previous report, the immunosuppressive effect of CVF on T-dependent responses may result not only from C depletion but also from the generation of C cleavage products that may impair the auxiliary contribution of macrophages to the generation of these humoral responses. A similar mechanism may be applicable to the suppression of antibody production to DNP-Ficoll and DNP-PAA in view of recent reports showing a macrophage requirement for the response to these immunogens.", "contents": "Studies on immunosuppression by cobra venom factor. II. On responses to DNP-Ficoll and DNP-Polyacrylamide. We have reassessed the effects of CVF administration on the humoral responses to two T-independent immunogens: DNP-Ficoll and DNP-Polyacrylamide. With high immunogen doses, little or no evidence of suppression was found. However, when the immunizing dose was reduced, suppression of both IgG and IgM responses became apparent. As indicated in a previous report, the immunosuppressive effect of CVF on T-dependent responses may result not only from C depletion but also from the generation of C cleavage products that may impair the auxiliary contribution of macrophages to the generation of these humoral responses. A similar mechanism may be applicable to the suppression of antibody production to DNP-Ficoll and DNP-PAA in view of recent reports showing a macrophage requirement for the response to these immunogens.", "PMID": 712077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5184", "title": "Studies on immunosuppression by cobra venom factor. III. On early responses to sheep erythrocytes in C5-deficient mice.", "content": "CVF administered before immunization can profoundly depress humoral responses in C-sufficient mice. In AKR/JC5- mice given CVF before i.v. immunization with SRBC, only IgG levels were depressed, IgM titers being equivalent to those of untreated controls. The immunosuppressive effect became inapparent when the i.p. route of immunization was adopted. In DBA/2J C5- mice reduction of both IgG and IgM titers was observed irrespective of the route of immunization. The degree of suppression was, however, much more marked when mice were challenged intravenously. Essentially identical results were obtained with C5+ DBA/1J mice. These studies indicate that immunosuppression by CVF is unrelated to activation of the late C components. The significance of these findings is discussed with reference to the possibility that the generation of biologically active C fragments in conjunction with a C3 deficiency may account for immunosuppression by CVF.", "contents": "Studies on immunosuppression by cobra venom factor. III. On early responses to sheep erythrocytes in C5-deficient mice. CVF administered before immunization can profoundly depress humoral responses in C-sufficient mice. In AKR/JC5- mice given CVF before i.v. immunization with SRBC, only IgG levels were depressed, IgM titers being equivalent to those of untreated controls. The immunosuppressive effect became inapparent when the i.p. route of immunization was adopted. In DBA/2J C5- mice reduction of both IgG and IgM titers was observed irrespective of the route of immunization. The degree of suppression was, however, much more marked when mice were challenged intravenously. Essentially identical results were obtained with C5+ DBA/1J mice. These studies indicate that immunosuppression by CVF is unrelated to activation of the late C components. The significance of these findings is discussed with reference to the possibility that the generation of biologically active C fragments in conjunction with a C3 deficiency may account for immunosuppression by CVF.", "PMID": 712078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5185", "title": "Transplantable IgD immunoglobulin-secreting tumors in rat.", "content": "The LOU/C/Wsl rat inbred strain presents a high incidence of spontaneous malignant ileocecal immunocytomas or monoclonal immunoglobulin-secreting tumors. Some tumors have been transplanted in histocompatible animals over years without any change in their secretion products. Among approximately 600 different monoclonal proteins we have studied so far, we recognized six showing properties different from those of rat IgM, IgA, IgE, or IgG classes, and characteristic of the IgD class.", "contents": "Transplantable IgD immunoglobulin-secreting tumors in rat. The LOU/C/Wsl rat inbred strain presents a high incidence of spontaneous malignant ileocecal immunocytomas or monoclonal immunoglobulin-secreting tumors. Some tumors have been transplanted in histocompatible animals over years without any change in their secretion products. Among approximately 600 different monoclonal proteins we have studied so far, we recognized six showing properties different from those of rat IgM, IgA, IgE, or IgG classes, and characteristic of the IgD class.", "PMID": 712079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5186", "title": "A method for measuring desquamation and its use for assessing the effects of some common exfoliants.", "content": "Desquamation has been measured in the past by a counting chamber technique after corneocytes are removed from the skin surface and disaggregated in a dilute surfactant solution. However, we have found that complete corneocyte disaggregation is not always possible when these aggregates are recovered from sites where patent peeling is induced. Corneocyte counting in such instances is difficult or impossible. We have devised a method of measuring desquamation wherein the desquamating cells are determined as the total alkali-soluble protein after they are removed from the skin surface with an inert, self-hardening gel. Highly reproducible desquamation rates are obtained, characteristic of the individual subject. Using some common exfoliants, we show that pharmacologic response, observed as an increase in desquamation rate, is also an individual characteristic.", "contents": "A method for measuring desquamation and its use for assessing the effects of some common exfoliants. Desquamation has been measured in the past by a counting chamber technique after corneocytes are removed from the skin surface and disaggregated in a dilute surfactant solution. However, we have found that complete corneocyte disaggregation is not always possible when these aggregates are recovered from sites where patent peeling is induced. Corneocyte counting in such instances is difficult or impossible. We have devised a method of measuring desquamation wherein the desquamating cells are determined as the total alkali-soluble protein after they are removed from the skin surface with an inert, self-hardening gel. Highly reproducible desquamation rates are obtained, characteristic of the individual subject. Using some common exfoliants, we show that pharmacologic response, observed as an increase in desquamation rate, is also an individual characteristic.", "PMID": 712104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5187", "title": "Effect of occlusion on Trichophyton mentagrophytes infections in guinea pigs.", "content": "The effect of occlusion and griseofulvin on the duration and severity of acute dermatophytosis was assessed in guinea pigs. Sixty guinea pigs given standard Trichophyton mentagrophytes infections were divided into 5 groups: (A) control, (B) intermittent wet occlusion, (C) continuous-wet occlusion, (D) griseofulvin, (E) griseofulvin-continuous-wet occlusion. Lesions were largest in the control group, smallest in the griseofulvin-continuous-occlusion group, and of intermediate area in the other groups. The degree of inflammation and alopecia was not affected by occlusion, but was markedly reduced or eliminated with griseofulvin. Healing of the lesions occurred more rapidly in the griseofulvin-continuous-occlusion group than in any other group. This study suggests that either occlusion of the inoculated site or oral griseofulvin markedly reduces the expected area of the fungal lesion, and occlusion together with griseofulvin shortens the duration of the lesion.", "contents": "Effect of occlusion on Trichophyton mentagrophytes infections in guinea pigs. The effect of occlusion and griseofulvin on the duration and severity of acute dermatophytosis was assessed in guinea pigs. Sixty guinea pigs given standard Trichophyton mentagrophytes infections were divided into 5 groups: (A) control, (B) intermittent wet occlusion, (C) continuous-wet occlusion, (D) griseofulvin, (E) griseofulvin-continuous-wet occlusion. Lesions were largest in the control group, smallest in the griseofulvin-continuous-occlusion group, and of intermediate area in the other groups. The degree of inflammation and alopecia was not affected by occlusion, but was markedly reduced or eliminated with griseofulvin. Healing of the lesions occurred more rapidly in the griseofulvin-continuous-occlusion group than in any other group. This study suggests that either occlusion of the inoculated site or oral griseofulvin markedly reduces the expected area of the fungal lesion, and occlusion together with griseofulvin shortens the duration of the lesion.", "PMID": 712105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5188", "title": "Photoinactivation of cultured skin fibroblasts by sublethal doses of 8-methoxypsoralen and long wave ultraviolet light.", "content": "Cultured guinea pig skin fibroblasts were treated with 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and UVA light. Determination of 3H-TdR-uptake as well as counting of the number of adherent cells was carried out 24 hr later. Incubation of fibroblasts with varying concentrations of 8-MOP (10(-4) to 10 microgram/ml) or 1 to 5 J/cm2 UVA alone showed no effect. When 8-MOP-photosensitization was followed by UVA a dose response was observed. This ranged over 3 orders of magnitude of the concentration of 8-MOP. Changes in irradiation energy produced a higher inhibition of 3H-TdR incorporation as compared to changes in 8-MOP concentrations. Using the same energy of UVA changes in which 3H-TdR uptake was inhibited by 50% showed no loss of plating activity. A fraction of these cells underwent DNA synthesis and division after reseeding. The results indicate that under the dose regimens currently used for the treatment of various skin  disorders a proportion of the cells may become sublethally photoinactivated to undergo division. When reseeded these cells still are able to perform cellular functions such as spreading and attachment.", "contents": "Photoinactivation of cultured skin fibroblasts by sublethal doses of 8-methoxypsoralen and long wave ultraviolet light. Cultured guinea pig skin fibroblasts were treated with 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and UVA light. Determination of 3H-TdR-uptake as well as counting of the number of adherent cells was carried out 24 hr later. Incubation of fibroblasts with varying concentrations of 8-MOP (10(-4) to 10 microgram/ml) or 1 to 5 J/cm2 UVA alone showed no effect. When 8-MOP-photosensitization was followed by UVA a dose response was observed. This ranged over 3 orders of magnitude of the concentration of 8-MOP. Changes in irradiation energy produced a higher inhibition of 3H-TdR incorporation as compared to changes in 8-MOP concentrations. Using the same energy of UVA changes in which 3H-TdR uptake was inhibited by 50% showed no loss of plating activity. A fraction of these cells underwent DNA synthesis and division after reseeding. The results indicate that under the dose regimens currently used for the treatment of various skin  disorders a proportion of the cells may become sublethally photoinactivated to undergo division. When reseeded these cells still are able to perform cellular functions such as spreading and attachment.", "PMID": 712107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5189", "title": "Suppression of sebaceous gland development in laboratory animals by 17alpha-propyltestosterone.", "content": "Topical application of the testosterone derivative 17alpha-propylandrost-4-en-17beta-ol-3-one (Win 17665) caused a dose-related regression of the hamster flank organ and guinea pig supracaudal gland in mature male animals. Histological examination confirmed that this action of Win 17665 was on the size of the hamster sebaceous glands and was reversible on cessation of treatment. Topical application of Win 17665 also counteracted flank organ stimulation by directly applied 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone and 4-androstene-3,17-dione. Seminal vesicle weight was reduced after the repeated subcutaneous administration of 100 mg/kg of Win 17665 but not after repeated oral administration of 320 mg/kg or topical administration of 1 gm/kg of Win 17665.", "contents": "Suppression of sebaceous gland development in laboratory animals by 17alpha-propyltestosterone. Topical application of the testosterone derivative 17alpha-propylandrost-4-en-17beta-ol-3-one (Win 17665) caused a dose-related regression of the hamster flank organ and guinea pig supracaudal gland in mature male animals. Histological examination confirmed that this action of Win 17665 was on the size of the hamster sebaceous glands and was reversible on cessation of treatment. Topical application of Win 17665 also counteracted flank organ stimulation by directly applied 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone and 4-androstene-3,17-dione. Seminal vesicle weight was reduced after the repeated subcutaneous administration of 100 mg/kg of Win 17665 but not after repeated oral administration of 320 mg/kg or topical administration of 1 gm/kg of Win 17665.", "PMID": 712108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5190", "title": "Ultrastructural study of the nuclei in premitotic and repair DNA synthesis following UVB injury.", "content": "Ultrastructural changes in nuclei synthesizing DNA were studied by cytochemical technique. Guninea pigs ears were UVB irradiated and TdR-H3 was injected intradermally into the irradiated sites 1 hr before biopsy. Areas of the epidermis containing more than 80% of cells in DNA (repair or premitotic) synthesis identified by light microscopic autoradiography were selected and cut at  600 A. The glycolmethacrylate sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and consecutive sections were incubated with 0.01% pronase and 0.5% RNase before staining in order to observe DNA. In cells undergoing DNA repair, the zone of DNA became discontinuous and DNA was scattered throughout the entire karyoplasm as small aggregates and fine filaments. Nuclei in S-phase showed essentially the same change, but quantitatively the disappearance of DNA from the nuclear membrane and distribution in the karyoplasm became much greater. These changes were not seen in specimens treated without cytochemical technique.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of the nuclei in premitotic and repair DNA synthesis following UVB injury. Ultrastructural changes in nuclei synthesizing DNA were studied by cytochemical technique. Guninea pigs ears were UVB irradiated and TdR-H3 was injected intradermally into the irradiated sites 1 hr before biopsy. Areas of the epidermis containing more than 80% of cells in DNA (repair or premitotic) synthesis identified by light microscopic autoradiography were selected and cut at  600 A. The glycolmethacrylate sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and consecutive sections were incubated with 0.01% pronase and 0.5% RNase before staining in order to observe DNA. In cells undergoing DNA repair, the zone of DNA became discontinuous and DNA was scattered throughout the entire karyoplasm as small aggregates and fine filaments. Nuclei in S-phase showed essentially the same change, but quantitatively the disappearance of DNA from the nuclear membrane and distribution in the karyoplasm became much greater. These changes were not seen in specimens treated without cytochemical technique.", "PMID": 712109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5191", "title": "A controlled investigation of the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin and tobramycin in obese subjects.", "content": "For determination of the best basis on which to calculate dosages of gentamicin or tobramycin to be administered to obese patients, the pharmacokinetics of these drugs were studied in 13 obese subjects and 13 subjects of a normal weight following intravenous infusion of 1 mg/kg. Half-lives, elimination constants, and absolute and relative volumes of distribution were calculated. Concentrations of drug in serum were significantly higher and relative volumes of distribution were significantly lower in obese subjects as compared with controls. However, relative volumes of distribution based on lean body mass of obese subjects were significantly greater than those of normal-weight subjects. These results indicate that gentamicin and tobramycin are distributed less to adipose tissue than to other tissues, but partial distribution to adipose tissue does occur. The mean relative volume of distribution in obese subjects closely approximated that in normal subjects when normalized body mass plus 40% of the adipose mass was used as the total weight in obese subjects.", "contents": "A controlled investigation of the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin and tobramycin in obese subjects. For determination of the best basis on which to calculate dosages of gentamicin or tobramycin to be administered to obese patients, the pharmacokinetics of these drugs were studied in 13 obese subjects and 13 subjects of a normal weight following intravenous infusion of 1 mg/kg. Half-lives, elimination constants, and absolute and relative volumes of distribution were calculated. Concentrations of drug in serum were significantly higher and relative volumes of distribution were significantly lower in obese subjects as compared with controls. However, relative volumes of distribution based on lean body mass of obese subjects were significantly greater than those of normal-weight subjects. These results indicate that gentamicin and tobramycin are distributed less to adipose tissue than to other tissues, but partial distribution to adipose tissue does occur. The mean relative volume of distribution in obese subjects closely approximated that in normal subjects when normalized body mass plus 40% of the adipose mass was used as the total weight in obese subjects.", "PMID": 712111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5192", "title": "Duration of hospitalization for acute bacterial empyema at Boston City Hospital during 12 selected years from 1935 to 1972.", "content": "The duration of hospitalization for acute bacterial empyema of the pleura was determined for all cases at Boston City Hospital during 12 selected years between 1935 and 1972. Patients whose infection was acquired after admission stayed in the hospital longer than those in whom the empyema, or the infection of which the empyema was a complication, was present at the time of admission. The differences were mostly related to serious underlying disease in the hospital-acquired cases. However, the duration of hospitalization after the empyema was bacteriologically confirmed was not much different in the community-acquired and hospital-acquired cases. Hospital stay was further prolonged in patients whose empyema was superinfected with new bacterial species after the original infecting organisms were determined. Hospitalization was shorter in the 10 selected years between 1974 and 1972, when penicillin and other active antibiotics were used, than in two years before penicillin became available, 1935 and 1941.", "contents": "Duration of hospitalization for acute bacterial empyema at Boston City Hospital during 12 selected years from 1935 to 1972. The duration of hospitalization for acute bacterial empyema of the pleura was determined for all cases at Boston City Hospital during 12 selected years between 1935 and 1972. Patients whose infection was acquired after admission stayed in the hospital longer than those in whom the empyema, or the infection of which the empyema was a complication, was present at the time of admission. The differences were mostly related to serious underlying disease in the hospital-acquired cases. However, the duration of hospitalization after the empyema was bacteriologically confirmed was not much different in the community-acquired and hospital-acquired cases. Hospital stay was further prolonged in patients whose empyema was superinfected with new bacterial species after the original infecting organisms were determined. Hospitalization was shorter in the 10 selected years between 1974 and 1972, when penicillin and other active antibiotics were used, than in two years before penicillin became available, 1935 and 1941.", "PMID": 712112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5193", "title": "Comparative nephrotoxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics in rats.", "content": "Netilmicin, gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, kanamycin, streptomycin, and sisomicin were given daily for 15 days to groups of rats at three dosage levels corresponding to 10, 15, or 25 times the dose recommended for humans on a weight basis. Decreased urinary osmolality and increased urinary excretion of protein and beta-N-acetyl hexosaminidase were dose-related features of nephrotoxicity. Decreased tubular resorption of glucose and phosphate were observed with the most toxic regimens after extensive renal damage had occurred. All aminoglycosides accumulated in renal tissue; however, the concentration of drug in the renal cortex at the time the rats were killed was not useful for the prediction of renal impairment. Streptomycin and netilmicin exhibited a flat dose-reponse curve with respect to histological damage, as compared with the curves for the other drugs. Results of studies of creatinine clearance and examination of renal tissue suggested the following order of increasing toxicity of the treatment regimens: (1) 0.9% NaCl and uninjected controls; (2) streptomycin; (3) netilmicin; (4) tobramycin; (5) sisomicin, amikacin, and kanamycin; and (6) gentamicin.", "contents": "Comparative nephrotoxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics in rats. Netilmicin, gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, kanamycin, streptomycin, and sisomicin were given daily for 15 days to groups of rats at three dosage levels corresponding to 10, 15, or 25 times the dose recommended for humans on a weight basis. Decreased urinary osmolality and increased urinary excretion of protein and beta-N-acetyl hexosaminidase were dose-related features of nephrotoxicity. Decreased tubular resorption of glucose and phosphate were observed with the most toxic regimens after extensive renal damage had occurred. All aminoglycosides accumulated in renal tissue; however, the concentration of drug in the renal cortex at the time the rats were killed was not useful for the prediction of renal impairment. Streptomycin and netilmicin exhibited a flat dose-reponse curve with respect to histological damage, as compared with the curves for the other drugs. Results of studies of creatinine clearance and examination of renal tissue suggested the following order of increasing toxicity of the treatment regimens: (1) 0.9% NaCl and uninjected controls; (2) streptomycin; (3) netilmicin; (4) tobramycin; (5) sisomicin, amikacin, and kanamycin; and (6) gentamicin.", "PMID": 712113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5194", "title": "Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of whole and ether-Tween-split influenza A virus vaccines in volunteers.", "content": "Two separate, double-blind studies were carried out in volunteers to compare the reactogenicity of, and serum antibody responses to, whole or ether-Tween-split inactivated influenza virus vaccines. In both studies the ether-Tween-split vaccines induced a lower rate of reactions. The serum hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) antibody response of volunteers to the A/Scotland/74 component of the split vaccine used in the first study was significantly greater than that following inoculation of A/Scotland/74 whole-virus vaccine. The neuraminidase-inhibiting (NI) antibody responses of the volunteers to each vaccine were similar. In the second study, a markedly better NI antibody response to the influenza A virus component was seen following immunization with split-virus vaccine, but the HAI antibody response to both split and whole vaccines was the same. In both studies the serum HAI antibody responses to the B/Hong Kong/73 component of the vaccines were similar. Challenge of the volunteers with attenuated influenza viruses homologous to the influenza A component of the vaccines showed both types of vaccines to be protective.", "contents": "Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of whole and ether-Tween-split influenza A virus vaccines in volunteers. Two separate, double-blind studies were carried out in volunteers to compare the reactogenicity of, and serum antibody responses to, whole or ether-Tween-split inactivated influenza virus vaccines. In both studies the ether-Tween-split vaccines induced a lower rate of reactions. The serum hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) antibody response of volunteers to the A/Scotland/74 component of the split vaccine used in the first study was significantly greater than that following inoculation of A/Scotland/74 whole-virus vaccine. The neuraminidase-inhibiting (NI) antibody responses of the volunteers to each vaccine were similar. In the second study, a markedly better NI antibody response to the influenza A virus component was seen following immunization with split-virus vaccine, but the HAI antibody response to both split and whole vaccines was the same. In both studies the serum HAI antibody responses to the B/Hong Kong/73 component of the vaccines were similar. Challenge of the volunteers with attenuated influenza viruses homologous to the influenza A component of the vaccines showed both types of vaccines to be protective.", "PMID": 712115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5195", "title": "Cell-mediated immune response to liver tissue antigen and hepatitis B surface antigen after infection with hepatitis B virus in humans.", "content": "The in vitro correlates of cell-mediated immunity to liver tissue antigens and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were studied in groups of subjects with acute and chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and in a population of HBV-seronegative controls. The technique of in vitro lymphocyte transformation (LTF) was employed in these studies. No LTF response to liver-specific antigen and HBsAg was observed in the control population. LTF activity in response to HBsAg was present in 11 of the 14 subjects with acute type B viral hepatitis during the early phase of the disease, and eight of these subjects also had LTF reactivity to liver antigen. During the convalescent phase the LTF reactivity to these antigens usually disappeared. More than 70% of patients with chronic carriage of HBsAg who had elevated levels of liver enzymes showed LTF responses to HBsAg, and a significant number of these subjects also exhibited LTF response to liver-specific antigen. On the other hand, chronic HBsAg carriers who persistently showed normal liver enzyme values (asymptomatic carriers) failed to show significant responses to liver antigen or HBsAg. It is suggested that the persistence of cellular reactivity to liver antigens may lead to the establishment of chronic liver disease.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immune response to liver tissue antigen and hepatitis B surface antigen after infection with hepatitis B virus in humans. The in vitro correlates of cell-mediated immunity to liver tissue antigens and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were studied in groups of subjects with acute and chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and in a population of HBV-seronegative controls. The technique of in vitro lymphocyte transformation (LTF) was employed in these studies. No LTF response to liver-specific antigen and HBsAg was observed in the control population. LTF activity in response to HBsAg was present in 11 of the 14 subjects with acute type B viral hepatitis during the early phase of the disease, and eight of these subjects also had LTF reactivity to liver antigen. During the convalescent phase the LTF reactivity to these antigens usually disappeared. More than 70% of patients with chronic carriage of HBsAg who had elevated levels of liver enzymes showed LTF responses to HBsAg, and a significant number of these subjects also exhibited LTF response to liver-specific antigen. On the other hand, chronic HBsAg carriers who persistently showed normal liver enzyme values (asymptomatic carriers) failed to show significant responses to liver antigen or HBsAg. It is suggested that the persistence of cellular reactivity to liver antigens may lead to the establishment of chronic liver disease.", "PMID": 712116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5196", "title": "Antigenic drift and efficacy of influenza virus vaccines, 1976--1977.", "content": "A unique opportunity occurred in February 1977 to assess the efficacy of an influenza virus vaccine given to military personnel in doses of 400 chick cell-agglutinating (CCA) units of A/Victoria/3/75, 400 CCA units of A/New Jersey/76, and 500 CCA units of B/Hong Kong/72 viruses. After cessation of all influenza virus vaccine administration in mid-December 1976, approximately 200 unvaccinated U.S. Air Force personnel arrived per week beginning February 1, 1977, at Lowry Air Force Base, Denver, Colorado. Arriving unvaccinated personnel were assigned to one of 12 units with previously vaccinated personnel. A sharp outbreak of influenza A occurred on the base during February that was due to an A/Texas/1/77-like virus, a variant of the A/Victoria/3/75 prototpye. Fifty-four cases of influenza A were documented in the student population on the base. During the two-week peak of the outbreak, attack rates were 10-fold higher in unvaccinated than in vaccinated students, and the overall estimate of vaccine efficacy was 80%. Thus, despite animal tests suggesting considerable antigenic drift, a vaccine containing influenza A/Victoria/3/75 virus provided good protection against the variant strain.", "contents": "Antigenic drift and efficacy of influenza virus vaccines, 1976--1977. A unique opportunity occurred in February 1977 to assess the efficacy of an influenza virus vaccine given to military personnel in doses of 400 chick cell-agglutinating (CCA) units of A/Victoria/3/75, 400 CCA units of A/New Jersey/76, and 500 CCA units of B/Hong Kong/72 viruses. After cessation of all influenza virus vaccine administration in mid-December 1976, approximately 200 unvaccinated U.S. Air Force personnel arrived per week beginning February 1, 1977, at Lowry Air Force Base, Denver, Colorado. Arriving unvaccinated personnel were assigned to one of 12 units with previously vaccinated personnel. A sharp outbreak of influenza A occurred on the base during February that was due to an A/Texas/1/77-like virus, a variant of the A/Victoria/3/75 prototpye. Fifty-four cases of influenza A were documented in the student population on the base. During the two-week peak of the outbreak, attack rates were 10-fold higher in unvaccinated than in vaccinated students, and the overall estimate of vaccine efficacy was 80%. Thus, despite animal tests suggesting considerable antigenic drift, a vaccine containing influenza A/Victoria/3/75 virus provided good protection against the variant strain.", "PMID": 712117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5197", "title": "Behavior of respiratory syncytial virus in piglet tracheal organ culture.", "content": "Piglet tracheal organ cultures were infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and observed for 21 days. Light and immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated destruction of the ciliated epithelial cells and the presence of viral antigens in the epithelium. Virus was shed in high titer for 12--19 days. Ciliostasis could be quantitated, and it was shown that several strains of RSV grew and damaged tracheal organ cultures in a similar fashion. A temperature-sensitive mutant of RSV, ts-1, was examined at permissive (33 C) and restrictive (37 C) temperatures. This mutant, although somewhat attenuated at 37 C, was still found to cause damage to the ciliated epithelium and to replicate at both temperatures. THIS BEHAVIOR IS SIMILAR TO THAT AFTER INOCULATION OF TS-1 INTO VOLUNTEERS. This in vitro model may prove useful in the study of RSV disease and in the evaluation of candidate live virus vaccines.", "contents": "Behavior of respiratory syncytial virus in piglet tracheal organ culture. Piglet tracheal organ cultures were infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and observed for 21 days. Light and immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated destruction of the ciliated epithelial cells and the presence of viral antigens in the epithelium. Virus was shed in high titer for 12--19 days. Ciliostasis could be quantitated, and it was shown that several strains of RSV grew and damaged tracheal organ cultures in a similar fashion. A temperature-sensitive mutant of RSV, ts-1, was examined at permissive (33 C) and restrictive (37 C) temperatures. This mutant, although somewhat attenuated at 37 C, was still found to cause damage to the ciliated epithelium and to replicate at both temperatures. THIS BEHAVIOR IS SIMILAR TO THAT AFTER INOCULATION OF TS-1 INTO VOLUNTEERS. This in vitro model may prove useful in the study of RSV disease and in the evaluation of candidate live virus vaccines.", "PMID": 712118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5198", "title": "Prediction of efficacy of antimicrobial agents in treatment of infections due to Chlamydia trachomatis.", "content": "Although Chlamydia trachomatis is readily eradicated by systemic therapy in patients with acute urethritis, systemic therapy is less satisfactory in treatment of chronic trachoma. The activities of antimicrobial agents against C. trachomatis in cell cultures when the antimicrobial agents are added 1 hr after the C. trachomatis (minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC]) predicts efficacy of the drugs in the treatment of urethritis but does not necessarily predict efficacy in the treatment of chronic ocular trachoma. Concentrations of antimicrobial agents required to eradicate C. trachomatis when the agents were added 48 hr after inoculation of the cell cultures with C. trachomatis exceeded the MIC by several logarithms, and minocycline, doxycycline, and rifampin were markedly more active than tetracycline, erythromycin, or several other antimicrobial agents. Of the three most active antimicrobial agents, only doxycycline has been used systemically to treat ocular infections due to C. trachomatis, and it has been reported to be the most effective antimicrobial agent that has been utilized. In vitro testing of obligate intracellular pathogens such as C. trachomatis presents unique problems. Utilization of several methods of testing may help to identify antimicrobial agents with improved clinical efficacy, particularly in the treatment of ocular trachoma.", "contents": "Prediction of efficacy of antimicrobial agents in treatment of infections due to Chlamydia trachomatis. Although Chlamydia trachomatis is readily eradicated by systemic therapy in patients with acute urethritis, systemic therapy is less satisfactory in treatment of chronic trachoma. The activities of antimicrobial agents against C. trachomatis in cell cultures when the antimicrobial agents are added 1 hr after the C. trachomatis (minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC]) predicts efficacy of the drugs in the treatment of urethritis but does not necessarily predict efficacy in the treatment of chronic ocular trachoma. Concentrations of antimicrobial agents required to eradicate C. trachomatis when the agents were added 48 hr after inoculation of the cell cultures with C. trachomatis exceeded the MIC by several logarithms, and minocycline, doxycycline, and rifampin were markedly more active than tetracycline, erythromycin, or several other antimicrobial agents. Of the three most active antimicrobial agents, only doxycycline has been used systemically to treat ocular infections due to C. trachomatis, and it has been reported to be the most effective antimicrobial agent that has been utilized. In vitro testing of obligate intracellular pathogens such as C. trachomatis presents unique problems. Utilization of several methods of testing may help to identify antimicrobial agents with improved clinical efficacy, particularly in the treatment of ocular trachoma.", "PMID": 712119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5199", "title": "Mechanisms of maternal-fetal transmission of hepatitis B virus.", "content": "In a prospective study of maternal-fetal transmission of hepatitis B virus in 125 healthy mothers who were carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), preliminary results showed that the most important determinant in such transmission was the presence of hepatitis B e antigen in the mother. HBsAg was detectable by solid-phase radioimmunoassay in 33% of amniotic fluid samples, 50% of cord blood samples, 71% of breast milk samples, and 95.3% of samples of gastric contents from newborns. The presence of HBsAg in gastric aspirate from the infants immediately after birth in almost all cases suggests a universal mechanism of infection by the oral route during delivery. In light of these findings, precautions such as possible elective cesarean section, routine gastric aspiration of the newborn, avoidance of breast-feeding, etc., should be taken to avoid perinatal transmission.", "contents": "Mechanisms of maternal-fetal transmission of hepatitis B virus. In a prospective study of maternal-fetal transmission of hepatitis B virus in 125 healthy mothers who were carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), preliminary results showed that the most important determinant in such transmission was the presence of hepatitis B e antigen in the mother. HBsAg was detectable by solid-phase radioimmunoassay in 33% of amniotic fluid samples, 50% of cord blood samples, 71% of breast milk samples, and 95.3% of samples of gastric contents from newborns. The presence of HBsAg in gastric aspirate from the infants immediately after birth in almost all cases suggests a universal mechanism of infection by the oral route during delivery. In light of these findings, precautions such as possible elective cesarean section, routine gastric aspiration of the newborn, avoidance of breast-feeding, etc., should be taken to avoid perinatal transmission.", "PMID": 712120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5200", "title": "Differences in antibodies to the surface components of mumps virus after immunization with formalin-inactivated and live vaccines.", "content": "Military recruits with or without antibodies to mumps virus were immunized with live or formalin-inactivated mumps virus vaccines. Antibodies to the two major surface components of the virus, the hemagglutinin and the hemolysin, were identified separately. Immunization with the live vaccine did not change the humoral immunity in individuals with detectable antibodies. In seronegative recruits immunization with the live vaccine induced an antibody response against both the hemagglutinin and the hemolysin corresponding to the quality of the immune response after natural infection. In contrast, the formalin-inactivated vaccine only induced an antibody response against the hemagglutinin. This effect was found after immunization of both seronegative and seropositive individuals. The latter displayed a selective boosting of titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody. These findings may have relevance for the interpretation of the short-lived immunity after the use of formalin-inactivated mumps vaccine without repeated boosting.", "contents": "Differences in antibodies to the surface components of mumps virus after immunization with formalin-inactivated and live vaccines. Military recruits with or without antibodies to mumps virus were immunized with live or formalin-inactivated mumps virus vaccines. Antibodies to the two major surface components of the virus, the hemagglutinin and the hemolysin, were identified separately. Immunization with the live vaccine did not change the humoral immunity in individuals with detectable antibodies. In seronegative recruits immunization with the live vaccine induced an antibody response against both the hemagglutinin and the hemolysin corresponding to the quality of the immune response after natural infection. In contrast, the formalin-inactivated vaccine only induced an antibody response against the hemagglutinin. This effect was found after immunization of both seronegative and seropositive individuals. The latter displayed a selective boosting of titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody. These findings may have relevance for the interpretation of the short-lived immunity after the use of formalin-inactivated mumps vaccine without repeated boosting.", "PMID": 712121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5201", "title": "In vitro invasiveness of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from children with diarrhea.", "content": "The invasiveness of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from the feces of children with diarrhea was assayed in cultured human epithelial (HEp-2) cells. Twenty-one of 24 strains were invasive under the test conditions. Infection with Y. enterocolitica was characterized clinically by exudative diarrhea in 11 cases. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes were demonstrated in the feces from all three cases of exudative diarrhea studied. The results suggest a correlation between enteroinvasiveness of Y. enterocolitica, presence of leukocytes in feces, and clinical exudative diarrhea.", "contents": "In vitro invasiveness of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from children with diarrhea. The invasiveness of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from the feces of children with diarrhea was assayed in cultured human epithelial (HEp-2) cells. Twenty-one of 24 strains were invasive under the test conditions. Infection with Y. enterocolitica was characterized clinically by exudative diarrhea in 11 cases. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes were demonstrated in the feces from all three cases of exudative diarrhea studied. The results suggest a correlation between enteroinvasiveness of Y. enterocolitica, presence of leukocytes in feces, and clinical exudative diarrhea.", "PMID": 712122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5202", "title": "Identification of a swine influenza virus (Hsw1N1) isolated from a duck in Hong Kong.", "content": "An influenza A virus isolated from a duck during a recent surveillance study on commercial poultry from the People's Republic of China and the New Territories, Hong Kong, was shown to possess Hswl antigens related to that of the swine (Hsw1N1) influenza virus. The isolation of an Hsw1N1 influenza virus from ducks indicates that avian species, as well as pigs, may serve as a reservoir of this potential pathogen for humans. The virus was avirulent for ducks, turkeys, chickens, and pigs.", "contents": "Identification of a swine influenza virus (Hsw1N1) isolated from a duck in Hong Kong. An influenza A virus isolated from a duck during a recent surveillance study on commercial poultry from the People's Republic of China and the New Territories, Hong Kong, was shown to possess Hswl antigens related to that of the swine (Hsw1N1) influenza virus. The isolation of an Hsw1N1 influenza virus from ducks indicates that avian species, as well as pigs, may serve as a reservoir of this potential pathogen for humans. The virus was avirulent for ducks, turkeys, chickens, and pigs.", "PMID": 712123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5203", "title": "Chloramphenicol: an impatient study of use and abuse.", "content": "During a six-month period, chloramphenicol was administered systemically to 100 patients and topically to 24 patients who were admitted to the Medical Center Hospital of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont. Seventy-nine percent of the patients receiving the drug systemically were on surgical services, 13% were on the pediatric service, and 8% were on the medical service. In this group, chloramphenicol was administered appropriately in 60.4% of cases as follows: 57.5% on the surgical, 50% on the medical, and 84.6% on the pediatric services. In 19 of 35 instances of inappropriate use on the surgical services, a potentially less toxic antibiotic could have been chosen. Eight cases were treated inappropriately because of dosage errors, and in seven cases no antibiotic should have been used. On the medical services all inappropriate use was due to underdosage, and on the pediatric service there was one case of incorrect dosage and one instance in which a less toxic antibiotic could have been chosen. Ophthalmological use of the drug accounted for all topical use. Of 24 patients treated, 21 received the drug for prophylaxis and three for therapy.", "contents": "Chloramphenicol: an impatient study of use and abuse. During a six-month period, chloramphenicol was administered systemically to 100 patients and topically to 24 patients who were admitted to the Medical Center Hospital of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont. Seventy-nine percent of the patients receiving the drug systemically were on surgical services, 13% were on the pediatric service, and 8% were on the medical service. In this group, chloramphenicol was administered appropriately in 60.4% of cases as follows: 57.5% on the surgical, 50% on the medical, and 84.6% on the pediatric services. In 19 of 35 instances of inappropriate use on the surgical services, a potentially less toxic antibiotic could have been chosen. Eight cases were treated inappropriately because of dosage errors, and in seven cases no antibiotic should have been used. On the medical services all inappropriate use was due to underdosage, and on the pediatric service there was one case of incorrect dosage and one instance in which a less toxic antibiotic could have been chosen. Ophthalmological use of the drug accounted for all topical use. Of 24 patients treated, 21 received the drug for prophylaxis and three for therapy.", "PMID": 712124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5204", "title": "Remissions induced in hereditary angioneurotic edema with an attenuated androgen (danazol): correlation between concentrations of C1-inhibitor and the forth and second components of complement.", "content": "Serum concentrations of antigenic and functional C1-INH increased in patients in whom remissions from attacks of HANE were induced with danazol. The levels of C4 were directly related to serum concentrations of C1-INH antigens up to a concentration of about half the C1-INH found in normal plasma; at this point, the C4 concentrations were in the normal range and no longer correlated well with C1-INH concentration. Serum C2 levels correlated less well with C1-INH concentration. In normal serum there was a poor correlation between C1-INH, C4, and C2 levels, suggesting that C1-INH is normally present in excess of the amount needed for normal C4 levels. The increments in serum C1-INH were related to the dose of danazol.", "contents": "Remissions induced in hereditary angioneurotic edema with an attenuated androgen (danazol): correlation between concentrations of C1-inhibitor and the forth and second components of complement. Serum concentrations of antigenic and functional C1-INH increased in patients in whom remissions from attacks of HANE were induced with danazol. The levels of C4 were directly related to serum concentrations of C1-INH antigens up to a concentration of about half the C1-INH found in normal plasma; at this point, the C4 concentrations were in the normal range and no longer correlated well with C1-INH concentration. Serum C2 levels correlated less well with C1-INH concentration. In normal serum there was a poor correlation between C1-INH, C4, and C2 levels, suggesting that C1-INH is normally present in excess of the amount needed for normal C4 levels. The increments in serum C1-INH were related to the dose of danazol.", "PMID": 712189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5205", "title": "Modification of experimental renal hypertension in the rat by indomethacin and hydralazine.", "content": "The effects of pretreatment with l, H, and a combination, Hl, were assessed in rats made hypertensive by LRA. SBP, PRA, and urinary sodium and potassium excretion were measured 7 days and 1 day before LRA and 2 and 7 days after LRA on a fixed sodium diet. SBP increased 2 days after LRA in C rats, l- and Hl-treated rats but not in H-treated rats. The elevation of SBP was higher in the l group than in the C group. Hl showed a greater increase than H but less than C. PRA levels did not correlate with changes in SBP. PRA first increased 7 days after LRA. A highly significant decrease in sodium and potassium excretion was observed 7 days after LRA in C and l-treated rats. The data suggest that hydralazine may control blood pressure in this model by preventing sodium retention or, alternatively, that it may reduce blood pressure by direct peripheral vasodilation. Since natriuresis and vasodilation are two well-known effects of PGs, the results are compatible with the possibility that l exerted its noxious effect by inhibiting the synthesis of these compounds. It is also suggested by these studies that the renin angiotensin system does not play a central role in the acceleration of hypertension after l administration.", "contents": "Modification of experimental renal hypertension in the rat by indomethacin and hydralazine. The effects of pretreatment with l, H, and a combination, Hl, were assessed in rats made hypertensive by LRA. SBP, PRA, and urinary sodium and potassium excretion were measured 7 days and 1 day before LRA and 2 and 7 days after LRA on a fixed sodium diet. SBP increased 2 days after LRA in C rats, l- and Hl-treated rats but not in H-treated rats. The elevation of SBP was higher in the l group than in the C group. Hl showed a greater increase than H but less than C. PRA levels did not correlate with changes in SBP. PRA first increased 7 days after LRA. A highly significant decrease in sodium and potassium excretion was observed 7 days after LRA in C and l-treated rats. The data suggest that hydralazine may control blood pressure in this model by preventing sodium retention or, alternatively, that it may reduce blood pressure by direct peripheral vasodilation. Since natriuresis and vasodilation are two well-known effects of PGs, the results are compatible with the possibility that l exerted its noxious effect by inhibiting the synthesis of these compounds. It is also suggested by these studies that the renin angiotensin system does not play a central role in the acceleration of hypertension after l administration.", "PMID": 712191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5206", "title": "Rheumatoid factor interference with the latex agglutination test for fibrin degradation products.", "content": "The latex agglutination test for FDP is widely employed clinically to aid in the diagnosis of DIC and other conditions. Of sera containing RF, 93% demonstrated positive FDP latex agglutination tests. Reducing agents in all instances destroyed the RF agglutinating capability. Futhermore, 86% of sera positive for FDP and RF became FDP-negative following reduction. Therefore RF was responsible for false-positive FDP latex agglutination tests in the majority of patients. Reduction of patient sera is a rapid, simple method to distinguish a positive FDP test from a false-positive due to RF.", "contents": "Rheumatoid factor interference with the latex agglutination test for fibrin degradation products. The latex agglutination test for FDP is widely employed clinically to aid in the diagnosis of DIC and other conditions. Of sera containing RF, 93% demonstrated positive FDP latex agglutination tests. Reducing agents in all instances destroyed the RF agglutinating capability. Futhermore, 86% of sera positive for FDP and RF became FDP-negative following reduction. Therefore RF was responsible for false-positive FDP latex agglutination tests in the majority of patients. Reduction of patient sera is a rapid, simple method to distinguish a positive FDP test from a false-positive due to RF.", "PMID": 712192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5207", "title": "Effects of iron on the absorption and retention of lead.", "content": "An inverse relationship between lead retention and dietary iron content has been suspected for many years, but the reasons for this association remained unknown. In rats, the state of body iron repletion had significant effects on the absorption of lead but no effect on lead excretion. Intraluminal iron decreased the absorption of test doses of lead from the small intestine in a dose-related manner. We postulated that this occurred because the two metals competed for similar binding sites on intestinal mucosal proteins which were important in the absorptive process. In vivo, both lead and iron bound to two heat-stable intestinal mucosal fractions, particularly the higher-molecular-weight fraction. Addition of iron to test doses of lead markedly diminished the amount of lead bound by the high-molecular-weight fraction. Further investigation revealed that this fraction, with a molecular weight of approximately 370,000, bound both lead and iron. Shared binding sites on this protein may explain why dietary iron decreased lead absorption and iron deficiency increased it.", "contents": "Effects of iron on the absorption and retention of lead. An inverse relationship between lead retention and dietary iron content has been suspected for many years, but the reasons for this association remained unknown. In rats, the state of body iron repletion had significant effects on the absorption of lead but no effect on lead excretion. Intraluminal iron decreased the absorption of test doses of lead from the small intestine in a dose-related manner. We postulated that this occurred because the two metals competed for similar binding sites on intestinal mucosal proteins which were important in the absorptive process. In vivo, both lead and iron bound to two heat-stable intestinal mucosal fractions, particularly the higher-molecular-weight fraction. Addition of iron to test doses of lead markedly diminished the amount of lead bound by the high-molecular-weight fraction. Further investigation revealed that this fraction, with a molecular weight of approximately 370,000, bound both lead and iron. Shared binding sites on this protein may explain why dietary iron decreased lead absorption and iron deficiency increased it.", "PMID": 712193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5208", "title": "Migration of leukocytes to human nasal mucosa.", "content": "In order to perform their antimicrobial function PMN must be able to migrate from capillaries to tissues and mucusal surfaces. We found that cellophane squares placed against the nasal septum can stimulate a local cellular response resulting in the migration of granulocytes to the surface of the squares. Upon removal of the squares, adherent cells can be stained, identified, and quantitated. Studies in which the cellophane squares are left against the septum for 5 min reveal a dense monolayer of granulocytes (greater than 6 per 70 micrometer2) on only 7% +/- 2 of the surface of the square. After 2 hr against the nasal septum, a dense monolayer of granulocytes was found on 87% +/- 10 of the surface of the cellophane square. This technique provides a simple and noninvasive method for in vivo measurement of leukocyte migration.", "contents": "Migration of leukocytes to human nasal mucosa. In order to perform their antimicrobial function PMN must be able to migrate from capillaries to tissues and mucusal surfaces. We found that cellophane squares placed against the nasal septum can stimulate a local cellular response resulting in the migration of granulocytes to the surface of the squares. Upon removal of the squares, adherent cells can be stained, identified, and quantitated. Studies in which the cellophane squares are left against the septum for 5 min reveal a dense monolayer of granulocytes (greater than 6 per 70 micrometer2) on only 7% +/- 2 of the surface of the square. After 2 hr against the nasal septum, a dense monolayer of granulocytes was found on 87% +/- 10 of the surface of the cellophane square. This technique provides a simple and noninvasive method for in vivo measurement of leukocyte migration.", "PMID": 712195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5209", "title": "Temporal relationships between urinary salt retention and altered systemic hemodynamics in dogs with experimental cirrhosis.", "content": "In the present study, we undertook to examine the relationship between urinary sodium retention and systemic hemodynamics in dogs with experimental portal cirrhosis induced by the sporadic feeding of dimethylnitrosamine. Sodium handling was studied by blanace techniques; plasma volume was measured serially with Evan's blue; and CO, blood pressure, CVP, and PVR were monitored through indwelling catheters. Six dogs were studied while standing quietly in a Pavlov sling, in a serial fashion starting 4 weeks after drug administration and continuing for some 3 months thereafter, until all dogs developed cirrhosis and ascites. Urinary sodium retention commenced generally between the ninth to twelfth week following the initation of treatment, but renal perfusion remained normal. Plasma volume expansion was noted within 1 week following the onset of sodium retention. Ascites was generally detected about 2 weeks following the initiation of sodium retention. No alteration in CO or PVR could be detected until ascites was present in significant amount. At that time, CO rose and PVR fell by about 20%. ABP tended to fall during the period of observation, but this was not significant. The initiation of sodium retention in this canine model does not depend on antecedent changes in CO or PVR.", "contents": "Temporal relationships between urinary salt retention and altered systemic hemodynamics in dogs with experimental cirrhosis. In the present study, we undertook to examine the relationship between urinary sodium retention and systemic hemodynamics in dogs with experimental portal cirrhosis induced by the sporadic feeding of dimethylnitrosamine. Sodium handling was studied by blanace techniques; plasma volume was measured serially with Evan's blue; and CO, blood pressure, CVP, and PVR were monitored through indwelling catheters. Six dogs were studied while standing quietly in a Pavlov sling, in a serial fashion starting 4 weeks after drug administration and continuing for some 3 months thereafter, until all dogs developed cirrhosis and ascites. Urinary sodium retention commenced generally between the ninth to twelfth week following the initation of treatment, but renal perfusion remained normal. Plasma volume expansion was noted within 1 week following the onset of sodium retention. Ascites was generally detected about 2 weeks following the initiation of sodium retention. No alteration in CO or PVR could be detected until ascites was present in significant amount. At that time, CO rose and PVR fell by about 20%. ABP tended to fall during the period of observation, but this was not significant. The initiation of sodium retention in this canine model does not depend on antecedent changes in CO or PVR.", "PMID": 712196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5210", "title": "Chemotaxis of human polymorphonuclears in vitro. V. Role of the nonsegmented neutrophils and of the experimental conditions in the impairment of chemotaxis observed during bacterial infections.", "content": "Chemotaxis of human leukocytes was studied in vitro with a microfilter having pores of 3 micrometer used as a substrate for the gradient. Under these conditions, nonsegmented neutrophils did not reach the compartment filled with the attractant, but a significant proportion of them did so when filters with larger pores were substituted. When leukocytes from infected patients were tested with the usual 3 micrometer pore filters, chemotaxis was reduced (as previously shown), but less markedly and less frequently in simultaneous experiments with larger pores. In experiments performed under agarose layers instead of filters, nonsegmented neutrophils responded normally to chemoattraction, again suggesting that their impaired migration in filter experiments was a matter of pore size. When leukocytes from infected patients were assayed under agarose, no impairment occurred; on the contrary, a slight increase in both chemotaxis and random motility was observed. It was therefore concluded that some published cases of impaired neutrophil chemotaxis in infection might be due to technical bias related to pore size.", "contents": "Chemotaxis of human polymorphonuclears in vitro. V. Role of the nonsegmented neutrophils and of the experimental conditions in the impairment of chemotaxis observed during bacterial infections. Chemotaxis of human leukocytes was studied in vitro with a microfilter having pores of 3 micrometer used as a substrate for the gradient. Under these conditions, nonsegmented neutrophils did not reach the compartment filled with the attractant, but a significant proportion of them did so when filters with larger pores were substituted. When leukocytes from infected patients were tested with the usual 3 micrometer pore filters, chemotaxis was reduced (as previously shown), but less markedly and less frequently in simultaneous experiments with larger pores. In experiments performed under agarose layers instead of filters, nonsegmented neutrophils responded normally to chemoattraction, again suggesting that their impaired migration in filter experiments was a matter of pore size. When leukocytes from infected patients were assayed under agarose, no impairment occurred; on the contrary, a slight increase in both chemotaxis and random motility was observed. It was therefore concluded that some published cases of impaired neutrophil chemotaxis in infection might be due to technical bias related to pore size.", "PMID": 712198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5211", "title": "Comparison of polymer, glucose, and hydrostatic pressure induced ultrafiltration in a hollow fiber dialyzer: effects on convective solute transport.", "content": "Ultrafiltration induced by (1) poly(sodium acrylate), (2) glucose, and (3) hydrostatic pressure was studied in a hollow fiber dialyzer. Poly(sodium acrylate) added to dialysate induced large amounts of ultrafiltration without crossing the dialyzer membrane. Sodium ions of the acrylate polymer were osmotically active but were held in dialysate by the impermeant anionic polymer. The hydrostatic pressure equivalent of osmotic pressure induced primarily by the sodium ions approximated that predicted for a completely impermeant molecule. The apparent (net) sieving coefficients for vitamin B12 observed during polymer and hydrostatic ultrafiltration studies were both significantly higher than that observed during glucose ultrafiltration but did not differ from each other. These studies suggest that sodium salts of polyanions can provide an osmotic driving force to yield large amounts of ultrafiltration in dialysis systems and yet not cross the membrane. The studies also suggest that relatively less efficient convective transport with glucose as compared to hydrostatic pressure is neither a membrane phenomenon nor a characteristic of all osmotic pressure induced ultrafiltration. Relatively low effective solute sieving appears to be associated with osmotic induced ultrafiltration with a permeant solute. Under such conditions it is proposed that molecular interaction within the membrane impairs convective transport.", "contents": "Comparison of polymer, glucose, and hydrostatic pressure induced ultrafiltration in a hollow fiber dialyzer: effects on convective solute transport. Ultrafiltration induced by (1) poly(sodium acrylate), (2) glucose, and (3) hydrostatic pressure was studied in a hollow fiber dialyzer. Poly(sodium acrylate) added to dialysate induced large amounts of ultrafiltration without crossing the dialyzer membrane. Sodium ions of the acrylate polymer were osmotically active but were held in dialysate by the impermeant anionic polymer. The hydrostatic pressure equivalent of osmotic pressure induced primarily by the sodium ions approximated that predicted for a completely impermeant molecule. The apparent (net) sieving coefficients for vitamin B12 observed during polymer and hydrostatic ultrafiltration studies were both significantly higher than that observed during glucose ultrafiltration but did not differ from each other. These studies suggest that sodium salts of polyanions can provide an osmotic driving force to yield large amounts of ultrafiltration in dialysis systems and yet not cross the membrane. The studies also suggest that relatively less efficient convective transport with glucose as compared to hydrostatic pressure is neither a membrane phenomenon nor a characteristic of all osmotic pressure induced ultrafiltration. Relatively low effective solute sieving appears to be associated with osmotic induced ultrafiltration with a permeant solute. Under such conditions it is proposed that molecular interaction within the membrane impairs convective transport.", "PMID": 712199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5212", "title": "Carbon dioxide effects on erythropoietin and erythropoiesis.", "content": "The addition of carbon dioxide during a short bout (6 to 24 hr) of hypoxia suppresses the production of Ep. The effects of carbon dioxide on Ep production and erythropoiesis were determined in hypoxic rats over a 6-day period. Carbon dioxide suppressed both renal and extrarenal Ep production induced by hypoxia. However, rats exposed to a hypoxic environment with 5% CO2 became as polycythemic as rats exposed to the same hypoxia without CO2. This may result from the following. (1) A factor other than Ep is involved in stimulating erythropoiesis in these animals. (2) The large amount of Ep produced during hypoxia is in excess, and only a small amount is needed to compensate for the hypoxia by producing increased numbers of RBCs. (3) A significant degree of hemoconcentration occured, resulting in the increased number of RBCs observed.", "contents": "Carbon dioxide effects on erythropoietin and erythropoiesis. The addition of carbon dioxide during a short bout (6 to 24 hr) of hypoxia suppresses the production of Ep. The effects of carbon dioxide on Ep production and erythropoiesis were determined in hypoxic rats over a 6-day period. Carbon dioxide suppressed both renal and extrarenal Ep production induced by hypoxia. However, rats exposed to a hypoxic environment with 5% CO2 became as polycythemic as rats exposed to the same hypoxia without CO2. This may result from the following. (1) A factor other than Ep is involved in stimulating erythropoiesis in these animals. (2) The large amount of Ep produced during hypoxia is in excess, and only a small amount is needed to compensate for the hypoxia by producing increased numbers of RBCs. (3) A significant degree of hemoconcentration occured, resulting in the increased number of RBCs observed.", "PMID": 712201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5213", "title": "Renal biosynthesis of prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha: dependence on extracellular potassium.", "content": "Since recent investigations have shown elevated urinary PGE2 and polyuria in hypokalemic animals which were reversed by PG synthesis inhibition with indomethacin, studies were undertaken to examine the effects of extracellular [K+] on renomedullary PG production in vitro. Slices of rabbit and human renal papilla were incubated in Krebs-Ringer HCO3- buffer, 95% O2-5% CO2, glucose 10 mM, HSA 4 gm/100 ml, for 30 min at 38 degrees C, with and without 1-14C-AA (10 micrometer). Measurments were made of total endogenous iPGE2 and iPGF2alpha production and radioactive AA leads to PGE2. In rabbit renal medulla values for iPGE2 (nmol/gm/30 min) were 252 +/- 20 at [K+] 0; 182 +/- 17 at [K+] 2.5 mEq/L; 163 +/- 18 at [K+] 5.5; and 129 +/- 17 [K+] 9.0 (p less than 0.005). iPGF2alpha was unaltered by changes in media potassium concentrations (6.8 +/- 0.9 nmol/gm/30 min at [K+] 0 and 6.2 +/- 0.8 at [K+] 9.0 MEq/L). In the human renal medulla iPGE2 was 9.5 +/- 1.6 nmol/gm/30 min at [K+] 0; 5.0 +/- 0.7 at [K+] 2.5 mEq/L; 5.3 +/- 0.3 at [K+] 5.5; and 4.6 +/- 1.0 at [K+] 9.0 (p less than 0.05). AA leads to PGE2 (nmol/gm/30 min) was 3.21 +/- 0.92 at [K+] 0; 2.47 +/- 0.57 at [K+] 2.5 mEq/L; 1.30 +/- 0.30 at [K+] 5.5; and 0.76 +/- 0.4 at [K+] 9.0 in rabbit medulla (P less than 0.005). It is postulated that direct stimulation of papillary PGE2 biosynthesis by low extracellular [K+] impairing the cAMP-generating response to vasopressin could represent the initial event in the pathogenesis of vasopressin-resistant polyuria.", "contents": "Renal biosynthesis of prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha: dependence on extracellular potassium. Since recent investigations have shown elevated urinary PGE2 and polyuria in hypokalemic animals which were reversed by PG synthesis inhibition with indomethacin, studies were undertaken to examine the effects of extracellular [K+] on renomedullary PG production in vitro. Slices of rabbit and human renal papilla were incubated in Krebs-Ringer HCO3- buffer, 95% O2-5% CO2, glucose 10 mM, HSA 4 gm/100 ml, for 30 min at 38 degrees C, with and without 1-14C-AA (10 micrometer). Measurments were made of total endogenous iPGE2 and iPGF2alpha production and radioactive AA leads to PGE2. In rabbit renal medulla values for iPGE2 (nmol/gm/30 min) were 252 +/- 20 at [K+] 0; 182 +/- 17 at [K+] 2.5 mEq/L; 163 +/- 18 at [K+] 5.5; and 129 +/- 17 [K+] 9.0 (p less than 0.005). iPGF2alpha was unaltered by changes in media potassium concentrations (6.8 +/- 0.9 nmol/gm/30 min at [K+] 0 and 6.2 +/- 0.8 at [K+] 9.0 MEq/L). In the human renal medulla iPGE2 was 9.5 +/- 1.6 nmol/gm/30 min at [K+] 0; 5.0 +/- 0.7 at [K+] 2.5 mEq/L; 5.3 +/- 0.3 at [K+] 5.5; and 4.6 +/- 1.0 at [K+] 9.0 (p less than 0.05). AA leads to PGE2 (nmol/gm/30 min) was 3.21 +/- 0.92 at [K+] 0; 2.47 +/- 0.57 at [K+] 2.5 mEq/L; 1.30 +/- 0.30 at [K+] 5.5; and 0.76 +/- 0.4 at [K+] 9.0 in rabbit medulla (P less than 0.005). It is postulated that direct stimulation of papillary PGE2 biosynthesis by low extracellular [K+] impairing the cAMP-generating response to vasopressin could represent the initial event in the pathogenesis of vasopressin-resistant polyuria.", "PMID": 712202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5214", "title": "Properties of fibrinogen-antigenic material on the rheumatoid synovial membrane and in the rheumatoid synovial fluid.", "content": "Fibrin deposits on rheumatoid synovial membranes and fibrinogen-antigenic material in rheumatoid synovial fluid were found to be identical by crossed immunoelectrophoresis into immunoglobulin against fibrinogen, by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and by gel filtration on Sepharose CL 6B. The material was found to be neither fibrinogen nor fibrin, but degradation products. One of the fragments was purified by preparative agarose electrophoresis, and the physicochemical properties of this fragment were found to be different from those obtained by plasmin digestion of fibrinogen or fibrin. This indicates that other proteases than plasmin are responsible for the degradation products. The material was easily degraded by plasmin to D- and E-antigenic end products, identical to those obtained by plasmin digest of fibrinogen. The solubility of the material was poor in synovial fluid compared to serum and buffer. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that the fibrinlike material on the synovial membrane represents fibrinogen degradation products from the inflamed tissue. These products are likely released into the synovial fluid, and when their concentration here exceeds their solubility, they precipitate on the synovial membrane.", "contents": "Properties of fibrinogen-antigenic material on the rheumatoid synovial membrane and in the rheumatoid synovial fluid. Fibrin deposits on rheumatoid synovial membranes and fibrinogen-antigenic material in rheumatoid synovial fluid were found to be identical by crossed immunoelectrophoresis into immunoglobulin against fibrinogen, by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and by gel filtration on Sepharose CL 6B. The material was found to be neither fibrinogen nor fibrin, but degradation products. One of the fragments was purified by preparative agarose electrophoresis, and the physicochemical properties of this fragment were found to be different from those obtained by plasmin digestion of fibrinogen or fibrin. This indicates that other proteases than plasmin are responsible for the degradation products. The material was easily degraded by plasmin to D- and E-antigenic end products, identical to those obtained by plasmin digest of fibrinogen. The solubility of the material was poor in synovial fluid compared to serum and buffer. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that the fibrinlike material on the synovial membrane represents fibrinogen degradation products from the inflamed tissue. These products are likely released into the synovial fluid, and when their concentration here exceeds their solubility, they precipitate on the synovial membrane.", "PMID": 712203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5215", "title": "Effects of acute and chronic splenectomy on experimental acute renal tubular lesions.", "content": "The first half of this study describes the effects of acute splenectomy on epinephrine-induced ATL in the dog. Renal morphology and hematocrit were compared in 12 dogs without splenectomy (group I), six dogs with antecedent splenectomy (group II), and seven dogs with antecedent splenectomy after splenic contraction was induced by topical application of epinephrine (group III). Splenectomy was performed in groups II and III 20 to 30 min prior to epinephrine infusion; all three groups received equal infusions (4 microgram/kg/min) for 6 hr before the kidneys were harvested. ATL and renal congestion were consistently severe in group I but infrequent and less severe in groups II and  III. The second half of this study describes the apparent protective effect of chronic (2-week) splenectomy on epinephrine-induced ATL. Renal morphology and hematocrits were compared in 13 intact dogs (group IV) and 10 dogs splenectomized 2 weeks before the epinephrine infusion (group V). The severity of the ATL and the degree of renal congestion were significantly less in the chronically splenectomized dogs. This chronic protection afforded by acute and chronic splenectomy observed after epinephrine infusion remains unclear.", "contents": "Effects of acute and chronic splenectomy on experimental acute renal tubular lesions. The first half of this study describes the effects of acute splenectomy on epinephrine-induced ATL in the dog. Renal morphology and hematocrit were compared in 12 dogs without splenectomy (group I), six dogs with antecedent splenectomy (group II), and seven dogs with antecedent splenectomy after splenic contraction was induced by topical application of epinephrine (group III). Splenectomy was performed in groups II and III 20 to 30 min prior to epinephrine infusion; all three groups received equal infusions (4 microgram/kg/min) for 6 hr before the kidneys were harvested. ATL and renal congestion were consistently severe in group I but infrequent and less severe in groups II and  III. The second half of this study describes the apparent protective effect of chronic (2-week) splenectomy on epinephrine-induced ATL. Renal morphology and hematocrits were compared in 13 intact dogs (group IV) and 10 dogs splenectomized 2 weeks before the epinephrine infusion (group V). The severity of the ATL and the degree of renal congestion were significantly less in the chronically splenectomized dogs. This chronic protection afforded by acute and chronic splenectomy observed after epinephrine infusion remains unclear.", "PMID": 712204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5216", "title": "Potentiation of polymorphonuclear leukocyte motile functions by 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid.", "content": "DHB potentiates PMN phagocytosis of opsonized lipopolysaccharide-coated PO droplets by 53% to 45% and chemotaxis by 36% to 10% at 10-3M and 10-4M concentrations, respectively. The effect is reversible in vitro. In the presence of DHB, PMNs released significantly less superoxide and H2O2 to the extracellular media but were able to oxidize 1-14C-glucose normally during phagocytosis. Although iodination of opsonized particles was decreased in the presence of DHB, the PMNs were able to kill Staphylococcus aureus 502A normally. These results support the hypothesis that directed cell movement and phagocytosis can be enhanced by protecting the PMN membrane against auto-oxidative damage from scavenging superoxide and H2O2 by means of DHB.", "contents": "Potentiation of polymorphonuclear leukocyte motile functions by 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid. DHB potentiates PMN phagocytosis of opsonized lipopolysaccharide-coated PO droplets by 53% to 45% and chemotaxis by 36% to 10% at 10-3M and 10-4M concentrations, respectively. The effect is reversible in vitro. In the presence of DHB, PMNs released significantly less superoxide and H2O2 to the extracellular media but were able to oxidize 1-14C-glucose normally during phagocytosis. Although iodination of opsonized particles was decreased in the presence of DHB, the PMNs were able to kill Staphylococcus aureus 502A normally. These results support the hypothesis that directed cell movement and phagocytosis can be enhanced by protecting the PMN membrane against auto-oxidative damage from scavenging superoxide and H2O2 by means of DHB.", "PMID": 712207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5217", "title": "Effects of glucocorticoids on osteoclast-activating factor.", "content": "Glucocorticoids lower the serum calcium in patients with hypercalcemia due to myeloma and related lymphoproliferative disorders. OAF is a potent bone-resorbing lymphokine which is probably responsible for the bone lesions and hypercalcemia which occur in patients with these hematological neoplasms. In this study, we have examined the effects of cortisol on the production of OAF and its biological activity in order to clarify the mechanism of action of glucocorticoids in lowering the serum calcium in these disorders. The effects of OAF-containing media on bone resorption were inhibited by cortisol at concentrations from 10-5M to 10-9M. In contrast, OAF production was not inhibited by cortisol at concentrations less than 10-5M. These data support the hypothesis that glucocorticoids inhibit the effects of OAF in vivo primarily by a direct effect on bone resorption.", "contents": "Effects of glucocorticoids on osteoclast-activating factor. Glucocorticoids lower the serum calcium in patients with hypercalcemia due to myeloma and related lymphoproliferative disorders. OAF is a potent bone-resorbing lymphokine which is probably responsible for the bone lesions and hypercalcemia which occur in patients with these hematological neoplasms. In this study, we have examined the effects of cortisol on the production of OAF and its biological activity in order to clarify the mechanism of action of glucocorticoids in lowering the serum calcium in these disorders. The effects of OAF-containing media on bone resorption were inhibited by cortisol at concentrations from 10-5M to 10-9M. In contrast, OAF production was not inhibited by cortisol at concentrations less than 10-5M. These data support the hypothesis that glucocorticoids inhibit the effects of OAF in vivo primarily by a direct effect on bone resorption.", "PMID": 712208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5218", "title": "Changes in platelet function during hemodialysis.", "content": "Platelet function was studied in 34 patients during 74 hemodialyses by means of a Cordis-Dow hollow fiber hemodialyzer (CDAK-4) with anticoagulation by porcine mucosal heparin. The mean arterial platelet levels fell 11% from predialysis values and remained stable throughout a 5 hr hemodialysis session. After 30 min of dialysis, the platelet concentration in afferent and efferent limbs of the dialyzer were similar, although retention of leukocytes was apparent. As measured by platelet aggregometry, heparin was clearly shown to potentiate the extent of aggregation induced by low concentrations of ADP. Platelets of the dialyzer afferent limb were less aggregable than normal and resistant to aggregation induced by submaximal concentrations of ADP or epinephrine. Platelets of the dialyzer efferent limb were aggregable only after excessive stimuli of 50 micrometer ADP or 10 micrometer epinephrine. These findings suggest that direct contact between dialyzer fibers and platelets or rheological effects led to impaired platelet function but that most platelets are not irreversibly injured.", "contents": "Changes in platelet function during hemodialysis. Platelet function was studied in 34 patients during 74 hemodialyses by means of a Cordis-Dow hollow fiber hemodialyzer (CDAK-4) with anticoagulation by porcine mucosal heparin. The mean arterial platelet levels fell 11% from predialysis values and remained stable throughout a 5 hr hemodialysis session. After 30 min of dialysis, the platelet concentration in afferent and efferent limbs of the dialyzer were similar, although retention of leukocytes was apparent. As measured by platelet aggregometry, heparin was clearly shown to potentiate the extent of aggregation induced by low concentrations of ADP. Platelets of the dialyzer afferent limb were less aggregable than normal and resistant to aggregation induced by submaximal concentrations of ADP or epinephrine. Platelets of the dialyzer efferent limb were aggregable only after excessive stimuli of 50 micrometer ADP or 10 micrometer epinephrine. These findings suggest that direct contact between dialyzer fibers and platelets or rheological effects led to impaired platelet function but that most platelets are not irreversibly injured.", "PMID": 712209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5219", "title": "Comparison of the metabolism of alveolar macrophages from humans, rats, and rabbits: phorbol myristate acetate.", "content": "Metabolic activities of unstimulated or stimulated AMs from humans, rats, and rabbits were examined and compared in vitro. Rates of oxygen consumption, chemiluminescence, and glucose (1- or 6-14C) oxidation by unstimulated AMs from these three species increased following stimulation of the AMs by bacteria or PMA. Although the absolute metabolic responses of AMs from humans, rats, or wild rabbits were different, the metabolic activities from each species were nearly identical when compared on the basis of protein content of the cells. In contrast to the enhanced biochemical responses of AMs from humans, rats, or wild rabbits, stimulated AMs from certain commercially supplied rabbits failed to increase their metabolism. The failure of AMs from these rabbits to respond metabolically was probably due to an acquired abnormality resulting from their care and storage at the supplier. The defect was associated with the presence of large numbers of Bordetella bronchiseptica organisms in the lavage effluents from these commercially supplied rabbits. This abnormality in metabolism of AMs was reversed following prolonged residence of the rabbits in the laboratory, and the correction of the defect was accompanied by a disappearance of B. bronchiseptica from the lavage fluid. The results comprehensively compare and contrast the metabolism of AMs from humans and animals and emphasize the need to document the appropriateness of animal models before using them to predict biologic reactions of humans.", "contents": "Comparison of the metabolism of alveolar macrophages from humans, rats, and rabbits: phorbol myristate acetate. Metabolic activities of unstimulated or stimulated AMs from humans, rats, and rabbits were examined and compared in vitro. Rates of oxygen consumption, chemiluminescence, and glucose (1- or 6-14C) oxidation by unstimulated AMs from these three species increased following stimulation of the AMs by bacteria or PMA. Although the absolute metabolic responses of AMs from humans, rats, or wild rabbits were different, the metabolic activities from each species were nearly identical when compared on the basis of protein content of the cells. In contrast to the enhanced biochemical responses of AMs from humans, rats, or wild rabbits, stimulated AMs from certain commercially supplied rabbits failed to increase their metabolism. The failure of AMs from these rabbits to respond metabolically was probably due to an acquired abnormality resulting from their care and storage at the supplier. The defect was associated with the presence of large numbers of Bordetella bronchiseptica organisms in the lavage effluents from these commercially supplied rabbits. This abnormality in metabolism of AMs was reversed following prolonged residence of the rabbits in the laboratory, and the correction of the defect was accompanied by a disappearance of B. bronchiseptica from the lavage fluid. The results comprehensively compare and contrast the metabolism of AMs from humans and animals and emphasize the need to document the appropriateness of animal models before using them to predict biologic reactions of humans.", "PMID": 712210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5220", "title": "Excretion of porphyrins in urine and bile after the administration of delta-aminolevulinic acid.", "content": "Excretion of porphyrins into bile and urine after intravenous injection of delta-ALA was studied in three patients with catheters inserted into the bile duct because of biliary obstruction and in two healthy volunteers. Excretion of porphyrins into bile increased in response to increasing doses of delta-ALA--up to 18 mumol/kg. On the other hand, excretion into urine reached a constant rate at 2 to 4 mumol/kg delta-ALA and did not increase further with larger doses. These findings suggest that transport of porphyrins across the liver cell membrane to the blood must be an important factor in determining the rate of excretion into the urine. After administration of delta-ALA,excretion of coproporphyrin III into urine increased more than that of coproporphyrin I. As a result, the former was the predominant form of urinary coproporphyrin. When radioactive delta-ALA was administered intravenously, far greater radioactivity was recovered in urine as coproporphyrin III than as coproporphyrin I. These results indicate that only a small portion of urinary coproporphyrin I is derived from the liver. A possible source of coproporphyrin I may be erythropoietic tissues, since the amount of urinary coproporphyrin I was considerably decreased in patients with severely suppressed erythropoiesis.", "contents": "Excretion of porphyrins in urine and bile after the administration of delta-aminolevulinic acid. Excretion of porphyrins into bile and urine after intravenous injection of delta-ALA was studied in three patients with catheters inserted into the bile duct because of biliary obstruction and in two healthy volunteers. Excretion of porphyrins into bile increased in response to increasing doses of delta-ALA--up to 18 mumol/kg. On the other hand, excretion into urine reached a constant rate at 2 to 4 mumol/kg delta-ALA and did not increase further with larger doses. These findings suggest that transport of porphyrins across the liver cell membrane to the blood must be an important factor in determining the rate of excretion into the urine. After administration of delta-ALA,excretion of coproporphyrin III into urine increased more than that of coproporphyrin I. As a result, the former was the predominant form of urinary coproporphyrin. When radioactive delta-ALA was administered intravenously, far greater radioactivity was recovered in urine as coproporphyrin III than as coproporphyrin I. These results indicate that only a small portion of urinary coproporphyrin I is derived from the liver. A possible source of coproporphyrin I may be erythropoietic tissues, since the amount of urinary coproporphyrin I was considerably decreased in patients with severely suppressed erythropoiesis.", "PMID": 712211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5221", "title": "The contribution of glucose to alanine metabolism in man.", "content": "We have studied by tracer technique the interconversion of the carbon skeleton of alanine with that of glucose. The data analysis is in terms of renewal theory rather than traditional compartmental analysis. This eliminates the need for estimation of compartment size, which is particularly difficult to determine in the case of alanine. In addition, the conversion rates between the two substances are found by considering the two components which are responsible for the determined radioactivity curves, namely, the first conversion of the labeled carbon and its subsequent movement in the product compound. The subjects of the study were for the most part underweight but had been hospitalized and eating a standard hospital diet for at least 3 days prior to the studies. Our data indicate that nearly twice as much carbon from glucose is cycled to alanine as is recycled from alanine back to glucose after a 14 hr overnight fast. Small amounts of glucose suppress the alanine-glucose arm of the cycle but probably do not change the glucose-alanine conversion. The contribution of glucose carbon to alanine metabolism is significant and appears to be immediately influenced by the magnitude of glycolysis.", "contents": "The contribution of glucose to alanine metabolism in man. We have studied by tracer technique the interconversion of the carbon skeleton of alanine with that of glucose. The data analysis is in terms of renewal theory rather than traditional compartmental analysis. This eliminates the need for estimation of compartment size, which is particularly difficult to determine in the case of alanine. In addition, the conversion rates between the two substances are found by considering the two components which are responsible for the determined radioactivity curves, namely, the first conversion of the labeled carbon and its subsequent movement in the product compound. The subjects of the study were for the most part underweight but had been hospitalized and eating a standard hospital diet for at least 3 days prior to the studies. Our data indicate that nearly twice as much carbon from glucose is cycled to alanine as is recycled from alanine back to glucose after a 14 hr overnight fast. Small amounts of glucose suppress the alanine-glucose arm of the cycle but probably do not change the glucose-alanine conversion. The contribution of glucose carbon to alanine metabolism is significant and appears to be immediately influenced by the magnitude of glycolysis.", "PMID": 712212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5222", "title": "Speech audiometry in acoustic neuroma.", "content": "The importance of speech audiometry in cases of sensori-neural deafness has been stressed. Four cases have been described clearly elucidating this point. Speech audiometry is within the means of most practising otologists. The appropriate apparatus is not expensive, nor is the method excessively time-consuming. In acoustic neuroma the damage to the cochlear nerve fibres may produce very little reduction in the hearing threshold level for pure tones, but a disproportionately large reduction in the discrimination score, often when the tumour is large enough to be causing brain stem compression. The disproportion is an important indicator to the presence of retro-cochlear pathology, of which acoustic neuroma is the most likely cause, a diagnosis which must be considered in every case of unilateral sensori-neural deafness.", "contents": "Speech audiometry in acoustic neuroma. The importance of speech audiometry in cases of sensori-neural deafness has been stressed. Four cases have been described clearly elucidating this point. Speech audiometry is within the means of most practising otologists. The appropriate apparatus is not expensive, nor is the method excessively time-consuming. In acoustic neuroma the damage to the cochlear nerve fibres may produce very little reduction in the hearing threshold level for pure tones, but a disproportionately large reduction in the discrimination score, often when the tumour is large enough to be causing brain stem compression. The disproportion is an important indicator to the presence of retro-cochlear pathology, of which acoustic neuroma is the most likely cause, a diagnosis which must be considered in every case of unilateral sensori-neural deafness.", "PMID": 712216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5223", "title": "Otomycosis: a survey in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia.", "content": "The Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia is characterized by a high perennial relative humidity and atmospheric pressure. One hundred and forty-eight cases clinically suspected of being otomycotic were examined by culture over a period of 13 months; 120 gave positive results and yielded 131 fungal isolates, of which 110 were single infections and 10 mixed infections of two or more fungi. A. niger was the most common (51.15%), then A. flavus (18.32%) Penicillium notatum (5.34%), C. albicans and A. terreus (each 4.58%) A. candidus (3.82%), Mucor spo (2.29%), Alternaria spo and A. clavatus (each 1.53%) and A. versicolor (0.76%). The patients were of 13 different nationalities, mostly labourers and people of low socio-economic standard. Males were affected more than females and ages ranged from 2 to 58 years. Thus racial factors, sex and age have no bearing on otomycosis. Only 8 of the 120 positive cases were affected bilaterally. The role of relative humidity and high atmospheric pressure was briefly discussed.", "contents": "Otomycosis: a survey in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. The Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia is characterized by a high perennial relative humidity and atmospheric pressure. One hundred and forty-eight cases clinically suspected of being otomycotic were examined by culture over a period of 13 months; 120 gave positive results and yielded 131 fungal isolates, of which 110 were single infections and 10 mixed infections of two or more fungi. A. niger was the most common (51.15%), then A. flavus (18.32%) Penicillium notatum (5.34%), C. albicans and A. terreus (each 4.58%) A. candidus (3.82%), Mucor spo (2.29%), Alternaria spo and A. clavatus (each 1.53%) and A. versicolor (0.76%). The patients were of 13 different nationalities, mostly labourers and people of low socio-economic standard. Males were affected more than females and ages ranged from 2 to 58 years. Thus racial factors, sex and age have no bearing on otomycosis. Only 8 of the 120 positive cases were affected bilaterally. The role of relative humidity and high atmospheric pressure was briefly discussed.", "PMID": 712219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5224", "title": "Effect of atherosclerosis and hypertension on arterial epistaxis.", "content": "Eye fundus examination in twenty cases of hypertensive nose bleeding was carried out to evaluate the effect of hypertension and atherosclerosis on epistaxis. Arteriolar attenuation, atherosclerosis and venous congestion were detected in most of the cases. None showed haemorrhages or exudates. Hypertension and atherosclerosis seem to maintain and increase the severity of epistaxis, once it has been initiated by other factors.", "contents": "Effect of atherosclerosis and hypertension on arterial epistaxis. Eye fundus examination in twenty cases of hypertensive nose bleeding was carried out to evaluate the effect of hypertension and atherosclerosis on epistaxis. Arteriolar attenuation, atherosclerosis and venous congestion were detected in most of the cases. None showed haemorrhages or exudates. Hypertension and atherosclerosis seem to maintain and increase the severity of epistaxis, once it has been initiated by other factors.", "PMID": 712220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5225", "title": "Drug-induced corrosive injury of the oesophagus.", "content": "Five patients are described who had retrosternal pains following the consumption of CetiprinR tablets. The pains increased so markedly within a few days that, initially, solid foods and, subsequently liquid foods also were impossible to swallow. Typically the history was of the comsumption of a tablet in the evening or night without fluids and the pains lasted 2--3 weeks. A marked corrosive injury of the middle third of the oesophagus was shown at oesophagoscopy in each case, but the mucosa of the lower one-third of the oseophagus was normal. Gastro-oesophageal reflux was not demonstrated radiologically in any of the patients. None of the patients developed a stricture of the oesophagus. The most likely alternative in the differential diagnosis was a foreign body. Oesophagoscopy should be performed on any patient in whom such pains persist for more than 4--5 days, even if the X-rays are normal. The physician should advise his patients to take tablets or capsules with fluids. This is especially important if the drug is taken in the evening or at night. CetiprinR tablets should be taken in the evening while the patient is still upright, and should be taken with fluids. If a corrosive injury does develop, we suggest that treatment should be with cortisone and with agents which protect the oesophageal mucous membranes.", "contents": "Drug-induced corrosive injury of the oesophagus. Five patients are described who had retrosternal pains following the consumption of CetiprinR tablets. The pains increased so markedly within a few days that, initially, solid foods and, subsequently liquid foods also were impossible to swallow. Typically the history was of the comsumption of a tablet in the evening or night without fluids and the pains lasted 2--3 weeks. A marked corrosive injury of the middle third of the oesophagus was shown at oesophagoscopy in each case, but the mucosa of the lower one-third of the oseophagus was normal. Gastro-oesophageal reflux was not demonstrated radiologically in any of the patients. None of the patients developed a stricture of the oesophagus. The most likely alternative in the differential diagnosis was a foreign body. Oesophagoscopy should be performed on any patient in whom such pains persist for more than 4--5 days, even if the X-rays are normal. The physician should advise his patients to take tablets or capsules with fluids. This is especially important if the drug is taken in the evening or at night. CetiprinR tablets should be taken in the evening while the patient is still upright, and should be taken with fluids. If a corrosive injury does develop, we suggest that treatment should be with cortisone and with agents which protect the oesophageal mucous membranes.", "PMID": 712224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5226", "title": "Primary Ewing's sarcoma of the maxilla: a clinicopathological study of four cases.", "content": "The author reports four cases of Ewing's sarcoma primarily located in the maxilla and emphasizes the rarity of such a primary location and the fact that this series contained cases observed at the Department of Otolaryngology of Padua University during the last three years which, though small, is the largest so far reported. In addition to a review of the world literature on the subject, the problems related to the differential diagnosis, in particular from reticulum cell sarcoma of bone, neuroblastoma and olfactory neuroblastoma are discussed. The cases reported are accurately described and histologically documented. Treatment of Ewing's sarcoma is also discussed and, according to the author, the elective therapeutic procedure should consider local irradiation and intermittent but prolonged systemic chemotherapy, leaving mutilating surgery only for recurrent tumours.", "contents": "Primary Ewing's sarcoma of the maxilla: a clinicopathological study of four cases. The author reports four cases of Ewing's sarcoma primarily located in the maxilla and emphasizes the rarity of such a primary location and the fact that this series contained cases observed at the Department of Otolaryngology of Padua University during the last three years which, though small, is the largest so far reported. In addition to a review of the world literature on the subject, the problems related to the differential diagnosis, in particular from reticulum cell sarcoma of bone, neuroblastoma and olfactory neuroblastoma are discussed. The cases reported are accurately described and histologically documented. Treatment of Ewing's sarcoma is also discussed and, according to the author, the elective therapeutic procedure should consider local irradiation and intermittent but prolonged systemic chemotherapy, leaving mutilating surgery only for recurrent tumours.", "PMID": 712227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5227", "title": "Mucocele of the paranasal sinuses in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "Two children below 9 years of age with mucocele and cystic fibrosis are reported. Mucocele in this age-group is very rare and is probably pathognomonic of cystic fibrosis.", "contents": "Mucocele of the paranasal sinuses in cystic fibrosis. Two children below 9 years of age with mucocele and cystic fibrosis are reported. Mucocele in this age-group is very rare and is probably pathognomonic of cystic fibrosis.", "PMID": 712228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5228", "title": "Pharyngeal rhabdomyoma: an unusual presentation.", "content": "A case of pharyngeal rhabdomyoma is reported with the unusual presenting symptom of haemoptysis. After complete excision of the lesion, the(71-year-old) patient remained tumour-free until his death from heart disease 19 months later. Seven other published cases of pharyngeal rhabdomyoma are reviewed together with 27 other reported extracardiac adult rhabdomyomas which, with a single exception, occurred in the head and neck region.", "contents": "Pharyngeal rhabdomyoma: an unusual presentation. A case of pharyngeal rhabdomyoma is reported with the unusual presenting symptom of haemoptysis. After complete excision of the lesion, the(71-year-old) patient remained tumour-free until his death from heart disease 19 months later. Seven other published cases of pharyngeal rhabdomyoma are reviewed together with 27 other reported extracardiac adult rhabdomyomas which, with a single exception, occurred in the head and neck region.", "PMID": 712229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5229", "title": "Lipoma of the hypopharynx. A case report and a review of the literature.", "content": "The clinical and pathological-anatomical features of lipomas of the hypopharynx, based on a review of 23 cases presented in the literature and exemplified by a new case, are discussed. The tumour may be solitary or multiple and appears mostly in men over the age of forty. Although it may reach a considerable size, it may be asymptomatic, until it appears in the mouth or suffocation occurs. Recurrences are rare but metachronous multiple lipomas may appear. Long-term follow-up is therefore recommended. The difficulties of differential diagnosis between lipomas and well-differentiated liposarcomas are discussed.", "contents": "Lipoma of the hypopharynx. A case report and a review of the literature. The clinical and pathological-anatomical features of lipomas of the hypopharynx, based on a review of 23 cases presented in the literature and exemplified by a new case, are discussed. The tumour may be solitary or multiple and appears mostly in men over the age of forty. Although it may reach a considerable size, it may be asymptomatic, until it appears in the mouth or suffocation occurs. Recurrences are rare but metachronous multiple lipomas may appear. Long-term follow-up is therefore recommended. The difficulties of differential diagnosis between lipomas and well-differentiated liposarcomas are discussed.", "PMID": 712230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5230", "title": "Second primaries in cases of cancer of the larynx.", "content": "The incidence of second primaries in 1,600 patients treated with radiotherapy for cancer of the larynx is reviewed. Carcinoma of the lung is the most frequent second primary with a significantly higher incidence in supraglottic laryngeal cancer. Because the follow-up of this irradiated population is limited it is not yet possible to estimate the risks of radiation-induced cancer in the entire life span following radiation treatment of cancer of the larynx.", "contents": "Second primaries in cases of cancer of the larynx. The incidence of second primaries in 1,600 patients treated with radiotherapy for cancer of the larynx is reviewed. Carcinoma of the lung is the most frequent second primary with a significantly higher incidence in supraglottic laryngeal cancer. Because the follow-up of this irradiated population is limited it is not yet possible to estimate the risks of radiation-induced cancer in the entire life span following radiation treatment of cancer of the larynx.", "PMID": 712234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5231", "title": "Angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia.", "content": "One case of angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia simulating a salivary gland tumour is presented. In a review of the literature containing some 220 cases, 29 cases in the neck were found. A survey of these 29 cases is given, and another two cases of special oto-rhino-laryngologic interest are mentioned. Furthermore, a description of the tumour and a brief discussion of aetiology and differential diagnosis are given.", "contents": "Angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia. One case of angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia simulating a salivary gland tumour is presented. In a review of the literature containing some 220 cases, 29 cases in the neck were found. A survey of these 29 cases is given, and another two cases of special oto-rhino-laryngologic interest are mentioned. Furthermore, a description of the tumour and a brief discussion of aetiology and differential diagnosis are given.", "PMID": 712235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5232", "title": "Plasma squalene: lipoprotein distribution and kinetic analysis.", "content": "Plasma squalene concentration is increased in hypertriglyceridemia. In 24 normotriglyceridemic and 12 hypertriglyceridemic subjects, whole plasma squalene correlated strongly with plasma triglyceride (r = 0.973, P < 0.001) in the latter. In normal postabsorptive plasma, squalene was found in each lipoprotein fraction, 50.8% in very low density lipoprotein, 25.6% in low density lipoprotein, and 23.6% in high density lipoprotein. When plasma triglyceride was increased by dietary intake in humans or by experimental diabetes in rats, plasma squalene increased correspondingly. Conversion of [(14)C]mevalonic acid into [(14)C]squalene and kinetic analysis of [(14)C]squalene die-away curves were studied in 17 subjects. Hypertriglyceridemia significantly increased the estimated metabolically active plasma squalene pool. This together with an increase in radioactivity of squalene (dpm/ml plasma) in hypertriglyceridemia suggested that squalene production was increased. Squalene specific activity curves in lipoprotein fractions from four chylomicronemic subjects demonstrated that each fraction had newly synthesized squalene and that total plasma squalene kinetics represent the composite of several individual die-away curves. We conclude that squalene in whole plasma and in lipoprotein fractions varies directly with triglyceride content. Hypertriglyceridemia expands the plasma pool of metabolically active squalene, and each lipoprotein fraction contains squalene that is metabolically active in cholesterol synthesis.", "contents": "Plasma squalene: lipoprotein distribution and kinetic analysis. Plasma squalene concentration is increased in hypertriglyceridemia. In 24 normotriglyceridemic and 12 hypertriglyceridemic subjects, whole plasma squalene correlated strongly with plasma triglyceride (r = 0.973, P < 0.001) in the latter. In normal postabsorptive plasma, squalene was found in each lipoprotein fraction, 50.8% in very low density lipoprotein, 25.6% in low density lipoprotein, and 23.6% in high density lipoprotein. When plasma triglyceride was increased by dietary intake in humans or by experimental diabetes in rats, plasma squalene increased correspondingly. Conversion of [(14)C]mevalonic acid into [(14)C]squalene and kinetic analysis of [(14)C]squalene die-away curves were studied in 17 subjects. Hypertriglyceridemia significantly increased the estimated metabolically active plasma squalene pool. This together with an increase in radioactivity of squalene (dpm/ml plasma) in hypertriglyceridemia suggested that squalene production was increased. Squalene specific activity curves in lipoprotein fractions from four chylomicronemic subjects demonstrated that each fraction had newly synthesized squalene and that total plasma squalene kinetics represent the composite of several individual die-away curves. We conclude that squalene in whole plasma and in lipoprotein fractions varies directly with triglyceride content. Hypertriglyceridemia expands the plasma pool of metabolically active squalene, and each lipoprotein fraction contains squalene that is metabolically active in cholesterol synthesis.", "PMID": 712242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5233", "title": "Sterol synthesis and CO2 production from mevalonate in calves.", "content": "Nonruminating male Holstein calves were fed a reconstituted milk containing 11.7% nonfat-dried-milk solids and 3.5% beef tallow. Calves were slaughtered at 17 weeks of age. Samples of perirenal adipose tissue, liver, muscle, small intestine, kidney cortex, and kidney medulla were assayed in vitro for sterol synthesis and production of (14)CO(2) from [2-(14)C]mevalonate. Of the tissues tested, adipose tissue and kidney medulla produced nonsaponified lipids at the greatest rates; kidney cortex and liver at half the rate of adipose tissue; muscle and jejunum at one-eighth the rate of adipose tissue; and ileum at a negligible rate. The amount of (14)C in squalene, lanosterol, and cholesterol of the nonsaponified lipids of each tissue was determined by thin-layer chromatography. Proportions of (14)C in cholesterol to (14)C in total nonsaponified lipids ranged from 30% to 59%; squalene, from 5% to 27%; and lanosterol, from 11% to 59% of the total nonsaponified lipids present. The rate of CO(2) production by the \"trans-methylglutaconate shunt of mevalonate metabolism\" was determined. Kidney cortex displayed the greatest shunt activity, producing 15-80-fold more CO(2) than any other tissue tested. Ileum, jejunum, skeletal muscle, and kidney medulla had similar shunt activities; liver sections had less shunt activity, and no shunt activity was detected in adipose tissue. These data reveal a shunt for mevalonate utilization that does not lead to sterols and also show that the kidney is important in the sterol and nonsterol metabolism of mevalonate.", "contents": "Sterol synthesis and CO2 production from mevalonate in calves. Nonruminating male Holstein calves were fed a reconstituted milk containing 11.7% nonfat-dried-milk solids and 3.5% beef tallow. Calves were slaughtered at 17 weeks of age. Samples of perirenal adipose tissue, liver, muscle, small intestine, kidney cortex, and kidney medulla were assayed in vitro for sterol synthesis and production of (14)CO(2) from [2-(14)C]mevalonate. Of the tissues tested, adipose tissue and kidney medulla produced nonsaponified lipids at the greatest rates; kidney cortex and liver at half the rate of adipose tissue; muscle and jejunum at one-eighth the rate of adipose tissue; and ileum at a negligible rate. The amount of (14)C in squalene, lanosterol, and cholesterol of the nonsaponified lipids of each tissue was determined by thin-layer chromatography. Proportions of (14)C in cholesterol to (14)C in total nonsaponified lipids ranged from 30% to 59%; squalene, from 5% to 27%; and lanosterol, from 11% to 59% of the total nonsaponified lipids present. The rate of CO(2) production by the \"trans-methylglutaconate shunt of mevalonate metabolism\" was determined. Kidney cortex displayed the greatest shunt activity, producing 15-80-fold more CO(2) than any other tissue tested. Ileum, jejunum, skeletal muscle, and kidney medulla had similar shunt activities; liver sections had less shunt activity, and no shunt activity was detected in adipose tissue. These data reveal a shunt for mevalonate utilization that does not lead to sterols and also show that the kidney is important in the sterol and nonsterol metabolism of mevalonate.", "PMID": 712243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5234", "title": "Preparation of [24,25-3H] cholesterol. Oxidation in man as a measure of bile acid formation.", "content": "In order to devise a convenient method for measuring the rate of formation of bile acids from cholesterol in man, [24,25-3H] cholesterol was prepared by catalytic tritiation of desmosterol where the delta5-unsaturation was protected by conversion to the 3 alpha, 5 alpha-cyclosterol-6-methyl ether. It was shown that tritium in the purified labeled sterol was located exclusively in the side chain. Measurements of 3H2O and the specific activity of plasma cholesterol at timed intervals up to 96 hours after administration of the tracer to three subjects afforded values for cholesterol oxidation (equals bile acid formation) in good agreement with accepted figures for bile acid formation determined by other techniques.", "contents": "Preparation of [24,25-3H] cholesterol. Oxidation in man as a measure of bile acid formation. In order to devise a convenient method for measuring the rate of formation of bile acids from cholesterol in man, [24,25-3H] cholesterol was prepared by catalytic tritiation of desmosterol where the delta5-unsaturation was protected by conversion to the 3 alpha, 5 alpha-cyclosterol-6-methyl ether. It was shown that tritium in the purified labeled sterol was located exclusively in the side chain. Measurements of 3H2O and the specific activity of plasma cholesterol at timed intervals up to 96 hours after administration of the tracer to three subjects afforded values for cholesterol oxidation (equals bile acid formation) in good agreement with accepted figures for bile acid formation determined by other techniques.", "PMID": 712244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5235", "title": "Gangliosides of human, cat, and rabbit spinal cords and cord myelin.", "content": "Gangliosides were isolated from whole spinal cords and cord myelin of human, cat, and rabbit by a revised methodology. The method included the sequential application of DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography, base treatment, Sephadex G-50 column chromatography, and finally Iatrobeads column chromatography. The human whole spinal cord was found to contain about one-tenth of the ganglioside concentration as in cerebral gray matter and about one-third of that in cerebral white matter. Low levels of gangliosides were also found in cat and rabbit whole cords. Only N-acetyl neuraminic acid could be detected in the ganglioside fractions of all three species. The whole cords also possessed unique ganglioside patterns when compared with the patterns of cerebral tissues. The most prominent and consistent features were the reduced concentration of Gd1a and increased amounts of Gm3 and Gd3. Human, but not cat and rabbit, spinal cord also contained Gm4 as one of the major gangliosides. Myelin prepared from the spinal cords of all three species also contained gangliosides. The amounts were only about half of those in the respective cerebral white matter myelin. The cord myelin ganglioside pattern was generally similar to the cerebral white matter myelin within the same species. Gm1 was the most abundant ganglioside in the cord myelin. Gm4 was found to be highly enriched only in myelin prepared from human sources.", "contents": "Gangliosides of human, cat, and rabbit spinal cords and cord myelin. Gangliosides were isolated from whole spinal cords and cord myelin of human, cat, and rabbit by a revised methodology. The method included the sequential application of DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography, base treatment, Sephadex G-50 column chromatography, and finally Iatrobeads column chromatography. The human whole spinal cord was found to contain about one-tenth of the ganglioside concentration as in cerebral gray matter and about one-third of that in cerebral white matter. Low levels of gangliosides were also found in cat and rabbit whole cords. Only N-acetyl neuraminic acid could be detected in the ganglioside fractions of all three species. The whole cords also possessed unique ganglioside patterns when compared with the patterns of cerebral tissues. The most prominent and consistent features were the reduced concentration of Gd1a and increased amounts of Gm3 and Gd3. Human, but not cat and rabbit, spinal cord also contained Gm4 as one of the major gangliosides. Myelin prepared from the spinal cords of all three species also contained gangliosides. The amounts were only about half of those in the respective cerebral white matter myelin. The cord myelin ganglioside pattern was generally similar to the cerebral white matter myelin within the same species. Gm1 was the most abundant ganglioside in the cord myelin. Gm4 was found to be highly enriched only in myelin prepared from human sources.", "PMID": 712245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5236", "title": "The sources of rat biliary cholesterol and bile acid.", "content": "The precursor sources of bile acid and bile neutral sterol were evaluated in the rat using Triparanol to inhibit the terminal reduction in the synthesis of cholesterol. During the initial period of Triparanol administration, the accumulation of hepatic desmosterol acts to segregate relatively newly synthetic hepatic sterol from the bulk of the equilibrated sterol mass. Biliary excretion of newly synthetic sterol can then be determined in acute studies, assuming no great differences between desmosterol and cholesterol as precursors of biliary neutral sterol or bile acid. It has been determined in this model that newly synthetic sterol comprises a mean of about 28% of the total biliary neutral sterol output. This fraction fell when hepatic cholesterogenesis was suppressed by prior cholesterol feeding. By using this approach in conjunction with the administration of labeled mevalonate to a renal pedicle-ligated rat, it was possible to calculate the amount of bile acid produced from either newly synthesized sterol or the equilibrated sterol pool. It has been estimated that the bulk of bile acid synthesis arises from this equilibrated source when these determinations were made within two hours of creating the fistula. With more prolonged fistula times, more of the bile acid originated from the newly synthesized sterol.", "contents": "The sources of rat biliary cholesterol and bile acid. The precursor sources of bile acid and bile neutral sterol were evaluated in the rat using Triparanol to inhibit the terminal reduction in the synthesis of cholesterol. During the initial period of Triparanol administration, the accumulation of hepatic desmosterol acts to segregate relatively newly synthetic hepatic sterol from the bulk of the equilibrated sterol mass. Biliary excretion of newly synthetic sterol can then be determined in acute studies, assuming no great differences between desmosterol and cholesterol as precursors of biliary neutral sterol or bile acid. It has been determined in this model that newly synthetic sterol comprises a mean of about 28% of the total biliary neutral sterol output. This fraction fell when hepatic cholesterogenesis was suppressed by prior cholesterol feeding. By using this approach in conjunction with the administration of labeled mevalonate to a renal pedicle-ligated rat, it was possible to calculate the amount of bile acid produced from either newly synthesized sterol or the equilibrated sterol pool. It has been estimated that the bulk of bile acid synthesis arises from this equilibrated source when these determinations were made within two hours of creating the fistula. With more prolonged fistula times, more of the bile acid originated from the newly synthesized sterol.", "PMID": 712246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5237", "title": "Re-evaluation of lipogenesis from dietary glucose carbon in liver and carcass of mice.", "content": "We have estimated rates of fatty acid synthesis from glucose carbon and from all 2-carbon units in liver and carcass of mice using [U-14C] glucose and 3H2O under four different nutritional states. The liver synthesized only a small fraction (2--9%) of the fatty acids that were formed from glucose carbon in mice that were fasted 24 hr, fasted--refed, or fed ad libitum. However, in fed-refed mice, the liver's role increased and now accounted for 40% of the fatty acids that were formed from glucose carbon. Under the latter conditions (fed-refed), the liver synthesized 50% of the fatty acids that were formed from all 2-carbon units. At least five-sixths of all the fatty acids synthesized de novo in the fed-refed mouse were derived from carbon fed in the glucose test meal. These studies, in contrast to most earlier studies, provide direct evidence in mice of the major contribution that dietary carbohydrate makes, especially in the liver, to the synthesis of fatty acids. In addition, we have shown that lipogenic inhibition (fasting) and activation (feeding) are most marked in liver and greater for glucose than for non-glucose-carbon. Possible implications for dietary control of carbohydrate-induced hyperlipemia and obesity are discussed.", "contents": "Re-evaluation of lipogenesis from dietary glucose carbon in liver and carcass of mice. We have estimated rates of fatty acid synthesis from glucose carbon and from all 2-carbon units in liver and carcass of mice using [U-14C] glucose and 3H2O under four different nutritional states. The liver synthesized only a small fraction (2--9%) of the fatty acids that were formed from glucose carbon in mice that were fasted 24 hr, fasted--refed, or fed ad libitum. However, in fed-refed mice, the liver's role increased and now accounted for 40% of the fatty acids that were formed from glucose carbon. Under the latter conditions (fed-refed), the liver synthesized 50% of the fatty acids that were formed from all 2-carbon units. At least five-sixths of all the fatty acids synthesized de novo in the fed-refed mouse were derived from carbon fed in the glucose test meal. These studies, in contrast to most earlier studies, provide direct evidence in mice of the major contribution that dietary carbohydrate makes, especially in the liver, to the synthesis of fatty acids. In addition, we have shown that lipogenic inhibition (fasting) and activation (feeding) are most marked in liver and greater for glucose than for non-glucose-carbon. Possible implications for dietary control of carbohydrate-induced hyperlipemia and obesity are discussed.", "PMID": 712247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5238", "title": "The effect of dietary fat supplements on cholesterol metabolism in ruminants.", "content": "The serum cholesterol on ruminant animals rises when supplemental fat is fed in a form that ensures the absorption of long-chain fatty acids. The effects of these fat supplements on cholesterol metabolism have been studied in sheep and goats. The proximal part of the small intestine was the major site of sterol synthesis in sheep. Supplementing the diet with fat significantly enhanced sterolgenesis in the small intestine both in vivo and in vitro, whereas in vitro sterolgenesis appeared to be suppressed in the liver. Increased intestinal sterolgenesis was seen with several varieties of fat, but was greatest when palm oil was fed. The reciprocal findings in the intestine and liver may reflect the increased requirement for cholesterol for the transport of triglyceride in chylomicrons and the secondary inhibiting effect of this cholesterol on sterol synthesis in the liver. Dietary fat supplementation did not alter the excretion of neutral steroids in the feces of goats but did not cause a marked reduction in the excretion of acidic steroids which may have been due to the decreased formation of sterols in the liver. In two lactating goats in which an injection of [14C] cholesterol was followed by daily intraruminal administration of labeled cholesterol, fat supplementation lowered the specific radioactivity of cholesterol in alimentary particles and in milk, being consistent with an increase in intestinally synthesized cholesterol. The hypercholesterolemia that develops in fat-fed ruminants appears to be primarily due to an increased intestinal biosynthesis of cholesterol but may also be partly due to a decreased fecal excretion of bile acids.", "contents": "The effect of dietary fat supplements on cholesterol metabolism in ruminants. The serum cholesterol on ruminant animals rises when supplemental fat is fed in a form that ensures the absorption of long-chain fatty acids. The effects of these fat supplements on cholesterol metabolism have been studied in sheep and goats. The proximal part of the small intestine was the major site of sterol synthesis in sheep. Supplementing the diet with fat significantly enhanced sterolgenesis in the small intestine both in vivo and in vitro, whereas in vitro sterolgenesis appeared to be suppressed in the liver. Increased intestinal sterolgenesis was seen with several varieties of fat, but was greatest when palm oil was fed. The reciprocal findings in the intestine and liver may reflect the increased requirement for cholesterol for the transport of triglyceride in chylomicrons and the secondary inhibiting effect of this cholesterol on sterol synthesis in the liver. Dietary fat supplementation did not alter the excretion of neutral steroids in the feces of goats but did not cause a marked reduction in the excretion of acidic steroids which may have been due to the decreased formation of sterols in the liver. In two lactating goats in which an injection of [14C] cholesterol was followed by daily intraruminal administration of labeled cholesterol, fat supplementation lowered the specific radioactivity of cholesterol in alimentary particles and in milk, being consistent with an increase in intestinally synthesized cholesterol. The hypercholesterolemia that develops in fat-fed ruminants appears to be primarily due to an increased intestinal biosynthesis of cholesterol but may also be partly due to a decreased fecal excretion of bile acids.", "PMID": 712248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5239", "title": "Quantitative microanalysis of perbenzoylated neutral glycosphingolipids by high-performance liquid chromatography with detection at 230 nm.", "content": "A method is described which permits the quantitative microanalysis of glycosphingolipids in the picomole range by HPLC of their perbenzoylated derivatives with detection at 230 nm. A linear gradient of 1 to 20% dioxane in hexane is used to elute from a Zipax column derivatives that contain up to four sugar residues. Residual absorption due to dioxane is negated by directing the solvent gradient through a pre-column, pre-injector high-pressure reference cell. This  path generates a horizontal baseline with a negative and a positive deflection at the beginning and end of the gradient, respectively. Neutral glycosphingolipids can be quantitated either with N-acetyl-psychosine as internal standard or by comparison of peak areas to those of external standards.", "contents": "Quantitative microanalysis of perbenzoylated neutral glycosphingolipids by high-performance liquid chromatography with detection at 230 nm. A method is described which permits the quantitative microanalysis of glycosphingolipids in the picomole range by HPLC of their perbenzoylated derivatives with detection at 230 nm. A linear gradient of 1 to 20% dioxane in hexane is used to elute from a Zipax column derivatives that contain up to four sugar residues. Residual absorption due to dioxane is negated by directing the solvent gradient through a pre-column, pre-injector high-pressure reference cell. This  path generates a horizontal baseline with a negative and a positive deflection at the beginning and end of the gradient, respectively. Neutral glycosphingolipids can be quantitated either with N-acetyl-psychosine as internal standard or by comparison of peak areas to those of external standards.", "PMID": 712249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5240", "title": "Enzymatic assay for cholesterol ester hydrolase activity.", "content": "A rapid and accurate method is described for the assay of cholesterol ester hydrolase (CEH) activity. Aliquots of the enzyme-substrate incubation mixture are extracted into isopropanol. The free cholesterol concentration in each extract is determined enzymatically using a single aqueous reagent containing cholesterol oxidase and peroxidase. The free cholesterol remaining after the cholesterol ester hydrolase-catalyzed esterification is converted to delta 4-cholestenone and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2); peroxidase couples H2O2 with phenol and 4-amino-antipyrine to yield a stable rose-colored product absorbing at 500 nm. The method is highly reproducible and the values correlate well with those obtained with the chromatographic radioassay of CEH activity.", "contents": "Enzymatic assay for cholesterol ester hydrolase activity. A rapid and accurate method is described for the assay of cholesterol ester hydrolase (CEH) activity. Aliquots of the enzyme-substrate incubation mixture are extracted into isopropanol. The free cholesterol concentration in each extract is determined enzymatically using a single aqueous reagent containing cholesterol oxidase and peroxidase. The free cholesterol remaining after the cholesterol ester hydrolase-catalyzed esterification is converted to delta 4-cholestenone and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2); peroxidase couples H2O2 with phenol and 4-amino-antipyrine to yield a stable rose-colored product absorbing at 500 nm. The method is highly reproducible and the values correlate well with those obtained with the chromatographic radioassay of CEH activity.", "PMID": 712250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5241", "title": "Microanalysis of brain lipids: multiple two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography.", "content": "The techniques described allow the quantitation of cholesterol, cerebrosides, sulfatides, ethanolamine phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine, -serine, -inositol, and gangliosides on 500 micrograms of lipid. Lipid extraction required sonication. Separation of the lipid classes was performed on TLC glass plates (10 x 10 cm) coated with silica gel HPTLC 60 F 254 Merck using one multiple two-dimensional chromatography. Most of the methods used for quantitation were standard methods that had been scaled down. The procedure was applied to study regional differences in the central nervous system, to analyze cell membranes or subcellular particles, or to analyze pathological biopsies in the central and peripheral nervous systems.", "contents": "Microanalysis of brain lipids: multiple two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. The techniques described allow the quantitation of cholesterol, cerebrosides, sulfatides, ethanolamine phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine, -serine, -inositol, and gangliosides on 500 micrograms of lipid. Lipid extraction required sonication. Separation of the lipid classes was performed on TLC glass plates (10 x 10 cm) coated with silica gel HPTLC 60 F 254 Merck using one multiple two-dimensional chromatography. Most of the methods used for quantitation were standard methods that had been scaled down. The procedure was applied to study regional differences in the central nervous system, to analyze cell membranes or subcellular particles, or to analyze pathological biopsies in the central and peripheral nervous systems.", "PMID": 712251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5242", "title": "Re-evaluation of the 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase assay for total bile acids in bile.", "content": "A review of the 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase method for determining the concentration of total bile acids in bile is described. The optimum conditions for the assay were established with respect to pH, temperature, incubation time, amount of NAD+, and units of enzyme activity required to obtain complete oxidation of the substrate under fixed conditions. Furthermore, the effect of hydrazine hydrate, methanol, and bile volume on the reaction was examined. It was also established that the bile acid concentration in bile samples with a high molar percentage of cholesterol would be overestimated if 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase were present with the 3 alpha-enzyme.", "contents": "Re-evaluation of the 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase assay for total bile acids in bile. A review of the 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase method for determining the concentration of total bile acids in bile is described. The optimum conditions for the assay were established with respect to pH, temperature, incubation time, amount of NAD+, and units of enzyme activity required to obtain complete oxidation of the substrate under fixed conditions. Furthermore, the effect of hydrazine hydrate, methanol, and bile volume on the reaction was examined. It was also established that the bile acid concentration in bile samples with a high molar percentage of cholesterol would be overestimated if 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase were present with the 3 alpha-enzyme.", "PMID": 712252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5243", "title": "Thresholds and travelling waves for the geographical spread of infection.", "content": "A nonlinear integral equation of mixed Volterra--Fredholm type describing the spatio-temporal development of an epidemic is derived and analysed. Particular attention is paid to the hair-trigger effect and to the travelling wave problem.", "contents": "Thresholds and travelling waves for the geographical spread of infection. A nonlinear integral equation of mixed Volterra--Fredholm type describing the spatio-temporal development of an epidemic is derived and analysed. Particular attention is paid to the hair-trigger effect and to the travelling wave problem.", "PMID": 712253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5244", "title": "Selfing in genetic algebras.", "content": "The effect of self fertilization on the distribution of genetic types in a population can be represented algebraically by a linear transformation. In this paper the relationship of the transformation to the genetic algebra governing the population is investigated. In particular, the problems of multiple alleles, polyploidy and linked loci are studied.", "contents": "Selfing in genetic algebras. The effect of self fertilization on the distribution of genetic types in a population can be represented algebraically by a linear transformation. In this paper the relationship of the transformation to the genetic algebra governing the population is investigated. In particular, the problems of multiple alleles, polyploidy and linked loci are studied.", "PMID": 712255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5245", "title": "Pure anterior conduction delay: a variant \"fascicular\" defect.", "content": "Based upon electrocardiographic studies of conduction disturbances, the human intraventricular conduction system has been considered trifascicular: a right bundle and a  bidivisional left bundle. Right bundle branch block, left anterior hemiblock, and left posterior hemiblock have been described. Microscopic and endocardial mapping studies, however, do not demonstrate a corresponding anatomical basis of this useful functional concept. Atrial premature beats in our two cases resulted in ventricular aberrancy which strongly suggests an additional form of a functional conduction delay. Such delay is manifest as a narrow QRS with anterior displacement in the horizontal plane but no axis shift in the frontal plane. This aberrancy is important to recognize because it can mimic the ECG findings of true posterior myocardial infraction. We do not postulate, however, a specific fascicle of the left bundle as the anatomic substrate for this recently recognized effect.", "contents": "Pure anterior conduction delay: a variant \"fascicular\" defect. Based upon electrocardiographic studies of conduction disturbances, the human intraventricular conduction system has been considered trifascicular: a right bundle and a  bidivisional left bundle. Right bundle branch block, left anterior hemiblock, and left posterior hemiblock have been described. Microscopic and endocardial mapping studies, however, do not demonstrate a corresponding anatomical basis of this useful functional concept. Atrial premature beats in our two cases resulted in ventricular aberrancy which strongly suggests an additional form of a functional conduction delay. Such delay is manifest as a narrow QRS with anterior displacement in the horizontal plane but no axis shift in the frontal plane. This aberrancy is important to recognize because it can mimic the ECG findings of true posterior myocardial infraction. We do not postulate, however, a specific fascicle of the left bundle as the anatomic substrate for this recently recognized effect.", "PMID": 712283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5246", "title": "The significance of dissociation of conduction in the canine His bundle. Electrophysiological studies in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "Fractionated His bundle potentials were induced by ischemia or trauma in 30 anesthetized dogs, in vivo. Functional dissociation, i.e., alteration of the activation sequence of portions of these His bundle potentials was demonstrated in vivo as well as in 10 in vitro preparations of the His-Purkinje system. In vivo, plunge wire and electrode catheters were utilized to record from portions of the His bundle. During vagal-induced slowing of the heart rate, atrial pacing or His bundle pacing, His-Purkinje conduction as measured by the H-V interval was constant over a wide range of heart rates, 50-300/min. One or two hours after anterior septal artery ligation, His bundle damage manifested as split His bundle potentials (H, H'). Atrial pacing or proximal His bundle pacing induced H-H' delays with concomitant right or left bundle branch block patterns in ECG leads. However, distal His bundle pacing at comparable or even higher rates produced normal QRS complexes. In other cases, during atrial pacing or with progressive ischemia at a constant rate, H' progressively delayed during the H-V interval or even disappeared into the QRS complex with a concomitant occurrence of right or left bundle branch block. In vitro, a dissected septal preparation was studied containing the His bundle, proximal and distal right bundle and left bundle branches. Normal conduction throughout the His-Purkinje system was observed at pacing rates of 30-220/min. Punctate lesions, anatomically placed above the branching His bundle caused tachycardia-dependent, complete bundle branch blocked with concurrent temporal reversal of proximal and distal His bundle action potentials. These data suggest that ischemic or traumatic lesions in the His bundle may manifest on the electrocardiogram as bundle branch block patterns. From a clinical point of view, a critical site of lesion would markedly increase the liability for A-V blocked although the electrocardiogram alone would not indicate the actual site of lesion. Predestination of fiber tracts and alternative proposals to the pedestination theory are considered to explain QRS aberration due to exclusive His bundle lesions.", "contents": "The significance of dissociation of conduction in the canine His bundle. Electrophysiological studies in vivo and in vitro. Fractionated His bundle potentials were induced by ischemia or trauma in 30 anesthetized dogs, in vivo. Functional dissociation, i.e., alteration of the activation sequence of portions of these His bundle potentials was demonstrated in vivo as well as in 10 in vitro preparations of the His-Purkinje system. In vivo, plunge wire and electrode catheters were utilized to record from portions of the His bundle. During vagal-induced slowing of the heart rate, atrial pacing or His bundle pacing, His-Purkinje conduction as measured by the H-V interval was constant over a wide range of heart rates, 50-300/min. One or two hours after anterior septal artery ligation, His bundle damage manifested as split His bundle potentials (H, H'). Atrial pacing or proximal His bundle pacing induced H-H' delays with concomitant right or left bundle branch block patterns in ECG leads. However, distal His bundle pacing at comparable or even higher rates produced normal QRS complexes. In other cases, during atrial pacing or with progressive ischemia at a constant rate, H' progressively delayed during the H-V interval or even disappeared into the QRS complex with a concomitant occurrence of right or left bundle branch block. In vitro, a dissected septal preparation was studied containing the His bundle, proximal and distal right bundle and left bundle branches. Normal conduction throughout the His-Purkinje system was observed at pacing rates of 30-220/min. Punctate lesions, anatomically placed above the branching His bundle caused tachycardia-dependent, complete bundle branch blocked with concurrent temporal reversal of proximal and distal His bundle action potentials. These data suggest that ischemic or traumatic lesions in the His bundle may manifest on the electrocardiogram as bundle branch block patterns. From a clinical point of view, a critical site of lesion would markedly increase the liability for A-V blocked although the electrocardiogram alone would not indicate the actual site of lesion. Predestination of fiber tracts and alternative proposals to the pedestination theory are considered to explain QRS aberration due to exclusive His bundle lesions.", "PMID": 712285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5247", "title": "Precordial ST-segment mapping 5. Analysis of maps and standard electrocardiograms in patients with inferior myocardial infarction.", "content": "Measured and derived electrocardiographic parameters pertaining to ST-segment elevations, R and Q wave amplitudes from standard electrocardiograms, and 49-lead precordial maps from ten patients with acute inferior transmural myocardial infarction were analyzed. Sums of ST-segment elevations correlated well with corresponding values derived from various combinations of standard leads expressing inferior ischemic injury. Derived ECG R and Q wave data from maps did not correlate with corresponding parameters from the standard ECGs. Stability of parameters derived from ST-segment elevations over the course of the study and lack of correlation with data expressing changes in the R and Q waves were noted. An analytical pattern such as the one utilized in this study can be used for assessment of therapeutic interventions in the Coronary Care Unit.", "contents": "Precordial ST-segment mapping 5. Analysis of maps and standard electrocardiograms in patients with inferior myocardial infarction. Measured and derived electrocardiographic parameters pertaining to ST-segment elevations, R and Q wave amplitudes from standard electrocardiograms, and 49-lead precordial maps from ten patients with acute inferior transmural myocardial infarction were analyzed. Sums of ST-segment elevations correlated well with corresponding values derived from various combinations of standard leads expressing inferior ischemic injury. Derived ECG R and Q wave data from maps did not correlate with corresponding parameters from the standard ECGs. Stability of parameters derived from ST-segment elevations over the course of the study and lack of correlation with data expressing changes in the R and Q waves were noted. An analytical pattern such as the one utilized in this study can be used for assessment of therapeutic interventions in the Coronary Care Unit.", "PMID": 712287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5248", "title": "Left atrial rhythm in man: an experimental study.", "content": "Ten patients with atrial septal defect of the secondum variety undergoing diagnostic haemodynamic study were subjected to electrical stimulation of the endocardium of the left atrium using a bipolar pacing electrode catheter. The polarity, frontal plane P wave axis and P wave configuration were analysed from ten scalar 12 lead electrocardiogram (ECG), recorded at 25-50 mm/sec during sinus rhythm and left atrial stimulation. While four patients demonstrated the \"dome and dart\" appearance of P waves in V1, nine out of ten patients revealed upright P waves in V1 during left atrial pacing; one patient showed inverted P waves in V1-V6. Four patients had negative \"P\" waves in L1 and only five of ten patients had inverted \"P\" waves in L1 and V6. All the criteria of left atrial rhythm were present in only one patient. It appears that the \"P\" waves change during left atrial pacing are variable and that the typical findings of left atrial rhythm are not obtained in all cases. This study was planned because trans-septal left atrial stimulation in the genesis of left atrial rhythm has not been widely reported.", "contents": "Left atrial rhythm in man: an experimental study. Ten patients with atrial septal defect of the secondum variety undergoing diagnostic haemodynamic study were subjected to electrical stimulation of the endocardium of the left atrium using a bipolar pacing electrode catheter. The polarity, frontal plane P wave axis and P wave configuration were analysed from ten scalar 12 lead electrocardiogram (ECG), recorded at 25-50 mm/sec during sinus rhythm and left atrial stimulation. While four patients demonstrated the \"dome and dart\" appearance of P waves in V1, nine out of ten patients revealed upright P waves in V1 during left atrial pacing; one patient showed inverted P waves in V1-V6. Four patients had negative \"P\" waves in L1 and only five of ten patients had inverted \"P\" waves in L1 and V6. All the criteria of left atrial rhythm were present in only one patient. It appears that the \"P\" waves change during left atrial pacing are variable and that the typical findings of left atrial rhythm are not obtained in all cases. This study was planned because trans-septal left atrial stimulation in the genesis of left atrial rhythm has not been widely reported.", "PMID": 712288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5249", "title": "A new test for pacemaker leads: capacitance measurement.", "content": "A device has been developed which permits in man the measurement of the capacitance of a chronically implanted pacemaker lead at the moment of battery replacement. A large increase in capacitance suggests important body fluid penetration into the lead. This can be due to an insulation defect (caused by a suture or a guide wire during implantation) or to a degeneration of the insulation material or to the lead-design. This fluid penetration should be avoided since it can be responsible for some electro-chemical reactions. Calculated values for the capacitance of a system consisting of an inner and an outer conductor, with two media in between, agree rather well with measured values. It is suggested that the measurement of the capacitance of a pacemaker lead is an additional tool for the evaluation of chronically implanted pacemaker leads. This method can also be of interest for the quality control of pacemaker leads.", "contents": "A new test for pacemaker leads: capacitance measurement. A device has been developed which permits in man the measurement of the capacitance of a chronically implanted pacemaker lead at the moment of battery replacement. A large increase in capacitance suggests important body fluid penetration into the lead. This can be due to an insulation defect (caused by a suture or a guide wire during implantation) or to a degeneration of the insulation material or to the lead-design. This fluid penetration should be avoided since it can be responsible for some electro-chemical reactions. Calculated values for the capacitance of a system consisting of an inner and an outer conductor, with two media in between, agree rather well with measured values. It is suggested that the measurement of the capacitance of a pacemaker lead is an additional tool for the evaluation of chronically implanted pacemaker leads. This method can also be of interest for the quality control of pacemaker leads.", "PMID": 712289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5250", "title": "The effect of phentolamine on intra-Hisian conduction.", "content": "A His bundle electrogram was obtained in a 70 year old male with syncopal episodes. A split bundle of His deflection was recorded. After the intravenous administration of phentolamine, a marked shortening of the H-H' interval was observed. This signifies an improvement in conduction at the bundle of His level.", "contents": "The effect of phentolamine on intra-Hisian conduction. A His bundle electrogram was obtained in a 70 year old male with syncopal episodes. A split bundle of His deflection was recorded. After the intravenous administration of phentolamine, a marked shortening of the H-H' interval was observed. This signifies an improvement in conduction at the bundle of His level.", "PMID": 712290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5251", "title": "Duchenne electrocardiogram in myotonia dystrophica.", "content": "The term \"myopathic pattern\" is applied to the electrocardiographic finding of R/S in lead V1 of more than 1.5 in association with deep Q and prominent R waves in leads V4-V6. Such findings are characteristic of Duchenne's pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy and reportedly do not occur in other types of muscular dystrophy or myopathy. The purpose of this paper is to describe a case of myotonia dystrophica with the Duchenne electrocardiographic pattern.", "contents": "Duchenne electrocardiogram in myotonia dystrophica. The term \"myopathic pattern\" is applied to the electrocardiographic finding of R/S in lead V1 of more than 1.5 in association with deep Q and prominent R waves in leads V4-V6. Such findings are characteristic of Duchenne's pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy and reportedly do not occur in other types of muscular dystrophy or myopathy. The purpose of this paper is to describe a case of myotonia dystrophica with the Duchenne electrocardiographic pattern.", "PMID": 712291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5252", "title": "A-V block in accidental hypothermia.", "content": "His bundle electrocardiography was performed on a patient with accidental hypothermia on whom the standard electrocardiogram (ECG) showed absent P waves, prominent J waves and a slightly irregular rhythm. Sino-ventricular conduction and a prolonged AH interval not responsive to atropine were found. These abnormalities reversed with rewarming.", "contents": "A-V block in accidental hypothermia. His bundle electrocardiography was performed on a patient with accidental hypothermia on whom the standard electrocardiogram (ECG) showed absent P waves, prominent J waves and a slightly irregular rhythm. Sino-ventricular conduction and a prolonged AH interval not responsive to atropine were found. These abnormalities reversed with rewarming.", "PMID": 712292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5253", "title": "Sympathetically induced atrial tachycardia. Successful treatment by left stellate ganglion block.", "content": "An unusual type of atrial tachycardia was observed in a 52-year-old woman. The tachycardia occurred only when the patient kept the left upper limb in the lateral and horizontal position. Propranolol, atropine sulfate, carotid sinus massage and ocular compression were not effective in terminating or preventing the arrhythmia. Left stellate ganglion block has stopped the tachycardia for at least two years. The atrial tachycardia in this patient was thought to be caused by mechanical stimulation of the left stellate ganglion resulting in pacemaker shifting, as has been demonstrated in the canine heart.", "contents": "Sympathetically induced atrial tachycardia. Successful treatment by left stellate ganglion block. An unusual type of atrial tachycardia was observed in a 52-year-old woman. The tachycardia occurred only when the patient kept the left upper limb in the lateral and horizontal position. Propranolol, atropine sulfate, carotid sinus massage and ocular compression were not effective in terminating or preventing the arrhythmia. Left stellate ganglion block has stopped the tachycardia for at least two years. The atrial tachycardia in this patient was thought to be caused by mechanical stimulation of the left stellate ganglion resulting in pacemaker shifting, as has been demonstrated in the canine heart.", "PMID": 712293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5254", "title": "Steroid feedback on luteinizing hormone secretion during sexual maturation in the pig.", "content": "The effects of gonadal secretions on the release of LH and the stimulation of LH secretion by oestradiol have been investigated in newborn male and female miniature pigs; the differences in the feedback action of testosterone in newborn and pubertal male pigs were also studied. Hemi-orchidectomy or orchidectomy of 1-week-old pigs had no effect on the level of LH in the plasma; total orchidectomy significantly reduced the levels of testosterone (P less than 0.01) and progesterone (P less than 0.05). In female pigs ovariectomized at 1 week of age, the concentration of LH in the plasma decreased, with a strong negative correlation between the level of LH and age (r = -0.41; P less than 0.05). The plasma concentration of progesterone was generally low and unaffected by ovariectomy. Orchidectomy and treatment of male pigs, at 1 week of age, with testosterone (6 mg/kg body weight) had no effect on the plasma concentration of testosterone 24 h after treatment. If testosterone propionate was given rather than testosterone, the level of LH was significantly reduced (P less than 0.001) 24 h after the injection and the concentration of testosterone in the plasma corresponded to that found in the intact adult male pig. Treatment with oestradiol or oestradiol benzoate did not affect the concentration of LH. Orchidectomy and treatment of pubertal male pigs with testosterone propionate resulted in a significantly (P less than 0.001) higher concentration of testosterone in the plasma, compared with newborn pigs treated similarly, but the level of LH was unchanged. This suggests that there is a more rapid rate of clearance of testosterone in the newborn than in the pubertal male miniature pig and that the negative feedback of testosterone is not mediated by aromatization in the newborn animal and it declines before or during puberty. Treatment of newborn intact male and female and gonadectomized male pigs with oestradiol benzoate produced similar variations in the plasma level of oestradiol in all groups of animals. In the female pigs, however, a surge-like release of LH was observed 60--72 h after the injection of oestradiol benzoate, suggesting that the stimulatory feedback mechanism can operate soon after birth and that the response is sexually dimorphic.", "contents": "Steroid feedback on luteinizing hormone secretion during sexual maturation in the pig. The effects of gonadal secretions on the release of LH and the stimulation of LH secretion by oestradiol have been investigated in newborn male and female miniature pigs; the differences in the feedback action of testosterone in newborn and pubertal male pigs were also studied. Hemi-orchidectomy or orchidectomy of 1-week-old pigs had no effect on the level of LH in the plasma; total orchidectomy significantly reduced the levels of testosterone (P less than 0.01) and progesterone (P less than 0.05). In female pigs ovariectomized at 1 week of age, the concentration of LH in the plasma decreased, with a strong negative correlation between the level of LH and age (r = -0.41; P less than 0.05). The plasma concentration of progesterone was generally low and unaffected by ovariectomy. Orchidectomy and treatment of male pigs, at 1 week of age, with testosterone (6 mg/kg body weight) had no effect on the plasma concentration of testosterone 24 h after treatment. If testosterone propionate was given rather than testosterone, the level of LH was significantly reduced (P less than 0.001) 24 h after the injection and the concentration of testosterone in the plasma corresponded to that found in the intact adult male pig. Treatment with oestradiol or oestradiol benzoate did not affect the concentration of LH. Orchidectomy and treatment of pubertal male pigs with testosterone propionate resulted in a significantly (P less than 0.001) higher concentration of testosterone in the plasma, compared with newborn pigs treated similarly, but the level of LH was unchanged. This suggests that there is a more rapid rate of clearance of testosterone in the newborn than in the pubertal male miniature pig and that the negative feedback of testosterone is not mediated by aromatization in the newborn animal and it declines before or during puberty. Treatment of newborn intact male and female and gonadectomized male pigs with oestradiol benzoate produced similar variations in the plasma level of oestradiol in all groups of animals. In the female pigs, however, a surge-like release of LH was observed 60--72 h after the injection of oestradiol benzoate, suggesting that the stimulatory feedback mechanism can operate soon after birth and that the response is sexually dimorphic.", "PMID": 712294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5255", "title": "Relationships between prolactin and follicle-stimulating hormone during early pregnancy and the puerperium.", "content": "This investigation studies the relationship between the concentrationss of prolactin and FSH in the serum during pregnancy and the puerperium. A single dose of 5 mg bromocriptine during early pregnancy induced a profound fall in the serum level of prolactin with a substantial rise 20 h later. During the initial reduction in the concentration of prolactin, no alteration was noted in the level of FSH but during the subsequent increase in the prolactin concentration, there was a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in the concentration of FSH. During week 1 of the puerperium, the concentrations of FSH and prolactin were significantly lower in lactating women than in women who were not breast feeding, but there was no significant difference between the concentration of FSH in women who had suppressed lactation with bromocriptine and in those whose lactation was suppressed by non-hormonal methods. when the concentration of FSH was measured every 10 min during a 30 min breast feed, there was a marked but short-lived rise in the serum concentration of prolactin but no change in the level of FSH. These results suggest that an increase in the serum level of prolactin in pregnancy can have a suppressive effect on the production of FSH. Although acute suckling-induced hyperprolactinaemia in the puerperium has no such effect, the maintenance of lactation in the long term does suppress the concentration of FSH in the serum.", "contents": "Relationships between prolactin and follicle-stimulating hormone during early pregnancy and the puerperium. This investigation studies the relationship between the concentrationss of prolactin and FSH in the serum during pregnancy and the puerperium. A single dose of 5 mg bromocriptine during early pregnancy induced a profound fall in the serum level of prolactin with a substantial rise 20 h later. During the initial reduction in the concentration of prolactin, no alteration was noted in the level of FSH but during the subsequent increase in the prolactin concentration, there was a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in the concentration of FSH. During week 1 of the puerperium, the concentrations of FSH and prolactin were significantly lower in lactating women than in women who were not breast feeding, but there was no significant difference between the concentration of FSH in women who had suppressed lactation with bromocriptine and in those whose lactation was suppressed by non-hormonal methods. when the concentration of FSH was measured every 10 min during a 30 min breast feed, there was a marked but short-lived rise in the serum concentration of prolactin but no change in the level of FSH. These results suggest that an increase in the serum level of prolactin in pregnancy can have a suppressive effect on the production of FSH. Although acute suckling-induced hyperprolactinaemia in the puerperium has no such effect, the maintenance of lactation in the long term does suppress the concentration of FSH in the serum.", "PMID": 712295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5256", "title": "Effect of low phosphorus diets on intestinal calcium absorption and the concentration of calcium-binding protein in intact and parathyroidectomized pigs.", "content": "The effect of changing the dietary concentration of phosphorus on the intestinal absorption of calcium has been studied in conscious pigs each prepared with a Thiry--Vella loop of jejunum. A reduction in the percentage of phosphorus in the diet from 0.7 to 0.3% caused an increase in the efficiency of absorption of calcium from the fluid used to perfuse the jejunal loop in both intact and parathyroidectomized animals. There was a marked increase in the amount of calcium-binding protein (CaBP) in the small intestine of pigs fed the low phosphrous diet. Parathyroidectomy did not affect the amount of CaBP in the small intestine when either the normal or the low phosphorus diets were fed.", "contents": "Effect of low phosphorus diets on intestinal calcium absorption and the concentration of calcium-binding protein in intact and parathyroidectomized pigs. The effect of changing the dietary concentration of phosphorus on the intestinal absorption of calcium has been studied in conscious pigs each prepared with a Thiry--Vella loop of jejunum. A reduction in the percentage of phosphorus in the diet from 0.7 to 0.3% caused an increase in the efficiency of absorption of calcium from the fluid used to perfuse the jejunal loop in both intact and parathyroidectomized animals. There was a marked increase in the amount of calcium-binding protein (CaBP) in the small intestine of pigs fed the low phosphrous diet. Parathyroidectomy did not affect the amount of CaBP in the small intestine when either the normal or the low phosphorus diets were fed.", "PMID": 712296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5257", "title": "Specific suppression of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion in gonadectomized male and female rats with intrasplenic ovarian transplants.", "content": "Adult male and female rats received an ovarian homotransplant under the kidney capsule or in the spleen 14 days after gonadectomy. After transplantation under the kidney capsule, the high levels of both LH and FSH normally observed after gonadectomy decreased to the levels found in intact male and female rats. After transplantation into the spleen, however, the serum levels of LH increased still further, although a decrease was observed in the level of FSH. In male rats, the concentrations of oestradiol-17beta in the plasma increased from 17 to 56 pg/ml after transplantation of an ovary under the kidney capsule; the concentration was not increased after intrasplenic ovarian transplantation. In female rats with an intrasplenic transplant, the uterine weight did not increase and vaginal smears were not cornified. Administration of oestrogen and progesterone to produce approximately the concentrations found in rats with an intrasplenic transplant did not result in decreased concentrations of FSH. These results suggest that the ovary secretes a substance with specific FSH-suppressing activity, which is not inactivated by the liver.", "contents": "Specific suppression of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion in gonadectomized male and female rats with intrasplenic ovarian transplants. Adult male and female rats received an ovarian homotransplant under the kidney capsule or in the spleen 14 days after gonadectomy. After transplantation under the kidney capsule, the high levels of both LH and FSH normally observed after gonadectomy decreased to the levels found in intact male and female rats. After transplantation into the spleen, however, the serum levels of LH increased still further, although a decrease was observed in the level of FSH. In male rats, the concentrations of oestradiol-17beta in the plasma increased from 17 to 56 pg/ml after transplantation of an ovary under the kidney capsule; the concentration was not increased after intrasplenic ovarian transplantation. In female rats with an intrasplenic transplant, the uterine weight did not increase and vaginal smears were not cornified. Administration of oestrogen and progesterone to produce approximately the concentrations found in rats with an intrasplenic transplant did not result in decreased concentrations of FSH. These results suggest that the ovary secretes a substance with specific FSH-suppressing activity, which is not inactivated by the liver.", "PMID": 712297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5258", "title": "Uptake and binding of glucocorticoids in fish tissues.", "content": "Cytosols prepared from the liver and various tissues of goldfish (intact or hypophysectomized) and trout (intact) were incubated at 2 degrees C in the presence of tritiated cortisol or dexamethasone (3 x 10(-9) to 3 x 10(-6) mol/l) with or without a 1000-fold excess of unlabelled steroid. In contrast to mammals, the specifically bound component represented a very low fraction of the total bound steroid retained on DEAE cellulose filters and did not show saturation over a large range of concentrations. The subcellular distribution of [3H]dexamethasone was studied in trout liver after intra-vascular injection of the labelled steroid with and without an excess of unlabelled steroid. The amount of protein-bound steroid in the cytosol again corresponded to a small (4%) proportion of the free steroid. The large reduction in the uptake of tritiated dexamethasone, which was induced in both the cytosol and nuclei by competing unlabelled dexamethasone, was interpreted as evidence for mediated entry across cellular and nuclear membranes. These results indicate that high-affinity binding sites are absent, or present only in very small numbers in cytosol from teleost tissues. The entry of glucocorticoids into the nucleus may not require the hormone to be bound to high-affinity cytosolic receptors unless the binding, though quantitatively small, displays a high rate of turnover.", "contents": "Uptake and binding of glucocorticoids in fish tissues. Cytosols prepared from the liver and various tissues of goldfish (intact or hypophysectomized) and trout (intact) were incubated at 2 degrees C in the presence of tritiated cortisol or dexamethasone (3 x 10(-9) to 3 x 10(-6) mol/l) with or without a 1000-fold excess of unlabelled steroid. In contrast to mammals, the specifically bound component represented a very low fraction of the total bound steroid retained on DEAE cellulose filters and did not show saturation over a large range of concentrations. The subcellular distribution of [3H]dexamethasone was studied in trout liver after intra-vascular injection of the labelled steroid with and without an excess of unlabelled steroid. The amount of protein-bound steroid in the cytosol again corresponded to a small (4%) proportion of the free steroid. The large reduction in the uptake of tritiated dexamethasone, which was induced in both the cytosol and nuclei by competing unlabelled dexamethasone, was interpreted as evidence for mediated entry across cellular and nuclear membranes. These results indicate that high-affinity binding sites are absent, or present only in very small numbers in cytosol from teleost tissues. The entry of glucocorticoids into the nucleus may not require the hormone to be bound to high-affinity cytosolic receptors unless the binding, though quantitatively small, displays a high rate of turnover.", "PMID": 712298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5259", "title": "Effects of an intra-uterine device on uterine cell division and epithelial morphology in ovariectomized mice treated with oestrogen and progesterone.", "content": "Silk threads placed in the uteri of ovariectomized mice increased cell proliferation in all tissues including regions of the uterus remote from the site of insertion. Many of the effects resembled those produced by oestrogens. An intra-uterine device (IUD) increased luminal and glandular mitosis and produced various degrees of luminal epithelial hyperplasia in untreated animals. In progesterone-treated mice bearing IUD's, luminal and stromal mitosis was increased. Epithelial morphology was not affected or luminal mitosis inhibited in oestrogen-treated animals with IUD's, but stromal and glandular mitosis was increased. After combined treatment with progesterone and oestrogen, stromal mitosis was suppressed at the contact site but was increased elsewhere. Both oestrogen and progesterone suppressed the luminal leucocytosis induced by the IUD. Despite this, the IUD prevented complete progestational differentiation of the luminal epithelium and closure of the lumen. The degree to which IUD-induced abnormalities were observed depended on the hormonal status of the animal at the time of sampling.", "contents": "Effects of an intra-uterine device on uterine cell division and epithelial morphology in ovariectomized mice treated with oestrogen and progesterone. Silk threads placed in the uteri of ovariectomized mice increased cell proliferation in all tissues including regions of the uterus remote from the site of insertion. Many of the effects resembled those produced by oestrogens. An intra-uterine device (IUD) increased luminal and glandular mitosis and produced various degrees of luminal epithelial hyperplasia in untreated animals. In progesterone-treated mice bearing IUD's, luminal and stromal mitosis was increased. Epithelial morphology was not affected or luminal mitosis inhibited in oestrogen-treated animals with IUD's, but stromal and glandular mitosis was increased. After combined treatment with progesterone and oestrogen, stromal mitosis was suppressed at the contact site but was increased elsewhere. Both oestrogen and progesterone suppressed the luminal leucocytosis induced by the IUD. Despite this, the IUD prevented complete progestational differentiation of the luminal epithelium and closure of the lumen. The degree to which IUD-induced abnormalities were observed depended on the hormonal status of the animal at the time of sampling.", "PMID": 712299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5260", "title": "Thromboxane B2 and human parturition: concentrations in the plasma and production in vitro.", "content": "The concentration of thromboxane B2 has been measured in the plasma of women during late pregnancy, during term and pre-term labour, in women with pre-eclampsia and in umbilical cord arterial and venous plasma. In addition, the rates of production of thromboxane B2 in vitro were determined for placental tissues obtained after spontaneous vaginal delivery or elective Caesarean section. The results obtained indicate significant differences during parturition between the sources and controlling mechanisms of thromboxane and prostaglandin production.", "contents": "Thromboxane B2 and human parturition: concentrations in the plasma and production in vitro. The concentration of thromboxane B2 has been measured in the plasma of women during late pregnancy, during term and pre-term labour, in women with pre-eclampsia and in umbilical cord arterial and venous plasma. In addition, the rates of production of thromboxane B2 in vitro were determined for placental tissues obtained after spontaneous vaginal delivery or elective Caesarean section. The results obtained indicate significant differences during parturition between the sources and controlling mechanisms of thromboxane and prostaglandin production.", "PMID": 712300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5261", "title": "An improved method for estimating cholecystokinin in human serum.", "content": "Because of difficulties encountered in setting up radioimmunoassays for cholecystokinin (CCK) a sensitive and reliable biological method for estimating this hormone is still needed. The principles of such a biological technique and an improvement to it have already been described, but the serum levels of CCK reported were high and the technique required further refinement and validation. The strips of rabbit gall-bladder used to estimate the concentration of CCK increased in sensitivity to standard solutions of CCK over a 6--8 period before stabilizing, but a single sample of serum increased the sensitivity of the strips of gall-bladder to their maximum immediately. These two problems were eliminated by 'priming' the strips of gall-bladder by exposure to two serum samples before exposure to the standard solutions used for production of a dose--response curve. Thirdly, it was discovered that some non-peptide substances in serum possessed CCK-like activity; by extracting all the small peptides from serum with dextran-coated charcoal the residual activity could be measured and subtracted from the total CCK activity. Finally, the activity of CCK in the serum increased during processing before freezing. This increase was eliminated by taking the blood samples into aprotinin which has been shown to cause dramatic reduction in CCK activity in some experiments. When all these factors were taken into account and the technique suitably modified, the mean level of CCK in the serum of ten normal fasting subjects was found to be 28 milli Ivy Dog units/ml (2.4 pmol/ml), which is only one third of that reported previously.", "contents": "An improved method for estimating cholecystokinin in human serum. Because of difficulties encountered in setting up radioimmunoassays for cholecystokinin (CCK) a sensitive and reliable biological method for estimating this hormone is still needed. The principles of such a biological technique and an improvement to it have already been described, but the serum levels of CCK reported were high and the technique required further refinement and validation. The strips of rabbit gall-bladder used to estimate the concentration of CCK increased in sensitivity to standard solutions of CCK over a 6--8 period before stabilizing, but a single sample of serum increased the sensitivity of the strips of gall-bladder to their maximum immediately. These two problems were eliminated by 'priming' the strips of gall-bladder by exposure to two serum samples before exposure to the standard solutions used for production of a dose--response curve. Thirdly, it was discovered that some non-peptide substances in serum possessed CCK-like activity; by extracting all the small peptides from serum with dextran-coated charcoal the residual activity could be measured and subtracted from the total CCK activity. Finally, the activity of CCK in the serum increased during processing before freezing. This increase was eliminated by taking the blood samples into aprotinin which has been shown to cause dramatic reduction in CCK activity in some experiments. When all these factors were taken into account and the technique suitably modified, the mean level of CCK in the serum of ten normal fasting subjects was found to be 28 milli Ivy Dog units/ml (2.4 pmol/ml), which is only one third of that reported previously.", "PMID": 712317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5262", "title": "Effects of prostaglandins on the metabolism of cholesteryl ester in rat testes: changes in the synthesis and hydrolysis of cholesteryl ester and the activity of cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme.", "content": "The effects of prostaglandins on testicular synthesis and hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters, the activity of the enzyme involved in cleavage of the cholesterol side-chain and on serum levels of testosterone and LH have been studied. Subcutaneous administration of prostaglandins to male rats caused an increase in the concentration of cholesteryl esters in the testes, a decrease in testicular synthesis and hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters but no change in the activity of the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme. There was also a significant decrease in the serum level of testosterone, but the level of LH was raised. Prostaglandins also affected the fatty acid composition of lipids in rat testicular tissue; cholesteryl esters were found to contain greater amounts of arachidonic (C20:4) and docosapentaenoic (C22:5) acids. These findings suggest that prostaglandins are involved in the turnover of cholesteryl esters in rat testicular tissue and regulate the production of androgens.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandins on the metabolism of cholesteryl ester in rat testes: changes in the synthesis and hydrolysis of cholesteryl ester and the activity of cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme. The effects of prostaglandins on testicular synthesis and hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters, the activity of the enzyme involved in cleavage of the cholesterol side-chain and on serum levels of testosterone and LH have been studied. Subcutaneous administration of prostaglandins to male rats caused an increase in the concentration of cholesteryl esters in the testes, a decrease in testicular synthesis and hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters but no change in the activity of the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme. There was also a significant decrease in the serum level of testosterone, but the level of LH was raised. Prostaglandins also affected the fatty acid composition of lipids in rat testicular tissue; cholesteryl esters were found to contain greater amounts of arachidonic (C20:4) and docosapentaenoic (C22:5) acids. These findings suggest that prostaglandins are involved in the turnover of cholesteryl esters in rat testicular tissue and regulate the production of androgens.", "PMID": 712318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5263", "title": "Antiandrogenic effects of the pineal gland and melatonin in castrated and intact prepubertal male rats.", "content": "In castrated prepubertal rats, pinealectomy enhanced the testosterone-induced growth response of the seminal vesicles and melatonin inhibited this effect in a dose-related manner. In entire animals, the serum concentration of LH was increased after pinealectomy with no significant changes in other parameters. Administration of melatonin to intact, pinealectomized rats did not affect the serum concentrations of LH or testosterone but caused a dose-related decrease in the weight of the seminal vesicles. The highest dose of melatonin tested reduced the weight of the ventral prostate gland and the uptake of radioactivity by both the ventral prostate gland and the testes after injection of [5-3H]uridine. It is suggested that the pineal gland and melatonin may exert an antagonistic effect on the biological activity of androgens administered to castrated rats and that melatonin can reduce the growth of the accessory sex organs of intact, pinealectomized rats, in spite of a high concentration of LH in the serum. The well-known inhibitory influence of systemically administered melatonin on the accessory sex organs in male rats may be due to its antagonistic effect at a peripheral level.", "contents": "Antiandrogenic effects of the pineal gland and melatonin in castrated and intact prepubertal male rats. In castrated prepubertal rats, pinealectomy enhanced the testosterone-induced growth response of the seminal vesicles and melatonin inhibited this effect in a dose-related manner. In entire animals, the serum concentration of LH was increased after pinealectomy with no significant changes in other parameters. Administration of melatonin to intact, pinealectomized rats did not affect the serum concentrations of LH or testosterone but caused a dose-related decrease in the weight of the seminal vesicles. The highest dose of melatonin tested reduced the weight of the ventral prostate gland and the uptake of radioactivity by both the ventral prostate gland and the testes after injection of [5-3H]uridine. It is suggested that the pineal gland and melatonin may exert an antagonistic effect on the biological activity of androgens administered to castrated rats and that melatonin can reduce the growth of the accessory sex organs of intact, pinealectomized rats, in spite of a high concentration of LH in the serum. The well-known inhibitory influence of systemically administered melatonin on the accessory sex organs in male rats may be due to its antagonistic effect at a peripheral level.", "PMID": 712320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5264", "title": "Circadian variations in the plasma concentration of prolactin in the adult male rat.", "content": "The occurrence of circadian variations in the concentration of prolactin in the plasma of 6- to 9-month-old male rats has been assessed in animals exposed to light for 14 h/day (lights on 06.00--20.00 h). Blood samples were obtained after decapitation, or from individual rats at regular intervals via a permanent cannula. Care was taken to limit stress during sampling. The concentration of prolactin in the plasma was significantly lower between 07.00 and 15.00 h than at other times. Between 15.00 and 20.00 h (during the light period), the concentration of prolactin was significantly higher in comparison with the preceding period, or with the remainder of the 24 h period. During the night, the concentration fluctuated, probably because of episodic releases of the hormone. The possible physiological significance of a circadian rhythm in the plasma concentration of prolactin and the implications for endocrine experimentation are discussed briefly.", "contents": "Circadian variations in the plasma concentration of prolactin in the adult male rat. The occurrence of circadian variations in the concentration of prolactin in the plasma of 6- to 9-month-old male rats has been assessed in animals exposed to light for 14 h/day (lights on 06.00--20.00 h). Blood samples were obtained after decapitation, or from individual rats at regular intervals via a permanent cannula. Care was taken to limit stress during sampling. The concentration of prolactin in the plasma was significantly lower between 07.00 and 15.00 h than at other times. Between 15.00 and 20.00 h (during the light period), the concentration of prolactin was significantly higher in comparison with the preceding period, or with the remainder of the 24 h period. During the night, the concentration fluctuated, probably because of episodic releases of the hormone. The possible physiological significance of a circadian rhythm in the plasma concentration of prolactin and the implications for endocrine experimentation are discussed briefly.", "PMID": 712321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5265", "title": "Functional significance of the cells in the pars anterior of the pituitary gland of the musk shrew (Suncus murinus L.).", "content": "Seven morphologically and tinctorially distinct types of cells (types 1--7) have been distinguished in the pars anterior of the pituitary gland of the musk shrew (Suncus murinus L.). On the basis of their responses to various experimental stimuli, these cell types were correlated with the secretion of various trophic hormones. Type 1 cells exhibited conspicuous changes after thyroidectomy or inactivation of the thyroid gland and hence appeared to be the source of TSH. Types 2 and 3 cells responded to gonadectomy and administration of androgens, which suggests that they were associated with gonadotrophin secretion. The granules of the type 2, but not the type 3 cells could be extracted with 10% trichloroacetic acid, which may indicate that type 2 and 3 cells secrete FSH and LH respectively. After the administration of either reserpine or oestrogen, the type 4 cells underwent hypertrophy and hyperplasia, which suggests that they were the likely source of prolactin. Type 6 cells, which are distinguishable from type 4 cells by their thinly dispersed erythrosinophilic granulation, showed conspicuous changes after unilateral adrenalectomy, administration of metyrapone or exposure to stress and may therefore be responsible for secretion of ACTH. Type 5 cells tinctorially resembled the somatotrophic cells of other mammalian species and did not respond to any of the experimental treatments used in the present study. It is therefore possible that these cells have a somatotrophic function. The possible significance of type 7 cells has been discussed previously.", "contents": "Functional significance of the cells in the pars anterior of the pituitary gland of the musk shrew (Suncus murinus L.). Seven morphologically and tinctorially distinct types of cells (types 1--7) have been distinguished in the pars anterior of the pituitary gland of the musk shrew (Suncus murinus L.). On the basis of their responses to various experimental stimuli, these cell types were correlated with the secretion of various trophic hormones. Type 1 cells exhibited conspicuous changes after thyroidectomy or inactivation of the thyroid gland and hence appeared to be the source of TSH. Types 2 and 3 cells responded to gonadectomy and administration of androgens, which suggests that they were associated with gonadotrophin secretion. The granules of the type 2, but not the type 3 cells could be extracted with 10% trichloroacetic acid, which may indicate that type 2 and 3 cells secrete FSH and LH respectively. After the administration of either reserpine or oestrogen, the type 4 cells underwent hypertrophy and hyperplasia, which suggests that they were the likely source of prolactin. Type 6 cells, which are distinguishable from type 4 cells by their thinly dispersed erythrosinophilic granulation, showed conspicuous changes after unilateral adrenalectomy, administration of metyrapone or exposure to stress and may therefore be responsible for secretion of ACTH. Type 5 cells tinctorially resembled the somatotrophic cells of other mammalian species and did not respond to any of the experimental treatments used in the present study. It is therefore possible that these cells have a somatotrophic function. The possible significance of type 7 cells has been discussed previously.", "PMID": 712323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5266", "title": "An electromyographic analysis of forelimb muscles during overground stepping in the cat.", "content": "The patterns of activity of 33 forelimb muscles during unrestrained overground stepping in eight adult cats were analysed using intramuscular electromyography. Three general patterns were found. Some muscles began activity during the first extension epoch (E1) and ceased near the end of the third extension epoch (E3) and were considered extensors. Others, considered flexors, began activity just prior to the flexion (F) epoch and ceased at or just after the onset of E1. Other muscles showed a biphasic pattern of activation; one period of activity occurring during F, the other during the extension epochs. In all regions of the limb, individual muscles displayed variation in the onset and time course of activity. The results are interpreted in terms of a model of locomotor generation which proposes specific neural output to individual muscles. Muscles of the shoulder region are proposed to act mainly to produce translatory and rotatory movements of the scapula associated with lengthening the step. Muscles of the elbow region and antebrachium are interpreted as playing roles both in producing flexion-extension movements and in the absorption of energy. The latter group are considered especially suitable to energy absorption because of their pennate arrangement of muscle fasciculi and their long tendons.", "contents": "An electromyographic analysis of forelimb muscles during overground stepping in the cat. The patterns of activity of 33 forelimb muscles during unrestrained overground stepping in eight adult cats were analysed using intramuscular electromyography. Three general patterns were found. Some muscles began activity during the first extension epoch (E1) and ceased near the end of the third extension epoch (E3) and were considered extensors. Others, considered flexors, began activity just prior to the flexion (F) epoch and ceased at or just after the onset of E1. Other muscles showed a biphasic pattern of activation; one period of activity occurring during F, the other during the extension epochs. In all regions of the limb, individual muscles displayed variation in the onset and time course of activity. The results are interpreted in terms of a model of locomotor generation which proposes specific neural output to individual muscles. Muscles of the shoulder region are proposed to act mainly to produce translatory and rotatory movements of the scapula associated with lengthening the step. Muscles of the elbow region and antebrachium are interpreted as playing roles both in producing flexion-extension movements and in the absorption of energy. The latter group are considered especially suitable to energy absorption because of their pennate arrangement of muscle fasciculi and their long tendons.", "PMID": 712324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5267", "title": "Patterns of activity and the effects of activation of the fast conducting system on the behaviour of unrestrained leeches.", "content": "1. The neural activity of the nerve cord of Hirudo medicinalis has been recorded in unrestrained animals by means of chronically implanted electrodes. 2. The Fast Conducting System (FCS) is inactive both in motionless animals and during various kinds of active behaviour (creeping, swimming, ventilation). 3. Photic and tactile stimuli applied to a motionless animal elicit a FCS discharge, which may be followed by generalized shortening. 4. Photic and tactile stimuli applied during ventilation are followed by a reversible blockade of the ongoing activity only if they are able to elicit a FCS discharge. No such effect is observed on swimming. 5. An explanation of these findings in terms of the known connexions of leech neurones is offered and a role in the control of reafferent inputs is attributed to the rectifying synapses made by FCS and T cells on the L motor neurones.", "contents": "Patterns of activity and the effects of activation of the fast conducting system on the behaviour of unrestrained leeches. 1. The neural activity of the nerve cord of Hirudo medicinalis has been recorded in unrestrained animals by means of chronically implanted electrodes. 2. The Fast Conducting System (FCS) is inactive both in motionless animals and during various kinds of active behaviour (creeping, swimming, ventilation). 3. Photic and tactile stimuli applied to a motionless animal elicit a FCS discharge, which may be followed by generalized shortening. 4. Photic and tactile stimuli applied during ventilation are followed by a reversible blockade of the ongoing activity only if they are able to elicit a FCS discharge. No such effect is observed on swimming. 5. An explanation of these findings in terms of the known connexions of leech neurones is offered and a role in the control of reafferent inputs is attributed to the rectifying synapses made by FCS and T cells on the L motor neurones.", "PMID": 712325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5268", "title": "Quantitative mapping of cutaneous receptive fields in normal and operated leeches, Limnobdella.", "content": "1. The receptive fields and physiological properties of the sensitive cutaneous mechanoreceptive neurones in the leech Limnobdella australis were found to be very similar to those previously described in Hirudo medicinalis. 2. Following separation from the central nervous system (C.N.S.), the distal dendrite stump and cutaneous receptive field remained unchanged for at least 160 days. 3. There was little spreading of receptive fields into regions of skin isolated from the C.N.S. for at least 184 days. 4. Cutting one dendrite of a mechanoreceptive neurone which has two major dendrites produced little change in the receptive field of the intact dendrite. 5. Abnormalities were found in most of the receptive fields of operated leeches, irrespective of the site of operation. These abnormalities were not seen in normal leeches.", "contents": "Quantitative mapping of cutaneous receptive fields in normal and operated leeches, Limnobdella. 1. The receptive fields and physiological properties of the sensitive cutaneous mechanoreceptive neurones in the leech Limnobdella australis were found to be very similar to those previously described in Hirudo medicinalis. 2. Following separation from the central nervous system (C.N.S.), the distal dendrite stump and cutaneous receptive field remained unchanged for at least 160 days. 3. There was little spreading of receptive fields into regions of skin isolated from the C.N.S. for at least 184 days. 4. Cutting one dendrite of a mechanoreceptive neurone which has two major dendrites produced little change in the receptive field of the intact dendrite. 5. Abnormalities were found in most of the receptive fields of operated leeches, irrespective of the site of operation. These abnormalities were not seen in normal leeches.", "PMID": 712326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5269", "title": "Axonal adaptations to osmotic and ionic stress in an invertebrate osmoconformer (Mercierella enigmatica Fauvel). I. Ultrastructural and electrophysiological observations on axonal accessibility.", "content": "The giant axons in Mercierella are overlaid by narrow glial processes which provide an incomplete covering of the axonal surface. Where more complete covering occurs the intercellular clefts are not sealed by tight junctional complexes. Ionic lanthanum penetrates to the surfaces of axons from sea-water-adapted animals (in normal saline and during initial exposure to hyposmotic saline) and, also, to the surface of hyposmotically adapted axons. A relatively free intercellular access to the axon surfaces is also indicated by the rapid electrical responses of sea-water-adapted axons to hyposmotic dilution and of hyposmotically adapted axons to sodium-deficient saline. The giant axon possesses an unusual ultrastructural specialization: hemidesmosome-like structures (associated with the axon membrane) which are connected to a network of neurofilaments within the axon. Theoretical considerations suggest that these structures could enable the axons to withstand appreciable excesses in intracellular hydrostatic pressure resulting from osmotic imbalance during hyposmotic stress.", "contents": "Axonal adaptations to osmotic and ionic stress in an invertebrate osmoconformer (Mercierella enigmatica Fauvel). I. Ultrastructural and electrophysiological observations on axonal accessibility. The giant axons in Mercierella are overlaid by narrow glial processes which provide an incomplete covering of the axonal surface. Where more complete covering occurs the intercellular clefts are not sealed by tight junctional complexes. Ionic lanthanum penetrates to the surfaces of axons from sea-water-adapted animals (in normal saline and during initial exposure to hyposmotic saline) and, also, to the surface of hyposmotically adapted axons. A relatively free intercellular access to the axon surfaces is also indicated by the rapid electrical responses of sea-water-adapted axons to hyposmotic dilution and of hyposmotically adapted axons to sodium-deficient saline. The giant axon possesses an unusual ultrastructural specialization: hemidesmosome-like structures (associated with the axon membrane) which are connected to a network of neurofilaments within the axon. Theoretical considerations suggest that these structures could enable the axons to withstand appreciable excesses in intracellular hydrostatic pressure resulting from osmotic imbalance during hyposmotic stress.", "PMID": 712327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5270", "title": "Axonal adaptations to osmotic and ionic stress in an invertebrate osmoconformer (Mercierella enigmatica Fauvel). II. Effects of ionic dilution on the resting and action potentials.", "content": "The giant axon of this extreme euryhaline osmoconformer possess an unusual ability to produce action potentials of large amplitude over a wide range of ionic dilution when constant osmotic concentration is maintained by the addition of mannitol to the bathing medium. Ionic dilution under these circumstances causes a decline in the overshoot of the action potential (resulting largely from reduction in [Na+]o) and an appreciable axonal hyperpolarization (primarily as a result of decrease in [K+]O). This hyperpolarization tends to compensate for the reduction in the extent of the overshoot and so maintains the amplitude of the sodium-mediated action potentials during isosmotic dilution of the bathing medium. The axonal hyperpolarization also appears to reduce sodium inactivation so as to maintain a rapid rate of rise of the action potential despite drastic reduction in the ionic concentration of the bathing medium. Prolonged exposure to reduced ionic concentrations appears to induce a ouabain sensitive reduction in intracellular sodium concentration which increases the sodium gradient across the axon membrane during isosmotic dilution of the external medium.", "contents": "Axonal adaptations to osmotic and ionic stress in an invertebrate osmoconformer (Mercierella enigmatica Fauvel). II. Effects of ionic dilution on the resting and action potentials. The giant axon of this extreme euryhaline osmoconformer possess an unusual ability to produce action potentials of large amplitude over a wide range of ionic dilution when constant osmotic concentration is maintained by the addition of mannitol to the bathing medium. Ionic dilution under these circumstances causes a decline in the overshoot of the action potential (resulting largely from reduction in [Na+]o) and an appreciable axonal hyperpolarization (primarily as a result of decrease in [K+]O). This hyperpolarization tends to compensate for the reduction in the extent of the overshoot and so maintains the amplitude of the sodium-mediated action potentials during isosmotic dilution of the bathing medium. The axonal hyperpolarization also appears to reduce sodium inactivation so as to maintain a rapid rate of rise of the action potential despite drastic reduction in the ionic concentration of the bathing medium. Prolonged exposure to reduced ionic concentrations appears to induce a ouabain sensitive reduction in intracellular sodium concentration which increases the sodium gradient across the axon membrane during isosmotic dilution of the external medium.", "PMID": 712328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5271", "title": "Axonal adaptation to osmotic and ionic stress in an invertebrate osmoconformer (Mercierella enigmatica Fauvel). III. Adaptations to hyposmotic dilution.", "content": "The giant axons of this extreme osmoconformer were adapted, in vitro, to progressive hyposmotic dilution of the bathing medium (from 1024 m-Osmol to concentrations as low as 76.8 m-Osmol). Hyposmotic adaptation is associated with reductions in the intracellular concentrations of both sodium and potassium ions. These reductions do not appear to result from appreciable axonal swelling. The different electrical responses to isosmotic and hyposmotic dilution suggest that reduction in [Na+]1 results from ouabain-dependent sodium extrusion, in response to ionic dilution, and that reduction in [K+]1 is induced by a combination of ionic and osmotic dilution. The reduced level of intracellular potassium achieved during hyposmotic adaptation represents a balance between the necessity to contribute to osmotic equilibration and to maintain a potassium gradient across the axon membrane sufficient to produce appreciable axonal hyperpolarization during dilution of the bathing medium. This hyperpolarization tends to maintain the amplitude of the action potential, by compensating for reduction in overshoot (with decline in E(Na), and by reducing sodium inactivation. This, together with the reduction in [Na+]1, enables overshooting action potentials of relatively large amplitude and rapid rise time to be maintained during more than tenfold dilution of the ionic and osmotic concentration of the bathing medium.", "contents": "Axonal adaptation to osmotic and ionic stress in an invertebrate osmoconformer (Mercierella enigmatica Fauvel). III. Adaptations to hyposmotic dilution. The giant axons of this extreme osmoconformer were adapted, in vitro, to progressive hyposmotic dilution of the bathing medium (from 1024 m-Osmol to concentrations as low as 76.8 m-Osmol). Hyposmotic adaptation is associated with reductions in the intracellular concentrations of both sodium and potassium ions. These reductions do not appear to result from appreciable axonal swelling. The different electrical responses to isosmotic and hyposmotic dilution suggest that reduction in [Na+]1 results from ouabain-dependent sodium extrusion, in response to ionic dilution, and that reduction in [K+]1 is induced by a combination of ionic and osmotic dilution. The reduced level of intracellular potassium achieved during hyposmotic adaptation represents a balance between the necessity to contribute to osmotic equilibration and to maintain a potassium gradient across the axon membrane sufficient to produce appreciable axonal hyperpolarization during dilution of the bathing medium. This hyperpolarization tends to maintain the amplitude of the action potential, by compensating for reduction in overshoot (with decline in E(Na), and by reducing sodium inactivation. This, together with the reduction in [Na+]1, enables overshooting action potentials of relatively large amplitude and rapid rise time to be maintained during more than tenfold dilution of the ionic and osmotic concentration of the bathing medium.", "PMID": 712329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5272", "title": "Cilioexcitatory and cilioinhibitory processes initiated by light on two identifiable neuronal pigments in Mytilus edulis.", "content": "Two neuronal chromoproteins (red-haemoprotein and yellow-carotenoprotein) initiate changes in ciliary activity on the gill of Mytilus. Photic, electrical and chemical stimulation of these chromoproteins correlate with fluctuations in ionic (calcium and iron) deposits in gill bulk tissue samples. Microspectrophotometric measurements of chromoprotein spectral band patterns reveal two or three absorption maxima for carotenoprotein and haemoprotein respectively. Under aerobic conditions, cilioinhibition and cilioexcitation results after activation of carotenoprotein or haemoprotein respectively. Carotenoproteins are only engaged during gradual anoxia. Immediate anoxia renders both chromoproteins inoperative. Changes in ciliary activity initiated by photic stimulation of neuronal chromoproteins are abolished by denervation of the gill. It is postulated that photoactivation and/or release of specific neurotransmitters lead to transformations in chromoproteins with subsequent neuronal regulation of gill ciliary activity.", "contents": "Cilioexcitatory and cilioinhibitory processes initiated by light on two identifiable neuronal pigments in Mytilus edulis. Two neuronal chromoproteins (red-haemoprotein and yellow-carotenoprotein) initiate changes in ciliary activity on the gill of Mytilus. Photic, electrical and chemical stimulation of these chromoproteins correlate with fluctuations in ionic (calcium and iron) deposits in gill bulk tissue samples. Microspectrophotometric measurements of chromoprotein spectral band patterns reveal two or three absorption maxima for carotenoprotein and haemoprotein respectively. Under aerobic conditions, cilioinhibition and cilioexcitation results after activation of carotenoprotein or haemoprotein respectively. Carotenoproteins are only engaged during gradual anoxia. Immediate anoxia renders both chromoproteins inoperative. Changes in ciliary activity initiated by photic stimulation of neuronal chromoproteins are abolished by denervation of the gill. It is postulated that photoactivation and/or release of specific neurotransmitters lead to transformations in chromoproteins with subsequent neuronal regulation of gill ciliary activity.", "PMID": 712330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5273", "title": "A role for conditioned stimulus duration in toxiphobia conditioning.", "content": "The effect of conditioned stimulus (CS) exposure duration on toxiphobia conditioning was investigated. When a relatively long (20--30 min) CS exposure was administered on the conditioning trial, rats subsequently displayed a reduced conditioned aversion in comparison with when CS exposure was relatively brief (5--10 min). This result was obtained in an odor-aversion learning task with neonatal rats as subjects (Experiments 1 and 2) and in a flavor-aversion learning task with adult rats (Experiment 3). This phenomenon was further investigated in the odor-aversion task by presenting neonates with two discrete 10-min exposures to the odor CS and by varying both the temporal proximity of the two CS presentations to each other and to the occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus (US). Two exposures to the CS reduced conditioning in comparison with a single exposure but only when the second CS presentation preceded US occurrence by at least 5 min (Experiments 4 and 5). Both nonassociative and associative interpretations of the data were discussed.", "contents": "A role for conditioned stimulus duration in toxiphobia conditioning. The effect of conditioned stimulus (CS) exposure duration on toxiphobia conditioning was investigated. When a relatively long (20--30 min) CS exposure was administered on the conditioning trial, rats subsequently displayed a reduced conditioned aversion in comparison with when CS exposure was relatively brief (5--10 min). This result was obtained in an odor-aversion learning task with neonatal rats as subjects (Experiments 1 and 2) and in a flavor-aversion learning task with adult rats (Experiment 3). This phenomenon was further investigated in the odor-aversion task by presenting neonates with two discrete 10-min exposures to the odor CS and by varying both the temporal proximity of the two CS presentations to each other and to the occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus (US). Two exposures to the CS reduced conditioning in comparison with a single exposure but only when the second CS presentation preceded US occurrence by at least 5 min (Experiments 4 and 5). Both nonassociative and associative interpretations of the data were discussed.", "PMID": 712331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5274", "title": "Urinary isoamylases in juvenile diabetics.", "content": "An anomalous ratio of salivary to pancreatic amylase activities has been observed in urine from juvenile diabetics. Decreased pancreatic amylase activity in urine from these subjects appears to be a characteristic trait.", "contents": "Urinary isoamylases in juvenile diabetics. An anomalous ratio of salivary to pancreatic amylase activities has been observed in urine from juvenile diabetics. Decreased pancreatic amylase activity in urine from these subjects appears to be a characteristic trait.", "PMID": 712332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5275", "title": "[Diagnostic value of the lipoprotein-X determination (author's transl)].", "content": "LP-X was investigated in the serum of 221 patients with and without cholestasis. The diagnostic sensitivity and the diagnostic specificity of the test were 0.9 and 0.88, respectively. When this test is used on a non-selected collective, however, the predictive value of the positive test is very low, whereas negative results have a high diagnostic value. Thus, in practice, LP-X is more suitable for the exclusion, rather than the detection of cholestasis.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of the lipoprotein-X determination (author's transl)]. LP-X was investigated in the serum of 221 patients with and without cholestasis. The diagnostic sensitivity and the diagnostic specificity of the test were 0.9 and 0.88, respectively. When this test is used on a non-selected collective, however, the predictive value of the positive test is very low, whereas negative results have a high diagnostic value. Thus, in practice, LP-X is more suitable for the exclusion, rather than the detection of cholestasis.", "PMID": 712333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5276", "title": "[Enzymatic determination of xylitol and sorbitol (author's transl)].", "content": "An enzymatic endpoint determination of xylitol and sorbitol by the use of L-iditol dehydrogenase is described. Despite the use of pH 9 and the addition of semicarbazide, the reaction goes only 80% to completion. Therefore a standard value has to be used. The lower limit for measurement of concentrations in serum is around 0.1 mmol/l. The most favorable range is between 0.4 and 1.2 mmol/l with a coefficient of variation of below 4%. Sensitivity and precision is higher than with the kinetic method described earlier. Further simplification for the routine control of infusion therapy with polyols is suggested.", "contents": "[Enzymatic determination of xylitol and sorbitol (author's transl)]. An enzymatic endpoint determination of xylitol and sorbitol by the use of L-iditol dehydrogenase is described. Despite the use of pH 9 and the addition of semicarbazide, the reaction goes only 80% to completion. Therefore a standard value has to be used. The lower limit for measurement of concentrations in serum is around 0.1 mmol/l. The most favorable range is between 0.4 and 1.2 mmol/l with a coefficient of variation of below 4%. Sensitivity and precision is higher than with the kinetic method described earlier. Further simplification for the routine control of infusion therapy with polyols is suggested.", "PMID": 712334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5277", "title": "Investigation of reference values of components of cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "In order to obtain reference values, random samples of CSF from 70 women and 69 men were analyzed for various components, including total protein and protein fractions. Using statistical methods, data were also collected for sex differences and the influence of age. Small variations in the values of total protein, albumin and gamma-globulin between males and females were found, and slightly higher values for the gamma-globulin were found with increasing age.", "contents": "Investigation of reference values of components of cerebrospinal fluid. In order to obtain reference values, random samples of CSF from 70 women and 69 men were analyzed for various components, including total protein and protein fractions. Using statistical methods, data were also collected for sex differences and the influence of age. Small variations in the values of total protein, albumin and gamma-globulin between males and females were found, and slightly higher values for the gamma-globulin were found with increasing age.", "PMID": 712336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5278", "title": "[Dependence of the serum concentrations of creatinine and urea on the time of day, with normal and impaired kidney function (author's transl)].", "content": "Daily variations in the serum concentrations of creatinine, urea and cortisol were studied in 7 patients without kidney or muscle disease, and in 8 patients with impaired kidney function (creatinine clearance less than 40 ml/min). Neither creatinine nor urea showed a circadian rhythm; the daily variations lay within the limits of the methodological scatter. Serum cortisol showed its known circadian rhythm in high amplitude.", "contents": "[Dependence of the serum concentrations of creatinine and urea on the time of day, with normal and impaired kidney function (author's transl)]. Daily variations in the serum concentrations of creatinine, urea and cortisol were studied in 7 patients without kidney or muscle disease, and in 8 patients with impaired kidney function (creatinine clearance less than 40 ml/min). Neither creatinine nor urea showed a circadian rhythm; the daily variations lay within the limits of the methodological scatter. Serum cortisol showed its known circadian rhythm in high amplitude.", "PMID": 712337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5279", "title": "[Fluorometric method for the determination of naproxen and demethylnaproxen in serum and urine (author's transl)].", "content": "Naproxen and demethylnaproxen can be determined fluorometrically in serum and urine after extraction with dichlorethane, and without prior separation. The detection limit of naproxen and demethylnaproxen is below 0,2 mg/l in serum and below 0,5 mg/l in urine. After incubation of urine with beta-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase, most of the conjugated naproxen and demethylnaproxen can be determined.", "contents": "[Fluorometric method for the determination of naproxen and demethylnaproxen in serum and urine (author's transl)]. Naproxen and demethylnaproxen can be determined fluorometrically in serum and urine after extraction with dichlorethane, and without prior separation. The detection limit of naproxen and demethylnaproxen is below 0,2 mg/l in serum and below 0,5 mg/l in urine. After incubation of urine with beta-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase, most of the conjugated naproxen and demethylnaproxen can be determined.", "PMID": 712339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5280", "title": "In vitro conversion of estradiol-17beta into estrone in normal human myometrium and leiomyoma.", "content": "The specific activity of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was measured in normal human myometrium, and in leiomyoma specimens obtained from the same tumor-bearing uterus. In all cases the normal tissue showed greater conversion of estradiol-17beta into estrone than the neoplastic tissues. In normal myometrium of fertile women, the specific enzyme activity depended on the phase of the menstrual cycle, the highest values of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity being found in the early secretory phase. To determine the intracellular distribution of the 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, purified microsomes, mitochondria, nuclei and cytosol fractions were prepared. The purity of each fraction was monitored by marker enzymes. It was found that the enzyme was mainly located in mitochondria and microsomes. Furthermore it was demonstrated that the microsomal enzyme was bound tightly to the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, while the mitochondrial 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was mainly associated with the outer membranes of the organelle. Kinetic parameters (Km-values, coenzyme requirements, temperature and pH-optima) of the cytoplasmic, nuclear, mitochondrial and microsomal enzyme of normal and neoplastic tissue were compared.", "contents": "In vitro conversion of estradiol-17beta into estrone in normal human myometrium and leiomyoma. The specific activity of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was measured in normal human myometrium, and in leiomyoma specimens obtained from the same tumor-bearing uterus. In all cases the normal tissue showed greater conversion of estradiol-17beta into estrone than the neoplastic tissues. In normal myometrium of fertile women, the specific enzyme activity depended on the phase of the menstrual cycle, the highest values of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity being found in the early secretory phase. To determine the intracellular distribution of the 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, purified microsomes, mitochondria, nuclei and cytosol fractions were prepared. The purity of each fraction was monitored by marker enzymes. It was found that the enzyme was mainly located in mitochondria and microsomes. Furthermore it was demonstrated that the microsomal enzyme was bound tightly to the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, while the mitochondrial 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was mainly associated with the outer membranes of the organelle. Kinetic parameters (Km-values, coenzyme requirements, temperature and pH-optima) of the cytoplasmic, nuclear, mitochondrial and microsomal enzyme of normal and neoplastic tissue were compared.", "PMID": 712340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5281", "title": "Estrogen and progesterone binding proteins in normal human myometrium and leiomyoma tissue.", "content": "The occurrence and characteristics of macromolecular components of normal human myometrium and leiomyoma which bind [3H]estradiol and [3H]progesterone were investigated, employing dextran coated charcoal, density gradient centrifugation and gel filtration techniques. On sucrose density gradient centrigugation, [3H]progesterone was bound by macromolecules with sedimentation rates of about 4 S and 8 S. The major [3H]progesterone binding component had a sedimentation coefficient of about 4 S, which contained specific and nonspecific binding sites. Sedimentation patterns as well as elution profiles from agarose gel revealed a striking similarity between biochemical properties of the progesterone receptors from normal myometrium and leiomyomas of the same organ. Both progesterone and estradiol receptor change in concentration during the normal menstrual cycle. During the early proliferative phase the number of estradiol receptor binding sites was highest; after ovulation, a rapip decrease of estradiol receptor level was seen. On the other hand, using [3H]progesterone as the ligand, the highest receptor concentration was found at midcycle. The leiomyoma steroid hormone receptor levels were compared with those in normal myometrium. Whereas leiomyoma exhibited higher estradiol binding capacity, the concentration of progesterone receptors was low in fibroid tumors.", "contents": "Estrogen and progesterone binding proteins in normal human myometrium and leiomyoma tissue. The occurrence and characteristics of macromolecular components of normal human myometrium and leiomyoma which bind [3H]estradiol and [3H]progesterone were investigated, employing dextran coated charcoal, density gradient centrifugation and gel filtration techniques. On sucrose density gradient centrigugation, [3H]progesterone was bound by macromolecules with sedimentation rates of about 4 S and 8 S. The major [3H]progesterone binding component had a sedimentation coefficient of about 4 S, which contained specific and nonspecific binding sites. Sedimentation patterns as well as elution profiles from agarose gel revealed a striking similarity between biochemical properties of the progesterone receptors from normal myometrium and leiomyomas of the same organ. Both progesterone and estradiol receptor change in concentration during the normal menstrual cycle. During the early proliferative phase the number of estradiol receptor binding sites was highest; after ovulation, a rapip decrease of estradiol receptor level was seen. On the other hand, using [3H]progesterone as the ligand, the highest receptor concentration was found at midcycle. The leiomyoma steroid hormone receptor levels were compared with those in normal myometrium. Whereas leiomyoma exhibited higher estradiol binding capacity, the concentration of progesterone receptors was low in fibroid tumors.", "PMID": 712341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5282", "title": "[Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in erythrocytes: studies on the primary genetic enzyme defect in chronic hepatic porphyria (author's transl)].", "content": "In chronic hepatic porphyria, including the clinical phase, porphyria cutanea tarda, the activity of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase is decreased not only in the liver, but also in the erythrocytes. The synonomous decrease in the enzymic activity in liver and erythrocytes in both familial and sporadic hepatic porphyria shows that the disturbance of this enzyme is the primary genetic defect of this condition; inheritance of the defect is probably autosomal and dominant. The clinical manifestation of disturbances of porphyrin metabolism are precipitated, however, by additional factors, such as liver damage, alcohol, oestrogens and neoplastic growths. In the absence of these other pathogenic influences, the enzyme defect is compensated and does not result in disturbances of haem or haemoglobin synthesis, either in the liver or the bone marrow.", "contents": "[Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in erythrocytes: studies on the primary genetic enzyme defect in chronic hepatic porphyria (author's transl)]. In chronic hepatic porphyria, including the clinical phase, porphyria cutanea tarda, the activity of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase is decreased not only in the liver, but also in the erythrocytes. The synonomous decrease in the enzymic activity in liver and erythrocytes in both familial and sporadic hepatic porphyria shows that the disturbance of this enzyme is the primary genetic defect of this condition; inheritance of the defect is probably autosomal and dominant. The clinical manifestation of disturbances of porphyrin metabolism are precipitated, however, by additional factors, such as liver damage, alcohol, oestrogens and neoplastic growths. In the absence of these other pathogenic influences, the enzyme defect is compensated and does not result in disturbances of haem or haemoglobin synthesis, either in the liver or the bone marrow.", "PMID": 712342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5283", "title": "Evaluation of the Bradford method for protein determination in body fluids.", "content": "The applicability of a dye binding method for protein determination described by Bradford (1976), Anal. Biochem. 72, 248--254) for use in the clinical chemical laboratory was studied. The simple, fast and sensitive method is well suitable for protein determination of cerebrospinal fluid but not for urinary protein. Polymer carbohydrates (Macrodex) do not interfere with dye binding.", "contents": "Evaluation of the Bradford method for protein determination in body fluids. The applicability of a dye binding method for protein determination described by Bradford (1976), Anal. Biochem. 72, 248--254) for use in the clinical chemical laboratory was studied. The simple, fast and sensitive method is well suitable for protein determination of cerebrospinal fluid but not for urinary protein. Polymer carbohydrates (Macrodex) do not interfere with dye binding.", "PMID": 712344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5284", "title": "Facial development in normal and mutant chick embryos. I. Scanning electron microscopy of primary palate formation.", "content": "Early facial development in normal chick embryos was studied by scanning electron microscopy, and compared to the abnormal facial development of a mutant in which primary palate formation does not occur, thus resulting in bilateral cleft lip. In both normal and \"cleft primary palate\" mutant embryos, subsequent to the appearance of the nasal placodes, the surrounding tissues elevate to give rise to the presumptive facial primordia. As the facial primordia grow forward, they gradually assume the configuration of a square which is most pronounced at five days development. In normal embryos, the square configuration is then lost as the facial primordia become aligned in preparation for primary palate formation. The primary palate is formed at six days development by fusion of the \"free-ended\" medial nasal processes with the combined lateral nasal and maxillary processes across the nasal grooves. Just prior to fusion, long, slender filaments extend from the apposing surfaces of the facial primordia in the regions of prefusion contact. It is speculated that these \"prefusion filaments\" may function in alignment or adhesion of the facial primordia. In \"cleft primary palate\" embryos, facial morphogenesis appears to arrest at five days development, so that the square configuration persists. The medial nasal processes never contact the lateral nasal and maxillary processes, but instead remain separated from them by wide nasal grooves. Furthermore, facial primordia of mutant embryos do not exhibit the \"prefusion filaments\" characteristic of normal embryos.", "contents": "Facial development in normal and mutant chick embryos. I. Scanning electron microscopy of primary palate formation. Early facial development in normal chick embryos was studied by scanning electron microscopy, and compared to the abnormal facial development of a mutant in which primary palate formation does not occur, thus resulting in bilateral cleft lip. In both normal and \"cleft primary palate\" mutant embryos, subsequent to the appearance of the nasal placodes, the surrounding tissues elevate to give rise to the presumptive facial primordia. As the facial primordia grow forward, they gradually assume the configuration of a square which is most pronounced at five days development. In normal embryos, the square configuration is then lost as the facial primordia become aligned in preparation for primary palate formation. The primary palate is formed at six days development by fusion of the \"free-ended\" medial nasal processes with the combined lateral nasal and maxillary processes across the nasal grooves. Just prior to fusion, long, slender filaments extend from the apposing surfaces of the facial primordia in the regions of prefusion contact. It is speculated that these \"prefusion filaments\" may function in alignment or adhesion of the facial primordia. In \"cleft primary palate\" embryos, facial morphogenesis appears to arrest at five days development, so that the square configuration persists. The medial nasal processes never contact the lateral nasal and maxillary processes, but instead remain separated from them by wide nasal grooves. Furthermore, facial primordia of mutant embryos do not exhibit the \"prefusion filaments\" characteristic of normal embryos.", "PMID": 712345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5285", "title": "Nerve trophic effects: an in vitro assay for factors involved in regulation of protein synthesis in regenerating amphibian limbs.", "content": "We have developed a rapid sensitive test for factors that mimic the trophic effects of nerves by maintaining normal rates of protein synthesis in denervated forelimb blastemata of adult newts (Notophthalmus viridescens). Rates of protein synthesis in secondary blastemata are similar. However, after they are denervated and explanted into organ culture the rates of protein synthesis first increase and later fall below control values. Similar changes occur after denervation in vivo. The alterations in the rates of protein synthesis are prevented by adding to the culture medium aqueous extracts from brains of adult newts or chicken embryos. The active material is either a peptide or a protein.", "contents": "Nerve trophic effects: an in vitro assay for factors involved in regulation of protein synthesis in regenerating amphibian limbs. We have developed a rapid sensitive test for factors that mimic the trophic effects of nerves by maintaining normal rates of protein synthesis in denervated forelimb blastemata of adult newts (Notophthalmus viridescens). Rates of protein synthesis in secondary blastemata are similar. However, after they are denervated and explanted into organ culture the rates of protein synthesis first increase and later fall below control values. Similar changes occur after denervation in vivo. The alterations in the rates of protein synthesis are prevented by adding to the culture medium aqueous extracts from brains of adult newts or chicken embryos. The active material is either a peptide or a protein.", "PMID": 712346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5286", "title": "Studies on oocyte maturation of the medaka, Oryzias latipes. VI. Relationship between the circadian cycle of oocyte maturation and activity of the pituitary gland.", "content": "The relationship between pituitary activity and oocyte maturation was examined in Oryzias latipes (medaka), which has a circadian cycle of oviposition. Throughout the circadian cycle of oviposition, females possessed a population of large oocytes more than 800 micronmeter in diameter that could mature in the presence of gonadotropin. Oocyte maturation was observed in vitro in females hypophysectomized between three and ten hours after the beginning of the light period with the number of maturing oocytes increasing as hypophysectomy was delayed. Although in vivo oocyte maturation was blocked by hypophysectomy within two hours after the beginning of the light period, it was restored by a single injection of synthetic or mammalian pituitary hormones (gonadotropic, corticotropic and thyrotropic hormones) within ten hours after hypophysectomy. Of these pituitary hormones, FSH, LH and TSH could induce in vitro maturation of isolated oocytes. Oocytes matured in vitro in the absence of exogeneous hormones if they were isolated nine or more hours after the onset of light. The present study indicates that the circadian cycle of maturation of Oryzias oocytes is controlled by the release of pituitary hormone between three and nine hours after the beginning of the light period.", "contents": "Studies on oocyte maturation of the medaka, Oryzias latipes. VI. Relationship between the circadian cycle of oocyte maturation and activity of the pituitary gland. The relationship between pituitary activity and oocyte maturation was examined in Oryzias latipes (medaka), which has a circadian cycle of oviposition. Throughout the circadian cycle of oviposition, females possessed a population of large oocytes more than 800 micronmeter in diameter that could mature in the presence of gonadotropin. Oocyte maturation was observed in vitro in females hypophysectomized between three and ten hours after the beginning of the light period with the number of maturing oocytes increasing as hypophysectomy was delayed. Although in vivo oocyte maturation was blocked by hypophysectomy within two hours after the beginning of the light period, it was restored by a single injection of synthetic or mammalian pituitary hormones (gonadotropic, corticotropic and thyrotropic hormones) within ten hours after hypophysectomy. Of these pituitary hormones, FSH, LH and TSH could induce in vitro maturation of isolated oocytes. Oocytes matured in vitro in the absence of exogeneous hormones if they were isolated nine or more hours after the onset of light. The present study indicates that the circadian cycle of maturation of Oryzias oocytes is controlled by the release of pituitary hormone between three and nine hours after the beginning of the light period.", "PMID": 712347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5287", "title": "Satellite cells are mitotically quiescent in mature mouse muscle: an EM and radioautographic study.", "content": "Normal adult mouse tibialis anterior muscles were perfused continuously with 3H-thymidine for nine days. Quantitation of the satellite cell population in these muscles reveals that not only is the frequency of satellite cell nuclei low, but that those present are mitotically quiescent.", "contents": "Satellite cells are mitotically quiescent in mature mouse muscle: an EM and radioautographic study. Normal adult mouse tibialis anterior muscles were perfused continuously with 3H-thymidine for nine days. Quantitation of the satellite cell population in these muscles reveals that not only is the frequency of satellite cell nuclei low, but that those present are mitotically quiescent.", "PMID": 712350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5288", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of primordial germ cells in early chick embryos.", "content": "Primordial germ cells (PGCs) of the early chick embryo were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Temporal changes in the form and distribution of surface projections were found to be correlated with migratory phases of PGCs. Non-migrating PGCs were spherical to ovoid with relatively smooth surfaces. Their transition to the migratory phase was first evidenced by a burst of membrane activity. Migrating PGCs became somewhat flattened against the underlying hypoblast (which serves as the substratum for their migration) and exhibited blebs and lamellar processes. The lamellar processes were most prominent at the leading edges of actively migrating PGCs. Overall results of the present study indicates that PGCs found in the germinal crescent area of early chick embryos actively migrate on the dorsal surface of the hypoblast towards posterior embryonic regions.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of primordial germ cells in early chick embryos. Primordial germ cells (PGCs) of the early chick embryo were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Temporal changes in the form and distribution of surface projections were found to be correlated with migratory phases of PGCs. Non-migrating PGCs were spherical to ovoid with relatively smooth surfaces. Their transition to the migratory phase was first evidenced by a burst of membrane activity. Migrating PGCs became somewhat flattened against the underlying hypoblast (which serves as the substratum for their migration) and exhibited blebs and lamellar processes. The lamellar processes were most prominent at the leading edges of actively migrating PGCs. Overall results of the present study indicates that PGCs found in the germinal crescent area of early chick embryos actively migrate on the dorsal surface of the hypoblast towards posterior embryonic regions.", "PMID": 712351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5289", "title": "Calcium-dependent increase in spike duration during repetitive firing of Aplysia axon in the presence of TEA.", "content": "Repetitive stimulation was studied in the axon of the giant neuron, R2, of Aplysia in the presence of TEA. In 25 or 50 mM extracellular TEA, a plateau develops on the axon spike during repetitive stimulation at frequencies greater than 3/sec. The plateau in extracellular TEA is inhibited by 30 mM CoCl2 or 1 mM CdCl2, and is enhanced by raising the Ca concentration. Intracellular TEA induces a plateau on the axon spike at frequencies less than 1/30sec. This plateau increases in duration with repetitive stimulation at higher frequencies and is inhibited by 30 mM CoCl2 or 1 mM CdCl2. The increase in spike duration during repetitive firing in the presence of TEA is indicative of an increased entry of Ca during the spike train.", "contents": "Calcium-dependent increase in spike duration during repetitive firing of Aplysia axon in the presence of TEA. Repetitive stimulation was studied in the axon of the giant neuron, R2, of Aplysia in the presence of TEA. In 25 or 50 mM extracellular TEA, a plateau develops on the axon spike during repetitive stimulation at frequencies greater than 3/sec. The plateau in extracellular TEA is inhibited by 30 mM CoCl2 or 1 mM CdCl2, and is enhanced by raising the Ca concentration. Intracellular TEA induces a plateau on the axon spike at frequencies less than 1/30sec. This plateau increases in duration with repetitive stimulation at higher frequencies and is inhibited by 30 mM CoCl2 or 1 mM CdCl2. The increase in spike duration during repetitive firing in the presence of TEA is indicative of an increased entry of Ca during the spike train.", "PMID": 712365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5290", "title": "Changes in synthesis of specific proteins following axotomy: detection with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.", "content": "Changes in protein synthesis during development and following axotomy were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The two major postganglionic nerves emerging from the superior cervical sympathetic ganglia (SCSG) of adult rats were either cut or crushed unilaterally. At intervals ranging from 1 to 112 days after surgery both SCSG were removed and incubated for 1 hr in the presence of 14C-leucine. Proteins were extracted and subjected to two-dimensional electrophoretic separation and autoradiography. With this technique, proteins are separated on the basis of isoelectric point and molecular weight. Also, intact SCSG from 1, 2, 7, and 14 day old rats were labeled and analyzed. It was found that a minority of the separated proteins exhibited some detectable change in relative rate of synthesis following axotomy. Actin exhibited a slight (less than 20%) increase in relative synthesis rate while tubulin did not change significantly. There were small but significant differences in the protein patterns following nerve crush, as opposed to nerve cut. Comparison of protein synthesis patterns from developing rat SCSG with those from intact and from axotomized adult SCSG failed to demonstrate any marked similarity between the developmental and the axotomy patterns.", "contents": "Changes in synthesis of specific proteins following axotomy: detection with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Changes in protein synthesis during development and following axotomy were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The two major postganglionic nerves emerging from the superior cervical sympathetic ganglia (SCSG) of adult rats were either cut or crushed unilaterally. At intervals ranging from 1 to 112 days after surgery both SCSG were removed and incubated for 1 hr in the presence of 14C-leucine. Proteins were extracted and subjected to two-dimensional electrophoretic separation and autoradiography. With this technique, proteins are separated on the basis of isoelectric point and molecular weight. Also, intact SCSG from 1, 2, 7, and 14 day old rats were labeled and analyzed. It was found that a minority of the separated proteins exhibited some detectable change in relative rate of synthesis following axotomy. Actin exhibited a slight (less than 20%) increase in relative synthesis rate while tubulin did not change significantly. There were small but significant differences in the protein patterns following nerve crush, as opposed to nerve cut. Comparison of protein synthesis patterns from developing rat SCSG with those from intact and from axotomized adult SCSG failed to demonstrate any marked similarity between the developmental and the axotomy patterns.", "PMID": 712366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5291", "title": "The caudal ganglion of the leech, with particular reference to homologues of segmental touch receptors.", "content": "The caudal ganglion of the leech, which provides sensory and motor innervation to the posterior sucker, represents the fusion of seven embryonic segmental ganglia. Although fused, each of the seven contributing ganglia (\"subganglia\") of the caudal ganglion can be distinguished morphologically and functionally. The roots from each subganglion carry the axons of mechanoreceptors homologous to \"touch\" cells found in the segmental ganglia and the subesophageal compound ganglion. The receptive fields supplied by the touch cells of the caudal ganglion are uniquely arranged and reveal the modified segmentation of the circular posterior sucker. Extensive overlap of sensory innervation occurs between adjacent segments of the sucker, beyond the overlap characteristic of the homologous cells of body segments. It thus appears that the touch receptors of the caudal ganglion are less restricted than receptors of the segmental ganglia with regard to their territories of innervation. The caudal ganglion has additional unique properties that establish it as a distinct integrative center of the leech CNS.", "contents": "The caudal ganglion of the leech, with particular reference to homologues of segmental touch receptors. The caudal ganglion of the leech, which provides sensory and motor innervation to the posterior sucker, represents the fusion of seven embryonic segmental ganglia. Although fused, each of the seven contributing ganglia (\"subganglia\") of the caudal ganglion can be distinguished morphologically and functionally. The roots from each subganglion carry the axons of mechanoreceptors homologous to \"touch\" cells found in the segmental ganglia and the subesophageal compound ganglion. The receptive fields supplied by the touch cells of the caudal ganglion are uniquely arranged and reveal the modified segmentation of the circular posterior sucker. Extensive overlap of sensory innervation occurs between adjacent segments of the sucker, beyond the overlap characteristic of the homologous cells of body segments. It thus appears that the touch receptors of the caudal ganglion are less restricted than receptors of the segmental ganglia with regard to their territories of innervation. The caudal ganglion has additional unique properties that establish it as a distinct integrative center of the leech CNS.", "PMID": 712367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5292", "title": "Hypothyroidism with true myotonia.", "content": "A patient with subclinical hypothyroidism who presented with true myotonia is described. There was no evidence that either he or members of his family had dystrophia myotonica or myotonia congenita. Treatment with thyroxine resolved his symptoms completely.", "contents": "Hypothyroidism with true myotonia. A patient with subclinical hypothyroidism who presented with true myotonia is described. There was no evidence that either he or members of his family had dystrophia myotonica or myotonia congenita. Treatment with thyroxine resolved his symptoms completely.", "PMID": 712368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5293", "title": "Reflexes evoked in human thenar muscles during voluntary activity and their conduction pathways.", "content": "Responses evoked by an electrical stimulus to the median nerve in a small muscle of the human hand during a voluntary contraction have been examined. Two of these responses have been shown to be evoked through reflex pathways. The first, with a mean afferent conduction velocity of 64 m/s and estimated central delay of about 0.8 ms, is identified as an H reflex. The second response, which has an undefined central pathway, has a mean afferent conduction velocity of 43 m/s and an estimated central delay of about 17 ms.", "contents": "Reflexes evoked in human thenar muscles during voluntary activity and their conduction pathways. Responses evoked by an electrical stimulus to the median nerve in a small muscle of the human hand during a voluntary contraction have been examined. Two of these responses have been shown to be evoked through reflex pathways. The first, with a mean afferent conduction velocity of 64 m/s and estimated central delay of about 0.8 ms, is identified as an H reflex. The second response, which has an undefined central pathway, has a mean afferent conduction velocity of 43 m/s and an estimated central delay of about 17 ms.", "PMID": 712369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5294", "title": "Disturbances of ocular movements and blinking in schizophrenia.", "content": "Neurological examination and electroencephalograms and electro-oculograms, recorded by telemetry, from unmedicated patients with acute and chronic schizophrenia demonstrate a number of abnormalities of extraocular movement including staring, abnormal blink rate, absent glabellar reflex, and increase in horizontal eye movements. As potential clues to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, these disturbances are analysed in relation to anatomical substrate and dopamine modulation of ocular movement, rapid eye movement sleep, and the neurological disorders in which similar disturbances of ocular movement occur.", "contents": "Disturbances of ocular movements and blinking in schizophrenia. Neurological examination and electroencephalograms and electro-oculograms, recorded by telemetry, from unmedicated patients with acute and chronic schizophrenia demonstrate a number of abnormalities of extraocular movement including staring, abnormal blink rate, absent glabellar reflex, and increase in horizontal eye movements. As potential clues to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, these disturbances are analysed in relation to anatomical substrate and dopamine modulation of ocular movement, rapid eye movement sleep, and the neurological disorders in which similar disturbances of ocular movement occur.", "PMID": 712370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5295", "title": "Ewing's sarcoma of the spinal epidural space: report of two cases.", "content": "Two new cases of primary extraosseous Ewing's sarcoma of the spinal epidural space, and their histogenesis and differential diagnosis are described. The diagnosis of Ewing's sarcoma, which is essentially an undifferentiated tumour, depends largely on the exclusion of several other neoplasms with morphological similarities. With these two cases, 43 extraosseous Ewing's sarcomas have been reported to date, seven of which were epidural in location.", "contents": "Ewing's sarcoma of the spinal epidural space: report of two cases. Two new cases of primary extraosseous Ewing's sarcoma of the spinal epidural space, and their histogenesis and differential diagnosis are described. The diagnosis of Ewing's sarcoma, which is essentially an undifferentiated tumour, depends largely on the exclusion of several other neoplasms with morphological similarities. With these two cases, 43 extraosseous Ewing's sarcomas have been reported to date, seven of which were epidural in location.", "PMID": 712371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5296", "title": "Assessment of recovery from serious head injury.", "content": "A procedure for serial assessment of neuropsychological recovery after serious head injury was designed. The assessment procedure consists of four segments, each appropriate for different phases of the recovery process. Recovery can be traced from early in the period of post-traumatic amnesia until it reaches an asymptote. The course of recovery of several patients has been observed. The procedure is shown to be practical and appears to be valid. The recovery process is compared to ontogenesis, and is shown to be generally similar though differing in important particulars.", "contents": "Assessment of recovery from serious head injury. A procedure for serial assessment of neuropsychological recovery after serious head injury was designed. The assessment procedure consists of four segments, each appropriate for different phases of the recovery process. Recovery can be traced from early in the period of post-traumatic amnesia until it reaches an asymptote. The course of recovery of several patients has been observed. The procedure is shown to be practical and appears to be valid. The recovery process is compared to ontogenesis, and is shown to be generally similar though differing in important particulars.", "PMID": 712372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5297", "title": "Brain abscesses in Northern Ireland: a 30 year community review.", "content": "One hundred and seventy-two cases of intracranial abscesses, obtained from Neurosurgical and Centralised Autopsy Records for Northern Ireland for the 30 years, 1947--1976, have been reviewed. The incidence of the disease has fallen from five to three per million of population per year over the past three decades. Intracranial abscesses were three times as common in males as in females. Twenty-nine per cent of the abscesses were in the temporal lobe, 25% frontal, 10% parietal, 6% cerebellar, 3% occipital, and 7% were either subdural or in deep sites such as the thalamus; the remainder (20%) were multiple. Multiple and occipital abscesses were all fatal, temporal and parietal abscesses were associated with a 65% mortality, and 45% of patients with frontal abscesses died. Chronic suppurative otitis media was the single largest cause, and it was the only aetiological factor to have shown a progressive decline over 30 years. For those seen and treated in the neurosurgical unit the mortality was 53%, but if those obtained from the necropsy records were included the overall mortality was 70%.", "contents": "Brain abscesses in Northern Ireland: a 30 year community review. One hundred and seventy-two cases of intracranial abscesses, obtained from Neurosurgical and Centralised Autopsy Records for Northern Ireland for the 30 years, 1947--1976, have been reviewed. The incidence of the disease has fallen from five to three per million of population per year over the past three decades. Intracranial abscesses were three times as common in males as in females. Twenty-nine per cent of the abscesses were in the temporal lobe, 25% frontal, 10% parietal, 6% cerebellar, 3% occipital, and 7% were either subdural or in deep sites such as the thalamus; the remainder (20%) were multiple. Multiple and occipital abscesses were all fatal, temporal and parietal abscesses were associated with a 65% mortality, and 45% of patients with frontal abscesses died. Chronic suppurative otitis media was the single largest cause, and it was the only aetiological factor to have shown a progressive decline over 30 years. For those seen and treated in the neurosurgical unit the mortality was 53%, but if those obtained from the necropsy records were included the overall mortality was 70%.", "PMID": 712373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5298", "title": "Coincidental aneurysms with tumours of pituitary origin.", "content": "Angiographic studies on 150 pituitary adenomas and 33 craniopharyngiomas presenting for surgical treatment are reviewed. Eleven incidental silent aneurysms (four arising from the intracavernous and four from the supraclinoid carotid artery, and three from the anterior cerebral artery complex) are shown. Intracavernous aneurysms were also present in two acromegalic patients who had been treated previously with yttrium implantation. Although encasement of vessels by these tumours is unusual, the relevance of vascular abnormalities to surgical treatment is sufficient to justify routine magnification angiography.", "contents": "Coincidental aneurysms with tumours of pituitary origin. Angiographic studies on 150 pituitary adenomas and 33 craniopharyngiomas presenting for surgical treatment are reviewed. Eleven incidental silent aneurysms (four arising from the intracavernous and four from the supraclinoid carotid artery, and three from the anterior cerebral artery complex) are shown. Intracavernous aneurysms were also present in two acromegalic patients who had been treated previously with yttrium implantation. Although encasement of vessels by these tumours is unusual, the relevance of vascular abnormalities to surgical treatment is sufficient to justify routine magnification angiography.", "PMID": 712374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5299", "title": "Periodic respiration in erect posture in Shy-Drager syndrome.", "content": "Tilt-table polygraphic study in four patients with Shy-Drager syndrome demonstrated periodic apnoea in the erect posture. In one patient reduced hypercapneic ventilatory response and necropsy findings of neuronal loss and astrocytosis in the pontine tegmentum suggested dysfunctional respiratory neurones in the brainstem. One patient had Cheyne-Stokes respiration during the late stage of the illness.", "contents": "Periodic respiration in erect posture in Shy-Drager syndrome. Tilt-table polygraphic study in four patients with Shy-Drager syndrome demonstrated periodic apnoea in the erect posture. In one patient reduced hypercapneic ventilatory response and necropsy findings of neuronal loss and astrocytosis in the pontine tegmentum suggested dysfunctional respiratory neurones in the brainstem. One patient had Cheyne-Stokes respiration during the late stage of the illness.", "PMID": 712375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5300", "title": "Blue-domed cyst with optic nerve compression.", "content": "A patient presenting with persistent headache of vascular quality and an intermittently progressive chiasmal syndrome had a blue-domed haemorrhagic cyst beneath the right optic nerve and underwent surgical drainage with good results. As prompt surgical intervention may proivde significant return of visual function, detailed diagnostic evaluation of similar cases is recommended.", "contents": "Blue-domed cyst with optic nerve compression. A patient presenting with persistent headache of vascular quality and an intermittently progressive chiasmal syndrome had a blue-domed haemorrhagic cyst beneath the right optic nerve and underwent surgical drainage with good results. As prompt surgical intervention may proivde significant return of visual function, detailed diagnostic evaluation of similar cases is recommended.", "PMID": 712376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5301", "title": "Removal of an arteriovenous malformation from the basal ganglion.", "content": "A case is reported in which an arteriovenous malformation was removed from a portion of the basal ganglion and region of the lenticulostriate arteries. The patient made an excellent recovery. The importance of stereoangiography and the operating microscope are emphasised.", "contents": "Removal of an arteriovenous malformation from the basal ganglion. A case is reported in which an arteriovenous malformation was removed from a portion of the basal ganglion and region of the lenticulostriate arteries. The patient made an excellent recovery. The importance of stereoangiography and the operating microscope are emphasised.", "PMID": 712377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5302", "title": "Treatment of carotid-cavernous fistula using a balloon-tipped intra-arterial catheter.", "content": "The use of a balloon-tipped intra-arterial catheter for occlusion of the carotid-cavernous fistula seems to be a simple  and, by the reports published to date, very effective procedure, and its usage has been without any sequelae. Successful treatment of carotid-cavernous fistulae by this method is reported in two patients.", "contents": "Treatment of carotid-cavernous fistula using a balloon-tipped intra-arterial catheter. The use of a balloon-tipped intra-arterial catheter for occlusion of the carotid-cavernous fistula seems to be a simple  and, by the reports published to date, very effective procedure, and its usage has been without any sequelae. Successful treatment of carotid-cavernous fistulae by this method is reported in two patients.", "PMID": 712378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5303", "title": "Observations on the development of muscle hypersensitivity following chronic nerve conduction blockage and recovery.", "content": "Agar-sleeves containing 0.01%, 0.015% and 0.02% Tetrodotoxin were placed onto the sciatic nerve of the rat. The time-course of the conduction block and the full recovery of the nerve were studied; correlations were drawn with the hypersensitivity developed on the innervated muscles. The earliest sign of a TTX-produced conduction block was a decrease in the amplitude of the faster conducting fibres appearing 3 min later. Complete block was fully established 35 min later. The duration of a complete conduction block was a dose-dependent phenomenon and lasted from 1--4 days. The recovery process was gradual, simulating the reverse pattern of the acute TTX-block but spread over a much longer period with complete conduction recovery occuring 12 to 13 days later. Innervated muscles behaved as paralytic even before the complete establishment of a conduction block and remained so for 2--6 days after which clinical recovery was prompt. Muscles innervated by the TTX-treated nerves developed hypersensitivity to acetylcholine which could be seen within two days. This hypersensitivity continued to increase over the following days, despite some recovery of conduction. Its maximum appeared six to seven days later and then declined to return to normal at the time when nerve conduction properties had fully recovered. A similar degree of partial conduction block when acutely established always resulted in paralysis but when chronically present, the clinical picture of paralysis was fully compensated, due to the hypersensitivity of the muscle and possibly to collateral nerve sprouting.", "contents": "Observations on the development of muscle hypersensitivity following chronic nerve conduction blockage and recovery. Agar-sleeves containing 0.01%, 0.015% and 0.02% Tetrodotoxin were placed onto the sciatic nerve of the rat. The time-course of the conduction block and the full recovery of the nerve were studied; correlations were drawn with the hypersensitivity developed on the innervated muscles. The earliest sign of a TTX-produced conduction block was a decrease in the amplitude of the faster conducting fibres appearing 3 min later. Complete block was fully established 35 min later. The duration of a complete conduction block was a dose-dependent phenomenon and lasted from 1--4 days. The recovery process was gradual, simulating the reverse pattern of the acute TTX-block but spread over a much longer period with complete conduction recovery occuring 12 to 13 days later. Innervated muscles behaved as paralytic even before the complete establishment of a conduction block and remained so for 2--6 days after which clinical recovery was prompt. Muscles innervated by the TTX-treated nerves developed hypersensitivity to acetylcholine which could be seen within two days. This hypersensitivity continued to increase over the following days, despite some recovery of conduction. Its maximum appeared six to seven days later and then declined to return to normal at the time when nerve conduction properties had fully recovered. A similar degree of partial conduction block when acutely established always resulted in paralysis but when chronically present, the clinical picture of paralysis was fully compensated, due to the hypersensitivity of the muscle and possibly to collateral nerve sprouting.", "PMID": 712379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5304", "title": "Neurological manifestations of Paget's disease.", "content": "The neurological features of 96 patients whose skull and spinal X-rays showed the features of Paget's disease of bone were reviewed. The clinical phenomena were compared with those in another group of patients, identified by having a normal skull X-ray. Cranial nerve lesions and spinal syndromes could be attributed to the Paget's disease in many cases but the evidence did not suggest that other clinical phenomena such as dementia and epilepsy were related to the bony changes. Amongst cranial nerve lesions deafness is certainly attributable to Paget's disease, hemifacial spasm when combined with other signs is probably related, and possibly also trigeminal neuralgia. Basilar invagination can be asymptomatic, but deafness, hemifacial spasm and pyramidal signs were more prevalent in its presence. The importance of reviewing the cause and effect relationship between Paget's disease and neurological problems is discussed in the context of the therapeutic use of calcitonin.", "contents": "Neurological manifestations of Paget's disease. The neurological features of 96 patients whose skull and spinal X-rays showed the features of Paget's disease of bone were reviewed. The clinical phenomena were compared with those in another group of patients, identified by having a normal skull X-ray. Cranial nerve lesions and spinal syndromes could be attributed to the Paget's disease in many cases but the evidence did not suggest that other clinical phenomena such as dementia and epilepsy were related to the bony changes. Amongst cranial nerve lesions deafness is certainly attributable to Paget's disease, hemifacial spasm when combined with other signs is probably related, and possibly also trigeminal neuralgia. Basilar invagination can be asymptomatic, but deafness, hemifacial spasm and pyramidal signs were more prevalent in its presence. The importance of reviewing the cause and effect relationship between Paget's disease and neurological problems is discussed in the context of the therapeutic use of calcitonin.", "PMID": 712381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5305", "title": "Multicystic encephalomalacia of infancy: clinico-pathological report of 7 cases.", "content": "Clinical follow up and complete neuropathological examination was made on seven cases of multicystic encephalomalacia of infancy. Etiological factors were carefully studied in all the cases. They consisted of prenatal injuries presenting as a cord prolapse, in 3 cases; prolonged labour with marked cyanosis; abdominal trauma during gestation, and various maternal infections at different stages of pregnancy. Pathological interest is centred on the variable involvement of different areas of the brain, generally sparing the cerebellum and brain stem, and being minimal or absent in the occipito-temporal areas. This distribution may be explained by a different effect of the \"causal agency\" on these different areas, or by a different capacity of these regions to react against injury. Among the etiological factors reviewed in the literature, the anoxic theory appears the most probable, as there was a close parallelism between lesions and vascular areas, mainly the carotid and vertebro-basilar systems.", "contents": "Multicystic encephalomalacia of infancy: clinico-pathological report of 7 cases. Clinical follow up and complete neuropathological examination was made on seven cases of multicystic encephalomalacia of infancy. Etiological factors were carefully studied in all the cases. They consisted of prenatal injuries presenting as a cord prolapse, in 3 cases; prolonged labour with marked cyanosis; abdominal trauma during gestation, and various maternal infections at different stages of pregnancy. Pathological interest is centred on the variable involvement of different areas of the brain, generally sparing the cerebellum and brain stem, and being minimal or absent in the occipito-temporal areas. This distribution may be explained by a different effect of the \"causal agency\" on these different areas, or by a different capacity of these regions to react against injury. Among the etiological factors reviewed in the literature, the anoxic theory appears the most probable, as there was a close parallelism between lesions and vascular areas, mainly the carotid and vertebro-basilar systems.", "PMID": 712382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5306", "title": "Peroxidase in ceroid-lipofuscinosis.", "content": "Peroxidase determination in leucocyte homogenates of 3 patients with ceroid-lipofuscinosis the infantile, late-infantile, and juvenile form, was not different from normal control values.", "contents": "Peroxidase in ceroid-lipofuscinosis. Peroxidase determination in leucocyte homogenates of 3 patients with ceroid-lipofuscinosis the infantile, late-infantile, and juvenile form, was not different from normal control values.", "PMID": 712383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5307", "title": "Abnormal epinephrine urinary excretion in Parkinsonians: correction of the disorder by levodopa administration.", "content": "Epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) as well as vanilmandelic acid (VMA) urinary excretion was investigated in 54 patient with Parkinsonism and 29 controls. In Parkinsonians the mean value of NE excretion was normal, while that of E was significantly higher than in controls (P less than 0.001). Analysis of results in terms of age showed that only the patients in the 5th and 6th decades displayed significant increases in E excretion when compared to age-matched controls. No age-group differences were found for NE excretion. VMA was significantly higher in Parkinsonians than in controls. Both in Parkinsonians and in controls VMA excretion correlated significantly with that of NE but not with the E excretion. Ten-day treatment with levodopa (1.5 g/day) of Parkinsonians below the age of 60 was followed by a constant decrease in the excretion of E and a less consistent, nonsignificant increase in the excretion of NE. The abnormality of E excretion noticed in younger Parkinsonians suggests involvement in the pathologic process, of adrenal medulla, the main site of E synthesis.", "contents": "Abnormal epinephrine urinary excretion in Parkinsonians: correction of the disorder by levodopa administration. Epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) as well as vanilmandelic acid (VMA) urinary excretion was investigated in 54 patient with Parkinsonism and 29 controls. In Parkinsonians the mean value of NE excretion was normal, while that of E was significantly higher than in controls (P less than 0.001). Analysis of results in terms of age showed that only the patients in the 5th and 6th decades displayed significant increases in E excretion when compared to age-matched controls. No age-group differences were found for NE excretion. VMA was significantly higher in Parkinsonians than in controls. Both in Parkinsonians and in controls VMA excretion correlated significantly with that of NE but not with the E excretion. Ten-day treatment with levodopa (1.5 g/day) of Parkinsonians below the age of 60 was followed by a constant decrease in the excretion of E and a less consistent, nonsignificant increase in the excretion of NE. The abnormality of E excretion noticed in younger Parkinsonians suggests involvement in the pathologic process, of adrenal medulla, the main site of E synthesis.", "PMID": 712384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5308", "title": "Aspergillosis of the central nervous system.", "content": "Aspergillosis of the central nervous system is rare. The spread to the CNS is usually from the lungs and uncommonly from paranasal sinuses. Four cases of CNS aspergillosis with spread of infection from the paranasal sinuses are described. Two patients had meningitis, one intracranial granuloma and one presented with subarachnoid haemorrhage resulting from a fungal mycotic aneurysm. Difficulties in establishing the diagnosis are discussed.", "contents": "Aspergillosis of the central nervous system. Aspergillosis of the central nervous system is rare. The spread to the CNS is usually from the lungs and uncommonly from paranasal sinuses. Four cases of CNS aspergillosis with spread of infection from the paranasal sinuses are described. Two patients had meningitis, one intracranial granuloma and one presented with subarachnoid haemorrhage resulting from a fungal mycotic aneurysm. Difficulties in establishing the diagnosis are discussed.", "PMID": 712385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5309", "title": "Autosomal dominant spinal muscular atrophy: a clinical and genetic study.", "content": "A clinical and genetic study of 6 kindreds (13 patients) with autosomal dominant spinal muscular atrophy is presented. Evidence is presented to indicate that two separate autosomal dominant genes are involved. One of these causes clinical disease with onset in early childhood (birth--8 years), which is relatively benign and in which proximal selectively of muscle involvement is not marked. A separate autosomal dominant gene causes a disease with onset in adult life (median age 37 years), showing marked initial proximal selectively; this disease may be more rapid in its clinical progression. Penetrance of both genes approaches 100%. Incidence figures are presented; less than 2% of all cases of childhood onset spinal muscular atrophy, but 30% of adult onset cases, are due to an autosomal dominant gene transmitted from an affected parent. Implications for prognosis, diagnosis and genetic counselling are discussed. A review of 11 kindreds of dominant spinal muscular atrophy in the literature is presented.", "contents": "Autosomal dominant spinal muscular atrophy: a clinical and genetic study. A clinical and genetic study of 6 kindreds (13 patients) with autosomal dominant spinal muscular atrophy is presented. Evidence is presented to indicate that two separate autosomal dominant genes are involved. One of these causes clinical disease with onset in early childhood (birth--8 years), which is relatively benign and in which proximal selectively of muscle involvement is not marked. A separate autosomal dominant gene causes a disease with onset in adult life (median age 37 years), showing marked initial proximal selectively; this disease may be more rapid in its clinical progression. Penetrance of both genes approaches 100%. Incidence figures are presented; less than 2% of all cases of childhood onset spinal muscular atrophy, but 30% of adult onset cases, are due to an autosomal dominant gene transmitted from an affected parent. Implications for prognosis, diagnosis and genetic counselling are discussed. A review of 11 kindreds of dominant spinal muscular atrophy in the literature is presented.", "PMID": 712386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5310", "title": "Detachable balloon and calibrated-leak balloon techniques in the treatment of cerebral vascular lesions.", "content": "Of the cerebral vascular lesions that can be treated with intravascular detachable balloon techniques, carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas and vertebro-vertebral fistulas have the best results. The great advantage of this technique is that the cerebral blood flow can usually be preserved after the occlusion of the fistula. The authors report 17 postraumatic carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas successfully treated with preservation of the carotid blood flow in 12 cases. None of the patients died, and the morbidity was limited to one case of third nerve palsy. The treatment of aneurysms by this method is, however, much more difficult and dangerous. Of 14 cases treated, seven good results were obtained. Two patients died and two had a poor outcome. The embolization of certain brain angiomas with calibrated-leak balloons using bucrylate promises to be important in the future.", "contents": "Detachable balloon and calibrated-leak balloon techniques in the treatment of cerebral vascular lesions. Of the cerebral vascular lesions that can be treated with intravascular detachable balloon techniques, carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas and vertebro-vertebral fistulas have the best results. The great advantage of this technique is that the cerebral blood flow can usually be preserved after the occlusion of the fistula. The authors report 17 postraumatic carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas successfully treated with preservation of the carotid blood flow in 12 cases. None of the patients died, and the morbidity was limited to one case of third nerve palsy. The treatment of aneurysms by this method is, however, much more difficult and dangerous. Of 14 cases treated, seven good results were obtained. Two patients died and two had a poor outcome. The embolization of certain brain angiomas with calibrated-leak balloons using bucrylate promises to be important in the future.", "PMID": 712387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5311", "title": "Decreased mortality from brain abscesses since advent of computerized tomography.", "content": "No deaths have occurred among 20 consecutive patients with intraparenchyma brain abscesses treated at the University of California, San Francisco, since computerized tomographic (CT) brain scanning became a routine diagnostic procedure (study period: July, 1974, to June, 1977). These patients have been compared to 18 consecutive cases treated without benefit of CT analysis (January, 1970, to June, 1974) in order to determine the factors responsible for the recently improved prognosis. The mortality rate was 44% for all cases and 36% for all operated patients treated before the availability of CT. Similar morbidity (about 33%) was seen in survivors from both series. No significant differences in the two groups were noted with respect to patient population and antibiotic or corticosteroid therapy. Among the factors that may have contributed to the improved results for patients diagnosed with CT are: less frequent occurrence of multiple abscesses, fewer patients with poor preoperative clinical status, and a greater incidence of total abscess removal. In addition, CT scanning provided more accurate diagnosis and localization of abscesses and aided in the rapid detection of postoperative complications that probably accounted for six out of eight deaths in the earlier series. Serial CT studies provide a means to optimize the timing for surgical intervention and plan appropriate medical therapy. It is noteworthy that two patients have been followed by serial CT scans to non-surgical cures.", "contents": "Decreased mortality from brain abscesses since advent of computerized tomography. No deaths have occurred among 20 consecutive patients with intraparenchyma brain abscesses treated at the University of California, San Francisco, since computerized tomographic (CT) brain scanning became a routine diagnostic procedure (study period: July, 1974, to June, 1977). These patients have been compared to 18 consecutive cases treated without benefit of CT analysis (January, 1970, to June, 1974) in order to determine the factors responsible for the recently improved prognosis. The mortality rate was 44% for all cases and 36% for all operated patients treated before the availability of CT. Similar morbidity (about 33%) was seen in survivors from both series. No significant differences in the two groups were noted with respect to patient population and antibiotic or corticosteroid therapy. Among the factors that may have contributed to the improved results for patients diagnosed with CT are: less frequent occurrence of multiple abscesses, fewer patients with poor preoperative clinical status, and a greater incidence of total abscess removal. In addition, CT scanning provided more accurate diagnosis and localization of abscesses and aided in the rapid detection of postoperative complications that probably accounted for six out of eight deaths in the earlier series. Serial CT studies provide a means to optimize the timing for surgical intervention and plan appropriate medical therapy. It is noteworthy that two patients have been followed by serial CT scans to non-surgical cures.", "PMID": 712388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5312", "title": "Microsurgical relationships of the superior cerebellar artery and the trigeminal nerve.", "content": "Comparison and distortion of the trigeminal nerve by a tortuous and elongated superior cerebellar artery (SCA) is postulated to be a frequent cause of trigeminal neuralgia. This theory and the use of operative therapy in which the offending arterial loop is separated from the trigeminal nerve has created a need for more detailed information on the relationship of the SCA and the trigeminal nerve. In order to meet this need, 50 trigeminal nerves and the adjacent SCA were examined in 25 adult cadavers. Twenty-six of the 50 nerves examined had a point of contact with the SCA, but it was uncommon for the arterial contact to produce distortion of the nerve. In six instances, the contact was at the pontine entry zone of the trigeminal nerve, the site of arterial compression postulated to be associated with trigeminal neuralgia. Four trigeminal nerves (8%) had a point of contact with the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA). The fact that large arteries are commonly in contact with the trigeminal nerve is important not only because of the controversial relationship of neurovascular contact to trigeminal neuralgia, but because of the possibility that major vessels may be encountered and injured during rhizotomy and other posterior fossa operations on the trigeminal nerve.", "contents": "Microsurgical relationships of the superior cerebellar artery and the trigeminal nerve. Comparison and distortion of the trigeminal nerve by a tortuous and elongated superior cerebellar artery (SCA) is postulated to be a frequent cause of trigeminal neuralgia. This theory and the use of operative therapy in which the offending arterial loop is separated from the trigeminal nerve has created a need for more detailed information on the relationship of the SCA and the trigeminal nerve. In order to meet this need, 50 trigeminal nerves and the adjacent SCA were examined in 25 adult cadavers. Twenty-six of the 50 nerves examined had a point of contact with the SCA, but it was uncommon for the arterial contact to produce distortion of the nerve. In six instances, the contact was at the pontine entry zone of the trigeminal nerve, the site of arterial compression postulated to be associated with trigeminal neuralgia. Four trigeminal nerves (8%) had a point of contact with the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA). The fact that large arteries are commonly in contact with the trigeminal nerve is important not only because of the controversial relationship of neurovascular contact to trigeminal neuralgia, but because of the possibility that major vessels may be encountered and injured during rhizotomy and other posterior fossa operations on the trigeminal nerve.", "PMID": 712389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5313", "title": "Treatment of moyamoya disease with STA-MCA anastomosis.", "content": "Moyamoya disease is a chronic occlusive cerebrovascular disease of unknown etiology for which no effective treatment has been found. The authors report the result of 23 superficial temporal-middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) anastomoses and seven encephalomyosynangioses, performed on 13 cases with moyamoya disease and on four additional atypical cases. There were 10 children and seven adults in this study. The follow-up period ranged from 1 year and 4 months to 4 years and 1 month postoperatively; nine patients had excellent results, five good, and one fair; two patients were unchanged. The anastomotic procedure was most effective for transient ischemic attacks, reversible ischemic neurological deficits, and even minor or moderate neurological symptoms. The STA-MCA anastomosis appears to be an effective treatment for moyamoya disease.", "contents": "Treatment of moyamoya disease with STA-MCA anastomosis. Moyamoya disease is a chronic occlusive cerebrovascular disease of unknown etiology for which no effective treatment has been found. The authors report the result of 23 superficial temporal-middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) anastomoses and seven encephalomyosynangioses, performed on 13 cases with moyamoya disease and on four additional atypical cases. There were 10 children and seven adults in this study. The follow-up period ranged from 1 year and 4 months to 4 years and 1 month postoperatively; nine patients had excellent results, five good, and one fair; two patients were unchanged. The anastomotic procedure was most effective for transient ischemic attacks, reversible ischemic neurological deficits, and even minor or moderate neurological symptoms. The STA-MCA anastomosis appears to be an effective treatment for moyamoya disease.", "PMID": 712390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5314", "title": "Symptomatic subependymoma. Report of 21 cases with review of the literature.", "content": "Of 48 cases of subependymoma reported to date, 22 were associated with symptoms. In a personal series of 47 additional cases of subependymoma reviewed by the author, 21 were symptomatic. The mean age of patients with symptom-producing subependymomas was 39 years, that is, 20 years younger than that of patients with asymptomatic tumors. Symptoms were most often produced by large tumors, particularly those arising from the septum pellucidum (100%), the floor of the fourth ventricle (65%), and the lateral ventricular walls (55%). The majority of symptomatic tumors displayed the classic gross and microscopic features of subependymomas; however, large tumors more frequently demonstrated cyst formation, microcalcification, and vessel degeneration accompanied by hemorrhage. Of all subependymomas, 15% were microscopically composed of an admixture of classic subependymoma and cellular ependymoma; of these, one-half occurred within the first decade, all were situated in the fourth ventricle, and 80% were symptomatic. In contrast to pure subependymomas, the mortality rate of patients with mixed tumors was 80%, reflecting their growth potential, large size, and dangerous location.", "contents": "Symptomatic subependymoma. Report of 21 cases with review of the literature. Of 48 cases of subependymoma reported to date, 22 were associated with symptoms. In a personal series of 47 additional cases of subependymoma reviewed by the author, 21 were symptomatic. The mean age of patients with symptom-producing subependymomas was 39 years, that is, 20 years younger than that of patients with asymptomatic tumors. Symptoms were most often produced by large tumors, particularly those arising from the septum pellucidum (100%), the floor of the fourth ventricle (65%), and the lateral ventricular walls (55%). The majority of symptomatic tumors displayed the classic gross and microscopic features of subependymomas; however, large tumors more frequently demonstrated cyst formation, microcalcification, and vessel degeneration accompanied by hemorrhage. Of all subependymomas, 15% were microscopically composed of an admixture of classic subependymoma and cellular ependymoma; of these, one-half occurred within the first decade, all were situated in the fourth ventricle, and 80% were symptomatic. In contrast to pure subependymomas, the mortality rate of patients with mixed tumors was 80%, reflecting their growth potential, large size, and dangerous location.", "PMID": 712391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5315", "title": "Immediate correction of sagittal synostosis.", "content": "A technique for correction of sagittal synostosis with achievement of an immediately pleasing cosmetic result is presented. Even with replacement of bone and no attempt to inhibit bone union, premature reclosure does not occur. Moss' theory of dural tensions is discussed to explain the effect.", "contents": "Immediate correction of sagittal synostosis. A technique for correction of sagittal synostosis with achievement of an immediately pleasing cosmetic result is presented. Even with replacement of bone and no attempt to inhibit bone union, premature reclosure does not occur. Moss' theory of dural tensions is discussed to explain the effect.", "PMID": 712392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5316", "title": "Myelomeningocele before birth.", "content": "The authors report a study of 92 human embryos and four fetuses with myeloschisis. The characteristics of embryonic myeloschisis compared with spina bifida cystica in infants are: 1) the lesion is often more diffuse, involving the whole spinal cord (12 embryos); 2) the cervical cord is frequently affected (23 of the remaining 80 embryos); 3) holoprosencephaly is frequently associated (18 embryos); 4) meningocele is not found; and 5) hydrocephalus and Arnold-Chiari malformation are not yet developed. Hydrocephalus and Arnold-Chiari malformation are found in myeloschistic fetuses. Almost all embryos with diffuse and cervical myeloschisis or with holoprosencephaly are extruded before birth by spontaneous abortion. Absence of meningocele in the embryonic period implies that its appearance is deferred to the fetal period. The development of hydrocephalus and Arnold-Chiari malformation also seems to be delayed until the fetal period. Our observation implies that myelomeningocele is induced by non-closure of the neural tube, not by rupture once it was closed. \"Neural overgrowth\" and disturbed \"recanalization process\" are discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of myelomeningocele.", "contents": "Myelomeningocele before birth. The authors report a study of 92 human embryos and four fetuses with myeloschisis. The characteristics of embryonic myeloschisis compared with spina bifida cystica in infants are: 1) the lesion is often more diffuse, involving the whole spinal cord (12 embryos); 2) the cervical cord is frequently affected (23 of the remaining 80 embryos); 3) holoprosencephaly is frequently associated (18 embryos); 4) meningocele is not found; and 5) hydrocephalus and Arnold-Chiari malformation are not yet developed. Hydrocephalus and Arnold-Chiari malformation are found in myeloschistic fetuses. Almost all embryos with diffuse and cervical myeloschisis or with holoprosencephaly are extruded before birth by spontaneous abortion. Absence of meningocele in the embryonic period implies that its appearance is deferred to the fetal period. The development of hydrocephalus and Arnold-Chiari malformation also seems to be delayed until the fetal period. Our observation implies that myelomeningocele is induced by non-closure of the neural tube, not by rupture once it was closed. \"Neural overgrowth\" and disturbed \"recanalization process\" are discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of myelomeningocele.", "PMID": 712393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5317", "title": "Aneurysmal bone cyst of the skull. Case report.", "content": "A case of an aneurysmal bone cyst of the frontal bone is presented. This lesion is rare in the calvaria. It is a benign condition, and may extend intracranially. Total surgical removal is recommended whenever possible either in one stage or in multiple stages. The operation is comparatively easier in the calvaria than it is in the vertebral column or the long bones, where no more than thorough curettage is usually possible. The fact that this is a definite, readily recognizable pathological entity is stressed. Prognosis is excellent and total removal will effect a cure.", "contents": "Aneurysmal bone cyst of the skull. Case report. A case of an aneurysmal bone cyst of the frontal bone is presented. This lesion is rare in the calvaria. It is a benign condition, and may extend intracranially. Total surgical removal is recommended whenever possible either in one stage or in multiple stages. The operation is comparatively easier in the calvaria than it is in the vertebral column or the long bones, where no more than thorough curettage is usually possible. The fact that this is a definite, readily recognizable pathological entity is stressed. Prognosis is excellent and total removal will effect a cure.", "PMID": 712394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5318", "title": "Blow-in fracture of both orbital roofs caused by shear strain to the skull. Case report.", "content": "The authors report a case with blow-in fractures of both orbital roofs caused by horizontal shear strain to the skull. The mechanism of the injury is discussed. Ophthalmic symptoms were improved by removal of intraorbital bone fragments and by repair of the orbital roof defects with methyl methacrylate.", "contents": "Blow-in fracture of both orbital roofs caused by shear strain to the skull. Case report. The authors report a case with blow-in fractures of both orbital roofs caused by horizontal shear strain to the skull. The mechanism of the injury is discussed. Ophthalmic symptoms were improved by removal of intraorbital bone fragments and by repair of the orbital roof defects with methyl methacrylate.", "PMID": 712395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5319", "title": "Intracerebral hemorrhage due to ruptured venous aneurysm. Report of two cases.", "content": "Documented rupture of venous aneurysms associated with arteriovenous fistulas is uncommon, and reports of the formation and rupture of venous aneurysms that are not associated with fistulas are distinctly rare. One case is presented in which spontaneous rupture of a saccular aneurysm on a vessel draining an arteriovenous fistula produced an intracerebral hematoma. A second case in described in which fatal intracerebral hemorrhage was produced by a traumatic aneurysm of an otherwise normal superficial cerebral vein.", "contents": "Intracerebral hemorrhage due to ruptured venous aneurysm. Report of two cases. Documented rupture of venous aneurysms associated with arteriovenous fistulas is uncommon, and reports of the formation and rupture of venous aneurysms that are not associated with fistulas are distinctly rare. One case is presented in which spontaneous rupture of a saccular aneurysm on a vessel draining an arteriovenous fistula produced an intracerebral hematoma. A second case in described in which fatal intracerebral hemorrhage was produced by a traumatic aneurysm of an otherwise normal superficial cerebral vein.", "PMID": 712396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5320", "title": "Bilateral intracerebellar calcification associated with cerebellar hematoma. Case report.", "content": "A case of bilateral intracerebellar calcificaiton associated with cerebellar hematoma on the left side is reported. Clinical and microscopic examination failed to clarify the causes of calcification and hematoma. It is postulated that hemorrhage occurred from time to time through the fragile calcified vessel walls, since some portions of the organized hematoma were composed of massive erythrocytes.", "contents": "Bilateral intracerebellar calcification associated with cerebellar hematoma. Case report. A case of bilateral intracerebellar calcificaiton associated with cerebellar hematoma on the left side is reported. Clinical and microscopic examination failed to clarify the causes of calcification and hematoma. It is postulated that hemorrhage occurred from time to time through the fragile calcified vessel walls, since some portions of the organized hematoma were composed of massive erythrocytes.", "PMID": 712397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5321", "title": "Computerized tomographic definition of mesencephalic hematoma with evacuation through pedunculotomy. Case report.", "content": "A 10-year-old boy, who presented with symptoms of a progressive hemorrhagic stroke, had suffered a spontaneous midbrain hematoma. The extent of the clot was detailed by computerized tomography and the lesion was surgically removed through pedunculotomy.", "contents": "Computerized tomographic definition of mesencephalic hematoma with evacuation through pedunculotomy. Case report. A 10-year-old boy, who presented with symptoms of a progressive hemorrhagic stroke, had suffered a spontaneous midbrain hematoma. The extent of the clot was detailed by computerized tomography and the lesion was surgically removed through pedunculotomy.", "PMID": 712398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5322", "title": "Cerebral aneurysm in an infant with fibromuscular hyperplasia of the renal arteries. Case report.", "content": "The authors report a case of subarachnoid hemorrhage in an 11-month-old infant with tragic outcome. Radiological investigation showed an anterior communicating aneurysm, and postmortem examination confirmed the aneurysm to be a so-called \"berry\" aneurysm. There were also typical signs of fibromuscular hyperplasia of the renal arteries. The microscopic findings are discussed. In view of the rarity of both aneurysms and fibromuscular hyperplasia in such a small child, a possible association of these entities suggested by several earlier investigators is reviewed.", "contents": "Cerebral aneurysm in an infant with fibromuscular hyperplasia of the renal arteries. Case report. The authors report a case of subarachnoid hemorrhage in an 11-month-old infant with tragic outcome. Radiological investigation showed an anterior communicating aneurysm, and postmortem examination confirmed the aneurysm to be a so-called \"berry\" aneurysm. There were also typical signs of fibromuscular hyperplasia of the renal arteries. The microscopic findings are discussed. In view of the rarity of both aneurysms and fibromuscular hyperplasia in such a small child, a possible association of these entities suggested by several earlier investigators is reviewed.", "PMID": 712400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5323", "title": "Superficial temporal-middle cerebral artery anastomoses in the treatment of a carotid-cavernous fistula. Case report.", "content": "The treatment of patient with a carotid-cavernous fistula and complete occlusion of the contralateral internal carotid artery is reported. Bilateral superficial temporal-middle cerebral artery anastomoses were performed to create collateral circulation prior to trapping the fistula. The patient made an excellent recovery.", "contents": "Superficial temporal-middle cerebral artery anastomoses in the treatment of a carotid-cavernous fistula. Case report. The treatment of patient with a carotid-cavernous fistula and complete occlusion of the contralateral internal carotid artery is reported. Bilateral superficial temporal-middle cerebral artery anastomoses were performed to create collateral circulation prior to trapping the fistula. The patient made an excellent recovery.", "PMID": 712401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5324", "title": "Intradural sacral nerve root metastasis mimicking herniated disc. Case report.", "content": "Spinal tumors may mimic herniated discs but the neurological findings and radiographs usually indicate the correct diagnosis. A case of metastasis to the S-1 intradural nerve rootlets is reported, with symptoms closely simulating a herniated disc. The correct diagnosis could not be made preoperatively in spite of clinical suspicion of a tumor.", "contents": "Intradural sacral nerve root metastasis mimicking herniated disc. Case report. Spinal tumors may mimic herniated discs but the neurological findings and radiographs usually indicate the correct diagnosis. A case of metastasis to the S-1 intradural nerve rootlets is reported, with symptoms closely simulating a herniated disc. The correct diagnosis could not be made preoperatively in spite of clinical suspicion of a tumor.", "PMID": 712402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5325", "title": "Asymptomatic persistence of infundibularis recessus. Case report.", "content": "A congenital malformation of the anteroinferior aspect of the third ventricle is described. This anomaly has been found only rarely in anatomical descriptions. The embryological development of the pituitary region is described.", "contents": "Asymptomatic persistence of infundibularis recessus. Case report. A congenital malformation of the anteroinferior aspect of the third ventricle is described. This anomaly has been found only rarely in anatomical descriptions. The embryological development of the pituitary region is described.", "PMID": 712403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5326", "title": "The effects of chronic undernutrition over generations on rat development.", "content": "Experimental rats were fed 2/3 (10g/24 hours) of adlibitum diet throughout pregnancy and post-weaning, thus far for six generations; their brain and body development was compared with those of controls fed ad libitum (15.5 g/24 hours). As expected from previous reports, neonatal F1 offspring exhibited highly significant decreases in body weight, cerebral wet weight, cerebral DNA and cerebral protein. However, neonatal decreases were not greater in F2 through F6 than in F1 indicating that there was no cumulative effect of this undernutrition on offspring's parameters over generations. Maternal body weight at mating (90 days) and percentage of females that did not litter steadily decreased over generations. The observed high mortality in F1 through F6 and the resulting strong natural selection in favor of best mothers and weanlings could explain these findings. The phenomena contributing to high mortality are multiple and involve maternal factors during pregnancy and before weaning, as well as offspring factors.", "contents": "The effects of chronic undernutrition over generations on rat development. Experimental rats were fed 2/3 (10g/24 hours) of adlibitum diet throughout pregnancy and post-weaning, thus far for six generations; their brain and body development was compared with those of controls fed ad libitum (15.5 g/24 hours). As expected from previous reports, neonatal F1 offspring exhibited highly significant decreases in body weight, cerebral wet weight, cerebral DNA and cerebral protein. However, neonatal decreases were not greater in F2 through F6 than in F1 indicating that there was no cumulative effect of this undernutrition on offspring's parameters over generations. Maternal body weight at mating (90 days) and percentage of females that did not litter steadily decreased over generations. The observed high mortality in F1 through F6 and the resulting strong natural selection in favor of best mothers and weanlings could explain these findings. The phenomena contributing to high mortality are multiple and involve maternal factors during pregnancy and before weaning, as well as offspring factors.", "PMID": 712415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5327", "title": "The relationship of choline and carnitine in the choline deficient rat.", "content": "Levels of carnitine in choline deficient and choline supplemented rats were measured in heart, skeletal muscle, plasma, and liver after various treatments. A decreased hepatic concentration of carnitine was shown to be closely correlated to the deficiency in dietary choline. No change in the concentration of plasma ketone bodies after a 48 hour fast was observed in the choline deficient rats when compared to choline supplemented controls, even though the level of hepatic carnitine subsequent to the fast was lower in the deficient rats. The concentration of hepatic carnitine was increased to normal values 1.5 hours after a single injection of 100 mumoles of choline, but was not affected by other \"methyl\" donors. From experiments presented in this communication it is concluded that the increase in hepatic carnitine is probably due to increased transport and uptake of this compound into the liver rather than by \"de novo\" synthesis.", "contents": "The relationship of choline and carnitine in the choline deficient rat. Levels of carnitine in choline deficient and choline supplemented rats were measured in heart, skeletal muscle, plasma, and liver after various treatments. A decreased hepatic concentration of carnitine was shown to be closely correlated to the deficiency in dietary choline. No change in the concentration of plasma ketone bodies after a 48 hour fast was observed in the choline deficient rats when compared to choline supplemented controls, even though the level of hepatic carnitine subsequent to the fast was lower in the deficient rats. The concentration of hepatic carnitine was increased to normal values 1.5 hours after a single injection of 100 mumoles of choline, but was not affected by other \"methyl\" donors. From experiments presented in this communication it is concluded that the increase in hepatic carnitine is probably due to increased transport and uptake of this compound into the liver rather than by \"de novo\" synthesis.", "PMID": 712418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5328", "title": "Use of -l-ascorbic acid, ethocel coated ascorbic acid and ascorbate 2-sulfate in diets for channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus.", "content": "Purified diets with five levels (25, 50, 75, 100, and 200 mg/kg) of supplemental L-ascorbic acid (LAA), and equimolar levels of ethylcellulose coated L-ascorbic acid (EAA) and dipotassium L-ascorbate 2-sulfate dihydrate (AS) were pelleted and fed to 7.9 +/- 0.2 g channel catfish fingerlings for 20 weeks. A dietary level of 23 mg/kg of all three forms of vitamin C prevented spinal abnormalities. Approximately 50 mg/kg diet of either LAA or EAA was sufficient for maximal growth and feed efficiency. Growth response to AS was similar to a Michaelis-Menten type curve and 200 mg/kg diet of AS was necessary to achieve maximal growth. Blood and liver ascorbic acid levels were positively correlated with supplemental levels of LAA, EAA, and AS up to 200 mg/kg; however, blood and liver ascorbic acid levels of fish fed AS were considerably less than those fed LAA and EAA. Weight gains were positively correlated with blood ascorbate levels up to 7 microgram/ml. No measurable level of AS was detected in blood or liver. These results suggest that the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis of AS to LAA or rapid excretion of AS may have been the limiting factor.", "contents": "Use of -l-ascorbic acid, ethocel coated ascorbic acid and ascorbate 2-sulfate in diets for channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Purified diets with five levels (25, 50, 75, 100, and 200 mg/kg) of supplemental L-ascorbic acid (LAA), and equimolar levels of ethylcellulose coated L-ascorbic acid (EAA) and dipotassium L-ascorbate 2-sulfate dihydrate (AS) were pelleted and fed to 7.9 +/- 0.2 g channel catfish fingerlings for 20 weeks. A dietary level of 23 mg/kg of all three forms of vitamin C prevented spinal abnormalities. Approximately 50 mg/kg diet of either LAA or EAA was sufficient for maximal growth and feed efficiency. Growth response to AS was similar to a Michaelis-Menten type curve and 200 mg/kg diet of AS was necessary to achieve maximal growth. Blood and liver ascorbic acid levels were positively correlated with supplemental levels of LAA, EAA, and AS up to 200 mg/kg; however, blood and liver ascorbic acid levels of fish fed AS were considerably less than those fed LAA and EAA. Weight gains were positively correlated with blood ascorbate levels up to 7 microgram/ml. No measurable level of AS was detected in blood or liver. These results suggest that the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis of AS to LAA or rapid excretion of AS may have been the limiting factor.", "PMID": 712419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5329", "title": "Diet-hormone interrelationships in the rat.", "content": "Twenty-eight-day old male rats were fed, either ad libitum or in restricted amounts, isoenergetic diets containing 2, 5, 10, 15, 25, or 50% lactalbumin and 5, 11.9, or 21.1% fat for 8 weeks. They were then killed and the plasma levels of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), insulin, glucagon, corticosterone, norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine (E) were measured. Dietary changes explained most of the variation in the plasma concentrations of T3, T4, insulin, and glucagon but less than 20% of the variation in the plasma concentrations of the adrenal hormones. Dietary protein level was directly related to plasma T4, insulin and corticosterone and inversely related to plasma T3, glucagon, NE, and E. Dietary fat level had its most significant effect on the plasma glucagon concentration to which it was inversely related whereas the most noteworthy effect of a low energy intake was to reduce plasma E and thereby to increase the NE/E ratio. A refeeding study confirmed the effects of dietary protein level on plasma hormone concentrations and showed that the changes in diet-hormone interrelationships in 12-week old male rats have been derived by multiple regression analyses of the data.", "contents": "Diet-hormone interrelationships in the rat. Twenty-eight-day old male rats were fed, either ad libitum or in restricted amounts, isoenergetic diets containing 2, 5, 10, 15, 25, or 50% lactalbumin and 5, 11.9, or 21.1% fat for 8 weeks. They were then killed and the plasma levels of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), insulin, glucagon, corticosterone, norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine (E) were measured. Dietary changes explained most of the variation in the plasma concentrations of T3, T4, insulin, and glucagon but less than 20% of the variation in the plasma concentrations of the adrenal hormones. Dietary protein level was directly related to plasma T4, insulin and corticosterone and inversely related to plasma T3, glucagon, NE, and E. Dietary fat level had its most significant effect on the plasma glucagon concentration to which it was inversely related whereas the most noteworthy effect of a low energy intake was to reduce plasma E and thereby to increase the NE/E ratio. A refeeding study confirmed the effects of dietary protein level on plasma hormone concentrations and showed that the changes in diet-hormone interrelationships in 12-week old male rats have been derived by multiple regression analyses of the data.", "PMID": 712420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5330", "title": "Sulfate metabolism in rat calvaria cultured under vitamin A deficient conditions.", "content": "The metabolism of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in bone has been found to be altered in vitamin A deficiency. A neonatal rat calvarium model system was used to determine if these changes are related to catabolic defects. Two day old rat pup calvaria were cultured in media containing serum from A- or A+ rats and radiolabeled sulfate or glucosamine. The incorporation of 35S-sulfate into the GAG fraction of calvaria cultured with A- serum for 48 hours was significantly increased compared to the values found in calvaria cultured with A+ serum (A-, 1,970 +/- 300; A+, 940 +/- 177; X +/- SD). The uptake of 35S-sulfate into the GAG fraction of calvaria cultured with A- serum showed continuous increase over 96 hours,whereas, 35S-sulfate uptake leveled off after 24 hours in the A+ group. There was also a significant increase in [14C]glucosamine uptake into the GAG fractions of calvaria cultured with A-serum (A-, 1,966 +/- 537; A+, 1,662 +/- 244; X +/- SD). To determine if the alteration in metabolism of sulfated GAG was in the biosynthetic or degradative pathways, a chase study was performed in which the calvaria were prelabeled with 35SO4. The rate of tissue loss of 35S-sulfate was lower in the total digests and the GAG fractions from calvaria cultured with A- serum than those cultured with A+ serum. Thus, the alteration in the metabolism of the sulfated GAG resulting from A- culture conditions seems to be defect in the degradative process.", "contents": "Sulfate metabolism in rat calvaria cultured under vitamin A deficient conditions. The metabolism of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in bone has been found to be altered in vitamin A deficiency. A neonatal rat calvarium model system was used to determine if these changes are related to catabolic defects. Two day old rat pup calvaria were cultured in media containing serum from A- or A+ rats and radiolabeled sulfate or glucosamine. The incorporation of 35S-sulfate into the GAG fraction of calvaria cultured with A- serum for 48 hours was significantly increased compared to the values found in calvaria cultured with A+ serum (A-, 1,970 +/- 300; A+, 940 +/- 177; X +/- SD). The uptake of 35S-sulfate into the GAG fraction of calvaria cultured with A- serum showed continuous increase over 96 hours,whereas, 35S-sulfate uptake leveled off after 24 hours in the A+ group. There was also a significant increase in [14C]glucosamine uptake into the GAG fractions of calvaria cultured with A-serum (A-, 1,966 +/- 537; A+, 1,662 +/- 244; X +/- SD). To determine if the alteration in metabolism of sulfated GAG was in the biosynthetic or degradative pathways, a chase study was performed in which the calvaria were prelabeled with 35SO4. The rate of tissue loss of 35S-sulfate was lower in the total digests and the GAG fractions from calvaria cultured with A- serum than those cultured with A+ serum. Thus, the alteration in the metabolism of the sulfated GAG resulting from A- culture conditions seems to be defect in the degradative process.", "PMID": 712421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5331", "title": "Late effects of premature weaning to different diets in the rat.", "content": "Female rats were prematurely weaned on the 18th postnatal day to a high fat (HF) or high carbohydrate (HG) diet. Twelve days later they were all given free access to a cereal based stock diet. When aged 10 months, they were all fed an atherogenic diet for the next 2 months and were then killed. Blood cholesterol levels were higher in the HG group at 11 months but not 1 month later. After 2 months of feeding the atherogenic diet, injected 14C-cholesterol disappeared more slowly from the HF group during the first 24 hours after injection but more rapidly during the next 48 hours than the HG group. At that time, serum glucagon levels in the HF group had doubled but remained unchanged in the HG group. Serum insulin levels decreased significantly during that same period in the HF group but not the HG group. Consequently, the I/G molar ratio was lower in the HF than the HG group after 2 months of feeding the atherogenic diet. At 12 months, selected enzyme activities in white adipose tissue and liver did not differ between the two groups, except for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, the activity of which was higher in the HG", "contents": "Late effects of premature weaning to different diets in the rat. Female rats were prematurely weaned on the 18th postnatal day to a high fat (HF) or high carbohydrate (HG) diet. Twelve days later they were all given free access to a cereal based stock diet. When aged 10 months, they were all fed an atherogenic diet for the next 2 months and were then killed. Blood cholesterol levels were higher in the HG group at 11 months but not 1 month later. After 2 months of feeding the atherogenic diet, injected 14C-cholesterol disappeared more slowly from the HF group during the first 24 hours after injection but more rapidly during the next 48 hours than the HG group. At that time, serum glucagon levels in the HF group had doubled but remained unchanged in the HG group. Serum insulin levels decreased significantly during that same period in the HF group but not the HG group. Consequently, the I/G molar ratio was lower in the HF than the HG group after 2 months of feeding the atherogenic diet. At 12 months, selected enzyme activities in white adipose tissue and liver did not differ between the two groups, except for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, the activity of which was higher in the HG", "PMID": 712422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5332", "title": "The influence of dietary fat and meal frequency on lipoprotein lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase in rat adipose tissue.", "content": "Activities of NaCl-inactivated lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and protamine-resistant hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) in adipose tissue, accumulation of carcass fat, and serum triglycerides (TG) were determined in meal-fed (MF) and ad libitum-fed (AD) rats. At each feeding frequency, diets provided total fat as 15 or 30% of calories and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) as 2.5 or 11% of calories. The average energy intake of MF rats was 67% that of AD rats. Total weight gained by MF rats was only 60% that of the AD rats. Significantly greater activities of LPL, HSL, and LPL:HSL in adipose of MF rats suggested a greater capacity for fat accumulation which was not realized at the limited energy intake. In AD rats, the percentage of body fat was significantly correlated  with LPL:HSL and with serum TG, suggesting that the relative enzyme activities and fat deposition may be influenced by the concentration of circulating TG. Mean body fat of rats receiving the 30% fat diet was significantly greater than that of rats fed 15% fat. Both serum TG and adipose LPL activity were significantly reduced when the diet contained high levels of PUFA.", "contents": "The influence of dietary fat and meal frequency on lipoprotein lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase in rat adipose tissue. Activities of NaCl-inactivated lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and protamine-resistant hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) in adipose tissue, accumulation of carcass fat, and serum triglycerides (TG) were determined in meal-fed (MF) and ad libitum-fed (AD) rats. At each feeding frequency, diets provided total fat as 15 or 30% of calories and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) as 2.5 or 11% of calories. The average energy intake of MF rats was 67% that of AD rats. Total weight gained by MF rats was only 60% that of the AD rats. Significantly greater activities of LPL, HSL, and LPL:HSL in adipose of MF rats suggested a greater capacity for fat accumulation which was not realized at the limited energy intake. In AD rats, the percentage of body fat was significantly correlated  with LPL:HSL and with serum TG, suggesting that the relative enzyme activities and fat deposition may be influenced by the concentration of circulating TG. Mean body fat of rats receiving the 30% fat diet was significantly greater than that of rats fed 15% fat. Both serum TG and adipose LPL activity were significantly reduced when the diet contained high levels of PUFA.", "PMID": 712424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5333", "title": "Lactate as a precursor of fatty acids in bovine adipose tissue.", "content": "In vitro experiments were conducted to determine the rates of lactate, acetate, and glucose conversions to glycerol, CO2, and fatty acids by subcutaneous adipose tissue of cattle. To study the pathway for lactate utilization as a carbon source for lipogenesis, the effect of each of four substates (lactate, acetate, pyruvate, and glucose) on the rate of conversion of the other three was determined. The rates of lactate conversion to fatty acids and to glycerol were greater than those for acetate and glucose. Acetate, however, was oxidized to CO2 at greater rates than either lactate or glucose. Acetate was used for fatty acid synthesis at greater rates than pyruvate was less than that from lactate but greater than that from glucose. Acetate additions to the incubation media decreased the synthetic rates from lactate, pyruvate, and glucose. Pyruvate decreased rates of fatty acid synthesis from glucose but slightly (not statistically significant) stimulated synthesis from lactate and acetate. Lactate decreased glucose and pyruvate utilization but had no effect upon that of acetate. Our results clearly demonstrated that lactate can be used for fatty acid synthesis as well as for glycerogenesis by bovine adipose tissue.", "contents": "Lactate as a precursor of fatty acids in bovine adipose tissue. In vitro experiments were conducted to determine the rates of lactate, acetate, and glucose conversions to glycerol, CO2, and fatty acids by subcutaneous adipose tissue of cattle. To study the pathway for lactate utilization as a carbon source for lipogenesis, the effect of each of four substates (lactate, acetate, pyruvate, and glucose) on the rate of conversion of the other three was determined. The rates of lactate conversion to fatty acids and to glycerol were greater than those for acetate and glucose. Acetate, however, was oxidized to CO2 at greater rates than either lactate or glucose. Acetate was used for fatty acid synthesis at greater rates than pyruvate was less than that from lactate but greater than that from glucose. Acetate additions to the incubation media decreased the synthetic rates from lactate, pyruvate, and glucose. Pyruvate decreased rates of fatty acid synthesis from glucose but slightly (not statistically significant) stimulated synthesis from lactate and acetate. Lactate decreased glucose and pyruvate utilization but had no effect upon that of acetate. Our results clearly demonstrated that lactate can be used for fatty acid synthesis as well as for glycerogenesis by bovine adipose tissue.", "PMID": 712425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5334", "title": "Effect of dietary fiber on egg yolk, liver, and plasma cholesterol concentrations of the laying hen.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of dietary fiber source and level on egg yolk, liver, and plasma cholesterol concentrations of White Leghorn laying hens. Initially, dietary fiber levels of 2.05, 4.41, 6.68, and 8.79% furnished mainly by sunflower meal were fed to laying hens for 140 days. In the second experiment, alfalfa meal, ground whole oats, sunflower meal, rice mill feed, or wood shavings was added to a corn-soybean meal basal diet to furnish 2.00% added crude fiber and fed to laying hens for 84 days. Yolk cholesterol decreased 4.39, 10.38, and 13.29% by feeding crude dietary fiber levels of 4.41, 6.68, and 8.79%, respectively, to hens as compared to a corn-soybean meal basal diet containing 2.05% crude fiber. Egg yolk cholesterol was significantly decreased by feeding alfalfa meal, oats, sunflower meal, rice mill feed, or wood shavings to laying hens when compared to yolk cholesterol of hens fed the basal diet. The greatest reduction in egg yolk cholesterol was found by feeding either oats or wood shavings. No significant differences were found in plasma cholesterol due to dietary fiber level. Plasma triglycerides decreased and liver cholesterol increased as dietary fiber level increased in diets fed to laying hens. When laying hens were fed alfalfa meal, oats, rice mill feed, or wood shavings, plasma cholesterol significantly decreased. Liver cholesterol increased when hens were fed either alfalfa meal or rice mill feed as the primary fiber source.", "contents": "Effect of dietary fiber on egg yolk, liver, and plasma cholesterol concentrations of the laying hen. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of dietary fiber source and level on egg yolk, liver, and plasma cholesterol concentrations of White Leghorn laying hens. Initially, dietary fiber levels of 2.05, 4.41, 6.68, and 8.79% furnished mainly by sunflower meal were fed to laying hens for 140 days. In the second experiment, alfalfa meal, ground whole oats, sunflower meal, rice mill feed, or wood shavings was added to a corn-soybean meal basal diet to furnish 2.00% added crude fiber and fed to laying hens for 84 days. Yolk cholesterol decreased 4.39, 10.38, and 13.29% by feeding crude dietary fiber levels of 4.41, 6.68, and 8.79%, respectively, to hens as compared to a corn-soybean meal basal diet containing 2.05% crude fiber. Egg yolk cholesterol was significantly decreased by feeding alfalfa meal, oats, sunflower meal, rice mill feed, or wood shavings to laying hens when compared to yolk cholesterol of hens fed the basal diet. The greatest reduction in egg yolk cholesterol was found by feeding either oats or wood shavings. No significant differences were found in plasma cholesterol due to dietary fiber level. Plasma triglycerides decreased and liver cholesterol increased as dietary fiber level increased in diets fed to laying hens. When laying hens were fed alfalfa meal, oats, rice mill feed, or wood shavings, plasma cholesterol significantly decreased. Liver cholesterol increased when hens were fed either alfalfa meal or rice mill feed as the primary fiber source.", "PMID": 712428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5335", "title": "Zinc absorption and metabolism by isolated, vascularly perfused rat intestine.", "content": "An isolated vascularly perfused rat intestine system was utilized to examine various aspects of zinc absorption in an attempt to more clearly examine the mechanisms involved. The lumen was perfused with a modified tissue culture medium containing 65Zn. The vascular system was perfused from the superior mesenteric artery to the portal vein, with Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer containing 5% rat serum. The criterion for absorption was the amount of radioactivity transferred to the vascular perfusate. When the intestines were obtained from rats that had consumed a zinc-deficient diet the amount of zinc absorbed increased markedly. Conversely, elevation of zinc status decreased the amount of 65Zn that could be transferred to the vascular perfusate. These data strongly suggest that the isolated, perfused rat intestine retains the ability to exercise homeostatic control over 65Zn absorption. Transfer of infused 65Zn to the vascular perfusate was significantly decreased by aspirin, phytate, and prostaglandin E2. Uptake of 65Zn from the lumen into the intestinal cells was significantly increased by histidine and significantly decreased by phytate and prostaglandin E2. Thus, the isolated, vascularly perfused rat intestine appears to be capable of differentiating between the cellular uptake and cell to plasma transfer phases of zinc absorption.", "contents": "Zinc absorption and metabolism by isolated, vascularly perfused rat intestine. An isolated vascularly perfused rat intestine system was utilized to examine various aspects of zinc absorption in an attempt to more clearly examine the mechanisms involved. The lumen was perfused with a modified tissue culture medium containing 65Zn. The vascular system was perfused from the superior mesenteric artery to the portal vein, with Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer containing 5% rat serum. The criterion for absorption was the amount of radioactivity transferred to the vascular perfusate. When the intestines were obtained from rats that had consumed a zinc-deficient diet the amount of zinc absorbed increased markedly. Conversely, elevation of zinc status decreased the amount of 65Zn that could be transferred to the vascular perfusate. These data strongly suggest that the isolated, perfused rat intestine retains the ability to exercise homeostatic control over 65Zn absorption. Transfer of infused 65Zn to the vascular perfusate was significantly decreased by aspirin, phytate, and prostaglandin E2. Uptake of 65Zn from the lumen into the intestinal cells was significantly increased by histidine and significantly decreased by phytate and prostaglandin E2. Thus, the isolated, vascularly perfused rat intestine appears to be capable of differentiating between the cellular uptake and cell to plasma transfer phases of zinc absorption.", "PMID": 712429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5336", "title": "Vitamin E, antioxidants and lipid peroxidation in experimental atherosclerosis of rabbits.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of large amounts of dietary vitamin E and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in rabbits fed a low-cholesterol, atherogenic diet, and to seek for evidence of lipid peroxidation in the atherosclerotic lesions. Rabbits were fed a purified atherogenic diet, containing butter or the basal diet supplemented with either 1.0% of vitamin E or 0.1% each of BHA and BHT for periods up to 3 years; a negative control group was fed the basal diet with corn oil replacing butter. Aortic and coronary atherosclerosis were more frequent and extensive in rabbits fed either the basal diet or the basal diet supplemented with BHA and BHT than in rabbits fed either the basal diet supplemented with vitamin E or the negative control diet. Dietary vitamin E inhibited atherogenesis by preventing hypercholesterolemia. No evidence of lipid peroxidation was detected in the arterial lesions.", "contents": "Vitamin E, antioxidants and lipid peroxidation in experimental atherosclerosis of rabbits. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of large amounts of dietary vitamin E and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in rabbits fed a low-cholesterol, atherogenic diet, and to seek for evidence of lipid peroxidation in the atherosclerotic lesions. Rabbits were fed a purified atherogenic diet, containing butter or the basal diet supplemented with either 1.0% of vitamin E or 0.1% each of BHA and BHT for periods up to 3 years; a negative control group was fed the basal diet with corn oil replacing butter. Aortic and coronary atherosclerosis were more frequent and extensive in rabbits fed either the basal diet or the basal diet supplemented with BHA and BHT than in rabbits fed either the basal diet supplemented with vitamin E or the negative control diet. Dietary vitamin E inhibited atherogenesis by preventing hypercholesterolemia. No evidence of lipid peroxidation was detected in the arterial lesions.", "PMID": 712430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5337", "title": "\"Protected\" polyunsaturated fatty acid in the diet of the ewe and the essential fatty acid status of the neonatal lamb.", "content": "A polyunsaturated fatty acid supplement, protected from biohydrogenation in the rumen by a formaldehyde-treated protein coat, was fed to ewes during the last 8 weeks of pregnancy as a possible method of improving the poor essential fatty acid status of the newborn lambs. Significant increases were observed in the concentrations of 18:2 (n-6) in both the cholesteryl ester and phospholipid fractions of the plasma and in the phospholipid fraction of the liver of the lamb at birth. Concomitantly, there were significant increases in 20:4 (n-6) concentrations and reductions in the concentrations of 20:3 (n-9). In addition, the concentration of 18:2 (n-6) in the colostrum of the ewes was increased some eightfold thereby providing a secondary source of this essential fatty acid to the lamb. A marked decrease in erythrocyte fragility was observed in lambs whose ewes had received the \"protected\" polyunsaturated fatty acid diet. These findings are discussed in relation to the known metabolic roles of essential fatty acids in the animal body, with particular reference to the essential fatty acid status of the lamb at birth.", "contents": "\"Protected\" polyunsaturated fatty acid in the diet of the ewe and the essential fatty acid status of the neonatal lamb. A polyunsaturated fatty acid supplement, protected from biohydrogenation in the rumen by a formaldehyde-treated protein coat, was fed to ewes during the last 8 weeks of pregnancy as a possible method of improving the poor essential fatty acid status of the newborn lambs. Significant increases were observed in the concentrations of 18:2 (n-6) in both the cholesteryl ester and phospholipid fractions of the plasma and in the phospholipid fraction of the liver of the lamb at birth. Concomitantly, there were significant increases in 20:4 (n-6) concentrations and reductions in the concentrations of 20:3 (n-9). In addition, the concentration of 18:2 (n-6) in the colostrum of the ewes was increased some eightfold thereby providing a secondary source of this essential fatty acid to the lamb. A marked decrease in erythrocyte fragility was observed in lambs whose ewes had received the \"protected\" polyunsaturated fatty acid diet. These findings are discussed in relation to the known metabolic roles of essential fatty acids in the animal body, with particular reference to the essential fatty acid status of the lamb at birth.", "PMID": 712431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5338", "title": "Active transport of thiamine by freshly isolated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "Rat hepatocytes were freshly prepared from adult animals using the collagenase-perfusion technique. The hepatic transport of thiamine was studied in isolated liver cells. The process was found to be saturable with an apparent Kt of 0.31 mM and a V max of 0.7 mumoles/ml intracellular fluid/5 minutes. However, at higher substrate concentrations, the process proceeded in a linear fashion. Both pyrithiamine and oxythiamine were inhibitory on the hepatic uptake of thiamine, the latter showed much weaker activity than the former. The system required the presence of sodium ions and was sensitive to ouabain. Anaerobic condition and metabolic inhibitors, e.g., 2,4-dinitrophenol, cyanide, and iodoacetate suppressed the uptake rate of thiamine. Addition of ethanol in the incubation medium also caused significant reduction of thiamine uptake. Efflux studies indicated that a portion of intracellular thiamine is readily available for exodus. Chromatographic analyses showed that thiamine was only slightly metabolically altered during the transport process. It is suggested that thiamine is transported into isolated hepatic cells by an active, sodium-dependent process.", "contents": "Active transport of thiamine by freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. Rat hepatocytes were freshly prepared from adult animals using the collagenase-perfusion technique. The hepatic transport of thiamine was studied in isolated liver cells. The process was found to be saturable with an apparent Kt of 0.31 mM and a V max of 0.7 mumoles/ml intracellular fluid/5 minutes. However, at higher substrate concentrations, the process proceeded in a linear fashion. Both pyrithiamine and oxythiamine were inhibitory on the hepatic uptake of thiamine, the latter showed much weaker activity than the former. The system required the presence of sodium ions and was sensitive to ouabain. Anaerobic condition and metabolic inhibitors, e.g., 2,4-dinitrophenol, cyanide, and iodoacetate suppressed the uptake rate of thiamine. Addition of ethanol in the incubation medium also caused significant reduction of thiamine uptake. Efflux studies indicated that a portion of intracellular thiamine is readily available for exodus. Chromatographic analyses showed that thiamine was only slightly metabolically altered during the transport process. It is suggested that thiamine is transported into isolated hepatic cells by an active, sodium-dependent process.", "PMID": 712432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5339", "title": "Effects of riboflavin deficiency on the lipids of rat liver mitochondria and microsomes.", "content": "Weanling male rats were fed a riboflavin deficient diet for 5 weeks and enlargement of the liver mitochondria and discontinuity of the outer membrane were observed. The content of phospholipids was slightly increased in the deficient mitochondria, and decrease in phosphatidylcholine and increase in phosphatidylethanolamine were shown respectively. In comparison with the mitochondria, the content and distribution of phospholipids in microsomes were not affected. The fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholine in mitochondria and microsomes was remarkably altered by the deficiency, and increases in palmitic and linoleic acids and decrease in arachidonic acid were demonstrated. The incorporation of 32P into diphosphatidylglycerol in mitochondria was reduced by the deficiency. The incorporation into other phospholipids was not significantly altered, whereas the incorporation into the subspecies of phosphatidylcholine was variously affected. By the intraperitoneal injection of riboflavin to the deficient rats, normalization of the mitochondrial size and fatty acid composition of liver mitochondrial lipids was observed. However, decreased incorporation of 32P into diphosphatidylglycerol in mitochondria was not recovered COMPLETELY AT 40 Hours after the injection, and in the mitochondrial lipids linoleic acid was higher and arachidonic acid was lower than respective controls at 60 hours.", "contents": "Effects of riboflavin deficiency on the lipids of rat liver mitochondria and microsomes. Weanling male rats were fed a riboflavin deficient diet for 5 weeks and enlargement of the liver mitochondria and discontinuity of the outer membrane were observed. The content of phospholipids was slightly increased in the deficient mitochondria, and decrease in phosphatidylcholine and increase in phosphatidylethanolamine were shown respectively. In comparison with the mitochondria, the content and distribution of phospholipids in microsomes were not affected. The fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholine in mitochondria and microsomes was remarkably altered by the deficiency, and increases in palmitic and linoleic acids and decrease in arachidonic acid were demonstrated. The incorporation of 32P into diphosphatidylglycerol in mitochondria was reduced by the deficiency. The incorporation into other phospholipids was not significantly altered, whereas the incorporation into the subspecies of phosphatidylcholine was variously affected. By the intraperitoneal injection of riboflavin to the deficient rats, normalization of the mitochondrial size and fatty acid composition of liver mitochondrial lipids was observed. However, decreased incorporation of 32P into diphosphatidylglycerol in mitochondria was not recovered COMPLETELY AT 40 Hours after the injection, and in the mitochondrial lipids linoleic acid was higher and arachidonic acid was lower than respective controls at 60 hours.", "PMID": 712433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5340", "title": "Studies on the factors influencing the hydrogen peroxide hemolysis test.", "content": "There seems to be a greater variation between laboratories in hydrogen peroxide hemolysis techniques than in other clinical laboratory procedures. In this report, factors influencing hemolytic values were examined and the effect of the combination of these factors on the results was analysed statistically by using the orthogonal array. Factors influencing hemolysis induced by hydrogen peroxide were as follows; the concentration of hydrogen peroxide, temperature in the peroxide reagent when added to the red cell suspension, the red cell concentration in the cell suspension and the addition of charcoal to the reaction mixture. However, addition of charcoal may not be essential to stabilize the hemolytic values and other factors such as keeping blood for 4 hours at room temperature before testing, the difference between investigators, a reaction time 2 or 3 hours and the technique of adding peroxide reagent to the cell suspension, had little effect on hemolysis. The most important factor was the temperature in hydrogen peroxide solution. The estimated hemolytic values by the orthogonal array linearly correlated with the plasma tocopherol levels.", "contents": "Studies on the factors influencing the hydrogen peroxide hemolysis test. There seems to be a greater variation between laboratories in hydrogen peroxide hemolysis techniques than in other clinical laboratory procedures. In this report, factors influencing hemolytic values were examined and the effect of the combination of these factors on the results was analysed statistically by using the orthogonal array. Factors influencing hemolysis induced by hydrogen peroxide were as follows; the concentration of hydrogen peroxide, temperature in the peroxide reagent when added to the red cell suspension, the red cell concentration in the cell suspension and the addition of charcoal to the reaction mixture. However, addition of charcoal may not be essential to stabilize the hemolytic values and other factors such as keeping blood for 4 hours at room temperature before testing, the difference between investigators, a reaction time 2 or 3 hours and the technique of adding peroxide reagent to the cell suspension, had little effect on hemolysis. The most important factor was the temperature in hydrogen peroxide solution. The estimated hemolytic values by the orthogonal array linearly correlated with the plasma tocopherol levels.", "PMID": 712434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5341", "title": "Relationship between gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism and antivitamin B6-induced convulsions.", "content": "The correlation between the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) metabolism and convulsions by some vitamin B6 antagonists, DL-penicillamine (PeA), hydrazine (Hyd), thiosemicarbazide (TSC) were investigated. Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T) activities were inhibited during convulsions by three antagonists, and GABA content was not changed by PeA, increased by Hyd and decreased by TSC in mice whole brain. In subcellular fractions of brain, GAD activity was inhibited and GABA content decreased in synaptosomes during convulsions by the above three drugs. Aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), a potent GABA-elevating agent, showed an anticonvulsant property against convulsions by TSC for several hours after the injection of AOAA, but lost this property 16hr after treatment. During the convulsions by TSC 16hr after the AOAA-pretreatment, the GABA content in synaptosomes was less than that from the group treated with AOAA alone, though its GABA level was higher than the normal level. From the above results, the GABA content and GAD activity in synaptosomes might be deeply associated with convulsions by B6 antagonists.", "contents": "Relationship between gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism and antivitamin B6-induced convulsions. The correlation between the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) metabolism and convulsions by some vitamin B6 antagonists, DL-penicillamine (PeA), hydrazine (Hyd), thiosemicarbazide (TSC) were investigated. Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T) activities were inhibited during convulsions by three antagonists, and GABA content was not changed by PeA, increased by Hyd and decreased by TSC in mice whole brain. In subcellular fractions of brain, GAD activity was inhibited and GABA content decreased in synaptosomes during convulsions by the above three drugs. Aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), a potent GABA-elevating agent, showed an anticonvulsant property against convulsions by TSC for several hours after the injection of AOAA, but lost this property 16hr after treatment. During the convulsions by TSC 16hr after the AOAA-pretreatment, the GABA content in synaptosomes was less than that from the group treated with AOAA alone, though its GABA level was higher than the normal level. From the above results, the GABA content and GAD activity in synaptosomes might be deeply associated with convulsions by B6 antagonists.", "PMID": 712435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5342", "title": "Comparative susceptibility to amylases of starch granules of several single endosperm mutants representative of floury-opaque, starch-deficient, and modified starch types and their double-mutant combinations with opaque-2 in four inbred lines of maize.", "content": "Starch granules were prepared from kernels of eight single endosperm mutants, brittle-1, (bt1), brittle-2 (bt2), floury-1, floury-2, soft starch, opaque-1 (o1), shrunken-2 (sh2), and sugary-2 (su2), and their double-mutant combinations with opaque-2 (o2) of four inbred lines of maize (Zea mays L.), B37, C103, Oh43 and W64A. We compared the susceptibility of various starch granules to Rhizopus glucoamylase and pancreatin. Starch granules of the su2 and su2o2 mutants were digested by amylases much faster than those of the normal counterparts. Starch granules of the bt1, bt2, o1 and sh2 mutants tended to be digested by amylases faster than those of normal maize. Starch granules of double-mutant combinations with the o2 gene were, in general, digested to an extent very comparable to their respective non-opaque single mutant counterparts in each of their four inbred backgrounds. We followed the relative digestion of starch granules by using scanning electron microscopy. Starch granules of endosperm mutants susceptible to amylases showed numerous pin holes on the surface layer and the pores penetrated into the inner layers of the granules during the attack by amylases. In some of the granules the inner portion, which appeared terraced or step-shaped, could be seen. This may be indicative of layered internal structures of the granules.", "contents": "Comparative susceptibility to amylases of starch granules of several single endosperm mutants representative of floury-opaque, starch-deficient, and modified starch types and their double-mutant combinations with opaque-2 in four inbred lines of maize. Starch granules were prepared from kernels of eight single endosperm mutants, brittle-1, (bt1), brittle-2 (bt2), floury-1, floury-2, soft starch, opaque-1 (o1), shrunken-2 (sh2), and sugary-2 (su2), and their double-mutant combinations with opaque-2 (o2) of four inbred lines of maize (Zea mays L.), B37, C103, Oh43 and W64A. We compared the susceptibility of various starch granules to Rhizopus glucoamylase and pancreatin. Starch granules of the su2 and su2o2 mutants were digested by amylases much faster than those of the normal counterparts. Starch granules of the bt1, bt2, o1 and sh2 mutants tended to be digested by amylases faster than those of normal maize. Starch granules of double-mutant combinations with the o2 gene were, in general, digested to an extent very comparable to their respective non-opaque single mutant counterparts in each of their four inbred backgrounds. We followed the relative digestion of starch granules by using scanning electron microscopy. Starch granules of endosperm mutants susceptible to amylases showed numerous pin holes on the surface layer and the pores penetrated into the inner layers of the granules during the attack by amylases. In some of the granules the inner portion, which appeared terraced or step-shaped, could be seen. This may be indicative of layered internal structures of the granules.", "PMID": 712436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5343", "title": "Dietary cholesterol influences fasting serum free amino acids in rats fed diets containing different sugars.", "content": "Fasting serum aminograms were studied in rats fed a commercial stock diet or purified diets supplemented with or without 1% cholesterol and 0.25% sodium cholate. Sucrose, glucose or fructose served as a carbohydrate source for each purified diet. Accompanied by marked rises in serum cholesterol, the serum amino acid profile of rats fed glucose or fructose diets was modified significantly by dietary cholesterol. On feeding a glucose diet, dietary cholesterol caused decreases in Trp, Thr and Tyr and increase in Pro and Met. However, the concentration of total essential amino acids remained unchanged. Feeding a fructose diet resulted in a significant reduction of the amino acid level in comparison with that observed with glucose. This decrease was routinely compensated by the inclusion of cholesterol in the diet with the concentration of a number of amino acids being increased. Only Trp was decreased by this dietary manipulation. The serum aminogram of rats fed either a commercial stock diet or a sucrose diet was inconsiderably modified by dietary cholesterol. These data denote that dietary cholesterol influences the metabolic process of amino acids and that the response to cholesterol is modified by the carbohydrate source of the diet.", "contents": "Dietary cholesterol influences fasting serum free amino acids in rats fed diets containing different sugars. Fasting serum aminograms were studied in rats fed a commercial stock diet or purified diets supplemented with or without 1% cholesterol and 0.25% sodium cholate. Sucrose, glucose or fructose served as a carbohydrate source for each purified diet. Accompanied by marked rises in serum cholesterol, the serum amino acid profile of rats fed glucose or fructose diets was modified significantly by dietary cholesterol. On feeding a glucose diet, dietary cholesterol caused decreases in Trp, Thr and Tyr and increase in Pro and Met. However, the concentration of total essential amino acids remained unchanged. Feeding a fructose diet resulted in a significant reduction of the amino acid level in comparison with that observed with glucose. This decrease was routinely compensated by the inclusion of cholesterol in the diet with the concentration of a number of amino acids being increased. Only Trp was decreased by this dietary manipulation. The serum aminogram of rats fed either a commercial stock diet or a sucrose diet was inconsiderably modified by dietary cholesterol. These data denote that dietary cholesterol influences the metabolic process of amino acids and that the response to cholesterol is modified by the carbohydrate source of the diet.", "PMID": 712437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5344", "title": "The preplacement medical evaluation of hospital personnel.", "content": "Preemployment physical examinations necessarily focus on problems bearing on an individual's ability to safely perform in his work setting. A review of 3,599 examinations of prospective hospital workers reveals that the most frequent observations of significance involved susceptibility to communicable disease--specifically, inadequate diphtheria immunization in 52% and inadequate rubella antibodies in 16% of those tested--and the potential for disease transmission, including tuberculin reactivity in 14% and intestinal protozoa in 13 prospective food handlers. Other findings included 14 individuals with positive serological tests for syphilis, but only two of whom required anti-luetic therapy. An additional 14 were found to be hepatitis B surface antigen carriers. Only 2.3% of those examined were found to exhibit diastolic hypertension at the time of their examination, possibly because of the relative youth of the group studied.", "contents": "The preplacement medical evaluation of hospital personnel. Preemployment physical examinations necessarily focus on problems bearing on an individual's ability to safely perform in his work setting. A review of 3,599 examinations of prospective hospital workers reveals that the most frequent observations of significance involved susceptibility to communicable disease--specifically, inadequate diphtheria immunization in 52% and inadequate rubella antibodies in 16% of those tested--and the potential for disease transmission, including tuberculin reactivity in 14% and intestinal protozoa in 13 prospective food handlers. Other findings included 14 individuals with positive serological tests for syphilis, but only two of whom required anti-luetic therapy. An additional 14 were found to be hepatitis B surface antigen carriers. Only 2.3% of those examined were found to exhibit diastolic hypertension at the time of their examination, possibly because of the relative youth of the group studied.", "PMID": 712440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5345", "title": "Chromosome investigations on workers exposed to styrene/polystyrene.", "content": "Chromosomes investigations were undertaken on 12 employees with three to 34 years possible exposure to styrene in order to determine if there was a possibility of chromosome impairment. The data did not reveal any significant differences between persons exposed to styrene and members of the control group. The concentrations of styrene at the workplace were far below the MAC value and also the mandelic acid content of the urine was far below the norm.", "contents": "Chromosome investigations on workers exposed to styrene/polystyrene. Chromosomes investigations were undertaken on 12 employees with three to 34 years possible exposure to styrene in order to determine if there was a possibility of chromosome impairment. The data did not reveal any significant differences between persons exposed to styrene and members of the control group. The concentrations of styrene at the workplace were far below the MAC value and also the mandelic acid content of the urine was far below the norm.", "PMID": 712442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5346", "title": "Increased lead absorption in children of workers in a lead storage battery plant.", "content": "Exposure to toxic materials originating in the workplace has been recognized in families of workers in several industries. However, to date this problem has not been studied in the storage battery production industry. Twenty-seven one- to six-year-old children of 22 workers at a storage battery plant at high risk of exposure to lead oxide were compared with 32 one- to six-year-old children in 22 neighborhood control families for evidence of increased lead absorption. Workers' children had significantly higher blood lead (p less than 0.001) and erythrocyte protoporphyrin (p less than 0.003) values than control children. Household exposures to lead in paint and water were similar for the two groups, but workers' homes had significantly higher concentrations of lead in dust (p less than 0.001). It is postulated that lead is brought home on the skin, hair and clothing of the workers and that their children are ingesting or inhaling the lead in household dust. This is the first report of increased lead absorption in children of workers in this industry.", "contents": "Increased lead absorption in children of workers in a lead storage battery plant. Exposure to toxic materials originating in the workplace has been recognized in families of workers in several industries. However, to date this problem has not been studied in the storage battery production industry. Twenty-seven one- to six-year-old children of 22 workers at a storage battery plant at high risk of exposure to lead oxide were compared with 32 one- to six-year-old children in 22 neighborhood control families for evidence of increased lead absorption. Workers' children had significantly higher blood lead (p less than 0.001) and erythrocyte protoporphyrin (p less than 0.003) values than control children. Household exposures to lead in paint and water were similar for the two groups, but workers' homes had significantly higher concentrations of lead in dust (p less than 0.001). It is postulated that lead is brought home on the skin, hair and clothing of the workers and that their children are ingesting or inhaling the lead in household dust. This is the first report of increased lead absorption in children of workers in this industry.", "PMID": 712444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5347", "title": "Magnetite pneumoconiosis.", "content": "A subject is described who was exposed to fine particles of magnetite (Fe3O4). His chest radiograph demonstrated the presence of multiple small rounded opacities; however, his lung function remained unaffected.", "contents": "Magnetite pneumoconiosis. A subject is described who was exposed to fine particles of magnetite (Fe3O4). His chest radiograph demonstrated the presence of multiple small rounded opacities; however, his lung function remained unaffected.", "PMID": 712445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5348", "title": "Movement-selective mechanisms in human vision sensitive to high spatial frequencies.", "content": "Evidence for motion-selective mechanisms sensitive to high spatial frequencies (e.g., 15 c/deg) was obtained via direction-specific adaptation and measurements of the threshold ratios for moving and counterphase flickering gratings.", "contents": "Movement-selective mechanisms in human vision sensitive to high spatial frequencies. Evidence for motion-selective mechanisms sensitive to high spatial frequencies (e.g., 15 c/deg) was obtained via direction-specific adaptation and measurements of the threshold ratios for moving and counterphase flickering gratings.", "PMID": 712448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5349", "title": "The unspecified role of cones and rods in grating detection: a theoretical note.", "content": "Detection and resolution thresholds for two 50 ms square-wave gratings (1.5 and 6.7 cps) were determined as a function of background luminance. Results indicated differential cone and rod involvement in resolution of the two targets at low background levels. Implications for other studies employing similar stimuli in terms of retinal inhomogeneity were suggested.", "contents": "The unspecified role of cones and rods in grating detection: a theoretical note. Detection and resolution thresholds for two 50 ms square-wave gratings (1.5 and 6.7 cps) were determined as a function of background luminance. Results indicated differential cone and rod involvement in resolution of the two targets at low background levels. Implications for other studies employing similar stimuli in terms of retinal inhomogeneity were suggested.", "PMID": 712449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5350", "title": "Spectral response of the human eye.", "content": "A thermal activation energy of 1.5 eV for the activation of rhodopsin is needed to reduce the rate of thermal activations below the rate of optical activation at the luminance of the absolute threshold. The thermal energy of 1.5 eV is not inconsistent with the optical threshold energy of about 1.8 eV.", "contents": "Spectral response of the human eye. A thermal activation energy of 1.5 eV for the activation of rhodopsin is needed to reduce the rate of thermal activations below the rate of optical activation at the luminance of the absolute threshold. The thermal energy of 1.5 eV is not inconsistent with the optical threshold energy of about 1.8 eV.", "PMID": 712450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5351", "title": "A novel rapid scanning microspectrophotometer and its use in measuring rhodopsin photoproduct pathways and kinetics in frog retinas.", "content": "A novel rapid scanning microspectrophotometer is described which utilizes a cathode ray tube as a measuring light source. Spectral scanning is accomplished electronically with a sampling time of 600 mus for each waveband. The cathode ray tube emission is chopped electronically into two separate beams, 180 degrees out of phase, resulting in a dual-beam configuration. A lock-in amplifier functions as a coherent detector to recover separately the signals from the two beams. The instrument generates separate voltage outputs, one proportional to the transmittance of a single sample and the other to the difference between two samples. A computer calculates both absorption and difference spectra directly from voltage measurements. A demonstration of the instrument's use to study kinetics of visual pigment photoproducts is presented. Two models of photoproduct sequence and kinetics were examined to determine which better represents the experimental data. The experiments show that environmental factors, such as pH, metabolic and respiratory state, interact in complex ways to determine the pathways and kinetics of photoproducts of rhodopsin in intact vertebrate eyes.", "contents": "A novel rapid scanning microspectrophotometer and its use in measuring rhodopsin photoproduct pathways and kinetics in frog retinas. A novel rapid scanning microspectrophotometer is described which utilizes a cathode ray tube as a measuring light source. Spectral scanning is accomplished electronically with a sampling time of 600 mus for each waveband. The cathode ray tube emission is chopped electronically into two separate beams, 180 degrees out of phase, resulting in a dual-beam configuration. A lock-in amplifier functions as a coherent detector to recover separately the signals from the two beams. The instrument generates separate voltage outputs, one proportional to the transmittance of a single sample and the other to the difference between two samples. A computer calculates both absorption and difference spectra directly from voltage measurements. A demonstration of the instrument's use to study kinetics of visual pigment photoproducts is presented. Two models of photoproduct sequence and kinetics were examined to determine which better represents the experimental data. The experiments show that environmental factors, such as pH, metabolic and respiratory state, interact in complex ways to determine the pathways and kinetics of photoproducts of rhodopsin in intact vertebrate eyes.", "PMID": 712451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5352", "title": "Luminance-brightness comparisons of LED alpha-numeric sources at suprathreshold levels.", "content": "An experiment was conducted in which observers adjusted the luminance of  2856 K white comparison source to appear equally as bright as a red, yellow, or yellowish-green LED alpha-numeric source. Although the present CIE photometric system predicts brightness-luminance ratios of 1.0, the ratios obtained in this experiment, for the mean observer, were 1.13 for the yellowish-green, 1.28 for the yellow, and 2.54 for the red. These results demonstrate that there can be substantial differences between photometric luminance based on the V(lambda) function and brightness as perceived visually.", "contents": "Luminance-brightness comparisons of LED alpha-numeric sources at suprathreshold levels. An experiment was conducted in which observers adjusted the luminance of  2856 K white comparison source to appear equally as bright as a red, yellow, or yellowish-green LED alpha-numeric source. Although the present CIE photometric system predicts brightness-luminance ratios of 1.0, the ratios obtained in this experiment, for the mean observer, were 1.13 for the yellowish-green, 1.28 for the yellow, and 2.54 for the red. These results demonstrate that there can be substantial differences between photometric luminance based on the V(lambda) function and brightness as perceived visually.", "PMID": 712452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5353", "title": "Use of the waveguide parameter V to determine the difference in the index of refraction between the rat rod outer segment and the interstitial matrix.", "content": "The difference in the index of refraction between the receptor outer segment and the interstitial matrix has been determined to be 0.06 by making use of the waveguide properties of rat rod photoreceptors. This was done by determining the cutoff wavelength for the transition between the bilobe or annulus modal patterns and the single-lobe H E 11 modal pattern, and by measuring the diameter of the transmitting cell. These measurements were made on bleached receptors. Enoch, Scandrett, and Tobey had previously shown that bleaching only slightly alters the outer-segment index of refraction and diameter in the frog. Assuming interspecies transfer, and using Sidman's prior estimate of bleached rat rod outer-segment index of refraction, then the index of refraction of the interstitial matrix of the albino rat is estimated to be 1.3476. This estimate was made using two different media in contact with the retinal preparation, a miscible mountant tissue culture medium believed to be compatible with the rat retina, and an encapsulating nonmiscible silicone oil which allows only ocular media from the same eye in contact with the outer segments.", "contents": "Use of the waveguide parameter V to determine the difference in the index of refraction between the rat rod outer segment and the interstitial matrix. The difference in the index of refraction between the receptor outer segment and the interstitial matrix has been determined to be 0.06 by making use of the waveguide properties of rat rod photoreceptors. This was done by determining the cutoff wavelength for the transition between the bilobe or annulus modal patterns and the single-lobe H E 11 modal pattern, and by measuring the diameter of the transmitting cell. These measurements were made on bleached receptors. Enoch, Scandrett, and Tobey had previously shown that bleaching only slightly alters the outer-segment index of refraction and diameter in the frog. Assuming interspecies transfer, and using Sidman's prior estimate of bleached rat rod outer-segment index of refraction, then the index of refraction of the interstitial matrix of the albino rat is estimated to be 1.3476. This estimate was made using two different media in contact with the retinal preparation, a miscible mountant tissue culture medium believed to be compatible with the rat retina, and an encapsulating nonmiscible silicone oil which allows only ocular media from the same eye in contact with the outer segments.", "PMID": 712453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5354", "title": "The corneal polarization cross.", "content": "The corneal polarization cross can be seen at the human cornea using crossed polaroids. The optical mechanisms for this phenomena include rotation and retardation of the light at the surface of the cornea due to the corneal curvature, as well as retardation due to an average circumferential orientation of the birefringent corneal collagen.", "contents": "The corneal polarization cross. The corneal polarization cross can be seen at the human cornea using crossed polaroids. The optical mechanisms for this phenomena include rotation and retardation of the light at the surface of the cornea due to the corneal curvature, as well as retardation due to an average circumferential orientation of the birefringent corneal collagen.", "PMID": 712454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5355", "title": "Luminance and opponent color contributions to visual detection and to temporal and spatial integration: comment.", "content": "King-Smith and Carden have postulated a \"luminance system\" or achromatic channel in the visual system which has a temporal response better than  the other channels, and which also responds to high spatial frequencies better than the other channels. All evidence, both psychophysical and electrophysiological, indicates that these properties are contradictory.", "contents": "Luminance and opponent color contributions to visual detection and to temporal and spatial integration: comment. King-Smith and Carden have postulated a \"luminance system\" or achromatic channel in the visual system which has a temporal response better than  the other channels, and which also responds to high spatial frequencies better than the other channels. All evidence, both psychophysical and electrophysiological, indicates that these properties are contradictory.", "PMID": 712455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5356", "title": "Helping the parents of children with malignancy.", "content": "The parents of children with cancer experience a uniquely stressful situation that poses a profound threat to the equilibrium of the entire family. As health professionals, we recognize, with the parents, that this is a crisis and an ordeal, but that it can be resolved; we mobilize them to broaden their understanding of their situation and find constructive solutions to the problems that develop. For our patients with good prognoses, we hope to ensure a future for the whole family that is as healthy emotionally as it is physically; for those who become fatally ill, we hope to help their families support them and emerge from this experience with new adaptive abilities. Our group program is open to parents of patients who have various diagnoses, with a format that is unstructured and focuses on problems of daily living as well as the possibility of death. We have found that this is an effective approach for the delivery of mental health services to our growing population, early in the course of treatment, and for the identification of families that need ongoing counseling. Our experience with the large number of parents who have participated demonstrates that the program provides the support that the parents need and that it plays a vital role in resolving the problems that confront them as they struggle with this very difficult experience.", "contents": "Helping the parents of children with malignancy. The parents of children with cancer experience a uniquely stressful situation that poses a profound threat to the equilibrium of the entire family. As health professionals, we recognize, with the parents, that this is a crisis and an ordeal, but that it can be resolved; we mobilize them to broaden their understanding of their situation and find constructive solutions to the problems that develop. For our patients with good prognoses, we hope to ensure a future for the whole family that is as healthy emotionally as it is physically; for those who become fatally ill, we hope to help their families support them and emerge from this experience with new adaptive abilities. Our group program is open to parents of patients who have various diagnoses, with a format that is unstructured and focuses on problems of daily living as well as the possibility of death. We have found that this is an effective approach for the delivery of mental health services to our growing population, early in the course of treatment, and for the identification of families that need ongoing counseling. Our experience with the large number of parents who have participated demonstrates that the program provides the support that the parents need and that it plays a vital role in resolving the problems that confront them as they struggle with this very difficult experience.", "PMID": 712473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5357", "title": "Bronchial hyperreactivity in cystic fibrosis and asthma.", "content": "We studied 113 patients with CF and compared their responsiveness to inhaled methacholine to that of 50 asthmatic children and 26 normal children. Positive responses to MCh occurred in 51% of the patients with CF and 98% of those with asthma. There was a significant correlation between a positive response to MCh in CF and poor pulmonary function. There was no relationship between allergic rhinitis or positive allergen skin tests and a positive MCh response. Dose-response curves and time course to MCh challenge differed in CF and asthma. Bronchial hyperreactivity is thus common in CF but is different from that in asthma.", "contents": "Bronchial hyperreactivity in cystic fibrosis and asthma. We studied 113 patients with CF and compared their responsiveness to inhaled methacholine to that of 50 asthmatic children and 26 normal children. Positive responses to MCh occurred in 51% of the patients with CF and 98% of those with asthma. There was a significant correlation between a positive response to MCh in CF and poor pulmonary function. There was no relationship between allergic rhinitis or positive allergen skin tests and a positive MCh response. Dose-response curves and time course to MCh challenge differed in CF and asthma. Bronchial hyperreactivity is thus common in CF but is different from that in asthma.", "PMID": 712474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5358", "title": "Bayley-Pinneau, Roche-Wainer-Thissen, and Tanner height predictions in normal children and in patients with various pathologic conditions.", "content": "Bayley-Pinneau, Roche-Wainer-Thissen, and Tanner height predictions at various chronologic ages were compared with final adult height in 56 normal subjects and in 34 patients with abnormal growth pattern (11 with familial tall stature, 7 with idiopathic precicious puberty, 6 with Turner syndrome, and 10 with primordial small stature or Silver-Russell syndrome). The two recent methods (Roche-Wainer-Thissen and Tanner) gave very accurate results and were superior to the Bayley-Pinneau method in normal subjects and in patients with familial tall stature. However, they overestimated adult height grossly in precocious puberty and moderately in Turner syndrome and in primordial small stature. It is concluded that calculations based on coefficients and regression equations obtained from normal children (as in the Roche-Wainer-Thissen and Tanner methods) can only be used in normal children or in patients with normal growth potential under adequate treatment. Calculations based on percentages of adult height (as in the Bayley-Pinneau method) are preferable in conditions in which the growth potential in relation to bone maturation is inherently reduced and cannot be corrected by treatment.", "contents": "Bayley-Pinneau, Roche-Wainer-Thissen, and Tanner height predictions in normal children and in patients with various pathologic conditions. Bayley-Pinneau, Roche-Wainer-Thissen, and Tanner height predictions at various chronologic ages were compared with final adult height in 56 normal subjects and in 34 patients with abnormal growth pattern (11 with familial tall stature, 7 with idiopathic precicious puberty, 6 with Turner syndrome, and 10 with primordial small stature or Silver-Russell syndrome). The two recent methods (Roche-Wainer-Thissen and Tanner) gave very accurate results and were superior to the Bayley-Pinneau method in normal subjects and in patients with familial tall stature. However, they overestimated adult height grossly in precocious puberty and moderately in Turner syndrome and in primordial small stature. It is concluded that calculations based on coefficients and regression equations obtained from normal children (as in the Roche-Wainer-Thissen and Tanner methods) can only be used in normal children or in patients with normal growth potential under adequate treatment. Calculations based on percentages of adult height (as in the Bayley-Pinneau method) are preferable in conditions in which the growth potential in relation to bone maturation is inherently reduced and cannot be corrected by treatment.", "PMID": 712475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5359", "title": "Acute renal failure in infants and children: outcome of 53 patients requiring hemodialysis treatment.", "content": "Fifty-three children, ages one day to 15 years, were treated with hemodialysis for acute renal failure between 1968 and 1977. Twenty-three had acute tubular necrosis. Nine had ATN associated with catastrophic medical illnesses; all died. Fourteen had ATN following major surgical procedures; ten died. Thirty had ARF due to primary nephrologic disorders; 27 survived. Thus it was not the ARF per se but the underlying and concomitant disorders which had the major influences on survival. As prognostic indications of survival in patients with postoperative ATN cannot be clearly defined, these patients almost always deserve aggressive management, including dialysis therapy. Patients with ATN associated with severe medical illness often have fatal underlying conditions which cannot be influenced by presently available technologies.", "contents": "Acute renal failure in infants and children: outcome of 53 patients requiring hemodialysis treatment. Fifty-three children, ages one day to 15 years, were treated with hemodialysis for acute renal failure between 1968 and 1977. Twenty-three had acute tubular necrosis. Nine had ATN associated with catastrophic medical illnesses; all died. Fourteen had ATN following major surgical procedures; ten died. Thirty had ARF due to primary nephrologic disorders; 27 survived. Thus it was not the ARF per se but the underlying and concomitant disorders which had the major influences on survival. As prognostic indications of survival in patients with postoperative ATN cannot be clearly defined, these patients almost always deserve aggressive management, including dialysis therapy. Patients with ATN associated with severe medical illness often have fatal underlying conditions which cannot be influenced by presently available technologies.", "PMID": 712476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5360", "title": "Focal glomerulosclerosis in children: correlation of histology with prognosis.", "content": "The clinical and pathologic data of 32 nephrotic children diagnosed as having focal glomerulosclerosis were retrospectively analyzed to determine what factors were responsible for progression to renal failure in 12 of these children. The patients were classified into three groups based on the histologic findings in their initial renal biopsies: Group I (n = 19) had a combination of global and segmental lesions; Group II (n = 8) had only globally sclerotic or obsolescent glomeruli; and Group III (n = 5) had only segmentally sclerosed glomeruli. Ten of the 12 patients with end-stage renal failure came from Group I and two from Group II. The median period from recognition of symptoms to renal failure was four years. Clinical features were of little prognostic value. However, comparison of the histopathologic data of the ten patients in Group I with renal failure (Group Ia) and Groups Ib, II, and III revealed that the risk of progressing to renal failure was significantly higher in patients having greater than 20% of their glomeruli involved by both global and segmental lesions (P = 0.005). Furthermore, patients in Group I and III had a lower probability of responding to treatment as compared to patients in Group II (P less than 0.025).", "contents": "Focal glomerulosclerosis in children: correlation of histology with prognosis. The clinical and pathologic data of 32 nephrotic children diagnosed as having focal glomerulosclerosis were retrospectively analyzed to determine what factors were responsible for progression to renal failure in 12 of these children. The patients were classified into three groups based on the histologic findings in their initial renal biopsies: Group I (n = 19) had a combination of global and segmental lesions; Group II (n = 8) had only globally sclerotic or obsolescent glomeruli; and Group III (n = 5) had only segmentally sclerosed glomeruli. Ten of the 12 patients with end-stage renal failure came from Group I and two from Group II. The median period from recognition of symptoms to renal failure was four years. Clinical features were of little prognostic value. However, comparison of the histopathologic data of the ten patients in Group I with renal failure (Group Ia) and Groups Ib, II, and III revealed that the risk of progressing to renal failure was significantly higher in patients having greater than 20% of their glomeruli involved by both global and segmental lesions (P = 0.005). Furthermore, patients in Group I and III had a lower probability of responding to treatment as compared to patients in Group II (P less than 0.025).", "PMID": 712477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5361", "title": "A simple method for measuring separate glomerular filtration rate using a single injection of 99mTc-DTPA and the scintillation camera.", "content": "A new technique for measuring glomerular filtration in each kidney has been developed using a scintillation camera and the 99mTc-DTPA complex. The technique has been applied to 101 children with various uropathies. Correlations with the total and separate creatinine clearance, the HgCl2 uptake test, and the maximal urinary concentration have been good. The reproducibility of the method has been satisfactory in a small number of patients. The test is particularly adapted to children because of its simplicity, reduced trauma, short duration (20 minutes) and low-radiation dose. In contrast to some other radioisotope techniques, it can be carried out in infants.", "contents": "A simple method for measuring separate glomerular filtration rate using a single injection of 99mTc-DTPA and the scintillation camera. A new technique for measuring glomerular filtration in each kidney has been developed using a scintillation camera and the 99mTc-DTPA complex. The technique has been applied to 101 children with various uropathies. Correlations with the total and separate creatinine clearance, the HgCl2 uptake test, and the maximal urinary concentration have been good. The reproducibility of the method has been satisfactory in a small number of patients. The test is particularly adapted to children because of its simplicity, reduced trauma, short duration (20 minutes) and low-radiation dose. In contrast to some other radioisotope techniques, it can be carried out in infants.", "PMID": 712478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5362", "title": "Hyperglycemia associated with the therapeutic use of L-asparaginase: possible role of insulin receptors.", "content": "A study of four children, two with acute lymphocytic leukemia and two with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, treated for three days with L-asparaginase, suggests that insulin receptors may be involved in the hyperglycemia associated with the use of L-asparaginase. Comparison of insulin receptors of circulating monocytes revealed a marked decrease in their number after treatment. This might also explain the lack of response to insulin treatment in one of the patients with symptomatic hyperglycemia.", "contents": "Hyperglycemia associated with the therapeutic use of L-asparaginase: possible role of insulin receptors. A study of four children, two with acute lymphocytic leukemia and two with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, treated for three days with L-asparaginase, suggests that insulin receptors may be involved in the hyperglycemia associated with the use of L-asparaginase. Comparison of insulin receptors of circulating monocytes revealed a marked decrease in their number after treatment. This might also explain the lack of response to insulin treatment in one of the patients with symptomatic hyperglycemia.", "PMID": 712479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5363", "title": "Carpal-tarsal osteolysis.", "content": "A mother-daughter kindred with carpal-tarsal osteolysis and evidence of renal involvement is presented. There was a similarity between the early clinical manifestations of this syndrome and those of rheumatoid arthritis. The distinction made in previous reports between the dominantly inherited form and the sporadic form with nephropathy is questioned.", "contents": "Carpal-tarsal osteolysis. A mother-daughter kindred with carpal-tarsal osteolysis and evidence of renal involvement is presented. There was a similarity between the early clinical manifestations of this syndrome and those of rheumatoid arthritis. The distinction made in previous reports between the dominantly inherited form and the sporadic form with nephropathy is questioned.", "PMID": 712480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5364", "title": "The association of chromosome 3 duplication and the Cornelia de Lange syndrome.", "content": "Two unrelated children with features of the Cornelia de Lange syndrome, including mental retardation, growth retardation, glaucoma, and a similar facies, had duplications corresponding to bands q25 leads to q29 of chromosome 3. These patients were compared to others with duplications of chromosome 3 and to a large series of patients with Cornelia de Lange syndrome. Diseases that sometimes involve characteristic chromosomal changes but have normal chromosomes in other instances are discussed.", "contents": "The association of chromosome 3 duplication and the Cornelia de Lange syndrome. Two unrelated children with features of the Cornelia de Lange syndrome, including mental retardation, growth retardation, glaucoma, and a similar facies, had duplications corresponding to bands q25 leads to q29 of chromosome 3. These patients were compared to others with duplications of chromosome 3 and to a large series of patients with Cornelia de Lange syndrome. Diseases that sometimes involve characteristic chromosomal changes but have normal chromosomes in other instances are discussed.", "PMID": 712481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5365", "title": "Sodium balance in very low-birth-weight infants.", "content": "Sodium balance was studied in 17 consecutively admitted neonates weighing less than 1,200 gm at birth. Infants whose gestation was less than or equal to 30 weeks were sicker and were in markedly negative sodium balance on day 3 (-9.25 mEq/kg day), despite a high sodium intake (7.22 mEq/kg/day). This negative balance was the result of a high fractional sodium excretion and resulted in hyponatremia in six (50%) of the patients. By day 8 these immature infants were in positive sodium balance, although fractional sodium excretion and daily sodium requirements remained high. More mature infants (greater than 30 weeks gestational age) were in positive sodium balance on both days 3 and 8. Creatinine clearance did not differ significantly between groups on either day 3 or 8 but increased within each group during the study period. These data suggest that the daily sodium requirement of immature sick infants may be much higher than was previously suggested.", "contents": "Sodium balance in very low-birth-weight infants. Sodium balance was studied in 17 consecutively admitted neonates weighing less than 1,200 gm at birth. Infants whose gestation was less than or equal to 30 weeks were sicker and were in markedly negative sodium balance on day 3 (-9.25 mEq/kg day), despite a high sodium intake (7.22 mEq/kg/day). This negative balance was the result of a high fractional sodium excretion and resulted in hyponatremia in six (50%) of the patients. By day 8 these immature infants were in positive sodium balance, although fractional sodium excretion and daily sodium requirements remained high. More mature infants (greater than 30 weeks gestational age) were in positive sodium balance on both days 3 and 8. Creatinine clearance did not differ significantly between groups on either day 3 or 8 but increased within each group during the study period. These data suggest that the daily sodium requirement of immature sick infants may be much higher than was previously suggested.", "PMID": 712497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5366", "title": "Long-term colchicine therapy of familial Mediterranean fever.", "content": "Familial Mediterranean fever is a disorder characterized by recurrent fever and polyserositis. Continuous prophylactic colchicine therapy has been effective in suppressing attacks in affected adults. From 30 children with FMF, 14 were selected for colchicine therapy. Eight children continued prophylactic colchicine therapy for 29 months (mean) and experienced a marked decrease in the frequency of attacks. Six other children did not comply with the treatment regimen. Although no deleterious side effects were noted, the safety of long-term colchicine administration in childhood is unknown.", "contents": "Long-term colchicine therapy of familial Mediterranean fever. Familial Mediterranean fever is a disorder characterized by recurrent fever and polyserositis. Continuous prophylactic colchicine therapy has been effective in suppressing attacks in affected adults. From 30 children with FMF, 14 were selected for colchicine therapy. Eight children continued prophylactic colchicine therapy for 29 months (mean) and experienced a marked decrease in the frequency of attacks. Six other children did not comply with the treatment regimen. Although no deleterious side effects were noted, the safety of long-term colchicine administration in childhood is unknown.", "PMID": 712499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5367", "title": "The risks of small intestinal transplantation for the recipient: experimental results in young minipigs.", "content": "In a previous series of 36 small intestinal transplants in young minipigs, a monitoring system, based on a special transplantation model, clinical and histologic criteria has been worked out. The spontaneous evolution was observed and no attempt was made to save the animal when complications on the graft occurred. Most of the animals died. In the present series of 32 small intestinal transplants the monitoring system and explanation criteria are now tested. Twenty-three primarily successfully transplanted animals had complications of the graft, i.e., hemorrhagic infarction, deficient arterial circulation, or rejection. Only 1 of the 23 died before explanation could be done. Twenty-two were explanted according to the previously established criteria. Two died of complications not directly related to the graft, the other 20 animals survived for 1-5 mo. All 22 explanted grafts showed irreversible damages both macroscopically and on histologic examination. The present series confirms that early recognition of complications of the graft and timely removal with survival of the recipient animal is possible. This could be an important step forward to the clinical application of small intestinal transplantation in man.", "contents": "The risks of small intestinal transplantation for the recipient: experimental results in young minipigs. In a previous series of 36 small intestinal transplants in young minipigs, a monitoring system, based on a special transplantation model, clinical and histologic criteria has been worked out. The spontaneous evolution was observed and no attempt was made to save the animal when complications on the graft occurred. Most of the animals died. In the present series of 32 small intestinal transplants the monitoring system and explanation criteria are now tested. Twenty-three primarily successfully transplanted animals had complications of the graft, i.e., hemorrhagic infarction, deficient arterial circulation, or rejection. Only 1 of the 23 died before explanation could be done. Twenty-two were explanted according to the previously established criteria. Two died of complications not directly related to the graft, the other 20 animals survived for 1-5 mo. All 22 explanted grafts showed irreversible damages both macroscopically and on histologic examination. The present series confirms that early recognition of complications of the graft and timely removal with survival of the recipient animal is possible. This could be an important step forward to the clinical application of small intestinal transplantation in man.", "PMID": 712518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5368", "title": "Antenatal intestinal adaptation with experimental jejunoileal atresia.", "content": "Jejunoileal atresia without significant shortening of total intestinal length, was created in five date-bred Dorset ewes by devascularizing a 15 cm segment of fetal intestine at 90-100 days gestation. Light microscopy showed mucosal hypertrophy distal to the atresia with almost total obliteration of the lumen by tail, feathery-shaped villi similar to those observed in newborns with jejunal atresia. Scanning electron microscopic views of the proximal mucosa showed the villi to be thicker, more segmented and tended to congregate compared to normal villi and those distal to the atresia. No evidence of microvillus, intracellular or capillary membrane change or injury could be identified to explain the functional secretory state.", "contents": "Antenatal intestinal adaptation with experimental jejunoileal atresia. Jejunoileal atresia without significant shortening of total intestinal length, was created in five date-bred Dorset ewes by devascularizing a 15 cm segment of fetal intestine at 90-100 days gestation. Light microscopy showed mucosal hypertrophy distal to the atresia with almost total obliteration of the lumen by tail, feathery-shaped villi similar to those observed in newborns with jejunal atresia. Scanning electron microscopic views of the proximal mucosa showed the villi to be thicker, more segmented and tended to congregate compared to normal villi and those distal to the atresia. No evidence of microvillus, intracellular or capillary membrane change or injury could be identified to explain the functional secretory state.", "PMID": 712519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5369", "title": "Neonatal meconium obstruction in the ileum without mucoviscidosis.", "content": "Two newborns with intestinal obstruction of the terminal ileum without mucoviscidosis were cured by Gastrografin enema. A further case of a premature infant showed, at autopsy, a large intestine containing normal meconium, but an ileum which was plugged with tenacious meconium containing PAS-positive and alcian blue-negative mucus. Our 3 cases were similar to cases of \"meconium disease\" reported by Rickham and of \"meconium plug in the small intestine\" reported by Emery. The primary cause of this disease lies in the large amount of PAS-positive mucus secreted from goblet cells of the ileal mucosa and the hypertrophy of lymph nodules in the ileal submucosa.", "contents": "Neonatal meconium obstruction in the ileum without mucoviscidosis. Two newborns with intestinal obstruction of the terminal ileum without mucoviscidosis were cured by Gastrografin enema. A further case of a premature infant showed, at autopsy, a large intestine containing normal meconium, but an ileum which was plugged with tenacious meconium containing PAS-positive and alcian blue-negative mucus. Our 3 cases were similar to cases of \"meconium disease\" reported by Rickham and of \"meconium plug in the small intestine\" reported by Emery. The primary cause of this disease lies in the large amount of PAS-positive mucus secreted from goblet cells of the ileal mucosa and the hypertrophy of lymph nodules in the ileal submucosa.", "PMID": 712520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5370", "title": "Low molecular weight dextran and reexploration in the management of ischemic midgut-volvulus.", "content": "Administration of low molecular weight dextran and reexploration in 36-48 hr, is recommended in cases of ischemic midgut volvulus. Five cases are presented utilizing this technique and many centimeters of small bowel were saved that would have been resected at time of the original exploration. One patient died as a result of sepsis due to central intravenous nutrition: the others are alive and well.", "contents": "Low molecular weight dextran and reexploration in the management of ischemic midgut-volvulus. Administration of low molecular weight dextran and reexploration in 36-48 hr, is recommended in cases of ischemic midgut volvulus. Five cases are presented utilizing this technique and many centimeters of small bowel were saved that would have been resected at time of the original exploration. One patient died as a result of sepsis due to central intravenous nutrition: the others are alive and well.", "PMID": 712521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5371", "title": "Pseudomembranous colitis associated with antibiotic therapy in a child: report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of pseudomembranous colitis is presented in a child with multiple medical problems who received intraoperative antibiotics. Despite aggressive medical management and operative intervention, the patient died. All patients who develop diarrhea after receiving antibiotics should be suspected of having pseudomembranous colitis. Sigmoidoscopy and hyaque enema should be performed to confirm the diagnosis and all antibiotics should be discontinued. Aggressive medical management consisting of intravenous fluids, albumin, lactinex granules, fecal enemas, and cholestyramine should be instituted. Surgery should be considered only in the face of perforation, toxic megacolon, peritonitis, and failure of medical management with disease limited to the colon.", "contents": "Pseudomembranous colitis associated with antibiotic therapy in a child: report of a case and review of the literature. A case of pseudomembranous colitis is presented in a child with multiple medical problems who received intraoperative antibiotics. Despite aggressive medical management and operative intervention, the patient died. All patients who develop diarrhea after receiving antibiotics should be suspected of having pseudomembranous colitis. Sigmoidoscopy and hyaque enema should be performed to confirm the diagnosis and all antibiotics should be discontinued. Aggressive medical management consisting of intravenous fluids, albumin, lactinex granules, fecal enemas, and cholestyramine should be instituted. Surgery should be considered only in the face of perforation, toxic megacolon, peritonitis, and failure of medical management with disease limited to the colon.", "PMID": 712522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5372", "title": "Pancreaticocolonic fistula: a complication of pancreatic pseudocysts in childhood.", "content": "Two patients had an unusual complication of pancreatitis: pancreaticocolonic fistula, frequently associated with life-threatening gastrointestinal hemorrhage and sepsis. To avoid these complications, early diagnosis is important, but it may be difficult. Treatment consists of external drainage of the pancreatic pseudocyst or abscess and colonic diversion.", "contents": "Pancreaticocolonic fistula: a complication of pancreatic pseudocysts in childhood. Two patients had an unusual complication of pancreatitis: pancreaticocolonic fistula, frequently associated with life-threatening gastrointestinal hemorrhage and sepsis. To avoid these complications, early diagnosis is important, but it may be difficult. Treatment consists of external drainage of the pancreatic pseudocyst or abscess and colonic diversion.", "PMID": 712523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5373", "title": "Demonstration of rectourinary fistulas by pressure gastrografin enema.", "content": "Rectourethral and vesical fistulas in patients with high anorectal atresia can be demonstrated by using a pressure Gastrografin enema through the distal colostomy opening. A technique is described where contrast medium is forced by gentle pressure, filling the fistula and the urethra. This picture is of great value during the repair of these anomalies.", "contents": "Demonstration of rectourinary fistulas by pressure gastrografin enema. Rectourethral and vesical fistulas in patients with high anorectal atresia can be demonstrated by using a pressure Gastrografin enema through the distal colostomy opening. A technique is described where contrast medium is forced by gentle pressure, filling the fistula and the urethra. This picture is of great value during the repair of these anomalies.", "PMID": 712524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5374", "title": "Surgical treatment of high imperforate anus with definition of the puborectalis sling by an anterior perineal approach.", "content": "An operative technique in which the sling of the puborectalis muscle is seen through an anterior perineal approach in the treatment of high imperforate anus is described. The operation has been performed, on children with previous colostomies, and on older children with unsuccessful previous abdomino-perineal pull-through procedures. While our series of patients is still small, 24 children, operated upon sufficiently long ago for follow-up purposes, have generally shown good to excellent functional results.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of high imperforate anus with definition of the puborectalis sling by an anterior perineal approach. An operative technique in which the sling of the puborectalis muscle is seen through an anterior perineal approach in the treatment of high imperforate anus is described. The operation has been performed, on children with previous colostomies, and on older children with unsuccessful previous abdomino-perineal pull-through procedures. While our series of patients is still small, 24 children, operated upon sufficiently long ago for follow-up purposes, have generally shown good to excellent functional results.", "PMID": 712525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5375", "title": "Constipation caused by anterior location of the anus and its surgical correction.", "content": "Slight anterior displacement of the anus is a common developmental abnormality that represents the mild end of the imperforate anus spectrum. This malformation is a common cause of constipation. This type of constipation can be cured by posterior anoplasty. An experience is described in 134 cases who were operated upon from 1960 through 1977.", "contents": "Constipation caused by anterior location of the anus and its surgical correction. Slight anterior displacement of the anus is a common developmental abnormality that represents the mild end of the imperforate anus spectrum. This malformation is a common cause of constipation. This type of constipation can be cured by posterior anoplasty. An experience is described in 134 cases who were operated upon from 1960 through 1977.", "PMID": 712526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5376", "title": "Villous adenoma of the rectum: a rare tumor in childhood.", "content": "Villous adenoma of the rectum in a 14-yr-old boy is described, and the clinical features, pathology, and surgical treatment of this condition are reviewed. This appears to be the first reported case in childhood.", "contents": "Villous adenoma of the rectum: a rare tumor in childhood. Villous adenoma of the rectum in a 14-yr-old boy is described, and the clinical features, pathology, and surgical treatment of this condition are reviewed. This appears to be the first reported case in childhood.", "PMID": 712527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5377", "title": "Giant epignathus.", "content": "The case here described is interesting because of its giant size and because it had the morphology of a head. Immediate removal was followed by uneventful recovery. The term \"epignathi\" has been used since the last century for teratoid tumors growing from the upper jaw or the roof of the pharynx. These tumors tend to cause obstruction to respiration.", "contents": "Giant epignathus. The case here described is interesting because of its giant size and because it had the morphology of a head. Immediate removal was followed by uneventful recovery. The term \"epignathi\" has been used since the last century for teratoid tumors growing from the upper jaw or the roof of the pharynx. These tumors tend to cause obstruction to respiration.", "PMID": 712528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5378", "title": "Salivary gland tumors in children.", "content": "Tumors of salivary gland origin are relatively uncommon in children. Over a 23-yr period, there were 12 such tumors affecting children under 16 yr of age out of a total 937 cases reported by a central cancer registry. The commonest lesion was the pleomorphic adenoma involving the parotid gland. Wide focal excision seemed to be an adequate procedure as long as the tumor was completely removed. Inadequate excision resulted in multiple local recurrences with the tumor taking on more malignant characteristics. Early radical excision, with preservation of the facial nerve, is advocated.", "contents": "Salivary gland tumors in children. Tumors of salivary gland origin are relatively uncommon in children. Over a 23-yr period, there were 12 such tumors affecting children under 16 yr of age out of a total 937 cases reported by a central cancer registry. The commonest lesion was the pleomorphic adenoma involving the parotid gland. Wide focal excision seemed to be an adequate procedure as long as the tumor was completely removed. Inadequate excision resulted in multiple local recurrences with the tumor taking on more malignant characteristics. Early radical excision, with preservation of the facial nerve, is advocated.", "PMID": 712529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5379", "title": "Nasal glioma.", "content": "In this report 12 cases of nasal glioma are reviewed. It is shown that they present in three different ways. The etiology, pathology, differential diagnosis, and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Nasal glioma. In this report 12 cases of nasal glioma are reviewed. It is shown that they present in three different ways. The etiology, pathology, differential diagnosis, and treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 712530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5380", "title": "Duodenal ulcer in childhood: a continuing disease in adult life.", "content": "Thirty-one of the 37 children with duodenal ulcers were available for follow-up. Of the 28 patients treated medically, 22 had persistence of symptoms over periods up to 18 yr after the time of the initial diagnosis. Five patients required surgery elsewhere for complications, thirteen showed ulcer crater or duodenal deformity on a follow-up barium meal studies. Earlier surgery is recommended in chronic ulcer disease.", "contents": "Duodenal ulcer in childhood: a continuing disease in adult life. Thirty-one of the 37 children with duodenal ulcers were available for follow-up. Of the 28 patients treated medically, 22 had persistence of symptoms over periods up to 18 yr after the time of the initial diagnosis. Five patients required surgery elsewhere for complications, thirteen showed ulcer crater or duodenal deformity on a follow-up barium meal studies. Earlier surgery is recommended in chronic ulcer disease.", "PMID": 712531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5381", "title": "Neonatal urinary ascites in the absence of urinary tract obstruction.", "content": "Urinary ascites in the absence of demonstrable anatomical obstruction has been reported only very infrequently. This paper reports on another case and briefly reviews the literature.", "contents": "Neonatal urinary ascites in the absence of urinary tract obstruction. Urinary ascites in the absence of demonstrable anatomical obstruction has been reported only very infrequently. This paper reports on another case and briefly reviews the literature.", "PMID": 712532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5382", "title": "Anti-refluxing colon conduits for diversion of dilated upper urinary tracts.", "content": "Ureteral tailoring and colonic conduit urinary diversion were performed in 10 dogs. 2 wk to 2 mo after ureteral ligation. Two to five months after urinary diversion, radiography and postmortem examination revealed reflux in only 11% of the ureters and no evidence of obstruction at the ureterocolonic anastomosis. Pyelonephritis was observed in a lower percentage of animals so diverted, as compared to control kidneys diverted by means of ileoconduits. These results support the use of anti-refluxing colonic conduits for diversion of dilated upper urinary tracts.", "contents": "Anti-refluxing colon conduits for diversion of dilated upper urinary tracts. Ureteral tailoring and colonic conduit urinary diversion were performed in 10 dogs. 2 wk to 2 mo after ureteral ligation. Two to five months after urinary diversion, radiography and postmortem examination revealed reflux in only 11% of the ureters and no evidence of obstruction at the ureterocolonic anastomosis. Pyelonephritis was observed in a lower percentage of animals so diverted, as compared to control kidneys diverted by means of ileoconduits. These results support the use of anti-refluxing colonic conduits for diversion of dilated upper urinary tracts.", "PMID": 712533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5383", "title": "Ureteric polyp as a cause of hydronephrosis in childhood.", "content": "Obstruction of the ureteropelvic junction from a polypoid lesion is considered to be an exceedingly rare cause of hydronephrosis in childhood.", "contents": "Ureteric polyp as a cause of hydronephrosis in childhood. Obstruction of the ureteropelvic junction from a polypoid lesion is considered to be an exceedingly rare cause of hydronephrosis in childhood.", "PMID": 712534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5384", "title": "Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt migration causing an acute scrotum: a case report of Doppler evaluation.", "content": "The diagnosis and management of a scrotal complication of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt simulating testicular torsion in a neonate is outlined. Radiologic evaluation determined the location of the shunt tube and adequate blood flow to the testicle was confirmed by use of the Doppler stethoscope, allowing for definitive therapy by extraperitoneal shortening of the shunt catheter. Surgery to the scrotum was, thus, avoided.", "contents": "Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt migration causing an acute scrotum: a case report of Doppler evaluation. The diagnosis and management of a scrotal complication of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt simulating testicular torsion in a neonate is outlined. Radiologic evaluation determined the location of the shunt tube and adequate blood flow to the testicle was confirmed by use of the Doppler stethoscope, allowing for definitive therapy by extraperitoneal shortening of the shunt catheter. Surgery to the scrotum was, thus, avoided.", "PMID": 712535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5385", "title": "Bilateral granulosa cell tumors of the ovaries in infancy.", "content": "A case of bilateral cystic granulosa cell tumors of the ovaries in an 11-wk-old infant is described. The patient presented with a large abdominal mass, but without sexual precocity. Treatment consisted of bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy without subsequent chemotherapy or radiation, and 2 yr follow-up has shown no evidence of recurrence of this tumor.", "contents": "Bilateral granulosa cell tumors of the ovaries in infancy. A case of bilateral cystic granulosa cell tumors of the ovaries in an 11-wk-old infant is described. The patient presented with a large abdominal mass, but without sexual precocity. Treatment consisted of bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy without subsequent chemotherapy or radiation, and 2 yr follow-up has shown no evidence of recurrence of this tumor.", "PMID": 712537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5386", "title": "Retroperitoneal abscess presenting as an abdominal mass in neonate.", "content": "This is the first reported case of a retroperitoneal abscess in a neonate. The patient presented with a large abdominal mass at 3 wk of age. Excretory urogram followed by surgery established the diagnosis. Retroperitoneal abscesses must be considered in the differential diagnosis of abdominal masses in the new born.", "contents": "Retroperitoneal abscess presenting as an abdominal mass in neonate. This is the first reported case of a retroperitoneal abscess in a neonate. The patient presented with a large abdominal mass at 3 wk of age. Excretory urogram followed by surgery established the diagnosis. Retroperitoneal abscesses must be considered in the differential diagnosis of abdominal masses in the new born.", "PMID": 712538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5387", "title": "Rheology of pharmaceutical systems: oscillatory and steady shear of non-Newtonian viscoelastic liquids.", "content": "A comparative analysis of oscillatory and steady shear rate measurements was made on carboxymethylcellulose solutions of two concentrations and two viscosity grades. In the oscillatory methods, the material is examined under nearly quiescent equilibrium conditions. Steady shear, conversely, produces large deformations and may yield false results, often interpreted as thixotropy, if the shear rate experiment is not conducted properly. Solutions of carboxymethylcellulose at concentrations ordinarily used in drug product formulations were examined by oscillatory and steady shear methods at low shear. Viscoelastic properties of pharmaceutical materials were measured using a newly developed oscillometric instrument. Mathematical expressions, formulated on the basis of a generalized Maxwell model for viscoelasticity and viscosity in steady shear, were correlated using these two rheological test methods. The results showed large increases in viscosity and relaxation time with increasing carboxymethylcellulose concentrations as well as with increasing molecular weights of the polymeric solute. The behavior of carboxymethylcellulose under both oscillatory and steady shear agreed with theory, linking the two methods of testing. Applications in pharmacy to this rheological analysis are presented. The present investigation attempted to bridge the gap between oscillatory and steady shear methods, demonstrating how both can find appropriate use in the analysis of non-Newtonian materials of pharmaceutical importance.", "contents": "Rheology of pharmaceutical systems: oscillatory and steady shear of non-Newtonian viscoelastic liquids. A comparative analysis of oscillatory and steady shear rate measurements was made on carboxymethylcellulose solutions of two concentrations and two viscosity grades. In the oscillatory methods, the material is examined under nearly quiescent equilibrium conditions. Steady shear, conversely, produces large deformations and may yield false results, often interpreted as thixotropy, if the shear rate experiment is not conducted properly. Solutions of carboxymethylcellulose at concentrations ordinarily used in drug product formulations were examined by oscillatory and steady shear methods at low shear. Viscoelastic properties of pharmaceutical materials were measured using a newly developed oscillometric instrument. Mathematical expressions, formulated on the basis of a generalized Maxwell model for viscoelasticity and viscosity in steady shear, were correlated using these two rheological test methods. The results showed large increases in viscosity and relaxation time with increasing carboxymethylcellulose concentrations as well as with increasing molecular weights of the polymeric solute. The behavior of carboxymethylcellulose under both oscillatory and steady shear agreed with theory, linking the two methods of testing. Applications in pharmacy to this rheological analysis are presented. The present investigation attempted to bridge the gap between oscillatory and steady shear methods, demonstrating how both can find appropriate use in the analysis of non-Newtonian materials of pharmaceutical importance.", "PMID": 712582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5388", "title": "Anticonvulsant and antiproteolytic properties of 3,5-disubstituted oxadiazole-2-thiones and their inhibition of respiration in rat brain homogenates.", "content": "Eight 5-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-3-arylaminomethyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiones were synthesized, characterized by their sharp melting points, elemental analyses, and IR spectra, and evaluated for anticonvulsant activity. All substituted oxadiazole-2-thiones possessed anticonvulsant activity, which was reflected by their ability to provide 10--70% protection against pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsions in mice at 100 mg/kg ip. These compounds inhibited in vitro nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent oxidation of pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and NADH by rat brain homogenates as well as NAD-independent oxidation of succinate by rat brain homogenates. Antiproteolytic activity of these substituted oxadiazole-2-thiones was reflected by their ability to inhibit trypsin hydrolysis of bovine serum albumin. These results indicated that the inhibition of cellular respiration and antiproteolytic activity of these substituted oxadiazole-2-thiones is not the biochemical basis for their anticonvulsant activity.", "contents": "Anticonvulsant and antiproteolytic properties of 3,5-disubstituted oxadiazole-2-thiones and their inhibition of respiration in rat brain homogenates. Eight 5-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-3-arylaminomethyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiones were synthesized, characterized by their sharp melting points, elemental analyses, and IR spectra, and evaluated for anticonvulsant activity. All substituted oxadiazole-2-thiones possessed anticonvulsant activity, which was reflected by their ability to provide 10--70% protection against pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsions in mice at 100 mg/kg ip. These compounds inhibited in vitro nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent oxidation of pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and NADH by rat brain homogenates as well as NAD-independent oxidation of succinate by rat brain homogenates. Antiproteolytic activity of these substituted oxadiazole-2-thiones was reflected by their ability to inhibit trypsin hydrolysis of bovine serum albumin. These results indicated that the inhibition of cellular respiration and antiproteolytic activity of these substituted oxadiazole-2-thiones is not the biochemical basis for their anticonvulsant activity.", "PMID": 712583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5389", "title": "Simultaneous quantitation of morphine and paraben preservatives in morphine injectables.", "content": "A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of morphine sulfate, methylparaben, and propylparaben in morphine sulfate injection was developed. A reversed-phase system, based on an octadecylsilane stationary phase, was used with a binary solvent mobile phase consisting of methanol--phosphate buffer (pH 4.0) containing methanol (5%) delivered at a constant rate (0.6:0.4 ml/min) using a two-pump system. The detector response at 254 nm was linear with the amount injected over a wide range, allowing rapid and reproducible quantitation of each component.", "contents": "Simultaneous quantitation of morphine and paraben preservatives in morphine injectables. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of morphine sulfate, methylparaben, and propylparaben in morphine sulfate injection was developed. A reversed-phase system, based on an octadecylsilane stationary phase, was used with a binary solvent mobile phase consisting of methanol--phosphate buffer (pH 4.0) containing methanol (5%) delivered at a constant rate (0.6:0.4 ml/min) using a two-pump system. The detector response at 254 nm was linear with the amount injected over a wide range, allowing rapid and reproducible quantitation of each component.", "PMID": 712584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5390", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of morphine and its surrogates I: comparisons of sensitive assays of morphine in biological fluids and application to morphine pharmacokinetics in the dog.", "content": "A sensitive isotope derivatization assay was developed to quantify morphine in biological fluids in the nanogram per milliliter range. Morphine, derivatized with 3H-dansyl chloride, was separated from the reaction products by TLC. The spots were scraped from the plate, and the eluted radioactivity was determined by liquid scintillation. The standard deviations of this morphine assay were +/- 18.6 ng/ml in 100 microliter of plasma and +/- 1.86 ng/ml in 1 ml of plasma. The GLC analysis of pentafluoropropionated morphine in the range of 0--5 ng of morphine/ml of plasma had a standard deviation of +/- 0.46 ng/ml when 1 ml of plasma was taken. Liquid scintillation spectrometric analysis of 14C-morphine had a sensitivity of 1.5 ng/ml of plasma at double the background. There were no significant differences among the liquid scintillation, electron-capture GLC, and radioisotpoe derivatization methods for morphine obtained from the plasma of a dog given 14.00 mg iv of morphine. Morphine conjugates were assayed as morphine after the acid hydrolysis of plasma and urine preextracted to remove unconjugated morphine, and the equivalence of various methods was demonstrated to monitor plasma and urine pharmacokinetics in a dog.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of morphine and its surrogates I: comparisons of sensitive assays of morphine in biological fluids and application to morphine pharmacokinetics in the dog. A sensitive isotope derivatization assay was developed to quantify morphine in biological fluids in the nanogram per milliliter range. Morphine, derivatized with 3H-dansyl chloride, was separated from the reaction products by TLC. The spots were scraped from the plate, and the eluted radioactivity was determined by liquid scintillation. The standard deviations of this morphine assay were +/- 18.6 ng/ml in 100 microliter of plasma and +/- 1.86 ng/ml in 1 ml of plasma. The GLC analysis of pentafluoropropionated morphine in the range of 0--5 ng of morphine/ml of plasma had a standard deviation of +/- 0.46 ng/ml when 1 ml of plasma was taken. Liquid scintillation spectrometric analysis of 14C-morphine had a sensitivity of 1.5 ng/ml of plasma at double the background. There were no significant differences among the liquid scintillation, electron-capture GLC, and radioisotpoe derivatization methods for morphine obtained from the plasma of a dog given 14.00 mg iv of morphine. Morphine conjugates were assayed as morphine after the acid hydrolysis of plasma and urine preextracted to remove unconjugated morphine, and the equivalence of various methods was demonstrated to monitor plasma and urine pharmacokinetics in a dog.", "PMID": 712585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5391", "title": "Influence of food and fluid ingestion on aspirin bioavailability.", "content": "The influence of test meals and accompanying fluid volume on aspirin bioavailability from commercial tablets was determined following single oral doses to healthy male volunteers. Plasma aspirin and salicylate levels were determined simultaneously using a GLC end-point. Area analysis indicated that approximately 5--8% of absorbed drug entered the systemic circulation as unchanged aspirin in nonfasted subjects compared to 16--18% in fasted individuals. Food tended to reduce the appearance rate of aspirin into the circulation, resulting in lower and somewhat more sustained levels than with fasting. Plasma salicylate levels were not influenced markedly by the various treatments, although levels were higher in fasted than in nonfasted subjects during the 1st hr after dosing. After this time, fat pretreatment tended to produce higher levels than other treatments.", "contents": "Influence of food and fluid ingestion on aspirin bioavailability. The influence of test meals and accompanying fluid volume on aspirin bioavailability from commercial tablets was determined following single oral doses to healthy male volunteers. Plasma aspirin and salicylate levels were determined simultaneously using a GLC end-point. Area analysis indicated that approximately 5--8% of absorbed drug entered the systemic circulation as unchanged aspirin in nonfasted subjects compared to 16--18% in fasted individuals. Food tended to reduce the appearance rate of aspirin into the circulation, resulting in lower and somewhat more sustained levels than with fasting. Plasma salicylate levels were not influenced markedly by the various treatments, although levels were higher in fasted than in nonfasted subjects during the 1st hr after dosing. After this time, fat pretreatment tended to produce higher levels than other treatments.", "PMID": 712586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5392", "title": "Synthesis of oximes, aziridines, and allyl alcohols derived from substituted 1-phenyl-1-nonen-3-ones as potential cytotoxic and antitumor agents.", "content": "A number of nuclear-substituted 1-phenyl-1-nonen-3-one oximes were synthesized. Reduction of several of these compounds with lithium aluminum hydride yielded the corresponding 1-phenyl-2,3-epiminononanes, shown by 100-MHz NMR spectroscopy to be the cis-geometrical isomers. When several ring-substituted 4-dimethylaminomethyl-1-phenyl-1-nonen-3-ones were treated with hydroxylamine hydrochloride under forcing conditions, the product isolated was the corresponding oxime. Reaction under mild conditions led only to the isolation of the Michael addition product of the oxime in low yield. Reduction of some nuclear-substituted 4-dimethylaminomethyl-1-phenyl-1-nonen-3-ones with sodium borohydride led to the formation of the corresponding allyl alcohols, and the products were shown by 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy to be the threo-isomers or, alternatively, a mixture of erythro- and threo-isomers. Reaction of phosphoric acid with one of the substituted allyl alcohols led to a diolefin, shown by NMR spectroscopy to be a mixture of (E, E)- and (E, Z)-isomers in a ratio of 65:35.", "contents": "Synthesis of oximes, aziridines, and allyl alcohols derived from substituted 1-phenyl-1-nonen-3-ones as potential cytotoxic and antitumor agents. A number of nuclear-substituted 1-phenyl-1-nonen-3-one oximes were synthesized. Reduction of several of these compounds with lithium aluminum hydride yielded the corresponding 1-phenyl-2,3-epiminononanes, shown by 100-MHz NMR spectroscopy to be the cis-geometrical isomers. When several ring-substituted 4-dimethylaminomethyl-1-phenyl-1-nonen-3-ones were treated with hydroxylamine hydrochloride under forcing conditions, the product isolated was the corresponding oxime. Reaction under mild conditions led only to the isolation of the Michael addition product of the oxime in low yield. Reduction of some nuclear-substituted 4-dimethylaminomethyl-1-phenyl-1-nonen-3-ones with sodium borohydride led to the formation of the corresponding allyl alcohols, and the products were shown by 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy to be the threo-isomers or, alternatively, a mixture of erythro- and threo-isomers. Reaction of phosphoric acid with one of the substituted allyl alcohols led to a diolefin, shown by NMR spectroscopy to be a mixture of (E, E)- and (E, Z)-isomers in a ratio of 65:35.", "PMID": 712587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5393", "title": "Effect of antineoplastic and cytotoxic Mannich Bases derived from conjugated styryl ketones on mitochondrial respiration in rat liver cells.", "content": "Five cytotoxic Mannich bases (5-dimethylamino-1-substituted phenyl-1-penten-3-ones), three having antineoplastic activity, were evaluated for respiratory-inhibiting properties in rat liver mitochondria in the presence of four substrates: succinate, glutamate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, and palmitylcarnitine. Four compounds (Ib--Ie) showed significant inhibiting properties which, on occasion, were reversed partially by coenzyme Q10. Evaluation of the spectra of the mitochondrial cytochromes indicated that Ib--Ie blocked the electron transport chain prior to the sequence of cytochromes. Since inhibition occurred when different substrates were used, a common site of action for Ib--Ie is likely; competition of Ib--Ie with coenzyme Q10 probably occurs. Compounds Ia--Ie inhibited RNA polymerase from Swiss mouse kidney cells but were virtually bereft of activity versus RNA polymerase from L-1210 leukemia cells. Polarography of the Mannich bases and the related styryl ketones showed that antineoplastic activity was associated with higher half-wave potentials.", "contents": "Effect of antineoplastic and cytotoxic Mannich Bases derived from conjugated styryl ketones on mitochondrial respiration in rat liver cells. Five cytotoxic Mannich bases (5-dimethylamino-1-substituted phenyl-1-penten-3-ones), three having antineoplastic activity, were evaluated for respiratory-inhibiting properties in rat liver mitochondria in the presence of four substrates: succinate, glutamate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, and palmitylcarnitine. Four compounds (Ib--Ie) showed significant inhibiting properties which, on occasion, were reversed partially by coenzyme Q10. Evaluation of the spectra of the mitochondrial cytochromes indicated that Ib--Ie blocked the electron transport chain prior to the sequence of cytochromes. Since inhibition occurred when different substrates were used, a common site of action for Ib--Ie is likely; competition of Ib--Ie with coenzyme Q10 probably occurs. Compounds Ia--Ie inhibited RNA polymerase from Swiss mouse kidney cells but were virtually bereft of activity versus RNA polymerase from L-1210 leukemia cells. Polarography of the Mannich bases and the related styryl ketones showed that antineoplastic activity was associated with higher half-wave potentials.", "PMID": 712588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5394", "title": "Synthesis and evaluation of 1-(hydroxyphenyl)-1-nonen-3-ones and related compounds for antineoplastic and antimicrobial activities.", "content": "Some 1-(hydroxyphenyl)-1-nonen-3-ones, the corresponding Mannich bases, and O-benzoyl esters were synthesized. Evaluation of these derivatives against murine P-388 lymphocytic leukemia indicated that, while the hydroxyphenyl styryl ketones and related esters were devoid of significant anticancer activities, etherification of the nuclear hydroxyl group gave compounds with a discernible increase in mean survival time. The hydroxyphenyl styryl ketones showed marked potencies against two pathogenic fungi and one, yeast, while the corresponding ethers had diminished activities and the related esters were virtually devoid of antimicrobial activities. Two Mannich bases showed similar spectra of antimicrobial activities as the phenols and, in particular, were active against Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Saccharomyces uvarum.", "contents": "Synthesis and evaluation of 1-(hydroxyphenyl)-1-nonen-3-ones and related compounds for antineoplastic and antimicrobial activities. Some 1-(hydroxyphenyl)-1-nonen-3-ones, the corresponding Mannich bases, and O-benzoyl esters were synthesized. Evaluation of these derivatives against murine P-388 lymphocytic leukemia indicated that, while the hydroxyphenyl styryl ketones and related esters were devoid of significant anticancer activities, etherification of the nuclear hydroxyl group gave compounds with a discernible increase in mean survival time. The hydroxyphenyl styryl ketones showed marked potencies against two pathogenic fungi and one, yeast, while the corresponding ethers had diminished activities and the related esters were virtually devoid of antimicrobial activities. Two Mannich bases showed similar spectra of antimicrobial activities as the phenols and, in particular, were active against Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Saccharomyces uvarum.", "PMID": 712589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5395", "title": "Effect of diphenhydramine on methaqualone metabolism: an in vitro study.", "content": "A GLC assay to quantitate the methaqualone metabolite 2-methyl-3-(2-hydroxymethylphenyl)-4(3H)-quinazolinone was developed. Standard curves were linear, and recovery of the metabolite from tissue homogenates averaged 89%. In vitro metabolism of methaqualone by the 10,000Xg supernatant fraction of rat liver homogenate was measured by monitoring metabolite formation with the GLC assay. Diphenhydramine inhibited the in vitro metabolism of methaqualone. The percentage inhibition increased with increasing diphenhydramine concentration. The significance of this inhibition in relation to use and abuse of methaqualone--diphenhydramine combinations is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of diphenhydramine on methaqualone metabolism: an in vitro study. A GLC assay to quantitate the methaqualone metabolite 2-methyl-3-(2-hydroxymethylphenyl)-4(3H)-quinazolinone was developed. Standard curves were linear, and recovery of the metabolite from tissue homogenates averaged 89%. In vitro metabolism of methaqualone by the 10,000Xg supernatant fraction of rat liver homogenate was measured by monitoring metabolite formation with the GLC assay. Diphenhydramine inhibited the in vitro metabolism of methaqualone. The percentage inhibition increased with increasing diphenhydramine concentration. The significance of this inhibition in relation to use and abuse of methaqualone--diphenhydramine combinations is discussed.", "PMID": 712590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5396", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of oxfendazole in bovine, equine, or canine plasma or serum.", "content": "A simple radioimmunoassay was developed for the determination of oxfendazole in plasma. Oxfendazole N-1(3)-valerate was coupled to polylysine via a carbodiimide reaction, and antiserum was developed in rabbits after inoculation with oxfendazole--polylysine conjugate. The assay was developed so that oxfendazole could be measured directly in a 0.1-ml aliquot of diluted or undiluted plasma. With the developed procedure, 200 pg of oxfendazole/ml of plasma can be determined quantitatively. Cross-reactivity was determined for closely related compounds and metabolites. The method was used to determine plasma concentration--time profiles in dogs and calves.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of oxfendazole in bovine, equine, or canine plasma or serum. A simple radioimmunoassay was developed for the determination of oxfendazole in plasma. Oxfendazole N-1(3)-valerate was coupled to polylysine via a carbodiimide reaction, and antiserum was developed in rabbits after inoculation with oxfendazole--polylysine conjugate. The assay was developed so that oxfendazole could be measured directly in a 0.1-ml aliquot of diluted or undiluted plasma. With the developed procedure, 200 pg of oxfendazole/ml of plasma can be determined quantitatively. Cross-reactivity was determined for closely related compounds and metabolites. The method was used to determine plasma concentration--time profiles in dogs and calves.", "PMID": 712591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5397", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for psychotropic drugs I: synthesis and properties of haptens for chlorpromazine.", "content": "For the development of radioimmunoassay procedures for chlorpromazine and its active metabolites, three chlorpromazine haptens, 7-(or  8-)(3-carboxypropionyl)chlorpromazine,  N-(3-carboxypropionyl)desmethylchlorpromazine, and N-(2-carboxyethyl)desmethylchlorpromazine, were synthesized and characterized by GLC--mass spectrometry, PMR spectrometry, and IR spectrophotometry. Each hapten was coupled to bovine serum albumin, and the number of hapten residues per mole of bovine serum albumin was calculated by UV spectrophotometric methods. Antibodies to each hapten--protein conjugate were obtained in rabbits, and titers of the antiserums were checked by evaluating their binding characteristics to tritiated chlorpromazine.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for psychotropic drugs I: synthesis and properties of haptens for chlorpromazine. For the development of radioimmunoassay procedures for chlorpromazine and its active metabolites, three chlorpromazine haptens, 7-(or  8-)(3-carboxypropionyl)chlorpromazine,  N-(3-carboxypropionyl)desmethylchlorpromazine, and N-(2-carboxyethyl)desmethylchlorpromazine, were synthesized and characterized by GLC--mass spectrometry, PMR spectrometry, and IR spectrophotometry. Each hapten was coupled to bovine serum albumin, and the number of hapten residues per mole of bovine serum albumin was calculated by UV spectrophotometric methods. Antibodies to each hapten--protein conjugate were obtained in rabbits, and titers of the antiserums were checked by evaluating their binding characteristics to tritiated chlorpromazine.", "PMID": 712593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5398", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for psychotropic drugs II: synthesis and properties of haptens for tricyclic antidepressants.", "content": "For the development of radioimmunoassay procedures for tricyclic antidepressants, two drug haptens were synthesized for each of the two amitriptyline--nortriptyline and imipramine--desipramine groups. In one case, nortriptyline or desipramine was treated with succinic anhydride to yield N-(3-carboxypropionyl) derivatives; in the other case, the haptens were novel N-(2-carboxyethyl) derivatives. The hapten and its corresponding ester were characterized by GLC--mass spectrometry, PMR spectrometry, and IR spectrophotometry. Each hapten was coupled to bovine serum albumin, and the number of hapten residues per mole of bovine serum albumin was determined by UV spectrophotometric methods. Antibodies to each hapten--protein conjugate were developed in rabbits, and titers of the antiserums were checked by evaluating their binding characteristics to tritiated drug.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for psychotropic drugs II: synthesis and properties of haptens for tricyclic antidepressants. For the development of radioimmunoassay procedures for tricyclic antidepressants, two drug haptens were synthesized for each of the two amitriptyline--nortriptyline and imipramine--desipramine groups. In one case, nortriptyline or desipramine was treated with succinic anhydride to yield N-(3-carboxypropionyl) derivatives; in the other case, the haptens were novel N-(2-carboxyethyl) derivatives. The hapten and its corresponding ester were characterized by GLC--mass spectrometry, PMR spectrometry, and IR spectrophotometry. Each hapten was coupled to bovine serum albumin, and the number of hapten residues per mole of bovine serum albumin was determined by UV spectrophotometric methods. Antibodies to each hapten--protein conjugate were developed in rabbits, and titers of the antiserums were checked by evaluating their binding characteristics to tritiated drug.", "PMID": 712594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5399", "title": "Pharmacokinetic evaluation of a drug interaction between kaolin--pectin and clindamycin.", "content": "The effect of a kaolin--pectin antidiarrheal suspension on the bioavailability of orally administered clindamycin was evaluated by model-dependent pharmacokinetic techniques. Each subject's serum clindamycin concentration--time data in the absence of the kaolin--pectin suspension were fitted to a one-compartment open model with first-order absorption and lag time. The resulting disposition parameters were used to construct individual Wagner-Nelson absorption profiles, expressed as the cumulative relative fraction of clindamycin absorbed versus time following combined antidiarrheal--antibiotic therapy. For each subject, absorption persisted to varying degrees through 14 hr. On the average, the half-time for absorption was prolonged 20-fold (from about 16 min to more than 300 min). In contrast, extrapolation of the individual time courses of relative absorption to infinity revealed that the antidiarrheal had no effect on the extent of clindamycin absorption.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic evaluation of a drug interaction between kaolin--pectin and clindamycin. The effect of a kaolin--pectin antidiarrheal suspension on the bioavailability of orally administered clindamycin was evaluated by model-dependent pharmacokinetic techniques. Each subject's serum clindamycin concentration--time data in the absence of the kaolin--pectin suspension were fitted to a one-compartment open model with first-order absorption and lag time. The resulting disposition parameters were used to construct individual Wagner-Nelson absorption profiles, expressed as the cumulative relative fraction of clindamycin absorbed versus time following combined antidiarrheal--antibiotic therapy. For each subject, absorption persisted to varying degrees through 14 hr. On the average, the half-time for absorption was prolonged 20-fold (from about 16 min to more than 300 min). In contrast, extrapolation of the individual time courses of relative absorption to infinity revealed that the antidiarrheal had no effect on the extent of clindamycin absorption.", "PMID": 712595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5400", "title": "Influence of kaolin--pectin suspension on digoxin bioavailability.", "content": "The effect of a kaolin--pectin suspension on the bioavailability of orally administered digoxin was evaluated when both drugs were given concomitantly and when their time of administration was separated by 2 hr. Coadministration of the antidiarrheal with the cardiac glycoside delayed absorption of the latter and, at the same time, decreased by 62% the amount of drug absorbed. Intersubject variation in digoxin bioavailability also was increased more than twofold. When the kaolin--pectin suspension was given 2 hr before the cardiac glycoside, the digoxin absorption rate was not affected, although its relative extent of absorption was reduced by about 20%. In contrast, when the antidiarrheal was given 2 hr after digoxin, neither the rate nor the extent of absorption of the cardiac glycoside was perturbed. No change in the intersubject variability in digoxin bioavailability was noted whether the antidiarrheal was given 2 hr before or 2 hr after the cardiac glycoside.", "contents": "Influence of kaolin--pectin suspension on digoxin bioavailability. The effect of a kaolin--pectin suspension on the bioavailability of orally administered digoxin was evaluated when both drugs were given concomitantly and when their time of administration was separated by 2 hr. Coadministration of the antidiarrheal with the cardiac glycoside delayed absorption of the latter and, at the same time, decreased by 62% the amount of drug absorbed. Intersubject variation in digoxin bioavailability also was increased more than twofold. When the kaolin--pectin suspension was given 2 hr before the cardiac glycoside, the digoxin absorption rate was not affected, although its relative extent of absorption was reduced by about 20%. In contrast, when the antidiarrheal was given 2 hr after digoxin, neither the rate nor the extent of absorption of the cardiac glycoside was perturbed. No change in the intersubject variability in digoxin bioavailability was noted whether the antidiarrheal was given 2 hr before or 2 hr after the cardiac glycoside.", "PMID": 712596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5401", "title": "Pentobarbital absorption from capsules and suppositories in humans.", "content": "Serum pentobarbital levels following administration of the sodium salt as a 100-mg capsule orally and as two 120-mg suppository formulations (A and B) rectally were measured. From these data and previously determined kinetic constants after intravenous administration, the absorption rates and bioavailability of pentobarbital from each dosage form were determined. All three dosage forms were 100% absorbed. Peak serum pentobarbital levels occurred at 1, 4, and 10 hr for the capsule, Suppository A, and Suppository B, respectively. In vitro studies agreed with the serum data in that Suppository A released drug in an in vitro aqueous pH 1.4 system at a much greater rate that Suppository B. The capsule and Suppository A both appeared to be absorbed by simple first-order processes; however, Suppository B had a complex absorption pattern, which was modeled using sequential zero-order and first-order absorption.", "contents": "Pentobarbital absorption from capsules and suppositories in humans. Serum pentobarbital levels following administration of the sodium salt as a 100-mg capsule orally and as two 120-mg suppository formulations (A and B) rectally were measured. From these data and previously determined kinetic constants after intravenous administration, the absorption rates and bioavailability of pentobarbital from each dosage form were determined. All three dosage forms were 100% absorbed. Peak serum pentobarbital levels occurred at 1, 4, and 10 hr for the capsule, Suppository A, and Suppository B, respectively. In vitro studies agreed with the serum data in that Suppository A released drug in an in vitro aqueous pH 1.4 system at a much greater rate that Suppository B. The capsule and Suppository A both appeared to be absorbed by simple first-order processes; however, Suppository B had a complex absorption pattern, which was modeled using sequential zero-order and first-order absorption.", "PMID": 712597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5402", "title": "Nonisothermal aqueous calorimetry: computation of process-dependent temperature change and aspects of calorimeter design.", "content": "A general method for determining the process-dependent (intrinsic) temperature change in a nonisothermal calorimeter is presented. The nonisothermal approach to calorimetric investigations requires an estimate of the magnitude of the process independent (extrinsic) temperature change during the reaction period. The proposed method can be applied to any calorimeter whose output is a discrete or continuous temperature--time profile. It is based on a first-derivative transformation of the temperature--time profile and the partitioning of the observed temperature variation into two components: pure extrinsic variation, which occurs outside the reaction period, and the combined extrinsic and intrinsic effects during the reaction period. Close examination of the pure extrinsic variation was considered essential, since it provided the basis for identifying the form of a descriptive mathematical function consistent with the observed extrinsic behavior. Once a suitable function was selected, parameters for the equation were determined through a linear regression procedure. The resulting equation was used to predict the extrinsic variation within the reaction period. Subtraction of predicted extrinsic variation from the observed total variation and integration over the time course of the experiment provide an estimate of the process-dependent temperature change. The differential approach was examined for processes performed in a calorimeter of simple design. Aspects of calorimeter design and advantages of the proposed method of data analysis are discussed.", "contents": "Nonisothermal aqueous calorimetry: computation of process-dependent temperature change and aspects of calorimeter design. A general method for determining the process-dependent (intrinsic) temperature change in a nonisothermal calorimeter is presented. The nonisothermal approach to calorimetric investigations requires an estimate of the magnitude of the process independent (extrinsic) temperature change during the reaction period. The proposed method can be applied to any calorimeter whose output is a discrete or continuous temperature--time profile. It is based on a first-derivative transformation of the temperature--time profile and the partitioning of the observed temperature variation into two components: pure extrinsic variation, which occurs outside the reaction period, and the combined extrinsic and intrinsic effects during the reaction period. Close examination of the pure extrinsic variation was considered essential, since it provided the basis for identifying the form of a descriptive mathematical function consistent with the observed extrinsic behavior. Once a suitable function was selected, parameters for the equation were determined through a linear regression procedure. The resulting equation was used to predict the extrinsic variation within the reaction period. Subtraction of predicted extrinsic variation from the observed total variation and integration over the time course of the experiment provide an estimate of the process-dependent temperature change. The differential approach was examined for processes performed in a calorimeter of simple design. Aspects of calorimeter design and advantages of the proposed method of data analysis are discussed.", "PMID": 712598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5403", "title": "Application of immersional calorimetry to investigation of solid-liquid interactions: microcrystalline cellulose-water system.", "content": "A comprehensive characterization of the specific solid-liquid interaction for microcrystalline cellulose and water is presented. The procedure consisted of a conjoint vapor adsorption and immersional wetting experiment. The following information was obtained with respect to the solid. Estimates of the total surface are (138 m2/g) and the external surface (9.2 m2/g) were calculated from the adsorption and immersion data, respectively. Existence of an energetically homogeneous surface was verified by a linear decrease in the heat of immersion of samples containing adsorbed moisture approximately up to monolayer capacity. Integral and differential free energy, enthalpy, and entropy changes accompanying the adsorption process were calculated, and a lack of swelling was substantiated by comparison with a similar study of cellulose fibers. Immersional hysteresis was observed, and its magnitude suggested that sorption hysteresis was of enthalpic as well as entropic origin. The experimental method is potentially valuable for routine characterization of hydrophilic powders.", "contents": "Application of immersional calorimetry to investigation of solid-liquid interactions: microcrystalline cellulose-water system. A comprehensive characterization of the specific solid-liquid interaction for microcrystalline cellulose and water is presented. The procedure consisted of a conjoint vapor adsorption and immersional wetting experiment. The following information was obtained with respect to the solid. Estimates of the total surface are (138 m2/g) and the external surface (9.2 m2/g) were calculated from the adsorption and immersion data, respectively. Existence of an energetically homogeneous surface was verified by a linear decrease in the heat of immersion of samples containing adsorbed moisture approximately up to monolayer capacity. Integral and differential free energy, enthalpy, and entropy changes accompanying the adsorption process were calculated, and a lack of swelling was substantiated by comparison with a similar study of cellulose fibers. Immersional hysteresis was observed, and its magnitude suggested that sorption hysteresis was of enthalpic as well as entropic origin. The experimental method is potentially valuable for routine characterization of hydrophilic powders.", "PMID": 712599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5404", "title": "Glass formation in barbiturates and solid dispersion systems of barbiturates with citric acid.", "content": "Glasses were prepared from a number of barbiturates. The viscosities and glass transition temperatures of the glasses were dependent on the structure of the groups present on the C-5 and N-1 atoms. Solid dispersions were prepared from three selected barbiturates formulated with citric acid. The glass transition temperatures of these systems indicated that a 1:1 molar ratio complex was formed between the two components and that intermolecular bonding was stronger in the complex than in the individual components.", "contents": "Glass formation in barbiturates and solid dispersion systems of barbiturates with citric acid. Glasses were prepared from a number of barbiturates. The viscosities and glass transition temperatures of the glasses were dependent on the structure of the groups present on the C-5 and N-1 atoms. Solid dispersions were prepared from three selected barbiturates formulated with citric acid. The glass transition temperatures of these systems indicated that a 1:1 molar ratio complex was formed between the two components and that intermolecular bonding was stronger in the complex than in the individual components.", "PMID": 712600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5405", "title": "Improved spectrophotometric determination of antazoline.", "content": "A simple, precise, and accurate spectrophotometric determination of antazoline salts was developed by improving the ceric sulfate procedure. Replacement of water with acetic acid for the preparation of all assay solutions permitted reproducible measurements of the chromogen that absorbed at 505 nm. An appreciable increase in color stability was attained by the controlled addition of perchloric acid to the ceric reagent prior to interaction with antazoline at room temperature. Evidence is provided to account for the oxidation of antazoline at the expense of a complex ceric species. Other 2-imidazolines or phenylephrine did not interfere with the investigated color reaction. In addition to the high value of the chromogen molar absorptivity, ideal adherence of color absorption to Beer's law permitted accurate and reproducible estimation of antazoline over the 1--10-microgram range. The procedure was applied to the analysis of different antazoline dosage forms.", "contents": "Improved spectrophotometric determination of antazoline. A simple, precise, and accurate spectrophotometric determination of antazoline salts was developed by improving the ceric sulfate procedure. Replacement of water with acetic acid for the preparation of all assay solutions permitted reproducible measurements of the chromogen that absorbed at 505 nm. An appreciable increase in color stability was attained by the controlled addition of perchloric acid to the ceric reagent prior to interaction with antazoline at room temperature. Evidence is provided to account for the oxidation of antazoline at the expense of a complex ceric species. Other 2-imidazolines or phenylephrine did not interfere with the investigated color reaction. In addition to the high value of the chromogen molar absorptivity, ideal adherence of color absorption to Beer's law permitted accurate and reproducible estimation of antazoline over the 1--10-microgram range. The procedure was applied to the analysis of different antazoline dosage forms.", "PMID": 712601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5406", "title": "Effect of formulation and process variables on bioequivalency of nitrofurantoin I: preliminary studies.", "content": "Fifty-two combinations of nitrofurantoin were developed to assess the effect of dosage form type, particle size, diluent, and process on in vitro availability. With the official procedure and conditions, dissolution rates fell in a 66-fold range. Statistical analysis of the dissolution rates indicated no significant differences as a result of particle size, processing method, or compression force. The diluent choice and dosage form type significantly influenced the dissolution rate. Based on in vitro screening, six formulations presenting a broad range of dissolution rates were selected for further study relating to human bioavailability and bioequivalence.", "contents": "Effect of formulation and process variables on bioequivalency of nitrofurantoin I: preliminary studies. Fifty-two combinations of nitrofurantoin were developed to assess the effect of dosage form type, particle size, diluent, and process on in vitro availability. With the official procedure and conditions, dissolution rates fell in a 66-fold range. Statistical analysis of the dissolution rates indicated no significant differences as a result of particle size, processing method, or compression force. The diluent choice and dosage form type significantly influenced the dissolution rate. Based on in vitro screening, six formulations presenting a broad range of dissolution rates were selected for further study relating to human bioavailability and bioequivalence.", "PMID": 712602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5407", "title": "Effect of formulation and process variables on bioequivalency of nitrofurantoin II: in vivo-in vitro correlation.", "content": "Based on preliminary in vitro evaluation, six formulations presenting a broad range of dissolution rates were selected for bioequivalency determination in a randomized complete block crossover. In vitro-in vivo correlations were developed relating cumulative percent dissolved to cumulative percent excreted. These correlations appear to be useful for comparing different formulations as well as different batches of the same formulation.", "contents": "Effect of formulation and process variables on bioequivalency of nitrofurantoin II: in vivo-in vitro correlation. Based on preliminary in vitro evaluation, six formulations presenting a broad range of dissolution rates were selected for bioequivalency determination in a randomized complete block crossover. In vitro-in vivo correlations were developed relating cumulative percent dissolved to cumulative percent excreted. These correlations appear to be useful for comparing different formulations as well as different batches of the same formulation.", "PMID": 712603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5408", "title": "Evaluation of an oral prolonged-release antibiotic formulation.", "content": "The antibiotic cephalexin was formulated as an oral prolonged-release tablet and evaluated by in vitro dissolution testing as well as in vivo in 10 human subjects. Comparisons were made of the time course of the blood levels among the prolonged-release formulation, the commercially available capsule, and intravenous administration. Even though lower peak blood levels were attained in the prolonged-release tablet, absorption continued for at least 6 hr. Comparison with in vitro dissolution data showed that absorption was dissolution rate limited. Bioavailability comparisons showed that the prolonged-release formulation was completely available, as was the commercial oral capsule.", "contents": "Evaluation of an oral prolonged-release antibiotic formulation. The antibiotic cephalexin was formulated as an oral prolonged-release tablet and evaluated by in vitro dissolution testing as well as in vivo in 10 human subjects. Comparisons were made of the time course of the blood levels among the prolonged-release formulation, the commercially available capsule, and intravenous administration. Even though lower peak blood levels were attained in the prolonged-release tablet, absorption continued for at least 6 hr. Comparison with in vitro dissolution data showed that absorption was dissolution rate limited. Bioavailability comparisons showed that the prolonged-release formulation was completely available, as was the commercial oral capsule.", "PMID": 712604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5409", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of 8-hydroxycarteolol in plasma and urine using electrochemical detection.", "content": "Assay of 8-hydroxycarteolol (a metabolite of carteolol) was achieved using high-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Plasma or urine samples alkalinized by addition of a sodium carbonate solution were extracted with ethyl acetate or chloroform. The residues from evaporation of the organic extracts were redissolved in pH 2.1 phosphate buffer, and the solutions were chromatographed on a Partisil 10 SCX chromatographic column. The detection of 8-hydroxycarteolol was accomplished using an electrochemical detector. The procedure is rapid, specific, and highly sensitive. Reproducible results can be obtained, with relative standard deviations from analysis of replicate samples within +/- 8%. With 1-ml samples, the lower quantifiable concentrations of 8-hydroxycarteolol in plasma and urine are approximately 5 and 25 ng/ml, respectively.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of 8-hydroxycarteolol in plasma and urine using electrochemical detection. Assay of 8-hydroxycarteolol (a metabolite of carteolol) was achieved using high-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Plasma or urine samples alkalinized by addition of a sodium carbonate solution were extracted with ethyl acetate or chloroform. The residues from evaporation of the organic extracts were redissolved in pH 2.1 phosphate buffer, and the solutions were chromatographed on a Partisil 10 SCX chromatographic column. The detection of 8-hydroxycarteolol was accomplished using an electrochemical detector. The procedure is rapid, specific, and highly sensitive. Reproducible results can be obtained, with relative standard deviations from analysis of replicate samples within +/- 8%. With 1-ml samples, the lower quantifiable concentrations of 8-hydroxycarteolol in plasma and urine are approximately 5 and 25 ng/ml, respectively.", "PMID": 712605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5410", "title": "Simultaneous programmed temperature GLC assay of phenol, chloroxylenol, and lidocaine hydrochloride in topical antiseptic cream.", "content": "A simultaneous programmed temperature GLC assay for the active ingredients in a topical antiseptic cream is described. The sample is extracted directly using a dimethyl sulfoxide solution of p-cresol, 4-chlorophenol, and 2-amino-4-phenylthiazole as internal standards for phenol, chloroxylenol, and lidocaine hydrochloride, respectively. The resulting solution is chromatographed by temperature programming on an OV-225 column from 90 to 225 degrees. The internal standard calculation is accomplished using peak heights or peak areas. The relative standard deviation of all assays is less than 2%.", "contents": "Simultaneous programmed temperature GLC assay of phenol, chloroxylenol, and lidocaine hydrochloride in topical antiseptic cream. A simultaneous programmed temperature GLC assay for the active ingredients in a topical antiseptic cream is described. The sample is extracted directly using a dimethyl sulfoxide solution of p-cresol, 4-chlorophenol, and 2-amino-4-phenylthiazole as internal standards for phenol, chloroxylenol, and lidocaine hydrochloride, respectively. The resulting solution is chromatographed by temperature programming on an OV-225 column from 90 to 225 degrees. The internal standard calculation is accomplished using peak heights or peak areas. The relative standard deviation of all assays is less than 2%.", "PMID": 712606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5411", "title": "Drug resistance studies with topical antiseptics.", "content": "Species of Proteus, Serratia, and Pseudomonas became resistant to chlorhexidine after five to eight transfers in vitro. Cross-resistance to benzalkonium chloride also was detected. Resistance to povidone-iodine was not encountered. Chlorhexidine resistance was stable after drug-free transfers of Serratia and Pseudomonas but was transitory for Proteus.", "contents": "Drug resistance studies with topical antiseptics. Species of Proteus, Serratia, and Pseudomonas became resistant to chlorhexidine after five to eight transfers in vitro. Cross-resistance to benzalkonium chloride also was detected. Resistance to povidone-iodine was not encountered. Chlorhexidine resistance was stable after drug-free transfers of Serratia and Pseudomonas but was transitory for Proteus.", "PMID": 712607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5412", "title": "Aspirin stability in solid dispersion binary systems.", "content": "The stability of aspirin in its solid dispersion with urea or povidone was investigated at two accelerated storage conditions. The observed aspirin degradation in both systems followed the first-order rate equation. The water sorption ability of the two carriers as well as the alkalinity imparted by urea could possibly be the most important factors responsible for the observed acceleration of aspirin decomposition. The results also showed that the temperature effect was more pronounced than the humidity effect. Generally, coprecipitated samples exhibited slightly higher degradation rates than physically mixed ones.", "contents": "Aspirin stability in solid dispersion binary systems. The stability of aspirin in its solid dispersion with urea or povidone was investigated at two accelerated storage conditions. The observed aspirin degradation in both systems followed the first-order rate equation. The water sorption ability of the two carriers as well as the alkalinity imparted by urea could possibly be the most important factors responsible for the observed acceleration of aspirin decomposition. The results also showed that the temperature effect was more pronounced than the humidity effect. Generally, coprecipitated samples exhibited slightly higher degradation rates than physically mixed ones.", "PMID": 712608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5413", "title": "Odoratin and paucin: cytotoxic sesquiterpene lactones from Baileya pauciradiata (Compositae).", "content": "An ethanol extract of Baileya pauciradiata exhibited cytotoxic activity against the human epidermoid carcinoma of the nasopharynx and the lymphocytic leukemia test systems. Two constituents responsible for this activity were isolated and identified as odoratin and paucin. Their identities were proven by IR, PMR, and mass spectral data; elemental analysis; preparation of their acetates; and melting-point determinations. Odoratin was confirmed by comparison with an authentic sample.", "contents": "Odoratin and paucin: cytotoxic sesquiterpene lactones from Baileya pauciradiata (Compositae). An ethanol extract of Baileya pauciradiata exhibited cytotoxic activity against the human epidermoid carcinoma of the nasopharynx and the lymphocytic leukemia test systems. Two constituents responsible for this activity were isolated and identified as odoratin and paucin. Their identities were proven by IR, PMR, and mass spectral data; elemental analysis; preparation of their acetates; and melting-point determinations. Odoratin was confirmed by comparison with an authentic sample.", "PMID": 712609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5414", "title": "Determination of phenylpropanolamine salts in dosage forms through fluroescent derivative formation.", "content": "Phenylpropanolamine was determined by measuring its fluorescent fluorescamine derivative. The method is rapid, sensitive, and easily automated. Statistics are presented for an effervescent cold product, and recovery data are presented for other commercially available products.", "contents": "Determination of phenylpropanolamine salts in dosage forms through fluroescent derivative formation. Phenylpropanolamine was determined by measuring its fluorescent fluorescamine derivative. The method is rapid, sensitive, and easily automated. Statistics are presented for an effervescent cold product, and recovery data are presented for other commercially available products.", "PMID": 712610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5415", "title": "Thimerosal determination by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A sensitive and useful high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the determination of intact thimerosal was developed. This method is extremely fast and reliable, and its inherent specificity makes it a breakthrough over other common wet chemical methods.", "contents": "Thimerosal determination by high-pressure liquid chromatography. A sensitive and useful high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the determination of intact thimerosal was developed. This method is extremely fast and reliable, and its inherent specificity makes it a breakthrough over other common wet chemical methods.", "PMID": 712611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5416", "title": "Hypotensive effect induced by a cyclic dopamine analog, trans-4-methyl-7,8-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,10b-octahydrobenzo[f]quinoline.", "content": "The antihypertensive effects of trans-4-methyl-7,8-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,10b-octahydrobenzo[f]quinoline, a dopamine agonist, were investigated in dogs and spontaneous hypertensive rats. Intravenous administration of low doses of this cyclic analog of dopamine (0.25--1.00 microgram/kg) consistently reduced blood pressure and heart rate, concurrently recorded in the dog. This effect was antagonized by haloperidol, a specific dopamine antagonist. The dopamine analog also reduced systolic blood pressure of spontaneous hypertensive rats. This study confirmed the possibility that the decrease in blood pressure and heart rate elicited by the dopamine analog is attributable to an effect on specific dopaminergic receptors.", "contents": "Hypotensive effect induced by a cyclic dopamine analog, trans-4-methyl-7,8-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,10b-octahydrobenzo[f]quinoline. The antihypertensive effects of trans-4-methyl-7,8-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,10b-octahydrobenzo[f]quinoline, a dopamine agonist, were investigated in dogs and spontaneous hypertensive rats. Intravenous administration of low doses of this cyclic analog of dopamine (0.25--1.00 microgram/kg) consistently reduced blood pressure and heart rate, concurrently recorded in the dog. This effect was antagonized by haloperidol, a specific dopamine antagonist. The dopamine analog also reduced systolic blood pressure of spontaneous hypertensive rats. This study confirmed the possibility that the decrease in blood pressure and heart rate elicited by the dopamine analog is attributable to an effect on specific dopaminergic receptors.", "PMID": 712612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5417", "title": "Determination of flucytosine in tablets by differential pulse polarography.", "content": "A differential pulse polarographic assay was developed for determining flucytosine in tablets. The drug is extracted from the sample with water and hydrochloric acid and, after the pH is adjusted, an aliquot is added to the cell and the solution is polarographed at the dropping mercury electrode versus the saturated calomel electrode with 0.066 M S\u00f8rensen phosphate buffer (pH 5.6) as the supporting electrolyte. The polarographic peak height enables precise quantitative determination. The Ep value for flucytosine is--1.54 v versus the saturated calomel electrode. The mean recovery of the drug is 101.5% +/- 1.9 (SD). The method is simple, rapid, and precise.", "contents": "Determination of flucytosine in tablets by differential pulse polarography. A differential pulse polarographic assay was developed for determining flucytosine in tablets. The drug is extracted from the sample with water and hydrochloric acid and, after the pH is adjusted, an aliquot is added to the cell and the solution is polarographed at the dropping mercury electrode versus the saturated calomel electrode with 0.066 M S\u00f8rensen phosphate buffer (pH 5.6) as the supporting electrolyte. The polarographic peak height enables precise quantitative determination. The Ep value for flucytosine is--1.54 v versus the saturated calomel electrode. The mean recovery of the drug is 101.5% +/- 1.9 (SD). The method is simple, rapid, and precise.", "PMID": 712613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5418", "title": "Effects of pharmacological intervention on infarct size following induced myocardial infarction in rats.", "content": "Several therapeutic agents that alter infarct size were administered to rats with myocardial infarcts induced by electrocauterization. The myocardial tissue damage and infarct size correlated well with the creatine phosphokinase myocardial band activity, and these markers were utilized to assess the action of the therapeutic agents on myocardial tissue damage. Hyaluronidase, insulin, potassium chloride, and isoproterenol increased myocardial tissue damage whereas heparin and prednisolone administration resulted in decreased myocardial tissue damage after induced myocardial infarction in rats.", "contents": "Effects of pharmacological intervention on infarct size following induced myocardial infarction in rats. Several therapeutic agents that alter infarct size were administered to rats with myocardial infarcts induced by electrocauterization. The myocardial tissue damage and infarct size correlated well with the creatine phosphokinase myocardial band activity, and these markers were utilized to assess the action of the therapeutic agents on myocardial tissue damage. Hyaluronidase, insulin, potassium chloride, and isoproterenol increased myocardial tissue damage whereas heparin and prednisolone administration resulted in decreased myocardial tissue damage after induced myocardial infarction in rats.", "PMID": 712614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5419", "title": "Rapid GLC determination of chlordiazepoxide and metabolite in serum using on-column methylation.", "content": "A rapid GLC method was developed for the assay of chlordiazepoxide in serum. After chlordiazepoxide was extracted with ether, it was methylated with trimethylanilinium hydroxide in the injection port and detected by electron capture. The assay is simple and sensitive and can be automated for large-scale clinical analysis.", "contents": "Rapid GLC determination of chlordiazepoxide and metabolite in serum using on-column methylation. A rapid GLC method was developed for the assay of chlordiazepoxide in serum. After chlordiazepoxide was extracted with ether, it was methylated with trimethylanilinium hydroxide in the injection port and detected by electron capture. The assay is simple and sensitive and can be automated for large-scale clinical analysis.", "PMID": 712615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5420", "title": "The effects of anthopleurin-A on cardiac dynamics in conscious dogs.", "content": "The effects of anthopleurin-A (AP-A), a selective cardiotonic drug, on cardiac dynamics in intact, awake animals were examined. Dogs were instrumented in order to record left ventricular pressure, the derivative of left ventricular pressure (dP/dt), arterial pressure left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic diameters, cardiac output, left atrial pressure and heart rate. Left ventricular pressure, dP/dt, stroke volume and cardiac output were significantly increased (16, 46, 37 and 23%, respectively) by AP-A. AP-A significantly diminished heart rate 9 beats/min and left ventricular end-systolic diameter 1.9 mm. Mean arterial pressure, mean left atrial pressure and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter were unaltered by AP-A. Autonomic blockade with atropine and propranolol did not alter these responses on the myocardium qualitatively. Thus, it appears that AP-A has a direct positive inotropic effect on the myocardium in conscious animals with little or no effect on the peripheral circulation.", "contents": "The effects of anthopleurin-A on cardiac dynamics in conscious dogs. The effects of anthopleurin-A (AP-A), a selective cardiotonic drug, on cardiac dynamics in intact, awake animals were examined. Dogs were instrumented in order to record left ventricular pressure, the derivative of left ventricular pressure (dP/dt), arterial pressure left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic diameters, cardiac output, left atrial pressure and heart rate. Left ventricular pressure, dP/dt, stroke volume and cardiac output were significantly increased (16, 46, 37 and 23%, respectively) by AP-A. AP-A significantly diminished heart rate 9 beats/min and left ventricular end-systolic diameter 1.9 mm. Mean arterial pressure, mean left atrial pressure and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter were unaltered by AP-A. Autonomic blockade with atropine and propranolol did not alter these responses on the myocardium qualitatively. Thus, it appears that AP-A has a direct positive inotropic effect on the myocardium in conscious animals with little or no effect on the peripheral circulation.", "PMID": 712617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5421", "title": "The effects of verapamil and lidocaine on the automatic depolarizations in guinea-pig ventricular myocardium.", "content": "Rhythmic automatic depolarizations (RAD) were produced in guinea-pig papillary muscles depolarized to membrane potentials at which depolarizations depend on membrane currents passing through the slow channel. Verapamil depressed the RAD and decreased their overshoot. These verapamil effects were dependent on its concentration either in the bath (in vitro) or in plasma and myocardium (in vivo). Increase in [Ca++] counteracted the effects of verapamil on RAD. Lidocaine concentrations ranging from 4 to 16 mg/l had no effect on overshoot and only a slight effect on the rate of RAD. We conclude that RAD are more sensitive to nonlethal and presumably therapeutic concentrations of verapamil than to high, presumably toxic, concentrations of lidocaine.", "contents": "The effects of verapamil and lidocaine on the automatic depolarizations in guinea-pig ventricular myocardium. Rhythmic automatic depolarizations (RAD) were produced in guinea-pig papillary muscles depolarized to membrane potentials at which depolarizations depend on membrane currents passing through the slow channel. Verapamil depressed the RAD and decreased their overshoot. These verapamil effects were dependent on its concentration either in the bath (in vitro) or in plasma and myocardium (in vivo). Increase in [Ca++] counteracted the effects of verapamil on RAD. Lidocaine concentrations ranging from 4 to 16 mg/l had no effect on overshoot and only a slight effect on the rate of RAD. We conclude that RAD are more sensitive to nonlethal and presumably therapeutic concentrations of verapamil than to high, presumably toxic, concentrations of lidocaine.", "PMID": 712619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5422", "title": "Dithiothreitol-induced alterations of blood pressure, vascular reactivity and aortic microsomal calcium uptake in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Dithiothreitol, a potent sulfhydryl reducing agent, depressed systolic blood pressure to a greater extent in genetically hypertensive rats (SHR) than in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Dithiothreitol depressed the contractile response to norepinephrine and potassium chloride of isolated aortic strips from both SHR and WKY. Dithio-bis-2-nitrobenzoid acid, a sulfhydryl oxidizing agent, restored the responsiveness of rat aortic strips to these contractile agents. Microsomes isolated from rat aortae sequester calcium in the presence of ATP. This activity, generally referred to as calcium-pump activity, has been postulated to function in smooth muscle relaxation, and is significantly depressed in aortic microsomes of the SHR. Dithiothreitol (10 mM) greatly increased and dithio-bis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (100 micrometer) decreased the ATP-dependent calcium pump activity of microsomes isolated from both SHR and WKY aortae. These observations indicate that sulfhydryl groups may influence systems involved in vascular reactivity and blood pressure regulation.", "contents": "Dithiothreitol-induced alterations of blood pressure, vascular reactivity and aortic microsomal calcium uptake in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Dithiothreitol, a potent sulfhydryl reducing agent, depressed systolic blood pressure to a greater extent in genetically hypertensive rats (SHR) than in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Dithiothreitol depressed the contractile response to norepinephrine and potassium chloride of isolated aortic strips from both SHR and WKY. Dithio-bis-2-nitrobenzoid acid, a sulfhydryl oxidizing agent, restored the responsiveness of rat aortic strips to these contractile agents. Microsomes isolated from rat aortae sequester calcium in the presence of ATP. This activity, generally referred to as calcium-pump activity, has been postulated to function in smooth muscle relaxation, and is significantly depressed in aortic microsomes of the SHR. Dithiothreitol (10 mM) greatly increased and dithio-bis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (100 micrometer) decreased the ATP-dependent calcium pump activity of microsomes isolated from both SHR and WKY aortae. These observations indicate that sulfhydryl groups may influence systems involved in vascular reactivity and blood pressure regulation.", "PMID": 712623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5423", "title": "The sources of calcium for acetylcholine-induced contractions of dog tracheal smooth muscle.", "content": "Acetylcholine (ACh)-induced contractions of dog tracheal smooth muscles were studied in order to determine the sources of Ca++ for these contractions become diminished with time at all drug doses and experiments with 45Ca indicate that this phenomenon is related to the efflux of Ca++ from the muscle. This efflux of Ca++ consists of two components, a loosely bound and a tightly bound Ca++ source, and is dependent upon the dose of drug. At low doses of ACh (less than 10(-6) M) loosely bound Ca++ plays a greater role and tightly bound Ca++ a lesser role than at higher drug doses. Verapamil, a blocker of depolarization-dependent Ca++ influx, inhibits ACh contractions at low drug doses but has no effect at higher doses. These results indicate that the sources of Ca++ for ACh contractions of the trachea are dependent upon the drug dose. At low doses of ACh (less than 10(-6) M ACh) depolarization-dependent Ca++ influx is involved in musch of the contraction. At the higher drug doses a tightly bound Ca++ source and a depolarization-independent, loosely bound Ca++ source account for the contractions.", "contents": "The sources of calcium for acetylcholine-induced contractions of dog tracheal smooth muscle. Acetylcholine (ACh)-induced contractions of dog tracheal smooth muscles were studied in order to determine the sources of Ca++ for these contractions become diminished with time at all drug doses and experiments with 45Ca indicate that this phenomenon is related to the efflux of Ca++ from the muscle. This efflux of Ca++ consists of two components, a loosely bound and a tightly bound Ca++ source, and is dependent upon the dose of drug. At low doses of ACh (less than 10(-6) M) loosely bound Ca++ plays a greater role and tightly bound Ca++ a lesser role than at higher drug doses. Verapamil, a blocker of depolarization-dependent Ca++ influx, inhibits ACh contractions at low drug doses but has no effect at higher doses. These results indicate that the sources of Ca++ for ACh contractions of the trachea are dependent upon the drug dose. At low doses of ACh (less than 10(-6) M ACh) depolarization-dependent Ca++ influx is involved in musch of the contraction. At the higher drug doses a tightly bound Ca++ source and a depolarization-independent, loosely bound Ca++ source account for the contractions.", "PMID": 712624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5424", "title": "The effects of ouabain and alterations in potassium concentration on the sensitivity to drugs and the membrane potential of the smooth muscle of the guinea-pig and rat vas deferens.", "content": "Previous work has suggested partial depolarization of the smooth muscles cells to be an important factor in the post junctional supersensitivity induced in the guinea-pig vator in the post junctional supersensitivity induced in the guinea-pig vas deferens by chronic denervation or decentralization. The present experiments were undertaken to explore, under acute in vitro conditions, the relationship between membrane potential changes and sensitivity in the vasa deferentia of guinea pigs and rats. The results indicate that sensitivity was altered whenever resting potential was changed by 7 to 10 mV. The results also indicated that considerable electrophysiologic differences exist between the smooth muscles of the guinea-pig and rat vas deferens. Notably, ouabain or lowered external potassium caused a partial depolarization of the guinea-pig, but not the rat, vas deferens. The results, especially when combined with evidence that the rat vas deferens does possess a considerable amount of (Na+-K+)-adenosine triphosphatase, which is ouabain-sensitive, indicates that under the conditions of these experiments the Na pump is electrogenic in the guinea-pig, but not the rat, vas deferens.", "contents": "The effects of ouabain and alterations in potassium concentration on the sensitivity to drugs and the membrane potential of the smooth muscle of the guinea-pig and rat vas deferens. Previous work has suggested partial depolarization of the smooth muscles cells to be an important factor in the post junctional supersensitivity induced in the guinea-pig vator in the post junctional supersensitivity induced in the guinea-pig vas deferens by chronic denervation or decentralization. The present experiments were undertaken to explore, under acute in vitro conditions, the relationship between membrane potential changes and sensitivity in the vasa deferentia of guinea pigs and rats. The results indicate that sensitivity was altered whenever resting potential was changed by 7 to 10 mV. The results also indicated that considerable electrophysiologic differences exist between the smooth muscles of the guinea-pig and rat vas deferens. Notably, ouabain or lowered external potassium caused a partial depolarization of the guinea-pig, but not the rat, vas deferens. The results, especially when combined with evidence that the rat vas deferens does possess a considerable amount of (Na+-K+)-adenosine triphosphatase, which is ouabain-sensitive, indicates that under the conditions of these experiments the Na pump is electrogenic in the guinea-pig, but not the rat, vas deferens.", "PMID": 712625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5425", "title": "Effects of norepinephrine, dopamine and potassium on tension and 45Ca fluxes in canine and rabbit renal arteries.", "content": "The action and interactions of three vasoconstrictors, norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and elevated potassium ion (K+) on contractile responses and associated 45Ca movements were investigated in isolated rabbit and canine renal arteries (RA). Dose-response curves indicate that NE is 39 times more potent than DA in canine RA and 122 times more potent in rabbit RA. Prior exposure to 80 mM K+ did not prevent contractile responses to NE or DA but, conversely, K+ -induced responses did not occur after exposure to NE or DA. Responses to NE persisted after maximum DA-induced contractions but only a small response to DA was observed after a maximum NE-induced contraction. After 30 to 60 min in either a O-Ca or a O-Ca plus 0.05 mM EDTA solution, contractile responses were differentially inhibited (K+ more than DA more than NE). Efflux of 45Ca into a O-Ca plus EDTA solution was qualitatively similar in canine and rabbit RA. Addition of K+, DA or NE decreased the rate of 45Ca efflux in both RA; phentolamine abolished the NE-induced decrease and had no effect on the K+-induced decrease. The observed decrease in 45Ca efflux may reflect an inward shift of 45Ca from membrane binding sites. The mechanisms by which this effect is obtained appear to differ for K+, DA and NE. The differing actions of NE and DA cannot be explained solely by variations in potency at a singel type of receptor.", "contents": "Effects of norepinephrine, dopamine and potassium on tension and 45Ca fluxes in canine and rabbit renal arteries. The action and interactions of three vasoconstrictors, norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and elevated potassium ion (K+) on contractile responses and associated 45Ca movements were investigated in isolated rabbit and canine renal arteries (RA). Dose-response curves indicate that NE is 39 times more potent than DA in canine RA and 122 times more potent in rabbit RA. Prior exposure to 80 mM K+ did not prevent contractile responses to NE or DA but, conversely, K+ -induced responses did not occur after exposure to NE or DA. Responses to NE persisted after maximum DA-induced contractions but only a small response to DA was observed after a maximum NE-induced contraction. After 30 to 60 min in either a O-Ca or a O-Ca plus 0.05 mM EDTA solution, contractile responses were differentially inhibited (K+ more than DA more than NE). Efflux of 45Ca into a O-Ca plus EDTA solution was qualitatively similar in canine and rabbit RA. Addition of K+, DA or NE decreased the rate of 45Ca efflux in both RA; phentolamine abolished the NE-induced decrease and had no effect on the K+-induced decrease. The observed decrease in 45Ca efflux may reflect an inward shift of 45Ca from membrane binding sites. The mechanisms by which this effect is obtained appear to differ for K+, DA and NE. The differing actions of NE and DA cannot be explained solely by variations in potency at a singel type of receptor.", "PMID": 712626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5426", "title": "The effects of exogenous norepinephrine on ventilatory mechanics in the rat.", "content": "The effects of intravenous administration of norepinephrine on ventilatory mechanics were assessed in the anesthetized, spontaneously breathing rat. Pulmonary resistance, dynamic compliance and functional residual capacity remained unchanged during a 10-min infusion period. After paralysis, repetition of the norepinephrine infusion caused an increase in static deflation recoil pressure at lung volumes above the tidal range but maximum expiratory flow rates at corresponding lung volumes were not increased indicating an elevation in the resistance of upstream airways. Flow rate responses to low density gas breathing were not enhanced by norepinephrine suggesting peripheral airways narrowing as the cause of the increased upstream resistance. Isoproterenol protected animals against serotonin-induced bronchoconstriction whereas norepinephrine augmented the response to serotonin. It is concluded that in intact rats norepinephrine increases the flow-resistive properties of peripheral airways, does not measurably alter the caliber of central airways and possesses no discernible bronchodilator activity. The effects of norepinephrine on small airways appear to be secondary to changes in pulmonary hemodynamics rather than the result of direct stimulation of alpha adrenoceptors in airway smooth muscle.", "contents": "The effects of exogenous norepinephrine on ventilatory mechanics in the rat. The effects of intravenous administration of norepinephrine on ventilatory mechanics were assessed in the anesthetized, spontaneously breathing rat. Pulmonary resistance, dynamic compliance and functional residual capacity remained unchanged during a 10-min infusion period. After paralysis, repetition of the norepinephrine infusion caused an increase in static deflation recoil pressure at lung volumes above the tidal range but maximum expiratory flow rates at corresponding lung volumes were not increased indicating an elevation in the resistance of upstream airways. Flow rate responses to low density gas breathing were not enhanced by norepinephrine suggesting peripheral airways narrowing as the cause of the increased upstream resistance. Isoproterenol protected animals against serotonin-induced bronchoconstriction whereas norepinephrine augmented the response to serotonin. It is concluded that in intact rats norepinephrine increases the flow-resistive properties of peripheral airways, does not measurably alter the caliber of central airways and possesses no discernible bronchodilator activity. The effects of norepinephrine on small airways appear to be secondary to changes in pulmonary hemodynamics rather than the result of direct stimulation of alpha adrenoceptors in airway smooth muscle.", "PMID": 712627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5427", "title": "The effects of arachidonic acid on erythropoietin production in exhypoxic polycythemic mice and the isolated perfused canine kidney.", "content": "The ability of arachidonic acid (AA), the bisenoic prostaglandin precursor to stimulate erythropoiesis and erythropoietin (Ep) production in exhypoxic polycythemic mice and the programmed isolated perfused canine kidney was investigated. Arachidonate in the lowest dose tested (50 microgram/kg i.p.) maximally stimulated erythropoiesis when administered to exhypoxic polycythemic mice. Kidneys from dogs made hypoxic for 4 hr at 0.42 atm pressure were perfused (2--3 ml/g/min, 37 degrees C) in a closed circuit system for 5 hr with blood from nonhypoxic donors. AA infusion (80 microgram/min) caused a significant (P less than .05) increase in erythropoietic activity of the perfusate as measured by the percentage of 48-hr 59Fe incorporation into red blood cells of exhypoxic polycythemic mice per milliliter of perfusate from an initial value of 1.66 +/- 0.50% to 6.05 +/- 0.96% over the 1st hr of infusion whereas vehicle controls showed no change. To determine whether this increase in Ep production was dependent on biosynthesis of renal prostaglandins and their intermediates, the ability of indomethacin to block AA-induced  Ep production was studied. When kidney donors were twice pretreated with indomethacin 12 hr and immediately before their hypoxic exposure, no increase in Ep titers were seen during AA infusion. These results support the hypothesis that endogenously synthesized prostaglandins, their intermediates and/or other products of AA metabolism, such as prostacyclin and prostaglandins play an important role in the control Ep production.", "contents": "The effects of arachidonic acid on erythropoietin production in exhypoxic polycythemic mice and the isolated perfused canine kidney. The ability of arachidonic acid (AA), the bisenoic prostaglandin precursor to stimulate erythropoiesis and erythropoietin (Ep) production in exhypoxic polycythemic mice and the programmed isolated perfused canine kidney was investigated. Arachidonate in the lowest dose tested (50 microgram/kg i.p.) maximally stimulated erythropoiesis when administered to exhypoxic polycythemic mice. Kidneys from dogs made hypoxic for 4 hr at 0.42 atm pressure were perfused (2--3 ml/g/min, 37 degrees C) in a closed circuit system for 5 hr with blood from nonhypoxic donors. AA infusion (80 microgram/min) caused a significant (P less than .05) increase in erythropoietic activity of the perfusate as measured by the percentage of 48-hr 59Fe incorporation into red blood cells of exhypoxic polycythemic mice per milliliter of perfusate from an initial value of 1.66 +/- 0.50% to 6.05 +/- 0.96% over the 1st hr of infusion whereas vehicle controls showed no change. To determine whether this increase in Ep production was dependent on biosynthesis of renal prostaglandins and their intermediates, the ability of indomethacin to block AA-induced  Ep production was studied. When kidney donors were twice pretreated with indomethacin 12 hr and immediately before their hypoxic exposure, no increase in Ep titers were seen during AA infusion. These results support the hypothesis that endogenously synthesized prostaglandins, their intermediates and/or other products of AA metabolism, such as prostacyclin and prostaglandins play an important role in the control Ep production.", "PMID": 712628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5428", "title": "Pirbuterol, a selecttve beta2 adrenergic bronchodilator.", "content": "Pirbuterol, 2-hydroxymethyl-3-hydroxy-6-(1-hydroxy-2-tert-butylaminoethyl)pyridine, is a new beta2 adrenergic agonist bronchodilator. Comparison of the relative potencies of pirbuterol, salbutamol and isoproterenol as relaxants of isolated guinea-pig tracheal muscle and as positive chronotropic agents in isolated guinea-pig atria indicate that the relative selectivity of pirbuterol for pulmonary as opposed to cardiac tissue is 9 times greater than that for salbutamol and some 1500 times greater than that for isoproterenol. Pirbuterol is effective by the oral, intravenous and inhalation routes of administration. In conscious guinea pigs, pirbuterol antagonizes both histamine- and acetylcholine-induced bronchoconstriction and \"microshock\" anaphylaxis; combinations of pirbuterol and theophylline cause additive effects against histamine-induced bronchoconstriction. In conscious dogs, the cardiovascular effects of pirbuterol are clearly distinguished from those of salbutamol, in that salbutamol causes a more pronounced tachycardia. In anesthetized dogs the cardiovascular effects of pirbuterol and salbutamol are comparable; they are less potent than isoproterenol and have less pronounced although longer lasting effects.", "contents": "Pirbuterol, a selecttve beta2 adrenergic bronchodilator. Pirbuterol, 2-hydroxymethyl-3-hydroxy-6-(1-hydroxy-2-tert-butylaminoethyl)pyridine, is a new beta2 adrenergic agonist bronchodilator. Comparison of the relative potencies of pirbuterol, salbutamol and isoproterenol as relaxants of isolated guinea-pig tracheal muscle and as positive chronotropic agents in isolated guinea-pig atria indicate that the relative selectivity of pirbuterol for pulmonary as opposed to cardiac tissue is 9 times greater than that for salbutamol and some 1500 times greater than that for isoproterenol. Pirbuterol is effective by the oral, intravenous and inhalation routes of administration. In conscious guinea pigs, pirbuterol antagonizes both histamine- and acetylcholine-induced bronchoconstriction and \"microshock\" anaphylaxis; combinations of pirbuterol and theophylline cause additive effects against histamine-induced bronchoconstriction. In conscious dogs, the cardiovascular effects of pirbuterol are clearly distinguished from those of salbutamol, in that salbutamol causes a more pronounced tachycardia. In anesthetized dogs the cardiovascular effects of pirbuterol and salbutamol are comparable; they are less potent than isoproterenol and have less pronounced although longer lasting effects.", "PMID": 712629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5429", "title": "Beta adrenergic stimulation of protein carboxymethylation and amylase secretion in rat parotid gland.", "content": "Protein carboxymethylase (S-adenosyl-l-methionine:protein-O-methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.24) transfers methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine to protein carboxyl groups. This cytosolic enzyme is found in highest concentration in secretory tissue and methylates membrane proteins. Stimulation of the parotid gland by catecholamines rapidly and reversibly increases protein carboxymethylase activity and methyl acceptor capacity of proteins in parotid homogenates. Isoproterenol was effective at concentrations causing amylase release in vivo and in vitro. Both enzyme activity and methyl acceptor capacity of proteins increased within 5 min, continued to increase for 30 min and then declined to control values within 60 min. The response to isoproterenol was stereospecific. The action of isoproterenol could be blocked by the beta adrenergic antagonist propranolol, while the alpha adrenergic agonist phenylephrine did not stimulate the enzyme or increase methyl acceptor proteins. Methyl acceptor proteins have been partially characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Although many proteins in the parotid are methylated, only two groups of methylated proteins increase after stimulation by isoproterenol.", "contents": "Beta adrenergic stimulation of protein carboxymethylation and amylase secretion in rat parotid gland. Protein carboxymethylase (S-adenosyl-l-methionine:protein-O-methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.24) transfers methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine to protein carboxyl groups. This cytosolic enzyme is found in highest concentration in secretory tissue and methylates membrane proteins. Stimulation of the parotid gland by catecholamines rapidly and reversibly increases protein carboxymethylase activity and methyl acceptor capacity of proteins in parotid homogenates. Isoproterenol was effective at concentrations causing amylase release in vivo and in vitro. Both enzyme activity and methyl acceptor capacity of proteins increased within 5 min, continued to increase for 30 min and then declined to control values within 60 min. The response to isoproterenol was stereospecific. The action of isoproterenol could be blocked by the beta adrenergic antagonist propranolol, while the alpha adrenergic agonist phenylephrine did not stimulate the enzyme or increase methyl acceptor proteins. Methyl acceptor proteins have been partially characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Although many proteins in the parotid are methylated, only two groups of methylated proteins increase after stimulation by isoproterenol.", "PMID": 712630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5430", "title": "Analysis of the bradykinin response in dogs and its antagonism by analgesic drugs.", "content": "Dogs respond to bradykinin (triacetate) by struggling, vocalizing, and/or biting. In 128 dogs used twice, the threshold dose of the peptide increased more than 2-fold, while its onset and duration of action were unchanged. In both trials, the frequency distribution of the threshold dose was not normal; struggling occurred alone or with vocalization and/or biting in 95% of the animals in the first trial and in 96% of the animals in the second trial. In assaying analgesic drugs for antibradykinin activity, multiples of the threshold dose of the peptide were given after oral administration to compensate for tachphylaxis. The oral ED50 values (95% confidence limits) were 0.80 (0.50--1.06) mg/kg for d-amphetamine, 1.20 (0.63--2.57) mg/kg for indomethacin, 1.90 (0.50--6.48) mg/kg for methadone, 15.0 (8.0--30.9) mg/kg for phenylbutazone and 50.0 (20.0--120.0) mg/kg for acetylsalicylic acid. ED50 values for d-proproxyphene, codeine, meperidine, pentazocine and ethoheptaxine by the oral route could not be determined. The intravenous ED50 (95% confidence limits) of meperidine was 0.80 (0.30--1.90 mg/kg. The antibradykinin model in dogs is sensitive to orally administered acetylsalicylic acid-type analgesic compounds which may be a reflection of their prostaglandinsynthetase inhibiting properties.", "contents": "Analysis of the bradykinin response in dogs and its antagonism by analgesic drugs. Dogs respond to bradykinin (triacetate) by struggling, vocalizing, and/or biting. In 128 dogs used twice, the threshold dose of the peptide increased more than 2-fold, while its onset and duration of action were unchanged. In both trials, the frequency distribution of the threshold dose was not normal; struggling occurred alone or with vocalization and/or biting in 95% of the animals in the first trial and in 96% of the animals in the second trial. In assaying analgesic drugs for antibradykinin activity, multiples of the threshold dose of the peptide were given after oral administration to compensate for tachphylaxis. The oral ED50 values (95% confidence limits) were 0.80 (0.50--1.06) mg/kg for d-amphetamine, 1.20 (0.63--2.57) mg/kg for indomethacin, 1.90 (0.50--6.48) mg/kg for methadone, 15.0 (8.0--30.9) mg/kg for phenylbutazone and 50.0 (20.0--120.0) mg/kg for acetylsalicylic acid. ED50 values for d-proproxyphene, codeine, meperidine, pentazocine and ethoheptaxine by the oral route could not be determined. The intravenous ED50 (95% confidence limits) of meperidine was 0.80 (0.30--1.90 mg/kg. The antibradykinin model in dogs is sensitive to orally administered acetylsalicylic acid-type analgesic compounds which may be a reflection of their prostaglandinsynthetase inhibiting properties.", "PMID": 712631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5431", "title": "Enhancement of morphine analgesia and brain levels by methamphetamine in mice.", "content": "Methamphetamine and morphine were approximately equipotent in producing analgesia in mice using the tail-flick assay. The ED50 for morphine analgesia was significantly reduced when 3.2 mg/kg of methamphetamine was given 5 or 60 min before morphine. Methamphetamine pretreatment increased the peak effect but did not alter the duration of morphine analgesia. Enhancement of morphine analgesia was apparent when methamphetamine was given up to 60 min before morphine and it did not coincide with analgesia produced by methamphetamine alone. Brain levels of morphine were found to be significantly higher in methamphetamine- compared to saline-pretreated mice, at times when enhanced analgesia was observed. Further studies showed that morphine brain levels were increased by methamphetamine pretreatment in an apparent dose-dependent manner. The analgesia observed at several morphine brain levels was compared in order to determine whether enhanced analgesia resulted from increased morphine brain levels. Methamphetamine administration 5 or 60 min before morphine shifted the log morphine brain level-response curves for morphine analgesia to the left and the morphine brain level at a given percent analgesia was significantly lower in methamphetamine- than in saline-pretreated mice. In addition, methamphetamine pretreatment enhanced methadone analgesia but had no effect on methadone brain levels.", "contents": "Enhancement of morphine analgesia and brain levels by methamphetamine in mice. Methamphetamine and morphine were approximately equipotent in producing analgesia in mice using the tail-flick assay. The ED50 for morphine analgesia was significantly reduced when 3.2 mg/kg of methamphetamine was given 5 or 60 min before morphine. Methamphetamine pretreatment increased the peak effect but did not alter the duration of morphine analgesia. Enhancement of morphine analgesia was apparent when methamphetamine was given up to 60 min before morphine and it did not coincide with analgesia produced by methamphetamine alone. Brain levels of morphine were found to be significantly higher in methamphetamine- compared to saline-pretreated mice, at times when enhanced analgesia was observed. Further studies showed that morphine brain levels were increased by methamphetamine pretreatment in an apparent dose-dependent manner. The analgesia observed at several morphine brain levels was compared in order to determine whether enhanced analgesia resulted from increased morphine brain levels. Methamphetamine administration 5 or 60 min before morphine shifted the log morphine brain level-response curves for morphine analgesia to the left and the morphine brain level at a given percent analgesia was significantly lower in methamphetamine- than in saline-pretreated mice. In addition, methamphetamine pretreatment enhanced methadone analgesia but had no effect on methadone brain levels.", "PMID": 712632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5432", "title": "Effects of natural pyrimidines and of certain related compounds on the spontaneous activity of the mouse.", "content": "Uracil and perhaps other natural pyrimidines may effect the level of arousal of the mammalian brain since: 1) heterocyclic 6-membered rings, which resemble uracil, form part of the structure of many hypnotics; and 2) 6-azauracil (and its riboside) have shown to be hypnotic for several mammalian species, including man. The parenteral administration of uridine, 6-azauridine, cytidine or thymidine depressed the spontaneous activity of adult male C-57 mice. 6-Azauridine was much less potent than the other ribosides tested. Cytosine, barbituric acid, 2-thiobarbituric acid, 2,4-dihydroxypyridine and a variety of pyrimidine catabolites had no effect on activity. Thymine, uracil, 6-azauracil, barbital and phenobarbital increased activity at lower doses and decreased activity at higher ones. 6-Azauracil and uracil were about equally potent as stimulants of activity, but 6-azauracil had about twice the potency of uracil as a depressant of activity. Thymine, which was more active than uracil, had about 10% the potency of barbital, both as a stimulant and as a depressant of activity. For thymine and the two barbiturates the ED50 (for depression of activity) was of the same magnitude as the LD50, while the dose which caused 50% stimulation of activity was about an order of magnitude less than the LD50. These results suggest that the barbiturates might affect arousal by simulating the structure of thymine or uracil at some receptor.", "contents": "Effects of natural pyrimidines and of certain related compounds on the spontaneous activity of the mouse. Uracil and perhaps other natural pyrimidines may effect the level of arousal of the mammalian brain since: 1) heterocyclic 6-membered rings, which resemble uracil, form part of the structure of many hypnotics; and 2) 6-azauracil (and its riboside) have shown to be hypnotic for several mammalian species, including man. The parenteral administration of uridine, 6-azauridine, cytidine or thymidine depressed the spontaneous activity of adult male C-57 mice. 6-Azauridine was much less potent than the other ribosides tested. Cytosine, barbituric acid, 2-thiobarbituric acid, 2,4-dihydroxypyridine and a variety of pyrimidine catabolites had no effect on activity. Thymine, uracil, 6-azauracil, barbital and phenobarbital increased activity at lower doses and decreased activity at higher ones. 6-Azauracil and uracil were about equally potent as stimulants of activity, but 6-azauracil had about twice the potency of uracil as a depressant of activity. Thymine, which was more active than uracil, had about 10% the potency of barbital, both as a stimulant and as a depressant of activity. For thymine and the two barbiturates the ED50 (for depression of activity) was of the same magnitude as the LD50, while the dose which caused 50% stimulation of activity was about an order of magnitude less than the LD50. These results suggest that the barbiturates might affect arousal by simulating the structure of thymine or uracil at some receptor.", "PMID": 712633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5433", "title": "Chronic chlordiazepoxide and pentobarbital interactions on punished and unpunished behavior.", "content": "Dose-effect curves were determined in rats for the effects of drugs on punished and unpunished responding maintained by fixed-interval schedules of food presentation before, during and after the drinking of large daily doses of chlordiazepoxide and pentobarbital. An average intake of 50 mg/kg/day of chlordiazepoxide produced tolerance to the rate-decreasing effects of chlordiazepoxide on unpunished responding and cross-tolerance to the rate-decreasing effects of pentobarbital. During chlordiazepoxide drinking, rate-increasing effects of both chlordiazepoxide and pentobarbital on punished responding became apparent. There was no evidence for cross-tolerance between chlordiazepoxide and chlorpromazine. An average intake of 100 mg/kg/day of pentobarbital produced similar evidence of tolerance to the rate-decreasing effects of pentobarbital on unpunished responding and cross-tolerance to the rate-decreasing effects of chlordiazepoxide. Removal of chlordiazepoxide from the drinking water temporarily increased unpunished responding; however, 6 weeks after withdrawal of chlordiazepoxide or pentobarbital from the drinking water, the dose-effect curves for injections of these drugs appeared to be returning to their original positions.", "contents": "Chronic chlordiazepoxide and pentobarbital interactions on punished and unpunished behavior. Dose-effect curves were determined in rats for the effects of drugs on punished and unpunished responding maintained by fixed-interval schedules of food presentation before, during and after the drinking of large daily doses of chlordiazepoxide and pentobarbital. An average intake of 50 mg/kg/day of chlordiazepoxide produced tolerance to the rate-decreasing effects of chlordiazepoxide on unpunished responding and cross-tolerance to the rate-decreasing effects of pentobarbital. During chlordiazepoxide drinking, rate-increasing effects of both chlordiazepoxide and pentobarbital on punished responding became apparent. There was no evidence for cross-tolerance between chlordiazepoxide and chlorpromazine. An average intake of 100 mg/kg/day of pentobarbital produced similar evidence of tolerance to the rate-decreasing effects of pentobarbital on unpunished responding and cross-tolerance to the rate-decreasing effects of chlordiazepoxide. Removal of chlordiazepoxide from the drinking water temporarily increased unpunished responding; however, 6 weeks after withdrawal of chlordiazepoxide or pentobarbital from the drinking water, the dose-effect curves for injections of these drugs appeared to be returning to their original positions.", "PMID": 712634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5434", "title": "Hypothermia and the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pancuronium in the cat.", "content": "We tested the effect of hypothermia on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pancuronium in the cat. In 14 cats given pancuronium, 120 microgram/kg i.v., we found that neuromuscular block lasted between 2.5 and 3.0 times longer at 29 degrees C (N = 5) than at 34 degrees C (N = 5) or 39 degrees C (N = 4). The apparent plasma elimination half-life was 46 +/- 7 min (S.E.) at 29 degrees C as compared to 21 +/- 2 and 25 +/- 6 min at 34 and 39 degrees C, respectively. The volume of distribution of the central compartment and total volume of distribution at steady state were less at 29 and 34 dgrees C than at 39 degrees C. Total plasma clearance was 4.3 +/- 0.4 ml/kg/min at 29 degrees C and 10.7 +/- 0.9 and 10.9 +/- 1.5 ml/kg/min at 34 and 39 degrees C, respectively. The reduced plasma clearance resulted at least in part from a markedly reduced biliary and urinary excretion of pancuronium at 29 degrees C as compared to 34 and 39 degrees C. In four other cats, the plasma concentration of pancuronium was correlated with depression of twitch tension under steady-state conditions. The ED50 of pancuronium (plasma concentration required for a 50% depression of twitch tension) was 0.035 and 0.073 microgram/ml at 29 and 38 degrees C, respectively. We conclude that a pancuronium neuromuscular block is prolonged at 29 degrees C because of an increased sensitivity of the neuromuscular junction to pancuronium and delayed biliary and urinary excretion.", "contents": "Hypothermia and the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pancuronium in the cat. We tested the effect of hypothermia on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pancuronium in the cat. In 14 cats given pancuronium, 120 microgram/kg i.v., we found that neuromuscular block lasted between 2.5 and 3.0 times longer at 29 degrees C (N = 5) than at 34 degrees C (N = 5) or 39 degrees C (N = 4). The apparent plasma elimination half-life was 46 +/- 7 min (S.E.) at 29 degrees C as compared to 21 +/- 2 and 25 +/- 6 min at 34 and 39 degrees C, respectively. The volume of distribution of the central compartment and total volume of distribution at steady state were less at 29 and 34 dgrees C than at 39 degrees C. Total plasma clearance was 4.3 +/- 0.4 ml/kg/min at 29 degrees C and 10.7 +/- 0.9 and 10.9 +/- 1.5 ml/kg/min at 34 and 39 degrees C, respectively. The reduced plasma clearance resulted at least in part from a markedly reduced biliary and urinary excretion of pancuronium at 29 degrees C as compared to 34 and 39 degrees C. In four other cats, the plasma concentration of pancuronium was correlated with depression of twitch tension under steady-state conditions. The ED50 of pancuronium (plasma concentration required for a 50% depression of twitch tension) was 0.035 and 0.073 microgram/ml at 29 and 38 degrees C, respectively. We conclude that a pancuronium neuromuscular block is prolonged at 29 degrees C because of an increased sensitivity of the neuromuscular junction to pancuronium and delayed biliary and urinary excretion.", "PMID": 712635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5435", "title": "The comparative potency and pharmacokinetics of pancuronium and its metabolites in anesthetized man.", "content": "To determine the potency of pancuronium and its metabolites, 3-OH-, 17-OH- and 3,17-OH-pancuronium, cumulative dose-response curves were determined in five anesthetized patients with each drug. Pancuronium (ED50 = 0.041 mg/kg) was 2 times more potent than 3-OH-pancuronium (ED50 = 0.082 mg/kg), 50 times more potent than 17-OH-pancuronium (ED50 = 2.0 mg/kg) and 54 times more potent than 3,17-OH--pancuronium (ED50 = 2.15 mg/kg). In 21 other patients, one equipotent dose of either pancuronium or one of its metabolites was given as an i.v. bolus. Onset time and duration of neuromuscular blockade from 3-OH- and 3,17-OH-pancuronium did not differ significantly from that of pancuronium; 17-OH-pancuronium had a shorter duration of action than did pancuronium. Although pancuronium tended to have a slightly longer elimination half-life, the pharmacokinetics of the four drugs did not differ significantly. The elimination half-lifes were 110, 68, 73 and 71 min for pancuronium and its 3-OH, 17-OH and 3,17-OH derivatives, respectively. We conclude that although pancuronium is more potent than its 3-OH, 17-OH and 3,17-OH metabolites, the pharmacokinetics of these three metabolites do not differ from each other and from that of pancuronium.", "contents": "The comparative potency and pharmacokinetics of pancuronium and its metabolites in anesthetized man. To determine the potency of pancuronium and its metabolites, 3-OH-, 17-OH- and 3,17-OH-pancuronium, cumulative dose-response curves were determined in five anesthetized patients with each drug. Pancuronium (ED50 = 0.041 mg/kg) was 2 times more potent than 3-OH-pancuronium (ED50 = 0.082 mg/kg), 50 times more potent than 17-OH-pancuronium (ED50 = 2.0 mg/kg) and 54 times more potent than 3,17-OH--pancuronium (ED50 = 2.15 mg/kg). In 21 other patients, one equipotent dose of either pancuronium or one of its metabolites was given as an i.v. bolus. Onset time and duration of neuromuscular blockade from 3-OH- and 3,17-OH-pancuronium did not differ significantly from that of pancuronium; 17-OH-pancuronium had a shorter duration of action than did pancuronium. Although pancuronium tended to have a slightly longer elimination half-life, the pharmacokinetics of the four drugs did not differ significantly. The elimination half-lifes were 110, 68, 73 and 71 min for pancuronium and its 3-OH, 17-OH and 3,17-OH derivatives, respectively. We conclude that although pancuronium is more potent than its 3-OH, 17-OH and 3,17-OH metabolites, the pharmacokinetics of these three metabolites do not differ from each other and from that of pancuronium.", "PMID": 712636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5436", "title": "Metabolism of amphetamine after acute and chronic administration to the rat.", "content": "The distribution of amphetamine (AMPH) and its hydroxylated metabolites p-hydroxyamphetamine (POHA), p-hydroxynorephedrine (POHNOR) and p-hydroxyamphetamine glucuronide (POHAG) in various tissues was studied after acute and chronic administration of AMPH to rats. After intraperitoneal administration of a single dose of [3H]AMPH, tissue [3H]AMPH levels increased rapidly to a maximum within 15 to 20 min of administration and then declined biphasically [(t1/2 = 0.5--0.9 hr for the distribution phase (alpha) and 5--9 hr for the elimination phase (beta)]. Tissue [3H]POHA levels and liver [3H] POHAG levels also increased rapidly and then declined exponentially (t1/2 = 4--10 hr for POHA), while tissue [3H]POHNOR increased gradually and declined with a half-life of 18 to 24 hr. The distribution of [3H]AMPH and its 3H-metabolites after a single dose of [3H] AMPH changed significantly after chronic administration of amphetamine. [3H]AMPH content in tissues of chronically treated rats was significantly greater 30 min after [3H]AMPH administration than that observed in tissues of animals not previously treated with AMPH. The disappearance of [3H]POHA from liver and [3H]POHNOR from heart was accelerated and the disappearance of [3H] POHAG from liver was slowed in chronically treated animals relative to controls, while the half-life of [3H]AMPH was unchanged in these animals. Tissue content of both AMPH and POHNOR 12 hr after the last of six doses of AMPH was significantly greater than that observed after a single dose, suggesting that significant accumulation of both compounds occurs during chronic AMPH administration. These studies suggest that the changes in the distribution of AMPH and its active metabolites which occur during chronic AMPH administration might be involved in the altered behavioral response to AMPH observed during such chronic administration.", "contents": "Metabolism of amphetamine after acute and chronic administration to the rat. The distribution of amphetamine (AMPH) and its hydroxylated metabolites p-hydroxyamphetamine (POHA), p-hydroxynorephedrine (POHNOR) and p-hydroxyamphetamine glucuronide (POHAG) in various tissues was studied after acute and chronic administration of AMPH to rats. After intraperitoneal administration of a single dose of [3H]AMPH, tissue [3H]AMPH levels increased rapidly to a maximum within 15 to 20 min of administration and then declined biphasically [(t1/2 = 0.5--0.9 hr for the distribution phase (alpha) and 5--9 hr for the elimination phase (beta)]. Tissue [3H]POHA levels and liver [3H] POHAG levels also increased rapidly and then declined exponentially (t1/2 = 4--10 hr for POHA), while tissue [3H]POHNOR increased gradually and declined with a half-life of 18 to 24 hr. The distribution of [3H]AMPH and its 3H-metabolites after a single dose of [3H] AMPH changed significantly after chronic administration of amphetamine. [3H]AMPH content in tissues of chronically treated rats was significantly greater 30 min after [3H]AMPH administration than that observed in tissues of animals not previously treated with AMPH. The disappearance of [3H]POHA from liver and [3H]POHNOR from heart was accelerated and the disappearance of [3H] POHAG from liver was slowed in chronically treated animals relative to controls, while the half-life of [3H]AMPH was unchanged in these animals. Tissue content of both AMPH and POHNOR 12 hr after the last of six doses of AMPH was significantly greater than that observed after a single dose, suggesting that significant accumulation of both compounds occurs during chronic AMPH administration. These studies suggest that the changes in the distribution of AMPH and its active metabolites which occur during chronic AMPH administration might be involved in the altered behavioral response to AMPH observed during such chronic administration.", "PMID": 712637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5437", "title": "First-pass effect of norethindrone in rabbits and rats.", "content": "The influence of the route of administration on the pharmacokinetics of the synthetic progestogen norethindrone was studied in the rabbit and rat. In the rabbit, the area under the curve (AUC) after oral administration was 54% of that after i.v. administration. In the rat, the AUC after administration into the hepatic portal vein was 32% of AUCi.v.; after oral administration the AUCoral was 13.7% of AUCi.v. and 57.6% of AUCportal. Therefore, in both the rabbit and rat norethindrone is subject to a first-pass effect. Using the technique of constant withdrawal of blood from the hepatic portal vein after drug administration into the gastrointestinal tract, it was shown the norethindrone is metabolized in the gut wall. Hence, in the rat at least, there are both intestinal and hepatic components of the overall first-pass effect. In addition, increasing the time of intraportal injection from 15 sec to 2 min (thereby reducing the rate of drug delivery to the liver) resulted in the AUC being reduced by 40%. Dose-dependent kinetics were observed with doses of norethindrone greater than 500 microgram/kg.", "contents": "First-pass effect of norethindrone in rabbits and rats. The influence of the route of administration on the pharmacokinetics of the synthetic progestogen norethindrone was studied in the rabbit and rat. In the rabbit, the area under the curve (AUC) after oral administration was 54% of that after i.v. administration. In the rat, the AUC after administration into the hepatic portal vein was 32% of AUCi.v.; after oral administration the AUCoral was 13.7% of AUCi.v. and 57.6% of AUCportal. Therefore, in both the rabbit and rat norethindrone is subject to a first-pass effect. Using the technique of constant withdrawal of blood from the hepatic portal vein after drug administration into the gastrointestinal tract, it was shown the norethindrone is metabolized in the gut wall. Hence, in the rat at least, there are both intestinal and hepatic components of the overall first-pass effect. In addition, increasing the time of intraportal injection from 15 sec to 2 min (thereby reducing the rate of drug delivery to the liver) resulted in the AUC being reduced by 40%. Dose-dependent kinetics were observed with doses of norethindrone greater than 500 microgram/kg.", "PMID": 712638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5438", "title": "The metabolism and active excretion of the hypoxanthine by the renal tubules in the chicken.", "content": "Infusion of [14C]hypoxanthine into one renal portal circulation of the chicken resulted in an excess of [14C]uric acid excreted into the urine from the infused side kidney. No [14C]hypoxanthine appeared in the urine from either kidney. When the renal metabolism of [14C]hypoxanthine was inhibited by xanthine dehydrogenase inhibitors, almost no excess 14C-label appeared in the urine of the infused side suggesting that formation of nephrogenic urate plays an important role in the tubular excretion of hypoxanthine. A comparison of the effects of inhibitors on the renal excretion of preformed urate and nephrogenic urate suggests the existence of a p-aminohippurate-independent transport step for purines at the luminal membrane of the renal tubular cell. Studies with transport inhibitors suggest that the active transport step is anionic in character.", "contents": "The metabolism and active excretion of the hypoxanthine by the renal tubules in the chicken. Infusion of [14C]hypoxanthine into one renal portal circulation of the chicken resulted in an excess of [14C]uric acid excreted into the urine from the infused side kidney. No [14C]hypoxanthine appeared in the urine from either kidney. When the renal metabolism of [14C]hypoxanthine was inhibited by xanthine dehydrogenase inhibitors, almost no excess 14C-label appeared in the urine of the infused side suggesting that formation of nephrogenic urate plays an important role in the tubular excretion of hypoxanthine. A comparison of the effects of inhibitors on the renal excretion of preformed urate and nephrogenic urate suggests the existence of a p-aminohippurate-independent transport step for purines at the luminal membrane of the renal tubular cell. Studies with transport inhibitors suggest that the active transport step is anionic in character.", "PMID": 712639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5439", "title": "The rates of interaction of local anesthetics with sodium channels in nerve.", "content": "Voltage clamp experiments were carried out on Rana catesbiana nodes of Ranvier in order to test predictions regarding the relationship between local anesthetic lipid solubility and the rate of development of and recovery from frequency-dependent increments of sodium channel block. Contrary to expectations, the drugs of greater lipid solubility than lidocaine showed slower rates of development of frequency-dependent block and, in addition, induced longer rather than shorter memories for recent frequency-depent increments in channel block. Relaxation time constants for bupivacaine (50 micrometer), etidocaine (15 micrometer) and tetracaine (0.7 micrometer) measured 50, 8 and 8 sec, respectively, compared to shorter time constant of 2 sec for lidocaine (250 micrometer). Rate constants were calculated for binding to channels in both open and closed states. Open channels displayed a 130- to 6000-fold greater affinity for the local anesthetics than did closed channels, verifying an important feature of the \"modulated receptor\" hypothesis. In addition, binding to closed channels was enhanced by holding the membrane at more depolarizing potentials, which favored the development of inactive channel states. The exceptionally large binding constants of lidocaine for interactions with both closed and open channels cannot be attributed to its lipid solubility characteristics alone.", "contents": "The rates of interaction of local anesthetics with sodium channels in nerve. Voltage clamp experiments were carried out on Rana catesbiana nodes of Ranvier in order to test predictions regarding the relationship between local anesthetic lipid solubility and the rate of development of and recovery from frequency-dependent increments of sodium channel block. Contrary to expectations, the drugs of greater lipid solubility than lidocaine showed slower rates of development of frequency-dependent block and, in addition, induced longer rather than shorter memories for recent frequency-depent increments in channel block. Relaxation time constants for bupivacaine (50 micrometer), etidocaine (15 micrometer) and tetracaine (0.7 micrometer) measured 50, 8 and 8 sec, respectively, compared to shorter time constant of 2 sec for lidocaine (250 micrometer). Rate constants were calculated for binding to channels in both open and closed states. Open channels displayed a 130- to 6000-fold greater affinity for the local anesthetics than did closed channels, verifying an important feature of the \"modulated receptor\" hypothesis. In addition, binding to closed channels was enhanced by holding the membrane at more depolarizing potentials, which favored the development of inactive channel states. The exceptionally large binding constants of lidocaine for interactions with both closed and open channels cannot be attributed to its lipid solubility characteristics alone.", "PMID": 712641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5440", "title": "Investigation of a dopaminergic mechanism for regulating oxytocin release.", "content": "The isolated hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system (HNS) of male rats was incubated with putative neurotransmitters in vitro to determine their significance in regulating oxytocin release. Dopamine was found to inhibit the spontaneous release of oxytocin from the HNS in a dose-related manner. The maximum inhibition produced by dopamine (10(-9) M) was significantly different from control values and was blocked by haloperidol (5 x 10(-5) M). Apomorphine (10(-9) M) mimicked the effect of dopamine on this system. The type of receptor involved in the inhibitory effect on oxytocin release is unclear, although a dopaminergic mechanism in vivo. When levodopa plus carbidopa were injected into male rats, the gland content of oxytocin in these animals was significantly increased over control values. When a similar dosage regimen was employed with pregnant rats beginning on day 16 of gestation, levodopa plus carbidopa delayed the average delivery time 12 hr. The results of these studies are also consistent with a dopaminergic mechanism for the regulation of oxytocin release.", "contents": "Investigation of a dopaminergic mechanism for regulating oxytocin release. The isolated hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system (HNS) of male rats was incubated with putative neurotransmitters in vitro to determine their significance in regulating oxytocin release. Dopamine was found to inhibit the spontaneous release of oxytocin from the HNS in a dose-related manner. The maximum inhibition produced by dopamine (10(-9) M) was significantly different from control values and was blocked by haloperidol (5 x 10(-5) M). Apomorphine (10(-9) M) mimicked the effect of dopamine on this system. The type of receptor involved in the inhibitory effect on oxytocin release is unclear, although a dopaminergic mechanism in vivo. When levodopa plus carbidopa were injected into male rats, the gland content of oxytocin in these animals was significantly increased over control values. When a similar dosage regimen was employed with pregnant rats beginning on day 16 of gestation, levodopa plus carbidopa delayed the average delivery time 12 hr. The results of these studies are also consistent with a dopaminergic mechanism for the regulation of oxytocin release.", "PMID": 712642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5441", "title": "Effects of chronic marihuana use on integrated plasma testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels.", "content": "Integrated plasma testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels were determined for 13 healthy adult males before, during and after a 21-day period of marihuana use. No significant relationships were found between antecedent or concurrent marihuana smoking and integrated plasma testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels. All values for all subjects obtained during the entire study were within normal limits for healthy adult males.", "contents": "Effects of chronic marihuana use on integrated plasma testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels. Integrated plasma testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels were determined for 13 healthy adult males before, during and after a 21-day period of marihuana use. No significant relationships were found between antecedent or concurrent marihuana smoking and integrated plasma testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels. All values for all subjects obtained during the entire study were within normal limits for healthy adult males.", "PMID": 712643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5442", "title": "Nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agents: regulators of the phagocytic secretion of lysosomal enzymes from guinea-pig neutrophils.", "content": "Several nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agents were evaluated for their capacity to modulate phagocytosis by and lysosomal enzyme secretion from polymorphonuclear neutrophils. During cell contact with and phagocytosis of serum-treated zymosan particles, guinea-pig neutrophils demonstrated a selective extracellular release of lysosome granule-associated beta-glucuronidase and acid protease but not cytoplasmic lactate dehydrogenase. Ketoprofen, suprofen, diftalone, benoxaprofen and Abbott 29590 inhibited particle uptake by and lysosomal enzyme release from neutrophils incubated with zymosan in Krebs-Ringer phosphate medium containing 7.5 mM glucose, pH 7.4, AT 37 degrees C. Flazalone and sulindac were inactive. In the presence of cytochalasin B, an agent which inhibits phagocytosis while having no effect on the selective discharge of lysosomal enzymes, ketoprofen, suprofen, diftalone, benoxaprofen and Abbott 29590 continued to inhibit the release of beta-glucuronidase and acid protease from neutrophils. An investigation of the properties of guinea-pig neutrophil acid protease activity revealed a pH optimum of 3.5. Activity was inhibited by diazoacetyl-DL-norleucine methyl ester and p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid. Sulfhydryl inhibitors, chelating agents and soybean trypsin inhibitor had no effect on neutrophil acid protease activity. These studies indicate that certain nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agents may function as regulators of the phagocytic secretion of lysosomal enzymes from neutrophils; and that these neutrophils contain an acid protease which resembles an enzyme known to mediate tissue destruction in several inflammatory diseases.", "contents": "Nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agents: regulators of the phagocytic secretion of lysosomal enzymes from guinea-pig neutrophils. Several nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agents were evaluated for their capacity to modulate phagocytosis by and lysosomal enzyme secretion from polymorphonuclear neutrophils. During cell contact with and phagocytosis of serum-treated zymosan particles, guinea-pig neutrophils demonstrated a selective extracellular release of lysosome granule-associated beta-glucuronidase and acid protease but not cytoplasmic lactate dehydrogenase. Ketoprofen, suprofen, diftalone, benoxaprofen and Abbott 29590 inhibited particle uptake by and lysosomal enzyme release from neutrophils incubated with zymosan in Krebs-Ringer phosphate medium containing 7.5 mM glucose, pH 7.4, AT 37 degrees C. Flazalone and sulindac were inactive. In the presence of cytochalasin B, an agent which inhibits phagocytosis while having no effect on the selective discharge of lysosomal enzymes, ketoprofen, suprofen, diftalone, benoxaprofen and Abbott 29590 continued to inhibit the release of beta-glucuronidase and acid protease from neutrophils. An investigation of the properties of guinea-pig neutrophil acid protease activity revealed a pH optimum of 3.5. Activity was inhibited by diazoacetyl-DL-norleucine methyl ester and p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid. Sulfhydryl inhibitors, chelating agents and soybean trypsin inhibitor had no effect on neutrophil acid protease activity. These studies indicate that certain nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agents may function as regulators of the phagocytic secretion of lysosomal enzymes from neutrophils; and that these neutrophils contain an acid protease which resembles an enzyme known to mediate tissue destruction in several inflammatory diseases.", "PMID": 712644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5443", "title": "Effect of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis and prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha on the immunologic release of mediators of inflammation from actively sensitized guinea-pig lung.", "content": "Histamine and slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) were released from actively sensitized guinea-pig chopped lung fragments (100 mg) in a concentration dependent manner by 0.2 to 100 microgram/ml of antigen. Individual variation between lungs in the proportion of the total histamine released by antigen (20 microgram/ml) showed a normal frequency distribution (n = 95). The effect of inhibitors of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis on the release of histamine and SRS-A was examined. Indomethacin (0.03--13 micrometer), racemic 6-chloro-alpha-methylcarbazole-2-acetic acid (0.03--3 micrometer) and sodium salicylate (0.8--8 micrometer) stimulated histamine release by high concentrations of antigen (more than 10 microgram/ml) but had no effect at low concentrations of antigen. These agents stimulated the release of SRS-A at all antigen concentrations tested. In contrast, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (0.04--42 micrometer) had no effect on the release of histamine but inhibited the release of SRS-A. Histamine release was stimulated by exogenous PGF2alpha (0.01--1 micrometer) in lungs which had control releases in the 25th percentile of the frequency distribution, but was unaffected by exogenous PGE2 (0.01--10 micrometer). In the presence of blockade of PG synthesis by indomethacin (13 micrometer), the stimulatory effect of PGF2alpha was enhanced while PGE2 antagonized the stimulatory effect of indomethacin. These results suggest that 1) histamine and SRS-A release from guinea-pig lung is regulated in part by the de novo synthesis of prostaglandins and 2) that SRS-A synthesis and release is influenced by a metabolite of arachidonic acid produced by a metabolic pathway other than cyclooxygenase.", "contents": "Effect of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis and prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha on the immunologic release of mediators of inflammation from actively sensitized guinea-pig lung. Histamine and slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) were released from actively sensitized guinea-pig chopped lung fragments (100 mg) in a concentration dependent manner by 0.2 to 100 microgram/ml of antigen. Individual variation between lungs in the proportion of the total histamine released by antigen (20 microgram/ml) showed a normal frequency distribution (n = 95). The effect of inhibitors of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis on the release of histamine and SRS-A was examined. Indomethacin (0.03--13 micrometer), racemic 6-chloro-alpha-methylcarbazole-2-acetic acid (0.03--3 micrometer) and sodium salicylate (0.8--8 micrometer) stimulated histamine release by high concentrations of antigen (more than 10 microgram/ml) but had no effect at low concentrations of antigen. These agents stimulated the release of SRS-A at all antigen concentrations tested. In contrast, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (0.04--42 micrometer) had no effect on the release of histamine but inhibited the release of SRS-A. Histamine release was stimulated by exogenous PGF2alpha (0.01--1 micrometer) in lungs which had control releases in the 25th percentile of the frequency distribution, but was unaffected by exogenous PGE2 (0.01--10 micrometer). In the presence of blockade of PG synthesis by indomethacin (13 micrometer), the stimulatory effect of PGF2alpha was enhanced while PGE2 antagonized the stimulatory effect of indomethacin. These results suggest that 1) histamine and SRS-A release from guinea-pig lung is regulated in part by the de novo synthesis of prostaglandins and 2) that SRS-A synthesis and release is influenced by a metabolite of arachidonic acid produced by a metabolic pathway other than cyclooxygenase.", "PMID": 712645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5444", "title": "[Studies on righting reflexes in newborn cats falling in the air (author's transl)].", "content": "The classical righting reflexes have been well illustrated in the familiar example of a falling adult cat, which always lands deftly on all four feet. It, however, has never been clear when newborn animals come to turn themselves in the air after birth. In the present studies the newborn cats were dropped in the air with legs pointed upward from a height of about 30 approximately 40 cm, and the observations were continued for the period of 36 days. The results were as follows: 1. The newborn cats fell plump on their back when they were dropped with legs pointed upward in the air. 2. No righting reflexes were observed in the cats of 27 days and downward. 3. The eyelids (rima palpebrarum) of the cats came to be open on the 8th approximately 14th after birth. 4. The cats which were suggested to obtain full eyesight judged from the observations of their behaviours had no visual righting reflexes when dropped with legs pointed upward. 5. The walking pattern of the cats changed in association with their growth. For the period of 20 days after birth the type of locomotion was creeping, for the period of 21st approximately 26th plantigradation, and after the 26th approximately 27th digitigradation. 6. It has been concluded that the righting reflexes as compound reflexes are never observed in the experimental cats for about one month after birth even though the cats have obtained each postural reflex, i.e. tonic neck or labyrinthine reflex which constitutes righting reflexes.", "contents": "[Studies on righting reflexes in newborn cats falling in the air (author's transl)]. The classical righting reflexes have been well illustrated in the familiar example of a falling adult cat, which always lands deftly on all four feet. It, however, has never been clear when newborn animals come to turn themselves in the air after birth. In the present studies the newborn cats were dropped in the air with legs pointed upward from a height of about 30 approximately 40 cm, and the observations were continued for the period of 36 days. The results were as follows: 1. The newborn cats fell plump on their back when they were dropped with legs pointed upward in the air. 2. No righting reflexes were observed in the cats of 27 days and downward. 3. The eyelids (rima palpebrarum) of the cats came to be open on the 8th approximately 14th after birth. 4. The cats which were suggested to obtain full eyesight judged from the observations of their behaviours had no visual righting reflexes when dropped with legs pointed upward. 5. The walking pattern of the cats changed in association with their growth. For the period of 20 days after birth the type of locomotion was creeping, for the period of 21st approximately 26th plantigradation, and after the 26th approximately 27th digitigradation. 6. It has been concluded that the righting reflexes as compound reflexes are never observed in the experimental cats for about one month after birth even though the cats have obtained each postural reflex, i.e. tonic neck or labyrinthine reflex which constitutes righting reflexes.", "PMID": 712647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5445", "title": "Linguistic negation in autistic and normal children.", "content": "Young, severely maladaptive autistic children with some speech competence were compared to normally developing 3-year-old children of lower and middle class and 5-year-olds of lower class on negation tasks. All subjects were shown 12 sets of cards depicting negative contrasts designed to elicit semantic categories of nonexistence, denial, and rejection and were tested for production, imitation, and comprehension. Syntactic and semantic analysis revealed that autistic children were superior imitators and poor producers but showed skills in comprehension comparable to a 4-year-old's level of functioning. While retarded in some functions, the experimental group produced syntactic structures that were more rigid, suggesting the significantly greater use of imitation as a major strategy in linguistic coding.", "contents": "Linguistic negation in autistic and normal children. Young, severely maladaptive autistic children with some speech competence were compared to normally developing 3-year-old children of lower and middle class and 5-year-olds of lower class on negation tasks. All subjects were shown 12 sets of cards depicting negative contrasts designed to elicit semantic categories of nonexistence, denial, and rejection and were tested for production, imitation, and comprehension. Syntactic and semantic analysis revealed that autistic children were superior imitators and poor producers but showed skills in comprehension comparable to a 4-year-old's level of functioning. While retarded in some functions, the experimental group produced syntactic structures that were more rigid, suggesting the significantly greater use of imitation as a major strategy in linguistic coding.", "PMID": 712648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5446", "title": "Toward a differentiation of descriptive and psycholinguistic language models: perceptual and orthographic/phonological analysis of spelling strategies.", "content": "Linguistic concepts of the principles and rule systems composing language are instantiated in the models known as grammars. These grammars, typically generative in format, are descriptions of those representatives of universal rule processes found in the particular language being described. Many psycholinguists are now becoming concerned with how to determine to what extent such formal descriptive language models also embody psychologically valid descriptions of speaker processes. It is this issue to which the current article is addressed. The psycholinguistic validity of a language model may be studied by experimental investigation of the degree to which speaker behaviors follow the patterns dictated by linguistic theory. In this article, English phonology, specifically the nature of phonological units in internalized phonological representations, was chosen as the area for study. The choice was made because English phonology is particularly well described by the standard theory, and because this theory contains explicit predictions about how English speakers' phonological knowledge will be realized in their control of English orthography, e.g., in spelling. The present article discusses a series of studies designed to determine whether speakers' spelling behavior follows the supposed patterns of phonological competence, wherein any divergences may lie, and to what processes they may be attributed. The results of the studies suggest the necessity for differentiating a formal description of English phonology from a psycholinguistic model.", "contents": "Toward a differentiation of descriptive and psycholinguistic language models: perceptual and orthographic/phonological analysis of spelling strategies. Linguistic concepts of the principles and rule systems composing language are instantiated in the models known as grammars. These grammars, typically generative in format, are descriptions of those representatives of universal rule processes found in the particular language being described. Many psycholinguists are now becoming concerned with how to determine to what extent such formal descriptive language models also embody psychologically valid descriptions of speaker processes. It is this issue to which the current article is addressed. The psycholinguistic validity of a language model may be studied by experimental investigation of the degree to which speaker behaviors follow the patterns dictated by linguistic theory. In this article, English phonology, specifically the nature of phonological units in internalized phonological representations, was chosen as the area for study. The choice was made because English phonology is particularly well described by the standard theory, and because this theory contains explicit predictions about how English speakers' phonological knowledge will be realized in their control of English orthography, e.g., in spelling. The present article discusses a series of studies designed to determine whether speakers' spelling behavior follows the supposed patterns of phonological competence, wherein any divergences may lie, and to what processes they may be attributed. The results of the studies suggest the necessity for differentiating a formal description of English phonology from a psycholinguistic model.", "PMID": 712649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5447", "title": "[Cockayne's syndrome; a radiological entity: a report on two familial cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of cockayne's syndrome occurring in the same family group are reported. The authors describe the chronological evolution of the bone lesions, based on radiological examinations of the older sister made at 4, 13 1/2, and 15 years of age. Evidence that clinical signs of early ageing are associated with a rapid drop in thymic hormone levels led the authors to search for radiological signs of premature ageing. At 15 years of age only minimal signs were apparent.", "contents": "[Cockayne's syndrome; a radiological entity: a report on two familial cases (author's transl)]. Two cases of cockayne's syndrome occurring in the same family group are reported. The authors describe the chronological evolution of the bone lesions, based on radiological examinations of the older sister made at 4, 13 1/2, and 15 years of age. Evidence that clinical signs of early ageing are associated with a rapid drop in thymic hormone levels led the authors to search for radiological signs of premature ageing. At 15 years of age only minimal signs were apparent.", "PMID": 712667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5448", "title": "[Use of radiology in the diagnosis of posttraumatic otoliquorrhea. A report on 33 operated cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The association of standard radiography and tomography can enable the origin of the fistula to be established with reasonable precision : complementary contrast cisternography should permit direct localization. Treatment is essentially the concern of the E.N.T. surgeon, but the problem cannot be resolved without a perfect understanding between the neurosurgeon, surgeon, E.N.T. specialist, and the radiologist.", "contents": "[Use of radiology in the diagnosis of posttraumatic otoliquorrhea. A report on 33 operated cases (author's transl)]. The association of standard radiography and tomography can enable the origin of the fistula to be established with reasonable precision : complementary contrast cisternography should permit direct localization. Treatment is essentially the concern of the E.N.T. surgeon, but the problem cannot be resolved without a perfect understanding between the neurosurgeon, surgeon, E.N.T. specialist, and the radiologist.", "PMID": 712668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5449", "title": "[Diagnosis of a non-functioning kidney pelvis in adults: a report on 12 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Two types of non-functioning supernumerary kidney pelvis are defined by analyzing 12 cases discovered in adult life. Those of congenital origin from glomerular aplasia, sometimes associated with a ureterocele or an ectopic anastomosis, and those due to an acquired lesion such as lithiasis, vesico-ureteral reflux, or secondary infection of a pocket of fluid. Radiological diagnosis is made by IVU with descending cystography and films taken during micturition. Cystoscopy and possibly retrograde ureteropyelography are essential in order to confirm the diagnosis.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of a non-functioning kidney pelvis in adults: a report on 12 cases (author's transl)]. Two types of non-functioning supernumerary kidney pelvis are defined by analyzing 12 cases discovered in adult life. Those of congenital origin from glomerular aplasia, sometimes associated with a ureterocele or an ectopic anastomosis, and those due to an acquired lesion such as lithiasis, vesico-ureteral reflux, or secondary infection of a pocket of fluid. Radiological diagnosis is made by IVU with descending cystography and films taken during micturition. Cystoscopy and possibly retrograde ureteropyelography are essential in order to confirm the diagnosis.", "PMID": 712670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5450", "title": "[Echotomography in the study of abdominal lymphadenopathies. Technique of examination and typical appearances (author's transl)].", "content": "Lymphographic opacification of the abdominal nodes is only partial, and it is therefore useful to have available another examination for the diagnosis of lymphadenopathies. Echography would seem to merit an important role since out of a series of 100 patients, it led to a positive and confirmed diagnosis in 78% of cases with 22% of errors, including 4% of false positives. In almost 20% of cases, echography gave additional information to that of lymphography, this justifying the simultaneous application of both examinations, either diagnostically or in the context of the surveillance of treatment. Lymphadenopathies are regularly visible from a diameter of 3 cm upwards, their structure is generally very slightly echogenic only and they may be perfectly precisely located. Problems of differential diagnosis are minimal if the technique is applied carefully, by contrast the appearance of lymphadenopathies is very similar and offers no indication as to the aetiology.", "contents": "[Echotomography in the study of abdominal lymphadenopathies. Technique of examination and typical appearances (author's transl)]. Lymphographic opacification of the abdominal nodes is only partial, and it is therefore useful to have available another examination for the diagnosis of lymphadenopathies. Echography would seem to merit an important role since out of a series of 100 patients, it led to a positive and confirmed diagnosis in 78% of cases with 22% of errors, including 4% of false positives. In almost 20% of cases, echography gave additional information to that of lymphography, this justifying the simultaneous application of both examinations, either diagnostically or in the context of the surveillance of treatment. Lymphadenopathies are regularly visible from a diameter of 3 cm upwards, their structure is generally very slightly echogenic only and they may be perfectly precisely located. Problems of differential diagnosis are minimal if the technique is applied carefully, by contrast the appearance of lymphadenopathies is very similar and offers no indication as to the aetiology.", "PMID": 712672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5451", "title": "[Current indications for barium meal examinations of the small intestine in malabsorption syndromes in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors study the correlation between the degree of abnormality seen on radiological examination and the extent of atrophy of the villi in 29 children suspected to have had malabsorption syndromes. The radiological signs are valid but at the present time-intestinal biopsy is the only certain diagnostic examination. Based on these observations, an attempt is made to define the indications for barium meal examination of the small intestine.", "contents": "[Current indications for barium meal examinations of the small intestine in malabsorption syndromes in children (author's transl)]. The authors study the correlation between the degree of abnormality seen on radiological examination and the extent of atrophy of the villi in 29 children suspected to have had malabsorption syndromes. The radiological signs are valid but at the present time-intestinal biopsy is the only certain diagnostic examination. Based on these observations, an attempt is made to define the indications for barium meal examination of the small intestine.", "PMID": 712673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5452", "title": "[Opacification of the aortic arch using a long needle-catheter. Modification of the catheter and precautions to be taken (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors modified the long needle-catheter used by Amplatz and Stocks, by adding lateral openings. The modified needle-catheter was used to study the aorta and its branches using the left translumbar approach. The high rate of blood flow (30 to 34 ml/s) gave excellent opacification of the thoracic and abdominal aortas, and the lower limbs.", "contents": "[Opacification of the aortic arch using a long needle-catheter. Modification of the catheter and precautions to be taken (author's transl)]. The authors modified the long needle-catheter used by Amplatz and Stocks, by adding lateral openings. The modified needle-catheter was used to study the aorta and its branches using the left translumbar approach. The high rate of blood flow (30 to 34 ml/s) gave excellent opacification of the thoracic and abdominal aortas, and the lower limbs.", "PMID": 712675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5453", "title": "[Use of an automatic switch mechanism during diagnostic radiological procedures of pulmonary affections in babies and infants (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report their experience with the use of an automatic switch mechanism allowing continuous pulmonary radiograms during deep inspiration in babies and infants. The apparatus is easy to use and the films can be taken almost as quickly as normal radiograms. This automatic switch mechanism is particularly useful for polypnoeic infants and should be employed more widely.", "contents": "[Use of an automatic switch mechanism during diagnostic radiological procedures of pulmonary affections in babies and infants (author's transl)]. The authors report their experience with the use of an automatic switch mechanism allowing continuous pulmonary radiograms during deep inspiration in babies and infants. The apparatus is easy to use and the films can be taken almost as quickly as normal radiograms. This automatic switch mechanism is particularly useful for polypnoeic infants and should be employed more widely.", "PMID": 712676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5454", "title": "[Mesenteric lipomas in children: a report on one case (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of mesenteric lipoma presenting as an isolated abdominal masse in a boy of 20 months is reported. Diagnosis was made from the appearance of the fatty mass in a straight abdominal film. Radiological examination was completed by urography and echotomography. The analysis of 11 identical cases found in the literature enabled the principal clinical and radiological characterists of this affection to be defined and evoked the problems of differential diagnosis from other lipomatous abdominal masses and cystic lymphangioma.", "contents": "[Mesenteric lipomas in children: a report on one case (author's transl)]. A case of mesenteric lipoma presenting as an isolated abdominal masse in a boy of 20 months is reported. Diagnosis was made from the appearance of the fatty mass in a straight abdominal film. Radiological examination was completed by urography and echotomography. The analysis of 11 identical cases found in the literature enabled the principal clinical and radiological characterists of this affection to be defined and evoked the problems of differential diagnosis from other lipomatous abdominal masses and cystic lymphangioma.", "PMID": 712674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5455", "title": "Correlations of maternal and fetal endocrine events with uterine pressure changes around parturition in the ewe.", "content": "In 4 Clun Forest ewes maternal peripheral plasma concentrations of progesterone were still elevated at the onset of parturient uterine activity. Fetal and maternal plasma concentrations of oestrogen started to rise before parturition and concentrations in maternal plasma were positively correlated with parturient uterine activity (P less than 0.05; r = +0.42). Fetal plasma concentrations of corticosteroids were positively correlated with fetal plasma concentrations of oestrogen (P less than 0.01; r = +0.65), but negatively correlated with maternal peripheral plasma progesterone concentrations (P less than 0.05; r = -0.50). Before parturition plasma concentrations of PGF rose but stayed high only in maternal peripheral plasma. Maternal peripheral plasma concentrations of PGF were positively correlated with uterine activity (P less than 0.05; r = +0.79) and plasma concentrations of oestrogen (P less than 0.05; r = +0.79), but negatively correlated with plasma concentrations of progesterone (P less than 0.01; r = -0.54).", "contents": "Correlations of maternal and fetal endocrine events with uterine pressure changes around parturition in the ewe. In 4 Clun Forest ewes maternal peripheral plasma concentrations of progesterone were still elevated at the onset of parturient uterine activity. Fetal and maternal plasma concentrations of oestrogen started to rise before parturition and concentrations in maternal plasma were positively correlated with parturient uterine activity (P less than 0.05; r = +0.42). Fetal plasma concentrations of corticosteroids were positively correlated with fetal plasma concentrations of oestrogen (P less than 0.01; r = +0.65), but negatively correlated with maternal peripheral plasma progesterone concentrations (P less than 0.05; r = -0.50). Before parturition plasma concentrations of PGF rose but stayed high only in maternal peripheral plasma. Maternal peripheral plasma concentrations of PGF were positively correlated with uterine activity (P less than 0.05; r = +0.79) and plasma concentrations of oestrogen (P less than 0.05; r = +0.79), but negatively correlated with plasma concentrations of progesterone (P less than 0.01; r = -0.54).", "PMID": 712696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5456", "title": "Daily sperm production and epididymal sperm reserves of pubertal and adult rats.", "content": "Rats were considered to be pubertal at 50 days of age when spermatozoa were first found in the tail of the epididymis. Sperm production/g testis increased up to 75 days of age and testicular weight increased until 100 days of age. Sperm reserves in the tail of the epididymis were not maximal until 100 days of age. Therefore, Wistar rats are not sexually mature until 100 days. Sexually mature rats had testes weighing 3.7 g, produced 86 x 10(6) spermatozoa or 24 x 10(6) spermatozoa/g testicular parenchyma daily, and their paired epididymides contained 295 x 10(6) spermatozoa in the head + body and 440 x 10(6) spermatozoa in the tail.", "contents": "Daily sperm production and epididymal sperm reserves of pubertal and adult rats. Rats were considered to be pubertal at 50 days of age when spermatozoa were first found in the tail of the epididymis. Sperm production/g testis increased up to 75 days of age and testicular weight increased until 100 days of age. Sperm reserves in the tail of the epididymis were not maximal until 100 days of age. Therefore, Wistar rats are not sexually mature until 100 days. Sexually mature rats had testes weighing 3.7 g, produced 86 x 10(6) spermatozoa or 24 x 10(6) spermatozoa/g testicular parenchyma daily, and their paired epididymides contained 295 x 10(6) spermatozoa in the head + body and 440 x 10(6) spermatozoa in the tail.", "PMID": 712697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5457", "title": "A photographic method for the measurement of motility of bull spermatozoa.", "content": "Bull spermatozoa were diluted in skim milk-egg yolk and frozen. After thawing, the samples were added to citrate buffer and photographed (1 sec exposure, 400 ASA, dark field) to identify the tracks of the moving spermatozoa. The proportions of motile spermatozoa in 1707 photographs of semen samples from 25 ejaculates were distributed binomially, and allowed motility to be estimated at a predictable level of precision, and without bias when one photograph from each of two straws was taken at random from an ejaculate. The variance was equal to its expectation and inversely proportional to the total number of spermatozoa in each photographic field.", "contents": "A photographic method for the measurement of motility of bull spermatozoa. Bull spermatozoa were diluted in skim milk-egg yolk and frozen. After thawing, the samples were added to citrate buffer and photographed (1 sec exposure, 400 ASA, dark field) to identify the tracks of the moving spermatozoa. The proportions of motile spermatozoa in 1707 photographs of semen samples from 25 ejaculates were distributed binomially, and allowed motility to be estimated at a predictable level of precision, and without bias when one photograph from each of two straws was taken at random from an ejaculate. The variance was equal to its expectation and inversely proportional to the total number of spermatozoa in each photographic field.", "PMID": 712698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5458", "title": "Parallel competitive binding and metabolic endpoint assays for hCG based on rabbit granulosa cells.", "content": "A competitive binding assay for hCG is described, in which live rabbit granulosa cells adhering to small tubes provide solid-phase binding sites. Parallel assays, in which the synthesis of progestagens and the incorporation of [3H]acetate into lipid serve as endpoints, are also described. The assays are sensitive, reproducible and precise and should be both economical and convenient for studies on the relationship between the molecular structure and the biological activity of hCG and LH.", "contents": "Parallel competitive binding and metabolic endpoint assays for hCG based on rabbit granulosa cells. A competitive binding assay for hCG is described, in which live rabbit granulosa cells adhering to small tubes provide solid-phase binding sites. Parallel assays, in which the synthesis of progestagens and the incorporation of [3H]acetate into lipid serve as endpoints, are also described. The assays are sensitive, reproducible and precise and should be both economical and convenient for studies on the relationship between the molecular structure and the biological activity of hCG and LH.", "PMID": 712699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5459", "title": "Relation between daylight ratio, plasma progesterone levels and timing of nidation in mink (Mustela vison).", "content": "Mink were mated between 17 February and 22 March. In females kept in natural daylight concentrations of progesterone, measured by radioimmunoassay, began to rise between 25 and 30 March, whatever the date of mating. After reaching peak values of 40--160 ng/ml, progesterone concentrations decreased before the end of pregnancy. In females given 14 h light/24 h immediately after mating, the rise of progesterone began a few days earlier, indicating that the extra light induces earlier progesterone secretion, nidation and parturition.", "contents": "Relation between daylight ratio, plasma progesterone levels and timing of nidation in mink (Mustela vison). Mink were mated between 17 February and 22 March. In females kept in natural daylight concentrations of progesterone, measured by radioimmunoassay, began to rise between 25 and 30 March, whatever the date of mating. After reaching peak values of 40--160 ng/ml, progesterone concentrations decreased before the end of pregnancy. In females given 14 h light/24 h immediately after mating, the rise of progesterone began a few days earlier, indicating that the extra light induces earlier progesterone secretion, nidation and parturition.", "PMID": 712700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5460", "title": "Relationships between short-term variations of LH, FSH, prolactin and testosterone in peripheral plasma of prepubertal bulls.", "content": "In 2 prepubertal bulls 10-min blood samples collected during a 24-h period showed that gonadotrophin and testosterone peaks occurred regularly at intervals of 6h in one animal and 8h in the other. There was a clear relationship between the LH, FSH and testosterone peaks. The increase of gonadotrophin levels was followed 20 +/- 6 (s.d.) min later by an increase of testosterone; the interval between the peak values was 61 +/- 9 (s.d.) min. The pattern of prolactin concentration differed; there were two prolonged elevations rather than regular peaks.", "contents": "Relationships between short-term variations of LH, FSH, prolactin and testosterone in peripheral plasma of prepubertal bulls. In 2 prepubertal bulls 10-min blood samples collected during a 24-h period showed that gonadotrophin and testosterone peaks occurred regularly at intervals of 6h in one animal and 8h in the other. There was a clear relationship between the LH, FSH and testosterone peaks. The increase of gonadotrophin levels was followed 20 +/- 6 (s.d.) min later by an increase of testosterone; the interval between the peak values was 61 +/- 9 (s.d.) min. The pattern of prolactin concentration differed; there were two prolonged elevations rather than regular peaks.", "PMID": 712701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5461", "title": "Histochemical demonstration of prostaglandin dehydrogenases in the uterine and chorionic epithelia of the pregnant pig.", "content": "The NAD-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) was active in the uterine and chorionic epithelia of the pig at 30, 60 and 90 days of pregnancy when PGs of the A, E or F series were used as the substrate. The activity of NADP-dependent PGDH in the same epithelia appeared only when PGB-1 or PGB-2 was used as the substrate.", "contents": "Histochemical demonstration of prostaglandin dehydrogenases in the uterine and chorionic epithelia of the pregnant pig. The NAD-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) was active in the uterine and chorionic epithelia of the pig at 30, 60 and 90 days of pregnancy when PGs of the A, E or F series were used as the substrate. The activity of NADP-dependent PGDH in the same epithelia appeared only when PGB-1 or PGB-2 was used as the substrate.", "PMID": 712702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5462", "title": "Progesterone secretion during pregnancy in sheep with an autotransplanted adrenal and an autotransplanted ovary.", "content": "Secretion rates by the major sites of progesterone synthesis were measured during pregnancy in 3 ewes with single fetuses after autotransplantation of the left adrenal and the left ovary (containing the corpus luteum) to the neck. The total production of progesterone measured by tracer kinetics increased from 12.1 +/- 2.0 (s.e.m.) to 31.3 +/- 2.4 microgram/min between 66--103 and 133--145 days p.c. Ovarian and adrenal secretion rates measured directly at the same times decreased from 5.2 +/- 0.9 to 2.1 +/- 0.9 microgram/min (ovary), or remained unchanged, about 0.03 microgrom/min (adrenal). The difference between the total production of progesterone and ovarian and adrenal secretion showed that the contribution from other endocrine tissues (presumably the placenta) increased from 6.8 +/- 1.5 to 29.2 +/- 4.1 microgram/min (P less than 0.001) during this period.", "contents": "Progesterone secretion during pregnancy in sheep with an autotransplanted adrenal and an autotransplanted ovary. Secretion rates by the major sites of progesterone synthesis were measured during pregnancy in 3 ewes with single fetuses after autotransplantation of the left adrenal and the left ovary (containing the corpus luteum) to the neck. The total production of progesterone measured by tracer kinetics increased from 12.1 +/- 2.0 (s.e.m.) to 31.3 +/- 2.4 microgram/min between 66--103 and 133--145 days p.c. Ovarian and adrenal secretion rates measured directly at the same times decreased from 5.2 +/- 0.9 to 2.1 +/- 0.9 microgram/min (ovary), or remained unchanged, about 0.03 microgrom/min (adrenal). The difference between the total production of progesterone and ovarian and adrenal secretion showed that the contribution from other endocrine tissues (presumably the placenta) increased from 6.8 +/- 1.5 to 29.2 +/- 4.1 microgram/min (P less than 0.001) during this period.", "PMID": 712703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5463", "title": "Meiosis and spermatogenesis in bulls heterozygous for a presumptive 1/29 Robertsonian translocation.", "content": "Bulls heterozygous for the 1/29 Robertsonian translocation showed normal mating behaviour, semen quality and spermatogenesis. The karyotypes of 90 offspring of one heterozygous bull were consistent with a normal 1:1 segregation of the translocation. There was no difference in overall chiasma frequency at diakinesis between heterozygous and normal bulls, and while a trivalent was noted at diakinesis the chiasma position within the No. 1 arm of the trivalent did not appear to be altered when compared with that found in the normal No. 1 bivalent. An increased frequency of aneuploid secondary spermatocytes at the second meiotic division (M II) was found in the heterozygous bulls, the rate of non-disjuction based on the proportion of hypermodal cells being raised from 2.8% in the normal to 6.4% in the heterozygous animals.", "contents": "Meiosis and spermatogenesis in bulls heterozygous for a presumptive 1/29 Robertsonian translocation. Bulls heterozygous for the 1/29 Robertsonian translocation showed normal mating behaviour, semen quality and spermatogenesis. The karyotypes of 90 offspring of one heterozygous bull were consistent with a normal 1:1 segregation of the translocation. There was no difference in overall chiasma frequency at diakinesis between heterozygous and normal bulls, and while a trivalent was noted at diakinesis the chiasma position within the No. 1 arm of the trivalent did not appear to be altered when compared with that found in the normal No. 1 bivalent. An increased frequency of aneuploid secondary spermatocytes at the second meiotic division (M II) was found in the heterozygous bulls, the rate of non-disjuction based on the proportion of hypermodal cells being raised from 2.8% in the normal to 6.4% in the heterozygous animals.", "PMID": 712704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5464", "title": "Influence of seminal plasma proteins on motility of rabbit spermatozoa.", "content": "Washed rabbit spermatozoa of freshly collected ejaculates were incubated in different fractions of seminal plasma proteins and examined for motility. Incubation media were protein fractions obtained by gel and ion-exchange chromatography. Motility was best maintained in the fractions which contained albumin, and rabbit serum albumin was more effective than bovine or human serum albumin. Concentrations of less than 4 mg rabbit serum albumin/ml resulted in markedly decreased motility.", "contents": "Influence of seminal plasma proteins on motility of rabbit spermatozoa. Washed rabbit spermatozoa of freshly collected ejaculates were incubated in different fractions of seminal plasma proteins and examined for motility. Incubation media were protein fractions obtained by gel and ion-exchange chromatography. Motility was best maintained in the fractions which contained albumin, and rabbit serum albumin was more effective than bovine or human serum albumin. Concentrations of less than 4 mg rabbit serum albumin/ml resulted in markedly decreased motility.", "PMID": 712705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5465", "title": "Effects of duct ligation and orchidectomy on histochemical reactions in the hamster epididymis.", "content": "The epididymis was ligated at the efferent ductules and at the middle segment. Histochemical changes occurred only proximal to the ligature. Orchidectomy caused progressive changes, mostly reversible by testosterone treatment throughout the epididymis. It is concluded that the integrity of the initial segment is dependent upon androgen reaching it via the testicular fluid.", "contents": "Effects of duct ligation and orchidectomy on histochemical reactions in the hamster epididymis. The epididymis was ligated at the efferent ductules and at the middle segment. Histochemical changes occurred only proximal to the ligature. Orchidectomy caused progressive changes, mostly reversible by testosterone treatment throughout the epididymis. It is concluded that the integrity of the initial segment is dependent upon androgen reaching it via the testicular fluid.", "PMID": 712706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5466", "title": "A chimaeric calf with XY/XXY mosaicism and intersexuality.", "content": "A Friesian calf with an elongated urethra and without a vulva was born twin to a dead bull calf. Red cell chimaerism and XY/XY/XXY lymphocytes were found in the blood, XX/XXY mosaicism was found in the skin and the minute gonads which some showed signs of early testicular development.", "contents": "A chimaeric calf with XY/XXY mosaicism and intersexuality. A Friesian calf with an elongated urethra and without a vulva was born twin to a dead bull calf. Red cell chimaerism and XY/XY/XXY lymphocytes were found in the blood, XX/XXY mosaicism was found in the skin and the minute gonads which some showed signs of early testicular development.", "PMID": 712707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5467", "title": "A freeze-etch study of dense fibres in rat spermatozoa.", "content": "The presence of oblique striations on the cortex of the dense fibres of the rat spermatozoon is confirmed; they have a main periodicity of approximately 40 nm and a secondary one of about 20 nm. Disruption of spermatozoa by Triton X-100 and dithiothreitol and fixation in glutaraldehyde do not affect the pattern. The dense fibre cortex appears to consist of globular substructure units with a diameter of about 19 nm.", "contents": "A freeze-etch study of dense fibres in rat spermatozoa. The presence of oblique striations on the cortex of the dense fibres of the rat spermatozoon is confirmed; they have a main periodicity of approximately 40 nm and a secondary one of about 20 nm. Disruption of spermatozoa by Triton X-100 and dithiothreitol and fixation in glutaraldehyde do not affect the pattern. The dense fibre cortex appears to consist of globular substructure units with a diameter of about 19 nm.", "PMID": 712708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5468", "title": "Effects of short photoperiods on puberty, growth and moult in the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus).", "content": "Male Djungarian hamsters were raised from birth in either long (16L:8D) or short (8L:16D) photoperiods. In 16L:8D, testes were large (about 400 mg) and showed full spermatogenesis from 31 days of age, the cauda epididymidis contained motile spermatozoa from 35 days and the accessory glands were large and reached their final size at about 60 days of age. In 8L:16D, testes remained small (about 15 mg) and undeveloped up to an age of about 130 days; they then developed to reach normal size and full spermatogenesis. In 16L:8D body weight increased steadily up to an age of about 160 days, but in 8L:16D body weight increase was slower and reached normal values, after a plateua at about 80 days, at about 190--260 days. Most animals in 8L:16D moulted into winter pelage, and then into the summer pelage; those in 16L:8D kept the summer pelage throughout.", "contents": "Effects of short photoperiods on puberty, growth and moult in the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus). Male Djungarian hamsters were raised from birth in either long (16L:8D) or short (8L:16D) photoperiods. In 16L:8D, testes were large (about 400 mg) and showed full spermatogenesis from 31 days of age, the cauda epididymidis contained motile spermatozoa from 35 days and the accessory glands were large and reached their final size at about 60 days of age. In 8L:16D, testes remained small (about 15 mg) and undeveloped up to an age of about 130 days; they then developed to reach normal size and full spermatogenesis. In 16L:8D body weight increased steadily up to an age of about 160 days, but in 8L:16D body weight increase was slower and reached normal values, after a plateua at about 80 days, at about 190--260 days. Most animals in 8L:16D moulted into winter pelage, and then into the summer pelage; those in 16L:8D kept the summer pelage throughout.", "PMID": 712709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5469", "title": "Oestrogen and progesterone concentrations in peripheral blood in pregnant red foxes (Vulpes vulpes).", "content": "Oestrogen levels were low during most of gestation, but there was a significant increase (P less than 0.05) in oestradiol concentrations at implantation. Early pregnancy was characterized by high levels of progesterone which decreased significantly (P less than 0.001) thereafter, but there was no decline in progesterone or rise in oestrogen levels at parturition. There was no difference in the length of progesterone secretion between pregnant and non-pregnant females.", "contents": "Oestrogen and progesterone concentrations in peripheral blood in pregnant red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Oestrogen levels were low during most of gestation, but there was a significant increase (P less than 0.05) in oestradiol concentrations at implantation. Early pregnancy was characterized by high levels of progesterone which decreased significantly (P less than 0.001) thereafter, but there was no decline in progesterone or rise in oestrogen levels at parturition. There was no difference in the length of progesterone secretion between pregnant and non-pregnant females.", "PMID": 712710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5470", "title": "A nuclear DNA polymerase in bull spermatozoa.", "content": "A DNA polymerase was isolated from bull spermatozoa by differential centrifugation, ultrafiltration and gel filtration. Its apparent molecular weight and synthetic template utilization resemble that of DNA polymerase gamma. Chemical and enzymic fractionation of bull spermatozoa indicate that the enzyme is most probably located in the nucleus.", "contents": "A nuclear DNA polymerase in bull spermatozoa. A DNA polymerase was isolated from bull spermatozoa by differential centrifugation, ultrafiltration and gel filtration. Its apparent molecular weight and synthetic template utilization resemble that of DNA polymerase gamma. Chemical and enzymic fractionation of bull spermatozoa indicate that the enzyme is most probably located in the nucleus.", "PMID": 712711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5471", "title": "Ovarian function in suckling and non-suckling beef cows post partum.", "content": "Two groups, each of 7 crossbred beef cows, which were suckling or not suckling calves, were fed a high quality food ad libitum for 3 months post partum. The non-suckling cows experienced regular ovarian cycles from 10--33 days post partum while the suckling cows did not do so until at least 14 weeks post partum. There was little difference between the groups in growth rate or in plasma glucose concentration. The plasma prolactin concentrations in the non-suckling cows showed a seasonal trend which paralleled ambient temperature and daylight hours; in the suckling cows this trend was less evident. Plasma LH concentrations were lower in suckling cows before Day 30 post partum but were similar thereafter. Most suckling cows also failed to experience oestrus or to exhibit LH release in response to an injection of oestradiol benzoate at about 6 weeks post partum. This failure, together with the earlier lower levels of LH in the suckling cows, is considered to be indicative of malfunction of the hypothalamic mechanism normally responsible for the establishment and maintenance of cyclic ovarian function.", "contents": "Ovarian function in suckling and non-suckling beef cows post partum. Two groups, each of 7 crossbred beef cows, which were suckling or not suckling calves, were fed a high quality food ad libitum for 3 months post partum. The non-suckling cows experienced regular ovarian cycles from 10--33 days post partum while the suckling cows did not do so until at least 14 weeks post partum. There was little difference between the groups in growth rate or in plasma glucose concentration. The plasma prolactin concentrations in the non-suckling cows showed a seasonal trend which paralleled ambient temperature and daylight hours; in the suckling cows this trend was less evident. Plasma LH concentrations were lower in suckling cows before Day 30 post partum but were similar thereafter. Most suckling cows also failed to experience oestrus or to exhibit LH release in response to an injection of oestradiol benzoate at about 6 weeks post partum. This failure, together with the earlier lower levels of LH in the suckling cows, is considered to be indicative of malfunction of the hypothalamic mechanism normally responsible for the establishment and maintenance of cyclic ovarian function.", "PMID": 712712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5472", "title": "A simple and rapid technique to isolate enriched populations of spermatocytes and spermatids from the immature rat testis.", "content": "A technique was developed to obtain enriched populations of large numbers of primary spermatacytes (70--81%) and of spermatids (75%) from immature rat testes (21--23 and 38 days old respectively) in a simple and rapid fashion. The cells were nearly all viable and membrane preservation was good. The testicular cells were dispersed by a mild mechanical treatment combined with an incubation with purified collagenase, and the cell populations were separated by centrifugation in a discontinuous dextran gradient in a cell culture medium.", "contents": "A simple and rapid technique to isolate enriched populations of spermatocytes and spermatids from the immature rat testis. A technique was developed to obtain enriched populations of large numbers of primary spermatacytes (70--81%) and of spermatids (75%) from immature rat testes (21--23 and 38 days old respectively) in a simple and rapid fashion. The cells were nearly all viable and membrane preservation was good. The testicular cells were dispersed by a mild mechanical treatment combined with an incubation with purified collagenase, and the cell populations were separated by centrifugation in a discontinuous dextran gradient in a cell culture medium.", "PMID": 712713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5473", "title": "Sex chromosome chimaerism and the transmission of blood group genes by tetraparental rams.", "content": "A previously published study of 4 rams, 3 of them tetraparental chimaeras, has been extended. All were born subsequent to transplantation of separated blastomeres into intact 4--8-cell embryos which were transferred to recipient ewes. All were phenotypically normal males. Study of blood lymphocytes and red cell antigens showed that two were XX/XY chimaeras, one an XY/XY chimaera. Chimaerism was not identified in the 4th animal. The new data show that the previously reported decline in proportions of red cells derived from the one cell line has continued, although the proportions of lymphocytes entering mitosis in culture have remained nearly constant. A decline of potassium concentration in the red cells of one animal and of transferrin type in another also continued. Analysis of blood types in the offspring of the 4 rams revealed that both cell lines of the XY/XY chimaera must have produced functional spermatozoa whereas the genes transmitted by the remaining 3 rams gave evidence of spermatozoa from one cell line only.", "contents": "Sex chromosome chimaerism and the transmission of blood group genes by tetraparental rams. A previously published study of 4 rams, 3 of them tetraparental chimaeras, has been extended. All were born subsequent to transplantation of separated blastomeres into intact 4--8-cell embryos which were transferred to recipient ewes. All were phenotypically normal males. Study of blood lymphocytes and red cell antigens showed that two were XX/XY chimaeras, one an XY/XY chimaera. Chimaerism was not identified in the 4th animal. The new data show that the previously reported decline in proportions of red cells derived from the one cell line has continued, although the proportions of lymphocytes entering mitosis in culture have remained nearly constant. A decline of potassium concentration in the red cells of one animal and of transferrin type in another also continued. Analysis of blood types in the offspring of the 4 rams revealed that both cell lines of the XY/XY chimaera must have produced functional spermatozoa whereas the genes transmitted by the remaining 3 rams gave evidence of spermatozoa from one cell line only.", "PMID": 712714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5474", "title": "Fetal- and uterine-specific antigens in human amniotic fluid.", "content": "Removal of the major maternal serum proteins from second trimester amniotic fluid by antibody affinity chromatography revealed various soluble tissue antigens, of which two were fetal-specific skin proteins and another, of alpha2-mobility, was specific to the uterus, and was therefore designated alpha-uterine protein (AUP). These proteins could not be detected in maternal serum by antibody-antigen crossed electrophoresis. The concentration of AUP in amniotic fluid reached a maximum between 10 and 20 weeks of gestation, suggesting that there is an influx of uterine protein into the amniotic fluid at this stage of pregnancy.", "contents": "Fetal- and uterine-specific antigens in human amniotic fluid. Removal of the major maternal serum proteins from second trimester amniotic fluid by antibody affinity chromatography revealed various soluble tissue antigens, of which two were fetal-specific skin proteins and another, of alpha2-mobility, was specific to the uterus, and was therefore designated alpha-uterine protein (AUP). These proteins could not be detected in maternal serum by antibody-antigen crossed electrophoresis. The concentration of AUP in amniotic fluid reached a maximum between 10 and 20 weeks of gestation, suggesting that there is an influx of uterine protein into the amniotic fluid at this stage of pregnancy.", "PMID": 712715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5475", "title": "Plasma progesterone levels during pregnancy and pseudo-pregnancy in the hare (Lepus europaeus syriacus).", "content": "A triphasic pattern of progesterone secretion was observed in female hares sampled throughout pregnancy and pseudopregnancy. After injection of hCG and artificial insemination (Day 1), progesterone values rose to a peak of 41.4 ng/ml about Day 14, remained at this level, then declined around Day 20 before increasing sharply to maximum levels of 67.7 ng/ml after midpregnancy (Day 28). Levels remained high for several days, then declined until Day 38, increased again until Day 41, before decreasing towards parturition. Progesterone levels were still high (37.5 ng/ml) 24h before parturition. The progesterone pattern during pseudopregnancy closely resembled that observed during the first half of pregnancy: levels rose from Day 2 to a peak at Days 11--18, then declined sharply to baseline levels around Day 22. It is suggested that the control of progesterone secretion might be transferred from the pituitary to the placenta at the beginning of the second half of pregnancy.", "contents": "Plasma progesterone levels during pregnancy and pseudo-pregnancy in the hare (Lepus europaeus syriacus). A triphasic pattern of progesterone secretion was observed in female hares sampled throughout pregnancy and pseudopregnancy. After injection of hCG and artificial insemination (Day 1), progesterone values rose to a peak of 41.4 ng/ml about Day 14, remained at this level, then declined around Day 20 before increasing sharply to maximum levels of 67.7 ng/ml after midpregnancy (Day 28). Levels remained high for several days, then declined until Day 38, increased again until Day 41, before decreasing towards parturition. Progesterone levels were still high (37.5 ng/ml) 24h before parturition. The progesterone pattern during pseudopregnancy closely resembled that observed during the first half of pregnancy: levels rose from Day 2 to a peak at Days 11--18, then declined sharply to baseline levels around Day 22. It is suggested that the control of progesterone secretion might be transferred from the pituitary to the placenta at the beginning of the second half of pregnancy.", "PMID": 712716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5476", "title": "Surgical pathology and management of anorectal Crohn's disease.", "content": "The anorectal manifestations of Crohn's disease comprise a complex and heterogeneous group of conditions which fall into two main categories: primary lesions of the active disease process and secondary lesions resulting from healing of, or infective complications of, the primary lesions. The lesions are classified into distinct clinicopathological entities which may be used in assessing prognosis and determining appropriate treatment. A basic principle of management is that surgery should be avoided as far as possible in the presence of disease activity, but will frequently be necessary, and satisfactory, for secondary complications.", "contents": "Surgical pathology and management of anorectal Crohn's disease. The anorectal manifestations of Crohn's disease comprise a complex and heterogeneous group of conditions which fall into two main categories: primary lesions of the active disease process and secondary lesions resulting from healing of, or infective complications of, the primary lesions. The lesions are classified into distinct clinicopathological entities which may be used in assessing prognosis and determining appropriate treatment. A basic principle of management is that surgery should be avoided as far as possible in the presence of disease activity, but will frequently be necessary, and satisfactory, for secondary complications.", "PMID": 712742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5477", "title": "Calculation of genetic risks in Duchenne muscular dystrophy by geneticists in the United Kingdom.", "content": "Pedigrees of Duchenne muscular dystrophy were sent to 32 geneticists in the United Kingdom, asking for their calculations for genetic risks for female relatives. Eighteen participated, of whom only 7 gave correct answers for all pedigrees. The method most used for calculations (the 'Bayesian' method) was most liable to errors in new situations. An alternative, simpler method is presented.", "contents": "Calculation of genetic risks in Duchenne muscular dystrophy by geneticists in the United Kingdom. Pedigrees of Duchenne muscular dystrophy were sent to 32 geneticists in the United Kingdom, asking for their calculations for genetic risks for female relatives. Eighteen participated, of whom only 7 gave correct answers for all pedigrees. The method most used for calculations (the 'Bayesian' method) was most liable to errors in new situations. An alternative, simpler method is presented.", "PMID": 712756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5478", "title": "Genetic study of narcoleptic syndrome.", "content": "In this family study of the narcoleptic syndrome, 52% of the probands had an affected first degree relative, 41.9% of the sibs of those probands with an affected parent were similarly affected, 33.3% of the parents of 2 affected sibs and 41.2% of the children (after a correction for age) had narcolepsy, cataplexy, or both.", "contents": "Genetic study of narcoleptic syndrome. In this family study of the narcoleptic syndrome, 52% of the probands had an affected first degree relative, 41.9% of the sibs of those probands with an affected parent were similarly affected, 33.3% of the parents of 2 affected sibs and 41.2% of the children (after a correction for age) had narcolepsy, cataplexy, or both.", "PMID": 712757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5479", "title": "Length heteromorphisms of fluorescent (f) and non-fluorescent (nf) segments of human Y chromosome: classification, frequencies, and incidence in normal Caucasians.", "content": "Sixty normal male Caucasians were selected to study the length of the Y chromosome. QFQ banding was performed. Chromosomes 19 and 20 (F) and Y were measured directly from the film. Y/F, f/F, and nf/F indices (f = fluorescent; nf = non-fluorescent segment) were determined. The length of the Y chromosome was classified into 5 groups; very small, small, average, large, and very large with Y/F indices of less than 0.8, 0.81--0.94, 0.95--1.09, 1.1--1.23, and greater than 1.23, respectively. The frequencies of Y/F indices for these groups were 0 (0%), 9 (15.0%), 40 (66.7%), 8 (13.3%), and 3 (5.0%), respectively. The most frequent class was 0.95--1.09 and was defined as the 'average' Y/F index for the human Y chromosome. The variation in the total length of the Y chromosome was accounted for by variations in the length of the non-fluorescent as well as the fluorescent segments. No relation between f and nf segments was observed. The mean Y/F, f/F, and nf/F indices were 1.022, 0.441, and 0.574, respectively.", "contents": "Length heteromorphisms of fluorescent (f) and non-fluorescent (nf) segments of human Y chromosome: classification, frequencies, and incidence in normal Caucasians. Sixty normal male Caucasians were selected to study the length of the Y chromosome. QFQ banding was performed. Chromosomes 19 and 20 (F) and Y were measured directly from the film. Y/F, f/F, and nf/F indices (f = fluorescent; nf = non-fluorescent segment) were determined. The length of the Y chromosome was classified into 5 groups; very small, small, average, large, and very large with Y/F indices of less than 0.8, 0.81--0.94, 0.95--1.09, 1.1--1.23, and greater than 1.23, respectively. The frequencies of Y/F indices for these groups were 0 (0%), 9 (15.0%), 40 (66.7%), 8 (13.3%), and 3 (5.0%), respectively. The most frequent class was 0.95--1.09 and was defined as the 'average' Y/F index for the human Y chromosome. The variation in the total length of the Y chromosome was accounted for by variations in the length of the non-fluorescent as well as the fluorescent segments. No relation between f and nf segments was observed. The mean Y/F, f/F, and nf/F indices were 1.022, 0.441, and 0.574, respectively.", "PMID": 712759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5480", "title": "Naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: two autosomal dominant disorders segregating in a family.", "content": "A family is described in which 16 individuals in 3 generations have Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. At least 6 family members also have the naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. In addition, 1 subject with both disorders has 2 young daughters with the naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.", "contents": "Naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: two autosomal dominant disorders segregating in a family. A family is described in which 16 individuals in 3 generations have Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. At least 6 family members also have the naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. In addition, 1 subject with both disorders has 2 young daughters with the naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.", "PMID": 712760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5481", "title": "Linkage analysis in dominant acrocephalosyndactyly.", "content": "Linkage analysis was performed on a previously reported family in which multiple dominantly inherited acrocephalosyndactyly syndromes were present. An underlying axiom of linkaged analysis is that the trait analysed be monogenic. This prerequisite was presumptively established in the single kindred analysed because acrocephalosyndactyly was observed in multiple cases in multiple generations.", "contents": "Linkage analysis in dominant acrocephalosyndactyly. Linkage analysis was performed on a previously reported family in which multiple dominantly inherited acrocephalosyndactyly syndromes were present. An underlying axiom of linkaged analysis is that the trait analysed be monogenic. This prerequisite was presumptively established in the single kindred analysed because acrocephalosyndactyly was observed in multiple cases in multiple generations.", "PMID": 712761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5482", "title": "Haemoglobin H disease in 2 Filipino families.", "content": "Haemoglobin H disease is described in successive generations of 2 Filipino families. The condition was asymptomatic. The inheritance pattern of haemoglobin H disease in these families appeared to be like that described for Thais.", "contents": "Haemoglobin H disease in 2 Filipino families. Haemoglobin H disease is described in successive generations of 2 Filipino families. The condition was asymptomatic. The inheritance pattern of haemoglobin H disease in these families appeared to be like that described for Thais.", "PMID": 712762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5483", "title": "Translocation of chromosome 4 and 9 with ring formation of chromosome 4 short arm.", "content": "Cytogenetic investigation of a 3-year-old mentally retarded boy revealed a translocation of the long arm of chromosome 4 onto the short arm of chromosome 9, with ring formation of the remaining short arm of chromosome 4. The clinical features are described and correlated with the cytogenetic findings. The behaviour of the ring derived from a deleted chromosome 4 is discussed.", "contents": "Translocation of chromosome 4 and 9 with ring formation of chromosome 4 short arm. Cytogenetic investigation of a 3-year-old mentally retarded boy revealed a translocation of the long arm of chromosome 4 onto the short arm of chromosome 9, with ring formation of the remaining short arm of chromosome 4. The clinical features are described and correlated with the cytogenetic findings. The behaviour of the ring derived from a deleted chromosome 4 is discussed.", "PMID": 712764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5484", "title": "Bilateral renal agenesis in 2 male sibs born to consanguineous parents.", "content": "Two boys with bilateral agenesis of kidneys and ureters were the product of a consanguineous marriage. This family and previous reports of familial bilateral renal agenesis support the supposition that a minor proportion of cases of BRA is caused by the homozygous state of an autosomal recessive gene.", "contents": "Bilateral renal agenesis in 2 male sibs born to consanguineous parents. Two boys with bilateral agenesis of kidneys and ureters were the product of a consanguineous marriage. This family and previous reports of familial bilateral renal agenesis support the supposition that a minor proportion of cases of BRA is caused by the homozygous state of an autosomal recessive gene.", "PMID": 712765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5485", "title": "Some business and tax aspects of clinical practice plans.", "content": "Medical schools throughout the country have developed diverse organizational forms through which their faculty members provide clinical services. In this article the author reviews several of the reasons frequently offered to support involvement of a medical school in a faculty practice plan and suggests many business and tax considerations which should be taken into account by a medical school in developing a plan to meet its objectives. He also reviews many of the considerations involved in establishing and operating specific types of group practice plans. The author concludes that, with conscientious planning and implementation, faculty members can receive professional satisfaction, medical schools can obtain many benefits, and the public will benefit from improved health care.", "contents": "Some business and tax aspects of clinical practice plans. Medical schools throughout the country have developed diverse organizational forms through which their faculty members provide clinical services. In this article the author reviews several of the reasons frequently offered to support involvement of a medical school in a faculty practice plan and suggests many business and tax considerations which should be taken into account by a medical school in developing a plan to meet its objectives. He also reviews many of the considerations involved in establishing and operating specific types of group practice plans. The author concludes that, with conscientious planning and implementation, faculty members can receive professional satisfaction, medical schools can obtain many benefits, and the public will benefit from improved health care.", "PMID": 712767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5486", "title": "Clinical teacher effectiveness in medicine.", "content": "Characteristics of best and worst clinical teachers in medicine are described by a random sample of medical school faculty, residents, and third- and fourth-year students at the University of Washington. The responses were factor analyzed and examined to determine whether the ratings were systematically influenced by professional role, faculty department, and teaching method. Best clinical teachers are described as being enthusiastic, clear and well organized, and adept at interacting with students and residents. Worst clinical teachers lack these skills and are characterized by negative personal attributes. Using analysis of variance, the investigator found no significant differences in ratings on the three variables examined. Six of the seven hypothesized dimensions of clinical teaching were confirmed by factor analysis. The results are discussed in relation to faculty development and evaluation of clinical teaching.", "contents": "Clinical teacher effectiveness in medicine. Characteristics of best and worst clinical teachers in medicine are described by a random sample of medical school faculty, residents, and third- and fourth-year students at the University of Washington. The responses were factor analyzed and examined to determine whether the ratings were systematically influenced by professional role, faculty department, and teaching method. Best clinical teachers are described as being enthusiastic, clear and well organized, and adept at interacting with students and residents. Worst clinical teachers lack these skills and are characterized by negative personal attributes. Using analysis of variance, the investigator found no significant differences in ratings on the three variables examined. Six of the seven hypothesized dimensions of clinical teaching were confirmed by factor analysis. The results are discussed in relation to faculty development and evaluation of clinical teaching.", "PMID": 712768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5487", "title": "Experience with the simulated patient-physician encounter.", "content": "The development of computer-based simulations of the patient-physician encounter has made it possible to give students the opportunity to manage a case without jeopardizing a real patient's life. At the University of Wisconsin Medical School simulated patients have been an integral part of the third-year teaching program for the past five years. They have been used to permit the students to gain clinical experience, as part of a series of structured teaching conferences, and in a medical testing program. Student and faculty response to the program generally has been favorable.", "contents": "Experience with the simulated patient-physician encounter. The development of computer-based simulations of the patient-physician encounter has made it possible to give students the opportunity to manage a case without jeopardizing a real patient's life. At the University of Wisconsin Medical School simulated patients have been an integral part of the third-year teaching program for the past five years. They have been used to permit the students to gain clinical experience, as part of a series of structured teaching conferences, and in a medical testing program. Student and faculty response to the program generally has been favorable.", "PMID": 712769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5488", "title": "The use of instructor-patients to teach physical examination techniques.", "content": "The increasing difficulty in obtaining appropriate hospitalized patients to give enlarging classes of medical students their first exposure to abnormal physical findings has led to the development of an instructor-patient program. Sixteen community residents with relatively stable respiratory, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, or neurological findings were recruited and trained as instructor-patients to teach the technical elements of the examination of the affected organ system. Evaluation of the technical skills of 46 second-year students trained by instructor-patients and those of 41 randomly selected students trained in these skills by physician instructors demonstrated that the two have comparable technical skills five to eight weeks after the training sessions. Faculty recruitment, instructor-patient recruitment and training, and evaluation are discussed.", "contents": "The use of instructor-patients to teach physical examination techniques. The increasing difficulty in obtaining appropriate hospitalized patients to give enlarging classes of medical students their first exposure to abnormal physical findings has led to the development of an instructor-patient program. Sixteen community residents with relatively stable respiratory, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, or neurological findings were recruited and trained as instructor-patients to teach the technical elements of the examination of the affected organ system. Evaluation of the technical skills of 46 second-year students trained by instructor-patients and those of 41 randomly selected students trained in these skills by physician instructors demonstrated that the two have comparable technical skills five to eight weeks after the training sessions. Faculty recruitment, instructor-patient recruitment and training, and evaluation are discussed.", "PMID": 712770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5489", "title": "Evaluation of training in school health for pediatricians.", "content": "There is a growing emphasis on the behavioral and psychological aspects of health and illness in pediatric practice. If physicians are to be effective deliverers of health services, they must be knowledgeable in these areas. Training programs, therefore, must expose future primary care providers to behavioral and developmental issues. Evaluating reactions of participants in a school health elective to program content and the effects of such a program on current professional activities is one way to assess the success of programmatic goals and educational techniques used.", "contents": "Evaluation of training in school health for pediatricians. There is a growing emphasis on the behavioral and psychological aspects of health and illness in pediatric practice. If physicians are to be effective deliverers of health services, they must be knowledgeable in these areas. Training programs, therefore, must expose future primary care providers to behavioral and developmental issues. Evaluating reactions of participants in a school health elective to program content and the effects of such a program on current professional activities is one way to assess the success of programmatic goals and educational techniques used.", "PMID": 712771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5490", "title": "Study of U.S. medical school applicants, 1976--77.", "content": "This annual study contains descriptive statistics on applicants to the 1976--77 freshman classes of U.S. medical schools. In contrast to the growth rates of the early 1970s, the total number of applicants declined slightly for the second successive year. However, comparisons with past applicant pools show a continued increase in the annual number of women applying and a modest increment over the previous year in applicants from minority groups. For the first time in the annual series the 1976--77 study includes data on applicants' size of hometown and summarizes information collected on marital status, country of citizenship, and undergraduate degree level.", "contents": "Study of U.S. medical school applicants, 1976--77. This annual study contains descriptive statistics on applicants to the 1976--77 freshman classes of U.S. medical schools. In contrast to the growth rates of the early 1970s, the total number of applicants declined slightly for the second successive year. However, comparisons with past applicant pools show a continued increase in the annual number of women applying and a modest increment over the previous year in applicants from minority groups. For the first time in the annual series the 1976--77 study includes data on applicants' size of hometown and summarizes information collected on marital status, country of citizenship, and undergraduate degree level.", "PMID": 712784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5491", "title": "Developing an academic administration clerkship for upper-division medical students.", "content": "It is increasingly apparent that there exists a need for academic administrators and an interest in that field on the part of physicians and medical students. In many academic medical centers physicians are called upon to assume administrative responsibilities or have a desire to pursue an administrative career. Medical students also play an important role in their university's governance through their representation on medical school and university committees as well as their participation in various national organizations. In addition, there continues to be a general lack of understanding regarding the nature of the internal and external variables affecting medical education. The course described in this paper is intended to provide students with an understanding of the administrative responsibilities inherent in academic management positions.", "contents": "Developing an academic administration clerkship for upper-division medical students. It is increasingly apparent that there exists a need for academic administrators and an interest in that field on the part of physicians and medical students. In many academic medical centers physicians are called upon to assume administrative responsibilities or have a desire to pursue an administrative career. Medical students also play an important role in their university's governance through their representation on medical school and university committees as well as their participation in various national organizations. In addition, there continues to be a general lack of understanding regarding the nature of the internal and external variables affecting medical education. The course described in this paper is intended to provide students with an understanding of the administrative responsibilities inherent in academic management positions.", "PMID": 712785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5492", "title": "Coping styles of women medical students.", "content": "As a student health psychiatrist in a medical school setting, the author has had experience in treating women students who present with various psychiatric complaints, ranging from mild depression and anxiety to psychosis. The concept of role strain will be illustrated as it occurs in the context of the presenting complaint and the subsequent treatment course. Issues of feminine sexuality and sex-role adjustment in single and married students will be discussed. Medical schools can increase their awareness of how sex bias and institutional sexism affect the mental health and well-being of women students and can take appropriate steps to lessen the detrimental effects for women in medical school.", "contents": "Coping styles of women medical students. As a student health psychiatrist in a medical school setting, the author has had experience in treating women students who present with various psychiatric complaints, ranging from mild depression and anxiety to psychosis. The concept of role strain will be illustrated as it occurs in the context of the presenting complaint and the subsequent treatment course. Issues of feminine sexuality and sex-role adjustment in single and married students will be discussed. Medical schools can increase their awareness of how sex bias and institutional sexism affect the mental health and well-being of women students and can take appropriate steps to lessen the detrimental effects for women in medical school.", "PMID": 712786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5493", "title": "Enriching personal and professional development: the experience of a support group for interns.", "content": "A pilot support group for interns was established at Boston City Hospital early in the internship year to deal with the personal and professional issues arising out of the stresses of the internship. This report describes the functioning of this group, including a statement of goals, content of weekly meetings, and evaluation by group members. In general, the interns felt that the experience was positive and especially valuable in terms of providing support for personal/professional role conflict.", "contents": "Enriching personal and professional development: the experience of a support group for interns. A pilot support group for interns was established at Boston City Hospital early in the internship year to deal with the personal and professional issues arising out of the stresses of the internship. This report describes the functioning of this group, including a statement of goals, content of weekly meetings, and evaluation by group members. In general, the interns felt that the experience was positive and especially valuable in terms of providing support for personal/professional role conflict.", "PMID": 712787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5494", "title": "Practice meets theory: a new approach to medical sex education.", "content": "In the past three years an elective clinical practicum in sex education has been added to the existing human sexuality program at the Howard University College of Medicine. Staff from the Washington, D.C., Department of Human Resources and Planned Parenthood of Metropolitan Washington have trained 84 third- and fourth-year medical students in sex education techniques and supervised their work with 2,100 public school children, mostly fifth- and sixth-grade pupils. Results indicate several advantages to the program: the public schools receive a needed service; the health agencies and the medical school are able to expand their work in the community; the public school students find ready models for identification while learning about sexual issues; and the medical students move from the role of passive learner to that of active teacher.", "contents": "Practice meets theory: a new approach to medical sex education. In the past three years an elective clinical practicum in sex education has been added to the existing human sexuality program at the Howard University College of Medicine. Staff from the Washington, D.C., Department of Human Resources and Planned Parenthood of Metropolitan Washington have trained 84 third- and fourth-year medical students in sex education techniques and supervised their work with 2,100 public school children, mostly fifth- and sixth-grade pupils. Results indicate several advantages to the program: the public schools receive a needed service; the health agencies and the medical school are able to expand their work in the community; the public school students find ready models for identification while learning about sexual issues; and the medical students move from the role of passive learner to that of active teacher.", "PMID": 712788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5495", "title": "Decision to enter pulmonology: motives and implications.", "content": "A study was undertaken to determine at what time American-trained pulmonary disease specialists in two California counties made their subspecialty choices and the factors which influenced their decision. Responses to 281 questionnaires were received and analyzed from 171 fellows, faculty members, and practitioners (60.8 percent). Subspecialty decisions for pulmonology were usually made during residency, motivated by pulmonary rotations and exposure to stimulating faculty members. Although this subspecialty has recently developed into an established, growing field, the survey data confirmed that the amount of pulmonary interaction during medical school remains minimal.", "contents": "Decision to enter pulmonology: motives and implications. A study was undertaken to determine at what time American-trained pulmonary disease specialists in two California counties made their subspecialty choices and the factors which influenced their decision. Responses to 281 questionnaires were received and analyzed from 171 fellows, faculty members, and practitioners (60.8 percent). Subspecialty decisions for pulmonology were usually made during residency, motivated by pulmonary rotations and exposure to stimulating faculty members. Although this subspecialty has recently developed into an established, growing field, the survey data confirmed that the amount of pulmonary interaction during medical school remains minimal.", "PMID": 712789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5496", "title": "White-noise analysis of biological systems.", "content": "The linear and nonlinear operations of a biological system can be represented by a set of functions called Wiener kernels. This type of analysis is becoming increasingly important in the field of biological systems analysis. This paper reviews the theoretical and practical aspects of testing a biological system with white-noise and provides a guide for interpreting Wiener kernels which result from such studies. A study of the human electroretinogram is presented as an example.", "contents": "White-noise analysis of biological systems. The linear and nonlinear operations of a biological system can be represented by a set of functions called Wiener kernels. This type of analysis is becoming increasingly important in the field of biological systems analysis. This paper reviews the theoretical and practical aspects of testing a biological system with white-noise and provides a guide for interpreting Wiener kernels which result from such studies. A study of the human electroretinogram is presented as an example.", "PMID": 712798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5497", "title": "Digital ultrasonic imaging with microprocessor manipulation.", "content": "The author describes the development of a digital scan converter system which accepts ultrasonic B-scans in \"oscilloscope\" format and displays them in video format. The system involves the use of a microprocessor, the function of which is outlined in the paper. A brief comparison with a system employing a scan converter tube is given.", "contents": "Digital ultrasonic imaging with microprocessor manipulation. The author describes the development of a digital scan converter system which accepts ultrasonic B-scans in \"oscilloscope\" format and displays them in video format. The system involves the use of a microprocessor, the function of which is outlined in the paper. A brief comparison with a system employing a scan converter tube is given.", "PMID": 712799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5498", "title": "The development of a fibre optic catheter tip pressure transducer.", "content": "There has been much discussion on the distortion of intracardiac pressure waveforms measured by catheter methods. Tip transducers, which can eliminate this waveform distortion, have several problems. There are manufacturing difficulties with the mechano-electric transducing element. The devices also do not remain stable over variations in temperature and with long term clinical use. Safety problems may also be experienced due to the direct connection between external electronic devices and the heart. In order to overcome these difficulties, the application of fibre optics to the measurement of intracardiac pressure has been proposed. In this paper, the design, construction, and evaluation of a side-hole optic catheter, intended for intracardiac pressure measurement, is described.", "contents": "The development of a fibre optic catheter tip pressure transducer. There has been much discussion on the distortion of intracardiac pressure waveforms measured by catheter methods. Tip transducers, which can eliminate this waveform distortion, have several problems. There are manufacturing difficulties with the mechano-electric transducing element. The devices also do not remain stable over variations in temperature and with long term clinical use. Safety problems may also be experienced due to the direct connection between external electronic devices and the heart. In order to overcome these difficulties, the application of fibre optics to the measurement of intracardiac pressure has been proposed. In this paper, the design, construction, and evaluation of a side-hole optic catheter, intended for intracardiac pressure measurement, is described.", "PMID": 712800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5499", "title": "Electronic analysis of foetal breathing movements: a practical application of phase-lock-loop principles.", "content": "Measurement of foetal breathing movements is becoming more common as a means of monitoring processes occurring in the human foetus. Conventional time-period analysis of breathing movements is prone to error owing to their complexity, and it is laborious to decipher any frequency pattern. The described apparatus has been designed to give an on-line visual indication of the instantaneous frequency of foetal breathing movements when measured by a time-distance recorder connected to an echoscope. It is affected insignificantly by spurious signals, and can be build cheaply with easily-available components. Practical trials suggest that frequency analysis by this device can be of value for examining episodes of continuous breathing movements in the foetus.", "contents": "Electronic analysis of foetal breathing movements: a practical application of phase-lock-loop principles. Measurement of foetal breathing movements is becoming more common as a means of monitoring processes occurring in the human foetus. Conventional time-period analysis of breathing movements is prone to error owing to their complexity, and it is laborious to decipher any frequency pattern. The described apparatus has been designed to give an on-line visual indication of the instantaneous frequency of foetal breathing movements when measured by a time-distance recorder connected to an echoscope. It is affected insignificantly by spurious signals, and can be build cheaply with easily-available components. Practical trials suggest that frequency analysis by this device can be of value for examining episodes of continuous breathing movements in the foetus.", "PMID": 712803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5500", "title": "The resocialization of single-caged chimpanzees and the establishment of an island colony.", "content": "Single-caged chimpanzees used in medical experimentation were resocialized in the laboratory setting and subsequently established as a socially integrated island colony. The dynamics of their behavioral pathology are described.", "contents": "The resocialization of single-caged chimpanzees and the establishment of an island colony. Single-caged chimpanzees used in medical experimentation were resocialized in the laboratory setting and subsequently established as a socially integrated island colony. The dynamics of their behavioral pathology are described.", "PMID": 712810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5501", "title": "The establishment of a chimpanzee breeding colony for hepatitis research.", "content": "The chimpanzee is the most appropriate animal model for hepatitis B research. Because these primates are scarce and expensive it is important that optimum use be made of available animals and facilities. The establishment of a chimpanzee breeding colony is described and a model for providing primates for research is outlined.", "contents": "The establishment of a chimpanzee breeding colony for hepatitis research. The chimpanzee is the most appropriate animal model for hepatitis B research. Because these primates are scarce and expensive it is important that optimum use be made of available animals and facilities. The establishment of a chimpanzee breeding colony is described and a model for providing primates for research is outlined.", "PMID": 712811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5502", "title": "Voltage-induced reflectivity relaxation of bilayer lipid membranes: on changes of bilayer thickness.", "content": "Temporal and voltage-induced changes of reflectivity (R), the optical phase difference in transmitted polarized light, of tension and total capacity of bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) were studied. The membranes were mainly formed from total brain phospholipids (TP) in n-alkanes. 1) Reflectivity of \"black\" regions of films made of TP in decane and hexadecane decreases by several percent with a time constant (tauR) of about 30 min, whereas that of membranes with hexane and heptane does not depend on time (with an accuracy up to 1--2%). The BLM tension decreases appreciably in the course of time and reaches its steady-state value in tens of minutes after complete blackening of the membrane. 2) Under prolonged (up to tens of minutes) action of voltage (V) no R changes of BLMs with hexane, heptane, and hexadecane were revealed at a noise level of 0.2%. Blms with decane usually respond to voltage application, first by a rapid (jump-like) and then by a slow decrease of R with a value spread from 0.2% to 3%. 3) With higher amplitude and temporal resolutions of the signal (signal averaging method) it can be seen that after voltage jump R decreases down to a new steady-state value: at V = 100 mV, deltaR/R = -(2--4) . 10(-4) and tauR approximately 0.1 msec for BLMs from TP in heptane, and deltaR/R = -(3--6) . 10(-2) and tauR approximately 2 msec for BLMs from oxidized cholesterol in decane. It is shown in the latter case that the great value of deltaR/R is due to the contribution of invisible microlenses. In all the cases deltaR approximately V2. 4) It is concluded that at voltage jump a bilayer first becomes thinner due to volumic compression of its hydrocarbon core; then it spreads with a time constant of the order of 0.1 msec, getting thinner until a new equilibrium state is reached. Complete change of bilayer thickness is detah/h approximately -10(-4) at 100 mV.", "contents": "Voltage-induced reflectivity relaxation of bilayer lipid membranes: on changes of bilayer thickness. Temporal and voltage-induced changes of reflectivity (R), the optical phase difference in transmitted polarized light, of tension and total capacity of bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) were studied. The membranes were mainly formed from total brain phospholipids (TP) in n-alkanes. 1) Reflectivity of \"black\" regions of films made of TP in decane and hexadecane decreases by several percent with a time constant (tauR) of about 30 min, whereas that of membranes with hexane and heptane does not depend on time (with an accuracy up to 1--2%). The BLM tension decreases appreciably in the course of time and reaches its steady-state value in tens of minutes after complete blackening of the membrane. 2) Under prolonged (up to tens of minutes) action of voltage (V) no R changes of BLMs with hexane, heptane, and hexadecane were revealed at a noise level of 0.2%. Blms with decane usually respond to voltage application, first by a rapid (jump-like) and then by a slow decrease of R with a value spread from 0.2% to 3%. 3) With higher amplitude and temporal resolutions of the signal (signal averaging method) it can be seen that after voltage jump R decreases down to a new steady-state value: at V = 100 mV, deltaR/R = -(2--4) . 10(-4) and tauR approximately 0.1 msec for BLMs from TP in heptane, and deltaR/R = -(3--6) . 10(-2) and tauR approximately 2 msec for BLMs from oxidized cholesterol in decane. It is shown in the latter case that the great value of deltaR/R is due to the contribution of invisible microlenses. In all the cases deltaR approximately V2. 4) It is concluded that at voltage jump a bilayer first becomes thinner due to volumic compression of its hydrocarbon core; then it spreads with a time constant of the order of 0.1 msec, getting thinner until a new equilibrium state is reached. Complete change of bilayer thickness is detah/h approximately -10(-4) at 100 mV.", "PMID": 712812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5503", "title": "On the physico-chemical basis of voltage-dependent molecular gating mechanisms in biological membranes.", "content": "The possible nature and theoretical treatment of electric field-induced molecular processes in a membrane are examined. Special attention is given to fairly fast switching phenomena as reflected by asymmetry currents as well as ionic gating in squid axon and similar systems. The apparent charge displacement associated with the underlying mechanisms is argued to be brought about by conformational transitions of integral macromolecular structures. Under these circumstances, voltage changes can actaully control the functional state of membranes by direct interference with conformational equilibria. A basic model is quantitatively discussed and shown to account for certain observed asymmetry currents. Effects due to temperature, pressure, or chemical interactions can be readily described. It is indicated how more complicated voltage-dependent membrane processes may be approached along these lines.", "contents": "On the physico-chemical basis of voltage-dependent molecular gating mechanisms in biological membranes. The possible nature and theoretical treatment of electric field-induced molecular processes in a membrane are examined. Special attention is given to fairly fast switching phenomena as reflected by asymmetry currents as well as ionic gating in squid axon and similar systems. The apparent charge displacement associated with the underlying mechanisms is argued to be brought about by conformational transitions of integral macromolecular structures. Under these circumstances, voltage changes can actaully control the functional state of membranes by direct interference with conformational equilibria. A basic model is quantitatively discussed and shown to account for certain observed asymmetry currents. Effects due to temperature, pressure, or chemical interactions can be readily described. It is indicated how more complicated voltage-dependent membrane processes may be approached along these lines.", "PMID": 712813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5504", "title": "Quantitative analysis of activation and inactivation of asymmetry currents in biological membranes, based on a conformational transition model.", "content": "A basic voltage-dependent conformational transition mechanism is proposed. It comprises one relatively fast conversion between two individual states which are comparatively slowly coupled with a third state. Having introduced voltage as an additional parameter of state, standard methods of thermodynamics and rate theory are employed to describe the equilibrium and kinetic behavior of the system. In particular, a quantitative discussion is given regarding the asymmetrical displacement currents generated by switching on and off a voltage pulse. Effects of temperature, pulse duration, and application of a conditioning prepulse are examined. The results provide a comprehensive basis for a quantitative analysis of pertinent experimental work. The so far presented measuring data can indeed by very well described along these lines.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of activation and inactivation of asymmetry currents in biological membranes, based on a conformational transition model. A basic voltage-dependent conformational transition mechanism is proposed. It comprises one relatively fast conversion between two individual states which are comparatively slowly coupled with a third state. Having introduced voltage as an additional parameter of state, standard methods of thermodynamics and rate theory are employed to describe the equilibrium and kinetic behavior of the system. In particular, a quantitative discussion is given regarding the asymmetrical displacement currents generated by switching on and off a voltage pulse. Effects of temperature, pulse duration, and application of a conditioning prepulse are examined. The results provide a comprehensive basis for a quantitative analysis of pertinent experimental work. The so far presented measuring data can indeed by very well described along these lines.", "PMID": 712814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5505", "title": "A potassium conductance activated by hyperpolarization in paramecium.", "content": "Voltage clamp studies show that the wild-type membrane of Paramecium tetraurelia contains a conductance component which is sensitive to hyperpolarization. This component manifests itself as \"anomalous\", or \"inward going\", rectification of membrane voltage in response to applied constant current pulses and as a \"hyperpolarizing spike\" when no K is added to the external solution (Y. Satow, C. Kung, 1977. J. Comp. Physiol. 119:99). Like the conductances which underlie anomalous rectification in other cells, the hyperpolarization-sensitive conductance in Paramecium is specific for K, and the magnitude of the voltage-dependent conductance change depends not only on voltage but also on external potassium concentration. The internal potassium ion concentration of Paramecium is calculated to be between 17 and 18mM.", "contents": "A potassium conductance activated by hyperpolarization in paramecium. Voltage clamp studies show that the wild-type membrane of Paramecium tetraurelia contains a conductance component which is sensitive to hyperpolarization. This component manifests itself as \"anomalous\", or \"inward going\", rectification of membrane voltage in response to applied constant current pulses and as a \"hyperpolarizing spike\" when no K is added to the external solution (Y. Satow, C. Kung, 1977. J. Comp. Physiol. 119:99). Like the conductances which underlie anomalous rectification in other cells, the hyperpolarization-sensitive conductance in Paramecium is specific for K, and the magnitude of the voltage-dependent conductance change depends not only on voltage but also on external potassium concentration. The internal potassium ion concentration of Paramecium is calculated to be between 17 and 18mM.", "PMID": 712815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5506", "title": "Fatty acid and alcohol partitioning with intestinal brush border and erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "Relative partition coefficients of fatty acids and alcohols between aqueous buffers and biological membranes have been determined from the linear relationship between isotope content of sedimented membranes and aqueous concentration. This technique allows study of highly lipid soluble compounds such as long-chain saturated fatty acids. Rat intestinal brush border membranes and erythrocyte ghost membranes were studied by using homologous series of saturated fatty acids, mono-unsaturated fatty acids and 10, 12, and 14 carbon normal alcohols. The influence of chain length on partitioning was similar in the three series with an incremental free energy of -820 cal/mole per methylene group in brush borders for the saturated fatty acids. Incremental enthalpy and entropy were -1331 cal/mole and -1.64 cal/mole, degrees K respectively. Decrease in the partition coefficient due to the double bond (monounsaturated relative to saturated) had an incremental free energy of +1178 cal/mole, incremental enthalpy of -3453 cal/mole, and incremental entropy of -7.34 cal/mole, degrees K, while substitution of the hydroxyl for the ionized carboxyl group (pH 7.4) increased the partition coefficient by 72-fold. From these data it must be concluded that the lipid phase of the membrane bilayer is extremely hydrophobic, similar to heptane or polyethylene in polarity.", "contents": "Fatty acid and alcohol partitioning with intestinal brush border and erythrocyte membranes. Relative partition coefficients of fatty acids and alcohols between aqueous buffers and biological membranes have been determined from the linear relationship between isotope content of sedimented membranes and aqueous concentration. This technique allows study of highly lipid soluble compounds such as long-chain saturated fatty acids. Rat intestinal brush border membranes and erythrocyte ghost membranes were studied by using homologous series of saturated fatty acids, mono-unsaturated fatty acids and 10, 12, and 14 carbon normal alcohols. The influence of chain length on partitioning was similar in the three series with an incremental free energy of -820 cal/mole per methylene group in brush borders for the saturated fatty acids. Incremental enthalpy and entropy were -1331 cal/mole and -1.64 cal/mole, degrees K respectively. Decrease in the partition coefficient due to the double bond (monounsaturated relative to saturated) had an incremental free energy of +1178 cal/mole, incremental enthalpy of -3453 cal/mole, and incremental entropy of -7.34 cal/mole, degrees K, while substitution of the hydroxyl for the ionized carboxyl group (pH 7.4) increased the partition coefficient by 72-fold. From these data it must be concluded that the lipid phase of the membrane bilayer is extremely hydrophobic, similar to heptane or polyethylene in polarity.", "PMID": 712816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5507", "title": "Electrical resistance of rabbit submaxillary main duct: a tight epithelium with leaky cell membranes.", "content": "The electrical resistance of rabbit salivary main duct epithelium has been measured. A small axial electrode, which passed current and measured potential simultaneously, was placed inside the ductal lumen. A cylindrical spiral was wound around the main duct and served as outside current electrode. The instantaneous current voltage relations were linearly up to current densities of 1.5 mA/cm2, independently of the Cl concentration in the bathing solutions. Strong polarization effects were observed in low Cl solutions. There was a significant inverse correlation between the spontaneous potential difference across the epithelium and the epithelial resistance in solutions with either high or low Cl concentrations. In high Cl solutions the epithelial resistance was 12.2 + 1.8 (n = 7) omegacm2. The resistance increased when the mucosal Na and Cl concentrations decreased. After addition of ouabain the resistance always decreased. The temperature dependence of the resistance was determined, and apparent activation energies were calculated. Values for activation energies ranged from 3.2 to 6.5 kcal/mol, depending on the ionic composition of the bathing solutions. Addition of amiloride to the mucosal solution led to an increase in resistance by a factor of 2.1 in high Cl solutions and of 4.1 in low Cl solutions. When ouabain was applied before amiloride, there was no effect on the resistance in high Cl solutions and a smaller increase in the resistance in low Cl solutions. The results of this study support the conclusion that the low resistance of main duct epithelium resides in the cell membranes and is not due to a paracellular pathway.", "contents": "Electrical resistance of rabbit submaxillary main duct: a tight epithelium with leaky cell membranes. The electrical resistance of rabbit salivary main duct epithelium has been measured. A small axial electrode, which passed current and measured potential simultaneously, was placed inside the ductal lumen. A cylindrical spiral was wound around the main duct and served as outside current electrode. The instantaneous current voltage relations were linearly up to current densities of 1.5 mA/cm2, independently of the Cl concentration in the bathing solutions. Strong polarization effects were observed in low Cl solutions. There was a significant inverse correlation between the spontaneous potential difference across the epithelium and the epithelial resistance in solutions with either high or low Cl concentrations. In high Cl solutions the epithelial resistance was 12.2 + 1.8 (n = 7) omegacm2. The resistance increased when the mucosal Na and Cl concentrations decreased. After addition of ouabain the resistance always decreased. The temperature dependence of the resistance was determined, and apparent activation energies were calculated. Values for activation energies ranged from 3.2 to 6.5 kcal/mol, depending on the ionic composition of the bathing solutions. Addition of amiloride to the mucosal solution led to an increase in resistance by a factor of 2.1 in high Cl solutions and of 4.1 in low Cl solutions. When ouabain was applied before amiloride, there was no effect on the resistance in high Cl solutions and a smaller increase in the resistance in low Cl solutions. The results of this study support the conclusion that the low resistance of main duct epithelium resides in the cell membranes and is not due to a paracellular pathway.", "PMID": 712817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5508", "title": "Magnesium influx in dialyzed squid axons.", "content": "The influx of magnesium from seawater into squid giant axons has been measured under conditions where internal solute control in the axon was maintained by dialysis. Mg influx is smallest (1 pmol/cm2 sec) when both Na and ATP have been removed from the axoplasm by dialysis. The addition of 3 mM ATP to the dialysis fluid gives a Mg influx of 2.5 pmol/cm2 sec while the addition of [Na]i and [ATP]i gives 3 pmol/cm2 sec as a value for Mg influx; this corresponds well with fluxes measured in intact squid giant axons. The Mg content of squid axons is 6 mmol/kg axoplasm; this is unaffected by soaking axons in Li or Na seawater for periods of up to 100 min.", "contents": "Magnesium influx in dialyzed squid axons. The influx of magnesium from seawater into squid giant axons has been measured under conditions where internal solute control in the axon was maintained by dialysis. Mg influx is smallest (1 pmol/cm2 sec) when both Na and ATP have been removed from the axoplasm by dialysis. The addition of 3 mM ATP to the dialysis fluid gives a Mg influx of 2.5 pmol/cm2 sec while the addition of [Na]i and [ATP]i gives 3 pmol/cm2 sec as a value for Mg influx; this corresponds well with fluxes measured in intact squid giant axons. The Mg content of squid axons is 6 mmol/kg axoplasm; this is unaffected by soaking axons in Li or Na seawater for periods of up to 100 min.", "PMID": 712818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5509", "title": "Effects of ethacrynic acid on ion transport and energy metabolism in slices of avian salt gland and of mammalian liver and kidney cortex.", "content": "Ethacrynic acid greatly inhibited net transport of ions and aerobic, energy-conserving metabolism in slices of avian salt gland, rat liver, and rat and guinea-pig kidney cortex. The effects of increasing concentrations of ethacrynic acid on the transport of Na+, K+ and Cl- ran closely parallel to its effects on tissue ATP levels and respiration. The concentration needed for maximal inhibition of transport reduced ATP levels by 80--90%. Respiration was reduced by 80--90% in salt gland and kidney cortex, and by a maximum of 30% in liver slices. The effects of low concentrations of ethacrynic acid required time to become fully manifest in some tissues, and the development of transport inhibition followed a similar course to decline of respiration and ATP levels. Ca2+ extrusion by liver cells was inhibited by ethacrynic acid. The concentration dependence of the inhibition was similar to that shown by the other transport systems inhibited. There was no distinction evident between the sensitivity of Na+ extrusion and of K+ accumulation to the diuretic. Lactate production increased as respiration decreased in the presence of increasing concentrations of ethacrynic acid. We conclude that ethacrynic acid acted primarily as an inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration and ATP synthesis in the tissue slices, and that inhibition of ion transport was a nonspecific consequence of the failure of the energy supply.", "contents": "Effects of ethacrynic acid on ion transport and energy metabolism in slices of avian salt gland and of mammalian liver and kidney cortex. Ethacrynic acid greatly inhibited net transport of ions and aerobic, energy-conserving metabolism in slices of avian salt gland, rat liver, and rat and guinea-pig kidney cortex. The effects of increasing concentrations of ethacrynic acid on the transport of Na+, K+ and Cl- ran closely parallel to its effects on tissue ATP levels and respiration. The concentration needed for maximal inhibition of transport reduced ATP levels by 80--90%. Respiration was reduced by 80--90% in salt gland and kidney cortex, and by a maximum of 30% in liver slices. The effects of low concentrations of ethacrynic acid required time to become fully manifest in some tissues, and the development of transport inhibition followed a similar course to decline of respiration and ATP levels. Ca2+ extrusion by liver cells was inhibited by ethacrynic acid. The concentration dependence of the inhibition was similar to that shown by the other transport systems inhibited. There was no distinction evident between the sensitivity of Na+ extrusion and of K+ accumulation to the diuretic. Lactate production increased as respiration decreased in the presence of increasing concentrations of ethacrynic acid. We conclude that ethacrynic acid acted primarily as an inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration and ATP synthesis in the tissue slices, and that inhibition of ion transport was a nonspecific consequence of the failure of the energy supply.", "PMID": 712819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5510", "title": "Comparative studies on the fine structure of purple membrane from Halobacterium Cutirubrum and Halobacterium Halobium.", "content": "Direct comparison of the absorption and circular dichroic spectra of dark- and light-adapted purple membrane from Halobacterium cutirubrum and Halobacterium halobium indicated no apparent species differences. In addition, sequential bleaching and regeneration of the purple membrane with concomitant monitoring of the absorption and circular dichroic spectra showed no species differences as well. Furthermore, perturbation of the structure of the purple membrane from either species with a detergent, Triton X-100, yielded similar spectral changes. It was concluded: (i) no apparent differences exist in the molecular organization and protein fine structure of the two purple membranes, (ii) if exciton interaction among the retinal chromophores is a reasonable possibility in the case of the purple membrane from Halobacterium halobium, it must be similarly so for the membrane from Halobacterium cutirubrum, (iii) the effects of light adaptation on the membrane structure of both species are essentially the same, and (iv) the underlying molecular mechanisms for the bleaching and regenerative processes must be similar, if not identical, for the purple membranes of the two species.", "contents": "Comparative studies on the fine structure of purple membrane from Halobacterium Cutirubrum and Halobacterium Halobium. Direct comparison of the absorption and circular dichroic spectra of dark- and light-adapted purple membrane from Halobacterium cutirubrum and Halobacterium halobium indicated no apparent species differences. In addition, sequential bleaching and regeneration of the purple membrane with concomitant monitoring of the absorption and circular dichroic spectra showed no species differences as well. Furthermore, perturbation of the structure of the purple membrane from either species with a detergent, Triton X-100, yielded similar spectral changes. It was concluded: (i) no apparent differences exist in the molecular organization and protein fine structure of the two purple membranes, (ii) if exciton interaction among the retinal chromophores is a reasonable possibility in the case of the purple membrane from Halobacterium halobium, it must be similarly so for the membrane from Halobacterium cutirubrum, (iii) the effects of light adaptation on the membrane structure of both species are essentially the same, and (iv) the underlying molecular mechanisms for the bleaching and regenerative processes must be similar, if not identical, for the purple membranes of the two species.", "PMID": 712820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5511", "title": "X-ray microanalysis of epon sections after oxygen plasma microincineration.", "content": "Dark-gold sections of osmium tetroxide-fixed, Epon-embedded brown adipose tissue before and after low-temperature oxygen plasma microincineration were examined using a high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscope and an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer. Microincineration produced ash patterns which were free of organic matrix, chlorine (from the Epon) and probably osmium (from the fixative). X-ray sensitivity was improved by a factor of 2-4 owing to decreased background, and sulphur, calcium and probably phosphorus were detected in the ash. Fidelity of the ash patterns permitted microanalytical spatial resolution of 0.1 micrometer or better. Oxygen plasma microincineration is thus shown to offer advantages for high resolution X-ray microanalysis of conventionally sectioned biological material. Its future application to shock-frozen, frozen-dried, unstained sections is indicated.", "contents": "X-ray microanalysis of epon sections after oxygen plasma microincineration. Dark-gold sections of osmium tetroxide-fixed, Epon-embedded brown adipose tissue before and after low-temperature oxygen plasma microincineration were examined using a high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscope and an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer. Microincineration produced ash patterns which were free of organic matrix, chlorine (from the Epon) and probably osmium (from the fixative). X-ray sensitivity was improved by a factor of 2-4 owing to decreased background, and sulphur, calcium and probably phosphorus were detected in the ash. Fidelity of the ash patterns permitted microanalytical spatial resolution of 0.1 micrometer or better. Oxygen plasma microincineration is thus shown to offer advantages for high resolution X-ray microanalysis of conventionally sectioned biological material. Its future application to shock-frozen, frozen-dried, unstained sections is indicated.", "PMID": 712821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5512", "title": "A perspicuous technique for directly visualizing radiation-damage artefacts in biological electron microscopy.", "content": "Levels of impairment of electron-microscopic images of biological specimens stemming from radiation damage are assessed in a rapid visual procedure that involves taking a pair of low-fluence micrographs of a specimen area before and after a fraction of the picture area has been more seriously damaged by applying a measured electron fluence. The pair of micrographs is treated as a mock-stereo pair and is given contrasting colours. Lateral displacements of specimen details appear as false relief and changes in electron lucency as false colour.", "contents": "A perspicuous technique for directly visualizing radiation-damage artefacts in biological electron microscopy. Levels of impairment of electron-microscopic images of biological specimens stemming from radiation damage are assessed in a rapid visual procedure that involves taking a pair of low-fluence micrographs of a specimen area before and after a fraction of the picture area has been more seriously damaged by applying a measured electron fluence. The pair of micrographs is treated as a mock-stereo pair and is given contrasting colours. Lateral displacements of specimen details appear as false relief and changes in electron lucency as false colour.", "PMID": 712822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5513", "title": "Adverse drug reaction: implications for providers of health care.", "content": "Adverse drug reactions are defined and examples are given. Four areas of concern are addressed, namely, defining drug reactions, identifying some of the factors contributing to the adverse drug reactions, implications of adverse drug reactions for health-care providers, and preventive measures which impact on the occurrence of adverse drug reactions. It is implied that increased knowledge and research are important factors in the control of these problems.", "contents": "Adverse drug reaction: implications for providers of health care. Adverse drug reactions are defined and examples are given. Four areas of concern are addressed, namely, defining drug reactions, identifying some of the factors contributing to the adverse drug reactions, implications of adverse drug reactions for health-care providers, and preventive measures which impact on the occurrence of adverse drug reactions. It is implied that increased knowledge and research are important factors in the control of these problems.", "PMID": 712860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5514", "title": "Self-medication.", "content": "Self-medication and drug interaction have been a problem in recent years. Pharmacists in ethical pharmacies and neighborhood establishments can best monitor these problems through use of patient profile records and consultations. The pharmacist should advise the public on over-the-counter (OTC) purchases. Auxiliary labels are recommended for use on containers to prevent drug interactions. Members of the black community have some specific problems with respect to self medications. These are addressed in this article. Self-medication, under supervision, is proper and can be controlled.", "contents": "Self-medication. Self-medication and drug interaction have been a problem in recent years. Pharmacists in ethical pharmacies and neighborhood establishments can best monitor these problems through use of patient profile records and consultations. The pharmacist should advise the public on over-the-counter (OTC) purchases. Auxiliary labels are recommended for use on containers to prevent drug interactions. Members of the black community have some specific problems with respect to self medications. These are addressed in this article. Self-medication, under supervision, is proper and can be controlled.", "PMID": 712861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5515", "title": "Noncompliance and drug toxicity in black, poor, and aged patients.", "content": "Drug toxicity is a common medical problem. Continued increases in drug toxicity are related to the extensive, indiscriminate use of drugs. This is a national health problem which is caused partly by gaps in pharmacology as a basic and clinical science and partly by the rapid proliferation of drugs (the drug explosion) in the past 30 years. Socioeconomically disadvantaged (black, poor, and aged) patients are particularly vulnerable to compliance problems and drug toxicity. In this presentation we discuss the basis for this increased vulnerability and suggest strategies that practicing physicians can use to minimize both compliance problems and drug toxicity.", "contents": "Noncompliance and drug toxicity in black, poor, and aged patients. Drug toxicity is a common medical problem. Continued increases in drug toxicity are related to the extensive, indiscriminate use of drugs. This is a national health problem which is caused partly by gaps in pharmacology as a basic and clinical science and partly by the rapid proliferation of drugs (the drug explosion) in the past 30 years. Socioeconomically disadvantaged (black, poor, and aged) patients are particularly vulnerable to compliance problems and drug toxicity. In this presentation we discuss the basis for this increased vulnerability and suggest strategies that practicing physicians can use to minimize both compliance problems and drug toxicity.", "PMID": 712862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5516", "title": "Drugs and nutrition.", "content": "The importance of a balanced diet with proper quantities of foods cannot be overemphasized. Consideration must be given also to food's digestion and absorption, transport to tissues, and utilization by cells. Interference during any stage of this process can result in nutritional deficiency. Certain foodstuffs can alter susceptibility to a drug, and certain drugs can affect the nutritional status of an individual.There are special considerations to be taken in giving drugs to patients with certain diseases in the treatment of which diet therapy plays an important role. Extra consideration and monitoring must be done when dispensing certain drugs to such patients because of their special nutritional requirements.", "contents": "Drugs and nutrition. The importance of a balanced diet with proper quantities of foods cannot be overemphasized. Consideration must be given also to food's digestion and absorption, transport to tissues, and utilization by cells. Interference during any stage of this process can result in nutritional deficiency. Certain foodstuffs can alter susceptibility to a drug, and certain drugs can affect the nutritional status of an individual.There are special considerations to be taken in giving drugs to patients with certain diseases in the treatment of which diet therapy plays an important role. Extra consideration and monitoring must be done when dispensing certain drugs to such patients because of their special nutritional requirements.", "PMID": 712863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5517", "title": "Drug therapy in children.", "content": "Foolproof guidelines and rules for the administration of drug therapy to children are not available. In particular, the use of weight, height, and age as the basis for drug dose calculations can lead to serious errors in dosage. Extreme care must be used in the treatment of pregnant women as most drugs cross the placenta. The potential effects of a drug on the fetus must be weighed against the need for the drug in the mother.Special attention must be given to the lactating or breast-feeding mother since most drugs are excreted in breast milk and potentially can adversely affect the nursing infant. Where possible, drug therapy in children should be avoided. If drugs are specifically indicated, the dosage should be calculated after considerable scrutiny of the total management and the goals of the management regimen. Careful followup of every child on even the simplest drug is mandatory.", "contents": "Drug therapy in children. Foolproof guidelines and rules for the administration of drug therapy to children are not available. In particular, the use of weight, height, and age as the basis for drug dose calculations can lead to serious errors in dosage. Extreme care must be used in the treatment of pregnant women as most drugs cross the placenta. The potential effects of a drug on the fetus must be weighed against the need for the drug in the mother.Special attention must be given to the lactating or breast-feeding mother since most drugs are excreted in breast milk and potentially can adversely affect the nursing infant. Where possible, drug therapy in children should be avoided. If drugs are specifically indicated, the dosage should be calculated after considerable scrutiny of the total management and the goals of the management regimen. Careful followup of every child on even the simplest drug is mandatory.", "PMID": 712864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5518", "title": "Drugs and alcohol.", "content": "Millions of people in this country take medications, and millions drink alcohol. Both are drugs and have effects on the organs and systems with which they or their metabolites come in contact. This short article discusses some of the combined effects of prescribed drugs and alcohol on some systems, with special emphasis on the liver.", "contents": "Drugs and alcohol. Millions of people in this country take medications, and millions drink alcohol. Both are drugs and have effects on the organs and systems with which they or their metabolites come in contact. This short article discusses some of the combined effects of prescribed drugs and alcohol on some systems, with special emphasis on the liver.", "PMID": 712865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5519", "title": "Altered states of consciousness.", "content": "Medicine, sex, and religion are presented as related areas of human thought and behavior in which people traditionally have sought temporary release from daily living. In essence, these areas represent a search for altered states of consciousness. The harmful way is through drug addiction.Five common characteristics are cited for the three areas. Examples of their universality are traceable by their omnipresence and their appearance in most childhood games-especially those taking on sexual nuances-which are usually hidden from adults.If Eastern knowledge and control of bodily processes were geared to Western technology, mankind would benefit.", "contents": "Altered states of consciousness. Medicine, sex, and religion are presented as related areas of human thought and behavior in which people traditionally have sought temporary release from daily living. In essence, these areas represent a search for altered states of consciousness. The harmful way is through drug addiction.Five common characteristics are cited for the three areas. Examples of their universality are traceable by their omnipresence and their appearance in most childhood games-especially those taking on sexual nuances-which are usually hidden from adults.If Eastern knowledge and control of bodily processes were geared to Western technology, mankind would benefit.", "PMID": 712866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5520", "title": "Look at it this way: some aspects of the drug mix-up problem among black, poor, aged, and female patients.", "content": "Black, poor, aged, and female patients are more susceptible to having to face problems of loneliness and stress, feelings offailure, sagging egos, and other psychological and emotional difficulties. Relief of these feelings is often found through artificial supports such as over-the-counter drugs. Because of the easy accessibility of such drugs as sleeping pills, weight control pills, and vitamins, an individual could have a bottle of almost any drug medication advertised in the media without physician supervision. Ignorance of the cumulative impact of mixing medications often leads to habit-forming results and significant side effects.A major step toward prevention of drug abuse is to know that someone cares and will reach out to patients before the problem drives them to seek relief from over-the-counter medications and drugs. A second major step is education about the hazards of mixing medicines without physician supervision.", "contents": "Look at it this way: some aspects of the drug mix-up problem among black, poor, aged, and female patients. Black, poor, aged, and female patients are more susceptible to having to face problems of loneliness and stress, feelings offailure, sagging egos, and other psychological and emotional difficulties. Relief of these feelings is often found through artificial supports such as over-the-counter drugs. Because of the easy accessibility of such drugs as sleeping pills, weight control pills, and vitamins, an individual could have a bottle of almost any drug medication advertised in the media without physician supervision. Ignorance of the cumulative impact of mixing medications often leads to habit-forming results and significant side effects.A major step toward prevention of drug abuse is to know that someone cares and will reach out to patients before the problem drives them to seek relief from over-the-counter medications and drugs. A second major step is education about the hazards of mixing medicines without physician supervision.", "PMID": 712867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5521", "title": "Workshop conference management by objectives: a unique application.", "content": "This report highlights some personal observations of the tasks involved in developing, managing, and evaluating the Drug Mix-up Workshop/Conference. It concludes with recommendations for success in future projects.", "contents": "Workshop conference management by objectives: a unique application. This report highlights some personal observations of the tasks involved in developing, managing, and evaluating the Drug Mix-up Workshop/Conference. It concludes with recommendations for success in future projects.", "PMID": 712869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5522", "title": "A new noninvasive method for the simultaneous determination of cardiac output, VA/QC disparity, and the magnitude of peripheral perfusion, suitable for use in the critically ill patient.", "content": "A noninvasive technique for determining cardiac output, lung blood-tissue volume, and the volume of perfused body tissue in shock states has been developed from analysis of the pulmonary washout of several physiologically inert tracer gases. Canine preparations and a computer-based simulation were used to evaluate the accuracy and feasibility of the technique. The dogs were ventilated with 10% helium, 10% N2O, 0.45% C2H2, 39.5% N2, and 40% O2 mixture, and washed out with 60% N2 and 40% O2. End-tidal volume excretion differences between the three inert gases helium, N2O, and C2H2 resulted from differences in the blood/gas partition constants (lambda) of the test gases. Helium, which has a very low lambda, is contained in lung air space, whereas N2O and C2H2, with moderate lambda's, are distributed to lung air space, blood, and perfused tissues. Computer modeling of the cardiopulmonary and body perfusion gas transport permitted calculation of alveolar ventilation, VA/VA disparity, pulmonary blood-tissue volume, pulmonary blood flow, VAQ\u0107, and perfused body volume in the canine experiments. In experimental shock settings and in a variety of control situations over an eightfold range of flows the pulmonary blood flow calculated from the N2O and C2H2 washout was generally within +/- 15% of the cardiac output determined by the cardiogreen technique.", "contents": "A new noninvasive method for the simultaneous determination of cardiac output, VA/QC disparity, and the magnitude of peripheral perfusion, suitable for use in the critically ill patient. A noninvasive technique for determining cardiac output, lung blood-tissue volume, and the volume of perfused body tissue in shock states has been developed from analysis of the pulmonary washout of several physiologically inert tracer gases. Canine preparations and a computer-based simulation were used to evaluate the accuracy and feasibility of the technique. The dogs were ventilated with 10% helium, 10% N2O, 0.45% C2H2, 39.5% N2, and 40% O2 mixture, and washed out with 60% N2 and 40% O2. End-tidal volume excretion differences between the three inert gases helium, N2O, and C2H2 resulted from differences in the blood/gas partition constants (lambda) of the test gases. Helium, which has a very low lambda, is contained in lung air space, whereas N2O and C2H2, with moderate lambda's, are distributed to lung air space, blood, and perfused tissues. Computer modeling of the cardiopulmonary and body perfusion gas transport permitted calculation of alveolar ventilation, VA/VA disparity, pulmonary blood-tissue volume, pulmonary blood flow, VAQ\u0107, and perfused body volume in the canine experiments. In experimental shock settings and in a variety of control situations over an eightfold range of flows the pulmonary blood flow calculated from the N2O and C2H2 washout was generally within +/- 15% of the cardiac output determined by the cardiogreen technique.", "PMID": 712870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5523", "title": "Fracture healing in weight-bearing and nonweight-bearing bones.", "content": "Animal models demonstrated the differences in the process of fracture healing in weight-bearing and nonweight-bearing bones. Canine rib fractures regained strength properties rapidly; in canine radial fractures the return to normal stiffness levels was primary. The structural differences in fracture healing are probably functional and due more to biologic reorganization than to any measurable change in the biochemical components of the callus.", "contents": "Fracture healing in weight-bearing and nonweight-bearing bones. Animal models demonstrated the differences in the process of fracture healing in weight-bearing and nonweight-bearing bones. Canine rib fractures regained strength properties rapidly; in canine radial fractures the return to normal stiffness levels was primary. The structural differences in fracture healing are probably functional and due more to biologic reorganization than to any measurable change in the biochemical components of the callus.", "PMID": 712871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5524", "title": "Tourniquet control of liver bleeding.", "content": "Many methods have been described for control of bleeding from the liver. We have found that the technique of simply securing a 2 1/2 cm (1-in) Penrose drain as a tourniquet around the left or right lobe of the liver is a rapid and effective method of obtaining hemostasis. The tourniquet can be used to temporaily control bleeding so individual points can be secured, or tied down onto the liver and removed later. This method has been used without complications in five patients with severe liver trauma. Serial liver function studies obtained on all patients found no significant alterations in any.", "contents": "Tourniquet control of liver bleeding. Many methods have been described for control of bleeding from the liver. We have found that the technique of simply securing a 2 1/2 cm (1-in) Penrose drain as a tourniquet around the left or right lobe of the liver is a rapid and effective method of obtaining hemostasis. The tourniquet can be used to temporaily control bleeding so individual points can be secured, or tied down onto the liver and removed later. This method has been used without complications in five patients with severe liver trauma. Serial liver function studies obtained on all patients found no significant alterations in any.", "PMID": 712872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5525", "title": "Effect of nicotinic acid on vascular permeability after thermal trauma in the rat.", "content": "Nicotinic acid has been suggested to decrease plasma volume loss after thermal injury. However, conflicting data have recently appeared, in reports of laboratory measurements of major derangements in cardiovascular function after large third-degree thermal injury. We investigated the microvascular effect of nicotinic acid on water and albumin leakage after a small second-degree thermal burn in the rat. No effect of nicotinic acid on albumin leakage was observed at 1/2 hour, 3 hours, or 6 hours; a minimal but significant (p less than 0.05) decrease in water content of burned tissue was observed 1/2 hour postinjury. Our studies confirm in rats previous work with sheep and dogs demonstrating that nicotinic acid has slight, if any, effect on fluid and protein loss after thermal injury.", "contents": "Effect of nicotinic acid on vascular permeability after thermal trauma in the rat. Nicotinic acid has been suggested to decrease plasma volume loss after thermal injury. However, conflicting data have recently appeared, in reports of laboratory measurements of major derangements in cardiovascular function after large third-degree thermal injury. We investigated the microvascular effect of nicotinic acid on water and albumin leakage after a small second-degree thermal burn in the rat. No effect of nicotinic acid on albumin leakage was observed at 1/2 hour, 3 hours, or 6 hours; a minimal but significant (p less than 0.05) decrease in water content of burned tissue was observed 1/2 hour postinjury. Our studies confirm in rats previous work with sheep and dogs demonstrating that nicotinic acid has slight, if any, effect on fluid and protein loss after thermal injury.", "PMID": 712873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5526", "title": "Life-support training in high-density population centers.", "content": "Death and disability from ischemic heart disease, trauma, and other medical emergencies may be reduced significantly by developing an Emergency Medical Services system based on training for the nonmedical population in basic life-support skills; this is particularly appropriate in high-density population centers where professional response time is complicated by confestion and traffic. A pilot project in New York City, which designed and implemented a first-response capability for medical emergencies in corporations, using employees in a system congruent with the fire warden plans in effect, was completed in May 1977. To obtain an initial assessment of the medical impact of such training and the effectiveness of such a medical emergency response system during the pilot phase, The Regional Emergency Medical Services Council of New York City, Inc., obtained reports from the 24 participating corporations on all reported medical and surgical emergencies occurring in the working environment. The authors conclude that this approach to development of a first response-capability can provide an effective community base for an effective Emergency Medical Services system in urban areas.", "contents": "Life-support training in high-density population centers. Death and disability from ischemic heart disease, trauma, and other medical emergencies may be reduced significantly by developing an Emergency Medical Services system based on training for the nonmedical population in basic life-support skills; this is particularly appropriate in high-density population centers where professional response time is complicated by confestion and traffic. A pilot project in New York City, which designed and implemented a first-response capability for medical emergencies in corporations, using employees in a system congruent with the fire warden plans in effect, was completed in May 1977. To obtain an initial assessment of the medical impact of such training and the effectiveness of such a medical emergency response system during the pilot phase, The Regional Emergency Medical Services Council of New York City, Inc., obtained reports from the 24 participating corporations on all reported medical and surgical emergencies occurring in the working environment. The authors conclude that this approach to development of a first response-capability can provide an effective community base for an effective Emergency Medical Services system in urban areas.", "PMID": 712874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5527", "title": "Rupture of the diaphragm in patients wearing seatbelts.", "content": "Six diaphragmatic ruptures seen in a consecutive series of 435 cases of blunt abdominal trauma (1946-1976) are analyzed. All of the ruptures were sustained in car accidents, three of them with fatal outcome after severe trauma with multiple injuries. Four of the patients wore safety belts: in three of them a rather specific injury combination occurred--diaphragmatic rupture, multiple costal fractures, and pelvic or vertebral fracture. The role of the seatbelt in the pathogenetic mechanism of the rupture is discussed, and the possibility that the cause is the placement too high on the trunk, especially in short individuals, is raised.", "contents": "Rupture of the diaphragm in patients wearing seatbelts. Six diaphragmatic ruptures seen in a consecutive series of 435 cases of blunt abdominal trauma (1946-1976) are analyzed. All of the ruptures were sustained in car accidents, three of them with fatal outcome after severe trauma with multiple injuries. Four of the patients wore safety belts: in three of them a rather specific injury combination occurred--diaphragmatic rupture, multiple costal fractures, and pelvic or vertebral fracture. The role of the seatbelt in the pathogenetic mechanism of the rupture is discussed, and the possibility that the cause is the placement too high on the trunk, especially in short individuals, is raised.", "PMID": 712875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5528", "title": "The complementary uses of nuclear medicine and ultrasound in the kidney.", "content": "Together, sonography and renal isotope techniques can provide greater information than either technique alone. These studies can replace excretory urography in the diagnosis of hydronephrosis and renal infarction. Arteriography is no longer necessary for the diagnosis of a pseudotumor, which has a specific isotope and a helpful sonographic appearance. The diagnosis of a renal abscess opposed to pyelonephritis can be made in a more definite fashion than is possible with other imaging techniques. We believe that the sonogram and isotope studies are particularly helpful in trauma because there is a more realistic assessment of the absence of renal function with isotopes than with the excretory urogram. One may detect hematoma within and around the kidney by ultrasonography.", "contents": "The complementary uses of nuclear medicine and ultrasound in the kidney. Together, sonography and renal isotope techniques can provide greater information than either technique alone. These studies can replace excretory urography in the diagnosis of hydronephrosis and renal infarction. Arteriography is no longer necessary for the diagnosis of a pseudotumor, which has a specific isotope and a helpful sonographic appearance. The diagnosis of a renal abscess opposed to pyelonephritis can be made in a more definite fashion than is possible with other imaging techniques. We believe that the sonogram and isotope studies are particularly helpful in trauma because there is a more realistic assessment of the absence of renal function with isotopes than with the excretory urogram. One may detect hematoma within and around the kidney by ultrasonography.", "PMID": 712888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5529", "title": "Experimental and preliminary clinical experience with thermography for avascular nephrotomy.", "content": "A simple method is presented for demarcation between different arterial areas, which allows the performance of nephrotomies with minimal bleeding and subsequent renal ischemia. The thermal gradient that exists between the segment with occluded blood supply and the adjacent ones retaining their blood supply is defined by a liquid cholesterol crystal sheet.", "contents": "Experimental and preliminary clinical experience with thermography for avascular nephrotomy. A simple method is presented for demarcation between different arterial areas, which allows the performance of nephrotomies with minimal bleeding and subsequent renal ischemia. The thermal gradient that exists between the segment with occluded blood supply and the adjacent ones retaining their blood supply is defined by a liquid cholesterol crystal sheet.", "PMID": 712889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5530", "title": "Renal cyst puncture: utilization of pediatric guide wire technique and upright radiographic changers.", "content": "After puncture of a renal cyst with a polytetrafluoroethylene needle a pediatric 0.021-inch guide wire is inserted through a polytetrafluoroethylene sheath needle. The sheath is then advanced over the wire. The technique is controlled by fluoroscopy or performed under ultrasonography. Aspiration of the contrast material is performed, and then air and diatrizoate meglumine and diatrizoate sodium are injected to outline the borders of the cyst. The patient is then taken to an upright and lateral radiographic changer for routine radiography in the upright and decubitus positions.", "contents": "Renal cyst puncture: utilization of pediatric guide wire technique and upright radiographic changers. After puncture of a renal cyst with a polytetrafluoroethylene needle a pediatric 0.021-inch guide wire is inserted through a polytetrafluoroethylene sheath needle. The sheath is then advanced over the wire. The technique is controlled by fluoroscopy or performed under ultrasonography. Aspiration of the contrast material is performed, and then air and diatrizoate meglumine and diatrizoate sodium are injected to outline the borders of the cyst. The patient is then taken to an upright and lateral radiographic changer for routine radiography in the upright and decubitus positions.", "PMID": 712890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5531", "title": "Surgical treatment of renovascular hypertension associated with bilateral renal artery stenosis.", "content": "We report on 15 patients operated upon for renovascular hypertension associated with bilateral renal artery stenosis. Followup has been for 1 to 12 years. Four of 5 patients with positive split renal function studies and 3 of 5 patients with positive renal vein renin assays underwent unilateral operations on the positive side. All of these patients were cured or improved. The guide for unilateral operations in hypertensive patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis by angiography was the physiological information obtained from the preoperative screening tests, especially the plasma renin activity ratios of the 3 different veins and the split renal function studies.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of renovascular hypertension associated with bilateral renal artery stenosis. We report on 15 patients operated upon for renovascular hypertension associated with bilateral renal artery stenosis. Followup has been for 1 to 12 years. Four of 5 patients with positive split renal function studies and 3 of 5 patients with positive renal vein renin assays underwent unilateral operations on the positive side. All of these patients were cured or improved. The guide for unilateral operations in hypertensive patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis by angiography was the physiological information obtained from the preoperative screening tests, especially the plasma renin activity ratios of the 3 different veins and the split renal function studies.", "PMID": 712891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5532", "title": "The treatment of renal cell carcinoma with solitary metastasis.", "content": "Between 1950 and 1970, 44 patients (2.5 per cent) with renal cell carcinoma and a solitary metastatic lesion were treated at our clinic. Generally, treatment was aggressive, involving nephrectomy and excision of the metastatic lesion when possible. Patients presenting with the primary and metastatic lesion at the same time did not do as well as patients who presented with metastasis after nephrectomy. An operation for the metastatic lesion seemed to offer the best results in patients who presented with the solitary metastatic lesion after nephrectomy. The prognosis was uniformly poor in patients presenting with the primary and secondary lesion together, regardless of the mode of therapy. However, an operation seemed to be better marginally and did produce an occasional long-term survival.", "contents": "The treatment of renal cell carcinoma with solitary metastasis. Between 1950 and 1970, 44 patients (2.5 per cent) with renal cell carcinoma and a solitary metastatic lesion were treated at our clinic. Generally, treatment was aggressive, involving nephrectomy and excision of the metastatic lesion when possible. Patients presenting with the primary and metastatic lesion at the same time did not do as well as patients who presented with metastasis after nephrectomy. An operation for the metastatic lesion seemed to offer the best results in patients who presented with the solitary metastatic lesion after nephrectomy. The prognosis was uniformly poor in patients presenting with the primary and secondary lesion together, regardless of the mode of therapy. However, an operation seemed to be better marginally and did produce an occasional long-term survival.", "PMID": 712892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5533", "title": "Introduction of the Gibbons ureteral stent facilitated by antecedent percutaneous nephrostomy.", "content": "Patients in whom retrograde catheterization of the ureters has failed can have the Gibbons catheter placed by a new technique that requires no regional or general anesthesia. This technique entails antecedent percutaneous nephrostomy and passage of an angiographic catheter down the ureter. The catheterizing apparatus is attached to the angiographic catheter and then pulled into position.", "contents": "Introduction of the Gibbons ureteral stent facilitated by antecedent percutaneous nephrostomy. Patients in whom retrograde catheterization of the ureters has failed can have the Gibbons catheter placed by a new technique that requires no regional or general anesthesia. This technique entails antecedent percutaneous nephrostomy and passage of an angiographic catheter down the ureter. The catheterizing apparatus is attached to the angiographic catheter and then pulled into position.", "PMID": 712893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5534", "title": "A plea for antireflux operations in adults: review of 50 cases.", "content": "The results of antireflux operations in 41 cases of primary and 9 cases of secondary vesicoureteral reflux in adults are presented. Reflux was eliminated in all cases and there were no postoperative complications. Most patients had a long history of urinary tract infection preoperatively, which was eliminated in 64.1 per cent of the cases after surgical correction of the reflux. A relapse of infection occurred in 30.8 per cent of these cases. Chronic pyelonephritis remains active in 5.1 per cent of the cases. There were 6 patients with serum creatinine levels higher than 1.8 mg. per cent who underwent a successful antireflux procedure without an increase of serum creatinine levels. An antireflux operation should be preferred over long-term conservative management in most cases of symptomatic vesicoureteral reflux in adults less than 50 years old.", "contents": "A plea for antireflux operations in adults: review of 50 cases. The results of antireflux operations in 41 cases of primary and 9 cases of secondary vesicoureteral reflux in adults are presented. Reflux was eliminated in all cases and there were no postoperative complications. Most patients had a long history of urinary tract infection preoperatively, which was eliminated in 64.1 per cent of the cases after surgical correction of the reflux. A relapse of infection occurred in 30.8 per cent of these cases. Chronic pyelonephritis remains active in 5.1 per cent of the cases. There were 6 patients with serum creatinine levels higher than 1.8 mg. per cent who underwent a successful antireflux procedure without an increase of serum creatinine levels. An antireflux operation should be preferred over long-term conservative management in most cases of symptomatic vesicoureteral reflux in adults less than 50 years old.", "PMID": 712894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5535", "title": "Ureteroneocystostomy in the treatment of reflux in neurogenic bladders.", "content": "There were 15 patients with neurogenic bladders, representing 23 renal units with reflux, who underwent reimplantation with the Politano-Leadbetter technique. The over-all success rate was 30 per cent. Failures, including persistent reflux or obstruction, were demonstrated on at least 1 side of all bilateral reimplantations and 3 of 7 unilateral procedures. These results are compared to those in the recent literature. We conclude that case selection, limiting the operation to only those patients with balanced bladders, will ensure uniformly good results. External sphincterotomy in patients with reflux may alter the clinical course, either obviating the need for reimplantation or creating a balanced bladder. Other forms of therapy, such as urinary diversion, are indicated only in those patients who persist with markedly abnormal bladders and renal deterioration.", "contents": "Ureteroneocystostomy in the treatment of reflux in neurogenic bladders. There were 15 patients with neurogenic bladders, representing 23 renal units with reflux, who underwent reimplantation with the Politano-Leadbetter technique. The over-all success rate was 30 per cent. Failures, including persistent reflux or obstruction, were demonstrated on at least 1 side of all bilateral reimplantations and 3 of 7 unilateral procedures. These results are compared to those in the recent literature. We conclude that case selection, limiting the operation to only those patients with balanced bladders, will ensure uniformly good results. External sphincterotomy in patients with reflux may alter the clinical course, either obviating the need for reimplantation or creating a balanced bladder. Other forms of therapy, such as urinary diversion, are indicated only in those patients who persist with markedly abnormal bladders and renal deterioration.", "PMID": 712895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5536", "title": "Neurogenic bladder in the woman with multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Fifty women with proved multiple sclerosis were grouped according to the severity of the disease (measured urodynamically) and followed for 5 years. All patients were asymptomatic initially. The symptoms, urodynamic results and therapy are discussed. As the disease progresses in a stepwise fashion bladder symptoms become more pronounced. With current methods of treatment and followup better control of the symptoms can be expected.", "contents": "Neurogenic bladder in the woman with multiple sclerosis. Fifty women with proved multiple sclerosis were grouped according to the severity of the disease (measured urodynamically) and followed for 5 years. All patients were asymptomatic initially. The symptoms, urodynamic results and therapy are discussed. As the disease progresses in a stepwise fashion bladder symptoms become more pronounced. With current methods of treatment and followup better control of the symptoms can be expected.", "PMID": 712896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5537", "title": "Percutaneous radiofrequency sacral rhizotomy in the treatment of the hyperreflexic bladder.", "content": "Percutaneous radiofrequency rhizotomy was performed on 7 patients with a hyperreflexic bladder to augment bladder capacity and to make intermittent clean catheterization more feasible or stop precipitous micturition. Urodynamic evaluations were done before and after rhizotomy. A successful result was achieved in 6 patients. Patient selection and methodology are discussed and some of the previously reported series of rhizotomies are compared to the present study.", "contents": "Percutaneous radiofrequency sacral rhizotomy in the treatment of the hyperreflexic bladder. Percutaneous radiofrequency rhizotomy was performed on 7 patients with a hyperreflexic bladder to augment bladder capacity and to make intermittent clean catheterization more feasible or stop precipitous micturition. Urodynamic evaluations were done before and after rhizotomy. A successful result was achieved in 6 patients. Patient selection and methodology are discussed and some of the previously reported series of rhizotomies are compared to the present study.", "PMID": 712897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5538", "title": "Biopsy of apparently normal urothelium in patients with bladder carcinoma.", "content": "We obtained 246 cold cup biopsies from pre-selected sites of apparently non-tumor-bearing bladder urothelium from 82 patients who presented with bladder cancer for the first time. Of 75 patients with transitional cell carcinoma 32 (43 per cent) suffered coincidental urothelial abnormalities, the most common being atypia. Significant abnormalities occurred more commonly (77 per cent) in association with high grade tumors than with low grade tumors (15 per cent).", "contents": "Biopsy of apparently normal urothelium in patients with bladder carcinoma. We obtained 246 cold cup biopsies from pre-selected sites of apparently non-tumor-bearing bladder urothelium from 82 patients who presented with bladder cancer for the first time. Of 75 patients with transitional cell carcinoma 32 (43 per cent) suffered coincidental urothelial abnormalities, the most common being atypia. Significant abnormalities occurred more commonly (77 per cent) in association with high grade tumors than with low grade tumors (15 per cent).", "PMID": 712898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5539", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder.", "content": "Medical records were reviewed for 17 consecutive patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder. This number represented 6.5 per cent of all patients with bladder cancer seen during the study period. All 4 patients who underwent cystectomy and urinary diversion are well 3 1/2 to 6 1/2 years after treatment. All 13 patients treated with various other modalities are dead, with an average survival from diagnosis to death of 9 months. It is concluded that cystectomy is the treatment of choice for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder that is not already stage D.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder. Medical records were reviewed for 17 consecutive patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder. This number represented 6.5 per cent of all patients with bladder cancer seen during the study period. All 4 patients who underwent cystectomy and urinary diversion are well 3 1/2 to 6 1/2 years after treatment. All 13 patients treated with various other modalities are dead, with an average survival from diagnosis to death of 9 months. It is concluded that cystectomy is the treatment of choice for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder that is not already stage D.", "PMID": 712899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5540", "title": "Spinal cord and nerve root lesions in children presenting with urinary dysfunction.", "content": "Three cases of bladder dysfunction as the first indication of tumors involving the spinal cord and sacral nerve roots are presented. The correct diagnosis was delayed in each instance. The relationship of such tumors to bladder dysfunction is discussed and the need for careful history and physical examination is stressed. It is emphasized that neurologic disease may present with urinary dysfunction. Neurological symptoms, physical findings and radiographic abnormalities of the spine should be noted.", "contents": "Spinal cord and nerve root lesions in children presenting with urinary dysfunction. Three cases of bladder dysfunction as the first indication of tumors involving the spinal cord and sacral nerve roots are presented. The correct diagnosis was delayed in each instance. The relationship of such tumors to bladder dysfunction is discussed and the need for careful history and physical examination is stressed. It is emphasized that neurologic disease may present with urinary dysfunction. Neurological symptoms, physical findings and radiographic abnormalities of the spine should be noted.", "PMID": 712900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5541", "title": "Voiding pattern abnormalities in normal children: results of pharmacologic manipulation.", "content": "Urodynamic studies were done on 50 children with voiding pattern abnormalities, characterized by daytime incontinence, damp pants, nocturnal enuresis, frequency and recurrent urinary tract infections. These studies included cystometry, uroflowmetry and pelvic floor/external urethral sphincter electromyography. Of the 50 children studied 37 were treated with various pharmacological agents based on 8 recognized urodynamic patterns. Thirty-one children (84 per cent) became totally asymptomatic while on pharmacotherapy and 4 (11 per cent) demonstrated marked improvement in clinical symptoms during the course of this study. Appropriately directed urodynamic studies and treatment with specific pharmacological agents can treat (retrain) effectively children with voiding pattern abnormalities.", "contents": "Voiding pattern abnormalities in normal children: results of pharmacologic manipulation. Urodynamic studies were done on 50 children with voiding pattern abnormalities, characterized by daytime incontinence, damp pants, nocturnal enuresis, frequency and recurrent urinary tract infections. These studies included cystometry, uroflowmetry and pelvic floor/external urethral sphincter electromyography. Of the 50 children studied 37 were treated with various pharmacological agents based on 8 recognized urodynamic patterns. Thirty-one children (84 per cent) became totally asymptomatic while on pharmacotherapy and 4 (11 per cent) demonstrated marked improvement in clinical symptoms during the course of this study. Appropriately directed urodynamic studies and treatment with specific pharmacological agents can treat (retrain) effectively children with voiding pattern abnormalities.", "PMID": 712901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5542", "title": "Cutaneous transureteroureterostomy as a form of diversion in children with a compromised urinary tract.", "content": "Our experience with children who require supravesical diversion in the face of a compromised urinary tract indicates that in selected cases transureteroureterostomy with cutaneous ureterostomy will lead to a stabilized urinary tract that will be free from infection and postoperative complications.", "contents": "Cutaneous transureteroureterostomy as a form of diversion in children with a compromised urinary tract. Our experience with children who require supravesical diversion in the face of a compromised urinary tract indicates that in selected cases transureteroureterostomy with cutaneous ureterostomy will lead to a stabilized urinary tract that will be free from infection and postoperative complications.", "PMID": 712903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5543", "title": "The persisting mesonephric duct: high junction of vas deferens and ureter.", "content": "We describe 9 examples of a rare congenital anomaly in which the unduplicated ureter joined the vas and exhibited long persisting mesonephric ducts that resembled the ureter rather than the vas. Some of the kidneys were unexpectedly well developed. It is proposed that a cranial ectopic ureteral bud may have induced a metanephric kidney in the region of the mesonephros or the ectopic bud and the metanephric blastema were displaced cranially.", "contents": "The persisting mesonephric duct: high junction of vas deferens and ureter. We describe 9 examples of a rare congenital anomaly in which the unduplicated ureter joined the vas and exhibited long persisting mesonephric ducts that resembled the ureter rather than the vas. Some of the kidneys were unexpectedly well developed. It is proposed that a cranial ectopic ureteral bud may have induced a metanephric kidney in the region of the mesonephros or the ectopic bud and the metanephric blastema were displaced cranially.", "PMID": 712904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5544", "title": "Ectopic vas deferens.", "content": "Two infants with ectopia of the vas deferens are described. To date 11 cases have been reported, comprising a total of 13 ectopic vas insertions, 2 of which are bilateral. A classification of 2 types of ectopic vas is presented with a discussion of their relationship to ureteral ectopias. An embryological hypothesis of a proximal vas precursor segment of the wolffian duct is related closely to Stephens' theory of ureteral development.", "contents": "Ectopic vas deferens. Two infants with ectopia of the vas deferens are described. To date 11 cases have been reported, comprising a total of 13 ectopic vas insertions, 2 of which are bilateral. A classification of 2 types of ectopic vas is presented with a discussion of their relationship to ureteral ectopias. An embryological hypothesis of a proximal vas precursor segment of the wolffian duct is related closely to Stephens' theory of ureteral development.", "PMID": 712905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5545", "title": "Urologic complications of neonatal umbilical arterial catheterization.", "content": "Two cases are presented illustrating the emergent and potentially lethal complications of neonatal umbilical artery catheterization that may confront the pediatric urologist. Immediate aortography via the umbilical artery catheter usually will be diagnostic. Prompt surgical intervention is advocated if uncontrollable renovascular hypertension or a false aneurysm is found.", "contents": "Urologic complications of neonatal umbilical arterial catheterization. Two cases are presented illustrating the emergent and potentially lethal complications of neonatal umbilical artery catheterization that may confront the pediatric urologist. Immediate aortography via the umbilical artery catheter usually will be diagnostic. Prompt surgical intervention is advocated if uncontrollable renovascular hypertension or a false aneurysm is found.", "PMID": 712906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5546", "title": "Anuria secondary to renal artery obstruction in a solitary kidney: 9-year followup.", "content": "A patient with a prior nephrectomy for renovascular hypertension experienced complete anuria secondary to renal artery occlusion. Revascularization 75 hours later resulted in prompt diuresis, recovery of renal function and a 9-year survival. Serial preoperative renal function studies are presented. Deterioration of renal function and recurrent hypertension are believed to have heralded the onset of arterial obstruction to a solitary kidney. The literature concerning the etiology of renal artery occlusion and the rationale for therapy are reviewed.", "contents": "Anuria secondary to renal artery obstruction in a solitary kidney: 9-year followup. A patient with a prior nephrectomy for renovascular hypertension experienced complete anuria secondary to renal artery occlusion. Revascularization 75 hours later resulted in prompt diuresis, recovery of renal function and a 9-year survival. Serial preoperative renal function studies are presented. Deterioration of renal function and recurrent hypertension are believed to have heralded the onset of arterial obstruction to a solitary kidney. The literature concerning the etiology of renal artery occlusion and the rationale for therapy are reviewed.", "PMID": 712908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5547", "title": "Detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia and detrusor hyperreflexia leading to hydronephrosis during intermittent catheterization.", "content": "Two cases of spinal cord injury with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia and detrusor hyperreflexia are presented. In 1 patient bilateral hydronephrosis developed between 3 and 7 months after injury while he was on intermittent catheterization. In the other patient early sphincterotomy (3 1/2 months post-injury) was not followed by upper tract changes. Urodynamic evaluation should be done before intermittent catheterization is continued for more than 3 months after spinal cord injury. The importance of early diagnosis and appropriate management of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia associated with detrusor hyperreflexia is discussed.", "contents": "Detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia and detrusor hyperreflexia leading to hydronephrosis during intermittent catheterization. Two cases of spinal cord injury with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia and detrusor hyperreflexia are presented. In 1 patient bilateral hydronephrosis developed between 3 and 7 months after injury while he was on intermittent catheterization. In the other patient early sphincterotomy (3 1/2 months post-injury) was not followed by upper tract changes. Urodynamic evaluation should be done before intermittent catheterization is continued for more than 3 months after spinal cord injury. The importance of early diagnosis and appropriate management of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia associated with detrusor hyperreflexia is discussed.", "PMID": 712909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5548", "title": "Extraction of ureteral calculi from patients with ileal loops: a new technique.", "content": "A technique is described by which calculi can be removed from the distal ureters of patients with ileal conduit urinary diversions. A percutaneous nephrostomy is done and an angiogram catheter is manipulated down the ureter past the obstruction. After the angiogram catheter is retrieved from the loop with a Bumpus forceps a stone basket is attached, pulled up the ureter and opened. The stone can then be captured under fluoroscopic control and, by replacing the stone basket with a silicone splint, the ureteroileostomy also can be splinted. This may be important particularly if there is extravasation from the ureteroileostomy after stone manipulation or operation.", "contents": "Extraction of ureteral calculi from patients with ileal loops: a new technique. A technique is described by which calculi can be removed from the distal ureters of patients with ileal conduit urinary diversions. A percutaneous nephrostomy is done and an angiogram catheter is manipulated down the ureter past the obstruction. After the angiogram catheter is retrieved from the loop with a Bumpus forceps a stone basket is attached, pulled up the ureter and opened. The stone can then be captured under fluoroscopic control and, by replacing the stone basket with a silicone splint, the ureteroileostomy also can be splinted. This may be important particularly if there is extravasation from the ureteroileostomy after stone manipulation or operation.", "PMID": 712910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5549", "title": "Long blind-ending ureteral duplications.", "content": "Long blind-ending ureteral duplications can be symptomatic and require surgical intervention. Three patients with long blind-ending ureteral duplications had prominent reflux and required either resection of the blind ureter and ureteral reimplantation or nephroureterectomy.", "contents": "Long blind-ending ureteral duplications. Long blind-ending ureteral duplications can be symptomatic and require surgical intervention. Three patients with long blind-ending ureteral duplications had prominent reflux and required either resection of the blind ureter and ureteral reimplantation or nephroureterectomy.", "PMID": 712911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5550", "title": "Ureterolymphatic backflow.", "content": "A case is reported of apparent radiologic demonstration of a communication between a completely obstructed distal ureter and its draining lymphatics in a patient with invasive bladder tumor involving the ureteral orifice.", "contents": "Ureterolymphatic backflow. A case is reported of apparent radiologic demonstration of a communication between a completely obstructed distal ureter and its draining lymphatics in a patient with invasive bladder tumor involving the ureteral orifice.", "PMID": 712912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5551", "title": "Association of HLA-B27 antigen with retroperitoneal fibrosis.", "content": "This is the second known case of retroperitoneal fibrosis in a middle-aged black man whose tissue type was HLA-B27 positive. The HLA-B27 antigen is present in only 4 per cent of black American male subjects and may be important in the diagnosis and management of patients with primary retroperitoneal fibrosis. A genetic predisposition is suggested for the development of idiopathic primary retroperitoneal fibrosis in patients who are HLA-B27 antigen positive.", "contents": "Association of HLA-B27 antigen with retroperitoneal fibrosis. This is the second known case of retroperitoneal fibrosis in a middle-aged black man whose tissue type was HLA-B27 positive. The HLA-B27 antigen is present in only 4 per cent of black American male subjects and may be important in the diagnosis and management of patients with primary retroperitoneal fibrosis. A genetic predisposition is suggested for the development of idiopathic primary retroperitoneal fibrosis in patients who are HLA-B27 antigen positive.", "PMID": 712913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5552", "title": "Urethral valves as a cause of dilated Cowper's glands and perineal pain.", "content": "Symptoms of lower urinary tract obstruction are the most frequent manifestation of congenital posterior valves. A case is presented in which the initial symptom was perineal pain. Diagnosis was delayed because of a false diagnosis of prostatitis. Urethrography and cystography showed posterior urethral valves and dilated Cowper's glands. Bilateral incisions of the valves with the knife electrode resulted in disapperance of the pain and regression of the dilated Cowper's glands.", "contents": "Urethral valves as a cause of dilated Cowper's glands and perineal pain. Symptoms of lower urinary tract obstruction are the most frequent manifestation of congenital posterior valves. A case is presented in which the initial symptom was perineal pain. Diagnosis was delayed because of a false diagnosis of prostatitis. Urethrography and cystography showed posterior urethral valves and dilated Cowper's glands. Bilateral incisions of the valves with the knife electrode resulted in disapperance of the pain and regression of the dilated Cowper's glands.", "PMID": 712914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5553", "title": "Solitary leiomyoma of the prostate presenting as an encrusted intravesical mass.", "content": "A leiomyoma of the prostate presented as an encrusted intravesical mass on excretory urography. A prostatic leiomyoma usually is benign and is relatively rare with only 41 cases reported previously. Surgical and pathological findings and differential diagnosis are presented.", "contents": "Solitary leiomyoma of the prostate presenting as an encrusted intravesical mass. A leiomyoma of the prostate presented as an encrusted intravesical mass on excretory urography. A prostatic leiomyoma usually is benign and is relatively rare with only 41 cases reported previously. Surgical and pathological findings and differential diagnosis are presented.", "PMID": 712917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5554", "title": "Estrogen-induced porphyria cutanea tarda complicating treatment of prostatic carcinoma.", "content": "A case of porphyria cutanea tarda secondary to stilbestrol in a man with carcinoma of the prostate is reported.", "contents": "Estrogen-induced porphyria cutanea tarda complicating treatment of prostatic carcinoma. A case of porphyria cutanea tarda secondary to stilbestrol in a man with carcinoma of the prostate is reported.", "PMID": 712918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5555", "title": "Symptomatic bacterial urinary tract infections in men: limitations of quantitative urine cultures.", "content": "Occasionally, physicians have discarded the diagnosis of acute symptomatic bacterial urinary tract infection when the urine coutn failed to approach or exceed 100,000 organisms per ml. Previous studies done in women have established the fact that sole reliance cannot be placed on this value to exclude the diagnosis of symptomatic bacterial urinary tract infection. A retrospective analysis of the charts of male patients, with an unequivocal diagnosis of symptomatic bacterial urinary tract infection, demonstrates the limitations of the urine colony count as a diagnostic test in men.", "contents": "Symptomatic bacterial urinary tract infections in men: limitations of quantitative urine cultures. Occasionally, physicians have discarded the diagnosis of acute symptomatic bacterial urinary tract infection when the urine coutn failed to approach or exceed 100,000 organisms per ml. Previous studies done in women have established the fact that sole reliance cannot be placed on this value to exclude the diagnosis of symptomatic bacterial urinary tract infection. A retrospective analysis of the charts of male patients, with an unequivocal diagnosis of symptomatic bacterial urinary tract infection, demonstrates the limitations of the urine colony count as a diagnostic test in men.", "PMID": 712919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5556", "title": "Xenon ventilation-perfusion lung scans. The early diagnosis of inhalation injury.", "content": "The use of xenon Xe 133 ventilation-perfusion lung scans for the early diagnosis of inhalation injury was evaluated in 67 patients with acute thermal burns. Study results were interpreted as normal if there was complete pulmonary clearance of the radioactive gas by 150 seconds. Thirty-two scans were normal, 32 abnormal, and three technically inadequate. There were three true false-positive study results and one false-negative study result. Good correlation was found between the scan results and various historical, physical, and laboratory values currently used to evaluate inhalation injury. The scans appeared to be the most sensitive method for the detection of early involvement, often being abnormal several days before the chest roentgenogram. Xenon lung scanning is a safe, easy, accurate, and sensitive method for the early diagnosis of inhalation injury and has important therapeutic and prognostic implications as well.", "contents": "Xenon ventilation-perfusion lung scans. The early diagnosis of inhalation injury. The use of xenon Xe 133 ventilation-perfusion lung scans for the early diagnosis of inhalation injury was evaluated in 67 patients with acute thermal burns. Study results were interpreted as normal if there was complete pulmonary clearance of the radioactive gas by 150 seconds. Thirty-two scans were normal, 32 abnormal, and three technically inadequate. There were three true false-positive study results and one false-negative study result. Good correlation was found between the scan results and various historical, physical, and laboratory values currently used to evaluate inhalation injury. The scans appeared to be the most sensitive method for the detection of early involvement, often being abnormal several days before the chest roentgenogram. Xenon lung scanning is a safe, easy, accurate, and sensitive method for the early diagnosis of inhalation injury and has important therapeutic and prognostic implications as well.", "PMID": 712935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5557", "title": "Abdominal epilepsy. A cause of abdominal pain in adults.", "content": "Four patients, aged 17 to 47 years, had paroxysmal abdominal pain associated with symptoms suggestive of a CNS disturbance. None had a discernible primary gastrointestinal process, but each had EEG abnormalities and a striking response to anticonvulsant medication. These findings suggest that abdominal epilepsy should be considered in the differential diagnosis of unexplained paroxysmal abdominal pain.", "contents": "Abdominal epilepsy. A cause of abdominal pain in adults. Four patients, aged 17 to 47 years, had paroxysmal abdominal pain associated with symptoms suggestive of a CNS disturbance. None had a discernible primary gastrointestinal process, but each had EEG abnormalities and a striking response to anticonvulsant medication. These findings suggest that abdominal epilepsy should be considered in the differential diagnosis of unexplained paroxysmal abdominal pain.", "PMID": 712936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5558", "title": "Hospital costs and mortality attributed to nosocomial bacteremias.", "content": "Hospital patients with nosocomial bacteremia and matched hospital control patients without this infection were used to determine the excess hospital costs and mortality attributed to nosocomial bacteremias. Mortality was 14 times greater in patients with nosocomial bacteremia than in matched members of the control group with the same primary diagnoses. An itemized cost analysis, based on 81 case-control pairs, showed an average excess of approximately $3,600 in direct hospital costs for patients who had nosocomial bacteremias. It is estimated that only 24% of the total excess costs to these hospital patients are preventable. Patients with nosocomial bacteremia had an average hospitalization period that was 14 days longer than the average hospital stay for members of the control group.", "contents": "Hospital costs and mortality attributed to nosocomial bacteremias. Hospital patients with nosocomial bacteremia and matched hospital control patients without this infection were used to determine the excess hospital costs and mortality attributed to nosocomial bacteremias. Mortality was 14 times greater in patients with nosocomial bacteremia than in matched members of the control group with the same primary diagnoses. An itemized cost analysis, based on 81 case-control pairs, showed an average excess of approximately $3,600 in direct hospital costs for patients who had nosocomial bacteremias. It is estimated that only 24% of the total excess costs to these hospital patients are preventable. Patients with nosocomial bacteremia had an average hospitalization period that was 14 days longer than the average hospital stay for members of the control group.", "PMID": 712937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5559", "title": "Electroconvulsive therapy in patients with pacemakers.", "content": "A patient with an R-wave inhibited permanent pacemaker required electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Possible interference by this therapy with pacer functioning through external interference or internal interference by inhibitory myopotentials was eliminated by temporary conversion to fixed rate pacing before ECT.", "contents": "Electroconvulsive therapy in patients with pacemakers. A patient with an R-wave inhibited permanent pacemaker required electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Possible interference by this therapy with pacer functioning through external interference or internal interference by inhibitory myopotentials was eliminated by temporary conversion to fixed rate pacing before ECT.", "PMID": 712938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5560", "title": "Disseminated Cryptococcus treated with transfer factor.", "content": "Cardiac toxic reactions and pulmonary consolidation in the left lower lobe developed in a patient who was receiving amphotericin B therapy for cryptococcal meningitis. Following surgical resection of the lobe, multiple subcutaneous cryptococcal abscesses appeared. Flucytosine administered intravenously failed to eradicate the lesions. Transfer factor therapy and multiple drainage procedures elimniated the skin abscesses. Transfer factor therapy was administered for one year; the patient was asymptomatic 16 months after therapy was discontinued.", "contents": "Disseminated Cryptococcus treated with transfer factor. Cardiac toxic reactions and pulmonary consolidation in the left lower lobe developed in a patient who was receiving amphotericin B therapy for cryptococcal meningitis. Following surgical resection of the lobe, multiple subcutaneous cryptococcal abscesses appeared. Flucytosine administered intravenously failed to eradicate the lesions. Transfer factor therapy and multiple drainage procedures elimniated the skin abscesses. Transfer factor therapy was administered for one year; the patient was asymptomatic 16 months after therapy was discontinued.", "PMID": 712939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5561", "title": "Undetected tuberculosis in prison. Source of infection for community at large.", "content": "Discovery of two cases of infectious tuberculosis in a state prison in 1976 prompted a careful study of the entire population of 1,500. Eight more cases were found, giving a morbidity of 670/100,000 (arkansas rate, 21.1). The epidemic was aborted by the use of isoniazid and the establishment of a program for screening and periodic retesting. Clear evidence was found for intramural spread of the infection, and eight of 16 persons with clinical tuberculosis from 1975 to 1977 had entered the prison uninfected. Nine percent of 800 men with tuberculosis in Arkansas from 1972 through 1977 had \"done time\" in this particular prison. In January 1978 a child died of tuberculosis transmitted from a former inmate who had been infected while incarcerated in 1976 but released without therapy. Tuberculosis morbidity was 6.5 times greater in state prisons than in the general population.", "contents": "Undetected tuberculosis in prison. Source of infection for community at large. Discovery of two cases of infectious tuberculosis in a state prison in 1976 prompted a careful study of the entire population of 1,500. Eight more cases were found, giving a morbidity of 670/100,000 (arkansas rate, 21.1). The epidemic was aborted by the use of isoniazid and the establishment of a program for screening and periodic retesting. Clear evidence was found for intramural spread of the infection, and eight of 16 persons with clinical tuberculosis from 1975 to 1977 had entered the prison uninfected. Nine percent of 800 men with tuberculosis in Arkansas from 1972 through 1977 had \"done time\" in this particular prison. In January 1978 a child died of tuberculosis transmitted from a former inmate who had been infected while incarcerated in 1976 but released without therapy. Tuberculosis morbidity was 6.5 times greater in state prisons than in the general population.", "PMID": 712956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5562", "title": "Myocardial infarction and other vascular diseases in young women. Role of estrogens and other factors.", "content": "We studied 83 women younger than 46 years with acute myocardial infarction (MI) and 154 controls. There was a strong positive association between MI and the following: (1) age, (2) both oral contraceptive and noncontraceptive estrogen use, (3) cigarette smoking, and (4) the presence of predisposing medical conditions, eg, past MI, hypertension, and diabetes. ABO blood type and family history of arterial disease were also positively associated with MI. Whereas the risks for idiopathic stroke and venous thromboembolism have also been shown to be increased among oral contraceptive users, there is comparatively little correlation between these two illnesses and age or smoking in young women. The present study, taken together with previously published work, provides reasonable estimates of the vascular risks associated with oral contraceptive use.", "contents": "Myocardial infarction and other vascular diseases in young women. Role of estrogens and other factors. We studied 83 women younger than 46 years with acute myocardial infarction (MI) and 154 controls. There was a strong positive association between MI and the following: (1) age, (2) both oral contraceptive and noncontraceptive estrogen use, (3) cigarette smoking, and (4) the presence of predisposing medical conditions, eg, past MI, hypertension, and diabetes. ABO blood type and family history of arterial disease were also positively associated with MI. Whereas the risks for idiopathic stroke and venous thromboembolism have also been shown to be increased among oral contraceptive users, there is comparatively little correlation between these two illnesses and age or smoking in young women. The present study, taken together with previously published work, provides reasonable estimates of the vascular risks associated with oral contraceptive use.", "PMID": 712957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5563", "title": "Fatal compulsive water drinking.", "content": "In two cases of psychogenic polydipsia, water intoxication developed and contributed to the patient's death. The treatment of the patient with psychogenic polydipsia has been based on the presumed reversibility of the condition. Treatment of such patients must be reconsidered in light of these deaths.", "contents": "Fatal compulsive water drinking. In two cases of psychogenic polydipsia, water intoxication developed and contributed to the patient's death. The treatment of the patient with psychogenic polydipsia has been based on the presumed reversibility of the condition. Treatment of such patients must be reconsidered in light of these deaths.", "PMID": 712958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5564", "title": "Rubella-vaccinated students. Follow-up in a public school system.", "content": "In a 7 1/2-year follow-up evaluation of the duration of rubella-vaccine-induced immunity of students who received either HPV-77 DK-12 or Cendehill vaccine, both groups showed a continous decline in hemagglutination-inhibition antibody from seven weeks after vaccination but a lower decline between 4 1/2 and 7 1/2 years after vaccination. However, at 7 1/2 years only 16 students (8%) receiving the Cendehill vaccine and one student (0.5%) receiving the HPV-77 DK-12 vaccine lacked detectable antibody. Despite the persistence of antibody titers, there was evidence of subclinical rubella among both groups of vaccinated students. These results emphasize the importance of continued evaluation of the conditions of persons receiving rubella vaccine.", "contents": "Rubella-vaccinated students. Follow-up in a public school system. In a 7 1/2-year follow-up evaluation of the duration of rubella-vaccine-induced immunity of students who received either HPV-77 DK-12 or Cendehill vaccine, both groups showed a continous decline in hemagglutination-inhibition antibody from seven weeks after vaccination but a lower decline between 4 1/2 and 7 1/2 years after vaccination. However, at 7 1/2 years only 16 students (8%) receiving the Cendehill vaccine and one student (0.5%) receiving the HPV-77 DK-12 vaccine lacked detectable antibody. Despite the persistence of antibody titers, there was evidence of subclinical rubella among both groups of vaccinated students. These results emphasize the importance of continued evaluation of the conditions of persons receiving rubella vaccine.", "PMID": 712979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5565", "title": "Aarskog syndrome. New findings and genetic analysis.", "content": "A patient had several unusual findings that, to our knowledge, have not previously been reported in the Aarskog syndrome (facio-digital-genital syndrome). On the basis of published pedigrees, the data strongly support an X-linked recessive mode of inheritance.", "contents": "Aarskog syndrome. New findings and genetic analysis. A patient had several unusual findings that, to our knowledge, have not previously been reported in the Aarskog syndrome (facio-digital-genital syndrome). On the basis of published pedigrees, the data strongly support an X-linked recessive mode of inheritance.", "PMID": 712980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5566", "title": "Megavitamins for minimal brain dysfunction. A placebo-controlled study.", "content": "Preliminary to a stimulant comparison study, 31 children with minimal brain dysfunction randomly received either placebo or a megavitamin combination. During a two-week trial, only two children responded so well that stiumlants were not considered necessary; both were in the placebo group. Change scores from pretest to posttest on four blind ratings by teachers and parents did not show a significant difference between the placebo and vitamin groups.", "contents": "Megavitamins for minimal brain dysfunction. A placebo-controlled study. Preliminary to a stimulant comparison study, 31 children with minimal brain dysfunction randomly received either placebo or a megavitamin combination. During a two-week trial, only two children responded so well that stiumlants were not considered necessary; both were in the placebo group. Change scores from pretest to posttest on four blind ratings by teachers and parents did not show a significant difference between the placebo and vitamin groups.", "PMID": 712981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5567", "title": "Tamoxifen flare in advanced breast cancer.", "content": "The antiestrogen tamoxifen citrate is an effective antitumor agent in postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer. The drug has produced relatively few and generally mild side effects. However, a not uncommon clinical phenomenon that may falsely suggest premature discontinuation of tamoxifen therapy has become evident to us and has not yet been sufficiently emphasized in the literature. We have designated this phenomenon as the tamoxifen flare. It consists of transient, at times severe, increase in pain with an apparent worsening of the patient's clinical status occurring within the first few weeks of therapy. In each of six patients experiencing this flare (45 patients treated) pain subsided despite continuation of tamoxifen therapy, followed by a partial remission lasting from six to 20 months.", "contents": "Tamoxifen flare in advanced breast cancer. The antiestrogen tamoxifen citrate is an effective antitumor agent in postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer. The drug has produced relatively few and generally mild side effects. However, a not uncommon clinical phenomenon that may falsely suggest premature discontinuation of tamoxifen therapy has become evident to us and has not yet been sufficiently emphasized in the literature. We have designated this phenomenon as the tamoxifen flare. It consists of transient, at times severe, increase in pain with an apparent worsening of the patient's clinical status occurring within the first few weeks of therapy. In each of six patients experiencing this flare (45 patients treated) pain subsided despite continuation of tamoxifen therapy, followed by a partial remission lasting from six to 20 months.", "PMID": 712982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5568", "title": "Rural health care. Medical issues.", "content": "Problems in the provision of health care to rural areas in the United States include the distribution of health workers, health care facilities, preventive services, quality of care, and economics. The problems must be clearly identified and defined if solutions are to be effective, and the cooperation of several sectors of the community is required. Community organization and political activity are often necessary to convince legislators and medical schools to assist rural communities in a solution of their major problems.", "contents": "Rural health care. Medical issues. Problems in the provision of health care to rural areas in the United States include the distribution of health workers, health care facilities, preventive services, quality of care, and economics. The problems must be clearly identified and defined if solutions are to be effective, and the cooperation of several sectors of the community is required. Community organization and political activity are often necessary to convince legislators and medical schools to assist rural communities in a solution of their major problems.", "PMID": 712983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5569", "title": "Inaccuracy of house staff in reading throat cultures.", "content": "The low prevalence of streptococcal pharyngitis in our pediatric clinic during a normally high-prevalence period encouraged us to examine the accuracy of throat culture readings made by the house staff. Six pediatric residents processed 256 cultures, which were then reinterpreted by a microbiologist. The residents consistently underread the cultures, failing to identify 68 (60%) of 112 with beta-hemolysis and 23 (58%) of 40 with a zone of bacitracin inhibition. This inaccuracy in interpretation of throat cultures emphasizes the physician's need to periodically reassess these skills.", "contents": "Inaccuracy of house staff in reading throat cultures. The low prevalence of streptococcal pharyngitis in our pediatric clinic during a normally high-prevalence period encouraged us to examine the accuracy of throat culture readings made by the house staff. Six pediatric residents processed 256 cultures, which were then reinterpreted by a microbiologist. The residents consistently underread the cultures, failing to identify 68 (60%) of 112 with beta-hemolysis and 23 (58%) of 40 with a zone of bacitracin inhibition. This inaccuracy in interpretation of throat cultures emphasizes the physician's need to periodically reassess these skills.", "PMID": 712984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5570", "title": "Aortic insufficiency with mild ankylosing spondylitis in black men.", "content": "Two black male patients with aortic insufficiency were later found to have mild, asymptomatic ankylosing spondylitis, evident from roentgenograms and from the presence of HLA-B27 antigen. The two cases emphasize the even \"subclinical\" ankylosing spondylitis may have aortic insufficiency, and that the uncommon occurrence of ankylosing spondylitis in black patients may also be associated with this extra-articular manifestation.", "contents": "Aortic insufficiency with mild ankylosing spondylitis in black men. Two black male patients with aortic insufficiency were later found to have mild, asymptomatic ankylosing spondylitis, evident from roentgenograms and from the presence of HLA-B27 antigen. The two cases emphasize the even \"subclinical\" ankylosing spondylitis may have aortic insufficiency, and that the uncommon occurrence of ankylosing spondylitis in black patients may also be associated with this extra-articular manifestation.", "PMID": 712985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5571", "title": "Hemoperfusion in the management of digoxin toxicity.", "content": "Resin hemoperfusion was used in a long-term dialysis patient who inadvertently ingested a quadruple dose of digoxin for five days. Severe gastrointestinal symptoms improved, and impressive plasma digoxin clearances were observed. Cellulose-coated activated charcoal was used in another patient who had ingested a massive dose of digoxin. Gastrointestinal and CNS symptoms improved, and second-degree heart block with life-threatening bradycardia cleared during hemoperfusion. Digoxin toxicity may be added to the list of conditions that can be treated by this method.", "contents": "Hemoperfusion in the management of digoxin toxicity. Resin hemoperfusion was used in a long-term dialysis patient who inadvertently ingested a quadruple dose of digoxin for five days. Severe gastrointestinal symptoms improved, and impressive plasma digoxin clearances were observed. Cellulose-coated activated charcoal was used in another patient who had ingested a massive dose of digoxin. Gastrointestinal and CNS symptoms improved, and second-degree heart block with life-threatening bradycardia cleared during hemoperfusion. Digoxin toxicity may be added to the list of conditions that can be treated by this method.", "PMID": 713006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5572", "title": "Prognostic importance of pruritus in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "In 1971 participants in the Ann Arbor Conference on Hodgkin's disease thought that pruritus had no independent prognostic importance. We reviewed our series of patients with Hodgkin's disease and found six patients in whom severe itching was a major clinical problem. When compared with similarly treated patients without pruritus, these patients appeared to have more-aggressive disease. Severe itching, alone or with B symptoms, needs further study, since it may presage a poor prognosis.", "contents": "Prognostic importance of pruritus in Hodgkin's disease. In 1971 participants in the Ann Arbor Conference on Hodgkin's disease thought that pruritus had no independent prognostic importance. We reviewed our series of patients with Hodgkin's disease and found six patients in whom severe itching was a major clinical problem. When compared with similarly treated patients without pruritus, these patients appeared to have more-aggressive disease. Severe itching, alone or with B symptoms, needs further study, since it may presage a poor prognosis.", "PMID": 713007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5573", "title": "Metastatic non-oat-cell bronchogenic carcinoma. Therapy with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, methotrexate, and procarbazine (CAMP).", "content": "Fifty-four patients with metastatic non-oat-cell bronchogenic carcinoma were treated with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), methotrexate, and procarbazine hydrochloride (CAMP). Eighteen of 51 of these patients with measurable disease showed an objective response to CAMP chemotherapy, with a median survival of 12.6 months. Eight of the 18 patients are still alive, and two have been in continuous remission for 20 and 26 months. Survival for patients with stable disease was 12 months, similar to that for patients demonstrating objective regression in response to CAMP treatment. Weight loss, performance status, and dominant site of metastases proved to be important prognostic factors. The CAMP regimen was well tolerated; there were only two drug-related deaths, both secondary to infectious complications.", "contents": "Metastatic non-oat-cell bronchogenic carcinoma. Therapy with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, methotrexate, and procarbazine (CAMP). Fifty-four patients with metastatic non-oat-cell bronchogenic carcinoma were treated with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), methotrexate, and procarbazine hydrochloride (CAMP). Eighteen of 51 of these patients with measurable disease showed an objective response to CAMP chemotherapy, with a median survival of 12.6 months. Eight of the 18 patients are still alive, and two have been in continuous remission for 20 and 26 months. Survival for patients with stable disease was 12 months, similar to that for patients demonstrating objective regression in response to CAMP treatment. Weight loss, performance status, and dominant site of metastases proved to be important prognostic factors. The CAMP regimen was well tolerated; there were only two drug-related deaths, both secondary to infectious complications.", "PMID": 713008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5574", "title": "Routine chest roentgenography in pregnancy.", "content": "In an effort to determine if routine prenatal chest roentgenograms were of practical value, the records of 12,109 consecutive deliveries at the Mayo Clinic were reviewed retrospectively. The roentgenograms were obtained during the first or second prenatal visit and additionally when warranted by notable symptoms or physical findings in subsequent prenatal visits. Forty-eight patients had appreciable roentgenographic abnormalities. The findings of the general medical examination (which was routinely done at the first prenatal visit) were reviewed to determine if the chest abnormalities would have been suspected from the results of physical examination alone. In every case, a positive history or abnormal physical finding would have suggested the presence of the major abnormality or of the need for roentgenography to be performed.", "contents": "Routine chest roentgenography in pregnancy. In an effort to determine if routine prenatal chest roentgenograms were of practical value, the records of 12,109 consecutive deliveries at the Mayo Clinic were reviewed retrospectively. The roentgenograms were obtained during the first or second prenatal visit and additionally when warranted by notable symptoms or physical findings in subsequent prenatal visits. Forty-eight patients had appreciable roentgenographic abnormalities. The findings of the general medical examination (which was routinely done at the first prenatal visit) were reviewed to determine if the chest abnormalities would have been suspected from the results of physical examination alone. In every case, a positive history or abnormal physical finding would have suggested the presence of the major abnormality or of the need for roentgenography to be performed.", "PMID": 713009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5575", "title": "Telemedicine in pediatric primary care. Favorable experience in nurse-staffed inner-city clinic.", "content": "Off-site pediatric consultation via bidirectional cable television (TV) was instituted to provide backup for nurse practitioners treating sick and well children in a small primary-care clinic. During a year of study of the system, there were 2,161 clinic visits and 285 TV consultations. When both TV and telephone consultation were available, TV was used for 10.8% of the visits, and telephone was used for 9.6% of visits. Staff reactions, though initially skeptical, were ultimately favorable. The system allowed pediatric nurse practitioners to function without on-site physician coverage 40% of the time. The main disadvantages were technical. Further work is needed to assess the reliability and validity of TV consultation and its acceptability in other settings.", "contents": "Telemedicine in pediatric primary care. Favorable experience in nurse-staffed inner-city clinic. Off-site pediatric consultation via bidirectional cable television (TV) was instituted to provide backup for nurse practitioners treating sick and well children in a small primary-care clinic. During a year of study of the system, there were 2,161 clinic visits and 285 TV consultations. When both TV and telephone consultation were available, TV was used for 10.8% of the visits, and telephone was used for 9.6% of visits. Staff reactions, though initially skeptical, were ultimately favorable. The system allowed pediatric nurse practitioners to function without on-site physician coverage 40% of the time. The main disadvantages were technical. Further work is needed to assess the reliability and validity of TV consultation and its acceptability in other settings.", "PMID": 713010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5576", "title": "Prazosin in the diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytoma.", "content": "In a patient with paraganglioma, severe hypertension due to high levels of plasma norepinephrine was easily controlled with prazosin hydrochloride, 6 to 8 mg/day for 19 days before surgery. A prolonged antihypertensive response to the first two 1-mg doses suggested the presence of pheochromocytoma. This experience dramatizes the remarkable effectiveness of prazosin as a postsynaptic alpha-adrenergic receptor blocker and invites further trials of the drug for both the diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytoma.", "contents": "Prazosin in the diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytoma. In a patient with paraganglioma, severe hypertension due to high levels of plasma norepinephrine was easily controlled with prazosin hydrochloride, 6 to 8 mg/day for 19 days before surgery. A prolonged antihypertensive response to the first two 1-mg doses suggested the presence of pheochromocytoma. This experience dramatizes the remarkable effectiveness of prazosin as a postsynaptic alpha-adrenergic receptor blocker and invites further trials of the drug for both the diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytoma.", "PMID": 713011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5577", "title": "Clinical evaluation of new office spirometer.", "content": "The accuracy of a simple, pneumatic, direct-recording spirometer suitable for office use was evaluated by comparing spirometry on a water-sealed, 13.5-liter, water-filled spirometer for 120 patients. Good correlation between the two spirometers was seen through a wide range of values for forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second, and forced expiratory flow during 25% to 75% of forced vital capacity, with coefficients of correlation being .988, .988, and .948, respectively. All correlations were significant. The pneumatic spirometer is accurate, simple to operate, and suitable for spirometry in the office and clinic.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of new office spirometer. The accuracy of a simple, pneumatic, direct-recording spirometer suitable for office use was evaluated by comparing spirometry on a water-sealed, 13.5-liter, water-filled spirometer for 120 patients. Good correlation between the two spirometers was seen through a wide range of values for forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second, and forced expiratory flow during 25% to 75% of forced vital capacity, with coefficients of correlation being .988, .988, and .948, respectively. All correlations were significant. The pneumatic spirometer is accurate, simple to operate, and suitable for spirometry in the office and clinic.", "PMID": 713012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5578", "title": "A temporal profile of changes in myocardial copper after isoproterenol induced cardiac necrosis.", "content": "The changes in myocardial copper were studied over a period of five days after producing myocardial necrosis in albino rats by subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol. Two different doses of isoproterenol (85 mg/kg & 42.5 mg/kg) were used to study the effect of variation in the extent of myocardial damage on the behaviour of myocardial copper. It was interesting to note that there was mainly an increase in myocardial copper with the lower dose of isoproterenol whereas there was mainly a fall in myocardial copper with the higher dose of isoproterenol. It has been hypothesized that this difference in behaviour of myocardial copper with respect to the different doses of isoproterenol is related to the extent of the myocardial tissue which escapes injury. Confirmation of myocardial necrosis was done by ECG, enzymes (SGOT, SGPT & LDH) and histology. Estimation of myocardial copper was done by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Perkin Elmer 303).", "contents": "A temporal profile of changes in myocardial copper after isoproterenol induced cardiac necrosis. The changes in myocardial copper were studied over a period of five days after producing myocardial necrosis in albino rats by subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol. Two different doses of isoproterenol (85 mg/kg & 42.5 mg/kg) were used to study the effect of variation in the extent of myocardial damage on the behaviour of myocardial copper. It was interesting to note that there was mainly an increase in myocardial copper with the lower dose of isoproterenol whereas there was mainly a fall in myocardial copper with the higher dose of isoproterenol. It has been hypothesized that this difference in behaviour of myocardial copper with respect to the different doses of isoproterenol is related to the extent of the myocardial tissue which escapes injury. Confirmation of myocardial necrosis was done by ECG, enzymes (SGOT, SGPT & LDH) and histology. Estimation of myocardial copper was done by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Perkin Elmer 303).", "PMID": 713020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5579", "title": "Effects of graded coronary constriction on regional oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions in outer and inner layers of the canine myocardium.", "content": "This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of graded coronary constriction on regional gas tensions of the myocardium. In 12 open chest dogs, tissue carbon dioxide (PtCO2) and oxygen (PtO2) tensions were measured simultaneously in outer and inner layers of the myocardium using a mass spectrometer. In normal condition, higher PtO2 and lower PtCO2 were observed in outer layer than in inner layer. With application of coronary constriction, increase in PtCO2 and decrease in PtO2 were observed in both layers of the myocardium, but the response to the ischemic stimuli by applying coronary constriction in inner layer was different from that in outer layer. Severe coronary constriction, more than 90% in its diameter, was necessary to produce significant changes in both gas tensions in both layers of the myocardium. Decrease in PtO2 was found in the condition of less severe coronary constriction and to be greater in inner layer than in outer layer of the myocardium. In terms of the changes in PtCO2, inner layer was also more susceptible to the ischemic stimuli than outer layer. The greater and earlier elevation of PtCO2 in inner layer than in outer layer is regarded as one of the possible mechanisms of the reduction of myocardial contraction in the early stage of myocardial ischemia.", "contents": "Effects of graded coronary constriction on regional oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions in outer and inner layers of the canine myocardium. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of graded coronary constriction on regional gas tensions of the myocardium. In 12 open chest dogs, tissue carbon dioxide (PtCO2) and oxygen (PtO2) tensions were measured simultaneously in outer and inner layers of the myocardium using a mass spectrometer. In normal condition, higher PtO2 and lower PtCO2 were observed in outer layer than in inner layer. With application of coronary constriction, increase in PtCO2 and decrease in PtO2 were observed in both layers of the myocardium, but the response to the ischemic stimuli by applying coronary constriction in inner layer was different from that in outer layer. Severe coronary constriction, more than 90% in its diameter, was necessary to produce significant changes in both gas tensions in both layers of the myocardium. Decrease in PtO2 was found in the condition of less severe coronary constriction and to be greater in inner layer than in outer layer of the myocardium. In terms of the changes in PtCO2, inner layer was also more susceptible to the ischemic stimuli than outer layer. The greater and earlier elevation of PtCO2 in inner layer than in outer layer is regarded as one of the possible mechanisms of the reduction of myocardial contraction in the early stage of myocardial ischemia.", "PMID": 713021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5580", "title": "Studies on the QRS wave of the spatial magnitude electrocardiogram in ventricular septal defect.", "content": "The QRS wave of the spatial magnitude electrocardiogram (ECG) was investigated in 86 cases of the ventricular septal defect (VSD). The relationship between the amplitude and the time interval of QRS wave of the spatial magnitude ECG and the various hemodynamic parameters obtained by the right heart catheterization and the defect area ascertained during the operations were evaluated.", "contents": "Studies on the QRS wave of the spatial magnitude electrocardiogram in ventricular septal defect. The QRS wave of the spatial magnitude electrocardiogram (ECG) was investigated in 86 cases of the ventricular septal defect (VSD). The relationship between the amplitude and the time interval of QRS wave of the spatial magnitude ECG and the various hemodynamic parameters obtained by the right heart catheterization and the defect area ascertained during the operations were evaluated.", "PMID": 713022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5581", "title": "Glucose tolerance in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "In order to clarify the relationship between essential hypertension and glucose metabolism, and to approach the pathophysiology or the etiology of essential hypertension, we examined glucose tolerance test (GTT) using spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) as models. SHR, namely stroke-prone SHR (SHRSP) and stroke-resistant SHR (SHRSR) always had higher serum glucose levels at each GTT phase than normotensive control Wistar-Kyoto rats. They also tended to show higher levels in the young even at 5 weeks of age rather than in the adult. These results indicate that hyperglycemic tendency or lower glucose tolerance may be a characteristic of spontaneous hypertension and may be related to the mechanism of hypertension.", "contents": "Glucose tolerance in spontaneously hypertensive rats. In order to clarify the relationship between essential hypertension and glucose metabolism, and to approach the pathophysiology or the etiology of essential hypertension, we examined glucose tolerance test (GTT) using spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) as models. SHR, namely stroke-prone SHR (SHRSP) and stroke-resistant SHR (SHRSR) always had higher serum glucose levels at each GTT phase than normotensive control Wistar-Kyoto rats. They also tended to show higher levels in the young even at 5 weeks of age rather than in the adult. These results indicate that hyperglycemic tendency or lower glucose tolerance may be a characteristic of spontaneous hypertension and may be related to the mechanism of hypertension.", "PMID": 713023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5582", "title": "Hyperuricemia associated with hypertension. A 4-year follow-up study of hyperuricemic hypertensives.", "content": "We investigated the prognosis of 153 hypertensive patients, whose initial concentration of serum uric acid had been evaluated. One hundred and seventeen subjects could be followed up after 4 years and 16 of them died during the follow-up period. Cerebrovascular disease was seen in 6 subjects, 4 of whom died from the disease. Myocardial infarction and heart failure occurred in 9 and 7 of them died as a result. The frequency of these diseases was greater among the hyperuricemic group and 8 of the 11 who died belonged to this group. Four men were struck by gouty attacks. They were all hyperuricemic and had been proven to have at least one family member with asymptomatic hyperuricemia and/or gout. It is reasonable to regard the presence of hyperuricemia as one of the poor risk factors for vascular diseases. I addition, we must investigate more closely personal and family histories of gout when we see hyperuricemic subjects, regardless of absence of gouty symptoms.", "contents": "Hyperuricemia associated with hypertension. A 4-year follow-up study of hyperuricemic hypertensives. We investigated the prognosis of 153 hypertensive patients, whose initial concentration of serum uric acid had been evaluated. One hundred and seventeen subjects could be followed up after 4 years and 16 of them died during the follow-up period. Cerebrovascular disease was seen in 6 subjects, 4 of whom died from the disease. Myocardial infarction and heart failure occurred in 9 and 7 of them died as a result. The frequency of these diseases was greater among the hyperuricemic group and 8 of the 11 who died belonged to this group. Four men were struck by gouty attacks. They were all hyperuricemic and had been proven to have at least one family member with asymptomatic hyperuricemia and/or gout. It is reasonable to regard the presence of hyperuricemia as one of the poor risk factors for vascular diseases. I addition, we must investigate more closely personal and family histories of gout when we see hyperuricemic subjects, regardless of absence of gouty symptoms.", "PMID": 713025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5583", "title": "A-V block and A-V dissociation in electrocardiographic surveys of middle school students.", "content": "(1) ECG surveys were performed on 12,523 middle school students. The incidence of A-V block was 0.04% (0.37% in males and 0.43% in females). The incidence of A-V dissociation was 0.11% (0.09% in males and0.13% in females). (2) There was no case of Mobitz type II or complete A-V block in this survey. (3) Sixty-four school students were picked at random from the students with A-V block who had been diagnosed by ECG surveys during the  last there years and were given the Master's two-step test. The following four types of response were recognized; Type 1, Type 2, Type 3A, B, C, and Type 4. (4) Elevation of ASLO and antistreptkinase (ASK) were found in 6.4% and 13.5%, respectively. The serum cold agglutinin titer was elevated in four of the 12 students tested. (5) Most students with A-V block or A-V  dissociation had no past history of severe disease or no major complaints.", "contents": "A-V block and A-V dissociation in electrocardiographic surveys of middle school students. (1) ECG surveys were performed on 12,523 middle school students. The incidence of A-V block was 0.04% (0.37% in males and 0.43% in females). The incidence of A-V dissociation was 0.11% (0.09% in males and0.13% in females). (2) There was no case of Mobitz type II or complete A-V block in this survey. (3) Sixty-four school students were picked at random from the students with A-V block who had been diagnosed by ECG surveys during the  last there years and were given the Master's two-step test. The following four types of response were recognized; Type 1, Type 2, Type 3A, B, C, and Type 4. (4) Elevation of ASLO and antistreptkinase (ASK) were found in 6.4% and 13.5%, respectively. The serum cold agglutinin titer was elevated in four of the 12 students tested. (5) Most students with A-V block or A-V  dissociation had no past history of severe disease or no major complaints.", "PMID": 713026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5584", "title": "Cytotoxicity assay against cultured heart cell in rheumatic heart disease.", "content": "Non-specific cytotoxicity of peripheral lymphocytes from healthy subjects was observed by stimulation of PHA and PWM. Peripheral lymphocytes from patients with reheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease was cytotoxic against 51Cr labelled cultured heart cells in vitro.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity assay against cultured heart cell in rheumatic heart disease. Non-specific cytotoxicity of peripheral lymphocytes from healthy subjects was observed by stimulation of PHA and PWM. Peripheral lymphocytes from patients with reheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease was cytotoxic against 51Cr labelled cultured heart cells in vitro.", "PMID": 713027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5585", "title": "The metabolism of digitoxin in hepatic cirrhosis of human subjects.", "content": "Digitoxin, 1 mg, was orally administered to 12 cirrhotic patients (the 6 in a clinically compensated and the 6 in a decompensated state) and their serum concentrations were measured at 6 hours and everyday through 7 days by radioimmunoassay. The serum half-life of digitoxin in these groups and normal subjects, determined from the serum concentrations, was as follows: 4.7 +/- 0.55 days for controls, 4.9 +/- 0.45 days for the compensated group and 5.3 +/- 0.35 days for the decompensated group. No statistically significant difference could be found in half-life among these groups. (P less than 0.2). The same dose of digitoxin was orally administered to 6 cirrhotic patients and 6 control subjects and their left ventricular systolic time intervals, LVET and QS2, were determined at 6 hours and every morning for 7 days. Cardiac responses, exhibited by decrease in the systolic time intervals, in both control subjects and cirrhotic patients dissipated in fair parallel during the ensuing 4 days and returned to base line level by 5 days. From these both biological half-life and physiological effect, it may be concluded that overall metabolism of digitoxin in cirrhotic patients is not disturbed.", "contents": "The metabolism of digitoxin in hepatic cirrhosis of human subjects. Digitoxin, 1 mg, was orally administered to 12 cirrhotic patients (the 6 in a clinically compensated and the 6 in a decompensated state) and their serum concentrations were measured at 6 hours and everyday through 7 days by radioimmunoassay. The serum half-life of digitoxin in these groups and normal subjects, determined from the serum concentrations, was as follows: 4.7 +/- 0.55 days for controls, 4.9 +/- 0.45 days for the compensated group and 5.3 +/- 0.35 days for the decompensated group. No statistically significant difference could be found in half-life among these groups. (P less than 0.2). The same dose of digitoxin was orally administered to 6 cirrhotic patients and 6 control subjects and their left ventricular systolic time intervals, LVET and QS2, were determined at 6 hours and every morning for 7 days. Cardiac responses, exhibited by decrease in the systolic time intervals, in both control subjects and cirrhotic patients dissipated in fair parallel during the ensuing 4 days and returned to base line level by 5 days. From these both biological half-life and physiological effect, it may be concluded that overall metabolism of digitoxin in cirrhotic patients is not disturbed.", "PMID": 713028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5586", "title": "Mitral insufficiency secondary to mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. A case report of successful surgical treatment.", "content": "A three-year-old girl with mitral regurgitation due to mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MCLS) but with normal coronary arteries was treated surgically. Although no definite pathologic lesions causing severe mitral regurgitation except for dilatation of the mitral annulus were found at operation, some minor changes implied focal ischemia of the posterior papillary muscle. A poster-medial annuloplasty was performed without significant residual regurgitation. This is the first patient successfully treated by surgery for mitral valve incompentence due to MCLS. However, additional clinical experiences will be needed to evaluate surgical treatment for this group patients.", "contents": "Mitral insufficiency secondary to mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. A case report of successful surgical treatment. A three-year-old girl with mitral regurgitation due to mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MCLS) but with normal coronary arteries was treated surgically. Although no definite pathologic lesions causing severe mitral regurgitation except for dilatation of the mitral annulus were found at operation, some minor changes implied focal ischemia of the posterior papillary muscle. A poster-medial annuloplasty was performed without significant residual regurgitation. This is the first patient successfully treated by surgery for mitral valve incompentence due to MCLS. However, additional clinical experiences will be needed to evaluate surgical treatment for this group patients.", "PMID": 713029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5587", "title": "[Effects of fosfomycin sodium upon renal functions (author's transl)].", "content": "Effects of fosfomycin-sodium (FOM-Na) upon renal functions were studied with male rats. 1) After fasting for 24 hours, 25 ml/kg body weight of physiological saline were orally administered and respectively 160 and 320 mg/kg of FOM-Na were intraperitoneally administered immediately thereafter. The subsequent urinations amounts at 4 hours' interval were determined to see no effect of FOM-Na upon the urination amount. 2) After suspending water supply for 2 days, 1,000 mg/kg of FOM-Na were intraperitoneally administered once a day for successive 2 days. On the 3rd day, 50 ml/kg of dextran were intraperitoneally administered, and one hour thereafter, 1,000 mg/kg of FOM-Na were intramuscularly administered to hind leg. Blood samples were collected the following day (suspension of water was continued until blood sample collection) to determine the BUN and UA in serum. FOM-Na was found exerting on reinforcing effect upon renal dysfunctions caused by dextran.", "contents": "[Effects of fosfomycin sodium upon renal functions (author's transl)]. Effects of fosfomycin-sodium (FOM-Na) upon renal functions were studied with male rats. 1) After fasting for 24 hours, 25 ml/kg body weight of physiological saline were orally administered and respectively 160 and 320 mg/kg of FOM-Na were intraperitoneally administered immediately thereafter. The subsequent urinations amounts at 4 hours' interval were determined to see no effect of FOM-Na upon the urination amount. 2) After suspending water supply for 2 days, 1,000 mg/kg of FOM-Na were intraperitoneally administered once a day for successive 2 days. On the 3rd day, 50 ml/kg of dextran were intraperitoneally administered, and one hour thereafter, 1,000 mg/kg of FOM-Na were intramuscularly administered to hind leg. Blood samples were collected the following day (suspension of water was continued until blood sample collection) to determine the BUN and UA in serum. FOM-Na was found exerting on reinforcing effect upon renal dysfunctions caused by dextran.", "PMID": 713032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5588", "title": "[Study on tobramycin concentration in bone marrow (author's transl)].", "content": "Tobramycin (TOB) concentration in the bone marrow of tibia was examined 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours after intramuscular injection of 60 mg: TOB concentration in the bone marrow of tibia 1 hour after injection was 2.8 +/- 0.578 microgram/ml. Ratio to serum was 87.5%. TOB concentration in the bone marrow of tibia 2 hours after injection was 1.6 +/- 0.480 microgram/ml. Ratio to serum was 94.1%. TOB concentration in the bone marrow of tibia 3 hours after injection was 1.1 +/- 0.337 microgram/ml. Ratio to serum was 84.6%. TOB concentration in the bone marrow of tibia 4 hours after injection was 0.8 +/- 0.372 microgram/ml. Ratio to serum was 80.0%. Penetration capacity of TOB into the bone marrow of tibia was excellent.", "contents": "[Study on tobramycin concentration in bone marrow (author's transl)]. Tobramycin (TOB) concentration in the bone marrow of tibia was examined 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours after intramuscular injection of 60 mg: TOB concentration in the bone marrow of tibia 1 hour after injection was 2.8 +/- 0.578 microgram/ml. Ratio to serum was 87.5%. TOB concentration in the bone marrow of tibia 2 hours after injection was 1.6 +/- 0.480 microgram/ml. Ratio to serum was 94.1%. TOB concentration in the bone marrow of tibia 3 hours after injection was 1.1 +/- 0.337 microgram/ml. Ratio to serum was 84.6%. TOB concentration in the bone marrow of tibia 4 hours after injection was 0.8 +/- 0.372 microgram/ml. Ratio to serum was 80.0%. Penetration capacity of TOB into the bone marrow of tibia was excellent.", "PMID": 713034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5589", "title": "[A study on serum level and urinary excretion of fosfomycin-Na in man with special reference to pharmacokinetic analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "FOM-Na was investigated on its distribution after a continuous intravenous drip infusion in 3 healthy adult volunteers, and its serum levels and urinary excretion were pharmacokinetically analyzed, while the excreted substance into urine was also analyzed with GC/MS. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The distribution volume of FOM-Na in one-compartment open model was 0.183 L/kg, half life in human body 1.66 hours and renal clearance 0.0737 L/hr/kg. 2. With these pharmacokinetic constants, the mean values following various doses demonstrated almost equal irrespective of its dosage schedule, keeping an almost constant level in each individual tested. 3. The area under serum level-time curve was approximately 216 microgram.hr/ml per 1 g (potency), and increased in proportion to an infused dose within the range of 1 approximately 6 g (potency). Three consecutive administrations showed no trend of accumulation of the agent in the serum. 4. Urinary excretion of the agent was found to be very fast, and its recovery rate from urine within 10 approximately 11 hours after the completion of an i. v. drip infusion was approximately 95 approximately 99%. 5. As a result of GC/MS on the substance excreted into urine, it was noted that FOM-Na was not metabolized in human body and excreted into urine in its original form. 6. There was seen no specific change in electrocardiogram during and/or after an intravenous drip infusion in 1 hour of 2 g (potency) FOM-Na dissolved in a 300 ml 5% glucose solution.", "contents": "[A study on serum level and urinary excretion of fosfomycin-Na in man with special reference to pharmacokinetic analysis (author's transl)]. FOM-Na was investigated on its distribution after a continuous intravenous drip infusion in 3 healthy adult volunteers, and its serum levels and urinary excretion were pharmacokinetically analyzed, while the excreted substance into urine was also analyzed with GC/MS. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The distribution volume of FOM-Na in one-compartment open model was 0.183 L/kg, half life in human body 1.66 hours and renal clearance 0.0737 L/hr/kg. 2. With these pharmacokinetic constants, the mean values following various doses demonstrated almost equal irrespective of its dosage schedule, keeping an almost constant level in each individual tested. 3. The area under serum level-time curve was approximately 216 microgram.hr/ml per 1 g (potency), and increased in proportion to an infused dose within the range of 1 approximately 6 g (potency). Three consecutive administrations showed no trend of accumulation of the agent in the serum. 4. Urinary excretion of the agent was found to be very fast, and its recovery rate from urine within 10 approximately 11 hours after the completion of an i. v. drip infusion was approximately 95 approximately 99%. 5. As a result of GC/MS on the substance excreted into urine, it was noted that FOM-Na was not metabolized in human body and excreted into urine in its original form. 6. There was seen no specific change in electrocardiogram during and/or after an intravenous drip infusion in 1 hour of 2 g (potency) FOM-Na dissolved in a 300 ml 5% glucose solution.", "PMID": 713035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5590", "title": "Acute toxic effects of chaetoglobosin A, a new cytochalasan compound produced by Chaetomium globosum, on mice and rats.", "content": "A new cytochalasan compound, chaetoglobosin A produced by Chaetomium globosum, was studied for its toxicity to animals. By subcutaneous injection, 2 mg/kg body weight of chaetoglobosin A killed young Wistar rats acutely, and in the mouse of DDD strain, LD50 values of chaetoglobosin A were estimated 6.5 and 17.8 mg/kg for male and female, respectively. By oral administration, 400 mg/kg of chaetoglobosin A caused little adverse effect on mice and rats. Pathological examination of the mice, injected subcutaneously with 5 mg/kg of the toxin, revealed marked edema at the injection site which appeared in several hours after injection and subsided in a week. In other tissues necrosis of the thymus and spleen and degeneration of the spermatocytes in the testicles were noticeable. With characteristic cytotoxic effects like cytochalasin B, chaetoglobosin A is an interesting mycotoxin, although it may be of little significance as a food- or feed-borne toxin.", "contents": "Acute toxic effects of chaetoglobosin A, a new cytochalasan compound produced by Chaetomium globosum, on mice and rats. A new cytochalasan compound, chaetoglobosin A produced by Chaetomium globosum, was studied for its toxicity to animals. By subcutaneous injection, 2 mg/kg body weight of chaetoglobosin A killed young Wistar rats acutely, and in the mouse of DDD strain, LD50 values of chaetoglobosin A were estimated 6.5 and 17.8 mg/kg for male and female, respectively. By oral administration, 400 mg/kg of chaetoglobosin A caused little adverse effect on mice and rats. Pathological examination of the mice, injected subcutaneously with 5 mg/kg of the toxin, revealed marked edema at the injection site which appeared in several hours after injection and subsided in a week. In other tissues necrosis of the thymus and spleen and degeneration of the spermatocytes in the testicles were noticeable. With characteristic cytotoxic effects like cytochalasin B, chaetoglobosin A is an interesting mycotoxin, although it may be of little significance as a food- or feed-borne toxin.", "PMID": 713122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5591", "title": "Studies on the adjuvant effect of water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsion of sesame oil. 1. Enhanced and persistent antibody formation by antigen incorporated into the water-in-oil-in-water emulsion.", "content": "Water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsion developed in our laboratory is as effective as water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion of Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA) in the stimulation of antibody formation. The emulsion is prepared by redispersion of water-in-sesame oil emulsion of an antigen solution in phosphate buffered saline with emulsifier, Tween 80. The emulsion can be stored at 4 degrees C for at least 3 months without any evidence of change in the adjuvanticity and in the w/o/w state. Even a single injection of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in the w/o/w emulsion elicited a high antibody response in mice over the period of almost whole lifespan. 10 microgram BSA in w/o/w could stimulate antibody formation up to 2(12) in hemagglutination titer, while the same dose in free solution did not elicit any detectable antibody. The tissue reactions caused by the w/o/w emulsion at the injected site and in the regional lymph nodes were much less prominent than those by FIA.", "contents": "Studies on the adjuvant effect of water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsion of sesame oil. 1. Enhanced and persistent antibody formation by antigen incorporated into the water-in-oil-in-water emulsion. Water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsion developed in our laboratory is as effective as water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion of Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA) in the stimulation of antibody formation. The emulsion is prepared by redispersion of water-in-sesame oil emulsion of an antigen solution in phosphate buffered saline with emulsifier, Tween 80. The emulsion can be stored at 4 degrees C for at least 3 months without any evidence of change in the adjuvanticity and in the w/o/w state. Even a single injection of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in the w/o/w emulsion elicited a high antibody response in mice over the period of almost whole lifespan. 10 microgram BSA in w/o/w could stimulate antibody formation up to 2(12) in hemagglutination titer, while the same dose in free solution did not elicit any detectable antibody. The tissue reactions caused by the w/o/w emulsion at the injected site and in the regional lymph nodes were much less prominent than those by FIA.", "PMID": 713123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5592", "title": "Mouse peritoneal macrophage reaction to gutta percha in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "Mouse peritoneal macrophages were reacted with gutta percha, a kind of  natural rubber, widely used as a root canal filling material in endodontic therapy. Fine gutta percha particles were phagocytized by mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. Gutta percha particles injected intraperitoneally stimulated peritoneal macrophages and accumulated in milky spots on the omentum. Pure gutta percha membranes implanted intraperitoneally were covered and penetrated by macrophages. Gutta percha point membranes were partly digested in the same environment. Thus, evidence was obtained that gutta percha is not biologically inert in the strict sense, but can activate the body's defensive mechanisms.", "contents": "Mouse peritoneal macrophage reaction to gutta percha in vivo and in vitro. Mouse peritoneal macrophages were reacted with gutta percha, a kind of  natural rubber, widely used as a root canal filling material in endodontic therapy. Fine gutta percha particles were phagocytized by mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. Gutta percha particles injected intraperitoneally stimulated peritoneal macrophages and accumulated in milky spots on the omentum. Pure gutta percha membranes implanted intraperitoneally were covered and penetrated by macrophages. Gutta percha point membranes were partly digested in the same environment. Thus, evidence was obtained that gutta percha is not biologically inert in the strict sense, but can activate the body's defensive mechanisms.", "PMID": 713124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5593", "title": "Thymus-dependent cytokinetics in transplantable leukemia of AKR mice.", "content": "Perinatally thymectomized AKR mice inoculated i.v. with acute lymphoblastic T-cell leukemia (TAL) demonstrated, as compared to controls, an accelerated passage of injected cells through the lungs. Later in disease they also exhibited an especially intense infiltration of liver and spleen by leukemic blasts proliferating at a slow rate the big majority of cells being in the G0 + G1-phase. The thymus controls the proliferation and the traffic of leukemic cells in the recipient.", "contents": "Thymus-dependent cytokinetics in transplantable leukemia of AKR mice. Perinatally thymectomized AKR mice inoculated i.v. with acute lymphoblastic T-cell leukemia (TAL) demonstrated, as compared to controls, an accelerated passage of injected cells through the lungs. Later in disease they also exhibited an especially intense infiltration of liver and spleen by leukemic blasts proliferating at a slow rate the big majority of cells being in the G0 + G1-phase. The thymus controls the proliferation and the traffic of leukemic cells in the recipient.", "PMID": 713125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5594", "title": "Toxic effects of rice culture of Aspergillus candidus and its metabolite, xanthoascin, on Japanese quails.", "content": "Laying Japanese quails were fed on diet of 1:1 mixture of basal diet and rice cultures of 2 strains of Aspergillus candidus. During 20 days of feeding, egg production was significantly reduced in these groups compared with the birds fed unmolded rice. The liver of the quails sacrificed at 20 days showed fatty degeneration of hepatic cells. Following withdrawal of the moldy rice, rate of egg production recovered in 5 days. The suppressive effect of egg production seems to be secondary to hepatic injury. In the other experiment, xanthoascin, a purified mycotoxin of A. candidus, was given subcutaneously between 2 to 5 mg/g body weight. In all groups mortality was about 80%. Survivors produced no eggs 10 days following the injection. The liver of quails that died in 1 to 4 days showed focal necrosis, fine droplet fatty degeneration and bile thrombosis of bile ductules. The features are similar to those observed previously in mice and rats, but the quail is far more sensitive to injected xanthoascin than rodents.", "contents": "Toxic effects of rice culture of Aspergillus candidus and its metabolite, xanthoascin, on Japanese quails. Laying Japanese quails were fed on diet of 1:1 mixture of basal diet and rice cultures of 2 strains of Aspergillus candidus. During 20 days of feeding, egg production was significantly reduced in these groups compared with the birds fed unmolded rice. The liver of the quails sacrificed at 20 days showed fatty degeneration of hepatic cells. Following withdrawal of the moldy rice, rate of egg production recovered in 5 days. The suppressive effect of egg production seems to be secondary to hepatic injury. In the other experiment, xanthoascin, a purified mycotoxin of A. candidus, was given subcutaneously between 2 to 5 mg/g body weight. In all groups mortality was about 80%. Survivors produced no eggs 10 days following the injection. The liver of quails that died in 1 to 4 days showed focal necrosis, fine droplet fatty degeneration and bile thrombosis of bile ductules. The features are similar to those observed previously in mice and rats, but the quail is far more sensitive to injected xanthoascin than rodents.", "PMID": 713126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5595", "title": "Augmented mitotic response of human peripheral lymphocytes in the presence of lymphocytes from nude mice: detection of a small number of functional human lymphocytes in the explanted host.", "content": "In the present paper, authors showed a method to detect a small number of functional human peripheral lymphocytes (HPL) in the presence of lymphoid cells of nude mouse (n-ML). HPL was mixed with n-ML to give a total number of 5 X 10(4) cells and cultured in vitro in the presence of PHA for 5 days. HPL responded will to PHA while n-ML did not, as assessed by 3H-TdR incorporation in the presence of the mitogen. Synergistic response between these two cell population was observed. Five--ten folds enhancement was shown by mixing 5 X 10(3) HPL and 4.5 X 10(4) n-ML (10% of HPL) and 500 HPL became detectable by comixing with n-ML, while 5,000 HPL was the lowest limit to be detected in a single cell culture with this mitogen. The results seem to indicate that this method could detect functional HPL as small number as one percent of the cell mixture. On the other hand, xenogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction was observed when the percentage of HPL exceeded 40%. Mitomycin-C treatment of either HPL or n-ML revealed that a major part of cells incorporating 3H-TdR was HPL which could be activated by the stimulation with xenogeneic murine nucleated cells and that a smaller part of murien B cells were also stimulated by the HPL.", "contents": "Augmented mitotic response of human peripheral lymphocytes in the presence of lymphocytes from nude mice: detection of a small number of functional human lymphocytes in the explanted host. In the present paper, authors showed a method to detect a small number of functional human peripheral lymphocytes (HPL) in the presence of lymphoid cells of nude mouse (n-ML). HPL was mixed with n-ML to give a total number of 5 X 10(4) cells and cultured in vitro in the presence of PHA for 5 days. HPL responded will to PHA while n-ML did not, as assessed by 3H-TdR incorporation in the presence of the mitogen. Synergistic response between these two cell population was observed. Five--ten folds enhancement was shown by mixing 5 X 10(3) HPL and 4.5 X 10(4) n-ML (10% of HPL) and 500 HPL became detectable by comixing with n-ML, while 5,000 HPL was the lowest limit to be detected in a single cell culture with this mitogen. The results seem to indicate that this method could detect functional HPL as small number as one percent of the cell mixture. On the other hand, xenogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction was observed when the percentage of HPL exceeded 40%. Mitomycin-C treatment of either HPL or n-ML revealed that a major part of cells incorporating 3H-TdR was HPL which could be activated by the stimulation with xenogeneic murine nucleated cells and that a smaller part of murien B cells were also stimulated by the HPL.", "PMID": 713129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5596", "title": "Bacteriological investigation on biopsy specimens from patients with sarcoidosis.", "content": "Biopsy specimens, mostly lymph nodes, removed under aseptic conditions, were emulsified and the homogenate was inoculated in various media, which were incubated aerobically or anaerobically. Only Propionibacterium acnes was isolated in high incidence and the highest concentration of bacteria was 6.5 X 10(5) per g tissue: 28 and 31 out of 40 lymph nodes were positive on solid and on liquid media, respectively. P.acnes was also isolated from control non-sarcoidosis lymph nodes: 4 and 8 out of 14 were positive on solid and on liquid media, respectively. The highest concentration of bacteria was 1 X 10(4). A bacterial component derived from P. acnes was used for the passive hemagglutination test to estimate antibodies against the bacterium and also for skin test on patients. These results showed only slight differences between patients with sarcoidosis and control patients. No other bacteria or fungi were isolated.", "contents": "Bacteriological investigation on biopsy specimens from patients with sarcoidosis. Biopsy specimens, mostly lymph nodes, removed under aseptic conditions, were emulsified and the homogenate was inoculated in various media, which were incubated aerobically or anaerobically. Only Propionibacterium acnes was isolated in high incidence and the highest concentration of bacteria was 6.5 X 10(5) per g tissue: 28 and 31 out of 40 lymph nodes were positive on solid and on liquid media, respectively. P.acnes was also isolated from control non-sarcoidosis lymph nodes: 4 and 8 out of 14 were positive on solid and on liquid media, respectively. The highest concentration of bacteria was 1 X 10(4). A bacterial component derived from P. acnes was used for the passive hemagglutination test to estimate antibodies against the bacterium and also for skin test on patients. These results showed only slight differences between patients with sarcoidosis and control patients. No other bacteria or fungi were isolated.", "PMID": 713130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5597", "title": "Carcinogenesis in tissue culture. 29: Neoplastic transformation of a normal human diploid cell strain, WI-38, with Co-60 gamma rays.", "content": "WI-38 normal human diploid fibroblasts were exposed to Co-60 gamma rays 4 times at a total dose of 1400 rads and transformed into neoplastic cells in culture. The transformed WI-38 cells which are growing steadily without showing aging phenomena at the present time showed epithelial-like morphology, abnormal karyology, B-type isoenzyme pattern of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and produced sarcomas when transplanted into cheek pouches of hamsters treated with anti-hamster thymocyte serum.", "contents": "Carcinogenesis in tissue culture. 29: Neoplastic transformation of a normal human diploid cell strain, WI-38, with Co-60 gamma rays. WI-38 normal human diploid fibroblasts were exposed to Co-60 gamma rays 4 times at a total dose of 1400 rads and transformed into neoplastic cells in culture. The transformed WI-38 cells which are growing steadily without showing aging phenomena at the present time showed epithelial-like morphology, abnormal karyology, B-type isoenzyme pattern of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and produced sarcomas when transplanted into cheek pouches of hamsters treated with anti-hamster thymocyte serum.", "PMID": 713133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5598", "title": "Effect of strain differences on heat-susceptibility of L-asparaginase in the guinea pig.", "content": "Effect of urea on the activity of serum L-asparaginase in outbred guinea pigs (Hartley) was examined for comparison between heat-resistant and heat-sensitive types. The heat-resistant serum L-asparaginase was much more stable to urea-treatment than the heat-sensitive serum enzyme, and the urea-inactivation of the serum enzyme was protected by Na+ or K+. Liver L-asparaginase of the guinea pig, in which the serum enzyme was resistant to heat, was also resistant to heat, and vice versa, although liver enzyme was much more sensitive to heat than serum enzyme. The heat inactivation of liver enzyme was also protected by Na+. Similar results were also demonstrated on purified serum L-asparaginase, although the amino acid compositions between the two purified enzyme preparations were slightly different. When the animal having heat-resistant serum L-asparaginase were crossed with each other, serum enzyme of the resultant progenies was also resistant to heat, and vice versa. The serum enzyme of two inbred strains (JY-1, Hartley/F) was thermostable and the enzyme of the other (Strain 2, Strain 13) was thermolabile.", "contents": "Effect of strain differences on heat-susceptibility of L-asparaginase in the guinea pig. Effect of urea on the activity of serum L-asparaginase in outbred guinea pigs (Hartley) was examined for comparison between heat-resistant and heat-sensitive types. The heat-resistant serum L-asparaginase was much more stable to urea-treatment than the heat-sensitive serum enzyme, and the urea-inactivation of the serum enzyme was protected by Na+ or K+. Liver L-asparaginase of the guinea pig, in which the serum enzyme was resistant to heat, was also resistant to heat, and vice versa, although liver enzyme was much more sensitive to heat than serum enzyme. The heat inactivation of liver enzyme was also protected by Na+. Similar results were also demonstrated on purified serum L-asparaginase, although the amino acid compositions between the two purified enzyme preparations were slightly different. When the animal having heat-resistant serum L-asparaginase were crossed with each other, serum enzyme of the resultant progenies was also resistant to heat, and vice versa. The serum enzyme of two inbred strains (JY-1, Hartley/F) was thermostable and the enzyme of the other (Strain 2, Strain 13) was thermolabile.", "PMID": 713134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5599", "title": "Solubilization of the H-2 antigen from hybrid cells of mouse mammary ascites tumor and mouse L cells at high cell concentrations in detergent.", "content": "Radioiodinated membrane components of L-FM3ANo.2 cells, which were hybrid cells of C3H/He mouse mammary ascites tumor and mouse L cells, were solubilized with non-ionic detergent Nonidet P-40 and immunoprecipitated with anti-H-2k sera. The immune complexes were reduced and subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When the cells were lysed at a concentration of 2 X 10(7) cells/ml in 0.5% NP-40 buffer, only H-2 molecules including beta2-microglobulin were precipitated, but when the cells were lysed at a concentration of 8 X 10(7) cells/ml in 0.5% NP-40 buffer, two labeled components corresponding to molecules of 105,000 daltons and 85,000 daltons, respectively, were observed in addition to the characteristic radioactive peaks of the H-2 antigen. Dilution of the latter detergent lysate with phosphate buffered saline exhibited no effect on the detection of the two additional components, while further treatment of the lysate with NP-40 buffer abrogated them to be detected. The results indicate that the H-2 molecules were solubilized as physical complexes with certain membrane components of L-FM3ANo.2 cells when the cells were lysed at high cell concentrations in detergent, and suggest that the H-2 molecules and certain membrane components may be physically associated with each other on the cell surface of L-FM3ANo.2 cells.", "contents": "Solubilization of the H-2 antigen from hybrid cells of mouse mammary ascites tumor and mouse L cells at high cell concentrations in detergent. Radioiodinated membrane components of L-FM3ANo.2 cells, which were hybrid cells of C3H/He mouse mammary ascites tumor and mouse L cells, were solubilized with non-ionic detergent Nonidet P-40 and immunoprecipitated with anti-H-2k sera. The immune complexes were reduced and subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When the cells were lysed at a concentration of 2 X 10(7) cells/ml in 0.5% NP-40 buffer, only H-2 molecules including beta2-microglobulin were precipitated, but when the cells were lysed at a concentration of 8 X 10(7) cells/ml in 0.5% NP-40 buffer, two labeled components corresponding to molecules of 105,000 daltons and 85,000 daltons, respectively, were observed in addition to the characteristic radioactive peaks of the H-2 antigen. Dilution of the latter detergent lysate with phosphate buffered saline exhibited no effect on the detection of the two additional components, while further treatment of the lysate with NP-40 buffer abrogated them to be detected. The results indicate that the H-2 molecules were solubilized as physical complexes with certain membrane components of L-FM3ANo.2 cells when the cells were lysed at high cell concentrations in detergent, and suggest that the H-2 molecules and certain membrane components may be physically associated with each other on the cell surface of L-FM3ANo.2 cells.", "PMID": 713135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5600", "title": "A preliminary serologic study of hepatitis A virus infection in Japan.", "content": "Ninety-eight acute non-B hepatitis cases recently observed in Japan and household contacts with these cases were subjected to serologic examinations for hepatitis A; 400 serum specimens obtained in 1971 from healthy individuals living in areas near Tokyo and 16 preparations of human immunoglobulin produced in Japan in 1975 and 1976 were examined for antibody to hepatitis A antigen. Hepatitis A virus infection was confirmed in all 25 patients and in 8 of 26 household contacts found in association with non-B hepatitis outbreaks, and also in 11 of 60 sporadic non-B hepatitis patients, but in none of 13 non-B hepatitis patients found in association with blood transfusion. There was no difference between males and females in the prevalence of antibody to hepatitis A antigen among healthy individuals, however, there was a strong relationship to age. Rates of antibody positives were only 2.5% in the groups younger than 20 years of age. An ample amount of antibody to hepatitis A antigen was detected in the preparations of human immunoglobulin. Hepatitis A virus was thus found to be endemic in Japan, but considered not popular during at least these 20 years. Infection with non-A non-B hepatitis virus(es) seems to be common in Japan especially in such cases as sporadic non-B hepatitis or post-transfusion non-B hepatitis.", "contents": "A preliminary serologic study of hepatitis A virus infection in Japan. Ninety-eight acute non-B hepatitis cases recently observed in Japan and household contacts with these cases were subjected to serologic examinations for hepatitis A; 400 serum specimens obtained in 1971 from healthy individuals living in areas near Tokyo and 16 preparations of human immunoglobulin produced in Japan in 1975 and 1976 were examined for antibody to hepatitis A antigen. Hepatitis A virus infection was confirmed in all 25 patients and in 8 of 26 household contacts found in association with non-B hepatitis outbreaks, and also in 11 of 60 sporadic non-B hepatitis patients, but in none of 13 non-B hepatitis patients found in association with blood transfusion. There was no difference between males and females in the prevalence of antibody to hepatitis A antigen among healthy individuals, however, there was a strong relationship to age. Rates of antibody positives were only 2.5% in the groups younger than 20 years of age. An ample amount of antibody to hepatitis A antigen was detected in the preparations of human immunoglobulin. Hepatitis A virus was thus found to be endemic in Japan, but considered not popular during at least these 20 years. Infection with non-A non-B hepatitis virus(es) seems to be common in Japan especially in such cases as sporadic non-B hepatitis or post-transfusion non-B hepatitis.", "PMID": 713160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5601", "title": "A ten-year follow-up study on measles vaccination in Japan: evaluation of the efficacy analyzed on a computer system.", "content": "A long-term surveillance system using a computer system was established for the follow-up study on the protective effect of measles vaccination. More than 3,000 children, 3 to 6 years of age, who were immunized with measles vaccines by various methods have been registered in the system since 1971, and their outcomes with regard to measles have been followed up every year. The subjects were divided into three groups by the vaccination method: live vaccine alone (L), further attenuated live vaccine alone (FL), and the combined use of live and killed vaccines (KL). From comparative studies with these groups, the following results were obtained: (1) Annual measles incidence rates were found to be the lowest in L group followed by FL and KL. (2) Accumulated incidence rates of measles for 10 years in L, FL and KL groups calculated were 1.90, 2.49 and 17.84%, respectively. A linear regression was observed only from 0 to 3 years after vaccination in L and FL groups, and from 0 to 9 years in KL group. KL group showed a significantly larger regression coefficient than did the former two groups. (3) Protection rates against close contact with measles in families calculated were 97% in L and FL and 80% in KL group, respectively. (4) Low but detectable levels of antibody titers were observed in the sera for at least 4--6 years after vaccination.", "contents": "A ten-year follow-up study on measles vaccination in Japan: evaluation of the efficacy analyzed on a computer system. A long-term surveillance system using a computer system was established for the follow-up study on the protective effect of measles vaccination. More than 3,000 children, 3 to 6 years of age, who were immunized with measles vaccines by various methods have been registered in the system since 1971, and their outcomes with regard to measles have been followed up every year. The subjects were divided into three groups by the vaccination method: live vaccine alone (L), further attenuated live vaccine alone (FL), and the combined use of live and killed vaccines (KL). From comparative studies with these groups, the following results were obtained: (1) Annual measles incidence rates were found to be the lowest in L group followed by FL and KL. (2) Accumulated incidence rates of measles for 10 years in L, FL and KL groups calculated were 1.90, 2.49 and 17.84%, respectively. A linear regression was observed only from 0 to 3 years after vaccination in L and FL groups, and from 0 to 9 years in KL group. KL group showed a significantly larger regression coefficient than did the former two groups. (3) Protection rates against close contact with measles in families calculated were 97% in L and FL and 80% in KL group, respectively. (4) Low but detectable levels of antibody titers were observed in the sera for at least 4--6 years after vaccination.", "PMID": 713161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5602", "title": "Adjuvant effect of cationic surface-active lipid, dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide, on the induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity to sheep red blood cells in mice.", "content": "The authors investigated the adjuvant effect of a cationic surface active lipid, dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide (DDA), on the inducation of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in mice. Markedly enhanced DTH to SRBC was induced by subcutaneous injection of 2X10(8) SRBC suspended in saline containing DDA as compared to DTH responses in control animals sensitized with the same doses of SRBC without DDA. The enhancement of DTH responses seemed to be closely related to the delayed appearance of circulating antibody to SRBC and not to depend on the strain or the age of mice.", "contents": "Adjuvant effect of cationic surface-active lipid, dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide, on the induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity to sheep red blood cells in mice. The authors investigated the adjuvant effect of a cationic surface active lipid, dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide (DDA), on the inducation of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in mice. Markedly enhanced DTH to SRBC was induced by subcutaneous injection of 2X10(8) SRBC suspended in saline containing DDA as compared to DTH responses in control animals sensitized with the same doses of SRBC without DDA. The enhancement of DTH responses seemed to be closely related to the delayed appearance of circulating antibody to SRBC and not to depend on the strain or the age of mice.", "PMID": 713162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5603", "title": "Hyperpolarization caused by external high potassium in snail neurons.", "content": "Two-thirds of the tested subesophageal ganglion cells of Japanese snail, Euhadra peliomphala, was hyperpolarized when they were perfused by high K-Ringer. This hyperpolarization was accompanied with a marked decrease in membrane resistance and was independent of cell types classified by ACh-induced response. Pentobarbital was found to convert high K-induced hyperpolarization into depolarization, or to augment K-depolarization. The high K-induced hyperpolarization was considered as the result of summated IPSP's elicited by the presynaptic inhibitory fibers which were primarily depolarized by high K. Pentobarbital may remove this synaptic inhibition and disclose the original K-depolarization underlying the cell. In Cl-free media, high K caused a marked depolarization instead of hyperpolarization, or augmented the depolarization observed in normal Ringer. This suggested that the subsynaptic membrane became permeable to Cl ions during the inhibitory presynaptic activity when high K was applied. ACh was found not to be responsible for this synaptic inhibition, because d-tubocurarine, which is known to block the Cl-dependent ACh response of the snail neurons, did not affect the high K-induced hyperpolarization. The possibility of indirect action of high K on the membrane potential through synaptically mediated inhibition was discussed as a cause of its hyperpolarizing effect.", "contents": "Hyperpolarization caused by external high potassium in snail neurons. Two-thirds of the tested subesophageal ganglion cells of Japanese snail, Euhadra peliomphala, was hyperpolarized when they were perfused by high K-Ringer. This hyperpolarization was accompanied with a marked decrease in membrane resistance and was independent of cell types classified by ACh-induced response. Pentobarbital was found to convert high K-induced hyperpolarization into depolarization, or to augment K-depolarization. The high K-induced hyperpolarization was considered as the result of summated IPSP's elicited by the presynaptic inhibitory fibers which were primarily depolarized by high K. Pentobarbital may remove this synaptic inhibition and disclose the original K-depolarization underlying the cell. In Cl-free media, high K caused a marked depolarization instead of hyperpolarization, or augmented the depolarization observed in normal Ringer. This suggested that the subsynaptic membrane became permeable to Cl ions during the inhibitory presynaptic activity when high K was applied. ACh was found not to be responsible for this synaptic inhibition, because d-tubocurarine, which is known to block the Cl-dependent ACh response of the snail neurons, did not affect the high K-induced hyperpolarization. The possibility of indirect action of high K on the membrane potential through synaptically mediated inhibition was discussed as a cause of its hyperpolarizing effect.", "PMID": 713178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5604", "title": "Body colour response of the carp (Cyprinus carpio) during asphyxia.", "content": "The body colour of immobilized carp was photoelectrically measured simultaneously with heart rate in order to examine one of the effects of asphyxia on autonomic functions of the cutaneous region. 1) Asphyxia induced marked body colour darkening and bradycardia. 2) Adequate increase in cardiac vagal activity was recorded during asphyxic bradycardia. 3) After atropine injection, body colour darkening, as in intact fish, was observed during asphyxia while heart rate was not changed. 4) After transection of anterior spinal cord, asphyxic stimulation did not induce body colour darkening. It is concluded that body colour darkening mediated by nervous pathways was observed during asphyxia simultaneously with the definite bradycardia. This response of body colour has provided the first indication for responses in cutaneous autonomic systems within the responses of the fish co-ordinated as a whole to asphyxia.", "contents": "Body colour response of the carp (Cyprinus carpio) during asphyxia. The body colour of immobilized carp was photoelectrically measured simultaneously with heart rate in order to examine one of the effects of asphyxia on autonomic functions of the cutaneous region. 1) Asphyxia induced marked body colour darkening and bradycardia. 2) Adequate increase in cardiac vagal activity was recorded during asphyxic bradycardia. 3) After atropine injection, body colour darkening, as in intact fish, was observed during asphyxia while heart rate was not changed. 4) After transection of anterior spinal cord, asphyxic stimulation did not induce body colour darkening. It is concluded that body colour darkening mediated by nervous pathways was observed during asphyxia simultaneously with the definite bradycardia. This response of body colour has provided the first indication for responses in cutaneous autonomic systems within the responses of the fish co-ordinated as a whole to asphyxia.", "PMID": 713179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5605", "title": "Influences of extracellular calcium and potassium concentrations on adrenaline release and membrane potential in the perfused adrenal medulla of the rat.", "content": "Prolonged perfusion of isolated rat adrenal glands with high K produced a transient increase in adrenaline release that reached a maximum within 1 min and then declined with a half-time of about 5 min. The higher the [K]o used, the larger was the release of adrenaline elicited. There was a linear relation between the mean rate of adrenaline release in the initial 5 min of continuous stimulation with excess K and logarithmic increase in the [K]o. The higher the [Ca]o used, the steeper was relation obtained: the slope determined in the presence of 5 mM-Ca was nearly twice as much as that obtained in the presence of 0.5 mM-Ca. The release of adrenaline in response to excess K was virtually abolished by the omission of [ca]o. The chromaffin cells were depolarized in proportion to logarithmic increase in the [K]o. Linear relations were thus obtained between the mean rates of adrenaline release and the membrane potential of chromaffin cells in the presence of different [Ca]o. Application of high K revived secretory response of a gland after prolonged exposure to acetylcholine in the presence of tetrodotoxin, when adrenaline release had declined below a half of the maximum response. Application of acetylcholine also revived secretory response after prolonged exposure to high K. These results support the view that the mechanism of Ca influx activated by high K may differ from that activated by acetylcholine.", "contents": "Influences of extracellular calcium and potassium concentrations on adrenaline release and membrane potential in the perfused adrenal medulla of the rat. Prolonged perfusion of isolated rat adrenal glands with high K produced a transient increase in adrenaline release that reached a maximum within 1 min and then declined with a half-time of about 5 min. The higher the [K]o used, the larger was the release of adrenaline elicited. There was a linear relation between the mean rate of adrenaline release in the initial 5 min of continuous stimulation with excess K and logarithmic increase in the [K]o. The higher the [Ca]o used, the steeper was relation obtained: the slope determined in the presence of 5 mM-Ca was nearly twice as much as that obtained in the presence of 0.5 mM-Ca. The release of adrenaline in response to excess K was virtually abolished by the omission of [ca]o. The chromaffin cells were depolarized in proportion to logarithmic increase in the [K]o. Linear relations were thus obtained between the mean rates of adrenaline release and the membrane potential of chromaffin cells in the presence of different [Ca]o. Application of high K revived secretory response of a gland after prolonged exposure to acetylcholine in the presence of tetrodotoxin, when adrenaline release had declined below a half of the maximum response. Application of acetylcholine also revived secretory response after prolonged exposure to high K. These results support the view that the mechanism of Ca influx activated by high K may differ from that activated by acetylcholine.", "PMID": 713180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5606", "title": "The temporal relationship between basilar membrane motion and nerve impulse initiation in auditory nerve fibers of guinea pigs.", "content": "When the helicotrema was obstructed in guinea pigs, trapezoidal displacement of the round window membrane produced a trapezoidal microphonic which indicated a unidirectional displacement of the entire length of the basilar membrane. Responses of single auditory nerve fibers to the trapezoidal displacement of the round window membrane were recorded after obstruction of the helicotrema. About 39% of the 424 fibers showed tonic responses which demonstrated directional sensitivity. More than 90% of these fibers increased their discharge rate during displacement of the basilar membrane toward the scala tympani and decreased their discharge rate during oppositely directed displacement. Less than 5% of the tonic fibers responded in the reverse manner. About 23% of the auditory nerve fibers responded to onset and/or cessation of trapezoidal motion of the basilar membrane. About 28% showed a combination of the tonic and phasic responses. However it is probably that all phasic responses we observed do not arise from velocity-sensitive fibers but some may represent artifacts. Both possibilities remain open until further studies are performed. The transduction mechanism of the cochlea is discussed on the basis of our data obtained by unidirectional displacement of the basilar membrane.", "contents": "The temporal relationship between basilar membrane motion and nerve impulse initiation in auditory nerve fibers of guinea pigs. When the helicotrema was obstructed in guinea pigs, trapezoidal displacement of the round window membrane produced a trapezoidal microphonic which indicated a unidirectional displacement of the entire length of the basilar membrane. Responses of single auditory nerve fibers to the trapezoidal displacement of the round window membrane were recorded after obstruction of the helicotrema. About 39% of the 424 fibers showed tonic responses which demonstrated directional sensitivity. More than 90% of these fibers increased their discharge rate during displacement of the basilar membrane toward the scala tympani and decreased their discharge rate during oppositely directed displacement. Less than 5% of the tonic fibers responded in the reverse manner. About 23% of the auditory nerve fibers responded to onset and/or cessation of trapezoidal motion of the basilar membrane. About 28% showed a combination of the tonic and phasic responses. However it is probably that all phasic responses we observed do not arise from velocity-sensitive fibers but some may represent artifacts. Both possibilities remain open until further studies are performed. The transduction mechanism of the cochlea is discussed on the basis of our data obtained by unidirectional displacement of the basilar membrane.", "PMID": 713181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5607", "title": "A study of sensory projection from jaw muscles to the cerebral cortex in the rat.", "content": "The sensory projection from jaw muscles to the cerebral cortex have been studied in rats by electrophysiological and histochemical methods. Electrical stimulation of individual masticatory muscles elicited bilateral responses in the cortical areas 8, 10, 2, and 2a. The following pathway was postulated to mediate these cortical responses; impulses of muscle origin are conducted in turn to the trigeminal mesencephalic tract nucleus (TMT), the contralateral thalamic nucleus ventralis posteromedialis (VPM), the cerebral cortex and finally to the other cerebral cortex which is ipsilateral to the side of stimulation. The ipsilateral cortical response appeared about 5 msec later than the contralateral one and was abolished by sectioning the corpus callosum. By stimulating the cerebral cortex antidromically, the conduction time to the VPM was found to be as long as 6 msec. The conduction from the TMT to the contralateral VPM consumed a period of more than 10 msec. It was presumed to be multisynaptic, being based on the finding that horseradish peroxidase injected into the VPM could not be recovered in the contralateral TMT.", "contents": "A study of sensory projection from jaw muscles to the cerebral cortex in the rat. The sensory projection from jaw muscles to the cerebral cortex have been studied in rats by electrophysiological and histochemical methods. Electrical stimulation of individual masticatory muscles elicited bilateral responses in the cortical areas 8, 10, 2, and 2a. The following pathway was postulated to mediate these cortical responses; impulses of muscle origin are conducted in turn to the trigeminal mesencephalic tract nucleus (TMT), the contralateral thalamic nucleus ventralis posteromedialis (VPM), the cerebral cortex and finally to the other cerebral cortex which is ipsilateral to the side of stimulation. The ipsilateral cortical response appeared about 5 msec later than the contralateral one and was abolished by sectioning the corpus callosum. By stimulating the cerebral cortex antidromically, the conduction time to the VPM was found to be as long as 6 msec. The conduction from the TMT to the contralateral VPM consumed a period of more than 10 msec. It was presumed to be multisynaptic, being based on the finding that horseradish peroxidase injected into the VPM could not be recovered in the contralateral TMT.", "PMID": 713182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5608", "title": "Blood volume and plasma constituent changes in splenectomized dogs consequent to exercise.", "content": "To assess the effects of submaximal exercise on fluid balance and blood constituents, changes in plasma volume, hematocrit, hemoglobin, plasma protein, serum osmolality, and serum electrolytes were measured in splenectomized dogs during treadmill work and recovery. During exercise approximating 32 and 50% of Vo2max, plasma volume did not significantly change. During recovery, plasma volume tended to increase by the same amount at both levels of exercise. Both total circulating plasma protein content and protein concentration increased during exercise. Serum osmolality increased abruptly during exercise and returned to the pre-exercise level immediately after cessation of work. Plasma volume changes calculated from both hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations correlated well with direct measurements using labelled erythrocytes, but values calculated from hematocrit alone averaged 12% higher.", "contents": "Blood volume and plasma constituent changes in splenectomized dogs consequent to exercise. To assess the effects of submaximal exercise on fluid balance and blood constituents, changes in plasma volume, hematocrit, hemoglobin, plasma protein, serum osmolality, and serum electrolytes were measured in splenectomized dogs during treadmill work and recovery. During exercise approximating 32 and 50% of Vo2max, plasma volume did not significantly change. During recovery, plasma volume tended to increase by the same amount at both levels of exercise. Both total circulating plasma protein content and protein concentration increased during exercise. Serum osmolality increased abruptly during exercise and returned to the pre-exercise level immediately after cessation of work. Plasma volume changes calculated from both hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations correlated well with direct measurements using labelled erythrocytes, but values calculated from hematocrit alone averaged 12% higher.", "PMID": 713183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5609", "title": "Characteristics of optic nerve innervation in the rat superior colliculus as revealed by field potential analysis.", "content": "With lightly anesthetized rats, field responses to single optic nerve (ON) and optic chiasm shocks were studied in superficial layers of the superior colliculus, i.e., St. zonale (SZ), St. griseum superficiale (SGS) and St. opticum (SO). Based upon characteristics in the depth profile of the field response within the superficial layers, we identified three zones of N3, N2, and N1 from the SZ in this order. The narrow N2-zone was localized around the middle part of the SGS and less distinct than the other two zones. The N3-zone was characterized by a N3-wave and the N1-zone with N1- and P3-waves. N3- and P3-waves were activated by slowly conducting ON fibers (5.0 +/- 1.4 and 4.2 +/- 0.6 m/sec, respectively) while the N1-wave was by fastest conducting fibers (16.3 +/- 4.1 m/sec). According to recent Golgi studies, hypothetical mechanisms underlying the three waves were proposed: the N3-wave was ascribed to the activities of small vertical fusiform cells in the SZ or the upper half of SGS, the N1-wave to those of narrow field vertical cells which predominate in the lower half of SGS, and the P3-wave to those of wide field vertical cells whose somata are in the lower half of SGS or in the SO. The N3-, N1-, and P3-waves were found to differ from each other in recovery function tested with double ON shocks as well as in the topographical analysis of amplitudes through a whole extent of the colliculus. The three systems represented by the three waves were suggested to play different roles in visual information processing within the superficial strata.", "contents": "Characteristics of optic nerve innervation in the rat superior colliculus as revealed by field potential analysis. With lightly anesthetized rats, field responses to single optic nerve (ON) and optic chiasm shocks were studied in superficial layers of the superior colliculus, i.e., St. zonale (SZ), St. griseum superficiale (SGS) and St. opticum (SO). Based upon characteristics in the depth profile of the field response within the superficial layers, we identified three zones of N3, N2, and N1 from the SZ in this order. The narrow N2-zone was localized around the middle part of the SGS and less distinct than the other two zones. The N3-zone was characterized by a N3-wave and the N1-zone with N1- and P3-waves. N3- and P3-waves were activated by slowly conducting ON fibers (5.0 +/- 1.4 and 4.2 +/- 0.6 m/sec, respectively) while the N1-wave was by fastest conducting fibers (16.3 +/- 4.1 m/sec). According to recent Golgi studies, hypothetical mechanisms underlying the three waves were proposed: the N3-wave was ascribed to the activities of small vertical fusiform cells in the SZ or the upper half of SGS, the N1-wave to those of narrow field vertical cells which predominate in the lower half of SGS, and the P3-wave to those of wide field vertical cells whose somata are in the lower half of SGS or in the SO. The N3-, N1-, and P3-waves were found to differ from each other in recovery function tested with double ON shocks as well as in the topographical analysis of amplitudes through a whole extent of the colliculus. The three systems represented by the three waves were suggested to play different roles in visual information processing within the superficial strata.", "PMID": 713184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5610", "title": "A four group classification of the rat superior collicular cells responding to optic nerve stimulation.", "content": "With lightly anesthetized rats, activities of single cells responding to single optic nerve (ON) shocks were recorded from the superficial layers of the superior colliculus, i.e., St. zonale(SZ), St. griseum superficiale (SGS) and St. opticum (SO). According to response latencies and recording depths, four classes of cells were identified: I-, II-, III-, and IV-cells. Class I cells, recorded in the SZ or the upper half of SGS, were innervated by slowly conducting ON fibers of velocities slower than 4 m/sec. Class II cells, recorded from the middle part of the SGS, were innervated by ON fibers of intermediate velocity (4--8 m/sec). Class III cells, recorded from the lower half of SGS or the upper part of SO, were innervated by fast conducting ON fibers (faster than 8 m/sec). Class IV cells were recorded from the depth similar to the class III but they were innervated by slowly conducting fibers (4-1.7 m/sec). Class I cells revealed a long-lasting inhibition after initial excitation, being a sharp contrast with cells of classes II and III which were almost free from inhibition. Inhibition exerted upon class IV cells were of intermediate strength. Possible anatomical correlates of the four classes of cells and hypothetical modes of their ON innervation were discussed.", "contents": "A four group classification of the rat superior collicular cells responding to optic nerve stimulation. With lightly anesthetized rats, activities of single cells responding to single optic nerve (ON) shocks were recorded from the superficial layers of the superior colliculus, i.e., St. zonale(SZ), St. griseum superficiale (SGS) and St. opticum (SO). According to response latencies and recording depths, four classes of cells were identified: I-, II-, III-, and IV-cells. Class I cells, recorded in the SZ or the upper half of SGS, were innervated by slowly conducting ON fibers of velocities slower than 4 m/sec. Class II cells, recorded from the middle part of the SGS, were innervated by ON fibers of intermediate velocity (4--8 m/sec). Class III cells, recorded from the lower half of SGS or the upper part of SO, were innervated by fast conducting ON fibers (faster than 8 m/sec). Class IV cells were recorded from the depth similar to the class III but they were innervated by slowly conducting fibers (4-1.7 m/sec). Class I cells revealed a long-lasting inhibition after initial excitation, being a sharp contrast with cells of classes II and III which were almost free from inhibition. Inhibition exerted upon class IV cells were of intermediate strength. Possible anatomical correlates of the four classes of cells and hypothetical modes of their ON innervation were discussed.", "PMID": 713185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5611", "title": "Visual receptive-field properties of single cells in the rat superior colliculus.", "content": "Receptive-field properties were studied in single cells in the visual layer of the albino rat's superior colliculus. All the samples (N = 195) were identified as one of the four classes (I-, II-, III- and IV-cells) which were established previously on the bases of the response properties to single shocks to the optic pathway and of the recording sites. The four classes were located more deeply in the superior colliculus roughly in the order of from I to IV. Response latencies to single shocks to the optic chiasm were shortest in the III-cells, intermediate in the II-cells and longest in the I- and IV-cells. These cell classes turned out to be different from each other in a number of visual properties. 1) Receptive-field centers in the I- and II-cells (N = 26 and 27, respectively) were of either the ON-OFF or the ON type. Of class III (N = 47), one subgroup (IIIa) consisted mostly of the OFF type whereas the other (IIb) was made up mostly of the ON-OFF type. About two-thirds of the IV-cells (71/95) were of either the ON, the OFF or the ON-OFF type; except for two cells, the rest were all of the moving-sensitive type. 2) The average size of the receptive-field center was small (5.4 degrees +/- 2.3 degrees) in the class I, intermediate in the classes II and III (8.1 degrees +/- 2.1 degrees and 7.1 degrees +/- 2.7 degrees, respectively) and large in the class IV (18.1 degrees +/- 15.9). 3) Responsiveness to moving light stimuli (speeds, 40 degrees--90 degrees/sec) decreased in the order of IIIa, II and IIIb, and I and IV. 4) Maintained activity was lower in the superficially located cells (I, II and IIIa) than in the deeply located ones (IIIb and IV).", "contents": "Visual receptive-field properties of single cells in the rat superior colliculus. Receptive-field properties were studied in single cells in the visual layer of the albino rat's superior colliculus. All the samples (N = 195) were identified as one of the four classes (I-, II-, III- and IV-cells) which were established previously on the bases of the response properties to single shocks to the optic pathway and of the recording sites. The four classes were located more deeply in the superior colliculus roughly in the order of from I to IV. Response latencies to single shocks to the optic chiasm were shortest in the III-cells, intermediate in the II-cells and longest in the I- and IV-cells. These cell classes turned out to be different from each other in a number of visual properties. 1) Receptive-field centers in the I- and II-cells (N = 26 and 27, respectively) were of either the ON-OFF or the ON type. Of class III (N = 47), one subgroup (IIIa) consisted mostly of the OFF type whereas the other (IIb) was made up mostly of the ON-OFF type. About two-thirds of the IV-cells (71/95) were of either the ON, the OFF or the ON-OFF type; except for two cells, the rest were all of the moving-sensitive type. 2) The average size of the receptive-field center was small (5.4 degrees +/- 2.3 degrees) in the class I, intermediate in the classes II and III (8.1 degrees +/- 2.1 degrees and 7.1 degrees +/- 2.7 degrees, respectively) and large in the class IV (18.1 degrees +/- 15.9). 3) Responsiveness to moving light stimuli (speeds, 40 degrees--90 degrees/sec) decreased in the order of IIIa, II and IIIb, and I and IV. 4) Maintained activity was lower in the superficially located cells (I, II and IIIa) than in the deeply located ones (IIIb and IV).", "PMID": 713186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5612", "title": "[State of the \"contraction-relaxation\" mechanism and the bioelectric activity of the myocardium in acute arterial occlusion].", "content": "The results of 57 experiments on adult mongrel dogs are shown. Acute occlusion of the terminal aorta was reproduced by means of a balloon catheter. The pressure in the cavity of the left ventricle and in the office of the aorta and the ECG were recorded synchronously. The load experienced by the heart grew by the 6th hour of occlusion of the terminal aorta. This is attended by disorders in excitability and trophics of the myocardium and inhibition of the rate of myocardial contractions. At the same time the potency of the system of myocardial relaxation grows. By the 12th hour of occlusion of the terminal aorta, not only are the myocardial contractility and bioelectric activity impaired, but the capacity of the myocardial relaxation mechanism diminishes. The restoration of the circulation in the involved extremities is attended with further inhibition of the main functions of the heart. A new index of the functional condition of the myocardium, the restoration index, is proposed.", "contents": "[State of the \"contraction-relaxation\" mechanism and the bioelectric activity of the myocardium in acute arterial occlusion]. The results of 57 experiments on adult mongrel dogs are shown. Acute occlusion of the terminal aorta was reproduced by means of a balloon catheter. The pressure in the cavity of the left ventricle and in the office of the aorta and the ECG were recorded synchronously. The load experienced by the heart grew by the 6th hour of occlusion of the terminal aorta. This is attended by disorders in excitability and trophics of the myocardium and inhibition of the rate of myocardial contractions. At the same time the potency of the system of myocardial relaxation grows. By the 12th hour of occlusion of the terminal aorta, not only are the myocardial contractility and bioelectric activity impaired, but the capacity of the myocardial relaxation mechanism diminishes. The restoration of the circulation in the involved extremities is attended with further inhibition of the main functions of the heart. A new index of the functional condition of the myocardium, the restoration index, is proposed.", "PMID": 713239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5613", "title": "[Effect of obsidan on the cardiovascular system under conditions of high-altitude hypoxia].", "content": "The effect of beta-adrenergic block on the circulatory reactions of a human being induced by high altitude hypoxia was studied by multi-channel rheography and indirect determination of systolic pulmonary arterial pressure. In healthy people not subjected to a pharmacological effect, 25-day stay at an altitude of 3,200 m was marked by an increase in cerebral blood flow at the beginning of adaptation and the development of pulmonary hypertension the maximum signs of which were recorded during the first days in the mountains. Daily intake of 80 mg of obsidan begun 3 days before the ascent levelled out the adaptative increase in cerebral perfusion and intensified the marked character and stability of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. It is concluded that great care should be exercised in giving obsidan at high altitude to individuals with even latent forms of right ventricular pathology since under conditions of hypobaric hypoxia beta-adrenergic block increases the load suffered by the right ventricular myocardium.", "contents": "[Effect of obsidan on the cardiovascular system under conditions of high-altitude hypoxia]. The effect of beta-adrenergic block on the circulatory reactions of a human being induced by high altitude hypoxia was studied by multi-channel rheography and indirect determination of systolic pulmonary arterial pressure. In healthy people not subjected to a pharmacological effect, 25-day stay at an altitude of 3,200 m was marked by an increase in cerebral blood flow at the beginning of adaptation and the development of pulmonary hypertension the maximum signs of which were recorded during the first days in the mountains. Daily intake of 80 mg of obsidan begun 3 days before the ascent levelled out the adaptative increase in cerebral perfusion and intensified the marked character and stability of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. It is concluded that great care should be exercised in giving obsidan at high altitude to individuals with even latent forms of right ventricular pathology since under conditions of hypobaric hypoxia beta-adrenergic block increases the load suffered by the right ventricular myocardium.", "PMID": 713241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5614", "title": "[Effect of high-altitude hypoxia on the course of experimental mitral heart defect].", "content": "The course of dosed insufficiency of the mitral valve in animals under lowland conditions is characterized by marked compensatory capacity of the organism. Under the effect of high-altitude hypoxia (3,200 m), the disease of the mitral valve is attended with overloading of the left atrium with the volume of blood and leads to acute hypertension of the pulmonary artery with subsequent decompensation of the right heart. In animals with mitral valvular disease under conditions of high altitude, strophanthin K produces a sufficiently complete cardiotonic effect which prevents weakening of the myocardial contractions, particularly in the early period of the defect in the mitral valve.", "contents": "[Effect of high-altitude hypoxia on the course of experimental mitral heart defect]. The course of dosed insufficiency of the mitral valve in animals under lowland conditions is characterized by marked compensatory capacity of the organism. Under the effect of high-altitude hypoxia (3,200 m), the disease of the mitral valve is attended with overloading of the left atrium with the volume of blood and leads to acute hypertension of the pulmonary artery with subsequent decompensation of the right heart. In animals with mitral valvular disease under conditions of high altitude, strophanthin K produces a sufficiently complete cardiotonic effect which prevents weakening of the myocardial contractions, particularly in the early period of the defect in the mitral valve.", "PMID": 713242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5615", "title": "[Circulatory insufficiency and edema in experimental constriction of the thoracic segment of the vena cava inferior].", "content": "A method for reproducing circulatory insufficiency in rats by constriction of the intra thoracic portion of vena cava inferior is described. A sham operation on the control animals was restricted to thoracotomy. Rats which had been subjected to constriction of the vena cava consumed 0.85% sodium chloride solution intensively under conditions of free choice. This lead to rapid increase in mass with the development of subcutaneous edema, hydrothorax, and ascites within two to three days after the operation. Thinned out muscle fibres with decreased SDH activity were found in the myocardium of the both ventricles. Study of THO, 22Na, 36Cl, and thiocyanate distribution spaces showed that the total body water increase was consequent upon growth of the extracellular space with a constant intracellular volume.", "contents": "[Circulatory insufficiency and edema in experimental constriction of the thoracic segment of the vena cava inferior]. A method for reproducing circulatory insufficiency in rats by constriction of the intra thoracic portion of vena cava inferior is described. A sham operation on the control animals was restricted to thoracotomy. Rats which had been subjected to constriction of the vena cava consumed 0.85% sodium chloride solution intensively under conditions of free choice. This lead to rapid increase in mass with the development of subcutaneous edema, hydrothorax, and ascites within two to three days after the operation. Thinned out muscle fibres with decreased SDH activity were found in the myocardium of the both ventricles. Study of THO, 22Na, 36Cl, and thiocyanate distribution spaces showed that the total body water increase was consequent upon growth of the extracellular space with a constant intracellular volume.", "PMID": 713244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5616", "title": "[Role of electric stimulation of the heart during selective contrast examination of the coronary arteries with the use of the data of continuous recording of the bundle of His potentials and arterial pressure].", "content": "The frequency of disorders of the cardiac rhythm during injection of a contrast medium into the coronary vessel under different conditions was studied in 214 patients. Atropine premedication was applied as a preventive factor in 142 patients, atrial stimulation in 60, and both factors simultaneously in 12. In 10 patients a single injection of the contrast medium was performed without preventive measures. In 20 patients the changes were studied by recording the potentials of the bundle of His and the arterial pressure. On the basis of the bundle of His ECG data it is concluded that atropine and atrial stimulation produce an effect on individual links of the complex mechanism underlying the effect of the contrast medium on the cardiac conduction system.", "contents": "[Role of electric stimulation of the heart during selective contrast examination of the coronary arteries with the use of the data of continuous recording of the bundle of His potentials and arterial pressure]. The frequency of disorders of the cardiac rhythm during injection of a contrast medium into the coronary vessel under different conditions was studied in 214 patients. Atropine premedication was applied as a preventive factor in 142 patients, atrial stimulation in 60, and both factors simultaneously in 12. In 10 patients a single injection of the contrast medium was performed without preventive measures. In 20 patients the changes were studied by recording the potentials of the bundle of His and the arterial pressure. On the basis of the bundle of His ECG data it is concluded that atropine and atrial stimulation produce an effect on individual links of the complex mechanism underlying the effect of the contrast medium on the cardiac conduction system.", "PMID": 713253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5617", "title": "[Retrospective evaluation of the pre-infarct period].", "content": "It is shown on the basis of retrospective appraisal of the course of ischemic heart disease in 235 patients hospitalized for acute macrofocal myocardial infarction that 78% of them had a prodromal period. The prodromal symptoms corresponded to those registered by WHO as preinfarction state. It was also shown that stable ischemic changes in the ECG during dynamic examination are of vital importance in the diagnosis of a preinfarction state. Problems of the medical tactics employed in the prodromal period of acute myocardial infarction are discussed.", "contents": "[Retrospective evaluation of the pre-infarct period]. It is shown on the basis of retrospective appraisal of the course of ischemic heart disease in 235 patients hospitalized for acute macrofocal myocardial infarction that 78% of them had a prodromal period. The prodromal symptoms corresponded to those registered by WHO as preinfarction state. It was also shown that stable ischemic changes in the ECG during dynamic examination are of vital importance in the diagnosis of a preinfarction state. Problems of the medical tactics employed in the prodromal period of acute myocardial infarction are discussed.", "PMID": 713255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5618", "title": "[Characteristics of the indicators of the blood coagulation and fibrinolysis systems in the pre-clinical stage of ischemic heart disease].", "content": "Signs of dysfunction of the coagulation system and fibrinolysis were determined in 45 healthy young individuals who had such risk factors in relation to ischemic heart disease as arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, aggravated heredity, permanent emotional overstress, etc. These signs were manifested by a tendency to augmentation of blood coagulation and compensatory activation of fibrinolysis. Ischemic-type changes were detected on the ECG after a physical load. It is assumed that dysfunction of the coagulation system and fibrinolysis is an additional risk factor in relation to ischemic heart disease, while derangement of compensatory fibrinolysis tension with the subsequent tension of its components may lead to the development of coronary thrombosis.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the indicators of the blood coagulation and fibrinolysis systems in the pre-clinical stage of ischemic heart disease]. Signs of dysfunction of the coagulation system and fibrinolysis were determined in 45 healthy young individuals who had such risk factors in relation to ischemic heart disease as arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, aggravated heredity, permanent emotional overstress, etc. These signs were manifested by a tendency to augmentation of blood coagulation and compensatory activation of fibrinolysis. Ischemic-type changes were detected on the ECG after a physical load. It is assumed that dysfunction of the coagulation system and fibrinolysis is an additional risk factor in relation to ischemic heart disease, while derangement of compensatory fibrinolysis tension with the subsequent tension of its components may lead to the development of coronary thrombosis.", "PMID": 713256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5619", "title": "[Effect of the type of work on the development of coronary arteriosclerosis].", "content": "The aorta and coronary arteries taken from 4,000 cadavers were studied by the visual-planimetric method. Atherosclerotic changes (fibrous patches, complicated lesions, calcinosis, stenosis of the coronary vessels) were significantly more frequent and more severe in individuals who had been concerned with mental work, males in particular, than in those who had performed physical work. This regular feature was less distinct among countrypeople, females in particular. It is concluded from thorough additional analysis of morphological material that the coronary atherosclerosis risk factor is not only the character of work but its intensity too, especially in individuals engaged in mental work for a lengthy period of time.", "contents": "[Effect of the type of work on the development of coronary arteriosclerosis]. The aorta and coronary arteries taken from 4,000 cadavers were studied by the visual-planimetric method. Atherosclerotic changes (fibrous patches, complicated lesions, calcinosis, stenosis of the coronary vessels) were significantly more frequent and more severe in individuals who had been concerned with mental work, males in particular, than in those who had performed physical work. This regular feature was less distinct among countrypeople, females in particular. It is concluded from thorough additional analysis of morphological material that the coronary atherosclerosis risk factor is not only the character of work but its intensity too, especially in individuals engaged in mental work for a lengthy period of time.", "PMID": 713257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5620", "title": "[Characteristics of central and regional hemodynamics in certain variants of the course of myocardial infarct].", "content": "In 96 patients with myocardial infarction the indices of central hemodynamics were studied by radiocardiography and the indices of regional circulation in the brain, lungs, liver, and distal parts of the extremity by rheoplethysmography. Peculiarities of regional and central hemodynamics depending on the clinical picture were revealed and the dynamics of the indices being studied were followed from the first to the 40th day of the disease. The authors discuss the mechanisms of the hemodynamic disorders and express their opinion on the expediency of the appropriate approaches to the treatment of patients depending on the hemodynamic changes revealed.", "contents": "[Characteristics of central and regional hemodynamics in certain variants of the course of myocardial infarct]. In 96 patients with myocardial infarction the indices of central hemodynamics were studied by radiocardiography and the indices of regional circulation in the brain, lungs, liver, and distal parts of the extremity by rheoplethysmography. Peculiarities of regional and central hemodynamics depending on the clinical picture were revealed and the dynamics of the indices being studied were followed from the first to the 40th day of the disease. The authors discuss the mechanisms of the hemodynamic disorders and express their opinion on the expediency of the appropriate approaches to the treatment of patients depending on the hemodynamic changes revealed.", "PMID": 713258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5621", "title": "[Comparison of the data of the veloergometric test and coronarography in ischemic heart disease].", "content": "The results of the bicycle ergometry test were compared with the findings of coronarography in 254 patients with ischemic heart disease or suspicion of it. The high diagnostic significance of the test was demonstrated; stenosis of the heart coronary arteries was found in 73% of patients producing a positive test. The occurrence of an attack of angina pectoris with simultaneous \"ischemia\" reduction of the ST segment by 1 mm and more is a significant sing of a positive test. The severity of changes in the coronary arteries grows when these signs are combined with poor tolerance of physical load. With the higher degree of stenosis and an increase in the number of involved arteries load tolerance decreases, while the percentage of positive results of the load test increases.", "contents": "[Comparison of the data of the veloergometric test and coronarography in ischemic heart disease]. The results of the bicycle ergometry test were compared with the findings of coronarography in 254 patients with ischemic heart disease or suspicion of it. The high diagnostic significance of the test was demonstrated; stenosis of the heart coronary arteries was found in 73% of patients producing a positive test. The occurrence of an attack of angina pectoris with simultaneous \"ischemia\" reduction of the ST segment by 1 mm and more is a significant sing of a positive test. The severity of changes in the coronary arteries grows when these signs are combined with poor tolerance of physical load. With the higher degree of stenosis and an increase in the number of involved arteries load tolerance decreases, while the percentage of positive results of the load test increases.", "PMID": 713259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5622", "title": "[Electrocardiography in women with angina pectoris during physical exertion].", "content": "Comparative study was conducted of ECG changes during an attack of angina pectoris induced by physical exertion on a bicycle ergometer in 74 females and 100 males suffering from angina pectoris. It is shown that with a similar clinically determined severity of angina pectoris, tolerance to physical exertion is significantly lower in females than in males. Essential differences were also revealed in the ECG changes during an anginose attack. The data obtained are evidence that the approach to the appraisal of the results of load tests in ischemic disease of the heart in females should evidently differ from that in males.", "contents": "[Electrocardiography in women with angina pectoris during physical exertion]. Comparative study was conducted of ECG changes during an attack of angina pectoris induced by physical exertion on a bicycle ergometer in 74 females and 100 males suffering from angina pectoris. It is shown that with a similar clinically determined severity of angina pectoris, tolerance to physical exertion is significantly lower in females than in males. Essential differences were also revealed in the ECG changes during an anginose attack. The data obtained are evidence that the approach to the appraisal of the results of load tests in ischemic disease of the heart in females should evidently differ from that in males.", "PMID": 713260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5623", "title": "[Informative value of the indicators obtained during catheterization and ventriculography of the left heart ventricle].", "content": "It is found that the main indices determined in catheterization and ventriculography of the left ventricle still provide insufficient information. This is displayed by their considerable variations under normal conditions (conventional normal values). The functional left ventricular volumes vary least in adults; the ejection fraction is most informative. Contraction of the longitudinal axis of the left ventricle and of its transverse diameters and the circular rate of myocardial contraction are most variable. It is necessary to generalize a great scope of material to obtain the normal sex and age values of all indices.", "contents": "[Informative value of the indicators obtained during catheterization and ventriculography of the left heart ventricle]. It is found that the main indices determined in catheterization and ventriculography of the left ventricle still provide insufficient information. This is displayed by their considerable variations under normal conditions (conventional normal values). The functional left ventricular volumes vary least in adults; the ejection fraction is most informative. Contraction of the longitudinal axis of the left ventricle and of its transverse diameters and the circular rate of myocardial contraction are most variable. It is necessary to generalize a great scope of material to obtain the normal sex and age values of all indices.", "PMID": 713261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5624", "title": "Malignancies of the urinary tract and their relation to analgesic abuse.", "content": "A relationship between analgesic abuse and urothelial renal pelvic tumors was first observed in 1965. Since then more than 100 cases of such tumors have been reported in abusers of phenacetin-containing drugs; most of these cases have been from Sweden. Many patients had a preexisting nephropathy with renal papillary necrosis. The total consumption of the drugs could be estimated to several kilograms, and the average period of consumption was 17 yr in the G\u00f6teborg study. The manifest development of the tumor often came a few years after the cessation of the drug abuse. The clinical picture and the pathologic findings are described and the five-year survival rate is given. Multiple tumors in the urinary tract were common. Carcinogenic factors are discussed. Phenacetin is an aromatic amide with N-hydroxylated metabolites, closely related to known carcinogenic amines like the naphthylamines which earlier caused occupational bladder cancer. Furthermore, the data on exposition (consumption) time and tumor induction time were very similar in occupational bladder cancer and in renal pelvic cancer related to analgesic abuse. Animal experiments of long-term phenacetin feeding have produced a high degree of papillary epithelial hyperplasia. Further investigations are under way.", "contents": "Malignancies of the urinary tract and their relation to analgesic abuse. A relationship between analgesic abuse and urothelial renal pelvic tumors was first observed in 1965. Since then more than 100 cases of such tumors have been reported in abusers of phenacetin-containing drugs; most of these cases have been from Sweden. Many patients had a preexisting nephropathy with renal papillary necrosis. The total consumption of the drugs could be estimated to several kilograms, and the average period of consumption was 17 yr in the G\u00f6teborg study. The manifest development of the tumor often came a few years after the cessation of the drug abuse. The clinical picture and the pathologic findings are described and the five-year survival rate is given. Multiple tumors in the urinary tract were common. Carcinogenic factors are discussed. Phenacetin is an aromatic amide with N-hydroxylated metabolites, closely related to known carcinogenic amines like the naphthylamines which earlier caused occupational bladder cancer. Furthermore, the data on exposition (consumption) time and tumor induction time were very similar in occupational bladder cancer and in renal pelvic cancer related to analgesic abuse. Animal experiments of long-term phenacetin feeding have produced a high degree of papillary epithelial hyperplasia. Further investigations are under way.", "PMID": 713263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5625", "title": "Changing concepts in pathogenesis and morphology of analgesic nephropathy as seen in Europe.", "content": "A detailed analysis of 60 autopsy cases of AN is presented. Renal papillary necrosis is the hallmark of AN. Special emphasis is given to early changes in the basement membranes and the ground substance of the renal papilla observed by light and electron microscopy. The \"interstitial nephritis\" in the renal cortex is secondary to papillary changes. The histologic picture of the cotex is often complicated by bacterial infection and, therefore, is complex. An unusual hyalinization of small vessels beneath the urothelium of the mucosa of the urinary tract, similar to that seen in the inner medullary zone, has been called \"analgesic microangiopathy\". Its significance is not clear. The renal papillae, the mucosal membranes of the urinary tract, the liver, the cartilages, and the skin often display a striking brownish discoloration caused by a lipid-containing pigment. Statistical data from out autopsies in Switzerland show no decrease in death rates of AN. This is in contrast to reports from Denmark and Sweden where the sale of phenacetin has been restricted by prescription.", "contents": "Changing concepts in pathogenesis and morphology of analgesic nephropathy as seen in Europe. A detailed analysis of 60 autopsy cases of AN is presented. Renal papillary necrosis is the hallmark of AN. Special emphasis is given to early changes in the basement membranes and the ground substance of the renal papilla observed by light and electron microscopy. The \"interstitial nephritis\" in the renal cortex is secondary to papillary changes. The histologic picture of the cotex is often complicated by bacterial infection and, therefore, is complex. An unusual hyalinization of small vessels beneath the urothelium of the mucosa of the urinary tract, similar to that seen in the inner medullary zone, has been called \"analgesic microangiopathy\". Its significance is not clear. The renal papillae, the mucosal membranes of the urinary tract, the liver, the cartilages, and the skin often display a striking brownish discoloration caused by a lipid-containing pigment. Statistical data from out autopsies in Switzerland show no decrease in death rates of AN. This is in contrast to reports from Denmark and Sweden where the sale of phenacetin has been restricted by prescription.", "PMID": 713264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5626", "title": "Pathology of analgesic nephropathy: Australian experience.", "content": "Analgesic nephropathy was first studied in Switzerland and Scandinavia, and most observers thought that papillary necrosis, a feature of the pathology, was the result of chronic interstitial nephritis, the other principal feature. From 1962, reports indicated a high incidence of analgesic nephropathy in Australia and suggested that papillary changes preceded cortical damage. Later, associated uroepithelial carcinoma was noted. Early papillary lesions consist of necrosis of elements around groups of collecting ducts. Necrosis extends upward through the medulla from the papilla and gradually intensifies to total papillary destruction. Fat and calcium accumulation and changes in matrix mucopolysaccharide are markers of papillary injury. Cortical atrophy is dependent upon collecting duct obstruction and is proportional to the degree of obstruction. Infection may complicate late pathologic changes. It is suggested that in the early stages the disease represents an injury to \"concentrating columns\" in the medulla.", "contents": "Pathology of analgesic nephropathy: Australian experience. Analgesic nephropathy was first studied in Switzerland and Scandinavia, and most observers thought that papillary necrosis, a feature of the pathology, was the result of chronic interstitial nephritis, the other principal feature. From 1962, reports indicated a high incidence of analgesic nephropathy in Australia and suggested that papillary changes preceded cortical damage. Later, associated uroepithelial carcinoma was noted. Early papillary lesions consist of necrosis of elements around groups of collecting ducts. Necrosis extends upward through the medulla from the papilla and gradually intensifies to total papillary destruction. Fat and calcium accumulation and changes in matrix mucopolysaccharide are markers of papillary injury. Cortical atrophy is dependent upon collecting duct obstruction and is proportional to the degree of obstruction. Infection may complicate late pathologic changes. It is suggested that in the early stages the disease represents an injury to \"concentrating columns\" in the medulla.", "PMID": 713265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5627", "title": "Epidemiological study in Switzerland.", "content": "A study group of originally 623 employed women of Northwestern Switzerland who were aged 30 to 49 yr and showing objective evidence of intake of phenacetin-containing analgesics, and a control group of 621 comparable women showing no such intake, were examined in 1968 and followed-up five times from 1969 to 1975 for laboratory evidence of urorenal disorders. Mortality was higher in the study group, with 21 deaths, compared to the control group, with 5 deaths, and was higher than expected in a comparative population in Switzerland (P less than or equal to 0.05). In both study and control groups, morbidity was low. There was no difference between the study and control groups with respect to subsequent proteinuria and hematuria. The seven-year incidence of low urine specific gravity after overnight thirsting was higher in the study group than in the control group (2.9% vs. 1.0%), and the incidence of raised serum creatinine was also significantly higher in the study group (2.9% vs. 0%). However, when the study group was further subdivided into a subgroup showing evidence of high intake of phenacetin-containing analgesics and one showing low-intake, only the high-intake subgroup had an incidence of raised serum creatinine concentrations (5.3%), significantly higher than the control group (0%), whereas the low-intake subgroup had an incidence (0.4%) similar to the control group. Also the high-intake subgroup showed significantly higher rates of bacteriuria than the controls (P less than or equal to 0.004).", "contents": "Epidemiological study in Switzerland. A study group of originally 623 employed women of Northwestern Switzerland who were aged 30 to 49 yr and showing objective evidence of intake of phenacetin-containing analgesics, and a control group of 621 comparable women showing no such intake, were examined in 1968 and followed-up five times from 1969 to 1975 for laboratory evidence of urorenal disorders. Mortality was higher in the study group, with 21 deaths, compared to the control group, with 5 deaths, and was higher than expected in a comparative population in Switzerland (P less than or equal to 0.05). In both study and control groups, morbidity was low. There was no difference between the study and control groups with respect to subsequent proteinuria and hematuria. The seven-year incidence of low urine specific gravity after overnight thirsting was higher in the study group than in the control group (2.9% vs. 1.0%), and the incidence of raised serum creatinine was also significantly higher in the study group (2.9% vs. 0%). However, when the study group was further subdivided into a subgroup showing evidence of high intake of phenacetin-containing analgesics and one showing low-intake, only the high-intake subgroup had an incidence of raised serum creatinine concentrations (5.3%), significantly higher than the control group (0%), whereas the low-intake subgroup had an incidence (0.4%) similar to the control group. Also the high-intake subgroup showed significantly higher rates of bacteriuria than the controls (P less than or equal to 0.004).", "PMID": 713266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5628", "title": "Experimental renal papillary necrosis.", "content": "Review of experimental work indicates that renal papillary necrosis (RPN) is more readily induced by mixtures of analgesics which include phenacetin or paracetamol, than by either of the latter drugs alone. In an experiment in which moderate doses of analgesics were given to rats over a long period, it was shown that aspirin had a greater nephrotoxic effect than either phenacetin or paracetamol although less than in combination with either. In a study of the evolution of aspirin-induced damage, the earliest changes were shown to occur in the interstitial cells. There was also loss of medullary mucopolysaccharides. Occlusive lesions were demonstrated in the vasa recta. Using partial papillectomy, it was shown that the development of analgesic-induced cortical lesions did not depend on the presence of papillary necrosis. It was suggested that the early papillary changes might be due to ischemia, medullary blood flow being reduced as a result of aspirin's action as an inhibitor of prostagladin synthesis. The lesions in the vasa recta might cause ischemia at a late stage, leading to total RPN.", "contents": "Experimental renal papillary necrosis. Review of experimental work indicates that renal papillary necrosis (RPN) is more readily induced by mixtures of analgesics which include phenacetin or paracetamol, than by either of the latter drugs alone. In an experiment in which moderate doses of analgesics were given to rats over a long period, it was shown that aspirin had a greater nephrotoxic effect than either phenacetin or paracetamol although less than in combination with either. In a study of the evolution of aspirin-induced damage, the earliest changes were shown to occur in the interstitial cells. There was also loss of medullary mucopolysaccharides. Occlusive lesions were demonstrated in the vasa recta. Using partial papillectomy, it was shown that the development of analgesic-induced cortical lesions did not depend on the presence of papillary necrosis. It was suggested that the early papillary changes might be due to ischemia, medullary blood flow being reduced as a result of aspirin's action as an inhibitor of prostagladin synthesis. The lesions in the vasa recta might cause ischemia at a late stage, leading to total RPN.", "PMID": 713267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5629", "title": "Genesis of analgesic nephropathy in the United Kingdom.", "content": "Analgesic nephropathy is more common in Western Scotland than elsewhere in the United Kingdom. This appears to be a consequence of the frequency with which local people take Askit, a preparation different from most other British analgesics in that they contain more caffeine and in their presentation as powders. Surveys of different populations in Glasgow suggest that while aspirin and paracetamol tend to be taken relatively infrequently and for appropriate reasons such as pain, Askit is more likely to be taken with excessive frequency for its supposed mood-altering properties. Working-class women with psychiatric problems are especially prone to daily self-medication. Study of individuals with analgesic nephropathy reveals that in Western Scotland, at least, the cause is dependence on analgesics. The characteristics of this include a need to continue taking and to slowly increase the dose of analgesics, partly owing to tolerance and partly to treat symptoms the analgesic ingestion has caused, as well as a psychic dependence resulting from appreciation of the psychotropic effects of the compound analgesics. When compared with matched controls, those who develop the \"analgesic abuse syndrome\" are more likely to have a family history of analgesic abuse, alcoholism, and psychiatric disorder. They tend to be introverted and neurotic, are prone to abuse other drugs and many have had previous psychiatric treatment.", "contents": "Genesis of analgesic nephropathy in the United Kingdom. Analgesic nephropathy is more common in Western Scotland than elsewhere in the United Kingdom. This appears to be a consequence of the frequency with which local people take Askit, a preparation different from most other British analgesics in that they contain more caffeine and in their presentation as powders. Surveys of different populations in Glasgow suggest that while aspirin and paracetamol tend to be taken relatively infrequently and for appropriate reasons such as pain, Askit is more likely to be taken with excessive frequency for its supposed mood-altering properties. Working-class women with psychiatric problems are especially prone to daily self-medication. Study of individuals with analgesic nephropathy reveals that in Western Scotland, at least, the cause is dependence on analgesics. The characteristics of this include a need to continue taking and to slowly increase the dose of analgesics, partly owing to tolerance and partly to treat symptoms the analgesic ingestion has caused, as well as a psychic dependence resulting from appreciation of the psychotropic effects of the compound analgesics. When compared with matched controls, those who develop the \"analgesic abuse syndrome\" are more likely to have a family history of analgesic abuse, alcoholism, and psychiatric disorder. They tend to be introverted and neurotic, are prone to abuse other drugs and many have had previous psychiatric treatment.", "PMID": 713268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5630", "title": "Radiological changes of renal papillary necrosis.", "content": "The radiological changes of renal papillary necrosis are independent of its etiology. If total papillary necrosis (TPN) or partial papillary necrosis (PPN) is present, radiological findings are diagnostic. Whereas, if the necrotic papillae remain in situ (NIS) none of the typical radiologic features of papillary necrosis are seen. Serial radiologic studies are useful in renal papillary necrosis. Extension of papillary or medullary cavities, shrinkage of the kidney, and calcification thereby may be noted. Radiologic changes involving the ureter and bladder are those of complications such as ureteritis or development of a transitional cell carcinoma. The latter most often appears in the renal pelvis.", "contents": "Radiological changes of renal papillary necrosis. The radiological changes of renal papillary necrosis are independent of its etiology. If total papillary necrosis (TPN) or partial papillary necrosis (PPN) is present, radiological findings are diagnostic. Whereas, if the necrotic papillae remain in situ (NIS) none of the typical radiologic features of papillary necrosis are seen. Serial radiologic studies are useful in renal papillary necrosis. Extension of papillary or medullary cavities, shrinkage of the kidney, and calcification thereby may be noted. Radiologic changes involving the ureter and bladder are those of complications such as ureteritis or development of a transitional cell carcinoma. The latter most often appears in the renal pelvis.", "PMID": 713272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5631", "title": "Renal response to phosphorus deprivation in the isolated rat kidney.", "content": "In order to study further the adaptation of inorganic phsophate (Pi) reabsorption during phosphorus depletion, Pi transport was measured at three perfusate Pi concentrations in isolated perfused rat kidney preparations, utilizing synthetic albumin-containing cell-free perfusate. With elevation of the perfusate Pi, phosphaturia was significantly less, and absolute Pi reabsorption was significantly greater in kidneys derived from phosphorus-deprived rats than in organs from nondeprived counterparts. Prior parathyroidectomy did not affect the transport of Pi by the isolated kidney preparation. Increasing the perfusate Pi did not diminish hypercalciuria in kidneys from phosphorus-deprived rats. The results indicate that the adaptive response in Pi reabsorption during phosphorus deprivation can be demonstrated independently of the composition of fluid perfusing the kidney. The mechanism underlying the adaptation, however, remains unclarified.", "contents": "Renal response to phosphorus deprivation in the isolated rat kidney. In order to study further the adaptation of inorganic phsophate (Pi) reabsorption during phosphorus depletion, Pi transport was measured at three perfusate Pi concentrations in isolated perfused rat kidney preparations, utilizing synthetic albumin-containing cell-free perfusate. With elevation of the perfusate Pi, phosphaturia was significantly less, and absolute Pi reabsorption was significantly greater in kidneys derived from phosphorus-deprived rats than in organs from nondeprived counterparts. Prior parathyroidectomy did not affect the transport of Pi by the isolated kidney preparation. Increasing the perfusate Pi did not diminish hypercalciuria in kidneys from phosphorus-deprived rats. The results indicate that the adaptive response in Pi reabsorption during phosphorus deprivation can be demonstrated independently of the composition of fluid perfusing the kidney. The mechanism underlying the adaptation, however, remains unclarified.", "PMID": 713274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5632", "title": "Pre-eclampsia with the nephrotic syndrome.", "content": "Heavy proteinuria and/or the nephrotic syndrome rarely occur late in pregnancy. We report the clinical and renal biopsy findings on 11 patients with the nephrotic syndrome occurring during pregnancy in whom light and electron microscopic findings were characteristic of pre-eclampsia. Immunofluorescent microscopy revealed deposits of IgG, IgM, IgA, beta 1C globulin, and fibrinogen, predominantly in the subendothelial position. Only two patients were primigravid; three were in their second or third pregnancy; in six, pre-eclampsia first occurred in the fourth to eighth pregnancy. Clinical abnormalities appeared first between the 23rd and 39th week of gestation. All patients had marked elevation of blood pressure and of serum uric acid levels. Of the 12 infants, eight were alive and well, including one set of twins; four were stillborn. Following delivery, clinical resolution was similar to that in less severe pre-eclampsia. The findings suggest the possible importance of the role of intravascular coagulation in the genesis of pre-eclampsia.", "contents": "Pre-eclampsia with the nephrotic syndrome. Heavy proteinuria and/or the nephrotic syndrome rarely occur late in pregnancy. We report the clinical and renal biopsy findings on 11 patients with the nephrotic syndrome occurring during pregnancy in whom light and electron microscopic findings were characteristic of pre-eclampsia. Immunofluorescent microscopy revealed deposits of IgG, IgM, IgA, beta 1C globulin, and fibrinogen, predominantly in the subendothelial position. Only two patients were primigravid; three were in their second or third pregnancy; in six, pre-eclampsia first occurred in the fourth to eighth pregnancy. Clinical abnormalities appeared first between the 23rd and 39th week of gestation. All patients had marked elevation of blood pressure and of serum uric acid levels. Of the 12 infants, eight were alive and well, including one set of twins; four were stillborn. Following delivery, clinical resolution was similar to that in less severe pre-eclampsia. The findings suggest the possible importance of the role of intravascular coagulation in the genesis of pre-eclampsia.", "PMID": 713277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5633", "title": "Micropuncture studies of the transport of individual amino acids by the Necturus proximal tubule.", "content": "Absorption of amino acids by the necturus proximal tubules was measured under free-flow conditions The coexistence of proximal tubular amino acid influx was determined by infusing saline into tubular lumens by the stopped-flow microperfusion technique. Under free-flow conditions, fractional absorption of individual amino acids ranged from 0.30 +/- 0.18 (glutamic acid) to 0.96 +/- 0.02 (proline), with 14 of 19 values greater than 0.75. The transport avidity for a given amino acid bore no relationship to its molecular weight, transport class, or plasma concentration. The values obtained for tubular fluid/plasma (TF/P) were very comparable to those reported for the rat. In stopped-flow microperfusion experiments, samples of isotonic saline residing in tubule lumens for 20 min were found to contain all the amino acids present in plasma (filtrate). The concentrations of all except the acidic anionic pair, glutamic acid and aspartic acid, were remarkably similar to those obtained by collection of end proximal samples in free-flow studies. The very high concentrations of the acidic amino acids may reflect their passive distribution across the luminal cell membrane, active absorption having been impaired by the absence of some substance normally present in glomerular filtrate.", "contents": "Micropuncture studies of the transport of individual amino acids by the Necturus proximal tubule. Absorption of amino acids by the necturus proximal tubules was measured under free-flow conditions The coexistence of proximal tubular amino acid influx was determined by infusing saline into tubular lumens by the stopped-flow microperfusion technique. Under free-flow conditions, fractional absorption of individual amino acids ranged from 0.30 +/- 0.18 (glutamic acid) to 0.96 +/- 0.02 (proline), with 14 of 19 values greater than 0.75. The transport avidity for a given amino acid bore no relationship to its molecular weight, transport class, or plasma concentration. The values obtained for tubular fluid/plasma (TF/P) were very comparable to those reported for the rat. In stopped-flow microperfusion experiments, samples of isotonic saline residing in tubule lumens for 20 min were found to contain all the amino acids present in plasma (filtrate). The concentrations of all except the acidic anionic pair, glutamic acid and aspartic acid, were remarkably similar to those obtained by collection of end proximal samples in free-flow studies. The very high concentrations of the acidic amino acids may reflect their passive distribution across the luminal cell membrane, active absorption having been impaired by the absence of some substance normally present in glomerular filtrate.", "PMID": 713280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5634", "title": "Renal micropuncture study of normotensive and Milan hypertensive rats before and after development of hypertension.", "content": "Earlier studies of renal transplantation and of sodium metabolism indicated that the cause of high blood pressure in the Milan strain of genetically hypertensive rats (MHS) was altered renal function. To pinpoint the active factors, we used micropuncture to study several indices of renal function in normal (NR) and MHS rats at three different ages: A) 26 to 30 days, before development of hypertension (pre-MHS); B) 35 to 40 days; and C) 75 to 90 days, after the development of hypertension. The indices studied and the important differences found between the two strains were: 1) Single nephron filtration rate (SNFR) and late proximal tubular fluid delivery to the distal nephron (LPF). In group A, the pre-MHS rats had significantly lower values than did the NR (SNFR = 6.3 +/- 0.8 nl/min [MHS] vs. 8.3 +/- 1.2 [NR], P less than 0.01; LPF = 3.14 +/- 0.25 nl/min [MHS] vs. 4.1 +/- 0.35 [NR], p less than 0.05). In group C, the values in the MHS rats were significantly higher than those of the NR (SNFR = 17.3 +/- 1.4 nl/min [MHS] vs. 12.1 +/- 0.8 [NR], P less than 0.05; LPF - 7.4 +/- 0.5 nl/min [MHS] vs. 5.3 +/- 0.3 [NR], P less than 0.01). 2) Number of glomeruli. In group C only, the MHS rats had significantly fewer than did the NR rats (MHS = 55, 253 +/- 2,821 vs. NR = 64,527 +/- 2,900, P less than 0.05). 3) Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and SNFR as a function of the mean blood pressure (MAP). In group A, the GFR of the MHS rats was lower than that of the NR rats (GFR = 0.38 +/- 0.03 ml/min . 100 g of body wt [MHS], 0.50 +/- 0.03 [NR] P less than 0.05). In group C, there was no longer any significant difference. At equal MAP, SNFR was equal in all the groups, except group A, where SNFR was significantly lower in MHS. 4) Pressure differences: Glomerular capillary pressure (gP). GP was significantly higher in MHS rats than in NR rats (group A, + 5.2 mm Hg; group C, + 6.7 mm Hg). In the pre-MHS rats, anesthesia significantly increased (P less than 0.001) the blood pressure difference between the two strains. This effect was not seen in the adult MHS rats. This may increase the differences in GP between pre-MHS and NR. 5) Afferent effective filtration pressure (EFPA). EFPA values were also higher in MHS rats (+ 2.9 mm Hg in group A, + 6.8 mm Hg in group C), but once again the effects of anesthesia probably account for the differences in magnitude seen between pre-MHS and NR. Only 22% of the absolute differences in systemic arterial pressure in the adult MHS and NR rats was transmitted to the glomerular capillary, while 33% of the difference was transmitted in the younger rats. These values suggest a reduced glomerular hydraulic conductivity, even though other explanations could not be excluded, and they are consistent with the hypothesis that the primary cause of development of hypertension in the MHS rats may be a decrease in SNFR.", "contents": "Renal micropuncture study of normotensive and Milan hypertensive rats before and after development of hypertension. Earlier studies of renal transplantation and of sodium metabolism indicated that the cause of high blood pressure in the Milan strain of genetically hypertensive rats (MHS) was altered renal function. To pinpoint the active factors, we used micropuncture to study several indices of renal function in normal (NR) and MHS rats at three different ages: A) 26 to 30 days, before development of hypertension (pre-MHS); B) 35 to 40 days; and C) 75 to 90 days, after the development of hypertension. The indices studied and the important differences found between the two strains were: 1) Single nephron filtration rate (SNFR) and late proximal tubular fluid delivery to the distal nephron (LPF). In group A, the pre-MHS rats had significantly lower values than did the NR (SNFR = 6.3 +/- 0.8 nl/min [MHS] vs. 8.3 +/- 1.2 [NR], P less than 0.01; LPF = 3.14 +/- 0.25 nl/min [MHS] vs. 4.1 +/- 0.35 [NR], p less than 0.05). In group C, the values in the MHS rats were significantly higher than those of the NR (SNFR = 17.3 +/- 1.4 nl/min [MHS] vs. 12.1 +/- 0.8 [NR], P less than 0.05; LPF - 7.4 +/- 0.5 nl/min [MHS] vs. 5.3 +/- 0.3 [NR], P less than 0.01). 2) Number of glomeruli. In group C only, the MHS rats had significantly fewer than did the NR rats (MHS = 55, 253 +/- 2,821 vs. NR = 64,527 +/- 2,900, P less than 0.05). 3) Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and SNFR as a function of the mean blood pressure (MAP). In group A, the GFR of the MHS rats was lower than that of the NR rats (GFR = 0.38 +/- 0.03 ml/min . 100 g of body wt [MHS], 0.50 +/- 0.03 [NR] P less than 0.05). In group C, there was no longer any significant difference. At equal MAP, SNFR was equal in all the groups, except group A, where SNFR was significantly lower in MHS. 4) Pressure differences: Glomerular capillary pressure (gP). GP was significantly higher in MHS rats than in NR rats (group A, + 5.2 mm Hg; group C, + 6.7 mm Hg). In the pre-MHS rats, anesthesia significantly increased (P less than 0.001) the blood pressure difference between the two strains. This effect was not seen in the adult MHS rats. This may increase the differences in GP between pre-MHS and NR. 5) Afferent effective filtration pressure (EFPA). EFPA values were also higher in MHS rats (+ 2.9 mm Hg in group A, + 6.8 mm Hg in group C), but once again the effects of anesthesia probably account for the differences in magnitude seen between pre-MHS and NR. Only 22% of the absolute differences in systemic arterial pressure in the adult MHS and NR rats was transmitted to the glomerular capillary, while 33% of the difference was transmitted in the younger rats. These values suggest a reduced glomerular hydraulic conductivity, even though other explanations could not be excluded, and they are consistent with the hypothesis that the primary cause of development of hypertension in the MHS rats may be a decrease in SNFR.", "PMID": 713281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5635", "title": "Prolonged complement activation in mice.", "content": "Because antibody responses to the alternative complement pathway activator, cobra venom factor, are T-dependent and B mice therefore do not develop resistance to its action, it was possible to examine whether renal injury occurs under circumstances of protracted third-phase alternative pathway activation. After periods of up to three months, no evidence from measurements of blood urea or proteinuria or from examinations with light microscopy immunofluorescence or electron microscopy was obtained to indicate a directly nephrotoxic effect of this type of complement activation.", "contents": "Prolonged complement activation in mice. Because antibody responses to the alternative complement pathway activator, cobra venom factor, are T-dependent and B mice therefore do not develop resistance to its action, it was possible to examine whether renal injury occurs under circumstances of protracted third-phase alternative pathway activation. After periods of up to three months, no evidence from measurements of blood urea or proteinuria or from examinations with light microscopy immunofluorescence or electron microscopy was obtained to indicate a directly nephrotoxic effect of this type of complement activation.", "PMID": 713282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5636", "title": "Reduced renin activity in essential hypertension: a reappraisal.", "content": "The apparent suppression of plasma renin activity in essential hypertensive patients compared to normotensive controls prompted an examination of factors which might be responsible for this difference in people taken from a blood pressure screening survey. Plasma renin activity was lower in 89 previously untreated \"hypertensive\" subjects than in an equal number of age- and sex-matched \"controls\" from the same community. The rise in plasma renin activity on standing or after frusemide was proportional to the resting level, and it was generally less in hypertensives, but small or absent responses were also seen in those with normal blood pressure. There was no evidence for a \"low renin sub-group\" among the hypertensives. Plasma renin activity fell with both increasing age and increasing arterial pressure. A low renin activity is more likely to be a consequence of hypertension than to be associated with its cause.", "contents": "Reduced renin activity in essential hypertension: a reappraisal. The apparent suppression of plasma renin activity in essential hypertensive patients compared to normotensive controls prompted an examination of factors which might be responsible for this difference in people taken from a blood pressure screening survey. Plasma renin activity was lower in 89 previously untreated \"hypertensive\" subjects than in an equal number of age- and sex-matched \"controls\" from the same community. The rise in plasma renin activity on standing or after frusemide was proportional to the resting level, and it was generally less in hypertensives, but small or absent responses were also seen in those with normal blood pressure. There was no evidence for a \"low renin sub-group\" among the hypertensives. Plasma renin activity fell with both increasing age and increasing arterial pressure. A low renin activity is more likely to be a consequence of hypertension than to be associated with its cause.", "PMID": 713284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5637", "title": "Hereditary polycystic kidney disease (adult form): a microdissection study of two cases at an early stage of the disease.", "content": "Kidney fragments from two cases of hereditary polycystic kidney disease (adult form) at an early stage were examined by microdissection. Localized cystic cystic dilatations were found in proximal and distal tubules, loops of Henle, and collecting tubules. Entirely normal nephrons and collecting tubules were also observed. Abnormal branching of collecting tubules or the abnormal attachment of nephrons, as described in other microdissection studies, were not found. Our observations do not confirm the hypothesis that the adult form of hereditary polycystic kidney disease is the consequence of ampullary dysfunction during early development.", "contents": "Hereditary polycystic kidney disease (adult form): a microdissection study of two cases at an early stage of the disease. Kidney fragments from two cases of hereditary polycystic kidney disease (adult form) at an early stage were examined by microdissection. Localized cystic cystic dilatations were found in proximal and distal tubules, loops of Henle, and collecting tubules. Entirely normal nephrons and collecting tubules were also observed. Abnormal branching of collecting tubules or the abnormal attachment of nephrons, as described in other microdissection studies, were not found. Our observations do not confirm the hypothesis that the adult form of hereditary polycystic kidney disease is the consequence of ampullary dysfunction during early development.", "PMID": 713285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5638", "title": "[Lactic acidosis--a possible complication in buformin-treated diabetics (author's transl)].", "content": "Lactic acidosis is defined as a state of metabolic acidosis (arterial pH below 7.36) due to an increase in the blood concentration of lactate above 2 mEq/l. Lactic acidosis may occur under a variety of conditions; the biguanide-induced lactic acidosis is due to the toxic effects of biguanides (buformin, metformin, phenformin). The clinical picture is characterized by the occurrence of disturbances of consciousness, severe acidosis with Kussmaul's respiration, shock, hypothermia and in about 30% of all cases hypoglycemia. Apart from the general principles of intensive medical care, therapy should comprise correction of the acid-base-disturbances and elimination of the offending biguanide. The efficacy of hemodialysis in the treatment of biguanide-induced lactic acidosis is difficult to evaluate. By a more sensible use of biguanides, lactic acidosis secondary to drug administration should become a rare event.", "contents": "[Lactic acidosis--a possible complication in buformin-treated diabetics (author's transl)]. Lactic acidosis is defined as a state of metabolic acidosis (arterial pH below 7.36) due to an increase in the blood concentration of lactate above 2 mEq/l. Lactic acidosis may occur under a variety of conditions; the biguanide-induced lactic acidosis is due to the toxic effects of biguanides (buformin, metformin, phenformin). The clinical picture is characterized by the occurrence of disturbances of consciousness, severe acidosis with Kussmaul's respiration, shock, hypothermia and in about 30% of all cases hypoglycemia. Apart from the general principles of intensive medical care, therapy should comprise correction of the acid-base-disturbances and elimination of the offending biguanide. The efficacy of hemodialysis in the treatment of biguanide-induced lactic acidosis is difficult to evaluate. By a more sensible use of biguanides, lactic acidosis secondary to drug administration should become a rare event.", "PMID": 713413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5639", "title": "Differentiation between subtypes of primary hyperaldosteronism by multiple steroid measurement after dexamethasone administration.", "content": "In 6 patients with primary hyperaldosteronism (P.H.) and a unilateral adrenal adenoma (A) and in 5 patients with P.H. obviously due to bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (H), multiple serum corticosteroids were measured after different dietary or drug regimens. After administration of dexamethasone on a normal sodium diet, serum levels of 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC), corticosterone (B) and cortisol (F) were much lower in the H than in the A group. With respect to 11-deoxycorticosterone levels, there was no overlap between the two groups. Multiplication of individual serum DOC, B and F levels allowed a clearer separation of patients with A and H. This non-invasive method may offer an additional means in the differential diagnosis of P.H.", "contents": "Differentiation between subtypes of primary hyperaldosteronism by multiple steroid measurement after dexamethasone administration. In 6 patients with primary hyperaldosteronism (P.H.) and a unilateral adrenal adenoma (A) and in 5 patients with P.H. obviously due to bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (H), multiple serum corticosteroids were measured after different dietary or drug regimens. After administration of dexamethasone on a normal sodium diet, serum levels of 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC), corticosterone (B) and cortisol (F) were much lower in the H than in the A group. With respect to 11-deoxycorticosterone levels, there was no overlap between the two groups. Multiplication of individual serum DOC, B and F levels allowed a clearer separation of patients with A and H. This non-invasive method may offer an additional means in the differential diagnosis of P.H.", "PMID": 713414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5640", "title": "[Saralasin-induced changes of blood pressure, renin and aldosterone in essential and renal hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "In 34 patients saralasin was infused after variable degrees of sodium depletion in order to differentiate between essential and renin-induced hypertension. After sodium-depletion of short duration mean arterial pressure dropped more than 10 mm Hg in 9 of 25 patients with essential and in 7 of 9 patients with renin-induced hypertension. After long-lasting sodium depletion the fall of mean arterial pressure exceeded 10 mm Hg in 11 of 16 patients with essential and in 8 of 9 patients with renin-induced hypertension. Thus saralasin did not discriminate essential and renin-induced hypertension. Also, plasma renin concentration before and after saralasin did not allow to differentiate between the two forms of hypertension. The changes of renin during infusion of saralasin was negatively correlated to the change of blood pressure. Renal vein renin ratio in patients with renovascular hypertension was not modified by saralasin. Renin and aldosterone changed inversely during saralasin infusion.", "contents": "[Saralasin-induced changes of blood pressure, renin and aldosterone in essential and renal hypertension (author's transl)]. In 34 patients saralasin was infused after variable degrees of sodium depletion in order to differentiate between essential and renin-induced hypertension. After sodium-depletion of short duration mean arterial pressure dropped more than 10 mm Hg in 9 of 25 patients with essential and in 7 of 9 patients with renin-induced hypertension. After long-lasting sodium depletion the fall of mean arterial pressure exceeded 10 mm Hg in 11 of 16 patients with essential and in 8 of 9 patients with renin-induced hypertension. Thus saralasin did not discriminate essential and renin-induced hypertension. Also, plasma renin concentration before and after saralasin did not allow to differentiate between the two forms of hypertension. The changes of renin during infusion of saralasin was negatively correlated to the change of blood pressure. Renal vein renin ratio in patients with renovascular hypertension was not modified by saralasin. Renin and aldosterone changed inversely during saralasin infusion.", "PMID": 713415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5641", "title": "[Simultaneous comparative renal clearances and renal iodo (I125)-hippurate in man (author's transl)].", "content": "In 111 Patients with a wide range of renal function (normal to advanced renal failure) the renal clearances of Na-paraaminohippurate (CPAH) and of Na-orthojodohippurate--J125(COJ(J125(H) have been simultaneously determined under standardized clearance conditions. We found a significant correlation between the 2 parameters, defined by the equation CPAH = 1.11.COJ(J125)H. The scatter of the single observations however is considerable and hence the +/- 2Sy range is very large. The difference between the 2 clearances is not die to a competition at the same tubular carrier, since adding inactive carrier of OJH does not improve the ratio of the 2 clearances: CPAH = 1.13.COJ(J125)H. Rather the renal extraction of OJ(J125)H(EOJ(J125)H is considerably lower (74% than EPAH (90%). Our datas suggest that OJ(J125)H is not a suitable indicator to replace PAH for measurements of real renal plasma flow.", "contents": "[Simultaneous comparative renal clearances and renal iodo (I125)-hippurate in man (author's transl)]. In 111 Patients with a wide range of renal function (normal to advanced renal failure) the renal clearances of Na-paraaminohippurate (CPAH) and of Na-orthojodohippurate--J125(COJ(J125(H) have been simultaneously determined under standardized clearance conditions. We found a significant correlation between the 2 parameters, defined by the equation CPAH = 1.11.COJ(J125)H. The scatter of the single observations however is considerable and hence the +/- 2Sy range is very large. The difference between the 2 clearances is not die to a competition at the same tubular carrier, since adding inactive carrier of OJH does not improve the ratio of the 2 clearances: CPAH = 1.13.COJ(J125)H. Rather the renal extraction of OJ(J125)H(EOJ(J125)H is considerably lower (74% than EPAH (90%). Our datas suggest that OJ(J125)H is not a suitable indicator to replace PAH for measurements of real renal plasma flow.", "PMID": 713416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5642", "title": "[Diagnostic significance of heat-induced inhibition of erythrocyte sedimentation (author's transl)].", "content": "Heat-induced inhibition of erythrocyte sedimentation (HIES) was examined in 158 cases. HIES is significantly lower in patients with a liver cell damage isolated or due to metastases of a neoplastic process in comparison to that in patients suffering from inflammation or malign tumor not involving the liver. Generally, HIES depends upon the concentration of lysophosphatidyl choline (lysolecithin) which is set free in plasma by lecithin-cholesterol-acyltransferase (LCAT) during incubation. In patients with lever cell damage, LCAT is diminished. HIES is being influenced by several factors: Lysophosphatidyl choline is bound to albumin, and this prevents its reaction on the erythrocyte surface. Lysophospholipase reduces the concentration of lysophosphatidyl choline in the plasma by splitting off its fatty acid in the alpha-position. Specific serum proteins, the so-called agglomerines, which are responsible for the acceleration of erythrocyte sedimentation, are counteracting the HIES. The concentration of albumin and agglomerines in plasma and the activity of lysophospholipase are subject to physiologically and pathologically caused deviations. Thereby, HIES is being influenced individually at varying degrees. This makes it difficult to estimate the LCAT activity which represents the principal cause of HIES. As a consequence, HIES seems not to be suitable for clinical diagnostics.", "contents": "[Diagnostic significance of heat-induced inhibition of erythrocyte sedimentation (author's transl)]. Heat-induced inhibition of erythrocyte sedimentation (HIES) was examined in 158 cases. HIES is significantly lower in patients with a liver cell damage isolated or due to metastases of a neoplastic process in comparison to that in patients suffering from inflammation or malign tumor not involving the liver. Generally, HIES depends upon the concentration of lysophosphatidyl choline (lysolecithin) which is set free in plasma by lecithin-cholesterol-acyltransferase (LCAT) during incubation. In patients with lever cell damage, LCAT is diminished. HIES is being influenced by several factors: Lysophosphatidyl choline is bound to albumin, and this prevents its reaction on the erythrocyte surface. Lysophospholipase reduces the concentration of lysophosphatidyl choline in the plasma by splitting off its fatty acid in the alpha-position. Specific serum proteins, the so-called agglomerines, which are responsible for the acceleration of erythrocyte sedimentation, are counteracting the HIES. The concentration of albumin and agglomerines in plasma and the activity of lysophospholipase are subject to physiologically and pathologically caused deviations. Thereby, HIES is being influenced individually at varying degrees. This makes it difficult to estimate the LCAT activity which represents the principal cause of HIES. As a consequence, HIES seems not to be suitable for clinical diagnostics.", "PMID": 713417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5643", "title": "[Analysis of the hydroxyproline containing serum proteins in connective tissue diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The serum proteins were fractionated on Sephadex G 200, their hydroxyproline content determined. Three protein peaks (I-III) containing different hydroxyproline concentrations could be separated. In connective tissue disorders accompanied by increased collagen synthesis or collagen degradation, an elevation of hydroxyproline was found in peak II. An increase of hydroxyproline always was associated with an increase of the serum proteins in the same fractions. Hydroxyproline serum levels above normal obviously are due to a certain capacity of the serum proteins binding free hydroxyproline and collagen metabolites.", "contents": "[Analysis of the hydroxyproline containing serum proteins in connective tissue diseases (author's transl)]. The serum proteins were fractionated on Sephadex G 200, their hydroxyproline content determined. Three protein peaks (I-III) containing different hydroxyproline concentrations could be separated. In connective tissue disorders accompanied by increased collagen synthesis or collagen degradation, an elevation of hydroxyproline was found in peak II. An increase of hydroxyproline always was associated with an increase of the serum proteins in the same fractions. Hydroxyproline serum levels above normal obviously are due to a certain capacity of the serum proteins binding free hydroxyproline and collagen metabolites.", "PMID": 713418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5644", "title": "[Detection of human proteins in the epoxy housing of implanted cardiac pacemakers (author's transl)].", "content": "On cardiac pacemakers with epoxy resin encapsulation of a certain type which had been implanted in humans for a considerable time, sessile human proteins were detected in the epoxy by means of immunofluorescence microscopy. These proteins are not extractable from shavings of the epoxy casing using the method described, as was shown by two different methods. The results of LOWRY's test on the eluate are invalid, because we assume that extractable amino groups are responsible for the positive results.", "contents": "[Detection of human proteins in the epoxy housing of implanted cardiac pacemakers (author's transl)]. On cardiac pacemakers with epoxy resin encapsulation of a certain type which had been implanted in humans for a considerable time, sessile human proteins were detected in the epoxy by means of immunofluorescence microscopy. These proteins are not extractable from shavings of the epoxy casing using the method described, as was shown by two different methods. The results of LOWRY's test on the eluate are invalid, because we assume that extractable amino groups are responsible for the positive results.", "PMID": 713419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5645", "title": "Tuberculin and dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) tests in cancer patients before and after cytostatic drug therapy.", "content": "In 137 patients with different kinds of cancer and different cancer stage, cell-mediated immunity was investigated by DNCB (dinitrochlorobenzene) and tuberculin test. These two skin tests were performed before and after cytostatic drug combination therapy. For a collective of cancer patients we found a positive correlation between skin reactions and prognosis and a negative correlation between skin reactions and cancer stage. After cytostatic drug therapy skin reactions could be significantly stronger. This could be observed in 50% when one test was positive before chemotherapy and in only 20% when both tests were negative before chemotherapy. There existed a significant correlation between an increased reaction after cytostatic drug therapy and objective tumor regression. When skin reactions decreased, tumor progression was seen in all cases. Due to these observations we use skin reactions as a good parameter for therapy results. When delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity impairs 2--3 weeks after chemotherapy, we then change the cytostatic drug combination immediately. We cannot say at this moment, whether an improvement of cytostatic drug therapy can be reached in this way.", "contents": "Tuberculin and dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) tests in cancer patients before and after cytostatic drug therapy. In 137 patients with different kinds of cancer and different cancer stage, cell-mediated immunity was investigated by DNCB (dinitrochlorobenzene) and tuberculin test. These two skin tests were performed before and after cytostatic drug combination therapy. For a collective of cancer patients we found a positive correlation between skin reactions and prognosis and a negative correlation between skin reactions and cancer stage. After cytostatic drug therapy skin reactions could be significantly stronger. This could be observed in 50% when one test was positive before chemotherapy and in only 20% when both tests were negative before chemotherapy. There existed a significant correlation between an increased reaction after cytostatic drug therapy and objective tumor regression. When skin reactions decreased, tumor progression was seen in all cases. Due to these observations we use skin reactions as a good parameter for therapy results. When delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity impairs 2--3 weeks after chemotherapy, we then change the cytostatic drug combination immediately. We cannot say at this moment, whether an improvement of cytostatic drug therapy can be reached in this way.", "PMID": 713420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5646", "title": "[On kinetics of the paraoxon hydrolysing enzyme in human serum (EC 3.1.1.2) (author's transl)].", "content": "Human serum contains an enzyme which hydrolyses Paraoxon (E-600, an organic ester of phosphoric acid) by splitting of p-nitrophenol. This enzyme is very specific and shows a statistically significant polymorphism: I.e. in a normal population there are three groups with high, middle and low enzyme activity. The results presented in this paper confirm this polymorphism by showing a differing kinetic behaviour of the enzyme in the three groups. Paraoxon, methyl-paraoxon and chlor-methyl-paraoxon are most likely hydrolysed by the same enzyme and in the same way. On the other hand hydrolysation of n-propyl-paraoxon seems to be dependent on a different enzyme. A kompetitive inhibition of paraoxon-hydrolysation is exerted by S-substituted analogues of paraoxon. Paraoxon-hydrolysation is not influenzed by the addition of singly or doubly desalcylized derivatives of Paraoxon or compounds in which the nitro group is not in the p-position.", "contents": "[On kinetics of the paraoxon hydrolysing enzyme in human serum (EC 3.1.1.2) (author's transl)]. Human serum contains an enzyme which hydrolyses Paraoxon (E-600, an organic ester of phosphoric acid) by splitting of p-nitrophenol. This enzyme is very specific and shows a statistically significant polymorphism: I.e. in a normal population there are three groups with high, middle and low enzyme activity. The results presented in this paper confirm this polymorphism by showing a differing kinetic behaviour of the enzyme in the three groups. Paraoxon, methyl-paraoxon and chlor-methyl-paraoxon are most likely hydrolysed by the same enzyme and in the same way. On the other hand hydrolysation of n-propyl-paraoxon seems to be dependent on a different enzyme. A kompetitive inhibition of paraoxon-hydrolysation is exerted by S-substituted analogues of paraoxon. Paraoxon-hydrolysation is not influenzed by the addition of singly or doubly desalcylized derivatives of Paraoxon or compounds in which the nitro group is not in the p-position.", "PMID": 713421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5647", "title": "[Biochemistry and clinical significance of oral exocrine pancreatic function test by means of fluoresceinedilaurate (author's transl)].", "content": "Column chromatography of extracts and secretions of the pancreas as well as of sera from patients suffering from inflammations of this organ yields three esterases different from each other in molecular size. These enzymes could be shown to be not identical with lipase. They may be classified as aryl-esterases considering their activities in hydrolyzing synthetic substrates such as esters of fluoresceine with fatty acids. Fluoresceinedilaurate, therefore, proved to be very advantageous in an orally performed test of exocrine pancreatic function. Healthy persons show in this procedure relative excretion of fluoresceine during ten hours of 66.3 +/- 30.4%, patients suffering from pancreatic diseases only 12.7 +/- 9.8% of the dye.", "contents": "[Biochemistry and clinical significance of oral exocrine pancreatic function test by means of fluoresceinedilaurate (author's transl)]. Column chromatography of extracts and secretions of the pancreas as well as of sera from patients suffering from inflammations of this organ yields three esterases different from each other in molecular size. These enzymes could be shown to be not identical with lipase. They may be classified as aryl-esterases considering their activities in hydrolyzing synthetic substrates such as esters of fluoresceine with fatty acids. Fluoresceinedilaurate, therefore, proved to be very advantageous in an orally performed test of exocrine pancreatic function. Healthy persons show in this procedure relative excretion of fluoresceine during ten hours of 66.3 +/- 30.4%, patients suffering from pancreatic diseases only 12.7 +/- 9.8% of the dye.", "PMID": 713422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5648", "title": "[Investigations on pituitary-testes axis in males with chronic liver diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "In 27 male patients (age 31--60 years) with chronic hepatic diseases--10 of which with alcohol-toxic cirrhosis (ACi), 10 with hepatitic cirrhosis (HCi) and 7 with chronic aggressive hepatitis (CHAH)--total testosterone (T) and total oestradiol-17 beta (E2) in plasma were determined before and after HCG i.m. as well as LH and FSH before and 30 min and 60 min after LH-RH i.v. T, E2, LH and FSH were evaluated by specific RIA. Basal T was significantly decreased in ACi in comparison to normals and to HCi and CHAH. The increase after stimulation with HCG was reduced in all patient groups. Mean E2 before stimulation was altered in none of the groups compared to controls. After HCG there was an inadequate response only in ACi. Before as well as after stimulation with LH-RH, LH and FSH were increased in all patient groups. Our results point to the following: In males with chronic hepatic failure a testes insufficiency often occurs, which may depend on the etiology and the stage of the liver disease. An additional pituitary insufficiency appears not to exist.", "contents": "[Investigations on pituitary-testes axis in males with chronic liver diseases (author's transl)]. In 27 male patients (age 31--60 years) with chronic hepatic diseases--10 of which with alcohol-toxic cirrhosis (ACi), 10 with hepatitic cirrhosis (HCi) and 7 with chronic aggressive hepatitis (CHAH)--total testosterone (T) and total oestradiol-17 beta (E2) in plasma were determined before and after HCG i.m. as well as LH and FSH before and 30 min and 60 min after LH-RH i.v. T, E2, LH and FSH were evaluated by specific RIA. Basal T was significantly decreased in ACi in comparison to normals and to HCi and CHAH. The increase after stimulation with HCG was reduced in all patient groups. Mean E2 before stimulation was altered in none of the groups compared to controls. After HCG there was an inadequate response only in ACi. Before as well as after stimulation with LH-RH, LH and FSH were increased in all patient groups. Our results point to the following: In males with chronic hepatic failure a testes insufficiency often occurs, which may depend on the etiology and the stage of the liver disease. An additional pituitary insufficiency appears not to exist.", "PMID": 713423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5649", "title": "Esophageal dysfunction and its pathogenesis in progressive systemic sclerosis.", "content": "In 25 patients with progressive systemic sclerosis esophageal involvement was studied prospectively by analysing subjective symptoms and radiological and manometric criteria. In all patients abnormal motility could be demonstrated by X-ray and/or manometry: radiologically in 18 (72%), manometrically in 22 (88%) cases. Dysphagia was present only in 11 patients (44%). Six patients (24%) had no subjective symptoms in spite of severe objective esophageal abnormalities. Therefore, the absence of esophageal symptoms does not exclude advanced affliction of the esophagus. To determine the pathogenesis of esophageal dysfunction the effects of 3.5 microgram/kg carbachol and of 0.6 microgram/kg pentagastrin i.m. on the lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP), on the amplitude and on the duration of peristaltic esophageal contractions were studied at random in 12 of the patients and 12 normal controls. The results suggest a primary myogenic genesis of the motor abnormalities by atrophy and sclerosis of esophageal smooth muscle.", "contents": "Esophageal dysfunction and its pathogenesis in progressive systemic sclerosis. In 25 patients with progressive systemic sclerosis esophageal involvement was studied prospectively by analysing subjective symptoms and radiological and manometric criteria. In all patients abnormal motility could be demonstrated by X-ray and/or manometry: radiologically in 18 (72%), manometrically in 22 (88%) cases. Dysphagia was present only in 11 patients (44%). Six patients (24%) had no subjective symptoms in spite of severe objective esophageal abnormalities. Therefore, the absence of esophageal symptoms does not exclude advanced affliction of the esophagus. To determine the pathogenesis of esophageal dysfunction the effects of 3.5 microgram/kg carbachol and of 0.6 microgram/kg pentagastrin i.m. on the lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP), on the amplitude and on the duration of peristaltic esophageal contractions were studied at random in 12 of the patients and 12 normal controls. The results suggest a primary myogenic genesis of the motor abnormalities by atrophy and sclerosis of esophageal smooth muscle.", "PMID": 713424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5650", "title": "[Involvement of the exocrine pancreas in Wilson's disease? (author's transl)].", "content": "A normal exocrine pancreatic function was demonstrated by the secretin-pancreozymin-test in five patients with Wilson's disease either without (n = 2) or with cirrhosis of the liver but without portal hypertension (n = 3). In another patient with cirrhosis of the liver without portal hypertension the pancreas was normal at post mortem examination. In two patients with cirrhosis of the liver and portal hypertension bicarbonate (n = 1) and amylase secretion (n = 2) were diminished. The regression of portal hypertension under therapy with penicillamine in one of the latter cases was paralleled by the return to normal of exocrine pancreatic function. It is concluded that exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in Wilson's disease is dependent on the development and the progression of chirrhosis of the liver and not due to a primary manifestation of the disease itself.", "contents": "[Involvement of the exocrine pancreas in Wilson's disease? (author's transl)]. A normal exocrine pancreatic function was demonstrated by the secretin-pancreozymin-test in five patients with Wilson's disease either without (n = 2) or with cirrhosis of the liver but without portal hypertension (n = 3). In another patient with cirrhosis of the liver without portal hypertension the pancreas was normal at post mortem examination. In two patients with cirrhosis of the liver and portal hypertension bicarbonate (n = 1) and amylase secretion (n = 2) were diminished. The regression of portal hypertension under therapy with penicillamine in one of the latter cases was paralleled by the return to normal of exocrine pancreatic function. It is concluded that exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in Wilson's disease is dependent on the development and the progression of chirrhosis of the liver and not due to a primary manifestation of the disease itself.", "PMID": 713425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5651", "title": "[Haptoglobin phenotypes and liver cirrhosis. I (author's transl)].", "content": "The distribution of haptoglobin phenotypes (Hp) 1--1, 2--1 and 2--2 in 174 patients suffering from liver cirrhosis was determined and compared with a reference group consisting of 194 healthy subjects. The study revealed a high frequency of the Hp 1--1 phenotype (32%) in the patients as compared with the control group (14%). This difference is statistically highly significant (p less than 0.00025). It was calculated that in individuals of type Hp 1--1, the risk of liver cirrhosis is 4.3-fold higher than in persons with the phenotype Hp 2--2.", "contents": "[Haptoglobin phenotypes and liver cirrhosis. I (author's transl)]. The distribution of haptoglobin phenotypes (Hp) 1--1, 2--1 and 2--2 in 174 patients suffering from liver cirrhosis was determined and compared with a reference group consisting of 194 healthy subjects. The study revealed a high frequency of the Hp 1--1 phenotype (32%) in the patients as compared with the control group (14%). This difference is statistically highly significant (p less than 0.00025). It was calculated that in individuals of type Hp 1--1, the risk of liver cirrhosis is 4.3-fold higher than in persons with the phenotype Hp 2--2.", "PMID": 713426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5652", "title": "[Improvement of pathological glucose tolerance by bradykinin in diabetics and in surgical patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Intravenous glucose tolerance tests (GTT) were performed in 13 metabolically healthy patients at the first and second day after abdominal surgery. GTT were carried out during an additional infusion of bradykinin (BK) (80 microgram/h) in six of these patients at the first day (group A) and in seven patients at the second day (group B). Furthermore, GTT were performed in six patients with chemical diabetes with and without BK-infusion. In addition, the effect of BK on blood glucose concentration in the postabsorptive state was investigated in nine maturity onset diabetics and in five healthy volunteers. As a control, another nine diabetics received physiological saline. In both groups of surgical patients BK improved glucose tolerance (k-values: group A without BK 1.03 +/- 0.12, with BK 1.31 +/- 0.07; group B without BK 0.85 +/- 0.18, with BK 1.25 +/- 0.21). This was also true in chemical diabetics (without BK 0.81 +/- 0.03, with BK 1.08 +/- 0.04). While BK did not change blood glucose concentration in healthy volunteers, it reduced that of diabetics by 12.2 +/- 1.4% continuously during 100 min. No spontaneous drop of blood glucose was observed in diabetics receiving saline. These results are in good accord with the present view that kinins may play a role within the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism.", "contents": "[Improvement of pathological glucose tolerance by bradykinin in diabetics and in surgical patients (author's transl)]. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests (GTT) were performed in 13 metabolically healthy patients at the first and second day after abdominal surgery. GTT were carried out during an additional infusion of bradykinin (BK) (80 microgram/h) in six of these patients at the first day (group A) and in seven patients at the second day (group B). Furthermore, GTT were performed in six patients with chemical diabetes with and without BK-infusion. In addition, the effect of BK on blood glucose concentration in the postabsorptive state was investigated in nine maturity onset diabetics and in five healthy volunteers. As a control, another nine diabetics received physiological saline. In both groups of surgical patients BK improved glucose tolerance (k-values: group A without BK 1.03 +/- 0.12, with BK 1.31 +/- 0.07; group B without BK 0.85 +/- 0.18, with BK 1.25 +/- 0.21). This was also true in chemical diabetics (without BK 0.81 +/- 0.03, with BK 1.08 +/- 0.04). While BK did not change blood glucose concentration in healthy volunteers, it reduced that of diabetics by 12.2 +/- 1.4% continuously during 100 min. No spontaneous drop of blood glucose was observed in diabetics receiving saline. These results are in good accord with the present view that kinins may play a role within the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism.", "PMID": 713429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5653", "title": "[Clinical and in-vitro studies of the therapeutical range of acetylsalicylic-acid to prevent deep vein thrombosis (author's transl)].", "content": "In three consecutive studies, acetylsalicyliclysine using the dosages 0.9 g/48 h, 1.8 g/24 h and 3.6 g/24 h, was examined in order to see its effect in preventing deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after elective hip joint surgery. DVT was diagnosed by the 125-i-fibrinogen-test.  No reduction of postoperative DVT was found under any of the administered AS-lysine dosages. The collagen-induced platelet aggregation was significantly decreased in all three groups. However, under the low AS-lysine dosages, aggregation was less inhibited with the incidence of DVT than without DVT. In the group with the 3.6 g-dosage, aggregation was maximally inhibited, without any significant difference related to the occurrence of DVT. The results reveal no therapeutic range of AS-lysine to prevent postoperative venous thrombosis.", "contents": "[Clinical and in-vitro studies of the therapeutical range of acetylsalicylic-acid to prevent deep vein thrombosis (author's transl)]. In three consecutive studies, acetylsalicyliclysine using the dosages 0.9 g/48 h, 1.8 g/24 h and 3.6 g/24 h, was examined in order to see its effect in preventing deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after elective hip joint surgery. DVT was diagnosed by the 125-i-fibrinogen-test.  No reduction of postoperative DVT was found under any of the administered AS-lysine dosages. The collagen-induced platelet aggregation was significantly decreased in all three groups. However, under the low AS-lysine dosages, aggregation was less inhibited with the incidence of DVT than without DVT. In the group with the 3.6 g-dosage, aggregation was maximally inhibited, without any significant difference related to the occurrence of DVT. The results reveal no therapeutic range of AS-lysine to prevent postoperative venous thrombosis.", "PMID": 713431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5654", "title": "Pharmacokinetic investigations in adult humans after parenteral administration of the lysine salt of acetyl-salicylic acid.", "content": "The lysine salt of acetylsalicylic acid was administered intravenously to four volunteers and intramuscularly to three of them. The drug was tolerated without any observed side effects. Immediately after intravenous application most of the plasma salicylate was acetylsalicylic acid. The highest concentration of acetylsalicylic acid was found after 2 minutes, highest levels of salicylic acid after 60 minutes. Elimination of acetylsalicylic acid was relatively quick within the first period after intravenous administration according to a half-life of 8 minutes. Half-life of salicylic acid was determined to be 3 hours. Intramuscular application results in a constant blood level for a longer period. Bioavailability of acetylsalicylic acid was slightly lower after intramuscular application than after intravenous administration.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic investigations in adult humans after parenteral administration of the lysine salt of acetyl-salicylic acid. The lysine salt of acetylsalicylic acid was administered intravenously to four volunteers and intramuscularly to three of them. The drug was tolerated without any observed side effects. Immediately after intravenous application most of the plasma salicylate was acetylsalicylic acid. The highest concentration of acetylsalicylic acid was found after 2 minutes, highest levels of salicylic acid after 60 minutes. Elimination of acetylsalicylic acid was relatively quick within the first period after intravenous administration according to a half-life of 8 minutes. Half-life of salicylic acid was determined to be 3 hours. Intramuscular application results in a constant blood level for a longer period. Bioavailability of acetylsalicylic acid was slightly lower after intramuscular application than after intravenous administration.", "PMID": 713432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5655", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of Tay-Sachs disease in cell-free amniotic fluid.", "content": "The diagnosis of 6 known Tay-Sachs cases was confirmed by isoelectric focusing of the cell-free amniotic fluid. The presence of an additional--hitherto unknown--heatstable, acid hexosaminidase X in normal and pathological amniotic fluids must be taken into account especially when the heat denaturation method of detecting Tay-Sachs disease is applied. Hexosaminidase X shows some properties similar to those of hexosaminidase B.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of Tay-Sachs disease in cell-free amniotic fluid. The diagnosis of 6 known Tay-Sachs cases was confirmed by isoelectric focusing of the cell-free amniotic fluid. The presence of an additional--hitherto unknown--heatstable, acid hexosaminidase X in normal and pathological amniotic fluids must be taken into account especially when the heat denaturation method of detecting Tay-Sachs disease is applied. Hexosaminidase X shows some properties similar to those of hexosaminidase B.", "PMID": 713433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5656", "title": "[The influence of tinofedrine on fibrinogen and platelet aggregation in patients with recent cerebral infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of Tinofedrine (0.12--0.17 mg/kg. bodyweight) on fibrinogen and platelet aggregation has been investigated in 45 patients (mean age 65 years) with recent cerebral infarction. Depending on the duration of medication a significant decrease of the fibrinogen level as well as of enhanced platelet aggregation has been observed. It is concluded from the present results that the decrease of enhanced platelet aggregation may be mediated by the fall of fibrinogen.", "contents": "[The influence of tinofedrine on fibrinogen and platelet aggregation in patients with recent cerebral infarction (author's transl)]. The influence of Tinofedrine (0.12--0.17 mg/kg. bodyweight) on fibrinogen and platelet aggregation has been investigated in 45 patients (mean age 65 years) with recent cerebral infarction. Depending on the duration of medication a significant decrease of the fibrinogen level as well as of enhanced platelet aggregation has been observed. It is concluded from the present results that the decrease of enhanced platelet aggregation may be mediated by the fall of fibrinogen.", "PMID": 713434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5657", "title": "Renal insufficiency in nephrosclerosis (benign nephrosclerosis resp. transition from benign to secondary malignant nephrosclerosis) correlations between morphological and functional parameters.", "content": "62 tissue specimens with the only diagnosis benign nephrosclerosis (or benign nephrosclerosis with transition to secondary malignant nephrosclerosis) were investigated attempting to correlate morphological findings (relative interstitial volume of the renal cortex, types of hyalinisation and kinds of periglomerular changes, vessel index) with each other and with the serum creatinine concentration as a parameter of renal function. There are significant correlations in form of exponential and parabolic functions between relative interstitial volume of the renal cortex and the serum creatinine concentration at the time of biopsy. Furthermore 5 types of glomerular and periglomerular changes, which could be discriminated, seem to influence renal function in a different way and at different stages of the disease. An additional factor are the arteriolar changes. There are positive rank correlations between vessel index and serum creatinine concentration as well as between vessel index and relative interstitial volume. In cases with a higher percentage of hyalinized glomeruli more pronounced arteriolar lesions (partly alterations which can be found in secondary malignant nephrosclerosis) were observed. No connections seem to exist between mean blood pressure and the mentioned morphological and functional parameters. The reduction of renal function seems to be caused by tubular and interstitial factors: the often observed atrophy of tubules in fibrotic areas possibly impairs resorptional capacity. The mechanisms of the glomerular-tubular-balance may lead to a diminished glomerular filtration. On the other hand alterations of the capillaries may induce perivascular edema, which, if not reabsorbed, leads to interstitial fibrosis. The produced collagen fibres may reduce the cross sectional area of the postglomerular vessel network. This may lead to a slowing of the renal cortical and glomerular blood flow, thus inducing an increase of the serum creatinine concentration. Weighing all factors, the interstitial fibrosis seems to be the most important.", "contents": "Renal insufficiency in nephrosclerosis (benign nephrosclerosis resp. transition from benign to secondary malignant nephrosclerosis) correlations between morphological and functional parameters. 62 tissue specimens with the only diagnosis benign nephrosclerosis (or benign nephrosclerosis with transition to secondary malignant nephrosclerosis) were investigated attempting to correlate morphological findings (relative interstitial volume of the renal cortex, types of hyalinisation and kinds of periglomerular changes, vessel index) with each other and with the serum creatinine concentration as a parameter of renal function. There are significant correlations in form of exponential and parabolic functions between relative interstitial volume of the renal cortex and the serum creatinine concentration at the time of biopsy. Furthermore 5 types of glomerular and periglomerular changes, which could be discriminated, seem to influence renal function in a different way and at different stages of the disease. An additional factor are the arteriolar changes. There are positive rank correlations between vessel index and serum creatinine concentration as well as between vessel index and relative interstitial volume. In cases with a higher percentage of hyalinized glomeruli more pronounced arteriolar lesions (partly alterations which can be found in secondary malignant nephrosclerosis) were observed. No connections seem to exist between mean blood pressure and the mentioned morphological and functional parameters. The reduction of renal function seems to be caused by tubular and interstitial factors: the often observed atrophy of tubules in fibrotic areas possibly impairs resorptional capacity. The mechanisms of the glomerular-tubular-balance may lead to a diminished glomerular filtration. On the other hand alterations of the capillaries may induce perivascular edema, which, if not reabsorbed, leads to interstitial fibrosis. The produced collagen fibres may reduce the cross sectional area of the postglomerular vessel network. This may lead to a slowing of the renal cortical and glomerular blood flow, thus inducing an increase of the serum creatinine concentration. Weighing all factors, the interstitial fibrosis seems to be the most important.", "PMID": 713435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5658", "title": "[Comparative histometrical studies in minimal proliferative intercapillary glomerulonephritis with (minimal changes) and without nephrotic syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Minimal changes in the glomerular structure and definitively provable only by the aid of morphometric methods. This is of value especially for the minimal proliferative intercapillary glomerulonephritis with and without nephrotic syndrome where, because of the different clinical symptomatology, changes in the morphology may be expected too which however, usually are not recognizable with the methods of light-microscopy. That is why morphometric analyses of kidney tissues of ever ten patients of both groups of the disease were made and the results compared with each after and against normal kidneys. It could be shown that the minimal proliferative intercapillary glomerulonephritis with nephrotic syndrome (minimal changes, lipoid-nephrosis) is accompanied by an increase of local cells, especially the mesangial cells, just as the same disease without nephrotic syndrome. Besides that there exists a clear increase of the mesangiummatrix in the minimal proliferative intercapillary glomerulonephritis without nephrotic syndrome. Because of the morphometric findings it is justified to make a demarcation of both groups of the disease as well as against the mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "[Comparative histometrical studies in minimal proliferative intercapillary glomerulonephritis with (minimal changes) and without nephrotic syndrome (author's transl)]. Minimal changes in the glomerular structure and definitively provable only by the aid of morphometric methods. This is of value especially for the minimal proliferative intercapillary glomerulonephritis with and without nephrotic syndrome where, because of the different clinical symptomatology, changes in the morphology may be expected too which however, usually are not recognizable with the methods of light-microscopy. That is why morphometric analyses of kidney tissues of ever ten patients of both groups of the disease were made and the results compared with each after and against normal kidneys. It could be shown that the minimal proliferative intercapillary glomerulonephritis with nephrotic syndrome (minimal changes, lipoid-nephrosis) is accompanied by an increase of local cells, especially the mesangial cells, just as the same disease without nephrotic syndrome. Besides that there exists a clear increase of the mesangiummatrix in the minimal proliferative intercapillary glomerulonephritis without nephrotic syndrome. Because of the morphometric findings it is justified to make a demarcation of both groups of the disease as well as against the mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis.", "PMID": 713436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5659", "title": "[Calcium and phosphate metabolism in hemofiltration (author's transl)].", "content": "In 10 patients undergoing hemofiltration treatment acute changes of parameters in the calcium-phosphate metaboism were investigated. Balance studies were also performed in all patients. Control studies were conducted after a 3-month interval in 7 patients. Whereas ionized calcium and 25-HCC remained constant, there was a significant decrease in phosphate, magnesium, fluoride and parathyroid hormone. Corresponding to these results, negative balances could be seen during the course of a hemofiltration treatment: for phosphate a mean value of -593 mg, for magnesium -8.4 mEq and for fluoride -458 microgram. When a calcium content of 3.75 mEq/l was used in the substitution solution, an only slightly positive calcium balance of +1.51 mEq/l (mean value) was found. A significant correlation between calcium and fluid balance was demonstrated by means of 197 filtration treatments of one patient: the calcium balance became negative whenever the fluid loss was greater than 3.86 liters. After a 3-month period no significant changes in the above parameters were found, which indicates, that disturbances in the calcium-phosphate-parathyroid hormone metabolism do not only lie in a reduced renal elimination. Even though our results do not indicate that hemofiltration treatment induces or increases the chances of renal osteodystrophy, the calcium concentration of the substitution solution should be increased to 4.0 mEq/l, in order to guarentee a positive calcium balance even by forced filtration.", "contents": "[Calcium and phosphate metabolism in hemofiltration (author's transl)]. In 10 patients undergoing hemofiltration treatment acute changes of parameters in the calcium-phosphate metaboism were investigated. Balance studies were also performed in all patients. Control studies were conducted after a 3-month interval in 7 patients. Whereas ionized calcium and 25-HCC remained constant, there was a significant decrease in phosphate, magnesium, fluoride and parathyroid hormone. Corresponding to these results, negative balances could be seen during the course of a hemofiltration treatment: for phosphate a mean value of -593 mg, for magnesium -8.4 mEq and for fluoride -458 microgram. When a calcium content of 3.75 mEq/l was used in the substitution solution, an only slightly positive calcium balance of +1.51 mEq/l (mean value) was found. A significant correlation between calcium and fluid balance was demonstrated by means of 197 filtration treatments of one patient: the calcium balance became negative whenever the fluid loss was greater than 3.86 liters. After a 3-month period no significant changes in the above parameters were found, which indicates, that disturbances in the calcium-phosphate-parathyroid hormone metabolism do not only lie in a reduced renal elimination. Even though our results do not indicate that hemofiltration treatment induces or increases the chances of renal osteodystrophy, the calcium concentration of the substitution solution should be increased to 4.0 mEq/l, in order to guarentee a positive calcium balance even by forced filtration.", "PMID": 713437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5660", "title": "Digoxin and digitoxin elimination in man by charcoal hemoperfusion.", "content": "Since there is no widely used causal means of reducing the severity of massive digitalis intoxication the capability of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal to remove toxicologically relevant amounts of digoxin and digitoxin was evaluated in vitro and in man. At a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min the digoxin clearance by hemoperfusion in vitro was 51 +/- 8 ml/min in comparison to 24.3 +/- 11.3 ml/min by hemodialysis. The average hemoperfusion clearance of digitoxin was 31.7 +/- 13.4 ml/min, whereas almost no digitoxin was removed by hemodialysis. These clearance values point to the ability of hemoperfusion of eliminating digitalis glycosides from the blood.  They do not clarify the essential question whether it is possible to lower the toxic concentrations in the tissues.", "contents": "Digoxin and digitoxin elimination in man by charcoal hemoperfusion. Since there is no widely used causal means of reducing the severity of massive digitalis intoxication the capability of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal to remove toxicologically relevant amounts of digoxin and digitoxin was evaluated in vitro and in man. At a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min the digoxin clearance by hemoperfusion in vitro was 51 +/- 8 ml/min in comparison to 24.3 +/- 11.3 ml/min by hemodialysis. The average hemoperfusion clearance of digitoxin was 31.7 +/- 13.4 ml/min, whereas almost no digitoxin was removed by hemodialysis. These clearance values point to the ability of hemoperfusion of eliminating digitalis glycosides from the blood.  They do not clarify the essential question whether it is possible to lower the toxic concentrations in the tissues.", "PMID": 713438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5661", "title": "[Dynamic medical control over the members of the flight crews in the process of long flights].", "content": "On the basis of the study of cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous and motor systems of crewmembers (60 people) who made prolonged aircraft flights (over 10 hours) two types of physiological reactions have been defined. One type includes emotional reactions to short-term complications in the flight, and the other involves fatigue and relative exhaustion of the functional systems as a result of strenuous work and adverse flight effects. It has been demonstrated that the dynamic medical control is an important addition to the preflight and interflight physical examinations of the flying personnel.", "contents": "[Dynamic medical control over the members of the flight crews in the process of long flights]. On the basis of the study of cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous and motor systems of crewmembers (60 people) who made prolonged aircraft flights (over 10 hours) two types of physiological reactions have been defined. One type includes emotional reactions to short-term complications in the flight, and the other involves fatigue and relative exhaustion of the functional systems as a result of strenuous work and adverse flight effects. It has been demonstrated that the dynamic medical control is an important addition to the preflight and interflight physical examinations of the flying personnel.", "PMID": 713468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5662", "title": "[Effect of an increased level of hydration on human tolerance to orthostatism and the action of LBNP].", "content": "Intake of fluid, water-salt solutions, water and sodium chloride resulted in hyperhydration, the level and duration of which varied with respect to the pattern and composition of the ingredients consumed. As applied to real space flights, fractional consumption of water and sodium chloride proved most promising. This regimen yielded a distinct and prolonged hyperhydration and incrased orthostatic and LBNP tolerance of the test subjects.", "contents": "[Effect of an increased level of hydration on human tolerance to orthostatism and the action of LBNP]. Intake of fluid, water-salt solutions, water and sodium chloride resulted in hyperhydration, the level and duration of which varied with respect to the pattern and composition of the ingredients consumed. As applied to real space flights, fractional consumption of water and sodium chloride proved most promising. This regimen yielded a distinct and prolonged hyperhydration and incrased orthostatic and LBNP tolerance of the test subjects.", "PMID": 713469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5663", "title": "[Change in human kidney activity in passive orthostatism and head-down tilting].", "content": "Changes in the natriuretic and water excretory renal functions of healthy people during tilt table tests--with the head-end lifted upwards at an angle of 45 degrees and lowered at an angle of -15 degrees--were investigated. The renal excretion of sodium, water and osmotically active substances decreased drastically during the first 20 min of the headdown tilting and continued to fall down during the next 20 min. These changes were induced by an increase in the rate of tubular reabsorption of filtrate, sodium and osmotically free water rather than by a significant decrease of glomerular filtration rate. After tilting to the horizontal position circulation and glomerular filtration parameters rapidly returned to the normal. However, sodium clearance, diuresis and osmolar clearance remained decreased till the end of the experiment due to the further increase in the tubular reabsorption rate of sodium and water. During head-down tilting an increase in natriuresis, diuresis and osmolar clearance was seen which was related to an increase in the glomerular filtration rate and a decrease in the tubular reabsorption rate of filtrate, sodium and osmotically free water.", "contents": "[Change in human kidney activity in passive orthostatism and head-down tilting]. Changes in the natriuretic and water excretory renal functions of healthy people during tilt table tests--with the head-end lifted upwards at an angle of 45 degrees and lowered at an angle of -15 degrees--were investigated. The renal excretion of sodium, water and osmotically active substances decreased drastically during the first 20 min of the headdown tilting and continued to fall down during the next 20 min. These changes were induced by an increase in the rate of tubular reabsorption of filtrate, sodium and osmotically free water rather than by a significant decrease of glomerular filtration rate. After tilting to the horizontal position circulation and glomerular filtration parameters rapidly returned to the normal. However, sodium clearance, diuresis and osmolar clearance remained decreased till the end of the experiment due to the further increase in the tubular reabsorption rate of sodium and water. During head-down tilting an increase in natriuresis, diuresis and osmolar clearance was seen which was related to an increase in the glomerular filtration rate and a decrease in the tubular reabsorption rate of filtrate, sodium and osmotically free water.", "PMID": 713470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5664", "title": "[Constancy of the circadian system of the body].", "content": "With respect to the biorhythmological selection of cosmonauts the concept of the biorhythmological status is understood as a sum total of biorhythmological properties of the human body. Two components of the biorhythmological properties of the human body. Two components of the biorhythmological status--constancy and lability of the circadian system--are described. Their interaction is discussed from the point of view of the hierarchical principle of the arrangement of the circadian system. Certain methods of quantitative evaluation of constancy of circadian rhythms are presented. Particular attention is given to the assessment of stability of the position of circadian rhythms on the 24-hour scale.", "contents": "[Constancy of the circadian system of the body]. With respect to the biorhythmological selection of cosmonauts the concept of the biorhythmological status is understood as a sum total of biorhythmological properties of the human body. Two components of the biorhythmological properties of the human body. Two components of the biorhythmological status--constancy and lability of the circadian system--are described. Their interaction is discussed from the point of view of the hierarchical principle of the arrangement of the circadian system. Certain methods of quantitative evaluation of constancy of circadian rhythms are presented. Particular attention is given to the assessment of stability of the position of circadian rhythms on the 24-hour scale.", "PMID": 713471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5665", "title": "[Dynamics of the biochemical makeup of the blood in cosmonauts during flights].", "content": "Prolonged space flights (15 to 63 days) led to changes in the biochemical composition of the blood that were observed both during and after flight. Blood samples were withdrawn inflight, stored in a special device onboard and analyzed on return to Earth. The data obtained in real flights were compared with those from the 30-day simulation flight. In real and simulated flights the urea content showed the most significant changes. Inflight it increased to 40 mg% versus 31 mg% preflight. The urea content grew on the 3rd-5th flight day, reaching maximum on the 15-30th day and decreasing again afterwards. The content of glucose and inorganic phosphorus increased slightly whereas that of acid-soluble and lipid phosphorus remained unaltered. The level of cholesterol decreased. The striking similarity between the changes in blood biochemistries during real and simulated flights suggests that they are induced by factors other than weightlessness.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the biochemical makeup of the blood in cosmonauts during flights]. Prolonged space flights (15 to 63 days) led to changes in the biochemical composition of the blood that were observed both during and after flight. Blood samples were withdrawn inflight, stored in a special device onboard and analyzed on return to Earth. The data obtained in real flights were compared with those from the 30-day simulation flight. In real and simulated flights the urea content showed the most significant changes. Inflight it increased to 40 mg% versus 31 mg% preflight. The urea content grew on the 3rd-5th flight day, reaching maximum on the 15-30th day and decreasing again afterwards. The content of glucose and inorganic phosphorus increased slightly whereas that of acid-soluble and lipid phosphorus remained unaltered. The level of cholesterol decreased. The striking similarity between the changes in blood biochemistries during real and simulated flights suggests that they are induced by factors other than weightlessness.", "PMID": 713472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5666", "title": "[Dynamics of the disturbances in pilot activities in hypoxia].", "content": "Changes in the structure of the work done by aircraft flyers during piloting and oxygen starvation were studied. The experiments were carried out on 10 pilots who performed simulation flights while breathing hypoxic gas mixtures containing 10.5% O2 (at an altitude of 5000 m) or 9.6% O2 (at an altitude of 5600 m). These findings suggest that the earliest sign of disordered piloting during hypoxia was a delayed formation of controlling actions. At greater hypoxia noticeable changes were seen in the structure of motor activities together with distinct disturbances of coordination relations of muscles-antagonists involved in the realization of controlling movements. The sensory component suffered from the hypoxic effect to a lesser extent. Complex forms of the mental activity proved to be most resistant to hypoxia.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the disturbances in pilot activities in hypoxia]. Changes in the structure of the work done by aircraft flyers during piloting and oxygen starvation were studied. The experiments were carried out on 10 pilots who performed simulation flights while breathing hypoxic gas mixtures containing 10.5% O2 (at an altitude of 5000 m) or 9.6% O2 (at an altitude of 5600 m). These findings suggest that the earliest sign of disordered piloting during hypoxia was a delayed formation of controlling actions. At greater hypoxia noticeable changes were seen in the structure of motor activities together with distinct disturbances of coordination relations of muscles-antagonists involved in the realization of controlling movements. The sensory component suffered from the hypoxic effect to a lesser extent. Complex forms of the mental activity proved to be most resistant to hypoxia.", "PMID": 713473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5667", "title": "[Combined effect of hyperoxia, hypobarism and physical work on the rate of methyl ketone excretion from the human body].", "content": "When working under the conditions of lowered atmospheric pressure (energy expenditures 400 kCal/hour, barometric pressure 308 mm Hg, oxygen breathing, comfortable environmental parameters), the test subjects showed an increased rate of methyl ketone excretion in the exhaled air. The content of acetone in the excreted methyl ketones was 70%. The methyl ketone excretion with perspired water developed uniformly.", "contents": "[Combined effect of hyperoxia, hypobarism and physical work on the rate of methyl ketone excretion from the human body]. When working under the conditions of lowered atmospheric pressure (energy expenditures 400 kCal/hour, barometric pressure 308 mm Hg, oxygen breathing, comfortable environmental parameters), the test subjects showed an increased rate of methyl ketone excretion in the exhaled air. The content of acetone in the excreted methyl ketones was 70%. The methyl ketone excretion with perspired water developed uniformly.", "PMID": 713474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5668", "title": "[Basic results of an experiment with mammals on the Kosmos-782 biosatellite].", "content": "The rat experiments carried out onboard the biosatellite Cosmos-782 contributed to our understanding of mechanisms of animal adaption to prolonged weightlessness. Postflight analysis helped to study nonspecific changes related to the stress-reaction accompanying space flight and return to the Earth gravity as well as specific changes associated with functional unloading of the musculoskeletal system in weightlessness. The flight results confirmed the previously made conclusions concerning possible adaptation of mammals to prolonged weightlessness and lack of pathological changes in vital weightlessness. They included: metabolic and hormonal changes, muscle atrophy, osteoporosis and delayed bone growth, decrease of ATPase activity of myocardial myosin, inhibition of erythropoiesis.", "contents": "[Basic results of an experiment with mammals on the Kosmos-782 biosatellite]. The rat experiments carried out onboard the biosatellite Cosmos-782 contributed to our understanding of mechanisms of animal adaption to prolonged weightlessness. Postflight analysis helped to study nonspecific changes related to the stress-reaction accompanying space flight and return to the Earth gravity as well as specific changes associated with functional unloading of the musculoskeletal system in weightlessness. The flight results confirmed the previously made conclusions concerning possible adaptation of mammals to prolonged weightlessness and lack of pathological changes in vital weightlessness. They included: metabolic and hormonal changes, muscle atrophy, osteoporosis and delayed bone growth, decrease of ATPase activity of myocardial myosin, inhibition of erythropoiesis.", "PMID": 713475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5669", "title": "[Spermatogenesis in dogs during chronic gamma irradiation over years and in the aftereffect period].", "content": "Morphological parameters of spermatogenesis of 60 test and 12 control dogs exposed to a 6-year irradiation with total doses of 21 to 1140 rad were studied. The capacity for reparative regeneration of testes was maintained during the 5-6 years of irradiation at a dose rate of 0.06 and 0.17 rad/day. Early signs of radiation injury of testes were clearly observed during the first years of irradiation at a dose rate of 125 rad/year and progressively developed with an increase in the total dose. Inhibition of spermatogenesis reached maximum (atrophy of the spermatogenic epithelium, depletion of canaliculi) by the end of the first year of combined irradiation (190 rad/year). Spermatogenesis returned to normal in the animals that received a total dose of 570 rad during a 3-year irradiation exposure and were sacrificed 4.5 years after the onset of the experiment.", "contents": "[Spermatogenesis in dogs during chronic gamma irradiation over years and in the aftereffect period]. Morphological parameters of spermatogenesis of 60 test and 12 control dogs exposed to a 6-year irradiation with total doses of 21 to 1140 rad were studied. The capacity for reparative regeneration of testes was maintained during the 5-6 years of irradiation at a dose rate of 0.06 and 0.17 rad/day. Early signs of radiation injury of testes were clearly observed during the first years of irradiation at a dose rate of 125 rad/year and progressively developed with an increase in the total dose. Inhibition of spermatogenesis reached maximum (atrophy of the spermatogenic epithelium, depletion of canaliculi) by the end of the first year of combined irradiation (190 rad/year). Spermatogenesis returned to normal in the animals that received a total dose of 570 rad during a 3-year irradiation exposure and were sacrificed 4.5 years after the onset of the experiment.", "PMID": 713476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5670", "title": "[DNA content in the organs of animals in space flight on the Kosmos-690 satellite].", "content": "The DNA content in the liver, spleen and bone marrow of white rats exposed to a prolonged gamma-irradiation at a dose of 220 and 800 rad on the 10th day of the 20.5-day space flight and the ground-based synchronous experiment was measured. Space flight factors produced a modifying effect on the postradiation changes in the DNA content. This modifying influence was detected in all organs tested, although in a different degree, and involved an enhancement of the radiation effect which was associated with retardation of postradiation regenerative processes.", "contents": "[DNA content in the organs of animals in space flight on the Kosmos-690 satellite]. The DNA content in the liver, spleen and bone marrow of white rats exposed to a prolonged gamma-irradiation at a dose of 220 and 800 rad on the 10th day of the 20.5-day space flight and the ground-based synchronous experiment was measured. Space flight factors produced a modifying effect on the postradiation changes in the DNA content. This modifying influence was detected in all organs tested, although in a different degree, and involved an enhancement of the radiation effect which was associated with retardation of postradiation regenerative processes.", "PMID": 713477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5671", "title": "[Blood coagulation state on exposure to prolonged hypokinesia].", "content": "The effect of 14- and 30-day hypokinesia on hemocoagulation of rabbits was studied. Hypokinesia caused noticeable changes in the hemostatic system. By the 14th hypokinetic day the experimental animals developed hypercoagulation which in some cases ended in intravascular blood-clotting. By the 30th hypokinetic day there was a decrease in the total blood coagulatory capability which to be associated with the utilization of procoagulants during blood clotting and an increase in the anticoagulant activity in response to primary hypercoagulemia. Thus, hypokinesia-induced changes in the blood clotting system develop like the thrombohemorrhagic syndrome.", "contents": "[Blood coagulation state on exposure to prolonged hypokinesia]. The effect of 14- and 30-day hypokinesia on hemocoagulation of rabbits was studied. Hypokinesia caused noticeable changes in the hemostatic system. By the 14th hypokinetic day the experimental animals developed hypercoagulation which in some cases ended in intravascular blood-clotting. By the 30th hypokinetic day there was a decrease in the total blood coagulatory capability which to be associated with the utilization of procoagulants during blood clotting and an increase in the anticoagulant activity in response to primary hypercoagulemia. Thus, hypokinesia-induced changes in the blood clotting system develop like the thrombohemorrhagic syndrome.", "PMID": 713478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5672", "title": "[Combined action on the body of carbon monoxide and normobaric hyperoxia].", "content": "Thirty-day experiments on white male rats were carried out to determine the combined effect of carbon monoxide and hyperoxic atmosphere on the animal body. The two factors showed an antagonistic biological effect, the influence of hyperoxic atmosphere prevailing over that of carbon monoxide. It is suggested that during a combined exposure of animals to the two factors maximally allowable concentrations of each can be used without any corrections.", "contents": "[Combined action on the body of carbon monoxide and normobaric hyperoxia]. Thirty-day experiments on white male rats were carried out to determine the combined effect of carbon monoxide and hyperoxic atmosphere on the animal body. The two factors showed an antagonistic biological effect, the influence of hyperoxic atmosphere prevailing over that of carbon monoxide. It is suggested that during a combined exposure of animals to the two factors maximally allowable concentrations of each can be used without any corrections.", "PMID": 713479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5673", "title": "[Blood lipid changes in rats in hypoxia].", "content": "Changes in the total lipid spectrum of serum of rats exposed to acute hypoxia were examined. Quantitative measurements of lipids showed a decrease of total lipids and a redistribution of lipid components in absolute and relative values. A distinct decrease in the quantity of cholesterol ester and a concomitant increase of free cholesterol, an elevation in the relative content of free fatty acids and emergence of diglycerides were noted. The qualitative composition of phospholipids remained unaltered, whereas the absolute amount of glycerophosphates, lysoforms of phosphatids, phosphatid acids and lecithin fraction increased. The changes in the ratio of lipid components are closely connected with the qualitative and quantitative changes in the composition of serum lipoproteins.", "contents": "[Blood lipid changes in rats in hypoxia]. Changes in the total lipid spectrum of serum of rats exposed to acute hypoxia were examined. Quantitative measurements of lipids showed a decrease of total lipids and a redistribution of lipid components in absolute and relative values. A distinct decrease in the quantity of cholesterol ester and a concomitant increase of free cholesterol, an elevation in the relative content of free fatty acids and emergence of diglycerides were noted. The qualitative composition of phospholipids remained unaltered, whereas the absolute amount of glycerophosphates, lysoforms of phosphatids, phosphatid acids and lecithin fraction increased. The changes in the ratio of lipid components are closely connected with the qualitative and quantitative changes in the composition of serum lipoproteins.", "PMID": 713480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5674", "title": "The pathogenesis of papillary muscle rupture complicating myocardial infarction: hemorrhage accompanying contraction band necrosis.", "content": "Although frank rupture of the papillary muscle complicating myocardial infarction is gaining widespread interest as its incidence continues to rise, the mechanism of rupture remains unclear. Of all patients who died with myocardial infarction and who came to autopsy at this institution over the past 21 years, 13 were found to have papillary muscle rupture. Twelve of these 13 had severe contraction band necrosis with interstitial hemorrhage in the areas surrounding the site of rupture. The hemorrhages infiltrated the interstitium and appeared to have dissected both longitudinally and transversely through the myocardium. In contrast, those patients with papillary muscle infarction without rupture were found to have coagulation necrosis. These findings suggest that the interstitial hemorrhages occurring with contraction band necrosis may act as dissecting masses of blood, thereby causing the rupture.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of papillary muscle rupture complicating myocardial infarction: hemorrhage accompanying contraction band necrosis. Although frank rupture of the papillary muscle complicating myocardial infarction is gaining widespread interest as its incidence continues to rise, the mechanism of rupture remains unclear. Of all patients who died with myocardial infarction and who came to autopsy at this institution over the past 21 years, 13 were found to have papillary muscle rupture. Twelve of these 13 had severe contraction band necrosis with interstitial hemorrhage in the areas surrounding the site of rupture. The hemorrhages infiltrated the interstitium and appeared to have dissected both longitudinally and transversely through the myocardium. In contrast, those patients with papillary muscle infarction without rupture were found to have coagulation necrosis. These findings suggest that the interstitial hemorrhages occurring with contraction band necrosis may act as dissecting masses of blood, thereby causing the rupture.", "PMID": 713487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5675", "title": "[Hemodynamic and cardiac cycle phase structure study of the Saliut-4 crew].", "content": "The paper gives the results of physical examinations of P.I. Klimuk and V.I. Sevastyanov during their flight aboard the orbital station Salyut-4. The examinations were carried out by means of the Polynomial-2 device at rest and under the conditions approximating basal metabolism. Since the end of the first flight week the circulation parameters did not differ substantially from the preflight values. Stroke volume and cardiac output increased slightly. In weightlessness circulation parameters varied with respect to the work done by the cosmonauts. On the first postflight day peripheral resistance, arterial pressure and cardiac output were increased.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic and cardiac cycle phase structure study of the Saliut-4 crew]. The paper gives the results of physical examinations of P.I. Klimuk and V.I. Sevastyanov during their flight aboard the orbital station Salyut-4. The examinations were carried out by means of the Polynomial-2 device at rest and under the conditions approximating basal metabolism. Since the end of the first flight week the circulation parameters did not differ substantially from the preflight values. Stroke volume and cardiac output increased slightly. In weightlessness circulation parameters varied with respect to the work done by the cosmonauts. On the first postflight day peripheral resistance, arterial pressure and cardiac output were increased.", "PMID": 713485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5676", "title": "Granular and agranular cell counts in the juxtaglomerular apparatuses of rats with unilateral renovascular hypertension.", "content": "Counts were made of granular and agranular cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatuses of rats with unilateral renovascular hypertension, using light and electron microscopy. Both granular and agranular cells may appear binucleated; therefore, nuclear counts need to be corrected by 4 to 8 per cent to get true cell counts. The polar cushion (Polkissen) corresponds to the cells included in the juxtaglomerular cell count, which is really a nuclear count. Interstitial or inflammatory cells may lie close to the polar cushion and should be excluded from the counts. The polar cushions in sham-operated rats contained mostly agranular cells: less then 6 per cent of the cells were granular. Most of the granular cells lay outside the polar cushion in afferent and efferent arteriolar walls. With acute hypertension the cells in the polar cushion increased 26 per cent due to increases in both granular and agranular cells, with the result that 11 per cent of the cells were granular and 89 per cent agranular. The number of granular cells seemed to decrease with chronic hypertension while the number of agranular cells remained elevated. This suggests the agranular cells have a function which is independent of that of granular cells.", "contents": "Granular and agranular cell counts in the juxtaglomerular apparatuses of rats with unilateral renovascular hypertension. Counts were made of granular and agranular cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatuses of rats with unilateral renovascular hypertension, using light and electron microscopy. Both granular and agranular cells may appear binucleated; therefore, nuclear counts need to be corrected by 4 to 8 per cent to get true cell counts. The polar cushion (Polkissen) corresponds to the cells included in the juxtaglomerular cell count, which is really a nuclear count. Interstitial or inflammatory cells may lie close to the polar cushion and should be excluded from the counts. The polar cushions in sham-operated rats contained mostly agranular cells: less then 6 per cent of the cells were granular. Most of the granular cells lay outside the polar cushion in afferent and efferent arteriolar walls. With acute hypertension the cells in the polar cushion increased 26 per cent due to increases in both granular and agranular cells, with the result that 11 per cent of the cells were granular and 89 per cent agranular. The number of granular cells seemed to decrease with chronic hypertension while the number of agranular cells remained elevated. This suggests the agranular cells have a function which is independent of that of granular cells.", "PMID": 713488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5677", "title": "Pathology of experimental spinal cord trauma. I. The necrotic lesion as a function of vascular injury.", "content": "Adult Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to spinal cord trauma at the lower thoracic-lumbar levels utilizing a weight dropping technique onto the surgically exposed dorsal surface. The experimental conditions of trauma consistently produced severe paraplegia without spontaneous movement of the hindlimbs, a sensory level, and neurogenic bladder dysfunction. Changes in blood vessels and the development of tissue necrosis were studied in a posttrauma time sequence by light and electron microscopy. Fibrinoid necrosis and disruption of major arteries as well as veins were observed immediately after impact, antedating the evolution of parenchymal necrosis. A fusiform zone of spinal cord necrosis, involving the complete cross-sectional area beneath the site of impact, evolved over a period of 8 to 24 hours, being initially complete in the gray matter by 4 hours and thereafter in the white matter. Ultrastructural observations revealed that the evolution of necrotic cellular constituents was piecemeal. Except for the occurrence of intracellular calcification and heterophagocytosis in the traumatized tissue, the electron microscopic features of cellular necrosis were comparable to those of postmortem spinal cord autolysis, studied in parallel. The observations are consistent with trauma producing ischemic necrosis, resulting from major blood vessel disruption occurring at the moment of impact.", "contents": "Pathology of experimental spinal cord trauma. I. The necrotic lesion as a function of vascular injury. Adult Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to spinal cord trauma at the lower thoracic-lumbar levels utilizing a weight dropping technique onto the surgically exposed dorsal surface. The experimental conditions of trauma consistently produced severe paraplegia without spontaneous movement of the hindlimbs, a sensory level, and neurogenic bladder dysfunction. Changes in blood vessels and the development of tissue necrosis were studied in a posttrauma time sequence by light and electron microscopy. Fibrinoid necrosis and disruption of major arteries as well as veins were observed immediately after impact, antedating the evolution of parenchymal necrosis. A fusiform zone of spinal cord necrosis, involving the complete cross-sectional area beneath the site of impact, evolved over a period of 8 to 24 hours, being initially complete in the gray matter by 4 hours and thereafter in the white matter. Ultrastructural observations revealed that the evolution of necrotic cellular constituents was piecemeal. Except for the occurrence of intracellular calcification and heterophagocytosis in the traumatized tissue, the electron microscopic features of cellular necrosis were comparable to those of postmortem spinal cord autolysis, studied in parallel. The observations are consistent with trauma producing ischemic necrosis, resulting from major blood vessel disruption occurring at the moment of impact.", "PMID": 713489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5678", "title": "Pathology of experimental spinal cord trauma. II. Ultrastructure of axons and myelin.", "content": "Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to spinal cord trauma of the lower thoracic-upper lumbar spinal cord using a weight dropping technique onto the surgically exposed dorsal surface. This experimental model, which results in severe paraplegia and development of complete segmental necrosis, was studied in a time sequence varying from immediately to 30 days afterward by electron microscopy, in order to characterize the pathologic changes in axons and myelin in the area of impounding. The results revealed tubulovesiculation within axons immediately posttrauma. Axonal fragmentation, axonal and adaxonal swelling accounted for the progressively increasing spongy appearance of the white matter. Beginning at 30 minutes and progressing until completion of tissue necrosis at 8 to 24 hours, axonal necrosis characterized by a finely granular alteration gradually evolved. Spheroids containing increased mitochondria, neurofilaments, lysosomes, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum appeared both in and peripheral to the zone of necrosis. Axonal calcification, rarely observed within 30 minutes, appeared maximally after the evolution of tissue necrosis. Two basic abnormalities of myelin were found: vesicular degeneration and intramyelinic vacuolization. These characteristically occurred late and involved fibers with abnormal axoplasm and were interpreted as being secondary in origin.", "contents": "Pathology of experimental spinal cord trauma. II. Ultrastructure of axons and myelin. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to spinal cord trauma of the lower thoracic-upper lumbar spinal cord using a weight dropping technique onto the surgically exposed dorsal surface. This experimental model, which results in severe paraplegia and development of complete segmental necrosis, was studied in a time sequence varying from immediately to 30 days afterward by electron microscopy, in order to characterize the pathologic changes in axons and myelin in the area of impounding. The results revealed tubulovesiculation within axons immediately posttrauma. Axonal fragmentation, axonal and adaxonal swelling accounted for the progressively increasing spongy appearance of the white matter. Beginning at 30 minutes and progressing until completion of tissue necrosis at 8 to 24 hours, axonal necrosis characterized by a finely granular alteration gradually evolved. Spheroids containing increased mitochondria, neurofilaments, lysosomes, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum appeared both in and peripheral to the zone of necrosis. Axonal calcification, rarely observed within 30 minutes, appeared maximally after the evolution of tissue necrosis. Two basic abnormalities of myelin were found: vesicular degeneration and intramyelinic vacuolization. These characteristically occurred late and involved fibers with abnormal axoplasm and were interpreted as being secondary in origin.", "PMID": 713490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5679", "title": "Effects of two types of motor practice on stuttering adaptation.", "content": "The present study identifies and compares the effects of two types of motor practice on stuttering adaptation. The study was designed to determine if whispered reading practice affects stuttering adaptation, and if practice in reading aloud is superior to whispered reading in promoting adaptation. In a control condition, eight stutterers read one of two matched passages aloud five times in succession. In an experimental condition, the remaining passage was read aloud on the first and fifth trials, and was read in a whisper on Trials 2, 3, and 4. The results indicated that (1) the stutterers' adaptation in the control condition was similar to the typical course of adaptation, (2) the three intervening whispered readings in the experimental condition neither inhibited nor facilitated adaptation, and (3) practice in reading aloud was superior to whispered practice in promoting stuttering adaptation. It was concluded that whispered reading practice does not facilitate stuttering adaptation when the measurement of that process requires reading aloud. Traditionally, adaptation has been measured only during reading done aloud. Consequently, practice in reading aloud has the greatest positive influence on the adaptation process.", "contents": "Effects of two types of motor practice on stuttering adaptation. The present study identifies and compares the effects of two types of motor practice on stuttering adaptation. The study was designed to determine if whispered reading practice affects stuttering adaptation, and if practice in reading aloud is superior to whispered reading in promoting adaptation. In a control condition, eight stutterers read one of two matched passages aloud five times in succession. In an experimental condition, the remaining passage was read aloud on the first and fifth trials, and was read in a whisper on Trials 2, 3, and 4. The results indicated that (1) the stutterers' adaptation in the control condition was similar to the typical course of adaptation, (2) the three intervening whispered readings in the experimental condition neither inhibited nor facilitated adaptation, and (3) practice in reading aloud was superior to whispered practice in promoting stuttering adaptation. It was concluded that whispered reading practice does not facilitate stuttering adaptation when the measurement of that process requires reading aloud. Traditionally, adaptation has been measured only during reading done aloud. Consequently, practice in reading aloud has the greatest positive influence on the adaptation process.", "PMID": 713513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5680", "title": "Performance of children with good and poor articulation on tasks of tongue placement.", "content": "This study determined whether children could learn to replicate four positions of lingual-palatal contact with and without topical anesthesia that eliminated touch-pressure sensations. First-grade boys, nine with good articulation skills and nine with poor articulation skills, were used as subjects. Results suggest that individuals are able to learn nonspeech tasks of tongue positioning by relying on muscle spindles or deep receptors within the tongue, or both, or by relying on lingual touch-pressure or other surface receptors within the tongue, or, by a combination of deep and surface receptors of the tongue. Further, tongue positioning need not be dependent on touch-pressure or superficial tactile mechanisms. Children with relatively severe articulation problems performed more poorly on the tasks of precise tongue placement than children with good articulation skills. And finally, children with relatively severe articulation problems may be able to improve their initially poor performance on tongue placement tasks with specific training on those tasks, implying that this group did receive the intraoral sensory feedback necessary to learn the task, but that more experience was needed for the learning to occur.", "contents": "Performance of children with good and poor articulation on tasks of tongue placement. This study determined whether children could learn to replicate four positions of lingual-palatal contact with and without topical anesthesia that eliminated touch-pressure sensations. First-grade boys, nine with good articulation skills and nine with poor articulation skills, were used as subjects. Results suggest that individuals are able to learn nonspeech tasks of tongue positioning by relying on muscle spindles or deep receptors within the tongue, or both, or by relying on lingual touch-pressure or other surface receptors within the tongue, or, by a combination of deep and surface receptors of the tongue. Further, tongue positioning need not be dependent on touch-pressure or superficial tactile mechanisms. Children with relatively severe articulation problems performed more poorly on the tasks of precise tongue placement than children with good articulation skills. And finally, children with relatively severe articulation problems may be able to improve their initially poor performance on tongue placement tasks with specific training on those tasks, implying that this group did receive the intraoral sensory feedback necessary to learn the task, but that more experience was needed for the learning to occur.", "PMID": 713514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5681", "title": "Room acoustics effects on monosyllabic word discrimination ability for normal and hearing-impaired children.", "content": "The monosyllabic work discrimination of normal and hearing-impaired children was evaluated in situations selected to simulate acoustical conditions in current educational environments. All listeners were tested in a high-fidelity (loudspeaker-aided) condition under 12 combinations of reverberation and noise. Hearing-impaired subjects were also evaluated in the same 12 conditions while listening through a monaural hearing aid. Performance of the normal-hearing group was superior to the hearing-impaired listeners in all environments. Results suggest that classroom acoustics should be considered a critical variable in the educational achievement of children.", "contents": "Room acoustics effects on monosyllabic word discrimination ability for normal and hearing-impaired children. The monosyllabic work discrimination of normal and hearing-impaired children was evaluated in situations selected to simulate acoustical conditions in current educational environments. All listeners were tested in a high-fidelity (loudspeaker-aided) condition under 12 combinations of reverberation and noise. Hearing-impaired subjects were also evaluated in the same 12 conditions while listening through a monaural hearing aid. Performance of the normal-hearing group was superior to the hearing-impaired listeners in all environments. Results suggest that classroom acoustics should be considered a critical variable in the educational achievement of children.", "PMID": 713515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5682", "title": "The effects on stuttering of self-recording the frequency of stuttering or the word \"the\".", "content": "The effect of self-recording the frequency of stuttering or the word \"the\" during spontaneous speech by three adult stutterers was assessed within a single-subject experimental design. The effect of these procedures on stuttering frequency, use of the word \"the,\" and speech rate differed for each subject. Subject 1 showed no systematic change in stuttering and an initial increase in \"the\" responses. Subject 2 reduced stuttering to almost zero during self-recording conditions. Subject 3 increased stuttering during self-recording stuttering and self-recording \"the\" conditions. These results, which indicated that self-recording procedures have a variety of effects on the stuttering behavior of different individuals, are not consistent with previous studies that have shown only reductions in stuttering during self-recording conditions.", "contents": "The effects on stuttering of self-recording the frequency of stuttering or the word \"the\". The effect of self-recording the frequency of stuttering or the word \"the\" during spontaneous speech by three adult stutterers was assessed within a single-subject experimental design. The effect of these procedures on stuttering frequency, use of the word \"the,\" and speech rate differed for each subject. Subject 1 showed no systematic change in stuttering and an initial increase in \"the\" responses. Subject 2 reduced stuttering to almost zero during self-recording conditions. Subject 3 increased stuttering during self-recording stuttering and self-recording \"the\" conditions. These results, which indicated that self-recording procedures have a variety of effects on the stuttering behavior of different individuals, are not consistent with previous studies that have shown only reductions in stuttering during self-recording conditions.", "PMID": 713516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5683", "title": "Some airflow, volume, and duration characteristics of oral reading.", "content": "Inspiratory and expiratory airflow (oral + nasal), volume, and duration characteristics during oral reading were investigated for eight young adults. Flow signals, sensed through a facemask-pneumotachometer-pressure transducer system, were quantified and analyzed by a computer program. Results showed that the modification of volume and flow during oral reading was primarily related to the timing of inspiratory and expiratory phases and secondarily to the magnitude of oronasal air volume. Effects of linguistic constraints were observed in inspiratory behavior, within and between sentences. Connected utterances showed lower and more variable peak flows than those reported for isolated syllables or words.", "contents": "Some airflow, volume, and duration characteristics of oral reading. Inspiratory and expiratory airflow (oral + nasal), volume, and duration characteristics during oral reading were investigated for eight young adults. Flow signals, sensed through a facemask-pneumotachometer-pressure transducer system, were quantified and analyzed by a computer program. Results showed that the modification of volume and flow during oral reading was primarily related to the timing of inspiratory and expiratory phases and secondarily to the magnitude of oronasal air volume. Effects of linguistic constraints were observed in inspiratory behavior, within and between sentences. Connected utterances showed lower and more variable peak flows than those reported for isolated syllables or words.", "PMID": 713517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5684", "title": "Use of optical distance sensing to track tongue motion.", "content": "We have designed a device that uses a reflected-light-sensing technique to monitor tongue movement in the frontal oral cavity. The sensing unit is composed of a LED light source and a phototransistor, mounted together onto an artificial palate, and attached to the had palate. The basic sensing function of this unit is governed by the formula r/(r2 + xo2)3/2 rather than by the inverse square distance law. In this equation, r is the distance between the sensor and the reflector, namely, the tongue surface. The xo is the separation between the source and the photosensor. Two potential problems, the beam dispersion effect of the light source and the nonparallel movement of the tongue, were anticipated. They can be theoretically represented or technically prevented. The softness of the tongue and the protuberances of its surface are also favorable aspects of this method, creating special light reflection from the tongue surface. The available output function was from 0 to 40 or 50 mm. This gives the device the capability of detecting both vowel and consonantal articulation. The method can be useful to further speech research and the development of a language teaching aid system.", "contents": "Use of optical distance sensing to track tongue motion. We have designed a device that uses a reflected-light-sensing technique to monitor tongue movement in the frontal oral cavity. The sensing unit is composed of a LED light source and a phototransistor, mounted together onto an artificial palate, and attached to the had palate. The basic sensing function of this unit is governed by the formula r/(r2 + xo2)3/2 rather than by the inverse square distance law. In this equation, r is the distance between the sensor and the reflector, namely, the tongue surface. The xo is the separation between the source and the photosensor. Two potential problems, the beam dispersion effect of the light source and the nonparallel movement of the tongue, were anticipated. They can be theoretically represented or technically prevented. The softness of the tongue and the protuberances of its surface are also favorable aspects of this method, creating special light reflection from the tongue surface. The available output function was from 0 to 40 or 50 mm. This gives the device the capability of detecting both vowel and consonantal articulation. The method can be useful to further speech research and the development of a language teaching aid system.", "PMID": 713518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5685", "title": "Speech-discrimination scores modeled as a binomial variable.", "content": "Many studies have reported variability data for tests of speech discrimination, and the disparate results of these studies have not been given a simple explanation. Arguments over the relative merits of 25- vs 50-word tests have ignored the basic mathematical properties inherent in the use of percentage scores. The present study models performance on clinical tests of speech discrimination as a binomial variable. A binomial model was developed, and some of its characteristics were tested against data from 4120 scores obtained on the CID Auditory Test W-22. A table for determining significant deviations between scores was generated and compared to observed differences in half-list scores for the W-22 tests. Good agreement was found between predicted and observed values. Implications of the binomial characteristics of speech-discrimination scores are discussed.", "contents": "Speech-discrimination scores modeled as a binomial variable. Many studies have reported variability data for tests of speech discrimination, and the disparate results of these studies have not been given a simple explanation. Arguments over the relative merits of 25- vs 50-word tests have ignored the basic mathematical properties inherent in the use of percentage scores. The present study models performance on clinical tests of speech discrimination as a binomial variable. A binomial model was developed, and some of its characteristics were tested against data from 4120 scores obtained on the CID Auditory Test W-22. A table for determining significant deviations between scores was generated and compared to observed differences in half-list scores for the W-22 tests. Good agreement was found between predicted and observed values. Implications of the binomial characteristics of speech-discrimination scores are discussed.", "PMID": 713519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5686", "title": "Language and sensorimotor development during the early period of referential speech.", "content": "The relation between sensorimotor attainments and linguistic development in children using referential speech at the single- and two-word utterance levels was examined. When age was controlled, the sensorimotor task performance of normal children who produced two-word utterances was highly similar to that of normal children limited to single-work utterances. Identical findings were observed for language-disordered children functioning at the single- and two-word utterance levels. In addition, several children's performances on the sensorimotor tasks were below the level previously thought necessary for the emergence of referential speech. The position is taken that the relationship between sensorimotor development and linguistic development is not as close as has been presumed.", "contents": "Language and sensorimotor development during the early period of referential speech. The relation between sensorimotor attainments and linguistic development in children using referential speech at the single- and two-word utterance levels was examined. When age was controlled, the sensorimotor task performance of normal children who produced two-word utterances was highly similar to that of normal children limited to single-work utterances. Identical findings were observed for language-disordered children functioning at the single- and two-word utterance levels. In addition, several children's performances on the sensorimotor tasks were below the level previously thought necessary for the emergence of referential speech. The position is taken that the relationship between sensorimotor development and linguistic development is not as close as has been presumed.", "PMID": 713520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5687", "title": "Understanding indirect requests: an investigation of children's comprehension of pragmatic meanings.", "content": "Two experiments examined four-, five-, and six-year-old children's understanding of indirect requests. The experimental tasks required the children to judge the appropriateness of a listener's response to indirect requests involving an affirmative syntactic construction (Can you shut the door?), requests containing a negative element (Can't you answer the phone?), and requests for the state of affairs mentioned in the predicate to be changed (Must you play the piano?). Even the youngest age group exhibited an understanding of the first two types of indirect requests. However, only the six year olds showed any understanding of requests for a change in the state of affairs mentioned in the predicate. Possible factors responsible for children's difficulty with these requests are discussed.", "contents": "Understanding indirect requests: an investigation of children's comprehension of pragmatic meanings. Two experiments examined four-, five-, and six-year-old children's understanding of indirect requests. The experimental tasks required the children to judge the appropriateness of a listener's response to indirect requests involving an affirmative syntactic construction (Can you shut the door?), requests containing a negative element (Can't you answer the phone?), and requests for the state of affairs mentioned in the predicate to be changed (Must you play the piano?). Even the youngest age group exhibited an understanding of the first two types of indirect requests. However, only the six year olds showed any understanding of requests for a change in the state of affairs mentioned in the predicate. Possible factors responsible for children's difficulty with these requests are discussed.", "PMID": 713521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5688", "title": "Laryngeal muscle activity during stuttering.", "content": "Laryngeal muscle activity during fluent and stuttered utterances was investigated via electromyography. Analysis revealed that stuttering was accompanied by high levels of laryngeal muscle activity and disruption of normal reciprocity between abductor and adductor muscle groups. Results are interpreted as demonstrating the existence of a laryngeal component in stuttering and showing a strong correlation between abnormal laryngeal muscle activity and moments of stuttering.", "contents": "Laryngeal muscle activity during stuttering. Laryngeal muscle activity during fluent and stuttered utterances was investigated via electromyography. Analysis revealed that stuttering was accompanied by high levels of laryngeal muscle activity and disruption of normal reciprocity between abductor and adductor muscle groups. Results are interpreted as demonstrating the existence of a laryngeal component in stuttering and showing a strong correlation between abnormal laryngeal muscle activity and moments of stuttering.", "PMID": 713522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5689", "title": "A laterality effect in isometric and isotonic labial tracking.", "content": "Hemispheric dominance for sensorimotor control of lip activity was investigated by use of a pursuit auditory tracking task. This task involves continuous frequency matching of a computer-generated target tone and a subject-controlled cursor tone. Thirty right-handed subjects were tested under isometric lip and hand control, and 20 right-handed subjects under isotonic lip control. Subjects tracked 10 1-min trials under each laterality condition--cursor/right ear, target/left ear, and vice versa. In both experiments tracking performance was better when the lip-controlled cursor tone was presented to the right ear (hence direct contralateral route to left hemisphere). A significant (p less than 0.05) cursor/right-ear advantage was found under isometric hand-tracking. Analysis routines examined relative laterality advantages across several time intervals within each 1-min trial. Consistent lateralization scores in favor of cursor/right-ear presentations (REAs) were independent of the time interval measured. For isometric tracking, 58% of subjects having laterality advantages (p less than 0.10) revealed REAs. For isotonic tracking, 71% of subjects revealed REAs. Implications of the latter finding are discussed relative to a left hemisphere mechanism specialized to integrate movement-generated auditory feedback with dynamic kinesthetic information from the articulators.", "contents": "A laterality effect in isometric and isotonic labial tracking. Hemispheric dominance for sensorimotor control of lip activity was investigated by use of a pursuit auditory tracking task. This task involves continuous frequency matching of a computer-generated target tone and a subject-controlled cursor tone. Thirty right-handed subjects were tested under isometric lip and hand control, and 20 right-handed subjects under isotonic lip control. Subjects tracked 10 1-min trials under each laterality condition--cursor/right ear, target/left ear, and vice versa. In both experiments tracking performance was better when the lip-controlled cursor tone was presented to the right ear (hence direct contralateral route to left hemisphere). A significant (p less than 0.05) cursor/right-ear advantage was found under isometric hand-tracking. Analysis routines examined relative laterality advantages across several time intervals within each 1-min trial. Consistent lateralization scores in favor of cursor/right-ear presentations (REAs) were independent of the time interval measured. For isometric tracking, 58% of subjects having laterality advantages (p less than 0.10) revealed REAs. For isotonic tracking, 71% of subjects revealed REAs. Implications of the latter finding are discussed relative to a left hemisphere mechanism specialized to integrate movement-generated auditory feedback with dynamic kinesthetic information from the articulators.", "PMID": 713523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5690", "title": "A right-ear effect for auditory feedback control of children's newly acquired phonemes.", "content": "To determine the relative importance of binaural, right-ear, and left-ear auditory feedback control on the correct production of newly acquired articulatory patterns in children, 40 children exhibiting misarticulations were tested under four experimental conditions. The children were individually administered a shortened version of the Deep Test of Articulation (McDonald, 1964) under (1) a no-masking condition, followed in a counterbalanced order by readministration of the Deep Test under conditions of (2) binaural masking, (3) monaural right-ear masking, and (4) monaural left-ear masking. Correct articulatory production by the children was significantly reduced under binaural and monaural right-ear masking. There was, however, no significant reduction in the children's correct production under the condition of monaural left-ear masking. The results extend previous findings of right-ear superiority for children's auditory processing of externally produced stimuli to the closed-loop auditory feedback control of children's own speech production.", "contents": "A right-ear effect for auditory feedback control of children's newly acquired phonemes. To determine the relative importance of binaural, right-ear, and left-ear auditory feedback control on the correct production of newly acquired articulatory patterns in children, 40 children exhibiting misarticulations were tested under four experimental conditions. The children were individually administered a shortened version of the Deep Test of Articulation (McDonald, 1964) under (1) a no-masking condition, followed in a counterbalanced order by readministration of the Deep Test under conditions of (2) binaural masking, (3) monaural right-ear masking, and (4) monaural left-ear masking. Correct articulatory production by the children was significantly reduced under binaural and monaural right-ear masking. There was, however, no significant reduction in the children's correct production under the condition of monaural left-ear masking. The results extend previous findings of right-ear superiority for children's auditory processing of externally produced stimuli to the closed-loop auditory feedback control of children's own speech production.", "PMID": 713524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5691", "title": "Stuttering as operant behavior: effects of the verbal stimuli wrong, right, and tree on the disfluency rates of school-age stutterers and nonstutterers.", "content": "This study assessed the effects of the verbally presented stimuli wrong, right, and tree on the frequency of disfluencies during oral reading by 18 school-aged stutterers and 18 matched nonstutterers. No differences were found between the three stimulus words' effect on the disfluency rate of either subject group. Because decreases in the disfluency rates of stutterers were observed during the presentation of all three stimulus words, the data failed to support the operant model. A discussion of theoretical and experimental implications is given.", "contents": "Stuttering as operant behavior: effects of the verbal stimuli wrong, right, and tree on the disfluency rates of school-age stutterers and nonstutterers. This study assessed the effects of the verbally presented stimuli wrong, right, and tree on the frequency of disfluencies during oral reading by 18 school-aged stutterers and 18 matched nonstutterers. No differences were found between the three stimulus words' effect on the disfluency rate of either subject group. Because decreases in the disfluency rates of stutterers were observed during the presentation of all three stimulus words, the data failed to support the operant model. A discussion of theoretical and experimental implications is given.", "PMID": 713525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5692", "title": "Factors influencing morbidity and mortality in esophageal carcinoma.", "content": "In 1977, 152 patients with carcinoma of the esophagus were admitted under our care. The lesions were located from the hypopharynx to the cardiac portion of the stomach. A prospective study was conducted and the results (mortality and morbidity) were analyzed by computer. Resection was possible in 88 patients and a bypass procedure in 15. On exploration in five patients, the disease was found to be so extensive that no further operative procedures were undertaken. The mortality rate was high, hospital deaths being included in the operative mortality statistics. The best results were obtained by applying the Lewis-Tanner one-stage esophagectomy. When the disease was extensive, a bypass procedure using the Kirschner operation and postoperative irradiation was the method of choice. When the general condition of the patient was poor, the best procedure was a staged esophagectomy, with the reconstruction being undertaken at a later date.", "contents": "Factors influencing morbidity and mortality in esophageal carcinoma. In 1977, 152 patients with carcinoma of the esophagus were admitted under our care. The lesions were located from the hypopharynx to the cardiac portion of the stomach. A prospective study was conducted and the results (mortality and morbidity) were analyzed by computer. Resection was possible in 88 patients and a bypass procedure in 15. On exploration in five patients, the disease was found to be so extensive that no further operative procedures were undertaken. The mortality rate was high, hospital deaths being included in the operative mortality statistics. The best results were obtained by applying the Lewis-Tanner one-stage esophagectomy. When the disease was extensive, a bypass procedure using the Kirschner operation and postoperative irradiation was the method of choice. When the general condition of the patient was poor, the best procedure was a staged esophagectomy, with the reconstruction being undertaken at a later date.", "PMID": 713581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5693", "title": "Bronchopleural fistula. Thirteen-year experience with 77 cases.", "content": "Bronchopleural fistula, although reduced in incidence in recent years, remains a grave complication of pulmonary disease and of pulmonary resection. In a series of 77 patients treated for bronchopleural fistula over a 13 year period, 49 of whom had postresection fistulas, only 44 (57.1 percent) were cured of the fistula and 15 (19.5 percent) died. Prevention assumes great importance. Key factors in prevention are avoidance of pulmonary resection in tuberculous patients with positive sputum; overzealous dissection of the bronchus; a long bronchial stump; tumor in the bronchial stump; contamination of the pleural cavity; and too little tissue left behind to fill the pleural space. Treatment should be surgical. In none of the six patients treated conservatively was the fistula obliterated. Seventy-one patients were treated surgically, and 133 operations were needed to effect fistula obliteration in the 44 patients (62 percent) in whom this was achieved. Adequate surgical drainage has always been the sine qua non of effective treatment, and yet this alone brought about closure of the fistula in only nine patients. Early resuture of the bronchial stump succeeded in only two of five patients. Thoracoplasty combined with drainage effected closure in seven of 11 patients. The highest rate of fistula closure with the lowest mortality occurred among the 20 patients who underwent myoplasty, usually combined with a limited thoracoplasty. In this group, the fistula was obliterated in 16 patients, with one death.", "contents": "Bronchopleural fistula. Thirteen-year experience with 77 cases. Bronchopleural fistula, although reduced in incidence in recent years, remains a grave complication of pulmonary disease and of pulmonary resection. In a series of 77 patients treated for bronchopleural fistula over a 13 year period, 49 of whom had postresection fistulas, only 44 (57.1 percent) were cured of the fistula and 15 (19.5 percent) died. Prevention assumes great importance. Key factors in prevention are avoidance of pulmonary resection in tuberculous patients with positive sputum; overzealous dissection of the bronchus; a long bronchial stump; tumor in the bronchial stump; contamination of the pleural cavity; and too little tissue left behind to fill the pleural space. Treatment should be surgical. In none of the six patients treated conservatively was the fistula obliterated. Seventy-one patients were treated surgically, and 133 operations were needed to effect fistula obliteration in the 44 patients (62 percent) in whom this was achieved. Adequate surgical drainage has always been the sine qua non of effective treatment, and yet this alone brought about closure of the fistula in only nine patients. Early resuture of the bronchial stump succeeded in only two of five patients. Thoracoplasty combined with drainage effected closure in seven of 11 patients. The highest rate of fistula closure with the lowest mortality occurred among the 20 patients who underwent myoplasty, usually combined with a limited thoracoplasty. In this group, the fistula was obliterated in 16 patients, with one death.", "PMID": 713582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5694", "title": "Long-term clinical and hemodynamic evaluation of the Ionescu-Schiley pericardial xenograft and the Braunwald-Cutter and Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prostheses in the mitral position.", "content": "Single mitral valve replacement was undertaken in 220 patients between March, 1971, and October, 1977. Bjork-Shiley prostheses (BS) were inserted in 42 patients, Braunwald-Cutter prostheses (BC) in 52, and Ionescu-Shiley pericardial xenografts (PX) in 126. No attempt was made at randomization. The actuarial survival rate was 81.9 +/- 12.8 percent at 7 years for patients with BS prostheses, 41.7 +/- 22.9 percent at 6 years for patients with BC prostheses, and 89.0 +/- 9.3 percent for patients with PX valves 7 years following valve replacement. Of the late deaths in patients with BC prostheses, 62.5 percent were valve related. The incidence of thromboembolism was 4.7, 1.8, and 1.5 episodes per 100 patient-years in the BS, BC, and PX groups, respectively. Long-term anticoagulation was used only in patients with BS and BC prostheses. Late postoperative hemodynamic studies were performed in six patients each with BS and BC prostheses and in 29 patients with PX valves. The mean diastolic gradients at rest were 6.2, 8.3, and 6.4 mm. Hg in the respective groups. The corresponding figures for calculated valve area were 1.8, 1.6, and 2.0 sq. cm. There was no statistically significant difference between the data recorded from the three groups of patients except for the survival rate of the BC prosthesis and the PX valve. The BS prosthesis and the PX valve have similar durability and hemodynamic performance for an almost identical duration of follow-up. Because of the improved quality of life and reduced morbidity without anticoagulants, we are using the PX valve exclusively for heart valve replacement.", "contents": "Long-term clinical and hemodynamic evaluation of the Ionescu-Schiley pericardial xenograft and the Braunwald-Cutter and Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prostheses in the mitral position. Single mitral valve replacement was undertaken in 220 patients between March, 1971, and October, 1977. Bjork-Shiley prostheses (BS) were inserted in 42 patients, Braunwald-Cutter prostheses (BC) in 52, and Ionescu-Shiley pericardial xenografts (PX) in 126. No attempt was made at randomization. The actuarial survival rate was 81.9 +/- 12.8 percent at 7 years for patients with BS prostheses, 41.7 +/- 22.9 percent at 6 years for patients with BC prostheses, and 89.0 +/- 9.3 percent for patients with PX valves 7 years following valve replacement. Of the late deaths in patients with BC prostheses, 62.5 percent were valve related. The incidence of thromboembolism was 4.7, 1.8, and 1.5 episodes per 100 patient-years in the BS, BC, and PX groups, respectively. Long-term anticoagulation was used only in patients with BS and BC prostheses. Late postoperative hemodynamic studies were performed in six patients each with BS and BC prostheses and in 29 patients with PX valves. The mean diastolic gradients at rest were 6.2, 8.3, and 6.4 mm. Hg in the respective groups. The corresponding figures for calculated valve area were 1.8, 1.6, and 2.0 sq. cm. There was no statistically significant difference between the data recorded from the three groups of patients except for the survival rate of the BC prosthesis and the PX valve. The BS prosthesis and the PX valve have similar durability and hemodynamic performance for an almost identical duration of follow-up. Because of the improved quality of life and reduced morbidity without anticoagulants, we are using the PX valve exclusively for heart valve replacement.", "PMID": 713583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5695", "title": "In vitro hydrodynamic comparison of mitral valve prostheses at high flow rates.", "content": "A pulse duplicator system for evaluating the hemodynamic performance of mitral prostheses is described. Under conditions stimulating normal resting physiology, all valves tested had measurable but acceptably small pressure drops. Under conditions simulating exercise, all were moderately to severely stenotic. Valves with nearly equal mounting diameters were compared. The Hancock, Beall, and Starr-Edwards valves (Group A) were found to be significantly more stenotic than the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley, Cutter-Cooley, Ionescu-Shiley, and Lillehei-Kaster valves (Group B). In the 29 to 30 mm. mounting diameter size at cardiac outputs of 5 and 9 L. per minute, Group A had average pressure drops of 3.2 and 10.5 mm. Hg and Group B, pressure drops of 1.6 and 5.3 mm. Hg, respectively. In the 24 to 26 mm. mounting diameter size, at cardiac outputs of 9 L. per minute, all the valves had critically large pressure drops (9 to 17.6 mm. Hg). The standard Gorlin formula is inappropriate for computing the orifice area of prosthetic valves. The discharge coefficient for a valve (a measure of how well the valve uses its primary flow area) and a performance index (a measure of how well the valve uses its mounting area) have been computed from a knowledge of the orifice size, without the necessity of assuming a value for the discharge coefficient required by the Gorlin formula. The biological valves (Hancock and Ionescu-Shiley) provide an efficient orifice for fluid flow at the free leaflet margins and have large discharge coefficients. On the basis of the fluid dynamic equation of motion, steady flow, root mean square (RMS) flow, and peak flow, combined with the appropriate transvalvular gradients, were all shown to yield equally accurate characterizations of valvular hydrodynamic performance. Mean flow, unfortunately the only value obtainable clinically, yielded effective orifice areas 10 percent smaller than either of the other three flow values.", "contents": "In vitro hydrodynamic comparison of mitral valve prostheses at high flow rates. A pulse duplicator system for evaluating the hemodynamic performance of mitral prostheses is described. Under conditions stimulating normal resting physiology, all valves tested had measurable but acceptably small pressure drops. Under conditions simulating exercise, all were moderately to severely stenotic. Valves with nearly equal mounting diameters were compared. The Hancock, Beall, and Starr-Edwards valves (Group A) were found to be significantly more stenotic than the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley, Cutter-Cooley, Ionescu-Shiley, and Lillehei-Kaster valves (Group B). In the 29 to 30 mm. mounting diameter size at cardiac outputs of 5 and 9 L. per minute, Group A had average pressure drops of 3.2 and 10.5 mm. Hg and Group B, pressure drops of 1.6 and 5.3 mm. Hg, respectively. In the 24 to 26 mm. mounting diameter size, at cardiac outputs of 9 L. per minute, all the valves had critically large pressure drops (9 to 17.6 mm. Hg). The standard Gorlin formula is inappropriate for computing the orifice area of prosthetic valves. The discharge coefficient for a valve (a measure of how well the valve uses its primary flow area) and a performance index (a measure of how well the valve uses its mounting area) have been computed from a knowledge of the orifice size, without the necessity of assuming a value for the discharge coefficient required by the Gorlin formula. The biological valves (Hancock and Ionescu-Shiley) provide an efficient orifice for fluid flow at the free leaflet margins and have large discharge coefficients. On the basis of the fluid dynamic equation of motion, steady flow, root mean square (RMS) flow, and peak flow, combined with the appropriate transvalvular gradients, were all shown to yield equally accurate characterizations of valvular hydrodynamic performance. Mean flow, unfortunately the only value obtainable clinically, yielded effective orifice areas 10 percent smaller than either of the other three flow values.", "PMID": 713584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5696", "title": "Non--cloth-covered caged-ball prostheses. The second decade.", "content": "The Starr-Edwards Models 6120 mitral and 1200/60 aortic valves are caged-ball prostheses with cloth-covered sewing rings and bare-metal struts. Introduced in 1965, they have been in continuous clinical use longer than any other currently available heart valve prostheses. Late results with this valve are analyzed and compared with recent series employing other current valve prostheses. One hundred thirty-four mitral 6120 prostheses were inserted at the University of Oregon Health Sciences Center from 1965 through 1977, with 118 operative survivors followed for  a mean of 5.4 years. Twelve-year survival rate (+/- standard error) was 50 (+/-8) percent. Twelve percent of late deaths were valve related. Eighty-eight (+/-5) percent of valves were still in place at 12 years. The embolic rate was 5.8 (+/-1.0) percent per patient-year for all emboli and 2.2(+/-0.6) percent per patient-year for serious emboli. Two hundred forty-nine operative survivors among 282 patients undergoing aortic valve replacement during the same period of time were followed for a mean of 4.3 years. Twelve-year survival was 61 (+/-6) percent and the removal-free rate was 92(+/-5) percent. Six percent of late deaths were valve related.  Embolic rates were 5.0 (+/-.7) percent and 1.8 (+/-.4) percent per patient-year for all emboli and serius emboli, respectively. Structural failure, specifically ball variance, was not encountered with this prosthesis. Ninety percent of 10 year survivors are in N.Y.H.A. Functional Class I or II. There was one anticoagulant-related death in 1,698 patient-years of follow-up. The current non--cloth-covered caged-ball valves provide unquestionable durability and well-documented results into their second decade of use. They provide a base line for comparison with newer prostheses and offer a valid, current choice for both aortic and mitral valve replacement.", "contents": "Non--cloth-covered caged-ball prostheses. The second decade. The Starr-Edwards Models 6120 mitral and 1200/60 aortic valves are caged-ball prostheses with cloth-covered sewing rings and bare-metal struts. Introduced in 1965, they have been in continuous clinical use longer than any other currently available heart valve prostheses. Late results with this valve are analyzed and compared with recent series employing other current valve prostheses. One hundred thirty-four mitral 6120 prostheses were inserted at the University of Oregon Health Sciences Center from 1965 through 1977, with 118 operative survivors followed for  a mean of 5.4 years. Twelve-year survival rate (+/- standard error) was 50 (+/-8) percent. Twelve percent of late deaths were valve related. Eighty-eight (+/-5) percent of valves were still in place at 12 years. The embolic rate was 5.8 (+/-1.0) percent per patient-year for all emboli and 2.2(+/-0.6) percent per patient-year for serious emboli. Two hundred forty-nine operative survivors among 282 patients undergoing aortic valve replacement during the same period of time were followed for a mean of 4.3 years. Twelve-year survival was 61 (+/-6) percent and the removal-free rate was 92(+/-5) percent. Six percent of late deaths were valve related.  Embolic rates were 5.0 (+/-.7) percent and 1.8 (+/-.4) percent per patient-year for all emboli and serius emboli, respectively. Structural failure, specifically ball variance, was not encountered with this prosthesis. Ninety percent of 10 year survivors are in N.Y.H.A. Functional Class I or II. There was one anticoagulant-related death in 1,698 patient-years of follow-up. The current non--cloth-covered caged-ball valves provide unquestionable durability and well-documented results into their second decade of use. They provide a base line for comparison with newer prostheses and offer a valid, current choice for both aortic and mitral valve replacement.", "PMID": 713585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5697", "title": "The surgical anatomy of Kent bundles based on electrophysiological mapping and surgical exploration.", "content": "The development of the procedure for interruption of a Kent bundle for the correction of the tachyarrhythmias associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome has been hampered by the lack of anatomic descriptions of the pathways. Only 21 descriptions are given in enough detail for guidance to the surgeon. Our experience with our first 100 patients operated upon for serious dysrhythmias associated with Kent bundles has supplemented this information. In our first 40 patients the Kent was divided in 22 of 39, one having elective and four having forced interruption of the His bundle, with success in 28. In the next 60 the Kent was divided in 52 of 59 attempts, one had elective and three had forced His bundle interruption, and the success rate was 56 of 60 patients. This increased success occurred because we learned the following: (1) The anomalous pathways are best approached through the atrium and can be for out in the  fat, even subepicardial in the coronary sulcus or adjacent to the anulus. (2) Interruption should be started with an incision made just above the anulus fibrosus. (3) Posterior septal pathways can be adjacent to the His bundle or in the septum from this point posteriorly to the crux. (4) Anterior septal pathways can be divided and the His bundle protected. The details for the approach to the right and left free wall, posterior septal, and anterior septal pathways will be given. The approach to all pathways is now safe enough to allow the surgeon to offer this operation to patients with life-threatening tachyarrhythmias as well as the ones with rhythm disturbances that are either burdensome or impossible to treat medically.", "contents": "The surgical anatomy of Kent bundles based on electrophysiological mapping and surgical exploration. The development of the procedure for interruption of a Kent bundle for the correction of the tachyarrhythmias associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome has been hampered by the lack of anatomic descriptions of the pathways. Only 21 descriptions are given in enough detail for guidance to the surgeon. Our experience with our first 100 patients operated upon for serious dysrhythmias associated with Kent bundles has supplemented this information. In our first 40 patients the Kent was divided in 22 of 39, one having elective and four having forced interruption of the His bundle, with success in 28. In the next 60 the Kent was divided in 52 of 59 attempts, one had elective and three had forced His bundle interruption, and the success rate was 56 of 60 patients. This increased success occurred because we learned the following: (1) The anomalous pathways are best approached through the atrium and can be for out in the  fat, even subepicardial in the coronary sulcus or adjacent to the anulus. (2) Interruption should be started with an incision made just above the anulus fibrosus. (3) Posterior septal pathways can be adjacent to the His bundle or in the septum from this point posteriorly to the crux. (4) Anterior septal pathways can be divided and the His bundle protected. The details for the approach to the right and left free wall, posterior septal, and anterior septal pathways will be given. The approach to all pathways is now safe enough to allow the surgeon to offer this operation to patients with life-threatening tachyarrhythmias as well as the ones with rhythm disturbances that are either burdensome or impossible to treat medically.", "PMID": 713587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5698", "title": "Composite replacement of the aortic valve and ascending aorta.", "content": "This report comprises 16 consecutive patients with ascending aortic aneurysms caused by cystic medical necrosis. We replaced the ascending aorta and aortic valve with a tightly woven Dacron graft containing a Lillehei-Kaster valve prosthesis and implanted the coronary ostia in the sides of the graft. All but two patients had massive aortic insufficiency. Postoperative catheterization was performed in 13 patients, and all surviving patients have been seen within the past 6 months. There was one perioperative death (6 percent) and two late deaths. Eleven survivors are in Class I and two are in Class II (N.Y.H.A.). Angiographically demonstrated late complications have included psuedoaneurysms of the coronary ostium (two), paravalvular leak (one), and pseudoaneurysm of the distal suture line (one). Two of these four patients were asymptomatic. Two of the four patients have had successful repair of these defects and a third is awaiting operation. Compositive replacement carries a low operative risk and minimizes problems of intraoperative bleeding. In view of the incidence of late suture line problems, routine angiography 6 to 12 months postoperatively is recommended. If new symptoms occur or if there is a change in the cardiac silhousette on chest roentgenogram, the patient should be recatheterized.", "contents": "Composite replacement of the aortic valve and ascending aorta. This report comprises 16 consecutive patients with ascending aortic aneurysms caused by cystic medical necrosis. We replaced the ascending aorta and aortic valve with a tightly woven Dacron graft containing a Lillehei-Kaster valve prosthesis and implanted the coronary ostia in the sides of the graft. All but two patients had massive aortic insufficiency. Postoperative catheterization was performed in 13 patients, and all surviving patients have been seen within the past 6 months. There was one perioperative death (6 percent) and two late deaths. Eleven survivors are in Class I and two are in Class II (N.Y.H.A.). Angiographically demonstrated late complications have included psuedoaneurysms of the coronary ostium (two), paravalvular leak (one), and pseudoaneurysm of the distal suture line (one). Two of these four patients were asymptomatic. Two of the four patients have had successful repair of these defects and a third is awaiting operation. Compositive replacement carries a low operative risk and minimizes problems of intraoperative bleeding. In view of the incidence of late suture line problems, routine angiography 6 to 12 months postoperatively is recommended. If new symptoms occur or if there is a change in the cardiac silhousette on chest roentgenogram, the patient should be recatheterized.", "PMID": 713588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5699", "title": "Lymph node mapping and curability at various levels of metastasis in resected lung cancer.", "content": "By means of lymph mapping, the prognosis significance of lymph node metastasis in lung cancer was studied in 270 patients who had undergone radical operations--pulmonary resection combined with complete mediastinal lymph node disection, which is used for patients in whom all cancer could thereby be ablated. Mediastinal lymph node metastasis was found in 64 patients, and 12 patients lived 5 years or more (an absolute 5 year survival rate of 18.8 percent). After radical surgery, there was a significant difference between the prognosis for patients who had metastases to the subcrainal lymph nodes as compared to the prognosis for those who did not. The 5 years survival rates were 9.1 percent and 29.0 percent, respectively. On the other hand, prognosis was not significantly affected by involvement or noninvolvement of the superior mediastinal, paratracheal, tracheobronchial, pretracheal, and the subaortic and para-aortic lymph nodes. No significant difference in survival was detected between patients who were given adjuvant therapy and those who were not. Lymph node mapping gives valuable prognostic information.", "contents": "Lymph node mapping and curability at various levels of metastasis in resected lung cancer. By means of lymph mapping, the prognosis significance of lymph node metastasis in lung cancer was studied in 270 patients who had undergone radical operations--pulmonary resection combined with complete mediastinal lymph node disection, which is used for patients in whom all cancer could thereby be ablated. Mediastinal lymph node metastasis was found in 64 patients, and 12 patients lived 5 years or more (an absolute 5 year survival rate of 18.8 percent). After radical surgery, there was a significant difference between the prognosis for patients who had metastases to the subcrainal lymph nodes as compared to the prognosis for those who did not. The 5 years survival rates were 9.1 percent and 29.0 percent, respectively. On the other hand, prognosis was not significantly affected by involvement or noninvolvement of the superior mediastinal, paratracheal, tracheobronchial, pretracheal, and the subaortic and para-aortic lymph nodes. No significant difference in survival was detected between patients who were given adjuvant therapy and those who were not. Lymph node mapping gives valuable prognostic information.", "PMID": 713589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5700", "title": "Persistent chylothorax. Treatment by talc pleurodesis.", "content": "Two patients with persistent chylothorax resistant to therapy by special diet, thoracenteses, and tube thoracostomy drainage were successfully treated by talc pleurodesis. In one patient with advanced lymphosarcoma involving pleura and mediastinal nodes, the chylothorax was managed by open thoracotomy and talc powder. The other patient developed chylothorax following resection of a thoracic aortic aneurysm.  She was successfully treated by talc suspension introduced through a thoracostomy tube. Pleurodesis with talc should be considered only when the chylothorax persists after an adequate period of medical treatment and pleural decompression. Intrapleural instillation of talc through a thoracostomy tube should be successful if the chylothorax can be evacuated and the underlying lung fully expanded.", "contents": "Persistent chylothorax. Treatment by talc pleurodesis. Two patients with persistent chylothorax resistant to therapy by special diet, thoracenteses, and tube thoracostomy drainage were successfully treated by talc pleurodesis. In one patient with advanced lymphosarcoma involving pleura and mediastinal nodes, the chylothorax was managed by open thoracotomy and talc powder. The other patient developed chylothorax following resection of a thoracic aortic aneurysm.  She was successfully treated by talc suspension introduced through a thoracostomy tube. Pleurodesis with talc should be considered only when the chylothorax persists after an adequate period of medical treatment and pleural decompression. Intrapleural instillation of talc through a thoracostomy tube should be successful if the chylothorax can be evacuated and the underlying lung fully expanded.", "PMID": 713591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5701", "title": "Multiple-gated acquisition cardiac blood-pool isotope imaging. Evaluation of left ventricular function correlated with contrast angiography.", "content": "Thirty-one patients were assessed by the multiple-gated acquisition cardiac blood-pool isotope-imaging technique using radiolabeled albumin within 24 hours of biplane contrast ventriculography. Data from the imaging method were analyzed by a semiautomatic technique with computer-generated edge detection and background subtraction. An excellent correlation was observed between ejection fractions determined with multiple-gated isotope imaging and those obtained by biplane contrast ventriculography (r = 0.93), and the same was true for average ejection rates (r = 0.80). For assessment of wall motion with this imaging technique, the anterior and the left anterior oblique left ventricular views were divided into nine segments, and a score was assigned to each segment based on the degree of wall motion. The cumulative anterior and left anterior oblique scores correlated well with the score from biplane contrast ventriculography (r = 0.90), and in 94% of segments in the left anterior oblique projection the assessment with multiple-gated isotope imaging was the same as or varied by only one class from the assessment by biplane contrast ventriculography. The multiple-gated acquisition cardiac blood-pool isotope-imaging technique is thus a valuable noninvasive method for assessing left ventricular function as measured by ejection fraction, ejection rates, and wall motion.", "contents": "Multiple-gated acquisition cardiac blood-pool isotope imaging. Evaluation of left ventricular function correlated with contrast angiography. Thirty-one patients were assessed by the multiple-gated acquisition cardiac blood-pool isotope-imaging technique using radiolabeled albumin within 24 hours of biplane contrast ventriculography. Data from the imaging method were analyzed by a semiautomatic technique with computer-generated edge detection and background subtraction. An excellent correlation was observed between ejection fractions determined with multiple-gated isotope imaging and those obtained by biplane contrast ventriculography (r = 0.93), and the same was true for average ejection rates (r = 0.80). For assessment of wall motion with this imaging technique, the anterior and the left anterior oblique left ventricular views were divided into nine segments, and a score was assigned to each segment based on the degree of wall motion. The cumulative anterior and left anterior oblique scores correlated well with the score from biplane contrast ventriculography (r = 0.90), and in 94% of segments in the left anterior oblique projection the assessment with multiple-gated isotope imaging was the same as or varied by only one class from the assessment by biplane contrast ventriculography. The multiple-gated acquisition cardiac blood-pool isotope-imaging technique is thus a valuable noninvasive method for assessing left ventricular function as measured by ejection fraction, ejection rates, and wall motion.", "PMID": 713592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5702", "title": "Polymorphic reticulosis, lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Two diseases or one?", "content": "Clinical and pathologic data on 40 patients (31 men, 9 women) with polymorphic reticulosis are presented. The disease may involve the upper respiratory tract, notably the nose, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, or palate, as well as the lung, skin, gastrointestinal tract, and central nervous system. Polymorphic reticulosis is identical pathologically to lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Localized disease, particularly that in the upper airway, responds well to radiation therapy. Corticosteroids and cytotoxic agents appear to be ineffective with multisite involvement.", "contents": "Polymorphic reticulosis, lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Two diseases or one? Clinical and pathologic data on 40 patients (31 men, 9 women) with polymorphic reticulosis are presented. The disease may involve the upper respiratory tract, notably the nose, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, or palate, as well as the lung, skin, gastrointestinal tract, and central nervous system. Polymorphic reticulosis is identical pathologically to lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Localized disease, particularly that in the upper airway, responds well to radiation therapy. Corticosteroids and cytotoxic agents appear to be ineffective with multisite involvement.", "PMID": 713593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5703", "title": "Pituitary adenoma in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1935--1977. A report of an increasing incidence of diagnosis in women of childbearing age.", "content": "There has been a recent, rapid increase in the number of pituitary adenomas diagnosed in women of childbearing age in Olmsted County, Minnesota. The incidence rates in men of all ages and in women aged 45 and over have remained stable and are similar to rates reported from elsewhere. Since 1970 the mean annual incidence per 100,000 women aged 15 through 44 years has been 7.1, whereas it was 0.7 in the population of the same age and sex during the period 1935 through 1969.", "contents": "Pituitary adenoma in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1935--1977. A report of an increasing incidence of diagnosis in women of childbearing age. There has been a recent, rapid increase in the number of pituitary adenomas diagnosed in women of childbearing age in Olmsted County, Minnesota. The incidence rates in men of all ages and in women aged 45 and over have remained stable and are similar to rates reported from elsewhere. Since 1970 the mean annual incidence per 100,000 women aged 15 through 44 years has been 7.1, whereas it was 0.7 in the population of the same age and sex during the period 1935 through 1969.", "PMID": 713594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5704", "title": "Accuracy of antibody-coated-bacteria test in recurrent urinary tract infections.", "content": "Antibody coating of urinary bacteria was compared with results of ureteral catheterization studies in order to localize the site of recurrent urinary tract infections in 32 patients. The antibody-coated-bacteria test reliably detected infections in patients with upper urinary tract infection (16 of 17 patients), but false-positive results occurred frequently in patients with lower urinary tract infection (5 of 15 patients). The antibody-coated-bacteria test appears to be a useful screening test for localization of infection in patients with recurrent urinary tract infections.", "contents": "Accuracy of antibody-coated-bacteria test in recurrent urinary tract infections. Antibody coating of urinary bacteria was compared with results of ureteral catheterization studies in order to localize the site of recurrent urinary tract infections in 32 patients. The antibody-coated-bacteria test reliably detected infections in patients with upper urinary tract infection (16 of 17 patients), but false-positive results occurred frequently in patients with lower urinary tract infection (5 of 15 patients). The antibody-coated-bacteria test appears to be a useful screening test for localization of infection in patients with recurrent urinary tract infections.", "PMID": 713596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5705", "title": "Great-vessel switch operation without coronary relocation for transposition of great arteries.", "content": "Since its first successful clinical application in 1963, the Mustard operation has been the procedure of choice for most patients with transposition of the great arteries. Based on the principle of transposition of venous return, it produces a functional but not anatomic correction of the defect. Although the Mustard procedure has favorably changed the natural history of transposition, it is associated with various early and late complications that have led to a search for a more anatomic repair. Recently, transposition has been successfully corrected by switching the great vessels, with or without transplanting the coronary arteries. These are the first case reports of early postoperative hemodynamics in patients undergoing an arterial switch procedure without coronary relocation. The early hemodynamic and clinical results of this operation are excellent and they lend encouragement for its further application in suitable patients.", "contents": "Great-vessel switch operation without coronary relocation for transposition of great arteries. Since its first successful clinical application in 1963, the Mustard operation has been the procedure of choice for most patients with transposition of the great arteries. Based on the principle of transposition of venous return, it produces a functional but not anatomic correction of the defect. Although the Mustard procedure has favorably changed the natural history of transposition, it is associated with various early and late complications that have led to a search for a more anatomic repair. Recently, transposition has been successfully corrected by switching the great vessels, with or without transplanting the coronary arteries. These are the first case reports of early postoperative hemodynamics in patients undergoing an arterial switch procedure without coronary relocation. The early hemodynamic and clinical results of this operation are excellent and they lend encouragement for its further application in suitable patients.", "PMID": 713598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5706", "title": "A syndrome of osteoporosis, increased serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone, and inappropriately low serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D.", "content": "Although most patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis have normal or low values for serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH), we have reported previously that a small subset (about 10% of the total group) have increased values. We studied three patients representative of this latter group. Serum iPTH was two to three times higher than the age-adjusted normal mean, serum ionized calcium and total calcium were in the lower half of the normal range, and serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] was in the low-normal range. Six months of treatment of one patient with 0.5 microgram/day of synthetic 1,25(OH)2D improved calcium absorption and balance; however, serum iPTH remained high. After surgical removal of 1,010 mg of hyperplastic parathyroid tissue, serum iPTH decreased to normal. These and other data suggest that increased serum iPTH in these patients was caused by secondary hyperparathyroidism, possibly because of inadequate conversion of 25-OH-D to 1,25(OH)2D.", "contents": "A syndrome of osteoporosis, increased serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone, and inappropriately low serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Although most patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis have normal or low values for serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH), we have reported previously that a small subset (about 10% of the total group) have increased values. We studied three patients representative of this latter group. Serum iPTH was two to three times higher than the age-adjusted normal mean, serum ionized calcium and total calcium were in the lower half of the normal range, and serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] was in the low-normal range. Six months of treatment of one patient with 0.5 microgram/day of synthetic 1,25(OH)2D improved calcium absorption and balance; however, serum iPTH remained high. After surgical removal of 1,010 mg of hyperplastic parathyroid tissue, serum iPTH decreased to normal. These and other data suggest that increased serum iPTH in these patients was caused by secondary hyperparathyroidism, possibly because of inadequate conversion of 25-OH-D to 1,25(OH)2D.", "PMID": 713601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5707", "title": "Hematogenous osteomyelitis at uncommon sites in children.", "content": "The diagnosis of hematogenic osteomyelitis is often delayed in children if it involves uncommon sites such as the pelvis, clavicle, or calcaneus. Although parenterally administered antibiotics may control the disease process in the acute stage, abscess formation requires incision and drainage. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism in this series, and it usually was penicillin resistnat. When the condition is diagnosed early and is properly treated with at least 3 weeks of antibiotic therapy and judicious surgical intervention, recurrences are rare and morbidity is minimal.", "contents": "Hematogenous osteomyelitis at uncommon sites in children. The diagnosis of hematogenic osteomyelitis is often delayed in children if it involves uncommon sites such as the pelvis, clavicle, or calcaneus. Although parenterally administered antibiotics may control the disease process in the acute stage, abscess formation requires incision and drainage. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism in this series, and it usually was penicillin resistnat. When the condition is diagnosed early and is properly treated with at least 3 weeks of antibiotic therapy and judicious surgical intervention, recurrences are rare and morbidity is minimal.", "PMID": 713602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5708", "title": "Metabolism of uric acid in normal and toxemic pregnancy.", "content": "The formation, measurement, and excretion of uric acid are reviewed. Since fluctuations in serum uric acid may be as high as 40% over a 24-hour period, a single value must be evaluated with caution. Alterations in the renal handling of uric acid are responsible for the pronounced decrease in serum uric acid over the first 20 weeks of gestation, its gradual increase in the latter part of pregnancy, and its further increase with pregnancy-induced hypertension. Although there is a fair degree of overlap between a normotensive control and a preeclamptic group, the level of serum uric acid generally correlates with the severity of preeclampsia. Possible intrarenal mechanisms that could produce these changes are discussed.", "contents": "Metabolism of uric acid in normal and toxemic pregnancy. The formation, measurement, and excretion of uric acid are reviewed. Since fluctuations in serum uric acid may be as high as 40% over a 24-hour period, a single value must be evaluated with caution. Alterations in the renal handling of uric acid are responsible for the pronounced decrease in serum uric acid over the first 20 weeks of gestation, its gradual increase in the latter part of pregnancy, and its further increase with pregnancy-induced hypertension. Although there is a fair degree of overlap between a normotensive control and a preeclamptic group, the level of serum uric acid generally correlates with the severity of preeclampsia. Possible intrarenal mechanisms that could produce these changes are discussed.", "PMID": 713603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5709", "title": "Left atrial myxoma simulating peripheral vasculitis.", "content": "Left atrial myxoma remains a diagnostic challenge clinically. A brief review of previously reported cases and their individualistic clinical and laboratory features are described. The present case report documents an unusual clinical presentation, initially directing attention to the central nervous system as well as to the peripheral arterial system. Histologic evidence of peripheral arterial myxomatous emboli, associated with vasculitis but without other confirmatory immunologic evidence of collagen vascular disease, had predated for 14 months the subsequent echocardiographic diagnosis of left artrial myxoma. These findings further emphasize the importance of recognizing the enigmatic and variable clinical presentation of left atrial myxoma.", "contents": "Left atrial myxoma simulating peripheral vasculitis. Left atrial myxoma remains a diagnostic challenge clinically. A brief review of previously reported cases and their individualistic clinical and laboratory features are described. The present case report documents an unusual clinical presentation, initially directing attention to the central nervous system as well as to the peripheral arterial system. Histologic evidence of peripheral arterial myxomatous emboli, associated with vasculitis but without other confirmatory immunologic evidence of collagen vascular disease, had predated for 14 months the subsequent echocardiographic diagnosis of left artrial myxoma. These findings further emphasize the importance of recognizing the enigmatic and variable clinical presentation of left atrial myxoma.", "PMID": 713604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5710", "title": "Comparison of the excitatory and anaesthetic effects of ethanol in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice; relation to blood ethanol concentration.", "content": "Ethanol increased the exploratory locomotion of BALB/c mice over a wide dose range (1.15--3.1 g/kg orally), whereas only a 2.31 g/kg dose of ethanol increased the locomotion of C57BL/6 mice. After 1.15 g/kg of ethanol the blood concentrations in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were 65 +/- 11 and 68 +/- 13 mg %, respectively, and after 2.3 g/kg--the corresponding concentrations were 156 +/- 26 and 142 +/- 14 mg % (mean +/- SEM). Doses of 3.8 and 4.6 g/kg inhibited the exploratory locomotion of mice of both strains to an equal extent. The induction time and the duration of ethanol-induced anaesthesia, as well as the blood ethanol concentrations (428 +/- 40 and 446 +/- 40 mg %, respectively, at the onset of anaesthesia) were similar in mice of both strains after a 5.4 g/kg dose. However, motor excitement before anaesthesia was observed only in the BALB/c mice. It is suggested that the observed strain differences in response to ethanol are due to low responsivity of C57BL/6 mice to the excitatory action of ethanol and are not caused by differences in the rate of its metabolism. Apparently, the excitatory and anaesthetic effects of ethanol are under separate genetic control mechanisms.", "contents": "Comparison of the excitatory and anaesthetic effects of ethanol in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice; relation to blood ethanol concentration. Ethanol increased the exploratory locomotion of BALB/c mice over a wide dose range (1.15--3.1 g/kg orally), whereas only a 2.31 g/kg dose of ethanol increased the locomotion of C57BL/6 mice. After 1.15 g/kg of ethanol the blood concentrations in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were 65 +/- 11 and 68 +/- 13 mg %, respectively, and after 2.3 g/kg--the corresponding concentrations were 156 +/- 26 and 142 +/- 14 mg % (mean +/- SEM). Doses of 3.8 and 4.6 g/kg inhibited the exploratory locomotion of mice of both strains to an equal extent. The induction time and the duration of ethanol-induced anaesthesia, as well as the blood ethanol concentrations (428 +/- 40 and 446 +/- 40 mg %, respectively, at the onset of anaesthesia) were similar in mice of both strains after a 5.4 g/kg dose. However, motor excitement before anaesthesia was observed only in the BALB/c mice. It is suggested that the observed strain differences in response to ethanol are due to low responsivity of C57BL/6 mice to the excitatory action of ethanol and are not caused by differences in the rate of its metabolism. Apparently, the excitatory and anaesthetic effects of ethanol are under separate genetic control mechanisms.", "PMID": 713623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5711", "title": "1-methyl and 1-benzyl derivatives of tetrahydroisoquinoline inhibit 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake by human blood platelets.", "content": "The effect of 1-methyl (salsoline, salsolidine) and 1-benzyl (papaverine) derivatives of tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ) on 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) uptake by human blood platelets was studied. The drugs tested inhibited 5-HT (3 X 10(-6)M 5 min incubation) uptake by 30--60 % at 10(-4)M concentration and by 20--25 % at 10(-5)M concentration.", "contents": "1-methyl and 1-benzyl derivatives of tetrahydroisoquinoline inhibit 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake by human blood platelets. The effect of 1-methyl (salsoline, salsolidine) and 1-benzyl (papaverine) derivatives of tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ) on 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) uptake by human blood platelets was studied. The drugs tested inhibited 5-HT (3 X 10(-6)M 5 min incubation) uptake by 30--60 % at 10(-4)M concentration and by 20--25 % at 10(-5)M concentration.", "PMID": 713624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5712", "title": "Impact of patient perceptions on compliance with treatment for hypertension.", "content": "Patient noncompliance with medical regimens is a major obstacle in achieving hypertension control. In this study the relationships between patients' perceptions of health, disease and medical treatment and compliance were examined in personal interviews with 142 patients under treatment for hypertension. Compliance was measured in terms of blood pressure control,  self-reported medication-taking, and appointment keeping. A multivariate log linear technique was used to control confounding. Blood pressure control was found to be associated with the perceived effficacy of the antihypertensive regimen, having medications prescribed for other chronic conditions, a high level of anxiety when hypertension was first diagnosed, the impact of hypertension and its treatment on lifestyle, and a higher educational level. For self-reported medication-taking, the perceived severity of hypertension, having medications prescribed for other chronic conditions and older age were predictive. Blood pressure control and self-reported medication-taking were highly correlated with each other(p = .02). Older age and being employed were the only variables that contributed independently to improved appointment keeping behavior. From these findings, it might be expected that emphasis on the effectiveness of treatment and on the potential threat posed by hypertension would motivate improved blood pressure control.", "contents": "Impact of patient perceptions on compliance with treatment for hypertension. Patient noncompliance with medical regimens is a major obstacle in achieving hypertension control. In this study the relationships between patients' perceptions of health, disease and medical treatment and compliance were examined in personal interviews with 142 patients under treatment for hypertension. Compliance was measured in terms of blood pressure control,  self-reported medication-taking, and appointment keeping. A multivariate log linear technique was used to control confounding. Blood pressure control was found to be associated with the perceived effficacy of the antihypertensive regimen, having medications prescribed for other chronic conditions, a high level of anxiety when hypertension was first diagnosed, the impact of hypertension and its treatment on lifestyle, and a higher educational level. For self-reported medication-taking, the perceived severity of hypertension, having medications prescribed for other chronic conditions and older age were predictive. Blood pressure control and self-reported medication-taking were highly correlated with each other(p = .02). Older age and being employed were the only variables that contributed independently to improved appointment keeping behavior. From these findings, it might be expected that emphasis on the effectiveness of treatment and on the potential threat posed by hypertension would motivate improved blood pressure control.", "PMID": 713625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5713", "title": "Appendicitis: decreasing normal removals without increasing perforations.", "content": "There is wide interhospital variation in the removal rates of histologically normal appendices, and variation also in appendectomy rates among countries and among hospital catchment areas. Decision theory suggests that better patient workup and careful observation of doubtful cases result in improved discrimination between appendicitis patients and those with nonspecific abdominal pain. By improving the data base and weighing evidence with care, a surgeon can reduce his false-positives without risk of increasing his perforation rate. In some cases it may even be possible to reduce the false-positives while simultaneously reducing perforations. In a survey of New England hospitals there was no inevitable inverse relationship between normal removal rates and perforation rates. Two examples of improvement in performance are cited from the literature.", "contents": "Appendicitis: decreasing normal removals without increasing perforations. There is wide interhospital variation in the removal rates of histologically normal appendices, and variation also in appendectomy rates among countries and among hospital catchment areas. Decision theory suggests that better patient workup and careful observation of doubtful cases result in improved discrimination between appendicitis patients and those with nonspecific abdominal pain. By improving the data base and weighing evidence with care, a surgeon can reduce his false-positives without risk of increasing his perforation rate. In some cases it may even be possible to reduce the false-positives while simultaneously reducing perforations. In a survey of New England hospitals there was no inevitable inverse relationship between normal removal rates and perforation rates. Two examples of improvement in performance are cited from the literature.", "PMID": 713626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5714", "title": "Temporal patterns in the use of health services leading to cholecystectomy: a process evaluation using insurance records.", "content": "Data from Saskatchewan's public medical and hospital insurance programs are used to estimate a multivariate model of health services utilization among cholecystectomy patients. A methodology is developed which partitions the care process into an assessment period, a waiting period, and a hospitalization period. The general hypothesis is that presurgical and surgical decisions of physicians are influenced by extra-medical factors, including the social condition of the patient and the availability of health resources. This hypothesis is only weakly supported by the data.", "contents": "Temporal patterns in the use of health services leading to cholecystectomy: a process evaluation using insurance records. Data from Saskatchewan's public medical and hospital insurance programs are used to estimate a multivariate model of health services utilization among cholecystectomy patients. A methodology is developed which partitions the care process into an assessment period, a waiting period, and a hospitalization period. The general hypothesis is that presurgical and surgical decisions of physicians are influenced by extra-medical factors, including the social condition of the patient and the availability of health resources. This hypothesis is only weakly supported by the data.", "PMID": 713627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5715", "title": "A new planning methodology to assess the impact of the health care system on health status.", "content": "This article summarizes a new methodology recently developed by the Rand Corporation which permits health planners to assess the impact of the local health care system on the health status of the population. The methodology, in algorithm form, should assist health planners in developing objectives and actions related to the occurrence of selected health status indicators and should be amenable to health care interventions. Emphasis has been placed on developing a simplified, approximate analysis that health planners will find both feasible and effective. No detailed mathematic analyses are called for. The data required are, in most instances, readily obtainable. The algorithm is a methodology by which HSAs can investigate determinants of health status, identify breakdowns in the health care system, and specify needed improvements in the system. The goal of these algorithms is to assist HSAs to obtain valid and sufficiently detailed data that will provide a basis for monitoring breakdowns in the health care system and to improve planning decisions aimed at preventing such breakdowns. This should, in turn, affect population health status in the planning area.", "contents": "A new planning methodology to assess the impact of the health care system on health status. This article summarizes a new methodology recently developed by the Rand Corporation which permits health planners to assess the impact of the local health care system on the health status of the population. The methodology, in algorithm form, should assist health planners in developing objectives and actions related to the occurrence of selected health status indicators and should be amenable to health care interventions. Emphasis has been placed on developing a simplified, approximate analysis that health planners will find both feasible and effective. No detailed mathematic analyses are called for. The data required are, in most instances, readily obtainable. The algorithm is a methodology by which HSAs can investigate determinants of health status, identify breakdowns in the health care system, and specify needed improvements in the system. The goal of these algorithms is to assist HSAs to obtain valid and sufficiently detailed data that will provide a basis for monitoring breakdowns in the health care system and to improve planning decisions aimed at preventing such breakdowns. This should, in turn, affect population health status in the planning area.", "PMID": 713628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5716", "title": "A survey of obstetrician-gynecologists' abortion attitudes and performances.", "content": "Attitudes toward general and repeat abortion are examined in a probability sample of board certified obstetrician-gynecologists in three Mid-Atlantic states. A mail-back questionnaire yielded seventy per cent response rate. A typology of abortion attitudes was developed by combining scores on two Guttman scales, one general acceptance and one repeat abortion acceptance scale. This resulted in six types varying from conservative to liberal. Personal and work setting characteristics were examined as correlates of abortion attitude. Personal characteristics are correlated; work setting characteristics are not. Obstetrician-gynecologists; abortion attitudes and performances are related.", "contents": "A survey of obstetrician-gynecologists' abortion attitudes and performances. Attitudes toward general and repeat abortion are examined in a probability sample of board certified obstetrician-gynecologists in three Mid-Atlantic states. A mail-back questionnaire yielded seventy per cent response rate. A typology of abortion attitudes was developed by combining scores on two Guttman scales, one general acceptance and one repeat abortion acceptance scale. This resulted in six types varying from conservative to liberal. Personal and work setting characteristics were examined as correlates of abortion attitude. Personal characteristics are correlated; work setting characteristics are not. Obstetrician-gynecologists; abortion attitudes and performances are related.", "PMID": 713629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5717", "title": "Patient attitudes about two forms of printed oral contraceptive information.", "content": "The desired form and style of written drug information for patients were assessed in a national survey of oral contraceptive (OC) users. These women were queried about two forms of OC information: a short insert included with dispensed drugs and a longer brochure delivered by the physician upon patient request. Longer and more detailed information, especially concerning drug dangers and directions for use, was strongly preferred. Younger and more educated women were more likely to report receiving the OC brochure and to desire more comprehensive information. Most respondents found information in both the insert and the brochure clear and useful, and felt it was important to include written information with other prescription drugs. The longer brochure was preferred over the shorter insert as a model of drug information to be included with additional drugs.", "contents": "Patient attitudes about two forms of printed oral contraceptive information. The desired form and style of written drug information for patients were assessed in a national survey of oral contraceptive (OC) users. These women were queried about two forms of OC information: a short insert included with dispensed drugs and a longer brochure delivered by the physician upon patient request. Longer and more detailed information, especially concerning drug dangers and directions for use, was strongly preferred. Younger and more educated women were more likely to report receiving the OC brochure and to desire more comprehensive information. Most respondents found information in both the insert and the brochure clear and useful, and felt it was important to include written information with other prescription drugs. The longer brochure was preferred over the shorter insert as a model of drug information to be included with additional drugs.", "PMID": 713630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5718", "title": "The prospects for health services in the United States.", "content": "The enormous variety of diagnoses and prescriptions for dealing with the health care crisis in the United States can be simplified and clarified by reference to four logically distinct models of methods for organizing the production of health services. The assumptions of the free market model, the bureaucratic planning model, the professional model and the cooperative equalitarian model are described, as are the characteristic pathologies connected with the form those models take in reality. The intrinsically expansionist character of the manufacturing, service and consumer segments of the U.S. health system is described and the suggestion made that legislative attempts to contain costs will lead to increased bureaucratization primarily at the expense of the consumer.", "contents": "The prospects for health services in the United States. The enormous variety of diagnoses and prescriptions for dealing with the health care crisis in the United States can be simplified and clarified by reference to four logically distinct models of methods for organizing the production of health services. The assumptions of the free market model, the bureaucratic planning model, the professional model and the cooperative equalitarian model are described, as are the characteristic pathologies connected with the form those models take in reality. The intrinsically expansionist character of the manufacturing, service and consumer segments of the U.S. health system is described and the suggestion made that legislative attempts to contain costs will lead to increased bureaucratization primarily at the expense of the consumer.", "PMID": 713631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5719", "title": "Second opinion elective surgery programs: outcome status over time.", "content": "Given the increasing rate of surgery and the escalating costs of hospitalization, it seems appropriate to review the necessity of recommended elective surgery before the surgery is performed. The second opinion elective surgery program is designed to screen patients before they undergo surgery. Findings are based on all not confirmed for surgery cases and an equal number of confirmed for surgery cases who were evaluated one year after their second opinion consultation. Roughly 77.9% of those not confirmed had not had the surgery and, of this, 64.4% reported no medical treatment (potential surplus surgery). Of the 710 not confirmed cases, one third (34.9%) never reported receiving medical treatment. The majority of those individuals confirmed for surgery did have the operation; however, 25.4% had not had surgery one year from their consultation. Thirty-two per cent of the confirmed cases reported never receiving medical treatment. There were 77 individuals (11.1%) who were confirmed for surgery who neither reported having surgery nor any medical treatment (population at risk). Subsequent follow up studies will present a clearer assessment of the ability of the program to screen potential surplus surgery and to realize cost savings.", "contents": "Second opinion elective surgery programs: outcome status over time. Given the increasing rate of surgery and the escalating costs of hospitalization, it seems appropriate to review the necessity of recommended elective surgery before the surgery is performed. The second opinion elective surgery program is designed to screen patients before they undergo surgery. Findings are based on all not confirmed for surgery cases and an equal number of confirmed for surgery cases who were evaluated one year after their second opinion consultation. Roughly 77.9% of those not confirmed had not had the surgery and, of this, 64.4% reported no medical treatment (potential surplus surgery). Of the 710 not confirmed cases, one third (34.9%) never reported receiving medical treatment. The majority of those individuals confirmed for surgery did have the operation; however, 25.4% had not had surgery one year from their consultation. Thirty-two per cent of the confirmed cases reported never receiving medical treatment. There were 77 individuals (11.1%) who were confirmed for surgery who neither reported having surgery nor any medical treatment (population at risk). Subsequent follow up studies will present a clearer assessment of the ability of the program to screen potential surplus surgery and to realize cost savings.", "PMID": 713632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5720", "title": "A comparison of fenestration of the horizontal canal and stapedectomy in the opposite ear.", "content": "The Lempert one stage horizontal semicircular canal fenestration was the surgical procedure of choice for otosclerosis from 1939 to 1954. Subsequently, mobilization and stapedectomy replaced fenestration. In the offices of Drs. Day, Jordan, and Caparosa, the horizontal semicircular canal fenestration was performed from 1940 to 1955; the mobilization, two years; and, thereafter, the stapedectomy. A significant number of patients have had fenestration on one side and stapedectomy on the opposite ear. Fifty patients seen consecutively were reviewed. Reliable office audiological testing has been available only in the more recent years; and, therefore, audiological statistical comparison has limited reliability. It is felt, however, that a review of these patients and the study of their surviving hearing results is a worthwhile inferential comparison.", "contents": "A comparison of fenestration of the horizontal canal and stapedectomy in the opposite ear. The Lempert one stage horizontal semicircular canal fenestration was the surgical procedure of choice for otosclerosis from 1939 to 1954. Subsequently, mobilization and stapedectomy replaced fenestration. In the offices of Drs. Day, Jordan, and Caparosa, the horizontal semicircular canal fenestration was performed from 1940 to 1955; the mobilization, two years; and, thereafter, the stapedectomy. A significant number of patients have had fenestration on one side and stapedectomy on the opposite ear. Fifty patients seen consecutively were reviewed. Reliable office audiological testing has been available only in the more recent years; and, therefore, audiological statistical comparison has limited reliability. It is felt, however, that a review of these patients and the study of their surviving hearing results is a worthwhile inferential comparison.", "PMID": 713667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5721", "title": "Civilian air travel and the otolaryngologist.", "content": "Thousands of individuals fly commercial airlines and private aircraft daily. One airline boasts of serving more than 100,000 passengers each day. Of these individuals exposed to barometric alterations, an undocumented number will develop significant barotrauma and may seek help from an otolaryngologist. Although many otolaryngologists learn the mechanics and management of barotrauma as military flight surgeons, residents in otolaryngology usually receive no specific training in this area. Because private and commercial aviation are so common today, we believe that a basic knowledge of barometric changes experienced while flying is essential for the practicing otolaryngologist. These basic principles are covered in this presentation. Case histories will also be discussed. One patient, who presented with signs of perilymph fistula, including sensorineural deafness and abnormal ENG, recovered spontaneously.", "contents": "Civilian air travel and the otolaryngologist. Thousands of individuals fly commercial airlines and private aircraft daily. One airline boasts of serving more than 100,000 passengers each day. Of these individuals exposed to barometric alterations, an undocumented number will develop significant barotrauma and may seek help from an otolaryngologist. Although many otolaryngologists learn the mechanics and management of barotrauma as military flight surgeons, residents in otolaryngology usually receive no specific training in this area. Because private and commercial aviation are so common today, we believe that a basic knowledge of barometric changes experienced while flying is essential for the practicing otolaryngologist. These basic principles are covered in this presentation. Case histories will also be discussed. One patient, who presented with signs of perilymph fistula, including sensorineural deafness and abnormal ENG, recovered spontaneously.", "PMID": 713668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5722", "title": "Surgical approach to tumors of the nasal cavity.", "content": "In the past there has been a general reluctance among rhinologists to remove the entire lateral nasal wall for fear of causing drastic disturbances of nasal physiology. It has been our observation that the physiological disturbances are fairly minimal if the patient, following surgery, uses nasal saline irrigations daily. Sometimes a nasal siphon or water pik is required to prevent crusting. It has also been noted that when the septum is removed, a chronic antritis on the contralateral side will usually occur. It has been our practice to do an antrostomy on the uninvolved side when the septum has been removed for any reason. Ophthalmologists have shown some reticence to having the entire bony support of the medial wall of the orbit and half the floor removed. This does necessitate transecting the lacrimal duct at its neck. We have, however, seen no trouble with epiphora following this provided the sac was allowed to drain in to the open nasal cavity. The trochlea is by necessity deprived of its support; however, the periostium seems to provide adequate support here and we have noticed no troublesome permanent problems with function of this muscle. The periorbita, which has been robbed of its osseous support, quickly epithelializes with nasal mucosa and becomes a part of the nasal cavity. Requirements for intranasal douching with saline have varied; however, we have had no problems with bothersome crusting following b.i.d. nasal irrigations. In cases where a small portion of the inferior turbinate could be preserved, there was always extreme hypertrophy of this remnant which usually brings the nasal physiology back to a nearly normal state which seldom requires any special care whatever. This paper presents primarily a method of approaching tumors of the sinonasal area, especially when there is difficulty in determining whether the lesion arises from the septum or lateral wall of the nose.", "contents": "Surgical approach to tumors of the nasal cavity. In the past there has been a general reluctance among rhinologists to remove the entire lateral nasal wall for fear of causing drastic disturbances of nasal physiology. It has been our observation that the physiological disturbances are fairly minimal if the patient, following surgery, uses nasal saline irrigations daily. Sometimes a nasal siphon or water pik is required to prevent crusting. It has also been noted that when the septum is removed, a chronic antritis on the contralateral side will usually occur. It has been our practice to do an antrostomy on the uninvolved side when the septum has been removed for any reason. Ophthalmologists have shown some reticence to having the entire bony support of the medial wall of the orbit and half the floor removed. This does necessitate transecting the lacrimal duct at its neck. We have, however, seen no trouble with epiphora following this provided the sac was allowed to drain in to the open nasal cavity. The trochlea is by necessity deprived of its support; however, the periostium seems to provide adequate support here and we have noticed no troublesome permanent problems with function of this muscle. The periorbita, which has been robbed of its osseous support, quickly epithelializes with nasal mucosa and becomes a part of the nasal cavity. Requirements for intranasal douching with saline have varied; however, we have had no problems with bothersome crusting following b.i.d. nasal irrigations. In cases where a small portion of the inferior turbinate could be preserved, there was always extreme hypertrophy of this remnant which usually brings the nasal physiology back to a nearly normal state which seldom requires any special care whatever. This paper presents primarily a method of approaching tumors of the sinonasal area, especially when there is difficulty in determining whether the lesion arises from the septum or lateral wall of the nose.", "PMID": 713669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5723", "title": "Anatomical consequences of CO2 laser surgery of the guinea pig ear.", "content": "A modified American Optical (Model 100) CO2 laser was used to produce lesions in the tympanic membranes, ossicles, and cochlear capsules of guinea pigs. Even with the lowest available intensities and durations (0.4 watts, 50 msec), there was damage to the inner ear. Although laser surgery of the ear can avoid mechanical trauma and bleeding as well as increase accuracy, the use of commercial lasers in ear surgery should be avoided until a proven unit is available.", "contents": "Anatomical consequences of CO2 laser surgery of the guinea pig ear. A modified American Optical (Model 100) CO2 laser was used to produce lesions in the tympanic membranes, ossicles, and cochlear capsules of guinea pigs. Even with the lowest available intensities and durations (0.4 watts, 50 msec), there was damage to the inner ear. Although laser surgery of the ear can avoid mechanical trauma and bleeding as well as increase accuracy, the use of commercial lasers in ear surgery should be avoided until a proven unit is available.", "PMID": 713670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5724", "title": "Drug therapy in otomycosis: an in vitro study.", "content": "Otomycosis represents a small percentage of clinical external otitis. This well documented entity is often a stubborn clinical problem and, in contrast to bacterial external otitis, there is no otic preparation with specific antifungal activity. In response to this lack of otic preparations, we have surveyed in vitro a variety of available preparations to determine the general spectrum of activity against appropriate bacterial and fungal species. An agar-disc diffusion system was used testing the drugs against (1.) bacteria common in external otitis, and (2.) a variety of yeast and filamentous fungi. Aqueous Merthiolate and Cresylate demonstrated good non-specific antimicrobial activity, while nystatin and clotrimazole demonstrated specific antifungal activity. Otic preparations can now be used which have demonstrated in vitro effectiveness and give an alternate means of therapy to the now empirically selected otic preparation used for otomycosis.", "contents": "Drug therapy in otomycosis: an in vitro study. Otomycosis represents a small percentage of clinical external otitis. This well documented entity is often a stubborn clinical problem and, in contrast to bacterial external otitis, there is no otic preparation with specific antifungal activity. In response to this lack of otic preparations, we have surveyed in vitro a variety of available preparations to determine the general spectrum of activity against appropriate bacterial and fungal species. An agar-disc diffusion system was used testing the drugs against (1.) bacteria common in external otitis, and (2.) a variety of yeast and filamentous fungi. Aqueous Merthiolate and Cresylate demonstrated good non-specific antimicrobial activity, while nystatin and clotrimazole demonstrated specific antifungal activity. Otic preparations can now be used which have demonstrated in vitro effectiveness and give an alternate means of therapy to the now empirically selected otic preparation used for otomycosis.", "PMID": 713671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5725", "title": "Otospongiosis (otosclerosis): polytomographic and histologic correlation.", "content": "The Temporal Bone Laboratory of Northwestern University Medical School has three sets of temporal bones from patients who had antemortem polytomographic examinations resulting in a diagnosis of otospongiotic involvement of the cochlea. One of these cases was thought to have been an example of pure cochlear otospongiosis. The other two cases were patients with clinical (stapedial) otospongiosis, and their polytomograms were interpreted as unilateral otospongiosis with involvement of the basal turn of the cochlea. In the first set of temporal bones, no otospongiosis was present. In the other two sets, the otospongiotic lesion did not involve the cochlea, and a contralateral otospongiotic lesion was present that had not been seen on the polytomograms. Caution must be exercised in the interpretation of subtle polytomographic changes noted in the cochlear capsule and restraint used in the X-ray diagnosis of pure cochlear otospongiosis until there is evidence of correlation with pathological material.", "contents": "Otospongiosis (otosclerosis): polytomographic and histologic correlation. The Temporal Bone Laboratory of Northwestern University Medical School has three sets of temporal bones from patients who had antemortem polytomographic examinations resulting in a diagnosis of otospongiotic involvement of the cochlea. One of these cases was thought to have been an example of pure cochlear otospongiosis. The other two cases were patients with clinical (stapedial) otospongiosis, and their polytomograms were interpreted as unilateral otospongiosis with involvement of the basal turn of the cochlea. In the first set of temporal bones, no otospongiosis was present. In the other two sets, the otospongiotic lesion did not involve the cochlea, and a contralateral otospongiotic lesion was present that had not been seen on the polytomograms. Caution must be exercised in the interpretation of subtle polytomographic changes noted in the cochlear capsule and restraint used in the X-ray diagnosis of pure cochlear otospongiosis until there is evidence of correlation with pathological material.", "PMID": 713672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5726", "title": "Respiratory rate and ATP content of stria vascularis of guinea pig in vitro.", "content": "Stria vascularis from guinea pig cochleae was incubated in vitro to determine its metabolic response to variations in substrate and ion composition of the incubation medium. The respiratory rate at 37 degrees C in a medium containing glucose and pyruvate as substrate was 17.3 +/- 1.33 (SEM, n = 51) microliter O2/mg dry weight-hour. The stria could not maintain constant respiration by relying solely upon endogenous fuel stores. With substrate supplied, the ATP level could be maintained at about 73% of that existing in vivo. Glucose appears to be an adequate substrate for stria in vitro since glutamate, pyruvate, and fumarate did not increase the respiratory rate. Succinate increased respiration markedly but did not increase the ATP level. Ouabain (10(-4) M) caused a 48% decrease in the respiratory rate. Incubation in Na+-free and K\"-free medium, each resulted in irreversible decrease of respiratory rate comparable to (or greater than) that caused by ouabain. These data are in accord with the high activity of Na+-K+-ATPase in the stria and the pronounced sensitivity of the endolymphatic potential to ouabain.", "contents": "Respiratory rate and ATP content of stria vascularis of guinea pig in vitro. Stria vascularis from guinea pig cochleae was incubated in vitro to determine its metabolic response to variations in substrate and ion composition of the incubation medium. The respiratory rate at 37 degrees C in a medium containing glucose and pyruvate as substrate was 17.3 +/- 1.33 (SEM, n = 51) microliter O2/mg dry weight-hour. The stria could not maintain constant respiration by relying solely upon endogenous fuel stores. With substrate supplied, the ATP level could be maintained at about 73% of that existing in vivo. Glucose appears to be an adequate substrate for stria in vitro since glutamate, pyruvate, and fumarate did not increase the respiratory rate. Succinate increased respiration markedly but did not increase the ATP level. Ouabain (10(-4) M) caused a 48% decrease in the respiratory rate. Incubation in Na+-free and K\"-free medium, each resulted in irreversible decrease of respiratory rate comparable to (or greater than) that caused by ouabain. These data are in accord with the high activity of Na+-K+-ATPase in the stria and the pronounced sensitivity of the endolymphatic potential to ouabain.", "PMID": 713673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5727", "title": "Procedures for preparation of otological and audiological data for computer analysis.", "content": "Extensive amounts of clinical data exist in the files of facilities providing otological and audiological services. Because of the considerable time involved in manual analysis, some departments are beginning to consider the use of computers for analyzing the data. It is often assumed that this data can simply be submitted to a computer center for analysis. This, however, is not the case. A careful series of planned procedures must be undertaken before information can be submitted and analyzed. This paper illustrates the procedural steps necessary to permit the utilization of a computer system for analysis of clinical data. The feasibility of the use of these procedures in the examination of otological and audiological data is considered.", "contents": "Procedures for preparation of otological and audiological data for computer analysis. Extensive amounts of clinical data exist in the files of facilities providing otological and audiological services. Because of the considerable time involved in manual analysis, some departments are beginning to consider the use of computers for analyzing the data. It is often assumed that this data can simply be submitted to a computer center for analysis. This, however, is not the case. A careful series of planned procedures must be undertaken before information can be submitted and analyzed. This paper illustrates the procedural steps necessary to permit the utilization of a computer system for analysis of clinical data. The feasibility of the use of these procedures in the examination of otological and audiological data is considered.", "PMID": 713674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5728", "title": "Recurrence as a mode of determining efficacy in treatment of carcinoma of the larynx.", "content": "A study population of 374 patients with cancer of the larynx was evaluated, treated, and followed at yearly intervals up to a maximum of 18 years post-diagnosis. Of these, 348 received definitive therapy to attempt to eradicate their disease and were followed for recurrence and presence of cancer at death. In Stages I, II, and III recurrence of disease appears to be a very good indicator of therapeutic efficacy. Stage I carcinomas of the larynx should be treated with radiation as the proportions of patients with recurrences were the same for both primary surgical or radiation therapy. In Stages II and III, primary surgical therapy significantly lowered the proportion recurring when compared with primary radiation therapy. In Stage IV carcinomas of the larynx, both survival and recurrence accurately reflect therapeutic efficacy since most patients suffer recurrence of their carcinoma and die of the disease.", "contents": "Recurrence as a mode of determining efficacy in treatment of carcinoma of the larynx. A study population of 374 patients with cancer of the larynx was evaluated, treated, and followed at yearly intervals up to a maximum of 18 years post-diagnosis. Of these, 348 received definitive therapy to attempt to eradicate their disease and were followed for recurrence and presence of cancer at death. In Stages I, II, and III recurrence of disease appears to be a very good indicator of therapeutic efficacy. Stage I carcinomas of the larynx should be treated with radiation as the proportions of patients with recurrences were the same for both primary surgical or radiation therapy. In Stages II and III, primary surgical therapy significantly lowered the proportion recurring when compared with primary radiation therapy. In Stage IV carcinomas of the larynx, both survival and recurrence accurately reflect therapeutic efficacy since most patients suffer recurrence of their carcinoma and die of the disease.", "PMID": 713675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5729", "title": "The relationship between adience-abience scale scores and judged communication proficiency of alaryngeal speakers.", "content": "Fifteen esophageal speakers and 15 artificial larynx speakers were administered the Hutt Adaptation of the Bender-Gestalt Test (HABGT): Adience-Abience Scale. Adience was defined as the individual's tendency to be motivated to adapt to new experiences that effect his physical functioning. Conversely, abience was defined as the individual's tendency to avoid or be inhibited from adapting to new experiences that effect his physical functioning. Audio-tape recordings were made of each speaker and used to determine verbal communication proficiency by six speech pathologists. Results indicated that the HABGT: Adience-Abience Scale was able to differentiate between the two groups of alaryngeal speakers, as well as relate to their verbal communication proficiency.", "contents": "The relationship between adience-abience scale scores and judged communication proficiency of alaryngeal speakers. Fifteen esophageal speakers and 15 artificial larynx speakers were administered the Hutt Adaptation of the Bender-Gestalt Test (HABGT): Adience-Abience Scale. Adience was defined as the individual's tendency to be motivated to adapt to new experiences that effect his physical functioning. Conversely, abience was defined as the individual's tendency to avoid or be inhibited from adapting to new experiences that effect his physical functioning. Audio-tape recordings were made of each speaker and used to determine verbal communication proficiency by six speech pathologists. Results indicated that the HABGT: Adience-Abience Scale was able to differentiate between the two groups of alaryngeal speakers, as well as relate to their verbal communication proficiency.", "PMID": 713676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5730", "title": "Altered bacterial flora and clinical course with intraoral cancer.", "content": "Nineteen consecutive patients with intraoral cancer were cultured and tested for cell-mediated immunity. They were then treated and followed for three years. The recurrence rate for those patients with normal flora was similar to that reported for dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) reactors; and the recurrence rate for those patients with abnormal microorganisms was similar to that reported for DNCB non-reactors.", "contents": "Altered bacterial flora and clinical course with intraoral cancer. Nineteen consecutive patients with intraoral cancer were cultured and tested for cell-mediated immunity. They were then treated and followed for three years. The recurrence rate for those patients with normal flora was similar to that reported for dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) reactors; and the recurrence rate for those patients with abnormal microorganisms was similar to that reported for DNCB non-reactors.", "PMID": 713677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5731", "title": "Antitumor Plants. V. Constituents of Cinchona pubescens.", "content": "The stem bark and stem wood of Cinchona pubescens were found to owe their weak cytotoxic activity to the presence of quinovic acid. This acid and its 3-rhamnoside were isolated and characterized through several derivatives, all of which were assayed for their cytotoxicity.", "contents": "Antitumor Plants. V. Constituents of Cinchona pubescens. The stem bark and stem wood of Cinchona pubescens were found to owe their weak cytotoxic activity to the presence of quinovic acid. This acid and its 3-rhamnoside were isolated and characterized through several derivatives, all of which were assayed for their cytotoxicity.", "PMID": 713707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5732", "title": "Polyenoic acid metabolism in cultured human skin fibroblasts.", "content": "The incorporation of [1-14C]linoleic acid, and [1-14C]linolenic acid into cellular lipids of cultured human skin fibroblasts was studied. Cultured cells took up both labeled fatty acids at nearly the same rate and incorporated them into a variety of lipid classes. At the end of 1 hr incubation with [1-14C]linoleic acid, radioactivity was found in the triacylglycerol (TG) and choline phosphoglyceride (CPG) pools preferentially. Incorporation into the TG fraction decreased rapidly, while the uptake into CPG, serine phosphoglyceride (SPG), and ethanolamine phosphoglyceride (EPG) fractions increased progressively with longer incubation times. Similar results were obtained with [1-14C]linolenic acid as precursor. At the end of 24 hr, desaturation and chain elongation of 18:3 n-3 was more extensive than conversion of 18:2 n-6 to higher polyenoic acids. During pulse-chase experiments with either fatty acid precursor, the incorporated radioactivity was progressively lost from cellular lipids, particularly from the TG and CPG fractions, but continued to increase in the SPG and EPG pools. The similar labeling pattern of cellular phospholipids with linoleic or linolenic acids, and data from pulse-chase studies suggest that a direct transfer of fatty acids from CPG to EPG is a likely pathway in fibroblast cultures. Incorporation into the EPG pool during the pulse-chase experiments paralleled extensive desaturation and elongation of linoleic acid to 20:4 n-6, and 22:4 n-6; and of linolenic acid into 22.5 n-3 and 22:6 n-3.", "contents": "Polyenoic acid metabolism in cultured human skin fibroblasts. The incorporation of [1-14C]linoleic acid, and [1-14C]linolenic acid into cellular lipids of cultured human skin fibroblasts was studied. Cultured cells took up both labeled fatty acids at nearly the same rate and incorporated them into a variety of lipid classes. At the end of 1 hr incubation with [1-14C]linoleic acid, radioactivity was found in the triacylglycerol (TG) and choline phosphoglyceride (CPG) pools preferentially. Incorporation into the TG fraction decreased rapidly, while the uptake into CPG, serine phosphoglyceride (SPG), and ethanolamine phosphoglyceride (EPG) fractions increased progressively with longer incubation times. Similar results were obtained with [1-14C]linolenic acid as precursor. At the end of 24 hr, desaturation and chain elongation of 18:3 n-3 was more extensive than conversion of 18:2 n-6 to higher polyenoic acids. During pulse-chase experiments with either fatty acid precursor, the incorporated radioactivity was progressively lost from cellular lipids, particularly from the TG and CPG fractions, but continued to increase in the SPG and EPG pools. The similar labeling pattern of cellular phospholipids with linoleic or linolenic acids, and data from pulse-chase studies suggest that a direct transfer of fatty acids from CPG to EPG is a likely pathway in fibroblast cultures. Incorporation into the EPG pool during the pulse-chase experiments paralleled extensive desaturation and elongation of linoleic acid to 20:4 n-6, and 22:4 n-6; and of linolenic acid into 22.5 n-3 and 22:6 n-3.", "PMID": 713711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5733", "title": "Arachidonic acid intestinal absorption: mechanism of transport and influence of luminal factors of absorption in vitro.", "content": "The mechanism and characteristics of intestinal absorption of arachidonic acid were studied in vitro using everted intestinal sacs of the rat. Arachidonic acid absorption was studied at concentrations of 5 micron to 8.36 mM. The plot of absorption rate vs. concentration fitted best to a rectangular hyperbola at low micron concentrations and to a straight linear relationship in the mM range of concentrations. Metabolic inhibitors and uncouplers did not change absorption in either range of concentrations. The absorption of arachidonic acid increased with thinning of the unstirred water-layer, decrease in the pH, or the substitution of sodium taurocholate by Pluronic F 68 OR Tween 80. Absorption decreased following the equimolar additions of oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids. Absorption rate did not change when the taurocholate concentration was varied from 5-15 mM or following the additions of butyric or glutamic acids, leucine, lysine, or dextrose. It was concluded that arachidonic acid is absorbed by a concentration-dependent dual mechanism of transport which is not energy dependent. At the low micron range of concentrations, facilitated diffusion is predominant, while at mM concentrations, simple diffusion is the dominant mechanism of absorption. Changes in the intestinal fluid composition, flow rate, and pH can modify the rate of absorption of arachidonic acid.", "contents": "Arachidonic acid intestinal absorption: mechanism of transport and influence of luminal factors of absorption in vitro. The mechanism and characteristics of intestinal absorption of arachidonic acid were studied in vitro using everted intestinal sacs of the rat. Arachidonic acid absorption was studied at concentrations of 5 micron to 8.36 mM. The plot of absorption rate vs. concentration fitted best to a rectangular hyperbola at low micron concentrations and to a straight linear relationship in the mM range of concentrations. Metabolic inhibitors and uncouplers did not change absorption in either range of concentrations. The absorption of arachidonic acid increased with thinning of the unstirred water-layer, decrease in the pH, or the substitution of sodium taurocholate by Pluronic F 68 OR Tween 80. Absorption decreased following the equimolar additions of oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids. Absorption rate did not change when the taurocholate concentration was varied from 5-15 mM or following the additions of butyric or glutamic acids, leucine, lysine, or dextrose. It was concluded that arachidonic acid is absorbed by a concentration-dependent dual mechanism of transport which is not energy dependent. At the low micron range of concentrations, facilitated diffusion is predominant, while at mM concentrations, simple diffusion is the dominant mechanism of absorption. Changes in the intestinal fluid composition, flow rate, and pH can modify the rate of absorption of arachidonic acid.", "PMID": 713712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5734", "title": "The behavior of rat bile phospholipids in the intestine and in incubation media containing pancreatic juice.", "content": "Samples of radioactive bile were collected from rats after intravenous injection of potassium soaps ([9-10 3H2] or [1 14C] oleate, [1 14C] linoleate or [9-10 3H2] palmitate). These radioactive acids were chosen because it is well established that, in natural phosphatidyl cholines, palmitic acid is located chiefly at the 1 position and linoleic and oleic acids at the 2 position. After incubation of bile with pancreatic juice, the labeling of unchanged biliary phospholipids was higher when native bile was labeled with oleic acid than with palmitic or linoleic acids. These data suggest that monounsaturated molecular species of biliary phospholipids are more resistant than the diunsaturated ones to in vitro hydrolysis by phospholipase A2. Ninety min after introduction of the radioactive bile into the upper part of the rat duodenum, high labeling of luminal phospholipids was observed regardless of the bile sample used, although labeling of free fatty acids was always low. The passage of intact biliary phospholipids through the intestinal epithelium is discussed.", "contents": "The behavior of rat bile phospholipids in the intestine and in incubation media containing pancreatic juice. Samples of radioactive bile were collected from rats after intravenous injection of potassium soaps ([9-10 3H2] or [1 14C] oleate, [1 14C] linoleate or [9-10 3H2] palmitate). These radioactive acids were chosen because it is well established that, in natural phosphatidyl cholines, palmitic acid is located chiefly at the 1 position and linoleic and oleic acids at the 2 position. After incubation of bile with pancreatic juice, the labeling of unchanged biliary phospholipids was higher when native bile was labeled with oleic acid than with palmitic or linoleic acids. These data suggest that monounsaturated molecular species of biliary phospholipids are more resistant than the diunsaturated ones to in vitro hydrolysis by phospholipase A2. Ninety min after introduction of the radioactive bile into the upper part of the rat duodenum, high labeling of luminal phospholipids was observed regardless of the bile sample used, although labeling of free fatty acids was always low. The passage of intact biliary phospholipids through the intestinal epithelium is discussed.", "PMID": 713714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5735", "title": "Screening of higher plants for biological activities. II. Antiviral activity.", "content": "Extracts prepared from 100 samples of higher plants were evaluated for antiviral activity against several viruses, including Semliki forest, coxsackie, measles, poliomyelitis, herpes, and adeno viruses. The plants were chosen from 73 genera and 43 families on the basis of literature data and medicinal reports on antimicrobial activity. The results of the antiviral testing showed that eight of these extracts exhibited a pronounced activity against one or more of the test viruses. Another three plant extracts showed a moderate level of antiviral activity against some of the test viruses.", "contents": "Screening of higher plants for biological activities. II. Antiviral activity. Extracts prepared from 100 samples of higher plants were evaluated for antiviral activity against several viruses, including Semliki forest, coxsackie, measles, poliomyelitis, herpes, and adeno viruses. The plants were chosen from 73 genera and 43 families on the basis of literature data and medicinal reports on antimicrobial activity. The results of the antiviral testing showed that eight of these extracts exhibited a pronounced activity against one or more of the test viruses. Another three plant extracts showed a moderate level of antiviral activity against some of the test viruses.", "PMID": 713708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5736", "title": "In vitro and in vivo effects of exogenous lipids on the enzymatic hydrolysis of rat bile phospholipids.", "content": "The addition of total phospholipids, phosphatidylcholines, triglycerides, cholesterol or glycerol to incubation media containing rat pancreatic juice and bile labeled with [9, 10 3H2] oleic acid (90% of the radioactivity present as phospholipids) had no effect on the hydrolysis of bile endogenous phospholipids. The introduction of 2 or 10 mg of phosphatidylcholines and 0.5 ml of bile (approximately 1.5 mg of phospholipids) into the rat upper duodenum decreased the rate absorption of native bile phospholipids. It was not followed by an increase of free fatty acids released from biliary phospholipids in the intestinal lumen. The introduction of bile (0.5 ml) and small amounts of triolein (1.4--3.5 mg) into the duodenum had little effect on the rate of hydrolysis and absorption of native bile phospholipids, but caused a reduced absorption of the free fatty acids released or those coming from initial nonphosphorus biliary lipids. The introduction of bile (0.5 ml) and large amounts of triolein (30 mg) into the duodenum increased the rates of hydrolysis and absorption of endogenous bile phospholipids. These observations suggest that luminal lipid components can modify the organization of luminal micelles and, consequently, the action of the pancreatic phospholipase A2 and the absorption of bile lipids.", "contents": "In vitro and in vivo effects of exogenous lipids on the enzymatic hydrolysis of rat bile phospholipids. The addition of total phospholipids, phosphatidylcholines, triglycerides, cholesterol or glycerol to incubation media containing rat pancreatic juice and bile labeled with [9, 10 3H2] oleic acid (90% of the radioactivity present as phospholipids) had no effect on the hydrolysis of bile endogenous phospholipids. The introduction of 2 or 10 mg of phosphatidylcholines and 0.5 ml of bile (approximately 1.5 mg of phospholipids) into the rat upper duodenum decreased the rate absorption of native bile phospholipids. It was not followed by an increase of free fatty acids released from biliary phospholipids in the intestinal lumen. The introduction of bile (0.5 ml) and small amounts of triolein (1.4--3.5 mg) into the duodenum had little effect on the rate of hydrolysis and absorption of native bile phospholipids, but caused a reduced absorption of the free fatty acids released or those coming from initial nonphosphorus biliary lipids. The introduction of bile (0.5 ml) and large amounts of triolein (30 mg) into the duodenum increased the rates of hydrolysis and absorption of endogenous bile phospholipids. These observations suggest that luminal lipid components can modify the organization of luminal micelles and, consequently, the action of the pancreatic phospholipase A2 and the absorption of bile lipids.", "PMID": 713715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5737", "title": "The incorporation of orally administered radiolabeled dihomo gamma-linolenic acid (20 : 3 omega 6) into rat tissue lipids and its conversion of arachidonic acid.", "content": "Radioactivity from orally administered radiolabeled dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (20 : 3 omega 6) was recovered from the liver, plasma and brain lipid fractions. After administration the fatty acid was metabolized to arachidonic acid, the 22 carbon chain length fatty acid, and was also beta-oxidized. However, 22 hr after administration of [1-14C] 20 : 3 between one-third and one-half of the recovered radioactivity was still associated with dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid in the liver and plasma lipid fractions. Orally administered dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid is incorporated into lipid fractions and is, therefore, available in the metabolic pool for  PGE1 synthesis.", "contents": "The incorporation of orally administered radiolabeled dihomo gamma-linolenic acid (20 : 3 omega 6) into rat tissue lipids and its conversion of arachidonic acid. Radioactivity from orally administered radiolabeled dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (20 : 3 omega 6) was recovered from the liver, plasma and brain lipid fractions. After administration the fatty acid was metabolized to arachidonic acid, the 22 carbon chain length fatty acid, and was also beta-oxidized. However, 22 hr after administration of [1-14C] 20 : 3 between one-third and one-half of the recovered radioactivity was still associated with dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid in the liver and plasma lipid fractions. Orally administered dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid is incorporated into lipid fractions and is, therefore, available in the metabolic pool for  PGE1 synthesis.", "PMID": 713716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5738", "title": "Effects of feeding ethyl-dihomo-gamma-linolenate on rabbit renomedullary lipid composition and prostaglandin production in vitro.", "content": "Feeding the ethyl ester of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid for 25 days to rabbits resulted in increased PGE1 (20 to 30-fold) and PGE2 (1.5-fold) output by a hormone responsive, in vitro, renal papilla preparation. The relative amount of PGE1 increased from less than 5% of PGE2 in controls to 25-35% of PGE2 in the papillae of 20 : 3 omega 6-supplemented animals. During the study renomedullary tri glycerides in the 20 : 3 omega 6-supplemented animals increased 2.8-fold compared to animals fed an equal amount of a control fatty acid mixture, and in addition to a marked enrichment in 20 : 3 omega 6, also contained increased proportions of 20 : 4 omega 6 and longer chain polyenes. The increase in triglyceride content found in the renal medulla was not seen in the renal cortex or liver. There was no increase in renomedullary phospholipid content during the study, and phopholipids of treated animals contained increased proportions of 20 : 3 omega 6 and 20 : 4 omega 6, but not longer chain polyenes. The results indicate that enriching the prostaglandin precursor pool by feeding 20 : 3 omega 6 can alter the type and amount of prostaglandin released by the renal papilla, at least in vitro. Also, the selective changes in amount and long chain polyene content of renomedullary triglycerides during the study suggest some special functions for this lipid class in prostaglandin precursor metabolism.", "contents": "Effects of feeding ethyl-dihomo-gamma-linolenate on rabbit renomedullary lipid composition and prostaglandin production in vitro. Feeding the ethyl ester of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid for 25 days to rabbits resulted in increased PGE1 (20 to 30-fold) and PGE2 (1.5-fold) output by a hormone responsive, in vitro, renal papilla preparation. The relative amount of PGE1 increased from less than 5% of PGE2 in controls to 25-35% of PGE2 in the papillae of 20 : 3 omega 6-supplemented animals. During the study renomedullary tri glycerides in the 20 : 3 omega 6-supplemented animals increased 2.8-fold compared to animals fed an equal amount of a control fatty acid mixture, and in addition to a marked enrichment in 20 : 3 omega 6, also contained increased proportions of 20 : 4 omega 6 and longer chain polyenes. The increase in triglyceride content found in the renal medulla was not seen in the renal cortex or liver. There was no increase in renomedullary phospholipid content during the study, and phopholipids of treated animals contained increased proportions of 20 : 3 omega 6 and 20 : 4 omega 6, but not longer chain polyenes. The results indicate that enriching the prostaglandin precursor pool by feeding 20 : 3 omega 6 can alter the type and amount of prostaglandin released by the renal papilla, at least in vitro. Also, the selective changes in amount and long chain polyene content of renomedullary triglycerides during the study suggest some special functions for this lipid class in prostaglandin precursor metabolism.", "PMID": 713717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5739", "title": "Uptake and utilization of 1-14C palmitic acid by heart cells treated with fresh or thermally oxidized fats.", "content": "The effects of fractions isolated from thermally oxidized corn oil or olive oil on the metabolic activity of heart endothelial and muscle cells were studied. Rat heart cells in culture, exposed to thermally oxidized fat components, took up more exogenous 1-14C-palmitic acid and incorporated more of it into the cell triacylglycerol fraction than when the cells were treated with fresh fats. Particularly with the heated corn oil compared to fresh corn oil, much less of the radioactivity from the labeled palmitic acid was deposited in the  phospholipid fraction. Also, with heated corn oil when the incubation period was extended beyond 12 hr, there was a decline in the radioactivity retained in the triacylglycerol fraction of the heart muscle cells. When the fresh fats were compared for 14C-radioactivity incorporation into the heart cells, the olive oil gave much higher values, indicating a distinct difference in response to the proportion of fatty acids supplied.", "contents": "Uptake and utilization of 1-14C palmitic acid by heart cells treated with fresh or thermally oxidized fats. The effects of fractions isolated from thermally oxidized corn oil or olive oil on the metabolic activity of heart endothelial and muscle cells were studied. Rat heart cells in culture, exposed to thermally oxidized fat components, took up more exogenous 1-14C-palmitic acid and incorporated more of it into the cell triacylglycerol fraction than when the cells were treated with fresh fats. Particularly with the heated corn oil compared to fresh corn oil, much less of the radioactivity from the labeled palmitic acid was deposited in the  phospholipid fraction. Also, with heated corn oil when the incubation period was extended beyond 12 hr, there was a decline in the radioactivity retained in the triacylglycerol fraction of the heart muscle cells. When the fresh fats were compared for 14C-radioactivity incorporation into the heart cells, the olive oil gave much higher values, indicating a distinct difference in response to the proportion of fatty acids supplied.", "PMID": 713718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5740", "title": "Effect of feeding protected cholesterol on ruminant milk fat secretion.", "content": "Feeding 1-2 g/day of cholesterol protected against ruminal hydrogenation caused a 20-30% drop in the secretion of milk fat by goats and cows. The effect was observed with goats fed conventional rations or with goats and cows fed rations supplemented with protected lipids, but was not observed with cows fed conventional rations, or when unprotected cholesterol and protected beta-sitosterol was fed to these animals. The results suggest that this depression in milk fat is due to a decreased uptake of plasma triacylglycerol fatty acids by the mammary gland, induced by dietary cholesterol.", "contents": "Effect of feeding protected cholesterol on ruminant milk fat secretion. Feeding 1-2 g/day of cholesterol protected against ruminal hydrogenation caused a 20-30% drop in the secretion of milk fat by goats and cows. The effect was observed with goats fed conventional rations or with goats and cows fed rations supplemented with protected lipids, but was not observed with cows fed conventional rations, or when unprotected cholesterol and protected beta-sitosterol was fed to these animals. The results suggest that this depression in milk fat is due to a decreased uptake of plasma triacylglycerol fatty acids by the mammary gland, induced by dietary cholesterol.", "PMID": 713719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5741", "title": "Fatty acid composition of unfertilized and fertilized eggs of the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata.", "content": "Fatty acid compositions of polar lipids and triacylglycerols isolated from eggs of the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata, were examined before and 15 min after insemination. The main fatty acids present in polar lipids and triacylglycerols were palmitate, palmitoleate, eicosaenoate, arachidonate and eicosapentaenoate, while palmitate and palmitoleate predominated in triacylglycerols. There were no significant changes in weight percentage of individual fatty acids of either polar lipids or triglycerides of eggs after insemination.", "contents": "Fatty acid composition of unfertilized and fertilized eggs of the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata. Fatty acid compositions of polar lipids and triacylglycerols isolated from eggs of the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata, were examined before and 15 min after insemination. The main fatty acids present in polar lipids and triacylglycerols were palmitate, palmitoleate, eicosaenoate, arachidonate and eicosapentaenoate, while palmitate and palmitoleate predominated in triacylglycerols. There were no significant changes in weight percentage of individual fatty acids of either polar lipids or triglycerides of eggs after insemination.", "PMID": 713720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5742", "title": "15-Methyl-1,2-hexadecanediol, a major constituent of hamster surface wax.", "content": "Long chain 1,2-alkanediol diesters comprise about 15-20% of the acetone soluble skin surface wax of golden Syrian hamsters. The constituent 1,2-alkanediols, obtained through acidic methanolysis, were fractionated by preparative gas liquid chromatography of their isopropylidene derivatives. The major component (57%) was identified by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry as 15-methyl-1,2-hexadecanediol.", "contents": "15-Methyl-1,2-hexadecanediol, a major constituent of hamster surface wax. Long chain 1,2-alkanediol diesters comprise about 15-20% of the acetone soluble skin surface wax of golden Syrian hamsters. The constituent 1,2-alkanediols, obtained through acidic methanolysis, were fractionated by preparative gas liquid chromatography of their isopropylidene derivatives. The major component (57%) was identified by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry as 15-methyl-1,2-hexadecanediol.", "PMID": 713721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5743", "title": "Alpha tocopherol levels in various regions of the central nervous systems of the rat and guinea pig.", "content": "The alpha tocopherol contents of various discrete anatomical regions in the central nervous system of adult rats and guinea pigs were assayed using a liquid chromatographic method. All parts of the guinea pig nervous system had lower alpha tocopherol contents per gram wet, dry orlipid weights than the corresponding areas in the rat. In both animals the distribution of alpha tocopherol did not correspond to the distribution pattern of total lipid. There was also a rostral to caudal concentration gradient with respect to alpha tocopherol content; gray matter from cerebral hemisphere has the highest concentration and cervical spinal cord the least. In both animals alpha tocopherol content per gram dry weight or lipid weight were higher in gray matter areas when compared with white matter areas. The low concentration of alpha tocopherol in spinal cord could make this region more susceptible to damage from deficiency than the rest of the central nervous system.", "contents": "Alpha tocopherol levels in various regions of the central nervous systems of the rat and guinea pig. The alpha tocopherol contents of various discrete anatomical regions in the central nervous system of adult rats and guinea pigs were assayed using a liquid chromatographic method. All parts of the guinea pig nervous system had lower alpha tocopherol contents per gram wet, dry orlipid weights than the corresponding areas in the rat. In both animals the distribution of alpha tocopherol did not correspond to the distribution pattern of total lipid. There was also a rostral to caudal concentration gradient with respect to alpha tocopherol content; gray matter from cerebral hemisphere has the highest concentration and cervical spinal cord the least. In both animals alpha tocopherol content per gram dry weight or lipid weight were higher in gray matter areas when compared with white matter areas. The low concentration of alpha tocopherol in spinal cord could make this region more susceptible to damage from deficiency than the rest of the central nervous system.", "PMID": 713722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5744", "title": "Models for lipid organization in cholesterol-phospholipid bilayers including cholesterol dimer formation.", "content": "Three new structural models, which account for abrupt changes in physical properties observed at several molar concentrations of cholesterol in phospholipid bilayers, are described. Cholesterol monomers, each surrounded by its own envelope of unshared acyl hydrocarbon chains of the phospholipid, can accommodate 22% cholesterol. Cholesterol dimers, each surrounded by its envelope of unshared acyl hydrocarbon chains, can accommodate 31% cholesterol. When surrounded by shared acyl hydrocarbon chains, cholesterol dimmers can accommodate about 47% cholesterol. At greater concentrations, cholesterol aggregation occurs, the system is unstable, and cholesterol forms a separate phase.", "contents": "Models for lipid organization in cholesterol-phospholipid bilayers including cholesterol dimer formation. Three new structural models, which account for abrupt changes in physical properties observed at several molar concentrations of cholesterol in phospholipid bilayers, are described. Cholesterol monomers, each surrounded by its own envelope of unshared acyl hydrocarbon chains of the phospholipid, can accommodate 22% cholesterol. Cholesterol dimers, each surrounded by its envelope of unshared acyl hydrocarbon chains, can accommodate 31% cholesterol. When surrounded by shared acyl hydrocarbon chains, cholesterol dimmers can accommodate about 47% cholesterol. At greater concentrations, cholesterol aggregation occurs, the system is unstable, and cholesterol forms a separate phase.", "PMID": 713725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5745", "title": "Acid triacylglycerol lipase from bovine thyroid gland.", "content": "An acid lipase has been detected in bovine thyroid tissue using triolein as a substrate. The activity, probably associated with the lysosomes, displays a rather broad pH-optimum in the pH 4 to pH 6.5 range. The lipase activity can be partially purified by cosedimentation with lysosomes followed by solubilization through detergent and chromatography on Sephadex G-200 and carboxymethyl cellulose. The elution profile on Sephadex G-200 shows one peak (moleculare weight 67,000 +/- 2,000). In the final CM-cellulose step, two lipase peaks (lipase LA and lipase LB) are found. Sulhydryl reagents (iodoacetate, iodoacetamide, and N-ethylmaleimide) as well as mercuric ions markedly reduce both enzyme activities. Calcium ions, EDTA, and heparin have no effect. Sodium fluoride and diisopropylfluorophosphate are only slightly inhibitory. Sodium chloride causes a slight increase in both lipase activities. Anionic phospholipids such as cardiolipin and phosphatidylserine are not essential for enzyme activity.", "contents": "Acid triacylglycerol lipase from bovine thyroid gland. An acid lipase has been detected in bovine thyroid tissue using triolein as a substrate. The activity, probably associated with the lysosomes, displays a rather broad pH-optimum in the pH 4 to pH 6.5 range. The lipase activity can be partially purified by cosedimentation with lysosomes followed by solubilization through detergent and chromatography on Sephadex G-200 and carboxymethyl cellulose. The elution profile on Sephadex G-200 shows one peak (moleculare weight 67,000 +/- 2,000). In the final CM-cellulose step, two lipase peaks (lipase LA and lipase LB) are found. Sulhydryl reagents (iodoacetate, iodoacetamide, and N-ethylmaleimide) as well as mercuric ions markedly reduce both enzyme activities. Calcium ions, EDTA, and heparin have no effect. Sodium fluoride and diisopropylfluorophosphate are only slightly inhibitory. Sodium chloride causes a slight increase in both lipase activities. Anionic phospholipids such as cardiolipin and phosphatidylserine are not essential for enzyme activity.", "PMID": 713726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5746", "title": "[Gas volume stabilization in the pneumatic transmission unit of the assisted circulation apparatus].", "content": "A compensator connected to the section consisting of the pump-main line-operating member and including a pneumatic resistance and a flaxid non-elastic container enables it in combination with the feedback to maintain through the volumetric displacement of the gas, or changing the pump diaphragm position, the stability of the gas volume in the pneumatic transmission element of the assisted circulation apparatus. The stabilization of the gas volume in the pneumatic transmission element creates favourable conditions of exploitation and heightens the effect of the cardiac insufficiency treatment, expecially in cases of protracted assisted circulation.", "contents": "[Gas volume stabilization in the pneumatic transmission unit of the assisted circulation apparatus]. A compensator connected to the section consisting of the pump-main line-operating member and including a pneumatic resistance and a flaxid non-elastic container enables it in combination with the feedback to maintain through the volumetric displacement of the gas, or changing the pump diaphragm position, the stability of the gas volume in the pneumatic transmission element of the assisted circulation apparatus. The stabilization of the gas volume in the pneumatic transmission element creates favourable conditions of exploitation and heightens the effect of the cardiac insufficiency treatment, expecially in cases of protracted assisted circulation.", "PMID": 713747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5747", "title": "[Feasibility of increasing the high-speed response of the electromechanical drive in assisted circulation devices].", "content": "The conditions in assisted circulation, especially with ballooned aorta, place high demands on the speed of the intraortal pump-balloon response. The salient feature of the described assisted circulation unit consists in that the intraortal pump-balloon is connected to the pneumotract via a commutative air-operated valve. A block diagram of the assisted circulation unit \"Biopulso-4\" based on the use of the electric drive, designed at the All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Medical Equipment and Instruments, stress diagrams and a scheme explaining the operation of the apparatus, are described. The results obtained show the possibility of the balloon's resetting and opening in 70 ms, with the triggering synchronous pulse delay of 10 ms prior to response (with air use as power gas). These results are not any worse than those obtained with the pneumatic drive-based assisted circulation apparatus.", "contents": "[Feasibility of increasing the high-speed response of the electromechanical drive in assisted circulation devices]. The conditions in assisted circulation, especially with ballooned aorta, place high demands on the speed of the intraortal pump-balloon response. The salient feature of the described assisted circulation unit consists in that the intraortal pump-balloon is connected to the pneumotract via a commutative air-operated valve. A block diagram of the assisted circulation unit \"Biopulso-4\" based on the use of the electric drive, designed at the All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Medical Equipment and Instruments, stress diagrams and a scheme explaining the operation of the apparatus, are described. The results obtained show the possibility of the balloon's resetting and opening in 70 ms, with the triggering synchronous pulse delay of 10 ms prior to response (with air use as power gas). These results are not any worse than those obtained with the pneumatic drive-based assisted circulation apparatus.", "PMID": 713748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5748", "title": "[Analysis of control systems for artificial circulation devices].", "content": "A variant of a complex approach to solving the problem of ensuring the optimal perfusion, based on the separation of the ECA-organism system parameters into 4 subsystems, is proposed. An automatic control of the entire set of the extracorporeal circulation parameters is accomplished in the hierarchial order, with due consideration for the necessity to provide a fast response and physiological significance for the organism of the characteristics and factors subject to correction. The criteria for the adequacy of the extracorporeal circulation should be brought into a dynamic relation to the actual state of the organism. The composition of the blocks making up the system of the extracorporeal circulation regulation is discussed.", "contents": "[Analysis of control systems for artificial circulation devices]. A variant of a complex approach to solving the problem of ensuring the optimal perfusion, based on the separation of the ECA-organism system parameters into 4 subsystems, is proposed. An automatic control of the entire set of the extracorporeal circulation parameters is accomplished in the hierarchial order, with due consideration for the necessity to provide a fast response and physiological significance for the organism of the characteristics and factors subject to correction. The criteria for the adequacy of the extracorporeal circulation should be brought into a dynamic relation to the actual state of the organism. The composition of the blocks making up the system of the extracorporeal circulation regulation is discussed.", "PMID": 713750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5749", "title": "[Artificial heart control system].", "content": "To develop a system for the artificial heart control the algorhythm of the latter, with the blood pressure in the aorta acting as a regulation parameter, was analyzed on its mathematical model. The results of the algorhythm operation in three model situation describing transitional processes under physical efforts, stress and resuscitation are reported. The technical implemetation of the described algorhythm is set forth and a comparison of the obtained experimental data versus the design curves is made.", "contents": "[Artificial heart control system]. To develop a system for the artificial heart control the algorhythm of the latter, with the blood pressure in the aorta acting as a regulation parameter, was analyzed on its mathematical model. The results of the algorhythm operation in three model situation describing transitional processes under physical efforts, stress and resuscitation are reported. The technical implemetation of the described algorhythm is set forth and a comparison of the obtained experimental data versus the design curves is made.", "PMID": 713749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5750", "title": "[Perfusion system for assisted blood oxygenation during treatment of children with acute respiratory insufficiency].", "content": "To conduct an auxiliary extracorporeal oxygenation in acute respiratory incompetence in young children a perfusion system with a small primary charging volume is proposed. The system was tested in an experiment and clinically in an infant with mass of 4.5 kg. The auxiliary oxygenation lasted for 73 1/2 hours. The operating characteristics of the perfusion system with a \"Lande-Edwards\" diaphragmatic oxygenator and its schematic diagram are described.", "contents": "[Perfusion system for assisted blood oxygenation during treatment of children with acute respiratory insufficiency]. To conduct an auxiliary extracorporeal oxygenation in acute respiratory incompetence in young children a perfusion system with a small primary charging volume is proposed. The system was tested in an experiment and clinically in an infant with mass of 4.5 kg. The auxiliary oxygenation lasted for 73 1/2 hours. The operating characteristics of the perfusion system with a \"Lande-Edwards\" diaphragmatic oxygenator and its schematic diagram are described.", "PMID": 713752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5751", "title": "[Ergonomics and improvements in efficiency in stomatology].", "content": "The ergonometric methods used in the organization of the medical personnel of stomatological establishments and in designing technical facilities of stomatological rooms help raise the effectiveness of the therapeutic processes and to improve conditions of work of the physician-stomatologist and medical nurses. At the basis of modern ergonomic facilities and principles in stomatology there are the concepts: recumbent patient, sitting medical personnel, invariable presence of an assisting nurse, \"long-term\" treatment and centralization of the ancillary service.", "contents": "[Ergonomics and improvements in efficiency in stomatology]. The ergonometric methods used in the organization of the medical personnel of stomatological establishments and in designing technical facilities of stomatological rooms help raise the effectiveness of the therapeutic processes and to improve conditions of work of the physician-stomatologist and medical nurses. At the basis of modern ergonomic facilities and principles in stomatology there are the concepts: recumbent patient, sitting medical personnel, invariable presence of an assisting nurse, \"long-term\" treatment and centralization of the ancillary service.", "PMID": 713756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5752", "title": "[Means of improving the operational safety of balloon-pump counter-pulsation apparatus].", "content": "The apparatus of assisted circulation, in particular those intended for counter-pulsation with the pump-balloon, as concerns their reliability and safety to units whose failure presents immediate danger for the patient's life. An analysis of modern batch manufactured apparatus revealed a tendency toward widening the scope and complicating the signallization means of automatic protection and preventing failures. It is shown that the reliability of the units for counter-pulsation with the pump-balloon is not only a technical, but also a biomedicocybernetic problem. Substance is given to the need for introduction into the system of the apparatus for assisted circulation of sand-by actuating mechanisms for secure a purposeful influence on the physiological parameters of the organism.", "contents": "[Means of improving the operational safety of balloon-pump counter-pulsation apparatus]. The apparatus of assisted circulation, in particular those intended for counter-pulsation with the pump-balloon, as concerns their reliability and safety to units whose failure presents immediate danger for the patient's life. An analysis of modern batch manufactured apparatus revealed a tendency toward widening the scope and complicating the signallization means of automatic protection and preventing failures. It is shown that the reliability of the units for counter-pulsation with the pump-balloon is not only a technical, but also a biomedicocybernetic problem. Substance is given to the need for introduction into the system of the apparatus for assisted circulation of sand-by actuating mechanisms for secure a purposeful influence on the physiological parameters of the organism.", "PMID": 713757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5753", "title": "[Improving interference freedom of asynchronous cardiostimulators].", "content": "In their every day life the patients with implanted cardiostimulators are infrequently undergo the effects of electromagnetic interference sources that might seriously disrupt the normal performance of cardiostimulators (CS). For the asynchronous CS (EKC-2, EKC-4, EKC-8) the dependence of the CS pulse repetition period on the the frequency and amplitude of interferences is given. The interference resistance and stability of these apparatus is shown to be materially increased if a condenser of 10 nF capacity is to the CS output terminals connected.", "contents": "[Improving interference freedom of asynchronous cardiostimulators]. In their every day life the patients with implanted cardiostimulators are infrequently undergo the effects of electromagnetic interference sources that might seriously disrupt the normal performance of cardiostimulators (CS). For the asynchronous CS (EKC-2, EKC-4, EKC-8) the dependence of the CS pulse repetition period on the the frequency and amplitude of interferences is given. The interference resistance and stability of these apparatus is shown to be materially increased if a condenser of 10 nF capacity is to the CS output terminals connected.", "PMID": 713754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5754", "title": "[Experience with a comparative study of several adsorbents].", "content": "A comparative study of adsorbents with respect to their capability to absorb low- and medium-molecular metabolites was effected. The adsorbents displaying high activity in regard to low-molecular metabolites are shown to be insufficiently effective with respect to the medium-molecular ones and vice versa. The results thus obtained bear proof to the advisability of a preliminary selection of adsorbents for clinical application in hemocorption according to their activity as concerns low- and medium-molecular substances.", "contents": "[Experience with a comparative study of several adsorbents]. A comparative study of adsorbents with respect to their capability to absorb low- and medium-molecular metabolites was effected. The adsorbents displaying high activity in regard to low-molecular metabolites are shown to be insufficiently effective with respect to the medium-molecular ones and vice versa. The results thus obtained bear proof to the advisability of a preliminary selection of adsorbents for clinical application in hemocorption according to their activity as concerns low- and medium-molecular substances.", "PMID": 713758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5755", "title": "[Evaluation of distortions in clinical thermography].", "content": "Distortions appearing on the thermograms can depend on a number of factors, including the radiation coefficient, the ambient temperature, the angle between the sighting direction of the thermograph and the normal of the study surface. A quantitative assessment made of distortions conditioned by these factors during registration of thermograms of flat and curvilinear surfaces helped to recommend the most expedient manipulations in conducting thermographic examinations.", "contents": "[Evaluation of distortions in clinical thermography]. Distortions appearing on the thermograms can depend on a number of factors, including the radiation coefficient, the ambient temperature, the angle between the sighting direction of the thermograph and the normal of the study surface. A quantitative assessment made of distortions conditioned by these factors during registration of thermograms of flat and curvilinear surfaces helped to recommend the most expedient manipulations in conducting thermographic examinations.", "PMID": 713762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5756", "title": "[Feasibility of constructing thermoelectric thermoregulatory units for artificial circulation devices].", "content": "The prospects for the use of thermoelectric systems to regulate the blood temperature in extracorporeal circulation apparatus are outlined. The temperature and electric conditions in the thermoelectric thermoregulating system were optimized, which enabled extremal values of their basic parameters to be obtained. A conclusion is drawn on the expediency of using these systems for the purpose in view.", "contents": "[Feasibility of constructing thermoelectric thermoregulatory units for artificial circulation devices]. The prospects for the use of thermoelectric systems to regulate the blood temperature in extracorporeal circulation apparatus are outlined. The temperature and electric conditions in the thermoelectric thermoregulating system were optimized, which enabled extremal values of their basic parameters to be obtained. A conclusion is drawn on the expediency of using these systems for the purpose in view.", "PMID": 713764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5757", "title": "[Device for studying muscle tonus].", "content": "A portable device for studying the muscular tone can be constructed on the principle of registering displacements of a metal rod accomplished by means of the bridge network. The indicating instrument is calibrated with reference to the steel rod, whose density (tightness) is taken as an ultimate one, while the tightness of the muscle tissue is determined in per cent of the ultimate tightness.", "contents": "[Device for studying muscle tonus]. A portable device for studying the muscular tone can be constructed on the principle of registering displacements of a metal rod accomplished by means of the bridge network. The indicating instrument is calibrated with reference to the steel rod, whose density (tightness) is taken as an ultimate one, while the tightness of the muscle tissue is determined in per cent of the ultimate tightness.", "PMID": 713766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5758", "title": "[Mechanization of the work of the personnel of the sterilization service of therapeutic-preventive institutions].", "content": "The presently functioning service of central sterilization departments at medical institutions has presented itself in a good light. The home industry already puts out the necessary basic facilities and is putting into production the ancillary ones to equip them. Further development of the sterilization service centralization follows the way of setting up sterilization centres organized on the principle of highly mechanized and automated industrial enterprises.", "contents": "[Mechanization of the work of the personnel of the sterilization service of therapeutic-preventive institutions]. The presently functioning service of central sterilization departments at medical institutions has presented itself in a good light. The home industry already puts out the necessary basic facilities and is putting into production the ancillary ones to equip them. Further development of the sterilization service centralization follows the way of setting up sterilization centres organized on the principle of highly mechanized and automated industrial enterprises.", "PMID": 713769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5759", "title": "[Nomograms for calculating the parameters of a system of recording intracavitary pressure through sounds].", "content": "The signal of the intracavitary pressure registered through a probe is, as a rule, distorted by fluctuations of the liquid column in the probe. Nomograms enabling the velocity of the sound wave and the own frequency oscillations of the measuring system to be found from the size of the probe, elastic modulus of its material and elasticity of the bulk of the guage are described. In this way a selection of probes to secure high-quality recording of the signal is facilitated. An example of a calculation with the use of the nomograms is given.", "contents": "[Nomograms for calculating the parameters of a system of recording intracavitary pressure through sounds]. The signal of the intracavitary pressure registered through a probe is, as a rule, distorted by fluctuations of the liquid column in the probe. Nomograms enabling the velocity of the sound wave and the own frequency oscillations of the measuring system to be found from the size of the probe, elastic modulus of its material and elasticity of the bulk of the guage are described. In this way a selection of probes to secure high-quality recording of the signal is facilitated. An example of a calculation with the use of the nomograms is given.", "PMID": 713775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5760", "title": "Congenital failure of automatic control of ventilation, gastrointestinal motility and heart rate.", "content": "A new congenital syndrome characterized by the simultaneous failure of control of ventilation (Ondine's curse) and intestinal motility (Hirschsprung's disease) is reported in three infants, all of whom died in the first few months of life; two were siblings. Detailed studies in one also revealed markedly decreased esophageal motility and abnormal control of heart rate. In one infant, minute ventilation was lower in quiet than in REM sleep and lower in both states of sleep than in wakefulness. Although the mean inspiratory flow was decreased in quiet sleep, the hypoventilation resulted primarily from a decrease in respiratory frequency. Intravenous doxapram increased ventilation but did not reverse respiratory failure. Aminophyllin, progesterone, physostigmine and chlorpromazine did not change ventilation significantly; imipramine resulted in a significant decrease. Both long and short-term variability of the heart rate were markedly decreased when compared with the normal infant. Although neuropathologic studies postmorten did not reveal an anatomic defect, we postulate that a developmental abnormality in serotonergic neurons is responsible for this new syndrome.", "contents": "Congenital failure of automatic control of ventilation, gastrointestinal motility and heart rate. A new congenital syndrome characterized by the simultaneous failure of control of ventilation (Ondine's curse) and intestinal motility (Hirschsprung's disease) is reported in three infants, all of whom died in the first few months of life; two were siblings. Detailed studies in one also revealed markedly decreased esophageal motility and abnormal control of heart rate. In one infant, minute ventilation was lower in quiet than in REM sleep and lower in both states of sleep than in wakefulness. Although the mean inspiratory flow was decreased in quiet sleep, the hypoventilation resulted primarily from a decrease in respiratory frequency. Intravenous doxapram increased ventilation but did not reverse respiratory failure. Aminophyllin, progesterone, physostigmine and chlorpromazine did not change ventilation significantly; imipramine resulted in a significant decrease. Both long and short-term variability of the heart rate were markedly decreased when compared with the normal infant. Although neuropathologic studies postmorten did not reveal an anatomic defect, we postulate that a developmental abnormality in serotonergic neurons is responsible for this new syndrome.", "PMID": 713831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5761", "title": "Considerations on a laser-scanning-microscope with high resolution and depth of field.", "content": "In conventional light microscopy, the depth of focus is severely limited. This limitation might be overcome by a light optical scanning procedure. In this procedure, the specimen surface is scanned point for point by a focused laser beam. The image of the specimen surface is generated by an electronic system, similar to the procedure used in the scanning electron microscope. Possibilities to develop a \"laser-scanning-microscope\" on the basis of available techniques (laser microirradiation, miniprocessors, light detecting systems, automatic focusing, holographic focusing etc.) are discussed. On account of its possibility to form images of high resolution and depth of focus, a laser-scanning-microscope might become a valuable tool in addition to conventional light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.", "contents": "Considerations on a laser-scanning-microscope with high resolution and depth of field. In conventional light microscopy, the depth of focus is severely limited. This limitation might be overcome by a light optical scanning procedure. In this procedure, the specimen surface is scanned point for point by a focused laser beam. The image of the specimen surface is generated by an electronic system, similar to the procedure used in the scanning electron microscope. Possibilities to develop a \"laser-scanning-microscope\" on the basis of available techniques (laser microirradiation, miniprocessors, light detecting systems, automatic focusing, holographic focusing etc.) are discussed. On account of its possibility to form images of high resolution and depth of focus, a laser-scanning-microscope might become a valuable tool in addition to conventional light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.", "PMID": 713859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5762", "title": "Plasmid-mediated sulfanilamide resistance.", "content": "Dihydropteroate synthetase (DHPS) is specified by a substrain of Escherichia coli K12, ML1410. This enzyme activity is inhibited by sulfanilamides (Sa) and is known to be heat-stable, i.e., an Sa-sensitive normal enzyme. Another DHPS activity specified by E. coli ML1410 carrying drug resistance plasmids is Sa-resistant but heat-sensitive, i.e., an Sa-resistant enzyme. Most plasmids encoding single Sa or double (Sa. Tc or Sa. Sm) (Tc, tetracycline; Sm, streptomycin) resistance mediate the formation of this type of DHPS. Therefore, E. coli carrying these plasmids becomes diploid for DHPS, i.e., an Sa-resistant and an Sa-sensitive normal enzyme. The biochemical mechanism of Sa resistance mediated by plasmids encoding triple (Cm.Sm.Sa; Tc.Sm.Sa) and quadruple (Cm.Tc.Sm.Sa) resistance is not due to the formation of an altered DHPS but probably due to the decrease in permeation of the drug into the cell. The evolutionary process of the formation of Sa-resistance determinants on plasmids is discussed based on the presence of two types of Sa resistance mechanism.", "contents": "Plasmid-mediated sulfanilamide resistance. Dihydropteroate synthetase (DHPS) is specified by a substrain of Escherichia coli K12, ML1410. This enzyme activity is inhibited by sulfanilamides (Sa) and is known to be heat-stable, i.e., an Sa-sensitive normal enzyme. Another DHPS activity specified by E. coli ML1410 carrying drug resistance plasmids is Sa-resistant but heat-sensitive, i.e., an Sa-resistant enzyme. Most plasmids encoding single Sa or double (Sa. Tc or Sa. Sm) (Tc, tetracycline; Sm, streptomycin) resistance mediate the formation of this type of DHPS. Therefore, E. coli carrying these plasmids becomes diploid for DHPS, i.e., an Sa-resistant and an Sa-sensitive normal enzyme. The biochemical mechanism of Sa resistance mediated by plasmids encoding triple (Cm.Sm.Sa; Tc.Sm.Sa) and quadruple (Cm.Tc.Sm.Sa) resistance is not due to the formation of an altered DHPS but probably due to the decrease in permeation of the drug into the cell. The evolutionary process of the formation of Sa-resistance determinants on plasmids is discussed based on the presence of two types of Sa resistance mechanism.", "PMID": 713872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5763", "title": "[Functional significance of bivalent iron and manganese oxidation in Leptothrix pseudoochraceae].", "content": "The effect of oxidation of bivalent compounds of iron and manganese was studied on the growth of filamentous iron bacteria. The stimulating action of these metals could not be attributed to utilization of the energy of their oxidation in the assimilation of carbon dioxide or in lithoheterotrophic processes. The cells yield increased because the metal ions removed the toxic metabolite, hydrogen peroxide, which was formed in the respiratory chain upon oxidation of an organic substrate. This function of bivalent metals in detoxication of hydrogen peroxide accounts for the ecological confinement of iron bacteria to certain environment.", "contents": "[Functional significance of bivalent iron and manganese oxidation in Leptothrix pseudoochraceae]. The effect of oxidation of bivalent compounds of iron and manganese was studied on the growth of filamentous iron bacteria. The stimulating action of these metals could not be attributed to utilization of the energy of their oxidation in the assimilation of carbon dioxide or in lithoheterotrophic processes. The cells yield increased because the metal ions removed the toxic metabolite, hydrogen peroxide, which was formed in the respiratory chain upon oxidation of an organic substrate. This function of bivalent metals in detoxication of hydrogen peroxide accounts for the ecological confinement of iron bacteria to certain environment.", "PMID": 713873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5764", "title": "[Comparative study of the dynamics of carbohydrate metabolism in the growth of Candida tropicalis yeasts on n-octadecane and glucose].", "content": "The dynamics of carbon metabolism was studied in Candida tropicalis growing on 14C-labeled n-octadecane and glucose by means of the technique of radioactive indicators. The kinetics of incorporation of 14C into the main groups of organic substances in the cell (proteins, nucleic acids+polysaccharides, lipids, free amino acids, organic acids, free carbohydrates+nucleotides) revealed differences in the rate of their synthesis and accumulation. The general features and the major differences in the pathways of carbon metabolism depended on the nature of a carbon substrate. If the yeast used n-octadecane as a source of carbon, the rate of synthesis of the lipid fraction was higher, and the ratio between its components changed as well as the rates of their synthesis.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the dynamics of carbohydrate metabolism in the growth of Candida tropicalis yeasts on n-octadecane and glucose]. The dynamics of carbon metabolism was studied in Candida tropicalis growing on 14C-labeled n-octadecane and glucose by means of the technique of radioactive indicators. The kinetics of incorporation of 14C into the main groups of organic substances in the cell (proteins, nucleic acids+polysaccharides, lipids, free amino acids, organic acids, free carbohydrates+nucleotides) revealed differences in the rate of their synthesis and accumulation. The general features and the major differences in the pathways of carbon metabolism depended on the nature of a carbon substrate. If the yeast used n-octadecane as a source of carbon, the rate of synthesis of the lipid fraction was higher, and the ratio between its components changed as well as the rates of their synthesis.", "PMID": 713874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5765", "title": "[Luminescence and growth of Photobacterium mandapamensis in periodic culture].", "content": "The luminescent Photobacterium mandapamensis, strain 54 (the collection of the Institute of Physics, Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences), was isolated from the water of the Pacific Ocean in the equatorial zone and studied in the course of periodic cultivation. The dynamics of changes in the main parameters of the culture, such as luminescence, growth, respiration, heat emission etc., was investigated. The data obtained were used to establish a correlation between changes in these parameters and in the cell metabolism when one energy substrate was substituted by another.", "contents": "[Luminescence and growth of Photobacterium mandapamensis in periodic culture]. The luminescent Photobacterium mandapamensis, strain 54 (the collection of the Institute of Physics, Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences), was isolated from the water of the Pacific Ocean in the equatorial zone and studied in the course of periodic cultivation. The dynamics of changes in the main parameters of the culture, such as luminescence, growth, respiration, heat emission etc., was investigated. The data obtained were used to establish a correlation between changes in these parameters and in the cell metabolism when one energy substrate was substituted by another.", "PMID": 713875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5766", "title": "[Systematic place of the act nomycetes of the Albidus Krassilnikov, 1970 group].", "content": "Detailed studies of the taxonomical characteristics and the complex of produced antibiotics made it possible to establish the identity of Actinomyces albus var. fungatus, Solovieva et Rudaya, 1959 and Actinomyces tumemacerans, Krassilnikov et Koveshnikov, 1962. Both organisms produce a complex of antibiotics comprising albofungin, albonursin, and a polyene antibiotic belonging to the group of tetraenes. The cultures do not belong to the group of verticillate actinomycetes as was believed earlier (Krassilnikov, 1970). The later name, Actinomyces tumemacerans, is more appropriate since the organism described under the name of Act. albus var. fungatus differs sharply from other representatives of Act. albus and therefore cannot be regarded as its variety (nomen confusum). Actinomyces sp. RIA-248 producing albofungin differs from Act. tumemacerans P-42 as well as from Act. albus var. fungatus RIA-247 by the complex of produced antibiotics and other taxonomic properties. Apparently, it should be classed as a new species.", "contents": "[Systematic place of the act nomycetes of the Albidus Krassilnikov, 1970 group]. Detailed studies of the taxonomical characteristics and the complex of produced antibiotics made it possible to establish the identity of Actinomyces albus var. fungatus, Solovieva et Rudaya, 1959 and Actinomyces tumemacerans, Krassilnikov et Koveshnikov, 1962. Both organisms produce a complex of antibiotics comprising albofungin, albonursin, and a polyene antibiotic belonging to the group of tetraenes. The cultures do not belong to the group of verticillate actinomycetes as was believed earlier (Krassilnikov, 1970). The later name, Actinomyces tumemacerans, is more appropriate since the organism described under the name of Act. albus var. fungatus differs sharply from other representatives of Act. albus and therefore cannot be regarded as its variety (nomen confusum). Actinomyces sp. RIA-248 producing albofungin differs from Act. tumemacerans P-42 as well as from Act. albus var. fungatus RIA-247 by the complex of produced antibiotics and other taxonomic properties. Apparently, it should be classed as a new species.", "PMID": 713876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5767", "title": "[Nitrogenase activity of Rhizobium meliloti and Rhizobium vigna in a root tisse culture of leguminous and nonleguminous plants].", "content": "As was shown using the acetylene technique, the nitrogenase activity of Rhizobium meliloti and Rhizobium vigna increased when they were cultivated with the root tissue cultures of legumes (lucerne, sweetclover) and non-legumes (tobacco, glasswort, carrot), particularly in the case of the former. The maximum activity of nitrogenase was found in R. meliloti. The tissue cultures of legumes had no effect on the growth of Rhizobium whereas the tissues of non-legumes stimulated their biomass accumulation though the activity of nitrogenase in both Rhizobium cultures was low in this case. Therefore, the metabolites of legumes produced a specific action on the nitrogenase of nodule bacteria.", "contents": "[Nitrogenase activity of Rhizobium meliloti and Rhizobium vigna in a root tisse culture of leguminous and nonleguminous plants]. As was shown using the acetylene technique, the nitrogenase activity of Rhizobium meliloti and Rhizobium vigna increased when they were cultivated with the root tissue cultures of legumes (lucerne, sweetclover) and non-legumes (tobacco, glasswort, carrot), particularly in the case of the former. The maximum activity of nitrogenase was found in R. meliloti. The tissue cultures of legumes had no effect on the growth of Rhizobium whereas the tissues of non-legumes stimulated their biomass accumulation though the activity of nitrogenase in both Rhizobium cultures was low in this case. Therefore, the metabolites of legumes produced a specific action on the nitrogenase of nodule bacteria.", "PMID": 713878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5768", "title": "[Microorganisms of the genus Nocardia and the \"rhodochrous\" group in the soils of the Ukrainian SSR].", "content": "Nocardioform bacteria characterized by the IV type of the cell wall and by lipid LCN-A are widely distributed in various soils of the Ukrainian SSR. The acetamidase-negative forms of Nocardia asteroides were found in 24.4% of soil samples, and the acetamidase-positive forms of this organism, in 4% of soil samples. The \"rhodochrous\" group was most often represented by the species N. erythropolis and N. rubropertincta, and less often, by Nocardia (Rhodococcus) rhodochrous, N. opaca and N. flava. The greatest amount of different species was detected in chernozem and dark chestnut soils of the waste zone. Chernozem soils impregnated with petroleum were particularly abundant in N. asteroides, N. rubropertincta, N. corallina and N. erythropolis. The best medium for isolation of most species was the M\u00fcnz medium containing n-alkanes.", "contents": "[Microorganisms of the genus Nocardia and the \"rhodochrous\" group in the soils of the Ukrainian SSR]. Nocardioform bacteria characterized by the IV type of the cell wall and by lipid LCN-A are widely distributed in various soils of the Ukrainian SSR. The acetamidase-negative forms of Nocardia asteroides were found in 24.4% of soil samples, and the acetamidase-positive forms of this organism, in 4% of soil samples. The \"rhodochrous\" group was most often represented by the species N. erythropolis and N. rubropertincta, and less often, by Nocardia (Rhodococcus) rhodochrous, N. opaca and N. flava. The greatest amount of different species was detected in chernozem and dark chestnut soils of the waste zone. Chernozem soils impregnated with petroleum were particularly abundant in N. asteroides, N. rubropertincta, N. corallina and N. erythropolis. The best medium for isolation of most species was the M\u00fcnz medium containing n-alkanes.", "PMID": 713879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5769", "title": "[Significance of the ability of Candida Berhout to assimilate D-glucuronic acid, D-glucono-delta-lactone and 5-keto-D-gluconate for systematics].", "content": "117 Candida strains representing 76 species and varieties were studied. Most of them readily assimilated glucono-delta-lactone with an exception of species which were imperfect analogues of Pichia spp. with round ascospores, Saccharomyces spp. and Kluyveromyces spp. The test for assimilation of 5-keto-D-gluconate can be used to differentiate varieties of C. guilliermondii, C. pelliculosa, and species C. zeylanoides and C. vinaria. The group of glucuronate-positive species belonging to the genus Candida comprises both ascomycetous and basidiomycetous organisms. The former lack the urease activity. Among the latter, C. curvata, C. humicola, C. marina and C. podzolica produce extracellular polysaccharides identical in the monosaccharide composition to polysaccharides of cryptococci. These four species should be included into the genus Cryptococcus.", "contents": "[Significance of the ability of Candida Berhout to assimilate D-glucuronic acid, D-glucono-delta-lactone and 5-keto-D-gluconate for systematics]. 117 Candida strains representing 76 species and varieties were studied. Most of them readily assimilated glucono-delta-lactone with an exception of species which were imperfect analogues of Pichia spp. with round ascospores, Saccharomyces spp. and Kluyveromyces spp. The test for assimilation of 5-keto-D-gluconate can be used to differentiate varieties of C. guilliermondii, C. pelliculosa, and species C. zeylanoides and C. vinaria. The group of glucuronate-positive species belonging to the genus Candida comprises both ascomycetous and basidiomycetous organisms. The former lack the urease activity. Among the latter, C. curvata, C. humicola, C. marina and C. podzolica produce extracellular polysaccharides identical in the monosaccharide composition to polysaccharides of cryptococci. These four species should be included into the genus Cryptococcus.", "PMID": 713877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5770", "title": "[Comparative study of the action of different antibiotics on the membrane dehydrogenase activity in Micrococcus lysodeikticus].", "content": "The object of this work was to study the effect of antibiotics belonging to the groups of penicillin, tetracycline and aminoglycosides on the activity of lactate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase in the membranes of Micrococcus lysodeikticus. Streptomycin, benzylpenicillin, carbenicillin and phenoxymethylpenicillin decreased the activity of the above dehydrogenases. Tetracycline and oxytetracycline activated lactate dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase in the membranes, but decreased their activity in the supernatant fraction of disintegrated membranes. The enzyme activity in the membranes was particularly inhibited by neomycin.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the action of different antibiotics on the membrane dehydrogenase activity in Micrococcus lysodeikticus]. The object of this work was to study the effect of antibiotics belonging to the groups of penicillin, tetracycline and aminoglycosides on the activity of lactate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase in the membranes of Micrococcus lysodeikticus. Streptomycin, benzylpenicillin, carbenicillin and phenoxymethylpenicillin decreased the activity of the above dehydrogenases. Tetracycline and oxytetracycline activated lactate dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase in the membranes, but decreased their activity in the supernatant fraction of disintegrated membranes. The enzyme activity in the membranes was particularly inhibited by neomycin.", "PMID": 713882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5771", "title": "[Continuous cultivation of Penicillium brevicompactum that forms extracellular ribonucleases].", "content": "Conditions for continuous cultivation of Penicillium brevi-compactum producing extra-cellular ribonucleases were studied. The two-step process of fermentation in the course of which the flow of the medium in the first fermenter was maintained at 0.054 hr-1, and in the second fermenter at 0.0527 hr-1, made it possible to produce 3--4 times more enzymes as compared to the batch culture.", "contents": "[Continuous cultivation of Penicillium brevicompactum that forms extracellular ribonucleases]. Conditions for continuous cultivation of Penicillium brevi-compactum producing extra-cellular ribonucleases were studied. The two-step process of fermentation in the course of which the flow of the medium in the first fermenter was maintained at 0.054 hr-1, and in the second fermenter at 0.0527 hr-1, made it possible to produce 3--4 times more enzymes as compared to the batch culture.", "PMID": 713881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5772", "title": "[Population dynamics study of Streptomyces olivocinereus in soil].", "content": "The dynamics of the population of the soil actinomycetes Streptomyces olivocinereus can be studied in its natural habitat using a conventional technique of inoculation at a level of the population density close to the natural one. The colonies are registered and counted in UV where they are clearly visible due to their bright orange luminescence. Techniques employed for obtaining information about the population structure (spores--mycellium) are described. The dynamics of the population has been studied within a year. The population introduced into soil is stabilized at a relatively high level.", "contents": "[Population dynamics study of Streptomyces olivocinereus in soil]. The dynamics of the population of the soil actinomycetes Streptomyces olivocinereus can be studied in its natural habitat using a conventional technique of inoculation at a level of the population density close to the natural one. The colonies are registered and counted in UV where they are clearly visible due to their bright orange luminescence. Techniques employed for obtaining information about the population structure (spores--mycellium) are described. The dynamics of the population has been studied within a year. The population introduced into soil is stabilized at a relatively high level.", "PMID": 713880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5773", "title": "[Fine structure of Bifidobacterium bifidum].", "content": "Cultures of Bifidobacterium bifidum 1 were grown in liquid and semisolid nutrient media for 14 hours to 6 days. Their preparations were then studied by electron microscopy on ultra-thin sections after a routine chemical fixation or on replicas after rapid freezing-fracturing and etching. This procedure made it possible to obtain new data about the structural organization of cells in the course of growth of cultures which were characterized by desynchronization of growth and division processes. The growth was inhibited later when populations reached the highest number of cells in the given set of conditions. The zone of nuclear vacuoles contained peculiar membrane structures which appeared and underwent certain changes related, apparently, to the mode of growth of this bacterium.", "contents": "[Fine structure of Bifidobacterium bifidum]. Cultures of Bifidobacterium bifidum 1 were grown in liquid and semisolid nutrient media for 14 hours to 6 days. Their preparations were then studied by electron microscopy on ultra-thin sections after a routine chemical fixation or on replicas after rapid freezing-fracturing and etching. This procedure made it possible to obtain new data about the structural organization of cells in the course of growth of cultures which were characterized by desynchronization of growth and division processes. The growth was inhibited later when populations reached the highest number of cells in the given set of conditions. The zone of nuclear vacuoles contained peculiar membrane structures which appeared and underwent certain changes related, apparently, to the mode of growth of this bacterium.", "PMID": 713883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5774", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of the action of submicroscopic levorin structures on Candida guillermondii].", "content": "In the course of preparation of aqueous solutions of the polyene antibiotic levorin, the latter is recovered in the solid phase forming granular submicroscopic structures. If the cells of Candida guilliermondii are treated with submicroscopic granular structures (SMGS) of levorin, the structures are adsorbed on the surface of the yeast cell walls. Some visible changes occur in the ultrastructure of the yeast cells incubated with SMGS of levorin for 5 min: the inner layer of the cell wall becomes loose, the periplasmic space appears, the cytoplasmic membrane becomes thicker, the mitochondria swell, and fragmentation of the mitochondrial cristae takes place. Dense round alien bodies 20--40 mn in size can be discerned in the periplasmic space of such cells. If the yeast cells are treated with the levorin structures for a longer period of time (15--60 min), the cell ultrastructure is entirely disorganized.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of the action of submicroscopic levorin structures on Candida guillermondii]. In the course of preparation of aqueous solutions of the polyene antibiotic levorin, the latter is recovered in the solid phase forming granular submicroscopic structures. If the cells of Candida guilliermondii are treated with submicroscopic granular structures (SMGS) of levorin, the structures are adsorbed on the surface of the yeast cell walls. Some visible changes occur in the ultrastructure of the yeast cells incubated with SMGS of levorin for 5 min: the inner layer of the cell wall becomes loose, the periplasmic space appears, the cytoplasmic membrane becomes thicker, the mitochondria swell, and fragmentation of the mitochondrial cristae takes place. Dense round alien bodies 20--40 mn in size can be discerned in the periplasmic space of such cells. If the yeast cells are treated with the levorin structures for a longer period of time (15--60 min), the cell ultrastructure is entirely disorganized.", "PMID": 713884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5775", "title": "[Radial growth rate of fungal colonies in respect of their ecology].", "content": "Indices of the radial growth rate of colonies were determined for Circinella circinans and Mortierella ramanniana as well as for the complex of fungi in soil in the course of microbial succession. The maximum of growth (Kr = 0.053 cm/hr) for C. circinans was observed at a high concentration of glucose (10%) in the medium, whereas for M. ramanniana the maximum (Kr = 0.0054 cm/hr) was detected at a low glucose concentration (0.005%) in the medium. These data account for the position of C. circinans and M. ramanniana in the course of microbial succession in the natural habitat. Kr was used to establish the origin of successional changes in the complex of soil fungi in serozem upon the introduction of glucose.", "contents": "[Radial growth rate of fungal colonies in respect of their ecology]. Indices of the radial growth rate of colonies were determined for Circinella circinans and Mortierella ramanniana as well as for the complex of fungi in soil in the course of microbial succession. The maximum of growth (Kr = 0.053 cm/hr) for C. circinans was observed at a high concentration of glucose (10%) in the medium, whereas for M. ramanniana the maximum (Kr = 0.0054 cm/hr) was detected at a low glucose concentration (0.005%) in the medium. These data account for the position of C. circinans and M. ramanniana in the course of microbial succession in the natural habitat. Kr was used to establish the origin of successional changes in the complex of soil fungi in serozem upon the introduction of glucose.", "PMID": 713887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5776", "title": "[Phenomenon of temperate phage restriction and modification in a lysogenic culture of Streptomyces hygroscopicus].", "content": "Temperate phages were isolated from the lysogenic culture of Streptomyces hygroscopicus 0485 in the indicator cultures of Str. hygroscopicus 0477 and Str. levoris 1331. The phages were found to be identical in the morphology of particles and serological properties. The phenomenon of cross limitation, by the culture of Str. hygroscopicus 0477, of the phage growing on the culture of Str. levoris 1331, and vice versa, was established. At the same time, the phages were shown to be modified by the host cell.", "contents": "[Phenomenon of temperate phage restriction and modification in a lysogenic culture of Streptomyces hygroscopicus]. Temperate phages were isolated from the lysogenic culture of Streptomyces hygroscopicus 0485 in the indicator cultures of Str. hygroscopicus 0477 and Str. levoris 1331. The phages were found to be identical in the morphology of particles and serological properties. The phenomenon of cross limitation, by the culture of Str. hygroscopicus 0477, of the phage growing on the culture of Str. levoris 1331, and vice versa, was established. At the same time, the phages were shown to be modified by the host cell.", "PMID": 713886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5777", "title": "[Effect of carbon dioxide on the methylotrophic metabolism of Candida boidinii].", "content": "The activity of enzymes involved in carbon metabolism of Candida boidinii KDI was compared on media containing methanol with bicarbonate and without it. The presence of carbon dioxide stimulated the activity of methanol oxidase, formaldehyde dehydrogenase, hexulose phosphate synthase and particularly carboxylases of pyruvate and phosphoenol pyruvate. At the same time, the activity of formate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase and isocitrate lyase decreased. Therefore, carbon dioxide produces a significant effect on methylotrophic metabolism of Candida boidinii KDI and is actively involved in biosynthetic processes.", "contents": "[Effect of carbon dioxide on the methylotrophic metabolism of Candida boidinii]. The activity of enzymes involved in carbon metabolism of Candida boidinii KDI was compared on media containing methanol with bicarbonate and without it. The presence of carbon dioxide stimulated the activity of methanol oxidase, formaldehyde dehydrogenase, hexulose phosphate synthase and particularly carboxylases of pyruvate and phosphoenol pyruvate. At the same time, the activity of formate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase and isocitrate lyase decreased. Therefore, carbon dioxide produces a significant effect on methylotrophic metabolism of Candida boidinii KDI and is actively involved in biosynthetic processes.", "PMID": 713885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5778", "title": "Nelson-Town anti virus theory.", "content": "For any virus that causes a biological change in the body, there is a substance that will prevent this virus from causing this biological change. We will call this substance an anti virus substance. Reasons for proposing this theory along with reasons for the prediction of 3 properties of an anti virus will be presented. Also to be presented is an anti virus circular diagram, a mechanism where when vitamin C is present the body can more easily manufacture the anti virus, other mechanisms, and the comparison of properties of humoral antibodies and interferon with suspected properties of anti viruses.", "contents": "Nelson-Town anti virus theory. For any virus that causes a biological change in the body, there is a substance that will prevent this virus from causing this biological change. We will call this substance an anti virus substance. Reasons for proposing this theory along with reasons for the prediction of 3 properties of an anti virus will be presented. Also to be presented is an anti virus circular diagram, a mechanism where when vitamin C is present the body can more easily manufacture the anti virus, other mechanisms, and the comparison of properties of humoral antibodies and interferon with suspected properties of anti viruses.", "PMID": 713891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5779", "title": "The anatomy of emotion.", "content": "Emotion is seen as a function of an autonomic system which pervades the cerebrum as much as the rest of the body. An emotional centre, or organ of mood, seems to exist in the hypothalamus, at the upper end of a reticular core rising through the brainstem, which initiates and co-ordinates vital impulses. The reticular formation (which may be identical with the centrencephalic integrating system) appears to contain adrenergic and cholinergic fibres and these may be central nervous elements of the autonomic system. Supporting evidence for this whole concept is presented from findings in brain self stimulation reward, the syndrome of central pain, posture and movement accompanying mood change, epileptic convulsions and progressive refinements in pre-frontal leucotomy. The limbic system is considered to subserve \"on going\" memory rather than mood, which appears to reach consciousness in the lateral temporal convexity, as a rule independently of awareness of peripheral somatic accompaniments of emotion.", "contents": "The anatomy of emotion. Emotion is seen as a function of an autonomic system which pervades the cerebrum as much as the rest of the body. An emotional centre, or organ of mood, seems to exist in the hypothalamus, at the upper end of a reticular core rising through the brainstem, which initiates and co-ordinates vital impulses. The reticular formation (which may be identical with the centrencephalic integrating system) appears to contain adrenergic and cholinergic fibres and these may be central nervous elements of the autonomic system. Supporting evidence for this whole concept is presented from findings in brain self stimulation reward, the syndrome of central pain, posture and movement accompanying mood change, epileptic convulsions and progressive refinements in pre-frontal leucotomy. The limbic system is considered to subserve \"on going\" memory rather than mood, which appears to reach consciousness in the lateral temporal convexity, as a rule independently of awareness of peripheral somatic accompaniments of emotion.", "PMID": 713889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5780", "title": "An innovative, rational approach to rural health care.", "content": "Parts of rural, southern Illinois, like many rural areas throughout the world, are medically underserved. An innovative, rational solution to the physician shortage in those parts of rural, southern Illinois, which may be applied to other medically underserved areas, rural or urban, is proposed in this manuscript. To attract physicians to or near medically underserved, rural areas in southern Illinois it is proposed that Primary Care and Referral Centers be set up in southern Illinois. This could be done by adding well trained general practitioners, family physicians, or general internists to the staff of each emergency center of the Total Emergency Medical Service System for (southern) Illinois that is located in or near an otherwise medically underserved, rural area of southern Illinois. These additional physicians would diagnose and treat within their capabilities all non-emergency cases coming to the primary care centers and refer non-emergency cases needing referrals. Referrals would be either for secondary or tertiary health care. The Primary Care and Referral Centers should be self-supporting from pre-paid patient fees. For almost ten years a health center like a Primary Care and Referral Center has been operating at SIU/Edwardsville.", "contents": "An innovative, rational approach to rural health care. Parts of rural, southern Illinois, like many rural areas throughout the world, are medically underserved. An innovative, rational solution to the physician shortage in those parts of rural, southern Illinois, which may be applied to other medically underserved areas, rural or urban, is proposed in this manuscript. To attract physicians to or near medically underserved, rural areas in southern Illinois it is proposed that Primary Care and Referral Centers be set up in southern Illinois. This could be done by adding well trained general practitioners, family physicians, or general internists to the staff of each emergency center of the Total Emergency Medical Service System for (southern) Illinois that is located in or near an otherwise medically underserved, rural area of southern Illinois. These additional physicians would diagnose and treat within their capabilities all non-emergency cases coming to the primary care centers and refer non-emergency cases needing referrals. Referrals would be either for secondary or tertiary health care. The Primary Care and Referral Centers should be self-supporting from pre-paid patient fees. For almost ten years a health center like a Primary Care and Referral Center has been operating at SIU/Edwardsville.", "PMID": 713893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5781", "title": "Lipid peroxidation in the hemolytic uremic syndrome.", "content": "Based on recent evidence of a genetic influence on prognosis (1) and the existence of red cell membrane phospholipid depletion with low or absent serum alpha-tocopherol (2) levels in three children with the Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (H.U.S.), we wish to suggest the existence of an inborn error of antioxident capacity as the basic pathogenetic mechanism in the development of the hemolytic uremic syndrome (H.U.S.).", "contents": "Lipid peroxidation in the hemolytic uremic syndrome. Based on recent evidence of a genetic influence on prognosis (1) and the existence of red cell membrane phospholipid depletion with low or absent serum alpha-tocopherol (2) levels in three children with the Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (H.U.S.), we wish to suggest the existence of an inborn error of antioxident capacity as the basic pathogenetic mechanism in the development of the hemolytic uremic syndrome (H.U.S.).", "PMID": 713892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5782", "title": "The mechanism of intimal thickening in arteriosclerosis.", "content": "The limitations of current theories of the mechanism of intimal thickening in arteriosclerosis are briefly reviewed. The suggestion is advanced that this change is due to intimal oedema, arising from failure of the lymphatic system of the surrounding tissue to remove adequately, protein-containing fluid filtering outwards through the vascular endothelium. It is postulated that such local environmental influences account for the variability in the degree of arterial degeneration seen in different arteries, and in different portions of the same artery.", "contents": "The mechanism of intimal thickening in arteriosclerosis. The limitations of current theories of the mechanism of intimal thickening in arteriosclerosis are briefly reviewed. The suggestion is advanced that this change is due to intimal oedema, arising from failure of the lymphatic system of the surrounding tissue to remove adequately, protein-containing fluid filtering outwards through the vascular endothelium. It is postulated that such local environmental influences account for the variability in the degree of arterial degeneration seen in different arteries, and in different portions of the same artery.", "PMID": 713895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5783", "title": "The importance of trophozoites in transmission of toxoplasmosis: survival and pathogenity of Toxoplasma gondii trophozoites in liquid media.", "content": "It has been generally assumed that Toxoplasma gondii trophozoites cannot survive long outside the body, and that toxoplasmosis is transmitted by transplacental infection, cysts and oocysts. We tested the survival and pathogenicity of separated Toxoplasma trophozoites in saline, colostrum, and solutions of albumen and serum, and the penetration of Toxoplasma trophozoites from infected secretions through mucous membranes of nose, conjunctiva, and mouth. The trophozoites survived 24 h in saline, 3 days in 3.5% serum albumen, 3 days in colostrum, and 17-43 days in serum solutions. The infectivity of the trophozoites was highest after nasal instillation, second highest after instillation into conjunctiva, and lowest after instillation into the mouth. The infective dose was calculated. The results show that Toxoplasma trophozoites survive and remain infectious for a relatively long time in biological liquid media and can easily penetrate mucous membranes, and suggest a revised hypothesis for the transmission of Toxoplasmosis with the trophozoites as one important source of infection.", "contents": "The importance of trophozoites in transmission of toxoplasmosis: survival and pathogenity of Toxoplasma gondii trophozoites in liquid media. It has been generally assumed that Toxoplasma gondii trophozoites cannot survive long outside the body, and that toxoplasmosis is transmitted by transplacental infection, cysts and oocysts. We tested the survival and pathogenicity of separated Toxoplasma trophozoites in saline, colostrum, and solutions of albumen and serum, and the penetration of Toxoplasma trophozoites from infected secretions through mucous membranes of nose, conjunctiva, and mouth. The trophozoites survived 24 h in saline, 3 days in 3.5% serum albumen, 3 days in colostrum, and 17-43 days in serum solutions. The infectivity of the trophozoites was highest after nasal instillation, second highest after instillation into conjunctiva, and lowest after instillation into the mouth. The infective dose was calculated. The results show that Toxoplasma trophozoites survive and remain infectious for a relatively long time in biological liquid media and can easily penetrate mucous membranes, and suggest a revised hypothesis for the transmission of Toxoplasmosis with the trophozoites as one important source of infection.", "PMID": 713894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5784", "title": "The surgeon's responsibility for asepsis.", "content": "Eighty percent of postoperative wound infections result from bacteria acquired elsewhere than in the operating room. Concomitant infections--such as dermatitis; periodontitis; infections of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, or urinary tracts--are not identified preoperatively, despite a threat to the patient greater than that of anesthesia and surgery combined. Isolation of overt infection is neglected. The entire hospital becomes a reservoir of bacterial debris that is reflected in the carriage of pathogens by personnel and patients. Infections are often initiated by medical devices that invade the vascular system, respiratory tract, or urinary bladder. Professional leadership at the bedside is the key to detecting and correcting breaches in technique and setting an example of a philosophy of total patient care.", "contents": "The surgeon's responsibility for asepsis. Eighty percent of postoperative wound infections result from bacteria acquired elsewhere than in the operating room. Concomitant infections--such as dermatitis; periodontitis; infections of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, or urinary tracts--are not identified preoperatively, despite a threat to the patient greater than that of anesthesia and surgery combined. Isolation of overt infection is neglected. The entire hospital becomes a reservoir of bacterial debris that is reflected in the carriage of pathogens by personnel and patients. Infections are often initiated by medical devices that invade the vascular system, respiratory tract, or urinary bladder. Professional leadership at the bedside is the key to detecting and correcting breaches in technique and setting an example of a philosophy of total patient care.", "PMID": 713899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5785", "title": "Apparatus for measuring zones of inhibition.", "content": "The apparatus described is a device allowing rapid measurement of susceptibility zone diameters obtained by the Kirby-Bauer method. The device consists of a series of radially arranged strips upon the lid of a microbiologic plate. The strips are transparent, labeled with the antibiotic tested, and slightly movable circumferentially. The strips being as wide as the diameter separating susceptible from resistant organisms, the device allows rapid classification of zone diameters into those indicating susceptibiltiy as well as resistance of orgainisms to the antibiotic tested.", "contents": "Apparatus for measuring zones of inhibition. The apparatus described is a device allowing rapid measurement of susceptibility zone diameters obtained by the Kirby-Bauer method. The device consists of a series of radially arranged strips upon the lid of a microbiologic plate. The strips are transparent, labeled with the antibiotic tested, and slightly movable circumferentially. The strips being as wide as the diameter separating susceptible from resistant organisms, the device allows rapid classification of zone diameters into those indicating susceptibiltiy as well as resistance of orgainisms to the antibiotic tested.", "PMID": 713902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5786", "title": "The operating room and the ultraviolet environment.", "content": "Clean surgical wounds may be contaminated from three separate sources: endogenously from the patient himself; exogenously from direct contamination by unsterile instruments, drapes, gowns, hands, or gloves; and by bacteria settling from that final common pathway, the air over the operative field. The advent of total joint replacement precipitated a renewed consciousness in the orthopedic community of the disastrous consequences a wound infection can have upon the orthopedic patient. Deep infection around a total joint replacement can convert a procedure with a 95 percent probability of success to a total disaster, leaving the patient worse than prior to operation. Most orthopedists use at least two accepted methods of preventing deep wound infection in the postoperative period: the application of topical antibiotics during surgery, and the intravenous infusion of systemic antibiotics during and after surgery for a brief period. In addition, many orthopedic surgeons are operating in clean air rooms with body exhaust systems; others are operating in an ultraviolet environment. Orthopedic surgery in the ultraviolet environment has been used at the brigham hospitals since 1973. The infection rate has dropped from 3.8 percent to 1.04 percent in a series of 2000 patients. However, inconveniences and hazards have been experienced in the use of ultraviolet radiation in the operating room.", "contents": "The operating room and the ultraviolet environment. Clean surgical wounds may be contaminated from three separate sources: endogenously from the patient himself; exogenously from direct contamination by unsterile instruments, drapes, gowns, hands, or gloves; and by bacteria settling from that final common pathway, the air over the operative field. The advent of total joint replacement precipitated a renewed consciousness in the orthopedic community of the disastrous consequences a wound infection can have upon the orthopedic patient. Deep infection around a total joint replacement can convert a procedure with a 95 percent probability of success to a total disaster, leaving the patient worse than prior to operation. Most orthopedists use at least two accepted methods of preventing deep wound infection in the postoperative period: the application of topical antibiotics during surgery, and the intravenous infusion of systemic antibiotics during and after surgery for a brief period. In addition, many orthopedic surgeons are operating in clean air rooms with body exhaust systems; others are operating in an ultraviolet environment. Orthopedic surgery in the ultraviolet environment has been used at the brigham hospitals since 1973. The infection rate has dropped from 3.8 percent to 1.04 percent in a series of 2000 patients. However, inconveniences and hazards have been experienced in the use of ultraviolet radiation in the operating room.", "PMID": 713900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5787", "title": "Metastatic neck nodes of unknown primary origin.", "content": "The patient who presents with a metastatic node in the neck should first have a thorough examination of the upper part of the respiratory tract and then a needle aspiration biopsy of the neck mass to confirm the diagnosis of cancer. Biopsy excision or incision of the neck tumour is unnecessary and can prejudice the patient's survival. In approximately 85% of cases, the occult primary tumour will be discovered after endoscopic examination with biopsies of appropriate areas. At the Prince of Wales Hospital, 43 patients received treatment for metastatic neck lesions where no primary tumour was found before definitive treatment. These patients were divided into three groups. Seventeen patients had potentially curable neck tumours, while the remaining two groups were divided into those with incurable neck masses and those with supraclavicular nodes. The three-year survival rate for the potentially curable group was 64%. However, only one patient in the other two groups survived. Radiotherapy to the neck node and likely primary site is recommended as the main form of therapy for nodes up to 3 cm in diameter. For nodes greater than 3 cm, a combination of surgery and radiotherapy gives the best results.", "contents": "Metastatic neck nodes of unknown primary origin. The patient who presents with a metastatic node in the neck should first have a thorough examination of the upper part of the respiratory tract and then a needle aspiration biopsy of the neck mass to confirm the diagnosis of cancer. Biopsy excision or incision of the neck tumour is unnecessary and can prejudice the patient's survival. In approximately 85% of cases, the occult primary tumour will be discovered after endoscopic examination with biopsies of appropriate areas. At the Prince of Wales Hospital, 43 patients received treatment for metastatic neck lesions where no primary tumour was found before definitive treatment. These patients were divided into three groups. Seventeen patients had potentially curable neck tumours, while the remaining two groups were divided into those with incurable neck masses and those with supraclavicular nodes. The three-year survival rate for the potentially curable group was 64%. However, only one patient in the other two groups survived. Radiotherapy to the neck node and likely primary site is recommended as the main form of therapy for nodes up to 3 cm in diameter. For nodes greater than 3 cm, a combination of surgery and radiotherapy gives the best results.", "PMID": 713910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5788", "title": "Improved waveform generator and cardiac simulator for sensitivity testing of ventricular programmed pulse generator.", "content": "The need for an easily generated, simulated QRS complex to facilitate preimplantation sensitivity testing of ventricular programmed pacemakers has led to the adoption of the sine squared waveform as the standard test pulse, by the Pacemaker Standards Subcommitte of the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI). A simple circuit is presented that provides an accurate sine squared pulse with easily adjustable pulse width (base frequency). A suggested circuit for incorporating this sine squared pulse generator into a complete pacemaker test waveform generator/cardiac simulator is also presented.", "contents": "Improved waveform generator and cardiac simulator for sensitivity testing of ventricular programmed pulse generator. The need for an easily generated, simulated QRS complex to facilitate preimplantation sensitivity testing of ventricular programmed pacemakers has led to the adoption of the sine squared waveform as the standard test pulse, by the Pacemaker Standards Subcommitte of the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI). A simple circuit is presented that provides an accurate sine squared pulse with easily adjustable pulse width (base frequency). A suggested circuit for incorporating this sine squared pulse generator into a complete pacemaker test waveform generator/cardiac simulator is also presented.", "PMID": 713905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5789", "title": "Automation of antimicrobial susceptibility testing.", "content": "Laboratory services lag significantly behind the time demands of the clinician in determining the appropriate antimicrobic drug to treat a bacterial infection. The authors discuss several new automated optical systems that promise to shorten the time lag for results, as well as lead to improved precision and standardization. The advantages of expressing antimicrobic susceptibility results as Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) over the three classifications of sensitive, intermediate, or resistant commonly determined by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method are discussed. Computerization is a central feature of emerging instrumentation for antimicrobic susceptibility testin, and it will be potentially useful in providing interpretive data relating the MIC to specific dose-site combinations. The paper is concluded by short descriptions of nonoptical techniques that investigators have used to measure bacterial growth.", "contents": "Automation of antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Laboratory services lag significantly behind the time demands of the clinician in determining the appropriate antimicrobic drug to treat a bacterial infection. The authors discuss several new automated optical systems that promise to shorten the time lag for results, as well as lead to improved precision and standardization. The advantages of expressing antimicrobic susceptibility results as Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) over the three classifications of sensitive, intermediate, or resistant commonly determined by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method are discussed. Computerization is a central feature of emerging instrumentation for antimicrobic susceptibility testin, and it will be potentially useful in providing interpretive data relating the MIC to specific dose-site combinations. The paper is concluded by short descriptions of nonoptical techniques that investigators have used to measure bacterial growth.", "PMID": 713903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5790", "title": "Sinus arrhythmia in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Sinus arrhythmia, defined by means of a calculation of variance of the R-R interval on admission to hospital, was present in 73 of 176 patients admitted to a coronary care unit with acute myocardial infarction. These patients had a lower hospital mortality. They tended to have a higher incidence of inferior infarction, and a lower incidence of anterior infarction, and to have smaller infarcts as measured by the Norris index. The main difference between patients with sinus arrhythmia and without sinus arrhythmia related to heart rates on admission to hospital, the patients with the former having slower heart rates at that time.", "contents": "Sinus arrhythmia in acute myocardial infarction. Sinus arrhythmia, defined by means of a calculation of variance of the R-R interval on admission to hospital, was present in 73 of 176 patients admitted to a coronary care unit with acute myocardial infarction. These patients had a lower hospital mortality. They tended to have a higher incidence of inferior infarction, and a lower incidence of anterior infarction, and to have smaller infarcts as measured by the Norris index. The main difference between patients with sinus arrhythmia and without sinus arrhythmia related to heart rates on admission to hospital, the patients with the former having slower heart rates at that time.", "PMID": 713911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5791", "title": "Digital range-gated echocardiographic tracking.", "content": "Many applications of standard echocardiography require velocity computation which is usually determined by manually measuring slopes on an echocardiogram. However, manual techniques are limited by the inaccuracy with which slopes may be drawn and measured, the large amount of time required for detailed analysis, and the lack of real time information. A system is described which automatically provides real time and continuous and essentially instantaneous position and velocity measurements on selected heart structures. The system is designed with digital electronics wherever possible to facilitate data processing and the transfer of information to a computer. The system has advantages over continuous wave ultrasonic Doppler techniques and a range-gated ultrasonic Doppler system because dynamic, range-gated digital tracking allows target isolation and identification. Also, because range gate size may be kept small, noise susceptibility is minimized.", "contents": "Digital range-gated echocardiographic tracking. Many applications of standard echocardiography require velocity computation which is usually determined by manually measuring slopes on an echocardiogram. However, manual techniques are limited by the inaccuracy with which slopes may be drawn and measured, the large amount of time required for detailed analysis, and the lack of real time information. A system is described which automatically provides real time and continuous and essentially instantaneous position and velocity measurements on selected heart structures. The system is designed with digital electronics wherever possible to facilitate data processing and the transfer of information to a computer. The system has advantages over continuous wave ultrasonic Doppler techniques and a range-gated ultrasonic Doppler system because dynamic, range-gated digital tracking allows target isolation and identification. Also, because range gate size may be kept small, noise susceptibility is minimized.", "PMID": 713906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5792", "title": "Systemic griseofulvin therapy of monilethrix.", "content": "After a report of clinical effectiveness, four adult patients with monilethrix were treated with griseofulvin for six months at an orally administered dose of 500 mg (microsize) per day. No objective or subjective improvement was observed.", "contents": "Systemic griseofulvin therapy of monilethrix. After a report of clinical effectiveness, four adult patients with monilethrix were treated with griseofulvin for six months at an orally administered dose of 500 mg (microsize) per day. No objective or subjective improvement was observed.", "PMID": 713912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5793", "title": "Manual record-keeping and statistical records for the operating room.", "content": "Surveys have shown that handwritten anesthesia and circulating records kept in hospital operating rooms may be inadequately maintained and analyzed. Online, fully automated data processing techniques have been applied to reduce the anesthesiologist's recordkeeping workload, but with limited receptivity. An off-line data processing system has been developed using handwritten records to provide both anesthesia and operating room utilization statistics. Evaluation of the system indicates that an online, semiautomated approach applied only to charting vital signs and recording utilization statistics is an appropriate one for future development.", "contents": "Manual record-keeping and statistical records for the operating room. Surveys have shown that handwritten anesthesia and circulating records kept in hospital operating rooms may be inadequately maintained and analyzed. Online, fully automated data processing techniques have been applied to reduce the anesthesiologist's recordkeeping workload, but with limited receptivity. An off-line data processing system has been developed using handwritten records to provide both anesthesia and operating room utilization statistics. Evaluation of the system indicates that an online, semiautomated approach applied only to charting vital signs and recording utilization statistics is an appropriate one for future development.", "PMID": 713907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5794", "title": "Cardiac electrodes and safe voltage limits.", "content": "The 5-mV safe voltage limit that has been proposed for hospital safety codes is shown to be based on incorrect assumptions. The actual voltage threshold for 60-Hz current is of the order of 100 mV or greater, because of the effects of electrode interface impedance and cell membrane characteristics. AK value of 50 mV is proposed as the safe voltage limit for 60 Hz current for the purposes of safety standards. The medical community is requested to consider this value.", "contents": "Cardiac electrodes and safe voltage limits. The 5-mV safe voltage limit that has been proposed for hospital safety codes is shown to be based on incorrect assumptions. The actual voltage threshold for 60-Hz current is of the order of 100 mV or greater, because of the effects of electrode interface impedance and cell membrane characteristics. AK value of 50 mV is proposed as the safe voltage limit for 60 Hz current for the purposes of safety standards. The medical community is requested to consider this value.", "PMID": 713904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5795", "title": "Queensland's rural practitioners: background and motivations.", "content": "In view of the continuing maldistribution of medical manpower, this study was undertaken in order to delineate the backgrounds and motivating factors influencing choice of practice by rural practitioners in Queensland. Of those doctors in rural practice 38% had spent more than 10 years of their childhood in a rural environment. Interest of work and variety of practice were most consistently designated as attractions of rural practice, while the factor designated as the greatest attraction of rural practice was the variety of practice. The major disadvantages of rural practice were: (i) restricted opportunities for continuing education; (ii) difficulty obtaining adequate locum assistance for holidays and continuing education; and (iii) professional isolation. The prime reasons doctors had for choosing their present practice were the practice conditions (31.3%), and geographical location (20.9%).", "contents": "Queensland's rural practitioners: background and motivations. In view of the continuing maldistribution of medical manpower, this study was undertaken in order to delineate the backgrounds and motivating factors influencing choice of practice by rural practitioners in Queensland. Of those doctors in rural practice 38% had spent more than 10 years of their childhood in a rural environment. Interest of work and variety of practice were most consistently designated as attractions of rural practice, while the factor designated as the greatest attraction of rural practice was the variety of practice. The major disadvantages of rural practice were: (i) restricted opportunities for continuing education; (ii) difficulty obtaining adequate locum assistance for holidays and continuing education; and (iii) professional isolation. The prime reasons doctors had for choosing their present practice were the practice conditions (31.3%), and geographical location (20.9%).", "PMID": 713917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5796", "title": "Single-dose therapy in management of urinary tract infection.", "content": "A study was undertaken to determine whether single dose therapy for urinary infection can identify those patients who are likely to have underlying pathological changes of the renal tract, and, thus, those patients who need further investigation. Fifty-three patients (50 females, three males) with documented recurrent urinary tract infection, in whom the present infection was confirmed in two consecutive urine specimens, were studied. Patients received a single dose of 0.5 g kanamycin intramuscularly (or another antibiotic for kanamycin-resistant organisms), and urine was cultured daily over the following week. The original infecting organism was eradicated in 22 of the 37 patients (60%) who completed the study (urine clear at one week), but persisted or relapsed in 15. Bacteriuria disappeared within 24 hours in all but four patients, but both relapses and new infections were seen as early as 48 hours after treatment. Fifteen of 18 patients (83%) with radiologically normal renal tracts were successfully treated compared with only 6 of 16 patients (37%) with a radiological abnormality. Failure of single dose therapy to eradicate urinary infection is thus an indication for further investigation.", "contents": "Single-dose therapy in management of urinary tract infection. A study was undertaken to determine whether single dose therapy for urinary infection can identify those patients who are likely to have underlying pathological changes of the renal tract, and, thus, those patients who need further investigation. Fifty-three patients (50 females, three males) with documented recurrent urinary tract infection, in whom the present infection was confirmed in two consecutive urine specimens, were studied. Patients received a single dose of 0.5 g kanamycin intramuscularly (or another antibiotic for kanamycin-resistant organisms), and urine was cultured daily over the following week. The original infecting organism was eradicated in 22 of the 37 patients (60%) who completed the study (urine clear at one week), but persisted or relapsed in 15. Bacteriuria disappeared within 24 hours in all but four patients, but both relapses and new infections were seen as early as 48 hours after treatment. Fifteen of 18 patients (83%) with radiologically normal renal tracts were successfully treated compared with only 6 of 16 patients (37%) with a radiological abnormality. Failure of single dose therapy to eradicate urinary infection is thus an indication for further investigation.", "PMID": 713922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5797", "title": "Functional pelviureteric junction obstruction.", "content": "A case of functional pelviureteric junction obstruction is reported and a radiological method for detecting this entity is described. The causes of this condition are described and the reasons for the appropriate treatment are given.", "contents": "Functional pelviureteric junction obstruction. A case of functional pelviureteric junction obstruction is reported and a radiological method for detecting this entity is described. The causes of this condition are described and the reasons for the appropriate treatment are given.", "PMID": 713923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5798", "title": "Oral administration of erythromycin stearate: effect of dosage form on plasma levels.", "content": "The clinical effectiveness of three different oral dose forms of erythromycin stearate was assessed by following plasma levels during continued dosage. The assessment was carried out in 12 volunteers who took 250 mg of the drug every six hours in a cross-over design with intravenous administration of erythromycin lactobionate as a reference. While in some patients levels which were obtained after the initial dose were low, plasma levels sufficient to inhibit the majority of bacterial pathogens which cause acute respiratory tract infections were obtained and maintained after the second dose.", "contents": "Oral administration of erythromycin stearate: effect of dosage form on plasma levels. The clinical effectiveness of three different oral dose forms of erythromycin stearate was assessed by following plasma levels during continued dosage. The assessment was carried out in 12 volunteers who took 250 mg of the drug every six hours in a cross-over design with intravenous administration of erythromycin lactobionate as a reference. While in some patients levels which were obtained after the initial dose were low, plasma levels sufficient to inhibit the majority of bacterial pathogens which cause acute respiratory tract infections were obtained and maintained after the second dose.", "PMID": 713930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5799", "title": "An open study of the antihypertensive efficacy of metoprolol.", "content": "An open study of the effectiveness of metoprolol in reducing the blood pressures of 13 hypertensive patients was conducted. It was found that metoprolol reduced the patients' blood pressure satisfactorily, and is well tolerated within the dose range of 100 mg to 400 mg daily.", "contents": "An open study of the antihypertensive efficacy of metoprolol. An open study of the effectiveness of metoprolol in reducing the blood pressures of 13 hypertensive patients was conducted. It was found that metoprolol reduced the patients' blood pressure satisfactorily, and is well tolerated within the dose range of 100 mg to 400 mg daily.", "PMID": 713931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5800", "title": "Rhabdomyolysis and renal failure in acute mercuric chloride poisoning.", "content": "A case of acute renal failure after mercuric chloride poisoning is reported. Laboratory data revealed markedly elevated serum concentrations of aldolase and creatine phosphokinase, and the presence of pigment granular casts and myoglobin in the urine. The patient went into a diuretic phase after 12 days of oliguria and renal function returned to normal during the next 10 days. Besides direct nephrotoxicity, the contributory role of rhabdomyolysis in the pathogenesis of renal failure after mercuric chloride poisoning, has been stressed.", "contents": "Rhabdomyolysis and renal failure in acute mercuric chloride poisoning. A case of acute renal failure after mercuric chloride poisoning is reported. Laboratory data revealed markedly elevated serum concentrations of aldolase and creatine phosphokinase, and the presence of pigment granular casts and myoglobin in the urine. The patient went into a diuretic phase after 12 days of oliguria and renal function returned to normal during the next 10 days. Besides direct nephrotoxicity, the contributory role of rhabdomyolysis in the pathogenesis of renal failure after mercuric chloride poisoning, has been stressed.", "PMID": 713932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5801", "title": "Rubella vaccination in Australia: 1. A five-year follow-up of vaccinated schoolgirls.", "content": "Schoolgirl rubella vaccination commenced in New South Wales in 1971. Serological follow up of 242 girls, four to five years after vaccination, showed that 9% of girls had missed the vaccination programme. Only 5% of vaccinees were still susceptible to rubella in comparison with 27% of unvaccinated male controls. The efficacy of the programme is thus well demonstrated. Screening for vaccine failures at the time of prescribing contraceptives is suggested as a means of detecting schoolgirl vaccine failures. It is noted that the first cohort of schoolgirl vaccinees has not yet reached the peak childbearing age range.", "contents": "Rubella vaccination in Australia: 1. A five-year follow-up of vaccinated schoolgirls. Schoolgirl rubella vaccination commenced in New South Wales in 1971. Serological follow up of 242 girls, four to five years after vaccination, showed that 9% of girls had missed the vaccination programme. Only 5% of vaccinees were still susceptible to rubella in comparison with 27% of unvaccinated male controls. The efficacy of the programme is thus well demonstrated. Screening for vaccine failures at the time of prescribing contraceptives is suggested as a means of detecting schoolgirl vaccine failures. It is noted that the first cohort of schoolgirl vaccinees has not yet reached the peak childbearing age range.", "PMID": 713933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5802", "title": "Combined microwave therapy.", "content": "Fifty-two cases of advanced head and neck cancer were treated by 434-MHz radiowave hyperthermia which was combined with cobalt radiotherapy and/or radioactive gold grain implant. Complete resolution of primary and secondary lesions occurred in 94% of cases, and the survival rate after three years was 54%. Retrospective study of comparable series revealed 62.5% resolution rate, and 29% survival after treatment with hyperbaric oxygen and cobalt, while after conventional supervoltage therapy, the resolution rate was 36.5%, and only 19% survived for three years.", "contents": "Combined microwave therapy. Fifty-two cases of advanced head and neck cancer were treated by 434-MHz radiowave hyperthermia which was combined with cobalt radiotherapy and/or radioactive gold grain implant. Complete resolution of primary and secondary lesions occurred in 94% of cases, and the survival rate after three years was 54%. Retrospective study of comparable series revealed 62.5% resolution rate, and 29% survival after treatment with hyperbaric oxygen and cobalt, while after conventional supervoltage therapy, the resolution rate was 36.5%, and only 19% survived for three years.", "PMID": 713934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5803", "title": "[Symmetric cerebral calcification associated with disturbed parathyroid function (author's transl)].", "content": "Alteration of the metabolism of calcium and phosphate may be associated with symmetric cerebral calcification. Detailed investigations of the function of parathyroid glands including computer tomography of the brain are so far missing. In 6 patients with clinical and biochemical signs of altered function of the parathyroid glands symmetric cerebral calcification could be demonstrated by computer tomography. They are also visible by X-ray examination in one patient. Consequently, functional disturbances of the brain, cerebellum and of the extrapyramidal system may occur. Moreover, the combination of hypoparathyroidism and hypothyroidism also appears to result in the development of symmetric cerebral calcification. The pathogenesis of the calcification as well as therapeutic approaches will be discussed.", "contents": "[Symmetric cerebral calcification associated with disturbed parathyroid function (author's transl)]. Alteration of the metabolism of calcium and phosphate may be associated with symmetric cerebral calcification. Detailed investigations of the function of parathyroid glands including computer tomography of the brain are so far missing. In 6 patients with clinical and biochemical signs of altered function of the parathyroid glands symmetric cerebral calcification could be demonstrated by computer tomography. They are also visible by X-ray examination in one patient. Consequently, functional disturbances of the brain, cerebellum and of the extrapyramidal system may occur. Moreover, the combination of hypoparathyroidism and hypothyroidism also appears to result in the development of symmetric cerebral calcification. The pathogenesis of the calcification as well as therapeutic approaches will be discussed.", "PMID": 713955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5804", "title": "[Successful gastric ulcer treatment of a patient with primary hyperparathyroidism with cimetidine (author's transl)].", "content": "Case report on the successful gastric ulcer treatment of a patient with primary hyperparathyroidism with the H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine. After four weeks of therapy with 0.8 g/d cimetidine stomal ulcerations were seen by x-rays and endoscopy to be healed. The patient was discharged on a regimen of 400 mg daily of oral cimetidine. Peptic ulcer did not recur after 1/2 year of treatment with this H2-receptor antagonist, although the signs of primary hyperparathyroidism were still present.", "contents": "[Successful gastric ulcer treatment of a patient with primary hyperparathyroidism with cimetidine (author's transl)]. Case report on the successful gastric ulcer treatment of a patient with primary hyperparathyroidism with the H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine. After four weeks of therapy with 0.8 g/d cimetidine stomal ulcerations were seen by x-rays and endoscopy to be healed. The patient was discharged on a regimen of 400 mg daily of oral cimetidine. Peptic ulcer did not recur after 1/2 year of treatment with this H2-receptor antagonist, although the signs of primary hyperparathyroidism were still present.", "PMID": 713956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5805", "title": "[Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with biarison. Results of a double-blind study with placebo (author's transl)].", "content": "The effectiveness of Biarison vs. placebo was compared in an inter-individual double-blind study on 30 hospitalized patients with possible, definitive and classical rheumatoid arthritis. The time of comparison was 3 weeks; the dose used 900 mg (up to maximally 1500 mg)/day. The clinical index and the index of activity according to Lansbury were improved with Biarison and with placebo. The superiority of Biarison could be confirmed statistically (p less than 0,01). The effectiveness of Biarison was shown in reference to parameters of pain (number of painful joints and intensity of joint pain, pain on motion and at rest). Biarison was essentially well tolerated. Side effects were all gastro-intestinal. In 3 patients adverse reactions were slight and subsided spontaneously when treatment was continued. In 2 individuals Biarison had to be withdrawn in the 3rd week of treatment. In the placebo group 3 patients were taken off treatment due to no therapeutic effectiveness.", "contents": "[Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with biarison. Results of a double-blind study with placebo (author's transl)]. The effectiveness of Biarison vs. placebo was compared in an inter-individual double-blind study on 30 hospitalized patients with possible, definitive and classical rheumatoid arthritis. The time of comparison was 3 weeks; the dose used 900 mg (up to maximally 1500 mg)/day. The clinical index and the index of activity according to Lansbury were improved with Biarison and with placebo. The superiority of Biarison could be confirmed statistically (p less than 0,01). The effectiveness of Biarison was shown in reference to parameters of pain (number of painful joints and intensity of joint pain, pain on motion and at rest). Biarison was essentially well tolerated. Side effects were all gastro-intestinal. In 3 patients adverse reactions were slight and subsided spontaneously when treatment was continued. In 2 individuals Biarison had to be withdrawn in the 3rd week of treatment. In the placebo group 3 patients were taken off treatment due to no therapeutic effectiveness.", "PMID": 713957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5806", "title": "Evaluation of observer performance in detecting blood vessels on simulated angiographic images.", "content": "This paper presents methods for evaluating the effects of technical factors on observers' detection of small blood vessels in angiographic images. A fixed set of physical parameters was used to generate computer-simulated angiographs that contained blood vessels of various diameters. Observers' judgments about each set of images permitted estimation of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for vessel detection and of the probability of correctly locating the vessels. Both parametric and nonparametric methods were used to characterize the ROC curves. Three different, but theoretically related, measures of vessel detectability varied systematically with changes in the blood vessel's diameter, reflecting changes in observer performance.", "contents": "Evaluation of observer performance in detecting blood vessels on simulated angiographic images. This paper presents methods for evaluating the effects of technical factors on observers' detection of small blood vessels in angiographic images. A fixed set of physical parameters was used to generate computer-simulated angiographs that contained blood vessels of various diameters. Observers' judgments about each set of images permitted estimation of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for vessel detection and of the probability of correctly locating the vessels. Both parametric and nonparametric methods were used to characterize the ROC curves. Three different, but theoretically related, measures of vessel detectability varied systematically with changes in the blood vessel's diameter, reflecting changes in observer performance.", "PMID": 713971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5807", "title": "Tissue mimicking materials for ultrasound phantoms.", "content": "Up until now, no material has been found whose attenuation and speed of sound properties not only mimic those of human soft tissue, but are controllable in magnitude. We have discovered such a material in the form of water-based pharmaceutical gels containing uniform distributions of graphite powder and known concentrations of alcohol. The magnitude of the attenuation coefficient can be controlled easily between 0.2 and 1.5 dB/cm at 1 MHz, by varying the concentration of graphite. These attenuation coefficients are nearly proportional to the frequency. The speed of sound varies between 1520 and 1650 m/s at room temperature, depending primarily upon the concentration of alcohol. Bacterial invasion has been prevented by sterilization procedures and the introduction of appropriate preservatives. The ultrasonic properties exhibit temporal stability and change little over the range of room temperatures.", "contents": "Tissue mimicking materials for ultrasound phantoms. Up until now, no material has been found whose attenuation and speed of sound properties not only mimic those of human soft tissue, but are controllable in magnitude. We have discovered such a material in the form of water-based pharmaceutical gels containing uniform distributions of graphite powder and known concentrations of alcohol. The magnitude of the attenuation coefficient can be controlled easily between 0.2 and 1.5 dB/cm at 1 MHz, by varying the concentration of graphite. These attenuation coefficients are nearly proportional to the frequency. The speed of sound varies between 1520 and 1650 m/s at room temperature, depending primarily upon the concentration of alcohol. Bacterial invasion has been prevented by sterilization procedures and the introduction of appropriate preservatives. The ultrasonic properties exhibit temporal stability and change little over the range of room temperatures.", "PMID": 713972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5808", "title": "Thermal conductivity and diffusivity of neuroblastoma tumor.", "content": "In the application of hyperthermia to cancer management, it would be useful to know the temperature/tim profile of heated tissues, including the tumor and surrounding normal structures. To obtain this information, knowledge of thermal conductivity and diffusivity of the tissues is required. The thermal conductivity of neuroblastoma was determined by a transient technique to be 89% of the thermal conductivity of water at 25 degrees, 37 degrees, and 44 degrees C. From the latter measurements, the thermal diffusivity of neuroblastoma cells was estimated as 93% of the thermal diffusivity for water. Further, in this study of neuroblastoma cells, the water content was measured as 87.4 g/100 ml of cells, a rather high value not atypical of tumor cells. From literature values of density, specific heat, and thermal conductivity, values for the thermal diffusivity of a variety of normal tissues were estimated. The thermal diffusivity values of normal tissues and neuroblastoma cells exhibit an excellent correlation with water content.", "contents": "Thermal conductivity and diffusivity of neuroblastoma tumor. In the application of hyperthermia to cancer management, it would be useful to know the temperature/tim profile of heated tissues, including the tumor and surrounding normal structures. To obtain this information, knowledge of thermal conductivity and diffusivity of the tissues is required. The thermal conductivity of neuroblastoma was determined by a transient technique to be 89% of the thermal conductivity of water at 25 degrees, 37 degrees, and 44 degrees C. From the latter measurements, the thermal diffusivity of neuroblastoma cells was estimated as 93% of the thermal diffusivity for water. Further, in this study of neuroblastoma cells, the water content was measured as 87.4 g/100 ml of cells, a rather high value not atypical of tumor cells. From literature values of density, specific heat, and thermal conductivity, values for the thermal diffusivity of a variety of normal tissues were estimated. The thermal diffusivity values of normal tissues and neuroblastoma cells exhibit an excellent correlation with water content.", "PMID": 713975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5809", "title": "Dynamic nuclear-medicine image display system using standard multiformatter images.", "content": "There is much interest in visualizing dynamic physiological function using nuclear-medicine techniques. In particular, these methods are used in cardiac studies, but it is likely that many other functions will be better visualized with cinematographic-type displays. A new instrument is described which takes a sequence of images, records on a single sheet of film by standard formatting devices and, by means of digitally controlled mirrors, projects them in rapid sequence onto a screen to produce the dynamic movie display.", "contents": "Dynamic nuclear-medicine image display system using standard multiformatter images. There is much interest in visualizing dynamic physiological function using nuclear-medicine techniques. In particular, these methods are used in cardiac studies, but it is likely that many other functions will be better visualized with cinematographic-type displays. A new instrument is described which takes a sequence of images, records on a single sheet of film by standard formatting devices and, by means of digitally controlled mirrors, projects them in rapid sequence onto a screen to produce the dynamic movie display.", "PMID": 713973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5810", "title": "Monte Carlo calculation of the wall correction factors for ionization chambers and Aeq for 60Co gamma rays.", "content": "The application of cavity-ionization chambers to the standadization of 60Co gamma-ray beams, in terms of exposure, requires that the specific ionization of air Jg, be corrected for the attenuation and scatter of the incident rays by the wall, central electrode, and supporting stem of the chamber. A Monte Carlo photon-electron transport code has been developed for the purpose of calculating this correction for spherical and cylindrical chambers. The code has been applied to a spherical graphite chamber having dimensions typical of the chambers used by the NBS, the calculated wall-correction factor is in close agreement with the average of the NBS factors which were determined experimentally. The code was also used to calculate Aeq, which is central to the determination of tissue-air ratios. The calculated value, 0.989 +/- 0.003, is very close to the generally accepted value, 0.985.", "contents": "Monte Carlo calculation of the wall correction factors for ionization chambers and Aeq for 60Co gamma rays. The application of cavity-ionization chambers to the standadization of 60Co gamma-ray beams, in terms of exposure, requires that the specific ionization of air Jg, be corrected for the attenuation and scatter of the incident rays by the wall, central electrode, and supporting stem of the chamber. A Monte Carlo photon-electron transport code has been developed for the purpose of calculating this correction for spherical and cylindrical chambers. The code has been applied to a spherical graphite chamber having dimensions typical of the chambers used by the NBS, the calculated wall-correction factor is in close agreement with the average of the NBS factors which were determined experimentally. The code was also used to calculate Aeq, which is central to the determination of tissue-air ratios. The calculated value, 0.989 +/- 0.003, is very close to the generally accepted value, 0.985.", "PMID": 713976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5811", "title": "Importance of geometry in biological sample analysis by x-ray fluorescence.", "content": "The determining factors of a good analysis by x-ray fluorescence are discussed, emphasizing the importance of the geometrical arrangement, especially the excitation-source to analysis-material distance. The variation of the peak area of the Kalpha x-ray of Fe is evaluated as a function of the distance. Precautions are given for the analysis of low concentration samples as well as for obtaining the relative concentration of an element in a specific material or organ.", "contents": "Importance of geometry in biological sample analysis by x-ray fluorescence. The determining factors of a good analysis by x-ray fluorescence are discussed, emphasizing the importance of the geometrical arrangement, especially the excitation-source to analysis-material distance. The variation of the peak area of the Kalpha x-ray of Fe is evaluated as a function of the distance. Precautions are given for the analysis of low concentration samples as well as for obtaining the relative concentration of an element in a specific material or organ.", "PMID": 713974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5812", "title": "Relation between tolerance dose and treatment field size in radiotherapy.", "content": "A relation is developed between tolerance dose and field size from an analysis of available clinical data on skin-tolerance doses for various treatment field sizes in radiotherapy. It is shown that plots of log-dose against log-field-size for various fractionation schedules give isoeffect lines all having approximately the same slope. This suggests a power law relation between tolerance dose and field size. A generalized form of NSD equation, incorporating the field-size dependence of tolerance dose, is shown to follow naturally when this new relation is combined with Ellis' NSD relation. Certain discrepancies between the sets of data used in the present analysis are pointed out and it is suggested that more data are needed before the generalized NSD relation can be applied under varying conditions of dose, time, fractionation, and field size.", "contents": "Relation between tolerance dose and treatment field size in radiotherapy. A relation is developed between tolerance dose and field size from an analysis of available clinical data on skin-tolerance doses for various treatment field sizes in radiotherapy. It is shown that plots of log-dose against log-field-size for various fractionation schedules give isoeffect lines all having approximately the same slope. This suggests a power law relation between tolerance dose and field size. A generalized form of NSD equation, incorporating the field-size dependence of tolerance dose, is shown to follow naturally when this new relation is combined with Ellis' NSD relation. Certain discrepancies between the sets of data used in the present analysis are pointed out and it is suggested that more data are needed before the generalized NSD relation can be applied under varying conditions of dose, time, fractionation, and field size.", "PMID": 713977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5813", "title": "Nationwide evaluation of 60Co teletherapy calibrations.", "content": "As a result of a reported incident which resulted in the unintended overexposure of several hundred patients, teletherapy installations throughout the United States were evaluated to verify the accuracy of teletherapy equipment calibrations. Selected licensees received TLDs for exposure under specified conditions. Site visits were made to each licensee showing an apparent discrepancy greater than +/- 5% and intercomparison measurements made. This paper describes results of a sampling of 373 teletherapy licensees and the success of site visits in reducing final discrepancies to less than +/- 5%. TLD and site visit measurement techniques, results, comparison with data from other studies, and possible sources of uncertainty in the management of a large-scale screening program are discussed.", "contents": "Nationwide evaluation of 60Co teletherapy calibrations. As a result of a reported incident which resulted in the unintended overexposure of several hundred patients, teletherapy installations throughout the United States were evaluated to verify the accuracy of teletherapy equipment calibrations. Selected licensees received TLDs for exposure under specified conditions. Site visits were made to each licensee showing an apparent discrepancy greater than +/- 5% and intercomparison measurements made. This paper describes results of a sampling of 373 teletherapy licensees and the success of site visits in reducing final discrepancies to less than +/- 5%. TLD and site visit measurement techniques, results, comparison with data from other studies, and possible sources of uncertainty in the management of a large-scale screening program are discussed.", "PMID": 713978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5814", "title": "Determination of radiographic screen-film system characteristic curve and its gradient by use of a curve-smoothing technique.", "content": "One of the important factors affecting radiographic image quality is the film contrast of the recording system, which may be expressed by the gradient of its H & D curve. Experimental determinations of H & D curves are subject to relatively small error, which can nevertheless cause large fluctuations and uncertainties in the calculated gradient. To reduce this fluctuation, we wrote a computer program for orthogonal-polynomial (discrete  Legendre polynomials) curve fitting by means of least-squares estimation of parameters. This procedure facilitates curve smoothing and gradient computation following sensitometric measurements. The program was tested against a large number of measured characteristic curves. A brief description of the program is given, with examples which illustrate its applications.", "contents": "Determination of radiographic screen-film system characteristic curve and its gradient by use of a curve-smoothing technique. One of the important factors affecting radiographic image quality is the film contrast of the recording system, which may be expressed by the gradient of its H & D curve. Experimental determinations of H & D curves are subject to relatively small error, which can nevertheless cause large fluctuations and uncertainties in the calculated gradient. To reduce this fluctuation, we wrote a computer program for orthogonal-polynomial (discrete  Legendre polynomials) curve fitting by means of least-squares estimation of parameters. This procedure facilitates curve smoothing and gradient computation following sensitometric measurements. The program was tested against a large number of measured characteristic curves. A brief description of the program is given, with examples which illustrate its applications.", "PMID": 713979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5815", "title": "Cryotherapy for animals.", "content": "The advisability of using cold depends on the character and stage of the pathologic change, the therapist's knowledge of the patient's condition, and an understanding of how cold affects tissues. Cold is simple to use, requires no expensive special equipment, relieves pain, and helps to control acute and chronic stages of inflammation. Combined with other therapeutic procedures, it is a valuable addition to the treatment regimen.", "contents": "Cryotherapy for animals. The advisability of using cold depends on the character and stage of the pathologic change, the therapist's knowledge of the patient's condition, and an understanding of how cold affects tissues. Cold is simple to use, requires no expensive special equipment, relieves pain, and helps to control acute and chronic stages of inflammation. Combined with other therapeutic procedures, it is a valuable addition to the treatment regimen.", "PMID": 714007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5816", "title": "Restriction endonuclease mapping of pSC101 and pMB9.", "content": "A restriction endonuclease analysis of the plasmids pSC101 and pMB9 has allowed a determination of the alterations that occurred in the tetracycline resistance locus during the construction of pMB9 from pSC101. The genes for four of the polypeptides involved in tetracycline resistance have been positioned on the restriction endonuclease map of pSC101.", "contents": "Restriction endonuclease mapping of pSC101 and pMB9. A restriction endonuclease analysis of the plasmids pSC101 and pMB9 has allowed a determination of the alterations that occurred in the tetracycline resistance locus during the construction of pMB9 from pSC101. The genes for four of the polypeptides involved in tetracycline resistance have been positioned on the restriction endonuclease map of pSC101.", "PMID": 714015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5817", "title": "Circular molecules of heterogeneous size from mitochondrial fractions of the petite-negative yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.", "content": "Size and shape of mitochondrial DNA molecules of Schizosaccharomyces pombe were analyzed by electron microscopy. Besides numerous linear molecules, circular molecules ranging from 0.83 micron to 12.81 micron were found. Depending on the method of preparation, both closed and open circular molecules were found. Most of the circular molecules could be assigned to five major size classes of 0.83 +/- 0.05 micron, 1.7 +/- 0.05 micron, 4.74 +/- 0.04 micron, 5.74 +/- 0.04 micron, and 8.32 +/- 0.07 micron. Possible explanations for the different size classes of mitochondrial DNA molecules are discussed.", "contents": "Circular molecules of heterogeneous size from mitochondrial fractions of the petite-negative yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Size and shape of mitochondrial DNA molecules of Schizosaccharomyces pombe were analyzed by electron microscopy. Besides numerous linear molecules, circular molecules ranging from 0.83 micron to 12.81 micron were found. Depending on the method of preparation, both closed and open circular molecules were found. Most of the circular molecules could be assigned to five major size classes of 0.83 +/- 0.05 micron, 1.7 +/- 0.05 micron, 4.74 +/- 0.04 micron, 5.74 +/- 0.04 micron, and 8.32 +/- 0.07 micron. Possible explanations for the different size classes of mitochondrial DNA molecules are discussed.", "PMID": 714016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5818", "title": "Extrachromosomal inheritance in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. VII. Studies by zygote clone analysis on transmission, segregation, recombination, and uniparental inheritance of mitochondrial markers conferring resistance to antimycin, chloramphenicol, and erythromycin.", "content": "Crosses involving mitochondrial markers conferring resistance to antimycin (anar, AR), chloramphenicol (capr, CR), and erythromycin (eryr, ER) in cis- and trans-configuration were studied by zygote clone analysis. Mutant anar-8, from which all other drug--resistant isolates were derived, exhibits a highly biased transmission (6.8% anar) in an analysis of 100 individual zygote clones. Important results of zygote clone analyses were:--Zygote clones may contain one, two, three, or four mitochondrial genotypes.--The proportion of the two parental and the two recombinant genotypes in individual zygote clones can vary almost over the entire range of percentages.--Proportions of the two corresponding recombinant types in individual clones are usually unequal.--Transmission rates of markers are higher in trans- than in cis-crosses, indicating additivity of bias by two mutated alleles in coupling.--Transmission rates are different for the three markers both in cis- and trans-crosses, being lowest for CR and highest for ER.--Up to more than 80% uniform clones, expressing only one genotype, can be produced in cis- and trans-crosses. In cis-crosses always the double-sensitive parental type becomes uniform, in trans-crosses this may be the case for parental and/or recombinant genotypes. A tentative map is presented using data from cis- and trans-crosses, including a correction by omission of uniform clones. Phenomena of transmission, segregation, and formation of uniform clones are discussed with special regard to the difference brought about by fission versus budding. A comparison with relevant data from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other organisms is presented.", "contents": "Extrachromosomal inheritance in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. VII. Studies by zygote clone analysis on transmission, segregation, recombination, and uniparental inheritance of mitochondrial markers conferring resistance to antimycin, chloramphenicol, and erythromycin. Crosses involving mitochondrial markers conferring resistance to antimycin (anar, AR), chloramphenicol (capr, CR), and erythromycin (eryr, ER) in cis- and trans-configuration were studied by zygote clone analysis. Mutant anar-8, from which all other drug--resistant isolates were derived, exhibits a highly biased transmission (6.8% anar) in an analysis of 100 individual zygote clones. Important results of zygote clone analyses were:--Zygote clones may contain one, two, three, or four mitochondrial genotypes.--The proportion of the two parental and the two recombinant genotypes in individual zygote clones can vary almost over the entire range of percentages.--Proportions of the two corresponding recombinant types in individual clones are usually unequal.--Transmission rates of markers are higher in trans- than in cis-crosses, indicating additivity of bias by two mutated alleles in coupling.--Transmission rates are different for the three markers both in cis- and trans-crosses, being lowest for CR and highest for ER.--Up to more than 80% uniform clones, expressing only one genotype, can be produced in cis- and trans-crosses. In cis-crosses always the double-sensitive parental type becomes uniform, in trans-crosses this may be the case for parental and/or recombinant genotypes. A tentative map is presented using data from cis- and trans-crosses, including a correction by omission of uniform clones. Phenomena of transmission, segregation, and formation of uniform clones are discussed with special regard to the difference brought about by fission versus budding. A comparison with relevant data from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other organisms is presented.", "PMID": 714017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5819", "title": "Ant-mediated transactivation of early genes in Salmonella prophage P22 by superinfecting virulent P22 mutants.", "content": "The virulent mutants P22 virB vy and P22 vy mutants, both insensitive to mnt-repressor, transactivate the early genes of a P22 prophage. The transactivation of early P22 prophage genes depends strictly on the expression of gene ant (\"antirepressor\"-protein) by the superinfecting P22 mutant and therefore occurs by derepression.", "contents": "Ant-mediated transactivation of early genes in Salmonella prophage P22 by superinfecting virulent P22 mutants. The virulent mutants P22 virB vy and P22 vy mutants, both insensitive to mnt-repressor, transactivate the early genes of a P22 prophage. The transactivation of early P22 prophage genes depends strictly on the expression of gene ant (\"antirepressor\"-protein) by the superinfecting P22 mutant and therefore occurs by derepression.", "PMID": 714019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5820", "title": "Structure of recombinant plasmids containing synthetic human foetal globin gene sequences.", "content": "In vitro synthesized duplex DNA complementary to human foetal globin messenger RNA was integrated into bacterial plasmids and amplified by transformation of Escherichia coli. Recombinants carrying globin DNA were identified by hybridization of foetal globin messenger RNA to bacterial DNA in situ and by liquid hybridization of purified plasmids to specific globin complementary DNA probes. Heteroduplex mapping revealed either a simple insertion loop at the position of the EcoRI site of the parental plasmid DNA. We provide evidence to suggest that these deletions are the result of a site-specific nicking activity of the EcoRI preparations used in the formation of recombinant plasmids.", "contents": "Structure of recombinant plasmids containing synthetic human foetal globin gene sequences. In vitro synthesized duplex DNA complementary to human foetal globin messenger RNA was integrated into bacterial plasmids and amplified by transformation of Escherichia coli. Recombinants carrying globin DNA were identified by hybridization of foetal globin messenger RNA to bacterial DNA in situ and by liquid hybridization of purified plasmids to specific globin complementary DNA probes. Heteroduplex mapping revealed either a simple insertion loop at the position of the EcoRI site of the parental plasmid DNA. We provide evidence to suggest that these deletions are the result of a site-specific nicking activity of the EcoRI preparations used in the formation of recombinant plasmids.", "PMID": 714020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5821", "title": "[Peculiar secretory activity of endometrial cancer cells during progestational therapy].", "content": "Effect of progestagen-norsteroids on the cells of endometrial carcinoma was studied. It was established that as an effect of treatment with large doses of progestagen (100 mg/day) in about 4--6 weeks carcinoma cells show a peculiar increased secretory activity. It seems likely, that this secretory activity proceeds on the account of the growth-potencial of tumour cells. Thus, as a result the growth of the tumour ceases, or in optimal cases stops.", "contents": "[Peculiar secretory activity of endometrial cancer cells during progestational therapy]. Effect of progestagen-norsteroids on the cells of endometrial carcinoma was studied. It was established that as an effect of treatment with large doses of progestagen (100 mg/day) in about 4--6 weeks carcinoma cells show a peculiar increased secretory activity. It seems likely, that this secretory activity proceeds on the account of the growth-potencial of tumour cells. Thus, as a result the growth of the tumour ceases, or in optimal cases stops.", "PMID": 714043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5822", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the thymus and neuromuscular junction in myasthenic and non-myasthenic patients].", "content": "Ultrastructural changes in 35 neuromuscular junctions taken from myasthenic patients (in 2 cases: hyperplasia of the thymus, in 1 case: epithelial thymoma was present) treated with anticholinesterase during 1--2 years, appeared to be similar to those observed in non-myasthenic patients with lymphoid thymoma (getting no treatment with anticholinesterase). Number of the secretory granules in the epithelial cells of the thymus was in accordance with the severity of the disease. It can be assumed, that in the disturbance of the neuro-muscular transmission of the stimuli the activation of the epithelial cells may play a part.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the thymus and neuromuscular junction in myasthenic and non-myasthenic patients]. Ultrastructural changes in 35 neuromuscular junctions taken from myasthenic patients (in 2 cases: hyperplasia of the thymus, in 1 case: epithelial thymoma was present) treated with anticholinesterase during 1--2 years, appeared to be similar to those observed in non-myasthenic patients with lymphoid thymoma (getting no treatment with anticholinesterase). Number of the secretory granules in the epithelial cells of the thymus was in accordance with the severity of the disease. It can be assumed, that in the disturbance of the neuro-muscular transmission of the stimuli the activation of the epithelial cells may play a part.", "PMID": 714044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5823", "title": "[Current data on toluene toxicity based on liver biopsy studies].", "content": "Authors in 1968 performing the periodoc observation of persons, working in toluene-containing athmosphera noticed the presence of hepatomegaly. Laboratory tests performed in 1968--1976 have revealed increase of the level of GOT. At 22 workers out of 170 liver biopsy was performed. By electron microscopy pathologic alterations in the mitochondria and in the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum could be observed, -since these organella contain the two-third of the GOT of hepatocytes. It is assumed that mitochondria as sources of energy take part in the process of the oxydation of toulene, ribosomes of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum in the conjugation of benzoic-acid with glycine. Authors assume that there is a correlation between the damage of the organella and the detoxication of the toluene by hepatocytes.", "contents": "[Current data on toluene toxicity based on liver biopsy studies]. Authors in 1968 performing the periodoc observation of persons, working in toluene-containing athmosphera noticed the presence of hepatomegaly. Laboratory tests performed in 1968--1976 have revealed increase of the level of GOT. At 22 workers out of 170 liver biopsy was performed. By electron microscopy pathologic alterations in the mitochondria and in the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum could be observed, -since these organella contain the two-third of the GOT of hepatocytes. It is assumed that mitochondria as sources of energy take part in the process of the oxydation of toulene, ribosomes of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum in the conjugation of benzoic-acid with glycine. Authors assume that there is a correlation between the damage of the organella and the detoxication of the toluene by hepatocytes.", "PMID": 714045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5824", "title": "[Postmortem studies on Prodectin].", "content": "Author described a new method for the postmortem investigation of the active component of a new medicament Prodectin. For the extraction of it from the organs acetic-alcoholic methode was used. Isolation and quantitative determination of the subtance was carried out by layer-chromatography, quantitative determination by UV-sectrophotometry. The distribution of the substance in organs was also investigated.", "contents": "[Postmortem studies on Prodectin]. Author described a new method for the postmortem investigation of the active component of a new medicament Prodectin. For the extraction of it from the organs acetic-alcoholic methode was used. Isolation and quantitative determination of the subtance was carried out by layer-chromatography, quantitative determination by UV-sectrophotometry. The distribution of the substance in organs was also investigated.", "PMID": 714046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5825", "title": "[Morphological base of Renshaw inhibition studied by light and electron microscopic histochemistry. Topograhic analysis of AChE-positive Renshaw elements].", "content": "Light- and electron microscopic structure of Renshaw elements--morphologic representatives of the recurrent spinal inhibition--was investigated by histochemical localization of AChE. Renshaw elements are spindle-shaped segments of the dendrites of the Renshaw cells and endings of the axoncollaterals of AChE-positive motoneurons are situated on them. Examination of serial sections of the L5-segment of the cat spinal cord revealed that the majority of Renshaw elements and the dendrit-arborization of interneurons of 3. type described by MATSUSHITA are lokalized in the same region. The fact that Renshaw elements in greatest amount could be found in that region of the anterior horn, where the Renshaw inhibition can be electrophysiologically elicited, seems to evidence they role in the latter.", "contents": "[Morphological base of Renshaw inhibition studied by light and electron microscopic histochemistry. Topograhic analysis of AChE-positive Renshaw elements]. Light- and electron microscopic structure of Renshaw elements--morphologic representatives of the recurrent spinal inhibition--was investigated by histochemical localization of AChE. Renshaw elements are spindle-shaped segments of the dendrites of the Renshaw cells and endings of the axoncollaterals of AChE-positive motoneurons are situated on them. Examination of serial sections of the L5-segment of the cat spinal cord revealed that the majority of Renshaw elements and the dendrit-arborization of interneurons of 3. type described by MATSUSHITA are lokalized in the same region. The fact that Renshaw elements in greatest amount could be found in that region of the anterior horn, where the Renshaw inhibition can be electrophysiologically elicited, seems to evidence they role in the latter.", "PMID": 714047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5826", "title": "[Experimental studies on the compression resistance of the head with special reference to the mechanism of fractures in traffic accidents].", "content": "Compressional resistance of the head and its role in the mechanism of fractures in traffic accidents were studied in five formalin-fixed heads. Before and after the experiment X-ray examination was carried out. Because of the variability of fractures coming into being, it was difficult to distinguish definite types. Nevertheless, experimentally produced fractures appeared to be nearly the same, as those seen in clinical practice.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on the compression resistance of the head with special reference to the mechanism of fractures in traffic accidents]. Compressional resistance of the head and its role in the mechanism of fractures in traffic accidents were studied in five formalin-fixed heads. Before and after the experiment X-ray examination was carried out. Because of the variability of fractures coming into being, it was difficult to distinguish definite types. Nevertheless, experimentally produced fractures appeared to be nearly the same, as those seen in clinical practice.", "PMID": 714048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5827", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the mouth mucosa in various types of oral leukoplakia].", "content": "12 cases of laukoplakia of the oral cavity was studied by electron microscopy. A correlation between the clinical type, histological- and ultrastructure of the leukoplakia was revealed. In types of leukoplakia simplex and verrucosa, where histologically cornification was found, by electron microscopy signs of keratinization (tonifibrils, granules of keratohyalin) were to be observed. In leukoplakias clinically showing erosions, histologically dysplasia, ultrastructural changes were alike those, seen in some carcinomas.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the mouth mucosa in various types of oral leukoplakia]. 12 cases of laukoplakia of the oral cavity was studied by electron microscopy. A correlation between the clinical type, histological- and ultrastructure of the leukoplakia was revealed. In types of leukoplakia simplex and verrucosa, where histologically cornification was found, by electron microscopy signs of keratinization (tonifibrils, granules of keratohyalin) were to be observed. In leukoplakias clinically showing erosions, histologically dysplasia, ultrastructural changes were alike those, seen in some carcinomas.", "PMID": 714050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5828", "title": "[The role of mastocytes in the development of the adrenergic innervation of the iris].", "content": "During the development of the primary adrenerg-plexus in the rat iris presence of mastocytes showing intensive fluorescence can be observed using the method of Falck. After the formation of the primary plexus this phenomenon disappears. By electron microscopy in the early period of the postnatal life authors demonstrated the presence of mastocytes closely related to developing neurofibrils and Schwann-cells. In these mastocytes signs of degranulation were to be observed. On the base of the latter finding one can assume, that substances deliberated from the granules may play a part in the regulation of the development of innervation.", "contents": "[The role of mastocytes in the development of the adrenergic innervation of the iris]. During the development of the primary adrenerg-plexus in the rat iris presence of mastocytes showing intensive fluorescence can be observed using the method of Falck. After the formation of the primary plexus this phenomenon disappears. By electron microscopy in the early period of the postnatal life authors demonstrated the presence of mastocytes closely related to developing neurofibrils and Schwann-cells. In these mastocytes signs of degranulation were to be observed. On the base of the latter finding one can assume, that substances deliberated from the granules may play a part in the regulation of the development of innervation.", "PMID": 714051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5829", "title": "[Ultrastructural changes in the liver and leukocytes of a child with Niemann-Pick disease].", "content": "Morphological findings in Niemann-Pick disease of an infant are described. By electron microscopy in the cytoplasma of leukocytes and hepatocytes mostly moderaty electrodense unmature lipid-containing cytosomes were seen. Morphological alterations found in the leukocytes and hepatocytes in contrast to the earlier findings appeared to be similar. Authors stress the importance of electron microscopic investigation of peripheric leukocytes.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural changes in the liver and leukocytes of a child with Niemann-Pick disease]. Morphological findings in Niemann-Pick disease of an infant are described. By electron microscopy in the cytoplasma of leukocytes and hepatocytes mostly moderaty electrodense unmature lipid-containing cytosomes were seen. Morphological alterations found in the leukocytes and hepatocytes in contrast to the earlier findings appeared to be similar. Authors stress the importance of electron microscopic investigation of peripheric leukocytes.", "PMID": 714052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5830", "title": "[Miltinuclear spermatides observed in varicocele].", "content": "Author in the histologically normal testis of a patient aged 31 suffering of varicocele by electron microscopy revealed the presence of polynuclear spermatids and spermiums, i.e. disturbance of the spermiogenesis. The cause of this phenomenon has to be cleared by further studies.", "contents": "[Miltinuclear spermatides observed in varicocele]. Author in the histologically normal testis of a patient aged 31 suffering of varicocele by electron microscopy revealed the presence of polynuclear spermatids and spermiums, i.e. disturbance of the spermiogenesis. The cause of this phenomenon has to be cleared by further studies.", "PMID": 714053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5831", "title": "[Effect of long-term progestational treatment on the course of endometrial adenocarcinoma].", "content": "Author studied the effect of prolonged--6-8 month--treatment with Hormofort on the cells of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. Light- and electronmicroscopic studies show, that after the treatment with progestative hormones cells of the adenocarcinoma seems significantly regrediate and simultaneously clinical remission can be observed. These data suggest, that progestative-norsteroids seems to elicit \"cytostatic\" effect on the endometrical tumour cells.", "contents": "[Effect of long-term progestational treatment on the course of endometrial adenocarcinoma]. Author studied the effect of prolonged--6-8 month--treatment with Hormofort on the cells of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. Light- and electronmicroscopic studies show, that after the treatment with progestative hormones cells of the adenocarcinoma seems significantly regrediate and simultaneously clinical remission can be observed. These data suggest, that progestative-norsteroids seems to elicit \"cytostatic\" effect on the endometrical tumour cells.", "PMID": 714054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5832", "title": "[Human uterine tubes studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy].", "content": "Six human uterine tube were studied by scanning-and transmission electron microscopy. Ciliated epithelium and epithelium covered by microvilli could be identified by both method. In the area of the fimbriae the majority of cells appeared to be ciliated epithelium, but near to the uterus their number decreased. At every part of the uterine tube cells of the ciliated epithelium were situated deeper than cells covered by microvilli. In the age group studied (20-45 year) no age-dependent differences in the structure of the mucosa or in the number of the different cells could be revealed.", "contents": "[Human uterine tubes studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy]. Six human uterine tube were studied by scanning-and transmission electron microscopy. Ciliated epithelium and epithelium covered by microvilli could be identified by both method. In the area of the fimbriae the majority of cells appeared to be ciliated epithelium, but near to the uterus their number decreased. At every part of the uterine tube cells of the ciliated epithelium were situated deeper than cells covered by microvilli. In the age group studied (20-45 year) no age-dependent differences in the structure of the mucosa or in the number of the different cells could be revealed.", "PMID": 714055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5833", "title": "[Fine structure studies in the lungs of infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome].", "content": "Authors studied ultrathin cestions of lung of ten newborns died of IRDS in the various stage of the disease. It was established that lamellar bodies are already formed in the initial phase of the disease. In the first two clinical phases by pneumocytes type II structure of the intracytoplasmic and intaraalveolar lamellar bodies differs from the normal, and they can not form air-cell interphase. In the third clinical phase--in the phase of the resolution-mature lamellar bodies of normal structure are formed and get into the alveolar space, thus the condition of formation of air-cell interphase is given.", "contents": "[Fine structure studies in the lungs of infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome]. Authors studied ultrathin cestions of lung of ten newborns died of IRDS in the various stage of the disease. It was established that lamellar bodies are already formed in the initial phase of the disease. In the first two clinical phases by pneumocytes type II structure of the intracytoplasmic and intaraalveolar lamellar bodies differs from the normal, and they can not form air-cell interphase. In the third clinical phase--in the phase of the resolution-mature lamellar bodies of normal structure are formed and get into the alveolar space, thus the condition of formation of air-cell interphase is given.", "PMID": 714056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5834", "title": "[Functional morphology of Peyer's patches. Lymphocyte activation in Peyer's patches].", "content": "Peyer plaques of rats were studied by morphological methods in order to compare the structure of these organs with the present theories on their function. It was established that near to the follicules of plaques folds perpendicular to the intestinal passage are formed, which are able to direct a part of the bowel-contents into the direction of the follicules. Between the surface of the follicules and large intestinal villi recesses are formed, in which stagnation of the intestinal content takes place. As a result of this antigens and mitogens containing in the intestinal lumen can contact lymphoid cells of through the special epithelial cells the Peyer-plaques. The latter were recently studied by polarized light too, since earlier studies of the authors have shown that birefringence of these cells depends on their functional state. Authors disclosed that birefringence of the cells of the Peyer-plaques is significantly stronger, than that of the cells of spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus. Cells with increased birefringence are situated on the epithelial side of the capsule of follicules. Reported studies evidence, that Peyer-plaques are structures specialized for incorporation of antigens. Lymphoid cells of Peyer-plaques are activated by effects coming from the intestinal lumen.", "contents": "[Functional morphology of Peyer's patches. Lymphocyte activation in Peyer's patches]. Peyer plaques of rats were studied by morphological methods in order to compare the structure of these organs with the present theories on their function. It was established that near to the follicules of plaques folds perpendicular to the intestinal passage are formed, which are able to direct a part of the bowel-contents into the direction of the follicules. Between the surface of the follicules and large intestinal villi recesses are formed, in which stagnation of the intestinal content takes place. As a result of this antigens and mitogens containing in the intestinal lumen can contact lymphoid cells of through the special epithelial cells the Peyer-plaques. The latter were recently studied by polarized light too, since earlier studies of the authors have shown that birefringence of these cells depends on their functional state. Authors disclosed that birefringence of the cells of the Peyer-plaques is significantly stronger, than that of the cells of spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus. Cells with increased birefringence are situated on the epithelial side of the capsule of follicules. Reported studies evidence, that Peyer-plaques are structures specialized for incorporation of antigens. Lymphoid cells of Peyer-plaques are activated by effects coming from the intestinal lumen.", "PMID": 714057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5835", "title": "[Histological, ECG and enzyme studies on dogs following direct current shock applied to the heart region].", "content": "Authors using D.C. (direct current)--have produced shock experimentally- at 28 dogs. In the control animals (8 dogs) no histological, EKG and enzymatic changes could be revealed. In the dogs after the application of D.C of 1 X 2.5 W. sec/kg histological and EKG changes were not revealed, although the level of GOT and CPK increased significantly. After the application of D.C. of 4 X 5 W. sec/kg significant increase of the level of the following enzymes occurred: GOT, isoenzyme- LDH5, total-LDH and CPK. In 7 dogs--out of 8 showing histological changes in the myocard--activity of the serum isoenzyme-LDH1 increased and alterations of the EKG occurred. Thoracic musculature of six experimental dogs was investigated histologically. All of them revealed pathological changes. Correlation between the level of the isoenzyme- LDH1, the histological and EKG alterations were found. Increase of the level of serum enzymes seems to be the consequence of the injury of the thoracic-musculature by D.C. shock, and has clinical significance only in cases when pathologic changes of the EKG and increase of the insoenzyme-LDH1 are also present.", "contents": "[Histological, ECG and enzyme studies on dogs following direct current shock applied to the heart region]. Authors using D.C. (direct current)--have produced shock experimentally- at 28 dogs. In the control animals (8 dogs) no histological, EKG and enzymatic changes could be revealed. In the dogs after the application of D.C of 1 X 2.5 W. sec/kg histological and EKG changes were not revealed, although the level of GOT and CPK increased significantly. After the application of D.C. of 4 X 5 W. sec/kg significant increase of the level of the following enzymes occurred: GOT, isoenzyme- LDH5, total-LDH and CPK. In 7 dogs--out of 8 showing histological changes in the myocard--activity of the serum isoenzyme-LDH1 increased and alterations of the EKG occurred. Thoracic musculature of six experimental dogs was investigated histologically. All of them revealed pathological changes. Correlation between the level of the isoenzyme- LDH1, the histological and EKG alterations were found. Increase of the level of serum enzymes seems to be the consequence of the injury of the thoracic-musculature by D.C. shock, and has clinical significance only in cases when pathologic changes of the EKG and increase of the insoenzyme-LDH1 are also present.", "PMID": 714058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5836", "title": "[Quantitative morphological studies on the zoma glomerulosa of the rat adrenal gland. I. Basic principles of stereology].", "content": "Quantitative morphological study of the zona glomerulosa of the rat adrenal was carried out. Basic principles of the method used are reviewed. The most important stereological methods and correlations described in the literature and used for the study of quantitative relations of the stereological structure on two-dimensional microscopic pictures are discussed.", "contents": "[Quantitative morphological studies on the zoma glomerulosa of the rat adrenal gland. I. Basic principles of stereology]. Quantitative morphological study of the zona glomerulosa of the rat adrenal was carried out. Basic principles of the method used are reviewed. The most important stereological methods and correlations described in the literature and used for the study of quantitative relations of the stereological structure on two-dimensional microscopic pictures are discussed.", "PMID": 714059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5837", "title": "[Quantitative morphological studies on the zona glomerulosa of the rat adrenal gland. II. Effect of potassium and heparin on the zona glomerulosa].", "content": "Authors studied the effect of potassium and heparin on the zona glomerulosa of rats by stereological methods. As the effect of potassium tolerance test the weight of the adrenals, the wideness and volume of the zona glomerulosa, the number and the volume of the cells of it, further the volume of the mitochondria and nuclei in each cell have shown significant increase. After treatment with heparin the wideness of the zona glomerulosa and the volume of the mitochondria appeared to be decreased. Results are in accordance with the aldosterone-level-increasing effect of potassium and with the antialdosteron effect of the heparin.", "contents": "[Quantitative morphological studies on the zona glomerulosa of the rat adrenal gland. II. Effect of potassium and heparin on the zona glomerulosa]. Authors studied the effect of potassium and heparin on the zona glomerulosa of rats by stereological methods. As the effect of potassium tolerance test the weight of the adrenals, the wideness and volume of the zona glomerulosa, the number and the volume of the cells of it, further the volume of the mitochondria and nuclei in each cell have shown significant increase. After treatment with heparin the wideness of the zona glomerulosa and the volume of the mitochondria appeared to be decreased. Results are in accordance with the aldosterone-level-increasing effect of potassium and with the antialdosteron effect of the heparin.", "PMID": 714060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5838", "title": "[Liver adenoma, causing fatal abdominal hemorrhage, after prolonged administration of oral contraceptives].", "content": "One case of hepatic adenoma is reported. The tumour occurred after seven years of uninterrupted use of anticonceptive pills and caused fatal abdominal haemorrhage. The adenoma had a connective tissue capsule and regular lobular structure in which at some area peliosis could be observed. In the liver, in several area focal deposites of PAS-positive material occurred.", "contents": "[Liver adenoma, causing fatal abdominal hemorrhage, after prolonged administration of oral contraceptives]. One case of hepatic adenoma is reported. The tumour occurred after seven years of uninterrupted use of anticonceptive pills and caused fatal abdominal haemorrhage. The adenoma had a connective tissue capsule and regular lobular structure in which at some area peliosis could be observed. In the liver, in several area focal deposites of PAS-positive material occurred.", "PMID": 714061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5839", "title": "[Ketamine-induced ultrastructural changes in the retina].", "content": "Alterations of the retina caused by ketamin were studied in experiment. After a 60-minutes monoanaesthesia with ketamin ultrastructural changes were observed on the inner members of receptor cells, in the three nuclear layers and in the layer of nerve fibres. Severe damage to the structure of the M\u00fcller's glial cells providing nutrition to neural-elements was also revealed. Three days after the anaesthesia beside the regression of these alterations, glycogen deposits could be seen in the M\u00fcller's cells. This phenomenon and some side effects caused by ketamin can be explained by increased utilization of oxygen and relative hypoxia.", "contents": "[Ketamine-induced ultrastructural changes in the retina]. Alterations of the retina caused by ketamin were studied in experiment. After a 60-minutes monoanaesthesia with ketamin ultrastructural changes were observed on the inner members of receptor cells, in the three nuclear layers and in the layer of nerve fibres. Severe damage to the structure of the M\u00fcller's glial cells providing nutrition to neural-elements was also revealed. Three days after the anaesthesia beside the regression of these alterations, glycogen deposits could be seen in the M\u00fcller's cells. This phenomenon and some side effects caused by ketamin can be explained by increased utilization of oxygen and relative hypoxia.", "PMID": 714063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5840", "title": "[Plasmoblastic and immunoblastic sarcoma. Differentiation of immunoglobulin-producing tumors (myeoloma multiplex, plasmacytoma)].", "content": "In the Department of the Pathology of the University of P\u00e9cs in 1953--1977 autopsy of 58 cases of myeloma multiplex (MM) and plasmacytoma (P) was performed and among them 4 cases of sarcoma was found. In the material of the Cytologic Center of the Academical Commission of P\u00e9cs two more cases of sarcoma occurred. According to the authors findings in the MM-autopsy material (I) in addition to the frequent \"plasmocytic-plasmoblastic MM\" in a few number (II) immunoblastic tumours could also be seen (immunoblastic MM). \"Immunoblastic MM\" disseminates more frequently (lymph nodes, spleen, kidney, liver) and the patients die earlier than in cases of \"plasmocytic-plasmoblastic MM\". Since sarcomatous changes appear to be polymorph and disseminated, for the reliable diagnosis examination of tissue specimens taken from several parts of the tumour is necessary. Recent data and the authors studies show, that immunoglobulin-producing tumours differ each other according to the degree of maturity of plasma cells", "contents": "[Plasmoblastic and immunoblastic sarcoma. Differentiation of immunoglobulin-producing tumors (myeoloma multiplex, plasmacytoma)]. In the Department of the Pathology of the University of P\u00e9cs in 1953--1977 autopsy of 58 cases of myeloma multiplex (MM) and plasmacytoma (P) was performed and among them 4 cases of sarcoma was found. In the material of the Cytologic Center of the Academical Commission of P\u00e9cs two more cases of sarcoma occurred. According to the authors findings in the MM-autopsy material (I) in addition to the frequent \"plasmocytic-plasmoblastic MM\" in a few number (II) immunoblastic tumours could also be seen (immunoblastic MM). \"Immunoblastic MM\" disseminates more frequently (lymph nodes, spleen, kidney, liver) and the patients die earlier than in cases of \"plasmocytic-plasmoblastic MM\". Since sarcomatous changes appear to be polymorph and disseminated, for the reliable diagnosis examination of tissue specimens taken from several parts of the tumour is necessary. Recent data and the authors studies show, that immunoglobulin-producing tumours differ each other according to the degree of maturity of plasma cells", "PMID": 714064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5841", "title": "[Klinefelter's syndrome as cause for excluding paternity].", "content": "Authors as legal experts by chromosomal study and testis biopsy revealed the presence of Klinefelter's syndrome. On the base of these findings the paternity of the man in question was excluded. Authors stress the importance of the studies of chromosomes in the forensic medical practice.", "contents": "[Klinefelter's syndrome as cause for excluding paternity]. Authors as legal experts by chromosomal study and testis biopsy revealed the presence of Klinefelter's syndrome. On the base of these findings the paternity of the man in question was excluded. Authors stress the importance of the studies of chromosomes in the forensic medical practice.", "PMID": 714066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5842", "title": "[Morphological data on gerontostomatology].", "content": "On the base of the study of serial histological sections, freezed-sections and special bone-praeparates senile alterations of the structure of the palatine mucosa and the mandibular bones are discussed, with special regard on the gerontostomatological aspects. After the loss of the teeth the structure of the connective tissue of the gingiva diappears, in the processus alveolaris develops fibrosis. The glandular tissue of individual extension on the edges shows regression. Thickening of the epithelium in some area can be seen. The lamina propria in the anterior third is very thick in the pharyngeal part becomes thinner. Alveolar processes of the maxilla show signs of involution and atrophy of disuse, with a number of defects and assymetries on the palate. On the macrorelief of the mandibula characteristic changes can be observed: in the region of the corpus eburneationg and osteosclerosis of the spongiosa can be revealed.", "contents": "[Morphological data on gerontostomatology]. On the base of the study of serial histological sections, freezed-sections and special bone-praeparates senile alterations of the structure of the palatine mucosa and the mandibular bones are discussed, with special regard on the gerontostomatological aspects. After the loss of the teeth the structure of the connective tissue of the gingiva diappears, in the processus alveolaris develops fibrosis. The glandular tissue of individual extension on the edges shows regression. Thickening of the epithelium in some area can be seen. The lamina propria in the anterior third is very thick in the pharyngeal part becomes thinner. Alveolar processes of the maxilla show signs of involution and atrophy of disuse, with a number of defects and assymetries on the palate. On the macrorelief of the mandibula characteristic changes can be observed: in the region of the corpus eburneationg and osteosclerosis of the spongiosa can be revealed.", "PMID": 714067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5843", "title": "[Correlation between histological picture, tumor size and age in cancer of the uterine cervix].", "content": "Correlation of the histological structure and spreading of the tumour with the age of the patient in the cervix-cancer was studied at 3357 patients. Most of the cases occurred in the 5th decade of the life, independently of the histological type of the cancer. Adenocarcinomas were seen considerably often in elderly ages. Cervix cancer of the III. and IV. stage were more frequent in elderly ages as well. In advanced stages the number of cases of carcinoma planocellulare increased, and the number of anaplastic and adenocarcinomas decreased.", "contents": "[Correlation between histological picture, tumor size and age in cancer of the uterine cervix]. Correlation of the histological structure and spreading of the tumour with the age of the patient in the cervix-cancer was studied at 3357 patients. Most of the cases occurred in the 5th decade of the life, independently of the histological type of the cancer. Adenocarcinomas were seen considerably often in elderly ages. Cervix cancer of the III. and IV. stage were more frequent in elderly ages as well. In advanced stages the number of cases of carcinoma planocellulare increased, and the number of anaplastic and adenocarcinomas decreased.", "PMID": 714068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5844", "title": "Mutagenicity tests with styrene oxide in mammals.", "content": "The capability of styrene oxide to induce chromosome damage in vivo has been tested in the male mouse by examination of bone-marrow cells, by scoring micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes, by observation of meiotic chromosomes from treated males and by the dominant-lethality test. Furthermore, studies have been performed on short-term cultures of human lymphocytes in vitro. Whereas an increase in the yield of chromatid and chromosomal aberrations was observed after exposure in vitro, only negative results were obtained in the tests in vivo. One has, therefore, to conclude that styrene oxide is potentially capable of breaking mammalian chromosomes but that an exposure to an acute dose in vivo does not produce visible damage in somatic cells or in male germ cells.", "contents": "Mutagenicity tests with styrene oxide in mammals. The capability of styrene oxide to induce chromosome damage in vivo has been tested in the male mouse by examination of bone-marrow cells, by scoring micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes, by observation of meiotic chromosomes from treated males and by the dominant-lethality test. Furthermore, studies have been performed on short-term cultures of human lymphocytes in vitro. Whereas an increase in the yield of chromatid and chromosomal aberrations was observed after exposure in vitro, only negative results were obtained in the tests in vivo. One has, therefore, to conclude that styrene oxide is potentially capable of breaking mammalian chromosomes but that an exposure to an acute dose in vivo does not produce visible damage in somatic cells or in male germ cells.", "PMID": 714070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5845", "title": "Induction of long-lived chromosome damage, as manifested by sister-chromatid exchange, in lymphocytes of animals exposed to mitomycin-C.", "content": "The cytogenetic effects of repeated vs. acute exposure to a chemical mutagen--carcinogen were determined with an in vivo system in which chemicals injected into rabbits induce sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs). SCE induction can be monitored when the animal's peripheral lymphocytes are cultured in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) and then scored for SCE frequency. Mitomycin-C (MMC), 0.5 mg/kg, was injected intraperitoneally once a week for 8 weeks. This treatment initially induced small increases in SCE frequency within one day of injection, followed by a return to control levels within 1 week. After the 4th injection, however, the frequency failed to return to normal. After the 5th injection, however it showed a 4-fold increase over the control which was sustained for the remaining 3 weeks of treatment and for an additional 2 weeks thereafter. The frequency then dropped to twice the control value and remained at this level for more than 4 months. All of the high SCE values after the first 4 weeks were due in part to the appearance and persistence of a population of cells with high SCE frequencies. Exposure to the same total dose given as a single injection resulted in a transient elevation in the SCE frequency and a subsequent return to lower values, with no evidence of a delayed effect such as the increase observed after 4 weeks in repeatedly exposed animals. Overall, repeated exposure is at least as effective as acute exposure in eliciting long-lived SCEs in vivo.", "contents": "Induction of long-lived chromosome damage, as manifested by sister-chromatid exchange, in lymphocytes of animals exposed to mitomycin-C. The cytogenetic effects of repeated vs. acute exposure to a chemical mutagen--carcinogen were determined with an in vivo system in which chemicals injected into rabbits induce sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs). SCE induction can be monitored when the animal's peripheral lymphocytes are cultured in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) and then scored for SCE frequency. Mitomycin-C (MMC), 0.5 mg/kg, was injected intraperitoneally once a week for 8 weeks. This treatment initially induced small increases in SCE frequency within one day of injection, followed by a return to control levels within 1 week. After the 4th injection, however, the frequency failed to return to normal. After the 5th injection, however it showed a 4-fold increase over the control which was sustained for the remaining 3 weeks of treatment and for an additional 2 weeks thereafter. The frequency then dropped to twice the control value and remained at this level for more than 4 months. All of the high SCE values after the first 4 weeks were due in part to the appearance and persistence of a population of cells with high SCE frequencies. Exposure to the same total dose given as a single injection resulted in a transient elevation in the SCE frequency and a subsequent return to lower values, with no evidence of a delayed effect such as the increase observed after 4 weeks in repeatedly exposed animals. Overall, repeated exposure is at least as effective as acute exposure in eliciting long-lived SCEs in vivo.", "PMID": 714071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5846", "title": "Effects of LSD on human chromosomes.", "content": "A number of positive and negative studies have been reported with regard to the damaging effects of LSD on human chromosomes. The present report describes a comparative study of cytogenetic analyses of 200 metaphases of lymphocytes from each of 6 subjects (3 males, 3 females) at varying concentrations of LSD, along with a positive control with mitomycin C and a negative control with sterile water. Results of a small pilot study on the effects of LSD on growth, macromolecular synthesis, mutation, and recombination in bacteria, lambda phage and mammalian cells are also included. The data failed to show any significant differences between chromosome aberrations and LSD. Significant changes in somatic cells and in chromosomes occurred only at high doses of LSD.", "contents": "Effects of LSD on human chromosomes. A number of positive and negative studies have been reported with regard to the damaging effects of LSD on human chromosomes. The present report describes a comparative study of cytogenetic analyses of 200 metaphases of lymphocytes from each of 6 subjects (3 males, 3 females) at varying concentrations of LSD, along with a positive control with mitomycin C and a negative control with sterile water. Results of a small pilot study on the effects of LSD on growth, macromolecular synthesis, mutation, and recombination in bacteria, lambda phage and mammalian cells are also included. The data failed to show any significant differences between chromosome aberrations and LSD. Significant changes in somatic cells and in chromosomes occurred only at high doses of LSD.", "PMID": 714072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5847", "title": "Caffeine inhibition of prereplication repair of mitomycin C-induced DNA damage in human peripheral lymphocytes.", "content": "Caffeine increases the number of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) induced by mitomycin C (MMC) in human peripheral lymphocytes in culture. This enhancement decreases when the treated cells are held in medium before phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation, or when caffeine is added to cultures some time after PHA stimulation but prior to DNA synthesis. There thus appears to be a caffeine-sensitive prereplication repair system, presumably an excision mechanism, capable of repairing a fraction of the MMC-induced DNA lesions.", "contents": "Caffeine inhibition of prereplication repair of mitomycin C-induced DNA damage in human peripheral lymphocytes. Caffeine increases the number of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) induced by mitomycin C (MMC) in human peripheral lymphocytes in culture. This enhancement decreases when the treated cells are held in medium before phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation, or when caffeine is added to cultures some time after PHA stimulation but prior to DNA synthesis. There thus appears to be a caffeine-sensitive prereplication repair system, presumably an excision mechanism, capable of repairing a fraction of the MMC-induced DNA lesions.", "PMID": 714073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5848", "title": "Factors affecting the induction of micronuclei at low doses of X-rays, MMS and dimethylnitrosamine in mouse erythroblasts.", "content": "In erythrocytes from mouse bone marrow the time schedule of micronucleus formation in relation to the last DNA synthesis was investigate by [3H]thymidine labelling in the autoradiographic technique. The results suggest that micronuclei can be produced both in the G 2 and S periods by X-irradiation. Furthermore, X-rays had a delaying effect on the cell cycle leading to a pronounced under-estimation of the dose-effect curve at higher dosages. Even when the cells were harvested as late as 30 h after irradiation, the full effect had most likely not yet appeared at dosages over 100 rad. Combined treatment with caffeine did not influence the dose-effect curve of X-rays, indicating no influence of a caffeine-sensitive repair mechanism. The induction of micronuclei by MMS, in contrast with the effect of X-rays, seems to have been restricted, at least predominantly, to the period of DNA synthesis. The dose-effect relation of MMS was characterized by a threshold giving a weaker effect than expected at low doses. Pretreatment with caffeine enhanced the effect of MMS at high but not at low doses, suggesting an error-free repair process operating at low doses and an error-prone and caffeine-sensitive repair at higher doses. The extent of alkylation in the bone-marrow cells was linear with respect to injected dose of MMS both in the presence and absence of caffeine. Pretreatment with phenobarbital reduced the effect of MMS sixfold, which can be explained by a reduction of alkylation found in the bone marrow. This result is in agreement with the enhanced excretion of MMS or its metabolites into urine and bile after pretreatment of the mice with phenobarbital. DMN had no measurable effect on the frequency of micronuclei. However, in the presence of caffeine a significant effect was observed, which was roughly of the same magnitude for the two dosages used. Pretreatment with phenobarbital also indicated a synergistic effect between DMN and phenobarbital. The treatment with DMN, phenobarbital and caffeine together gave a frequency of micronuclei not different from the control level, suggesting some antagonistic action between phenobarbital and caffeine. The indication that DMN is caffeine-sensitive at low dosages, whereas MMS is not, might be related to the difference in the alkylating properties of these chemicals.", "contents": "Factors affecting the induction of micronuclei at low doses of X-rays, MMS and dimethylnitrosamine in mouse erythroblasts. In erythrocytes from mouse bone marrow the time schedule of micronucleus formation in relation to the last DNA synthesis was investigate by [3H]thymidine labelling in the autoradiographic technique. The results suggest that micronuclei can be produced both in the G 2 and S periods by X-irradiation. Furthermore, X-rays had a delaying effect on the cell cycle leading to a pronounced under-estimation of the dose-effect curve at higher dosages. Even when the cells were harvested as late as 30 h after irradiation, the full effect had most likely not yet appeared at dosages over 100 rad. Combined treatment with caffeine did not influence the dose-effect curve of X-rays, indicating no influence of a caffeine-sensitive repair mechanism. The induction of micronuclei by MMS, in contrast with the effect of X-rays, seems to have been restricted, at least predominantly, to the period of DNA synthesis. The dose-effect relation of MMS was characterized by a threshold giving a weaker effect than expected at low doses. Pretreatment with caffeine enhanced the effect of MMS at high but not at low doses, suggesting an error-free repair process operating at low doses and an error-prone and caffeine-sensitive repair at higher doses. The extent of alkylation in the bone-marrow cells was linear with respect to injected dose of MMS both in the presence and absence of caffeine. Pretreatment with phenobarbital reduced the effect of MMS sixfold, which can be explained by a reduction of alkylation found in the bone marrow. This result is in agreement with the enhanced excretion of MMS or its metabolites into urine and bile after pretreatment of the mice with phenobarbital. DMN had no measurable effect on the frequency of micronuclei. However, in the presence of caffeine a significant effect was observed, which was roughly of the same magnitude for the two dosages used. Pretreatment with phenobarbital also indicated a synergistic effect between DMN and phenobarbital. The treatment with DMN, phenobarbital and caffeine together gave a frequency of micronuclei not different from the control level, suggesting some antagonistic action between phenobarbital and caffeine. The indication that DMN is caffeine-sensitive at low dosages, whereas MMS is not, might be related to the difference in the alkylating properties of these chemicals.", "PMID": 714077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5849", "title": "The effect of the mode of administration of nitrogen mustard and cytosine arabinoside on the production of chromosomal aberrations in mouse bone marrow and ascites tumour cells.", "content": "The cytogenetic effects of intraperitoneally (i.p.) and subcutaneously (s.c.) administered nitrogen mustard (HN2) and cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) on bone-marrow and ascites tumour cells of mice were studied. Ehrlich ascites tumour-bearing mice were treated with the mutagens, and cytological preparations were made from ascites tumour and bone-marrow cells of the same animal. The following parameters were investigated: frequencies of mitotic and chromosomal aberrations, time of aberration maxima and aberration spectra. HN2 (0.68 mg/kg b.w.), when given i.p., induced in ascites tumour cells a strong inhibition of mitotic frequency and very high aberration rates, whereas in bone marrow no aberrant chromosomes were observed. On the other hand, after s.c. administration, the same dose induced more aberrant metaphases in bone marrow than in tumour cells. Ara-C (315 mg/kg b.w.) resulted, after s.c. administration, in higher aberration frequencies both in ascites and bone-marrow cells compared with i.p. treatment. All ascites tumour cells showed higher aberration requencies than bone-marrow cells. In bone marrow the aberration maximum occurred as soon as 6 h after treatment. Furthermore, clear differences with respect ot the types of aberration found in the two systems were evident. The differences caused by the different modes of administration in two different types of cell are discussed in terms of metabolic inactivation and differences of the two tissues with respect to karyotype, cell cycle time and repair capacity.", "contents": "The effect of the mode of administration of nitrogen mustard and cytosine arabinoside on the production of chromosomal aberrations in mouse bone marrow and ascites tumour cells. The cytogenetic effects of intraperitoneally (i.p.) and subcutaneously (s.c.) administered nitrogen mustard (HN2) and cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) on bone-marrow and ascites tumour cells of mice were studied. Ehrlich ascites tumour-bearing mice were treated with the mutagens, and cytological preparations were made from ascites tumour and bone-marrow cells of the same animal. The following parameters were investigated: frequencies of mitotic and chromosomal aberrations, time of aberration maxima and aberration spectra. HN2 (0.68 mg/kg b.w.), when given i.p., induced in ascites tumour cells a strong inhibition of mitotic frequency and very high aberration rates, whereas in bone marrow no aberrant chromosomes were observed. On the other hand, after s.c. administration, the same dose induced more aberrant metaphases in bone marrow than in tumour cells. Ara-C (315 mg/kg b.w.) resulted, after s.c. administration, in higher aberration frequencies both in ascites and bone-marrow cells compared with i.p. treatment. All ascites tumour cells showed higher aberration requencies than bone-marrow cells. In bone marrow the aberration maximum occurred as soon as 6 h after treatment. Furthermore, clear differences with respect ot the types of aberration found in the two systems were evident. The differences caused by the different modes of administration in two different types of cell are discussed in terms of metabolic inactivation and differences of the two tissues with respect to karyotype, cell cycle time and repair capacity.", "PMID": 714078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5850", "title": "Cytogenetic effects of cis-platinum(II)diamminedichloride on human lymphocyte cultures.", "content": "Human lymphocytes were treated with the antitumor agent cis-platinum)II)diamminedichloride (PDD) during either the last 24 h or 48 h of incubation. A dose-dependent effect was observed for both inhibition of mitotic activity and increased frequency of metaphases with chromosomal aberrations. The aberrations observed consisted primarily of chromatid breaks. Statistical analysis of 3244 PDD-induced breakpoints demonstrated a significantly nonrandom distribution of breakpoints between chromosomes. The pattern of distribution varied with the type of aberration. Only chromosome number 9 had a significant increase of breakpoints for each type of aberration analyzed. The breakpoints were located predominantly in lightly staining G-gands. Certain individual bands had relatively high frequencies of breakpoints, indicating a specific interaciton occurs between PDD and the DNA of human lymphocytes in vitro.", "contents": "Cytogenetic effects of cis-platinum(II)diamminedichloride on human lymphocyte cultures. Human lymphocytes were treated with the antitumor agent cis-platinum)II)diamminedichloride (PDD) during either the last 24 h or 48 h of incubation. A dose-dependent effect was observed for both inhibition of mitotic activity and increased frequency of metaphases with chromosomal aberrations. The aberrations observed consisted primarily of chromatid breaks. Statistical analysis of 3244 PDD-induced breakpoints demonstrated a significantly nonrandom distribution of breakpoints between chromosomes. The pattern of distribution varied with the type of aberration. Only chromosome number 9 had a significant increase of breakpoints for each type of aberration analyzed. The breakpoints were located predominantly in lightly staining G-gands. Certain individual bands had relatively high frequencies of breakpoints, indicating a specific interaciton occurs between PDD and the DNA of human lymphocytes in vitro.", "PMID": 714079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5851", "title": "Antibodies to type II collagen in relapsing polychondritis.", "content": "Relapsing polychondritis is a disorder of unknown cause characterized by the destruction of cartilage. To test the hypothesis that immunologic mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of relapsing polychondritis, we analyzed the serum of 15 patients for the presence of antibodies to cartilage. Antibodies to Type II (cartilage) collagen were found in the serum of five patients at the time of acute symptoms. No antibodies were detected either to cartilage proteoglycan or to other collagen types. The antibodies were detected at the onset of the disease and their titers appeared to correlate with severity of disease. Circulating immune complexes were also detected in the serum of these patients. Our findings support an immunologic involvement in this condition.", "contents": "Antibodies to type II collagen in relapsing polychondritis. Relapsing polychondritis is a disorder of unknown cause characterized by the destruction of cartilage. To test the hypothesis that immunologic mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of relapsing polychondritis, we analyzed the serum of 15 patients for the presence of antibodies to cartilage. Antibodies to Type II (cartilage) collagen were found in the serum of five patients at the time of acute symptoms. No antibodies were detected either to cartilage proteoglycan or to other collagen types. The antibodies were detected at the onset of the disease and their titers appeared to correlate with severity of disease. Circulating immune complexes were also detected in the serum of these patients. Our findings support an immunologic involvement in this condition.", "PMID": 714080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5852", "title": "Coronary vasospasm as a possible cause of myocardial infarction. A conclusion derived from the study of \"preinfarction\" angina.", "content": "To investigate the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction we undertook a systematic study of patients with angina at rest, a syndrome known to evolve frequently into infarction. Among 187 consecutive patients, 37 had infarction, all in the area that showed electrocardiographic changes during angina. In all 76 patients who underwent hemodynamic monitoring, 201thallium myocardial scintigraphy or angiography during angina, a vasospastic origin of the attacks was documented. In six patients with infarction shortly after these studies and in two in whom the infarction developed during hemodynamic monitoring or during angiography the onset of infarction was indistinguishable from the onset of anginal attacks. One patient in whom spasm was observed at the onset of infarction died six hours later; at post-mortem examination, a fresh laminar thrombus was found at the site of the spasm. After infarction, complete thrombotic occlusion of the branch shown to undergo vasospasm was documented in two patients by angiography.", "contents": "Coronary vasospasm as a possible cause of myocardial infarction. A conclusion derived from the study of \"preinfarction\" angina. To investigate the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction we undertook a systematic study of patients with angina at rest, a syndrome known to evolve frequently into infarction. Among 187 consecutive patients, 37 had infarction, all in the area that showed electrocardiographic changes during angina. In all 76 patients who underwent hemodynamic monitoring, 201thallium myocardial scintigraphy or angiography during angina, a vasospastic origin of the attacks was documented. In six patients with infarction shortly after these studies and in two in whom the infarction developed during hemodynamic monitoring or during angiography the onset of infarction was indistinguishable from the onset of anginal attacks. One patient in whom spasm was observed at the onset of infarction died six hours later; at post-mortem examination, a fresh laminar thrombus was found at the site of the spasm. After infarction, complete thrombotic occlusion of the branch shown to undergo vasospasm was documented in two patients by angiography.", "PMID": 714095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5853", "title": "Estrogen receptors and responses to chemotherapy and hormonal therapy in advanced breast cancer.", "content": "To determine the correlation between the estrogen-receptor status and responses to chemotherapy or hormonal therapy, we retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 143 patients with advanced breast cancer. Receptor contents were determined by a sucrose-gradient method and designated arbitrarily as \"rich\" or \"poor\". The response rate to chemotherapy was significantly higher in receptor-rich tumors (86 per cent) than in receptor-poor tumors (36 per cent) (P less than 0.001). Patients with receptor-rich tumors also responded favorably to hormonal therapy. However, there was no correlation between the responses to hormonal therapy and to chemotherapy when they were used sequentially, a phenomenon that may be attributed to the changes in tumor receptor content during the clinical course. These data suggest that separate factors associated with the response to chemotherapy may coexist with estrogen receptors in breast cancer.", "contents": "Estrogen receptors and responses to chemotherapy and hormonal therapy in advanced breast cancer. To determine the correlation between the estrogen-receptor status and responses to chemotherapy or hormonal therapy, we retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 143 patients with advanced breast cancer. Receptor contents were determined by a sucrose-gradient method and designated arbitrarily as \"rich\" or \"poor\". The response rate to chemotherapy was significantly higher in receptor-rich tumors (86 per cent) than in receptor-poor tumors (36 per cent) (P less than 0.001). Patients with receptor-rich tumors also responded favorably to hormonal therapy. However, there was no correlation between the responses to hormonal therapy and to chemotherapy when they were used sequentially, a phenomenon that may be attributed to the changes in tumor receptor content during the clinical course. These data suggest that separate factors associated with the response to chemotherapy may coexist with estrogen receptors in breast cancer.", "PMID": 714108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5854", "title": "Hemodynamic assessment of amrinone. A new inotropic agent.", "content": "Amrinone, a new bipyridine derivative, exerts a positive inotropic action in experimental preparations and is effective when administered orally to dogs. To assess its immediate effects in man, we studied by cardiac catheterization the hemodynamic responses to amrinone (1.85 to 3.5 mg per kilogram given intravenously) in eight patients with congestive heart failure already receiving full doses of digitalis. the following statistically significant (P less than 0.01) effects were noted: cardiac index increased from a mean +/- 1 S.D. of 1.8 +/- 0.3 to 2.6 +/- 0.3 liters per minute per square meter; peak rate of left ventricular pressure rise rose from 849 +/- 233 to 1206 +/- 456 mm Hg per second; left ventricular end-diastolic pressure fell from 25 +/- 9 to 14 +/- 7 mm Hg; pulmonary-capillary pressure fell from 28 +/- 8 to 15 +/- 4 mm Hg; and right atrial pressure fell from 12 +/- 6 to 7 +/- 5 mm Hg. Mean heart rate was unchanged, and aortic mean pressure declined slightly (86 +/- 10 to 80 +/- 7 mm Hg, P less than 0.025). No toxicity was observed. Amrinone, whose mechanism of action has not yet ben defined, warrants further study as a possible treatment for heart failure.", "contents": "Hemodynamic assessment of amrinone. A new inotropic agent. Amrinone, a new bipyridine derivative, exerts a positive inotropic action in experimental preparations and is effective when administered orally to dogs. To assess its immediate effects in man, we studied by cardiac catheterization the hemodynamic responses to amrinone (1.85 to 3.5 mg per kilogram given intravenously) in eight patients with congestive heart failure already receiving full doses of digitalis. the following statistically significant (P less than 0.01) effects were noted: cardiac index increased from a mean +/- 1 S.D. of 1.8 +/- 0.3 to 2.6 +/- 0.3 liters per minute per square meter; peak rate of left ventricular pressure rise rose from 849 +/- 233 to 1206 +/- 456 mm Hg per second; left ventricular end-diastolic pressure fell from 25 +/- 9 to 14 +/- 7 mm Hg; pulmonary-capillary pressure fell from 28 +/- 8 to 15 +/- 4 mm Hg; and right atrial pressure fell from 12 +/- 6 to 7 +/- 5 mm Hg. Mean heart rate was unchanged, and aortic mean pressure declined slightly (86 +/- 10 to 80 +/- 7 mm Hg, P less than 0.025). No toxicity was observed. Amrinone, whose mechanism of action has not yet ben defined, warrants further study as a possible treatment for heart failure.", "PMID": 714115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5855", "title": "Clinical usefulness of red cells preserved in protein-poor mediums.", "content": "Blood is normally collected into a combined anticoagulating and preserving medium. We performed a study to ascertain whether improvements could be made by separation of these two functions. Addition of saline-adenine-glucose solutions (40 to 100 ml per blood unit) to buffy-coat-poor red-cell concentrates allowed storage for as long as 35 days with 24-hour erythrocyte post-transfusion survival of 83 +/- 6.8 per cent (+/0 S.D.). Potassium leakage was lower, and in vitro hemolysis somewhat higher than that of whole blood. The microaggregate content after 21 days was 16 per cent of that in whole blood. In over-pressure transfusions the flow rate of red cells was the same with red-cell concentrates to which 80 to 100 ml of suspension medium had been added (hematocrit less than or equal to 60 per cent) as with whole blood. Removal of the buffy coat was essential to reduce hemolysis. We conclude that red cells can be successfully stored in a simple protein-poor medium.", "contents": "Clinical usefulness of red cells preserved in protein-poor mediums. Blood is normally collected into a combined anticoagulating and preserving medium. We performed a study to ascertain whether improvements could be made by separation of these two functions. Addition of saline-adenine-glucose solutions (40 to 100 ml per blood unit) to buffy-coat-poor red-cell concentrates allowed storage for as long as 35 days with 24-hour erythrocyte post-transfusion survival of 83 +/- 6.8 per cent (+/0 S.D.). Potassium leakage was lower, and in vitro hemolysis somewhat higher than that of whole blood. The microaggregate content after 21 days was 16 per cent of that in whole blood. In over-pressure transfusions the flow rate of red cells was the same with red-cell concentrates to which 80 to 100 ml of suspension medium had been added (hematocrit less than or equal to 60 per cent) as with whole blood. Removal of the buffy coat was essential to reduce hemolysis. We conclude that red cells can be successfully stored in a simple protein-poor medium.", "PMID": 714116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5856", "title": "Fallacy of the five-year survival in lung cancer.", "content": "Patients with lung cancer can be treated by either surgical extirpation or radiation. The former may offer increased five-year survival and prolonged life expectancies as compared to the latter, but subjects patients to the immediate risk of thoracotomy. We interviewed patients with \"operable\" lung cancer and found that they were quite averse to taking risks involving the possibility of immediate death. When these data about patients' attitudes were combined with data about survival after both radiation therapy and operation, it appeared that radiotherapy would be the preferred therapeutic plan for several of these patients. These results emphasize the importance of choosing therapies not only on the basis of objective measures of survival but also on the basis of patient attitudes.", "contents": "Fallacy of the five-year survival in lung cancer. Patients with lung cancer can be treated by either surgical extirpation or radiation. The former may offer increased five-year survival and prolonged life expectancies as compared to the latter, but subjects patients to the immediate risk of thoracotomy. We interviewed patients with \"operable\" lung cancer and found that they were quite averse to taking risks involving the possibility of immediate death. When these data about patients' attitudes were combined with data about survival after both radiation therapy and operation, it appeared that radiotherapy would be the preferred therapeutic plan for several of these patients. These results emphasize the importance of choosing therapies not only on the basis of objective measures of survival but also on the basis of patient attitudes.", "PMID": 714117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5857", "title": "Aspergillus penicilloides and Eurotium halophilicum in association with house-dust mites.", "content": "Aspergillus penicilloides Speg., Eurotium halophilicum Christensen et al. and other xerophilic fungi were isolated from house dust. The isolates of E. halophilicum are described and compared with the type strain of this species. A. penicilloides appeared to be rather common. The species concept of this species is broadened to accomodate some variable forms with different colony characters and conidophore structures. The role of both species is discussed in connection with house-dust mites, house-dust allergy and skin diseases.", "contents": "Aspergillus penicilloides and Eurotium halophilicum in association with house-dust mites. Aspergillus penicilloides Speg., Eurotium halophilicum Christensen et al. and other xerophilic fungi were isolated from house dust. The isolates of E. halophilicum are described and compared with the type strain of this species. A. penicilloides appeared to be rather common. The species concept of this species is broadened to accomodate some variable forms with different colony characters and conidophore structures. The role of both species is discussed in connection with house-dust mites, house-dust allergy and skin diseases.", "PMID": 714145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5858", "title": "Mating behaviour of Nannizzia otae (=Microsporum canis).", "content": "One hundred and ninety-eight isolates of Microsporum canis, obtained from humans and animals in 12 countries, were paired with the two Japanese tester strains of Nannizzia otae (= M. canis), VUT 74037 (CDC B-2094+) and VUT 74039 (CDC B-2095-). One hundred and forty-one (72%) produced either gymnothecia or pseudogymnothecia in crosses with VUT 74037. Fifty-seven (28%) were nonreactive. None of the paired isolates reacted with VUT 74039. The number of nonreactive isolates decreased to 17% when 104 of the 198 isolates were paired with one additional tester strain of each mating type. All sexually reacting strains, however, belonged to the (-) mating type. Crosses between nonreactive isolates did not result in ascocarp formation. The F1 generations from three different strongly reactive crosses were all characterized by poor ascospore germination. Most of the monoascospore progeny that germinated to form mature colonies were nonreactive in crosses to determine their mating type. Others reacted predominantly as the (+) mating type, thereby precluding the likelihood of an associated lethal factor accounting for the lack of this mating type in our clinical isolates. Several explanations for this phenomenon are presented.", "contents": "Mating behaviour of Nannizzia otae (=Microsporum canis). One hundred and ninety-eight isolates of Microsporum canis, obtained from humans and animals in 12 countries, were paired with the two Japanese tester strains of Nannizzia otae (= M. canis), VUT 74037 (CDC B-2094+) and VUT 74039 (CDC B-2095-). One hundred and forty-one (72%) produced either gymnothecia or pseudogymnothecia in crosses with VUT 74037. Fifty-seven (28%) were nonreactive. None of the paired isolates reacted with VUT 74039. The number of nonreactive isolates decreased to 17% when 104 of the 198 isolates were paired with one additional tester strain of each mating type. All sexually reacting strains, however, belonged to the (-) mating type. Crosses between nonreactive isolates did not result in ascocarp formation. The F1 generations from three different strongly reactive crosses were all characterized by poor ascospore germination. Most of the monoascospore progeny that germinated to form mature colonies were nonreactive in crosses to determine their mating type. Others reacted predominantly as the (+) mating type, thereby precluding the likelihood of an associated lethal factor accounting for the lack of this mating type in our clinical isolates. Several explanations for this phenomenon are presented.", "PMID": 714146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5859", "title": "On the occurrence of Microsporum persicolor in Montreal, Canada.", "content": "A case of Microsporum persicolor skin infection in a casual employee of a veterinary clinic in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, is reported. A survey of 80 wild rodents in the Montreal area resulted in the isolation of M. persicolor from two voles (Clethrionomys gapperi) and one deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus). One of the voles, heavily infested with parasites including ticks, had obvious lesions on the nose. This is the first report of M. persicolor in rodents in North America.", "contents": "On the occurrence of Microsporum persicolor in Montreal, Canada. A case of Microsporum persicolor skin infection in a casual employee of a veterinary clinic in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, is reported. A survey of 80 wild rodents in the Montreal area resulted in the isolation of M. persicolor from two voles (Clethrionomys gapperi) and one deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus). One of the voles, heavily infested with parasites including ticks, had obvious lesions on the nose. This is the first report of M. persicolor in rodents in North America.", "PMID": 714147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5860", "title": "Examination and evaluation of germination and protonemal development for Onoclea sensibilis fern spores treated with aflatoxin B1.", "content": "Experiments were designed to test the effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on germination and subsequent development of the gametophytes of the sensitive fern Onoclea sensibilis. AFB1 concentrations used were 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5 muM. Preliminary studies indicated that, under all AFB1 concentrations tested, germination was maximum after 144 hrs. Additional studies revealed that during this time period protonemal growth was in the log phase. Percent germination was inhibited by increasing concentrations of AFB1; A 50% inhibition was noted at 12.5 muM. In addition, increasing concentrations of AFB1 caused a reduction in the total number of cells per protonema. Preliminary analysis indicated that this was caused by a reduction of the rate of cell production rather than total inhibition of cell division. A comparison of the dose-response curves for both of the above effects demonstrated that sensitivity to AFB1 starts at 2.5 muM. This may indicate that AFB1 is acting on a process common to both phenomena. The fern spore germination system could be a \"simple\" model system in which to study the site and mode of action of AFB1.", "contents": "Examination and evaluation of germination and protonemal development for Onoclea sensibilis fern spores treated with aflatoxin B1. Experiments were designed to test the effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on germination and subsequent development of the gametophytes of the sensitive fern Onoclea sensibilis. AFB1 concentrations used were 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5 muM. Preliminary studies indicated that, under all AFB1 concentrations tested, germination was maximum after 144 hrs. Additional studies revealed that during this time period protonemal growth was in the log phase. Percent germination was inhibited by increasing concentrations of AFB1; A 50% inhibition was noted at 12.5 muM. In addition, increasing concentrations of AFB1 caused a reduction in the total number of cells per protonema. Preliminary analysis indicated that this was caused by a reduction of the rate of cell production rather than total inhibition of cell division. A comparison of the dose-response curves for both of the above effects demonstrated that sensitivity to AFB1 starts at 2.5 muM. This may indicate that AFB1 is acting on a process common to both phenomena. The fern spore germination system could be a \"simple\" model system in which to study the site and mode of action of AFB1.", "PMID": 714148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5861", "title": "Aflatoxin is degraded by heated and unheated mycelia, filtrates  of homogenized mycelia and filtrates of broth cultures of Aspergillus parasiticus.", "content": "Steaming one-half of a lot of 9-day-old mycelia of Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 for 6 min resulted in little or no subsequent degradation of aflatoxin B1 or G1 by these mycelia. The other half of these mycelia was not heat-treated and degraded aflatoxins B1 and G1. Filtrates of the growth substrate which remained after the mycelium was removed from 8- to 15-day old cultures of A. parasiticus NRRL 2999 did not degrade substantial amounts of aflatoxin B1 or G1, whereas mycelia originally produced on these filtrates degraded substantial amounts of both aflatoxins. The supernatant fluid from homogenates of 9-day-old mycelia of A. parasiticus NRRL 2999 degraded aflatoxins B1 and G1 when 0.1 M or 1.0 M phosphate buffer, pH 6.5, was used to suspend the homogenate. These data support the hypothesis that the aflatoxin degrading factor(s) present in the mycelium of A. parasiticus is/are enzyme(s) or at least influenced by enzyme(s).", "contents": "Aflatoxin is degraded by heated and unheated mycelia, filtrates  of homogenized mycelia and filtrates of broth cultures of Aspergillus parasiticus. Steaming one-half of a lot of 9-day-old mycelia of Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 for 6 min resulted in little or no subsequent degradation of aflatoxin B1 or G1 by these mycelia. The other half of these mycelia was not heat-treated and degraded aflatoxins B1 and G1. Filtrates of the growth substrate which remained after the mycelium was removed from 8- to 15-day old cultures of A. parasiticus NRRL 2999 did not degrade substantial amounts of aflatoxin B1 or G1, whereas mycelia originally produced on these filtrates degraded substantial amounts of both aflatoxins. The supernatant fluid from homogenates of 9-day-old mycelia of A. parasiticus NRRL 2999 degraded aflatoxins B1 and G1 when 0.1 M or 1.0 M phosphate buffer, pH 6.5, was used to suspend the homogenate. These data support the hypothesis that the aflatoxin degrading factor(s) present in the mycelium of A. parasiticus is/are enzyme(s) or at least influenced by enzyme(s).", "PMID": 714150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5862", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage G4 DNA.", "content": "The 5,577 nucleotide long sequence of bacteriophage G4 DNA has been determined using the 'plus and minus' and chain termination methods of DNA sequencing. This sequence has been compared with that of the closely related bacteriophage phiX174 (refs 1, 55). In the coding regions there is an average of 33.1% nucleotide sequence differences between the two genomes, but the distribution of these changes is not random and the sequence of some genes is more conserved than others. There is less sequence similarity between the untranslated intergenic regions of G4 and phiX174, but despite this the sequences of the J/F, F/G and H/A untranslated spaces in both genomes have similar sized hairpin loops, which may be related to their function.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage G4 DNA. The 5,577 nucleotide long sequence of bacteriophage G4 DNA has been determined using the 'plus and minus' and chain termination methods of DNA sequencing. This sequence has been compared with that of the closely related bacteriophage phiX174 (refs 1, 55). In the coding regions there is an average of 33.1% nucleotide sequence differences between the two genomes, but the distribution of these changes is not random and the sequence of some genes is more conserved than others. There is less sequence similarity between the untranslated intergenic regions of G4 and phiX174, but despite this the sequences of the J/F, F/G and H/A untranslated spaces in both genomes have similar sized hairpin loops, which may be related to their function.", "PMID": 714153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5863", "title": "Effect of phentolamine, alprenolol and prenylamine on maximum rate of rise of action potential in guinea-pig papillary muscles.", "content": "Effects of phentolamine (13.3, 26.5 and 53.0 micron), alprenolol (3.5, 7.0 and 17.5 micron) and prenylamine (2.4, 4.8 and 11.9 micron) on the transmembrane potential were studied in isolated guinea-pig papillary muscles, superfused with Tyrode's solution. 1. Phentolamine, alprenolol and prenylamine reduced the maximum rate of rise of action potential (.Vmax) dose-dependently. Higher concentrations of phentolamine and prenylamine caused a loss of plateau in a majority of the preparations. Resting potential was not altered by any of the drugs. Readmittance of drug-free Tyrode's solution reversed these changes induced by 13.3 micron of phentolamine and all conconcentrations of alprenolol almost completely but those induced by higher concentrations of phentolamine and all concentrations of prenylamine only slightly. 2. .Vmax at steady state was increased with decreasing driving frequencies (0.5 and 0.25 Hz) and was decreased with increasing ones (2--5 Hz) in comparison with that at 1 Hz. Such changes were all exaggerated by the above drugs, particularly by prenylamine. 3. Prenylamine and, to a lesser degree, phentolamine and alprenolol delayed dose-dependently the recovery process of .Vmax in premature responses. 4. .Vmax in the first response after interruption of stimulation recovered toward the predrug value in the presence of the above three drugs. The time constants of recovery process ranged between 10.5 and 15.0s for phentolamine, between 4.5 and 15.5s for alprenolol. The time constant of the main component was estimated to be approximately 2s for the recovery process with prenylamine. 5. On the basis of the model recently proposed by Hondeghem and Katzung (1977), it is suggested that the drug molecules associate with the open sodium channels and dissociated slowly from the closed channels and that the inactivation parameter in the drug-associated channels is shifted in the hyperpolarizing direction.", "contents": "Effect of phentolamine, alprenolol and prenylamine on maximum rate of rise of action potential in guinea-pig papillary muscles. Effects of phentolamine (13.3, 26.5 and 53.0 micron), alprenolol (3.5, 7.0 and 17.5 micron) and prenylamine (2.4, 4.8 and 11.9 micron) on the transmembrane potential were studied in isolated guinea-pig papillary muscles, superfused with Tyrode's solution. 1. Phentolamine, alprenolol and prenylamine reduced the maximum rate of rise of action potential (.Vmax) dose-dependently. Higher concentrations of phentolamine and prenylamine caused a loss of plateau in a majority of the preparations. Resting potential was not altered by any of the drugs. Readmittance of drug-free Tyrode's solution reversed these changes induced by 13.3 micron of phentolamine and all conconcentrations of alprenolol almost completely but those induced by higher concentrations of phentolamine and all concentrations of prenylamine only slightly. 2. .Vmax at steady state was increased with decreasing driving frequencies (0.5 and 0.25 Hz) and was decreased with increasing ones (2--5 Hz) in comparison with that at 1 Hz. Such changes were all exaggerated by the above drugs, particularly by prenylamine. 3. Prenylamine and, to a lesser degree, phentolamine and alprenolol delayed dose-dependently the recovery process of .Vmax in premature responses. 4. .Vmax in the first response after interruption of stimulation recovered toward the predrug value in the presence of the above three drugs. The time constants of recovery process ranged between 10.5 and 15.0s for phentolamine, between 4.5 and 15.5s for alprenolol. The time constant of the main component was estimated to be approximately 2s for the recovery process with prenylamine. 5. On the basis of the model recently proposed by Hondeghem and Katzung (1977), it is suggested that the drug molecules associate with the open sodium channels and dissociated slowly from the closed channels and that the inactivation parameter in the drug-associated channels is shifted in the hyperpolarizing direction.", "PMID": 714177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5864", "title": "Absence of a relationship between sympathetic neuronal activity and turnover of serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase.", "content": "The effects of pharmacological alteration of adrenergic transmission on the rate of entrance of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) into the circulation were assessed in rats by an immunological method in which the kinetics of recovery of serum DBH activity were measured after depletion of the enzyme by treatment with anti-rat DBH antiserum. Neither alpha-receptor blockade with phenoxybenzamine nor ganglionic blockade with clorisondamine altered the rate by which DBH enters the bloodstream although both treatments markedly altered serum catecholamine levels. Prolonged treatment of newborn rats with guanethidine produced a severe peripheral sympathectomy but only a moderate decrease (30%) in serum DBH levels. In the sympathectomized rats, the rate of entrance of DBH into the circulation was significantly reduced whereas the half-life and rate of degradation of the enzyme was unchanged. These results indicate that the major portion of serum DBH does not enter the circulation by means of exocytotic release of the soluble enzyme.", "contents": "Absence of a relationship between sympathetic neuronal activity and turnover of serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. The effects of pharmacological alteration of adrenergic transmission on the rate of entrance of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) into the circulation were assessed in rats by an immunological method in which the kinetics of recovery of serum DBH activity were measured after depletion of the enzyme by treatment with anti-rat DBH antiserum. Neither alpha-receptor blockade with phenoxybenzamine nor ganglionic blockade with clorisondamine altered the rate by which DBH enters the bloodstream although both treatments markedly altered serum catecholamine levels. Prolonged treatment of newborn rats with guanethidine produced a severe peripheral sympathectomy but only a moderate decrease (30%) in serum DBH levels. In the sympathectomized rats, the rate of entrance of DBH into the circulation was significantly reduced whereas the half-life and rate of degradation of the enzyme was unchanged. These results indicate that the major portion of serum DBH does not enter the circulation by means of exocytotic release of the soluble enzyme.", "PMID": 714179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5865", "title": "Evidence for glucagon-releasing activity of vasoactive adenosine analogues in the conscious dog.", "content": "An investigation was carried out in conscious dogs concerning the effects of three adenosine derivatives substituted at the 5'-(744-96) or 2'-, 3'-, and 5'-positions (744-98, 744-99), with pronounced and long-lasting coronary dilator activity, on glucagon release. All three compounds (10 microgram/kg i.v.) induced a sustained increase in plasma glucose and a decrease in plasma FFA concentration; concomitantly, plasma glucagon levels rose 2--3 fold. Changes in plasma insulin concentration were relatively small and of no statistical significance. A simultaneous fall in arterial blood pressure was also observed. A lowering of blood pressure of similar magnitude by sodium nitroprusside infusion in control experiments failed to show any significant effect on plasma glucagon level. These results point to a specific effect of vasoactive adenosine derivatives on glucagon release.", "contents": "Evidence for glucagon-releasing activity of vasoactive adenosine analogues in the conscious dog. An investigation was carried out in conscious dogs concerning the effects of three adenosine derivatives substituted at the 5'-(744-96) or 2'-, 3'-, and 5'-positions (744-98, 744-99), with pronounced and long-lasting coronary dilator activity, on glucagon release. All three compounds (10 microgram/kg i.v.) induced a sustained increase in plasma glucose and a decrease in plasma FFA concentration; concomitantly, plasma glucagon levels rose 2--3 fold. Changes in plasma insulin concentration were relatively small and of no statistical significance. A simultaneous fall in arterial blood pressure was also observed. A lowering of blood pressure of similar magnitude by sodium nitroprusside infusion in control experiments failed to show any significant effect on plasma glucagon level. These results point to a specific effect of vasoactive adenosine derivatives on glucagon release.", "PMID": 714181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5866", "title": "Effects of GABA, dopamine, and substance P on the release of newly synthesized 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine from rat substantia nigra in vitro.", "content": "The effects of GABA, substance P and dopamine on the release of newly synthesized 3H-5-HT were investigated, using slices of rat substantia nigra superfused with L-3H-tryptophan in vitro. GABA (50 micron) had no inhibitory effect on the potassium-evoked-release of 3H-5-HT. Substance P (50 micron) and eledoisin (50 micron) stimulated the spontaneous release of 3H-5-HT. This effect seems to be indirect and is possibly mediated by dopaminergic neurones, since the dopamine antagonist drug alpha-flupenthixol (1 micron) abolished the substance P-evoked release of 5-HT. Furthermore, it was found that substance P (10 micron) stimulated 3H-dopamine release from nigral slices in vitro and the dopaminergic agonist apomorphine (50 micron) also stimulated 3H-5-HT release. Substance P may, therefore, activate nigral dopaminergic neurones which then release dopamine from their dendrites. The release of dopamine may in turn stimulate 5-HT release from terminals of the raphe-nigral pathway.", "contents": "Effects of GABA, dopamine, and substance P on the release of newly synthesized 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine from rat substantia nigra in vitro. The effects of GABA, substance P and dopamine on the release of newly synthesized 3H-5-HT were investigated, using slices of rat substantia nigra superfused with L-3H-tryptophan in vitro. GABA (50 micron) had no inhibitory effect on the potassium-evoked-release of 3H-5-HT. Substance P (50 micron) and eledoisin (50 micron) stimulated the spontaneous release of 3H-5-HT. This effect seems to be indirect and is possibly mediated by dopaminergic neurones, since the dopamine antagonist drug alpha-flupenthixol (1 micron) abolished the substance P-evoked release of 5-HT. Furthermore, it was found that substance P (10 micron) stimulated 3H-dopamine release from nigral slices in vitro and the dopaminergic agonist apomorphine (50 micron) also stimulated 3H-5-HT release. Substance P may, therefore, activate nigral dopaminergic neurones which then release dopamine from their dendrites. The release of dopamine may in turn stimulate 5-HT release from terminals of the raphe-nigral pathway.", "PMID": 714184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5867", "title": "Renal handling of oxalate. A micropuncture study in the rat.", "content": "Clearance and micropuncture experiments were performed in rats to study the renal handling of oxalate. The 14C-oxalate to 3H-inulin clearance ratio (Cox/Cin) was 1.36 +/- 0.04 and was lowered by probenecid (200 mg/kg) to 1.11 +/- 0.03 (+/- S.E., n = 6, P less than 0.005). An attempt was made to localize the assumed secretion of oxalate in three different micropuncture protocols. In free flow micropuncture experiments single nephron clearance of oxalate was not different when obtained from proximal or distal tubular puncture sites. The fractional delivery of oxalate averaged 0.84 +/- 0.03 regardless of the puncture site from mid-proximal to late distal. This finding indicates a net outflux of oxalate in an early proximal loop since oxalate is freely ultrafilterable. In microperfusion experiments the mean recovery of oxalate ranged from 79--90%. The outflux of oxalate correlated linearly with the tubular load (r = 0.95). The results suggest that no net secretion occurs in superficial nephron segments accessible for micropuncture. Since whole kidney clearances of oxalate always exceeded glomerular filtration rate, it is concluded that net addition of oxalate into the tubular fluid can occur at sites beyond the superficial late distal tubules or is due to higher delivery of oxalate by deep cortical nephrons.", "contents": "Renal handling of oxalate. A micropuncture study in the rat. Clearance and micropuncture experiments were performed in rats to study the renal handling of oxalate. The 14C-oxalate to 3H-inulin clearance ratio (Cox/Cin) was 1.36 +/- 0.04 and was lowered by probenecid (200 mg/kg) to 1.11 +/- 0.03 (+/- S.E., n = 6, P less than 0.005). An attempt was made to localize the assumed secretion of oxalate in three different micropuncture protocols. In free flow micropuncture experiments single nephron clearance of oxalate was not different when obtained from proximal or distal tubular puncture sites. The fractional delivery of oxalate averaged 0.84 +/- 0.03 regardless of the puncture site from mid-proximal to late distal. This finding indicates a net outflux of oxalate in an early proximal loop since oxalate is freely ultrafilterable. In microperfusion experiments the mean recovery of oxalate ranged from 79--90%. The outflux of oxalate correlated linearly with the tubular load (r = 0.95). The results suggest that no net secretion occurs in superficial nephron segments accessible for micropuncture. Since whole kidney clearances of oxalate always exceeded glomerular filtration rate, it is concluded that net addition of oxalate into the tubular fluid can occur at sites beyond the superficial late distal tubules or is due to higher delivery of oxalate by deep cortical nephrons.", "PMID": 714185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5868", "title": "Effects of ozolinone, a diuretic active metabolite of etozoline, on renal function. I. Clearance studies in dogs.", "content": "The renal action of 3-methyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidine-2-ylidine (ozolinone), a metabolite of the diuretic etozoline (Elkapin), was studied in anaesthetized dogs after i.v. injection and compared with the renal effects of furosemide. The diuretic action of ozolinone was rapid in onset and of short duration. The smallest effective i.v. dose was 1 mg . kg-1. Maximal diuretic capacity was reached at 50 mg . kg-1 i.v. Fractional tubular sodium reabsorption was depressed to 67% at maximal effective doses. Ozolinone had similar renal actions to those of furosemide. Like furosemide, ozolinone increased renal blood flow, slightly decreased glomerular filtration rate, depressed tubular chloride reabsorption more than sodium reabsorption, increased potassium excretion, lowered the pH of urine, decreased urinary osmolarity towards isotonicity and depressed tubular PAH secretion. As regards the effective doses and the maximal changes of tubular sodium excretion, ozolinone was somewhat less potent than furosemide.", "contents": "Effects of ozolinone, a diuretic active metabolite of etozoline, on renal function. I. Clearance studies in dogs. The renal action of 3-methyl-4-oxo-5-piperidino-thiazolidine-2-ylidine (ozolinone), a metabolite of the diuretic etozoline (Elkapin), was studied in anaesthetized dogs after i.v. injection and compared with the renal effects of furosemide. The diuretic action of ozolinone was rapid in onset and of short duration. The smallest effective i.v. dose was 1 mg . kg-1. Maximal diuretic capacity was reached at 50 mg . kg-1 i.v. Fractional tubular sodium reabsorption was depressed to 67% at maximal effective doses. Ozolinone had similar renal actions to those of furosemide. Like furosemide, ozolinone increased renal blood flow, slightly decreased glomerular filtration rate, depressed tubular chloride reabsorption more than sodium reabsorption, increased potassium excretion, lowered the pH of urine, decreased urinary osmolarity towards isotonicity and depressed tubular PAH secretion. As regards the effective doses and the maximal changes of tubular sodium excretion, ozolinone was somewhat less potent than furosemide.", "PMID": 714186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5869", "title": "Differential inhibition of biphenyl hydroxylation in perfused rat liver.", "content": "A differential inhibition of biphenyl hydroxylation by alpha-naphthoflavone and metyrapone was observed in isolated perfused rat liver. alpha-Naphthoflavone inhibited 2- and 4-hydroxylation in livers from beta-naphthoflavone-pretreated animals but had no effect on both reactions in livers from phenobarbital-pretreated animals. Metyrapone inhibited 2- and 4-hydroxylation in phenobarbital-stimulated livers, but only insignificant inhibition of 2-hydroxylation and a slight enhancement of 4-hydroxylation by metyrapone was observed in beta-naphthoflavone-stimulated livers. Conjugation of 2-hydroxybiphenyl and 4-hydroxybiphenyl by isolated perfused livers was also studied. 4-Hydroxybiphenyl preferentially formed sulphates in livers from untreated animals but after induction glucuronidation was as effective as sulphation or even exceeded sulphation. Only glucuronic acid conjugates of 2-hydroxybiphenyl were detected.", "contents": "Differential inhibition of biphenyl hydroxylation in perfused rat liver. A differential inhibition of biphenyl hydroxylation by alpha-naphthoflavone and metyrapone was observed in isolated perfused rat liver. alpha-Naphthoflavone inhibited 2- and 4-hydroxylation in livers from beta-naphthoflavone-pretreated animals but had no effect on both reactions in livers from phenobarbital-pretreated animals. Metyrapone inhibited 2- and 4-hydroxylation in phenobarbital-stimulated livers, but only insignificant inhibition of 2-hydroxylation and a slight enhancement of 4-hydroxylation by metyrapone was observed in beta-naphthoflavone-stimulated livers. Conjugation of 2-hydroxybiphenyl and 4-hydroxybiphenyl by isolated perfused livers was also studied. 4-Hydroxybiphenyl preferentially formed sulphates in livers from untreated animals but after induction glucuronidation was as effective as sulphation or even exceeded sulphation. Only glucuronic acid conjugates of 2-hydroxybiphenyl were detected.", "PMID": 714188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5870", "title": "Inhibitory effects of 4,4'-diisothiocyano stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) in the response of isolated hepatocytes to phalloidin.", "content": "4,4'-Diisothiocyano stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) inhibits the typical development of protrusions, regularly seen after treatment of isolated hepatocytes with phalloidin. The degree of inhibition depends on the time of preincubation and on the concentration of DIDS, but not on the concentration of phalloidin. DIDS is more effective than H2DIDS. The inhibition by both compounds is irreversible. The binding capacity of hepatocytes for H2DIDS is much higher than that of the phalloidin-insensitive hepatoma cells. Gel electrophoresis of lysates from cells, pretreated with 3H2DIDS demonstrates that actin binds very little of the inhibitor. Our results suggest that a protein structure on the surface of hepatocytes, needed for the response to phalloidin, is influenced by DIDS or H2DIDS.", "contents": "Inhibitory effects of 4,4'-diisothiocyano stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) in the response of isolated hepatocytes to phalloidin. 4,4'-Diisothiocyano stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) inhibits the typical development of protrusions, regularly seen after treatment of isolated hepatocytes with phalloidin. The degree of inhibition depends on the time of preincubation and on the concentration of DIDS, but not on the concentration of phalloidin. DIDS is more effective than H2DIDS. The inhibition by both compounds is irreversible. The binding capacity of hepatocytes for H2DIDS is much higher than that of the phalloidin-insensitive hepatoma cells. Gel electrophoresis of lysates from cells, pretreated with 3H2DIDS demonstrates that actin binds very little of the inhibitor. Our results suggest that a protein structure on the surface of hepatocytes, needed for the response to phalloidin, is influenced by DIDS or H2DIDS.", "PMID": 714189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5871", "title": "A benzodiazepine derivative and praziquantel: effects on musculature of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum.", "content": "The benzodiazepine derivative (Ro 11-3128) which has central nervous effects similar to other benzodiazepines, and praziquantel (PZ), are two new antischistosomal drugs. At low concentrations these drugs will produce a marked spastic paralysis of male Schistosoma mansoni musculature. An analysis of the action of these drugs on the parasite's musculature shows that Ro 11-3128 and PZ produced a rapid rise in the tension of the musculature of male schistosomes. Various compounds known to interact with the schistosome's neuroreceptive sites did not block of potentiate the action of these drugs. Removal of Ca2+ or addition of Mg2+ to the incubation medium blocked the action of these drugs on the schistosome's musculature. Uptake studies of inorganic cations by male schistosome's indicate that Ro 11-3128 and PZ decrease the influx of K+ but stimulate the influx of Ca2+ and Na+ into the male schistosome. It is suggested that this interference with inorganic ion transport mechanisms causes the contraction of the schistosome musculature.", "contents": "A benzodiazepine derivative and praziquantel: effects on musculature of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum. The benzodiazepine derivative (Ro 11-3128) which has central nervous effects similar to other benzodiazepines, and praziquantel (PZ), are two new antischistosomal drugs. At low concentrations these drugs will produce a marked spastic paralysis of male Schistosoma mansoni musculature. An analysis of the action of these drugs on the parasite's musculature shows that Ro 11-3128 and PZ produced a rapid rise in the tension of the musculature of male schistosomes. Various compounds known to interact with the schistosome's neuroreceptive sites did not block of potentiate the action of these drugs. Removal of Ca2+ or addition of Mg2+ to the incubation medium blocked the action of these drugs on the schistosome's musculature. Uptake studies of inorganic cations by male schistosome's indicate that Ro 11-3128 and PZ decrease the influx of K+ but stimulate the influx of Ca2+ and Na+ into the male schistosome. It is suggested that this interference with inorganic ion transport mechanisms causes the contraction of the schistosome musculature.", "PMID": 714190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5872", "title": "A proposed mechanism for reduced creatinine excretion in severe chronic renal failure.", "content": "Creatinine appearance, defined as the sum of daily creatinine excretion in urine (average over 5 days) plus accumulation in body water, measured over the same interval, was calculated in 27 patients with severe chronic renal failure (creatinine clearance less than 0.15 liter/kg/day). Creatinine appearance per kg body weight in patients with the lowest clearances decreased to values as low as one third of values predicted from age and sex. The absolute value of measured cratinine accumulation was only 11 +/- 2% of creatinine appearance and thus could not account for such deficits in appearance and therefore renal excretion. One explanation for these results is that extrarenal clearance, CM, remains constant, that is, that the quantity of creatinine degraded, M, is proportional to serum creatinine, S: CM = M/S. When the values for extrarenal clearance necessary to account for the measured deficit in creatinine appearance were calculated, they were found to be quite constant: 0.042 +/- 0.004 liter/kg/day (SEM, n=13) in males and 0.041 +/- 0.004 liter/kg/day (SEM, n=14) in females. Renal creatinine clearance in these patients, predicted from age, sex, serum creatinine, and the assumed constant value for extrarenal clearance, corresponded closely to observed clearance (r = 0.93). From these calculations, decreased creatinine appearance (and excretion) of uremic patients may be explained by a constant extrarenal clearance, indicating degradation.", "contents": "A proposed mechanism for reduced creatinine excretion in severe chronic renal failure. Creatinine appearance, defined as the sum of daily creatinine excretion in urine (average over 5 days) plus accumulation in body water, measured over the same interval, was calculated in 27 patients with severe chronic renal failure (creatinine clearance less than 0.15 liter/kg/day). Creatinine appearance per kg body weight in patients with the lowest clearances decreased to values as low as one third of values predicted from age and sex. The absolute value of measured cratinine accumulation was only 11 +/- 2% of creatinine appearance and thus could not account for such deficits in appearance and therefore renal excretion. One explanation for these results is that extrarenal clearance, CM, remains constant, that is, that the quantity of creatinine degraded, M, is proportional to serum creatinine, S: CM = M/S. When the values for extrarenal clearance necessary to account for the measured deficit in creatinine appearance were calculated, they were found to be quite constant: 0.042 +/- 0.004 liter/kg/day (SEM, n=13) in males and 0.041 +/- 0.004 liter/kg/day (SEM, n=14) in females. Renal creatinine clearance in these patients, predicted from age, sex, serum creatinine, and the assumed constant value for extrarenal clearance, corresponded closely to observed clearance (r = 0.93). From these calculations, decreased creatinine appearance (and excretion) of uremic patients may be explained by a constant extrarenal clearance, indicating degradation.", "PMID": 714198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5873", "title": "Sweating treatment for chronic renal failure.", "content": "Sweating was induced in 3 uremic patients in an ordinary bathtub for 3 h per day to examine whether clinically significant amounts of urea could be removed. Blood urea concentrations fell in all 3 patients, and 2 of the patients had improvement in uremic syptoms. Clearances of urea by a forearm collection technique in 2 patients were 20.9 +/- 3.7 and 11.6 +/- 3.9 ml/min. Average sweat volumes were 813 +/- 62 and 566 +/- 160 ml/h. Sodium concentrations were 52 +/- 47 and 76 +/- 12 mEq/l. This removal of urea, water and salt suggests that sweating could be used to treat uremia in conjunction with charcoal hemoperfusion, in patients awaiting vascular access, or during the interdialytic interval in patients with problems with overhydration.", "contents": "Sweating treatment for chronic renal failure. Sweating was induced in 3 uremic patients in an ordinary bathtub for 3 h per day to examine whether clinically significant amounts of urea could be removed. Blood urea concentrations fell in all 3 patients, and 2 of the patients had improvement in uremic syptoms. Clearances of urea by a forearm collection technique in 2 patients were 20.9 +/- 3.7 and 11.6 +/- 3.9 ml/min. Average sweat volumes were 813 +/- 62 and 566 +/- 160 ml/h. Sodium concentrations were 52 +/- 47 and 76 +/- 12 mEq/l. This removal of urea, water and salt suggests that sweating could be used to treat uremia in conjunction with charcoal hemoperfusion, in patients awaiting vascular access, or during the interdialytic interval in patients with problems with overhydration.", "PMID": 714199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5874", "title": "The renin-aldosterone system and thiazide-induced depletion of total body potassium in essential hypertension.", "content": "15 patients who had benign, uncomplicated essential hypertension, were treated with chlorthiazide (500 mg twice a day) with or without propranolol (10--20 mg 4 times a day), and the effect of the treatment on plasma renin activity (PRA), urinary aldosterone excretion, total body potassium (TBK) and plasma sodium and potassium was evaluated. TBK depletion was significant mathematically (more than 5% of TBK lost) in 7 patients, but not significant physiologically (less than 15% of TBK lost) in any except in one, who may have had other reason for TBK depletion. Although propranolol prevented the increase in PRA and aldosterone excretion, it did not prevent the modest TBK depletion. Dietary potassium intake may have some importance in the maintenance of normal body potassium during chronic treatment with thiazides for hypertension.", "contents": "The renin-aldosterone system and thiazide-induced depletion of total body potassium in essential hypertension. 15 patients who had benign, uncomplicated essential hypertension, were treated with chlorthiazide (500 mg twice a day) with or without propranolol (10--20 mg 4 times a day), and the effect of the treatment on plasma renin activity (PRA), urinary aldosterone excretion, total body potassium (TBK) and plasma sodium and potassium was evaluated. TBK depletion was significant mathematically (more than 5% of TBK lost) in 7 patients, but not significant physiologically (less than 15% of TBK lost) in any except in one, who may have had other reason for TBK depletion. Although propranolol prevented the increase in PRA and aldosterone excretion, it did not prevent the modest TBK depletion. Dietary potassium intake may have some importance in the maintenance of normal body potassium during chronic treatment with thiazides for hypertension.", "PMID": 714200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5875", "title": "Some hemodynamic and hydroelectrolytic alterations of chronic salt deprivation.", "content": "Male Wistar rats were fed for 1 month on a low salt diet and compared with control animals. The body fluids are decreased, and this diminution takes place due to the decrease of the total water, extracellular space, intracellular space, plasma volume and interstitial liquid. In the muscle, the alterations in the water composition were similar to the modifications observed in the whole animal. The electrolytic composition of the muscle showed a decrease in the sodium content; no modifications were found in the chloride content and there was a slight decrease in the potassium content. The cardiac rate was increased and the arterial pressure and heart weight also showed a slight augmentation. The infusion of antibodies against angiotensin II provoked a similar decrease in arterial pressure in both groups of animals. These results show an alteration of the hydroelectrolytic metabolism in salt-deprived rats and that the circulatory function is adapted to this new situation.", "contents": "Some hemodynamic and hydroelectrolytic alterations of chronic salt deprivation. Male Wistar rats were fed for 1 month on a low salt diet and compared with control animals. The body fluids are decreased, and this diminution takes place due to the decrease of the total water, extracellular space, intracellular space, plasma volume and interstitial liquid. In the muscle, the alterations in the water composition were similar to the modifications observed in the whole animal. The electrolytic composition of the muscle showed a decrease in the sodium content; no modifications were found in the chloride content and there was a slight decrease in the potassium content. The cardiac rate was increased and the arterial pressure and heart weight also showed a slight augmentation. The infusion of antibodies against angiotensin II provoked a similar decrease in arterial pressure in both groups of animals. These results show an alteration of the hydroelectrolytic metabolism in salt-deprived rats and that the circulatory function is adapted to this new situation.", "PMID": 714201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5876", "title": "Peritoneal dialysis clearances. A practical approach to the measurement of small- and middle-molecule clearances.", "content": "This study was designed to (1) develop a simple technique of estimating 'middle-molecule' clearances in peritoneal dialysis patients using vitamin B12 as a marker; (2) evaluate changes in small- and middle-molecule clearances during a single 24- or 36-hour peritoneal dialysis, and (3) determine if using 4.25% rather than 1.5% dextrose exchanges alters the clearances of small and middle molecules. Measurement of clearance following the intramuscular injection of vitamin B12 was found to be a reliable method of estimating the clearance of middle molecules. Small- and middle-molecule clearances remain constant throughout an individual 24- or 36-hour dialysis. In addition, small-molecule clearances increase significantly with 4.25% dextrose dialysate but return to prior values when 1.5% dextrose dialysate is reinstituted.", "contents": "Peritoneal dialysis clearances. A practical approach to the measurement of small- and middle-molecule clearances. This study was designed to (1) develop a simple technique of estimating 'middle-molecule' clearances in peritoneal dialysis patients using vitamin B12 as a marker; (2) evaluate changes in small- and middle-molecule clearances during a single 24- or 36-hour peritoneal dialysis, and (3) determine if using 4.25% rather than 1.5% dextrose exchanges alters the clearances of small and middle molecules. Measurement of clearance following the intramuscular injection of vitamin B12 was found to be a reliable method of estimating the clearance of middle molecules. Small- and middle-molecule clearances remain constant throughout an individual 24- or 36-hour dialysis. In addition, small-molecule clearances increase significantly with 4.25% dextrose dialysate but return to prior values when 1.5% dextrose dialysate is reinstituted.", "PMID": 714202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5877", "title": "Influence of ultrafiltration on plasma renin activity and adrenergic system.", "content": "The influence of efficient ultrafiltration without dialysis fluid was compared to the standard dialysis technique in two groups of 4 patients with chronic renal failure on maintenance haemodialysis. Supine plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma concentration of noradrenaline (NA), and adrenaline (A) and the Valsalva manoeuvre were determined before and after the period of ultrafiltration at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. The behaviour of these parameters was related to changes of blood pressure and body weight. The rapid weight loss was well tolerated during ultrafiltration only, with a significant increase of plasma catecholamines concentration; in contrast, patients treated with ultrafiltration and dialysis showed no significant increase of NA and A levels and they frequently became hypotensive. No relationship was observed between changes in PRA and those in body weight and blood pressure. Our data suggest that rapid removal of catecholamines during standard dialysis hinders the compensatory increase of the adrenergic activity and is responsible for hypotension.", "contents": "Influence of ultrafiltration on plasma renin activity and adrenergic system. The influence of efficient ultrafiltration without dialysis fluid was compared to the standard dialysis technique in two groups of 4 patients with chronic renal failure on maintenance haemodialysis. Supine plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma concentration of noradrenaline (NA), and adrenaline (A) and the Valsalva manoeuvre were determined before and after the period of ultrafiltration at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. The behaviour of these parameters was related to changes of blood pressure and body weight. The rapid weight loss was well tolerated during ultrafiltration only, with a significant increase of plasma catecholamines concentration; in contrast, patients treated with ultrafiltration and dialysis showed no significant increase of NA and A levels and they frequently became hypotensive. No relationship was observed between changes in PRA and those in body weight and blood pressure. Our data suggest that rapid removal of catecholamines during standard dialysis hinders the compensatory increase of the adrenergic activity and is responsible for hypotension.", "PMID": 714203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5878", "title": "Juxtaglomerular cell tumor.", "content": "A 15-year-old female with primary reninism presented with benign hypertension, normokalemia, normal aortagram and normal intravenous pyelogram. The diagnosis was suggested only by a remarkably elevated plasma renin activity (PRA). Selective catheterization of renal vein branches was necessary to make the diagnosis of a tumor. A local resection of the tumor resulted in normalization of blood pressure and PRA. Prior to the definitive surgery, oral propranolol was effective in lowering PRA and blood pressure.", "contents": "Juxtaglomerular cell tumor. A 15-year-old female with primary reninism presented with benign hypertension, normokalemia, normal aortagram and normal intravenous pyelogram. The diagnosis was suggested only by a remarkably elevated plasma renin activity (PRA). Selective catheterization of renal vein branches was necessary to make the diagnosis of a tumor. A local resection of the tumor resulted in normalization of blood pressure and PRA. Prior to the definitive surgery, oral propranolol was effective in lowering PRA and blood pressure.", "PMID": 714204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5879", "title": "Acute effects of salmon calcitonin on renal electrolyte excretion in intact, thyroparathyroidectomized and sulfacetylthiazole-induced uremic rats.", "content": "Acute effects of salmon calcitonin (CT) on renal electrolyte excretion were investigated in intact, thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) and uremic rats. Glomerular filtration rate did not change during CT infusion and there was no volume expansion in any experimental group. Plasma calcium levels gradually fell below the control period in each experimental group. Urinary calcium excretion increased at the early period in both intact and TPTX rats but fell below the control period with the continuous infusion of CT. In uremic rats, a decrease in plasma calcium was followed by a decrease in calcium excretion. Plasma phosphate gradually decreased and simultaneously measured phosphate excretion increased in both intact and TPTX rats. In uremic rats, however, there was no change in phosphate excretion and only a slight decrease of plasma phosphate. Phosphaturia is the result of the predominant renal action of CT and occurs even when the filtered load of phosphate decreases. In uremic animals, there appears to be a resistance to exogenous CT which manifests itself by the absence of natriuretic, calciuric and phosphaturic responses.", "contents": "Acute effects of salmon calcitonin on renal electrolyte excretion in intact, thyroparathyroidectomized and sulfacetylthiazole-induced uremic rats. Acute effects of salmon calcitonin (CT) on renal electrolyte excretion were investigated in intact, thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) and uremic rats. Glomerular filtration rate did not change during CT infusion and there was no volume expansion in any experimental group. Plasma calcium levels gradually fell below the control period in each experimental group. Urinary calcium excretion increased at the early period in both intact and TPTX rats but fell below the control period with the continuous infusion of CT. In uremic rats, a decrease in plasma calcium was followed by a decrease in calcium excretion. Plasma phosphate gradually decreased and simultaneously measured phosphate excretion increased in both intact and TPTX rats. In uremic rats, however, there was no change in phosphate excretion and only a slight decrease of plasma phosphate. Phosphaturia is the result of the predominant renal action of CT and occurs even when the filtered load of phosphate decreases. In uremic animals, there appears to be a resistance to exogenous CT which manifests itself by the absence of natriuretic, calciuric and phosphaturic responses.", "PMID": 714205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5880", "title": "Effect of prostaglandin A2 on RNA synthesis in embrionic mouse erythroid cells.", "content": "Prostaglandin A2 (PGA2) is shown to stimulate RNA synthesis in 12-day embryonic mouse liver cells, thus expressing an erythropoietin-like effect. This effect was found to be dose-dependent. There was no significant difference between the results observed with patients' plasma before and after dialysis and with or without addition of PGA2. Although the baseline activity of RNA synthesis in the presence of uremic plasma is less than that with normal plasma, the almost equal potentiation of RNA synthesis in erythroid cells incubated with both normal and uremic plasma obtained with PGA2 favors a direct, and not an erythropoietin-mediated, effect of this substance.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandin A2 on RNA synthesis in embrionic mouse erythroid cells. Prostaglandin A2 (PGA2) is shown to stimulate RNA synthesis in 12-day embryonic mouse liver cells, thus expressing an erythropoietin-like effect. This effect was found to be dose-dependent. There was no significant difference between the results observed with patients' plasma before and after dialysis and with or without addition of PGA2. Although the baseline activity of RNA synthesis in the presence of uremic plasma is less than that with normal plasma, the almost equal potentiation of RNA synthesis in erythroid cells incubated with both normal and uremic plasma obtained with PGA2 favors a direct, and not an erythropoietin-mediated, effect of this substance.", "PMID": 714206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5881", "title": "[Glucose, pyruvate and lactate concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid in patients with cerebral infarction].", "content": "The determinations were performed in cerebrospinal fluid of 50 patients with recent cerebral infarction in the 1-st, 3-rd and 10-th day of disease. Spectrophotometrie methods were used for the determination of lactate and pyruvate and a colorimetric method for glucose determination. A statistically significant increase of glucose in the cerebrospinal fluid on the 1-st day after cerebral infarction and of pyruvate, lactate and lactate: pyruvate index on 1-st and 3-rd day after cerebral infarction was found. The results obtained point to intensification of the anaerobic pathway of glucose metabolism.", "contents": "[Glucose, pyruvate and lactate concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid in patients with cerebral infarction]. The determinations were performed in cerebrospinal fluid of 50 patients with recent cerebral infarction in the 1-st, 3-rd and 10-th day of disease. Spectrophotometrie methods were used for the determination of lactate and pyruvate and a colorimetric method for glucose determination. A statistically significant increase of glucose in the cerebrospinal fluid on the 1-st day after cerebral infarction and of pyruvate, lactate and lactate: pyruvate index on 1-st and 3-rd day after cerebral infarction was found. The results obtained point to intensification of the anaerobic pathway of glucose metabolism.", "PMID": 714216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5882", "title": "[Blastic transformation test in vascular diseases of the central nervous system].", "content": "The reported investigations were carried out in 99 cases. In 73 cases acute vascular diseases of the central nervous system were recognized, and 26 subjects served for control. In all cases the test of PHA-stimulated blastic transformation of the blastic index suggest reduced resistance of the organism and they may be group of patients was compared with the control group. The quantitative data were analysed statistically using the test of Student and the t T test of Student for paired samples. The obtained results showed that the proportion of lymphocytes undergoing blastic transformation after stimulation with PHA was in the control group 66.1% on the average, while in the group of patients it was decreased to 55.2%. These differences were significant statistically. The low values of the blastic index suggest reduced resistance of the organism and they may be used as a valuable indicator informing about the resistance of the patient.", "contents": "[Blastic transformation test in vascular diseases of the central nervous system]. The reported investigations were carried out in 99 cases. In 73 cases acute vascular diseases of the central nervous system were recognized, and 26 subjects served for control. In all cases the test of PHA-stimulated blastic transformation of the blastic index suggest reduced resistance of the organism and they may be group of patients was compared with the control group. The quantitative data were analysed statistically using the test of Student and the t T test of Student for paired samples. The obtained results showed that the proportion of lymphocytes undergoing blastic transformation after stimulation with PHA was in the control group 66.1% on the average, while in the group of patients it was decreased to 55.2%. These differences were significant statistically. The low values of the blastic index suggest reduced resistance of the organism and they may be used as a valuable indicator informing about the resistance of the patient.", "PMID": 714217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5883", "title": "[Statistical analysis of mortality from stroke in hospitalized patients].", "content": "The authors analysed mortality from brain strokes in 1366 patients hospitalized at the Department of Neurology, Silesian Medical Academy in Katowice and Zabrze and in the 8th Municipal Hospital in Katowice in the years 1970--1974. The number of cases with lethal outcome was 437. The mortality was highest in cases of cerebral haemorrhages, particularly in women. The mortality increased with increasing age and was highest in the first 24 hours of treatment.", "contents": "[Statistical analysis of mortality from stroke in hospitalized patients]. The authors analysed mortality from brain strokes in 1366 patients hospitalized at the Department of Neurology, Silesian Medical Academy in Katowice and Zabrze and in the 8th Municipal Hospital in Katowice in the years 1970--1974. The number of cases with lethal outcome was 437. The mortality was highest in cases of cerebral haemorrhages, particularly in women. The mortality increased with increasing age and was highest in the first 24 hours of treatment.", "PMID": 714219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5884", "title": "[Cervical discopathy, cervical migraine and vertebrobasilar arterial insufficiency: Clinical correlations].", "content": "The pathogenesis of cervical migraine may suggest that a connection exists between it and cervical discopathy and also vertebrobasilar arterial insufficiency. This correlation was studied in a group of 103 patients subjected to clinical observations. In 83 of them cervical discopathy was found, in 69 cervical migraine and in 40 vertebrobasilar insufficiency were present. Among those with discopathy migraine was present in 63.6% of cases, and vertebrobasilar insufficiency in 31%. In patients with cervical migraine degenerative changes of the type of cervical discopathy were present in 90% of cases, although in only 56.5% of cases clinical signs were present connected with these changes. Vertebrobasilar insufficiency was present in 45% of patients with cervical migraine, that is more frequently than in discopathy. In the group with vertebrobasilar insufficiency radiological changes in the cervical spine were present in 77.5% of cases and the same proportion of patients in this group had cervical migraine. These numbers confirm the connection between cervical migraine and radiological changes and clinical manifestations of discopathy, and they indicate also that cervical migraine may be a successive stage of vascular changes leading to circulatory failure in the area supplied by vertebral arteries. This failure may have a different course and pathological mechanism. In 12.5% of patients in this group no cervical migraine or radiological changes were demonstrated. The term \"cervical migraine\" seems inappropriate since this type of headache has another substrate and mechanism than true migraine.", "contents": "[Cervical discopathy, cervical migraine and vertebrobasilar arterial insufficiency: Clinical correlations]. The pathogenesis of cervical migraine may suggest that a connection exists between it and cervical discopathy and also vertebrobasilar arterial insufficiency. This correlation was studied in a group of 103 patients subjected to clinical observations. In 83 of them cervical discopathy was found, in 69 cervical migraine and in 40 vertebrobasilar insufficiency were present. Among those with discopathy migraine was present in 63.6% of cases, and vertebrobasilar insufficiency in 31%. In patients with cervical migraine degenerative changes of the type of cervical discopathy were present in 90% of cases, although in only 56.5% of cases clinical signs were present connected with these changes. Vertebrobasilar insufficiency was present in 45% of patients with cervical migraine, that is more frequently than in discopathy. In the group with vertebrobasilar insufficiency radiological changes in the cervical spine were present in 77.5% of cases and the same proportion of patients in this group had cervical migraine. These numbers confirm the connection between cervical migraine and radiological changes and clinical manifestations of discopathy, and they indicate also that cervical migraine may be a successive stage of vascular changes leading to circulatory failure in the area supplied by vertebral arteries. This failure may have a different course and pathological mechanism. In 12.5% of patients in this group no cervical migraine or radiological changes were demonstrated. The term \"cervical migraine\" seems inappropriate since this type of headache has another substrate and mechanism than true migraine.", "PMID": 714220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5885", "title": "[Therapeutic efficacy of pyridinolcarbamate (Anginin) in patients with combined cerebral and peripheral arteriosclerosis].", "content": "A group of 20 patients (average age 55.5 yrs) with advanced arterioscleorosis obliterans and cerebral thrombosis were treated with pyridinolcarbamate. Anginin was given for 6 months, 1,5--2 g. per day. Observation period before, during and after the treatment lasted 2 yrs. Medical and psychological examinations were performed; laboratory test included: sphigmooscylography, photoplethysmography, EKG, EEG, cholesterol, triglyceridis and other routine biochemical blood tests. All data are statistically evaluated. Results. During Anginin treatment clinical improvement was noted in 8 cases, in 9 there was no change in neurological examination; 3 cases--deteriorated. Control examination 6 to 12 months after discontinuation of the treatment revealed no changes in 13 patients; 1 patient deteriorated and 6--died. There was improvement in blood circulation as shown by plethysmography and sphigmooscylography in patients with less advanced vascular changes and no change in cases with more advanced disease. In 75% of the patients there was statistically significant (p less than 0.001) decrease of cholesterol and in 50% of triglicerids (not statistically significant). In patients with advanced disease there was no clinical and EEG improvement, on the contrary 1/3 of them deteriorated clinically and in EEG. In cases with less advanced disease clinical improvement was recorded. Anginin seems to be a good drug for patients with moderately advanced combined peripheral and central arteriosclerosis.", "contents": "[Therapeutic efficacy of pyridinolcarbamate (Anginin) in patients with combined cerebral and peripheral arteriosclerosis]. A group of 20 patients (average age 55.5 yrs) with advanced arterioscleorosis obliterans and cerebral thrombosis were treated with pyridinolcarbamate. Anginin was given for 6 months, 1,5--2 g. per day. Observation period before, during and after the treatment lasted 2 yrs. Medical and psychological examinations were performed; laboratory test included: sphigmooscylography, photoplethysmography, EKG, EEG, cholesterol, triglyceridis and other routine biochemical blood tests. All data are statistically evaluated. Results. During Anginin treatment clinical improvement was noted in 8 cases, in 9 there was no change in neurological examination; 3 cases--deteriorated. Control examination 6 to 12 months after discontinuation of the treatment revealed no changes in 13 patients; 1 patient deteriorated and 6--died. There was improvement in blood circulation as shown by plethysmography and sphigmooscylography in patients with less advanced vascular changes and no change in cases with more advanced disease. In 75% of the patients there was statistically significant (p less than 0.001) decrease of cholesterol and in 50% of triglicerids (not statistically significant). In patients with advanced disease there was no clinical and EEG improvement, on the contrary 1/3 of them deteriorated clinically and in EEG. In cases with less advanced disease clinical improvement was recorded. Anginin seems to be a good drug for patients with moderately advanced combined peripheral and central arteriosclerosis.", "PMID": 714218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5886", "title": "[Lithium treatment of chronic Horton's headaches].", "content": "The authors used lithium carbonate in treatment of 7 patients with Horton's headaches of primarily or secondarily chronic character. In all patients the blood level of lithium was determined and it was found to reach therapeutic levels. Disappearance of attacks was achieved in 3 cases, significant improvement in 2, and in 2 cases treatment was ineffective. The mechanism of lithium action in this disease is discussed. The authors recommend lithium as worthy of use since other drugs are ineffective in this disease or they cannot be used, eg. steroids or indomethacin, in view of frequent coexistence of paptic ulcer.", "contents": "[Lithium treatment of chronic Horton's headaches]. The authors used lithium carbonate in treatment of 7 patients with Horton's headaches of primarily or secondarily chronic character. In all patients the blood level of lithium was determined and it was found to reach therapeutic levels. Disappearance of attacks was achieved in 3 cases, significant improvement in 2, and in 2 cases treatment was ineffective. The mechanism of lithium action in this disease is discussed. The authors recommend lithium as worthy of use since other drugs are ineffective in this disease or they cannot be used, eg. steroids or indomethacin, in view of frequent coexistence of paptic ulcer.", "PMID": 714221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5887", "title": "[Effect of phenytoin on peripheral motor neurons].", "content": "The author reports the results of investigations on the effect of Phenytoin Polfa on the peripheral motor neuron in relation to the serum drug levels. The investigated group included 42 epileptics treated for 7 to 30 years with phenytoin in daily doses of 300--400 mg. In all cases neurological examination was done, the serum phenytoin level was determined, basic EMG investigation, conduction velocity measurement in motor fibres of peripheral nerves, and stimulation test for disclosing myasthenic fatiguability were performed. In the conclusion the author states that phenytoin in the doses used caused no changes in conduction velocity in the motor fibres. Changes suggesting possible lesion of the peripheral motor neuron were found in only 7.1% of basic EMG records. Evidence of fatiguability in stimulation test was found in 28.6% of cases, they were not correlated with the serum drug level duration of treatment, subjective changes and objective findings.", "contents": "[Effect of phenytoin on peripheral motor neurons]. The author reports the results of investigations on the effect of Phenytoin Polfa on the peripheral motor neuron in relation to the serum drug levels. The investigated group included 42 epileptics treated for 7 to 30 years with phenytoin in daily doses of 300--400 mg. In all cases neurological examination was done, the serum phenytoin level was determined, basic EMG investigation, conduction velocity measurement in motor fibres of peripheral nerves, and stimulation test for disclosing myasthenic fatiguability were performed. In the conclusion the author states that phenytoin in the doses used caused no changes in conduction velocity in the motor fibres. Changes suggesting possible lesion of the peripheral motor neuron were found in only 7.1% of basic EMG records. Evidence of fatiguability in stimulation test was found in 28.6% of cases, they were not correlated with the serum drug level duration of treatment, subjective changes and objective findings.", "PMID": 714223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5888", "title": "[Changes in cerebrospinal fluid protein concentration in children following surgery for cerebellar medulloblastoma].", "content": "In 10 children after operations for cerebellar medulloblastoma treated with intrathecal injections of methotrexate changes were studied in the concentration of total protein in the cerebrospinal fluid and in different electrophoretic fractions of proteins. The investigations were begun 1 to 3 months after the operation and were continued usually at monthly time intervals. In each child considerable variations were observed in the concentration of total protein as well as in the proportions of protein electrophoretic fractions in the period of treatment lasting from 14 to 59 months after the operation. Significant individual variations were observed also in the level of total protein fractions pattern in the cerebrospinal fluid. Out of 116 electrophorograms in 42 the protein fraction pattern in the cerebrospinal fluid approached very much that found in patients with cerebellar medulloblastoma before the operation, with a significant rise in the proportion of albumins. The origin of cerebrospinal fluid proteins is discussed.", "contents": "[Changes in cerebrospinal fluid protein concentration in children following surgery for cerebellar medulloblastoma]. In 10 children after operations for cerebellar medulloblastoma treated with intrathecal injections of methotrexate changes were studied in the concentration of total protein in the cerebrospinal fluid and in different electrophoretic fractions of proteins. The investigations were begun 1 to 3 months after the operation and were continued usually at monthly time intervals. In each child considerable variations were observed in the concentration of total protein as well as in the proportions of protein electrophoretic fractions in the period of treatment lasting from 14 to 59 months after the operation. Significant individual variations were observed also in the level of total protein fractions pattern in the cerebrospinal fluid. Out of 116 electrophorograms in 42 the protein fraction pattern in the cerebrospinal fluid approached very much that found in patients with cerebellar medulloblastoma before the operation, with a significant rise in the proportion of albumins. The origin of cerebrospinal fluid proteins is discussed.", "PMID": 714224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5889", "title": "[Anti-epileptic and side effects of Didepil].", "content": "The action of the new antiepileptic preparation Didepil which is a combination of the anticholinergic agent procyclidine (dl-1-cyclohexyl-1-phenyl-3-pyrolidinopropane-1-ol hydrochloride) with phenobarbitone was evaluated in a group of 20 patients of either sex, mean age 28.5 years. These patients had mostly (14 cases) two types of seizures occurring up to several times daily. The mean duration of epilepsy was 12.5 years, the aetiology of the disease was different, and the patients were usually refractory to previously used drugs. Didepil was administered during 3 months, on the average, in doses of 3--4 tablets daily as the only antiepileptic drug or in combination with other anticonvulsants. The duration of follow-up of the patients before, during and after treatment was from 6 to 15 months. In each repeated EEG investigations, biochemical investigation of the blood, liver function tests, and urine analysis were performed. improvement was observed in cases of grand mal as well as temporal lobe seizures in 70% of patients, EEG improvement was found in 50% of patients. Side effects including oral dryness, accomodation disturbances developed in 17 patients but were usually slight and transient, in only 4 cases they were sufficiently severe as to justify reduction of dosage. Improvement of mood and contact with surroundings was noted in 60% of cases. Didepil seems to be an effective antiepileptic agent in maximal generalized seizures as well as in temporal lobe seizures.", "contents": "[Anti-epileptic and side effects of Didepil]. The action of the new antiepileptic preparation Didepil which is a combination of the anticholinergic agent procyclidine (dl-1-cyclohexyl-1-phenyl-3-pyrolidinopropane-1-ol hydrochloride) with phenobarbitone was evaluated in a group of 20 patients of either sex, mean age 28.5 years. These patients had mostly (14 cases) two types of seizures occurring up to several times daily. The mean duration of epilepsy was 12.5 years, the aetiology of the disease was different, and the patients were usually refractory to previously used drugs. Didepil was administered during 3 months, on the average, in doses of 3--4 tablets daily as the only antiepileptic drug or in combination with other anticonvulsants. The duration of follow-up of the patients before, during and after treatment was from 6 to 15 months. In each repeated EEG investigations, biochemical investigation of the blood, liver function tests, and urine analysis were performed. improvement was observed in cases of grand mal as well as temporal lobe seizures in 70% of patients, EEG improvement was found in 50% of patients. Side effects including oral dryness, accomodation disturbances developed in 17 patients but were usually slight and transient, in only 4 cases they were sufficiently severe as to justify reduction of dosage. Improvement of mood and contact with surroundings was noted in 60% of cases. Didepil seems to be an effective antiepileptic agent in maximal generalized seizures as well as in temporal lobe seizures.", "PMID": 714222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5890", "title": "[Cerebral bioelectrical activity disorders in acute hydrazine poisoning].", "content": "The authors report changes in the bioelectric activity of the brain in acute, severe, suicidal poisoning with hydrazide. The observed group comprised 10 patients, 9 were admitted in coma, 7 had convulsions. Normal EEG tracing was found in a case of combined poisoning with hydrazide and diazepam. Low-voltage tracings with a tendency for bioelectric inactivity development were observed in 2 cases with lethal outcome. In the remaining cases high-grade diffuse changes were present, in three of them seizure activity was present additionally. Full evolution of bioelectric changes was observed in 5 patients. The time of return of normal activity ranged from several days to several weeks. Very slow improvement with incomplete normalization was found in mixed intoxication (hydrazide, barbiturates) treated with haemodialysis. The authors think that in cases with persistence of EEG changes despite regression of acute signs of poisoning intensive treatment with vitamins B should be continued.", "contents": "[Cerebral bioelectrical activity disorders in acute hydrazine poisoning]. The authors report changes in the bioelectric activity of the brain in acute, severe, suicidal poisoning with hydrazide. The observed group comprised 10 patients, 9 were admitted in coma, 7 had convulsions. Normal EEG tracing was found in a case of combined poisoning with hydrazide and diazepam. Low-voltage tracings with a tendency for bioelectric inactivity development were observed in 2 cases with lethal outcome. In the remaining cases high-grade diffuse changes were present, in three of them seizure activity was present additionally. Full evolution of bioelectric changes was observed in 5 patients. The time of return of normal activity ranged from several days to several weeks. Very slow improvement with incomplete normalization was found in mixed intoxication (hydrazide, barbiturates) treated with haemodialysis. The authors think that in cases with persistence of EEG changes despite regression of acute signs of poisoning intensive treatment with vitamins B should be continued.", "PMID": 714225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5891", "title": "[Value of rheographic studies in the diagnosis of epileptogenic foci in temporal lobe epilepsy].", "content": "Using a type II Siemens rheograph 100 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy aged 18--36 years were investigated. In each case rheographic investigation was done in sitting and lying position, at rest and after hyperventilation in both these positions. The shape of the descending arm of the main wave of the averaged rheoencephalographic curve was analysed in detail. In 89 cases unilateral presence of h1 wave was found, which was absent in the rheograms of healthy subjects, and h2 wave was present also. The shape of the remaining rheographic curves in this population was not different from the records obtained in healthy subjects. In 92 patients EEG investigations demonstrated focal changes were found, in 8 bilateral changes were present, prevalent on one side. In 85 cases h waves were present on the side of the epileptogenic focus, and in 4 cases it was present contralaterally but only in patients with bilateral EEG changes. The results of these investigations point to differences in the haemodynamic conditions in the temporal lobes in healthy subjects and in most patients with temporal lobe epilepsy on the side of the epileptogenic focus. Rheographic investigations was found to be useful for determination of the side of the epileptogenic focus.", "contents": "[Value of rheographic studies in the diagnosis of epileptogenic foci in temporal lobe epilepsy]. Using a type II Siemens rheograph 100 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy aged 18--36 years were investigated. In each case rheographic investigation was done in sitting and lying position, at rest and after hyperventilation in both these positions. The shape of the descending arm of the main wave of the averaged rheoencephalographic curve was analysed in detail. In 89 cases unilateral presence of h1 wave was found, which was absent in the rheograms of healthy subjects, and h2 wave was present also. The shape of the remaining rheographic curves in this population was not different from the records obtained in healthy subjects. In 92 patients EEG investigations demonstrated focal changes were found, in 8 bilateral changes were present, prevalent on one side. In 85 cases h waves were present on the side of the epileptogenic focus, and in 4 cases it was present contralaterally but only in patients with bilateral EEG changes. The results of these investigations point to differences in the haemodynamic conditions in the temporal lobes in healthy subjects and in most patients with temporal lobe epilepsy on the side of the epileptogenic focus. Rheographic investigations was found to be useful for determination of the side of the epileptogenic focus.", "PMID": 714226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5892", "title": "[Changes in cerebrospinal fluid pressure in patients with hydrocephalus of various intensities].", "content": "In 12 patients with hydrocephalus caused by posterior fossa tumours continuous measurements of intraventricular CSFP were done before and after implantation of ventriculoatrial valve and after tumour removal. A fall of the mean CSFP from 31.57 mm Hg to 15.32 mm Hg was observed after valve implantation, and a further fall of the mean CSFP to 10.55 mm Hg after removal of the tumour. After valve implantation pathological A and B waves disappeared. Absence of improvement after different stages of treatment indicated poor functioning of the valve, but it was observed also in patients with inoperable tumours.", "contents": "[Changes in cerebrospinal fluid pressure in patients with hydrocephalus of various intensities]. In 12 patients with hydrocephalus caused by posterior fossa tumours continuous measurements of intraventricular CSFP were done before and after implantation of ventriculoatrial valve and after tumour removal. A fall of the mean CSFP from 31.57 mm Hg to 15.32 mm Hg was observed after valve implantation, and a further fall of the mean CSFP to 10.55 mm Hg after removal of the tumour. After valve implantation pathological A and B waves disappeared. Absence of improvement after different stages of treatment indicated poor functioning of the valve, but it was observed also in patients with inoperable tumours.", "PMID": 714227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5893", "title": "[Isolated temporary pharyngeal paralysis in childhood. Viral neuroinfection with a mild course?].", "content": "The authors describe a boy aged 14 years who had identical signs as those described in 1976 in cases of isolated temporary pharyngeal paralysis (Edin et al). In this syndrome Sullivan and Carlson (1976) observed a rise in the titre of antibodies to Herpes simplex virus, and Nussey (1977) found in it infection caused by Coxsackie type A9 virus. In the presently reported case full serological and virological investigations were not done.", "contents": "[Isolated temporary pharyngeal paralysis in childhood. Viral neuroinfection with a mild course?]. The authors describe a boy aged 14 years who had identical signs as those described in 1976 in cases of isolated temporary pharyngeal paralysis (Edin et al). In this syndrome Sullivan and Carlson (1976) observed a rise in the titre of antibodies to Herpes simplex virus, and Nussey (1977) found in it infection caused by Coxsackie type A9 virus. In the presently reported case full serological and virological investigations were not done.", "PMID": 714229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5894", "title": "[Short-lived semi-atrophy of the tongue].", "content": "The author describes a 47-year-old patient in whom lingual hemiatrophy developed one month after angina. The development of hemiatrophy was preceded by occipital headaches and pain behind the ear on the side of hemiatrophy. In the differential diagnosis the author excluded inflammatory processes neoplasms and developmental anomalies and thinks that the cause of this short-lasting hemiatrophy might have been tonsillitis with compression of the nerve by the oedematous inflamed tissues with action of bacterial toxins on the nerve.", "contents": "[Short-lived semi-atrophy of the tongue]. The author describes a 47-year-old patient in whom lingual hemiatrophy developed one month after angina. The development of hemiatrophy was preceded by occipital headaches and pain behind the ear on the side of hemiatrophy. In the differential diagnosis the author excluded inflammatory processes neoplasms and developmental anomalies and thinks that the cause of this short-lasting hemiatrophy might have been tonsillitis with compression of the nerve by the oedematous inflamed tissues with action of bacterial toxins on the nerve.", "PMID": 714230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5895", "title": "[Myeloscintigraphic findings in a case of intradural leptomeningeal cyst].", "content": "The authors report the application of myeloscintigraphy in a case of intradural leptomeningeal cyst. Only 16 such cases have been described as yet in world literature. Myeloscintigraphy was found in this case a more objective and accurate method than myelography and permitted not only the compressing mass to be recognized but it determined also the upper and lower limits of the mass which is important for surgical intervention.", "contents": "[Myeloscintigraphic findings in a case of intradural leptomeningeal cyst]. The authors report the application of myeloscintigraphy in a case of intradural leptomeningeal cyst. Only 16 such cases have been described as yet in world literature. Myeloscintigraphy was found in this case a more objective and accurate method than myelography and permitted not only the compressing mass to be recognized but it determined also the upper and lower limits of the mass which is important for surgical intervention.", "PMID": 714231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5896", "title": "[Case of subdural hygroma].", "content": "A 7-month-old boy with postnatal jaundice was operated upon at the age of 3 months for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis associated with water and electrolyte metabolism disturbances. During induction of anaesthesia cardiorespiratory arrest occurred. The child was resuscitated successfully. After the operation bilateral pneumonia developed. After 3 months of relatively good health signs of increased intracranial pressure developed with high-grade papilloedema. Ventriculography with subdurography demonstrated presence of an extensive subdural hygroma about 2 cm thick. One year after treatment the condition of the child and his development are completely satisfactory.", "contents": "[Case of subdural hygroma]. A 7-month-old boy with postnatal jaundice was operated upon at the age of 3 months for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis associated with water and electrolyte metabolism disturbances. During induction of anaesthesia cardiorespiratory arrest occurred. The child was resuscitated successfully. After the operation bilateral pneumonia developed. After 3 months of relatively good health signs of increased intracranial pressure developed with high-grade papilloedema. Ventriculography with subdurography demonstrated presence of an extensive subdural hygroma about 2 cm thick. One year after treatment the condition of the child and his development are completely satisfactory.", "PMID": 714232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5897", "title": "[Case of hemiphlegic migraine with atypical angiographic findings].", "content": "Hemiplegic migraine was observed in a boy aged 16 years. The family history was unquestionable and the duration of hemiplegia was prolonged. Carotid angiography after regression of clinical signs showed a particularly profuse passage of the contrast to the contralateral side and to the area of vascularization of the basilar artery. It is supposed that particularly favourable connections existed in this case in the arterial vascular bed of the brain, with possible hypotonia of the arterial walls in this area.", "contents": "[Case of hemiphlegic migraine with atypical angiographic findings]. Hemiplegic migraine was observed in a boy aged 16 years. The family history was unquestionable and the duration of hemiplegia was prolonged. Carotid angiography after regression of clinical signs showed a particularly profuse passage of the contrast to the contralateral side and to the area of vascularization of the basilar artery. It is supposed that particularly favourable connections existed in this case in the arterial vascular bed of the brain, with possible hypotonia of the arterial walls in this area.", "PMID": 714233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5898", "title": "[A case of giant aneurysm at the posterior cerebral artery (author's transl)].", "content": "Giant aneurysm of the posterior cerebral artery was very rare. The authors could seek only 6 cases in published literature. We experienced one case of the giant aneurysm at the posterior cerebral artery. The case was 25 years old female. She occasionaly complained of headache and nausea for 4 years before administration. Cerebral angiogram revealed a giant aneurysm of the right posterior cerebral artery with slightly dilated ventricle. CT scan revealed a ring shape high density area and its high density area enhanced by Conray infusion. A clipping of posterior cerebral artery at the just proximal point of the aneurysmal neck was done, because adhesion of the aneurysm to the brain stem was very tight and the aneurysmal neck was very broad. After the operation, giant aneurysm was not seen on both angiogram and CT scan. Patient did not complain of headache any more and any defect of the visual field.", "contents": "[A case of giant aneurysm at the posterior cerebral artery (author's transl)]. Giant aneurysm of the posterior cerebral artery was very rare. The authors could seek only 6 cases in published literature. We experienced one case of the giant aneurysm at the posterior cerebral artery. The case was 25 years old female. She occasionaly complained of headache and nausea for 4 years before administration. Cerebral angiogram revealed a giant aneurysm of the right posterior cerebral artery with slightly dilated ventricle. CT scan revealed a ring shape high density area and its high density area enhanced by Conray infusion. A clipping of posterior cerebral artery at the just proximal point of the aneurysmal neck was done, because adhesion of the aneurysm to the brain stem was very tight and the aneurysmal neck was very broad. After the operation, giant aneurysm was not seen on both angiogram and CT scan. Patient did not complain of headache any more and any defect of the visual field.", "PMID": 714240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5899", "title": "[Surgical treatment of upper cervical chordoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Treatment of upper cervical chordoma is generally considered to be difficult one, because of serious troubles in supporting cranio-spinal junction after the surgery and at the recurrence. Clinical course of a 22-year-old man with chordoma originated from C2 vertebral body was reported, and the operation for such a condition were discussed with emphasis on the mode of craniovertebral fixation. Simple subtotal removal of the vertebral chordoma was carried out by posterior approach at the first operation. The second one was necessary fourteen months later for recurrence of the tumor. At the second surgery, in addition to the tumor removal, posterior fusion between the occipital bone and the C4 lamina was performed with homologous iliac bone graft, the center of which was kept slightly lateral to the lesion. This procedure of fixation not only enabled a sufficient removal of the residual tumor without loosening the bone graft, but also shortened the bedridden time following the subsequent operations for the recurrence, and finally resulted in an excellent recovery in his clinical symptoms. It is considered to be important to select the most adequate approach of surgery, including fixation technique, according to the extension of the tumor. We would emphasize the usefulness of paramedian posterior fusion of the cranio-spinal junction for such a condition of wide tumor invasion in the high cervical region.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of upper cervical chordoma (author's transl)]. Treatment of upper cervical chordoma is generally considered to be difficult one, because of serious troubles in supporting cranio-spinal junction after the surgery and at the recurrence. Clinical course of a 22-year-old man with chordoma originated from C2 vertebral body was reported, and the operation for such a condition were discussed with emphasis on the mode of craniovertebral fixation. Simple subtotal removal of the vertebral chordoma was carried out by posterior approach at the first operation. The second one was necessary fourteen months later for recurrence of the tumor. At the second surgery, in addition to the tumor removal, posterior fusion between the occipital bone and the C4 lamina was performed with homologous iliac bone graft, the center of which was kept slightly lateral to the lesion. This procedure of fixation not only enabled a sufficient removal of the residual tumor without loosening the bone graft, but also shortened the bedridden time following the subsequent operations for the recurrence, and finally resulted in an excellent recovery in his clinical symptoms. It is considered to be important to select the most adequate approach of surgery, including fixation technique, according to the extension of the tumor. We would emphasize the usefulness of paramedian posterior fusion of the cranio-spinal junction for such a condition of wide tumor invasion in the high cervical region.", "PMID": 714242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5900", "title": "[Brain metastases from primary cardiac myxosarcoma--report of a case (author's transl)].", "content": "A very rare case of a myxosarcoma with metastases to the brain is reported. A 33-year-old female was admitted to our hospital because of lassitude, fever, slight left hemiparesis, headache and other signs of intracranial hypertension and cardiac symptoms such as dyspnea and palpitation. She had the cardiac symptoms once 14 years before, which reappeared and rapidly aggravated two months before the admission. Cerebral angiography revealed a mass in the right temporal lobe and physical and laboratory examinations revealed mitral value failure and hyperthyroidism. On the next day, March 19, 1976, a grossly cystic 60 gm tumor was totally removed which was largely imbedded in the subcortex of the right temporal lobe. The symptoms except for the cardiac symptoms and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy rapidly improved, but headache and left hemiparesis returned 13 days postoperatively. She died suddenly 18 days after the operation due to acute cardiac failure. Autopsy revealed two separate hard and solid tumors both attached to the mitral valve and occupied the whole left atrium and another metastasis to the frontal lobe which had not been diagnosed before the death. Microscopic examinations including electronmicroscopic study established the diagnosis of myxosarcoma in all the four tumors.", "contents": "[Brain metastases from primary cardiac myxosarcoma--report of a case (author's transl)]. A very rare case of a myxosarcoma with metastases to the brain is reported. A 33-year-old female was admitted to our hospital because of lassitude, fever, slight left hemiparesis, headache and other signs of intracranial hypertension and cardiac symptoms such as dyspnea and palpitation. She had the cardiac symptoms once 14 years before, which reappeared and rapidly aggravated two months before the admission. Cerebral angiography revealed a mass in the right temporal lobe and physical and laboratory examinations revealed mitral value failure and hyperthyroidism. On the next day, March 19, 1976, a grossly cystic 60 gm tumor was totally removed which was largely imbedded in the subcortex of the right temporal lobe. The symptoms except for the cardiac symptoms and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy rapidly improved, but headache and left hemiparesis returned 13 days postoperatively. She died suddenly 18 days after the operation due to acute cardiac failure. Autopsy revealed two separate hard and solid tumors both attached to the mitral valve and occupied the whole left atrium and another metastasis to the frontal lobe which had not been diagnosed before the death. Microscopic examinations including electronmicroscopic study established the diagnosis of myxosarcoma in all the four tumors.", "PMID": 714243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5901", "title": "Immunosuppressive therapy in chronic liver disease.", "content": "Immunosuppressive treatment with prednisolone and/or azathioprine has been assessed in three chronic liver diseases with immunological features, namely chronic active hepatitis, cryptogenic cirrhosis and primary biliary cirrhosis. In chronic active hepatitis, controlled prospective clinical trials have shown clinical, biochemical and hepatic histological improvement when prednisolone with or without azathioprine is employed. Azathioprine alone has no advantage over placebo tablets. Cirrhosis is probably not prevented. Selection of patients for treatment, the response and therapeutic regimes are discussed. Patients with hepatitis B surface antigen positive chronic active hepatitis have a worse therapeutic response than those patients with chronic active hepatitis who are HBsAg negative. In primary biliary cirrhosis, corticosteroid treatment is contra-indicated on account of bone thinning. Azathioprine has been used in controlled clinical trials and is of only marginal benefit.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive therapy in chronic liver disease. Immunosuppressive treatment with prednisolone and/or azathioprine has been assessed in three chronic liver diseases with immunological features, namely chronic active hepatitis, cryptogenic cirrhosis and primary biliary cirrhosis. In chronic active hepatitis, controlled prospective clinical trials have shown clinical, biochemical and hepatic histological improvement when prednisolone with or without azathioprine is employed. Azathioprine alone has no advantage over placebo tablets. Cirrhosis is probably not prevented. Selection of patients for treatment, the response and therapeutic regimes are discussed. Patients with hepatitis B surface antigen positive chronic active hepatitis have a worse therapeutic response than those patients with chronic active hepatitis who are HBsAg negative. In primary biliary cirrhosis, corticosteroid treatment is contra-indicated on account of bone thinning. Azathioprine has been used in controlled clinical trials and is of only marginal benefit.", "PMID": 714260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5902", "title": "[Immunodepressive therapy of hemoblastosis].", "content": "If the Burnet's hypothesis of the antieoplastic \"immunological surveillance\" is strictly interpreted, it would result unappropriate to speak of \"immunosuppressive therapy\" in malignant hemoblastoses and allied neoplastic diseases, although the treatment of such affections consists of the administration of mostly immune system-depressing agent. Such an effect is strictly associated with the antiproliferative and cytotoxic action. Thus, according such theories, consequent immunological depression should be considered as an \"unwanted effect\" related to a treatment that had been started for quite different purposes. Neverthelese recent medical literature reports several works which seem to evidence the immunological barrier insufficiency against neoplastic illnesses. Thus the above mentioned theories have been often criticized. After such considerations the Author emphasizes that also the treatment now used in some chronic lymphatic affections may be considered as an immune system depressing cure. The same is true for drugs used against autoimmune occurrences observed during malignant hemoblastoses. In a next future such a treatment will be in all probability followed more extensively, if more specific anti-lymphocyte drugs will be discovered, and in relation with recent attempts of transplantating normal bone marrow into leukaemic patients.", "contents": "[Immunodepressive therapy of hemoblastosis]. If the Burnet's hypothesis of the antieoplastic \"immunological surveillance\" is strictly interpreted, it would result unappropriate to speak of \"immunosuppressive therapy\" in malignant hemoblastoses and allied neoplastic diseases, although the treatment of such affections consists of the administration of mostly immune system-depressing agent. Such an effect is strictly associated with the antiproliferative and cytotoxic action. Thus, according such theories, consequent immunological depression should be considered as an \"unwanted effect\" related to a treatment that had been started for quite different purposes. Neverthelese recent medical literature reports several works which seem to evidence the immunological barrier insufficiency against neoplastic illnesses. Thus the above mentioned theories have been often criticized. After such considerations the Author emphasizes that also the treatment now used in some chronic lymphatic affections may be considered as an immune system depressing cure. The same is true for drugs used against autoimmune occurrences observed during malignant hemoblastoses. In a next future such a treatment will be in all probability followed more extensively, if more specific anti-lymphocyte drugs will be discovered, and in relation with recent attempts of transplantating normal bone marrow into leukaemic patients.", "PMID": 714261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5903", "title": "[Gas chromatographic determination of urinary 17-ketosteroids in normal adults of various ages].", "content": "The excretion of individual urinary 17-ketosteroids, pregnanediol and pregnanetriol, as measured in 98 healthy adults subdivided into groups according to age and sex, by means of a gas chromatographic analysis method based on enzymatic hydrolysis, extraction with ethyl ether, and conversion of the extracted steroids into trimethylsilyl ethers. The results showed that age and sex substantially influence the steroid pattern. Metabolites with 5-alpha configuration are predominant in young subjects; those with 5-beta configuration are pre-eminent in the more advanced ages, particularly in women. Metabolites with definite androgenous significance (C19O2-17KS) decline rapidly with advancing age, while the C19O3-17KS undergo a lesser decrease.", "contents": "[Gas chromatographic determination of urinary 17-ketosteroids in normal adults of various ages]. The excretion of individual urinary 17-ketosteroids, pregnanediol and pregnanetriol, as measured in 98 healthy adults subdivided into groups according to age and sex, by means of a gas chromatographic analysis method based on enzymatic hydrolysis, extraction with ethyl ether, and conversion of the extracted steroids into trimethylsilyl ethers. The results showed that age and sex substantially influence the steroid pattern. Metabolites with 5-alpha configuration are predominant in young subjects; those with 5-beta configuration are pre-eminent in the more advanced ages, particularly in women. Metabolites with definite androgenous significance (C19O2-17KS) decline rapidly with advancing age, while the C19O3-17KS undergo a lesser decrease.", "PMID": 714273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5904", "title": "[Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia. Clinical case report].", "content": "The clinico-histologico-biological picture of a recently identified haematological condition distinguished by marked superficial generalized adenomegaly, a typical lymph node biopsy report (lively immunoblastic and angioblastic proliferation, deposits of PAS-positive eosinophil homogenous material) and hypergammaglobulinaemia (polyclonal gammopathy) and defined as angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinaemia, is described. On the basis of numerous reported cases and the clinical case in question, the pathogenetic interpretation whereby the condition is considered as a reaction in similar fashion to what is already known for the so-called GvHr (transplant to host reaction), independently of the as yet unknown and perhaps many-sided aetiological factor, is upheld. The condition is substantially benign, although the possibility that it will become malignant cannot be excluded. It is highly sensitive to radiant, cytostatic and cortiocosteroid therapy although there are profound prognostic reservations about its great susceptibility to infections, particularly at respiratory level.", "contents": "[Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia. Clinical case report]. The clinico-histologico-biological picture of a recently identified haematological condition distinguished by marked superficial generalized adenomegaly, a typical lymph node biopsy report (lively immunoblastic and angioblastic proliferation, deposits of PAS-positive eosinophil homogenous material) and hypergammaglobulinaemia (polyclonal gammopathy) and defined as angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinaemia, is described. On the basis of numerous reported cases and the clinical case in question, the pathogenetic interpretation whereby the condition is considered as a reaction in similar fashion to what is already known for the so-called GvHr (transplant to host reaction), independently of the as yet unknown and perhaps many-sided aetiological factor, is upheld. The condition is substantially benign, although the possibility that it will become malignant cannot be excluded. It is highly sensitive to radiant, cytostatic and cortiocosteroid therapy although there are profound prognostic reservations about its great susceptibility to infections, particularly at respiratory level.", "PMID": 714274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5905", "title": "[Pharmacokinetic and clinical research on a new aminoglycoside antibiotic: sisomicin].", "content": "Results obtained with sisomycin in 10 cases of purulent meningitis and 4 of bronchopulmonitis showed good tissue diffusion, together with CSF concentrations sufficient to inhibit the main aetiological agents in these forms: MIC 0.02 mg/ml for both D. pneumoniae (I-ATCC 6301) and N. meningitidis (C-ATCC 13101), i.e. liquor transfer of the antibiotic more than sufficient to handle these agents.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetic and clinical research on a new aminoglycoside antibiotic: sisomicin]. Results obtained with sisomycin in 10 cases of purulent meningitis and 4 of bronchopulmonitis showed good tissue diffusion, together with CSF concentrations sufficient to inhibit the main aetiological agents in these forms: MIC 0.02 mg/ml for both D. pneumoniae (I-ATCC 6301) and N. meningitidis (C-ATCC 13101), i.e. liquor transfer of the antibiotic more than sufficient to handle these agents.", "PMID": 714275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5906", "title": "Fetal breathing movements. Characteristics and clinical significance.", "content": "Ultrasonic real-time B-mode technique was used to record fetal breathing movements (FBM) in 100 consecutively examined women in late pregnancy. During the \"inspiratory\" phase of the FBM cycle, the diaphragm of the fetus contracts and moves in caudal direction. The diaphragmatic movement is accompanied by a retraction of the thorax with maximum inward movement of the lower sternum and by an expansion of the fetal abdomen. During \"expiration\" all structures return to their initial position. The incidence of FBM found in 24 pregnancies with various disorders was significantly lower than that in the 76 uncomplicated pregnancies (P less than 0.001). In 92% of the observations in which FBM were present for more than 5 minutes within 30-minute recording, this finding indicated an unaffected pregnancy at the time of the examination. No correlation was found between the FBM results and the subsequent course and outcome of the pregnancies.", "contents": "Fetal breathing movements. Characteristics and clinical significance. Ultrasonic real-time B-mode technique was used to record fetal breathing movements (FBM) in 100 consecutively examined women in late pregnancy. During the \"inspiratory\" phase of the FBM cycle, the diaphragm of the fetus contracts and moves in caudal direction. The diaphragmatic movement is accompanied by a retraction of the thorax with maximum inward movement of the lower sternum and by an expansion of the fetal abdomen. During \"expiration\" all structures return to their initial position. The incidence of FBM found in 24 pregnancies with various disorders was significantly lower than that in the 76 uncomplicated pregnancies (P less than 0.001). In 92% of the observations in which FBM were present for more than 5 minutes within 30-minute recording, this finding indicated an unaffected pregnancy at the time of the examination. No correlation was found between the FBM results and the subsequent course and outcome of the pregnancies.", "PMID": 714319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5907", "title": "Standardization of sonar cephalometry and gestational age.", "content": "At present a large number of different charts are used for prediction of gestational age from sonar biparietal diameter (BPD). In this report the reasons for these observed differences are presented. Additionally, the usefulness of all these charts is questioned because a) the mean differences in 7059 BPDs derived by the B-scan from four large fetal population studies are not significantly different from zero and b) BPDs obtained by B scan are statistically comparable to gray-scale or real-time BPDs if medium gain is used. Thus, it is our suggestion that a chart showing the composite mean BPD values of all four studies be used universally for prediction of fetal age. Finally, the guidelines of using sonar BPD as an index of gestational age are presented and the role of the obstetrician in interpreting BPD data is emphasized.", "contents": "Standardization of sonar cephalometry and gestational age. At present a large number of different charts are used for prediction of gestational age from sonar biparietal diameter (BPD). In this report the reasons for these observed differences are presented. Additionally, the usefulness of all these charts is questioned because a) the mean differences in 7059 BPDs derived by the B-scan from four large fetal population studies are not significantly different from zero and b) BPDs obtained by B scan are statistically comparable to gray-scale or real-time BPDs if medium gain is used. Thus, it is our suggestion that a chart showing the composite mean BPD values of all four studies be used universally for prediction of fetal age. Finally, the guidelines of using sonar BPD as an index of gestational age are presented and the role of the obstetrician in interpreting BPD data is emphasized.", "PMID": 714320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5908", "title": "Changes of serum immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgE during pregnancy.", "content": "The serum levels of immunoglobulins at various times throughout pregnancy were measured in 11 healthy women. The concentrations of IgG, IgA, and IgM decreased significantly in the second and third trimesters, the mean decreases at the second trimester being 18, 13, and 9%, respectively. When the decreases were expressed on the basis of serum total protein, the decreases in IgG and IgA were significant but the decrease in IgM was not. The level of IgE either decreased or increased during pregnancy. Maternal age, emesis, ABO-incompatibility, and the sex and weight of the baby at birth were not related to the initial concentration or to the extent of decrease of immunoglobulins during pregnancy. In a case of Rh incompatibility, increase of immunoglobulins was observed concomitantly with the transient appearance of anti-Rh(D) antibody. Immunoglobulin depletion in pregnancy seems to result from both immune suppression and hemodilution.", "contents": "Changes of serum immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgE during pregnancy. The serum levels of immunoglobulins at various times throughout pregnancy were measured in 11 healthy women. The concentrations of IgG, IgA, and IgM decreased significantly in the second and third trimesters, the mean decreases at the second trimester being 18, 13, and 9%, respectively. When the decreases were expressed on the basis of serum total protein, the decreases in IgG and IgA were significant but the decrease in IgM was not. The level of IgE either decreased or increased during pregnancy. Maternal age, emesis, ABO-incompatibility, and the sex and weight of the baby at birth were not related to the initial concentration or to the extent of decrease of immunoglobulins during pregnancy. In a case of Rh incompatibility, increase of immunoglobulins was observed concomitantly with the transient appearance of anti-Rh(D) antibody. Immunoglobulin depletion in pregnancy seems to result from both immune suppression and hemodilution.", "PMID": 714321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5909", "title": "Prostaglandin F2alpha levels in human ovarian plasma in pregnancy and in a case of Halban's disease.", "content": "It has been demonstrated that the ovary bearing the corpus luteum in the human is responsible for the major portion of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha), total estrogen, and progestin production during the luteal phase of a normal menstrual cycle. This study was performed with the intent to gain more information about the secretion of PGF2alpha in conditions that prolong the life span of the corpus luteum, such as pregnancy and Halban's disease. Utilizing a specific radioimmunoassay for PGF2alpha, ovarian venous plasma levels were measured in 7 pregnant women and in a patient with Halban's disease. During the first and second trimester of pregnancy, PGF2alpha values in plasma from the active and inactive ovary were comparable and were significantly lower than concentrations in plasma from the active ovary during the luteal phase of the normal cycle. In a patient with persistent corpus luteum or Halban's disease, PGF2alpha concentrations of venous plasma from the ovary bearing the corpus luteum were significantly lower than those obtained from the contralateral ovary. These observations indirectly support the hypothesis that prostaglandins produced within the ovary may have a role in luteal regression.", "contents": "Prostaglandin F2alpha levels in human ovarian plasma in pregnancy and in a case of Halban's disease. It has been demonstrated that the ovary bearing the corpus luteum in the human is responsible for the major portion of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha), total estrogen, and progestin production during the luteal phase of a normal menstrual cycle. This study was performed with the intent to gain more information about the secretion of PGF2alpha in conditions that prolong the life span of the corpus luteum, such as pregnancy and Halban's disease. Utilizing a specific radioimmunoassay for PGF2alpha, ovarian venous plasma levels were measured in 7 pregnant women and in a patient with Halban's disease. During the first and second trimester of pregnancy, PGF2alpha values in plasma from the active and inactive ovary were comparable and were significantly lower than concentrations in plasma from the active ovary during the luteal phase of the normal cycle. In a patient with persistent corpus luteum or Halban's disease, PGF2alpha concentrations of venous plasma from the ovary bearing the corpus luteum were significantly lower than those obtained from the contralateral ovary. These observations indirectly support the hypothesis that prostaglandins produced within the ovary may have a role in luteal regression.", "PMID": 714322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5910", "title": "Comparison of prostaglandin and hypertonic saline for termination of pregnancy.", "content": "The abortifacient efficacy and complication rate of the administration of hypertonic saline intraamniotically to 796 women were compared with those following administration of various prostaglandins by several routes to 3783 women. Intraamniotic administration of 2.5 mg 15-methyl-PGF2alpha or repeated vaginal administration of 15-methyl PGF2alpha methyl ester were both highly effective. The interval from treatment to abortion following prostaglandin administration was significantly shorter than that following hypertonic saline. The frequency of complications varied with prostaglandin compound and route of administration but was generally of the same magnitude as that following hypertonic saline administration. None of the prostaglandin-treated patients experienced epileptic seizures, and no maternal deaths occurred.", "contents": "Comparison of prostaglandin and hypertonic saline for termination of pregnancy. The abortifacient efficacy and complication rate of the administration of hypertonic saline intraamniotically to 796 women were compared with those following administration of various prostaglandins by several routes to 3783 women. Intraamniotic administration of 2.5 mg 15-methyl-PGF2alpha or repeated vaginal administration of 15-methyl PGF2alpha methyl ester were both highly effective. The interval from treatment to abortion following prostaglandin administration was significantly shorter than that following hypertonic saline. The frequency of complications varied with prostaglandin compound and route of administration but was generally of the same magnitude as that following hypertonic saline administration. None of the prostaglandin-treated patients experienced epileptic seizures, and no maternal deaths occurred.", "PMID": 714323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5911", "title": "Oral contraceptive estrogen and plasma lipid levels.", "content": "Blood samples were obtained from 20 women, aged 18 to 30 years, before and during the use of selected oral contraceptives. The contraceptive preparation containing 100 microgram mestranol induced increases in triglycerides, esterified cholesterol, free cholesterol, and phospholipids. Ethinyl estradiol with norgestrol, on the other hand, tended to decrease the lipid levels, while preparations containing only 50 microgram mestranol produced no significant change in the levels of the four substances. The levels produced by each of these three preparations did not exceed the normal limits. A cyclic fluctuation was observed in the monthly cycles.", "contents": "Oral contraceptive estrogen and plasma lipid levels. Blood samples were obtained from 20 women, aged 18 to 30 years, before and during the use of selected oral contraceptives. The contraceptive preparation containing 100 microgram mestranol induced increases in triglycerides, esterified cholesterol, free cholesterol, and phospholipids. Ethinyl estradiol with norgestrol, on the other hand, tended to decrease the lipid levels, while preparations containing only 50 microgram mestranol produced no significant change in the levels of the four substances. The levels produced by each of these three preparations did not exceed the normal limits. A cyclic fluctuation was observed in the monthly cycles.", "PMID": 714324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5912", "title": "Relaxing effects of Nifedipine on the nonpregnant human uterus in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "The effects of the calcium antagonist Nifedipine were investigated on isolated human myometrium and on uterine activity in healthy women during their first menstrual days. Nifedipine (0.01-1.0 microgram/ml) had a concentration-related inhibiting effect on spontaneous activity of the myometrial strips, and relaxed preparations contracted by potassium. In vivo, Nifedipine (20-30 mg) given orally, effectively and rapidly reduced uterine activity, decreasing both amplitude and frequency of uterine contractions, and reduced basal tone. A moderate increase in heart rate and a transient facial flushing were noted, but otherwise no side effects were observed. Calcium antagonists like Nifedipine represent a new approach to the problem of relaxing the myometrium, and might be an interesting therapeutic alternative in situations where inhibition of unwanted uterine activity is desirable.", "contents": "Relaxing effects of Nifedipine on the nonpregnant human uterus in vitro and in vivo. The effects of the calcium antagonist Nifedipine were investigated on isolated human myometrium and on uterine activity in healthy women during their first menstrual days. Nifedipine (0.01-1.0 microgram/ml) had a concentration-related inhibiting effect on spontaneous activity of the myometrial strips, and relaxed preparations contracted by potassium. In vivo, Nifedipine (20-30 mg) given orally, effectively and rapidly reduced uterine activity, decreasing both amplitude and frequency of uterine contractions, and reduced basal tone. A moderate increase in heart rate and a transient facial flushing were noted, but otherwise no side effects were observed. Calcium antagonists like Nifedipine represent a new approach to the problem of relaxing the myometrium, and might be an interesting therapeutic alternative in situations where inhibition of unwanted uterine activity is desirable.", "PMID": 714325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5913", "title": "Bromocriptine. Clinical experience in the induction of pregnancy in amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome.", "content": "This study included a group of 50 women with amenorrhea-galactorrhea who were treated with bromocriptine (2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine). Forty-two of these patients ovulated, and 36 conceived within 8 months of treatment. The pregnancies of 30 women reached a duration of 20 weeks or longer following ovulation induced by bromocriptine. Except in 1 case which ended in 10-week spontaneous abortion, the pregnancies of 26 patients terminated in 24 single, one twin, and one triplet births. All of the 29 newborns were healthy, and no congenital malformations were detected. The main side effects during treatment were transient constipation and nausea. Following delivery, return to pretreatment status was noted in all patients, which supports the fact that bromocriptine is not a curative agent.", "contents": "Bromocriptine. Clinical experience in the induction of pregnancy in amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome. This study included a group of 50 women with amenorrhea-galactorrhea who were treated with bromocriptine (2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine). Forty-two of these patients ovulated, and 36 conceived within 8 months of treatment. The pregnancies of 30 women reached a duration of 20 weeks or longer following ovulation induced by bromocriptine. Except in 1 case which ended in 10-week spontaneous abortion, the pregnancies of 26 patients terminated in 24 single, one twin, and one triplet births. All of the 29 newborns were healthy, and no congenital malformations were detected. The main side effects during treatment were transient constipation and nausea. Following delivery, return to pretreatment status was noted in all patients, which supports the fact that bromocriptine is not a curative agent.", "PMID": 714326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5914", "title": "Circulating pituitary-gonadal hormones in clomiphene-induced cycles.", "content": "Plasma follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL), estradiol (E2), progesterone (P), testosterone (T), and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were measured by radioimmunoassay in 7 patients who had ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate and human chorionic gonadotropin. Six of the 7 patients ovulated. There was higher increase in FSH than LH in 3 patients who also showed a midcycle FSH and LH peak. Plasma PRL was initially elevated in 2 patients, remained normal (less than 25 ng/ml) throughout the cycle in one patient, and showed an increase in the late luteal phase in 3 patients. Plasma E2 showed a good response at the end of clomiphene intake, with a subsequent preovulatory surge. Plasma P increased to more than 25 ng/ml in patients who ovulated and reached higher levels than in normal ovulatory cycles. Plasma T increased and decreased in a similar pattern to plasma E2 and was higher with clomiphene therapy than in the normal menstrual cycle. Plasma DHT remained similar to concentrations found in normal menstrual cycles. The findings are discussed in relation to the effect of clomiphene and these hormones on the pituitary-ovarian axis, ovulation rate, and conception rate.", "contents": "Circulating pituitary-gonadal hormones in clomiphene-induced cycles. Plasma follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL), estradiol (E2), progesterone (P), testosterone (T), and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were measured by radioimmunoassay in 7 patients who had ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate and human chorionic gonadotropin. Six of the 7 patients ovulated. There was higher increase in FSH than LH in 3 patients who also showed a midcycle FSH and LH peak. Plasma PRL was initially elevated in 2 patients, remained normal (less than 25 ng/ml) throughout the cycle in one patient, and showed an increase in the late luteal phase in 3 patients. Plasma E2 showed a good response at the end of clomiphene intake, with a subsequent preovulatory surge. Plasma P increased to more than 25 ng/ml in patients who ovulated and reached higher levels than in normal ovulatory cycles. Plasma T increased and decreased in a similar pattern to plasma E2 and was higher with clomiphene therapy than in the normal menstrual cycle. Plasma DHT remained similar to concentrations found in normal menstrual cycles. The findings are discussed in relation to the effect of clomiphene and these hormones on the pituitary-ovarian axis, ovulation rate, and conception rate.", "PMID": 714327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5915", "title": "Extent of columnar epithelium on the ectocervix between the ages of 1 and 13 years.", "content": "Among 103 girls between the ages of 1 year and the prepubertal period, who came to autopsy, the incidence of columnar epithelium on the ectocervix was 42.7%. The extent of this change was mostly small, exceeding 30% of the length of the ectocervix in only 9 subjects. In some girls, only areas of squamous metaplasia or residual columnar structures (glands, channels, nabothian cysts) were present. The diagnosis of columnar epithelium in photographs at low magnification or by colposcopy is least exact among older girls. Such diagnostic difficulties appear to be related mainly to the small extent of columnar epithelium and to the diminished structural difference between areas of the original squamous epithelium and the columnar epithelium on the ectocervix.", "contents": "Extent of columnar epithelium on the ectocervix between the ages of 1 and 13 years. Among 103 girls between the ages of 1 year and the prepubertal period, who came to autopsy, the incidence of columnar epithelium on the ectocervix was 42.7%. The extent of this change was mostly small, exceeding 30% of the length of the ectocervix in only 9 subjects. In some girls, only areas of squamous metaplasia or residual columnar structures (glands, channels, nabothian cysts) were present. The diagnosis of columnar epithelium in photographs at low magnification or by colposcopy is least exact among older girls. Such diagnostic difficulties appear to be related mainly to the small extent of columnar epithelium and to the diminished structural difference between areas of the original squamous epithelium and the columnar epithelium on the ectocervix.", "PMID": 714328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5916", "title": "Comparison of histologic and colposcopic findings in DES-exposed females.", "content": "A study was undertaken to evaluate the histologic alterations associated with two of the most abnormal colposcopic findings, mosaicism and punctation, that are commonly found in the vaginas and cervices of young women who have been exposed prenatally to diethylstilbestrol (DES). Four-fifths of 215 biopsy specimens from 171 exposed subjects with mosaicism or punctation disclosed metaplastic squamous epithelium, the presence of which is thought to reflect the repair of vaginal adenosis and cervical ectropion. Hyperkeratosis was observed in one-fifth of the specimens and was more frequent in lesions colposcopically graded I than II. Mild dysplasia was encountered in only one specimen. The findings indicate that the presence of squamous cell dysplasia cannot be predicted by the finding of Grade I or II mosaicism or punctation in the DES-exposed female despite the fact that these abnormal colposcopic patterns are associated with dysplasia in about 10% of cases when encountered in the cervix of the unexposed woman.", "contents": "Comparison of histologic and colposcopic findings in DES-exposed females. A study was undertaken to evaluate the histologic alterations associated with two of the most abnormal colposcopic findings, mosaicism and punctation, that are commonly found in the vaginas and cervices of young women who have been exposed prenatally to diethylstilbestrol (DES). Four-fifths of 215 biopsy specimens from 171 exposed subjects with mosaicism or punctation disclosed metaplastic squamous epithelium, the presence of which is thought to reflect the repair of vaginal adenosis and cervical ectropion. Hyperkeratosis was observed in one-fifth of the specimens and was more frequent in lesions colposcopically graded I than II. Mild dysplasia was encountered in only one specimen. The findings indicate that the presence of squamous cell dysplasia cannot be predicted by the finding of Grade I or II mosaicism or punctation in the DES-exposed female despite the fact that these abnormal colposcopic patterns are associated with dysplasia in about 10% of cases when encountered in the cervix of the unexposed woman.", "PMID": 714329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5917", "title": "Cooperative approach to the treatment of cervical cancer.", "content": "This study covers 20 years' experience in the treatment of carcinoma of the cervix. Improved results and a decreased rate of major complications are seen as a result of a cooperative approach in treatment planning and careful dosimetry. Comparisons are made with large treatment centers as well as with national survival rates. Preliminary results with improved radiotherapeutic techniques continue to show improvement in survival rates.", "contents": "Cooperative approach to the treatment of cervical cancer. This study covers 20 years' experience in the treatment of carcinoma of the cervix. Improved results and a decreased rate of major complications are seen as a result of a cooperative approach in treatment planning and careful dosimetry. Comparisons are made with large treatment centers as well as with national survival rates. Preliminary results with improved radiotherapeutic techniques continue to show improvement in survival rates.", "PMID": 714330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5918", "title": "Renal hamartoma (angiomyolipoma) with spontaneous rupture during pregnancy.", "content": "A 25-year-old pregnant patient at term with spontaneous rupture of the kidney and massive retroperitoneal hemorrhage from a renal hamartoma is described. A discussion of the case and a brief review of the literature on this rare tumor is included.", "contents": "Renal hamartoma (angiomyolipoma) with spontaneous rupture during pregnancy. A 25-year-old pregnant patient at term with spontaneous rupture of the kidney and massive retroperitoneal hemorrhage from a renal hamartoma is described. A discussion of the case and a brief review of the literature on this rare tumor is included.", "PMID": 714331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5919", "title": "Intestinal laceration secondary to clamping of an occult omphalocele.", "content": "An omphalocele is a congenital defect of the abdominal wall, through  which intestines and other intraabdominal organs protrude outside the abdominal cavity. The defect in the abdominal wall is covered by a translucent sac composed of peritoneum internally and amniotic membrane externally, through which the viscera can be seen. Such an anomaly is obvious and easily recognized at birth when the defect in the abdominal wall is large, but a small defect, also designated as umbilical cord hernia, is often unnoticed and may, when the cord is clamped, result in an iatrogenic laceration of the gut. We report such an encounter to alert the physician and suggest a method to prevent the iatrogenic misadventure. A careful follow-up of the child, including developmental evaluation, is presented and compared with her healthy twin. A review of the relevant literature shows that the anomaly is not rare and that there is often a delay of several days in establishing the correct diagnosis, leading to a fatal outcome in some cases.", "contents": "Intestinal laceration secondary to clamping of an occult omphalocele. An omphalocele is a congenital defect of the abdominal wall, through  which intestines and other intraabdominal organs protrude outside the abdominal cavity. The defect in the abdominal wall is covered by a translucent sac composed of peritoneum internally and amniotic membrane externally, through which the viscera can be seen. Such an anomaly is obvious and easily recognized at birth when the defect in the abdominal wall is large, but a small defect, also designated as umbilical cord hernia, is often unnoticed and may, when the cord is clamped, result in an iatrogenic laceration of the gut. We report such an encounter to alert the physician and suggest a method to prevent the iatrogenic misadventure. A careful follow-up of the child, including developmental evaluation, is presented and compared with her healthy twin. A review of the relevant literature shows that the anomaly is not rare and that there is often a delay of several days in establishing the correct diagnosis, leading to a fatal outcome in some cases.", "PMID": 714332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5920", "title": "Hilus cell tumor of the ovary and endometrial carcinoma.", "content": "A case of hilus cell tumour of the ovary was found in a patient with adenocarcinoma of the endometrium, the sixth such case reported in the literature. Serum levels of estradiol-17beta, progesterone, and testosterone were measured before and after surgical removal of the tumor and after dexamethasone suppression in the postoperative period. Only testosterone appeared to be related to the presence of the hilus cell tumor; its levels decreased after removal of the tumor.", "contents": "Hilus cell tumor of the ovary and endometrial carcinoma. A case of hilus cell tumour of the ovary was found in a patient with adenocarcinoma of the endometrium, the sixth such case reported in the literature. Serum levels of estradiol-17beta, progesterone, and testosterone were measured before and after surgical removal of the tumor and after dexamethasone suppression in the postoperative period. Only testosterone appeared to be related to the presence of the hilus cell tumor; its levels decreased after removal of the tumor.", "PMID": 714333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5921", "title": "Virilization in Turner syndrome.", "content": "A case of gonadal dysgenesis in a phenotypic female associated with neoplastic changes is presented. The patient typified a classic case of Turner syndrome with a 45, XO chromosomal compliment, becoming virilized as a result of the development of bilateral hilar cell hyperplasia in her dysgenetic gonads. The malignant potential of the dysgenetic gonad is stressed in this report. Early diagnosis and appropriate management are emphasized as the two factors that make the difference in the outcome of the patient with gonadal dysgenesis.", "contents": "Virilization in Turner syndrome. A case of gonadal dysgenesis in a phenotypic female associated with neoplastic changes is presented. The patient typified a classic case of Turner syndrome with a 45, XO chromosomal compliment, becoming virilized as a result of the development of bilateral hilar cell hyperplasia in her dysgenetic gonads. The malignant potential of the dysgenetic gonad is stressed in this report. Early diagnosis and appropriate management are emphasized as the two factors that make the difference in the outcome of the patient with gonadal dysgenesis.", "PMID": 714334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5922", "title": "A sensitive hemagglutination assay of human chorionic gonadotropin in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy.", "content": "Hemagglutination assay of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the urine of patients suspected of having ectopic pregnancies has proved to be a highly sensitive method of detecting the condition. Moreover, the technique is simple and inexpensive. Hemagglutination assays were used in 167 patients with a diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy and in screening 415 patients in whom there was a possibility of ectopic pregnancy. In the former group, hCG titers in urine of more than 500 IU/liter were detected in 136 patients: among the remaining 31, the pregnancies were clinically old and resolving in 22. Low hCG titers were associated with a significantly shorter period of amenorrhea and a protracted clinical course. In the second group, a false-positive rate of 1.7% occurred when the sensitivity of the assay was limited. Increasing the sensitivity of the assay to avoid false-negative results, though also increasing the false-positive rate, would help to reduce the number of cases in which more complex isotope assays are required.", "contents": "A sensitive hemagglutination assay of human chorionic gonadotropin in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. Hemagglutination assay of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the urine of patients suspected of having ectopic pregnancies has proved to be a highly sensitive method of detecting the condition. Moreover, the technique is simple and inexpensive. Hemagglutination assays were used in 167 patients with a diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy and in screening 415 patients in whom there was a possibility of ectopic pregnancy. In the former group, hCG titers in urine of more than 500 IU/liter were detected in 136 patients: among the remaining 31, the pregnancies were clinically old and resolving in 22. Low hCG titers were associated with a significantly shorter period of amenorrhea and a protracted clinical course. In the second group, a false-positive rate of 1.7% occurred when the sensitivity of the assay was limited. Increasing the sensitivity of the assay to avoid false-negative results, though also increasing the false-positive rate, would help to reduce the number of cases in which more complex isotope assays are required.", "PMID": 714335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5923", "title": "Transabdominal cervical cerclage during pregnancy. A modified technique.", "content": "A modified surgical technique for carrying out cervical cerclage by the transabdominal route during pregnancy is presented. It is designed for the patient whose cervix is so short or damaged that the transvaginal procedure is not feasible. Basically, the method consists of a standard laparotomy at which a nylon tape is placed around the uterine isthmus medial to the uterine vessels and fixed to the anterior isthmus, Mackenrodt's ligaments, and to the insertions of the uterosacral ligaments. Results in 10 cases are reported. There were no operative or postoperative complications. One case was terminated by early spontaneous abortion and 2 by hysterotomy at 26 and 30 weeks, respectively, because of placenta previa. Seven cases were terminated by cesarean section at or near term, with delivery of 7 infants who survived. The 7 mothers had had a total of 50 prior pregnancies with only 5 living children; 4 of them had ahd 25 prior pregnancies with no living children. Various aspects of the procedure are discussed.", "contents": "Transabdominal cervical cerclage during pregnancy. A modified technique. A modified surgical technique for carrying out cervical cerclage by the transabdominal route during pregnancy is presented. It is designed for the patient whose cervix is so short or damaged that the transvaginal procedure is not feasible. Basically, the method consists of a standard laparotomy at which a nylon tape is placed around the uterine isthmus medial to the uterine vessels and fixed to the anterior isthmus, Mackenrodt's ligaments, and to the insertions of the uterosacral ligaments. Results in 10 cases are reported. There were no operative or postoperative complications. One case was terminated by early spontaneous abortion and 2 by hysterotomy at 26 and 30 weeks, respectively, because of placenta previa. Seven cases were terminated by cesarean section at or near term, with delivery of 7 infants who survived. The 7 mothers had had a total of 50 prior pregnancies with only 5 living children; 4 of them had ahd 25 prior pregnancies with no living children. Various aspects of the procedure are discussed.", "PMID": 714336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5924", "title": "Evaluation of a dipstick for candida.", "content": "Differentiation of the infecting organism is important in determining effective therapy for vaginitis. The utility of a simple, dehydrated culture strip in detecting Candida infections was assessed by culturing specimens from 203 patients, 83 with symptoms of vaginitis. Parallel culture (Sabouraud's medium) and identification were performed in every fourth case by an independent clinical laboratory; KOH preparations for Candida were examined in every case. In 48 of 50 cases, the strip agreed with Sabouraud's culture; one culture was lost due to laboratory error, and one strip did not become positive until after 48 hours' incubation. Only 70% of KOH preparations revealed Candida when the strip culture was positive. Diagnostically superior to the KOH preparation and nearly equal to a Sabouraud's culture, the strip was simple to use, inexpensive, and reliable; as such, it is a useful addition in the ob-gyn office or clinic for routine screening for vaginal candidiasis.", "contents": "Evaluation of a dipstick for candida. Differentiation of the infecting organism is important in determining effective therapy for vaginitis. The utility of a simple, dehydrated culture strip in detecting Candida infections was assessed by culturing specimens from 203 patients, 83 with symptoms of vaginitis. Parallel culture (Sabouraud's medium) and identification were performed in every fourth case by an independent clinical laboratory; KOH preparations for Candida were examined in every case. In 48 of 50 cases, the strip agreed with Sabouraud's culture; one culture was lost due to laboratory error, and one strip did not become positive until after 48 hours' incubation. Only 70% of KOH preparations revealed Candida when the strip culture was positive. Diagnostically superior to the KOH preparation and nearly equal to a Sabouraud's culture, the strip was simple to use, inexpensive, and reliable; as such, it is a useful addition in the ob-gyn office or clinic for routine screening for vaginal candidiasis.", "PMID": 714337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5925", "title": "[Level of immunoreactive follicle-stimulating hormone in the pituitary and blood of human fetuses].", "content": "The FSH content in the hypophysis and blood serum was determined by means of radioimmunology in 367 human foetuses at the age of 8 to 34 weeks. The immunoreactive FSH was detected in the hypophysis on the 9th week of embryogenesis. The ability of the hypophysis to release FSH in the blood was demonstrated for the female foetuses at the age of 14 to 34 weeks (with the maximum during the 17--18th week) and for the male foetuses at the age of 19 to 31 weeks. Sexual differences in the FSH content were shown in the hypophysis from the 14th till the 34th and in the blood serum from the 14th till the 26th week of development.", "contents": "[Level of immunoreactive follicle-stimulating hormone in the pituitary and blood of human fetuses]. The FSH content in the hypophysis and blood serum was determined by means of radioimmunology in 367 human foetuses at the age of 8 to 34 weeks. The immunoreactive FSH was detected in the hypophysis on the 9th week of embryogenesis. The ability of the hypophysis to release FSH in the blood was demonstrated for the female foetuses at the age of 14 to 34 weeks (with the maximum during the 17--18th week) and for the male foetuses at the age of 19 to 31 weeks. Sexual differences in the FSH content were shown in the hypophysis from the 14th till the 34th and in the blood serum from the 14th till the 26th week of development.", "PMID": 714361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5926", "title": "[Lipid composition of the gonads of female Strongylocentrotus nudus sea urchins at different stages of development].", "content": "Changes in the content and composition of lipids in the gonads of the Strongylocentrotus nudus females during the annual cycle of their development were studied. The qualitative composition of lipids was shown not to change. There were found cerebrosides, sulfatides, free fatty acids, diphosphatidyl glycerine, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl inositol, phosphatidyl serine, lysophosphatidyl choline, lysophosphytidyl ethanolamine, phosphatide acid, sphingomyelin and non-identified phospholipids X1 and X2 in the gonads. The relative content of individual classes of phospholipids suffers marked changes. The similarity in the content of total lipids and their individual classes at the 2nd and 5th stages confirms the existence of two generations of oocytes (Gnezdilova, 1971). The relationship between the lipid composition and the morphological state of the gonads with respect to the stage of development is discussed.", "contents": "[Lipid composition of the gonads of female Strongylocentrotus nudus sea urchins at different stages of development]. Changes in the content and composition of lipids in the gonads of the Strongylocentrotus nudus females during the annual cycle of their development were studied. The qualitative composition of lipids was shown not to change. There were found cerebrosides, sulfatides, free fatty acids, diphosphatidyl glycerine, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl inositol, phosphatidyl serine, lysophosphatidyl choline, lysophosphytidyl ethanolamine, phosphatide acid, sphingomyelin and non-identified phospholipids X1 and X2 in the gonads. The relative content of individual classes of phospholipids suffers marked changes. The similarity in the content of total lipids and their individual classes at the 2nd and 5th stages confirms the existence of two generations of oocytes (Gnezdilova, 1971). The relationship between the lipid composition and the morphological state of the gonads with respect to the stage of development is discussed.", "PMID": 714362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5927", "title": "[Regeneration of a whole worm from a small fragment of the body of Dugesia tigrina planaria following repeated removal of regenerates].", "content": "The ability of restoration of the whole worm from a small body fragment was not reduced after 8 removals of the anterior and posterior regenerates. The polarity of restoring fragments in the most cases corresponded to the initial one. Upon the colchicine effect on the restoring fragments which accompanied the repeated removal of the regenerates, a high percentage of cases of incomplete somatic embryogenesis was observed: the formation of bi- and multipolar forms. The formation of regenerates is realized by neoblasts. Upon the repeated removal of regenerates, the dedifferentiated intestine cells appear to take part in the restorative processes as well.", "contents": "[Regeneration of a whole worm from a small fragment of the body of Dugesia tigrina planaria following repeated removal of regenerates]. The ability of restoration of the whole worm from a small body fragment was not reduced after 8 removals of the anterior and posterior regenerates. The polarity of restoring fragments in the most cases corresponded to the initial one. Upon the colchicine effect on the restoring fragments which accompanied the repeated removal of the regenerates, a high percentage of cases of incomplete somatic embryogenesis was observed: the formation of bi- and multipolar forms. The formation of regenerates is realized by neoblasts. Upon the repeated removal of regenerates, the dedifferentiated intestine cells appear to take part in the restorative processes as well.", "PMID": 714363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5928", "title": "[Growth of Arabidopsis thaliana embryos following irradiation of the plants during the generative phase].", "content": "The flowers and young legumes of Arabidopsis thaliana (phases of development B3--B7) were irradiated by gamma-rays at the dose of 4 kr. The irradiation did not influence the duration of phases of the flower development irrespective of the phase of irradiation. The cytological characteristics of embryos is given for each phase under study. The duration of developmental stages (from zygote till the spheroid stage) in the control and following the irradiation was practically the same. The irradiation induced different developmental abnormalities. The most frequent type: the first transversal division of the apical cell instead of the longitudinal one. The irregular division of the suspensor cells, delay in the apical cell division upon the normal suspensor division, irregular position of septa and irregular form of the embryonic body were also observed. The highest level of abnormalities in the formation of cotyledons was noted following the irradiation of young legumes (phases B6--B7).", "contents": "[Growth of Arabidopsis thaliana embryos following irradiation of the plants during the generative phase]. The flowers and young legumes of Arabidopsis thaliana (phases of development B3--B7) were irradiated by gamma-rays at the dose of 4 kr. The irradiation did not influence the duration of phases of the flower development irrespective of the phase of irradiation. The cytological characteristics of embryos is given for each phase under study. The duration of developmental stages (from zygote till the spheroid stage) in the control and following the irradiation was practically the same. The irradiation induced different developmental abnormalities. The most frequent type: the first transversal division of the apical cell instead of the longitudinal one. The irregular division of the suspensor cells, delay in the apical cell division upon the normal suspensor division, irregular position of septa and irregular form of the embryonic body were also observed. The highest level of abnormalities in the formation of cotyledons was noted following the irradiation of young legumes (phases B6--B7).", "PMID": 714364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5929", "title": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic problems in a clinical case of oculoauricular dysplasia associated with mandibule-facial dysostosis (Franceschetti-Goldenhar syndrome)].", "content": "The authors present a case of oculo-auricular dysplasia (type Goldenhar) associated with France-schetti's syndrome (mandibulo-facial dysostosis) and complicated by paralytic strabismus and genital malformations. Complete investigation failed to establish a precise aetiology; one suggests an external disturbance in the course of the organogenesis of the branchial arches. Aesthetic improvement was undertaken--removal of epibulbar dermoids, correction of the squint, and ablation of the preauricular appendages; functional orthodontic treatment continues.", "contents": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic problems in a clinical case of oculoauricular dysplasia associated with mandibule-facial dysostosis (Franceschetti-Goldenhar syndrome)]. The authors present a case of oculo-auricular dysplasia (type Goldenhar) associated with France-schetti's syndrome (mandibulo-facial dysostosis) and complicated by paralytic strabismus and genital malformations. Complete investigation failed to establish a precise aetiology; one suggests an external disturbance in the course of the organogenesis of the branchial arches. Aesthetic improvement was undertaken--removal of epibulbar dermoids, correction of the squint, and ablation of the preauricular appendages; functional orthodontic treatment continues.", "PMID": 714366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5930", "title": "[The vitreous in aphakia].", "content": "The authors have studied the vitreous in 150 aphakic eyes after uneventful operations. They were examined by the slit-lamp and the Goldmann three-mirror glass. Two types of lesions were revealed: (1) 42% showed rupture of the anterior hyaloid membrane; this is not considered dangerous. (2) 69.3% showed posterior detachment of the vitreous, a more serious lesion. It is often associated with retinal lesions such as haemorrhage, pigmentary anomalies, and retinal tears. In view of such lesions, one cannot consider the aphakic patient as a normal subject and aphakia as a physiological condition. The frequency of retinal detachment in the aphakic bears witness to it.", "contents": "[The vitreous in aphakia]. The authors have studied the vitreous in 150 aphakic eyes after uneventful operations. They were examined by the slit-lamp and the Goldmann three-mirror glass. Two types of lesions were revealed: (1) 42% showed rupture of the anterior hyaloid membrane; this is not considered dangerous. (2) 69.3% showed posterior detachment of the vitreous, a more serious lesion. It is often associated with retinal lesions such as haemorrhage, pigmentary anomalies, and retinal tears. In view of such lesions, one cannot consider the aphakic patient as a normal subject and aphakia as a physiological condition. The frequency of retinal detachment in the aphakic bears witness to it.", "PMID": 714367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5931", "title": "Malignant melanoma of the lacrimal sac.", "content": "A case of malignant melanoma of the lacrimal sac in a 41-year-old woman is reported, which is propably the 12th one in the world literature. Dacryocystectomy is advisable at a localized stage. The importance of early diagnosis is discussed.", "contents": "Malignant melanoma of the lacrimal sac. A case of malignant melanoma of the lacrimal sac in a 41-year-old woman is reported, which is propably the 12th one in the world literature. Dacryocystectomy is advisable at a localized stage. The importance of early diagnosis is discussed.", "PMID": 714368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5932", "title": "Optic nerve changes in chorioidal malignant melanoma.", "content": "The optic nerve has been investigated in 11 cases of chorioidal malignant melanoma. 10 cases showed central fascicular degeneration surrounded by a rim of myelinated nerve fibers. Microglia was regularly found demarkating the central changes and often within the demyelinated areas. The changes were found within all quadrants of the nerve and without any apparent correlation with defects in the visual field.", "contents": "Optic nerve changes in chorioidal malignant melanoma. The optic nerve has been investigated in 11 cases of chorioidal malignant melanoma. 10 cases showed central fascicular degeneration surrounded by a rim of myelinated nerve fibers. Microglia was regularly found demarkating the central changes and often within the demyelinated areas. The changes were found within all quadrants of the nerve and without any apparent correlation with defects in the visual field.", "PMID": 714369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5933", "title": "Retinal ischemia (capillary nonperfusion) and retinal neovascularization in patients with diabetic retinopathy.", "content": "138 diabetic retinopathy patients with good fluorescein angiograms of the macular areas were studied. Areas of capillary nonperfusion (CNP) were surrounded by other capillary abnormalities and were often based on a larger retinal vessel. A satistically highly significant anatomical relationship was found between CNP and neovascularization. In addition, the frequency of neovascularization increased with the increase in size of CNP.", "contents": "Retinal ischemia (capillary nonperfusion) and retinal neovascularization in patients with diabetic retinopathy. 138 diabetic retinopathy patients with good fluorescein angiograms of the macular areas were studied. Areas of capillary nonperfusion (CNP) were surrounded by other capillary abnormalities and were often based on a larger retinal vessel. A satistically highly significant anatomical relationship was found between CNP and neovascularization. In addition, the frequency of neovascularization increased with the increase in size of CNP.", "PMID": 714370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5934", "title": "Orbital plasma cell tumours.", "content": "This paper reports two cases of orbital plasma cell tumours, one initially presenting as a localized lesion, but later developing dissemination and proving fatal within 7 months; the other presenting initially as a disseminated disease and apparently cured from that particular disease within 1 year, both on equivalent treatments. The importance of investigations for general disease (for therapeutic reasons) is emphasized as well as possibility of renal involvement and the unpredictability of the clinical course.", "contents": "Orbital plasma cell tumours. This paper reports two cases of orbital plasma cell tumours, one initially presenting as a localized lesion, but later developing dissemination and proving fatal within 7 months; the other presenting initially as a disseminated disease and apparently cured from that particular disease within 1 year, both on equivalent treatments. The importance of investigations for general disease (for therapeutic reasons) is emphasized as well as possibility of renal involvement and the unpredictability of the clinical course.", "PMID": 714371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5935", "title": "Combined operation for cataract and glaucoma.", "content": "In cases of cataract and glaucoma, we performed a cataract extraction combined with a Lagrange sclerectomy, a trabeculectomy or a Scheie's cauterization. We obtained the best results with Schie's cauterization.", "contents": "Combined operation for cataract and glaucoma. In cases of cataract and glaucoma, we performed a cataract extraction combined with a Lagrange sclerectomy, a trabeculectomy or a Scheie's cauterization. We obtained the best results with Schie's cauterization.", "PMID": 714372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5936", "title": "[Seasonal rhythm of infectious eye disease in North Africa].", "content": "The occurrence of infectious eye diseases in a hospital eye department on the island of Djerba in South Tunisia was analysed by mathematical-statistical methods. The seasonal influence was confirmed in accordance with the local traditional opinion and with previous research papers.", "contents": "[Seasonal rhythm of infectious eye disease in North Africa]. The occurrence of infectious eye diseases in a hospital eye department on the island of Djerba in South Tunisia was analysed by mathematical-statistical methods. The seasonal influence was confirmed in accordance with the local traditional opinion and with previous research papers.", "PMID": 714373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5937", "title": "Macular hole in diabetic maculopathy.", "content": "Three patients with diabetic maculopathy had macular holes. It is suggested that shrinkage or traction of the fibrous proliferation on the edematous and exudative macula led to the formation of these macular holes. Photocoagulation is recommended in patients with macular holes with progressive diabetic retinopathy and visual acuity of less than 0.1.", "contents": "Macular hole in diabetic maculopathy. Three patients with diabetic maculopathy had macular holes. It is suggested that shrinkage or traction of the fibrous proliferation on the edematous and exudative macula led to the formation of these macular holes. Photocoagulation is recommended in patients with macular holes with progressive diabetic retinopathy and visual acuity of less than 0.1.", "PMID": 714374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5938", "title": "[Periodic alternating nystagmus].", "content": "In this report 2 cases of periodic alternating nystagmus are presented. The most important parameters of this oculomotor disturbance are shown by oculographic tracings. Discussing the literature it is attempted to cast a model of the pathophysiology of PAN.", "contents": "[Periodic alternating nystagmus]. In this report 2 cases of periodic alternating nystagmus are presented. The most important parameters of this oculomotor disturbance are shown by oculographic tracings. Discussing the literature it is attempted to cast a model of the pathophysiology of PAN.", "PMID": 714375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5939", "title": "[Primary choroidal alveolar soft part sarcoma. Ophthalmopathology and histogenesis].", "content": "This is the first report on a primary choroidal alveolar soft part sarcoma in a 37-year-old male, who died 1 1/2 years following enucleation secondary to multiple metastases. Histology and differential diagnosis of this tumour are discussed. Histogenetically, because of the localization in the choroid, as far as the origin of these tumour cells is concerned, they supposedly stem from cell systems of the neuroectoderm. Since from these cell systems the malignant melanoma of the choroid arises too, a close relationship of these tumours is concluded.", "contents": "[Primary choroidal alveolar soft part sarcoma. Ophthalmopathology and histogenesis]. This is the first report on a primary choroidal alveolar soft part sarcoma in a 37-year-old male, who died 1 1/2 years following enucleation secondary to multiple metastases. Histology and differential diagnosis of this tumour are discussed. Histogenetically, because of the localization in the choroid, as far as the origin of these tumour cells is concerned, they supposedly stem from cell systems of the neuroectoderm. Since from these cell systems the malignant melanoma of the choroid arises too, a close relationship of these tumours is concluded.", "PMID": 714376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5940", "title": "Practical ptosis surgery. The Wendell L. Hughes Lecture.", "content": "The author has emphasized the concept that ptosis surgery should be done in a way that may be modified in the event that the immediate result is not satisfactory. The value of local injection plus fractional anesthesia in the adult allows the surgeon to solicit the aid of the patient to evaluate the result on the table more accurately. A regional block is unsatisfactory because the nerve supply to the levator muscle may be knocked out and titration of the result would not be possible at the time of surgery. The subaponeurotic tunnel without incising the conjunctiva makes a better anatomic dissection of the aponeurosis. The attachment to the tarsus of the advanced aponeurosis 2 to 3 mm from the ciliary border gives the surgeon a leeway of approximately 7 to 8 mm to recess in the event of an overcorrection. In the event of an undercorrection, the aponeurosis is further advanced and reattached by the three vertical mattress sutures.", "contents": "Practical ptosis surgery. The Wendell L. Hughes Lecture. The author has emphasized the concept that ptosis surgery should be done in a way that may be modified in the event that the immediate result is not satisfactory. The value of local injection plus fractional anesthesia in the adult allows the surgeon to solicit the aid of the patient to evaluate the result on the table more accurately. A regional block is unsatisfactory because the nerve supply to the levator muscle may be knocked out and titration of the result would not be possible at the time of surgery. The subaponeurotic tunnel without incising the conjunctiva makes a better anatomic dissection of the aponeurosis. The attachment to the tarsus of the advanced aponeurosis 2 to 3 mm from the ciliary border gives the surgeon a leeway of approximately 7 to 8 mm to recess in the event of an overcorrection. In the event of an undercorrection, the aponeurosis is further advanced and reattached by the three vertical mattress sutures.", "PMID": 714377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5941", "title": "Giant papillary conjunctivitis induced by hard or soft contact lens wear: quantitative histology.", "content": "Both hard and soft lens wearers develop a syndrome of decreased tolerance, increased mucus, mild itching, and giant papillary excrescences in the upper tarsal conjunctiva that resemble a varnal conjunctivitis. In the fully developed syndrome, the upper tarsal plate has an increase in stringy mucus and is covered by large papillae crowded together. The syndrome develops after months to years of otherwise successful lens wear and occurs in users of all types of soft and hard lenses. Histologic examination of tissues from 55 patients with well-developed giant papillary conjunctivitis compared with tissue from 15 normal people showed three findings characteristic of the syndrome: (1) mast cells in the epithelium, (2) eosinophils in the epithelium and substantia propria, and (3) basophils in the epithelium and substantia propria. Plasma cells and lymphocytes per cubic millimeter were not increased in detailed counts of 15 patients and 15 normal individuals. It is proposed that the number of plasma cells and lymphocytes cannot increase much beyond the level already present in normal conjuctiva and further influx of mononuclear inflammatory cells is the impetus for growth of the papillae. It is proposed that giant papillary conjunctivitis is a generalized response of the upper tarsal conjunctiva.", "contents": "Giant papillary conjunctivitis induced by hard or soft contact lens wear: quantitative histology. Both hard and soft lens wearers develop a syndrome of decreased tolerance, increased mucus, mild itching, and giant papillary excrescences in the upper tarsal conjunctiva that resemble a varnal conjunctivitis. In the fully developed syndrome, the upper tarsal plate has an increase in stringy mucus and is covered by large papillae crowded together. The syndrome develops after months to years of otherwise successful lens wear and occurs in users of all types of soft and hard lenses. Histologic examination of tissues from 55 patients with well-developed giant papillary conjunctivitis compared with tissue from 15 normal people showed three findings characteristic of the syndrome: (1) mast cells in the epithelium, (2) eosinophils in the epithelium and substantia propria, and (3) basophils in the epithelium and substantia propria. Plasma cells and lymphocytes per cubic millimeter were not increased in detailed counts of 15 patients and 15 normal individuals. It is proposed that the number of plasma cells and lymphocytes cannot increase much beyond the level already present in normal conjuctiva and further influx of mononuclear inflammatory cells is the impetus for growth of the papillae. It is proposed that giant papillary conjunctivitis is a generalized response of the upper tarsal conjunctiva.", "PMID": 714378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5942", "title": "Slow-release artificial tears and the treatment of keratitis sicca.", "content": "The slow-release artificial tear (SRAT) is a biodegradable, cellulosic polymer without preservative which is inserted beneath the tarsus of the lower lid, and which provides continuous lubrication and tear film stability to the eye. The SR-AT has been shown to reduce both subjective symptoms and objective signs in patients with keratitis sicca, and is a valuable adjunct to therapy in patients with this disease.", "contents": "Slow-release artificial tears and the treatment of keratitis sicca. The slow-release artificial tear (SRAT) is a biodegradable, cellulosic polymer without preservative which is inserted beneath the tarsus of the lower lid, and which provides continuous lubrication and tear film stability to the eye. The SR-AT has been shown to reduce both subjective symptoms and objective signs in patients with keratitis sicca, and is a valuable adjunct to therapy in patients with this disease.", "PMID": 714379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5943", "title": "A clinical study of slow-releasing artificial tears.", "content": "The slow-releasing artificial tear (SR-AT) is a soluble polymer in solid form. Placed in the inferior cul-de-sac and allowed to dissolve, it is used to treat dry-eye patients. The SR-AT was studied in two phases. The short-term cross-over study of 40 patients was completed in October 1976. The long-term open study is still in progress. Of 37 patients who started the long-term study, 18 are still using the inserts-a study retention of 49%.", "contents": "A clinical study of slow-releasing artificial tears. The slow-releasing artificial tear (SR-AT) is a soluble polymer in solid form. Placed in the inferior cul-de-sac and allowed to dissolve, it is used to treat dry-eye patients. The SR-AT was studied in two phases. The short-term cross-over study of 40 patients was completed in October 1976. The long-term open study is still in progress. Of 37 patients who started the long-term study, 18 are still using the inserts-a study retention of 49%.", "PMID": 714380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5944", "title": "Therapy of bovine mastitis: the intramammary tissue compatibility of mastitis remedies administered intracisternally to cows.", "content": "Eight different mastitis remedies were administered intracisternally on a rotational basis to the 48 quarters of 12 mastitis negative cows. The resulting intramammary reactions were monitored by determining the Somatic Cell Count (SCC) and Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) levels in milk. The reactions observed indicate that the intramammary cellular reactions frequently elicited by the local treatments in the treated and sometimes even in the untreated quarters of the treated udders are not necessarily inflammatory in nature. Evaluation of the intramammary tissue compatibility of a mastitis remedy mainly in terms of SCC values therefore seems unreliable. Moreover, it may do injustice to a product unless the SCC values are augmented by BSA or other determinations providing a more accurate indication of truly mastitic reactions. The investigation also implies that the patterns of cellular reactions related to individual mastitis remedies require further elucidation before they can be used as indications of an advantageous or disadvantageous intramammary tissue compatibility of a product. Intramammary tissue compatibility, as such, of mastitis remedies and comparable agents requires definition. It seems more expedient, however, that such a definition and the necessary standardization of mastitis remedies in terms of their intramammary tissue compatibility be attempted by the International Dairy Federation (IDF).", "contents": "Therapy of bovine mastitis: the intramammary tissue compatibility of mastitis remedies administered intracisternally to cows. Eight different mastitis remedies were administered intracisternally on a rotational basis to the 48 quarters of 12 mastitis negative cows. The resulting intramammary reactions were monitored by determining the Somatic Cell Count (SCC) and Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) levels in milk. The reactions observed indicate that the intramammary cellular reactions frequently elicited by the local treatments in the treated and sometimes even in the untreated quarters of the treated udders are not necessarily inflammatory in nature. Evaluation of the intramammary tissue compatibility of a mastitis remedy mainly in terms of SCC values therefore seems unreliable. Moreover, it may do injustice to a product unless the SCC values are augmented by BSA or other determinations providing a more accurate indication of truly mastitic reactions. The investigation also implies that the patterns of cellular reactions related to individual mastitis remedies require further elucidation before they can be used as indications of an advantageous or disadvantageous intramammary tissue compatibility of a product. Intramammary tissue compatibility, as such, of mastitis remedies and comparable agents requires definition. It seems more expedient, however, that such a definition and the necessary standardization of mastitis remedies in terms of their intramammary tissue compatibility be attempted by the International Dairy Federation (IDF).", "PMID": 714390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5945", "title": "Immunogenicity and pathogenicity of three South African strains of Babesia bovis in Bos indicus cattle.", "content": "A strain of Babesia bovis, which has been routinely used in the locally produced babesiosis vaccine for two decades and maintained by needle passage, was of low virulence and therefore safe, but it induced poor protection to challenge with two field isolates. Animals infected with this attenuated strain and subsequently challenged heterologously with a field strain were solidly immune when challenged later with a 2nd field strain. The two field strains, though more virulent, conferred a high degree of immunity to heterologous challenge.", "contents": "Immunogenicity and pathogenicity of three South African strains of Babesia bovis in Bos indicus cattle. A strain of Babesia bovis, which has been routinely used in the locally produced babesiosis vaccine for two decades and maintained by needle passage, was of low virulence and therefore safe, but it induced poor protection to challenge with two field isolates. Animals infected with this attenuated strain and subsequently challenged heterologously with a field strain were solidly immune when challenged later with a 2nd field strain. The two field strains, though more virulent, conferred a high degree of immunity to heterologous challenge.", "PMID": 714391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5946", "title": "Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. IX. Helminths in blesbok.", "content": "Four blesbok culled in the Rietvlei Nature Reserve during May 1972 were each infested with Trichostrongylus axei and Impalaia nudicollis. Some of these animals also harboured Haemonchus bedfordi, Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus falculatus, Skrjabinema alata and Avitellina centripunctata. Thirty-two blesbok were culled in pairs at approximately 4-5 week-intervals in the Percy Fyfe Nature Reserve from July 1972 to November 1973. Adult H. contortus were recovered in fair numbers from buck slaughtered from August 1972 to February 1973 and during November 1973. Peak numbers of 4th stage larvae were recovered from individual animals slaughtered during October 1972, February and March, and July to October 1973. Peak burdens of T. falculatus were recovered during October to December 1972 and November 1973. The largest numbers of adult I. nudicollis were recorded from January to July and during September 1973. Other helminths recovered were T. axei, S. alata and A. centripunctata. Avitellina centripunctata, H. bedfordi and S. alata are new records for the blesbok.", "contents": "Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. IX. Helminths in blesbok. Four blesbok culled in the Rietvlei Nature Reserve during May 1972 were each infested with Trichostrongylus axei and Impalaia nudicollis. Some of these animals also harboured Haemonchus bedfordi, Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus falculatus, Skrjabinema alata and Avitellina centripunctata. Thirty-two blesbok were culled in pairs at approximately 4-5 week-intervals in the Percy Fyfe Nature Reserve from July 1972 to November 1973. Adult H. contortus were recovered in fair numbers from buck slaughtered from August 1972 to February 1973 and during November 1973. Peak numbers of 4th stage larvae were recovered from individual animals slaughtered during October 1972, February and March, and July to October 1973. Peak burdens of T. falculatus were recovered during October to December 1972 and November 1973. The largest numbers of adult I. nudicollis were recorded from January to July and during September 1973. Other helminths recovered were T. axei, S. alata and A. centripunctata. Avitellina centripunctata, H. bedfordi and S. alata are new records for the blesbok.", "PMID": 714392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5947", "title": "The micromorphology of the glands of the infra-orbital cutaneous sinus of the steenbok (Raphicerus campestris).", "content": "The infra-orbital cutaneous sinus produces a black secretion which is the combined secretion of melanaceous, branched, alveolar, sebaceous and enlarged, coiled apocrine glands. The micromorphology of these glands is described with special emphasis on the sebaceous glands and melanin transfer. The secretion, which may be used for unintentional territorial demarcation, is possibly produced as small black granules and is most likely important for short range communication.", "contents": "The micromorphology of the glands of the infra-orbital cutaneous sinus of the steenbok (Raphicerus campestris). The infra-orbital cutaneous sinus produces a black secretion which is the combined secretion of melanaceous, branched, alveolar, sebaceous and enlarged, coiled apocrine glands. The micromorphology of these glands is described with special emphasis on the sebaceous glands and melanin transfer. The secretion, which may be used for unintentional territorial demarcation, is possibly produced as small black granules and is most likely important for short range communication.", "PMID": 714393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5948", "title": "The micromorphology of the apocrine glands of the intermandibular region of the steenbok (Raphicerus campestris).", "content": "The histological structure of the newly-discovered intermandibular glandular region in male and female steenbok is described. This region consists of enlarged sebaceous and apocrine glands which secrete a substance used for demarcating grazing territories and for marking females. Migratory lymphoid cells in the epithelium of the apocrine glands resemble Langerhans cells of the epidermis and forestomach epithelium but do not contain Langerhans cell granules. Cells, which are probably of lymphoid origin and resemble sebaceous gland cells, sometimes occur in the apocrine glands.", "contents": "The micromorphology of the apocrine glands of the intermandibular region of the steenbok (Raphicerus campestris). The histological structure of the newly-discovered intermandibular glandular region in male and female steenbok is described. This region consists of enlarged sebaceous and apocrine glands which secrete a substance used for demarcating grazing territories and for marking females. Migratory lymphoid cells in the epithelium of the apocrine glands resemble Langerhans cells of the epidermis and forestomach epithelium but do not contain Langerhans cell granules. Cells, which are probably of lymphoid origin and resemble sebaceous gland cells, sometimes occur in the apocrine glands.", "PMID": 714394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5949", "title": "Wesselsbron disease, pathological, haematological and clinical studies in natural cases and experimentally infected new-born lambs.", "content": "This is a report on the clinical signs of Wesselsbron disease in 37 lambs and the pathology of 4 natural and 12 experimental cases. Generally the symptoms were ill-defined. At autopsy 13 of the 14 lambs revealed a mild to severe icterus and a slight to moderate hepatomegaly with discoloration of the liver. No foci of hepatic necrosis were observed macroscopically and, except for petechial and ecchymotic haemorrhages in the mucosa of the abomasum and generalized lymphadenopathy, no other obvious macroscopic lesions were noted. Perforation of the abomasum occurred in one lamb only. Microscopy on the liver showed mild to extensive necrosis of the parenchyma. Degenerated and necrotic hepatocytes were diffusely scattered throughout the liver, but no definite well-circumscribed foci of necrosis were seen. Mitotic figures and hepatocytes with large nuclei indicated that active regeneration of parenchymal cells had occurred in some of the livers. Other changes, for example, Kupffer cell proliferation, sinusoidal leucostasis, bile duct proliferation and infiltration of mononuclear cells in the portal triads, were frequently encountered. Moderate to severe cholestasis was a feature in 66% of the livers examined, while intranuclear inclusions and intracytoplasmic acidophilic or Councilman-like bodies were frequently observed. A complete haematological study was carried out on 4 experimentally produced cases. The gross and histopathological lesions in the liver are compared with those of Rift Valley fever in the new-born lamb.", "contents": "Wesselsbron disease, pathological, haematological and clinical studies in natural cases and experimentally infected new-born lambs. This is a report on the clinical signs of Wesselsbron disease in 37 lambs and the pathology of 4 natural and 12 experimental cases. Generally the symptoms were ill-defined. At autopsy 13 of the 14 lambs revealed a mild to severe icterus and a slight to moderate hepatomegaly with discoloration of the liver. No foci of hepatic necrosis were observed macroscopically and, except for petechial and ecchymotic haemorrhages in the mucosa of the abomasum and generalized lymphadenopathy, no other obvious macroscopic lesions were noted. Perforation of the abomasum occurred in one lamb only. Microscopy on the liver showed mild to extensive necrosis of the parenchyma. Degenerated and necrotic hepatocytes were diffusely scattered throughout the liver, but no definite well-circumscribed foci of necrosis were seen. Mitotic figures and hepatocytes with large nuclei indicated that active regeneration of parenchymal cells had occurred in some of the livers. Other changes, for example, Kupffer cell proliferation, sinusoidal leucostasis, bile duct proliferation and infiltration of mononuclear cells in the portal triads, were frequently encountered. Moderate to severe cholestasis was a feature in 66% of the livers examined, while intranuclear inclusions and intracytoplasmic acidophilic or Councilman-like bodies were frequently observed. A complete haematological study was carried out on 4 experimentally produced cases. The gross and histopathological lesions in the liver are compared with those of Rift Valley fever in the new-born lamb.", "PMID": 714395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5950", "title": "[Urinary tract infection and vesicoureteral reflux in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "In all recurrent urinary tract infections and fever attacks of unknown origin in children one should consider the possibility of the presence of an vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and suitable examinations should be carried out. A further indication of the possible presence of a  childish reflux is manifest when enuresis occurs beyond the normal age for this phenomenon. In order to determine whether or not a reflux is present an ad hoc examinational procedure is necessary. There is a definite indication that a VUR operation is called for in cases of pronounced grades of reflux with a corresponding change in the ostia, in the case of marked pyelonephritic changes which are roentgenologically demonstrable and after a conservative treatment of six months.", "contents": "[Urinary tract infection and vesicoureteral reflux in childhood (author's transl)]. In all recurrent urinary tract infections and fever attacks of unknown origin in children one should consider the possibility of the presence of an vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and suitable examinations should be carried out. A further indication of the possible presence of a  childish reflux is manifest when enuresis occurs beyond the normal age for this phenomenon. In order to determine whether or not a reflux is present an ad hoc examinational procedure is necessary. There is a definite indication that a VUR operation is called for in cases of pronounced grades of reflux with a corresponding change in the ostia, in the case of marked pyelonephritic changes which are roentgenologically demonstrable and after a conservative treatment of six months.", "PMID": 714482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5951", "title": "The development of motor competency in normal and slightly mentally handicapped children.", "content": "A study of the motor development and the corporal schema integration was carried out on 60 normal children aged between 6 and 10, and 40 slightly mentally handicapped children of 8 and 10 years of age. The deficiency at the level of manual rapidity is the most important element concerning the motive debility of mentally handicapped children. The tests show that there is no parallelism between the motive retardedness and the level of attainment of the corporal schema. In fact, the motor debility of 8 years old children is emphasized at the age of 10 with reference to normal children. On the other hand, if, at the age of 8, the mentally handicapped children have a lag of the corporal schema acquisition, these children have nearly overcome their retardedness at the age of 10. Therefore one can conclude that the motor retardedness of the slightly mentally handicapped children is not essentially due to a deficiency of the corporal schema integration.", "contents": "The development of motor competency in normal and slightly mentally handicapped children. A study of the motor development and the corporal schema integration was carried out on 60 normal children aged between 6 and 10, and 40 slightly mentally handicapped children of 8 and 10 years of age. The deficiency at the level of manual rapidity is the most important element concerning the motive debility of mentally handicapped children. The tests show that there is no parallelism between the motive retardedness and the level of attainment of the corporal schema. In fact, the motor debility of 8 years old children is emphasized at the age of 10 with reference to normal children. On the other hand, if, at the age of 8, the mentally handicapped children have a lag of the corporal schema acquisition, these children have nearly overcome their retardedness at the age of 10. Therefore one can conclude that the motor retardedness of the slightly mentally handicapped children is not essentially due to a deficiency of the corporal schema integration.", "PMID": 714484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5952", "title": "[A testpsychological contribution to the etiology of autism (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of two psychological experiments (WURST 1976a,b) with a group of ASPERGER autists and KANNER autists and a parallel group considering age and intelligence show, that neither the belief, autism appears as a possible consequence of a psychoorganic syndrom nor the assumption that autistic behaviour is caused by a perception defect, can be proved with testpsychological methods. However, it seems, that KANNERS point of view, referring to autism as an inborn disturbance of the emotional contact influenced also by negative environment comes closest to the problem.", "contents": "[A testpsychological contribution to the etiology of autism (author's transl)]. The results of two psychological experiments (WURST 1976a,b) with a group of ASPERGER autists and KANNER autists and a parallel group considering age and intelligence show, that neither the belief, autism appears as a possible consequence of a psychoorganic syndrom nor the assumption that autistic behaviour is caused by a perception defect, can be proved with testpsychological methods. However, it seems, that KANNERS point of view, referring to autism as an inborn disturbance of the emotional contact influenced also by negative environment comes closest to the problem.", "PMID": 714485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5953", "title": "[Tubular secretion of phosphate in the human kidney (author's transl)].", "content": "There are a few scattered publications on primary tubulopathies, where a net secretion of phosphorus by renal tubules, a mechanism usually not existing in man, is shown. By means of a further case, we are able to demonstrate a 30% increase of phosphate excretion over filtration after a phosphate load. The mechanism of action will be discussed. Under certain conditions like a rapid increase in serum phosphorus or after volume expansion a tubular secretory mechanism of phosphate can be unmasked. As this secretory mechanism goes into action only beyond a certain serum threshold of phosphorus and a transport maximum cannot be shown it is most likely that passive transport by means of an increased diffusion cell to lumen is the proposed mechanism involved.", "contents": "[Tubular secretion of phosphate in the human kidney (author's transl)]. There are a few scattered publications on primary tubulopathies, where a net secretion of phosphorus by renal tubules, a mechanism usually not existing in man, is shown. By means of a further case, we are able to demonstrate a 30% increase of phosphate excretion over filtration after a phosphate load. The mechanism of action will be discussed. Under certain conditions like a rapid increase in serum phosphorus or after volume expansion a tubular secretory mechanism of phosphate can be unmasked. As this secretory mechanism goes into action only beyond a certain serum threshold of phosphorus and a transport maximum cannot be shown it is most likely that passive transport by means of an increased diffusion cell to lumen is the proposed mechanism involved.", "PMID": 714486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5954", "title": "[Anaphylactoid purpura in infancy and childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical picture and the laboratory data of 40 patients with anaphylactoid purpura as well as its etiology and pathogenesis are discussed. The clinical expression and the rate of complications does not differ from that described in the literature. 45% of the patients showed renal involvement, three patients had severe glomerulonephritis. Up to now there is a lack of typical laboratory tests to confirm the diagnosis of anaphylactoid purpura. This study suggests neutrophilia and initial creased fibrin/fibrinogen split products in serum and decreased C3 levels are poor prognostic criteria correlating with appearence and severity of a complicating glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "[Anaphylactoid purpura in infancy and childhood (author's transl)]. The clinical picture and the laboratory data of 40 patients with anaphylactoid purpura as well as its etiology and pathogenesis are discussed. The clinical expression and the rate of complications does not differ from that described in the literature. 45% of the patients showed renal involvement, three patients had severe glomerulonephritis. Up to now there is a lack of typical laboratory tests to confirm the diagnosis of anaphylactoid purpura. This study suggests neutrophilia and initial creased fibrin/fibrinogen split products in serum and decreased C3 levels are poor prognostic criteria correlating with appearence and severity of a complicating glomerulonephritis.", "PMID": 714487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5955", "title": "[Katamnestic study regarding patient-physician role in urban pediatric practice (author's transl)].", "content": "Criteria of patient-physician relationship are reported and give interesting results, so far to our knowledge not published in pediatric literature. Intrafamilial needs are registered out of a talk between doctor and visiting patients in a doctor's office. General functions of the pediatrician for his patients are analysed and found to exceed organic problems, a trend to increase in future. The role of the pediatrician is seen to include psychohygienic and psychosomatic knowledge in order to fulfill the patients needs in the face of social medicine and increasing psychological knowledge of childrens development.", "contents": "[Katamnestic study regarding patient-physician role in urban pediatric practice (author's transl)]. Criteria of patient-physician relationship are reported and give interesting results, so far to our knowledge not published in pediatric literature. Intrafamilial needs are registered out of a talk between doctor and visiting patients in a doctor's office. General functions of the pediatrician for his patients are analysed and found to exceed organic problems, a trend to increase in future. The role of the pediatrician is seen to include psychohygienic and psychosomatic knowledge in order to fulfill the patients needs in the face of social medicine and increasing psychological knowledge of childrens development.", "PMID": 714488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5956", "title": "[Cervicomediastinal cystic hygroma invading the pericardium (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of a huge congenital cystic hygroma of a newborn is reported. A onestage operation of the cervicomediastinal tumor was impossible and only the cervical part could be removed. The baby died because of unrelievable inflow obstruction of the right heart.", "contents": "[Cervicomediastinal cystic hygroma invading the pericardium (author's transl)]. A case of a huge congenital cystic hygroma of a newborn is reported. A onestage operation of the cervicomediastinal tumor was impossible and only the cervical part could be removed. The baby died because of unrelievable inflow obstruction of the right heart.", "PMID": 714489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5957", "title": "[Extrapyramidal signs as side-effect with metoclopramid-medication (author's transl)].", "content": "4 cases of extrapyramidal disturbances, observed in children with Metoclopramid-medication, are reported. These side-effects may occur already at normal therapeutic dosage, especially in the young patient. The side-effects are reversible, and respond easily to i.v. injection or peroral application of anti-parkinsonian drugs, less severe cases may subside by withdrawal of the drug. The therapeutic use in the pediatric field must be strictly indicated because of the special disposition of children to the side-effects described above.", "contents": "[Extrapyramidal signs as side-effect with metoclopramid-medication (author's transl)]. 4 cases of extrapyramidal disturbances, observed in children with Metoclopramid-medication, are reported. These side-effects may occur already at normal therapeutic dosage, especially in the young patient. The side-effects are reversible, and respond easily to i.v. injection or peroral application of anti-parkinsonian drugs, less severe cases may subside by withdrawal of the drug. The therapeutic use in the pediatric field must be strictly indicated because of the special disposition of children to the side-effects described above.", "PMID": 714491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5958", "title": "A review of intra-uterine diagnosis of genetic disorders.", "content": "In this review the different methods of antenatal detection of congenital abnormalities are briefly outlined. Modern techniques developed in recent years for the diagnosis of genetic disorders by studying the amniotic fluid are considered in detail. The technique of amniocentesis, its indications, complications and the methods of investigation of amniotic fluid are discussed. The indications for chromosomal analysis of amniotic fluid cells for detecting fetal abnormalities and possible pitfalls are reviewed. The major inborn disorders of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism which can be detected in early pregnancy are tabulated and briefly discussed.", "contents": "A review of intra-uterine diagnosis of genetic disorders. In this review the different methods of antenatal detection of congenital abnormalities are briefly outlined. Modern techniques developed in recent years for the diagnosis of genetic disorders by studying the amniotic fluid are considered in detail. The technique of amniocentesis, its indications, complications and the methods of investigation of amniotic fluid are discussed. The indications for chromosomal analysis of amniotic fluid cells for detecting fetal abnormalities and possible pitfalls are reviewed. The major inborn disorders of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism which can be detected in early pregnancy are tabulated and briefly discussed.", "PMID": 714492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5959", "title": "Distribution of nodules in thyroid lobes.", "content": "Frequency of berign nodules in each lobes of the thyroid gland was determined in 214 consecutive patients who underwent thyroid operation. All cases had thyroid scintiscans. The right lobe was involved two times more than the left. In order to determine if this higher frequency was related to the naturally-occurring greater mass of the right lobe, fifteen normal thyroid glands from consecutive autopsy cases were bisected into halves and the weight of the two segments were compared. Although in 13 glands the right lobe was the larger one, the average weight difference was only seven percent.", "contents": "Distribution of nodules in thyroid lobes. Frequency of berign nodules in each lobes of the thyroid gland was determined in 214 consecutive patients who underwent thyroid operation. All cases had thyroid scintiscans. The right lobe was involved two times more than the left. In order to determine if this higher frequency was related to the naturally-occurring greater mass of the right lobe, fifteen normal thyroid glands from consecutive autopsy cases were bisected into halves and the weight of the two segments were compared. Although in 13 glands the right lobe was the larger one, the average weight difference was only seven percent.", "PMID": 714493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5960", "title": "Secondary amyloidosis complicating rheumatoid arthritis; report of a case in an eight-year-old girl.", "content": "Secondary amyloidosis can complicate any long-standing suppurative infection, such as tuberculosis, osteomyelitis and disorders of connective tissue, i.e., the so-called \"collagen diseases\". Rheumatoid arthritis is known to be a notable precursor of amyloidosis. The fact that a long-standing process is often necessary to produce the changes in the ground substance, makes Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (J R A) an interesting challenge to that hypothesis. The decreasing incidence of secondary amyloidosis, complicating rheumatoid arthritis, is attributed to better management of patients and the use of more effective anti-inflammatory therapy.", "contents": "Secondary amyloidosis complicating rheumatoid arthritis; report of a case in an eight-year-old girl. Secondary amyloidosis can complicate any long-standing suppurative infection, such as tuberculosis, osteomyelitis and disorders of connective tissue, i.e., the so-called \"collagen diseases\". Rheumatoid arthritis is known to be a notable precursor of amyloidosis. The fact that a long-standing process is often necessary to produce the changes in the ground substance, makes Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (J R A) an interesting challenge to that hypothesis. The decreasing incidence of secondary amyloidosis, complicating rheumatoid arthritis, is attributed to better management of patients and the use of more effective anti-inflammatory therapy.", "PMID": 714494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5961", "title": "Athletic injuries in adolescents.", "content": "In a survey of adolescent patients treated in the University of Rochester Section of Athletic Medicine, injuries to adolescent athletes comprised 12 per cent of all athletic injuries during an 18-month period. The incidence among boys was much greater than among girls, and injuries to the lower extremity--particularly the knee--were most common. Sprains and strains, fractures, chondromalacia of the patella, contusions, and internal derangements of the knee accounted for 80 per cent of the 161 injuries studied. Participation in athletic events has many positive aspects for the adolescent, but it does carry the risk of injury. It is important for the pediatrician to promptly determine the nature and extent of the injury so that appropriate care can be given and the risk of permanent disability lessened.", "contents": "Athletic injuries in adolescents. In a survey of adolescent patients treated in the University of Rochester Section of Athletic Medicine, injuries to adolescent athletes comprised 12 per cent of all athletic injuries during an 18-month period. The incidence among boys was much greater than among girls, and injuries to the lower extremity--particularly the knee--were most common. Sprains and strains, fractures, chondromalacia of the patella, contusions, and internal derangements of the knee accounted for 80 per cent of the 161 injuries studied. Participation in athletic events has many positive aspects for the adolescent, but it does carry the risk of injury. It is important for the pediatrician to promptly determine the nature and extent of the injury so that appropriate care can be given and the risk of permanent disability lessened.", "PMID": 714501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5962", "title": "The growth rate of the human cranial base between nasion and inion.", "content": "The growth rate of the human cranial base between nasion (N) - tuberculum sellae (Ts) and tuberculum sellae - internal occipital protuberance (= Twining's line (Tw)) were calculated in proportion to nasion - inion (N - I) distance and expressed in two cranial base ratios: (see formulas) The growth rate of the whole cranial base showed a notable stability and a given ratio apparently prevails through into later life.", "contents": "The growth rate of the human cranial base between nasion and inion. The growth rate of the human cranial base between nasion (N) - tuberculum sellae (Ts) and tuberculum sellae - internal occipital protuberance (= Twining's line (Tw)) were calculated in proportion to nasion - inion (N - I) distance and expressed in two cranial base ratios: (see formulas) The growth rate of the whole cranial base showed a notable stability and a given ratio apparently prevails through into later life.", "PMID": 714523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5963", "title": "Cervical metrizamide myelography by lumbar puncture.", "content": "Cervical myelography with metrizamide administered by a lumbar puncture is described. Diagnostic information in the cervical region was obtained in 8 of the 8 patients studied. No major complications were encountered.", "contents": "Cervical metrizamide myelography by lumbar puncture. Cervical myelography with metrizamide administered by a lumbar puncture is described. Diagnostic information in the cervical region was obtained in 8 of the 8 patients studied. No major complications were encountered.", "PMID": 714524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5964", "title": "Radiologic evaluation of the thymus in juvenile myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Clinical records and chest radiographs of nineteen patients with juvenile myasthenia gravis treated by thymectomy were reviewed retrospectively. Correlation of radiographic findings, clinical data, and pathologic observations were sought to determine the value of radiography in the pre-operative assessment of juvenile myasthenia gravis patients. Although the vast majority of patients had normal plain films and tomographic chest radiographs the thymuses in seventeen of the nineteen patients were pathologically abnormal. The pathologic abnormalities consisted of hyperplasia and/or the presence of germinal centers within the glands. Despite these histologic abnormalities, the weights of the surgically removed thymuses were generally in the range of normal for patients of this age. None of the nineteen patients had a thymoma. In our series, there was no apparent benefit from radiographic examination of the thymus gland in consideration of thymectomy for patients with juvenile myasthenia gravis.", "contents": "Radiologic evaluation of the thymus in juvenile myasthenia gravis. Clinical records and chest radiographs of nineteen patients with juvenile myasthenia gravis treated by thymectomy were reviewed retrospectively. Correlation of radiographic findings, clinical data, and pathologic observations were sought to determine the value of radiography in the pre-operative assessment of juvenile myasthenia gravis patients. Although the vast majority of patients had normal plain films and tomographic chest radiographs the thymuses in seventeen of the nineteen patients were pathologically abnormal. The pathologic abnormalities consisted of hyperplasia and/or the presence of germinal centers within the glands. Despite these histologic abnormalities, the weights of the surgically removed thymuses were generally in the range of normal for patients of this age. None of the nineteen patients had a thymoma. In our series, there was no apparent benefit from radiographic examination of the thymus gland in consideration of thymectomy for patients with juvenile myasthenia gravis.", "PMID": 714525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5965", "title": "Improved plainfilm diagnosis of right aortic arch anomalies with high kilovoltage-selective filtration-magnification technique.", "content": "In the pediatric patient, the presence of a right aortic arch is an important roentgen observation. It may be associated with vascular rings and cyanotic heart disease and may complicate the repair of tracheoesophageal fistula. It may be missed on conventional low KVP radiographs but is easily detected on high kilovoltage-filtered films with air gap magnification.", "contents": "Improved plainfilm diagnosis of right aortic arch anomalies with high kilovoltage-selective filtration-magnification technique. In the pediatric patient, the presence of a right aortic arch is an important roentgen observation. It may be associated with vascular rings and cyanotic heart disease and may complicate the repair of tracheoesophageal fistula. It may be missed on conventional low KVP radiographs but is easily detected on high kilovoltage-filtered films with air gap magnification.", "PMID": 714526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5966", "title": "The width of the common bile duct in childhood.", "content": "The maximum diameter of the common bile duct was measured on 85 normal intravenous cholangiograms carried out on children between the ages of 1--14 years. There was a close correlation between bile duct width and the patient's age, but a poor correlation with weight. The range of bile duct widths in each age group is tabulated as a guide to diagnosing biliary dilatation in childhood.", "contents": "The width of the common bile duct in childhood. The maximum diameter of the common bile duct was measured on 85 normal intravenous cholangiograms carried out on children between the ages of 1--14 years. There was a close correlation between bile duct width and the patient's age, but a poor correlation with weight. The range of bile duct widths in each age group is tabulated as a guide to diagnosing biliary dilatation in childhood.", "PMID": 714527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5967", "title": "Renal abscess in children. A rare but important radiological diagnosis.", "content": "As in adults, renal abscess in children mimicks a tumoral syndrome. Renal abscess, although infrequent, should however be kept in mind because it is important to make an early diagnosis. The reason is simply that the treatment fo the two conditions is so different. Furthermore, an early accurate diagnosis avoids unnecessary investigations, such as arteriography, as well as unnecessary surgery. Four cases are reported in which the diagnosis of abscess was obtained by correlating both clinical and radiological findings. In only one case was arteriography performed and this was after treatment and it was normal. For an early diagnosis intravenous urography is of paramount importance. It shows a tumoral radiological pattern; in the context of clinical signs of suppuration (high fever, high leucocyte count and variably a urinary tract infection). The radiological findings suggest the diagnosis of abscess. On treatment the rapid regression and disappearance of the various clinical, laboratory, and radiological findings confirms the diagnosis of renal abscess.", "contents": "Renal abscess in children. A rare but important radiological diagnosis. As in adults, renal abscess in children mimicks a tumoral syndrome. Renal abscess, although infrequent, should however be kept in mind because it is important to make an early diagnosis. The reason is simply that the treatment fo the two conditions is so different. Furthermore, an early accurate diagnosis avoids unnecessary investigations, such as arteriography, as well as unnecessary surgery. Four cases are reported in which the diagnosis of abscess was obtained by correlating both clinical and radiological findings. In only one case was arteriography performed and this was after treatment and it was normal. For an early diagnosis intravenous urography is of paramount importance. It shows a tumoral radiological pattern; in the context of clinical signs of suppuration (high fever, high leucocyte count and variably a urinary tract infection). The radiological findings suggest the diagnosis of abscess. On treatment the rapid regression and disappearance of the various clinical, laboratory, and radiological findings confirms the diagnosis of renal abscess.", "PMID": 714528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5968", "title": "A method for calculating acetabular anteversion in children.", "content": "A method of calculating the degree of anteversion of the acetabular fossa is described. A posterior-anterior projection of the prone pelvis with a long focus film and focus object distance is used. The distance between the anterior and posterior rims of the fossa as projected on the films is measured and then divided by a distance equivalent to the diameter: this yields the sin of the anteversion angle. The angle is rapidly calculated with a pocket calculator.", "contents": "A method for calculating acetabular anteversion in children. A method of calculating the degree of anteversion of the acetabular fossa is described. A posterior-anterior projection of the prone pelvis with a long focus film and focus object distance is used. The distance between the anterior and posterior rims of the fossa as projected on the films is measured and then divided by a distance equivalent to the diameter: this yields the sin of the anteversion angle. The angle is rapidly calculated with a pocket calculator.", "PMID": 714529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5969", "title": "Pulmonary and hepatic echinococcosis in children.", "content": "Eighty children suffering from pulmonary and/or hepatic echinococcosis are reported. The epidemiological and parasitological aspects are reviewed, and the importance of the radiological signs and differential diagnosis are emphasized.", "contents": "Pulmonary and hepatic echinococcosis in children. Eighty children suffering from pulmonary and/or hepatic echinococcosis are reported. The epidemiological and parasitological aspects are reviewed, and the importance of the radiological signs and differential diagnosis are emphasized.", "PMID": 714530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5970", "title": "Radionuclide evaluation of a communicating bronchopulmonary foregut malformation.", "content": "A boy with a communicating bronchopulmonary foregut malformation is presented. Since arteriography failed to demonstrate systemic or pulmonary blood supply to the lesion, 99M Tc-macroaggregated albumin was injected into the aorta at the conclusion of the arteriogram. This procedure documented the existence of a systemic blood supply which at surgery arose from the ninth left intercostal artery. Administration of 99M Tc-pertechnetate prior to surgery demonstrated gastric mucosa in the lesion.", "contents": "Radionuclide evaluation of a communicating bronchopulmonary foregut malformation. A boy with a communicating bronchopulmonary foregut malformation is presented. Since arteriography failed to demonstrate systemic or pulmonary blood supply to the lesion, 99M Tc-macroaggregated albumin was injected into the aorta at the conclusion of the arteriogram. This procedure documented the existence of a systemic blood supply which at surgery arose from the ninth left intercostal artery. Administration of 99M Tc-pertechnetate prior to surgery demonstrated gastric mucosa in the lesion.", "PMID": 714531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5971", "title": "Resolution of Hodgkin's induced ivory vertebrae.", "content": "This case demonstrates that, as part of a favourable response to therapy, the \"ivory\" vertebrae of Hodgkin's disease can revert to a normal radiographic appearance.", "contents": "Resolution of Hodgkin's induced ivory vertebrae. This case demonstrates that, as part of a favourable response to therapy, the \"ivory\" vertebrae of Hodgkin's disease can revert to a normal radiographic appearance.", "PMID": 714532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5972", "title": "Childhood sarcoidosis with fatal cor pulmonale.", "content": "A 14 year-old white girl who developed fatal cor pulmonale from severe pulmonary sarcoidosis had a previous clinical diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. Chest radiographs demonstrated marked pulmonary fibrosis without the changes of severe bronchiectasis that would be anticipated with cystic fibrosis.", "contents": "Childhood sarcoidosis with fatal cor pulmonale. A 14 year-old white girl who developed fatal cor pulmonale from severe pulmonary sarcoidosis had a previous clinical diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. Chest radiographs demonstrated marked pulmonary fibrosis without the changes of severe bronchiectasis that would be anticipated with cystic fibrosis.", "PMID": 714533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5973", "title": "A severe form of metatropic dwarfism.", "content": "The clinical and radiological manifestations of a lethal case of metatropic dwarfism are presented. Two radiological signs present in our case are regarded as particularly useful in making the diagnosis. Moreover other findings, unusual in this condition, are described.", "contents": "A severe form of metatropic dwarfism. The clinical and radiological manifestations of a lethal case of metatropic dwarfism are presented. Two radiological signs present in our case are regarded as particularly useful in making the diagnosis. Moreover other findings, unusual in this condition, are described.", "PMID": 714534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5974", "title": "Searching for molecular abnormalities in genetic diseases by the use of a double labeling technique. I. Rationale, techniques, and initial evaluation.", "content": "To meet the challenge of unravelling the molecular pathology of the ever expanding number of known genetic diseases in man, new efficient investigative techniques have to be designed. A procedure is presented for detection of protein defects in genetic diseases on the basis of structural rather than functional alterations. The technique is based on double labeling of normal and diseased fibroblast proteins followed by extensive fractionation and analysis. The rationale, advantages, and limitations of the procedure are discussed and the technical aspects of its use explained.", "contents": "Searching for molecular abnormalities in genetic diseases by the use of a double labeling technique. I. Rationale, techniques, and initial evaluation. To meet the challenge of unravelling the molecular pathology of the ever expanding number of known genetic diseases in man, new efficient investigative techniques have to be designed. A procedure is presented for detection of protein defects in genetic diseases on the basis of structural rather than functional alterations. The technique is based on double labeling of normal and diseased fibroblast proteins followed by extensive fractionation and analysis. The rationale, advantages, and limitations of the procedure are discussed and the technical aspects of its use explained.", "PMID": 714535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5975", "title": "The effect of iron supplements and blood transfusion on iron absorption by low birthweight infants fed pasteurized human breast milk.", "content": "Using serial metabolic balances, iron absorption was measured in six preterm infants (mean gestational age 29 weeks), and two fullterm small for gestational age (SGA) infants, between day 10 and 70 after birth. They were all fed breast milk. Iron supplements (2.5--13 mg/kg day) were given from day 30. Three preterm infants received blood transfusions for anemia. During the first 30 days of life iron balance was negative in the preterm infants (mean +/- SEM = -0.10 +/- 0.02 mg/kg day) and positive in the full term SGA infants (mean +/- SEM = 0.098 +/- 0.02 mg/kg day). In infants who were not tranfused, absorption of supplementary iron was a linear function of iron intake, and corresponded closely to 34% absorption. An iron intake of 5--6 mg/kg day resulted in the absorption of amounts of iron close to those being laid down in utero. Blood transfusion was followed by a reduction in iron absorption; in two cases it became negative, becoming positive again as the hemoglobin fell below about 12.0 g/100 ml. These data show that a mechanism exists in preterm infants for the control of iron absorption which does not operate at the hemoglobin concentrations that prevail in such infants, unless they are transfused.", "contents": "The effect of iron supplements and blood transfusion on iron absorption by low birthweight infants fed pasteurized human breast milk. Using serial metabolic balances, iron absorption was measured in six preterm infants (mean gestational age 29 weeks), and two fullterm small for gestational age (SGA) infants, between day 10 and 70 after birth. They were all fed breast milk. Iron supplements (2.5--13 mg/kg day) were given from day 30. Three preterm infants received blood transfusions for anemia. During the first 30 days of life iron balance was negative in the preterm infants (mean +/- SEM = -0.10 +/- 0.02 mg/kg day) and positive in the full term SGA infants (mean +/- SEM = 0.098 +/- 0.02 mg/kg day). In infants who were not tranfused, absorption of supplementary iron was a linear function of iron intake, and corresponded closely to 34% absorption. An iron intake of 5--6 mg/kg day resulted in the absorption of amounts of iron close to those being laid down in utero. Blood transfusion was followed by a reduction in iron absorption; in two cases it became negative, becoming positive again as the hemoglobin fell below about 12.0 g/100 ml. These data show that a mechanism exists in preterm infants for the control of iron absorption which does not operate at the hemoglobin concentrations that prevail in such infants, unless they are transfused.", "PMID": 714536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5976", "title": "Identification of small cells in fetal and infant adipose tissue.", "content": "In developing adipose tissue, cells of size less than 25 micron may make a major contribution to adipose tissue  cell populations. This study reports the separation, identification, and sizing of infant and foetal adipose tissue small cells. Subcutaneous adipose tissue was taken from the anterior abdominal wall of children aged 2 months and 22 months. Subcutaneous tissue was also obtained from a paraumbilical site in 4 fetuses of gestational age 16 weeks. Tissue samples were fixed in buffered osmium tetroxide solution containing collidine. Aliquots of cell preparations suspended in saline on microscope slides were viewed and separated using a dissecting microscope. A diameter distribution of particle size was obtained using at least 200 cells for each preparation. There was a substantial number of cells that were smaller than 20 micron. Their modal cell size was remarkably constant in fetuses and in 2-month-old and 22-month-old infants. Ultrastructural studies show that the tissue is composed of a relatively uniform population of cells within sparsely collagenous connective tissue. Although some of the cells show no intracytoplasmic aggregates of lipid material, others show variable amounts of lipid material which can occupy a very large part of the cell volume.", "contents": "Identification of small cells in fetal and infant adipose tissue. In developing adipose tissue, cells of size less than 25 micron may make a major contribution to adipose tissue  cell populations. This study reports the separation, identification, and sizing of infant and foetal adipose tissue small cells. Subcutaneous adipose tissue was taken from the anterior abdominal wall of children aged 2 months and 22 months. Subcutaneous tissue was also obtained from a paraumbilical site in 4 fetuses of gestational age 16 weeks. Tissue samples were fixed in buffered osmium tetroxide solution containing collidine. Aliquots of cell preparations suspended in saline on microscope slides were viewed and separated using a dissecting microscope. A diameter distribution of particle size was obtained using at least 200 cells for each preparation. There was a substantial number of cells that were smaller than 20 micron. Their modal cell size was remarkably constant in fetuses and in 2-month-old and 22-month-old infants. Ultrastructural studies show that the tissue is composed of a relatively uniform population of cells within sparsely collagenous connective tissue. Although some of the cells show no intracytoplasmic aggregates of lipid material, others show variable amounts of lipid material which can occupy a very large part of the cell volume.", "PMID": 714537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5977", "title": "The growth and development of fat cells in infancy.", "content": "Studies on the development of adipose tissue in infancy would seem essential to test the hypothesis that adult fat stores relate to the numbers of fat cells developed during early childhood. Thirty infants aged from 1-28 months and 13 fetuses of approximately 11-16 weeks of gestation obtained at therapeutic abortion and two preterm infants of 28 weeks of gestation were studied. The cells of both fetal and infant adipose tissue were separated from connective tissue and fixed by treatment with osmium tetroxide in buffered collidine using a method modified from Hirsch and Gallian (J. Lipid Res.,9:100(1968) for estimation of cell size and number. In fetal and early infancy there are two populations of cells in adipose tissue. Small cells found in tissue before birth and the first months of postnatal life do not contain fat. The larger cells, which are fat containing, represent maturing fat cells. They are cells which include fat cells recognized by previous workers but up to 24.6% were found to be less than 25 micron in diameter. Small cells in the early stages of fat accumulation may make an important contribution to the cell population of fat mass. It is apparent that increasing fat accumulation in the first 6-12 months of life, as demonstrated by increased skinfold thickness measurements, is associated with increasing fat cell size and that this association bears a linear relationship.", "contents": "The growth and development of fat cells in infancy. Studies on the development of adipose tissue in infancy would seem essential to test the hypothesis that adult fat stores relate to the numbers of fat cells developed during early childhood. Thirty infants aged from 1-28 months and 13 fetuses of approximately 11-16 weeks of gestation obtained at therapeutic abortion and two preterm infants of 28 weeks of gestation were studied. The cells of both fetal and infant adipose tissue were separated from connective tissue and fixed by treatment with osmium tetroxide in buffered collidine using a method modified from Hirsch and Gallian (J. Lipid Res.,9:100(1968) for estimation of cell size and number. In fetal and early infancy there are two populations of cells in adipose tissue. Small cells found in tissue before birth and the first months of postnatal life do not contain fat. The larger cells, which are fat containing, represent maturing fat cells. They are cells which include fat cells recognized by previous workers but up to 24.6% were found to be less than 25 micron in diameter. Small cells in the early stages of fat accumulation may make an important contribution to the cell population of fat mass. It is apparent that increasing fat accumulation in the first 6-12 months of life, as demonstrated by increased skinfold thickness measurements, is associated with increasing fat cell size and that this association bears a linear relationship.", "PMID": 714538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5978", "title": "Aspirin-induced hemolysis: the role of concomitant oxidant (H2O2) challenge.", "content": "Studies were conducted in an attempt to determine the hemolytic potential of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on normal intact red blood cells (RBCs). ASA (25 mg/100 ml) did not impair RBC G-6-PD, glutathione peroxidase or catalase activity, glutathione stability, or hexose monophosphate shunt activity. Hemolysis was not observed after incubation with ASA alone but was quickly noted after exposure to ASA (25 mg/100 ml) and H2O2 (1.2%). Hemolysis did not occur with H2O2 alone but was directly proportional to the ASA concentration. Hemolysis was preceded by peroxidation of membrane lipid and was inhibited by the presence of the antioxidant, thymol. With ASA and H2O2 a marked reduction in membrane phosphatidyl ethanolamine occurred with oxidation of 20:4 and 22:6 fatty acids. No effect on phospholipids or fatty acids occurred with either ASA or H2O2 alone. Salicylic acid, singly or with H2O2, does not exhibit these effects.", "contents": "Aspirin-induced hemolysis: the role of concomitant oxidant (H2O2) challenge. Studies were conducted in an attempt to determine the hemolytic potential of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on normal intact red blood cells (RBCs). ASA (25 mg/100 ml) did not impair RBC G-6-PD, glutathione peroxidase or catalase activity, glutathione stability, or hexose monophosphate shunt activity. Hemolysis was not observed after incubation with ASA alone but was quickly noted after exposure to ASA (25 mg/100 ml) and H2O2 (1.2%). Hemolysis did not occur with H2O2 alone but was directly proportional to the ASA concentration. Hemolysis was preceded by peroxidation of membrane lipid and was inhibited by the presence of the antioxidant, thymol. With ASA and H2O2 a marked reduction in membrane phosphatidyl ethanolamine occurred with oxidation of 20:4 and 22:6 fatty acids. No effect on phospholipids or fatty acids occurred with either ASA or H2O2 alone. Salicylic acid, singly or with H2O2, does not exhibit these effects.", "PMID": 714540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5979", "title": "Effects of neonatal stunting on the development of rats: early and late effects of neonatal cortisone on physical growth and skeletal maturation.", "content": "Cortisone acetate, 1.25 mg, was given im to each pup of eight eight-pup litters; saline was given to each pup of eight litters. At 21 days body weight, stem length, and length of long bones was less in the treated animals (P less than 0.001). The number of ossification centers was greater in the treated animals (P less than 0.05). Brain weight was less in the treated animals (P less than 0.001). For 84-day-old animals body weight (P less than 0.02) and length of most long bones (P less than 0.05) were less in the treated females. Body weight (P less than 0.01), stem length (P less than 0.01) and some bones (P less than 0.02) were smaller in the treated males. There was no difference in the number of epiphyseal fusions. The brains of the treated males weighed less than those of the controls (P less than 0.01). The effect on linear growth is in conformity with observations in children but the accelerated skeletal maturation was unexpected. The effect on skeletal maturation was less persistent than that on bone length.", "contents": "Effects of neonatal stunting on the development of rats: early and late effects of neonatal cortisone on physical growth and skeletal maturation. Cortisone acetate, 1.25 mg, was given im to each pup of eight eight-pup litters; saline was given to each pup of eight litters. At 21 days body weight, stem length, and length of long bones was less in the treated animals (P less than 0.001). The number of ossification centers was greater in the treated animals (P less than 0.05). Brain weight was less in the treated animals (P less than 0.001). For 84-day-old animals body weight (P less than 0.02) and length of most long bones (P less than 0.05) were less in the treated females. Body weight (P less than 0.01), stem length (P less than 0.01) and some bones (P less than 0.02) were smaller in the treated males. There was no difference in the number of epiphyseal fusions. The brains of the treated males weighed less than those of the controls (P less than 0.01). The effect on linear growth is in conformity with observations in children but the accelerated skeletal maturation was unexpected. The effect on skeletal maturation was less persistent than that on bone length.", "PMID": 714542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5980", "title": "Fetal growth retardation: femurs, fontanels, and follow-up.", "content": "Sixty-three term newborn infants with fetal growth retardation were evaluated within three days of birth. They were classified by length and head circumference. In group 1, both length and head circumference were less than the tenth percentile; in group 2, either length or head circumference was less than the tenth percentile; and in group 3, both length and head circumference were greater than the tenth percentile. Ponderal index (weight/length ratio), anterior fontanel size, and amount of epiphyseal ossification were also determined. Significantly lower birth weights and decreased ossification were found when groups 1 or 2 were compared separately with group 3. These differences were most marked when the weight/length ratio was less than 2.25. When the ponderal index was less than 2.0, epiphyseal ossification was usually absent (suggesting a chronic process). Epiphyseal ossification was positively correlated with birth weight and length but was unrelated to anterior fontanel size. Ossification was more often absent in males than females. There was a negative (inverse) correlation between birth weight and anterior fontanel size. Follow-up of 32 of these infants at age 1 year showed marked individual variations, but there were significant differences in incremental linear growth between groups 1 and 3, a finding which supports results of animal studies showing that catch-up growth may be related to skeletal immaturity. Physical measurements at birth in the individual baby with fetal growth retardation do not reliably predict subsequent growth.", "contents": "Fetal growth retardation: femurs, fontanels, and follow-up. Sixty-three term newborn infants with fetal growth retardation were evaluated within three days of birth. They were classified by length and head circumference. In group 1, both length and head circumference were less than the tenth percentile; in group 2, either length or head circumference was less than the tenth percentile; and in group 3, both length and head circumference were greater than the tenth percentile. Ponderal index (weight/length ratio), anterior fontanel size, and amount of epiphyseal ossification were also determined. Significantly lower birth weights and decreased ossification were found when groups 1 or 2 were compared separately with group 3. These differences were most marked when the weight/length ratio was less than 2.25. When the ponderal index was less than 2.0, epiphyseal ossification was usually absent (suggesting a chronic process). Epiphyseal ossification was positively correlated with birth weight and length but was unrelated to anterior fontanel size. Ossification was more often absent in males than females. There was a negative (inverse) correlation between birth weight and anterior fontanel size. Follow-up of 32 of these infants at age 1 year showed marked individual variations, but there were significant differences in incremental linear growth between groups 1 and 3, a finding which supports results of animal studies showing that catch-up growth may be related to skeletal immaturity. Physical measurements at birth in the individual baby with fetal growth retardation do not reliably predict subsequent growth.", "PMID": 714575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5981", "title": "Mechanical and chemical damage to lung tissue caused by meconium aspiration.", "content": "We investigated the effects of meconium on the lungs of an adult rabbit model to distinguish between mechanical obstruction of airways and chemical pneumonitis. After the rabbits were anesthetized and intubated, 20% human meconium in saline was instilled into the trachea. Arterial and mixed venous blood gases, functional residual capacity, cardiac output vascular pressures, calculated venous admixture, and pulmonary vascular resistance were measured. Sections of affected lung tissue were examined microscopically. The results were consistent with an early mechanical obstruction of airways with gradual development of chemical pneumonitis over 48 hours.", "contents": "Mechanical and chemical damage to lung tissue caused by meconium aspiration. We investigated the effects of meconium on the lungs of an adult rabbit model to distinguish between mechanical obstruction of airways and chemical pneumonitis. After the rabbits were anesthetized and intubated, 20% human meconium in saline was instilled into the trachea. Arterial and mixed venous blood gases, functional residual capacity, cardiac output vascular pressures, calculated venous admixture, and pulmonary vascular resistance were measured. Sections of affected lung tissue were examined microscopically. The results were consistent with an early mechanical obstruction of airways with gradual development of chemical pneumonitis over 48 hours.", "PMID": 714576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5982", "title": "Skin oxygen permeability in premature infants.", "content": "While 24 newborn infants (ages, 2 to 48 hours; gestational ages, 24 to 42 weeks) breathed various concentrations of oxygen, the PO2 values on their unheated skin surface were measured by an unheated microcathode electrode for transcutaneous PO2 monitoring. In infants with arterial PO2 values in the range of 50 to 100 torr and with similar skin temperatures, the mean surface PO2 of unheated skin was inversely related to birth weight: 27.2 torr in infants weighing less than 1,500 gm, 14.3 torr in infants weighing 1,500 to 2,500gm, and 2.9 torr in infants weighing more than 2,500 gm. In the smallest infants, the skin surface PO2 was significantly related to arterial PO2: it was about one third of arterial PO2 as estimated by a second electrode for transcutaneous PO2 monitoring heated to 44 degrees C. Phototherapy, crying, or blood transfusion increased the surface PO2 of unheated skin, but not the tcPO2 measured at 44 degrees C. These findings suggest that blood flow to the skin in excess of its metabolic needs due to immature control of cutaneous circulation, along with low resistance to oxygen diffusion, determines the high oxygen permeability of skin in premature infants.", "contents": "Skin oxygen permeability in premature infants. While 24 newborn infants (ages, 2 to 48 hours; gestational ages, 24 to 42 weeks) breathed various concentrations of oxygen, the PO2 values on their unheated skin surface were measured by an unheated microcathode electrode for transcutaneous PO2 monitoring. In infants with arterial PO2 values in the range of 50 to 100 torr and with similar skin temperatures, the mean surface PO2 of unheated skin was inversely related to birth weight: 27.2 torr in infants weighing less than 1,500 gm, 14.3 torr in infants weighing 1,500 to 2,500gm, and 2.9 torr in infants weighing more than 2,500 gm. In the smallest infants, the skin surface PO2 was significantly related to arterial PO2: it was about one third of arterial PO2 as estimated by a second electrode for transcutaneous PO2 monitoring heated to 44 degrees C. Phototherapy, crying, or blood transfusion increased the surface PO2 of unheated skin, but not the tcPO2 measured at 44 degrees C. These findings suggest that blood flow to the skin in excess of its metabolic needs due to immature control of cutaneous circulation, along with low resistance to oxygen diffusion, determines the high oxygen permeability of skin in premature infants.", "PMID": 714579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5983", "title": "Violaceous discoloration in pneumococcal cellulitis.", "content": "Two patients with periobital cellulitis, one of whom also had buccal cellulitis, had violaceous discoloration of the skin. Blood cultures from both patients yielded Streptococcus pneumoniae. Therefore, pneumococci should be considered, in addition to Haemophilus influenzae, as possible causes of cellulitis with violaceous or bluish-red discoloration.", "contents": "Violaceous discoloration in pneumococcal cellulitis. Two patients with periobital cellulitis, one of whom also had buccal cellulitis, had violaceous discoloration of the skin. Blood cultures from both patients yielded Streptococcus pneumoniae. Therefore, pneumococci should be considered, in addition to Haemophilus influenzae, as possible causes of cellulitis with violaceous or bluish-red discoloration.", "PMID": 714580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5984", "title": "Amniotic fluid infections, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, and psychomotor impairment.", "content": "A large prospective study found that infants born with evidence of recent amniotic fluid infections subsequently had an increased frequency of mental, motor, visual, and hearing impairment. These infections also potentiated the neurotoxicity of neonatla hyperbilirubinemia. This potentiation of bilirubin neurotoxicity of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. This potentiation of bilirububin neurotoxicity increases with the severity of the amniotic fluid infections. With or without such infections, an increased frequency of long-term mild mental retardation started at peak neonatal bilirubin levels of only 7 mg/dl in both term and preterm infants. Significant neurologic abnormalities began at peak bilirubin levels of 12 to 13 mg/dl.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid infections, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, and psychomotor impairment. A large prospective study found that infants born with evidence of recent amniotic fluid infections subsequently had an increased frequency of mental, motor, visual, and hearing impairment. These infections also potentiated the neurotoxicity of neonatla hyperbilirubinemia. This potentiation of bilirubin neurotoxicity of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. This potentiation of bilirububin neurotoxicity increases with the severity of the amniotic fluid infections. With or without such infections, an increased frequency of long-term mild mental retardation started at peak neonatal bilirubin levels of only 7 mg/dl in both term and preterm infants. Significant neurologic abnormalities began at peak bilirubin levels of 12 to 13 mg/dl.", "PMID": 714581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5985", "title": "Urinary tract infection in high-risk newborn infants.", "content": "The prevalence of neonatal urinary tract infection (UTI) was studied in 1,762 high-risk neonates. Symptomatic bacteriuria was found in 1.9% and asymptomatic bacteriuria in 0.5% of these neonates. Male preponderance was 5:1. Clinical manifestations were extremely variable--vomiting, weight loss, and diarrhea being the prominent symptoms. Bacteremia was associated with UTI in six infants. The organisms identified in the urine obtained by suprapubic aspiration were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, and Proteus. A mixed infection was found in four patients. Roentgenographic examination of the urinary tract showed abnormalities in 44% of the symptomatic patients. It is conclued that symptomatic high-risk newborn infants should be screened for bacteriuria, and that radiological investigations be preformed in those with proven infection.", "contents": "Urinary tract infection in high-risk newborn infants. The prevalence of neonatal urinary tract infection (UTI) was studied in 1,762 high-risk neonates. Symptomatic bacteriuria was found in 1.9% and asymptomatic bacteriuria in 0.5% of these neonates. Male preponderance was 5:1. Clinical manifestations were extremely variable--vomiting, weight loss, and diarrhea being the prominent symptoms. Bacteremia was associated with UTI in six infants. The organisms identified in the urine obtained by suprapubic aspiration were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, and Proteus. A mixed infection was found in four patients. Roentgenographic examination of the urinary tract showed abnormalities in 44% of the symptomatic patients. It is conclued that symptomatic high-risk newborn infants should be screened for bacteriuria, and that radiological investigations be preformed in those with proven infection.", "PMID": 714582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5986", "title": "Evaluation of the growth hormone exercise test in normal and growth hormone-deficient children.", "content": "A group of 168 short but otherwise normal children (group A) and 25 children deficient in growth hormone (GH) (group B) wwere studied with an exercise stimulation test to determine the expected error of this method. In group A, 125 (74.4%) had maximum GH responses greater than 15 ng/ml, 23 (13.7%) had responses between 10 and 15 ng/ml, and 20 (11.9%) had responses less than 10 ng/ml. The mean +/- SD values were 8.4 +/- 0.4 ng/ml at 0 time, 26.3 +/- 15.0 at 20 minutes, and 10.7 +/- 8.3 at 40 minutes. The mean maximum response was 27.7 +/- 14.3 ng/ml. In group B, 22 (88%) had maximum responses less than 10 ng/ml and 3 (12%) had responses between 10 and 15 ng/ml. Patients with maximum responses less than 10 ng/ml have a high probability of being GH-deficinet, whereas patients with responses between 10 and 15 ng/ml are less likely to be GH-deficient. No patients with responses greater than 15 ng/ml were GH-deficient.", "contents": "Evaluation of the growth hormone exercise test in normal and growth hormone-deficient children. A group of 168 short but otherwise normal children (group A) and 25 children deficient in growth hormone (GH) (group B) wwere studied with an exercise stimulation test to determine the expected error of this method. In group A, 125 (74.4%) had maximum GH responses greater than 15 ng/ml, 23 (13.7%) had responses between 10 and 15 ng/ml, and 20 (11.9%) had responses less than 10 ng/ml. The mean +/- SD values were 8.4 +/- 0.4 ng/ml at 0 time, 26.3 +/- 15.0 at 20 minutes, and 10.7 +/- 8.3 at 40 minutes. The mean maximum response was 27.7 +/- 14.3 ng/ml. In group B, 22 (88%) had maximum responses less than 10 ng/ml and 3 (12%) had responses between 10 and 15 ng/ml. Patients with maximum responses less than 10 ng/ml have a high probability of being GH-deficinet, whereas patients with responses between 10 and 15 ng/ml are less likely to be GH-deficient. No patients with responses greater than 15 ng/ml were GH-deficient.", "PMID": 714583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5987", "title": "Neonatal osteomyelitis.", "content": "To evaluate current conservative therapy and document the existence of a recent shift in etiologic agents, we reviewed the records of 45 infants who developed osteomyelitis within the first ten weeks of life and who were admitted to Babies Hospital (New York) from 1951 through 1976. Emphasis was placed on characteristics and course of the disease, etiologic agents, therapy, and outcome. Illness was diagnosed within the first two weeks of life in 34 of the 45 infants (73%). Only six had been delivered normally after normal pregnancy and led a normal life before development of ostemyelitis. Infected sites were distinctive in frequency of involvement of multiple foci (21), of facial bones (10), and of joints contiguous to infected long bones (22 of 29). Conservative therapy (nonsurgical) seems reasonable for the majority of patients. Of particular interest is documentation of a shift from Staphylococcus aureus as predominant etiologic agent before 1965 to beta-hemolytic streptococci, commonly group B, from 1965 through 1976. Data collected from the literature of the 1930s indicate that such shifts have occurred before.", "contents": "Neonatal osteomyelitis. To evaluate current conservative therapy and document the existence of a recent shift in etiologic agents, we reviewed the records of 45 infants who developed osteomyelitis within the first ten weeks of life and who were admitted to Babies Hospital (New York) from 1951 through 1976. Emphasis was placed on characteristics and course of the disease, etiologic agents, therapy, and outcome. Illness was diagnosed within the first two weeks of life in 34 of the 45 infants (73%). Only six had been delivered normally after normal pregnancy and led a normal life before development of ostemyelitis. Infected sites were distinctive in frequency of involvement of multiple foci (21), of facial bones (10), and of joints contiguous to infected long bones (22 of 29). Conservative therapy (nonsurgical) seems reasonable for the majority of patients. Of particular interest is documentation of a shift from Staphylococcus aureus as predominant etiologic agent before 1965 to beta-hemolytic streptococci, commonly group B, from 1965 through 1976. Data collected from the literature of the 1930s indicate that such shifts have occurred before.", "PMID": 714584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5988", "title": "Vertebral osteomyelitis in children: report of four cases.", "content": "Four children had vertebral osteomyelitis due to Staphylococcus aureus. Abdominal signs and fever were frequent clinical manifestations. Back pain was an uncommon symptom except as a late manifestation in one patient. The portal of entry of the organism generally was not apparent. Location of infection was in the lower thoracic and lumbar spine. Diagnosis was based on roentgenographic changes, radionuclide imaging, and bacteriologic corroboration. We conclude that symptoms and signs of vertebral osteomyelitis in children can be atypical and that a diligent attempt to rapidly diagnose and promptly treat this condition will prevent orthopedic and neurologic sequelae.", "contents": "Vertebral osteomyelitis in children: report of four cases. Four children had vertebral osteomyelitis due to Staphylococcus aureus. Abdominal signs and fever were frequent clinical manifestations. Back pain was an uncommon symptom except as a late manifestation in one patient. The portal of entry of the organism generally was not apparent. Location of infection was in the lower thoracic and lumbar spine. Diagnosis was based on roentgenographic changes, radionuclide imaging, and bacteriologic corroboration. We conclude that symptoms and signs of vertebral osteomyelitis in children can be atypical and that a diligent attempt to rapidly diagnose and promptly treat this condition will prevent orthopedic and neurologic sequelae.", "PMID": 714586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5989", "title": "Pyogenic hepatic abscess in infancy and childhood.", "content": "Five cases of childhood pyogenic hepatic abscess at Milwaukee Children's Hospital and 61 cases in the literature were reviewed. Hepatic abscess occurred most often in infants who had sepsis or umbilical infection. Cases in older children were associated with underlying host defense defects, particularly chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) and leukemia. Common clinical findings were fever, abdominal pain and hepatomegaly. Radionuclide scan was useful in diagnosis of lesions larger than 2 cm. Small or microscopic lesions were diagnosed at autopsy. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common etiologic agent. Mortality in all evaluable cases was 27% in patients with CGD and 42% in those without CGD. Open drainage and appropriate antibiotic therapy is the treatment of choice and should lower the mortality of this infection.", "contents": "Pyogenic hepatic abscess in infancy and childhood. Five cases of childhood pyogenic hepatic abscess at Milwaukee Children's Hospital and 61 cases in the literature were reviewed. Hepatic abscess occurred most often in infants who had sepsis or umbilical infection. Cases in older children were associated with underlying host defense defects, particularly chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) and leukemia. Common clinical findings were fever, abdominal pain and hepatomegaly. Radionuclide scan was useful in diagnosis of lesions larger than 2 cm. Small or microscopic lesions were diagnosed at autopsy. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common etiologic agent. Mortality in all evaluable cases was 27% in patients with CGD and 42% in those without CGD. Open drainage and appropriate antibiotic therapy is the treatment of choice and should lower the mortality of this infection.", "PMID": 714587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5990", "title": "Increased lead burden in children of battery workers: asymptomatic exposure resulting from contaminated work clothing.", "content": "Lead transmitted into the home via contaminated parental work clothing was the probable source of excessive lead exposure among 69% of 58 children whose mothers worked in a battery factory in Raleigh, North Carolina. Blood lead levels were highest in children less than 3 years old, and declined with age. All children were asymptomatic, and all had normal findings on physical examinations. Dust samples from the homes of children with the greatest lead burden demonstrated gross contamination of the home environment. Although maternal employment was short, young children spent a significant portion of their lives exposed to lead. Certain parental occupations can sufject children to considerable risk from lead exposure.", "contents": "Increased lead burden in children of battery workers: asymptomatic exposure resulting from contaminated work clothing. Lead transmitted into the home via contaminated parental work clothing was the probable source of excessive lead exposure among 69% of 58 children whose mothers worked in a battery factory in Raleigh, North Carolina. Blood lead levels were highest in children less than 3 years old, and declined with age. All children were asymptomatic, and all had normal findings on physical examinations. Dust samples from the homes of children with the greatest lead burden demonstrated gross contamination of the home environment. Although maternal employment was short, young children spent a significant portion of their lives exposed to lead. Certain parental occupations can sufject children to considerable risk from lead exposure.", "PMID": 714588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5991", "title": "Usher syndrome in four hard-of-hearing siblings.", "content": "Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and congenital deafness comprise the autosomal recessive Usher syndrome. The four affected siblings discussed here have audiometric curves characteristic of the 10% of patients with the syndrome who are not profoundly deaf. The oldest already has RP. Even though the younger three siblings have no visual symptoms, they do have auditory signs of the syndrome; they almost certainly will develop RP and become deaf-blind adults. Electroretinography indicates that the second oldest boy has early evidence of rod dysfunction. Special audiometric tests and electronystagmographic results support previous reports of a peripheral rather than central auditory lesion. The heterozygote parents show unilateral high-frequency hearing losses with normal retinal and vestibular function.", "contents": "Usher syndrome in four hard-of-hearing siblings. Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and congenital deafness comprise the autosomal recessive Usher syndrome. The four affected siblings discussed here have audiometric curves characteristic of the 10% of patients with the syndrome who are not profoundly deaf. The oldest already has RP. Even though the younger three siblings have no visual symptoms, they do have auditory signs of the syndrome; they almost certainly will develop RP and become deaf-blind adults. Electroretinography indicates that the second oldest boy has early evidence of rod dysfunction. Special audiometric tests and electronystagmographic results support previous reports of a peripheral rather than central auditory lesion. The heterozygote parents show unilateral high-frequency hearing losses with normal retinal and vestibular function.", "PMID": 714590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5992", "title": "Congenital rectal stenosis: a sign of a presacral pathologic condition.", "content": "Congenital rectal stenosis may be detected in the newborn during the initial physical examination. Failure of conservative therapy (dilatation) should alert the physician to the presence of an associated pathologic condition in the presacral space. Presacral teratoma, anterior sacral meningocele, or bony anomalies may be the underlying extrinsic causes of congenital rectal stenosis. Prompt recognition and appropriate operative management directed at the presacral lesion will relieve obstructive symptoms and minimize morbidity.", "contents": "Congenital rectal stenosis: a sign of a presacral pathologic condition. Congenital rectal stenosis may be detected in the newborn during the initial physical examination. Failure of conservative therapy (dilatation) should alert the physician to the presence of an associated pathologic condition in the presacral space. Presacral teratoma, anterior sacral meningocele, or bony anomalies may be the underlying extrinsic causes of congenital rectal stenosis. Prompt recognition and appropriate operative management directed at the presacral lesion will relieve obstructive symptoms and minimize morbidity.", "PMID": 714591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5993", "title": "Hypertension associated with the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome.", "content": "Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS) is frequently complicated by hypertension, which has been ascribed to sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity. We report the case of a child with GBS and hypertension that appeared to be related to increased renin-angiotensin activity. Urinary catecholamine excretion was normal. Propranolol therapy successfully controlled the hypertension. Evaluation of the renin-angiotensin system and catecholamine excretion is indicated in patients with GBS and hypertension.", "contents": "Hypertension associated with the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS) is frequently complicated by hypertension, which has been ascribed to sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity. We report the case of a child with GBS and hypertension that appeared to be related to increased renin-angiotensin activity. Urinary catecholamine excretion was normal. Propranolol therapy successfully controlled the hypertension. Evaluation of the renin-angiotensin system and catecholamine excretion is indicated in patients with GBS and hypertension.", "PMID": 714592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5994", "title": "Bromacil and diuron residue levels in Florida citrus soils.", "content": "The widespread use of herbicides in Florida citrus groves raises the possibility of residue accumulation following repeated applications. To determine residue levels of commonly used herbicides, soil samples were taken from large experimental plots in commercial groves in Polk and Hardee Counties. Bromacil and diuron had been applied in combination at both locations for 7-8 years. Analyses of samples showed low levels of both herbicides at various soil depths to 60 cm. Only a small amount of bromacil was detectable one year after applications, but diuron levels were higher. Continuous applications at recommended rates and frequencies have resulted in maximum bromacil and diuron levels of 3.9 percent and 13.1 percent, respectively, of their total application.", "contents": "Bromacil and diuron residue levels in Florida citrus soils. The widespread use of herbicides in Florida citrus groves raises the possibility of residue accumulation following repeated applications. To determine residue levels of commonly used herbicides, soil samples were taken from large experimental plots in commercial groves in Polk and Hardee Counties. Bromacil and diuron had been applied in combination at both locations for 7-8 years. Analyses of samples showed low levels of both herbicides at various soil depths to 60 cm. Only a small amount of bromacil was detectable one year after applications, but diuron levels were higher. Continuous applications at recommended rates and frequencies have resulted in maximum bromacil and diuron levels of 3.9 percent and 13.1 percent, respectively, of their total application.", "PMID": 714631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5995", "title": "DDT residues in butter and infant formula in India, 1977.", "content": "Samples of commercial brands of butter and infant formula from different parts of India were examined for DDT residues. All 18 samples of butter representing nine brands were contaminated. Levels of DDT residues ranged from 0.42 to 11.36 ppm and exceeded the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization practical residue limit of 1.25 ppm in 90 percent of the samples. All four brands of infant formula contained DDT residues above the practical residue limit. Most DDT residues were in the form of p,p-TDE in both commodities. This contamination of milk with excessive amounts of DDT residues seems to be widespread in India.", "contents": "DDT residues in butter and infant formula in India, 1977. Samples of commercial brands of butter and infant formula from different parts of India were examined for DDT residues. All 18 samples of butter representing nine brands were contaminated. Levels of DDT residues ranged from 0.42 to 11.36 ppm and exceeded the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization practical residue limit of 1.25 ppm in 90 percent of the samples. All four brands of infant formula contained DDT residues above the practical residue limit. Most DDT residues were in the form of p,p-TDE in both commodities. This contamination of milk with excessive amounts of DDT residues seems to be widespread in India.", "PMID": 714632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5996", "title": "A study of skin diseases in dogs and cats. V. The intradermal test in the diagnosis of flea allergy in dogs and cats.", "content": "A group of 143 dogs and cats with pruritic skin disease was tested by intradermal injection of a dilute whole cat flea extract. The test results were correlated with the clinical diagnosis (Table I, III), with previous or present findings of fleas on the animals (Table II, III), with the presence or absence of blood eosinophilia (Table IV), and, in animals with clinical flea allergy, with the histological findings in a skin biopsy excised from a clinically affected skin site (Fig. 1). The predictive value of a positive and a negative outcome of the test was assessed graphically by means of calculations described in the Appendix (Figs. 2, 3). It is concluded that the test is sufficiently specific to justify its use in animals where flea allergy is suspected but cannot be proved by routine clinical examination. The histological findings and the nature of the skin reactions suggest that a positive outcome of the test is indicative of an immediate, type I hypersensitivity towards components of the oral secretion of fleas and that this hypersensitivity is mediated by reaginic antibody which to some extent is produced by plasma cells located in skin areas where flea saliva is deposited.", "contents": "A study of skin diseases in dogs and cats. V. The intradermal test in the diagnosis of flea allergy in dogs and cats. A group of 143 dogs and cats with pruritic skin disease was tested by intradermal injection of a dilute whole cat flea extract. The test results were correlated with the clinical diagnosis (Table I, III), with previous or present findings of fleas on the animals (Table II, III), with the presence or absence of blood eosinophilia (Table IV), and, in animals with clinical flea allergy, with the histological findings in a skin biopsy excised from a clinically affected skin site (Fig. 1). The predictive value of a positive and a negative outcome of the test was assessed graphically by means of calculations described in the Appendix (Figs. 2, 3). It is concluded that the test is sufficiently specific to justify its use in animals where flea allergy is suspected but cannot be proved by routine clinical examination. The histological findings and the nature of the skin reactions suggest that a positive outcome of the test is indicative of an immediate, type I hypersensitivity towards components of the oral secretion of fleas and that this hypersensitivity is mediated by reaginic antibody which to some extent is produced by plasma cells located in skin areas where flea saliva is deposited.", "PMID": 714661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5997", "title": "[Pharmacokinetic study of antibiotics in human respiratory tract (author's transl)].", "content": "We report the results of the study of the bronchial concentrations of several antibiotics. The experiment included 280 patients and the concentrations achieved in bronchial secretions were measured for 11 antibiotics. The samples of bronchial secretions were taken in situ by fibroscopy or through the tracheostomy cannula. The results of the study show that the rate of penetration is variable according to the different drugs; even in the same antibiotic family such as beta-lactam antibiotics the rate of penetration is variable. The bronchial levels of aminoglycosides, macrolides and tetracyclines are worthwhile, and are often superior to the MIC of the infecting organisms; the penetration is also dependant of the inflammatory conditions of the bronchi. Otherwise the sampling conditions were the best possible since samples taken by fibroscopy or by tracheostomy are not contaminated by saliva which is a factor of dilutional error. The methodology used in this study is an approach of pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in respiratory tract.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetic study of antibiotics in human respiratory tract (author's transl)]. We report the results of the study of the bronchial concentrations of several antibiotics. The experiment included 280 patients and the concentrations achieved in bronchial secretions were measured for 11 antibiotics. The samples of bronchial secretions were taken in situ by fibroscopy or through the tracheostomy cannula. The results of the study show that the rate of penetration is variable according to the different drugs; even in the same antibiotic family such as beta-lactam antibiotics the rate of penetration is variable. The bronchial levels of aminoglycosides, macrolides and tetracyclines are worthwhile, and are often superior to the MIC of the infecting organisms; the penetration is also dependant of the inflammatory conditions of the bronchi. Otherwise the sampling conditions were the best possible since samples taken by fibroscopy or by tracheostomy are not contaminated by saliva which is a factor of dilutional error. The methodology used in this study is an approach of pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in respiratory tract.", "PMID": 714663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5998", "title": "[B virus chronic hepatitis in the haemodialysed uraemic patient. Correlation between hepatic lesions and the presence of antigen e in 12 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Twelve patients on haemodialysis for 6 months to 3 years contracted AgHBs positive hepatitis, 9 being also Ag e positive. They continued to carry the same antigens. Histological surveillance was begun from the 6th month of the disease onwards, with 2 to 4 repeated biopsies in 1,5 to 3,5 years in 9 patients, the last 3 having only one biopsy between the 8th and the 15th month. In 6 patients, the first biopsy revealed chronic persistent hepatitis (CPH) and in other 6 (5 male and 1 female) chronic aggressive hepatitis (CAH). Subsequent biopsies revealed cirrhosis in a patient treated with alphamethyldopa (Ag e +), the absence of any changes in 7 other patients (4 CPH including 3 Ag e +  and 3 CAH including 2 Ag e +), and an improvement in the last. Long term surveillance of hepatitis B by repeated biopsies in haemodialysed patients reveals that histological lesions are stable at 2 years, that certain drugs may have an aggravating role and that Ag e has no prognostic value.", "contents": "[B virus chronic hepatitis in the haemodialysed uraemic patient. Correlation between hepatic lesions and the presence of antigen e in 12 patients (author's transl)]. Twelve patients on haemodialysis for 6 months to 3 years contracted AgHBs positive hepatitis, 9 being also Ag e positive. They continued to carry the same antigens. Histological surveillance was begun from the 6th month of the disease onwards, with 2 to 4 repeated biopsies in 1,5 to 3,5 years in 9 patients, the last 3 having only one biopsy between the 8th and the 15th month. In 6 patients, the first biopsy revealed chronic persistent hepatitis (CPH) and in other 6 (5 male and 1 female) chronic aggressive hepatitis (CAH). Subsequent biopsies revealed cirrhosis in a patient treated with alphamethyldopa (Ag e +), the absence of any changes in 7 other patients (4 CPH including 3 Ag e +  and 3 CAH including 2 Ag e +), and an improvement in the last. Long term surveillance of hepatitis B by repeated biopsies in haemodialysed patients reveals that histological lesions are stable at 2 years, that certain drugs may have an aggravating role and that Ag e has no prognostic value.", "PMID": 714664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_5999", "title": "[The association of a digestive carcinoma and subacute endocarditis. 4 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Attention has recently been drawn to the association of digestive carcinoma and streptococcus bovis endocarditis. The authors studied 130 records of patients with endocarditis and an association with a digestive tumour (3 neoplasms, one villous tumour) was found in four. Streptococcus bovis was demonstrated in one case, streptococcus faecalis in two and streptococcus durans in one. The association of carcinoma and subacute endocarditis would thus seem to not solely relate to digestive commensual organisms. The question of common factors favourising carcinoma and endocarditis is raised.", "contents": "[The association of a digestive carcinoma and subacute endocarditis. 4 cases (author's transl)]. Attention has recently been drawn to the association of digestive carcinoma and streptococcus bovis endocarditis. The authors studied 130 records of patients with endocarditis and an association with a digestive tumour (3 neoplasms, one villous tumour) was found in four. Streptococcus bovis was demonstrated in one case, streptococcus faecalis in two and streptococcus durans in one. The association of carcinoma and subacute endocarditis would thus seem to not solely relate to digestive commensual organisms. The question of common factors favourising carcinoma and endocarditis is raised.", "PMID": 714665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6000", "title": "[The persistence of foetal circulation. Neonatal pulmonary arterial hypertension. Favourable action of tolazoline (author's transl)].", "content": "Alongside reversible secondary pulmonary arterial hypertension accompanying neonatal respiratory distress, there are primary PAH leading to the persistence of the foetal circulation. This is a true functional neonatal heart disease which may occur alone or be seen in association with another form of neonatal distress such as respiratory distress secondary to the inhalation of amniotic fluid. Any neonatal hypoxaemia irreductible by classical methods should suggest the possibility of persistent pulmonary arteriolar vasoconstriction and lead, in the absence of systemic hypotension, to the administration of vasodilators. These data remain in the preliminary stage and further studies, in particular pharmacological, of these drugs are necessary.", "contents": "[The persistence of foetal circulation. Neonatal pulmonary arterial hypertension. Favourable action of tolazoline (author's transl)]. Alongside reversible secondary pulmonary arterial hypertension accompanying neonatal respiratory distress, there are primary PAH leading to the persistence of the foetal circulation. This is a true functional neonatal heart disease which may occur alone or be seen in association with another form of neonatal distress such as respiratory distress secondary to the inhalation of amniotic fluid. Any neonatal hypoxaemia irreductible by classical methods should suggest the possibility of persistent pulmonary arteriolar vasoconstriction and lead, in the absence of systemic hypotension, to the administration of vasodilators. These data remain in the preliminary stage and further studies, in particular pharmacological, of these drugs are necessary.", "PMID": 714666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6001", "title": "[Transperitoneal supra-mesocolic approach to the inferior vena cava in the prophylaxis of pulmonary emboli (author's transl)].", "content": "An immediate approach to the inferior vena cava is depicted. By this way, it is easy to place a serrated clip under the renal veins, to face the problems of possible caval abnormality, and to review the whole abdominal cavity.", "contents": "[Transperitoneal supra-mesocolic approach to the inferior vena cava in the prophylaxis of pulmonary emboli (author's transl)]. An immediate approach to the inferior vena cava is depicted. By this way, it is easy to place a serrated clip under the renal veins, to face the problems of possible caval abnormality, and to review the whole abdominal cavity.", "PMID": 714667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6002", "title": "[Comparative studies on the action of aminoglycosides and cephalosporins on the proximal tubule of the human kidney (author's transl)].", "content": "Tubulo-toxic effects of drugs can be recognised by the elimination of portions of brush border membrane in the urine. An integral constituent of the brush border membrane is an alanine aminopeptidas (AAP). It is measurable in the urine enzymatically and immunologically with great reliability. The AAP activity was determined in the 24-hour urine of test subjects. Fifteen subjects received 3 mg/kg gentamicin, sisomicin or tobramycin on 3 consecutive days and 10 subjects were given amikacin (15 mg/kg). In addition, 15 subjects received cephacetrile (8.0 g), cephazolin (6.0 g) or cephalothin (8.0 g) on 3 consecutive days. It was shown that all aminoglycosides have a cumulative effect on the brush border membrane, amikacin is the strongest and tobramycin the weakest. The cephalosporins cephalothin and cephazolin were indifferent to the tubule membranes and had no effect on the excretion of AAP. There were responders and non-responders to cephacetrile. The application of cephalothin and cephazolin immediately before the administration of gentamicin prevents the membrane effect of gentamicin.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on the action of aminoglycosides and cephalosporins on the proximal tubule of the human kidney (author's transl)]. Tubulo-toxic effects of drugs can be recognised by the elimination of portions of brush border membrane in the urine. An integral constituent of the brush border membrane is an alanine aminopeptidas (AAP). It is measurable in the urine enzymatically and immunologically with great reliability. The AAP activity was determined in the 24-hour urine of test subjects. Fifteen subjects received 3 mg/kg gentamicin, sisomicin or tobramycin on 3 consecutive days and 10 subjects were given amikacin (15 mg/kg). In addition, 15 subjects received cephacetrile (8.0 g), cephazolin (6.0 g) or cephalothin (8.0 g) on 3 consecutive days. It was shown that all aminoglycosides have a cumulative effect on the brush border membrane, amikacin is the strongest and tobramycin the weakest. The cephalosporins cephalothin and cephazolin were indifferent to the tubule membranes and had no effect on the excretion of AAP. There were responders and non-responders to cephacetrile. The application of cephalothin and cephazolin immediately before the administration of gentamicin prevents the membrane effect of gentamicin.", "PMID": 714688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6003", "title": "[Prediction of aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity (author's transl)].", "content": "The intrarenal distribution characterisitcs of tobramycin were evaluated in 76 normal canine kidneys during various states of hydration and urine pH. The intrarenal gradient paterns of the drug were also evaluated in 18 severely diseased kidneys obtained from 14 patients undergoing pre-transplant nephrectomy. The results were compared with our earlier data evaluating gentamicin accumulation characteristics in 54 healthy canine and 12 diseased human kidneys. Renal cortical drug accumulation, a matter of potential nephrotoxic importance, was significantly lower in the tobramycin studies. Similarly, cortical tissue binding of tobramycin was 59% (+/- S.E. 4) and for gentamicin was 85% (+/- S.E. 3). The presence of severe disease drastically reduced the renal drug concentration of both compounds. However, in such tissues tobramycin demonstrated slightly higher tissue concentrations in renal cortex (p less than 0.05), medulla (p less than 0.01) and papilla (p less than 0.01) than those measured for gentamicin. The results indicate that there are important differences in the renal disposition of tobramycin and gentamicin in health and disease which relate to matters of toxicologic and therapeutic importance.", "contents": "[Prediction of aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity (author's transl)]. The intrarenal distribution characterisitcs of tobramycin were evaluated in 76 normal canine kidneys during various states of hydration and urine pH. The intrarenal gradient paterns of the drug were also evaluated in 18 severely diseased kidneys obtained from 14 patients undergoing pre-transplant nephrectomy. The results were compared with our earlier data evaluating gentamicin accumulation characteristics in 54 healthy canine and 12 diseased human kidneys. Renal cortical drug accumulation, a matter of potential nephrotoxic importance, was significantly lower in the tobramycin studies. Similarly, cortical tissue binding of tobramycin was 59% (+/- S.E. 4) and for gentamicin was 85% (+/- S.E. 3). The presence of severe disease drastically reduced the renal drug concentration of both compounds. However, in such tissues tobramycin demonstrated slightly higher tissue concentrations in renal cortex (p less than 0.05), medulla (p less than 0.01) and papilla (p less than 0.01) than those measured for gentamicin. The results indicate that there are important differences in the renal disposition of tobramycin and gentamicin in health and disease which relate to matters of toxicologic and therapeutic importance.", "PMID": 714689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6004", "title": "Hypertension in renal insufficiency: a major therapeutic problem.", "content": "Hypertension and a high incidence of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality often accompany end-stage renal disease. Causes of the hypertension include abnormalities of extracellular fluid volume, increased activity of the renin-angiotensin system, dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system, and deficiency of vasodilator substances. Treatment is not detrimental to residual renal function and may enhance the quality of survival. Several types of therapy are available that may be used sequentially or in combination. New antihypertensive drugs and improved blood-cleansing devices allow a more optimistic outlook on long-term survival in end-stage renal disease.", "contents": "Hypertension in renal insufficiency: a major therapeutic problem. Hypertension and a high incidence of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality often accompany end-stage renal disease. Causes of the hypertension include abnormalities of extracellular fluid volume, increased activity of the renin-angiotensin system, dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system, and deficiency of vasodilator substances. Treatment is not detrimental to residual renal function and may enhance the quality of survival. Several types of therapy are available that may be used sequentially or in combination. New antihypertensive drugs and improved blood-cleansing devices allow a more optimistic outlook on long-term survival in end-stage renal disease.", "PMID": 714828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6005", "title": "Renal osteodystrophy in end-stage renal failure.", "content": "Renal osteodystrophy has many skeletal pathologic features, eg, fibroosteoclasia (osteitis fibrosa), osteomalacia, osteopenia, pseudofracture, cyst formation, and osteosclerosis. Many of these are caused by the secondary hyperparathyroidism that usually accompanies renal failure. Derangements in parathyroid hormone secretion, calcium and phosphate metabolism, and renal production of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (the most active form of vitamin D) are all interrelated and pathogenetic features of renal osteodystrophy. Types of abnormalities detected radiologically vary with patient age, type of management, and duration of hemodialysis, as well as with techniques and type of film used and interest of the radiologist. An x-ray film of the hands should always be made--it will show subperiosteal resorption in a large number of patients on dialysis. Prevention and management of renal osteodystrophy hinge on control of hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia.", "contents": "Renal osteodystrophy in end-stage renal failure. Renal osteodystrophy has many skeletal pathologic features, eg, fibroosteoclasia (osteitis fibrosa), osteomalacia, osteopenia, pseudofracture, cyst formation, and osteosclerosis. Many of these are caused by the secondary hyperparathyroidism that usually accompanies renal failure. Derangements in parathyroid hormone secretion, calcium and phosphate metabolism, and renal production of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (the most active form of vitamin D) are all interrelated and pathogenetic features of renal osteodystrophy. Types of abnormalities detected radiologically vary with patient age, type of management, and duration of hemodialysis, as well as with techniques and type of film used and interest of the radiologist. An x-ray film of the hands should always be made--it will show subperiosteal resorption in a large number of patients on dialysis. Prevention and management of renal osteodystrophy hinge on control of hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia.", "PMID": 714829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6006", "title": "Drug use in renal failure.", "content": "The spectrum of interaction between drugs and the kidney is broad. Most drugs are excreted at least partially by the kidney, and renal function affects drug bioavailability, volume of drug distribution, and drug metabolism and rate of drug elimination. Drug therapy not only is potentially hazardous in patients with renal failure but also can cause a number of renal diseases. The clinician should be familiar with the pharmacologic and potential toxic effects of any drug used in a patient with uremia and should monitor creatinine clearance or at least serum creatinine level as a gauge of renal function. The drug regimen can be modified according to these measurements, either by administering a constant dose and varying the interval or by varying the dose and keeping the interval constant.", "contents": "Drug use in renal failure. The spectrum of interaction between drugs and the kidney is broad. Most drugs are excreted at least partially by the kidney, and renal function affects drug bioavailability, volume of drug distribution, and drug metabolism and rate of drug elimination. Drug therapy not only is potentially hazardous in patients with renal failure but also can cause a number of renal diseases. The clinician should be familiar with the pharmacologic and potential toxic effects of any drug used in a patient with uremia and should monitor creatinine clearance or at least serum creatinine level as a gauge of renal function. The drug regimen can be modified according to these measurements, either by administering a constant dose and varying the interval or by varying the dose and keeping the interval constant.", "PMID": 714830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6007", "title": "Electrolyte studies. 2. Potassium, chloride, and acid-base.", "content": "Hypokalemia plus elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) content usually indicates renal or gastrointestinal potassium (K+) loss. Hypokalemia plus decreased CO2 content usually means intestinal K+ loss. Hyperkalemia is common in metabolic acidosis and oliguric renal failure. With hemolysis or thrombocytosis, serum K+ concentration may be elevated while plasma concentration is normal. A CO2 value less than 18 mmole/liter suggests metabolic acidosis; a value greater than 30 mmole/liter suggests metabolic alkalosis.", "contents": "Electrolyte studies. 2. Potassium, chloride, and acid-base. Hypokalemia plus elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) content usually indicates renal or gastrointestinal potassium (K+) loss. Hypokalemia plus decreased CO2 content usually means intestinal K+ loss. Hyperkalemia is common in metabolic acidosis and oliguric renal failure. With hemolysis or thrombocytosis, serum K+ concentration may be elevated while plasma concentration is normal. A CO2 value less than 18 mmole/liter suggests metabolic acidosis; a value greater than 30 mmole/liter suggests metabolic alkalosis.", "PMID": 714831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6008", "title": "Urography in children: when should it be done? 2. Conditions other than infection.", "content": "Conditions that are often associated with an increased incidence of renal anomalies include imperforate anus, congenital vertebral abnormalities, and Fanconi anemia; excretory urography should be done if such a condition is present. Urography is also useful to provide baseline data in conditions associated with later development of urinary problems, such as myelodysplasia, prune-belly syndrome, and exstrophy of the bladder. In addition, urography serves as a periodic check for complications of treatment (hydronephrosis, obstruction) in patients with urinary diversion. Certain signs, eg, dribbling, hematuria after mild trauma, unexplained pneumothorax or pneumomediastinum in a neonate, and neonatal abdominal mass, call for immediate urography. In many conditions that were formerly thought to be associated with major urinary abnormalities, urography is not called for. Such is the case in hypospadias, deformities of the external ear alone, and undescended testes. Dehydration is the only absolute contraindication to urography.", "contents": "Urography in children: when should it be done? 2. Conditions other than infection. Conditions that are often associated with an increased incidence of renal anomalies include imperforate anus, congenital vertebral abnormalities, and Fanconi anemia; excretory urography should be done if such a condition is present. Urography is also useful to provide baseline data in conditions associated with later development of urinary problems, such as myelodysplasia, prune-belly syndrome, and exstrophy of the bladder. In addition, urography serves as a periodic check for complications of treatment (hydronephrosis, obstruction) in patients with urinary diversion. Certain signs, eg, dribbling, hematuria after mild trauma, unexplained pneumothorax or pneumomediastinum in a neonate, and neonatal abdominal mass, call for immediate urography. In many conditions that were formerly thought to be associated with major urinary abnormalities, urography is not called for. Such is the case in hypospadias, deformities of the external ear alone, and undescended testes. Dehydration is the only absolute contraindication to urography.", "PMID": 714836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6009", "title": "Hemophilia: a guide for the primary care physician.", "content": "The hemophiliac knows when he is bleeding. When such a patient is aware of bleeding and consults a primary care physician, the episode usually has been of sufficient duration and is severe enough to demand prompt treatment with high-potency materials. Needless delay results in further complications and additional costly treatment. The type of deficiency can usually be ascertained from the patient or family member. If there is no history of an inhibitor, replacement therapy should be initiated promptly.", "contents": "Hemophilia: a guide for the primary care physician. The hemophiliac knows when he is bleeding. When such a patient is aware of bleeding and consults a primary care physician, the episode usually has been of sufficient duration and is severe enough to demand prompt treatment with high-potency materials. Needless delay results in further complications and additional costly treatment. The type of deficiency can usually be ascertained from the patient or family member. If there is no history of an inhibitor, replacement therapy should be initiated promptly.", "PMID": 714837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6010", "title": "Pathogenesis of the uremic syndrome.", "content": "Uremia is the last of four progressive stages of renal disease. Symptoms are referable to major organ systems and appear to be intensified by high intake of crude dietary protein. In many respects uremia resembles systemic poisoning from a toxic substance, and many chemicals are now suspected, but not proved, to be causative agents. The hypometabolism and low body temperature commonly seen in advanced uremia could result from alterations in cellular sodium transport. These changes can be reversed by hemodialysis or renal transplantation.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of the uremic syndrome. Uremia is the last of four progressive stages of renal disease. Symptoms are referable to major organ systems and appear to be intensified by high intake of crude dietary protein. In many respects uremia resembles systemic poisoning from a toxic substance, and many chemicals are now suspected, but not proved, to be causative agents. The hypometabolism and low body temperature commonly seen in advanced uremia could result from alterations in cellular sodium transport. These changes can be reversed by hemodialysis or renal transplantation.", "PMID": 714838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6011", "title": "Metabolic and endocrine alterations in end-stage renal failure.", "content": "Many alterations in metabolic and endocrine function occur in end-stage renal disease. Glucose intolerance is almost always present with uremia; it improves shortly after institution of regular hemodialysis. Hyperlipidemia (type IV) is prevalent, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease causes death in about 50% of patients receiving long-term hemodialysis. Although plasma levels of growth hormone usually are elevated, children with chronic renal failure show growth retardation. The occurrence of thyroid disorders is difficult to determine, since many clinical features of uremia are similar to those of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. The incidence of duodenal ulcer is high, possibly due to high gastrin levels. Sex hormone disturbances are common. Anemia is a constant feature of chronic renal failure; patients usually tolerate it well.", "contents": "Metabolic and endocrine alterations in end-stage renal failure. Many alterations in metabolic and endocrine function occur in end-stage renal disease. Glucose intolerance is almost always present with uremia; it improves shortly after institution of regular hemodialysis. Hyperlipidemia (type IV) is prevalent, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease causes death in about 50% of patients receiving long-term hemodialysis. Although plasma levels of growth hormone usually are elevated, children with chronic renal failure show growth retardation. The occurrence of thyroid disorders is difficult to determine, since many clinical features of uremia are similar to those of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. The incidence of duodenal ulcer is high, possibly due to high gastrin levels. Sex hormone disturbances are common. Anemia is a constant feature of chronic renal failure; patients usually tolerate it well.", "PMID": 714839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6012", "title": "[Risk of general anaesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "95 506 patients who received general anesthesia during the period of 1964--1977 were studied. The account of all actual or possible life threatening complications during the anesthesia is given: oedema of the glottis, air embolism, accidental injection of the wrong drug, respiratory insufficiency, hypoxia, pulmonary oedema, airway occlusion by the cuff, vomiting and aspiration, anaphylactoid reaction, death within 24 hours, death on the table. Deaths not attributable to anaesthesia are listed separately. We have found that in one of every 139 anaesthetics given there was a life threatening complication to the patient. In every 197th anaesthetic there was a clear connection with the anaesthetic technique used. In contrast with the great number of near fatal complications the rate of irreversible damage or mortality connected with general anaesthesia was low.", "contents": "[Risk of general anaesthesia (author's transl)]. 95 506 patients who received general anesthesia during the period of 1964--1977 were studied. The account of all actual or possible life threatening complications during the anesthesia is given: oedema of the glottis, air embolism, accidental injection of the wrong drug, respiratory insufficiency, hypoxia, pulmonary oedema, airway occlusion by the cuff, vomiting and aspiration, anaphylactoid reaction, death within 24 hours, death on the table. Deaths not attributable to anaesthesia are listed separately. We have found that in one of every 139 anaesthetics given there was a life threatening complication to the patient. In every 197th anaesthetic there was a clear connection with the anaesthetic technique used. In contrast with the great number of near fatal complications the rate of irreversible damage or mortality connected with general anaesthesia was low.", "PMID": 714840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6013", "title": "[Risks associated with regional anaesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "The risks attendant on regional anaesthesia derive from the condition of the patient, the technique employed and the skill, or lack of skill, on the part of the anaesthetist. Patient-determined risk factors are: existent diseases and pathological conditions which in many cases cannot be rectified pre-operatively. The main difficulties and complications of regional anaesthesia arise from mechanical, pharmacodynamic and toxic factors and infection. Each technique carries its own specific risk. With due care many of the complications can be prevented.", "contents": "[Risks associated with regional anaesthesia (author's transl)]. The risks attendant on regional anaesthesia derive from the condition of the patient, the technique employed and the skill, or lack of skill, on the part of the anaesthetist. Patient-determined risk factors are: existent diseases and pathological conditions which in many cases cannot be rectified pre-operatively. The main difficulties and complications of regional anaesthesia arise from mechanical, pharmacodynamic and toxic factors and infection. Each technique carries its own specific risk. With due care many of the complications can be prevented.", "PMID": 714841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6014", "title": "[Death on the operating table (author's transl)].", "content": "Inquests following death on the table present the expert with a number of problems: he has to assess not only the causal connection between therapeutic or surgical procedures and death of the patient, but also the part played by anaesthesia in the fatal outcome. A number of cases are reported and an attempt is made to provide some objective guide-lines for the expert.", "contents": "[Death on the operating table (author's transl)]. Inquests following death on the table present the expert with a number of problems: he has to assess not only the causal connection between therapeutic or surgical procedures and death of the patient, but also the part played by anaesthesia in the fatal outcome. A number of cases are reported and an attempt is made to provide some objective guide-lines for the expert.", "PMID": 714842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6015", "title": "[The role of the physician in assessing fitness for surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The decision regarding fitness of a person to undergo surgery and anaesthesia is made by the surgeon and anaesthetist according to agreed criteria. The physician takes part in the decision only in those cases where additional information regarding the type and extent of the disorder is required or when doubtful findings need further clarification. Closer co-operation between anaesthetist and physician regarding the indications for pre-operative tests and investigations is desirable.", "contents": "[The role of the physician in assessing fitness for surgery (author's transl)]. The decision regarding fitness of a person to undergo surgery and anaesthesia is made by the surgeon and anaesthetist according to agreed criteria. The physician takes part in the decision only in those cases where additional information regarding the type and extent of the disorder is required or when doubtful findings need further clarification. Closer co-operation between anaesthetist and physician regarding the indications for pre-operative tests and investigations is desirable.", "PMID": 714843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6016", "title": "[The technical risk of anaesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "Improper anaesthetic practice is caused among other things, by technical failure of apparatuses used in anaesthesia. An attempt is made to classify the technical hazards involved in anaesthesia, especially with regard to symptomatology and causes, to enable rapid detection and correction of technical errors or breakdowns.", "contents": "[The technical risk of anaesthesia (author's transl)]. Improper anaesthetic practice is caused among other things, by technical failure of apparatuses used in anaesthesia. An attempt is made to classify the technical hazards involved in anaesthesia, especially with regard to symptomatology and causes, to enable rapid detection and correction of technical errors or breakdowns.", "PMID": 714844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6017", "title": "[Misadventures in anaesthesia and the law (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to establish liability there must be a causal connection between an objectively erroneous action and the ensuing damage. Criminal negligence presupposes that failure on the part of the anaesthetist to exercise the necessary care, including neglect properly to choose and supervise his assistants, is responsible for the mishap. Since anaesthesia constitutes a trespass to a person's body the consent of the patient has to be obtained. Such consent is valid only if the patient has been apprised of the nature, significance and risks of the anaesthetic method to be used. The anaesthetist must inform the patient whether general or regional anaesthesia is planned. The extent to which such information must be supplied and proof that it has been given may present difficulties. A practical approach is to provide the patient with as much information as will enable him to ask relevant questions and then to decide whether or not he wants further explanations.", "contents": "[Misadventures in anaesthesia and the law (author's transl)]. In order to establish liability there must be a causal connection between an objectively erroneous action and the ensuing damage. Criminal negligence presupposes that failure on the part of the anaesthetist to exercise the necessary care, including neglect properly to choose and supervise his assistants, is responsible for the mishap. Since anaesthesia constitutes a trespass to a person's body the consent of the patient has to be obtained. Such consent is valid only if the patient has been apprised of the nature, significance and risks of the anaesthetic method to be used. The anaesthetist must inform the patient whether general or regional anaesthesia is planned. The extent to which such information must be supplied and proof that it has been given may present difficulties. A practical approach is to provide the patient with as much information as will enable him to ask relevant questions and then to decide whether or not he wants further explanations.", "PMID": 714845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6018", "title": "[Air embolism; a complication during neurosurgery in the sitting position (author's transl)].", "content": "Neurosurgery in the sitting position not only puts a strain on the cardiopulmonary system, but also carries the risk of venous air embolism. Special monitoring procedures as well as prophylactic measures greatly contribute towards the safety of the patient. The pathogenesis, pathophysiology and the symptoms of venous air embolism are reviewed, and various monitoring methods are discussed, with special reference to their reliability, sensitivity and practicability. The analysis shows that the Doppler ultrasound method, continuous capnography during the duration of the operation, intra-arterial measurement of blood pressure, recording of the central venous pressure and of electrocardiographic changes are essential means of routine monitoring. Suspected air embolism must be promptly dealt with not only by ligation of the severed vein but also by attempts at aspiration of the air bubbles via the atrial catheter. The latter, therefore, plays an important role both as a diagnostic parameter and a therapeutic agent. Although the suggested prophylactic measures do not absolutely protect against complications they will markedly reduce the incidence of venous air embolism.", "contents": "[Air embolism; a complication during neurosurgery in the sitting position (author's transl)]. Neurosurgery in the sitting position not only puts a strain on the cardiopulmonary system, but also carries the risk of venous air embolism. Special monitoring procedures as well as prophylactic measures greatly contribute towards the safety of the patient. The pathogenesis, pathophysiology and the symptoms of venous air embolism are reviewed, and various monitoring methods are discussed, with special reference to their reliability, sensitivity and practicability. The analysis shows that the Doppler ultrasound method, continuous capnography during the duration of the operation, intra-arterial measurement of blood pressure, recording of the central venous pressure and of electrocardiographic changes are essential means of routine monitoring. Suspected air embolism must be promptly dealt with not only by ligation of the severed vein but also by attempts at aspiration of the air bubbles via the atrial catheter. The latter, therefore, plays an important role both as a diagnostic parameter and a therapeutic agent. Although the suggested prophylactic measures do not absolutely protect against complications they will markedly reduce the incidence of venous air embolism.", "PMID": 714846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6019", "title": "[Cardiocirculatory arrest due to hyperkalaemia following i.v. Imbretil for muscular relaxation (author's transl)].", "content": "The muscle relaxant Imbretil was investigated in 10 patients for initiating anaesthesia and for a prolonged artificial ventilation. In 50% of the patients a rather quick and drastic rise of the serum potassium-level was found. A cardiac arrest occurred in one patient due to a hyperkalaemia but fortunately was reversible. Consequently we do not use Imbretil in our Hospital anymore. Today better and less dangerous drugs are available instead--Imbretil must be placed as an obsolete drug.", "contents": "[Cardiocirculatory arrest due to hyperkalaemia following i.v. Imbretil for muscular relaxation (author's transl)]. The muscle relaxant Imbretil was investigated in 10 patients for initiating anaesthesia and for a prolonged artificial ventilation. In 50% of the patients a rather quick and drastic rise of the serum potassium-level was found. A cardiac arrest occurred in one patient due to a hyperkalaemia but fortunately was reversible. Consequently we do not use Imbretil in our Hospital anymore. Today better and less dangerous drugs are available instead--Imbretil must be placed as an obsolete drug.", "PMID": 714847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6020", "title": "[Rupture of the aorta complicating multiple injuries (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of subtotal circumferential rupture of the aorta is described which involved a woman who had sustained multiple injuries in a traffic accident. The rupture was discovered only during autopsy. As this type of injury is generally not diagnosed until after death, knowledge of some of the characteristics signs of rupture of the aorta is important, especially to the physician in charge of an intensive care unit. If there are suspicious signs aortography is essential. The only treatment likely to succeed is surgery, but postoperative mortality is still as high as 20--40 per cent.", "contents": "[Rupture of the aorta complicating multiple injuries (author's transl)]. A case of subtotal circumferential rupture of the aorta is described which involved a woman who had sustained multiple injuries in a traffic accident. The rupture was discovered only during autopsy. As this type of injury is generally not diagnosed until after death, knowledge of some of the characteristics signs of rupture of the aorta is important, especially to the physician in charge of an intensive care unit. If there are suspicious signs aortography is essential. The only treatment likely to succeed is surgery, but postoperative mortality is still as high as 20--40 per cent.", "PMID": 714848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6021", "title": "[Antacids for preventing aspiration pneumonia (Mendelson syndrome) in obstetric anaesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "The risk of aspiration pneumonia attendant on obstetric anaesthesia and the importance of the pH value of the aspirated gastric juice in the development of aspiration pneumonia are emphasized. The use of antacids and other agents as a preventive measure is reviewed.", "contents": "[Antacids for preventing aspiration pneumonia (Mendelson syndrome) in obstetric anaesthesia (author's transl)]. The risk of aspiration pneumonia attendant on obstetric anaesthesia and the importance of the pH value of the aspirated gastric juice in the development of aspiration pneumonia are emphasized. The use of antacids and other agents as a preventive measure is reviewed.", "PMID": 714849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6022", "title": "[Cardiovascular effects produced by prophylactic digitalization during introduction of anaesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "The narrow field of non-controversial indications concerning the application of digitalis glycosides is pointed out. Problems of routine digitalization of older patients not suffering from cardiac insuffiency are discussed with special regard to preparing them for operations. Up to now, from the viewpoint of anaesthesiologists no benefits of prophylactic digitalization have been found. In a retrospective computerized study, clinical hemodynamic parameters during introduction of anaesthesia have been investigated by means of anaesthetic data recorded during three years. Nondigitalized patients older than fifty years showed satisfactory cardiac functions, whereas prophylactically digitalized patients--compared with the control group--have been treated with plasma expanders earlier and at a double rate. Furthermore, higher heart frequencies and greater tendency to arrythmias were observed. Consequently, prophylactic digitalization cannot be recommended in general.", "contents": "[Cardiovascular effects produced by prophylactic digitalization during introduction of anaesthesia (author's transl)]. The narrow field of non-controversial indications concerning the application of digitalis glycosides is pointed out. Problems of routine digitalization of older patients not suffering from cardiac insuffiency are discussed with special regard to preparing them for operations. Up to now, from the viewpoint of anaesthesiologists no benefits of prophylactic digitalization have been found. In a retrospective computerized study, clinical hemodynamic parameters during introduction of anaesthesia have been investigated by means of anaesthetic data recorded during three years. Nondigitalized patients older than fifty years showed satisfactory cardiac functions, whereas prophylactically digitalized patients--compared with the control group--have been treated with plasma expanders earlier and at a double rate. Furthermore, higher heart frequencies and greater tendency to arrythmias were observed. Consequently, prophylactic digitalization cannot be recommended in general.", "PMID": 714850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6023", "title": "[EEG tracings in cerebral death (author's transl)].", "content": "In diagnosing electrocerebral silence (isoelectric tracing) the investigator must be sure to exclude the possibility of an artefact. With the methods available up to now for testing the proper functioning of electroencephalographic equipment it has not been possible entirely to avoid errors. A new method is described for the rapid and quantitatively exact testing of EEG equipment including electrodes and cables and the correct recording of isoelectric tracings.", "contents": "[EEG tracings in cerebral death (author's transl)]. In diagnosing electrocerebral silence (isoelectric tracing) the investigator must be sure to exclude the possibility of an artefact. With the methods available up to now for testing the proper functioning of electroencephalographic equipment it has not been possible entirely to avoid errors. A new method is described for the rapid and quantitatively exact testing of EEG equipment including electrodes and cables and the correct recording of isoelectric tracings.", "PMID": 714851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6024", "title": "[Cardiac arrest and hydrothorax as a complication of anaesthesia following subclavian catheter (author's transl)].", "content": "The present case report describes a case of intrapleural infusion by means of a subclavian catheter. The clinical situation together with the signs of posteroinferior infarction in ECG led to a wrong diagnosis. During an emergency oepration the intrapleural infusion caused cardiac arrest which could be mastered by successful reanimation. After drainage of the intrapleural infusion the patient recovers without further complications. Prior to every infusion subclavicular catheters should be tested by blood aspiration.", "contents": "[Cardiac arrest and hydrothorax as a complication of anaesthesia following subclavian catheter (author's transl)]. The present case report describes a case of intrapleural infusion by means of a subclavian catheter. The clinical situation together with the signs of posteroinferior infarction in ECG led to a wrong diagnosis. During an emergency oepration the intrapleural infusion caused cardiac arrest which could be mastered by successful reanimation. After drainage of the intrapleural infusion the patient recovers without further complications. Prior to every infusion subclavicular catheters should be tested by blood aspiration.", "PMID": 714852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6025", "title": "[Temporary paresis of the phrenic nerve as a complication of subclavian vein puncture (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of phrenic nerve paresis as a complication of puncture of the right subclavian vein in local anesthesia is reported. The paresis and phrenoparalysis disappeared after 90 minutes. Possible reasons are discussed.", "contents": "[Temporary paresis of the phrenic nerve as a complication of subclavian vein puncture (author's transl)]. A case of phrenic nerve paresis as a complication of puncture of the right subclavian vein in local anesthesia is reported. The paresis and phrenoparalysis disappeared after 90 minutes. Possible reasons are discussed.", "PMID": 714853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6026", "title": "Preparation and spectral properties of 12-hydroxyl eicosatetraenoic acid (HETE).", "content": "A convenient method for the biosynthesis of 12L-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) from archidonic acid with human platelets was developed, and milligram quantities were made for biological and spectroscopic characterization. This compound has only weak activity in two of five biological prostaglandin assays and no activity in the other three. The 13C and 1H NMR spectra of HETE were obtained and the signal due to each carbon atom was assigned.", "contents": "Preparation and spectral properties of 12-hydroxyl eicosatetraenoic acid (HETE). A convenient method for the biosynthesis of 12L-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) from archidonic acid with human platelets was developed, and milligram quantities were made for biological and spectroscopic characterization. This compound has only weak activity in two of five biological prostaglandin assays and no activity in the other three. The 13C and 1H NMR spectra of HETE were obtained and the signal due to each carbon atom was assigned.", "PMID": 714876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6027", "title": "Synthesis of S-behenyl coenzyme A.", "content": "The synthesis of behenyl CoA by the reaction of coenzyme A with N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of behenic acid is reported. This method gives better yields of behenyl CoA when compared to the acid chloride or mixed anhydride method where side reactions seem to cause a decrease in yield.", "contents": "Synthesis of S-behenyl coenzyme A. The synthesis of behenyl CoA by the reaction of coenzyme A with N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of behenic acid is reported. This method gives better yields of behenyl CoA when compared to the acid chloride or mixed anhydride method where side reactions seem to cause a decrease in yield.", "PMID": 714877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6028", "title": "Nalpha-(pteroyltetra (gamma-glutamyl))-lysine as a ligand for the purification of thymidylate synthetase by affinity chromatography.", "content": "Nalpha-(pteroyltetra (gamma-glutamyl))-lysine Sepharose was synthesized and shown to be a stable high capacity affinity matrix capable of bringing about the purification of Lactobacillus casei thymidylate synthetase to maximum specific activity from crude extracts in high yield. Under conditions optimal for binding of thymidylate synthetase, dihydrofolate reductase was not bound.", "contents": "Nalpha-(pteroyltetra (gamma-glutamyl))-lysine as a ligand for the purification of thymidylate synthetase by affinity chromatography. Nalpha-(pteroyltetra (gamma-glutamyl))-lysine Sepharose was synthesized and shown to be a stable high capacity affinity matrix capable of bringing about the purification of Lactobacillus casei thymidylate synthetase to maximum specific activity from crude extracts in high yield. Under conditions optimal for binding of thymidylate synthetase, dihydrofolate reductase was not bound.", "PMID": 714878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6029", "title": "Fractionation of water-insoluble protein using sephacryl S-200 in formamide.", "content": "The ability of Sephacryl S-200 to fractionate water-insoluble protein by gel permeation chromatography was investigated. Elution of protein standards from colums of Sephacryl S-200 equilibrated with formamide, an excellent solvent for both hydrophobic and hydrophilic proteins, was molecular weight dependent. Advantages of chromatography of water-insoluble proteins using Sephacryl S-200 include rapidity, recovery of protein free of detergent or solvent, safety, ability to purify large amounts of protein, and ability to separate proteins as large as 100,000 daltons. Separation of water-insoluble polypeptides in a crude preparation of gliadin in formamide demonstrated the practicality of the method.", "contents": "Fractionation of water-insoluble protein using sephacryl S-200 in formamide. The ability of Sephacryl S-200 to fractionate water-insoluble protein by gel permeation chromatography was investigated. Elution of protein standards from colums of Sephacryl S-200 equilibrated with formamide, an excellent solvent for both hydrophobic and hydrophilic proteins, was molecular weight dependent. Advantages of chromatography of water-insoluble proteins using Sephacryl S-200 include rapidity, recovery of protein free of detergent or solvent, safety, ability to purify large amounts of protein, and ability to separate proteins as large as 100,000 daltons. Separation of water-insoluble polypeptides in a crude preparation of gliadin in formamide demonstrated the practicality of the method.", "PMID": 714879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6030", "title": "Purification fo cathepsin D by AH-sepharose affinity chromatography.", "content": "A rapid and reliable method for coupling the protease inhibitor pepstatin to AH-Sepharose 48 was developed. The matrix prepared was used to purify cathepsin D from rat liver. The enzyme was eluted in one fraction and proved to be pure by gel electrophoresis, two types of ion exchange chromatography, molecular sieve chromatography, and immunologically homogenous by immunoelectrophoresis. This method is more rapid and gives a higher yield than previous techniques. The possibility to use this technique for the purification of other enzymes inhibitable by pepstatin should be considered.", "contents": "Purification fo cathepsin D by AH-sepharose affinity chromatography. A rapid and reliable method for coupling the protease inhibitor pepstatin to AH-Sepharose 48 was developed. The matrix prepared was used to purify cathepsin D from rat liver. The enzyme was eluted in one fraction and proved to be pure by gel electrophoresis, two types of ion exchange chromatography, molecular sieve chromatography, and immunologically homogenous by immunoelectrophoresis. This method is more rapid and gives a higher yield than previous techniques. The possibility to use this technique for the purification of other enzymes inhibitable by pepstatin should be considered.", "PMID": 714880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6031", "title": "Purification of antibiotics from Physarum gyrosum by high pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A family of five antibiotic substances was isolated from the slime mold Physarum gyrosum by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). For this purpose, mold was cultured for two weeks in a liquid medium. Soluble products were harvested by rotary evaporation of medium and extraction with 1-butanol. Paper chromatography in ethyl acetate:pyridine:water (2:2:1 v/v) was used for preliminary fractionation. Active components were separated by HPLC with a reverse-phase column packed with Bondapack C18/Porasil B (Waters Associates) and were eluted with a linear gradient of methanol:water increasing from 70 to 100% methanol over 90 minutes. Purification was completed by rechromatographing individual fractions. Purity of the active components was verified by HPLC and thin layer chromatography. Activity assays against Bacillus cereus showed these materials to be bacteriostatic rather than bacteriocidal.", "contents": "Purification of antibiotics from Physarum gyrosum by high pressure liquid chromatography. A family of five antibiotic substances was isolated from the slime mold Physarum gyrosum by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). For this purpose, mold was cultured for two weeks in a liquid medium. Soluble products were harvested by rotary evaporation of medium and extraction with 1-butanol. Paper chromatography in ethyl acetate:pyridine:water (2:2:1 v/v) was used for preliminary fractionation. Active components were separated by HPLC with a reverse-phase column packed with Bondapack C18/Porasil B (Waters Associates) and were eluted with a linear gradient of methanol:water increasing from 70 to 100% methanol over 90 minutes. Purification was completed by rechromatographing individual fractions. Purity of the active components was verified by HPLC and thin layer chromatography. Activity assays against Bacillus cereus showed these materials to be bacteriostatic rather than bacteriocidal.", "PMID": 714881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6032", "title": "The interaction of mammalian interferons with immobilized cibacron blue F3GA: modulation of binding strength.", "content": "Mouse, hamster, rabbit, horse, and human interferons bind to immobilized Cibacron Blue F3GA under appropriate solvent conditions. Three forms of the immobilized ligand have been investigated: Cibacron Blue F3GA-Sepharose 4B, Blue Dextran-Sepharose 4B and Blue Sepharose CL-6B. The strength of binding of an interferon depends critically on the sorbent: Cibacron Blue F3GA-Sepharose 4B is the weakest in the series and Blue Sepharose CL-6B the strongest. The use of Blue Dextran-Sepharose 4B--a sorbent of intermediate binding properties--allows the complete separation of hamster, mouse and human fibroblast interferons in a single chromatographic step. Indeed, both the resolution, as well as the recovery, of those interferons is complete--regardless of the relative complexity of the chromatographed preparation (containing either crude or purified interferons). Thus, these ligands should prove of considerable use when a facile chromatographic evaluation, both qualitative and quantitative of mammalian interferons is required.", "contents": "The interaction of mammalian interferons with immobilized cibacron blue F3GA: modulation of binding strength. Mouse, hamster, rabbit, horse, and human interferons bind to immobilized Cibacron Blue F3GA under appropriate solvent conditions. Three forms of the immobilized ligand have been investigated: Cibacron Blue F3GA-Sepharose 4B, Blue Dextran-Sepharose 4B and Blue Sepharose CL-6B. The strength of binding of an interferon depends critically on the sorbent: Cibacron Blue F3GA-Sepharose 4B is the weakest in the series and Blue Sepharose CL-6B the strongest. The use of Blue Dextran-Sepharose 4B--a sorbent of intermediate binding properties--allows the complete separation of hamster, mouse and human fibroblast interferons in a single chromatographic step. Indeed, both the resolution, as well as the recovery, of those interferons is complete--regardless of the relative complexity of the chromatographed preparation (containing either crude or purified interferons). Thus, these ligands should prove of considerable use when a facile chromatographic evaluation, both qualitative and quantitative of mammalian interferons is required.", "PMID": 714882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6033", "title": "Velocity sedimentation in isotonic saline and sucrose buffer as a possible method of fractionating normal erythrocytes.", "content": "On velocity sedimentation in isotonic saline and sucrose buffer, normal human erythrocytes could be fractionated into many different populations. The fastest sedimenting cells consisted entirely of normal discocytes, had a tendency to form clusters of eight to ten cells, were less fragile, and seemed to be separable into two distinct groups of different buoyant densities. The slowest sedimenting cells were echinocytes, did not clump, showed extreme fragility, and were of similar density.", "contents": "Velocity sedimentation in isotonic saline and sucrose buffer as a possible method of fractionating normal erythrocytes. On velocity sedimentation in isotonic saline and sucrose buffer, normal human erythrocytes could be fractionated into many different populations. The fastest sedimenting cells consisted entirely of normal discocytes, had a tendency to form clusters of eight to ten cells, were less fragile, and seemed to be separable into two distinct groups of different buoyant densities. The slowest sedimenting cells were echinocytes, did not clump, showed extreme fragility, and were of similar density.", "PMID": 714883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6034", "title": "Isolation and characterization of membrane vesicles from human and boar spermatozoa: methods using nitrogen cavitation and ionophore induced vesiculation.", "content": "A method for isolation of plasma membrane vesicles from human and boar spermatozoa using nitrogen cavitation is described. The purity of the preparations were assessed by electron microscopy, marker enzyme assay and the sedimentation characteristics of fused plasma membrane-acrosomal membrane vesicles in sucrose gradients. PAGE-SDS profiles of plasma membrane polypeptides from boar spermatozoa were significantly different from those of human spermatozoa. Differences in electrophoretic profiles of polypeptides from different regions of the spermatozooon were also observed.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of membrane vesicles from human and boar spermatozoa: methods using nitrogen cavitation and ionophore induced vesiculation. A method for isolation of plasma membrane vesicles from human and boar spermatozoa using nitrogen cavitation is described. The purity of the preparations were assessed by electron microscopy, marker enzyme assay and the sedimentation characteristics of fused plasma membrane-acrosomal membrane vesicles in sucrose gradients. PAGE-SDS profiles of plasma membrane polypeptides from boar spermatozoa were significantly different from those of human spermatozoa. Differences in electrophoretic profiles of polypeptides from different regions of the spermatozooon were also observed.", "PMID": 714884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6035", "title": "Effects of chronic experimental liver dysfunction and L-tryptophan on behaviour in the rat.", "content": "Rats with chronic experimental portocaval anastomosis were hypoactive as indicated by diminished activity in the home cage, during habituation in red light to an observation box and during exposure in white light to an open-field. Food intake and responsiveness to electric shock were also decreased. However, there was an abnormally high frequency of social activity when anastomosed rats were paired together after having been caged singly for 3 weeks. Also, sham-operated rats interacted more with anastomosed rats than they did with other sham-operated animals. Anastomosis also raised brain concentrations of tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. Administration of tryptophan to sham-operated rats increased shock threshold and decreased ambulation in an open-field. Thus, while anastomosed rats are not comatose they do have considerable behavioural abnormalities for which brain tryptophan changes may be in part responsible.", "contents": "Effects of chronic experimental liver dysfunction and L-tryptophan on behaviour in the rat. Rats with chronic experimental portocaval anastomosis were hypoactive as indicated by diminished activity in the home cage, during habituation in red light to an observation box and during exposure in white light to an open-field. Food intake and responsiveness to electric shock were also decreased. However, there was an abnormally high frequency of social activity when anastomosed rats were paired together after having been caged singly for 3 weeks. Also, sham-operated rats interacted more with anastomosed rats than they did with other sham-operated animals. Anastomosis also raised brain concentrations of tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. Administration of tryptophan to sham-operated rats increased shock threshold and decreased ambulation in an open-field. Thus, while anastomosed rats are not comatose they do have considerable behavioural abnormalities for which brain tryptophan changes may be in part responsible.", "PMID": 714968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6036", "title": "An analysis of normeperidine's contribution to the rate-decreasing effects of meperidine.", "content": "The effects of normeperidine (1-17.5 mg/kg) alone and in the presence of naloxone (1 and 10 mg/kg) were studied in pigeons responding under a multiple fixed-ratio 30 response, fixed-interval 5-min schedule of food presentation. Naloxone only potentiated the rate-decreasing effects of normeperidine. The effects of meperidine also were studied after pretreatment with SKF-525A (25 and 50 mg/kg), an inhibitor of drug metabolism. SKF-525A had no effects on responding when administered alone, but it potentiated the rate-decreasing effects of meperidine. It was concluded that meperidine's rate-decreasing effects cannot be due to normeperidine, the metabolite, but rather that both of these drugs have non-narcotic actions which produce decreases in schedule-controlled responding.", "contents": "An analysis of normeperidine's contribution to the rate-decreasing effects of meperidine. The effects of normeperidine (1-17.5 mg/kg) alone and in the presence of naloxone (1 and 10 mg/kg) were studied in pigeons responding under a multiple fixed-ratio 30 response, fixed-interval 5-min schedule of food presentation. Naloxone only potentiated the rate-decreasing effects of normeperidine. The effects of meperidine also were studied after pretreatment with SKF-525A (25 and 50 mg/kg), an inhibitor of drug metabolism. SKF-525A had no effects on responding when administered alone, but it potentiated the rate-decreasing effects of meperidine. It was concluded that meperidine's rate-decreasing effects cannot be due to normeperidine, the metabolite, but rather that both of these drugs have non-narcotic actions which produce decreases in schedule-controlled responding.", "PMID": 714969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6037", "title": "Disapearance and excretion of labeled alpha-MSH in man.", "content": "Despite the considerable evidence for the CNS actions of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) in man, little attention has been given to its half-time disappearance from plasma and urinary excretion in normal individuals. In the first experiment, a healthy man was given 15 muCi of tritiated (3H)-alpha-MSH as a rapid IV injection. A plot of the disappearance time in plasma was characteristic of a multiexponential curve, the linear components of which were resolved by the subtraction method and half-time disappearance calculated directly from the slope of the regression line. The half-time disappearance was 1 min for the first component and 25 min for the second component. After the IV adminisration of 50 muCi of 125I-alpha-MSH in the second experiment, the two components showed halftime disappearances of 1 min and 4.8 min respectively. These times were not changed by precipitation of the plasma with 10% trichloroacetic acid. Thirty-eight percent and 42% of the label appeared in the urine 4 hr after the injection of either 3H-alpha-MSH or 125I-alpha-MSH. The results suggest that the persistence of high levels of alpha-MSH in the blood after injection in man may be too short to fully explain the CNS effects of alpha-MSH.", "contents": "Disapearance and excretion of labeled alpha-MSH in man. Despite the considerable evidence for the CNS actions of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) in man, little attention has been given to its half-time disappearance from plasma and urinary excretion in normal individuals. In the first experiment, a healthy man was given 15 muCi of tritiated (3H)-alpha-MSH as a rapid IV injection. A plot of the disappearance time in plasma was characteristic of a multiexponential curve, the linear components of which were resolved by the subtraction method and half-time disappearance calculated directly from the slope of the regression line. The half-time disappearance was 1 min for the first component and 25 min for the second component. After the IV adminisration of 50 muCi of 125I-alpha-MSH in the second experiment, the two components showed halftime disappearances of 1 min and 4.8 min respectively. These times were not changed by precipitation of the plasma with 10% trichloroacetic acid. Thirty-eight percent and 42% of the label appeared in the urine 4 hr after the injection of either 3H-alpha-MSH or 125I-alpha-MSH. The results suggest that the persistence of high levels of alpha-MSH in the blood after injection in man may be too short to fully explain the CNS effects of alpha-MSH.", "PMID": 714971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6038", "title": "Effects of extended training on rats depleted of central and/or peripheral catecholamines.", "content": "Thirty-two Wistar rats were used to investigate the effects of extended training on avoidance performance of rats depleted of Catecholamines. They were injected with 6-hydroxydopamine either (i) intracisternally, (ii) intraperitoneally, or (iii) both IP and IC, and trained on the two-way shuttlebox avoidance task. The results on peripheral noradrenaline depletion led to the conclusion that extended training ameliorates the observed behavioural deficit significantly back to the level of controls. The conclusion that is indicated by the present central catecholamine depletion are: (i) central catecholamine depletion has long term effect on behavioural deficit, (ii) central depletion is more detrimental to avoidance learning than peripheral depletion, and (iii) plasma corticosterone plays no significant mediating roles.", "contents": "Effects of extended training on rats depleted of central and/or peripheral catecholamines. Thirty-two Wistar rats were used to investigate the effects of extended training on avoidance performance of rats depleted of Catecholamines. They were injected with 6-hydroxydopamine either (i) intracisternally, (ii) intraperitoneally, or (iii) both IP and IC, and trained on the two-way shuttlebox avoidance task. The results on peripheral noradrenaline depletion led to the conclusion that extended training ameliorates the observed behavioural deficit significantly back to the level of controls. The conclusion that is indicated by the present central catecholamine depletion are: (i) central catecholamine depletion has long term effect on behavioural deficit, (ii) central depletion is more detrimental to avoidance learning than peripheral depletion, and (iii) plasma corticosterone plays no significant mediating roles.", "PMID": 714973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6039", "title": "Lack of behavioural effects following intraventricular infusion of somatostatin in the conscious goat.", "content": "The effect of IV or intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of somatostatin was studied on the behaviour of conscious goats. The doses of somatostatin infused IV were 100 and 300 microgram for 30 min and 600 microgram for 6 min. The doses infused ICV were 10 and 100 microgram for 30 min and 600 microgram for 6 min. In contrast to earlier reports on experiments with rats ,no behavioral effects whatsoever were seen in goat. IV infusion of 100 to 600 microgram and ICV infusion of 600 microgram of somatostatin caused a difinite reduction in the secretion of insulin and growth hormone, but had no effect on the concentration of blood glucose. The reason why neither IV nor ICV administration of somatostatin had any behavioural effects in the conscious goat, in contrast to the effects in rat, cannot be explained with certainty. This may be due to species specificity, to the amount of somatostatin reaching the central nervous system, or to some metabolic changes in rat but not in goat.", "contents": "Lack of behavioural effects following intraventricular infusion of somatostatin in the conscious goat. The effect of IV or intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of somatostatin was studied on the behaviour of conscious goats. The doses of somatostatin infused IV were 100 and 300 microgram for 30 min and 600 microgram for 6 min. The doses infused ICV were 10 and 100 microgram for 30 min and 600 microgram for 6 min. In contrast to earlier reports on experiments with rats ,no behavioral effects whatsoever were seen in goat. IV infusion of 100 to 600 microgram and ICV infusion of 600 microgram of somatostatin caused a difinite reduction in the secretion of insulin and growth hormone, but had no effect on the concentration of blood glucose. The reason why neither IV nor ICV administration of somatostatin had any behavioural effects in the conscious goat, in contrast to the effects in rat, cannot be explained with certainty. This may be due to species specificity, to the amount of somatostatin reaching the central nervous system, or to some metabolic changes in rat but not in goat.", "PMID": 714974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6040", "title": "Effects of repeated injections of naltrexone on antagonism of rate decreases by morphine in the pigeon.", "content": "Responding of three pigeons was maintained under a multiple schedule of food presentation in which key-pecks produced access to grain under a fixed-interval schedule in the presence of one stimulus and a fixed-ratio schedule in the presence of another stimulus. Repeated daily injections of 1 mg/kg naltrexone had no systematic effect on overall response rate during either schedule component, and the naltrexone continued to antagonize rate decreases of periodic single injections of 10 mg/kg morphine for seven weeks. Tolerance did not occur to the antagonistic effects of naltrexone on rate decreases generally produced by morphine.", "contents": "Effects of repeated injections of naltrexone on antagonism of rate decreases by morphine in the pigeon. Responding of three pigeons was maintained under a multiple schedule of food presentation in which key-pecks produced access to grain under a fixed-interval schedule in the presence of one stimulus and a fixed-ratio schedule in the presence of another stimulus. Repeated daily injections of 1 mg/kg naltrexone had no systematic effect on overall response rate during either schedule component, and the naltrexone continued to antagonize rate decreases of periodic single injections of 10 mg/kg morphine for seven weeks. Tolerance did not occur to the antagonistic effects of naltrexone on rate decreases generally produced by morphine.", "PMID": 714975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6041", "title": "Effects of catecholamine manipulations on three different self-stimulation behaviors.", "content": "Rats with self-stimulation electrodes in the medial part of lateral hypothalamus (LH) or in the lateral part of LH were trained to bar press, to run in a continuous, square-shaped runway, and to move their tails from side to side while otherwise restrained, all using LH stimulation on an FI 2 sec schedule as the reinforcement. At low doses of pimozide (a dopaminergic blocker) or of FLA-57 (a dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor) different effects on rates of responding were observed on each of the 3 tasks at the 2 electrode placements, indicating that the rate reductions were not the results of specific performance effects of the drugs. The patterns of rate changes suggested that the effects of LH stimulation on behavior in the runway were primarily, but not exclusively mediated by a dopaminergic system; that the effects of LH stimulation on tail movement were primarily, but not exclusively mediated by a noradrenergic system; and that the effect of LH stimulation on bar pressing was mediated by both, or either of these substrates. These results suggest that the reinforcement of behavior by LH stimulation is flexibly mediated by at least 2 different neural systems.", "contents": "Effects of catecholamine manipulations on three different self-stimulation behaviors. Rats with self-stimulation electrodes in the medial part of lateral hypothalamus (LH) or in the lateral part of LH were trained to bar press, to run in a continuous, square-shaped runway, and to move their tails from side to side while otherwise restrained, all using LH stimulation on an FI 2 sec schedule as the reinforcement. At low doses of pimozide (a dopaminergic blocker) or of FLA-57 (a dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor) different effects on rates of responding were observed on each of the 3 tasks at the 2 electrode placements, indicating that the rate reductions were not the results of specific performance effects of the drugs. The patterns of rate changes suggested that the effects of LH stimulation on behavior in the runway were primarily, but not exclusively mediated by a dopaminergic system; that the effects of LH stimulation on tail movement were primarily, but not exclusively mediated by a noradrenergic system; and that the effect of LH stimulation on bar pressing was mediated by both, or either of these substrates. These results suggest that the reinforcement of behavior by LH stimulation is flexibly mediated by at least 2 different neural systems.", "PMID": 714976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6042", "title": "Control of polydipsic drinking by a taste aversion procedure.", "content": "Rats were given daily sessions with free access to food and saccharin flavored water. After fluid consumption had stabilized food was delivered once every minute. Water was always available in the home cage. All rats showed the marked increase in fluid consumption known as schedule-induced polydipsia. The rats were then poisoned with lithium chloride after each of three sessions in an attempt to condition a taste aversion to the saccharin. On recovery from the toxicosis all rats showed first a reduction and then a recovery in saccharin intake. To establish the nature of this effect, the rats were poisoned after saccharin consumption in the home cage. Again there was a marked reduction in polydipsic drinking in the experimental chamber. These results indicate that common incentive mechanisms govern normal and polydipsic drinking and stand in contrast to published results pointing to different drive systems in the brain mediating normal and polydipsic drinking.", "contents": "Control of polydipsic drinking by a taste aversion procedure. Rats were given daily sessions with free access to food and saccharin flavored water. After fluid consumption had stabilized food was delivered once every minute. Water was always available in the home cage. All rats showed the marked increase in fluid consumption known as schedule-induced polydipsia. The rats were then poisoned with lithium chloride after each of three sessions in an attempt to condition a taste aversion to the saccharin. On recovery from the toxicosis all rats showed first a reduction and then a recovery in saccharin intake. To establish the nature of this effect, the rats were poisoned after saccharin consumption in the home cage. Again there was a marked reduction in polydipsic drinking in the experimental chamber. These results indicate that common incentive mechanisms govern normal and polydipsic drinking and stand in contrast to published results pointing to different drive systems in the brain mediating normal and polydipsic drinking.", "PMID": 714977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6043", "title": "Effects of central nervous system accumulation of tellurium on behavior in rats.", "content": "Rats were treated for 112 days with daily injections of 2 mg/kg potassium tellurite in Sorensen's phosphate buffer or with the buffer vehicle only. At sacrifice, the cerebral gray matter of the animals treated with tellurite was grossly darkened. The presence of tellurium in cerebellum was confirmed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Growth of the tellurite-treated animals was significantly impaired when compared with control animals. However, in a T-maze the activity level of the tellurite-treated animals was increased. On a simple delayed response task, the performance of the tellurite-treated animals was more consistent than that of the buffer-treated animals.", "contents": "Effects of central nervous system accumulation of tellurium on behavior in rats. Rats were treated for 112 days with daily injections of 2 mg/kg potassium tellurite in Sorensen's phosphate buffer or with the buffer vehicle only. At sacrifice, the cerebral gray matter of the animals treated with tellurite was grossly darkened. The presence of tellurium in cerebellum was confirmed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Growth of the tellurite-treated animals was significantly impaired when compared with control animals. However, in a T-maze the activity level of the tellurite-treated animals was increased. On a simple delayed response task, the performance of the tellurite-treated animals was more consistent than that of the buffer-treated animals.", "PMID": 714978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6044", "title": "Sex and strain differences in the visual evoked potentials of albino and hooded rats.", "content": "Visually evoked potentials were recorded n male and female rats from albino and hooded strains. Recordings were made at 4 different flash intensities in unanesthetized animals. Clear sex and strain differences were observed. Females had larger amplitude P1-N1 and N1-P2 components and shorter latency N1 peaks than males. Albino rats had larger amplitude P1-N1, N2-Pe and P3-N3 components and longer latency P2 and P3 peaks than hooded rats. Variations in flash intensity produced greater alterations in latencies and N1-P2 amplitudes in hooded rats than in albino rats, but greater alterations in N1, N2 and P3 latencies in albino rats than in hooded rats. Hooded rats are recommended as more valuable for studies of chemically induced change in the visual evoked potential.", "contents": "Sex and strain differences in the visual evoked potentials of albino and hooded rats. Visually evoked potentials were recorded n male and female rats from albino and hooded strains. Recordings were made at 4 different flash intensities in unanesthetized animals. Clear sex and strain differences were observed. Females had larger amplitude P1-N1 and N1-P2 components and shorter latency N1 peaks than males. Albino rats had larger amplitude P1-N1, N2-Pe and P3-N3 components and longer latency P2 and P3 peaks than hooded rats. Variations in flash intensity produced greater alterations in latencies and N1-P2 amplitudes in hooded rats than in albino rats, but greater alterations in N1, N2 and P3 latencies in albino rats than in hooded rats. Hooded rats are recommended as more valuable for studies of chemically induced change in the visual evoked potential.", "PMID": 714979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6045", "title": "A reappraisal of scopolamine effects on inhibition.", "content": "A series of related experiments was conducted to examine the effects of scopolamine on discrimination performance in the presence or absence of a stimulus signalling non-reinforcement. In Experiment 1, rats trained to respond on 1 of two levers in the presence of a 1000-Hz tone and on the other lever in the presence of a 3000-Hz tone were not reinforced when white noise was added to 1 of the tones. Pairing white noise with the other tone during an extinction session demonstrated that the white noise had become a conditioned inhibitory stimulus. In Experiment 2, scopolamine decreased responding and discrimination accuracy on the excitatory (reinforced) trials, and increased responding on the inhibitory (non-reinforced) trials. The magnitude of the drug's effect was similar on excitatory and inhibitory trials. Using combination of visual and auditory discriminative stimuli, Experiment 3 confirmed the results of Experiment 2. These experiments show that scopolamine disrupts animals' ability to discriminate, and that scopolamine-induced increases in non-rewarded responses cannot be attributed solely to a disinhibitory effect of the drug as Carlton (1969) and others have claimed.", "contents": "A reappraisal of scopolamine effects on inhibition. A series of related experiments was conducted to examine the effects of scopolamine on discrimination performance in the presence or absence of a stimulus signalling non-reinforcement. In Experiment 1, rats trained to respond on 1 of two levers in the presence of a 1000-Hz tone and on the other lever in the presence of a 3000-Hz tone were not reinforced when white noise was added to 1 of the tones. Pairing white noise with the other tone during an extinction session demonstrated that the white noise had become a conditioned inhibitory stimulus. In Experiment 2, scopolamine decreased responding and discrimination accuracy on the excitatory (reinforced) trials, and increased responding on the inhibitory (non-reinforced) trials. The magnitude of the drug's effect was similar on excitatory and inhibitory trials. Using combination of visual and auditory discriminative stimuli, Experiment 3 confirmed the results of Experiment 2. These experiments show that scopolamine disrupts animals' ability to discriminate, and that scopolamine-induced increases in non-rewarded responses cannot be attributed solely to a disinhibitory effect of the drug as Carlton (1969) and others have claimed.", "PMID": 714980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6046", "title": "Drug effects under automaintenance and negative automaintenance procedures.", "content": "Three food-deprived pigeons were initially exposed to an automaintenance procedure in which brief periods of response key illumination were followed by food delivery without regard to the subject's behavior. Keypecking occurred at a high rate while the key was illuminated and was reduced in dose-dependent fashion by acute administration of LSD (0.05--0.45 mg/kg), quipazine (1.0--8.0 mg/kg), haloperidol (0.08--0.32 mg/kg), and pentobarbital (4.0--16.0 mg/kg). The animals were then exposed to a negative automaintenance procedure in which food delivery followed key illumination only if the lighted key was not contacted. Keypecking occurred at a low rate under this procedure, with no responses occurring during the majority of key illuminations and was decreased or unaffected by LSD, quipazine, and haloperidol; pentobarbital increased responding at doses of 4.0 mg/kg and 8.0 mg/kg and reduced responding at a dose of 16.0 mg/kg.", "contents": "Drug effects under automaintenance and negative automaintenance procedures. Three food-deprived pigeons were initially exposed to an automaintenance procedure in which brief periods of response key illumination were followed by food delivery without regard to the subject's behavior. Keypecking occurred at a high rate while the key was illuminated and was reduced in dose-dependent fashion by acute administration of LSD (0.05--0.45 mg/kg), quipazine (1.0--8.0 mg/kg), haloperidol (0.08--0.32 mg/kg), and pentobarbital (4.0--16.0 mg/kg). The animals were then exposed to a negative automaintenance procedure in which food delivery followed key illumination only if the lighted key was not contacted. Keypecking occurred at a low rate under this procedure, with no responses occurring during the majority of key illuminations and was decreased or unaffected by LSD, quipazine, and haloperidol; pentobarbital increased responding at doses of 4.0 mg/kg and 8.0 mg/kg and reduced responding at a dose of 16.0 mg/kg.", "PMID": 714981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6047", "title": "Effects of repeated administration of cocaine on schedule-controlled behavior of rats.", "content": "The effects of cocaine (4.0--32 mg/kg) on schedule-controlled behavior of rats were determined before and during a period of repeated administration of cocaine. In rats trained to lever press on a fixed ratio 40 schedule for food delivery, cocaine (8.0--32 mg/kg) initially decreased response rate in a dose-related manner. During the period of repeated administration, the effects of cocaine on response rate and running rate were attenuated in 2 rats and did not change in 2 others. When dose-effect functions of cocaine were redetermined, a shift to the right was observed in several measures indicating the development of tolerance to these effects of cocaine on performance. In rats trained to lever press on a DRL 20\" schedule for food delivery, cocaine (4.0--32 mg/kg) increased response rates, decreased number of reinforcements per session and shifted interresponse time distributions to the left (shorter IRT's in all rats). During the period of repeated administration, the effects of the daily dose of cocaine (16 mg/kg) on all these measures were attenuated. Tolerance to cocaine was further indicated by a shift in the dose effect function of cocaine to the right during the redetermination.", "contents": "Effects of repeated administration of cocaine on schedule-controlled behavior of rats. The effects of cocaine (4.0--32 mg/kg) on schedule-controlled behavior of rats were determined before and during a period of repeated administration of cocaine. In rats trained to lever press on a fixed ratio 40 schedule for food delivery, cocaine (8.0--32 mg/kg) initially decreased response rate in a dose-related manner. During the period of repeated administration, the effects of cocaine on response rate and running rate were attenuated in 2 rats and did not change in 2 others. When dose-effect functions of cocaine were redetermined, a shift to the right was observed in several measures indicating the development of tolerance to these effects of cocaine on performance. In rats trained to lever press on a DRL 20\" schedule for food delivery, cocaine (4.0--32 mg/kg) increased response rates, decreased number of reinforcements per session and shifted interresponse time distributions to the left (shorter IRT's in all rats). During the period of repeated administration, the effects of the daily dose of cocaine (16 mg/kg) on all these measures were attenuated. Tolerance to cocaine was further indicated by a shift in the dose effect function of cocaine to the right during the redetermination.", "PMID": 714982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6048", "title": "Chronic effects of methadone on a line tilt generalization gradient in the pigeon.", "content": "Using an adjusting interval schedule, pigeons were trained to key peck at a relatively constant rate during 45 degrees line tilt presentations and at an extremely low rate in the presence of 0 degrees and 90 degrees line angles. Subsequently, the birds received intramuscular injections of methadone hydrochloride every 8 hr in doses beginning at 3 mg/kg/day and increasing progressively to 90 mg/kg/day. Stimulus generalization tests were run on the first day and on the last day a given dose was administered to assess the development of tolerance. Although chronic methadone treatment was associated with an overall decrement in key peck rate, the gradients of line tilt generalization were indistinguishable from saline control gradients at doses as high as 90 mg/kg/day. Though the birds exhibited gross behavioral incoordination, visual stimulus control appeared unaffected.", "contents": "Chronic effects of methadone on a line tilt generalization gradient in the pigeon. Using an adjusting interval schedule, pigeons were trained to key peck at a relatively constant rate during 45 degrees line tilt presentations and at an extremely low rate in the presence of 0 degrees and 90 degrees line angles. Subsequently, the birds received intramuscular injections of methadone hydrochloride every 8 hr in doses beginning at 3 mg/kg/day and increasing progressively to 90 mg/kg/day. Stimulus generalization tests were run on the first day and on the last day a given dose was administered to assess the development of tolerance. Although chronic methadone treatment was associated with an overall decrement in key peck rate, the gradients of line tilt generalization were indistinguishable from saline control gradients at doses as high as 90 mg/kg/day. Though the birds exhibited gross behavioral incoordination, visual stimulus control appeared unaffected.", "PMID": 714983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6049", "title": "Endogenous norepinephrine and serotonin within the hippocampal formation during the development and recovery from septal hyperreactivity.", "content": "Fluorometric analysis of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) content of the hippocampal formation revealed that biogenic amines are distributed heterogeneously in the dorsoventral axis, and that NE also exhibits a heterogeneous distribution in the medial-lateral direction while 5-HT does not. Dissection of the hippocampus into its dorsal and ventral halves shows that both NE and 5-HT exhibit higher concentrations in the ventral hippocampus in comparison to its dorsal counterpart. A dissection which separated the cell fields CA 1 and 2 from CA 3 and 4 and the dentate gyrus showed NE to be the highest in the latter region, while 5-HT was uniformly distributed between the two regions. Taken together, these data indicate that NE is more highly concentrated in the CA 3 and 4 and dentate area of the ventral hippocampus while 5-HT concentration differences are apparent only in a dorsal-ventral dissection. Concentrations of NE and 5-HT in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus were also determined at 1, 3, 6, 11, 16, 24, and 30 days following a lesion to the septal nuclei. The results demonstrate that biogenic amine levels in the dorsal hippocampus achieve maximal depletion earlier than do their ventral counterparts, and that percent depletion is greater for 5-HT than NE in both dorsal and ventral areas. On the first day following septal lesions, 5-HT is increased above normal levels. Sixteen days after septal lesion, 5-HT is substantially depleted below normal levels. In addition, by 30 days, 5-HT shows significant return toward normal levels from its earlier depleted state. Behavioral changes related to sensory reactivity correlate with the relative decreases of NE and 5-HT following septal lesions.", "contents": "Endogenous norepinephrine and serotonin within the hippocampal formation during the development and recovery from septal hyperreactivity. Fluorometric analysis of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) content of the hippocampal formation revealed that biogenic amines are distributed heterogeneously in the dorsoventral axis, and that NE also exhibits a heterogeneous distribution in the medial-lateral direction while 5-HT does not. Dissection of the hippocampus into its dorsal and ventral halves shows that both NE and 5-HT exhibit higher concentrations in the ventral hippocampus in comparison to its dorsal counterpart. A dissection which separated the cell fields CA 1 and 2 from CA 3 and 4 and the dentate gyrus showed NE to be the highest in the latter region, while 5-HT was uniformly distributed between the two regions. Taken together, these data indicate that NE is more highly concentrated in the CA 3 and 4 and dentate area of the ventral hippocampus while 5-HT concentration differences are apparent only in a dorsal-ventral dissection. Concentrations of NE and 5-HT in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus were also determined at 1, 3, 6, 11, 16, 24, and 30 days following a lesion to the septal nuclei. The results demonstrate that biogenic amine levels in the dorsal hippocampus achieve maximal depletion earlier than do their ventral counterparts, and that percent depletion is greater for 5-HT than NE in both dorsal and ventral areas. On the first day following septal lesions, 5-HT is increased above normal levels. Sixteen days after septal lesion, 5-HT is substantially depleted below normal levels. In addition, by 30 days, 5-HT shows significant return toward normal levels from its earlier depleted state. Behavioral changes related to sensory reactivity correlate with the relative decreases of NE and 5-HT following septal lesions.", "PMID": 714984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6050", "title": "Noradrenergic role in the self-administration of ethanol.", "content": "Involvement of noradrenergic and/or dopaminergic processes of the brain in self-administration behavior toward ethanol was assessed in rats allowed to lever-press for 25 mg/kg intragastric doses on a CRF schedule. Initial access to infusions of saline for establishing an operant baseline was followed by one 10-hr session on acquisition contingencies for ethanol and then one extinction session on saline. Prior to a reacquisition session, rats were treated with either (a) saline, (b) alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMT; 225 mg/kg), (c) 1-phenyl-3-(2-thiazolyl)-2-thiourea (U-14,624; 600 mg/kg or 300 mg/kg), or (d) haloperidol (3.5 mg/kg). Only the saline-pretreated control group and the haloperidol-treated rats reacquired lever-press behavior. Groups treated in like fashion, but pressing for a sweet milk reinforcer, all showed reacquisition. Thus, the effects of AMT and U-14,624 are attributed to an inteference with the reinforcing effect of ethanol infusions. Brain levels of norepinephrine were depleted by both compounds, dopamine was depleted only by AMT, and serotonin was elevated by 600 mg/kg of U-14,624 but unaffected by 300 mg/kg. These results suggest that a cerebral noradrenergic system plays an important role in the reinforcing effect of ethanol without an involvement of dopaminergic systems.", "contents": "Noradrenergic role in the self-administration of ethanol. Involvement of noradrenergic and/or dopaminergic processes of the brain in self-administration behavior toward ethanol was assessed in rats allowed to lever-press for 25 mg/kg intragastric doses on a CRF schedule. Initial access to infusions of saline for establishing an operant baseline was followed by one 10-hr session on acquisition contingencies for ethanol and then one extinction session on saline. Prior to a reacquisition session, rats were treated with either (a) saline, (b) alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMT; 225 mg/kg), (c) 1-phenyl-3-(2-thiazolyl)-2-thiourea (U-14,624; 600 mg/kg or 300 mg/kg), or (d) haloperidol (3.5 mg/kg). Only the saline-pretreated control group and the haloperidol-treated rats reacquired lever-press behavior. Groups treated in like fashion, but pressing for a sweet milk reinforcer, all showed reacquisition. Thus, the effects of AMT and U-14,624 are attributed to an inteference with the reinforcing effect of ethanol infusions. Brain levels of norepinephrine were depleted by both compounds, dopamine was depleted only by AMT, and serotonin was elevated by 600 mg/kg of U-14,624 but unaffected by 300 mg/kg. These results suggest that a cerebral noradrenergic system plays an important role in the reinforcing effect of ethanol without an involvement of dopaminergic systems.", "PMID": 714985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6051", "title": "Voluntary drinking of ethanol by the rat: biogenic amines and possible underlying mechanism.", "content": "The present study evaluates the possible relationship between certain biogenic amine metabolites-produced changes in voluntary drinking of ethyl alcohol (ET) solution by the rat and their in vivo effects on the enzymes primarily involved in the hepatic metabolism of ET, i.e., liver alcohol-(L-ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (L-ALDH). In experiments on voluntary intake of ET solution by the rat, compounds selected were injected, 0.5 mM/kg, IP. Administration of vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) markedly reduced ET drinking. Similar significant effects were seen after administration of the neutral metabolites of the biogenic amines tested, after injection of metanephrine or 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid. Threodihydroxyphenylserine but not L-dopa reduced ET intake by the rat. Treatment with peripheral decarboxylase inhibitors, i.e., carbidopa, 50 mg/kg, IP, significantly reduced ET drinking as contrasted with nonsignificant decline in ET consumption following benserazide, 500 mg/kg, IP. In the biochemical study, short-term administration of the compounds selected produced varied effects on L-ADH and L-ADH. It is suggested that alteration of hepatic ADH by the compounds tested might account for the observation reduced ET drinking thereby, indicating the contribution of peripheral sources rather than central factors in mediating the behavioral effects studied.", "contents": "Voluntary drinking of ethanol by the rat: biogenic amines and possible underlying mechanism. The present study evaluates the possible relationship between certain biogenic amine metabolites-produced changes in voluntary drinking of ethyl alcohol (ET) solution by the rat and their in vivo effects on the enzymes primarily involved in the hepatic metabolism of ET, i.e., liver alcohol-(L-ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (L-ALDH). In experiments on voluntary intake of ET solution by the rat, compounds selected were injected, 0.5 mM/kg, IP. Administration of vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) markedly reduced ET drinking. Similar significant effects were seen after administration of the neutral metabolites of the biogenic amines tested, after injection of metanephrine or 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid. Threodihydroxyphenylserine but not L-dopa reduced ET intake by the rat. Treatment with peripheral decarboxylase inhibitors, i.e., carbidopa, 50 mg/kg, IP, significantly reduced ET drinking as contrasted with nonsignificant decline in ET consumption following benserazide, 500 mg/kg, IP. In the biochemical study, short-term administration of the compounds selected produced varied effects on L-ADH and L-ADH. It is suggested that alteration of hepatic ADH by the compounds tested might account for the observation reduced ET drinking thereby, indicating the contribution of peripheral sources rather than central factors in mediating the behavioral effects studied.", "PMID": 714986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6052", "title": "Beta-endorphin is behaviorally active in rats after chronic intravenous administration.", "content": "Male Sprague-Dawley rats received 14 daily intravenous injections of saline or human beta-endorphin (2.5 mg/kg). Animals were given one-way active avoidance training on the eleventh day, and analgesia testing on the twelfth (tail-flick) and thirteenth (hot-plate) days. Beta-endorphin had no effect on the number of trials needed to reach the avoidance criterion, but significantly lengthened response latencies. Beta-endorphin had no analgesic effect in either test procedure.", "contents": "Beta-endorphin is behaviorally active in rats after chronic intravenous administration. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received 14 daily intravenous injections of saline or human beta-endorphin (2.5 mg/kg). Animals were given one-way active avoidance training on the eleventh day, and analgesia testing on the twelfth (tail-flick) and thirteenth (hot-plate) days. Beta-endorphin had no effect on the number of trials needed to reach the avoidance criterion, but significantly lengthened response latencies. Beta-endorphin had no analgesic effect in either test procedure.", "PMID": 714987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6053", "title": "Schedule induced self injections of nicotine with recovered body weight.", "content": "In a recent series of experiments we have shown that high rates of self injection of nicotine were acquired when rats are at 80% body weight on an FT-1 min food delivery schedule. This rate was significantly higher than that of rats at reduced or normal body weight without food delivery schedules or that of rats injecting saline under three parallel control conditions. In the present experiment naive rats were trained to acquire nicotine self injection at 80% body weight with an FT-1 min food delivery schedule. These rats maintained their self injection rates after they were allowed to regain free feeding body weight. The data indicate that once nicotine intake behavior is established it can be maintained with changing nutritional factors.", "contents": "Schedule induced self injections of nicotine with recovered body weight. In a recent series of experiments we have shown that high rates of self injection of nicotine were acquired when rats are at 80% body weight on an FT-1 min food delivery schedule. This rate was significantly higher than that of rats at reduced or normal body weight without food delivery schedules or that of rats injecting saline under three parallel control conditions. In the present experiment naive rats were trained to acquire nicotine self injection at 80% body weight with an FT-1 min food delivery schedule. These rats maintained their self injection rates after they were allowed to regain free feeding body weight. The data indicate that once nicotine intake behavior is established it can be maintained with changing nutritional factors.", "PMID": 714988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6054", "title": "Suppression of fixed-interval responding by flavour-amphetamine pairings in rats.", "content": "Amphetamine is a potent and very effective drug for conditioning taste aversions, but much less is known about the possible effects of flavour-amphetamine pairings on aspects of behaviour other than eating and drinking. Rats were trained to press bars for water reinforcers delivered on a fixed-interval one-min schedule. Flavoured reinforcers were then substituted for the water and post-session injections of amphetamine (1 mg/kg) were given. Even a single flavour-amphetamine pairing produced some disruption of responding for that flavour, whereas 3 pairings almost completely suppressed responding (both bar-pressing and drinking). In the same rats, flavours paired with saline injections did not suppress responding. Amphetamine (1mg/kg) injected before sessions of responding for plain water disrupted the temporal pattern of fixed interval responding without affecting the total numbers of bar-presses or the amounts of liquid consumed. Omitting primary reinforcement (water) throughout a single session also failed to suppress responding. The conditioned effects of the flavour were therefore different from the effects of either the unconditioned stimulus (amphetamine) or of an extinction procedure.", "contents": "Suppression of fixed-interval responding by flavour-amphetamine pairings in rats. Amphetamine is a potent and very effective drug for conditioning taste aversions, but much less is known about the possible effects of flavour-amphetamine pairings on aspects of behaviour other than eating and drinking. Rats were trained to press bars for water reinforcers delivered on a fixed-interval one-min schedule. Flavoured reinforcers were then substituted for the water and post-session injections of amphetamine (1 mg/kg) were given. Even a single flavour-amphetamine pairing produced some disruption of responding for that flavour, whereas 3 pairings almost completely suppressed responding (both bar-pressing and drinking). In the same rats, flavours paired with saline injections did not suppress responding. Amphetamine (1mg/kg) injected before sessions of responding for plain water disrupted the temporal pattern of fixed interval responding without affecting the total numbers of bar-presses or the amounts of liquid consumed. Omitting primary reinforcement (water) throughout a single session also failed to suppress responding. The conditioned effects of the flavour were therefore different from the effects of either the unconditioned stimulus (amphetamine) or of an extinction procedure.", "PMID": 714989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6055", "title": "A Mossbauer determination of the iron core particle size distribution in ferritin.", "content": "The important biological iron bearing molecule ferritin has been studied using the 57Fe Mossbauer resonance. Natural and reconstituted ferritin samples have been studied in the temperature range 4--300 K. At low temperatures six-line magnetic hyperfine spectra are observed but with noticeably asymmetric line shapes, at high temperatures doublets are observed and in an intermediate temperature range (30--40 K) complex spectra characteristic of superparamagnetic behaviour are observed. From a theoretical study of the dependence of the hyperfine splitting parameters on particle size and from the experimental probability distributions obtained for these parameters from the Mossbauer spectra, it has been possible to derive the ferritin micelle particle size distributions for four different samples. It is found that the natural and reconstituted samples have roughly similar distributions except for the sample reconstituted from apoferritin in the presence of a phosphate environment. This sample is shown to have a slightly narrower particle size distribution centred on a smaller mean diameter. The information derived from these Mossbauer measurements are finally shown to be consistent with conclusions reached from separate biochemical experiments.", "contents": "A Mossbauer determination of the iron core particle size distribution in ferritin. The important biological iron bearing molecule ferritin has been studied using the 57Fe Mossbauer resonance. Natural and reconstituted ferritin samples have been studied in the temperature range 4--300 K. At low temperatures six-line magnetic hyperfine spectra are observed but with noticeably asymmetric line shapes, at high temperatures doublets are observed and in an intermediate temperature range (30--40 K) complex spectra characteristic of superparamagnetic behaviour are observed. From a theoretical study of the dependence of the hyperfine splitting parameters on particle size and from the experimental probability distributions obtained for these parameters from the Mossbauer spectra, it has been possible to derive the ferritin micelle particle size distributions for four different samples. It is found that the natural and reconstituted samples have roughly similar distributions except for the sample reconstituted from apoferritin in the presence of a phosphate environment. This sample is shown to have a slightly narrower particle size distribution centred on a smaller mean diameter. The information derived from these Mossbauer measurements are finally shown to be consistent with conclusions reached from separate biochemical experiments.", "PMID": 715001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6056", "title": "Electron dose reduction coefficients for seven radionuclides and cylindrical geometry.", "content": "In determining internal radiation absorbed dose it is frequently not possible to assume a uniform distribution of radionuclide in an infinite, homogeneous, absorbing material. When the source-target geometry is such that the target is source-free, special considerations must be given to the dose contributions from electrons, since the conventional assumption of 100% absorption of non-penetrating radiations leads to overestimation of the absorbed dose. The absorbed dose from electrons determined at a point within the source-free region depends upon the depth within it. Electron dose reduction coefficients determined at appropriate distances from the source surface are multiplied by the electron doses determined from the general absorbed dose equation. This method of correcting for source-free regions has been applied to cylindrical and planar geometry, for spinal cord and nerve root dosimetry in cisternography. Utilising published scaled point kernels for mono-energetic electrons, electron dose reduction coefficients have been determined as a function of depth from the source surface for cylindrical source-free regions of radii 0.5, 0.05 cm and infinity, and seven gamma-ray-emitting radionuclides: 51Cr, 67Ga, 99Tcm, 111In, 113Inm, 169Yb and 203Pb. These values may be used in other internal radiation absorbed dose situations, and similar techniques applied to other source-target geometries.", "contents": "Electron dose reduction coefficients for seven radionuclides and cylindrical geometry. In determining internal radiation absorbed dose it is frequently not possible to assume a uniform distribution of radionuclide in an infinite, homogeneous, absorbing material. When the source-target geometry is such that the target is source-free, special considerations must be given to the dose contributions from electrons, since the conventional assumption of 100% absorption of non-penetrating radiations leads to overestimation of the absorbed dose. The absorbed dose from electrons determined at a point within the source-free region depends upon the depth within it. Electron dose reduction coefficients determined at appropriate distances from the source surface are multiplied by the electron doses determined from the general absorbed dose equation. This method of correcting for source-free regions has been applied to cylindrical and planar geometry, for spinal cord and nerve root dosimetry in cisternography. Utilising published scaled point kernels for mono-energetic electrons, electron dose reduction coefficients have been determined as a function of depth from the source surface for cylindrical source-free regions of radii 0.5, 0.05 cm and infinity, and seven gamma-ray-emitting radionuclides: 51Cr, 67Ga, 99Tcm, 111In, 113Inm, 169Yb and 203Pb. These values may be used in other internal radiation absorbed dose situations, and similar techniques applied to other source-target geometries.", "PMID": 715002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6057", "title": "Performance of a gas target neutron source for radiotherapy.", "content": "The performance of a compact and efficient neutron generator, using the 3H(d, n) reaction and a gas target, is reported. The target is formed in a windowless, differentially pumped vessel pressurised to 7.5 Torr. An extended source of 15 MeV neutrons is produced when the target is bombarded by a 10 mA beam of 210 keV deuterons. Measurements are reported of the neutron energy spectra, neutron and gamma-ray dose rates, target lifetime and tritium handling. The neutron flux distribution of the extended target was measured and compared with the predictions of a simple beam-gas interaction model. The measured neutron source strength is 1.7 +/- 0.4 X 10(12) neutrons per second. The source output is limited by target beam current, not target power considerations.", "contents": "Performance of a gas target neutron source for radiotherapy. The performance of a compact and efficient neutron generator, using the 3H(d, n) reaction and a gas target, is reported. The target is formed in a windowless, differentially pumped vessel pressurised to 7.5 Torr. An extended source of 15 MeV neutrons is produced when the target is bombarded by a 10 mA beam of 210 keV deuterons. Measurements are reported of the neutron energy spectra, neutron and gamma-ray dose rates, target lifetime and tritium handling. The neutron flux distribution of the extended target was measured and compared with the predictions of a simple beam-gas interaction model. The measured neutron source strength is 1.7 +/- 0.4 X 10(12) neutrons per second. The source output is limited by target beam current, not target power considerations.", "PMID": 715003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6058", "title": "Fast neutron sensitivities of Geiger-Mueller counter gamma dosemeters.", "content": "The sensitivities to 4.2 and 5.5 MeV neutrons of different types of energy-compensated Geiger-Mueller counters used in mixed field dosimetry were measured using a field produced by the 2H(d, n)3He reaction with an isotropic gamma-dose component. Further results are presented on sensitivities to 14.7 MeV neutrons.", "contents": "Fast neutron sensitivities of Geiger-Mueller counter gamma dosemeters. The sensitivities to 4.2 and 5.5 MeV neutrons of different types of energy-compensated Geiger-Mueller counters used in mixed field dosimetry were measured using a field produced by the 2H(d, n)3He reaction with an isotropic gamma-dose component. Further results are presented on sensitivities to 14.7 MeV neutrons.", "PMID": 715004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6059", "title": "A detailed re-evaluation of Clambda and Ce with application to ferrous sulphate G-values.", "content": "The theoretical basis of Clambda and Ce is re-examined and consistent expressions derived involving the quantity Fwa which is a combination of a stopping-power ratio and an energy-absorption coefficient ratio, thereby taking into account the extent to which the ionisation chamber acts as an 'electron detector' and as a 'photon detector' for a particular radiation quality. An extension of the Spencer-Attix cavity ionisation theory to include energy dissipation due to photon interactions with the cavity wall and gas given in a recent paper by Nahum has been used to calculate values for Fwa appropriate to the Baldwin-Farmer ionisation chamber assuming an air-equivalent inner wall, and new values of Clambda and Ce are presented for this and similarly constructed instruments. Clambda also depends on whether the radiation is produced by a linac or a betatron of a given maximum photon energy. The new set of Clambda and Ce has been used to recalculate the experimental ferrous sulphate G-values of Law and Naylor with the result that the difference between G for high energy photons and electrons disappears.", "contents": "A detailed re-evaluation of Clambda and Ce with application to ferrous sulphate G-values. The theoretical basis of Clambda and Ce is re-examined and consistent expressions derived involving the quantity Fwa which is a combination of a stopping-power ratio and an energy-absorption coefficient ratio, thereby taking into account the extent to which the ionisation chamber acts as an 'electron detector' and as a 'photon detector' for a particular radiation quality. An extension of the Spencer-Attix cavity ionisation theory to include energy dissipation due to photon interactions with the cavity wall and gas given in a recent paper by Nahum has been used to calculate values for Fwa appropriate to the Baldwin-Farmer ionisation chamber assuming an air-equivalent inner wall, and new values of Clambda and Ce are presented for this and similarly constructed instruments. Clambda also depends on whether the radiation is produced by a linac or a betatron of a given maximum photon energy. The new set of Clambda and Ce has been used to recalculate the experimental ferrous sulphate G-values of Law and Naylor with the result that the difference between G for high energy photons and electrons disappears.", "PMID": 715005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6060", "title": "High LET constraints on low LET survival.", "content": "Survival curves for biological cells irradiated with gamma rays (and other low LET radiations) cannot be properly interpreted without examining the implications of these interpretations for high LET radiations. The theory of RBE demands that the RBE of any high LET radiation field is at most one when the probability for cell killing as a function of the absorbed dose of gamma rays is linear or sublinear, for homogeneous samples whose radiosensitivity parameters are not altered during the irradiation. A contrary experimental finding strongly suggests that the experimental sample is heterogeneous. Violation of this constraint is not unusual where the survival curve found with low LET radiations has a well defined initial negative slope.", "contents": "High LET constraints on low LET survival. Survival curves for biological cells irradiated with gamma rays (and other low LET radiations) cannot be properly interpreted without examining the implications of these interpretations for high LET radiations. The theory of RBE demands that the RBE of any high LET radiation field is at most one when the probability for cell killing as a function of the absorbed dose of gamma rays is linear or sublinear, for homogeneous samples whose radiosensitivity parameters are not altered during the irradiation. A contrary experimental finding strongly suggests that the experimental sample is heterogeneous. Violation of this constraint is not unusual where the survival curve found with low LET radiations has a well defined initial negative slope.", "PMID": 715006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6061", "title": "Transport phenomena in laminar flow of blood.", "content": "Recently it has been shown experimentally that transport of heat and gas (specifically oxygen and helium) are augmented in the laminar flow of aqueous suspensions of polystyrene spheres 50 and 150 micrometer in diameter. In this report, data on heat and gas transport are correlated. Application of this correlation to flowing blood leads to the following conclucions. There is no significant augmentation of oxygen and heat transport in flowing blood even at shear rates much higher than physiological shear rates; an observation which is in accord with the experimental results. The augmentation of the diffusion coefficient of plasma proteins in flowing blood, though not very high, appears to be measurable. Of the total measured augmentation of about 6000--30 000% in platelet diffusivity in flowing blood, quoted from the literature, about 500% is attributable from this correlation to fluid mechanical forces, and the balance is hypothetically attributed to other forces (electrical or biochemical) present in blood.", "contents": "Transport phenomena in laminar flow of blood. Recently it has been shown experimentally that transport of heat and gas (specifically oxygen and helium) are augmented in the laminar flow of aqueous suspensions of polystyrene spheres 50 and 150 micrometer in diameter. In this report, data on heat and gas transport are correlated. Application of this correlation to flowing blood leads to the following conclucions. There is no significant augmentation of oxygen and heat transport in flowing blood even at shear rates much higher than physiological shear rates; an observation which is in accord with the experimental results. The augmentation of the diffusion coefficient of plasma proteins in flowing blood, though not very high, appears to be measurable. Of the total measured augmentation of about 6000--30 000% in platelet diffusivity in flowing blood, quoted from the literature, about 500% is attributable from this correlation to fluid mechanical forces, and the balance is hypothetically attributed to other forces (electrical or biochemical) present in blood.", "PMID": 715007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6062", "title": "Thermal design of a heat exchanger for heating or cooling blood.", "content": "Experimental data, and their correlation with predictions from theory, are presented for the thermal design of a countercurrent heat exchanger for heating or cooling blood. The thermal design considers the influence on the Nusselt number of blood and the heat exchanger effectiveness of variables such as the blood flow rate, tube diameter and length, and the thermal properties of blood. The data presented are compared with data from the literature and with predictions from theory. Insofar as the design of a blood heat exchanger is concerned, flowing blood can be considered a single-phase fluid. Results of the thermal design analysis are applicable to attempts to produce and control blood hyperthermia for applications such as the perfusion of tumours of the extremities, and to efforts to induce hypothermia during open-heart surgery.", "contents": "Thermal design of a heat exchanger for heating or cooling blood. Experimental data, and their correlation with predictions from theory, are presented for the thermal design of a countercurrent heat exchanger for heating or cooling blood. The thermal design considers the influence on the Nusselt number of blood and the heat exchanger effectiveness of variables such as the blood flow rate, tube diameter and length, and the thermal properties of blood. The data presented are compared with data from the literature and with predictions from theory. Insofar as the design of a blood heat exchanger is concerned, flowing blood can be considered a single-phase fluid. Results of the thermal design analysis are applicable to attempts to produce and control blood hyperthermia for applications such as the perfusion of tumours of the extremities, and to efforts to induce hypothermia during open-heart surgery.", "PMID": 715008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6063", "title": "The anterior chest approach for obtaining free osteocutaneous rib grafts.", "content": "Fresh cadaver dissections indicated that the anterior chest approach for obtaining a free osteocutaneous rib graft, based on the anterior intercostal vessels, would be feasible. Following this, a mandibular defect in radiated tissue was successfully repaired in one stage by a free osteocutaneous graft with microvascular anastomoses. A 22-cm segment of rib, with overlying muscle and skin measuring 10 X 30 cm, was transferred. Follow-up, with selective arteriography at 6 months, confirmed the belief that the periosteal blood supply alone could support the rib segment. The anterior chest approach, to obtain a free osteocutaneous rib graft, is easier, faster, and safer than the posterior approach.", "contents": "The anterior chest approach for obtaining free osteocutaneous rib grafts. Fresh cadaver dissections indicated that the anterior chest approach for obtaining a free osteocutaneous rib graft, based on the anterior intercostal vessels, would be feasible. Following this, a mandibular defect in radiated tissue was successfully repaired in one stage by a free osteocutaneous graft with microvascular anastomoses. A 22-cm segment of rib, with overlying muscle and skin measuring 10 X 30 cm, was transferred. Follow-up, with selective arteriography at 6 months, confirmed the belief that the periosteal blood supply alone could support the rib segment. The anterior chest approach, to obtain a free osteocutaneous rib graft, is easier, faster, and safer than the posterior approach.", "PMID": 715018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6064", "title": "Submental rhytidectomy.", "content": "A technique of submental rhytidectomy is described in which support for the advanced flap of upper neck skin is obtained from the firm tissues near the periosteum along the inner curvature of the anterior part of the mandible.", "contents": "Submental rhytidectomy. A technique of submental rhytidectomy is described in which support for the advanced flap of upper neck skin is obtained from the firm tissues near the periosteum along the inner curvature of the anterior part of the mandible.", "PMID": 715019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6065", "title": "Subcutaneous mastectomy in small, large, or ptotic breasts with immediate submuscular placement of implants.", "content": "We present a series of 70 patients who have had bilateral subcutaneous mastectomies with immediate placement of implants under the intact pectoralis major and upper part of the serratus anterior. Twenty-two of these patients have had a simultaneous mastopexy, with a free nipple graft. All 70 patients have both of their implants now (up to 3 years) and have a satisfactory appearance.", "contents": "Subcutaneous mastectomy in small, large, or ptotic breasts with immediate submuscular placement of implants. We present a series of 70 patients who have had bilateral subcutaneous mastectomies with immediate placement of implants under the intact pectoralis major and upper part of the serratus anterior. Twenty-two of these patients have had a simultaneous mastopexy, with a free nipple graft. All 70 patients have both of their implants now (up to 3 years) and have a satisfactory appearance.", "PMID": 715020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6066", "title": "Subcutaneous mastectomy: a plea for conservatism.", "content": "The course after subcutaneous mastectomy is not without problems and the esthetic results, even in the absence of complications, are frequently disappointing. The role of subcutaneous mastectomy in the management of breast pathology remains uncertain at this time.", "contents": "Subcutaneous mastectomy: a plea for conservatism. The course after subcutaneous mastectomy is not without problems and the esthetic results, even in the absence of complications, are frequently disappointing. The role of subcutaneous mastectomy in the management of breast pathology remains uncertain at this time.", "PMID": 715021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6067", "title": "A new technique for end-to-end anastomosis of small vessels of different diameters.", "content": "We have developed a new technique to simplify end-to-end anastomosis of small arteries of very different sizes. Our technique can be used without regard to the thickness or the hardness of the wall of the larger vessel.", "contents": "A new technique for end-to-end anastomosis of small vessels of different diameters. We have developed a new technique to simplify end-to-end anastomosis of small arteries of very different sizes. Our technique can be used without regard to the thickness or the hardness of the wall of the larger vessel.", "PMID": 715022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6068", "title": "Square scalp grafts, combined with strip grafts, for the treatment of male pattern baldness.", "content": "In the treatment of male pattern baldness, the use of square scalp grafts permits one to obtain the same number of larger grafts from a much smaller donor area--with immediate primary closure leaving only one linear scar. Suitable instruments for marking and cutting the square scalp grafts have been a problem, but a new square marker and a square knife (with disposable blades, in either the 5 mm or 3.5 mm size) have been designed and are available.", "contents": "Square scalp grafts, combined with strip grafts, for the treatment of male pattern baldness. In the treatment of male pattern baldness, the use of square scalp grafts permits one to obtain the same number of larger grafts from a much smaller donor area--with immediate primary closure leaving only one linear scar. Suitable instruments for marking and cutting the square scalp grafts have been a problem, but a new square marker and a square knife (with disposable blades, in either the 5 mm or 3.5 mm size) have been designed and are available.", "PMID": 715023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6069", "title": "Cystourethrography as an aid in the evaluation of hypospadias and its complications.", "content": "We report the use of micturating cystourethrography to demonstrate complications of the urethra in hypospadias. We recommend MCU to evaluate hypospadias, both before and after the surgical repair.", "contents": "Cystourethrography as an aid in the evaluation of hypospadias and its complications. We report the use of micturating cystourethrography to demonstrate complications of the urethra in hypospadias. We recommend MCU to evaluate hypospadias, both before and after the surgical repair.", "PMID": 715024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6070", "title": "Facial nerve injury secondary to lateral displacement of the mandibular ramus.", "content": "We describe two cases of facial nerve injury after lateral external dislocation of the mandibular ramus, an event not found in the reviewed literature. We discuss the possible pathogenesis and outline the therapy.", "contents": "Facial nerve injury secondary to lateral displacement of the mandibular ramus. We describe two cases of facial nerve injury after lateral external dislocation of the mandibular ramus, an event not found in the reviewed literature. We discuss the possible pathogenesis and outline the therapy.", "PMID": 715025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6071", "title": "Effects of local instillation of triamcinolone on the capsules around silicone bag-gel prostheses in animals.", "content": "\"Soft\" silicone bag-gel miniprostheses were implanted in 103 rats. The experimental animals had periprosthetic instillations of zero, 0.2, or 2 mg of triamcinolone acetonide at implantation. The compressibility, the architecture, and the chemical composition of the surrounding tissues were observed at 10 and at 120 days. The compressibility was also measured by mechanical means at 10 day intervals. At 120 days all capsules were similar. All the capsules gradually became firmer with time after the implantation. After 60 days, the steroid-treated capsules were very slightly more compressible (softer) than the controls. This slight difference in compressibility could not be correlated with the other changes in the capsule properties we examined. It is suggested that the structure of these capsules may be similar to that of immature scar, and that it is kept in this condition by the continued stimulus of the foreign implant.", "contents": "Effects of local instillation of triamcinolone on the capsules around silicone bag-gel prostheses in animals. \"Soft\" silicone bag-gel miniprostheses were implanted in 103 rats. The experimental animals had periprosthetic instillations of zero, 0.2, or 2 mg of triamcinolone acetonide at implantation. The compressibility, the architecture, and the chemical composition of the surrounding tissues were observed at 10 and at 120 days. The compressibility was also measured by mechanical means at 10 day intervals. At 120 days all capsules were similar. All the capsules gradually became firmer with time after the implantation. After 60 days, the steroid-treated capsules were very slightly more compressible (softer) than the controls. This slight difference in compressibility could not be correlated with the other changes in the capsule properties we examined. It is suggested that the structure of these capsules may be similar to that of immature scar, and that it is kept in this condition by the continued stimulus of the foreign implant.", "PMID": 715026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6072", "title": "Correction of enophthalmos by disentrapment of an orbital blow-out fracture: case report.", "content": "We present a case of enophthalmos from a posterior orbital blow-out fracture. The entrapped tissues were released surgically, resulting in disappearance of the enophthalmos and restoration of ocular motility.", "contents": "Correction of enophthalmos by disentrapment of an orbital blow-out fracture: case report. We present a case of enophthalmos from a posterior orbital blow-out fracture. The entrapped tissues were released surgically, resulting in disappearance of the enophthalmos and restoration of ocular motility.", "PMID": 715031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6073", "title": "Carcinoma of a minor salivary gland in an 18-month-old child: case report.", "content": "A child with a cleft palate and mental retardation was found to have a malignant mucoepidermoid carcinoma of a minor salivary gland at the age of 18 months. The management of this case is presented.", "contents": "Carcinoma of a minor salivary gland in an 18-month-old child: case report. A child with a cleft palate and mental retardation was found to have a malignant mucoepidermoid carcinoma of a minor salivary gland at the age of 18 months. The management of this case is presented.", "PMID": 715032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6074", "title": "Late deterioration of silicone rubber foam breast implants: case report.", "content": "A case is presented showing disintegration of a solid pair of preformed silicone rubber foam breast prostheses, implanted 16 years ago. The only presenting symptoms were discomfort with extreme hardness and distortion of the breasts.", "contents": "Late deterioration of silicone rubber foam breast implants: case report. A case is presented showing disintegration of a solid pair of preformed silicone rubber foam breast prostheses, implanted 16 years ago. The only presenting symptoms were discomfort with extreme hardness and distortion of the breasts.", "PMID": 715033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6075", "title": "The surgical management of stiff joints in the hand.", "content": "Significant and lasting improvement in stiff MP and PIP joints can be achieved by operative management. Operative intervention should be considered only after persistence of stiffness after a vigorous program of nonoperative therapy. In our series of 135 such stiff finger joints, capsulotomy increased the range of motion in MP joints by more than 30 degrees in 68 percent of the patients, more than 50 degrees in 57 percent, and more than 70 degrees in 32 percent. The increased range of motion for the PIP joints was more than 30 degrees in 63 percent of the patients, more than 50 degrees in 41 percent, and more than 70 degrees in 25 percent.", "contents": "The surgical management of stiff joints in the hand. Significant and lasting improvement in stiff MP and PIP joints can be achieved by operative management. Operative intervention should be considered only after persistence of stiffness after a vigorous program of nonoperative therapy. In our series of 135 such stiff finger joints, capsulotomy increased the range of motion in MP joints by more than 30 degrees in 68 percent of the patients, more than 50 degrees in 57 percent, and more than 70 degrees in 32 percent. The increased range of motion for the PIP joints was more than 30 degrees in 63 percent of the patients, more than 50 degrees in 41 percent, and more than 70 degrees in 25 percent.", "PMID": 715037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6076", "title": "A new method to create a philtrum in secondary cleft lip repairs.", "content": "We report an additional surgical method to form a philtrum in cleft lip cases. The key point of this new method is to release the skin tension of the upper lip, thus protecting against  the disappearance of the newly-made philtrum. We have obtained better results with this method, in comparison with the other methods previously reported.", "contents": "A new method to create a philtrum in secondary cleft lip repairs. We report an additional surgical method to form a philtrum in cleft lip cases. The key point of this new method is to release the skin tension of the upper lip, thus protecting against  the disappearance of the newly-made philtrum. We have obtained better results with this method, in comparison with the other methods previously reported.", "PMID": 715038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6077", "title": "Loss of silicone implants after subcutaneous mastectomy and reconstruction.", "content": "We studied 89 patients who had immediate or delayed placement of implants after subcutaneous mastectomies. The complications of infection, necrosis of the skin or areola, and extrusion of the prosthesis occurred in 28 percent of these patients, and the incidence was the same after immediate or delayed placement. Only one of the 45 patients who received prophylactic antibodies preoperatively developed an infection after insertion of the prosthesis. The late complications in some of these patients indicate the need for long-term follow-up.", "contents": "Loss of silicone implants after subcutaneous mastectomy and reconstruction. We studied 89 patients who had immediate or delayed placement of implants after subcutaneous mastectomies. The complications of infection, necrosis of the skin or areola, and extrusion of the prosthesis occurred in 28 percent of these patients, and the incidence was the same after immediate or delayed placement. Only one of the 45 patients who received prophylactic antibodies preoperatively developed an infection after insertion of the prosthesis. The late complications in some of these patients indicate the need for long-term follow-up.", "PMID": 715039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6078", "title": "Use of a silicone bag-gel prosthesis to fill in a supratarsal depression of the upper eyelid.", "content": "A technique is presented for correction of supratarsal depression in the upper lids of orientals, using silicone bag-gel prostheses.", "contents": "Use of a silicone bag-gel prosthesis to fill in a supratarsal depression of the upper eyelid. A technique is presented for correction of supratarsal depression in the upper lids of orientals, using silicone bag-gel prostheses.", "PMID": 715040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6079", "title": "Anatomical findings in median cleft of upper lip.", "content": "We present 3 cases of median cleft lip which occurred in 3 patients of differing racial origins. The anatomical findings are presented in the two clefts we repaired.", "contents": "Anatomical findings in median cleft of upper lip. We present 3 cases of median cleft lip which occurred in 3 patients of differing racial origins. The anatomical findings are presented in the two clefts we repaired.", "PMID": 715041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6080", "title": "Improvement of facial symmetry after operative relief of bony ankylosis of the jaw at the age of 10 years. Case report.", "content": "We report a case of childhood bony ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint, with satisfactory opening and closing after operation at the age of 10 years, and subsequent improvement in facial symmetry.", "contents": "Improvement of facial symmetry after operative relief of bony ankylosis of the jaw at the age of 10 years. Case report. We report a case of childhood bony ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint, with satisfactory opening and closing after operation at the age of 10 years, and subsequent improvement in facial symmetry.", "PMID": 715043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6081", "title": "Anesthesia technique for serving the pedicle of a tongue flap in the presence of a pharyngeal flap.", "content": "A technique is described for anesthesia while severing the pedicle of a tongue flap to the palate, in the presence of a pharyngeal flap.", "contents": "Anesthesia technique for serving the pedicle of a tongue flap in the presence of a pharyngeal flap. A technique is described for anesthesia while severing the pedicle of a tongue flap to the palate, in the presence of a pharyngeal flap.", "PMID": 715044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6082", "title": "Pregnancy and progeny in rats treated with prostaglandin in F2alpha.", "content": "The effects of prostaglandin F2alpha on pregnancy and embryonic development were investigated in pregnant rats. The animals were treated with the prostaglandin at a dose of 50 microgram s.c., on gestational days 9 to 11 or 12 to 15. Compared to the controls, only intrauterine growth was significantly altered. The number of viable offspring recovered near term was not affected by the treatment, and the incidence of fetal resorptions and malformations was not significantly increased when compared with the controls. However, the placenta revealed extensive areas of degeneration that are found in placental insufficiency. Also, the fetal adrenal cortex showed morphological changes indicative of intrauterine distress.", "contents": "Pregnancy and progeny in rats treated with prostaglandin in F2alpha. The effects of prostaglandin F2alpha on pregnancy and embryonic development were investigated in pregnant rats. The animals were treated with the prostaglandin at a dose of 50 microgram s.c., on gestational days 9 to 11 or 12 to 15. Compared to the controls, only intrauterine growth was significantly altered. The number of viable offspring recovered near term was not affected by the treatment, and the incidence of fetal resorptions and malformations was not significantly increased when compared with the controls. However, the placenta revealed extensive areas of degeneration that are found in placental insufficiency. Also, the fetal adrenal cortex showed morphological changes indicative of intrauterine distress.", "PMID": 715046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6083", "title": "Oral contraceptive use alters the balance of platelet prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis.", "content": "The ability of platelet microsomes to generate platelet aggregating activity on addition of arachidonic acid was evaluated in women taking oral contraceptives and in controls taking no medication but matched for age, sex, and family history. Oral contraceptive users generated significantly more platelet aggregating activity per 100 ug of platelet microsomal protein than controls. Variation in generation of platelet aggregating activity during the menstrual cycle was also observed with highest activity during the third week. These studies show an altered balance of platelet prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis in oral contraceptive users which may contribute to their increased incidence of thromboembolic phenomena.", "contents": "Oral contraceptive use alters the balance of platelet prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis. The ability of platelet microsomes to generate platelet aggregating activity on addition of arachidonic acid was evaluated in women taking oral contraceptives and in controls taking no medication but matched for age, sex, and family history. Oral contraceptive users generated significantly more platelet aggregating activity per 100 ug of platelet microsomal protein than controls. Variation in generation of platelet aggregating activity during the menstrual cycle was also observed with highest activity during the third week. These studies show an altered balance of platelet prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis in oral contraceptive users which may contribute to their increased incidence of thromboembolic phenomena.", "PMID": 715047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6084", "title": "The role of iron in prostaglandin synthesis: ferrous iron mediated oxidation of arachidonic acid.", "content": "Arachidonic acid (AA) is the essential substrate for production of platelet endoperoxides and thromboxanes. Iron or heme is an essential cofactor for the peroxidase, lipoxygenase  and cyclo-oxygenase enzymes involved in formation of these products. The present study has examined the direct interactions between iron and arachidonic acid. Iron caused the oxidation of AA into more polar products which could be detected by UV absorbtion at 232 nM or the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reaction. High pressure liquid chromatography, chem-ionization and electron-impact mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy suggest that the major product was a hydroperoxide of AA. Ferrous iron (Fe++) and oxygen were absolute requirements. Fe++ was converted to the ferric iron (Fe+++) state during oxidation of AA, but Fe+++ could not substitute for Fe++. No other enzymes, cofactors or ions were involved. Conversion of AA to a hydroperoxide by Fe++ was inhibited by the antioxidant, 2, (3)-Tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, the radical scavenger, nitroblue tetrazolium, and iron chelating agents, including EDTA, imidazole and dihydroxybenzoic acid. The reaction was not affected by superoxide dismutase, catalase or aspirin. These findings and preliminary studies of the Fe++ induced oxidation product of AA as a substrate for prostaglandin synthesis and inhibitor of prostacyclin production indicate the critical role of Fe++ in AA activation.", "contents": "The role of iron in prostaglandin synthesis: ferrous iron mediated oxidation of arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid (AA) is the essential substrate for production of platelet endoperoxides and thromboxanes. Iron or heme is an essential cofactor for the peroxidase, lipoxygenase  and cyclo-oxygenase enzymes involved in formation of these products. The present study has examined the direct interactions between iron and arachidonic acid. Iron caused the oxidation of AA into more polar products which could be detected by UV absorbtion at 232 nM or the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reaction. High pressure liquid chromatography, chem-ionization and electron-impact mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy suggest that the major product was a hydroperoxide of AA. Ferrous iron (Fe++) and oxygen were absolute requirements. Fe++ was converted to the ferric iron (Fe+++) state during oxidation of AA, but Fe+++ could not substitute for Fe++. No other enzymes, cofactors or ions were involved. Conversion of AA to a hydroperoxide by Fe++ was inhibited by the antioxidant, 2, (3)-Tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, the radical scavenger, nitroblue tetrazolium, and iron chelating agents, including EDTA, imidazole and dihydroxybenzoic acid. The reaction was not affected by superoxide dismutase, catalase or aspirin. These findings and preliminary studies of the Fe++ induced oxidation product of AA as a substrate for prostaglandin synthesis and inhibitor of prostacyclin production indicate the critical role of Fe++ in AA activation.", "PMID": 715048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6085", "title": "Intramuscular administration of 16 phenoxy omega 17,18,19,20 tetranor PGE2 methyl sulfonylamide for pre-operative cervical dilatation in first trimester nulliparae.", "content": "A single intramuscular dose of 500 microgram 16 phenoxy omega 17,18,19,20 tetranor PGE2 methyl sulfonylamide was used for cervical dilatation prior to vacuum aspiration in 80 first trimester nulliparae. Three hours after prostaglandin administration the cervix had dilated to 8 mm or more in 60 patients (75%). The uterus was evacuated in these patients without mechanical dilatation of the cervix. In the remaining 20 patients the cervix had dilated 4 to 7 mm. Further mechanical dilatation to 8 mm was carried out easily in most of these patients. Side effects included pain requiring analgesic (3 patients), vomiting (4 patients) and transient pyrexia (greater than 1 degrees C, 2 patients). There were no complications or damage to the uterus or the cervix during evacuation of the uterus.", "contents": "Intramuscular administration of 16 phenoxy omega 17,18,19,20 tetranor PGE2 methyl sulfonylamide for pre-operative cervical dilatation in first trimester nulliparae. A single intramuscular dose of 500 microgram 16 phenoxy omega 17,18,19,20 tetranor PGE2 methyl sulfonylamide was used for cervical dilatation prior to vacuum aspiration in 80 first trimester nulliparae. Three hours after prostaglandin administration the cervix had dilated to 8 mm or more in 60 patients (75%). The uterus was evacuated in these patients without mechanical dilatation of the cervix. In the remaining 20 patients the cervix had dilated 4 to 7 mm. Further mechanical dilatation to 8 mm was carried out easily in most of these patients. Side effects included pain requiring analgesic (3 patients), vomiting (4 patients) and transient pyrexia (greater than 1 degrees C, 2 patients). There were no complications or damage to the uterus or the cervix during evacuation of the uterus.", "PMID": 715049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6086", "title": "Ultra-violet radiation and 8-methoxypsoralen have actions similar to those of known inhibitors of thromboxane A2 synthesis in rat mesenteric blood vessels.", "content": "In the rat mesenteric vascular bed three structurally different agents (imidazole, benzydamine and N-0164) which have been reported to be inhibitors of thromboxane (TX) A2 synthesis at certain concentrations, all have a characteristic spectrum of action. They inhibit pressor responses to noradrenaline and angiotensin with equal potency and the inhibition can be reversed by exogenous PGE2: they do not inhibit responses to potassium. Ultra-violet (UV) radiation has a similar spectrum of action. The main difference between the action of imidazole and that of UV radiation is that the former is rapidly reversible while the latter is not. However, irradiation administered to preparations inhibited by imidazole has no irreversible effect provided that the radiation is switched off before the imidazole is removed. The imidazole protects against radiation damage suggesting that the drug may stabilize the site affected by UV light. 8-methoxypsoralen, a light sensitizing agent used in treatment of psoriasis also inhibited noradrenaline and angiotensin but not potassium responses and seemed to make the preparation more sensitive to radiation damage. It is possible that UV radiation and 8-methoxypsoralen may inhibit TXA2 synthesis but this requires confirmation by direct methods.", "contents": "Ultra-violet radiation and 8-methoxypsoralen have actions similar to those of known inhibitors of thromboxane A2 synthesis in rat mesenteric blood vessels. In the rat mesenteric vascular bed three structurally different agents (imidazole, benzydamine and N-0164) which have been reported to be inhibitors of thromboxane (TX) A2 synthesis at certain concentrations, all have a characteristic spectrum of action. They inhibit pressor responses to noradrenaline and angiotensin with equal potency and the inhibition can be reversed by exogenous PGE2: they do not inhibit responses to potassium. Ultra-violet (UV) radiation has a similar spectrum of action. The main difference between the action of imidazole and that of UV radiation is that the former is rapidly reversible while the latter is not. However, irradiation administered to preparations inhibited by imidazole has no irreversible effect provided that the radiation is switched off before the imidazole is removed. The imidazole protects against radiation damage suggesting that the drug may stabilize the site affected by UV light. 8-methoxypsoralen, a light sensitizing agent used in treatment of psoriasis also inhibited noradrenaline and angiotensin but not potassium responses and seemed to make the preparation more sensitive to radiation damage. It is possible that UV radiation and 8-methoxypsoralen may inhibit TXA2 synthesis but this requires confirmation by direct methods.", "PMID": 715050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6087", "title": "Effects of prostaglandin-F2alpha on some reproductive parameters of fertile male rats.", "content": "Silastic-PVP-PGF2alpha tubes significantly reduced the sperm population in the epididymis and vas-deferens of male rats 14 days after their insertion into the scrotal sacs. A reduction in testis and epididymal weights was also evident. The reduction of sperm population was accompanied by a normal sexual drive and circulating testosterone level and partial sterility. The reduction in sperm population and induction of partial sterility was detected at least 7 days after the total release of prostaglandin F2alpha from the Silastic-PVP tubes. The results suggest that the changes in the reproductive parameters might be a consequence of endocrinological and functional disturbances induced by PGF2alpha and that PGs can be used to induce temporary sterility in the male.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandin-F2alpha on some reproductive parameters of fertile male rats. Silastic-PVP-PGF2alpha tubes significantly reduced the sperm population in the epididymis and vas-deferens of male rats 14 days after their insertion into the scrotal sacs. A reduction in testis and epididymal weights was also evident. The reduction of sperm population was accompanied by a normal sexual drive and circulating testosterone level and partial sterility. The reduction in sperm population and induction of partial sterility was detected at least 7 days after the total release of prostaglandin F2alpha from the Silastic-PVP tubes. The results suggest that the changes in the reproductive parameters might be a consequence of endocrinological and functional disturbances induced by PGF2alpha and that PGs can be used to induce temporary sterility in the male.", "PMID": 715051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6088", "title": "Prostaglandins in blood of diabetic versus non-diabetic humans.", "content": "We have found a higher concentration of prostaglandins in blood from the diabetic patient under long-term indomethacin therapy as compared with blood from non-diabetics. These findings are generally (qualitatively) similar to previous reports with studies of blood serum from diabetic patients, not on indomethacin treatment, compared with non-diabetics. Certain rationale are presented in an effort to explain the reason why blood prostaglandins in the diabetic are not lowered when the patients are treated with a drug which is clearly established as a blocker of prostaglandin synthesis.", "contents": "Prostaglandins in blood of diabetic versus non-diabetic humans. We have found a higher concentration of prostaglandins in blood from the diabetic patient under long-term indomethacin therapy as compared with blood from non-diabetics. These findings are generally (qualitatively) similar to previous reports with studies of blood serum from diabetic patients, not on indomethacin treatment, compared with non-diabetics. Certain rationale are presented in an effort to explain the reason why blood prostaglandins in the diabetic are not lowered when the patients are treated with a drug which is clearly established as a blocker of prostaglandin synthesis.", "PMID": 715053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6089", "title": "Prostaglandin E1-induced potentiation of the anticonvulsant action of phenobarbitone in the rat. Role of brain monoamines.", "content": "Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) significantly potentiated the anticonvulsant action of a sub-effective (EDO) dose of phenobarbitone, against maximal electroshock-induced seizures in the rat. PGE1-induced potentiation of phenobarbitone was significantly inhibited after pretreatment with drugs which are known to reduce brain serotonin activity, but was unaffected by drugs known to decrease brain catecholamine activity. Prostaglandin F2 alpha produced a moderate though statistically insignificant inhibition of PGE1 effect. The results suggest that PGE1-induced potentiation of phenobarbitone is not a direct effect but an indirect one, mediated through an increase in brain serotonin activity.", "contents": "Prostaglandin E1-induced potentiation of the anticonvulsant action of phenobarbitone in the rat. Role of brain monoamines. Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) significantly potentiated the anticonvulsant action of a sub-effective (EDO) dose of phenobarbitone, against maximal electroshock-induced seizures in the rat. PGE1-induced potentiation of phenobarbitone was significantly inhibited after pretreatment with drugs which are known to reduce brain serotonin activity, but was unaffected by drugs known to decrease brain catecholamine activity. Prostaglandin F2 alpha produced a moderate though statistically insignificant inhibition of PGE1 effect. The results suggest that PGE1-induced potentiation of phenobarbitone is not a direct effect but an indirect one, mediated through an increase in brain serotonin activity.", "PMID": 715054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6090", "title": "A defect in thromboxane A2 synthesis may be a factor predisposing to cancer.", "content": "A failure of thromboxane (TX) A2 synthesis may be a factor in cancer. Such a loss could explain the susceptibility to mutation, the excess prostaglandin production, the glycolytic mode of metabolism and the deranged calcium pumping characteristic of cancers. Ionising radiation and phorbols both have actions similar to inhibitors of TXA2 synthesis whereas colchicine and oxygen have actions consistent with stimulation of TXA2 synthesis. The concept accounts logically for hitherto unexplained features of cancer and suggests new strategies for the prevention and treatment of cancer.", "contents": "A defect in thromboxane A2 synthesis may be a factor predisposing to cancer. A failure of thromboxane (TX) A2 synthesis may be a factor in cancer. Such a loss could explain the susceptibility to mutation, the excess prostaglandin production, the glycolytic mode of metabolism and the deranged calcium pumping characteristic of cancers. Ionising radiation and phorbols both have actions similar to inhibitors of TXA2 synthesis whereas colchicine and oxygen have actions consistent with stimulation of TXA2 synthesis. The concept accounts logically for hitherto unexplained features of cancer and suggests new strategies for the prevention and treatment of cancer.", "PMID": 715057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6091", "title": "Prostaglandins as regulators in cellular immunity.", "content": "Guinea-pig peritoneal macrophages have been shown to generate substantial concentrations of E-type prostaglandins during culture in vitro. Partially purified lymphokine preparations stimulate PGE production by macrophages. Exogenous PGE1 and PGE2 are potent inhibitors of lymphocyte activation and secretion of lymphokines causing lymphocyte mitogenesis and macrophage migration inhibition. Also indomethacin augments the secretion of these lymphokines in vitro. It is therefore suggested that production of PGE by macrophages provides a physiological mechanism for the regulation of lymphocyte activation in reactions of delayed hypersensitivity.", "contents": "Prostaglandins as regulators in cellular immunity. Guinea-pig peritoneal macrophages have been shown to generate substantial concentrations of E-type prostaglandins during culture in vitro. Partially purified lymphokine preparations stimulate PGE production by macrophages. Exogenous PGE1 and PGE2 are potent inhibitors of lymphocyte activation and secretion of lymphokines causing lymphocyte mitogenesis and macrophage migration inhibition. Also indomethacin augments the secretion of these lymphokines in vitro. It is therefore suggested that production of PGE by macrophages provides a physiological mechanism for the regulation of lymphocyte activation in reactions of delayed hypersensitivity.", "PMID": 715058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6092", "title": "Prostaglandin F2alpha induced termination of pregnancy and its reversal by prolactin or progesterone in rats.", "content": "Intrauterine insertion of a Silastic-PVP tube containing 400 microgram PGF2alpha terminated midterm pregnancy in 100 per cent of the animals. Progesterone (2 mg/day) or prolactin (PRL) reversed the abortifacient effect of PGF2alpha. A dose- and duration-related effect of the PRL on PGF2alpha induced termination of pregnancy was evident. The results suggest that PGF2alpha and PRL are antagonistic to each other and multiple doses of PRL are needed to neutralize the luteolytic action of PGF2alpha.", "contents": "Prostaglandin F2alpha induced termination of pregnancy and its reversal by prolactin or progesterone in rats. Intrauterine insertion of a Silastic-PVP tube containing 400 microgram PGF2alpha terminated midterm pregnancy in 100 per cent of the animals. Progesterone (2 mg/day) or prolactin (PRL) reversed the abortifacient effect of PGF2alpha. A dose- and duration-related effect of the PRL on PGF2alpha induced termination of pregnancy was evident. The results suggest that PGF2alpha and PRL are antagonistic to each other and multiple doses of PRL are needed to neutralize the luteolytic action of PGF2alpha.", "PMID": 715059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6093", "title": "Selective elevation of circulating prostaglandin concentrations in hyaline membrane disease in pre-term infants.", "content": "The plasma concentrations of prostaglandins E and F (PGE, PGF) and 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF (PGFM) have been measured in pre-term neonates with hyaline membrane disease (HMD) and controls. The concentrations of PGF and PGFM were significantly higher in infants having HMD with a disproportionate increase in PGFM levels for the increase in PGF found. The vasoconstrictor nature of PGF may contribute to the morbidity associated with HMD and the possible therapeutic benefit from the use of prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors is discussed.", "contents": "Selective elevation of circulating prostaglandin concentrations in hyaline membrane disease in pre-term infants. The plasma concentrations of prostaglandins E and F (PGE, PGF) and 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF (PGFM) have been measured in pre-term neonates with hyaline membrane disease (HMD) and controls. The concentrations of PGF and PGFM were significantly higher in infants having HMD with a disproportionate increase in PGFM levels for the increase in PGF found. The vasoconstrictor nature of PGF may contribute to the morbidity associated with HMD and the possible therapeutic benefit from the use of prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors is discussed.", "PMID": 715060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6094", "title": "Circulatory responses of perinatal goats to prostaglandin precursors.", "content": "The effects of precursors in the prostaglandin synthetic pathway as well as those of analogs of cyclic endoperoxide intermediates upon the pulmonary and systemic circulations of fetal and newborn goats were examined. Exogenous arachidonic acid increased pulmonary vascular resistance and decreased systemic arterial pressure of fetuses and newborns. The effects of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid on the circulation are qualitatively similar, but quantitatively less, than those of arachidonic acid. The cyclic endoperoxide analogs were strong pressors in both pulmonary and systemic circulations. The responses to the fatty acid precursors, which are totally blocked by indomethacin and meclofenamate, appear to indicate that they give rise to more than one vasoactive product. Furthermore, exogenous arachidonic acid produces effects which appear to be different from those produced by endogenous pulmonary arachidonic acid.", "contents": "Circulatory responses of perinatal goats to prostaglandin precursors. The effects of precursors in the prostaglandin synthetic pathway as well as those of analogs of cyclic endoperoxide intermediates upon the pulmonary and systemic circulations of fetal and newborn goats were examined. Exogenous arachidonic acid increased pulmonary vascular resistance and decreased systemic arterial pressure of fetuses and newborns. The effects of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid on the circulation are qualitatively similar, but quantitatively less, than those of arachidonic acid. The cyclic endoperoxide analogs were strong pressors in both pulmonary and systemic circulations. The responses to the fatty acid precursors, which are totally blocked by indomethacin and meclofenamate, appear to indicate that they give rise to more than one vasoactive product. Furthermore, exogenous arachidonic acid produces effects which appear to be different from those produced by endogenous pulmonary arachidonic acid.", "PMID": 715061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6095", "title": "Prostaglandin mediated relaxation of coronary artery strips under hypoxia.", "content": "Strips of beef coronary branch arteries, maintained in vitro, respond to decreased PO2 in the bathing medium with relaxations which are much attenuated by pretreatment with indomethacin or aspirin. It was determined that these hypoxia-induced relaxations are sustained until strips are returned to an environment of high PO2 and that the mechanism involved does not fatigue readily with repetitive exposure to hypoxic stress (53 mm Hg). It was also established that the reduced relaxations observed in the presence of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis were not enlarged with time by the development of an alternate process of relaxation independent of prostaglandins. Other experiments showed that when prostaglandin intervention is blocked with inhibitors the strips maintain a given level of tone to potassium chloride under a PO2 of 53 mm Hg, and do so without significant impairment over an observation period of one hour. Similarly, complete concentration-response curves to potassium did not differ under high (515 mm Hg) or low (53 mm Hg) PO2. This confirms that hypoxia-induced relaxation in beef coronary artery strips is a specific process, apparently mediated by a prostaglandin, rather than any consequence of the failure of the energetics of contraction.", "contents": "Prostaglandin mediated relaxation of coronary artery strips under hypoxia. Strips of beef coronary branch arteries, maintained in vitro, respond to decreased PO2 in the bathing medium with relaxations which are much attenuated by pretreatment with indomethacin or aspirin. It was determined that these hypoxia-induced relaxations are sustained until strips are returned to an environment of high PO2 and that the mechanism involved does not fatigue readily with repetitive exposure to hypoxic stress (53 mm Hg). It was also established that the reduced relaxations observed in the presence of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis were not enlarged with time by the development of an alternate process of relaxation independent of prostaglandins. Other experiments showed that when prostaglandin intervention is blocked with inhibitors the strips maintain a given level of tone to potassium chloride under a PO2 of 53 mm Hg, and do so without significant impairment over an observation period of one hour. Similarly, complete concentration-response curves to potassium did not differ under high (515 mm Hg) or low (53 mm Hg) PO2. This confirms that hypoxia-induced relaxation in beef coronary artery strips is a specific process, apparently mediated by a prostaglandin, rather than any consequence of the failure of the energetics of contraction.", "PMID": 715062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6096", "title": "Dietary fat type and ambient oxygen tension influence pulmonary prostaglandin synthetic potential.", "content": "Chronic hyperoxia produces pathological changes in lung which can be fatal. With an interest in delineating dietary factors which might affect the pulmonary response to hyperoxia, we fed rats a semi-synthetic diet containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) as either 5% or 78% of the fat complement. The rats were exposed to pure oxygen at one atmosphere. Half the animals in each diet group were injected with aspirin during the hyperoxic exposure. Radioimmunoassay of lung prostaglandins (PG) F2alpha, E2 and E1 were performed at 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours. The major findings were: (1) Feeding the high PUFA diet elevated lung PG synthetic potential tenfold over that of low PUFA-fed animals. There was no effect of diet on mortality. (2) Hyperoxia significantly increased F2alpha-synthetic potential during the first 24 hours of hyperoxia and moderately increased the synthetic potential of E2 and E1. (3) Aspirin significantly depressed synthetic potential of all three PG prior to oxygen exposure but its effect was overcome during hyperoxia. Aspirin-injected rats showed 80% mortality in oxygen vs. 50% for saline controls.", "contents": "Dietary fat type and ambient oxygen tension influence pulmonary prostaglandin synthetic potential. Chronic hyperoxia produces pathological changes in lung which can be fatal. With an interest in delineating dietary factors which might affect the pulmonary response to hyperoxia, we fed rats a semi-synthetic diet containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) as either 5% or 78% of the fat complement. The rats were exposed to pure oxygen at one atmosphere. Half the animals in each diet group were injected with aspirin during the hyperoxic exposure. Radioimmunoassay of lung prostaglandins (PG) F2alpha, E2 and E1 were performed at 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours. The major findings were: (1) Feeding the high PUFA diet elevated lung PG synthetic potential tenfold over that of low PUFA-fed animals. There was no effect of diet on mortality. (2) Hyperoxia significantly increased F2alpha-synthetic potential during the first 24 hours of hyperoxia and moderately increased the synthetic potential of E2 and E1. (3) Aspirin significantly depressed synthetic potential of all three PG prior to oxygen exposure but its effect was overcome during hyperoxia. Aspirin-injected rats showed 80% mortality in oxygen vs. 50% for saline controls.", "PMID": 715063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6097", "title": "The effects of some methyl prostaglandin derivatives on the ductus arteriosus of swine in vivo.", "content": "Three methylated analogues of prostaglandin E1 and E2 were examined for their ability to open the ductus arterious of neonatal piglets in vivo. Fifteen (S) 15 methyl prostaglandin E1 (15-Me PGE1), 15 (S) 1K methyl prostaglandin E2 (15-Me PGE2), and 16' 16' dimethyl prostaglandin E1 (16-diMe PGE1) all opened the ductus when given intravenously, intramuscularly or orally. The effects on ductal patency lasted four hours or more in many instances. Side-effects included apnea with intravenous and intramuscular dosages, and with high oral dosages of 15-Me PGE1. A transient drop in heart rate and blood pressure occurred with each dose. In one animal the ductus was kept open for 19 days with six-hourly intramuscular injections of 3 microgram/kg 15-Me PGE1. Transient sedation occurred with each dose. Death occurred on the 19th day and histological studies showed that the morphology of the ductus wall was similar to that seen in a two day old animal. These studies suggest that maintenance od ductal patency in the infant may be possible with oral administration of methyl prostaglandin derivatives.", "contents": "The effects of some methyl prostaglandin derivatives on the ductus arteriosus of swine in vivo. Three methylated analogues of prostaglandin E1 and E2 were examined for their ability to open the ductus arterious of neonatal piglets in vivo. Fifteen (S) 15 methyl prostaglandin E1 (15-Me PGE1), 15 (S) 1K methyl prostaglandin E2 (15-Me PGE2), and 16' 16' dimethyl prostaglandin E1 (16-diMe PGE1) all opened the ductus when given intravenously, intramuscularly or orally. The effects on ductal patency lasted four hours or more in many instances. Side-effects included apnea with intravenous and intramuscular dosages, and with high oral dosages of 15-Me PGE1. A transient drop in heart rate and blood pressure occurred with each dose. In one animal the ductus was kept open for 19 days with six-hourly intramuscular injections of 3 microgram/kg 15-Me PGE1. Transient sedation occurred with each dose. Death occurred on the 19th day and histological studies showed that the morphology of the ductus wall was similar to that seen in a two day old animal. These studies suggest that maintenance od ductal patency in the infant may be possible with oral administration of methyl prostaglandin derivatives.", "PMID": 715065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6098", "title": "Suppression by essential fatty acids of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis is abolished by indomethacin.", "content": "Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats was suppressed by treatment with essential fatty acids (EFA) given perorally. This treatment effect could be abolished by administration of a drug (Indomethacin) known to inhibit biosynthesis of certain prostaglandins from EFA. This observation suggests that the suppressive effect of EFA on cell-mediated immune reactions is brought about by EFA-derived prostaglandins.", "contents": "Suppression by essential fatty acids of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis is abolished by indomethacin. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats was suppressed by treatment with essential fatty acids (EFA) given perorally. This treatment effect could be abolished by administration of a drug (Indomethacin) known to inhibit biosynthesis of certain prostaglandins from EFA. This observation suggests that the suppressive effect of EFA on cell-mediated immune reactions is brought about by EFA-derived prostaglandins.", "PMID": 715066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6099", "title": "Ferrous iron mediated oxidation of arachidonic acid: studies employing nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT).", "content": "The oxidation of arachidonic acid by ferrous sulfate provides a useful model to study the role of iron in lipid oxidation reactions. We have employed nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) in the present investigation to evaluate the mechanism of this reaction. In the presence of arachidonic acid, Fe +++, and O2, the yellow dye NBT was rapidly reduced to the blue form, NBTH2. The molar ratio of arachidonic acid to Fe++ in this rapid reaction was 1:1, showing an interaction of one fatty acid molecule per iron molecule. Approximately one molecule of NBT was reduced per four molecules of arachidonic acid and Fe++. Reduction of NBT was accompanied by oxidation of Fe++ to Fe+++, suggesting the transfer of four electrons from the Fe++ to NBT to reduce the dye. Arachidonic acid was found to be unchanged when extracted at the end of the reaction, indicating formation of a complex that could dissociate leaving intact arachidonic acid. Evidence for the presence of such a complex which slowly dissociates during the reaction was obtained after longer incubations with small amounts of arachidonic acid. NBT reduction was not inhibited by agents which hydrolyze superoxide, by catalase or by agents which trap hydroxy radicals. We, therefore, propose a model in which NBT traps a radical generated on the arachidonic acid molecule. The proposed model suggests mechanisms for other fatty acid oxidation reactions such as prostaglandin and hydroperoxy fatty acid synthesis.", "contents": "Ferrous iron mediated oxidation of arachidonic acid: studies employing nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT). The oxidation of arachidonic acid by ferrous sulfate provides a useful model to study the role of iron in lipid oxidation reactions. We have employed nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) in the present investigation to evaluate the mechanism of this reaction. In the presence of arachidonic acid, Fe +++, and O2, the yellow dye NBT was rapidly reduced to the blue form, NBTH2. The molar ratio of arachidonic acid to Fe++ in this rapid reaction was 1:1, showing an interaction of one fatty acid molecule per iron molecule. Approximately one molecule of NBT was reduced per four molecules of arachidonic acid and Fe++. Reduction of NBT was accompanied by oxidation of Fe++ to Fe+++, suggesting the transfer of four electrons from the Fe++ to NBT to reduce the dye. Arachidonic acid was found to be unchanged when extracted at the end of the reaction, indicating formation of a complex that could dissociate leaving intact arachidonic acid. Evidence for the presence of such a complex which slowly dissociates during the reaction was obtained after longer incubations with small amounts of arachidonic acid. NBT reduction was not inhibited by agents which hydrolyze superoxide, by catalase or by agents which trap hydroxy radicals. We, therefore, propose a model in which NBT traps a radical generated on the arachidonic acid molecule. The proposed model suggests mechanisms for other fatty acid oxidation reactions such as prostaglandin and hydroperoxy fatty acid synthesis.", "PMID": 715068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6100", "title": "Role of prostaglandins in human fertility.", "content": "One function of prostaglandins in semen may be suppression of an anti-sperm immune response.", "contents": "Role of prostaglandins in human fertility. One function of prostaglandins in semen may be suppression of an anti-sperm immune response.", "PMID": 715069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6101", "title": "Therapeutic abortion in late first trimester. Prostaglandin pretreatment compared with primary surgery.", "content": "One hundred randomly selected nulliparous women, 10-11 weeks pregnant, were submitted to either primary surgery (50 cases) or pretreatment overnight with vaginal suppositories of 15(S)15 methyl prostaglandin F2 alpha methyl ester (50 cases) followed by vacuum aspiration. No peroperative complications were recorded in either of the two groups. Thirtyfive of the 50 pretreated women aborted during the pretreatment period and a variable cervical dilatation was observed in the remaining 15 women of this group. The incidence of early postoperative pelvic infection tended to be less in the pretreated group as compared with the other group.", "contents": "Therapeutic abortion in late first trimester. Prostaglandin pretreatment compared with primary surgery. One hundred randomly selected nulliparous women, 10-11 weeks pregnant, were submitted to either primary surgery (50 cases) or pretreatment overnight with vaginal suppositories of 15(S)15 methyl prostaglandin F2 alpha methyl ester (50 cases) followed by vacuum aspiration. No peroperative complications were recorded in either of the two groups. Thirtyfive of the 50 pretreated women aborted during the pretreatment period and a variable cervical dilatation was observed in the remaining 15 women of this group. The incidence of early postoperative pelvic infection tended to be less in the pretreated group as compared with the other group.", "PMID": 715070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6102", "title": "[Marxist-Leninist philosophical personality theory and the development of the theory and practice of psychiatry].", "content": "This is a concise presentation of the essential positions of the Marxist-Leninist philosophical theory of personality. Its consequences to modern psychiatry are discussed. Particular emphasis has been placed on establishing practical relations with mental patients and creating optimum conditions for promoting the distinctive qualities or characteristics of persons within the framework of therapy. Also discussed by the author in his present paper are questions associated with pathogenesis. Integration of clinical and sociopsychological research into the development of psychoses is considered necessary.", "contents": "[Marxist-Leninist philosophical personality theory and the development of the theory and practice of psychiatry]. This is a concise presentation of the essential positions of the Marxist-Leninist philosophical theory of personality. Its consequences to modern psychiatry are discussed. Particular emphasis has been placed on establishing practical relations with mental patients and creating optimum conditions for promoting the distinctive qualities or characteristics of persons within the framework of therapy. Also discussed by the author in his present paper are questions associated with pathogenesis. Integration of clinical and sociopsychological research into the development of psychoses is considered necessary.", "PMID": 715077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6103", "title": "[Psychology of relations as a theoretical concept of medical psychology and psychotherapy].", "content": "This paper presents the theoretical concept of the \"psychology of relations\" (A.F. Lasurski, V.N. Myasistchev) which forms the basis for studying the personality of a patient and for finding a suitable treatment of nervous and mental disorders by psychological methods. The author shows that there is theoretical agreement between the psychology of relations and the philosophy of dialetical materialism and Pavlov's theory of conditioned reflexes. Also discussed in this paper is the concept's relation to clinical psycho-neurology, its orientation toward considering personality as a system, as well as the recognition of the primacy of the conscious over the unconscious. Prospects for an evolutional and ontogenetic approach to an analysis of the system of relations and the need for elaborating systematized work programs determined by the investigative goal to be achieved are also considered by the author in his present paper.", "contents": "[Psychology of relations as a theoretical concept of medical psychology and psychotherapy]. This paper presents the theoretical concept of the \"psychology of relations\" (A.F. Lasurski, V.N. Myasistchev) which forms the basis for studying the personality of a patient and for finding a suitable treatment of nervous and mental disorders by psychological methods. The author shows that there is theoretical agreement between the psychology of relations and the philosophy of dialetical materialism and Pavlov's theory of conditioned reflexes. Also discussed in this paper is the concept's relation to clinical psycho-neurology, its orientation toward considering personality as a system, as well as the recognition of the primacy of the conscious over the unconscious. Prospects for an evolutional and ontogenetic approach to an analysis of the system of relations and the need for elaborating systematized work programs determined by the investigative goal to be achieved are also considered by the author in his present paper.", "PMID": 715078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6104", "title": "[Trends and problems in psychophysiologic research].", "content": "Considering the increasing importance of psychophysiological investigations, the peculiar quality of psychological control functions in human organism is stressed. For this reason, specific definition of the initial conditions for psychophysiological experiments is necessary. If we use complex experimental schedules including electrophysiological parameters more and more differentiated results can be obtained. The different ways of information storage within the two hemispheres are considered as very conclusive. By means of a model of motor system the significance of internal feedback circuits is demonstrated. A statement concerning the mutual connections between biological and psychological events is given.", "contents": "[Trends and problems in psychophysiologic research]. Considering the increasing importance of psychophysiological investigations, the peculiar quality of psychological control functions in human organism is stressed. For this reason, specific definition of the initial conditions for psychophysiological experiments is necessary. If we use complex experimental schedules including electrophysiological parameters more and more differentiated results can be obtained. The different ways of information storage within the two hemispheres are considered as very conclusive. By means of a model of motor system the significance of internal feedback circuits is demonstrated. A statement concerning the mutual connections between biological and psychological events is given.", "PMID": 715080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6105", "title": "[Problem of abnormal alcoholic intoxication in forensic psychiatric judgment].", "content": "The problem of pathological intoxication is discussed. Also considered by the authors in their present paper is the fact that various designations are used in the literature to describe abnormal intoxications of which the intensity is less than that of real pathological intoxication. However, phenomenological or symptomatological classifications provide no information whatsoever about the ability to take decisions and about mental responsibility. An attempt is made to establish criteria for the concept of \"pathologically colored intoxication\" which is primarily oriented, not in a phenomenological context, but toward a substantially diminished ability to take meaningful decisions.", "contents": "[Problem of abnormal alcoholic intoxication in forensic psychiatric judgment]. The problem of pathological intoxication is discussed. Also considered by the authors in their present paper is the fact that various designations are used in the literature to describe abnormal intoxications of which the intensity is less than that of real pathological intoxication. However, phenomenological or symptomatological classifications provide no information whatsoever about the ability to take decisions and about mental responsibility. An attempt is made to establish criteria for the concept of \"pathologically colored intoxication\" which is primarily oriented, not in a phenomenological context, but toward a substantially diminished ability to take meaningful decisions.", "PMID": 715082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6106", "title": "[Report of experience with a socio- and psychotherapeutically oriented open long-term group of parents of severerly brain injured children treated in an outpatient clinic].", "content": "In 1972, we started a discussion group for parents of children with severe brain damage. The emerging group dynamic was dialectically determined, on the one hand, by the heterogeneity of the parents' different personalities and reactions to their experience and, on the other, by the homogeneity of the problem to be borne and solved in common: the handicapped child in family and society.", "contents": "[Report of experience with a socio- and psychotherapeutically oriented open long-term group of parents of severerly brain injured children treated in an outpatient clinic]. In 1972, we started a discussion group for parents of children with severe brain damage. The emerging group dynamic was dialectically determined, on the one hand, by the heterogeneity of the parents' different personalities and reactions to their experience and, on the other, by the homogeneity of the problem to be borne and solved in common: the handicapped child in family and society.", "PMID": 715083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6107", "title": "Defining the therapeutic processes in psychiatric milieus.", "content": "Clinicians are increasingly required to justify the costs of milieu  therapy. The current variety of milieu types and their competing claims of efficacy can make this a vexsome problem. This paper attempts to conceptualize five major therapeutic processes which commonly exist in a broad range of milieus, independent of size, length of stay, staffing and philosophy. It is hoped these will help provide a reasonable and clear means of developing and explaining therapeutic milieu programs.", "contents": "Defining the therapeutic processes in psychiatric milieus. Clinicians are increasingly required to justify the costs of milieu  therapy. The current variety of milieu types and their competing claims of efficacy can make this a vexsome problem. This paper attempts to conceptualize five major therapeutic processes which commonly exist in a broad range of milieus, independent of size, length of stay, staffing and philosophy. It is hoped these will help provide a reasonable and clear means of developing and explaining therapeutic milieu programs.", "PMID": 715093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6108", "title": "Explorations in the uses of language in psychotherapy: simple empathic statements.", "content": "I submit these ideas with hesitation. They seem to rest on a particular assumption widely at variance with contemporary practice and itself difficult to state. The prevailing assumption has been that the content of a person's mental life, symptoms, or experience lay in that person's mind, and that by asking questions, listening, in various ways making ourselves receptive, we could penetrate that mental life. In this traditional manner of thinking, the language of penetration has been secondary to the material being reached. In contrast, I suspect that the language of investigation and therapy is as important as the matter being investigated or treated--that in fact the two bear a symbiotic relationship to each other.", "contents": "Explorations in the uses of language in psychotherapy: simple empathic statements. I submit these ideas with hesitation. They seem to rest on a particular assumption widely at variance with contemporary practice and itself difficult to state. The prevailing assumption has been that the content of a person's mental life, symptoms, or experience lay in that person's mind, and that by asking questions, listening, in various ways making ourselves receptive, we could penetrate that mental life. In this traditional manner of thinking, the language of penetration has been secondary to the material being reached. In contrast, I suspect that the language of investigation and therapy is as important as the matter being investigated or treated--that in fact the two bear a symbiotic relationship to each other.", "PMID": 715094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6109", "title": "The nonverbal basis of attraction: flirtation, courtship, and seduction.", "content": "According to a familiar phrase, the \"language\" of love is universal. Recent ethological studies of nonlinguistic communication in courtship using facial expression, gesture, posture, distance, paralanguage, and gaze have begun to establish that a universal, culture-free, nonverbal sign system may exist (Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1975), which is available to all persons for negotiating sexual relationships. The nonverbal mode, more powerful than the verbal for expressing such fundamental contingencies in social relationships as liking, disliking, superiority, timidity, fear and so on, appears to be rooted firmly in man's zoological heritage (Bateson, 1966, 1968). Paralleling a vertebrate-wide plan, human courtship expressivity often relies on nonverbal signs of submissiveness (meekness, harmlessness) and affiliation (willingness to form a social bond). Adoption of a submissive-affiliative social pose enables a person to convey an engaging, nonthreatening image that tends to attract potential mates. This report explores several conspicuous nonlinguistic cues that appear to be used widely in contexts of flirtation, courtship, and seduction. The expressive units are discussed from the standpoint of their occurence in five phases of courtship, and are illustrated by four cases.", "contents": "The nonverbal basis of attraction: flirtation, courtship, and seduction. According to a familiar phrase, the \"language\" of love is universal. Recent ethological studies of nonlinguistic communication in courtship using facial expression, gesture, posture, distance, paralanguage, and gaze have begun to establish that a universal, culture-free, nonverbal sign system may exist (Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1975), which is available to all persons for negotiating sexual relationships. The nonverbal mode, more powerful than the verbal for expressing such fundamental contingencies in social relationships as liking, disliking, superiority, timidity, fear and so on, appears to be rooted firmly in man's zoological heritage (Bateson, 1966, 1968). Paralleling a vertebrate-wide plan, human courtship expressivity often relies on nonverbal signs of submissiveness (meekness, harmlessness) and affiliation (willingness to form a social bond). Adoption of a submissive-affiliative social pose enables a person to convey an engaging, nonthreatening image that tends to attract potential mates. This report explores several conspicuous nonlinguistic cues that appear to be used widely in contexts of flirtation, courtship, and seduction. The expressive units are discussed from the standpoint of their occurence in five phases of courtship, and are illustrated by four cases.", "PMID": 715095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6110", "title": "A semiotic approach to suitability for psychotherapy.", "content": "At the beginning of my career as a psychotherapist I interviewed a number of patients in an effort to find one who seemed to be a good prospect for long-term psychotherapy. While interviewing with this purpose in mind, I was struck by the fact that a number of the people I spoke with gave me a sense of being extremely suitable for this sort of therapy, but that others seemed quite unsuitable. An informal survey among my peers as well as among more senior therapists revealed that they were not unfamiliar with the phenomenon. The present empirical study of the semiotic aspects of suitability for psychotherapy grew out of this early experience.", "contents": "A semiotic approach to suitability for psychotherapy. At the beginning of my career as a psychotherapist I interviewed a number of patients in an effort to find one who seemed to be a good prospect for long-term psychotherapy. While interviewing with this purpose in mind, I was struck by the fact that a number of the people I spoke with gave me a sense of being extremely suitable for this sort of therapy, but that others seemed quite unsuitable. An informal survey among my peers as well as among more senior therapists revealed that they were not unfamiliar with the phenomenon. The present empirical study of the semiotic aspects of suitability for psychotherapy grew out of this early experience.", "PMID": 715096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6111", "title": "Independent nonprofessionals in the community: a case history analysis of a human relations program.", "content": "For eight years a group of nonprofessional human relations trainers conducted a community-based Adult-Youth T-Group Program in a suburban community under the auspices of the Board of Education. Their history provides the material for this case analysis, which will focus on two sets of issues. One set of issues surrounds the fact that these group leaders were \"independent nonprofessionals\": trained but noncredentialed persons performing functions usually reserved for professionals (or performed under professional supervision) and performing them outside of institutional and professional boundaries. A second set of issues, only partially related to the first, surrounds the organizational dilemmas and social-political conflict which beset this team and the program which they conducted.", "contents": "Independent nonprofessionals in the community: a case history analysis of a human relations program. For eight years a group of nonprofessional human relations trainers conducted a community-based Adult-Youth T-Group Program in a suburban community under the auspices of the Board of Education. Their history provides the material for this case analysis, which will focus on two sets of issues. One set of issues surrounds the fact that these group leaders were \"independent nonprofessionals\": trained but noncredentialed persons performing functions usually reserved for professionals (or performed under professional supervision) and performing them outside of institutional and professional boundaries. A second set of issues, only partially related to the first, surrounds the organizational dilemmas and social-political conflict which beset this team and the program which they conducted.", "PMID": 715097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6112", "title": "A comparative study of opinion and knowledge about mental illness in different societies.", "content": "An extensive survey of two communities in Western Nigeria, one urban and the other rural, was conducted to find out some characteristics of opinion and knowledge about mental illness among the Yoruba. A questionnaire containing descriptions of four different types of mental illness (simple schizophrenia, paranoid schizophrenia, anxiety neurosis/depression, and alcoholism), was administered to 771 respondents, randomly selected. The description of paranoid schizophrenia was more readily recognized as mental illness than the others. Respondents tended to typify persons who fit the other three descriptions in such terms as \"shy,\" \"hot-tempered,\" \"queer,\" \"flirt,\" and \"drunkard.\" Compared with Asian, Australian, and North American studies, lesser proportions of Nigerian respondents viewed the descriptions as symptomatic of psychiatric disorder. The finding that most respondents are still unaware of the range of symptoms and their significance is particularly striking because the catchment area for this study has had a long exposure to modern psychiatric delivery systems. It is suggested that the heightening of awareness of psychiatric symptoms through nationwide mental health education is essential for the full utilization of mental health services.", "contents": "A comparative study of opinion and knowledge about mental illness in different societies. An extensive survey of two communities in Western Nigeria, one urban and the other rural, was conducted to find out some characteristics of opinion and knowledge about mental illness among the Yoruba. A questionnaire containing descriptions of four different types of mental illness (simple schizophrenia, paranoid schizophrenia, anxiety neurosis/depression, and alcoholism), was administered to 771 respondents, randomly selected. The description of paranoid schizophrenia was more readily recognized as mental illness than the others. Respondents tended to typify persons who fit the other three descriptions in such terms as \"shy,\" \"hot-tempered,\" \"queer,\" \"flirt,\" and \"drunkard.\" Compared with Asian, Australian, and North American studies, lesser proportions of Nigerian respondents viewed the descriptions as symptomatic of psychiatric disorder. The finding that most respondents are still unaware of the range of symptoms and their significance is particularly striking because the catchment area for this study has had a long exposure to modern psychiatric delivery systems. It is suggested that the heightening of awareness of psychiatric symptoms through nationwide mental health education is essential for the full utilization of mental health services.", "PMID": 715098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6113", "title": "On hybrid concepts in psychoanalysis.", "content": "Hybrid concepts that combine observable data with abstract metapsychological constructs have increasingly pervaded psychoanalytic discourse in recent years. For example, the \"fear of loss of ego boundaries\" combines \"fear\", which may be directly experienced and observed, with \"ego boundaries,\" metapsychological abstraction. The authors regard the widespread use of these concepts, which are most commonly applied to borderline and psychotic conditions, as a trend which may undermine the usefulness of psychoanalytic approaches to these entities.", "contents": "On hybrid concepts in psychoanalysis. Hybrid concepts that combine observable data with abstract metapsychological constructs have increasingly pervaded psychoanalytic discourse in recent years. For example, the \"fear of loss of ego boundaries\" combines \"fear\", which may be directly experienced and observed, with \"ego boundaries,\" metapsychological abstraction. The authors regard the widespread use of these concepts, which are most commonly applied to borderline and psychotic conditions, as a trend which may undermine the usefulness of psychoanalytic approaches to these entities.", "PMID": 715119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6114", "title": "Trends in the psychoanalytic theory of treatment.", "content": "Freud considered understanding, attachment, and integration to be important factors in achieving treatment benefits. Subsequent discussions have not always embraced all three factors. It has been especially difficult to conceptualize the part played by the personal attachment of the patient to the analyst. A new, narrower focus on common, structure-building processes promises to show how all three factors are involved with each other in the treatment process.", "contents": "Trends in the psychoanalytic theory of treatment. Freud considered understanding, attachment, and integration to be important factors in achieving treatment benefits. Subsequent discussions have not always embraced all three factors. It has been especially difficult to conceptualize the part played by the personal attachment of the patient to the analyst. A new, narrower focus on common, structure-building processes promises to show how all three factors are involved with each other in the treatment process.", "PMID": 715120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6115", "title": "Sibling loss as an organizer of unconscious guilt: a case study.", "content": "A case is described in which the death of a sibling in childhood organized a profound unconscious sense of guilt, a repetitive need for self-punishment, and a negative therapeutic reaction in analysis. The various meanings of the patient's negative therapeutic reaction are discussed, along with the question of why this event came to have such pathologic impact on his character.", "contents": "Sibling loss as an organizer of unconscious guilt: a case study. A case is described in which the death of a sibling in childhood organized a profound unconscious sense of guilt, a repetitive need for self-punishment, and a negative therapeutic reaction in analysis. The various meanings of the patient's negative therapeutic reaction are discussed, along with the question of why this event came to have such pathologic impact on his character.", "PMID": 715121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6116", "title": "The role of attention in depersonalization.", "content": "Episodes of depersonalization function to keep disturbing preconscious thoughts from becoming conscious. The symptom is conceptualized as a compromise between the wish to be \"only dreaming\" and the need to maintain a waking state in contact with perceptual reality. Restriction of attention is identified as the central mechanism by which the compromise is effected. On this basis an explanation for the alteration in the sense of reality is suggested. Material from a case is given to support these ideas. The author speculates that early efforts to deal with traumatic experience at a time when the distinction between sleeping and waking states is not secure may lead to the symptom choice of depersonalization.", "contents": "The role of attention in depersonalization. Episodes of depersonalization function to keep disturbing preconscious thoughts from becoming conscious. The symptom is conceptualized as a compromise between the wish to be \"only dreaming\" and the need to maintain a waking state in contact with perceptual reality. Restriction of attention is identified as the central mechanism by which the compromise is effected. On this basis an explanation for the alteration in the sense of reality is suggested. Material from a case is given to support these ideas. The author speculates that early efforts to deal with traumatic experience at a time when the distinction between sleeping and waking states is not secure may lead to the symptom choice of depersonalization.", "PMID": 715122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6117", "title": "A learning theory model of chronic illness behavior: theory, treatment, and research.", "content": "Over 300 patients have been treated on an inpatient psychosomatic service employing a learning model of chronic illness behavior. This model stresses social reinforcement and avoidance of occupational and social activities in the development of a syndrome characterized by somatic complaints and care-eliciting interpersonal behaviors. Preliminary studies showed that patients reinforced others for care-giving responses but showed improved tolerance of experimental pain and lower rates of drug use when care-taking responses were minimized and self-control encouraged. Treatment was designed to involve the patient in his own care, including behavior modification techniques to reduce symptomatology, social skills training, and family therapy. One-year follow-up shows that most patients achieve self-set goals, with generalization of beneficial treatment effects. Patients who return to an intact family show continuing decreases in somatic complaints and increases in achievement orientation. Treatment failures are characterized by lack of an intact family and return to the medical care system.", "contents": "A learning theory model of chronic illness behavior: theory, treatment, and research. Over 300 patients have been treated on an inpatient psychosomatic service employing a learning model of chronic illness behavior. This model stresses social reinforcement and avoidance of occupational and social activities in the development of a syndrome characterized by somatic complaints and care-eliciting interpersonal behaviors. Preliminary studies showed that patients reinforced others for care-giving responses but showed improved tolerance of experimental pain and lower rates of drug use when care-taking responses were minimized and self-control encouraged. Treatment was designed to involve the patient in his own care, including behavior modification techniques to reduce symptomatology, social skills training, and family therapy. One-year follow-up shows that most patients achieve self-set goals, with generalization of beneficial treatment effects. Patients who return to an intact family show continuing decreases in somatic complaints and increases in achievement orientation. Treatment failures are characterized by lack of an intact family and return to the medical care system.", "PMID": 715141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6118", "title": "Life change and psychological distress as predictors of pregnancy outcome.", "content": "An exploratory investigation was conducted to assess the potential utility of objective measures of life change, anxiety, and personality as predictors of labor complications in a sample of full-term, lower-socioeconomic pregnant women without present evidence or histories of serious medical problems. The results of a linear multiple discriminant function analysis indicated that none of the personality or anxiety measures emerged as reliable predictors, but that scores on a measure of life change were able to discriminate between subjects with and without labor complications at a moderate level of predictive accuracy. This moderate level of discriminability was maintained in a double cross-validation analysis. The relationship between life change and the likelihood of complications was in a negative direction, with lower life change scores indicating a greater probability of complications. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed, along with directions for future research.", "contents": "Life change and psychological distress as predictors of pregnancy outcome. An exploratory investigation was conducted to assess the potential utility of objective measures of life change, anxiety, and personality as predictors of labor complications in a sample of full-term, lower-socioeconomic pregnant women without present evidence or histories of serious medical problems. The results of a linear multiple discriminant function analysis indicated that none of the personality or anxiety measures emerged as reliable predictors, but that scores on a measure of life change were able to discriminate between subjects with and without labor complications at a moderate level of predictive accuracy. This moderate level of discriminability was maintained in a double cross-validation analysis. The relationship between life change and the likelihood of complications was in a negative direction, with lower life change scores indicating a greater probability of complications. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed, along with directions for future research.", "PMID": 715142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6119", "title": "A behavioral strategy for promoting  treatment compliance following myocardial infarction.", "content": "Seven men who had recently experienced a myocardial infarction were treated for medical noncompliance. Patient selection was based on recent and past noncompliant behaviors, denial of infarct, and degree of job involvement. Treatment strategy included (1) self-planning of a rehabilitation program by the patient (activity hierarchy), (2) self-monitoring of bio-behavioral data, (3) weekly visits to review data and decide on new activities. Results showed that all patients were highly compliant as determined by several criteria. The technique is relatively easy to apply and it seems to have wide appeal to patients who might otherwise be at high risk for self-injurious behavior.", "contents": "A behavioral strategy for promoting  treatment compliance following myocardial infarction. Seven men who had recently experienced a myocardial infarction were treated for medical noncompliance. Patient selection was based on recent and past noncompliant behaviors, denial of infarct, and degree of job involvement. Treatment strategy included (1) self-planning of a rehabilitation program by the patient (activity hierarchy), (2) self-monitoring of bio-behavioral data, (3) weekly visits to review data and decide on new activities. Results showed that all patients were highly compliant as determined by several criteria. The technique is relatively easy to apply and it seems to have wide appeal to patients who might otherwise be at high risk for self-injurious behavior.", "PMID": 715143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6120", "title": "Natural history of male psychological health, IV: what kinds of men do not get psychosomatic illness.", "content": "This article reports on interrelationships between the medical and emotional health of 95 men who were prospectively followed from age 18 to 53. Fifty of these originally healthy men developed illness patterns sometimes called psychosomatic (ulcer, colitis, allergy, hypertension, musculo-skeletal disorders). These men were compared with the other 45 similarly studied men who never developed such illnesses. Although men who developed \"psychosomatic\" illnesses were more likely to seek medical or psychiatric attention, they exhibited only slightly more psychopathology. Both as children and as adults they had more physical illness of all kinds. They were less likely to indulge in vacations and athletics and more likely to use tranquilizers and excessive alcohol. Men with \"psychosomatic\" illnesses experienced a greater variety of somatic symptoms under stress, but the loci of these somatic symptoms shifted over time and were not significantly associated with the sites of psychosomatic illness. Premorbidly, the 20 men who were eventually to develop serious irreversible physical illness of any kind reflected far more psychopathology than the 45 men who developed psychosomatic illness.", "contents": "Natural history of male psychological health, IV: what kinds of men do not get psychosomatic illness. This article reports on interrelationships between the medical and emotional health of 95 men who were prospectively followed from age 18 to 53. Fifty of these originally healthy men developed illness patterns sometimes called psychosomatic (ulcer, colitis, allergy, hypertension, musculo-skeletal disorders). These men were compared with the other 45 similarly studied men who never developed such illnesses. Although men who developed \"psychosomatic\" illnesses were more likely to seek medical or psychiatric attention, they exhibited only slightly more psychopathology. Both as children and as adults they had more physical illness of all kinds. They were less likely to indulge in vacations and athletics and more likely to use tranquilizers and excessive alcohol. Men with \"psychosomatic\" illnesses experienced a greater variety of somatic symptoms under stress, but the loci of these somatic symptoms shifted over time and were not significantly associated with the sites of psychosomatic illness. Premorbidly, the 20 men who were eventually to develop serious irreversible physical illness of any kind reflected far more psychopathology than the 45 men who developed psychosomatic illness.", "PMID": 715144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6121", "title": "Transient polyarthritis associated with familial hyperbetalipoproteinaemia.", "content": "Forty-one heterozygous patients with familial hyperbetalipoproteinaemia have been studied. Twenty-two of these patients have been observed for four years'. Transient flitting inflammatory joint symptoms were noted in thirteen patients of this group. In six patients clinical, biochemical, radiological and radio-isotope studies have been carried out during the acute episode. These investigations suggest that this syndrome is due to acute inflammatory periarthritis and peritendinitis. Radio-active xenon clearance is not prolonged as occurs in inflammatory synovitis although there is elevation of the ratio-active technetium uptake over the affected joints suggesting that the blood flow to the affected area is increased. This is the largest group of patients with this complication reported to date and the recognition of this may prove to be an important aspect of case finding in this disorder. The treatment of hyperlipidaemia at an early stage may well contribute to a reduction in the morbidity and mortality from vascular disease. No further elucidation of the pathogenesis of the arthropathy has been made but a possible relationship between undue exercise and the onset of joint symptoms was again observed.", "contents": "Transient polyarthritis associated with familial hyperbetalipoproteinaemia. Forty-one heterozygous patients with familial hyperbetalipoproteinaemia have been studied. Twenty-two of these patients have been observed for four years'. Transient flitting inflammatory joint symptoms were noted in thirteen patients of this group. In six patients clinical, biochemical, radiological and radio-isotope studies have been carried out during the acute episode. These investigations suggest that this syndrome is due to acute inflammatory periarthritis and peritendinitis. Radio-active xenon clearance is not prolonged as occurs in inflammatory synovitis although there is elevation of the ratio-active technetium uptake over the affected joints suggesting that the blood flow to the affected area is increased. This is the largest group of patients with this complication reported to date and the recognition of this may prove to be an important aspect of case finding in this disorder. The treatment of hyperlipidaemia at an early stage may well contribute to a reduction in the morbidity and mortality from vascular disease. No further elucidation of the pathogenesis of the arthropathy has been made but a possible relationship between undue exercise and the onset of joint symptoms was again observed.", "PMID": 715168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6122", "title": "Automated peritoneal dialysis for home use.", "content": "In order to provide an alternative to maintenance home dialysis for patients remotely situated or who had vascular access failure, a parallel peritoneal dialysis (PD) program was developed in March 1972. Over four years, 36 patients started PD with the intention of carrying out home treatments. Thirty of the 36 succeeded and 22 completed at least six months of home treatments, seven have so far been treated for over one year. No neuropathy developed except in diabetic patients. No patient, including four who had undergone bilateral nephrectomy, was depenedent on blood transfusions. Predialysis serum creatinine values were questionably higher (p less than 0.07) in a group of six patients who at another time had been maintained on hemodialysis (HD). In this group serum albumin was (mean +/- 1 S.D.) 3.3 +/- 4 g/100 ml on PD and 3.8 g/100 ml on HD (p less than 0.05). Sixteen of the 36 patients had bacterial peritonitis on 22 occasions; the average incidence was once every 14 months of patient exposure. An epidemic of sterile peritonitis involving 40 episodes in 16 patients was resolved after machine techniques were changed. Catheter failure occurred in 15 of the 22 patients in the long-term group, but catheter replacement was not difficult.", "contents": "Automated peritoneal dialysis for home use. In order to provide an alternative to maintenance home dialysis for patients remotely situated or who had vascular access failure, a parallel peritoneal dialysis (PD) program was developed in March 1972. Over four years, 36 patients started PD with the intention of carrying out home treatments. Thirty of the 36 succeeded and 22 completed at least six months of home treatments, seven have so far been treated for over one year. No neuropathy developed except in diabetic patients. No patient, including four who had undergone bilateral nephrectomy, was depenedent on blood transfusions. Predialysis serum creatinine values were questionably higher (p less than 0.07) in a group of six patients who at another time had been maintained on hemodialysis (HD). In this group serum albumin was (mean +/- 1 S.D.) 3.3 +/- 4 g/100 ml on PD and 3.8 g/100 ml on HD (p less than 0.05). Sixteen of the 36 patients had bacterial peritonitis on 22 occasions; the average incidence was once every 14 months of patient exposure. An epidemic of sterile peritonitis involving 40 episodes in 16 patients was resolved after machine techniques were changed. Catheter failure occurred in 15 of the 22 patients in the long-term group, but catheter replacement was not difficult.", "PMID": 715169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6123", "title": "An assessment of laparotomy in the management of patients with Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Planned laparotomy and splenectomy has been a safe investigation for sixty patients with clinical Stage I, II or III Hodgkin's disease. Twenty-four of the 60 patients (40%) changed stage and 18 patients had their treatment altered as a consequence of the procedure. Forty-three per cent of patients without a palpably enlarged spleen had unsuspected disease when the organ was examined pathologically, although a false positive spleen was uncommon. Eight of 55 patients (14.5%) had intra-abdominal disease which was not detected by lymphangiography. Intra-abdominal disease occurred with all histological sub-types and was found in two patients who had clinical Stage I disease and lymphocyte predominance in their node histology. Sarcoid-like granulomata were found in ten patients, seven in the spleen, one in the liver and spleen, one in the skin and one in the original node biopsy. In the majority of patients, granulomata were associated with nodular sclerosing or mixed cellular histology. In all ten patients the Hodgkin's disease was suppressed by appropriate chemotherapy and disease has not recurred. No patient has shown any clinical evidence of sarcoidosis and the Kveim test done in three patients was negative. Our experience encourages us to recommend staging laparotomy for all adult patients with Hodgkin's disease which does not show obvious generalized spread beyond lymph nodes.", "contents": "An assessment of laparotomy in the management of patients with Hodgkin's disease. Planned laparotomy and splenectomy has been a safe investigation for sixty patients with clinical Stage I, II or III Hodgkin's disease. Twenty-four of the 60 patients (40%) changed stage and 18 patients had their treatment altered as a consequence of the procedure. Forty-three per cent of patients without a palpably enlarged spleen had unsuspected disease when the organ was examined pathologically, although a false positive spleen was uncommon. Eight of 55 patients (14.5%) had intra-abdominal disease which was not detected by lymphangiography. Intra-abdominal disease occurred with all histological sub-types and was found in two patients who had clinical Stage I disease and lymphocyte predominance in their node histology. Sarcoid-like granulomata were found in ten patients, seven in the spleen, one in the liver and spleen, one in the skin and one in the original node biopsy. In the majority of patients, granulomata were associated with nodular sclerosing or mixed cellular histology. In all ten patients the Hodgkin's disease was suppressed by appropriate chemotherapy and disease has not recurred. No patient has shown any clinical evidence of sarcoidosis and the Kveim test done in three patients was negative. Our experience encourages us to recommend staging laparotomy for all adult patients with Hodgkin's disease which does not show obvious generalized spread beyond lymph nodes.", "PMID": 715170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6124", "title": "Renin subgroups in essential hypertension: an analysis and critique.", "content": "It has been claimed that measurement of renin levels in patients with essential hypertension enables identifiable subgroups of patients to be demarcated and that these subgroups exhibit important differences in prognosis and response to therapy. Accordingly, plasma renin activity (PRA) was measured in 181 patients referred to hospital outpatients for treatment of hypertension. Fifteen of these were excluded from study because of abnormality of renal function, an abnormal pyelogram or incidental disease. PRA of the remainder showed a smooth unimodal distribution with a 'tail' of high values (17%) which lay above the range of values observed in normotensive subjects. Following seven days treatment with bendrofluazide the percentage rise in PRA was much less than that of age-matched controls. A group of 55 patients (33%) fell below the range encountered in normotensive matched subjects treated similarly, although the distribution of PRA was still smooth and unimodal. Patients were divided into 'high', 'normal' and 'low' renin subgroups. Whilst there were significant differences in age between the high, normal and low renin groups, there were no significant differences in basal blood pressure, response to diuretics or beta blockers. It is concluded that renin levels in hypertension are influenced by several factors and that any attempt to subdivide patients into renin subgroups is therefore arbitrary. Measurement of renin does not significantly assist predicting the blood pressure response to either diuretics or beta-blockers combined with diuretics.", "contents": "Renin subgroups in essential hypertension: an analysis and critique. It has been claimed that measurement of renin levels in patients with essential hypertension enables identifiable subgroups of patients to be demarcated and that these subgroups exhibit important differences in prognosis and response to therapy. Accordingly, plasma renin activity (PRA) was measured in 181 patients referred to hospital outpatients for treatment of hypertension. Fifteen of these were excluded from study because of abnormality of renal function, an abnormal pyelogram or incidental disease. PRA of the remainder showed a smooth unimodal distribution with a 'tail' of high values (17%) which lay above the range of values observed in normotensive subjects. Following seven days treatment with bendrofluazide the percentage rise in PRA was much less than that of age-matched controls. A group of 55 patients (33%) fell below the range encountered in normotensive matched subjects treated similarly, although the distribution of PRA was still smooth and unimodal. Patients were divided into 'high', 'normal' and 'low' renin subgroups. Whilst there were significant differences in age between the high, normal and low renin groups, there were no significant differences in basal blood pressure, response to diuretics or beta blockers. It is concluded that renin levels in hypertension are influenced by several factors and that any attempt to subdivide patients into renin subgroups is therefore arbitrary. Measurement of renin does not significantly assist predicting the blood pressure response to either diuretics or beta-blockers combined with diuretics.", "PMID": 715171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6125", "title": "Pure red cell aplasia.", "content": "Complete or near complete remission of acquired pure red cell aplasia, not associated with thymoma, occurred in response to prednisone (six occasions), prednisone and cyclophosphamide (twice), cyclophosphamide alone (once) and splenectomy (once). These results were observed in four patients and confirm the value of cyclophosphamide and possibly splenectomy in patients resistant to prednisone in acquired red cell aplasia. In two of these patients, bone marrow progression from a state of ineffective erythropoiesis with many red cell precursors to that of red cell aplasia was observed. This indicates that some acquired refractory anaemias characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis may have the same pathogenesis as acquired red cell aplasia. The absence of demonstrable antibodies active against erythroblasts may merely reflect the insensitivity of currently available techniques. However it is possible that non-humoral immune mechanisms may be involved in the production of some forms of acquired red cell aplasia responsive to immunosuppressive drugs.", "contents": "Pure red cell aplasia. Complete or near complete remission of acquired pure red cell aplasia, not associated with thymoma, occurred in response to prednisone (six occasions), prednisone and cyclophosphamide (twice), cyclophosphamide alone (once) and splenectomy (once). These results were observed in four patients and confirm the value of cyclophosphamide and possibly splenectomy in patients resistant to prednisone in acquired red cell aplasia. In two of these patients, bone marrow progression from a state of ineffective erythropoiesis with many red cell precursors to that of red cell aplasia was observed. This indicates that some acquired refractory anaemias characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis may have the same pathogenesis as acquired red cell aplasia. The absence of demonstrable antibodies active against erythroblasts may merely reflect the insensitivity of currently available techniques. However it is possible that non-humoral immune mechanisms may be involved in the production of some forms of acquired red cell aplasia responsive to immunosuppressive drugs.", "PMID": 715172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6126", "title": "The urinary excretion of radiocopper in presymptomatic and symptomatic Wilson's disease, heterozygotes and controls: its significance in diagnosis and management.", "content": "Radiocopper (64Cu, 67CU), given intravenously, has been used to study the pattern of excretion of copper in patients with presymptomatic, symptomatic and treated Wilson's disease, together with heterozygotes for the Wilson's disease gene and a control group of patients with a variety of neurological lesions mimicking Wilson's disease. Urine was collected for three periods after injection, 0 to 8 hours, 8 to 24 hours, at which time a test dose of penicillamine was given, and from 24 to 30 hours. Stable (endogenous) copper was also estimated on these samples and specific activity was determined. This was multiplied by a correction factor to allow for variations in dose and body weight. The findings for stable copper in urine were largely predictable. Controls and heterozygotes had the least copper excretion, the amounts rising in the presymptomatic to a peak in the symptomatic patients. Institution of therapy was associated with a fall in copper excretion pro rata with time. The most important radiochemical findings were as follows. Heterozygotes excreted less of the injected copper than controls both under basal conditions and after penicillamine. Presymptomatic patients excreted less radiocopper than heterozygotes after penicillamine although the excretion during the basal 24 hour period was very much greater. Patients with symptomatic Wilson's disease had by far the highest excretion of radiocopper in all three time periods which fell after treatment, pro rata with time, as had been found for stable copper. These results were subjected to computer analysis. There was no overlap between the various groups with the exception of a single control subject who had combined pyramidal and extrapyramidal system degeneration of obscure aetiology. This patient was classified by the computer study as 'heterozygote'. These findings lend further support to the hypothesis that the loss of a single gene for copper balance can be detected with a high degree of accuracy and also that presymptomatic patients can be selected from a sibship for prophylactic treatment without the risk of subjecting healthy heterozygotes to unnecessary and potentially hazardous long-term therapy.", "contents": "The urinary excretion of radiocopper in presymptomatic and symptomatic Wilson's disease, heterozygotes and controls: its significance in diagnosis and management. Radiocopper (64Cu, 67CU), given intravenously, has been used to study the pattern of excretion of copper in patients with presymptomatic, symptomatic and treated Wilson's disease, together with heterozygotes for the Wilson's disease gene and a control group of patients with a variety of neurological lesions mimicking Wilson's disease. Urine was collected for three periods after injection, 0 to 8 hours, 8 to 24 hours, at which time a test dose of penicillamine was given, and from 24 to 30 hours. Stable (endogenous) copper was also estimated on these samples and specific activity was determined. This was multiplied by a correction factor to allow for variations in dose and body weight. The findings for stable copper in urine were largely predictable. Controls and heterozygotes had the least copper excretion, the amounts rising in the presymptomatic to a peak in the symptomatic patients. Institution of therapy was associated with a fall in copper excretion pro rata with time. The most important radiochemical findings were as follows. Heterozygotes excreted less of the injected copper than controls both under basal conditions and after penicillamine. Presymptomatic patients excreted less radiocopper than heterozygotes after penicillamine although the excretion during the basal 24 hour period was very much greater. Patients with symptomatic Wilson's disease had by far the highest excretion of radiocopper in all three time periods which fell after treatment, pro rata with time, as had been found for stable copper. These results were subjected to computer analysis. There was no overlap between the various groups with the exception of a single control subject who had combined pyramidal and extrapyramidal system degeneration of obscure aetiology. This patient was classified by the computer study as 'heterozygote'. These findings lend further support to the hypothesis that the loss of a single gene for copper balance can be detected with a high degree of accuracy and also that presymptomatic patients can be selected from a sibship for prophylactic treatment without the risk of subjecting healthy heterozygotes to unnecessary and potentially hazardous long-term therapy.", "PMID": 715173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6127", "title": "Bridging the gap between clinical medicine and public health: an experimental course for medical students.", "content": "An experimental course for third-year medical students, held at Columbia University, was aimed at enlisting larger numbers of future clinicians in the identification of public health problems and the development of nonclinical interventions, such as environmental and health education strategies. The course sought to develop a new perspective for the analysis of clinical observations. Students chose clinical problems, identified factors influencing incidence or prevalence, or both, and devised intervention strategies while working in a district of the New York City Department of Health. Students found that they could carry out their responsibilities only by going beyond the limitations of care for individual patients and clinical medicine. Students' perceptions and behaviour were measured during periods of their clinical training. Those who had taken the experimental course perceived public health problems and suggested and took corrective actions much more frequently than students in control groups.", "contents": "Bridging the gap between clinical medicine and public health: an experimental course for medical students. An experimental course for third-year medical students, held at Columbia University, was aimed at enlisting larger numbers of future clinicians in the identification of public health problems and the development of nonclinical interventions, such as environmental and health education strategies. The course sought to develop a new perspective for the analysis of clinical observations. Students chose clinical problems, identified factors influencing incidence or prevalence, or both, and devised intervention strategies while working in a district of the New York City Department of Health. Students found that they could carry out their responsibilities only by going beyond the limitations of care for individual patients and clinical medicine. Students' perceptions and behaviour were measured during periods of their clinical training. Those who had taken the experimental course perceived public health problems and suggested and took corrective actions much more frequently than students in control groups.", "PMID": 715164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6128", "title": "A three-year survey of viral hepatitis in West London.", "content": "During a total population survey of viral hepatitis in the London Boroughs of Hounslow, Richmond and Ealing, 784 patients were seen in three years from 1 March 1972 to 28 February 1975. A diagnosis of viral hepatitis was accepted in 489. The annual incidence was 24 per 100 000. 455 of the patients were tested for the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by a radioimmunoassay technique and 93 (20%) of these were positive. The majority of the patients with type B hepatitis were in their third or fourth decades. None was under the age of 16. The male to female ratio among patients with hepatitis B was 2 to 1 in those under the age of 30 and 5 to 1 in those aged 30 and over. The seasonal distribution of viral hepatitis showed a peak in the spring, solely from an increased incidence of non-B hepatitis, and a second, smaller peak in the autumn. There was no appreciable clustering of patients except for one local outbreak in a housing estate during the first year affecting mainly children going to the same primary school, and their parents. Patients with hepatitis B had a longer pre-icteric illness (p less than 0.05), greater duration of jaundice (p less than 0.001) and higher peak levels of serum bilirubin (p less than 0.0005) and serum alanine amino transferase (A1T) (p less than 0.03) than patients with non-B hepatitis. The finding of the surface antigen was also associated with a higher frequency of skin rash (p less than 0.0005) and a greater duration of arthralgia (p less than 0.03). Among the HBsAg negative patients the incidence of arthralgia increased with age (p less than 0.0005). Abdominal pain (p less than 0.005) and vomiting (p less than 0.005) were more common in the young. The injection experience of patients with hepatitis B showed a high proportion of 'non-therapeutic' exposure such as drug addiction. Significantly more HBsAg positive men were single than in the local community (p less than 0.001) or among the HBsAg negative men (p less than 0.01). There was no significant difference between the proportions of single women among the antigen positive and negative patients. Many of the HBsAg positive single men were either known to be or strongly suspected of being homosexual. The ad subtype of the HBsAg was found more often in males (p less than 0.01), particularly over the age of 30. All eight drug addicts tested for subtype were ay, as were two non-addicted female consorts. The association between addiction and ay subtype was highly significant in the males (p less than 0.001). The ad subtype was found in all 11 of the admitted homosexual HBsAg positive men and in all but one of the 17 strongly suspected of being homosexual.", "contents": "A three-year survey of viral hepatitis in West London. During a total population survey of viral hepatitis in the London Boroughs of Hounslow, Richmond and Ealing, 784 patients were seen in three years from 1 March 1972 to 28 February 1975. A diagnosis of viral hepatitis was accepted in 489. The annual incidence was 24 per 100 000. 455 of the patients were tested for the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by a radioimmunoassay technique and 93 (20%) of these were positive. The majority of the patients with type B hepatitis were in their third or fourth decades. None was under the age of 16. The male to female ratio among patients with hepatitis B was 2 to 1 in those under the age of 30 and 5 to 1 in those aged 30 and over. The seasonal distribution of viral hepatitis showed a peak in the spring, solely from an increased incidence of non-B hepatitis, and a second, smaller peak in the autumn. There was no appreciable clustering of patients except for one local outbreak in a housing estate during the first year affecting mainly children going to the same primary school, and their parents. Patients with hepatitis B had a longer pre-icteric illness (p less than 0.05), greater duration of jaundice (p less than 0.001) and higher peak levels of serum bilirubin (p less than 0.0005) and serum alanine amino transferase (A1T) (p less than 0.03) than patients with non-B hepatitis. The finding of the surface antigen was also associated with a higher frequency of skin rash (p less than 0.0005) and a greater duration of arthralgia (p less than 0.03). Among the HBsAg negative patients the incidence of arthralgia increased with age (p less than 0.0005). Abdominal pain (p less than 0.005) and vomiting (p less than 0.005) were more common in the young. The injection experience of patients with hepatitis B showed a high proportion of 'non-therapeutic' exposure such as drug addiction. Significantly more HBsAg positive men were single than in the local community (p less than 0.001) or among the HBsAg negative men (p less than 0.01). There was no significant difference between the proportions of single women among the antigen positive and negative patients. Many of the HBsAg positive single men were either known to be or strongly suspected of being homosexual. The ad subtype of the HBsAg was found more often in males (p less than 0.01), particularly over the age of 30. All eight drug addicts tested for subtype were ay, as were two non-addicted female consorts. The association between addiction and ay subtype was highly significant in the males (p less than 0.001). The ad subtype was found in all 11 of the admitted homosexual HBsAg positive men and in all but one of the 17 strongly suspected of being homosexual.", "PMID": 715174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6129", "title": "Microspectrophotometric studies on the visual pigment in the intact retina of the goldfish, Carassius auratus (Linn.).", "content": "The visual pigments in intact retinas of the common goldfish were examined by microspectrophotometry. Difference spectra free of photoproduct contamination had absorbance maxima at lambda527 nm +/- 2 nm. The average pigment density, about 0.32, was almost invariant with regard to retinal location and specimen size. Traces of a photoproduct absorbing maximally at lambda480-490 nm were found. The normalized \"absorbance\" curve deviated from standard templates. It was suggested that this was an effect of cross-coupling of energy and among photoreceptors. Finally, known action spectra show a red shift relative to the absorbance spectra measured.", "contents": "Microspectrophotometric studies on the visual pigment in the intact retina of the goldfish, Carassius auratus (Linn.). The visual pigments in intact retinas of the common goldfish were examined by microspectrophotometry. Difference spectra free of photoproduct contamination had absorbance maxima at lambda527 nm +/- 2 nm. The average pigment density, about 0.32, was almost invariant with regard to retinal location and specimen size. Traces of a photoproduct absorbing maximally at lambda480-490 nm were found. The normalized \"absorbance\" curve deviated from standard templates. It was suggested that this was an effect of cross-coupling of energy and among photoreceptors. Finally, known action spectra show a red shift relative to the absorbance spectra measured.", "PMID": 715263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6130", "title": "[Histological and morphometric study of the development of the optic part of the compound eye of the Enallagma boreale Selys (Odonata: Coenagrionidae)].", "content": "The morphology of the optical part of the Enallagma boreale Selys compound eye remains unchanged during its post-embryonic development. The cornea, composed of the epi-, exo- and endocorne, is in perfect continuity with the larval cephalic cuticle. Consequently these two structures possess the same three layers and have a similar process formation. But, the measurements from cephalic endocuticle and endocornea of the adult differ significantly from each other. The latter has a lamellar aspect. The nuclei cornea reaches its morphometric characteristics as early as the pre-emergence stage. The nuclei of the two primary pigment cells which have maintained their epidermic nature, are located at each side of the apex of the crystalline cone. The nuclei of the secondary pigment cells are uniformly distributed in the optical and photosensitive parts. The larval and adult crystalline cones differ morphometrically. The larval one is longer and narrower and reaches its adult characteristics just before emergence. Statistical tests do not show any significant difference between the dorsal and the ventral parts of the larval and adult compound eye.", "contents": "[Histological and morphometric study of the development of the optic part of the compound eye of the Enallagma boreale Selys (Odonata: Coenagrionidae)]. The morphology of the optical part of the Enallagma boreale Selys compound eye remains unchanged during its post-embryonic development. The cornea, composed of the epi-, exo- and endocorne, is in perfect continuity with the larval cephalic cuticle. Consequently these two structures possess the same three layers and have a similar process formation. But, the measurements from cephalic endocuticle and endocornea of the adult differ significantly from each other. The latter has a lamellar aspect. The nuclei cornea reaches its morphometric characteristics as early as the pre-emergence stage. The nuclei of the two primary pigment cells which have maintained their epidermic nature, are located at each side of the apex of the crystalline cone. The nuclei of the secondary pigment cells are uniformly distributed in the optical and photosensitive parts. The larval and adult crystalline cones differ morphometrically. The larval one is longer and narrower and reaches its adult characteristics just before emergence. Statistical tests do not show any significant difference between the dorsal and the ventral parts of the larval and adult compound eye.", "PMID": 715264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6131", "title": "On possible involvement of adrenocorticoids in chicken spleen development.", "content": "The possible effects of glucocorticoids on spleen development were assessed by the determination of changes in mean organ weight and histology in chicken (Gallus gallus) embryos at stages 44 and 45 of Hamburger and Hamilton on days 19.5 and 20 of incubation (N = 10--13). After the administration of 1 to 6  mg of metopirone (an 11-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor) the numbers of white-pulp periarterial nests and red-pulp granulocytes decreased. The changes associated with metopirone treatment were less evident after the addition of corticosterone (20 and 200 microgram). After adding corticosterone alone (200 microgram), the white-pulp nests appeared larger than in control. Mean body and spleen weights or spleen-body weight ratios did not change much after treatment. Possibly glucocorticoids normally direct these aspects of spleen histogenesis in chicken embryos.", "contents": "On possible involvement of adrenocorticoids in chicken spleen development. The possible effects of glucocorticoids on spleen development were assessed by the determination of changes in mean organ weight and histology in chicken (Gallus gallus) embryos at stages 44 and 45 of Hamburger and Hamilton on days 19.5 and 20 of incubation (N = 10--13). After the administration of 1 to 6  mg of metopirone (an 11-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor) the numbers of white-pulp periarterial nests and red-pulp granulocytes decreased. The changes associated with metopirone treatment were less evident after the addition of corticosterone (20 and 200 microgram). After adding corticosterone alone (200 microgram), the white-pulp nests appeared larger than in control. Mean body and spleen weights or spleen-body weight ratios did not change much after treatment. Possibly glucocorticoids normally direct these aspects of spleen histogenesis in chicken embryos.", "PMID": 715265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6132", "title": "Optical characteristics of the eye of the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias).", "content": "On the basis of the failure of attempts to induce refractive accommodation changes electrically and with drugs, it appears that the eye of the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) lacks the capacity to accommodate. Retinoscopic measurements indicate moderate hyperopia (+6D). However, measurements made with light restricted to the short end of the visible spectrum indicate only one or two dioptres of hyperopia and it is possible that the latter measurements are more coincident with natural conditions. In contrast to the somewhat flattened lens of other elasmobranchs the lens of the spiny dogfish is nearly spherical. The fact that its refractive index is high (1.66) suggests that the static optical system of this eye is very similar to that of the teleosts.", "contents": "Optical characteristics of the eye of the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias). On the basis of the failure of attempts to induce refractive accommodation changes electrically and with drugs, it appears that the eye of the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) lacks the capacity to accommodate. Retinoscopic measurements indicate moderate hyperopia (+6D). However, measurements made with light restricted to the short end of the visible spectrum indicate only one or two dioptres of hyperopia and it is possible that the latter measurements are more coincident with natural conditions. In contrast to the somewhat flattened lens of other elasmobranchs the lens of the spiny dogfish is nearly spherical. The fact that its refractive index is high (1.66) suggests that the static optical system of this eye is very similar to that of the teleosts.", "PMID": 715266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6133", "title": "Uptake of lysolecithin and other lysins by rat erythrocytes.", "content": "Lysis of rat erythrocytes by lysolecithin, palmitoyl carnitine and palmitoyl choline is inhibited by albumin and by certain lipids. Albumin rapidly forms a complex with the lysins thereby decreasing their reactivity with erythrocytes. Lecithin and cholesterol are lysis inhibitors that do not prevent the uptake of lysins but decrease their interactions with structural elements of the red cell membrane.", "contents": "Uptake of lysolecithin and other lysins by rat erythrocytes. Lysis of rat erythrocytes by lysolecithin, palmitoyl carnitine and palmitoyl choline is inhibited by albumin and by certain lipids. Albumin rapidly forms a complex with the lysins thereby decreasing their reactivity with erythrocytes. Lecithin and cholesterol are lysis inhibitors that do not prevent the uptake of lysins but decrease their interactions with structural elements of the red cell membrane.", "PMID": 715267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6134", "title": "[Reynold's syndrome. A case report (author's transl)].", "content": "One case of the association of primary biliar cirrhosis and systemic sclerosis progressive (SSP) is described (Reynold's syndrome). This association has been reported in 21 patients. In our case the signs of liver disease precede two years the appearence of SSP. A review of the patients with Reynold's syndrome reported is done and compared with the present case. Diagnostic approach and management of this association is also discussed.", "contents": "[Reynold's syndrome. A case report (author's transl)]. One case of the association of primary biliar cirrhosis and systemic sclerosis progressive (SSP) is described (Reynold's syndrome). This association has been reported in 21 patients. In our case the signs of liver disease precede two years the appearence of SSP. A review of the patients with Reynold's syndrome reported is done and compared with the present case. Diagnostic approach and management of this association is also discussed.", "PMID": 715342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6135", "title": "[Latex agglutination test in amebic liver abscess].", "content": "Amebic hepatic abscesses are one of the most frequent and serious complications of intestinal amibiasis. Although many methods exists with which the diagnosis can be made, frequently problems do arise. Serologic reactions play an important role in the diagnosis of amebic hepatic abscess. Among the most useful of the serological tests, is that which evaluates agglutination with latex particles. Latex agglutination was positive in 98.5% of 200 cases of proved amebic hepatic abscess. The pros and cons of the utility of this test compared with other serological tests are discussed. It is concluded that or the especialist as well as the general practicioner latex agglutination can be extremely useful in the diagnosis of amebic hepatic abscess.", "contents": "[Latex agglutination test in amebic liver abscess]. Amebic hepatic abscesses are one of the most frequent and serious complications of intestinal amibiasis. Although many methods exists with which the diagnosis can be made, frequently problems do arise. Serologic reactions play an important role in the diagnosis of amebic hepatic abscess. Among the most useful of the serological tests, is that which evaluates agglutination with latex particles. Latex agglutination was positive in 98.5% of 200 cases of proved amebic hepatic abscess. The pros and cons of the utility of this test compared with other serological tests are discussed. It is concluded that or the especialist as well as the general practicioner latex agglutination can be extremely useful in the diagnosis of amebic hepatic abscess.", "PMID": 715343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6136", "title": "[Surgical treatment of amebic liver abscess].", "content": "The charts of 50 patients with hepatic amebic abscesses diagnosed during 1976 in the Hospital de Especialidades del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social and in the Unidad Hospitalaria La Paz in the city of Puebla, were reviewed: 39 were men and 11 women, with an age range between the third and sixth decade. It was necessary to resort to surgical treatment in 25 (50%) of the patients for one or various of the following reasons: failure of medical treatment, imminent perforation, septicemia, perforation or the occurrence of an extremely large abscess. The total mortality was 2%. In all cases medical treatment was administered in the pre- and postoperative period. The surgical technique as well as its frequency is described and compared with the results of other groups. The mortality in our study was very low probably because the patients with large abscesses or sepsis were operated on an early stage of their evolution.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of amebic liver abscess]. The charts of 50 patients with hepatic amebic abscesses diagnosed during 1976 in the Hospital de Especialidades del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social and in the Unidad Hospitalaria La Paz in the city of Puebla, were reviewed: 39 were men and 11 women, with an age range between the third and sixth decade. It was necessary to resort to surgical treatment in 25 (50%) of the patients for one or various of the following reasons: failure of medical treatment, imminent perforation, septicemia, perforation or the occurrence of an extremely large abscess. The total mortality was 2%. In all cases medical treatment was administered in the pre- and postoperative period. The surgical technique as well as its frequency is described and compared with the results of other groups. The mortality in our study was very low probably because the patients with large abscesses or sepsis were operated on an early stage of their evolution.", "PMID": 715344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6137", "title": "[Dysgeusias].", "content": "This is a review of multiple pathologic conditions associated with altered taste perception and identification. We stated the steps and the molecular basis of this sense. This paper includes two cases that exemplify two distinct types of dysgeusia; case, 1 a 48 year old man who had clinical manifestations of hypogeusia and dysgeusia for one year, probably secondary to air pollutants. Case 2, a 37 year old man who worked in the same factory and also had dysgeusia; we concluded that it was secondary to thermal and chemical agression of the oropharynx; his plasma and urinary levels of zinc were normal. Many medications and contaminants of air and water are related with changes in serum and urine levels of zinc, which is a determinant at several levels for the correct integration of the taste system. Namely it is important for synthesis of the metalloprotein, gustin, a parotid gland protein secreted into saliva, which in turns is very important to make union of the sapid substance (SS) with its receptor in the surface of the gustatory epithelium a the taste buds. Zinc is also related with neurotransmission of the electrical stimulus generated in the bud cell and ending in the central nervous system. There is an acute zinc loss syndrome, seen in patients treated with histidine, which simulates the steps in which taste sensation is integrated. A clinical approach for diagnosis of hypogeusic or dysgeusic patients must include a careful evaluation of the diat elements, an assesment of hereditary disorders, the type of work and contact with pollutants known to be related with dysgeusia. A special care regarding physical examination must be considered in particular a meticulous review of the oropharynx in order to diagnose inflammatory, neoplastic or neurological disorders. The levels of perception an identification of flavors: sweet, bitter, sour and salt, must be determined using the forced scale triple choice technic. Serum and urinary levels of zinc should be determined in each patient using a flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometer. A quantification of the activity of leucocyte alkaline phosphatase, a zinc metalloenzyme, is a useful aid, liver function tests. 13 and 14 determinations and serum protein electrophoresis are mandatory because many pathologic states of these organ systems are known to be related with disorders of taste. We wish to remark the important function of zinc in the taste system, the role of essential trace elements is receiving increased atention and these alterations are good examples of their clinical importance.", "contents": "[Dysgeusias]. This is a review of multiple pathologic conditions associated with altered taste perception and identification. We stated the steps and the molecular basis of this sense. This paper includes two cases that exemplify two distinct types of dysgeusia; case, 1 a 48 year old man who had clinical manifestations of hypogeusia and dysgeusia for one year, probably secondary to air pollutants. Case 2, a 37 year old man who worked in the same factory and also had dysgeusia; we concluded that it was secondary to thermal and chemical agression of the oropharynx; his plasma and urinary levels of zinc were normal. Many medications and contaminants of air and water are related with changes in serum and urine levels of zinc, which is a determinant at several levels for the correct integration of the taste system. Namely it is important for synthesis of the metalloprotein, gustin, a parotid gland protein secreted into saliva, which in turns is very important to make union of the sapid substance (SS) with its receptor in the surface of the gustatory epithelium a the taste buds. Zinc is also related with neurotransmission of the electrical stimulus generated in the bud cell and ending in the central nervous system. There is an acute zinc loss syndrome, seen in patients treated with histidine, which simulates the steps in which taste sensation is integrated. A clinical approach for diagnosis of hypogeusic or dysgeusic patients must include a careful evaluation of the diat elements, an assesment of hereditary disorders, the type of work and contact with pollutants known to be related with dysgeusia. A special care regarding physical examination must be considered in particular a meticulous review of the oropharynx in order to diagnose inflammatory, neoplastic or neurological disorders. The levels of perception an identification of flavors: sweet, bitter, sour and salt, must be determined using the forced scale triple choice technic. Serum and urinary levels of zinc should be determined in each patient using a flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometer. A quantification of the activity of leucocyte alkaline phosphatase, a zinc metalloenzyme, is a useful aid, liver function tests. 13 and 14 determinations and serum protein electrophoresis are mandatory because many pathologic states of these organ systems are known to be related with disorders of taste. We wish to remark the important function of zinc in the taste system, the role of essential trace elements is receiving increased atention and these alterations are good examples of their clinical importance.", "PMID": 715345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6138", "title": "[Endotoxins and liver].", "content": "Endotoxins are macromolecules containing lipopolysacharides that form part of the bacteria wall. They are released only when the cell integrity is lost. They are suceptible to be absorved and pass to the portal circulation. However, in normal individuals endotoxins are not detected in peripheral blood, due to a filter effect of the liver. The possibility that liver failure could produce alterations in the detoxification of endotoxins is analyzed as well as the role of endotoxins to initiate or perpetuate liver damage. The biological effects of endotoxins on bile secretion, liver circulation, energy and carbohydrate metabolism in the liver are described.", "contents": "[Endotoxins and liver]. Endotoxins are macromolecules containing lipopolysacharides that form part of the bacteria wall. They are released only when the cell integrity is lost. They are suceptible to be absorved and pass to the portal circulation. However, in normal individuals endotoxins are not detected in peripheral blood, due to a filter effect of the liver. The possibility that liver failure could produce alterations in the detoxification of endotoxins is analyzed as well as the role of endotoxins to initiate or perpetuate liver damage. The biological effects of endotoxins on bile secretion, liver circulation, energy and carbohydrate metabolism in the liver are described.", "PMID": 715346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6139", "title": "[Surgical treatment of achalasia. Analysis of 27 cases].", "content": "1. Esophageal achalasia is a rare disease of unknown origin that occurs with the same frequency in both sexes. 2. During the preoperative workup as well as the postoperative time the following studies should be performed: upper GI series, esophageal manometry and endoscopy with biopsy. 3. In most instances conservative treatment with dilations only provides temporal relief of the symptoms and moreover, is not exempt from complications; it should be employed only in incipient achalasia, in patients who refuse to be operated upon and in those whose general conditions make surgery inadvisable. 4. Surgery can provide a permanent cure for the symptomatology in the majority of the patients, with a very low mortality and morbidity; an operation should be performed early in those who retain more than 10 mls. in the esophagus with persistence of the symptomatology as well as in those patients in whom cancer is suspected. 5. A modified Heller type operation, with abdominal approach with gastrostomy, diaphragmatic hernioplasty and an anti-reflux procedure and when necessary a piloroplasty is the treatment of choice for esophageal achalasia yielding good results in 88.8% of the cases. It should be noted that the degree of postoperative gastroesophageal regurgitation is directly related to the extent to which the gastric incisons is extended below the esophageal-gastric junction.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of achalasia. Analysis of 27 cases]. 1. Esophageal achalasia is a rare disease of unknown origin that occurs with the same frequency in both sexes. 2. During the preoperative workup as well as the postoperative time the following studies should be performed: upper GI series, esophageal manometry and endoscopy with biopsy. 3. In most instances conservative treatment with dilations only provides temporal relief of the symptoms and moreover, is not exempt from complications; it should be employed only in incipient achalasia, in patients who refuse to be operated upon and in those whose general conditions make surgery inadvisable. 4. Surgery can provide a permanent cure for the symptomatology in the majority of the patients, with a very low mortality and morbidity; an operation should be performed early in those who retain more than 10 mls. in the esophagus with persistence of the symptomatology as well as in those patients in whom cancer is suspected. 5. A modified Heller type operation, with abdominal approach with gastrostomy, diaphragmatic hernioplasty and an anti-reflux procedure and when necessary a piloroplasty is the treatment of choice for esophageal achalasia yielding good results in 88.8% of the cases. It should be noted that the degree of postoperative gastroesophageal regurgitation is directly related to the extent to which the gastric incisons is extended below the esophageal-gastric junction.", "PMID": 715347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6140", "title": "Characteristics of transcellular NaCl reabsorption in the kidney.", "content": "To examine the characteristics of transcellular, energy-requiring NaCl reabsorption, increased delivery of tubular fluid of different bicarbonate and chloride composition to the outer medulla was achieved by infusion of acetazolamide (30 mg/kg body wt) or 0.9% NaCl in anaesthetized dogs. As an index of energy-requiring NaCltransport, cortical and outer medullary metabolism were determined by the heat production technique. Outer medullary metabolism was correlated to sodium excretion but not to chloride excretion. A rise in sodium excretion up to 20-25% of the filtered load during hydropenia was associated with a 70-80% increase in outer medullary metabolism. Further increments in sodium excretion induced by increasing systemic blood pressure and thereby increasing glomerular filtration rate or by infusing 2.9% NaCl did not significantly increase either reabsorption of sodium or cortical and outer medullary metabolism. By infusion of furosemide (2mg/kg body wt) sodium reabsorption and outer medullary heat production could be reduced below control values. These experiments show that sodium rather than chloride determine transcellular NaCl reabsorption. The maximal capacity of this reabsorption system is approached first at sodium excretion rates beyond the physiological range. Calculations based on clearance studies and heat production measurements, before and after furosemide infusion, indicate that transcellular NaCl reabsorption accounts for more than half of the NaCl reabsorption in the kidney.", "contents": "Characteristics of transcellular NaCl reabsorption in the kidney. To examine the characteristics of transcellular, energy-requiring NaCl reabsorption, increased delivery of tubular fluid of different bicarbonate and chloride composition to the outer medulla was achieved by infusion of acetazolamide (30 mg/kg body wt) or 0.9% NaCl in anaesthetized dogs. As an index of energy-requiring NaCltransport, cortical and outer medullary metabolism were determined by the heat production technique. Outer medullary metabolism was correlated to sodium excretion but not to chloride excretion. A rise in sodium excretion up to 20-25% of the filtered load during hydropenia was associated with a 70-80% increase in outer medullary metabolism. Further increments in sodium excretion induced by increasing systemic blood pressure and thereby increasing glomerular filtration rate or by infusing 2.9% NaCl did not significantly increase either reabsorption of sodium or cortical and outer medullary metabolism. By infusion of furosemide (2mg/kg body wt) sodium reabsorption and outer medullary heat production could be reduced below control values. These experiments show that sodium rather than chloride determine transcellular NaCl reabsorption. The maximal capacity of this reabsorption system is approached first at sodium excretion rates beyond the physiological range. Calculations based on clearance studies and heat production measurements, before and after furosemide infusion, indicate that transcellular NaCl reabsorption accounts for more than half of the NaCl reabsorption in the kidney.", "PMID": 715363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6141", "title": "Exercise-and post-exercise metabolism of the lower leg in patients with peripheral arterial insufficiency.", "content": "Exercise- and post-exercise metabolism were studied in the lower legs of six subjects without known arterial insufficiency and in sixteen claudicants. Lower leg blood flow was measured with a thermodilution catheter in the popliteal vein. The catheter allowed blood sampling from the calf before, during and after an exhaustive, stepwise increasing load exercise on a bicycle ergometer. A higher oxygen extraction and higher lactate release during exercise in claudicants than in normal subjects persisted in the post-exercise period (P less than 0.05). Leg arteriopoplitealvenous differences of free fatty acids (FFA) showed an inverse intergroup relationship to that of glucose. Being higher in claudicants than in normal subjects during exercise (P less than 0.05). However, net uptake of FFA was not significantly different in the groups of legs although it appeared increased relative to glucose in claudicants both during and after the exercise. Thus no statistically significant substrate preference was detected although the results suggests a preference for FFA relative to glucose in legs with arterial insufficiency. The study furthermore demonstrated the lag of exercise metabolism into the post-exercise period in such legs and a close relationship between this metabolic delay and the severity of the disease.", "contents": "Exercise-and post-exercise metabolism of the lower leg in patients with peripheral arterial insufficiency. Exercise- and post-exercise metabolism were studied in the lower legs of six subjects without known arterial insufficiency and in sixteen claudicants. Lower leg blood flow was measured with a thermodilution catheter in the popliteal vein. The catheter allowed blood sampling from the calf before, during and after an exhaustive, stepwise increasing load exercise on a bicycle ergometer. A higher oxygen extraction and higher lactate release during exercise in claudicants than in normal subjects persisted in the post-exercise period (P less than 0.05). Leg arteriopoplitealvenous differences of free fatty acids (FFA) showed an inverse intergroup relationship to that of glucose. Being higher in claudicants than in normal subjects during exercise (P less than 0.05). However, net uptake of FFA was not significantly different in the groups of legs although it appeared increased relative to glucose in claudicants both during and after the exercise. Thus no statistically significant substrate preference was detected although the results suggests a preference for FFA relative to glucose in legs with arterial insufficiency. The study furthermore demonstrated the lag of exercise metabolism into the post-exercise period in such legs and a close relationship between this metabolic delay and the severity of the disease.", "PMID": 715365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6142", "title": "Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity in rats treated with 4-amino-pyrazolo-pyrimidine.", "content": "Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase(LCAT) in rats treated with 4-amino-pyrazolo-pyrimidine (4-APP) has been studied. Treatment with 4-APP decreased the plasma concentration of triglycerides, cholesterol and cholesteryl ester concomitantly with a decreased rate of cholesterol esterification in plasma. The reduced cholesterol esterification was due both to an effect on the enzyme and on the lipoprotein substrate. Plasma prothrombin decreased to the same extent as that of LCAT, indicating that the primary effect of 4-APP is upon protein synthesis and secretion from the liver.", "contents": "Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity in rats treated with 4-amino-pyrazolo-pyrimidine. Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase(LCAT) in rats treated with 4-amino-pyrazolo-pyrimidine (4-APP) has been studied. Treatment with 4-APP decreased the plasma concentration of triglycerides, cholesterol and cholesteryl ester concomitantly with a decreased rate of cholesterol esterification in plasma. The reduced cholesterol esterification was due both to an effect on the enzyme and on the lipoprotein substrate. Plasma prothrombin decreased to the same extent as that of LCAT, indicating that the primary effect of 4-APP is upon protein synthesis and secretion from the liver.", "PMID": 715366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6143", "title": "Primary structure of human intrinsic factor: progress report on cyanogen bromide fragmentation.", "content": "Human intrinsic factor purified by labile ligand affinity chromatography was cleaved with cyanogen bromide and fractionated by gel filtration. Four of the fragments were purified and sequenced to a total of eighty-four amino acid residues. Including the N-terminal amino acids this amounts to one third of the total amino acid sequence of human intrinsic factor. One of the fragments contained a tyrosine labelled only on iodination of intrinsic factor devoid of cobalamin.", "contents": "Primary structure of human intrinsic factor: progress report on cyanogen bromide fragmentation. Human intrinsic factor purified by labile ligand affinity chromatography was cleaved with cyanogen bromide and fractionated by gel filtration. Four of the fragments were purified and sequenced to a total of eighty-four amino acid residues. Including the N-terminal amino acids this amounts to one third of the total amino acid sequence of human intrinsic factor. One of the fragments contained a tyrosine labelled only on iodination of intrinsic factor devoid of cobalamin.", "PMID": 715367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6144", "title": "A rapid direct determination of cadmium in blood by anodic stripping voltammetry.", "content": "This paper describes a rapid, sensitive anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) method for measuring quantities of cadmium in blood. An advantage of this method is the minimal sample preparation required, using a metal-exchange reagent. A sensitivity of 4 nmol/l can be obtained. The results correlate with those obtained by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Within-run, the coefficient of variation (CV) was 8.9% at a cadmium concentration of 32 nmol/l. Between run CV was 5.4% at 37 nmol/l. The reference interval for blood cadmium concentration was 5-60 nmol/l for non-smokers and 5-85 nmol/l for cigarette-smokers. This method of cadmium analysis shows that ASV is a rapid, sensitive method for determination of blood cadmium in the normal range.", "contents": "A rapid direct determination of cadmium in blood by anodic stripping voltammetry. This paper describes a rapid, sensitive anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) method for measuring quantities of cadmium in blood. An advantage of this method is the minimal sample preparation required, using a metal-exchange reagent. A sensitivity of 4 nmol/l can be obtained. The results correlate with those obtained by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Within-run, the coefficient of variation (CV) was 8.9% at a cadmium concentration of 32 nmol/l. Between run CV was 5.4% at 37 nmol/l. The reference interval for blood cadmium concentration was 5-60 nmol/l for non-smokers and 5-85 nmol/l for cigarette-smokers. This method of cadmium analysis shows that ASV is a rapid, sensitive method for determination of blood cadmium in the normal range.", "PMID": 715368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6145", "title": "Erythrocyte-Zn-protoporphyrin as an indicator of lead exposure.", "content": "Measurement of erythrocte-Zn-protoporphyrin with a haematofluorimeter on blood samples from eighty-four lead-exposed individuals has been compared with a fluorimetric determination of the extracted porphyrins. The results agreed well, and the interference from bilirubin and unchelated protoporphyrin was low. An exponential increase in erythrocyte protoporphyrin and a linear decrease in blood haemoglobin with increased blood lead was found in seventy-nine males with occupational lead exposure. The haematofluorimeter is recommended as a useful tool in screening for lead poisoning.", "contents": "Erythrocyte-Zn-protoporphyrin as an indicator of lead exposure. Measurement of erythrocte-Zn-protoporphyrin with a haematofluorimeter on blood samples from eighty-four lead-exposed individuals has been compared with a fluorimetric determination of the extracted porphyrins. The results agreed well, and the interference from bilirubin and unchelated protoporphyrin was low. An exponential increase in erythrocyte protoporphyrin and a linear decrease in blood haemoglobin with increased blood lead was found in seventy-nine males with occupational lead exposure. The haematofluorimeter is recommended as a useful tool in screening for lead poisoning.", "PMID": 715369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6146", "title": "An improved competitive protein-binding assay for 25-hydroxy vitamin D.", "content": "A competitive protein binding assay for 25-hydroxy vitamin D in serum is described using serum from a pregnant woman as source of binding protein. Introduction of a polyvinyl alcohol to the reaction buffer enhanced the solubility of 25-hydroxy vitamin D in aqueous solutions and nearly eliminated loss of material to the walls of reaction tubes. Addition of a protein fraction obtained by gel filtration of human serum, shown to bind only vitamin D, enhanced the specificity and reproducibility of the assay without interfering with the binding properties of 25-hydroxy vitamin D. Serum samples were extracted by chloroform-methanol. Comparison of column chromatography on silicic acid and Sephadex LH-20 showed that both systems gave good separation of vitamin D and 25-hydroxy vitamin D and with a similar recovery of about 80%. The silicic acid columns were less time consuming, either to handle and cheaper in use, and was therefore preferred as the routine separation method. The assay has a detection limit of 0.4 nmol/l in serum, and an intra- and inter-assay coefficient of variation of 6.8 and 8.1%, respectively.", "contents": "An improved competitive protein-binding assay for 25-hydroxy vitamin D. A competitive protein binding assay for 25-hydroxy vitamin D in serum is described using serum from a pregnant woman as source of binding protein. Introduction of a polyvinyl alcohol to the reaction buffer enhanced the solubility of 25-hydroxy vitamin D in aqueous solutions and nearly eliminated loss of material to the walls of reaction tubes. Addition of a protein fraction obtained by gel filtration of human serum, shown to bind only vitamin D, enhanced the specificity and reproducibility of the assay without interfering with the binding properties of 25-hydroxy vitamin D. Serum samples were extracted by chloroform-methanol. Comparison of column chromatography on silicic acid and Sephadex LH-20 showed that both systems gave good separation of vitamin D and 25-hydroxy vitamin D and with a similar recovery of about 80%. The silicic acid columns were less time consuming, either to handle and cheaper in use, and was therefore preferred as the routine separation method. The assay has a detection limit of 0.4 nmol/l in serum, and an intra- and inter-assay coefficient of variation of 6.8 and 8.1%, respectively.", "PMID": 715370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6147", "title": "Radioimmmunoassay for melatonin in human serum.", "content": "Goat antisera raised against N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptophan conjugated to bovine thyroglobulin by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide is utilized in a radioimmunoassay for melatonin. The raised antibodies are coupled to Sepharose 4B and melatonin in human serum is isolated by affinity chromatography, thereby avoiding the time-consuming extractions by organic solvents. A detection limit of 1.9 pg (8.2 X 10(-15) mol) melatonin is achieved. The antibody specificity has been analysed and none of the common melatonin analogues influence this method of melatonin measurement.", "contents": "Radioimmmunoassay for melatonin in human serum. Goat antisera raised against N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptophan conjugated to bovine thyroglobulin by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide is utilized in a radioimmunoassay for melatonin. The raised antibodies are coupled to Sepharose 4B and melatonin in human serum is isolated by affinity chromatography, thereby avoiding the time-consuming extractions by organic solvents. A detection limit of 1.9 pg (8.2 X 10(-15) mol) melatonin is achieved. The antibody specificity has been analysed and none of the common melatonin analogues influence this method of melatonin measurement.", "PMID": 715371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6148", "title": "Megathrombocytopenia associated with glomerulonephritis, deafness and aortic cystic medianecrosis.", "content": "Macrothrombocytopenia associated with glomerulonephritis and deafness has only been reported in a few patients since it was first described in 1972. We present a patient with macrothrombocytopenia, glomerulonephritis, progressive uraemia and progressive sensorineural deafness associated with cystic medianecrosis of the ascending aorta and malformation of the aortic valves. The patient had consistently low platelet counts but no clinical signs of a defect haemostasis. The giant platelets were characterized by their size, averaging 11 micron in diameter, elaborate maze-like membrane formations, abundance of microtubules, and the total absence of very dense granules.", "contents": "Megathrombocytopenia associated with glomerulonephritis, deafness and aortic cystic medianecrosis. Macrothrombocytopenia associated with glomerulonephritis and deafness has only been reported in a few patients since it was first described in 1972. We present a patient with macrothrombocytopenia, glomerulonephritis, progressive uraemia and progressive sensorineural deafness associated with cystic medianecrosis of the ascending aorta and malformation of the aortic valves. The patient had consistently low platelet counts but no clinical signs of a defect haemostasis. The giant platelets were characterized by their size, averaging 11 micron in diameter, elaborate maze-like membrane formations, abundance of microtubules, and the total absence of very dense granules.", "PMID": 715372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6149", "title": "A syndrome of factor VII deficiency and abnormal platelet release reaction.", "content": "A 15-year-old girl with severe factor VII deficiency and chronic arthropathy showed an excessively prolonged bleeding time. Further studies demonstrated low platelet adhesiveness and abnormal platelet aggregation with ADP, collagen and epinephrine. Release of 14C-serotonin was deficient after aggregation with ADP and epinephrine, but was normal with thrombin. Transfusion of plasma or prothrombin complex concentrate resulted in a partial or complete correction of the bleeding time, respectively, but had no effect on in vitro platelet function tests. Both parents and the only sister had factor VII activities of 42%-72% and factor VII antigen levels of 45%-66% of normal and may thus be heterozygotes with respect to factor VII deficiency. All three had normal bleeding times in spite of abnormal in vitro platelet functions. The observations are interpreted to mean that in this family with factor VII deficiency and abnormal platelet release reaction the platelet abnormality as such was not sufficiently severe to prolong the bleeding time unless the factor VII activity was also very low.", "contents": "A syndrome of factor VII deficiency and abnormal platelet release reaction. A 15-year-old girl with severe factor VII deficiency and chronic arthropathy showed an excessively prolonged bleeding time. Further studies demonstrated low platelet adhesiveness and abnormal platelet aggregation with ADP, collagen and epinephrine. Release of 14C-serotonin was deficient after aggregation with ADP and epinephrine, but was normal with thrombin. Transfusion of plasma or prothrombin complex concentrate resulted in a partial or complete correction of the bleeding time, respectively, but had no effect on in vitro platelet function tests. Both parents and the only sister had factor VII activities of 42%-72% and factor VII antigen levels of 45%-66% of normal and may thus be heterozygotes with respect to factor VII deficiency. All three had normal bleeding times in spite of abnormal in vitro platelet functions. The observations are interpreted to mean that in this family with factor VII deficiency and abnormal platelet release reaction the platelet abnormality as such was not sufficiently severe to prolong the bleeding time unless the factor VII activity was also very low.", "PMID": 715373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6150", "title": "Absorption from iron tablets given with different types of meals.", "content": "The absorption of iron from tablets given with 5 types of meals was studied in 153 subjects. The meals were: a hamburger meal with beans and potatoes, a simple breakfast meal, a Latin American meal composed of black beans, rice and maize and two Southeast Asian meals composed of rice, vegetables and spices served with and without fish. The groups were directly compared by relating the absorption from the iron tablets to the absorption from a standardized reference dose of iron given on an empty stomach. The composition of meals with respect to content of meat or fish or the presence of large amounts of phytates seemed to have no influence on the absorption of iron from tablets. The absorption from iron tablets was about 40% higher when they were given with rice meals than when they were given with the other meals studied. The average decrease in absorption by meals was about 50-60% based on a comparison when tablets were given on an empty stomach. When tablets from which the iron was released more slowly were used, the absorption increased by about 30% except when they were given with rice meals, where the absorption was unchanged. The differences among the meals in their effect on the absorption of iron from tablets thus disappeared when the slow-release tablets were given.", "contents": "Absorption from iron tablets given with different types of meals. The absorption of iron from tablets given with 5 types of meals was studied in 153 subjects. The meals were: a hamburger meal with beans and potatoes, a simple breakfast meal, a Latin American meal composed of black beans, rice and maize and two Southeast Asian meals composed of rice, vegetables and spices served with and without fish. The groups were directly compared by relating the absorption from the iron tablets to the absorption from a standardized reference dose of iron given on an empty stomach. The composition of meals with respect to content of meat or fish or the presence of large amounts of phytates seemed to have no influence on the absorption of iron from tablets. The absorption from iron tablets was about 40% higher when they were given with rice meals than when they were given with the other meals studied. The average decrease in absorption by meals was about 50-60% based on a comparison when tablets were given on an empty stomach. When tablets from which the iron was released more slowly were used, the absorption increased by about 30% except when they were given with rice meals, where the absorption was unchanged. The differences among the meals in their effect on the absorption of iron from tablets thus disappeared when the slow-release tablets were given.", "PMID": 715374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6151", "title": "Platelet accumulation in the myocardium during acute nonthrombotic coronary artery occlusion in dogs.", "content": "The distribution of labelled autologous platelets in the myocardium was studied in open-chest dogs following a nonthrombotic coronary artery occlusion. A significant accumulation of platelets occurred in the ischaemic and borderline ischaemic myocardium both 15 and 150 min after coronary artery occlusion, most pronounced after 150 min. The small platelet accumulation after 15-min ischaemia might be due to stasis of blood since a similar increase in labelled erythrocytes in that area was observed. The platelet trapping after 150 min most likely represents platelet aggregates. In spite of the marked increase in platelet trapping, the myocardial blood flow in the ischaemic area increased significantly from 15 to 150 min of myocardial ischaemia. It is concluded that the increased platelet trapping in the first hours following a nonthrombotic coronary artery occlusion was insufficient to impair coronary circulation.", "contents": "Platelet accumulation in the myocardium during acute nonthrombotic coronary artery occlusion in dogs. The distribution of labelled autologous platelets in the myocardium was studied in open-chest dogs following a nonthrombotic coronary artery occlusion. A significant accumulation of platelets occurred in the ischaemic and borderline ischaemic myocardium both 15 and 150 min after coronary artery occlusion, most pronounced after 150 min. The small platelet accumulation after 15-min ischaemia might be due to stasis of blood since a similar increase in labelled erythrocytes in that area was observed. The platelet trapping after 150 min most likely represents platelet aggregates. In spite of the marked increase in platelet trapping, the myocardial blood flow in the ischaemic area increased significantly from 15 to 150 min of myocardial ischaemia. It is concluded that the increased platelet trapping in the first hours following a nonthrombotic coronary artery occlusion was insufficient to impair coronary circulation.", "PMID": 715375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6152", "title": "Increased concentration of transcobalamin I in a patient with metastatic carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "A patient with metastatic carcinoma of the breast and increased plasma cobalamin binding capacity (about 50 nmol/1) is described. The binding protein was identified as transcobalamin I (TCI) by DEAE cellulose ion-exchange chromatography, Sephadex G200 gel filtration and agar gel electrophoresis. Although the total plasma cobalamin concentration (about 20 nmol/1) was elevated, the patient complained of neurological symptoms in accordance with a functional vitamin B12 deficiency. Hence, an inactivation of the coenzyme is suggested by the demonstration of considerable amounts of 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin bound to the plasma TCI. Both urinary excretion of FIGLU and methylmalonic acid were within the reference ranges. Reported cases of increased cobalamin binding in patients with nonhaematological malignancy are reviewed. Further investigations to characterize the function of the cobalamin dependent metabolic pathways are necessary to determine the importance of the increased transcobalamin binding in these patients.", "contents": "Increased concentration of transcobalamin I in a patient with metastatic carcinoma of the breast. A patient with metastatic carcinoma of the breast and increased plasma cobalamin binding capacity (about 50 nmol/1) is described. The binding protein was identified as transcobalamin I (TCI) by DEAE cellulose ion-exchange chromatography, Sephadex G200 gel filtration and agar gel electrophoresis. Although the total plasma cobalamin concentration (about 20 nmol/1) was elevated, the patient complained of neurological symptoms in accordance with a functional vitamin B12 deficiency. Hence, an inactivation of the coenzyme is suggested by the demonstration of considerable amounts of 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin bound to the plasma TCI. Both urinary excretion of FIGLU and methylmalonic acid were within the reference ranges. Reported cases of increased cobalamin binding in patients with nonhaematological malignancy are reviewed. Further investigations to characterize the function of the cobalamin dependent metabolic pathways are necessary to determine the importance of the increased transcobalamin binding in these patients.", "PMID": 715376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6153", "title": "Pre-morbid factors in Hodgkin's disease. I. Birth weight and growth pattern from 8 to 14 years of age.", "content": "The risk of Hodgkin's disease (HD) in young adults is correlated to height. This association indicates an etiologic factor acting during growth. Our aim was to evaluate the importance of growth pattern as a risk factor in HD. The register of records from the school health service of the Copenhagen Council was scrutinized in order to find Danes with HD born between 1930 and 1950. Whenever possible, three matched controls (comparable in respect to socio-economic status) were selected from the register for each case. The material consisted of 63 cases and 183 controls. Information regarding height, weight and birth weight was obtained from the school health records. The patients were taller than controls at 8, 10, 12 and 14 years of age. The birth weight was available in 33 cases and 99 controls, and was higher in the former (median 3.50 kg) than in the latter (median 3.30 kg) (P less than 0.01). Our findings suggest the existence of either a risk factor associated with rapid growth or a protective factor connected with slow growth, effective even before birth.", "contents": "Pre-morbid factors in Hodgkin's disease. I. Birth weight and growth pattern from 8 to 14 years of age. The risk of Hodgkin's disease (HD) in young adults is correlated to height. This association indicates an etiologic factor acting during growth. Our aim was to evaluate the importance of growth pattern as a risk factor in HD. The register of records from the school health service of the Copenhagen Council was scrutinized in order to find Danes with HD born between 1930 and 1950. Whenever possible, three matched controls (comparable in respect to socio-economic status) were selected from the register for each case. The material consisted of 63 cases and 183 controls. Information regarding height, weight and birth weight was obtained from the school health records. The patients were taller than controls at 8, 10, 12 and 14 years of age. The birth weight was available in 33 cases and 99 controls, and was higher in the former (median 3.50 kg) than in the latter (median 3.30 kg) (P less than 0.01). Our findings suggest the existence of either a risk factor associated with rapid growth or a protective factor connected with slow growth, effective even before birth.", "PMID": 715377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6154", "title": "Bone marrow studies in myelomatosis.", "content": "The percentage of fat-cell areas in bone marrow particles from 22 patients with untreated myelomatosis was estimated. In only 1 patient was the mean fat cell area below 25% of the bone marrow area measured. A negative correlation was found between the area of fat cells and plasma cells, indicating a displacement of the fat cell area by the plasma cells. 28% of the patients had empty bone marrow deposits of iron. However, based on a normal iron saturation of S-transferrin and a normal sideroblast count in the bone marrow, the supply of iron to the erythropoiesis was considered sufficient. All patients but one had normoblastic bone marrows. Using a deoxyuridine suppression test in 10 patients, no biochemical defect could be demonstrated. To judge from the correlation coefficient a minor degree (9-14%) of the variation in Hb values could be predicted from the cellularity in the bone marrow while a major degree (70%) could be predicted from the renal glomerular filtration rate. The results do not support a displacement of blood-forming elements, iron deficiency, vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency to be of general significance in the pathogenesis of anaemia, but agrees with a causal relationship between anaemia and renal failure.", "contents": "Bone marrow studies in myelomatosis. The percentage of fat-cell areas in bone marrow particles from 22 patients with untreated myelomatosis was estimated. In only 1 patient was the mean fat cell area below 25% of the bone marrow area measured. A negative correlation was found between the area of fat cells and plasma cells, indicating a displacement of the fat cell area by the plasma cells. 28% of the patients had empty bone marrow deposits of iron. However, based on a normal iron saturation of S-transferrin and a normal sideroblast count in the bone marrow, the supply of iron to the erythropoiesis was considered sufficient. All patients but one had normoblastic bone marrows. Using a deoxyuridine suppression test in 10 patients, no biochemical defect could be demonstrated. To judge from the correlation coefficient a minor degree (9-14%) of the variation in Hb values could be predicted from the cellularity in the bone marrow while a major degree (70%) could be predicted from the renal glomerular filtration rate. The results do not support a displacement of blood-forming elements, iron deficiency, vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency to be of general significance in the pathogenesis of anaemia, but agrees with a causal relationship between anaemia and renal failure.", "PMID": 715378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6155", "title": "DNA synthesis in subpopulations of blood mononuclear leucocytes in human subjects after vaccination against yellow fever.", "content": "After vaccination of five volunteers with yellow fever live vaccine, blood mononuclear cells were isolated and labelled with 3H-thymidine at intervals. DNA synthesis was measured by scintillation counting and autoradiography of rosetted cells. Rosetting with sheep erythrocytes (E-RFC) identified T cells, and such erythrocytes coated with IgM antibodies and complement (EAC-RFC) identified B cells and monocytes. DNA synthesis in the total mononuclear cell fraction, as well as in subfractions enriched in or deprived of E-RFC, displayed a sharp increase on day 10--11 after vaccination, remained high on day 13--14, and then returned to the prevaccination level. There was a corresponding morphological transformation, measured by size distribution and number of nucleoli per cell. The major fraction of DNA-synthesizing cells before, during and after the peak of activity was found among non-rosette-forming cells. However, during the activity peak the numbers and proportion of DNA-synthesizing E-RFC were increased while the response with regard to EAC-RFC was not obvious. Thus within a complex cellular response a transient T-cell response was identified.", "contents": "DNA synthesis in subpopulations of blood mononuclear leucocytes in human subjects after vaccination against yellow fever. After vaccination of five volunteers with yellow fever live vaccine, blood mononuclear cells were isolated and labelled with 3H-thymidine at intervals. DNA synthesis was measured by scintillation counting and autoradiography of rosetted cells. Rosetting with sheep erythrocytes (E-RFC) identified T cells, and such erythrocytes coated with IgM antibodies and complement (EAC-RFC) identified B cells and monocytes. DNA synthesis in the total mononuclear cell fraction, as well as in subfractions enriched in or deprived of E-RFC, displayed a sharp increase on day 10--11 after vaccination, remained high on day 13--14, and then returned to the prevaccination level. There was a corresponding morphological transformation, measured by size distribution and number of nucleoli per cell. The major fraction of DNA-synthesizing cells before, during and after the peak of activity was found among non-rosette-forming cells. However, during the activity peak the numbers and proportion of DNA-synthesizing E-RFC were increased while the response with regard to EAC-RFC was not obvious. Thus within a complex cellular response a transient T-cell response was identified.", "PMID": 715379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6156", "title": "Sensitivity to glucocorticoids of lymph node cells stimulated in vivo by oxazolone.", "content": "Sensitization of B10.A mice with oxazolone results in delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and a two to three-fold increase in the weight of regional lymph nodes by the third day. Hydrocortisone treatment of the animals 3 days after sensitization suppresses the manifestation of DTH on the tenth day but not on the seventieth day and significantly decreases the weight of lymph nodes both in control and oxazolone-sensitized mice. The regional lymph node cells of oxazolone-stimulated mice were, like the controls, sensitive to dexamethasone in vitro, as judged by viability and thymidine incorporation. Dexamethasone binding capacity of the regional lymph node cells 72 h after oxazolone sensitization increased. However, the dissociation constant for dexamethasone, the binding specificity, and the nuclear transfer of the hormone were not altered. Since high doses of hydrocortisone given 3 days after sensitization were unable to erase permanently the DTH to oxazolone, it seems very likely that cells responsible for the immunological memory survive the high dose of hydrocortisone.", "contents": "Sensitivity to glucocorticoids of lymph node cells stimulated in vivo by oxazolone. Sensitization of B10.A mice with oxazolone results in delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and a two to three-fold increase in the weight of regional lymph nodes by the third day. Hydrocortisone treatment of the animals 3 days after sensitization suppresses the manifestation of DTH on the tenth day but not on the seventieth day and significantly decreases the weight of lymph nodes both in control and oxazolone-sensitized mice. The regional lymph node cells of oxazolone-stimulated mice were, like the controls, sensitive to dexamethasone in vitro, as judged by viability and thymidine incorporation. Dexamethasone binding capacity of the regional lymph node cells 72 h after oxazolone sensitization increased. However, the dissociation constant for dexamethasone, the binding specificity, and the nuclear transfer of the hormone were not altered. Since high doses of hydrocortisone given 3 days after sensitization were unable to erase permanently the DTH to oxazolone, it seems very likely that cells responsible for the immunological memory survive the high dose of hydrocortisone.", "PMID": 715380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6157", "title": "HBsAg positive adopted children as a cause of intrafamilial spread of hepatitis B.", "content": "About 5% of the children adopted to Sweden from mostly India and Korea are chronic carriers of HBsAg. Most of them are also e-antigen positive. In this investigation 12 families with such children have been studied to evaluate the infectivity risk. Out of 36 family members 5 have had clinical hepatitis, another 2 were HBsAg positive without clinical symptoms and 15 had anti-HBs. It seems clear that these children are a source of infection and all children adopted from countries with high prevalence of hepatitis B should be screened to be able to define the risk group.", "contents": "HBsAg positive adopted children as a cause of intrafamilial spread of hepatitis B. About 5% of the children adopted to Sweden from mostly India and Korea are chronic carriers of HBsAg. Most of them are also e-antigen positive. In this investigation 12 families with such children have been studied to evaluate the infectivity risk. Out of 36 family members 5 have had clinical hepatitis, another 2 were HBsAg positive without clinical symptoms and 15 had anti-HBs. It seems clear that these children are a source of infection and all children adopted from countries with high prevalence of hepatitis B should be screened to be able to define the risk group.", "PMID": 715381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6158", "title": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation in patients with meningococcal infection: laboratory diagnosis and prognostic factors.", "content": "In 36 patients with meningococcal infection a close association between the laboratory evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and unfavourable prognostic factors was established. Patients with platelet count lessthan 100000/microliter, Normotest lessthan 50% and plasma fibrinogen concentration less than 100 mg/dl had a serious prognosis. No significant differences could be extablished between patients with infection from serogroup A and B meningococci for either laboratory evidence of DIC or prognostic factors.", "contents": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation in patients with meningococcal infection: laboratory diagnosis and prognostic factors. In 36 patients with meningococcal infection a close association between the laboratory evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and unfavourable prognostic factors was established. Patients with platelet count lessthan 100000/microliter, Normotest lessthan 50% and plasma fibrinogen concentration less than 100 mg/dl had a serious prognosis. No significant differences could be extablished between patients with infection from serogroup A and B meningococci for either laboratory evidence of DIC or prognostic factors.", "PMID": 715382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6159", "title": "Bacterial endocarditis. I. A prospective study of etiology, underlying factors and foci of infection.", "content": "In a prospective clinical and bacteriological study of 192 consecutive patients with septicemia admitted during the period 1967--1971 to a hospital for infectious diseases, 31 cases of proved (group I) and 10 with probably (group II) bacterial endocarditis were observed and analysed with regard to a variety of factors. The incidence of bacterial endocarditis was 3 per 1 000 admissions. The mean age of the patients was 52.6 years; there was no sex predominance. In about one third of the patients apparently normal valves were involved. Underlying non-cardiac factors were present in two thirds, even in younger age groups, in which chronic alcoholism and intravenous drug abuse were frequent. Secondary manifestations from various organs were noted in about three quarters of the patients, in one quarter already on admission. alpha-Hemolytic streptococci and staphylococci were most commonly isolated, followed by gram-negative enteric rods, beta-hemolytic streptococci, enterococci, and pneumococci. A probable portal of entry could be assumed in 80% of the patients and could often be related to the type of bacteria involved. In some cases, diagnostic or therapeutic procedures preceded the disease. A subacute course of the endocarditis was observed in one third of the patients and all these had alpha-hemolytic streptococci or enterococci. The aortic and mitral valves were equally often involved and equally often infected by alpha-hemolytic streptococci. In 4 patients, 3 of whom were drug addicts, the tricuspid valve was probably involved; all were infected by staphylococci. In one case autopsy revealed a mural endocarditis.", "contents": "Bacterial endocarditis. I. A prospective study of etiology, underlying factors and foci of infection. In a prospective clinical and bacteriological study of 192 consecutive patients with septicemia admitted during the period 1967--1971 to a hospital for infectious diseases, 31 cases of proved (group I) and 10 with probably (group II) bacterial endocarditis were observed and analysed with regard to a variety of factors. The incidence of bacterial endocarditis was 3 per 1 000 admissions. The mean age of the patients was 52.6 years; there was no sex predominance. In about one third of the patients apparently normal valves were involved. Underlying non-cardiac factors were present in two thirds, even in younger age groups, in which chronic alcoholism and intravenous drug abuse were frequent. Secondary manifestations from various organs were noted in about three quarters of the patients, in one quarter already on admission. alpha-Hemolytic streptococci and staphylococci were most commonly isolated, followed by gram-negative enteric rods, beta-hemolytic streptococci, enterococci, and pneumococci. A probable portal of entry could be assumed in 80% of the patients and could often be related to the type of bacteria involved. In some cases, diagnostic or therapeutic procedures preceded the disease. A subacute course of the endocarditis was observed in one third of the patients and all these had alpha-hemolytic streptococci or enterococci. The aortic and mitral valves were equally often involved and equally often infected by alpha-hemolytic streptococci. In 4 patients, 3 of whom were drug addicts, the tricuspid valve was probably involved; all were infected by staphylococci. In one case autopsy revealed a mural endocarditis.", "PMID": 715383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6160", "title": "Antibiotic concentrations in saliva of purulent parotitis.", "content": "In patients with unilateral acute purulent parotitis treated with penicillin and doxycycline the antibiotic concentration was determined in plasma and saliva from both the healthy and the affected parotid gland. The results show that the penicillin concentrations in purulent saliva of the diseased gland is considerably higher than in non-purulent saliva of the healthy parotid gland. There was no such marked difference in concentrations of doxycycline. The possible mechanisms behind these observations are discussed as are the conclusions that can be drawn concerning treatment of acute purulent and chronic recurrent parotitis.", "contents": "Antibiotic concentrations in saliva of purulent parotitis. In patients with unilateral acute purulent parotitis treated with penicillin and doxycycline the antibiotic concentration was determined in plasma and saliva from both the healthy and the affected parotid gland. The results show that the penicillin concentrations in purulent saliva of the diseased gland is considerably higher than in non-purulent saliva of the healthy parotid gland. There was no such marked difference in concentrations of doxycycline. The possible mechanisms behind these observations are discussed as are the conclusions that can be drawn concerning treatment of acute purulent and chronic recurrent parotitis.", "PMID": 715384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6161", "title": "Trichosporon cutaneum endocarditis.", "content": "A 61-year-old man with Trichosporon cutaneum (T. cutaneum) prosthetic valve endocarditis is reported. He had had an aortic valve replacement for rheumatic heart disease 3 years earlier. Onset of the valve infection was subacute. A systolic murmur was noted on admission. Subsequently, he developed conjunctival hemorrhages, hematuria and transient episodes of confusion, aphasia and cranial nerve palsies. Three of 17 blood cultures taken over 3 weeks were positive for T. cutaneum. He was given amphotericin B (AmB) and 5-fluorocytosine (5FC); T. cutaneum infection of prosthetic aortic valve was identified. The aortic valve was replaced. Postoperatively he developed refractory ventricular fibrillation and died. Striking synergy to AmB-5FC and AmB-rifampin combinations was demonstrated in vitro.", "contents": "Trichosporon cutaneum endocarditis. A 61-year-old man with Trichosporon cutaneum (T. cutaneum) prosthetic valve endocarditis is reported. He had had an aortic valve replacement for rheumatic heart disease 3 years earlier. Onset of the valve infection was subacute. A systolic murmur was noted on admission. Subsequently, he developed conjunctival hemorrhages, hematuria and transient episodes of confusion, aphasia and cranial nerve palsies. Three of 17 blood cultures taken over 3 weeks were positive for T. cutaneum. He was given amphotericin B (AmB) and 5-fluorocytosine (5FC); T. cutaneum infection of prosthetic aortic valve was identified. The aortic valve was replaced. Postoperatively he developed refractory ventricular fibrillation and died. Striking synergy to AmB-5FC and AmB-rifampin combinations was demonstrated in vitro.", "PMID": 715385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6162", "title": "Meningitis and bacteremia caused by Pasteurella ureae. Report of a case following intracranial surgery.", "content": "An otherwise healthy 53-year-old woman underwent intracranial surgery for trigeminal neuralgia. One week later she developed meningitis and bacteremia caused by Pasteurella ureae and was treated successfully with antimicrobials. This organism is known to colonize the respiratory tract in certain individuals and is an extremely rare cause of meningitis or bacteremia. This is the first reported case of bacteremia in an adult.", "contents": "Meningitis and bacteremia caused by Pasteurella ureae. Report of a case following intracranial surgery. An otherwise healthy 53-year-old woman underwent intracranial surgery for trigeminal neuralgia. One week later she developed meningitis and bacteremia caused by Pasteurella ureae and was treated successfully with antimicrobials. This organism is known to colonize the respiratory tract in certain individuals and is an extremely rare cause of meningitis or bacteremia. This is the first reported case of bacteremia in an adult.", "PMID": 715386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6163", "title": "Mechanics of shoulder locomotor system during exercises resisted by weight-and-pulley-circuit.", "content": "The aim of the present study was to investigate how different ways of using a weight-and-pulley-circuit (wpc) influence the mechanics of a joint with adjacent muscles. A formula for the resisting moment with respect to a joint was developed and used in a computer model. The resistive effect of various modes of application of the wpc was calculated. It is shown how the resisting moment is influenced by changes of the following factors: 1) Angle between the horizontal plane and a line between joint and pulley (height of position of pulley); 2) Distance between joint and pulley; 3) Weight applied to the rope of the wpc; 4) Weight of the limb.", "contents": "Mechanics of shoulder locomotor system during exercises resisted by weight-and-pulley-circuit. The aim of the present study was to investigate how different ways of using a weight-and-pulley-circuit (wpc) influence the mechanics of a joint with adjacent muscles. A formula for the resisting moment with respect to a joint was developed and used in a computer model. The resistive effect of various modes of application of the wpc was calculated. It is shown how the resisting moment is influenced by changes of the following factors: 1) Angle between the horizontal plane and a line between joint and pulley (height of position of pulley); 2) Distance between joint and pulley; 3) Weight applied to the rope of the wpc; 4) Weight of the limb.", "PMID": 715387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6164", "title": "Shoulder muscle EMG and resisting moment during diagonal exercise movements resisted by weight-and-pulley-circuit.", "content": "The aim of the study was to investigate which muscles contract (and to what extent) during diagonal shoulder movements resisted by a weight-and-pulley-circuit and the relationship between the calculated resisting moment of force and the maximum voluntary isometrical muscular moment. EMG, mechanical calculations and measurements of moments of force were used. With the resistance used in the study, flexion-abduction-external rotation (FLABER) highly activated all three parts of the deltoideus muscle and the infraspinatus. Flexion-adduction-external rotation (FLADER) highly activated the anterior and middle parts of the deltoideus, infraspinatus and moderately the sternocostal part of the pectoralis major. Extension-abduction-internal rotation (EXABIR) highly activated the posterior deltoideus and moderately the latissimus dorsi. Extension-adduction-internal rotation (EXADIR) highly activated the sternocostal part of the pectoralis major.", "contents": "Shoulder muscle EMG and resisting moment during diagonal exercise movements resisted by weight-and-pulley-circuit. The aim of the study was to investigate which muscles contract (and to what extent) during diagonal shoulder movements resisted by a weight-and-pulley-circuit and the relationship between the calculated resisting moment of force and the maximum voluntary isometrical muscular moment. EMG, mechanical calculations and measurements of moments of force were used. With the resistance used in the study, flexion-abduction-external rotation (FLABER) highly activated all three parts of the deltoideus muscle and the infraspinatus. Flexion-adduction-external rotation (FLADER) highly activated the anterior and middle parts of the deltoideus, infraspinatus and moderately the sternocostal part of the pectoralis major. Extension-abduction-internal rotation (EXABIR) highly activated the posterior deltoideus and moderately the latissimus dorsi. Extension-adduction-internal rotation (EXADIR) highly activated the sternocostal part of the pectoralis major.", "PMID": 715388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6165", "title": "Overexertion injuries in keep-fit athletes. A study on overexertion injuries among non-competitive keep-fit athletes.", "content": "During three years, 274 exertion injuries in middle-aged keep-fit athletes were collected. A keep-fit athlete was a person, who regularly took part in noncompetitive sports activities. Exertion injury was a nontraumatic pain syndrome in the musculo-skeletal system. In the material, there were 35 women and 239 men. Most of them were 30--39 years old. Most exertion injuries took place in July, August, and September. About 80% of the patients were joggers. 80% of them had been training regularly for more than one year. At the moment of occurence of the symptoms, 68% of the patients trained 3--5 times a week. Joggers ran approx. 40 km/week. About 30% of the injuries took place in the knee, 24% in the ankle, heel and foot, 17% in the leg, and 9% in the achilles tendon. Almost one fifth of the pain syndromes were chronic in nature. The majority responded well to rest and to conservative treatment. Fifteen cases were treated surgically. Most of the exertion injuries were typical exertion syndromes seen also in competitive athletes. Others were degenerative changes, organic anomalies etc., which revealed their first symptoms during regular keep-fit activities.", "contents": "Overexertion injuries in keep-fit athletes. A study on overexertion injuries among non-competitive keep-fit athletes. During three years, 274 exertion injuries in middle-aged keep-fit athletes were collected. A keep-fit athlete was a person, who regularly took part in noncompetitive sports activities. Exertion injury was a nontraumatic pain syndrome in the musculo-skeletal system. In the material, there were 35 women and 239 men. Most of them were 30--39 years old. Most exertion injuries took place in July, August, and September. About 80% of the patients were joggers. 80% of them had been training regularly for more than one year. At the moment of occurence of the symptoms, 68% of the patients trained 3--5 times a week. Joggers ran approx. 40 km/week. About 30% of the injuries took place in the knee, 24% in the ankle, heel and foot, 17% in the leg, and 9% in the achilles tendon. Almost one fifth of the pain syndromes were chronic in nature. The majority responded well to rest and to conservative treatment. Fifteen cases were treated surgically. Most of the exertion injuries were typical exertion syndromes seen also in competitive athletes. Others were degenerative changes, organic anomalies etc., which revealed their first symptoms during regular keep-fit activities.", "PMID": 715389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6166", "title": "The influence of total hip replacement on selected activities of daily living and on the use of domestic aid.", "content": "The effect of total hip replacement (McKee-Farrar and Brunswik prostheses) on selected activities of daily living and on the use of domestic aid in these activities was evaluated by interviewing 539 patients operated on. The mean age of the patients was 64.7 years and the mean follow-up time 4.2 years. After eliminating other diseases affecting mobility, a \"proper\" series of 294 patients was obtained. There was marked improvement in all activities. Walking ability was limited in 95% before and in 12% after the operation. The proportion of those unable to clean their homes decreased from 67% to 16%, to shop from 46% to 10%, to tie their shoes from 75% to 29%, to pull on stockings from 43% to 3% and to dress in other ways from 30% to 1%. The proportion of patients who were able to take care of themselves increased from 21% to 62%. The reliability of the interview was tested by comparing some objective observations with the information given by the patients. Thus a correlation was observed between the ability to walk and shop on the one hand, and pull on stockings and the flexion range of the hip, on the other.", "contents": "The influence of total hip replacement on selected activities of daily living and on the use of domestic aid. The effect of total hip replacement (McKee-Farrar and Brunswik prostheses) on selected activities of daily living and on the use of domestic aid in these activities was evaluated by interviewing 539 patients operated on. The mean age of the patients was 64.7 years and the mean follow-up time 4.2 years. After eliminating other diseases affecting mobility, a \"proper\" series of 294 patients was obtained. There was marked improvement in all activities. Walking ability was limited in 95% before and in 12% after the operation. The proportion of those unable to clean their homes decreased from 67% to 16%, to shop from 46% to 10%, to tie their shoes from 75% to 29%, to pull on stockings from 43% to 3% and to dress in other ways from 30% to 1%. The proportion of patients who were able to take care of themselves increased from 21% to 62%. The reliability of the interview was tested by comparing some objective observations with the information given by the patients. Thus a correlation was observed between the ability to walk and shop on the one hand, and pull on stockings and the flexion range of the hip, on the other.", "PMID": 715391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6167", "title": "The immediate effect of lumbar sympathectomy on arterial blood flow measured by electromagnetic flowmetry.", "content": "The immediate effect of lumbar sympathectomy on arterial blood flow was studied in 51 patients with peripheral arterial disease by means of electromagnetic flowmetry. Concomitant arterial reconstruction was performed in 37 cases. The measurement was made on the reconstructed segment or on the bypass graft, and on the femoral artery when sympathectomy alone was performed. The flow increase varied considerably from case to case and was rather unpredictable. There was no significant correlation between the effect of sympathectomy and peripheral arterial disease or the condition of the outflow tract. Thus, on the basis of these measurements, it is difficult to determine the significance of lumbar sympathectomy as a method of increasing blood flow.", "contents": "The immediate effect of lumbar sympathectomy on arterial blood flow measured by electromagnetic flowmetry. The immediate effect of lumbar sympathectomy on arterial blood flow was studied in 51 patients with peripheral arterial disease by means of electromagnetic flowmetry. Concomitant arterial reconstruction was performed in 37 cases. The measurement was made on the reconstructed segment or on the bypass graft, and on the femoral artery when sympathectomy alone was performed. The flow increase varied considerably from case to case and was rather unpredictable. There was no significant correlation between the effect of sympathectomy and peripheral arterial disease or the condition of the outflow tract. Thus, on the basis of these measurements, it is difficult to determine the significance of lumbar sympathectomy as a method of increasing blood flow.", "PMID": 715392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6168", "title": "Raynaud's phenomenon in arterial obstructive disease of the hand demonstrated by locally provoked cooling.", "content": "Finger systolic blood pressure (FSP) was measured by cuff technique before and after local cooling in three groups of patients (Raynaud's disease (7), subclavian stenoses, (5), thrombo-angiitis obliterans (15)), and in 15 normals. The response to finger cooling registered as a decrease in FSP indicates an increase of digital arterial tone. In all three groups, digital arterial tone increased more than in normals during finger cooling. Patients with Raynaud's disease showed a pathological increase in arterial tone at 23.5 degrees C with closure of the digital arteries at a mean temperature of 18.5 degrees C. The temperature eliciting these phenomena in patients with thrombo-angiitis obliterans was about 7 degrees C lower (16.5 and 11.0 degrees C, respectively). Accordingly, cold sensitivity and Raynaud's phenomena in the two groups may have a different pathophysiological mechanism, namely a pathological arterial tone in Raynaud's disease vs. a normal arterial tone in obliterative diseases acting on a narrow vessel.", "contents": "Raynaud's phenomenon in arterial obstructive disease of the hand demonstrated by locally provoked cooling. Finger systolic blood pressure (FSP) was measured by cuff technique before and after local cooling in three groups of patients (Raynaud's disease (7), subclavian stenoses, (5), thrombo-angiitis obliterans (15)), and in 15 normals. The response to finger cooling registered as a decrease in FSP indicates an increase of digital arterial tone. In all three groups, digital arterial tone increased more than in normals during finger cooling. Patients with Raynaud's disease showed a pathological increase in arterial tone at 23.5 degrees C with closure of the digital arteries at a mean temperature of 18.5 degrees C. The temperature eliciting these phenomena in patients with thrombo-angiitis obliterans was about 7 degrees C lower (16.5 and 11.0 degrees C, respectively). Accordingly, cold sensitivity and Raynaud's phenomena in the two groups may have a different pathophysiological mechanism, namely a pathological arterial tone in Raynaud's disease vs. a normal arterial tone in obliterative diseases acting on a narrow vessel.", "PMID": 715393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6169", "title": "Renal artery reconstruction in renovascular hypertension.", "content": "Over a period of 8 years, 52 patients (31 females and 21 males) between 12 and 59 years of age (mean age 40 years) underwent renal artery reconstruction for correction of renovascular hypertension. Five patients were operated on bilaterally. A thoracoretroperitoneal approach was chosen at 48 of 57 renal artery reconstructions. The most used types of arterial reconstruction were thrombendarterectomy and vein patch, resection of the stenosis and end-to-end anastomosis, vein patch only or aortorenal vein bypass. No early or late nephrectomies were performed. These was no operative mortality, but 3 late deaths occurred. Twenty-two patients were normotensive postoperatively, 20 were improved and there were 10 failures. The follow-up time as 1--8 years. The blood pressures were measured after withdrawal of antihypertensive drugs for at least 10 days. The best predictable criterion for normotension was a positive renin test with a renin ratio of 1.5 or more. The normotensive patients were in the younger age group with a shorter duration of known hypertension and had mainly fibromuscular hyperplasia.", "contents": "Renal artery reconstruction in renovascular hypertension. Over a period of 8 years, 52 patients (31 females and 21 males) between 12 and 59 years of age (mean age 40 years) underwent renal artery reconstruction for correction of renovascular hypertension. Five patients were operated on bilaterally. A thoracoretroperitoneal approach was chosen at 48 of 57 renal artery reconstructions. The most used types of arterial reconstruction were thrombendarterectomy and vein patch, resection of the stenosis and end-to-end anastomosis, vein patch only or aortorenal vein bypass. No early or late nephrectomies were performed. These was no operative mortality, but 3 late deaths occurred. Twenty-two patients were normotensive postoperatively, 20 were improved and there were 10 failures. The follow-up time as 1--8 years. The blood pressures were measured after withdrawal of antihypertensive drugs for at least 10 days. The best predictable criterion for normotension was a positive renin test with a renin ratio of 1.5 or more. The normotensive patients were in the younger age group with a shorter duration of known hypertension and had mainly fibromuscular hyperplasia.", "PMID": 715394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6170", "title": "Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung report of a case.", "content": "The case history of male child is reported. At the ages of five and fifteen months he suffered attacks, of left upper lobar pneumonia. When ninteen months old, he underwent a lobectomy because of persistent air trapping in this lobe, accompanied by mediastinal displacement to the right side. He has since made a good recovery. From the pathological findings, congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation was diagnosed. Various aspects of this rare condition are discussed.", "contents": "Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung report of a case. The case history of male child is reported. At the ages of five and fifteen months he suffered attacks, of left upper lobar pneumonia. When ninteen months old, he underwent a lobectomy because of persistent air trapping in this lobe, accompanied by mediastinal displacement to the right side. He has since made a good recovery. From the pathological findings, congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation was diagnosed. Various aspects of this rare condition are discussed.", "PMID": 715395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6171", "title": "Platypnoea after pneumonectomy caused by a combination of intracardiac right-to-left shunt and hypovolaemia. Relief of symptoms on restitution of blood volume.", "content": "A patient developed platypnoea about a month after pneumonectomy. The symptoms proved to be due to a combination of an atrial right-to-left shunt and hypovolaemia. Blood volume substitution did not change the direction of the shunt, but the symptoms were relieved. The physiological background to this may be a less pronounced venous desaturation and thereby a less marked influence of the shunt on the arterial oxygen saturation.", "contents": "Platypnoea after pneumonectomy caused by a combination of intracardiac right-to-left shunt and hypovolaemia. Relief of symptoms on restitution of blood volume. A patient developed platypnoea about a month after pneumonectomy. The symptoms proved to be due to a combination of an atrial right-to-left shunt and hypovolaemia. Blood volume substitution did not change the direction of the shunt, but the symptoms were relieved. The physiological background to this may be a less pronounced venous desaturation and thereby a less marked influence of the shunt on the arterial oxygen saturation.", "PMID": 715396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6172", "title": "Lung split function test and pneumonectomy. A lower limit for operability.", "content": "Regional 133Xe ventilation/perfusion studies were used to predict residual lung function after pulmonary resections. The accuracy of the method was good as checked by postoperative spirometry in 11 patients. In 25 patients with impaired lung function and pulmonary cancer, who were consecutively selected for surgery, the predicted postoperative maximal breathing capacities (MBC) ranged from 17 to 41 l/min-1 m-2. No patients became permanent pulmonary invalids. One patient died from myocardial infarction, 7 had transient pulmonary insufficiency and 17 patients survived operation without complications. Perfusion studies alone proved as reliable as perfusion/ventilation studies.", "contents": "Lung split function test and pneumonectomy. A lower limit for operability. Regional 133Xe ventilation/perfusion studies were used to predict residual lung function after pulmonary resections. The accuracy of the method was good as checked by postoperative spirometry in 11 patients. In 25 patients with impaired lung function and pulmonary cancer, who were consecutively selected for surgery, the predicted postoperative maximal breathing capacities (MBC) ranged from 17 to 41 l/min-1 m-2. No patients became permanent pulmonary invalids. One patient died from myocardial infarction, 7 had transient pulmonary insufficiency and 17 patients survived operation without complications. Perfusion studies alone proved as reliable as perfusion/ventilation studies.", "PMID": 715397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6173", "title": "Oesophageal atresia and tracheo-oesophageal fistula. Early and late results in 86 patients.", "content": "A series of 86 infants (54 boys and 32 girls) with congenital oesophageal atresia and tracheo-oesophageal fistula underwent operation during the years 1952--76. The operative technique is described. The average survival rate was 45%, increasing to 56% during the last 10 years. With correction for low birth weight and associated congenital anomalies, the survival rate is considerably increased, in our series to 73%. In most of the fatal cases, the causes of death were suture leakage, pulmonary complications and associated anomalies. Among the 36 survivors, 19 became free from symptoms and 19 had a radiographic stricture, but in the latter group dysphagia was present in only 13, including 10 who required repeated dilatation with a Fogarthy balloon catheter. It is emphasized that correct and early diagnosis and meticulous pre- and postoperative care are of the greatest importance if the cure rate is to be improved further.", "contents": "Oesophageal atresia and tracheo-oesophageal fistula. Early and late results in 86 patients. A series of 86 infants (54 boys and 32 girls) with congenital oesophageal atresia and tracheo-oesophageal fistula underwent operation during the years 1952--76. The operative technique is described. The average survival rate was 45%, increasing to 56% during the last 10 years. With correction for low birth weight and associated congenital anomalies, the survival rate is considerably increased, in our series to 73%. In most of the fatal cases, the causes of death were suture leakage, pulmonary complications and associated anomalies. Among the 36 survivors, 19 became free from symptoms and 19 had a radiographic stricture, but in the latter group dysphagia was present in only 13, including 10 who required repeated dilatation with a Fogarthy balloon catheter. It is emphasized that correct and early diagnosis and meticulous pre- and postoperative care are of the greatest importance if the cure rate is to be improved further.", "PMID": 715399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6174", "title": "The improved Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve prosthesis.", "content": "The Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valve has been improved in three respects: (1) Increased strength by making the inlet strut an integral part of the orifice ring and doubling its cross-section area; (2) Improved hydrodynamics; (3) Elimination of the area of stagnant and low flow behind the disc. By utilizing a convexo-concave disc and by moving the pivot point downstream, the disc in open position is moved further out of the orifice ring. The flow through the smaller hole is thus increased by 40%. A significant clearance is obtained between the disc and the valve ring in open position. 234 of these valves have been inserted and followed-up for a maximum period of two years with excellent results.", "contents": "The improved Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve prosthesis. The Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valve has been improved in three respects: (1) Increased strength by making the inlet strut an integral part of the orifice ring and doubling its cross-section area; (2) Improved hydrodynamics; (3) Elimination of the area of stagnant and low flow behind the disc. By utilizing a convexo-concave disc and by moving the pivot point downstream, the disc in open position is moved further out of the orifice ring. The flow through the smaller hole is thus increased by 40%. A significant clearance is obtained between the disc and the valve ring in open position. 234 of these valves have been inserted and followed-up for a maximum period of two years with excellent results.", "PMID": 715402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6175", "title": "Closed mitral valvulotomy after the age of fifty.", "content": "This retrospective study is based upon a consecutive series of 90 patients with mitral stenosis who had their first closed mitral valvulotomy after the age of fifty. All patients were operated on during the period 1959--70 and were followed-up for at least 5 years until July 1, 1976. Calculated survival curves were compared with those of a group of 68 patients over fifty whose mitral stenosis was medically treated. The surgical mortality was 7.8%, largely due to the high mortality among patients in functional class IV. The late mortality rate after valvulotomy was significantly higher than in a matched population of the same age and sex, but significantly lower than in the medically treated patients. According to functional classification, the patients had improved markedly at the time of follow-up. High incidences of atrial fibrillation and late thromboembolic complications were noted. This study supports the view that closed mitral valvulotomy can be performed safely in patients over fifty with mitral stenosis without significant mitral regurgitation and heavy clacifications in functional classes II and III.", "contents": "Closed mitral valvulotomy after the age of fifty. This retrospective study is based upon a consecutive series of 90 patients with mitral stenosis who had their first closed mitral valvulotomy after the age of fifty. All patients were operated on during the period 1959--70 and were followed-up for at least 5 years until July 1, 1976. Calculated survival curves were compared with those of a group of 68 patients over fifty whose mitral stenosis was medically treated. The surgical mortality was 7.8%, largely due to the high mortality among patients in functional class IV. The late mortality rate after valvulotomy was significantly higher than in a matched population of the same age and sex, but significantly lower than in the medically treated patients. According to functional classification, the patients had improved markedly at the time of follow-up. High incidences of atrial fibrillation and late thromboembolic complications were noted. This study supports the view that closed mitral valvulotomy can be performed safely in patients over fifty with mitral stenosis without significant mitral regurgitation and heavy clacifications in functional classes II and III.", "PMID": 715403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6176", "title": "Long-term results of bypass grafts for atypical coarctation of the thoracic aorta.", "content": "Long-term results of bypass grafts for atypical coarctation of the thoracic aorta are presented. Six of the 13 patients with atypical coarctation were treated with long bypass from the descending thoracic aorta to the abdominal aorta. One of them had correction of right renal stenosis with a saphenous vein graft. Late clinical results of surgery (average follow-up time 4 years, 5 months and the longest over 10 years) were excellent, except for one patient who died 3 1/2 years postoperatively of acute abdomen. This experience suggests that atypical coarctation of the aorta can be treated satisfactorily by the long thoraco-abdominal bypass graft technique. If unilateral or bilateral renal artery stenosis is found simultaneously, renal revascularization is also necessary to obtain normalization of the blood pressures.", "contents": "Long-term results of bypass grafts for atypical coarctation of the thoracic aorta. Long-term results of bypass grafts for atypical coarctation of the thoracic aorta are presented. Six of the 13 patients with atypical coarctation were treated with long bypass from the descending thoracic aorta to the abdominal aorta. One of them had correction of right renal stenosis with a saphenous vein graft. Late clinical results of surgery (average follow-up time 4 years, 5 months and the longest over 10 years) were excellent, except for one patient who died 3 1/2 years postoperatively of acute abdomen. This experience suggests that atypical coarctation of the aorta can be treated satisfactorily by the long thoraco-abdominal bypass graft technique. If unilateral or bilateral renal artery stenosis is found simultaneously, renal revascularization is also necessary to obtain normalization of the blood pressures.", "PMID": 715404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6177", "title": "[The dissecting of aortic aneurysm].", "content": "In the light of the literature and a critical analysis of the author's own results, guidelines for therapy of aortic dissection from the surgical viewpoint are recommended. In cases of dissection of the ascending aorta, surgery should be performed as soon as possible. Only in special cases without complications can surgery be delayed with pump team standby. In uncomplicated cases of dissection of the descending thoracic aorta, medical therapy appears to be the method of choice. Some life-threatening situations render surgery inevitable. Surgical treatment of dissection of the aortic arch is indicated only on an ultima ratio basis.", "contents": "[The dissecting of aortic aneurysm]. In the light of the literature and a critical analysis of the author's own results, guidelines for therapy of aortic dissection from the surgical viewpoint are recommended. In cases of dissection of the ascending aorta, surgery should be performed as soon as possible. Only in special cases without complications can surgery be delayed with pump team standby. In uncomplicated cases of dissection of the descending thoracic aorta, medical therapy appears to be the method of choice. Some life-threatening situations render surgery inevitable. Surgical treatment of dissection of the aortic arch is indicated only on an ultima ratio basis.", "PMID": 715405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6178", "title": "[Conservative and surgical treatment of thoracic aortic aneurysm].", "content": "34 patients with aneurysms of the ascending and descending thoracic aorta are analyzed with regard to treatment (surgical, n = 23, or conservative, n = 11) and survival. In 17 patients the aneurysm was true and in 17 dissecting (acute in 3, chronic in 14). Mean age, sex, symptoms, main clinical data and the relation between true and dissecting aneurysm were comparable in both groups. Conservative treatment was commenced either due to contraindications (4 patients) or in the absence of an immediate life-threatening situation ( n = 7). At the end of 1977 (mean survival time 27 months), 5 of 11 patients were still alive, 3 unable to work and 2 suffering from severe cardiac failure (class IV NYHA). In 23 patients resection of the aneurysm with graft interposition or angioplasty (n = 19), aortic valve replacement (n = 18) and coronary reconstruction (n = 10) was performed. Intrahospital mortality was 50% (12 of 23), but survival was favorable, 8 patients being alive 37 months after surgery, 7 of them at work. The problem of the diagnosis and treatment of both dissecting and non-dissecting thoracic aneurysms is discussed.", "contents": "[Conservative and surgical treatment of thoracic aortic aneurysm]. 34 patients with aneurysms of the ascending and descending thoracic aorta are analyzed with regard to treatment (surgical, n = 23, or conservative, n = 11) and survival. In 17 patients the aneurysm was true and in 17 dissecting (acute in 3, chronic in 14). Mean age, sex, symptoms, main clinical data and the relation between true and dissecting aneurysm were comparable in both groups. Conservative treatment was commenced either due to contraindications (4 patients) or in the absence of an immediate life-threatening situation ( n = 7). At the end of 1977 (mean survival time 27 months), 5 of 11 patients were still alive, 3 unable to work and 2 suffering from severe cardiac failure (class IV NYHA). In 23 patients resection of the aneurysm with graft interposition or angioplasty (n = 19), aortic valve replacement (n = 18) and coronary reconstruction (n = 10) was performed. Intrahospital mortality was 50% (12 of 23), but survival was favorable, 8 patients being alive 37 months after surgery, 7 of them at work. The problem of the diagnosis and treatment of both dissecting and non-dissecting thoracic aneurysms is discussed.", "PMID": 715406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6179", "title": "[Long-term minoxidil therapy: renin, aldosterone, noradrenaline and the need for beta blockers].", "content": "Minoxidil-induced sequential changes in plasma renin activity, urinary aldosterone and norepinephrine excretion were assessed in 11 patients with severe hypertension receiving propranolol or oxprenolol, chlorthalidone and spironolactone. Blood pressure with this treatment alone averaged 175 +/- 7/114+/-4 mm Hg (mean +/- SEM). Addition of minoxidil in a dose of 5 to 35 mg/day (mean 16 mg/day) reduced blood pressure within one week to 125+/-5/87+/-3 mm Hg. Plasma renin, urinary aldosterone and norepinephrine increased two- to threefold initially, but returned to baseline within two weeks and remained unchanged during a mean follow-up of 6.8 months. In 6 patients beta-blocking drugs were then progressively reduced and withdrawn without adverse effects, though blood pressure and heart rate increased slightly in 5 patients who required readministration of minimal doses of beta-blockers. Neither renin nor urinary aldosterone or norepinephrine excretion changed significantly after discontinuation of beta-blockade. Thus, the stimulating effect of minoxidil on renin, aldosterone and norepinephrine secretion lasts less than 3 weeks. With long-term minoxidil treatment the need for beta-blockade is markedly reduced, and these drugs may even become unnecessary in some patients.", "contents": "[Long-term minoxidil therapy: renin, aldosterone, noradrenaline and the need for beta blockers]. Minoxidil-induced sequential changes in plasma renin activity, urinary aldosterone and norepinephrine excretion were assessed in 11 patients with severe hypertension receiving propranolol or oxprenolol, chlorthalidone and spironolactone. Blood pressure with this treatment alone averaged 175 +/- 7/114+/-4 mm Hg (mean +/- SEM). Addition of minoxidil in a dose of 5 to 35 mg/day (mean 16 mg/day) reduced blood pressure within one week to 125+/-5/87+/-3 mm Hg. Plasma renin, urinary aldosterone and norepinephrine increased two- to threefold initially, but returned to baseline within two weeks and remained unchanged during a mean follow-up of 6.8 months. In 6 patients beta-blocking drugs were then progressively reduced and withdrawn without adverse effects, though blood pressure and heart rate increased slightly in 5 patients who required readministration of minimal doses of beta-blockers. Neither renin nor urinary aldosterone or norepinephrine excretion changed significantly after discontinuation of beta-blockade. Thus, the stimulating effect of minoxidil on renin, aldosterone and norepinephrine secretion lasts less than 3 weeks. With long-term minoxidil treatment the need for beta-blockade is markedly reduced, and these drugs may even become unnecessary in some patients.", "PMID": 715407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6180", "title": "[Nuclear medical determination of the ejection fraction and the regional wall movements of the left ventricle].", "content": "Left ventricular ejection fraction was determined in 114 patients by radionuclide and contrast angiocardiography. The correlation coefficient (r) amounted to 0.66. Exclusion of patients with arrhythmias and with a difference in heart rate exceeding 15 beats per minute between the two determinations of the ejection fraction increased r to 0.80 (61 patients). In patients with coronary artery disease and cardiomyopathies (n = 35), r was higher (0.88) than in patients (n = 26) with acquired valve disease or congenital heart disease (0.60). Comparison of first pass radionuclide angiocardiography and gated blood pool scanning with contrast angiocardiography in 19 patients elicited an r-value of 0.82 for the first pass method and of 0.31 for gated blood pool scanning. Visual assessment of local wall motion by gated blood pool scanning in 15 patients showed agreement with cineangiographically quantitated segmental motion (normo-, hypo- or a-kinesis) in 50 of 60 (= 83%) evaluated segments.", "contents": "[Nuclear medical determination of the ejection fraction and the regional wall movements of the left ventricle]. Left ventricular ejection fraction was determined in 114 patients by radionuclide and contrast angiocardiography. The correlation coefficient (r) amounted to 0.66. Exclusion of patients with arrhythmias and with a difference in heart rate exceeding 15 beats per minute between the two determinations of the ejection fraction increased r to 0.80 (61 patients). In patients with coronary artery disease and cardiomyopathies (n = 35), r was higher (0.88) than in patients (n = 26) with acquired valve disease or congenital heart disease (0.60). Comparison of first pass radionuclide angiocardiography and gated blood pool scanning with contrast angiocardiography in 19 patients elicited an r-value of 0.82 for the first pass method and of 0.31 for gated blood pool scanning. Visual assessment of local wall motion by gated blood pool scanning in 15 patients showed agreement with cineangiographically quantitated segmental motion (normo-, hypo- or a-kinesis) in 50 of 60 (= 83%) evaluated segments.", "PMID": 715408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6181", "title": "[Percutaneous transluminal dilatation of chronic coronary stenoses. First experiences].", "content": "The technique of percutaneous transluminal dilatation of coronary artery stenosis consists of a catheter system introduced via the femoral artery under local anesthesia. A preshaped guiding catheter is positioned in the orifice of the coronary artery and through this a dilatation catheter is inserted into the branches if the artery. This dilatation catheter (outer diameter 0.5--1.25 mm) is equipped with a sausage-shaped distensible segment (balloon) at the tip. The balloon is inflated to a pressure of 5 atm. This pressure compresses the atherosclerotic material in a direction perpendicular to the wall of the vessel, therby dilating the lumen. Up to now 29 patients have been treated with primary success in 23 (79%) and long-lasting success in 21 (72%). Three patients underwent emergency coronary surgery to avoid infarction. Dilatation is indicated in patients with disabling angina which jeopardizes their quality of life and with coronary lesions which are proximal, subtotal, concentric and non-calcified.", "contents": "[Percutaneous transluminal dilatation of chronic coronary stenoses. First experiences]. The technique of percutaneous transluminal dilatation of coronary artery stenosis consists of a catheter system introduced via the femoral artery under local anesthesia. A preshaped guiding catheter is positioned in the orifice of the coronary artery and through this a dilatation catheter is inserted into the branches if the artery. This dilatation catheter (outer diameter 0.5--1.25 mm) is equipped with a sausage-shaped distensible segment (balloon) at the tip. The balloon is inflated to a pressure of 5 atm. This pressure compresses the atherosclerotic material in a direction perpendicular to the wall of the vessel, therby dilating the lumen. Up to now 29 patients have been treated with primary success in 23 (79%) and long-lasting success in 21 (72%). Three patients underwent emergency coronary surgery to avoid infarction. Dilatation is indicated in patients with disabling angina which jeopardizes their quality of life and with coronary lesions which are proximal, subtotal, concentric and non-calcified.", "PMID": 715409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6182", "title": "[Experimental coronary ligation in swine: reduction of myocardial infarct and hemodynamic and metabolic changes by means of the calcium antagonist RO 11-1781].", "content": "In a comparative study the effect of the new calcium antagonist Ro 11-1781 on experimental infarct size and left ventricular function in the pig has been investigated. The calcium antagonist was administered 30 min prior to ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery and twice daily on the following 4 days. For morphometric assessment of infarct size the ventricular myocardium was cut into slices and stained with nitro-benztoluene. There was a significant reduction in infarct size of about 25% in the calcium antagonist-treated group in comparison with the control group. After coronary occlusion left ventricular function is equally depressed in both groups, as is myocardial lactate extraction, which becomes negative.", "contents": "[Experimental coronary ligation in swine: reduction of myocardial infarct and hemodynamic and metabolic changes by means of the calcium antagonist RO 11-1781]. In a comparative study the effect of the new calcium antagonist Ro 11-1781 on experimental infarct size and left ventricular function in the pig has been investigated. The calcium antagonist was administered 30 min prior to ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery and twice daily on the following 4 days. For morphometric assessment of infarct size the ventricular myocardium was cut into slices and stained with nitro-benztoluene. There was a significant reduction in infarct size of about 25% in the calcium antagonist-treated group in comparison with the control group. After coronary occlusion left ventricular function is equally depressed in both groups, as is myocardial lactate extraction, which becomes negative.", "PMID": 715412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6183", "title": "[Immediate and long-term prognosis of sub-endocardial infarct].", "content": "A comparison is conducted of two groups of patients with myocardial infarction: one group of 77 patients with subendocardial myocardial infarction (SEMI) and another of 166 patients with transmural myocardial infarction (TMI). In-hospital mortality, ventricular arrhythmias and a-v blocks are higher in TMI. Late follow-up (mean: 43 months) shows, however, that after discharge SEMI shows a higher mortality and more angina and recurrences of myocardial infarction that TMI. These results, and the ECG localization of the MI recurrences, suggest that SEMI usually reflects severe coronary artery disease.", "contents": "[Immediate and long-term prognosis of sub-endocardial infarct]. A comparison is conducted of two groups of patients with myocardial infarction: one group of 77 patients with subendocardial myocardial infarction (SEMI) and another of 166 patients with transmural myocardial infarction (TMI). In-hospital mortality, ventricular arrhythmias and a-v blocks are higher in TMI. Late follow-up (mean: 43 months) shows, however, that after discharge SEMI shows a higher mortality and more angina and recurrences of myocardial infarction that TMI. These results, and the ECG localization of the MI recurrences, suggest that SEMI usually reflects severe coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 715413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6184", "title": "[Ventricular arrhythmias in the acute stage of experimental swine myocardial infarct; effect of the beta blocker pindolol and the calcium antagonist Ro 11-1781].", "content": "A study was designed to examine ventricular arrhythmias in the acute phase of experimental myocardial infarction in the pig and to evaluate possible antiarrhythmogenic influence of the beta-adrenergic blocking drug pindolol (Visken) and the calcium antagonist Ro 11-1781. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) occurred in 17 of 18 animals, in 4 almost immediately after coronary occlusion and in 12 with a delay of about 17 min. VF was almost always induced by episodes of ventricular tachycardia (VT) which were started by single ventricular premature beats (VPBs). VPBs occurred in 3 phases, whereas VT and VF coincided only with phase 1 and phase 3. The prematurity index QR/QT of single VPBs decreased significantly with time after coronary occlusion. The beta-adrenergic blocking drug pindolol and the calcium antagonist Ro 11-1781 did not prevent VT or VF.", "contents": "[Ventricular arrhythmias in the acute stage of experimental swine myocardial infarct; effect of the beta blocker pindolol and the calcium antagonist Ro 11-1781]. A study was designed to examine ventricular arrhythmias in the acute phase of experimental myocardial infarction in the pig and to evaluate possible antiarrhythmogenic influence of the beta-adrenergic blocking drug pindolol (Visken) and the calcium antagonist Ro 11-1781. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) occurred in 17 of 18 animals, in 4 almost immediately after coronary occlusion and in 12 with a delay of about 17 min. VF was almost always induced by episodes of ventricular tachycardia (VT) which were started by single ventricular premature beats (VPBs). VPBs occurred in 3 phases, whereas VT and VF coincided only with phase 1 and phase 3. The prematurity index QR/QT of single VPBs decreased significantly with time after coronary occlusion. The beta-adrenergic blocking drug pindolol and the calcium antagonist Ro 11-1781 did not prevent VT or VF.", "PMID": 715414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6185", "title": "[Short and long-term prognosis of intraventricular conduction disorders in the acute stage of myocardial infarct].", "content": "The short- and long-term prognosis of acute intraventricular (iv) conduction defects is analyzed in 59 patients admitted to the coronary care unit with acute myocardial infarction. In-hosptial mortality of patients with iv conduction disturbances was more than twice (30%) the mortality of patients without iv conduction defects (13%; p less than 0.001). Mortality was very high among patients with all forms of incomplete trifascicular block or complete right bundle branch block. Among survivors of the group with conduction defects, the late death rate was significantly higher than in survivors of the group without conduction disturbances (25% and 8% respectively: p less than 0.001). The short- and long-term prognosis of acute conduction defects in myocardial infarction depends on the extent of necrosis. Permanent endocardial pacing is therefore indicated only among patients whose death risk is related to conduction disturbances.", "contents": "[Short and long-term prognosis of intraventricular conduction disorders in the acute stage of myocardial infarct]. The short- and long-term prognosis of acute intraventricular (iv) conduction defects is analyzed in 59 patients admitted to the coronary care unit with acute myocardial infarction. In-hosptial mortality of patients with iv conduction disturbances was more than twice (30%) the mortality of patients without iv conduction defects (13%; p less than 0.001). Mortality was very high among patients with all forms of incomplete trifascicular block or complete right bundle branch block. Among survivors of the group with conduction defects, the late death rate was significantly higher than in survivors of the group without conduction disturbances (25% and 8% respectively: p less than 0.001). The short- and long-term prognosis of acute conduction defects in myocardial infarction depends on the extent of necrosis. Permanent endocardial pacing is therefore indicated only among patients whose death risk is related to conduction disturbances.", "PMID": 715415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6186", "title": "[Long-term prognosis of pacemaker therapy in acute myocardial infarct with arrhythmias].", "content": "The short- and long-term results of provisional pacemaker therapy in fresh myocardial infarction have been investigated. In this cardiac unit in the period 1975--1977 provisional pacemakers were implanted in 48 patients due to severe conduction disturbance or sinus node syndrome with non-tolerated heart failure. 16 patients had bifascicular block (11 anterior, 3 diaphragmatic, and 2 non-localizable infarctions): in 9 (56%) of them, progression to complete AV block occurred. 27 patients exhibited AV block of 2nd to 3rd degree without evidence of fascicular blockades (21 diaphragmatic, 3 anterior, and 3 non-localizable infarctions). In 5 patients, sinus node dysfunction was the reason for pacemaker implantation. Hospital mortality in the group was 31.2% and thus was twice as high as the hospital mortality in all patients hospitalized in this unit with myocardial infarction during the same period (16.5%). The hospital mortality in patients with anterior infarction was 57.2% compared with a mortality of 16.7% in patients with diaphragmatic infarction. Late mortality (18 months after myocardial infarction) in the group was 46.8%. None of the patients with diaphragmatic infarction died during this observation period. In the patient group with anterior infarction, the mortality rose to 85.8%. Of the 14 patients who died in hospital, death in 12 was due to severe heart failure: neither bradycardic nor tachycardic arrhythmias were immediate factors in death. At autopsy, all patients exhibited severe coronary sclerosis with extensive myocardial infarction. Only 2 patients died from arrhythmia (atrial fibrillation/asystole). In 6 of the 34 survivors, a definitive pacemaker was implanted. 3 of these patients died in the first year after the myocardial infarction. Death was sudden in all three.", "contents": "[Long-term prognosis of pacemaker therapy in acute myocardial infarct with arrhythmias]. The short- and long-term results of provisional pacemaker therapy in fresh myocardial infarction have been investigated. In this cardiac unit in the period 1975--1977 provisional pacemakers were implanted in 48 patients due to severe conduction disturbance or sinus node syndrome with non-tolerated heart failure. 16 patients had bifascicular block (11 anterior, 3 diaphragmatic, and 2 non-localizable infarctions): in 9 (56%) of them, progression to complete AV block occurred. 27 patients exhibited AV block of 2nd to 3rd degree without evidence of fascicular blockades (21 diaphragmatic, 3 anterior, and 3 non-localizable infarctions). In 5 patients, sinus node dysfunction was the reason for pacemaker implantation. Hospital mortality in the group was 31.2% and thus was twice as high as the hospital mortality in all patients hospitalized in this unit with myocardial infarction during the same period (16.5%). The hospital mortality in patients with anterior infarction was 57.2% compared with a mortality of 16.7% in patients with diaphragmatic infarction. Late mortality (18 months after myocardial infarction) in the group was 46.8%. None of the patients with diaphragmatic infarction died during this observation period. In the patient group with anterior infarction, the mortality rose to 85.8%. Of the 14 patients who died in hospital, death in 12 was due to severe heart failure: neither bradycardic nor tachycardic arrhythmias were immediate factors in death. At autopsy, all patients exhibited severe coronary sclerosis with extensive myocardial infarction. Only 2 patients died from arrhythmia (atrial fibrillation/asystole). In 6 of the 34 survivors, a definitive pacemaker was implanted. 3 of these patients died in the first year after the myocardial infarction. Death was sudden in all three.", "PMID": 715416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6187", "title": "[Adjustment of unstable diabetics with a simple insulin infusion program].", "content": "In view of the importance of knowing exactly how much insulin is required by diabetics who are difficult to control with subcutaneous insulin, an insulin infusion program has been tried in such patients. The apparatus, which was produced by Siemens as a prototype, works according to the following simple and flexible principle: During the day a basal rate of insulin is continuously infused. During the three main meals an additional rectangular insulin infusion is initiated by turning a knob. After an hour the apparatus switches automatically back to the basal ratio. We have used this machine in 13 patients who are fully mobile. 11 of them showed an almost ideal blood sugar profile after 4 days. After switching back to subcutaneous insulin 8 of these 11 patients did better than before but not as well as on the insulin infusion program.", "contents": "[Adjustment of unstable diabetics with a simple insulin infusion program]. In view of the importance of knowing exactly how much insulin is required by diabetics who are difficult to control with subcutaneous insulin, an insulin infusion program has been tried in such patients. The apparatus, which was produced by Siemens as a prototype, works according to the following simple and flexible principle: During the day a basal rate of insulin is continuously infused. During the three main meals an additional rectangular insulin infusion is initiated by turning a knob. After an hour the apparatus switches automatically back to the basal ratio. We have used this machine in 13 patients who are fully mobile. 11 of them showed an almost ideal blood sugar profile after 4 days. After switching back to subcutaneous insulin 8 of these 11 patients did better than before but not as well as on the insulin infusion program.", "PMID": 715417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6188", "title": "[The antigenicity of various new chromatographically purified depot insulin preparations].", "content": "Four groups of adult diabetics who had never received insulin before were treated for 10--12 months with the following insulin preparations: 1. Insulin Lente, purified by conventional methods; 2. Insulin Lente, purified by gel-filtration; 3. Insulin Lente Monocomponent (MC); 4. Insulin Monotard. Insulin antibodies were measured in these four groups at regular intervals and compared. MC Lente is significantly less antigenic than conventional Lente insulin, but Monotard, a pure pork insulin preparation, is even less antigenic than MC Lente (all 3 Lente preparations contain 70% ox insulin). The average insulin requirement in the Monotard group is significantly lower than in the conventional Lente group.", "contents": "[The antigenicity of various new chromatographically purified depot insulin preparations]. Four groups of adult diabetics who had never received insulin before were treated for 10--12 months with the following insulin preparations: 1. Insulin Lente, purified by conventional methods; 2. Insulin Lente, purified by gel-filtration; 3. Insulin Lente Monocomponent (MC); 4. Insulin Monotard. Insulin antibodies were measured in these four groups at regular intervals and compared. MC Lente is significantly less antigenic than conventional Lente insulin, but Monotard, a pure pork insulin preparation, is even less antigenic than MC Lente (all 3 Lente preparations contain 70% ox insulin). The average insulin requirement in the Monotard group is significantly lower than in the conventional Lente group.", "PMID": 715418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6189", "title": "[Selective neurectomies in hemifacial spasm: an anatomo-pathologic discovery].", "content": "Today the treatment of choice in hemifacial palsy is selective neurectomy of the branches of the facial nerve. Palliative surgery has improved experience in the treatment of facial palsy. An anatomical finding is reported which could contribute to a better understanding of the etiology of facial spasm.", "contents": "[Selective neurectomies in hemifacial spasm: an anatomo-pathologic discovery]. Today the treatment of choice in hemifacial palsy is selective neurectomy of the branches of the facial nerve. Palliative surgery has improved experience in the treatment of facial palsy. An anatomical finding is reported which could contribute to a better understanding of the etiology of facial spasm.", "PMID": 715419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6190", "title": "[Agranulocytosis and intravenous cloxacillin].", "content": "Two patients receiving parenteral cloxacillin treatment developed agranulocytosis. Upon discontinuation of the drug, the number of leukocytes rapidly returned to normal. It is likely that an immunologic mechanism may be implicated in this drug-induced blood dyscrasia.", "contents": "[Agranulocytosis and intravenous cloxacillin]. Two patients receiving parenteral cloxacillin treatment developed agranulocytosis. Upon discontinuation of the drug, the number of leukocytes rapidly returned to normal. It is likely that an immunologic mechanism may be implicated in this drug-induced blood dyscrasia.", "PMID": 715420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6191", "title": "[Lactacidosis in biguanide therapy: diagnosis and therapy. 4 cases compared to 179 cases in the world literature].", "content": "In 4 out of 9711 (= 1:2400) patients, lactice acidosis due to biguanides was diagnosed. Serum lactate concentration averaged 18.2 mmol/l and the pH value 6.87. All patients showed signs of renal insufficiency and three had congestive heart disease. In addition to treatment with biguanides, other factors might have contributed to the lactice acidosis in these patients: prolonged fasting, severe dehydration due to persistent vomiting, acute bronchopneumonia, and acute pyelonephritis. On addmission, two patients were in shock and all patients were semi-conscious or comatose. All patients were treated with bicarbonate and glucose/insulin. One patient was hemodialysed. Two of our four patients died. Oour four patients are compared with 179 patients in the literature with respect to mortality and prognosis of lactic acidosis due to biguanides.", "contents": "[Lactacidosis in biguanide therapy: diagnosis and therapy. 4 cases compared to 179 cases in the world literature]. In 4 out of 9711 (= 1:2400) patients, lactice acidosis due to biguanides was diagnosed. Serum lactate concentration averaged 18.2 mmol/l and the pH value 6.87. All patients showed signs of renal insufficiency and three had congestive heart disease. In addition to treatment with biguanides, other factors might have contributed to the lactice acidosis in these patients: prolonged fasting, severe dehydration due to persistent vomiting, acute bronchopneumonia, and acute pyelonephritis. On addmission, two patients were in shock and all patients were semi-conscious or comatose. All patients were treated with bicarbonate and glucose/insulin. One patient was hemodialysed. Two of our four patients died. Oour four patients are compared with 179 patients in the literature with respect to mortality and prognosis of lactic acidosis due to biguanides.", "PMID": 715423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6192", "title": "[Renovascular hypertension: therapy by means of percutaneous transluminal dilatation of renal artery stenoses].", "content": "Percutaneous transluminal dilatation was performed in 5 patients with unilateral atherosclerotic renovascular disease and one patient with occlusion of a renal artery. Hemodynamic activity of the stenosis was documented by determination of pre- and poststenotic blood pressure values and by measurement of renal plasma flow. Flowing transluminal dilatation all patients showed a significant drop in blood pressure and antihypertensive treatment could be reduced or even discontinued. Only one patient became hypertensive again 3 months after the dilatation procedure. In this patient both the reduction of renal plasma flow and the delayed nephrographic effect on the stenotic side in the intravenous urogram were interpreted as symptoms of a recurrence of significant renal artery stenosis. In 2 of the six patients with impaired kidney function glomerula filtration are increased, as documented by a decrease in serum creatinine values. The results show that percutaneous transluminal dilatation may be a valuable method in the management of renovascular hypertension.", "contents": "[Renovascular hypertension: therapy by means of percutaneous transluminal dilatation of renal artery stenoses]. Percutaneous transluminal dilatation was performed in 5 patients with unilateral atherosclerotic renovascular disease and one patient with occlusion of a renal artery. Hemodynamic activity of the stenosis was documented by determination of pre- and poststenotic blood pressure values and by measurement of renal plasma flow. Flowing transluminal dilatation all patients showed a significant drop in blood pressure and antihypertensive treatment could be reduced or even discontinued. Only one patient became hypertensive again 3 months after the dilatation procedure. In this patient both the reduction of renal plasma flow and the delayed nephrographic effect on the stenotic side in the intravenous urogram were interpreted as symptoms of a recurrence of significant renal artery stenosis. In 2 of the six patients with impaired kidney function glomerula filtration are increased, as documented by a decrease in serum creatinine values. The results show that percutaneous transluminal dilatation may be a valuable method in the management of renovascular hypertension.", "PMID": 715424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6193", "title": "[Total proteins and electrophoretic protein fractions in the juvenile cerebrospinal fluid].", "content": "In the CSF of 933 children and  young people, total protein (T.P.) and the protein fractions (separated by electrophoresis were found to be definitely dependent on the age of the child, both in patients and normal controls. The highest values of T.P. are found in the first weeks of life. A steep decrease to the lowest values in the second to third year is followed by a slow increase over the next decade until the adult range is reached at the age of about 15 years. Because of the immature blood-CSF barrier and/or blood-brain barrier, the protein fractions of the newborn show a transsudative electrophoresis pattern with high albumin and gamma-globulin, but low prealbumin. Some weeks later, the pattern has completely changed: a transient elevation of beta 1-globulin, followed by elevation of the prealbumin and the alpha 2-fractions, is correlated with a decrease in the albumin, tau- and gamma-globulin fractions. At the age of 12--16 years, adult conditions are nearly reached. When children with various neurological diseases are compared with normal controls of identical age, the pattern of deviations is generally very similar to that observed in adults with the same diseases.", "contents": "[Total proteins and electrophoretic protein fractions in the juvenile cerebrospinal fluid]. In the CSF of 933 children and  young people, total protein (T.P.) and the protein fractions (separated by electrophoresis were found to be definitely dependent on the age of the child, both in patients and normal controls. The highest values of T.P. are found in the first weeks of life. A steep decrease to the lowest values in the second to third year is followed by a slow increase over the next decade until the adult range is reached at the age of about 15 years. Because of the immature blood-CSF barrier and/or blood-brain barrier, the protein fractions of the newborn show a transsudative electrophoresis pattern with high albumin and gamma-globulin, but low prealbumin. Some weeks later, the pattern has completely changed: a transient elevation of beta 1-globulin, followed by elevation of the prealbumin and the alpha 2-fractions, is correlated with a decrease in the albumin, tau- and gamma-globulin fractions. At the age of 12--16 years, adult conditions are nearly reached. When children with various neurological diseases are compared with normal controls of identical age, the pattern of deviations is generally very similar to that observed in adults with the same diseases.", "PMID": 715425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6194", "title": "[Auricular fibrillation and acute aortic insufficienncy in Reiter's syndrome].", "content": "The case is presented of a 27-year old male with typical Reiter's sundrome (RS) and cardiac lesions. Eight months after the initial onset of the joint and mucosal symptoms, atrial fibrillation and signs of cardiac failure suddenly supervened. Rheumatic fever, hyperthyroidism and myocardial infarction were ruled out. Digitalization and Valsalva maneuvers produced a return to normal sinus rhythm. At the same time a diastolic murmur was heard and the diastolic pressure fell to 40 mm Hg, suggesting acute aortic insufficiency. This carditis was attributed to RS. The evolution was favourable, although a mild degree of aortic insufficiency persisted.", "contents": "[Auricular fibrillation and acute aortic insufficienncy in Reiter's syndrome]. The case is presented of a 27-year old male with typical Reiter's sundrome (RS) and cardiac lesions. Eight months after the initial onset of the joint and mucosal symptoms, atrial fibrillation and signs of cardiac failure suddenly supervened. Rheumatic fever, hyperthyroidism and myocardial infarction were ruled out. Digitalization and Valsalva maneuvers produced a return to normal sinus rhythm. At the same time a diastolic murmur was heard and the diastolic pressure fell to 40 mm Hg, suggesting acute aortic insufficiency. This carditis was attributed to RS. The evolution was favourable, although a mild degree of aortic insufficiency persisted.", "PMID": 715426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6195", "title": "[Salivary electrolytes, digitalis glycosides and cardiac insufficiency].", "content": "In a group of 29 patients treated with digoxin for cardiac failure, only 16 showed increased calcium and potassium concentrations in saliva. There was no correlation in the 29 patients between serum digoxin levels and concentrations of salivary electrolytes. On the other hand, in 4 normal subjects treated with digoxin no change in salivary electrolytes was noted. It is concluded that modifications in salivary electrolytes seen in patients with cardiac failure treated with digitalis are not due to this drug. However, a retrospective clinical study showed a good correlation between clinical signs of cardiac failure and increased levels of salivary calcium, potassium and CaX Kproduct. It is suggested that this phenomenon is due to the well-known adrenergic stimulation in patients with cardiac failure.", "contents": "[Salivary electrolytes, digitalis glycosides and cardiac insufficiency]. In a group of 29 patients treated with digoxin for cardiac failure, only 16 showed increased calcium and potassium concentrations in saliva. There was no correlation in the 29 patients between serum digoxin levels and concentrations of salivary electrolytes. On the other hand, in 4 normal subjects treated with digoxin no change in salivary electrolytes was noted. It is concluded that modifications in salivary electrolytes seen in patients with cardiac failure treated with digitalis are not due to this drug. However, a retrospective clinical study showed a good correlation between clinical signs of cardiac failure and increased levels of salivary calcium, potassium and CaX Kproduct. It is suggested that this phenomenon is due to the well-known adrenergic stimulation in patients with cardiac failure.", "PMID": 715427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6196", "title": "[Hepatobiliary scintigraphy: a functional test].", "content": "99mTc-diethyl-HIDA selective captation by hepatocytes and rapid excretion into bile provides a scintigraphic imaging of liver, biliary system and gall bladder. Substance blood clearance and liver half-life measurements add quantitative information on liver function. Normal, cirrhotic and jaundiced patients with extrahepatic obstruction were studied and each group showed significant characteristics. Through non-invasive biliary system visualization and liver function evaluation, hepatobiliary scintigraphy has its place as a complementary investigation in hepatology.", "contents": "[Hepatobiliary scintigraphy: a functional test]. 99mTc-diethyl-HIDA selective captation by hepatocytes and rapid excretion into bile provides a scintigraphic imaging of liver, biliary system and gall bladder. Substance blood clearance and liver half-life measurements add quantitative information on liver function. Normal, cirrhotic and jaundiced patients with extrahepatic obstruction were studied and each group showed significant characteristics. Through non-invasive biliary system visualization and liver function evaluation, hepatobiliary scintigraphy has its place as a complementary investigation in hepatology.", "PMID": 715428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6197", "title": "[Liver tumors and oral contraceptives].", "content": "Benign liver cell tumors in young women are reported with increasing frequency. An association between benign tumors and oral contraceptive use was first suggested in 1973 by Janet Baum. During the past ten years we have observed 15 benign liver cell tumors, all of the focal nodular hyperplasia type. Ten of the 15 women were taking or had taken oral contraceptives. This association was found not to be statistically significant (0.06 greater than p greater than 0.05). We also diagnosed 2 liver cell carcinomas in women who had taken contraceptives.", "contents": "[Liver tumors and oral contraceptives]. Benign liver cell tumors in young women are reported with increasing frequency. An association between benign tumors and oral contraceptive use was first suggested in 1973 by Janet Baum. During the past ten years we have observed 15 benign liver cell tumors, all of the focal nodular hyperplasia type. Ten of the 15 women were taking or had taken oral contraceptives. This association was found not to be statistically significant (0.06 greater than p greater than 0.05). We also diagnosed 2 liver cell carcinomas in women who had taken contraceptives.", "PMID": 715429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6198", "title": "[Occult blood in feces--a prospective study for the comparison of Hemoccult and Fecatest].", "content": "Stool samples of 150 unselected patients were tested for occult blood by the Haemoccult test and the Fecatest. The results show that the Haemoccult test is more suitable for screening for cancerous and precancerous colonic lesions than the Fecatest. Less than 10% of the patients had positive stool samples with the Haemoccult test, while bleedings lesions were subsequently found in about 2/3 of the cases. In contrast, the Fecatest was positive in 50% and in 70% after storage. These findings show clearly that the Fecatest cannot be recommended for the screening of colonic tumors.", "contents": "[Occult blood in feces--a prospective study for the comparison of Hemoccult and Fecatest]. Stool samples of 150 unselected patients were tested for occult blood by the Haemoccult test and the Fecatest. The results show that the Haemoccult test is more suitable for screening for cancerous and precancerous colonic lesions than the Fecatest. Less than 10% of the patients had positive stool samples with the Haemoccult test, while bleedings lesions were subsequently found in about 2/3 of the cases. In contrast, the Fecatest was positive in 50% and in 70% after storage. These findings show clearly that the Fecatest cannot be recommended for the screening of colonic tumors.", "PMID": 715431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6199", "title": "[How effective are simple laboratory tests (Hb, BSG) in the early diagnosis of stomach neoplasms].", "content": "Up to now only early resection has proven of value in healing gastric carcinoma. It is therefore mandatory that the pathologic lesion be diagnosed as early as possible. Thus, patients with persistent epigastric complaints under symptomatic treatment should undergo endoscopy even if blood parameters are still within normal limits. The fact that, among all our gastric cancers diagnosed in 1977 by endoscopy, 23% were classified as early cancers indicates that the method is well suited to establishing true early diagnosis.", "contents": "[How effective are simple laboratory tests (Hb, BSG) in the early diagnosis of stomach neoplasms]. Up to now only early resection has proven of value in healing gastric carcinoma. It is therefore mandatory that the pathologic lesion be diagnosed as early as possible. Thus, patients with persistent epigastric complaints under symptomatic treatment should undergo endoscopy even if blood parameters are still within normal limits. The fact that, among all our gastric cancers diagnosed in 1977 by endoscopy, 23% were classified as early cancers indicates that the method is well suited to establishing true early diagnosis.", "PMID": 715432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6200", "title": "[Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy with IGA deficiency].", "content": "Case report of a 35-year-old female patient who was admitted in Addisonian crisis and in whom primary adrenal, ovarian and thyroid failure was detected. Antibodies against the adrenals and the thyroid were found, together with dinished serum IgA levels. The patient had been treated for 20 years with diphenylhydantoin, a drug known to induce immunological disturbances, e.g. depression of serum IgA levels. The IgA deficiency and pluriglandular failure may be due to prolonged therapy with diphenylhydantoin. The coincidence of IgA deficiency and autoimmune diseases is well known. As far as is known this is the first case of IgA deficiency associated with autoimmune polyendocrinopathy.", "contents": "[Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy with IGA deficiency]. Case report of a 35-year-old female patient who was admitted in Addisonian crisis and in whom primary adrenal, ovarian and thyroid failure was detected. Antibodies against the adrenals and the thyroid were found, together with dinished serum IgA levels. The patient had been treated for 20 years with diphenylhydantoin, a drug known to induce immunological disturbances, e.g. depression of serum IgA levels. The IgA deficiency and pluriglandular failure may be due to prolonged therapy with diphenylhydantoin. The coincidence of IgA deficiency and autoimmune diseases is well known. As far as is known this is the first case of IgA deficiency associated with autoimmune polyendocrinopathy.", "PMID": 715433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6201", "title": "[Measurement of human body fat by means of gravimetry. Application of Archimedes' principle].", "content": "The weighing of the human body under water is an application of Archimedes' law. Fat being lighter than water or than the structures of lean body mass, body fat can be measured by determining the specific gravity of the human body; that is, by underwater weighing. Body fat has been determined in an \"ideal\" sample of 14 men and 23 women, all aged 20 years. Testing against a reference measure of body fat makes it possible to test the validity of some anthropometric measurements and of some indices of obesity. These indices offer no advantages over anthropometric measurements.", "contents": "[Measurement of human body fat by means of gravimetry. Application of Archimedes' principle]. The weighing of the human body under water is an application of Archimedes' law. Fat being lighter than water or than the structures of lean body mass, body fat can be measured by determining the specific gravity of the human body; that is, by underwater weighing. Body fat has been determined in an \"ideal\" sample of 14 men and 23 women, all aged 20 years. Testing against a reference measure of body fat makes it possible to test the validity of some anthropometric measurements and of some indices of obesity. These indices offer no advantages over anthropometric measurements.", "PMID": 715434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6202", "title": "[Folic acid and vitamin B 12 in chronic alcoholics].", "content": "In 64 chronic alcoholics folic acid and vitamin B12 in plasma and folic acid in erythrocytes were determined. The mean values of folic acid in plasma and in erythrocytes were significantly below normal. The determination of vitamin B12 showed normal results in a group of 20 cases treated with vitamin B12 containing drugs, whereas in the group of untreated alcoholics significantly reduced values were found. Comparison of folic acid and vitamin B12 concentrations in plasma revealed a more frequent deficiency of folic acid than of vitamin B12, which was combined with anemia in half the alcoholics investigated. The need to treat chronic alcoholics with folic acid and vitamin B12 is pointed out.", "contents": "[Folic acid and vitamin B 12 in chronic alcoholics]. In 64 chronic alcoholics folic acid and vitamin B12 in plasma and folic acid in erythrocytes were determined. The mean values of folic acid in plasma and in erythrocytes were significantly below normal. The determination of vitamin B12 showed normal results in a group of 20 cases treated with vitamin B12 containing drugs, whereas in the group of untreated alcoholics significantly reduced values were found. Comparison of folic acid and vitamin B12 concentrations in plasma revealed a more frequent deficiency of folic acid than of vitamin B12, which was combined with anemia in half the alcoholics investigated. The need to treat chronic alcoholics with folic acid and vitamin B12 is pointed out.", "PMID": 715435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6203", "title": "Gene dosage compensation and the evolution of sex chromosomes.", "content": "Dosage compensation is a mechanism by means of which the activity of X-linked or Z-linked genes is made equal in the two sexes of organisms with an XX compared to XY or ZZ compared to ZW basis of sex determination. In mammals, compensation  is achieved by the inactivation of one X chromosome in somatic cells of females. In Drosophila, compensation does not involve inactivation. The two X chromosomes in females as well as the single X in males are regulated, and individual genes are thought to respond independently to the regulatory mechanism. It is proposed that in both groups of organisms the evolution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes was gradual and occurred as the direct result of the evolution of dosage compensation rather than the reverse.", "contents": "Gene dosage compensation and the evolution of sex chromosomes. Dosage compensation is a mechanism by means of which the activity of X-linked or Z-linked genes is made equal in the two sexes of organisms with an XX compared to XY or ZZ compared to ZW basis of sex determination. In mammals, compensation  is achieved by the inactivation of one X chromosome in somatic cells of females. In Drosophila, compensation does not involve inactivation. The two X chromosomes in females as well as the single X in males are regulated, and individual genes are thought to respond independently to the regulatory mechanism. It is proposed that in both groups of organisms the evolution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes was gradual and occurred as the direct result of the evolution of dosage compensation rather than the reverse.", "PMID": 715437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6204", "title": "S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase is an adenosine-binding protein: a target for adenosine toxicity.", "content": "When adenosine deaminase activity is inhibited, low concentrations of adenosine are toxic to human lymphoblast mutants that are unable to convert adenosine to intracellular nucleotides. In order to identify the mediator of this cytotoxicity, we searched for a cytoplasmic protein capable of binding adenosine with high affinity. Such a protein was identified in extracts of human lymphoblasts and placenta as the enzyme S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase.", "contents": "S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase is an adenosine-binding protein: a target for adenosine toxicity. When adenosine deaminase activity is inhibited, low concentrations of adenosine are toxic to human lymphoblast mutants that are unable to convert adenosine to intracellular nucleotides. In order to identify the mediator of this cytotoxicity, we searched for a cytoplasmic protein capable of binding adenosine with high affinity. Such a protein was identified in extracts of human lymphoblasts and placenta as the enzyme S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase.", "PMID": 715439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6205", "title": "Entry of insulin into human cultured lymphocytes: electron microscope autoradiographic analysis.", "content": "Electron microscope autoradiographs were prepared of IM-9 human cultured lymphocytes incubated with iodine-125-labeled insulin. With the use of [125I]insulin and Ilford L-4 emulsion, the technique had a resolution half-distance of approximately 0.085 micrometer. Autoradiographs revealed a time-dependent entry of insulin into the cell interior that was maximal after 30 minutes of incubation. At this time point nearly 40 percent of the [125I]insulin was in the interior of the cell at a distance 1 micrometer or greater from the plasma membrane. Grain distribution and volume density analyses revealed that the intracellular insulin was concentrated in the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear membrane.", "contents": "Entry of insulin into human cultured lymphocytes: electron microscope autoradiographic analysis. Electron microscope autoradiographs were prepared of IM-9 human cultured lymphocytes incubated with iodine-125-labeled insulin. With the use of [125I]insulin and Ilford L-4 emulsion, the technique had a resolution half-distance of approximately 0.085 micrometer. Autoradiographs revealed a time-dependent entry of insulin into the cell interior that was maximal after 30 minutes of incubation. At this time point nearly 40 percent of the [125I]insulin was in the interior of the cell at a distance 1 micrometer or greater from the plasma membrane. Grain distribution and volume density analyses revealed that the intracellular insulin was concentrated in the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear membrane.", "PMID": 715440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6206", "title": "Inhibition of nociceptive discharges of parafascicular neurons by direct electrical stimulation of nucleus centrum medianum.", "content": "Pain evoked unit discharges in the parafascicular nucleus could be inhibited by direct electrical stimulation of the centromedian nucleus of thalamus, with residual inhibitory effect lasting for several minutes after cessation of stimulation. The optimal frequency of stimulation for production of the inhibitory effect was found to be 4--8 pulses per second. The duration of inhibition following each stimulating pulse lasted for 100--170 msec. Analysis of oscillographic records shows that there exists before the onset of the inhibition of parafascicular discharges a latent period of 10--20 msec which far exceeds the time required for impulse conduction between the two closely related structures, suggesting that a long tortuous neuronal circuit is involved in elaboration and transmission of the inhibitory effect.", "contents": "Inhibition of nociceptive discharges of parafascicular neurons by direct electrical stimulation of nucleus centrum medianum. Pain evoked unit discharges in the parafascicular nucleus could be inhibited by direct electrical stimulation of the centromedian nucleus of thalamus, with residual inhibitory effect lasting for several minutes after cessation of stimulation. The optimal frequency of stimulation for production of the inhibitory effect was found to be 4--8 pulses per second. The duration of inhibition following each stimulating pulse lasted for 100--170 msec. Analysis of oscillographic records shows that there exists before the onset of the inhibition of parafascicular discharges a latent period of 10--20 msec which far exceeds the time required for impulse conduction between the two closely related structures, suggesting that a long tortuous neuronal circuit is involved in elaboration and transmission of the inhibitory effect.", "PMID": 715436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6207", "title": "Growth of infective forms of Trypanosoma rhodesiense in vitro, the causative agent of African trypanosomiasis.", "content": "A new approach to the culture of African trypanosomes led to the growth of the infective forms of the causative agent of human African trypanosomiasis. Infective cultures of Trypanosoma rhodesiense were initiated and maintained in vitro on Chinese hamster lung cells. By changing daily one-third of the Hepes-buffered RPMI 1640 medium containing 20 percent fetal bovine serum, the trypanosome numbers increased to 3 X 10(6) to 5 X 10(6) cells per milliliter. After 80 days in vitro at 37 degrees C, the cultured trypomastigotes are infective for mice and rats and morphologically similar to bloodstream trypomastigotes in having a subterminal kinetoplast and a surface coat. In addition, they possess L-alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase, the predominant steady-state terminal oxidase of bloodstream trypomastigotes.", "contents": "Growth of infective forms of Trypanosoma rhodesiense in vitro, the causative agent of African trypanosomiasis. A new approach to the culture of African trypanosomes led to the growth of the infective forms of the causative agent of human African trypanosomiasis. Infective cultures of Trypanosoma rhodesiense were initiated and maintained in vitro on Chinese hamster lung cells. By changing daily one-third of the Hepes-buffered RPMI 1640 medium containing 20 percent fetal bovine serum, the trypanosome numbers increased to 3 X 10(6) to 5 X 10(6) cells per milliliter. After 80 days in vitro at 37 degrees C, the cultured trypomastigotes are infective for mice and rats and morphologically similar to bloodstream trypomastigotes in having a subterminal kinetoplast and a surface coat. In addition, they possess L-alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase, the predominant steady-state terminal oxidase of bloodstream trypomastigotes.", "PMID": 715441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6208", "title": "Prolonged inhibition in burst firing neurons: synaptic inactivation of the slow regenerative inward current.", "content": "By using voltage clamping and microiontophoretic techniques, it has been found that the prolonged cholinergic and dopaminergic inhibition seen in Aplysia burst firing neurons occludes the inward current on which slow oscillations depend. It also mimics the temperature and ionic sensitivity of that inward current. This prolonged inhibition, which cannot be inverted and is insensitive to extracellular potassium changes, thus appears to result from a synaptically produced inactivation of the regenerative slow inward current underlying bursting.", "contents": "Prolonged inhibition in burst firing neurons: synaptic inactivation of the slow regenerative inward current. By using voltage clamping and microiontophoretic techniques, it has been found that the prolonged cholinergic and dopaminergic inhibition seen in Aplysia burst firing neurons occludes the inward current on which slow oscillations depend. It also mimics the temperature and ionic sensitivity of that inward current. This prolonged inhibition, which cannot be inverted and is insensitive to extracellular potassium changes, thus appears to result from a synaptically produced inactivation of the regenerative slow inward current underlying bursting.", "PMID": 715442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6209", "title": "Decrease in adrenergic axon sprouting in the senescent rat.", "content": "When the septal area in young adult rats is denervated by a lesion of the fimbria-fornix, adrenergic fibers proliferate within the denervated area. The same operation performed on aged animals gives rise to a qualitatively similar but quantitatively less pronounced response. This reduction in reactive growth may reflect a decreased capacity of the aged brain to remodel its circuitry and restore lost function.", "contents": "Decrease in adrenergic axon sprouting in the senescent rat. When the septal area in young adult rats is denervated by a lesion of the fimbria-fornix, adrenergic fibers proliferate within the denervated area. The same operation performed on aged animals gives rise to a qualitatively similar but quantitatively less pronounced response. This reduction in reactive growth may reflect a decreased capacity of the aged brain to remodel its circuitry and restore lost function.", "PMID": 715443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6210", "title": "Center-surround organization of auditory receptive fields in the owl.", "content": "The spinal receptive fields of specialized auditory units in the midbrain of the barn owl (Tyto abla) contain two functionally antagonistic areas: an excitatory center and an inhibitory surround. The response of these units represents the balance of acoustic activation of the two areas, which in turn depends upon the location, intensity, and spectral content of the sound stimulus.", "contents": "Center-surround organization of auditory receptive fields in the owl. The spinal receptive fields of specialized auditory units in the midbrain of the barn owl (Tyto abla) contain two functionally antagonistic areas: an excitatory center and an inhibitory surround. The response of these units represents the balance of acoustic activation of the two areas, which in turn depends upon the location, intensity, and spectral content of the sound stimulus.", "PMID": 715444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6211", "title": "Rapid changes in brain benzodiazepine receptors after experimental seizures.", "content": "Seizures induced in the rat by electroshock or by injections of pentylenetetrazol increase the specific binding of diazepam to putative receptor sites in cerebral cortical membranes. The enhancement of diazepam binding results from a rapid increase in the number of available binding sites rather than a change in receptor affinity. The postictal increase in cortical benzodiazepine receptors suggests that the cerebral cortex might be more sensitive to the anticonvulsant effects of the benzodiazepines after seizures. This observation may be related to the mechanism of action of these drugs in the treatment of recurrent seizures such as status epilepticus.", "contents": "Rapid changes in brain benzodiazepine receptors after experimental seizures. Seizures induced in the rat by electroshock or by injections of pentylenetetrazol increase the specific binding of diazepam to putative receptor sites in cerebral cortical membranes. The enhancement of diazepam binding results from a rapid increase in the number of available binding sites rather than a change in receptor affinity. The postictal increase in cortical benzodiazepine receptors suggests that the cerebral cortex might be more sensitive to the anticonvulsant effects of the benzodiazepines after seizures. This observation may be related to the mechanism of action of these drugs in the treatment of recurrent seizures such as status epilepticus.", "PMID": 715447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6212", "title": "The red cell as a fluid droplet: tank tread-like motion of the human erythrocyte membrane in shear flow.", "content": "When whole human blood is subjected to viscometric flow, individual red cells are seen to be elongated and oriented in the shear field. In addition, a tank tread-like motion of the membrane around the cell content occurs. In dilute suspensions of erythrocytes in viscous media, the same behavior is better observed and can also be measured quantitatively.", "contents": "The red cell as a fluid droplet: tank tread-like motion of the human erythrocyte membrane in shear flow. When whole human blood is subjected to viscometric flow, individual red cells are seen to be elongated and oriented in the shear field. In addition, a tank tread-like motion of the membrane around the cell content occurs. In dilute suspensions of erythrocytes in viscous media, the same behavior is better observed and can also be measured quantitatively.", "PMID": 715448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6213", "title": "Human flicker sensitivity: two stages of retinal diffusion.", "content": "A well-known solution of the diffusion equation gives an exponential square-root function as the frequency response for a one-dimensional diffusion or transmission process. When two or more such processes are cascaded, the result is still an exponential square-root characteristic, but with a longer time constant. This seems to explain why flicker thresholds obey the Kelly-Veringa diffusion model at high frequencies, even though the psychophysically inferred diffusion process is much slower than the first stage of visual transduction measured by, for example, late receptor potentials. Two such stages in tandem are sufficient to account for the psychophysical data, because the psychophysical time constant is proportional to the square of the number of stages involved. In addition, the nonlinear behavior of flicker thresholds under intense light adaptation can be explained if the loss factor in the first stage is proportional to the amount of the photopigment bleached. Apparently the flicker thresholds are governed by first- and second-order retinal neurons.", "contents": "Human flicker sensitivity: two stages of retinal diffusion. A well-known solution of the diffusion equation gives an exponential square-root function as the frequency response for a one-dimensional diffusion or transmission process. When two or more such processes are cascaded, the result is still an exponential square-root characteristic, but with a longer time constant. This seems to explain why flicker thresholds obey the Kelly-Veringa diffusion model at high frequencies, even though the psychophysically inferred diffusion process is much slower than the first stage of visual transduction measured by, for example, late receptor potentials. Two such stages in tandem are sufficient to account for the psychophysical data, because the psychophysical time constant is proportional to the square of the number of stages involved. In addition, the nonlinear behavior of flicker thresholds under intense light adaptation can be explained if the loss factor in the first stage is proportional to the amount of the photopigment bleached. Apparently the flicker thresholds are governed by first- and second-order retinal neurons.", "PMID": 715449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6214", "title": "Memory impairment in Korsakoff's psychosis: a correlation with brain noradrenergic activity.", "content": "The concentration of the primary brain metabolite of norepinephrine is diminished in the lumbar spinal fluid of patients with Korsakoff's syndrome. The extent of its reduction is significantly correlated with measures of memory impairment for individual patients. These data suggest that the memory disorder of Korsakoff's syndrome may result from damage to ascending noradrenergic pathways by the diencephalic and brainstem lesions associated with this disease.", "contents": "Memory impairment in Korsakoff's psychosis: a correlation with brain noradrenergic activity. The concentration of the primary brain metabolite of norepinephrine is diminished in the lumbar spinal fluid of patients with Korsakoff's syndrome. The extent of its reduction is significantly correlated with measures of memory impairment for individual patients. These data suggest that the memory disorder of Korsakoff's syndrome may result from damage to ascending noradrenergic pathways by the diencephalic and brainstem lesions associated with this disease.", "PMID": 715450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6215", "title": "Fractional factorial analysis of growth and weaning success in Peromyscus maniculatus.", "content": "Fractional factorial designs were used to explore simultaneously the effects of eight variables on survival and growth of neonatal deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus. Two of the variables had significant effects on weaning success. The magnitudes of their effects are illustrated.", "contents": "Fractional factorial analysis of growth and weaning success in Peromyscus maniculatus. Fractional factorial designs were used to explore simultaneously the effects of eight variables on survival and growth of neonatal deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus. Two of the variables had significant effects on weaning success. The magnitudes of their effects are illustrated.", "PMID": 715451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6216", "title": "Medical technology and cost containment: two applications of operations research.", "content": "The government proposes \"common sense\" regulations to help contain rising health costs due to the increasing use of high-technology procedures, such as computerized tomography scanning. Two illustrations are given showing that such ad hoc regulations may have the effect of increasing costs and are certainly far from the optimum obtained by known methods of operations research.", "contents": "Medical technology and cost containment: two applications of operations research. The government proposes \"common sense\" regulations to help contain rising health costs due to the increasing use of high-technology procedures, such as computerized tomography scanning. Two illustrations are given showing that such ad hoc regulations may have the effect of increasing costs and are certainly far from the optimum obtained by known methods of operations research.", "PMID": 715453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6217", "title": "Long ascending projections from substantia gelatinosa Rolandi and the subjacent dorsal horn in the rat.", "content": "Small neurons of the substantia gelatinosa Rolandi and the subjacent dorsal horn of the spinal cord have been thought to exert a direct modulatory effect only on neurons located within a distance of a few spinal segemnts. By using the technique of retorograde transport of horseradish peroxidase, however, it has been found that in the rat a significant number of these cells, particularly those of the subjacent dorsal horn, ascend many spinal segments to the lateral cervical nucleus and to the lower brainstem. These data provide an anatomic basis for a role of substantia gelatinosa Rolandi and subjacent dorsal horn cells in madulating or contributing to sensory information transmission not only in nearby segments but in far distant structures.", "contents": "Long ascending projections from substantia gelatinosa Rolandi and the subjacent dorsal horn in the rat. Small neurons of the substantia gelatinosa Rolandi and the subjacent dorsal horn of the spinal cord have been thought to exert a direct modulatory effect only on neurons located within a distance of a few spinal segemnts. By using the technique of retorograde transport of horseradish peroxidase, however, it has been found that in the rat a significant number of these cells, particularly those of the subjacent dorsal horn, ascend many spinal segments to the lateral cervical nucleus and to the lower brainstem. These data provide an anatomic basis for a role of substantia gelatinosa Rolandi and subjacent dorsal horn cells in madulating or contributing to sensory information transmission not only in nearby segments but in far distant structures.", "PMID": 715454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6218", "title": "beta-Endorphin is associated with overeating in genetically obese mice (ob/ob) and rats (fa/fa).", "content": "Small doses of the opiate antagonist naloxone selectively abolished overeating in genetically obese mice (ob/ob) and rats (fa/fa). Elevated concentrations of the naturally occurring opiate beta-endorphin were found in the pituitaries of both obese species and in the blood plasma of the obese rats. Brain levels of beta-endorphin and Leu-enkephalin were unchanged. These data suggest that excess pituitary beta-endorphin may play a role in the development of the overeating and obesity syndrome.", "contents": "beta-Endorphin is associated with overeating in genetically obese mice (ob/ob) and rats (fa/fa). Small doses of the opiate antagonist naloxone selectively abolished overeating in genetically obese mice (ob/ob) and rats (fa/fa). Elevated concentrations of the naturally occurring opiate beta-endorphin were found in the pituitaries of both obese species and in the blood plasma of the obese rats. Brain levels of beta-endorphin and Leu-enkephalin were unchanged. These data suggest that excess pituitary beta-endorphin may play a role in the development of the overeating and obesity syndrome.", "PMID": 715455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6219", "title": "Long-latency \"subthreshold\" collicular responses to the constant-frequency components emitted by a bat.", "content": "A previously undescribed response pattern has been observed in certain single units in the posterior colliculus of Pteronotus suapurensis. These units, constituting about one-third of those tuned to the region of the dominant constant-frequency (CF) components of the orientation sounds, respond to a tone pip with a burst of spikes at a latency of 3 to 6 milliseconds, within the frequency-intensity domain of a normal V-shaped response area. In these units, however, as intensity is dropped below threshold for this response, a response of 5-to 10-milliseconds longer latency appears and persists throughout another 10 to 30 decibels of attenuation. These late responses can be very vigorous, are sharply tuned to frequencies at or just above the CF components of the signal, and are often strongest and of lowest threshold at stimulus durations of 1.5 to 3 milliseconds--approximately the duration of the CF component. These properties imply that the late responses are concerned with analysis of the CF components of echoes, apparently in ways not as prominent in other bats.", "contents": "Long-latency \"subthreshold\" collicular responses to the constant-frequency components emitted by a bat. A previously undescribed response pattern has been observed in certain single units in the posterior colliculus of Pteronotus suapurensis. These units, constituting about one-third of those tuned to the region of the dominant constant-frequency (CF) components of the orientation sounds, respond to a tone pip with a burst of spikes at a latency of 3 to 6 milliseconds, within the frequency-intensity domain of a normal V-shaped response area. In these units, however, as intensity is dropped below threshold for this response, a response of 5-to 10-milliseconds longer latency appears and persists throughout another 10 to 30 decibels of attenuation. These late responses can be very vigorous, are sharply tuned to frequencies at or just above the CF components of the signal, and are often strongest and of lowest threshold at stimulus durations of 1.5 to 3 milliseconds--approximately the duration of the CF component. These properties imply that the late responses are concerned with analysis of the CF components of echoes, apparently in ways not as prominent in other bats.", "PMID": 715456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6220", "title": "Gene amplification and drug resistance in cultured murine cells.", "content": "Resistance of mouse cells to the folate analog, methotrexate, results from selection of increasingly resistant cells on progressive increases of methotrexate in the culture medium. High-level resistance is associated with high rates of synthesis of dihydrofolate reductase and correspondingly high numbers of reductase genes. In some variants high resistance and gene copy number are stable in the absence of selection pressure, whereas in others they are unstable. Analogies are made to antibiotic and insecticide resistance wherein selection of organisms with increased capacity to counteract the drug effect results in emergence of resistance. Gene amplification may underlie many such resistance phenomena.", "contents": "Gene amplification and drug resistance in cultured murine cells. Resistance of mouse cells to the folate analog, methotrexate, results from selection of increasingly resistant cells on progressive increases of methotrexate in the culture medium. High-level resistance is associated with high rates of synthesis of dihydrofolate reductase and correspondingly high numbers of reductase genes. In some variants high resistance and gene copy number are stable in the absence of selection pressure, whereas in others they are unstable. Analogies are made to antibiotic and insecticide resistance wherein selection of organisms with increased capacity to counteract the drug effect results in emergence of resistance. Gene amplification may underlie many such resistance phenomena.", "PMID": 715457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6221", "title": "Subsynaptic plate perforations: changes with age and experience in the rat.", "content": "The relative frequency of appearance of discontinuities in the postsynaptic thickening, or perforations in the subsynaptic plate, increased with age and experience. Rats reared from weaning in complex or social environments had a significantly higher proportion of occipital cortical synapses with perforations than did rats reared in isolation. In addition, the relative frequency of these perforations more than tripled between 10 and 60 days of age. Shifts in the frequency of perforations can occur independently of changes in the size of synpases. This result suggests a new potential mechanism of synaptic plasticity.", "contents": "Subsynaptic plate perforations: changes with age and experience in the rat. The relative frequency of appearance of discontinuities in the postsynaptic thickening, or perforations in the subsynaptic plate, increased with age and experience. Rats reared from weaning in complex or social environments had a significantly higher proportion of occipital cortical synapses with perforations than did rats reared in isolation. In addition, the relative frequency of these perforations more than tripled between 10 and 60 days of age. Shifts in the frequency of perforations can occur independently of changes in the size of synpases. This result suggests a new potential mechanism of synaptic plasticity.", "PMID": 715459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6222", "title": "Hippocampal aging and adrenocorticoids: quantitative correlations.", "content": "Altered neural-endocrine relations have been proposed as factors in mammalian aging. In the same rats from three age groups we quantified astrocyte reactivity in hippocampus, performed radioimmunoassays for plasma adrenocorticoids, and measured adrenal weight. These variables were correlated in individual animals and generally increased with age. The findings are consistent with recent hypotheses that endocrine levels are related to brain aging, either as cause or effect.", "contents": "Hippocampal aging and adrenocorticoids: quantitative correlations. Altered neural-endocrine relations have been proposed as factors in mammalian aging. In the same rats from three age groups we quantified astrocyte reactivity in hippocampus, performed radioimmunoassays for plasma adrenocorticoids, and measured adrenal weight. These variables were correlated in individual animals and generally increased with age. The findings are consistent with recent hypotheses that endocrine levels are related to brain aging, either as cause or effect.", "PMID": 715460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6223", "title": "Memory impairment in epileptic patients: selective effects of phenobarbital concentration.", "content": "Nineteen epileptic patients were tested first under medium (week 1) and then under high (week 2) therapeutic levels of phenobarbital. Relative to response times of 20 controls with equivalent practice but without medication, response times of patients in a short-term memory scanning task were strikingly slowed during week 2. However, increased phenobarbital did not slow responses in a task requiring access to information in long-term memory.", "contents": "Memory impairment in epileptic patients: selective effects of phenobarbital concentration. Nineteen epileptic patients were tested first under medium (week 1) and then under high (week 2) therapeutic levels of phenobarbital. Relative to response times of 20 controls with equivalent practice but without medication, response times of patients in a short-term memory scanning task were strikingly slowed during week 2. However, increased phenobarbital did not slow responses in a task requiring access to information in long-term memory.", "PMID": 715461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6224", "title": "Gallium-67 imaging in the management of Hodgkin's disease and other malignant lymphomas.", "content": "Gallium-67 imaging is useful in the management of patients with malignant lymphoma, despite its obvious limitations. Data currently in the literature regarding the detectability of sites of lymphoma by 67Ga imaging should be regarded as representing the minimum that can be expected from the method, since all reported series are based on outmoded imaging techniques. The detectability of disease sites appears to vary with tumor histology and anatomic location. Gallium-67 imaging is most useful in following patients after treatment. However, it may justifiably play an important role in the initial staging of lymphoma if the prior probability of disease in the abdomen is low. Lymphoma in abdominal lymph node sites is at least as detectable by 67Ga imaging as by lymphangiography.", "contents": "Gallium-67 imaging in the management of Hodgkin's disease and other malignant lymphomas. Gallium-67 imaging is useful in the management of patients with malignant lymphoma, despite its obvious limitations. Data currently in the literature regarding the detectability of sites of lymphoma by 67Ga imaging should be regarded as representing the minimum that can be expected from the method, since all reported series are based on outmoded imaging techniques. The detectability of disease sites appears to vary with tumor histology and anatomic location. Gallium-67 imaging is most useful in following patients after treatment. However, it may justifiably play an important role in the initial staging of lymphoma if the prior probability of disease in the abdomen is low. Lymphoma in abdominal lymph node sites is at least as detectable by 67Ga imaging as by lymphangiography.", "PMID": 715464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6225", "title": "Role of gallium 67 in inflammatory disease.", "content": "Gallium 67 has been found to be extremely useful for detection of inflammatory disease. In the skeletal system it complements the 99m Tc-phosphate compounds in differentiating periatricular osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, and cellulitis. Gallium is particularly useful in documenting successful treatment of bone infection because the phosphate scan remains positive for much longer periods of time. In a variety of chest disorders gallium uptake has been found to correlate well with the active inflammatory state. One  of the most frequent uses of gallium imaging has been for localization of inflammatory foci in postoperative patients as well as in patients who present with fever of undetermined origin. Neutrophilic labeling followed by migration to the inflammatory area appears to be the major mechanism of localization of radiogallium. For this reason leukopenic patients constitute a group in which false negative results may be encountered.", "contents": "Role of gallium 67 in inflammatory disease. Gallium 67 has been found to be extremely useful for detection of inflammatory disease. In the skeletal system it complements the 99m Tc-phosphate compounds in differentiating periatricular osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, and cellulitis. Gallium is particularly useful in documenting successful treatment of bone infection because the phosphate scan remains positive for much longer periods of time. In a variety of chest disorders gallium uptake has been found to correlate well with the active inflammatory state. One  of the most frequent uses of gallium imaging has been for localization of inflammatory foci in postoperative patients as well as in patients who present with fever of undetermined origin. Neutrophilic labeling followed by migration to the inflammatory area appears to be the major mechanism of localization of radiogallium. For this reason leukopenic patients constitute a group in which false negative results may be encountered.", "PMID": 715465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6226", "title": "The use of gallium-67 in pulmonary disorders.", "content": "Imaging of the chest cage with gallium-67 (67Ga) citrate is relatively easier to perform and interpret than imaging of the abdomen, because normally pulmonary concentration is low after 48 hr and physiologic accumulation in bones and breast can be recognized by its distribution. Modern scintillation detectors, particularly large field cameras with multiple pulse-height analyzers, give substantially better gallium images than those available in the past. Because of the nonspecific affinity of gallium through neoplastic and inflammatory processes, its value in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary diseases is limited. However, based on the literature and our own observations in over 1100 patients with established diagnosis of a variety of pulmonary diseases, we feel that the judicious use of 67Ga in selected patients is helpful in answering specific questions. These include preoperative evaluation of hilar and mediastinal involvement in pulmonary neoplasms, differential diagnosis of pulmonary infarctions and bacterial pneumonias, evaluation of pulmonary infiltrates regarding infectious etiology, follow-up of sarcoidosis on corticosteroid treatment, assessment of inflammatory activity in interstitial fibrosis and, in selected cases, early detection of neoplastic and inflammatory diseases before radiography becomes abnormal, such as diffuse carcinomatosis and Pneumocystis carinii infection. Potential large-scale application of pulmonary gallium imaging could be found in the screening of subjects exposed occupationally to noxious dust and in long-term serial follow-up of pulmonary tuberculosis patients for treatment response and reactivation. However, it remains to be seen whether gallium imaging statistically provides essential additional information in these indications when compared to cheaper conventional techniques.", "contents": "The use of gallium-67 in pulmonary disorders. Imaging of the chest cage with gallium-67 (67Ga) citrate is relatively easier to perform and interpret than imaging of the abdomen, because normally pulmonary concentration is low after 48 hr and physiologic accumulation in bones and breast can be recognized by its distribution. Modern scintillation detectors, particularly large field cameras with multiple pulse-height analyzers, give substantially better gallium images than those available in the past. Because of the nonspecific affinity of gallium through neoplastic and inflammatory processes, its value in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary diseases is limited. However, based on the literature and our own observations in over 1100 patients with established diagnosis of a variety of pulmonary diseases, we feel that the judicious use of 67Ga in selected patients is helpful in answering specific questions. These include preoperative evaluation of hilar and mediastinal involvement in pulmonary neoplasms, differential diagnosis of pulmonary infarctions and bacterial pneumonias, evaluation of pulmonary infiltrates regarding infectious etiology, follow-up of sarcoidosis on corticosteroid treatment, assessment of inflammatory activity in interstitial fibrosis and, in selected cases, early detection of neoplastic and inflammatory diseases before radiography becomes abnormal, such as diffuse carcinomatosis and Pneumocystis carinii infection. Potential large-scale application of pulmonary gallium imaging could be found in the screening of subjects exposed occupationally to noxious dust and in long-term serial follow-up of pulmonary tuberculosis patients for treatment response and reactivation. However, it remains to be seen whether gallium imaging statistically provides essential additional information in these indications when compared to cheaper conventional techniques.", "PMID": 715466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6227", "title": "A method for localization of sources of human cerebral potentials evoked by sensory stimuli.", "content": "A method based on potential field theory is described for assessing the location and orientation of dipole generators of the human scalp-recorded sensory evoked potential (EP). The method assumes that the EP at a given moment is due to a single dipole source and that the head can be modeled by a homogeneous conductive sphere (brain) surrounded by inner (skull) and outer (scalp) shells of differing conductivity (three-sphere model).  Solution for source location and orientation from the surface potential field is given for the case of a single homogeneous sphere (one-sphere model). It is then shown that a unique solution for the three-sphere model can be derived from the one-sphere solution. Solutions are obtained by application of an iterative procedure which minimizes the error between calculated and empirical potential fields. A test of the method is described in which the calculated location and orientation of a dipole was in good agreement with the known source of an early component of the human somatosensory EP.", "contents": "A method for localization of sources of human cerebral potentials evoked by sensory stimuli. A method based on potential field theory is described for assessing the location and orientation of dipole generators of the human scalp-recorded sensory evoked potential (EP). The method assumes that the EP at a given moment is due to a single dipole source and that the head can be modeled by a homogeneous conductive sphere (brain) surrounded by inner (skull) and outer (scalp) shells of differing conductivity (three-sphere model).  Solution for source location and orientation from the surface potential field is given for the case of a single homogeneous sphere (one-sphere model). It is then shown that a unique solution for the three-sphere model can be derived from the one-sphere solution. Solutions are obtained by application of an iterative procedure which minimizes the error between calculated and empirical potential fields. A test of the method is described in which the calculated location and orientation of a dipole was in good agreement with the known source of an early component of the human somatosensory EP.", "PMID": 715467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6228", "title": "Photoreceptors and visual pigments in a cichlid fish, Nannacara anomala.", "content": "Correlation of visual pigment content and photoreceptor cell structure is studied in the cichlid fish Nannacara anomala the retina of which is characterized by simple organization of the outer plexiform layer. The visual cell types consist of long and bulky rods and only two types of cones: equal double cones and short single cones. Both types of cones differ form other known teleost cones in that their outer segments are very slender yet twice as long as the inner segments. The double cones form a square mosaic with four doubles along the sides an a single cone in the center. Four rods usually surround the single cone and a few others lie in the corners of the square. The population densities of photoreceptor cells in the central part of the retina is 45,600 cones and 52,600 rods per mm2. The cone to rod ratio is 1:1.15; the double cone to single cone ratio is 4.07:1. The outer segments of photoreceptors contain four spectroscopic types of pigment: one type in rods with lambda max = 498 +/- 5 nm, one type in single cones with lambda max = 460 +/- 5nm, and one in each member of the double cones with lambda max of 555 +/- 5 and 600 +/- 10 nm. Single cones are found to contain only the blue-absorbing pigment. The double cones, whenever both members are successfully recorded from, appear to use two spectrally different pigments. Based on spectral bandwidth determination, the four pigments are probably of the prophyropsin class, although some admixture (10--20%) of rhodopsin-class pigments is also indicated, especially in double cones.", "contents": "Photoreceptors and visual pigments in a cichlid fish, Nannacara anomala. Correlation of visual pigment content and photoreceptor cell structure is studied in the cichlid fish Nannacara anomala the retina of which is characterized by simple organization of the outer plexiform layer. The visual cell types consist of long and bulky rods and only two types of cones: equal double cones and short single cones. Both types of cones differ form other known teleost cones in that their outer segments are very slender yet twice as long as the inner segments. The double cones form a square mosaic with four doubles along the sides an a single cone in the center. Four rods usually surround the single cone and a few others lie in the corners of the square. The population densities of photoreceptor cells in the central part of the retina is 45,600 cones and 52,600 rods per mm2. The cone to rod ratio is 1:1.15; the double cone to single cone ratio is 4.07:1. The outer segments of photoreceptors contain four spectroscopic types of pigment: one type in rods with lambda max = 498 +/- 5 nm, one type in single cones with lambda max = 460 +/- 5nm, and one in each member of the double cones with lambda max of 555 +/- 5 and 600 +/- 10 nm. Single cones are found to contain only the blue-absorbing pigment. The double cones, whenever both members are successfully recorded from, appear to use two spectrally different pigments. Based on spectral bandwidth determination, the four pigments are probably of the prophyropsin class, although some admixture (10--20%) of rhodopsin-class pigments is also indicated, especially in double cones.", "PMID": 715468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6229", "title": "Tuning curves and masking functions of auditory-nerve fibers in cat.", "content": "Single units of the auditory nerve are maximally sensitive to a given frequency, the so-called characteristic frequency (CF). Tuning curves (functions relating the \"threshold\" for such units to the frequency of a sinusoidal stimulus) have inspired psychophysical measurements of masked thresholds in humans. At low levels, the results bear a striking resemblance to neural tuning curves, suggesting that a small, homogeneous group of units determine the so-called psychophysical tuning curves. This paper describes physiological measurements modeled after the psychophysical forward-masking paradigm. A masking tone was used to reduce the response in auditory-nerve fibers elicited by a probe tone that followed the masker. The level of the masking tone was varied to maintain a criterion level of responding to the probe. Plotting level of the masker as a function of its frequency yields a fiber-masking function. For low probe-tone levels, fiber-masking functions of low CF fibers and the tips of functions from high CF fibers were similar in shape to tuning curves obtained with single tone bursts. The fiber-masking function depends upon the response criterion and upon the level, duration, and frequency of the probe. Varying the level of the probe can also alter the shape of the fiber-masking function. These results have implications for interpreting psychophysical masking functions.", "contents": "Tuning curves and masking functions of auditory-nerve fibers in cat. Single units of the auditory nerve are maximally sensitive to a given frequency, the so-called characteristic frequency (CF). Tuning curves (functions relating the \"threshold\" for such units to the frequency of a sinusoidal stimulus) have inspired psychophysical measurements of masked thresholds in humans. At low levels, the results bear a striking resemblance to neural tuning curves, suggesting that a small, homogeneous group of units determine the so-called psychophysical tuning curves. This paper describes physiological measurements modeled after the psychophysical forward-masking paradigm. A masking tone was used to reduce the response in auditory-nerve fibers elicited by a probe tone that followed the masker. The level of the masking tone was varied to maintain a criterion level of responding to the probe. Plotting level of the masker as a function of its frequency yields a fiber-masking function. For low probe-tone levels, fiber-masking functions of low CF fibers and the tips of functions from high CF fibers were similar in shape to tuning curves obtained with single tone bursts. The fiber-masking function depends upon the response criterion and upon the level, duration, and frequency of the probe. Varying the level of the probe can also alter the shape of the fiber-masking function. These results have implications for interpreting psychophysical masking functions.", "PMID": 715469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6230", "title": "Factors influencing cutaneous directional sensitivity.", "content": "The influence of stimulus velocity and traverse length on the ability of human subjects to indicate in which of two opposite directions a brush moved along the skin was determined using a forced choice procedure. Stimulus velocities ranged from 0.75 to 250 cm/sec, and traverse lengths ranged from 0.5 to 6 cm; measurements were made on both the  thenar eminence and the preaxial upper arm. Performance was expressed in terms of \"critical traverse length\" i.e., that traverse length at which, for a given velocity, the subject would correctly identify the direction of brush motion on 75% of the trials. The data indicate that the capacity to identify direction of tactile stimulus motion increases with traverse length and is optimal for velocities between 3 and 25 cm/sec. The overall level of performance was better on the thenar than on the upper arm.", "contents": "Factors influencing cutaneous directional sensitivity. The influence of stimulus velocity and traverse length on the ability of human subjects to indicate in which of two opposite directions a brush moved along the skin was determined using a forced choice procedure. Stimulus velocities ranged from 0.75 to 250 cm/sec, and traverse lengths ranged from 0.5 to 6 cm; measurements were made on both the  thenar eminence and the preaxial upper arm. Performance was expressed in terms of \"critical traverse length\" i.e., that traverse length at which, for a given velocity, the subject would correctly identify the direction of brush motion on 75% of the trials. The data indicate that the capacity to identify direction of tactile stimulus motion increases with traverse length and is optimal for velocities between 3 and 25 cm/sec. The overall level of performance was better on the thenar than on the upper arm.", "PMID": 715470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6231", "title": "Frequency selectivity in the parakeet (Melopsittacus undulatus) studied with narrow-band noise masking.", "content": "Narrow-band noise masking was studied in the parakeet (Melopsittacus undulatus) using a modified method of limits and an instrumental avoidance-conditioning procedure. Masked thresholds were obtained from five subjects at 10 frequencies between 0.5 and 5.0 kHz for each of four sensation levels (26, 46, 66, and 86 db) of a 1/3-octave band noise masker centered at 1.6 kHz. The amount of masking was found to be linearly related to noise level, and the shape of the masking curve was symmetrical on both sides of the center frequency of the masker. In all cases, the greatest threshold shift occurred at the center frequency of the masker. The relative symmetry of the parakeet narrow-band masking curves contrasts with masking results reported in mammals.", "contents": "Frequency selectivity in the parakeet (Melopsittacus undulatus) studied with narrow-band noise masking. Narrow-band noise masking was studied in the parakeet (Melopsittacus undulatus) using a modified method of limits and an instrumental avoidance-conditioning procedure. Masked thresholds were obtained from five subjects at 10 frequencies between 0.5 and 5.0 kHz for each of four sensation levels (26, 46, 66, and 86 db) of a 1/3-octave band noise masker centered at 1.6 kHz. The amount of masking was found to be linearly related to noise level, and the shape of the masking curve was symmetrical on both sides of the center frequency of the masker. In all cases, the greatest threshold shift occurred at the center frequency of the masker. The relative symmetry of the parakeet narrow-band masking curves contrasts with masking results reported in mammals.", "PMID": 715471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6232", "title": "Olfactory sensitivity during the menstrual cycle.", "content": "Women were tested for sensitivity to several odorants at ovulation and menstruation. Three involatile esters (pentadecalactone, coumarin, and cinnamyl butyrate) predicted by gas chromatographic data to be strongly retarded by the olfactory mucus showed similar significant changes in sensitivity. By contrast, a more volatile ester (amyl acetate) predicted to diffuse more readily though the mucus showed no such changes. This suggests that variations in olfactory sensitivity observed between ovulation and menstruation depend on odorant volatility and thus may result from peripheral mechanisms limiting the access of odorant molecules to the olfactory receptors.", "contents": "Olfactory sensitivity during the menstrual cycle. Women were tested for sensitivity to several odorants at ovulation and menstruation. Three involatile esters (pentadecalactone, coumarin, and cinnamyl butyrate) predicted by gas chromatographic data to be strongly retarded by the olfactory mucus showed similar significant changes in sensitivity. By contrast, a more volatile ester (amyl acetate) predicted to diffuse more readily though the mucus showed no such changes. This suggests that variations in olfactory sensitivity observed between ovulation and menstruation depend on odorant volatility and thus may result from peripheral mechanisms limiting the access of odorant molecules to the olfactory receptors.", "PMID": 715472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6233", "title": "The effects of a surround on vibrotactile thresholds.", "content": "Psychophysical thresholds for the detection of vibration on the thenar eminence were measured as a function of stimulus frequency. As has been found in earlier studies, the threshold functions had two separate branches: one relatively flat branch at low frequencies and a U-shaped branch at higher frequencies. When the rigid surround which is used to confine the stimulus to the region of the vibrator contactor was removed and vibration was allowed to spread freely over the surface of the skin, thresholds along the relatively flat segment of the curve increased while thresholds along the U-shaped segment decreased. The results were interpreted in terms of the duplex model of mechanoreception.", "contents": "The effects of a surround on vibrotactile thresholds. Psychophysical thresholds for the detection of vibration on the thenar eminence were measured as a function of stimulus frequency. As has been found in earlier studies, the threshold functions had two separate branches: one relatively flat branch at low frequencies and a U-shaped branch at higher frequencies. When the rigid surround which is used to confine the stimulus to the region of the vibrator contactor was removed and vibration was allowed to spread freely over the surface of the skin, thresholds along the relatively flat segment of the curve increased while thresholds along the U-shaped segment decreased. The results were interpreted in terms of the duplex model of mechanoreception.", "PMID": 715473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6234", "title": "Metamorphosis of breast cancer.", "content": "In two decades there has been a sweeping metamorphosis of the antiquated conception of breast cancer as a solitary mass of questionable operability, accompanied by numerous axillary lymph nodes and probably distant metastasis. An undreamed-of recognizable preclinical stage of breast cancer has drastically changed attitudes and reactions in physicians and patients. These changes have paralleled the applications of clinical mammography. The smallest of premammography breast cancers are now advanced cancers. The average size of operable breast cancers at Emory University is now less than 1 cm in diameter, and ten-year cure rates with minimal cancers exceed 95%. The treatment of these minimal breast cancers, often in a two-stage surgical procedure with the patient participating in decisions, may include psychotherapy and reconstructive surgery. Pathologists have assumed new roles in coping with disturbing epithelial cellular changes in premalignant and borderline malignant breast lesions. Today predictive clinical signs and symptoms are associated with advanced cancer, with limited specific clinical changes relating to early breast cancer. Over one third of breast cancers are being discovered in women under 50 years of age, and mammography is the primary means of detecting these cancers.", "contents": "Metamorphosis of breast cancer. In two decades there has been a sweeping metamorphosis of the antiquated conception of breast cancer as a solitary mass of questionable operability, accompanied by numerous axillary lymph nodes and probably distant metastasis. An undreamed-of recognizable preclinical stage of breast cancer has drastically changed attitudes and reactions in physicians and patients. These changes have paralleled the applications of clinical mammography. The smallest of premammography breast cancers are now advanced cancers. The average size of operable breast cancers at Emory University is now less than 1 cm in diameter, and ten-year cure rates with minimal cancers exceed 95%. The treatment of these minimal breast cancers, often in a two-stage surgical procedure with the patient participating in decisions, may include psychotherapy and reconstructive surgery. Pathologists have assumed new roles in coping with disturbing epithelial cellular changes in premalignant and borderline malignant breast lesions. Today predictive clinical signs and symptoms are associated with advanced cancer, with limited specific clinical changes relating to early breast cancer. Over one third of breast cancers are being discovered in women under 50 years of age, and mammography is the primary means of detecting these cancers.", "PMID": 715480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6235", "title": "Asymptomatic Bartter's syndrome.", "content": "A 63-year-old man had asymptomatic Bartter's syndrome, discovered during evaluation for hypokalemia. Elevated plasma renin and aldosterone levels, angiotension resistance, and elevated urinary prostaglandin excretion were noted. Tubular function studies implicated the proximal tubule as the site of a mild sodium reabsorption defect, and renal wasting of potassium and magnesium were also noted. Indomethacin therapy lowered the urinary prostaglandin excretion and the renin and aldosterone levels but did not correct the hypokalemia. Spironolactone therapy resulted in normalization of serum potassium but not serum magnesium levels. Bartter's syndrome may result from various causes but renal wasting of sodium, potassium and/or magnesium probably exist in all cases. Unexplained, asymptomatic hypokalemia in any age group may be due to Bartter's syndrome.", "contents": "Asymptomatic Bartter's syndrome. A 63-year-old man had asymptomatic Bartter's syndrome, discovered during evaluation for hypokalemia. Elevated plasma renin and aldosterone levels, angiotension resistance, and elevated urinary prostaglandin excretion were noted. Tubular function studies implicated the proximal tubule as the site of a mild sodium reabsorption defect, and renal wasting of potassium and magnesium were also noted. Indomethacin therapy lowered the urinary prostaglandin excretion and the renin and aldosterone levels but did not correct the hypokalemia. Spironolactone therapy resulted in normalization of serum potassium but not serum magnesium levels. Bartter's syndrome may result from various causes but renal wasting of sodium, potassium and/or magnesium probably exist in all cases. Unexplained, asymptomatic hypokalemia in any age group may be due to Bartter's syndrome.", "PMID": 715482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6236", "title": "Nafcillin-associated granulocytopenia.", "content": "Three patients treated with nafcillin developed granulocytopenia. Only three other such cases have been reported. This complication is most likely due to a direct toxic effect on the bone marrow; markers for an immunologically mediated mechanism have not been found. Nafcillin-associated granulocytopenia usually occurs during the third week of therapy and remits spontaneously with prompt cessation of nafcillin administration.", "contents": "Nafcillin-associated granulocytopenia. Three patients treated with nafcillin developed granulocytopenia. Only three other such cases have been reported. This complication is most likely due to a direct toxic effect on the bone marrow; markers for an immunologically mediated mechanism have not been found. Nafcillin-associated granulocytopenia usually occurs during the third week of therapy and remits spontaneously with prompt cessation of nafcillin administration.", "PMID": 715483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6237", "title": "Acetaminophen overdoses at a county hospital: a year's experience.", "content": "During a recent one-year period nine cases of hepatotoxicity caused by overdoses of acetaminophen were recognized at Parkland Memorial Hospital. This contrasted with the previous year in which no cases were seen. These cases and an additional case seen after the one-year period are presented and discussed. Hepatic injury ranged from mild, with only SGOT elevations in several patients, to severe, with marked prolongation of prothrombin times in four and stage IV hepatic encephalopathy in two. One patient died of fulminant hepatic failure. Other manifestations of acetaminophen overdoses included renal dysfunction in three patients, lactic acidosis in three, shock in two, and hyperamylasemia in two. These findings indicate that extrahepatic complications of acetaminophen overdose may be more common than indicated in previous reports. Because of the delayed nature of the clinical manifestations of acetaminophen overdose, as clearly demonstrated in these patients, decisions on hopsitalization and treatment must be made early based on the history and on acetaminophen levels.", "contents": "Acetaminophen overdoses at a county hospital: a year's experience. During a recent one-year period nine cases of hepatotoxicity caused by overdoses of acetaminophen were recognized at Parkland Memorial Hospital. This contrasted with the previous year in which no cases were seen. These cases and an additional case seen after the one-year period are presented and discussed. Hepatic injury ranged from mild, with only SGOT elevations in several patients, to severe, with marked prolongation of prothrombin times in four and stage IV hepatic encephalopathy in two. One patient died of fulminant hepatic failure. Other manifestations of acetaminophen overdoses included renal dysfunction in three patients, lactic acidosis in three, shock in two, and hyperamylasemia in two. These findings indicate that extrahepatic complications of acetaminophen overdose may be more common than indicated in previous reports. Because of the delayed nature of the clinical manifestations of acetaminophen overdose, as clearly demonstrated in these patients, decisions on hopsitalization and treatment must be made early based on the history and on acetaminophen levels.", "PMID": 715484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6238", "title": "Vincristine-induced dysphagia.", "content": "Dysphagia was observed in two patients receiving combination chemotherapy for metastatic carcinoma of the breast. Results of esophagogram and esophagoscopy were unremarkable. Vincristine, an anticancer drug, was incriminated as the causative agent. Cessation of vincristine therapy resulted in definite improvement. In one patient, inadvertent administration of vincristine caused prompt recurrence of dysphagia, which again disappeared upon discontinuation of the drug. The major toxicity of vincristine is neurologic. The exact mechanism for vincristine-induced dysphagia is unknown, but it does appear to be reversible.", "contents": "Vincristine-induced dysphagia. Dysphagia was observed in two patients receiving combination chemotherapy for metastatic carcinoma of the breast. Results of esophagogram and esophagoscopy were unremarkable. Vincristine, an anticancer drug, was incriminated as the causative agent. Cessation of vincristine therapy resulted in definite improvement. In one patient, inadvertent administration of vincristine caused prompt recurrence of dysphagia, which again disappeared upon discontinuation of the drug. The major toxicity of vincristine is neurologic. The exact mechanism for vincristine-induced dysphagia is unknown, but it does appear to be reversible.", "PMID": 715485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6239", "title": "Clinical trial of surgery for morbid obesity.", "content": "A clinical trial of jejunoileal and gastric bypass in 38 morbidly obese patients is described. The results which led to the decision to discontinue the clinical trial are discussed. Gastric bypass is recommended as the surgical procedure of choice in properly selected patients with morbid obesity.", "contents": "Clinical trial of surgery for morbid obesity. A clinical trial of jejunoileal and gastric bypass in 38 morbidly obese patients is described. The results which led to the decision to discontinue the clinical trial are discussed. Gastric bypass is recommended as the surgical procedure of choice in properly selected patients with morbid obesity.", "PMID": 715486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6240", "title": "Subtrochanteric fractures of the femur: treatment with ASIF blade plate fixation.", "content": "Management of the severely comminuted subtrochanteric fracture of the femur has been extremely difficult due to problems in stabilization, failure of fixation, and/or failure of the device, as well as associated high morbidity and mortality. Twenty-three such fractures treated with the Association for the Study of Internal Fixation (ASIF) blade plate fixation are reviewed. There were 17 primary unions (0 to 6 months), two delayed unions (6 to 12 months), and two nonunions with device failure, requiring reoperation and bone grafting before healing. There were two deaths, but only one was due to postoperative complications. This review indicates that ASIF blade plates provide adequate stabilization and fixation with a high rate of union in these fractures.", "contents": "Subtrochanteric fractures of the femur: treatment with ASIF blade plate fixation. Management of the severely comminuted subtrochanteric fracture of the femur has been extremely difficult due to problems in stabilization, failure of fixation, and/or failure of the device, as well as associated high morbidity and mortality. Twenty-three such fractures treated with the Association for the Study of Internal Fixation (ASIF) blade plate fixation are reviewed. There were 17 primary unions (0 to 6 months), two delayed unions (6 to 12 months), and two nonunions with device failure, requiring reoperation and bone grafting before healing. There were two deaths, but only one was due to postoperative complications. This review indicates that ASIF blade plates provide adequate stabilization and fixation with a high rate of union in these fractures.", "PMID": 715487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6241", "title": "Pott's paraplegia.", "content": "Tuberculosis of the spine associated with neurologic deficit has fortunately become an uncommon disease. Of 48 patients with Pott's paraplegia seen over a 20-year period, 28 were adequately followed up. Ten patients in this series died, most of causes not directly related to the tuberculosis, and ten patients were lost to follow-up. Most of the patients in this study were in the older age group which, in part, accounts for the mortality. Of those who did survive, the outlook for recovery from the paraplegia was very good with or without surgical intervention.", "contents": "Pott's paraplegia. Tuberculosis of the spine associated with neurologic deficit has fortunately become an uncommon disease. Of 48 patients with Pott's paraplegia seen over a 20-year period, 28 were adequately followed up. Ten patients in this series died, most of causes not directly related to the tuberculosis, and ten patients were lost to follow-up. Most of the patients in this study were in the older age group which, in part, accounts for the mortality. Of those who did survive, the outlook for recovery from the paraplegia was very good with or without surgical intervention.", "PMID": 715488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6242", "title": "Echocardiographic findings in amyloid cardiomyopathy.", "content": "Echocardiographic manifestations of two patients with cardiac amyloidosis are presented. The findings consisted of increased thickness of the left ventricular posterior wall and interventricular septal wall, a normal to small left ventricular cavity, and pericardial effusion. The echocardiograph is useful in the evaluation of patients with cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure.", "contents": "Echocardiographic findings in amyloid cardiomyopathy. Echocardiographic manifestations of two patients with cardiac amyloidosis are presented. The findings consisted of increased thickness of the left ventricular posterior wall and interventricular septal wall, a normal to small left ventricular cavity, and pericardial effusion. The echocardiograph is useful in the evaluation of patients with cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure.", "PMID": 715489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6243", "title": "Distal renal tubular acidosis in selective hypoaldosteronism.", "content": "Renal mechanisms for metabolic acidosis in selective hypoaldosteronism were investigated in a patient with marked renal insufficiency. Studies demonstrated a distal hydrogen ion secretory defect. Control of elevated serum potassium levels did not normalize urinary acid excretion, but systemic acidosis was improved. Mineralocorticoid therapy normalized serum potassium without increasing urinary potassium. Hyperkalemia did not directly affect renal acid handling, and extrarenal mechanisms for potassium excretion are suggested. Measurement of rectal mucosal potential difference suggests this test may be of value in detecting a wide range of abnormalities in aldosterone metabolism.", "contents": "Distal renal tubular acidosis in selective hypoaldosteronism. Renal mechanisms for metabolic acidosis in selective hypoaldosteronism were investigated in a patient with marked renal insufficiency. Studies demonstrated a distal hydrogen ion secretory defect. Control of elevated serum potassium levels did not normalize urinary acid excretion, but systemic acidosis was improved. Mineralocorticoid therapy normalized serum potassium without increasing urinary potassium. Hyperkalemia did not directly affect renal acid handling, and extrarenal mechanisms for potassium excretion are suggested. Measurement of rectal mucosal potential difference suggests this test may be of value in detecting a wide range of abnormalities in aldosterone metabolism.", "PMID": 715490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6244", "title": "Endometriosis after \"pelvic cleanout\".", "content": "In many patients endometriosis is ultimately treated by total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Endometriosis in a 31-year-old, white, multiparous woman demonstrates the unusual nature of this disease. Five years after a total abdominal hysterectomy and four years after a bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for a pelvic abscess, she had an endometrioma above the apex of the vagina. Her previous surgery had revealed no evidence of endometriosis. This patient's age, parity, and previous pelvic cleanout made her an unusual candidate for this disease.", "contents": "Endometriosis after \"pelvic cleanout\". In many patients endometriosis is ultimately treated by total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Endometriosis in a 31-year-old, white, multiparous woman demonstrates the unusual nature of this disease. Five years after a total abdominal hysterectomy and four years after a bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for a pelvic abscess, she had an endometrioma above the apex of the vagina. Her previous surgery had revealed no evidence of endometriosis. This patient's age, parity, and previous pelvic cleanout made her an unusual candidate for this disease.", "PMID": 715492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6245", "title": "Herpes simplex virus encephalitis: an atypical presentation.", "content": "Herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis is an acute febrile encephalopathy usually characterized by disordered mentation, fever, headache, and focal seizures. We have described a patient with HSV encephalitis whose initial illness was manifested solely as a seizure disorder. Consequently, the diagnosis was not made until late in the hospital course. This atypical presentation of HSV encephalitis is emphasized to facilitate recognition of this disorder and to prompt early diagnostic brain biopsy so that appropriate antiviral therapy can be instituted.", "contents": "Herpes simplex virus encephalitis: an atypical presentation. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis is an acute febrile encephalopathy usually characterized by disordered mentation, fever, headache, and focal seizures. We have described a patient with HSV encephalitis whose initial illness was manifested solely as a seizure disorder. Consequently, the diagnosis was not made until late in the hospital course. This atypical presentation of HSV encephalitis is emphasized to facilitate recognition of this disorder and to prompt early diagnostic brain biopsy so that appropriate antiviral therapy can be instituted.", "PMID": 715494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6246", "title": "Hepatic hemangioendotheliomas and hyperbilirubinemia.", "content": "A 3-week-old infant with hyperbilirubinemia and hepatomegaly secondary to hemangioendotheliomas of the liver was presented. Review of the literature produced 18 cases of associated jaundice in 182 infants with hepatic vascular tumors, an incidence of 10%. This disorder should be considered in the differential diagnosis of the infant with hepatomegaly and jaundice, particularly in the presence of gastrointestinal complaints, cutaneous hemangiomas, congestive heart failure, or abdominal bruit. Liver scan should be done in such infants to rule out vascular tumors. Although mortality appears to be high in jaundiced infants with such tumors, currently available therapeutic modalities may be of value in treating these infants.", "contents": "Hepatic hemangioendotheliomas and hyperbilirubinemia. A 3-week-old infant with hyperbilirubinemia and hepatomegaly secondary to hemangioendotheliomas of the liver was presented. Review of the literature produced 18 cases of associated jaundice in 182 infants with hepatic vascular tumors, an incidence of 10%. This disorder should be considered in the differential diagnosis of the infant with hepatomegaly and jaundice, particularly in the presence of gastrointestinal complaints, cutaneous hemangiomas, congestive heart failure, or abdominal bruit. Liver scan should be done in such infants to rule out vascular tumors. Although mortality appears to be high in jaundiced infants with such tumors, currently available therapeutic modalities may be of value in treating these infants.", "PMID": 715495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6247", "title": "Polymyositis leading to diagnosis and resection of occult localized carcinoma of the cecum.", "content": "Polymyositis in an elderly but alert man led to an intensive search for an occult malignancy, which was found and removed. A five-year follow-up without evidence of metastasis supports the concept that polymyositis may antedate metastasis of underlying carcinoma and provide an opportunity for diagnosis and excision of the tumor before it has spread.", "contents": "Polymyositis leading to diagnosis and resection of occult localized carcinoma of the cecum. Polymyositis in an elderly but alert man led to an intensive search for an occult malignancy, which was found and removed. A five-year follow-up without evidence of metastasis supports the concept that polymyositis may antedate metastasis of underlying carcinoma and provide an opportunity for diagnosis and excision of the tumor before it has spread.", "PMID": 715496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6248", "title": "Thioridazine-associated immune hemolytic anemia.", "content": "An association between the ingestion of 72 gm of thioridazine over a 31-month period and immune hemolytic anemia is reported, with a schematic presentation of drug treatment and hematopoietic response during hospitalization.", "contents": "Thioridazine-associated immune hemolytic anemia. An association between the ingestion of 72 gm of thioridazine over a 31-month period and immune hemolytic anemia is reported, with a schematic presentation of drug treatment and hematopoietic response during hospitalization.", "PMID": 715497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6249", "title": "Spontaneous rupture of a uterine vein during labor.", "content": "Spontaneous rupture of a utero-ovarian vein during pregnancy is a serious complication that is likely to be misdiagnosed because of its rarity. In this report, a 23-year-old multiparous woman, 39 weeks pregnant, with a history of a previous salpingo-oophorectomy, had symptoms suggestive of a massive intraperitoneal hemorrhage. At exploratory laparotomy she was found to have a torn uterine varix. A 5 lb boy was delivered by cesarean section. Mother and son survived.", "contents": "Spontaneous rupture of a uterine vein during labor. Spontaneous rupture of a utero-ovarian vein during pregnancy is a serious complication that is likely to be misdiagnosed because of its rarity. In this report, a 23-year-old multiparous woman, 39 weeks pregnant, with a history of a previous salpingo-oophorectomy, had symptoms suggestive of a massive intraperitoneal hemorrhage. At exploratory laparotomy she was found to have a torn uterine varix. A 5 lb boy was delivered by cesarean section. Mother and son survived.", "PMID": 715498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6250", "title": "Asplenia associated with a congenital diaphragmatic defect and neurologic anomalies.", "content": "A case of asplenia with the assoicated congential defects of a diaphragmatic hernia, hydrocephalus, anophthalmia, and dysostosis of the frontal skull bones is reported. A small ventricular septal defect was also present. The case is discussed with particular emphasis on the embryologic malformations.", "contents": "Asplenia associated with a congenital diaphragmatic defect and neurologic anomalies. A case of asplenia with the assoicated congential defects of a diaphragmatic hernia, hydrocephalus, anophthalmia, and dysostosis of the frontal skull bones is reported. A small ventricular septal defect was also present. The case is discussed with particular emphasis on the embryologic malformations.", "PMID": 715499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6251", "title": "Lap-sash three point seat belt fractures of the cervical spine.", "content": "Cervical spine injuries associated with three-point fixation lap-sash seat belts result from impact against the sash. While such injuries are infrequent and often without serious neurologic sequelae, they may produce serious deficits with grave injuries. Flexion-extension fractures of the lower cervical vertebrae, fractures of the transverse and spinous processes of the lower cervical and uppermost thoracic vertebrae, discal disruptions, and brachial plexus avulsions may occur. Of the 3 patients reported here, 2 escaped serious damage.", "contents": "Lap-sash three point seat belt fractures of the cervical spine. Cervical spine injuries associated with three-point fixation lap-sash seat belts result from impact against the sash. While such injuries are infrequent and often without serious neurologic sequelae, they may produce serious deficits with grave injuries. Flexion-extension fractures of the lower cervical vertebrae, fractures of the transverse and spinous processes of the lower cervical and uppermost thoracic vertebrae, discal disruptions, and brachial plexus avulsions may occur. Of the 3 patients reported here, 2 escaped serious damage.", "PMID": 715546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6252", "title": "Metastatic disc infection and osteomyelitis of the cervical spine. Surgical treatment.", "content": "Two cases of vertebral osteomyelitis and discitis in the cervical spine are presented, both having arisen from hematogenous spread to the spine. Bacteriologic diagnosis was established in 1 patient, but the infection had subsided in the other. Both patients were treated with anterior debridement and fusion, and a supplemental posterior wiring and fusion was performed in the second case to reduce kyphotic angulation. In the second case, both the anterior and posterior surgery were performed while the patient was under the same anesthetic. Satisfactory results were achieved in both cases.", "contents": "Metastatic disc infection and osteomyelitis of the cervical spine. Surgical treatment. Two cases of vertebral osteomyelitis and discitis in the cervical spine are presented, both having arisen from hematogenous spread to the spine. Bacteriologic diagnosis was established in 1 patient, but the infection had subsided in the other. Both patients were treated with anterior debridement and fusion, and a supplemental posterior wiring and fusion was performed in the second case to reduce kyphotic angulation. In the second case, both the anterior and posterior surgery were performed while the patient was under the same anesthetic. Satisfactory results were achieved in both cases.", "PMID": 715547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6253", "title": "Chondrosarcoma of the spine.", "content": "Involvement of the spine by chondrosarcoma is rare. Three recent cases involving the cervical with or without extension to the thoracic spine are reported. Detailed radiologic investigations to evaluate the extent of the disease are essential to management. Computerized axial tomography and angiography were performed in 1 case and were extremely helpful. Surgical resection of the lesion is the only currently effective method of treatment, but long-term survival figures are not good.", "contents": "Chondrosarcoma of the spine. Involvement of the spine by chondrosarcoma is rare. Three recent cases involving the cervical with or without extension to the thoracic spine are reported. Detailed radiologic investigations to evaluate the extent of the disease are essential to management. Computerized axial tomography and angiography were performed in 1 case and were extremely helpful. Surgical resection of the lesion is the only currently effective method of treatment, but long-term survival figures are not good.", "PMID": 715548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6254", "title": "Artifactual midline cervical defect seen during myelography.", "content": "A case of ventral extradural cervical defect produced by extension during myelography is reported. The defect simulated a herniated cervical disc. This phenomenon has been reported in the lumbar area, but not in the cervical region. The etiology is discussed.", "contents": "Artifactual midline cervical defect seen during myelography. A case of ventral extradural cervical defect produced by extension during myelography is reported. The defect simulated a herniated cervical disc. This phenomenon has been reported in the lumbar area, but not in the cervical region. The etiology is discussed.", "PMID": 715549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6255", "title": "Congenital kyphosis in myelomeningocele. Vertebral body resection and posterior spine fusion.", "content": "The deforming mechanisms in the congenital lumbar kyphosis of myelomeningocele are situated anteriorly. Posterior wedge resection with local fusion therefore will not prevent progression of the deformity. Nonetheless, this procedure may be the only method of affording sac closure, or providing continuity of the ulcerated integument. Definitive corrective surgery will be required later and must combat the anterior deforming forces. Resection of the apical vertebral body followed by posterior fusion with Harrington instrumentation provides a solid straight spine.", "contents": "Congenital kyphosis in myelomeningocele. Vertebral body resection and posterior spine fusion. The deforming mechanisms in the congenital lumbar kyphosis of myelomeningocele are situated anteriorly. Posterior wedge resection with local fusion therefore will not prevent progression of the deformity. Nonetheless, this procedure may be the only method of affording sac closure, or providing continuity of the ulcerated integument. Definitive corrective surgery will be required later and must combat the anterior deforming forces. Resection of the apical vertebral body followed by posterior fusion with Harrington instrumentation provides a solid straight spine.", "PMID": 715551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6256", "title": "Scoliosis, spondylolysis, and spondylolisthesis. Their relationship as reviewed in 539 patients.", "content": "Five hundred consecutive idiopathic scoliosis patients in whom routine oblique roentgenograms of the lumbosacral area were obtained, plus 39 patients with a presenting problem of spondylolisthesis, were reviewed in an attempt to answer questions concerning the best therapeutic approaches in patients having coincident scoliosis and pars defects. The incidence of pars defects in patients with idiopathic scoliosis was found to be 6.2%, slightly higher than in the white female population at large. The indications for a surgical approach to the pars defect and/or the spinal curvature parallel the indications for each problem arising independently.", "contents": "Scoliosis, spondylolysis, and spondylolisthesis. Their relationship as reviewed in 539 patients. Five hundred consecutive idiopathic scoliosis patients in whom routine oblique roentgenograms of the lumbosacral area were obtained, plus 39 patients with a presenting problem of spondylolisthesis, were reviewed in an attempt to answer questions concerning the best therapeutic approaches in patients having coincident scoliosis and pars defects. The incidence of pars defects in patients with idiopathic scoliosis was found to be 6.2%, slightly higher than in the white female population at large. The indications for a surgical approach to the pars defect and/or the spinal curvature parallel the indications for each problem arising independently.", "PMID": 715552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6257", "title": "Developmental lumbar spinal stenosis. Pathology and surgical treatment.", "content": "The purpose of this presentation is to outline the extent of surgical resection necessary for complete decompression of the neural elements in spinal stenosis and to introduce a system for the evaluation of disability in patients with spinal stenosis. Sixteen patients with the confirmed diagnosis of lumbar spinal stenosis were evaluated by the system. Ten cases were treated surgically. Indications for operative treatment were 1) intolerable pain in average daily living, 2) progressively worsening or significant degree of motor weakness, and 3) sphincter dysfunction. Satisfactory results from operative treatment were expected only after adequate and thorough decompression. The extent of surgical decompression was determined by clinical evaluation, myelographic examination, and by the type of disease process exhibited. The most common cause of unsatisfactory results was inadequate decompression of spinal contents. The extent of adequate decompression is described according to three different variations of pathologic anatomy of spinal stenosis: a) concentric contraction of the spinal canal, b) sagittal flattening of the spinal canal, and c) stenosis caused by anomalous articular process(es). No excellent results were obtained even after thorough and adequate decompression of spinal contents.", "contents": "Developmental lumbar spinal stenosis. Pathology and surgical treatment. The purpose of this presentation is to outline the extent of surgical resection necessary for complete decompression of the neural elements in spinal stenosis and to introduce a system for the evaluation of disability in patients with spinal stenosis. Sixteen patients with the confirmed diagnosis of lumbar spinal stenosis were evaluated by the system. Ten cases were treated surgically. Indications for operative treatment were 1) intolerable pain in average daily living, 2) progressively worsening or significant degree of motor weakness, and 3) sphincter dysfunction. Satisfactory results from operative treatment were expected only after adequate and thorough decompression. The extent of surgical decompression was determined by clinical evaluation, myelographic examination, and by the type of disease process exhibited. The most common cause of unsatisfactory results was inadequate decompression of spinal contents. The extent of adequate decompression is described according to three different variations of pathologic anatomy of spinal stenosis: a) concentric contraction of the spinal canal, b) sagittal flattening of the spinal canal, and c) stenosis caused by anomalous articular process(es). No excellent results were obtained even after thorough and adequate decompression of spinal contents.", "PMID": 715553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6258", "title": "Lytic spondylolisthesis above the lumbosacral level.", "content": "The syndrome produced by lytic spondylolisthesis depends on the level at which it occurs. Above the lumbosacral level the incidence of neurologic signs and spinal stenosis increases, and further forward slip in adult life is not uncommon. Twenty-seven patients with lesions above the fifth lumbar vertebra and symptoms severe enough to warrant surgery were studied. Some radiologic observations are made. The patients were divided into two groups for assessment of the results of surgery. Patients with no neurologic signs obtained satisfactory results after a fusion procedure alole. Patients with a neurologic deficit fared less well after surgery, and the importance of decompression in this group is stressed.", "contents": "Lytic spondylolisthesis above the lumbosacral level. The syndrome produced by lytic spondylolisthesis depends on the level at which it occurs. Above the lumbosacral level the incidence of neurologic signs and spinal stenosis increases, and further forward slip in adult life is not uncommon. Twenty-seven patients with lesions above the fifth lumbar vertebra and symptoms severe enough to warrant surgery were studied. Some radiologic observations are made. The patients were divided into two groups for assessment of the results of surgery. Patients with no neurologic signs obtained satisfactory results after a fusion procedure alole. Patients with a neurologic deficit fared less well after surgery, and the importance of decompression in this group is stressed.", "PMID": 715554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6259", "title": "Community versus hospital Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrobial susceptibilities and some features of nasal carriage and acquisition.", "content": "Susceptibility of community and hospital isolates of Staphylococcus aureus to 15 drugs has been tested. The organisms were isolated from the noses of White adults admitted to two general surgical units. Approximately half of each group were resistant to beta-lactamase-labile penicillins. Hospital staphylococci displayed a greater degree of multiple drug resistance and resistance to methicillin and erythromycin than did community strains. A nasal carriage rate of 28.6% was found among White patients admitted. A comparative survey of 54 Black adults from a rural community revealed a significantly lower rate (14.8%). On non-carriers admitted to hospital, 21.9% acquired S. aureus nasally.", "contents": "Community versus hospital Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrobial susceptibilities and some features of nasal carriage and acquisition. Susceptibility of community and hospital isolates of Staphylococcus aureus to 15 drugs has been tested. The organisms were isolated from the noses of White adults admitted to two general surgical units. Approximately half of each group were resistant to beta-lactamase-labile penicillins. Hospital staphylococci displayed a greater degree of multiple drug resistance and resistance to methicillin and erythromycin than did community strains. A nasal carriage rate of 28.6% was found among White patients admitted. A comparative survey of 54 Black adults from a rural community revealed a significantly lower rate (14.8%). On non-carriers admitted to hospital, 21.9% acquired S. aureus nasally.", "PMID": 715597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6260", "title": "Organophosphate poisoning in Rhodesia. A study of the clinical features and management of 105 patients.", "content": "A series of 105 patients with organophosphate poisoning admitted to Harari Hospital during the past 4 years is described. Poisoning with organophosphate compounds is being seen more frequently in hospital practice in Rhodesia. Many of the cases are attempted suicides, but frequently there is no positive history of contact with the poison. The majority of patients exhibit the classic clinical features of parasympathetic overactivity, but diagnosis may be obscured by atypical presentation. Rapid diagnosis and utilization of the treatment regimen outlined in this article should reduce the mortality to less than 15%.", "contents": "Organophosphate poisoning in Rhodesia. A study of the clinical features and management of 105 patients. A series of 105 patients with organophosphate poisoning admitted to Harari Hospital during the past 4 years is described. Poisoning with organophosphate compounds is being seen more frequently in hospital practice in Rhodesia. Many of the cases are attempted suicides, but frequently there is no positive history of contact with the poison. The majority of patients exhibit the classic clinical features of parasympathetic overactivity, but diagnosis may be obscured by atypical presentation. Rapid diagnosis and utilization of the treatment regimen outlined in this article should reduce the mortality to less than 15%.", "PMID": 715598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6261", "title": "[Ferrokinetic studies and the prognosis of aplastic anaemia].", "content": "The value of ferrokinetic studies for determining the prognosis of patients with aplastic anaemia was assessed 17 patients. Plasma 59Fe clearance, red cell 59Fe incorporation (at 10 days), sacral and hepatic 59Fe uptake (at 6,0 h, measured by surface counting), and 59Fe bone marrow scanning were compared with peripheral blood pancytopenia and marrow cellularity on aspiration and biopsy. In this limited study no statistically significant correlation could be found between ferrokinetic determinations and other criteria of bone marrow failure, although there was a tendency for plasma 59Fe clearance and sacral 59Fe uptake to show some correlation with marrow cellularity on biopsy and with degrees of reticulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia and neutropenia. Ferrokinetic measurements did not differentiate between patients with favourable and those with poor prognoses.", "contents": "[Ferrokinetic studies and the prognosis of aplastic anaemia]. The value of ferrokinetic studies for determining the prognosis of patients with aplastic anaemia was assessed 17 patients. Plasma 59Fe clearance, red cell 59Fe incorporation (at 10 days), sacral and hepatic 59Fe uptake (at 6,0 h, measured by surface counting), and 59Fe bone marrow scanning were compared with peripheral blood pancytopenia and marrow cellularity on aspiration and biopsy. In this limited study no statistically significant correlation could be found between ferrokinetic determinations and other criteria of bone marrow failure, although there was a tendency for plasma 59Fe clearance and sacral 59Fe uptake to show some correlation with marrow cellularity on biopsy and with degrees of reticulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia and neutropenia. Ferrokinetic measurements did not differentiate between patients with favourable and those with poor prognoses.", "PMID": 715599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6262", "title": "Caecal bascule--a potential clinical and radiological pitfall. Case reports.", "content": "Caecal volvulus is usually associated with a twisted caecum, seen to occupy the umbilical area or left hypochondrium on radiography. Caecal bascule refers to the form of volvulus in which the distended caecum is situated within the pelvis. The caecal bascule type of obstruction is uncommon, and clinical and radiological appearances may be confusing. Two cases are presented and the incidence, pathogenesis and radiological features are discussed.", "contents": "Caecal bascule--a potential clinical and radiological pitfall. Case reports. Caecal volvulus is usually associated with a twisted caecum, seen to occupy the umbilical area or left hypochondrium on radiography. Caecal bascule refers to the form of volvulus in which the distended caecum is situated within the pelvis. The caecal bascule type of obstruction is uncommon, and clinical and radiological appearances may be confusing. Two cases are presented and the incidence, pathogenesis and radiological features are discussed.", "PMID": 715600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6263", "title": "Haemophilus endocarditis. A report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of infective endocarditis caused by Haemophilus species are presented. Salient features were the following: occurrence in young adults, presence of underlying valvular disease, and presumptive diagnosis of renal artery embolism in one patient and petechial haemorrhages in the other. Recent reports of an increasing number of cases of infective endocarditis caused by Haemophilus species prompted us to report these 2 cases.", "contents": "Haemophilus endocarditis. A report of two cases. Two cases of infective endocarditis caused by Haemophilus species are presented. Salient features were the following: occurrence in young adults, presence of underlying valvular disease, and presumptive diagnosis of renal artery embolism in one patient and petechial haemorrhages in the other. Recent reports of an increasing number of cases of infective endocarditis caused by Haemophilus species prompted us to report these 2 cases.", "PMID": 715601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6264", "title": "Patterns of disease in Black and Indian children in Natal.", "content": "A statistical study of all admissions to the paediatric unit at King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban, during a 16-year period indicates the disease pattern encountered, and emphasizes the prevalence of preventable diseases, largely the result of malnutrition and infection, which leads to a high mortality, especially in the very young.", "contents": "Patterns of disease in Black and Indian children in Natal. A statistical study of all admissions to the paediatric unit at King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban, during a 16-year period indicates the disease pattern encountered, and emphasizes the prevalence of preventable diseases, largely the result of malnutrition and infection, which leads to a high mortality, especially in the very young.", "PMID": 715608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6265", "title": "Bronchography in children aged 3 years and under. Anaesthetic techniques and results.", "content": "Bilateral bronchography was performed on 89 children aged between 3 months and 3 years. The bronchographic technique involves instillation of oily propyliodone into the tracheobronchial tree by positive pressure ventilation, and the procedure is carried out under general anaesthesia. Technically adequate bronchograms were obtained in 84 of the children, and with a solitary exception the complications of bronchography were few and trivial. In bronchiectatic children bronchography is a valuable and accurate investigation, which should in general be restricted to those patients who on clinical grounds are thought to have surgically manageable bronchiectasis.", "contents": "Bronchography in children aged 3 years and under. Anaesthetic techniques and results. Bilateral bronchography was performed on 89 children aged between 3 months and 3 years. The bronchographic technique involves instillation of oily propyliodone into the tracheobronchial tree by positive pressure ventilation, and the procedure is carried out under general anaesthesia. Technically adequate bronchograms were obtained in 84 of the children, and with a solitary exception the complications of bronchography were few and trivial. In bronchiectatic children bronchography is a valuable and accurate investigation, which should in general be restricted to those patients who on clinical grounds are thought to have surgically manageable bronchiectasis.", "PMID": 715609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6266", "title": "Mesothelioma in relation to asbestos fibre exposure. A review of 70 serial cases.", "content": "Seventy consecutive patients suffering form mesothelioma of the pleura were referred to the National Research Institute for Occupational Diseases. In only 1 case was it not possible to elicit a history of significant exposure to asbestos dust. An occupational and environmental history must be taken by a knowledgeable person before it is possible to conclude that there has been no asbestos exposure.", "contents": "Mesothelioma in relation to asbestos fibre exposure. A review of 70 serial cases. Seventy consecutive patients suffering form mesothelioma of the pleura were referred to the National Research Institute for Occupational Diseases. In only 1 case was it not possible to elicit a history of significant exposure to asbestos dust. An occupational and environmental history must be taken by a knowledgeable person before it is possible to conclude that there has been no asbestos exposure.", "PMID": 715610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6267", "title": "XYY karyotype, female phenotype and gonadal dysgenesis. A case report.", "content": "A rare association of female phenotype with the 47,XYY karyotype in a 14-year-old White girl is described. She was studied because of her short stature and proved to have gonadal dysgenesis. She showed no masculinization and there were no Turner stigmata. Her intelligence was normal, she was sociable and her outlook was feminine.", "contents": "XYY karyotype, female phenotype and gonadal dysgenesis. A case report. A rare association of female phenotype with the 47,XYY karyotype in a 14-year-old White girl is described. She was studied because of her short stature and proved to have gonadal dysgenesis. She showed no masculinization and there were no Turner stigmata. Her intelligence was normal, she was sociable and her outlook was feminine.", "PMID": 715611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6268", "title": "Curiosa paediatrica.", "content": "Curious clinical conditions occasionally seen nowadays are most likely to be genetic aberrations. To find something which is curious but not abnormal nor, indeed, uncommon, but left unrecorded in our medical literature, is worth a notice. This is one of a small collection of curiosities, which I have called for academic reasons 'scalae abdominis infantis' (vel infantum) but the Editor has aptly dubbed the 'inbuilt football jersey'.", "contents": "Curiosa paediatrica. Curious clinical conditions occasionally seen nowadays are most likely to be genetic aberrations. To find something which is curious but not abnormal nor, indeed, uncommon, but left unrecorded in our medical literature, is worth a notice. This is one of a small collection of curiosities, which I have called for academic reasons 'scalae abdominis infantis' (vel infantum) but the Editor has aptly dubbed the 'inbuilt football jersey'.", "PMID": 715613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6269", "title": "Blood pressure of Indian and Coloured Schoolchildren aged 10--12 years.", "content": "In South Africa, hypertension is common among Indian and Cape Coloured adults. To throw light on this adverse situation, blood pressures are being determined in these ethnic groups. In the first instance, pupils aged 10--12 years were studied. Mean data are among the lowest on record for children. They are similar to values found for rural and urban Black pupils but significantly lower than most corresponding values published for White children. Neither salt nor sugar intakes appear influential. It would seem that factors which promote hypertension in adults in the two ethnic groups are not yet evident in the prepubertal Indian and Coloured children.", "contents": "Blood pressure of Indian and Coloured Schoolchildren aged 10--12 years. In South Africa, hypertension is common among Indian and Cape Coloured adults. To throw light on this adverse situation, blood pressures are being determined in these ethnic groups. In the first instance, pupils aged 10--12 years were studied. Mean data are among the lowest on record for children. They are similar to values found for rural and urban Black pupils but significantly lower than most corresponding values published for White children. Neither salt nor sugar intakes appear influential. It would seem that factors which promote hypertension in adults in the two ethnic groups are not yet evident in the prepubertal Indian and Coloured children.", "PMID": 715623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6270", "title": "The deaf doctor.", "content": "Cardiopulmonary auscultation and considerable difficulty in hearing lecturers are major problems which face prospective deaf medical students. As a result, their opportunities for obtaining a medical degree have been, until recently, severely limited. However, rapid advance in electronics research have now made available to them a suitably amplified electronic stethoscope and a free-field radio transmission system.", "contents": "The deaf doctor. Cardiopulmonary auscultation and considerable difficulty in hearing lecturers are major problems which face prospective deaf medical students. As a result, their opportunities for obtaining a medical degree have been, until recently, severely limited. However, rapid advance in electronics research have now made available to them a suitably amplified electronic stethoscope and a free-field radio transmission system.", "PMID": 715624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6271", "title": "Articular cartilage degradation and the pathology of haemophilic arthropathy.", "content": "Synovial membrane and specimens of articular cartilage, obtained from the affected knee joints of 5 haemophilic patients at the time of surgical synovectomy, were studied. All the synovial specimens showed villous proliferation and multiplication of synovial cells. Haemosiderin granules were present within synovial cells and in macrophages. There was congestion and capillary proliferation. An inflammatory infiltrate of plasma cells and lymphocytes was seen in some instances. Articular cartilage changes were classified into the following 4 grades according to severity: 1--an increase in the number of surface chondrocytes with fibrous metaplasia, and the appearance of superficial fissures; 2--a fibrous vascularized overgrowth, resembling rheumatoid pannus; 3--deep fissuring and necrosis of cartilage; 4--erosion and disappearance of articular cartilage with exposure of subchondral bone. In the first 3 grades, deep nests of chondrocytes containing haemosiderin were present. These cell aggregates became larger and more degenerate as cartilage degradation progressed. Damaged articular cartilage was deficient in glycosaminoglycan (acid mucopolysaccharide). No excess enzyme activity could be demonstrated within the cartilage matrix. Immunofluorescent studies were not helpful. Electron microscopical examination revealed siderosomes within degenerate chondrocytes and synovial cells. Granules resembling haemosiderin were also present in the cartilage matrix. It is considered that iron products affect both chondrocytes and matrix adversely and play a part in articular cartilage destruction in haemophilia.", "contents": "Articular cartilage degradation and the pathology of haemophilic arthropathy. Synovial membrane and specimens of articular cartilage, obtained from the affected knee joints of 5 haemophilic patients at the time of surgical synovectomy, were studied. All the synovial specimens showed villous proliferation and multiplication of synovial cells. Haemosiderin granules were present within synovial cells and in macrophages. There was congestion and capillary proliferation. An inflammatory infiltrate of plasma cells and lymphocytes was seen in some instances. Articular cartilage changes were classified into the following 4 grades according to severity: 1--an increase in the number of surface chondrocytes with fibrous metaplasia, and the appearance of superficial fissures; 2--a fibrous vascularized overgrowth, resembling rheumatoid pannus; 3--deep fissuring and necrosis of cartilage; 4--erosion and disappearance of articular cartilage with exposure of subchondral bone. In the first 3 grades, deep nests of chondrocytes containing haemosiderin were present. These cell aggregates became larger and more degenerate as cartilage degradation progressed. Damaged articular cartilage was deficient in glycosaminoglycan (acid mucopolysaccharide). No excess enzyme activity could be demonstrated within the cartilage matrix. Immunofluorescent studies were not helpful. Electron microscopical examination revealed siderosomes within degenerate chondrocytes and synovial cells. Granules resembling haemosiderin were also present in the cartilage matrix. It is considered that iron products affect both chondrocytes and matrix adversely and play a part in articular cartilage destruction in haemophilia.", "PMID": 715629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6272", "title": "Primary testicular tumours among White, Black and Indian patients.", "content": "A review of all testicular tumours examined in the Department of Pathology, University of Natal, over the past 25 years has revealed a very low incidence in the Black population. In comparison with White and Indian patients, testicular teratomas are particularly uncommon, a surprising feature in view of the frequency of ovarian teratomas in Blacks.", "contents": "Primary testicular tumours among White, Black and Indian patients. A review of all testicular tumours examined in the Department of Pathology, University of Natal, over the past 25 years has revealed a very low incidence in the Black population. In comparison with White and Indian patients, testicular teratomas are particularly uncommon, a surprising feature in view of the frequency of ovarian teratomas in Blacks.", "PMID": 715630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6273", "title": "Hepatitis B surface antigen and primary liver cancer.", "content": "Sera of 184 patients were examined to determine the incidence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Ninety-two patients had primary liver cancer (PLC) and there were 92 matched controls. Thirty-one of the 92 patients with PLC and 8 of the 92 patients with no clinical evidence of liver disease had radio-immunoassay-positive tests for HBsAg. The difference was significant (P less than 0,01). In 56 of the patients with PLC it was possible to assess the nature of associated liver disease histologically. HBsAg was found in the sera of 66,6% of patients with postcollapse cirrhosis and in 22,2% of patients with chronic Budd-Chiari syndrome. It is likely that the role played by hepatitis B infection in the pathogenesis of PLC varies according to local circumstances in different geographical areas.", "contents": "Hepatitis B surface antigen and primary liver cancer. Sera of 184 patients were examined to determine the incidence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Ninety-two patients had primary liver cancer (PLC) and there were 92 matched controls. Thirty-one of the 92 patients with PLC and 8 of the 92 patients with no clinical evidence of liver disease had radio-immunoassay-positive tests for HBsAg. The difference was significant (P less than 0,01). In 56 of the patients with PLC it was possible to assess the nature of associated liver disease histologically. HBsAg was found in the sera of 66,6% of patients with postcollapse cirrhosis and in 22,2% of patients with chronic Budd-Chiari syndrome. It is likely that the role played by hepatitis B infection in the pathogenesis of PLC varies according to local circumstances in different geographical areas.", "PMID": 715632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6274", "title": "Anterior sacral meningoceles.", "content": "Three cases of the extremely rare lesion, anterior sacral meningocele, are reported. Its mode of presentation, pathology and possible methods of treatment are reviewed.", "contents": "Anterior sacral meningoceles. Three cases of the extremely rare lesion, anterior sacral meningocele, are reported. Its mode of presentation, pathology and possible methods of treatment are reviewed.", "PMID": 715633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6275", "title": "Postpartum veno-occlusive disease treated with ascitic fluid reinfusion.", "content": "Three patients presenting in the postpartum period with veno-occlusive disease not related to the ingestion of pyrrolizidine alkaloids are described. The patients were treated by intravenous reinfusion of the ascitic fluid. This form of therapy has, to our knowledge, not previously been reported in the management of this condition.", "contents": "Postpartum veno-occlusive disease treated with ascitic fluid reinfusion. Three patients presenting in the postpartum period with veno-occlusive disease not related to the ingestion of pyrrolizidine alkaloids are described. The patients were treated by intravenous reinfusion of the ascitic fluid. This form of therapy has, to our knowledge, not previously been reported in the management of this condition.", "PMID": 715634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6276", "title": "Herpes zoster of the chest wall and gynaecomastia. A case report.", "content": "Herpes zoster in a young male at puberty, associated with aggravation of gynaecomastia on the same side as the intercostal nerve involvement, is described.", "contents": "Herpes zoster of the chest wall and gynaecomastia. A case report. Herpes zoster in a young male at puberty, associated with aggravation of gynaecomastia on the same side as the intercostal nerve involvement, is described.", "PMID": 715635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6277", "title": "The 1973 CPS-IRS-SSA exact match study.", "content": "The 1973 CPS-IRS-SSA Exact Match Study--a joint undertaking of the Social Security Administration and the Bureau of the Census--links survey records for persons in the March 1973 Current Population Survey to their respective earnings and benefit information in SSA administrative records and to selected items from their 1972 Internal Revenue Service individual income tax returns. The resulting set of files provides a very broad base for cross-section and longitudinal analyses of income-distribution questions. This article attempts to provide an overview of the techniques employed in the study. Among the topics discussed are the confidentiality requirements in force during the project. The original study goals are also described and a list of some of the completed research is provided.", "contents": "The 1973 CPS-IRS-SSA exact match study. The 1973 CPS-IRS-SSA Exact Match Study--a joint undertaking of the Social Security Administration and the Bureau of the Census--links survey records for persons in the March 1973 Current Population Survey to their respective earnings and benefit information in SSA administrative records and to selected items from their 1972 Internal Revenue Service individual income tax returns. The resulting set of files provides a very broad base for cross-section and longitudinal analyses of income-distribution questions. This article attempts to provide an overview of the techniques employed in the study. Among the topics discussed are the confidentiality requirements in force during the project. The original study goals are also described and a list of some of the completed research is provided.", "PMID": 715636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6278", "title": "Cash benefits for short-term sickness, 1948--76.", "content": "National income-maintenance programs provide cash benefits when workers become unemployed, retire, are injured on the job, have a long-term disability, or die. For short-term sickness, however, only five States, one other jurisdiction, and a single industry require wage-replacement protection. Voluntary plans cover a substantial number of additional workers, including many whose protection was established through labor-management negotiations. In this annual update of estimates on the extent of protection provided, many of the historical statistics have been revised back to 1967 as a result of new information on the amount of sick-leave benefits paid to employees of the Federal Government. The effects of the new data on the benefit series are examined, as are trends in the provision of sickness benefits for maternity--an issue subject to considerable recent controversy.", "contents": "Cash benefits for short-term sickness, 1948--76. National income-maintenance programs provide cash benefits when workers become unemployed, retire, are injured on the job, have a long-term disability, or die. For short-term sickness, however, only five States, one other jurisdiction, and a single industry require wage-replacement protection. Voluntary plans cover a substantial number of additional workers, including many whose protection was established through labor-management negotiations. In this annual update of estimates on the extent of protection provided, many of the historical statistics have been revised back to 1967 as a result of new information on the amount of sick-leave benefits paid to employees of the Federal Government. The effects of the new data on the benefit series are examined, as are trends in the provision of sickness benefits for maternity--an issue subject to considerable recent controversy.", "PMID": 715639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6279", "title": "Student OASDI beneficiaries: program utilization and educational aspirations.", "content": "This article describes the past, current, and projected utilization of social security student benefits by children receiving them in December 1972. Of the nearly 2 million children aged 18--21 estimated to eligible in 1972, about one-third were actually receiving benefits at the end of the year. School enrollment rates by age and race for the beneficiary and total populations were remarkably similar. Nearly half the students with benefits in current-payment status had been initially awarded benefits as children 5 or more years earlier. An estimated 68 percent of those in the sample were expected to have fulfilled their undergraduate plans before benefits were terminated because of the age cutoff. Multivariate analysis revealed that the amount of the monthly benefit has a significant nonlinear relationship with the beneficiary's plans to continue in school. The median cumulative benefit received was projected to be just over $5,000 for those intending 4 or more years of college.", "contents": "Student OASDI beneficiaries: program utilization and educational aspirations. This article describes the past, current, and projected utilization of social security student benefits by children receiving them in December 1972. Of the nearly 2 million children aged 18--21 estimated to eligible in 1972, about one-third were actually receiving benefits at the end of the year. School enrollment rates by age and race for the beneficiary and total populations were remarkably similar. Nearly half the students with benefits in current-payment status had been initially awarded benefits as children 5 or more years earlier. An estimated 68 percent of those in the sample were expected to have fulfilled their undergraduate plans before benefits were terminated because of the age cutoff. Multivariate analysis revealed that the amount of the monthly benefit has a significant nonlinear relationship with the beneficiary's plans to continue in school. The median cumulative benefit received was projected to be just over $5,000 for those intending 4 or more years of college.", "PMID": 715641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6280", "title": "Access to social security microdata files for research and statistical purposes.", "content": "This article focuses on the characteristics of SSA microdata files and on the development of a disclosure policy aimed at serving the public interest while protecting the privacy of individuals and the confidentiality of research and statistical information. Several dimensions of the disclosure question are explored: A description of the persons (both living and dead) and other entities that are the data subjects; the ability of users to associate known data subjects with information about them; the sources of data; expectations as to recontact of data subjects; and the terms and conditions under which microdata are released to users outside SSA. The factors controlling the decision whether or not to release microdata are discussed. The factors range from those intended to protect the data subject--the criteria specified by law for maintaining confidentiality for example and the principles applied by SSA in assessment of disclosure risk--to those more concerned with agency function, such as financial cost to the agency, and interference with its primary mission. Some particular practices are described to illustrate application of present policy principles. Brief attention is given to future implications of certain current developments such as the Privacy Act, the Sunshine Act, and the Tax Reform Act of 1976.", "contents": "Access to social security microdata files for research and statistical purposes. This article focuses on the characteristics of SSA microdata files and on the development of a disclosure policy aimed at serving the public interest while protecting the privacy of individuals and the confidentiality of research and statistical information. Several dimensions of the disclosure question are explored: A description of the persons (both living and dead) and other entities that are the data subjects; the ability of users to associate known data subjects with information about them; the sources of data; expectations as to recontact of data subjects; and the terms and conditions under which microdata are released to users outside SSA. The factors controlling the decision whether or not to release microdata are discussed. The factors range from those intended to protect the data subject--the criteria specified by law for maintaining confidentiality for example and the principles applied by SSA in assessment of disclosure risk--to those more concerned with agency function, such as financial cost to the agency, and interference with its primary mission. Some particular practices are described to illustrate application of present policy principles. Brief attention is given to future implications of certain current developments such as the Privacy Act, the Sunshine Act, and the Tax Reform Act of 1976.", "PMID": 715640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6281", "title": "Symptomatic anomalies of the aortic arch.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients with anomalies of the aortic arch producing compression of the trachea and the esophagus have undergone surgical correction at this hospital since 1949. Of the vascular rings encountered, 15 had a double aortic arch and eight, a right aortic arch with a constricting ligamentum arteriosum. Five had an aberrant right subclavian artery passing posterior to the esophagus producing dysphagia. The patients with the double aortic arch were all infants. Two of the patients with a right arch and constricting ligamentum arteriosum and one patient with a retroesophageal subclavian artery were adults. Stridor from pressure on the trachea was the common symptom in the infants. The diagnosis was confirmed by esophagograms; aortography was less helpful. The surgical approach was the same for all of the anomalies, through a posterolateral incision in the left fourth interspace. For the double arches, the smaller limb, usually the anterior, was divided. Division of the ligament relieved the constriction of the right aortic arches, and the anomalous right subclavian artery was divided near the aorta. There were no hospital deaths, but one infant with a double aortic arch operated upon at the age of two weeks and with a tracheostomy died at home seven months later.", "contents": "Symptomatic anomalies of the aortic arch. Twenty-eight patients with anomalies of the aortic arch producing compression of the trachea and the esophagus have undergone surgical correction at this hospital since 1949. Of the vascular rings encountered, 15 had a double aortic arch and eight, a right aortic arch with a constricting ligamentum arteriosum. Five had an aberrant right subclavian artery passing posterior to the esophagus producing dysphagia. The patients with the double aortic arch were all infants. Two of the patients with a right arch and constricting ligamentum arteriosum and one patient with a retroesophageal subclavian artery were adults. Stridor from pressure on the trachea was the common symptom in the infants. The diagnosis was confirmed by esophagograms; aortography was less helpful. The surgical approach was the same for all of the anomalies, through a posterolateral incision in the left fourth interspace. For the double arches, the smaller limb, usually the anterior, was divided. Division of the ligament relieved the constriction of the right aortic arches, and the anomalous right subclavian artery was divided near the aorta. There were no hospital deaths, but one infant with a double aortic arch operated upon at the age of two weeks and with a tracheostomy died at home seven months later.", "PMID": 715643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6282", "title": "Histopathologic study of subcutaneous mastectomy specimens from patients with carcinoma of the contralateral breast.", "content": "Fifty subcutaneous mastectomy specimens, each of which were removed from a patient who had previously undergone radical or modified radical mastectomy of the contralateral breast for carcinoma, were age and date matched to a control group of patients with which carcinoma was not associated. The patients were evaluated with regard to specific types of epithelial proliferative lesions and other entities of fibrocystic disease without knowledge of their group membership. The results included a statistically significant dominance of certain epithelial hyperplasias in the study population and a lack of statistical significance in intergroup difference of some previously suspected lesions, such as sclerosing adenosis and gross cystic disease. It is concluded that the recognition of those forms of epitheliosis associated with carcinoma may help in the management of patients at high clinical risk for carcinoma of the breast.", "contents": "Histopathologic study of subcutaneous mastectomy specimens from patients with carcinoma of the contralateral breast. Fifty subcutaneous mastectomy specimens, each of which were removed from a patient who had previously undergone radical or modified radical mastectomy of the contralateral breast for carcinoma, were age and date matched to a control group of patients with which carcinoma was not associated. The patients were evaluated with regard to specific types of epithelial proliferative lesions and other entities of fibrocystic disease without knowledge of their group membership. The results included a statistically significant dominance of certain epithelial hyperplasias in the study population and a lack of statistical significance in intergroup difference of some previously suspected lesions, such as sclerosing adenosis and gross cystic disease. It is concluded that the recognition of those forms of epitheliosis associated with carcinoma may help in the management of patients at high clinical risk for carcinoma of the breast.", "PMID": 715644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6283", "title": "Normothermic hepatic vascular exclusion for extensive hepatectomy.", "content": "In humans, there is still considerable controversy concerning the tolerance of the liver to warm ischemia. To avoid anoxic hepatocellular damage, chilled intraportal and intra-arterial infusion has been advised as an adjunct to hepatic vascular isolation. Fourteen patients with hepatic tumors underwent extensive hepatic resection, complete hepatic vascular exclusion being used but without the use of refrigeration. This procedure may considerably reduce blood loss during resection of large and hypervascular hepatic tumors and increase the safety of hazardous lobectomies. Careful hemodynamic monitoring including pulmonary artery pressure is necessary. Hepatic tolerance to prolonged warm ischemia up to 65 minutes is surprisingly good, in the absence of preoperative, extensive hepatic dysfunction. The use of this procedure is advised for resection of large hepatic tumors when the technical risks appear to be high. It is suggested that the classical delay of 15 to 20 minutes of normothermic hepatic ischemia may be safely extended to about one hour when necessary.", "contents": "Normothermic hepatic vascular exclusion for extensive hepatectomy. In humans, there is still considerable controversy concerning the tolerance of the liver to warm ischemia. To avoid anoxic hepatocellular damage, chilled intraportal and intra-arterial infusion has been advised as an adjunct to hepatic vascular isolation. Fourteen patients with hepatic tumors underwent extensive hepatic resection, complete hepatic vascular exclusion being used but without the use of refrigeration. This procedure may considerably reduce blood loss during resection of large and hypervascular hepatic tumors and increase the safety of hazardous lobectomies. Careful hemodynamic monitoring including pulmonary artery pressure is necessary. Hepatic tolerance to prolonged warm ischemia up to 65 minutes is surprisingly good, in the absence of preoperative, extensive hepatic dysfunction. The use of this procedure is advised for resection of large hepatic tumors when the technical risks appear to be high. It is suggested that the classical delay of 15 to 20 minutes of normothermic hepatic ischemia may be safely extended to about one hour when necessary.", "PMID": 715645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6284", "title": "Hypercalcemia in thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "Hypercalcemia occurs in approximately one of every five patients with thyrotoxicosis, and one of seven patients with hypercalcemia and thyrotoxicosis will have hyperparathyroidism as the cause of the serum calcium elevation. While there are no clinical features which permit easy identification of patients with hyperparathyroidism and thyrotoxicosis, determination of serum parathyroid hormone levels may help. Parathyroid hormone levels may be normal or suppressed if hypercalcemia is due to hyperthyroidism alone, and an elevated parathyroid hormone level suggest coexisting hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "Hypercalcemia in thyrotoxicosis. Hypercalcemia occurs in approximately one of every five patients with thyrotoxicosis, and one of seven patients with hypercalcemia and thyrotoxicosis will have hyperparathyroidism as the cause of the serum calcium elevation. While there are no clinical features which permit easy identification of patients with hyperparathyroidism and thyrotoxicosis, determination of serum parathyroid hormone levels may help. Parathyroid hormone levels may be normal or suppressed if hypercalcemia is due to hyperthyroidism alone, and an elevated parathyroid hormone level suggest coexisting hyperparathyroidism.", "PMID": 715646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6285", "title": "The anatomic and metabolic source of lactate in shock.", "content": "The size of the lactate pool in canine shock was measured directly by determining the lactate concentration of various organs. All organs tested, except skeletal muscle, had lactate concentrations similar to those of arterial blood. Skeletal muscles had much higher concentrations of lactate than did arterial blood. When 14C-labeled glucose was infused intravenously, it was concluded from the relative specific activities of glucose and lactate in blood that about one-third of lactic acid originates from blood glucose in shock. Only skeletal muscle had lower lactate specific activity than did blood. This is a possible indication that skeletal muscle is the site of production of lactate. Low glucose specific activity in muscle indicates massive glycogen breakdown, which probably serves as a metabolic precursor of lactate. Lactate production from amino acids produced by proteolysis could also play a role.", "contents": "The anatomic and metabolic source of lactate in shock. The size of the lactate pool in canine shock was measured directly by determining the lactate concentration of various organs. All organs tested, except skeletal muscle, had lactate concentrations similar to those of arterial blood. Skeletal muscles had much higher concentrations of lactate than did arterial blood. When 14C-labeled glucose was infused intravenously, it was concluded from the relative specific activities of glucose and lactate in blood that about one-third of lactic acid originates from blood glucose in shock. Only skeletal muscle had lower lactate specific activity than did blood. This is a possible indication that skeletal muscle is the site of production of lactate. Low glucose specific activity in muscle indicates massive glycogen breakdown, which probably serves as a metabolic precursor of lactate. Lactate production from amino acids produced by proteolysis could also play a role.", "PMID": 715647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6286", "title": "Cephalothin-tobramycin as a preventive antibiotic combination.", "content": "Antimicrobial therapy should never be used indiscriminately, nor can it take the place of meticulous surgical technique. Appropriate antimicrobial agents administered within the critical time period and in the recommended dosage to achieve adequate serum concentrations effectively reduce the incidence of postoperative wound and other systemic infections. The low incidence of infection and virtual absence of adverse effects strongly suggest that cephalothin-tobramycine combination therapy is a valuable adjunct in emergency surgical procedures.", "contents": "Cephalothin-tobramycin as a preventive antibiotic combination. Antimicrobial therapy should never be used indiscriminately, nor can it take the place of meticulous surgical technique. Appropriate antimicrobial agents administered within the critical time period and in the recommended dosage to achieve adequate serum concentrations effectively reduce the incidence of postoperative wound and other systemic infections. The low incidence of infection and virtual absence of adverse effects strongly suggest that cephalothin-tobramycine combination therapy is a valuable adjunct in emergency surgical procedures.", "PMID": 715648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6287", "title": "Perioperative suppression of the leukocyte migration inhibition assay in patients undergoing elective operations.", "content": "The effect of anesthesia and operation on immunity measured by leukocyte migration inhibition using streptokinase-streptodornase is reported in normal patients undergoing elective surgical procedures. Eight-five per cent of the patients exhibited postoperative immunosuppression, and this persisted for 60 days or longer in more than half of them. Despite this, no complication was encountered relating to wound healing or sepsis.", "contents": "Perioperative suppression of the leukocyte migration inhibition assay in patients undergoing elective operations. The effect of anesthesia and operation on immunity measured by leukocyte migration inhibition using streptokinase-streptodornase is reported in normal patients undergoing elective surgical procedures. Eight-five per cent of the patients exhibited postoperative immunosuppression, and this persisted for 60 days or longer in more than half of them. Despite this, no complication was encountered relating to wound healing or sepsis.", "PMID": 715649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6288", "title": "Protection of organs during experimental ischemia.", "content": "Cell death complicating ischemia has profound local or systematic effects on the organism. We have tried to protect the small intestine and severed extremities from the effects of ischemia by using various drugs and techniques. Occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery for 1.5 hours in anesthesized, fed rats had a 97 per cent mortality. This was improved by pretreatment with methylprednisolone and amplicillin given together. Histologic preservation was seen in treated survivors. Chlorpheniramine, diphenylhydantion and methylprednisolone or amplicillin given alone had little, if any, effect. In dogs, reimplantation of severed extremities subjected to a 1.5 to two hour warm ischemic period resulted in toxic systemic picture, and 100 per cent mortality. This was improved by perfusion with Collins solution and postoperative injection of methylprednisolone. The incidence of gangrene was decreased. The judicious use of some drugs and preservation techniques may protect organs and the organism from the consequence of ischemia.", "contents": "Protection of organs during experimental ischemia. Cell death complicating ischemia has profound local or systematic effects on the organism. We have tried to protect the small intestine and severed extremities from the effects of ischemia by using various drugs and techniques. Occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery for 1.5 hours in anesthesized, fed rats had a 97 per cent mortality. This was improved by pretreatment with methylprednisolone and amplicillin given together. Histologic preservation was seen in treated survivors. Chlorpheniramine, diphenylhydantion and methylprednisolone or amplicillin given alone had little, if any, effect. In dogs, reimplantation of severed extremities subjected to a 1.5 to two hour warm ischemic period resulted in toxic systemic picture, and 100 per cent mortality. This was improved by perfusion with Collins solution and postoperative injection of methylprednisolone. The incidence of gangrene was decreased. The judicious use of some drugs and preservation techniques may protect organs and the organism from the consequence of ischemia.", "PMID": 715650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6289", "title": "Comparison of expanded polytetrafluroethylene and autologous saphenous vein grafts in high risk arterial reconstructions for limb salvage.", "content": "Polytetrafluoroethylene bypasses were used in a series of 56 reconstructions, to the popliteal artery in 45 instances or below in 11 instances. These were performed in high risk situations in patients who usually did not have a suitable saphenous vein. Autologous saphenous vein bypass grafts were performed in a comparable series of 56 high risk situations. The polytetrafluoroethylene reconstruction was patent at four to 14 months in 43 of 45 patients having femoropopliteal bypasses, with limb salvage in 39 of the 45. The saphenous vein bypass was patent at eight to 14 months in 39 of 45 patients having femoropopliteal reconstructions, with limb salvage in 36 of the 45. Distal--small vessel--bypass patency rates were similar for reconstructions with polytetrafluoroethylene and saphenous vein. No increase in the number of deaths or complications was observed in the polytetrafluoroethylene group, rather, a general reduction was noted in the operating time and in the incidence of wound complications. These results justify the continued use of polytetrafluoroethylene grafts in patients without saphenous veins who require arterial reconstructions of the lower extremity for limb salvage. The exact place of polytetrafluorethylene grafts in reconstructive surgery of arteries in the lower extremity awaits definition based upon longer periods of observation.", "contents": "Comparison of expanded polytetrafluroethylene and autologous saphenous vein grafts in high risk arterial reconstructions for limb salvage. Polytetrafluoroethylene bypasses were used in a series of 56 reconstructions, to the popliteal artery in 45 instances or below in 11 instances. These were performed in high risk situations in patients who usually did not have a suitable saphenous vein. Autologous saphenous vein bypass grafts were performed in a comparable series of 56 high risk situations. The polytetrafluoroethylene reconstruction was patent at four to 14 months in 43 of 45 patients having femoropopliteal bypasses, with limb salvage in 39 of the 45. The saphenous vein bypass was patent at eight to 14 months in 39 of 45 patients having femoropopliteal reconstructions, with limb salvage in 36 of the 45. Distal--small vessel--bypass patency rates were similar for reconstructions with polytetrafluoroethylene and saphenous vein. No increase in the number of deaths or complications was observed in the polytetrafluoroethylene group, rather, a general reduction was noted in the operating time and in the incidence of wound complications. These results justify the continued use of polytetrafluoroethylene grafts in patients without saphenous veins who require arterial reconstructions of the lower extremity for limb salvage. The exact place of polytetrafluorethylene grafts in reconstructive surgery of arteries in the lower extremity awaits definition based upon longer periods of observation.", "PMID": 715651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6290", "title": "A modification in the technique of making the Koch ileostomy pouch.", "content": "This minor modification in the original technique assures greater security and permanence of the nipple, yet takes no longer to perform than the original procedure. The steps have been defined in a manner calculated to simplify the technique for the surgeon who is not already familiar with the operation.", "contents": "A modification in the technique of making the Koch ileostomy pouch. This minor modification in the original technique assures greater security and permanence of the nipple, yet takes no longer to perform than the original procedure. The steps have been defined in a manner calculated to simplify the technique for the surgeon who is not already familiar with the operation.", "PMID": 715654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6291", "title": "A technique for vaginal oophorectomy.", "content": "If retention or removal of the postmenopausal ovary is to receive similar attention at vaginal hysterectomy as at abdominal hysterectomy, more consideration must be given to the development of safe and secure techniques for vaginal oophorectomy. Technical problems relating to exposure and accessibility are obviously more pronounced with a transvaginal surgical approach. When salpingo-oophorectomy is surgically inaccessible, oophorectomy may often be performed. A stitch embodying a single penetration of the mesovarium is described for suture ligation.", "contents": "A technique for vaginal oophorectomy. If retention or removal of the postmenopausal ovary is to receive similar attention at vaginal hysterectomy as at abdominal hysterectomy, more consideration must be given to the development of safe and secure techniques for vaginal oophorectomy. Technical problems relating to exposure and accessibility are obviously more pronounced with a transvaginal surgical approach. When salpingo-oophorectomy is surgically inaccessible, oophorectomy may often be performed. A stitch embodying a single penetration of the mesovarium is described for suture ligation.", "PMID": 715655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6292", "title": "Results and merit of estrogen receptor data derived from metastatic tumors of the breast.", "content": "It is clear that a variety of metastatic deposits can successfully be assayed and found to contain estrogen receptor protein even up to 13 years following the initial tumor surgical procedure. Whether or not the patient has received previous treatment, estrogen receptor status does not appear to be influenced, and biopsies of the 23 metastatic lesions were found to contain estrogen receptors. Fourteen of nineteen patients with metastatic tumors containing estrogen receptors who were treated and evaluated demonstrated remission after hormonal manipulation. Only one patient with a tumor with no estrogen receptors demonstrated tumor regression after hypophysectomy and suggests that a previous response to hormone manipulation may warrant a further trial even when estrogen receptors are not found. The results of estrogen receptor values on metastatic disease of the breasts are extremely valuable in the therapeutic decision making process and should be routinely obtained.", "contents": "Results and merit of estrogen receptor data derived from metastatic tumors of the breast. It is clear that a variety of metastatic deposits can successfully be assayed and found to contain estrogen receptor protein even up to 13 years following the initial tumor surgical procedure. Whether or not the patient has received previous treatment, estrogen receptor status does not appear to be influenced, and biopsies of the 23 metastatic lesions were found to contain estrogen receptors. Fourteen of nineteen patients with metastatic tumors containing estrogen receptors who were treated and evaluated demonstrated remission after hormonal manipulation. Only one patient with a tumor with no estrogen receptors demonstrated tumor regression after hypophysectomy and suggests that a previous response to hormone manipulation may warrant a further trial even when estrogen receptors are not found. The results of estrogen receptor values on metastatic disease of the breasts are extremely valuable in the therapeutic decision making process and should be routinely obtained.", "PMID": 715657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6293", "title": "Experience in selective operations in the management of penetrating wounds of the neck.", "content": "Experience with 100 patients demonstrated that a selective approach to penetrating injuries of the neck can be accomplished without increasing morbidity and mortality. However, this selective approach must be done in a setting in which there are adequate nursing and house staffs. Facilities and personnel to perform arteriography and other diagnostic tests must also be available. Otherwise, observation would be unsafe, and it would be in the best interest of the patient to choose immediate operative intervention.", "contents": "Experience in selective operations in the management of penetrating wounds of the neck. Experience with 100 patients demonstrated that a selective approach to penetrating injuries of the neck can be accomplished without increasing morbidity and mortality. However, this selective approach must be done in a setting in which there are adequate nursing and house staffs. Facilities and personnel to perform arteriography and other diagnostic tests must also be available. Otherwise, observation would be unsafe, and it would be in the best interest of the patient to choose immediate operative intervention.", "PMID": 715658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6294", "title": "Transcatheter embolization of autologous clot in the management of bleeding associated with fractures of the pelvis.", "content": "Extraperitoneal hemorrhage, associated with a fracture of the pelvis, is a major cause of death in pedestrian accidents. Transfusion alone may be unsatisfactory. Direct control of bleeding may be required. Surgically, this may be technically difficult or inadequate. Transcatheter embolization of autologous clot was used to control hemorrhage in three patients with such a fracture. If laparotomy is required immediately, arteriography of the pelvic area may be done postoperatively, If laparotomy is not performed, arteriography may define pelvic bleeding sites. Transcatheter embolization of autologous clot controls hemorrhage from branches of the hypogastric artery.", "contents": "Transcatheter embolization of autologous clot in the management of bleeding associated with fractures of the pelvis. Extraperitoneal hemorrhage, associated with a fracture of the pelvis, is a major cause of death in pedestrian accidents. Transfusion alone may be unsatisfactory. Direct control of bleeding may be required. Surgically, this may be technically difficult or inadequate. Transcatheter embolization of autologous clot was used to control hemorrhage in three patients with such a fracture. If laparotomy is required immediately, arteriography of the pelvic area may be done postoperatively, If laparotomy is not performed, arteriography may define pelvic bleeding sites. Transcatheter embolization of autologous clot controls hemorrhage from branches of the hypogastric artery.", "PMID": 715659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6295", "title": "Evaluation of intraoperative arteriography as a routine for vascular reconstructions.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of 391 intraoperative arteriograms performed after reconstruction operations on the carotid, aorta and lower extremity vasculature showed the value of incorporating this procedure as a routine only for the last mentioned site. Identification and correction of inadequacies due to technique are possible. Revisions in technique based upon these experiences have significantly diminished their incidence. Routine intraoperative arteriography for revascularization procedures of the lower extremity has further enabled us to classify reliably the runoff and correlate these findings with subsequent graft patency. Late graft closure, predominantly due to progressive or accelerated obliterating atherosclerosis in the distal circulation, occurred almost exclusively within the first year following reconstruction in those patients identified as having poor runoff by intraoperative arteriography. This group, in particular, should be closely monitored by noninvasive physiologic means and even post-operative arteriography to enable either prophylactic or therapeutic correction. In some instances, based upon intraoperative arteriography or subsequent studies, fruitless and potentially harmful reoperative vascular procedures may be obviated.", "contents": "Evaluation of intraoperative arteriography as a routine for vascular reconstructions. A retrospective analysis of 391 intraoperative arteriograms performed after reconstruction operations on the carotid, aorta and lower extremity vasculature showed the value of incorporating this procedure as a routine only for the last mentioned site. Identification and correction of inadequacies due to technique are possible. Revisions in technique based upon these experiences have significantly diminished their incidence. Routine intraoperative arteriography for revascularization procedures of the lower extremity has further enabled us to classify reliably the runoff and correlate these findings with subsequent graft patency. Late graft closure, predominantly due to progressive or accelerated obliterating atherosclerosis in the distal circulation, occurred almost exclusively within the first year following reconstruction in those patients identified as having poor runoff by intraoperative arteriography. This group, in particular, should be closely monitored by noninvasive physiologic means and even post-operative arteriography to enable either prophylactic or therapeutic correction. In some instances, based upon intraoperative arteriography or subsequent studies, fruitless and potentially harmful reoperative vascular procedures may be obviated.", "PMID": 715660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6296", "title": "The use of heparin bonded shunts for perfusion of the renal artery during resection of complex abdominal aortic aneurysms.", "content": "During resection of certain complicated aortic abdominal aneurysms, the circulation of the renal artery may require separate perfusion. To achieve this in a simplified manner, a heparin bonded shunt has been used for continuous perfusion of the kidney. This has been used in patients with a horseshoe kidney undergoing aortic aneurysmectomy; for intraoperative perfusion of a previously inserted saphenous vein to renal artery graft for renovascular hypertension and in simultaneous correction of an aortic aneurysm and insertion of a renal artery graft for hypertension. In each situation, the technique worked well with minimal heparinization and excellent results.", "contents": "The use of heparin bonded shunts for perfusion of the renal artery during resection of complex abdominal aortic aneurysms. During resection of certain complicated aortic abdominal aneurysms, the circulation of the renal artery may require separate perfusion. To achieve this in a simplified manner, a heparin bonded shunt has been used for continuous perfusion of the kidney. This has been used in patients with a horseshoe kidney undergoing aortic aneurysmectomy; for intraoperative perfusion of a previously inserted saphenous vein to renal artery graft for renovascular hypertension and in simultaneous correction of an aortic aneurysm and insertion of a renal artery graft for hypertension. In each situation, the technique worked well with minimal heparinization and excellent results.", "PMID": 715661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6297", "title": "Microsurgical techniques in experimental lymphedema of the rabbit ear.", "content": "One of the main obstacles to the study of changes occurring in lymphedema and the effects of various therapeutic modalities has been the lack of a reproducible inexpensive experimental model. We believe that the rabbit ear model satisfies this requirement permitting both evaluation of changes which lead to development of lymphedema as well as evaluation of the efficacy of microsurgical techniques.", "contents": "Microsurgical techniques in experimental lymphedema of the rabbit ear. One of the main obstacles to the study of changes occurring in lymphedema and the effects of various therapeutic modalities has been the lack of a reproducible inexpensive experimental model. We believe that the rabbit ear model satisfies this requirement permitting both evaluation of changes which lead to development of lymphedema as well as evaluation of the efficacy of microsurgical techniques.", "PMID": 715662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6298", "title": "A comparison of the open and closed methods of anastomosis for colostomy closure.", "content": "A transverse colostomy was performed in dogs and, later, closed by resection and anastomosis. Half the anastomoses were done by the open and half by the closed method. The anastomoses were evaluated by barium enema series and by gross and microscopic examination. All anastomoses functioned well, but barium enema series showed great variation in the lumina diameter. Results of histologic studies revealed evidence of more inflammation and reaction about the open method.", "contents": "A comparison of the open and closed methods of anastomosis for colostomy closure. A transverse colostomy was performed in dogs and, later, closed by resection and anastomosis. Half the anastomoses were done by the open and half by the closed method. The anastomoses were evaluated by barium enema series and by gross and microscopic examination. All anastomoses functioned well, but barium enema series showed great variation in the lumina diameter. Results of histologic studies revealed evidence of more inflammation and reaction about the open method.", "PMID": 715663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6299", "title": "A review of one hundred and fifty thyroidectomies following prior irradiation to the head, neck and upper part of the chest.", "content": "The records of 150 patients who had operations on the thyroid following prior irradiation to the head, neck and chest regions were analyzed. The over-all incidence of carcinoma of the thyroid in these patients was 32 per cent; however, 8.6 per cent of these were occult microscopic tumors. The technetium scan was found to be a reliable method of identifying nodules of the thyroid, while physical examination proved to be a less accurate method of nodule detection. The multifocal nature of the disease was confirmed in this series in which a 68 per cent incidence of residual carcinoma was detected in patients in whom reoperation was required.", "contents": "A review of one hundred and fifty thyroidectomies following prior irradiation to the head, neck and upper part of the chest. The records of 150 patients who had operations on the thyroid following prior irradiation to the head, neck and chest regions were analyzed. The over-all incidence of carcinoma of the thyroid in these patients was 32 per cent; however, 8.6 per cent of these were occult microscopic tumors. The technetium scan was found to be a reliable method of identifying nodules of the thyroid, while physical examination proved to be a less accurate method of nodule detection. The multifocal nature of the disease was confirmed in this series in which a 68 per cent incidence of residual carcinoma was detected in patients in whom reoperation was required.", "PMID": 715664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6300", "title": "Colposcopy in anorectal disease.", "content": "If used properly, colposcopy will increase the scope of anorectal examination. It will allow for more precise diagnosis and early diagnosis of rectal, anal and perianal neoplasis during dysplastic phase. It is accepted today that, in its natural course, neoplastic lesions progress from dysplasia through intraepithelial neoplasia to invasive cancer as an interrelated function of time and immunologic status. If dysplasia and intraepithelial neoplasia is present for ten years prior to invasion, as has been suggested, the use of colposcopy in the younger aged patients could help reduce the incidence of invasive disease later.", "contents": "Colposcopy in anorectal disease. If used properly, colposcopy will increase the scope of anorectal examination. It will allow for more precise diagnosis and early diagnosis of rectal, anal and perianal neoplasis during dysplastic phase. It is accepted today that, in its natural course, neoplastic lesions progress from dysplasia through intraepithelial neoplasia to invasive cancer as an interrelated function of time and immunologic status. If dysplasia and intraepithelial neoplasia is present for ten years prior to invasion, as has been suggested, the use of colposcopy in the younger aged patients could help reduce the incidence of invasive disease later.", "PMID": 715669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6301", "title": "The necessity of increased doses of amikacin in burn patients.", "content": "Extended periods (6 to 9 hours) of subtherapeutic serum amikacin levels were observed in five burn patients receiving the recommended intravenous dose of 7.5 mg/kg every 12 hours. Kinetic studies revealed an unusually short half-life, especially in younger patients. This more rapid elimination necessitated a shorter dosing interval (every 6 hours), resulting in an increased daily dose (30 mg/kg/day). In this study of 10 patients with normal renal function, an intravenous dosage regimen of 7.5 mg/kg every 6 hours resulted in therapeutic peak concentrations and shortened intervals of subtherapeutic serum concentrations. A transient episode of tinnitus without cochlear damage occurred in one patient after the first dose. Neither ototoxicity nor nephrotoxicity occurred in any of the patients. Because of interpatient variability in amikacin elimination, frequent monitoring of serum levels with necessary dosage changes is imperative to provide optimal serum concentrations. However, it must be emphasized that these increased dosage regimens of amikacin are not suggested for routine use without previously measuring serum levels.", "contents": "The necessity of increased doses of amikacin in burn patients. Extended periods (6 to 9 hours) of subtherapeutic serum amikacin levels were observed in five burn patients receiving the recommended intravenous dose of 7.5 mg/kg every 12 hours. Kinetic studies revealed an unusually short half-life, especially in younger patients. This more rapid elimination necessitated a shorter dosing interval (every 6 hours), resulting in an increased daily dose (30 mg/kg/day). In this study of 10 patients with normal renal function, an intravenous dosage regimen of 7.5 mg/kg every 6 hours resulted in therapeutic peak concentrations and shortened intervals of subtherapeutic serum concentrations. A transient episode of tinnitus without cochlear damage occurred in one patient after the first dose. Neither ototoxicity nor nephrotoxicity occurred in any of the patients. Because of interpatient variability in amikacin elimination, frequent monitoring of serum levels with necessary dosage changes is imperative to provide optimal serum concentrations. However, it must be emphasized that these increased dosage regimens of amikacin are not suggested for routine use without previously measuring serum levels.", "PMID": 715674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6302", "title": "Effects of lysolecithin on isolated gastric mucosa.", "content": "The effects of lysolecithin, a normal constituent of duodenal juice, on gastric mucosa were measured under isolated conditions. In a relatively low concentration (0.5 mg/ml), lysolecithin, added to the luminal side, caused liberation of organic acids without altering the spontaneous rate of mineral (i.e., HCl) acid secretion by fundic mucosa. The low concentration of lysolecithin also did not appear to affect other active ion transport processes or permeability of either fundic or antral mucosa. However, at a higher concentration (1 mg/ml) lysolecithin  inhibited spontaneous mineral acid secretion by fundus, altered active transport of other ions, and increased mucosal permeability of both fundic and antral mucosa. The results suggest that intraluminal lysolecithin in concentrations found in vivo may contribute to gastric mucosal damage.", "contents": "Effects of lysolecithin on isolated gastric mucosa. The effects of lysolecithin, a normal constituent of duodenal juice, on gastric mucosa were measured under isolated conditions. In a relatively low concentration (0.5 mg/ml), lysolecithin, added to the luminal side, caused liberation of organic acids without altering the spontaneous rate of mineral (i.e., HCl) acid secretion by fundic mucosa. The low concentration of lysolecithin also did not appear to affect other active ion transport processes or permeability of either fundic or antral mucosa. However, at a higher concentration (1 mg/ml) lysolecithin  inhibited spontaneous mineral acid secretion by fundus, altered active transport of other ions, and increased mucosal permeability of both fundic and antral mucosa. The results suggest that intraluminal lysolecithin in concentrations found in vivo may contribute to gastric mucosal damage.", "PMID": 715676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6303", "title": "The choleretic action of cholecystokinin and cholecystokinin octapeptide in dogs.", "content": "Mongrel dogs were prepared by cholecystectomy, ligation of the lesser pancreatic duct, and insertion of gastric and duodenal cannulas. The common bile duct was cannulated through the duodenal fistula for bile collection while the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts was maintained by intravenous infusion of sodium taurocholate. Cholecystokinin (CCK) and cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-OP) caused increased bile flow and had no influence on the biliary clearance of erythritol. The results indicate that the predominant mechanism of CCK and CCK-OP choleresis is due to ductular stimulation.", "contents": "The choleretic action of cholecystokinin and cholecystokinin octapeptide in dogs. Mongrel dogs were prepared by cholecystectomy, ligation of the lesser pancreatic duct, and insertion of gastric and duodenal cannulas. The common bile duct was cannulated through the duodenal fistula for bile collection while the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts was maintained by intravenous infusion of sodium taurocholate. Cholecystokinin (CCK) and cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-OP) caused increased bile flow and had no influence on the biliary clearance of erythritol. The results indicate that the predominant mechanism of CCK and CCK-OP choleresis is due to ductular stimulation.", "PMID": 715677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6304", "title": "The determination of lymph shed by colloidal gold scanning in patients with malignant melanoma: a preliminary study.", "content": "Colloidal gold radionucleotide 198Au scanning can demonstrate the direction of regional lymphatic drainage in patients with primary malignant melanoma. Each of 32 patients with primary melanoma of the trunk received an intradermal injection of 0.1 mCi of 198Au colloid around the primary melanoma site. Imaging was accomplished with a tomographic scanner 24 hours following the injection. Twenty-seven of these patients underwent 36 regional lymph node dissections; nine had nodal metastases histologically demonstrated in the area (s) of nucleotide uptake. In clinical evaluation of up to 55 weeks, no patients demonstrated regional lymph node metastases in node groups which did not show preoperative gold uptake. Early evidence shows excellent correlation between the route of regional lymph node metastases and the direction of lymphatic flow to regional node groups, as demonstrated by gold colloid scanning. This procedure may be useful for evaluating patients with histologically defined high risk melanomas situated on the trunk in areas which drain to one or more lymph node regions.", "contents": "The determination of lymph shed by colloidal gold scanning in patients with malignant melanoma: a preliminary study. Colloidal gold radionucleotide 198Au scanning can demonstrate the direction of regional lymphatic drainage in patients with primary malignant melanoma. Each of 32 patients with primary melanoma of the trunk received an intradermal injection of 0.1 mCi of 198Au colloid around the primary melanoma site. Imaging was accomplished with a tomographic scanner 24 hours following the injection. Twenty-seven of these patients underwent 36 regional lymph node dissections; nine had nodal metastases histologically demonstrated in the area (s) of nucleotide uptake. In clinical evaluation of up to 55 weeks, no patients demonstrated regional lymph node metastases in node groups which did not show preoperative gold uptake. Early evidence shows excellent correlation between the route of regional lymph node metastases and the direction of lymphatic flow to regional node groups, as demonstrated by gold colloid scanning. This procedure may be useful for evaluating patients with histologically defined high risk melanomas situated on the trunk in areas which drain to one or more lymph node regions.", "PMID": 715678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6305", "title": "Physical training of patients with intermittent claudication: indications, methods, and results.", "content": "Supervised dynamic physical training for 4 to 6 months as a treatment of intermittent claudication was studied in 148 patients who had clearcut symptoms for more than 6 months. Nineteen patients could not complete the planned training program because of cardiac complications, rapid progress of the disease, intercurrent disease, or social reasons. Before the training was started, walking tolerance and calf blood flow were determined. The intensity of each training session (three times per week) was adjusted to the patient's cardiac tolerance as predicted by the cardiac tolerance test. The walking ability increased in 88% of the patients and the average increase was 234%, while the calf blood flow remained unchanged. After the training period, more than 40% of the patients could walk 1,000 m or more. The increase in walking ability was independent of the location of the atherosclerotic lesion or the presence of diabetes. It is concluded that physical training is a good alternative to reconstructive surgery in the treatment of patients with intermittent claudication. It does not interfere with the surgical possibility if operation becomes necessary in the immediate or later course of the disease.", "contents": "Physical training of patients with intermittent claudication: indications, methods, and results. Supervised dynamic physical training for 4 to 6 months as a treatment of intermittent claudication was studied in 148 patients who had clearcut symptoms for more than 6 months. Nineteen patients could not complete the planned training program because of cardiac complications, rapid progress of the disease, intercurrent disease, or social reasons. Before the training was started, walking tolerance and calf blood flow were determined. The intensity of each training session (three times per week) was adjusted to the patient's cardiac tolerance as predicted by the cardiac tolerance test. The walking ability increased in 88% of the patients and the average increase was 234%, while the calf blood flow remained unchanged. After the training period, more than 40% of the patients could walk 1,000 m or more. The increase in walking ability was independent of the location of the atherosclerotic lesion or the presence of diabetes. It is concluded that physical training is a good alternative to reconstructive surgery in the treatment of patients with intermittent claudication. It does not interfere with the surgical possibility if operation becomes necessary in the immediate or later course of the disease.", "PMID": 715679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6306", "title": "Replacement of the inferior vena cava and iliac veins with heterologous grafts in animal tests.", "content": "The use of a modified bovine collagen graft as a low-pressure conduit was investigated by implantation into the iliocaval system of dogs. In the 210 day observation period, a patency rate of 87.5% was achieved. Nearly all graft failures occured within the first 14 days following implantation; failure after that time did not seem to be dependent upon length of time of implantation. Progressive organization of the neointima was seen histologically. New smooth muscle fibers were observed in the neointima with electron microscopic evidence of reconstitution of the subendothelial membrane. Continuing resorption of graft collagen coincided with its replacement by newly developed collagen type III fibers in a surface-parallel orientation.", "contents": "Replacement of the inferior vena cava and iliac veins with heterologous grafts in animal tests. The use of a modified bovine collagen graft as a low-pressure conduit was investigated by implantation into the iliocaval system of dogs. In the 210 day observation period, a patency rate of 87.5% was achieved. Nearly all graft failures occured within the first 14 days following implantation; failure after that time did not seem to be dependent upon length of time of implantation. Progressive organization of the neointima was seen histologically. New smooth muscle fibers were observed in the neointima with electron microscopic evidence of reconstitution of the subendothelial membrane. Continuing resorption of graft collagen coincided with its replacement by newly developed collagen type III fibers in a surface-parallel orientation.", "PMID": 715680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6307", "title": "Occult splenic abscess: an unrecognized complication of heroin abuse.", "content": "Despite increased recognition of surgical problems related to narcotic addiction, splenic abscess has not been commonly recognized as such a complication. Seven male patients with splenic abscess secondary to heroin abuse have been treated. Six had bacterial endocarditis. Symptoms were nonspecific. Splenomegaly in two patients was the only useful physical finding. Five patients had left pleural effusion, of which three were proven to be empyemas. Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant pathogen of of bacterial endocarditis and splenic abscess. The splenic scan was diagnostic. All patients recovered following curative splenectomy.", "contents": "Occult splenic abscess: an unrecognized complication of heroin abuse. Despite increased recognition of surgical problems related to narcotic addiction, splenic abscess has not been commonly recognized as such a complication. Seven male patients with splenic abscess secondary to heroin abuse have been treated. Six had bacterial endocarditis. Symptoms were nonspecific. Splenomegaly in two patients was the only useful physical finding. Five patients had left pleural effusion, of which three were proven to be empyemas. Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant pathogen of of bacterial endocarditis and splenic abscess. The splenic scan was diagnostic. All patients recovered following curative splenectomy.", "PMID": 715681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6308", "title": "Evaluation of surgical response in renovascular hypertension using angiotensin II blockade.", "content": "The mechanisms involved in residual or recurrent hypertension following operation to correct renal artery stenosis were studied in 10 patients by performing angiotensin II blockade with Saralasin (Sarcosine, alanine, angiotensin II) before and after operation. Peripheral renin and renal vein renin determinations, angiography, and renography were done as well. The limitations of renin determinations are cited and the application of angiotensin II blockade as a specific method of detecting renin-dependent hypertension before and after operation are presented. Saralasin infusion under the controlled conditions of our study proved to be a sensitive method for detection of renin-dependent hypertension. The results of Saralasin infusion correlated closely with peripheral and renal vein renin determinations. Thus angiotensin II blockade before and after operation may supercede more invasive and less specific diagnostic methods.", "contents": "Evaluation of surgical response in renovascular hypertension using angiotensin II blockade. The mechanisms involved in residual or recurrent hypertension following operation to correct renal artery stenosis were studied in 10 patients by performing angiotensin II blockade with Saralasin (Sarcosine, alanine, angiotensin II) before and after operation. Peripheral renin and renal vein renin determinations, angiography, and renography were done as well. The limitations of renin determinations are cited and the application of angiotensin II blockade as a specific method of detecting renin-dependent hypertension before and after operation are presented. Saralasin infusion under the controlled conditions of our study proved to be a sensitive method for detection of renin-dependent hypertension. The results of Saralasin infusion correlated closely with peripheral and renal vein renin determinations. Thus angiotensin II blockade before and after operation may supercede more invasive and less specific diagnostic methods.", "PMID": 715682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6309", "title": "Pharmacological vs. mechanical reduction in portal pressure: a comparative study.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that decreasing blood flow in the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) by the infusion of intra-arterial vasopressin into or partial mechanical obstruction of the SMA by a balloon catheter (partial balloon obstruction) causes similar alterations in splanchnic hemodynamics, but divergent changes in systemic hemodynamics. The effects of these two methods of reducing SMA blood flow were compared in each of six anesthetized normal dogs. Vasopressin and partial balloon obstruction induce similar reductions in portal pressure (-54 +/- 12% vs. -46 +/- 11%), wedge hepatic vein pressure (-54 +/- 13% vs. -53 +/- 18%), and portal venous flow (-34 +/- 7% vs. -37 +/- 7%). Significantly different effects between intra-arterial vasopressin and partial balloon obstruction were observed, however, in cardiac output (a decrease of -24 +/- 5% vs. an increase of +12 +/- 4%) (P less than 0.001), heart rate (-8 +/- 3% vs. 0) (P less than 0.05), and systemic vascular resistance (+36 +/- 8% vs. -2 +/- 2%) (P less than 0.005), respectively. These results indicate that the two procedures are equally effective in reducing portal venous pressure and blood flow. Partial balloon obstruction, however, does not induce the potentially deleterious systemic hemodynamic effects seen with vasopressin infusion. In fact, some of the changes observed with partial balloon obstruction, especially the increase in cardiac output, are considered to be beneficial. In an additional five dogs, partial balloon obstruction was maintained for 5 hours. Throughout, the reduction in portal venous pressure (hepatic venous wedge minus hepatic venous free pressure) was maintained at less than half of the baseline levels (4.75 +/- 0.43 vs. 2.25 +/- 0.32 mm Hg), and the mean arterial pressure at baseline values. All of the dogs survived and were well at 1 week after the prolonged partial obstruction. No abnormalities were observed in the anatomical or histological studies of the small intestine. This study suggests that partial balloon obstruction of the SMA has theoretical therapeutic advantages over intra-arterial vasopressin for reducing portal venous pressure.", "contents": "Pharmacological vs. mechanical reduction in portal pressure: a comparative study. Previous studies have shown that decreasing blood flow in the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) by the infusion of intra-arterial vasopressin into or partial mechanical obstruction of the SMA by a balloon catheter (partial balloon obstruction) causes similar alterations in splanchnic hemodynamics, but divergent changes in systemic hemodynamics. The effects of these two methods of reducing SMA blood flow were compared in each of six anesthetized normal dogs. Vasopressin and partial balloon obstruction induce similar reductions in portal pressure (-54 +/- 12% vs. -46 +/- 11%), wedge hepatic vein pressure (-54 +/- 13% vs. -53 +/- 18%), and portal venous flow (-34 +/- 7% vs. -37 +/- 7%). Significantly different effects between intra-arterial vasopressin and partial balloon obstruction were observed, however, in cardiac output (a decrease of -24 +/- 5% vs. an increase of +12 +/- 4%) (P less than 0.001), heart rate (-8 +/- 3% vs. 0) (P less than 0.05), and systemic vascular resistance (+36 +/- 8% vs. -2 +/- 2%) (P less than 0.005), respectively. These results indicate that the two procedures are equally effective in reducing portal venous pressure and blood flow. Partial balloon obstruction, however, does not induce the potentially deleterious systemic hemodynamic effects seen with vasopressin infusion. In fact, some of the changes observed with partial balloon obstruction, especially the increase in cardiac output, are considered to be beneficial. In an additional five dogs, partial balloon obstruction was maintained for 5 hours. Throughout, the reduction in portal venous pressure (hepatic venous wedge minus hepatic venous free pressure) was maintained at less than half of the baseline levels (4.75 +/- 0.43 vs. 2.25 +/- 0.32 mm Hg), and the mean arterial pressure at baseline values. All of the dogs survived and were well at 1 week after the prolonged partial obstruction. No abnormalities were observed in the anatomical or histological studies of the small intestine. This study suggests that partial balloon obstruction of the SMA has theoretical therapeutic advantages over intra-arterial vasopressin for reducing portal venous pressure.", "PMID": 715683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6310", "title": "Preduodenal portal vein: its surgical significance.", "content": "Preduodenal portal vein is a rare anatomical variant which may be one of many anomalies in the neonate with duodenal \"atresia.\" Preduodenal portal vein also may be an occasional finding in an adult undergoing biliary, gastric, or pancreatic surgery. Awareness and recognition of the anomaly are essential for the avoidance of injury during such operations. We report here a symptomless patient whose preduodenal portal vein was discovered at cholecystectomy.", "contents": "Preduodenal portal vein: its surgical significance. Preduodenal portal vein is a rare anatomical variant which may be one of many anomalies in the neonate with duodenal \"atresia.\" Preduodenal portal vein also may be an occasional finding in an adult undergoing biliary, gastric, or pancreatic surgery. Awareness and recognition of the anomaly are essential for the avoidance of injury during such operations. We report here a symptomless patient whose preduodenal portal vein was discovered at cholecystectomy.", "PMID": 715684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6311", "title": "Comparison of techniques of autotransfusion.", "content": "At least nine different autotransfusion devices have been evaluated experimentally or clinically. Each has its advantages and disadvantages. The major problems involve concepts of extracorporeal anticoagulation and the logistics of operating the equipment.", "contents": "Comparison of techniques of autotransfusion. At least nine different autotransfusion devices have been evaluated experimentally or clinically. Each has its advantages and disadvantages. The major problems involve concepts of extracorporeal anticoagulation and the logistics of operating the equipment.", "PMID": 715686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6312", "title": "Vascular surgery--is it different?", "content": "In 1972 the Society for Vascular Surgery and the North American Chapter of the International Cardiovascular Society recommended that the American Board of Surgery establish a method for the certification of special competence in vascular surgery. The American Board of Surgery in 1974 judged that, for the present, vascular surgery training best could be upgraded by certifying training programs and not individuals. The Residency Review Committee for Surgery now has approved guidelines which define acceptable vascular surgery training programs. These guidelines require approval of the American Medical Association and the governing bodies of the Liaison Committee for Graduate Medical Education before accreditation procedures can be implemented. It is proposed that vascular surgery is different enough from general surgery and cardiothoracic surgery so that special training programs are needed. Vascular surgeons require a fund of knowledge and surgical skills beyond that learned in most surgical programs as well as a special experience with vascular operations if they are to provide optimal patient care. Acceptance of the principle of the accreditation of surgeons caring for vascular surgical problems is an important step in the upgrading of vascular surgery.", "contents": "Vascular surgery--is it different? In 1972 the Society for Vascular Surgery and the North American Chapter of the International Cardiovascular Society recommended that the American Board of Surgery establish a method for the certification of special competence in vascular surgery. The American Board of Surgery in 1974 judged that, for the present, vascular surgery training best could be upgraded by certifying training programs and not individuals. The Residency Review Committee for Surgery now has approved guidelines which define acceptable vascular surgery training programs. These guidelines require approval of the American Medical Association and the governing bodies of the Liaison Committee for Graduate Medical Education before accreditation procedures can be implemented. It is proposed that vascular surgery is different enough from general surgery and cardiothoracic surgery so that special training programs are needed. Vascular surgeons require a fund of knowledge and surgical skills beyond that learned in most surgical programs as well as a special experience with vascular operations if they are to provide optimal patient care. Acceptance of the principle of the accreditation of surgeons caring for vascular surgical problems is an important step in the upgrading of vascular surgery.", "PMID": 715693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6313", "title": "Rational approach to the differentiation of vascular and neurogenic claudication.", "content": "Lower extremity pain caused by exercise but relieved by rest is usually a reliable symptom of chronic arterial insufficiency. However, similar discomfort often occurs in patients with neurospinal compression. Furthermore, arterial occlusive disease and demonstrable spinal stenosis may be present simultaneously. Fifty-two patients with symptoms suggesting intermittent claudication comprised the study group. All were proven to have a nonarterial cause of their complaint. The study consists of a retrospective analysis of the diagnostic methods used in confirming the proper diagnosis. Conclusions reached suggest a rational approach to solution of individual patient problems. The nonvascular origin of the symptoms was suggested initially by clinical evaluation in 19 patients, and by noninvasive arterial evaluation in an additional 22. The neurospinal origin of symptoms was obscured in 11 patients because of the presence of significant arterial occlusive disease, as demonstrated by nominvasive arterial testing. Seven of the 11 patients underwent arterial reconstruction, which failed to relieve their symptoms. Subsequently, the neurospinal origin of these symptoms was proven by appropriate treatment. This experience has shown that the errors in diagnosis and treatment could have been avoided by using a combined diagnostic approach, correlating results of an accurate clinical evaluation with noninvasive arterial testing as well as the findings shown on lumbosacral spine films.", "contents": "Rational approach to the differentiation of vascular and neurogenic claudication. Lower extremity pain caused by exercise but relieved by rest is usually a reliable symptom of chronic arterial insufficiency. However, similar discomfort often occurs in patients with neurospinal compression. Furthermore, arterial occlusive disease and demonstrable spinal stenosis may be present simultaneously. Fifty-two patients with symptoms suggesting intermittent claudication comprised the study group. All were proven to have a nonarterial cause of their complaint. The study consists of a retrospective analysis of the diagnostic methods used in confirming the proper diagnosis. Conclusions reached suggest a rational approach to solution of individual patient problems. The nonvascular origin of the symptoms was suggested initially by clinical evaluation in 19 patients, and by noninvasive arterial evaluation in an additional 22. The neurospinal origin of symptoms was obscured in 11 patients because of the presence of significant arterial occlusive disease, as demonstrated by nominvasive arterial testing. Seven of the 11 patients underwent arterial reconstruction, which failed to relieve their symptoms. Subsequently, the neurospinal origin of these symptoms was proven by appropriate treatment. This experience has shown that the errors in diagnosis and treatment could have been avoided by using a combined diagnostic approach, correlating results of an accurate clinical evaluation with noninvasive arterial testing as well as the findings shown on lumbosacral spine films.", "PMID": 715694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6314", "title": "Extended profundoplasty for limb salvage.", "content": "Extended profundoplasty was performed in 50 limbs of 39 patients for relief of rest pain or gangrene. This operation was effective in 95% of the limbs operated on because of rest pain, and in 54.5% of the limbs operated on because of gangrene. In 32 limbs the popliteal artery was patent. Profundoplasty was successful in relieving ischemic symptoms in all but two limbs. Postoperative ankle pressures were increased consistently in the improved limbs. In 18 limbs the popliteal artery was occluded. Profundoplasty abolished the ischemic symptoms in 13 limbs. Ankle pressures did not increase consistently in limbs that were clinically improved in this group. The authors believe that restoring blood flow and pressure to the profunda femoris artery and its branches, by means of open endarterectomy and patch graft, can salvage limbs which otherwise would be fated for amputation. As such, it represents a reasonable alternative to bypass grafting, and in some cases it is the procedure of choice for the patient with threatened tissue loss.", "contents": "Extended profundoplasty for limb salvage. Extended profundoplasty was performed in 50 limbs of 39 patients for relief of rest pain or gangrene. This operation was effective in 95% of the limbs operated on because of rest pain, and in 54.5% of the limbs operated on because of gangrene. In 32 limbs the popliteal artery was patent. Profundoplasty was successful in relieving ischemic symptoms in all but two limbs. Postoperative ankle pressures were increased consistently in the improved limbs. In 18 limbs the popliteal artery was occluded. Profundoplasty abolished the ischemic symptoms in 13 limbs. Ankle pressures did not increase consistently in limbs that were clinically improved in this group. The authors believe that restoring blood flow and pressure to the profunda femoris artery and its branches, by means of open endarterectomy and patch graft, can salvage limbs which otherwise would be fated for amputation. As such, it represents a reasonable alternative to bypass grafting, and in some cases it is the procedure of choice for the patient with threatened tissue loss.", "PMID": 715695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6315", "title": "New approaches to limb salvage by extended extra-anatomic bypasses and prosthetic reconstructions to foot arteries.", "content": "Because our femoropopliteal reconstructions with expanded polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) and saphenous vein have comparable patency rates up to 22 months, we used this prosthetic for longer, more complex bypasses for limb salvage. Fourteen axillopopliteal or cross-over axillopopliteal bypasses were performed largely because groin infection or deep femoral artery disease precluded standard procedures; 12 are patent up to 14 months. Five patients required a bypass from one femoral artery to an opposite leg artery; four are patent up to 17 months. Because of progressive necrosis, eight patients required a secondary extension from a femoropopliteal bypass to a distal artery; five are patent up to 12 months. Three patients required extra-anatomic bypass for leg or popliteal space infections; all achieved limb salvage up to 12 months. Twenty patients without other suitable proximal arteries required a bypass to the dorsalis pedis or anterior tibial artery at the ankle; 10 are patent up to 14 months. Eleven patients required posterior tibial bypass at or below the ankle; seven are patent up to 18 months. One postoperative death followed these 61 procedures. Thus these operaions with long PTFE grafts that cross multiple joints can salvage limbs for important periods of time with low risk.", "contents": "New approaches to limb salvage by extended extra-anatomic bypasses and prosthetic reconstructions to foot arteries. Because our femoropopliteal reconstructions with expanded polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) and saphenous vein have comparable patency rates up to 22 months, we used this prosthetic for longer, more complex bypasses for limb salvage. Fourteen axillopopliteal or cross-over axillopopliteal bypasses were performed largely because groin infection or deep femoral artery disease precluded standard procedures; 12 are patent up to 14 months. Five patients required a bypass from one femoral artery to an opposite leg artery; four are patent up to 17 months. Because of progressive necrosis, eight patients required a secondary extension from a femoropopliteal bypass to a distal artery; five are patent up to 12 months. Three patients required extra-anatomic bypass for leg or popliteal space infections; all achieved limb salvage up to 12 months. Twenty patients without other suitable proximal arteries required a bypass to the dorsalis pedis or anterior tibial artery at the ankle; 10 are patent up to 14 months. Eleven patients required posterior tibial bypass at or below the ankle; seven are patent up to 18 months. One postoperative death followed these 61 procedures. Thus these operaions with long PTFE grafts that cross multiple joints can salvage limbs for important periods of time with low risk.", "PMID": 715696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6316", "title": "Complications and treatment of popliteal aneurysms.", "content": "Because arteriosclerotic popliteal aneurysms so often present with complications, treatment results are less than optimal in contrast to aneurysms oat other sites. From 1963 to 1977, 40 surgically treated aneurysms in 30 patients were studied. Seventeen limbs presented as asymptomatic aneurysms (42.5%), four with pressure symptoms (10%), one with rupture and ischemia (2.5%), nine with acute thromboses and ischemia (22.5%), and nine with chronic ischemia and claudication (22.5%). Seventeen aneurysms were thrombosed (42.5%). Diameters of all aneurysms measured at operation ranged from 1.0 to 10 cm. It was of interest to note that, generally, larger aneurysms were patent, and thromboses were common in the smaller aneurysms, with an average diameter of 2.5 cm. Saphenous vein grafts were used most frequently for interpolation grafts (65%) and bypass grafts (12.5(). Prosthesis were used in 7.5%, endarterectomy and aneurysmorraphy in 5%. Popliteal reconstruction was accomplished initially in 40 limbs, with two early failures and 10 late failures with loss of two limbs. Cumulative patency rates for 40 limbs at risk at 5 and 10 years were 75.9%, at 14 years, 62.6%. Diagnosis is the most difficult aspect of this problem, as physical limitations impede early diagnosis. Thromboses being the natural history of popliteal aneurysms, early recognition and treatment are important to improve limb salvage rates.", "contents": "Complications and treatment of popliteal aneurysms. Because arteriosclerotic popliteal aneurysms so often present with complications, treatment results are less than optimal in contrast to aneurysms oat other sites. From 1963 to 1977, 40 surgically treated aneurysms in 30 patients were studied. Seventeen limbs presented as asymptomatic aneurysms (42.5%), four with pressure symptoms (10%), one with rupture and ischemia (2.5%), nine with acute thromboses and ischemia (22.5%), and nine with chronic ischemia and claudication (22.5%). Seventeen aneurysms were thrombosed (42.5%). Diameters of all aneurysms measured at operation ranged from 1.0 to 10 cm. It was of interest to note that, generally, larger aneurysms were patent, and thromboses were common in the smaller aneurysms, with an average diameter of 2.5 cm. Saphenous vein grafts were used most frequently for interpolation grafts (65%) and bypass grafts (12.5(). Prosthesis were used in 7.5%, endarterectomy and aneurysmorraphy in 5%. Popliteal reconstruction was accomplished initially in 40 limbs, with two early failures and 10 late failures with loss of two limbs. Cumulative patency rates for 40 limbs at risk at 5 and 10 years were 75.9%, at 14 years, 62.6%. Diagnosis is the most difficult aspect of this problem, as physical limitations impede early diagnosis. Thromboses being the natural history of popliteal aneurysms, early recognition and treatment are important to improve limb salvage rates.", "PMID": 715697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6317", "title": "Role of staging in bilateral carotid endarterectomy.", "content": "Staging of bilateral carotid endarterectomies 1 to 6 weeks apart has been recommended because of presumed excessive morbidity chiefly related to respiratory problems, hypertension, and neurological deficits. Since data regarding the timing of the second procedure are lacking, an analysis of 79 consecutive patients undergoing bilateral endarterectomies staged from 6 days to 34 months apart (median interval, 52 days) was performed. In addition to postoperative neurological deficits, however, transient perioperative mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP and DBP) were compared after each side and were correlated with the time interval between the two procedures. No significant difference existed between the two sides in terms of preoperative hypertension, administration of steroids prior to clamping, intraoperative clamp time, the use of shunts, and the duration of operation (P greater than 0.05). Seven temporary neurological deficits occurred after operation, six after the first and one after the second endarterectomy. One permanent deficit following operation on the second side led to the only death (0.6%) in this series. Both neurological deficits (one temporary and one permanent) following the second endarterectomy occurred after procedures staged more than 60 days apart. No differences in mean SBP and DBP existed between patients with and without neurological deficits. Statistical analysis of SBP and DBP recordings during and 6, 12, 24, and 36 hours after operation when the two were staged 7 days (nine patients), 8 to 14 days (five patients), 15 to 30 days (10 patients), 30 to 60 days (17 patients), and more than 60 days (38 patients) apart revealed significantly higher readings after the second procedure, only in patients staged greater than 60 days (P less than 0.05). Therefore, in our experience, neurological deficits were less common after the second endarterectomy, and, although postoperative blood pressures were higher after the second side, these were significant only in patients staged more than 60 days apart. We find no evidence to suggest that increasing the waiting period between bilateral procedures will lower the incidence of undesirable neurological sequelae.", "contents": "Role of staging in bilateral carotid endarterectomy. Staging of bilateral carotid endarterectomies 1 to 6 weeks apart has been recommended because of presumed excessive morbidity chiefly related to respiratory problems, hypertension, and neurological deficits. Since data regarding the timing of the second procedure are lacking, an analysis of 79 consecutive patients undergoing bilateral endarterectomies staged from 6 days to 34 months apart (median interval, 52 days) was performed. In addition to postoperative neurological deficits, however, transient perioperative mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP and DBP) were compared after each side and were correlated with the time interval between the two procedures. No significant difference existed between the two sides in terms of preoperative hypertension, administration of steroids prior to clamping, intraoperative clamp time, the use of shunts, and the duration of operation (P greater than 0.05). Seven temporary neurological deficits occurred after operation, six after the first and one after the second endarterectomy. One permanent deficit following operation on the second side led to the only death (0.6%) in this series. Both neurological deficits (one temporary and one permanent) following the second endarterectomy occurred after procedures staged more than 60 days apart. No differences in mean SBP and DBP existed between patients with and without neurological deficits. Statistical analysis of SBP and DBP recordings during and 6, 12, 24, and 36 hours after operation when the two were staged 7 days (nine patients), 8 to 14 days (five patients), 15 to 30 days (10 patients), 30 to 60 days (17 patients), and more than 60 days (38 patients) apart revealed significantly higher readings after the second procedure, only in patients staged greater than 60 days (P less than 0.05). Therefore, in our experience, neurological deficits were less common after the second endarterectomy, and, although postoperative blood pressures were higher after the second side, these were significant only in patients staged more than 60 days apart. We find no evidence to suggest that increasing the waiting period between bilateral procedures will lower the incidence of undesirable neurological sequelae.", "PMID": 715698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6318", "title": "Hemodynamic assessment and surgical correction of kinking of the internal carotid artery.", "content": "Although kinking of the internal carotid artery has been recognized for many years, the surgical significance of this lesion has remained controversial. The present study was designed to identify hemodynamic significance of kinking of the internal carotid artery using a positional testing technique with preoperative and postoperative noninvasive data that were correlated with intraoperative electromagnetic flow measurements to establish operative criteria. A fluid-filled oculoplethysmograph (OPG) was used to assess carotid artery flow in 26 patients with cerebral ischemic symptoms who had angiographic documentation of kinking of the internal carotid artery. OPG testing was done with the patient's head positioned first in the neutral, then in the right and left rotations, and then in extension-flexion positions. Sixteen patients underwent angioplasty. At operation electromagnetic flow measurements of the internal carotid artery were determined in these 16 patients with similar positional maneuvers. A reduction of flow from 30% to 80% was found on positional testing during operation in 14 of these 16, and all 14 of these patients also had abnormal preoperative OPG testing. After angioplasty, effects of position on internal carotid artery flow were eliminated, as proved by electromagnetic flowmeter measurements and by follow-up OPG studies in all 14 patients. The other two patients who had been subjected to surgical correction had no positional effects as documented by electromagnetic flowmeter testing. A high correlation between noninvasive data and operative flow measurements suggests that positional OPG testing is helpful in identifying hemodynamically significant kinking. Symptomatic patients with kinking of the internal carotid artery and abnormal OPG testing may be candidates for corrective surgery.", "contents": "Hemodynamic assessment and surgical correction of kinking of the internal carotid artery. Although kinking of the internal carotid artery has been recognized for many years, the surgical significance of this lesion has remained controversial. The present study was designed to identify hemodynamic significance of kinking of the internal carotid artery using a positional testing technique with preoperative and postoperative noninvasive data that were correlated with intraoperative electromagnetic flow measurements to establish operative criteria. A fluid-filled oculoplethysmograph (OPG) was used to assess carotid artery flow in 26 patients with cerebral ischemic symptoms who had angiographic documentation of kinking of the internal carotid artery. OPG testing was done with the patient's head positioned first in the neutral, then in the right and left rotations, and then in extension-flexion positions. Sixteen patients underwent angioplasty. At operation electromagnetic flow measurements of the internal carotid artery were determined in these 16 patients with similar positional maneuvers. A reduction of flow from 30% to 80% was found on positional testing during operation in 14 of these 16, and all 14 of these patients also had abnormal preoperative OPG testing. After angioplasty, effects of position on internal carotid artery flow were eliminated, as proved by electromagnetic flowmeter measurements and by follow-up OPG studies in all 14 patients. The other two patients who had been subjected to surgical correction had no positional effects as documented by electromagnetic flowmeter testing. A high correlation between noninvasive data and operative flow measurements suggests that positional OPG testing is helpful in identifying hemodynamically significant kinking. Symptomatic patients with kinking of the internal carotid artery and abnormal OPG testing may be candidates for corrective surgery.", "PMID": 715699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6319", "title": "Staged and combined surgical approach to simultaneous carotid and coronary vascular disease.", "content": "Between 1969 and 1976, 174 patients were treated surgically for simultaneous carotid and coronary atherosclerosis. In 59 patients, staged carotid endarterectomy was performed a few days to 6 months prior to myocardial revascularization. Severe (more than 60% stenosis) coronary atherosclerosis affected a single vessel in 11 patients (19%), two vessels in 20 patients (34%), and three vessels in 28 patients (47%). Left ventricular contraction was impaired in 30 patients (51%). Nine patients (15%) had previous neurological symptoms, and 50 patients (85%) had asymptomatic carotid stenosis. One patient (1.5%) had a permanent stroke after carotid endarterectomy. There were no permanent strokes after staged myocardial revascularization, and the early mortality rate was 1.7%. Combined carotid endarterectomy and myocardial revascularization were performed in 115 patients with severe cardiac disease. Coronary atherosclerosis affected a single vessel in 10 patients (9%), two vessels in 39 patients (34%), and three vessels in 66 patients (57%). Left ventricular impairment was present in 72 patients (63%). Thirty-five patients (30%) had previous neurological symptoms, and 80 patients (70%) had asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Five patients (4.3%) had permanent strokes after combined revascularization, and four of these patients had occlusion or severe stenosis of the contralateral internal carotid artery. The early mortality rate was 4.3%, but no deaths could be attributed to carotid repair. The results suggest that significant simultaneous carotid and coronary atherosclerosis should be corrected in selected patients by staged operations when feasible. In the presence of severe cardiac disease, a combined precedure may be performed in face of higher risk of intraoperative stroke.", "contents": "Staged and combined surgical approach to simultaneous carotid and coronary vascular disease. Between 1969 and 1976, 174 patients were treated surgically for simultaneous carotid and coronary atherosclerosis. In 59 patients, staged carotid endarterectomy was performed a few days to 6 months prior to myocardial revascularization. Severe (more than 60% stenosis) coronary atherosclerosis affected a single vessel in 11 patients (19%), two vessels in 20 patients (34%), and three vessels in 28 patients (47%). Left ventricular contraction was impaired in 30 patients (51%). Nine patients (15%) had previous neurological symptoms, and 50 patients (85%) had asymptomatic carotid stenosis. One patient (1.5%) had a permanent stroke after carotid endarterectomy. There were no permanent strokes after staged myocardial revascularization, and the early mortality rate was 1.7%. Combined carotid endarterectomy and myocardial revascularization were performed in 115 patients with severe cardiac disease. Coronary atherosclerosis affected a single vessel in 10 patients (9%), two vessels in 39 patients (34%), and three vessels in 66 patients (57%). Left ventricular impairment was present in 72 patients (63%). Thirty-five patients (30%) had previous neurological symptoms, and 80 patients (70%) had asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Five patients (4.3%) had permanent strokes after combined revascularization, and four of these patients had occlusion or severe stenosis of the contralateral internal carotid artery. The early mortality rate was 4.3%, but no deaths could be attributed to carotid repair. The results suggest that significant simultaneous carotid and coronary atherosclerosis should be corrected in selected patients by staged operations when feasible. In the presence of severe cardiac disease, a combined precedure may be performed in face of higher risk of intraoperative stroke.", "PMID": 715700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6320", "title": "Management of acute lower extremity arterial ischemia due to embolism and thrombosis.", "content": "Despite a general impression to the contrary, a recent survey showed that the current mortality rate for acute arterial ischemia approximates 25%. Much of this apparently relates to toxins and procoagulants released from the dying limb, a tendency which may be enhanced further by attempts at revascularization. Based on these observations, we have utilized selective management of acute arterial ischemia in an attempt to minimize deaths and to salvage the maximum number of limbs. If the patient presents within 6 to 8 hours of the onset of acute arterial occlusion and if paralysis or anesthesia is present, then ultimate limb loss is likely. The therapeutic choices are high-dose heparin therapy, operative removal of the clot, or amputation of the limb--the ultimate choice being dependent upon the particular status of the patient. But if sensation and motor function are present, viability of the limb is not threatened, and good results can be obtained by utilizing anticoagulation and delayed elective revascularization, if the latter is indicated. But revascularization attempts after 10 to 12 hours of severe ischemia often are unsuccessful, and ischemia is followed by either recurrent thrombosis and ultimate limb loss, or by death from the systemic effects of reperfusion of ischemic tissue. This type of limb is managed best by using high-dose heparin therapy if viable, or by amputation if it is not. Employing the above criteria, 54 patients with acute arterial ischemia averaging 59 years of age, were treated. Seventeen had immediate thrombectomy, yielding two deaths and four subsequent amputations. Twenty-nine received anticoagulation treatment, resulting in one death and five amputations, and six had immediate amputation, yielding one death. Three had no specific treatment, with one poor result. There were four deaths in the entire series--a mortality rate of 7.5%--and two thirds of the limbs were salvaged. We have concluded that selective management, as prescribed above, was responsible for a significant decrease in mortality rate with no corresponding increase in limb loss, and that high-dose heparin therapy ultimately may prove the initial treatment of choice in all cases of acute arterial ischemia.", "contents": "Management of acute lower extremity arterial ischemia due to embolism and thrombosis. Despite a general impression to the contrary, a recent survey showed that the current mortality rate for acute arterial ischemia approximates 25%. Much of this apparently relates to toxins and procoagulants released from the dying limb, a tendency which may be enhanced further by attempts at revascularization. Based on these observations, we have utilized selective management of acute arterial ischemia in an attempt to minimize deaths and to salvage the maximum number of limbs. If the patient presents within 6 to 8 hours of the onset of acute arterial occlusion and if paralysis or anesthesia is present, then ultimate limb loss is likely. The therapeutic choices are high-dose heparin therapy, operative removal of the clot, or amputation of the limb--the ultimate choice being dependent upon the particular status of the patient. But if sensation and motor function are present, viability of the limb is not threatened, and good results can be obtained by utilizing anticoagulation and delayed elective revascularization, if the latter is indicated. But revascularization attempts after 10 to 12 hours of severe ischemia often are unsuccessful, and ischemia is followed by either recurrent thrombosis and ultimate limb loss, or by death from the systemic effects of reperfusion of ischemic tissue. This type of limb is managed best by using high-dose heparin therapy if viable, or by amputation if it is not. Employing the above criteria, 54 patients with acute arterial ischemia averaging 59 years of age, were treated. Seventeen had immediate thrombectomy, yielding two deaths and four subsequent amputations. Twenty-nine received anticoagulation treatment, resulting in one death and five amputations, and six had immediate amputation, yielding one death. Three had no specific treatment, with one poor result. There were four deaths in the entire series--a mortality rate of 7.5%--and two thirds of the limbs were salvaged. We have concluded that selective management, as prescribed above, was responsible for a significant decrease in mortality rate with no corresponding increase in limb loss, and that high-dose heparin therapy ultimately may prove the initial treatment of choice in all cases of acute arterial ischemia.", "PMID": 715701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6321", "title": "The importance of combined multisegmental pressure and Doppler flow velocity studies in the diagnosis of peripheral arterial occlusive disease.", "content": "The value of combined multisegmental pressures and quantitative Doppler flow velocity determinations in the preoperative vascular laboratory evaluation was analyzed in 100 consecutive patients with angiographically documented peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Several new observations were made: (1) erroneously normal or even high segmental pressure  readings appear to be caused by increased arterial wall stiffness and may produce falsely elevated or erroneously normal pressure, suggesting less disease than exists, especially when only ankle pressure screening is used. (2) The addition of quantitative flow velocity determinations significantly improved the reliability of diagnostic decision making. The diagnosis of proximal arterial occlusive disease based on combined pressure-velocity measurements was confirmed angiographically in 143 of 148 limb studies (96.6%), including several with normal pressures and reduced velocity values--a pressure-velocity dissociation. (3) A decrease of the leg segment:arm pressure ratio combined with only a slight reduction of velocity indices suggests a stenosis with good local collateral flow and vessel patency at the site of measurement--a reversed pressure-velocity dissociation. (4) A decreased lower limb segment/arm pressure ratio combined with a significant reduction of velocity indices is evidence of arterial stenosis with poor local collateral flow. The combined multisegmental pressure and velocity evaluation of patients suspected of arterial occlusive disease substantially increases the reliability of noninvasive diagnosis and offers a new level of differential diagnostic interpretation.", "contents": "The importance of combined multisegmental pressure and Doppler flow velocity studies in the diagnosis of peripheral arterial occlusive disease. The value of combined multisegmental pressures and quantitative Doppler flow velocity determinations in the preoperative vascular laboratory evaluation was analyzed in 100 consecutive patients with angiographically documented peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Several new observations were made: (1) erroneously normal or even high segmental pressure  readings appear to be caused by increased arterial wall stiffness and may produce falsely elevated or erroneously normal pressure, suggesting less disease than exists, especially when only ankle pressure screening is used. (2) The addition of quantitative flow velocity determinations significantly improved the reliability of diagnostic decision making. The diagnosis of proximal arterial occlusive disease based on combined pressure-velocity measurements was confirmed angiographically in 143 of 148 limb studies (96.6%), including several with normal pressures and reduced velocity values--a pressure-velocity dissociation. (3) A decrease of the leg segment:arm pressure ratio combined with only a slight reduction of velocity indices suggests a stenosis with good local collateral flow and vessel patency at the site of measurement--a reversed pressure-velocity dissociation. (4) A decreased lower limb segment/arm pressure ratio combined with a significant reduction of velocity indices is evidence of arterial stenosis with poor local collateral flow. The combined multisegmental pressure and velocity evaluation of patients suspected of arterial occlusive disease substantially increases the reliability of noninvasive diagnosis and offers a new level of differential diagnostic interpretation.", "PMID": 715702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6322", "title": "The application of thermography in the study of coronary blood flow.", "content": "The technique presented in this paper is based on the authors' previous observations in which they found that artificial decrease of blood flow to a portion of the heart muscle leads to an immediate and proportional drop in the regional myocardial temperature. It appeared to the authors as a logical next step to apply the thermographic camera to a monitor and to record such changes in the human patient during coronary surgery and to use the data to draw conclusions applicable to regional blood supply and to blood flow through surgically inserted vein grafts. They found that, on the normothermic heart, there were well-identifiable \"cold\" patches corresponding with areas of impaired coronary circulation. By infusion of blood to the ischemic myocardium through individual release of the bypass grafts, the thermogram responded by immediate appearance of \"warm\" spots corresponding with the areas supplied by the grafts. Even more dramatic demonstration of graft patency and outline of the area supplied by the graft could be performed by injecting cold saline solution into the grafted saphenous veins. In the author's experience this most interesting new method proved to be a useful tool in coronary surgery both as an adjunct in delineating ischemic areas and in proving the patency and efficiency of the grafts inserted.", "contents": "The application of thermography in the study of coronary blood flow. The technique presented in this paper is based on the authors' previous observations in which they found that artificial decrease of blood flow to a portion of the heart muscle leads to an immediate and proportional drop in the regional myocardial temperature. It appeared to the authors as a logical next step to apply the thermographic camera to a monitor and to record such changes in the human patient during coronary surgery and to use the data to draw conclusions applicable to regional blood supply and to blood flow through surgically inserted vein grafts. They found that, on the normothermic heart, there were well-identifiable \"cold\" patches corresponding with areas of impaired coronary circulation. By infusion of blood to the ischemic myocardium through individual release of the bypass grafts, the thermogram responded by immediate appearance of \"warm\" spots corresponding with the areas supplied by the grafts. Even more dramatic demonstration of graft patency and outline of the area supplied by the graft could be performed by injecting cold saline solution into the grafted saphenous veins. In the author's experience this most interesting new method proved to be a useful tool in coronary surgery both as an adjunct in delineating ischemic areas and in proving the patency and efficiency of the grafts inserted.", "PMID": 715703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6323", "title": "The morphogenesis of beta-aminopropionitrile-induced rib malformation in fetal golden Syrian hamsters.", "content": "In order to provide information on the mechanism of beta-aminopropionitrile (betaapn) induced teratogenesis, the pathogenesis of a fetal rib abnormality was studied at relatively short time intervals following maternal treatment with 2,500 mg/kg aqueous betaapn on day 11 of gestation. Histochemical tests of ribs from betaapn-exposed fetuses indicated a slight decrease in the level of glycosaminoglycans but at a time when the defect was already morphologically established. Ultrastructural observations on the chondrocytes of ribs from betaapn-exposed fetuses revealed alterations in mitochondrial structure indicative of a slight cytotoxic effect for the teratogen. The mitochondrial changes were transient, occurring initially at three hours after treatment and lasting for nine hours. Alterations in the size of collagen fibres in the cartilage of the fetal rib were also observed in the offspring of betaapn treated females. The mean diameter of collagen fibres in the ribs of control fetuses increased throughout the course of the study. The mean diameter of fibres in the fetuses of betaapn-exposed females failed to show any increase and was found to be significantly less than controls as early as three hours following maternal administration. The results suggested that the principal factor in the production of the fetal rib deformity was fundamentally the same as that known to affect the adult; namely a defect in the extracellular maturation of collagen.", "contents": "The morphogenesis of beta-aminopropionitrile-induced rib malformation in fetal golden Syrian hamsters. In order to provide information on the mechanism of beta-aminopropionitrile (betaapn) induced teratogenesis, the pathogenesis of a fetal rib abnormality was studied at relatively short time intervals following maternal treatment with 2,500 mg/kg aqueous betaapn on day 11 of gestation. Histochemical tests of ribs from betaapn-exposed fetuses indicated a slight decrease in the level of glycosaminoglycans but at a time when the defect was already morphologically established. Ultrastructural observations on the chondrocytes of ribs from betaapn-exposed fetuses revealed alterations in mitochondrial structure indicative of a slight cytotoxic effect for the teratogen. The mitochondrial changes were transient, occurring initially at three hours after treatment and lasting for nine hours. Alterations in the size of collagen fibres in the cartilage of the fetal rib were also observed in the offspring of betaapn treated females. The mean diameter of collagen fibres in the ribs of control fetuses increased throughout the course of the study. The mean diameter of fibres in the fetuses of betaapn-exposed females failed to show any increase and was found to be significantly less than controls as early as three hours following maternal administration. The results suggested that the principal factor in the production of the fetal rib deformity was fundamentally the same as that known to affect the adult; namely a defect in the extracellular maturation of collagen.", "PMID": 715724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6324", "title": "The effect of trypan blue on the development of the ferret and rat.", "content": "The teratogenic effects of trypan blue given to pregnant rats and ferrets at equivalent stages of embryonic development are described. In the rat the well known teratogenicity of the dye at 8.5 days of gestation and the surprising cessation of teratogenic effect at 11.5 days (20+ somites) is confirmed. In the ferret the drug is teratogenic both at 13  and 18 days of gestation though the principal abnormalities seen are different to those described in the rat. It has been suggested that the teratogenic action of trypan blue in rats is due to an interference in the function of the yolk sac which is an organ of histiotrophic nutrition and provides the principal source of nutrition for the 8.5-day embryo that is largely replaced by a functional chorio-allantoic placenta after 11.5 days of gestation. In ferrets histiotrophic nutrition does not involve an inverted yolk sac placental system. In this species endometrial symplasma provides histiotroph which is ingested by the invading trophoblast.  Histiotrophic nutrition is still of great importance at 18 days and morphological evidence indicates that chorio-allantoic placentation becomes important by about 20 days (35+ somites).", "contents": "The effect of trypan blue on the development of the ferret and rat. The teratogenic effects of trypan blue given to pregnant rats and ferrets at equivalent stages of embryonic development are described. In the rat the well known teratogenicity of the dye at 8.5 days of gestation and the surprising cessation of teratogenic effect at 11.5 days (20+ somites) is confirmed. In the ferret the drug is teratogenic both at 13  and 18 days of gestation though the principal abnormalities seen are different to those described in the rat. It has been suggested that the teratogenic action of trypan blue in rats is due to an interference in the function of the yolk sac which is an organ of histiotrophic nutrition and provides the principal source of nutrition for the 8.5-day embryo that is largely replaced by a functional chorio-allantoic placenta after 11.5 days of gestation. In ferrets histiotrophic nutrition does not involve an inverted yolk sac placental system. In this species endometrial symplasma provides histiotroph which is ingested by the invading trophoblast.  Histiotrophic nutrition is still of great importance at 18 days and morphological evidence indicates that chorio-allantoic placentation becomes important by about 20 days (35+ somites).", "PMID": 715725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6325", "title": "Early changes in the mouse neuroepithelium preceding exencephaly induced by hypervitaminosis A.", "content": "Excess vitamin A orally administered to pregnant mice during neurulation causes most of the embryos to become exencephalic. The study presents light and electron microscopic observations that trace the origin and course of the early cellular and tissue alterations associated with the malformation. The main effects of the teratogen are seen in the neuroepithelial cells of the cephalic region of the presumptive nervous system. The degree to which each embryo is malformed varies but no matter how extensive the abnormalities in each embryo, the neuroepithelium is always affected and the lesions are similar. Mesodermal abnormalities appear only in the most seriously affected embryos. With the electron microscope, changes are apparent in the neuroepithelial cells within a few hours after maternal treatment. These changes include the formation of abnormally shaped nuclei with swollen nuclear envelopes, dilation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and formation of cytoplasmic inclusions that contain DNA and/or RNA. The inclusions are thought to arise as an autophagocytic response of the cells to the sub-lethal injury induced by the teratogen. In addition, a number of cells are more severely affected and degenerate. Light microscopic examination of serial sections reveals that by 20 hours after treatment, the neuroepithelium becomes disorganized: the cells are round and misaligned and intercellular connections are lost. We postulate that the early cellular alterations lead to a disruption of the architecture of the early neuroepithelium so that the neural folds fail to meet and close. The tissue may survive the initial insult, but continues to grow in the everted manner characteristic of exencephaly.", "contents": "Early changes in the mouse neuroepithelium preceding exencephaly induced by hypervitaminosis A. Excess vitamin A orally administered to pregnant mice during neurulation causes most of the embryos to become exencephalic. The study presents light and electron microscopic observations that trace the origin and course of the early cellular and tissue alterations associated with the malformation. The main effects of the teratogen are seen in the neuroepithelial cells of the cephalic region of the presumptive nervous system. The degree to which each embryo is malformed varies but no matter how extensive the abnormalities in each embryo, the neuroepithelium is always affected and the lesions are similar. Mesodermal abnormalities appear only in the most seriously affected embryos. With the electron microscope, changes are apparent in the neuroepithelial cells within a few hours after maternal treatment. These changes include the formation of abnormally shaped nuclei with swollen nuclear envelopes, dilation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and formation of cytoplasmic inclusions that contain DNA and/or RNA. The inclusions are thought to arise as an autophagocytic response of the cells to the sub-lethal injury induced by the teratogen. In addition, a number of cells are more severely affected and degenerate. Light microscopic examination of serial sections reveals that by 20 hours after treatment, the neuroepithelium becomes disorganized: the cells are round and misaligned and intercellular connections are lost. We postulate that the early cellular alterations lead to a disruption of the architecture of the early neuroepithelium so that the neural folds fail to meet and close. The tissue may survive the initial insult, but continues to grow in the everted manner characteristic of exencephaly.", "PMID": 715727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6326", "title": "Use of dose-response relationships to discriminate between the mechanisms of cleft-palate induction by different teratogens: an argument for discussion.", "content": "The examples of 6-AN- and cortisone-induced cleft palate in the mouse suggest that dose-response studies can be used to discriminate whether mechanisms of action are different for different teratogens. Evidence for differences in the mechanisms of teratogenic action can be found in terms of the parameters of the response without reliance on other consequences of teratogen treatment. It is argued that the application of established biometrical models or, possibly, the development of new ones is critical to consolidate enumerative data. With practical methods, genetic variation can be sought, interpreted and put to experimental use, structure-function studies can be made intelligible, and safety evaluation programs might begin to make sense.", "contents": "Use of dose-response relationships to discriminate between the mechanisms of cleft-palate induction by different teratogens: an argument for discussion. The examples of 6-AN- and cortisone-induced cleft palate in the mouse suggest that dose-response studies can be used to discriminate whether mechanisms of action are different for different teratogens. Evidence for differences in the mechanisms of teratogenic action can be found in terms of the parameters of the response without reliance on other consequences of teratogen treatment. It is argued that the application of established biometrical models or, possibly, the development of new ones is critical to consolidate enumerative data. With practical methods, genetic variation can be sought, interpreted and put to experimental use, structure-function studies can be made intelligible, and safety evaluation programs might begin to make sense.", "PMID": 715728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6327", "title": "Cell ploidy in molar placental disease.", "content": "Molar diseases of the placenta is associated with cystic change in the villi. The cysts may be from 5-20+ mm in diameter. This disease has been described in association with triploid and diploid cell lines and with and without an accompanying embryo or fetus. It may be followed by malignant change and invasive chorio-carcinoma. In order to investigate the association between cell ploidy, embryonic development and subsequent malignancy, a detailed study of 30 conceptuses with molar disease was made, with the accompanying maternal history and follow-up. The cell ploidy was determined by measurement of nuclei by a cytoscan light microscope connected to a computer program as has been previously described. Diploid cell lines were not found with embryonic or fetal development. Triploid cell lines were always associated with an embryo or fetus. Triploidy is not associated with hyperplastic changes in the trophoblast. These results are presented and discussed.", "contents": "Cell ploidy in molar placental disease. Molar diseases of the placenta is associated with cystic change in the villi. The cysts may be from 5-20+ mm in diameter. This disease has been described in association with triploid and diploid cell lines and with and without an accompanying embryo or fetus. It may be followed by malignant change and invasive chorio-carcinoma. In order to investigate the association between cell ploidy, embryonic development and subsequent malignancy, a detailed study of 30 conceptuses with molar disease was made, with the accompanying maternal history and follow-up. The cell ploidy was determined by measurement of nuclei by a cytoscan light microscope connected to a computer program as has been previously described. Diploid cell lines were not found with embryonic or fetal development. Triploid cell lines were always associated with an embryo or fetus. Triploidy is not associated with hyperplastic changes in the trophoblast. These results are presented and discussed.", "PMID": 715729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6328", "title": "Teratogenic effect of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in mice.", "content": "The teratogenic effect on the mouse fetus of a potently mutagenic and carcinogenic agent, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), was studied. Pregnant mice were injected on one of gestation days 7-12 with an intraperitoneal dose of 40, 60 or 80 mg/kg of MNNG, and fetuses were examined on day 18 of gestation. Various malformations affecting the brain, face, vertebra, rib and limb appeared in high frequency. Brain malformations were the most predominant; hydrocephalus, hydromicrocephaly and microcephaly appeared in sequence with developmental stages of treatment, although exencephaly occurred infrequently. Cleft palate, sometimes associated with microglossia and micrognathia, and vertebral anomalies including tail defect were observed following almost every gestation-day treatment. Long-bone defects of fore- and hindlimbs were also predominant. Polydactyly, ectrodactyly and microdactyly frequently occurred together in the fore- or hindlimbs or both in sequence with treatment stages. Ectrodactyly and microdactyly appeared with greater frequency on the left than on the right in both fore- and hindlimbs, but polydactyly and long-bone defects appeared bilaterally.", "contents": "Teratogenic effect of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in mice. The teratogenic effect on the mouse fetus of a potently mutagenic and carcinogenic agent, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), was studied. Pregnant mice were injected on one of gestation days 7-12 with an intraperitoneal dose of 40, 60 or 80 mg/kg of MNNG, and fetuses were examined on day 18 of gestation. Various malformations affecting the brain, face, vertebra, rib and limb appeared in high frequency. Brain malformations were the most predominant; hydrocephalus, hydromicrocephaly and microcephaly appeared in sequence with developmental stages of treatment, although exencephaly occurred infrequently. Cleft palate, sometimes associated with microglossia and micrognathia, and vertebral anomalies including tail defect were observed following almost every gestation-day treatment. Long-bone defects of fore- and hindlimbs were also predominant. Polydactyly, ectrodactyly and microdactyly frequently occurred together in the fore- or hindlimbs or both in sequence with treatment stages. Ectrodactyly and microdactyly appeared with greater frequency on the left than on the right in both fore- and hindlimbs, but polydactyly and long-bone defects appeared bilaterally.", "PMID": 715730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6329", "title": "[Inflammatory and tumorous metastases of the thoracic spine: operative management and results (author's transl)].", "content": "133 patients with inflammatory or tumorous metastases of the thoracic spine were operated upon within the last 11 years. Radical removal of inflammatory lesions with consecutive corticalis-spongiosa-plasty, taken from the christa pelvis, and chemotherapy are a therapeutical unit. Excision of the tumor with supplement bone grafting or \"Pallacosplombe\" and stabilization according to the principals of osteosynthesis are rewarding in individual cases. Four out of nine tumor patients survived two years after surgery.", "contents": "[Inflammatory and tumorous metastases of the thoracic spine: operative management and results (author's transl)]. 133 patients with inflammatory or tumorous metastases of the thoracic spine were operated upon within the last 11 years. Radical removal of inflammatory lesions with consecutive corticalis-spongiosa-plasty, taken from the christa pelvis, and chemotherapy are a therapeutical unit. Excision of the tumor with supplement bone grafting or \"Pallacosplombe\" and stabilization according to the principals of osteosynthesis are rewarding in individual cases. Four out of nine tumor patients survived two years after surgery.", "PMID": 715750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6330", "title": "[The influence of postischemic reperfusion on the recovery of ischemic lesions of the left ventricle (author's transl)].", "content": "In an isolated dog heart preparation the influence of normothermic ischemic arrest and recovery of the ventricular function during the period of post-ischemic reperfusion were investigated. If ischemic arrest has caused a depression of ventricular function, the functional recovery of the myocardium cannot be improved significantly by a prolonged reperfusion of the empty beating heart.", "contents": "[The influence of postischemic reperfusion on the recovery of ischemic lesions of the left ventricle (author's transl)]. In an isolated dog heart preparation the influence of normothermic ischemic arrest and recovery of the ventricular function during the period of post-ischemic reperfusion were investigated. If ischemic arrest has caused a depression of ventricular function, the functional recovery of the myocardium cannot be improved significantly by a prolonged reperfusion of the empty beating heart.", "PMID": 715751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6331", "title": "[The value of enzyme-determination after cardiac surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "In 342 patients undergoing open heart surgery we determined the serum enzyme levels of GOT, GPT, LDH, alpha-HBDH, LAP, CK and CK-MB from the beginning of the operation up to the 14 th postoperative day. There was an elevation of serum enzymes depending on the type of operation, the duration of extracorporal circulation and the postoperative course. A pattern of enzyme changes for uncomplicated cases is described. The investigations demonstrate a statistically significant correlation between the elevation of \"liver specific enzymes\" and right heart failure on one hand and of \"heart specific enzymes\" and myocardial ischemia on the other hand. It is concluded that only repeated determinations beginning with the operation enable to evaluate serum enzyme levels.", "contents": "[The value of enzyme-determination after cardiac surgery (author's transl)]. In 342 patients undergoing open heart surgery we determined the serum enzyme levels of GOT, GPT, LDH, alpha-HBDH, LAP, CK and CK-MB from the beginning of the operation up to the 14 th postoperative day. There was an elevation of serum enzymes depending on the type of operation, the duration of extracorporal circulation and the postoperative course. A pattern of enzyme changes for uncomplicated cases is described. The investigations demonstrate a statistically significant correlation between the elevation of \"liver specific enzymes\" and right heart failure on one hand and of \"heart specific enzymes\" and myocardial ischemia on the other hand. It is concluded that only repeated determinations beginning with the operation enable to evaluate serum enzyme levels.", "PMID": 715752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6332", "title": "[Is creatine kinase isoenzyme CK-MB a diagnostic tool for perioperative myocardial infarctions? (author's transl)].", "content": "There is still controversy of the validity of elevated CK-MB serum activity in the diagnosis of perioperative myocardial infarction after open heart surgery. CK-MB activity was investigated using myocardial and skeletal muscle biopsies and in sera postoperatively in 192 patients. In biopsies CK-MB fraction of total myocardial CPK was 37%, the total-CPK activity of human skeletal muscles still shows a 5% fraction of CK-MB. There has to be more than 8% CK-MB fraction of total CPK-serum-activity to take this as evidence of myocardial damage. 3 h postoperatively enzymatic-immunologic CK-MB test is no longer interfered by enzymes derived from hemolyzed erythrocytes. In patients without signs of myocardial lesions postoperatively mean CK-MB-activity is 11 to 27 U/1 depending on the operative procedure performed. Activity levels exceeding 50 U/1 are almost evident of myocardial infarction. Elevated CK-MB-serum activity is a sensitive parameter for myocardial lesions overestimating an event of infarction. It is a helpful tool diagnosing perioperative myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Is creatine kinase isoenzyme CK-MB a diagnostic tool for perioperative myocardial infarctions? (author's transl)]. There is still controversy of the validity of elevated CK-MB serum activity in the diagnosis of perioperative myocardial infarction after open heart surgery. CK-MB activity was investigated using myocardial and skeletal muscle biopsies and in sera postoperatively in 192 patients. In biopsies CK-MB fraction of total myocardial CPK was 37%, the total-CPK activity of human skeletal muscles still shows a 5% fraction of CK-MB. There has to be more than 8% CK-MB fraction of total CPK-serum-activity to take this as evidence of myocardial damage. 3 h postoperatively enzymatic-immunologic CK-MB test is no longer interfered by enzymes derived from hemolyzed erythrocytes. In patients without signs of myocardial lesions postoperatively mean CK-MB-activity is 11 to 27 U/1 depending on the operative procedure performed. Activity levels exceeding 50 U/1 are almost evident of myocardial infarction. Elevated CK-MB-serum activity is a sensitive parameter for myocardial lesions overestimating an event of infarction. It is a helpful tool diagnosing perioperative myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 715753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6333", "title": "[Monitoring myocardial performance after open heart surgery by calculation of diastolic and systolic pressure time index (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to determine the incidence of subendocardial ischemia after open heart surgery, subendocardial blood flow was monitored in 171 patients subjected to mitral and/or aortic valve replacement or coronary revascularization by on-line calculation of Diastolic (DPTI) and Systolic Pressure Time Index (TTI). Body hypothermia with an esophageal temperature of 25 degrees C and magnesium-aspartate-procaine cardioplegia were applied for myocardial protection. Ten patients developed low cardiac output state with two early deaths. In the two patients with fatal low cardiac output DPTI/TTI remained below 0.8. In the remaining 8 patients DPTI/TTI rose to 1.4 after a mean recovery time of 36 hours. In 161 patients (94%) no low cardiac output state evolved and DPTI/TTI rose to 1.3 within 60 min. after termination of cardiopulmonary bypass. Our results indicate that body hypothermia of 25 degrees C combined with magnesium-aspartate-procaine cardioplegia can reduce the incidence of subendocardial ischemia, but does not prevent this complication completely after anoxic times beyond 60-70 minutes.", "contents": "[Monitoring myocardial performance after open heart surgery by calculation of diastolic and systolic pressure time index (author's transl)]. In order to determine the incidence of subendocardial ischemia after open heart surgery, subendocardial blood flow was monitored in 171 patients subjected to mitral and/or aortic valve replacement or coronary revascularization by on-line calculation of Diastolic (DPTI) and Systolic Pressure Time Index (TTI). Body hypothermia with an esophageal temperature of 25 degrees C and magnesium-aspartate-procaine cardioplegia were applied for myocardial protection. Ten patients developed low cardiac output state with two early deaths. In the two patients with fatal low cardiac output DPTI/TTI remained below 0.8. In the remaining 8 patients DPTI/TTI rose to 1.4 after a mean recovery time of 36 hours. In 161 patients (94%) no low cardiac output state evolved and DPTI/TTI rose to 1.3 within 60 min. after termination of cardiopulmonary bypass. Our results indicate that body hypothermia of 25 degrees C combined with magnesium-aspartate-procaine cardioplegia can reduce the incidence of subendocardial ischemia, but does not prevent this complication completely after anoxic times beyond 60-70 minutes.", "PMID": 715754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6334", "title": "[Clinical application of paracorporeal artificial ventricles (author's transl)].", "content": "A pneumatically driven artificial heart with tubular silicone rubber membrane and disc valves was used in four patients with intractable postoperative cardiac failure. The operation was performed through a median sternotomy: large cannulas were placed in both atria and blood was returned to aorta and pulmonary artery. In three patients the natural heart recovered and the artificial ventricles were removed. One patient died 6 weeks after the operation, the other two left the hospital in good condition. Profound postoperative heart failure can be reversed by the use of the paracorporeal artificial heart; the advantage of the system lies in the simplicity of its implantation and removal.", "contents": "[Clinical application of paracorporeal artificial ventricles (author's transl)]. A pneumatically driven artificial heart with tubular silicone rubber membrane and disc valves was used in four patients with intractable postoperative cardiac failure. The operation was performed through a median sternotomy: large cannulas were placed in both atria and blood was returned to aorta and pulmonary artery. In three patients the natural heart recovered and the artificial ventricles were removed. One patient died 6 weeks after the operation, the other two left the hospital in good condition. Profound postoperative heart failure can be reversed by the use of the paracorporeal artificial heart; the advantage of the system lies in the simplicity of its implantation and removal.", "PMID": 715755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6335", "title": "[Hemodynamic results of surgery for congenital supravalvular aortic stenoses (author's transl)].", "content": "Supravalvular aortic stenosis is either a syndrome combined with typical face characteristics mental retardation and peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis or it occurs as an isolated congenital heart defect. The diagnosis was confirmed in 137 patients by means of catheterization and angiocardiography; 35 pediatric and 10 adult patients were considered to be candidates for corrective surgery because of the severity of their disease. Age varied from 3 to 32 years. 7 patients (15,5%) died. Recatheterization was performed in 12 children 5,6 +/- 4,1 years after surgery. Left ventricular pressures were decreased from 184,1 +/- 28,4 to 155,5 +/- 32,1 mm Hg, and the pressure gradients between left ventricle and the aorta fell from 101,2 +/- 19,7 to 29,1 +/- 23,1 mm Hg. The postoperative values varied between 0 and 80 mm Hg. Operative results are discussed in relation to the anatomical type malformation and the operative technique.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic results of surgery for congenital supravalvular aortic stenoses (author's transl)]. Supravalvular aortic stenosis is either a syndrome combined with typical face characteristics mental retardation and peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis or it occurs as an isolated congenital heart defect. The diagnosis was confirmed in 137 patients by means of catheterization and angiocardiography; 35 pediatric and 10 adult patients were considered to be candidates for corrective surgery because of the severity of their disease. Age varied from 3 to 32 years. 7 patients (15,5%) died. Recatheterization was performed in 12 children 5,6 +/- 4,1 years after surgery. Left ventricular pressures were decreased from 184,1 +/- 28,4 to 155,5 +/- 32,1 mm Hg, and the pressure gradients between left ventricle and the aorta fell from 101,2 +/- 19,7 to 29,1 +/- 23,1 mm Hg. The postoperative values varied between 0 and 80 mm Hg. Operative results are discussed in relation to the anatomical type malformation and the operative technique.", "PMID": 715756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6336", "title": "[EMCO for acute respiratory failure: clinical outcome and technique of aortic root perfusion (author's transl)].", "content": "A 15-year-old female was treated with ECMO for acute respiratory insufficiency after severe aspiration. During 81 hours perfusion in V-A-technique even distribution of the artificially oxygenated blood was achieved by supravalvular position of the aortic cannula, which had been advanced to this position with a Ducor-Angiographycatheter. Without any improvement of the lung disease the treatment was terminated after cerebral damage due to toxic edema became evident.", "contents": "[EMCO for acute respiratory failure: clinical outcome and technique of aortic root perfusion (author's transl)]. A 15-year-old female was treated with ECMO for acute respiratory insufficiency after severe aspiration. During 81 hours perfusion in V-A-technique even distribution of the artificially oxygenated blood was achieved by supravalvular position of the aortic cannula, which had been advanced to this position with a Ducor-Angiographycatheter. Without any improvement of the lung disease the treatment was terminated after cerebral damage due to toxic edema became evident.", "PMID": 715757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6337", "title": "[Peripheral nerve injuries complicating extracranial vascular surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Peripheral nerve injuries may complicate extracranial vascular surgery. Pareses of the recurrent and hypoglossal nerves are clinically important. The nervus laryngeus superior, the ramus marginalis mandibulae of the facial nerve and the brachial plexus may be involved. Horner's syndrom indicating damage of sympathetic fibers may also appear. Lesions of the glossopharyngeal, vagus and phrenic nerves are rather seldom.", "contents": "[Peripheral nerve injuries complicating extracranial vascular surgery (author's transl)]. Peripheral nerve injuries may complicate extracranial vascular surgery. Pareses of the recurrent and hypoglossal nerves are clinically important. The nervus laryngeus superior, the ramus marginalis mandibulae of the facial nerve and the brachial plexus may be involved. Horner's syndrom indicating damage of sympathetic fibers may also appear. Lesions of the glossopharyngeal, vagus and phrenic nerves are rather seldom.", "PMID": 715758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6338", "title": "[Pulmonary artery arrosion due to parietal endocarditis--a late complication of a haemodynamically ineffective VSD (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of late complication after operative correction of a valvular pulmonary stenosis is reported. Chronic pulmonary embolism secondary to bacterial endocarditis situated opposite to an uncorrected small ventricular septal defect in the right ventricle caused arrosion of the pulmonary artery and subsequent severe fatal bronchial hemorrhage. The relation between VSD and bacterial endocarditis and the surgical consequences are discussed.", "contents": "[Pulmonary artery arrosion due to parietal endocarditis--a late complication of a haemodynamically ineffective VSD (author's transl)]. A case of late complication after operative correction of a valvular pulmonary stenosis is reported. Chronic pulmonary embolism secondary to bacterial endocarditis situated opposite to an uncorrected small ventricular septal defect in the right ventricle caused arrosion of the pulmonary artery and subsequent severe fatal bronchial hemorrhage. The relation between VSD and bacterial endocarditis and the surgical consequences are discussed.", "PMID": 715759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6339", "title": "Composition of acidic glycoconjugates (glycosaminoglycans and glycoprotein) in myometrium of rabbit uterus under estrogenic condition.", "content": "Acidic glycoconjugates (glycosaminoglycans and glycoprotein) were obtained, from myometrium of ovariectomized rabbit under estrogenic condition, by pronase digestion, fractionation with cetylpyridinium chloride and Dowex I column chromatography, in succession. Composition of acidic glycoconjugates was determined enzymatically, employing Streptomyces hyaluronidase, chondroitinase AC II, chondroitinase ABC and crude heparinase. Each glycoconjugate was distributed in 3 approximately 8 fractions obtained by Dowex I column chromatography, indicating its charge and/or molecular heterogeneity. Acidic glycoconjugates consisted of hyaluronic acid (13.4%), chondroitin sulfates A plus C (39.4%), dermatan sulfate (24.6%), heparan sulfate (18.7%) and acidic glycoprotein (most probably sialoglycoprotein) (3.9%). Composition of acidic glycoconjugates in myometrium differed remarkably from that in whole uterus. Myometrium was abundant in chondroitin sulfate isomers (chondroitin sulfates A plus C plus dermatan sulfate), but lacked sulfated glycoprotein. The present results suggested that myometrium and endometrium of uterus may play quite different roles in reproduction.", "contents": "Composition of acidic glycoconjugates (glycosaminoglycans and glycoprotein) in myometrium of rabbit uterus under estrogenic condition. Acidic glycoconjugates (glycosaminoglycans and glycoprotein) were obtained, from myometrium of ovariectomized rabbit under estrogenic condition, by pronase digestion, fractionation with cetylpyridinium chloride and Dowex I column chromatography, in succession. Composition of acidic glycoconjugates was determined enzymatically, employing Streptomyces hyaluronidase, chondroitinase AC II, chondroitinase ABC and crude heparinase. Each glycoconjugate was distributed in 3 approximately 8 fractions obtained by Dowex I column chromatography, indicating its charge and/or molecular heterogeneity. Acidic glycoconjugates consisted of hyaluronic acid (13.4%), chondroitin sulfates A plus C (39.4%), dermatan sulfate (24.6%), heparan sulfate (18.7%) and acidic glycoprotein (most probably sialoglycoprotein) (3.9%). Composition of acidic glycoconjugates in myometrium differed remarkably from that in whole uterus. Myometrium was abundant in chondroitin sulfate isomers (chondroitin sulfates A plus C plus dermatan sulfate), but lacked sulfated glycoprotein. The present results suggested that myometrium and endometrium of uterus may play quite different roles in reproduction.", "PMID": 715760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6340", "title": "Avoidance behavior in folate--deficient rats.", "content": "The effects of folate deficiency in post-weanling male rats in an active avoidance learning test were studied. Ingestion of a folate-free diet for 3 weeks markedly decreased serum and erythrocyte folate concentrations but had only a slight effect on growth rate. The decrease in blood folates was correlated with an increase in the number of trials necessary to reach criterion in the learning test. There was no motor impairment since the mean escape latency was the same in control and folate-deficient animals. These results suggest that folic acid deficiency started at weaning could be responsible for learning impairment.", "contents": "Avoidance behavior in folate--deficient rats. The effects of folate deficiency in post-weanling male rats in an active avoidance learning test were studied. Ingestion of a folate-free diet for 3 weeks markedly decreased serum and erythrocyte folate concentrations but had only a slight effect on growth rate. The decrease in blood folates was correlated with an increase in the number of trials necessary to reach criterion in the learning test. There was no motor impairment since the mean escape latency was the same in control and folate-deficient animals. These results suggest that folic acid deficiency started at weaning could be responsible for learning impairment.", "PMID": 715761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6341", "title": "Intracranial saccular aneurysms--surgical results of 1,000 consecutive cases.", "content": "The results of our surgical treatment of 1,000 patients with intracranial saccular aneurysm were analyzed with special consideration for age, site of aneurysm, preoperative condition and operative timing. The results on discharge were as follows: 543 cases, excellent; 186, good; 117, fair; 93, poor; and 61, dead. About three-fourths of the cases except for 23 cases of vertebrobasilar aneurysm showed either excellent or good result. The mortality rate became worse with aging. The results fairly correlated with the preoperative grades by Hunt and Hess (1968), but the cases of Grade Ia were unexpectedly worse. The timing of operation influenced the mortality rate; especially, the cases operated within 3 to 7 days following the last subarachnoid hemorrhage bore poor results. Follow-up studies revealed that excellent and good cases increased and poor cases decreased. The mortality rate for each year decreased annually to 2% in 1975. This improvement may be attributed to the advancement in the operative management with supplementary procedures and in the treatment for cerebral angiospasms and general condition.", "contents": "Intracranial saccular aneurysms--surgical results of 1,000 consecutive cases. The results of our surgical treatment of 1,000 patients with intracranial saccular aneurysm were analyzed with special consideration for age, site of aneurysm, preoperative condition and operative timing. The results on discharge were as follows: 543 cases, excellent; 186, good; 117, fair; 93, poor; and 61, dead. About three-fourths of the cases except for 23 cases of vertebrobasilar aneurysm showed either excellent or good result. The mortality rate became worse with aging. The results fairly correlated with the preoperative grades by Hunt and Hess (1968), but the cases of Grade Ia were unexpectedly worse. The timing of operation influenced the mortality rate; especially, the cases operated within 3 to 7 days following the last subarachnoid hemorrhage bore poor results. Follow-up studies revealed that excellent and good cases increased and poor cases decreased. The mortality rate for each year decreased annually to 2% in 1975. This improvement may be attributed to the advancement in the operative management with supplementary procedures and in the treatment for cerebral angiospasms and general condition.", "PMID": 715762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6342", "title": "Distribution of intracranial aneurysm.", "content": "The 1,080 cases of intracranial saccular aneurysms, which were seen at our clinic during the period from June 1961 to September 1975, were subjected to the analysis on the location of the aneurysms, age distribution and sex incidence.", "contents": "Distribution of intracranial aneurysm. The 1,080 cases of intracranial saccular aneurysms, which were seen at our clinic during the period from June 1961 to September 1975, were subjected to the analysis on the location of the aneurysms, age distribution and sex incidence.", "PMID": 715763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6343", "title": "Changes in free amino acids of cerebrospinal fluid and plasma in various neurological diseases.", "content": "By means of liquid chromatography we investigated free amino acids in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (161 subjects) and in plasma (138 subjects) in various neurological diseases and in controls. A general increase in CSF amino acids was found in Group C (samples exhibiting both pleocytosis and increasing CSF protein concentration) and in \"spinal canal block\" and \"neuro-Beh\u00e7et's syndrome\". Also, some abnormalities were detected in these groups with regard to changes in CSF cells, protein or IgG%. In the case of \"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome\" we noted an increase in CSF alanine, glycine, methionine, arginine and the branched-chain group. In \"multiple sclerosis\" an increase was evident in CSF alanine, in plasma alanine and arginine, and in the plasma: CSF ratio of tyrosine. In patients of \"motor neuron diseases (MND)\" CSF glutamic acid, alanine, histidine and arginine all indicated an increase, along with the plasma: CSF ratio of tyrosine. In Group C and in \"neuro-Beh\u00e7et's syndrome\" glycine, methionine and lysine were lowered in the plasma: CSF ratio. Also, the ratio of valine in the former and histidine in the latter indicated a decrease. These results can be supposed to reflect either biochemical abnormalities of plasma and/or the CNS, or changes in the transport systems of the blood-brain barrier.", "contents": "Changes in free amino acids of cerebrospinal fluid and plasma in various neurological diseases. By means of liquid chromatography we investigated free amino acids in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (161 subjects) and in plasma (138 subjects) in various neurological diseases and in controls. A general increase in CSF amino acids was found in Group C (samples exhibiting both pleocytosis and increasing CSF protein concentration) and in \"spinal canal block\" and \"neuro-Beh\u00e7et's syndrome\". Also, some abnormalities were detected in these groups with regard to changes in CSF cells, protein or IgG%. In the case of \"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome\" we noted an increase in CSF alanine, glycine, methionine, arginine and the branched-chain group. In \"multiple sclerosis\" an increase was evident in CSF alanine, in plasma alanine and arginine, and in the plasma: CSF ratio of tyrosine. In patients of \"motor neuron diseases (MND)\" CSF glutamic acid, alanine, histidine and arginine all indicated an increase, along with the plasma: CSF ratio of tyrosine. In Group C and in \"neuro-Beh\u00e7et's syndrome\" glycine, methionine and lysine were lowered in the plasma: CSF ratio. Also, the ratio of valine in the former and histidine in the latter indicated a decrease. These results can be supposed to reflect either biochemical abnormalities of plasma and/or the CNS, or changes in the transport systems of the blood-brain barrier.", "PMID": 715764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6344", "title": "Lymphocyte cytotoxicity to cultured rat liver cells in patients with chronic liver diseases.", "content": "Microcytotoxicity assay revealed that peripheral bloof lymphocytes from patients with chronic active hepatitis were cytotoxic against cultured rat liver cells established by Coon in 1968. Non E-rosette forming cells were cytotoxic in 26 of 28 patients (93%) with chronic active hepatitis, whereas E-rosette forming cells were cytotoxic in only 1 of them. Either an addition of 10 microgram/well of aggregated IgG to non E-rosette forming cell culture or a preincubation of non E-rosette forming cells with 100 microgram/ml of aggregated IgG significantly reduced the cytotoxicity from 62.9 +/- 12.8% to 32.8 +/- 11.6% or to 25.6 +/- 11.3% (p less than 0.001). An addition of antihuman IgG/Fc also reduced the cytotoxicity to 37.4 +/- 17.2%. Significant cytotoxicity of positively selected EA-rosette forming cells was observed in 4 of 10 patients with chronic active hepatitis and that of positively selected EAC-rosette forming cells was demonstrated in 3, whereas in any of these patients neither non EA-rosette forming cells nor non EAC-rosette forming cells were cytotoxic. Cultured liver cells used in this study were seen to possess insoluble liver specific antigen on their surface membranes, but not soluble liver specific lipoprotein of Meyer zum B\u00fcschenfelde, by using an indirect immunofluorescence technique. These results suggested that effector cells are Fc-receptor-bearing cells and that the mechanism of the reaction may be mediated in an antibody-dependent cell-mediated reaction directed against insoluble liver specific membrane antigen(s) rather than soluble one.", "contents": "Lymphocyte cytotoxicity to cultured rat liver cells in patients with chronic liver diseases. Microcytotoxicity assay revealed that peripheral bloof lymphocytes from patients with chronic active hepatitis were cytotoxic against cultured rat liver cells established by Coon in 1968. Non E-rosette forming cells were cytotoxic in 26 of 28 patients (93%) with chronic active hepatitis, whereas E-rosette forming cells were cytotoxic in only 1 of them. Either an addition of 10 microgram/well of aggregated IgG to non E-rosette forming cell culture or a preincubation of non E-rosette forming cells with 100 microgram/ml of aggregated IgG significantly reduced the cytotoxicity from 62.9 +/- 12.8% to 32.8 +/- 11.6% or to 25.6 +/- 11.3% (p less than 0.001). An addition of antihuman IgG/Fc also reduced the cytotoxicity to 37.4 +/- 17.2%. Significant cytotoxicity of positively selected EA-rosette forming cells was observed in 4 of 10 patients with chronic active hepatitis and that of positively selected EAC-rosette forming cells was demonstrated in 3, whereas in any of these patients neither non EA-rosette forming cells nor non EAC-rosette forming cells were cytotoxic. Cultured liver cells used in this study were seen to possess insoluble liver specific antigen on their surface membranes, but not soluble liver specific lipoprotein of Meyer zum B\u00fcschenfelde, by using an indirect immunofluorescence technique. These results suggested that effector cells are Fc-receptor-bearing cells and that the mechanism of the reaction may be mediated in an antibody-dependent cell-mediated reaction directed against insoluble liver specific membrane antigen(s) rather than soluble one.", "PMID": 715765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6345", "title": "Systemic candidiasis produced by oral Candida administration in mice.", "content": "Systemic Candida infection from the gastrointestinal tract was examined in mice. Candida albicans was undetectable in the blood, lungs, spleen, liver or kidneys of mice 24 hr after oral Candida administration even under condition of severe damage to the host defence system, but became detectable in the liver and kidneys of mice when they received combined treatment of antibiotics, x-ray irradiation and dexamethasone 3 and 5 days after oral Candida administration.", "contents": "Systemic candidiasis produced by oral Candida administration in mice. Systemic Candida infection from the gastrointestinal tract was examined in mice. Candida albicans was undetectable in the blood, lungs, spleen, liver or kidneys of mice 24 hr after oral Candida administration even under condition of severe damage to the host defence system, but became detectable in the liver and kidneys of mice when they received combined treatment of antibiotics, x-ray irradiation and dexamethasone 3 and 5 days after oral Candida administration.", "PMID": 715766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6346", "title": "Electron microscopic changes of keratohyalin granules during the freezing and thawing procedure.", "content": "After 3-day-old rat skins were treated by freezing and thawing procedures, small empty spaces were formed both in keratohyalin granules and in the cytoplasm of the granular cells. When the skin specimens thus treated were further incubated in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.6, for 15 min, keratohyalin granules were solubilized, leaving electron dense rims. Small electron dense or less dense particles were detaching from these rims. Cell membranes were also disrupted at various regions. Desmosomal structures in the stratum granulosum cells were all preserved.", "contents": "Electron microscopic changes of keratohyalin granules during the freezing and thawing procedure. After 3-day-old rat skins were treated by freezing and thawing procedures, small empty spaces were formed both in keratohyalin granules and in the cytoplasm of the granular cells. When the skin specimens thus treated were further incubated in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.6, for 15 min, keratohyalin granules were solubilized, leaving electron dense rims. Small electron dense or less dense particles were detaching from these rims. Cell membranes were also disrupted at various regions. Desmosomal structures in the stratum granulosum cells were all preserved.", "PMID": 715767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6347", "title": "The diagnostic accuracy of combined colposcopy, cytology, and target biopsy of carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix.", "content": "The results of cytology, colposcopy and target biopsy in 91 cases diagnosed by conization as uterine cervical carcinoma in situ and 39 cases diagnosed as microinvasive carcinoma were compared. Lesions limited to the ectocervix could be identified by colposcopy, and those identified as carcinoma in situ by cytology or target biopsy were all included in the group diagnosed as carcinoma in situ by conization. Among the 29 cases of carcinoma in situ limited to the ectocervix, 19 (66%) were similarly diagnosed by both cytology and target biopsy, allowing for us to avoid conization. For cases diagnosed as microinvasive carcinoma using target biopsy, conization must also be performed in order to determine the depth of invasion. Even in cases diagnosed as dysplasia or carcinoma in situ by target biopsy, when it is thought that the lesion may extend into the cervical canal or in cases where agreement with the cytological results is not found, conization is necessary.", "contents": "The diagnostic accuracy of combined colposcopy, cytology, and target biopsy of carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix. The results of cytology, colposcopy and target biopsy in 91 cases diagnosed by conization as uterine cervical carcinoma in situ and 39 cases diagnosed as microinvasive carcinoma were compared. Lesions limited to the ectocervix could be identified by colposcopy, and those identified as carcinoma in situ by cytology or target biopsy were all included in the group diagnosed as carcinoma in situ by conization. Among the 29 cases of carcinoma in situ limited to the ectocervix, 19 (66%) were similarly diagnosed by both cytology and target biopsy, allowing for us to avoid conization. For cases diagnosed as microinvasive carcinoma using target biopsy, conization must also be performed in order to determine the depth of invasion. Even in cases diagnosed as dysplasia or carcinoma in situ by target biopsy, when it is thought that the lesion may extend into the cervical canal or in cases where agreement with the cytological results is not found, conization is necessary.", "PMID": 715768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6348", "title": "Distribution of antibodies against swine and Hong Kong influenza viruses among pigs in 1977.", "content": "The distribution of antibodies against swine and Hong Kong influenza viruses among hogs in Miyagi Prefecture was examined. Of 456 serum specimens collected since July 1977, 12 were found to be positive against swine influenza virus and 6 against Hong Kong influenza virus. Such serological results reveal that swine and Hong Kong influenza viruses coexist in Japanese hogs and suggest that swine influenza virus reappeared in mid-1977.", "contents": "Distribution of antibodies against swine and Hong Kong influenza viruses among pigs in 1977. The distribution of antibodies against swine and Hong Kong influenza viruses among hogs in Miyagi Prefecture was examined. Of 456 serum specimens collected since July 1977, 12 were found to be positive against swine influenza virus and 6 against Hong Kong influenza virus. Such serological results reveal that swine and Hong Kong influenza viruses coexist in Japanese hogs and suggest that swine influenza virus reappeared in mid-1977.", "PMID": 715769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6349", "title": "Interference with fluorimetric assay of catecholamine by labetalol.", "content": "Influence of labetalol and 5-(1-hydroxy-2-aminoethyl)salicylamide (SA), a part of the chemical structure of labetalol, on the fluorimetric assay of catecholamine (CA) was studied. Both labetalol and SA have a weak but significant fluorescence which is indistinguishable from that of CA with peaks of excitation/emission wavelengths at 410/490. It is thus concluded that an apparent increase in urinary CA observed in patients receiving labetalol is caused by the contamination of labetalol and/or its metabolite, and that the evaluation of urinary CA in hypertensive patients must be done prior to the use of labetalol to avoid any confusion in diagnosis of pheochromocytoma.", "contents": "Interference with fluorimetric assay of catecholamine by labetalol. Influence of labetalol and 5-(1-hydroxy-2-aminoethyl)salicylamide (SA), a part of the chemical structure of labetalol, on the fluorimetric assay of catecholamine (CA) was studied. Both labetalol and SA have a weak but significant fluorescence which is indistinguishable from that of CA with peaks of excitation/emission wavelengths at 410/490. It is thus concluded that an apparent increase in urinary CA observed in patients receiving labetalol is caused by the contamination of labetalol and/or its metabolite, and that the evaluation of urinary CA in hypertensive patients must be done prior to the use of labetalol to avoid any confusion in diagnosis of pheochromocytoma.", "PMID": 715770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6350", "title": "Kinetic properties of galactose influx across the mucosal border of guinea pig ileum.", "content": "By using everted sac preparations of guinea pig ileum, properties of galactose influx across the mucosal border were studied under various ionic conditions of the media. Mannitol was used as a marker of the extracellular space on the mucosal surface. In the absence of Na+ in the mucosal medium, the \"galactose space\" was almost the same as mannitol space, indicating the lack of uptake of galactose through the specific carrier mechanism. Galactose influx obeyed Michaelis-Menten kinetics at any Na+ concentration and it was also a Michaelis-Menten type function of Na+ concentration in the medium when examined at a constant galactose concentration. The observed kinetic properties were well explained on the basis of the kinetic model in which galactose was assumed to be transported only in the form of galactose-Na-carrier complex. The increase in Na+ influx associated with galactose influx was not significantly different from galactose influx. Na+ concentration of the serosal medium had no effect on galactose influx across the mucosal border. Choline and Tris, as well as mannitol, had no stimulating or inhibitory effect on galactose influx.", "contents": "Kinetic properties of galactose influx across the mucosal border of guinea pig ileum. By using everted sac preparations of guinea pig ileum, properties of galactose influx across the mucosal border were studied under various ionic conditions of the media. Mannitol was used as a marker of the extracellular space on the mucosal surface. In the absence of Na+ in the mucosal medium, the \"galactose space\" was almost the same as mannitol space, indicating the lack of uptake of galactose through the specific carrier mechanism. Galactose influx obeyed Michaelis-Menten kinetics at any Na+ concentration and it was also a Michaelis-Menten type function of Na+ concentration in the medium when examined at a constant galactose concentration. The observed kinetic properties were well explained on the basis of the kinetic model in which galactose was assumed to be transported only in the form of galactose-Na-carrier complex. The increase in Na+ influx associated with galactose influx was not significantly different from galactose influx. Na+ concentration of the serosal medium had no effect on galactose influx across the mucosal border. Choline and Tris, as well as mannitol, had no stimulating or inhibitory effect on galactose influx.", "PMID": 715771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6351", "title": "Effects of zirconium and aluminum salts on the alveolar macrophages.", "content": "Alveolar macrophages from the rabbit were exposed in the culture medium to zirconium and aluminum salts. The specific activities of the lysosomal hydrolases, that is acid phosphatase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase and beta-glucuronidase, were measured in the medium, whole cell homogenate, mitochondrial fraction, and in the supernatant fraction. A highly significant increase of these hydrolases was observed in the mitochondrial fraction from cells exposed to zirconium and aluminum salts as compared with those from control cell cultures. However, release of these enzymes into the medium was not much. The phenomenon of macrophage phagocytosis was observed morphologically in the cell cultures exposed in vitro to these metal compounds.", "contents": "Effects of zirconium and aluminum salts on the alveolar macrophages. Alveolar macrophages from the rabbit were exposed in the culture medium to zirconium and aluminum salts. The specific activities of the lysosomal hydrolases, that is acid phosphatase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase and beta-glucuronidase, were measured in the medium, whole cell homogenate, mitochondrial fraction, and in the supernatant fraction. A highly significant increase of these hydrolases was observed in the mitochondrial fraction from cells exposed to zirconium and aluminum salts as compared with those from control cell cultures. However, release of these enzymes into the medium was not much. The phenomenon of macrophage phagocytosis was observed morphologically in the cell cultures exposed in vitro to these metal compounds.", "PMID": 715772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6352", "title": "Effect of urinary bladder distension on renal blood flow, blood pressure and plasma renin activity.", "content": "The effects of urinary bladder distension on renal blood flow, blood pressure and plasma renin activity (PRA) were studied in 50 mongrel dogs anesthetized with chloralose. The dogs were divided into three groups. Group I was composed of dogs intact except for having undergone the surgical procedure for measurement and instillation of 0.9% saline to the bladders. Group II was composed of dogs whose bilateral ureters had been cut. Group III was composed of anephric dogs. Renal blood flow showed reduction during bladder distension in Group I and Group II. This reduction was produced not only by hydraulic mechanisms through the ureters during bladder distension, because the reduction was also observed in the dogs whose ureters had been cut. The rise in blood pressure and increase in PRA were observed in Group I and Group II, while the anephric dogs showed the rise in blood pressure during bladder distension despite the absence of PRA. Therefore, it appeared that the renin-angiotensin system did not directly relate to the rise in blood pressure during bladder distension.", "contents": "Effect of urinary bladder distension on renal blood flow, blood pressure and plasma renin activity. The effects of urinary bladder distension on renal blood flow, blood pressure and plasma renin activity (PRA) were studied in 50 mongrel dogs anesthetized with chloralose. The dogs were divided into three groups. Group I was composed of dogs intact except for having undergone the surgical procedure for measurement and instillation of 0.9% saline to the bladders. Group II was composed of dogs whose bilateral ureters had been cut. Group III was composed of anephric dogs. Renal blood flow showed reduction during bladder distension in Group I and Group II. This reduction was produced not only by hydraulic mechanisms through the ureters during bladder distension, because the reduction was also observed in the dogs whose ureters had been cut. The rise in blood pressure and increase in PRA were observed in Group I and Group II, while the anephric dogs showed the rise in blood pressure during bladder distension despite the absence of PRA. Therefore, it appeared that the renin-angiotensin system did not directly relate to the rise in blood pressure during bladder distension.", "PMID": 715773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6353", "title": "Electron microscopic studies on pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis.", "content": "The lung tissue of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis was studied morphologically. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the microliths were globular or irregular in shape or lobulated and in some loci were coalesced. The outer surface was granular or rough accompanied with deposits. The internal structures consisted of concentric laminar deposits. Frequently, two or more laminar structures were found on one cut surface. These findings may imply that the microliths grow by surface deposition and may coalesce during early stages of formation. In a high power view, granules were seen on the surface. Numerous scale-like structures and elongated electron-dense bodies inside the microliths were other peculiar findings of scanning and transmission electron microscopic studies, respectively. Elastosis in the alveolar interstitium and deposition of abundant glycogen granules in the bronchiolar epithelial cells were the notable findings of transmission electron microscopy.", "contents": "Electron microscopic studies on pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis. The lung tissue of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis was studied morphologically. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the microliths were globular or irregular in shape or lobulated and in some loci were coalesced. The outer surface was granular or rough accompanied with deposits. The internal structures consisted of concentric laminar deposits. Frequently, two or more laminar structures were found on one cut surface. These findings may imply that the microliths grow by surface deposition and may coalesce during early stages of formation. In a high power view, granules were seen on the surface. Numerous scale-like structures and elongated electron-dense bodies inside the microliths were other peculiar findings of scanning and transmission electron microscopic studies, respectively. Elastosis in the alveolar interstitium and deposition of abundant glycogen granules in the bronchiolar epithelial cells were the notable findings of transmission electron microscopy.", "PMID": 715774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6354", "title": "Cineventriculographic analysis of the ventricular septal motion during stimulation of various pacemaker sites.", "content": "By means of cineventriculography, contraction pattern of the ventricular septum was studied during electrical stimulation of the right atrium (RA), outflow tract (RVO) and apex (RVA) of the right ventricle and apex (LVA) and lateral wall (LVL) of the left ventricle. RA pacing produced a monophasic shortening of the septal hemiaxes after initial lengthening for about 40 msec from R wave of ECG. In contrast, ventricular stimulation near the septum (i.e. RVO, RVA and LVA) resulted in a biphasic and decreased contraction of the septal wall, in which an early preejection shortening was followed by a brief lengthening and second shortening. LVL pacing showed a monophasic and increased contraction of the septal wall. The biphasic motion of the septal wall was likely to be related to the abnormal mechanical contraction caused by the abnormal conduction sequence of ventricular depolarization. On the other hand, the lateral wall demonstrated a biphasic and decreased contraction during LVL pacing, and a monophasic and increased contraction during RVO, RVA and LVA pacing. Thus, the biphasic and diminished contraction at the site of electrical stimulation was compensated by the monophasic and forceful contraction of the contralateral wall. It is considered that the ventricular septum plays an important functional role in regulation of cardiac performance.", "contents": "Cineventriculographic analysis of the ventricular septal motion during stimulation of various pacemaker sites. By means of cineventriculography, contraction pattern of the ventricular septum was studied during electrical stimulation of the right atrium (RA), outflow tract (RVO) and apex (RVA) of the right ventricle and apex (LVA) and lateral wall (LVL) of the left ventricle. RA pacing produced a monophasic shortening of the septal hemiaxes after initial lengthening for about 40 msec from R wave of ECG. In contrast, ventricular stimulation near the septum (i.e. RVO, RVA and LVA) resulted in a biphasic and decreased contraction of the septal wall, in which an early preejection shortening was followed by a brief lengthening and second shortening. LVL pacing showed a monophasic and increased contraction of the septal wall. The biphasic motion of the septal wall was likely to be related to the abnormal mechanical contraction caused by the abnormal conduction sequence of ventricular depolarization. On the other hand, the lateral wall demonstrated a biphasic and decreased contraction during LVL pacing, and a monophasic and increased contraction during RVO, RVA and LVA pacing. Thus, the biphasic and diminished contraction at the site of electrical stimulation was compensated by the monophasic and forceful contraction of the contralateral wall. It is considered that the ventricular septum plays an important functional role in regulation of cardiac performance.", "PMID": 715775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6355", "title": "Effect of physical exercise on the activity of GOT isozyme in human plasma.", "content": "Untrained healthy male volunteers were subjected to the study on the effects of exercise (bicycle ergometer, 920 kpm/min for 30 min) upon GOT isozyme (supernatant GOT, s-GOT and mitochondrial GOT, m-GOT) activities in plasma. Significant increases in the levels of both s-GOT and m-GOT activity were observed after the exercise (p less than 0.001). After 30 min of rest m-GOT activity almost returned to its preexercise value. However, s-GOT activity did not return to its preexercise activity. The changes in the activity of GOT isozyme after physical exercise are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of physical exercise on the activity of GOT isozyme in human plasma. Untrained healthy male volunteers were subjected to the study on the effects of exercise (bicycle ergometer, 920 kpm/min for 30 min) upon GOT isozyme (supernatant GOT, s-GOT and mitochondrial GOT, m-GOT) activities in plasma. Significant increases in the levels of both s-GOT and m-GOT activity were observed after the exercise (p less than 0.001). After 30 min of rest m-GOT activity almost returned to its preexercise value. However, s-GOT activity did not return to its preexercise activity. The changes in the activity of GOT isozyme after physical exercise are discussed.", "PMID": 715776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6356", "title": "Roentgeno-histological studies on serial alveolography.", "content": "Using the lung obtained from a 22-year-old female at autopsy, roentgeno-histological studies were carried out on serial alveolography. The pulmonary lymphatics were shown to play an important role in the wash-out of the contrast media. The contrast media injected into the alveolus was gradually transferred on and into the alveolar wall and finally entered the subpleural space. Inflow of the contrast media was further noted into the portion probably representing the \"juxta-alveolar lymphatic capillary\" according to Lauweryns. Since local edema occurs artificially in serial alveolography, the functional aspects of fluid clearance may also be studied simultaneously unlike the conventional alveolography with its emphasis on morphological diagnosis.", "contents": "Roentgeno-histological studies on serial alveolography. Using the lung obtained from a 22-year-old female at autopsy, roentgeno-histological studies were carried out on serial alveolography. The pulmonary lymphatics were shown to play an important role in the wash-out of the contrast media. The contrast media injected into the alveolus was gradually transferred on and into the alveolar wall and finally entered the subpleural space. Inflow of the contrast media was further noted into the portion probably representing the \"juxta-alveolar lymphatic capillary\" according to Lauweryns. Since local edema occurs artificially in serial alveolography, the functional aspects of fluid clearance may also be studied simultaneously unlike the conventional alveolography with its emphasis on morphological diagnosis.", "PMID": 715777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6357", "title": "Low incubation temperature favors detection of depolarization-induced coated vesicles in motor axon endings in frog nerve-muscle preparations.", "content": "Depolarization-induced coated vesicles were detected in motor axon endings in frog nerve-muscle preparations stimulated at 10 degrees C but hardly in those activated at 25 degrees C.", "contents": "Low incubation temperature favors detection of depolarization-induced coated vesicles in motor axon endings in frog nerve-muscle preparations. Depolarization-induced coated vesicles were detected in motor axon endings in frog nerve-muscle preparations stimulated at 10 degrees C but hardly in those activated at 25 degrees C.", "PMID": 715778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6358", "title": "The absorption by human volunteers of glutamic acid from monosodium glutamate and from a partial enzymic hydrolysate of casein.", "content": "Peripheral plasma concentrations of glutamic and aspartic acids and alanine were measured after ingestion of monosodium glutamate or a pancreatic hydrolysate of casein by human volunteers. The doses of each material were such that they contained similar amounts of glutamic acid. Plasma glutamic acid concentrations rose promptly after the monosodium glutamate but mean peak concentrations were well below those likely to cause neurological damage. Plasma aspartic acid concentrations also rose after the monosodium glutamate but the behaviour of plasma alanine concentrations suggested that intestinal transamination of glutamic acid was insufficient to cause an appreciable rise in alanine concentration in the peripheral plasma. Significant increments in plasma glutamic acid concentrations did not occur after the pancreatic hydrolysate of casein and it is probable that competition for absorptive mechanisms by other amino acids, both free and peptide-bound, causes absorption of glutamic acid to be slower from mixtures of peptides and amino acids than from monosodium glutamate itself.", "contents": "The absorption by human volunteers of glutamic acid from monosodium glutamate and from a partial enzymic hydrolysate of casein. Peripheral plasma concentrations of glutamic and aspartic acids and alanine were measured after ingestion of monosodium glutamate or a pancreatic hydrolysate of casein by human volunteers. The doses of each material were such that they contained similar amounts of glutamic acid. Plasma glutamic acid concentrations rose promptly after the monosodium glutamate but mean peak concentrations were well below those likely to cause neurological damage. Plasma aspartic acid concentrations also rose after the monosodium glutamate but the behaviour of plasma alanine concentrations suggested that intestinal transamination of glutamic acid was insufficient to cause an appreciable rise in alanine concentration in the peripheral plasma. Significant increments in plasma glutamic acid concentrations did not occur after the pancreatic hydrolysate of casein and it is probable that competition for absorptive mechanisms by other amino acids, both free and peptide-bound, causes absorption of glutamic acid to be slower from mixtures of peptides and amino acids than from monosodium glutamate itself.", "PMID": 715795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6359", "title": "Toxicity of free fatty acids for cultured rat heart muscle and endothelioid cells. I. Saturated long-chain fatty acids.", "content": "Capric (C10:0), lauric (C12:0), myristic (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0) and arachidic (C20:0) acids were compared for their toxic effects upon cultured rat heart muscle and endothelioid cells. The free fatty acids (FFA) were found to albumin (6:1) and tested at 5 x 10(-5)M. Reduction of cell viability (51Cr release) and in situ mitochondrial and lysosomal labilization were used as indices of injury. Reduction in viability of both cell types was produced by palmitic, stearic or arachidic acids, but only after exposures of from 12 to 36 h. These FFA also produced needle-like cytoplasmic inclusions. Mitochondria and lysosomes were labilized after shorter exposures. Capric, lauric and myristic acids, were relatively non-toxic, and protected endothelioid cell lysosomes from labilization.", "contents": "Toxicity of free fatty acids for cultured rat heart muscle and endothelioid cells. I. Saturated long-chain fatty acids. Capric (C10:0), lauric (C12:0), myristic (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0) and arachidic (C20:0) acids were compared for their toxic effects upon cultured rat heart muscle and endothelioid cells. The free fatty acids (FFA) were found to albumin (6:1) and tested at 5 x 10(-5)M. Reduction of cell viability (51Cr release) and in situ mitochondrial and lysosomal labilization were used as indices of injury. Reduction in viability of both cell types was produced by palmitic, stearic or arachidic acids, but only after exposures of from 12 to 36 h. These FFA also produced needle-like cytoplasmic inclusions. Mitochondria and lysosomes were labilized after shorter exposures. Capric, lauric and myristic acids, were relatively non-toxic, and protected endothelioid cell lysosomes from labilization.", "PMID": 715796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6360", "title": "Toxicity of free fatty acids for cultured rat heart muscle and endothelioid cells. II. Unsaturated long-chain fatty acids.", "content": "Oleic (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2), linolenic (C18:3) and arachidonic (C20:4) acids were compared for their toxic effects upon cultured rat heart muscle and endothelioid cells. The free fatty acids (FFA) were bound to albumin (6:1) and tested at concentrations from 5 x 10(-5)M to 5 x 10(-4)M. Reduction of cell viability (51Cr release) and in situ mitochondrial and lysosomal labilization were used as indices of injury. Oleic acids was non-toxic at all times and concentrations tested while linoleic acid increased cell death only in muscle cells after 32 h. Arachidonic acid, by contrast, demonstrated significant toxicity as early as 2 h while both linolenic and arachidonic acids produced major injury at longer durations. A detergent effect was excluded as the injury mechanism because of marked differences in the toxicities of the individual FFA. The similarity in the effects of linolenic and arachidonic acids would appear to exclude prostaglandins as responsible toxic products.", "contents": "Toxicity of free fatty acids for cultured rat heart muscle and endothelioid cells. II. Unsaturated long-chain fatty acids. Oleic (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2), linolenic (C18:3) and arachidonic (C20:4) acids were compared for their toxic effects upon cultured rat heart muscle and endothelioid cells. The free fatty acids (FFA) were bound to albumin (6:1) and tested at concentrations from 5 x 10(-5)M to 5 x 10(-4)M. Reduction of cell viability (51Cr release) and in situ mitochondrial and lysosomal labilization were used as indices of injury. Oleic acids was non-toxic at all times and concentrations tested while linoleic acid increased cell death only in muscle cells after 32 h. Arachidonic acid, by contrast, demonstrated significant toxicity as early as 2 h while both linolenic and arachidonic acids produced major injury at longer durations. A detergent effect was excluded as the injury mechanism because of marked differences in the toxicities of the individual FFA. The similarity in the effects of linolenic and arachidonic acids would appear to exclude prostaglandins as responsible toxic products.", "PMID": 715797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6361", "title": "Effects of exposure to furfural vapour in hamsters simultaneously treated with benzo[alpha] pyrene or diethylnitrosamine.", "content": "Syrian golden hamsters were exposed to 0 or 250/400 ppm furfural vapour, 7 h/day, 5 days/week for a period of 52 weeks. Simultaneously, a proportion of the animals were given either intratracheal inslillations of benzo [alpha] pyrene (BP) or subcutaneous injections of diethylnitrosamine (DENA). All treatments were stopped after 52 weeks. The study was terminated after 81 weeks. Furfural exposure caused yellowish discolouration of the animals' coat, irritation of the nasal mucosa, growth retardation, atrophy and downward growth of sensory cells of the olfactory epithelium, degenerative changes in Bowman's glands, and the occurrence of cyst-like structures in the lamina propria beneath the olfactory epithelium. There was no evidence of furfural possessing carcinogenic activity. In a previous instillation experiment with furfural, slight indications had been obtained of furfural potentiating the carcinogenic effect of BP, but in the present study the carcinogenic effect of BP or DENA on the respiratory tract did not appear to be influenced by furfural exposure. It was concluded that little if any, significance can be attached to furfural as a co-factor in respiratory tract carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Effects of exposure to furfural vapour in hamsters simultaneously treated with benzo[alpha] pyrene or diethylnitrosamine. Syrian golden hamsters were exposed to 0 or 250/400 ppm furfural vapour, 7 h/day, 5 days/week for a period of 52 weeks. Simultaneously, a proportion of the animals were given either intratracheal inslillations of benzo [alpha] pyrene (BP) or subcutaneous injections of diethylnitrosamine (DENA). All treatments were stopped after 52 weeks. The study was terminated after 81 weeks. Furfural exposure caused yellowish discolouration of the animals' coat, irritation of the nasal mucosa, growth retardation, atrophy and downward growth of sensory cells of the olfactory epithelium, degenerative changes in Bowman's glands, and the occurrence of cyst-like structures in the lamina propria beneath the olfactory epithelium. There was no evidence of furfural possessing carcinogenic activity. In a previous instillation experiment with furfural, slight indications had been obtained of furfural potentiating the carcinogenic effect of BP, but in the present study the carcinogenic effect of BP or DENA on the respiratory tract did not appear to be influenced by furfural exposure. It was concluded that little if any, significance can be attached to furfural as a co-factor in respiratory tract carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 715798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6362", "title": "Tissue distribution and binding of radioactivity in mouse after intravenous administration of [14C]3-chloro-p-toluidine.", "content": "The avicide [14C]3-chloro-p-toluidine (CPT) HCL, ring labeled, was injected intravenously to mice. The radioactivity associated with this compound was found to be unevenly distributed in different parts of the body. It leaves the plasma, as well as many tissues, with 2 elimination rate constants, the fast and the slow. The faster component of the [14C]CPT decay curve of the plasma was similar to the faster components of the decay curves of brain, lung, heart, intestine, testicle and kidney. The retention half-life of the radioactivity for the slower component of the decay curve varied a great deal from tissue to tissue, being shortest (14.55 h) in the intestine and longest (326 h) in the adipose tissue. Of the 10 tissues examined, a substantial amount of [14C]CPT radioactivity was found to be covalently bound only to liver, kidney, lung and RBC protein. There was no cause and effect relationship between the covalent binding of radioactivity and the tissue pathology, since no remarkable histopathological lesions were found in the liver and kidney of treated mice. The tissue retention of [14C]CPT radioactivity did not parrallel the covalent binding of the compound to tissue protein. The covalent binding of [14C]CPT radioactivity to RBC was suggestive of the conversion of the parent compound into a reactive metabolite responsible for the generation of methemoglobin in mice. The percent distribution of radioactivity in subcellular fractions of liver and kidney correlated with the amount of protein associated with subcellular fractions. The 102 000 g supernatant fraction of the liver contained the highest proportion of radioactivity, both in terms of absolute percent radioactivity as well as specific activity (dpm/mg of protein). This was also true for the 102 000 g supernatant fraction of the kidney. The majority of radioactivity in the 102 000 g supernatant fraction of liver appears to be bound to one or more polypeptide sized proteins with a mol. wt. of approx. 1000--2000.", "contents": "Tissue distribution and binding of radioactivity in mouse after intravenous administration of [14C]3-chloro-p-toluidine. The avicide [14C]3-chloro-p-toluidine (CPT) HCL, ring labeled, was injected intravenously to mice. The radioactivity associated with this compound was found to be unevenly distributed in different parts of the body. It leaves the plasma, as well as many tissues, with 2 elimination rate constants, the fast and the slow. The faster component of the [14C]CPT decay curve of the plasma was similar to the faster components of the decay curves of brain, lung, heart, intestine, testicle and kidney. The retention half-life of the radioactivity for the slower component of the decay curve varied a great deal from tissue to tissue, being shortest (14.55 h) in the intestine and longest (326 h) in the adipose tissue. Of the 10 tissues examined, a substantial amount of [14C]CPT radioactivity was found to be covalently bound only to liver, kidney, lung and RBC protein. There was no cause and effect relationship between the covalent binding of radioactivity and the tissue pathology, since no remarkable histopathological lesions were found in the liver and kidney of treated mice. The tissue retention of [14C]CPT radioactivity did not parrallel the covalent binding of the compound to tissue protein. The covalent binding of [14C]CPT radioactivity to RBC was suggestive of the conversion of the parent compound into a reactive metabolite responsible for the generation of methemoglobin in mice. The percent distribution of radioactivity in subcellular fractions of liver and kidney correlated with the amount of protein associated with subcellular fractions. The 102 000 g supernatant fraction of the liver contained the highest proportion of radioactivity, both in terms of absolute percent radioactivity as well as specific activity (dpm/mg of protein). This was also true for the 102 000 g supernatant fraction of the kidney. The majority of radioactivity in the 102 000 g supernatant fraction of liver appears to be bound to one or more polypeptide sized proteins with a mol. wt. of approx. 1000--2000.", "PMID": 715799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6363", "title": "[Toxicity by relay. III. Safety for the human consumer of the use of Carbadox, a feed additive for swine, as estimated by a 7 years relay toxicity on dogs].", "content": "To check the possible toxicity risks of the meat from swine fed with a residue producing feed additive: Carbadox, a new methodology was used. It is the \"Relay Toxicity\". Swine were fed with a high dose of the additive and sacrificed without any withdrawal. In such conditions meat contains a high level of residues. The frozen meat was given daily--after thawing--at 100 g or 200 g/dog to 12 beagle dogs, 6 females and 6 males, sacrificed when 87.5 months old (85 months on experiment). On these animals, no anomaly was found: on weight gain and health; on fertility and reproductive performances; on hematology and biochemical values of blood and urine; and after careful macroscopic or microscopic examinations of the animals at safrice. We were able to obtain a safety factor above 9000 when Carbadox is used at the maximum level approved 50 ppm, and the withdrawal 4 weeks before slaughtering. To conclude, the absence of anomaly allows us to confirm the safety for the human consumer when Carbadox is used as a feed additive for swine.", "contents": "[Toxicity by relay. III. Safety for the human consumer of the use of Carbadox, a feed additive for swine, as estimated by a 7 years relay toxicity on dogs]. To check the possible toxicity risks of the meat from swine fed with a residue producing feed additive: Carbadox, a new methodology was used. It is the \"Relay Toxicity\". Swine were fed with a high dose of the additive and sacrificed without any withdrawal. In such conditions meat contains a high level of residues. The frozen meat was given daily--after thawing--at 100 g or 200 g/dog to 12 beagle dogs, 6 females and 6 males, sacrificed when 87.5 months old (85 months on experiment). On these animals, no anomaly was found: on weight gain and health; on fertility and reproductive performances; on hematology and biochemical values of blood and urine; and after careful macroscopic or microscopic examinations of the animals at safrice. We were able to obtain a safety factor above 9000 when Carbadox is used at the maximum level approved 50 ppm, and the withdrawal 4 weeks before slaughtering. To conclude, the absence of anomaly allows us to confirm the safety for the human consumer when Carbadox is used as a feed additive for swine.", "PMID": 715800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6364", "title": "Di(4-aminophenyl)-methane (MDA): 4-7 year dog feeding study.", "content": "9 pure bred female beagles ingested purified or crude MDA (in 70 mg doses on 3 days of the week) over periods ranging from 3 years, 11 months to 7 years, 2 months. Total quantities of MDA ingested ranged from 39.98 g to 66.92 g/dog, or from approx. 4.0 to 6.26 g/kg body wt. Purified and crude MDA in the doses administered produced similar effects: (a)occasional loss of body weight followed by rather prompt recovery while treatment was interrupted; (b) no specific effect on blood sugar, BUN, creatinine, uric acid, total protein, albumin and a questionable effect on alkaline phosphatase activity; (c) from moderate to severe gross and micropathological changes in the liver, less severe effects in the kidneys and spleen, and occassionally gross or micropathological changes in other organs. Purified and crude MDA did not produce tumors of the urinary bladder or liver.", "contents": "Di(4-aminophenyl)-methane (MDA): 4-7 year dog feeding study. 9 pure bred female beagles ingested purified or crude MDA (in 70 mg doses on 3 days of the week) over periods ranging from 3 years, 11 months to 7 years, 2 months. Total quantities of MDA ingested ranged from 39.98 g to 66.92 g/dog, or from approx. 4.0 to 6.26 g/kg body wt. Purified and crude MDA in the doses administered produced similar effects: (a)occasional loss of body weight followed by rather prompt recovery while treatment was interrupted; (b) no specific effect on blood sugar, BUN, creatinine, uric acid, total protein, albumin and a questionable effect on alkaline phosphatase activity; (c) from moderate to severe gross and micropathological changes in the liver, less severe effects in the kidneys and spleen, and occassionally gross or micropathological changes in other organs. Purified and crude MDA did not produce tumors of the urinary bladder or liver.", "PMID": 715801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6365", "title": "Short-term toxicity study of Chocolate Brown HT in pigs.", "content": "Chocolate Brown HT was given in the diet to groups of 3 male and 3 female pigs at dose levels of 0 (control), 5, 20 or 100 mg/kg/day for 13 weeks. No adverse effects were seen on body weight gain, urine composition of the incidence of histopathological lesions. The haemoglobin levels in all 3 treatment groups of male pigs at week 13 were significantly below the control values, but this effect was not considered to be attributable to treatment with Chocolate Brown HT. The no-untoward-effect level in this study was at least 100 mg/kg/day.", "contents": "Short-term toxicity study of Chocolate Brown HT in pigs. Chocolate Brown HT was given in the diet to groups of 3 male and 3 female pigs at dose levels of 0 (control), 5, 20 or 100 mg/kg/day for 13 weeks. No adverse effects were seen on body weight gain, urine composition of the incidence of histopathological lesions. The haemoglobin levels in all 3 treatment groups of male pigs at week 13 were significantly below the control values, but this effect was not considered to be attributable to treatment with Chocolate Brown HT. The no-untoward-effect level in this study was at least 100 mg/kg/day.", "PMID": 715802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6366", "title": "Effect of methylmercury on some constituents of serum and urine.", "content": "To evaluate some of the early effects of methymercury chloride (MMC) male rats were given 10, 20 or 30 mg MMC/kg intraperitoneally. Urine was analysed for vanilmandelic acid (VMA), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), alkaline phosphatase (AP), and creatinine, blood for glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-P) and glucose, serum for glutamate-oxalate-transaminase (GOT) and urea. Except for LAP and AP excretion there is no effect of MMC on the parameters investigated. However, the effects on these 2 renal enzymes are to variable to permit their use as a test for MMC toxicity.", "contents": "Effect of methylmercury on some constituents of serum and urine. To evaluate some of the early effects of methymercury chloride (MMC) male rats were given 10, 20 or 30 mg MMC/kg intraperitoneally. Urine was analysed for vanilmandelic acid (VMA), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), alkaline phosphatase (AP), and creatinine, blood for glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-P) and glucose, serum for glutamate-oxalate-transaminase (GOT) and urea. Except for LAP and AP excretion there is no effect of MMC on the parameters investigated. However, the effects on these 2 renal enzymes are to variable to permit their use as a test for MMC toxicity.", "PMID": 715803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6367", "title": "[Therapy and prognosis of testicular tumors: the seminoma, results from radiation therapy in 100 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Hundred patients with seminoma were irradiated in our clinic between 1963 and 1975. The 5-year survival rate corresponds to the rate of freedom from disease. It amounts to 97% for Stage I, 84% for Stage II, 55% for Stage III, O for Stage IV, and to 85% for all stages. These results are obtained by means of consequent radiation therapy. It is not cleared up wether general prophylactic irradiation improves the prognosis of mediastinal and supraclavicular affections. No complications may be expected on account of therapeutic doses, as the sensitivity to radiation is high. It is possible, on these grounds, in generalized stages, to take into consideration the total-body irradiation with low doses as an alternative to chemotherapy.", "contents": "[Therapy and prognosis of testicular tumors: the seminoma, results from radiation therapy in 100 patients (author's transl)]. Hundred patients with seminoma were irradiated in our clinic between 1963 and 1975. The 5-year survival rate corresponds to the rate of freedom from disease. It amounts to 97% for Stage I, 84% for Stage II, 55% for Stage III, O for Stage IV, and to 85% for all stages. These results are obtained by means of consequent radiation therapy. It is not cleared up wether general prophylactic irradiation improves the prognosis of mediastinal and supraclavicular affections. No complications may be expected on account of therapeutic doses, as the sensitivity to radiation is high. It is possible, on these grounds, in generalized stages, to take into consideration the total-body irradiation with low doses as an alternative to chemotherapy.", "PMID": 715804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6368", "title": "[Therapy and prognosis of testicular tumors: the teratocarcinoma, results from 52 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "In this retrospective study, the course of the disease was investigated in 52 patients having been irradiated because of malignant teratoma between 1963 and 1975. The patients were ranged as follows: four cases Stage I, thirty cases Stage II, six cases Stage III, twelve cases Stage IV. All histological preparations were graded once more, using the classification of Pugh and Collins. The 5-year survival recovery rates amounted to 100% in Stage I, to 64% in Stage II, to zero in Stage III and IV, and to 47% for all stages. A remarkable difference of the recovery rates in relation to histological findings was observed: MTIA Stage II=83%, all stages=40%; MTIB Stage II=57%, all stages=33%.", "contents": "[Therapy and prognosis of testicular tumors: the teratocarcinoma, results from 52 patients (author's transl)]. In this retrospective study, the course of the disease was investigated in 52 patients having been irradiated because of malignant teratoma between 1963 and 1975. The patients were ranged as follows: four cases Stage I, thirty cases Stage II, six cases Stage III, twelve cases Stage IV. All histological preparations were graded once more, using the classification of Pugh and Collins. The 5-year survival recovery rates amounted to 100% in Stage I, to 64% in Stage II, to zero in Stage III and IV, and to 47% for all stages. A remarkable difference of the recovery rates in relation to histological findings was observed: MTIA Stage II=83%, all stages=40%; MTIB Stage II=57%, all stages=33%.", "PMID": 715805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6369", "title": "[Results of radiation therapy of tonsillar cancer in 161 patients treated between 1950 and 1976 (author's transl)].", "content": "161 cases with cancer of the tonsil from 1950 to 1976 are reported. Cure rates in early cases after radiotherapy are about 60%, cure rate in all patients is 26%. Analysis of radiation dose and effect demonstrates, that doses about 1950-2000 ret are necessary for optimal results in cases, in which radiotherapy is planned as sole treatment. Importance of optimal simulator technique, head fixation and verification films is stressed. Using the own results and published data, the indications for radiotherapy and surgery of tonsillar cancer are discussed. In early cases, radiotherapy alone should result in a cure rate about 80%. In all the patients, the cure rate should amount to 40%.", "contents": "[Results of radiation therapy of tonsillar cancer in 161 patients treated between 1950 and 1976 (author's transl)]. 161 cases with cancer of the tonsil from 1950 to 1976 are reported. Cure rates in early cases after radiotherapy are about 60%, cure rate in all patients is 26%. Analysis of radiation dose and effect demonstrates, that doses about 1950-2000 ret are necessary for optimal results in cases, in which radiotherapy is planned as sole treatment. Importance of optimal simulator technique, head fixation and verification films is stressed. Using the own results and published data, the indications for radiotherapy and surgery of tonsillar cancer are discussed. In early cases, radiotherapy alone should result in a cure rate about 80%. In all the patients, the cure rate should amount to 40%.", "PMID": 715806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6370", "title": "[Generic symptoms of Hodgkin's disease in relation to other prognostic criteries (author's transl)].", "content": "In 1967-1973, 74 patients with histologic classified Hodgkin's disease were treated in Marburg. We proved the incidence of the most important prognostic criteries: stage, histologic type and clinical symptoms. These criteries are evaluated as equally significant and independent. The B-symptoms, fever, weight loss and night sweats we found in 24 patients, 18 (75%) of them were in stage IV. In the remaining 6 patients in stage II and III, the B-symptoms were followed by relapse or generalisation. We think that the good correlation to the stage means, that clinical symptoms as prognostic signs are not independent.", "contents": "[Generic symptoms of Hodgkin's disease in relation to other prognostic criteries (author's transl)]. In 1967-1973, 74 patients with histologic classified Hodgkin's disease were treated in Marburg. We proved the incidence of the most important prognostic criteries: stage, histologic type and clinical symptoms. These criteries are evaluated as equally significant and independent. The B-symptoms, fever, weight loss and night sweats we found in 24 patients, 18 (75%) of them were in stage IV. In the remaining 6 patients in stage II and III, the B-symptoms were followed by relapse or generalisation. We think that the good correlation to the stage means, that clinical symptoms as prognostic signs are not independent.", "PMID": 715807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6371", "title": "[Computer-assisted estimation of the dose distribution in intracavitary radiation therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "A new version of a computer-assisted method for determination of the dose distribution in the pelvis of female patients treated with sealed radioactive radium or caesium sources is outlined. The position of the sources in a coordinate system centered on the symphysis is determined stereoradiographically. The dose values are calculated either for singular body points or for points situated on transversal, frontal and sagittal planes through the symphysis or for planes parallel to these. In consideration of the fact that for each patient the anatomical position of the calculation planes can be reproduced with sufficient precision, it is possible to cumulate on each plane the dose values obtained from treatment performed at different times. Experimental controls show good agreement between calculated and measured dose values. Some clinical examples of dose calculation for sagittal planes and of cumulated dose values for a frontal plane 7.4 cm underneath the symphysis are presented.", "contents": "[Computer-assisted estimation of the dose distribution in intracavitary radiation therapy (author's transl)]. A new version of a computer-assisted method for determination of the dose distribution in the pelvis of female patients treated with sealed radioactive radium or caesium sources is outlined. The position of the sources in a coordinate system centered on the symphysis is determined stereoradiographically. The dose values are calculated either for singular body points or for points situated on transversal, frontal and sagittal planes through the symphysis or for planes parallel to these. In consideration of the fact that for each patient the anatomical position of the calculation planes can be reproduced with sufficient precision, it is possible to cumulate on each plane the dose values obtained from treatment performed at different times. Experimental controls show good agreement between calculated and measured dose values. Some clinical examples of dose calculation for sagittal planes and of cumulated dose values for a frontal plane 7.4 cm underneath the symphysis are presented.", "PMID": 715808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6372", "title": "Determination of total activity and its distribution in cathetron source pencils.", "content": "High intensity remote-controlled afterloading devices such as Cathetron, employ tiny source elements which facilitate free movement through the curvature of the guide tubes. As the activities involved are in the curie level and a number of sources are assembled together in the form of a pencil, conventional methods cannot be employed for determining the activity of individual sources. This paper deals with the determination of the total activity of a source pencil from the measured exposure rate and an autoradiographic method used to determine the activity of individual sources.", "contents": "Determination of total activity and its distribution in cathetron source pencils. High intensity remote-controlled afterloading devices such as Cathetron, employ tiny source elements which facilitate free movement through the curvature of the guide tubes. As the activities involved are in the curie level and a number of sources are assembled together in the form of a pencil, conventional methods cannot be employed for determining the activity of individual sources. This paper deals with the determination of the total activity of a source pencil from the measured exposure rate and an autoradiographic method used to determine the activity of individual sources.", "PMID": 715809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6373", "title": "Absorbed dose distributions for X-ray beams and beams of electrons from the Therac 20 Saturne linear accelerator.", "content": "After a brief description of the Therac 20 Saturne linear accelerator a complete set of absorbed-dose distribution values is given. These values define the depths on the axis as a function of the depth dose and define the penumbra (as characterized by the positions of the intersections of the isodose curves with planes parallel to the phantom surface) for beams of X-rays and for beams of electrons. Tissue-maximum ratios are given for beams of X-rays. Analytical values for the electron depth dose curve are compared with the values obtained on the Sagittaire linear accelerator.", "contents": "Absorbed dose distributions for X-ray beams and beams of electrons from the Therac 20 Saturne linear accelerator. After a brief description of the Therac 20 Saturne linear accelerator a complete set of absorbed-dose distribution values is given. These values define the depths on the axis as a function of the depth dose and define the penumbra (as characterized by the positions of the intersections of the isodose curves with planes parallel to the phantom surface) for beams of X-rays and for beams of electrons. Tissue-maximum ratios are given for beams of X-rays. Analytical values for the electron depth dose curve are compared with the values obtained on the Sagittaire linear accelerator.", "PMID": 715810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6374", "title": "Investigation of gynecological cancer with nuclear magnetic relaxation methods.", "content": "Nuclear magnetic relaxation times T1 and T2 of cell water protons in benign and malignant uterine cervical tissue (37 samples taken from 22 patients) were measured using a resonance frequency of 19.8 MHz. The means of relaxation times recorded for malignant tissue were (mean +/- S.E.) T1 = 0.89 +/- 0.05 s, T2 = 0.072 +/- 0.009 s, and obtained from corresponding benign tissues (mean +/- S.E.) T1 = 0.72 +/- 0.01 s T2 = 0.056 +/- 0.003 s. The differences are statistically significant (T1:p less than 0.001, and T2:p less than 0.05). The effect of dysplasia and inflammatory changes in mucosa to the relaxation times were examined and the probable sources of error in the present method are discussed.", "contents": "Investigation of gynecological cancer with nuclear magnetic relaxation methods. Nuclear magnetic relaxation times T1 and T2 of cell water protons in benign and malignant uterine cervical tissue (37 samples taken from 22 patients) were measured using a resonance frequency of 19.8 MHz. The means of relaxation times recorded for malignant tissue were (mean +/- S.E.) T1 = 0.89 +/- 0.05 s, T2 = 0.072 +/- 0.009 s, and obtained from corresponding benign tissues (mean +/- S.E.) T1 = 0.72 +/- 0.01 s T2 = 0.056 +/- 0.003 s. The differences are statistically significant (T1:p less than 0.001, and T2:p less than 0.05). The effect of dysplasia and inflammatory changes in mucosa to the relaxation times were examined and the probable sources of error in the present method are discussed.", "PMID": 715811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6375", "title": "Significance of tumor volume and blood flow in tumor control by radiation.", "content": "The mean rate of blood flow in C3H/He mouse mammary carcinoma determined by the clearance of 133Xe was 0.1 ml/g/min in tumors greater than approximately 2.0 cm3, and then blood flow became increasingly greater as the tumor size decreased further. The dose required to produce lethal damage in the tumor increased with the size of the tumors. In large tumors the control rate increased with increasing doses to a maximum at a certain level; at higher doses the rate was somewhat decreased. The present experiments show that changes in blood flow could account for radiosensitivity of the tumor, and a tumor larger than a certain volume can no longer be controlled by a single dose of radiation.", "contents": "Significance of tumor volume and blood flow in tumor control by radiation. The mean rate of blood flow in C3H/He mouse mammary carcinoma determined by the clearance of 133Xe was 0.1 ml/g/min in tumors greater than approximately 2.0 cm3, and then blood flow became increasingly greater as the tumor size decreased further. The dose required to produce lethal damage in the tumor increased with the size of the tumors. In large tumors the control rate increased with increasing doses to a maximum at a certain level; at higher doses the rate was somewhat decreased. The present experiments show that changes in blood flow could account for radiosensitivity of the tumor, and a tumor larger than a certain volume can no longer be controlled by a single dose of radiation.", "PMID": 715812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6376", "title": "Initial events in radiation-induced atheromatosis. II. Damage to intimal cells.", "content": "The carotid artery of the rabbit is a suitable blood vessel to study radiation induced atheromatosis in hypercholesteremic animals, because no plaque formation occurs within two months after the start of a 0.5% cholesterol diet. Cholesterol contents as high as 2% however, do give atheromatous plaques in the carotid artery without prior irradiation. As early as five hours after local irradiation of the carotid artery activation of the plasma membrane-bound enzyme alkaline phosphatase could be observed in some intimal cells. Two to three days after irradiation the activity disappeared. This phenomenon was observed in normo-and hypercholesteremic irradiated arteries. Depending on the lipid content of the blood, infiltration of lipids was observed at one day after the irradiation or later, accompanied by activation of beta-glucuronidase in the innermost layer of medial cells. Hereafter plaque formation started and cell proliferation could be found in the subendothelial space. It is assumed that because of the irradiation, the endothelial cells of the carotid artery are damaged in such a way that they do not function properly as a barrier against lipoprotein entrance from the blood into the arterial wall. The lipid infiltration caused lysosomal activation and probably cellular proliferation.", "contents": "Initial events in radiation-induced atheromatosis. II. Damage to intimal cells. The carotid artery of the rabbit is a suitable blood vessel to study radiation induced atheromatosis in hypercholesteremic animals, because no plaque formation occurs within two months after the start of a 0.5% cholesterol diet. Cholesterol contents as high as 2% however, do give atheromatous plaques in the carotid artery without prior irradiation. As early as five hours after local irradiation of the carotid artery activation of the plasma membrane-bound enzyme alkaline phosphatase could be observed in some intimal cells. Two to three days after irradiation the activity disappeared. This phenomenon was observed in normo-and hypercholesteremic irradiated arteries. Depending on the lipid content of the blood, infiltration of lipids was observed at one day after the irradiation or later, accompanied by activation of beta-glucuronidase in the innermost layer of medial cells. Hereafter plaque formation started and cell proliferation could be found in the subendothelial space. It is assumed that because of the irradiation, the endothelial cells of the carotid artery are damaged in such a way that they do not function properly as a barrier against lipoprotein entrance from the blood into the arterial wall. The lipid infiltration caused lysosomal activation and probably cellular proliferation.", "PMID": 715813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6377", "title": "Effect of gamma ray low doses on the system of the nonspecific defense of the organism.", "content": "The author studied the response of the mechanical stage of the RES phagocytosis and the serum lysozyme level in white mice after fractionated exposures to 10 R and 100 R daily. It was observed the activation of these systems after low summed doses and, on the other hand, its significant depression after high summed doses. The causes of these changes are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of gamma ray low doses on the system of the nonspecific defense of the organism. The author studied the response of the mechanical stage of the RES phagocytosis and the serum lysozyme level in white mice after fractionated exposures to 10 R and 100 R daily. It was observed the activation of these systems after low summed doses and, on the other hand, its significant depression after high summed doses. The causes of these changes are discussed.", "PMID": 715814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6378", "title": "The changes in pharmacokinetics and conjugation of chloramphenicol in irradiated rats.", "content": "In the serum and the liver of rats levels of chloramphenicol (CAP) following its i.v. administration (200 mg/kg) in the control groups and in the rats irradiated with whole-body air exposure to 500 R were determined with spectrophotometric methods. The CAP-levels in the serum increased in the group of rats 3 days after irradiation, but only during the 1st hour. At later time intervals the values were lower than in the controls. This decrease at the 60th min is striking even in the groups 6 and 9 days after exposure. Free CAP in the liver of rats irradiated 6 and 9 days before was lower at interval 30 min after CAP-administration, but the group irradiated 9 days before was unaltered. However, 120 min after CAP-administration the values of free CAP decreased at all intervals investigated following the irradiation. The levels of conjugated CAP in the liver of the rats 3 and 6 days after exposure were lower than in controls in both intervals after drug administration; but in rats 9 days after irradiation they increased. Our results indicate that the kinetics of CAP is altered and corresponding changes in its conjugation are effected under the condition of acute radiation syndrome.", "contents": "The changes in pharmacokinetics and conjugation of chloramphenicol in irradiated rats. In the serum and the liver of rats levels of chloramphenicol (CAP) following its i.v. administration (200 mg/kg) in the control groups and in the rats irradiated with whole-body air exposure to 500 R were determined with spectrophotometric methods. The CAP-levels in the serum increased in the group of rats 3 days after irradiation, but only during the 1st hour. At later time intervals the values were lower than in the controls. This decrease at the 60th min is striking even in the groups 6 and 9 days after exposure. Free CAP in the liver of rats irradiated 6 and 9 days before was lower at interval 30 min after CAP-administration, but the group irradiated 9 days before was unaltered. However, 120 min after CAP-administration the values of free CAP decreased at all intervals investigated following the irradiation. The levels of conjugated CAP in the liver of the rats 3 and 6 days after exposure were lower than in controls in both intervals after drug administration; but in rats 9 days after irradiation they increased. Our results indicate that the kinetics of CAP is altered and corresponding changes in its conjugation are effected under the condition of acute radiation syndrome.", "PMID": 715815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6379", "title": "Interactions of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides with the 8S estrogen-binding protein in rat testes.", "content": "The effect of certain DDT analogs on the binding of 3H-estradiol to the 8--9S estrogen binding protein of rat testicular cytosol was studied by sucrose sedimentation analysis. The binding of 3H-estradiol to testicular cytosol was inhibited by o,p'DDT, a DDT analog which is estrogenic in the intact female, but not by p,p'DDE which is a nonestrogen in the female. The pesticide methoxychlor, which is estrogenic in vivo in the female, failed to inhibit 3H-estradiol binding, presumably requiring metabolic activation for binding to the testicular cytosol. In fact, its di-demethylated metabolite 2,2-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (HPTE), also estrogenic in vivo, caused marked suppression of 3H-estradiol binding.", "contents": "Interactions of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides with the 8S estrogen-binding protein in rat testes. The effect of certain DDT analogs on the binding of 3H-estradiol to the 8--9S estrogen binding protein of rat testicular cytosol was studied by sucrose sedimentation analysis. The binding of 3H-estradiol to testicular cytosol was inhibited by o,p'DDT, a DDT analog which is estrogenic in the intact female, but not by p,p'DDE which is a nonestrogen in the female. The pesticide methoxychlor, which is estrogenic in vivo in the female, failed to inhibit 3H-estradiol binding, presumably requiring metabolic activation for binding to the testicular cytosol. In fact, its di-demethylated metabolite 2,2-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (HPTE), also estrogenic in vivo, caused marked suppression of 3H-estradiol binding.", "PMID": 715816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6380", "title": "Effects of cholecystectomy upon bile salt kinetics in the guinea pig.", "content": "The effects of cholecystectomy upon bile salt kinetics were studied in normal guinea pigs. After cholecystectomy, bile salt pool size decreased, fractional daily turnover rate increased, and the rate of bile salt synthesis was unchanged. These data indicate that an increased frequency of bile salt enterohepatic cycling is sufficient to produce alterations in bile salt kinetics. Abnormalities of bile salt synthesis need not be present in order for a reduction in pool size to occur.", "contents": "Effects of cholecystectomy upon bile salt kinetics in the guinea pig. The effects of cholecystectomy upon bile salt kinetics were studied in normal guinea pigs. After cholecystectomy, bile salt pool size decreased, fractional daily turnover rate increased, and the rate of bile salt synthesis was unchanged. These data indicate that an increased frequency of bile salt enterohepatic cycling is sufficient to produce alterations in bile salt kinetics. Abnormalities of bile salt synthesis need not be present in order for a reduction in pool size to occur.", "PMID": 715817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6381", "title": "Anti-testosterone antisera produced in mice of different strains and sexes.", "content": "Specific anti-testosterone antiserum was obtained from mice of the strain C57B1/6. Testosterone 3(O-carboxymethyl)oxime-keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugate was administered to male and female mice of the strains C57B1/6 (H-2b), DBA/2 (H-2d), (C57B1/6 x DBA/2)F1, (H-2b/d), and AKR (H-2k). Antisera obtained from male and female C57B1/6 mice were more specific for testosterone than those from the other strains, and the cross-reaction with 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone was 25.0 and 29.2%, respectively. The titer of antiserum from C57B1/6 mice was the highest and that of antiserum from DBA/2 mice was the lowest. On the other hand, the titer of antiserum from the female was higher than that of antiserum from the male in each strain. These results indicate that the mouse strain and sex differences are important factors for antibody formation from challenged antigen.", "contents": "Anti-testosterone antisera produced in mice of different strains and sexes. Specific anti-testosterone antiserum was obtained from mice of the strain C57B1/6. Testosterone 3(O-carboxymethyl)oxime-keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugate was administered to male and female mice of the strains C57B1/6 (H-2b), DBA/2 (H-2d), (C57B1/6 x DBA/2)F1, (H-2b/d), and AKR (H-2k). Antisera obtained from male and female C57B1/6 mice were more specific for testosterone than those from the other strains, and the cross-reaction with 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone was 25.0 and 29.2%, respectively. The titer of antiserum from C57B1/6 mice was the highest and that of antiserum from DBA/2 mice was the lowest. On the other hand, the titer of antiserum from the female was higher than that of antiserum from the male in each strain. These results indicate that the mouse strain and sex differences are important factors for antibody formation from challenged antigen.", "PMID": 715819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6382", "title": "Trilostane, an orally active inhibitor of steroid biosynthesis.", "content": "Trilostane is a competitive inhibitor of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. In vitro, the drug inhibits conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone but does not alter conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone nor progesterone to corticoid hormones. When given orally to rats, trilostane inhibits corticosterone and aldosterone production and elevates circulating levels of pregnenolone at doses lower than those that produce adrenal hypertrophy or inhibit gonadal steroidogenesis.", "contents": "Trilostane, an orally active inhibitor of steroid biosynthesis. Trilostane is a competitive inhibitor of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. In vitro, the drug inhibits conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone but does not alter conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone nor progesterone to corticoid hormones. When given orally to rats, trilostane inhibits corticosterone and aldosterone production and elevates circulating levels of pregnenolone at doses lower than those that produce adrenal hypertrophy or inhibit gonadal steroidogenesis.", "PMID": 715820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6383", "title": "Conversion, in vitro, of (7n-3H) testosterone to estrone and estradiol-17beta and their 3-sulfate conjugate by the guinea-pig placenta.", "content": "Different cellular fractions of guinea-pig placenta were incubated  in the presence of (7n-3H) testosterone. Microsomal aromatization of 3H-testosterone into estrone and estradiol-17beta was demonstrated in the presence of NADPH. The predominance of estrone after incubation with 17beta-hydroxylated precursors, (7n-3H) testosterone and (6,7-3H) estradiol-17beta, indicate that there is a microsomal 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. In this report, cytosolic sulfurylation of estrogens is demonstrated. This latter activity represents a quite original characteristic of the placental metabolism of estrogens in guinea-pigs. In contrast with the human placenta where there is considerable sulfatase activity, the guinea-pig placenta can sulfurylate estrogens.", "contents": "Conversion, in vitro, of (7n-3H) testosterone to estrone and estradiol-17beta and their 3-sulfate conjugate by the guinea-pig placenta. Different cellular fractions of guinea-pig placenta were incubated  in the presence of (7n-3H) testosterone. Microsomal aromatization of 3H-testosterone into estrone and estradiol-17beta was demonstrated in the presence of NADPH. The predominance of estrone after incubation with 17beta-hydroxylated precursors, (7n-3H) testosterone and (6,7-3H) estradiol-17beta, indicate that there is a microsomal 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. In this report, cytosolic sulfurylation of estrogens is demonstrated. This latter activity represents a quite original characteristic of the placental metabolism of estrogens in guinea-pigs. In contrast with the human placenta where there is considerable sulfatase activity, the guinea-pig placenta can sulfurylate estrogens.", "PMID": 715821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6384", "title": "Kinetics of testosterone metabolism in normal postmenopausal women and women with breast cancer.", "content": "The constant infusion and single injection techniques were utilized to study the kinetics of 3H-testosterone (T) metabolism in posmenopausal women with and without breast cancer. The metabolic clearance rates (mean +/- SEM) for normal postmenopausal women were 578 +/- 82 and 644 +/- 128 1/24 has obtained by the constant infusion and single injection techniques, respectively. The corresponding results for the women with breast cancer (patients) are 644 +/- 25 and 617 +/- 106 1/24 h. The single injection technique yielded values for rate constants (units) and volumes of distribution (1); K1 = 37.5 +/- 1.6 for the normals and 34.5 +/- 1.9 for the patients, K = 76.6 +/- 5.1 for the normals and 71.1 +/- 1.6 for the patients, V1 = 7.9 +/- 2.2 for the normals and 8.7 +/- 1.4 for the patients and V2 = 7.0 +/- 1.5 for the normals and 6.4 +/- 1.2 for the patients. The constant infusion technique yielded values for the conversion ratios for the transformation of T to several products; 4-androstene-3,17-dione/T of 0.02 +/- 0.003 for normals and 0.03 +/- 0.002 for patients, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone/T of 0.02 +/- 0.002 for normals and 0.03 +/- 0.002 for patients, estrone/T of 0.04 +/- 0.01 for normals and 0.04 +/- 0.01 for patients, estradiol-17beta/T of 0.02 +/- 0.005 for normals and 0.03 +/- 0.005 for patients and estrone sulfate/T of 0.16 +/- 0.02 for normals and 0.24 +/- 0.06 for patients. The T plasma concentrations and production rates were similar for the two groups of subjects. Hence there were no significant differences between the normals and the patients for all the kinetic parameters. It was determined that all the estradiol being produced in postmenopausal women could be coming from circulating T.", "contents": "Kinetics of testosterone metabolism in normal postmenopausal women and women with breast cancer. The constant infusion and single injection techniques were utilized to study the kinetics of 3H-testosterone (T) metabolism in posmenopausal women with and without breast cancer. The metabolic clearance rates (mean +/- SEM) for normal postmenopausal women were 578 +/- 82 and 644 +/- 128 1/24 has obtained by the constant infusion and single injection techniques, respectively. The corresponding results for the women with breast cancer (patients) are 644 +/- 25 and 617 +/- 106 1/24 h. The single injection technique yielded values for rate constants (units) and volumes of distribution (1); K1 = 37.5 +/- 1.6 for the normals and 34.5 +/- 1.9 for the patients, K = 76.6 +/- 5.1 for the normals and 71.1 +/- 1.6 for the patients, V1 = 7.9 +/- 2.2 for the normals and 8.7 +/- 1.4 for the patients and V2 = 7.0 +/- 1.5 for the normals and 6.4 +/- 1.2 for the patients. The constant infusion technique yielded values for the conversion ratios for the transformation of T to several products; 4-androstene-3,17-dione/T of 0.02 +/- 0.003 for normals and 0.03 +/- 0.002 for patients, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone/T of 0.02 +/- 0.002 for normals and 0.03 +/- 0.002 for patients, estrone/T of 0.04 +/- 0.01 for normals and 0.04 +/- 0.01 for patients, estradiol-17beta/T of 0.02 +/- 0.005 for normals and 0.03 +/- 0.005 for patients and estrone sulfate/T of 0.16 +/- 0.02 for normals and 0.24 +/- 0.06 for patients. The T plasma concentrations and production rates were similar for the two groups of subjects. Hence there were no significant differences between the normals and the patients for all the kinetic parameters. It was determined that all the estradiol being produced in postmenopausal women could be coming from circulating T.", "PMID": 715822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6385", "title": "Synthesis of biological precursors of cholic acid.", "content": "This paper describes a new and convenient procedure for the synthesis of 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24-tetrol (24R and 24 S) and 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,26-tetrol starting from 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,25-tetrol. Dehydration of the 25-hydroxytetrol with glacial acetic acid and acetic anhydride yielded a mixture of 5beta-cholest-24-ene-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-triol and the corresponding delta25 compound. Hydroboration and oxidation of the mixture of delta24 and delta25 unsaturated bile alcohols resulted in the formation of 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24epsilon-tetrol and 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,26-tetrol. In addition, smaller amounts of 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,23epsilon-tetrol and 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-triol were also obtained. The bile alcohols epimeric at C-24 were resolved by analytical and preparative TLC, characterized by gas-liquid chromatography and mass-spectrometry. Tentatively assignments of the 24R and 24S configuration was made on the basis of molecular rotation differences. These compounds will be useful for biological studies of cholic acid biosynthesis.", "contents": "Synthesis of biological precursors of cholic acid. This paper describes a new and convenient procedure for the synthesis of 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24-tetrol (24R and 24 S) and 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,26-tetrol starting from 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,25-tetrol. Dehydration of the 25-hydroxytetrol with glacial acetic acid and acetic anhydride yielded a mixture of 5beta-cholest-24-ene-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-triol and the corresponding delta25 compound. Hydroboration and oxidation of the mixture of delta24 and delta25 unsaturated bile alcohols resulted in the formation of 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24epsilon-tetrol and 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,26-tetrol. In addition, smaller amounts of 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,23epsilon-tetrol and 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-triol were also obtained. The bile alcohols epimeric at C-24 were resolved by analytical and preparative TLC, characterized by gas-liquid chromatography and mass-spectrometry. Tentatively assignments of the 24R and 24S configuration was made on the basis of molecular rotation differences. These compounds will be useful for biological studies of cholic acid biosynthesis.", "PMID": 715823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6386", "title": "Steroidogenic capabilities of the early mouse embryo.", "content": "Preimplantation embryos from ICR albino mice were used to determine progesterone and estradiol-17beta production during incubation in BMOC-2. Following culture of 40 embryos/culture at either the morula, early blastocyst or late blastocyst stages, progesterone and estradiol-17beta contents were 192 +/- 27 and 82 +/- 22 pg, 289 +/- 50 and 147 +/- 46 pg and 157 +/- 28 and 88 +/- 23 pg, respectively, for incubated samples and 306 +/- 68 and 89 +/- 40 pg, 404 +/- 63 and 125 +/- 44 pg, and 241 +/- 54 and 86 +/- 39 pg, respectively for control samples. Although, there were significant stage of development and treatments effects (p less than 0.05) for progesterone, production of this steroid was not evident. These data suggest that the early preimplantation mouse embryo does not produce progesterone or estradiol-17beta in a defined culture system.", "contents": "Steroidogenic capabilities of the early mouse embryo. Preimplantation embryos from ICR albino mice were used to determine progesterone and estradiol-17beta production during incubation in BMOC-2. Following culture of 40 embryos/culture at either the morula, early blastocyst or late blastocyst stages, progesterone and estradiol-17beta contents were 192 +/- 27 and 82 +/- 22 pg, 289 +/- 50 and 147 +/- 46 pg and 157 +/- 28 and 88 +/- 23 pg, respectively, for incubated samples and 306 +/- 68 and 89 +/- 40 pg, 404 +/- 63 and 125 +/- 44 pg, and 241 +/- 54 and 86 +/- 39 pg, respectively for control samples. Although, there were significant stage of development and treatments effects (p less than 0.05) for progesterone, production of this steroid was not evident. These data suggest that the early preimplantation mouse embryo does not produce progesterone or estradiol-17beta in a defined culture system.", "PMID": 715824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6387", "title": "The hydrolysis of bile acid conjugates.", "content": "Studies were made of a) the relationship of bile acid structure and analytical recoveries (measured by 3-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase) following vigorous alkaline hydrolysis of bile acid conjugates and b) the relationship of structure and hydrolysis time of taurine- and glycine bile acid conjugates in a reaction catalyzed by glycocholic acid hydrolase. Alkaline hydrolysis resulted in good recoveries of hydroxy and 7 and 12- oxo-bile acids but poor recoveries of 3-oxo-bile acids. Borohydride reduction of the 3-oxo-acids prevented these losses. Complete enzymatic hydrolysis of glycine conjugated bile acids was about five times more rapid than that of taurine conjugates. Hydrolysis of conjugates containing oxo groups was slow. Borohydride reduction of oxo-acids corrected this and did not inhibit enzymatic hydrolysis. It was concluded that both vigorous alkaline and enzymatic hydrolysis are satisfactory in bile acid assays if borohydride reduction is instituted before the hydrolytic step. However, due to the presence of possible enzyme inhibitors and solubility difficulties, strong alkaline hydrolysis is preferable to enzymatic hydrolysis in fecal bile acid determinations at this time.", "contents": "The hydrolysis of bile acid conjugates. Studies were made of a) the relationship of bile acid structure and analytical recoveries (measured by 3-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase) following vigorous alkaline hydrolysis of bile acid conjugates and b) the relationship of structure and hydrolysis time of taurine- and glycine bile acid conjugates in a reaction catalyzed by glycocholic acid hydrolase. Alkaline hydrolysis resulted in good recoveries of hydroxy and 7 and 12- oxo-bile acids but poor recoveries of 3-oxo-bile acids. Borohydride reduction of the 3-oxo-acids prevented these losses. Complete enzymatic hydrolysis of glycine conjugated bile acids was about five times more rapid than that of taurine conjugates. Hydrolysis of conjugates containing oxo groups was slow. Borohydride reduction of oxo-acids corrected this and did not inhibit enzymatic hydrolysis. It was concluded that both vigorous alkaline and enzymatic hydrolysis are satisfactory in bile acid assays if borohydride reduction is instituted before the hydrolytic step. However, due to the presence of possible enzyme inhibitors and solubility difficulties, strong alkaline hydrolysis is preferable to enzymatic hydrolysis in fecal bile acid determinations at this time.", "PMID": 715825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6388", "title": "Androgen metabolism in sheep.", "content": "3H-Testosterone (3H-T) plus 14C-androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (A-dione) and 3H-epi-testosterone (17alpha-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-one) (epiT) plus 14C-T were injected intravenously into two male sheep with bile fistulae, respectively. Urine and bile samples were collected at intervals for 4-8 hours and analyzed by the use of DEAE-Sephadex A-25 and Lipidex 5000 columns, TLC, and paper chromatography; the aglycones were identified by co-crystallization with authentic standards. Five fractions were obtained from urine and bile: unconjugated, glucosiduronates, sulfates, sulfo-glucosiduronates and disulfates. In urine, the major conjugates were glucosiduronates, while sulfates predominated in bile. About 80-90% of recovered radioactivity was found to be either glucosiduronates or sulfates. Among the metabolites identified, epi-T was the principal one, accounting for 10-15% of the administered doses. Conversion to 17alpha-hydroxysteroids thus appears to be a major route of metabolism of the androgens administered in sheep. Other metabolites in the glucosiduronate and sulfate fractions were androsterone, etiocholanolone (3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one), 5beta-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol, two unknown diols and polar metabolites. The results indicated that androgen metabolism is somewhat unusual in sheep, as compared with other animals and the human.", "contents": "Androgen metabolism in sheep. 3H-Testosterone (3H-T) plus 14C-androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (A-dione) and 3H-epi-testosterone (17alpha-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-one) (epiT) plus 14C-T were injected intravenously into two male sheep with bile fistulae, respectively. Urine and bile samples were collected at intervals for 4-8 hours and analyzed by the use of DEAE-Sephadex A-25 and Lipidex 5000 columns, TLC, and paper chromatography; the aglycones were identified by co-crystallization with authentic standards. Five fractions were obtained from urine and bile: unconjugated, glucosiduronates, sulfates, sulfo-glucosiduronates and disulfates. In urine, the major conjugates were glucosiduronates, while sulfates predominated in bile. About 80-90% of recovered radioactivity was found to be either glucosiduronates or sulfates. Among the metabolites identified, epi-T was the principal one, accounting for 10-15% of the administered doses. Conversion to 17alpha-hydroxysteroids thus appears to be a major route of metabolism of the androgens administered in sheep. Other metabolites in the glucosiduronate and sulfate fractions were androsterone, etiocholanolone (3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one), 5beta-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol, two unknown diols and polar metabolites. The results indicated that androgen metabolism is somewhat unusual in sheep, as compared with other animals and the human.", "PMID": 715826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6389", "title": "Continued use of contraception among Philippine family planning acceptors: a multivariate analysis.", "content": "The factors that contribute to continued use of contraception are examined through a multivariate analysis of data gathered in the course of the Philippine 1974 National Acceptor Survey. Twenty-five independent variables were utilized in the analysis, of which only three were found to have an appreciable effect upon continuation: the method accepted, age, and husband's attitude regarding family planning. When the sample was divided into method subgroups, several features of the service process explained variance in pill continuation, and fecundability explained variance in rhythm continuation. The findings suggest that there is considerable potential for improving the effectiveness of the Philippine program through administrative action. Better IUD services and information, more emphasis on the needs of husbands, and improvements in the ongoing support of pill users could substantially improve the amount of contraceptive protection offered by the program.", "contents": "Continued use of contraception among Philippine family planning acceptors: a multivariate analysis. The factors that contribute to continued use of contraception are examined through a multivariate analysis of data gathered in the course of the Philippine 1974 National Acceptor Survey. Twenty-five independent variables were utilized in the analysis, of which only three were found to have an appreciable effect upon continuation: the method accepted, age, and husband's attitude regarding family planning. When the sample was divided into method subgroups, several features of the service process explained variance in pill continuation, and fecundability explained variance in rhythm continuation. The findings suggest that there is considerable potential for improving the effectiveness of the Philippine program through administrative action. Better IUD services and information, more emphasis on the needs of husbands, and improvements in the ongoing support of pill users could substantially improve the amount of contraceptive protection offered by the program.", "PMID": 715828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6390", "title": "Two determinants of fertility decline: a test of competing models.", "content": "This paper compares alternative models for the process by which education and infant mortality changes may combine to reduce fertility. A linear, interactive model appears most suitable. Substantively, it indicates that those countries with a combination of low infant mortality rates and high educational enrollments experience synergistically large declines in fertility. Patterns of contraceptive use are also consistent with this model.", "contents": "Two determinants of fertility decline: a test of competing models. This paper compares alternative models for the process by which education and infant mortality changes may combine to reduce fertility. A linear, interactive model appears most suitable. Substantively, it indicates that those countries with a combination of low infant mortality rates and high educational enrollments experience synergistically large declines in fertility. Patterns of contraceptive use are also consistent with this model.", "PMID": 715829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6391", "title": "Fertility and family planning in rural northern Thailand.", "content": "From the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s, when fertility was declining in Thailand as a whole, especially rapid declines occurred in Northern Thailand, but they did not occur uniformly in all the region's provinces. The Northern Thailand Fertility Study, initiated in 1975 to study the reported fertility changes, gathered data in two provinces: Chiang Mai, where fertility decline has been quite rapid, and Chiang Rai, which experienced relatively little decline until 1974. This preliminary report discusses fertility levels and trends in the two provinces, fertility experience and expectations of respondents, attitudes toward and knowledge of family planning, and contraceptive practice. The results suggest that most of the difference in fertility decline is related to the different level of family planning program activity in the two provinces.", "contents": "Fertility and family planning in rural northern Thailand. From the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s, when fertility was declining in Thailand as a whole, especially rapid declines occurred in Northern Thailand, but they did not occur uniformly in all the region's provinces. The Northern Thailand Fertility Study, initiated in 1975 to study the reported fertility changes, gathered data in two provinces: Chiang Mai, where fertility decline has been quite rapid, and Chiang Rai, which experienced relatively little decline until 1974. This preliminary report discusses fertility levels and trends in the two provinces, fertility experience and expectations of respondents, attitudes toward and knowledge of family planning, and contraceptive practice. The results suggest that most of the difference in fertility decline is related to the different level of family planning program activity in the two provinces.", "PMID": 715832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6392", "title": "An evaluation of male contraceptive acceptance in rural Ghana.", "content": "To evaluate the effect of male contraceptive acceptance on fertility, the Danfa Family Planning Project in rural Ghana studied a sample of its male family planning acceptors. The findings show that half of the survey respondents accepted foam for use by their partners and half accepted the condom. The continuation rate (69 percent at 12 months) and use-effectiveness rate (80 percent at 12 months) reported by men were higher than those reported by women program acceptors. It is felt that men can play a significant role in affecting fertility through their influence on a couple's choosing to use contraception and as a result of their motivation to obtain contraception and see that it is used. It is urged that increasing emphasis be placed on providing family planning services for men in African programs.", "contents": "An evaluation of male contraceptive acceptance in rural Ghana. To evaluate the effect of male contraceptive acceptance on fertility, the Danfa Family Planning Project in rural Ghana studied a sample of its male family planning acceptors. The findings show that half of the survey respondents accepted foam for use by their partners and half accepted the condom. The continuation rate (69 percent at 12 months) and use-effectiveness rate (80 percent at 12 months) reported by men were higher than those reported by women program acceptors. It is felt that men can play a significant role in affecting fertility through their influence on a couple's choosing to use contraception and as a result of their motivation to obtain contraception and see that it is used. It is urged that increasing emphasis be placed on providing family planning services for men in African programs.", "PMID": 715833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6393", "title": "Symbiosis, empathy, suicidal behavior, and the family.", "content": "This paper discusses the theoretical concept of symbiosis, as described by Mahler and her co-workers, and its clinical applications in suicidal situations. Symbiosis is defined as both a developmental phase characterized by a lack of differentiation between self and others and a relationship which is contingent upon the family and social network. A disturbed symbiosis is a major component in a suicide attempt. The destructive aspects of symbiosis are traced together with its relationship to empathy and the efforts to both restore and resolve a symbiotic conflict through suicidal behavior. In family therapy a repetition of older symbiotic relationships is frequently observed. These are repeated from one generation to the next in order to keep the old relationship alive. Finally, the practical implications of the concept of symbiosis for assessment and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Symbiosis, empathy, suicidal behavior, and the family. This paper discusses the theoretical concept of symbiosis, as described by Mahler and her co-workers, and its clinical applications in suicidal situations. Symbiosis is defined as both a developmental phase characterized by a lack of differentiation between self and others and a relationship which is contingent upon the family and social network. A disturbed symbiosis is a major component in a suicide attempt. The destructive aspects of symbiosis are traced together with its relationship to empathy and the efforts to both restore and resolve a symbiotic conflict through suicidal behavior. In family therapy a repetition of older symbiotic relationships is frequently observed. These are repeated from one generation to the next in order to keep the old relationship alive. Finally, the practical implications of the concept of symbiosis for assessment and treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 715853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6394", "title": "Psychiatric hospital treament of suicidal children.", "content": "Three phases of psychiatric hospital treatment of children, ages 6 to 12 years, admitted to the hospital because of suicidal threats or suicidal attempts are described. Suicidal behavior in young children must always be taken seriously. Although suicidal behavior usually ceases upon hospitalization, suicidal ideas may continue to be expressed in play fantasy. In addition to individual and milieu therapy, treatment must also include concomitant assistance of the parents. The treatment procedures are illustrated by suicidal case examples of a depressed girl, an acting-out boy, and a psychotic boy.", "contents": "Psychiatric hospital treament of suicidal children. Three phases of psychiatric hospital treatment of children, ages 6 to 12 years, admitted to the hospital because of suicidal threats or suicidal attempts are described. Suicidal behavior in young children must always be taken seriously. Although suicidal behavior usually ceases upon hospitalization, suicidal ideas may continue to be expressed in play fantasy. In addition to individual and milieu therapy, treatment must also include concomitant assistance of the parents. The treatment procedures are illustrated by suicidal case examples of a depressed girl, an acting-out boy, and a psychotic boy.", "PMID": 715854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6395", "title": "Dimensions of black suicide: a theoretical model.", "content": "This paper has two purposes: (1) to develop a theoretical model of suicide, based on the previous work of Henry and Short, and (2) to apply that model in the study of black suicides in Orleans Parish, Louisiana. In so doing, we are focusing on suicide among a traditionally low-status, low-suicide population group, one which Henry and Short cited in support of the positive relationship between status and suicide. The generality of the theory is thus examined in this and other ways. The theory of \"external restraints\" is only weakly sustained by this analysis. More adequate testing of the theory must await further data, with careful attention to the subjective aspects of hypothesized structural relationships.", "contents": "Dimensions of black suicide: a theoretical model. This paper has two purposes: (1) to develop a theoretical model of suicide, based on the previous work of Henry and Short, and (2) to apply that model in the study of black suicides in Orleans Parish, Louisiana. In so doing, we are focusing on suicide among a traditionally low-status, low-suicide population group, one which Henry and Short cited in support of the positive relationship between status and suicide. The generality of the theory is thus examined in this and other ways. The theory of \"external restraints\" is only weakly sustained by this analysis. More adequate testing of the theory must await further data, with careful attention to the subjective aspects of hypothesized structural relationships.", "PMID": 715855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6396", "title": "Vehicle drivers and fatal accidents.", "content": "This study attempts an exploratory study of the question, What happens to drivers of vehicles involved in accidents in which there is a fatality, whether or not the driver was at fault? The purpose of the investigation was to attempt to determine what, if any, crisis intervention is needed for such drivers. A total of 33 drivers participated who were involved in such an accident from 6 months to 11 years prior to the interviews. Major findings are (1) the range of time for drivers to resolve their crises seemed to be from a few hours to years after the accident, (2) the crises created many psychosocial and physical problems for these drivers, (3) the support of family, friends, and significant others was the most important variable for the drivers in crisis resolution, (4) condemnation hindered them most.", "contents": "Vehicle drivers and fatal accidents. This study attempts an exploratory study of the question, What happens to drivers of vehicles involved in accidents in which there is a fatality, whether or not the driver was at fault? The purpose of the investigation was to attempt to determine what, if any, crisis intervention is needed for such drivers. A total of 33 drivers participated who were involved in such an accident from 6 months to 11 years prior to the interviews. Major findings are (1) the range of time for drivers to resolve their crises seemed to be from a few hours to years after the accident, (2) the crises created many psychosocial and physical problems for these drivers, (3) the support of family, friends, and significant others was the most important variable for the drivers in crisis resolution, (4) condemnation hindered them most.", "PMID": 715856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6397", "title": "Effect of the endocrine state of blastocyst donors on the time required for initiation of trophoblast outgrowth.", "content": "Blastocysts from mice in a state of delayed implantation after ovariectomy were recovered on day 5, 7 or 9 (day 1 was the day a vaginal plug was found). Blastocysts were also recovered on day 7 from animals that had received an injection of oestradiol-17beta 8, 16 or 24 hours earlier. The blastocysts were incubated in a modified Brinster's medium to which serum had been added and the time of initiation of blastocyst outgrowth was recorded. Blastcysts from early delay grew out before those from late delay. A steady state of outgrowth time was achieved on day 7. It is therefore suggested that blastocysts for culture experiments in which the metabolic activity level is crucial should not be recovered before the steady state is attained. Oestrogen injections caused earlier outgrowths, at least after 16 h, which indicates that the earlier outgrowth soon after ovariectomy might also be caused by a residual effect of the oestrogen.", "contents": "Effect of the endocrine state of blastocyst donors on the time required for initiation of trophoblast outgrowth. Blastocysts from mice in a state of delayed implantation after ovariectomy were recovered on day 5, 7 or 9 (day 1 was the day a vaginal plug was found). Blastocysts were also recovered on day 7 from animals that had received an injection of oestradiol-17beta 8, 16 or 24 hours earlier. The blastocysts were incubated in a modified Brinster's medium to which serum had been added and the time of initiation of blastocyst outgrowth was recorded. Blastcysts from early delay grew out before those from late delay. A steady state of outgrowth time was achieved on day 7. It is therefore suggested that blastocysts for culture experiments in which the metabolic activity level is crucial should not be recovered before the steady state is attained. Oestrogen injections caused earlier outgrowths, at least after 16 h, which indicates that the earlier outgrowth soon after ovariectomy might also be caused by a residual effect of the oestrogen.", "PMID": 715945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6398", "title": "Prolonged serum insulin decreasing effects of two synthetic somatostatin analogues studied in vivo by a new animal method. Preliminary communication.", "content": "A newly developed in vivo method, using the ob-ob strain of obese-hyperglycaemic mice with permanently very high serum insulin values, makes it possible to detect more prolonged serum insulin lowering properties than in normal animals. Two newly synthesized analogues of somatostatin, D-alanine-somatostatin and des-alanine-des glycine-des-amino-somatostatin produced a more prolonged and greater decrease in the serum insulin values of ob-ob mice than did somatostatin. Our new in vivo method makes it possible to investigate the duration of insulin suppression of new derivatives.", "contents": "Prolonged serum insulin decreasing effects of two synthetic somatostatin analogues studied in vivo by a new animal method. Preliminary communication. A newly developed in vivo method, using the ob-ob strain of obese-hyperglycaemic mice with permanently very high serum insulin values, makes it possible to detect more prolonged serum insulin lowering properties than in normal animals. Two newly synthesized analogues of somatostatin, D-alanine-somatostatin and des-alanine-des glycine-des-amino-somatostatin produced a more prolonged and greater decrease in the serum insulin values of ob-ob mice than did somatostatin. Our new in vivo method makes it possible to investigate the duration of insulin suppression of new derivatives.", "PMID": 715946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6399", "title": "Health and disease at the age of sixty. Findings in a health survey of 60-year-old men in Uppsala and a comparison with men 10 years younger.", "content": "A health investigation was performed among 331 men aged 60 years in Uppsala. The investigation was performed in the same way as in 50-year-old men (n = 2322) in the same community, previously described. Thus it was possible to make certain comparisons between these two populations of middle-aged men. A considerably higher morbidity, given as point prevalence, was found for diseases of the cardiovascular system and of the endocrine organs, in the older population compared with the younger. Parallel to this a higher consumption of pharmaceuticals was reported by the older men. Only 39% among the older men versus 51% of the younger men were smokers. Nearly the same number (two-thirds) of men in both age groups were without codable ECG abnormalities in their resting ECG. Among the older men, however, there were more subjects having multiple pathological ECG findings than in the younger age group. It is concluded that it is possible to reach approximately 80% of the actual population in special health investigations, in middle-aged men. Future studies, preferably in younger subjects, should aim at an early detection and primary prevention of cardiovascular and endocrine diseases.", "contents": "Health and disease at the age of sixty. Findings in a health survey of 60-year-old men in Uppsala and a comparison with men 10 years younger. A health investigation was performed among 331 men aged 60 years in Uppsala. The investigation was performed in the same way as in 50-year-old men (n = 2322) in the same community, previously described. Thus it was possible to make certain comparisons between these two populations of middle-aged men. A considerably higher morbidity, given as point prevalence, was found for diseases of the cardiovascular system and of the endocrine organs, in the older population compared with the younger. Parallel to this a higher consumption of pharmaceuticals was reported by the older men. Only 39% among the older men versus 51% of the younger men were smokers. Nearly the same number (two-thirds) of men in both age groups were without codable ECG abnormalities in their resting ECG. Among the older men, however, there were more subjects having multiple pathological ECG findings than in the younger age group. It is concluded that it is possible to reach approximately 80% of the actual population in special health investigations, in middle-aged men. Future studies, preferably in younger subjects, should aim at an early detection and primary prevention of cardiovascular and endocrine diseases.", "PMID": 715947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6400", "title": "Microsphere measurement of regional intestinal blood supply and cardiac output in the rat.", "content": "The regional blood supply to consecutive segments of the small intestine in the anaesthetized rat was investigated with a radioactive microsphere technique. A blood flow gradient with the lowest flow in the distal segments (0.85--0.89 ml/min.g) and the highest in the proximal segments (1.13--1.15 ml/min.g) was observed. Very few microspheres were found in the portal vein blood, indicating negligible arteriovenous shunting in the splanchnic area. The mean cardiac outputs in two consecutive measurements were 27.9 and 28.7 ml/min . 100 g, respectively. The cardiac output and regional blood flow values were in accordance with those obtained with other techniques.", "contents": "Microsphere measurement of regional intestinal blood supply and cardiac output in the rat. The regional blood supply to consecutive segments of the small intestine in the anaesthetized rat was investigated with a radioactive microsphere technique. A blood flow gradient with the lowest flow in the distal segments (0.85--0.89 ml/min.g) and the highest in the proximal segments (1.13--1.15 ml/min.g) was observed. Very few microspheres were found in the portal vein blood, indicating negligible arteriovenous shunting in the splanchnic area. The mean cardiac outputs in two consecutive measurements were 27.9 and 28.7 ml/min . 100 g, respectively. The cardiac output and regional blood flow values were in accordance with those obtained with other techniques.", "PMID": 715948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6401", "title": "Studies on the transport of small bowel contents. An experimental study in the rat with special reference to the evaluation of non-propulsive intestinal movements.", "content": "An earlier study (4) of chyme propagation through the small bowel in conscious rats has revealed that the luminal contents are transported in separate portions, which exchange material only to a limited extent. In the present study this transport pattern was confirmed also after the following changes in the standardized experimental conditions used previously: (a) replacement of the standard radioactive labels (125I-PVP and 131I-PVP) with Na2(51CrO4) and 99Tcm-sulphur colloid, (b) replacement of the test meal with saline and (c) investigation of animals without a preceding starvation period. It was also found that the small bowel propulsion was enhanced when the test substance was infused at a higher rate, and that this change did not affect the exchange of material between the portions. The small mixing was further confirmed in experiments in which shifts of label were made repeatedly at constant intervals throughout the infusion period. Distinct regions in which one of the labels predominated could be demonstrated along the entire small bowel when the time interval was diminished to 30 but not to 20 min.", "contents": "Studies on the transport of small bowel contents. An experimental study in the rat with special reference to the evaluation of non-propulsive intestinal movements. An earlier study (4) of chyme propagation through the small bowel in conscious rats has revealed that the luminal contents are transported in separate portions, which exchange material only to a limited extent. In the present study this transport pattern was confirmed also after the following changes in the standardized experimental conditions used previously: (a) replacement of the standard radioactive labels (125I-PVP and 131I-PVP) with Na2(51CrO4) and 99Tcm-sulphur colloid, (b) replacement of the test meal with saline and (c) investigation of animals without a preceding starvation period. It was also found that the small bowel propulsion was enhanced when the test substance was infused at a higher rate, and that this change did not affect the exchange of material between the portions. The small mixing was further confirmed in experiments in which shifts of label were made repeatedly at constant intervals throughout the infusion period. Distinct regions in which one of the labels predominated could be demonstrated along the entire small bowel when the time interval was diminished to 30 but not to 20 min.", "PMID": 715949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6402", "title": "Transfer of adoptive immunity by intra-arterial injection of tumor-immune pig lymph node cells: treatment of recurrent urinary bladder carcinoma after radical radiotherapy.", "content": "Twenty-four patients with invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, recurrent after radiotherapy, were treated by intra-arterial infusion of tumor-immune pig lymph node cells. In 11 patients there was a remission of the disease process, and 3 patients remain alive and free of disease in excess of one year after treatment.", "contents": "Transfer of adoptive immunity by intra-arterial injection of tumor-immune pig lymph node cells: treatment of recurrent urinary bladder carcinoma after radical radiotherapy. Twenty-four patients with invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, recurrent after radiotherapy, were treated by intra-arterial infusion of tumor-immune pig lymph node cells. In 11 patients there was a remission of the disease process, and 3 patients remain alive and free of disease in excess of one year after treatment.", "PMID": 715964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6403", "title": "Urinary calculous disease in childhood.", "content": "Reviewed are 56 cases of children suffering from urinary calculous disease between 1970 and 1977; 27 were female and 29 male. The age distribution was from one month to fourteen years. In 34 per cent of the children urodynamic disorders were responsible for stone formation, 23 per cent had identifiable metabolic disorders, and in 43 per cent the cause of stone formation was unknown. Urinary infection was present in 60 per cent of the patients. Forty-five of the 56 children (80 per cent) had to undergo surgery. After surgery 78 per cent remained stone free, while 16 per cent had recurrent stones, only half requiring a second operation. In cases of active stone disease, especially in the group with underlying metabolic disorders, specific therapeutic measures have been applied and the patients regularly investigated afterward.", "contents": "Urinary calculous disease in childhood. Reviewed are 56 cases of children suffering from urinary calculous disease between 1970 and 1977; 27 were female and 29 male. The age distribution was from one month to fourteen years. In 34 per cent of the children urodynamic disorders were responsible for stone formation, 23 per cent had identifiable metabolic disorders, and in 43 per cent the cause of stone formation was unknown. Urinary infection was present in 60 per cent of the patients. Forty-five of the 56 children (80 per cent) had to undergo surgery. After surgery 78 per cent remained stone free, while 16 per cent had recurrent stones, only half requiring a second operation. In cases of active stone disease, especially in the group with underlying metabolic disorders, specific therapeutic measures have been applied and the patients regularly investigated afterward.", "PMID": 715965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6404", "title": "Endoscopic management of urethral stricture.", "content": "Experience with transurethral management of urethral stricture using conventional urethroscope and resectroscope of both infant and adult size is reported and the surgical procedure described. Because incision, dilation, and resection of the stricture are done under direct visual control, it is safe and applicable even in severe strictures hitherto untreatable with other refined closed methods.", "contents": "Endoscopic management of urethral stricture. Experience with transurethral management of urethral stricture using conventional urethroscope and resectroscope of both infant and adult size is reported and the surgical procedure described. Because incision, dilation, and resection of the stricture are done under direct visual control, it is safe and applicable even in severe strictures hitherto untreatable with other refined closed methods.", "PMID": 715967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6405", "title": "Clinical aspects of granulomatous orchitis.", "content": "Granulomatous orchitis can present in a variety of forms varying from acute to chronic. Clinically, testicular neoplasm is usually diagnosed and radical orchiectomy is performed, with the correct diagnosis being made on microscopic examination. In this article 6 cases of granulomatous orchitis are presented, with a variety of clinical presentations varying from acute to the more chronic forms.", "contents": "Clinical aspects of granulomatous orchitis. Granulomatous orchitis can present in a variety of forms varying from acute to chronic. Clinically, testicular neoplasm is usually diagnosed and radical orchiectomy is performed, with the correct diagnosis being made on microscopic examination. In this article 6 cases of granulomatous orchitis are presented, with a variety of clinical presentations varying from acute to the more chronic forms.", "PMID": 715966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6406", "title": "Ether cystitis.", "content": "Two children are reported in whom chemical cystitis developed when ether was used to dissolve a Foley catheter balloon that would not deflate. The irritative effects of ether and preventive measures are discussed.", "contents": "Ether cystitis. Two children are reported in whom chemical cystitis developed when ether was used to dissolve a Foley catheter balloon that would not deflate. The irritative effects of ether and preventive measures are discussed.", "PMID": 715968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6407", "title": "Carcinoma of prostate presenting as retroperitoneal mass.", "content": "The pattern of dissemination of prostatic carcinoma varies, but skeletal metastasis is the single most common symptomatic mode of presentation. The clinical course and treatment of the 2 cases presenting with symptomatic metastases to the retroperitoneum are described in detail and pertinent literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Carcinoma of prostate presenting as retroperitoneal mass. The pattern of dissemination of prostatic carcinoma varies, but skeletal metastasis is the single most common symptomatic mode of presentation. The clinical course and treatment of the 2 cases presenting with symptomatic metastases to the retroperitoneum are described in detail and pertinent literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 715969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6408", "title": "Inflatable penile prosthesis: new device for cylinder insertion.", "content": "A new device for insertion of inflatable penile cylinders into the corpus cavernosum significantly simplifies the implantation of the inflatable penile prosthesis. Use of this device assures accurate positioning within the corpora, with a minimum of device manipulation and tissue trauma, thereby minimizing postoperative complications.", "contents": "Inflatable penile prosthesis: new device for cylinder insertion. A new device for insertion of inflatable penile cylinders into the corpus cavernosum significantly simplifies the implantation of the inflatable penile prosthesis. Use of this device assures accurate positioning within the corpora, with a minimum of device manipulation and tissue trauma, thereby minimizing postoperative complications.", "PMID": 715972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6409", "title": "Leiomyosarcoma of urinary bladder in children.", "content": "A case of leiomyosarcoma of the bladder is reported in a fourteen-year-old girl who is alive and without evidence of disease two years after partial cystectomy. Electron microscopy confirmed its smooth muscle nature. The data for 7 other children, including follow-up for 5, are tabulated. Partial cystectomy with adequate margin appears to be the treatment of choice when feasible. The tumor may be controlled with chemotherapy and radiation therapy in unresectable cases.", "contents": "Leiomyosarcoma of urinary bladder in children. A case of leiomyosarcoma of the bladder is reported in a fourteen-year-old girl who is alive and without evidence of disease two years after partial cystectomy. Electron microscopy confirmed its smooth muscle nature. The data for 7 other children, including follow-up for 5, are tabulated. Partial cystectomy with adequate margin appears to be the treatment of choice when feasible. The tumor may be controlled with chemotherapy and radiation therapy in unresectable cases.", "PMID": 715973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6410", "title": "Ectopic renal cell carcinoma: pathologists problem.", "content": "Renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma) rarely develops as a primary tumor outside the normal confines of the kidney. Although many reports of so-called extrarenal hypernephroma may be found in the literature, very few cases appear to fulfill modern criteria for tumors of true renal origin. Strict criteria for the diagnosis of true extrarenal hypernephroma are proposed, and a case that partially conforms to these standards is presented.", "contents": "Ectopic renal cell carcinoma: pathologists problem. Renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma) rarely develops as a primary tumor outside the normal confines of the kidney. Although many reports of so-called extrarenal hypernephroma may be found in the literature, very few cases appear to fulfill modern criteria for tumors of true renal origin. Strict criteria for the diagnosis of true extrarenal hypernephroma are proposed, and a case that partially conforms to these standards is presented.", "PMID": 715974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6411", "title": "Intravenous urography in evaluation of acute retention.", "content": "The intravenous urograms of 894 patients with acute retention were assessed. The total number of lesions demonstrated was less than 1 per cent; consequently the value of routine intravenous urograms in patients with acute urinary retention is questioned.", "contents": "Intravenous urography in evaluation of acute retention. The intravenous urograms of 894 patients with acute retention were assessed. The total number of lesions demonstrated was less than 1 per cent; consequently the value of routine intravenous urograms in patients with acute urinary retention is questioned.", "PMID": 715976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6412", "title": "Reduction in renal size associated with complete ureteric duplication.", "content": "Ureteric duplication, whether complicated or not, is usually associated with an increased in renal length. Two cases of renal duplex with nonfunction of the upper moeity, exhibiting a reduction in renal size, are presented. The radiologic features and the cause of this reduction in size are discussed. The importance of the postmicturition radiographs in cases of urinary tract infection is stressed.", "contents": "Reduction in renal size associated with complete ureteric duplication. Ureteric duplication, whether complicated or not, is usually associated with an increased in renal length. Two cases of renal duplex with nonfunction of the upper moeity, exhibiting a reduction in renal size, are presented. The radiologic features and the cause of this reduction in size are discussed. The importance of the postmicturition radiographs in cases of urinary tract infection is stressed.", "PMID": 715977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6413", "title": "Feasibility of inducing micturition through chronic stimulation of sacral roots.", "content": "Past attempts at inducing micturition in paraplegics by electric stimulation of the spinal cord micturition center have been generally unsuccessful. Failure has most often resulted from inability to separate the response of the detrusor from that of the sphincter. Because the sacral nerves provide some organizational specificity over the spinal cord and are practically suited to chronic stimulation, experiments were carried out in dogs to find out whether or not stimulation of these roots could induce micturition. Results of acute dog studies did suggest that micturition might effectively be performed by stimulation of the ventral root of the sacral nerve having the greatest detrusor representation. Specificity of bladder response was improved by dividing somatic fibers peripherally. Selected division of somatic fibers from the sacral root stimulated was compared with complete pudendal neurotomy. (The former procedure has the advantage of preserving perineal sensation.) The principles learned from the acute studies were then applied to \"chronic\" dogs--5 paraplegic and 1 normal. Effective voiding was achieved on a long-term basis. Over-all results were very encouraging. Further research is necessary before application of this technique to humans can be considered.", "contents": "Feasibility of inducing micturition through chronic stimulation of sacral roots. Past attempts at inducing micturition in paraplegics by electric stimulation of the spinal cord micturition center have been generally unsuccessful. Failure has most often resulted from inability to separate the response of the detrusor from that of the sphincter. Because the sacral nerves provide some organizational specificity over the spinal cord and are practically suited to chronic stimulation, experiments were carried out in dogs to find out whether or not stimulation of these roots could induce micturition. Results of acute dog studies did suggest that micturition might effectively be performed by stimulation of the ventral root of the sacral nerve having the greatest detrusor representation. Specificity of bladder response was improved by dividing somatic fibers peripherally. Selected division of somatic fibers from the sacral root stimulated was compared with complete pudendal neurotomy. (The former procedure has the advantage of preserving perineal sensation.) The principles learned from the acute studies were then applied to \"chronic\" dogs--5 paraplegic and 1 normal. Effective voiding was achieved on a long-term basis. Over-all results were very encouraging. Further research is necessary before application of this technique to humans can be considered.", "PMID": 715978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6414", "title": "Functional electrical stimulation: method to differentiate supraspinal from segmental detrusor hyperreflexia.", "content": "Functional electrical stimulation of anal mucosa permits a differential diagnosis between supraspinal and segmental detrusor hyperreflexia. The method introduces an interesting concept on pathophysiology of micturition allowing a better selection of patients for appropriate treatment.", "contents": "Functional electrical stimulation: method to differentiate supraspinal from segmental detrusor hyperreflexia. Functional electrical stimulation of anal mucosa permits a differential diagnosis between supraspinal and segmental detrusor hyperreflexia. The method introduces an interesting concept on pathophysiology of micturition allowing a better selection of patients for appropriate treatment.", "PMID": 715979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6415", "title": "Flow control in prolonged ventricular bypass and clinical application in 15 patients.", "content": "Long-term experiments employing left ventricular or biventricular bypass with local heparinization and blood filtration for up to 48 days was conducted in 51 calves at different flow rates. The principle of flow control obtained was applied to 15 patients in critical cardiac states. An avcothanized extracorporeal circuit consisted of heparin and protamine microperfusion lines, Pall filter, and nonpulsatile pump. Bypass with flow rates at 30--40% of cardiac output was conducted between 3 and 48 days. Survival was obtained in 34 of 36 calves. Bypass with flow rates at 60--80% of cardiac output was associated with 6 deaths in the 10 calves who underwent the procedure. Bypass with flow rates over 90% of cardiac output was often technically difficult and only 2 of 5 calves survived. Hemodynamic changes correlated well with the above results. In clinical cases flow rate was adjusted up to a maximum of 100% of left ventricular blood flow initially and thereafter to 30--40% of cardiac output for chronic support. A total of 15 patients with myocardial infarction, myocarditis and failing cardiac condition post-surgically were supported for 9--172 hrs. Six of the 15 survived. Adequate flow control in ventricular bypass support is important and the regimen developed in experimental studies proved effective clinically.", "contents": "Flow control in prolonged ventricular bypass and clinical application in 15 patients. Long-term experiments employing left ventricular or biventricular bypass with local heparinization and blood filtration for up to 48 days was conducted in 51 calves at different flow rates. The principle of flow control obtained was applied to 15 patients in critical cardiac states. An avcothanized extracorporeal circuit consisted of heparin and protamine microperfusion lines, Pall filter, and nonpulsatile pump. Bypass with flow rates at 30--40% of cardiac output was conducted between 3 and 48 days. Survival was obtained in 34 of 36 calves. Bypass with flow rates at 60--80% of cardiac output was associated with 6 deaths in the 10 calves who underwent the procedure. Bypass with flow rates over 90% of cardiac output was often technically difficult and only 2 of 5 calves survived. Hemodynamic changes correlated well with the above results. In clinical cases flow rate was adjusted up to a maximum of 100% of left ventricular blood flow initially and thereafter to 30--40% of cardiac output for chronic support. A total of 15 patients with myocardial infarction, myocarditis and failing cardiac condition post-surgically were supported for 9--172 hrs. Six of the 15 survived. Adequate flow control in ventricular bypass support is important and the regimen developed in experimental studies proved effective clinically.", "PMID": 715982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6416", "title": "Prolonged, transapical left ventricular bypass (TALVB) in sheep and man.", "content": "Transapical left ventricular bypass has been demonstrated in normal sheep and one lamb. Recently, TALVB was applied in 3 clinical cases of cardiac failure, with recovery of myocardial function in one patient after 9 days of bypass (6 days total TALVB). These studies suggest that LV apical cannula-roller pump bypass with low dose heparin anticoagulation and secondary surgery to remove the cannula may salvage some patients now dying of temporary cardiac failure.", "contents": "Prolonged, transapical left ventricular bypass (TALVB) in sheep and man. Transapical left ventricular bypass has been demonstrated in normal sheep and one lamb. Recently, TALVB was applied in 3 clinical cases of cardiac failure, with recovery of myocardial function in one patient after 9 days of bypass (6 days total TALVB). These studies suggest that LV apical cannula-roller pump bypass with low dose heparin anticoagulation and secondary surgery to remove the cannula may salvage some patients now dying of temporary cardiac failure.", "PMID": 715984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6417", "title": "Sorbent-filled hollow fibers for hemopurification.", "content": "Filled hollow fibers were prepared and evaluated for application in hemosorption. Powdered activated carbon, urease-carbon, and macroporous ion exchange resins were used as fillers in highly permeable cellulose acetate hollow fibers. The carbon-filled hollow fibers had better mass transfer properties than encapsulated carbon in solid form. Zirconium phosphate and 2 synthetic zeolites were tested for ammonium ion adsorption from buffered saline and Ringer's salt solutions. Synthetic zeolites were found to have higher specificity and capacity for ammonium ion adsorption than zirconium phosphate. Projections are that hemosorption devices utilizing urease, carbon, and zeolites could remove all nitrogenous waste metabolites currently being treated only by dialysis. Oxystarch and oxystarch derivatives were tested for direct urea adsorption and were found unsuitable for this application.", "contents": "Sorbent-filled hollow fibers for hemopurification. Filled hollow fibers were prepared and evaluated for application in hemosorption. Powdered activated carbon, urease-carbon, and macroporous ion exchange resins were used as fillers in highly permeable cellulose acetate hollow fibers. The carbon-filled hollow fibers had better mass transfer properties than encapsulated carbon in solid form. Zirconium phosphate and 2 synthetic zeolites were tested for ammonium ion adsorption from buffered saline and Ringer's salt solutions. Synthetic zeolites were found to have higher specificity and capacity for ammonium ion adsorption than zirconium phosphate. Projections are that hemosorption devices utilizing urease, carbon, and zeolites could remove all nitrogenous waste metabolites currently being treated only by dialysis. Oxystarch and oxystarch derivatives were tested for direct urea adsorption and were found unsuitable for this application.", "PMID": 715987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6418", "title": "Thirst, relative hypernatremia, and excessive weight gain in maintenance peritoneal dialysis.", "content": "The conventional dialysate of 2.5 gm% dextrose, and 132 mEq/L sodium may result in mild postdialysis hypernatremia, thirst and excessive interdialytic weight gain. A reduction of dialysate sodium to 118--120 mEq/L is recommended.", "contents": "Thirst, relative hypernatremia, and excessive weight gain in maintenance peritoneal dialysis. The conventional dialysate of 2.5 gm% dextrose, and 132 mEq/L sodium may result in mild postdialysis hypernatremia, thirst and excessive interdialytic weight gain. A reduction of dialysate sodium to 118--120 mEq/L is recommended.", "PMID": 715991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6419", "title": "In vitro permeability studies of peritoneal (P), cuprophan (C), and polycarbonate (PCM) membranes.", "content": "A unique dialysis device was developed to allow direct comparison of permeability characteristics of different membranes to various solutes under identical conditions. Studies with Cuprophan (CM), polycaronate (PCM), and peritoneal membrane (P) yielded the following results: 1. PCM is similar to CM in permeability to low molecular weight solutes. 2. PCM is significantly more permeable to middle molecular weight substances than CM or P. 3. P is more permeable to middle molecules than CM.", "contents": "In vitro permeability studies of peritoneal (P), cuprophan (C), and polycarbonate (PCM) membranes. A unique dialysis device was developed to allow direct comparison of permeability characteristics of different membranes to various solutes under identical conditions. Studies with Cuprophan (CM), polycaronate (PCM), and peritoneal membrane (P) yielded the following results: 1. PCM is similar to CM in permeability to low molecular weight solutes. 2. PCM is significantly more permeable to middle molecular weight substances than CM or P. 3. P is more permeable to middle molecules than CM.", "PMID": 715993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6420", "title": "Continuous low flow hemofiltration with sorbent regeneration of ultrafiltrate.", "content": "In summary, a series of experiments have culminated in the maintenance of 2 anephric sheep for 48 and 72 hrs with CLF-HF treatment. Ewe A died of hemorrhage secondary to systemic heparinization and recent surgery. Ewe B was terminated electively. The technique of CLF-HF proved satisfactory in the control of urea, creatinine and water. Sodium and hydrogen ion balance required substantial therapeutic manipulations in addition to CLF-HF to maintain satisfactory balance with the present system. Technical and functional performance of the ultrafilter was better than anticipated. Cartridge performance was sufficiently satisfactory to demonstrate that the procedure will work. The unphysiologic linking of urea, hydrogen and sodium sorption resulted in difficulty in maintaining satisfactory sodium and hydrogen balance. Coupling a disposable reprocessing system, which lacks the deficiencies mentioned above, with continuous hemofiltration can provide a truly wearable artificial kidney.", "contents": "Continuous low flow hemofiltration with sorbent regeneration of ultrafiltrate. In summary, a series of experiments have culminated in the maintenance of 2 anephric sheep for 48 and 72 hrs with CLF-HF treatment. Ewe A died of hemorrhage secondary to systemic heparinization and recent surgery. Ewe B was terminated electively. The technique of CLF-HF proved satisfactory in the control of urea, creatinine and water. Sodium and hydrogen ion balance required substantial therapeutic manipulations in addition to CLF-HF to maintain satisfactory balance with the present system. Technical and functional performance of the ultrafilter was better than anticipated. Cartridge performance was sufficiently satisfactory to demonstrate that the procedure will work. The unphysiologic linking of urea, hydrogen and sodium sorption resulted in difficulty in maintaining satisfactory sodium and hydrogen balance. Coupling a disposable reprocessing system, which lacks the deficiencies mentioned above, with continuous hemofiltration can provide a truly wearable artificial kidney.", "PMID": 715997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6421", "title": "Biochemical correlates of reversal of hepatic coma coated with charcoal hemoperfusion.", "content": "Ten patients in stage IV hepatic encephalopathy who had not responded to conventional therapy for at least 48 hrs were treated with one or more 4 hr periods of hemoperfusion. Nine (90%) awoke, and 4 (40%) are alive to date, the survivors having acutely toxic and infective hepatic lesions. Biochemical changes that occurred were a reduction in blood ammonia of 23%, a rise in the ratio of branched chain to aromatic amino acids in blood (1.08 +/- 0.3 to 1.3 +/- 0.4), and cerebrospinal fluid (0.26 +/- 0.02 to 0.32 to 0.03), and a rise in cerebrospinal fluid cAMP from 2.3 +/- 0.7 ng/ml to 3.4 +/- 1.29 ng/ml with hemoperfusion. Administration of platelets and fresh frozen plasma restored the reduction of platelet counts of 29% towards pretreatment values.", "contents": "Biochemical correlates of reversal of hepatic coma coated with charcoal hemoperfusion. Ten patients in stage IV hepatic encephalopathy who had not responded to conventional therapy for at least 48 hrs were treated with one or more 4 hr periods of hemoperfusion. Nine (90%) awoke, and 4 (40%) are alive to date, the survivors having acutely toxic and infective hepatic lesions. Biochemical changes that occurred were a reduction in blood ammonia of 23%, a rise in the ratio of branched chain to aromatic amino acids in blood (1.08 +/- 0.3 to 1.3 +/- 0.4), and cerebrospinal fluid (0.26 +/- 0.02 to 0.32 to 0.03), and a rise in cerebrospinal fluid cAMP from 2.3 +/- 0.7 ng/ml to 3.4 +/- 1.29 ng/ml with hemoperfusion. Administration of platelets and fresh frozen plasma restored the reduction of platelet counts of 29% towards pretreatment values.", "PMID": 716005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6422", "title": "Comparison of the hemofiltration/molecular separation artificial kidney concept with hemodialysis: acute preclinical trials.", "content": "If adequate electrolyte adjustments are made, the only problems with the present HFMS system are the need to replenish divalent cations, add buffer, and remove the evolved CO2. Even with these deficiencies the system is portable, objectively and subjectively better than HD, and capable of being wearable in the foreseeable future.", "contents": "Comparison of the hemofiltration/molecular separation artificial kidney concept with hemodialysis: acute preclinical trials. If adequate electrolyte adjustments are made, the only problems with the present HFMS system are the need to replenish divalent cations, add buffer, and remove the evolved CO2. Even with these deficiencies the system is portable, objectively and subjectively better than HD, and capable of being wearable in the foreseeable future.", "PMID": 716017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6423", "title": "New hydrophilic copolymers for biomedical applications.", "content": "New hydrophilic copolymers with controlled number of surface hydroxyl groups were prepared using gamma-irradiation. The method involved the copolymerization of 2 monomers of varying feed ratio, using gamma-irradiation from a Cobalt60 unit, followed by partial or full hydrolysis (methanolysis), which leads to linear copolymers of simple structure with surface hydroxyl groups. These surfaces were further heparinized using covalent bonds through acetal bridges between heparin and surface hydroxyl groups. In systems of VAc and NVP, the feed ratio varied between 0.1--0.5 and the irradiation dose between 1--5 megarads. The copolymers obtained by this method were analyzed for nitrogen to establish their chemical structure. The reactivity ratios (r1 and and r2) were determined as 0.322 and 3.26, respectively, and curves of copolymer composition versus feed ratio were constructed. Upon hydrolysis swelling ratios of up to 24 were determined and reported as a function of copolymer hydroxyl composition. These hydrogels of PVA copolymers were heparinized by covalent binding of heparin on the hydroxyl groups and elution of heparin in flow was studied.", "contents": "New hydrophilic copolymers for biomedical applications. New hydrophilic copolymers with controlled number of surface hydroxyl groups were prepared using gamma-irradiation. The method involved the copolymerization of 2 monomers of varying feed ratio, using gamma-irradiation from a Cobalt60 unit, followed by partial or full hydrolysis (methanolysis), which leads to linear copolymers of simple structure with surface hydroxyl groups. These surfaces were further heparinized using covalent bonds through acetal bridges between heparin and surface hydroxyl groups. In systems of VAc and NVP, the feed ratio varied between 0.1--0.5 and the irradiation dose between 1--5 megarads. The copolymers obtained by this method were analyzed for nitrogen to establish their chemical structure. The reactivity ratios (r1 and and r2) were determined as 0.322 and 3.26, respectively, and curves of copolymer composition versus feed ratio were constructed. Upon hydrolysis swelling ratios of up to 24 were determined and reported as a function of copolymer hydroxyl composition. These hydrogels of PVA copolymers were heparinized by covalent binding of heparin on the hydroxyl groups and elution of heparin in flow was studied.", "PMID": 716031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6424", "title": "Short-time hemodiafiltration using polymethylmethacrylate hemodiafilter.", "content": "Three times 3 hr/wk hemodiafiltration (simultaneous hemofiltration and dialysis: HDF) using Toray HDF system has been carried out on 4 patients. Filters used were Toray Filtryzers (membrane: polymethylmethacrylate, surface area 1.15 M2) with a dialysate flow of 500 ml/min. Nine to 10 L of body fluid was removed and 7-8 L of substitution fluid was reinfused distal to the filter (postdilution). Short-time HDF was favorable accepted by the patients. Blood pressure was stable, and disequilibrium syndrome negligible. Clinical courses as well as laboratory findings of the patients were satisfactory. The reduction rate of middle to larger molecules was 20 to 100% higher compared to conventional HD as measured by chromatogram. Loss of amino acids was about 3 gm/treatment. Reduction of hormones was negligible and no depletion syndrome was observed throughout the observation period up to 10 mos. Acidosis was corrected within 3-4 hrs. Elevated blood concentration of lactate and acetate gradually decreased to a pretreatment level within 2-3 hrs after termination of the procedure. Removal of middle molecules by HDF, in addition to removal of small molecules by conventional hemodialysis, is considered to be the treatment of choice for uremic patients.", "contents": "Short-time hemodiafiltration using polymethylmethacrylate hemodiafilter. Three times 3 hr/wk hemodiafiltration (simultaneous hemofiltration and dialysis: HDF) using Toray HDF system has been carried out on 4 patients. Filters used were Toray Filtryzers (membrane: polymethylmethacrylate, surface area 1.15 M2) with a dialysate flow of 500 ml/min. Nine to 10 L of body fluid was removed and 7-8 L of substitution fluid was reinfused distal to the filter (postdilution). Short-time HDF was favorable accepted by the patients. Blood pressure was stable, and disequilibrium syndrome negligible. Clinical courses as well as laboratory findings of the patients were satisfactory. The reduction rate of middle to larger molecules was 20 to 100% higher compared to conventional HD as measured by chromatogram. Loss of amino acids was about 3 gm/treatment. Reduction of hormones was negligible and no depletion syndrome was observed throughout the observation period up to 10 mos. Acidosis was corrected within 3-4 hrs. Elevated blood concentration of lactate and acetate gradually decreased to a pretreatment level within 2-3 hrs after termination of the procedure. Removal of middle molecules by HDF, in addition to removal of small molecules by conventional hemodialysis, is considered to be the treatment of choice for uremic patients.", "PMID": 716037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6425", "title": "Initial clinical evaluation of the Hospal artificial kidney system.", "content": "A high flux artificial kidney system, which permits control over ultrafiltration, has been developed and patients are now being treated with it at a large outpatient kidney center. The basic operating characteristics have been described and some preliminary clinical results mentioned. Characteristics of the Hospital Artificial Kidney System are: 1. Higher clearances for middle molecules than conventional systems; 2. Adequate clearances for small solutes such as urea; 3. Predictable control of ultrafiltration with discrepancies between actual weight loss and theoretical weight loss on the order of 0.7 to 1.3 ml/min, when the system is operated in the designated manner.", "contents": "Initial clinical evaluation of the Hospal artificial kidney system. A high flux artificial kidney system, which permits control over ultrafiltration, has been developed and patients are now being treated with it at a large outpatient kidney center. The basic operating characteristics have been described and some preliminary clinical results mentioned. Characteristics of the Hospital Artificial Kidney System are: 1. Higher clearances for middle molecules than conventional systems; 2. Adequate clearances for small solutes such as urea; 3. Predictable control of ultrafiltration with discrepancies between actual weight loss and theoretical weight loss on the order of 0.7 to 1.3 ml/min, when the system is operated in the designated manner.", "PMID": 716049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6426", "title": "Fallibility of the platelet count and fibrinogen concentration in evaluating circulatory assistance technique--a plea for turnover studies.", "content": "Platelet and fibrinogen kinetics were investigated in calves undergoing prolonged extracorporeal left ventricular bypass in which both platelet and fibrinogen concentrations were within or above the normal range. Sequential survival time measurements documented significant continuing destruction of both platelets and fibrinogen during the course of these perfusions, with markedly elevated turnover rates of both components. The ineffectiveness of ASA and Persantine to return these functions to normal suggests that the mechanism of destruction includes trauma from the moving parts of the system, including the rotor and bearing seal, as well as surface-induced injury from the conduits and pump housing. Kinetic studies appear to be an essential requirement in the evaluation of blood destruction and subject tolerance of prolonged circuitry assistance devices.", "contents": "Fallibility of the platelet count and fibrinogen concentration in evaluating circulatory assistance technique--a plea for turnover studies. Platelet and fibrinogen kinetics were investigated in calves undergoing prolonged extracorporeal left ventricular bypass in which both platelet and fibrinogen concentrations were within or above the normal range. Sequential survival time measurements documented significant continuing destruction of both platelets and fibrinogen during the course of these perfusions, with markedly elevated turnover rates of both components. The ineffectiveness of ASA and Persantine to return these functions to normal suggests that the mechanism of destruction includes trauma from the moving parts of the system, including the rotor and bearing seal, as well as surface-induced injury from the conduits and pump housing. Kinetic studies appear to be an essential requirement in the evaluation of blood destruction and subject tolerance of prolonged circuitry assistance devices.", "PMID": 716050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6427", "title": "A technique to assess fibrinogen, platelet and red cell kinetics in calves with artificial hearts or circulatory assist devices.", "content": "1. Normal data for routine hematologic studies including fibrinogen, VIIIAHF, AT III, and circulating platelet aggregates are reported for Holstein calves. 2. Therapy with warfarin, ASA, and dipyridamole does not alter these parameters such as VIIIAHF, AT III, or circulating platelet aggregates. 3. 75SeM can be used as an in vivo label to study the fibrinogen, platelet, and red cell kinetics simultaneously in calves. 4. Decreased VIIIAHF levels and decreased platelet survival are the most sensitive parameters to estimate the activation of coagulation in the animals with circulatory assist devices. 5. The total heart animals seem to have a significant decrease in fibrinogen and VIIIAHF levels as compared to normal and left ventricular assist animals. 6. Despite the use of warfarin and antiplatelet drugs, decreased platelet survival occurred in both the total heart and the left ventricular assist animals. Fibrinogen half life with 75SeM must be interpreted with caution until corrections for pool size, reutilization, and nonpeptide binding have been considered.", "contents": "A technique to assess fibrinogen, platelet and red cell kinetics in calves with artificial hearts or circulatory assist devices. 1. Normal data for routine hematologic studies including fibrinogen, VIIIAHF, AT III, and circulating platelet aggregates are reported for Holstein calves. 2. Therapy with warfarin, ASA, and dipyridamole does not alter these parameters such as VIIIAHF, AT III, or circulating platelet aggregates. 3. 75SeM can be used as an in vivo label to study the fibrinogen, platelet, and red cell kinetics simultaneously in calves. 4. Decreased VIIIAHF levels and decreased platelet survival are the most sensitive parameters to estimate the activation of coagulation in the animals with circulatory assist devices. 5. The total heart animals seem to have a significant decrease in fibrinogen and VIIIAHF levels as compared to normal and left ventricular assist animals. 6. Despite the use of warfarin and antiplatelet drugs, decreased platelet survival occurred in both the total heart and the left ventricular assist animals. Fibrinogen half life with 75SeM must be interpreted with caution until corrections for pool size, reutilization, and nonpeptide binding have been considered.", "PMID": 716051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6428", "title": "Bias-cut artificial blood vessel.", "content": "Bias-cut grafts tend to return to their original porosity in the process of scar contraction. It is possible to maintain biological porosity close to the original porosity, which resists scar contraction. Development of a bias-knitting machine presents a problem in clinical application.", "contents": "Bias-cut artificial blood vessel. Bias-cut grafts tend to return to their original porosity in the process of scar contraction. It is possible to maintain biological porosity close to the original porosity, which resists scar contraction. Development of a bias-knitting machine presents a problem in clinical application.", "PMID": 716063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6429", "title": "Rotating disk membrane oxygenator based on transmembrane catalysis of hydrogen peroxide.", "content": "1) Oxygen transfer in the catalyst membrane oxygenator is not limited by diffusion through the blood-membrane boundary layer. Instead, oxygen transfer occurs at a rate independent of blood flow conditions and is evenly distributed over the membrane surface. Shear-induced mixing combined with high boundary O2 layer gradients are the mechanisms of transfer. 2) The rotating disk design provides very high level oxygen transfer. However, H2O2 concentration, blood flow rate, and disk rotation rate must be adjusted so that excess O2 supersaturation in the blood-membrane boundary does not lead to significant bubble formation. 3) The catalyst membranes used in the hemodialysis-based oxygenator have been industrially produced. 4) Effective CO2 transfer can be carried out across a hemodialysis type of membrane as previously reported. 5) The catalyst membrane oxygenator as studied in the dog performs well for 3-5 hrs, at which time inhibition of the catalyst leads to H2O2 breakthrough which  causes methemoglobin formation. The mechanisms of catalyst inhibition and ways for its prevention are under study. 6) The catalyst membrane oxygenator offers the advantages of simultaneous artificial kidney treatment. This feature may be of help in maintaining acid-base balance and treating edema states.", "contents": "Rotating disk membrane oxygenator based on transmembrane catalysis of hydrogen peroxide. 1) Oxygen transfer in the catalyst membrane oxygenator is not limited by diffusion through the blood-membrane boundary layer. Instead, oxygen transfer occurs at a rate independent of blood flow conditions and is evenly distributed over the membrane surface. Shear-induced mixing combined with high boundary O2 layer gradients are the mechanisms of transfer. 2) The rotating disk design provides very high level oxygen transfer. However, H2O2 concentration, blood flow rate, and disk rotation rate must be adjusted so that excess O2 supersaturation in the blood-membrane boundary does not lead to significant bubble formation. 3) The catalyst membranes used in the hemodialysis-based oxygenator have been industrially produced. 4) Effective CO2 transfer can be carried out across a hemodialysis type of membrane as previously reported. 5) The catalyst membrane oxygenator as studied in the dog performs well for 3-5 hrs, at which time inhibition of the catalyst leads to H2O2 breakthrough which  causes methemoglobin formation. The mechanisms of catalyst inhibition and ways for its prevention are under study. 6) The catalyst membrane oxygenator offers the advantages of simultaneous artificial kidney treatment. This feature may be of help in maintaining acid-base balance and treating edema states.", "PMID": 716070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6430", "title": "Development of compact thermal and electrical energy converters left heart assist systems.", "content": "The thermal converter for left heart assist systems consists of an engine which converts thermal energy to a flow of pressurized helium and a helium powered actuator/controller which powers and controls a PVAD pusher plate blood pump. The 0.43 L, 0.94 kg engine requires 20 watts of thermal input. In vitro and in vivo testing have demonstrated that the system synchronizes and provides left ventricle relief from 60 to 150 beats/min. The concepts potential for long life is based on: the inert environment for all internal components; the hermetic sealing capability resulting from a linear magnetic coupling blood pump drive; fluid control; and titanium external metal surfaces. Endurance testing has demonstrated that the converter shows promise of providing a high reliability 10 yr life. Many wear and fatigue sensitive components have demonstrated the 10 yr capability during accelerated life testing.", "contents": "Development of compact thermal and electrical energy converters left heart assist systems. The thermal converter for left heart assist systems consists of an engine which converts thermal energy to a flow of pressurized helium and a helium powered actuator/controller which powers and controls a PVAD pusher plate blood pump. The 0.43 L, 0.94 kg engine requires 20 watts of thermal input. In vitro and in vivo testing have demonstrated that the system synchronizes and provides left ventricle relief from 60 to 150 beats/min. The concepts potential for long life is based on: the inert environment for all internal components; the hermetic sealing capability resulting from a linear magnetic coupling blood pump drive; fluid control; and titanium external metal surfaces. Endurance testing has demonstrated that the converter shows promise of providing a high reliability 10 yr life. Many wear and fatigue sensitive components have demonstrated the 10 yr capability during accelerated life testing.", "PMID": 716093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6431", "title": "Mechanical circulatory support: evolving perspectives.", "content": "Mechanical circulatory support of the failing circulation is an emerging discipline. Prototype circulatory support services have been established in a few institutions but are spreading15. Intra-aortic balloon pumping, developmental only a decade ago, is now widespread. Pneumatically-actuated intra and extracorporeal left ventricular assist devices, federally-approved for clinical trials only 2 yrs ago, show encouraging early results. Efforts in West Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Russia and Japan are underway and a spirit of cooperation exists. There is a need to clarify and quantitate indications and timing for deployment, prior to the onset of multiple organ failure. Electrically and nuclear-activated LVAD's16--18 are being developed. Clarification of projected patient populations are needed and the role of the right heart in left ventricular assist device function requires further investigation. There is a need to define a reasonable clinical role for the much discussed and rather elusive total artificial heart. Many problems remain with actuation, energy conversion, percutaneous leads, compliance devices and biomaterials. The challenges are many and welcomed.", "contents": "Mechanical circulatory support: evolving perspectives. Mechanical circulatory support of the failing circulation is an emerging discipline. Prototype circulatory support services have been established in a few institutions but are spreading15. Intra-aortic balloon pumping, developmental only a decade ago, is now widespread. Pneumatically-actuated intra and extracorporeal left ventricular assist devices, federally-approved for clinical trials only 2 yrs ago, show encouraging early results. Efforts in West Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Russia and Japan are underway and a spirit of cooperation exists. There is a need to clarify and quantitate indications and timing for deployment, prior to the onset of multiple organ failure. Electrically and nuclear-activated LVAD's16--18 are being developed. Clarification of projected patient populations are needed and the role of the right heart in left ventricular assist device function requires further investigation. There is a need to define a reasonable clinical role for the much discussed and rather elusive total artificial heart. Many problems remain with actuation, energy conversion, percutaneous leads, compliance devices and biomaterials. The challenges are many and welcomed.", "PMID": 716096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6432", "title": "An implantable permanent left ventricular assist system for man.", "content": "A new implantable, electrically powered LV AS suitable for long-term use in man has been designed and is under development. The system is based on the well developed high-efficiency pulsed solenoid technology and a careful a priori systems approach to integration of the energy converter with a suitable blood pump. A novel dual pusher-plate sac-type blood pump with significant advantages in hemodynamics, antithrombogenicity and durability has been designed. The complementary energy converter, a pivoted-armature dual-gap solenoid, addresses weaknesses in previous designs while retaining all the good features of its forerunners and provides for the first time a truly integrated implantable circulatory assist system for man.", "contents": "An implantable permanent left ventricular assist system for man. A new implantable, electrically powered LV AS suitable for long-term use in man has been designed and is under development. The system is based on the well developed high-efficiency pulsed solenoid technology and a careful a priori systems approach to integration of the energy converter with a suitable blood pump. A novel dual pusher-plate sac-type blood pump with significant advantages in hemodynamics, antithrombogenicity and durability has been designed. The complementary energy converter, a pivoted-armature dual-gap solenoid, addresses weaknesses in previous designs while retaining all the good features of its forerunners and provides for the first time a truly integrated implantable circulatory assist system for man.", "PMID": 716101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6433", "title": "[Pathogenetic justification of organ-preserving operations and their role in improving the effectiveness of the comprehensive treatment of renal tuberculosis].", "content": "Some experimental data concerning the pathogenesis of tuberculous injury to the kidneys have been obtained from a complex study of the microcirculatory blood bed on a model of tuberculosis of the kidneys in 112 rabbits. Clinical investigations and clinico-experimental correlations have provided pathogenetic grounds for a surgical method of the treatment of tuberculosis of the kidneys complicated with strictures or the ureter. The pathogenetic association of the main tuberculous focus in the renal parenchyma with the tuberculous injury to the ureter and perivascular expansion of specific infection has been pointed to. The effectiveness of pathogenetically grounded surgical intervention has been proved in 52 patients followed-up from 1.5 to 7 years.", "contents": "[Pathogenetic justification of organ-preserving operations and their role in improving the effectiveness of the comprehensive treatment of renal tuberculosis]. Some experimental data concerning the pathogenesis of tuberculous injury to the kidneys have been obtained from a complex study of the microcirculatory blood bed on a model of tuberculosis of the kidneys in 112 rabbits. Clinical investigations and clinico-experimental correlations have provided pathogenetic grounds for a surgical method of the treatment of tuberculosis of the kidneys complicated with strictures or the ureter. The pathogenetic association of the main tuberculous focus in the renal parenchyma with the tuberculous injury to the ureter and perivascular expansion of specific infection has been pointed to. The effectiveness of pathogenetically grounded surgical intervention has been proved in 52 patients followed-up from 1.5 to 7 years.", "PMID": 716119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6434", "title": "[Postoperative treatment of abdominal injury victims].", "content": "Among other procedures of a complex intense therapy applied upon 265 abdominal trauma cases the authors have included an early peritoneal perfusion and longlasting peridural blockade. The results evidence a high prophylactic and therapeutic effectiveness of the suggested methods", "contents": "[Postoperative treatment of abdominal injury victims]. Among other procedures of a complex intense therapy applied upon 265 abdominal trauma cases the authors have included an early peritoneal perfusion and longlasting peridural blockade. The results evidence a high prophylactic and therapeutic effectiveness of the suggested methods", "PMID": 716121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6435", "title": "[Retroperitoneal injuries of the duodenum].", "content": "8 observations over a closed trauma of the retroperitoneal portion of the duodenum are presented; 3 patients out of them sustained combined traumas. Only in 2 cases the rupture of the peritoneal portion of the duodenum was suspected before operation. In 4 patients the diagnosis was established in time of laparotomy, in 2 cases the rupture was recognized at the repeated laparotomy. As a rule each operation terminated in a drainage of the retroperitoneal space through the lumbar region.", "contents": "[Retroperitoneal injuries of the duodenum]. 8 observations over a closed trauma of the retroperitoneal portion of the duodenum are presented; 3 patients out of them sustained combined traumas. Only in 2 cases the rupture of the peritoneal portion of the duodenum was suspected before operation. In 4 patients the diagnosis was established in time of laparotomy, in 2 cases the rupture was recognized at the repeated laparotomy. As a rule each operation terminated in a drainage of the retroperitoneal space through the lumbar region.", "PMID": 716122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6436", "title": "[Relationship of functional liver disorders in burn disease to the treatment methods].", "content": "The dynamics of liver function in 243 cases with deep burns was studied by means of a set of biochemical tests: determination of blood plasma proteins and protein fractions, residual nitrogen, bilirubin, sugar, lipides, activity of liver organospecific enzymes, sedimentation reactions and Quick-Pytel' test. The obtained findings showed disorders of all types of hepatic metabolism which was manifested through alterations of the indices of liver function tests. An intense transfusion therapy of burn shock and acute toxemia using the method of hemodilution, together with an early necrectomy and autodermoplasty were found to be effective means of preventing and treatment of liver functional disorders.", "contents": "[Relationship of functional liver disorders in burn disease to the treatment methods]. The dynamics of liver function in 243 cases with deep burns was studied by means of a set of biochemical tests: determination of blood plasma proteins and protein fractions, residual nitrogen, bilirubin, sugar, lipides, activity of liver organospecific enzymes, sedimentation reactions and Quick-Pytel' test. The obtained findings showed disorders of all types of hepatic metabolism which was manifested through alterations of the indices of liver function tests. An intense transfusion therapy of burn shock and acute toxemia using the method of hemodilution, together with an early necrectomy and autodermoplasty were found to be effective means of preventing and treatment of liver functional disorders.", "PMID": 716123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6437", "title": "[Functional state of the cardiovascular system in bone fractures of the lower extremities in the middle-aged and elderly].", "content": "A dynamic electrocardiographic study and determination of main hemodynamic indices were carried out in 138 patients aged from 50 to 92 with fractures of various localization. In response to the trauma the hemodynamic indices changed considerably. A positive dynamics of revealed disorders was found only in a small number of patients in response to a complex therapy.", "contents": "[Functional state of the cardiovascular system in bone fractures of the lower extremities in the middle-aged and elderly]. A dynamic electrocardiographic study and determination of main hemodynamic indices were carried out in 138 patients aged from 50 to 92 with fractures of various localization. In response to the trauma the hemodynamic indices changed considerably. A positive dynamics of revealed disorders was found only in a small number of patients in response to a complex therapy.", "PMID": 716124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6438", "title": "[Clinical morphological aspects of adenogenic cancer of the esophagus].", "content": "From the authors' data adenogenic cancer of the esophagus was found in 11 out of 90 patients who were subjected to intrathoracic extirpation of the esophagus in Dobromyslov-Torek method. The macroscopic pattern of glandular cancers of the esophagus characterized by a diffuse-infiltrative growth with the involvement of all the layers of the wall and ulceration of the mucous membrane is described.", "contents": "[Clinical morphological aspects of adenogenic cancer of the esophagus]. From the authors' data adenogenic cancer of the esophagus was found in 11 out of 90 patients who were subjected to intrathoracic extirpation of the esophagus in Dobromyslov-Torek method. The macroscopic pattern of glandular cancers of the esophagus characterized by a diffuse-infiltrative growth with the involvement of all the layers of the wall and ulceration of the mucous membrane is described.", "PMID": 716129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6439", "title": "[Phagocytic activity of the leukocytes in congenital heart defects before and after an operation under artificial circulation].", "content": "The authors confirm a well-known statement concerning a direct correlation between phagocytic activity of neutrophiles and the degree of oxygenation of an organism. According to their findings the percentage of phagocytic neutrophiles and absorbing activity of phagocytes is cases with a \"blue type\" heart disease is significantly lower than in patients with moderate hypoxemia. The development of an infectious process has been proved to occur in patients with a low immunoreactivity against the background of a further decrease of natural immune protection factors of an organism.", "contents": "[Phagocytic activity of the leukocytes in congenital heart defects before and after an operation under artificial circulation]. The authors confirm a well-known statement concerning a direct correlation between phagocytic activity of neutrophiles and the degree of oxygenation of an organism. According to their findings the percentage of phagocytic neutrophiles and absorbing activity of phagocytes is cases with a \"blue type\" heart disease is significantly lower than in patients with moderate hypoxemia. The development of an infectious process has been proved to occur in patients with a low immunoreactivity against the background of a further decrease of natural immune protection factors of an organism.", "PMID": 716132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6440", "title": "[Ligation of the splenic artery in the comprehensive surgical treatment of liver cirrhosis].", "content": "Data concerning an attempt to perform the ligation of the splenic artery in 46 liver cirrhosis cases are described. In 10 of them the ligation failed, which made the authors study the indications and contraindications to this procedure. These problems are considered in relation with various forms of the disease and variants of pathological changes in the spleen.", "contents": "[Ligation of the splenic artery in the comprehensive surgical treatment of liver cirrhosis]. Data concerning an attempt to perform the ligation of the splenic artery in 46 liver cirrhosis cases are described. In 10 of them the ligation failed, which made the authors study the indications and contraindications to this procedure. These problems are considered in relation with various forms of the disease and variants of pathological changes in the spleen.", "PMID": 716133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6441", "title": "[Modified method for catheterization of the umbilical vein].", "content": "A modified method of catheterization of the umbilical vein differs from other methods, for at the dismissal of the patient from the hospital the peripheral end of the polyvinylchloride catheter filled with maiodil is sealed and inserted under the skin, which permits to keep the catheter in the umbilical vein for several years, taking out its end periodically from under the skin for introduction of necesary drugs in case of cancer and liver cirrhosis. The catheter does not cause any discomfort and prevents the umbilical vein and surrounding tissues against infection. The suggested method has been applied in 64 patients without any related complications.", "contents": "[Modified method for catheterization of the umbilical vein]. A modified method of catheterization of the umbilical vein differs from other methods, for at the dismissal of the patient from the hospital the peripheral end of the polyvinylchloride catheter filled with maiodil is sealed and inserted under the skin, which permits to keep the catheter in the umbilical vein for several years, taking out its end periodically from under the skin for introduction of necesary drugs in case of cancer and liver cirrhosis. The catheter does not cause any discomfort and prevents the umbilical vein and surrounding tissues against infection. The suggested method has been applied in 64 patients without any related complications.", "PMID": 716135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6442", "title": "[Results of treating strangulated external abdominal hernias].", "content": "The analysis of 423 case records of the patients operated upon for incarcerated external abdominal hernia within the 10 years' period (1966--1975) has been carried out. The patients are classified with the reference to the severity of the disease, duration of incarceration, diagnostic errors, clinical course, hospitalization period, type of a surgical intervention, outcome of the treatment and complications.", "contents": "[Results of treating strangulated external abdominal hernias]. The analysis of 423 case records of the patients operated upon for incarcerated external abdominal hernia within the 10 years' period (1966--1975) has been carried out. The patients are classified with the reference to the severity of the disease, duration of incarceration, diagnostic errors, clinical course, hospitalization period, type of a surgical intervention, outcome of the treatment and complications.", "PMID": 716137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6443", "title": "[Ileoscopy].", "content": "The analysis of 540 ileoscopy findings from the material including more than 4000 colonoscopies in various pathological conditions of the great bowel is presented. The possibilities for an examination of the small bowel by means of various types of colonoscopes are compared and the most videly and frequently used techniques are described.", "contents": "[Ileoscopy]. The analysis of 540 ileoscopy findings from the material including more than 4000 colonoscopies in various pathological conditions of the great bowel is presented. The possibilities for an examination of the small bowel by means of various types of colonoscopes are compared and the most videly and frequently used techniques are described.", "PMID": 716138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6444", "title": "[Pressing problems in the surgical treatment of gastric and duodenal peptic ulcer].", "content": "Data on late results of stomach resection carried out upon 505 patients for peptic and duodenal ulcer with the follow-up from 4 to 24 years are presented. Improvement has occurred in 96.4% of the patients, which proves that the stomach resection should be considered as an operation of choice in complicated forms of peptic ulcer.", "contents": "[Pressing problems in the surgical treatment of gastric and duodenal peptic ulcer]. Data on late results of stomach resection carried out upon 505 patients for peptic and duodenal ulcer with the follow-up from 4 to 24 years are presented. Improvement has occurred in 96.4% of the patients, which proves that the stomach resection should be considered as an operation of choice in complicated forms of peptic ulcer.", "PMID": 716139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6445", "title": "[State of the homeostatic constants in suppurative lung diseases].", "content": "110 cases of suppurative lung diseases were examined, 78 of them were operated upon. The studies of external respiration function, total and pulmonary hemodynamics, a number of metabolic processes and of renal function were carried out. It was demonstrated that suppurative-inflammatory processes in the lungs give rise to considerable changes in some parts of homeostasis. The main factor controlling the depth of physiological and biochemical shifts in the body is the degree of intoxication which determines the predominance of metabolic disturbances.", "contents": "[State of the homeostatic constants in suppurative lung diseases]. 110 cases of suppurative lung diseases were examined, 78 of them were operated upon. The studies of external respiration function, total and pulmonary hemodynamics, a number of metabolic processes and of renal function were carried out. It was demonstrated that suppurative-inflammatory processes in the lungs give rise to considerable changes in some parts of homeostasis. The main factor controlling the depth of physiological and biochemical shifts in the body is the degree of intoxication which determines the predominance of metabolic disturbances.", "PMID": 716140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6446", "title": "[Motor activity of the gastrointestinal tract in the immediate days following a gastric resection for cancer].", "content": "The author used the method of abdominal phonography to study the motor activity of the gastrointestinal tract after resection of the stomach for carcinoma and also to determine the degree of the effect of different stages of the operation and of its volume upon the motor function in 88 patients. Diagnostic laparotomy was carried out in 41 patients. The phonography findings showed postoperative depression of gastrointestinal motor function in the most of cases within the first days after operation.", "contents": "[Motor activity of the gastrointestinal tract in the immediate days following a gastric resection for cancer]. The author used the method of abdominal phonography to study the motor activity of the gastrointestinal tract after resection of the stomach for carcinoma and also to determine the degree of the effect of different stages of the operation and of its volume upon the motor function in 88 patients. Diagnostic laparotomy was carried out in 41 patients. The phonography findings showed postoperative depression of gastrointestinal motor function in the most of cases within the first days after operation.", "PMID": 716141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6447", "title": "[Mucoectomy in stomach surgery].", "content": "Considering the stage character of the formation of the stomach polyps and various patterns of histomorphologic changes the authors suggest to use polypectomy together with mucousectomy. The operation was carried out upon 38 patients with stomach polyps. The technic of mucousectomy combined with bilateral trunk vagotomy for gastric and duodenal ulcer was devised in the experiments on 62 dogs. This operation was carried out upon 7 patients.", "contents": "[Mucoectomy in stomach surgery]. Considering the stage character of the formation of the stomach polyps and various patterns of histomorphologic changes the authors suggest to use polypectomy together with mucousectomy. The operation was carried out upon 38 patients with stomach polyps. The technic of mucousectomy combined with bilateral trunk vagotomy for gastric and duodenal ulcer was devised in the experiments on 62 dogs. This operation was carried out upon 7 patients.", "PMID": 716142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6448", "title": "[Clinical aspects and therapy of gastrogenic tetany].", "content": "The author observed 477 patients with sub- and decompensated stenosis of the pylorus of ulcer etiology; 11 out of them developed a severe complication--chloroprivic tetany which resulted from repeated abundant vomiting in emaciated patients and was followed by an acute total dehydration of the body, decrease of chlorides, oliguria and azotemia. Some problems concerning the prevention and the treatment of this severe complication of peptic ulcer are described.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects and therapy of gastrogenic tetany]. The author observed 477 patients with sub- and decompensated stenosis of the pylorus of ulcer etiology; 11 out of them developed a severe complication--chloroprivic tetany which resulted from repeated abundant vomiting in emaciated patients and was followed by an acute total dehydration of the body, decrease of chlorides, oliguria and azotemia. Some problems concerning the prevention and the treatment of this severe complication of peptic ulcer are described.", "PMID": 716143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6449", "title": "[Aanalysis of the causes of high lethality in the surgical treatment of acute cholecystitis].", "content": "A comparative analysis of postoperative lethality in acute and chronic cholecystitis, acute appendicitis and cancer of the stomach together with the results of biochemical and morphological studies of the liver are covered here. A direct correlation of postoperative lethality in cholecystitis with the presence and stage of concomitant cholangiohepatitis has been found.", "contents": "[Aanalysis of the causes of high lethality in the surgical treatment of acute cholecystitis]. A comparative analysis of postoperative lethality in acute and chronic cholecystitis, acute appendicitis and cancer of the stomach together with the results of biochemical and morphological studies of the liver are covered here. A direct correlation of postoperative lethality in cholecystitis with the presence and stage of concomitant cholangiohepatitis has been found.", "PMID": 716144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6450", "title": "[Internal biliary fistulae and acute intestinal cholelithic obstruction].", "content": "From 1945 to 1976 the authors observed 19 patients with internal biliodigestive fistulae. 2 types of the clinical picture were noted: cholangitis phenomena and acute cholelithic ileus. In one patient only internal biliodigestive fistulae were diagnosed preoperatively. All the patients were operated upon. Some technical difficulties due to an inflammatory infiltration in the right hypochondrium tissues were noted.", "contents": "[Internal biliary fistulae and acute intestinal cholelithic obstruction]. From 1945 to 1976 the authors observed 19 patients with internal biliodigestive fistulae. 2 types of the clinical picture were noted: cholangitis phenomena and acute cholelithic ileus. In one patient only internal biliodigestive fistulae were diagnosed preoperatively. All the patients were operated upon. Some technical difficulties due to an inflammatory infiltration in the right hypochondrium tissues were noted.", "PMID": 716145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6451", "title": "[Lung resection in tuberculosis in diabetics].", "content": "The results of surgical treatment of 201 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis associated with diabetes mellitus (bilateral lung resection was carried out upon 8 patients) are set forth in this work. The operations were carried out in a climatic sanatorium during the compensation phase of diabetes mellitus and the stabilization of the tuberculosis process. The method of preoperative management and postoperative cure of diabetes mellitus using B-insulin together with simple insulin is described.", "contents": "[Lung resection in tuberculosis in diabetics]. The results of surgical treatment of 201 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis associated with diabetes mellitus (bilateral lung resection was carried out upon 8 patients) are set forth in this work. The operations were carried out in a climatic sanatorium during the compensation phase of diabetes mellitus and the stabilization of the tuberculosis process. The method of preoperative management and postoperative cure of diabetes mellitus using B-insulin together with simple insulin is described.", "PMID": 716146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6452", "title": "[Outcomes of the treatment of acute intestinal obstruction in the middle-aged and elderly].", "content": "During 15 years (from 1959 to 1973) the author observed 753 patients operated upon for acute intestinal ileus; 161 of them aged above 60. An early diagnosis of the condition is difficult due to blurred main symptoms against the background of pronounced age changes and concomitant diseases. The most common non-blastomatous forms are the following: adhesive intestinal ileus (16.8%) and sigmoid volvulus (14.3%). Cancer of the colon with acute symptoms of intestinal ileus was noted in 23.6%. Stomach resection was carried out upon 37.9% of cases. Postoperative complications constituted 34.1% and lethality--30.4%. Elderly and senile patients usually appeal for medical aid rather late, which together with severe concomitant diseases, late surgical intervention, diagnostic and tactical errors admitted in the treatment result in a high postoperative lethality.", "contents": "[Outcomes of the treatment of acute intestinal obstruction in the middle-aged and elderly]. During 15 years (from 1959 to 1973) the author observed 753 patients operated upon for acute intestinal ileus; 161 of them aged above 60. An early diagnosis of the condition is difficult due to blurred main symptoms against the background of pronounced age changes and concomitant diseases. The most common non-blastomatous forms are the following: adhesive intestinal ileus (16.8%) and sigmoid volvulus (14.3%). Cancer of the colon with acute symptoms of intestinal ileus was noted in 23.6%. Stomach resection was carried out upon 37.9% of cases. Postoperative complications constituted 34.1% and lethality--30.4%. Elderly and senile patients usually appeal for medical aid rather late, which together with severe concomitant diseases, late surgical intervention, diagnostic and tactical errors admitted in the treatment result in a high postoperative lethality.", "PMID": 716147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6453", "title": "[Is an appendectomy indicated when a diagnosis of acute appendicitis is not confirmed during the operation?].", "content": "In 236 out of 11,150 (1.8%) patients operated upon for acute appendicitis some other acute surgical and gynecological diseases were revealed. In this group of patients the vermiform process either seemed to be unchanged or its changes were considered to be secondary ones (reaction to an inflammation in adjacent organs). Histological study of vermiform processes proved the abscence of inflammatory alterations only in 35 cases. In the rest of patients either chronic or acute inflammatory process was found. The conclusion has been drawn that in case when diagnosis of acute appendicitis is not confirmed during operation, appendectomy does not produce any unfavourable effect upon the postoperative clinical course and outcome of the main disease and should be considered as a compulsory element of a surgical intervention.", "contents": "[Is an appendectomy indicated when a diagnosis of acute appendicitis is not confirmed during the operation?]. In 236 out of 11,150 (1.8%) patients operated upon for acute appendicitis some other acute surgical and gynecological diseases were revealed. In this group of patients the vermiform process either seemed to be unchanged or its changes were considered to be secondary ones (reaction to an inflammation in adjacent organs). Histological study of vermiform processes proved the abscence of inflammatory alterations only in 35 cases. In the rest of patients either chronic or acute inflammatory process was found. The conclusion has been drawn that in case when diagnosis of acute appendicitis is not confirmed during operation, appendectomy does not produce any unfavourable effect upon the postoperative clinical course and outcome of the main disease and should be considered as a compulsory element of a surgical intervention.", "PMID": 716148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6454", "title": "[Characteristics of the microbial flora of the abdominal cavity in acute appendicitis].", "content": "A special study of the character and sensitivity of microbic flora of the abdominal cavity exudate in acute appendicitis was carried out upon 192 patients. The predominance of infection caused by colibacillus (44%) and correlation between the severity of the inflammatory process and the presence of the agent in the exudate were proved. The identification of the sensitivity of the cultured microbes to the most widely used antibiotics allows to recommend a combined use of the preparations of neomycin sulfate group and synthetic penicillins for the treatment of complicated appendicitis.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the microbial flora of the abdominal cavity in acute appendicitis]. A special study of the character and sensitivity of microbic flora of the abdominal cavity exudate in acute appendicitis was carried out upon 192 patients. The predominance of infection caused by colibacillus (44%) and correlation between the severity of the inflammatory process and the presence of the agent in the exudate were proved. The identification of the sensitivity of the cultured microbes to the most widely used antibiotics allows to recommend a combined use of the preparations of neomycin sulfate group and synthetic penicillins for the treatment of complicated appendicitis.", "PMID": 716149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6455", "title": "[Surgical procedure in combined proctologic diseases].", "content": "In 301 (23%) out of 1264 surgical cases with various pathologies of the rectum, pararectal and sacrococcygeal regions some combined diseases were observed. Such combinations as chronic paraproctitis (rectal fistulae) with hemorrhoids and with anal fissure are the most common ones. 176 one-stage operations and 63 double-stage operations were carried out. The average period of hospitalization was 16 days after one-stage operation and 24 days after double-stage operation. The authors believe that timely diagnosing of combined pathology allows to prevent the development of possible complications and to choose the most helpful surgical tactics in every specific case.", "contents": "[Surgical procedure in combined proctologic diseases]. In 301 (23%) out of 1264 surgical cases with various pathologies of the rectum, pararectal and sacrococcygeal regions some combined diseases were observed. Such combinations as chronic paraproctitis (rectal fistulae) with hemorrhoids and with anal fissure are the most common ones. 176 one-stage operations and 63 double-stage operations were carried out. The average period of hospitalization was 16 days after one-stage operation and 24 days after double-stage operation. The authors believe that timely diagnosing of combined pathology allows to prevent the development of possible complications and to choose the most helpful surgical tactics in every specific case.", "PMID": 716150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6456", "title": "[Experience in using helium laser therapy for acute anorectal thrombosis and thrombophlebitis].", "content": "Clinical observation over 61 cases of acute anorectal thrombosis and thrombophlebitis was carried out. The duration of the disease ranged from some months to 35 years. The clinical observations have proved the advantages of laserotherapy over phototherapy with monochromatic incoherent red light and its high therapeutic activity in acute anorectal thrombosis and thrombophlebitis.", "contents": "[Experience in using helium laser therapy for acute anorectal thrombosis and thrombophlebitis]. Clinical observation over 61 cases of acute anorectal thrombosis and thrombophlebitis was carried out. The duration of the disease ranged from some months to 35 years. The clinical observations have proved the advantages of laserotherapy over phototherapy with monochromatic incoherent red light and its high therapeutic activity in acute anorectal thrombosis and thrombophlebitis.", "PMID": 716151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6457", "title": "[Recanalization of the thrombus as a way for secondary blood flow restoration in a prosthetic major vein].", "content": "According to the authors data a secondary restoration of the lumen of a previously obstructed prothesis approaching a half of the initial diameter of the vein is not infrequent in the plasty of the main veins of a growing organism. This restoration results from pronounced processes of the recanalization of the intraprosthetic thrombus, which are observed in the plasty of the external jugular vein and anterior vena cava. It has been found that the recanalization occurs through the formation of some longitudinal canals in the thrombus. These canals join the capillaries growing through the pores of the prothesis which transform into venous vessels with the endothelial lining, vascular apparatus and directed blood flow,", "contents": "[Recanalization of the thrombus as a way for secondary blood flow restoration in a prosthetic major vein]. According to the authors data a secondary restoration of the lumen of a previously obstructed prothesis approaching a half of the initial diameter of the vein is not infrequent in the plasty of the main veins of a growing organism. This restoration results from pronounced processes of the recanalization of the intraprosthetic thrombus, which are observed in the plasty of the external jugular vein and anterior vena cava. It has been found that the recanalization occurs through the formation of some longitudinal canals in the thrombus. These canals join the capillaries growing through the pores of the prothesis which transform into venous vessels with the endothelial lining, vascular apparatus and directed blood flow,", "PMID": 716152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6458", "title": "[Significance of the state of the celiac and mesenteric arteries in the treatment of occlusive lesions of the abdominal aorta and iliac vessels].", "content": "The status of the celiac and mesenteric arteries in 124 patients with occlusive injuries to the abdominal aorta and iliac arteries has been studied by means of the antero-posterior and lateral translumbar abdominal aortography. Clinical picture and symptoms of pathological conditions with the regard to the localization of occlusion are described. Some practical recommendations are given.", "contents": "[Significance of the state of the celiac and mesenteric arteries in the treatment of occlusive lesions of the abdominal aorta and iliac vessels]. The status of the celiac and mesenteric arteries in 124 patients with occlusive injuries to the abdominal aorta and iliac arteries has been studied by means of the antero-posterior and lateral translumbar abdominal aortography. Clinical picture and symptoms of pathological conditions with the regard to the localization of occlusion are described. Some practical recommendations are given.", "PMID": 716153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6459", "title": "Canine medullary carcinoma of the thyroid.", "content": "An 8-year-old male Irish Terrior dog and a male St. Bernard dog each had a thyroid medullary carcinoma. The first dog was hypocalcemic before removal and with recurrence of the neoplasm. In both dogs the neoplasms were bilateral and microscopic metastases were seen only in the regional lymph nodes. Both neoplasms were characterized by a solid alveolar pattern separated by thin vascular stroma or a linear festoon-like arrangement with thick stroma. The neoplastic cells varied little and were polygonal or round with abundant pale eosinophilic and finely granular cytoplasm. There was little mitotic activity. Both carcinomas contained amyloid. Electron microscopically, the neoplastic cells had moderate nuclear pleomorphism, well developed Golgi complexes, and characteristic membrane-bound electron-dense secretory granules. In some sections, the secretory granule membranes were fused to the cytoplasmic membrane and the granules were in the extracellular space. In one carcinoma there were linear fibrillar structures with an average width of 7.8 nanometers similar to that of amyloid fibrils.", "contents": "Canine medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. An 8-year-old male Irish Terrior dog and a male St. Bernard dog each had a thyroid medullary carcinoma. The first dog was hypocalcemic before removal and with recurrence of the neoplasm. In both dogs the neoplasms were bilateral and microscopic metastases were seen only in the regional lymph nodes. Both neoplasms were characterized by a solid alveolar pattern separated by thin vascular stroma or a linear festoon-like arrangement with thick stroma. The neoplastic cells varied little and were polygonal or round with abundant pale eosinophilic and finely granular cytoplasm. There was little mitotic activity. Both carcinomas contained amyloid. Electron microscopically, the neoplastic cells had moderate nuclear pleomorphism, well developed Golgi complexes, and characteristic membrane-bound electron-dense secretory granules. In some sections, the secretory granule membranes were fused to the cytoplasmic membrane and the granules were in the extracellular space. In one carcinoma there were linear fibrillar structures with an average width of 7.8 nanometers similar to that of amyloid fibrils.", "PMID": 716155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6460", "title": "The pathogenesis of Trypanosoma congolense infection in calves. I. Clinical observations and gross pathological changes.", "content": "Holstein calves infected with Trypanosoma congolense TREU 112 had intermittent fever, debility and a poor hair coat. At postmortem examination the most significant findings were enlargement of the liver, kidneys and spleen and increased volume of hematopoietic marrow. A group of 13 calves infected for 18 weeks had marked enlargement of lymph nodes throughout the body and hemal nodes were prominent in the sublumbar area caudal to the kidneys. Another group infected for 7 weeks had no increase in the weight of lymph nodes. Studies with 51Cr labelled autologous red cells given shortly before postmortem examination showed that the liver was the most active organ with respect to sequestration of labelled red cells.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of Trypanosoma congolense infection in calves. I. Clinical observations and gross pathological changes. Holstein calves infected with Trypanosoma congolense TREU 112 had intermittent fever, debility and a poor hair coat. At postmortem examination the most significant findings were enlargement of the liver, kidneys and spleen and increased volume of hematopoietic marrow. A group of 13 calves infected for 18 weeks had marked enlargement of lymph nodes throughout the body and hemal nodes were prominent in the sublumbar area caudal to the kidneys. Another group infected for 7 weeks had no increase in the weight of lymph nodes. Studies with 51Cr labelled autologous red cells given shortly before postmortem examination showed that the liver was the most active organ with respect to sequestration of labelled red cells.", "PMID": 716157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6461", "title": "Pathology of experimental Histophilus ovis infection in sheep. I. Lambs.", "content": "Inoculation of lambs either intravenously or intranasally with Histophilus ovis resulted in septicaemia. There was bacterial thrombosis and vasculitis in the liver, lung, kidneys and heart. These lesions were similar to those in natural cases of the disease. With intravenous inoculation of a less virulent isolate there were abscesses in the subcutaneous tissues, muscle fascia and joint bursae.", "contents": "Pathology of experimental Histophilus ovis infection in sheep. I. Lambs. Inoculation of lambs either intravenously or intranasally with Histophilus ovis resulted in septicaemia. There was bacterial thrombosis and vasculitis in the liver, lung, kidneys and heart. These lesions were similar to those in natural cases of the disease. With intravenous inoculation of a less virulent isolate there were abscesses in the subcutaneous tissues, muscle fascia and joint bursae.", "PMID": 716158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6462", "title": "The goitrogenic effect of 4,4'-oxydianiline in rats and mice.", "content": "Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice were fed diets that contained 0.03, 0.06, 0.1 and 0.2% 4,4'-oxydianiline for 13 weeks. The 0.1 to 0.2% diet caused 40 to 70% mortality in female rats. Although mice ate about 3.5 times more chemical than rats, no mice died. Alopecia, dyspnea and cyanosis in rats, and lethargy in both species occurred in the 0.1 to 0.2% groups. Goiter was found in rats that died as early as the 4th to 5th week of study in the groups given the 0.06 to 0.1% diet. At the end of the study, diffuse parenchymatous goiter was seen in all rats given the 0.06% and higher concentration diets and in most mice given the 0.2% diet. In rats, the thyroids also were heavily encapsulated and had interstitial fibrosis and vascular degeneration. There was concomitant hyperplasia of pituitary basophils in both species, but an increase of cells that secrete thyrotropin was seen in rats only.", "contents": "The goitrogenic effect of 4,4'-oxydianiline in rats and mice. Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice were fed diets that contained 0.03, 0.06, 0.1 and 0.2% 4,4'-oxydianiline for 13 weeks. The 0.1 to 0.2% diet caused 40 to 70% mortality in female rats. Although mice ate about 3.5 times more chemical than rats, no mice died. Alopecia, dyspnea and cyanosis in rats, and lethargy in both species occurred in the 0.1 to 0.2% groups. Goiter was found in rats that died as early as the 4th to 5th week of study in the groups given the 0.06 to 0.1% diet. At the end of the study, diffuse parenchymatous goiter was seen in all rats given the 0.06% and higher concentration diets and in most mice given the 0.2% diet. In rats, the thyroids also were heavily encapsulated and had interstitial fibrosis and vascular degeneration. There was concomitant hyperplasia of pituitary basophils in both species, but an increase of cells that secrete thyrotropin was seen in rats only.", "PMID": 716159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6463", "title": "Infective arthritis of the elbow joint in horses.", "content": "Six horses were found to have infective arthritis of one elbow joint. The history, and presence of a small wound on the lateral aspect of the elbow suggested the condition was trauma induced. Two horses recovered following joint lavage under general anaesthesia and antibiotic therapy. The joint changes found post mortem in the others were characteristic of an infective arthritis.", "contents": "Infective arthritis of the elbow joint in horses. Six horses were found to have infective arthritis of one elbow joint. The history, and presence of a small wound on the lateral aspect of the elbow suggested the condition was trauma induced. Two horses recovered following joint lavage under general anaesthesia and antibiotic therapy. The joint changes found post mortem in the others were characteristic of an infective arthritis.", "PMID": 716165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6464", "title": "Marek's disease tumour-specific antigen induced by the herpesvirus of turkeys in vaccinated chickens.", "content": "The herpesvirus of turkeys, a supposedly apathogenic virus commonly used for vaccination against Marek's disease, was found to induce Marek's disease tumour-specific antigens on spleen and peripheral blood lymphocytes in vaccinated chickens. Herpesvirus of turkeys may be able to induce the neoplastic transformation of lymphocytes and the consequential stimulation of an anti-tumour immune response may be an important component of vaccinal immunity.", "contents": "Marek's disease tumour-specific antigen induced by the herpesvirus of turkeys in vaccinated chickens. The herpesvirus of turkeys, a supposedly apathogenic virus commonly used for vaccination against Marek's disease, was found to induce Marek's disease tumour-specific antigens on spleen and peripheral blood lymphocytes in vaccinated chickens. Herpesvirus of turkeys may be able to induce the neoplastic transformation of lymphocytes and the consequential stimulation of an anti-tumour immune response may be an important component of vaccinal immunity.", "PMID": 716166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6465", "title": "Treatment of experimental calf salmonellosis with amoxycillin.", "content": "Treatment of experimental Salmonella dublin infection in the calf with amoxycillin is described. In most animals a rapid response occurred when the drug was administered by the parenteral route. Results were moderately good when the oral route was used in calves fed solely on a milk replacer diet. In calves consuming hay and concentrates oral administration was much less efficient.", "contents": "Treatment of experimental calf salmonellosis with amoxycillin. Treatment of experimental Salmonella dublin infection in the calf with amoxycillin is described. In most animals a rapid response occurred when the drug was administered by the parenteral route. Results were moderately good when the oral route was used in calves fed solely on a milk replacer diet. In calves consuming hay and concentrates oral administration was much less efficient.", "PMID": 716167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6466", "title": "Antibodies to Leptospira in the sera of aborted bovine fetuses.", "content": "Antibodies to Leptospira serotypes were detected in sera from 15 (6.9 per cent) of 218 aborted fetuses, but were not detected in the sera from 196 non-aborted fetuses. Fourteen (6.4 per cent) sera from the aborted fetuses had antibodies to strains belonging to the Hebdomadis serogroup and 1 (0.5 per cent) had antibodies to a strain belonging to the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup. These antibodies were predominantly immunoglobulin M whereas in the dams, antibodies belonged to both immunoglobulin M and G classes.", "contents": "Antibodies to Leptospira in the sera of aborted bovine fetuses. Antibodies to Leptospira serotypes were detected in sera from 15 (6.9 per cent) of 218 aborted fetuses, but were not detected in the sera from 196 non-aborted fetuses. Fourteen (6.4 per cent) sera from the aborted fetuses had antibodies to strains belonging to the Hebdomadis serogroup and 1 (0.5 per cent) had antibodies to a strain belonging to the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup. These antibodies were predominantly immunoglobulin M whereas in the dams, antibodies belonged to both immunoglobulin M and G classes.", "PMID": 716168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6467", "title": "Sudden death in calves associated with acute myocardial degeneration and selenium deficiency.", "content": "A syndrome on four dairy farms in which calves up to two months of age died suddenly during a period of excitement usually precipitated by feeding was investigated. The description given by owners was that during, or shortly after milk feeding, the calves grunted, fell and died within one minute. Post mortem examinations revealed patchy myocardial pallor but no other lesions or evidence of infectious disease. Histopathological studies revealed peracute myocardial degeneration. Biochemical examinations have shown a selenium deficiency in in-contact calves and since this was corrected, no further cases have occurred. It is suggested that this is an additional manifestation of the selenium deficiency syndrome and that in certain circumstances, a deficiency of available selenium renders cardiac muscle vulnerable to stresses which induce severe peracute damage and leads to cardiac failure and sudden death.", "contents": "Sudden death in calves associated with acute myocardial degeneration and selenium deficiency. A syndrome on four dairy farms in which calves up to two months of age died suddenly during a period of excitement usually precipitated by feeding was investigated. The description given by owners was that during, or shortly after milk feeding, the calves grunted, fell and died within one minute. Post mortem examinations revealed patchy myocardial pallor but no other lesions or evidence of infectious disease. Histopathological studies revealed peracute myocardial degeneration. Biochemical examinations have shown a selenium deficiency in in-contact calves and since this was corrected, no further cases have occurred. It is suggested that this is an additional manifestation of the selenium deficiency syndrome and that in certain circumstances, a deficiency of available selenium renders cardiac muscle vulnerable to stresses which induce severe peracute damage and leads to cardiac failure and sudden death.", "PMID": 716169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6468", "title": "Serum folate levels in horses, with particular reference to the English thoroughbred.", "content": "The assay of serum folate has been used to investigate the folate status of thoroughbreds in training to race, in-foal thoroughbred mares at stud and crossbred ponies kept permanently at grass. Throughbreds in training, with no obvious haematological or clinical abnormalities, had lower serum folate levels (mean 3.3, range 1.5 to 6.1 microgram per litre) compared with thoroughbred mares at stud (mean 10.6, range 6.4 to 15.8 microgram per litre) and crossbred ponies at grass (mean 10.9, range 7.4 to 16.6 microgram per litre. Intensive exercise, over a period of six months, significantly decreased serum folate levels (P less than 0.001) and significantly increased the levels of bilirubin (P less than 0.0001) and PCV (P less than 0.0002) in a group of 30 thoroughbred racehorses. Haptoglobin levels showed no significant changes.", "contents": "Serum folate levels in horses, with particular reference to the English thoroughbred. The assay of serum folate has been used to investigate the folate status of thoroughbreds in training to race, in-foal thoroughbred mares at stud and crossbred ponies kept permanently at grass. Throughbreds in training, with no obvious haematological or clinical abnormalities, had lower serum folate levels (mean 3.3, range 1.5 to 6.1 microgram per litre) compared with thoroughbred mares at stud (mean 10.6, range 6.4 to 15.8 microgram per litre) and crossbred ponies at grass (mean 10.9, range 7.4 to 16.6 microgram per litre. Intensive exercise, over a period of six months, significantly decreased serum folate levels (P less than 0.001) and significantly increased the levels of bilirubin (P less than 0.0001) and PCV (P less than 0.0002) in a group of 30 thoroughbred racehorses. Haptoglobin levels showed no significant changes.", "PMID": 716177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6469", "title": "A complement fixation test for antibody to the contagious equine metritis organism.", "content": "A complement fixation test (CFT) based on that used for brucellosis (Brinley Morgan and others 1971) has been developed for use on the sera of horses exposed to the contagious equine metritis (CEM) organism. None of 50 single samples from horses thought to be unexposed to the CEM organism was positive to the test, although five showed inconclusive reactions. Samples were examined from 41 mares either proved to be infected or from an infected stud. Of these 21 were positive, 11 were inconclusive and nine were negative. The relationship of the CFT to reactions in the other tests used in this condition is discussed--the serum agglutination test (SAT) and antiglobulin test (AGT) (Benson and others 1978). Complement fixing antibodies appear to remain for a longer period in the infected animal, and are therefore more likely to be of use in the diagnosis of the chronic carrier state.", "contents": "A complement fixation test for antibody to the contagious equine metritis organism. A complement fixation test (CFT) based on that used for brucellosis (Brinley Morgan and others 1971) has been developed for use on the sera of horses exposed to the contagious equine metritis (CEM) organism. None of 50 single samples from horses thought to be unexposed to the CEM organism was positive to the test, although five showed inconclusive reactions. Samples were examined from 41 mares either proved to be infected or from an infected stud. Of these 21 were positive, 11 were inconclusive and nine were negative. The relationship of the CFT to reactions in the other tests used in this condition is discussed--the serum agglutination test (SAT) and antiglobulin test (AGT) (Benson and others 1978). Complement fixing antibodies appear to remain for a longer period in the infected animal, and are therefore more likely to be of use in the diagnosis of the chronic carrier state.", "PMID": 716183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6470", "title": "[Messenger RNA and RNP complexes of normal mouse liver cells and of hepatomas].", "content": "The messenger RNA spectra of highly malignant ascites hepatoma 22A and hepatoma 48, belonging to the group of hepatomas with minimum deviations, examined by a sedimentation method in the sacchrose concentration gradient, are characterized by higher heterogenecity as compared with that of the normal liver. The nuclear RNA contents of these hepatomas differ but insignificantly. Whereas in cytoplasm of hepatoma 22A and, to a less extent, of hepatoma 48 some deviations were found in quantitative correlations between polyribosomes and messenger somatic cells (free cytosol particles) in favour of the latter.", "contents": "[Messenger RNA and RNP complexes of normal mouse liver cells and of hepatomas]. The messenger RNA spectra of highly malignant ascites hepatoma 22A and hepatoma 48, belonging to the group of hepatomas with minimum deviations, examined by a sedimentation method in the sacchrose concentration gradient, are characterized by higher heterogenecity as compared with that of the normal liver. The nuclear RNA contents of these hepatomas differ but insignificantly. Whereas in cytoplasm of hepatoma 22A and, to a less extent, of hepatoma 48 some deviations were found in quantitative correlations between polyribosomes and messenger somatic cells (free cytosol particles) in favour of the latter.", "PMID": 716310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6471", "title": "[Characteristics of the cellular RNA in viral leukemia].", "content": "A description is given of the differences in the fractional content of normal cell nuclear RNA and in Rauscher leukemia, which are manifested in the appearance of an accessory fraction 35 S RNA in leukemia-changed cells. The results of examining poly(A)-RNA amounts in normal splenic cells cytoplasm and nuclei, and in Rauscher leukemia are reported. The differences in the fractional content of poly(A)-RNA of normal leukemia changed cells are described.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the cellular RNA in viral leukemia]. A description is given of the differences in the fractional content of normal cell nuclear RNA and in Rauscher leukemia, which are manifested in the appearance of an accessory fraction 35 S RNA in leukemia-changed cells. The results of examining poly(A)-RNA amounts in normal splenic cells cytoplasm and nuclei, and in Rauscher leukemia are reported. The differences in the fractional content of poly(A)-RNA of normal leukemia changed cells are described.", "PMID": 716311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6472", "title": "[Nuclear and cytoplasmic poly A-containing RNA in normal and leukemic human leukocytes].", "content": "The method of affinity chromatography on a poly(A)-cellulose column was used to study the content and radioactivity of poly(A)-rich RNAs in the nuclei and cytoplasma of lymphocytes of healthy subjects and patients suffering chronic lymphatic leukemia. It was found that in the nuclei of normal and leukemic lyphocytes the amount of polyadenylated RNAs was higher than that in cytoplasma. The content of poly(A)-rich RNAs in the normal lymphocytes nuclei was 6.7%, whereas in leukemic ones--4.3% of the total nuclear RNA, in the latter, however, the specific radioactivity of polyadenylated RNAs was 1.5 times as that in normal cells. Poly(A)-containing RNAs normally make up as much as 3.1% of the total amount of cytoplasmic RNA, while in leukemic lymphocytes--1%. The specific radioactivity of poly(A)-rich RNAs in normal and leukemic lymphocytes cytoplasma was on average 3 times higher than in other classes of RNA.", "contents": "[Nuclear and cytoplasmic poly A-containing RNA in normal and leukemic human leukocytes]. The method of affinity chromatography on a poly(A)-cellulose column was used to study the content and radioactivity of poly(A)-rich RNAs in the nuclei and cytoplasma of lymphocytes of healthy subjects and patients suffering chronic lymphatic leukemia. It was found that in the nuclei of normal and leukemic lyphocytes the amount of polyadenylated RNAs was higher than that in cytoplasma. The content of poly(A)-rich RNAs in the normal lymphocytes nuclei was 6.7%, whereas in leukemic ones--4.3% of the total nuclear RNA, in the latter, however, the specific radioactivity of polyadenylated RNAs was 1.5 times as that in normal cells. Poly(A)-containing RNAs normally make up as much as 3.1% of the total amount of cytoplasmic RNA, while in leukemic lymphocytes--1%. The specific radioactivity of poly(A)-rich RNAs in normal and leukemic lymphocytes cytoplasma was on average 3 times higher than in other classes of RNA.", "PMID": 716312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6473", "title": "[Changes in the structure of Ehrlich tumor cell populations].", "content": "In late stages of Ehrlich tumor development there occurs a gradual increase of the portion of cells, being in the second half of the mitotic cycle, on account of cells of the initial stages of mitosis. Simultaneously, resting cells are accumulated. The data of energy metabolism may account for these changes in the population structure. Under conditions of the glucose deficiency accompanying tumor growth the ATP deficit proves to be greater in cells of the second half of the mitotic cycle than in cells of the beginning of mitosis, thus resulting in redistribution of cells with stages of the mitotic cycle. In an old tumor the rate of DNA synthesis was shown to be lower at all stages of S-phase, while RNA synthesis was mostly activated in cells of G-period. In S- and G2 cells of an old tumor the total protein content was reduced. In G0-cells nuclei of Ehrlich tumor electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel would show protein with a molecular weight 9000 +/- 500, which was absent in proliferating cells nuclei. It was demonstrated that protein with analagous properties is contained in nuclei of 13 transplantable animal tumors.", "contents": "[Changes in the structure of Ehrlich tumor cell populations]. In late stages of Ehrlich tumor development there occurs a gradual increase of the portion of cells, being in the second half of the mitotic cycle, on account of cells of the initial stages of mitosis. Simultaneously, resting cells are accumulated. The data of energy metabolism may account for these changes in the population structure. Under conditions of the glucose deficiency accompanying tumor growth the ATP deficit proves to be greater in cells of the second half of the mitotic cycle than in cells of the beginning of mitosis, thus resulting in redistribution of cells with stages of the mitotic cycle. In an old tumor the rate of DNA synthesis was shown to be lower at all stages of S-phase, while RNA synthesis was mostly activated in cells of G-period. In S- and G2 cells of an old tumor the total protein content was reduced. In G0-cells nuclei of Ehrlich tumor electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel would show protein with a molecular weight 9000 +/- 500, which was absent in proliferating cells nuclei. It was demonstrated that protein with analagous properties is contained in nuclei of 13 transplantable animal tumors.", "PMID": 716314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6474", "title": "[Specificity of the action of the RNA released by Ehrlich carcinoma cells on the transplantability and growth of a homologous tumor].", "content": "A comparative study was undertaken on the effect of different RNA preparations on the transplatability and growth of Ehrlich carcinoma. The RNA isolated from Ehrlich carcinoma ascites fluid was found to render the specific stimulating action on the transplantability and growth of a homologous tumor, while total RNA from bovine liver, tRNA from rabbit liver and synthetic polyribonucleotides show no stimulating effect. The RNA from Ehrlich carcinoma ascites fluid is formed as a result of its release from intact tumor cells, and it seems to be one of the factors responsible for the interaction between the tumor and the organism.", "contents": "[Specificity of the action of the RNA released by Ehrlich carcinoma cells on the transplantability and growth of a homologous tumor]. A comparative study was undertaken on the effect of different RNA preparations on the transplatability and growth of Ehrlich carcinoma. The RNA isolated from Ehrlich carcinoma ascites fluid was found to render the specific stimulating action on the transplantability and growth of a homologous tumor, while total RNA from bovine liver, tRNA from rabbit liver and synthetic polyribonucleotides show no stimulating effect. The RNA from Ehrlich carcinoma ascites fluid is formed as a result of its release from intact tumor cells, and it seems to be one of the factors responsible for the interaction between the tumor and the organism.", "PMID": 716315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6475", "title": "[Membrane phospholipids of the rat liver endoplasmic reticulum normally and in the early stage of carcinogenesis].", "content": "There were found certain changes in the total content of phospholipids as well as in the content of their separate fractions in the membranes of endoplasmic reticulum in the rat liver at early stages of carcinogenesis. In the first week under the carcinogen DENA exposure a considerable reduction of the total phospholipids content was noted in the fraction of granular endoplasmic reticulum, while in agranular reticulum during this period of embryogenesis the total content of phospholipids is not changed, but subsequently the former increases as compared with normal values. During the whole period of carcinogenesis under study changes in the phospholipid content are observed in both fractions of endoplasmic reticulum membranes, the greatest changes being noted in the fractions of lysophosphatidicholines, phosphatidilcholines, and phosphatidilinosites.", "contents": "[Membrane phospholipids of the rat liver endoplasmic reticulum normally and in the early stage of carcinogenesis]. There were found certain changes in the total content of phospholipids as well as in the content of their separate fractions in the membranes of endoplasmic reticulum in the rat liver at early stages of carcinogenesis. In the first week under the carcinogen DENA exposure a considerable reduction of the total phospholipids content was noted in the fraction of granular endoplasmic reticulum, while in agranular reticulum during this period of embryogenesis the total content of phospholipids is not changed, but subsequently the former increases as compared with normal values. During the whole period of carcinogenesis under study changes in the phospholipid content are observed in both fractions of endoplasmic reticulum membranes, the greatest changes being noted in the fractions of lysophosphatidicholines, phosphatidilcholines, and phosphatidilinosites.", "PMID": 716316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6476", "title": "[Pancreatic enzymatic activity in the blood and urine in tumors of varying localization].", "content": "Under study was the activity of proteinases and their inhibitors, amylase and lipase of the blood serum and urine in 15 healthy subjects and 40 patients with tumors of different localization, and in 8 patients subjected to surgical interventions. There was found a reliable increase of total antitryptic activity in tumors of different localization and extensive operative procedures, while an increase of proteinase activity of blood serum in gastric cancer.", "contents": "[Pancreatic enzymatic activity in the blood and urine in tumors of varying localization]. Under study was the activity of proteinases and their inhibitors, amylase and lipase of the blood serum and urine in 15 healthy subjects and 40 patients with tumors of different localization, and in 8 patients subjected to surgical interventions. There was found a reliable increase of total antitryptic activity in tumors of different localization and extensive operative procedures, while an increase of proteinase activity of blood serum in gastric cancer.", "PMID": 716317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6477", "title": "[Tumorous origin of the hexokinase in human biological fluids].", "content": "Hexokinase of the endometrium and gastric mucosa is represented by 5 isoenzymes. The \"simplification\" of HK isoenzyme spectrum is characteristic of cancer tissue. So, in gastric cancer there is a disappearance of the \"slowest\" isoenzyme, while in malignant endometrium the \"fastest\" one was absent. Hexokinase isoenzymes of the serum were identical to those in the tumors in question, that indicates the tumor origin of the body fluid hexokinase. The latter was not observed in normal body fluids. The isoenzymic composition of hexokinase in uterine fibromyoma did not differ from that in normal tissues. If hexokinase appeared in the serum of these patients, its isoenzymic composition was similar to that in the normal uterus. The study on the hexokinase isoenzyme composition may be a valuable adjunct in establishing the differential diagnosis between benign and malignant tumors.", "contents": "[Tumorous origin of the hexokinase in human biological fluids]. Hexokinase of the endometrium and gastric mucosa is represented by 5 isoenzymes. The \"simplification\" of HK isoenzyme spectrum is characteristic of cancer tissue. So, in gastric cancer there is a disappearance of the \"slowest\" isoenzyme, while in malignant endometrium the \"fastest\" one was absent. Hexokinase isoenzymes of the serum were identical to those in the tumors in question, that indicates the tumor origin of the body fluid hexokinase. The latter was not observed in normal body fluids. The isoenzymic composition of hexokinase in uterine fibromyoma did not differ from that in normal tissues. If hexokinase appeared in the serum of these patients, its isoenzymic composition was similar to that in the normal uterus. The study on the hexokinase isoenzyme composition may be a valuable adjunct in establishing the differential diagnosis between benign and malignant tumors.", "PMID": 716318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6478", "title": "[Cortisol content in the blood plasma in lung cancer].", "content": "Under examination were 25 patients with lung cancer. It was found that the cortisol level in blood plasma was significantly higher in the patients than in healthy subjects (in patients--20.99 mkg/100 ml +/- 1,36, in healthy subjects--12.73 +/- 1.12, p less than 0.001). In a favourable course of the disease the cortisol level in lung cancer patients after the combined or radiotherapy was reliably reduced. An increased cortisol level in blood plasma after the treatment was followed (3--6 months later) by the appearance of metastases and the cancer process generalization.", "contents": "[Cortisol content in the blood plasma in lung cancer]. Under examination were 25 patients with lung cancer. It was found that the cortisol level in blood plasma was significantly higher in the patients than in healthy subjects (in patients--20.99 mkg/100 ml +/- 1,36, in healthy subjects--12.73 +/- 1.12, p less than 0.001). In a favourable course of the disease the cortisol level in lung cancer patients after the combined or radiotherapy was reliably reduced. An increased cortisol level in blood plasma after the treatment was followed (3--6 months later) by the appearance of metastases and the cancer process generalization.", "PMID": 716319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6479", "title": "[Copper content and the ceruloplasmin activity in the blood in melanoma of the skin].", "content": "In comparative studies on the copper content and ceruloplasmin activity in blood of 212 patients with malignant melanoma, cancer and benign skin neoplasms, hypercupremia and an increased activity of the enzyme was revealed in 80% of patients with melanoma. Serum copper uptake in patients with non-pigmented melanoma was manifest to a greater extent. Some redistribution mechanisms are likely to underlie hypercupremia, that is especially indicated by the migration of copper from blood erythrocytes. Hypercupremia in patients with melanoma may be of a certain clinical interest as an accessory criterion for the differential diagnosis between malignant melanomas and benign skin neoplasms.", "contents": "[Copper content and the ceruloplasmin activity in the blood in melanoma of the skin]. In comparative studies on the copper content and ceruloplasmin activity in blood of 212 patients with malignant melanoma, cancer and benign skin neoplasms, hypercupremia and an increased activity of the enzyme was revealed in 80% of patients with melanoma. Serum copper uptake in patients with non-pigmented melanoma was manifest to a greater extent. Some redistribution mechanisms are likely to underlie hypercupremia, that is especially indicated by the migration of copper from blood erythrocytes. Hypercupremia in patients with melanoma may be of a certain clinical interest as an accessory criterion for the differential diagnosis between malignant melanomas and benign skin neoplasms.", "PMID": 716320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6480", "title": "[Antioxidative activity of breast tissue in fibroadenoma, fibrocystic mastopathy and cancer].", "content": "The data obtained indicate that AOA of a tumor and adjacent normal tissues is reasonably changed as the tumor grows. The character of these changes is analogous to the AOA changes, observed while inducing experimental tumors in animals, which evidence some common physico-chemical mechanisms of tumors occurrence and growth in animals and man. This concept may be supported by a resemblance of the response (by AOA changes) to the irradiation effect on tumor and tumor-bearer tissues, obtained both on experimental and clinical materials. The fact, that in each separate case a correlation between tumor AOA values and those of normal tissues is strictly individual (in the presence of a general tendency for the average tumor growth for each stage), seems to offer the opportunity to use the AOA test in prognosticating the radiotherapy effect for each particular case.", "contents": "[Antioxidative activity of breast tissue in fibroadenoma, fibrocystic mastopathy and cancer]. The data obtained indicate that AOA of a tumor and adjacent normal tissues is reasonably changed as the tumor grows. The character of these changes is analogous to the AOA changes, observed while inducing experimental tumors in animals, which evidence some common physico-chemical mechanisms of tumors occurrence and growth in animals and man. This concept may be supported by a resemblance of the response (by AOA changes) to the irradiation effect on tumor and tumor-bearer tissues, obtained both on experimental and clinical materials. The fact, that in each separate case a correlation between tumor AOA values and those of normal tissues is strictly individual (in the presence of a general tendency for the average tumor growth for each stage), seems to offer the opportunity to use the AOA test in prognosticating the radiotherapy effect for each particular case.", "PMID": 716321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6481", "title": "[Phenotypic changes in acetylation in tumor patients].", "content": "The authors have determined the activity of N-acetyltransferase and the type of acetylation in patients with cancer of the lung (38) and gastrointestinal tract (39), and in 72 control individuals. It was found that there is a changed distribution of patients in relation to the activity of acetylation in maintaining the normal correlation of \"slow\" and \"fast\" acetylators. There was noted an increase in N-acetyltransferase activity with greater spread of the tumor process, whereas the activity decreased in radical operations and increased in palliative surgical procedures and in the presence of recurrences or metastases.", "contents": "[Phenotypic changes in acetylation in tumor patients]. The authors have determined the activity of N-acetyltransferase and the type of acetylation in patients with cancer of the lung (38) and gastrointestinal tract (39), and in 72 control individuals. It was found that there is a changed distribution of patients in relation to the activity of acetylation in maintaining the normal correlation of \"slow\" and \"fast\" acetylators. There was noted an increase in N-acetyltransferase activity with greater spread of the tumor process, whereas the activity decreased in radical operations and increased in palliative surgical procedures and in the presence of recurrences or metastases.", "PMID": 716322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6482", "title": "[Nucleic acid and protein metabolism in vitamin D and dietary protein deficiency].", "content": "Protein deficiency and D-hypovitaminosis lead to marked disturbances of the RNA and protein metabolism in different organs, tissues and subcellular fractions. With a complex action of the food protein and vitamin D deficiency, changes in most organs and tissues became more intensive. The nature of the discovered shifts is largely determined by the kind of the tissue, and the degree of its metabolic activity.", "contents": "[Nucleic acid and protein metabolism in vitamin D and dietary protein deficiency]. Protein deficiency and D-hypovitaminosis lead to marked disturbances of the RNA and protein metabolism in different organs, tissues and subcellular fractions. With a complex action of the food protein and vitamin D deficiency, changes in most organs and tissues became more intensive. The nature of the discovered shifts is largely determined by the kind of the tissue, and the degree of its metabolic activity.", "PMID": 716327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6483", "title": "[Lipid makeup of erythrocyte membranes of varying age in body thiamine deficit in rats].", "content": "The influence of different methods of simulating B1 avitaminosis on the lipids of the erythrocytes membranes was studied. The greatest changes were found to occur in alimentary B1 avitaminosis. Then, in all the age populations of erythrocytes the cholesterol content decreases, in membranes of old and young erythrocytes the amount of cardiolipine rises, while in the mature ones the sphingomyelin level goes up. In a dose of 40 mg/100 g body weight oxythiamine forces down the cholesterol content in the \"shadows\" of old and mature erythrocytes and brings down the amount of lecithin in young cells. In a dose of 10 mg/100 g oxythiamine lowers the cholesterol level only in the membranes of mature erythrocytes. In these conditions the total phospholipids in the red blood cells remains unchanged.", "contents": "[Lipid makeup of erythrocyte membranes of varying age in body thiamine deficit in rats]. The influence of different methods of simulating B1 avitaminosis on the lipids of the erythrocytes membranes was studied. The greatest changes were found to occur in alimentary B1 avitaminosis. Then, in all the age populations of erythrocytes the cholesterol content decreases, in membranes of old and young erythrocytes the amount of cardiolipine rises, while in the mature ones the sphingomyelin level goes up. In a dose of 40 mg/100 g body weight oxythiamine forces down the cholesterol content in the \"shadows\" of old and mature erythrocytes and brings down the amount of lecithin in young cells. In a dose of 10 mg/100 g oxythiamine lowers the cholesterol level only in the membranes of mature erythrocytes. In these conditions the total phospholipids in the red blood cells remains unchanged.", "PMID": 716328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6484", "title": "[Effect of prolonged fasting on cathepsin and lipolytic enzymatic activities of the rat liver].", "content": "In the liver of rats fasting for 2,5,8 and 11 days the activity of kathepsins A, B1, C, D, phospholipases A1, A2 and of the cholinesterase was determined. Reciprocal relations in the change of the kathepsins A and D activity was revealed, whereas the kathepsins B1 and C showed a substantial fall. Of the phospholipases A1 and A2 was characteristic a progressive decline of the activity up to the 8th day of fasting. At the terminal stage a brusque activation of phospholipases, largely of the A1 phospholipase was observed, the activity of the latter reaching 205 per cent of the control level. The cholinesterase activity was consecutively declining throughout the whole of the experiment. The data obtained bear evidence to an important role of the kathepsins A and D in the adaptation of the organism to conditions of the endogenous nutrition.", "contents": "[Effect of prolonged fasting on cathepsin and lipolytic enzymatic activities of the rat liver]. In the liver of rats fasting for 2,5,8 and 11 days the activity of kathepsins A, B1, C, D, phospholipases A1, A2 and of the cholinesterase was determined. Reciprocal relations in the change of the kathepsins A and D activity was revealed, whereas the kathepsins B1 and C showed a substantial fall. Of the phospholipases A1 and A2 was characteristic a progressive decline of the activity up to the 8th day of fasting. At the terminal stage a brusque activation of phospholipases, largely of the A1 phospholipase was observed, the activity of the latter reaching 205 per cent of the control level. The cholinesterase activity was consecutively declining throughout the whole of the experiment. The data obtained bear evidence to an important role of the kathepsins A and D in the adaptation of the organism to conditions of the endogenous nutrition.", "PMID": 716329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6485", "title": "[Effect of thiamine deficiency in hydrochloric acid secretion in the stomach].", "content": "The effect of the thiamine deficiency on the H+ secretion in an isolated gastric mucosa and also on the functional properties of the mitochondria was investigated. The thiamine deficiency was called forth through introduction of oxythiamine or by exclusion of thiamine from the ration. It is shown that the thiamine deficiency in an isolated gastric mucosa of the frog produced inhibition of the H+ secretion and in the gastric mitochondria of rats--a higher activity of succinate-dehydrogenase and a diminution of the exogenous cytochrome oxidation rate.", "contents": "[Effect of thiamine deficiency in hydrochloric acid secretion in the stomach]. The effect of the thiamine deficiency on the H+ secretion in an isolated gastric mucosa and also on the functional properties of the mitochondria was investigated. The thiamine deficiency was called forth through introduction of oxythiamine or by exclusion of thiamine from the ration. It is shown that the thiamine deficiency in an isolated gastric mucosa of the frog produced inhibition of the H+ secretion and in the gastric mitochondria of rats--a higher activity of succinate-dehydrogenase and a diminution of the exogenous cytochrome oxidation rate.", "PMID": 716330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6486", "title": "[Characteristics of milk protein digestion in the early postnatal period of development].", "content": "It is found that in the period of the 1st to the 20th day of life there takes place shifting of the cavitary digestion of milk proteins toward the distal part of the small intestine. The change-over from the milk to the definite alimentation is accompanied by a shift of the process of the milk proteins digestion to the proximal part of the small intestine. The jejunum chyme of the 3, 12 and 20-day old rats contains roughly equal amounts of free amino acids, whereas in the jejunum chyme of the 30-day old animals their concentration is twice as high. The results of determining the speed of the amino acids release in tests with incubation in vitro of the jejunum chyme in 3, 12 and 20-day old rats bear proof to the existence at the young age of two types of digestion, viz. of the cavitary and intracellular (and/or membranous).", "contents": "[Characteristics of milk protein digestion in the early postnatal period of development]. It is found that in the period of the 1st to the 20th day of life there takes place shifting of the cavitary digestion of milk proteins toward the distal part of the small intestine. The change-over from the milk to the definite alimentation is accompanied by a shift of the process of the milk proteins digestion to the proximal part of the small intestine. The jejunum chyme of the 3, 12 and 20-day old rats contains roughly equal amounts of free amino acids, whereas in the jejunum chyme of the 30-day old animals their concentration is twice as high. The results of determining the speed of the amino acids release in tests with incubation in vitro of the jejunum chyme in 3, 12 and 20-day old rats bear proof to the existence at the young age of two types of digestion, viz. of the cavitary and intracellular (and/or membranous).", "PMID": 716331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6487", "title": "[Retinylpalmitate and retinylacetate hydrolases in the intestinal juice of dogs secreted on an empty stomach and on the intravenous administration of protein hydrolysates].", "content": "Intravenous injection of caseine hydrolysate, hydrolysin or amino-peptide to dogs was not attended by any substantial changes in the activity of retinylpalmitate- and retinyl-acetate-hydrolase in the intestinal juice, as compared to the juice secreted on an empty stomach. The mutual relation of these enzymes activity in the intestinal juice and jejunal wall was dissimilar, which testifies to their different localization in the intestinal tissues.", "contents": "[Retinylpalmitate and retinylacetate hydrolases in the intestinal juice of dogs secreted on an empty stomach and on the intravenous administration of protein hydrolysates]. Intravenous injection of caseine hydrolysate, hydrolysin or amino-peptide to dogs was not attended by any substantial changes in the activity of retinylpalmitate- and retinyl-acetate-hydrolase in the intestinal juice, as compared to the juice secreted on an empty stomach. The mutual relation of these enzymes activity in the intestinal juice and jejunal wall was dissimilar, which testifies to their different localization in the intestinal tissues.", "PMID": 716332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6488", "title": "[Experimental study of the aftereffects of feeding rats certain types of canned fish].", "content": "For 3 years fish canned goods were added to the ration of rats. These additions included atlantic herring in tomato gravy (\"Stavrida\"), dressed sprat in tomato gravy (sprats-small-sized) or sprat in vegetable oil (\"Sprat\"). Rats receiving canned \"small-sized sprats\" or \"sprats developed much more often malignant tumors of different localization than did the animals fed on \"Stavrida\" or control rats. Feeding of rats on the vegetable oil from \"stavrida\" and \"sprat\" cans did not have any material effect on the development of tumours. Introduction of these samples of oil together with the food or parenterally to mice did not have any substantial influence on the development in them of skin tumors, induced with benzpyrene. The canned goods under investigation, especially of the \"sprat\" kinds, demonstrated small amounts of benzpyrene and carcinogenic nitroso-compounds.", "contents": "[Experimental study of the aftereffects of feeding rats certain types of canned fish]. For 3 years fish canned goods were added to the ration of rats. These additions included atlantic herring in tomato gravy (\"Stavrida\"), dressed sprat in tomato gravy (sprats-small-sized) or sprat in vegetable oil (\"Sprat\"). Rats receiving canned \"small-sized sprats\" or \"sprats developed much more often malignant tumors of different localization than did the animals fed on \"Stavrida\" or control rats. Feeding of rats on the vegetable oil from \"stavrida\" and \"sprat\" cans did not have any material effect on the development of tumours. Introduction of these samples of oil together with the food or parenterally to mice did not have any substantial influence on the development in them of skin tumors, induced with benzpyrene. The canned goods under investigation, especially of the \"sprat\" kinds, demonstrated small amounts of benzpyrene and carcinogenic nitroso-compounds.", "PMID": 716334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6489", "title": "[Activity of the indicator enzymes of liver subcellular structures with the prolonged administration of Valexon].", "content": "The free and unprecipitated activity of succindehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphatase, as well as of that of glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase in the rats liver was determined. The animals received for a long time (1--3 and 6 months) a new organophosphorus pesticide valexon (0.0-diethyl thiophosphoryl-oxyiminophenylnitryle acetate) by mouth in doses of 31 mg/kg and 3.1 mg/kg which corresponds to 1/20 and 1/200 LD50. The earliest changes (after 1 month) include: falling activity of hexokinase and a rise in that of glucose-6-phosphatase and succindehydrogenase, pointing to the damage of microsomes and mitochondria supervenes in 1 and 6 months time after introduction, respectively. The role of an early injury of microsomes and of disturbed first stages of glucose metabolism in the mechanism of the valexon action is suggested.", "contents": "[Activity of the indicator enzymes of liver subcellular structures with the prolonged administration of Valexon]. The free and unprecipitated activity of succindehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphatase, as well as of that of glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase in the rats liver was determined. The animals received for a long time (1--3 and 6 months) a new organophosphorus pesticide valexon (0.0-diethyl thiophosphoryl-oxyiminophenylnitryle acetate) by mouth in doses of 31 mg/kg and 3.1 mg/kg which corresponds to 1/20 and 1/200 LD50. The earliest changes (after 1 month) include: falling activity of hexokinase and a rise in that of glucose-6-phosphatase and succindehydrogenase, pointing to the damage of microsomes and mitochondria supervenes in 1 and 6 months time after introduction, respectively. The role of an early injury of microsomes and of disturbed first stages of glucose metabolism in the mechanism of the valexon action is suggested.", "PMID": 716333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6490", "title": "[Method of isolating, identifying and quantitatively determining alkanes, cycloalkanes, monocyclic arenes and squalene in animal organs and tissues].", "content": "A method for analyzing hydrocarbons in animal organs and tissues has been developed. This is made up of the following stages: decomposition of the biological material through alkaline hydrolysis; extraction of non-saponifiable lipids fraction; separation by using preparative thin-layer chromatography of the alkanes and cycloalkanes, monocylic arenes and squalene from the non-saponifiable lipids fractions; determining the content of the alkanes and cycloakanes fraction and also ascertaining the alkanes of normal and isoprenoid structure, by means of gas-liquid chromatography, and, finally, quantification of monocyclic arenes, based on the UV spectra findings. The statistical characteristics obtained through a mathematical processing of the analyses results bear evidence to a sufficient accuracy and good reproducibility of the method stages.", "contents": "[Method of isolating, identifying and quantitatively determining alkanes, cycloalkanes, monocyclic arenes and squalene in animal organs and tissues]. A method for analyzing hydrocarbons in animal organs and tissues has been developed. This is made up of the following stages: decomposition of the biological material through alkaline hydrolysis; extraction of non-saponifiable lipids fraction; separation by using preparative thin-layer chromatography of the alkanes and cycloalkanes, monocylic arenes and squalene from the non-saponifiable lipids fractions; determining the content of the alkanes and cycloakanes fraction and also ascertaining the alkanes of normal and isoprenoid structure, by means of gas-liquid chromatography, and, finally, quantification of monocyclic arenes, based on the UV spectra findings. The statistical characteristics obtained through a mathematical processing of the analyses results bear evidence to a sufficient accuracy and good reproducibility of the method stages.", "PMID": 716335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6491", "title": "[Diagnosis of extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction and constriction via direct cholangiography].", "content": "The diagnostic potentialities in cholestasis and cholangitis could be considerably improved by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and percutaneous transhepatal cholangiography (PTC) with a thin needle (0.7 mm). First ERCP was performed, enabling us to establish pathological findings in 62 per cent of the 233 examinations in the period 1975--1977. Gallstones were most often found-in 65 cases (28%). Second to be found was the suptapapillary stenosis of the bile ducts and obstruction of the bile ducts--42 cases (18% of the examined), caused by surgical interventions, tumours of the bile ducts and processes in the region of the head of the pancreas. When ERCP fails to provide sufficient data or is ineffective - PTC is performed. Correct diagnosis was made in 15 cases out of 23 examinations, in six - partial data were obtained and in two - the examination failed.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction and constriction via direct cholangiography]. The diagnostic potentialities in cholestasis and cholangitis could be considerably improved by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and percutaneous transhepatal cholangiography (PTC) with a thin needle (0.7 mm). First ERCP was performed, enabling us to establish pathological findings in 62 per cent of the 233 examinations in the period 1975--1977. Gallstones were most often found-in 65 cases (28%). Second to be found was the suptapapillary stenosis of the bile ducts and obstruction of the bile ducts--42 cases (18% of the examined), caused by surgical interventions, tumours of the bile ducts and processes in the region of the head of the pancreas. When ERCP fails to provide sufficient data or is ineffective - PTC is performed. Correct diagnosis was made in 15 cases out of 23 examinations, in six - partial data were obtained and in two - the examination failed.", "PMID": 716369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6492", "title": "[Echocardiographic (EchoC) dimensions of the right cavities of the heart in right ventricular insufficiency].", "content": "Seven dimensions of the right ventricle at different levels and one dimension of the right auricle at the tricuspidal valve level were determined in 414 patients with cardiac ailments without volume loading. The data obtained are confronted with the hemodynamics of the right ventricle determined via clinical investigations, right cardiac catheterization and the method of dye dilution. A considerable correlation exists between the size of the EchoC-dimensions of the right ventricle and right auricle and the values of the final diastolic pressure in the right ventricle and the mean pressure in the right auricle, being a precondition for the determination of the right ventricle function via echocardiography. Enlargement of all EchoC-dimensions of the right ventricle and right auricle is present in right ventricle insufficiency. The echocardiography dimensions of the right ventricle and right auricle show a high sensitivity (91%) in the determination of initial right-ventricle insufficiency, presenting a relatively low false positive results (13%).", "contents": "[Echocardiographic (EchoC) dimensions of the right cavities of the heart in right ventricular insufficiency]. Seven dimensions of the right ventricle at different levels and one dimension of the right auricle at the tricuspidal valve level were determined in 414 patients with cardiac ailments without volume loading. The data obtained are confronted with the hemodynamics of the right ventricle determined via clinical investigations, right cardiac catheterization and the method of dye dilution. A considerable correlation exists between the size of the EchoC-dimensions of the right ventricle and right auricle and the values of the final diastolic pressure in the right ventricle and the mean pressure in the right auricle, being a precondition for the determination of the right ventricle function via echocardiography. Enlargement of all EchoC-dimensions of the right ventricle and right auricle is present in right ventricle insufficiency. The echocardiography dimensions of the right ventricle and right auricle show a high sensitivity (91%) in the determination of initial right-ventricle insufficiency, presenting a relatively low false positive results (13%).", "PMID": 716370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6493", "title": "[Electrophysiological methods of assessing myocardial hypoxia].", "content": "The potentialitis of the standard electrocardiogram, precordial cartogram and spatial analysis are confronted in 38 patients with extensive anterior or anteroseptal myocardial infarction, acute phase, in order to determine the extent and propagation of the myocardial hypoxia. The determination is performed on the base of the correlation dependence as regards the creatinine-phosphokinase level in blood. The best degree of correlation dependence has the spatial analysis of the changes in the segment ST - Vmax ST sp. r=0.69, as well as the changes in the segment ST reflected in the precordial electrocardiography - nST-0.1 mv. r=0.67. Close is the degree of correlation dependence in the standard electrocardiogram - STv r=0.59. The difference in the correlation coefficients are not statistically significant, allowing their application in the routine work of the three methods.", "contents": "[Electrophysiological methods of assessing myocardial hypoxia]. The potentialitis of the standard electrocardiogram, precordial cartogram and spatial analysis are confronted in 38 patients with extensive anterior or anteroseptal myocardial infarction, acute phase, in order to determine the extent and propagation of the myocardial hypoxia. The determination is performed on the base of the correlation dependence as regards the creatinine-phosphokinase level in blood. The best degree of correlation dependence has the spatial analysis of the changes in the segment ST - Vmax ST sp. r=0.69, as well as the changes in the segment ST reflected in the precordial electrocardiography - nST-0.1 mv. r=0.67. Close is the degree of correlation dependence in the standard electrocardiogram - STv r=0.59. The difference in the correlation coefficients are not statistically significant, allowing their application in the routine work of the three methods.", "PMID": 716371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6494", "title": "[Assessment of left ventricular function in hypertension by means of phase analysis].", "content": "Polygraphic records of ECG, PCG, carotissphygmogram and apexcardiogram were performed and 16 systolic and diastolic intervals were taken in 86 patients with hypertonic disease, distributed according to the stage of the disease according to Mjassnikov classification as well as in 62 subjects with intact hearts. A lengthening of asynchronous contraction was established as well as of the isovolumetric contraction, pre-blood driven period, isovolumetric relaxation and shortening of the left-ventricle time of blood driving, the ratio pre-blood driven peroid/left ventricle time of blood driving showing the most pronounced changes. Regression and correlation analysis in the comparison of those changes in the intervals with a means blood pressure in patients from the three stages of hypertonic disease, show that the best correlation is obtained in the patients from the III stage. The results obtained are discussed and a conclusion is drawn that the ratio pre-blood driven period/left ventricle time of blood driving is with the highest practical importance from the systolic and diastolic intervals in the assessment of the adequacy of the left-ventricle compensation.", "contents": "[Assessment of left ventricular function in hypertension by means of phase analysis]. Polygraphic records of ECG, PCG, carotissphygmogram and apexcardiogram were performed and 16 systolic and diastolic intervals were taken in 86 patients with hypertonic disease, distributed according to the stage of the disease according to Mjassnikov classification as well as in 62 subjects with intact hearts. A lengthening of asynchronous contraction was established as well as of the isovolumetric contraction, pre-blood driven period, isovolumetric relaxation and shortening of the left-ventricle time of blood driving, the ratio pre-blood driven peroid/left ventricle time of blood driving showing the most pronounced changes. Regression and correlation analysis in the comparison of those changes in the intervals with a means blood pressure in patients from the three stages of hypertonic disease, show that the best correlation is obtained in the patients from the III stage. The results obtained are discussed and a conclusion is drawn that the ratio pre-blood driven period/left ventricle time of blood driving is with the highest practical importance from the systolic and diastolic intervals in the assessment of the adequacy of the left-ventricle compensation.", "PMID": 716372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6495", "title": "[Proteinuria in the nephropathy of pregnancy and posttoxicosis renal lesion].", "content": "Proteinuria was studied in 110 females - 28 pregnant with nephropathy of pregnancy with primary late toxicosis and 82 with past history of the disease with a residual proteinuria after childbirth. Selective type proteinuria was more often found both in pregnant women and in those with a past history of nephropathy. The relative share of the pregnant with non-selective proteinuria is considerably greater. After childbirth, in parallel with the decrease of proteinuria quantity, the non-selective one turns to selective in the majority of the cases. The quantity of the excreted proteins, in the urine, of patients with confirmed glomerular lesions, shows no tendency to decrease. The absence of dynamics in proteinuria quantity and its non-selectivity provides grounds to suspect a deeper lesion of the renal filter, retaining the involution of the morbid process and a tendency to its chronification.", "contents": "[Proteinuria in the nephropathy of pregnancy and posttoxicosis renal lesion]. Proteinuria was studied in 110 females - 28 pregnant with nephropathy of pregnancy with primary late toxicosis and 82 with past history of the disease with a residual proteinuria after childbirth. Selective type proteinuria was more often found both in pregnant women and in those with a past history of nephropathy. The relative share of the pregnant with non-selective proteinuria is considerably greater. After childbirth, in parallel with the decrease of proteinuria quantity, the non-selective one turns to selective in the majority of the cases. The quantity of the excreted proteins, in the urine, of patients with confirmed glomerular lesions, shows no tendency to decrease. The absence of dynamics in proteinuria quantity and its non-selectivity provides grounds to suspect a deeper lesion of the renal filter, retaining the involution of the morbid process and a tendency to its chronification.", "PMID": 716374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6496", "title": "[Aseptic bone necrosis in lupus disease].", "content": "Seven cases with aseptic necrosis in lupus disseminatus are presented being 9.70 per cent of 72 patients with confirmed systemic lupus, observed in the cours of 20 years. Six cases with lupus disseminatus are concerned--acute and subacute paroxysm a course and one case with chronic skin form--discoid lupus, complicated in the course of its evolution with aseptic necrosis of the right head of the femur. The cause for detection of the bone lesions in the cases presented, was the pain, especially manifested with the necrosis localized in the supporting bones of the lower limbs. The analysis of the state of the patients with systemic lupus reveals that all cases, are severe forms of the disease with multiorgan involvement, febrile reactions and the presence of vascular phenomena--Raynaud syndrome, coronary and cerebral arteriitis. High doses of corticosteroid preparations were used in the treatment of the disease due to its lasting progress (paroxysms of 8--12 months).", "contents": "[Aseptic bone necrosis in lupus disease]. Seven cases with aseptic necrosis in lupus disseminatus are presented being 9.70 per cent of 72 patients with confirmed systemic lupus, observed in the cours of 20 years. Six cases with lupus disseminatus are concerned--acute and subacute paroxysm a course and one case with chronic skin form--discoid lupus, complicated in the course of its evolution with aseptic necrosis of the right head of the femur. The cause for detection of the bone lesions in the cases presented, was the pain, especially manifested with the necrosis localized in the supporting bones of the lower limbs. The analysis of the state of the patients with systemic lupus reveals that all cases, are severe forms of the disease with multiorgan involvement, febrile reactions and the presence of vascular phenomena--Raynaud syndrome, coronary and cerebral arteriitis. High doses of corticosteroid preparations were used in the treatment of the disease due to its lasting progress (paroxysms of 8--12 months).", "PMID": 716375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6497", "title": "[Left atrial thrombi manifesting clinically as an annular thrombus].", "content": "The authors present a case diagnosed while still living, as an annular thrombus in the left atrium with the presence of a \"pure\" mitral stenosis. At necropsy, two thrombi were found, one of them \"traveling\", situated very close to each other, providing conditions for a complete obstruction of the mitral opening and imitating the respective clinical picture.", "contents": "[Left atrial thrombi manifesting clinically as an annular thrombus]. The authors present a case diagnosed while still living, as an annular thrombus in the left atrium with the presence of a \"pure\" mitral stenosis. At necropsy, two thrombi were found, one of them \"traveling\", situated very close to each other, providing conditions for a complete obstruction of the mitral opening and imitating the respective clinical picture.", "PMID": 716377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6498", "title": "Fever of undetermined origin: role of cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus.", "content": "Roles of various infections, neoplasms and granulomatous diseases in fever of unknown origin were studied in 22 patients. Bacterial infections were responsible in seven (32 percent), herpes viruses in five (23 percent), neoplasms in four (18 percent) and granulomata in two (9 percent) cases. Patients with herpes infections had initially no clinical or routine laboratory clues to viral involvement, and were given an intensive workup for 5 to 15 days. The diagnosis was made on the basis of cytomegalovirus or Epstein-Barr virus lgM antibody titers.", "contents": "Fever of undetermined origin: role of cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus. Roles of various infections, neoplasms and granulomatous diseases in fever of unknown origin were studied in 22 patients. Bacterial infections were responsible in seven (32 percent), herpes viruses in five (23 percent), neoplasms in four (18 percent) and granulomata in two (9 percent) cases. Patients with herpes infections had initially no clinical or routine laboratory clues to viral involvement, and were given an intensive workup for 5 to 15 days. The diagnosis was made on the basis of cytomegalovirus or Epstein-Barr virus lgM antibody titers.", "PMID": 716387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6499", "title": "Rheumatoid hand deformities: pathophysiology and treatment.", "content": "Rheumatoid disease, as it affects the hand, is a disease of the synovium lining the joints and sheaths of the tendon. The proliferating synovium destroys the articular surfaces of the joint, interferes with the gliding mechanism of the tendons and weakens the supporting ligaments of the joints. The degree and variety of deformities is multifold. Treatment of the rheumatoid hand is aimed at conservation and restoration of hand function, as well as prevention of future deformities. Rheumatologists, physical therapists and hand surgeons carry out important functions in the well-planned, integrated regimen. Surgical treatment of the rheumatoid hand deformity may alleviate pain, lessen deformity and improve function in selected cases. It should be integrated in the general medical management of a patient. Treatment of tendon ruptures includes tenorrhaphy, tendon grafting and arthrodesis in the case of mallet finger deformity. The wrist joint is improved by synovectomy and carpal tunnel release is accomplished by median nerve decompression. Metacarpal phalangeal joint deformities may be treated by synovectomy or silastic joint replacement when there is destruction of the articular joint surface, severe subluxation, or persistent painful motion.", "contents": "Rheumatoid hand deformities: pathophysiology and treatment. Rheumatoid disease, as it affects the hand, is a disease of the synovium lining the joints and sheaths of the tendon. The proliferating synovium destroys the articular surfaces of the joint, interferes with the gliding mechanism of the tendons and weakens the supporting ligaments of the joints. The degree and variety of deformities is multifold. Treatment of the rheumatoid hand is aimed at conservation and restoration of hand function, as well as prevention of future deformities. Rheumatologists, physical therapists and hand surgeons carry out important functions in the well-planned, integrated regimen. Surgical treatment of the rheumatoid hand deformity may alleviate pain, lessen deformity and improve function in selected cases. It should be integrated in the general medical management of a patient. Treatment of tendon ruptures includes tenorrhaphy, tendon grafting and arthrodesis in the case of mallet finger deformity. The wrist joint is improved by synovectomy and carpal tunnel release is accomplished by median nerve decompression. Metacarpal phalangeal joint deformities may be treated by synovectomy or silastic joint replacement when there is destruction of the articular joint surface, severe subluxation, or persistent painful motion.", "PMID": 716388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6500", "title": "Organophosphate pesticide poisoning.", "content": "A total of 118 workers from a 120-person grape picking crew became ill in early September 1976. Of these (108 men and 10 women), 85 received medical attention and three of the 85 were admitted to hospital. The symptoms were typical for organophosphate poisoning. Average plasma and red cell cholinesterase values for the affected workers were depressed more than 60 percent. Most were treated with atropine and some were also treated with 2-PAM (pralidoxime). The exposure to residues of the organophosphate pesticides dialifor (Torak((R))) and phosalone (Zolone((R))) occurred in one grower's vineyards near Madera, California. It appeared that workers had been allowed into recently-treated areas before the expiration of the required 30-day safety interval for dialifor, and that excessive skin exposure to residues of this pesticide had resulted. The clinical management of these cases and the occupational surveillance of the workplace became quite complex. The grower sustained significant losses of grapes during the period in which some of his vineyards were under quarantine and he had to pay substantial medical expenses as well as a fine for violating state regulations concerning the proper use of pesticides. Organophosphate pesticides decay more slowly under hot, dry weather conditions than they do when rainfall is frequent. California has imposed a number of specific safety intervals to be observed after the application of these pesticides to certain crops. If, in violation of these regulations, workers are permitted to enter fields too soon, poisoning can occur.", "contents": "Organophosphate pesticide poisoning. A total of 118 workers from a 120-person grape picking crew became ill in early September 1976. Of these (108 men and 10 women), 85 received medical attention and three of the 85 were admitted to hospital. The symptoms were typical for organophosphate poisoning. Average plasma and red cell cholinesterase values for the affected workers were depressed more than 60 percent. Most were treated with atropine and some were also treated with 2-PAM (pralidoxime). The exposure to residues of the organophosphate pesticides dialifor (Torak((R))) and phosalone (Zolone((R))) occurred in one grower's vineyards near Madera, California. It appeared that workers had been allowed into recently-treated areas before the expiration of the required 30-day safety interval for dialifor, and that excessive skin exposure to residues of this pesticide had resulted. The clinical management of these cases and the occupational surveillance of the workplace became quite complex. The grower sustained significant losses of grapes during the period in which some of his vineyards were under quarantine and he had to pay substantial medical expenses as well as a fine for violating state regulations concerning the proper use of pesticides. Organophosphate pesticides decay more slowly under hot, dry weather conditions than they do when rainfall is frequent. California has imposed a number of specific safety intervals to be observed after the application of these pesticides to certain crops. If, in violation of these regulations, workers are permitted to enter fields too soon, poisoning can occur.", "PMID": 716389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6501", "title": "Medicine in South India.", "content": "A three-month sabbatical allowed a superficial overview of Indian medical history and practice. As in Western nations, cost is a major determinant of health care delivery in India; poverty and fiscal shortages, however, deny care to many. The education of Indian physicians is similar to that in Western nations and a high level of clinical competence is seen. However, physician compensation is woefully low by Western standards. India possesses its own indigenous medical systems, purported to be the oldest in the world and predating Hippocrates by several millenia. Most Indians are cared for by native practitioners whose medical techniques are intricately related to the Hindu and Islamic religions. Many of their herbal medicines have been assimilated into contemporary Western practice. Diseases unknown to us except by textbooks are commonly seen and effectively treated. On the other hand, Western diseases such as coronary arteriosclerosis are not uncommon in a land of massive overpopulation and malnutrition. The humbling aspect of this experience is the realization that medical practice dating back several millenia can be made more modern and carried out competently by contemporary physicians. A Western physician working in India finds an unparalleled variety of disease in a totally different medical-religious environment allowing him to reorganize his priorities and to rediscover himself in the world within which he lives.", "contents": "Medicine in South India. A three-month sabbatical allowed a superficial overview of Indian medical history and practice. As in Western nations, cost is a major determinant of health care delivery in India; poverty and fiscal shortages, however, deny care to many. The education of Indian physicians is similar to that in Western nations and a high level of clinical competence is seen. However, physician compensation is woefully low by Western standards. India possesses its own indigenous medical systems, purported to be the oldest in the world and predating Hippocrates by several millenia. Most Indians are cared for by native practitioners whose medical techniques are intricately related to the Hindu and Islamic religions. Many of their herbal medicines have been assimilated into contemporary Western practice. Diseases unknown to us except by textbooks are commonly seen and effectively treated. On the other hand, Western diseases such as coronary arteriosclerosis are not uncommon in a land of massive overpopulation and malnutrition. The humbling aspect of this experience is the realization that medical practice dating back several millenia can be made more modern and carried out competently by contemporary physicians. A Western physician working in India finds an unparalleled variety of disease in a totally different medical-religious environment allowing him to reorganize his priorities and to rediscover himself in the world within which he lives.", "PMID": 716392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6502", "title": "Nails and systemic disease.", "content": "Important diagnostic clues may be provided by changes in the nails. Because nail findings are easily observable and yield valuable information, attention to these features is often rewarding. Some of the nail changes that may be observed in systemic disorders are reviewed.", "contents": "Nails and systemic disease. Important diagnostic clues may be provided by changes in the nails. Because nail findings are easily observable and yield valuable information, attention to these features is often rewarding. Some of the nail changes that may be observed in systemic disorders are reviewed.", "PMID": 716393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6503", "title": "[Lymphocyte response to mitogens in serum-free and serum-containing medium in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (author's transl)].", "content": "Mitogenic transformation of lymphocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has revealed divergent results in different laboratories. Since the sera used for medium supplementation in these previous studies might have influenced the results, we investigated lymphocyte transformation in serum-free medium in 28 RA-patients and 25 controls. It was shown that a majority of patients with RA responded weakly to PHA. Comparing some of these serum-free cultures with cultures that were set in parallel in 10% ABserum, no difference between patients and controls was observed after transformation in supplemented medium. It is concluded that lymphocyte reactivity to PHA (however not to ConA and PWM) is diminished in patients with RA and that this defect--at least partially--is reversible by addition of serum. The use of parallel cultures in serum-free and serum-containing medium is recommended for evaluation of the lymphocyte mitogenic response.", "contents": "[Lymphocyte response to mitogens in serum-free and serum-containing medium in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (author's transl)]. Mitogenic transformation of lymphocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has revealed divergent results in different laboratories. Since the sera used for medium supplementation in these previous studies might have influenced the results, we investigated lymphocyte transformation in serum-free medium in 28 RA-patients and 25 controls. It was shown that a majority of patients with RA responded weakly to PHA. Comparing some of these serum-free cultures with cultures that were set in parallel in 10% ABserum, no difference between patients and controls was observed after transformation in supplemented medium. It is concluded that lymphocyte reactivity to PHA (however not to ConA and PWM) is diminished in patients with RA and that this defect--at least partially--is reversible by addition of serum. The use of parallel cultures in serum-free and serum-containing medium is recommended for evaluation of the lymphocyte mitogenic response.", "PMID": 716428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6504", "title": "[Multi-organ specific autoimmunity in idiopathic adrenal insufficiency: autosensitization to steroid hormone-producing cells and antigens of the anterior pituitary gland (author's transl)].", "content": "Multi-organ specific autosensitization to endocrine active cells, with particular reference to steroid hormone-producing (STH) tissues and cells of the anterior pituitary, has been studied in 23 patients with idiopathic Addison's disease (IAD). Adrenal antibodies were found in 57% of the patients and antibodies reacting with StH-cells (thecal and interstitial cells of the ovarial stroma, placental syncytiotrophoblast and Leydig's interstitial cells) were detected in 22% of cases. A specific staining reaction with antigens of the anterior pituitary was obtained in 2 patients. Dense lymphocytic infiltrates were found in the anterior pituitary, adrenal and thyroid gland in one of the pituitary antibody-positive patients. In addition, dense IgG deposits were observed in some areas of adrenal tissue, which points to in vivo fixation of adrenal antibodies. On the basis of the clinical and immunological heterogeneity observed in patients with adrenal insufficiency a more precise differentiation of Addison's disease is suggested.", "contents": "[Multi-organ specific autoimmunity in idiopathic adrenal insufficiency: autosensitization to steroid hormone-producing cells and antigens of the anterior pituitary gland (author's transl)]. Multi-organ specific autosensitization to endocrine active cells, with particular reference to steroid hormone-producing (STH) tissues and cells of the anterior pituitary, has been studied in 23 patients with idiopathic Addison's disease (IAD). Adrenal antibodies were found in 57% of the patients and antibodies reacting with StH-cells (thecal and interstitial cells of the ovarial stroma, placental syncytiotrophoblast and Leydig's interstitial cells) were detected in 22% of cases. A specific staining reaction with antigens of the anterior pituitary was obtained in 2 patients. Dense lymphocytic infiltrates were found in the anterior pituitary, adrenal and thyroid gland in one of the pituitary antibody-positive patients. In addition, dense IgG deposits were observed in some areas of adrenal tissue, which points to in vivo fixation of adrenal antibodies. On the basis of the clinical and immunological heterogeneity observed in patients with adrenal insufficiency a more precise differentiation of Addison's disease is suggested.", "PMID": 716429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6505", "title": "[The influence of metabolic control on chemotactic activity in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (author's transl)].", "content": "An increased incidence of infections, especially during periods of poor metabolic control is well known in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Therefore, we studied polymorphonuclear chemotaxis and its dependence on the degree of diabetic control in 49 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in 46 controls. A modification of the chemotaxis assay described by Frei et al. was used as test system. The mean chemotactic activity observed in the total group of insulin-dependent diabetics did not differ from the values obtained in the controls. However, in patients with poor diabetic control and glucosuria exceeding 60 g/24h, a significantly reduced chemotactic leucoyte migration was found. These data indicate that normalization of leucotaxis can be achieved in insulin-dependent diabetes by means of adequate diabetes control.", "contents": "[The influence of metabolic control on chemotactic activity in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (author's transl)]. An increased incidence of infections, especially during periods of poor metabolic control is well known in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Therefore, we studied polymorphonuclear chemotaxis and its dependence on the degree of diabetic control in 49 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in 46 controls. A modification of the chemotaxis assay described by Frei et al. was used as test system. The mean chemotactic activity observed in the total group of insulin-dependent diabetics did not differ from the values obtained in the controls. However, in patients with poor diabetic control and glucosuria exceeding 60 g/24h, a significantly reduced chemotactic leucoyte migration was found. These data indicate that normalization of leucotaxis can be achieved in insulin-dependent diabetes by means of adequate diabetes control.", "PMID": 716430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6506", "title": "[Indications for neuroradiological investigations using contrast media in patients with psychiatric disorders (author's transl)].", "content": "The results are presented of neuroradiological investigations using contrast media in 100 patients hospitalized in a psychiatric department. The existence of neurological disturbances or the psychoorganic syndrome, as well as the results of screening methods such as EEG and brain scan are important factors in the decision for or against the performance of cerebral angiography or pneumoencephalography. The significance of the \"brain atrophy syndrome\" accompanying psychotic diseases is discussed. In addition, some cases are demonstrated of organic neurological brain diseases with predominantly psychiatric features, where the diagnosis was reached on the basis of only neuroradiological methods using contrast media.", "contents": "[Indications for neuroradiological investigations using contrast media in patients with psychiatric disorders (author's transl)]. The results are presented of neuroradiological investigations using contrast media in 100 patients hospitalized in a psychiatric department. The existence of neurological disturbances or the psychoorganic syndrome, as well as the results of screening methods such as EEG and brain scan are important factors in the decision for or against the performance of cerebral angiography or pneumoencephalography. The significance of the \"brain atrophy syndrome\" accompanying psychotic diseases is discussed. In addition, some cases are demonstrated of organic neurological brain diseases with predominantly psychiatric features, where the diagnosis was reached on the basis of only neuroradiological methods using contrast media.", "PMID": 716431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6507", "title": "[Occlusion of the central retinal artery following injection of embolizing material (author's transl)].", "content": "The injection of a suspension of hydrocortisone into a keloidal scar of the nose of a 72 year-old man and of a foamy solution of hydroxypolyethoxydodecane into a little haemangioma situated above the right eyebrow of a 29 year-old woman was followed by sudden blindness of the homolateral eye in each case. This is basically explained by the involuntary injection of embolizing material into the anastomoses between the external and internal carotid arteries within the orbit. Therefore, the injection of embolizing material into the skin of the face should be avoided.", "contents": "[Occlusion of the central retinal artery following injection of embolizing material (author's transl)]. The injection of a suspension of hydrocortisone into a keloidal scar of the nose of a 72 year-old man and of a foamy solution of hydroxypolyethoxydodecane into a little haemangioma situated above the right eyebrow of a 29 year-old woman was followed by sudden blindness of the homolateral eye in each case. This is basically explained by the involuntary injection of embolizing material into the anastomoses between the external and internal carotid arteries within the orbit. Therefore, the injection of embolizing material into the skin of the face should be avoided.", "PMID": 716432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6508", "title": "[Standardized protocol for radioimmunoassay evaluation and quality control (author's transl)].", "content": "Of several methods for constructing a radioimmunoassay (RIA) standard curve discussed in this paper the logit-log transformation emerges as the most favourable approach. In our hands, all RIA systems analyzed so far display a linear dose-response relationship after logit-log transformation. Truncating the standard curve to its operative range between effective dose 85 and 15, linear regression analysis can also be performed with the unweighted data, thus considerably facilitating computation. A standardized concept for RIA evaluation and quality control has been developed which can be executed by a low-cost desk-top calculator. A standardized protocol for RIA analyses should include the determination of total radioactivity added, the amount of both non-specifically and maximally-bound tracer hormone, 6 logarithmically-diluted standards specially prepared to cover the range between ED 85 and 15 and control samples with different levels of analyte. The RIA standard curve should be described by appropriate numerical parameters to keep a record of the intrinsic assay performance quality. Within assay variance is found on the basis of dose scatter of all unknown run in replicate, while between assay variance is based upon the observation of control sample variability. Control charts should graphically exhibit the variation of both essential assay parameters and control samples. Quality control should mainly be regarded as a means to assist in assay optimization which obviously is an important prerequisite for international standardization of RIA analyses.", "contents": "[Standardized protocol for radioimmunoassay evaluation and quality control (author's transl)]. Of several methods for constructing a radioimmunoassay (RIA) standard curve discussed in this paper the logit-log transformation emerges as the most favourable approach. In our hands, all RIA systems analyzed so far display a linear dose-response relationship after logit-log transformation. Truncating the standard curve to its operative range between effective dose 85 and 15, linear regression analysis can also be performed with the unweighted data, thus considerably facilitating computation. A standardized concept for RIA evaluation and quality control has been developed which can be executed by a low-cost desk-top calculator. A standardized protocol for RIA analyses should include the determination of total radioactivity added, the amount of both non-specifically and maximally-bound tracer hormone, 6 logarithmically-diluted standards specially prepared to cover the range between ED 85 and 15 and control samples with different levels of analyte. The RIA standard curve should be described by appropriate numerical parameters to keep a record of the intrinsic assay performance quality. Within assay variance is found on the basis of dose scatter of all unknown run in replicate, while between assay variance is based upon the observation of control sample variability. Control charts should graphically exhibit the variation of both essential assay parameters and control samples. Quality control should mainly be regarded as a means to assist in assay optimization which obviously is an important prerequisite for international standardization of RIA analyses.", "PMID": 716433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6509", "title": "[Sucrosuria following an oral sucrose load (author's transl)].", "content": "44 male and 103 female subjects were given an oral load of 1 g or 2 sucrose/kg body weight. Glucose, fructose and sucrose were determined in capillary blood and urine samples before and after sucrose ingestion. Sucrose was detected in the blood only in 10 cases, but was present in the urine in each subject (max. 1132 mg sucrose/100 ml). Urinary excretion of sucrose is considered to be a physiological phenomenon since none of the subjects had any metabolic disorder.", "contents": "[Sucrosuria following an oral sucrose load (author's transl)]. 44 male and 103 female subjects were given an oral load of 1 g or 2 sucrose/kg body weight. Glucose, fructose and sucrose were determined in capillary blood and urine samples before and after sucrose ingestion. Sucrose was detected in the blood only in 10 cases, but was present in the urine in each subject (max. 1132 mg sucrose/100 ml). Urinary excretion of sucrose is considered to be a physiological phenomenon since none of the subjects had any metabolic disorder.", "PMID": 716434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6510", "title": "[Therapeutic defibrination by arwin in unstable angina pectoris combined with hyperfibrinogenaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Therapeutic defibrination by Arwin was induced in a group of nine patients suffering from unstable angina combined with hyperfibrinogenaemia and in a further six patients who developed hyperfibrinogenaemia accompanied by angina pectoris after thrombolytic therapy with streptokinase for recent myocardial infarction. In patients of the former group with unstable angina a mean pretreatment plasma fibrinogen concentration of 4.9 g/1 was lowered to 1.4 g/l over a period of four weeks, whilst in the latter group, the plasma fibrinogen was lowered from 5.7 g/l to 2.0 g/l over 10 days. In all cases a remarkable improvement in the severe anginal symptoms was achieved already at fibrinogen levels within the lower range of normal. This improvement outlasted the period of therapy in most patients. Two patients died following acute myocardial infarction; one of the patients with unstable angina died 15 months after Arwin therapy and the second patient discontinued therapy after one week and died three weeks later.", "contents": "[Therapeutic defibrination by arwin in unstable angina pectoris combined with hyperfibrinogenaemia (author's transl)]. Therapeutic defibrination by Arwin was induced in a group of nine patients suffering from unstable angina combined with hyperfibrinogenaemia and in a further six patients who developed hyperfibrinogenaemia accompanied by angina pectoris after thrombolytic therapy with streptokinase for recent myocardial infarction. In patients of the former group with unstable angina a mean pretreatment plasma fibrinogen concentration of 4.9 g/1 was lowered to 1.4 g/l over a period of four weeks, whilst in the latter group, the plasma fibrinogen was lowered from 5.7 g/l to 2.0 g/l over 10 days. In all cases a remarkable improvement in the severe anginal symptoms was achieved already at fibrinogen levels within the lower range of normal. This improvement outlasted the period of therapy in most patients. Two patients died following acute myocardial infarction; one of the patients with unstable angina died 15 months after Arwin therapy and the second patient discontinued therapy after one week and died three weeks later.", "PMID": 716435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6511", "title": "[Acute self-poisoning with arsenic and treatment with BAL (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of attempted suicide by ingestion of 4.8 g As2O3 (more than 20 times the estimated lethal dose) is reported. Absorption of arsenic caused elevated urinary levels over 5 days BAL treatment was started within three hours after arsenic ingestion. The patient did not develop any signs of polyneuropathy or other clinical changes.", "contents": "[Acute self-poisoning with arsenic and treatment with BAL (author's transl)]. A case of attempted suicide by ingestion of 4.8 g As2O3 (more than 20 times the estimated lethal dose) is reported. Absorption of arsenic caused elevated urinary levels over 5 days BAL treatment was started within three hours after arsenic ingestion. The patient did not develop any signs of polyneuropathy or other clinical changes.", "PMID": 716436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6512", "title": "[Sonography in traumatic rupture of the gallbladder and liver: a case report (author's transl)].", "content": "The practicability of using ultrasonography in the evaluation of traumatic rupture of the gallbladder and liver is demonstrated on the basis of a case report. The presence of a subphrenic fluid collection was detected by means of this procedure and the increase in fluid was accurately determined by regular follow-up control examinations. This report eventually led to successful operation. Sonographic postoperative follow-up control examinations showed extensive perihepatic scars in the subdiaphragmatic region.", "contents": "[Sonography in traumatic rupture of the gallbladder and liver: a case report (author's transl)]. The practicability of using ultrasonography in the evaluation of traumatic rupture of the gallbladder and liver is demonstrated on the basis of a case report. The presence of a subphrenic fluid collection was detected by means of this procedure and the increase in fluid was accurately determined by regular follow-up control examinations. This report eventually led to successful operation. Sonographic postoperative follow-up control examinations showed extensive perihepatic scars in the subdiaphragmatic region.", "PMID": 716437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6513", "title": "[The effect of ethanol on the deformability and the rheological properties of erythrocytes (author's transl)].", "content": "The rheological properties of human erythrocytes were investigated after incubation in ethanol-containing suspensions. Ethanol concentrations were adjusted to the blood ethanol level reached in severe alcohol intoxication. Red cell deformability was measured by the filterability and by viscosimetry of suspended erythrocytes. Red cell deformability becomes significantly decreased by ethanol addition to the suspending media in close connection with the increased osmolarity of the solution. The influence of these alterations on blood viscosity and microcirculation in shocked and non-shocked patients suffering from alcohol intoxication is discussed.", "contents": "[The effect of ethanol on the deformability and the rheological properties of erythrocytes (author's transl)]. The rheological properties of human erythrocytes were investigated after incubation in ethanol-containing suspensions. Ethanol concentrations were adjusted to the blood ethanol level reached in severe alcohol intoxication. Red cell deformability was measured by the filterability and by viscosimetry of suspended erythrocytes. Red cell deformability becomes significantly decreased by ethanol addition to the suspending media in close connection with the increased osmolarity of the solution. The influence of these alterations on blood viscosity and microcirculation in shocked and non-shocked patients suffering from alcohol intoxication is discussed.", "PMID": 716438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6514", "title": "Differences in the availability of d- and l-enantiomers after administration of racemic amphetamine to rats.", "content": "1. Rats were treated with racemic amphetamine or separately with the single enantiomers. The two optical isomers were determined in several brain areas, in plasma and urine. 2. The concentration of d-enantiomer significantly exceeds that of the l-enantiomer in brain and plasma but not in urine, following administration of racemic amphetamine. In contrast, when the two isomers are given separately, their brain concentrations are similar. 3. Such a difference does not appear in the brain of mice treated with racemic amphetamine or in the brain of rats pre-treated with SKF 525-A, an inhibitor of amphetamine hydroxylation. 4. The possibility that the l-isomer can interfere with hydroxylation of d-amphetamine is discussed.", "contents": "Differences in the availability of d- and l-enantiomers after administration of racemic amphetamine to rats. 1. Rats were treated with racemic amphetamine or separately with the single enantiomers. The two optical isomers were determined in several brain areas, in plasma and urine. 2. The concentration of d-enantiomer significantly exceeds that of the l-enantiomer in brain and plasma but not in urine, following administration of racemic amphetamine. In contrast, when the two isomers are given separately, their brain concentrations are similar. 3. Such a difference does not appear in the brain of mice treated with racemic amphetamine or in the brain of rats pre-treated with SKF 525-A, an inhibitor of amphetamine hydroxylation. 4. The possibility that the l-isomer can interfere with hydroxylation of d-amphetamine is discussed.", "PMID": 716470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6515", "title": "Disposition of a new alkylating agent [14C]mitoclomine (N,N-bis(2'-chloroethyl)4-amino-2-methyl-1-methoxy-naphthalene).", "content": "1. The absorption, distribution and elimination of a new alkylating agent, N,N-bis(2'-chloroethyl)4-amino-2-methyl-1-methoxynaphthalene (mitoclomine), labelled with 14C either in the dichloroethyl group or in the methoxy group, have been studied in mice and rats. 2. Expired 14CO2 of rats given [chloroethyl-14C[- or [methoxy-14C]mitoclomine amounted to 1.0 and 35% dose respectively, indicating that O-dealkylation occurs. 3. The part of the molecule carrying the cytotoxic group displayed a high affinity for lymphoid organs (thymus, spleen). This could explain some biological properties of this drug, especially the selective effects of mitoclomine on circulating lymphocytes.", "contents": "Disposition of a new alkylating agent [14C]mitoclomine (N,N-bis(2'-chloroethyl)4-amino-2-methyl-1-methoxy-naphthalene). 1. The absorption, distribution and elimination of a new alkylating agent, N,N-bis(2'-chloroethyl)4-amino-2-methyl-1-methoxynaphthalene (mitoclomine), labelled with 14C either in the dichloroethyl group or in the methoxy group, have been studied in mice and rats. 2. Expired 14CO2 of rats given [chloroethyl-14C[- or [methoxy-14C]mitoclomine amounted to 1.0 and 35% dose respectively, indicating that O-dealkylation occurs. 3. The part of the molecule carrying the cytotoxic group displayed a high affinity for lymphoid organs (thymus, spleen). This could explain some biological properties of this drug, especially the selective effects of mitoclomine on circulating lymphocytes.", "PMID": 716471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6516", "title": "Metabolism of 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, its metabolites and analogues in vivo in the rat: urinary excretion pattern.", "content": "The metabolism and interrelationships of orally and intraperitoneally administered L-dopa, related amino acids and their metabolites have been studied 2. Amino acids were decarboxylated. N-Methyldopa formed dopamine but not epinine. D-Dopa was absorbed from the intestine and metabolized by a series of reactions which resulted in greater decarboxylation than was observed after L-dopa. Transamination was a minor pathway. 3. m-Hydroxylated phenylpyruvic acids were poorly reduced, but vanilpyruvic acid was reduced fairly readily. Lactic acids were largely unchanged. Lactic and pyruvic acids formed phenylethylamines and their metabolites. Small amounts of phenylpyruvic acids may be decarboxylated to phenylacetic acids. 4. Glycine conjugates were formed from phenylacetic acids, a partially reversible change 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid was metabolized to homovanillic and m-hydroxyphenylacetic acids, especially when given orally. Little 3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenylacetic acid was oxidized to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid but some increase in m-hydroxyphenylacetic acid excretion was observed. 5. 2-Phenylethanol analogues were largely converted to the corresponding acids. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylethanol was partially m-O-methylated before oxidation. 6. beta-Phenylethylamine analogues were oxidized mainly to phenylacetic acids. but a variable amount of analogous phenylethanol was also formed, especially from m-tyramine. Dopamine was O-methylated, a process not readily reversible. It was also p-dehydroxylated following oral and intraperitoneal administration but not after oral neomycin; biliary excretion of amines may be involved in this sequence of events. N-Methylated amines were oxidized less readily than the parent amine. 7. Differences in route of administration resulted in quantitative changes in degradation pathways, an effect deriving, to some extent, from p-dehydroxylation and O-methylation in the gut.", "contents": "Metabolism of 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, its metabolites and analogues in vivo in the rat: urinary excretion pattern. The metabolism and interrelationships of orally and intraperitoneally administered L-dopa, related amino acids and their metabolites have been studied 2. Amino acids were decarboxylated. N-Methyldopa formed dopamine but not epinine. D-Dopa was absorbed from the intestine and metabolized by a series of reactions which resulted in greater decarboxylation than was observed after L-dopa. Transamination was a minor pathway. 3. m-Hydroxylated phenylpyruvic acids were poorly reduced, but vanilpyruvic acid was reduced fairly readily. Lactic acids were largely unchanged. Lactic and pyruvic acids formed phenylethylamines and their metabolites. Small amounts of phenylpyruvic acids may be decarboxylated to phenylacetic acids. 4. Glycine conjugates were formed from phenylacetic acids, a partially reversible change 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid was metabolized to homovanillic and m-hydroxyphenylacetic acids, especially when given orally. Little 3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenylacetic acid was oxidized to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid but some increase in m-hydroxyphenylacetic acid excretion was observed. 5. 2-Phenylethanol analogues were largely converted to the corresponding acids. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylethanol was partially m-O-methylated before oxidation. 6. beta-Phenylethylamine analogues were oxidized mainly to phenylacetic acids. but a variable amount of analogous phenylethanol was also formed, especially from m-tyramine. Dopamine was O-methylated, a process not readily reversible. It was also p-dehydroxylated following oral and intraperitoneal administration but not after oral neomycin; biliary excretion of amines may be involved in this sequence of events. N-Methylated amines were oxidized less readily than the parent amine. 7. Differences in route of administration resulted in quantitative changes in degradation pathways, an effect deriving, to some extent, from p-dehydroxylation and O-methylation in the gut.", "PMID": 716472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6517", "title": "Ultrastructural characterization of stable L-form cells from Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and of accompanying artifacts.", "content": "The stable L-form of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a typical protoplast type L-form. Cells are surrounded by a trilamellar cytoplasmic membrane only. They grow in form of aggregations in liquid media and their diameters vary between 0.1 and 2 micrometer. Always a large portion of cells undergoes lysis. It seems to be characteristic for L-form cultures of E. rhusiopathiae that always many artifact structures are formed. The artifacts are spherical particles with diameters of 0.1 micrometer to more than 3 micrometer. They can be differentiated from L-form cells only by electron microscopy. The artifacts consist of electron dense amorphous material and their surface is irregular without a clear boundary line. Obviously, these artifacts are produced from protein components of the medium and from cytoplasmatic components of the lysing L-form cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructural characterization of stable L-form cells from Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and of accompanying artifacts. The stable L-form of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a typical protoplast type L-form. Cells are surrounded by a trilamellar cytoplasmic membrane only. They grow in form of aggregations in liquid media and their diameters vary between 0.1 and 2 micrometer. Always a large portion of cells undergoes lysis. It seems to be characteristic for L-form cultures of E. rhusiopathiae that always many artifact structures are formed. The artifacts are spherical particles with diameters of 0.1 micrometer to more than 3 micrometer. They can be differentiated from L-form cells only by electron microscopy. The artifacts consist of electron dense amorphous material and their surface is irregular without a clear boundary line. Obviously, these artifacts are produced from protein components of the medium and from cytoplasmatic components of the lysing L-form cells.", "PMID": 716473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6518", "title": "[Uptake of labeled zinc by Chlorella containing different amounts of zinc].", "content": "Chlorella fusca was grown asynchronously for 2 weeks in media with different Zn concentrations up to 10(-3) M. Growth was optimal at 10(-5) M Zn. The Zn contents of the algae were followed by activation analysis. They increased with increasing Zn concentration in the media, and, except with the lowest Zn concentrations, with time. Further, the uptake of labelled Zn (65Zn) from 5 . 10(-6) M solution by cells of known Zn content was measured at 30 degrees C during one day in minimum and optimum conditions (dark/nitrogen or light/air, respectively). The rate of uptake showed a maximum with algae grown in a medium with 10(-5) M Zn. However, algae exposed to a lethal Zn concentration (10(-3) M) also absorbed much Zn; this anomalous uptake is ascribed to a breakdown of the cell membrane as a permeability barrier.", "contents": "[Uptake of labeled zinc by Chlorella containing different amounts of zinc]. Chlorella fusca was grown asynchronously for 2 weeks in media with different Zn concentrations up to 10(-3) M. Growth was optimal at 10(-5) M Zn. The Zn contents of the algae were followed by activation analysis. They increased with increasing Zn concentration in the media, and, except with the lowest Zn concentrations, with time. Further, the uptake of labelled Zn (65Zn) from 5 . 10(-6) M solution by cells of known Zn content was measured at 30 degrees C during one day in minimum and optimum conditions (dark/nitrogen or light/air, respectively). The rate of uptake showed a maximum with algae grown in a medium with 10(-5) M Zn. However, algae exposed to a lethal Zn concentration (10(-3) M) also absorbed much Zn; this anomalous uptake is ascribed to a breakdown of the cell membrane as a permeability barrier.", "PMID": 716475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6519", "title": "[Surgical management of stenosis of the trachea (author's transl)].", "content": "16 cases of stenosis of the trachea treated by resection and anastomosis are reported. The essential features of the technique of anaesthesia and surgery are described. It is stressed that the best results are to be obtained from end to end anastomosis. Results are analysed according to indications. In 13 cases normal function could be restored, one case improved and two remained carriers of tracheostomy canuls. 12 further cases have undergone surgery for large retrosternal thyroids causing stenosis of the trachea. Details of indications, technique and results are analysed.", "contents": "[Surgical management of stenosis of the trachea (author's transl)]. 16 cases of stenosis of the trachea treated by resection and anastomosis are reported. The essential features of the technique of anaesthesia and surgery are described. It is stressed that the best results are to be obtained from end to end anastomosis. Results are analysed according to indications. In 13 cases normal function could be restored, one case improved and two remained carriers of tracheostomy canuls. 12 further cases have undergone surgery for large retrosternal thyroids causing stenosis of the trachea. Details of indications, technique and results are analysed.", "PMID": 716489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6520", "title": "[Tracheobronchopathia chondro-osteoplastica (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical, roentgenological and histological findings in two cases of tracheobronchopathia chondroosteoplastica are described in detail. Characteristic features of this rare disorder are calcificated, cartilaginous and osseous deposits in superficially parts of tracheobronchial mucosa. The clinical picture and x-ray changes are not very characteristic. Final diagnosis is possible by bronchoscopy with histologic examination of bioptic material (excision from tracheobronchial mucosa).", "contents": "[Tracheobronchopathia chondro-osteoplastica (author's transl)]. Clinical, roentgenological and histological findings in two cases of tracheobronchopathia chondroosteoplastica are described in detail. Characteristic features of this rare disorder are calcificated, cartilaginous and osseous deposits in superficially parts of tracheobronchial mucosa. The clinical picture and x-ray changes are not very characteristic. Final diagnosis is possible by bronchoscopy with histologic examination of bioptic material (excision from tracheobronchial mucosa).", "PMID": 716490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6521", "title": "[Danger of silicosis in pottery (author's transl)].", "content": "The trade of pottery was practised already in antiquity. This very old art had culmination points of its artistic performance in several epochs. The ornamentation of the body of the ware by glazing came in use in Germany (Rhine Territory) in the 12th century. The raw material applied were plastic argils baking with colour, at that time just as now. After dressing with water the plastic material was shaped to the most different objects. It was done, either off-hand or by the aid of the potter's wheel. Dust is developing when the argils are crushed representing a danger to health if technical control of the dust is not made effective. Wearing respiratory protection apparatuses is sufficient in shorttime work but must be regularly checked according to our experience. In the production of earthenware relatively high concentrations of dust occur only temporarily, but in very few cases they may cause silicosis. Among the 35 cases of silicosis in potters observed by the different special services for prophylaxis and control of dust 25 developed by exposition in plants of the GDR. 8 of the 10 diseased persons with exposition in plants outside the GDR had worked as potters in Bunzau (Silesia). The danger of silicosis is by for less than in the porcelain industry; it can be prevented by keeping clean the places of employment. This low danger is proven also by the very long exposition time of 30--40 years in average.", "contents": "[Danger of silicosis in pottery (author's transl)]. The trade of pottery was practised already in antiquity. This very old art had culmination points of its artistic performance in several epochs. The ornamentation of the body of the ware by glazing came in use in Germany (Rhine Territory) in the 12th century. The raw material applied were plastic argils baking with colour, at that time just as now. After dressing with water the plastic material was shaped to the most different objects. It was done, either off-hand or by the aid of the potter's wheel. Dust is developing when the argils are crushed representing a danger to health if technical control of the dust is not made effective. Wearing respiratory protection apparatuses is sufficient in shorttime work but must be regularly checked according to our experience. In the production of earthenware relatively high concentrations of dust occur only temporarily, but in very few cases they may cause silicosis. Among the 35 cases of silicosis in potters observed by the different special services for prophylaxis and control of dust 25 developed by exposition in plants of the GDR. 8 of the 10 diseased persons with exposition in plants outside the GDR had worked as potters in Bunzau (Silesia). The danger of silicosis is by for less than in the porcelain industry; it can be prevented by keeping clean the places of employment. This low danger is proven also by the very long exposition time of 30--40 years in average.", "PMID": 716491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6522", "title": "[Experimental findings after application of Kveim antigen. I. Sensibilization of guinea pigs by mycobacterium avium (author's transl)].", "content": "Guinea pigs were injected intraperitoneally with different types of mycobacterium avium (serotypes 1, 2 and 3). 4 weeks later followed the injection of Kveim antigen into the foodpats. Beside a high rate of non-specific foreign body reactions in all groups, histological pictures resembling a positive Kveim test were found only in the group of animals which received Mycobacterium avium serotype 1.", "contents": "[Experimental findings after application of Kveim antigen. I. Sensibilization of guinea pigs by mycobacterium avium (author's transl)]. Guinea pigs were injected intraperitoneally with different types of mycobacterium avium (serotypes 1, 2 and 3). 4 weeks later followed the injection of Kveim antigen into the foodpats. Beside a high rate of non-specific foreign body reactions in all groups, histological pictures resembling a positive Kveim test were found only in the group of animals which received Mycobacterium avium serotype 1.", "PMID": 716492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6523", "title": "[The assessment of invalidity in bronchial asthma (author's transl)].", "content": "In contrast to the assessment of the vocational activity there are no fixed principles with regard to the application of defined methods of examination and the interpretation of its results. The assessment cannot be based only on the results of pulmonary function testing but has to take into consideration also the frequency and severity of the troubles, their dependence on vocational influence and their therapeutic management. The result of the function test using all given possibilities is essential. Sometimes are of decisive importance the arrangement of a mitable place of employment, the patient attitude to his disease and his vocational activities. In this paper proposals are given for a complex assessment of the physical capacity and invalidity in bronchial asthma.", "contents": "[The assessment of invalidity in bronchial asthma (author's transl)]. In contrast to the assessment of the vocational activity there are no fixed principles with regard to the application of defined methods of examination and the interpretation of its results. The assessment cannot be based only on the results of pulmonary function testing but has to take into consideration also the frequency and severity of the troubles, their dependence on vocational influence and their therapeutic management. The result of the function test using all given possibilities is essential. Sometimes are of decisive importance the arrangement of a mitable place of employment, the patient attitude to his disease and his vocational activities. In this paper proposals are given for a complex assessment of the physical capacity and invalidity in bronchial asthma.", "PMID": 716493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6524", "title": "[Suggestions for therapy with glucocorticosteroids in obstructive airways diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Glucocorticosteroids are an integrating component of complex therapy in severe obstructive airways diseases. The well known risks of this treatment may be minimized by observing the following rules: 1. Rigorous indication for long term therapy 2. Careful attention to certain concomitant diseases and contraindications 3. Control of therapy by continuous specialized supervision in a dispensaire. On the basis of modern literature and personal experience with glucocorticosteroid therapy in 1210 patients with bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive bronchitis during the years 1972 to 1977 (34.9% of all patients in this group of diagnoses) are given some recommendations for practical handling of glucocorticosteroid therapy in obstructive airways diseases.", "contents": "[Suggestions for therapy with glucocorticosteroids in obstructive airways diseases (author's transl)]. Glucocorticosteroids are an integrating component of complex therapy in severe obstructive airways diseases. The well known risks of this treatment may be minimized by observing the following rules: 1. Rigorous indication for long term therapy 2. Careful attention to certain concomitant diseases and contraindications 3. Control of therapy by continuous specialized supervision in a dispensaire. On the basis of modern literature and personal experience with glucocorticosteroid therapy in 1210 patients with bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive bronchitis during the years 1972 to 1977 (34.9% of all patients in this group of diagnoses) are given some recommendations for practical handling of glucocorticosteroid therapy in obstructive airways diseases.", "PMID": 716494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6525", "title": "[Suggestions for allergological diagnostics in outpatients' departments for lung diseases and tuberculosis (author's transl)].", "content": "In increasing number of patients suffering from bronchial asthma are being examined by outpatients' departments for lung diseases and tuberculosis. The early confirmation of an allergic genesis is of main importance for therapy and prophylaxis. Primary allergological diagnostics in outpatients' departments are therefore desirable with special emphasis on allergological anamnesis, intracutaneous allergen tests respectively prick tests. Sufficient experience of the physician especially in the evaluation of results and consecutive measures is necessary. It is recommended to confine cutaneous testing to the usual antigens of airways allergy after careful elucidation of anamnesis. Testing with professional allergens and with allergens leading to strong reactions should be restrained to certain clinical centres. In addition to the recommendations of the Society for Clinical and Experimental Immunology of GDR for allergological and clinical immunological diagnostics the presented publication gives some hints to practical handling and to the evaluation of results.", "contents": "[Suggestions for allergological diagnostics in outpatients' departments for lung diseases and tuberculosis (author's transl)]. In increasing number of patients suffering from bronchial asthma are being examined by outpatients' departments for lung diseases and tuberculosis. The early confirmation of an allergic genesis is of main importance for therapy and prophylaxis. Primary allergological diagnostics in outpatients' departments are therefore desirable with special emphasis on allergological anamnesis, intracutaneous allergen tests respectively prick tests. Sufficient experience of the physician especially in the evaluation of results and consecutive measures is necessary. It is recommended to confine cutaneous testing to the usual antigens of airways allergy after careful elucidation of anamnesis. Testing with professional allergens and with allergens leading to strong reactions should be restrained to certain clinical centres. In addition to the recommendations of the Society for Clinical and Experimental Immunology of GDR for allergological and clinical immunological diagnostics the presented publication gives some hints to practical handling and to the evaluation of results.", "PMID": 716495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6526", "title": "[The radiological appearances of caustic burns in the upper intestinal tract (author's transl)].", "content": "Seventy-nine caustic burns of the upper gastrointestinal tract were divided into early and late effects. The radiological findings were analysed and discussed. The central role of radiology proved to be indisputable, particularly for demonstration of a perforation and for the control of treatment. Endoscopy is of particular value in the diagnosis of caustic burns if the radiological findings are negative, for following treatment and for clarifying atypical late changes.", "contents": "[The radiological appearances of caustic burns in the upper intestinal tract (author's transl)]. Seventy-nine caustic burns of the upper gastrointestinal tract were divided into early and late effects. The radiological findings were analysed and discussed. The central role of radiology proved to be indisputable, particularly for demonstration of a perforation and for the control of treatment. Endoscopy is of particular value in the diagnosis of caustic burns if the radiological findings are negative, for following treatment and for clarifying atypical late changes.", "PMID": 716500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6527", "title": "[Behavior of papillary capillaries in initial common psoriasis].", "content": "The capillary pattern of the papillary body in early psoriatic lesions was compared with that in normal skin and in full developed psoriatic lesions. In contrast to the normal skin, dilated and occasionally tortuous capillaries were already to be seen in early lesions. Furthermore, the density of the capillary network showed a significant increase, which may have been due to neovascularisation. Our histological examination of fully developed psoriatic lesions revealed the characteristic capillary pattern. The increased capillary density is most probably caused by coiling of the capillaries; it is also possible, however, that the difference between early and advanced psoriatic lesions is due to further vascular proliferation.", "contents": "[Behavior of papillary capillaries in initial common psoriasis]. The capillary pattern of the papillary body in early psoriatic lesions was compared with that in normal skin and in full developed psoriatic lesions. In contrast to the normal skin, dilated and occasionally tortuous capillaries were already to be seen in early lesions. Furthermore, the density of the capillary network showed a significant increase, which may have been due to neovascularisation. Our histological examination of fully developed psoriatic lesions revealed the characteristic capillary pattern. The increased capillary density is most probably caused by coiling of the capillaries; it is also possible, however, that the difference between early and advanced psoriatic lesions is due to further vascular proliferation.", "PMID": 716523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6528", "title": "[Mast cell numbers in initial psoriasis vulgaris].", "content": "Using sections from 10 early and five fully developed psoriatic lesions, we counted the mast cells in the papillary body. The results were evaluated statistically and compared with the findings of other researchers. The number of mast cells in the papillary body beneath the basal membrane shows a significant difference between early psoriatic lesions, fully developed psoriasis, and normal skin. Even in the very early lesion, the number of mast cells per mm3 is increased compared with the normal skin, though it is less than in fully developed lesions.", "contents": "[Mast cell numbers in initial psoriasis vulgaris]. Using sections from 10 early and five fully developed psoriatic lesions, we counted the mast cells in the papillary body. The results were evaluated statistically and compared with the findings of other researchers. The number of mast cells in the papillary body beneath the basal membrane shows a significant difference between early psoriatic lesions, fully developed psoriasis, and normal skin. Even in the very early lesion, the number of mast cells per mm3 is increased compared with the normal skin, though it is less than in fully developed lesions.", "PMID": 716526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6529", "title": "[Aspects of anxiety-fear differentiation].", "content": "By exposition of philosophical and general psychological aspects of the differentiation of anxiety and fear an heuristic differentiation according to the following criterias becomes possible: 1. attributes of a (threatening) stimulus constellation, 2. personality specific cognitive and emotive-motivational processes, and 3. reactive rehaviour and action patterns. By means of a model which considers the functions of especially the hippocampus as well as the problems of orientation the differences are to be exemplified neuropsychologically.", "contents": "[Aspects of anxiety-fear differentiation]. By exposition of philosophical and general psychological aspects of the differentiation of anxiety and fear an heuristic differentiation according to the following criterias becomes possible: 1. attributes of a (threatening) stimulus constellation, 2. personality specific cognitive and emotive-motivational processes, and 3. reactive rehaviour and action patterns. By means of a model which considers the functions of especially the hippocampus as well as the problems of orientation the differences are to be exemplified neuropsychologically.", "PMID": 716528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6530", "title": "[The \"inter\" and the role (conditional analysis of endogenous psychoses)].", "content": "The relations of the individual to others and to the family are understood by the concepts \"intersubjective\" and \"interfamiliar\". This \"inter\" is always the origin of the relations of subjects. The \"inter\" is a reality which is of an atmospheric pneumatic nature respectively. Its creative power and its primateship for the word is clarified by a selection of examples from oriental and occidental cultures. On the other hand, the relations of the individual is determined by norms, in which the \"objektive Geist\" (Hegel) of a time is manifested. The individual is in this relation first of all a carrier of roles. A conditional analysis of psychotic disturbances has to proceed from a conception that the individual's psyche in both spheres, is not a \"tabula rasa\" (Locke), but always already conveys a selection of that which has been offered in the situation (Leibniz). Out of this result constellations of a conditional nature for the development of endogenous psychoses, exhibiting themselves in the Inter-shere and Role-sphere. These can only develop where a coherence of specific personality-structures with specific situations are present. What makes such situations pathogenic, is all a specific inference of meaning from peristatic precipitations. It is this that makes a situation into what it actually is for a certain type.", "contents": "[The \"inter\" and the role (conditional analysis of endogenous psychoses)]. The relations of the individual to others and to the family are understood by the concepts \"intersubjective\" and \"interfamiliar\". This \"inter\" is always the origin of the relations of subjects. The \"inter\" is a reality which is of an atmospheric pneumatic nature respectively. Its creative power and its primateship for the word is clarified by a selection of examples from oriental and occidental cultures. On the other hand, the relations of the individual is determined by norms, in which the \"objektive Geist\" (Hegel) of a time is manifested. The individual is in this relation first of all a carrier of roles. A conditional analysis of psychotic disturbances has to proceed from a conception that the individual's psyche in both spheres, is not a \"tabula rasa\" (Locke), but always already conveys a selection of that which has been offered in the situation (Leibniz). Out of this result constellations of a conditional nature for the development of endogenous psychoses, exhibiting themselves in the Inter-shere and Role-sphere. These can only develop where a coherence of specific personality-structures with specific situations are present. What makes such situations pathogenic, is all a specific inference of meaning from peristatic precipitations. It is this that makes a situation into what it actually is for a certain type.", "PMID": 716529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6531", "title": "[Social behavior and psychosis induction in manic-depressives].", "content": "The social behavior of manic-depressives shows a specific structure of identity, whose consequences for the onset and course of manic-depressive psychosis are investigated. Besides in interactional conduct, group behavior, orientation in values etc. we are mainly interested in the behavior of manic-depressives in social roles. From the point of view of role theory the social behavior especially of monopolar depressives could be described as hypernomic, as it shows an extreme conformity with norms. Situations of opposing or competitive role demands, opposing norms and values therefore are very difficult for manic-depressives to handle. The preponderance of their role identities results in an atrophy of ego-identity and in an increasing dependence on their social roles. This explains why not only the loss but even the endangering of their social roles may result in psychotic states that here are interpreted as crisis of identity.", "contents": "[Social behavior and psychosis induction in manic-depressives]. The social behavior of manic-depressives shows a specific structure of identity, whose consequences for the onset and course of manic-depressive psychosis are investigated. Besides in interactional conduct, group behavior, orientation in values etc. we are mainly interested in the behavior of manic-depressives in social roles. From the point of view of role theory the social behavior especially of monopolar depressives could be described as hypernomic, as it shows an extreme conformity with norms. Situations of opposing or competitive role demands, opposing norms and values therefore are very difficult for manic-depressives to handle. The preponderance of their role identities results in an atrophy of ego-identity and in an increasing dependence on their social roles. This explains why not only the loss but even the endangering of their social roles may result in psychotic states that here are interpreted as crisis of identity.", "PMID": 716530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6532", "title": "[Criteria of heart rate response measurements in psychosomatic diagnosis].", "content": "The central function of the cardiovascular system in the internal homeostasis of the human organism and in the externally directed adaptive and transformative processes explains the importance of this system in psychophysiological investigations. At the same time it is apparent, that the functional complexity leads to methodological difficulties in the analysis of stimulus-response relationships. Using heart-rate-response to acoustical stimuli a variety of factors influencing form and extent of cardiovascular responses are discussed as there permit an explanation of varying results in psychophysiological studies on this topic. Two habituation experiments with a total of 100 subjects were used to analyse the depending of heart-rate upon type and intensity of stimuli and associated systemic variations with varying states of activation. An alternative method of measurement is presented which consideres the timing of heart-rate reaction, thus avoiding to undue the temporal coherence of the components of heart-rate response. This method offers the possibility for a real-time-comparison between different autonomic functions.", "contents": "[Criteria of heart rate response measurements in psychosomatic diagnosis]. The central function of the cardiovascular system in the internal homeostasis of the human organism and in the externally directed adaptive and transformative processes explains the importance of this system in psychophysiological investigations. At the same time it is apparent, that the functional complexity leads to methodological difficulties in the analysis of stimulus-response relationships. Using heart-rate-response to acoustical stimuli a variety of factors influencing form and extent of cardiovascular responses are discussed as there permit an explanation of varying results in psychophysiological studies on this topic. Two habituation experiments with a total of 100 subjects were used to analyse the depending of heart-rate upon type and intensity of stimuli and associated systemic variations with varying states of activation. An alternative method of measurement is presented which consideres the timing of heart-rate reaction, thus avoiding to undue the temporal coherence of the components of heart-rate response. This method offers the possibility for a real-time-comparison between different autonomic functions.", "PMID": 716531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6533", "title": "[Personality profile of asthmatics and its changes in the course of various treatment methods].", "content": "Our study of 30 Asthmatics showed an increase in the neurotic triangel (MMPI-Saarbr\u00fccken) and good agreement with the personality profile of neurotics with psychosomatic tendencies. To measure the effect of a 4-week- treatment-course on the personality structure of the patients, the FPI-scale was used, where only a slight change was found in the scale \"Nervosit\u00e4t\" (FPI 1 measures psychosomatic conflicts). Part of the patients who were also treated with \"autogenes Training\", the change was somewhat larger but not statistically significant, as compared to the group of patients without \"autogenes Training\". The treatment-course itself, judging only by the medical evaluations, was proved to be highly effective with statistical significance. A possible explanation for the discrepancy between the two findings could be the difference between the methods of investigation and/or the attitude of the patients to their Asthma because many of them emphasize the somatic aspect of their illness, wishing to ignore or deny a possible psychosomatic explanation.", "contents": "[Personality profile of asthmatics and its changes in the course of various treatment methods]. Our study of 30 Asthmatics showed an increase in the neurotic triangel (MMPI-Saarbr\u00fccken) and good agreement with the personality profile of neurotics with psychosomatic tendencies. To measure the effect of a 4-week- treatment-course on the personality structure of the patients, the FPI-scale was used, where only a slight change was found in the scale \"Nervosit\u00e4t\" (FPI 1 measures psychosomatic conflicts). Part of the patients who were also treated with \"autogenes Training\", the change was somewhat larger but not statistically significant, as compared to the group of patients without \"autogenes Training\". The treatment-course itself, judging only by the medical evaluations, was proved to be highly effective with statistical significance. A possible explanation for the discrepancy between the two findings could be the difference between the methods of investigation and/or the attitude of the patients to their Asthma because many of them emphasize the somatic aspect of their illness, wishing to ignore or deny a possible psychosomatic explanation.", "PMID": 716532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6534", "title": "[Infleunce of heart cycle length on left ventricular ejection fraction in normals and patients with coronary artery disease].", "content": "The ejection fraction is a clinically valuable index of left ventricular pump function. We investigated the influence of a change in heart cycle length in normals (gr. I) and in patients with coronary artery disease without (gr. IIa) and after myocardial infarction (gr. IIb) (atrial pacing 80 and 120 min-1). In all subjects ejection time decreased by ca. 17%. There was no statistical difference between the groups. Ejection fraction (mean absolute values): gr. I (n = 7): - 3.4% (n. s.), gr. IIa (n = 8): - 8.4% (p is less than 0.01), gr. IIb (n = 12): - 6.5% (p is less than 0.01), Gr. IIa + IIb: - 7.2% (p is less than 0.001), gr. I +IIA + IIb: - 6.1% (p is less than 0.001). Compared to the control value the relative decrease for all subjects was -12.3 +/- 12.0% (n = 27). When left ventricular performance is evaluated by ejection fraction using invasive and noninvasive methods (contrast medium ventriculography, echocardiography and scintigraphy) heart cycle length has to be taken into account. The data cannot be normalized by a simple mathematical procedure.", "contents": "[Infleunce of heart cycle length on left ventricular ejection fraction in normals and patients with coronary artery disease]. The ejection fraction is a clinically valuable index of left ventricular pump function. We investigated the influence of a change in heart cycle length in normals (gr. I) and in patients with coronary artery disease without (gr. IIa) and after myocardial infarction (gr. IIb) (atrial pacing 80 and 120 min-1). In all subjects ejection time decreased by ca. 17%. There was no statistical difference between the groups. Ejection fraction (mean absolute values): gr. I (n = 7): - 3.4% (n. s.), gr. IIa (n = 8): - 8.4% (p is less than 0.01), gr. IIb (n = 12): - 6.5% (p is less than 0.01), Gr. IIa + IIb: - 7.2% (p is less than 0.001), gr. I +IIA + IIb: - 6.1% (p is less than 0.001). Compared to the control value the relative decrease for all subjects was -12.3 +/- 12.0% (n = 27). When left ventricular performance is evaluated by ejection fraction using invasive and noninvasive methods (contrast medium ventriculography, echocardiography and scintigraphy) heart cycle length has to be taken into account. The data cannot be normalized by a simple mathematical procedure.", "PMID": 716533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6535", "title": "[The influence of afterload on the normal and ischemic myocardium in the dog].", "content": "The influence of an instantaneous increase in afterload on the hemodynamics and regional myocardial function was studied in five anesthetized dogs before and after occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. By inflation of an intaaortic balloon during single ejections, an instantaneous increase in afterload was obtained. From biplane cineventriculograms, the following parameters were calculated: left ventricular volumes (EDV, ESV), stroke volume (SV), ejection fraction (EF). Mean circumferential fiber shortening (V CF) was calculated in three ventricular diameters in the RAO projection. Simultaneously PLV, PLVED, PAo, and LV dp/dt were obtained. In the control ventriculograms, an increased afterload (delta PLV 16.4 +/- 8 mm Hg) caused only a minor decrease of SV (2.6 +/- 2.5 ml), EF (4.2 +/- 2.4%), and V CF (0.20 circ . s -1). After coronary occlusion (delta PLV 14.5 +/- 6.7 mm Hg),the reduction of SV (5.9 +/- 2.7 ml) and EF (8.2 +/- 2.6%) was more pronounced. This was caused mainly by a significant reduction of V CF in the center of ischemia (delta V CF -93%). For the evaluation of regional myocardial function by ventriculography, the marked influence of afterload in ischemic areas must be taken into consideration. This is of special interest in comparative ventriculograms, such as those before and after coronary bypass surgery.", "contents": "[The influence of afterload on the normal and ischemic myocardium in the dog]. The influence of an instantaneous increase in afterload on the hemodynamics and regional myocardial function was studied in five anesthetized dogs before and after occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. By inflation of an intaaortic balloon during single ejections, an instantaneous increase in afterload was obtained. From biplane cineventriculograms, the following parameters were calculated: left ventricular volumes (EDV, ESV), stroke volume (SV), ejection fraction (EF). Mean circumferential fiber shortening (V CF) was calculated in three ventricular diameters in the RAO projection. Simultaneously PLV, PLVED, PAo, and LV dp/dt were obtained. In the control ventriculograms, an increased afterload (delta PLV 16.4 +/- 8 mm Hg) caused only a minor decrease of SV (2.6 +/- 2.5 ml), EF (4.2 +/- 2.4%), and V CF (0.20 circ . s -1). After coronary occlusion (delta PLV 14.5 +/- 6.7 mm Hg),the reduction of SV (5.9 +/- 2.7 ml) and EF (8.2 +/- 2.6%) was more pronounced. This was caused mainly by a significant reduction of V CF in the center of ischemia (delta V CF -93%). For the evaluation of regional myocardial function by ventriculography, the marked influence of afterload in ischemic areas must be taken into consideration. This is of special interest in comparative ventriculograms, such as those before and after coronary bypass surgery.", "PMID": 716534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6536", "title": "[The new calcium antagonist Ro 11-1781 in the treatment of ventricular tachycardia due to atrial fibrillation].", "content": "In 9 patients with tachyarrhythmia and atrial fibrillation the effect of the i.v. application of the calcium antagonist Ro 11-1781 on the av-conduction was investigated. All patients received 1 mg/kg during 2-3 minutes. A significant decrease of the ventricular rate at the end of the injection period was noted. The maximal decrease of the av-conduction of 10-32 % of the initial ventricular rate was observed 5-10 min after the injection. During 60 min the initial heart rate before application of the drug was not yet reached again. The registrations prove the inihibiting effect of Ro 11-1781 on av-conduction in atrial fibrillation, which was sufficient for therapeutic use in our cases concerning the reduction of heart rate and duration of the effect. No serious side effects were observed.", "contents": "[The new calcium antagonist Ro 11-1781 in the treatment of ventricular tachycardia due to atrial fibrillation]. In 9 patients with tachyarrhythmia and atrial fibrillation the effect of the i.v. application of the calcium antagonist Ro 11-1781 on the av-conduction was investigated. All patients received 1 mg/kg during 2-3 minutes. A significant decrease of the ventricular rate at the end of the injection period was noted. The maximal decrease of the av-conduction of 10-32 % of the initial ventricular rate was observed 5-10 min after the injection. During 60 min the initial heart rate before application of the drug was not yet reached again. The registrations prove the inihibiting effect of Ro 11-1781 on av-conduction in atrial fibrillation, which was sufficient for therapeutic use in our cases concerning the reduction of heart rate and duration of the effect. No serious side effects were observed.", "PMID": 716535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6537", "title": "[Antegrade catheterization of the aorta with a flow-directed balloon catheter following transseptal left atrial puncture: a new technique].", "content": "The described heart catheterization technique allows the antegrade catheterization of the aorta from the left ventricle with a Swan-Ganz-flow-directed catheter via the saphenous vein and subsequent puncture of the intact atrial septum. The transseptal Brockenbrough-technique is modified by the use of a long thin polythene sheath which is fitted over the transseptal left heart catheter and can be advanced over the catheter after atrial septal puncture. A Swan-Ganz-flow-directed catheter can be passed directly to the left ventricle toward the outflow tract before it enters the aorta. This technique was used successfully on 18 children. By avoiding the retrograde arterial catheter technique additional information will be obtained.", "contents": "[Antegrade catheterization of the aorta with a flow-directed balloon catheter following transseptal left atrial puncture: a new technique]. The described heart catheterization technique allows the antegrade catheterization of the aorta from the left ventricle with a Swan-Ganz-flow-directed catheter via the saphenous vein and subsequent puncture of the intact atrial septum. The transseptal Brockenbrough-technique is modified by the use of a long thin polythene sheath which is fitted over the transseptal left heart catheter and can be advanced over the catheter after atrial septal puncture. A Swan-Ganz-flow-directed catheter can be passed directly to the left ventricle toward the outflow tract before it enters the aorta. This technique was used successfully on 18 children. By avoiding the retrograde arterial catheter technique additional information will be obtained.", "PMID": 716537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6538", "title": "[Epidemiological study on the demonstration of precipitating antibodies against Micropolyspora faeni in agricultural workers].", "content": "The authors report on the frequency (as determined by the double diffusion test according to Ouchterlony) of circulating precipitating antibodies against thermophil actinomycetes of the genus Micropolyspora faeni in 1666 blood samples from 1376 agricultural workers. These workers belonged to the main professional categories in two districts of the German Democratic Republic and were examined by members of the Research Group on Occupational Medicine in Agriculture of the Ernst Moritz Arndt University during the years 1972-1975. 290 workers were examined twice or three times in a longitudinal study. Positive serological findings were obtained from 5.1% of the subjects under investigation. There were no statistically significant differences with regard to occupational category, sex, age, and season. Nevertheless, there were marked regional differences. The results obtained show that there is no need for special medical supervision of the agricultural workers with regard to thoracic actinomycosis (farmers' lung). Further examinations are of course necessary in case of suspected or clinically manifest affection.", "contents": "[Epidemiological study on the demonstration of precipitating antibodies against Micropolyspora faeni in agricultural workers]. The authors report on the frequency (as determined by the double diffusion test according to Ouchterlony) of circulating precipitating antibodies against thermophil actinomycetes of the genus Micropolyspora faeni in 1666 blood samples from 1376 agricultural workers. These workers belonged to the main professional categories in two districts of the German Democratic Republic and were examined by members of the Research Group on Occupational Medicine in Agriculture of the Ernst Moritz Arndt University during the years 1972-1975. 290 workers were examined twice or three times in a longitudinal study. Positive serological findings were obtained from 5.1% of the subjects under investigation. There were no statistically significant differences with regard to occupational category, sex, age, and season. Nevertheless, there were marked regional differences. The results obtained show that there is no need for special medical supervision of the agricultural workers with regard to thoracic actinomycosis (farmers' lung). Further examinations are of course necessary in case of suspected or clinically manifest affection.", "PMID": 716549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6539", "title": "[Investigation of gait of patients with idiopathic scoliosis and the influence of the Milwaukee brace on gait (author's transl)].", "content": "We investigated 42 juvenile patients with idiopathic scoliosist, 37 of them were provided with a Milwaukee brace and treated physically. The electromyographic activity of the musculi erectores trunci and the musculi glutaei medii were recorded during walking and standing on one leg. Simultaneously the motions of the trunc and the pelvis in the frontal plane were registered and calculated. Results without the brace: During walking the activity of the erectors trunci predominates on the convex side of the curvature of the spine. This applies as to the functional curve. The M. glutaeus medius shows an increased activity on the contralateral side of the overhang of the trunc. The priodical shifts of the trunc to the right and to the left during walking decrease with increasing activity of the M. glutaeus medius. In this way, we show the stabilizing influence of this muscle upon the statics of the spine. This should be especially considered with regard to the physical treatment of the patients. Results with the brace put on: There is only little influence of the brace upon the electrical activity of the musculi erectores trunci: we could not detect any activating ore inactivating effect of the brace. The amplitude of the periodical shifts of the trunc and the perlvis during walking is reduced by the brace. At the same time we found a greater activity of the musculi glutaei medii than with the brace taken off. We suppose that the reduced shifts of the trunc and the pelvis involved by the brace force a greater activity of the glutaeus medius.", "contents": "[Investigation of gait of patients with idiopathic scoliosis and the influence of the Milwaukee brace on gait (author's transl)]. We investigated 42 juvenile patients with idiopathic scoliosist, 37 of them were provided with a Milwaukee brace and treated physically. The electromyographic activity of the musculi erectores trunci and the musculi glutaei medii were recorded during walking and standing on one leg. Simultaneously the motions of the trunc and the pelvis in the frontal plane were registered and calculated. Results without the brace: During walking the activity of the erectors trunci predominates on the convex side of the curvature of the spine. This applies as to the functional curve. The M. glutaeus medius shows an increased activity on the contralateral side of the overhang of the trunc. The priodical shifts of the trunc to the right and to the left during walking decrease with increasing activity of the M. glutaeus medius. In this way, we show the stabilizing influence of this muscle upon the statics of the spine. This should be especially considered with regard to the physical treatment of the patients. Results with the brace put on: There is only little influence of the brace upon the electrical activity of the musculi erectores trunci: we could not detect any activating ore inactivating effect of the brace. The amplitude of the periodical shifts of the trunc and the perlvis during walking is reduced by the brace. At the same time we found a greater activity of the musculi glutaei medii than with the brace taken off. We suppose that the reduced shifts of the trunc and the pelvis involved by the brace force a greater activity of the glutaeus medius.", "PMID": 716552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6540", "title": "[Atelectases as part of the convex-sided lungs in thoracic scoliosis (author's transl)].", "content": "In 4 patients with juvenile idiopathic thoracic scoliosis an atelectasis as part of the convex-sided lungs was found. In all cases there was a small sagittal diameter of the chest; the atelectases were situated in the right lower and middle lobe and caused by the close topographical relation of large bronchi and scoliotic spine (sometimes compression of the bronchus) demonstrable by tomography, bronchoscopy and bronchography. The therapeutic approach of these atelectases is discussed. Thoracic casting either for conservative correction and treatment of scoliosis or as postoperative immobilisation after fusion was done. In all cases, it may influence the occurrence of an atelectasis.", "contents": "[Atelectases as part of the convex-sided lungs in thoracic scoliosis (author's transl)]. In 4 patients with juvenile idiopathic thoracic scoliosis an atelectasis as part of the convex-sided lungs was found. In all cases there was a small sagittal diameter of the chest; the atelectases were situated in the right lower and middle lobe and caused by the close topographical relation of large bronchi and scoliotic spine (sometimes compression of the bronchus) demonstrable by tomography, bronchoscopy and bronchography. The therapeutic approach of these atelectases is discussed. Thoracic casting either for conservative correction and treatment of scoliosis or as postoperative immobilisation after fusion was done. In all cases, it may influence the occurrence of an atelectasis.", "PMID": 716553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6541", "title": "[\"Physiological\" healing and development of coxa valga in congenital dislocation of the hip (author's transl)].", "content": "At the University Orthopaedic Clinic Bonn, congenital dislocation of the hip has been treated since 1969, using the Hanausek-Apparatus. In this study the results of \"physiological healing\" and the development of coxa valga are compared with the results of our previous combined treatment regimen (traction in extension, followed by manual reduction, and initially fixation in the Lorenz position in plaster of Paris and then in Lange position). The term \"physiological healing\" is explained. The diagnosis coxa valga was made using the criteria of the DGOT working party on hip dysplasias. The problem of femoral head necroses is not considered; this has been reported previously. From this study we see a definite advantage of the functional treatment over the combined method. The \"physiological healing\" rate was substantially higher, and the development of coxa valga greatly reduced. The clinical results are further supported by animal studies from several authors.", "contents": "[\"Physiological\" healing and development of coxa valga in congenital dislocation of the hip (author's transl)]. At the University Orthopaedic Clinic Bonn, congenital dislocation of the hip has been treated since 1969, using the Hanausek-Apparatus. In this study the results of \"physiological healing\" and the development of coxa valga are compared with the results of our previous combined treatment regimen (traction in extension, followed by manual reduction, and initially fixation in the Lorenz position in plaster of Paris and then in Lange position). The term \"physiological healing\" is explained. The diagnosis coxa valga was made using the criteria of the DGOT working party on hip dysplasias. The problem of femoral head necroses is not considered; this has been reported previously. From this study we see a definite advantage of the functional treatment over the combined method. The \"physiological healing\" rate was substantially higher, and the development of coxa valga greatly reduced. The clinical results are further supported by animal studies from several authors.", "PMID": 716554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6542", "title": "[The effectiveness of pes anserinus transfer for old anteromedial knee instability (author's transl)].", "content": "Old anteromedial instability of the knee joint causes an increased external rotation of the tibia against the femur. To actively control this tendenoy to increased external rotation, Slocum and Larson advocated the pes anserinus transfer (1968). An increase of rotatory muscle function of 39% after this transfer could be demonstrated experimentally (Noyes and Sonstegard 1973). Contrary to these reports, an increase of rotatory muscle power was rather the exception than the rule in our dynamometric examinations of 49 patients after transfer of the pes anserinus for old anteromedial instability. The reasons for the lack of clinically effective increase in muscle power are discussed. The advancement of the tendon of the semimenbranaceus muscle seems more advantageous as an alternative measure.", "contents": "[The effectiveness of pes anserinus transfer for old anteromedial knee instability (author's transl)]. Old anteromedial instability of the knee joint causes an increased external rotation of the tibia against the femur. To actively control this tendenoy to increased external rotation, Slocum and Larson advocated the pes anserinus transfer (1968). An increase of rotatory muscle function of 39% after this transfer could be demonstrated experimentally (Noyes and Sonstegard 1973). Contrary to these reports, an increase of rotatory muscle power was rather the exception than the rule in our dynamometric examinations of 49 patients after transfer of the pes anserinus for old anteromedial instability. The reasons for the lack of clinically effective increase in muscle power are discussed. The advancement of the tendon of the semimenbranaceus muscle seems more advantageous as an alternative measure.", "PMID": 716555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6543", "title": "[Etiology of dislocation of the patella (author's transl)].", "content": "Using a new method for measuring the distal femoral torsion (Janssen a. Pr\u00fcssner 1977) it is possible to determine the encreased medial torsion of the distal femur in most of the patients with dislocation of the patella. A group of patients with dislocated knee-cap was studied for this purpose. The characteristic clinical and x-ray features are listed and weighted according to their value. They throw a new light on the pathogenesis and pathomechanics of patellar luxation, and point to the need to reclassify the different types of luxations according to etiological aspects.", "contents": "[Etiology of dislocation of the patella (author's transl)]. Using a new method for measuring the distal femoral torsion (Janssen a. Pr\u00fcssner 1977) it is possible to determine the encreased medial torsion of the distal femur in most of the patients with dislocation of the patella. A group of patients with dislocated knee-cap was studied for this purpose. The characteristic clinical and x-ray features are listed and weighted according to their value. They throw a new light on the pathogenesis and pathomechanics of patellar luxation, and point to the need to reclassify the different types of luxations according to etiological aspects.", "PMID": 716556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6544", "title": "[Studies on the presence of metal traces in tissue surrounding A.O. angle plates, based on neutron activation analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Using instrumental neutron activation analysis, 11 samples of tissue in contact with A.O. angle plates and 8 samples of fascial tissue were examined for their content of trace elements, half a year to 5 1/2 years after hip joint intertrochanteric osteotomies. Significant increases in the concentrations of the elements Cr, Fe, Co, Ni and Mo, all of which are contained in the A. O. steel plates (V4A steel), were found both in the contact tissue and in the tissue of the fascia lata femoris about 4--8 cm away from the angle plates, whereas the levels of concentration of elements not specific for the alloy in question, namely, Zn, Se, Rb and Cs, were normal or just subnormal. It was possible to prove by means of element correlations that the elements Cr, Co, Ni and Mo are present in constant ratios in those tissue samples which are loaded with traces of metals foreign to the body. However, only the Mo:Cr ratio corresponds to that of the angle plates. The authors considered Ni to be a useful indicator for the degree of metal loading of a tissue, since Ni will normally occur in human tissue in very low concentrations (less than or equal to 10(-6) g/g dry substance) and was identified by the authors--contrary to previous studies--even in the fascial tissue located up to 8 cm away from the contact tissue. Non-linear correlations were found between iron and the other components of the steel, reflecting the complicated regulatory mechanisms governing the presence of iron in the organism. The results of the analysis are discussed in respect of possible long-term action of the implantate components liberated by corrosion, which, in case of long-term implantates might place an overall burden of foreign ions on the body.", "contents": "[Studies on the presence of metal traces in tissue surrounding A.O. angle plates, based on neutron activation analysis (author's transl)]. Using instrumental neutron activation analysis, 11 samples of tissue in contact with A.O. angle plates and 8 samples of fascial tissue were examined for their content of trace elements, half a year to 5 1/2 years after hip joint intertrochanteric osteotomies. Significant increases in the concentrations of the elements Cr, Fe, Co, Ni and Mo, all of which are contained in the A. O. steel plates (V4A steel), were found both in the contact tissue and in the tissue of the fascia lata femoris about 4--8 cm away from the angle plates, whereas the levels of concentration of elements not specific for the alloy in question, namely, Zn, Se, Rb and Cs, were normal or just subnormal. It was possible to prove by means of element correlations that the elements Cr, Co, Ni and Mo are present in constant ratios in those tissue samples which are loaded with traces of metals foreign to the body. However, only the Mo:Cr ratio corresponds to that of the angle plates. The authors considered Ni to be a useful indicator for the degree of metal loading of a tissue, since Ni will normally occur in human tissue in very low concentrations (less than or equal to 10(-6) g/g dry substance) and was identified by the authors--contrary to previous studies--even in the fascial tissue located up to 8 cm away from the contact tissue. Non-linear correlations were found between iron and the other components of the steel, reflecting the complicated regulatory mechanisms governing the presence of iron in the organism. The results of the analysis are discussed in respect of possible long-term action of the implantate components liberated by corrosion, which, in case of long-term implantates might place an overall burden of foreign ions on the body.", "PMID": 716557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6545", "title": "[Examination of the extension of the osseous facies lunata. A functional study (author's transl)].", "content": "In 30 human acetabula the osseous facies lunata was examined and measured. It was found that the acetabular notch is inclined ventrally against the vertical line for an amount of 18,3 degrees (mean value). It was further found that the widest region of the facies lunata is not situated in the acetabular roof (which is usually visible in X-ray photographs), but about 15 degrees in front of it. The outer margin of the osseous acetabulum corresponds to a parallel of latitude of 11,5 degrees, that means that it is situated distinctly above the equator. The cornu anterius is always narrower than the cornu posterius; the similarity between the sockets examined was so great, that a division into different types did not seem to be necessary and an \"average acetabulum\" was calculated. The width of the facies lunata is interpreted as an equivalent for the amount of stress brought upon; now and then existing indentations of subdivisions of the joint surface are correspondingly understood as places of reduced stress.", "contents": "[Examination of the extension of the osseous facies lunata. A functional study (author's transl)]. In 30 human acetabula the osseous facies lunata was examined and measured. It was found that the acetabular notch is inclined ventrally against the vertical line for an amount of 18,3 degrees (mean value). It was further found that the widest region of the facies lunata is not situated in the acetabular roof (which is usually visible in X-ray photographs), but about 15 degrees in front of it. The outer margin of the osseous acetabulum corresponds to a parallel of latitude of 11,5 degrees, that means that it is situated distinctly above the equator. The cornu anterius is always narrower than the cornu posterius; the similarity between the sockets examined was so great, that a division into different types did not seem to be necessary and an \"average acetabulum\" was calculated. The width of the facies lunata is interpreted as an equivalent for the amount of stress brought upon; now and then existing indentations of subdivisions of the joint surface are correspondingly understood as places of reduced stress.", "PMID": 716558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6546", "title": "[Paraplegia due to sports and bathing accidents (author's transl)].", "content": "An analysis of 2346 paraplegics treated in the Heidelberg University orthopaedic hospital showed that 194 of the lesions (= 8,3%) were caused by accidents during sports and bathing. Of 123 bathing accidents, 98.4% produced a lesion of the cevical part of the medulla, the site of paresis being mostly below C 5 or C 6. The predominant accident mechanism of the most frequently occurring luxation fractures was hyperextension and hyperflexion. 71 of the 194 cases (= 36,6%) were genuine sports accidents. 35 cases of tetraplegia occured preferably during gymnastics, jumping on the trampoline, and high-tower diving, whereas 36 paraplegias were due to accidents during riding, skiing and mountaineering. Flexion and compression fractures mainly concern the pelvic region of the vertebral column. Only 4 of the 194 injured patients (= 2.1%) died as a result of their accident.", "contents": "[Paraplegia due to sports and bathing accidents (author's transl)]. An analysis of 2346 paraplegics treated in the Heidelberg University orthopaedic hospital showed that 194 of the lesions (= 8,3%) were caused by accidents during sports and bathing. Of 123 bathing accidents, 98.4% produced a lesion of the cevical part of the medulla, the site of paresis being mostly below C 5 or C 6. The predominant accident mechanism of the most frequently occurring luxation fractures was hyperextension and hyperflexion. 71 of the 194 cases (= 36,6%) were genuine sports accidents. 35 cases of tetraplegia occured preferably during gymnastics, jumping on the trampoline, and high-tower diving, whereas 36 paraplegias were due to accidents during riding, skiing and mountaineering. Flexion and compression fractures mainly concern the pelvic region of the vertebral column. Only 4 of the 194 injured patients (= 2.1%) died as a result of their accident.", "PMID": 716559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6547", "title": "[Results of the treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip by \"extentions repositioning\" and \"Hanausekretention\" (author's transl)].", "content": "Since 1969 all our patients below the age of three years, suffering from congenital luxation of the hip-joint, were treated conservatively. The \"Extensions-reposition\" and \"Hanausekretention\" were just slightly modified in providing the \"Lorenzposition\" by reducing the abduction. The rate of necrosis of the femoral head (4.3%) did not change significantly. In only one case we did not succeed in repositioning a completely luxated hipjoint conservatively. Children up to the age of 3 years can be treated conservatively by this method.", "contents": "[Results of the treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip by \"extentions repositioning\" and \"Hanausekretention\" (author's transl)]. Since 1969 all our patients below the age of three years, suffering from congenital luxation of the hip-joint, were treated conservatively. The \"Extensions-reposition\" and \"Hanausekretention\" were just slightly modified in providing the \"Lorenzposition\" by reducing the abduction. The rate of necrosis of the femoral head (4.3%) did not change significantly. In only one case we did not succeed in repositioning a completely luxated hipjoint conservatively. Children up to the age of 3 years can be treated conservatively by this method.", "PMID": 716560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6548", "title": "[High tibial osteotomy for gonarthrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Tibial osteotomy proximal to the tuberosity is a successful method of treating osteoarthritis of the knee joint with a axial deformity. The clinical results of 54 osteotomies carried out between 1971 and 1975 show significant pain relief after correction of the deformity. There were only a few complications. Internal fixation by plates or other devices is superflous. A single staple is sufficient to allow early movement and weight-bearing because of the broad contact of cancellous bone at the osteotomy site. So this operation is the method of choice especially in the elderly patient with cardio-vascular disease. In the case of failure of the osteotomy other salvage procedures as well as joint replacement are still possible.", "contents": "[High tibial osteotomy for gonarthrosis (author's transl)]. Tibial osteotomy proximal to the tuberosity is a successful method of treating osteoarthritis of the knee joint with a axial deformity. The clinical results of 54 osteotomies carried out between 1971 and 1975 show significant pain relief after correction of the deformity. There were only a few complications. Internal fixation by plates or other devices is superflous. A single staple is sufficient to allow early movement and weight-bearing because of the broad contact of cancellous bone at the osteotomy site. So this operation is the method of choice especially in the elderly patient with cardio-vascular disease. In the case of failure of the osteotomy other salvage procedures as well as joint replacement are still possible.", "PMID": 716561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6549", "title": "[Studies on thermoregulative performance of disabled persons with congenital maldevelopment of the limbs and acquired loss of limbs during defined physical work and passive heat load (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparative studies were conducted in 20 persons without hands (amputated a long time ago) and in fifteen juveniles (12--15 years) with dysemlia (phocomelia or ectromelia), tested in each case against groups of non-disabled persons of corresponding age. All persons under examination had to perform the same, graded treadmill work under thermoconstant condition (30 degrees C, 45% rel. humidity). These tests pointed towards the existence of a particularly economic mode of thermoregulation in persons with dysmelia obviously involving adaptive processes of energy metabolism as well, whereas such adaptation does not take place--not even in the course of many years--in disabled persons with acquired loss of limbs. The persons with congenital dysmelia showed lower temperatures of the interior of the body, less sweat loss, and on the average a lower uptake of oxygen than non-disabled persons of the same age, whereas higher temperatures of the interior of the body, greater sweat loss, and a higher oxygen uptake were measured in the persons whose arms had been amputated a long time ago (ie persons without hands). Under passive heat load (40 degrees C, 30 min.) the amputated persons showed a corresponding thermoregulative performance as during physical work, in comparison to the non-disabled persons.", "contents": "[Studies on thermoregulative performance of disabled persons with congenital maldevelopment of the limbs and acquired loss of limbs during defined physical work and passive heat load (author's transl)]. Comparative studies were conducted in 20 persons without hands (amputated a long time ago) and in fifteen juveniles (12--15 years) with dysemlia (phocomelia or ectromelia), tested in each case against groups of non-disabled persons of corresponding age. All persons under examination had to perform the same, graded treadmill work under thermoconstant condition (30 degrees C, 45% rel. humidity). These tests pointed towards the existence of a particularly economic mode of thermoregulation in persons with dysmelia obviously involving adaptive processes of energy metabolism as well, whereas such adaptation does not take place--not even in the course of many years--in disabled persons with acquired loss of limbs. The persons with congenital dysmelia showed lower temperatures of the interior of the body, less sweat loss, and on the average a lower uptake of oxygen than non-disabled persons of the same age, whereas higher temperatures of the interior of the body, greater sweat loss, and a higher oxygen uptake were measured in the persons whose arms had been amputated a long time ago (ie persons without hands). Under passive heat load (40 degrees C, 30 min.) the amputated persons showed a corresponding thermoregulative performance as during physical work, in comparison to the non-disabled persons.", "PMID": 716563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6550", "title": "[Acute course of arthropathia syringomyelica. A case history contribution to the differential diagnosis of acute affection of the shoulder joint (author's transl)].", "content": "Basing on own observations of a typical base, the article presents the clinical and X-ray symptoms of an acute arthropathia syringomyelica of only 3 weeks' duration. Differential diagnosis of inflammatory or tumorous processes of the shoulder joint is performed and it is pointed out that accurate diagnosis is possible despite the rare occurrence of the condition. Contrary to the opinion held by other authors, the present study seems to permit the interpretation that destruction of the joint originates from the bony joint mouse.", "contents": "[Acute course of arthropathia syringomyelica. A case history contribution to the differential diagnosis of acute affection of the shoulder joint (author's transl)]. Basing on own observations of a typical base, the article presents the clinical and X-ray symptoms of an acute arthropathia syringomyelica of only 3 weeks' duration. Differential diagnosis of inflammatory or tumorous processes of the shoulder joint is performed and it is pointed out that accurate diagnosis is possible despite the rare occurrence of the condition. Contrary to the opinion held by other authors, the present study seems to permit the interpretation that destruction of the joint originates from the bony joint mouse.", "PMID": 716564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6551", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of tumors: plasma cell osteomyelitis--Ewing's sarcoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiographical changes of the left humerus, diaphysial, partly subcortical partly periostal suspect for Ewing's Tumor alarms the surrounding of a 15-year-old boy. By a rapid and exact examination as well as by an therapeutical punction the severe suspect of Ewing's Tumor could be eliminated. The tumore symptoms similarity of the plasmazellular Osteomyelitis is discussed.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of tumors: plasma cell osteomyelitis--Ewing's sarcoma (author's transl)]. Radiographical changes of the left humerus, diaphysial, partly subcortical partly periostal suspect for Ewing's Tumor alarms the surrounding of a 15-year-old boy. By a rapid and exact examination as well as by an therapeutical punction the severe suspect of Ewing's Tumor could be eliminated. The tumore symptoms similarity of the plasmazellular Osteomyelitis is discussed.", "PMID": 716565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6552", "title": "[Functional differentiation of different portions of the the rat neocortex].", "content": "The effect of uni- and bilateral ablation of rostral and caudal parts of neocortex on conditioned avoidance reflex was studied on naive and pretrained albino rats. Maximal impairment of the reflex was seen after bilateral ablation of the caudal region of neocortex, minimal one--after unilateral neocortex ablation. The rats without rostral cortex showed medium impairment. After extirpation of caudal cortex the number of positive reactions to light was greater in pretrained rats than in naive ones. After total cortical extirpation the previously elaborated conditioned reflex disappeared irreversibly. The conclusion is made on functional heterogeneity of the rostral and caudal cortex.", "contents": "[Functional differentiation of different portions of the the rat neocortex]. The effect of uni- and bilateral ablation of rostral and caudal parts of neocortex on conditioned avoidance reflex was studied on naive and pretrained albino rats. Maximal impairment of the reflex was seen after bilateral ablation of the caudal region of neocortex, minimal one--after unilateral neocortex ablation. The rats without rostral cortex showed medium impairment. After extirpation of caudal cortex the number of positive reactions to light was greater in pretrained rats than in naive ones. After total cortical extirpation the previously elaborated conditioned reflex disappeared irreversibly. The conclusion is made on functional heterogeneity of the rostral and caudal cortex.", "PMID": 716588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6553", "title": "[Alteration of the hypothalamic electrical stimulation disconnection reaction in rats during chronic morphine administration].", "content": "Rats with electrodes implanted in the hypothalamus were trained to switch off the central stimulation. Animals were administered 12--30 injections of morphine in increasing doses (from 20 up to 120--180 mg/kg/injection). The drug exerted a dose-proportional suppressive effect on the escape response. During repeated injections an absolute or relative tolerance to the suppressive action developed in the responses both to central and to peripheral painful stimulation. The suppressive action seems to be specific and does not correlate with the catatonic reaction and changes in general motor activity. The activation of gnawing response was noted after the morphine injections in doses of 60 mg/kg and higher. In one of the animals the transformation of the negative effect into ambivalent one as well as self-stimulation were observed. \"Antiaversive\" effect is considered to be one of the determinants of morphine abuse and addiction liability.", "contents": "[Alteration of the hypothalamic electrical stimulation disconnection reaction in rats during chronic morphine administration]. Rats with electrodes implanted in the hypothalamus were trained to switch off the central stimulation. Animals were administered 12--30 injections of morphine in increasing doses (from 20 up to 120--180 mg/kg/injection). The drug exerted a dose-proportional suppressive effect on the escape response. During repeated injections an absolute or relative tolerance to the suppressive action developed in the responses both to central and to peripheral painful stimulation. The suppressive action seems to be specific and does not correlate with the catatonic reaction and changes in general motor activity. The activation of gnawing response was noted after the morphine injections in doses of 60 mg/kg and higher. In one of the animals the transformation of the negative effect into ambivalent one as well as self-stimulation were observed. \"Antiaversive\" effect is considered to be one of the determinants of morphine abuse and addiction liability.", "PMID": 716590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6554", "title": "[Evoked brain potentials and perception errors].", "content": "Visual evoked potentials were studied in a psychophysical experiment based on discrimination of two phtoic flashes of different brightness. EP were summarized in accordance with the four experimental results: correct detection, misses, false alarms and correct rejection. It was found out that EP parameters are in a rather precise correspondence with the perceived brightness of stimuli. The subjective brightness depends in its turn, on two factors: intensity of stimulation and sensitivity of sensory input. Maintenance of sensitivity at a constant level provides for the precision of perception. On the contrary, the changes in sensitivity lead to errors in detection. The data obtained show that these changes may result from the shift of brain DC potential.", "contents": "[Evoked brain potentials and perception errors]. Visual evoked potentials were studied in a psychophysical experiment based on discrimination of two phtoic flashes of different brightness. EP were summarized in accordance with the four experimental results: correct detection, misses, false alarms and correct rejection. It was found out that EP parameters are in a rather precise correspondence with the perceived brightness of stimuli. The subjective brightness depends in its turn, on two factors: intensity of stimulation and sensitivity of sensory input. Maintenance of sensitivity at a constant level provides for the precision of perception. On the contrary, the changes in sensitivity lead to errors in detection. The data obtained show that these changes may result from the shift of brain DC potential.", "PMID": 716592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6555", "title": "[Multiple sensory projections in the dolphin cerebral cortex].", "content": "The paper presents characteristics of evoked potentials appearing in response to afferent stimuli in the dolphin visual and auditory cortical areas. Both the visual and auditory areas are divided into zones which generate evoked potentials different in form and temporal parameters. They may be regarded as multiple projection zones of the visual and auditory analysers respectively.", "contents": "[Multiple sensory projections in the dolphin cerebral cortex]. The paper presents characteristics of evoked potentials appearing in response to afferent stimuli in the dolphin visual and auditory cortical areas. Both the visual and auditory areas are divided into zones which generate evoked potentials different in form and temporal parameters. They may be regarded as multiple projection zones of the visual and auditory analysers respectively.", "PMID": 716593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6556", "title": "[Mechanisms causing repeated pedal pressing during self stimulation of the brain].", "content": "Mono- and polymodal histograms of pauses duration were obtained in rats during self-stimulation (SS) through electrodes implanted in the lateral hypothalamus. Changes in motivational state (deprivation--satiation) did not markedly affect the histogram pattern. It is concluded that the SS drive mechanism is not connected with natural motivations. In all experiments, a high negative correlation between \"optimal criterion\" parameters and model pause duration is obtained. It is suggested that one and the same mechanism underlies both the SS-reinforcement and drive. Reinforcement is probably connected with current excitation of reinforcing structures during stimulation, whereas the drive is caused by trace activation of the same cerebral structures after the stimulation.", "contents": "[Mechanisms causing repeated pedal pressing during self stimulation of the brain]. Mono- and polymodal histograms of pauses duration were obtained in rats during self-stimulation (SS) through electrodes implanted in the lateral hypothalamus. Changes in motivational state (deprivation--satiation) did not markedly affect the histogram pattern. It is concluded that the SS drive mechanism is not connected with natural motivations. In all experiments, a high negative correlation between \"optimal criterion\" parameters and model pause duration is obtained. It is suggested that one and the same mechanism underlies both the SS-reinforcement and drive. Reinforcement is probably connected with current excitation of reinforcing structures during stimulation, whereas the drive is caused by trace activation of the same cerebral structures after the stimulation.", "PMID": 716589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6557", "title": "[EEG activity of symmetrical points of the cerebral cortex during unilateral cooling of the temporal neocortex in cats].", "content": "A study of ten alert cats has shown that inactivation with cold of the temporal neocortex elicits a sharp drop in EEG activity in all the examined points of the homonymous hemisphere, which actually points to a temporary switching off of its function. At the same time a unilateral switching off of the temporal area brings about an increase in EEG activity of the contralateral hemisphere. Functional asymmetry sets in not only in the system of the auditory analyser, but also in other sensory systems. Systematic cold switching off of the temporal cortex in one hemisphere results in a reduced contrast in the EEG of the brain symmetrical regions.", "contents": "[EEG activity of symmetrical points of the cerebral cortex during unilateral cooling of the temporal neocortex in cats]. A study of ten alert cats has shown that inactivation with cold of the temporal neocortex elicits a sharp drop in EEG activity in all the examined points of the homonymous hemisphere, which actually points to a temporary switching off of its function. At the same time a unilateral switching off of the temporal area brings about an increase in EEG activity of the contralateral hemisphere. Functional asymmetry sets in not only in the system of the auditory analyser, but also in other sensory systems. Systematic cold switching off of the temporal cortex in one hemisphere results in a reduced contrast in the EEG of the brain symmetrical regions.", "PMID": 716594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6558", "title": "[Trace processes in the neuronal activity of the rabbit cerebral cortex following rhythmic photic and electrocutaneous stimulation].", "content": "Trace unit activity in the visual and sensorimotor cortical areas was studied in alert rabbits after photic and electro-cutaneous stimulation. The ability of the sensorimotor area to preserve temporal stimulation pattern in the afteraction interval was higher than that of the visual area. Maximal rhythm preservation and a higher level of distant correlation in cortical unit activity were seen after synchronous bimodal stimulation. The data obtained suggest some diversity of the mechanisms of trace and evoked activity of cortical neurones.", "contents": "[Trace processes in the neuronal activity of the rabbit cerebral cortex following rhythmic photic and electrocutaneous stimulation]. Trace unit activity in the visual and sensorimotor cortical areas was studied in alert rabbits after photic and electro-cutaneous stimulation. The ability of the sensorimotor area to preserve temporal stimulation pattern in the afteraction interval was higher than that of the visual area. Maximal rhythm preservation and a higher level of distant correlation in cortical unit activity were seen after synchronous bimodal stimulation. The data obtained suggest some diversity of the mechanisms of trace and evoked activity of cortical neurones.", "PMID": 716595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6559", "title": "[Instrumental conditioned reflexes to salt and acid stimuli in carp].", "content": "In experiments on unrestrained carps, a comparative study was made of the analysis of different concentrations of NaCl and HCl (starting with threshold ones) by means of instrumental conditioned reflexes, aimed at eliminating harmful chemical stuffs from water medium. Salt concentrations, in response to which the formation of a conditioned reflex is possible (3--9 mM) are by an order higher than those for the acid (0.3--0.85 mM). The intensity and duration of manifestation of the defensive conditioned reflex depend directly on the strength (concentration) of the chemical stimulus. Cessation of motor conditioned reaction providing for restoration of the optimal conditions of the surrounding takes place when initial concentration of the stimuli in experimental reservoir is reduced to values close to threshold ones, namely to about 2 mM for NaCl and to about 0.2 mM for HCl, i.e. to a minimal concentration compatible with normal vital activity. After extirpation of the forebrain, the fish lose the capacity for active elimination from the surroundings of both salt and acid components.", "contents": "[Instrumental conditioned reflexes to salt and acid stimuli in carp]. In experiments on unrestrained carps, a comparative study was made of the analysis of different concentrations of NaCl and HCl (starting with threshold ones) by means of instrumental conditioned reflexes, aimed at eliminating harmful chemical stuffs from water medium. Salt concentrations, in response to which the formation of a conditioned reflex is possible (3--9 mM) are by an order higher than those for the acid (0.3--0.85 mM). The intensity and duration of manifestation of the defensive conditioned reflex depend directly on the strength (concentration) of the chemical stimulus. Cessation of motor conditioned reaction providing for restoration of the optimal conditions of the surrounding takes place when initial concentration of the stimuli in experimental reservoir is reduced to values close to threshold ones, namely to about 2 mM for NaCl and to about 0.2 mM for HCl, i.e. to a minimal concentration compatible with normal vital activity. After extirpation of the forebrain, the fish lose the capacity for active elimination from the surroundings of both salt and acid components.", "PMID": 716591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6560", "title": "[State of cerebral neuronal nuclear chromatin during multimodal stimuli to the body].", "content": "The state of nuclear DNA, revealed by the microfluorometric method, changed unequally in conditions of dissimilar afferentation in different classes of the neurones in the neocortex and the hippocampal dentate fascia. It may be assumed that the examined classes of cells (large pyramids and stellate neurones of the sensorimotor zone of the cerebral cortex and the granular cells of the dentate fascia of the hippocampus) possess a different structural functional organization of genome. This probably accounts for the peculiarities of their functioning.", "contents": "[State of cerebral neuronal nuclear chromatin during multimodal stimuli to the body]. The state of nuclear DNA, revealed by the microfluorometric method, changed unequally in conditions of dissimilar afferentation in different classes of the neurones in the neocortex and the hippocampal dentate fascia. It may be assumed that the examined classes of cells (large pyramids and stellate neurones of the sensorimotor zone of the cerebral cortex and the granular cells of the dentate fascia of the hippocampus) possess a different structural functional organization of genome. This probably accounts for the peculiarities of their functioning.", "PMID": 716596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6561", "title": "[Physiological and genetic ways of studying the extrapolation capability of mice].", "content": "Elementary reasoning--the ability of mice to extrapolate the direction of alimentary stimulus movement--was investigated in gentically different groups of animals. It was shown that mice possessing. Robertsonian translocation Rb(8,17) 11EM were superior in the extrapolation task solving than mice with normal kariotype, or mice with Robertsonian translocations of other types (RB(5, 19)1Wh, Rb(6, 15)1ALD, Rb(9, 14)6Bnr, Rb(16, 17)7bnr). Mice selected for low brain weight were superior in the extrapolation task solving than mice with high brain weight in 3--11 generations of selection. In F12--F14 this difference was absent. Mice with Robertsonian translocations and mice selected for brain weight are perspective models for physiological and genetic study of elementary reasoning.", "contents": "[Physiological and genetic ways of studying the extrapolation capability of mice]. Elementary reasoning--the ability of mice to extrapolate the direction of alimentary stimulus movement--was investigated in gentically different groups of animals. It was shown that mice possessing. Robertsonian translocation Rb(8,17) 11EM were superior in the extrapolation task solving than mice with normal kariotype, or mice with Robertsonian translocations of other types (RB(5, 19)1Wh, Rb(6, 15)1ALD, Rb(9, 14)6Bnr, Rb(16, 17)7bnr). Mice selected for low brain weight were superior in the extrapolation task solving than mice with high brain weight in 3--11 generations of selection. In F12--F14 this difference was absent. Mice with Robertsonian translocations and mice selected for brain weight are perspective models for physiological and genetic study of elementary reasoning.", "PMID": 716604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6562", "title": "[Conditioned reflex leg placing reaction induced by stimulation of brain structures].", "content": "The mechanogram of fore-leg movement and evoked potentials in the leg cortical motor area this as well as biceps EMG were recorded in 4 cats in chronic experiment during conditioned placing reactions, elicited by tactile stimulation of the paw tip and by electrical stimulation of several cortical and subcortical brain structures. Mean latency of the conditioned movement and its dispersion were of the same order of values during reactions caused both by tactile stimulation and by electrical stimulation of the cortical motor area. During placing reactions to the stimulation of the sensory cortex, ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus and the cerebral peduncles these values were significantly higher than in the first case.", "contents": "[Conditioned reflex leg placing reaction induced by stimulation of brain structures]. The mechanogram of fore-leg movement and evoked potentials in the leg cortical motor area this as well as biceps EMG were recorded in 4 cats in chronic experiment during conditioned placing reactions, elicited by tactile stimulation of the paw tip and by electrical stimulation of several cortical and subcortical brain structures. Mean latency of the conditioned movement and its dispersion were of the same order of values during reactions caused both by tactile stimulation and by electrical stimulation of the cortical motor area. During placing reactions to the stimulation of the sensory cortex, ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus and the cerebral peduncles these values were significantly higher than in the first case.", "PMID": 716607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6563", "title": "[Dynamics of conditioned reflex preservation in young and adult rats].", "content": "Experimental data are presented on the formation and retention during 24 hours of a motor alimentary conditioned reflex (MCR) in a T-maze, in rats 4--5 months and 1,5--2 months old. In adult rats the formation of MCR required a significantly smaller number of runs and less time, than in young ones. In young animals reflex retention is better as compared to adults. Traces of MCR change regularly throughout 24 hours in both animal groups which may be due to development of memory in several stages, in young animals this process being slower.", "contents": "[Dynamics of conditioned reflex preservation in young and adult rats]. Experimental data are presented on the formation and retention during 24 hours of a motor alimentary conditioned reflex (MCR) in a T-maze, in rats 4--5 months and 1,5--2 months old. In adult rats the formation of MCR required a significantly smaller number of runs and less time, than in young ones. In young animals reflex retention is better as compared to adults. Traces of MCR change regularly throughout 24 hours in both animal groups which may be due to development of memory in several stages, in young animals this process being slower.", "PMID": 716608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6564", "title": "[Rhythmic activity of central portions of the cat visual analyzer during different forms of behavior].", "content": "Synchronized EEG activity of visual cortex and some other parts of the brain was recorded in cats during milk licking. The frequency range, cortico-subcortical topography and some conditions of its appearance and blockade were analyzed. It was found, that this activity consisted of two rhythms with frequencies of 6--9 and 9--15 c/s and was strongly influenced by visual conditions. By come parameters it also differed from EEG of drowsiness and light sleep. Possible mechanisms and localization of pacemakers of this activity was discussed as well as its similarity to human alpha rhythm.", "contents": "[Rhythmic activity of central portions of the cat visual analyzer during different forms of behavior]. Synchronized EEG activity of visual cortex and some other parts of the brain was recorded in cats during milk licking. The frequency range, cortico-subcortical topography and some conditions of its appearance and blockade were analyzed. It was found, that this activity consisted of two rhythms with frequencies of 6--9 and 9--15 c/s and was strongly influenced by visual conditions. By come parameters it also differed from EEG of drowsiness and light sleep. Possible mechanisms and localization of pacemakers of this activity was discussed as well as its similarity to human alpha rhythm.", "PMID": 716606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6565", "title": "[Possible role of conformational changes in synaptic proteins in mechanisms of temporary connection formation].", "content": "Possible mechanism and the role of structural changes in the proteins of synaptic membranes in the process of formation of the temporary connection is discussed on the basis of existing assumptions and experimental data. Our experimental data suggest that during learning the structural changes occur in the synaptic membrane which are due to the conformation changes in the external and the integral proteins of membranes. Low-molecular proteins of synaptoplasma may play the role of the \"carriers\" and connectors and at a certain stage promote a conformation changes in synaptic proteins.", "contents": "[Possible role of conformational changes in synaptic proteins in mechanisms of temporary connection formation]. Possible mechanism and the role of structural changes in the proteins of synaptic membranes in the process of formation of the temporary connection is discussed on the basis of existing assumptions and experimental data. Our experimental data suggest that during learning the structural changes occur in the synaptic membrane which are due to the conformation changes in the external and the integral proteins of membranes. Low-molecular proteins of synaptoplasma may play the role of the \"carriers\" and connectors and at a certain stage promote a conformation changes in synaptic proteins.", "PMID": 716609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6566", "title": "[Forward and reverse connections in the presence of a combination of indifferent stimuli].", "content": "In pairing of auditory and photic stimuli, the first stimulus caused an orientation reaction typical of the second stimulus even before its action, while the \"proper\" reaction to the first stimulus was reduced. Difference between orientation reactions to \"positive\" and \"differentiation\" stimuli was revealed. If the \"positive\" stimulus evoked the orientation reaction typical of the second stimulus, and the proper reaction was weakened, then the differentiation stimulus elicited mainly the proper reaction or no orientation reaction at all. This seems to be due to the specialization of reactions of performed by means forward connection.", "contents": "[Forward and reverse connections in the presence of a combination of indifferent stimuli]. In pairing of auditory and photic stimuli, the first stimulus caused an orientation reaction typical of the second stimulus even before its action, while the \"proper\" reaction to the first stimulus was reduced. Difference between orientation reactions to \"positive\" and \"differentiation\" stimuli was revealed. If the \"positive\" stimulus evoked the orientation reaction typical of the second stimulus, and the proper reaction was weakened, then the differentiation stimulus elicited mainly the proper reaction or no orientation reaction at all. This seems to be due to the specialization of reactions of performed by means forward connection.", "PMID": 716610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6567", "title": "[Neuronal organization of a focus of unconditioned excitation in the cat sensomotor cortex].", "content": "The impulse activity of sensorimotor area neurones, situated near the point of its direct electrical stimulation used as a reinforcing stimulus, was studied in cats. The rearrangement of impulse activity during reflex elaboration consisted in the reduction of frequency of background activity, in changes in the character of neuronal reactivity and of the pattern of response to the signal and reinforcing stimuli. During the reflex elaboration the percentage of polymodal neurones increased. Tonic response to the conditioned sound stimulus changed into a phasic one. The inhibitory component of responses to direct electrical stimulation of the sensorimotor cortex became more protracted.", "contents": "[Neuronal organization of a focus of unconditioned excitation in the cat sensomotor cortex]. The impulse activity of sensorimotor area neurones, situated near the point of its direct electrical stimulation used as a reinforcing stimulus, was studied in cats. The rearrangement of impulse activity during reflex elaboration consisted in the reduction of frequency of background activity, in changes in the character of neuronal reactivity and of the pattern of response to the signal and reinforcing stimuli. During the reflex elaboration the percentage of polymodal neurones increased. Tonic response to the conditioned sound stimulus changed into a phasic one. The inhibitory component of responses to direct electrical stimulation of the sensorimotor cortex became more protracted.", "PMID": 716612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6568", "title": "[Defensive dominant detected by an unconditioned blinking reflex].", "content": "Multiple stimulation of rabbit leg with short DC pulses of both threshold and subthreshold intensities creates in corresponding areas of CNS a focus of excitation with dominant properties: summation, inertia et al. When an unconditioned reflex (blinking) was used as in agent exposing defensive dominant, it was found that summation in the dominant focus may occur without a conjugate inhibition of the subdominant center. During summation the dominant center is not uniform. Depending on the level of excitation in the dominant focus, the subdominant focus may be both in inhibitory state (no blinking in response to the subdominant stimulus) and in a state of enhanced excitation (the reflex to its proper stimulus increases). Multiple pairings of two subthreshold stimulations (of leg and eyelid) result in the establishment of a temporary connection with two-way conductivity.", "contents": "[Defensive dominant detected by an unconditioned blinking reflex]. Multiple stimulation of rabbit leg with short DC pulses of both threshold and subthreshold intensities creates in corresponding areas of CNS a focus of excitation with dominant properties: summation, inertia et al. When an unconditioned reflex (blinking) was used as in agent exposing defensive dominant, it was found that summation in the dominant focus may occur without a conjugate inhibition of the subdominant center. During summation the dominant center is not uniform. Depending on the level of excitation in the dominant focus, the subdominant focus may be both in inhibitory state (no blinking in response to the subdominant stimulus) and in a state of enhanced excitation (the reflex to its proper stimulus increases). Multiple pairings of two subthreshold stimulations (of leg and eyelid) result in the establishment of a temporary connection with two-way conductivity.", "PMID": 716613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6569", "title": "[Conditioned motor-alimentary reflexes in cats following ablation of the body of Luys].", "content": "Alimentary conditioned motor reflexes in cats were elaborated in special chambers. Subsequently, the subthalamic nucleus was damaged, first on one and then on the other side. After its unilateral destruction, temporary disturbance in the cat behaviour was observed disappearing within 2--3 weeks. Bilateral destruction of the subthalamic nucleus led to a stable disturbance in the reaction of choice of reinforcement side in conditions of uncertainty.", "contents": "[Conditioned motor-alimentary reflexes in cats following ablation of the body of Luys]. Alimentary conditioned motor reflexes in cats were elaborated in special chambers. Subsequently, the subthalamic nucleus was damaged, first on one and then on the other side. After its unilateral destruction, temporary disturbance in the cat behaviour was observed disappearing within 2--3 weeks. Bilateral destruction of the subthalamic nucleus led to a stable disturbance in the reaction of choice of reinforcement side in conditions of uncertainty.", "PMID": 716611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6570", "title": "The effect of human serum in vitro on Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei species trypanosomes and its relationship to infectivity in the blood incubation infectivity test.", "content": "All attempts to identify Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei species trypanosome strains by their sensitivity or resistance to human serum in vitro have so far been unsuccessful. Wet-film examination of T.(T.) b. brucei, T. (T.)b. rhodesiense and T. (Nannomonas) congolense trypanosome strains, both before and after in vitro incubation in fresh human blood for 5 hours at 37 degrees C showed that serum-sensitivity or serum-resistance is not a constant and reproducible property of a trypanosome strain and is totally unrelated to infectivity.", "contents": "The effect of human serum in vitro on Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei species trypanosomes and its relationship to infectivity in the blood incubation infectivity test. All attempts to identify Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei species trypanosome strains by their sensitivity or resistance to human serum in vitro have so far been unsuccessful. Wet-film examination of T.(T.) b. brucei, T. (T.)b. rhodesiense and T. (Nannomonas) congolense trypanosome strains, both before and after in vitro incubation in fresh human blood for 5 hours at 37 degrees C showed that serum-sensitivity or serum-resistance is not a constant and reproducible property of a trypanosome strain and is totally unrelated to infectivity.", "PMID": 716625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6571", "title": "Blood transfusion--a review of the literature.", "content": "The dangers of using whole blood and its disadvantages are pointed out and the place of crystalloid or colloid transfusion as an adjuvant or substitute is discussed. The use of blood fractions for treatment of anaemias and clotting disorders is stressed. This means a reduction in amount of blood used for transfusion and hence reduction in cost and morbidity due to blood transfusion.", "contents": "Blood transfusion--a review of the literature. The dangers of using whole blood and its disadvantages are pointed out and the place of crystalloid or colloid transfusion as an adjuvant or substitute is discussed. The use of blood fractions for treatment of anaemias and clotting disorders is stressed. This means a reduction in amount of blood used for transfusion and hence reduction in cost and morbidity due to blood transfusion.", "PMID": 716626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6572", "title": "Determination of nitrite at low level without prior extraction.", "content": "A method has been devised for the determination of nitrite at low level that is directly applicable to food or other dried matrices without prior extraction. Nitric oxide released from nitrite through the action of acetic acid is determined using a chemiluminescence analyser. The limit of detection is approximately 0.02 microgram, the coefficients of variation being 5.7 and 8.2% using 0.1 and 0.05 microgram of sodium nitrite, respectively. The chemiluminescence analyser response is diminished when water in excess of 0.5 ml is present in the assay system unless hydrogen bromide in acetic acid is used instead of acetic acid alone. The application of the method to the direct determination of nitrite in freeze-dried cod fish has indicated a content of 0.25 mg NaNO2 per kg, equivalent to 0.050 mg per kg of the original undried material.", "contents": "Determination of nitrite at low level without prior extraction. A method has been devised for the determination of nitrite at low level that is directly applicable to food or other dried matrices without prior extraction. Nitric oxide released from nitrite through the action of acetic acid is determined using a chemiluminescence analyser. The limit of detection is approximately 0.02 microgram, the coefficients of variation being 5.7 and 8.2% using 0.1 and 0.05 microgram of sodium nitrite, respectively. The chemiluminescence analyser response is diminished when water in excess of 0.5 ml is present in the assay system unless hydrogen bromide in acetic acid is used instead of acetic acid alone. The application of the method to the direct determination of nitrite in freeze-dried cod fish has indicated a content of 0.25 mg NaNO2 per kg, equivalent to 0.050 mg per kg of the original undried material.", "PMID": 716632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6573", "title": "[A rapid method for the isolation and quantitative analysis of 3,4-benzpyrene [benzo(a)pyrene] in food (author's transl)].", "content": "A method for the isolation and the quantitative determination of benzo(a)pyrene in food is described. The material is suspended in petroleum-ether. Benzo(a)pyrene is extracted from the organic phase as a water-soluble caffeine-complex. After re-extracting and purifying by column chromatography on silica gel the quantitative evaluation of benzo(a)pyrene is carried out by thinlayer chromatography and fluorimetric scanning of the cellulose acetate plates. To test the method benzo(a)pyrene was added to several products in concentrations of 100 to 1000 ng. A recovery of about 80% was achieved. Each analysis takes a total of 5 h.", "contents": "[A rapid method for the isolation and quantitative analysis of 3,4-benzpyrene [benzo(a)pyrene] in food (author's transl)]. A method for the isolation and the quantitative determination of benzo(a)pyrene in food is described. The material is suspended in petroleum-ether. Benzo(a)pyrene is extracted from the organic phase as a water-soluble caffeine-complex. After re-extracting and purifying by column chromatography on silica gel the quantitative evaluation of benzo(a)pyrene is carried out by thinlayer chromatography and fluorimetric scanning of the cellulose acetate plates. To test the method benzo(a)pyrene was added to several products in concentrations of 100 to 1000 ng. A recovery of about 80% was achieved. Each analysis takes a total of 5 h.", "PMID": 716633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6574", "title": "Evaluation of lysinoalanine determinations in food proteins.", "content": "A comparison is made between lysinoalanine (LAL) determinations both with an automatic amino acid analyzer (AAA) and with thin layer chromatography-densitometry (TLC) in different types of food and food ingredients, taken from the Dutch market. Generally there is a reasonable agreement between the LAL content obtained by both methods. However, some results indicate that a single technique is not always conclusive about the real identity of the ninhydrin-positive compound at the same position as LAL on the chromatogram. By TLC for instance, in yeast a content of about 800 mg of LAL/kg in protein is found, but according to the AAA method no LAL is present. In heated milk and milk products the LAL content determined by the TLC method is also higher than that found by the AAA method. This is caused by a preceding unknown ninhydrin-positive compound in TLC, occurring in all heated milk products and practically coinciding with LAL. In the AAA technique similar interferences of unknown ninhydrin-positive compounds could be avoided by choosing a suitable elution temperature; however, application of this temperature modification to foaming agents gave no satisfactory results.", "contents": "Evaluation of lysinoalanine determinations in food proteins. A comparison is made between lysinoalanine (LAL) determinations both with an automatic amino acid analyzer (AAA) and with thin layer chromatography-densitometry (TLC) in different types of food and food ingredients, taken from the Dutch market. Generally there is a reasonable agreement between the LAL content obtained by both methods. However, some results indicate that a single technique is not always conclusive about the real identity of the ninhydrin-positive compound at the same position as LAL on the chromatogram. By TLC for instance, in yeast a content of about 800 mg of LAL/kg in protein is found, but according to the AAA method no LAL is present. In heated milk and milk products the LAL content determined by the TLC method is also higher than that found by the AAA method. This is caused by a preceding unknown ninhydrin-positive compound in TLC, occurring in all heated milk products and practically coinciding with LAL. In the AAA technique similar interferences of unknown ninhydrin-positive compounds could be avoided by choosing a suitable elution temperature; however, application of this temperature modification to foaming agents gave no satisfactory results.", "PMID": 716634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6575", "title": "Chlorohydrins in protein hydrolysates.", "content": "Four samples of neutral fractions of protein hydrolysates were separated by gas chromatography and the individual components were identified from the mass spectra obtained. Some of the identified compounds were not previously reported as volatile components of foodstuffs. Three of these compounds namely 3-chloropropan-1-ol, 2,3-dichloropropan-1-ol, and 1,3-dichloropropan-2-ol, were toxic chlorohydrins. 1,3-Dichloropropan-2-ol was present in samples in concentrations 0.17 to 0.94 mg/kg. To check the possibilities of the formation of these chlorohydrins and to find their precursor, glycerol, and hydrochloric acid mixtures were heated under conditions of producing protein hydrolysates. All three chlorohydrins, formerly found in protein hydrolysates have been identified.", "contents": "Chlorohydrins in protein hydrolysates. Four samples of neutral fractions of protein hydrolysates were separated by gas chromatography and the individual components were identified from the mass spectra obtained. Some of the identified compounds were not previously reported as volatile components of foodstuffs. Three of these compounds namely 3-chloropropan-1-ol, 2,3-dichloropropan-1-ol, and 1,3-dichloropropan-2-ol, were toxic chlorohydrins. 1,3-Dichloropropan-2-ol was present in samples in concentrations 0.17 to 0.94 mg/kg. To check the possibilities of the formation of these chlorohydrins and to find their precursor, glycerol, and hydrochloric acid mixtures were heated under conditions of producing protein hydrolysates. All three chlorohydrins, formerly found in protein hydrolysates have been identified.", "PMID": 716635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6576", "title": "Phaeochromocytoma in pregnancy: report on two cases and a review of the literature.", "content": "Two cases of phaecochromocytoma in pregnancy are described. One case was diagnosed at autopsy and in the other case the tumour was successfully removed. The world and particularly African literature on the subject is briefly reviewed. The clinical feature diagnosis and management are discussed in the context of the reported cases.", "contents": "Phaeochromocytoma in pregnancy: report on two cases and a review of the literature. Two cases of phaecochromocytoma in pregnancy are described. One case was diagnosed at autopsy and in the other case the tumour was successfully removed. The world and particularly African literature on the subject is briefly reviewed. The clinical feature diagnosis and management are discussed in the context of the reported cases.", "PMID": 716628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6577", "title": "A case of cryptococcoma producing tracheal obstruction during anaesthesia.", "content": "A case of cryptococcoma of the right upper lobe producing tracheal obstruction during anaesthesia is reported. Whilst conscious the patient breathed spontaneously with little difficulty. The reasons underlying complete tracheal obstruction during anaesthesia are discussed.", "contents": "A case of cryptococcoma producing tracheal obstruction during anaesthesia. A case of cryptococcoma of the right upper lobe producing tracheal obstruction during anaesthesia is reported. Whilst conscious the patient breathed spontaneously with little difficulty. The reasons underlying complete tracheal obstruction during anaesthesia are discussed.", "PMID": 716629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6578", "title": "Bacterial liver abscess--a diagnostic problem.", "content": "Two cases of bacterial liver abscess presented to a hospital during an 18 month period. Both involved male caucasians who had been resident in Zambia for many years. The cases are recorded with a review of the recent literature. The difficulty in diagnosis and importance of adequate surgical drainage are stressed.", "contents": "Bacterial liver abscess--a diagnostic problem. Two cases of bacterial liver abscess presented to a hospital during an 18 month period. Both involved male caucasians who had been resident in Zambia for many years. The cases are recorded with a review of the recent literature. The difficulty in diagnosis and importance of adequate surgical drainage are stressed.", "PMID": 716627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6579", "title": "[Quick residue control of plant and animal food, tobacco, and tobacco-products by Sweep-Co analysis. 1 (author's transl)].", "content": "Control of Pesticides residues in imports and on market-places are only practicable, if a true statement is possible very quickly. The multi residue methods, which determinate a great number of pesticides in one analysis are well known, but very costly in time and material and cannot be automated completely. The Sweep-Co-Method can improve the present situation.", "contents": "[Quick residue control of plant and animal food, tobacco, and tobacco-products by Sweep-Co analysis. 1 (author's transl)]. Control of Pesticides residues in imports and on market-places are only practicable, if a true statement is possible very quickly. The multi residue methods, which determinate a great number of pesticides in one analysis are well known, but very costly in time and material and cannot be automated completely. The Sweep-Co-Method can improve the present situation.", "PMID": 716636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6580", "title": "Goodpasture's syndrome in a Zambian woman.", "content": "The clinical and pathological characteristics of Goodpasture's syndrome are described and a case reported in which there were classical clinical and pathological manifestations of this condition. This is the first report of this entity in an indigenous black African.", "contents": "Goodpasture's syndrome in a Zambian woman. The clinical and pathological characteristics of Goodpasture's syndrome are described and a case reported in which there were classical clinical and pathological manifestations of this condition. This is the first report of this entity in an indigenous black African.", "PMID": 716630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6581", "title": "The influence of water activity on the stability of vulgaxanthin I.", "content": "The stability of vulgaxanthin I at 100 degrees C is dependant on the water activity of the system. The half-life of vulgaxanthin I was found to be three times greater at aw 0.20 than at 1.00. The rate constants for vulgaxanthin I degradation varied exponentially with respect to water activity and below aw = 0.50 the stability was not improved.", "contents": "The influence of water activity on the stability of vulgaxanthin I. The stability of vulgaxanthin I at 100 degrees C is dependant on the water activity of the system. The half-life of vulgaxanthin I was found to be three times greater at aw 0.20 than at 1.00. The rate constants for vulgaxanthin I degradation varied exponentially with respect to water activity and below aw = 0.50 the stability was not improved.", "PMID": 716637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6582", "title": "[Detection of trenbolone residues in meat by thin layer chromatography and fluorimetry (author's transl)].", "content": "An new method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of trenbolone residues in meat, liver and kidney is described. The analytical procedure consists of the following steps: comminution of the meat sample; homogenisation with tetrahydrofurane; liquid-liquid partition first between acetonitril and hexane then between sodium hydroxide solution and petroleum ether/benzene; chromatography on a silica gel column. The detection on the TLC-plate is performed with 366 nm ultra violet light. The quantitative determination is carried out by means of a remission spectral fluorimeter directly on the plate. The detection limit in meat extracts was 5 ppb.", "contents": "[Detection of trenbolone residues in meat by thin layer chromatography and fluorimetry (author's transl)]. An new method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of trenbolone residues in meat, liver and kidney is described. The analytical procedure consists of the following steps: comminution of the meat sample; homogenisation with tetrahydrofurane; liquid-liquid partition first between acetonitril and hexane then between sodium hydroxide solution and petroleum ether/benzene; chromatography on a silica gel column. The detection on the TLC-plate is performed with 366 nm ultra violet light. The quantitative determination is carried out by means of a remission spectral fluorimeter directly on the plate. The detection limit in meat extracts was 5 ppb.", "PMID": 716638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6583", "title": "[The indication of radiation treatment for irradiated chicken on the basis of the radiation--induced loss of protein sulfhydryl groups (author's transl)].", "content": "A spectrophotometric technique for the identification of irradiated chicken (gallus domesticus) and doses ranging between 0.1 and 2.5 Mrad is described. Spectrophotometric determination of the sulfhydryl content in the animal tissue before (control) and after using 6,6'-Dithiodinicotinic acid is applied. Ionizing radiation causes a permant loss of sulfhydryl groups in the animal tissue such as chicken. Irradiation at room temperature and storing at -18 degrees C over a period of approximately one month does not show restitution or repair of the sulfhydryl loss. The dose-effect relation for this radiation-induced decrease of the sulfhydryl content can be described best by a double exponential function. Irradiation conditions, preparation of protein suspension from chicken, spectrometric investigations and other experimental details are reported. The results of all will be discussed in detail.", "contents": "[The indication of radiation treatment for irradiated chicken on the basis of the radiation--induced loss of protein sulfhydryl groups (author's transl)]. A spectrophotometric technique for the identification of irradiated chicken (gallus domesticus) and doses ranging between 0.1 and 2.5 Mrad is described. Spectrophotometric determination of the sulfhydryl content in the animal tissue before (control) and after using 6,6'-Dithiodinicotinic acid is applied. Ionizing radiation causes a permant loss of sulfhydryl groups in the animal tissue such as chicken. Irradiation at room temperature and storing at -18 degrees C over a period of approximately one month does not show restitution or repair of the sulfhydryl loss. The dose-effect relation for this radiation-induced decrease of the sulfhydryl content can be described best by a double exponential function. Irradiation conditions, preparation of protein suspension from chicken, spectrometric investigations and other experimental details are reported. The results of all will be discussed in detail.", "PMID": 716639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6584", "title": "[Effect of chemotherapy on kidney function in pyelonephritis due to calculi with kidney insufficiency].", "content": "In patients with stone pyelonephritis the behaviour of the renal function under the influence of chemotherapy was examined at the stage of the compensated retention. 24 cures carried out on clinical conditions on 10 patients with an average age of 52 years (14--71) were evaluated. By means of chemotherapy in connection with the treatment of anaemia and the compensation of acidosis the renal function could favourably be influenced and the terminal stage of the renal insufficiency could be shifted. The author adopts a definite attitude to the long-term prophylaxis.", "contents": "[Effect of chemotherapy on kidney function in pyelonephritis due to calculi with kidney insufficiency]. In patients with stone pyelonephritis the behaviour of the renal function under the influence of chemotherapy was examined at the stage of the compensated retention. 24 cures carried out on clinical conditions on 10 patients with an average age of 52 years (14--71) were evaluated. By means of chemotherapy in connection with the treatment of anaemia and the compensation of acidosis the renal function could favourably be influenced and the terminal stage of the renal insufficiency could be shifted. The author adopts a definite attitude to the long-term prophylaxis.", "PMID": 716643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6585", "title": "[Correlations between the metastable solutions of calculus-forming salts and crystals from coexistent insoluble urinary components].", "content": "The correlations between the individual stone-forming systems, expecially the induction of heterogeneous crystallization from metastable solutions of one stone-forming system by preformed crystals of the other stone-forming system, were measured semiquantitatively by the Coulter-Counter-Size Distribution Analyzer technique. It has been found out that Ca-oxalate crystals may represent potent triggers and accelerators of the phosphate precipitation from metastable Ca-phosphate solutions. The importance of this phenomenon could be attributed especially to the induction of crystal rich phosphate crystalluria at moderate pH values (6,5--6,8) by the preceding Ca-oxalate crystalluria (,,starter \"resp.\" primer \"crystalluria). The favouring, promoting influence of uric acid on the stone formation and growth of Ca-oxalate crystals could be observed with the same experiments under changed conditions. This mechanism could be of some importance in the case when Ca-oxalate precipitates from the urine, saturated by uric acid, at low pH values (5,0--6,0). Uric acid resp. sodium urate crystals showed a moderate by clear favouring effect on the formation of Ca-phosphate crystals from metastable solutions. The influence of Ca-phosphate crystals upon the growth of Ca-oxalate crystals proved to be very limited.", "contents": "[Correlations between the metastable solutions of calculus-forming salts and crystals from coexistent insoluble urinary components]. The correlations between the individual stone-forming systems, expecially the induction of heterogeneous crystallization from metastable solutions of one stone-forming system by preformed crystals of the other stone-forming system, were measured semiquantitatively by the Coulter-Counter-Size Distribution Analyzer technique. It has been found out that Ca-oxalate crystals may represent potent triggers and accelerators of the phosphate precipitation from metastable Ca-phosphate solutions. The importance of this phenomenon could be attributed especially to the induction of crystal rich phosphate crystalluria at moderate pH values (6,5--6,8) by the preceding Ca-oxalate crystalluria (,,starter \"resp.\" primer \"crystalluria). The favouring, promoting influence of uric acid on the stone formation and growth of Ca-oxalate crystals could be observed with the same experiments under changed conditions. This mechanism could be of some importance in the case when Ca-oxalate precipitates from the urine, saturated by uric acid, at low pH values (5,0--6,0). Uric acid resp. sodium urate crystals showed a moderate by clear favouring effect on the formation of Ca-phosphate crystals from metastable solutions. The influence of Ca-phosphate crystals upon the growth of Ca-oxalate crystals proved to be very limited.", "PMID": 716644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6586", "title": "[Our experiences with urate I in bladder stones].", "content": "It is reported on the experiences with the electrohydraulic lithotripsy in 122 patients. The indications, contraindications and regulations for the intervention are shown and it is referred to their significance for a successful and dangerousless operation. This fact is emphasized by two own cases with intraoperative complications. In the opinion of the authors the electrohydraulic lithotripsy is the method of choice in the treatment of vesicular calculi in an adequate indication and in the department of the authors it has fully restricted the mechanical lithotripsy.", "contents": "[Our experiences with urate I in bladder stones]. It is reported on the experiences with the electrohydraulic lithotripsy in 122 patients. The indications, contraindications and regulations for the intervention are shown and it is referred to their significance for a successful and dangerousless operation. This fact is emphasized by two own cases with intraoperative complications. In the opinion of the authors the electrohydraulic lithotripsy is the method of choice in the treatment of vesicular calculi in an adequate indication and in the department of the authors it has fully restricted the mechanical lithotripsy.", "PMID": 716645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6587", "title": "[Frequency of pathological liver changes in biopsy and autopsy samples (author's transl)].", "content": "It is the purpose of this study to point out the epidemiological importance of pathoanatomical records. In this connections, it is necessary to pay attention to different prerequisites for documentation, especially to an agreement on diagnostical nomenclature. Liver alterations and liver diseases are given as an example for valueing the relevance of both bioptic and autoptic materials for epidemiological purposes. By means of about 8,500 liver biopsies and 1,000 autopsies from the same territorial region the type and frequency of the different pathological alterations of the liver are compiled. Their frequency differs about ten fold. The epidemiological value obviously lies in specially aimed investigations; on the other hand, autoptic examinations are more representative and therefore of higher general reliability and greater epidemiological value.", "contents": "[Frequency of pathological liver changes in biopsy and autopsy samples (author's transl)]. It is the purpose of this study to point out the epidemiological importance of pathoanatomical records. In this connections, it is necessary to pay attention to different prerequisites for documentation, especially to an agreement on diagnostical nomenclature. Liver alterations and liver diseases are given as an example for valueing the relevance of both bioptic and autoptic materials for epidemiological purposes. By means of about 8,500 liver biopsies and 1,000 autopsies from the same territorial region the type and frequency of the different pathological alterations of the liver are compiled. Their frequency differs about ten fold. The epidemiological value obviously lies in specially aimed investigations; on the other hand, autoptic examinations are more representative and therefore of higher general reliability and greater epidemiological value.", "PMID": 716653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6588", "title": "[Primary leiomyosarcoma of the liver (author's transl)].", "content": "The occurrence of leiomyosarcoma was demonstrated in a tissue cylinder obtained by liver biopsy in a 68-year-old woman with unclear hepatomegaly. The patient died 8 months after she had experienced first signs of illness. Autopsy revealed a primary leiomyosarcoma of the liver with metastases in the lungs, bilaterally in the pleura, in the kidneys, and in the periportal and spleno-pancreatic lymph nodes. The occurrence of a primary tumour in the urogenital system or in the gastrointestinal-tract could be excluded. The diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma was based on the microscopical demonstration of smooth muscle fibres with enlarged red-like and partially atypical cell nuclei and atypical mitoses. Furthermore, we observed extensive necroses and haemorrhagia in the tumour tissue. Preexisting tumours of the liver as, e.g., teratoma or hepatoblastoma were not found. No cirrhosis of the liver could be detected. Obviously, the leiomyosarcoma had its origin in the smooth muscle fibres of the liver vascular system.--According to the literature primary leiomyosarcomas in the liver are only rarely found.", "contents": "[Primary leiomyosarcoma of the liver (author's transl)]. The occurrence of leiomyosarcoma was demonstrated in a tissue cylinder obtained by liver biopsy in a 68-year-old woman with unclear hepatomegaly. The patient died 8 months after she had experienced first signs of illness. Autopsy revealed a primary leiomyosarcoma of the liver with metastases in the lungs, bilaterally in the pleura, in the kidneys, and in the periportal and spleno-pancreatic lymph nodes. The occurrence of a primary tumour in the urogenital system or in the gastrointestinal-tract could be excluded. The diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma was based on the microscopical demonstration of smooth muscle fibres with enlarged red-like and partially atypical cell nuclei and atypical mitoses. Furthermore, we observed extensive necroses and haemorrhagia in the tumour tissue. Preexisting tumours of the liver as, e.g., teratoma or hepatoblastoma were not found. No cirrhosis of the liver could be detected. Obviously, the leiomyosarcoma had its origin in the smooth muscle fibres of the liver vascular system.--According to the literature primary leiomyosarcomas in the liver are only rarely found.", "PMID": 716654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6589", "title": "[State after pancreatitis--as a clinico-pathological term (author's transl)].", "content": "Up to now, little attention has been paid in the clinical as well as in clinico-pathological systematics to the fibrotic \"state after pancreatitis\" (in its severest form called \"cicatrical pancreas\"). This state is of interest not only as an increased risk of a recurrent pancreatitis (including acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis), but as well as because of the severe pancreatographic changes, as they occur in (chronic) pancreatitis. In biopsy diagnoses of the pancreas the \"cicatrical pancreas\" also has to be taken into consideration as a life-long frequently inactive pancreatic disease. With respect to these questions 264 pancreases, among these a series of 144 random autopsy cases, were examined histologically and pancreatographically.", "contents": "[State after pancreatitis--as a clinico-pathological term (author's transl)]. Up to now, little attention has been paid in the clinical as well as in clinico-pathological systematics to the fibrotic \"state after pancreatitis\" (in its severest form called \"cicatrical pancreas\"). This state is of interest not only as an increased risk of a recurrent pancreatitis (including acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis), but as well as because of the severe pancreatographic changes, as they occur in (chronic) pancreatitis. In biopsy diagnoses of the pancreas the \"cicatrical pancreas\" also has to be taken into consideration as a life-long frequently inactive pancreatic disease. With respect to these questions 264 pancreases, among these a series of 144 random autopsy cases, were examined histologically and pancreatographically.", "PMID": 716655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6590", "title": "Systemic angioendotheliomatosis (author's transl).", "content": "Two cases of systemic angioendotheliomatosis are reported. The first patient was a 20-year-old pregnant Negro woman from Ghana; the diagnosis was established in the biopsy of the skin lesions; the follow up of the patient is unknown. The second patient, a 70-year-old man, presented repeated but transitory loss of sight and speech, later on associated with unconsciousness and convulsions. He died of severe epileptic status two months after the onset of the symptoms. Systemic angioendotheliomatosis was found in the brain as well as in other organs and tissues.", "contents": "Systemic angioendotheliomatosis (author's transl). Two cases of systemic angioendotheliomatosis are reported. The first patient was a 20-year-old pregnant Negro woman from Ghana; the diagnosis was established in the biopsy of the skin lesions; the follow up of the patient is unknown. The second patient, a 70-year-old man, presented repeated but transitory loss of sight and speech, later on associated with unconsciousness and convulsions. He died of severe epileptic status two months after the onset of the symptoms. Systemic angioendotheliomatosis was found in the brain as well as in other organs and tissues.", "PMID": 716656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6591", "title": "[Coronary atherosclerosis, coronary thrombosis and myocardial infarction in autopsy cases. 9th communication: relationship of coronary thrombosis and myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "The autopsy reports of the Pathological Institute Erfurt of the period from 1.1.1951 until 31.12.1969 were scored for cases of myocardial infarction and coronary thrombosis. Among 2,393 morphologically analysed myocardial infarctions 454 coronary thromboses (18.97 per cent) were found. Males were significantly more affected than females. Fresh infarcts showed significantly more thromboses than callous infarcts. We found fresh and occluding vessel thromboses more frequently in fresh infarctions. The analysis of age distribution yielded an increase of the rate of thrombosis in cases with myocardial infarction. On the other hand, the frequency of infarctions in cases with a coronary thrombosis was decreasing. It is suggested that the risk for infarctions is larger in younger people with coronary thrombosis than in older ones. No infarctions were detected in 165 cases of thrombosis. Preferably this group includes those cases in which the patients deceased within 6 to 8 hours and, therefore, the infarction was not morphologically detectable.", "contents": "[Coronary atherosclerosis, coronary thrombosis and myocardial infarction in autopsy cases. 9th communication: relationship of coronary thrombosis and myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. The autopsy reports of the Pathological Institute Erfurt of the period from 1.1.1951 until 31.12.1969 were scored for cases of myocardial infarction and coronary thrombosis. Among 2,393 morphologically analysed myocardial infarctions 454 coronary thromboses (18.97 per cent) were found. Males were significantly more affected than females. Fresh infarcts showed significantly more thromboses than callous infarcts. We found fresh and occluding vessel thromboses more frequently in fresh infarctions. The analysis of age distribution yielded an increase of the rate of thrombosis in cases with myocardial infarction. On the other hand, the frequency of infarctions in cases with a coronary thrombosis was decreasing. It is suggested that the risk for infarctions is larger in younger people with coronary thrombosis than in older ones. No infarctions were detected in 165 cases of thrombosis. Preferably this group includes those cases in which the patients deceased within 6 to 8 hours and, therefore, the infarction was not morphologically detectable.", "PMID": 716657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6592", "title": "[Cysts in the villous stroma of the placenta in maternal diabetes mellitus (author's transl)].", "content": "Edemateous placentae of diabetic mothers have been examined by light as well as electron microscopy. In addition to typical fetal capillaries there were observed thin-walled cysts containing Hofbauer-cells rather than blood cells which, unlike the capillary system, cannot be filled up with intraarterially injected ink. Derivation and significance of these cavities are discussed. They are considered to be a possible expression of frustraneous extracapillary formation of new vessels. The changes, while not specific, are characteristic of the placenta in maternal diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "[Cysts in the villous stroma of the placenta in maternal diabetes mellitus (author's transl)]. Edemateous placentae of diabetic mothers have been examined by light as well as electron microscopy. In addition to typical fetal capillaries there were observed thin-walled cysts containing Hofbauer-cells rather than blood cells which, unlike the capillary system, cannot be filled up with intraarterially injected ink. Derivation and significance of these cavities are discussed. They are considered to be a possible expression of frustraneous extracapillary formation of new vessels. The changes, while not specific, are characteristic of the placenta in maternal diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 716658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6593", "title": "[Operations on vertebral bodies by anterior approach (author's transl)].", "content": "The origin of most pathological affections of the spine is situated in the vertebral bodies and the intervertebral disks. There have been established standard manners for the anterior approach to all parts of the spine in the last years which allow us to reach every vertebral body from the front. The authors describe the anterior approach to the different parts of the spine and discuss the indications for interventions on the vertebral bodies separately for the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine. The experience with their 144 own cases is briefly reported.", "contents": "[Operations on vertebral bodies by anterior approach (author's transl)]. The origin of most pathological affections of the spine is situated in the vertebral bodies and the intervertebral disks. There have been established standard manners for the anterior approach to all parts of the spine in the last years which allow us to reach every vertebral body from the front. The authors describe the anterior approach to the different parts of the spine and discuss the indications for interventions on the vertebral bodies separately for the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine. The experience with their 144 own cases is briefly reported.", "PMID": 716659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6594", "title": "[Treatment of hip joint fractures and their sequelae (author's transl)].", "content": "Present state and own experience in surgical treatment of different fractures of the acetabulum are reported. Primary insufficient treatment of those cases and delayed treatment impair the results considerably.", "contents": "[Treatment of hip joint fractures and their sequelae (author's transl)]. Present state and own experience in surgical treatment of different fractures of the acetabulum are reported. Primary insufficient treatment of those cases and delayed treatment impair the results considerably.", "PMID": 716660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6595", "title": "[First treatment of compound fractures of the tibia (author's transl)].", "content": "Omission of primary closure of the wound after debridement on the day of admission may delay the in hospital time for some days or even weeks, but does not interfere with the healing of the open fracture. On the other hand, primary closure endangers the patient with wound infection and osteitis. Experience shows that this complication can be diminished considerably by delayed wound closure when planned systematically.", "contents": "[First treatment of compound fractures of the tibia (author's transl)]. Omission of primary closure of the wound after debridement on the day of admission may delay the in hospital time for some days or even weeks, but does not interfere with the healing of the open fracture. On the other hand, primary closure endangers the patient with wound infection and osteitis. Experience shows that this complication can be diminished considerably by delayed wound closure when planned systematically.", "PMID": 716661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6596", "title": "[Functional treatment of fractures of the calcaneum (author's transl)].", "content": "62 fractures of the calcaneum treated by functional therapy have been reviewed. Good results were observed in 63 per cent of the cases, whereas 37 per cent showed satisfactory results. Fractures of the Typ A and B and those of Typ C without other injuries demonstrated good results. Therefore functional therapy can be recommended. Although Typ C fractures combined with other injuries have poor end-results, operative therapy should be delayed because of the over-all risk of the patient. A trial of functional therapy should be initially instituted.", "contents": "[Functional treatment of fractures of the calcaneum (author's transl)]. 62 fractures of the calcaneum treated by functional therapy have been reviewed. Good results were observed in 63 per cent of the cases, whereas 37 per cent showed satisfactory results. Fractures of the Typ A and B and those of Typ C without other injuries demonstrated good results. Therefore functional therapy can be recommended. Although Typ C fractures combined with other injuries have poor end-results, operative therapy should be delayed because of the over-all risk of the patient. A trial of functional therapy should be initially instituted.", "PMID": 716662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6597", "title": "[Insufficient treatment of fractures of the hand (author's transl)].", "content": "The treatment of fractures of the hand cannot be standardized, the procedure to be used has to be determined from case to case. Besides age and profession the patients intelligence and his readiness to cooperate are of importance. Sometimes osteosynthesis is not successful because these factors are disregarded. In some cases immediate amputation will not only shorten the time of treatment considerably but also prevent an inept psychic attitude (pension neurosis). Correct assessment of the injury during the first treatment may be decisive for failure or success, because a second operation will not yield a good result.", "contents": "[Insufficient treatment of fractures of the hand (author's transl)]. The treatment of fractures of the hand cannot be standardized, the procedure to be used has to be determined from case to case. Besides age and profession the patients intelligence and his readiness to cooperate are of importance. Sometimes osteosynthesis is not successful because these factors are disregarded. In some cases immediate amputation will not only shorten the time of treatment considerably but also prevent an inept psychic attitude (pension neurosis). Correct assessment of the injury during the first treatment may be decisive for failure or success, because a second operation will not yield a good result.", "PMID": 716663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6598", "title": "[Permanent damage after frontobasal fractures of the skull; its evaluation according to medical reports (author's transl)].", "content": "Frontobasal fractures of the skull may cause cosmetical disfigurement, impairment of nasal airflow, anosmia, brain lesions, liquor dripping, dysfunction of the eyes and trigeminal neuralgia. This is followed by social problems. The percentage of compensation is dealt with.", "contents": "[Permanent damage after frontobasal fractures of the skull; its evaluation according to medical reports (author's transl)]. Frontobasal fractures of the skull may cause cosmetical disfigurement, impairment of nasal airflow, anosmia, brain lesions, liquor dripping, dysfunction of the eyes and trigeminal neuralgia. This is followed by social problems. The percentage of compensation is dealt with.", "PMID": 716664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6599", "title": "[Tracheostomy--late complications and their treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The number of late complications after tracheostomy has increased due to new indications especially reanimation. Tracheal stenosis is the most severe complication. Its treatment by resection and end to end anastomosis, tracheopexy, plastic reconstruction or by endotheses is discussed. The operative technique of these procedures is difficult, the result not always satisfying.", "contents": "[Tracheostomy--late complications and their treatment (author's transl)]. The number of late complications after tracheostomy has increased due to new indications especially reanimation. Tracheal stenosis is the most severe complication. Its treatment by resection and end to end anastomosis, tracheopexy, plastic reconstruction or by endotheses is discussed. The operative technique of these procedures is difficult, the result not always satisfying.", "PMID": 716669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6600", "title": "[Achalasia of the oesophagus. Operative treatment by abdominal myotomy and fundoplication (author's transl)].", "content": "Achalasia is a neuromuscular functional disturbance with dystonia and dyscinesia of the entire tubular oesophagus of unknown aetiology characterised by loss of cardial opening reflex. In the usual functional state dysphagia and moderate stenosis are observed, but occasionally an organic form with marked mega-dolicho-oesophagus will develop. Therapeutically an attempt is made to reduce the hypertonus of the terminal oesophagus. In mild or moderate cases this may be achieved by dilatation alone. If conservative treatment fails or in severe forms an operative correction is mandatory, we advise preoperative dilatation together with an extramucous myotomy of the distal anterior oesophageal wall and a fundoplication to prevent the gastro-oesophageal reflux. This abdominal procedure demands great care but is not traumatising and ensures satisfactory early and late results even in patients with considerable surgical risks. Operative indication and technique in 63 cases are demonstrated.", "contents": "[Achalasia of the oesophagus. Operative treatment by abdominal myotomy and fundoplication (author's transl)]. Achalasia is a neuromuscular functional disturbance with dystonia and dyscinesia of the entire tubular oesophagus of unknown aetiology characterised by loss of cardial opening reflex. In the usual functional state dysphagia and moderate stenosis are observed, but occasionally an organic form with marked mega-dolicho-oesophagus will develop. Therapeutically an attempt is made to reduce the hypertonus of the terminal oesophagus. In mild or moderate cases this may be achieved by dilatation alone. If conservative treatment fails or in severe forms an operative correction is mandatory, we advise preoperative dilatation together with an extramucous myotomy of the distal anterior oesophageal wall and a fundoplication to prevent the gastro-oesophageal reflux. This abdominal procedure demands great care but is not traumatising and ensures satisfactory early and late results even in patients with considerable surgical risks. Operative indication and technique in 63 cases are demonstrated.", "PMID": 716670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6601", "title": "[Heterologous and alloplastic grafts for haemodyalisis (author's transl)].", "content": "In cases of the malfunction of av-fistulae for haemodialyses a kind of prosthetic graft has to be used. Since 1973 alloplastic protheses (Sparks-Mandril) have been used in 7 patients, since 1976 heterologous (Solko-graft-calf-carotis) ones in 12 patients. In an average follow-up period of 18 months the heterologous prostheses proved to be more suitable because of longer patency-rates, simpler handling during surgery and earlier use for dialyses. As a major late complication only one case of an aneurysmatic enlargement was observed in one of the heterologous protheses. Long-term results have still to be waited for.", "contents": "[Heterologous and alloplastic grafts for haemodyalisis (author's transl)]. In cases of the malfunction of av-fistulae for haemodialyses a kind of prosthetic graft has to be used. Since 1973 alloplastic protheses (Sparks-Mandril) have been used in 7 patients, since 1976 heterologous (Solko-graft-calf-carotis) ones in 12 patients. In an average follow-up period of 18 months the heterologous prostheses proved to be more suitable because of longer patency-rates, simpler handling during surgery and earlier use for dialyses. As a major late complication only one case of an aneurysmatic enlargement was observed in one of the heterologous protheses. Long-term results have still to be waited for.", "PMID": 716671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6602", "title": "[Splenectomy; its results (author's transl)].", "content": "270 patients underwent splenectomy for different indications. The rate of complications amounts to 18,8%. Prognosis after splenectomy depends on the basic disease, accompanying illness and the quality of pre- and postoperative care.", "contents": "[Splenectomy; its results (author's transl)]. 270 patients underwent splenectomy for different indications. The rate of complications amounts to 18,8%. Prognosis after splenectomy depends on the basic disease, accompanying illness and the quality of pre- and postoperative care.", "PMID": 716673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6603", "title": "[Surgical treatment of carcinoma of the pancreas (author's transl)].", "content": "147 cases of carcinoma of the pancreas are presented excluding cancer of the ampulla and endocrine tumours. Only 21 (14,9%) radical pancreatectomies could be performed with 3 deaths. 83 (56,4%) patients were treated by palliative procedures with 16,8% deaths. 21 (14,9%) patients had explorative laparotomy with a 27,2% mortality rate. The mean survival time is 11,5 months after duodeno-pancreatico-resection and 16 months after total pancreatectomy. The mean survival time in palliative surgery is 14,8 months. There was no survival at all after 5 years. Our surgical indication depends on local extension, but above all on lymphnode metastases: if there are more than 3 metastased nodes in the frozen section, radical surgery seems to be useless. On the other hand, total pancreatectomy gives better results for morbidity, operative mortality and survival rates than segmental resection.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of carcinoma of the pancreas (author's transl)]. 147 cases of carcinoma of the pancreas are presented excluding cancer of the ampulla and endocrine tumours. Only 21 (14,9%) radical pancreatectomies could be performed with 3 deaths. 83 (56,4%) patients were treated by palliative procedures with 16,8% deaths. 21 (14,9%) patients had explorative laparotomy with a 27,2% mortality rate. The mean survival time is 11,5 months after duodeno-pancreatico-resection and 16 months after total pancreatectomy. The mean survival time in palliative surgery is 14,8 months. There was no survival at all after 5 years. Our surgical indication depends on local extension, but above all on lymphnode metastases: if there are more than 3 metastased nodes in the frozen section, radical surgery seems to be useless. On the other hand, total pancreatectomy gives better results for morbidity, operative mortality and survival rates than segmental resection.", "PMID": 716674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6604", "title": "[Combined operations for cholecystitis (author's transl)].", "content": "An analysis of 60 operations for cholecystitis includes interventions accompanied by simultaneous procedures on various organs of the abdominal cavity, on the abdominal wall, the kidney and the heart. The problems of preoperative examination of patients with cholecystitis are discussed along with the surgical tactics when concomitant pathology requiring surgical management is revealed, and with indications for one-stage combined interventions in cholecystitis.", "contents": "[Combined operations for cholecystitis (author's transl)]. An analysis of 60 operations for cholecystitis includes interventions accompanied by simultaneous procedures on various organs of the abdominal cavity, on the abdominal wall, the kidney and the heart. The problems of preoperative examination of patients with cholecystitis are discussed along with the surgical tactics when concomitant pathology requiring surgical management is revealed, and with indications for one-stage combined interventions in cholecystitis.", "PMID": 716675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6605", "title": "[Trouble after cholecystectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Unsatisfactory results after cholecystectomy are mostly due to complications of the disease not realised under surgery and to technical blunders. Only intraoperative cholangiography, exploration of the common bile duct and inspection by choledochoscopy build the sound basis for an adequate surgical procedure.", "contents": "[Trouble after cholecystectomy (author's transl)]. Unsatisfactory results after cholecystectomy are mostly due to complications of the disease not realised under surgery and to technical blunders. Only intraoperative cholangiography, exploration of the common bile duct and inspection by choledochoscopy build the sound basis for an adequate surgical procedure.", "PMID": 716676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6606", "title": "[Effect of hormonal contraception on the fibrin-stabilizing factor (factor XIII)].", "content": "The plasma activity of fibrinstabilizing factor (factor XIII) in 27 women treated with Non-Ovlon an anticonceptive agent, were investigated. It was found significant differences of levels plasma activity. Conclusions from isolated observations are not possible.", "contents": "[Effect of hormonal contraception on the fibrin-stabilizing factor (factor XIII)]. The plasma activity of fibrinstabilizing factor (factor XIII) in 27 women treated with Non-Ovlon an anticonceptive agent, were investigated. It was found significant differences of levels plasma activity. Conclusions from isolated observations are not possible.", "PMID": 716679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6607", "title": "[Progesterone-induced changes of the endometrium and cervix mucosa in glandular, cystic hyperplasia of the endometrium].", "content": "In a period of 5 years 116 specimens were collected with various techniques from patients with the homologous type of cystic-glandular hyperplasia of the endometrium. These were systematically studied with a view to identifying a potential progesteron effect on the morphology of the endometrial and, given sufficient material, cervical mucosa. While the endometrium was examined for discrete areas with signs of secretion, attention in cervical specimens was directed to the potential presence of focal alveolar proliferations of cervical glands with basal cell hyperplasia (socalled cribriform polypoid hyperplasia). Progesteron-induced changes of major endometrial areas were found to be present in 6,9% of cases; the \"cribriform polypoid hyperplasia\" involving the cervical mucosa was seen in 9 of 43 cases (20,9%) with adequate cervical specimens. In 2 of the patients with progesterone-induced cervical changes luteinized follicular epithelium in the ovaries was indicative of effective endocrine activity. The different action of progesterone on the endometrial versus the cervical mucosa is discussed on the basis of katamnestic studies.", "contents": "[Progesterone-induced changes of the endometrium and cervix mucosa in glandular, cystic hyperplasia of the endometrium]. In a period of 5 years 116 specimens were collected with various techniques from patients with the homologous type of cystic-glandular hyperplasia of the endometrium. These were systematically studied with a view to identifying a potential progesteron effect on the morphology of the endometrial and, given sufficient material, cervical mucosa. While the endometrium was examined for discrete areas with signs of secretion, attention in cervical specimens was directed to the potential presence of focal alveolar proliferations of cervical glands with basal cell hyperplasia (socalled cribriform polypoid hyperplasia). Progesteron-induced changes of major endometrial areas were found to be present in 6,9% of cases; the \"cribriform polypoid hyperplasia\" involving the cervical mucosa was seen in 9 of 43 cases (20,9%) with adequate cervical specimens. In 2 of the patients with progesterone-induced cervical changes luteinized follicular epithelium in the ovaries was indicative of effective endocrine activity. The different action of progesterone on the endometrial versus the cervical mucosa is discussed on the basis of katamnestic studies.", "PMID": 716680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6608", "title": "[Corpus luteum function in the middle luteal phase following treatment with prostaglandins].", "content": "The corpus luteum of the mid-luteal phase was examined concerning of the signs of functional and morphological regression after treatment with Prostin F2alpha and 15(S)-15-methyl-PGF2alpha. By 8 patients who were operated upon out of various uterine indications steroid hormone levels were determined during the treatment with prostaglandins and corpus luteum was judged by electron-microscopy. Morphological changes in the temporary decrease of the progesteron concentration could be found.", "contents": "[Corpus luteum function in the middle luteal phase following treatment with prostaglandins]. The corpus luteum of the mid-luteal phase was examined concerning of the signs of functional and morphological regression after treatment with Prostin F2alpha and 15(S)-15-methyl-PGF2alpha. By 8 patients who were operated upon out of various uterine indications steroid hormone levels were determined during the treatment with prostaglandins and corpus luteum was judged by electron-microscopy. Morphological changes in the temporary decrease of the progesteron concentration could be found.", "PMID": 716681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6609", "title": "[Changes in treatment results of 5279 cervix tumor patients between 1946 and 1972].", "content": "Results of the treatment of 5279 cervix tumour patients between 1946--1972 are reported. The assessment was performed by computer analysis of the material. There was a parallel rise in the 5 years survival of patients with the growth of radiotherapeutical equipment, mainly in extensive cases. Regarding all stages, the 5 years survival was 44,36%.", "contents": "[Changes in treatment results of 5279 cervix tumor patients between 1946 and 1972]. Results of the treatment of 5279 cervix tumour patients between 1946--1972 are reported. The assessment was performed by computer analysis of the material. There was a parallel rise in the 5 years survival of patients with the growth of radiotherapeutical equipment, mainly in extensive cases. Regarding all stages, the 5 years survival was 44,36%.", "PMID": 716682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6610", "title": "[Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl syndrome and endometrial carcinoma].", "content": "Report on a classical Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl-syndrome (LMBB-Syndrome). After a 9 (to 10) year-period of irregular bleedings caused by proved monophasic menstrual cycles and Stein-Leventhal-syndrome an endometrial adenocarcinoma arose in the 23 old patient. The possible carcinogenesis by virtue of an extraglandular oestrogen-(oestron-) production is discussed. The frequently observed nephropathy is often a decisive factor in morbidity and letyality of the LMBB-syndrome.", "contents": "[Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl syndrome and endometrial carcinoma]. Report on a classical Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl-syndrome (LMBB-Syndrome). After a 9 (to 10) year-period of irregular bleedings caused by proved monophasic menstrual cycles and Stein-Leventhal-syndrome an endometrial adenocarcinoma arose in the 23 old patient. The possible carcinogenesis by virtue of an extraglandular oestrogen-(oestron-) production is discussed. The frequently observed nephropathy is often a decisive factor in morbidity and letyality of the LMBB-syndrome.", "PMID": 716683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6611", "title": "[Self-examination of breast under personal and psychologic aspects. (Psychometric studies of 533 women)].", "content": "A psychometric study conducted among 533 women tested for statistical significance of personality traits (FPI) between selfexaminations of the breast and the attitude to examinations performed by physicians. --I. Introverts (FPI-E) performed selfexaminations with only half the frequency of extroverts (p less than 0,01). One fifth of the women with personality traits of introversion believed that screening examinations for detection of breast cancer performed by physicians are of lesser importance as did women with personality traits of extroversion (p less than 0,01). The later group believed that breast has significance in cosmetic appearance (p less than 0,05) and sexual value (p less than 0,05). Introverts are mostly of lower education (p less than 0,05) and their intelligence quotient is usually below 100 (p less than 0,1) when compared with that of extroverts. For selfexaminations of the breast this finding is of special importance to preventive medicine to provide effective instructions and guidance. --II. Emotional labile women (FPI-N) produce expected results of being especially fearsome (p less than 0,01) regarding breast change appearance produced by an conscious fear of cancer (p less than 0,05). Upon discovery of a painful lump in the breast labile women delay the visit to the physician longer as emotional stable women (p less than 0,05). Labile women stay single twice as often as emotional stable women (p less than 0,01). This produces a lower possibility to be activated by ones spouse to seek the aid of a physician for treatment of the breast. --III. In women with personality traits of depression or low selfesteem is a longer delay period apparant as in women with high selfesteem. Upon noticing a lump in the breast--if painful or not--women with high selfesteem immediately pay a visit to their physician (p less than 0,05) but the others delay. Here should be mentioned that depressed women deviate from the lot in regard to family status (p less than 0,05) and obtained education/intelligence niveau (p less than 0,01). These results are debated viewing preventive-medical and psychosocial aspects.", "contents": "[Self-examination of breast under personal and psychologic aspects. (Psychometric studies of 533 women)]. A psychometric study conducted among 533 women tested for statistical significance of personality traits (FPI) between selfexaminations of the breast and the attitude to examinations performed by physicians. --I. Introverts (FPI-E) performed selfexaminations with only half the frequency of extroverts (p less than 0,01). One fifth of the women with personality traits of introversion believed that screening examinations for detection of breast cancer performed by physicians are of lesser importance as did women with personality traits of extroversion (p less than 0,01). The later group believed that breast has significance in cosmetic appearance (p less than 0,05) and sexual value (p less than 0,05). Introverts are mostly of lower education (p less than 0,05) and their intelligence quotient is usually below 100 (p less than 0,1) when compared with that of extroverts. For selfexaminations of the breast this finding is of special importance to preventive medicine to provide effective instructions and guidance. --II. Emotional labile women (FPI-N) produce expected results of being especially fearsome (p less than 0,01) regarding breast change appearance produced by an conscious fear of cancer (p less than 0,05). Upon discovery of a painful lump in the breast labile women delay the visit to the physician longer as emotional stable women (p less than 0,05). Labile women stay single twice as often as emotional stable women (p less than 0,01). This produces a lower possibility to be activated by ones spouse to seek the aid of a physician for treatment of the breast. --III. In women with personality traits of depression or low selfesteem is a longer delay period apparant as in women with high selfesteem. Upon noticing a lump in the breast--if painful or not--women with high selfesteem immediately pay a visit to their physician (p less than 0,05) but the others delay. Here should be mentioned that depressed women deviate from the lot in regard to family status (p less than 0,05) and obtained education/intelligence niveau (p less than 0,01). These results are debated viewing preventive-medical and psychosocial aspects.", "PMID": 716684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6612", "title": "[Premature rupture of fetal membranes].", "content": "Our investigations on premature rupture of the fetal membranes (PROM) show that prematurity represents a higher risk for the fetus than infection does. Therefore we tend to be expectant in case of PROM combined with prematurity. On the other hand latency between rupture of the membranes and onset of labor should not exceed 24 hours for a mature fetus (gestational age greater than 37 weeks, estimated weight greater than 2500 g, L/S-ratio greater than 2). Antibiotics are applied only in case of manifest infection and at the onset of labor following a latency longer than 24 hours.", "contents": "[Premature rupture of fetal membranes]. Our investigations on premature rupture of the fetal membranes (PROM) show that prematurity represents a higher risk for the fetus than infection does. Therefore we tend to be expectant in case of PROM combined with prematurity. On the other hand latency between rupture of the membranes and onset of labor should not exceed 24 hours for a mature fetus (gestational age greater than 37 weeks, estimated weight greater than 2500 g, L/S-ratio greater than 2). Antibiotics are applied only in case of manifest infection and at the onset of labor following a latency longer than 24 hours.", "PMID": 716686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6613", "title": "[Dynamics of the dilatation of as uteri during birth].", "content": "219 partogramms of primipares and 219 partogramms of multipares were analysed retrospectively. Only normal deliveries after normal pregnancies were taken into consideration. Graphs were plotted of time intervalls against the width of the cervix. The mean duration of dilation were 6 hours for multipares and 9 hours for primipares. All phases of first stage of labour were reduced in multipares. The results were compared with observations of other authors.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the dilatation of as uteri during birth]. 219 partogramms of primipares and 219 partogramms of multipares were analysed retrospectively. Only normal deliveries after normal pregnancies were taken into consideration. Graphs were plotted of time intervalls against the width of the cervix. The mean duration of dilation were 6 hours for multipares and 9 hours for primipares. All phases of first stage of labour were reduced in multipares. The results were compared with observations of other authors.", "PMID": 716687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6614", "title": "[Possibilities to influence the duration of labor through decompression treatment during the third trimester].", "content": "Comparative examinations of labour duration in primipara and multipara of the age groups: before 20, between 20 and 25, 25 and 30, and over 30 (so called \"old primipara\") were performed. Equal numbers of women with and without abdominal decompression treatment during the III. trimenon were analysed, altogether 1312 patients. In the groups before 20 and between 20 and 25 years of age only an insignificant decrease in duration in treated cases against the control group was found objectively, despite the almost subjectively reported easing and shortening of labour.--On the other hand in 30 year old patients a clear and in over 30 year old women (so called \"old primipara\") a highly significant decrease was recognizable, which demonstrates the value of prenatal preparations by abdominal decompression treatment in these age group.", "contents": "[Possibilities to influence the duration of labor through decompression treatment during the third trimester]. Comparative examinations of labour duration in primipara and multipara of the age groups: before 20, between 20 and 25, 25 and 30, and over 30 (so called \"old primipara\") were performed. Equal numbers of women with and without abdominal decompression treatment during the III. trimenon were analysed, altogether 1312 patients. In the groups before 20 and between 20 and 25 years of age only an insignificant decrease in duration in treated cases against the control group was found objectively, despite the almost subjectively reported easing and shortening of labour.--On the other hand in 30 year old patients a clear and in over 30 year old women (so called \"old primipara\") a highly significant decrease was recognizable, which demonstrates the value of prenatal preparations by abdominal decompression treatment in these age group.", "PMID": 716688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6615", "title": "[Effect of anesthesia on the condition of newborn infants following cesarean section].", "content": "A comparative study of the anesthesia at cesarean section with application of d-tubocurarine in 602 cases and application of only succinylcholine in 69 cases before delivery showed no differences in the Apgars-scores of the newborn. Only severe obstetric complications and long duration of the anesthesia influenced the clinical condition of the infants. There was no correlation between the doses of barbiturates or tubocurarine given to the mother and the Apgars-scores.", "contents": "[Effect of anesthesia on the condition of newborn infants following cesarean section]. A comparative study of the anesthesia at cesarean section with application of d-tubocurarine in 602 cases and application of only succinylcholine in 69 cases before delivery showed no differences in the Apgars-scores of the newborn. Only severe obstetric complications and long duration of the anesthesia influenced the clinical condition of the infants. There was no correlation between the doses of barbiturates or tubocurarine given to the mother and the Apgars-scores.", "PMID": 716689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6616", "title": "[Cardiovascular changes during ethanol-tocolysis].", "content": "The cardiovascular effects of an intravenous infusion of a 5% ethanol-10% fructose-solution was examined in 10 healthy late pregnant women with the method of quantitative sphygmometry. There are insignificant changes of the arterial pressure, but increase of stroke volume, cardiac output, work and power and a decrease of total peripheral resistance. In spite of these favourable hemodynamic alterations, particularly the constant heart rate, ethanol should be used only for a short-time-tocolysis.", "contents": "[Cardiovascular changes during ethanol-tocolysis]. The cardiovascular effects of an intravenous infusion of a 5% ethanol-10% fructose-solution was examined in 10 healthy late pregnant women with the method of quantitative sphygmometry. There are insignificant changes of the arterial pressure, but increase of stroke volume, cardiac output, work and power and a decrease of total peripheral resistance. In spite of these favourable hemodynamic alterations, particularly the constant heart rate, ethanol should be used only for a short-time-tocolysis.", "PMID": 716690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6617", "title": "[Relationships between the HPL determination in maternal serum and the condition of the associated placental villous trophoblast].", "content": "Relationships between the determination of human placental lactogen in materna serum and the condition of associated placental villous trophoblasts.--Taking as a starting point both qualitative and quantitative differences in the composition of placental villous trophoblasts subsequent to risk pregnancies, the proportions of different qualities of syncytium and average numbers of Langhans' cells per field of view in 24 placentas of neonates of the 37th to 41st weeks of pregnancy are compared with the corresponding maternal serum HPL (human placental lactogen) values. The significantly lower proportion of mature syncytium determined in the case of a low HPL value as well as the result of linear regression analysis are indicative of a dependence of maternal serum values for HPL upon the proportion of mature syncytium. This particular result is also interpreted by the authors as confirming the view that \"mature\" syncytium can be considered to be \"functional\" syncytium. Like other investigators, the present authors should also point out the importance of the total mass of placenta which can compensate for lower proportions of functional syncytium in individual resorption villi. Whereas there are clearly evident relationships between the maternal estriol values and the condition of placental villous trophoblasts, such relationships could not be observed in our material for oxytocinase and HSAP.", "contents": "[Relationships between the HPL determination in maternal serum and the condition of the associated placental villous trophoblast]. Relationships between the determination of human placental lactogen in materna serum and the condition of associated placental villous trophoblasts.--Taking as a starting point both qualitative and quantitative differences in the composition of placental villous trophoblasts subsequent to risk pregnancies, the proportions of different qualities of syncytium and average numbers of Langhans' cells per field of view in 24 placentas of neonates of the 37th to 41st weeks of pregnancy are compared with the corresponding maternal serum HPL (human placental lactogen) values. The significantly lower proportion of mature syncytium determined in the case of a low HPL value as well as the result of linear regression analysis are indicative of a dependence of maternal serum values for HPL upon the proportion of mature syncytium. This particular result is also interpreted by the authors as confirming the view that \"mature\" syncytium can be considered to be \"functional\" syncytium. Like other investigators, the present authors should also point out the importance of the total mass of placenta which can compensate for lower proportions of functional syncytium in individual resorption villi. Whereas there are clearly evident relationships between the maternal estriol values and the condition of placental villous trophoblasts, such relationships could not be observed in our material for oxytocinase and HSAP.", "PMID": 716691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6618", "title": "[Effect of abortion on subsequent fertility with special reference to the abortion process].", "content": "The influence of a first gravida's legal abortion to the later reproduction was researched on 406 patients in the age between 13 up to 18 years-- The rate of abortion and premature birth is significantly increased at subsequent pregnancies when there took place an interruption of the first gravidity.--About 70% of the coming gravidities following an interruption of the first gravidity deliver in the time between 37. up to 39. week of pregnancy.--Premature births having a birth weight below 2500 g are found in 10,17% of the cases compared with a control group showing 5,45%.", "contents": "[Effect of abortion on subsequent fertility with special reference to the abortion process]. The influence of a first gravida's legal abortion to the later reproduction was researched on 406 patients in the age between 13 up to 18 years-- The rate of abortion and premature birth is significantly increased at subsequent pregnancies when there took place an interruption of the first gravidity.--About 70% of the coming gravidities following an interruption of the first gravidity deliver in the time between 37. up to 39. week of pregnancy.--Premature births having a birth weight below 2500 g are found in 10,17% of the cases compared with a control group showing 5,45%.", "PMID": 716692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6619", "title": "[Abortion complications and their effect on subsequent pregnancies].", "content": "About complications in 2147 interruptions of pregnancy, carried out between February 15, 1974 and December 31, 1976 was reported.--48,4 per cent was nullipare or primipare. The rate of early complications was 5,28 per cent. During the period of report 7,03 per cent of patients became pregnant again. The fates from these pregnancy were following: 37,6 per cent interruptions of pregnancy once more. 15,2 per cent abortion and 18,4 per cent premature birth. Prenatal mortality was 3,1 per cent.", "contents": "[Abortion complications and their effect on subsequent pregnancies]. About complications in 2147 interruptions of pregnancy, carried out between February 15, 1974 and December 31, 1976 was reported.--48,4 per cent was nullipare or primipare. The rate of early complications was 5,28 per cent. During the period of report 7,03 per cent of patients became pregnant again. The fates from these pregnancy were following: 37,6 per cent interruptions of pregnancy once more. 15,2 per cent abortion and 18,4 per cent premature birth. Prenatal mortality was 3,1 per cent.", "PMID": 716693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6620", "title": "[Abortion induction in early pregnancy using prostin F2 alpha and 15(S)-15-methyl PGF 2 alpha].", "content": "In early pregnancy up the 8th week of pregnancy Prostin F2 alpha was infused and 15(S)-15-Methyl PGF 2 alpha was used i.m. to induce menstruation in 20 or 19 cases, respectively. In the tested form application 15(S)-15-Methyl PFG 2 alpha is effective in 89 per cent of the cases and in 74 per cent complete abortion was achieved, Prostin F 2 alpha produced bleeding in 80 per cent only and complete abortion in 55 per cent. The differences in these two groups were not statistically significant.", "contents": "[Abortion induction in early pregnancy using prostin F2 alpha and 15(S)-15-methyl PGF 2 alpha]. In early pregnancy up the 8th week of pregnancy Prostin F2 alpha was infused and 15(S)-15-Methyl PGF 2 alpha was used i.m. to induce menstruation in 20 or 19 cases, respectively. In the tested form application 15(S)-15-Methyl PFG 2 alpha is effective in 89 per cent of the cases and in 74 per cent complete abortion was achieved, Prostin F 2 alpha produced bleeding in 80 per cent only and complete abortion in 55 per cent. The differences in these two groups were not statistically significant.", "PMID": 716694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6621", "title": "[Induced abortion using intrauterine, extra-amniotic administration of prostaglandin F2 alpha in primigravidae].", "content": "With 115 nulliparae abortion was induced through intermittend extraamniotic application of PG F2alpha. The intermittend PG-application was successful in 99.13% (81.73% incomplete abortions; 17.40% \"missed abortions\" with opening of the cervix uteri). In the opposite to others authors \"missed abortion\" looks as a good result. The mean PG-Dosis was 14,33 mg and the abortion time 15,40 hours.--The rate of morbidity was 6,1 per cent.", "contents": "[Induced abortion using intrauterine, extra-amniotic administration of prostaglandin F2 alpha in primigravidae]. With 115 nulliparae abortion was induced through intermittend extraamniotic application of PG F2alpha. The intermittend PG-application was successful in 99.13% (81.73% incomplete abortions; 17.40% \"missed abortions\" with opening of the cervix uteri). In the opposite to others authors \"missed abortion\" looks as a good result. The mean PG-Dosis was 14,33 mg and the abortion time 15,40 hours.--The rate of morbidity was 6,1 per cent.", "PMID": 716695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6622", "title": "[Safety and health aspects in urbanised areas of different density (author's transl)].", "content": "Germans like to live in one-family houses. This way of living prevails more and more during recent years. However, the increase of one-family housing implies a high state of car dependence. Especially for children, youths, aged and disadvantaged people living in a car oriented city becomes difficult. Also a higher use of cars implies more air pollution and waste of energy. And additionaly, the increasing travel distances cause higher rates of traffic accidents. To avoid these disadvantages the alternative must be the high density development comprising both, high density-low-rise buildings and especially high rise buildings. By abandoning all one-family homes and using only tall buildings for dwelling and other purposes (stores, offices, schools etc.) the area of a city could be reduced to about one tenth of that what is urbanized today. Because of the short distances in such a city most of the trips could be made by walking or by using lifts. Accordingly traffic accidents could be reduced to one tenth of today's figures too. Despite of the many advantages the high density city has with respect to safety and health of its population such a city will be rarely realized because it does not meet the ideas and imaginations of many people. Nevertheless it seems to be advisable to promote high density residential areas for all those people who are willing to accept it or who prefer this way of living. This minority, however, should not be irritated by unqualified generalizing negative reports in the media.", "contents": "[Safety and health aspects in urbanised areas of different density (author's transl)]. Germans like to live in one-family houses. This way of living prevails more and more during recent years. However, the increase of one-family housing implies a high state of car dependence. Especially for children, youths, aged and disadvantaged people living in a car oriented city becomes difficult. Also a higher use of cars implies more air pollution and waste of energy. And additionaly, the increasing travel distances cause higher rates of traffic accidents. To avoid these disadvantages the alternative must be the high density development comprising both, high density-low-rise buildings and especially high rise buildings. By abandoning all one-family homes and using only tall buildings for dwelling and other purposes (stores, offices, schools etc.) the area of a city could be reduced to about one tenth of that what is urbanized today. Because of the short distances in such a city most of the trips could be made by walking or by using lifts. Accordingly traffic accidents could be reduced to one tenth of today's figures too. Despite of the many advantages the high density city has with respect to safety and health of its population such a city will be rarely realized because it does not meet the ideas and imaginations of many people. Nevertheless it seems to be advisable to promote high density residential areas for all those people who are willing to accept it or who prefer this way of living. This minority, however, should not be irritated by unqualified generalizing negative reports in the media.", "PMID": 716696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6623", "title": "[Hygienic and bacteriological comparative studies in 50 hospitals. V. Bacterial contamination of hospital surfaces (author's transl)].", "content": "Environmental examination were carried out in 50 hospitals using \"rodac-plates\" (size: 21 cm2) for 7971 samples, to acquire a semiquantitative assessment of microbial contamination of surfaces. Up to 20 percent of the impression cultures showed uncountable numbers of colonies (more than 300/21 cm2). Therefore statements on the microbial content were not to be based on mean values alone. The actual state of surface contamination was assessed by the mean value of all plates with colony counts below 300 and by the median value. Additionally numbers of samples with colony counts below 10 and more than 300 were recorded. The mean value of all samples with less than 300 colonies/21 cm2 was 58. 21% had less than 10, 23% more than 300 colonies. In operating suites, delivery rooms, and premature wards the mean value was 30 colonies/21 cm2. Surfaces with less than 10 colonies amounted to 30 percent, with more than 300 to 5 percent. Samples from intensive-care units, from new-born-, and childrens wards had mean values of 50 colonies/21 cm2. Percentages of plates below 10 and above 300 colonies differed too much to be grouped. Surgical, internal, and gynaecological wards showed mean values of more than 60 colonies/21 cm2. 15 percent of plates had less than 10 colonies, 10 percent more than 300. Differentiations as to specifications of rooms and surfaces in regard to bacterial contamination have been made.", "contents": "[Hygienic and bacteriological comparative studies in 50 hospitals. V. Bacterial contamination of hospital surfaces (author's transl)]. Environmental examination were carried out in 50 hospitals using \"rodac-plates\" (size: 21 cm2) for 7971 samples, to acquire a semiquantitative assessment of microbial contamination of surfaces. Up to 20 percent of the impression cultures showed uncountable numbers of colonies (more than 300/21 cm2). Therefore statements on the microbial content were not to be based on mean values alone. The actual state of surface contamination was assessed by the mean value of all plates with colony counts below 300 and by the median value. Additionally numbers of samples with colony counts below 10 and more than 300 were recorded. The mean value of all samples with less than 300 colonies/21 cm2 was 58. 21% had less than 10, 23% more than 300 colonies. In operating suites, delivery rooms, and premature wards the mean value was 30 colonies/21 cm2. Surfaces with less than 10 colonies amounted to 30 percent, with more than 300 to 5 percent. Samples from intensive-care units, from new-born-, and childrens wards had mean values of 50 colonies/21 cm2. Percentages of plates below 10 and above 300 colonies differed too much to be grouped. Surgical, internal, and gynaecological wards showed mean values of more than 60 colonies/21 cm2. 15 percent of plates had less than 10 colonies, 10 percent more than 300. Differentiations as to specifications of rooms and surfaces in regard to bacterial contamination have been made.", "PMID": 716697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6624", "title": "[Experience in the isolation of salmonellae in foods of different risk categories (author's transl)].", "content": "146 samples of pancreatic powder, 208 samples of pasteurized egg albumen, both deep-frozen and spray-dried, and 355 samples of frozen poultry were investigated for the presence of salmonellae. Four pre-enrichment media (lactose broth, nutrient broth, buffered peptone water and tryptone soya broth) and two direct selective enrichment media (dulcitol selenite and tetrathionate) were used. For the pre-enrichment of frozen poultry, buffered peptone water and tryptone soya broth proved to be more satisfactory than lactose broth and nutrient broth. Pre-enrichment of freeze-dried material in a non-selective medium yielded more Salmonella than were obtained by a direct selective enrichment. 16 of 146 samples of freeze-dried pancreatic powder contained salmonellae. Accordingly, tissue and organs of slaughter animals designed for the production of pharmaceutical preparations require regular bacteriological control.", "contents": "[Experience in the isolation of salmonellae in foods of different risk categories (author's transl)]. 146 samples of pancreatic powder, 208 samples of pasteurized egg albumen, both deep-frozen and spray-dried, and 355 samples of frozen poultry were investigated for the presence of salmonellae. Four pre-enrichment media (lactose broth, nutrient broth, buffered peptone water and tryptone soya broth) and two direct selective enrichment media (dulcitol selenite and tetrathionate) were used. For the pre-enrichment of frozen poultry, buffered peptone water and tryptone soya broth proved to be more satisfactory than lactose broth and nutrient broth. Pre-enrichment of freeze-dried material in a non-selective medium yielded more Salmonella than were obtained by a direct selective enrichment. 16 of 146 samples of freeze-dried pancreatic powder contained salmonellae. Accordingly, tissue and organs of slaughter animals designed for the production of pharmaceutical preparations require regular bacteriological control.", "PMID": 716698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6625", "title": "Characterization of the Brucella strains from milch animals.", "content": "A survey of incidences of brucellosis was carried out in 1378 lactating animals (590 buffaloes; 290 cows; 471 goats; and 108 sheep). Individual reactors to MRT were further identified with blood serum tube and quick agglutination tests.--Recorded incidences of brucellosis in the present investigation were found to be low, 1.4% in cows, 1.3% in goats, 1.2% in buffaloes and 0.9% in sheeps. The present investigation supports the wide use of MRT for screening antibodies for brucellosis in lactating animals which can be followed by SAT.--All those animals which responded to tube agglutination test were also positive for blood serum quick agglutination test.", "contents": "Characterization of the Brucella strains from milch animals. A survey of incidences of brucellosis was carried out in 1378 lactating animals (590 buffaloes; 290 cows; 471 goats; and 108 sheep). Individual reactors to MRT were further identified with blood serum tube and quick agglutination tests.--Recorded incidences of brucellosis in the present investigation were found to be low, 1.4% in cows, 1.3% in goats, 1.2% in buffaloes and 0.9% in sheeps. The present investigation supports the wide use of MRT for screening antibodies for brucellosis in lactating animals which can be followed by SAT.--All those animals which responded to tube agglutination test were also positive for blood serum quick agglutination test.", "PMID": 716699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6626", "title": "[Investigation of the hygienic standard in two hospitals including the control of disinfection (author's transl)].", "content": "In two operative departments with different architectural presuppositions, the hygienic standard was checked up. Under favourable conditions in clinic B (Hosch-filter, sluice-systems) the relative frequency of demonstrable bacteria amounted to 55%. In clinic A, where these conditions failed, it amounted to 80%. Among the non pathogenic bacteria DNase-negative staphylococci were demonstrated more frequently than others. 13.4% and 18.9% resp. of the bacteria were DNase-positive staphylococci. We used Clostridium perfringens for detecting invasion-paths of germs. The most important ones are leaky windows, air conditioning and insufficient sluice-systems. The success of desinfection was examined. It fluctuates from 67% to 100%. One control amounted to 42%. The results show, that it is impossible to establish sterile rooms for common operative departments. But they show as well that a satisfying hygienic standard cannot be arrived without sluice-systems and appropriate air conditioning.", "contents": "[Investigation of the hygienic standard in two hospitals including the control of disinfection (author's transl)]. In two operative departments with different architectural presuppositions, the hygienic standard was checked up. Under favourable conditions in clinic B (Hosch-filter, sluice-systems) the relative frequency of demonstrable bacteria amounted to 55%. In clinic A, where these conditions failed, it amounted to 80%. Among the non pathogenic bacteria DNase-negative staphylococci were demonstrated more frequently than others. 13.4% and 18.9% resp. of the bacteria were DNase-positive staphylococci. We used Clostridium perfringens for detecting invasion-paths of germs. The most important ones are leaky windows, air conditioning and insufficient sluice-systems. The success of desinfection was examined. It fluctuates from 67% to 100%. One control amounted to 42%. The results show, that it is impossible to establish sterile rooms for common operative departments. But they show as well that a satisfying hygienic standard cannot be arrived without sluice-systems and appropriate air conditioning.", "PMID": 716700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6627", "title": "[Wound contamination in conventionally air-conditioned operating rooms as compared to laminar-flow-operating-rooms (author's transl)].", "content": "Two operating rooms (OP K I, OP K II) with conventional air-conditioning and one operating room with horizontal laminar-flow-ventilation (TAVS) were compared by measurements of airborne microorganisms, settling microorganisms and wound contamination. In OP K I and OP K II the number of airborne colonie forming units (cfu) was about 8/m3 when the rooms were empty and between 70/m3 (OP K I) and 140/m3 (OP K II) during operations. The first air in the TAVS-OP contained less than 1 cfu/m3, downstream of the operating team up to 80 cfu/m3. The number of settling microorganisms at the wound site was about 13 cfu/100 cm2 h in OP K I and OP K II, and about 2 cfu/100 cm2 h in the TAVS OP. Wound swabs showed a contamination rate of 45% (OP K I) and 54% (OP K II) versus 31% under TAVS-conditions. The difference is statistically significant with p less than 0.05. Various other factors as e.g. the duration of exposition, traffic of persons into and out of the rooms and the fate of microorganisms after sedimentation into the wound are discussed. While the number of settling germs is growing in linear proportion to the duration of exposition, the number of wounds found contaminated does probably approach a steady state in dependence of sedimentation rate and die-off rate in the wound.", "contents": "[Wound contamination in conventionally air-conditioned operating rooms as compared to laminar-flow-operating-rooms (author's transl)]. Two operating rooms (OP K I, OP K II) with conventional air-conditioning and one operating room with horizontal laminar-flow-ventilation (TAVS) were compared by measurements of airborne microorganisms, settling microorganisms and wound contamination. In OP K I and OP K II the number of airborne colonie forming units (cfu) was about 8/m3 when the rooms were empty and between 70/m3 (OP K I) and 140/m3 (OP K II) during operations. The first air in the TAVS-OP contained less than 1 cfu/m3, downstream of the operating team up to 80 cfu/m3. The number of settling microorganisms at the wound site was about 13 cfu/100 cm2 h in OP K I and OP K II, and about 2 cfu/100 cm2 h in the TAVS OP. Wound swabs showed a contamination rate of 45% (OP K I) and 54% (OP K II) versus 31% under TAVS-conditions. The difference is statistically significant with p less than 0.05. Various other factors as e.g. the duration of exposition, traffic of persons into and out of the rooms and the fate of microorganisms after sedimentation into the wound are discussed. While the number of settling germs is growing in linear proportion to the duration of exposition, the number of wounds found contaminated does probably approach a steady state in dependence of sedimentation rate and die-off rate in the wound.", "PMID": 716701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6628", "title": "[Behaviour of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in dry and moist atmosphere (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of bacteriologic environmental studies show the frequently appearance of Staphylococci in dry and of Pseudomonas in moist atmosphere. There is a small frequency of Enterobacteriaceae in both cases. Therefore experiments are done about the behaviour in dry atmosphere of 5 different strains of Staph. aureus, Strept. faecalis, E. coli, Kl. pneumoniae, S. marcescens and P. aeruginosa. The bacterial suspensions are scored on aluminium foil and exposed at room temperature and constant air-moisture. The results show Enterobacteriaceae more sensitive for drying as Staph. aureus and Strept. faecalis. In dry atmosphere Pseudomonas is nearly not able to survive. In contrary to the other examined bacteria only Staphylococcus can be transfered by air or dust. The behaviour in moist environment is examined at room temperature in aqua bidest. and sterile tap-water. In both liquids only S. marcescens is able to grow. It is conspicous that P. aeruginosa dies off in aqua bidest, within 4 d while it is able to grow in tap-water. In tap-water the initial colony count of E. coli keeps constant, but in aqua bidest. E. coli is no more present after 24 d. In both liquids, Staph. aureus and Strept. faecalis have limited surviving rates: Staph. aureus can't be cultured in aqua bidest, after 5 d, in tap-water after 7 d, Strept. faecalis survive 11 and 10 d respectively. Additional the behaviour in tap-water is examined at 30 degrees C and 40 degrees C. These temperatures are characteristic for ultrasonic nebulizers and humidifiers respectively. At both temperatures only P. aeruginosa is able to grow. The other bacteria--including S. marcesens--die off at 30 degrees C and even faster at 40 degrees C. Furthermore mixed cultures are made with 5 strains each of Staph. aureus (= St), Strept. faecalis (= Sf), E. coli (= Ec), S. marcescens (= Se) and P. aeruginosa (= Pa) which formed the following groups: St/Sf, St/Ec, St/Se, St/Pa, Sf/Ec, Sf/Se, Sf/Pa, Ec/Se, Ec/Pa, Se/Pa. The examinations are done in aqua bidest. and tap-water at room temperature. Additional the behaviour in tap-water at 30 degrees C and 40 degrees C was tested. A mutual influence cannot be found. It is the conclusion to use the humidifiers and nebulizers with sterile aqua bidest. only and to prefer the humidifiers to the nebulizers.", "contents": "[Behaviour of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in dry and moist atmosphere (author's transl)]. The results of bacteriologic environmental studies show the frequently appearance of Staphylococci in dry and of Pseudomonas in moist atmosphere. There is a small frequency of Enterobacteriaceae in both cases. Therefore experiments are done about the behaviour in dry atmosphere of 5 different strains of Staph. aureus, Strept. faecalis, E. coli, Kl. pneumoniae, S. marcescens and P. aeruginosa. The bacterial suspensions are scored on aluminium foil and exposed at room temperature and constant air-moisture. The results show Enterobacteriaceae more sensitive for drying as Staph. aureus and Strept. faecalis. In dry atmosphere Pseudomonas is nearly not able to survive. In contrary to the other examined bacteria only Staphylococcus can be transfered by air or dust. The behaviour in moist environment is examined at room temperature in aqua bidest. and sterile tap-water. In both liquids only S. marcescens is able to grow. It is conspicous that P. aeruginosa dies off in aqua bidest, within 4 d while it is able to grow in tap-water. In tap-water the initial colony count of E. coli keeps constant, but in aqua bidest. E. coli is no more present after 24 d. In both liquids, Staph. aureus and Strept. faecalis have limited surviving rates: Staph. aureus can't be cultured in aqua bidest, after 5 d, in tap-water after 7 d, Strept. faecalis survive 11 and 10 d respectively. Additional the behaviour in tap-water is examined at 30 degrees C and 40 degrees C. These temperatures are characteristic for ultrasonic nebulizers and humidifiers respectively. At both temperatures only P. aeruginosa is able to grow. The other bacteria--including S. marcesens--die off at 30 degrees C and even faster at 40 degrees C. Furthermore mixed cultures are made with 5 strains each of Staph. aureus (= St), Strept. faecalis (= Sf), E. coli (= Ec), S. marcescens (= Se) and P. aeruginosa (= Pa) which formed the following groups: St/Sf, St/Ec, St/Se, St/Pa, Sf/Ec, Sf/Se, Sf/Pa, Ec/Se, Ec/Pa, Se/Pa. The examinations are done in aqua bidest. and tap-water at room temperature. Additional the behaviour in tap-water at 30 degrees C and 40 degrees C was tested. A mutual influence cannot be found. It is the conclusion to use the humidifiers and nebulizers with sterile aqua bidest. only and to prefer the humidifiers to the nebulizers.", "PMID": 716702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6629", "title": "Investigations on the carcinogenic burden by air pollution in man. XVIII. The morphology of neoplasms induced in NMRI Mice after subcutaneous administration of PAH (individual or combination treatment).", "content": "A single s.c. dose of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) administered individually or in combinations in the neck area to NMRI mice produced mainly malignant mesenchymal neoplasms at the injection site. Parts of these tumours frequently showed a high degree of polymorphism and, as a detailed examination of their morphology demonstrated were similar to sarcomas of the subcutaneous tissue observed in other animal models.", "contents": "Investigations on the carcinogenic burden by air pollution in man. XVIII. The morphology of neoplasms induced in NMRI Mice after subcutaneous administration of PAH (individual or combination treatment). A single s.c. dose of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) administered individually or in combinations in the neck area to NMRI mice produced mainly malignant mesenchymal neoplasms at the injection site. Parts of these tumours frequently showed a high degree of polymorphism and, as a detailed examination of their morphology demonstrated were similar to sarcomas of the subcutaneous tissue observed in other animal models.", "PMID": 716703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6630", "title": "[Comparative analysis of the glycoproteins of the mineralized tissues of several species of animals].", "content": "Studies have been made on carbohydrate components of glycoproteids from normally mineralized tissues of different animals. Experiments were made on the scales of the fish Leuciscus idus, on shells of hen eggs, on shells of the molluscs Modiolus modiolus, Anodonta cygnea, Rapana thomasiana, Bithynia tentaculata, on bone tissue, the enamel and dentine from cows, pigs, dogs and albino rats. In the glycoproteids studied, hexoses, fucoses, ketone sugars, hexosamines, uronic and sialic acids were found and quantitatively determined. Using ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, acid glycosamineglycanes were divided into two fractions--gialuronic acid and chondroitynsulphates. Marked quantitative, for some of the species qualitative differences as well, were found in carbohydrate composition of glycoproteids from mineralized tissues.", "contents": "[Comparative analysis of the glycoproteins of the mineralized tissues of several species of animals]. Studies have been made on carbohydrate components of glycoproteids from normally mineralized tissues of different animals. Experiments were made on the scales of the fish Leuciscus idus, on shells of hen eggs, on shells of the molluscs Modiolus modiolus, Anodonta cygnea, Rapana thomasiana, Bithynia tentaculata, on bone tissue, the enamel and dentine from cows, pigs, dogs and albino rats. In the glycoproteids studied, hexoses, fucoses, ketone sugars, hexosamines, uronic and sialic acids were found and quantitatively determined. Using ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, acid glycosamineglycanes were divided into two fractions--gialuronic acid and chondroitynsulphates. Marked quantitative, for some of the species qualitative differences as well, were found in carbohydrate composition of glycoproteids from mineralized tissues.", "PMID": 716704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6631", "title": "[Insulin concentration in the blood of normal chick embryos and after glucose administration].", "content": "Studies have been made on the content of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) in the blood serum of 10--16-day chick embryos. A totally homologous radioimmune assay system consisting of a standard and labelled chick insulin together with antiinsulin guinea pig serum to chick insulin, was used. The results obtained show that IRI content increases with the age of embryos. Intravascular injection of glucose increases IRI content in embryos of all the ages investigated.", "contents": "[Insulin concentration in the blood of normal chick embryos and after glucose administration]. Studies have been made on the content of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) in the blood serum of 10--16-day chick embryos. A totally homologous radioimmune assay system consisting of a standard and labelled chick insulin together with antiinsulin guinea pig serum to chick insulin, was used. The results obtained show that IRI content increases with the age of embryos. Intravascular injection of glucose increases IRI content in embryos of all the ages investigated.", "PMID": 716706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6632", "title": "[Relationship between the ionic composition and functional activity of rat skeletal muscles].", "content": "Studies have been made on the relationship between the pattern of distribution of sodium and potassium ions in skeletal muscles of rats (tissue concentrations of ions, ionic selectivity of the tissue) and the level of functional activity of these muscles under experimental influences upon the motor system of the animals. It was shown that prolonged (20 days) effect of weightlessness during a cosmic flight (functional unloading of the motor apparatus) induces changes in tissue concentrations of Na+ and K+ (the increase of the former and the decrease of the latter) only in postural-tonic m. soleus, which accounts for antigravitational function in the organism. In m. phrenicus and m. plantaris no significant shifts in tissue concentrations of ions were detected. severe hypokinesia (30 days) in the laboratory, as well as denervation (30 days) considerably decrease tissue concentrations of K+ and increase that of Na+ in fast skeletal muscles; under the same conditions, slow m. soleus exhibits simultaneous changes in tissue concentrations of Na+ and K+, although these are less significant.", "contents": "[Relationship between the ionic composition and functional activity of rat skeletal muscles]. Studies have been made on the relationship between the pattern of distribution of sodium and potassium ions in skeletal muscles of rats (tissue concentrations of ions, ionic selectivity of the tissue) and the level of functional activity of these muscles under experimental influences upon the motor system of the animals. It was shown that prolonged (20 days) effect of weightlessness during a cosmic flight (functional unloading of the motor apparatus) induces changes in tissue concentrations of Na+ and K+ (the increase of the former and the decrease of the latter) only in postural-tonic m. soleus, which accounts for antigravitational function in the organism. In m. phrenicus and m. plantaris no significant shifts in tissue concentrations of ions were detected. severe hypokinesia (30 days) in the laboratory, as well as denervation (30 days) considerably decrease tissue concentrations of K+ and increase that of Na+ in fast skeletal muscles; under the same conditions, slow m. soleus exhibits simultaneous changes in tissue concentrations of Na+ and K+, although these are less significant.", "PMID": 716707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6633", "title": "[Ionic conductivity of muscle fiber membranes of Locusta migratoria].", "content": "On muscle fibers from m. flexor tibiae of the locust studies have been made of the effect of rapid changes in potassium and chloride concentrations on the membrane potential (MP). The MP constituted 56.0 +/- 1.0 mV. The relationship between the MP and the external potassium at [K]o.[Cl]o equals const may be described by Nernst equation for two different intracellular concentrations of these ions, at [K]o less than or equal to 40 mM and at [K]o greater than or equal to 80 mM. From the relationship between the MP and rapid changes in [K]o or [Cl]o at constant concentration of correspondingly [Cl]o and K]o relative membrane conductivity for these ions were found (TK=0.55 and TC1=0.41). Using impulse analysis, electrical constants of muscle membrane were determined (lambda = 1.9 +/- 0.1 mm; Ri equals 103 +/- 7 ohm.cm; Rm = 1.430 +/- 76 ohm.cm2; Cm = 16 +/- 1 muF.cm-2). High values for Cm correlate with numerous invaginations in muscle membrane which were revealed in electron microscopis investigations. Active responses of the membrane are gradual. In the presence of ions of Sr they are transformed into regenerative action potentials.", "contents": "[Ionic conductivity of muscle fiber membranes of Locusta migratoria]. On muscle fibers from m. flexor tibiae of the locust studies have been made of the effect of rapid changes in potassium and chloride concentrations on the membrane potential (MP). The MP constituted 56.0 +/- 1.0 mV. The relationship between the MP and the external potassium at [K]o.[Cl]o equals const may be described by Nernst equation for two different intracellular concentrations of these ions, at [K]o less than or equal to 40 mM and at [K]o greater than or equal to 80 mM. From the relationship between the MP and rapid changes in [K]o or [Cl]o at constant concentration of correspondingly [Cl]o and K]o relative membrane conductivity for these ions were found (TK=0.55 and TC1=0.41). Using impulse analysis, electrical constants of muscle membrane were determined (lambda = 1.9 +/- 0.1 mm; Ri equals 103 +/- 7 ohm.cm; Rm = 1.430 +/- 76 ohm.cm2; Cm = 16 +/- 1 muF.cm-2). High values for Cm correlate with numerous invaginations in muscle membrane which were revealed in electron microscopis investigations. Active responses of the membrane are gradual. In the presence of ions of Sr they are transformed into regenerative action potentials.", "PMID": 716708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6634", "title": "[Minimal brain dysfunction in children (neurologic aspect)].", "content": "The paper contains some data of a dynamical study of 108 children with early organic brain lesions. Starting from the neonate period, in 29 cases (26,8%) there was a stable focal neurological symptomatology, in 42 (38,9%)--symptoms of neuropsychic abnormalities were not found. In 37 cases (34,3%) there was a neurological and psychopathological symptomatology, typical for minimal brain dysfunction. The studies indicate a certain role of the organic factor in the etiology and clinical signs of minimal brain dysfunction in infants. The conclusion is made that there is a necessity for a thorough neurological examination of infants with pathology in the perinatal period with slight neurological changes or considered to be practically normal. Early treatment and prevention of clinical signs in minimal brain dysfunction is stressed.", "contents": "[Minimal brain dysfunction in children (neurologic aspect)]. The paper contains some data of a dynamical study of 108 children with early organic brain lesions. Starting from the neonate period, in 29 cases (26,8%) there was a stable focal neurological symptomatology, in 42 (38,9%)--symptoms of neuropsychic abnormalities were not found. In 37 cases (34,3%) there was a neurological and psychopathological symptomatology, typical for minimal brain dysfunction. The studies indicate a certain role of the organic factor in the etiology and clinical signs of minimal brain dysfunction in infants. The conclusion is made that there is a necessity for a thorough neurological examination of infants with pathology in the perinatal period with slight neurological changes or considered to be practically normal. Early treatment and prevention of clinical signs in minimal brain dysfunction is stressed.", "PMID": 716715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6635", "title": "[Enzymes of the pentosephosphate pathway in the tissues of cyclostomes at different stages of ontogenesis].", "content": "Studies have been made on the activity of the enzymes of pentose phosphate shunt in the heart, liver and somatic muscles of two lamprey species, Lampetra fluviatilis and L. planeri, at various stages of ontogenesis. It was shown that the activity of these enzymes in larval tissues is significantly higher than in adult lampreys. In adult animals, the enzymes investigated exhibit low tissue specificity.", "contents": "[Enzymes of the pentosephosphate pathway in the tissues of cyclostomes at different stages of ontogenesis]. Studies have been made on the activity of the enzymes of pentose phosphate shunt in the heart, liver and somatic muscles of two lamprey species, Lampetra fluviatilis and L. planeri, at various stages of ontogenesis. It was shown that the activity of these enzymes in larval tissues is significantly higher than in adult lampreys. In adult animals, the enzymes investigated exhibit low tissue specificity.", "PMID": 716705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6636", "title": "[Nemaline myopathy (clinico-morphologic study)].", "content": "For the first time in Soviet literature a description of 2 cases is given; both sibs demonstrate a muscular weakness, hypotension, moderately expressed hypotrophy of the body muscles, extremities and face. There were also specific bone anomalies. An electron-microscopic study detected typical \"nemaline structures\" in the muscular fibres. The disease in both sibs was identical even in details. The authors discuss the possible mechanisms of motor disorders. Besides personal material the paper contains the main facts of modern literature in relation to the clinical picture and pathogenesis of nemaline myopathy.", "contents": "[Nemaline myopathy (clinico-morphologic study)]. For the first time in Soviet literature a description of 2 cases is given; both sibs demonstrate a muscular weakness, hypotension, moderately expressed hypotrophy of the body muscles, extremities and face. There were also specific bone anomalies. An electron-microscopic study detected typical \"nemaline structures\" in the muscular fibres. The disease in both sibs was identical even in details. The authors discuss the possible mechanisms of motor disorders. Besides personal material the paper contains the main facts of modern literature in relation to the clinical picture and pathogenesis of nemaline myopathy.", "PMID": 716716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6637", "title": "[Value and feasibility of electromyographic studies in the diagnosis of birth injuries to the cervical portion of the spinal cord].", "content": "A total of 160 patients with natal lesions of the spinal cord were examined by EMG. Of them 34 subjects showed lesions in the cervical part. The clinical data were compared with EMG findings. EMG changes, typical for anterior horn localization (II type of EMG) were found in the position of rest in 41.1% of the cases, while in synergy and voluntary movements in 70.6%. The author considers EMG an important and perspective method of examining children with natal spinal lesions.", "contents": "[Value and feasibility of electromyographic studies in the diagnosis of birth injuries to the cervical portion of the spinal cord]. A total of 160 patients with natal lesions of the spinal cord were examined by EMG. Of them 34 subjects showed lesions in the cervical part. The clinical data were compared with EMG findings. EMG changes, typical for anterior horn localization (II type of EMG) were found in the position of rest in 41.1% of the cases, while in synergy and voluntary movements in 70.6%. The author considers EMG an important and perspective method of examining children with natal spinal lesions.", "PMID": 716717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6638", "title": "[Characteristics of the neuronal composition of the central nervous system of nudibranch mollusks].", "content": "Studies have been made on the neuronal composition of the central nervous system of the Nudibranch molluscs from the White Sea -- Coryphella rufibranchialis, Dendronotus arborescens and Cadlina laevis -- at various stages of their postlarval development, Localization maps for the largest neurons were composed. For C. rufibranchialis and D. arborescens, about 65--78 neurons were mapped; some of the characteristics of these neurons were investigated, such as age changes in the body size, the shape, pigmentation and neurosecretory activity. Using impregnation of silver nitrate into slices, two types of branching of neuronal processes were revealed (nervous cells with \"branching\" and \"bifurcational\" axons).", "contents": "[Characteristics of the neuronal composition of the central nervous system of nudibranch mollusks]. Studies have been made on the neuronal composition of the central nervous system of the Nudibranch molluscs from the White Sea -- Coryphella rufibranchialis, Dendronotus arborescens and Cadlina laevis -- at various stages of their postlarval development, Localization maps for the largest neurons were composed. For C. rufibranchialis and D. arborescens, about 65--78 neurons were mapped; some of the characteristics of these neurons were investigated, such as age changes in the body size, the shape, pigmentation and neurosecretory activity. Using impregnation of silver nitrate into slices, two types of branching of neuronal processes were revealed (nervous cells with \"branching\" and \"bifurcational\" axons).", "PMID": 716712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6639", "title": "[Focal EEG pathology in young children with infantile cerebral paralysis and an epileptiform syndrome].", "content": "A polygraphic study of 63 children of the 1st and 2nd year of age with child cerebral paralysis and a convulsive syndrome in 17 detected focal changes of the EEG, mainly in the central and parietal areas. The detection of the focus in many cases depended upon the phase and stage of sleep and could correspond to certain states (mainly--slow sleep, sometimes to rapid sleep, sometimes--intermediary stage). The mechanisms of these phenomena are discussed.", "contents": "[Focal EEG pathology in young children with infantile cerebral paralysis and an epileptiform syndrome]. A polygraphic study of 63 children of the 1st and 2nd year of age with child cerebral paralysis and a convulsive syndrome in 17 detected focal changes of the EEG, mainly in the central and parietal areas. The detection of the focus in many cases depended upon the phase and stage of sleep and could correspond to certain states (mainly--slow sleep, sometimes to rapid sleep, sometimes--intermediary stage). The mechanisms of these phenomena are discussed.", "PMID": 716718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6640", "title": "[Changes in the bioelectrical activity of the brain in children with spastic cerebral paralysis following correctional straightening of their gait].", "content": "In normal children and patients with cerebral spastic paralysis from 7--12 years there were similar changes of the bioelectric brain activity under conditions of directed correction of gait. There were 3 stages of EEG changes: desynchronozation, synchronization of the dominating rhythm, local synchronization in the form of flashes of the dominating rhythm biopotentials. It was established that a correlational interconnection of the level of integrated EMG and changes in the level of bioelectric brain activity is detected in normals and in ill children on a certain phase of elaborated motor habits. The authors demonstrated an increase of intrahemispheric correlational connections of the bioelectric activity in the motor zones in the process of directed correctional gait. The achieved data concerning the changed EEG in the process of a directed regulation of bioelectrical muscular activity during walking is one of the criteria of a formation of motor functions.", "contents": "[Changes in the bioelectrical activity of the brain in children with spastic cerebral paralysis following correctional straightening of their gait]. In normal children and patients with cerebral spastic paralysis from 7--12 years there were similar changes of the bioelectric brain activity under conditions of directed correction of gait. There were 3 stages of EEG changes: desynchronozation, synchronization of the dominating rhythm, local synchronization in the form of flashes of the dominating rhythm biopotentials. It was established that a correlational interconnection of the level of integrated EMG and changes in the level of bioelectric brain activity is detected in normals and in ill children on a certain phase of elaborated motor habits. The authors demonstrated an increase of intrahemispheric correlational connections of the bioelectric activity in the motor zones in the process of directed correctional gait. The achieved data concerning the changed EEG in the process of a directed regulation of bioelectrical muscular activity during walking is one of the criteria of a formation of motor functions.", "PMID": 716719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6641", "title": "[Functional connections between the suprapharyngeal ganglion and segmental motor centers of the cockroach Periplaneta americana].", "content": "Studies have been made of non-specific influences of supraesophageal ganglion on the excitability of the segmental centers in the cockroach P. americana. It was shown that electrical stimulation of the mushroom bodies decreases the frequency of the background discharges which are observed in the neuropile of the central body, decreasing simultaneously the activity of motor fibers of the Vth nerve. On the contrary, stimulation of the central body increases the frequency of the spontaneous activity in motor output. It is suggested that the inhibitory influences from the mushroom bodies upon the segmental motor apparatus may spread both directly and in a stepwise fashion, i. e. via the intermediate structure of the central body. The latter is involved into the control of muscle tonus in the cockroach.", "contents": "[Functional connections between the suprapharyngeal ganglion and segmental motor centers of the cockroach Periplaneta americana]. Studies have been made of non-specific influences of supraesophageal ganglion on the excitability of the segmental centers in the cockroach P. americana. It was shown that electrical stimulation of the mushroom bodies decreases the frequency of the background discharges which are observed in the neuropile of the central body, decreasing simultaneously the activity of motor fibers of the Vth nerve. On the contrary, stimulation of the central body increases the frequency of the spontaneous activity in motor output. It is suggested that the inhibitory influences from the mushroom bodies upon the segmental motor apparatus may spread both directly and in a stepwise fashion, i. e. via the intermediate structure of the central body. The latter is involved into the control of muscle tonus in the cockroach.", "PMID": 716709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6642", "title": "[Round nucleus of Emys orbicularis tortoises during ontogenesis (light and electron microscopy findings)].", "content": "It has been demonstrated that in the tortoise after hatching the round nucleus and its neurons are rather small, neuronal density is high. Neurons contain a large amount of free ribosomes, Nissl bodies are absent. Single axodendritic synapses are predominant, polysynaptic complexes of the glomerula type are absent. These data indicate that in newborn tortoises the round nucleus does not attain definitive form, differentiation of its main elements proceeding after hatching.", "contents": "[Round nucleus of Emys orbicularis tortoises during ontogenesis (light and electron microscopy findings)]. It has been demonstrated that in the tortoise after hatching the round nucleus and its neurons are rather small, neuronal density is high. Neurons contain a large amount of free ribosomes, Nissl bodies are absent. Single axodendritic synapses are predominant, polysynaptic complexes of the glomerula type are absent. These data indicate that in newborn tortoises the round nucleus does not attain definitive form, differentiation of its main elements proceeding after hatching.", "PMID": 716714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6643", "title": "[Electroneuromyographic studies intaxia-telangiectasia].", "content": "An electroneuromyographical study of 29 patients with ataxia-teleangiectasia was performed. It was established that the structural and functional disturbances of the central and peripheral nervous system increase as the disease progresses. The changes found in the spinal motor cells, in the afferent and efferent links of the peripheral neuromotors apparatus permit to recommend drugs directed towards normalization of the processes of nerve conductivity in the peripheral part of the nervous system to be included in the comprehensive therapeutical and rehabilitative measures in this form of pathology.", "contents": "[Electroneuromyographic studies intaxia-telangiectasia]. An electroneuromyographical study of 29 patients with ataxia-teleangiectasia was performed. It was established that the structural and functional disturbances of the central and peripheral nervous system increase as the disease progresses. The changes found in the spinal motor cells, in the afferent and efferent links of the peripheral neuromotors apparatus permit to recommend drugs directed towards normalization of the processes of nerve conductivity in the peripheral part of the nervous system to be included in the comprehensive therapeutical and rehabilitative measures in this form of pathology.", "PMID": 716720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6644", "title": "[Changes in the retinotectal system of the tortoise Testudo graeca following enucleation].", "content": "Electrophysiological and electron microscopic studies have been made on degeneration in the optic nerve and midbrain tectum after enucleation of the tortoise T. graeca. It was found that intensive degeneration of terminals which follows \"dark\" type (1/2--1 month after enucleation) corresponds to degeneration of myelinated fibers. Mass degeneration of the \"light\" type is associated with degeneration of unmyelinated fibers, being observed 1 1/2--2 months after the enucleation. The main bulk of fibers and terminals degenerates at the period of 4--4 1/2 months. Changes in functional characteristics of the evoked potentials (EP) follow morphological ones and consist in an increase of the interval between the stimulus and the peak of EP components, as well as of the decrease of the amplitude of the EP. Within 4--4 1/2 months, both EP components disappear almost simultaneously.", "contents": "[Changes in the retinotectal system of the tortoise Testudo graeca following enucleation]. Electrophysiological and electron microscopic studies have been made on degeneration in the optic nerve and midbrain tectum after enucleation of the tortoise T. graeca. It was found that intensive degeneration of terminals which follows \"dark\" type (1/2--1 month after enucleation) corresponds to degeneration of myelinated fibers. Mass degeneration of the \"light\" type is associated with degeneration of unmyelinated fibers, being observed 1 1/2--2 months after the enucleation. The main bulk of fibers and terminals degenerates at the period of 4--4 1/2 months. Changes in functional characteristics of the evoked potentials (EP) follow morphological ones and consist in an increase of the interval between the stimulus and the peak of EP components, as well as of the decrease of the amplitude of the EP. Within 4--4 1/2 months, both EP components disappear almost simultaneously.", "PMID": 716710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6645", "title": "[Central muscular hypotonia of early childhood (hypotonic form of infantile cerebral paralysis)].", "content": "A total of 64 children from 6 months to 2,5 years with a hypotonic syndrome were observed. Follow-up studies were performed twice: after 1--1,5 years and after 2--3 years. In most of the cases (52 patients) the hypotonic syndrome towards the age of 6 slowly regressed, up to its complete disappearance. In these cases other neurological syndromes could appear (dyskinetic, spastic, minimal brain dysfunction), in the structure of which cerebellar symptoms occupied an important place. The intellectual development of these children was subnormal. In a lesser part of the cases (12 patients) the indicated dynamics of hypotonia was not seen, or it increased, while the intellectual devleopment of the children was characterized by mental retardation. These cases were evaluated as desintegration of development. The practical significance of the study of hypotonia for the prognosis is discussed.", "contents": "[Central muscular hypotonia of early childhood (hypotonic form of infantile cerebral paralysis)]. A total of 64 children from 6 months to 2,5 years with a hypotonic syndrome were observed. Follow-up studies were performed twice: after 1--1,5 years and after 2--3 years. In most of the cases (52 patients) the hypotonic syndrome towards the age of 6 slowly regressed, up to its complete disappearance. In these cases other neurological syndromes could appear (dyskinetic, spastic, minimal brain dysfunction), in the structure of which cerebellar symptoms occupied an important place. The intellectual development of these children was subnormal. In a lesser part of the cases (12 patients) the indicated dynamics of hypotonia was not seen, or it increased, while the intellectual devleopment of the children was characterized by mental retardation. These cases were evaluated as desintegration of development. The practical significance of the study of hypotonia for the prognosis is discussed.", "PMID": 716721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6646", "title": "[Hemiatrophy in children].", "content": "A clinico-electrophysiological characteristic of 56 children with the hemiatrophy syndrome is presented. The main clinical variants of hemiatrophy in children were distinguished. Some materials on the etiology and pathogenesis of this disorder are considered. The authors used electrophysiological methods in the study of this disorder: EEG, Echo EG, REG. The nozological entity of hemiatrophy the secondary symptomatical variants and features of the clinical development are discussed.", "contents": "[Hemiatrophy in children]. A clinico-electrophysiological characteristic of 56 children with the hemiatrophy syndrome is presented. The main clinical variants of hemiatrophy in children were distinguished. Some materials on the etiology and pathogenesis of this disorder are considered. The authors used electrophysiological methods in the study of this disorder: EEG, Echo EG, REG. The nozological entity of hemiatrophy the secondary symptomatical variants and features of the clinical development are discussed.", "PMID": 716724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6647", "title": "[Experience with using amedin in children with movement disorders of extrapyramidal and labyrinth origin].", "content": "Using previously obtained data concerning the effectivity of amedin in motor and speech disorders due to muscular dystonia the drug was used for the treatment of 50 children from 3.5 months to 18 years, with motor disorders of an extrapyramidal and labyrinth nature. A high therapeutical effectivity of amedin in an increased pathological activity of tonic cervical and labyrinth reflexes in infants and in torsion spasm of school age children is demonstrated.", "contents": "[Experience with using amedin in children with movement disorders of extrapyramidal and labyrinth origin]. Using previously obtained data concerning the effectivity of amedin in motor and speech disorders due to muscular dystonia the drug was used for the treatment of 50 children from 3.5 months to 18 years, with motor disorders of an extrapyramidal and labyrinth nature. A high therapeutical effectivity of amedin in an increased pathological activity of tonic cervical and labyrinth reflexes in infants and in torsion spasm of school age children is demonstrated.", "PMID": 716725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6648", "title": "[Schwartz-Jampel syndrome. Positive therapeutic effect of diacarb].", "content": "For the first time in Soviet literature a case of Schwartz--Jampel syndrome is described. In a 4 year old girl, besides skeletal abnormalities there were also muscular disturbances typical for this disease: myotonia, a syndrome of constant muscular contraction (rigidity) and expressed cramps. The paper contains a concise literary review concerning the Schwartz--Jampel syndrome and indicates absence of effective treatment. The author succeeded in attainment of a distinct improvement by administering diacarb, a drug previously not used in this disease.", "contents": "[Schwartz-Jampel syndrome. Positive therapeutic effect of diacarb]. For the first time in Soviet literature a case of Schwartz--Jampel syndrome is described. In a 4 year old girl, besides skeletal abnormalities there were also muscular disturbances typical for this disease: myotonia, a syndrome of constant muscular contraction (rigidity) and expressed cramps. The paper contains a concise literary review concerning the Schwartz--Jampel syndrome and indicates absence of effective treatment. The author succeeded in attainment of a distinct improvement by administering diacarb, a drug previously not used in this disease.", "PMID": 716726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6649", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of slowly progressive schizophrenia in children].", "content": "Slowly progressive schizophrenia in children is marked in 45.5% of all the cases. This form of development usually cannotes a favourably developing variant of continuous and attack-like schizophrenia, characterized by a gradual increase of psychopath-like (schizoid) personality changes. For this reason it is necessary to differentiate the diagnosis of schizophrenia with the dynamics of psychopathy in children. The paper contains data of some criteria of a differential diagnosis of slowly progressive schizophrenia in relation to early childhood autism, psychic infantilism, obsessional neurosis, pathologically developing age crises and cyclothymia in children.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of slowly progressive schizophrenia in children]. Slowly progressive schizophrenia in children is marked in 45.5% of all the cases. This form of development usually cannotes a favourably developing variant of continuous and attack-like schizophrenia, characterized by a gradual increase of psychopath-like (schizoid) personality changes. For this reason it is necessary to differentiate the diagnosis of schizophrenia with the dynamics of psychopathy in children. The paper contains data of some criteria of a differential diagnosis of slowly progressive schizophrenia in relation to early childhood autism, psychic infantilism, obsessional neurosis, pathologically developing age crises and cyclothymia in children.", "PMID": 716727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6650", "title": "[Depersonalization disorders in schizophrenic children].", "content": "The paper is concerned with a study of age variants of depersonalizational disturbances in schizophrenia children of early preschool age and preschool age. Depersonalizational disorders proper were found in 25 cases, disturbance of the self-conscious and its deterioration in 59, retardation in the development of the self-conscious formation--in 32 cases. Depersonalizational disturbances appear in children over 3 years, i.e. following the first physiological age crises. The following types of depersonalizational disturbances were distinquished: 1) moderately expressed loss of the self-conscious with disorders in the differentiation of the \"I\" from the associates; 2) a deeper disorder of the \"I\" with a substitution of the personal \"I\", by another \"I\"; 3) phenomena of estrangement of the self-conscious with a state similar to the splitting of the self-conscious, up to the appearance of the phenomena of a twin; 4) a change of the self-conscious expressed in a pathological play transformation and a substitution of the \"I\" by another \"I\", or a splitting of the self-conscious into the syndrome of play transformation near to a delusional; 5) derealization; 6) loss of the conscious of personal sex; 7) estrangement of the conscious of personal actions; 8) disturbance of self-conscious of a physical whole; 9) disturbance of the self-conscious in a deep depression with a loss of \"I-vitality\" appearance near to \"anaesthesia psychica dolorosa\" and \"nihilistic delusions\"; 10) loss of \"I\" conscious and regress of speech, motor activity, behaviour; 11) retardation in the formation of \"I\" conscious.", "contents": "[Depersonalization disorders in schizophrenic children]. The paper is concerned with a study of age variants of depersonalizational disturbances in schizophrenia children of early preschool age and preschool age. Depersonalizational disorders proper were found in 25 cases, disturbance of the self-conscious and its deterioration in 59, retardation in the development of the self-conscious formation--in 32 cases. Depersonalizational disturbances appear in children over 3 years, i.e. following the first physiological age crises. The following types of depersonalizational disturbances were distinquished: 1) moderately expressed loss of the self-conscious with disorders in the differentiation of the \"I\" from the associates; 2) a deeper disorder of the \"I\" with a substitution of the personal \"I\", by another \"I\"; 3) phenomena of estrangement of the self-conscious with a state similar to the splitting of the self-conscious, up to the appearance of the phenomena of a twin; 4) a change of the self-conscious expressed in a pathological play transformation and a substitution of the \"I\" by another \"I\", or a splitting of the self-conscious into the syndrome of play transformation near to a delusional; 5) derealization; 6) loss of the conscious of personal sex; 7) estrangement of the conscious of personal actions; 8) disturbance of self-conscious of a physical whole; 9) disturbance of the self-conscious in a deep depression with a loss of \"I-vitality\" appearance near to \"anaesthesia psychica dolorosa\" and \"nihilistic delusions\"; 10) loss of \"I\" conscious and regress of speech, motor activity, behaviour; 11) retardation in the formation of \"I\" conscious.", "PMID": 716728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6651", "title": "[Effect of the acceleration factor on formation of the clinical picture of schizophrenia in adolescents].", "content": "A comparitive clinico-psychopathological study in 275 cases of schizophrenia in adolescent boys with different variants of sex maturation (accelerated, retarded and normal) demonstrated significant differences in the clinical picture and development of schizophrenia depending upon the physical and in particularly the sex maturation. The authors come to the conclusion of a modifying influence of maturation on the formation of the clinical picture and development of schizophrenia in this age period. At the same time acceleration of maturation is not considered as an unconditioned unfavourable prognostical sign.", "contents": "[Effect of the acceleration factor on formation of the clinical picture of schizophrenia in adolescents]. A comparitive clinico-psychopathological study in 275 cases of schizophrenia in adolescent boys with different variants of sex maturation (accelerated, retarded and normal) demonstrated significant differences in the clinical picture and development of schizophrenia depending upon the physical and in particularly the sex maturation. The authors come to the conclusion of a modifying influence of maturation on the formation of the clinical picture and development of schizophrenia in this age period. At the same time acceleration of maturation is not considered as an unconditioned unfavourable prognostical sign.", "PMID": 716729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6652", "title": "[Relationship between sex and the clinical picture of schizophrenia in adolescents].", "content": "In 100 boys and 100 girls with an onset of schizophrenia in adolescency, the hereditary loading, traits of premorbid personality, the clinical picture and development of the disease depending upon the sex were studied. Some sex differences in the clinical picture of adolescent schizophrenia were demonstrated, for instance, an earlier onset in girls, a prevalence in the clinical picture of affective disorders. The clinical picture of boys was mainly characterized by psychopath-like behaviour and its specificity in adolescents of both sexes. There were also other sex differences in the clinical picture, development and prognosis of the disease.", "contents": "[Relationship between sex and the clinical picture of schizophrenia in adolescents]. In 100 boys and 100 girls with an onset of schizophrenia in adolescency, the hereditary loading, traits of premorbid personality, the clinical picture and development of the disease depending upon the sex were studied. Some sex differences in the clinical picture of adolescent schizophrenia were demonstrated, for instance, an earlier onset in girls, a prevalence in the clinical picture of affective disorders. The clinical picture of boys was mainly characterized by psychopath-like behaviour and its specificity in adolescents of both sexes. There were also other sex differences in the clinical picture, development and prognosis of the disease.", "PMID": 716730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6653", "title": "[Clinical picture of \"difficult\" adolescents].", "content": "Some data of a comprehensive clinico-psychological, anthropological, neurological and neurophysiological study of 150 adolescents--75 \"difficult ones\" and 75 in the control group are presented. There were 3 main clinico-psychopathological variants of disturbed behaviour; with a prevalence of instability, affective explosiveness and desinhibition of drives. It was possible to demonstrate their pathogenetical connections with some biological traits (abnormal sexual maturation, insufficiency of the nervous system, mainly of an organic character) and environmental factors, which to a certain extent were specific for each of these variants.", "contents": "[Clinical picture of \"difficult\" adolescents]. Some data of a comprehensive clinico-psychological, anthropological, neurological and neurophysiological study of 150 adolescents--75 \"difficult ones\" and 75 in the control group are presented. There were 3 main clinico-psychopathological variants of disturbed behaviour; with a prevalence of instability, affective explosiveness and desinhibition of drives. It was possible to demonstrate their pathogenetical connections with some biological traits (abnormal sexual maturation, insufficiency of the nervous system, mainly of an organic character) and environmental factors, which to a certain extent were specific for each of these variants.", "PMID": 716731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6654", "title": "[State of short-term memory in dyslexic children].", "content": "Thirty children from 7--8 years who were not able to master the technique of reading and 18 normal children from 5--6 year were studied. As a method special tasks were used, characterizing a short-time acoustico-speech and visual-space memory. In 86% of the children with dyslexia there was a drop in the range of acoustico-speech memory, in 63%--of the visual spacial, and in 57%--a combination of both. The author discusses the role of disturbed short-time memory in the pathogenesis of dyslexia.", "contents": "[State of short-term memory in dyslexic children]. Thirty children from 7--8 years who were not able to master the technique of reading and 18 normal children from 5--6 year were studied. As a method special tasks were used, characterizing a short-time acoustico-speech and visual-space memory. In 86% of the children with dyslexia there was a drop in the range of acoustico-speech memory, in 63%--of the visual spacial, and in 57%--a combination of both. The author discusses the role of disturbed short-time memory in the pathogenesis of dyslexia.", "PMID": 716732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6655", "title": "[Role of biogenic amines in the pathogenesis of intellectual disorders in children with minimal psychoorganic syndromes].", "content": "Memory, attention and emotional reactivity in comparison to indices of catecholamine and serotonin metabolism were studied in 25 children from 7 to 10 years with the minimal psychoorganic syndrome during aminalon treatment. According to the excretion indices the activity equilibrium of catecholamines and serotonin were changed and were accompanied by disturbances of memory, attention and emotional reactivity. An improvement of these indices during treatment corresponded to a normalization of the activity in these systems. Questions concerning the signficance of disturbed metabolism of biogenic amines in the pathogenesis of the psychoorganic syndrome are discussed.", "contents": "[Role of biogenic amines in the pathogenesis of intellectual disorders in children with minimal psychoorganic syndromes]. Memory, attention and emotional reactivity in comparison to indices of catecholamine and serotonin metabolism were studied in 25 children from 7 to 10 years with the minimal psychoorganic syndrome during aminalon treatment. According to the excretion indices the activity equilibrium of catecholamines and serotonin were changed and were accompanied by disturbances of memory, attention and emotional reactivity. An improvement of these indices during treatment corresponded to a normalization of the activity in these systems. Questions concerning the signficance of disturbed metabolism of biogenic amines in the pathogenesis of the psychoorganic syndrome are discussed.", "PMID": 716733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6656", "title": "[Hyperactive states in children (clinical picture, therapy and rehabilitation)].", "content": "On the basis of a study of 1000 hyperactive children the authors clarify the limits in the understanding of hyperactivity and distinguish the following variants: emotional, behavioral and intellectual irregularity. The secondary neurotic symptoms are considered as a structural component of hyperactivity. As one of the mechanisms the correlation of excitability and inhibition is discussed. Data on complex pathogenetical treatment and rehabilitation are given.", "contents": "[Hyperactive states in children (clinical picture, therapy and rehabilitation)]. On the basis of a study of 1000 hyperactive children the authors clarify the limits in the understanding of hyperactivity and distinguish the following variants: emotional, behavioral and intellectual irregularity. The secondary neurotic symptoms are considered as a structural component of hyperactivity. As one of the mechanisms the correlation of excitability and inhibition is discussed. Data on complex pathogenetical treatment and rehabilitation are given.", "PMID": 716734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6657", "title": "[Clinico-physiologic study of several aspects of the pathogenesis of stuttering].", "content": "Data on a comparative clinico-physiological study of children with neurotical and pseudoneurotic stuttring are presented. Clinically 60 patients from 2.5 to 6 years were studied, among them the articulatory and respiratory component of expressive speech formation was studied in 30 cases. The data indicate the complication and deepening of the neurotical and pseudoneurotic symptomatology in the age group from 5 to 6 years. A correlation of clinical and physiological parameters showed that neurotical stuttering appears against the background of a normally formed speech stereotype. In treating neurotical stuttering more attention should be paid to medicamental tranquilizing therapy and a correct psychotherapeutical approach, along with logopedical lessons. In pseudo-neurotical stuttering there is a pathological onthogenesis of the speech functioning--an abnormal formation of the speech stereotype. In both cases durative logopedical correlational work and an active goal-directed medicamental treatment are required.", "contents": "[Clinico-physiologic study of several aspects of the pathogenesis of stuttering]. Data on a comparative clinico-physiological study of children with neurotical and pseudoneurotic stuttring are presented. Clinically 60 patients from 2.5 to 6 years were studied, among them the articulatory and respiratory component of expressive speech formation was studied in 30 cases. The data indicate the complication and deepening of the neurotical and pseudoneurotic symptomatology in the age group from 5 to 6 years. A correlation of clinical and physiological parameters showed that neurotical stuttering appears against the background of a normally formed speech stereotype. In treating neurotical stuttering more attention should be paid to medicamental tranquilizing therapy and a correct psychotherapeutical approach, along with logopedical lessons. In pseudo-neurotical stuttering there is a pathological onthogenesis of the speech functioning--an abnormal formation of the speech stereotype. In both cases durative logopedical correlational work and an active goal-directed medicamental treatment are required.", "PMID": 716735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6658", "title": "[Personality formation in younger school age children afflicted with cerebral paralysis].", "content": "Attempts were made to study the pathogenetical significance of the feeling of inferiority and the psychogenic syndrome, appearing in early school children (60 cases) with cerebral paralysis. Psychogenic reactions, appearing on an organically changed ground are formed in 2 directions: some children are characterized by neurotic reactions in combination with passive-defensive (astheno-phobic, astheno-depressive, etc.); other children react by agressive-defensive forms of behaviour (pathopersonality reactions--opposition, etc.).", "contents": "[Personality formation in younger school age children afflicted with cerebral paralysis]. Attempts were made to study the pathogenetical significance of the feeling of inferiority and the psychogenic syndrome, appearing in early school children (60 cases) with cerebral paralysis. Psychogenic reactions, appearing on an organically changed ground are formed in 2 directions: some children are characterized by neurotic reactions in combination with passive-defensive (astheno-phobic, astheno-depressive, etc.); other children react by agressive-defensive forms of behaviour (pathopersonality reactions--opposition, etc.).", "PMID": 716736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6659", "title": "[Reactive suicide attempts in children, adolescents and young adults].", "content": "The paper is concerned with the study of 86 patients from 9--18 years who suffered from hysterical, affective-shock reactions and reactive depressions, accompanied by suicidal acts. Suicidal tendencies in these conditions appeared following acute psychic traumas. Their formation was facilitated by different unfavourable factors. As the children become older there is a complication not only of the clinical picture of the psychogenic disorder, but of the suicidal syndrome. The suicidal act in children proceeds impulsively, while in adolescency there is a presuicidal period. The stability of suicidal tendencies depends upon the depth of depressions; repeated suicides from the expressiveness of psychopathical personality traits and the existence of unsolved psychotraumatizing situations.", "contents": "[Reactive suicide attempts in children, adolescents and young adults]. The paper is concerned with the study of 86 patients from 9--18 years who suffered from hysterical, affective-shock reactions and reactive depressions, accompanied by suicidal acts. Suicidal tendencies in these conditions appeared following acute psychic traumas. Their formation was facilitated by different unfavourable factors. As the children become older there is a complication not only of the clinical picture of the psychogenic disorder, but of the suicidal syndrome. The suicidal act in children proceeds impulsively, while in adolescency there is a presuicidal period. The stability of suicidal tendencies depends upon the depth of depressions; repeated suicides from the expressiveness of psychopathical personality traits and the existence of unsolved psychotraumatizing situations.", "PMID": 716737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6660", "title": "[Development of suicidal tendencies in schizophrenic adolescents and children].", "content": "The report is concerned with a clinical study of 197 schizophrenic patients (children and adolescents) who attempted suicide. The study demonstrated that this form of behaviour may be observed even in a relatively favorable variant of the disease. Of certain importance in the development of a suicidal attempt may be psychotraumatizing factors. This may be reflected in the subjective motivation and a certain shade of the main processual symptoms. In relation to the syndrome level, suicidally important may be not only a depressive condition but other affective disorders, such as anxiety, perplexity, fears and a malicious-agressive affect.", "contents": "[Development of suicidal tendencies in schizophrenic adolescents and children]. The report is concerned with a clinical study of 197 schizophrenic patients (children and adolescents) who attempted suicide. The study demonstrated that this form of behaviour may be observed even in a relatively favorable variant of the disease. Of certain importance in the development of a suicidal attempt may be psychotraumatizing factors. This may be reflected in the subjective motivation and a certain shade of the main processual symptoms. In relation to the syndrome level, suicidally important may be not only a depressive condition but other affective disorders, such as anxiety, perplexity, fears and a malicious-agressive affect.", "PMID": 716738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6661", "title": "[Initial manifestations of alcoholism in adolescents (social-psychological and clinical aspects)].", "content": "The authors studied the traits of initial symptoms of early alcoholism in 100 boys-pupils of a special boarding-school. It was established that in the appearance of early alcoholism a certain role is being played by unhappy families. A significant importance in the formation of an inclination for alcohol is the character of the first pharmacological influence: euphoric reaction of the first intoxication increases the risk of becoming an alcoholic. The most expressed initial signs are the following: a stable pathological craving for alcohol, use of substitutes, transformation of intoxication.", "contents": "[Initial manifestations of alcoholism in adolescents (social-psychological and clinical aspects)]. The authors studied the traits of initial symptoms of early alcoholism in 100 boys-pupils of a special boarding-school. It was established that in the appearance of early alcoholism a certain role is being played by unhappy families. A significant importance in the formation of an inclination for alcohol is the character of the first pharmacological influence: euphoric reaction of the first intoxication increases the risk of becoming an alcoholic. The most expressed initial signs are the following: a stable pathological craving for alcohol, use of substitutes, transformation of intoxication.", "PMID": 716740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6662", "title": "[Effect of protective helmets and head guards on localization of injuries to the skull and brain in cranio-cerebral injuries].", "content": "The results of post-mortem examination of 140 cadavers of persons who had died of craniocerebral injuries are appraised. It was established that in injury inflicted through a protective head-piece, the proportion of damage to the bones of the base of the skull, basally located structures of the large hemispheres and stem of the brain in the total number of injuries increases. The study is supplemented with mathematical calculations which explain the dependence observed.", "contents": "[Effect of protective helmets and head guards on localization of injuries to the skull and brain in cranio-cerebral injuries]. The results of post-mortem examination of 140 cadavers of persons who had died of craniocerebral injuries are appraised. It was established that in injury inflicted through a protective head-piece, the proportion of damage to the bones of the base of the skull, basally located structures of the large hemispheres and stem of the brain in the total number of injuries increases. The study is supplemented with mathematical calculations which explain the dependence observed.", "PMID": 716743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6663", "title": "[Orbital arteriovenous anastomoses].", "content": "Separate angiography of the channels of a. carotis externa and a. carotis interna revealed two cases with orbital arteriovenous anastomoses between the branches of a. maxillaris interna and v. ophthalmica inferior. In one of these cases the fistule was additionally supplied with blood by branches of a. ophthalmica. The clinical picture of arteriovenous anastomoses of the orbit resembles that of carotid-cavernous fistules. Surgical management consisted in embolization of the channel of a. maxillaris interna on the side of the anastomosis with muscular emboli. The vascular murmur and exophthalmos disappeared after the operation.", "contents": "[Orbital arteriovenous anastomoses]. Separate angiography of the channels of a. carotis externa and a. carotis interna revealed two cases with orbital arteriovenous anastomoses between the branches of a. maxillaris interna and v. ophthalmica inferior. In one of these cases the fistule was additionally supplied with blood by branches of a. ophthalmica. The clinical picture of arteriovenous anastomoses of the orbit resembles that of carotid-cavernous fistules. Surgical management consisted in embolization of the channel of a. maxillaris interna on the side of the anastomosis with muscular emboli. The vascular murmur and exophthalmos disappeared after the operation.", "PMID": 716744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6664", "title": "[Dynamics of cerebral blood filling in epileptic patients during seizure activation].", "content": "The interrelationship of cerebral hemodynamics and cerebral vascular tonus was studied in 36 patients with epilepsy during activation of discharges and provocation of epileptic seizures by hyperventilation and intravenous corazol infusion by simultaneous EEG and REG recording. It was found that regional functional hyperemia in the brain corresponding to the side of the epileptogenic focus increases during activation of the discharges despite a certain increase in the tonus of the cerebral vessels. During and immediately after an epileptic seizure angiospasm is replaced by vasodilation with further growth in blood filling of the brain. The possible mechanisms of the vascular reaction are discussed.", "contents": "[Dynamics of cerebral blood filling in epileptic patients during seizure activation]. The interrelationship of cerebral hemodynamics and cerebral vascular tonus was studied in 36 patients with epilepsy during activation of discharges and provocation of epileptic seizures by hyperventilation and intravenous corazol infusion by simultaneous EEG and REG recording. It was found that regional functional hyperemia in the brain corresponding to the side of the epileptogenic focus increases during activation of the discharges despite a certain increase in the tonus of the cerebral vessels. During and immediately after an epileptic seizure angiospasm is replaced by vasodilation with further growth in blood filling of the brain. The possible mechanisms of the vascular reaction are discussed.", "PMID": 716745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6665", "title": "Codon-specific serine transfer ribonucleic acid synthesis in avian liver during vitellogenin induction.", "content": "The relative rates of synthesis of two major tRNASer species in rooster liver were simultaneously assessed during induction by estradiol-17beta of the synthesis of a serine-rich phosphoprotein, vitellogenin. The relative rates of tRNA synthesis were determined by a double-label method in which nonspecific effects of the hormone were avoided. Isotope ratios of highly purified tRNASer species were measured following an in vivo labeling procedure which included a 7-day labeling period with [5-3H]orotic acid prior to, and a 6 h labeling with [6-14C]orotic acid from 42 h after the hormone injection. tRNASer (AGU,C) and tRNASer (UCU,C,A) were extensively purified by chromatography on benzoylated DEAE-cellulose in the presence and absence of Mg2+. In three separate labeling experiments the rate of tRNASer (UCU,C,A) synthesis was slightly but not significantly increased relative to the rate of tRNASer (AGU,C) synthesis during the period when vitellogenin was synthesized at a constant rate and the level of tRNASer continued to rise. The results suggest that mechanisms other than a differential rate of transcription are involved in the regulation of tRNASer levels in avian liver during vitellogenin induction.", "contents": "Codon-specific serine transfer ribonucleic acid synthesis in avian liver during vitellogenin induction. The relative rates of synthesis of two major tRNASer species in rooster liver were simultaneously assessed during induction by estradiol-17beta of the synthesis of a serine-rich phosphoprotein, vitellogenin. The relative rates of tRNA synthesis were determined by a double-label method in which nonspecific effects of the hormone were avoided. Isotope ratios of highly purified tRNASer species were measured following an in vivo labeling procedure which included a 7-day labeling period with [5-3H]orotic acid prior to, and a 6 h labeling with [6-14C]orotic acid from 42 h after the hormone injection. tRNASer (AGU,C) and tRNASer (UCU,C,A) were extensively purified by chromatography on benzoylated DEAE-cellulose in the presence and absence of Mg2+. In three separate labeling experiments the rate of tRNASer (UCU,C,A) synthesis was slightly but not significantly increased relative to the rate of tRNASer (AGU,C) synthesis during the period when vitellogenin was synthesized at a constant rate and the level of tRNASer continued to rise. The results suggest that mechanisms other than a differential rate of transcription are involved in the regulation of tRNASer levels in avian liver during vitellogenin induction.", "PMID": 716753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6666", "title": "[Muscle tonus in rigidity and spasticity].", "content": "The results of the examination of the muscle tone by passive movement of the extremity at a low and high rate in patients with spasticity are discussed. In parkinsonism high resistance was noted to passive movements of the extremity at a low rate (with a period of oscillatory movement of 100 s and more) as well as in the first cycles of rapid sinusoidal movement (with a period of 1 s) if the extremity had been at rest for a lengthy period of time. In spasticity of other etiology, there was a gradual increase of the amplitude on the mechanomyogram in high rates of passive movements, which was evidently due to growth of stimulation in the stretch-reflex arc from cycle to cycle as the result of sumation with trace stimulation from the preceding cycles. The shape of the spectromechanomyogram, which is marked by a rise in the region of the high rates, is considered to be a sign of spasticity, whereas the size of this rise is accepted as a quantitative index of the spastic component of the muscle tone.", "contents": "[Muscle tonus in rigidity and spasticity]. The results of the examination of the muscle tone by passive movement of the extremity at a low and high rate in patients with spasticity are discussed. In parkinsonism high resistance was noted to passive movements of the extremity at a low rate (with a period of oscillatory movement of 100 s and more) as well as in the first cycles of rapid sinusoidal movement (with a period of 1 s) if the extremity had been at rest for a lengthy period of time. In spasticity of other etiology, there was a gradual increase of the amplitude on the mechanomyogram in high rates of passive movements, which was evidently due to growth of stimulation in the stretch-reflex arc from cycle to cycle as the result of sumation with trace stimulation from the preceding cycles. The shape of the spectromechanomyogram, which is marked by a rise in the region of the high rates, is considered to be a sign of spasticity, whereas the size of this rise is accepted as a quantitative index of the spastic component of the muscle tone.", "PMID": 716746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6667", "title": "[Surgical treatment of ischemic strokes].", "content": "The following operations were performed for ischemic strokes in 116 patients: resection of a loop of the internal carotid artery on the neck, resection of the sympathetic ganglion, and the creation of anastomosis between the branch of the superficial temporal artery and the cortical branch of the middle cerebral artery. The method of the microsurgical intervention is described in detail and the indications and contraindications for various operations in ischemic strokes are discussed. Elaboration and improvement of the methods of microsurgery will make it possible to map out the prospects in the treatment of cerebral circulatory disorders.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of ischemic strokes]. The following operations were performed for ischemic strokes in 116 patients: resection of a loop of the internal carotid artery on the neck, resection of the sympathetic ganglion, and the creation of anastomosis between the branch of the superficial temporal artery and the cortical branch of the middle cerebral artery. The method of the microsurgical intervention is described in detail and the indications and contraindications for various operations in ischemic strokes are discussed. Elaboration and improvement of the methods of microsurgery will make it possible to map out the prospects in the treatment of cerebral circulatory disorders.", "PMID": 716747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6668", "title": "[Solitary abscess in the region of the pons varolii].", "content": "An abscess in the region of pons varolii in a male 69 years of age with the erythrodermic form of mycosis fungoides is described. It is presumed that the source of the purulent infection were small skin excoriations from scratches due to excruciating skin itch. Long-term cytostatic and immunodepressant therapy promoted generalization of the infection and formation of the cerebral abscess.", "contents": "[Solitary abscess in the region of the pons varolii]. An abscess in the region of pons varolii in a male 69 years of age with the erythrodermic form of mycosis fungoides is described. It is presumed that the source of the purulent infection were small skin excoriations from scratches due to excruciating skin itch. Long-term cytostatic and immunodepressant therapy promoted generalization of the infection and formation of the cerebral abscess.", "PMID": 716750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6669", "title": "[Occipital foramen in pathology of the osteoarticular apparatus of the craniovertebral region and in normal subjects].", "content": "Clinical and X-ray examination of the occipital foramen in healthy individuals and in persons with various congenital and acquired lesions in this region showed, on the one hand, a wide variety of shapes of the foramen in normal conditions and, on the other, the direct dependence of neurologic disorders on the degree of changes in the position of the occipital foramen, its constriction and deformity of its edges. Marked bone changes call for emergency decompression of the compressed or dislocated bulbospinal parts of the central nervous system, the nerves and vessels.", "contents": "[Occipital foramen in pathology of the osteoarticular apparatus of the craniovertebral region and in normal subjects]. Clinical and X-ray examination of the occipital foramen in healthy individuals and in persons with various congenital and acquired lesions in this region showed, on the one hand, a wide variety of shapes of the foramen in normal conditions and, on the other, the direct dependence of neurologic disorders on the degree of changes in the position of the occipital foramen, its constriction and deformity of its edges. Marked bone changes call for emergency decompression of the compressed or dislocated bulbospinal parts of the central nervous system, the nerves and vessels.", "PMID": 716748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6670", "title": "Insulin and metabolism of glycosaminoglycans in rabbits.", "content": "The effect of insulin on the concentration of different glycosaminoglycan (CG) fractions was different in different segments of aorta. Chondroitin sulphate A and heparin were increased in the aortic arch, thoracic and abdominal aorta, while chondroitin sulphate B and C were increased only in the aortic arch and abdominal aorta. Heparin sulphate and hyalutonic acid were increased only in the abdominal aorta. In the liver, significant increases occurred in all GG fractions. All enzymes studied which are involved in the biosynthesis of GG precursors, i.e. glucosaminphosphate isomerase, UDP glucose dehydrogenase and glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, were increased in the animals of the insulin group, while all enzymes involved in the degradation of GG, i.e. hyalurono glucosidase, beta-glucosaminidase, arylsulphatase, and cathepsin D, were decreased. Concentration of hepatic PAPS, activity of the sulphate-activiting system and sulphotransferase increased on administration of insulin.", "contents": "Insulin and metabolism of glycosaminoglycans in rabbits. The effect of insulin on the concentration of different glycosaminoglycan (CG) fractions was different in different segments of aorta. Chondroitin sulphate A and heparin were increased in the aortic arch, thoracic and abdominal aorta, while chondroitin sulphate B and C were increased only in the aortic arch and abdominal aorta. Heparin sulphate and hyalutonic acid were increased only in the abdominal aorta. In the liver, significant increases occurred in all GG fractions. All enzymes studied which are involved in the biosynthesis of GG precursors, i.e. glucosaminphosphate isomerase, UDP glucose dehydrogenase and glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, were increased in the animals of the insulin group, while all enzymes involved in the degradation of GG, i.e. hyalurono glucosidase, beta-glucosaminidase, arylsulphatase, and cathepsin D, were decreased. Concentration of hepatic PAPS, activity of the sulphate-activiting system and sulphotransferase increased on administration of insulin.", "PMID": 716766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6671", "title": "The Snell-dwarfmouse. I. General growth pattern, before and during growth hormone and thyroxine therapy.", "content": "In order to obtain more insight in the general growth pattern of the Snell-mouse growth in length and weight of normal and dwarf Snell-mice before and during treatment with human growth hormone (hGH), porcine growth hormone (pGH) and L-thyroxine (T4) were studied. In normal mice the length velocity has a peak at 1 1/2 week of age and diminishes gradually therafter. In contrast the weight velocity peaks at 4 1/2 week. These differences result in a biphasic pattern of the length/weight relationship. Dwarfmice exhibit marked growth retardation at 2 weeks of age and growth arrest at 4 weeks. From birth on a marked difference in length velocity is observed, compared to the normals. This contrasts with the weight velocity, which discriminates at a later age (2-3 weeks). In the dwarfmice dose and age dependent growth occurred with all tested hormones. A combination of pGH and T4 shows a growth response which is equal to the sum of the effects of the hormones given separately. Doubling the dose of pGH after 12 weeks of treatment did not much influence the growth curve. However, addition of T4 induced a small but definite further height increment.", "contents": "The Snell-dwarfmouse. I. General growth pattern, before and during growth hormone and thyroxine therapy. In order to obtain more insight in the general growth pattern of the Snell-mouse growth in length and weight of normal and dwarf Snell-mice before and during treatment with human growth hormone (hGH), porcine growth hormone (pGH) and L-thyroxine (T4) were studied. In normal mice the length velocity has a peak at 1 1/2 week of age and diminishes gradually therafter. In contrast the weight velocity peaks at 4 1/2 week. These differences result in a biphasic pattern of the length/weight relationship. Dwarfmice exhibit marked growth retardation at 2 weeks of age and growth arrest at 4 weeks. From birth on a marked difference in length velocity is observed, compared to the normals. This contrasts with the weight velocity, which discriminates at a later age (2-3 weeks). In the dwarfmice dose and age dependent growth occurred with all tested hormones. A combination of pGH and T4 shows a growth response which is equal to the sum of the effects of the hormones given separately. Doubling the dose of pGH after 12 weeks of treatment did not much influence the growth curve. However, addition of T4 induced a small but definite further height increment.", "PMID": 716772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6672", "title": "Prognostic value of fluorescein angiography of the funds in diabetic children.", "content": "A positive fluorescein angiographic (FLAG) finding is a frequent occurrence in ophthalmoscopically negative cases. By repeated FLAG examinations good follow-up of the variability of the finding is possible. After 4--8 years of diabetes, ophthalmoscopically diagnosable retinopathy is to be expected in the patients in whom the initial FLAG examination showed signs of angiopathy.", "contents": "Prognostic value of fluorescein angiography of the funds in diabetic children. A positive fluorescein angiographic (FLAG) finding is a frequent occurrence in ophthalmoscopically negative cases. By repeated FLAG examinations good follow-up of the variability of the finding is possible. After 4--8 years of diabetes, ophthalmoscopically diagnosable retinopathy is to be expected in the patients in whom the initial FLAG examination showed signs of angiopathy.", "PMID": 716767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6673", "title": "The Snell-dwarfmouse. II. Sulphate and thymidine incorporation in costal cartilage and somatomedin levels before and during growth hormone and thyroxine therapy.", "content": "Costal cartilage activity ([35S]sulphate and [3H]thymidine incorporation) and somatomedin (SM) activity in normal Snell-mice and dwarfmice before and during treatment with human growth hormone (hGH), porcine growth hormone (pGH) and L-thyroxine (T4) were studied, in order to obtain more insight in the interrelationship of these parameters with growth velocity. In normal mice endogenous (21 h incubation in medium with label) and plasma stimulated cartilage activity (21 h pre-incubation in medium, 48 h incubation with 20% human plasma, supplemented for the last 24 h with label) slows down immediately after birth, whereas the length velocity has a peak at 1 1/2 week of age and diminishes gradually thereafter. The endogenous activity of dwarfmice between the ages of 7 and 17 weeks is comparable with 3 weeks old normals, however plasma stimulated activity is much higher indicating a discrepancy between growth capacity of the cartilage and chronological age. Cartilage of dwarfmice recognizes growth hormone dependent differences in human plasma. The SM content of mouse serum using homologous cartilage turned out to be low for dwarfs, reaching subnormal values during hGH treatment. Three days after initiation of treatment with hGH endogenous sulphate and thymidine incorporation in costal cartilage is increased compared to saline treated dwarfmice. The effect is age-dependent and a combination of GH and T4 shows an effect equal to the sum of the effects of hormones given separately. After treatment for 5 weeks with hGH no differences between treated and untreated animals could be observed anymore, although the length velocity did not change throughout the 10 weeks of treatment. A difference of the cartilage sensitivity to human plasma between hGH treated and untreated mice is noted one week after treatment and a small difference remains after 5 weeks of treatment.", "contents": "The Snell-dwarfmouse. II. Sulphate and thymidine incorporation in costal cartilage and somatomedin levels before and during growth hormone and thyroxine therapy. Costal cartilage activity ([35S]sulphate and [3H]thymidine incorporation) and somatomedin (SM) activity in normal Snell-mice and dwarfmice before and during treatment with human growth hormone (hGH), porcine growth hormone (pGH) and L-thyroxine (T4) were studied, in order to obtain more insight in the interrelationship of these parameters with growth velocity. In normal mice endogenous (21 h incubation in medium with label) and plasma stimulated cartilage activity (21 h pre-incubation in medium, 48 h incubation with 20% human plasma, supplemented for the last 24 h with label) slows down immediately after birth, whereas the length velocity has a peak at 1 1/2 week of age and diminishes gradually thereafter. The endogenous activity of dwarfmice between the ages of 7 and 17 weeks is comparable with 3 weeks old normals, however plasma stimulated activity is much higher indicating a discrepancy between growth capacity of the cartilage and chronological age. Cartilage of dwarfmice recognizes growth hormone dependent differences in human plasma. The SM content of mouse serum using homologous cartilage turned out to be low for dwarfs, reaching subnormal values during hGH treatment. Three days after initiation of treatment with hGH endogenous sulphate and thymidine incorporation in costal cartilage is increased compared to saline treated dwarfmice. The effect is age-dependent and a combination of GH and T4 shows an effect equal to the sum of the effects of hormones given separately. After treatment for 5 weeks with hGH no differences between treated and untreated animals could be observed anymore, although the length velocity did not change throughout the 10 weeks of treatment. A difference of the cartilage sensitivity to human plasma between hGH treated and untreated mice is noted one week after treatment and a small difference remains after 5 weeks of treatment.", "PMID": 716773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6674", "title": "Circadian and 30 minutes variations in serum TSH and thyroid hormones in normal subjects.", "content": "Ten normal young males were investigated in order to examine diurnal and short-term variations in serum TSH and serum thyroid hormones. In five subjects blood samples were obtained every 30 min during a 24 h period of daily life. A synchronous diurnal rhythm was found for free T3 and serum TSH with low levels in the day-time and higher levels at night. The mean increase from day to night was 15 and 140 per cent, respectively. There was a tendency to a similar rhythm in free T4, but the increase of 7 per cent fell short of statistical significance. In the other five men blood samples were obtained every 5 min in a 6 to 7 h period starting within the interval from 19.15 to 22.00 h. A significant regular variation with a cycle-length of half an hour was found in TSH, free T3 and free T4. This rhythm accounted for a significant part of the total variation in the levels of TSH, free T3 and free T4. The mean amplitude of the short-term variation is 13, 15 and 11 per cent of the mean level of the respective hormones. The data suggest a pulsatile release of hormones from the thyroid gland governed by a pulsatile TSH secretion.", "contents": "Circadian and 30 minutes variations in serum TSH and thyroid hormones in normal subjects. Ten normal young males were investigated in order to examine diurnal and short-term variations in serum TSH and serum thyroid hormones. In five subjects blood samples were obtained every 30 min during a 24 h period of daily life. A synchronous diurnal rhythm was found for free T3 and serum TSH with low levels in the day-time and higher levels at night. The mean increase from day to night was 15 and 140 per cent, respectively. There was a tendency to a similar rhythm in free T4, but the increase of 7 per cent fell short of statistical significance. In the other five men blood samples were obtained every 5 min in a 6 to 7 h period starting within the interval from 19.15 to 22.00 h. A significant regular variation with a cycle-length of half an hour was found in TSH, free T3 and free T4. This rhythm accounted for a significant part of the total variation in the levels of TSH, free T3 and free T4. The mean amplitude of the short-term variation is 13, 15 and 11 per cent of the mean level of the respective hormones. The data suggest a pulsatile release of hormones from the thyroid gland governed by a pulsatile TSH secretion.", "PMID": 716774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6675", "title": "Influence of thiazides on thyroid parameters in man.", "content": "Iodine metabolism and thyroid hormones in blood were studied in 19 men and 11 women who had been treated with thiazides for arterial hypertension from 1 month to 15 years. The results were compared with the findings from age-matched normal controls. No differences were found regarding 24-h 131I-thyroid uptake, thyroid iodide clearance, renal iodide clearance, plasma inorganic iodide, absolute iodine uptake (AIU), serum thyroxine (T4 (D)), resin T3 test (T3U) and TSH after TRH. Twenty-four-hour urinary iodine was higher in the patients treated with diuretics which could be explained by increased iodine intake. The findings of increased serum triiodothyronine (T3 (RIA)) and reverse T3 (rT3) might be due to changes in distribution volume in the thiazide-treated patients. Long-term treatment with thiazides in man do not lead to iodine depletion.", "contents": "Influence of thiazides on thyroid parameters in man. Iodine metabolism and thyroid hormones in blood were studied in 19 men and 11 women who had been treated with thiazides for arterial hypertension from 1 month to 15 years. The results were compared with the findings from age-matched normal controls. No differences were found regarding 24-h 131I-thyroid uptake, thyroid iodide clearance, renal iodide clearance, plasma inorganic iodide, absolute iodine uptake (AIU), serum thyroxine (T4 (D)), resin T3 test (T3U) and TSH after TRH. Twenty-four-hour urinary iodine was higher in the patients treated with diuretics which could be explained by increased iodine intake. The findings of increased serum triiodothyronine (T3 (RIA)) and reverse T3 (rT3) might be due to changes in distribution volume in the thiazide-treated patients. Long-term treatment with thiazides in man do not lead to iodine depletion.", "PMID": 716775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6676", "title": "The fatty acid pattern of triglycerides in liver, adipose tissue and serum of diabetics with hyperlipoproteinemia before and during clofibrate treatment.", "content": "In 20 diabetic inpatients with type IIb, III, IV and V hyperlipoproteinemia (HPL) the triglyceride fatty acid pattern (TFAP) of serum, adipose tissue and liver biopsy specimens before and after one year of clofibrate treatment has been determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Compared to previous results which revealed a correlation between fat droplet size and the TFAP in liver parenchyma cells, remarkable changes were observed after long-term therapy. In adipose tissue, only linoleic acid increased significantly from 8.6 to 11.3%. In serum, myristic and palmitic acid decreased, whereas linoleic, eicosatetraenoic (arachidonic) and eicosapentaenoic acid rose significantly. In liver fat, palmitic acid decreased, whereas linoleic, eicosatrienoic, arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acid significantly increased. After clofibrate therapy, the TFAP in diabetic subjects with HLP became similar to that of diabetics without HLP. The most pronounced changes were found in the liver, serum having an intermediate position between liver and adipose tissue. The pathophysiological relevance in view of possible relations to prostaglandins has been discussed.", "contents": "The fatty acid pattern of triglycerides in liver, adipose tissue and serum of diabetics with hyperlipoproteinemia before and during clofibrate treatment. In 20 diabetic inpatients with type IIb, III, IV and V hyperlipoproteinemia (HPL) the triglyceride fatty acid pattern (TFAP) of serum, adipose tissue and liver biopsy specimens before and after one year of clofibrate treatment has been determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Compared to previous results which revealed a correlation between fat droplet size and the TFAP in liver parenchyma cells, remarkable changes were observed after long-term therapy. In adipose tissue, only linoleic acid increased significantly from 8.6 to 11.3%. In serum, myristic and palmitic acid decreased, whereas linoleic, eicosatetraenoic (arachidonic) and eicosapentaenoic acid rose significantly. In liver fat, palmitic acid decreased, whereas linoleic, eicosatrienoic, arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acid significantly increased. After clofibrate therapy, the TFAP in diabetic subjects with HLP became similar to that of diabetics without HLP. The most pronounced changes were found in the liver, serum having an intermediate position between liver and adipose tissue. The pathophysiological relevance in view of possible relations to prostaglandins has been discussed.", "PMID": 716769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6677", "title": "Usefulness of serum lipid determination in diabetic practice.", "content": "In order to evaluate the importance of measuring serum lipids in the current care of diabetics, blood triglycerides were measured in 155 diabetics and 59 controls. Comparison with a chemical method confirmed the usefulness of the nephelometric method for the diagnosis and control of hyperlipemia in current practice. The importance of measuring serum lipids was confirmed by a close correlation between lipemia and cardiovascular complications such as coronary insufficiency, high blood pressure, and peripheral arterial insufficiency. It appeared also that glycemia and cholesterol are not sufficient to assess the biological pattern and prognosis of diabetes. Thus, lipemia is an essential parameter in the evaluation of any diabetic because of its value regarding prognosis and control therapy.", "contents": "Usefulness of serum lipid determination in diabetic practice. In order to evaluate the importance of measuring serum lipids in the current care of diabetics, blood triglycerides were measured in 155 diabetics and 59 controls. Comparison with a chemical method confirmed the usefulness of the nephelometric method for the diagnosis and control of hyperlipemia in current practice. The importance of measuring serum lipids was confirmed by a close correlation between lipemia and cardiovascular complications such as coronary insufficiency, high blood pressure, and peripheral arterial insufficiency. It appeared also that glycemia and cholesterol are not sufficient to assess the biological pattern and prognosis of diabetes. Thus, lipemia is an essential parameter in the evaluation of any diabetic because of its value regarding prognosis and control therapy.", "PMID": 716768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6678", "title": "Long-term application of intermittent urethral catheterization to the neurogenic bladder of diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Two case reports are presented of patients who utilized long-term intermittent urethral catheterization as a primary management of diabetic neurogenic bladder. The results indicate fewer complications than with a continuous indwelling Foley catheter. Further, only two urinary tract infections occurred during 39 months of patients utilization. No renal or vesical lithiasis occurred. One patient had a remission and went on drug therapy alone. The other patient may use this technique indefinitely.", "contents": "Long-term application of intermittent urethral catheterization to the neurogenic bladder of diabetes mellitus. Two case reports are presented of patients who utilized long-term intermittent urethral catheterization as a primary management of diabetic neurogenic bladder. The results indicate fewer complications than with a continuous indwelling Foley catheter. Further, only two urinary tract infections occurred during 39 months of patients utilization. No renal or vesical lithiasis occurred. One patient had a remission and went on drug therapy alone. The other patient may use this technique indefinitely.", "PMID": 716765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6679", "title": "Correlation of reverse-T3 and 3,3'-T2 (T2') plasma concentrations under physiological and experimental conditions in man.", "content": "T2' plasma levels are measured under different conditions and correlated to the repective rT3 concentrations. Specific RIAs for T2' and rT3 are used. Pharmacological doses of T3 cause an increase of plasma T2'; if T3 or T4 doses are administered to an athyroid patient which cause a similar level of plasma T3 the increase of T2' is much larger during T4 treatment. Cord blood levels of T2' are 2--3-fold higher than in normal adults whereas rT3 concentrations are about 10 times higher than normal. After birth rT3 and T2' levels decrease in about a parallel manner. After a bolus iv injection of 500 microgram rT3, T2' starts to increase as early as 2 min after injection. PTU in therapeutic doses causes a rapid increase of plasma rT3 with a maximum 4 h after ingestion. A dose of 150 mg PTU causes a maximum of about 100% above baseline. T2' also increases but to a lesser degree (about 50% above baseline). We conclude that rT3 is a most important precursor of T2' whereas T3 contributes only to a minor degree to the total T2' production under physiological conditions.", "contents": "Correlation of reverse-T3 and 3,3'-T2 (T2') plasma concentrations under physiological and experimental conditions in man. T2' plasma levels are measured under different conditions and correlated to the repective rT3 concentrations. Specific RIAs for T2' and rT3 are used. Pharmacological doses of T3 cause an increase of plasma T2'; if T3 or T4 doses are administered to an athyroid patient which cause a similar level of plasma T3 the increase of T2' is much larger during T4 treatment. Cord blood levels of T2' are 2--3-fold higher than in normal adults whereas rT3 concentrations are about 10 times higher than normal. After birth rT3 and T2' levels decrease in about a parallel manner. After a bolus iv injection of 500 microgram rT3, T2' starts to increase as early as 2 min after injection. PTU in therapeutic doses causes a rapid increase of plasma rT3 with a maximum 4 h after ingestion. A dose of 150 mg PTU causes a maximum of about 100% above baseline. T2' also increases but to a lesser degree (about 50% above baseline). We conclude that rT3 is a most important precursor of T2' whereas T3 contributes only to a minor degree to the total T2' production under physiological conditions.", "PMID": 716776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6680", "title": "Lack of influence of arginine preloading on the insulin response to I.V. glucagon in children and adolescents.", "content": "Nine normal children (6 males and 3 females) aged from 7 1/2 to 14 1/2 years underwent a 30-min arginine infusion (0.5 g/kg) followed at 90 min by one bolus i.v. glucagon injection (0.03 mg/kg). On a separate occasion the same children underwent an i.v. glucagon only test. No significant difference was found when the glucose and insulin responses in the two glucagon tests were compared, in contrast to previous findings that preloading with glucose resulted in a significantly increased response of insulin to glucagon.", "contents": "Lack of influence of arginine preloading on the insulin response to I.V. glucagon in children and adolescents. Nine normal children (6 males and 3 females) aged from 7 1/2 to 14 1/2 years underwent a 30-min arginine infusion (0.5 g/kg) followed at 90 min by one bolus i.v. glucagon injection (0.03 mg/kg). On a separate occasion the same children underwent an i.v. glucagon only test. No significant difference was found when the glucose and insulin responses in the two glucagon tests were compared, in contrast to previous findings that preloading with glucose resulted in a significantly increased response of insulin to glucagon.", "PMID": 716771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6681", "title": "Exploration of the early insulin response by two small successive loads of I.V. glucose in normal and obese subjects.", "content": "Two 5 g glucose loads at 1-h interval were given to healthy controls and obese subjects with slightly altered or normal OGTT in order to explore the capacity of restoration of the \"rapid insulin response\" to i.v. glucose. In the normal subjects, the two successive loads gave rise to identical responses as far as maximum increase (delta max), average increase at 2-5 min (delta 2-5 min), area of increase 0-15 min (delta 0-15 min) for both glucose and IRI, were concerned. Obese subjects could be divided on the basis of their insulin response to the first load into normal responders (group I) and high-responders (group II). In group I obese subjects, the responses to the second load were identical to those to the first. In group II obese subjects delta max, delta 2-5 min and delta 0-15 min of the insulin response to the second load were reduced as compared to the first.", "contents": "Exploration of the early insulin response by two small successive loads of I.V. glucose in normal and obese subjects. Two 5 g glucose loads at 1-h interval were given to healthy controls and obese subjects with slightly altered or normal OGTT in order to explore the capacity of restoration of the \"rapid insulin response\" to i.v. glucose. In the normal subjects, the two successive loads gave rise to identical responses as far as maximum increase (delta max), average increase at 2-5 min (delta 2-5 min), area of increase 0-15 min (delta 0-15 min) for both glucose and IRI, were concerned. Obese subjects could be divided on the basis of their insulin response to the first load into normal responders (group I) and high-responders (group II). In group I obese subjects, the responses to the second load were identical to those to the first. In group II obese subjects delta max, delta 2-5 min and delta 0-15 min of the insulin response to the second load were reduced as compared to the first.", "PMID": 716770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6682", "title": "The effect of lithium on the peripheral turnover of thyroxine and triiodothyronine.", "content": "The effect of litium on the peripheral turnover of T4 and T3 was investigated in 14 euthyroid subjects using lymphocytes as target cells. Lithium caused a dose-dependent rise in T4 turnover, which did not lead to increased T3 production, but no rise in T3 turnover. A further 3 patients with lithium induced hypothyroidism were studied. Patients with high T4 turnover had high TSH values and in these patients lithium induced a decrease in T4 turnover. This may lead to the conclusion that the demonstrated effect of lithium in the control group did not cause the low T4 in these patients. In 2 patients defective T4 degradation was demonstrated.", "contents": "The effect of lithium on the peripheral turnover of thyroxine and triiodothyronine. The effect of litium on the peripheral turnover of T4 and T3 was investigated in 14 euthyroid subjects using lymphocytes as target cells. Lithium caused a dose-dependent rise in T4 turnover, which did not lead to increased T3 production, but no rise in T3 turnover. A further 3 patients with lithium induced hypothyroidism were studied. Patients with high T4 turnover had high TSH values and in these patients lithium induced a decrease in T4 turnover. This may lead to the conclusion that the demonstrated effect of lithium in the control group did not cause the low T4 in these patients. In 2 patients defective T4 degradation was demonstrated.", "PMID": 716777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6683", "title": "Cholinergic influences on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical activity of stressed rats: an approach utilizing agonists and antagonists.", "content": "Cholinergic involvement in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system of male rats was evaluated using muscarinic (atropine and methacholine) and nicotine (mecamylamine and nicotine) agents, which were selected for their specificity on cholinergic receptors (ChR). They were administered either intracerebroventricularly (icv) to produce central effects, or ip to produce both central and peripheral effects, prior to subjecting the animals to either auditory or hypercapnic stress for 1 h. Plasma corticosterone was used as an index of HPA activity. The results suggest that central muscarinic ChR are involved in inhibiting HPA activity in both non-stressed and stressed animals, whereas central nicotinic ChR are excitatory during stress but inactive in the non-stressed state. Stimulation of peripheral nicotinic ChR appeared to potentiate the HPA response to hypercapnia, and to inhibit the central excitatory nicotinic ChR when the latter were activated in non-stressed and auditory stress rats. These data suggest that during auditory stress the HPA system is more dependent upon the cholinergic system for its activation than during non-stressed and hypercapnic states.", "contents": "Cholinergic influences on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical activity of stressed rats: an approach utilizing agonists and antagonists. Cholinergic involvement in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system of male rats was evaluated using muscarinic (atropine and methacholine) and nicotine (mecamylamine and nicotine) agents, which were selected for their specificity on cholinergic receptors (ChR). They were administered either intracerebroventricularly (icv) to produce central effects, or ip to produce both central and peripheral effects, prior to subjecting the animals to either auditory or hypercapnic stress for 1 h. Plasma corticosterone was used as an index of HPA activity. The results suggest that central muscarinic ChR are involved in inhibiting HPA activity in both non-stressed and stressed animals, whereas central nicotinic ChR are excitatory during stress but inactive in the non-stressed state. Stimulation of peripheral nicotinic ChR appeared to potentiate the HPA response to hypercapnia, and to inhibit the central excitatory nicotinic ChR when the latter were activated in non-stressed and auditory stress rats. These data suggest that during auditory stress the HPA system is more dependent upon the cholinergic system for its activation than during non-stressed and hypercapnic states.", "PMID": 716778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6684", "title": "Hormonal and ultrastructural observations in a case of resistant ovary syndrome.", "content": "This report describes in detail the hormonal and ultrastructural findings in a 21 year old woman with secondary amenorrhoea, who fulfilled all the criteria necessary to establish the diagnosis of resistant ovary syndrome. Ovarian biopsies revealed numerous primordial and primary follicles, which both by light and electron microscopy showed a normal morphology. Nevertheless, the follicles could not be stimulated neither by large doses of human gonadotrophins alone nor by simultaneous administration of cortisone acetate and large doses of human gonadotrophins. The association of a decreased target cell response with increased levels of serum FSH and LH might be explained in different ways. The presence of an inhibitor preventing the normal action of gonadotrophins could not be substantiated, because we did not detect any circulating gonadotrophin antibodies. Furthermore the serum prolactin level was normal.", "contents": "Hormonal and ultrastructural observations in a case of resistant ovary syndrome. This report describes in detail the hormonal and ultrastructural findings in a 21 year old woman with secondary amenorrhoea, who fulfilled all the criteria necessary to establish the diagnosis of resistant ovary syndrome. Ovarian biopsies revealed numerous primordial and primary follicles, which both by light and electron microscopy showed a normal morphology. Nevertheless, the follicles could not be stimulated neither by large doses of human gonadotrophins alone nor by simultaneous administration of cortisone acetate and large doses of human gonadotrophins. The association of a decreased target cell response with increased levels of serum FSH and LH might be explained in different ways. The presence of an inhibitor preventing the normal action of gonadotrophins could not be substantiated, because we did not detect any circulating gonadotrophin antibodies. Furthermore the serum prolactin level was normal.", "PMID": 716779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6685", "title": "Secretion of the androgens in the male guinea-pig during the perinatal period.", "content": "Plasma and testicular testosterone, androstenedione and dihydrotestosterone concentrations have been estimated by radioimmunoassay in the male foetus and newborn guinea-pigs between day 62 of pregnancy to day 12 of post-natal life. The prenatal period is characterized by low plasma androgen levels and high testosterone and androstenedione testicular content. After birth there is a peak of plasma testosterone concentration on day 3 concomitant with a release of testicular androgens; no similar increase of androstenedione or DHT is observed in plasmaa. This peak in plasma testosterone is testis dependent because it disappears after castration; it is also light dependent at birth. The investigations on testosterone and androstenedione peripheral metabolism have shown that day 3 after parturition is a \"critical period\" in the evolution of the metabolic clearance rate, the production rate and the conversion rate of these two androgens. The neonatal increase in plasm testosterone may be accounted for by the variations in these metabolic parameters and may have an influence upon certain sexual target organs, especially upon the vas deferens, the androgens content of which increases during the same \"critical period\".", "contents": "Secretion of the androgens in the male guinea-pig during the perinatal period. Plasma and testicular testosterone, androstenedione and dihydrotestosterone concentrations have been estimated by radioimmunoassay in the male foetus and newborn guinea-pigs between day 62 of pregnancy to day 12 of post-natal life. The prenatal period is characterized by low plasma androgen levels and high testosterone and androstenedione testicular content. After birth there is a peak of plasma testosterone concentration on day 3 concomitant with a release of testicular androgens; no similar increase of androstenedione or DHT is observed in plasmaa. This peak in plasma testosterone is testis dependent because it disappears after castration; it is also light dependent at birth. The investigations on testosterone and androstenedione peripheral metabolism have shown that day 3 after parturition is a \"critical period\" in the evolution of the metabolic clearance rate, the production rate and the conversion rate of these two androgens. The neonatal increase in plasm testosterone may be accounted for by the variations in these metabolic parameters and may have an influence upon certain sexual target organs, especially upon the vas deferens, the androgens content of which increases during the same \"critical period\".", "PMID": 716780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6686", "title": "Developmental patterns of plasma and testicular testosterone in mice from birth to adulthood.", "content": "Male mice were raised in cohabitation with females from birth to 90 days. Testosterone was measured every 10 days in plasma and testes. Sex difference in body weight was related to the pre-pubertal increase of testosterone levels in males. The weight of the seminal vesicle was positively correlated with circulating testosterone levels between 1 and 40 days but not between 50 and 90 days. Testosterone concentrations in the plasma and testes were high at birth: 630 pg/ml and 58.0 +/- 17.7 ng/100 mg; they subsequently decreased during the first days of life and remained low until day 20:240 +/- 110 pg/ml and 0.1 +/- 0.03 ng/100 mg. The testosterone levels then increased rapidly between days 20 and 30 and especially between 30 and 40 reaching their maxima: 5770 +/- 1720 pg/ml and 123.7 +/- 18.3 ng/100 mg testis. This increase was transitory and testosterone levels fell after day 40. By 90 days, the testosterone levels, 440 +/- 65 pg/ml and 43.2 +/- 5.5 ng/100 mg testis, were comparable to those measured at birth. Plasma testosterone and age were positively correlated between 1 and 40 days, and negatively between 50 and 90 days. The first fertile matings occurred at age 40 days.", "contents": "Developmental patterns of plasma and testicular testosterone in mice from birth to adulthood. Male mice were raised in cohabitation with females from birth to 90 days. Testosterone was measured every 10 days in plasma and testes. Sex difference in body weight was related to the pre-pubertal increase of testosterone levels in males. The weight of the seminal vesicle was positively correlated with circulating testosterone levels between 1 and 40 days but not between 50 and 90 days. Testosterone concentrations in the plasma and testes were high at birth: 630 pg/ml and 58.0 +/- 17.7 ng/100 mg; they subsequently decreased during the first days of life and remained low until day 20:240 +/- 110 pg/ml and 0.1 +/- 0.03 ng/100 mg. The testosterone levels then increased rapidly between days 20 and 30 and especially between 30 and 40 reaching their maxima: 5770 +/- 1720 pg/ml and 123.7 +/- 18.3 ng/100 mg testis. This increase was transitory and testosterone levels fell after day 40. By 90 days, the testosterone levels, 440 +/- 65 pg/ml and 43.2 +/- 5.5 ng/100 mg testis, were comparable to those measured at birth. Plasma testosterone and age were positively correlated between 1 and 40 days, and negatively between 50 and 90 days. The first fertile matings occurred at age 40 days.", "PMID": 716781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6687", "title": "A quantitative study on feedback control of LH by testosterone in young adult and old male rats.", "content": "The hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis was studied in young adult (3 month old) and old (24 to 27 month old) male Wistar rats. Plasma testosterone decreased significantly in old animals (x: 262 hg/100 ml (n = 35); versus x: 110 ng/100 ml (n =30). The fall in LH was less pronounced but still significant (54.5 ng LH-RP-1/ml in young versus 39.5 ng/ml in old rats). Groups of 6 to 8 animals of both ages were castrated and implanted with silastic capsules continuously releasing testosterone. The length of the capsules was directly proportional to the plasma testosterone levels achieved (range between 63 and 350 ng/100 ml). After one week young castrated rats not substituted with testosterone showed LH values three times higher (x: 351 ng/ml) than old rats treated in the same way (x = 126 ng/ml). LH values in the animals substituted with testosterone indicate that the sensitivity of the negative testosterone-LH feedback is greatly increased in old rats. Testosterone can be depressed to 60 ng/100 ml before an increase in LH occurs. In young rats no increase in LH was observed when testosterone values were higher than 170 ng/100 ml. In the range between 170 and 100 ng/100 ml about half of the young animals reacted with increased LH secretion, while an increase was observed in all young animals when testosterone dropped below 100 ng/100 ml.", "contents": "A quantitative study on feedback control of LH by testosterone in young adult and old male rats. The hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis was studied in young adult (3 month old) and old (24 to 27 month old) male Wistar rats. Plasma testosterone decreased significantly in old animals (x: 262 hg/100 ml (n = 35); versus x: 110 ng/100 ml (n =30). The fall in LH was less pronounced but still significant (54.5 ng LH-RP-1/ml in young versus 39.5 ng/ml in old rats). Groups of 6 to 8 animals of both ages were castrated and implanted with silastic capsules continuously releasing testosterone. The length of the capsules was directly proportional to the plasma testosterone levels achieved (range between 63 and 350 ng/100 ml). After one week young castrated rats not substituted with testosterone showed LH values three times higher (x: 351 ng/ml) than old rats treated in the same way (x = 126 ng/ml). LH values in the animals substituted with testosterone indicate that the sensitivity of the negative testosterone-LH feedback is greatly increased in old rats. Testosterone can be depressed to 60 ng/100 ml before an increase in LH occurs. In young rats no increase in LH was observed when testosterone values were higher than 170 ng/100 ml. In the range between 170 and 100 ng/100 ml about half of the young animals reacted with increased LH secretion, while an increase was observed in all young animals when testosterone dropped below 100 ng/100 ml.", "PMID": 716782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6688", "title": "[Mononuclear peripheral blood cells in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma synthesizing DNA in vitro].", "content": "In 82 patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHC) the DNA synthesis by mononuclear cells from the peripheral blood was assessed by means of the index of mitoses (IM) or by pulse labelling of cells with 3H-TdR. In chronic lymphatic leukaemia (47 cases), hairy-cell leukemia (1 case), plasma-cell leukaemia (1 case) no synthesis of DNA was found in mononuclear cells. On the other hand, it was raised in most cases of lymphoplasmocytoma, centrocytoma, centroblasto-centrocytoma, centroblastoma and in lymphoblastic leukaemia or lymphoma.", "contents": "[Mononuclear peripheral blood cells in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma synthesizing DNA in vitro]. In 82 patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHC) the DNA synthesis by mononuclear cells from the peripheral blood was assessed by means of the index of mitoses (IM) or by pulse labelling of cells with 3H-TdR. In chronic lymphatic leukaemia (47 cases), hairy-cell leukemia (1 case), plasma-cell leukaemia (1 case) no synthesis of DNA was found in mononuclear cells. On the other hand, it was raised in most cases of lymphoplasmocytoma, centrocytoma, centroblasto-centrocytoma, centroblastoma and in lymphoblastic leukaemia or lymphoma.", "PMID": 716794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6689", "title": "[Rare erythrocyte phenotypes imitating weak variant of antigen A].", "content": "Two phenotypes with defect of sialic acid in the cell membrane of erythrocytes due to some unknown factor, imitating the weak variant of antigen A are reported. One of them found in a healthy candidate for blood donation was called Tn. The second one associated with thrombocytopenia and anaemia differed from all as yet classified ones in that it had simultaneously increased expression of antigen H and lack of reaction with Dolichos biflorus lectin. For demonstrating the diagnostic difficulties differentiation against the weak variant of antigen A approaching A3 is described.", "contents": "[Rare erythrocyte phenotypes imitating weak variant of antigen A]. Two phenotypes with defect of sialic acid in the cell membrane of erythrocytes due to some unknown factor, imitating the weak variant of antigen A are reported. One of them found in a healthy candidate for blood donation was called Tn. The second one associated with thrombocytopenia and anaemia differed from all as yet classified ones in that it had simultaneously increased expression of antigen H and lack of reaction with Dolichos biflorus lectin. For demonstrating the diagnostic difficulties differentiation against the weak variant of antigen A approaching A3 is described.", "PMID": 716795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6690", "title": "Anesthesia and the porphyrias.", "content": "The porphyrias are a result of disordered heme metabolism. The sequelae are related to the accumulation of precursors and/or their metabolism. Induced drug metabolism can lead to acute attacks and may result in fatalities. Careful selection of intravenous agents, absolute avoidance of barbiturates, and use of inhalation agents can enable the anesthetist to administer safe anesthesia to these endangered patients.", "contents": "Anesthesia and the porphyrias. The porphyrias are a result of disordered heme metabolism. The sequelae are related to the accumulation of precursors and/or their metabolism. Induced drug metabolism can lead to acute attacks and may result in fatalities. Careful selection of intravenous agents, absolute avoidance of barbiturates, and use of inhalation agents can enable the anesthetist to administer safe anesthesia to these endangered patients.", "PMID": 716818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6691", "title": "Sphenoidal electrodes: their use and value in the electroencephalographic investigation of complex partial epilepsy.", "content": "The diagnostic value of sphenoidal electrode EEG recordings in patients with seizures characteristic for epilepsy with complex partial symptomatology was assessed in a study comprising 404 patients; 71.3% of the patients had seizures with automatisms and amnesia, and 28.7% had psychic seizures with subjective phenomena such as hallucinations and illusions. A total of 59.6% of the patients had diagnostic EEG changes in routine waking or sleep EEG. In sphenoidal EEG recording including thiopenthone activation, diagnostic changes were found in 40.5% of the patients without specific changes in waking or sleep EEG, the chance of a positive finding being more than five times higher in patients with automatisms than patients with psychic seizures. Apart from cases where surgical treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy is considered, sphenoidal electrode EEG recording, including intravenous thiopenthone activation, should be performed in patients with seizure phenomena raising suspicion of epilepsy with complex partial symptomatology but where waking and sleep EEGs fail to demonstrate specific abnormalities.", "contents": "Sphenoidal electrodes: their use and value in the electroencephalographic investigation of complex partial epilepsy. The diagnostic value of sphenoidal electrode EEG recordings in patients with seizures characteristic for epilepsy with complex partial symptomatology was assessed in a study comprising 404 patients; 71.3% of the patients had seizures with automatisms and amnesia, and 28.7% had psychic seizures with subjective phenomena such as hallucinations and illusions. A total of 59.6% of the patients had diagnostic EEG changes in routine waking or sleep EEG. In sphenoidal EEG recording including thiopenthone activation, diagnostic changes were found in 40.5% of the patients without specific changes in waking or sleep EEG, the chance of a positive finding being more than five times higher in patients with automatisms than patients with psychic seizures. Apart from cases where surgical treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy is considered, sphenoidal electrode EEG recording, including intravenous thiopenthone activation, should be performed in patients with seizure phenomena raising suspicion of epilepsy with complex partial symptomatology but where waking and sleep EEGs fail to demonstrate specific abnormalities.", "PMID": 716835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6692", "title": "Correction of the biochemical effects of neonatal hypothyroidism by daily low doses of thyroxine. Comparative effects of hyperthyroidism and these corrections.", "content": "The purpose of the present communication was to study the corrective effects of low daily thyroxine doses, on the cerebellum biochemical maturation in propylthiouracile (PTU)-treated rats during the early postnatal life. The corrected hypothyroid animals were compared to the normal, hypo- and hyperthyroid ones. The protein, RNA and DNA cerebellar contents were evaluated at 6, 10, 14, 18 and 35 days old animals. At all ages hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism decreased cerebellar protein, RNA and DNA contents, except in 35-day-old hyperthyroid animals, where DNA content returned to normal level. In these two experimental groups, protein/DNA and RNA/DNA ratios were higher than those of controls at 10 days and lower at 35 days. In hypothyroid animals treated by corrective doses of T4, cerebellar protein, RNA and DNA contents and DNA concentration were not different from hyperthyroid animal values at all stages, while protein/DNA and RNA/DNA ratios were higher than those of hyperthyroid animals. Administration of physiological doses of T4 to hypothyroid animals led to the same effects as higher doses in normal animals. Thus, neonatal hypothyroidism seems to lower the sensitivity threshold of the cerebellum to thyroid hormone effects.", "contents": "Correction of the biochemical effects of neonatal hypothyroidism by daily low doses of thyroxine. Comparative effects of hyperthyroidism and these corrections. The purpose of the present communication was to study the corrective effects of low daily thyroxine doses, on the cerebellum biochemical maturation in propylthiouracile (PTU)-treated rats during the early postnatal life. The corrected hypothyroid animals were compared to the normal, hypo- and hyperthyroid ones. The protein, RNA and DNA cerebellar contents were evaluated at 6, 10, 14, 18 and 35 days old animals. At all ages hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism decreased cerebellar protein, RNA and DNA contents, except in 35-day-old hyperthyroid animals, where DNA content returned to normal level. In these two experimental groups, protein/DNA and RNA/DNA ratios were higher than those of controls at 10 days and lower at 35 days. In hypothyroid animals treated by corrective doses of T4, cerebellar protein, RNA and DNA contents and DNA concentration were not different from hyperthyroid animal values at all stages, while protein/DNA and RNA/DNA ratios were higher than those of hyperthyroid animals. Administration of physiological doses of T4 to hypothyroid animals led to the same effects as higher doses in normal animals. Thus, neonatal hypothyroidism seems to lower the sensitivity threshold of the cerebellum to thyroid hormone effects.", "PMID": 716836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6693", "title": "Clinical picture of multiple sclerosis with late onset.", "content": "A group of 47 patients (multiple sclerosis (M.S.) diagnosed according to Schumacher's criteria) with age at onset over 40 years, was studied by statistical analysis and compared with a control group (100 M.S. patients with onset between ages 18 and 38). The following features appear peculiar in this group: --the most frequent initial symptoms are motor disturbances --the onset is generally monosymptomatic --the course is generally progressive and more severe than that of controls, as seen by Kurtzke's Disability Scale, relapse rate, interval between first and second attack --the course is more severe when the onset is progressive and characterized by motor disturbances.", "contents": "Clinical picture of multiple sclerosis with late onset. A group of 47 patients (multiple sclerosis (M.S.) diagnosed according to Schumacher's criteria) with age at onset over 40 years, was studied by statistical analysis and compared with a control group (100 M.S. patients with onset between ages 18 and 38). The following features appear peculiar in this group: --the most frequent initial symptoms are motor disturbances --the onset is generally monosymptomatic --the course is generally progressive and more severe than that of controls, as seen by Kurtzke's Disability Scale, relapse rate, interval between first and second attack --the course is more severe when the onset is progressive and characterized by motor disturbances.", "PMID": 716837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6694", "title": "[Ventriculo-cardiac derivation in late complications of hemispherectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "After briefly stating the circumstances in which hemispherectomy is indicated the authors review the possible complications of the operation on the basis of available literature. Two cases are described, one with autopsy findings and the other with CAT scan data which revealed extreme dilatation of the remaining ventricle and led to the installation of a ventriculo-cardiac derivation; this case progressed favourably. The author concludes that this type of complication could be detected rapidly by CAT scanning, with no risk to the patient. Ventriculo-cardiac derivation could prevent further complications. Hemispherectomized patients must undoubtedly be monitored closely by regular clinical examinations, EEGs and CAT scanning.", "contents": "[Ventriculo-cardiac derivation in late complications of hemispherectomy (author's transl)]. After briefly stating the circumstances in which hemispherectomy is indicated the authors review the possible complications of the operation on the basis of available literature. Two cases are described, one with autopsy findings and the other with CAT scan data which revealed extreme dilatation of the remaining ventricle and led to the installation of a ventriculo-cardiac derivation; this case progressed favourably. The author concludes that this type of complication could be detected rapidly by CAT scanning, with no risk to the patient. Ventriculo-cardiac derivation could prevent further complications. Hemispherectomized patients must undoubtedly be monitored closely by regular clinical examinations, EEGs and CAT scanning.", "PMID": 716832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6695", "title": "Spinal components of the cerebral somatosensory evoked response in normal man: the \"S wave\".", "content": "Responses evoked over the scalp and the neck by median nerve (or finger I) stimulation were concurrently recorded in 10 subjects. It was found that the first component of the cortical SEP consists of a small amplitude polyphasic wave (S wave) which could be recorded bilaterally upon unilateral stimulation. The polarity of the S wave varied according to the reference electrode position, at variance with the P15 component which remained constantly positive. It is therefore correct to assume that different generators are responsible for these two potentials. The synchrony between the S wave and the cervical response, which is largely spinal in origin, as well as some pertinent experimental data, suggest that the S wave is a far field reflection of activity generated mainly in the cervical dorsal columns. These findings might be relevant to the diagnosis of neurological disorders.", "contents": "Spinal components of the cerebral somatosensory evoked response in normal man: the \"S wave\". Responses evoked over the scalp and the neck by median nerve (or finger I) stimulation were concurrently recorded in 10 subjects. It was found that the first component of the cortical SEP consists of a small amplitude polyphasic wave (S wave) which could be recorded bilaterally upon unilateral stimulation. The polarity of the S wave varied according to the reference electrode position, at variance with the P15 component which remained constantly positive. It is therefore correct to assume that different generators are responsible for these two potentials. The synchrony between the S wave and the cervical response, which is largely spinal in origin, as well as some pertinent experimental data, suggest that the S wave is a far field reflection of activity generated mainly in the cervical dorsal columns. These findings might be relevant to the diagnosis of neurological disorders.", "PMID": 716838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6696", "title": "[Peripheral facial paralysis and post-antirabies-vaccination polyneuroradiculitis (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of facial diplegia with albuminocytologic dissociation of cerebrospinal fluid after antirabies vaccination prompts the author to attempt a retrospective study of post-antirabies-vaccination neuropathies, with facial or extensive involvement. Fifty-seven cases are considered. Irrespective of vaccine type, certain clinical similarities emerge, notably the age of occurrence (adult), the early onset of the paralysis (during vaccine therapy or in the following week), and the prognosis (good survival rate, severity of functional impairment varying with extent of involvement). The author attributes the main pathogenic role to the peripheral myelinic basic protein contained in varying proportions in conventional vaccines, the corollary being that such accidents should disappear completely with the new vaccination based on tissue culture material. A therapy programme comprising the discontinuation of vaccine therapy and administration of corticoids is proposed.", "contents": "[Peripheral facial paralysis and post-antirabies-vaccination polyneuroradiculitis (author's transl)]. A case of facial diplegia with albuminocytologic dissociation of cerebrospinal fluid after antirabies vaccination prompts the author to attempt a retrospective study of post-antirabies-vaccination neuropathies, with facial or extensive involvement. Fifty-seven cases are considered. Irrespective of vaccine type, certain clinical similarities emerge, notably the age of occurrence (adult), the early onset of the paralysis (during vaccine therapy or in the following week), and the prognosis (good survival rate, severity of functional impairment varying with extent of involvement). The author attributes the main pathogenic role to the peripheral myelinic basic protein contained in varying proportions in conventional vaccines, the corollary being that such accidents should disappear completely with the new vaccination based on tissue culture material. A therapy programme comprising the discontinuation of vaccine therapy and administration of corticoids is proposed.", "PMID": 716833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6697", "title": "Bismuth encephalopathy. A clinical and anatomo-pathological report of one case.", "content": "A fatal case of toxic encephalopathy due to ingestion of bismuth salts is reported in a twenty year old female patient. The clinical features were characterized by a confusional state, ataxia, myoclonic jerks, and epileptic seizures. Despite supportive therapy and administration of chelating agents, there was an irreversible evolution towards coma. The immediate cause of death was an intercurrent septicaemia. The anatomo-pathological study showed non specific anoxic lesions including a widespread loss of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. Despite a drastic decrease of bismuth levels in blood, the concentration of bismuth in visceral organs and different parts of the central nervous system remained very high.", "contents": "Bismuth encephalopathy. A clinical and anatomo-pathological report of one case. A fatal case of toxic encephalopathy due to ingestion of bismuth salts is reported in a twenty year old female patient. The clinical features were characterized by a confusional state, ataxia, myoclonic jerks, and epileptic seizures. Despite supportive therapy and administration of chelating agents, there was an irreversible evolution towards coma. The immediate cause of death was an intercurrent septicaemia. The anatomo-pathological study showed non specific anoxic lesions including a widespread loss of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. Despite a drastic decrease of bismuth levels in blood, the concentration of bismuth in visceral organs and different parts of the central nervous system remained very high.", "PMID": 716834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6698", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy (s.e.m.) of biopsy specimens of ruptured intracranial saccular aneurysms.", "content": "Surgical specimens of 4 intracranial saccular aneurysms were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The internal surface of the aneurysms showed crater-like defects and cytoplasmic bridges. In some areas the endothelium was preserved, but its longitudinal convolutions were higher and thicker than those found in unchanged areas. On the damaged endothelial surface there was an increased number of blood cells. The adventitia resembled that of a normal cerebral artery. In conclusion the alterations observed are similar to those found in atherosclerosis and are most likely due to the high wear and tear provoked by the blood streaming into the aneurysm. The results of this study are in agreement with the findings of a companion transmission electron microscopy study and emphasize the importance of degenerative changes on the development and rupture of intracranial saccular aneurysms.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy (s.e.m.) of biopsy specimens of ruptured intracranial saccular aneurysms. Surgical specimens of 4 intracranial saccular aneurysms were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The internal surface of the aneurysms showed crater-like defects and cytoplasmic bridges. In some areas the endothelium was preserved, but its longitudinal convolutions were higher and thicker than those found in unchanged areas. On the damaged endothelial surface there was an increased number of blood cells. The adventitia resembled that of a normal cerebral artery. In conclusion the alterations observed are similar to those found in atherosclerosis and are most likely due to the high wear and tear provoked by the blood streaming into the aneurysm. The results of this study are in agreement with the findings of a companion transmission electron microscopy study and emphasize the importance of degenerative changes on the development and rupture of intracranial saccular aneurysms.", "PMID": 716840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6699", "title": "Electron microprobe study of calcifications in human brain tumors.", "content": "Preliminary electron microprobe studies of a small number of meningiomas, oligodendrogliomas, glioblastoma multiformae, craniopharyngiomas, and metastatic epithelioma of the breast suggest that the elemental composition of the deposits associated with these tumors is characteristic for each type of tumor.", "contents": "Electron microprobe study of calcifications in human brain tumors. Preliminary electron microprobe studies of a small number of meningiomas, oligodendrogliomas, glioblastoma multiformae, craniopharyngiomas, and metastatic epithelioma of the breast suggest that the elemental composition of the deposits associated with these tumors is characteristic for each type of tumor.", "PMID": 716842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6700", "title": "Frequency of surface microprojections and coated vesicles with increased malignancy in human astrocytic neoplasms.", "content": "Surface membrane microprojections and coated vesicles of a well differentiated (Kernohan-Sayre grade I) cerebral fibrillary astrocytoma were compared with those of anaplastic astrocytic (grade IV, glioblastoma) cerebral tumors. Both phenomena increase with increased malignancy. This provides further evidence for membrane alterations with malignant change in human astrocytic cells. It is the first comparison of fibrillary astrocytoma surface phenomena with those of more malignant astrocytic tumors of the cerebrum.", "contents": "Frequency of surface microprojections and coated vesicles with increased malignancy in human astrocytic neoplasms. Surface membrane microprojections and coated vesicles of a well differentiated (Kernohan-Sayre grade I) cerebral fibrillary astrocytoma were compared with those of anaplastic astrocytic (grade IV, glioblastoma) cerebral tumors. Both phenomena increase with increased malignancy. This provides further evidence for membrane alterations with malignant change in human astrocytic cells. It is the first comparison of fibrillary astrocytoma surface phenomena with those of more malignant astrocytic tumors of the cerebrum.", "PMID": 716844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6701", "title": "Cadmium induced endothelial cell alterations in the fetal brain from prenatal exposure.", "content": "Pregnant rats received a single administration of 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg/kg of cadmium on day 18 or 20 or gestation. Maternal animals were killed on day 21 and samples of the caudate nucleus from fetal brains were examined using the transmission electron microscope. A 2.0 mg/kg dose of cadmium administered to maternal rats on day 20 of gestation caused the formation of vacuoles in the endothelial cells of capillaries in the fetal brain. Significant endothelial cell vacuolization was not observed in the brain of fetuses from other treatment groups. The vacuoles occurred singly, were spherical in shape, were located adjacent to the intercellular junctions and caused focal distortion of the endothelial cell. Vacuoles were the only ultrastructural alteration observed in the caudate nucleus of fetal brains.", "contents": "Cadmium induced endothelial cell alterations in the fetal brain from prenatal exposure. Pregnant rats received a single administration of 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg/kg of cadmium on day 18 or 20 or gestation. Maternal animals were killed on day 21 and samples of the caudate nucleus from fetal brains were examined using the transmission electron microscope. A 2.0 mg/kg dose of cadmium administered to maternal rats on day 20 of gestation caused the formation of vacuoles in the endothelial cells of capillaries in the fetal brain. Significant endothelial cell vacuolization was not observed in the brain of fetuses from other treatment groups. The vacuoles occurred singly, were spherical in shape, were located adjacent to the intercellular junctions and caused focal distortion of the endothelial cell. Vacuoles were the only ultrastructural alteration observed in the caudate nucleus of fetal brains.", "PMID": 716843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6702", "title": "Lymphocytes within glial cells (\"emperipolesis\") in a case of a granular cell tumor.", "content": "A case of a combined neurofibroma - granular cell tumor of the left middle cranial fossa with infiltration of the temporal lobe and expansion into the orbit is presented. The granular cell tumor shows big fibrillary astrocytes in its peripheral zone. Even in the tumor-free brain tissue adjacent to the tumor plenty of these obviously reactively proliferated astrocytes are found. Furthermore, lymphocytes within the cytoplasm of such astrocytes (\"emperipolesis\") strike the eye. Neither the lymphocytes nor the astrocytes show signs of damage. A review of the literature and the theories concerning the phenomenon of emperipolesis are given. The problem of its biological significance and the question whether emperipolesis is the result of invasion of engulfment must remain unsolved.", "contents": "Lymphocytes within glial cells (\"emperipolesis\") in a case of a granular cell tumor. A case of a combined neurofibroma - granular cell tumor of the left middle cranial fossa with infiltration of the temporal lobe and expansion into the orbit is presented. The granular cell tumor shows big fibrillary astrocytes in its peripheral zone. Even in the tumor-free brain tissue adjacent to the tumor plenty of these obviously reactively proliferated astrocytes are found. Furthermore, lymphocytes within the cytoplasm of such astrocytes (\"emperipolesis\") strike the eye. Neither the lymphocytes nor the astrocytes show signs of damage. A review of the literature and the theories concerning the phenomenon of emperipolesis are given. The problem of its biological significance and the question whether emperipolesis is the result of invasion of engulfment must remain unsolved.", "PMID": 716845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6703", "title": "Spontaneous lower motor neuron disease in rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus).", "content": "Spontaneous neurologic disease was observed in 6 to 8-week-old rabbits. Both males and females from several different litters were affected but all were sired by the same male. Clinically, the disease was characterized initially by posterior weakness and incoordination which progressed to tetraplegia within 3--4 weeks. With light microscopy there was neuronal degeneration and loss within the ventral horns of the spinal cord and brain stem and type-II fiber atrophy of skeletal muscles. Ultrastructurally the neuronal degeneration was characterized by accumulations of 100 A neurofilaments within the perikaryon. These findings are compared to diseases with neurofibrillary accumulation in animals and man.", "contents": "Spontaneous lower motor neuron disease in rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus). Spontaneous neurologic disease was observed in 6 to 8-week-old rabbits. Both males and females from several different litters were affected but all were sired by the same male. Clinically, the disease was characterized initially by posterior weakness and incoordination which progressed to tetraplegia within 3--4 weeks. With light microscopy there was neuronal degeneration and loss within the ventral horns of the spinal cord and brain stem and type-II fiber atrophy of skeletal muscles. Ultrastructurally the neuronal degeneration was characterized by accumulations of 100 A neurofilaments within the perikaryon. These findings are compared to diseases with neurofibrillary accumulation in animals and man.", "PMID": 716846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6704", "title": "The efferent innervation in the region of inner hair cells in the organ of Corti.", "content": "The efferent innervation of the inner hair cells in Corti's organ of the laboratory rat and of a bat was investigated with help of histochemical staining of the inner spiral bundle. The area of acetylcholinesterase-positive fibres in the inner spiral bundle regions was measured. The bulk of the efferent fibres lie in the middle part of the cochlea. Towards the apical and lower basal turns a distinct decrease in the number of fibres was observed.", "contents": "The efferent innervation in the region of inner hair cells in the organ of Corti. The efferent innervation of the inner hair cells in Corti's organ of the laboratory rat and of a bat was investigated with help of histochemical staining of the inner spiral bundle. The area of acetylcholinesterase-positive fibres in the inner spiral bundle regions was measured. The bulk of the efferent fibres lie in the middle part of the cochlea. Towards the apical and lower basal turns a distinct decrease in the number of fibres was observed.", "PMID": 716854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6705", "title": "Mechanical properties of basilar membrane.", "content": "A fresh basilar membrane has different mechanical properties in the radial and in the longitudinal directions. When pressure with a needle is exerted on the basilar membrane, a narrow radially oriented strip is deflected. The form of the deflection can be deduced from the pathological consequences of the acoustic trauma as well. The observed anisotrophy is a property of the vital membrane and is disturbed by chemical and physical influences and is lost post mortem. The post-mortem changes can explain the results obtained by von B\u00e9k\u00e9sy which differ from ours. The physiological meaning of the mechanical properties of the basilar membrane is discussed here.", "contents": "Mechanical properties of basilar membrane. A fresh basilar membrane has different mechanical properties in the radial and in the longitudinal directions. When pressure with a needle is exerted on the basilar membrane, a narrow radially oriented strip is deflected. The form of the deflection can be deduced from the pathological consequences of the acoustic trauma as well. The observed anisotrophy is a property of the vital membrane and is disturbed by chemical and physical influences and is lost post mortem. The post-mortem changes can explain the results obtained by von B\u00e9k\u00e9sy which differ from ours. The physiological meaning of the mechanical properties of the basilar membrane is discussed here.", "PMID": 716855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6706", "title": "Reduction of the endocochlear potential by the new \"loop\" diuretic, bumetanide.", "content": "The effect of bumetanide upon the endocochlear potential (EP) was examined in 46 guinea pigs. The EP was reduced with dosages of 5 mg/kg or more. The maximum depression of the EP (reduction to -30 to -40 mV) was obtained at a dosage of 30 mg/kg. The recovery of the potential was incomplete at any dosage within three hours and the response pattern of the EP to bumetanide was similar to that to ethacrynic acid. The present experiments revealed that bumetanide, by weight, has a stronger ototoxic potency than the other \"loop\" diuretics--furosemide and ethacrynic acid. However, the diuretic effect of 1 mg bumetanide is equivalent to 40 to 60 mg furosemide or ethacrynic acid. Therefore, the relative ototoxic potency of bumetanide is much smaller suggesting that from a clinical standpoint bumetanide is much safer than the other \"loop\" diuretics.", "contents": "Reduction of the endocochlear potential by the new \"loop\" diuretic, bumetanide. The effect of bumetanide upon the endocochlear potential (EP) was examined in 46 guinea pigs. The EP was reduced with dosages of 5 mg/kg or more. The maximum depression of the EP (reduction to -30 to -40 mV) was obtained at a dosage of 30 mg/kg. The recovery of the potential was incomplete at any dosage within three hours and the response pattern of the EP to bumetanide was similar to that to ethacrynic acid. The present experiments revealed that bumetanide, by weight, has a stronger ototoxic potency than the other \"loop\" diuretics--furosemide and ethacrynic acid. However, the diuretic effect of 1 mg bumetanide is equivalent to 40 to 60 mg furosemide or ethacrynic acid. Therefore, the relative ototoxic potency of bumetanide is much smaller suggesting that from a clinical standpoint bumetanide is much safer than the other \"loop\" diuretics.", "PMID": 716856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6707", "title": "The development of hair cells in the embryonic chick's basilar papilla.", "content": "During the 7th to 21st (hatching) days, hair cells of the embeyonic chick transform from an undifferentiated epithelium into cylindrically-shaped tall hair cells (THCs), pitcher-shaped short hair cells (SHCs), or intermediate hair cells that share structural characteristics of the first two. By the 11th day hair cell types are unambiguous. \"Hairs\" (stereocilia and a kinocilium) were first identified on the 7th day and resembled the adult pattern the 13th. The nucleus occupies relatively less volume as hair cells increase in size, becoming positioned centrally in THCs and basally in SHCs. Nucleoli, which are prominent throughout development, remain conspicuous even in newly hatched chicks. The cuticular cone begins to form the 11th day. By the 10th day, sensory nerve endings synapse on the bases of the HCs, which by the 11th day develop synaptic bars. Although efferent neurites were in evidence as early as the 11th day, synaptic contacts and their cisterns were identified by the 19th day but may form earlier. Supporting cells transform from cylindrically to flask-shaped cells with constricted necks and may secrete at least a portion of the tectorial membrane.", "contents": "The development of hair cells in the embryonic chick's basilar papilla. During the 7th to 21st (hatching) days, hair cells of the embeyonic chick transform from an undifferentiated epithelium into cylindrically-shaped tall hair cells (THCs), pitcher-shaped short hair cells (SHCs), or intermediate hair cells that share structural characteristics of the first two. By the 11th day hair cell types are unambiguous. \"Hairs\" (stereocilia and a kinocilium) were first identified on the 7th day and resembled the adult pattern the 13th. The nucleus occupies relatively less volume as hair cells increase in size, becoming positioned centrally in THCs and basally in SHCs. Nucleoli, which are prominent throughout development, remain conspicuous even in newly hatched chicks. The cuticular cone begins to form the 11th day. By the 10th day, sensory nerve endings synapse on the bases of the HCs, which by the 11th day develop synaptic bars. Although efferent neurites were in evidence as early as the 11th day, synaptic contacts and their cisterns were identified by the 19th day but may form earlier. Supporting cells transform from cylindrically to flask-shaped cells with constricted necks and may secrete at least a portion of the tectorial membrane.", "PMID": 716857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6708", "title": "Evoked potential correlates of genetic progressive hearing loss. Age-related changes from the ear to the inferior colliculus of C57BL/6 and CBA/J mice.", "content": "Volume-conducted auditory evoked potentials were simultaneously measured from the level of the ear to the inferior colliculus of mice. The C57BL/6 mouse, which displays genetic sensorineural progressive hearing loss, was compared with the CBA/J mouse. At 50 days post partum, amplitudes of the summating potential (SP) and cochlear microphonic (CM) were lower in the C57BL/6 genotype, and they decreased progressively with age. Fifty days later, changes were seen in responses from the auditory nerve and cochlear nucleus of this mouse. By 200 days of age, the C57BL/6 had a \"recruitment\" pattern at CNS regions, but not at the auditory nerve.", "contents": "Evoked potential correlates of genetic progressive hearing loss. Age-related changes from the ear to the inferior colliculus of C57BL/6 and CBA/J mice. Volume-conducted auditory evoked potentials were simultaneously measured from the level of the ear to the inferior colliculus of mice. The C57BL/6 mouse, which displays genetic sensorineural progressive hearing loss, was compared with the CBA/J mouse. At 50 days post partum, amplitudes of the summating potential (SP) and cochlear microphonic (CM) were lower in the C57BL/6 genotype, and they decreased progressively with age. Fifty days later, changes were seen in responses from the auditory nerve and cochlear nucleus of this mouse. By 200 days of age, the C57BL/6 had a \"recruitment\" pattern at CNS regions, but not at the auditory nerve.", "PMID": 716859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6709", "title": "Single-cell layer membrane covering the degenerated cochlear duct after perilymphatic perfusion of streptomycin.", "content": "Ultrastructural changes of the extrasensory epithelium in the scala media of guinea pig cochleae were observed from 3 to 137 days after perilymphatic perfusion with 20% streptomycin. The degeneration started in the organ of Corti, progressed to the interdental cells and roots of the outer sulcus cells and finally involved other epithelial cells such as Claudius and the inner and outer sulcus cells. In the final stage, except for the stria vascularis and Reissner's membrane, all epithelial cells which lined the cochlear duct were replaced by a single-cell layer membrane which originated medianly from the epithelial cells of Reissner's membrane and laterally from the superficial outer sulcus cells.", "contents": "Single-cell layer membrane covering the degenerated cochlear duct after perilymphatic perfusion of streptomycin. Ultrastructural changes of the extrasensory epithelium in the scala media of guinea pig cochleae were observed from 3 to 137 days after perilymphatic perfusion with 20% streptomycin. The degeneration started in the organ of Corti, progressed to the interdental cells and roots of the outer sulcus cells and finally involved other epithelial cells such as Claudius and the inner and outer sulcus cells. In the final stage, except for the stria vascularis and Reissner's membrane, all epithelial cells which lined the cochlear duct were replaced by a single-cell layer membrane which originated medianly from the epithelial cells of Reissner's membrane and laterally from the superficial outer sulcus cells.", "PMID": 716860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6710", "title": "A test battery approach to the investigation of susceptibility to temporary threshold shift.", "content": "This study examined individual differences among various psychophysical measures that have been suggested previously as predictors of susceptibility to noise-induced temporary threshold shift (TTS). The test battery was administered to a group of five normal-hearing young adults and consisted of the following procedures: (1) critical intensity (CI) at 2 kHz; (2) loudness discomfort level (LDL) at 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 kHz; (3) aural overload thresholds at 0.5, 1 and 2 kHz. Three measures of TTS, one employing a broad-band noise as the exposure stimulus and two others using tonal fatiguers, were utilized to assess susceptibility to TTS. Results revealed that the test battery delineated tough from tender ears. Furthermore, the aural overload test was found to be a highly accurate predictor of TTS.", "contents": "A test battery approach to the investigation of susceptibility to temporary threshold shift. This study examined individual differences among various psychophysical measures that have been suggested previously as predictors of susceptibility to noise-induced temporary threshold shift (TTS). The test battery was administered to a group of five normal-hearing young adults and consisted of the following procedures: (1) critical intensity (CI) at 2 kHz; (2) loudness discomfort level (LDL) at 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 kHz; (3) aural overload thresholds at 0.5, 1 and 2 kHz. Three measures of TTS, one employing a broad-band noise as the exposure stimulus and two others using tonal fatiguers, were utilized to assess susceptibility to TTS. Results revealed that the test battery delineated tough from tender ears. Furthermore, the aural overload test was found to be a highly accurate predictor of TTS.", "PMID": 716861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6711", "title": "CSF total protein: normal values. A re-appraisal and discussion of its value in diagnosis of acoustic neuromas.", "content": "A reference material of total cerebrospinal fluid protein (CSF protein) from 53 men and 45 women is presented. Lowry's Folin-phenol method for determining CSF protein has been used unchanged in this laboratory since 1964, with normal values ranging from 0.2 to 0.4 g/l. In this new reference material higher values were found with the 0.05--0.95 fractile interval for normal CSF protein determined to 0.29--0.88 g/l. This implies that the value of determining CSF protein in diagnosis of acoustic neuromas is most questionable. Among the medium sized tumours there were statistically significant increased values, but no clinical significance. The large tumours showed both statistically as well as clinically significant increased protein, but these tumours can be easily diagnosed by other means. A more detailed determination of CSF protein is discussed.", "contents": "CSF total protein: normal values. A re-appraisal and discussion of its value in diagnosis of acoustic neuromas. A reference material of total cerebrospinal fluid protein (CSF protein) from 53 men and 45 women is presented. Lowry's Folin-phenol method for determining CSF protein has been used unchanged in this laboratory since 1964, with normal values ranging from 0.2 to 0.4 g/l. In this new reference material higher values were found with the 0.05--0.95 fractile interval for normal CSF protein determined to 0.29--0.88 g/l. This implies that the value of determining CSF protein in diagnosis of acoustic neuromas is most questionable. Among the medium sized tumours there were statistically significant increased values, but no clinical significance. The large tumours showed both statistically as well as clinically significant increased protein, but these tumours can be easily diagnosed by other means. A more detailed determination of CSF protein is discussed.", "PMID": 716858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6712", "title": "Transcutaneous Po2 monitoring in neonatal intensive care.", "content": "The transcutaneous Po2 monitoring technique was applied in 20 newborns. The method proved reliable during hypoxemia, normoxemia and hyperoxemia, with a high correlation between Ptco2 and Pao2 in simultaneously obtained arterial samples. Although Ptco2 reliably reflects changes in Pao2, occasional arterial samples are still required for establishing the relationship between Ptco2 and Pao2, especially in patients with impaired circulation. When this relationship has been determined, the therapist may rely on the recorded Ptco2 level for hours, given that the energy supply required to maintain the electrode at a preset temperature level remains constant. A considerable difference between Ptco2 and Pao2 or a change in the energy supply level to the electrode may alert the therapist to check the patient's circulatory status. The Ptco2 technique is now fully developed and can be recommended for use in neonatal intensive care.", "contents": "Transcutaneous Po2 monitoring in neonatal intensive care. The transcutaneous Po2 monitoring technique was applied in 20 newborns. The method proved reliable during hypoxemia, normoxemia and hyperoxemia, with a high correlation between Ptco2 and Pao2 in simultaneously obtained arterial samples. Although Ptco2 reliably reflects changes in Pao2, occasional arterial samples are still required for establishing the relationship between Ptco2 and Pao2, especially in patients with impaired circulation. When this relationship has been determined, the therapist may rely on the recorded Ptco2 level for hours, given that the energy supply required to maintain the electrode at a preset temperature level remains constant. A considerable difference between Ptco2 and Pao2 or a change in the energy supply level to the electrode may alert the therapist to check the patient's circulatory status. The Ptco2 technique is now fully developed and can be recommended for use in neonatal intensive care.", "PMID": 716868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6713", "title": "Possible effects of kanamycin and incubation in newborn children with low birth weight.", "content": "In an acoustico-vestibular follow-up investigation of 91 four- to six-year-old children with birth weight below 2000 g, the same incidence of sensorineural hearing loss (19%) was found in 54 children treated with kanamycin in the neonatal period as in a group of 37 infants not treated with kanamycin. When comparing a group of children treated with both kanamycin and incubator (54 children) with a group treated with incubator only (16 children), no definite signs of synergism between incubator noise and kanamycin were found. However, the 5 cases of moderate or severe hearing loss all belonged to the group treated with both incubator and kanamycin. These 5 children had more severe neonatal complications, especially apnea, cyanotic spells and hyperbilirubinemia, which may increase the severity of the hearing loss. Among 56 incubator treated children with normal hearing (ISO standards) 52% had an audiogram pattern suggesting minor noise-provoked cochlear lesions. Among 18 non-incubator treated children with normal hearing only one child (6%) had a similar pattern. It should be stressed, however, that these children had no clinical symptoms of hearing loss.", "contents": "Possible effects of kanamycin and incubation in newborn children with low birth weight. In an acoustico-vestibular follow-up investigation of 91 four- to six-year-old children with birth weight below 2000 g, the same incidence of sensorineural hearing loss (19%) was found in 54 children treated with kanamycin in the neonatal period as in a group of 37 infants not treated with kanamycin. When comparing a group of children treated with both kanamycin and incubator (54 children) with a group treated with incubator only (16 children), no definite signs of synergism between incubator noise and kanamycin were found. However, the 5 cases of moderate or severe hearing loss all belonged to the group treated with both incubator and kanamycin. These 5 children had more severe neonatal complications, especially apnea, cyanotic spells and hyperbilirubinemia, which may increase the severity of the hearing loss. Among 56 incubator treated children with normal hearing (ISO standards) 52% had an audiogram pattern suggesting minor noise-provoked cochlear lesions. Among 18 non-incubator treated children with normal hearing only one child (6%) had a similar pattern. It should be stressed, however, that these children had no clinical symptoms of hearing loss.", "PMID": 716869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6714", "title": "The effects of experimentally-produced middle ear lesions on tympanometry in cats.", "content": "Tympanometry was performed before and after producing specific lesions in the middle ears of cats. The lesions selected for study included stapes fixation, ossicular discontinuity, and scarred tympanic membranes. Stapes fixation resulted in marked increases in middle ear impedance, easily detected with tympanometry. Ossicular discontinuity resulted in complex tympanometric shapes which were easily accounted for by simple interactions between acoustic resistance and reactance. The complex shapes that occurred in normal and abnormal ears with pressure changing from negative to positive resulted from more complicated interactions. Large surgical incisions in the posterior-superior quadrant of the eardrum were quite visible at otoscopy but could not be detected tympanometrically one month after surgery.", "contents": "The effects of experimentally-produced middle ear lesions on tympanometry in cats. Tympanometry was performed before and after producing specific lesions in the middle ears of cats. The lesions selected for study included stapes fixation, ossicular discontinuity, and scarred tympanic membranes. Stapes fixation resulted in marked increases in middle ear impedance, easily detected with tympanometry. Ossicular discontinuity resulted in complex tympanometric shapes which were easily accounted for by simple interactions between acoustic resistance and reactance. The complex shapes that occurred in normal and abnormal ears with pressure changing from negative to positive resulted from more complicated interactions. Large surgical incisions in the posterior-superior quadrant of the eardrum were quite visible at otoscopy but could not be detected tympanometrically one month after surgery.", "PMID": 716865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6715", "title": "Allergy, otitis media and serum immunoglobulins after adenoidectomy.", "content": "The incidence of atopic disease and of episodes of otitis media, respiratory tract infections as well as levels of serum immunoglobulins were followed during 16 months after adenoidectomy in a consecutive group of 274 children. The total incidence of atopic disease was high (23.6%) at the start of the study and increased further to 39.0% during the study. Increased serum IgE levels, positive RAST tests and/or positive provocation tests were found before the onset of atopic symptoms in 13 out of the 19 children developing such symptoms during the observation period. Otitis media continued to occur in 42.9% of the children. The incidence of episodes of otitis media after the adenoidectomy was higher with lower age, a high number of episodes of otitis media before the operation and/or a history of atropic disease. None of the laboratory tests could predict subsequent episodes of otitis media. Protracted respiratory tract infections developed only in children with laboratory findings indicative of atopy. Serum IgE and IgM levels decreased significantly. No serious infections and no dysgammaglobulinaemias developed. Adenoidectomy seems to be a rather minor trauma from an immunological point of view, but further and controlled studies are needed concerning the possible clinical benefit of adenoidectomy in children with recurrent otitis media.", "contents": "Allergy, otitis media and serum immunoglobulins after adenoidectomy. The incidence of atopic disease and of episodes of otitis media, respiratory tract infections as well as levels of serum immunoglobulins were followed during 16 months after adenoidectomy in a consecutive group of 274 children. The total incidence of atopic disease was high (23.6%) at the start of the study and increased further to 39.0% during the study. Increased serum IgE levels, positive RAST tests and/or positive provocation tests were found before the onset of atopic symptoms in 13 out of the 19 children developing such symptoms during the observation period. Otitis media continued to occur in 42.9% of the children. The incidence of episodes of otitis media after the adenoidectomy was higher with lower age, a high number of episodes of otitis media before the operation and/or a history of atropic disease. None of the laboratory tests could predict subsequent episodes of otitis media. Protracted respiratory tract infections developed only in children with laboratory findings indicative of atopy. Serum IgE and IgM levels decreased significantly. No serious infections and no dysgammaglobulinaemias developed. Adenoidectomy seems to be a rather minor trauma from an immunological point of view, but further and controlled studies are needed concerning the possible clinical benefit of adenoidectomy in children with recurrent otitis media.", "PMID": 716870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6716", "title": "The central rhythm of the nasal cycle.", "content": "The resistance to air flow of each nasal passage was recorded in 2 subjects over a period of 7 days. The cyclical changes in nasal resistance observed were very regular, with a consistent pattern apparent over the period of study. The regular changes in nasal resistance recorded under laboratory conditions may be directly related to changes in activity of an autonomic centre in the brain.", "contents": "The central rhythm of the nasal cycle. The resistance to air flow of each nasal passage was recorded in 2 subjects over a period of 7 days. The cyclical changes in nasal resistance observed were very regular, with a consistent pattern apparent over the period of study. The regular changes in nasal resistance recorded under laboratory conditions may be directly related to changes in activity of an autonomic centre in the brain.", "PMID": 716867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6717", "title": "Bacterial meningitis in childhood in an African city. Factors influencing aetiology and outcome.", "content": "In a retrospective study of 120 children aged 1 month and above with bacterial meningitis confirmed by positive CSF culture, 88.4% were found to be due to three common organisms: H. influenzae, Str. pneumoniae and N. meinigitidis. Gram-negative enteric organisms accounted for 10% of the infections. Despite intensive antibiotic and ancillary therapy, there has been no significant change in case fatality and sequelae over the past decade in this institution. The present study confirms that factors related to the organism and the host are important in determining the outcome of therapy. H. influenzae and Str. pneumoniae infections are associated with statistically significant rise in case fatality rate and neurologic sequelae at the end of therapy. The presence of neurological abnormality at the time of diagnosis significantly increases case fatality rate while delay in diagnosis appears to primarily influence the frequency of neurological sequelae. Protein-energy malnutrition increases the frequency of neurological sequelae and death from bacterial meningitis without significantly influencing the pattern of bacterial aetiology. The finding of enteric Gram-negative meningitis in association with diarrhoeal disease in the present study adds a new dimension to one of the most prevalent health problems in developing countries and needs to be confirmed.", "contents": "Bacterial meningitis in childhood in an African city. Factors influencing aetiology and outcome. In a retrospective study of 120 children aged 1 month and above with bacterial meningitis confirmed by positive CSF culture, 88.4% were found to be due to three common organisms: H. influenzae, Str. pneumoniae and N. meinigitidis. Gram-negative enteric organisms accounted for 10% of the infections. Despite intensive antibiotic and ancillary therapy, there has been no significant change in case fatality and sequelae over the past decade in this institution. The present study confirms that factors related to the organism and the host are important in determining the outcome of therapy. H. influenzae and Str. pneumoniae infections are associated with statistically significant rise in case fatality rate and neurologic sequelae at the end of therapy. The presence of neurological abnormality at the time of diagnosis significantly increases case fatality rate while delay in diagnosis appears to primarily influence the frequency of neurological sequelae. Protein-energy malnutrition increases the frequency of neurological sequelae and death from bacterial meningitis without significantly influencing the pattern of bacterial aetiology. The finding of enteric Gram-negative meningitis in association with diarrhoeal disease in the present study adds a new dimension to one of the most prevalent health problems in developing countries and needs to be confirmed.", "PMID": 716871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6718", "title": "Combined effects of noise and neomycin. Cochlear changes in the guinea pig.", "content": "Cochlear damage resulting from the combination of neomycin with acoustic overstimulation was investigated in guinea pigs. Four groups of animals received subcutaneous injections and exposure to broad band noise daily for 7 days, as follows: I. Neomycin (200 mg/kg) followed by 10 hours of noise at 115 dB SPL; II. Saline followed by 115 dB noise: III. Neomycin followed by low intensity noise (45 dB as an acoustic control); or IV. Saline followed by 45 dB noise. After a 30 day stabilization period, each ear was examined electrophysiologically and histologically. Measures of cochlear integrity included AC cochlear potentials from 100 Hz through 20 kHz as well as outer hair cell (OHC) counts. A marked interaction leading to augmentation of damage was found when neomycin was combined with 115 dB noise (Group I). Losses in cochlear sensitivity, averaged across all frequencies, amounted to 62 dB in Group I, whereas the averaged losses for Groups II and III were only 16 dB and 17 dB respectively. Loss of OHC's was close to 100% in Group I, while OHC losses were only 17% in Group II and 26% in Group III.", "contents": "Combined effects of noise and neomycin. Cochlear changes in the guinea pig. Cochlear damage resulting from the combination of neomycin with acoustic overstimulation was investigated in guinea pigs. Four groups of animals received subcutaneous injections and exposure to broad band noise daily for 7 days, as follows: I. Neomycin (200 mg/kg) followed by 10 hours of noise at 115 dB SPL; II. Saline followed by 115 dB noise: III. Neomycin followed by low intensity noise (45 dB as an acoustic control); or IV. Saline followed by 45 dB noise. After a 30 day stabilization period, each ear was examined electrophysiologically and histologically. Measures of cochlear integrity included AC cochlear potentials from 100 Hz through 20 kHz as well as outer hair cell (OHC) counts. A marked interaction leading to augmentation of damage was found when neomycin was combined with 115 dB noise (Group I). Losses in cochlear sensitivity, averaged across all frequencies, amounted to 62 dB in Group I, whereas the averaged losses for Groups II and III were only 16 dB and 17 dB respectively. Loss of OHC's was close to 100% in Group I, while OHC losses were only 17% in Group II and 26% in Group III.", "PMID": 716862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6719", "title": "Patulous Eustachian tube. Diagnostic evaluation by sonotubometry.", "content": "Twenty-five patients (31 ears) with pathologically patent Eustachian tubes are presented and the symptoms are analysed. All the ears were examined by sonotubometry and two different opening patterns could be separated for the patulous tube. The variations in impedance of the ear during respiration were recorded from nearly all ears and three ears with eardrum perforation were also investigated by means of the airpressure equalization method. Only sonotubometry brought out clearly the patulous Eustachian tube in all the ears examined. It is thus a useful addition for diagnosing the abnormal patency of the Eustachian tube and for following up the results of its treatment, then the explanation of the cure does not remain open to conjecture.", "contents": "Patulous Eustachian tube. Diagnostic evaluation by sonotubometry. Twenty-five patients (31 ears) with pathologically patent Eustachian tubes are presented and the symptoms are analysed. All the ears were examined by sonotubometry and two different opening patterns could be separated for the patulous tube. The variations in impedance of the ear during respiration were recorded from nearly all ears and three ears with eardrum perforation were also investigated by means of the airpressure equalization method. Only sonotubometry brought out clearly the patulous Eustachian tube in all the ears examined. It is thus a useful addition for diagnosing the abnormal patency of the Eustachian tube and for following up the results of its treatment, then the explanation of the cure does not remain open to conjecture.", "PMID": 716863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6720", "title": "Empyema in children in tropics.", "content": "Thirty-six cases of empyema were diagnosed in children over a two year period, giving an overall incidence of 0.11% of the total hospital admissions. Many of them had measles bronchopneumonia and most were malnourished. 16 children had penicillin resistant staphylococcal infection. 29 of them were treated with closed tube drainage. Thirteen died during the course of treatment, the majority within three days of admission. The rest were followed up over a period of up to six months and showed good recovery. Six of these patients developed pneumothorax during the course of treatment. Various combinations of Ampicillin, Cloxacillin, Gentamycin and Cotrimoxazole parenterally were used. Supportive treatment with blood transfusion was found to be beneficial.", "contents": "Empyema in children in tropics. Thirty-six cases of empyema were diagnosed in children over a two year period, giving an overall incidence of 0.11% of the total hospital admissions. Many of them had measles bronchopneumonia and most were malnourished. 16 children had penicillin resistant staphylococcal infection. 29 of them were treated with closed tube drainage. Thirteen died during the course of treatment, the majority within three days of admission. The rest were followed up over a period of up to six months and showed good recovery. Six of these patients developed pneumothorax during the course of treatment. Various combinations of Ampicillin, Cloxacillin, Gentamycin and Cotrimoxazole parenterally were used. Supportive treatment with blood transfusion was found to be beneficial.", "PMID": 716872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6721", "title": "Evaluation of three spirometers on healthy children.", "content": "Two electronic spirometers (Dr\u00e4ger Spirotron and Monaghan M403) and one wedge bellows spirometer (Vitalograph) were compared with a Bernstein spirometer. Healthy children, 30 girls and 31 boys, were investigated. The regression lines of VC and FEV1.0 in relation to the body height to the third power are very close and the S.D. values around the lines are very similar. The correlation coefficients of the regression lines are high for all the spirometers. An analysis of the paired differences showed slight differences of the mean values. The S.D. of paired differences was for VC 4.6--6.6% and for FEV1.0 4.8--6.2%. The PEFR values obtained by the two electronic spirometers deviated substantially and highly significantly from the values obtained by the Wright peak flow meter.", "contents": "Evaluation of three spirometers on healthy children. Two electronic spirometers (Dr\u00e4ger Spirotron and Monaghan M403) and one wedge bellows spirometer (Vitalograph) were compared with a Bernstein spirometer. Healthy children, 30 girls and 31 boys, were investigated. The regression lines of VC and FEV1.0 in relation to the body height to the third power are very close and the S.D. values around the lines are very similar. The correlation coefficients of the regression lines are high for all the spirometers. An analysis of the paired differences showed slight differences of the mean values. The S.D. of paired differences was for VC 4.6--6.6% and for FEV1.0 4.8--6.2%. The PEFR values obtained by the two electronic spirometers deviated substantially and highly significantly from the values obtained by the Wright peak flow meter.", "PMID": 716873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6722", "title": "Serum ferritin in assessment of iron nutrition in healthy infants.", "content": "We followed up 238 infants on 7 occasions during their first year of life. The diets of the infants were systematically either supplemented or not supplemented with iron. Developmental changes in serum ferritin were determined from a group with adequate intake of iron and without evidence of iron deficiency by three laboratory criteria: hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume and transferrin saturation. The data indicate that the average level of serum ferritin correlates well with iron nutrition within groups of infants since the developmental changes are in accordance with the known changes in storage iron, the level of serum ferritin correlates with iron intake, and low ferritin levels are associated with lower transferrin saturation. The usefulness of serum ferritin as the sole criterion of iron deficiency in individual infants is limited, suggesting the use of more than one indicator to refine the diagnosis of iron deficiency without anemia.", "contents": "Serum ferritin in assessment of iron nutrition in healthy infants. We followed up 238 infants on 7 occasions during their first year of life. The diets of the infants were systematically either supplemented or not supplemented with iron. Developmental changes in serum ferritin were determined from a group with adequate intake of iron and without evidence of iron deficiency by three laboratory criteria: hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume and transferrin saturation. The data indicate that the average level of serum ferritin correlates well with iron nutrition within groups of infants since the developmental changes are in accordance with the known changes in storage iron, the level of serum ferritin correlates with iron intake, and low ferritin levels are associated with lower transferrin saturation. The usefulness of serum ferritin as the sole criterion of iron deficiency in individual infants is limited, suggesting the use of more than one indicator to refine the diagnosis of iron deficiency without anemia.", "PMID": 716874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6723", "title": "Somatomedin in newborns and the relationship to human chorionic somatotropin and fetal growth.", "content": "The significance of somatomedin A (SM) and human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS) in fetal growth was examined. SM, determined by chick embryo assay, was studied during the last trimester of pregnancy, in maternal serum and cord blood at term and in a group of normal newborns in the first week of life. Furthermore a group newborns of diabetic mothers was studied in the first or second day of life. HCS was measured in maternal serum and in cord blood at term. In amniotic fluid inhibitory factors caused a low SM activity as measured by the bioassay. The following results were obtained: 1) Normal values of SM in the last trimester with a decline at term were found in 3 normal primigravidae. 2) The mean levels of SM in 22 mothers and their offspring were decreased. The difference between the two values was significant, but a positive correlation was found between the maternally related pairs of SM values. Moreover, a positive correlation was found between maternal SM, birth weight and length. HCS was not correlated to above-mentioned parameters, but there was positive correlation between placental weight and birth weight. 3) In 6 newborns during the first 5 days SM rose from very low values to normal values found in infants in their first year. 4) The mean value of SM in ten newborns of diabetic mothers was not significantly different from the mean value of control group. The results do not exclude the possibility of a transplacental transport of SM and the positive correlation between SM levels and birth weight found in this investigation supports the concept that SM plays an important role in fetal growth.", "contents": "Somatomedin in newborns and the relationship to human chorionic somatotropin and fetal growth. The significance of somatomedin A (SM) and human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS) in fetal growth was examined. SM, determined by chick embryo assay, was studied during the last trimester of pregnancy, in maternal serum and cord blood at term and in a group of normal newborns in the first week of life. Furthermore a group newborns of diabetic mothers was studied in the first or second day of life. HCS was measured in maternal serum and in cord blood at term. In amniotic fluid inhibitory factors caused a low SM activity as measured by the bioassay. The following results were obtained: 1) Normal values of SM in the last trimester with a decline at term were found in 3 normal primigravidae. 2) The mean levels of SM in 22 mothers and their offspring were decreased. The difference between the two values was significant, but a positive correlation was found between the maternally related pairs of SM values. Moreover, a positive correlation was found between maternal SM, birth weight and length. HCS was not correlated to above-mentioned parameters, but there was positive correlation between placental weight and birth weight. 3) In 6 newborns during the first 5 days SM rose from very low values to normal values found in infants in their first year. 4) The mean value of SM in ten newborns of diabetic mothers was not significantly different from the mean value of control group. The results do not exclude the possibility of a transplacental transport of SM and the positive correlation between SM levels and birth weight found in this investigation supports the concept that SM plays an important role in fetal growth.", "PMID": 716875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6724", "title": "Observations on intrauterine growth in urban Ethiopia.", "content": "A total of 3144 deliveries comprising a wide range of socio-economic groups in Addis Abeba were investigated. A positive correlation was found between family income and birth weight, with a difference of nearly 500 g between the extremes of socio-economic classes. A seasonal variation in mean birth weight was also observed. The mean length of gestation was 7.4 days shorter, and the anthropometric measures at birth were significantly lower in the Ethiopian infants as compared with the Swedish norm. The median weight and length development in relation to gestational age in the Ethiopian newborns was similar to the Swedish standard up to approximately 34--35 weeks of gestation. After that time there was very little further intrauterine growth in Ethiopian infants. The possible reasons for the observed pattern of growth are discussed.", "contents": "Observations on intrauterine growth in urban Ethiopia. A total of 3144 deliveries comprising a wide range of socio-economic groups in Addis Abeba were investigated. A positive correlation was found between family income and birth weight, with a difference of nearly 500 g between the extremes of socio-economic classes. A seasonal variation in mean birth weight was also observed. The mean length of gestation was 7.4 days shorter, and the anthropometric measures at birth were significantly lower in the Ethiopian infants as compared with the Swedish norm. The median weight and length development in relation to gestational age in the Ethiopian newborns was similar to the Swedish standard up to approximately 34--35 weeks of gestation. After that time there was very little further intrauterine growth in Ethiopian infants. The possible reasons for the observed pattern of growth are discussed.", "PMID": 716876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6725", "title": "Abetalipoproteinemia treated with parenteral and oral vitamins A and E, and with medium chain triglycerides.", "content": "An 11-year-old girl with abetalipoproteinemia was treated with parenteral vitamin A and vitamin E for two and a half years. Some improvement in neurological and visual deficits was noted. On changing to oral vitamin E and later with addition of medium chain triglycerides (MCT) to the diet, a considerable improvement in her general wellbeing, neuromuscular lesions and ophthalmological symptoms was noted. This regimen is being adhered to for five and a half years. The condition is stable with no further improvement.", "contents": "Abetalipoproteinemia treated with parenteral and oral vitamins A and E, and with medium chain triglycerides. An 11-year-old girl with abetalipoproteinemia was treated with parenteral vitamin A and vitamin E for two and a half years. Some improvement in neurological and visual deficits was noted. On changing to oral vitamin E and later with addition of medium chain triglycerides (MCT) to the diet, a considerable improvement in her general wellbeing, neuromuscular lesions and ophthalmological symptoms was noted. This regimen is being adhered to for five and a half years. The condition is stable with no further improvement.", "PMID": 716878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6726", "title": "Fluorescence and electron microscopic studies on the perivascular mesenchymal cells and fibroblasts after vitamin A administration.", "content": "Findings of perivascular mesenchymal cells and fibroblasts in mice receiving large doses of vitamin A were described. Liver, lung, intestine and skin were investigated by fluorescence and electron microscopy. Marked increase of fluorescence of vitamin A was observed in the sinusoidal wall of the liver, in the alveolar septa of the lungs, in the propria mucosa, submucosa and muscular layer of the intestine and in the dermis of the abdominal skin. Increased fluorescence of these organs corresponded, ultrastructually, to the appearance of numerous fat droplets in Ito cells of the liver, septal cells of the lung and fibroblasts of the intestine and of the skin. All of these cells showed the same morphological features and the same distribution in the tissue, namely in the interstitial connective tissue space. These findings indicate that vitamin A storing cells are distributed widely in the connective tissue of various organs and that perivascular vitamin A storing mesenchymal cells and interstitial fibroblasts are probably of common fibroblastic cell line.", "contents": "Fluorescence and electron microscopic studies on the perivascular mesenchymal cells and fibroblasts after vitamin A administration. Findings of perivascular mesenchymal cells and fibroblasts in mice receiving large doses of vitamin A were described. Liver, lung, intestine and skin were investigated by fluorescence and electron microscopy. Marked increase of fluorescence of vitamin A was observed in the sinusoidal wall of the liver, in the alveolar septa of the lungs, in the propria mucosa, submucosa and muscular layer of the intestine and in the dermis of the abdominal skin. Increased fluorescence of these organs corresponded, ultrastructually, to the appearance of numerous fat droplets in Ito cells of the liver, septal cells of the lung and fibroblasts of the intestine and of the skin. All of these cells showed the same morphological features and the same distribution in the tissue, namely in the interstitial connective tissue space. These findings indicate that vitamin A storing cells are distributed widely in the connective tissue of various organs and that perivascular vitamin A storing mesenchymal cells and interstitial fibroblasts are probably of common fibroblastic cell line.", "PMID": 716880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6727", "title": "Age-associated changes in microvasculature of human adult testis.", "content": "Age-associated architectural changes of the human testicular microvasculature from 70 autopsy cases were stereoscopically examined with a silicone-rubber injection technique. In the testis of a young subject, the interlobular main arteries run straight. The coiling phenomena of the interlobular centripetal or centrifugal arteries, which are commonly seen in adult testis, have been so far considered as physiological transformation of the vasculature. It was confirmed that the coiling changes in the interlobular main arteries of the human testis appear as an age-dependent alteration of the vasculature closely related to the volume of the gland. The practical importance of the spirallin or coiling of arteries is that it results in a considerable reduction of blood flow. The age-related coiling of the interlobular arteries is virtually accompanied by varying degrees of collapse of the peritubular capillary networks. The reduction of blood supply to the seminiferous tubules plays an active role in promoting aging of the testis. These stereoscopical observations of age-related transfiguration of testicular microvasculature were ascertained also by histometrical examinations.", "contents": "Age-associated changes in microvasculature of human adult testis. Age-associated architectural changes of the human testicular microvasculature from 70 autopsy cases were stereoscopically examined with a silicone-rubber injection technique. In the testis of a young subject, the interlobular main arteries run straight. The coiling phenomena of the interlobular centripetal or centrifugal arteries, which are commonly seen in adult testis, have been so far considered as physiological transformation of the vasculature. It was confirmed that the coiling changes in the interlobular main arteries of the human testis appear as an age-dependent alteration of the vasculature closely related to the volume of the gland. The practical importance of the spirallin or coiling of arteries is that it results in a considerable reduction of blood flow. The age-related coiling of the interlobular arteries is virtually accompanied by varying degrees of collapse of the peritubular capillary networks. The reduction of blood supply to the seminiferous tubules plays an active role in promoting aging of the testis. These stereoscopical observations of age-related transfiguration of testicular microvasculature were ascertained also by histometrical examinations.", "PMID": 716881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6728", "title": "Mitotic structure of aortic intimal cells induced by mechanical injury in swine.", "content": "Repair processes of the aortic wall have been studied electron microscopically after removal of the endothelium by an inflated balloon procedure in the thoracic aortae of swine. Initial responses after injury included a thrombotic reaction, the appearance of intimal cells over the denuded surface, and increased mitotic activity of medial cells adjacent to the dead cells by day 3. Cells which engaged in intimal thickening were classified as modified smooth muscle cells throughout the course of this investigation. Mitosis of intimal cells, which was initially observed at day 3, substantially increased at day 7 and decreased by day 14. Mitotic intimal cells contained the same cytoplasmic organelles as interphase modified smooth muscle cells. A detailed description of the paired cisternae as an ultrastructural feature of cell division of modified smooth muscle cells was provided. The paired cisternae were initially observed among the remnants of the nuclear envelope in late prophase; they remained at the periphery of the mitotic apparatus in meta- and anaphase, and finally attached themselves to the nuclear envelope of the daughter cells in late telophase.", "contents": "Mitotic structure of aortic intimal cells induced by mechanical injury in swine. Repair processes of the aortic wall have been studied electron microscopically after removal of the endothelium by an inflated balloon procedure in the thoracic aortae of swine. Initial responses after injury included a thrombotic reaction, the appearance of intimal cells over the denuded surface, and increased mitotic activity of medial cells adjacent to the dead cells by day 3. Cells which engaged in intimal thickening were classified as modified smooth muscle cells throughout the course of this investigation. Mitosis of intimal cells, which was initially observed at day 3, substantially increased at day 7 and decreased by day 14. Mitotic intimal cells contained the same cytoplasmic organelles as interphase modified smooth muscle cells. A detailed description of the paired cisternae as an ultrastructural feature of cell division of modified smooth muscle cells was provided. The paired cisternae were initially observed among the remnants of the nuclear envelope in late prophase; they remained at the periphery of the mitotic apparatus in meta- and anaphase, and finally attached themselves to the nuclear envelope of the daughter cells in late telophase.", "PMID": 716882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6729", "title": "A pathological study of prolonged cases of Minamata disease. With particular reference to 83 autopsy cses.", "content": "This study consists of 83 autopsy cases including 64 prolonged cases of Minamata disease. Lesions were severe in the prolonged cases with an acute onset, while they tended to be mild in those with chronic onset. Cerebral cortex showed loss of nerve cells in many of the former, with the cortex often being in a loosening or spongy state, while the thinning-out or decrease of neurons not exceeding 30% of all cells was frequent in the latter. Glial reaction was also intense in the former, but relatively weak in the latter; gradual loss of degenerative neurons without glial reaction was not rare. A given selectivity was found in the localization of lesions of the cerebral cortex, but it was not so conspicuous in those with a chronic onset as in those with an acute onset. Secondary changes corresponding to the lesions of the cortex appeared in the medulla. Cerebellar lesions in the chronic onset cases, as compared with those in the acute onset ones, were milder. The selectively localized area was diminished; the nodulus, uvula and lingula of the vermis and the medial surface of the semilunar lobules were the most likely to be damaged. Of the spinal peripheral nerves, damages to the spinal sensory nerve were found, which were more predominant than those to the motor nerve system, and in which was noted prominent regeneration and repair. The deposited mercury found in organs tended to remain in the nervous system and the kidneys during the prolonged course of this disease, and the prolonged accumulation of mercury in the nervous system appeared to have an influence on the pathogenesis of chronic Minamata disease.", "contents": "A pathological study of prolonged cases of Minamata disease. With particular reference to 83 autopsy cses. This study consists of 83 autopsy cases including 64 prolonged cases of Minamata disease. Lesions were severe in the prolonged cases with an acute onset, while they tended to be mild in those with chronic onset. Cerebral cortex showed loss of nerve cells in many of the former, with the cortex often being in a loosening or spongy state, while the thinning-out or decrease of neurons not exceeding 30% of all cells was frequent in the latter. Glial reaction was also intense in the former, but relatively weak in the latter; gradual loss of degenerative neurons without glial reaction was not rare. A given selectivity was found in the localization of lesions of the cerebral cortex, but it was not so conspicuous in those with a chronic onset as in those with an acute onset. Secondary changes corresponding to the lesions of the cortex appeared in the medulla. Cerebellar lesions in the chronic onset cases, as compared with those in the acute onset ones, were milder. The selectively localized area was diminished; the nodulus, uvula and lingula of the vermis and the medial surface of the semilunar lobules were the most likely to be damaged. Of the spinal peripheral nerves, damages to the spinal sensory nerve were found, which were more predominant than those to the motor nerve system, and in which was noted prominent regeneration and repair. The deposited mercury found in organs tended to remain in the nervous system and the kidneys during the prolonged course of this disease, and the prolonged accumulation of mercury in the nervous system appeared to have an influence on the pathogenesis of chronic Minamata disease.", "PMID": 716883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6730", "title": "An autopsy case of Menkes kinky hair disease.", "content": "An autopsy cases of Menkes kinky hair disease in a 1 year and 8 months old male infant is presented and compared with the morphological findings of the previous literatures. The main pathological changes are atrophy of the whole cerebellar cortex and bilateral temporal lobe, atrophy with demyelination of the white matter, tortuous running of the cerebral arteries, multiple diverticulosis of the urinary bladder and hyaline-like deposition in the gastric submucosa. Microscopically, the peculiar degenerative change of Purkinje cell (somal sprout) is the only characteristic lesion in our case and the others. It is suggested that Menkes kinky hair disease may be a syndrome due to metabolic disturbance appearing not only in ectoderm such as the central nervous system, but also in mesoderm such as connective tissue and bone.", "contents": "An autopsy case of Menkes kinky hair disease. An autopsy cases of Menkes kinky hair disease in a 1 year and 8 months old male infant is presented and compared with the morphological findings of the previous literatures. The main pathological changes are atrophy of the whole cerebellar cortex and bilateral temporal lobe, atrophy with demyelination of the white matter, tortuous running of the cerebral arteries, multiple diverticulosis of the urinary bladder and hyaline-like deposition in the gastric submucosa. Microscopically, the peculiar degenerative change of Purkinje cell (somal sprout) is the only characteristic lesion in our case and the others. It is suggested that Menkes kinky hair disease may be a syndrome due to metabolic disturbance appearing not only in ectoderm such as the central nervous system, but also in mesoderm such as connective tissue and bone.", "PMID": 716884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6731", "title": "Cardiovascular amyloidosis with giant cell reaction.--Two autopsy cases.", "content": "Two autopsy cases, a 77-year-old man and a 66-year-old woman, of cardiovascular amyloidosis with many giant cells were reported. These cells were always found adjacent to amyloid masses which were deposited mainly in small arteries and arterioles, and some of them contained amyloid substance in their cytoplasms. The incidence of these cells was high in the heart and in the kidneys of both cases, and in the latter case the cells were found in the majority of the organs varying in degree. The significance of the giant cells, which probably originated from macrophages, were discussed and that giant cells might appear as a foreign body reaction to amyloid substance was presumed.", "contents": "Cardiovascular amyloidosis with giant cell reaction.--Two autopsy cases. Two autopsy cases, a 77-year-old man and a 66-year-old woman, of cardiovascular amyloidosis with many giant cells were reported. These cells were always found adjacent to amyloid masses which were deposited mainly in small arteries and arterioles, and some of them contained amyloid substance in their cytoplasms. The incidence of these cells was high in the heart and in the kidneys of both cases, and in the latter case the cells were found in the majority of the organs varying in degree. The significance of the giant cells, which probably originated from macrophages, were discussed and that giant cells might appear as a foreign body reaction to amyloid substance was presumed.", "PMID": 716885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6732", "title": "Cancer of gallbladder with severe thrombocytosis.", "content": "An autopsy case of severe thrombocytosis associated with cancer of gallbladder is described as the first case in the literature. A 78-year-old male patient was admitted to the hospital with abnormal hepatic functions on August 6, 1975. Laboratory examination revealed platelet count of 5,664,000/cu mm, anemia, leukocytosis and bilirubinemia. Jaundice was progressive and the patient died after a month. Severe thrombocytosis persisted throughout the course. Main autopsy findings were cancer of gallbladder with metastasis to the liver, fibrosis of spleen and purulent bronchopneumonia. A possible mechanism of unusually severe degree of thrombocytosis associated with the present case is discussed in light of the literature.", "contents": "Cancer of gallbladder with severe thrombocytosis. An autopsy case of severe thrombocytosis associated with cancer of gallbladder is described as the first case in the literature. A 78-year-old male patient was admitted to the hospital with abnormal hepatic functions on August 6, 1975. Laboratory examination revealed platelet count of 5,664,000/cu mm, anemia, leukocytosis and bilirubinemia. Jaundice was progressive and the patient died after a month. Severe thrombocytosis persisted throughout the course. Main autopsy findings were cancer of gallbladder with metastasis to the liver, fibrosis of spleen and purulent bronchopneumonia. A possible mechanism of unusually severe degree of thrombocytosis associated with the present case is discussed in light of the literature.", "PMID": 716886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6733", "title": "Ultrastructure of an anaplastic giant-cell carcinoma found 8 years after operation on a papillary carcinoma of the thyroid.", "content": "Light and electron microscopic studies have been made on an anaplastic giant-cell tumor that developed in a woman 8 years after an operation on the thyroid for papillary carcinoma. Many giant cells were observed in the anaplastic tumor tissue, but no follicles. Numerous tightly-packed mitochondria and abundant ribosomes were present, but there were no desmosomes. The basement membrane was not distinct.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of an anaplastic giant-cell carcinoma found 8 years after operation on a papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. Light and electron microscopic studies have been made on an anaplastic giant-cell tumor that developed in a woman 8 years after an operation on the thyroid for papillary carcinoma. Many giant cells were observed in the anaplastic tumor tissue, but no follicles. Numerous tightly-packed mitochondria and abundant ribosomes were present, but there were no desmosomes. The basement membrane was not distinct.", "PMID": 716887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6734", "title": "Reliability of histo-pathological diagnosis of squamous epithelial changes of the uterine cervix.", "content": "The reliability of histological diagnosis of squamous epithelial changes was tested by letting 13 pathologists read 1,001 consecutive cervical biopsies twice. Intra-observer and inter-observer agreement, variance, and deviation of diagnosis were determined. The diagnostic ability showed great individual variation and no significant correlation to experience in pathology. The diagnosis of invasive cancer had a high diagnostic specificity, and the diagnostic sensitivity of the diagnosis of no significant epithelial changes was high too. The reliability of the diagnosis of dysplasia and carcinoma in situ proved unsatisfactory.", "contents": "Reliability of histo-pathological diagnosis of squamous epithelial changes of the uterine cervix. The reliability of histological diagnosis of squamous epithelial changes was tested by letting 13 pathologists read 1,001 consecutive cervical biopsies twice. Intra-observer and inter-observer agreement, variance, and deviation of diagnosis were determined. The diagnostic ability showed great individual variation and no significant correlation to experience in pathology. The diagnosis of invasive cancer had a high diagnostic specificity, and the diagnostic sensitivity of the diagnosis of no significant epithelial changes was high too. The reliability of the diagnosis of dysplasia and carcinoma in situ proved unsatisfactory.", "PMID": 716888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6735", "title": "Heart-autopsy findings in cases of sudden death. The distribution of infarctions, coronary stenosis and thrombi.", "content": "The pathological heart changes observed have been recorded at necropsy of 55 male and 31 female patients who died during transport to the hospital or in the casualty ward. The extension of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was determined by a staining method using nitro-BT, and the infarctions were classified as transmural, combined or subendocardial. A total of 45 AMI's were found, and this is a lower frequency than normally found in sudden unexpected deaths when only death certificates are studied. The most frequent infarction type was the subendocardial infarction, which was present in 60% of the AMI-cases. Coronary thrombi were seen in only 24% of the AMI-cases, most frequently together with transmural infarctions.", "contents": "Heart-autopsy findings in cases of sudden death. The distribution of infarctions, coronary stenosis and thrombi. The pathological heart changes observed have been recorded at necropsy of 55 male and 31 female patients who died during transport to the hospital or in the casualty ward. The extension of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was determined by a staining method using nitro-BT, and the infarctions were classified as transmural, combined or subendocardial. A total of 45 AMI's were found, and this is a lower frequency than normally found in sudden unexpected deaths when only death certificates are studied. The most frequent infarction type was the subendocardial infarction, which was present in 60% of the AMI-cases. Coronary thrombi were seen in only 24% of the AMI-cases, most frequently together with transmural infarctions.", "PMID": 716889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6736", "title": "Megakaryocytes in pulmonary blood vessels. 2. Relations to malignant haematological diseases especially leukaemia.", "content": "In a study of 71 autopsies in patients with malignant haematological disorders (55 leukaemias and 16 multiple myelomas) we found an increased number of megakaryocytes in the lung capillaries in only one of 55 cases of leukaemia (43 acute and 12 chronic leukaemias) with a mean value of 3 megakaryocytes per cm2. The incidence of pulmonary megakaryocytes in 16 cases of multiple myeloma was identical to that in an unselected, consecutive series of hospital autopsies. The discrepancy between the increased megakaryocytopoiesis and previously reported high number of circulating megakaryocytes in chronic myeloid leukaemia, and the few megakaryocytes in the pulmonary blood vessels of histological sections of autopsy specimens is discussed.", "contents": "Megakaryocytes in pulmonary blood vessels. 2. Relations to malignant haematological diseases especially leukaemia. In a study of 71 autopsies in patients with malignant haematological disorders (55 leukaemias and 16 multiple myelomas) we found an increased number of megakaryocytes in the lung capillaries in only one of 55 cases of leukaemia (43 acute and 12 chronic leukaemias) with a mean value of 3 megakaryocytes per cm2. The incidence of pulmonary megakaryocytes in 16 cases of multiple myeloma was identical to that in an unselected, consecutive series of hospital autopsies. The discrepancy between the increased megakaryocytopoiesis and previously reported high number of circulating megakaryocytes in chronic myeloid leukaemia, and the few megakaryocytes in the pulmonary blood vessels of histological sections of autopsy specimens is discussed.", "PMID": 716891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6737", "title": "Ultrastructural and histochemical observations on serous ovarian cystadenomas.", "content": "One hundred and twelve serous ovarian cystadenomas (46 benign, 33 tumours of borderline malignancy and 33 malignant tumours) were investigated with histological and mucin histochemical methods. Electron microscopy was applied to 9 benign, 6 borderline and 5 malignant tumours. The epithelium of the benign serous cystadenomas contained ciliated and nonciliated columnar cells, which sometimes were edematous (\"pale cells\"), and smaller basal cells. The large Golgi apparatus with small secretory vesicles and occasional larger secretory granules was located in the apical cytoplasm. There were numerous pinocytotic vesicles at the basal plasma membrane. The extracellular mucin in the cystic lumen and the mucin on the apical epithelial border consisted of material with vic-glycols (1.2-hydroxyl groups) mixed with sulpho- and carboxymucin. With increasing degree of malignancy the number of ciliated cells diminished and were not found in the malignant epithelium. The number of nucleoli and the amount of carboxymucin with sialic acid residues increased with increasing degree of malignancy. However, there were no single consistent ultrastructural feature which could be considered as a reliable criterion for malignancy of these tumours in the absence of invasive growth. The findings support the view that serous ovarian cystadenomas are of coelomic origin.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and histochemical observations on serous ovarian cystadenomas. One hundred and twelve serous ovarian cystadenomas (46 benign, 33 tumours of borderline malignancy and 33 malignant tumours) were investigated with histological and mucin histochemical methods. Electron microscopy was applied to 9 benign, 6 borderline and 5 malignant tumours. The epithelium of the benign serous cystadenomas contained ciliated and nonciliated columnar cells, which sometimes were edematous (\"pale cells\"), and smaller basal cells. The large Golgi apparatus with small secretory vesicles and occasional larger secretory granules was located in the apical cytoplasm. There were numerous pinocytotic vesicles at the basal plasma membrane. The extracellular mucin in the cystic lumen and the mucin on the apical epithelial border consisted of material with vic-glycols (1.2-hydroxyl groups) mixed with sulpho- and carboxymucin. With increasing degree of malignancy the number of ciliated cells diminished and were not found in the malignant epithelium. The number of nucleoli and the amount of carboxymucin with sialic acid residues increased with increasing degree of malignancy. However, there were no single consistent ultrastructural feature which could be considered as a reliable criterion for malignancy of these tumours in the absence of invasive growth. The findings support the view that serous ovarian cystadenomas are of coelomic origin.", "PMID": 716892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6738", "title": "Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. A quantitative glomerular investigation.", "content": "A light microscopical, quantitative glomerular examination was performed on renal biopsies from 14 patients with acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. A significant increase of 58% (p less than 0.0025) in the total number of glomerular cells was found which was mainly due to an increase of endothelial cells (97%). Mesangial cells were, however, also increased (61%) and mesangial area was increased by 34% (p less than 0.05). Biopsies from patients with persisting proteinuria and/or hematuria revealed slight hypercellularity and an increase in mesangial area during the first six months of disease. The abnormalities in the acute phase of the disease could be so slight that they only would be disclosed by a quantitative investigation.", "contents": "Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. A quantitative glomerular investigation. A light microscopical, quantitative glomerular examination was performed on renal biopsies from 14 patients with acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. A significant increase of 58% (p less than 0.0025) in the total number of glomerular cells was found which was mainly due to an increase of endothelial cells (97%). Mesangial cells were, however, also increased (61%) and mesangial area was increased by 34% (p less than 0.05). Biopsies from patients with persisting proteinuria and/or hematuria revealed slight hypercellularity and an increase in mesangial area during the first six months of disease. The abnormalities in the acute phase of the disease could be so slight that they only would be disclosed by a quantitative investigation.", "PMID": 716893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6739", "title": "Urothelial hyperplasia of the urinary bladder of the rat induced by mechanical perforation and phenacetin treatment.", "content": "Mechanical perforation of the urinary bladder of Sprague-Dawley rats and subsequent administration of phenacetin in the diet induced urothelial hyperplasia in 11 of 12 rats. No pathological changes were found in the bladders of the control rats only submitted to mechanical perforation or phenacetin treatment only. The hyperplastic changes varied from mild focal urothelial hyperplasia after one week to severe focal and diffuse nodular and papillary hyperplasia after 3 weeks.", "contents": "Urothelial hyperplasia of the urinary bladder of the rat induced by mechanical perforation and phenacetin treatment. Mechanical perforation of the urinary bladder of Sprague-Dawley rats and subsequent administration of phenacetin in the diet induced urothelial hyperplasia in 11 of 12 rats. No pathological changes were found in the bladders of the control rats only submitted to mechanical perforation or phenacetin treatment only. The hyperplastic changes varied from mild focal urothelial hyperplasia after one week to severe focal and diffuse nodular and papillary hyperplasia after 3 weeks.", "PMID": 716894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6740", "title": "Ameloblastoma of the jaws. An analysis of a consecutive series of all cases reported to the Swedish Cancer Registry during 1958--1971.", "content": "All the 49 jaw ameloblastomas reported to the Swedish Cancer Registry during the period 1958--1971 were re-examined, using the histopathologic criteria of odontogenic tumors adopted by WHO. Thirty-one cases (63.6%) fulfilled the criteria of simple ameloblastoma, whereas 12 cases were found to be other benign lesions and 6 to be malignant tumors other than ameloblastoma. The relationship between simple ameloblastoma, malignant ameloblastoma and other epithelial jaw tumors is discussed.", "contents": "Ameloblastoma of the jaws. An analysis of a consecutive series of all cases reported to the Swedish Cancer Registry during 1958--1971. All the 49 jaw ameloblastomas reported to the Swedish Cancer Registry during the period 1958--1971 were re-examined, using the histopathologic criteria of odontogenic tumors adopted by WHO. Thirty-one cases (63.6%) fulfilled the criteria of simple ameloblastoma, whereas 12 cases were found to be other benign lesions and 6 to be malignant tumors other than ameloblastoma. The relationship between simple ameloblastoma, malignant ameloblastoma and other epithelial jaw tumors is discussed.", "PMID": 716895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6741", "title": "\"Small intestinal type\" and \"colonic type\" intestinal metaplasia of the human stomach, and their relationship to the histogenetic types of gastric adenocarcinoma.", "content": "Intestinal metaplasia in the non-tumour bearing parts of the gastric mucosa was demonstrated in 24 cases in a material consisting of 27 consecutive patients operated for carcinoma of the stomach. Two mucin histochemical types of intestinal metaplasia could be identified. 1) \"Small intestinal type\" which was present in all 24 cases, and which was by far the most dominating type. 2) \"Colonic type\" which occurred in small foci in the gastric mucosa of 11 cases, and which was significantly more frequent in stomachs bearing tumours of presumed intestinal histogenesis, than in those bearing tumours of presumed non-intestinal histogenesis.", "contents": "\"Small intestinal type\" and \"colonic type\" intestinal metaplasia of the human stomach, and their relationship to the histogenetic types of gastric adenocarcinoma. Intestinal metaplasia in the non-tumour bearing parts of the gastric mucosa was demonstrated in 24 cases in a material consisting of 27 consecutive patients operated for carcinoma of the stomach. Two mucin histochemical types of intestinal metaplasia could be identified. 1) \"Small intestinal type\" which was present in all 24 cases, and which was by far the most dominating type. 2) \"Colonic type\" which occurred in small foci in the gastric mucosa of 11 cases, and which was significantly more frequent in stomachs bearing tumours of presumed intestinal histogenesis, than in those bearing tumours of presumed non-intestinal histogenesis.", "PMID": 716896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6742", "title": "Primary amyloidosis of the ureter simulating malignancy.", "content": "A 61-year old woman with 7 years' history of pain, infections and haematuria developed right ureter stenosis which was suspected of being a tumour. Microscopic examination of the ureter with stenosis showed primary amyloidosis. Although primary amyloidosis of the ureter is rare, it should be included in the differential diagnosis of ureter malignancy.", "contents": "Primary amyloidosis of the ureter simulating malignancy. A 61-year old woman with 7 years' history of pain, infections and haematuria developed right ureter stenosis which was suspected of being a tumour. Microscopic examination of the ureter with stenosis showed primary amyloidosis. Although primary amyloidosis of the ureter is rare, it should be included in the differential diagnosis of ureter malignancy.", "PMID": 716897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6743", "title": "The incidence and clinical relevance of chronic inflammation in the pancreas in autopsy material.", "content": "In 394 consecutive autopies, tissue from the body of the pancreas showed chronic inflammation in 52 cases (13%); 32 were mild, 11 moderate and 9 severe. Only two of these cases had the clinical diagnosis chronic pancreatitis. The incidence of inspissated plugs of protein in the ducts, dilated ducts and acinar ectasia was significantly higher when chronic inflammation was present. There was a significant higher incidence of chronic inflammation in the pancreas in patients with diabetes mellitus. No significant correlation was noted between chronic inflammation in the pancreas and cholelithiasis, previous cholecystectomy, peritonitis, gastric and duodenal ulcer, abdominal operations, ascites and liver metastases.", "contents": "The incidence and clinical relevance of chronic inflammation in the pancreas in autopsy material. In 394 consecutive autopies, tissue from the body of the pancreas showed chronic inflammation in 52 cases (13%); 32 were mild, 11 moderate and 9 severe. Only two of these cases had the clinical diagnosis chronic pancreatitis. The incidence of inspissated plugs of protein in the ducts, dilated ducts and acinar ectasia was significantly higher when chronic inflammation was present. There was a significant higher incidence of chronic inflammation in the pancreas in patients with diabetes mellitus. No significant correlation was noted between chronic inflammation in the pancreas and cholelithiasis, previous cholecystectomy, peritonitis, gastric and duodenal ulcer, abdominal operations, ascites and liver metastases.", "PMID": 716898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6744", "title": "Lipomatosis of the pancreas in autopsy material and its relation to age and overweight.", "content": "Lipomatosis, regarded as deposition of fat cells in the pancreas, was investigated and graded into four groups in 394 consecutive autopsies. In all necropsies except one fat cells were present; gr. 1:51%, gr. 2:26%, gr. 3:15% and gr. 4:8%. Age as well as overweight was significantly correlated to the grade of lipomatosis. The number of necropsies with gr. 3--4 lipomatosis was significantly less in the group with long terminal illnes, indicating that the presence of fat cells in the pancreas is to some extent reversible. No evidence of pancreatic disease was mentioned in the clinical records of the patients with gr. 3--4 lipomatosis.", "contents": "Lipomatosis of the pancreas in autopsy material and its relation to age and overweight. Lipomatosis, regarded as deposition of fat cells in the pancreas, was investigated and graded into four groups in 394 consecutive autopsies. In all necropsies except one fat cells were present; gr. 1:51%, gr. 2:26%, gr. 3:15% and gr. 4:8%. Age as well as overweight was significantly correlated to the grade of lipomatosis. The number of necropsies with gr. 3--4 lipomatosis was significantly less in the group with long terminal illnes, indicating that the presence of fat cells in the pancreas is to some extent reversible. No evidence of pancreatic disease was mentioned in the clinical records of the patients with gr. 3--4 lipomatosis.", "PMID": 716899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6745", "title": "The juxtaglomerular apparatus in a human kidney with polar artery stenosis.", "content": "Juxtaglomerular apparatuses (JGA) of a human kidney with stenosis of a polar artery from a hypertensive 18-year-old male patient were studied qualitatively and quantitatively on 2 mu thick serial sections from plastic embedded renal tissue. 11 JGA from juxtamedullary and 9 JGA from subcapsular cortical zones were photographed serially, the copies taped together and the cells and relationships within the JGA studied. On the copies the lenght of contact between the different juxtaglomerular structures and the basement membrane of the macula densa was measured. Futhermore we calculated the areas of surface contact and the macula densa basal area. In the juxtamedullary JGA affected by the polar artery stenosis all Goormaghtigh cells were transformed into epitheloid cells and the Goormaghtigh cell field was significantly larger than in the JGA of the subcapsular cortex, which obviously had been exposed to the systemic hypertension. The macula densa basal area was significantly greater in the juxtamedullary JGA than in the subcapsular JGA, but neither of these differed significantly from the macula densa in the normal JGA reported previously.", "contents": "The juxtaglomerular apparatus in a human kidney with polar artery stenosis. Juxtaglomerular apparatuses (JGA) of a human kidney with stenosis of a polar artery from a hypertensive 18-year-old male patient were studied qualitatively and quantitatively on 2 mu thick serial sections from plastic embedded renal tissue. 11 JGA from juxtamedullary and 9 JGA from subcapsular cortical zones were photographed serially, the copies taped together and the cells and relationships within the JGA studied. On the copies the lenght of contact between the different juxtaglomerular structures and the basement membrane of the macula densa was measured. Futhermore we calculated the areas of surface contact and the macula densa basal area. In the juxtamedullary JGA affected by the polar artery stenosis all Goormaghtigh cells were transformed into epitheloid cells and the Goormaghtigh cell field was significantly larger than in the JGA of the subcapsular cortex, which obviously had been exposed to the systemic hypertension. The macula densa basal area was significantly greater in the juxtamedullary JGA than in the subcapsular JGA, but neither of these differed significantly from the macula densa in the normal JGA reported previously.", "PMID": 716900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6746", "title": "Transthoracic aspiration biopsy. Occurrence of non-neoplastic cells in biopsies from malignant and non-malignant lesions.", "content": "In the search for a possible distinction between false and true negative biopsies, an analysis of the distribution of the non-neoplastic cells has been performed in 100 randomized transthoracic aspiration biopsies in so many histologically verified cases. Aspiration biopsies from malignant lesions often contain many giant cells, alveolar epithelial cells, and mast cells, but a significant differences was only found for the mast cells. A negative biopsy containing many inflammatory cells and mast cells and showing a pronounced degree of necrosis may represent a chronic obstructive pneumonitis, and such a finding should always prompt further investigation.", "contents": "Transthoracic aspiration biopsy. Occurrence of non-neoplastic cells in biopsies from malignant and non-malignant lesions. In the search for a possible distinction between false and true negative biopsies, an analysis of the distribution of the non-neoplastic cells has been performed in 100 randomized transthoracic aspiration biopsies in so many histologically verified cases. Aspiration biopsies from malignant lesions often contain many giant cells, alveolar epithelial cells, and mast cells, but a significant differences was only found for the mast cells. A negative biopsy containing many inflammatory cells and mast cells and showing a pronounced degree of necrosis may represent a chronic obstructive pneumonitis, and such a finding should always prompt further investigation.", "PMID": 716901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6747", "title": "Transthoracic aspiration biopsy. The distribution of the non-neoplastic cells in aspiration biopsies from different types of malignant lung tumours.", "content": "In an earlier paper concerning classification of aspirated May-Gr\u00fcnwald-Giemsa stained malignant tumour cells from lung lesions, we found the sensitivity to be 80--95 per cent for adenocarcinomas, undifferentiated carcinomas and small cell carcinomas. For epidermoid carcinomas the sensitivity was only 64 per cent. It was therefore found of interest to see if a registration of the non-neoplastic cells could be an aid in the cytological tumour cell classification. An analysis has been performed of the distribution of the non-neoplastic cells in 71 aspiration biopsies from six different types of malignant lung tumours. A variegated population of many and different types of infalmmatory cells, mast cells and alveolar epithelial cells was a characteristic finding in biopsies from neoplasms with an epidermoid differentiation.", "contents": "Transthoracic aspiration biopsy. The distribution of the non-neoplastic cells in aspiration biopsies from different types of malignant lung tumours. In an earlier paper concerning classification of aspirated May-Gr\u00fcnwald-Giemsa stained malignant tumour cells from lung lesions, we found the sensitivity to be 80--95 per cent for adenocarcinomas, undifferentiated carcinomas and small cell carcinomas. For epidermoid carcinomas the sensitivity was only 64 per cent. It was therefore found of interest to see if a registration of the non-neoplastic cells could be an aid in the cytological tumour cell classification. An analysis has been performed of the distribution of the non-neoplastic cells in 71 aspiration biopsies from six different types of malignant lung tumours. A variegated population of many and different types of infalmmatory cells, mast cells and alveolar epithelial cells was a characteristic finding in biopsies from neoplasms with an epidermoid differentiation.", "PMID": 716902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6748", "title": "Transthoracic aspiration biopsy. The occurrence and significance of alveolar epithelial cells.", "content": "Alveolar epithelial cells in pulmonary aspirates sometimes appear with a pronounced nuclear atypism which may give rise to diagnostic difficulties. An analysis has been performed of the occurrence and morphology of alveolar epithelial cells in a series of histologically-verified transthoracic aspiration biopsies not containing clear-cut malignant tumour cells. Alveolar epithelial cells, as well as atypism of these cells, are more often seen in biopsies from histologically malignant cases than in benigh cases. Their presence in a pulmonary aspirate may be due to a chronic obstruction atelectasis. In cases with tumour-like configuration of the alveolar epithelial cells, an open pulmonary biopsy is recommended, as it seems impossible to decide whether such findings represent a neoplastic or a reactive process.", "contents": "Transthoracic aspiration biopsy. The occurrence and significance of alveolar epithelial cells. Alveolar epithelial cells in pulmonary aspirates sometimes appear with a pronounced nuclear atypism which may give rise to diagnostic difficulties. An analysis has been performed of the occurrence and morphology of alveolar epithelial cells in a series of histologically-verified transthoracic aspiration biopsies not containing clear-cut malignant tumour cells. Alveolar epithelial cells, as well as atypism of these cells, are more often seen in biopsies from histologically malignant cases than in benigh cases. Their presence in a pulmonary aspirate may be due to a chronic obstruction atelectasis. In cases with tumour-like configuration of the alveolar epithelial cells, an open pulmonary biopsy is recommended, as it seems impossible to decide whether such findings represent a neoplastic or a reactive process.", "PMID": 716903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6749", "title": "Histochemical enzyme activity correlated to the structural segmentation of the proximal convoluted tubule in salt-depleted and salt-loaded rat kidneys.", "content": "In salt-depleted and salt-loaded rat kidneys a study was made of the structural segmentation of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and the histochemical activity of non-specific acid and alkaline phosphatases and succinate dehydrogenase in the same segments. No quantitative structural or segmental alterations were observed, but significant changes in enzyme activity occured. These comprised: 1) A decrease in activity of acid phosphatase in segment 1 and the transitional zone in salt-depleted kidneys, and an increase in enzyme activity in segment 2 in salt-loaded kidneys. 2) a decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity in segment 2 in both salt-depleted and salt-loaded kidneys and 3) a decrease in succinate dehydrogenase activity in segment 2 in salt-depleted kidneys, and an increase in activity in the same segment in salt-loaded kidneys. Thus long-term variation in sodium intake are followed by segment-correlated variations in the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase in the PCT.", "contents": "Histochemical enzyme activity correlated to the structural segmentation of the proximal convoluted tubule in salt-depleted and salt-loaded rat kidneys. In salt-depleted and salt-loaded rat kidneys a study was made of the structural segmentation of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and the histochemical activity of non-specific acid and alkaline phosphatases and succinate dehydrogenase in the same segments. No quantitative structural or segmental alterations were observed, but significant changes in enzyme activity occured. These comprised: 1) A decrease in activity of acid phosphatase in segment 1 and the transitional zone in salt-depleted kidneys, and an increase in enzyme activity in segment 2 in salt-loaded kidneys. 2) a decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity in segment 2 in both salt-depleted and salt-loaded kidneys and 3) a decrease in succinate dehydrogenase activity in segment 2 in salt-depleted kidneys, and an increase in activity in the same segment in salt-loaded kidneys. Thus long-term variation in sodium intake are followed by segment-correlated variations in the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase in the PCT.", "PMID": 716904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6750", "title": "A retrospective histological study of 669 cases of primary cutaneous malignant melanoma in clinical stage I. I. Histological classification, sex and age of the patients, localization of tumour and prognosis.", "content": "A selected series of 669 primary malignant melanomas of the skin, stage I, has been classified according to Clark's system into lentigo maligna melanoma (86), superficial spreading malignant melanoma (259), nodular malignant melanoma (194) and unclassifiable malignant melanoma (130). It was often difficult to distinguish between lentigo maligna melanoma and superficial spreading malignant melanoma, and sometimes also between this last type and nodular melanoma. There seem to be borderline cases between the respective types. The 10-year specific cumulative survival rate (approximately the cure rate) was 98.3% for the lentigo maligna melanomas, 78.6% for nodular malignant melanomas and 76.7% for the unclassifiable group of melanomas. The 5-year observed prognosis ofthe 3 main types is satisfactory compared with other investigations. As the prognosis of the 3 types of cutaneous malignant melanoma differs considerably the use of this classification is recommended. The number of unclassifiable cases is likely to be reduced in the routine work when several sections of each tumour are studied.", "contents": "A retrospective histological study of 669 cases of primary cutaneous malignant melanoma in clinical stage I. I. Histological classification, sex and age of the patients, localization of tumour and prognosis. A selected series of 669 primary malignant melanomas of the skin, stage I, has been classified according to Clark's system into lentigo maligna melanoma (86), superficial spreading malignant melanoma (259), nodular malignant melanoma (194) and unclassifiable malignant melanoma (130). It was often difficult to distinguish between lentigo maligna melanoma and superficial spreading malignant melanoma, and sometimes also between this last type and nodular melanoma. There seem to be borderline cases between the respective types. The 10-year specific cumulative survival rate (approximately the cure rate) was 98.3% for the lentigo maligna melanomas, 78.6% for nodular malignant melanomas and 76.7% for the unclassifiable group of melanomas. The 5-year observed prognosis ofthe 3 main types is satisfactory compared with other investigations. As the prognosis of the 3 types of cutaneous malignant melanoma differs considerably the use of this classification is recommended. The number of unclassifiable cases is likely to be reduced in the routine work when several sections of each tumour are studied.", "PMID": 716905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6751", "title": "The classification of primary cutaneous malignant melanoma. A prospective study of 60 cases using Clark's classification.", "content": "A series of 60 primary cutaneous malignant melanomas has been studied by serial block technique. The resulting 492 sections have been classified as junctional naevus with or without atypia and preinvasive or invasive malignant melanoma according to Clark (1967). No sections showed lentigo maligna (melanoma). The overall classification resultedin 49 superficial spreading malignant melanomas, 6 nodular malignant melanomas and 5 unclassifiable malignant melanomas. In 3 cases (5%) there was inconsistency between the classification of the central section and the overall classification of the tumour. Five theoretical growth patterns have been postulated ranging from thatof the pure superficial spreading malignant melanoma completely surrounded by a preinvasive area to the pure nodular malignant melanoma which completely lacks any such area. Borderline cases between these two types certainly seem to exist. Features such as intraepidermal Pagetoid growth of tumour cells, co-existence of a benign melanocytic component and histological changes indicating tumour regression have been discussed. It is recommended that at least 3 tissue blocks should be taken from all malignant melanomas up to 25 mm in diameter and more if the tumour is larger.", "contents": "The classification of primary cutaneous malignant melanoma. A prospective study of 60 cases using Clark's classification. A series of 60 primary cutaneous malignant melanomas has been studied by serial block technique. The resulting 492 sections have been classified as junctional naevus with or without atypia and preinvasive or invasive malignant melanoma according to Clark (1967). No sections showed lentigo maligna (melanoma). The overall classification resultedin 49 superficial spreading malignant melanomas, 6 nodular malignant melanomas and 5 unclassifiable malignant melanomas. In 3 cases (5%) there was inconsistency between the classification of the central section and the overall classification of the tumour. Five theoretical growth patterns have been postulated ranging from thatof the pure superficial spreading malignant melanoma completely surrounded by a preinvasive area to the pure nodular malignant melanoma which completely lacks any such area. Borderline cases between these two types certainly seem to exist. Features such as intraepidermal Pagetoid growth of tumour cells, co-existence of a benign melanocytic component and histological changes indicating tumour regression have been discussed. It is recommended that at least 3 tissue blocks should be taken from all malignant melanomas up to 25 mm in diameter and more if the tumour is larger.", "PMID": 716906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6752", "title": "Pathology of mucinous ovarian cystadenomas. I. Argyrophil and argentaffin cells and epithelial mucosubstances.", "content": "The presence of argyrophil and argentaffin cells and epithelial mucosubstances was studied in 187 mucinous ovarian cystadenomas of varying malignancy. Sixty-two per cent of the benign tumours contained these cells. The corresponding figures for tumours of borderline malignancy and malignant tumours were 60 and 51, respectively. The epithelial cells of the mucinous cystadenomas characteristically contained periodic acid-Schiff reactive and diastase resistant secretory material, mixed with acid mucin which contained both sulphate and carboxyl groups. The amount of mucin diminished with increasing malignancy, as did the ratio of neutral to acid mucins. Mucin histochemistry in tumours with and without argyrophil cells in a given group of malignancy was similar, and the ages of the patients having those tumours did not differ significantly.", "contents": "Pathology of mucinous ovarian cystadenomas. I. Argyrophil and argentaffin cells and epithelial mucosubstances. The presence of argyrophil and argentaffin cells and epithelial mucosubstances was studied in 187 mucinous ovarian cystadenomas of varying malignancy. Sixty-two per cent of the benign tumours contained these cells. The corresponding figures for tumours of borderline malignancy and malignant tumours were 60 and 51, respectively. The epithelial cells of the mucinous cystadenomas characteristically contained periodic acid-Schiff reactive and diastase resistant secretory material, mixed with acid mucin which contained both sulphate and carboxyl groups. The amount of mucin diminished with increasing malignancy, as did the ratio of neutral to acid mucins. Mucin histochemistry in tumours with and without argyrophil cells in a given group of malignancy was similar, and the ages of the patients having those tumours did not differ significantly.", "PMID": 716907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6753", "title": "Pathology of mucinous ovarian cystadenomas. 2. Ultrastructural findings.", "content": "Fourteen mucinous ovarian cystadenomas of different grades of malignancy (7 benign, 4 borderline and 3 malignant) were investigated by electron microscopy. The main tumour cell type was a columnar mucous epithelial cell with short microvilli. With increasing grade of malignancy the shape and size of these cells became more irregular and the number of mucous granules in them decreased. Most of the mucous granules had a dense core and a less dense reticular component, which stained well with the periodic acid-silver methenamine (PASM) technique. Goblet cells with the usual ultrastructure were found rather frequently. The tumours in a given group of malignancy were relative similar to each other in their light and electron microscopic appearance. However, a number of tumours contained argyrophil and argentaffin cells in addition to the columnar and goblet cells. The findings of the present study support the view that the mucinous ovarian cystadenomas arise from the ovarian surface epithelium via a metaplastic process.", "contents": "Pathology of mucinous ovarian cystadenomas. 2. Ultrastructural findings. Fourteen mucinous ovarian cystadenomas of different grades of malignancy (7 benign, 4 borderline and 3 malignant) were investigated by electron microscopy. The main tumour cell type was a columnar mucous epithelial cell with short microvilli. With increasing grade of malignancy the shape and size of these cells became more irregular and the number of mucous granules in them decreased. Most of the mucous granules had a dense core and a less dense reticular component, which stained well with the periodic acid-silver methenamine (PASM) technique. Goblet cells with the usual ultrastructure were found rather frequently. The tumours in a given group of malignancy were relative similar to each other in their light and electron microscopic appearance. However, a number of tumours contained argyrophil and argentaffin cells in addition to the columnar and goblet cells. The findings of the present study support the view that the mucinous ovarian cystadenomas arise from the ovarian surface epithelium via a metaplastic process.", "PMID": 716908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6754", "title": "Observer variation in histologic classification of thyroid cancer.", "content": "Histologic slides of 696 cases of thyroid cancer reported to the national cancer registries of Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden were reviewed by 5 Nordic pathologists in order to determine the observer variation between the pathologists, as well as the reproducibility of the WHO classification of thyroid tumours. In 58% of the cases all observers agreed upon the diagnosis and in 82% at least three of them agreed. The observer disagreement was lowest for papillary carcinoma (7%) and highest for follicular carcinoma (27%). The corresponding figures for anaplastic and medullary carcinomas were 18% and 23%, respectively. The most common diverging diagnosis for cases finally interpreted as papillary carcinoma was follicular carcinoma, and for cases finally interpreted as follicular carcinoma, a benign thyroid lesion. The results of the present study clearly indicate the necessity of having all cases reviewed by the same pathologist or group of pathologists in order to obtain reliable results for comparative studies.", "contents": "Observer variation in histologic classification of thyroid cancer. Histologic slides of 696 cases of thyroid cancer reported to the national cancer registries of Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden were reviewed by 5 Nordic pathologists in order to determine the observer variation between the pathologists, as well as the reproducibility of the WHO classification of thyroid tumours. In 58% of the cases all observers agreed upon the diagnosis and in 82% at least three of them agreed. The observer disagreement was lowest for papillary carcinoma (7%) and highest for follicular carcinoma (27%). The corresponding figures for anaplastic and medullary carcinomas were 18% and 23%, respectively. The most common diverging diagnosis for cases finally interpreted as papillary carcinoma was follicular carcinoma, and for cases finally interpreted as follicular carcinoma, a benign thyroid lesion. The results of the present study clearly indicate the necessity of having all cases reviewed by the same pathologist or group of pathologists in order to obtain reliable results for comparative studies.", "PMID": 716909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6755", "title": "Cytoplasmic effects of X-irradiation on cultured cells in a nondividing stage. 3. Alterations in plasma membrane motility.", "content": "Cultured, density-dependent growth inhibited human glia cells were exposed to X-radiation, generated by an 8-MeV linear accelerator, at a dose of 200 Gy. Phase contrast microscopy, time-lapse cinemicrography and scanning electron microscopy showed the irradiated cells to have increased ruffling activity of plasma membranes and enhanced macropinocytosis with a maximum approximately 24 hours after irradiation. \"Atypical\" central ruffles arising from the upper cell surface were demonstrated on some irradiated cells. The turnover of plasma membranes was supposed to be increased in the irradiated cells resulting in the formation of the observed branched, thread-like cells. The diminished cell surface area was believed to result from an unbalance between degradation and renewal of the plasma membranes in the irradiated cells.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic effects of X-irradiation on cultured cells in a nondividing stage. 3. Alterations in plasma membrane motility. Cultured, density-dependent growth inhibited human glia cells were exposed to X-radiation, generated by an 8-MeV linear accelerator, at a dose of 200 Gy. Phase contrast microscopy, time-lapse cinemicrography and scanning electron microscopy showed the irradiated cells to have increased ruffling activity of plasma membranes and enhanced macropinocytosis with a maximum approximately 24 hours after irradiation. \"Atypical\" central ruffles arising from the upper cell surface were demonstrated on some irradiated cells. The turnover of plasma membranes was supposed to be increased in the irradiated cells resulting in the formation of the observed branched, thread-like cells. The diminished cell surface area was believed to result from an unbalance between degradation and renewal of the plasma membranes in the irradiated cells.", "PMID": 716910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6756", "title": "Morphological features in non-cirrhotic livers from patients with chronic alcoholism, diabetes mellitus or adipositas. A comparative study.", "content": "Consecutive liver biopsies from alcoholic, diabetic and overweight patients are compared morphologically and in addition a comparison is made between groups with a combination of two or three of the above conditions. Both fatty change and morphological activity are greater in the groups with alcoholism, and this gives good reason to believe that the activity in the form of alcoholic hepatitis is the cause for the more common development of cirrhosis in alcoholic fatty liver than in fatty liver with other aetiology.", "contents": "Morphological features in non-cirrhotic livers from patients with chronic alcoholism, diabetes mellitus or adipositas. A comparative study. Consecutive liver biopsies from alcoholic, diabetic and overweight patients are compared morphologically and in addition a comparison is made between groups with a combination of two or three of the above conditions. Both fatty change and morphological activity are greater in the groups with alcoholism, and this gives good reason to believe that the activity in the form of alcoholic hepatitis is the cause for the more common development of cirrhosis in alcoholic fatty liver than in fatty liver with other aetiology.", "PMID": 716911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6757", "title": "A retrospective histological study of 669 cases of primary cutaneous malignant melanoma in clinical stage I. 2. The relation of cell type, pigmentation, atypia and mitotic count to histological type and prognosis.", "content": "A selected series of 669 primary malignant melanomas of the skin, stage I, was studied. The series includes 86 lentigo maligna melanomas, 259 superficial spreading malignant melanomas, 194 nodular malignant melanomas and 130 unclassifiable malignant melanomas. The tumour cell type was classified and the tumour cell pigmentation, the cellular atypia and the mitotic count was graded. The relation of these four tumour cell features to each other and to the tumour type was studied by X2tests. The prognostic value of these features in relation to the total series as well as to each tumour type was also examined. The most common features were mixed cellularity, little pigment, moderate atypia and low mitotic count. Most of these tumours were superficial spreading malignant melanomas. A good prognosis was related to spindle-shaped tumour cells, marked pigmentation, slight atypia and few mitoses. A bad prognosis was related to epithelioid tumour cells, little pigment, marked atypia and many mitoses. Variations of lentigo maligna melanoma tended to be more benign while variations of nodular malignant melanoma tended to be more malignant than the average. A superficial spreading malignant melanoma might vary in either direction.", "contents": "A retrospective histological study of 669 cases of primary cutaneous malignant melanoma in clinical stage I. 2. The relation of cell type, pigmentation, atypia and mitotic count to histological type and prognosis. A selected series of 669 primary malignant melanomas of the skin, stage I, was studied. The series includes 86 lentigo maligna melanomas, 259 superficial spreading malignant melanomas, 194 nodular malignant melanomas and 130 unclassifiable malignant melanomas. The tumour cell type was classified and the tumour cell pigmentation, the cellular atypia and the mitotic count was graded. The relation of these four tumour cell features to each other and to the tumour type was studied by X2tests. The prognostic value of these features in relation to the total series as well as to each tumour type was also examined. The most common features were mixed cellularity, little pigment, moderate atypia and low mitotic count. Most of these tumours were superficial spreading malignant melanomas. A good prognosis was related to spindle-shaped tumour cells, marked pigmentation, slight atypia and few mitoses. A bad prognosis was related to epithelioid tumour cells, little pigment, marked atypia and many mitoses. Variations of lentigo maligna melanoma tended to be more benign while variations of nodular malignant melanoma tended to be more malignant than the average. A superficial spreading malignant melanoma might vary in either direction.", "PMID": 716912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6758", "title": "A retrospective histological study of 669 cases of primary cutaneous malignant melanoma in clinical stage I. 3. The relation between the tumour-associated lymphocyte infiltration and age and sex, tumour cell type, pigmentation, cellular atypia, mitotic count, depth of invasion, ulceration, tumour type and prognosis.", "content": "A selected series of 669 primary malignant melanoma of the skin, stage I, was studied. The series included 86 lentigo maligna melanomas, 259 superficial spreading malignant melanomas, 194 nodular malignant melanomas and 130 unclassifiable malignant melanomas. The adjacent lymphocyte infiltration was graded and its prognostic value and its relation to the sex and age of the patient, tumour cell type, pigmentation, cellular atypia, mitotic count, depth of dermal invasion, tumour type and ulceration was studied. There was no significant relationship between lymphocyte response and sex and age of the patient and the tumour cell type. There was a highly significant relationship between a dense lymphocyte infiltration and superficial tumour invasion as far as the papillary-reticular interface in contrast to the weak response associated with deeper invasion. When only tumours with invasion of the papillary-reticular interface were considered, there was no significant relationship between lymphocyte infiltration and pigmentation, cellular atypia, mitotic count, tumour type and ulceration. At the same level of invasion there was no difference in prognosis in relation to the density of lymphocyte infiltration. Nodular malignant melanomas surrounded by a dense lymphocyte infiltration had a significantly worse prognosis than was associated with a simular lymphocyte response against the two other types of melanoma.", "contents": "A retrospective histological study of 669 cases of primary cutaneous malignant melanoma in clinical stage I. 3. The relation between the tumour-associated lymphocyte infiltration and age and sex, tumour cell type, pigmentation, cellular atypia, mitotic count, depth of invasion, ulceration, tumour type and prognosis. A selected series of 669 primary malignant melanoma of the skin, stage I, was studied. The series included 86 lentigo maligna melanomas, 259 superficial spreading malignant melanomas, 194 nodular malignant melanomas and 130 unclassifiable malignant melanomas. The adjacent lymphocyte infiltration was graded and its prognostic value and its relation to the sex and age of the patient, tumour cell type, pigmentation, cellular atypia, mitotic count, depth of dermal invasion, tumour type and ulceration was studied. There was no significant relationship between lymphocyte response and sex and age of the patient and the tumour cell type. There was a highly significant relationship between a dense lymphocyte infiltration and superficial tumour invasion as far as the papillary-reticular interface in contrast to the weak response associated with deeper invasion. When only tumours with invasion of the papillary-reticular interface were considered, there was no significant relationship between lymphocyte infiltration and pigmentation, cellular atypia, mitotic count, tumour type and ulceration. At the same level of invasion there was no difference in prognosis in relation to the density of lymphocyte infiltration. Nodular malignant melanomas surrounded by a dense lymphocyte infiltration had a significantly worse prognosis than was associated with a simular lymphocyte response against the two other types of melanoma.", "PMID": 716913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6759", "title": "Microcalorimetric measurement of normal and adenovirus infected HeLa cells.", "content": "The use of a simple microcalorimetric technique for the study of HeLa cells and adenovirus infected HeLa cells has been investigated. The calorimetric curves obtained with these two cellular systems showed characteristic differences. It is concluded that the method can serve as a useful analytical technique for the monitoring of the overall metabolic activity of tissue cells attached to a solid support.", "contents": "Microcalorimetric measurement of normal and adenovirus infected HeLa cells. The use of a simple microcalorimetric technique for the study of HeLa cells and adenovirus infected HeLa cells has been investigated. The calorimetric curves obtained with these two cellular systems showed characteristic differences. It is concluded that the method can serve as a useful analytical technique for the monitoring of the overall metabolic activity of tissue cells attached to a solid support.", "PMID": 716914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6760", "title": "In vitro effect of colchicine on neutrophil granulocyte locomotion. Assessment of the effect of colchicine on chemotaxis, chemokinesis and spontaneous motility, using a modified reversible Boyden chamber.", "content": "The effect of colchicine on human neutrophil granulocyte chemotaxis, chemokinesis and spontaneous motility was examined, using a modified reversible Boyden chamber. Colchicine was shown to inhibit the attraction of neutrophils to casein and to a bacterial chemotactic factor at concentrations as low as 10(-7) M. Experiments in which the absolute concentrations and the concentration gradients of the chemotactic agent were varied, revealed that colchicine inhibited chemokinesis rather than chemotaxis. The spontaneous motility measured in the absence of chemotactic agents was not inhibited by colchicine. Pre-incubation of the cells with a bacterial chematactic factor did not change the sensitivity of the cells to colchicine. It is concluded that the integrity of microtubule function is not necessary for the ability of the cells to discern a concentration gradient or to react to this with directional locomotion. Thus the inhibitory effect of colchicine on neutrophil granulocyte chemokinesis may not depend on its inhibition of microtubule function. It is suggested that colchicine may block the still unidentified membrane mechanism involved in the translation of the recognition signal into an appropriate locomotory cell response.", "contents": "In vitro effect of colchicine on neutrophil granulocyte locomotion. Assessment of the effect of colchicine on chemotaxis, chemokinesis and spontaneous motility, using a modified reversible Boyden chamber. The effect of colchicine on human neutrophil granulocyte chemotaxis, chemokinesis and spontaneous motility was examined, using a modified reversible Boyden chamber. Colchicine was shown to inhibit the attraction of neutrophils to casein and to a bacterial chemotactic factor at concentrations as low as 10(-7) M. Experiments in which the absolute concentrations and the concentration gradients of the chemotactic agent were varied, revealed that colchicine inhibited chemokinesis rather than chemotaxis. The spontaneous motility measured in the absence of chemotactic agents was not inhibited by colchicine. Pre-incubation of the cells with a bacterial chematactic factor did not change the sensitivity of the cells to colchicine. It is concluded that the integrity of microtubule function is not necessary for the ability of the cells to discern a concentration gradient or to react to this with directional locomotion. Thus the inhibitory effect of colchicine on neutrophil granulocyte chemokinesis may not depend on its inhibition of microtubule function. It is suggested that colchicine may block the still unidentified membrane mechanism involved in the translation of the recognition signal into an appropriate locomotory cell response.", "PMID": 716916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6761", "title": "Immunochemical studies on Staphylococcus aureus plasma membrane. I. Isolation and chemical characterization.", "content": "Cytoplasma membrane and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) were isolated from S. aureus Cowan I and analysed chemically. Pure membrane was obtained by using human IgG coupled to Sepharose, which then absorbed all cell wall fragments due to the interaction between IgG and protein A on the wall. LTA, shown to be a glucosylglycerol teichoic acid containing ester-linked alanine and pentadecanoic acid as the major fatty acid, was also present in the isolated membrane but only as a minor component. Other carbohydrate, protein and lipid components which were present as a chemical complex, dominated the membrane preparations.", "contents": "Immunochemical studies on Staphylococcus aureus plasma membrane. I. Isolation and chemical characterization. Cytoplasma membrane and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) were isolated from S. aureus Cowan I and analysed chemically. Pure membrane was obtained by using human IgG coupled to Sepharose, which then absorbed all cell wall fragments due to the interaction between IgG and protein A on the wall. LTA, shown to be a glucosylglycerol teichoic acid containing ester-linked alanine and pentadecanoic acid as the major fatty acid, was also present in the isolated membrane but only as a minor component. Other carbohydrate, protein and lipid components which were present as a chemical complex, dominated the membrane preparations.", "PMID": 716915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6762", "title": "Observations on the ultrastructure of the sporocyst and the initiation of sporozoite formation in Toxoplasma gondii.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the immature sporocyst and the initiation of sporozoite formation in T. gondii was examined in oocysts which had been allowed to sporulate for 12 or 24 hours at 27 degrees C. The sporocyst was ellipsoidal in shape and possessed a two layered sporocyst wall. A nucleus, with associated Golgi bodies, was situated at either end of the organism. The cytoplasm of the sporocyst also contained a number of polysaccharide granules, lipid globules, mitochondria and a few strands of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Sporozoite formation was initiated by the appearance of two dense plaques at either end of the organism in the vicinity of a nucleus, adjacent to the limiting membrane of the organism.", "contents": "Observations on the ultrastructure of the sporocyst and the initiation of sporozoite formation in Toxoplasma gondii. The ultrastructure of the immature sporocyst and the initiation of sporozoite formation in T. gondii was examined in oocysts which had been allowed to sporulate for 12 or 24 hours at 27 degrees C. The sporocyst was ellipsoidal in shape and possessed a two layered sporocyst wall. A nucleus, with associated Golgi bodies, was situated at either end of the organism. The cytoplasm of the sporocyst also contained a number of polysaccharide granules, lipid globules, mitochondria and a few strands of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Sporozoite formation was initiated by the appearance of two dense plaques at either end of the organism in the vicinity of a nucleus, adjacent to the limiting membrane of the organism.", "PMID": 716917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6763", "title": "Prevalence of non-cholera vibrios in cavum nasi and pharynx of ducks.", "content": "Investigations among ducks on ten different farms showed a high prevalence of Vibrio cholerae in cavum nasi and Pharynx after the ducks were admitted to the open field. In no case was Vibrio cholerae isolated from ducks which had never been outside the houses. At least six serovars were isolated, 0:54 being the most prevalent. All the strains isolated produced a distinctive cytotoxic effect in YI adrenal cells and caused fluid accumulation in rabbit gut loops. Migratory birds were incriminated as the source of initial contamination.", "contents": "Prevalence of non-cholera vibrios in cavum nasi and pharynx of ducks. Investigations among ducks on ten different farms showed a high prevalence of Vibrio cholerae in cavum nasi and Pharynx after the ducks were admitted to the open field. In no case was Vibrio cholerae isolated from ducks which had never been outside the houses. At least six serovars were isolated, 0:54 being the most prevalent. All the strains isolated produced a distinctive cytotoxic effect in YI adrenal cells and caused fluid accumulation in rabbit gut loops. Migratory birds were incriminated as the source of initial contamination.", "PMID": 716918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6764", "title": "Statistical aspects of the treponemal counts in the TPI test.", "content": "A method of counting treponemes in randomly selected visual fields is described. It was found that Treponema pallidum is distributed as a Poisson distribution among the visual fields and also among samples drawn from the same suspension. Immobilized treponemes are binomally distributed among the total number of treponemes. Application of the parameters of the Poisson and the binomial distributions should be made in order to determine the dosage of T. pallidum in animal experimentation and to evaluate the outcome of the TPI test. Some statistical aspects of the investigation of treponemal survival are presented.", "contents": "Statistical aspects of the treponemal counts in the TPI test. A method of counting treponemes in randomly selected visual fields is described. It was found that Treponema pallidum is distributed as a Poisson distribution among the visual fields and also among samples drawn from the same suspension. Immobilized treponemes are binomally distributed among the total number of treponemes. Application of the parameters of the Poisson and the binomial distributions should be made in order to determine the dosage of T. pallidum in animal experimentation and to evaluate the outcome of the TPI test. Some statistical aspects of the investigation of treponemal survival are presented.", "PMID": 716919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6765", "title": "Chlamydia psittaci infection in Danish cattle.", "content": "Intestinal tract infection by Chlamydia psittaci was demonstrated in one cattle herd by isolation from faecal specimens, using embryonated eggs. Such infections were observed in all animals younger than 12 months, in 60% of the heifers and in none of the adult cows. The presence of infection correlated (r=0.511) with the serum titre of compliment fixation antibodies against chlamydial antigen. Young calves, which were spontaneously infected with Chlamydia postnatally, developed ileitis and moderate interstitial pneumonia. The results of histological sections and isolation of the agent from tissue specimens indicated Chlamydia to be the cause of these conditions. The strain isolated (ROS DK/KVL 6/B3) was identified as C. psittaci. The morphology of the organism and it's pathogenicity in guinea-pigs were studied. In embryonated eggs, a dose-response curve was demonstrated for the ROS strain, which differed in that respect from another member of this species tested, viz. EBA (59-795).", "contents": "Chlamydia psittaci infection in Danish cattle. Intestinal tract infection by Chlamydia psittaci was demonstrated in one cattle herd by isolation from faecal specimens, using embryonated eggs. Such infections were observed in all animals younger than 12 months, in 60% of the heifers and in none of the adult cows. The presence of infection correlated (r=0.511) with the serum titre of compliment fixation antibodies against chlamydial antigen. Young calves, which were spontaneously infected with Chlamydia postnatally, developed ileitis and moderate interstitial pneumonia. The results of histological sections and isolation of the agent from tissue specimens indicated Chlamydia to be the cause of these conditions. The strain isolated (ROS DK/KVL 6/B3) was identified as C. psittaci. The morphology of the organism and it's pathogenicity in guinea-pigs were studied. In embryonated eggs, a dose-response curve was demonstrated for the ROS strain, which differed in that respect from another member of this species tested, viz. EBA (59-795).", "PMID": 716920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6766", "title": "Experimental \"Runde\" virus infections in embryonated eggs and chickens.", "content": "Three-day-old chicks and 11-12 day embryonated eggs were inoculated with 100 BMLD50 (baby mouse lethal doses) of Runde virus. Chicks were infected subcutaneously and eggs in the allantoic or amniotic cavities, in the yolk sac, or on the chorioallantoic membrane. \"Runde\" virus produced viraemia and antibody responses in 3-day-old chicks. The virus multiplied only in the amniotic cavity of the embryonated eggs and was detected in the brains of the embryos from day 5-9 p.i. Out of five eggs left to hatch, two hatched on time, while in three unhatched eggs the chicks were alive but extremely weak. Virus was detected in the brains of all five chicks, and high antibody titres were found in the two which hatched. These two chicks had \"epilepsy-like\" attacks. The results suggested that one passage in chicks or eggs reduced the mouse pathogenicity of \"Runde\" virus. No antigenic difference between chick- and mouse-passaged virus could be demonstrated by gel precipitation.", "contents": "Experimental \"Runde\" virus infections in embryonated eggs and chickens. Three-day-old chicks and 11-12 day embryonated eggs were inoculated with 100 BMLD50 (baby mouse lethal doses) of Runde virus. Chicks were infected subcutaneously and eggs in the allantoic or amniotic cavities, in the yolk sac, or on the chorioallantoic membrane. \"Runde\" virus produced viraemia and antibody responses in 3-day-old chicks. The virus multiplied only in the amniotic cavity of the embryonated eggs and was detected in the brains of the embryos from day 5-9 p.i. Out of five eggs left to hatch, two hatched on time, while in three unhatched eggs the chicks were alive but extremely weak. Virus was detected in the brains of all five chicks, and high antibody titres were found in the two which hatched. These two chicks had \"epilepsy-like\" attacks. The results suggested that one passage in chicks or eggs reduced the mouse pathogenicity of \"Runde\" virus. No antigenic difference between chick- and mouse-passaged virus could be demonstrated by gel precipitation.", "PMID": 716921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6767", "title": "Effect of human leukocyte interferon on the permeability of the cytoplasma membrane of cultured cells.", "content": "The effect of human leukocyte interferon on the cytoplasma membrane of cultured homologous cells has been investigated. U-amnion cells were labelled with (1-14C) alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB), a low-molecular-weight non-metabolizable amino acid. Following uptake, the AIB is released spontaneously from the cells. Treatment of cells with interferon reduced the AIB release. This effect was dosedependent, was neutralized by anti-interferon serum and was strongly reduced by trypsin treatment.", "contents": "Effect of human leukocyte interferon on the permeability of the cytoplasma membrane of cultured cells. The effect of human leukocyte interferon on the cytoplasma membrane of cultured homologous cells has been investigated. U-amnion cells were labelled with (1-14C) alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB), a low-molecular-weight non-metabolizable amino acid. Following uptake, the AIB is released spontaneously from the cells. Treatment of cells with interferon reduced the AIB release. This effect was dosedependent, was neutralized by anti-interferon serum and was strongly reduced by trypsin treatment.", "PMID": 716922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6768", "title": "Effect of halothane anaesthesia on secondary antibody response and mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformation in the chicken.", "content": "The effect of a single halothane anaesthesia on the secondary antibody response and the lymphocyte response in vitro to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A(Con A) was studied. The antigens used were bovine serum albumin (BSA) and killed Brucella abortus organisms (Brucella). IgG and IgM antibodies against these antigens were quantified by solid-phase radioimmunoassay. Lymphocyte transformation was studied by a whole blood micromethod. The chickens were anaesthetised for two hours with 2% v/v halothane. The halothane concentration of the blood was measured by gas chromatography at the end of the anaesthesia. Halothane anaesthesia had no effect on the secondary antibody response against BSA and Brucella. In contrast, it caused a significant decrease in the lymphocyte response to PHA and Con A. This suppression was transient, however, and full recovery of the lymphocyte function was observed by the first day after anaesthesia.", "contents": "Effect of halothane anaesthesia on secondary antibody response and mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformation in the chicken. The effect of a single halothane anaesthesia on the secondary antibody response and the lymphocyte response in vitro to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A(Con A) was studied. The antigens used were bovine serum albumin (BSA) and killed Brucella abortus organisms (Brucella). IgG and IgM antibodies against these antigens were quantified by solid-phase radioimmunoassay. Lymphocyte transformation was studied by a whole blood micromethod. The chickens were anaesthetised for two hours with 2% v/v halothane. The halothane concentration of the blood was measured by gas chromatography at the end of the anaesthesia. Halothane anaesthesia had no effect on the secondary antibody response against BSA and Brucella. In contrast, it caused a significant decrease in the lymphocyte response to PHA and Con A. This suppression was transient, however, and full recovery of the lymphocyte function was observed by the first day after anaesthesia.", "PMID": 716924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6769", "title": "Crossed immunoelectrophoresis and electroimmunoassay of human IgG subclasses.", "content": "Human IgGl, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 in WHO pool 67/97, a normal serum pool, Cohn Fraction II and individual sera were examined by crossed immunoelectrophoresis and electroimmunoassay in agarose with IgG subclass specific rabbit antisera. In these methods the fact that IgG subclasses differ in the electrophoretic field is utilized: IgG4 is located anodically, IgG3 cathodically, and IgG2 and IgG1 both anodically and cathodically. The mean, S.D. and range of serum IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 in 20 normal adults found by the electroimmunoassay were given and related to the amount in the WHO pool 67/97. The IgG subclasses values obtained by electroimmunoassay agreed with the values obtained by single radial diffusion. The reproducibility of double determinations (interplate variations) was 1.5--5.5 per cent. Repeated freezing, thawing and storage of the serum at room temperature did not influence quantitation of IgG subclasses. Cohn Fraction II was found to contain smaller amounts of IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4 than those found in the normal serum pools. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis and electroimmunoassay also easily reveal failing quality of IgG subclass antisera. To obtain good antisera in rabbits against IgG subclasses immunization should be done with several myeloma proteins with different electrophoretic mobility within the same subclass.", "contents": "Crossed immunoelectrophoresis and electroimmunoassay of human IgG subclasses. Human IgGl, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 in WHO pool 67/97, a normal serum pool, Cohn Fraction II and individual sera were examined by crossed immunoelectrophoresis and electroimmunoassay in agarose with IgG subclass specific rabbit antisera. In these methods the fact that IgG subclasses differ in the electrophoretic field is utilized: IgG4 is located anodically, IgG3 cathodically, and IgG2 and IgG1 both anodically and cathodically. The mean, S.D. and range of serum IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 in 20 normal adults found by the electroimmunoassay were given and related to the amount in the WHO pool 67/97. The IgG subclasses values obtained by electroimmunoassay agreed with the values obtained by single radial diffusion. The reproducibility of double determinations (interplate variations) was 1.5--5.5 per cent. Repeated freezing, thawing and storage of the serum at room temperature did not influence quantitation of IgG subclasses. Cohn Fraction II was found to contain smaller amounts of IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4 than those found in the normal serum pools. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis and electroimmunoassay also easily reveal failing quality of IgG subclass antisera. To obtain good antisera in rabbits against IgG subclasses immunization should be done with several myeloma proteins with different electrophoretic mobility within the same subclass.", "PMID": 716925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6770", "title": "Inhibitory and stimulatory effect of spleen cells from tumour bearing animals on the growth of syngeneic tumour cells.", "content": "When spleen cells from C3H mice inoculated with a primary spontaneously arisen C3H mammary carcinoma were added to tumour target cells of the same type in vitro, both an inhibitory and a stimulatory effect on target cell growth were seen, when compared with the effect of adding normal syngeneic spleen cells. The inhibitory effect was seen regularly when high concentrations of spleen cells were added, while there was a stimulatory effect when low concentrations were added to the tumour target cells. When transferring spleen cells from tumour bearing mice together with a tumour inoculum to groups of normal syngeneic recipients, the resultant tumour growth was enhanced, as compared with recipients given tumour plus normal spleen cells and those given tumour cells only. It was found that the spleen cells which caused the greastest enhancement in vitro caused the greatest inhibition in vitro. This relationship could be explained by assuming the occurrence in spleens of tumour bearers of a population of reactive cells which when added in high concentrations to tumour target cells in vitro cause inhibition, while they cause stimulation of tumour growth in vivo because of being transferred to recipients in relatively low concentrations.", "contents": "Inhibitory and stimulatory effect of spleen cells from tumour bearing animals on the growth of syngeneic tumour cells. When spleen cells from C3H mice inoculated with a primary spontaneously arisen C3H mammary carcinoma were added to tumour target cells of the same type in vitro, both an inhibitory and a stimulatory effect on target cell growth were seen, when compared with the effect of adding normal syngeneic spleen cells. The inhibitory effect was seen regularly when high concentrations of spleen cells were added, while there was a stimulatory effect when low concentrations were added to the tumour target cells. When transferring spleen cells from tumour bearing mice together with a tumour inoculum to groups of normal syngeneic recipients, the resultant tumour growth was enhanced, as compared with recipients given tumour plus normal spleen cells and those given tumour cells only. It was found that the spleen cells which caused the greastest enhancement in vitro caused the greatest inhibition in vitro. This relationship could be explained by assuming the occurrence in spleens of tumour bearers of a population of reactive cells which when added in high concentrations to tumour target cells in vitro cause inhibition, while they cause stimulation of tumour growth in vivo because of being transferred to recipients in relatively low concentrations.", "PMID": 716926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6771", "title": "Fcgamma receptors in human choroid plexus.", "content": "Crysotat sections of human choroid plexus adsorbed erythrocytes sensitized with IgG antibodies of human and rabbit origin. No adsorption occurred when the erythrocytes were sensitized with F(ab')2 or Facb fragments. The reaction was strongly inhibited by intact IgG and by Fc fragments and not inhibited by Facb and F(ab')2 or albumin. These properties are similar to those of corresponding receptors in human placenta. The presence of an Fcgamma receptor in choroid plexus may be of significance for the transfer of IgG from blood to cerebrospinal fluid.", "contents": "Fcgamma receptors in human choroid plexus. Crysotat sections of human choroid plexus adsorbed erythrocytes sensitized with IgG antibodies of human and rabbit origin. No adsorption occurred when the erythrocytes were sensitized with F(ab')2 or Facb fragments. The reaction was strongly inhibited by intact IgG and by Fc fragments and not inhibited by Facb and F(ab')2 or albumin. These properties are similar to those of corresponding receptors in human placenta. The presence of an Fcgamma receptor in choroid plexus may be of significance for the transfer of IgG from blood to cerebrospinal fluid.", "PMID": 716927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6772", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of a mitogenic lectin from Lathyrus odoratus seeds.", "content": "A mitogenic lectin has been isolated from saline extract of Lathyrus odoratus seeds by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation and subsequent chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose and CM-Sepharose. The isolated lectin was almost homogeneous by SDS gel electrophoresis and gel filtration, but multiple bands were obtained on isoelectric focusing. The molecular weight, determined by gel filtration, was 37,000. Gel electrophoresis in the presence of SDS gave a molecular weight of 19,000, thus suggesting that the lectin is a dimer. It agglutinated human erythrocytes of the different ABO groups equally well. Human lymphocytes were exposed to the lectin or PHA, and the incorporation of thymidine was measured. Compared with PHA, which stimulated maximally in the concentration range of 0.25--1microgram/ml, the L. odoratus lectin had optimal activity at concentrations of 35 microgram/ml and higher.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of a mitogenic lectin from Lathyrus odoratus seeds. A mitogenic lectin has been isolated from saline extract of Lathyrus odoratus seeds by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation and subsequent chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose and CM-Sepharose. The isolated lectin was almost homogeneous by SDS gel electrophoresis and gel filtration, but multiple bands were obtained on isoelectric focusing. The molecular weight, determined by gel filtration, was 37,000. Gel electrophoresis in the presence of SDS gave a molecular weight of 19,000, thus suggesting that the lectin is a dimer. It agglutinated human erythrocytes of the different ABO groups equally well. Human lymphocytes were exposed to the lectin or PHA, and the incorporation of thymidine was measured. Compared with PHA, which stimulated maximally in the concentration range of 0.25--1microgram/ml, the L. odoratus lectin had optimal activity at concentrations of 35 microgram/ml and higher.", "PMID": 716928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6773", "title": "Kinetics of locomotion of human granulocyte populations.", "content": "The locomotor kinetics of human granulocytes under gradient and non-gradient conditions were studied with the Boyden micropore filter method using casein as a stimulant. The in-filter distribution for 3 different incubation times, and one-level counts for a wide range of incubation times were determined photographically. Under gradient (\"chemotactic\") conditions, the number of responsing granulocytes depended on the sharpness of the casein gradient, whereas the average migrational velocity of the population appeared to be constant. It was not possible, by comparison with a theoretical model, to demonstrate a directional migration towards increasing casein concentrations. The previously reported Gaussian distribution under non-gradient (chemokinetic) conditions, was confirmed. In these experiments the number of responding cells appeared to depend on the absolute casein concentration, while their average velocity seemed uninfluenced.", "contents": "Kinetics of locomotion of human granulocyte populations. The locomotor kinetics of human granulocytes under gradient and non-gradient conditions were studied with the Boyden micropore filter method using casein as a stimulant. The in-filter distribution for 3 different incubation times, and one-level counts for a wide range of incubation times were determined photographically. Under gradient (\"chemotactic\") conditions, the number of responsing granulocytes depended on the sharpness of the casein gradient, whereas the average migrational velocity of the population appeared to be constant. It was not possible, by comparison with a theoretical model, to demonstrate a directional migration towards increasing casein concentrations. The previously reported Gaussian distribution under non-gradient (chemokinetic) conditions, was confirmed. In these experiments the number of responding cells appeared to depend on the absolute casein concentration, while their average velocity seemed uninfluenced.", "PMID": 716929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6774", "title": "Fc gamma receptors and IgG associated with human malignant tumours.", "content": "Thirteen solid tumours were tested for Fc gamma receptors (FcR) using tissue sections and sheep erythrocytes sensitized with rabbit antibodies as indicator cells. No alteration was found in FcR activity (FcRA) between untreated tissue and tissue homogenized for 2 min or less. More extensive homogenization abolished the FcRA. Tissues homogenized for 1 min were washed at 4C and eluted at 37, 45 and 56C. The FcRA was not altered after elution at 37 and 45C. However, elution at 56C abolished the activity indicating that the FcR were either eluted or destroyed. Tumours which showed a diffuse pattern of FcRA and no non-specifically bound IgG displayed an inverse relationship between the FcRA and the eluted IgG. Such relationship was not found with tumours containing non-specifically bound IgG.", "contents": "Fc gamma receptors and IgG associated with human malignant tumours. Thirteen solid tumours were tested for Fc gamma receptors (FcR) using tissue sections and sheep erythrocytes sensitized with rabbit antibodies as indicator cells. No alteration was found in FcR activity (FcRA) between untreated tissue and tissue homogenized for 2 min or less. More extensive homogenization abolished the FcRA. Tissues homogenized for 1 min were washed at 4C and eluted at 37, 45 and 56C. The FcRA was not altered after elution at 37 and 45C. However, elution at 56C abolished the activity indicating that the FcR were either eluted or destroyed. Tumours which showed a diffuse pattern of FcRA and no non-specifically bound IgG displayed an inverse relationship between the FcRA and the eluted IgG. Such relationship was not found with tumours containing non-specifically bound IgG.", "PMID": 716930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6775", "title": "The adrenergic innervation of the urinary bladder in the cat and man in the normal state and after parasympathetic denervation.", "content": "The adrenergic innervation of the feline and human urinary bladder was studied with the histochemical fluorescence method of Hillarp and Falck. In the normal bladder of both species the trigone area was densely innervated by thick and strongly green-fluorescent adrenergic terminals while the detrusor muscle contained a sparse innervation of very thin and weakly fluorescent nerve terminals. After parasympathetic denervation (lower motor neuron lesion in patients) the adrenergic innervation of the detrusor muscle was altered. In the cat, the first signs of altered adrenergic innervation were observed 6 weeks after parasympathetic denervation, when thick, strongly fluorescent adrenergic fibres appeared between and in the smooth muscle bundles. These fibres had the characteristics of growth cones and indicated an outgrowth of new adrenergic fibres into the detrusor muscle. Later on, the muscle bundles were densely innervated by thick and strongly fluorescent terminals, reminiscent of trigone terminals. In the patients with lower motor neuron lesions, thick, strongly fluorescent adrenergic terminals were seen in the detrusor. In both cat and man the appearance of this \"new\" type of adrenergic nerve terminal in the detrusor muscle coincided with the presence of alpha-adrenoceptor function (rather than the normal beta-adrenoceptor activity of the feline and human detrusor).", "contents": "The adrenergic innervation of the urinary bladder in the cat and man in the normal state and after parasympathetic denervation. The adrenergic innervation of the feline and human urinary bladder was studied with the histochemical fluorescence method of Hillarp and Falck. In the normal bladder of both species the trigone area was densely innervated by thick and strongly green-fluorescent adrenergic terminals while the detrusor muscle contained a sparse innervation of very thin and weakly fluorescent nerve terminals. After parasympathetic denervation (lower motor neuron lesion in patients) the adrenergic innervation of the detrusor muscle was altered. In the cat, the first signs of altered adrenergic innervation were observed 6 weeks after parasympathetic denervation, when thick, strongly fluorescent adrenergic fibres appeared between and in the smooth muscle bundles. These fibres had the characteristics of growth cones and indicated an outgrowth of new adrenergic fibres into the detrusor muscle. Later on, the muscle bundles were densely innervated by thick and strongly fluorescent terminals, reminiscent of trigone terminals. In the patients with lower motor neuron lesions, thick, strongly fluorescent adrenergic terminals were seen in the detrusor. In both cat and man the appearance of this \"new\" type of adrenergic nerve terminal in the detrusor muscle coincided with the presence of alpha-adrenoceptor function (rather than the normal beta-adrenoceptor activity of the feline and human detrusor).", "PMID": 716937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6776", "title": "Aspects of present and future possibilities for intraluminal pressure recordings in the urogenital tract.", "content": "In this brief survey some aspects of present and future possibilities for intraluminal pressure recordings in the urogenital tract are considered. It is emphasized that present water-filled catheter-manometer systems are afflicted with several biotechnical disadvantages. Although the micro-transducers and centre-hole catheters seem to be superior to conventional pressure recording systems, they ought to be further improved. Feed-back pressure transducers, electronic compensation, and micro-manometers could be realistic alternatives for pressure recordings in the urogential tract in the future. Some results from pressure recordings obtained with different measuring systems are presented and discussed.", "contents": "Aspects of present and future possibilities for intraluminal pressure recordings in the urogenital tract. In this brief survey some aspects of present and future possibilities for intraluminal pressure recordings in the urogenital tract are considered. It is emphasized that present water-filled catheter-manometer systems are afflicted with several biotechnical disadvantages. Although the micro-transducers and centre-hole catheters seem to be superior to conventional pressure recording systems, they ought to be further improved. Feed-back pressure transducers, electronic compensation, and micro-manometers could be realistic alternatives for pressure recordings in the urogential tract in the future. Some results from pressure recordings obtained with different measuring systems are presented and discussed.", "PMID": 716938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6777", "title": "Cholinergic innervation of the human urethra and urinary bladder: a histochemical study and review of methodology.", "content": "The present work gives a survey of the various methods for the histochemical demonstration of cholinergic nervous structures. The theoretical background and the specificity and sensitivity of the various methods are compared. It is concluded that the histochemical localization of the cholinergic transmitter metabolizing enzyme acetylcholine esterase still probably is the best method, giving a fairly good reflection of the distribution of cholinergic nerves. In comparison with the Falck and Hillarp technique for the demonstration of adrenergic nerves this method is much less specific and sensitive. The present work describes a rich supply of cholinergic nerves in the human urethra and urinary bladder in comparison with the scanty adrenergic innervation. Various functional aspects of the cholinergic innervation are discussed.", "contents": "Cholinergic innervation of the human urethra and urinary bladder: a histochemical study and review of methodology. The present work gives a survey of the various methods for the histochemical demonstration of cholinergic nervous structures. The theoretical background and the specificity and sensitivity of the various methods are compared. It is concluded that the histochemical localization of the cholinergic transmitter metabolizing enzyme acetylcholine esterase still probably is the best method, giving a fairly good reflection of the distribution of cholinergic nerves. In comparison with the Falck and Hillarp technique for the demonstration of adrenergic nerves this method is much less specific and sensitive. The present work describes a rich supply of cholinergic nerves in the human urethra and urinary bladder in comparison with the scanty adrenergic innervation. Various functional aspects of the cholinergic innervation are discussed.", "PMID": 716939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6778", "title": "Effect of colchicine on drug absorption from the rat small intestine in situ and in vitro.", "content": "The effect of colchicine (1 mg/kg intraperitoneally on two successive days) on the absorption of isoniazid, quinidine and sulphafurazole (sulfisoxazole) from the rat small intestine was studied in situ and in vitro. Colchicine produced two different types of histological damage in the small intestine, one with degenerative and the other with regenerative changes predominating. The small intestinal surface area was variably reduced. The colchicine-treated rats were lethargic and hypothermic as compared to controls. Colchicine retarded the disappearance of fluid and all three drugs from the small intestinal lumen in situ 2 days after the first colchicine injection. In vitro the total amounts of fluid and drugs passed through the intestinal wall were not significantly changed by colchicine, although there was a slight tendency towards an increased absorption of quinidine. Hence, colchicine as an antimitotic drug decreases drug absorption from the rat small intestine in situ, apparently due to the decreased surface area of the small intestine, the decreased water flux through the intestinal wall, the retarded intestinal motility and hypothermia of the rats. In vitro the changes are small, which makes the in vitro tests less suitable for studying the effect of colchicine on absorption.", "contents": "Effect of colchicine on drug absorption from the rat small intestine in situ and in vitro. The effect of colchicine (1 mg/kg intraperitoneally on two successive days) on the absorption of isoniazid, quinidine and sulphafurazole (sulfisoxazole) from the rat small intestine was studied in situ and in vitro. Colchicine produced two different types of histological damage in the small intestine, one with degenerative and the other with regenerative changes predominating. The small intestinal surface area was variably reduced. The colchicine-treated rats were lethargic and hypothermic as compared to controls. Colchicine retarded the disappearance of fluid and all three drugs from the small intestinal lumen in situ 2 days after the first colchicine injection. In vitro the total amounts of fluid and drugs passed through the intestinal wall were not significantly changed by colchicine, although there was a slight tendency towards an increased absorption of quinidine. Hence, colchicine as an antimitotic drug decreases drug absorption from the rat small intestine in situ, apparently due to the decreased surface area of the small intestine, the decreased water flux through the intestinal wall, the retarded intestinal motility and hypothermia of the rats. In vitro the changes are small, which makes the in vitro tests less suitable for studying the effect of colchicine on absorption.", "PMID": 716941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6779", "title": "Increased penetration of barbital through the bloodbrain barrier in the rat after pretreatment with probenecid.", "content": "Some weak organic acids are eliminated from the brain by an acid transport system. The question arose is this system also used to transport drugs out of the brain? In that case probenecid pretreatment (100 mg/kg subcutaneously) should influence the induction time of a slightly lipid soluble barbiturate (barbital) which penetrates into the brain slowly, more than the induction time of a very lipid soluble barbiturate (hexobarbital). In the first experiment barbital (200 mg/kg) was given intraperitoneally and in the second experiment barbital (150 mg/kg) was infused intravenously during 10 min. In both experiments loss of righting reflex occurred more rapidly after pretreatment with probenecid compared with pretreatment with saline. Only in the second experiment did probenecid significantly increase the time during which the righting reflex was lost. In the next experiment hexobarbital was infused intravenously at a rate of 0.25 mg/kg/sec. until a burst suppression which lasted 1 sec. or more was seen in a concomitant EEG-record. When this \"silent second\" occurred the infusion was stopped and the ensuing anaesthesia times recorded. Probenecid had no effect on the induction when studied with this method, but the ensuing anaesthesia times were increased. The hypothesis of an acid transport system out of the brain was thus not refuted by these experimental results. Studies of brain concentrations of barbital also supported this finding. After 200 mg/kg intraperitoneally the concentration of barbital in the brain was higher after pretreatment with probenecid as compared to saline pretreated controls i.e. at times corresponding to the induction times in the in vivo experiments. No difference was found in the serum levels of barbital.", "contents": "Increased penetration of barbital through the bloodbrain barrier in the rat after pretreatment with probenecid. Some weak organic acids are eliminated from the brain by an acid transport system. The question arose is this system also used to transport drugs out of the brain? In that case probenecid pretreatment (100 mg/kg subcutaneously) should influence the induction time of a slightly lipid soluble barbiturate (barbital) which penetrates into the brain slowly, more than the induction time of a very lipid soluble barbiturate (hexobarbital). In the first experiment barbital (200 mg/kg) was given intraperitoneally and in the second experiment barbital (150 mg/kg) was infused intravenously during 10 min. In both experiments loss of righting reflex occurred more rapidly after pretreatment with probenecid compared with pretreatment with saline. Only in the second experiment did probenecid significantly increase the time during which the righting reflex was lost. In the next experiment hexobarbital was infused intravenously at a rate of 0.25 mg/kg/sec. until a burst suppression which lasted 1 sec. or more was seen in a concomitant EEG-record. When this \"silent second\" occurred the infusion was stopped and the ensuing anaesthesia times recorded. Probenecid had no effect on the induction when studied with this method, but the ensuing anaesthesia times were increased. The hypothesis of an acid transport system out of the brain was thus not refuted by these experimental results. Studies of brain concentrations of barbital also supported this finding. After 200 mg/kg intraperitoneally the concentration of barbital in the brain was higher after pretreatment with probenecid as compared to saline pretreated controls i.e. at times corresponding to the induction times in the in vivo experiments. No difference was found in the serum levels of barbital.", "PMID": 716942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6780", "title": "Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in rat brain.", "content": "Rats were injected with one of five drugs alleged to inhibit brain prostaglandin (PG) synthesis: indomethacin, diclofenac, naproxen, aspiring and paracetamol. Animals were killed after 30 min. and the endogenous formation of PGF2alpha and PGE2 in brain homogenates was measured by mass fragmentography using deuterium labelled PGF2alpha and PGE2 as internal standards. Diclofenac, indomethacin, and naproxen inhibited dose dependently, the synthesis of PGF2alpha. The ED50 for diclofenac was 0.4 mg/kg, for indomethacin 1 mg/kg and for naproxen 2 mg/kg. In equieffective doses indomethacin had the longest duration. The time taken for the inhibition to decline to half its maximal value was 32 hrs for indomethacin and about 15 hrs for diclofenac and naproxen. Under the present conditions aspirin and paracetamol failed to produce significant reduction of PG synthesis in the rat brain homogenates in doses up to 100 mg/kg.", "contents": "Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in rat brain. Rats were injected with one of five drugs alleged to inhibit brain prostaglandin (PG) synthesis: indomethacin, diclofenac, naproxen, aspiring and paracetamol. Animals were killed after 30 min. and the endogenous formation of PGF2alpha and PGE2 in brain homogenates was measured by mass fragmentography using deuterium labelled PGF2alpha and PGE2 as internal standards. Diclofenac, indomethacin, and naproxen inhibited dose dependently, the synthesis of PGF2alpha. The ED50 for diclofenac was 0.4 mg/kg, for indomethacin 1 mg/kg and for naproxen 2 mg/kg. In equieffective doses indomethacin had the longest duration. The time taken for the inhibition to decline to half its maximal value was 32 hrs for indomethacin and about 15 hrs for diclofenac and naproxen. Under the present conditions aspirin and paracetamol failed to produce significant reduction of PG synthesis in the rat brain homogenates in doses up to 100 mg/kg.", "PMID": 716943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6781", "title": "Distribution of [14C]-labelled aflatoxin B1 in mice.", "content": "The distribution of [14C]-labelled aflatoxin B1 has been studied in mice with the aid of whole-body autoradiography. In addition to the localisation of labelled aflatoxin B1 and/or its metabolities in the liver, bile, kidney, lung and urine an uptake of 14C in the pigment of the Harderian gland and the eye was observed. Uptake of radioactivity was also found in the eyes of the foetuses although their livers did not accumulate radioactivity.", "contents": "Distribution of [14C]-labelled aflatoxin B1 in mice. The distribution of [14C]-labelled aflatoxin B1 has been studied in mice with the aid of whole-body autoradiography. In addition to the localisation of labelled aflatoxin B1 and/or its metabolities in the liver, bile, kidney, lung and urine an uptake of 14C in the pigment of the Harderian gland and the eye was observed. Uptake of radioactivity was also found in the eyes of the foetuses although their livers did not accumulate radioactivity.", "PMID": 716944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6782", "title": "The inhibition of choline acetyltransferase in guinea-pig cornea.", "content": "The effects of different compounds on the inhibition of choline acetyltransferase in guinea pig cornea have been studied. N-hydroxyethyl-4(naphthylvinyl)pyridinium bromide inhibited the enzyme in the cornea when a 0.5% solution was applied topically to the eye. The inhibition could not be explained by redistribution of the inhibitor after homogenization of the tissue. Inhibition of the enzyme was slowly reversed and nearly full enzyme activity was obtained when the eye was left intact for 48 hrs. N-methyl-4(naphthylvinyl)pyridinium bromide was a less efficient inhibitor in vivo and no inhibition was found with bromo acetonyl trimethylammonium bromide or acryloylcholine. Corneal ChAT was inhibited by the application of 3-methyl-5-methoxyphenyl pyridinium bromide, but the mechanism was obscured by the compound causing corneal oedema. The investigation shows that epithelium of the cornea can be used to test the in vivo effect of choline acetyltransferase inhibitors.", "contents": "The inhibition of choline acetyltransferase in guinea-pig cornea. The effects of different compounds on the inhibition of choline acetyltransferase in guinea pig cornea have been studied. N-hydroxyethyl-4(naphthylvinyl)pyridinium bromide inhibited the enzyme in the cornea when a 0.5% solution was applied topically to the eye. The inhibition could not be explained by redistribution of the inhibitor after homogenization of the tissue. Inhibition of the enzyme was slowly reversed and nearly full enzyme activity was obtained when the eye was left intact for 48 hrs. N-methyl-4(naphthylvinyl)pyridinium bromide was a less efficient inhibitor in vivo and no inhibition was found with bromo acetonyl trimethylammonium bromide or acryloylcholine. Corneal ChAT was inhibited by the application of 3-methyl-5-methoxyphenyl pyridinium bromide, but the mechanism was obscured by the compound causing corneal oedema. The investigation shows that epithelium of the cornea can be used to test the in vivo effect of choline acetyltransferase inhibitors.", "PMID": 716945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6783", "title": "The effect of nifedipine on isolated human peripheral vessels.", "content": "Isometric tension was recorded in ring preparations of human peripherial arteries and veins contracted by potassium (127mM) and noradrenaline (1.8 X 10(-5)M). In the veins, nifedipine had a marked relaxing effect on contractions induced by both agents, and also reduced the contractile amplitude when added prior to stimulation. The inhibiting effect of nifedipine was more marked on the potassium than on the noradrenaline-evoked responses. This was in contrast to verapamil, which inhibited the noradrenaline-induced contractions significantly more, than those produced by potassium. After immersion of the vein preparations in calcium-free medium for 30 min., the potassium contracture decreased to 26+/2.0% (mean +/ S.E.M.) of the response in normal Krebs solution, and the noradrenaline-evoked to 7.1+/0.8%. The responses to both agents were completely restored when the calcium concentration was increased from 0 to 4 mM. Nifedipine (1.5X10(-7)M) depressed the potassium contracture in calcium-free solution to 7.3+/1.6%, and the noradrenaline response to 5.5+/1.6%; on addition of calcium, the response elicited by potassium increased to 16+/1.7%, and that by noradrenaline to 56+/8.6%. Compared with its actions on the veins, the effect of nifedipine on the arterial preparations was less pronounced. In the arteries, too, the inhibiting effect of nifedipine was significantly more pronounced on the potassium than on the noradrenaline-induced contraction. Immersion for 30 min. in calcium-free medium reduced the response to potassium to 61+/6.0% and that to noradrenaline to 68+/5.6% of the control in normal Krebs. Nifedipine (2.9X10(-7)M) further reduced the potassium contraction to 20+/4.0%; the response to noradrenaline was unaffected, being 74+/6.4% of the control.", "contents": "The effect of nifedipine on isolated human peripheral vessels. Isometric tension was recorded in ring preparations of human peripherial arteries and veins contracted by potassium (127mM) and noradrenaline (1.8 X 10(-5)M). In the veins, nifedipine had a marked relaxing effect on contractions induced by both agents, and also reduced the contractile amplitude when added prior to stimulation. The inhibiting effect of nifedipine was more marked on the potassium than on the noradrenaline-evoked responses. This was in contrast to verapamil, which inhibited the noradrenaline-induced contractions significantly more, than those produced by potassium. After immersion of the vein preparations in calcium-free medium for 30 min., the potassium contracture decreased to 26+/2.0% (mean +/ S.E.M.) of the response in normal Krebs solution, and the noradrenaline-evoked to 7.1+/0.8%. The responses to both agents were completely restored when the calcium concentration was increased from 0 to 4 mM. Nifedipine (1.5X10(-7)M) depressed the potassium contracture in calcium-free solution to 7.3+/1.6%, and the noradrenaline response to 5.5+/1.6%; on addition of calcium, the response elicited by potassium increased to 16+/1.7%, and that by noradrenaline to 56+/8.6%. Compared with its actions on the veins, the effect of nifedipine on the arterial preparations was less pronounced. In the arteries, too, the inhibiting effect of nifedipine was significantly more pronounced on the potassium than on the noradrenaline-induced contraction. Immersion for 30 min. in calcium-free medium reduced the response to potassium to 61+/6.0% and that to noradrenaline to 68+/5.6% of the control in normal Krebs. Nifedipine (2.9X10(-7)M) further reduced the potassium contraction to 20+/4.0%; the response to noradrenaline was unaffected, being 74+/6.4% of the control.", "PMID": 716946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6784", "title": "Qualitative alterations of cytochrome P-450 in mouse liver microsomes after administration of acrylamide and methylmethacrylate.", "content": "Cytochrome P-450 in mouse liver microsomes was characterized by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after intraperitoneal injection of 80 mg phenobarbital, 4.5 and 45 mg acrylamide and 60 and 600 mg methylmethacrylate per kg body weight each day for four days. Four different forms of cytochrome P-450 with molecular weights of 47,000, 50,000, 54,000 and 56,000 were identified by staining for peroxidase activity and protein. The amount of cytochrome P-450 with a molecular weight of 47,000 (MLvMcP-450(47) decreased in the phenobarbital group and in both acrylamide groups. After methylmethacrylate treatment, this form increased at the low dose but was totally repressed at the high dose. The cytochrome P-450 form with a molecular weight of 50,000 (MLvMcP-450(50) was significantly increased only in the phenobarbital group. An increase in the total amount of cytochrome P-450 was only observed following treatment with phenobarbital.", "contents": "Qualitative alterations of cytochrome P-450 in mouse liver microsomes after administration of acrylamide and methylmethacrylate. Cytochrome P-450 in mouse liver microsomes was characterized by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after intraperitoneal injection of 80 mg phenobarbital, 4.5 and 45 mg acrylamide and 60 and 600 mg methylmethacrylate per kg body weight each day for four days. Four different forms of cytochrome P-450 with molecular weights of 47,000, 50,000, 54,000 and 56,000 were identified by staining for peroxidase activity and protein. The amount of cytochrome P-450 with a molecular weight of 47,000 (MLvMcP-450(47) decreased in the phenobarbital group and in both acrylamide groups. After methylmethacrylate treatment, this form increased at the low dose but was totally repressed at the high dose. The cytochrome P-450 form with a molecular weight of 50,000 (MLvMcP-450(50) was significantly increased only in the phenobarbital group. An increase in the total amount of cytochrome P-450 was only observed following treatment with phenobarbital.", "PMID": 716947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6785", "title": "Uptake of glucuronides into isolated hepatocytes and their effects on glucuronide and sulphate conjugation.", "content": "Uptake studies, using radioactive labelled glucuronides, have demonstrated the ability of 4-nitrophenyl glucuronide and phenolphthalein glucuronide to enter isolated rat hepatocytes. Of these glucuronides 4-nitrophenyl glucuronide was distributed in a similar manner to O-methylglucose, whereas phenolphthalein glucuronide was bound to cellular constituents. Phenolphthalein glucuronide had an effect on theconjugation of harmol in the isolated hepatocytes when glucuronidation was found to be markedly inhibited and sulphation slightly stimulated. The glucuronidation of 4-nitrophenol, 4-methylumbelliferone and harmol in native microsomes was inhibited by phenolphthalein glucuronide. 4-Nitrophenyl glucuronide and also naphthyl glucuronide were without effect both in hepatocytes and microsomes. In control hepatocytes harmine was metabolized to form harmolsulphate mainly. Phenolphthalein glucuronide only affected this metabolic pattern to a minor extent. However, in hepatocytes from phenobarbital treated rats, where the rate of harmine metabolism is increased about five times and the main metabolite is harmol glucuronide, phenolphthalein glucuronide inhibited the formation of the conjugate with a concomitant increase in free harmol.", "contents": "Uptake of glucuronides into isolated hepatocytes and their effects on glucuronide and sulphate conjugation. Uptake studies, using radioactive labelled glucuronides, have demonstrated the ability of 4-nitrophenyl glucuronide and phenolphthalein glucuronide to enter isolated rat hepatocytes. Of these glucuronides 4-nitrophenyl glucuronide was distributed in a similar manner to O-methylglucose, whereas phenolphthalein glucuronide was bound to cellular constituents. Phenolphthalein glucuronide had an effect on theconjugation of harmol in the isolated hepatocytes when glucuronidation was found to be markedly inhibited and sulphation slightly stimulated. The glucuronidation of 4-nitrophenol, 4-methylumbelliferone and harmol in native microsomes was inhibited by phenolphthalein glucuronide. 4-Nitrophenyl glucuronide and also naphthyl glucuronide were without effect both in hepatocytes and microsomes. In control hepatocytes harmine was metabolized to form harmolsulphate mainly. Phenolphthalein glucuronide only affected this metabolic pattern to a minor extent. However, in hepatocytes from phenobarbital treated rats, where the rate of harmine metabolism is increased about five times and the main metabolite is harmol glucuronide, phenolphthalein glucuronide inhibited the formation of the conjugate with a concomitant increase in free harmol.", "PMID": 716948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6786", "title": "Transient supersensitivity in the partially denervated urinary bladder of the rat.", "content": "When examined 6-7 days after the unilateral removal of the pelvic ganglion, the detrusor muscle of the rat was found to be sensitized to methacholine and noradrenaline. The threshold doses were lower while the intravesical pressure responses to doses above threshold were increased. In contrast, bladders examined 25-30 days after the partial denervation lacked signs of sensitization. It is suggested that the contralateral nervous pathway is responsible for  the rapid disappearance of the supersensitivity.", "contents": "Transient supersensitivity in the partially denervated urinary bladder of the rat. When examined 6-7 days after the unilateral removal of the pelvic ganglion, the detrusor muscle of the rat was found to be sensitized to methacholine and noradrenaline. The threshold doses were lower while the intravesical pressure responses to doses above threshold were increased. In contrast, bladders examined 25-30 days after the partial denervation lacked signs of sensitization. It is suggested that the contralateral nervous pathway is responsible for  the rapid disappearance of the supersensitivity.", "PMID": 716949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6787", "title": "Electrochemical forces for chloride transport in the proximal tubules of the rat kidney.", "content": "The electrochemical forces for chloride transport in the proximal tubule of the rat kidney were studied using micropuncture techniques. Electrical transmembrane potentials were recorded in randomly punctured tubules with Ling-Gerhard electrodes. Chloride activities in the luminal, cellular and interstitial compartments were measured with ion selective micro-electrodes. Electrical potential measurements between cell to interstitium and lumen to interstitium were -72.1 +/- 2.6 mV and +0.5 +/- 1.4 mV (mean +/- S.D.) respectively. The calculated chloride concentrations for lumen, cell and interstitium were 133.0 +/- 10.3 mM, 8.5 +/- 1.0 mM and 99.1 +/- 3.2 mM (mean +/- S.D.) respectively. The net electrochemical forces, qualitatively, offer a passive chloride ion pathway through the tubular wall and a chloride equilibrium over the luminal membrane seems to exist.", "contents": "Electrochemical forces for chloride transport in the proximal tubules of the rat kidney. The electrochemical forces for chloride transport in the proximal tubule of the rat kidney were studied using micropuncture techniques. Electrical transmembrane potentials were recorded in randomly punctured tubules with Ling-Gerhard electrodes. Chloride activities in the luminal, cellular and interstitial compartments were measured with ion selective micro-electrodes. Electrical potential measurements between cell to interstitium and lumen to interstitium were -72.1 +/- 2.6 mV and +0.5 +/- 1.4 mV (mean +/- S.D.) respectively. The calculated chloride concentrations for lumen, cell and interstitium were 133.0 +/- 10.3 mM, 8.5 +/- 1.0 mM and 99.1 +/- 3.2 mM (mean +/- S.D.) respectively. The net electrochemical forces, qualitatively, offer a passive chloride ion pathway through the tubular wall and a chloride equilibrium over the luminal membrane seems to exist.", "PMID": 716960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6788", "title": "Attraction of nerve fiber outgrowth from sympathetic ganglia to heart auricles in tissue culture.", "content": "Sympathetic chain ganglia of 3-day-old rats were cultured in Rose chambers for 5 days. Each chamber contained either two ganglia or a ganglion and a piece of heart atrium. Visual examination failed to show an increased density or length of nerve fibers growing towards the other explant. However, actual measurements showed that the length of nerve fiber outgrowth towards the atrium explant was about 10% longer than the mean outgrowth to all directions, the difference being statistically significant (P less than 0.0001). In ganglion-ganglion pair cultures the nerve fiber outgrowth towards the other ganglion tended to be shorter than that to other directions. It is tentatively concluded that atrium explants exert a growth-promoting influence on sympathetic nerve fibers in cultures, possibly due to diffusion of a growth-promoting substance from the atrium explant.", "contents": "Attraction of nerve fiber outgrowth from sympathetic ganglia to heart auricles in tissue culture. Sympathetic chain ganglia of 3-day-old rats were cultured in Rose chambers for 5 days. Each chamber contained either two ganglia or a ganglion and a piece of heart atrium. Visual examination failed to show an increased density or length of nerve fibers growing towards the other explant. However, actual measurements showed that the length of nerve fiber outgrowth towards the atrium explant was about 10% longer than the mean outgrowth to all directions, the difference being statistically significant (P less than 0.0001). In ganglion-ganglion pair cultures the nerve fiber outgrowth towards the other ganglion tended to be shorter than that to other directions. It is tentatively concluded that atrium explants exert a growth-promoting influence on sympathetic nerve fibers in cultures, possibly due to diffusion of a growth-promoting substance from the atrium explant.", "PMID": 716961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6789", "title": "Muscle fatigue and its relation to lactate accumulation and LDH activity in man.", "content": "The lactate concentration in different muscle fibre types was determined in biopsy specimens from human vastus lateralis muscle after 30 and 60 s of maximal dynamic leg exercise. In addition, muscle fibre type distribution, total lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and isozymes of LDH were determined. In accordance with previous studies (Thorstensson and Karlsson 1976, Nilsson et al. 1977) it was found that an increasing proportion of slow twitch (ST) fibres corresponded to better sustained muscle force. Lactate was found preferentially in fast twitch (FT) fibres after 30 s, but after 60 s this difference was abolished. Differences between the two main muscle fibre types in muscle lactate, total LDH activity, and M-LDH activity were correlated to muscle fatigue. It was concluded that lactate or associated pH changes primarily in FT fibres could be one factor responsible for the impaired muscle function.", "contents": "Muscle fatigue and its relation to lactate accumulation and LDH activity in man. The lactate concentration in different muscle fibre types was determined in biopsy specimens from human vastus lateralis muscle after 30 and 60 s of maximal dynamic leg exercise. In addition, muscle fibre type distribution, total lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and isozymes of LDH were determined. In accordance with previous studies (Thorstensson and Karlsson 1976, Nilsson et al. 1977) it was found that an increasing proportion of slow twitch (ST) fibres corresponded to better sustained muscle force. Lactate was found preferentially in fast twitch (FT) fibres after 30 s, but after 60 s this difference was abolished. Differences between the two main muscle fibre types in muscle lactate, total LDH activity, and M-LDH activity were correlated to muscle fatigue. It was concluded that lactate or associated pH changes primarily in FT fibres could be one factor responsible for the impaired muscle function.", "PMID": 716962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6790", "title": "Transient water diuresis and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) induced by forebrain lesions of different location.", "content": "Inhibition of ADH-secretion and transient water diuresis was observed as acute effects of radio-frequency lesions in the septal region of goats. The water diuresis was not compensated for by drinking and therefore rapidly induced pronounced hypernatremia and hypovolemia. The development of hypovolemia was accompanied by a rise in plasma renin activity. Lesions of the same kind, but extending into the preoptic region near the medial portion of the supraoptic nuclei induced the inability to excrete excessive water characteristic of SIADH. Determinations of plasma arginine vasopressin suggested that the lesions causing SIADH did not produce any noticeable increase in basic ADH-secretion. The results suggest that impulses from juxtaventricular receptors regulating ADH-release and water intake to a considerable extent are transmitted via the septal region, and that elimination of this impulse traffic is sufficient to turn water balance to the negative side. However, reflex volumetric inhibition of the ADH-secretion does not seem to be mediated by pathways passing through the septal region.", "contents": "Transient water diuresis and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) induced by forebrain lesions of different location. Inhibition of ADH-secretion and transient water diuresis was observed as acute effects of radio-frequency lesions in the septal region of goats. The water diuresis was not compensated for by drinking and therefore rapidly induced pronounced hypernatremia and hypovolemia. The development of hypovolemia was accompanied by a rise in plasma renin activity. Lesions of the same kind, but extending into the preoptic region near the medial portion of the supraoptic nuclei induced the inability to excrete excessive water characteristic of SIADH. Determinations of plasma arginine vasopressin suggested that the lesions causing SIADH did not produce any noticeable increase in basic ADH-secretion. The results suggest that impulses from juxtaventricular receptors regulating ADH-release and water intake to a considerable extent are transmitted via the septal region, and that elimination of this impulse traffic is sufficient to turn water balance to the negative side. However, reflex volumetric inhibition of the ADH-secretion does not seem to be mediated by pathways passing through the septal region.", "PMID": 716963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6791", "title": "The distensibility of the resistance vessels of skeletal muscle in hypertensive patients.", "content": "The distensibility of the resistance vessels of skeletal muscle was evaluated in 23 patients with essential arterial hypertension (WSHO grade I--II), and in 14 normotensive control sugjects. Five of the hypertensive patients were well treated for over 2 years and 18 were untreated. The 133Xenon wash-out rate from the anterior tibial muscle during reactive hyperemia was recorded before and during an increase of the vascular transmural pressure, brought about by application of a subatmospheric pressure to the leg. At ambient pressure the 133Xenon wash-out rate did not differ between the normotensive and hypertensive subjects, reflecting equal muscle blood flows. However, when the transmural pressure was augmented the 133Xenon wash-out rate in the normotensive subjects increased about twice as much as in the hypertensive patients. This suggests a decreased distensibility of the resistance vessels in hypertensive patients as compared to normotensive subjects, and supports the concept that structural changes of these vessels take place in arterial hypertension. Since the vascular distensibility was equally reduced in the untreated and well treated hypertensive patients it is indicated that the structural changes in the resistance vessels of the leg muscles do not readily decline during antihypertensive treatment.", "contents": "The distensibility of the resistance vessels of skeletal muscle in hypertensive patients. The distensibility of the resistance vessels of skeletal muscle was evaluated in 23 patients with essential arterial hypertension (WSHO grade I--II), and in 14 normotensive control sugjects. Five of the hypertensive patients were well treated for over 2 years and 18 were untreated. The 133Xenon wash-out rate from the anterior tibial muscle during reactive hyperemia was recorded before and during an increase of the vascular transmural pressure, brought about by application of a subatmospheric pressure to the leg. At ambient pressure the 133Xenon wash-out rate did not differ between the normotensive and hypertensive subjects, reflecting equal muscle blood flows. However, when the transmural pressure was augmented the 133Xenon wash-out rate in the normotensive subjects increased about twice as much as in the hypertensive patients. This suggests a decreased distensibility of the resistance vessels in hypertensive patients as compared to normotensive subjects, and supports the concept that structural changes of these vessels take place in arterial hypertension. Since the vascular distensibility was equally reduced in the untreated and well treated hypertensive patients it is indicated that the structural changes in the resistance vessels of the leg muscles do not readily decline during antihypertensive treatment.", "PMID": 716964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6792", "title": "Observations on stretch reflexes in lumbar back muscles of the cat.", "content": "Reflex responses to brief muscle stretch and to electrical stimulation of dorsal roots were studied in cat longissimus and iliocostalis muscles by myographic and electromyographic recordings in spinal and anesthetized preparations. Brief stretch applied simultaneously to both muscles, by pulling at an isolated segment of the iliac bone, elicited contractions only in the central region of longissimus, composed of slowly contracting fibers, the time to peak tension varying between 70 and 100 ms. No reflex responses were observed in the faster contracting parts of this muscle or in the iliocostalis under the stimulation conditions used. The total reflex time usually varied from 4.5 to 7 ms which is shown to correspond to intra-spinal conduction times, approximately between 2 and 5 ms. Only exceptionally was a central reflex delay corresponding to a monosynaptic transmission observed. Reflexes evoked by dorsal root simulation (L4, L5) have a central conduction time similar to those elicited by adequate stimulation. The possibility that the central pathway for stretch reflexes in longissimus may involve more than two neurons is considered. In decerebrate preparations the central region of longissimus displays a prominent tonic stretch reflex. With the longissimus in situ the magnitude of the reflex is highly dependent on the position of the lumbar spine relative to the pelvic girdle.", "contents": "Observations on stretch reflexes in lumbar back muscles of the cat. Reflex responses to brief muscle stretch and to electrical stimulation of dorsal roots were studied in cat longissimus and iliocostalis muscles by myographic and electromyographic recordings in spinal and anesthetized preparations. Brief stretch applied simultaneously to both muscles, by pulling at an isolated segment of the iliac bone, elicited contractions only in the central region of longissimus, composed of slowly contracting fibers, the time to peak tension varying between 70 and 100 ms. No reflex responses were observed in the faster contracting parts of this muscle or in the iliocostalis under the stimulation conditions used. The total reflex time usually varied from 4.5 to 7 ms which is shown to correspond to intra-spinal conduction times, approximately between 2 and 5 ms. Only exceptionally was a central reflex delay corresponding to a monosynaptic transmission observed. Reflexes evoked by dorsal root simulation (L4, L5) have a central conduction time similar to those elicited by adequate stimulation. The possibility that the central pathway for stretch reflexes in longissimus may involve more than two neurons is considered. In decerebrate preparations the central region of longissimus displays a prominent tonic stretch reflex. With the longissimus in situ the magnitude of the reflex is highly dependent on the position of the lumbar spine relative to the pelvic girdle.", "PMID": 716965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6793", "title": "Contralateral influence on recruitment of curarized muscle fibres during maximal voluntary extension of the legs.", "content": "The force of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) was compared during extension of one leg alone and during simultaneous extension of both legs. In 6 subjects MVC of two legs extension was 75 +/- 3.6 (S.E.)% of the sum of the single one leg MVC. This may indicate a reduced muscle fibre involvement during two leg extension as compared with one leg extension. We investigated the possibility that either red (type I) or white (type II) muscle fibre recruitment was restricted during two leg extension. The neuromuscular transmission in the two types of fibres was partially blocked with d-tubocurarine (dtc) or decamethonium (C10) for either type I or II, respectively. In 5 subjects receiving dtc the ratio between the reduced two leg and one leg extension forces (75 +/- 2.3%) did not change. During administration of C10, however, this ratio decreased by 16 +/- 3.1%. Partial blocking with dtc caused a two component curve during tension development with a first maximum at 0.22 s, and another maximum at 1.03 s of a 3 s attempt to reach MVC. During partial blocking with C10 results in muscle contractions where a relatively large amount of type I muscle fibres are contributing to the force developed. The experiment suggests that type I fibre recruitment is restricted during severe static exercise in normal muscles. Furthermore, it demonstrates that fibre recruitment can vary in the same muscle function performed with one leg or two legs.", "contents": "Contralateral influence on recruitment of curarized muscle fibres during maximal voluntary extension of the legs. The force of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) was compared during extension of one leg alone and during simultaneous extension of both legs. In 6 subjects MVC of two legs extension was 75 +/- 3.6 (S.E.)% of the sum of the single one leg MVC. This may indicate a reduced muscle fibre involvement during two leg extension as compared with one leg extension. We investigated the possibility that either red (type I) or white (type II) muscle fibre recruitment was restricted during two leg extension. The neuromuscular transmission in the two types of fibres was partially blocked with d-tubocurarine (dtc) or decamethonium (C10) for either type I or II, respectively. In 5 subjects receiving dtc the ratio between the reduced two leg and one leg extension forces (75 +/- 2.3%) did not change. During administration of C10, however, this ratio decreased by 16 +/- 3.1%. Partial blocking with dtc caused a two component curve during tension development with a first maximum at 0.22 s, and another maximum at 1.03 s of a 3 s attempt to reach MVC. During partial blocking with C10 results in muscle contractions where a relatively large amount of type I muscle fibres are contributing to the force developed. The experiment suggests that type I fibre recruitment is restricted during severe static exercise in normal muscles. Furthermore, it demonstrates that fibre recruitment can vary in the same muscle function performed with one leg or two legs.", "PMID": 716966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6794", "title": "A study of permanent adipsia induced by medial forebrain lesions.", "content": "Cerebral lesions involving most of the anterior wall of the ventricle, and the medial part of the septal region, induced a permanent loss of thirst in two goats. The ventral part of the lamina terminalis remained intact in one of the animals. Pronounced dehydration (10--13% loss of b.wt.) developed during periods (3--7 days) when water supplementation was omitted. Determinations of plasma arginine vasopressin in one of the animals revealed that the dehydration did not cause any significant increase in the secretion of antidiuretic hormone. However, the water deficit induced a considerable rise in plasma renin activity and tachycardia. If anything, the caroitid blood pressure became slightly elevated towards the end of 7 d dehydration periods. The lesions obviously inactivated a cerebral sensory mechanism controlling water balance. It may have been due mainly to destruction of juxtaventricular receptors in the anterior hypothalamic region, but perhaps also to a disruption of afferents from such receptors located posterior to this cerebral level.", "contents": "A study of permanent adipsia induced by medial forebrain lesions. Cerebral lesions involving most of the anterior wall of the ventricle, and the medial part of the septal region, induced a permanent loss of thirst in two goats. The ventral part of the lamina terminalis remained intact in one of the animals. Pronounced dehydration (10--13% loss of b.wt.) developed during periods (3--7 days) when water supplementation was omitted. Determinations of plasma arginine vasopressin in one of the animals revealed that the dehydration did not cause any significant increase in the secretion of antidiuretic hormone. However, the water deficit induced a considerable rise in plasma renin activity and tachycardia. If anything, the caroitid blood pressure became slightly elevated towards the end of 7 d dehydration periods. The lesions obviously inactivated a cerebral sensory mechanism controlling water balance. It may have been due mainly to destruction of juxtaventricular receptors in the anterior hypothalamic region, but perhaps also to a disruption of afferents from such receptors located posterior to this cerebral level.", "PMID": 716967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6795", "title": "Effect of metabolic inhibitors on phenylalanine influx in cerebral cortex slices from mature and immature rats.", "content": "Earlier investigations have shown that the transport of aromatic amino acids into cerebral cortex slices of rats changes during ontogenetic development. In order to illuminate the possible influence of the developmental alterations of energy metabolism in the brain on the changes of the amino acid transport the influx of phenylalanine into cerebral cortex slices of adult and 7-day-old rats was measured in the presence of metabolic inhibitors. Also the levels of lactate, ATP, ADP, AMP and creatine phosphate in the slices were measured. The used inhibitors cyanide, dinitrophenol and iodoacetate, which disturb certain steps of energy metabolism, had very similar effects in both age groups on phenylalanine influx and on the levels of energy-rich phosphates. The correlation between the level of ATP and the influx of phenylalanine was positive in both age groups, but the slopes of the regression lines were different. If ATP supplies energy for amino acid transport, its utilization, rather than its availability is a limiting factor in the slices from 7-day-old rats. Developmental changes in energy metabolism seem to have a minimal role in the changes of amino acid transport during the maturation of the brain. Changes in the properties of cell membrane carriers and in the transmembrane ionic gradients may be more important.", "contents": "Effect of metabolic inhibitors on phenylalanine influx in cerebral cortex slices from mature and immature rats. Earlier investigations have shown that the transport of aromatic amino acids into cerebral cortex slices of rats changes during ontogenetic development. In order to illuminate the possible influence of the developmental alterations of energy metabolism in the brain on the changes of the amino acid transport the influx of phenylalanine into cerebral cortex slices of adult and 7-day-old rats was measured in the presence of metabolic inhibitors. Also the levels of lactate, ATP, ADP, AMP and creatine phosphate in the slices were measured. The used inhibitors cyanide, dinitrophenol and iodoacetate, which disturb certain steps of energy metabolism, had very similar effects in both age groups on phenylalanine influx and on the levels of energy-rich phosphates. The correlation between the level of ATP and the influx of phenylalanine was positive in both age groups, but the slopes of the regression lines were different. If ATP supplies energy for amino acid transport, its utilization, rather than its availability is a limiting factor in the slices from 7-day-old rats. Developmental changes in energy metabolism seem to have a minimal role in the changes of amino acid transport during the maturation of the brain. Changes in the properties of cell membrane carriers and in the transmembrane ionic gradients may be more important.", "PMID": 716970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6796", "title": "Hepatic triacylglycerol and fatty-acid biosynthesis during hypoxia in vivo.", "content": "Hepatic fatty acid biosynthesis and the activity of phosphatidate phosphatidate phosphohydrolase, the rate-limiting  enzyme of triacylglycerol biosynthesis, were studied after hypoxic periods of 1 and 7 days under hypobaric conditions at 40.8 kPa. Phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity increased 2-fold in the soluble fraction of the liver after one day at 40.8 kPa, but had returned to normal by 7 days. This was accompanied  by a significant increase in liver triacylglycerol and sn-glycerol-3-phosphate. The phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity increased continuously over 7 days in the pair-fed controls, probably due to the restriction on food. Measured as in vivo incorporation of 3H2O into lipids, the hepatic fatty acid synthesis rate increased somewhat in acute hypoxia, but returned to normal values during 7 days of hypoxia. Plasma free fatty acids increased markedly after 24 h in the fasting controls (90%) with a smaller increase in the hypoxic group (50%) due to peripheral lipolysis. Hepatic glycogen stores decreased in the hypoxic and fasting animals both after 1 and 7 days. It is concluded that hypoxia induces the accumulation of fat into the liver at least partly as a consequence of an increase in phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity in the soluble fraction of the liver.", "contents": "Hepatic triacylglycerol and fatty-acid biosynthesis during hypoxia in vivo. Hepatic fatty acid biosynthesis and the activity of phosphatidate phosphatidate phosphohydrolase, the rate-limiting  enzyme of triacylglycerol biosynthesis, were studied after hypoxic periods of 1 and 7 days under hypobaric conditions at 40.8 kPa. Phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity increased 2-fold in the soluble fraction of the liver after one day at 40.8 kPa, but had returned to normal by 7 days. This was accompanied  by a significant increase in liver triacylglycerol and sn-glycerol-3-phosphate. The phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity increased continuously over 7 days in the pair-fed controls, probably due to the restriction on food. Measured as in vivo incorporation of 3H2O into lipids, the hepatic fatty acid synthesis rate increased somewhat in acute hypoxia, but returned to normal values during 7 days of hypoxia. Plasma free fatty acids increased markedly after 24 h in the fasting controls (90%) with a smaller increase in the hypoxic group (50%) due to peripheral lipolysis. Hepatic glycogen stores decreased in the hypoxic and fasting animals both after 1 and 7 days. It is concluded that hypoxia induces the accumulation of fat into the liver at least partly as a consequence of an increase in phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity in the soluble fraction of the liver.", "PMID": 716971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6797", "title": "Effects on fluid balance induced by non-febrile intracerebroventricular infusions of PGE2, PGF2alpha, and arachidonic acid in the goat.", "content": "Prostaglandins (PG) E2, F2 alpha (30 ng/kg . min-1)  and arachidonic acid (150 and 300 ng/kg . min-1) were infused for 30 min into the lateral cerebral ventricle of conscious hydrated and non-hydrated goats. Like previously shown as concerns PGE1 PGE2 was found to inhibit the water diuresis and cause some increase in the renal sodium excretion in the hydrated animal, and to elicit thirst in the non-hydrated goat. The effects of PGE2 were enhanced when hypertonic (0.25 M) NaCl was simultaneously infused into the ventricle. The antidiuretic effect of PGF2 alpha was less pronounced, and drinking only occasionally occurred when this PG was infused into the non-hydrated animal. Only a weak, post-infusion reduction of the water diuresis was observed when arachidonic acid was administered into the hydrated goat. Neither the PG:s, nor arachidonic acid affected the temperature regulation of the animals. The possibility is discussed that the lack of febrile response was due to the choice of platinum-iridium as material for the cerebral implantations. It is suggested that PGE2 might have interacted with CSF Na+ in stimulating juxtaventricular receptors involved in the control of fluid balance. The experiments do not support the concept that PG:s of the E series constitute a cerebral humoral link in pyrogen-induced fever.", "contents": "Effects on fluid balance induced by non-febrile intracerebroventricular infusions of PGE2, PGF2alpha, and arachidonic acid in the goat. Prostaglandins (PG) E2, F2 alpha (30 ng/kg . min-1)  and arachidonic acid (150 and 300 ng/kg . min-1) were infused for 30 min into the lateral cerebral ventricle of conscious hydrated and non-hydrated goats. Like previously shown as concerns PGE1 PGE2 was found to inhibit the water diuresis and cause some increase in the renal sodium excretion in the hydrated animal, and to elicit thirst in the non-hydrated goat. The effects of PGE2 were enhanced when hypertonic (0.25 M) NaCl was simultaneously infused into the ventricle. The antidiuretic effect of PGF2 alpha was less pronounced, and drinking only occasionally occurred when this PG was infused into the non-hydrated animal. Only a weak, post-infusion reduction of the water diuresis was observed when arachidonic acid was administered into the hydrated goat. Neither the PG:s, nor arachidonic acid affected the temperature regulation of the animals. The possibility is discussed that the lack of febrile response was due to the choice of platinum-iridium as material for the cerebral implantations. It is suggested that PGE2 might have interacted with CSF Na+ in stimulating juxtaventricular receptors involved in the control of fluid balance. The experiments do not support the concept that PG:s of the E series constitute a cerebral humoral link in pyrogen-induced fever.", "PMID": 716972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6798", "title": "Anticholeretic effect of somatostatin in anesthetized dogs.", "content": "Somatostatin, 0.2-1.0 microgram . kg-1 . min-1, was administered i.v. in 5 anesthetized dogs. Following 9-min infusions, hepatic bile output was found to decrease by approximately 50% after a latency of 6 min. The mode of action suggests that somatostatin inhibits hormone-induced bile output.", "contents": "Anticholeretic effect of somatostatin in anesthetized dogs. Somatostatin, 0.2-1.0 microgram . kg-1 . min-1, was administered i.v. in 5 anesthetized dogs. Following 9-min infusions, hepatic bile output was found to decrease by approximately 50% after a latency of 6 min. The mode of action suggests that somatostatin inhibits hormone-induced bile output.", "PMID": 716976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6799", "title": "Skeletal muscle metabolism and ultrastructure in relation to age in sedentary men.", "content": "In order to find out if there are age-related changes in human skeletal muscle metabolism or ultrastructure, biopsy material from 56 sedentary men aged 22-65 years was studied by means of enzyme activity determinations, histochemistry and quantitative electron microscopy. For comparison, a younger (16-18 years) and an older (66-76 years) group were included. These subjects were relatively more active. There was an increase in percentage of slow twitch fibres with age. Mitochondrial volume fraction decreased with age, primarily due to diminished mean mitochondrial volume. In spite of this, no overall decrease in the activities of five enzymes, representative of the major pathways in energy metabolism, was observed. Thus, increased amounts of enzymes per unit mitochondrial volume are implicated. Lipofuscin was more frequently found in the older groups. Correlations were present between fibre type distribution and oxidative enzymes, as well as between different enzymes. It was concluded, that the decrease in maximal oxygen uptake and muscular strength in aging humans probably may not be explained in terms of a deteriorating skeletal muscle energy metabolism.", "contents": "Skeletal muscle metabolism and ultrastructure in relation to age in sedentary men. In order to find out if there are age-related changes in human skeletal muscle metabolism or ultrastructure, biopsy material from 56 sedentary men aged 22-65 years was studied by means of enzyme activity determinations, histochemistry and quantitative electron microscopy. For comparison, a younger (16-18 years) and an older (66-76 years) group were included. These subjects were relatively more active. There was an increase in percentage of slow twitch fibres with age. Mitochondrial volume fraction decreased with age, primarily due to diminished mean mitochondrial volume. In spite of this, no overall decrease in the activities of five enzymes, representative of the major pathways in energy metabolism, was observed. Thus, increased amounts of enzymes per unit mitochondrial volume are implicated. Lipofuscin was more frequently found in the older groups. Correlations were present between fibre type distribution and oxidative enzymes, as well as between different enzymes. It was concluded, that the decrease in maximal oxygen uptake and muscular strength in aging humans probably may not be explained in terms of a deteriorating skeletal muscle energy metabolism.", "PMID": 716979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6800", "title": "The vagal release of 5-hydroxytryptamine from enterochromaffin cells in the cat.", "content": "Enterochromaffin cells (EC) from the cat duodenum were studied before and after electrical efferent stimulation of the cervical vagi by means of electron microscopy and fluorescence histochemistry according to the Hillarp-Falck technique. From the same animals portal blood plasma was assayed for serotonin (5-HT) at various stages of the nerve stimulation. Within 15 min after the onset of vagal nerve stimulation there was a more than twofold increase of the portal 5-HT levels, which returned to normal after cessation of stimulation. There was also a pronounced reduction in the fluorescence intensity of EC demonstrating a lowered intracellular 5-HT level. Ultrastructurally there was evidence for basal exocytosis as well as for a release of osmiophilic material from the EC directly into the gut lumen after nerve stimulation. Together, these observations strongly suggest a vagally induced 5-HT release from EC in the cat.", "contents": "The vagal release of 5-hydroxytryptamine from enterochromaffin cells in the cat. Enterochromaffin cells (EC) from the cat duodenum were studied before and after electrical efferent stimulation of the cervical vagi by means of electron microscopy and fluorescence histochemistry according to the Hillarp-Falck technique. From the same animals portal blood plasma was assayed for serotonin (5-HT) at various stages of the nerve stimulation. Within 15 min after the onset of vagal nerve stimulation there was a more than twofold increase of the portal 5-HT levels, which returned to normal after cessation of stimulation. There was also a pronounced reduction in the fluorescence intensity of EC demonstrating a lowered intracellular 5-HT level. Ultrastructurally there was evidence for basal exocytosis as well as for a release of osmiophilic material from the EC directly into the gut lumen after nerve stimulation. Together, these observations strongly suggest a vagally induced 5-HT release from EC in the cat.", "PMID": 716980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6801", "title": "Influence of phenobarbital on changes in the metabolites of the energy reserve of the cerebral cortex following complete ischemia.", "content": "The present study, which concerns the rate of changes in the cerebral cortex concentrations of phosphocreatine (PCr), ATP, ADP, AMP, lactate and pyruvate during complete ischemia, had the objective of finding out whether or not phenobarbital retards depletion of tissue energy reserves during ischemia. Ischemia was induced for periods of 10 s to 10 min in animals maintained on 70% N2O or given 150 mg.kg-1 of phenobarbital. The results showed that the barbiturate anaesthesia delayed utilization of ATP during the first 2 min. However, after 5 min of ischemia PCr and ATP concentrations, as well as the calculated adenylate energy charge, were identical in animals anaesthetized with nitrous oxide and phenobarbital. Thus, phenobarbital induces a very moderate delay in the depletion of cerebral energy reserves that occurs during complete ischemia. The results obtained after 5-20 s of ischemia allowed calculation of energy (approximately P) utilization according to Lowry et al. (1964). The closed system method gave values for approximately P utilization which were not far from those obtained by CMRo2 measurements. However, with normal values for metabolic rate (70% N2O) valid estimates are obtained only with very short ischemic periods (5-10 s) and, with such short periods, the oxygen content of the tissue may introduce an error.", "contents": "Influence of phenobarbital on changes in the metabolites of the energy reserve of the cerebral cortex following complete ischemia. The present study, which concerns the rate of changes in the cerebral cortex concentrations of phosphocreatine (PCr), ATP, ADP, AMP, lactate and pyruvate during complete ischemia, had the objective of finding out whether or not phenobarbital retards depletion of tissue energy reserves during ischemia. Ischemia was induced for periods of 10 s to 10 min in animals maintained on 70% N2O or given 150 mg.kg-1 of phenobarbital. The results showed that the barbiturate anaesthesia delayed utilization of ATP during the first 2 min. However, after 5 min of ischemia PCr and ATP concentrations, as well as the calculated adenylate energy charge, were identical in animals anaesthetized with nitrous oxide and phenobarbital. Thus, phenobarbital induces a very moderate delay in the depletion of cerebral energy reserves that occurs during complete ischemia. The results obtained after 5-20 s of ischemia allowed calculation of energy (approximately P) utilization according to Lowry et al. (1964). The closed system method gave values for approximately P utilization which were not far from those obtained by CMRo2 measurements. However, with normal values for metabolic rate (70% N2O) valid estimates are obtained only with very short ischemic periods (5-10 s) and, with such short periods, the oxygen content of the tissue may introduce an error.", "PMID": 716981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6802", "title": "Effect of sympathetic stimulation on the blood brain barrier dysfunction induced by amphetamine and by epileptic seizures.", "content": "Stimulation of the sympathetic nerves to the brain is known to make the resistance vessels able to withstand a higher blood pressure, i.e. to prevent blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and overperfusion in acute hypertension. When hypertension occurs concomitantly with a metabolic vasodilatation e.g. during epileptic seizures and after amphetamine-administration, protein leakage in the brain is more pronounced than in hypertension per se. Unilateral stimulation of the cervical sympathetic chain during the administration of amphetamine or bicuculline--the latter a GABA-receptor blocking substance that induces epileptic activity--attenuated the leakage of Evans blue-albumin and 125IHSA into the brain. Our results thus indicate a prophylactic effect of sympathetic stimulation also when hypertension is combined with a metabolically induced vasodilatation. The sympathetic nerves may constrict both extracerebral arteries and intracerebral resistance vessels. Unexpectedly the effect on the BBB of unilateral stimulation was to a great extent bilateral under the present experimental conditions.", "contents": "Effect of sympathetic stimulation on the blood brain barrier dysfunction induced by amphetamine and by epileptic seizures. Stimulation of the sympathetic nerves to the brain is known to make the resistance vessels able to withstand a higher blood pressure, i.e. to prevent blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and overperfusion in acute hypertension. When hypertension occurs concomitantly with a metabolic vasodilatation e.g. during epileptic seizures and after amphetamine-administration, protein leakage in the brain is more pronounced than in hypertension per se. Unilateral stimulation of the cervical sympathetic chain during the administration of amphetamine or bicuculline--the latter a GABA-receptor blocking substance that induces epileptic activity--attenuated the leakage of Evans blue-albumin and 125IHSA into the brain. Our results thus indicate a prophylactic effect of sympathetic stimulation also when hypertension is combined with a metabolically induced vasodilatation. The sympathetic nerves may constrict both extracerebral arteries and intracerebral resistance vessels. Unexpectedly the effect on the BBB of unilateral stimulation was to a great extent bilateral under the present experimental conditions.", "PMID": 716982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6803", "title": "Estrogen induced inhibition of 3H-noradrenaline release in the uterus and portal vein of the rat.", "content": "The influence of estrogen treatment on 3H-noradrenaline release, induced by potassium or calcium, was studied in isolated preparations of the uterus and the portal vein of the rat. Uterine strips of oophorectomized rats responded with contraction followed by transient relaxation when immersed in a medium containing 127 mM potassium. The transient relaxation was accompanied by an increased rate of 3H-noradrenaline efflux. When the uterine strips were bathed in calcium-free potassium solution, addition of calcium (3 mM) evoked an increased outflow of 3H-noradrenaline coinciding with a relaxation phase of the contractile response to calcium. After estrogen treatment of the rats the pattern of response was altered. The uterus then responded to potassium and calcium with sustained contractures and with a relatively small (potassium) or with no (calcium) increase of 3H-noradrenaline efflux. Normetanephrine (5 X 10(-5) M) did not influence the uptake or release of 3H-noradrenaline in either non-estrogenized or estrogen treated rats uterus. Calculations, based on the amounts of 3H-noradrenaline released by potassium and on the inhibitory effects of desipramine (10(-5) M) on neuronal uptake of noradrenaline, suggested that similar amounts of tracer were accumulated in the adrenergic nerves of both non-estrogenized treated preparations. Tyramine (10(-4) M) had a weaker stimulatory effect on 3H-noradrenaline release than potassium, and the tyramine induced release was not inhibited by estrogen treatment. Strips of the rat portal vein responded to potassium with an increased rate of 3H-noradrenaline efflux. As in the uterus, estrogen treatment reduced the release of 3H-noradrenaline in response to potassium. The adrenolytic effect of estrogen is possibly due to reduced entry of calcium ions into the nerve terminal.", "contents": "Estrogen induced inhibition of 3H-noradrenaline release in the uterus and portal vein of the rat. The influence of estrogen treatment on 3H-noradrenaline release, induced by potassium or calcium, was studied in isolated preparations of the uterus and the portal vein of the rat. Uterine strips of oophorectomized rats responded with contraction followed by transient relaxation when immersed in a medium containing 127 mM potassium. The transient relaxation was accompanied by an increased rate of 3H-noradrenaline efflux. When the uterine strips were bathed in calcium-free potassium solution, addition of calcium (3 mM) evoked an increased outflow of 3H-noradrenaline coinciding with a relaxation phase of the contractile response to calcium. After estrogen treatment of the rats the pattern of response was altered. The uterus then responded to potassium and calcium with sustained contractures and with a relatively small (potassium) or with no (calcium) increase of 3H-noradrenaline efflux. Normetanephrine (5 X 10(-5) M) did not influence the uptake or release of 3H-noradrenaline in either non-estrogenized or estrogen treated rats uterus. Calculations, based on the amounts of 3H-noradrenaline released by potassium and on the inhibitory effects of desipramine (10(-5) M) on neuronal uptake of noradrenaline, suggested that similar amounts of tracer were accumulated in the adrenergic nerves of both non-estrogenized treated preparations. Tyramine (10(-4) M) had a weaker stimulatory effect on 3H-noradrenaline release than potassium, and the tyramine induced release was not inhibited by estrogen treatment. Strips of the rat portal vein responded to potassium with an increased rate of 3H-noradrenaline efflux. As in the uterus, estrogen treatment reduced the release of 3H-noradrenaline in response to potassium. The adrenolytic effect of estrogen is possibly due to reduced entry of calcium ions into the nerve terminal.", "PMID": 716983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6804", "title": "Effects of dopaminergic agonists and antagonists on isolated cerebral blood vessels.", "content": "The vasomotor response of dopamine and dopaminergic agonists was studied in vitro on middle cerebral arteries from cat and pial arteries from humans. The action of various inhibitors was tested in order to define the receptors involved. A contractile response could be obtained by epinine, apomorphine and dopamine in the mentioned order of potency. The effect was blocked by alpha-receptor as well as serotonin receptor antagonists. The mode of inhibition suggested that serotonin receptors rather than alpha-adrenoceptors mediated the dopamine-induced contraction. A dose-dependent dilatation could be evoked by the dopaminergic agonists on actively contracted pial arteries. The relative potency was epinine greater than dopamine greater than apomorphine. The order of potency for the agonists, together with blocking experiments (including a parallel shift in the log dose-response curve induced by bulbocapnine), indicated that the vasodilatation is mediated by specific dopamine receptors.", "contents": "Effects of dopaminergic agonists and antagonists on isolated cerebral blood vessels. The vasomotor response of dopamine and dopaminergic agonists was studied in vitro on middle cerebral arteries from cat and pial arteries from humans. The action of various inhibitors was tested in order to define the receptors involved. A contractile response could be obtained by epinine, apomorphine and dopamine in the mentioned order of potency. The effect was blocked by alpha-receptor as well as serotonin receptor antagonists. The mode of inhibition suggested that serotonin receptors rather than alpha-adrenoceptors mediated the dopamine-induced contraction. A dose-dependent dilatation could be evoked by the dopaminergic agonists on actively contracted pial arteries. The relative potency was epinine greater than dopamine greater than apomorphine. The order of potency for the agonists, together with blocking experiments (including a parallel shift in the log dose-response curve induced by bulbocapnine), indicated that the vasodilatation is mediated by specific dopamine receptors.", "PMID": 716985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6805", "title": "A note on the single injection residue function method to determine capillary permeability.", "content": "The assumption inherent to the single injection residue function method to determine capillary permeability have been made explicit. Furthermore, it is shown that agreement between the deduced wash-out function of the transmitted molecules of the test substances and that of reference molecules does not constitute proof of the validity of the method.", "contents": "A note on the single injection residue function method to determine capillary permeability. The assumption inherent to the single injection residue function method to determine capillary permeability have been made explicit. Furthermore, it is shown that agreement between the deduced wash-out function of the transmitted molecules of the test substances and that of reference molecules does not constitute proof of the validity of the method.", "PMID": 716986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6806", "title": "Plasma catecholamine levels in the coronary sinus, the left renal vein and peripheral vessels in healthy males at rest and during exercise.", "content": "Noradrenaline and adrenaline were determined in blood samples from the brachial vein, the brachial artery, the left renal vein and the femoral vein in 6 healthy males (aged 23-35 y). In 3 of the subjects catecholamines were determined also in blood from the coronary sinus. All samples were taken simultaneously in supine postion after 30 min of rest and then in connection with exercise in supine position using a bicycle ergometer, firstly with a work load of 50 W for 9 min and secondly with a work load of 150 W for the same period of time. Under resting conditions the catecholamine levels were about the same at all locations, the mean for noradrenaline being 1.59 nmol/1 with a range of 1.30-2.11 nmol/1 and for adrenaline 0.46 nmol/1 and 0.23-0.65 nmol/1, respectively. At 50 W the noradrenaline concentration increased significantly in the brachial artery, the left renal vein and the femoral vein, whereas adrenaline increased significantly only in the femoral vein. At 150 W the noradrenaline content increased markedly in all samples, especially in the left renal vein (mean increase 13.02 nmol/1) and the coronary sinus (mean increase 13.06 nmol/1). Adrenaline concentration increased significantly in the brachial artery and the femoral vein. At 150 W the mean net output of noradrenaline as estimated from the calculated flows and actual AV-differences amounted to 2.25 nmol/min from the heart and to 0.36 nmol/min from the kidney.", "contents": "Plasma catecholamine levels in the coronary sinus, the left renal vein and peripheral vessels in healthy males at rest and during exercise. Noradrenaline and adrenaline were determined in blood samples from the brachial vein, the brachial artery, the left renal vein and the femoral vein in 6 healthy males (aged 23-35 y). In 3 of the subjects catecholamines were determined also in blood from the coronary sinus. All samples were taken simultaneously in supine postion after 30 min of rest and then in connection with exercise in supine position using a bicycle ergometer, firstly with a work load of 50 W for 9 min and secondly with a work load of 150 W for the same period of time. Under resting conditions the catecholamine levels were about the same at all locations, the mean for noradrenaline being 1.59 nmol/1 with a range of 1.30-2.11 nmol/1 and for adrenaline 0.46 nmol/1 and 0.23-0.65 nmol/1, respectively. At 50 W the noradrenaline concentration increased significantly in the brachial artery, the left renal vein and the femoral vein, whereas adrenaline increased significantly only in the femoral vein. At 150 W the noradrenaline content increased markedly in all samples, especially in the left renal vein (mean increase 13.02 nmol/1) and the coronary sinus (mean increase 13.06 nmol/1). Adrenaline concentration increased significantly in the brachial artery and the femoral vein. At 150 W the mean net output of noradrenaline as estimated from the calculated flows and actual AV-differences amounted to 2.25 nmol/min from the heart and to 0.36 nmol/min from the kidney.", "PMID": 716987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6807", "title": "The need for standardization of psychiatric assessment. The epidemiological point of view.", "content": "\"Comparative psychiatry\", which Kraepelin advocated 70 years ago, evolves today through the development of the epidemiological apporach in mental health. But its development is still hampered, by two methodological difficulties: 1. problems of definition of the \"case\"; 2. problems of evaluation, measure and classification of mental disorders. This has emphasized the need for an international common language for the description of mental health problems. The chapter V--Mental Disorders--of the International Classification of Diseases, in its 9th revision, illustrates the importance of such action. But the agreement on a diagnostic classification is only partially resolving the problem, because the concrete value of the classification is dependent on the reliability and validity of primary data on the patient. The World Health Organization is actively contributing to the standardization of assessment instruments; the Mental Health programme emphasizes the need for further efforts to elaborate a common language in mental health, both among psychiatrists from different countries, and between psychiatrists and planners of public health and other mental health personnel.", "contents": "The need for standardization of psychiatric assessment. The epidemiological point of view. \"Comparative psychiatry\", which Kraepelin advocated 70 years ago, evolves today through the development of the epidemiological apporach in mental health. But its development is still hampered, by two methodological difficulties: 1. problems of definition of the \"case\"; 2. problems of evaluation, measure and classification of mental disorders. This has emphasized the need for an international common language for the description of mental health problems. The chapter V--Mental Disorders--of the International Classification of Diseases, in its 9th revision, illustrates the importance of such action. But the agreement on a diagnostic classification is only partially resolving the problem, because the concrete value of the classification is dependent on the reliability and validity of primary data on the patient. The World Health Organization is actively contributing to the standardization of assessment instruments; the Mental Health programme emphasizes the need for further efforts to elaborate a common language in mental health, both among psychiatrists from different countries, and between psychiatrists and planners of public health and other mental health personnel.", "PMID": 716990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6808", "title": "[AMDP system and psychopathology (author's transl)].", "content": "The psychopathological scale of AMDP system is voluntary limited to descriptive aspects of psychopathology. If the term psychopathology could be considered identical to psychiatric semiology, the words signs and symptoms go above the descriptive stade: the greek name sumpt\u00f4ma contains sun (with) and piptein (appear), while the word sign is an intellectual deduction of observed symptoms. In the AMDP-3, the sense of evaluated symptoms results from the configurational approach, for example a factor analysis. The splitting of german psychopathological concepts in items and the evaluation of these items in relation to observable compounds bind to their configurational structure will, no doubt, permit to avoid the obstacle of a different conceptualisation of the same symptoms from one school to the other. Furthermore, the AMDP-3 scale and its manual constitute a remarkable teaching instrument for psychopathology, not always enough appreciated.", "contents": "[AMDP system and psychopathology (author's transl)]. The psychopathological scale of AMDP system is voluntary limited to descriptive aspects of psychopathology. If the term psychopathology could be considered identical to psychiatric semiology, the words signs and symptoms go above the descriptive stade: the greek name sumpt\u00f4ma contains sun (with) and piptein (appear), while the word sign is an intellectual deduction of observed symptoms. In the AMDP-3, the sense of evaluated symptoms results from the configurational approach, for example a factor analysis. The splitting of german psychopathological concepts in items and the evaluation of these items in relation to observable compounds bind to their configurational structure will, no doubt, permit to avoid the obstacle of a different conceptualisation of the same symptoms from one school to the other. Furthermore, the AMDP-3 scale and its manual constitute a remarkable teaching instrument for psychopathology, not always enough appreciated.", "PMID": 716991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6809", "title": "[AMDP system and clinical psychopharmacology (author's transl)].", "content": "A more coherent development of clinical psychopharmacology and a generalisation of its results, limited by the variability and approximation of judgments, become possible through a standardisation of evaluation methods for mental troubles. The AMDP system is a sensible enough instrument to apply statistical methods in clinical psychopharmacology. The french version, elaborated and revised by psychiatrists of different nationality, language and background, should favor communication of informations in this area and should validate it.", "contents": "[AMDP system and clinical psychopharmacology (author's transl)]. A more coherent development of clinical psychopharmacology and a generalisation of its results, limited by the variability and approximation of judgments, become possible through a standardisation of evaluation methods for mental troubles. The AMDP system is a sensible enough instrument to apply statistical methods in clinical psychopharmacology. The french version, elaborated and revised by psychiatrists of different nationality, language and background, should favor communication of informations in this area and should validate it.", "PMID": 716992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6810", "title": "[Empirical and bibliographical reflexions on the AMDP somatic scale (author's transl)].", "content": "The author complemented the AMDP-4 scale by some somatic items from the Liege psychiatric record, the code of Devroye, Pinchard and Timsit. He compares the frequency of the symptoms of the AMDP scale and the DPT code in 63 patients before treatment and their sensitivity to change after psychotropics in 49 patients. On the 27 DPT items added to the AMDP, 20 appear to be frequent and 6 are sensitive to therapeutic change. Two other modifications from the original AMDP scale are reported: the grouping of symptoms by system, and a standard interview aimed at limiting positive answers in relation to the interview. The author considers that the AMDP scale so modified is superior to other classical somatic scales, but deplores that functional symptoms are confused with psychopathological symptoms, neurological symptoms, toxic signs, general examination signs and even laboratory tests in the original scale.", "contents": "[Empirical and bibliographical reflexions on the AMDP somatic scale (author's transl)]. The author complemented the AMDP-4 scale by some somatic items from the Liege psychiatric record, the code of Devroye, Pinchard and Timsit. He compares the frequency of the symptoms of the AMDP scale and the DPT code in 63 patients before treatment and their sensitivity to change after psychotropics in 49 patients. On the 27 DPT items added to the AMDP, 20 appear to be frequent and 6 are sensitive to therapeutic change. Two other modifications from the original AMDP scale are reported: the grouping of symptoms by system, and a standard interview aimed at limiting positive answers in relation to the interview. The author considers that the AMDP scale so modified is superior to other classical somatic scales, but deplores that functional symptoms are confused with psychopathological symptoms, neurological symptoms, toxic signs, general examination signs and even laboratory tests in the original scale.", "PMID": 716993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6811", "title": "[A semi-structured psychopathological interview conceived for the AMDP-3 scale and time-blind evaluation of videotapes (author's transl)].", "content": "In the process of adapting the German AMDP Psychopathology Scale into French and of analyzing its interrater-reliability, free AMDP interviews were tape-recorded and played back. It became rapidly evident that such interviews are incompatible with a comprehensive and reliable evaluation of psychopathology: the collected information is incomplete and variable from one interviewer to the other and even from one interview to the other by the same interviewer, which is particularly invalidating in case of video ratings. The present semi-structured interview is based on 140 videotaped recordings of non-psychiatric patients, of depressives and psychotics. Formulation of questions is seldom imperative; their sequence is only suggested and may be modified according to the interviewer's style and to the patient's pathology. Have been avoided questions too dependent on setting (community, hospital) or likely to disclose the first-interview or retest nature of the recording, thus allowing time-blind evaluations. The mean duration of the interview is 28 mn (less than 30 mn in 70% of the cases) for 126 items.", "contents": "[A semi-structured psychopathological interview conceived for the AMDP-3 scale and time-blind evaluation of videotapes (author's transl)]. In the process of adapting the German AMDP Psychopathology Scale into French and of analyzing its interrater-reliability, free AMDP interviews were tape-recorded and played back. It became rapidly evident that such interviews are incompatible with a comprehensive and reliable evaluation of psychopathology: the collected information is incomplete and variable from one interviewer to the other and even from one interview to the other by the same interviewer, which is particularly invalidating in case of video ratings. The present semi-structured interview is based on 140 videotaped recordings of non-psychiatric patients, of depressives and psychotics. Formulation of questions is seldom imperative; their sequence is only suggested and may be modified according to the interviewer's style and to the patient's pathology. Have been avoided questions too dependent on setting (community, hospital) or likely to disclose the first-interview or retest nature of the recording, thus allowing time-blind evaluations. The mean duration of the interview is 28 mn (less than 30 mn in 70% of the cases) for 126 items.", "PMID": 716994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6812", "title": "[Psychophysiological aspects of emotional stress. I. Use of an adjective list for university examinations (author's transl)].", "content": "An adjective list, derived from Sokolow et al's work, has been used to study mood fluctuations in medical students, during university examinations. This list is a sensible and reliable instrument, which can be used in human psychophysiology.", "contents": "[Psychophysiological aspects of emotional stress. I. Use of an adjective list for university examinations (author's transl)]. An adjective list, derived from Sokolow et al's work, has been used to study mood fluctuations in medical students, during university examinations. This list is a sensible and reliable instrument, which can be used in human psychophysiology.", "PMID": 716995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6813", "title": "Sexual adjustment of male alcoholics.", "content": "This study set out to describe the sexual attitudes and behaviour of 50 hospitalized alcoholic men by comparing them with a sample of the general population, matched in age and social class. This control sample was identified by random selection from a company register, and subjects were recruited into the study with the assistance of a trade union. All subjects completed the same assessment by semi-structured interview and the Eysenck Inventory of Attitudes to Sex. A method of scoring this questionnarie was derived, and comparison between samples showed the alcoholics differed from the controls only in describing less sexual satisfaction and not in other sexual attitudes. This difference probably arose from their greater interest in sex, loss of erectile potency and lack of a sexual partner.", "contents": "Sexual adjustment of male alcoholics. This study set out to describe the sexual attitudes and behaviour of 50 hospitalized alcoholic men by comparing them with a sample of the general population, matched in age and social class. This control sample was identified by random selection from a company register, and subjects were recruited into the study with the assistance of a trade union. All subjects completed the same assessment by semi-structured interview and the Eysenck Inventory of Attitudes to Sex. A method of scoring this questionnarie was derived, and comparison between samples showed the alcoholics differed from the controls only in describing less sexual satisfaction and not in other sexual attitudes. This difference probably arose from their greater interest in sex, loss of erectile potency and lack of a sexual partner.", "PMID": 717000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6814", "title": "[Present state and evolution of the law of social defence (author's transl)].", "content": "The law of April 9, 1930 concluded to the non responsibility of the insane. It applyed a measure of social defence and treatment of some length. The evolution of ideas, the psychological and biological discoveries had bring a change in July 1964. The measure was finalized, not for the \"insanes\", but demented people, severe mental disturbed patients and severe mental retarded patients. The measure became non determined in time. The role of the lawyer is important, not only for the decision, but following the decision. The role of the physician is also important and the creation of a center of guidance becomes urgent. Therapy can be extended by ambulatory care with the necessary security measures.", "contents": "[Present state and evolution of the law of social defence (author's transl)]. The law of April 9, 1930 concluded to the non responsibility of the insane. It applyed a measure of social defence and treatment of some length. The evolution of ideas, the psychological and biological discoveries had bring a change in July 1964. The measure was finalized, not for the \"insanes\", but demented people, severe mental disturbed patients and severe mental retarded patients. The measure became non determined in time. The role of the lawyer is important, not only for the decision, but following the decision. The role of the physician is also important and the creation of a center of guidance becomes urgent. Therapy can be extended by ambulatory care with the necessary security measures.", "PMID": 716997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6815", "title": "Measuring sexual attitudes.", "content": "The study set out to examine theoretical and practical aspects of measuring sexual attitudes. Using the replies to a sexual attitude questionnaire developed by Eysenck given by 135 males (50 alcoholics, 50 matched normals and 35 sex offenders), item and factor analysis led to the composition of nine short scales measuring sexual satisfaction, heterosexual nervousness, sexual curiosity, tension and hostility, pruriency, sexual repression, heterosexual distaste and sexual promiscuity. The reliability and validity of the scales are demonstrated and their relationships to each other and to other aspects of sexuality are described. It is pointed out how relevant the scales may be in assessing and monitoring treatment of sexual deviants and others with sex problems. Tentative norms are provided.", "contents": "Measuring sexual attitudes. The study set out to examine theoretical and practical aspects of measuring sexual attitudes. Using the replies to a sexual attitude questionnaire developed by Eysenck given by 135 males (50 alcoholics, 50 matched normals and 35 sex offenders), item and factor analysis led to the composition of nine short scales measuring sexual satisfaction, heterosexual nervousness, sexual curiosity, tension and hostility, pruriency, sexual repression, heterosexual distaste and sexual promiscuity. The reliability and validity of the scales are demonstrated and their relationships to each other and to other aspects of sexuality are described. It is pointed out how relevant the scales may be in assessing and monitoring treatment of sexual deviants and others with sex problems. Tentative norms are provided.", "PMID": 717001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6816", "title": "[Automated treatment of Rorschach data (author's transl)].", "content": "Apart from automated systems analysing Rorschach data, one can develop with the computer other systems aimed as a research instrument. Selection, definition and coding of informations permit not only its memorisation, but also the analysis according to various mathematical methods. Tabulation and frequence analyses are facilitated, while other analyses (discrimination analysis, inverse factor analysis, covariance analysis) are made possible. The collaboration psychologist--mathematician--computer specialist open interesting avenues.", "contents": "[Automated treatment of Rorschach data (author's transl)]. Apart from automated systems analysing Rorschach data, one can develop with the computer other systems aimed as a research instrument. Selection, definition and coding of informations permit not only its memorisation, but also the analysis according to various mathematical methods. Tabulation and frequence analyses are facilitated, while other analyses (discrimination analysis, inverse factor analysis, covariance analysis) are made possible. The collaboration psychologist--mathematician--computer specialist open interesting avenues.", "PMID": 716996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6817", "title": "Schizophrenia and communication efficiency. A modified replication taking ecological variation into consideration.", "content": "An earlier study (S\u00f8lvberg & Blakar (1975)) testified to subtle differences in communication efficiency over different communication situations by parental couples with and without schizophrenic offspring. The present study is offered as a replication of this study, but whereas the participating couples in the original study were recruited from a big city (Oslo), the parental couples in the present replication come from a typical rural district. The main findings of the original study are reproduced, but the very same method which was sensitive with respect to the \"normality-schizophrenia\" variable, also proved to be highly sensitive with regard to the cultural variation represented by the rural-urban dimension. Therefore, the present study is used as basis for discussing more general methodological problems involved in communication-oriented studies on psychopathology. In particular the underlying (often implicit) model of \"normal communication\", from which pathological communication deviates, is seriously questioned.", "contents": "Schizophrenia and communication efficiency. A modified replication taking ecological variation into consideration. An earlier study (S\u00f8lvberg & Blakar (1975)) testified to subtle differences in communication efficiency over different communication situations by parental couples with and without schizophrenic offspring. The present study is offered as a replication of this study, but whereas the participating couples in the original study were recruited from a big city (Oslo), the parental couples in the present replication come from a typical rural district. The main findings of the original study are reproduced, but the very same method which was sensitive with respect to the \"normality-schizophrenia\" variable, also proved to be highly sensitive with regard to the cultural variation represented by the rural-urban dimension. Therefore, the present study is used as basis for discussing more general methodological problems involved in communication-oriented studies on psychopathology. In particular the underlying (often implicit) model of \"normal communication\", from which pathological communication deviates, is seriously questioned.", "PMID": 717002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6818", "title": "[Relations with Social Defence Commissions and utility of leave techniques (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors insist on the importance of relations between Social Defence Commissions and institutions. The Commission has large powers, allowing a better resocialisation of the individual. Measures such as leaves of greater length are a king of trial for the patient. These measures avoid the patient to move in an unreal situation, and even if sometimes there is failure, this failure can still be used for therapeutic purpose. These leaves are the subject of discussions within the group, so that all members of the treating team are concerned.", "contents": "[Relations with Social Defence Commissions and utility of leave techniques (author's transl)]. The authors insist on the importance of relations between Social Defence Commissions and institutions. The Commission has large powers, allowing a better resocialisation of the individual. Measures such as leaves of greater length are a king of trial for the patient. These measures avoid the patient to move in an unreal situation, and even if sometimes there is failure, this failure can still be used for therapeutic purpose. These leaves are the subject of discussions within the group, so that all members of the treating team are concerned.", "PMID": 716999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6819", "title": "14-year outcome in early schizophrenia.", "content": "Of 45 first admission schizophrenics from 1963, an incidence by first admission group for northern Alberta, 43 were followed-up 14 years later. Based on these figures the expectancy was found to be 0.49%. The proportion of patients who were married was less than expected in comparison with the general population, but amongst the married, fertility was probably comparable to the population's. At follow-up about half the patients were managing well with little or no disability, one quarter had moderate to marked disability and the remainder were socially, psychiatrically and occupationally disabled. From the time of first admission, patients had spent an average of 15% of their time in hospital and lost 28% of the total time due to psychiatric disability.", "contents": "14-year outcome in early schizophrenia. Of 45 first admission schizophrenics from 1963, an incidence by first admission group for northern Alberta, 43 were followed-up 14 years later. Based on these figures the expectancy was found to be 0.49%. The proportion of patients who were married was less than expected in comparison with the general population, but amongst the married, fertility was probably comparable to the population's. At follow-up about half the patients were managing well with little or no disability, one quarter had moderate to marked disability and the remainder were socially, psychiatrically and occupationally disabled. From the time of first admission, patients had spent an average of 15% of their time in hospital and lost 28% of the total time due to psychiatric disability.", "PMID": 717003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6820", "title": "[The problem of the treatment of the committed in Paifve (author's transl)].", "content": "After 2 years of functioning, the Institution of Social Defence in Paifve reports on its activities. We shall be modest in our results, but see with satisfaction the climate in this House. Starting with a non-prepared personnel, we were able to train it in the live of an homogeneous and dynamic team: lectures, seminares, discussion and psychotherapy groups, frequent dialogue between personnel and direction, between personnel and committed people. All these relationships took place in a democratic way allowing people to invest the most. We can now trust the all team who has understood the aim: the resocialisation and revalorisation of the greatest possible number of patients.", "contents": "[The problem of the treatment of the committed in Paifve (author's transl)]. After 2 years of functioning, the Institution of Social Defence in Paifve reports on its activities. We shall be modest in our results, but see with satisfaction the climate in this House. Starting with a non-prepared personnel, we were able to train it in the live of an homogeneous and dynamic team: lectures, seminares, discussion and psychotherapy groups, frequent dialogue between personnel and direction, between personnel and committed people. All these relationships took place in a democratic way allowing people to invest the most. We can now trust the all team who has understood the aim: the resocialisation and revalorisation of the greatest possible number of patients.", "PMID": 716998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6821", "title": "Pneumoencephalographic and clinical findings of the XYY syndrome.", "content": "In order to approach the hitherto unknown brain involvement in the XYY syndrome five adult patients with this syndrome were studied clinically and pneumoencephalographically. Clinical manifestations included delayed difficulties of speech and learning, clumsiness, mild intention tremor, muscular hypotonia, convulsions, hyperactivity, distractibility, impulsiveness, weak mental control, psychosexual disturbances and a slight defect of intelligence. All five had committed crimes. Pneumoencephalograms showed general ventricular enlargement of mild or moderate degree. The enlargement of lateral ventricles was unilateral or asymmetrically bilateral. The suprapineal recess of the third ventricle was uniformly enlarged. Small cerebellum and enlarged fourth ventricle were the abnormal findings in the posterior fossa. No cortical abnormalities were found. The clinical and pneumoencephalographic findings suggest a slight non-progressive developmental disorder of the brain resembling the so-called minimal brain dysfunction syndrome. The XYY syndrome appears to be one cause of the male preponderance in minimal brain dysfunction syndrome and criminal psychopathy.", "contents": "Pneumoencephalographic and clinical findings of the XYY syndrome. In order to approach the hitherto unknown brain involvement in the XYY syndrome five adult patients with this syndrome were studied clinically and pneumoencephalographically. Clinical manifestations included delayed difficulties of speech and learning, clumsiness, mild intention tremor, muscular hypotonia, convulsions, hyperactivity, distractibility, impulsiveness, weak mental control, psychosexual disturbances and a slight defect of intelligence. All five had committed crimes. Pneumoencephalograms showed general ventricular enlargement of mild or moderate degree. The enlargement of lateral ventricles was unilateral or asymmetrically bilateral. The suprapineal recess of the third ventricle was uniformly enlarged. Small cerebellum and enlarged fourth ventricle were the abnormal findings in the posterior fossa. No cortical abnormalities were found. The clinical and pneumoencephalographic findings suggest a slight non-progressive developmental disorder of the brain resembling the so-called minimal brain dysfunction syndrome. The XYY syndrome appears to be one cause of the male preponderance in minimal brain dysfunction syndrome and criminal psychopathy.", "PMID": 717004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6822", "title": "Prevalence of psychological impairment in city and country samples.", "content": "A study was conducted of the psychological health of 125 married French women aged between 35 and 39 years, divided into five professional groups of 25 subjects. Two of these groups were taken from a rural area, three from Paris. The criteria of health have been psychiatric symptomatology, psychological impairment, and the frequency of the periods of impairment. A significant difference was found between the farmers and all the other groups. Differential data are also given regarding the medical assistance received by the groups.", "contents": "Prevalence of psychological impairment in city and country samples. A study was conducted of the psychological health of 125 married French women aged between 35 and 39 years, divided into five professional groups of 25 subjects. Two of these groups were taken from a rural area, three from Paris. The criteria of health have been psychiatric symptomatology, psychological impairment, and the frequency of the periods of impairment. A significant difference was found between the farmers and all the other groups. Differential data are also given regarding the medical assistance received by the groups.", "PMID": 717005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6823", "title": "Analysis of mood change during and following sleep deprivation therapy.", "content": "Recent work suggests that depriving endogenous depressives of sleep for 1 night may be followed by an alleviation of their illness. In order to facilitate further study of the mechanisms underlying this effect, hourly self-rated measurements of mood were obtained throughout the sleepless night and the time of onset of any response noted. Of the patients who improved, some did so during the day following sleep deprivation; in others the response did not occur until after the next night's sleep. The two groups of responders differed in terms of self-reported emotional arousal during the course of the sleepless night. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to further studies of sleep deprivation therapy.", "contents": "Analysis of mood change during and following sleep deprivation therapy. Recent work suggests that depriving endogenous depressives of sleep for 1 night may be followed by an alleviation of their illness. In order to facilitate further study of the mechanisms underlying this effect, hourly self-rated measurements of mood were obtained throughout the sleepless night and the time of onset of any response noted. Of the patients who improved, some did so during the day following sleep deprivation; in others the response did not occur until after the next night's sleep. The two groups of responders differed in terms of self-reported emotional arousal during the course of the sleepless night. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to further studies of sleep deprivation therapy.", "PMID": 717006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6824", "title": "A multi-aspects classification of mental disorders. Experiences from clinical routine work and preliminary studies of inter-rater reliability.", "content": "A multi-aspects classification model--MACM--is presented. Several studies concerning reliability between diagnosticians, both trained and untrained psychiatrists from the department, trained psychiatrists from other departments, students, psychologists and social workers are presented and comparisons are made with diagnosis according to ICD-8. The MACM seems to be a step forward and seems to have many advantages over a multi-category system.", "contents": "A multi-aspects classification of mental disorders. Experiences from clinical routine work and preliminary studies of inter-rater reliability. A multi-aspects classification model--MACM--is presented. Several studies concerning reliability between diagnosticians, both trained and untrained psychiatrists from the department, trained psychiatrists from other departments, students, psychologists and social workers are presented and comparisons are made with diagnosis according to ICD-8. The MACM seems to be a step forward and seems to have many advantages over a multi-category system.", "PMID": 717007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6825", "title": "Survey of psychiatric morbidity in a semi-urban population in Sri Lanka.", "content": "This paper reports a survey of psychiatric morbidity in a semi-urban community (population 7,653) in Sri Lanka. The entire population was first screened by social workers using a standardized interview. Probable cases were then examined by psychiatrists. Each psychiatric disorder identified was rated on four different parameters of severity, and only those rating moderate or severe were labelled as cases. The socio-demographic characteristics of the cases and the population at risk, and the frequency and nature of psychiatric disorders are presented in Tables. The 6-month period prevalence for all psychiatric disorders was 45.5 per 1,000, with psychoses amounting to 6.9 (males 5.5; females 8.4) per 1,000, and neuroses to 25.2 (males 9.9; females 40.6) per 1,000. The large majority of disorders were chronic and had not received psychiatric treatment. The relevance of these surveys in the provision of psychiatric services in developing countries is discussed.", "contents": "Survey of psychiatric morbidity in a semi-urban population in Sri Lanka. This paper reports a survey of psychiatric morbidity in a semi-urban community (population 7,653) in Sri Lanka. The entire population was first screened by social workers using a standardized interview. Probable cases were then examined by psychiatrists. Each psychiatric disorder identified was rated on four different parameters of severity, and only those rating moderate or severe were labelled as cases. The socio-demographic characteristics of the cases and the population at risk, and the frequency and nature of psychiatric disorders are presented in Tables. The 6-month period prevalence for all psychiatric disorders was 45.5 per 1,000, with psychoses amounting to 6.9 (males 5.5; females 8.4) per 1,000, and neuroses to 25.2 (males 9.9; females 40.6) per 1,000. The large majority of disorders were chronic and had not received psychiatric treatment. The relevance of these surveys in the provision of psychiatric services in developing countries is discussed.", "PMID": 717008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6826", "title": "Sensitive delusion of reference, \"sensitiver Beziehungswahn\". Some reflections on diagnostic practice.", "content": "Ten patients discharged with the diagnosis of \"sensitiver Beziehungswahn\" were followed up 22--28 years after their discharge. In one case, the course of the illness indicates that the patient suffered from a manic-depressive psychosis, and in two cases, this diagnosis was likely. In two cases the disorder seemed definitely to be schizophrenia. One case was presumably a transient paranoid reaction. One patient was likely to have suffered from hysteria or epilepsy, three cases remained uncertain. The study did not prove suitable in the evaluation of the validity of \"sensitiver Beziehungswahn\" as a nosological entity, since at the time of diagnosis the patients only incompletely fulfilled the criteria set up the Kretschmer, but it throws light on the diagnostic practice and the tendency to a change between the classification into many independent disease entities and the subsequent inclusion into larger and fewer forms.", "contents": "Sensitive delusion of reference, \"sensitiver Beziehungswahn\". Some reflections on diagnostic practice. Ten patients discharged with the diagnosis of \"sensitiver Beziehungswahn\" were followed up 22--28 years after their discharge. In one case, the course of the illness indicates that the patient suffered from a manic-depressive psychosis, and in two cases, this diagnosis was likely. In two cases the disorder seemed definitely to be schizophrenia. One case was presumably a transient paranoid reaction. One patient was likely to have suffered from hysteria or epilepsy, three cases remained uncertain. The study did not prove suitable in the evaluation of the validity of \"sensitiver Beziehungswahn\" as a nosological entity, since at the time of diagnosis the patients only incompletely fulfilled the criteria set up the Kretschmer, but it throws light on the diagnostic practice and the tendency to a change between the classification into many independent disease entities and the subsequent inclusion into larger and fewer forms.", "PMID": 717009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6827", "title": "Contrast enhancement of cranial lesions in computed tomography.", "content": "The time course of enhancement in apparently normal brain tissue, edema and focal lesions during 30 to 60 min after intravenous injection of vascular contrast medium was evaluated in a series of 41 patients with different intracranial lesions. The attenuation of apparently normal unenhanced brain tissue varied with the level of the scan, mainly an effect of beam hardening. Different types of enhancement response are discussed in terms of a 3-compartment model. The differential diagnostic potential of contrast enhancement in the early phase needs further evaluation using instruments with short scanning time, while the late phase of enhancement must be recorded with the use of a reliable head fixation to provide reproducibility of repeat measurements.", "contents": "Contrast enhancement of cranial lesions in computed tomography. The time course of enhancement in apparently normal brain tissue, edema and focal lesions during 30 to 60 min after intravenous injection of vascular contrast medium was evaluated in a series of 41 patients with different intracranial lesions. The attenuation of apparently normal unenhanced brain tissue varied with the level of the scan, mainly an effect of beam hardening. Different types of enhancement response are discussed in terms of a 3-compartment model. The differential diagnostic potential of contrast enhancement in the early phase needs further evaluation using instruments with short scanning time, while the late phase of enhancement must be recorded with the use of a reliable head fixation to provide reproducibility of repeat measurements.", "PMID": 717010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6828", "title": "Recurrent cavernous branches of the ophthalmic artery.", "content": "Two arteries arising from the orbit, coursing through the superior orbital fissure to supply the cavernous region and the tentorium, may be identified at angiography. The radiologic and anatomic appearances of these arteries are discussed on the basis of the embryologic development.", "contents": "Recurrent cavernous branches of the ophthalmic artery. Two arteries arising from the orbit, coursing through the superior orbital fissure to supply the cavernous region and the tentorium, may be identified at angiography. The radiologic and anatomic appearances of these arteries are discussed on the basis of the embryologic development.", "PMID": 717011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6829", "title": "Patella alta and gonarthrosis.", "content": "The frequency of patella alta as defined by the method of Insall & Salvati in knees with femoro-patellar osteoarthrosis was determined. Patella alta was six times as frequent in knees with osteoarthrosis than in those with a normal femoro-patellar joint. Patella alta is more common in women and is often bilateral.", "contents": "Patella alta and gonarthrosis. The frequency of patella alta as defined by the method of Insall & Salvati in knees with femoro-patellar osteoarthrosis was determined. Patella alta was six times as frequent in knees with osteoarthrosis than in those with a normal femoro-patellar joint. Patella alta is more common in women and is often bilateral.", "PMID": 717012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6830", "title": "Arthrography of the ankle. Value in diagnosis of rupture of the lateral ligaments.", "content": "Arthrography was performed in 105 cases with freshly sprained ankles and signs of rupture of the anterior talofibular ligament. They were subsequently operated upon. The arthrographic films were examined retrospectively to assess the value of different criteria for the differential diagnosis between rupture of the anterior talofibular ligament and combined rupture of this and the calcaneofibular ligament. The diagnostic value of arthrography was found to be high in isolated rupture of the anterior talofibular ligament, and is acceptable in the combined ruptures.", "contents": "Arthrography of the ankle. Value in diagnosis of rupture of the lateral ligaments. Arthrography was performed in 105 cases with freshly sprained ankles and signs of rupture of the anterior talofibular ligament. They were subsequently operated upon. The arthrographic films were examined retrospectively to assess the value of different criteria for the differential diagnosis between rupture of the anterior talofibular ligament and combined rupture of this and the calcaneofibular ligament. The diagnostic value of arthrography was found to be high in isolated rupture of the anterior talofibular ligament, and is acceptable in the combined ruptures.", "PMID": 717013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6831", "title": "Radiologic determination of rotational instability of the knee joint.", "content": "A method for measuring rotational instability of the knee joint at radiography is described. Together with determination of sagittal instability the method might well serve as a simple guide in choosing the appropriate technique for surgery. It also enables an assessement of the operative results, since the method is simple and reproducible.", "contents": "Radiologic determination of rotational instability of the knee joint. A method for measuring rotational instability of the knee joint at radiography is described. Together with determination of sagittal instability the method might well serve as a simple guide in choosing the appropriate technique for surgery. It also enables an assessement of the operative results, since the method is simple and reproducible.", "PMID": 717014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6832", "title": "Gastrocnemio-semimembranosus bursa and its relation to the knee joint. IV. Clinical considerations.", "content": "The frequency of communication between the gastrocnemio-semimembranosus bursa and the knee joint was investigated in a clinical material and in autopsy cases. The frequency was higher in the older age groups. No increase in this frequency or in the size of the bursa was found in patients with knee joint lesions at arthrography. By cineradiography, and in the majority of cases by conventional arthrography alone, a good idea of the flow between the joint and the bursa was obtained. A valvular mechanism between the joint and bursa was demonstrated in 5 cases.", "contents": "Gastrocnemio-semimembranosus bursa and its relation to the knee joint. IV. Clinical considerations. The frequency of communication between the gastrocnemio-semimembranosus bursa and the knee joint was investigated in a clinical material and in autopsy cases. The frequency was higher in the older age groups. No increase in this frequency or in the size of the bursa was found in patients with knee joint lesions at arthrography. By cineradiography, and in the majority of cases by conventional arthrography alone, a good idea of the flow between the joint and the bursa was obtained. A valvular mechanism between the joint and bursa was demonstrated in 5 cases.", "PMID": 717015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6833", "title": "Malignant features of breast tumours at radiography.", "content": "A consecutive series of 302 cases of microscopically confirmed mammary carcinoma was reviewed mainly with regard to abnormalities indicating malignancy at mammary radiography. Most important was the demonstration of a tumour mass and distortion of adjacent tissues. Calcifications of malignant type were present in 31 per cent of all cases, but led alone to a preclinical diagnosis of malignancy in only 2 per cent of the cases. Carcinomas detectable by both clinical examination and mammary radiography seemed to be as advanced irrespective of whether they were detected at a referral clinic or at screening of asymptomatic women.", "contents": "Malignant features of breast tumours at radiography. A consecutive series of 302 cases of microscopically confirmed mammary carcinoma was reviewed mainly with regard to abnormalities indicating malignancy at mammary radiography. Most important was the demonstration of a tumour mass and distortion of adjacent tissues. Calcifications of malignant type were present in 31 per cent of all cases, but led alone to a preclinical diagnosis of malignancy in only 2 per cent of the cases. Carcinomas detectable by both clinical examination and mammary radiography seemed to be as advanced irrespective of whether they were detected at a referral clinic or at screening of asymptomatic women.", "PMID": 717016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6834", "title": "Percutaneous transhepatic portography.", "content": "The technique, indications, contraindications and complications of percutaneous transhepatic portography and selective catheterization of the major and minor veins draining the splanchnic organs based on the experience of 200 cases are described. The advantage of this method is discussed and compared with transjugular and transumbilical portography.", "contents": "Percutaneous transhepatic portography. The technique, indications, contraindications and complications of percutaneous transhepatic portography and selective catheterization of the major and minor veins draining the splanchnic organs based on the experience of 200 cases are described. The advantage of this method is discussed and compared with transjugular and transumbilical portography.", "PMID": 717017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6835", "title": "Microarteriography of the cadaveric human lumbar spine. Evaluation of a new technique of injection in the anastomotic arterial system.", "content": "The theory and practice of a new technique of microarteriographic injection, which depends on the development of a resistance to outflow in anastomoses, are described, using 18 human cadaver lumbar spines. Histology demonstrated that this technique injected 90 per cent (SD 6%) of arterial vessels, which was significantly better than another technique. Possible reasons for not achieving 100 per cent injection are discussed. This technique may form a basis for the radiographic evaluation of the vertebral microcirculation.", "contents": "Microarteriography of the cadaveric human lumbar spine. Evaluation of a new technique of injection in the anastomotic arterial system. The theory and practice of a new technique of microarteriographic injection, which depends on the development of a resistance to outflow in anastomoses, are described, using 18 human cadaver lumbar spines. Histology demonstrated that this technique injected 90 per cent (SD 6%) of arterial vessels, which was significantly better than another technique. Possible reasons for not achieving 100 per cent injection are discussed. This technique may form a basis for the radiographic evaluation of the vertebral microcirculation.", "PMID": 717018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6836", "title": "Topography of ovarian veins in pregnancy.", "content": "The course of the ovarian vessels and the ureters in pregnancy was evaluated by a topographic coordinate system presented previously. The vein was found to be displaced with the artery, whereas the displacement of the ureters was distinct from that of the vessels. The vessels thus reflected both the pressure and traction transmitted from the uterus to the abdomen whereas the ureters reflected only the pressure applied to the posterior abdominal wall.", "contents": "Topography of ovarian veins in pregnancy. The course of the ovarian vessels and the ureters in pregnancy was evaluated by a topographic coordinate system presented previously. The vein was found to be displaced with the artery, whereas the displacement of the ureters was distinct from that of the vessels. The vessels thus reflected both the pressure and traction transmitted from the uterus to the abdomen whereas the ureters reflected only the pressure applied to the posterior abdominal wall.", "PMID": 717019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6837", "title": "Effect of ionic and non-ionic contrast media on morphology of human erythrocytes.", "content": "The effects of solutions of the ionic contrast media diatrizoate, iocarmate and metrizoate and the non-ionic metrizamide on red cell morphology were compared by interference contrast optics in vitro. All the media produced changes, in solutions both isotonic and hypertonic to blood. The changes increased with increasing volume ratio (contrast medium/blood). At low volume ratio the cells were transformed into crenated cells (echinocytes) in ionic solutions both hypertonic and isotonic to blood. At high volume ratio the hypertonic ionic media caused the red cells to become shrunken (desiccocytes), corresponding to the shrinkage caused by hypertonic saline. The low osmotic non-ionic metrizamide never produced desiccocytes but echinocytes also in high volume ratio. In solutions isotonic with blood metrizoate and metrizamide transformed more cells into echinocytes than the diatrizoate and iocarmate solutions.", "contents": "Effect of ionic and non-ionic contrast media on morphology of human erythrocytes. The effects of solutions of the ionic contrast media diatrizoate, iocarmate and metrizoate and the non-ionic metrizamide on red cell morphology were compared by interference contrast optics in vitro. All the media produced changes, in solutions both isotonic and hypertonic to blood. The changes increased with increasing volume ratio (contrast medium/blood). At low volume ratio the cells were transformed into crenated cells (echinocytes) in ionic solutions both hypertonic and isotonic to blood. At high volume ratio the hypertonic ionic media caused the red cells to become shrunken (desiccocytes), corresponding to the shrinkage caused by hypertonic saline. The low osmotic non-ionic metrizamide never produced desiccocytes but echinocytes also in high volume ratio. In solutions isotonic with blood metrizoate and metrizamide transformed more cells into echinocytes than the diatrizoate and iocarmate solutions.", "PMID": 717020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6838", "title": "Lecithine as an adjuvant in resorption of contrast medium in oral cholecystography.", "content": "No or poor filling of the gallbladder was obtained in 21 patients at cholecystography. They were re-examined after 10 days of later with the addition of lecithine to the contrast medium. The filling of the gallbladder, which was without abnormality, was improved in all cases. The mechanism of this effect is discussed.", "contents": "Lecithine as an adjuvant in resorption of contrast medium in oral cholecystography. No or poor filling of the gallbladder was obtained in 21 patients at cholecystography. They were re-examined after 10 days of later with the addition of lecithine to the contrast medium. The filling of the gallbladder, which was without abnormality, was improved in all cases. The mechanism of this effect is discussed.", "PMID": 717021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6839", "title": "Computer tomography of the brain and spectrophotometry of the CSF in cerebral concussion and contusion.", "content": "Computer tomography (CT) and spectrophotometry of CSF were performed in 30 patients with the clinical diagnosis of cerebral concussion or contusion. The patients with concussion all had normal CT-findings. Spectrophotometry of CSF was sometimes positive for cerebral contusion with normal CT-findings, but the two methods were complementary so that the extent of the lesion was determined by CT and spectrophotometry of CSF indicated the cause.", "contents": "Computer tomography of the brain and spectrophotometry of the CSF in cerebral concussion and contusion. Computer tomography (CT) and spectrophotometry of CSF were performed in 30 patients with the clinical diagnosis of cerebral concussion or contusion. The patients with concussion all had normal CT-findings. Spectrophotometry of CSF was sometimes positive for cerebral contusion with normal CT-findings, but the two methods were complementary so that the extent of the lesion was determined by CT and spectrophotometry of CSF indicated the cause.", "PMID": 717023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6840", "title": "Therapeutic embolization in the external carotid artery region.", "content": "Therapeutic transcatheter embolization with spongostan in the region of the external carotid artery has been employed in 17 patients, in some of them on several occasions. The technique is presented and different means of avoiding complications are discussed in detail. Embolization has been used preoperatively and as the single mode of treatment of ENT tumours or meningeomas, and also as the only treatment in arteriovenous malformations. The technique has proven particularly useful in preoperative de-arterialization of ENT tumours when surgery follows in 1 to 2 days. In cases with arteriovenous shunts, a subjective improvement has been achieved.", "contents": "Therapeutic embolization in the external carotid artery region. Therapeutic transcatheter embolization with spongostan in the region of the external carotid artery has been employed in 17 patients, in some of them on several occasions. The technique is presented and different means of avoiding complications are discussed in detail. Embolization has been used preoperatively and as the single mode of treatment of ENT tumours or meningeomas, and also as the only treatment in arteriovenous malformations. The technique has proven particularly useful in preoperative de-arterialization of ENT tumours when surgery follows in 1 to 2 days. In cases with arteriovenous shunts, a subjective improvement has been achieved.", "PMID": 717024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6841", "title": "Physical correlates of radiologic heart volume.", "content": "Radiologic heart volume was calculated on a 10 per cent random sample of subjects examined in the London Civil Service Health Survey. Data were available for 1188 men over the age of 40, and the importance of correcting radiologic heart volume for body size, age and heart rate was demonstrated. After these variables were taken into account, the most important association found was with blood pressure. Radiologic heart volume has potential value in cardiovascular screening programmes.", "contents": "Physical correlates of radiologic heart volume. Radiologic heart volume was calculated on a 10 per cent random sample of subjects examined in the London Civil Service Health Survey. Data were available for 1188 men over the age of 40, and the importance of correcting radiologic heart volume for body size, age and heart rate was demonstrated. After these variables were taken into account, the most important association found was with blood pressure. Radiologic heart volume has potential value in cardiovascular screening programmes.", "PMID": 717025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6842", "title": "Left ventricular function evaluated by videodensitometry in patients with coronary heart disease.", "content": "The ejection fraction of the left ventricle was determined by videodensitometry in 121 patients with angina pectoris. The mean value was 31 per cent. This estimation, which is easily performed by the method described, gives important and accurate information on the left ventricular function which, added to other parameters, should increase the reliability of the clinical evaluation of the patient.", "contents": "Left ventricular function evaluated by videodensitometry in patients with coronary heart disease. The ejection fraction of the left ventricle was determined by videodensitometry in 121 patients with angina pectoris. The mean value was 31 per cent. This estimation, which is easily performed by the method described, gives important and accurate information on the left ventricular function which, added to other parameters, should increase the reliability of the clinical evaluation of the patient.", "PMID": 717026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6843", "title": "Roentgenologic examination of tracheal stenosis.", "content": "Conventional roentgenography, tomography and tracheography were compared for evaluation of tracheal stenosis in phantom experiments and in 55 patients. It was found that the stenosis, as well as the relative position of a tube inserted for dilatation, is best evaluated by tracheography. If this method cannot be used, conventional roentenography with a high tube potential gives a better result than tomography.", "contents": "Roentgenologic examination of tracheal stenosis. Conventional roentgenography, tomography and tracheography were compared for evaluation of tracheal stenosis in phantom experiments and in 55 patients. It was found that the stenosis, as well as the relative position of a tube inserted for dilatation, is best evaluated by tracheography. If this method cannot be used, conventional roentenography with a high tube potential gives a better result than tomography.", "PMID": 717027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6844", "title": "Effect of ionic and non-ionic contrast media on red cell aggregation in vitro.", "content": "The effect of solutions of the ionic contrast media diatrizoate, iocarmate, and metrizoate and the non-ionic metrizamide on red cell aggregation in vitro was examined. The aggregation was recorded by both microphotography and photometry in a counter-rotating rheoscope chamber. All the contrast media decreased the formation of red cell aggregates. This desaggregating ability increased with both increasing volume ratio (contrast media/blood) and with increasing osmolality of the contrast media. The desaggregating effect was also obtained with the contrast media solutions isotonic with blood. The iocarmate and diatrizoate solutions induced less reduction in red cell aggregation than the metrizoate and metrizamide solutions.", "contents": "Effect of ionic and non-ionic contrast media on red cell aggregation in vitro. The effect of solutions of the ionic contrast media diatrizoate, iocarmate, and metrizoate and the non-ionic metrizamide on red cell aggregation in vitro was examined. The aggregation was recorded by both microphotography and photometry in a counter-rotating rheoscope chamber. All the contrast media decreased the formation of red cell aggregates. This desaggregating ability increased with both increasing volume ratio (contrast media/blood) and with increasing osmolality of the contrast media. The desaggregating effect was also obtained with the contrast media solutions isotonic with blood. The iocarmate and diatrizoate solutions induced less reduction in red cell aggregation than the metrizoate and metrizamide solutions.", "PMID": 717028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6845", "title": "Spasm of cortical arteries as a complication to selective nephroangiography.", "content": "Six cases of spasm of the cortical arteries with redistribution of blood flow to the corticomedullary glomeruli as a complication to nephroangiography are reported. The etiology and the underlying anatomy and physiology are reviewed. Advice is given to avoid the complication.", "contents": "Spasm of cortical arteries as a complication to selective nephroangiography. Six cases of spasm of the cortical arteries with redistribution of blood flow to the corticomedullary glomeruli as a complication to nephroangiography are reported. The etiology and the underlying anatomy and physiology are reviewed. Advice is given to avoid the complication.", "PMID": 717029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6846", "title": "Intraarterial tolazoline in angiography of the foot.", "content": "Foot angiography was performed in 32 diabetic patients with and without intraarterial injection of tolazoline (Priscoline). The angiographic quality was improved with tolazoline, manifested as an increased flow rate with acceleration of the arteriovenous transit time, a higher incidence of complete arterial filling with contrast medium in clinically important regions, and considerably longer arterial segments demonstrated within defined regions of measurement.", "contents": "Intraarterial tolazoline in angiography of the foot. Foot angiography was performed in 32 diabetic patients with and without intraarterial injection of tolazoline (Priscoline). The angiographic quality was improved with tolazoline, manifested as an increased flow rate with acceleration of the arteriovenous transit time, a higher incidence of complete arterial filling with contrast medium in clinically important regions, and considerably longer arterial segments demonstrated within defined regions of measurement.", "PMID": 717030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6847", "title": "Experimental colonic tumours in the rat. III. Induction time, distribution and appearance of induced tumours.", "content": "In 189 rats N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine or 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) was given in order to induce colonic tumours. The tumour induction was followed by double contrast examination. At 894 examinations 196 adenomatous tumours were revealed. Autopsy and microscopy revealed 214 macroscopic and 53 microscopic benign or malignant adenomatous tumours. Metastases were found in 17 per cent in the DMH group. The relationship between adenomas and carcinomas is also evaluated.", "contents": "Experimental colonic tumours in the rat. III. Induction time, distribution and appearance of induced tumours. In 189 rats N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine or 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) was given in order to induce colonic tumours. The tumour induction was followed by double contrast examination. At 894 examinations 196 adenomatous tumours were revealed. Autopsy and microscopy revealed 214 macroscopic and 53 microscopic benign or malignant adenomatous tumours. Metastases were found in 17 per cent in the DMH group. The relationship between adenomas and carcinomas is also evaluated.", "PMID": 717031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6848", "title": "Blood inflow into intra-arterial catheters following injection of contrast medium.", "content": "Inflow of blood into intra-arterial catheters following injection of contrast medium into the common carotid artery in patients and into the aorta in dogs is investigated. Influence of form and orientation of the catheter in the vessel and the effect of constant flushing are determined as well.", "contents": "Blood inflow into intra-arterial catheters following injection of contrast medium. Inflow of blood into intra-arterial catheters following injection of contrast medium into the common carotid artery in patients and into the aorta in dogs is investigated. Influence of form and orientation of the catheter in the vessel and the effect of constant flushing are determined as well.", "PMID": 717032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6849", "title": "Morphologic sequelae to contrast medium deposits in the kidney. An experimental investigation in the rabbit.", "content": "Various doses of Pantopaque and Vascoray were injected percutaneously into the kidneys in 17 rabbits. Histologic examination of the kidneys at different time intervals following the injection demonstrated only slight injury to the renal parenchyma which could be related to the contrast media. Therefore, it seems reasonable to assume that the risk of causing renal damage by using Pantopaque in connection with renal cyst puncture is small.", "contents": "Morphologic sequelae to contrast medium deposits in the kidney. An experimental investigation in the rabbit. Various doses of Pantopaque and Vascoray were injected percutaneously into the kidneys in 17 rabbits. Histologic examination of the kidneys at different time intervals following the injection demonstrated only slight injury to the renal parenchyma which could be related to the contrast media. Therefore, it seems reasonable to assume that the risk of causing renal damage by using Pantopaque in connection with renal cyst puncture is small.", "PMID": 717033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6850", "title": "Movements in the sacroiliac joints demonstrated with roentgen stereophotogrammetry.", "content": "Using a roentgen stereophotogrammetric method, the three-dimensional movements in the sacroiliac joints were quantified in 4 patients. To provoke motion of the sacrum, changes between body positions and a test with manual pressure were used. In tests with symmetric forces on the sacrum, it in most cases rotated mainly about a transverse axis and at most approximately 2 degrees. The axis of rotation passed through the iliac bones mainly in the lower part of the iliac tuberosity. The rotations between the iliac bones and the sacrum about any of the three main axes were determined with a precision in the mean of 0.2 degrees. The distance between the two superior posterior iliac spines varied at most 0.4 mm between seven different body positions.", "contents": "Movements in the sacroiliac joints demonstrated with roentgen stereophotogrammetry. Using a roentgen stereophotogrammetric method, the three-dimensional movements in the sacroiliac joints were quantified in 4 patients. To provoke motion of the sacrum, changes between body positions and a test with manual pressure were used. In tests with symmetric forces on the sacrum, it in most cases rotated mainly about a transverse axis and at most approximately 2 degrees. The axis of rotation passed through the iliac bones mainly in the lower part of the iliac tuberosity. The rotations between the iliac bones and the sacrum about any of the three main axes were determined with a precision in the mean of 0.2 degrees. The distance between the two superior posterior iliac spines varied at most 0.4 mm between seven different body positions.", "PMID": 717034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6851", "title": "Talofibular compartment of the ankle joint after recent ankle sprain.", "content": "The validity of predicting the condition of the anterior talofibular ligament from the shape of the lateral compartment of the ankle joint was investigated in patients with recent ankle sprain. The diagnostic value of the method was found to be restricted.", "contents": "Talofibular compartment of the ankle joint after recent ankle sprain. The validity of predicting the condition of the anterior talofibular ligament from the shape of the lateral compartment of the ankle joint was investigated in patients with recent ankle sprain. The diagnostic value of the method was found to be restricted.", "PMID": 717035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6852", "title": "Lymphatics filled at knee arthrography.", "content": "A review of 587 knee arthrographies revealed filling of lymph vessels in 12 cases. They occurred in connection with arthritis (4 rheumatoid), osteoarthritis, ruptured meniscus, ruptured popliteal cyst and after operation. Lymphatic filling was not related to the leakage of contrast through a ruptured popliteal cyst or to inadvertent extra-articular injection. Filling of lymphatics is more likely to occur in examinations with a positive contrast medium when a larger amount of medium is used.", "contents": "Lymphatics filled at knee arthrography. A review of 587 knee arthrographies revealed filling of lymph vessels in 12 cases. They occurred in connection with arthritis (4 rheumatoid), osteoarthritis, ruptured meniscus, ruptured popliteal cyst and after operation. Lymphatic filling was not related to the leakage of contrast through a ruptured popliteal cyst or to inadvertent extra-articular injection. Filling of lymphatics is more likely to occur in examinations with a positive contrast medium when a larger amount of medium is used.", "PMID": 717036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6853", "title": "Facial bone scintigraphy. I. Metastatic lesions in the mandible.", "content": "Five cases of metastases in the mandible are reported. Conventional radiography and bone scintigraphy by 99Tcm-DP recorded by gamma camera were performed. Invariably the lesions were clearly demonstrated by scintigraphy when radiography revealed only minor structural changes of the bone tissue.", "contents": "Facial bone scintigraphy. I. Metastatic lesions in the mandible. Five cases of metastases in the mandible are reported. Conventional radiography and bone scintigraphy by 99Tcm-DP recorded by gamma camera were performed. Invariably the lesions were clearly demonstrated by scintigraphy when radiography revealed only minor structural changes of the bone tissue.", "PMID": 717037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6854", "title": "Aspiration biopsy of intrapelvic metastases of cervical carcinoma.", "content": "The findings at aspiration biopsy of palpable intrapelvic lesions were reviewed in 316 patients who had previously received radiation therapy for carcinoma of the uterine cervix. A cytologic diagnosis of malignant spread had been made in 55 cases. The crude five-year survival rate in these patients was 4 per cent, as compared with 51 per cent among the patients who received a negative cytologic report. Aspiration biopsy was positive in only about 48 per cent of the patients in whom follow-up observations suggested intrapelvic spread of carcinoma. The factors that may have influenced the diagnostic accuracy are discussed. Use of a screw (0.5 mm thick) technique instead of the 22-gauge needle may enhance the diagnostic accuracy.", "contents": "Aspiration biopsy of intrapelvic metastases of cervical carcinoma. The findings at aspiration biopsy of palpable intrapelvic lesions were reviewed in 316 patients who had previously received radiation therapy for carcinoma of the uterine cervix. A cytologic diagnosis of malignant spread had been made in 55 cases. The crude five-year survival rate in these patients was 4 per cent, as compared with 51 per cent among the patients who received a negative cytologic report. Aspiration biopsy was positive in only about 48 per cent of the patients in whom follow-up observations suggested intrapelvic spread of carcinoma. The factors that may have influenced the diagnostic accuracy are discussed. Use of a screw (0.5 mm thick) technique instead of the 22-gauge needle may enhance the diagnostic accuracy.", "PMID": 717038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6855", "title": "Increased serum calcitonin in patients with mammary carcinoma.", "content": "Serum calcitonin war within normal range in 11 patients with benign breast tumour. In cases with local malignant breast tumour increased calcitonin was found in 25 per cent (4/16), in cases with regional metastases in 40 per cent (2/5), and in cases with osteolytic bone metastases in 77 per cent (10/13). Two patients with osteosclerotic bone metastases had low calcitonin concentration. It is suggested that increased calcitonin in mammary carcinoma is a physiologic response to osteolytic bone metastases.", "contents": "Increased serum calcitonin in patients with mammary carcinoma. Serum calcitonin war within normal range in 11 patients with benign breast tumour. In cases with local malignant breast tumour increased calcitonin was found in 25 per cent (4/16), in cases with regional metastases in 40 per cent (2/5), and in cases with osteolytic bone metastases in 77 per cent (10/13). Two patients with osteosclerotic bone metastases had low calcitonin concentration. It is suggested that increased calcitonin in mammary carcinoma is a physiologic response to osteolytic bone metastases.", "PMID": 717039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6856", "title": "Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin in serum of patients with mammary carcinoma.", "content": "Immunoreactive parathyroid hormone and calcitonin in serum were measured in 34 normocalcemic patients with mammary carcinoma. The mean value of parathyroid hormone was significantly higher in 26 patients with bone metastases than in 8 patients without (p less than 0.025). One patient with bone metastases had slightly raised calcitonin in serum. No difference as to parathyroid hormone values between the groups of previously irradiated and non-irradiated patients was found. A possible explanation of the normocalcemic hyperparathyroidism is presented.", "contents": "Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin in serum of patients with mammary carcinoma. Immunoreactive parathyroid hormone and calcitonin in serum were measured in 34 normocalcemic patients with mammary carcinoma. The mean value of parathyroid hormone was significantly higher in 26 patients with bone metastases than in 8 patients without (p less than 0.025). One patient with bone metastases had slightly raised calcitonin in serum. No difference as to parathyroid hormone values between the groups of previously irradiated and non-irradiated patients was found. A possible explanation of the normocalcemic hyperparathyroidism is presented.", "PMID": 717040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6857", "title": "HLA antigens in Hodgkin's disease of very long survival.", "content": "Determination of 32 different HLA types in the A, B, and C series was performed in 40 patients with Hodgkin's disease, 10 of whom had a very long survival. A group of 1 263 healthy subjects was used as reference. HLA-B18 was seen significantly more often in all 40 patients and also in the subgroup of patients with nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease. An increased frequency of HLA-A28 was observed among the 10 long survivors, but only with weak significance.", "contents": "HLA antigens in Hodgkin's disease of very long survival. Determination of 32 different HLA types in the A, B, and C series was performed in 40 patients with Hodgkin's disease, 10 of whom had a very long survival. A group of 1 263 healthy subjects was used as reference. HLA-B18 was seen significantly more often in all 40 patients and also in the subgroup of patients with nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease. An increased frequency of HLA-A28 was observed among the 10 long survivors, but only with weak significance.", "PMID": 717041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6858", "title": "Hodgkin's disease treated by chemotherapy and large field irradiation. Hematologic effects.", "content": "The hematologic effects of combined chemotherapy and irradiation were analyzed in 70 patients with Hodgkin's disease stage I and II. The schedule used was as follows: one cycle of 15--21 days of chemotherapy immediately followed by irradiation, including mantle and lumboaortic fields. After a rest of one month, another cycle of the same chemotherapy was applied. The erythrocytes varied slightly; the leukocytes decreased during chemotherapy and were stable or increased slightly during irradiation. Platelets decreased slightly during chemotherapy and more markedly during irradiation. No major side effects were observed, and the regimen appeared well tolerated.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease treated by chemotherapy and large field irradiation. Hematologic effects. The hematologic effects of combined chemotherapy and irradiation were analyzed in 70 patients with Hodgkin's disease stage I and II. The schedule used was as follows: one cycle of 15--21 days of chemotherapy immediately followed by irradiation, including mantle and lumboaortic fields. After a rest of one month, another cycle of the same chemotherapy was applied. The erythrocytes varied slightly; the leukocytes decreased during chemotherapy and were stable or increased slightly during irradiation. Platelets decreased slightly during chemotherapy and more markedly during irradiation. No major side effects were observed, and the regimen appeared well tolerated.", "PMID": 717042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6859", "title": "67Ga-subtraction scanning in Hodgkin's disease and lymphomas.", "content": "Recently a new method was described, the 67Ga subtraction scanning method. 67Ga accumulates in neoplastic and inflammatory tissue. The subtraction method was applied for evaluating 38 patients with Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The preliminary experiences are described. It was found that the diagnostic accuracy is comparable to that of 67Ga scanning. The subtraction method offers potential improvement of the accuracy for equivocal scans, but further technological refinement is needed before the method can be widely applicable.", "contents": "67Ga-subtraction scanning in Hodgkin's disease and lymphomas. Recently a new method was described, the 67Ga subtraction scanning method. 67Ga accumulates in neoplastic and inflammatory tissue. The subtraction method was applied for evaluating 38 patients with Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The preliminary experiences are described. It was found that the diagnostic accuracy is comparable to that of 67Ga scanning. The subtraction method offers potential improvement of the accuracy for equivocal scans, but further technological refinement is needed before the method can be widely applicable.", "PMID": 717043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6860", "title": "Bile salt malabsorption in the radiation syndrome.", "content": "The fraction of faecal activity (FBS) excreted after intravenous administration of 14C-labelled cholic acid was measured in 20 patients with gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhoea, abdominal pains, malabsorption and rectal haemorrhage) after pelvic irradiation. An FBS excretion of 52 +/- 16 per cent (mean +/- SD) was found in 13 patients with diarrhoea and 18 +/- 12 per cent in 7 patients without diarrhoea. In normals the excretion is not above 18 per cent. Bile salt malabsorption appears to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of diarrhoea in these patients.", "contents": "Bile salt malabsorption in the radiation syndrome. The fraction of faecal activity (FBS) excreted after intravenous administration of 14C-labelled cholic acid was measured in 20 patients with gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhoea, abdominal pains, malabsorption and rectal haemorrhage) after pelvic irradiation. An FBS excretion of 52 +/- 16 per cent (mean +/- SD) was found in 13 patients with diarrhoea and 18 +/- 12 per cent in 7 patients without diarrhoea. In normals the excretion is not above 18 per cent. Bile salt malabsorption appears to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of diarrhoea in these patients.", "PMID": 717044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6861", "title": "Radiation dose related to collimator geometry in the first generation EMI scanner.", "content": "The radiation dose from the first generation EMI scanner has been analysed, including the variation of the dose perpendicular to the section, the dose dependence of the size and collimation of the beam, and the fraction of radiation passing the patient and utilized for information. The possible dose in case of malfunctions of the scanner was also measured.", "contents": "Radiation dose related to collimator geometry in the first generation EMI scanner. The radiation dose from the first generation EMI scanner has been analysed, including the variation of the dose perpendicular to the section, the dose dependence of the size and collimation of the beam, and the fraction of radiation passing the patient and utilized for information. The possible dose in case of malfunctions of the scanner was also measured.", "PMID": 717045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6862", "title": "Thyroid gland volume estimated by use of ultrasound in addition to scintigraphy.", "content": "The method of estimating the mass of the thyroid gland from the area of the scintigraphic image has been compared with a method combining ultrasonic with scintigraphic images. The results for both methods were compared with surgical findings, and the scintiscan method alone was found to produce estimates which were on an average 79.5% of the surgical results. The corresponding estimates for the combined method were, on average, 100.4%.", "contents": "Thyroid gland volume estimated by use of ultrasound in addition to scintigraphy. The method of estimating the mass of the thyroid gland from the area of the scintigraphic image has been compared with a method combining ultrasonic with scintigraphic images. The results for both methods were compared with surgical findings, and the scintiscan method alone was found to produce estimates which were on an average 79.5% of the surgical results. The corresponding estimates for the combined method were, on average, 100.4%.", "PMID": 717046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6863", "title": "Compact bone mineral density of the normal human radius.", "content": "Compact bone mineral density was determined by roentgen ray photodensitometry in the proximal radius of 292 normal men and 302 normal women in the 20 to 90 years age range. Between 20 and 49 years, the bone mineral density did not change significantly. The normal bone mineral density was found to be slightly higher in women than in men. After age 50, bone mineral density decreased proportionately more in women than in men.", "contents": "Compact bone mineral density of the normal human radius. Compact bone mineral density was determined by roentgen ray photodensitometry in the proximal radius of 292 normal men and 302 normal women in the 20 to 90 years age range. Between 20 and 49 years, the bone mineral density did not change significantly. The normal bone mineral density was found to be slightly higher in women than in men. After age 50, bone mineral density decreased proportionately more in women than in men.", "PMID": 717047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6864", "title": "The preferential role of triiodothyronine in the regulation of basal metabolic rate in hyper- and hypothyroidism.", "content": "The free triiodothyronine index (FT3I) was significantly correlated to basal metabolic rate (BMR) in hyperthyroid (r=+0.63, p less than 0.01) and hypothyroid patients (r=+0.61, p less than 0.05). Elimination of the effect of the free thyroxine index (FT4I) on the total correlation between BMR and FT3I by partial correlation analysis gave partial r=+0.60, p less than 0.01 in hyperthyroid patients and partial r=+0.43, p less than 0.1 in hypothyroid patients. The FT4I did not correlate to BMR in either hyper- or hypothyroid patients. These results point to triiodothyronine as the major regulator of BMR in hyper- and hypothyroidism.", "contents": "The preferential role of triiodothyronine in the regulation of basal metabolic rate in hyper- and hypothyroidism. The free triiodothyronine index (FT3I) was significantly correlated to basal metabolic rate (BMR) in hyperthyroid (r=+0.63, p less than 0.01) and hypothyroid patients (r=+0.61, p less than 0.05). Elimination of the effect of the free thyroxine index (FT4I) on the total correlation between BMR and FT3I by partial correlation analysis gave partial r=+0.60, p less than 0.01 in hyperthyroid patients and partial r=+0.43, p less than 0.1 in hypothyroid patients. The FT4I did not correlate to BMR in either hyper- or hypothyroid patients. These results point to triiodothyronine as the major regulator of BMR in hyper- and hypothyroidism.", "PMID": 717056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6865", "title": "Myxoedema and thyrotoxicosis: relations between clinical state and concentrations of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in blood.", "content": "The clinical manifestations in thyrotoxic and myxoedematous subjects were assessed by clinical diagnostic score indices and related to the free thyroxine index (FT4I) and the free triiodothyronine index (FT3I), basal metabolic rate (BMR) and in the hypothyroid patients to serum thyrotropin (TSH) level. The clinical score index was significantly correlated to both FT4I and FT3I in both groups of patients. No difference existed in degree of correlation between the clinical score index, on the one hand, and FT3I and FT4I, on the other, in either thyrotoxic or myxoedematous subjects. The degree of correlation between clinical score index and FT3I and FT4I was higher than that between the thyroid hormones and BMR. The clinical score index thus appears to be a better indicator of severity of hyper- and hypothyroidism than BMR. Serum TSH concentration was not correlated to the clinical state.", "contents": "Myxoedema and thyrotoxicosis: relations between clinical state and concentrations of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in blood. The clinical manifestations in thyrotoxic and myxoedematous subjects were assessed by clinical diagnostic score indices and related to the free thyroxine index (FT4I) and the free triiodothyronine index (FT3I), basal metabolic rate (BMR) and in the hypothyroid patients to serum thyrotropin (TSH) level. The clinical score index was significantly correlated to both FT4I and FT3I in both groups of patients. No difference existed in degree of correlation between the clinical score index, on the one hand, and FT3I and FT4I, on the other, in either thyrotoxic or myxoedematous subjects. The degree of correlation between clinical score index and FT3I and FT4I was higher than that between the thyroid hormones and BMR. The clinical score index thus appears to be a better indicator of severity of hyper- and hypothyroidism than BMR. Serum TSH concentration was not correlated to the clinical state.", "PMID": 717057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6866", "title": "Cardiovascular risk factor changes in a three-year follow-up of a cohort in connection with a community programme (the North Karelia Project).", "content": "A re-examination after 3 years was done in 1975 in a 20% random subsample (n = 1683) of the representative population sample (males and females, 25-59 years) that was examined in 1972 in North Karelia (NK), and a matched reference county as the baseline survey for the community programme in NK. The changes in smoking habits, serum cholesterol, dietary fat consumption and systolic BP were more favourable among the subjects in the NK sample than among the reference sample, although the differences were generally small. Results from multivariable analyses are presented to show the variables that predict a favourable risk factor change in the individual. Living in NK is associated in the analysis with a favourable change in each of the three risk factors. The limitation of this method in the evaluation of a community programme is discussed.", "contents": "Cardiovascular risk factor changes in a three-year follow-up of a cohort in connection with a community programme (the North Karelia Project). A re-examination after 3 years was done in 1975 in a 20% random subsample (n = 1683) of the representative population sample (males and females, 25-59 years) that was examined in 1972 in North Karelia (NK), and a matched reference county as the baseline survey for the community programme in NK. The changes in smoking habits, serum cholesterol, dietary fat consumption and systolic BP were more favourable among the subjects in the NK sample than among the reference sample, although the differences were generally small. Results from multivariable analyses are presented to show the variables that predict a favourable risk factor change in the individual. Living in NK is associated in the analysis with a favourable change in each of the three risk factors. The limitation of this method in the evaluation of a community programme is discussed.", "PMID": 717058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6867", "title": "Coronary arteriographic findings in patients with previous acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "In a consecutive series of 234 patients admitted for selective coronary arteriography, 49 had had definite acute myocardial infarction (AMI) three months to ten years previously. More than 75% stenosis in at least one of the major coronary arteries was found in 80% of the patients. Two and three-vessel disease was demonstrated in 31% of the patients, which differs significantly from the 75-80% reported in autopsy studies in patients dying from AMI. At ventriculography all 22 patients with pathological Q waves had dyssynergy of the left ventricle.", "contents": "Coronary arteriographic findings in patients with previous acute myocardial infarction. In a consecutive series of 234 patients admitted for selective coronary arteriography, 49 had had definite acute myocardial infarction (AMI) three months to ten years previously. More than 75% stenosis in at least one of the major coronary arteries was found in 80% of the patients. Two and three-vessel disease was demonstrated in 31% of the patients, which differs significantly from the 75-80% reported in autopsy studies in patients dying from AMI. At ventriculography all 22 patients with pathological Q waves had dyssynergy of the left ventricle.", "PMID": 717060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6868", "title": "Cerebral attacks due to excessive vagal tone in heavily trained persons. A clinical and electrophysiologic study.", "content": "Cardiac syncopes appeared in four heavily trained male patients without a history of cerebral or heart disease. Three were young athletes participating in competitive sport, one had trained intensively for years after poliomyelitis complicated by paraplegia. On admission all patients had sinus bradycardia; one had second degree atrioventricular (AV) block at rest, and one had transient sinoatrial (SA) block. His bundle studies demonstrated prolonged recovery time of the SA node (SAN) in two, prolonged atrio-His interval in three, and appearance of second degree AV block at abnormally low pacing rates in two. Refractory periods of the AV node (AVN), determined in three, tended to reach the upper limit of the normal range. The dysfunction of SAN and AVN was temporarily abolished in all patients by 1 mg of atropine i.v., and disappeared during exercise test, which was done by the three young athletes. The patient with paraplegia and one of the young athletes, who had second degree AV block at rest, were given atropine, 0.5 mg six times a day, and all three active sportsmen reduced training activity considerably. After 6--12 months all patients were re-examined. None had cerebral symptoms or other complaints. They were in regular sinus rhythm and in excellent physical condition.", "contents": "Cerebral attacks due to excessive vagal tone in heavily trained persons. A clinical and electrophysiologic study. Cardiac syncopes appeared in four heavily trained male patients without a history of cerebral or heart disease. Three were young athletes participating in competitive sport, one had trained intensively for years after poliomyelitis complicated by paraplegia. On admission all patients had sinus bradycardia; one had second degree atrioventricular (AV) block at rest, and one had transient sinoatrial (SA) block. His bundle studies demonstrated prolonged recovery time of the SA node (SAN) in two, prolonged atrio-His interval in three, and appearance of second degree AV block at abnormally low pacing rates in two. Refractory periods of the AV node (AVN), determined in three, tended to reach the upper limit of the normal range. The dysfunction of SAN and AVN was temporarily abolished in all patients by 1 mg of atropine i.v., and disappeared during exercise test, which was done by the three young athletes. The patient with paraplegia and one of the young athletes, who had second degree AV block at rest, were given atropine, 0.5 mg six times a day, and all three active sportsmen reduced training activity considerably. After 6--12 months all patients were re-examined. None had cerebral symptoms or other complaints. They were in regular sinus rhythm and in excellent physical condition.", "PMID": 717061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6869", "title": "Neutrophil kinetics in acute bacterial infection. A clinical study.", "content": "Neutrophil kinetics in peripheral blood were studied with DF32P-labeled cells in eight patients during severe acute bacterial infection. Contrary to previous studies in man, the blood transit time of labeled neutrophils was short and the neutrophil turnover rate increased, up to ten times the normal, during the early phases of infection. This early phase was followed by a period in which the specific neutrophil radioactivity in the blood remained constant for up to 50 hours, probably indicating that in early convalescence neutrophil egress from the bone marrow to the blood is almost stopped. The demonstration of increased neutrophil turnover may seem to illustrate what might be considered an obvious fact, but is in contrast to previous findings and seems to obviate the prevailing theory of quantitatively unchanged but redistributed neutrophil kinetics during bacterial infection in man. The mechanism which apparently abruptly stops neutrophil egress from the bone marrow to the blood during early convalescence is unknown.", "contents": "Neutrophil kinetics in acute bacterial infection. A clinical study. Neutrophil kinetics in peripheral blood were studied with DF32P-labeled cells in eight patients during severe acute bacterial infection. Contrary to previous studies in man, the blood transit time of labeled neutrophils was short and the neutrophil turnover rate increased, up to ten times the normal, during the early phases of infection. This early phase was followed by a period in which the specific neutrophil radioactivity in the blood remained constant for up to 50 hours, probably indicating that in early convalescence neutrophil egress from the bone marrow to the blood is almost stopped. The demonstration of increased neutrophil turnover may seem to illustrate what might be considered an obvious fact, but is in contrast to previous findings and seems to obviate the prevailing theory of quantitatively unchanged but redistributed neutrophil kinetics during bacterial infection in man. The mechanism which apparently abruptly stops neutrophil egress from the bone marrow to the blood during early convalescence is unknown.", "PMID": 717062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6870", "title": "The shock liver. Clinical and biochemical findings in patients with centrilobular liver necrosis following cardiogenic shock.", "content": "Five patients with severe heart disease developed cardiogenic shock of more than 24 hours' duration. As a sequela to the shock, severe liver affection was demonstrated. Serum aspartate aminotransferases and serum lactate dehydrogenases showed very high activities. The prothrombin-proconvertin index was reduced to less than 25% of the normal. Four of the patients were jaundiced. The condition gave rise to some differential diagnostic problems. Liver biopsies were available from four of the patients, and histological examination of an autopsy specimen of the liver was performed in each case. The liver histology showed centrilobular necrosis and haemorrhage in all patients. It seems that centrilobular fibrosis develops later in the condition. The pathogenesis of this liver affection is probably hypoxic injury to the centrilobular areas of the liver lobule due to reduced liver blood flow.", "contents": "The shock liver. Clinical and biochemical findings in patients with centrilobular liver necrosis following cardiogenic shock. Five patients with severe heart disease developed cardiogenic shock of more than 24 hours' duration. As a sequela to the shock, severe liver affection was demonstrated. Serum aspartate aminotransferases and serum lactate dehydrogenases showed very high activities. The prothrombin-proconvertin index was reduced to less than 25% of the normal. Four of the patients were jaundiced. The condition gave rise to some differential diagnostic problems. Liver biopsies were available from four of the patients, and histological examination of an autopsy specimen of the liver was performed in each case. The liver histology showed centrilobular necrosis and haemorrhage in all patients. It seems that centrilobular fibrosis develops later in the condition. The pathogenesis of this liver affection is probably hypoxic injury to the centrilobular areas of the liver lobule due to reduced liver blood flow.", "PMID": 717063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6871", "title": "Thallium intoxication treated with long-term hemodialysis, forced diuresis and Prussian blue.", "content": "A 56-year-old woman, who ingested 2 g of thallium sulfate, was successfully treated with long-term hemodialysis for 200 hours during ten days, combined with forced diuresis and Prussian blue. The effect of the artificial kidney dialysis was determined by repeated analysis of the thallium concentration in the dialysis bath and in blood samples. During the first 120 hours of hemodialysis, 143 mg of thallium was eliminated via the artificial kidney and 110 mg via the urinary tract. The present case of acute thallium intoxication is the first in which long-term hemodialysis has been used in the acute phase together with forced diuresis and Prussian blue. The data obtained are compared to those obtained from cases treated with hemodialysis in the past. It is concluded that treatment with hemodialysis should be considered as an important supplement to treatment with forced diuresis and Prussian blue in cases of thallium intoxication.", "contents": "Thallium intoxication treated with long-term hemodialysis, forced diuresis and Prussian blue. A 56-year-old woman, who ingested 2 g of thallium sulfate, was successfully treated with long-term hemodialysis for 200 hours during ten days, combined with forced diuresis and Prussian blue. The effect of the artificial kidney dialysis was determined by repeated analysis of the thallium concentration in the dialysis bath and in blood samples. During the first 120 hours of hemodialysis, 143 mg of thallium was eliminated via the artificial kidney and 110 mg via the urinary tract. The present case of acute thallium intoxication is the first in which long-term hemodialysis has been used in the acute phase together with forced diuresis and Prussian blue. The data obtained are compared to those obtained from cases treated with hemodialysis in the past. It is concluded that treatment with hemodialysis should be considered as an important supplement to treatment with forced diuresis and Prussian blue in cases of thallium intoxication.", "PMID": 717064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6872", "title": "Benign lesions of the cervical spine.", "content": "Benign tumours of the spine are infrequent. Among the bony lesions occurring in children and adolescents are osteochondroma, benign osteoblastoma, and aneurysmal bone cyst. Although more than 50% of the osteochondromas are found in patients below 20 years of age, their incidence in the vertebrae is very low. In contrast, benign osteoblastoma and aneurysmal bone cyst are rare lesions, but occur relatively commonly in the spine. A case report of each of these bony lesions is presented. The symptomatology, the characteristic radiological and pathological appearance, and the appropriate treatment of these benign lesions of the spine are described.", "contents": "Benign lesions of the cervical spine. Benign tumours of the spine are infrequent. Among the bony lesions occurring in children and adolescents are osteochondroma, benign osteoblastoma, and aneurysmal bone cyst. Although more than 50% of the osteochondromas are found in patients below 20 years of age, their incidence in the vertebrae is very low. In contrast, benign osteoblastoma and aneurysmal bone cyst are rare lesions, but occur relatively commonly in the spine. A case report of each of these bony lesions is presented. The symptomatology, the characteristic radiological and pathological appearance, and the appropriate treatment of these benign lesions of the spine are described.", "PMID": 717068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6873", "title": "Results of laminectomy in spinal cord compression due to tumours.", "content": "In the neurosurgical clinic of the University of Groningen 67 patients were admitted during 8 years with a diagnosis of spinal cord compression by a tumour. Fifthy-three patients had an epidural tumour mass and 14 an intradural tumour. Of the epidural tumour patients became ambulatory, 20 (37.7%) while in the intradural group 78.5% of the patients were improved. The possible pathogenesis of the transverse lesions is discussed, and the necessity for further clinical research is stressed.", "contents": "Results of laminectomy in spinal cord compression due to tumours. In the neurosurgical clinic of the University of Groningen 67 patients were admitted during 8 years with a diagnosis of spinal cord compression by a tumour. Fifthy-three patients had an epidural tumour mass and 14 an intradural tumour. Of the epidural tumour patients became ambulatory, 20 (37.7%) while in the intradural group 78.5% of the patients were improved. The possible pathogenesis of the transverse lesions is discussed, and the necessity for further clinical research is stressed.", "PMID": 717069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6874", "title": "Prolapsed lumbar intervertebral disc with partial or total occlusion of the spinal canal. A study of 30 patients with and 28 patients without cauda equina symptoms.", "content": "The clinical findings and operation results in two series of patients with medial prolapse of an intervertebral disc with total or partial occlusion of the spinal canal are reported. In one of the series (30 patients) symptoms of cauda equina compression, with bladder and rectal disturbances, were present, and in the other series (28 patients) these symptoms were absent. The observation period was five years (median value). The late results are evaluated in relation to the time interval between the onset of symptoms and operation. In the series with caudal compression syndrome, sphincter disturbances persisted in 10 patients, six of whom underwent operation during the first week after the onset of symptoms. The prognosis was most favourale when the symptoms developed slowly. Seventeen patients have returned to work. The importance of early operation in patients with classical compression syndrome of the cauda equina is emphasized. In the series without caudal compression syndrome, the symptomatalogy varied. The duration of symptoms was strikingly long. Only 19 patients are able to work. The others are prevented from working by persistent backache and leg pains, and in four cases by pareses of the extremities. In these cases also the importance of early operation is stressed.", "contents": "Prolapsed lumbar intervertebral disc with partial or total occlusion of the spinal canal. A study of 30 patients with and 28 patients without cauda equina symptoms. The clinical findings and operation results in two series of patients with medial prolapse of an intervertebral disc with total or partial occlusion of the spinal canal are reported. In one of the series (30 patients) symptoms of cauda equina compression, with bladder and rectal disturbances, were present, and in the other series (28 patients) these symptoms were absent. The observation period was five years (median value). The late results are evaluated in relation to the time interval between the onset of symptoms and operation. In the series with caudal compression syndrome, sphincter disturbances persisted in 10 patients, six of whom underwent operation during the first week after the onset of symptoms. The prognosis was most favourale when the symptoms developed slowly. Seventeen patients have returned to work. The importance of early operation in patients with classical compression syndrome of the cauda equina is emphasized. In the series without caudal compression syndrome, the symptomatalogy varied. The duration of symptoms was strikingly long. Only 19 patients are able to work. The others are prevented from working by persistent backache and leg pains, and in four cases by pareses of the extremities. In these cases also the importance of early operation is stressed.", "PMID": 717070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6875", "title": "Congenital stenosis of lumbar spinal canal: comparison of results of surgical treatment for this and other causes of lumbar syndrome.", "content": "The operative results in 37 consecutive patients suffering from developmental stenosis of the lumbar spinal canal, compared with those in spondylosis and disc herniations, are discussed. The diagnostic certainty of stenosis, suspected on the bases of clinical and radiographic data, is reached only at the operating table. To judge the usefulness of the operation we have considered not only the patients' verdicts, but also the improvements in neurological signs and the appearance of new deficits. Satisfactory results are around 80%, slightly less good with stenosis than with the other causes of lumbar syndrome. Radiographic study with contrast medium is mandatory. Dimer-X has been used with very clear radiographic findings and very few complications. Operating technique is also described: a wide laminectomy with facetectomy is advised. The great importance of early physiotherapy is emphasized.", "contents": "Congenital stenosis of lumbar spinal canal: comparison of results of surgical treatment for this and other causes of lumbar syndrome. The operative results in 37 consecutive patients suffering from developmental stenosis of the lumbar spinal canal, compared with those in spondylosis and disc herniations, are discussed. The diagnostic certainty of stenosis, suspected on the bases of clinical and radiographic data, is reached only at the operating table. To judge the usefulness of the operation we have considered not only the patients' verdicts, but also the improvements in neurological signs and the appearance of new deficits. Satisfactory results are around 80%, slightly less good with stenosis than with the other causes of lumbar syndrome. Radiographic study with contrast medium is mandatory. Dimer-X has been used with very clear radiographic findings and very few complications. Operating technique is also described: a wide laminectomy with facetectomy is advised. The great importance of early physiotherapy is emphasized.", "PMID": 717071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6876", "title": "Redundant nerve roots of the cauda equina.", "content": "Two cases of redundant nerve roots syndrome are presented. Both cases displayed coiled and elongated nerve roots of cauda equina, associated with proliferated fibrous tissue on the ligamentum flavum or with spondylosis and disc protrusion compressing the caudal dural sac. The pathogenesis of the syndrome of redundant nerve roots is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Redundant nerve roots of the cauda equina. Two cases of redundant nerve roots syndrome are presented. Both cases displayed coiled and elongated nerve roots of cauda equina, associated with proliferated fibrous tissue on the ligamentum flavum or with spondylosis and disc protrusion compressing the caudal dural sac. The pathogenesis of the syndrome of redundant nerve roots is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 717072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6877", "title": "Meningiomas of the third ventricle.", "content": "Intraventricular third ventricle meningiomas are very rare. Fourteen cases have been previously reported. We present a case of third ventricle meningioma, and discuss aetiology, pathology, symptoms, signs, position in the ventricle, and surgical approaches.", "contents": "Meningiomas of the third ventricle. Intraventricular third ventricle meningiomas are very rare. Fourteen cases have been previously reported. We present a case of third ventricle meningioma, and discuss aetiology, pathology, symptoms, signs, position in the ventricle, and surgical approaches.", "PMID": 717073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6878", "title": "Cytological alterations in alumina cream experimental epilepsy.", "content": "The cellular changes in the neighbourhood of an alumina cream epileptogenic focus and in the mirror focus in chronic experiments in cats have been studied. According to the neuroglial morphology, four layers are described around the alumina cream lesion. At an ultrastructural level, and increase in gap junctions with a great amount of gliofilaments in astroglial processes are observed. There is a decrease in the number of neurons in the vicinity of the alumina cream. Some are coated by glial processes filled with gliofilaments. The dendrites of the pyramidal neurons in the mirror focus show long mitochondria. The possible significance of these data, in relation with the current theories about epileptogenicity, are discussed.", "contents": "Cytological alterations in alumina cream experimental epilepsy. The cellular changes in the neighbourhood of an alumina cream epileptogenic focus and in the mirror focus in chronic experiments in cats have been studied. According to the neuroglial morphology, four layers are described around the alumina cream lesion. At an ultrastructural level, and increase in gap junctions with a great amount of gliofilaments in astroglial processes are observed. There is a decrease in the number of neurons in the vicinity of the alumina cream. Some are coated by glial processes filled with gliofilaments. The dendrites of the pyramidal neurons in the mirror focus show long mitochondria. The possible significance of these data, in relation with the current theories about epileptogenicity, are discussed.", "PMID": 717074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6879", "title": "Has vitamin D a direct renal effect on the tubular reabsorption of phosphate? A study in parathyroidectomized (PTX) and non-PTX man.", "content": "The effect of 1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1alpha-OH-D3) on the renal handling of phosphate and the immunoreactive parathyroid hormone in serum (i-PTH) has been studied in 10 patients with a wide range of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), maximal tubular reabsorption of phosphate (TmP) and i-PTH. The patients were treated with 2 microgram 1alpha-OH-D3 per day for approximately 80 days. Before and after this period of treatment, the TmP, i-PTH, 51Cr EDTA clearance, extracellular volume, standard bicarbonate, and serum calcium were measured in each patient. The TmP/GFR ratio was used as an index of the renal handling of phosphate. The index increased significantly (mean 26.5%, p less than 0.01) during the treatment, while i-PTH decreased significantly (mean 37.0%, p less than 0.01). A significant inverse correlation was demonstrated between the TmP/GFR index and i-PTH both before (r = -0.87; p less than 0.001) and after (r = -0.79; p less than 0.01) the administration of 1alpha-OH-D3, while none of the other factors investigated were correlated to the index. This may suggest that the stimulating effect of biologically active vitamin D on the tubular reabsorption of phosphate is mediated via the parallel suppression of PTH, but does not exclude that biologically active vitamin D exerts a direct effect on the human renal tubule. Therefore, the effect of 1alpha-OH-D3 was studied in 5 totally parathyroidectomized patients, in whom concomitant suppression of PTH would not occur. Estimation of TmP/GFR was performed 1) when the patients were vitamin D depleted and hypocalcemic, and 2) after 14-27 days of treatment with 1alpha-OH-D3 to obtain stable normocalcemia. In patients with absent parathyroid function, no increasing effect of 1alpha-OH-D3 on TmP/GFR could be demonstrated. It is therefore concluded 1) that 1alpha-OH-D3 exhibits no antiphosphaturic effect in the absence of PTH and 2) that the previously demonstrated antiphosphaturic effect of 1alpha-OH-D3 in man is mediated via a concomitant suppression of PTH.", "contents": "Has vitamin D a direct renal effect on the tubular reabsorption of phosphate? A study in parathyroidectomized (PTX) and non-PTX man. The effect of 1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1alpha-OH-D3) on the renal handling of phosphate and the immunoreactive parathyroid hormone in serum (i-PTH) has been studied in 10 patients with a wide range of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), maximal tubular reabsorption of phosphate (TmP) and i-PTH. The patients were treated with 2 microgram 1alpha-OH-D3 per day for approximately 80 days. Before and after this period of treatment, the TmP, i-PTH, 51Cr EDTA clearance, extracellular volume, standard bicarbonate, and serum calcium were measured in each patient. The TmP/GFR ratio was used as an index of the renal handling of phosphate. The index increased significantly (mean 26.5%, p less than 0.01) during the treatment, while i-PTH decreased significantly (mean 37.0%, p less than 0.01). A significant inverse correlation was demonstrated between the TmP/GFR index and i-PTH both before (r = -0.87; p less than 0.001) and after (r = -0.79; p less than 0.01) the administration of 1alpha-OH-D3, while none of the other factors investigated were correlated to the index. This may suggest that the stimulating effect of biologically active vitamin D on the tubular reabsorption of phosphate is mediated via the parallel suppression of PTH, but does not exclude that biologically active vitamin D exerts a direct effect on the human renal tubule. Therefore, the effect of 1alpha-OH-D3 was studied in 5 totally parathyroidectomized patients, in whom concomitant suppression of PTH would not occur. Estimation of TmP/GFR was performed 1) when the patients were vitamin D depleted and hypocalcemic, and 2) after 14-27 days of treatment with 1alpha-OH-D3 to obtain stable normocalcemia. In patients with absent parathyroid function, no increasing effect of 1alpha-OH-D3 on TmP/GFR could be demonstrated. It is therefore concluded 1) that 1alpha-OH-D3 exhibits no antiphosphaturic effect in the absence of PTH and 2) that the previously demonstrated antiphosphaturic effect of 1alpha-OH-D3 in man is mediated via a concomitant suppression of PTH.", "PMID": 717102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6880", "title": "Visceral calcification and the CaXP product.", "content": "The authors studied the presence of visceral calcification as evidenced by the visceral uptake of bone-seeking radionuclides during the course of a bone scan among 22 patients with terminal renal failure maintained on dialysis, nine patients with hypercalcemia secondary to malignancy, and nine patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Uptake by the lungs or stomach was observed in 11 renal failure patients (50%) and in four of those with malignancy and hypercalcemia (44%). None of the patients with primary hyperparathyroidism had evidence of visceral calcification. The serum CaXP product was significantly higher among those with visceral calcification than those without. The results of this study indicate that a CaXP product of 60 represents the saturation product of calcium phosphate in serum above which spontaneous precipitation of this salt may occur in such viscera as stomach and lungs.", "contents": "Visceral calcification and the CaXP product. The authors studied the presence of visceral calcification as evidenced by the visceral uptake of bone-seeking radionuclides during the course of a bone scan among 22 patients with terminal renal failure maintained on dialysis, nine patients with hypercalcemia secondary to malignancy, and nine patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Uptake by the lungs or stomach was observed in 11 renal failure patients (50%) and in four of those with malignancy and hypercalcemia (44%). None of the patients with primary hyperparathyroidism had evidence of visceral calcification. The serum CaXP product was significantly higher among those with visceral calcification than those without. The results of this study indicate that a CaXP product of 60 represents the saturation product of calcium phosphate in serum above which spontaneous precipitation of this salt may occur in such viscera as stomach and lungs.", "PMID": 717104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6881", "title": "Renal handling of phosphate in very low birthweight (VLBW) infants (less than 1.3 kg): effects of calcium and sodium intake.", "content": "Five patient groups of VLBW infants with the same P-intake but varying Ca and Na intake were examined as to their urinary excretion of P and Na and on their renal clearance of P. The effect of increasing the Na intake from 1.5 to 3 mEq/kg/24 h on C(P) was also examined. In the control group of infants with an intake of 210 mg Ca and 80 mg P/kg/24 h, the C(P) was significantly correlated with postnatal, but not postconceptional age. A relatively low Ca intake of 100 mg/kg/24 h led to age-related values two to three times as high, whereas Ca supplementation to a total intake of 250 mg/kg/24 h decreased the C(P) significantly. A Ca intake of 175 mg/kg/24 h led to C(P) similar to those seen with one of 100 mg/kg/24 h. Changing the Na intake from 1,5 to 3 mEq/kg/24 h did not influence the C(P). There was no correlation between UP and UNa in any of the patient groups examined.", "contents": "Renal handling of phosphate in very low birthweight (VLBW) infants (less than 1.3 kg): effects of calcium and sodium intake. Five patient groups of VLBW infants with the same P-intake but varying Ca and Na intake were examined as to their urinary excretion of P and Na and on their renal clearance of P. The effect of increasing the Na intake from 1.5 to 3 mEq/kg/24 h on C(P) was also examined. In the control group of infants with an intake of 210 mg Ca and 80 mg P/kg/24 h, the C(P) was significantly correlated with postnatal, but not postconceptional age. A relatively low Ca intake of 100 mg/kg/24 h led to age-related values two to three times as high, whereas Ca supplementation to a total intake of 250 mg/kg/24 h decreased the C(P) significantly. A Ca intake of 175 mg/kg/24 h led to C(P) similar to those seen with one of 100 mg/kg/24 h. Changing the Na intake from 1,5 to 3 mEq/kg/24 h did not influence the C(P). There was no correlation between UP and UNa in any of the patient groups examined.", "PMID": 717107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6882", "title": "The effects of phosphate depletion on bone.", "content": "Phosphate depletion causes significant changes in the composition of the cell population in bone and the metabolic activities of these cells. The data presented indicate that a vitamin D metabolite has a significant role in producing the increase in osteoclast number associated with phosphate depletion. The increased resorptive activity and number of osteoclasts leads to a marked increase in the rate of bone resorption resulting in the liberation of calcium phosphate, while the decrease in the rates of the processes involved in bone formation (matrix production, osteoid maturation, and mineralization) reduces the amount of phosphate which is removed from the circulation. Thus, all of the effects of phosphate depletion on bone are consistent with the interpretation that bone acts as a reservoir of phosphate and is used to maintain soft tissue and serum phosphate levels at the expense of bone.", "contents": "The effects of phosphate depletion on bone. Phosphate depletion causes significant changes in the composition of the cell population in bone and the metabolic activities of these cells. The data presented indicate that a vitamin D metabolite has a significant role in producing the increase in osteoclast number associated with phosphate depletion. The increased resorptive activity and number of osteoclasts leads to a marked increase in the rate of bone resorption resulting in the liberation of calcium phosphate, while the decrease in the rates of the processes involved in bone formation (matrix production, osteoid maturation, and mineralization) reduces the amount of phosphate which is removed from the circulation. Thus, all of the effects of phosphate depletion on bone are consistent with the interpretation that bone acts as a reservoir of phosphate and is used to maintain soft tissue and serum phosphate levels at the expense of bone.", "PMID": 717112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6883", "title": "Effect of PTH on osteocyte ultrastructure.", "content": "Osteocyte ultrastructure was studied in the cortical bone of the tibia of rats after acute or chronic administration of supraphysiological doses of PTH. Confirming previous reports, an increase in the width of the cytoplasm with the appearance of numerous thin cytoplasmic processes, an increase in rough ergastoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, an increase in lacunar width and lysis of the lacunar wall (\"brush border\" after Bonucci) were observed. Particularly striking was the appearance of numerous microfilaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm of activated osteocytes. The appearance of microfilaments, often densely packed in cytoplasmic processes or running parallel to the plasma membrane, points to a role of the cytoskeleton in mediating the effects of PTH on conformational changes of the plasma membrane (and possible on cell motility); microtubules were particularly prominent in the Golgi field and are presumably involved in the exocytosis of lysosomes. Another striking feature was the non-random distribution of periosteocytic osteolysis along the lacunar perimeter. Osteolysis was particularly pronounced at the cell pole opposite to the cell nucleus. After chronic administration of PTH, autolysis of osteocytes, associated with signs of excessive periosteocytic osteolysis, was frequently encountered.", "contents": "Effect of PTH on osteocyte ultrastructure. Osteocyte ultrastructure was studied in the cortical bone of the tibia of rats after acute or chronic administration of supraphysiological doses of PTH. Confirming previous reports, an increase in the width of the cytoplasm with the appearance of numerous thin cytoplasmic processes, an increase in rough ergastoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, an increase in lacunar width and lysis of the lacunar wall (\"brush border\" after Bonucci) were observed. Particularly striking was the appearance of numerous microfilaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm of activated osteocytes. The appearance of microfilaments, often densely packed in cytoplasmic processes or running parallel to the plasma membrane, points to a role of the cytoskeleton in mediating the effects of PTH on conformational changes of the plasma membrane (and possible on cell motility); microtubules were particularly prominent in the Golgi field and are presumably involved in the exocytosis of lysosomes. Another striking feature was the non-random distribution of periosteocytic osteolysis along the lacunar perimeter. Osteolysis was particularly pronounced at the cell pole opposite to the cell nucleus. After chronic administration of PTH, autolysis of osteocytes, associated with signs of excessive periosteocytic osteolysis, was frequently encountered.", "PMID": 717118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6884", "title": "Regulation of the tubular transport of phosphate in the rat: role of parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.", "content": "The reduced capability of the tubular Pi transport to adapt to a high Pi diet in TPTX rats can be normalized by physiological doses of 1,25-(OH)2D3. This suggests that the chronic consequence of a lack of PTH could be due, at least in part, to the reduced production of 1,25-(OH)2D3. The mechanism of Pi adaptation appears to be the most important regulator of Pi excretion in the growing rats, since it can markedly alter the acute phosphaturic response to parathyroid hormone.", "contents": "Regulation of the tubular transport of phosphate in the rat: role of parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. The reduced capability of the tubular Pi transport to adapt to a high Pi diet in TPTX rats can be normalized by physiological doses of 1,25-(OH)2D3. This suggests that the chronic consequence of a lack of PTH could be due, at least in part, to the reduced production of 1,25-(OH)2D3. The mechanism of Pi adaptation appears to be the most important regulator of Pi excretion in the growing rats, since it can markedly alter the acute phosphaturic response to parathyroid hormone.", "PMID": 717128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6885", "title": "Pilot epidemiological studies in thrombosis.", "content": "Some differences in the blood of farmers in Nurmijarvi, Finland, Canino, Italy, and Beltsville, Maryland in the United States apparently were associated with differences, among the areas, in the farmers' diets. Those associations suggested that diets that are high in saturated fats (Nurmijarvi) could predispose humans to develop intravascular disease. Such predisposition has been observed in experimental animals. Low levels of the parameters that are considered active in such predisposition apparently were associated with diets that were low in saturated fats (Canino) or with diets that were low in saturated and high in unsaturated fats (Beltsville). Within the limits of the experimental design, the data from the three population groups indicated that a more comprehensive study might establish a relation between diet and intravascular disease in humans.", "contents": "Pilot epidemiological studies in thrombosis. Some differences in the blood of farmers in Nurmijarvi, Finland, Canino, Italy, and Beltsville, Maryland in the United States apparently were associated with differences, among the areas, in the farmers' diets. Those associations suggested that diets that are high in saturated fats (Nurmijarvi) could predispose humans to develop intravascular disease. Such predisposition has been observed in experimental animals. Low levels of the parameters that are considered active in such predisposition apparently were associated with diets that were low in saturated fats (Canino) or with diets that were low in saturated and high in unsaturated fats (Beltsville). Within the limits of the experimental design, the data from the three population groups indicated that a more comprehensive study might establish a relation between diet and intravascular disease in humans.", "PMID": 717141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6886", "title": "A model implicating altered macrophage function in H-2 linked nonresponsiveness to hen lysozyme.", "content": "Studies on the basis of differential responsiveness of H-2b mice to gallinaceous lysozymes suggest T cell involvement and active T cell suppression with those lysozymes not responded to. Results from other laboratories suggesting a directive role for macrophages through limited presentation are summarized. A model is presented proposing that suppressors (recognizing a determinant only on lysozymes not responded to) are present in all strains; that suppression requires antigen bridging between suppressor determinant and positive T determinant; that this bridge is disrupted in all strains but H-2b; and that this failure to disrupt the antigen bridge is a result of a genetically (Ia) controlled loss of a normal macrophage processing step.", "contents": "A model implicating altered macrophage function in H-2 linked nonresponsiveness to hen lysozyme. Studies on the basis of differential responsiveness of H-2b mice to gallinaceous lysozymes suggest T cell involvement and active T cell suppression with those lysozymes not responded to. Results from other laboratories suggesting a directive role for macrophages through limited presentation are summarized. A model is presented proposing that suppressors (recognizing a determinant only on lysozymes not responded to) are present in all strains; that suppression requires antigen bridging between suppressor determinant and positive T determinant; that this bridge is disrupted in all strains but H-2b; and that this failure to disrupt the antigen bridge is a result of a genetically (Ia) controlled loss of a normal macrophage processing step.", "PMID": 717175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6887", "title": "Immune responses of inbred guinea pigs and mice to helical sequential polymers of amino acids.", "content": "The immune responses against the sequential polypeptides; (T-G-A-Gly)n, (T-A-G-Gly)n, (Phe-G-A-Gly)n and (Phe-A-G-Gly)n were studied in inbred guinea pigs and mice. Strain 13 guinea pigs responded to (Phe-G-A-Gly)n and (T-G-A-Gly)n whereas strain 2 guinea pigs responded to (T-A-G-GLY)n and (Phe-A-G-Gly)n. These responses which are linked to MHC, are only against the helical form of the polymers which have conformational determinants. Significant cross reactions at the humoral and T cell levels (PELS) are exhibited with the following reciprocal combinations: (Phe-G-A-Gly)n and (T-G-A-Gly)n; (T-A-G-Gly)n and (Phe-A-G-Gly)n. With mice, the polymers were shown to be T dependent with the following response patterns: mice of H-2b haplotype respond against (T-G-A-Gly)n; those of H-2b, f and r haplotypes respond against (T-A-G-Gly)n. There are no responders against (Phe-G-A-Gly)n and only mice of H-2f respond against (Phe-A-G-Gly)n. \"Nonresponders\" respond against the MBSA aggregates of all of these polymers. The Ir gene(s) controlling these T cell dependent H-linked responses mapped to the IA subregion. Antibody responses against (T-G-A-Gly) and (T-A-G-Gly) were quite variable, and were most marked in, F1 mice of (responder and nonresponder) and in backcross populations of (F1 x R) and (F1 x NR). However, the T cell proliferative responses performed with nylon wool purified T cells gave clear cut and predictable distinctions between \"responders\" and nonresponders and linkage with responding haplotype. Hypotheses advanced to explain these findings relate to the poor immunogenicity (antibody) of these polymers, which have a restricted number of repeating determinants, the B cell mitogenic properties of these polymers and the possible involvement of suppressor cells. The specificities of the humoral responses, i.e. cross reactions, were similar to those found in guinea pigs. However, in contrast to the guinea pig studies cross stimulation with structurally related polymers occurred only in those situations where the immunizing and \"crossreacting\" polymers were both immunogenic in mice of the same haplotype, i.e., (T-A-G-Gly)n and (Phe-A-G-Gly)n in mice of H-2f haplotypes.", "contents": "Immune responses of inbred guinea pigs and mice to helical sequential polymers of amino acids. The immune responses against the sequential polypeptides; (T-G-A-Gly)n, (T-A-G-Gly)n, (Phe-G-A-Gly)n and (Phe-A-G-Gly)n were studied in inbred guinea pigs and mice. Strain 13 guinea pigs responded to (Phe-G-A-Gly)n and (T-G-A-Gly)n whereas strain 2 guinea pigs responded to (T-A-G-GLY)n and (Phe-A-G-Gly)n. These responses which are linked to MHC, are only against the helical form of the polymers which have conformational determinants. Significant cross reactions at the humoral and T cell levels (PELS) are exhibited with the following reciprocal combinations: (Phe-G-A-Gly)n and (T-G-A-Gly)n; (T-A-G-Gly)n and (Phe-A-G-Gly)n. With mice, the polymers were shown to be T dependent with the following response patterns: mice of H-2b haplotype respond against (T-G-A-Gly)n; those of H-2b, f and r haplotypes respond against (T-A-G-Gly)n. There are no responders against (Phe-G-A-Gly)n and only mice of H-2f respond against (Phe-A-G-Gly)n. \"Nonresponders\" respond against the MBSA aggregates of all of these polymers. The Ir gene(s) controlling these T cell dependent H-linked responses mapped to the IA subregion. Antibody responses against (T-G-A-Gly) and (T-A-G-Gly) were quite variable, and were most marked in, F1 mice of (responder and nonresponder) and in backcross populations of (F1 x R) and (F1 x NR). However, the T cell proliferative responses performed with nylon wool purified T cells gave clear cut and predictable distinctions between \"responders\" and nonresponders and linkage with responding haplotype. Hypotheses advanced to explain these findings relate to the poor immunogenicity (antibody) of these polymers, which have a restricted number of repeating determinants, the B cell mitogenic properties of these polymers and the possible involvement of suppressor cells. The specificities of the humoral responses, i.e. cross reactions, were similar to those found in guinea pigs. However, in contrast to the guinea pig studies cross stimulation with structurally related polymers occurred only in those situations where the immunizing and \"crossreacting\" polymers were both immunogenic in mice of the same haplotype, i.e., (T-A-G-Gly)n and (Phe-A-G-Gly)n in mice of H-2f haplotypes.", "PMID": 717176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6888", "title": "Effect of dimaprit on gastric acid secretion in conscious cats.", "content": "Gastric acid secretion was studied in conscious cats with gastric fistulas. Dimaprit and Nalpha,5-dimethylhistamine produced higher maximal responses than histamine. In the presence of pyrilamine, the maximal response to histamine was equal to that of dimaprit. Pyrilamine increased submaximal but not maximal responses to pentagastrin. Cimetidine decreased the potency of dimaprit but did not alter the maximal response. Gastric acid secretion continued for 90 min after infusion of dimaprit was stopped. Possible mechanisms for the enhancement of acid secretion by pyrilamine include: (a) blocking of an inhibitory histamine H1-receptor and (b) inhibition of histamine methyltransferase.", "contents": "Effect of dimaprit on gastric acid secretion in conscious cats. Gastric acid secretion was studied in conscious cats with gastric fistulas. Dimaprit and Nalpha,5-dimethylhistamine produced higher maximal responses than histamine. In the presence of pyrilamine, the maximal response to histamine was equal to that of dimaprit. Pyrilamine increased submaximal but not maximal responses to pentagastrin. Cimetidine decreased the potency of dimaprit but did not alter the maximal response. Gastric acid secretion continued for 90 min after infusion of dimaprit was stopped. Possible mechanisms for the enhancement of acid secretion by pyrilamine include: (a) blocking of an inhibitory histamine H1-receptor and (b) inhibition of histamine methyltransferase.", "PMID": 717179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6889", "title": "Active bronchial anaphylaxis in the rat: inhibition by tiaramide.", "content": "Intravenous administration of the benzothiazoline derivative tiaramide hydrochloride, to rats actively sensitized to ovalbumin, inhibited immunologic lung reactions in a dose-related manner. Methysergide also inhibited anaphylactic lung reactions. Serotonin, but not other chemical mediators, produced changes in pulmonary mechanics qualitatively similar to those produced by the sensitizing antigen. The bronchoconstrictive action of serotonin was blocked by methysergide and tiaramide. The latter drug also inhibited bronchoconstriction induced by methacholine. The results implicate serotonin as the primary mediator of the respiratory component of systemic anaphylaxis in the rat: however, the mechanism by which tiaramide inhibits anaphylactic bronchoconstriction remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Active bronchial anaphylaxis in the rat: inhibition by tiaramide. Intravenous administration of the benzothiazoline derivative tiaramide hydrochloride, to rats actively sensitized to ovalbumin, inhibited immunologic lung reactions in a dose-related manner. Methysergide also inhibited anaphylactic lung reactions. Serotonin, but not other chemical mediators, produced changes in pulmonary mechanics qualitatively similar to those produced by the sensitizing antigen. The bronchoconstrictive action of serotonin was blocked by methysergide and tiaramide. The latter drug also inhibited bronchoconstriction induced by methacholine. The results implicate serotonin as the primary mediator of the respiratory component of systemic anaphylaxis in the rat: however, the mechanism by which tiaramide inhibits anaphylactic bronchoconstriction remains to be elucidated.", "PMID": 717180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6890", "title": "Regional levels of histamine in rat brain after microwave irradiation: evidence for artifacts in the enzymatic--isotopic assay.", "content": "Histamine levels in the brain, measured fluorimetrically, were similar for rats killed by decapitation and microwave irradiation. However, enzymatic--isotopic assay yields 5--20 times higher value for microwave irradiation versus decapitation. Thin layer chromatography of the methylated products in the enzymatic--isotopic assay indicated the formation of artifacts following microwave irradiation. The results strongly suggest that a combination of microwave irradiation and enzymatic--isotopic assay is not suitable for histamine analysis in the rat brain.", "contents": "Regional levels of histamine in rat brain after microwave irradiation: evidence for artifacts in the enzymatic--isotopic assay. Histamine levels in the brain, measured fluorimetrically, were similar for rats killed by decapitation and microwave irradiation. However, enzymatic--isotopic assay yields 5--20 times higher value for microwave irradiation versus decapitation. Thin layer chromatography of the methylated products in the enzymatic--isotopic assay indicated the formation of artifacts following microwave irradiation. The results strongly suggest that a combination of microwave irradiation and enzymatic--isotopic assay is not suitable for histamine analysis in the rat brain.", "PMID": 717182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6891", "title": "Induction of cytokines by tilorone hydrochloride.", "content": "Tilorone hydrochloride, an interferon inducer in small laboratory animals, was demonstrated to elicit formation of macrophage migration affecting and microbial growth inhibitory cytokines after peroral drug administration to mice. Serum kinetics of the migration inhibitory cytokine resembled those of interferon, exhibiting a peak after about 24 h, whereas the bactericidal cytokine showed a steady increase up to 48 h after drug treatment. Both the factors were found to have molecular weights of 10,000--30,000 daltons as determined by Sephadex G-200 chromatography, to be stable at pH 2 and at 56 degrees C for 30 min, sensitive to chymotrypsin and resistant to RNase digestion. The migration enhancing serum activity could not finally be characterized so far. The physicochemical data are discussed in comparison to those of lymphocyte-derived cytokines. It is suggested that cytokine production may be, at least partially, responsible for the immunological effects of tilorone and possibly contribute to its antiviral action.", "contents": "Induction of cytokines by tilorone hydrochloride. Tilorone hydrochloride, an interferon inducer in small laboratory animals, was demonstrated to elicit formation of macrophage migration affecting and microbial growth inhibitory cytokines after peroral drug administration to mice. Serum kinetics of the migration inhibitory cytokine resembled those of interferon, exhibiting a peak after about 24 h, whereas the bactericidal cytokine showed a steady increase up to 48 h after drug treatment. Both the factors were found to have molecular weights of 10,000--30,000 daltons as determined by Sephadex G-200 chromatography, to be stable at pH 2 and at 56 degrees C for 30 min, sensitive to chymotrypsin and resistant to RNase digestion. The migration enhancing serum activity could not finally be characterized so far. The physicochemical data are discussed in comparison to those of lymphocyte-derived cytokines. It is suggested that cytokine production may be, at least partially, responsible for the immunological effects of tilorone and possibly contribute to its antiviral action.", "PMID": 717185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6892", "title": "Inhibition of adjuvant-induced arthritis in the hyperuricemic rat.", "content": "In man, there is a strong negative correlation between gout and rheumatoid arthritis. To investigate this apparent mutual exclusion, we studied the influence of oxonate-induced hyperuricemia on the development of adjuvant arthritis in male Wistar rats. The results indicate that in the primary reaction (inflammation of the injected paw) the differences are weak (0.10 greater than p greater than 0.05) between normouricemic and hyperuricemic rats. In hyperuricemic rats the secondary reaction (induced polyarthritis) is delayed and significantly reduced (p less than 0.005). Non-immunologic carrageenin paw edema is not statistically different between the two groups (p greater than 0.25). Experimental hyperuricemia in rats seems to influence essentially the secondary, cell mediated, reaction without affecting the acute inflammatory phases.", "contents": "Inhibition of adjuvant-induced arthritis in the hyperuricemic rat. In man, there is a strong negative correlation between gout and rheumatoid arthritis. To investigate this apparent mutual exclusion, we studied the influence of oxonate-induced hyperuricemia on the development of adjuvant arthritis in male Wistar rats. The results indicate that in the primary reaction (inflammation of the injected paw) the differences are weak (0.10 greater than p greater than 0.05) between normouricemic and hyperuricemic rats. In hyperuricemic rats the secondary reaction (induced polyarthritis) is delayed and significantly reduced (p less than 0.005). Non-immunologic carrageenin paw edema is not statistically different between the two groups (p greater than 0.25). Experimental hyperuricemia in rats seems to influence essentially the secondary, cell mediated, reaction without affecting the acute inflammatory phases.", "PMID": 717186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6893", "title": "Anti-inflammatory effect of sialic acid.", "content": "Sialic acid was shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties as measured by carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema and pleurisy tests. As the number of leukocytes mobilized was significantly reduced it was concluded that the inhibitory effect of sialic acid on leukocyte accumulation is responsible for the inhibition of exudate/oedema formation.", "contents": "Anti-inflammatory effect of sialic acid. Sialic acid was shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties as measured by carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema and pleurisy tests. As the number of leukocytes mobilized was significantly reduced it was concluded that the inhibitory effect of sialic acid on leukocyte accumulation is responsible for the inhibition of exudate/oedema formation.", "PMID": 717187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6894", "title": "Growth retardation in children with chronic asthma in the absence of prolonged steroid therapy.", "content": "Height and weight measurements were made on 380 boys and 219 girls age 4 to 20 with chronic asthma and compared with normal values from National Center for Health Statistics Growth Charts. These patients were not on prolonged steroid therapy. Heights and weights were both significantly lower than normal (P less than 0.005 for height and P less than 0.01 for weight) for the total sample and for some individual age groups for boys, but reached normal values by age 19 and 20. Average height percentiles for boys with early onset (age 0 to 2 years) were at the 25 percentile level but improved with later ages of onset. Height and weight of girls were not affected significantly by chronic asthma. Growth retardation in asthmatic boys appears to be linked with delayed sexual maturation.", "contents": "Growth retardation in children with chronic asthma in the absence of prolonged steroid therapy. Height and weight measurements were made on 380 boys and 219 girls age 4 to 20 with chronic asthma and compared with normal values from National Center for Health Statistics Growth Charts. These patients were not on prolonged steroid therapy. Heights and weights were both significantly lower than normal (P less than 0.005 for height and P less than 0.01 for weight) for the total sample and for some individual age groups for boys, but reached normal values by age 19 and 20. Average height percentiles for boys with early onset (age 0 to 2 years) were at the 25 percentile level but improved with later ages of onset. Height and weight of girls were not affected significantly by chronic asthma. Growth retardation in asthmatic boys appears to be linked with delayed sexual maturation.", "PMID": 717201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6895", "title": "Allergy and experimental chronic broncho-pneumopathy.", "content": "House dust is a mixture of specific and non-specific stimulating factors. More particularly it contains a wide range of irritating factors, antigens, responsible for the production of immediate and delayed allergic reactions, moulds, microbes, etc. It may therefore be understood that inhalation of house dust induces in the respiratory tract of treated rats various reactive pictures. These pictures are, however, dominated by immuno-allergic reactions. Immuno-allergic reactions are manifested by the dominant increase in plasma cells and lymphocytes. This increase generally occurs in the vicinity of connective tissue macrophages containing numerous dust granules, as if macrophagic digestion formed more active antigens from the dust. Sometimes in the proximity of these plasma cell aggregates, mast cells in the degranulation phase are observed. The release of histamine, serotonin, etc. which occurs with mast cell degranulation produces the intense tissue edema which is observed in these areas. An infiltration with eosinophils is also observed here probably drawn to the site on account of their protective, enzymatic, antihistaminic action. The morphological picture thus indicates the co-existence of two allergic reactive movements: one of the immediate type, the other of the delayed type linked to specific allergens of the mixture of antigens present in house dust. The stimulus of the inhalation of house dust also includes the possible action of microbes, irritants, etc. which produce regressive changes in the tissue, attract polymorphs and stimulate the proliferation of fibroblasts so that more or less wide area of tissue undergo a fibrous transformation. Such changes may be found in the pulmonary parenchyma as well as in the bronchial mucosa. The concordance of these findings with those of chronic bronchitis in man appear sufficiently important to attribute, a predominantly allergic pathogenesis to both pathological conditions. This concept obviously does not exclude other etiopathogenetic factors which under certain environmental or constitutional conditions, may in various degrees be also included in the overall picture of respiratory tissue reactivity.", "contents": "Allergy and experimental chronic broncho-pneumopathy. House dust is a mixture of specific and non-specific stimulating factors. More particularly it contains a wide range of irritating factors, antigens, responsible for the production of immediate and delayed allergic reactions, moulds, microbes, etc. It may therefore be understood that inhalation of house dust induces in the respiratory tract of treated rats various reactive pictures. These pictures are, however, dominated by immuno-allergic reactions. Immuno-allergic reactions are manifested by the dominant increase in plasma cells and lymphocytes. This increase generally occurs in the vicinity of connective tissue macrophages containing numerous dust granules, as if macrophagic digestion formed more active antigens from the dust. Sometimes in the proximity of these plasma cell aggregates, mast cells in the degranulation phase are observed. The release of histamine, serotonin, etc. which occurs with mast cell degranulation produces the intense tissue edema which is observed in these areas. An infiltration with eosinophils is also observed here probably drawn to the site on account of their protective, enzymatic, antihistaminic action. The morphological picture thus indicates the co-existence of two allergic reactive movements: one of the immediate type, the other of the delayed type linked to specific allergens of the mixture of antigens present in house dust. The stimulus of the inhalation of house dust also includes the possible action of microbes, irritants, etc. which produce regressive changes in the tissue, attract polymorphs and stimulate the proliferation of fibroblasts so that more or less wide area of tissue undergo a fibrous transformation. Such changes may be found in the pulmonary parenchyma as well as in the bronchial mucosa. The concordance of these findings with those of chronic bronchitis in man appear sufficiently important to attribute, a predominantly allergic pathogenesis to both pathological conditions. This concept obviously does not exclude other etiopathogenetic factors which under certain environmental or constitutional conditions, may in various degrees be also included in the overall picture of respiratory tissue reactivity.", "PMID": 717202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6896", "title": "[Inhibition of expontaneous cytotoxicity and antibody dependency by rheumatoid synovial fluid].", "content": "A number of authors have pointed out a diminution of ADCC (Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity) in lymphocytes from peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It has also been found that the addition of rheumatoid serum inhibits ADCC and also spontaneous cellular cytotoxicity (SCC). This effect could be the result of blocking of effector cell receptors for the Fc fragment of IgG by anti-immunoglobulins and/or immune complexes, present in great quantities in rheumatoid serum. We investigated the effect of synovial fluid on the ADCC and SCC shown by purified suspensions of lymphocytes from healthy donors and RA patients towards chicken erythrocytes tagged with 51 Cr. The samples of synovial fluid from patients with RA or arthrosis did not influence per se the spontaneous release of 51 Cr, once their complement had been removed. Seven-eight of the rheumatoid synovial fluid (RSF) produced a significant decline (p less than 0.01) of SCC. Lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of RA patients showed a greater decline in SCC after the addition of RSF than those from healthy subjects (p less than 0.02). In 14/16 RSF and 5/7 samples of arthrosis synovial fluid (ASF) the ability to diminish ADCC significantly (P less than 0.01) was shown. RSF maintained this inhibitory effect in 1:40 and 1:80 dilutions, whereas in these conditions ASF had no effect on ADCC. RSF and ASF, before their complement was removed, showed an opposite effect, provoking an increase in cytotoxic activity, both SCC and ADCC, though in different proportions. These experiments show that RSF, like rheumatoid serum, inhibits ADCC and SCC, possibly by the same mechanism which blocks the Fc receptors by means of immune complexes, and coincides in its general lines with the recent findings of D\u00edaz Jouanen et al. The pathogenetic implications of this phenomenon are difficult to clarify at present. Its occurrence in vivo would represent the establishment of a local block of cytotoxic effector cells (protector effect), which, on the other hand, would no longer be able to exercise their destructive action against cells responsible for the initiation and/or maintenance of articular damage (pathogenic effect). The non-participation of T cells, in these types of cytotoxicity, previously shown by other authors, accentuates the importance of thymus-independent regulatory systems in the mechanisms which maintain articular damage in RA.", "contents": "[Inhibition of expontaneous cytotoxicity and antibody dependency by rheumatoid synovial fluid]. A number of authors have pointed out a diminution of ADCC (Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity) in lymphocytes from peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It has also been found that the addition of rheumatoid serum inhibits ADCC and also spontaneous cellular cytotoxicity (SCC). This effect could be the result of blocking of effector cell receptors for the Fc fragment of IgG by anti-immunoglobulins and/or immune complexes, present in great quantities in rheumatoid serum. We investigated the effect of synovial fluid on the ADCC and SCC shown by purified suspensions of lymphocytes from healthy donors and RA patients towards chicken erythrocytes tagged with 51 Cr. The samples of synovial fluid from patients with RA or arthrosis did not influence per se the spontaneous release of 51 Cr, once their complement had been removed. Seven-eight of the rheumatoid synovial fluid (RSF) produced a significant decline (p less than 0.01) of SCC. Lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of RA patients showed a greater decline in SCC after the addition of RSF than those from healthy subjects (p less than 0.02). In 14/16 RSF and 5/7 samples of arthrosis synovial fluid (ASF) the ability to diminish ADCC significantly (P less than 0.01) was shown. RSF maintained this inhibitory effect in 1:40 and 1:80 dilutions, whereas in these conditions ASF had no effect on ADCC. RSF and ASF, before their complement was removed, showed an opposite effect, provoking an increase in cytotoxic activity, both SCC and ADCC, though in different proportions. These experiments show that RSF, like rheumatoid serum, inhibits ADCC and SCC, possibly by the same mechanism which blocks the Fc receptors by means of immune complexes, and coincides in its general lines with the recent findings of D\u00edaz Jouanen et al. The pathogenetic implications of this phenomenon are difficult to clarify at present. Its occurrence in vivo would represent the establishment of a local block of cytotoxic effector cells (protector effect), which, on the other hand, would no longer be able to exercise their destructive action against cells responsible for the initiation and/or maintenance of articular damage (pathogenic effect). The non-participation of T cells, in these types of cytotoxicity, previously shown by other authors, accentuates the importance of thymus-independent regulatory systems in the mechanisms which maintain articular damage in RA.", "PMID": 717203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6897", "title": "Recognizing, confronting and helping the alcoholic.", "content": "Vomiting, amnesia, a history of falls and other injuries, and depression and anxiety may all be clues to a drinking problem. Decreased work performance, absenteeism and difficulty in getting along with others may be present. Coming to grips with the problem is essential. Once the patient accepts the need for abstinence, the use of disulfiram (Antabuse) and the support of Alcoholics Anonymous are both therapeutically valuable.", "contents": "Recognizing, confronting and helping the alcoholic. Vomiting, amnesia, a history of falls and other injuries, and depression and anxiety may all be clues to a drinking problem. Decreased work performance, absenteeism and difficulty in getting along with others may be present. Coming to grips with the problem is essential. Once the patient accepts the need for abstinence, the use of disulfiram (Antabuse) and the support of Alcoholics Anonymous are both therapeutically valuable.", "PMID": 717220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6898", "title": "Electromyoneurography.", "content": "Electromyoneurography is the combined use of electromyography and electroneurography. Electromyography is useful in defining the cause and site of different myopathies, such as muscular dystrophy, myotonia and myasthenia, and lesions involving the motor neuron in the anterior horn of the spinal cord. Electroneurography helps to localize the site of peripheral nerve disorders, such as radiculopathy and axonopathy. Use of the two procedures together enhances diagnostic capacity and, in some situations, may obviate the need for myelography.", "contents": "Electromyoneurography. Electromyoneurography is the combined use of electromyography and electroneurography. Electromyography is useful in defining the cause and site of different myopathies, such as muscular dystrophy, myotonia and myasthenia, and lesions involving the motor neuron in the anterior horn of the spinal cord. Electroneurography helps to localize the site of peripheral nerve disorders, such as radiculopathy and axonopathy. Use of the two procedures together enhances diagnostic capacity and, in some situations, may obviate the need for myelography.", "PMID": 717221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6899", "title": "Gynecologic cytology.", "content": "Cervical Pap smears should be initiated at the time a woman becomes sexually active or by 21 years of age. Additional sites for obtaining specimens include the vulva, vaginal wall, vaginal pool, cervix and endometrium, each serving a specific purpose. The primary use of vaginal pool cytology is to detect an abnormal endometrium or an extrauterine malignancy. Meticulous technique and knowledge of the types of yield from specific sites are required in order to obtain accurate cytologic information.", "contents": "Gynecologic cytology. Cervical Pap smears should be initiated at the time a woman becomes sexually active or by 21 years of age. Additional sites for obtaining specimens include the vulva, vaginal wall, vaginal pool, cervix and endometrium, each serving a specific purpose. The primary use of vaginal pool cytology is to detect an abnormal endometrium or an extrauterine malignancy. Meticulous technique and knowledge of the types of yield from specific sites are required in order to obtain accurate cytologic information.", "PMID": 717222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6900", "title": "Diagnosing the common alopecias.", "content": "Ample scalp biopsies, including subcutaneous fat, are easily obtained by excision or punch biopsy. Using a knowledge of normal hair patterns and histologic features, the physician can identify common baldness, trichotillomania, alopecia areata, discoid lupus erythematosus, lichen planopilaris, tinea capitis and follicular mucinosis. While hair loss is usually of more psychologic than physiologic significance, accurate diagnosis can be of great importance.", "contents": "Diagnosing the common alopecias. Ample scalp biopsies, including subcutaneous fat, are easily obtained by excision or punch biopsy. Using a knowledge of normal hair patterns and histologic features, the physician can identify common baldness, trichotillomania, alopecia areata, discoid lupus erythematosus, lichen planopilaris, tinea capitis and follicular mucinosis. While hair loss is usually of more psychologic than physiologic significance, accurate diagnosis can be of great importance.", "PMID": 717231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6901", "title": "Counseling sexual abuse victims.", "content": "Rape can cause tremendous physical, social and psychologic disruption which affects the victims, their families and friends, and the community. In the past, society has been quite remiss in its response to rape victims. Major attitudinal changes based on factual information must take place, because the attitudes and biases of those helping the victim can further victimize the sexually assaulted woman.", "contents": "Counseling sexual abuse victims. Rape can cause tremendous physical, social and psychologic disruption which affects the victims, their families and friends, and the community. In the past, society has been quite remiss in its response to rape victims. Major attitudinal changes based on factual information must take place, because the attitudes and biases of those helping the victim can further victimize the sexually assaulted woman.", "PMID": 717232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6902", "title": "Electrophysiological studies in four patients with atrial flutter with 1:1 atrioventricular conduction.", "content": "Electrophysiological studies of atrioventricular conduction during rapid atrial overdrive pacing and during programmed premature atrial stimulation are reported in four patients with an unusually rapid 1:1 ventricular response to atrial flutter (ventricular rates 240 to 310 per minute). Second-degree AV block development during atrial overdrive pacing at rates well below those during spontaneous atrial flutter. Although none of the four patients showed evidence of pre-excitation on the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram, evidence suggesting a partial AV nodal bypass was demonstrated at electrophysiological study in one case. It is postulated that the profile of the atrial wavefront presented to the normal AV node by atrial flutter differs from that during high right atrial pacing and may account for the lower ventricular rates achieved during high right atrial overdrive pacing than during spontaneous atrial flutter in the remaining three cases.", "contents": "Electrophysiological studies in four patients with atrial flutter with 1:1 atrioventricular conduction. Electrophysiological studies of atrioventricular conduction during rapid atrial overdrive pacing and during programmed premature atrial stimulation are reported in four patients with an unusually rapid 1:1 ventricular response to atrial flutter (ventricular rates 240 to 310 per minute). Second-degree AV block development during atrial overdrive pacing at rates well below those during spontaneous atrial flutter. Although none of the four patients showed evidence of pre-excitation on the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram, evidence suggesting a partial AV nodal bypass was demonstrated at electrophysiological study in one case. It is postulated that the profile of the atrial wavefront presented to the normal AV node by atrial flutter differs from that during high right atrial pacing and may account for the lower ventricular rates achieved during high right atrial overdrive pacing than during spontaneous atrial flutter in the remaining three cases.", "PMID": 717234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6903", "title": "Significance of P wave terminal force in presumably healthy middle-aged men.", "content": "In  a material comprising 695 males aged 40 to 60 years without cardiovascular disease, the prevalence of abnormal P wave terminal force in V1 (V1Ptf) (less than or equal to - 0.03 mm. second) at rest was 7.1 per cent, whereas the prevalence five minutes after a near-maximal exercise test was 25.4 per cent. Abnormal V1Ptf was associated with a slightly higher systolic and diagstolic blood pressure, maximal rise of systolic blood pressure, and maximal rate-pressure product during the exercise test. The prevalence of abnormal V1Ptf was not significantly higher in another group of 95 individuals who were angiographied because of strong suspicion of latent coronary heart disease (CHD) according to exercise electrocardiogram. An abnormal V1Ptf may be considered as a possibly clinically unimportant anomaly in otherwise healthy middle-aged men. V1Ptf is not suitable as a tool for the diagnosis of latent CHD.", "contents": "Significance of P wave terminal force in presumably healthy middle-aged men. In  a material comprising 695 males aged 40 to 60 years without cardiovascular disease, the prevalence of abnormal P wave terminal force in V1 (V1Ptf) (less than or equal to - 0.03 mm. second) at rest was 7.1 per cent, whereas the prevalence five minutes after a near-maximal exercise test was 25.4 per cent. Abnormal V1Ptf was associated with a slightly higher systolic and diagstolic blood pressure, maximal rise of systolic blood pressure, and maximal rate-pressure product during the exercise test. The prevalence of abnormal V1Ptf was not significantly higher in another group of 95 individuals who were angiographied because of strong suspicion of latent coronary heart disease (CHD) according to exercise electrocardiogram. An abnormal V1Ptf may be considered as a possibly clinically unimportant anomaly in otherwise healthy middle-aged men. V1Ptf is not suitable as a tool for the diagnosis of latent CHD.", "PMID": 717236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6904", "title": "Clinicopathologic study of the conduction systems in 10 patients with Kawasaki's disease (mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome).", "content": "Clinicopathologic study of the conduction systems was done on ten hearts obtained at autopsy from patients with Kawasaki's disease. The pathologic lesions were discovered in the atrioventricular (AV) conduction system in nine out of 10 cases and in five of eight cases in the sinoatrial (SA) conduction system. The lesions of the AV conduction system were classified according to duration of illness at death. Eearly acute state (0 to 9 days) was characterized by inflammation with cellinfiltration and edema without coronary stenosis. The most severe acute stage (21 to 31 days) was characterized by severe compression of conduction cells without the diffuse necrosis due to severe perivascular edema and cell infiltration. In the end stage (48 days to 7 months), old changes with perivascular fibrosis and fatty infiltration without considerable loss of the conduction cells were noted. Coagulation necrosis of the conduction cells was not evident despite the severe coronary stenosis. Lesions in the conduction system are therefore acute and inflammatory. Pathology and electrocardiogram showed a good correlation in seven of eight cases. PQ prolongation was a sensitive indicator of acute inflammation of the AV conduction system in the present study.", "contents": "Clinicopathologic study of the conduction systems in 10 patients with Kawasaki's disease (mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome). Clinicopathologic study of the conduction systems was done on ten hearts obtained at autopsy from patients with Kawasaki's disease. The pathologic lesions were discovered in the atrioventricular (AV) conduction system in nine out of 10 cases and in five of eight cases in the sinoatrial (SA) conduction system. The lesions of the AV conduction system were classified according to duration of illness at death. Eearly acute state (0 to 9 days) was characterized by inflammation with cellinfiltration and edema without coronary stenosis. The most severe acute stage (21 to 31 days) was characterized by severe compression of conduction cells without the diffuse necrosis due to severe perivascular edema and cell infiltration. In the end stage (48 days to 7 months), old changes with perivascular fibrosis and fatty infiltration without considerable loss of the conduction cells were noted. Coagulation necrosis of the conduction cells was not evident despite the severe coronary stenosis. Lesions in the conduction system are therefore acute and inflammatory. Pathology and electrocardiogram showed a good correlation in seven of eight cases. PQ prolongation was a sensitive indicator of acute inflammation of the AV conduction system in the present study.", "PMID": 717237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6905", "title": "Protection of ischemic myocardium by whole-body hypothermia after coronary artery occlusion in dogs.", "content": "Anesthetized dogs were cooled to a core body temperature of 26 degree C. or maintained at a body temperature of 37 degree C. during periods of 5 and 10 hours of LAD coronary artery occlusion. Subsequent macroscopic dehydrogenase enzyme mapping showed that ischemic injury was 25 per cent less after 5 hours of coronary occlusion and 20 per cent less after 10 hours of occlusion in hypothermic dogs than in normothermic controls. The heart rate and left ventricular minute work in hypothermic dogs decreased to roughly half the levels measured in normothermic animals, while left ventricular contractility was 10 to 40 per cent lower in hypothermic dogs than in normothermic dogs. However, cardiac index and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure were unchanged by whole-body cooling. Thus, hypothermia appeared to diminish the oxygen requirements of the ischemic myocardium without reducing the performance of the heart as a pump. Hypothermia may be useful as a therapeutic adjunct to myocardial revascularization or pharmacologic interventions.", "contents": "Protection of ischemic myocardium by whole-body hypothermia after coronary artery occlusion in dogs. Anesthetized dogs were cooled to a core body temperature of 26 degree C. or maintained at a body temperature of 37 degree C. during periods of 5 and 10 hours of LAD coronary artery occlusion. Subsequent macroscopic dehydrogenase enzyme mapping showed that ischemic injury was 25 per cent less after 5 hours of coronary occlusion and 20 per cent less after 10 hours of occlusion in hypothermic dogs than in normothermic controls. The heart rate and left ventricular minute work in hypothermic dogs decreased to roughly half the levels measured in normothermic animals, while left ventricular contractility was 10 to 40 per cent lower in hypothermic dogs than in normothermic dogs. However, cardiac index and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure were unchanged by whole-body cooling. Thus, hypothermia appeared to diminish the oxygen requirements of the ischemic myocardium without reducing the performance of the heart as a pump. Hypothermia may be useful as a therapeutic adjunct to myocardial revascularization or pharmacologic interventions.", "PMID": 717240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6906", "title": "Endocardial fibroelastosis: myocardial and vascular alterations associated with viral-like nuclear particles.", "content": "Although clinical, immunologic, and experimental evidence exists implicating in utero viral infection of the myocardium in the development of primary endocardial fibroelastosis, the infectious etiology of this condition remains somewhat controversial. To date, specific features of viral myocarditis and morphological demonstration of viral particles have not been described in EFE. The present case is the first in which extensive light microscopic and ultrastructural analysis of the myocardium revealed abnormalities consistent with a primary viral myocarditis associated with typical EFE. These alterations consisted of chronic myocardial inflammation, extensive interstitial fibrosis, severe degenerative changes in myocardial cells, and a marked proliferation of endothelial cells in large nad small intramyocardial vessels leading to vascular occlusions. In support of the infectious etiology of this disease, similar features were noted in skeletal muscle. Most interestingly, viral-like particles were observed in many myocardial and endothelial nuclei. Although we are not absolutely certain of the viral nature of these particles, their appearance suggests viral assoicated material. We propose that the presence of these particles in this case in association with the other morphological alterations in support for the viral etiology of EFE. The prominent vascular occlusion observed in the myocardium may be an important clue to the pathogenesis of fibroelastosis as either a primary or secondary disease.", "contents": "Endocardial fibroelastosis: myocardial and vascular alterations associated with viral-like nuclear particles. Although clinical, immunologic, and experimental evidence exists implicating in utero viral infection of the myocardium in the development of primary endocardial fibroelastosis, the infectious etiology of this condition remains somewhat controversial. To date, specific features of viral myocarditis and morphological demonstration of viral particles have not been described in EFE. The present case is the first in which extensive light microscopic and ultrastructural analysis of the myocardium revealed abnormalities consistent with a primary viral myocarditis associated with typical EFE. These alterations consisted of chronic myocardial inflammation, extensive interstitial fibrosis, severe degenerative changes in myocardial cells, and a marked proliferation of endothelial cells in large nad small intramyocardial vessels leading to vascular occlusions. In support of the infectious etiology of this disease, similar features were noted in skeletal muscle. Most interestingly, viral-like particles were observed in many myocardial and endothelial nuclei. Although we are not absolutely certain of the viral nature of these particles, their appearance suggests viral assoicated material. We propose that the presence of these particles in this case in association with the other morphological alterations in support for the viral etiology of EFE. The prominent vascular occlusion observed in the myocardium may be an important clue to the pathogenesis of fibroelastosis as either a primary or secondary disease.", "PMID": 717242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6907", "title": "Teflon felt embolism of coronary arteries after cardiac surgery: a case report.", "content": "A case is presented of fatal coronary embolism of Teflon felt used to buttress sutures in the placement of a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic valve prosthesis. The embolism occurred on the tenth postoperative day, lodging in the left anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery 5.5 cm. from the ostium, causing a large anterior myocardial infarct. The patient died in less than 24 hours following the infarct. A review of the literature indicates that this is the first reported case of clinically significant embolism of Teflon felt used in the placement of a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic valve.", "contents": "Teflon felt embolism of coronary arteries after cardiac surgery: a case report. A case is presented of fatal coronary embolism of Teflon felt used to buttress sutures in the placement of a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic valve prosthesis. The embolism occurred on the tenth postoperative day, lodging in the left anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery 5.5 cm. from the ostium, causing a large anterior myocardial infarct. The patient died in less than 24 hours following the infarct. A review of the literature indicates that this is the first reported case of clinically significant embolism of Teflon felt used in the placement of a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley aortic valve.", "PMID": 717243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6908", "title": "The effect of chain length on glucose absorption and the related metabolic response.", "content": "The relative absorption of saccharides on different chain length has been reexamined. Whether glucose is administered as a monosaccharide, a disaccharide (maltose), an intermediate polysaccharide mixture with a mean chain length of five glucose units (Caloreen), or a polysaccharide (starch), the rate of rise and fall in blood glucose concentration is similar in healthy subjects. In a maturity onset diabetic, peak blood glucose is similar whether monosaccharide or Caloreen is ingested. Plasma insulin and plasma free fatty acid responses to glucose saccharide ingestion do not appear to be affected by chain length. The dietary form in which starch is administered, rather than chain length, is probably important.", "contents": "The effect of chain length on glucose absorption and the related metabolic response. The relative absorption of saccharides on different chain length has been reexamined. Whether glucose is administered as a monosaccharide, a disaccharide (maltose), an intermediate polysaccharide mixture with a mean chain length of five glucose units (Caloreen), or a polysaccharide (starch), the rate of rise and fall in blood glucose concentration is similar in healthy subjects. In a maturity onset diabetic, peak blood glucose is similar whether monosaccharide or Caloreen is ingested. Plasma insulin and plasma free fatty acid responses to glucose saccharide ingestion do not appear to be affected by chain length. The dietary form in which starch is administered, rather than chain length, is probably important.", "PMID": 717261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6909", "title": "Absorption of mono- and polyglutamyl folates in zinc-depleted man.", "content": "The effect of experimental zinc depletion on the intestinal absorption of mono- and polyglutamyl folates was assessed in six healthy male subjects by measuring the increase in serum folate after an oral dose of pteroylmonoglutamate and pteroylheptaglutamate before and after initiation of a zinc-deficient diet. At the beginning of the study, no differences were detected in the absorption of pteroylmono- and heptaglutamate. After zinc depletion, the rise in serum folate after an oral dose of pteroylheptaglutamate was reduced by an average of 53% while pteroylmonoglutamate absorption appeared to be unchanged. These data suggest that zinc depletion results in a decreased intestinal hydrolysis of pteroylpolyglutamate and that intestinal conjugase in man is a zinc-dependent enzyme.", "contents": "Absorption of mono- and polyglutamyl folates in zinc-depleted man. The effect of experimental zinc depletion on the intestinal absorption of mono- and polyglutamyl folates was assessed in six healthy male subjects by measuring the increase in serum folate after an oral dose of pteroylmonoglutamate and pteroylheptaglutamate before and after initiation of a zinc-deficient diet. At the beginning of the study, no differences were detected in the absorption of pteroylmono- and heptaglutamate. After zinc depletion, the rise in serum folate after an oral dose of pteroylheptaglutamate was reduced by an average of 53% while pteroylmonoglutamate absorption appeared to be unchanged. These data suggest that zinc depletion results in a decreased intestinal hydrolysis of pteroylpolyglutamate and that intestinal conjugase in man is a zinc-dependent enzyme.", "PMID": 717270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6910", "title": "Elevated serum levels of unsaturated folate binding protein: clinical correlates in a general hospital population.", "content": "We measured the capactiy of unsaturated folate binding protein to bind 3H-pteroylglutamic acid (UFBC) in serums from 489 general hospital patients. Of the patients 20% had mild-to-moderate elevations in UFBC (250 to 500 pg/ml), but only 6% had marked elevations (greater than 650 pg/ml), which correlated with metastatic cancer, active granulomatous disease, and especially with liver disease. The poor correlation of serum UFBC with folate status of the patient suggests that in many instances the elevated serum UFBC is neither the consequence nor the cause of folate deficiency. Although the role of folate binding protein remains unknown, it may be primarily an intracellular protein that is released into the serum as an index of activity of liver cells, granulocytes, and perhaps certain cancer cells.", "contents": "Elevated serum levels of unsaturated folate binding protein: clinical correlates in a general hospital population. We measured the capactiy of unsaturated folate binding protein to bind 3H-pteroylglutamic acid (UFBC) in serums from 489 general hospital patients. Of the patients 20% had mild-to-moderate elevations in UFBC (250 to 500 pg/ml), but only 6% had marked elevations (greater than 650 pg/ml), which correlated with metastatic cancer, active granulomatous disease, and especially with liver disease. The poor correlation of serum UFBC with folate status of the patient suggests that in many instances the elevated serum UFBC is neither the consequence nor the cause of folate deficiency. Although the role of folate binding protein remains unknown, it may be primarily an intracellular protein that is released into the serum as an index of activity of liver cells, granulocytes, and perhaps certain cancer cells.", "PMID": 717271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6911", "title": "Granulomatous hepatitis and pleuritis after ileal bypass for obesity.", "content": "A patient is presented who developed a granulomatous hepatitis and pleuritis approximately 7 months after an ileal bypass procedure for morbid obesity. Although the etiological agent was presumed to be Mycobacterium tuberculosis no pathogenic organism was grown from the liver, pleura, bone marrow, sputum, or gastric aspirate. The possibly increased susceptibility of these patients to mycobacterial infections is discussed. The value of obtaining serum levels of ethambutol, isoniazid, and rifampin, in patients with malabsorption is stressed. Although this patient seemed to respond to antituberculous therapy, other possible causes for the granulomatous process are explored.", "contents": "Granulomatous hepatitis and pleuritis after ileal bypass for obesity. A patient is presented who developed a granulomatous hepatitis and pleuritis approximately 7 months after an ileal bypass procedure for morbid obesity. Although the etiological agent was presumed to be Mycobacterium tuberculosis no pathogenic organism was grown from the liver, pleura, bone marrow, sputum, or gastric aspirate. The possibly increased susceptibility of these patients to mycobacterial infections is discussed. The value of obtaining serum levels of ethambutol, isoniazid, and rifampin, in patients with malabsorption is stressed. Although this patient seemed to respond to antituberculous therapy, other possible causes for the granulomatous process are explored.", "PMID": 717272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6912", "title": "Prevalence of hyperostosis frontalis interna in relation to body weight.", "content": "In a prospective study, hyperostosis frontalis interna (HFI) was found to be present in 49% of the subjects. The group included 259 nuns between the ages of 60 and 80. A prevalence of 84% of HFI was found in the obese subjects (greater than 40% over ideal body weight) whereas in the thin subjects HFI was found to be present in only 16%. The possible relationship between adipose tissue mass and HFI is discussed.", "contents": "Prevalence of hyperostosis frontalis interna in relation to body weight. In a prospective study, hyperostosis frontalis interna (HFI) was found to be present in 49% of the subjects. The group included 259 nuns between the ages of 60 and 80. A prevalence of 84% of HFI was found in the obese subjects (greater than 40% over ideal body weight) whereas in the thin subjects HFI was found to be present in only 16%. The possible relationship between adipose tissue mass and HFI is discussed.", "PMID": 717273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6913", "title": "Talc-coated rice as a risk factor for stomach cancer.", "content": "Analysis of data from Japan and Hawaii offers no support for the hypothesis that the use of talc-coated rice increases the risk of developing stomach cancer. This conclusion is based on the observation that Japanese in Japan have very high rates of stomach cancer but consume no talc-coated rice, that Japanese in Hawaii have intermediate rates of stomach cancer but consume considerable amounts of talc-coated rice, and that Filipinos in Hawaii have very low rates of gastric cancer but consume the highest amounts of talc-coated rice of these three groups. Furthermore, secular trends in gastric cancer incidence show a much greater decrease in the incidence of this tumor among the exposed Japanese in Hawaii than among the unexposed Japanese in Japan.", "contents": "Talc-coated rice as a risk factor for stomach cancer. Analysis of data from Japan and Hawaii offers no support for the hypothesis that the use of talc-coated rice increases the risk of developing stomach cancer. This conclusion is based on the observation that Japanese in Japan have very high rates of stomach cancer but consume no talc-coated rice, that Japanese in Hawaii have intermediate rates of stomach cancer but consume considerable amounts of talc-coated rice, and that Filipinos in Hawaii have very low rates of gastric cancer but consume the highest amounts of talc-coated rice of these three groups. Furthermore, secular trends in gastric cancer incidence show a much greater decrease in the incidence of this tumor among the exposed Japanese in Hawaii than among the unexposed Japanese in Japan.", "PMID": 717274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6914", "title": "Breast cancer and diet among the Japanese in Hawaii.", "content": "Eighty-six Japanese men out of 6860 male participants in a prospective study of cancer were married to women who had breast cancer. These 86 men were compared with the remaining men by dietary factors that were identified during two different time periods. Based on the assumption that there is a similarity between husbands and wives in their dietary patterns, it was noted that the spouses of women with breast cancer consumed more beef or meat, butter/margarine/cheese, corn, and wieners than the other men. Furthermore, the breast cancer spouses also consumed less Japanese foods than controls, even though there were minimal differences between the two groups in other Oriental practices. These results suggest that certain American foods are important in the search for possible dietary factors related to the occurrence of breast cancer in women.", "contents": "Breast cancer and diet among the Japanese in Hawaii. Eighty-six Japanese men out of 6860 male participants in a prospective study of cancer were married to women who had breast cancer. These 86 men were compared with the remaining men by dietary factors that were identified during two different time periods. Based on the assumption that there is a similarity between husbands and wives in their dietary patterns, it was noted that the spouses of women with breast cancer consumed more beef or meat, butter/margarine/cheese, corn, and wieners than the other men. Furthermore, the breast cancer spouses also consumed less Japanese foods than controls, even though there were minimal differences between the two groups in other Oriental practices. These results suggest that certain American foods are important in the search for possible dietary factors related to the occurrence of breast cancer in women.", "PMID": 717275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6915", "title": "An assay for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase in leukocytes and bone marrow.", "content": "A modified technic for the assay of terminal transferase activity in leukocytes and bone marrow is presented. 3H-deoxyadenosine-5' -triphosphate serves as nucleotide donor and (dA)10 as primer. The reaction product is collected as a trichloroacetic acid precipitate, which is dissolved for radioactive quantitation. All reagents are commercially available, and the procedure has been designed to minimize cost and to provide low blank values. Excellent linearity between enzymatic concentration and activity and between time and activity is observed. Because the assay is carried out at conditions approaching the optimum for the enzyme, the measured activities are more than ten times those observed with previous methods.", "contents": "An assay for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase in leukocytes and bone marrow. A modified technic for the assay of terminal transferase activity in leukocytes and bone marrow is presented. 3H-deoxyadenosine-5' -triphosphate serves as nucleotide donor and (dA)10 as primer. The reaction product is collected as a trichloroacetic acid precipitate, which is dissolved for radioactive quantitation. All reagents are commercially available, and the procedure has been designed to minimize cost and to provide low blank values. Excellent linearity between enzymatic concentration and activity and between time and activity is observed. Because the assay is carried out at conditions approaching the optimum for the enzyme, the measured activities are more than ten times those observed with previous methods.", "PMID": 717279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6916", "title": "Predictive values of erythrocyte indices for tests of iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12 deficiency.", "content": "The probabilities of low transferrin saturation, folic acid, or vitamin B12 levels in association with various erythrocyte indices was determined from the prevalences of these abnormalities and the distributions of the indices among 206 hospitalized and 1,000 ambulatory anemic patients. At mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) greater than 30 pg, the probability of low transferrin saturation was 0.04 for hospitalized patients and 0.14 for ambulatory anemic patients. For MCH less than 27 pg, the corresponding probabilities were 0.52 and 0.67. The probabilities of low vitamin B12 or folic acid levels among hospitalized anemic patients were 0.0011 for mean corpuscular volume (MCV) less than 95 cu micron and 0.18 for MCV greater than or equal to 95 cu micron, indicating that measurements of these vitamins are of very limited value in most cases of anemia. These findings indicate that in some patients, the erythrocyte indices are sufficiently predictive for or against deficiency states to facilitate decisions regarding further diagnostic tests, as opposed to the increasing tendency to order such tests regardless of the indices.", "contents": "Predictive values of erythrocyte indices for tests of iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12 deficiency. The probabilities of low transferrin saturation, folic acid, or vitamin B12 levels in association with various erythrocyte indices was determined from the prevalences of these abnormalities and the distributions of the indices among 206 hospitalized and 1,000 ambulatory anemic patients. At mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) greater than 30 pg, the probability of low transferrin saturation was 0.04 for hospitalized patients and 0.14 for ambulatory anemic patients. For MCH less than 27 pg, the corresponding probabilities were 0.52 and 0.67. The probabilities of low vitamin B12 or folic acid levels among hospitalized anemic patients were 0.0011 for mean corpuscular volume (MCV) less than 95 cu micron and 0.18 for MCV greater than or equal to 95 cu micron, indicating that measurements of these vitamins are of very limited value in most cases of anemia. These findings indicate that in some patients, the erythrocyte indices are sufficiently predictive for or against deficiency states to facilitate decisions regarding further diagnostic tests, as opposed to the increasing tendency to order such tests regardless of the indices.", "PMID": 717280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6917", "title": "Endometrial lesions in uteri resected for atypical endometrial hyperplasia.", "content": "Resected uteri from a series of 48 consecutive patients with atypical endometrial hyperplasia (\"carcinoma in situ\") identified in curettings were studied to determine the frequency of associated adenocarcinoma. Thirty-nine of the women had received estrogen or oral contraceptives. Twelve uteri (25%) contained small superficial foci interpreted as well differentiated adenocarcinoma. Consideration of this observation together with the absence of adenocarcinoma in the extensive experience reported in other studies of women with atypical hyperplasia treated with progestogens alone shows a deficit of patients with progression to invasive carcinoma. We reconcile this apparent conflict with the hypothesis that lesions classified as focal well-differentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma occurring with atypical hyperplasia in perimenopausal women exposed to estrogen are common and are consistently reversed by progestogen therapy.", "contents": "Endometrial lesions in uteri resected for atypical endometrial hyperplasia. Resected uteri from a series of 48 consecutive patients with atypical endometrial hyperplasia (\"carcinoma in situ\") identified in curettings were studied to determine the frequency of associated adenocarcinoma. Thirty-nine of the women had received estrogen or oral contraceptives. Twelve uteri (25%) contained small superficial foci interpreted as well differentiated adenocarcinoma. Consideration of this observation together with the absence of adenocarcinoma in the extensive experience reported in other studies of women with atypical hyperplasia treated with progestogens alone shows a deficit of patients with progression to invasive carcinoma. We reconcile this apparent conflict with the hypothesis that lesions classified as focal well-differentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma occurring with atypical hyperplasia in perimenopausal women exposed to estrogen are common and are consistently reversed by progestogen therapy.", "PMID": 717282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6918", "title": "Increased incidence of positive tests for estrogen binding in mammary carcinoma specimens transported in liquid nitrogen.", "content": "Use of a liquid nitrogen container for convenient transport of frozen mammary carcinoma tissue for hormone-receptor assays is described. The container can be used in dry or wet mode and is appropriate for all types of transport, including air. Experience shows a significantly higher incidence of positive tests on specimens transported by this means than on specimens transported in dry ice.", "contents": "Increased incidence of positive tests for estrogen binding in mammary carcinoma specimens transported in liquid nitrogen. Use of a liquid nitrogen container for convenient transport of frozen mammary carcinoma tissue for hormone-receptor assays is described. The container can be used in dry or wet mode and is appropriate for all types of transport, including air. Experience shows a significantly higher incidence of positive tests on specimens transported by this means than on specimens transported in dry ice.", "PMID": 717283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6919", "title": "Age dependence of serum enzymatic activities (alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and creatine kinase) in healthy children and adolescents.", "content": "The activities of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase in sera of 1,033 children and adolescents aged 5 to 20 years were measured. The results showed significant deviation from the gaussian distribution. Because of differences between sexes and nonlinear relationship to age, sex- and age-related values for the 95th, 90th, and 5th percentiles are presented. Alkaline phosphatase activity increased markedly between 5 and 14 years of age in male subjects and 5 and 12 years of age in female subjects. The peak at puberty was more pronounced in boys than in girls. After puberty, activities decreased toward adult values. Aspartate aminotransferase activity showed a gradual significant decrease between 5 and 17 years of age in male subjects and 5 and 16 years of age in female subjects; then it remained steady until 20 years of age. Creatine kinase activity remained constant in male subjects between 5 and 12 years old, then rose to a maximum at 15 to 16 years of age before declining rapidly toward adult values. In female subjects, creatine kinase activity remained stable from 5 to 12 years of age, then decreased gradually in early adulthood.", "contents": "Age dependence of serum enzymatic activities (alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and creatine kinase) in healthy children and adolescents. The activities of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase in sera of 1,033 children and adolescents aged 5 to 20 years were measured. The results showed significant deviation from the gaussian distribution. Because of differences between sexes and nonlinear relationship to age, sex- and age-related values for the 95th, 90th, and 5th percentiles are presented. Alkaline phosphatase activity increased markedly between 5 and 14 years of age in male subjects and 5 and 12 years of age in female subjects. The peak at puberty was more pronounced in boys than in girls. After puberty, activities decreased toward adult values. Aspartate aminotransferase activity showed a gradual significant decrease between 5 and 17 years of age in male subjects and 5 and 16 years of age in female subjects; then it remained steady until 20 years of age. Creatine kinase activity remained constant in male subjects between 5 and 12 years old, then rose to a maximum at 15 to 16 years of age before declining rapidly toward adult values. In female subjects, creatine kinase activity remained stable from 5 to 12 years of age, then decreased gradually in early adulthood.", "PMID": 717284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6920", "title": "Elevations in serum copper, erythrocytic copper, and ceruloplasmin concentrations in smokers.", "content": "Previous investigators have reported significant elevations of serum copper and ceruloplasmin levels in lymphoma patients and subjects using estrogen, but have not taken into account the smoking habits of these populations. In order to determine whether smoking had any effect on these variables, the authors examined five groups for serum and erythrocytic copper and ceruloplasmin levels: 40 healthy subjects, 14 users of oral contraceptives, 25 smokers, 14 nonsmoking pretreatment lymphoma patients, and eight treated lymphoma patients. Significant elevations of serum copper and ceruloplasmin in pretreatment lymphoma patients, treated patients, and estrogen users were found, confirming previous reports. In addition, all groups had elevations of erythrocytic copper compared with the healthy subjects. Also, significant elevations of serum copper (P less than .0053) and ceruloplasmin (P less than .0001) were found in smoking relative to nonsmoking subjects. No correlation between duration of smoking and these elevations was found.", "contents": "Elevations in serum copper, erythrocytic copper, and ceruloplasmin concentrations in smokers. Previous investigators have reported significant elevations of serum copper and ceruloplasmin levels in lymphoma patients and subjects using estrogen, but have not taken into account the smoking habits of these populations. In order to determine whether smoking had any effect on these variables, the authors examined five groups for serum and erythrocytic copper and ceruloplasmin levels: 40 healthy subjects, 14 users of oral contraceptives, 25 smokers, 14 nonsmoking pretreatment lymphoma patients, and eight treated lymphoma patients. Significant elevations of serum copper and ceruloplasmin in pretreatment lymphoma patients, treated patients, and estrogen users were found, confirming previous reports. In addition, all groups had elevations of erythrocytic copper compared with the healthy subjects. Also, significant elevations of serum copper (P less than .0053) and ceruloplasmin (P less than .0001) were found in smoking relative to nonsmoking subjects. No correlation between duration of smoking and these elevations was found.", "PMID": 717285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6921", "title": "A modified sensitive spectrofluorometric method for the determination of propranolol in serum.", "content": "A modification of the spectrofluorometric propranolol procedure of Shand and associates and Ambler and colleagues is presented. A 3-ml volume of propranolol in serum is made basic with sodium hydroxide and extracted with 1.5% isoamyl alcohol in n-heptane. The drug is back-extracted into a mixture of 0.01 M citric acid in 50% ethylene glycol and measured spectrofluorometrically with the use of 299 nm for excitation and 352 nm for emission. Excellent linearity is observed in the 25--200 ng/ml range. The effects of sodium hydroxide, citric acid, and ethylene glycol concentration on the procedure were investigated. Ethylene glycol--citric acid in water is a better back-extracting mixture from the organic phase than hydrochloric acid. Using pentyl acetate as the extracting solvent instead of isoamyl alcohol in n-heptane did not change significantly the amount of the drug extracted. Other extracting solvents investigated did not increase sensitivity. At high citric acid concentrations a decrease in fluorescence intensity was observed at 350 nm. Interferences from other drugs using this procedure were investigated. Quinidine, methaqualone, and procainamide interfere at therapeutic levels.", "contents": "A modified sensitive spectrofluorometric method for the determination of propranolol in serum. A modification of the spectrofluorometric propranolol procedure of Shand and associates and Ambler and colleagues is presented. A 3-ml volume of propranolol in serum is made basic with sodium hydroxide and extracted with 1.5% isoamyl alcohol in n-heptane. The drug is back-extracted into a mixture of 0.01 M citric acid in 50% ethylene glycol and measured spectrofluorometrically with the use of 299 nm for excitation and 352 nm for emission. Excellent linearity is observed in the 25--200 ng/ml range. The effects of sodium hydroxide, citric acid, and ethylene glycol concentration on the procedure were investigated. Ethylene glycol--citric acid in water is a better back-extracting mixture from the organic phase than hydrochloric acid. Using pentyl acetate as the extracting solvent instead of isoamyl alcohol in n-heptane did not change significantly the amount of the drug extracted. Other extracting solvents investigated did not increase sensitivity. At high citric acid concentrations a decrease in fluorescence intensity was observed at 350 nm. Interferences from other drugs using this procedure were investigated. Quinidine, methaqualone, and procainamide interfere at therapeutic levels.", "PMID": 717286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6922", "title": "Standardization of a rapid microbiologic assay for aminoglycosides using Enterobacter cloacae.", "content": "The standardization of a rapid serum aminoglycoside assay using Enterobacter cloacae is described. This includes the sensitivity testing of the organism and its performance on various media, with Mueller-Hinton agar being the medium of choice. The precision and reproducibility of the assay, as measured by the within-run and between-run coefficients of variation, were 5.0 and 5.9, respectively. A significant positive correlation was obtained between the microbiologic assay for gentamicin and a 125I-labeled gentamicin radioimmunoassay with the use of both normal and uremic sera. When known amounts of gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin were added to antibiotic-free sera from normal persons, recovery rates of 80.0% to 97.9% were found. In the case of gentamicin, recovery rates of 85.0% to 97.9% were found with the use of sera from patients undergoing either hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. There were no effects on the recovery rates of the aminoglycosides from normal serum if high concentrations of clindamycin, methicillin, ampicillin, penicillin G, cephalothin, cefamandole or cefoxitin were also present in the sera. The newer cephalosporins, cefamandole and cefoxitin, had no in-vitro effect on the Kirby-Bauer sensitivity patterns of gentamicin, tobramycin, or amikacin, when tested against the assay organism.", "contents": "Standardization of a rapid microbiologic assay for aminoglycosides using Enterobacter cloacae. The standardization of a rapid serum aminoglycoside assay using Enterobacter cloacae is described. This includes the sensitivity testing of the organism and its performance on various media, with Mueller-Hinton agar being the medium of choice. The precision and reproducibility of the assay, as measured by the within-run and between-run coefficients of variation, were 5.0 and 5.9, respectively. A significant positive correlation was obtained between the microbiologic assay for gentamicin and a 125I-labeled gentamicin radioimmunoassay with the use of both normal and uremic sera. When known amounts of gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin were added to antibiotic-free sera from normal persons, recovery rates of 80.0% to 97.9% were found. In the case of gentamicin, recovery rates of 85.0% to 97.9% were found with the use of sera from patients undergoing either hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. There were no effects on the recovery rates of the aminoglycosides from normal serum if high concentrations of clindamycin, methicillin, ampicillin, penicillin G, cephalothin, cefamandole or cefoxitin were also present in the sera. The newer cephalosporins, cefamandole and cefoxitin, had no in-vitro effect on the Kirby-Bauer sensitivity patterns of gentamicin, tobramycin, or amikacin, when tested against the assay organism.", "PMID": 717287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6923", "title": "Combined vs. single-drug studies of susceptibilities of Mycobacterium kansasii to isoniazid, streptomycin, and ethambutol.", "content": "The effects of combined drugs were compared uith the effects of single drugs in vitro against Mycobacterium kansasii. The single drugs isoniazid 1.0 microgram/ml, streptomycin 2.0 microgram/ml, and ethambutol 5.0 microgram/ml and the combinations of 1.0 microgram/ml isoniazid and 2.0 microgram/ml streptomycin, 1.0 microgram/ml isoniazid and 5.0 ethambutal and 1.0 microgram/ml isoniazid, 2.0 microgram/ml streptomycin and 5.0 microgram/ml ethambutol were evaluated as to their effects on M. kansasii organisms from 22 patients with pulmonary mycobacterial disease. These drugs were incorporated into Middlebrook 7H11 medium. Colonial growth was then observed and assigned numerical values for statistical analysis. The results showed that isoniazid was not significantly better than ethambutol. Streptomycin, however, was significantly better than both isoniazid and ethambutol alone. The double combinations were better than the single drugs, with isoniazid--streptomycin being better than isoniazid--ethambutol. The combination isoniazid--ethambutol was not significantly better than streptomycin alone. However, the triple combination of isoniazid--streptomycin--ethambutol was markedly better than all single drugs, better than isoniazid--ethambutol, but not better than isoniazid--streptomycin. Combined-drug testing thus showed a pattern of susceptibility not demonstrated by single-drug testing.", "contents": "Combined vs. single-drug studies of susceptibilities of Mycobacterium kansasii to isoniazid, streptomycin, and ethambutol. The effects of combined drugs were compared uith the effects of single drugs in vitro against Mycobacterium kansasii. The single drugs isoniazid 1.0 microgram/ml, streptomycin 2.0 microgram/ml, and ethambutol 5.0 microgram/ml and the combinations of 1.0 microgram/ml isoniazid and 2.0 microgram/ml streptomycin, 1.0 microgram/ml isoniazid and 5.0 ethambutal and 1.0 microgram/ml isoniazid, 2.0 microgram/ml streptomycin and 5.0 microgram/ml ethambutol were evaluated as to their effects on M. kansasii organisms from 22 patients with pulmonary mycobacterial disease. These drugs were incorporated into Middlebrook 7H11 medium. Colonial growth was then observed and assigned numerical values for statistical analysis. The results showed that isoniazid was not significantly better than ethambutol. Streptomycin, however, was significantly better than both isoniazid and ethambutol alone. The double combinations were better than the single drugs, with isoniazid--streptomycin being better than isoniazid--ethambutol. The combination isoniazid--ethambutol was not significantly better than streptomycin alone. However, the triple combination of isoniazid--streptomycin--ethambutol was markedly better than all single drugs, better than isoniazid--ethambutol, but not better than isoniazid--streptomycin. Combined-drug testing thus showed a pattern of susceptibility not demonstrated by single-drug testing.", "PMID": 717288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6924", "title": "Aerobic and anaerobic susceptibility tests with three tetracyclines. Reassessment of the \"class concept\" of disk testing.", "content": "Both aerobic and anaerobic susceptibility tests were performed with tetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline, using disk diffusion and agar dilution technics. The data were examined in order to reassess the concept of testing a single disk, representative of the tetracycline class of antimicrobics. All strains that were susceptible to a tetracycline disk were predictably susceptible to the tetracycline analogs. Some strains that gave zones in the resistant or intermediate range were susceptible or moderately susceptible to doxycycline and minocycline by agar dilution methods. However, disk tests with the more active analogs were often unproductive, since most tetracycline-resistant strains gave indeterminate results with doxycycline or minocycline disks. It was concluded that the \"class concept\" of disk testing is still appropriate and that tests with tetracycline disks predict susceptibility to the other tetracycline analogs reasonably well.", "contents": "Aerobic and anaerobic susceptibility tests with three tetracyclines. Reassessment of the \"class concept\" of disk testing. Both aerobic and anaerobic susceptibility tests were performed with tetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline, using disk diffusion and agar dilution technics. The data were examined in order to reassess the concept of testing a single disk, representative of the tetracycline class of antimicrobics. All strains that were susceptible to a tetracycline disk were predictably susceptible to the tetracycline analogs. Some strains that gave zones in the resistant or intermediate range were susceptible or moderately susceptible to doxycycline and minocycline by agar dilution methods. However, disk tests with the more active analogs were often unproductive, since most tetracycline-resistant strains gave indeterminate results with doxycycline or minocycline disks. It was concluded that the \"class concept\" of disk testing is still appropriate and that tests with tetracycline disks predict susceptibility to the other tetracycline analogs reasonably well.", "PMID": 717289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6925", "title": "Serum bile acid levels in protracted diarrhea of infancy.", "content": "Significant elevations in two glycine-conjugated serum bile acid levels (cholic and chenodeoxycholic) were detected in a majority of infants with intractable diarrhea of infancy. In contrast, children with chronic inflammatory bowel disease had values of serum bile acids within the normal range. Although intravenous alimentation and constant-infusion elemental diet may alter hepatic function, serum bile acid levels were also elevated in other infants with intractable diarrhea not treated by these methods. We hypothesize that endotoxemia or other unknown mechanisms together with therapy are exerting a detrimental effect on hepatic function.", "contents": "Serum bile acid levels in protracted diarrhea of infancy. Significant elevations in two glycine-conjugated serum bile acid levels (cholic and chenodeoxycholic) were detected in a majority of infants with intractable diarrhea of infancy. In contrast, children with chronic inflammatory bowel disease had values of serum bile acids within the normal range. Although intravenous alimentation and constant-infusion elemental diet may alter hepatic function, serum bile acid levels were also elevated in other infants with intractable diarrhea not treated by these methods. We hypothesize that endotoxemia or other unknown mechanisms together with therapy are exerting a detrimental effect on hepatic function.", "PMID": 717291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6926", "title": "Cerebellar medulloblastoma. An analysis of four cases of extraneural metastasis.", "content": "In four of 28 patients (14%) with medulloblastoma who were treated at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, over a 20-year period, extraneural metastases developed. In an effort to delineate the causal factors involved in extraneural metastases, salient features of patients with metastases and without metastases were compared. Suboccipital craniectomy, radiation therapy, and patient longevity were not well correlated with metastases. However, subarachnoid tumor spread was a consistent precursor. A ventriculoatrial shunt may have been a factor in one patient and a serious infection that preceded diffuse metastasis may have been a factor in another patient. Half of the patients with metastases were found to have the desmoplastic variety of medulloblastoma while only one of 24 patients without metastases had this tumor type.", "contents": "Cerebellar medulloblastoma. An analysis of four cases of extraneural metastasis. In four of 28 patients (14%) with medulloblastoma who were treated at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, over a 20-year period, extraneural metastases developed. In an effort to delineate the causal factors involved in extraneural metastases, salient features of patients with metastases and without metastases were compared. Suboccipital craniectomy, radiation therapy, and patient longevity were not well correlated with metastases. However, subarachnoid tumor spread was a consistent precursor. A ventriculoatrial shunt may have been a factor in one patient and a serious infection that preceded diffuse metastasis may have been a factor in another patient. Half of the patients with metastases were found to have the desmoplastic variety of medulloblastoma while only one of 24 patients without metastases had this tumor type.", "PMID": 717292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6927", "title": "Ring chromosome 13 in a child with minor dysmorphic features. Irregular phenotypic expression of ring 13 syndrome.", "content": "A patient with ring chromosome 13 had some physical and stigmata that to our knowledge have not been reported in previous articles. These include alopecia, scattered pigmentation, trigonocephaly, and telecanthic fold. This case reemphasizes how mitotic instability can produce clinical features during the critical period of organogenesis.", "contents": "Ring chromosome 13 in a child with minor dysmorphic features. Irregular phenotypic expression of ring 13 syndrome. A patient with ring chromosome 13 had some physical and stigmata that to our knowledge have not been reported in previous articles. These include alopecia, scattered pigmentation, trigonocephaly, and telecanthic fold. This case reemphasizes how mitotic instability can produce clinical features during the critical period of organogenesis.", "PMID": 717293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6928", "title": "Failure to thrive. The role of clinical and laboratory evaluation.", "content": "One hundred eighty-five patients hospitalized for evaluation to thrive were reviewed retrospectively. Eighteen percent had proven organic etiologies. The specific organic diagnosis was strongly suggested by the history and physical examination in all of these patients. Fifty percent of the patients were failing to thrive on the basis of environmental deprivation. Only 1.4% of the laboratory studies performed were of positive diagnostic assistance. No study was of positive value without a specific indication from the clinical evaluation. The history and physical examination are the most valuable tools in the evaluation of failure to thrive. Laboratory investigations are rarely helpful without a specific indication from the clinical evaluation.", "contents": "Failure to thrive. The role of clinical and laboratory evaluation. One hundred eighty-five patients hospitalized for evaluation to thrive were reviewed retrospectively. Eighteen percent had proven organic etiologies. The specific organic diagnosis was strongly suggested by the history and physical examination in all of these patients. Fifty percent of the patients were failing to thrive on the basis of environmental deprivation. Only 1.4% of the laboratory studies performed were of positive diagnostic assistance. No study was of positive value without a specific indication from the clinical evaluation. The history and physical examination are the most valuable tools in the evaluation of failure to thrive. Laboratory investigations are rarely helpful without a specific indication from the clinical evaluation.", "PMID": 717305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6929", "title": "Sex liability to single structural defects.", "content": "Forty-two of 52 single, localized defects of morphogenesis showed a nonrandom predeliction to one sex. For some of these malformations, the sex liability may be explained on the basis of normal anatomic or hormonal differences between the sexes. For example, the male excess of \"prune belly\" or triad syndrome is considered due to the fact that most cases are secondary to obstruction in the penile urethra, and the male excess of pyloric stenosis is hypothesized as being secondary to the muscle hypertrophying effect of testosterone in the male neonate. The sex differences for most of the defects suggest that genes on the X and/or Y chromosome exert a role in morphogenesis that extends well beyond the development of sex-related structures.", "contents": "Sex liability to single structural defects. Forty-two of 52 single, localized defects of morphogenesis showed a nonrandom predeliction to one sex. For some of these malformations, the sex liability may be explained on the basis of normal anatomic or hormonal differences between the sexes. For example, the male excess of \"prune belly\" or triad syndrome is considered due to the fact that most cases are secondary to obstruction in the penile urethra, and the male excess of pyloric stenosis is hypothesized as being secondary to the muscle hypertrophying effect of testosterone in the male neonate. The sex differences for most of the defects suggest that genes on the X and/or Y chromosome exert a role in morphogenesis that extends well beyond the development of sex-related structures.", "PMID": 717306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6930", "title": "25-Hydroxycholecalciferol for early neonatal hypocalcemia. Occurrence in premature newborns.", "content": "Oral 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25OHD3) has been used to prevent early neonatal hypocalcemia. Thirty premature neonates were studied prospectively from birth: 22 premature infants constituted a control group, and eight were treated orally with 25OHD3 (2 microgram/kg/day) for five days beginning within the first 12 hours of life. Eleven of the 22 premature infants in the control group became hypocalcemic, with serum ionized calcium (Ca++) level less than 3.0 mg/dl and total calcium (CaT) level less than 7.0 mg/dl on day 2 of life. Only one of the eight premature infants treated with 25OHD3 became hypocalcemic. In treated neonates, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, as well as serum Ca++ and CaT levels, increased during the first five days of life and were considerably greater than levels in control neonates. No untoward effects of this treatment were observed.", "contents": "25-Hydroxycholecalciferol for early neonatal hypocalcemia. Occurrence in premature newborns. Oral 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25OHD3) has been used to prevent early neonatal hypocalcemia. Thirty premature neonates were studied prospectively from birth: 22 premature infants constituted a control group, and eight were treated orally with 25OHD3 (2 microgram/kg/day) for five days beginning within the first 12 hours of life. Eleven of the 22 premature infants in the control group became hypocalcemic, with serum ionized calcium (Ca++) level less than 3.0 mg/dl and total calcium (CaT) level less than 7.0 mg/dl on day 2 of life. Only one of the eight premature infants treated with 25OHD3 became hypocalcemic. In treated neonates, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, as well as serum Ca++ and CaT levels, increased during the first five days of life and were considerably greater than levels in control neonates. No untoward effects of this treatment were observed.", "PMID": 717307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6931", "title": "Fetal hydantoin syndrome in triplets. A unique experiment of nature.", "content": "Birth defects associated with phenytoin and phenobarbital taken during pregnancy include craniofacial and limb deformities. These anomalies were found in various degrees of severity in triplets born to a mother taking phenobarbital and phenytoin for an epileptic disorder, giving us a unique opportunity to recognize different manifestations of the hydantoin syndrome in infants that presumably were exposed to the same level of the drugs. These infants were trizygotic and their clinical manifestations varied widely, suggesting the possibility that genetic background may play a significant role in the susceptibility of the fetus to phenytoin and phenobarbital during pregnancy.", "contents": "Fetal hydantoin syndrome in triplets. A unique experiment of nature. Birth defects associated with phenytoin and phenobarbital taken during pregnancy include craniofacial and limb deformities. These anomalies were found in various degrees of severity in triplets born to a mother taking phenobarbital and phenytoin for an epileptic disorder, giving us a unique opportunity to recognize different manifestations of the hydantoin syndrome in infants that presumably were exposed to the same level of the drugs. These infants were trizygotic and their clinical manifestations varied widely, suggesting the possibility that genetic background may play a significant role in the susceptibility of the fetus to phenytoin and phenobarbital during pregnancy.", "PMID": 717308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6932", "title": "Do we support parents of high-risk infants? A survey.", "content": "The establishment of regional neonatal intensive care units has reduced physical and mental handicaps in premature infants, but has caused emotional and psychological strain on parents because of frequently lengthy separation of mother and child. The study was undertaken to learn what is currently being done to support parents of high-risk infants. A questionnaire survey showed that prenatal screening was performed by only a few institutions. Not all nurseries employed full-time social workers. Such full-time status was no guarantee that all parents were interviewed and given support. Furthermore, requests for public health nurses to make predischarge and postdischarge home visits were not universally made.", "contents": "Do we support parents of high-risk infants? A survey. The establishment of regional neonatal intensive care units has reduced physical and mental handicaps in premature infants, but has caused emotional and psychological strain on parents because of frequently lengthy separation of mother and child. The study was undertaken to learn what is currently being done to support parents of high-risk infants. A questionnaire survey showed that prenatal screening was performed by only a few institutions. Not all nurseries employed full-time social workers. Such full-time status was no guarantee that all parents were interviewed and given support. Furthermore, requests for public health nurses to make predischarge and postdischarge home visits were not universally made.", "PMID": 717309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6933", "title": "Prolonged nitroprusside and intermittent hemodialysis as therapy for intractable hypertension.", "content": "Nitroprusside was used with intermittent hemodialysis over a 26-day period in a 6-year-old boy with intractable hypertension. Hemodialysis effectively removed thiocyanate from the blood, thus preventing its accumulation and subsequent toxic manifestations. Prolonged nitroprusside infusion maintained arterial blood pressure at acceptable levels until the patient became responsive to other antihypertensive therapy.", "contents": "Prolonged nitroprusside and intermittent hemodialysis as therapy for intractable hypertension. Nitroprusside was used with intermittent hemodialysis over a 26-day period in a 6-year-old boy with intractable hypertension. Hemodialysis effectively removed thiocyanate from the blood, thus preventing its accumulation and subsequent toxic manifestations. Prolonged nitroprusside infusion maintained arterial blood pressure at acceptable levels until the patient became responsive to other antihypertensive therapy.", "PMID": 717310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6934", "title": "Recurrent acute suppurative thyroiditis.", "content": "Two patients had two recurrent episodes each of acute suppurative thyroiditis. Circulating concentrations of plasma thyrotrophin, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine were within the range of normal. Antibodies to thyroid microsome or thyroglobulin were not found. Anaerobic bacteria such as Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus, and Peptococcus were identified as causative agents, indicating that anaerobic organisms may play an important role in the pathologic process. The present cases are the third and fourth reported cases of recurrent acute suppurative thyroiditis in the literature.", "contents": "Recurrent acute suppurative thyroiditis. Two patients had two recurrent episodes each of acute suppurative thyroiditis. Circulating concentrations of plasma thyrotrophin, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine were within the range of normal. Antibodies to thyroid microsome or thyroglobulin were not found. Anaerobic bacteria such as Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus, and Peptococcus were identified as causative agents, indicating that anaerobic organisms may play an important role in the pathologic process. The present cases are the third and fourth reported cases of recurrent acute suppurative thyroiditis in the literature.", "PMID": 717311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6935", "title": "Pneumococcal pneumonia with pneumatocele formation.", "content": "Two infants had pneumococcal pneumonia and bacteremia, complicated by pneumatocele formation. The pneumatoceles appeared during the recovery phase and were indistinguishable from those associated with staphylococcal pneumonia. Complete resolution occurred in both patients. Pneumatoceles occur in pneumonias caused by varied agents; therefore, determination of the cause is imperative for appropriate therapy.", "contents": "Pneumococcal pneumonia with pneumatocele formation. Two infants had pneumococcal pneumonia and bacteremia, complicated by pneumatocele formation. The pneumatoceles appeared during the recovery phase and were indistinguishable from those associated with staphylococcal pneumonia. Complete resolution occurred in both patients. Pneumatoceles occur in pneumonias caused by varied agents; therefore, determination of the cause is imperative for appropriate therapy.", "PMID": 717316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6936", "title": "Pneumococcal empyema in childhood.", "content": "Two serotypes, uncommon in pediatric infections, accounted for a disproportionately large number of cases of pneumococcal empyema at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. Eight of ten empyemas were caused by types 1 or 3, and two additional cases of mixed infection involved the type 3 pneumococcus. The type 3 pneumococcal empyemas tended to be more severe than those due to other serotypes. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) appeared to be more useful than culture in establishing the cause of this condition; in seven of ten cases, the pleural fluid was CIE positive while cultures of blood and pleural fluid were negative. In each of the seven culture-negative cases, antibiotics had been given prior to hospitalization. One case of type 7 pneumococcal empyema illustrated the potential value of the Ouchterlony test for the etiologic diagnosis of this condition.", "contents": "Pneumococcal empyema in childhood. Two serotypes, uncommon in pediatric infections, accounted for a disproportionately large number of cases of pneumococcal empyema at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. Eight of ten empyemas were caused by types 1 or 3, and two additional cases of mixed infection involved the type 3 pneumococcus. The type 3 pneumococcal empyemas tended to be more severe than those due to other serotypes. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) appeared to be more useful than culture in establishing the cause of this condition; in seven of ten cases, the pleural fluid was CIE positive while cultures of blood and pleural fluid were negative. In each of the seven culture-negative cases, antibiotics had been given prior to hospitalization. One case of type 7 pneumococcal empyema illustrated the potential value of the Ouchterlony test for the etiologic diagnosis of this condition.", "PMID": 717317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6937", "title": "Recurrent Reye's syndrome.", "content": "The clinical diagnosis of recurrent Reye's syndrome can be made only after a systemic exclusion of other diagnostic possibilities. We report such a case, providing guidelines for a complete clinical and biochenical evaluation of this entity. If a comprehensive study of patients experiencing recurrent Reye's syndrome is to be made, each patient must be subjected to thorough examination.", "contents": "Recurrent Reye's syndrome. The clinical diagnosis of recurrent Reye's syndrome can be made only after a systemic exclusion of other diagnostic possibilities. We report such a case, providing guidelines for a complete clinical and biochenical evaluation of this entity. If a comprehensive study of patients experiencing recurrent Reye's syndrome is to be made, each patient must be subjected to thorough examination.", "PMID": 717318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6938", "title": "Dominant inheritance of Scheuermann's juvenile kyphosis.", "content": "Familial occurrence of Scheuermann's juvenile kyphosis is well known, but no specific mode of inheritance has been recognized. We describe five families in which the disease seems to follow and autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance.", "contents": "Dominant inheritance of Scheuermann's juvenile kyphosis. Familial occurrence of Scheuermann's juvenile kyphosis is well known, but no specific mode of inheritance has been recognized. We describe five families in which the disease seems to follow and autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance.", "PMID": 717319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6939", "title": "Problem acuteness and medical record utility.", "content": "We studied the usefulness of having the patient's medical record available to the pediatrician at the time of the patient's visit. For most acute problems, the medical record had no effect on the management of the patient, whereas the record frequently affected the handling of chronic or recurrent problems. These results suggest a means of improving the effectiveness of pediatric emergency room management and also a means for defining empirically criteria for evaluation of care by record audit.", "contents": "Problem acuteness and medical record utility. We studied the usefulness of having the patient's medical record available to the pediatrician at the time of the patient's visit. For most acute problems, the medical record had no effect on the management of the patient, whereas the record frequently affected the handling of chronic or recurrent problems. These results suggest a means of improving the effectiveness of pediatric emergency room management and also a means for defining empirically criteria for evaluation of care by record audit.", "PMID": 717320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6940", "title": "Basilar skull fractures in children. The incidence of CNS infection and the use of antibiotics.", "content": "Forty-six cases of basilar skull fractures in children were reviewed to determine the incidence of CNS infection following injury and the possible value of antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis. The clinical course of the children who were treated with antibiotics was compared with that of patients who received no antimicrobial therapy. Included in the study were patients with hemotympanum alone or with hemotympanum plus additional clinical or roentgenographic signs of basilar skull fracture; patients with tympanic membrane perforation without otorrhea but with blood in the auditory canal; and children with either otorrhea or rhinorrhea. Acute, delayed, or recurrent infection of the CNS did not develop in any of the patients. This study is the first of its kind presented in children. It would seem on the basis of the present series that the systematic use of antibiotic prophylaxis in children with hemotympanum following basilar skull fractures is unwarranted and that children with other signs of basilar skull fractures may have an equally small risk of meningitis following injury.", "contents": "Basilar skull fractures in children. The incidence of CNS infection and the use of antibiotics. Forty-six cases of basilar skull fractures in children were reviewed to determine the incidence of CNS infection following injury and the possible value of antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis. The clinical course of the children who were treated with antibiotics was compared with that of patients who received no antimicrobial therapy. Included in the study were patients with hemotympanum alone or with hemotympanum plus additional clinical or roentgenographic signs of basilar skull fracture; patients with tympanic membrane perforation without otorrhea but with blood in the auditory canal; and children with either otorrhea or rhinorrhea. Acute, delayed, or recurrent infection of the CNS did not develop in any of the patients. This study is the first of its kind presented in children. It would seem on the basis of the present series that the systematic use of antibiotic prophylaxis in children with hemotympanum following basilar skull fractures is unwarranted and that children with other signs of basilar skull fractures may have an equally small risk of meningitis following injury.", "PMID": 717321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6941", "title": "Infant tracheostomy. A new look with a solution to the difficult cannulation problem.", "content": "Although most infant airway and ventilatory problems will be best solved by the use of endotracheal tubes, clear-cut indications for tracheostomy exist. Past reticence to use tracheostomy for infants has been due mainly to the fear of decannulation problems. Recognition of obstructive airway lesions, particularly the lumen-narrowing tracheal stomal granuloma, has been facilitated by the routine use of the newer infant bronchoscopes with optical telescopes. Successful decannulation begins with proper tracheostomy technique, and continues through tracheostomy management and a well-conceived decannulation program. Decannulation should include evaluation of the structure and function of the airway endoscopically and it may include translaryngeal endoscopic resection or formal surgical removal of any obstructing lesions. Experienced nursing personnel are essential to the entire program.", "contents": "Infant tracheostomy. A new look with a solution to the difficult cannulation problem. Although most infant airway and ventilatory problems will be best solved by the use of endotracheal tubes, clear-cut indications for tracheostomy exist. Past reticence to use tracheostomy for infants has been due mainly to the fear of decannulation problems. Recognition of obstructive airway lesions, particularly the lumen-narrowing tracheal stomal granuloma, has been facilitated by the routine use of the newer infant bronchoscopes with optical telescopes. Successful decannulation begins with proper tracheostomy technique, and continues through tracheostomy management and a well-conceived decannulation program. Decannulation should include evaluation of the structure and function of the airway endoscopically and it may include translaryngeal endoscopic resection or formal surgical removal of any obstructing lesions. Experienced nursing personnel are essential to the entire program.", "PMID": 717331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6942", "title": "Xeroradiography in the evaluation of acquired airway abnormalities in children.", "content": "Xeroradiography of the neck was performed on 36 children with suggested or known acquired tracheal abnormalities. The information obtained from the lateral projection xeroradiograph was superior in selected cases to the conventional soft tissue roentgenogram. In these cases, the information obtained justified the increased (12-fold) radiation exposure and obviated the need for positive contrast examination. This procedure should be considered in any case in which a fluoroscopic contrast examination is indicated.", "contents": "Xeroradiography in the evaluation of acquired airway abnormalities in children. Xeroradiography of the neck was performed on 36 children with suggested or known acquired tracheal abnormalities. The information obtained from the lateral projection xeroradiograph was superior in selected cases to the conventional soft tissue roentgenogram. In these cases, the information obtained justified the increased (12-fold) radiation exposure and obviated the need for positive contrast examination. This procedure should be considered in any case in which a fluoroscopic contrast examination is indicated.", "PMID": 717332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6943", "title": "Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. A complication of circumcision.", "content": "Numerous complications have been reported as a result of neonatal circumcision. We describe here three cases of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome that were thought to be due to infected circumcisions. A review of the literature failed to disclose descriptions of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome as such a complication. In spite of recent American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations against routine circumcision, it will continue to be a common procedure. Careful preoperative and postoperative screening and guidance are urged to prevent staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome and other complications.", "contents": "Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. A complication of circumcision. Numerous complications have been reported as a result of neonatal circumcision. We describe here three cases of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome that were thought to be due to infected circumcisions. A review of the literature failed to disclose descriptions of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome as such a complication. In spite of recent American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations against routine circumcision, it will continue to be a common procedure. Careful preoperative and postoperative screening and guidance are urged to prevent staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome and other complications.", "PMID": 717333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6944", "title": "Fournier's syndrome. Report of three cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Three children, aged 9 days, 3 weeks, and 9 1/2 months, were treated for Fournier's syndrome. The portals of entry for a miscellaneous group of pathogens included a circumcision in the first, a circumcision and a diaper rash in the second, and a hot water burn in the third. The development of the condition after a circumcision is noteworthy because it is an extremely common surgical procedure. Medical and minor surgical treatment of the gangrenous areas during the period of rapid healing was successful. This approach contrasts with those researchers who recommend grafts. All three children survived, although one died three years later of complications from the original burn, and in another, one testicle could not be palpated after healing.", "contents": "Fournier's syndrome. Report of three cases and review of the literature. Three children, aged 9 days, 3 weeks, and 9 1/2 months, were treated for Fournier's syndrome. The portals of entry for a miscellaneous group of pathogens included a circumcision in the first, a circumcision and a diaper rash in the second, and a hot water burn in the third. The development of the condition after a circumcision is noteworthy because it is an extremely common surgical procedure. Medical and minor surgical treatment of the gangrenous areas during the period of rapid healing was successful. This approach contrasts with those researchers who recommend grafts. All three children survived, although one died three years later of complications from the original burn, and in another, one testicle could not be palpated after healing.", "PMID": 717334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6945", "title": "Oculoglandular disease of parinaud. A manifestation of cat-scratch disease.", "content": "Among patients with cat-scratch disease, the oculoglandular form is the most common unusual manifestation. This condition, seen in 14 of 585 patients with the infection encountered in a private pediatric practice over a span of 23 years, belongs in the syndrome of the oculoglandular disease of Parinaud. Most of the 14 patients described were only mildly ill and had but little discomfort. All patients recovered without residuals. Diagnosis is based on four criteria: exposure to a cat, usually an immature one; the presence of a localized granuloma of the eye; the presence of preauricular lymphadenopathy; and a positive skin test to cat-scratch antigen of known potency. Several unusual features, never before described, of oculoglandular disease due to cat-scratch disease are submitted.", "contents": "Oculoglandular disease of parinaud. A manifestation of cat-scratch disease. Among patients with cat-scratch disease, the oculoglandular form is the most common unusual manifestation. This condition, seen in 14 of 585 patients with the infection encountered in a private pediatric practice over a span of 23 years, belongs in the syndrome of the oculoglandular disease of Parinaud. Most of the 14 patients described were only mildly ill and had but little discomfort. All patients recovered without residuals. Diagnosis is based on four criteria: exposure to a cat, usually an immature one; the presence of a localized granuloma of the eye; the presence of preauricular lymphadenopathy; and a positive skin test to cat-scratch antigen of known potency. Several unusual features, never before described, of oculoglandular disease due to cat-scratch disease are submitted.", "PMID": 717335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6946", "title": "Partial exchange transfusion in sickle cell anemia. Use in children with serious complications.", "content": "Seventeen children with sickle cell anemia received 40 partial exchange transfusions for serious complications of sickle cell anemia, and preoperatively to reduce the risk of anesthesia. Each patient received two partial exchange transfusions at 24-hour intervals and all patients tolerated the exchange transfusions well. The mean hematocrit level rose from 22.9% before the exchange transfusion to 40.6% at the end of the second exchange. The mean sickle hemoglobin level decreased from 93.8% before the exchange to 28.0% after the second exchange. Patients with acute lung syndrome had remarkable improvement in clinical symptoms and PaO2 levels, and those with acute liver crisis had substantial reduction in serum bilirubin levels. All the other patients showed marked clinical improvement following the exchange transfusions.", "contents": "Partial exchange transfusion in sickle cell anemia. Use in children with serious complications. Seventeen children with sickle cell anemia received 40 partial exchange transfusions for serious complications of sickle cell anemia, and preoperatively to reduce the risk of anesthesia. Each patient received two partial exchange transfusions at 24-hour intervals and all patients tolerated the exchange transfusions well. The mean hematocrit level rose from 22.9% before the exchange transfusion to 40.6% at the end of the second exchange. The mean sickle hemoglobin level decreased from 93.8% before the exchange to 28.0% after the second exchange. Patients with acute lung syndrome had remarkable improvement in clinical symptoms and PaO2 levels, and those with acute liver crisis had substantial reduction in serum bilirubin levels. All the other patients showed marked clinical improvement following the exchange transfusions.", "PMID": 717336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6947", "title": "Familial Mediterranean fever. A case report.", "content": "A case of familial Mediterranean fever in a young girl presented typical diagnostic dilemmas. Although intermittent proteinuria was noted, a rectal biopsy specimen failed to demonstrate the presence of amyloidosis. Treatment consisted of supportive therapy and colchicine, to which she responded. In a cosmopolitan population, familial Mediterranean fever should be considered in the differential diagnosis of fever of unknown origin.", "contents": "Familial Mediterranean fever. A case report. A case of familial Mediterranean fever in a young girl presented typical diagnostic dilemmas. Although intermittent proteinuria was noted, a rectal biopsy specimen failed to demonstrate the presence of amyloidosis. Treatment consisted of supportive therapy and colchicine, to which she responded. In a cosmopolitan population, familial Mediterranean fever should be considered in the differential diagnosis of fever of unknown origin.", "PMID": 717337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6948", "title": "Resistant ascites in alcoholic liver cirrhosis: course and prognosis.", "content": "A group of 29 patients with decompensated cirrhosis of the liver who retained a large amount of ascites under a hospital regimen during two months or longer was identified. The prognosis for this selected group of patients, while grave [during continuous hospitalization 11 out of 29 patients (= 38%) died], is not without hope: 18 patients (62%) improved and could be discharged from the hospital. Their further course was influenced by resumption of alcohol usage. Five of 11 (45.4%) who resumed drinking died due to hepatic causes within 10 months. Of the remaining six only one lost his ascites. Those who abstained (7 patients) remained alive for an average follow-up of 33 months and all lost their ascites. Alcohol resumption significantly decreased both survival (P less than 0.05) and ascites resorption (P less than 0.0015). Continued abstinence from alcohol may thus obviate the need for surgical measures to relieve ascites in these patients.", "contents": "Resistant ascites in alcoholic liver cirrhosis: course and prognosis. A group of 29 patients with decompensated cirrhosis of the liver who retained a large amount of ascites under a hospital regimen during two months or longer was identified. The prognosis for this selected group of patients, while grave [during continuous hospitalization 11 out of 29 patients (= 38%) died], is not without hope: 18 patients (62%) improved and could be discharged from the hospital. Their further course was influenced by resumption of alcohol usage. Five of 11 (45.4%) who resumed drinking died due to hepatic causes within 10 months. Of the remaining six only one lost his ascites. Those who abstained (7 patients) remained alive for an average follow-up of 33 months and all lost their ascites. Alcohol resumption significantly decreased both survival (P less than 0.05) and ascites resorption (P less than 0.0015). Continued abstinence from alcohol may thus obviate the need for surgical measures to relieve ascites in these patients.", "PMID": 717345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6949", "title": "Pigment gallstone composition in cirrhotic and noncirrhotic subjects.", "content": "The composition of pigment gallstones from patients with and without cirrhosis was compared. Carbonate-containing pigment stones were distinguished from noncarbonate stones by infrared spectroscopy. Calcium was the major cation of each stone group. The major anion in noncarbonate pigment stones was bilirubinate or phosphate, but was carbonate in carbonate stones. The composition of pigment stones from cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients was similar except that significantly less carbonate was present in carbonate stones, and less pigment (bilirubinate) was present in noncarbonate stones from noncirrhotics. These data suggest that irrespective of the presence of cirrhosis, the formation of noncarbonate pigment stones involves the selective precipitation of calcium bilirubinate and phosphate, whereas carbonate stone formation involves the selective precipitation of calcium carbonate.", "contents": "Pigment gallstone composition in cirrhotic and noncirrhotic subjects. The composition of pigment gallstones from patients with and without cirrhosis was compared. Carbonate-containing pigment stones were distinguished from noncarbonate stones by infrared spectroscopy. Calcium was the major cation of each stone group. The major anion in noncarbonate pigment stones was bilirubinate or phosphate, but was carbonate in carbonate stones. The composition of pigment stones from cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients was similar except that significantly less carbonate was present in carbonate stones, and less pigment (bilirubinate) was present in noncarbonate stones from noncirrhotics. These data suggest that irrespective of the presence of cirrhosis, the formation of noncarbonate pigment stones involves the selective precipitation of calcium bilirubinate and phosphate, whereas carbonate stone formation involves the selective precipitation of calcium carbonate.", "PMID": 717346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6950", "title": "Malignant lymphoproliferative disorders in chronic liver disease. Report of four cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Four patients who manifested an association between chronic liver disease and lymphoma are reported. Three of them had nonalcoholic cirrhosis and one had chronic cholangitis. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma developed long after the presence of liver disease had been established in three of the patients. The fourth patient died of hepatic coma and Hodgkin's disease was discovered incidentally at autopsy. Drugs could not be incriminated in the development of either cirrhosis or lymphoma in any of the patients. A review of the literature is presented, and the view that the association between chronic liver disease and lymphoma is not coincidental is supported.", "contents": "Malignant lymphoproliferative disorders in chronic liver disease. Report of four cases and review of the literature. Four patients who manifested an association between chronic liver disease and lymphoma are reported. Three of them had nonalcoholic cirrhosis and one had chronic cholangitis. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma developed long after the presence of liver disease had been established in three of the patients. The fourth patient died of hepatic coma and Hodgkin's disease was discovered incidentally at autopsy. Drugs could not be incriminated in the development of either cirrhosis or lymphoma in any of the patients. A review of the literature is presented, and the view that the association between chronic liver disease and lymphoma is not coincidental is supported.", "PMID": 717348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6951", "title": "Hemostatic alterations in inflammatory bowel disease: response to therapy.", "content": "Twelve patients with acute, untreated inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) were followed prospectively for coagulation and platelet function. With no symptomatic coagulopathy, abnormalities were found in all patients. With acute diseases, elevations of fibrinogen (9/12), factor V (8/12), and factor VIII (6/12) were common. Depressions of antithrombin III levels were also observed acutely (8/12). Abnormalities of platelets were both quantitative and qualitative. Thrombocytosis was present (11/12), and abnormalities in the rate and percent platelet aggregation were seen (9/10). During therapy, factors V and VIII, antithrombin III levels, and the quantitative and qualitative platelet abnormalities returned towards normal in direct correlation with sedimentation rate and clinical disease activity.", "contents": "Hemostatic alterations in inflammatory bowel disease: response to therapy. Twelve patients with acute, untreated inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) were followed prospectively for coagulation and platelet function. With no symptomatic coagulopathy, abnormalities were found in all patients. With acute diseases, elevations of fibrinogen (9/12), factor V (8/12), and factor VIII (6/12) were common. Depressions of antithrombin III levels were also observed acutely (8/12). Abnormalities of platelets were both quantitative and qualitative. Thrombocytosis was present (11/12), and abnormalities in the rate and percent platelet aggregation were seen (9/10). During therapy, factors V and VIII, antithrombin III levels, and the quantitative and qualitative platelet abnormalities returned towards normal in direct correlation with sedimentation rate and clinical disease activity.", "PMID": 717349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6952", "title": "Effect of phenolphthalein on the function and structure of rodent and human intestine.", "content": "Phenolphthalein (PHE) is the active ingredient in at least 12 over-the-counter laxative preparations. It is alleged to have a minor effect in the small intestine compared with the colon where it is supposed to alter motor activity or water absorption or both. We measured water absorption from segments of rat intestine in vivo, and from the nearly intact small intestines of patients with established ileostomies. In rats, each intestinal segment served as its own control so that water absorption in a test period (PHE, 1--15 mg/100 ml) could be expressed as a percentage of the control period when buffer was infused. PHE inhibited water absorption, and the degree of inhibition was related linearly to log10 PHE concentration. The similarity of slopes of the regression lines suggested that all segments of the rat intestine were equally sensitive to PHE. In six patients, PHE, 100 mg four times a day, increased weight of ileostomy output by 30%, and Na+ output by 39%. These facts indicate that some of the laxative effects of PHE result from inhibition of water absorption in both large and small intestines.", "contents": "Effect of phenolphthalein on the function and structure of rodent and human intestine. Phenolphthalein (PHE) is the active ingredient in at least 12 over-the-counter laxative preparations. It is alleged to have a minor effect in the small intestine compared with the colon where it is supposed to alter motor activity or water absorption or both. We measured water absorption from segments of rat intestine in vivo, and from the nearly intact small intestines of patients with established ileostomies. In rats, each intestinal segment served as its own control so that water absorption in a test period (PHE, 1--15 mg/100 ml) could be expressed as a percentage of the control period when buffer was infused. PHE inhibited water absorption, and the degree of inhibition was related linearly to log10 PHE concentration. The similarity of slopes of the regression lines suggested that all segments of the rat intestine were equally sensitive to PHE. In six patients, PHE, 100 mg four times a day, increased weight of ileostomy output by 30%, and Na+ output by 39%. These facts indicate that some of the laxative effects of PHE result from inhibition of water absorption in both large and small intestines.", "PMID": 717350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6953", "title": "Relation between serum pancreatic isoamylase concentration and pancreatic exocrine function.", "content": "Serum pancreatic isoamylase concentrations were compared to secretory and clinical evidence of pancreatic insufficiency in 19 consecutive alcoholic patients undergoing pancreatic stimulation testing for suspected pancreatic insufficiency. In patients with normal total serum amylase levels, there was a good correlation (r = 0.83) between serum pancreatic isoamylase activity and stimulated pancreatic secretion of amylase and the 8 patients with a low pancreatic isoamylase concentration had markedly diminished pancreatic secretion of amylase, lipase, and bicarbonate. However, patients with elevated total serum amylase activity frequently had extremely poor pancreatic exocrine function despite normal or elevated levels of pancreatic serum isoamylase. Thus, the finding of a subnormal serum concentration of pancreatic isoamylase provides strong evidence for pancreatic exocrine insufficiency; however, a normal or elevated serum pancreatic isoamylase activity cannot be used as evidence for normal pancreatic exocrine function.", "contents": "Relation between serum pancreatic isoamylase concentration and pancreatic exocrine function. Serum pancreatic isoamylase concentrations were compared to secretory and clinical evidence of pancreatic insufficiency in 19 consecutive alcoholic patients undergoing pancreatic stimulation testing for suspected pancreatic insufficiency. In patients with normal total serum amylase levels, there was a good correlation (r = 0.83) between serum pancreatic isoamylase activity and stimulated pancreatic secretion of amylase and the 8 patients with a low pancreatic isoamylase concentration had markedly diminished pancreatic secretion of amylase, lipase, and bicarbonate. However, patients with elevated total serum amylase activity frequently had extremely poor pancreatic exocrine function despite normal or elevated levels of pancreatic serum isoamylase. Thus, the finding of a subnormal serum concentration of pancreatic isoamylase provides strong evidence for pancreatic exocrine insufficiency; however, a normal or elevated serum pancreatic isoamylase activity cannot be used as evidence for normal pancreatic exocrine function.", "PMID": 717351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6954", "title": "Changes in plasma motilin concentration and gastrointestinal contractile activity in conscious dogs.", "content": "Simultaneous measurement of plasma motilin concentration and gastrointestinal contractile activity was make in 12 healthy dogs. Plasma motilin concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay and gastrointestinal contractile activity was monitored by means of chronically implanted force transducers. During the interdigestive state, it was found that the plasma motilin concentration increased in complete accordance with the cyclical interdigestive contractions of the stomach. Furthermore, plasma motilin concentration was lowered by the ingestion of food, and it reamined low as long as the gastric motor activity was in the digestive pattern. Since, as reported previously the interdigestive contractions can be induced by tthe exogenous administration of motilin, we concluded that (1) motilin is released at constant intervals during the interdigestive state, and this release is suppressed by the ingestion of food; (2) motilin induces the interdigestive contractions of the stomach and duodenum; and (3) motilin is an interdigestive hormone and is the only known polypeptide hormone of the gut whose release is not induced by a meal.", "contents": "Changes in plasma motilin concentration and gastrointestinal contractile activity in conscious dogs. Simultaneous measurement of plasma motilin concentration and gastrointestinal contractile activity was make in 12 healthy dogs. Plasma motilin concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay and gastrointestinal contractile activity was monitored by means of chronically implanted force transducers. During the interdigestive state, it was found that the plasma motilin concentration increased in complete accordance with the cyclical interdigestive contractions of the stomach. Furthermore, plasma motilin concentration was lowered by the ingestion of food, and it reamined low as long as the gastric motor activity was in the digestive pattern. Since, as reported previously the interdigestive contractions can be induced by tthe exogenous administration of motilin, we concluded that (1) motilin is released at constant intervals during the interdigestive state, and this release is suppressed by the ingestion of food; (2) motilin induces the interdigestive contractions of the stomach and duodenum; and (3) motilin is an interdigestive hormone and is the only known polypeptide hormone of the gut whose release is not induced by a meal.", "PMID": 717352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6955", "title": "Prevalence of Giardiasis: a study at upper-gastrointestinal endoscopy.", "content": "The prevalence of giardiasis was assessed in 1000 consecutive adult patients undergoing upper-gastrointestinal endoscopy for the usually accepted indications. Patients with upper-gastrointestinal bleeding were excluded. The diagnosis was established by examination of duodenal aspirate and duodenal mucosal impression smears. In 21 patients (2.1%) trophozoites were detected both in the duodenal juice and stained mucosal impression smears. All were treated with metronidazole or tinidazole. In 14 of 16 patients who had subsequent duodenal intubation, eradication of the parasite was confirmed. In five patients previously existent abdominal pain disappeared with clearing of the parasite, and no other cause for their abdominal pain was discovered. A search for Giardia lamblia infestation may be a worthwhile additional procedure at the time of endoscopy when no other cause for abdominal pain is found.", "contents": "Prevalence of Giardiasis: a study at upper-gastrointestinal endoscopy. The prevalence of giardiasis was assessed in 1000 consecutive adult patients undergoing upper-gastrointestinal endoscopy for the usually accepted indications. Patients with upper-gastrointestinal bleeding were excluded. The diagnosis was established by examination of duodenal aspirate and duodenal mucosal impression smears. In 21 patients (2.1%) trophozoites were detected both in the duodenal juice and stained mucosal impression smears. All were treated with metronidazole or tinidazole. In 14 of 16 patients who had subsequent duodenal intubation, eradication of the parasite was confirmed. In five patients previously existent abdominal pain disappeared with clearing of the parasite, and no other cause for their abdominal pain was discovered. A search for Giardia lamblia infestation may be a worthwhile additional procedure at the time of endoscopy when no other cause for abdominal pain is found.", "PMID": 717353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6956", "title": "Vitamin D dependence and aboral gradient of in vivo intestinal calcium transport in the rat.", "content": "Rates of small-and large-intestinal calcium transport and their dependence on low doses of vitamin D were compared. Young rats were depleted of vitamin D by feeding a rachito-genic diet for 8--9 weeks; 48 and 24 hr prior to study, half were repleted with 200 IU vitamin D2. Duodenum and ileum, or cecum and colon, were perfused separately in situ with 1.6 mM calcium and tracer 45Ca in saline. There was an aboral gradient for net calcium transport and lumen-to-plasma flux with higher values in proximal than distal segments. Vitamin D repletion increased net calcium flux and lumen-to-plasma flux in duodenum and ileum, but not cecum and colon. Plasma-to-lumen flux (calculated as the difference between lumen-to-plasma flux and net flux) tended to be higher in colon than other segments and was not altered by vitamin D repletion.", "contents": "Vitamin D dependence and aboral gradient of in vivo intestinal calcium transport in the rat. Rates of small-and large-intestinal calcium transport and their dependence on low doses of vitamin D were compared. Young rats were depleted of vitamin D by feeding a rachito-genic diet for 8--9 weeks; 48 and 24 hr prior to study, half were repleted with 200 IU vitamin D2. Duodenum and ileum, or cecum and colon, were perfused separately in situ with 1.6 mM calcium and tracer 45Ca in saline. There was an aboral gradient for net calcium transport and lumen-to-plasma flux with higher values in proximal than distal segments. Vitamin D repletion increased net calcium flux and lumen-to-plasma flux in duodenum and ileum, but not cecum and colon. Plasma-to-lumen flux (calculated as the difference between lumen-to-plasma flux and net flux) tended to be higher in colon than other segments and was not altered by vitamin D repletion.", "PMID": 717354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6957", "title": "Basophilic leukemia presenting as gastroduodenal ulceration: effect of H-2-receptor blockade.", "content": "A patient with multiple gastroduodenal ulcers and gastric hypersecretion due to histamine excess associated with basophilic leukemia is described. Treatment with the histamine H-2-receptor blocker, cimetidine, was able to abolish the gastric hypersecretion and gastrointestinal blood loss. A literature review produced four other cases of multiple gastroduodenal ulceration with this disease, suggesting that it is more common than previously recognized. The availability of a potent H-2-receptor antagonist offers effective and specifically tailored therapy to counteract the gastrointestinal effects of hyperhistaminemia in basophilic leukemia and other \"histamine excess\" diseases.", "contents": "Basophilic leukemia presenting as gastroduodenal ulceration: effect of H-2-receptor blockade. A patient with multiple gastroduodenal ulcers and gastric hypersecretion due to histamine excess associated with basophilic leukemia is described. Treatment with the histamine H-2-receptor blocker, cimetidine, was able to abolish the gastric hypersecretion and gastrointestinal blood loss. A literature review produced four other cases of multiple gastroduodenal ulceration with this disease, suggesting that it is more common than previously recognized. The availability of a potent H-2-receptor antagonist offers effective and specifically tailored therapy to counteract the gastrointestinal effects of hyperhistaminemia in basophilic leukemia and other \"histamine excess\" diseases.", "PMID": 717356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6958", "title": "The effect of hyperthyroidism on gastric emptying rates and pancreatic exocrine and biliary secretion in man.", "content": "Malabsorption and diarrhea in hyperthyroidism has been attributed in part to an increased rate of gastrointestinal transit as measured with barium sulfate suspension. Data are unavailable on the effect of hyperthyroidism on gastric emptying rates of normal food and pancreatic enzyme secretion. These functions have been studied in 4 hyperthyroid patients and compared to results obtained when treatment achieved euthyroidism. Pancreatic trypsin secretion was half the euthyroid level in the hyperthyroid state. No significant change in bile salts occurred, although there was a tendency for a greater proportion of dihydroxy bile salts while hyperthyroid. Gastric emptying rates of a mixed fat, protein, and carbohydrate liquid meal were normal. Similarly the gastric emptying rate of a beef stew plus chicken liver meal was normal. We conclude that in hyperthyroidism gastric emptying rates of \"physiologically active\" food is normal. Pancreatic enzyme secretion is depressed in hyperthyroidism and may contribute to maldigestion.", "contents": "The effect of hyperthyroidism on gastric emptying rates and pancreatic exocrine and biliary secretion in man. Malabsorption and diarrhea in hyperthyroidism has been attributed in part to an increased rate of gastrointestinal transit as measured with barium sulfate suspension. Data are unavailable on the effect of hyperthyroidism on gastric emptying rates of normal food and pancreatic enzyme secretion. These functions have been studied in 4 hyperthyroid patients and compared to results obtained when treatment achieved euthyroidism. Pancreatic trypsin secretion was half the euthyroid level in the hyperthyroid state. No significant change in bile salts occurred, although there was a tendency for a greater proportion of dihydroxy bile salts while hyperthyroid. Gastric emptying rates of a mixed fat, protein, and carbohydrate liquid meal were normal. Similarly the gastric emptying rate of a beef stew plus chicken liver meal was normal. We conclude that in hyperthyroidism gastric emptying rates of \"physiologically active\" food is normal. Pancreatic enzyme secretion is depressed in hyperthyroidism and may contribute to maldigestion.", "PMID": 717357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6959", "title": "Effects of caloric restriction on the kinetics of indocyanine green in patients with liver diseases and in the rat.", "content": "The effect of caloric restriction on the hepatic uptake and excretion of indocyanine green (ICG) was studied in man as well as in rats. It was demonstrated that following a 72-hr caloric restriction in man, the plasma clearance rate for ICG was increased significantly at the low dose of 0.5 mg/kg, and transport maximum was increased without a significant change of storage capacity. In rats, the maximal biliary excretion was significantly increased after 48-hr fast, but neither maximal hepatic uptake (Vmax) nor hepatic ICG content was altered. The evidence is consistent with the view that fasting increases the ICG plasma clearance at low doses by enhancement of excretory steps at the bile canalicular membrane.", "contents": "Effects of caloric restriction on the kinetics of indocyanine green in patients with liver diseases and in the rat. The effect of caloric restriction on the hepatic uptake and excretion of indocyanine green (ICG) was studied in man as well as in rats. It was demonstrated that following a 72-hr caloric restriction in man, the plasma clearance rate for ICG was increased significantly at the low dose of 0.5 mg/kg, and transport maximum was increased without a significant change of storage capacity. In rats, the maximal biliary excretion was significantly increased after 48-hr fast, but neither maximal hepatic uptake (Vmax) nor hepatic ICG content was altered. The evidence is consistent with the view that fasting increases the ICG plasma clearance at low doses by enhancement of excretory steps at the bile canalicular membrane.", "PMID": 717358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6960", "title": "Diagnostic value of combined transhepatic venography and inferior vena cavography in chronic Budd-Chiari syndrome.", "content": "In a series of 19 patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome, transhepatic venography and inferior vena cavography were used to localize the site of hepatic outflow obstruction. Classification into two types was made on the basis of the site of obstruction. Four cases were grouped as type I, in which obstruction was localized in the hepatic vein alone, and the inferior vena cava (IVC) was patent. Fifteen cases were of type II, in which there was a well-defined obstruction in the intrahepatic portion of the IVC or ostium of a hepatic vein. This study highlights the frequent occurrence of IVC obstruction as a cause of chronic Budd-Chiari syndrome in northern India and the utility of transhepatic venography in its diagnosis.", "contents": "Diagnostic value of combined transhepatic venography and inferior vena cavography in chronic Budd-Chiari syndrome. In a series of 19 patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome, transhepatic venography and inferior vena cavography were used to localize the site of hepatic outflow obstruction. Classification into two types was made on the basis of the site of obstruction. Four cases were grouped as type I, in which obstruction was localized in the hepatic vein alone, and the inferior vena cava (IVC) was patent. Fifteen cases were of type II, in which there was a well-defined obstruction in the intrahepatic portion of the IVC or ostium of a hepatic vein. This study highlights the frequent occurrence of IVC obstruction as a cause of chronic Budd-Chiari syndrome in northern India and the utility of transhepatic venography in its diagnosis.", "PMID": 717359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6961", "title": "Achalasia in father and son.", "content": "Achalasia has not been previously reported in father and son. A man, age 38, and his father, age 66, presented two years apart with symptoms of dysphagia and aspiration. The diagnosis of achalasia was made on the basis of x-ray and endoscopic findings and on esophageal motility studies performed on the father. Both responded well to pneumatic dilatation and have been asymptomatic for 24 months and 6 months, respectively. These cases again suggest a genetic basis for achalasia.", "contents": "Achalasia in father and son. Achalasia has not been previously reported in father and son. A man, age 38, and his father, age 66, presented two years apart with symptoms of dysphagia and aspiration. The diagnosis of achalasia was made on the basis of x-ray and endoscopic findings and on esophageal motility studies performed on the father. Both responded well to pneumatic dilatation and have been asymptomatic for 24 months and 6 months, respectively. These cases again suggest a genetic basis for achalasia.", "PMID": 717360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6962", "title": "Effect of topical acid on duodenal pepsinogen secretion in the rat.", "content": "The effect of topical acid on duodenal pepsinogen secretion was studied in the anesthetized rat. Perfusion of a 5-cm segment of the proximal duodenum with normal saline or buffered saline (pH 7.2 or 6.0) elicited no detectable pepsinogen response. Perfusion with 10, 25, and 100 mN HCl resulted in a graded increase in pepsinogen output. Acetylcholine bromide, 500 microgram/ml, in buffered saline, pH 7.2, also stimulated pepsinogen secretion. The pepsinogen response to 100 mN HCl and to acetylcholine was completely abolished by atropine. Secretin, 2 units/kg, did not alter pepsinogen output during perfusion with buffered saline or acid, while secretin, 75 units/kg, increased pepsinogen output. These observations suggest that topical acid stimulates duodenal pepsinogen secretion through a cholinergic reflex and that secretin is not a significant stimulant of duodenal pepsinogen secretion in the rat within the dose range employed (1--2 units/kg).", "contents": "Effect of topical acid on duodenal pepsinogen secretion in the rat. The effect of topical acid on duodenal pepsinogen secretion was studied in the anesthetized rat. Perfusion of a 5-cm segment of the proximal duodenum with normal saline or buffered saline (pH 7.2 or 6.0) elicited no detectable pepsinogen response. Perfusion with 10, 25, and 100 mN HCl resulted in a graded increase in pepsinogen output. Acetylcholine bromide, 500 microgram/ml, in buffered saline, pH 7.2, also stimulated pepsinogen secretion. The pepsinogen response to 100 mN HCl and to acetylcholine was completely abolished by atropine. Secretin, 2 units/kg, did not alter pepsinogen output during perfusion with buffered saline or acid, while secretin, 75 units/kg, increased pepsinogen output. These observations suggest that topical acid stimulates duodenal pepsinogen secretion through a cholinergic reflex and that secretin is not a significant stimulant of duodenal pepsinogen secretion in the rat within the dose range employed (1--2 units/kg).", "PMID": 717361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6963", "title": "Gastric retention in peptic ulcer disease. A reappraisal.", "content": "The saline load test is a popular method to demonstrate gastric retention. This technique, however, does not permit evaluation of volumes contributed by gastric secretion. We have studied 11 normal subjects and 7 patients with pyloric outlet obstruction using a dyedilution technique. We measured simultaneously rates of water secretion, fractional emptying rates, total intragastric volumes, and the fractions of gastric volume contributed by gastric secretion both during fasting and following a 250-ml water load. Total intragastric volume was significantly increased in patients with outlet obstruction compared to normal subjects both during fasting and following the water load (P less than 0.01). This increase resulted from significantly increased water secretion (P less than 0.01) combined with significantly decreased gastric emptying (P less than 0.01). Thus, gastric retention produced in patients with outlet obstruction by delayed emptying appears to be magnified by gastric hypersecretion of water. These data in no way invalidate the use of the saline load test in the diagnosis of gastric retention states, but help define the role of gastric secretion in the residual volumes measured following the load.", "contents": "Gastric retention in peptic ulcer disease. A reappraisal. The saline load test is a popular method to demonstrate gastric retention. This technique, however, does not permit evaluation of volumes contributed by gastric secretion. We have studied 11 normal subjects and 7 patients with pyloric outlet obstruction using a dyedilution technique. We measured simultaneously rates of water secretion, fractional emptying rates, total intragastric volumes, and the fractions of gastric volume contributed by gastric secretion both during fasting and following a 250-ml water load. Total intragastric volume was significantly increased in patients with outlet obstruction compared to normal subjects both during fasting and following the water load (P less than 0.01). This increase resulted from significantly increased water secretion (P less than 0.01) combined with significantly decreased gastric emptying (P less than 0.01). Thus, gastric retention produced in patients with outlet obstruction by delayed emptying appears to be magnified by gastric hypersecretion of water. These data in no way invalidate the use of the saline load test in the diagnosis of gastric retention states, but help define the role of gastric secretion in the residual volumes measured following the load.", "PMID": 717362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6964", "title": "Hypergastrinemia of antral origin in duodenal ulcer.", "content": "A case of recurrent duodenal ulcer, basal gastric hypersection, and hypergastrinemia of antral origin is presented. The diagnosis was suggested preoperatively by stimulation tests with secretin and food. Billroth II antrectomy led to normalization of serum gastrin within half an hour. The gastrin content of the antral mucosa was not increased, neither was antral G-cell hyperplasia demonstrable. Postoperatively the basal gastric acid output and fasting serum gastrin levels were normal, without a postprandial increase in serum gastrin concentrations. The case does not support the existence of a specific disease called antral G-cell hyperplasia.", "contents": "Hypergastrinemia of antral origin in duodenal ulcer. A case of recurrent duodenal ulcer, basal gastric hypersection, and hypergastrinemia of antral origin is presented. The diagnosis was suggested preoperatively by stimulation tests with secretin and food. Billroth II antrectomy led to normalization of serum gastrin within half an hour. The gastrin content of the antral mucosa was not increased, neither was antral G-cell hyperplasia demonstrable. Postoperatively the basal gastric acid output and fasting serum gastrin levels were normal, without a postprandial increase in serum gastrin concentrations. The case does not support the existence of a specific disease called antral G-cell hyperplasia.", "PMID": 717363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6965", "title": "Watery diarrhea syndrome with elevated levels of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide associated with pancreatitis and pancreatic pseudocyst.", "content": "A 32-year old patient presented with recurrent pancreatitis, severe watery diarrhea and elevated serum levels of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. His diarrhea appeared to respond to intramuscular propantheline. Initially he improved but had another attack of pancreatitis while hospitalized. Evaluation by ultrasound revealed the presence of a pseudocyst and endoscopic retrograde pancreatography demonstrated complete occlusion of the main pancreatic duct. Exploratory laparotomy was performed with drainage of a pseudocyst. Analysis of the pseudocyst fluid revealed an elevated amylase, lipase and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide level. It is believed that this patient's severe diarrhea was related to his pancreatitis and pancreatic pseudocyst with elevated levels of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide.", "contents": "Watery diarrhea syndrome with elevated levels of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide associated with pancreatitis and pancreatic pseudocyst. A 32-year old patient presented with recurrent pancreatitis, severe watery diarrhea and elevated serum levels of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. His diarrhea appeared to respond to intramuscular propantheline. Initially he improved but had another attack of pancreatitis while hospitalized. Evaluation by ultrasound revealed the presence of a pseudocyst and endoscopic retrograde pancreatography demonstrated complete occlusion of the main pancreatic duct. Exploratory laparotomy was performed with drainage of a pseudocyst. Analysis of the pseudocyst fluid revealed an elevated amylase, lipase and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide level. It is believed that this patient's severe diarrhea was related to his pancreatitis and pancreatic pseudocyst with elevated levels of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide.", "PMID": 717364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6966", "title": "Superior mesenteric artery compression syndrome.", "content": "An attempt was made to search the medical records of the University Hospital and five affiliated hospitals at Rochester, NY for the last 10 years. Seventeen patients with superior mesenteric artery compression syndrome were found. The prevalence of this disease in a chronic-care hospital (0.965/1,000 admisssions) is significantly higher than that in acute general hospitals (0.0108-0.0520/1,000 admissions) by Chi square statistic (P less than 0.001). This syndrome should be suspected in patients with chronic wasting diseases who are bedridden and have lost weight after which they develop frequent vomiting or aspirations. On reviewing 146 cases from the literature after 1963, duodenojejunostomy was considered to be the best procedure for severe cases. The same good results were not achieved after gastrojejunostomy and lysis of the ligament of Treitz. Gastrojejunostomy provided adequate decompression of the stomach but was inadequate for releasing duodenal obstruction. Some patients after division of the ligament of Treitz had difficulty in downward displacement of the duodenum and the symptoms of obstruction persisted necessitating duodenojejunostomy. This paper demonstrates that in two patients gastrojejunostomy failed to relieve the obstruction. One of them had to be reoperated on and a duodenojejunostomy was performed with relief of obstructive symptoms.", "contents": "Superior mesenteric artery compression syndrome. An attempt was made to search the medical records of the University Hospital and five affiliated hospitals at Rochester, NY for the last 10 years. Seventeen patients with superior mesenteric artery compression syndrome were found. The prevalence of this disease in a chronic-care hospital (0.965/1,000 admisssions) is significantly higher than that in acute general hospitals (0.0108-0.0520/1,000 admissions) by Chi square statistic (P less than 0.001). This syndrome should be suspected in patients with chronic wasting diseases who are bedridden and have lost weight after which they develop frequent vomiting or aspirations. On reviewing 146 cases from the literature after 1963, duodenojejunostomy was considered to be the best procedure for severe cases. The same good results were not achieved after gastrojejunostomy and lysis of the ligament of Treitz. Gastrojejunostomy provided adequate decompression of the stomach but was inadequate for releasing duodenal obstruction. Some patients after division of the ligament of Treitz had difficulty in downward displacement of the duodenum and the symptoms of obstruction persisted necessitating duodenojejunostomy. This paper demonstrates that in two patients gastrojejunostomy failed to relieve the obstruction. One of them had to be reoperated on and a duodenojejunostomy was performed with relief of obstructive symptoms.", "PMID": 717365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6967", "title": "The parotid and the pancreas.", "content": "Parallel studies in parotid and pancreatic function and histology were carried out in Thomas fistula dogs with irradiation-induced chronic pancreatitis. After completion of base line studies of parotid and pancreatic secretion, four dogs were subjected to 2,400 rads tumor dose over two weeks (with a nominal single dose of 1,175 rets); two additional dogs served as control. Sequential studies were performed on pancreatic secretion in response to secretin and on parotid secretion in response to urecholine. After a short-lived period of hypersecretion. There was a progressive reduction in pancreatic secretory rate, bicarbonate and enzyme outputs (greater than 90% after three months). Parotid secretion increased over this period but subsequently decreased, so that at eight months there was a marked reduction both in pancreatic and parotid function. Whereas pancreatic histology showed diffuse interstitial fibrosis and reduction of acinar tissue, no histologic changes were noted in the parotid glands. Although the mechanisms are unclear, alterations in parotid secretion may be of value in the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis, in the evaluation of its severity, and may yield information on the duration of the disease.", "contents": "The parotid and the pancreas. Parallel studies in parotid and pancreatic function and histology were carried out in Thomas fistula dogs with irradiation-induced chronic pancreatitis. After completion of base line studies of parotid and pancreatic secretion, four dogs were subjected to 2,400 rads tumor dose over two weeks (with a nominal single dose of 1,175 rets); two additional dogs served as control. Sequential studies were performed on pancreatic secretion in response to secretin and on parotid secretion in response to urecholine. After a short-lived period of hypersecretion. There was a progressive reduction in pancreatic secretory rate, bicarbonate and enzyme outputs (greater than 90% after three months). Parotid secretion increased over this period but subsequently decreased, so that at eight months there was a marked reduction both in pancreatic and parotid function. Whereas pancreatic histology showed diffuse interstitial fibrosis and reduction of acinar tissue, no histologic changes were noted in the parotid glands. Although the mechanisms are unclear, alterations in parotid secretion may be of value in the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis, in the evaluation of its severity, and may yield information on the duration of the disease.", "PMID": 717366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6968", "title": "Association of pancreatitis and variant ductal anatomy: dominant drainage of the duct of Santorini.", "content": "Four patients with acute relapsing pancreatitis were found to have drainage of the main pancreatic duct through the duct of Santorini and accessory papilla by endoscopic retrograde pancreatography. No other cause of pancreatitis was identified. These cases and the possible significance of this association are discussed.", "contents": "Association of pancreatitis and variant ductal anatomy: dominant drainage of the duct of Santorini. Four patients with acute relapsing pancreatitis were found to have drainage of the main pancreatic duct through the duct of Santorini and accessory papilla by endoscopic retrograde pancreatography. No other cause of pancreatitis was identified. These cases and the possible significance of this association are discussed.", "PMID": 717367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6969", "title": "Hepatic injury due to oxacillin administration.", "content": "Hepatotoxicity, in association with intravenous oxacillin therapy, is described and documented for the first time by liver biopsy in an illicit drug user suffering from acute staphylococcal endocarditis. Mild gastrointestinal symptomatology, fever, eosinophilia and abnormal liver enzyme abnormalities were noted. Liver biopsy showed features consistent with a drug-induced hepatic injury. Cessation of therpy led to rapid reversal of clinical and biochemical changes and on further observation no evidence of chronic hepatic dysfunction was noted. A brief review of oxacillin hepatic injury is presented.", "contents": "Hepatic injury due to oxacillin administration. Hepatotoxicity, in association with intravenous oxacillin therapy, is described and documented for the first time by liver biopsy in an illicit drug user suffering from acute staphylococcal endocarditis. Mild gastrointestinal symptomatology, fever, eosinophilia and abnormal liver enzyme abnormalities were noted. Liver biopsy showed features consistent with a drug-induced hepatic injury. Cessation of therpy led to rapid reversal of clinical and biochemical changes and on further observation no evidence of chronic hepatic dysfunction was noted. A brief review of oxacillin hepatic injury is presented.", "PMID": 717369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6970", "title": "Ectopic gallstone as a cause of gastric outlet obstruction.", "content": "Gallstone ileus is, of course, a well known cause of small bowel obstruction. A gallstone, however, is a very rare cause of gastric outlet obstruction. Three cases illustrating this phenomenon are exhibited. Radiographs were diagnostic in two of the studies. All three patients did well postoperatively.", "contents": "Ectopic gallstone as a cause of gastric outlet obstruction. Gallstone ileus is, of course, a well known cause of small bowel obstruction. A gallstone, however, is a very rare cause of gastric outlet obstruction. Three cases illustrating this phenomenon are exhibited. Radiographs were diagnostic in two of the studies. All three patients did well postoperatively.", "PMID": 717370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6971", "title": "Adrenergic and cholinergic innervation of the supraduodenal common bile duct.", "content": "The in-built intrinsic adrenergic and cholinergic nervous apparatus of the supraduodenal common bile duct of the cat and the dog was studied using modern selective specific neurohistochemical technics. A rich distribution of fluorescing varicose adrenergic axons and small nerve fascicles was observed within all layers of the duct. The cholinergic innervation was even more richly developed, including large nerve fascicles and nerve trunks as well as cholinergic nerve cells and small ganglia. The present observations corroborate the theory that the common bile duct actively participates, under dual neural control, in biliary dynamics and is not merely a passive conducting tube.", "contents": "Adrenergic and cholinergic innervation of the supraduodenal common bile duct. The in-built intrinsic adrenergic and cholinergic nervous apparatus of the supraduodenal common bile duct of the cat and the dog was studied using modern selective specific neurohistochemical technics. A rich distribution of fluorescing varicose adrenergic axons and small nerve fascicles was observed within all layers of the duct. The cholinergic innervation was even more richly developed, including large nerve fascicles and nerve trunks as well as cholinergic nerve cells and small ganglia. The present observations corroborate the theory that the common bile duct actively participates, under dual neural control, in biliary dynamics and is not merely a passive conducting tube.", "PMID": 717371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6972", "title": "Sigmoid stricture: an unusual presentation of perforated appendicitis with abscess formation.", "content": "Appendicitis is the most common acute surgical condition affecting the abdomen. The manner of onset and location of pain depend, to a great extent, upon the different anatomical positions of the appendix and its proximity to the parietal peritoneum which senses the location of the inflammatory process. When perforation occurs, abscess formation or diffuse peritonitis may develop. We wish to report an unusually rare case of perforated appendicitis with abscess formation presenting clinically and radiologically as a sigmoid stricture.", "contents": "Sigmoid stricture: an unusual presentation of perforated appendicitis with abscess formation. Appendicitis is the most common acute surgical condition affecting the abdomen. The manner of onset and location of pain depend, to a great extent, upon the different anatomical positions of the appendix and its proximity to the parietal peritoneum which senses the location of the inflammatory process. When perforation occurs, abscess formation or diffuse peritonitis may develop. We wish to report an unusually rare case of perforated appendicitis with abscess formation presenting clinically and radiologically as a sigmoid stricture.", "PMID": 717373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6973", "title": "Effects of enteric microbial overgrowth on small intestinal ultrastructure in the rat.", "content": "The ultrastructural effects of bacterial proliferation in the upper gastrointestinal tract induced by intraperitoneal injections of mecamylamine HCl were investigated in rats. We found increased populations of nonspecific enteric bacteria in the lumen of the upper small intestine and ultrastructural abnormalities in the absorptive epithelial cells, including increased numbers of lysosomal vacular structures, fused microvilli and dilated endoplasmic reticulum. The bacteria did not penetrate into the damaged mucosal cells and so actual cytoplasmic infiltration is apparently not required in order to cause these ultrastructural changes. The alterations were not merely due to the pharmacologic agent we used, mecamylamine, since rats with subnormal numbers of enteric bacteria in the upper small intestine, whether subjected to the course of the drug or not, did not display the ultrastructural changes noted above. Concomitant with increased numbers of enteric bacteria in the small intestine, there were increased concentrations of deconjugated bile salts and decreased absorption of glucose. These findings are compatible with the following hypothetical sequence of pathogenesis: mecamylamine leads to intestinal stasis leads to bacterial overgrowth leads to deconjugation of the bile salts leads to ultrastructural alterations.", "contents": "Effects of enteric microbial overgrowth on small intestinal ultrastructure in the rat. The ultrastructural effects of bacterial proliferation in the upper gastrointestinal tract induced by intraperitoneal injections of mecamylamine HCl were investigated in rats. We found increased populations of nonspecific enteric bacteria in the lumen of the upper small intestine and ultrastructural abnormalities in the absorptive epithelial cells, including increased numbers of lysosomal vacular structures, fused microvilli and dilated endoplasmic reticulum. The bacteria did not penetrate into the damaged mucosal cells and so actual cytoplasmic infiltration is apparently not required in order to cause these ultrastructural changes. The alterations were not merely due to the pharmacologic agent we used, mecamylamine, since rats with subnormal numbers of enteric bacteria in the upper small intestine, whether subjected to the course of the drug or not, did not display the ultrastructural changes noted above. Concomitant with increased numbers of enteric bacteria in the small intestine, there were increased concentrations of deconjugated bile salts and decreased absorption of glucose. These findings are compatible with the following hypothetical sequence of pathogenesis: mecamylamine leads to intestinal stasis leads to bacterial overgrowth leads to deconjugation of the bile salts leads to ultrastructural alterations.", "PMID": 717376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6974", "title": "Studies of the kinetics of purified conjugated bilirubin-3H in the rat.", "content": "Radio-labeled conjugated bilirubin was purified from rat bile by affinity chromatography. Following the intravenous injection of tracer doses of this material, the initial fractional plasma disappearance rate of conjugated bilirubin-3H in the normal Sprague-Dawley rat was found to be approximately 50% faster than that for unconjugated bilirubin-3H (0.51 +/- 0.94 [SE] vs. 0.35 +/- 0.02 min.-1; P less than .001). Hepatic recovery studies in the rat indicated that, over the first four minutes after injection, disappearance of cholephilic anions from plasma is accounted for almost entirely by hepatic uptake. Hence, these studies demonstrate that hepatic uptake of conjugated bilirubin is substantially faster than that of unconjugated bilirubin. Net hepatic clearance of conjugated bilirubin in normal rats was three-fold greater than that of unconjugated bilirubin (0.94 +/- 0.16 vs. 0.30 +/- 0.03 ml./min./100 gm. body weight; P less than .001), presumably reflecting both the more rapid hepatic uptake and the ability of the former pigment to by-pass the conjugation step. Hepatic uptake of conjugated bilirubin was shown to be inhibited by unconjugated bilirubin, sulfobromophthalein and indocyanine green but not by glycocholate. These observations cannot be explained by simple diffusion and suggest that the hepatic uptake mechanism for conjugated bilirubin is the same as that for the unconjugated pigment.", "contents": "Studies of the kinetics of purified conjugated bilirubin-3H in the rat. Radio-labeled conjugated bilirubin was purified from rat bile by affinity chromatography. Following the intravenous injection of tracer doses of this material, the initial fractional plasma disappearance rate of conjugated bilirubin-3H in the normal Sprague-Dawley rat was found to be approximately 50% faster than that for unconjugated bilirubin-3H (0.51 +/- 0.94 [SE] vs. 0.35 +/- 0.02 min.-1; P less than .001). Hepatic recovery studies in the rat indicated that, over the first four minutes after injection, disappearance of cholephilic anions from plasma is accounted for almost entirely by hepatic uptake. Hence, these studies demonstrate that hepatic uptake of conjugated bilirubin is substantially faster than that of unconjugated bilirubin. Net hepatic clearance of conjugated bilirubin in normal rats was three-fold greater than that of unconjugated bilirubin (0.94 +/- 0.16 vs. 0.30 +/- 0.03 ml./min./100 gm. body weight; P less than .001), presumably reflecting both the more rapid hepatic uptake and the ability of the former pigment to by-pass the conjugation step. Hepatic uptake of conjugated bilirubin was shown to be inhibited by unconjugated bilirubin, sulfobromophthalein and indocyanine green but not by glycocholate. These observations cannot be explained by simple diffusion and suggest that the hepatic uptake mechanism for conjugated bilirubin is the same as that for the unconjugated pigment.", "PMID": 717377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6975", "title": "Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography with a thin needle. Experience with 25 cases.", "content": "Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography with a thin needle was successfully employed in 23 of 25 patients with jaundice. A 100% success rate was seen with dilated bile ducts. Not a single complication was observed in our series. With our limited series, it can be assumed that proximal obstruction is more likely to mean neoplasm of either the gallbladder or bile duct, whereas distal obstruction with visualization of dilated cystic duct means either neoplasm of the head of pancreas or metastatic carcinoma.", "contents": "Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography with a thin needle. Experience with 25 cases. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography with a thin needle was successfully employed in 23 of 25 patients with jaundice. A 100% success rate was seen with dilated bile ducts. Not a single complication was observed in our series. With our limited series, it can be assumed that proximal obstruction is more likely to mean neoplasm of either the gallbladder or bile duct, whereas distal obstruction with visualization of dilated cystic duct means either neoplasm of the head of pancreas or metastatic carcinoma.", "PMID": 717378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6976", "title": "Long-term treatment with histamine H2-receptor antagonists in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.", "content": "Continuous treatment of three Zollinger-Ellison patients with histamine H2-receptor antagonists for 14, 26 and 31 months resulted in effective relief of complaints and marked reduction in gastric acid secretion. In one of the patients the dose of cimetidine had to be doubled after 15 months of treatment because of a rise in basal gastric acid secretion accompanied by recurrent diarrhea. Fasting and secretin-stimulated serum gastrin levels were not affected by long-term treatment with histamine H2-receptor antagonists. No side-effects were observed in the three patients on long-term treatment.", "contents": "Long-term treatment with histamine H2-receptor antagonists in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Continuous treatment of three Zollinger-Ellison patients with histamine H2-receptor antagonists for 14, 26 and 31 months resulted in effective relief of complaints and marked reduction in gastric acid secretion. In one of the patients the dose of cimetidine had to be doubled after 15 months of treatment because of a rise in basal gastric acid secretion accompanied by recurrent diarrhea. Fasting and secretin-stimulated serum gastrin levels were not affected by long-term treatment with histamine H2-receptor antagonists. No side-effects were observed in the three patients on long-term treatment.", "PMID": 717379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6977", "title": "Primary aortoduodenal fistula. Case presentation and review of literature.", "content": "One hundred and twelve cases of primary aortoduodenal fistulas were reviewed. The most common etiological agent was an atherosclerotic infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm. There was a male to female predominance of 9:2 with an average age of 62 years. Most fistulas occurred between an infrarenal aneurysm and the third portion of the duodenum because of the relatively fixed position of the duodenum and its direct anatomical relationship posteriorly with the aorta. Patient symptoms may vary from abdominal or back pain with gastro-intestinal bleeding to just hematemesis or melena. Twenty per cent gave a history of abdominal aneurysm while up to 70% may have an abdominal mass on physical examination at the time of admission. Tentative diagnosis is established by history and physical examination with duodenoscopy, barium duodenogram and angiography available only if temporally feasible. Surgical exploration is the only treatment with resection of the aneurysm, synthetic graft placement and duodenal suturing as the procedure of choice.", "contents": "Primary aortoduodenal fistula. Case presentation and review of literature. One hundred and twelve cases of primary aortoduodenal fistulas were reviewed. The most common etiological agent was an atherosclerotic infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm. There was a male to female predominance of 9:2 with an average age of 62 years. Most fistulas occurred between an infrarenal aneurysm and the third portion of the duodenum because of the relatively fixed position of the duodenum and its direct anatomical relationship posteriorly with the aorta. Patient symptoms may vary from abdominal or back pain with gastro-intestinal bleeding to just hematemesis or melena. Twenty per cent gave a history of abdominal aneurysm while up to 70% may have an abdominal mass on physical examination at the time of admission. Tentative diagnosis is established by history and physical examination with duodenoscopy, barium duodenogram and angiography available only if temporally feasible. Surgical exploration is the only treatment with resection of the aneurysm, synthetic graft placement and duodenal suturing as the procedure of choice.", "PMID": 717380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6978", "title": "Chronic idiopathic pseudo-obstructive bowel disease.", "content": "An illness characterized by recurrent episodes of small bowel obstruction is described. The patient, a 79-year old gentleman has been followed for 20 years. During this time he has hospitalized 19 times. Extensive investigation, including three exploratory laparotomies, have failed to show a cause of the bowel dysfunction. The clinical findings have been similar on each admission. Cramping abdominal pain, vomiting, obstipation often followed by diarrhea, tender distended abdomen, high pitched bowel sounds and abdominal x-rays revealed dilatation of small and large intestine and delayed gastric emptying on various admissions. The failure to demonstrate a recognized etiology for the repeated bowel obstruction over a long period of time warrants a clinical diagnosis of chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (C.I.I.P.). The age of the patient at the onset of symptoms and the duration of the dysfunction prompted a review of the literature. Twenty-seven reported cases allowed a comparison of this case with the clinical features previously described. Symptomatic therapy, consisting of small bowel decompression by intestinal intubation during the acute episode, was followed by the use of elemental diets given slowly and continuously during the convalescing period. The patient continues to be comfortable and able to maintain his body weight between episodes which, however, seem to be increasing in frequency.", "contents": "Chronic idiopathic pseudo-obstructive bowel disease. An illness characterized by recurrent episodes of small bowel obstruction is described. The patient, a 79-year old gentleman has been followed for 20 years. During this time he has hospitalized 19 times. Extensive investigation, including three exploratory laparotomies, have failed to show a cause of the bowel dysfunction. The clinical findings have been similar on each admission. Cramping abdominal pain, vomiting, obstipation often followed by diarrhea, tender distended abdomen, high pitched bowel sounds and abdominal x-rays revealed dilatation of small and large intestine and delayed gastric emptying on various admissions. The failure to demonstrate a recognized etiology for the repeated bowel obstruction over a long period of time warrants a clinical diagnosis of chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (C.I.I.P.). The age of the patient at the onset of symptoms and the duration of the dysfunction prompted a review of the literature. Twenty-seven reported cases allowed a comparison of this case with the clinical features previously described. Symptomatic therapy, consisting of small bowel decompression by intestinal intubation during the acute episode, was followed by the use of elemental diets given slowly and continuously during the convalescing period. The patient continues to be comfortable and able to maintain his body weight between episodes which, however, seem to be increasing in frequency.", "PMID": 717382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6979", "title": "Hodgkin disease: an analysis of 128 cases.", "content": "An analysis of 128 cases of Hodgkin disease seen at the Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, during the period 1968--1974 is presented with reference to histopathological and clinical findings. A male preponderance is noted in all age groups, and this is most noticeable in children under 15 years of age. There is a predominance of cases with the histologic subtypes associated with a poor prognosis (mixed cellularity and lymphocyte depleted). Only nine cases of nodular sclerosis type were seen.", "contents": "Hodgkin disease: an analysis of 128 cases. An analysis of 128 cases of Hodgkin disease seen at the Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, during the period 1968--1974 is presented with reference to histopathological and clinical findings. A male preponderance is noted in all age groups, and this is most noticeable in children under 15 years of age. There is a predominance of cases with the histologic subtypes associated with a poor prognosis (mixed cellularity and lymphocyte depleted). Only nine cases of nodular sclerosis type were seen.", "PMID": 717385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6980", "title": "In vitro functional capabilities of canine polymorphonuclear neutrophils collected simultaneously by continuous-flow centrifugation and continuous-flow filtration leukopheresis.", "content": "Polymorphonuclear neutrophils were simultaneously collected from dogs by continuous-flow centrifugation and continuous-flow filtration leukapheresis. In vitro studies were performed on cells obtained by the two methods as well as on control cells. Studies consisted of assessment of phagocytic capacity, degranulation, chemotaxis, hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt activity, and bacterial killing. The cells obtained from the filter were metabolically more active than those harvested by centrifugation, as evidenced by increase in resting HMP shunt activity and dimunition in total available lysozyme-secreting activity compared to centrifuged cells. Despite their impaired phagocytic capacities, the filtered cells were able to kill Staphylococcus aureus as efficiently as the centrifuged cells. Both cell populations responded to chemotactic gradients equally.", "contents": "In vitro functional capabilities of canine polymorphonuclear neutrophils collected simultaneously by continuous-flow centrifugation and continuous-flow filtration leukopheresis. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils were simultaneously collected from dogs by continuous-flow centrifugation and continuous-flow filtration leukapheresis. In vitro studies were performed on cells obtained by the two methods as well as on control cells. Studies consisted of assessment of phagocytic capacity, degranulation, chemotaxis, hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt activity, and bacterial killing. The cells obtained from the filter were metabolically more active than those harvested by centrifugation, as evidenced by increase in resting HMP shunt activity and dimunition in total available lysozyme-secreting activity compared to centrifuged cells. Despite their impaired phagocytic capacities, the filtered cells were able to kill Staphylococcus aureus as efficiently as the centrifuged cells. Both cell populations responded to chemotactic gradients equally.", "PMID": 717386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6981", "title": "Studies on red-cell aplasia: IX. Ferrokinetics during remission of the disease.", "content": "Ferrokinetic studies and external organ measurements of radioiron were performed on five patients with pure red-cell aplasia (PRCA) in remission. One patient with PRCA in relapse was also studied. Of those in remission, one patient had erythroid hyperplasia and ineffective erythropoiesis after the remission occurred. This was indicated by a very short 59Fe clearance rate and reduced red-cell 59Fe incorporation, a marked increase of the erythron iron turnover over the fixed red-cell iron turnover, and a prolonged marrow transit time. These indices were normal three years later. Four patients had normal effective erythropoiesis while in remission. Two patients had an extended marrow distribution. These studies indicate that some cases of PRCA evolve into a state of ineffective erythropoiesis with erythroid hyperplasia. It is possible that in some patients, primary refractory anemia with ineffective erythropoiesis may be related to PRCA because of the evolution from one state into the other. Alternatively, a second pathologic process may have been acquired between the PRCA and normal hematopoiesis.", "contents": "Studies on red-cell aplasia: IX. Ferrokinetics during remission of the disease. Ferrokinetic studies and external organ measurements of radioiron were performed on five patients with pure red-cell aplasia (PRCA) in remission. One patient with PRCA in relapse was also studied. Of those in remission, one patient had erythroid hyperplasia and ineffective erythropoiesis after the remission occurred. This was indicated by a very short 59Fe clearance rate and reduced red-cell 59Fe incorporation, a marked increase of the erythron iron turnover over the fixed red-cell iron turnover, and a prolonged marrow transit time. These indices were normal three years later. Four patients had normal effective erythropoiesis while in remission. Two patients had an extended marrow distribution. These studies indicate that some cases of PRCA evolve into a state of ineffective erythropoiesis with erythroid hyperplasia. It is possible that in some patients, primary refractory anemia with ineffective erythropoiesis may be related to PRCA because of the evolution from one state into the other. Alternatively, a second pathologic process may have been acquired between the PRCA and normal hematopoiesis.", "PMID": 717387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6982", "title": "Accumulation modes of alkylating agents on normal peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "content": "The in vitro uptake by normal peripheral blood lymphocytes of 14C-labeled cyclophosphamide and nitrogen mustard has been measured in a manner which parallels cell exposure to drugs used in the nitrogen mustard-oncovin-procabazine-prednisone (MOPP) and cyclophosphamide-oncovin-procarbazine-prednisone (COPP) clinical protocols. Accumulation of these alkylating agents occurs in two recognizable patterns. The first exhibits a saturation phenomenon, since radioactivity can be partially blocked by an equal concentration of unlabelled drug, reflects stereospecificity, and represents a minor fraction of total deposition. The second form, proportionately larger than the first, is dependent on drug concentration in the suspending medium, with radioactivity increasing in an apparently limitless linear fashion, uninfluenced by competitive inhibition. This part also is less tenaciously held by the lymphocyte. While the mere presence of drug on the lymphocytes does not necessarily imply injury or lethality, the fact that these peripheral lymphocytes are able to accumulate cytotoxic agents and are partially interchangeable with an analogous fixed lymphoid cell mass suggests that clinical immunosuppression and lymphocytopenia may be related, in part, to cell drug deposition.", "contents": "Accumulation modes of alkylating agents on normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. The in vitro uptake by normal peripheral blood lymphocytes of 14C-labeled cyclophosphamide and nitrogen mustard has been measured in a manner which parallels cell exposure to drugs used in the nitrogen mustard-oncovin-procabazine-prednisone (MOPP) and cyclophosphamide-oncovin-procarbazine-prednisone (COPP) clinical protocols. Accumulation of these alkylating agents occurs in two recognizable patterns. The first exhibits a saturation phenomenon, since radioactivity can be partially blocked by an equal concentration of unlabelled drug, reflects stereospecificity, and represents a minor fraction of total deposition. The second form, proportionately larger than the first, is dependent on drug concentration in the suspending medium, with radioactivity increasing in an apparently limitless linear fashion, uninfluenced by competitive inhibition. This part also is less tenaciously held by the lymphocyte. While the mere presence of drug on the lymphocytes does not necessarily imply injury or lethality, the fact that these peripheral lymphocytes are able to accumulate cytotoxic agents and are partially interchangeable with an analogous fixed lymphoid cell mass suggests that clinical immunosuppression and lymphocytopenia may be related, in part, to cell drug deposition.", "PMID": 717388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6983", "title": "Corticosteroid-induced lymphocytopenia in man: absence of splenic influence and effect of recipient serum.", "content": "Pharmacologic doses of corticosteroids produce a profound, transient lymphocytopenia in man. We have studied the role of the spleen and possible induction of cytolytic factors in the generation of this effect. A 200 mg IV dose of hydrocortisone-21-hemisuccinate was administered to five normal subjects and five subjects whose spleens had been removed as a result of trauma. Sequential peripheral blood lymphocyte counts and subpopulations were then determined, and the effect of serum (obtained from the recipients at several time points after steroid administration) on autologous lymphocyte viability was assessed in vitro. The asplenic subjects experienced the same marked lymphocytopenia as normal individuals, and post-steroid serum was not cytotoxic to autologous lymphocytes. The in vitro results support the view that corticosteroid-induced lymphocytopenia is not the result of lymphocytolysis in man. If lymphocyte redistribution is the cause, as has been suggested, our in vivo results directly demonstrate that the spleen does not play a major role.", "contents": "Corticosteroid-induced lymphocytopenia in man: absence of splenic influence and effect of recipient serum. Pharmacologic doses of corticosteroids produce a profound, transient lymphocytopenia in man. We have studied the role of the spleen and possible induction of cytolytic factors in the generation of this effect. A 200 mg IV dose of hydrocortisone-21-hemisuccinate was administered to five normal subjects and five subjects whose spleens had been removed as a result of trauma. Sequential peripheral blood lymphocyte counts and subpopulations were then determined, and the effect of serum (obtained from the recipients at several time points after steroid administration) on autologous lymphocyte viability was assessed in vitro. The asplenic subjects experienced the same marked lymphocytopenia as normal individuals, and post-steroid serum was not cytotoxic to autologous lymphocytes. The in vitro results support the view that corticosteroid-induced lymphocytopenia is not the result of lymphocytolysis in man. If lymphocyte redistribution is the cause, as has been suggested, our in vivo results directly demonstrate that the spleen does not play a major role.", "PMID": 717389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6984", "title": "Association of 5q- and refractory anemia.", "content": "The association of refractory anemia with partial deletion of the long arm of one No. 5 chromosome (5q-) has been reported in six patients within the last two years. We wish to report an additional patient with refractory anemia and an acquired chromosomal deletion, del(5)(q15), in a direct bone-moarrow preparation. The specificity of this deletion for refractory anemia is discussed. It remains to be seen whether patients with refractory anemia and 5q- tend to develop acute leukemia, as has been recently suggested.", "contents": "Association of 5q- and refractory anemia. The association of refractory anemia with partial deletion of the long arm of one No. 5 chromosome (5q-) has been reported in six patients within the last two years. We wish to report an additional patient with refractory anemia and an acquired chromosomal deletion, del(5)(q15), in a direct bone-moarrow preparation. The specificity of this deletion for refractory anemia is discussed. It remains to be seen whether patients with refractory anemia and 5q- tend to develop acute leukemia, as has been recently suggested.", "PMID": 717391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6985", "title": "Parasinusoidal location of megakaryocytes in marrow: a determinant of platelet release.", "content": "Megakaryocytopoiesis occurs in the hematopoietic (extravascular) compartment of marrow. Thus, platelets must traverse the wall of the vascular sinuses of marrow to enter the circulation. We have examined mouse and rat marrow, fixed by rapid immersion so as to maintain anatomical relationships as close to the natural state as possible. Quantitative transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of random transections of femurs established that megakaryocytes reside less than 1 mu from a marrow sinus wall with a probability unlikely to be the result of chance (P less than 0.001). An intimate relationship exists between the megakaryocyte periphery and the abluminal surface of the endothelial lining cell. At the time of platelet release megakaryocyte cytoplasm invaginates and penetrates the endothelial lining cell. The penetrating cytoplasm is detached and enters the marrow circulation. From their dimensions in comparison to circulating platelets, the released cytoplasm represents a packet of platelets that undergoes further fragmentation in the circulation. The parasinusoidal location of megakaryocytes and the process of sinus-wall penetration and platelet delivery was observed by TEM and scanning electron microscopy. These studies provided quantitative support for a specific anatomical arrangement of megakaryocytes in marrow. Moreover, the process of platelet release appears to be a physiological form of metastasis with invasion of vascular walls and vascular spread of cells, that are in this case amitotic.", "contents": "Parasinusoidal location of megakaryocytes in marrow: a determinant of platelet release. Megakaryocytopoiesis occurs in the hematopoietic (extravascular) compartment of marrow. Thus, platelets must traverse the wall of the vascular sinuses of marrow to enter the circulation. We have examined mouse and rat marrow, fixed by rapid immersion so as to maintain anatomical relationships as close to the natural state as possible. Quantitative transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of random transections of femurs established that megakaryocytes reside less than 1 mu from a marrow sinus wall with a probability unlikely to be the result of chance (P less than 0.001). An intimate relationship exists between the megakaryocyte periphery and the abluminal surface of the endothelial lining cell. At the time of platelet release megakaryocyte cytoplasm invaginates and penetrates the endothelial lining cell. The penetrating cytoplasm is detached and enters the marrow circulation. From their dimensions in comparison to circulating platelets, the released cytoplasm represents a packet of platelets that undergoes further fragmentation in the circulation. The parasinusoidal location of megakaryocytes and the process of sinus-wall penetration and platelet delivery was observed by TEM and scanning electron microscopy. These studies provided quantitative support for a specific anatomical arrangement of megakaryocytes in marrow. Moreover, the process of platelet release appears to be a physiological form of metastasis with invasion of vascular walls and vascular spread of cells, that are in this case amitotic.", "PMID": 717392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6986", "title": "Platelet satellitism and phagocytosis by neutrophils: association with antiplatelet antibodies and lymphoma.", "content": "Satellitism and phagocytosis of platelets by neutrophils in EDTA anticoagulated blood have been considered in vitro phenomena without clinical significance. We observed these in a patient with acute, severe thrombocytopenic purpura who subsequently proved to have malignant lymphoma. Wide oscillations in the platelet count were noted and recurrent, severe gastrointestinal bleeding occurred even when the platelet count was normal. Platelet function was abnormal as shown by decreased platelet adhesion to glass beads, absence of a secondary wave of aggregation in response to ADP and eqinephrine, and no aggregation with collagen. Suspension of control platelets in the patient's plasma induced similar aggregation defects in the control platelets. Combination chemotherapy resulted in regression of lymphadenopathy, but platelet abnormalities and bleeding persisted. Platelet satellitism and phagocytosis by neutrophils seen on peripheral blood films may be associated with true thrombocytopenia, abnormal platelet function and bleeding with an underlying systemic disease.", "contents": "Platelet satellitism and phagocytosis by neutrophils: association with antiplatelet antibodies and lymphoma. Satellitism and phagocytosis of platelets by neutrophils in EDTA anticoagulated blood have been considered in vitro phenomena without clinical significance. We observed these in a patient with acute, severe thrombocytopenic purpura who subsequently proved to have malignant lymphoma. Wide oscillations in the platelet count were noted and recurrent, severe gastrointestinal bleeding occurred even when the platelet count was normal. Platelet function was abnormal as shown by decreased platelet adhesion to glass beads, absence of a secondary wave of aggregation in response to ADP and eqinephrine, and no aggregation with collagen. Suspension of control platelets in the patient's plasma induced similar aggregation defects in the control platelets. Combination chemotherapy resulted in regression of lymphadenopathy, but platelet abnormalities and bleeding persisted. Platelet satellitism and phagocytosis by neutrophils seen on peripheral blood films may be associated with true thrombocytopenia, abnormal platelet function and bleeding with an underlying systemic disease.", "PMID": 717393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6987", "title": "Hemopoietic support capacity of the adult mouse liver: II. Studies in acetylphenylhydrazine-treated mice.", "content": "We investigated the hemopoietic support capacity of the liver in intact and splenectomized adult mice treated with three daily injections of acetylphenyl-hydrazine (APH). Packed red cell volumes, liver and spleen weights, numbers of pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells (CFU-S) in blood and liver, and liver histology were evaluated 4,8,12,16, and 20 days after the first injection. We found that 1) splenectomized, APH-treated mice had a greater and more sustained increase in the weights of their livers than the increase found in livers of intact APH-treated mice; 2) APH treatment elicited a much greater increase in the blood and liver CFU-S of splenectomized mice (47 and 42 times normal, respectively) than it elicited in the blood and liver CFU-S of intact mice (4--5 and 4 times normal, respectively); and 3) APH treatment induced numerous foci of hemopoietic tissue in the livers of splenectomized mice. The results of the CFU-S studies can be explained by, and to some extent support, the thesis that the adult mouse liver does not support proliferation of normal CFU-S, but can trap large numbers of circulating CFU-S. In addition, these studies suggest that the livers of adult mice are able to support only limited proliferation of differentiated hemopoietic elements.", "contents": "Hemopoietic support capacity of the adult mouse liver: II. Studies in acetylphenylhydrazine-treated mice. We investigated the hemopoietic support capacity of the liver in intact and splenectomized adult mice treated with three daily injections of acetylphenyl-hydrazine (APH). Packed red cell volumes, liver and spleen weights, numbers of pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells (CFU-S) in blood and liver, and liver histology were evaluated 4,8,12,16, and 20 days after the first injection. We found that 1) splenectomized, APH-treated mice had a greater and more sustained increase in the weights of their livers than the increase found in livers of intact APH-treated mice; 2) APH treatment elicited a much greater increase in the blood and liver CFU-S of splenectomized mice (47 and 42 times normal, respectively) than it elicited in the blood and liver CFU-S of intact mice (4--5 and 4 times normal, respectively); and 3) APH treatment induced numerous foci of hemopoietic tissue in the livers of splenectomized mice. The results of the CFU-S studies can be explained by, and to some extent support, the thesis that the adult mouse liver does not support proliferation of normal CFU-S, but can trap large numbers of circulating CFU-S. In addition, these studies suggest that the livers of adult mice are able to support only limited proliferation of differentiated hemopoietic elements.", "PMID": 717394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6988", "title": "Prognostic value of nucleoli and cell size in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "In an effort to improve prediction of duration of survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, correlations between blood-cell morphology and survival were investigated. Blood films made on 108 patients at the time of diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia were reviewed by a single hematologist. Lymphocyte diameter and the fraction of lymphocytes containing nucleoli were both found to have an inverse correlation with survival. Bone-marrow aspirate films were available for 64 patients. Differential leukocyte counts showed that the median for marrow lymphocytes was 64%. Those patients with a greater than median proportion of lymphocytes on marrow aspirate had a shorter survival time than those with less than median.", "contents": "Prognostic value of nucleoli and cell size in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. In an effort to improve prediction of duration of survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, correlations between blood-cell morphology and survival were investigated. Blood films made on 108 patients at the time of diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia were reviewed by a single hematologist. Lymphocyte diameter and the fraction of lymphocytes containing nucleoli were both found to have an inverse correlation with survival. Bone-marrow aspirate films were available for 64 patients. Differential leukocyte counts showed that the median for marrow lymphocytes was 64%. Those patients with a greater than median proportion of lymphocytes on marrow aspirate had a shorter survival time than those with less than median.", "PMID": 717395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6989", "title": "Guidelines for protocol studies in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "The treatment of any malignant disease requires appropriate criteria for diagnosis of the disease, appropriate methods for study, and techniques for evaluating response to treatment. In the past five years, there have been a number of proposed guidelines for studies in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). These submitted guidelines represent a further re-evaluation of concepts in CLL, and are currently in use by Cancer and Leukemia Group B for protocol studies. It is clear that revisions will continue to be make as new knowledge accumulates. In the meantime, these are submitted for publication for use by other investigators.", "contents": "Guidelines for protocol studies in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The treatment of any malignant disease requires appropriate criteria for diagnosis of the disease, appropriate methods for study, and techniques for evaluating response to treatment. In the past five years, there have been a number of proposed guidelines for studies in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). These submitted guidelines represent a further re-evaluation of concepts in CLL, and are currently in use by Cancer and Leukemia Group B for protocol studies. It is clear that revisions will continue to be make as new knowledge accumulates. In the meantime, these are submitted for publication for use by other investigators.", "PMID": 717396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6990", "title": "Hemoglobin A1C separation by isoelectric focusing.", "content": "A modified type of isolectric focusing has been applied successfully to the separation of hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) from HbA in normal and diabetic cell lysates. It consists of transforming a linear pH gradient into a nonlinear one, by the addition of an amphoteric substance (\"separator\" or \"pH gradient modifier\") with an isoelectric point (pI) close to the pI's of the two hemoglobins. Among the \"modifiers\" tested, histidine, proline, threonine, beta-alanine, 6-amino caproic acid, and 5-amino valeric acid are not useful in the hemoglobin pI range (pH 6.9--7.0). The dipeptide histidyl-glycine (pI = 6.8; pI-pK1 = 1) is very efficient in flattening the pH gradient, in the hemoglobin region. even when added in low concentrations (10--100 mM), thus affording full resolution of the two hemoglobin species.", "contents": "Hemoglobin A1C separation by isoelectric focusing. A modified type of isolectric focusing has been applied successfully to the separation of hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) from HbA in normal and diabetic cell lysates. It consists of transforming a linear pH gradient into a nonlinear one, by the addition of an amphoteric substance (\"separator\" or \"pH gradient modifier\") with an isoelectric point (pI) close to the pI's of the two hemoglobins. Among the \"modifiers\" tested, histidine, proline, threonine, beta-alanine, 6-amino caproic acid, and 5-amino valeric acid are not useful in the hemoglobin pI range (pH 6.9--7.0). The dipeptide histidyl-glycine (pI = 6.8; pI-pK1 = 1) is very efficient in flattening the pH gradient, in the hemoglobin region. even when added in low concentrations (10--100 mM), thus affording full resolution of the two hemoglobin species.", "PMID": 717397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6991", "title": "Studies on a new variant of the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome: qualitative, ultrastructural, and functional abnormalities of the platelet-dense bodies associated with a phospholipase A defect.", "content": "The structure and functions of platelets from a patient in whom albinism and hemorrhagic diathesis were associated have been investigated. Electron microscope studies showed a large reduction in the number of dense bodies and this was confirmed by an examination of fluorescent platelets loaded with mepacrine. The rare dense bodies were much bigger than normally observed; their density was diminished and was localized in a peripheral ring. Other platelet constituents were found to be normal. Platelet peroxidase activity was normal in the canaliculi of the dense tubular system; catalase-positive granules were also present. Serotonin uptake by the patient's platelets was much decreased and reserpine, a potent inhibitor of serotonin accumulation by normal human platelets, did not further decrease this incorporation. The uptake of free 14 C-arachidonic acid by the platelets was greatly diminished, as was its thrombin-induced liberation from phosphatidyl-choline and phosphatidyl inositol. Moreover, platelet phospholipase A1 activity was much reduced and phospholipase A2 activity was undetectable.", "contents": "Studies on a new variant of the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome: qualitative, ultrastructural, and functional abnormalities of the platelet-dense bodies associated with a phospholipase A defect. The structure and functions of platelets from a patient in whom albinism and hemorrhagic diathesis were associated have been investigated. Electron microscope studies showed a large reduction in the number of dense bodies and this was confirmed by an examination of fluorescent platelets loaded with mepacrine. The rare dense bodies were much bigger than normally observed; their density was diminished and was localized in a peripheral ring. Other platelet constituents were found to be normal. Platelet peroxidase activity was normal in the canaliculi of the dense tubular system; catalase-positive granules were also present. Serotonin uptake by the patient's platelets was much decreased and reserpine, a potent inhibitor of serotonin accumulation by normal human platelets, did not further decrease this incorporation. The uptake of free 14 C-arachidonic acid by the platelets was greatly diminished, as was its thrombin-induced liberation from phosphatidyl-choline and phosphatidyl inositol. Moreover, platelet phospholipase A1 activity was much reduced and phospholipase A2 activity was undetectable.", "PMID": 717398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6992", "title": "Circulating inhibitors of blood coagulation associated with procainamide-induced lupus erythematosus.", "content": "We studied a patient being treated with procainamide in whom we observed a high antinuclear antibody titer and prolonged activated partial thromboplastin (PTT), prothrombin (PT), and Stypven times (ST). Serum antibody concentrations against single-stranded DNA were elevated while those aginst native DNA were not elevated, suggesting the procainamide-induced lupus syndrome. Dilution of the patient's plasma with normal plasma failed to correct the PTT and PT, indicating the presence of an inhibitor(s) to blood coagulation. The anticoagulant activity was associated with the IgG fraction of the patient's serum. Addition of purified or partially purified human factors IX, X, VIII, VII, XIa, prekallikrein, high molecular weight kininogen, or phospholipids to the patient's plasma failed to correct the PTT, PT, or ST; however, purified human factor XII and prothrombin corrected the PTT and ST, respectively. These results indicate that production of antibodies directed against antigenic determinants on coagulation proteins can be a manifestation of procainamide-induced lupus erythematosus.", "contents": "Circulating inhibitors of blood coagulation associated with procainamide-induced lupus erythematosus. We studied a patient being treated with procainamide in whom we observed a high antinuclear antibody titer and prolonged activated partial thromboplastin (PTT), prothrombin (PT), and Stypven times (ST). Serum antibody concentrations against single-stranded DNA were elevated while those aginst native DNA were not elevated, suggesting the procainamide-induced lupus syndrome. Dilution of the patient's plasma with normal plasma failed to correct the PTT and PT, indicating the presence of an inhibitor(s) to blood coagulation. The anticoagulant activity was associated with the IgG fraction of the patient's serum. Addition of purified or partially purified human factors IX, X, VIII, VII, XIa, prekallikrein, high molecular weight kininogen, or phospholipids to the patient's plasma failed to correct the PTT, PT, or ST; however, purified human factor XII and prothrombin corrected the PTT and ST, respectively. These results indicate that production of antibodies directed against antigenic determinants on coagulation proteins can be a manifestation of procainamide-induced lupus erythematosus.", "PMID": 717399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6993", "title": "Average heterozygosity revisited.", "content": "The estimate of heterozygosity and proportion of polymorphic loci for 33 red blood cell loci has been updated by the elimination of some loci of questionable status and the addition of data on 33 loci. The new figures for heterozygosity and proportion of polymorphic loci, .105 and .283, respectively, are based on 60 red blood cell loci of European origin populations. These values are less than those calculated by Lewontin in 1967, and furthermore they do not appear to be reaching an asymptote. At the present time, the red blood cell data and allozyme data for European populations have similar estimates of heterozygosity and proportion of polymorphic loci.", "contents": "Average heterozygosity revisited. The estimate of heterozygosity and proportion of polymorphic loci for 33 red blood cell loci has been updated by the elimination of some loci of questionable status and the addition of data on 33 loci. The new figures for heterozygosity and proportion of polymorphic loci, .105 and .283, respectively, are based on 60 red blood cell loci of European origin populations. These values are less than those calculated by Lewontin in 1967, and furthermore they do not appear to be reaching an asymptote. At the present time, the red blood cell data and allozyme data for European populations have similar estimates of heterozygosity and proportion of polymorphic loci.", "PMID": 717400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6994", "title": "Regulation of growth and gene activity in euploid hybrids between human neonatal fibroblasts and epithelioid amniotic fluid cells.", "content": "Pure populations of proliferating synkaryons were obtained from polyethylene glycol-mediated crosses between diploid human foreskin fibroblasts and epithelioid amniotic fluid cells. These hybrids proved to be chromosomally stable tetraploids. They continuously produced heteropolymeric G6PD and showed strictly additive patterns of silver staining of both parental sets of nucleolar organizing chromosomes. Collagenous proteins characteristic of the fibroblast parent were synthesized, while fibronectin production appeared to be directed by the epithelioid portion of the genome. Even though these heterotypic hybrids proliferated at a reduced rate and achieved fewer population doublings relative to homotypic (fibroblast X fibroblast) crosses, they survived passage by trypsinization better than pure populations of epithelioid cells. These observations suggest a concerted action of both parental genomes with respect to proteins responsible for \"household\" functions, but complementation and possibly modulation of gene action with respect to \"luxury\" protein synthesis and cell growth.", "contents": "Regulation of growth and gene activity in euploid hybrids between human neonatal fibroblasts and epithelioid amniotic fluid cells. Pure populations of proliferating synkaryons were obtained from polyethylene glycol-mediated crosses between diploid human foreskin fibroblasts and epithelioid amniotic fluid cells. These hybrids proved to be chromosomally stable tetraploids. They continuously produced heteropolymeric G6PD and showed strictly additive patterns of silver staining of both parental sets of nucleolar organizing chromosomes. Collagenous proteins characteristic of the fibroblast parent were synthesized, while fibronectin production appeared to be directed by the epithelioid portion of the genome. Even though these heterotypic hybrids proliferated at a reduced rate and achieved fewer population doublings relative to homotypic (fibroblast X fibroblast) crosses, they survived passage by trypsinization better than pure populations of epithelioid cells. These observations suggest a concerted action of both parental genomes with respect to proteins responsible for \"household\" functions, but complementation and possibly modulation of gene action with respect to \"luxury\" protein synthesis and cell growth.", "PMID": 717401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6995", "title": "Hereditary retinoblastoma: delayed mutation or host resistance?", "content": "Evidence is presented from the literature that there is little need to postulate delayed mutation for the retinoblastoma locus. Both penetrance and expressivity in the gene carrier can be defined as a variable determined by genetic and environmental factors, not by a Poisson distribution of tumors formed. Of individuals who received a new mutation from a healthy parent, approximately 13% do not manifest retinoblastoma, and the heritability of the host resistance is estimated at about 90%. The nonhereditary form of retinoblastoma may occur in the most susceptible group of the population.", "contents": "Hereditary retinoblastoma: delayed mutation or host resistance? Evidence is presented from the literature that there is little need to postulate delayed mutation for the retinoblastoma locus. Both penetrance and expressivity in the gene carrier can be defined as a variable determined by genetic and environmental factors, not by a Poisson distribution of tumors formed. Of individuals who received a new mutation from a healthy parent, approximately 13% do not manifest retinoblastoma, and the heritability of the host resistance is estimated at about 90%. The nonhereditary form of retinoblastoma may occur in the most susceptible group of the population.", "PMID": 717402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6996", "title": "Savings achieved through cephalosporin surveillance.", "content": "The process by which a 427-bed, acute-care teaching hospital reduced the cost of cephalosporin therapy is described. During a nine-month surveillance period, cefazolin prescribing patterns were monitored. Of the 674 patients who received cefazolin, 640 (92%) received dosages greater than those recommended in the literature. Attempts were made to alter inappropriate prescribing through pharmacist-physician consultation and through contact with the medical service representative of the company which supplied cefazolin. Because these efforts failed, the pharmacy and therapeutics committee decided to delete cefazolin from the formulary. Cephalothin and cephapirin were found to be clinically similar; therefore, the committee recommended that the less expensive cephapirin be dispensed whenever a parenteral cephalosporin was ordered. Prior to the switch to cephapirin, cefazolin accounted for 49% of all parenteral cephalosporin use and 62% of the cephalosporin cost. Cephalothin and cefazolin were 30% and 88%, respectively, more expensive than cephapirin. In the first year after the switch, the hospital saved $33,196 (28.8% of the previous year's total expenditures for cephalosporins).", "contents": "Savings achieved through cephalosporin surveillance. The process by which a 427-bed, acute-care teaching hospital reduced the cost of cephalosporin therapy is described. During a nine-month surveillance period, cefazolin prescribing patterns were monitored. Of the 674 patients who received cefazolin, 640 (92%) received dosages greater than those recommended in the literature. Attempts were made to alter inappropriate prescribing through pharmacist-physician consultation and through contact with the medical service representative of the company which supplied cefazolin. Because these efforts failed, the pharmacy and therapeutics committee decided to delete cefazolin from the formulary. Cephalothin and cephapirin were found to be clinically similar; therefore, the committee recommended that the less expensive cephapirin be dispensed whenever a parenteral cephalosporin was ordered. Prior to the switch to cephapirin, cefazolin accounted for 49% of all parenteral cephalosporin use and 62% of the cephalosporin cost. Cephalothin and cefazolin were 30% and 88%, respectively, more expensive than cephapirin. In the first year after the switch, the hospital saved $33,196 (28.8% of the previous year's total expenditures for cephalosporins).", "PMID": 717407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6997", "title": "Audit of the de Haen Drugs-In-Use Drug Information System.", "content": "An audit of 100 abstracts from the de Haen Drugs-In-Use Drug Information System was conducted to determine the reliability of this drug information source. The original article was reviewed and compared with the information contained on the corresponding de Haen card. The card was audited for accuracy, completeness and judgment of abstraction. Forty-six cards contained at least one error. A total of 66 errors were observed: 47 involved errors of accuracy, 15 involved errors of completeness and 4 involved errors in judgment. The subscriber is urged to use the de Haen abstracts as a means of literature access only, and not as a primary source of drug information.", "contents": "Audit of the de Haen Drugs-In-Use Drug Information System. An audit of 100 abstracts from the de Haen Drugs-In-Use Drug Information System was conducted to determine the reliability of this drug information source. The original article was reviewed and compared with the information contained on the corresponding de Haen card. The card was audited for accuracy, completeness and judgment of abstraction. Forty-six cards contained at least one error. A total of 66 errors were observed: 47 involved errors of accuracy, 15 involved errors of completeness and 4 involved errors in judgment. The subscriber is urged to use the de Haen abstracts as a means of literature access only, and not as a primary source of drug information.", "PMID": 717408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6998", "title": "Right atrial indwelling catheter for patients requiring long-term intravenous therapy.", "content": "The use of a central venous catheter for long-term intravenous therapy is described. The catheter's history, physical description, and uses are discussed. Also reviewed are complications from use of the catheter, the pharmacist's role in patient teaching, and the procedure for administering medications through the catheter. A listing of drugs administered through the catheter, incompatibility data and patient teaching instructions are also included.", "contents": "Right atrial indwelling catheter for patients requiring long-term intravenous therapy. The use of a central venous catheter for long-term intravenous therapy is described. The catheter's history, physical description, and uses are discussed. Also reviewed are complications from use of the catheter, the pharmacist's role in patient teaching, and the procedure for administering medications through the catheter. A listing of drugs administered through the catheter, incompatibility data and patient teaching instructions are also included.", "PMID": 717409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_6999", "title": "Duplicate prescription system to facilitate communication between a hospital pharmacy and community pharmacies.", "content": "A duplicate prescription system which enables a university hospital pharmacist to fill a copy of the prescription and return the original prescription to the patient for obtaining continuing supplies in his local community is described. The system is based on a prescription form and carbon duplicate with designated space for notations, and clarifications by the pharmacist. Instructions for use of the form and a statement that the prescription copy cannot be filled legally at any other pharmacy assures that the system will not be misused. The system helps assure that an initial quantity of medication is obtained by the patient before he leaves the hospital. Time spent by patients and prescribers in establishing initial and continuing supplies of medication is decreased under the system. The system is of substantial benefit to patients and health care providers.", "contents": "Duplicate prescription system to facilitate communication between a hospital pharmacy and community pharmacies. A duplicate prescription system which enables a university hospital pharmacist to fill a copy of the prescription and return the original prescription to the patient for obtaining continuing supplies in his local community is described. The system is based on a prescription form and carbon duplicate with designated space for notations, and clarifications by the pharmacist. Instructions for use of the form and a statement that the prescription copy cannot be filled legally at any other pharmacy assures that the system will not be misused. The system helps assure that an initial quantity of medication is obtained by the patient before he leaves the hospital. Time spent by patients and prescribers in establishing initial and continuing supplies of medication is decreased under the system. The system is of substantial benefit to patients and health care providers.", "PMID": 717410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7000", "title": "Successful treatment of acrodermatitis enteropathica with zinc sulfate.", "content": "A case of a 22-month-old child with acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE) is reported. At five months of age, the patient experienced generalized oral and cutaneous candidiasis for which she was treated with nystatin and iodochlorhydroxyquin-hydrocortisone. She then had to be treated for secondary infection of the lesions. After three months, the cycle repeated, and the patient was treated with topical clotrimazole, Mycolog (nystatin, gramicidin, neomycin sulfate, triamcinolone acetonide) and oral nystatin. After a worsening of her condition, she was admitted to a hospital where she was treated initially with procaine penicillin G, then methicillin sodium and gentamicin sulfate. Treatment with zinc sulfate, 50 mg t.i.d., was initiated when laboratory studies showed a serum zinc level of 60 microgram/dl. Skin lesions were 99% resolved and serum zinc increased to 118 microgram/dl after 17 days of zinc sulfate therapy. Previous case reports and studies of the clinical features, treatment and pathogenesis of AE are reviewed.", "contents": "Successful treatment of acrodermatitis enteropathica with zinc sulfate. A case of a 22-month-old child with acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE) is reported. At five months of age, the patient experienced generalized oral and cutaneous candidiasis for which she was treated with nystatin and iodochlorhydroxyquin-hydrocortisone. She then had to be treated for secondary infection of the lesions. After three months, the cycle repeated, and the patient was treated with topical clotrimazole, Mycolog (nystatin, gramicidin, neomycin sulfate, triamcinolone acetonide) and oral nystatin. After a worsening of her condition, she was admitted to a hospital where she was treated initially with procaine penicillin G, then methicillin sodium and gentamicin sulfate. Treatment with zinc sulfate, 50 mg t.i.d., was initiated when laboratory studies showed a serum zinc level of 60 microgram/dl. Skin lesions were 99% resolved and serum zinc increased to 118 microgram/dl after 17 days of zinc sulfate therapy. Previous case reports and studies of the clinical features, treatment and pathogenesis of AE are reviewed.", "PMID": 717411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7001", "title": "Unilateral chronic pyelonephritis and hypertension: coincidental or causal relationship?", "content": "Three patients with well documented unilateral chronic pyelonephritis (UCP) of bacterial origin, one hypertensive and two normo-tensive, were presented. Removal of the contracted kidney in the hypertensive patient did not eradicate the hypertension. An attempt was made to define UCP as closely as possible. The clinical, roentgenologic, bacteriologic, functional and pathologic criteria of UCP was described. But, as other conditions may mimic the roentgenologic, functional and pathologic picture of UCP, a history of recurrent urinary tract infection accompanied by a documented unilateral renal bacteriuria is the basic requirement for a sustained diagnosis of UCP. In view of these more exacting criteria in the diagnosis of UCP, and its water and salt-losing functional pattern, UCP is a rare cause of hypertension, in the majority of cases the association of UCP with hypertension is merely coincidental.", "contents": "Unilateral chronic pyelonephritis and hypertension: coincidental or causal relationship? Three patients with well documented unilateral chronic pyelonephritis (UCP) of bacterial origin, one hypertensive and two normo-tensive, were presented. Removal of the contracted kidney in the hypertensive patient did not eradicate the hypertension. An attempt was made to define UCP as closely as possible. The clinical, roentgenologic, bacteriologic, functional and pathologic criteria of UCP was described. But, as other conditions may mimic the roentgenologic, functional and pathologic picture of UCP, a history of recurrent urinary tract infection accompanied by a documented unilateral renal bacteriuria is the basic requirement for a sustained diagnosis of UCP. In view of these more exacting criteria in the diagnosis of UCP, and its water and salt-losing functional pattern, UCP is a rare cause of hypertension, in the majority of cases the association of UCP with hypertension is merely coincidental.", "PMID": 717416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7002", "title": "Myocardial infarction immediately following cardiovascular stress testing.", "content": "A 45 year old man with recent onset of atypical chest pain, who sustained an acute myocardial infarction within 15 minutes after a negative treadmill exercise test, is described. The clinical course was complicated by persistence of chest pain despite afterload reduction and electrocardiographic evidence of inferoapical myocardial infarction. Coronary arteriography three and a half months later revealed minimal obstructive disease.", "contents": "Myocardial infarction immediately following cardiovascular stress testing. A 45 year old man with recent onset of atypical chest pain, who sustained an acute myocardial infarction within 15 minutes after a negative treadmill exercise test, is described. The clinical course was complicated by persistence of chest pain despite afterload reduction and electrocardiographic evidence of inferoapical myocardial infarction. Coronary arteriography three and a half months later revealed minimal obstructive disease.", "PMID": 717418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7003", "title": "Laboratory ordering: a system which eliminates paperwork.", "content": "A traditional ordering system can be replaced by a time- and paper-saving traveling requisition system. The increased speed of ordering which results can decrease lead time for receiving frequently used supplies.", "contents": "Laboratory ordering: a system which eliminates paperwork. A traditional ordering system can be replaced by a time- and paper-saving traveling requisition system. The increased speed of ordering which results can decrease lead time for receiving frequently used supplies.", "PMID": 717426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7004", "title": "Criterion-referenced testing in medical technology education: Professional Performance Situation Model.", "content": "In applying the Professional Performance Situation Model to the medical technology profession, situations describing actual laboratory performance are used as a basis for defining competence. As these definitions of competence are derived, appropriate criterion-referenced (domain-referenced) assessments are designed to measure the achievement of competence. This paper describes the process by which situations representing clinical practice are derived, the extrapolation of skill and knowledge statements reflecting expected performance, the generation of domains of competence, the design of criterion-referenced assessments, and some examples of prototype instruments used to assess attainment of the competence. The techniques include multiple choice items, checklists for use in the clinical component of the educational experience, and the adaptation of the written simulation for instruction and evaluation in medical laboratory sciences education. Validity of this approach is discussed, as well as possible implications for its use in developing assessments to measure continued competence in the profession beyond the baccalaureate education.", "contents": "Criterion-referenced testing in medical technology education: Professional Performance Situation Model. In applying the Professional Performance Situation Model to the medical technology profession, situations describing actual laboratory performance are used as a basis for defining competence. As these definitions of competence are derived, appropriate criterion-referenced (domain-referenced) assessments are designed to measure the achievement of competence. This paper describes the process by which situations representing clinical practice are derived, the extrapolation of skill and knowledge statements reflecting expected performance, the generation of domains of competence, the design of criterion-referenced assessments, and some examples of prototype instruments used to assess attainment of the competence. The techniques include multiple choice items, checklists for use in the clinical component of the educational experience, and the adaptation of the written simulation for instruction and evaluation in medical laboratory sciences education. Validity of this approach is discussed, as well as possible implications for its use in developing assessments to measure continued competence in the profession beyond the baccalaureate education.", "PMID": 717427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7005", "title": "Comparison of dewpoint and freezing point osmometry.", "content": "Osmolality was measured on 32 clear serum samples and on 23 urines, with dewpoint and with freezing point osmometers. The observed regression equation was dewpoint = 0.96 freezing point +7.6, with a correlation mean for 32 clear sera analyzed by both methods was not significantly different. However, when 14 lipemic sera were analyzed, the dewpoint measurements were higher: X dewpoint = 291.6; X freezing point = 284.1. The between-run standard deviation observed for a normal serum pool yielded a coefficient of variation of 1.04 with the freezing point and 2.38 with the dewpoint instrument. Results indicate that the dewpoint device should be used with caution for lipemic serum samples.", "contents": "Comparison of dewpoint and freezing point osmometry. Osmolality was measured on 32 clear serum samples and on 23 urines, with dewpoint and with freezing point osmometers. The observed regression equation was dewpoint = 0.96 freezing point +7.6, with a correlation mean for 32 clear sera analyzed by both methods was not significantly different. However, when 14 lipemic sera were analyzed, the dewpoint measurements were higher: X dewpoint = 291.6; X freezing point = 284.1. The between-run standard deviation observed for a normal serum pool yielded a coefficient of variation of 1.04 with the freezing point and 2.38 with the dewpoint instrument. Results indicate that the dewpoint device should be used with caution for lipemic serum samples.", "PMID": 717430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7006", "title": "A nontraditional approach to medical laboratory technology education.", "content": "The nontraditional program in medical laboratory technology for adult students was initiated at Corning Community College in 1975. The overall design of the model permits adults who have gained knowledge and skills as a result of their work experience to have opportunities for the assessment of these learnings and for flexible, modular instruction to increase their level of competency in medical technology. The central goal of this model is to increase the educational alternatives available to the adult population, specifically, the working adult in the medical laboratory. This approach enables individuals who are currently employed to attain an Associate in Applied Science (AAS) degree and eligibility for certification as a medical (clinical) laboratory technician.", "contents": "A nontraditional approach to medical laboratory technology education. The nontraditional program in medical laboratory technology for adult students was initiated at Corning Community College in 1975. The overall design of the model permits adults who have gained knowledge and skills as a result of their work experience to have opportunities for the assessment of these learnings and for flexible, modular instruction to increase their level of competency in medical technology. The central goal of this model is to increase the educational alternatives available to the adult population, specifically, the working adult in the medical laboratory. This approach enables individuals who are currently employed to attain an Associate in Applied Science (AAS) degree and eligibility for certification as a medical (clinical) laboratory technician.", "PMID": 717433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7007", "title": "Analysis of motor disorder in retarded infants and young children.", "content": "A prospective longitudinal study of 53 retarded infants and young children without evidence of a frank physical disability suggests that their delayed motor development was related to a subtle but specific disturbance in the evolution of infantile reflex behavior. The aberration was characterized by a delay in the appearance of postural adjustment reactions, specifically, of propping and equilibrium responses that, under normal circumstances, precede the accomplishment of successive gross-motor milestones. Motor development in this selected group of retarded children was delayed for their chronological age but was consistent with the maturational level of postural adjustment reactions.", "contents": "Analysis of motor disorder in retarded infants and young children. A prospective longitudinal study of 53 retarded infants and young children without evidence of a frank physical disability suggests that their delayed motor development was related to a subtle but specific disturbance in the evolution of infantile reflex behavior. The aberration was characterized by a delay in the appearance of postural adjustment reactions, specifically, of propping and equilibrium responses that, under normal circumstances, precede the accomplishment of successive gross-motor milestones. Motor development in this selected group of retarded children was delayed for their chronological age but was consistent with the maturational level of postural adjustment reactions.", "PMID": 717435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7008", "title": "Effects of repeated assessment on standardized test performance by infants.", "content": "Infant-intervention programs that evaluate their effectiveness by repeatedly testing infants with standardized tests may confound intervention effects with repeated-testing effects. Further, maternal participation in testing may increase infants' test scores, either directly by giving infants practice with test-like items at home between test administrations or indirectly by helping infants adapt to the test setting. Thirty-five infants were tested at 3-month intervals between 4 and 28 months of age with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and at 31 months of age with the Stanford-Binet; 25 infants were tested with the Bayley at 4 months and the Stanford-Binet at 31 months. Mothers of some infants in each group participated in the testing process. Between-subjects analysis on the Stanford-Binet revealed no effects for repeated testing or maternal participation. Within-subjects analyses for repeatedly tested groups demonstrated that maternal presence during testing, but not repeated testing, was associated with significantly higher Bayley scores. It was concluded that maternal presence is a potent influence on Bayley performance, that repeated experience with the Bayley biased neither performance on another standardized test of development nor subsequent Bayley performance, and that infant intervention programs are not likely to confound their evaluation designs by testing infants repeatedly.", "contents": "Effects of repeated assessment on standardized test performance by infants. Infant-intervention programs that evaluate their effectiveness by repeatedly testing infants with standardized tests may confound intervention effects with repeated-testing effects. Further, maternal participation in testing may increase infants' test scores, either directly by giving infants practice with test-like items at home between test administrations or indirectly by helping infants adapt to the test setting. Thirty-five infants were tested at 3-month intervals between 4 and 28 months of age with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and at 31 months of age with the Stanford-Binet; 25 infants were tested with the Bayley at 4 months and the Stanford-Binet at 31 months. Mothers of some infants in each group participated in the testing process. Between-subjects analysis on the Stanford-Binet revealed no effects for repeated testing or maternal participation. Within-subjects analyses for repeatedly tested groups demonstrated that maternal presence during testing, but not repeated testing, was associated with significantly higher Bayley scores. It was concluded that maternal presence is a potent influence on Bayley performance, that repeated experience with the Bayley biased neither performance on another standardized test of development nor subsequent Bayley performance, and that infant intervention programs are not likely to confound their evaluation designs by testing infants repeatedly.", "PMID": 717436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7009", "title": "Placement from community-based mental retardation programs: how well do clients do?", "content": "Mentally retarded clients (N = 131) placed during a 2-year period from either an independent living or competitive employment training program were evaluated as to placement success. Thirteen percent returned to the training program. Successful independent living placement was related to intelligence and demonstrated skills in symbolic operations, personal maintenance, clothing care and use, socially appropriate behavior, and functional academics. Successful employment was related to sensorimotor, visual-auditory processing, language, and symbolic-operations skills. Major reasons for returning from a job to the competitive employment training program included inappropriate behavior or need for more training; returning from community living placement was related to money management, apartment cleanliness, social behavior, and meal preparation.", "contents": "Placement from community-based mental retardation programs: how well do clients do? Mentally retarded clients (N = 131) placed during a 2-year period from either an independent living or competitive employment training program were evaluated as to placement success. Thirteen percent returned to the training program. Successful independent living placement was related to intelligence and demonstrated skills in symbolic operations, personal maintenance, clothing care and use, socially appropriate behavior, and functional academics. Successful employment was related to sensorimotor, visual-auditory processing, language, and symbolic-operations skills. Major reasons for returning from a job to the competitive employment training program included inappropriate behavior or need for more training; returning from community living placement was related to money management, apartment cleanliness, social behavior, and meal preparation.", "PMID": 717437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7010", "title": "Use of active sorting and retrieval strategies as a facilitator of recall, clustering, and sorting by EMR and nonretarded children.", "content": "The ability of 60 EMR and 60 nonretarded children to acquire and retain a sorting and retrieval strategy designed to be facilitative of recall and clustering was examined. All subjects were given a baseline task and, based on their performance, were assigned to one of three groups: experimental, practice, and control. The experimental group received a multi-session training procedure that consisted of instructing the subjects to arrange the stimuli in conceptual arrays, to name individual stimuli and the superordinates to which the stimuli belong, and to count the number of stimuli in each superordinate. The practice group was presented with the same stimuli but received no training. The control group received only the baseline and criterion measures. Analyses of data showed superior performance by the experimental group on measures of short- and long-term recall, clustering, and sorting.", "contents": "Use of active sorting and retrieval strategies as a facilitator of recall, clustering, and sorting by EMR and nonretarded children. The ability of 60 EMR and 60 nonretarded children to acquire and retain a sorting and retrieval strategy designed to be facilitative of recall and clustering was examined. All subjects were given a baseline task and, based on their performance, were assigned to one of three groups: experimental, practice, and control. The experimental group received a multi-session training procedure that consisted of instructing the subjects to arrange the stimuli in conceptual arrays, to name individual stimuli and the superordinates to which the stimuli belong, and to count the number of stimuli in each superordinate. The practice group was presented with the same stimuli but received no training. The control group received only the baseline and criterion measures. Analyses of data showed superior performance by the experimental group on measures of short- and long-term recall, clustering, and sorting.", "PMID": 717438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7011", "title": "Performance of MA-matched nonretarded and retarded children on discrimination learning and transfer-shift tasks.", "content": "The effects of the nature of the relevant dimension, response mode, imagery, and age on discrimination learning and shift performance was examined. Three age groups were used, CA 8 years-MA 8 years, CA 5 years-MA 5 years. CA 8 years-MA 5 years. The latter group learned both intradimensional and extradimensional shifts slower than did the former two groups. Subsequent analyses suggested that the reason for the slower learning in the retarded group was their greater frequency of control by dominant dimensions and/or the initial control by novel stimuli. A second finding was related to the particular procedure employed. Children were required to either press a button to indicate which of two stimuli was correct or pick up the correct stimulus. Form-relevant but not color-relevant problems were facilitated by the pick-up procedure. These findings suggest that dimensional dominance may be a consequence of the procedures employed in previous reports where children were or were not permitted to manipulate the stimuli.", "contents": "Performance of MA-matched nonretarded and retarded children on discrimination learning and transfer-shift tasks. The effects of the nature of the relevant dimension, response mode, imagery, and age on discrimination learning and shift performance was examined. Three age groups were used, CA 8 years-MA 8 years, CA 5 years-MA 5 years. CA 8 years-MA 5 years. The latter group learned both intradimensional and extradimensional shifts slower than did the former two groups. Subsequent analyses suggested that the reason for the slower learning in the retarded group was their greater frequency of control by dominant dimensions and/or the initial control by novel stimuli. A second finding was related to the particular procedure employed. Children were required to either press a button to indicate which of two stimuli was correct or pick up the correct stimulus. Form-relevant but not color-relevant problems were facilitated by the pick-up procedure. These findings suggest that dimensional dominance may be a consequence of the procedures employed in previous reports where children were or were not permitted to manipulate the stimuli.", "PMID": 717439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7012", "title": "Systematic correction procedures in vocational-skill training of severely retarded individuals.", "content": "Seventy severely retarded adults were taught a vocational assembly-skill task involving a difficult visual--motor discrimination. Comparisons of relative effects on trials-to-criterion were made among two types of verbal-correction procedures (general: \"try another way\" and specific: \"flat side in\") and three types of systematic physical-correction procedures (gesture, physical prompt, and repeated practice). Reliable differences in effects occurred only between the three systematic physical-correction procedures, with repeated practice the most effective, physical prompts next, and gestures the least effective. The results were interpreted as demonstrating the efficacy of trainer-related training procedures in relation to stimulus-related strategies, as well as relative efficacy among trainer-related correction procedures.", "contents": "Systematic correction procedures in vocational-skill training of severely retarded individuals. Seventy severely retarded adults were taught a vocational assembly-skill task involving a difficult visual--motor discrimination. Comparisons of relative effects on trials-to-criterion were made among two types of verbal-correction procedures (general: \"try another way\" and specific: \"flat side in\") and three types of systematic physical-correction procedures (gesture, physical prompt, and repeated practice). Reliable differences in effects occurred only between the three systematic physical-correction procedures, with repeated practice the most effective, physical prompts next, and gestures the least effective. The results were interpreted as demonstrating the efficacy of trainer-related training procedures in relation to stimulus-related strategies, as well as relative efficacy among trainer-related correction procedures.", "PMID": 717440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7013", "title": "Verification of property statements by retarded and nonretarded adolescents.", "content": "Educable mentally retarded and nonretarded adolescents verified true and false statements about the properties of common objects. For the true sentences, one-half contained properties rated as highly salient to the given object, and half contained less salient properties. Further, at each level of salience, one-half of the properties were static (physical) properties, e.g., \"Carrots are orange,\" and half were action properties, e.g., \"Rabbits can hop.\" True verification times were more rapid for all subjects when sentences contained highly salient properties. In addition, sentences containing action properties were verified faster than those containing static properties, but only by the retarded subjects (whose response times were slower overall). Additional analyses indicated that the retarded subjects responded particularly rapidly to action properties that designate \"what can be done to an object\" (extrinsic-action properties) as opposed to \"what an object can do\" (intrinsic-action properties). These findings were discussed in relation to the organization of semantic knowledge and the apparent group differences in the weighting of semantic features.", "contents": "Verification of property statements by retarded and nonretarded adolescents. Educable mentally retarded and nonretarded adolescents verified true and false statements about the properties of common objects. For the true sentences, one-half contained properties rated as highly salient to the given object, and half contained less salient properties. Further, at each level of salience, one-half of the properties were static (physical) properties, e.g., \"Carrots are orange,\" and half were action properties, e.g., \"Rabbits can hop.\" True verification times were more rapid for all subjects when sentences contained highly salient properties. In addition, sentences containing action properties were verified faster than those containing static properties, but only by the retarded subjects (whose response times were slower overall). Additional analyses indicated that the retarded subjects responded particularly rapidly to action properties that designate \"what can be done to an object\" (extrinsic-action properties) as opposed to \"what an object can do\" (intrinsic-action properties). These findings were discussed in relation to the organization of semantic knowledge and the apparent group differences in the weighting of semantic features.", "PMID": 717441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7014", "title": "Small-group training as an alternative to individual programs for profoundly retarded persons.", "content": "A comparison of group and individualized training methods was made by teaching 12 profoundly retarded men a series of imitative tasks under one of three program conditions. Each of the conditions was allotted 20 hours of training time from staff. The four members of the intact-group program received their 20 hours of instruction on a group basis. The four individual-program members had the training time divided between them and were taught separately. In a third program, the add-in group had the entry times of its membership staggered so that special attention could be given to each new member. The results indicated that the group programs were as effective as individual treatment for increasing imitative skills when staff time was held constant. Advantages of group programming were discussed in terms of increased activity and socialization for clients.", "contents": "Small-group training as an alternative to individual programs for profoundly retarded persons. A comparison of group and individualized training methods was made by teaching 12 profoundly retarded men a series of imitative tasks under one of three program conditions. Each of the conditions was allotted 20 hours of training time from staff. The four members of the intact-group program received their 20 hours of instruction on a group basis. The four individual-program members had the training time divided between them and were taught separately. In a third program, the add-in group had the entry times of its membership staggered so that special attention could be given to each new member. The results indicated that the group programs were as effective as individual treatment for increasing imitative skills when staff time was held constant. Advantages of group programming were discussed in terms of increased activity and socialization for clients.", "PMID": 717442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7015", "title": "Attitudes of caretakers toward the sexual behavior of mentally retarded persons.", "content": "A multidimensional questionnaire was administered to staff members at three residential facilities for retarded persons to determine their attitudes toward the actual and potential sexual behavior of retarded persons. The questionnaire covered the areas of masturbation and heterosexual and homosexual behavior. Dimensions were scaled to reflect progressively more intimate behavior so that acceptability of each response along the dimensions could be assessed. A mean of 31.2 percent of those questioned felt that no sexual behavior, not even simple physical contact, was acceptable for retarded persons. This indicates that sex-education programs for retarded persons may be met with resistance by a substantial percentage of staff. Among those staff members who found it acceptable for retarded people to engage in sexual behavior, peak acceptability occurred for heterosexual behavior. Sexual behavior in public, especially public masturbation, was considered a significant problem. More specific effects were identified, and the implications of these results for educational programs and the development of intervention procedures were discussed.", "contents": "Attitudes of caretakers toward the sexual behavior of mentally retarded persons. A multidimensional questionnaire was administered to staff members at three residential facilities for retarded persons to determine their attitudes toward the actual and potential sexual behavior of retarded persons. The questionnaire covered the areas of masturbation and heterosexual and homosexual behavior. Dimensions were scaled to reflect progressively more intimate behavior so that acceptability of each response along the dimensions could be assessed. A mean of 31.2 percent of those questioned felt that no sexual behavior, not even simple physical contact, was acceptable for retarded persons. This indicates that sex-education programs for retarded persons may be met with resistance by a substantial percentage of staff. Among those staff members who found it acceptable for retarded people to engage in sexual behavior, peak acceptability occurred for heterosexual behavior. Sexual behavior in public, especially public masturbation, was considered a significant problem. More specific effects were identified, and the implications of these results for educational programs and the development of intervention procedures were discussed.", "PMID": 717443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7016", "title": "Effects of within-stimulus and extra-stimulus prompting of letter discrimination by mentally retarded persons.", "content": "Two different prompting procedures for teaching letter discrimination to mentally retarded persons were compared. Each of 24 severely retarded subjects received training on six alphabet letters, three by extra-stimulus prompting (adding to topographically different cue, a pointing finger) and three by within-stimulus prompting (accentuating critical features of the stimuli themselves). Letter discrimination was tested prior to, immediately following, and 2 weeks after training. A significantly greater proportion of letters trained by within-stimulus prompting was learned (p less than .001), thereby replicating past research with autistic children. Since mentally retarded persons are overselective and attend to few cues in a stimulus array, within-stimulus prompting may be more effective than between-stimulus prompting.", "contents": "Effects of within-stimulus and extra-stimulus prompting of letter discrimination by mentally retarded persons. Two different prompting procedures for teaching letter discrimination to mentally retarded persons were compared. Each of 24 severely retarded subjects received training on six alphabet letters, three by extra-stimulus prompting (adding to topographically different cue, a pointing finger) and three by within-stimulus prompting (accentuating critical features of the stimuli themselves). Letter discrimination was tested prior to, immediately following, and 2 weeks after training. A significantly greater proportion of letters trained by within-stimulus prompting was learned (p less than .001), thereby replicating past research with autistic children. Since mentally retarded persons are overselective and attend to few cues in a stimulus array, within-stimulus prompting may be more effective than between-stimulus prompting.", "PMID": 717444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7017", "title": "Use of a relational focus strategy in oddity performance of EMR adolescents.", "content": "A series of 5-item oddity tasks was administered to 44 EMR adolescents to determine whether a consistent strategy was used to achieve problem solutions. Such a strategy requires establishing a relational hypothesis for two items in a set and retaining that hypothesis in memory while testing subsequent items against it. Evidence for use of a consistent strategy would be found in a particular pattern of response latencies and errors dependent upon the position of the odd stimulus in each 5-item set. Analysis of variance of the mean latency scores and errors for the five positions in which the odd item occurred suggested that a consistent strategy was being applied.", "contents": "Use of a relational focus strategy in oddity performance of EMR adolescents. A series of 5-item oddity tasks was administered to 44 EMR adolescents to determine whether a consistent strategy was used to achieve problem solutions. Such a strategy requires establishing a relational hypothesis for two items in a set and retaining that hypothesis in memory while testing subsequent items against it. Evidence for use of a consistent strategy would be found in a particular pattern of response latencies and errors dependent upon the position of the odd stimulus in each 5-item set. Analysis of variance of the mean latency scores and errors for the five positions in which the odd item occurred suggested that a consistent strategy was being applied.", "PMID": 717445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7018", "title": "Effect of imposed vs. self-generated imagery and sentence mediation on the free recall of retarded adolescents.", "content": "The effectiveness of verbal and imaginal elaborations on the free recall of institutionalized EMR adolescents was investigated. Fifty subjects were assigned to one of five conditions: experimenter-imposed verbalization, experimenter-imposed imagery, subject-generated verbalization, subject-generated imagery, and control. The subjects saw 15 pictures, presented in sets of 3, for five trial bloks, and were asked to recall the 15 pictures after each trial block. Over all trials combined, it was found that recall in the experimenter-imposed verbalization and the experimenter-imposed imagery conditions was reliably superior to recall in the control and subject-generated verbalization conditions. Although retarded adolescents were capable of producing verbal or imaginal elaborations, as evidenced by post-experimental inquiry, elaborations facilitated recall only when they were supplied by the experimenter.", "contents": "Effect of imposed vs. self-generated imagery and sentence mediation on the free recall of retarded adolescents. The effectiveness of verbal and imaginal elaborations on the free recall of institutionalized EMR adolescents was investigated. Fifty subjects were assigned to one of five conditions: experimenter-imposed verbalization, experimenter-imposed imagery, subject-generated verbalization, subject-generated imagery, and control. The subjects saw 15 pictures, presented in sets of 3, for five trial bloks, and were asked to recall the 15 pictures after each trial block. Over all trials combined, it was found that recall in the experimenter-imposed verbalization and the experimenter-imposed imagery conditions was reliably superior to recall in the control and subject-generated verbalization conditions. Although retarded adolescents were capable of producing verbal or imaginal elaborations, as evidenced by post-experimental inquiry, elaborations facilitated recall only when they were supplied by the experimenter.", "PMID": 717446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7019", "title": "Pregnancy hypertension, parity, and the renin-angiotensin system.", "content": "Factors which influence levels of plasma AII in late pregnancy have been studied in 50 primigravidas and 53 multigravidas. A highly significant relationship has been shown between diastolic blood pressure and plasma AII (r = 0.4190 p less than 0.005) in primigravidas but not in multigravidas (r = 0.205; p less than 0.3). Multiple regression analysis and analysis of covariance have been applied to a series of independent variables with plasma AII as the dependent variable. The single most important variable related to AII levels in primigravidas was diastolic blood pressure whereas in multigravidas it was proteinuria. Rhesus blood group was shown to have a significant effect in both parity groups, Rh-negative primigravid women exhibiting higher values of AII.", "contents": "Pregnancy hypertension, parity, and the renin-angiotensin system. Factors which influence levels of plasma AII in late pregnancy have been studied in 50 primigravidas and 53 multigravidas. A highly significant relationship has been shown between diastolic blood pressure and plasma AII (r = 0.4190 p less than 0.005) in primigravidas but not in multigravidas (r = 0.205; p less than 0.3). Multiple regression analysis and analysis of covariance have been applied to a series of independent variables with plasma AII as the dependent variable. The single most important variable related to AII levels in primigravidas was diastolic blood pressure whereas in multigravidas it was proteinuria. Rhesus blood group was shown to have a significant effect in both parity groups, Rh-negative primigravid women exhibiting higher values of AII.", "PMID": 717447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7020", "title": "Late follow-up in women with nephrosclerosis diagnosed at pregnancy.", "content": "Thirteen nephrosclerotic women were followed for 2 to 7 years from the time a diagnosis was made following a pregnancy complicated by hypertension. Ten patients developed sustained hypertension. Twelve women who were examined responded with a hypertensive pattern to acute salt load. Of the 10 patients who were examined, seven had a reduced renal plasma flow (RPF) demonstrated by the phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) excretion test. The present observations support the view that the vascular lesion in the kidneys precedes and persists independently of pregnancy. The pregnant state brings the hypertensive disease to clinical expression.", "contents": "Late follow-up in women with nephrosclerosis diagnosed at pregnancy. Thirteen nephrosclerotic women were followed for 2 to 7 years from the time a diagnosis was made following a pregnancy complicated by hypertension. Ten patients developed sustained hypertension. Twelve women who were examined responded with a hypertensive pattern to acute salt load. Of the 10 patients who were examined, seven had a reduced renal plasma flow (RPF) demonstrated by the phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) excretion test. The present observations support the view that the vascular lesion in the kidneys precedes and persists independently of pregnancy. The pregnant state brings the hypertensive disease to clinical expression.", "PMID": 717448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7021", "title": "Pregnancy in familial dysautonomia.", "content": "This report describes the first two known instances of viable pregnancies in two patients with familial dysautonomia (Riley-Day syndrome). The offspring were apparently normal. Several conditions, specifically related to autonomic and sensory dysfunction in pregnancy, are discussed.", "contents": "Pregnancy in familial dysautonomia. This report describes the first two known instances of viable pregnancies in two patients with familial dysautonomia (Riley-Day syndrome). The offspring were apparently normal. Several conditions, specifically related to autonomic and sensory dysfunction in pregnancy, are discussed.", "PMID": 717449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7022", "title": "Surge of fetal plasma triiodothyronine before birth in sheep.", "content": "Plasma thyroid hormone and cortisol concentrations were measured from early third trimester to delivery in seven pregnant ewes and their fetuses. A surge in fetal plasma triiodothyronine was found during the six days prior to delivery, the mean values rising from less than 30 to 125 ng. per deciliter. During this period the fetal plasma cortisol also increased from less than 1 to 8.1 microgram per deciliter. During this period there was no significant change in fetal plasma thyroxine (T4) or reverse T3 concentrations and no change in maternal plasma concentrations of any of these hormones. The abrupt increase in fetal plasma T3 concentrations with no rise in plasma T4 suggests that there was an alteration in extrathyroidal conversion of T4 to T3 rather than an increase in thyroid secretion, since the latter would be expected to cause an increase in both plasma T4 and plasma T3. The changes in plasma T3 and cortisol concentrations in a fetus that died in utero eight to 10 days before term resembled those occurring prior to normal parturition.", "contents": "Surge of fetal plasma triiodothyronine before birth in sheep. Plasma thyroid hormone and cortisol concentrations were measured from early third trimester to delivery in seven pregnant ewes and their fetuses. A surge in fetal plasma triiodothyronine was found during the six days prior to delivery, the mean values rising from less than 30 to 125 ng. per deciliter. During this period the fetal plasma cortisol also increased from less than 1 to 8.1 microgram per deciliter. During this period there was no significant change in fetal plasma thyroxine (T4) or reverse T3 concentrations and no change in maternal plasma concentrations of any of these hormones. The abrupt increase in fetal plasma T3 concentrations with no rise in plasma T4 suggests that there was an alteration in extrathyroidal conversion of T4 to T3 rather than an increase in thyroid secretion, since the latter would be expected to cause an increase in both plasma T4 and plasma T3. The changes in plasma T3 and cortisol concentrations in a fetus that died in utero eight to 10 days before term resembled those occurring prior to normal parturition.", "PMID": 717450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7023", "title": "The relationship of maternal anxiety, plasma catecholamines, and plasma cortisol to progress in labor.", "content": "The relationships among maternal anxiety, selected stress-related biochemical factors, and progress in three defined phases of labor were determined for 32 married, normal, primigravid women, 20 to 32 years of age. Comparisons of plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol in third-trimester pregnancy, during labor, and after delivery are provided. At the onset of Phase 2 of labor (3 cm. of cervical dilatation), self-reported anxiety and endogenous plasma epinephrine are significantly correlated. With the deletion of subjects to control for the effect of medications, higher epinephrine levels are significantly associated with lower uterine contractile activity at the onset of Phase 2 and with longer labor in Phase 2 (3 to 10 cm. of cervical dilatation). The relationship between epinephrine and progress in labor is explained by an adrenoreceptor theory.", "contents": "The relationship of maternal anxiety, plasma catecholamines, and plasma cortisol to progress in labor. The relationships among maternal anxiety, selected stress-related biochemical factors, and progress in three defined phases of labor were determined for 32 married, normal, primigravid women, 20 to 32 years of age. Comparisons of plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol in third-trimester pregnancy, during labor, and after delivery are provided. At the onset of Phase 2 of labor (3 cm. of cervical dilatation), self-reported anxiety and endogenous plasma epinephrine are significantly correlated. With the deletion of subjects to control for the effect of medications, higher epinephrine levels are significantly associated with lower uterine contractile activity at the onset of Phase 2 and with longer labor in Phase 2 (3 to 10 cm. of cervical dilatation). The relationship between epinephrine and progress in labor is explained by an adrenoreceptor theory.", "PMID": 717451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7024", "title": "Effect of cholestyramine and phenobarbital on pruritus and serum bile acid levels in cholestasis of pregnancy.", "content": "Serum bile acid concentrations were followed in 29 patients with cholestasis of pregnancy treated for pruritus with either phenobarbital or cholestyramine. The response of serum cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid levels to phenobarbital administered to 10 patients in a 100 to 150 mg. daily dose was variable: some decrease was found in four and some increase in three of the patients, but no clear effect on itching could be seen in any of them. In five of the other 10 patients treated with cholestyramine, 4 Gm. two or three times a day, serum cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid levels fell within 1 week of treatment, in one of these near to normal with complete relief from pruritus. It seems that patients with initially high serum bile acid levels do not respond to cholestyramine treatment. In these cases the biliary excretion and enterohepatic circulation of bile acids may be diminished to such an extent that the anion-binding resin is unable to augment fecal elimination of bile salts sufficiently to lower their serum levels.", "contents": "Effect of cholestyramine and phenobarbital on pruritus and serum bile acid levels in cholestasis of pregnancy. Serum bile acid concentrations were followed in 29 patients with cholestasis of pregnancy treated for pruritus with either phenobarbital or cholestyramine. The response of serum cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid levels to phenobarbital administered to 10 patients in a 100 to 150 mg. daily dose was variable: some decrease was found in four and some increase in three of the patients, but no clear effect on itching could be seen in any of them. In five of the other 10 patients treated with cholestyramine, 4 Gm. two or three times a day, serum cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid levels fell within 1 week of treatment, in one of these near to normal with complete relief from pruritus. It seems that patients with initially high serum bile acid levels do not respond to cholestyramine treatment. In these cases the biliary excretion and enterohepatic circulation of bile acids may be diminished to such an extent that the anion-binding resin is unable to augment fecal elimination of bile salts sufficiently to lower their serum levels.", "PMID": 717452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7025", "title": "Vaginal and cervical squamous cell dysplasia in women exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero.", "content": "Two hundred and fifty patients were examined because of a history of in utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) or because of the presence of physical findings suggesting such exposure. One thousand biopsies were examined for the presence of neoplasia and then compared to the colposcopic findings. There were no cases of glandular or squamous cell carcinoma. Fifteen (6 per cent) of the patients had squamous cell dysplasia. The degree of dysplasia was mild in 11 and moderate in only 4 (1.6 per cent) of the women. The majority of the cases of dysplasia involved the cervix, whereas the vagina was involved in only four cases, with simultaneous cervical dysplasia in three of these. Patients with cervical mosaic and white epithelium had dysplasia on biopsy much more frequently as compared with patients with similar colposcopic appearances in the vagina. Our results suggest a low incidence of significant squamous precancerous change in the DES-exposed population and provide evidence that colposcopic data concerning dysplasia pertinent to the cervix cannot be applied without modification to the evaluation of dysplasia in vaginal adenosis.", "contents": "Vaginal and cervical squamous cell dysplasia in women exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero. Two hundred and fifty patients were examined because of a history of in utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) or because of the presence of physical findings suggesting such exposure. One thousand biopsies were examined for the presence of neoplasia and then compared to the colposcopic findings. There were no cases of glandular or squamous cell carcinoma. Fifteen (6 per cent) of the patients had squamous cell dysplasia. The degree of dysplasia was mild in 11 and moderate in only 4 (1.6 per cent) of the women. The majority of the cases of dysplasia involved the cervix, whereas the vagina was involved in only four cases, with simultaneous cervical dysplasia in three of these. Patients with cervical mosaic and white epithelium had dysplasia on biopsy much more frequently as compared with patients with similar colposcopic appearances in the vagina. Our results suggest a low incidence of significant squamous precancerous change in the DES-exposed population and provide evidence that colposcopic data concerning dysplasia pertinent to the cervix cannot be applied without modification to the evaluation of dysplasia in vaginal adenosis.", "PMID": 717453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7026", "title": "Chemotherapy for squamous carcinoma of the cervix: doxorubicin--methyl CCNU.", "content": "Treatment was initiated for metastatic or recurrent squamous carcinoma of the cervix with a combination of doxorubicin and methyl CCNU in 37 patients. Results after at least one full course of chemotherapy were fully evaluated in 31 of these patients. The objective response rate of 45.1 per cent obtained with this therapy compared favorably with those obtained by other authors using single or multiple agents. This chemotherapy regimen may need to be modified to improve patients' tolerance. The improved survival rate and high number of complete remissions demonstrated in this pilot study show promise for this type of chemotherapy in the future.", "contents": "Chemotherapy for squamous carcinoma of the cervix: doxorubicin--methyl CCNU. Treatment was initiated for metastatic or recurrent squamous carcinoma of the cervix with a combination of doxorubicin and methyl CCNU in 37 patients. Results after at least one full course of chemotherapy were fully evaluated in 31 of these patients. The objective response rate of 45.1 per cent obtained with this therapy compared favorably with those obtained by other authors using single or multiple agents. This chemotherapy regimen may need to be modified to improve patients' tolerance. The improved survival rate and high number of complete remissions demonstrated in this pilot study show promise for this type of chemotherapy in the future.", "PMID": 717454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7027", "title": "Synthetic progestins: in vitro potency on human endometrium and specific binding to cytosol receptor.", "content": "The relative potency of six commonly used synthetic progestins has been evaluated in an organ culture system for human endometrium. The affinities of these progestins for endometrial progesterone receptor were also evaluated after removing the CBG-like protein by spheroidal hydroxylapatite chromatography. All six progestins induced an increase in tissue glycogen during culture at lower concentrations than did progesterone; only one (medroxyprogesterone acetate) had a relative affinity greater than progesterone. The relative potencies and affinities of the synthetic progestins were found to have the same relative order but to differ in relative magnitude.", "contents": "Synthetic progestins: in vitro potency on human endometrium and specific binding to cytosol receptor. The relative potency of six commonly used synthetic progestins has been evaluated in an organ culture system for human endometrium. The affinities of these progestins for endometrial progesterone receptor were also evaluated after removing the CBG-like protein by spheroidal hydroxylapatite chromatography. All six progestins induced an increase in tissue glycogen during culture at lower concentrations than did progesterone; only one (medroxyprogesterone acetate) had a relative affinity greater than progesterone. The relative potencies and affinities of the synthetic progestins were found to have the same relative order but to differ in relative magnitude.", "PMID": 717455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7028", "title": "Toxicity manifestations following intravenous Corynebacterium parvum administration to patients with ovarian and cervical carcinoma.", "content": "Manifestations of clinical toxicity were evaluated following 341 courses of intravenous Corynebacterium parvum adjuvant immunotherapy in patients with ovarian and cervical carcinoma. Most patients exhibited symptoms of minor toxicity, which decreased in intensity as subsequent courses of therapy were administered. Temperature elevations to 38.5 degrees C. were the most objectively measured signs of toxicity but temperature elevations greater than 38.5 degrees C. occurred following only 20.5 per cent of the infusions. Blood pressure alterations were not a serious problem and no serious central nervous system or renal toxicity was noted. The minor side effects should not preclude the use of C. parvum as an immunopotentiating agent if it is shown to be beneficial in the treatment of human malignant disease.", "contents": "Toxicity manifestations following intravenous Corynebacterium parvum administration to patients with ovarian and cervical carcinoma. Manifestations of clinical toxicity were evaluated following 341 courses of intravenous Corynebacterium parvum adjuvant immunotherapy in patients with ovarian and cervical carcinoma. Most patients exhibited symptoms of minor toxicity, which decreased in intensity as subsequent courses of therapy were administered. Temperature elevations to 38.5 degrees C. were the most objectively measured signs of toxicity but temperature elevations greater than 38.5 degrees C. occurred following only 20.5 per cent of the infusions. Blood pressure alterations were not a serious problem and no serious central nervous system or renal toxicity was noted. The minor side effects should not preclude the use of C. parvum as an immunopotentiating agent if it is shown to be beneficial in the treatment of human malignant disease.", "PMID": 717456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7029", "title": "Amniotic fluid cortisol in normal and diabetic pregnant women and its relation to respiratory disease in the neonate.", "content": "One hundred and thirty samples of amniotic fluid from normal and diabetic pregnant women were analyzed for cortisol concentration. In normal pregnancies, cortisol was present in low concentrations until 35 weeks' gestation, followed by a sharp rise at 36 weeks and a continued upward trend to 39 weeks. The rise after 35 weeks was delayed or absent in many patients with diabetes. In the combined population, the incidence of respiratory disease with a lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio greater than or equal to 2 was 26 per cent if the amniotic fluid cortisol was less than 4.3 microgram per 100 ml. and 2.9 per cent if the cortisol concentration was greater than or equal to 4.3 microgram per 100 ml.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid cortisol in normal and diabetic pregnant women and its relation to respiratory disease in the neonate. One hundred and thirty samples of amniotic fluid from normal and diabetic pregnant women were analyzed for cortisol concentration. In normal pregnancies, cortisol was present in low concentrations until 35 weeks' gestation, followed by a sharp rise at 36 weeks and a continued upward trend to 39 weeks. The rise after 35 weeks was delayed or absent in many patients with diabetes. In the combined population, the incidence of respiratory disease with a lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio greater than or equal to 2 was 26 per cent if the amniotic fluid cortisol was less than 4.3 microgram per 100 ml. and 2.9 per cent if the cortisol concentration was greater than or equal to 4.3 microgram per 100 ml.", "PMID": 717458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7030", "title": "Use of computers in the labor and delivery suite: an overview.", "content": "Some simple computers for fetal monitoring are already commercially available. These systems are designed to alarm when abnormalities reflected by the fetal heart are detected during labor. Unfortunately, the problems of fetal heart rate/intrauterine pressure data analysis have been oversimplified. An \"ideal\" obstetric computer-based data management system would begin, as the clinician should, with the assessment of risk from the patient's past history, pregnancy course, and labor progress as a basis for analyzing the condition of the fetus during labor. Systems available now are of limited scope, expensive, and of unproved clinical value. Premature attempts at clinical computerization will accomplish little, except to give computers a bad name. Let the buyer beware!", "contents": "Use of computers in the labor and delivery suite: an overview. Some simple computers for fetal monitoring are already commercially available. These systems are designed to alarm when abnormalities reflected by the fetal heart are detected during labor. Unfortunately, the problems of fetal heart rate/intrauterine pressure data analysis have been oversimplified. An \"ideal\" obstetric computer-based data management system would begin, as the clinician should, with the assessment of risk from the patient's past history, pregnancy course, and labor progress as a basis for analyzing the condition of the fetus during labor. Systems available now are of limited scope, expensive, and of unproved clinical value. Premature attempts at clinical computerization will accomplish little, except to give computers a bad name. Let the buyer beware!", "PMID": 717463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7031", "title": "Severe edema-proteinuria-hypertension gestosis.", "content": "Severe edema-proteinuria-hypertension (EPH) gestosis (pre-eclampsia) appears in at least two forms (A and B). The A type is mostly complicated by fits, while the B type is characterized by multiple organ failure. The perinatal mortality rate is especially high in the B group. All gravid women with severe EPH gestosis benefit from blood volume expansion therapy.", "contents": "Severe edema-proteinuria-hypertension gestosis. Severe edema-proteinuria-hypertension (EPH) gestosis (pre-eclampsia) appears in at least two forms (A and B). The A type is mostly complicated by fits, while the B type is characterized by multiple organ failure. The perinatal mortality rate is especially high in the B group. All gravid women with severe EPH gestosis benefit from blood volume expansion therapy.", "PMID": 717464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7032", "title": "Early vulvar carcinoma.", "content": "Fifty-eight cases of early vulvar neoplasia were reviewed from the Tumor Registry at Magee-Womens Hospital, between 1947 and 1976. Twenty-three cases were carcinoma in situ; 16 were microinvasive, and 19 were occult carcinoma. All of the cases were treated surgically. The modality of surgical treatment varied from local excision to radical vulvectomy with inguinal lymph node dissection. Regardless of the surgical therapy, none of the patients died of the vulvar malignancy. It is recommended, as part of routine gynecologic surveillance, that more critical attention be given to examination for early epithelial neoplastic lesions of the vulva. This can be accomplished by simple inspection and the use of special diagnostic aids. Biopsy specimens should be reviewed histologically for depth of invasion and the treatment individualized to the patient with considerations for conservatism, especially in younger women.", "contents": "Early vulvar carcinoma. Fifty-eight cases of early vulvar neoplasia were reviewed from the Tumor Registry at Magee-Womens Hospital, between 1947 and 1976. Twenty-three cases were carcinoma in situ; 16 were microinvasive, and 19 were occult carcinoma. All of the cases were treated surgically. The modality of surgical treatment varied from local excision to radical vulvectomy with inguinal lymph node dissection. Regardless of the surgical therapy, none of the patients died of the vulvar malignancy. It is recommended, as part of routine gynecologic surveillance, that more critical attention be given to examination for early epithelial neoplastic lesions of the vulva. This can be accomplished by simple inspection and the use of special diagnostic aids. Biopsy specimens should be reviewed histologically for depth of invasion and the treatment individualized to the patient with considerations for conservatism, especially in younger women.", "PMID": 717465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7033", "title": "Adolescent sexual activity: contraception and abortion.", "content": "One hundred twenty-five pregnant adolescents 16 years of age or younger and their parents were studied prior to abortion and were compared with 72 nulligravid control subjects. The control group reported less incidence of sexual intercourse and more causal heterosexual relationships of shorter durations. A significantly larger percentage of the abortion group approved of premarital sexual intercourse \"when the couple is going steady.\" Sixty-eight per cent of the adolescents who were seeking abortions had never used a contraceptive. Abortion \"on demand\" was favored by the majority of the abortion group, whereas the control group favored \"abortion under special circumstances.\" Neither were the pregnant teenagers' parents aware of nor had they discussed their daughter's sexual activities, much less contraception. Prevention of unwanted pregnancies in early adolescence should encompass an educational effort on the part of the health professions, involving both the adolescents and their parents.", "contents": "Adolescent sexual activity: contraception and abortion. One hundred twenty-five pregnant adolescents 16 years of age or younger and their parents were studied prior to abortion and were compared with 72 nulligravid control subjects. The control group reported less incidence of sexual intercourse and more causal heterosexual relationships of shorter durations. A significantly larger percentage of the abortion group approved of premarital sexual intercourse \"when the couple is going steady.\" Sixty-eight per cent of the adolescents who were seeking abortions had never used a contraceptive. Abortion \"on demand\" was favored by the majority of the abortion group, whereas the control group favored \"abortion under special circumstances.\" Neither were the pregnant teenagers' parents aware of nor had they discussed their daughter's sexual activities, much less contraception. Prevention of unwanted pregnancies in early adolescence should encompass an educational effort on the part of the health professions, involving both the adolescents and their parents.", "PMID": 717466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7034", "title": "Studies on the duration of egg transport by the human oviduct. II. Ovum location at various intervals following luteinizing hormone peak.", "content": "The location of ova in the genital tract between 24 and 144 hours following the LH peak was determined in 23 normal women. Nineteen eggs were found in the Fallopian tubes between 24 and 96 hours and five eggs were recovered from the endometrial cavity between 96 and 144 hours following the LH peak. According to the present data and considering that ovulation occurs in the human subject nearly 17 hours after the LH peak, it is concluded that the transport of unfertilized ova in women is characterized by a period of retention in the ampulla, which lasts approximately 72 hours, followed by rapid transit through the isthmus and appearance of the ovum in the endometrial cavity around 80 hours after ovulation.", "contents": "Studies on the duration of egg transport by the human oviduct. II. Ovum location at various intervals following luteinizing hormone peak. The location of ova in the genital tract between 24 and 144 hours following the LH peak was determined in 23 normal women. Nineteen eggs were found in the Fallopian tubes between 24 and 96 hours and five eggs were recovered from the endometrial cavity between 96 and 144 hours following the LH peak. According to the present data and considering that ovulation occurs in the human subject nearly 17 hours after the LH peak, it is concluded that the transport of unfertilized ova in women is characterized by a period of retention in the ampulla, which lasts approximately 72 hours, followed by rapid transit through the isthmus and appearance of the ovum in the endometrial cavity around 80 hours after ovulation.", "PMID": 717467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7035", "title": "Gonorrhea in pregnancy.", "content": "Pregnancy complicated by gonorrhea was studied in 178 patients delivered of their infants over an eight-year period. There was an increased incidence of chorioamnionitis (p less than 0.05) and intrauterine growth retardation (p less than 0.05) in these patients when compared with matched controls. In 19 patients with positive gonorrheal cultures at delivery, there was a significant increase in the incidence of premature rupture of membranes (p less than 0.05), chorioamnionitis (p less than 0.05), and prematurity (p less than 0.05). Recurrence or persistence of positive cultures was found in 18 per cent of the patients with pregnancy gonorrhea. Two required hospitalization for intensive parenteral treatment when repeated attempts at outpatient management were unsuccessful.", "contents": "Gonorrhea in pregnancy. Pregnancy complicated by gonorrhea was studied in 178 patients delivered of their infants over an eight-year period. There was an increased incidence of chorioamnionitis (p less than 0.05) and intrauterine growth retardation (p less than 0.05) in these patients when compared with matched controls. In 19 patients with positive gonorrheal cultures at delivery, there was a significant increase in the incidence of premature rupture of membranes (p less than 0.05), chorioamnionitis (p less than 0.05), and prematurity (p less than 0.05). Recurrence or persistence of positive cultures was found in 18 per cent of the patients with pregnancy gonorrhea. Two required hospitalization for intensive parenteral treatment when repeated attempts at outpatient management were unsuccessful.", "PMID": 717469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7036", "title": "Induction of labor with oral prostaglandin E2 in normal and high-risk pregnancies.", "content": "There were 153 oral prostaglandin (PG) E2 inductions attempted in 149 patients. For various reasons nine cases were dropped from the study. Of the remaining 144 induction attempts, 96 were judged successful, with a success rate of 67 per cent. Details of these inductions are presented, including summaries of three patients with uterine hypertonus and three with uterine hyperstimulation. As a rule, the labor pattern established with oral PGE2 was effective and indistinguishable from normal spontaneous labor. After review of the data we feel that induction of labor with oral PGE2 is no more hazardous to mother or infant than with other oxytocic agents. In our opinion oral PGE2 offers the obstetrician an additional means for induction of labor in normal and high-risk pregnancies. The need for close observation of the progress of labor during PGE2 inductions is emphasized.", "contents": "Induction of labor with oral prostaglandin E2 in normal and high-risk pregnancies. There were 153 oral prostaglandin (PG) E2 inductions attempted in 149 patients. For various reasons nine cases were dropped from the study. Of the remaining 144 induction attempts, 96 were judged successful, with a success rate of 67 per cent. Details of these inductions are presented, including summaries of three patients with uterine hypertonus and three with uterine hyperstimulation. As a rule, the labor pattern established with oral PGE2 was effective and indistinguishable from normal spontaneous labor. After review of the data we feel that induction of labor with oral PGE2 is no more hazardous to mother or infant than with other oxytocic agents. In our opinion oral PGE2 offers the obstetrician an additional means for induction of labor in normal and high-risk pregnancies. The need for close observation of the progress of labor during PGE2 inductions is emphasized.", "PMID": 717470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7037", "title": "Polyamines in amniotic fluid, plasma, and urine during normal pregnancy.", "content": "Polyamines have been implicated as markers of cell kinetic parameters. Putrescine and spermine were elevated in the urine of women with normal pregnancies. Particularly striking was the over 75-fold increase in spermine excretion. Putrescine was more than twofold that found for normal women. In several patients followed serially during pregnancy to assess the temporal pattern of the urinary excretion of polyamines, it was found that the highest levels of all three polyamines occurred at 12 weeks of gestation. In amniotic fluid, putrescine was higher prior to 30 weeks of gestation whereas spermidine was significantly higher at or beyond 30 weeks of gestation. Spermine was relatively high in both groups. Studies are ongoing to assess whether alterations from these normally elevated patterns will occur in the fluids of pregnant women at high risk for abnormal fetal development.", "contents": "Polyamines in amniotic fluid, plasma, and urine during normal pregnancy. Polyamines have been implicated as markers of cell kinetic parameters. Putrescine and spermine were elevated in the urine of women with normal pregnancies. Particularly striking was the over 75-fold increase in spermine excretion. Putrescine was more than twofold that found for normal women. In several patients followed serially during pregnancy to assess the temporal pattern of the urinary excretion of polyamines, it was found that the highest levels of all three polyamines occurred at 12 weeks of gestation. In amniotic fluid, putrescine was higher prior to 30 weeks of gestation whereas spermidine was significantly higher at or beyond 30 weeks of gestation. Spermine was relatively high in both groups. Studies are ongoing to assess whether alterations from these normally elevated patterns will occur in the fluids of pregnant women at high risk for abnormal fetal development.", "PMID": 717471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7038", "title": "Transfer of estradiol to human milk.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for the measurement of estradiol in human milk is evaluated. The detection limit was found to be 25 pg. of estradiol per milliliter of milk. In milk samples collected from four lactating women during three to four months and from one pregnant and lactating woman, the concentration of estradiol was found to be below the detection limit of the assay. When six lactating women were given vaginal suppositories containing 50 or 100 mg. of estradiol, it was possible to estimate the estradiol concentration in milk. A ratio of transfer of estradiol from plasma to milk during physiologic conditions is calculated to be less than 100:10.", "contents": "Transfer of estradiol to human milk. A radioimmunoassay for the measurement of estradiol in human milk is evaluated. The detection limit was found to be 25 pg. of estradiol per milliliter of milk. In milk samples collected from four lactating women during three to four months and from one pregnant and lactating woman, the concentration of estradiol was found to be below the detection limit of the assay. When six lactating women were given vaginal suppositories containing 50 or 100 mg. of estradiol, it was possible to estimate the estradiol concentration in milk. A ratio of transfer of estradiol from plasma to milk during physiologic conditions is calculated to be less than 100:10.", "PMID": 717472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7039", "title": "Neonatal neurobehavioral tests following cesarean section under general and spinal anesthesia.", "content": "The Scanlon Group of Early Neonatal Neurobehavioral Tests (E.N.N.S.) was administered to 150 babies delivered by elective cesarean section. Fifty of the mothers were induced into general anesthesia with thiopental, 4 mg. per kilogram, and 50 with ketamine, 1 mg. per kilogram. Fifty mothers received spinal anesthesia with 6 to 8 mg. of tetracaine. All mothers receiving spinal anesthesia were given 100 per cent oxygen by a transparent face mask and all undergoing general anesthesia received N2O-O2 (6L:6L) until delivery of the baby. All mothers were healthy and all babies weighed 2,500 grams or more, were apparently normal, and had Apgar scores of 7 or more at one minute to 10 at five minutes. Spinal anesthesia was associated with the greatest percentage of high scores on both the first and second day for overall assessment, pinprick response, tone, rooting, sucking. Moro response, placing, alertness, and total decrement (habituation) scores. There was a statistically significant difference between all the scores for spinal compared to the other two groups. The scores were lowest following a thiopental induction and intermediate with ketamine although the difference did not reach statistical significance.", "contents": "Neonatal neurobehavioral tests following cesarean section under general and spinal anesthesia. The Scanlon Group of Early Neonatal Neurobehavioral Tests (E.N.N.S.) was administered to 150 babies delivered by elective cesarean section. Fifty of the mothers were induced into general anesthesia with thiopental, 4 mg. per kilogram, and 50 with ketamine, 1 mg. per kilogram. Fifty mothers received spinal anesthesia with 6 to 8 mg. of tetracaine. All mothers receiving spinal anesthesia were given 100 per cent oxygen by a transparent face mask and all undergoing general anesthesia received N2O-O2 (6L:6L) until delivery of the baby. All mothers were healthy and all babies weighed 2,500 grams or more, were apparently normal, and had Apgar scores of 7 or more at one minute to 10 at five minutes. Spinal anesthesia was associated with the greatest percentage of high scores on both the first and second day for overall assessment, pinprick response, tone, rooting, sucking. Moro response, placing, alertness, and total decrement (habituation) scores. There was a statistically significant difference between all the scores for spinal compared to the other two groups. The scores were lowest following a thiopental induction and intermediate with ketamine although the difference did not reach statistical significance.", "PMID": 717473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7040", "title": "Distribution of the bulk of the normal placenta. Review and classification of 800 cases by ultrasonography.", "content": "A series of 800 ultrasonographic placentographies is reviewed and categorized by the location of the main bulk of the placenta. It represents, to our knowledge, the first such study of the undisturbed placenta and demonstrates a remarkably even distribution with frequent overlapping of more than one uterine sector. A simple form of categorization is presented and the clinical implications and value of ultrasonography are underscored.", "contents": "Distribution of the bulk of the normal placenta. Review and classification of 800 cases by ultrasonography. A series of 800 ultrasonographic placentographies is reviewed and categorized by the location of the main bulk of the placenta. It represents, to our knowledge, the first such study of the undisturbed placenta and demonstrates a remarkably even distribution with frequent overlapping of more than one uterine sector. A simple form of categorization is presented and the clinical implications and value of ultrasonography are underscored.", "PMID": 717474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7041", "title": "Early detection of human chorionic gonadotropin in urine by simple immunoassays.", "content": "Data are presented to show that human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in urine can be detected early in pregnancy by simple immunoassays performed prior to or around the time of the expected but missed menstrual period. Differences between the use of simple immunoassays with urine and radioimmunoassays and radioreceptor assays with serum are discussed.", "contents": "Early detection of human chorionic gonadotropin in urine by simple immunoassays. Data are presented to show that human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in urine can be detected early in pregnancy by simple immunoassays performed prior to or around the time of the expected but missed menstrual period. Differences between the use of simple immunoassays with urine and radioimmunoassays and radioreceptor assays with serum are discussed.", "PMID": 717476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7042", "title": "Resident training goals in obstetrics and gynecology for the 1980's. Presidential address.", "content": "Residency training goals and manpower needs in the 1980's and beyond should bear a consistent relationship. Projections for supply and demand for obstetrics and gynecology and for those medical specialties with overlapping responsibilities, though fraught with uncertainties, suggest that currently approved training programs in obstetrics and gynecology will meet clinical manpower needs for 1990. The role of the obstetrician-gynecologist in the primary care of women will be increasingly shared with others and the trend in urban areas for task delegation seems likely to increase. The popular and pervasive emphasis on primary care carries with it the serious risk that the present shortage of qualified investigators may not be corrected in the next decade. This could seriously hamper our efforts to recruit new faculty and maintain quality in our training programs.", "contents": "Resident training goals in obstetrics and gynecology for the 1980's. Presidential address. Residency training goals and manpower needs in the 1980's and beyond should bear a consistent relationship. Projections for supply and demand for obstetrics and gynecology and for those medical specialties with overlapping responsibilities, though fraught with uncertainties, suggest that currently approved training programs in obstetrics and gynecology will meet clinical manpower needs for 1990. The role of the obstetrician-gynecologist in the primary care of women will be increasingly shared with others and the trend in urban areas for task delegation seems likely to increase. The popular and pervasive emphasis on primary care carries with it the serious risk that the present shortage of qualified investigators may not be corrected in the next decade. This could seriously hamper our efforts to recruit new faculty and maintain quality in our training programs.", "PMID": 717487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7043", "title": "The effect of estrogens on hypothalamic structure and function.", "content": "Data accumulated from studies of several species indicate that sex steroids are metabolized by neuroendocrine tissues in a manner analogous to that of other target tissues. Evidence that androgens or their estrogenic metabolites affect the morphology and function of the nervous system in fetal, newborn, developing, and adult rats is presented. The destruction of neural processes subsequent to the administration of large doses of estrogen to intact rats can now be added to the previously known effects on synaptogenesis, cell morphology, and function. We believe this destruction to be a form of chemical deafferentation and that it may underlie age-related hypothalamic failure and the development of multifollicular ovaries in the rat. Implications for other species are not clear at present.", "contents": "The effect of estrogens on hypothalamic structure and function. Data accumulated from studies of several species indicate that sex steroids are metabolized by neuroendocrine tissues in a manner analogous to that of other target tissues. Evidence that androgens or their estrogenic metabolites affect the morphology and function of the nervous system in fetal, newborn, developing, and adult rats is presented. The destruction of neural processes subsequent to the administration of large doses of estrogen to intact rats can now be added to the previously known effects on synaptogenesis, cell morphology, and function. We believe this destruction to be a form of chemical deafferentation and that it may underlie age-related hypothalamic failure and the development of multifollicular ovaries in the rat. Implications for other species are not clear at present.", "PMID": 717488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7044", "title": "Intrauterine ethanol-induced termination of pregnancy in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).", "content": "The effectiveness of locally applied ethanol in terminating early pregnancy in cynomolgus monkeys was studied. In a randomized trial ethanol (70 per cent, 1 ml.) or saline (0.9 per cent, 1 ml.) was injected extra-amniotically through a sterile blunt-end needdle inserted through the cervix into the uterine cavity. Six of seven monkeys receiving ethanol showed vaginal bleeding beginning one or two days after treatment. With the one failure, alcohol leakage occurred from the Luer-lock needle joint at the time of injection and the amount entering the uterus was unknown. No animal receiving saline showed any vaginal bleeding. The six monkeys showing vaginal bleeding were found to have nonenlarged or subnormally enlarged uteri one month after treatment. All monkeys subsequently resumed menstrual cycles within one year. Three monkeys became pregnant and were delivered at term of healthy offspring. Histologic evaluation of uteri from ethanol-treated monkeys revealed necrosis of decidua and, to a lesser degree, of the placenta one day after injection. The high efficacy of 70 per cent ethanol in inducing endometrial sloughing and the documentation of normal subsequent pregnancies in 50 per cent of treated monkeys make this technique worthy of consideration as a menstrual induction agent in women.", "contents": "Intrauterine ethanol-induced termination of pregnancy in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). The effectiveness of locally applied ethanol in terminating early pregnancy in cynomolgus monkeys was studied. In a randomized trial ethanol (70 per cent, 1 ml.) or saline (0.9 per cent, 1 ml.) was injected extra-amniotically through a sterile blunt-end needdle inserted through the cervix into the uterine cavity. Six of seven monkeys receiving ethanol showed vaginal bleeding beginning one or two days after treatment. With the one failure, alcohol leakage occurred from the Luer-lock needle joint at the time of injection and the amount entering the uterus was unknown. No animal receiving saline showed any vaginal bleeding. The six monkeys showing vaginal bleeding were found to have nonenlarged or subnormally enlarged uteri one month after treatment. All monkeys subsequently resumed menstrual cycles within one year. Three monkeys became pregnant and were delivered at term of healthy offspring. Histologic evaluation of uteri from ethanol-treated monkeys revealed necrosis of decidua and, to a lesser degree, of the placenta one day after injection. The high efficacy of 70 per cent ethanol in inducing endometrial sloughing and the documentation of normal subsequent pregnancies in 50 per cent of treated monkeys make this technique worthy of consideration as a menstrual induction agent in women.", "PMID": 717489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7045", "title": "Clinical significance of fetal heart rate patterns during labor. V. Variable decelerations.", "content": "Among a large series of high-risk patients who had direct electronic monitoring, 330 fetuses presented \"variable\" decelerations and 598 had no decelerations. Among those with variable decelerations, there were 18 who presented such associated fetal heart rate (FHR) alterations as tachycardia, fixed baseline, and slow recovery (\"hypoxic components\"). The fetal outcome, as well as the characteristics of FHR patterns, were compared among the three groups. Baseline changes were significantly higher among pure variable decelerations and still higher among those having variable decelerations with hypoxic components. Likewise, one- and five-minute Apgar scores were significantly lower in that order. Only 4 per cent with no decelerations had clinical fetal distress while 23 per cent with variable decelerations and 78 per cent of those with variable and hypoxic components had distress. Neonatal death was higher among groups with variable decelerations. Premature rupture of membranes seemed to be the only clearly different (and probably influencing) clinical condition, being higher among the group with variable decelerations. Variable decelerations (\"cord patterns\") are associated with a relatively high rate of depressed infants. This problem is much worse when elements characteristic of hypoxia are identified in FHR tracings. The degree of drop in FHR frequency is not among those elements so identified. It is thus possible to prevent significant fetal deterioration by meticulous analysis of FHR tracings and active management when \"late\" components are identified on variable decelerations.", "contents": "Clinical significance of fetal heart rate patterns during labor. V. Variable decelerations. Among a large series of high-risk patients who had direct electronic monitoring, 330 fetuses presented \"variable\" decelerations and 598 had no decelerations. Among those with variable decelerations, there were 18 who presented such associated fetal heart rate (FHR) alterations as tachycardia, fixed baseline, and slow recovery (\"hypoxic components\"). The fetal outcome, as well as the characteristics of FHR patterns, were compared among the three groups. Baseline changes were significantly higher among pure variable decelerations and still higher among those having variable decelerations with hypoxic components. Likewise, one- and five-minute Apgar scores were significantly lower in that order. Only 4 per cent with no decelerations had clinical fetal distress while 23 per cent with variable decelerations and 78 per cent of those with variable and hypoxic components had distress. Neonatal death was higher among groups with variable decelerations. Premature rupture of membranes seemed to be the only clearly different (and probably influencing) clinical condition, being higher among the group with variable decelerations. Variable decelerations (\"cord patterns\") are associated with a relatively high rate of depressed infants. This problem is much worse when elements characteristic of hypoxia are identified in FHR tracings. The degree of drop in FHR frequency is not among those elements so identified. It is thus possible to prevent significant fetal deterioration by meticulous analysis of FHR tracings and active management when \"late\" components are identified on variable decelerations.", "PMID": 717490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7046", "title": "Evolution of thinking in fetal respiratory physiology.", "content": "An outstanding characteristic of intrauterine life is the low oxygen pressure (Po2) of fetal blood. It seemed at one time that in order to tolerate the Po2 of the uterine environment the fetus must have a relatively slow rate of oxidative metabolism or depend upon anaerobic pathways of substrate utilization. Subsequent studies have shown that the fetus has a high rate of oxygen consumption and that lactic acid is a substrate rather than a net product of normal fetal metabolism. The circulatory response of the fetus to acute hypoxia is centered on the requirement of maintaining the arterial oxygen flow to the heart and central nervous system without increasing cardiac output. The arterial oxygen flow concept helps in understanding the physiologic meaning of the high oxygen affinity of fetal blood and the boundary conditions of the fetal defense against hypoxia.", "contents": "Evolution of thinking in fetal respiratory physiology. An outstanding characteristic of intrauterine life is the low oxygen pressure (Po2) of fetal blood. It seemed at one time that in order to tolerate the Po2 of the uterine environment the fetus must have a relatively slow rate of oxidative metabolism or depend upon anaerobic pathways of substrate utilization. Subsequent studies have shown that the fetus has a high rate of oxygen consumption and that lactic acid is a substrate rather than a net product of normal fetal metabolism. The circulatory response of the fetus to acute hypoxia is centered on the requirement of maintaining the arterial oxygen flow to the heart and central nervous system without increasing cardiac output. The arterial oxygen flow concept helps in understanding the physiologic meaning of the high oxygen affinity of fetal blood and the boundary conditions of the fetal defense against hypoxia.", "PMID": 717491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7047", "title": "The role of cilia in fertility: an evaluation by selective microsurgical modification of the rabbit oviduct.", "content": "Fertility, ovum transport, and ciliary activity were examined in 35 rabbits after either unilateral microsurgical reversal or double transection (surgical controls) of 1 cm. segments of distal, middle, or proximal ampulla. Fertility was also examined following similar segmental reversal at the level of the distal and proximal isthmus in eight additional rabbits. Reversal of 1 cm. segments of distal, middle, or proximal ampulla effectively prevented pregnancy. In contrast, control animals that underwent double transection without reversal experienced unaltered fertility. Reversal of 1 cm. segments of distal or proximal isthmus was also consistent with normal fertility. Ova placed on the fimbrial surface of oviducts that had undergone ampullary segmental reversal were arrested at the distal anastomosis of the reversed segment. When mechanically displaced into the reversed segment, such ova were transported toward the ovary and were again arrested at the distal anastomosis. Transampullary transport of ova was normal in doubly transected controls. Ova were transported across both anastomosis sites to the ampullary isthmic junction. Studies of ciliary activity confirmed that cilia within reversed segments of ampulla beat in the ovarian direction, counter to that in the rest of the oviduct. Direction of ciliary beat remained unaltered in surgical controls. These experiments demonstrate a critical role of tubal cilia in ovum transport through the rabbit ampulla. In contrast, other mechanisms control ovum transport into and through the tubal isthmus.", "contents": "The role of cilia in fertility: an evaluation by selective microsurgical modification of the rabbit oviduct. Fertility, ovum transport, and ciliary activity were examined in 35 rabbits after either unilateral microsurgical reversal or double transection (surgical controls) of 1 cm. segments of distal, middle, or proximal ampulla. Fertility was also examined following similar segmental reversal at the level of the distal and proximal isthmus in eight additional rabbits. Reversal of 1 cm. segments of distal, middle, or proximal ampulla effectively prevented pregnancy. In contrast, control animals that underwent double transection without reversal experienced unaltered fertility. Reversal of 1 cm. segments of distal or proximal isthmus was also consistent with normal fertility. Ova placed on the fimbrial surface of oviducts that had undergone ampullary segmental reversal were arrested at the distal anastomosis of the reversed segment. When mechanically displaced into the reversed segment, such ova were transported toward the ovary and were again arrested at the distal anastomosis. Transampullary transport of ova was normal in doubly transected controls. Ova were transported across both anastomosis sites to the ampullary isthmic junction. Studies of ciliary activity confirmed that cilia within reversed segments of ampulla beat in the ovarian direction, counter to that in the rest of the oviduct. Direction of ciliary beat remained unaltered in surgical controls. These experiments demonstrate a critical role of tubal cilia in ovum transport through the rabbit ampulla. In contrast, other mechanisms control ovum transport into and through the tubal isthmus.", "PMID": 717492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7048", "title": "The corneal endothelium and the spectrum of essential iris atrophy.", "content": "We found that the spectrum of essential iris atrophy (progressive essential iris atrophy, Chandler's syndrome, and the Cogan-Reese syndrome) began as a corneal endothelial degeneration, which, with ectopic endothelial membrane overgrowth over an open angle, followed by contraction of this membrane and further growth onto the iris, accounted for all aspects of the syndrome.  The contractile membrane caused the synechiae, the glaucoma, the corectopia, the ectropion uveae, the occasional iris nodules, and the iris atrophy. Thus we found this disease to be primarily of the cornea, and only secondarily of the iris. The results of this study led us to propose a new designation for this spectrum: primary proliferative endothelial degeneration.", "contents": "The corneal endothelium and the spectrum of essential iris atrophy. We found that the spectrum of essential iris atrophy (progressive essential iris atrophy, Chandler's syndrome, and the Cogan-Reese syndrome) began as a corneal endothelial degeneration, which, with ectopic endothelial membrane overgrowth over an open angle, followed by contraction of this membrane and further growth onto the iris, accounted for all aspects of the syndrome.  The contractile membrane caused the synechiae, the glaucoma, the corectopia, the ectropion uveae, the occasional iris nodules, and the iris atrophy. Thus we found this disease to be primarily of the cornea, and only secondarily of the iris. The results of this study led us to propose a new designation for this spectrum: primary proliferative endothelial degeneration.", "PMID": 717494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7049", "title": "The prevalence of HLA-B7 in presumed ocular histoplasmosis in patients with peripheral atrophic scars.", "content": "Patients identified in the Walkersville, Maryland, epidemiologic study of presumed ocular histoplasmosis as having only peripheral atrophic scars showed no increase in frequency of HLA-B7 over a control population. Because this antigen is increased in patients with a history of active macular or peripapillary lesions, these findings indicate an inherent predisposition in some patients to develop posterior pole lesions after an ocular infection with Histoplasma capsulatum. The precise mechanisms by which the histocompatibility complex participates in the pathogenesis of these lesions is unknown, but our data are compatible with previous suggestions that alterations in the immune response of these individuals are in some way important in the development of disciform scarring in the posterior pole.", "contents": "The prevalence of HLA-B7 in presumed ocular histoplasmosis in patients with peripheral atrophic scars. Patients identified in the Walkersville, Maryland, epidemiologic study of presumed ocular histoplasmosis as having only peripheral atrophic scars showed no increase in frequency of HLA-B7 over a control population. Because this antigen is increased in patients with a history of active macular or peripapillary lesions, these findings indicate an inherent predisposition in some patients to develop posterior pole lesions after an ocular infection with Histoplasma capsulatum. The precise mechanisms by which the histocompatibility complex participates in the pathogenesis of these lesions is unknown, but our data are compatible with previous suggestions that alterations in the immune response of these individuals are in some way important in the development of disciform scarring in the posterior pole.", "PMID": 717495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7050", "title": "Effects of panretinal photocoagulation on rubeosis iridis, angle neovascularization, and neovascular glaucoma.", "content": "Ninety-three patients received ruby laser panretinal photocoagulation in one eye for diabetic retinopathy and we examined them at an average time of 7.1 years later. In 14 patients, the untreated eye developed rubeosis iridis and the contralateral treated eye did not. In seven patients, the untreated eye developed angle neovascularization and the contralateral eye did not. The untreated eye developed neovascular glaucoma and the contralateral treated eye did not in four patients. Our findings suggest that eyes with proliferative retinopathy that received panretinal photocoagulation are less likely to develop rubeosis iridis, angle neovascularization, and probably neovascular glaucoma, than those eyes not receiving panretinal photocoagulation.", "contents": "Effects of panretinal photocoagulation on rubeosis iridis, angle neovascularization, and neovascular glaucoma. Ninety-three patients received ruby laser panretinal photocoagulation in one eye for diabetic retinopathy and we examined them at an average time of 7.1 years later. In 14 patients, the untreated eye developed rubeosis iridis and the contralateral treated eye did not. In seven patients, the untreated eye developed angle neovascularization and the contralateral eye did not. The untreated eye developed neovascular glaucoma and the contralateral treated eye did not in four patients. Our findings suggest that eyes with proliferative retinopathy that received panretinal photocoagulation are less likely to develop rubeosis iridis, angle neovascularization, and probably neovascular glaucoma, than those eyes not receiving panretinal photocoagulation.", "PMID": 717496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7051", "title": "Long-term treatment of glaucoma with systemic propranolol.", "content": "In 17 patients with glaucoma and in two with ocular hypertension, all of whom had not responded satisfactorily to any conventional therapy, treatment was extended to include propranolol systemically. In periods up to 3.5 years, this therapy has kept the intraocular pressure at levels below 23 mm Hg in seven patients. Propranolol was withdrawn in five patients whose visual field continually deteriorated. No correlation between worsening of visual field defects and decrease in systemic blood pressure was noted. In the other patients propranolol was withdrawn because of increasing intraocular pressure or side effects.", "contents": "Long-term treatment of glaucoma with systemic propranolol. In 17 patients with glaucoma and in two with ocular hypertension, all of whom had not responded satisfactorily to any conventional therapy, treatment was extended to include propranolol systemically. In periods up to 3.5 years, this therapy has kept the intraocular pressure at levels below 23 mm Hg in seven patients. Propranolol was withdrawn in five patients whose visual field continually deteriorated. No correlation between worsening of visual field defects and decrease in systemic blood pressure was noted. In the other patients propranolol was withdrawn because of increasing intraocular pressure or side effects.", "PMID": 717497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7052", "title": "Leaking filtering blebs.", "content": "Histologic examination of ten leaking filtering blebs revealed an epithelial tract running from the surface of the bleb down to the episclera in eight cases. These epithelial tracts were considered the real cause of the persistent leakage.", "contents": "Leaking filtering blebs. Histologic examination of ten leaking filtering blebs revealed an epithelial tract running from the surface of the bleb down to the episclera in eight cases. These epithelial tracts were considered the real cause of the persistent leakage.", "PMID": 717498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7053", "title": "Vitreous findings in fellow eyes of aphakic retinal detachment.", "content": "One hundred patients had bilateral aphakia, primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, and adequate visualization of the retinal and vitreous in the fellow eye. Of 43 patients with posterior vitreous separation and no retinal tear in the fellow eye, only one (2%) subsequently developed retinal detachment. Of 40 patients without posterior vitreous separation in the fellow eye, eight (20%) later developed retinal detachment following posterior vitreous separation. The remaining 17 patients had posterior vitreous separation and retinal tear or detachment at the time of initial examination. Thus, if posterior vitreous separation occurs without forming retinal tear, the risk of developing retinal detachment is significantly lowered.", "contents": "Vitreous findings in fellow eyes of aphakic retinal detachment. One hundred patients had bilateral aphakia, primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, and adequate visualization of the retinal and vitreous in the fellow eye. Of 43 patients with posterior vitreous separation and no retinal tear in the fellow eye, only one (2%) subsequently developed retinal detachment. Of 40 patients without posterior vitreous separation in the fellow eye, eight (20%) later developed retinal detachment following posterior vitreous separation. The remaining 17 patients had posterior vitreous separation and retinal tear or detachment at the time of initial examination. Thus, if posterior vitreous separation occurs without forming retinal tear, the risk of developing retinal detachment is significantly lowered.", "PMID": 717499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7054", "title": "Retinal holes.", "content": "Holes of the peripheral retina, defined as full-thickness breaks of trophic origin with no associated flap or free operculum, were found in 136 (2.4%) eyes from 2,800 autopsied subjects. Primary retinal holes (those with no indication of a proximal causative lesion and with no lattice degeneration in either eye) occurred in only eight of the 5,600 eyes studied; all were unilateral, single, less than 0.25 disk diameter in size, within the basal zone, and in eyes from elderly subjects. Secondary holes were found in 128 (2.3%) of eyes and of these, lattice degeneration was the most common cause (103). Other lesions complicated by hole formation included zonular traction tufts (10), chorioretinitis (9), meridional folds (3), and pavingstone degeneration (2). Retinal holes in surgically aphakic eyes did not differ qualitatively or quantitatively from those in age-matched phakic eyes.", "contents": "Retinal holes. Holes of the peripheral retina, defined as full-thickness breaks of trophic origin with no associated flap or free operculum, were found in 136 (2.4%) eyes from 2,800 autopsied subjects. Primary retinal holes (those with no indication of a proximal causative lesion and with no lattice degeneration in either eye) occurred in only eight of the 5,600 eyes studied; all were unilateral, single, less than 0.25 disk diameter in size, within the basal zone, and in eyes from elderly subjects. Secondary holes were found in 128 (2.3%) of eyes and of these, lattice degeneration was the most common cause (103). Other lesions complicated by hole formation included zonular traction tufts (10), chorioretinitis (9), meridional folds (3), and pavingstone degeneration (2). Retinal holes in surgically aphakic eyes did not differ qualitatively or quantitatively from those in age-matched phakic eyes.", "PMID": 717500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7055", "title": "Choroidal osteoma.", "content": "A 15-year-old white girl had a presumed choroidal hemangioma in the posterior pole of the right eye. The lesion appeared to grow, and we performed a phosphorous uptake test, which was positive. Subsequent studies demonstrated that the tumor was a choroidal osteoma.", "contents": "Choroidal osteoma. A 15-year-old white girl had a presumed choroidal hemangioma in the posterior pole of the right eye. The lesion appeared to grow, and we performed a phosphorous uptake test, which was positive. Subsequent studies demonstrated that the tumor was a choroidal osteoma.", "PMID": 717501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7056", "title": "Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment following chorioretinal inflammatory disease.", "content": "Preexisting ocular inflammatory disease was responsible for 44 cases (1.7%) of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in a large series of consecutive retinal detachments. Characteristics of retinal detachments following ocular inflammatory disease include a longer duration of the detachment, fewer observable retinal breaks, a higher incidence of visible vitreous membranes and preoperative macular puckers, a younger age distribution, and a higher incidence of phakic patients. In comparing the group of postinflammatory rhegmatogenous retinal detachments with detachments not associated with inflammation, the following characteristics did not show any statistically significant difference: sex, the eye involved, the status of the ciliary epithelium, the presence or types of retinal folds, the rate of operative complications, or the rate of reattachment at six months.", "contents": "Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment following chorioretinal inflammatory disease. Preexisting ocular inflammatory disease was responsible for 44 cases (1.7%) of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in a large series of consecutive retinal detachments. Characteristics of retinal detachments following ocular inflammatory disease include a longer duration of the detachment, fewer observable retinal breaks, a higher incidence of visible vitreous membranes and preoperative macular puckers, a younger age distribution, and a higher incidence of phakic patients. In comparing the group of postinflammatory rhegmatogenous retinal detachments with detachments not associated with inflammation, the following characteristics did not show any statistically significant difference: sex, the eye involved, the status of the ciliary epithelium, the presence or types of retinal folds, the rate of operative complications, or the rate of reattachment at six months.", "PMID": 717502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7057", "title": "Choroidal folds.", "content": "We documented the presence of choroidal folds in a series of 59 eyes. Fifteen separate conditions were established as causes of the choroidal folds. Hyperopia was the most common cuase, although no definite etiology could be established in ten cases.", "contents": "Choroidal folds. We documented the presence of choroidal folds in a series of 59 eyes. Fifteen separate conditions were established as causes of the choroidal folds. Hyperopia was the most common cuase, although no definite etiology could be established in ten cases.", "PMID": 717503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7058", "title": "Immune complexes in retinoblastoma.", "content": "Thirteen patients with retinoblastoma were tested for circulating immune complexes using the Raji cell radioimmunoassay. Eight of 13 patients had statistically significantly increased levels of immune complexes.", "contents": "Immune complexes in retinoblastoma. Thirteen patients with retinoblastoma were tested for circulating immune complexes using the Raji cell radioimmunoassay. Eight of 13 patients had statistically significantly increased levels of immune complexes.", "PMID": 717504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7059", "title": "An unusual case of metastatic carcinoma to the eyelid.", "content": "A 46-year-old woman developed a painless nodular lesion of her right lower eyelid four years after having a right radical mastectomy for breast carcinoma. The lesion slowly increased in size over one year to involve full thickness eyelid tissue that included the margin and inferior punctum and was associated with localized loss of cilia. The clinical appearance of the lesion and its course of development suggested a primary eyelid neoplasm. Incisional biopsy revealed metastatic mammary carcinoma.", "contents": "An unusual case of metastatic carcinoma to the eyelid. A 46-year-old woman developed a painless nodular lesion of her right lower eyelid four years after having a right radical mastectomy for breast carcinoma. The lesion slowly increased in size over one year to involve full thickness eyelid tissue that included the margin and inferior punctum and was associated with localized loss of cilia. The clinical appearance of the lesion and its course of development suggested a primary eyelid neoplasm. Incisional biopsy revealed metastatic mammary carcinoma.", "PMID": 717505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7060", "title": "Conjunctiva in asymptomatic contact lens wearers.", "content": "Biopsy specimens of the upper tarsal conjunctiva from 11 asymptomatic, biomicroscopically normal contact lens wearers (five hard and six soft) were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The conjunctiva in lens wearers showed areas of normal epithelial cell surfaces interspersed among areas of altered cells. The altered cell surfaces were characterized by centralized clumped microvilli and baring of that portion of plasma membrane around the cell periphery. The degree of centralization of microvilli varied widely, from a mild tendency to centralize accompanied by slight reduction in cell diameter, to an exteme centralization and dramatic diameter reduction. In some cells, the centralized microvillar structure had a unique mucuslike covering. Numerous altered cells were present in all 11 specimens from asymptomatic contact lens wearers. The number of these cells found by conjunctival biopsy of the hard contact lens wearers and the number in the soft contact lens wearers apparently did not differ. The upper tarsal conjunctiva in these asymptomatic contact lens wearers has an altered epithelial surface, different from that observed in normal subjects without contact lens-wearing experience and from subjects with contact lens-associated giant papillary conjunctivitis.", "contents": "Conjunctiva in asymptomatic contact lens wearers. Biopsy specimens of the upper tarsal conjunctiva from 11 asymptomatic, biomicroscopically normal contact lens wearers (five hard and six soft) were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The conjunctiva in lens wearers showed areas of normal epithelial cell surfaces interspersed among areas of altered cells. The altered cell surfaces were characterized by centralized clumped microvilli and baring of that portion of plasma membrane around the cell periphery. The degree of centralization of microvilli varied widely, from a mild tendency to centralize accompanied by slight reduction in cell diameter, to an exteme centralization and dramatic diameter reduction. In some cells, the centralized microvillar structure had a unique mucuslike covering. Numerous altered cells were present in all 11 specimens from asymptomatic contact lens wearers. The number of these cells found by conjunctival biopsy of the hard contact lens wearers and the number in the soft contact lens wearers apparently did not differ. The upper tarsal conjunctiva in these asymptomatic contact lens wearers has an altered epithelial surface, different from that observed in normal subjects without contact lens-wearing experience and from subjects with contact lens-associated giant papillary conjunctivitis.", "PMID": 717506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7061", "title": "An unusual case of ophthalmoplegic migraine.", "content": "A 33-year-old man complaining of headache and diplopia lasting one hour or less and occurring weekly was found to have ophthalmoplegic migraine. He was treated unsuccessfully with propranolol HCl, ergotamine tartrate, and methysergide maleate.", "contents": "An unusual case of ophthalmoplegic migraine. A 33-year-old man complaining of headache and diplopia lasting one hour or less and occurring weekly was found to have ophthalmoplegic migraine. He was treated unsuccessfully with propranolol HCl, ergotamine tartrate, and methysergide maleate.", "PMID": 717507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7062", "title": "Evaluation of dexamethasone acetate as a topical ophthalmic formulation.", "content": "Penetration of an ophthalmic suspension of 0.1% dexamethasone acetate into the rabbit cornea and aqueous humor was unaffected by the status of the corneal epithelium or by the presence or absence of intraocular inflammation. However, the total quantity of this corticosteroid that could be measured in the cornea or aqueous humor was significantly less than that produced by either dexamethason alcohol or dexamethasone sodium phosphate. Despite this, dexamethasone acetate was the most effective of the three dexamethasone derivatives in suppressing inflammation in the cornea, which indicates that following topical administration to the eye it is the most potent of the dexamethasone derivatives studied. This greater therapeutic effect does not seem to be accompanied by a greater propensity to increase intraocular pressure. Comparison of the intraocular pressureincreasing effect in known corticosteroid responders of dexamethasone acetate with that of dexamethasone sodium phosphate, the least effective of the dexamethasone products studied, demonstrated no difference between the two drugs. These data support the conclusion that dexamethasone acetate is superior to the commercially available dexamethasone derivatives for use as a topical ocular anti-inflammatory agent.", "contents": "Evaluation of dexamethasone acetate as a topical ophthalmic formulation. Penetration of an ophthalmic suspension of 0.1% dexamethasone acetate into the rabbit cornea and aqueous humor was unaffected by the status of the corneal epithelium or by the presence or absence of intraocular inflammation. However, the total quantity of this corticosteroid that could be measured in the cornea or aqueous humor was significantly less than that produced by either dexamethason alcohol or dexamethasone sodium phosphate. Despite this, dexamethasone acetate was the most effective of the three dexamethasone derivatives in suppressing inflammation in the cornea, which indicates that following topical administration to the eye it is the most potent of the dexamethasone derivatives studied. This greater therapeutic effect does not seem to be accompanied by a greater propensity to increase intraocular pressure. Comparison of the intraocular pressureincreasing effect in known corticosteroid responders of dexamethasone acetate with that of dexamethasone sodium phosphate, the least effective of the dexamethasone products studied, demonstrated no difference between the two drugs. These data support the conclusion that dexamethasone acetate is superior to the commercially available dexamethasone derivatives for use as a topical ocular anti-inflammatory agent.", "PMID": 717508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7063", "title": "Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy.", "content": "A 21-year-old man developed blurred vision and retinal pigment epithelium changes similar to those in acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy following vaccination for swine flu. The patient's medical examination revealed no infectious agents. A hypersensitivity to the attenuated virus of the swine flu vaccine appears to have produced his initial flu-like symptoms and retinal pigment epithelium changes.", "contents": "Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy. A 21-year-old man developed blurred vision and retinal pigment epithelium changes similar to those in acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy following vaccination for swine flu. The patient's medical examination revealed no infectious agents. A hypersensitivity to the attenuated virus of the swine flu vaccine appears to have produced his initial flu-like symptoms and retinal pigment epithelium changes.", "PMID": 717509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7064", "title": "An insertion sleeve for pars plana infusion ports.", "content": "To facilitate placing pars plana infusion ports, we modified the shaft of a piece of 10-gauge tubing or of a hypodermic needle by removing the beveled tip and Luer hub, passing the tubing through the inserter sleeve, and then reattaching the tubing to the Luer hub.", "contents": "An insertion sleeve for pars plana infusion ports. To facilitate placing pars plana infusion ports, we modified the shaft of a piece of 10-gauge tubing or of a hypodermic needle by removing the beveled tip and Luer hub, passing the tubing through the inserter sleeve, and then reattaching the tubing to the Luer hub.", "PMID": 717510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7065", "title": "Removal of blood from the retinal surface in pars plana vitrectomy.", "content": "The technique of removal of blood from the retinal surface in pars plana vitrectomy using a blunt-tipped needle open to the atmosphere has two disadvantages: uncontrolled suction force at the tip of the needle, and a drop in intraocular pressure to zero when the needle is vented to the atmosphere. Modification of the procedure can eliminate these problems. By connecting the blunt-tipped needle to a bag of intravenous fluid, the suction force of the needle can be controlled; and by elevating both the bag connected to the infusion line and that connected to the suction needle, the intraocular pressure can be increased and the problem of intraocular bleeding minimized or eliminated.", "contents": "Removal of blood from the retinal surface in pars plana vitrectomy. The technique of removal of blood from the retinal surface in pars plana vitrectomy using a blunt-tipped needle open to the atmosphere has two disadvantages: uncontrolled suction force at the tip of the needle, and a drop in intraocular pressure to zero when the needle is vented to the atmosphere. Modification of the procedure can eliminate these problems. By connecting the blunt-tipped needle to a bag of intravenous fluid, the suction force of the needle can be controlled; and by elevating both the bag connected to the infusion line and that connected to the suction needle, the intraocular pressure can be increased and the problem of intraocular bleeding minimized or eliminated.", "PMID": 717511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7066", "title": "Localizer for retinal detachment surgery.", "content": "A new mechanical localizer for retinal detachment surgery has two modes of action. The localizer is positioned under visualization in the undepressed state to avoid engaging or marking sclera until the surgeon elects to depress the marking pick after optimum localization.", "contents": "Localizer for retinal detachment surgery. A new mechanical localizer for retinal detachment surgery has two modes of action. The localizer is positioned under visualization in the undepressed state to avoid engaging or marking sclera until the surgeon elects to depress the marking pick after optimum localization.", "PMID": 717512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7067", "title": "Topical retinoic acid in the treatment of corneal xerophthalmia.", "content": "Eight children with corneal xerophthalmia (x2 or x3A) received standard high-protein diets and massive systemic vitamin A therapy. Retinoic acid, 0.1% in oil, was applied daily to one eye, and oil alone to the other. Topical retinoic acid proved safe and effective in speeding corneal healing, especially during the first critical days.", "contents": "Topical retinoic acid in the treatment of corneal xerophthalmia. Eight children with corneal xerophthalmia (x2 or x3A) received standard high-protein diets and massive systemic vitamin A therapy. Retinoic acid, 0.1% in oil, was applied daily to one eye, and oil alone to the other. Topical retinoic acid proved safe and effective in speeding corneal healing, especially during the first critical days.", "PMID": 717517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7068", "title": "Congenital varicella cataract.", "content": "A 16-month-old boy with 1:16 and 1:8 serum titers to varicella zoster fluorescent membrane antigen had had unilateral cataract and microphthalmos since birth. The mother had suffered varicella during the fourth month of pregnancy. Cataract aspiration in the child was uncomplicated.", "contents": "Congenital varicella cataract. A 16-month-old boy with 1:16 and 1:8 serum titers to varicella zoster fluorescent membrane antigen had had unilateral cataract and microphthalmos since birth. The mother had suffered varicella during the fourth month of pregnancy. Cataract aspiration in the child was uncomplicated.", "PMID": 717518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7069", "title": "Massive spontaneous subretinal hemorrhage.", "content": "We studied eight cases of massive, spontaneous subretinal hemorrhage which was characterized by the sudden appearance of one or more large, dark, elevated hematomas under the retina. The initial location of the hemorrhage may have been in the choroid or under the pigment epithelium, or both, but further extravasation of the blood anteriorly frequently resulted in hemorrhage under the neurosensory retina and in the vitreous. Although the lesion can initially be mistaken for a melanoma, the diagnosis is confirmed by the formation of a typical, elevated scar in the involved area. Frequent fundus examinations are essential, and ultrasound, radioactive phosphorus uptake testing, and bilateral patching are helpful in establishing the diagnosis. The hemorrhage is usually the result of a ruptured vessel from a subretinal neovascular network or arterioclerotic degeneration and may be precipitated by the use of anticoagulants.", "contents": "Massive spontaneous subretinal hemorrhage. We studied eight cases of massive, spontaneous subretinal hemorrhage which was characterized by the sudden appearance of one or more large, dark, elevated hematomas under the retina. The initial location of the hemorrhage may have been in the choroid or under the pigment epithelium, or both, but further extravasation of the blood anteriorly frequently resulted in hemorrhage under the neurosensory retina and in the vitreous. Although the lesion can initially be mistaken for a melanoma, the diagnosis is confirmed by the formation of a typical, elevated scar in the involved area. Frequent fundus examinations are essential, and ultrasound, radioactive phosphorus uptake testing, and bilateral patching are helpful in establishing the diagnosis. The hemorrhage is usually the result of a ruptured vessel from a subretinal neovascular network or arterioclerotic degeneration and may be precipitated by the use of anticoagulants.", "PMID": 717519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7070", "title": "A variable focus telescopic instrument for indirect ophthalmoscopy with increased magnification and stereopsis.", "content": "We devised a new binocular indirect ophthalmoscope and a complimentary examination technique that provide enhanced fundus magnification and optimum stereopsis through a wide range of patient pupillary apertures. The lightweight, mechanically simple instrument uses a variable focus Galilean telescopic observation system to enlarge the condensing lens image of the fundus seen by the examiner. The present device is capable of about X 1.5 fundus magnification with negligible stereopsis through a 20-mm patient pupil, continuously increasing to X 8.5 with greatly enhanced stereopsis through an 8-mm pupil. A zoom focusing capability considerably extends the magnification, stereopsis, and small pupip penetrating characteristics of a given condensing lens by allowing the examiner to binocularly observe the telescopically magnified fundus image throughout the 30-cm to 60-cm focusing range of the ophthalmoscope.", "contents": "A variable focus telescopic instrument for indirect ophthalmoscopy with increased magnification and stereopsis. We devised a new binocular indirect ophthalmoscope and a complimentary examination technique that provide enhanced fundus magnification and optimum stereopsis through a wide range of patient pupillary apertures. The lightweight, mechanically simple instrument uses a variable focus Galilean telescopic observation system to enlarge the condensing lens image of the fundus seen by the examiner. The present device is capable of about X 1.5 fundus magnification with negligible stereopsis through a 20-mm patient pupil, continuously increasing to X 8.5 with greatly enhanced stereopsis through an 8-mm pupil. A zoom focusing capability considerably extends the magnification, stereopsis, and small pupip penetrating characteristics of a given condensing lens by allowing the examiner to binocularly observe the telescopically magnified fundus image throughout the 30-cm to 60-cm focusing range of the ophthalmoscope.", "PMID": 717520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7071", "title": "A new fundus lens ophthalmodynamometer.", "content": "I devised a new ophthalmodynamometer by means of which a measured force is applied to a fundus lens, while the disk vessels are viewed at the slit-lamp microscope. In my hands, the new device was superior to the Bailliart ophthalmodynamometer when tested in normal volunteers. With the fundus lens ophthalmodynamometer, the diastolic end point differed between the two eyes by a mean of 2.3%, compared to 6.4% with the Bailliart. The new device showed a better correlation with systemic diastolic blood pressure than did the Bailliart instrument. The effect of intraocular pressure on the reading with the fundus lens device was significant, although variable.", "contents": "A new fundus lens ophthalmodynamometer. I devised a new ophthalmodynamometer by means of which a measured force is applied to a fundus lens, while the disk vessels are viewed at the slit-lamp microscope. In my hands, the new device was superior to the Bailliart ophthalmodynamometer when tested in normal volunteers. With the fundus lens ophthalmodynamometer, the diastolic end point differed between the two eyes by a mean of 2.3%, compared to 6.4% with the Bailliart. The new device showed a better correlation with systemic diastolic blood pressure than did the Bailliart instrument. The effect of intraocular pressure on the reading with the fundus lens device was significant, although variable.", "PMID": 717521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7072", "title": "Intracranial sarcoidosis with optic tract and temporal lobe involvement.", "content": "Intracranial sarcoidosis was diagnosed in a 23-year-old man when he developed a markedly incongruous right homonymous hemianopic visual field defect. The diagnosis was substantiated by radiologic evidence of bilateral hilar and paratracheal adenopathy, typical of pulmonary sarcoidosis. Subsequently, computed axial tomography indicated a large intracranial lesion in the suprasellar cistern with extension into the left temporal lobe along the optic tract. A mediastinal biopsy of the lymph nodes was positive for sarcoid. Intensive corticosteroid therapy resulted in restoration of vision, marked improvement of the visual field defect, decrease in the pulmonary hilar adenopathy, and almost complete resolution of the left temporal lobe lesion.", "contents": "Intracranial sarcoidosis with optic tract and temporal lobe involvement. Intracranial sarcoidosis was diagnosed in a 23-year-old man when he developed a markedly incongruous right homonymous hemianopic visual field defect. The diagnosis was substantiated by radiologic evidence of bilateral hilar and paratracheal adenopathy, typical of pulmonary sarcoidosis. Subsequently, computed axial tomography indicated a large intracranial lesion in the suprasellar cistern with extension into the left temporal lobe along the optic tract. A mediastinal biopsy of the lymph nodes was positive for sarcoid. Intensive corticosteroid therapy resulted in restoration of vision, marked improvement of the visual field defect, decrease in the pulmonary hilar adenopathy, and almost complete resolution of the left temporal lobe lesion.", "PMID": 717522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7073", "title": "Meningeal carcinomatosis with blindness.", "content": "A 53-year-old man had bilateral blindness secondary to meningeal carcinomatosis from pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Histopathologic examination of the visual system showed extensive infiltration of the arachnoid of the proximal optic nerves and chiasm, with minimal invasion of the optic nerves themselves. The visual pathways within the cerebral cortex were not affected.", "contents": "Meningeal carcinomatosis with blindness. A 53-year-old man had bilateral blindness secondary to meningeal carcinomatosis from pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Histopathologic examination of the visual system showed extensive infiltration of the arachnoid of the proximal optic nerves and chiasm, with minimal invasion of the optic nerves themselves. The visual pathways within the cerebral cortex were not affected.", "PMID": 717523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7074", "title": "Supranuclear oculomotor palsy and exotropia after tetanus.", "content": "An 11-year-old boy developed generalized tetanus complicated by a supranuclear gaze palsy and exotropia. This case led us to include supranuclear palsy in an expanded definition of cephalic-tetanus.", "contents": "Supranuclear oculomotor palsy and exotropia after tetanus. An 11-year-old boy developed generalized tetanus complicated by a supranuclear gaze palsy and exotropia. This case led us to include supranuclear palsy in an expanded definition of cephalic-tetanus.", "PMID": 717524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7075", "title": "Amaurosis and blood loss.", "content": "A 57-year-old alcoholic man sustained permanent bilateral blindness and optic atrophy as a complication of hemorrhage from peptic ulcer disease. Post-hemorrhagic visual loss occurs in middle-aged, debilitated persons a short time after repeated episodes of hemorrhage from any site.", "contents": "Amaurosis and blood loss. A 57-year-old alcoholic man sustained permanent bilateral blindness and optic atrophy as a complication of hemorrhage from peptic ulcer disease. Post-hemorrhagic visual loss occurs in middle-aged, debilitated persons a short time after repeated episodes of hemorrhage from any site.", "PMID": 717525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7076", "title": "Melanocytic tumor of the anterior uvea.", "content": "A patient with spindle melanoma involving the iris and ciliary body refused enucleation at the time of diagnosis in 1933. The eye developed painful glaucoma 13 years later and was enucleated. Histopathologic examination indicated spread of the tumor intrasclerally and subconjunctivally. The patient is still alive without evidence of metastases, 32 years after enucleation and 45 years after initial diagnosis.", "contents": "Melanocytic tumor of the anterior uvea. A patient with spindle melanoma involving the iris and ciliary body refused enucleation at the time of diagnosis in 1933. The eye developed painful glaucoma 13 years later and was enucleated. Histopathologic examination indicated spread of the tumor intrasclerally and subconjunctivally. The patient is still alive without evidence of metastases, 32 years after enucleation and 45 years after initial diagnosis.", "PMID": 717526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7077", "title": "Astrocytic hamartoma of the retina not associated with tuberous sclerosis.", "content": "A 6-year-old boy had a peripapillary lesion diagnosed as retinal astrocytic hamartoma, which was not associated with tuberous sclerosis, neurofibromatosis, or intraocular extension of a glioma. The patient was observed for nine years, during which time the lesion grew significantly. Because of this growth and the evidence of proximal optic nerve involvement on computed tomography, radiation therapy was administered with a resultant marked reduction in visual acuity. The eye was subsequently enucleated. The enucleated eye was studied by both light and transmission electron microscopy. The specimen had a retinal astrocytic hamartoma with sparse vascularization and only superficial optic nerve involvement. Additionally, it revealed optic nerve drusen in varying stages of development, significant accumulations of subretinal macrophages, and an almost total loss of retinal outer segments with the preservation of the retinal pigment epithelium.", "contents": "Astrocytic hamartoma of the retina not associated with tuberous sclerosis. A 6-year-old boy had a peripapillary lesion diagnosed as retinal astrocytic hamartoma, which was not associated with tuberous sclerosis, neurofibromatosis, or intraocular extension of a glioma. The patient was observed for nine years, during which time the lesion grew significantly. Because of this growth and the evidence of proximal optic nerve involvement on computed tomography, radiation therapy was administered with a resultant marked reduction in visual acuity. The eye was subsequently enucleated. The enucleated eye was studied by both light and transmission electron microscopy. The specimen had a retinal astrocytic hamartoma with sparse vascularization and only superficial optic nerve involvement. Additionally, it revealed optic nerve drusen in varying stages of development, significant accumulations of subretinal macrophages, and an almost total loss of retinal outer segments with the preservation of the retinal pigment epithelium.", "PMID": 717527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7078", "title": "Sebaceous gland carcinoma of the eyelid.", "content": "We diagnosed sebaceous gland carcinoma of the right lower eyelid in an 82-year-old man. Computed tomography showed the lesion extending from the eyelids anteriorly to the optic foramen posteriorly. With this orbital neoplasm, was an occlusion of the central retinal artery in his right eye. The right orbit was removed surgically and biopsy of the optic foramen region indicated malignant cells. Localized radiation to the right orbit was then initiated postoperatively.", "contents": "Sebaceous gland carcinoma of the eyelid. We diagnosed sebaceous gland carcinoma of the right lower eyelid in an 82-year-old man. Computed tomography showed the lesion extending from the eyelids anteriorly to the optic foramen posteriorly. With this orbital neoplasm, was an occlusion of the central retinal artery in his right eye. The right orbit was removed surgically and biopsy of the optic foramen region indicated malignant cells. Localized radiation to the right orbit was then initiated postoperatively.", "PMID": 717528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7079", "title": "Microsurgical removal of a primary intraorbital meningioma.", "content": "A 48-year-old woman with a primary intraorbital meningioma associated with the optic nerve sheath underwent a microsurgical removal of the tumor through a lateral orbitotomy. Visual recovery was essentially complete.", "contents": "Microsurgical removal of a primary intraorbital meningioma. A 48-year-old woman with a primary intraorbital meningioma associated with the optic nerve sheath underwent a microsurgical removal of the tumor through a lateral orbitotomy. Visual recovery was essentially complete.", "PMID": 717529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7080", "title": "Development of the granulomatous response in murine toxocariasis. Initial events.", "content": "The cellular evolution of the persisting, muscle-associated granuloma in murine toxocariasis (visceral larva migrans) was chronicled for 11 weeks by light and electron microscopy. The initial granuloma consisted primarily of eosinophils and appeared to develop from the acute inflammatory infiltrate. During the ensuing 48 hours, most of the eosinophils appeared to loose their granules and disintegrate. The resulting cellular debris was then taken up by newly arrived macrophages which become the predominant mononuclear cell in the lesion by 28 days of infection. By 11 weeks, the granuloma had become a fibrotically encapsulated epithelioid granuloma surrounding the inciting larva. This histologic reaction is compared with the liver granulomatous response to Toxocara and to the well-characterized schistosome egg granuloma. A possible delayed hypersensitive etiology for the Toxocara granuloma is suggested.", "contents": "Development of the granulomatous response in murine toxocariasis. Initial events. The cellular evolution of the persisting, muscle-associated granuloma in murine toxocariasis (visceral larva migrans) was chronicled for 11 weeks by light and electron microscopy. The initial granuloma consisted primarily of eosinophils and appeared to develop from the acute inflammatory infiltrate. During the ensuing 48 hours, most of the eosinophils appeared to loose their granules and disintegrate. The resulting cellular debris was then taken up by newly arrived macrophages which become the predominant mononuclear cell in the lesion by 28 days of infection. By 11 weeks, the granuloma had become a fibrotically encapsulated epithelioid granuloma surrounding the inciting larva. This histologic reaction is compared with the liver granulomatous response to Toxocara and to the well-characterized schistosome egg granuloma. A possible delayed hypersensitive etiology for the Toxocara granuloma is suggested.", "PMID": 717533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7081", "title": "Effects of insulin on experimental catecholamine cardiomyopathy.", "content": "We have recently shown that insulin attenuates norepinephrine (NE) dose-response curves in both isolated cardiac muscle and intact heart preparations. Accordingly, an intact rabbit model was used to determine if insulin would reduce the extent of myocardial damage following a standard NE infusion. Each animal was given pentobarbital, 30 mg/kg, and heart rate, arterial pressure, glucose, blood gases, and pH were measured. NE (2 microgram/min/kg) was given intravenously for 90 minutes. After 48 hours the rabbits were killed and the hearts were examined microscopically and assigned a histologic score. Florid lesions were present in 17 of 24 sections (71%) from 12 animals. They were characterized by myofiber necrosis and an intense cellular reaction. However, only 5 of 40 sections (12.5%) from 20 rabbits given insulin (10 units/kg) 30 minutes before the NE infusion showed advanced lesions (P less than 0.001). The mean histologic score was reduced from 1.7 to 1.0 (P less than 0.001). The frequency of advanced lesions increased to 86% in animals given a higher dose of NE (3 microgram/kg/min) and was reduced to 53% by pretreatment with insulin. A dosage of 5 units/kg was as effective as 10 units/kg, but rabbits given 1 unit/kg manifested cardiomyopathic changes identical to those in rabbits not pretreated with insulin. No differences in heart rate, arterial pressure, PO2, or pH were evident between the groups. It is concluded that large doses of insulin reduce myocardial damage produced by NE in this model. This may be linked with the phenomenon of insulin inhibition of the inotropic action of NE.", "contents": "Effects of insulin on experimental catecholamine cardiomyopathy. We have recently shown that insulin attenuates norepinephrine (NE) dose-response curves in both isolated cardiac muscle and intact heart preparations. Accordingly, an intact rabbit model was used to determine if insulin would reduce the extent of myocardial damage following a standard NE infusion. Each animal was given pentobarbital, 30 mg/kg, and heart rate, arterial pressure, glucose, blood gases, and pH were measured. NE (2 microgram/min/kg) was given intravenously for 90 minutes. After 48 hours the rabbits were killed and the hearts were examined microscopically and assigned a histologic score. Florid lesions were present in 17 of 24 sections (71%) from 12 animals. They were characterized by myofiber necrosis and an intense cellular reaction. However, only 5 of 40 sections (12.5%) from 20 rabbits given insulin (10 units/kg) 30 minutes before the NE infusion showed advanced lesions (P less than 0.001). The mean histologic score was reduced from 1.7 to 1.0 (P less than 0.001). The frequency of advanced lesions increased to 86% in animals given a higher dose of NE (3 microgram/kg/min) and was reduced to 53% by pretreatment with insulin. A dosage of 5 units/kg was as effective as 10 units/kg, but rabbits given 1 unit/kg manifested cardiomyopathic changes identical to those in rabbits not pretreated with insulin. No differences in heart rate, arterial pressure, PO2, or pH were evident between the groups. It is concluded that large doses of insulin reduce myocardial damage produced by NE in this model. This may be linked with the phenomenon of insulin inhibition of the inotropic action of NE.", "PMID": 717534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7082", "title": "Pulmonary arteries and veins in experimental hypoxia. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "Pulmonary vessels of rats were studied electron microscopically after 4 days to 4 weeks of hypoxia and were compared with those of control rats and of \"regression\" rats that, after a period of hypoxia, were allowed to survive in normal air for up to 4 weeks. Both the hypoxic and the regression rats had medial hypertrophy, not only of arteries and arterioles but also of veins and venules. In contrast to the control and the regression rats, many of the hypertrophic vessels of all types in the hypoxic rats showed signs of constriction, ie, crenation of the wall, indentations of medial smooth muscle cell nuclei, and excrescences of smooth muscle cell cytoplasm, often protruding deeply into the endothelium. These observations permit the following conclusions: a) Vasoconstriction due to hypoxia is not confined to pulmonary arteries and arterioles, as generally assumed, but also occurs in veins and venules. b) Medial hypertrophy may be found in the absence of vasoconstriction; this is especially evident during recovery from hypoxia.", "contents": "Pulmonary arteries and veins in experimental hypoxia. An ultrastructural study. Pulmonary vessels of rats were studied electron microscopically after 4 days to 4 weeks of hypoxia and were compared with those of control rats and of \"regression\" rats that, after a period of hypoxia, were allowed to survive in normal air for up to 4 weeks. Both the hypoxic and the regression rats had medial hypertrophy, not only of arteries and arterioles but also of veins and venules. In contrast to the control and the regression rats, many of the hypertrophic vessels of all types in the hypoxic rats showed signs of constriction, ie, crenation of the wall, indentations of medial smooth muscle cell nuclei, and excrescences of smooth muscle cell cytoplasm, often protruding deeply into the endothelium. These observations permit the following conclusions: a) Vasoconstriction due to hypoxia is not confined to pulmonary arteries and arterioles, as generally assumed, but also occurs in veins and venules. b) Medial hypertrophy may be found in the absence of vasoconstriction; this is especially evident during recovery from hypoxia.", "PMID": 717535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7083", "title": "Role of ions and extracellular protein in leukocyte motility and membrane ruffling.", "content": "Ruffling and motility, either directed or random, of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) were shown to require a monovalent cation (MC). Na+ and Li+ are most effective. These MC-dependent activities are modulated by nonspecific proteins and peptides and are inhibited by cytochalasin B and by alkylating agents such as TPCK (L-[tosylamide-2-phenyl]ethylchloromethyl ketone) but not by ouabain or colchicine. The modulation by protein, but not the inhibition by TPCK or cytochalasin, is competitively inhibited by hydrophobic chemotactic peptides such as f.met-phe and f.phe-met. These hydrophobic peptides, which activate MC influx, promote motility at low concentrations of Na+ (0.1 mM); however, at higher concentrations of Na+ (1.0 mM) the same concentrations of peptides inhibit motility. This inhibition is the result of excessive Na+ and water influx with resultant cellular swelling. The chemotactic peptides, when present as a concentration gradient, function in chemotaxis by competing with the protein at the leading edge of the cell, with resultant local ion influx and swelling. Hydrolysis of the peptide is not required since protease inhibitors have no specific effect on peptide directed migration, although they do inhibit migration. Since local influx of MC and H2O with resultant hydrolysis of ATP is absolutely required for all motility in these cells, it is likely that local swelling and depolymerization of the actin cytoskeletal system are the primary reversible events in PMNL motility. This local swelling or ruffling apparently results in the pushing of cellular contents into the relaxed swollen submembrane areas of the cell by continued contraction of unswollen areas of the cell.", "contents": "Role of ions and extracellular protein in leukocyte motility and membrane ruffling. Ruffling and motility, either directed or random, of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) were shown to require a monovalent cation (MC). Na+ and Li+ are most effective. These MC-dependent activities are modulated by nonspecific proteins and peptides and are inhibited by cytochalasin B and by alkylating agents such as TPCK (L-[tosylamide-2-phenyl]ethylchloromethyl ketone) but not by ouabain or colchicine. The modulation by protein, but not the inhibition by TPCK or cytochalasin, is competitively inhibited by hydrophobic chemotactic peptides such as f.met-phe and f.phe-met. These hydrophobic peptides, which activate MC influx, promote motility at low concentrations of Na+ (0.1 mM); however, at higher concentrations of Na+ (1.0 mM) the same concentrations of peptides inhibit motility. This inhibition is the result of excessive Na+ and water influx with resultant cellular swelling. The chemotactic peptides, when present as a concentration gradient, function in chemotaxis by competing with the protein at the leading edge of the cell, with resultant local ion influx and swelling. Hydrolysis of the peptide is not required since protease inhibitors have no specific effect on peptide directed migration, although they do inhibit migration. Since local influx of MC and H2O with resultant hydrolysis of ATP is absolutely required for all motility in these cells, it is likely that local swelling and depolymerization of the actin cytoskeletal system are the primary reversible events in PMNL motility. This local swelling or ruffling apparently results in the pushing of cellular contents into the relaxed swollen submembrane areas of the cell by continued contraction of unswollen areas of the cell.", "PMID": 717536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7084", "title": "An actin-binding protein in human platelets. Interactions with alpha-actinin on gelatin of actin and the influence of cytochalasin B.", "content": "A protein (molecular weight, approximately 250,000) with actin-binding properties has been isolated from human platelets. Addition of the actin-binding protein (ABP) to semiviscous solutions of purified actin containing troponin-tropomyosin (TM-TP) complex resulted in formation of viscous gels consisting of randomly associated actin TM-TP filaments. alpha-Actinin (alphaA), a muscle protein recently detected in platelets, also induced random cross-linking of dissociated actin into gels. Sequential addition of ABP and alphaA resulted in gels consisting of parallel associated actin TM-TP filaments in bundles, suggesting a cooperative interaction. Cytochalasin B (CB) had no apparent effect on the cross-linking of randomly associated actin TM-TP filaments induced by either protein alone but prevented development of bundles of parallel filaments when ABP and alphaA were added sequentially. In addition, CB disrupted the bundles of parallel associated actin TM-TP filaments when added to gels already formed by the dual action of ABP and alphaA and caused simultaneous release of alphaA from the complexes to the supernatant. The findings suggest that platelet ABP and alphaA may induce actin filaments to form the parallel associations observed in platelet pseudopods.", "contents": "An actin-binding protein in human platelets. Interactions with alpha-actinin on gelatin of actin and the influence of cytochalasin B. A protein (molecular weight, approximately 250,000) with actin-binding properties has been isolated from human platelets. Addition of the actin-binding protein (ABP) to semiviscous solutions of purified actin containing troponin-tropomyosin (TM-TP) complex resulted in formation of viscous gels consisting of randomly associated actin TM-TP filaments. alpha-Actinin (alphaA), a muscle protein recently detected in platelets, also induced random cross-linking of dissociated actin into gels. Sequential addition of ABP and alphaA resulted in gels consisting of parallel associated actin TM-TP filaments in bundles, suggesting a cooperative interaction. Cytochalasin B (CB) had no apparent effect on the cross-linking of randomly associated actin TM-TP filaments induced by either protein alone but prevented development of bundles of parallel filaments when ABP and alphaA were added sequentially. In addition, CB disrupted the bundles of parallel associated actin TM-TP filaments when added to gels already formed by the dual action of ABP and alphaA and caused simultaneous release of alphaA from the complexes to the supernatant. The findings suggest that platelet ABP and alphaA may induce actin filaments to form the parallel associations observed in platelet pseudopods.", "PMID": 717537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7085", "title": "Tumor immunity. An overview.", "content": "The frequent failure of the host's immunologic responses to impose restraints on tumor growth and dissemination has led to the realization that a number of factors, both immunologic and nonimmunologic, may act in concert to affect tumorigenesis. Immunologic mechanisms involved in tumor cell destruction are predicated principally on in vitro procedures, but the relevancy of these experimental observations to the actual events in vivo remains unclear and unresolved. The macrophage has been shown to be an integral segment of the immune response and to constitute an important element of the host defense against tumors. In this connection, interferon may be implicated in tumor cell destruction through macrophage activation to cytotoxicity. Studies of age-related susceptibility of New Zealand Black mice to three different carcinogens, ie, 3-methylcholanthrene, x-irradiation, and murine leukemia virus, have further emphasized the multifactorial determinants which may be operational in oncogenesis. Advances in our knowledge of tumor immunology have suggested a number of possible modalities for preventing tumors from escaping immunologic destruction and should continue to contribute to further elucidation of neoplastic mechanisms.", "contents": "Tumor immunity. An overview. The frequent failure of the host's immunologic responses to impose restraints on tumor growth and dissemination has led to the realization that a number of factors, both immunologic and nonimmunologic, may act in concert to affect tumorigenesis. Immunologic mechanisms involved in tumor cell destruction are predicated principally on in vitro procedures, but the relevancy of these experimental observations to the actual events in vivo remains unclear and unresolved. The macrophage has been shown to be an integral segment of the immune response and to constitute an important element of the host defense against tumors. In this connection, interferon may be implicated in tumor cell destruction through macrophage activation to cytotoxicity. Studies of age-related susceptibility of New Zealand Black mice to three different carcinogens, ie, 3-methylcholanthrene, x-irradiation, and murine leukemia virus, have further emphasized the multifactorial determinants which may be operational in oncogenesis. Advances in our knowledge of tumor immunology have suggested a number of possible modalities for preventing tumors from escaping immunologic destruction and should continue to contribute to further elucidation of neoplastic mechanisms.", "PMID": 717538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7086", "title": "Circulation and migration of small blood lymphocytes in the rat. I. Kinetics of lymphocyte circulation in the lymphoid organs.", "content": "Seventy male Wistar rats were the recipients of labeled small lymphocytes (1.5 X 10(7) each) collected from the peripheral blood of syngeneic donors. The migrating labeled lymphocytes were traced in the various organs 1 to 60 minutes following their transfusion. Lymphoid organs and liver were processed for extraction of labeled nucleotides and for radioactivity assay. The purpose of this work was to study the dynamics of the circulation of the small lymphocytes between blood and lymphoid system. This study was done before equilibrium between these two compartments was reached. The result of this work showed that the small blood lymphocytes recirculate continuously between peripheral blood and the lymph node with duration less than 3 minutes per cycle. In a lymph node, this circulation is 80 times more efficient than the circulation via the thoracic duct lymph.", "contents": "Circulation and migration of small blood lymphocytes in the rat. I. Kinetics of lymphocyte circulation in the lymphoid organs. Seventy male Wistar rats were the recipients of labeled small lymphocytes (1.5 X 10(7) each) collected from the peripheral blood of syngeneic donors. The migrating labeled lymphocytes were traced in the various organs 1 to 60 minutes following their transfusion. Lymphoid organs and liver were processed for extraction of labeled nucleotides and for radioactivity assay. The purpose of this work was to study the dynamics of the circulation of the small lymphocytes between blood and lymphoid system. This study was done before equilibrium between these two compartments was reached. The result of this work showed that the small blood lymphocytes recirculate continuously between peripheral blood and the lymph node with duration less than 3 minutes per cycle. In a lymph node, this circulation is 80 times more efficient than the circulation via the thoracic duct lymph.", "PMID": 717540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7087", "title": "Thyroid capsule changes during the development of thyroid hyperplasia in the rat.", "content": "Young adult male Fischer rats were fed 0.25% thouracil in a low-iodine diet to produce hyperplasia of the thyroid gland. The capsule of the thyroid gland increased in thickness from approximately one cell in controls to a substantial multilayered structure. Increase in capsule thickness was noted by 3 days. The cell population of the capsule was largely fibroblasts, but during a period within the interval from 14 to 28 days, the capsule tended to be exceptionally thick and contained many mononuclear leukocytes. At later times the capsule was not quite as thick and the leukocytes largely disapproved. Capillaries developed in the capsule probably by sprouting. The capsule growth was so extensive that certain neighboring tissues were often incorporated into the capsule, including arteries, veins, nerves, striated muscle, and lymph nodes. There was some regional specificity in the development of capsular hyperplasia. Connective tissue increased around the thyroid and parathyroid glands but not between them. Connective tissue in partitions with the thyroid gland also increased in thickness, although the extent of accumulation of cells and intercellular matrix was much less than in the capsule.", "contents": "Thyroid capsule changes during the development of thyroid hyperplasia in the rat. Young adult male Fischer rats were fed 0.25% thouracil in a low-iodine diet to produce hyperplasia of the thyroid gland. The capsule of the thyroid gland increased in thickness from approximately one cell in controls to a substantial multilayered structure. Increase in capsule thickness was noted by 3 days. The cell population of the capsule was largely fibroblasts, but during a period within the interval from 14 to 28 days, the capsule tended to be exceptionally thick and contained many mononuclear leukocytes. At later times the capsule was not quite as thick and the leukocytes largely disapproved. Capillaries developed in the capsule probably by sprouting. The capsule growth was so extensive that certain neighboring tissues were often incorporated into the capsule, including arteries, veins, nerves, striated muscle, and lymph nodes. There was some regional specificity in the development of capsular hyperplasia. Connective tissue increased around the thyroid and parathyroid glands but not between them. Connective tissue in partitions with the thyroid gland also increased in thickness, although the extent of accumulation of cells and intercellular matrix was much less than in the capsule.", "PMID": 717541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7088", "title": "The thymus in hemochromatosis.", "content": "Although iron in cases of hemochromatosis has been described in virtually every organ, its presence in the thymus has only been rarely observed. While investigating all cases of hemochromatosis autopsied at The Johns Hopkins Hospital over the past decade, 4 adult cases in which the thymus was available for histologic study were examined in light of recent documentation of this organ's role in lymphopoiesis and secretory activity. Iron-containing moieties were found within both lymphocytes and epithelial cells of these involuted thymic glands. The thymic iron suggests either an uptake of iron moieties from the vascular pool or their synthesis within the cell itself. While the former mechanism provides evidence against the existence of an impermeable blood-thymus barrier, the latter supports the existence of a metabolically active gland with complex function.", "contents": "The thymus in hemochromatosis. Although iron in cases of hemochromatosis has been described in virtually every organ, its presence in the thymus has only been rarely observed. While investigating all cases of hemochromatosis autopsied at The Johns Hopkins Hospital over the past decade, 4 adult cases in which the thymus was available for histologic study were examined in light of recent documentation of this organ's role in lymphopoiesis and secretory activity. Iron-containing moieties were found within both lymphocytes and epithelial cells of these involuted thymic glands. The thymic iron suggests either an uptake of iron moieties from the vascular pool or their synthesis within the cell itself. While the former mechanism provides evidence against the existence of an impermeable blood-thymus barrier, the latter supports the existence of a metabolically active gland with complex function.", "PMID": 717542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7089", "title": "Desensitization of the neutrophil aggregation response to chemotactic factors.", "content": "In the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+, the chemotactic fragment of C5, the synthetic chemotactic oligopeptide formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenyl-alanine, and the ionophore A23187 aggregated human neutrophils. Aggregation induced by the two chemotactic factors was transient and reversed within 2 to 4 minutes after exposure; aggregation induced by A23187 was sustained and continued to increase over 15 minutes. In the absence of the bivalent cations, none of these three agents aggregated the cells. If bivalent cations were added after cell contact with a chemotactic factor, aggregation was detected after, but not before, addition of the cations. Under these conditions, the magnitude of the aggregation response was sharply reduced: cells preincubated with a chemotactic factor for longer than 2 to 4 minutes aggregated minimally after addition of bivalent cations. Moreover, cells preincubated with a chemotactic factor for 4 minutes, exposed to bivalent cations, and then rechallenged with the same chemotactic factor also showed a minimal aggregation response, ie, the cells were \"desensitized\" to the original stimulus. However, cells desensitized to one of the chemotactic factors still aggregated prominently when exposed to the other chemotactic factor or to A23187. Cells could not be desensitized to the ionophore A23187. Desensitization of the neutrophil aggregation response closely resembles desensitization of mast cell and leukocyte degranulation. Degranulation and aggregation appear to be closely related cellular responses to immunologic stimuli. Both responses may reflect alterations in surface membrane permeability to bivalent cations and/or changes in surface membrane adhesiveness to other biologic membranes.", "contents": "Desensitization of the neutrophil aggregation response to chemotactic factors. In the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+, the chemotactic fragment of C5, the synthetic chemotactic oligopeptide formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenyl-alanine, and the ionophore A23187 aggregated human neutrophils. Aggregation induced by the two chemotactic factors was transient and reversed within 2 to 4 minutes after exposure; aggregation induced by A23187 was sustained and continued to increase over 15 minutes. In the absence of the bivalent cations, none of these three agents aggregated the cells. If bivalent cations were added after cell contact with a chemotactic factor, aggregation was detected after, but not before, addition of the cations. Under these conditions, the magnitude of the aggregation response was sharply reduced: cells preincubated with a chemotactic factor for longer than 2 to 4 minutes aggregated minimally after addition of bivalent cations. Moreover, cells preincubated with a chemotactic factor for 4 minutes, exposed to bivalent cations, and then rechallenged with the same chemotactic factor also showed a minimal aggregation response, ie, the cells were \"desensitized\" to the original stimulus. However, cells desensitized to one of the chemotactic factors still aggregated prominently when exposed to the other chemotactic factor or to A23187. Cells could not be desensitized to the ionophore A23187. Desensitization of the neutrophil aggregation response closely resembles desensitization of mast cell and leukocyte degranulation. Degranulation and aggregation appear to be closely related cellular responses to immunologic stimuli. Both responses may reflect alterations in surface membrane permeability to bivalent cations and/or changes in surface membrane adhesiveness to other biologic membranes.", "PMID": 717543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7090", "title": "Ultrastructural cytochemistry of iron absorption.", "content": "Conventional ultrastructural autoradiographic and morphologic studies of the duodenal mucosal cell have generally corroborated physiologic observations of iron absorption, but such methods have limited resolution and fail to distinguish ferric and ferrous iron. This study describes the application of the Prussian blue reaction as an electron microscopic cytochemical stain to the investigation of inorganic iron absorption in iron-deficient, normal, and iron-loaded rats. Ferrous iron is converted to ferric iron at the microvillus membrane. Subsequently intraepithelial ferric iron appears bound to a non-heme acceptor substance in microvilli and later appears as small non-membrane-bound stain deposits which are concentrated in the apical cytoplasm. The appearance of larger stain deposits in the lateral intercellular spaces, in the basal extracellular spaces, and along the intraluminal and extraluminal outer plasmalemma of adjacent endothelial cells of the lamina propria suggests passage of iron from epithelial cells through the lamina propria to blood vessels. The extreme sensitivity of the method compared with simultaneous ultrastructural autoradiographic techniques is demonstrated and suggests usefulness of the method in further studies of iron metabolism.", "contents": "Ultrastructural cytochemistry of iron absorption. Conventional ultrastructural autoradiographic and morphologic studies of the duodenal mucosal cell have generally corroborated physiologic observations of iron absorption, but such methods have limited resolution and fail to distinguish ferric and ferrous iron. This study describes the application of the Prussian blue reaction as an electron microscopic cytochemical stain to the investigation of inorganic iron absorption in iron-deficient, normal, and iron-loaded rats. Ferrous iron is converted to ferric iron at the microvillus membrane. Subsequently intraepithelial ferric iron appears bound to a non-heme acceptor substance in microvilli and later appears as small non-membrane-bound stain deposits which are concentrated in the apical cytoplasm. The appearance of larger stain deposits in the lateral intercellular spaces, in the basal extracellular spaces, and along the intraluminal and extraluminal outer plasmalemma of adjacent endothelial cells of the lamina propria suggests passage of iron from epithelial cells through the lamina propria to blood vessels. The extreme sensitivity of the method compared with simultaneous ultrastructural autoradiographic techniques is demonstrated and suggests usefulness of the method in further studies of iron metabolism.", "PMID": 717544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7091", "title": "Estimation of parenchymal cell content of human parathyroid glands using the image analyzing computer technique.", "content": "By means of the image analyzing computer technique, a complete determination of the parenchymal tissue distribution in serially sectioned parathyroid glands were accomplished. The technique had good reproducibility. Taking into account the shrinkage of the different tissue components during histotechnical procedures and the tissue densities, it was possible to calculate the parenchymal cell mass of unfixed glands. The cell distribution varied considerably, and in most glands as many as 10 sections at different levels had to be examined to get a reliable ratio between the parenchymal and fat cell tissue. The results seriously question the validity of histopathologic examination of one or a few sections of parathyroid glands in evaluation of the parenchymal cell mass, as well as diagnoses based on examination of partial glandular biopsy specimens.", "contents": "Estimation of parenchymal cell content of human parathyroid glands using the image analyzing computer technique. By means of the image analyzing computer technique, a complete determination of the parenchymal tissue distribution in serially sectioned parathyroid glands were accomplished. The technique had good reproducibility. Taking into account the shrinkage of the different tissue components during histotechnical procedures and the tissue densities, it was possible to calculate the parenchymal cell mass of unfixed glands. The cell distribution varied considerably, and in most glands as many as 10 sections at different levels had to be examined to get a reliable ratio between the parenchymal and fat cell tissue. The results seriously question the validity of histopathologic examination of one or a few sections of parathyroid glands in evaluation of the parenchymal cell mass, as well as diagnoses based on examination of partial glandular biopsy specimens.", "PMID": 717545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7092", "title": "The Aymara of Western Bolivia. II. Maxillofacial and dental arch variation.", "content": "Maxillofacial and dental arch dimensions of the Bolivian Aymara population are age and sex dependent. Interpopulational comparisons reveal these dimensions to differ from those seen in Aleuts, Australian aborigines, and Swedes, but to be similar to those of the indigenous Taiwanese. Finally, these dimensions are not the same in Aymara of unmixed ancestry, and Mestizos residing in the same villages.", "contents": "The Aymara of Western Bolivia. II. Maxillofacial and dental arch variation. Maxillofacial and dental arch dimensions of the Bolivian Aymara population are age and sex dependent. Interpopulational comparisons reveal these dimensions to differ from those seen in Aleuts, Australian aborigines, and Swedes, but to be similar to those of the indigenous Taiwanese. Finally, these dimensions are not the same in Aymara of unmixed ancestry, and Mestizos residing in the same villages.", "PMID": 717550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7093", "title": "Digital dermatoglyphic patterns in a sample of the Nigerian population.", "content": "Eight hundred Nigerians (400 males and 400 females) were screened for the analysis of digital dermatoglyphic patterns. The frequency distribution of the patterns are 52.09%, 27.67%, 19.20% and 1.13% for ulnar loops, whorls, arches and radial loops respectively. Except for arches, the males have more of the patterns than females. The pattern intensity indices for males and females are 11.2 and 9.9 respectively. Bilateral symmetry is similar in both sexes and the percent distribution is as high as 81.5% and 84% on digit V in males and females respectively.", "contents": "Digital dermatoglyphic patterns in a sample of the Nigerian population. Eight hundred Nigerians (400 males and 400 females) were screened for the analysis of digital dermatoglyphic patterns. The frequency distribution of the patterns are 52.09%, 27.67%, 19.20% and 1.13% for ulnar loops, whorls, arches and radial loops respectively. Except for arches, the males have more of the patterns than females. The pattern intensity indices for males and females are 11.2 and 9.9 respectively. Bilateral symmetry is similar in both sexes and the percent distribution is as high as 81.5% and 84% on digit V in males and females respectively.", "PMID": 717551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7094", "title": "A longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis of the growth of the postnatal cranial base angle.", "content": "Radiographs of 32 children, 16 girls and 16 boys, taken at 1 month, 3 months, 9 months, and once a year until 5 years 9 months were selected from the Denver Series. The cranial base deflection was measured by five sets of angles. A cross-sectional evaluation revealed a significant decrease in angle size by all methods of measurement by 9 months of age. Little change was noted after 1 year, 9 months, indicating that studies beginning after 2 years would not find this decrease. All individuals followed a pattern of reduction between 1 month and 9 months with variable changes at 3 months. Choice of landmark affected the degree and timing of the observed change but not the overall pattern. Differences in measuring techniques evaluated the mean degree of deflection to range from -6.9 degrees to -13.8 degrees.", "contents": "A longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis of the growth of the postnatal cranial base angle. Radiographs of 32 children, 16 girls and 16 boys, taken at 1 month, 3 months, 9 months, and once a year until 5 years 9 months were selected from the Denver Series. The cranial base deflection was measured by five sets of angles. A cross-sectional evaluation revealed a significant decrease in angle size by all methods of measurement by 9 months of age. Little change was noted after 1 year, 9 months, indicating that studies beginning after 2 years would not find this decrease. All individuals followed a pattern of reduction between 1 month and 9 months with variable changes at 3 months. Choice of landmark affected the degree and timing of the observed change but not the overall pattern. Differences in measuring techniques evaluated the mean degree of deflection to range from -6.9 degrees to -13.8 degrees.", "PMID": 717552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7095", "title": "A genetic survey in the Bhil tribe of Madhya Pradesh, Central India.", "content": "Examination of blood groups, plasma proteins and red cell enzyme types (23 loci), in a sample of 145 Bhils, a tribal group of Madhya Pradesh, Central India, demonstrates their genetic uniqueness. They differ in a number of systems from the nearby nontribal groups both of Hindus and Muslims. The results suggest that the Bhil frequencies include vestiges of the ancestral genepool of a more widespread aboriginal population whose influence is detectable in the gene frequencies of some other populations in India.", "contents": "A genetic survey in the Bhil tribe of Madhya Pradesh, Central India. Examination of blood groups, plasma proteins and red cell enzyme types (23 loci), in a sample of 145 Bhils, a tribal group of Madhya Pradesh, Central India, demonstrates their genetic uniqueness. They differ in a number of systems from the nearby nontribal groups both of Hindus and Muslims. The results suggest that the Bhil frequencies include vestiges of the ancestral genepool of a more widespread aboriginal population whose influence is detectable in the gene frequencies of some other populations in India.", "PMID": 717553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7096", "title": "A family study of two skeletal variants: atlas bridging and clinoid bridging.", "content": "The frequency of two non-metric skeletal traits, atlas bridging and clinoid bridging, were examined serially in a randomly chosen sample of 147 families who participated in the Burlington Growth Study. The sample is representative of an Ontario white Anglo-Saxon population. Partial and complete atlas briging occurred in 29.2% of the sample, partial and complete clinoid bridging in 15.2%. Atlas bridging appears at an average age of 10.7 years, clinoid bridging at seven years, demonstrating that these characters are not simply expressions of soft tissue sclerosis in old age. Both traits show no strong associations with bone robusticity although atlas bridging is slightly more frequent in males. Both traits are more frequent in relatives of affected individuals than in the sample as a whole. Correlations between parents and offspring and between sibs are highly significant for atlas bridging, less so far clinoid bridging. These traits should fit either a single gene or quasi-continuous, polygenic model of inheritance. Several tests for polygenic inheritance such as the correlation between first and second born sibs' trait condition, the relationship between trait expression in offspring and total trait incidence in affected parents, and the correlation between trait frequency and expressivity on an intergroup basis were all positive for atlas bridging. The evidence for polygenic inheritance of clinoid bridging is weaker but suggestive. The results obtained in this study for atlas bridging are comparable to data from one earlier family study. The evidence suggests that these two traits should prove useful as genetic markers in skeletal population studies although there is still need for careful control over trait observation and description. Future research should attempt to measure non-metric traits continuously when their underlying distributions are known to be graded.", "contents": "A family study of two skeletal variants: atlas bridging and clinoid bridging. The frequency of two non-metric skeletal traits, atlas bridging and clinoid bridging, were examined serially in a randomly chosen sample of 147 families who participated in the Burlington Growth Study. The sample is representative of an Ontario white Anglo-Saxon population. Partial and complete atlas briging occurred in 29.2% of the sample, partial and complete clinoid bridging in 15.2%. Atlas bridging appears at an average age of 10.7 years, clinoid bridging at seven years, demonstrating that these characters are not simply expressions of soft tissue sclerosis in old age. Both traits show no strong associations with bone robusticity although atlas bridging is slightly more frequent in males. Both traits are more frequent in relatives of affected individuals than in the sample as a whole. Correlations between parents and offspring and between sibs are highly significant for atlas bridging, less so far clinoid bridging. These traits should fit either a single gene or quasi-continuous, polygenic model of inheritance. Several tests for polygenic inheritance such as the correlation between first and second born sibs' trait condition, the relationship between trait expression in offspring and total trait incidence in affected parents, and the correlation between trait frequency and expressivity on an intergroup basis were all positive for atlas bridging. The evidence for polygenic inheritance of clinoid bridging is weaker but suggestive. The results obtained in this study for atlas bridging are comparable to data from one earlier family study. The evidence suggests that these two traits should prove useful as genetic markers in skeletal population studies although there is still need for careful control over trait observation and description. Future research should attempt to measure non-metric traits continuously when their underlying distributions are known to be graded.", "PMID": 717554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7097", "title": "Canadian Eskimo permanent tooth emergence timing.", "content": "To identify the times of emergence of the permanent teeth of Canadian Eskimos (Inuit), 368 children and adolescents were examined. The presence or absence of all permanent teeth except the third molars was recorded and these data subjected to probit analysis. Female emergence times were advanced over males. Generally, the Inuit of both sexes showed statistically significant earlier emergence times than Montreal children, except for the incisors. The present results do not support hypotheses indicating that premature extraction of the deciduous teeth advances the emergence of their succedaneous counterparts. There is some indication the controls of deciduous tooth emergence continue to play some part in emergence of the permanent dentition, especially the first permanent teeth that emerge.", "contents": "Canadian Eskimo permanent tooth emergence timing. To identify the times of emergence of the permanent teeth of Canadian Eskimos (Inuit), 368 children and adolescents were examined. The presence or absence of all permanent teeth except the third molars was recorded and these data subjected to probit analysis. Female emergence times were advanced over males. Generally, the Inuit of both sexes showed statistically significant earlier emergence times than Montreal children, except for the incisors. The present results do not support hypotheses indicating that premature extraction of the deciduous teeth advances the emergence of their succedaneous counterparts. There is some indication the controls of deciduous tooth emergence continue to play some part in emergence of the permanent dentition, especially the first permanent teeth that emerge.", "PMID": 717555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7098", "title": "Communality of surnames: a measures of biological interrelationships among thirty-one settlements in upper Val Varaita in the Italian alps.", "content": "The upper part of the Alpine valley of the Varaita (population about 1,596) has three communities situated in a triangle about 6 km on a side but divided into frazioni (clusters of houses) that form a \"Y\" along the road and river in the valley floor. The coefficient of relationship (Ri) based on the communality of surnames between pairs of frazioni and between pairs of the communities shows very high levels of interrelationship (up to 0.26 compared with 0.5 for brothers). It tends to be higher between frazioni of the same community than between communities. It is highest among five pairs of contiguous frazioni within 1 km of each other. It tends to be highest between frazioni of the community least influenced by tourism and migration. It is not dmonstrably affected by the division of one community into two parishes. It is about twice as high between contiguous communities as between the two communities with an intervening one. The high values represent the long history of the same surnames in the valley and the accumulation of relationship through high levels of valley endogamy.", "contents": "Communality of surnames: a measures of biological interrelationships among thirty-one settlements in upper Val Varaita in the Italian alps. The upper part of the Alpine valley of the Varaita (population about 1,596) has three communities situated in a triangle about 6 km on a side but divided into frazioni (clusters of houses) that form a \"Y\" along the road and river in the valley floor. The coefficient of relationship (Ri) based on the communality of surnames between pairs of frazioni and between pairs of the communities shows very high levels of interrelationship (up to 0.26 compared with 0.5 for brothers). It tends to be higher between frazioni of the same community than between communities. It is highest among five pairs of contiguous frazioni within 1 km of each other. It tends to be highest between frazioni of the community least influenced by tourism and migration. It is not dmonstrably affected by the division of one community into two parishes. It is about twice as high between contiguous communities as between the two communities with an intervening one. The high values represent the long history of the same surnames in the valley and the accumulation of relationship through high levels of valley endogamy.", "PMID": 717556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7099", "title": "The genetic hypothesis for the transmission of Australia antigen (HBsAg).", "content": "Exceptions have been cited which rule against the simple autosomal recessive hypothesis for the transmission of susceptibility to infection with Australia antigen (HBsAg). An attempt is made here to present a genetic model for a complex segregation analysis of a new and unique set of data to test this hypothesis. Regression techniques were used to estimate in four populations, age and sex-specific penetrance levels and the frequency of the gene whose product is hypothesized to be HBsAg. While the genetic hypothesis was not in general supported, observed deviations and their possible causes are discussed.", "contents": "The genetic hypothesis for the transmission of Australia antigen (HBsAg). Exceptions have been cited which rule against the simple autosomal recessive hypothesis for the transmission of susceptibility to infection with Australia antigen (HBsAg). An attempt is made here to present a genetic model for a complex segregation analysis of a new and unique set of data to test this hypothesis. Regression techniques were used to estimate in four populations, age and sex-specific penetrance levels and the frequency of the gene whose product is hypothesized to be HBsAg. While the genetic hypothesis was not in general supported, observed deviations and their possible causes are discussed.", "PMID": 717557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7100", "title": "Analysis of hair samples of mummies from Semma South (Sudanese Nubia).", "content": "Hair samples from 76 burials at Semna South (Sudanese Nubia) were examined using a variety of techniques. Electrophoresis and fluorescence microscopy indicated some oxidation of the cuticule and keratin protein had taken place. However, the cuticular structure and the lack of fluorescence of the cortex indicate that the low humidity and non-alkaline conditions preserved the physical and chemical properties of the hair well. Pigmentation, even allowing for oxidation of melanin, showed a higher proportion of lighter samples than is currently associated with the Nubian area. Hair form analysis showed medium diameter and scale count; the curling variables were intermediate between European and African samples. There was a high ratio of maximum to minimum curvature (a measure of irregularity), approached only by Melanesian samples. Meroitic and X-group burial types were not statistically significantly different (largely due to sample sizes), but the X-group, especially males, showed more African elements than the Meroitic in the curling variables. Principal components analysis showed the Semna sample to be significantly different from seven populations examined earlier.", "contents": "Analysis of hair samples of mummies from Semma South (Sudanese Nubia). Hair samples from 76 burials at Semna South (Sudanese Nubia) were examined using a variety of techniques. Electrophoresis and fluorescence microscopy indicated some oxidation of the cuticule and keratin protein had taken place. However, the cuticular structure and the lack of fluorescence of the cortex indicate that the low humidity and non-alkaline conditions preserved the physical and chemical properties of the hair well. Pigmentation, even allowing for oxidation of melanin, showed a higher proportion of lighter samples than is currently associated with the Nubian area. Hair form analysis showed medium diameter and scale count; the curling variables were intermediate between European and African samples. There was a high ratio of maximum to minimum curvature (a measure of irregularity), approached only by Melanesian samples. Meroitic and X-group burial types were not statistically significantly different (largely due to sample sizes), but the X-group, especially males, showed more African elements than the Meroitic in the curling variables. Principal components analysis showed the Semna sample to be significantly different from seven populations examined earlier.", "PMID": 717558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7101", "title": "Genetic counseling for psychiatric patients and their families.", "content": "The author presents an overview of genetic counseling for psychiatric patients and their families, including a brief summary of contemporary research into the evidence of genetic factors, the familial risks, and the possible modes of inheritance for major psychiatric disorders. The purpose is to review and condense the available literature pertaining to psychiatric genetic counseling for the benefit or psychiatrists and counselors in their day-to-day practice and for the general \"consumer.\" It is hoped that giving the general public access to such information will help to reduce the suffering commonly brought about by the stigmatization of mental disorders.", "contents": "Genetic counseling for psychiatric patients and their families. The author presents an overview of genetic counseling for psychiatric patients and their families, including a brief summary of contemporary research into the evidence of genetic factors, the familial risks, and the possible modes of inheritance for major psychiatric disorders. The purpose is to review and condense the available literature pertaining to psychiatric genetic counseling for the benefit or psychiatrists and counselors in their day-to-day practice and for the general \"consumer.\" It is hoped that giving the general public access to such information will help to reduce the suffering commonly brought about by the stigmatization of mental disorders.", "PMID": 717559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7102", "title": "The incidence of psychosurgery in the United States, 1971--1973.", "content": "As part of the work of the APA Task Force on Psychosurgery, the author surveyed 1,901 neurosurgeons on how many psychosurgical procedures they performed in 1971, 1972 and 1973. A total of 1.481 questionnaires were returned: 195 neurosurgeons indicated they had performed a total of 476 procedures for intractable pain and 1.039 procedures for psychiatric conditions. Excluding the procedures reported by 4 neurosurgeons who performed more than 20 psychosurgical operations in any one of the three years, the number of psychosurgical operations in 575 for the three years, which the author suggests should allay fears about the abuse of psychosurgery.", "contents": "The incidence of psychosurgery in the United States, 1971--1973. As part of the work of the APA Task Force on Psychosurgery, the author surveyed 1,901 neurosurgeons on how many psychosurgical procedures they performed in 1971, 1972 and 1973. A total of 1.481 questionnaires were returned: 195 neurosurgeons indicated they had performed a total of 476 procedures for intractable pain and 1.039 procedures for psychiatric conditions. Excluding the procedures reported by 4 neurosurgeons who performed more than 20 psychosurgical operations in any one of the three years, the number of psychosurgical operations in 575 for the three years, which the author suggests should allay fears about the abuse of psychosurgery.", "PMID": 717560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7103", "title": "First-rank symptoms in the postacute schizophrenic: a follow-up study.", "content": "Schneider's diagnostic system of first-rank symptoms (FRS) is acknowledged by psychiatrists throughout the world as a decisive basis for the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Recently, the author's and others' works have challenged this view. This report examines the relationship between FRS, psychotic symptoms, prognosis, and outcome at the postacute stage. The assessment of FRS was made from an interview schedule (a modification of the Wing Present State Examination) developed for the systematic assessment of psychotic symptoms. The results question the utility of FRS as a primary diagnostic approach to schizophrenia, suggesting that Schneider's system may not be superior to other diagnostic approaches.", "contents": "First-rank symptoms in the postacute schizophrenic: a follow-up study. Schneider's diagnostic system of first-rank symptoms (FRS) is acknowledged by psychiatrists throughout the world as a decisive basis for the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Recently, the author's and others' works have challenged this view. This report examines the relationship between FRS, psychotic symptoms, prognosis, and outcome at the postacute stage. The assessment of FRS was made from an interview schedule (a modification of the Wing Present State Examination) developed for the systematic assessment of psychotic symptoms. The results question the utility of FRS as a primary diagnostic approach to schizophrenia, suggesting that Schneider's system may not be superior to other diagnostic approaches.", "PMID": 717561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7104", "title": "Hyperkinetic/aggressive boys in treatment: predictors of clinical response to methylphenidate.", "content": "Data on 84 nonretarded boys aged 6--12 with the hyperkinetic/MBD syndrome were drawn from a comprehensive, longitudinal investigation in the interest of identifying factors that contribute significantly to variation in clinically rated improvement during treatment with methylphenidate. The size of the multiple correlation (R = .50) indicates that 25% of the variation in the children's response to methylphenidate is jointly predictable from age at referral, degree of perinatal complications, and score on the hyperactivity factor. The authors discuss stepwise multiple regression analysis as the method of choice in drug response prediction studies and the possible effects on the results of such studies of differing definitions of improvements.", "contents": "Hyperkinetic/aggressive boys in treatment: predictors of clinical response to methylphenidate. Data on 84 nonretarded boys aged 6--12 with the hyperkinetic/MBD syndrome were drawn from a comprehensive, longitudinal investigation in the interest of identifying factors that contribute significantly to variation in clinically rated improvement during treatment with methylphenidate. The size of the multiple correlation (R = .50) indicates that 25% of the variation in the children's response to methylphenidate is jointly predictable from age at referral, degree of perinatal complications, and score on the hyperactivity factor. The authors discuss stepwise multiple regression analysis as the method of choice in drug response prediction studies and the possible effects on the results of such studies of differing definitions of improvements.", "PMID": 717562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7105", "title": "The group psychotherapy dropout phenomenon revisited.", "content": "In this two-year study, patients referred for group therapy were extensively screened and carefully prepared for the therapy. In spite of this effort there was a 29% dorpout rate after group therapy began. All of the therapists reported that they disliked the patients who dropped out, and many of these patients were seen as hostile toward the therapists. The author suggests that for many groups the dropout phenomenom may be basic to the establishment of group cohesiveness and that instead of trying to prevent or reduce the dropout phenomenon, efforts should be directed toward reconceptualizing the more positive aspects of it.", "contents": "The group psychotherapy dropout phenomenon revisited. In this two-year study, patients referred for group therapy were extensively screened and carefully prepared for the therapy. In spite of this effort there was a 29% dorpout rate after group therapy began. All of the therapists reported that they disliked the patients who dropped out, and many of these patients were seen as hostile toward the therapists. The author suggests that for many groups the dropout phenomenom may be basic to the establishment of group cohesiveness and that instead of trying to prevent or reduce the dropout phenomenon, efforts should be directed toward reconceptualizing the more positive aspects of it.", "PMID": 717563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7106", "title": "Families and hospitals: collusion or cooperation?", "content": "The author describes the therapeutic problems that can arise on a family-oriented psychiatric inpatient service. The stress emerging from the therapeutic demands on and changes in the internal structure of the family may cause the family to seek to reestablish its internal equilibrium by changing the hospital staff and structure at the ward level, department level, and the hospital administration level. These transactions between the hospital and families, which are complex, are extremely important to recognize because they can undermine the therapeutic process.", "contents": "Families and hospitals: collusion or cooperation? The author describes the therapeutic problems that can arise on a family-oriented psychiatric inpatient service. The stress emerging from the therapeutic demands on and changes in the internal structure of the family may cause the family to seek to reestablish its internal equilibrium by changing the hospital staff and structure at the ward level, department level, and the hospital administration level. These transactions between the hospital and families, which are complex, are extremely important to recognize because they can undermine the therapeutic process.", "PMID": 717564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7107", "title": "Hysteria split asunder.", "content": "The authors present the proposed DSM-III classification of the traditional hysterical disorders, i.e., disorders that suggest physical illness but in which psychological factors are judged to be of importance. The use of the DSM-III inclusion and exclusion criteria--physical mechanism explains the symptoms, symptoms are linked to psychological factors, symptom initiation is under voluntary control, and there is an obvious recognizable environmental goal--are discussed in the differential diagnosis of somatoform disorder, factitious disorder, malingering, psychological factors affecting physical condition, and undiagnosed physical illness.", "contents": "Hysteria split asunder. The authors present the proposed DSM-III classification of the traditional hysterical disorders, i.e., disorders that suggest physical illness but in which psychological factors are judged to be of importance. The use of the DSM-III inclusion and exclusion criteria--physical mechanism explains the symptoms, symptoms are linked to psychological factors, symptom initiation is under voluntary control, and there is an obvious recognizable environmental goal--are discussed in the differential diagnosis of somatoform disorder, factitious disorder, malingering, psychological factors affecting physical condition, and undiagnosed physical illness.", "PMID": 717565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7108", "title": "Group therapy training in psychiatric residency programs: a national survey.", "content": "The authors used a questionnaire sent to the directors of the 256 approved American psychiatric residency programs to examine the availability, content, and orientations of group therapy training. They found that 78% of the responding programs offered group therapy training, a substantial increase from earlier estimates; that an approach incorporating didactic courses, observation and leadership of groups, supervision, and participation in an experiential group was gaining increased acceptance; that most of the programs provided a variety of arrangements for supervision of group training; that the theoretical orientations mirrored the field of group therapy itself; and, finally, that associated disciplines were gaining increasing acceptance.", "contents": "Group therapy training in psychiatric residency programs: a national survey. The authors used a questionnaire sent to the directors of the 256 approved American psychiatric residency programs to examine the availability, content, and orientations of group therapy training. They found that 78% of the responding programs offered group therapy training, a substantial increase from earlier estimates; that an approach incorporating didactic courses, observation and leadership of groups, supervision, and participation in an experiential group was gaining increased acceptance; that most of the programs provided a variety of arrangements for supervision of group training; that the theoretical orientations mirrored the field of group therapy itself; and, finally, that associated disciplines were gaining increasing acceptance.", "PMID": 717566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7109", "title": "Consultation-liaison versus other psychiatry clerkships: a comparison of learning outcomes and student reactions.", "content": "The authors present the results of a one-year study showing equivalent mastery of basic psychiatric knowledge and skills and equally favorable student reactions after psychiatry clerkships on a consultation-liaison service and on other more traditional psychiatry services. They recommend further research highlighting the unique contributions of consultation-liaison clerkship training to knowledge, skills, and attitudes for holistic primary care.", "contents": "Consultation-liaison versus other psychiatry clerkships: a comparison of learning outcomes and student reactions. The authors present the results of a one-year study showing equivalent mastery of basic psychiatric knowledge and skills and equally favorable student reactions after psychiatry clerkships on a consultation-liaison service and on other more traditional psychiatry services. They recommend further research highlighting the unique contributions of consultation-liaison clerkship training to knowledge, skills, and attitudes for holistic primary care.", "PMID": 717567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7110", "title": "The transition to practice seminar.", "content": "The author discusses the lack of organized faculty attempts to facilitate psychiatric residents' transition to professional practice. Interviewed residents suggested that faculty discontinue their \"benign neglect\" of the transition and provide information and discussion regarding the realities of different types of practice. He describes the six-session seminar he developed at Massachusetts General Hospital, which focuses on the process of transition from residency to practice, emphasizes the role of faculty as decision facilitators, and explores the costs and benefits of different types of psychiatric practice.", "contents": "The transition to practice seminar. The author discusses the lack of organized faculty attempts to facilitate psychiatric residents' transition to professional practice. Interviewed residents suggested that faculty discontinue their \"benign neglect\" of the transition and provide information and discussion regarding the realities of different types of practice. He describes the six-session seminar he developed at Massachusetts General Hospital, which focuses on the process of transition from residency to practice, emphasizes the role of faculty as decision facilitators, and explores the costs and benefits of different types of psychiatric practice.", "PMID": 717568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7111", "title": "Training psychiatrists of working with blacks in basic residency programs.", "content": "The author summarizes recommendations on how specific training for working black and other minority patients can be integrated into the existing relatively traditional residency programs. He also discusses psychotherapeutic issues and problems encountered in biracial and/or transcultural therapy that must be resolved if the training is to succeed.", "contents": "Training psychiatrists of working with blacks in basic residency programs. The author summarizes recommendations on how specific training for working black and other minority patients can be integrated into the existing relatively traditional residency programs. He also discusses psychotherapeutic issues and problems encountered in biracial and/or transcultural therapy that must be resolved if the training is to succeed.", "PMID": 717569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7112", "title": "Psychiatric education and training of Asian and Asian-American psychiatrists.", "content": "The Asian and Asian-American physician in a standard psychiatric residency is faced with discrimination at several levels, as well as special problems of professional role confusion and personal  identity, all of which can create barriers to professional development and productivity. Further, most standard psychiatric residencies do not include teaching or supervision specific to treating Asian patients. The author proposes the establishment of a specialized program, focusing on ethnic minority groups, within a general psychiatric residency; he discusses specific features of such a program. This approach may help to alleviate the problem of inadequate resources for handling the mental health problems of Asian-Americans and underutilization of mental health resources by this group.", "contents": "Psychiatric education and training of Asian and Asian-American psychiatrists. The Asian and Asian-American physician in a standard psychiatric residency is faced with discrimination at several levels, as well as special problems of professional role confusion and personal  identity, all of which can create barriers to professional development and productivity. Further, most standard psychiatric residencies do not include teaching or supervision specific to treating Asian patients. The author proposes the establishment of a specialized program, focusing on ethnic minority groups, within a general psychiatric residency; he discusses specific features of such a program. This approach may help to alleviate the problem of inadequate resources for handling the mental health problems of Asian-Americans and underutilization of mental health resources by this group.", "PMID": 717570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7113", "title": "An alternative view of the neurobiology of dreaming.", "content": "The author critiques the recently proposed activation-synthesis hypothesis about the origin and formation of dreams. Many findings do not support the new hypothesis that specific pontine physiological processes, rather than mental processes, instigate dreams and produce their distortion. First, dreaming often occurs in the absence of the pontine processes. Second, forebrain activity (which can have mental correlates) is crucial to the instigation and maintenance of dreaming sleep. Finally, activity of the proposed pontine dream generator, which is claimed to cause dream distortion, is not reliably accompanied by dream distortion.", "contents": "An alternative view of the neurobiology of dreaming. The author critiques the recently proposed activation-synthesis hypothesis about the origin and formation of dreams. Many findings do not support the new hypothesis that specific pontine physiological processes, rather than mental processes, instigate dreams and produce their distortion. First, dreaming often occurs in the absence of the pontine processes. Second, forebrain activity (which can have mental correlates) is crucial to the instigation and maintenance of dreaming sleep. Finally, activity of the proposed pontine dream generator, which is claimed to cause dream distortion, is not reliably accompanied by dream distortion.", "PMID": 717572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7114", "title": "The activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreams: a theoretical note.", "content": "The author examines Hobson and McCarley's activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreams from the point of view of theory construction and the logic of science. After reviewing pertinent literature, he concludes that modern sciences has not yet established a well-defined mind-body isomorphism. Therefore, conclusions about the psychological meaning and motive of dreams cannot validly be drawn from neurobiological data.", "contents": "The activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreams: a theoretical note. The author examines Hobson and McCarley's activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreams from the point of view of theory construction and the logic of science. After reviewing pertinent literature, he concludes that modern sciences has not yet established a well-defined mind-body isomorphism. Therefore, conclusions about the psychological meaning and motive of dreams cannot validly be drawn from neurobiological data.", "PMID": 717573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7115", "title": "Comparison of the incidence and severity of extrapyramidal side effects with fluphenazine enanthate and fluphenazine decanoate.", "content": "Forty-nine schizophrenic outpatients stabilized on oral antipsychotic medication and procyclidine received 12.5 mg or 18.75 mg of fluphenazine enanthate or fluphenazine decanoate and were examined for extrapyramidal side effects one and two weeks later. Extrapyramidal side effects were present in 30 patients (61%) but were clinically significant in only 11 (22%). Fluphenazine enanthate produced more clinically significant extrapyramidal symptoms, particularly akathisia, than did fluphenazine decanoate.", "contents": "Comparison of the incidence and severity of extrapyramidal side effects with fluphenazine enanthate and fluphenazine decanoate. Forty-nine schizophrenic outpatients stabilized on oral antipsychotic medication and procyclidine received 12.5 mg or 18.75 mg of fluphenazine enanthate or fluphenazine decanoate and were examined for extrapyramidal side effects one and two weeks later. Extrapyramidal side effects were present in 30 patients (61%) but were clinically significant in only 11 (22%). Fluphenazine enanthate produced more clinically significant extrapyramidal symptoms, particularly akathisia, than did fluphenazine decanoate.", "PMID": 717574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7116", "title": "Severe depersonalization treated by behavior therapy.", "content": "The author reports the use of behavior therapy in the treatment of two cases of severe intractable depersonalization. Outcome criteria included full psychiatric assessment, patients' self-ratings, and psychometric test scores. Treatment by flooding was highly effective in one case, and associated obsessive symptoms and anticipatory anxiety were substantially decreased in the other. Behavioral techniques may prove especially helpful in cases in which anticipatory anxiety, phobic avoidance, and obsessive perseveration are exacerbating features.", "contents": "Severe depersonalization treated by behavior therapy. The author reports the use of behavior therapy in the treatment of two cases of severe intractable depersonalization. Outcome criteria included full psychiatric assessment, patients' self-ratings, and psychometric test scores. Treatment by flooding was highly effective in one case, and associated obsessive symptoms and anticipatory anxiety were substantially decreased in the other. Behavioral techniques may prove especially helpful in cases in which anticipatory anxiety, phobic avoidance, and obsessive perseveration are exacerbating features.", "PMID": 717575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7117", "title": "Neurobiological vulnerability to low-dose amphetamine psychosis.", "content": "The authors present a case to illustrate a model of drug-induced psychosis wherein the drug acts as if it fits with some neurobiological predisposition in the patient. Patients with a good interpersonal developmental history but extreme sensitivity to a psychotomimetic drug may provide a model for neurobiological vulnerability to psychosis.", "contents": "Neurobiological vulnerability to low-dose amphetamine psychosis. The authors present a case to illustrate a model of drug-induced psychosis wherein the drug acts as if it fits with some neurobiological predisposition in the patient. Patients with a good interpersonal developmental history but extreme sensitivity to a psychotomimetic drug may provide a model for neurobiological vulnerability to psychosis.", "PMID": 717576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7118", "title": "Enuresis treatment with imipramine hydrochloride: a 10-year follow-up study.", "content": "The authors followed 29 young adults who had been treated for enuresis with imipramine hydrochloride 10 years earlier. To test beliefs that enuresis is symptomatic of severe psychopathology or of urological conditions, they studied whether the treatment had been followed by psychological decompensation; an inhibition of learning; a predisposition to drug abuse; negative effects on health, growth, weight, and development; or continued urinary symptoms. None of these negative effects was present; in general the subjects were active, well-motivated, and sociable and showed no significant psychiatric symptoms. One patient still wetted but only occasionally.", "contents": "Enuresis treatment with imipramine hydrochloride: a 10-year follow-up study. The authors followed 29 young adults who had been treated for enuresis with imipramine hydrochloride 10 years earlier. To test beliefs that enuresis is symptomatic of severe psychopathology or of urological conditions, they studied whether the treatment had been followed by psychological decompensation; an inhibition of learning; a predisposition to drug abuse; negative effects on health, growth, weight, and development; or continued urinary symptoms. None of these negative effects was present; in general the subjects were active, well-motivated, and sociable and showed no significant psychiatric symptoms. One patient still wetted but only occasionally.", "PMID": 717577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7119", "title": "Sexual function and affect in parkinsonian men treated with L-dopa.", "content": "Using psychiatric interviews, sexual and affect rating scales, hormonal studies, and neurologic assessment, the authors assessed the effect of L-dopa treatment on men with Parkinson's disease. Patients demonstrated variable affect changes. Approximately one-half of the patients reported an increased sexual interest that was not related to improvement in locomotor function. Hormonal factors appeared to be involved. The findings suggest that male parkinsonian patients who possess an intact hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis experience increased sexual function related to L-dopa treatment.", "contents": "Sexual function and affect in parkinsonian men treated with L-dopa. Using psychiatric interviews, sexual and affect rating scales, hormonal studies, and neurologic assessment, the authors assessed the effect of L-dopa treatment on men with Parkinson's disease. Patients demonstrated variable affect changes. Approximately one-half of the patients reported an increased sexual interest that was not related to improvement in locomotor function. Hormonal factors appeared to be involved. The findings suggest that male parkinsonian patients who possess an intact hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis experience increased sexual function related to L-dopa treatment.", "PMID": 717578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7120", "title": "Environmental health and safety concerns and energy conservation practices in academic institutions and hospitals.", "content": "Although there are many energy conservation practices which are now being applied in hospitals and academic institutions, there well be additional pressures for even further reductions in such energy use in the near future. In many instances, these reductions in energy use can be done within existing standards and do not endanger the health of persons who reside within these institutions. However, this paper highlights the fact that over-eager attempts at energy reduction may result in adverse effects on patients, students, staff, research programs, or the general public. For this reason, it is important for persons making decisions regarding energy conservation practices to be aware of these potential adverse effects and design energy conservation programs accordingly.", "contents": "Environmental health and safety concerns and energy conservation practices in academic institutions and hospitals. Although there are many energy conservation practices which are now being applied in hospitals and academic institutions, there well be additional pressures for even further reductions in such energy use in the near future. In many instances, these reductions in energy use can be done within existing standards and do not endanger the health of persons who reside within these institutions. However, this paper highlights the fact that over-eager attempts at energy reduction may result in adverse effects on patients, students, staff, research programs, or the general public. For this reason, it is important for persons making decisions regarding energy conservation practices to be aware of these potential adverse effects and design energy conservation programs accordingly.", "PMID": 717596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7121", "title": "Driver education and fatal crash involvement of teenaged drivers.", "content": "Fatal crash involvement of teenagers per licensed driver and per population in 27 states was related to the proportions of teenagers who received high school driver education. Among 16--17 year olds, driver education was associated with a great increase in the number of licensed drivers, without a decrease in the fatal crash involvement per 10,000 licensed drivers- About 80 per cent of the 16--17 year olds who took high school driver education obtained licenses that they would not otherwise have obtained until age 18 or thereafter. The net effect is much higher death involvement rates per 10,000 population, on average, in states with greater proportions of 16-17 year olds receiving high school driver education. The data suggest that most teenagers would obtain licenses when they are 18--19 years old, irrespective of high school driver education, and indicate that differences among the states in fatal crash involvement rates per 10,000 licensed 18--19 year old drivers were not significantly related to either high school driver education or delayed licensure.", "contents": "Driver education and fatal crash involvement of teenaged drivers. Fatal crash involvement of teenagers per licensed driver and per population in 27 states was related to the proportions of teenagers who received high school driver education. Among 16--17 year olds, driver education was associated with a great increase in the number of licensed drivers, without a decrease in the fatal crash involvement per 10,000 licensed drivers- About 80 per cent of the 16--17 year olds who took high school driver education obtained licenses that they would not otherwise have obtained until age 18 or thereafter. The net effect is much higher death involvement rates per 10,000 population, on average, in states with greater proportions of 16-17 year olds receiving high school driver education. The data suggest that most teenagers would obtain licenses when they are 18--19 years old, irrespective of high school driver education, and indicate that differences among the states in fatal crash involvement rates per 10,000 licensed 18--19 year old drivers were not significantly related to either high school driver education or delayed licensure.", "PMID": 717605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7122", "title": "The effect of a reduction in leading causes of death: potential gains in life expectancy.", "content": "The potential gains in total expectation of life and in the working life ages among the United States population are examined when the three leading causes of death are totally or partially eliminated. The impressive gains theoretically achieved by total elimination do not hold up under the more realistic assumption of partial elimination or reduction. The number of years gained by a new-born child, with a 30 per cent reduction in major cardiovascular diseases would be 1.98 years, for malignant neoplasms 0.71 years, and for motor vehicle accidents 0.21 years. Application of the same reduction to the working ages, 15 to 70 years, results in a gain of 0.43, 0.26, and 0.14 years, respectively for the three leading causes of death. Even with a scientific break-through in combating these causes of death, it appears that future gains in life expectancies for the working ages will not be spectacular. The implication of the results in relation to the current debate on the national health care policy is noted.", "contents": "The effect of a reduction in leading causes of death: potential gains in life expectancy. The potential gains in total expectation of life and in the working life ages among the United States population are examined when the three leading causes of death are totally or partially eliminated. The impressive gains theoretically achieved by total elimination do not hold up under the more realistic assumption of partial elimination or reduction. The number of years gained by a new-born child, with a 30 per cent reduction in major cardiovascular diseases would be 1.98 years, for malignant neoplasms 0.71 years, and for motor vehicle accidents 0.21 years. Application of the same reduction to the working ages, 15 to 70 years, results in a gain of 0.43, 0.26, and 0.14 years, respectively for the three leading causes of death. Even with a scientific break-through in combating these causes of death, it appears that future gains in life expectancies for the working ages will not be spectacular. The implication of the results in relation to the current debate on the national health care policy is noted.", "PMID": 717606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7123", "title": "The rural nurse practitioner: a challenge and a response.", "content": "From a cohort of 525 employed nurse practitioners (NPs) who graduated between May 1975 and June 1976, 85 (16 per cent) reported practicing in rural areas. While 91 per cent of the rural NPs chose the short-term certificate programs rather than the master's degree for their NP preparation, 47 per cent had already earned a baccalaureate or master's degree prior to NP training. Family NPs comprised the most frequent specialty area chosen, followed by pediatric and adult specialties. Of the 85, 99 per cent were actually providing a broad array of primary care services to clients over a wide age range. Physicians were periodically available on site in about 80 per cent of the practices, by telephone in 97 per cent of the practices, and in 60 per cent of the practices provided additional consulation by record review. Major motivations of the NPs for entering rural practice were to participate in a creative approach to health care delivery (50 per cent of the practice setting were less than five years old), and for the opportunity for role autonomy. Over 95 per cent of these NPs and employers were satisfied with the NP role.", "contents": "The rural nurse practitioner: a challenge and a response. From a cohort of 525 employed nurse practitioners (NPs) who graduated between May 1975 and June 1976, 85 (16 per cent) reported practicing in rural areas. While 91 per cent of the rural NPs chose the short-term certificate programs rather than the master's degree for their NP preparation, 47 per cent had already earned a baccalaureate or master's degree prior to NP training. Family NPs comprised the most frequent specialty area chosen, followed by pediatric and adult specialties. Of the 85, 99 per cent were actually providing a broad array of primary care services to clients over a wide age range. Physicians were periodically available on site in about 80 per cent of the practices, by telephone in 97 per cent of the practices, and in 60 per cent of the practices provided additional consulation by record review. Major motivations of the NPs for entering rural practice were to participate in a creative approach to health care delivery (50 per cent of the practice setting were less than five years old), and for the opportunity for role autonomy. Over 95 per cent of these NPs and employers were satisfied with the NP role.", "PMID": 717607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7124", "title": "Family nurse practitioners in primary care: a study of practice and patients.", "content": "In this nationwide study 8,905 patients were seen by 356 family nurse practitioners (FNPs) during February through April 1977. The ratio of white to black and white to \"other\" patients was six to one. Racial minorities were seen significantly more often than were whites in public clinics supported predominantly by public tax monies. The smallest number of patients seen was in the \"elderly\" age group, 65 and over. Elderly patients were located to a greater extent in the South and they used both private and public clinics. The number of infants and children seen was greater in the Western region and in semi-urban areas. The predominant patient problems seen by FNPs were Prevention/Health Supervision and Respiratory. Although there were similarities between top ranking primary care problems seen by FNPs in this study compared with primary care physicians in other studies, proportionately more FNP patient contacts were for Prevention/Health Supervision and the patients tended to be in the younger age group.", "contents": "Family nurse practitioners in primary care: a study of practice and patients. In this nationwide study 8,905 patients were seen by 356 family nurse practitioners (FNPs) during February through April 1977. The ratio of white to black and white to \"other\" patients was six to one. Racial minorities were seen significantly more often than were whites in public clinics supported predominantly by public tax monies. The smallest number of patients seen was in the \"elderly\" age group, 65 and over. Elderly patients were located to a greater extent in the South and they used both private and public clinics. The number of infants and children seen was greater in the Western region and in semi-urban areas. The predominant patient problems seen by FNPs were Prevention/Health Supervision and Respiratory. Although there were similarities between top ranking primary care problems seen by FNPs in this study compared with primary care physicians in other studies, proportionately more FNP patient contacts were for Prevention/Health Supervision and the patients tended to be in the younger age group.", "PMID": 717608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7125", "title": "The financial viability of rural primary health care centers.", "content": "Primary health care centers have been proposed to meet the health care needs of rural America. Some centers become financially \"self-sufficient\", receiving their entire budgets from direct patient or third-party payments; others shut down when external funding is withdrawn. An explanation for this difference is important, because funding agencies may not wish to subsidize centers whose financial futures appear bleak. This study identifies the correlates of financial self-sufficiency. A survey conducted in late 1976 or 164 rural clinics provided 101 usable responses. Multiple regression analysis of the data shows that the longer a center has been in operation, the more self-sufficient it will become. Hospital control of the center and provision of laboratory tests increase self-sufficiency; outreach services and nonprofit status reduce it. Two variables related to financial self-sufficiency are separately examined. Clinics with a faster growth rate of patient visits are more self-sufficient, and smaller clinics tend to grow faster. More self-sufficient clinics experience less difficulty in keeping professional staff. The presence of a state Area Health Education Center (AHEC) program also eases the problem of staff retention.", "contents": "The financial viability of rural primary health care centers. Primary health care centers have been proposed to meet the health care needs of rural America. Some centers become financially \"self-sufficient\", receiving their entire budgets from direct patient or third-party payments; others shut down when external funding is withdrawn. An explanation for this difference is important, because funding agencies may not wish to subsidize centers whose financial futures appear bleak. This study identifies the correlates of financial self-sufficiency. A survey conducted in late 1976 or 164 rural clinics provided 101 usable responses. Multiple regression analysis of the data shows that the longer a center has been in operation, the more self-sufficient it will become. Hospital control of the center and provision of laboratory tests increase self-sufficiency; outreach services and nonprofit status reduce it. Two variables related to financial self-sufficiency are separately examined. Clinics with a faster growth rate of patient visits are more self-sufficient, and smaller clinics tend to grow faster. More self-sufficient clinics experience less difficulty in keeping professional staff. The presence of a state Area Health Education Center (AHEC) program also eases the problem of staff retention.", "PMID": 717609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7126", "title": "Family allowance and family planning in Chile.", "content": "Family allowances designed to promote maternal and child health and welfare could be self-defeating if they stimulated otherwise unwanted births, as often assumed. That assumption, with its public health and demographic implications, needs testing. An attempt to test it was made in Chile in 1969--1970 through interviews with 945 wives receiving an allowance and 690 non-recipients. Recipients practiced contraception significantly more than did non-recipients. This was not explained by wives' educational attainment or employment, the couples' earnings, or number of living children, but was associated with a 50 per cent greater utilization of professional prenatal care by recipients during the most recent pregnancy; women with such care (regardless of allowance status) were 75 per cent more likely than others to control their fertility. Prenatal care was probably sought more by recipients in part because an additional stipend was provided as soon as pregnancy was confirmed, usually at clinics with integrated family planning. Greater family income, attributable to the allowance, probably also contributed to the recipients' better prenatal attention and to contraceptive practice. Noteworthy, too, was the finding that with the number of living children controlled, contraceptive practice was significantly greater amoung couples who had never lost a child.", "contents": "Family allowance and family planning in Chile. Family allowances designed to promote maternal and child health and welfare could be self-defeating if they stimulated otherwise unwanted births, as often assumed. That assumption, with its public health and demographic implications, needs testing. An attempt to test it was made in Chile in 1969--1970 through interviews with 945 wives receiving an allowance and 690 non-recipients. Recipients practiced contraception significantly more than did non-recipients. This was not explained by wives' educational attainment or employment, the couples' earnings, or number of living children, but was associated with a 50 per cent greater utilization of professional prenatal care by recipients during the most recent pregnancy; women with such care (regardless of allowance status) were 75 per cent more likely than others to control their fertility. Prenatal care was probably sought more by recipients in part because an additional stipend was provided as soon as pregnancy was confirmed, usually at clinics with integrated family planning. Greater family income, attributable to the allowance, probably also contributed to the recipients' better prenatal attention and to contraceptive practice. Noteworthy, too, was the finding that with the number of living children controlled, contraceptive practice was significantly greater amoung couples who had never lost a child.", "PMID": 717610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7127", "title": "Children's views of health: a developmental study.", "content": "Two hundred and sixty-four first, fourth, and seventh grade children were asked to define health, state what it felt like to be healthy and not healthy, and to give criteria they would use to judge another person's health status. A chi square analysis was done to compare differences for age, sex, intelligence, and socioeconomic status. Results indicated that children saw health as a positive attribute which enabled them to participate in desired activities, that a person was healthy if he could do what he wanted to do, and that health and illness were two different cncepts rather than on a continuum as is often cited in the literature. Mental health was not considered as part of being healthy except by a few of the oldest children. There were both qualitative and quantitative changes with age which were consistent with theories of concept development. It is recommended that future studies be conducted with both adults and health workers. (There is some evidence that consumers and health professionals do not have the same ideas about health.)", "contents": "Children's views of health: a developmental study. Two hundred and sixty-four first, fourth, and seventh grade children were asked to define health, state what it felt like to be healthy and not healthy, and to give criteria they would use to judge another person's health status. A chi square analysis was done to compare differences for age, sex, intelligence, and socioeconomic status. Results indicated that children saw health as a positive attribute which enabled them to participate in desired activities, that a person was healthy if he could do what he wanted to do, and that health and illness were two different cncepts rather than on a continuum as is often cited in the literature. Mental health was not considered as part of being healthy except by a few of the oldest children. There were both qualitative and quantitative changes with age which were consistent with theories of concept development. It is recommended that future studies be conducted with both adults and health workers. (There is some evidence that consumers and health professionals do not have the same ideas about health.)", "PMID": 717611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7128", "title": "Informed consent by children and participation in an influenza vaccine trial.", "content": "Two hundred thirteen school children, ages six to nine, were presented the opportunity to participate in an experimental trial of swine influenza vaccine. In non-directive question and answer sessions, all groups of children except one composed only of six year olds elicited all relevant information on the details of the trial and the associated risks and benefits. Forty-six per cent of the subjects declined to participate. Letters requiring informed consent of the parents were sent to the homes of the others. Almost 15 per cent of these parents agreed to their children's participation. In this setting, children initiate their own visits to the school nurse practitioner. A significant association was found between volunteering for the study and higher use of services (but not for medical reasons). Younger children and boys, regardless of their patterns of use, were less inclined to volunteer for the experiment.", "contents": "Informed consent by children and participation in an influenza vaccine trial. Two hundred thirteen school children, ages six to nine, were presented the opportunity to participate in an experimental trial of swine influenza vaccine. In non-directive question and answer sessions, all groups of children except one composed only of six year olds elicited all relevant information on the details of the trial and the associated risks and benefits. Forty-six per cent of the subjects declined to participate. Letters requiring informed consent of the parents were sent to the homes of the others. Almost 15 per cent of these parents agreed to their children's participation. In this setting, children initiate their own visits to the school nurse practitioner. A significant association was found between volunteering for the study and higher use of services (but not for medical reasons). Younger children and boys, regardless of their patterns of use, were less inclined to volunteer for the experiment.", "PMID": 717615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7129", "title": "Sexual knowledge, attitudes, and practice of Israeli adolescents.", "content": "A study of 4,976 high-school students in Israel, representative of this age group for the entire country except for 13 percent who attend religious schools, revealed that about one-third of the boys aged 14-15 and almost one-half of those in the 16-17 age category have had sexual intercourse. The respective figures for girls are 6 percent and 16 percent. Age at onset of sexual activity was found to be higher and the level of knowledge about the same as in reports from the Western world. Students of Oriental origin, as well as those considering themselves religious or traditional tended to be less active sexually, more conservative in their attitudes, and less knowledgeable. In contrast, students of both sexes residing in kibbutzim were found to be more active sexually and more knowledgeable. A double standard for girls was accepted, especially among the female respondents, except in the kibbutzim. A subgroup of girls highly sexually active, in contrast to their own attitudes, has been identified, and possible reasons for this discordance discussed. As sexual activity among teenagers is becoming more prevalent, comprehensive and early sex education school programs should be encouraged.", "contents": "Sexual knowledge, attitudes, and practice of Israeli adolescents. A study of 4,976 high-school students in Israel, representative of this age group for the entire country except for 13 percent who attend religious schools, revealed that about one-third of the boys aged 14-15 and almost one-half of those in the 16-17 age category have had sexual intercourse. The respective figures for girls are 6 percent and 16 percent. Age at onset of sexual activity was found to be higher and the level of knowledge about the same as in reports from the Western world. Students of Oriental origin, as well as those considering themselves religious or traditional tended to be less active sexually, more conservative in their attitudes, and less knowledgeable. In contrast, students of both sexes residing in kibbutzim were found to be more active sexually and more knowledgeable. A double standard for girls was accepted, especially among the female respondents, except in the kibbutzim. A subgroup of girls highly sexually active, in contrast to their own attitudes, has been identified, and possible reasons for this discordance discussed. As sexual activity among teenagers is becoming more prevalent, comprehensive and early sex education school programs should be encouraged.", "PMID": 717616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7130", "title": "A comparative study of physicians' and nurses' conceptions of the role of the nurse practitioner.", "content": "Attempts to define the role of the nurse practitioner as a new health care provider raise questions about the traditional health care division of labor. In order to determine nurses' and physicians' conceptions of the NP's role, parallel surveys were conducted among registered nurses and primary care physicians in southeastern Pennsylvania (including Philadelphia). Respondents (679 nurses and 597 physicians) indicated their opinions on the issue of autonomy for NPs and on the issue of specific tasks appropriate to the NP's role. There were significant differences between nurses and physicians with respect to both of the issues under consideration, but there were also important differences within each of these groups. Nurses were more likely to assert that an NP might practice independently, and also had a higher conception of the NP's capabilities. Physicians who were interested in employing a nurse practitioner had opinions which were closest to those of nurses. These findings suggest that conflict between nurses and physicians might be minimal as long as the nurse practitioner movement remains relatively small, but that there may be latent conflict inherent in any large scale attempt to change the health care division of labor at the present time.", "contents": "A comparative study of physicians' and nurses' conceptions of the role of the nurse practitioner. Attempts to define the role of the nurse practitioner as a new health care provider raise questions about the traditional health care division of labor. In order to determine nurses' and physicians' conceptions of the NP's role, parallel surveys were conducted among registered nurses and primary care physicians in southeastern Pennsylvania (including Philadelphia). Respondents (679 nurses and 597 physicians) indicated their opinions on the issue of autonomy for NPs and on the issue of specific tasks appropriate to the NP's role. There were significant differences between nurses and physicians with respect to both of the issues under consideration, but there were also important differences within each of these groups. Nurses were more likely to assert that an NP might practice independently, and also had a higher conception of the NP's capabilities. Physicians who were interested in employing a nurse practitioner had opinions which were closest to those of nurses. These findings suggest that conflict between nurses and physicians might be minimal as long as the nurse practitioner movement remains relatively small, but that there may be latent conflict inherent in any large scale attempt to change the health care division of labor at the present time.", "PMID": 717617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7131", "title": "Overcoming barriers to the employment and utilization of the nurse practitioner.", "content": "A national longitudinal cohort study of nurse practitioners and their employers conducted during 1973--1976 provided data on barriers to the development of the nurse practitioner role in primary care. Nearly 90 per cent of the 500 primary care nurse practitioners responding and 75 per cent of the 407 employers responding reported encountering one or more barriers to the role development of the nurse practitioner in their practice setting. Nurse practitioners identified an average of 2.2 barriers and employers identified an average of 1.6 barriers each. Specific barriers identified by 20 per cent or more of the nurse practitioners and employers were legal restrictions, limitations of space and facilities, and resistance from other providers. The data and other evidence suggest that these barriers are not insurmountable and that progress is being made in overcoming these obstacles.", "contents": "Overcoming barriers to the employment and utilization of the nurse practitioner. A national longitudinal cohort study of nurse practitioners and their employers conducted during 1973--1976 provided data on barriers to the development of the nurse practitioner role in primary care. Nearly 90 per cent of the 500 primary care nurse practitioners responding and 75 per cent of the 407 employers responding reported encountering one or more barriers to the role development of the nurse practitioner in their practice setting. Nurse practitioners identified an average of 2.2 barriers and employers identified an average of 1.6 barriers each. Specific barriers identified by 20 per cent or more of the nurse practitioners and employers were legal restrictions, limitations of space and facilities, and resistance from other providers. The data and other evidence suggest that these barriers are not insurmountable and that progress is being made in overcoming these obstacles.", "PMID": 717618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7132", "title": "Physician behavior as a determinant of utilization patterns: the case of abortion.", "content": "Health services utilization may be influenced by the structure of the health system and the behavior of health professionals as well as by the actions of individual patients. This research examines the responses of obstetricians toward women seeking abortion. The population for this study includes all obstetrician-gynecologists with any private practice in Maryland during 1975 (473). Each responding physician (443) was presented with a case history vignette describing, in a telephone interview, a woman who is pregnant and considering an abortion. The sociodemographic characteristics of the woman were systematically varied to determine effects of patient attributes on physicians' patient management decisions. Decisions to refer the patient or to participate personally in her care were found to be associated most strongly with the patients' financial resources. Three hundred and twelve obstetricians returned a mail questionnaire, probing their own attitudes and characteristics. Physicians' liberal or conservative attitudes toward expansion of reproductive health care services and their level of disturbance by the abortion procedure were also influential in these patient management decisions. Simultaneous examination of both patient and physician characteristics indicated that the former had the greater weight in accounting for referral decisions.", "contents": "Physician behavior as a determinant of utilization patterns: the case of abortion. Health services utilization may be influenced by the structure of the health system and the behavior of health professionals as well as by the actions of individual patients. This research examines the responses of obstetricians toward women seeking abortion. The population for this study includes all obstetrician-gynecologists with any private practice in Maryland during 1975 (473). Each responding physician (443) was presented with a case history vignette describing, in a telephone interview, a woman who is pregnant and considering an abortion. The sociodemographic characteristics of the woman were systematically varied to determine effects of patient attributes on physicians' patient management decisions. Decisions to refer the patient or to participate personally in her care were found to be associated most strongly with the patients' financial resources. Three hundred and twelve obstetricians returned a mail questionnaire, probing their own attitudes and characteristics. Physicians' liberal or conservative attitudes toward expansion of reproductive health care services and their level of disturbance by the abortion procedure were also influential in these patient management decisions. Simultaneous examination of both patient and physician characteristics indicated that the former had the greater weight in accounting for referral decisions.", "PMID": 717619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7133", "title": "Prevalence of sickle cell trait and HbC-trait in Blacks from low socioeconomic conditions.", "content": "In the present investigation we did not observe age or sex differentials in the prevalence of sickle cell or HbC-traits in Black males or females of low socioeconomic status. When our data were compared to those of others, we found no evidence for a socioeconomic differential in the prevalence of these traits.", "contents": "Prevalence of sickle cell trait and HbC-trait in Blacks from low socioeconomic conditions. In the present investigation we did not observe age or sex differentials in the prevalence of sickle cell or HbC-traits in Black males or females of low socioeconomic status. When our data were compared to those of others, we found no evidence for a socioeconomic differential in the prevalence of these traits.", "PMID": 717622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7134", "title": "Acute bacterial meningitis in Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt, 1 January 1971 through 31 December 1975.", "content": "Between 1 January 1971 and 31 December 1975, 1,333 patients with acute bacterial meningitis were admitted to the meningitis ward of the Abbassia Fever Hospital. These cases are tabulated by distribution of diagnosis, seasonal distribution,  age and sex distribution, and age-specific case fatality ratio. Results are compared with those of other large series of cases reported from other parts of the world. The annual incidence of acute bacterial meningitis in Egypt varies widely. Recent data show this to be due to variations in the incidence of group A meningococcal meningitis. The study includes the declining phase of an epidemic of that disease and confirms a previously reported finding that the case fatality ratio in group A meningococcal meningitis varies inversely with the annual number of cases.", "contents": "Acute bacterial meningitis in Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt, 1 January 1971 through 31 December 1975. Between 1 January 1971 and 31 December 1975, 1,333 patients with acute bacterial meningitis were admitted to the meningitis ward of the Abbassia Fever Hospital. These cases are tabulated by distribution of diagnosis, seasonal distribution,  age and sex distribution, and age-specific case fatality ratio. Results are compared with those of other large series of cases reported from other parts of the world. The annual incidence of acute bacterial meningitis in Egypt varies widely. Recent data show this to be due to variations in the incidence of group A meningococcal meningitis. The study includes the declining phase of an epidemic of that disease and confirms a previously reported finding that the case fatality ratio in group A meningococcal meningitis varies inversely with the annual number of cases.", "PMID": 717626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7135", "title": "Studies on hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody in Nauru. I. Distribution amongst Nauruans.", "content": "The age specific prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody was studied among a random sample of Nauruans over the age of 10 years. Overall, 79% of subjects showed evidence of past infection with hepatitis B virus with the highest prevalence among young people. While there was no difference in the infection rate between males and females, the carrier rate in males was 50% higher. In both sexes the carrier rate declined with increasing age. Significant differences in carrier rates were detected among people living in different parts of the island.", "contents": "Studies on hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody in Nauru. I. Distribution amongst Nauruans. The age specific prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody was studied among a random sample of Nauruans over the age of 10 years. Overall, 79% of subjects showed evidence of past infection with hepatitis B virus with the highest prevalence among young people. While there was no difference in the infection rate between males and females, the carrier rate in males was 50% higher. In both sexes the carrier rate declined with increasing age. Significant differences in carrier rates were detected among people living in different parts of the island.", "PMID": 717627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7136", "title": "Hepatitis B antigenaemia on Wuvulu Island.", "content": "A survey of the population of Wuvulu Island was undertaken to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B antigenaemia (HBsAg). Seventy-five percent of the population were tested, and 17.7% of those tested were positive for HBsAg. The percentage of positive sera increased with age but declined in the 5th decade of life. There was a marked difference in positivity between the two villages on the island (25.9% and 9.9%) which cannot be explained by several existing hypotheses for HBsAg transmission.", "contents": "Hepatitis B antigenaemia on Wuvulu Island. A survey of the population of Wuvulu Island was undertaken to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B antigenaemia (HBsAg). Seventy-five percent of the population were tested, and 17.7% of those tested were positive for HBsAg. The percentage of positive sera increased with age but declined in the 5th decade of life. There was a marked difference in positivity between the two villages on the island (25.9% and 9.9%) which cannot be explained by several existing hypotheses for HBsAg transmission.", "PMID": 717628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7137", "title": "Natural transmission of Keystone virus to sentinel rabbits on the Delmarva Peninsula.", "content": "Domestic rabbits were exposed in the Pocomoke Cypress Swamp from early May through October 1973, to act as sentinel indicators of Keystone (KEY) virus transmission on the Delaware-Maryland-Virginia (DelMarVa) Peninsula. Rabbits were bled weekly and their sera were tested for the presence of neutralizing antibody to both KEY and James-town Canyon (JC) viruses. Adult mosquito activity was monitored concurrently by CDC miniature light traps with Dry Ice. Of 100 rabbits exposed, 20 rabbits acquired neutralizing antibody to KEY virus as a result of their exposure; none acquired antibody to JC virus. Eighty-three percent of susceptible rabbits exposed converted immediately after the emergence of Aedes atlanticus adult mosquitoes in early September. Rabbit seroconversions were not limited to any particular habitat within the swamp. The conversion of a large proportion of sentinel rabbits immediately following emergence of A. atlanticus, and the previous demonstration of transovarial transmission of KEY virus by A. atlanticus, suggest that vertically infected individuals are capable of viral transmission at their initial engorgement. Such transmission provides the initial step in a vertebrate amplification cycle.", "contents": "Natural transmission of Keystone virus to sentinel rabbits on the Delmarva Peninsula. Domestic rabbits were exposed in the Pocomoke Cypress Swamp from early May through October 1973, to act as sentinel indicators of Keystone (KEY) virus transmission on the Delaware-Maryland-Virginia (DelMarVa) Peninsula. Rabbits were bled weekly and their sera were tested for the presence of neutralizing antibody to both KEY and James-town Canyon (JC) viruses. Adult mosquito activity was monitored concurrently by CDC miniature light traps with Dry Ice. Of 100 rabbits exposed, 20 rabbits acquired neutralizing antibody to KEY virus as a result of their exposure; none acquired antibody to JC virus. Eighty-three percent of susceptible rabbits exposed converted immediately after the emergence of Aedes atlanticus adult mosquitoes in early September. Rabbit seroconversions were not limited to any particular habitat within the swamp. The conversion of a large proportion of sentinel rabbits immediately following emergence of A. atlanticus, and the previous demonstration of transovarial transmission of KEY virus by A. atlanticus, suggest that vertically infected individuals are capable of viral transmission at their initial engorgement. Such transmission provides the initial step in a vertebrate amplification cycle.", "PMID": 717629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7138", "title": "Johnston Atoll virus (Quaranfil group) from Ornithodoros capensis (Ixodoidea: Argasidae) infesting a gannet colony in New Zealand.", "content": "Ten strains of Johnston Atoll (JA) virus were isolated from Ornithodoros capensis collected in a Gannet (Sula bassana serrator) colony in New Zealand. Its sensitivity to ether and sodium deoxycholate were confirmed and it was shown to have an RNA genome. It multiplied in day-old chicks but, unlike the prototype virus, it was not pathogenic for them. Transmission experiments and the high incidence of birds with neutralizing antibody indicate that the virus is maintained in the colony by a cycle involving ticks and Gannets. This is the first recorded tickborne arbovirus in New Zealand and extends the known range of JA virus from the tropics into the temperate zone.", "contents": "Johnston Atoll virus (Quaranfil group) from Ornithodoros capensis (Ixodoidea: Argasidae) infesting a gannet colony in New Zealand. Ten strains of Johnston Atoll (JA) virus were isolated from Ornithodoros capensis collected in a Gannet (Sula bassana serrator) colony in New Zealand. Its sensitivity to ether and sodium deoxycholate were confirmed and it was shown to have an RNA genome. It multiplied in day-old chicks but, unlike the prototype virus, it was not pathogenic for them. Transmission experiments and the high incidence of birds with neutralizing antibody indicate that the virus is maintained in the colony by a cycle involving ticks and Gannets. This is the first recorded tickborne arbovirus in New Zealand and extends the known range of JA virus from the tropics into the temperate zone.", "PMID": 717630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7139", "title": "Relative hyperelectrolytemia in northern Nigerians.", "content": "A number of studies among the peoples of tropical Africa have shown exceptionally low electrolyte levels. This paper reports a study of more than 200 healthy northern Nigerian subjects which yielded precisely the opposite picture--exceptionally high levels of both sodium and chloride. The relatively high protein and urea values in the same individuals suggest that the high electrolyte levels seen are due to dehydration. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Relative hyperelectrolytemia in northern Nigerians. A number of studies among the peoples of tropical Africa have shown exceptionally low electrolyte levels. This paper reports a study of more than 200 healthy northern Nigerian subjects which yielded precisely the opposite picture--exceptionally high levels of both sodium and chloride. The relatively high protein and urea values in the same individuals suggest that the high electrolyte levels seen are due to dehydration. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 717631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7140", "title": "Changes in coagulation effects by venoms of Crotalus atrox as snakes age.", "content": "Venom samples separately collected at monthly intervals from three Crotalus atrox specimens as they aged from 2 to 22 months showed many quantitative changes of biological activities. But more important were qualitative changes of coagulation activity. Up to 8 months the venoms clotted fibrinogen solutions directly. At 9 to 10 months, plasma was clotted but not fibrinogen. Subsequently the venoms no longer clotted plasma. Qualitative venom changes with growth of snakes could explain some of the conflicting reports both on clinical aspects of snake bite in man and on experimental venom work. The findings emphasize the importance for clinicians dealing with snake bite to monitor the clot-quality of their patient's blood--a simple bedside test for defibrinogenation, no-clot indicating zero fibrinogen and speck-clot representing fibrinogen concentrations under 50 mg/100 ml. With strongly defibrinating venoms, non-clotting blood is a very sensitive sign of systemic envenoming. In contrast, the relatively feeble defibrinating activity of juvenile C. atrox venom suggests that, if the blood is non-clotting in C. atrox bites, this indicates the victim has received a potentially lethal or near-lethal dose of venom urgently requiring effective antivenom therapy.", "contents": "Changes in coagulation effects by venoms of Crotalus atrox as snakes age. Venom samples separately collected at monthly intervals from three Crotalus atrox specimens as they aged from 2 to 22 months showed many quantitative changes of biological activities. But more important were qualitative changes of coagulation activity. Up to 8 months the venoms clotted fibrinogen solutions directly. At 9 to 10 months, plasma was clotted but not fibrinogen. Subsequently the venoms no longer clotted plasma. Qualitative venom changes with growth of snakes could explain some of the conflicting reports both on clinical aspects of snake bite in man and on experimental venom work. The findings emphasize the importance for clinicians dealing with snake bite to monitor the clot-quality of their patient's blood--a simple bedside test for defibrinogenation, no-clot indicating zero fibrinogen and speck-clot representing fibrinogen concentrations under 50 mg/100 ml. With strongly defibrinating venoms, non-clotting blood is a very sensitive sign of systemic envenoming. In contrast, the relatively feeble defibrinating activity of juvenile C. atrox venom suggests that, if the blood is non-clotting in C. atrox bites, this indicates the victim has received a potentially lethal or near-lethal dose of venom urgently requiring effective antivenom therapy.", "PMID": 717632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7141", "title": "Growth of Babesia bovis in bovine erythrocyte cultures.", "content": "Babesia bovis was cultured in a suspension of bovine erythrocytes incubated at 37 degrees C in Medium 199 with 50% bovine serum. The cells in culture were kept in suspension by slow stirring in spinner flasks and the medium was replaced at 24-hour intervals. Persistent multiplication of the parasite in a short series of subcultures suggests the feasibility of this approach for continuous culture.", "contents": "Growth of Babesia bovis in bovine erythrocyte cultures. Babesia bovis was cultured in a suspension of bovine erythrocytes incubated at 37 degrees C in Medium 199 with 50% bovine serum. The cells in culture were kept in suspension by slow stirring in spinner flasks and the medium was replaced at 24-hour intervals. Persistent multiplication of the parasite in a short series of subcultures suggests the feasibility of this approach for continuous culture.", "PMID": 717633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7142", "title": "Proliferative glomerulonephritis, hypocomplementemia, and nucleic acid antibodies in rats infected with Trypanosoma rhodesiense.", "content": "Host immunologic responses were studied in Sprague-Dawley rats infected with a human isolate of Trypanosoma rhodesiense. Retro-orbital sinus bleedings were obtained on days 0 and 14 and at 21 or 28 days. Infected and control rats were sacrificed on day 21 or 28 of the infection. Mild glomerulitis, as assessed by increased cellcularity and/or widening of the mesangial region, was apparent in 6 of 7 infected animals. Finely granular deposits of IgM and IgGl were found in most glomeruli with less prominent deposits of IgGa and IgA. Focal cortical mononuclear interstitial infiltrates were present in 2 of 7 rats. Subepithelial or mesangial electron dense deposits were present in the glomeruli of infected rats. Hypocomplementemia was present by day 21 and involved both the classical and alternative pathways of complement activation. Antibodies to native DNA and single-stranded RNA were present by day 21. These studies indicate the feasibility of studying trypanosomal glomerulonephritis in rats and will provide a convenient model for detailed immunologic and morphologic investigation of host immune responses in African trypanosomiasis.", "contents": "Proliferative glomerulonephritis, hypocomplementemia, and nucleic acid antibodies in rats infected with Trypanosoma rhodesiense. Host immunologic responses were studied in Sprague-Dawley rats infected with a human isolate of Trypanosoma rhodesiense. Retro-orbital sinus bleedings were obtained on days 0 and 14 and at 21 or 28 days. Infected and control rats were sacrificed on day 21 or 28 of the infection. Mild glomerulitis, as assessed by increased cellcularity and/or widening of the mesangial region, was apparent in 6 of 7 infected animals. Finely granular deposits of IgM and IgGl were found in most glomeruli with less prominent deposits of IgGa and IgA. Focal cortical mononuclear interstitial infiltrates were present in 2 of 7 rats. Subepithelial or mesangial electron dense deposits were present in the glomeruli of infected rats. Hypocomplementemia was present by day 21 and involved both the classical and alternative pathways of complement activation. Antibodies to native DNA and single-stranded RNA were present by day 21. These studies indicate the feasibility of studying trypanosomal glomerulonephritis in rats and will provide a convenient model for detailed immunologic and morphologic investigation of host immune responses in African trypanosomiasis.", "PMID": 717634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7143", "title": "Epidemiological and clinical features of Brugia timori in a newly established village. Karakuak, West Flores, Indonesia.", "content": "The epidemiological and clinical features of Brugia timori filariasis in a newly established village, Karakuak, West Flores, is described. The microfilarial rate by finger stick and Nuclepore filtration was 24% and 30%, respectively, and the disease rate 64%. Infected persons were found in every family and household with no predominant age or sex preference. Development of elephantiasis in the population was associated with residence in the new village of Karakuak, where extensive rice field cultivation was initiated soon after arrival. The irrigated fields provided excellent breeding sites for the vector, Anopheles barbirostris. People with no previous exposure to the parasite developed elephantiasis earlier and more frequently than those originating from other endemic areas.", "contents": "Epidemiological and clinical features of Brugia timori in a newly established village. Karakuak, West Flores, Indonesia. The epidemiological and clinical features of Brugia timori filariasis in a newly established village, Karakuak, West Flores, is described. The microfilarial rate by finger stick and Nuclepore filtration was 24% and 30%, respectively, and the disease rate 64%. Infected persons were found in every family and household with no predominant age or sex preference. Development of elephantiasis in the population was associated with residence in the new village of Karakuak, where extensive rice field cultivation was initiated soon after arrival. The irrigated fields provided excellent breeding sites for the vector, Anopheles barbirostris. People with no previous exposure to the parasite developed elephantiasis earlier and more frequently than those originating from other endemic areas.", "PMID": 717635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7144", "title": "Schistosomiasis in Saudi Arabian recruits. A morbidity study based on quantitative egg excretion.", "content": "We surveyed stool and urine specimens from 245 Saudi Arabian trainees for parasites. Schistosoma mansoni eggs were found in the stool in 66 (26.9%) and S. haematobium eggs were recovered from the urine in 1 (0.4%). Additional parasites were recovered in 167 (68.2%) of the survey group and were not more common in those with schistosomiasis (P greater than .10). Schistosome egg counts ranged from 0--6,320 eggs/g feces (mean 447.9). When patients with high egg counts (over 400 eggs/g) were compared with uninfected controls, abdominal complaints and fatigue were found to be more frequent (P less than .05) in the infected group, as was eosinophilia (P less than .001). Other laboratory and physical examination findings were equally present in both groups. This study reaffirms the value of quantitative examination of stool specimens for schistosome eggs.", "contents": "Schistosomiasis in Saudi Arabian recruits. A morbidity study based on quantitative egg excretion. We surveyed stool and urine specimens from 245 Saudi Arabian trainees for parasites. Schistosoma mansoni eggs were found in the stool in 66 (26.9%) and S. haematobium eggs were recovered from the urine in 1 (0.4%). Additional parasites were recovered in 167 (68.2%) of the survey group and were not more common in those with schistosomiasis (P greater than .10). Schistosome egg counts ranged from 0--6,320 eggs/g feces (mean 447.9). When patients with high egg counts (over 400 eggs/g) were compared with uninfected controls, abdominal complaints and fatigue were found to be more frequent (P less than .05) in the infected group, as was eosinophilia (P less than .001). Other laboratory and physical examination findings were equally present in both groups. This study reaffirms the value of quantitative examination of stool specimens for schistosome eggs.", "PMID": 717636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7145", "title": "Schistosoma haematobium in the Wabi Shebelle Valley of Ethiopia.", "content": "A survey of the lower Wabi Shebelle Valley of southeastern Ethiopia was made to assess the presence of schistosomiasis haematobia in the modernized plantation of Gode and adjacent areas. The disease is present in Kellafo, Mustahil, and in the Burukur flood plain 100 km downstream from Gode, and absent further north. This is related to the ecology of the different areas.", "contents": "Schistosoma haematobium in the Wabi Shebelle Valley of Ethiopia. A survey of the lower Wabi Shebelle Valley of southeastern Ethiopia was made to assess the presence of schistosomiasis haematobia in the modernized plantation of Gode and adjacent areas. The disease is present in Kellafo, Mustahil, and in the Burukur flood plain 100 km downstream from Gode, and absent further north. This is related to the ecology of the different areas.", "PMID": 717637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7146", "title": "Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium infections in Egypt. IV. Hepatic lesions.", "content": "We performed 400 consecutive autopsies in Cairo, Egypt. The intensity of schistosome infection in these cases was measured by counting adult worms recovered by perfusion and dissection and by counting eggs in the tissues of infected cases. Symmers' clay pipestem fibrosis of the liver was clearly related to the presence and intensity of Schistosoma mansoni, but not S. haematobium, infection. Morphologic findings in cases with Symmers' fibrosis were comparable to those in Brazilian cases, and the intensity of S. mansoni infection associated with Symmers' fibrosis was similar in Brazil and Egypt. The fine bilharzial periportal fibrosis described by Hashem was not identified in our material, and Symmers' fibrosis was present in all cases of portal hypertension caused by schistosomiasis. Schistosome eggs were found concentrated in areas of portal fibrosis of cases with Symmers' fibrosis. In the absence of Symmers' fibrosis, eggs did not concentrate in large portal areas regardless of the intensity of infection or the presence of lesser degrees of portal fibrosis. We thus feel it unlikely that Symmers' fibrosis is formed by the fusion of fibrotic granulomas around the schistosome eggs.", "contents": "Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium infections in Egypt. IV. Hepatic lesions. We performed 400 consecutive autopsies in Cairo, Egypt. The intensity of schistosome infection in these cases was measured by counting adult worms recovered by perfusion and dissection and by counting eggs in the tissues of infected cases. Symmers' clay pipestem fibrosis of the liver was clearly related to the presence and intensity of Schistosoma mansoni, but not S. haematobium, infection. Morphologic findings in cases with Symmers' fibrosis were comparable to those in Brazilian cases, and the intensity of S. mansoni infection associated with Symmers' fibrosis was similar in Brazil and Egypt. The fine bilharzial periportal fibrosis described by Hashem was not identified in our material, and Symmers' fibrosis was present in all cases of portal hypertension caused by schistosomiasis. Schistosome eggs were found concentrated in areas of portal fibrosis of cases with Symmers' fibrosis. In the absence of Symmers' fibrosis, eggs did not concentrate in large portal areas regardless of the intensity of infection or the presence of lesser degrees of portal fibrosis. We thus feel it unlikely that Symmers' fibrosis is formed by the fusion of fibrotic granulomas around the schistosome eggs.", "PMID": 717638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7147", "title": "Resistance of mice to secondary infection with Schistosoma mansoni. I. Comparison of bisexual and unisexual initial infections.", "content": "Mice receiving a unisexual primary infection with either sex of Schistosoma mansoni did not develop detectable resistance to reinfection. In contrast, mice receiving a bisexual primary infection developed a high degree of resistance. The number of adult worms developing from the challenge infection was reduced, relative to controls, by 72--100% at challenge times of 6 weeks or greater.", "contents": "Resistance of mice to secondary infection with Schistosoma mansoni. I. Comparison of bisexual and unisexual initial infections. Mice receiving a unisexual primary infection with either sex of Schistosoma mansoni did not develop detectable resistance to reinfection. In contrast, mice receiving a bisexual primary infection developed a high degree of resistance. The number of adult worms developing from the challenge infection was reduced, relative to controls, by 72--100% at challenge times of 6 weeks or greater.", "PMID": 717639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7148", "title": "Resistance of mice to secondary infection with Schistosoma mansoni. II. Evidence for a correlation between egg deposition and work elimination.", "content": "Mice reinfected with Schistosoma mansoni 6--8 weeks after a primary infection largely or completely eliminated the second infection prior to the 7-week adult worm stage. In contrast, challenge worm counts were not lower than controls at the 6-day lung schistosomulum stage. At reinfection intervals of 12 or more weeks, worm counts were reduced at both stages. The reduction in lung schistosomulum count was proportional to the number of schistosome eggs present in the lungs, with no significant reduction being detected at any challenge time in mice free of lung eggs. Isolated schistosome eggs injected intravenously into the lungs of normal mice induced moderate to high levels of resistance to infection, while eggs injected subcutaneously or imtraperitoneally did not. It is concluded that the deposition of schistosome eggs in sites encountered by migrating schistosomula may be essential for mice to become resistant to reinfection with S. mansoni.", "contents": "Resistance of mice to secondary infection with Schistosoma mansoni. II. Evidence for a correlation between egg deposition and work elimination. Mice reinfected with Schistosoma mansoni 6--8 weeks after a primary infection largely or completely eliminated the second infection prior to the 7-week adult worm stage. In contrast, challenge worm counts were not lower than controls at the 6-day lung schistosomulum stage. At reinfection intervals of 12 or more weeks, worm counts were reduced at both stages. The reduction in lung schistosomulum count was proportional to the number of schistosome eggs present in the lungs, with no significant reduction being detected at any challenge time in mice free of lung eggs. Isolated schistosome eggs injected intravenously into the lungs of normal mice induced moderate to high levels of resistance to infection, while eggs injected subcutaneously or imtraperitoneally did not. It is concluded that the deposition of schistosome eggs in sites encountered by migrating schistosomula may be essential for mice to become resistant to reinfection with S. mansoni.", "PMID": 717640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7149", "title": "Intrasellar cysticercosis presenting as a pituitary tumor: successful transsphenoidal cystectomy with preservation of pituitary function.", "content": "A 42-year-old woman from El Salvador presented with arthralgias and headache. She was found to have an enlarged sella with an intrasellar mass. Transsphenoidal exploration of the sella revealed a cysticercus. The cyst was removed and normal pituitary function was retained. Review of the literature showed three previously reported confirmed or suspected cases of intrasellar cysticercosis: in two, the diagnosis was made at autopsy; in the third, a patient with hypopituitarism, intrasellar cysticercosis was suspected in life but never confirmed histologically. Transsphenoidal cystectomy successfully treated our patient without compromise of pituitary function and is recommended for similar cases.", "contents": "Intrasellar cysticercosis presenting as a pituitary tumor: successful transsphenoidal cystectomy with preservation of pituitary function. A 42-year-old woman from El Salvador presented with arthralgias and headache. She was found to have an enlarged sella with an intrasellar mass. Transsphenoidal exploration of the sella revealed a cysticercus. The cyst was removed and normal pituitary function was retained. Review of the literature showed three previously reported confirmed or suspected cases of intrasellar cysticercosis: in two, the diagnosis was made at autopsy; in the third, a patient with hypopituitarism, intrasellar cysticercosis was suspected in life but never confirmed histologically. Transsphenoidal cystectomy successfully treated our patient without compromise of pituitary function and is recommended for similar cases.", "PMID": 717641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7150", "title": "Reversal reactions in lepromatous leprosy following transfer factor therapy.", "content": "Five patients with active leprosy, four with polar lepromatous (LL) and one with borderline lepromatous (BL) disease, were each treated with transfer factor (TF) from approximately 7.4 x 10(9) lymphocytes given in 36 divided doses over a 12-week period. The TF was prepared from blood donated by normal, healthy, lepromin skin test-positive individuals. During treatment all four of the LL patients, but not the BL patient, developed clinical reversal reactions. Histopathologically, skin biopsies in these four LL patients showed evidence of transformation of collections of multibacillary macrophages into paucibacillary epithelioid cells and giant cells. To our knowledge, this is the first histopahtologic documentation of reversal reactions occurring in polar LL. To the extent that reversal reactions are evidence of effective cell-mediated immunity of Mycobacterium leprae, these results indicate that TF is capable of at least partial correction of the immunologic deficit of lepromatous leprosy.", "contents": "Reversal reactions in lepromatous leprosy following transfer factor therapy. Five patients with active leprosy, four with polar lepromatous (LL) and one with borderline lepromatous (BL) disease, were each treated with transfer factor (TF) from approximately 7.4 x 10(9) lymphocytes given in 36 divided doses over a 12-week period. The TF was prepared from blood donated by normal, healthy, lepromin skin test-positive individuals. During treatment all four of the LL patients, but not the BL patient, developed clinical reversal reactions. Histopathologically, skin biopsies in these four LL patients showed evidence of transformation of collections of multibacillary macrophages into paucibacillary epithelioid cells and giant cells. To our knowledge, this is the first histopahtologic documentation of reversal reactions occurring in polar LL. To the extent that reversal reactions are evidence of effective cell-mediated immunity of Mycobacterium leprae, these results indicate that TF is capable of at least partial correction of the immunologic deficit of lepromatous leprosy.", "PMID": 717642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7151", "title": "Major vascular injuries secondary to pelvic fractures: an unsolved clinical problem.", "content": "Twelve patients sustained sixteen pelvic fracture-related iliac and femoral arterial (5) and venous (11) injuries. Death was due in large part to delays in recognition and direct operative control of the major vascular disruption. Prompt operative exploration of all pedestrians admitted in hemorrhagic shock will open pelvic fractures characterized by a double break in the pelvic ring should reduce the 83 per cent mortality currently associated with this combination of injuries.", "contents": "Major vascular injuries secondary to pelvic fractures: an unsolved clinical problem. Twelve patients sustained sixteen pelvic fracture-related iliac and femoral arterial (5) and venous (11) injuries. Death was due in large part to delays in recognition and direct operative control of the major vascular disruption. Prompt operative exploration of all pedestrians admitted in hemorrhagic shock will open pelvic fractures characterized by a double break in the pelvic ring should reduce the 83 per cent mortality currently associated with this combination of injuries.", "PMID": 717645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7152", "title": "Penetrating injuries to the iliac arteries.", "content": "Despite advances in the management of traumatic truncal and peripheral vascular injuries, penetrating trauma to the iliac arteries carries a high mortality. Among more than 600 patients with arterial trauma seen at the Ben Taub General Hospital between January 1958 and December 1977, eighty-three had penetrating injury to the iliac arteries. Thirty-two patients (39 per cent) died within thirty days of injury, none of these dying within 48 hours of injury. Injuries were managed by resection and end-to-end anastomosis (36 per cent), lateral arteriorrhaphy (27 per cent), ligation (20 per cent), and prosthetic interposition (10 per cent). Three perigraft infections occurred with ultimate removal of the graft and ligation of the common iliac artery. Among patients with penetrating injuries who arrive alive at a hospital, iliac artery wounds result in massive intraperitoneal blood loss, in contrast to aortic injuries which frequently have a protective tamponade for a period of time. Delay in surgery, irreversible shock, dilutional bleeding diathesis, and respiratory insufficiency result in a high mortality. A high index of suspicion and prompt aggressive surgery are necessary to improve changes of survival of patients with this highly lethal injury.", "contents": "Penetrating injuries to the iliac arteries. Despite advances in the management of traumatic truncal and peripheral vascular injuries, penetrating trauma to the iliac arteries carries a high mortality. Among more than 600 patients with arterial trauma seen at the Ben Taub General Hospital between January 1958 and December 1977, eighty-three had penetrating injury to the iliac arteries. Thirty-two patients (39 per cent) died within thirty days of injury, none of these dying within 48 hours of injury. Injuries were managed by resection and end-to-end anastomosis (36 per cent), lateral arteriorrhaphy (27 per cent), ligation (20 per cent), and prosthetic interposition (10 per cent). Three perigraft infections occurred with ultimate removal of the graft and ligation of the common iliac artery. Among patients with penetrating injuries who arrive alive at a hospital, iliac artery wounds result in massive intraperitoneal blood loss, in contrast to aortic injuries which frequently have a protective tamponade for a period of time. Delay in surgery, irreversible shock, dilutional bleeding diathesis, and respiratory insufficiency result in a high mortality. A high index of suspicion and prompt aggressive surgery are necessary to improve changes of survival of patients with this highly lethal injury.", "PMID": 717646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7153", "title": "Cimetidine inhibits burn edema formation.", "content": "Large doses of cimetidine significantly inhibit edema formation in thermally injured rat skeletal muscle. Tissue sodium influx and potassium efflux is also sharply restricted. These effects were obtained even if the administration of cimetidine was delayed for up to 4 hours after injury, but no beneficial effect occurred if drug administration was delayed for 14 hours, when most of the edema had already accumulated. The minimal effective dose is between 0.1 to 0.2 mg/gm.", "contents": "Cimetidine inhibits burn edema formation. Large doses of cimetidine significantly inhibit edema formation in thermally injured rat skeletal muscle. Tissue sodium influx and potassium efflux is also sharply restricted. These effects were obtained even if the administration of cimetidine was delayed for up to 4 hours after injury, but no beneficial effect occurred if drug administration was delayed for 14 hours, when most of the edema had already accumulated. The minimal effective dose is between 0.1 to 0.2 mg/gm.", "PMID": 717647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7154", "title": "Intestinal disruption due to blunt abdominal trauma.", "content": "Twenty-three patients with thirty-one disruptions of the intestines due to blunt abdominal trauma are reviewed. The bowel disruptions occurred in the stomach (2 perforations), duodenum (9), proximal jejunum (18), and sigmoid colon (2). The causes of injury, diagnostic difficulties, delays in treatment, associated trauma, surgical correction, and results are analyzed. Deaths (4) and complications (6) are presented in detail. Intestinal disruptions can be due to a variety of types of blunt trauma, with the automobile being the most common etiologic agent. The bowel can perforate anywhere in its course. Intestinal perforations are often associated with severe injuries which will probably be the determining factors in survival. Persistence, particularly repeated physical examination, is required for the diagnosis of bowel injury. Routine diagnostic tests for duodenal injury are not reliable. Retroperitoneal hematomas around the duodenum must be explored. The injuries themselves are easy to repair, and repair is secure when performed at the primary operation. Prophylactic antibiotics are recommended.", "contents": "Intestinal disruption due to blunt abdominal trauma. Twenty-three patients with thirty-one disruptions of the intestines due to blunt abdominal trauma are reviewed. The bowel disruptions occurred in the stomach (2 perforations), duodenum (9), proximal jejunum (18), and sigmoid colon (2). The causes of injury, diagnostic difficulties, delays in treatment, associated trauma, surgical correction, and results are analyzed. Deaths (4) and complications (6) are presented in detail. Intestinal disruptions can be due to a variety of types of blunt trauma, with the automobile being the most common etiologic agent. The bowel can perforate anywhere in its course. Intestinal perforations are often associated with severe injuries which will probably be the determining factors in survival. Persistence, particularly repeated physical examination, is required for the diagnosis of bowel injury. Routine diagnostic tests for duodenal injury are not reliable. Retroperitoneal hematomas around the duodenum must be explored. The injuries themselves are easy to repair, and repair is secure when performed at the primary operation. Prophylactic antibiotics are recommended.", "PMID": 717649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7155", "title": "Diagnostic peritoneal lavage: fourteen years and 2,586 patients later.", "content": "During a fourteen year period, diagnostic peritoneal lavage was 98.5 per cent accurate in determining the presence or absence of blunt intraabdominal injuries among 2,586 patients. Of these, 69.4 per cent had a negative lavage and 29.2 per cent a positive lavage. Six patients (0.2 per cent) had a false-positive lavage. Thirty-two patients (1.2 per cent) had a false-negative lavage; however, all but one of these patients underwent exploratory laparotomy on the basis of clinical acumen or other diagnostic tests.", "contents": "Diagnostic peritoneal lavage: fourteen years and 2,586 patients later. During a fourteen year period, diagnostic peritoneal lavage was 98.5 per cent accurate in determining the presence or absence of blunt intraabdominal injuries among 2,586 patients. Of these, 69.4 per cent had a negative lavage and 29.2 per cent a positive lavage. Six patients (0.2 per cent) had a false-positive lavage. Thirty-two patients (1.2 per cent) had a false-negative lavage; however, all but one of these patients underwent exploratory laparotomy on the basis of clinical acumen or other diagnostic tests.", "PMID": 717650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7156", "title": "Abdominal aortic aneurysms. A comparative analysis of surgical treatment of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients.", "content": "This retrospective study of 120 patients identified three separate variables that influence operative mortality in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms. These are age, presence or absence of symptoms, and presence of three preoperative risk factors or more. Based on this study and the fact that any aneurysm may rupture without warning, we conclude that observation of good risk asymptomatic patients until symptoms occur is unjustified. Asymptomatic patients less than seventy years old can undergo abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy with minimal mortality. Carefully selected asymptomatic patients more than seventy years old can also under surgical intervention with acceptable results.", "contents": "Abdominal aortic aneurysms. A comparative analysis of surgical treatment of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. This retrospective study of 120 patients identified three separate variables that influence operative mortality in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms. These are age, presence or absence of symptoms, and presence of three preoperative risk factors or more. Based on this study and the fact that any aneurysm may rupture without warning, we conclude that observation of good risk asymptomatic patients until symptoms occur is unjustified. Asymptomatic patients less than seventy years old can undergo abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy with minimal mortality. Carefully selected asymptomatic patients more than seventy years old can also under surgical intervention with acceptable results.", "PMID": 717651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7157", "title": "Discussion and management of late failures in reconstructive procedures involving the abdominal aorta.", "content": "Review of fifty-eight late failures of 326 procedures performed for revascularization of the abdominal aorta over the past six years showed a low overall operative mortality of 9 per cent. Secondary vascular procedures directed at the aorta itself or at its graft substitute proved more effective in relieving symptoms and restoring flow than did secondary procedures directed at more distal problems in the lower extremities. The aortofemoral graft in conjunction with profundaplasty proved to be the most effective means of restoring flow to the lower extermity after graft occlusion in a previous aortoiliac or aortofemoral graft.", "contents": "Discussion and management of late failures in reconstructive procedures involving the abdominal aorta. Review of fifty-eight late failures of 326 procedures performed for revascularization of the abdominal aorta over the past six years showed a low overall operative mortality of 9 per cent. Secondary vascular procedures directed at the aorta itself or at its graft substitute proved more effective in relieving symptoms and restoring flow than did secondary procedures directed at more distal problems in the lower extremities. The aortofemoral graft in conjunction with profundaplasty proved to be the most effective means of restoring flow to the lower extermity after graft occlusion in a previous aortoiliac or aortofemoral graft.", "PMID": 717652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7158", "title": "Acute hemodynamic effects of lumbar sympathectomy.", "content": "Lumbar sympathectomy increases total limb blood flow after aortofemoral bypass in a high percentage of cases. This was true in eleven of fourteen extremities (78.6 per cent) in our series even though no specific selection criteria for entry into the study, other than the need for aortofemoral bypass, were used: that is, patients were entered into the study irrespective of preoperative ankle/arm pressure indexes or results of hyperemia testing. Overall, flow rates after sympathectomy was added to aortofemoral bypass were 1.55 times greater than after aortofemoral bypass alone. This degree of augmentation of flow may be important, particularly in cases of limited outflow.", "contents": "Acute hemodynamic effects of lumbar sympathectomy. Lumbar sympathectomy increases total limb blood flow after aortofemoral bypass in a high percentage of cases. This was true in eleven of fourteen extremities (78.6 per cent) in our series even though no specific selection criteria for entry into the study, other than the need for aortofemoral bypass, were used: that is, patients were entered into the study irrespective of preoperative ankle/arm pressure indexes or results of hyperemia testing. Overall, flow rates after sympathectomy was added to aortofemoral bypass were 1.55 times greater than after aortofemoral bypass alone. This degree of augmentation of flow may be important, particularly in cases of limited outflow.", "PMID": 717653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7159", "title": "Results of breast biopsies for mammographic findings.", "content": "The results of breast biopsies for mammographic findings have been presented, in which 314 biopsies were done on 274 patients. From this number of biopsies, the diagnosis of cancer was established in fifty-seven cases (18 per cent of the biopsies). More than 50 per cent of the lesions were infiltrating duct cell carcinomas. The number of breast biopsies required increased markedly after the national publicity in 1974. As more biopsies were done, the incidence of carcinoma increased, and a significant number of these were found in women less than fifty years old. We believe this justifies the continued judicious use of mammography, even in the younger patient, if clinically indicated.", "contents": "Results of breast biopsies for mammographic findings. The results of breast biopsies for mammographic findings have been presented, in which 314 biopsies were done on 274 patients. From this number of biopsies, the diagnosis of cancer was established in fifty-seven cases (18 per cent of the biopsies). More than 50 per cent of the lesions were infiltrating duct cell carcinomas. The number of breast biopsies required increased markedly after the national publicity in 1974. As more biopsies were done, the incidence of carcinoma increased, and a significant number of these were found in women less than fifty years old. We believe this justifies the continued judicious use of mammography, even in the younger patient, if clinically indicated.", "PMID": 717655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7160", "title": "Biodistribution studies of labeled tryptophan: a potential pancreas-scanning agent.", "content": "The in vivo organ distributions of dl- and l-[side 3-14C]-tryptophan and dl-(75Se)-selenomethionine were studied in normal Long-Evans rats to determine which tryptophan isomer had the best pancreas/liver ratio. The commercially available radiochemical agents were injected into the tails of adult rats, and three animals were sacrificed for each compound at 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minutes. Samples of blood, pancreas, liver, kidney, spleen, and flank muscles were excised, weighed wet, digested, and counted by standard liquid scintillation technics. A standard fraction of the injected dose was also counted so that results could be reported as per cent injected dose per gram tissue (per cent ID/gm) and per whole organ. The spleen and muscle concentrations (per cent ID/gm) were indistinguishable for the three compounds at all times studied. The kidney concentration of dl-tryptophan was higher than that of l-tryptophan at 60 and 90 minutes, reflecting the renal excretion of the nonmetabolic isomer. The concentration of l-tryptophan was two to three times higher than that of dl-tryptophan and selenomethionine in the pancreas at the earlier times, but after 1 hour they became equivalent. All three compounds had equivalent concentrations in the liver, except for l-tryptophan at 15 minutes. We conclude that pancreas/liver ratios are much higher for tryptophan than for selenomethionine and that for l-tryptophan they are at least tenfold higher. Since the rat is able to partially metabolize d-tryptophan via an inversion step, differences between l- and dl-tryptophan might be even larger for humans. L-tryptophan labeled with a short-lived gamma-emitting nuclide (13N or 11C) should, therefore, be a much better radiopharmaceutical agent for pancreatic scintigraphy.", "contents": "Biodistribution studies of labeled tryptophan: a potential pancreas-scanning agent. The in vivo organ distributions of dl- and l-[side 3-14C]-tryptophan and dl-(75Se)-selenomethionine were studied in normal Long-Evans rats to determine which tryptophan isomer had the best pancreas/liver ratio. The commercially available radiochemical agents were injected into the tails of adult rats, and three animals were sacrificed for each compound at 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minutes. Samples of blood, pancreas, liver, kidney, spleen, and flank muscles were excised, weighed wet, digested, and counted by standard liquid scintillation technics. A standard fraction of the injected dose was also counted so that results could be reported as per cent injected dose per gram tissue (per cent ID/gm) and per whole organ. The spleen and muscle concentrations (per cent ID/gm) were indistinguishable for the three compounds at all times studied. The kidney concentration of dl-tryptophan was higher than that of l-tryptophan at 60 and 90 minutes, reflecting the renal excretion of the nonmetabolic isomer. The concentration of l-tryptophan was two to three times higher than that of dl-tryptophan and selenomethionine in the pancreas at the earlier times, but after 1 hour they became equivalent. All three compounds had equivalent concentrations in the liver, except for l-tryptophan at 15 minutes. We conclude that pancreas/liver ratios are much higher for tryptophan than for selenomethionine and that for l-tryptophan they are at least tenfold higher. Since the rat is able to partially metabolize d-tryptophan via an inversion step, differences between l- and dl-tryptophan might be even larger for humans. L-tryptophan labeled with a short-lived gamma-emitting nuclide (13N or 11C) should, therefore, be a much better radiopharmaceutical agent for pancreatic scintigraphy.", "PMID": 717657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7161", "title": "Accuracy and consistency of pancreatography.", "content": "Pancreatography is a valuable diagnostic technic to identify structural changes in the pancreatic ductal system. Although specific diagnoses based on ductal changes are not always possible, patients with surgically normal glands and those showing changes of chronic pancreatitis were reliably identified in this series. Patients evaluated for postcholecystectomy pain usually had normal pancreatograms and grossly normal pancreatic glands at the time of surgical exploration. The overall consistency in interpretation of pancreatograms by experienced radiologists was approximately 80 per cent. Pancreatic cancer was poorly predicted due to either minimal changes in the ductal system or inability to distinguish gross changes from those seen with chronic pancreatitis.", "contents": "Accuracy and consistency of pancreatography. Pancreatography is a valuable diagnostic technic to identify structural changes in the pancreatic ductal system. Although specific diagnoses based on ductal changes are not always possible, patients with surgically normal glands and those showing changes of chronic pancreatitis were reliably identified in this series. Patients evaluated for postcholecystectomy pain usually had normal pancreatograms and grossly normal pancreatic glands at the time of surgical exploration. The overall consistency in interpretation of pancreatograms by experienced radiologists was approximately 80 per cent. Pancreatic cancer was poorly predicted due to either minimal changes in the ductal system or inability to distinguish gross changes from those seen with chronic pancreatitis.", "PMID": 717658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7162", "title": "Traumatic injuries of the pancreas.", "content": "Traumatic injuries of the pancreas have evolved from an uncommon encounter of even wartime wounds to a relatively common injury of today's civilian strife. A review of 448 patients sustaining pancreatic trauma demonstrated that the pancreatic injury alone contributes little to immediate or late mortality but is frequently a source of postoperative morbidity. Complications of pancreatic injury comprise almost half of those observed after trauma in such patients, but for the most part are self-limited and easily cared for. Survival among patients sustaining pancreatic injury depends mainly upon the degree of success with which the multiple associated injuries can be managed.", "contents": "Traumatic injuries of the pancreas. Traumatic injuries of the pancreas have evolved from an uncommon encounter of even wartime wounds to a relatively common injury of today's civilian strife. A review of 448 patients sustaining pancreatic trauma demonstrated that the pancreatic injury alone contributes little to immediate or late mortality but is frequently a source of postoperative morbidity. Complications of pancreatic injury comprise almost half of those observed after trauma in such patients, but for the most part are self-limited and easily cared for. Survival among patients sustaining pancreatic injury depends mainly upon the degree of success with which the multiple associated injuries can be managed.", "PMID": 717659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7163", "title": "Food sensitivity reported by patients with asthma and hay fever. A relationship between food sensitivity and birch pollen-allergy and between food sensitivity and acetylsalicylic acid intolerance.", "content": "Among adult patients with bronchial asthma and/or allergic rhinitis undergoing allergological investigation with skin test, nasal provocation test and RAST, 1129 answered a questionaire regarding food sensitivity (FS). 276 (24%) of the patients reported some kind of allergic symptoms on eating or handling various foods, of which hazel nut, apple and shell fish were the most often named. Females reported FS more often than males. A correlation was found between birch pollen allergy and FS with nuts, apple, peach, cherry, pear, plum, carrot and new potato. The higher the degree of birch pollen allergy, according to skin test, RAST or provocation test, the higher the frequency of FS. A correlation was found too between acetylsalicylic acid intolerance and FS with some foods, e.g. nuts, strawberry, almond, green pepper, hip, chocolate, egg, cabbage, milk and wine. The connection between birch pollen allergy and FS is probably explained by the structural relationship between birch pollen allergen and some allergens of the foodstuffs, whereas the high incidence of FS in acetylsalicylic acid-intolerant patients is probably explained by additives in foods as well as salicylates or benzoates naturally occurring in some food.", "contents": "Food sensitivity reported by patients with asthma and hay fever. A relationship between food sensitivity and birch pollen-allergy and between food sensitivity and acetylsalicylic acid intolerance. Among adult patients with bronchial asthma and/or allergic rhinitis undergoing allergological investigation with skin test, nasal provocation test and RAST, 1129 answered a questionaire regarding food sensitivity (FS). 276 (24%) of the patients reported some kind of allergic symptoms on eating or handling various foods, of which hazel nut, apple and shell fish were the most often named. Females reported FS more often than males. A correlation was found between birch pollen allergy and FS with nuts, apple, peach, cherry, pear, plum, carrot and new potato. The higher the degree of birch pollen allergy, according to skin test, RAST or provocation test, the higher the frequency of FS. A correlation was found too between acetylsalicylic acid intolerance and FS with some foods, e.g. nuts, strawberry, almond, green pepper, hip, chocolate, egg, cabbage, milk and wine. The connection between birch pollen allergy and FS is probably explained by the structural relationship between birch pollen allergen and some allergens of the foodstuffs, whereas the high incidence of FS in acetylsalicylic acid-intolerant patients is probably explained by additives in foods as well as salicylates or benzoates naturally occurring in some food.", "PMID": 717703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7164", "title": "Use of RAST technique in wasp sting hypersensitivity. Cross-reactions between various insect antigens are specially considered.", "content": "Clinical hypersensitivity to wasp stings was found to be fairly well correlated with the presence of serum IgE-antibodies against yellow jacket venom as detected by the RAST technique. Such antibodies were never found in a control group of non-allergic blood donors, but they were detected in a surprisingly large proportion of patients with bee sting allergy without known allergic reactions to wasps. Studies using RAST inhibition technique failed to prove cross-reactions between bee and wasp venoms. Considerably better results were obtained when venom antigens instead of whole body antigens were used in the RAST. RAST inhibition studies suggested that IgE-antibodies detected with RAST using whole body antigen are directed against bee venom constituents in the whole body extract.", "contents": "Use of RAST technique in wasp sting hypersensitivity. Cross-reactions between various insect antigens are specially considered. Clinical hypersensitivity to wasp stings was found to be fairly well correlated with the presence of serum IgE-antibodies against yellow jacket venom as detected by the RAST technique. Such antibodies were never found in a control group of non-allergic blood donors, but they were detected in a surprisingly large proportion of patients with bee sting allergy without known allergic reactions to wasps. Studies using RAST inhibition technique failed to prove cross-reactions between bee and wasp venoms. Considerably better results were obtained when venom antigens instead of whole body antigens were used in the RAST. RAST inhibition studies suggested that IgE-antibodies detected with RAST using whole body antigen are directed against bee venom constituents in the whole body extract.", "PMID": 717704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7165", "title": "Absolute determination of IgE antibodies to grass pollen allergens.", "content": "Knowledge of specific IgE bound on immunosorbent as assayed by RAST is useful but cannot give a complete description of the biological states of patients concerning IgE antibodies. Using a computer program based on a least squares error method and knowing the amount of bound specific IgE antibodies to grass pollen antigens in a serum at each of the four tested dilutions it is possible to calculate the absolute value of specific IgE antibody level, the relative value of affinity constant and the relative proportion of IgE antibodies to the total amount of specific (IgE plus non-IgE) antibodies. It is found that specific IgE antibodies account for high percentages of the total IgE protein (mean of 20%). High differences in affinity constant and in the proportion of IgE antibodies to the total amount of antibodies could be found between sera. Severity of grass pollen allergy could be related to the absolute level of IgE antibody, but no definite conclusion could be made on the importance of affinity constant and the proportion of IgE antibodies to the total amount of antibodies.", "contents": "Absolute determination of IgE antibodies to grass pollen allergens. Knowledge of specific IgE bound on immunosorbent as assayed by RAST is useful but cannot give a complete description of the biological states of patients concerning IgE antibodies. Using a computer program based on a least squares error method and knowing the amount of bound specific IgE antibodies to grass pollen antigens in a serum at each of the four tested dilutions it is possible to calculate the absolute value of specific IgE antibody level, the relative value of affinity constant and the relative proportion of IgE antibodies to the total amount of specific (IgE plus non-IgE) antibodies. It is found that specific IgE antibodies account for high percentages of the total IgE protein (mean of 20%). High differences in affinity constant and in the proportion of IgE antibodies to the total amount of antibodies could be found between sera. Severity of grass pollen allergy could be related to the absolute level of IgE antibody, but no definite conclusion could be made on the importance of affinity constant and the proportion of IgE antibodies to the total amount of antibodies.", "PMID": 717705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7166", "title": "Variations of blood eosinophils and eosinophil cationic protein in serum in patients with bronchial asthma. Studies during inhalation challenge test.", "content": "Inhalation challenge test was performed in 12 patients with bronchial asthma. The subsequent variation in blood cosinophils and serum-eosinophil cationic protein was followed up. Uniform patterns in both parameters were seen suggesting active participation of the eosinophil leucocyte in allergic inflammation.", "contents": "Variations of blood eosinophils and eosinophil cationic protein in serum in patients with bronchial asthma. Studies during inhalation challenge test. Inhalation challenge test was performed in 12 patients with bronchial asthma. The subsequent variation in blood cosinophils and serum-eosinophil cationic protein was followed up. Uniform patterns in both parameters were seen suggesting active participation of the eosinophil leucocyte in allergic inflammation.", "PMID": 717706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7167", "title": "Hepatic function and fibrinolysis in patients with hereditary angioedema undergoing long-term treatment with tranexamic acid.", "content": "Prophylactic treatment with antifibrinolytic agents, epsilon-aminocaproic and tranexamic acid, reduces the incidence and severity of attacks in patients with hereditary angioedema. Long-term effectiveness or risk of antifibrinolytic agents has not been established. Sixteen patients needing continuous prophylaxis because of frequency and severity of attacks were treated with tranexamic acid. In four patients this treatment was ineffective and the drug was withdrawn after 2 months. A remission or reduction in the frequency or severity of attacks was observed in 12 patients treated for a period ranging from 8 to 34 months. Hepatic tests and blood fibrinolytic activity were not influenced by long-term oral treatment with tranexamic acid.", "contents": "Hepatic function and fibrinolysis in patients with hereditary angioedema undergoing long-term treatment with tranexamic acid. Prophylactic treatment with antifibrinolytic agents, epsilon-aminocaproic and tranexamic acid, reduces the incidence and severity of attacks in patients with hereditary angioedema. Long-term effectiveness or risk of antifibrinolytic agents has not been established. Sixteen patients needing continuous prophylaxis because of frequency and severity of attacks were treated with tranexamic acid. In four patients this treatment was ineffective and the drug was withdrawn after 2 months. A remission or reduction in the frequency or severity of attacks was observed in 12 patients treated for a period ranging from 8 to 34 months. Hepatic tests and blood fibrinolytic activity were not influenced by long-term oral treatment with tranexamic acid.", "PMID": 717707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7168", "title": "Extraction and degradation of timothy pollen allergen during simulated in vivo conditions.", "content": "Extraction and degradation of timothy pollen in saline has been compared with extraction in nasal secretion and gastric fluid. By measuring the absolute amount of one important allergenic substance by quantitative immunoelectrophoresis and the total allergenic activity by RAST as a function of time it was shown  that the allergens were extracted extremely fast and that both the total allergenic activity and the concentration of one allergen reached maximum after about 20 min. Compared with saline, extraction under the simulated in vivo conditions gave a lower maximum level and a faster degradation of allergens.", "contents": "Extraction and degradation of timothy pollen allergen during simulated in vivo conditions. Extraction and degradation of timothy pollen in saline has been compared with extraction in nasal secretion and gastric fluid. By measuring the absolute amount of one important allergenic substance by quantitative immunoelectrophoresis and the total allergenic activity by RAST as a function of time it was shown  that the allergens were extracted extremely fast and that both the total allergenic activity and the concentration of one allergen reached maximum after about 20 min. Compared with saline, extraction under the simulated in vivo conditions gave a lower maximum level and a faster degradation of allergens.", "PMID": 717709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7169", "title": "Quantitative immunoelectrophoretic analysis of extract from cow hair and dander. Characterization of the antigens and identification of the allergens.", "content": "Quantiative immunoelectrophoresis used for the analysis of a dialysed, centrifuged and freeze-dried extract from cow hair and dander revealed 17 antigens. Five of these were identified as serum proteins. Partial identity to antigens of serum and extract from hair and dander of goat, sheep, swine, horse, dog, cat and guinea pig, and to antigens of house dust was demonstrated. Sera from 36 patients with manifest allergy to cow hair and dander selected on the basis of case history, RAST, skin and provocation test, were examined in crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE); sera from five persons with high serum IgE, but without allergy to cow hair and dander, and sera from five normal individuals were controls. 31/36 of the sera contained IgE with specific affinity for two of the antigens of the extract. Further, two major and six minor allergens were identified. The control sera showed no specific IgE binding. A significant positive correlation was found between RAST and CRIE for the first group of patients. The approximate molecular weights of the four major allergens obtained by means of gel chromatography were: 2.4 x 10(4), 2 x 10(4), 2 x 10(5) dalton, respectively. Using Con-A  and Con-A Sepharose in crossed immunoaffinoelectrophoresis, eight of the antigens were revealed to contain groups with affinity for Con-A.", "contents": "Quantitative immunoelectrophoretic analysis of extract from cow hair and dander. Characterization of the antigens and identification of the allergens. Quantiative immunoelectrophoresis used for the analysis of a dialysed, centrifuged and freeze-dried extract from cow hair and dander revealed 17 antigens. Five of these were identified as serum proteins. Partial identity to antigens of serum and extract from hair and dander of goat, sheep, swine, horse, dog, cat and guinea pig, and to antigens of house dust was demonstrated. Sera from 36 patients with manifest allergy to cow hair and dander selected on the basis of case history, RAST, skin and provocation test, were examined in crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE); sera from five persons with high serum IgE, but without allergy to cow hair and dander, and sera from five normal individuals were controls. 31/36 of the sera contained IgE with specific affinity for two of the antigens of the extract. Further, two major and six minor allergens were identified. The control sera showed no specific IgE binding. A significant positive correlation was found between RAST and CRIE for the first group of patients. The approximate molecular weights of the four major allergens obtained by means of gel chromatography were: 2.4 x 10(4), 2 x 10(4), 2 x 10(5) dalton, respectively. Using Con-A  and Con-A Sepharose in crossed immunoaffinoelectrophoresis, eight of the antigens were revealed to contain groups with affinity for Con-A.", "PMID": 717710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7170", "title": "Total serum IgE levels in normals and patients with chronic non-specific lung diseases.", "content": "Total serum IgE was measured, using a sensitive sandwich method, in a healthy control population, in healthy persons with a familial history of chronic non-specific lung disease and in patients with chronic non-specific lung disease (CNSLD). In the control population a median total serum IgE of 39 I.U./ml was found. Total serum IgE levels were significantly lower in women that in men. Healthy persons with a familial history of CNSLD had significantly increased total IgE levels compared with the control population. The IgE level was even higher in the group of patients with CNSLD. The presence of specific IgE antibodies and/or an early onset of the symptoms of CNSLD was accompanied by higher total serum IgE levels compared with the IgE values in the other CNSLD patients. But the total IgE levels were increased in all subgroups of CNSLD patients. A significant decrease of the IgE level with age was observed in CNSLD patients.", "contents": "Total serum IgE levels in normals and patients with chronic non-specific lung diseases. Total serum IgE was measured, using a sensitive sandwich method, in a healthy control population, in healthy persons with a familial history of chronic non-specific lung disease and in patients with chronic non-specific lung disease (CNSLD). In the control population a median total serum IgE of 39 I.U./ml was found. Total serum IgE levels were significantly lower in women that in men. Healthy persons with a familial history of CNSLD had significantly increased total IgE levels compared with the control population. The IgE level was even higher in the group of patients with CNSLD. The presence of specific IgE antibodies and/or an early onset of the symptoms of CNSLD was accompanied by higher total serum IgE levels compared with the IgE values in the other CNSLD patients. But the total IgE levels were increased in all subgroups of CNSLD patients. A significant decrease of the IgE level with age was observed in CNSLD patients.", "PMID": 717711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7171", "title": "Excessive airway pressure during anaesthesia. Hazards, effects and prevention.", "content": "The modern continuous flow anaesthetic machine supplies gases under high pressure directly to the patient's trachea. Accidental obstruction to the outflow of expired gases is not uncommon, and may lead to the application of excessive pressure to the patient's airways with potentially disastrous results. The ways in which obstruction to outflow may occur, and the factors which affect the subsequent rise in intrapulmonary pressure are enumerated. The effects of a substained elevation of airway pressure on cardiac output are discussed and an outline is given of the sequence of events which lead from alveolar rupture to the development of mediastinal emphysema and tension pneumothorax. Finally, suggestions are made for ways in which the patient can be protected from excessive airway pressure, by routine use of a pressure-limiting reservoir bag in conjunction with a suitable pressure-limiting valve on all anaesthetic breathing attachments.", "contents": "Excessive airway pressure during anaesthesia. Hazards, effects and prevention. The modern continuous flow anaesthetic machine supplies gases under high pressure directly to the patient's trachea. Accidental obstruction to the outflow of expired gases is not uncommon, and may lead to the application of excessive pressure to the patient's airways with potentially disastrous results. The ways in which obstruction to outflow may occur, and the factors which affect the subsequent rise in intrapulmonary pressure are enumerated. The effects of a substained elevation of airway pressure on cardiac output are discussed and an outline is given of the sequence of events which lead from alveolar rupture to the development of mediastinal emphysema and tension pneumothorax. Finally, suggestions are made for ways in which the patient can be protected from excessive airway pressure, by routine use of a pressure-limiting reservoir bag in conjunction with a suitable pressure-limiting valve on all anaesthetic breathing attachments.", "PMID": 717713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7172", "title": "An unusual complication of passing a narrow bore nasogastric tube.", "content": "A care of oesophageal perforation and aspiration of a pleural effusion by a narrow bore nasogastric tube is reported. The presence of cardiac enlargement was thought to be a precipitating cause. It is suggested that insufflation of air with auscultation over the epigastrium and aspiration of narrow bore tubes, as well as chest X-ray, should be carried out routinely to establish the position of such tubes prior to commencing feeding.", "contents": "An unusual complication of passing a narrow bore nasogastric tube. A care of oesophageal perforation and aspiration of a pleural effusion by a narrow bore nasogastric tube is reported. The presence of cardiac enlargement was thought to be a precipitating cause. It is suggested that insufflation of air with auscultation over the epigastrium and aspiration of narrow bore tubes, as well as chest X-ray, should be carried out routinely to establish the position of such tubes prior to commencing feeding.", "PMID": 717714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7173", "title": "Unilateral pulmonary oedema and \"Mandrax\" poisoning.", "content": "A case of unilateral pulmonary oedema following \"Mandrax\" overdose is presented. The pulmonary oedema is believed to result from hypoxia and increased pulmonary vascular permeability. A multi-factorial pathophysiology including patient posture, may have been responsible for the unusual unilateral distribution of the oedema. This report should serve to increase awareness of this interesting clinical entity.", "contents": "Unilateral pulmonary oedema and \"Mandrax\" poisoning. A case of unilateral pulmonary oedema following \"Mandrax\" overdose is presented. The pulmonary oedema is believed to result from hypoxia and increased pulmonary vascular permeability. A multi-factorial pathophysiology including patient posture, may have been responsible for the unusual unilateral distribution of the oedema. This report should serve to increase awareness of this interesting clinical entity.", "PMID": 717715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7174", "title": "Paraplegia and epidural analgesia.", "content": "A patient who developed paraplegia subsequent to epidural analgesia is presented. The patient was further investigated and it was proved that there was spinal canal stenosis L2-4 level and epidural analgesia had precipitated the paraplegia.", "contents": "Paraplegia and epidural analgesia. A patient who developed paraplegia subsequent to epidural analgesia is presented. The patient was further investigated and it was proved that there was spinal canal stenosis L2-4 level and epidural analgesia had precipitated the paraplegia.", "PMID": 717716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7175", "title": "Monitoring low blood pressure. A non-invasive technique.", "content": "Surgical procedures frequently warrant the use of hypotensive anaesthesia, yet the nature of the surgical procedure may not require intra-arterial monitoring of blood-pressure which is associated with a significant incidence of hazards. An ultrasonic technique is described which is convenient and without complication and which may be employed when intra-arterial cannulation is difficult or undesirable as, for example, in the neonatal case.", "contents": "Monitoring low blood pressure. A non-invasive technique. Surgical procedures frequently warrant the use of hypotensive anaesthesia, yet the nature of the surgical procedure may not require intra-arterial monitoring of blood-pressure which is associated with a significant incidence of hazards. An ultrasonic technique is described which is convenient and without complication and which may be employed when intra-arterial cannulation is difficult or undesirable as, for example, in the neonatal case.", "PMID": 717717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7176", "title": "The Treonic Haemoheater: a new blood warming device.", "content": "A new blood warming apparatus, the Treonic Haemoheater, is described. The blood circulates through a disposable warming bag situated between two electrically heated panels containing two types of thermostat. The apparatus appears to be electrically safe and exhibits a high capacity for the transference of heat. Haemolysis is not caused and the device is simple to use.", "contents": "The Treonic Haemoheater: a new blood warming device. A new blood warming apparatus, the Treonic Haemoheater, is described. The blood circulates through a disposable warming bag situated between two electrically heated panels containing two types of thermostat. The apparatus appears to be electrically safe and exhibits a high capacity for the transference of heat. Haemolysis is not caused and the device is simple to use.", "PMID": 717718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7177", "title": "Clinical considerations in anaesthesia for hip arthroplasty.", "content": "Experiences with the anaesthetic management of 248 patients undergoing total hip replacement are presented. Blood loss does not appear to be influenced by hypertension, the method of venting or the type of anaesthetic, with the exception of neurolept-analgesia. The importance of oxygen therapy in the treatment of the pulmonary embolic syndrome is stressed and the prevention of deep venous thrombosis is discussed. Mortality and morbidity figures are given.", "contents": "Clinical considerations in anaesthesia for hip arthroplasty. Experiences with the anaesthetic management of 248 patients undergoing total hip replacement are presented. Blood loss does not appear to be influenced by hypertension, the method of venting or the type of anaesthetic, with the exception of neurolept-analgesia. The importance of oxygen therapy in the treatment of the pulmonary embolic syndrome is stressed and the prevention of deep venous thrombosis is discussed. Mortality and morbidity figures are given.", "PMID": 717719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7178", "title": "Estimation of nitrous oxide in blood. Gas chromatographic analysis of trace or analgesic levels.", "content": "The estimation of nitrous oxide (N20) at trace and analgesic levels in whole blood is described. A micro-ionisation cross section (MICS) detector was used to measure trace levels of N2O (0.69 to 17.88 mumol N20/litre of blood); whilst a thermal conductivity (TC) detector was used to determine levels from 0.17 to 13.34 mmol N20/litre of blood. The coefficient of variation was 1.3% and 3.2% for the TC and MICS detectors respectively. The technique equals the precision of previously described methods but is considerably quicker. It appears to be suitable for use in the measurement of blood levels of N20 in both theatre personnel and patients undergoing anaesthesia.", "contents": "Estimation of nitrous oxide in blood. Gas chromatographic analysis of trace or analgesic levels. The estimation of nitrous oxide (N20) at trace and analgesic levels in whole blood is described. A micro-ionisation cross section (MICS) detector was used to measure trace levels of N2O (0.69 to 17.88 mumol N20/litre of blood); whilst a thermal conductivity (TC) detector was used to determine levels from 0.17 to 13.34 mmol N20/litre of blood. The coefficient of variation was 1.3% and 3.2% for the TC and MICS detectors respectively. The technique equals the precision of previously described methods but is considerably quicker. It appears to be suitable for use in the measurement of blood levels of N20 in both theatre personnel and patients undergoing anaesthesia.", "PMID": 717728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7179", "title": "Blood levels of nitrous oxide during bronchoscopy.", "content": "Arterial blood levels of nitrous oxide have been measured during bronchoscopy using two types of ventilating bronchoscope. It seems unlikely that the blood levels of nitrous oxide achieved using these devices would contribute to a reduction in the incidence of awareness during this procedure.", "contents": "Blood levels of nitrous oxide during bronchoscopy. Arterial blood levels of nitrous oxide have been measured during bronchoscopy using two types of ventilating bronchoscope. It seems unlikely that the blood levels of nitrous oxide achieved using these devices would contribute to a reduction in the incidence of awareness during this procedure.", "PMID": 717729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7180", "title": "Osmolar output in the peri-operative period.", "content": "The hourly urine volume and urine concentration of seven patients undergoing major abdominal surgery were measured during the operative and postoperative periods. From these, the hourly osmolar output was calculated. The results show that the osmolar output, 700 mOsm/day, in the peri-operative period is less than that of a 70 kg man consuming a normal 2000 calorie diet. Calculation of the osmolar output might help in the differentiation of postoperative oliguria and renal dysfunction.", "contents": "Osmolar output in the peri-operative period. The hourly urine volume and urine concentration of seven patients undergoing major abdominal surgery were measured during the operative and postoperative periods. From these, the hourly osmolar output was calculated. The results show that the osmolar output, 700 mOsm/day, in the peri-operative period is less than that of a 70 kg man consuming a normal 2000 calorie diet. Calculation of the osmolar output might help in the differentiation of postoperative oliguria and renal dysfunction.", "PMID": 717730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7181", "title": "Osmometry. 1. Terminology and principles of measurement.", "content": "The measurement of the osmolality of body fluids is used increasingly in clinical practice. This paper discusses the terminology and describes the methods available for its measurement.", "contents": "Osmometry. 1. Terminology and principles of measurement. The measurement of the osmolality of body fluids is used increasingly in clinical practice. This paper discusses the terminology and describes the methods available for its measurement.", "PMID": 717731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7182", "title": "Osmometry. 2. Osmoregulation.", "content": "The maintenance of osmolar constancy of the body fluids is dependent upon the recognition of osmolar disequilibrium and its correction by modifying the ingestion and excretion of fluid and solute. Osmolar changes are sensed by the hypothalamus which regulates the secretion of antidiuretic hormone to modify the renal excretion of water. The integrity of the system depends upon the renal ability to vary the solute concentration of urine.", "contents": "Osmometry. 2. Osmoregulation. The maintenance of osmolar constancy of the body fluids is dependent upon the recognition of osmolar disequilibrium and its correction by modifying the ingestion and excretion of fluid and solute. Osmolar changes are sensed by the hypothalamus which regulates the secretion of antidiuretic hormone to modify the renal excretion of water. The integrity of the system depends upon the renal ability to vary the solute concentration of urine.", "PMID": 717732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7183", "title": "Osmometry. 3. Clinical applications.", "content": "Measurement of plasma and urine osmolality is quick, easy and accurate. The recognition of the interdependence of urine volume and osmolality on the excretion of the daily obligatory solute load assists in the diagnosis and management of fluid balance and renal excretory problems in the acutely ill. In addition, syndromes of osmotic disequilibrium present a challenge in metabolic care.", "contents": "Osmometry. 3. Clinical applications. Measurement of plasma and urine osmolality is quick, easy and accurate. The recognition of the interdependence of urine volume and osmolality on the excretion of the daily obligatory solute load assists in the diagnosis and management of fluid balance and renal excretory problems in the acutely ill. In addition, syndromes of osmotic disequilibrium present a challenge in metabolic care.", "PMID": 717733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7184", "title": "Removal of anaesthetic waste gases. An inexpensive antipollution system for use with pipeline suction.", "content": "A simple, safe, and extremely inexpensive system is described for removing anaesthetic waste gases from the operating theatre, by utilising such equipment and facilities as already exist in most modern operating departments.", "contents": "Removal of anaesthetic waste gases. An inexpensive antipollution system for use with pipeline suction. A simple, safe, and extremely inexpensive system is described for removing anaesthetic waste gases from the operating theatre, by utilising such equipment and facilities as already exist in most modern operating departments.", "PMID": 717734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7185", "title": "Throwing light on blind intubation.", "content": "A method of tracheal intubation is described which uses transillumination of the tissues to identify entry into the trachea. The method is suggested as an alternative to blind intubation in cases where difficulty occurs using conventional laryngoscopy.", "contents": "Throwing light on blind intubation. A method of tracheal intubation is described which uses transillumination of the tissues to identify entry into the trachea. The method is suggested as an alternative to blind intubation in cases where difficulty occurs using conventional laryngoscopy.", "PMID": 717735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7186", "title": "From the other end of the needle. The patient's experience of routine anaesthesia.", "content": "During a single 5 day working week a series of adult National Health patients undergoing general anaesthesia for routine surgery at a District General Hospital were interviewed on the day following the anaesthetic. The experiences of anaesthesia, and their opinions of their anaesthetists are discussed.", "contents": "From the other end of the needle. The patient's experience of routine anaesthesia. During a single 5 day working week a series of adult National Health patients undergoing general anaesthesia for routine surgery at a District General Hospital were interviewed on the day following the anaesthetic. The experiences of anaesthesia, and their opinions of their anaesthetists are discussed.", "PMID": 717736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7187", "title": "Do they do as they are instructed? A review of out-patient anaesthesia.", "content": "Sixty patients who underwent out-patient anaesthesia were assessed by interview the day following surgery to determine the extent to which they remembered and complied with instructions given preoperatively concerning their post-anaesthetic activities such as, drinking, driving, cooking and operating machinery. The first group of thirty patients received verbal instructions only, except for a written instruction not to drive after anaesthesia. The following group of thirty patients received clear, concise printed instructions in addition to their pre-operative verbal instructions. There was a significant improvement between the two groups of patients in the ability to remember their instructions from a range of 77--99% failure rate to 4--12.5% depending on the sphere of activity. However, a certain proportion of patients deliberately ignored the instructions in both groups. It would appear from this study that verbal pre-operative instructions were easily forgotten unless re-inforced with written directives. Patients from ethnic minorities may need printed instructions in their native language and the services of an interpreter.", "contents": "Do they do as they are instructed? A review of out-patient anaesthesia. Sixty patients who underwent out-patient anaesthesia were assessed by interview the day following surgery to determine the extent to which they remembered and complied with instructions given preoperatively concerning their post-anaesthetic activities such as, drinking, driving, cooking and operating machinery. The first group of thirty patients received verbal instructions only, except for a written instruction not to drive after anaesthesia. The following group of thirty patients received clear, concise printed instructions in addition to their pre-operative verbal instructions. There was a significant improvement between the two groups of patients in the ability to remember their instructions from a range of 77--99% failure rate to 4--12.5% depending on the sphere of activity. However, a certain proportion of patients deliberately ignored the instructions in both groups. It would appear from this study that verbal pre-operative instructions were easily forgotten unless re-inforced with written directives. Patients from ethnic minorities may need printed instructions in their native language and the services of an interpreter.", "PMID": 717737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7188", "title": "[The anaesthesia outpatient clinic. A new concept of preanaesthetic preparation and treatment after two years experiences (author's transl)].", "content": "The anaesthesia outpatient clinic can be a new concept of preanaesthetic preparation and treatment. Related to the figures of 1977, a report is given about our 2-years experience. Patients from the usual outpatient clinics, like gynecology, urology, ENT, who are expected to be operated upon are immediately sent to the anaesthesia outpatient clinic for preanaesthetic check up. After the overall state of the patient has been examined, the original outpatient clinic and/or the family doctor are given information about the patients condition, and probably proposals for a preanaesthetic treatment are made. In 1977, 15% of all anaesthetized patients were checked as outpatients, another 40% were only examined after entering the hospital, whereas as few as 17% were not checked in the anaesthesic outpatient clinic. In patients, checked as outpatients, the period between the first day of hospitalisation and operation was evidently shorter than in patients, having been hospitalized at the time of preanaesthetic examination. This gives the opportunity to save money and beds. Furthermore, the anaesthesia outpatient clinic improves the organisation and efficiency of surgery, urology, gynecology etc., improves the relationship between patients and anaesthetists, decreases the risk of anaesthesia and operation, saves personnel and gives a qualified additional background for the purposes of graduation and student training.", "contents": "[The anaesthesia outpatient clinic. A new concept of preanaesthetic preparation and treatment after two years experiences (author's transl)]. The anaesthesia outpatient clinic can be a new concept of preanaesthetic preparation and treatment. Related to the figures of 1977, a report is given about our 2-years experience. Patients from the usual outpatient clinics, like gynecology, urology, ENT, who are expected to be operated upon are immediately sent to the anaesthesia outpatient clinic for preanaesthetic check up. After the overall state of the patient has been examined, the original outpatient clinic and/or the family doctor are given information about the patients condition, and probably proposals for a preanaesthetic treatment are made. In 1977, 15% of all anaesthetized patients were checked as outpatients, another 40% were only examined after entering the hospital, whereas as few as 17% were not checked in the anaesthesic outpatient clinic. In patients, checked as outpatients, the period between the first day of hospitalisation and operation was evidently shorter than in patients, having been hospitalized at the time of preanaesthetic examination. This gives the opportunity to save money and beds. Furthermore, the anaesthesia outpatient clinic improves the organisation and efficiency of surgery, urology, gynecology etc., improves the relationship between patients and anaesthetists, decreases the risk of anaesthesia and operation, saves personnel and gives a qualified additional background for the purposes of graduation and student training.", "PMID": 717745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7189", "title": "[Effects of isovolaemic haemodilution on pulmonary gas exchange and haemodynamics (author's transl)].", "content": "In experiments on 11 closed chest dogs the behaviour of pulmonary gas exchange and haemodynamics during isovolaemic haemodilution with 6% dextran was studied. The dogs were ventilated artificially (IPPB, PEEP = 0) with room air. After haemodilution a slight increase of arterial PO2 from 86 to 92 mm Hg was found. In another series of experiments an inspiratory O2-concentration of 25% was applied resulting in an increase of arterial PO2 from 106 to 113 mm Hg. In both series a decrease of alveolararterial PO2 gradients was observed. Effective pulmonary capillary blood flow varied in accordance with changes of cardiac output. Thus intrapulmonary shunt is supposed to have remained constant. The changes of pulmonary O2 diffusing capacity could be explained by the effect of haemodilution per se. At the end of the experiments ventilation was changed by adding a positive endexpiratory pressure of 8 cm H2O resulting in a decrease of arterial PO2 and a steep fall of cardiac output. In conclusion, isovolaemic haemodilution leads to only negligible variations of pulmonary gas exchange which should not be of any clinical importance.", "contents": "[Effects of isovolaemic haemodilution on pulmonary gas exchange and haemodynamics (author's transl)]. In experiments on 11 closed chest dogs the behaviour of pulmonary gas exchange and haemodynamics during isovolaemic haemodilution with 6% dextran was studied. The dogs were ventilated artificially (IPPB, PEEP = 0) with room air. After haemodilution a slight increase of arterial PO2 from 86 to 92 mm Hg was found. In another series of experiments an inspiratory O2-concentration of 25% was applied resulting in an increase of arterial PO2 from 106 to 113 mm Hg. In both series a decrease of alveolararterial PO2 gradients was observed. Effective pulmonary capillary blood flow varied in accordance with changes of cardiac output. Thus intrapulmonary shunt is supposed to have remained constant. The changes of pulmonary O2 diffusing capacity could be explained by the effect of haemodilution per se. At the end of the experiments ventilation was changed by adding a positive endexpiratory pressure of 8 cm H2O resulting in a decrease of arterial PO2 and a steep fall of cardiac output. In conclusion, isovolaemic haemodilution leads to only negligible variations of pulmonary gas exchange which should not be of any clinical importance.", "PMID": 717746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7190", "title": "[Hormonal changes during electrocoagulation of the Gasserian ganglion under neuroleptanalgesia and the effects of administration of a beta blocking agent (author's transl)].", "content": "Hormonal changes, occurring during electrocoagulation of the Gasserian ganglion under neuroleptanalgesia, and the effects of intravenous administration of pindolol 0.4 mg on these changes were investigated in two groups of 10 and 12 patients of advanced age. At the end of the operation there were marked increases of the concentrations of catecholamines, a rise of the plasma cortisol and a fall of the serum insulin. The administration of the beta-adrenergic blocking agent did not induce any statistically significant changes of the determined hormones compared to the control group.", "contents": "[Hormonal changes during electrocoagulation of the Gasserian ganglion under neuroleptanalgesia and the effects of administration of a beta blocking agent (author's transl)]. Hormonal changes, occurring during electrocoagulation of the Gasserian ganglion under neuroleptanalgesia, and the effects of intravenous administration of pindolol 0.4 mg on these changes were investigated in two groups of 10 and 12 patients of advanced age. At the end of the operation there were marked increases of the concentrations of catecholamines, a rise of the plasma cortisol and a fall of the serum insulin. The administration of the beta-adrenergic blocking agent did not induce any statistically significant changes of the determined hormones compared to the control group.", "PMID": 717747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7191", "title": "[The influence of enflurane on intraocular pressure (author's transl)].", "content": "Various forms of inhalation anaesthesia with enflurane were carried out in 30 patients. An attempt was made to eliminate all the factors influencing the intraocular pressure (IOP), and to record the behaviour of blood pressure, pulse rate and IOP with the gradual increase of concentration of enflurane. Results are discussed and the use of the inhalation anaesthetic enflurane is recommended for intra-ocular operations.", "contents": "[The influence of enflurane on intraocular pressure (author's transl)]. Various forms of inhalation anaesthesia with enflurane were carried out in 30 patients. An attempt was made to eliminate all the factors influencing the intraocular pressure (IOP), and to record the behaviour of blood pressure, pulse rate and IOP with the gradual increase of concentration of enflurane. Results are discussed and the use of the inhalation anaesthetic enflurane is recommended for intra-ocular operations.", "PMID": 717750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7192", "title": "[Hyperamylasaemia in patients in shock (author's transl)].", "content": "In 69 patients, treated in the intensive care unit of the department of traumatology we have examined the blood amylase activity. We found, that traumatic shock produced an increase in serum-amylase. Hyperamylasaemia is strongly related to the duration of shock and is due to an increase in S-type amylase. The increase is probably caused by an increased production and not by decreased renal excretion. The mechanism of hyperamylasaemia and the source of it are discussed.", "contents": "[Hyperamylasaemia in patients in shock (author's transl)]. In 69 patients, treated in the intensive care unit of the department of traumatology we have examined the blood amylase activity. We found, that traumatic shock produced an increase in serum-amylase. Hyperamylasaemia is strongly related to the duration of shock and is due to an increase in S-type amylase. The increase is probably caused by an increased production and not by decreased renal excretion. The mechanism of hyperamylasaemia and the source of it are discussed.", "PMID": 717751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7193", "title": "[Pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary edema caused by intravenous ketamine (author's transl)].", "content": "Induction of anaesthesia with ketamine 1.5 mg/kg i.v. in a patient with coronary artery disease caused an increase in mean pulmonary artery pressure from 27 to 65 mmHg, a threefold rise in pulmonary vascular resistance and an increase of the left ventricular filling pressure from 18 to 48 mmHg which was associated with arterial hypoxaemia due to pulmonary edema. Fentanyl (0.01 mg/kg i.v.) promptly reversed the systemic and pulmonary vascular effects of ketamine.", "contents": "[Pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary edema caused by intravenous ketamine (author's transl)]. Induction of anaesthesia with ketamine 1.5 mg/kg i.v. in a patient with coronary artery disease caused an increase in mean pulmonary artery pressure from 27 to 65 mmHg, a threefold rise in pulmonary vascular resistance and an increase of the left ventricular filling pressure from 18 to 48 mmHg which was associated with arterial hypoxaemia due to pulmonary edema. Fentanyl (0.01 mg/kg i.v.) promptly reversed the systemic and pulmonary vascular effects of ketamine.", "PMID": 717752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7194", "title": "[Malignant hyperthermia during the 13th general anaesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "We report a case of malignant hyperthermia in a man of 41 years during his 13th general anaesthesia. All previous anaesthetics were quite normal. Musculoskeletal abnormalities and increased CPK-levels are to be found in some members of the patient's family. The combined use of suxamethonium and halothane might have caused the development of malignant hyperthermia. As a concept of the aetiology of the syndrome the case history indicates that it may be stress-related.", "contents": "[Malignant hyperthermia during the 13th general anaesthesia (author's transl)]. We report a case of malignant hyperthermia in a man of 41 years during his 13th general anaesthesia. All previous anaesthetics were quite normal. Musculoskeletal abnormalities and increased CPK-levels are to be found in some members of the patient's family. The combined use of suxamethonium and halothane might have caused the development of malignant hyperthermia. As a concept of the aetiology of the syndrome the case history indicates that it may be stress-related.", "PMID": 717753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7195", "title": "Embolization of detached fragments of intravenous plastic catheter.", "content": "Three cases of embolization by detached fragments of \"Intracath\" intravenous catheters are described. In two, successful surgical removal was performed, whilst in the third, due to the poor general condition of the patient, no attempt at removal was made and after long-term observation, there were no untoward side effects.", "contents": "Embolization of detached fragments of intravenous plastic catheter. Three cases of embolization by detached fragments of \"Intracath\" intravenous catheters are described. In two, successful surgical removal was performed, whilst in the third, due to the poor general condition of the patient, no attempt at removal was made and after long-term observation, there were no untoward side effects.", "PMID": 717754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7196", "title": "[A new safe system for the prevention of peroperative hypothermia (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of our experiences and data from the literature concerning thermal injury by warming blankets in anaesthetized patients, a new and safe system for the maintenance of body temperature during the operation is described. The following advantages are emphasized: 1. Adjustable double-thermostat with audible alarm. 2. Easy-to-read control thermometer of water bath. 3. Thermal blanket water temperature cannot rise above 43 degrees C.", "contents": "[A new safe system for the prevention of peroperative hypothermia (author's transl)]. On the basis of our experiences and data from the literature concerning thermal injury by warming blankets in anaesthetized patients, a new and safe system for the maintenance of body temperature during the operation is described. The following advantages are emphasized: 1. Adjustable double-thermostat with audible alarm. 2. Easy-to-read control thermometer of water bath. 3. Thermal blanket water temperature cannot rise above 43 degrees C.", "PMID": 717758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7197", "title": "[Experiences with hyperbaric bupivacaine solutions in spinal analgesia (author's transl)].", "content": "Spinalanaesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine (0.4%, 1.0%, 0.5%) was used in 713 patients having general surgical and urological operations. On average 19.30 +/- 1.55 mg bupivacaine was given and a spread of anaesthesia up to Th 7.21 +/- 1.55 achieved. Detailed evaluation of the 3rd group (0.5%) showed a latency period of 2.21 +/- 0.82 min and mean effective time of 4.33 +/- 0.75 h. The motor blockade was in 87% complete. The problem of the 0.5% solution with a specific gravity of 1.037 g/ml, which is in our opinion too high, was pointed out and a recommendation for a specific gravity of about 1.020 g/ml was given. Assuming proper positioning, spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine is a safe and simple anaesthetic method.", "contents": "[Experiences with hyperbaric bupivacaine solutions in spinal analgesia (author's transl)]. Spinalanaesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine (0.4%, 1.0%, 0.5%) was used in 713 patients having general surgical and urological operations. On average 19.30 +/- 1.55 mg bupivacaine was given and a spread of anaesthesia up to Th 7.21 +/- 1.55 achieved. Detailed evaluation of the 3rd group (0.5%) showed a latency period of 2.21 +/- 0.82 min and mean effective time of 4.33 +/- 0.75 h. The motor blockade was in 87% complete. The problem of the 0.5% solution with a specific gravity of 1.037 g/ml, which is in our opinion too high, was pointed out and a recommendation for a specific gravity of about 1.020 g/ml was given. Assuming proper positioning, spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine is a safe and simple anaesthetic method.", "PMID": 717760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7198", "title": "Bupivacaine in caudal anaesthesia for anal surgery.", "content": "A study is described of 100 consecutive patients given a caudal block for anal surgery using either 0.25% or 0.5% bupivacaine with adrenaline. The initial success rate was 91%, and a further 8% achieved only a unilateral block. Satisfactory anaesthesia in these cases could be achieved with either a second caudal block or unilateral infiltration of the un-anaesthetized half of the surgical field with lignocaine. Optimal anaesthesia took up to 15 minutes to develop in 90% of the patients, and 20 minutes for all patients. No serious complications were observed. Post-operative analgesia lasted between 10 and 12 h after the block and this compared favourably with the results from two small control groups given either a general anaesthetic or a lignocaine caudal block in which the patients required analgesics 2,5 and 4,5 h respectively from the start of the anaesthetic procedure. In the bupivacaine treated patients there was a significant reduction in the need for post-operative analgesics throughout the whole postoperative period.", "contents": "Bupivacaine in caudal anaesthesia for anal surgery. A study is described of 100 consecutive patients given a caudal block for anal surgery using either 0.25% or 0.5% bupivacaine with adrenaline. The initial success rate was 91%, and a further 8% achieved only a unilateral block. Satisfactory anaesthesia in these cases could be achieved with either a second caudal block or unilateral infiltration of the un-anaesthetized half of the surgical field with lignocaine. Optimal anaesthesia took up to 15 minutes to develop in 90% of the patients, and 20 minutes for all patients. No serious complications were observed. Post-operative analgesia lasted between 10 and 12 h after the block and this compared favourably with the results from two small control groups given either a general anaesthetic or a lignocaine caudal block in which the patients required analgesics 2,5 and 4,5 h respectively from the start of the anaesthetic procedure. In the bupivacaine treated patients there was a significant reduction in the need for post-operative analgesics throughout the whole postoperative period.", "PMID": 717761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7199", "title": "[The continuous perivascular axillary plexus block in hand replantation surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "A modified techniques of axillary plexus block is described which enables prolonged analgesia. The main principle of this techniques is to insert an indwelling canula into the perivascular tissue of the plexus brachialis. A cold local anaesthetic (4 degrees) is injected for controlling the canula site. The indications for this technique are all corrective and reconstructive operations of the upper extremity and the postoperative alleviation of pain. Twenty cases with different indications are discussed in this paper. No allergic, toxic or inflammatory reactions were seen in our patients. They were satisfied with this method of analgesia. The easy application, absence of time limiting factors and suitable intraoperative monitoring are the advantages of the method.", "contents": "[The continuous perivascular axillary plexus block in hand replantation surgery (author's transl)]. A modified techniques of axillary plexus block is described which enables prolonged analgesia. The main principle of this techniques is to insert an indwelling canula into the perivascular tissue of the plexus brachialis. A cold local anaesthetic (4 degrees) is injected for controlling the canula site. The indications for this technique are all corrective and reconstructive operations of the upper extremity and the postoperative alleviation of pain. Twenty cases with different indications are discussed in this paper. No allergic, toxic or inflammatory reactions were seen in our patients. They were satisfied with this method of analgesia. The easy application, absence of time limiting factors and suitable intraoperative monitoring are the advantages of the method.", "PMID": 717762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7200", "title": "[Methaemoglobin-behaviour due to carticaine (= Ultracain) (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of carticaine on the formation of methaemoglobin was investigated in 22 patients undergoind spinal (n = 10) or epidural (n = 12) anaesthesia. Carticaine in a dose of 1,35 mg/kg, as used for spinal anaesthesia, did not influence the concentration of methaemoglobin. Carticaine in a dose of 5 mg/kg however, as used for epidural anaesthesia, increased the formation of methaemoglobin slightly at 30 min after injection. This increase is of little clinical importance since the upper limits of the normal range were not reached.", "contents": "[Methaemoglobin-behaviour due to carticaine (= Ultracain) (author's transl)]. The influence of carticaine on the formation of methaemoglobin was investigated in 22 patients undergoind spinal (n = 10) or epidural (n = 12) anaesthesia. Carticaine in a dose of 1,35 mg/kg, as used for spinal anaesthesia, did not influence the concentration of methaemoglobin. Carticaine in a dose of 5 mg/kg however, as used for epidural anaesthesia, increased the formation of methaemoglobin slightly at 30 min after injection. This increase is of little clinical importance since the upper limits of the normal range were not reached.", "PMID": 717763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7201", "title": "[Anaesthesia in the extremely obese patient (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper reviews the literature on anaesthetic problems in extremely obese patients. The main concerns of the anaesthetist in these patients is pulmonary function, especially hypoxaemia. The pathogenesis of hypoxia is explained by an increased tendency to airway closure by the weight of fat, which compresses the thorax. The significance of the patient's position during and after operation is stressed. The Pickwick-Syndrome is extremely rare, even in large series of obese patients, but its diagnosis is important for therapeutic consequences. For anaesthesia in these patients neuroleptanaesthesia as well as classical inhalational procedures can be used.", "contents": "[Anaesthesia in the extremely obese patient (author's transl)]. This paper reviews the literature on anaesthetic problems in extremely obese patients. The main concerns of the anaesthetist in these patients is pulmonary function, especially hypoxaemia. The pathogenesis of hypoxia is explained by an increased tendency to airway closure by the weight of fat, which compresses the thorax. The significance of the patient's position during and after operation is stressed. The Pickwick-Syndrome is extremely rare, even in large series of obese patients, but its diagnosis is important for therapeutic consequences. For anaesthesia in these patients neuroleptanaesthesia as well as classical inhalational procedures can be used.", "PMID": 717765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7202", "title": "[Metabolism and distribution of bupivacaine-experiments in rats. II. Distribution and elimination (author's transl)].", "content": "To avoid the influence of general anaesthetics on the functions of most organ systems, the present experiments were carried out in unanaesthetized rats. Blood concentrations in the aorta, V. portae and Vv. hepaticae as well as urinary and biliary excretions of bupivacaine were studied after either intravenous or enteral administration. From the course of the aortic bupivacaine concentrations after i.v. injection the following pharmacokinetic data were derived: t1/2 = 24,7 min; k2 = 1,467 h; V = 1,492 1. Absorption of bupivacaine from the jejunum is rapid. The hepatic clearance of bupivacaine in the rat is 12 ml/kg b.w..min-1. The biliary excretion of bupivacaine in the rat is very small; therefore the enterohepatic circulation of this substance may be considered neglible.", "contents": "[Metabolism and distribution of bupivacaine-experiments in rats. II. Distribution and elimination (author's transl)]. To avoid the influence of general anaesthetics on the functions of most organ systems, the present experiments were carried out in unanaesthetized rats. Blood concentrations in the aorta, V. portae and Vv. hepaticae as well as urinary and biliary excretions of bupivacaine were studied after either intravenous or enteral administration. From the course of the aortic bupivacaine concentrations after i.v. injection the following pharmacokinetic data were derived: t1/2 = 24,7 min; k2 = 1,467 h; V = 1,492 1. Absorption of bupivacaine from the jejunum is rapid. The hepatic clearance of bupivacaine in the rat is 12 ml/kg b.w..min-1. The biliary excretion of bupivacaine in the rat is very small; therefore the enterohepatic circulation of this substance may be considered neglible.", "PMID": 717764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7203", "title": "[Suprapubic bladder drainage in the surgical patient (author's transl)].", "content": "Suprapubic bladder drainage is today a safe method of urine deviation. Outflow obstruction after lesions or operations in the uro-genitary system is the main indication for suprapubic drainage. The best indications therefore exist in urological and gynaecological patients. We used suprapubic bladder drainage in 20 patients after general surgery, applying a catheter set (Cystofix) with removable split cannula. There were no serious complications. Urine cultures in 6 patients controlled 6 days after insertion of the catheter were negative. Suprapubic bladder drainage using suitable catheter sets, can be recommended in patients without outflow obstruction, especially in intensive care.", "contents": "[Suprapubic bladder drainage in the surgical patient (author's transl)]. Suprapubic bladder drainage is today a safe method of urine deviation. Outflow obstruction after lesions or operations in the uro-genitary system is the main indication for suprapubic drainage. The best indications therefore exist in urological and gynaecological patients. We used suprapubic bladder drainage in 20 patients after general surgery, applying a catheter set (Cystofix) with removable split cannula. There were no serious complications. Urine cultures in 6 patients controlled 6 days after insertion of the catheter were negative. Suprapubic bladder drainage using suitable catheter sets, can be recommended in patients without outflow obstruction, especially in intensive care.", "PMID": 717766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7204", "title": "Gas identity hazards and major contamination of the medical gas system of a new hospital.", "content": "During commissioning of the medical gas system of a new hospital, fourteen connection defects were found; six of these were potentially lethal cross-connections. A major contaminant was also detected throughout the medical gas system. The methods of testing a new medical gas system described in this report highlight the need for up-grading of existing standards.", "contents": "Gas identity hazards and major contamination of the medical gas system of a new hospital. During commissioning of the medical gas system of a new hospital, fourteen connection defects were found; six of these were potentially lethal cross-connections. A major contaminant was also detected throughout the medical gas system. The methods of testing a new medical gas system described in this report highlight the need for up-grading of existing standards.", "PMID": 717768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7205", "title": "Altered drug metabolism in anaesthetists exposed to volatile anaesthetic agents.", "content": "Antipyrine kinetics were measured on saliva in eight anaesthetists during a period when they were giving general anaesthetics and a period when they were working exclusively in intensive care. During the anaesthesia period there was a reduction in antipyrine half-life and the clearance of antipyrine increased. Analysis of the data in groups failed to detect these changes because of the wide variation in metabolism between subjects. Exposure to anaesthetic agents under non-scavenging operating theatre conditions appears to enhance hepatic metabolism.", "contents": "Altered drug metabolism in anaesthetists exposed to volatile anaesthetic agents. Antipyrine kinetics were measured on saliva in eight anaesthetists during a period when they were giving general anaesthetics and a period when they were working exclusively in intensive care. During the anaesthesia period there was a reduction in antipyrine half-life and the clearance of antipyrine increased. Analysis of the data in groups failed to detect these changes because of the wide variation in metabolism between subjects. Exposure to anaesthetic agents under non-scavenging operating theatre conditions appears to enhance hepatic metabolism.", "PMID": 717769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7206", "title": "Intravenous ketamine anaesthesia for major abdominal surgery--an assessment of a technique and the influence of ataractic drugs on the psychomimetic effects of ketamine.", "content": "Eighty-two patients presenting for major abdominal surgery were divided into five groups, and received intravenous ketamine, muscle relaxation and controlled ventilation with oxygen-enriched air. For maintenance of anaesthesia patients were given a single intravenous dose of either droperidol 5 mg, diazepam 5 mg, promethazine 25 mg, flunitrazepam 0.5 mg or lorazepam 2 mg, followed by incremental doses of ketamine. Flunitrazepam and lorazepam were the adjuvants associated with the lowest incidence of dreaming and emergence phenomena; postanaesthetic sequelae occurred most frequently with both ketamine/diazepam and ketamine/droperidol anaesthesia. However, the differences between the five groups failed to reach statistical significance.", "contents": "Intravenous ketamine anaesthesia for major abdominal surgery--an assessment of a technique and the influence of ataractic drugs on the psychomimetic effects of ketamine. Eighty-two patients presenting for major abdominal surgery were divided into five groups, and received intravenous ketamine, muscle relaxation and controlled ventilation with oxygen-enriched air. For maintenance of anaesthesia patients were given a single intravenous dose of either droperidol 5 mg, diazepam 5 mg, promethazine 25 mg, flunitrazepam 0.5 mg or lorazepam 2 mg, followed by incremental doses of ketamine. Flunitrazepam and lorazepam were the adjuvants associated with the lowest incidence of dreaming and emergence phenomena; postanaesthetic sequelae occurred most frequently with both ketamine/diazepam and ketamine/droperidol anaesthesia. However, the differences between the five groups failed to reach statistical significance.", "PMID": 717770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7207", "title": "The contrasting effects of enflurane on transplacental exchange after methohexitone and ketamine induction of anaesthesia for caesarean section.", "content": "Supplementation of general anaesthesia with enflurane 0.6% before delivery of the foetus by elective Caesarean section, produced contrasting effects after methohexitone and ketamine administration. Enflurane, an inhalational agent causing vasodilation and uterine relaxation, enhanced maternal to foetal transplacental exchange following methohexitone induction of narcosis. This beneficial effect of the volatile agent was not seen after ketamine, a vasoconstrictor drug which stimulates myometrial contraction.", "contents": "The contrasting effects of enflurane on transplacental exchange after methohexitone and ketamine induction of anaesthesia for caesarean section. Supplementation of general anaesthesia with enflurane 0.6% before delivery of the foetus by elective Caesarean section, produced contrasting effects after methohexitone and ketamine administration. Enflurane, an inhalational agent causing vasodilation and uterine relaxation, enhanced maternal to foetal transplacental exchange following methohexitone induction of narcosis. This beneficial effect of the volatile agent was not seen after ketamine, a vasoconstrictor drug which stimulates myometrial contraction.", "PMID": 717772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7208", "title": "Local anaesthetic plasma levels in children.", "content": "Blood levels of lignocaine and bupivacaine were measured in children following caudal, subcutaneous and tracheal administration. The highest peak levels were in children under 3 years following tracheal spray but all blood levels were below accepted toxic adult levels for anaesthetised patients. No toxic manifestations were seen.", "contents": "Local anaesthetic plasma levels in children. Blood levels of lignocaine and bupivacaine were measured in children following caudal, subcutaneous and tracheal administration. The highest peak levels were in children under 3 years following tracheal spray but all blood levels were below accepted toxic adult levels for anaesthetised patients. No toxic manifestations were seen.", "PMID": 717773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7209", "title": "Continuous lumbar plexus block--analgesia for femoral neck fractures.", "content": "In a series of 21 patients with fractures of the neck of the femur, continuous lumbar plexus block provided effective pain relief in 17 cases. The technique for continuous lumbar plexus block is described. The technique has advantages over conventional methods of analgesia.", "contents": "Continuous lumbar plexus block--analgesia for femoral neck fractures. In a series of 21 patients with fractures of the neck of the femur, continuous lumbar plexus block provided effective pain relief in 17 cases. The technique for continuous lumbar plexus block is described. The technique has advantages over conventional methods of analgesia.", "PMID": 717775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7210", "title": "A new polyvinyl chloride coil with improved performance for blood warming.", "content": "A new polyvinyl chloride (PVC) coil has been tested. The thinner walls give a better heat transfer so that an output temperature of 32.7 degrees occurs at 150 ml/min under test. This is higher than any PVC coil previously tested. Suggestions are made about methods of further improving the performance.", "contents": "A new polyvinyl chloride coil with improved performance for blood warming. A new polyvinyl chloride (PVC) coil has been tested. The thinner walls give a better heat transfer so that an output temperature of 32.7 degrees occurs at 150 ml/min under test. This is higher than any PVC coil previously tested. Suggestions are made about methods of further improving the performance.", "PMID": 717776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7211", "title": "An epidural anaesthetic with unusual complications.", "content": "Respiratory paralysis and prolonged duration of anaesthesia followed lumbar epidural block with bupivacaine. Subdural, extra arachnoid block is postulated.", "contents": "An epidural anaesthetic with unusual complications. Respiratory paralysis and prolonged duration of anaesthesia followed lumbar epidural block with bupivacaine. Subdural, extra arachnoid block is postulated.", "PMID": 717777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7212", "title": "[Vascularization and glial structures of the area postrema in sheep (Ovis aries) (author's transl)].", "content": "The area postrema of the sheep (Ovis aries) reveals the typical position and structure as seen in the domestic animals. The fetal development of the organ concerning especially the vascularization does not give any reference to a phylogenetic connection with the area postrema of birds. The glial border of the organ ist strikingly marked by the funiculus separans, which seems to be lacking in other domestic animals.", "contents": "[Vascularization and glial structures of the area postrema in sheep (Ovis aries) (author's transl)]. The area postrema of the sheep (Ovis aries) reveals the typical position and structure as seen in the domestic animals. The fetal development of the organ concerning especially the vascularization does not give any reference to a phylogenetic connection with the area postrema of birds. The glial border of the organ ist strikingly marked by the funiculus separans, which seems to be lacking in other domestic animals.", "PMID": 717793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7213", "title": "[On the reaction of the sense cells in the cristae ampullares to experimental loads in guinea pigs (author's transl)].", "content": "The different experimental tests brought the explanation about the ampullae sensory epithelium. It was shown that the transmission of impulses by the peripheral sensory cells can lead to swelling as well as to shrinkage of their nuclei. The spicific stimulus for the semicircular canals is the angular acceleration as well as lateral pendular movement. We managed, however, to proove by single semicircular canal, also by linear acceleration a certain transmission of stimuli. The higher the movement frequency, the larger is the volume variations of the sensory nuclei. The cells of the upper and the lateral semicircular canals response to a lateral right-left-deviations with a considerable increase of their nuclear volume. Excluse of a left rotation the sensory cells of all ampullae of the right side react with an increase of their nuclear volume. On the contrary those of the left side react with a decrease of their nuclear volume. Only the upper ampulla respond to a forwards-backwards-movement, also to a vertical dropmovement with a slight swelling of their sensory nuclei. All ampullae of both petrous bones reactet to alternating right-left rotation with a shrinkage of their nuclei. Further more we succeded in recording certain structure and form variation in the claimed sensory cells. More experiments on the cells give rise to nuclear pyknosis. The cytoplasme of the cell body participates also in the process of recharging and decharging of the action potential.", "contents": "[On the reaction of the sense cells in the cristae ampullares to experimental loads in guinea pigs (author's transl)]. The different experimental tests brought the explanation about the ampullae sensory epithelium. It was shown that the transmission of impulses by the peripheral sensory cells can lead to swelling as well as to shrinkage of their nuclei. The spicific stimulus for the semicircular canals is the angular acceleration as well as lateral pendular movement. We managed, however, to proove by single semicircular canal, also by linear acceleration a certain transmission of stimuli. The higher the movement frequency, the larger is the volume variations of the sensory nuclei. The cells of the upper and the lateral semicircular canals response to a lateral right-left-deviations with a considerable increase of their nuclear volume. Excluse of a left rotation the sensory cells of all ampullae of the right side react with an increase of their nuclear volume. On the contrary those of the left side react with a decrease of their nuclear volume. Only the upper ampulla respond to a forwards-backwards-movement, also to a vertical dropmovement with a slight swelling of their sensory nuclei. All ampullae of both petrous bones reactet to alternating right-left rotation with a shrinkage of their nuclei. Further more we succeded in recording certain structure and form variation in the claimed sensory cells. More experiments on the cells give rise to nuclear pyknosis. The cytoplasme of the cell body participates also in the process of recharging and decharging of the action potential.", "PMID": 717794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7214", "title": "Discovery of a variant in the region of the adductor magnus and the short head of the biceps femoris.", "content": "As a variant between the adductor magnus and the short head of the biceps femoris a small, triangular, flat muscle is described. Its fasciculi originate from both muscles and its long, thin tendon lying between the popliteal vessels and the sciatic nerve runs into the tendon of the adductor magnus inserting into the adductor tubercle.", "contents": "Discovery of a variant in the region of the adductor magnus and the short head of the biceps femoris. As a variant between the adductor magnus and the short head of the biceps femoris a small, triangular, flat muscle is described. Its fasciculi originate from both muscles and its long, thin tendon lying between the popliteal vessels and the sciatic nerve runs into the tendon of the adductor magnus inserting into the adductor tubercle.", "PMID": 717795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7215", "title": "Formation of apical pseudopods by canine thyroid follicular cells: induction by thyrotropin and 5-hydroxytryptamine; antagonism by reserpine.", "content": "The role of biogenic amines in the activation of thyroid follicular cells by thyrotropin (TSH) was studied. 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was chosen as the amine to study and apical pseudopod formation, assessed by scanning electron microscopy, was used as the index of follicular cell activation. All experiments were done on dogs. TSH and 5-HT were both potent inducers of pseudopod formation. The action of TSH but not that of 5-HT was antagonized by the amine depleting drug reserpine. Reserpine depleted the thyroid of 5-HT in newborn, adolescent, and adult dogs. It is concluded that one or more biogenic amines, such as 5-HT, are probably involved in follicular cell activation by TSH.", "contents": "Formation of apical pseudopods by canine thyroid follicular cells: induction by thyrotropin and 5-hydroxytryptamine; antagonism by reserpine. The role of biogenic amines in the activation of thyroid follicular cells by thyrotropin (TSH) was studied. 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was chosen as the amine to study and apical pseudopod formation, assessed by scanning electron microscopy, was used as the index of follicular cell activation. All experiments were done on dogs. TSH and 5-HT were both potent inducers of pseudopod formation. The action of TSH but not that of 5-HT was antagonized by the amine depleting drug reserpine. Reserpine depleted the thyroid of 5-HT in newborn, adolescent, and adult dogs. It is concluded that one or more biogenic amines, such as 5-HT, are probably involved in follicular cell activation by TSH.", "PMID": 717796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7216", "title": "Site of iodination in rat mammary gland.", "content": "The ability of the mammary gland to take up and organically bind radioiodide was studied in non-pregnant, pregnant, and lactating rats. Autoradiography was used to determine whether duct cells or alveolar cells are responsible for iodination in the rat mammary gland. Iodination was not detected in mammary glands from non-pregnant rats, but occurred late in the twelfth day of gestation and continued throughout pregnancy and lactation. Protein-containing vacuoles in alveolar cells and casein-like proteins in milk were the major sites where iodination occurred within the gland. Milk proteins in the lumens of ductules adjacent to alveoli were also iodinated. In contrast, ducts, myoepithelial cells, fat cells, blood vessels and other histological components of the gland did not show iodinating capability. Cytochemistry was also used to identify endogenous mammary peroxidase activity in the same glands, and it was found that the presence and location of this enzyme was correlated with the ability to iodinate.", "contents": "Site of iodination in rat mammary gland. The ability of the mammary gland to take up and organically bind radioiodide was studied in non-pregnant, pregnant, and lactating rats. Autoradiography was used to determine whether duct cells or alveolar cells are responsible for iodination in the rat mammary gland. Iodination was not detected in mammary glands from non-pregnant rats, but occurred late in the twelfth day of gestation and continued throughout pregnancy and lactation. Protein-containing vacuoles in alveolar cells and casein-like proteins in milk were the major sites where iodination occurred within the gland. Milk proteins in the lumens of ductules adjacent to alveoli were also iodinated. In contrast, ducts, myoepithelial cells, fat cells, blood vessels and other histological components of the gland did not show iodinating capability. Cytochemistry was also used to identify endogenous mammary peroxidase activity in the same glands, and it was found that the presence and location of this enzyme was correlated with the ability to iodinate.", "PMID": 717798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7217", "title": "Filtration of circulating particles by splenic autotransplants.", "content": "To determine whether filtration in reconstituted perifollicular marginal zones underlies particle sequestration in regenerating spleen transplants, the distribution of IV injected particles of tantalum was examined in autografts freely transplanted into subcutaneous pouches in rats. In two to six weeks old autografts removed one to three hours after particle injection, the reconstituted marginal zones contained practically all of the sequestered tantalum. At 48 hours to 20 weeks following injection, marginal zones were largely free of particles which were distributed extracellularly throughout the red pulp. This sequential pattern of distribution conformed closely to that observed in the intact spleen. The findings indicate that a reconstituted marginal zone allows splenic autotransplants to function as simple mechanical filters. Increased demand for this activity rather than for phagocytosis may be the predominant factor regulating spleen growth.", "contents": "Filtration of circulating particles by splenic autotransplants. To determine whether filtration in reconstituted perifollicular marginal zones underlies particle sequestration in regenerating spleen transplants, the distribution of IV injected particles of tantalum was examined in autografts freely transplanted into subcutaneous pouches in rats. In two to six weeks old autografts removed one to three hours after particle injection, the reconstituted marginal zones contained practically all of the sequestered tantalum. At 48 hours to 20 weeks following injection, marginal zones were largely free of particles which were distributed extracellularly throughout the red pulp. This sequential pattern of distribution conformed closely to that observed in the intact spleen. The findings indicate that a reconstituted marginal zone allows splenic autotransplants to function as simple mechanical filters. Increased demand for this activity rather than for phagocytosis may be the predominant factor regulating spleen growth.", "PMID": 717799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7218", "title": "Rod-shaped particles in the plasma membrane of the mitochondria-rich cell of amphibian epidermis.", "content": "A freeze-fracture study has revealed rod-shaped intramembranous particles on the plasma membrane P-face (cytoplasmic leaflet) of the mitochondria-rich cell (or flask cell) of Xenopus laevis and Rana ridibunda epidermis. Such particles have previously been found in all other mitochondria rich cells examined by this technique, namely, the MR-cell of toad bladder epithelium, the dark cell of rat kidney collecting tubule, and the flask cell of Xenopus kidney collecting tubule. These particles are assumed, therefore, to be closely connected with the function of this cell type.", "contents": "Rod-shaped particles in the plasma membrane of the mitochondria-rich cell of amphibian epidermis. A freeze-fracture study has revealed rod-shaped intramembranous particles on the plasma membrane P-face (cytoplasmic leaflet) of the mitochondria-rich cell (or flask cell) of Xenopus laevis and Rana ridibunda epidermis. Such particles have previously been found in all other mitochondria rich cells examined by this technique, namely, the MR-cell of toad bladder epithelium, the dark cell of rat kidney collecting tubule, and the flask cell of Xenopus kidney collecting tubule. These particles are assumed, therefore, to be closely connected with the function of this cell type.", "PMID": 717800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7219", "title": "A quantitative analysis of hepatic ultrastructure in rats during enhanced bile secretion.", "content": "The ultrastructural changes in hepatocytes of rats subjected to selective biliary obstruction (SBO), wherein the biliary system draining approximately two-thirds of the liver is obstructed, were evaluated by quantitative electron microscopy or stereology. The remaining unobstructed portion of the organ compensates for this loss of bile secretion by functioning in a hypersecretory mode. This animal model permits the comparison of hepatocellular fine structure associated with the conditions of nonsecretion and hypersecretion of bile with that found in normal secreting sham-operated rats. Since recent evidence suggests the presence of lobular gradients in hepatic structure and function, both centrolobular and periportal hepatocytes were examined. The low incidence of Golgi membrane profiles in high magnification electron micrographs results in a low confidence level of sampling and, thus, necessitates the application of a novel parameter for estimating the amount of Golgi complex, i.e., the Golgi-rich area. For the most part, the lobular variation in hepatic fine structure in the sham-operated animals was similar to that described by Loud ('68). However, the periportal parenchyma contained approximately twice the volume of Golgi-rich area as the centrolobular tissue. The amount of cytoplasmic lipid increased significantly in the SBO unobstructed lobes, although there were few or no changes in the other intracellular organelles or inclusions except those related to the Golgi complex. The volume of Golgi-rich area increased significantly in the centrolobular tissue of the SBO unobstructed (hypersecretory) lobes to the extent that both intralobular zones contained similar amounts of this component. These data suggest that the Golgi complex is a dynamic unit which responds to changes in hepatocellular activity and may be involved in bile secretion.", "contents": "A quantitative analysis of hepatic ultrastructure in rats during enhanced bile secretion. The ultrastructural changes in hepatocytes of rats subjected to selective biliary obstruction (SBO), wherein the biliary system draining approximately two-thirds of the liver is obstructed, were evaluated by quantitative electron microscopy or stereology. The remaining unobstructed portion of the organ compensates for this loss of bile secretion by functioning in a hypersecretory mode. This animal model permits the comparison of hepatocellular fine structure associated with the conditions of nonsecretion and hypersecretion of bile with that found in normal secreting sham-operated rats. Since recent evidence suggests the presence of lobular gradients in hepatic structure and function, both centrolobular and periportal hepatocytes were examined. The low incidence of Golgi membrane profiles in high magnification electron micrographs results in a low confidence level of sampling and, thus, necessitates the application of a novel parameter for estimating the amount of Golgi complex, i.e., the Golgi-rich area. For the most part, the lobular variation in hepatic fine structure in the sham-operated animals was similar to that described by Loud ('68). However, the periportal parenchyma contained approximately twice the volume of Golgi-rich area as the centrolobular tissue. The amount of cytoplasmic lipid increased significantly in the SBO unobstructed lobes, although there were few or no changes in the other intracellular organelles or inclusions except those related to the Golgi complex. The volume of Golgi-rich area increased significantly in the centrolobular tissue of the SBO unobstructed (hypersecretory) lobes to the extent that both intralobular zones contained similar amounts of this component. These data suggest that the Golgi complex is a dynamic unit which responds to changes in hepatocellular activity and may be involved in bile secretion.", "PMID": 717801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7220", "title": "Orthogonal arrays of particles in plasma membranes of the gastric parietal cell.", "content": "Freeze-fracture of rat gastric mucosa revealed a specific set of intramembranous particles in the plasma membrane of the parietal cells. The particles were small and of square shape and formed orthogonal arrays in the P-face with corresponding orthogonal arrays of pits in the E-face. Arrays, scattered among usual globular particles, were particularly numerous at the basal pole of the cell and less concentrated on the lateral side. They were not present in the apical microvillar membrane nor in the membranes of intracellular tubulovesicles. As in other cell types in which similar arrays were described previously (e.g., astrocytes, \"light\" cells of the kidney collecting tubule), their presence in parietal cell membranes suggest some specialized function of these membranes not shared by plasma membranes showing only a population of globular particles. This function has yet to be identified.", "contents": "Orthogonal arrays of particles in plasma membranes of the gastric parietal cell. Freeze-fracture of rat gastric mucosa revealed a specific set of intramembranous particles in the plasma membrane of the parietal cells. The particles were small and of square shape and formed orthogonal arrays in the P-face with corresponding orthogonal arrays of pits in the E-face. Arrays, scattered among usual globular particles, were particularly numerous at the basal pole of the cell and less concentrated on the lateral side. They were not present in the apical microvillar membrane nor in the membranes of intracellular tubulovesicles. As in other cell types in which similar arrays were described previously (e.g., astrocytes, \"light\" cells of the kidney collecting tubule), their presence in parietal cell membranes suggest some specialized function of these membranes not shared by plasma membranes showing only a population of globular particles. This function has yet to be identified.", "PMID": 717803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7221", "title": "The site of collagen resorption in the periodontal ligament of the rodent molar.", "content": "In an attempt to determine the pattern of collagen phagocytosis by fibroblasts in the periodontal ligament, a stereologic investigation of the mesial root of the maxillary first molar of the rat was undertaken. The distribution of fibroblasts containing intracellular collagen fibrils was studied at the electron microscope level in the periodontal ligament along resorbing and non-resorbing surfaces of the alveolar wall. It appeared that fibroblasts with collagen-containing vacuoles were more or less randomly distributed across the width of the periodontal ligament. No major differences were observed among the alveolar, cemental and intermediate zones of the ligament. However, local variations in the occurrence of cells containing intracellular collagen fibrils may occur. A relatively high concentration of ingested collagen fibrils was seen in fibroblasts located in the direct vicinity of osteoclasts, but not in the vicinity of osteoblasts. These observations suggest that remodelling of collagen is evenly distributed throughout the ligament, but may be influenced by local circumstances, such as the occurrence of bone resorption.", "contents": "The site of collagen resorption in the periodontal ligament of the rodent molar. In an attempt to determine the pattern of collagen phagocytosis by fibroblasts in the periodontal ligament, a stereologic investigation of the mesial root of the maxillary first molar of the rat was undertaken. The distribution of fibroblasts containing intracellular collagen fibrils was studied at the electron microscope level in the periodontal ligament along resorbing and non-resorbing surfaces of the alveolar wall. It appeared that fibroblasts with collagen-containing vacuoles were more or less randomly distributed across the width of the periodontal ligament. No major differences were observed among the alveolar, cemental and intermediate zones of the ligament. However, local variations in the occurrence of cells containing intracellular collagen fibrils may occur. A relatively high concentration of ingested collagen fibrils was seen in fibroblasts located in the direct vicinity of osteoclasts, but not in the vicinity of osteoblasts. These observations suggest that remodelling of collagen is evenly distributed throughout the ligament, but may be influenced by local circumstances, such as the occurrence of bone resorption.", "PMID": 717804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7222", "title": "Identity of a population of progenitor cells in gingival connective tissue of the mouse incisor.", "content": "In the gingiva of the mouse incisor, connective tissue cells were observed which were undergoing mitosis and contained collagen fibrils enclosed in vacuoles in their cytoplasm. The presence of intracellular collagen was noted in the majority of the dividing cells. On the basis of this observation it is suggested that renewal of the fibroblast population in the gingiva occurs preferentially by division of differentiated fibroblasts rather than by division of cells with a lower degree of differentiation.", "contents": "Identity of a population of progenitor cells in gingival connective tissue of the mouse incisor. In the gingiva of the mouse incisor, connective tissue cells were observed which were undergoing mitosis and contained collagen fibrils enclosed in vacuoles in their cytoplasm. The presence of intracellular collagen was noted in the majority of the dividing cells. On the basis of this observation it is suggested that renewal of the fibroblast population in the gingiva occurs preferentially by division of differentiated fibroblasts rather than by division of cells with a lower degree of differentiation.", "PMID": 717805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7223", "title": "Monosaccharide transport across membranes of human spermatozoa. II. Basic properties of D-fructose and D-glucose uptake.", "content": "D-glucose uptake by human spermatozoa shows like D-fructose uptake a hyperbolic kinetic. The affinities to the transport system are similar, but the maximal capacity of D-glucose transport is greater than the D-fructose transport. Both transport processes are inhibited by monoiodoacetate. Therefore these transports can be regarded as carrier-mediated active transports. The D-glucose transport moreover is inhibitable by ouabain and is influenced by extracellular Na+. These differences could be the expression that for both monosaccharides different transport systems exist. But the dependence of D-glucose and D-fructose uptake on the extracellular D-fructose-D-glucose-relation permits the conclusion that both systems interact with another.", "contents": "Monosaccharide transport across membranes of human spermatozoa. II. Basic properties of D-fructose and D-glucose uptake. D-glucose uptake by human spermatozoa shows like D-fructose uptake a hyperbolic kinetic. The affinities to the transport system are similar, but the maximal capacity of D-glucose transport is greater than the D-fructose transport. Both transport processes are inhibited by monoiodoacetate. Therefore these transports can be regarded as carrier-mediated active transports. The D-glucose transport moreover is inhibitable by ouabain and is influenced by extracellular Na+. These differences could be the expression that for both monosaccharides different transport systems exist. But the dependence of D-glucose and D-fructose uptake on the extracellular D-fructose-D-glucose-relation permits the conclusion that both systems interact with another.", "PMID": 717807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7224", "title": "[Isolation and analysis of glycolipids from human semen].", "content": "Glycolipids from human semen of two different diagnoses were separated from a total lipid extract by silicic acid column chromatography. Fatty acids and carbohydrates were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Quantitative differences in the fatty acid and carbohydrate contents were found between the two diagnose groups.", "contents": "[Isolation and analysis of glycolipids from human semen]. Glycolipids from human semen of two different diagnoses were separated from a total lipid extract by silicic acid column chromatography. Fatty acids and carbohydrates were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Quantitative differences in the fatty acid and carbohydrate contents were found between the two diagnose groups.", "PMID": 717806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7225", "title": "Effect of testosterone on development of the lumen in seminiferous tubules of the rat.", "content": "Although systemically administered testosterone can effect the postnatal maturation of elements in the seminiferous tubule in hypophysectomized rats and mice, it does not elicit the same degree of development which occurs in normal control animals. In view of reports of precocious spermatogenesis in androgen secreting Leydig cell tumors, the present study was designed to determine if high local levels of testosterone accelerate development of the seminiferous tubules. Testosterone pellets were inserted under the tunica albuginea of the right testis of 7 day old rats. At 17, 23 and 28 days of age development of the seminiferous tubules, as judged by the formation of tubule lumens, was more extensive in the treated testes than in contralateral and sham operated controls. Tubule diameters were not necessarily correlated with lumen formation. This study demonstrates that high local levels of testosterone accelerate seminiferous tubule development in the rat and indicates that tubule diameter may not be a valid basis for estimating development of the testis. It is suggested that testosterone exerts this effect through its actions on the Sertoli cells.", "contents": "Effect of testosterone on development of the lumen in seminiferous tubules of the rat. Although systemically administered testosterone can effect the postnatal maturation of elements in the seminiferous tubule in hypophysectomized rats and mice, it does not elicit the same degree of development which occurs in normal control animals. In view of reports of precocious spermatogenesis in androgen secreting Leydig cell tumors, the present study was designed to determine if high local levels of testosterone accelerate development of the seminiferous tubules. Testosterone pellets were inserted under the tunica albuginea of the right testis of 7 day old rats. At 17, 23 and 28 days of age development of the seminiferous tubules, as judged by the formation of tubule lumens, was more extensive in the treated testes than in contralateral and sham operated controls. Tubule diameters were not necessarily correlated with lumen formation. This study demonstrates that high local levels of testosterone accelerate seminiferous tubule development in the rat and indicates that tubule diameter may not be a valid basis for estimating development of the testis. It is suggested that testosterone exerts this effect through its actions on the Sertoli cells.", "PMID": 717808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7226", "title": "The effects of mesterolone on the male accessory sex organs, on spermiogram, plasma testosterone and FSH.", "content": "42 subfertile male ambulatory patients were treated with Proviron. Moderate oligoastheno-teratozoospermia was the most common injury in sperm analysis. The treatment did not change the amount of plasma FSH, testosterone or prostate phosphatase. Acid phosphatase and citric acid of semen showed an increased activity with mesterolone treatment. The amount of fructose decreased, it is probably due to the increased number of spermatozoa, which need more fructose for their metabolism respectively. The sperm of 93% of the patients improved or stayed unchanged. 30% of the patients developed normozoospermia. 6 pregnancies were achieved.", "contents": "The effects of mesterolone on the male accessory sex organs, on spermiogram, plasma testosterone and FSH. 42 subfertile male ambulatory patients were treated with Proviron. Moderate oligoastheno-teratozoospermia was the most common injury in sperm analysis. The treatment did not change the amount of plasma FSH, testosterone or prostate phosphatase. Acid phosphatase and citric acid of semen showed an increased activity with mesterolone treatment. The amount of fructose decreased, it is probably due to the increased number of spermatozoa, which need more fructose for their metabolism respectively. The sperm of 93% of the patients improved or stayed unchanged. 30% of the patients developed normozoospermia. 6 pregnancies were achieved.", "PMID": 717809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7227", "title": "[Light and electron microscope studies of the morphology of A spermatogonia in men with normal spermatogenesis and in patients treated with antiandrogens].", "content": "Based on cytological criteria, three types of A-Spermatogonia may be distinguished in the germinal epithelium of normal men. Cells belonging to Type I conform to A pale spermatogonia and those classified as Type II conform to A dark-spermatogonia according to Clermont ()963). Type III-spermatogonia do not meet the criteria set up by Clermont. Quantitative analysis of the germinal epithelium of two normal men indicates that 50% of the A-spermatogonia may be classified as Type I, 20% as Type II and 30% as Type III-spermatogonia. Type II-spermatogonia appear preferentially reduced in men treated with antiandrogens. In one of the two cases, Type I-spermatogonia were found to have increased to as much as 88%. At the same time, Type III-spermatogonia appeared to have decreased to 12%. Thus, Type II-cells were eliminated from the germinal epithelium. Long-term treatment with antiandrogens also altered the morphology of organelles in the spermatogonia. Based on these findings, a new concept concerning the sequence of events in the spermatogoniogenesis is advanced.", "contents": "[Light and electron microscope studies of the morphology of A spermatogonia in men with normal spermatogenesis and in patients treated with antiandrogens]. Based on cytological criteria, three types of A-Spermatogonia may be distinguished in the germinal epithelium of normal men. Cells belonging to Type I conform to A pale spermatogonia and those classified as Type II conform to A dark-spermatogonia according to Clermont ()963). Type III-spermatogonia do not meet the criteria set up by Clermont. Quantitative analysis of the germinal epithelium of two normal men indicates that 50% of the A-spermatogonia may be classified as Type I, 20% as Type II and 30% as Type III-spermatogonia. Type II-spermatogonia appear preferentially reduced in men treated with antiandrogens. In one of the two cases, Type I-spermatogonia were found to have increased to as much as 88%. At the same time, Type III-spermatogonia appeared to have decreased to 12%. Thus, Type II-cells were eliminated from the germinal epithelium. Long-term treatment with antiandrogens also altered the morphology of organelles in the spermatogonia. Based on these findings, a new concept concerning the sequence of events in the spermatogoniogenesis is advanced.", "PMID": 717810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7228", "title": "Seminal vesicles and its importance in the regulation of male fertility.", "content": "During experimental studies on the physiological significance of accessory sex glands, it was documented that excision of prostate in rats did not affect fecundity; conversely, surgical removal of seminal vesicles or its plasma consistently made the animals infertile. However, fertility of the plasma-removed animals was found to return to normalcy after 3 weeks following the surgical manipulation. Human chorionic gonadotropin or testosterone treatment starting immediately after surgical manipulation of the vesicular plasma retained fertility throughout the test period. The importance of seminal vesicular plasma in terms of male fertility has been discussed.", "contents": "Seminal vesicles and its importance in the regulation of male fertility. During experimental studies on the physiological significance of accessory sex glands, it was documented that excision of prostate in rats did not affect fecundity; conversely, surgical removal of seminal vesicles or its plasma consistently made the animals infertile. However, fertility of the plasma-removed animals was found to return to normalcy after 3 weeks following the surgical manipulation. Human chorionic gonadotropin or testosterone treatment starting immediately after surgical manipulation of the vesicular plasma retained fertility throughout the test period. The importance of seminal vesicular plasma in terms of male fertility has been discussed.", "PMID": 717811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7229", "title": "Reifenstein's syndrome--a target cell failure.", "content": "The features of Reifenstein's Syndrome comprise hypospadias, microtestes, gynecomastia, azoospermia and elevated gonadotropins. The disease is inherited as either a male limited autosomal dominant or as a X-linked recessive trait and affects only genetic males. A case is reported suffering from this condition. Pituitary function was evaluated using the GnRH-test and appeared to be normal. Prolactin and testosterone values were in the normal range. The patient was a phenotype male and sexual function was satisfactory. Primary tubular failure resulting in hypergonadotropic hypogonadism was diagnosed. No other relatives were found to be affected. The syndrome seems to be due to relative insensitivity of Leydig cells to androgens.", "contents": "Reifenstein's syndrome--a target cell failure. The features of Reifenstein's Syndrome comprise hypospadias, microtestes, gynecomastia, azoospermia and elevated gonadotropins. The disease is inherited as either a male limited autosomal dominant or as a X-linked recessive trait and affects only genetic males. A case is reported suffering from this condition. Pituitary function was evaluated using the GnRH-test and appeared to be normal. Prolactin and testosterone values were in the normal range. The patient was a phenotype male and sexual function was satisfactory. Primary tubular failure resulting in hypergonadotropic hypogonadism was diagnosed. No other relatives were found to be affected. The syndrome seems to be due to relative insensitivity of Leydig cells to androgens.", "PMID": 717813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7230", "title": "Effects of FSH and LH administration on the testes and seminal vesicles.", "content": "Weight increases in the testes of pre-pubertal rodents when FSH was administered were revealed by histological observations to be a result of seminiferous tubule lengthening. LH administration effected a sex accessory gland weight increase (seminal vesicles) but there were no apparent testicular effects. The serum androgen level, in response to increased LH administration, showed a continuous decrease in concentration although there was a significant seminal vesicle weight increase. The evidence presented in this paper leads us to postulate that LH has a sensitizing effect on androgen dependent tissues in the pre-pubertal rodent.", "contents": "Effects of FSH and LH administration on the testes and seminal vesicles. Weight increases in the testes of pre-pubertal rodents when FSH was administered were revealed by histological observations to be a result of seminiferous tubule lengthening. LH administration effected a sex accessory gland weight increase (seminal vesicles) but there were no apparent testicular effects. The serum androgen level, in response to increased LH administration, showed a continuous decrease in concentration although there was a significant seminal vesicle weight increase. The evidence presented in this paper leads us to postulate that LH has a sensitizing effect on androgen dependent tissues in the pre-pubertal rodent.", "PMID": 717814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7231", "title": "[Andrologic study in immunosuppressive treatment of chronic aggressive hepatitis].", "content": "By andrological and internal investigations in men with chronic aggressive hepatitis the problem is discussed, whether the therapy with Azathioprin can cause damage of the exogenous function of the testes. It would be demonstrated that within an observation time of 1720 days there have not been determined alterations of consistency and volume of the testes, sperm density and motility of spermatozoa, when the maximum of the daily dose was not more than 150 mg. Depending on the individual dose the morphology shows more pathological spermatozoa, but a direct and regular dependence could not be found. The density of spermatozoa did never decrease below values of 40 mill./ml. These results do not allow the suggestion that this cytostaticum is absolutely harmless. The main duty will always be to observe each patient currently and during a long period.", "contents": "[Andrologic study in immunosuppressive treatment of chronic aggressive hepatitis]. By andrological and internal investigations in men with chronic aggressive hepatitis the problem is discussed, whether the therapy with Azathioprin can cause damage of the exogenous function of the testes. It would be demonstrated that within an observation time of 1720 days there have not been determined alterations of consistency and volume of the testes, sperm density and motility of spermatozoa, when the maximum of the daily dose was not more than 150 mg. Depending on the individual dose the morphology shows more pathological spermatozoa, but a direct and regular dependence could not be found. The density of spermatozoa did never decrease below values of 40 mill./ml. These results do not allow the suggestion that this cytostaticum is absolutely harmless. The main duty will always be to observe each patient currently and during a long period.", "PMID": 717816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7232", "title": "Evaluation of sperm counts and total sperm counts in 2543 men requesting vasectomy.", "content": "Semen analyses were performed on semen specimens from 2543 men requesting vasectomy at Planned Parenthood of Houston and the results were compared to earlier reports of semen analyses in allegedly fertile men. The comparisons suggest that mean sperm counts and mean total sperm counts are significantly lower than those reported in 1951. Furthermore, a shifting pattern of frequency distribution of sperm counts and total sperm counts was noted. Greater percentages of men with sperm counts 20 million/ml and total sperm counts below 100 million/ejaculate were found in the present report and other recent reports than had been noted in 1951. These data suggest that standards of male infertility proposed in 1951 are no longer applicable.", "contents": "Evaluation of sperm counts and total sperm counts in 2543 men requesting vasectomy. Semen analyses were performed on semen specimens from 2543 men requesting vasectomy at Planned Parenthood of Houston and the results were compared to earlier reports of semen analyses in allegedly fertile men. The comparisons suggest that mean sperm counts and mean total sperm counts are significantly lower than those reported in 1951. Furthermore, a shifting pattern of frequency distribution of sperm counts and total sperm counts was noted. Greater percentages of men with sperm counts 20 million/ml and total sperm counts below 100 million/ejaculate were found in the present report and other recent reports than had been noted in 1951. These data suggest that standards of male infertility proposed in 1951 are no longer applicable.", "PMID": 717815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7233", "title": "Clinical report about some cases with retrograde ejaculation.", "content": "The incidence of retrograde ejaculation may be expected to increase by factors as a higher incidence of vascular- and colon-surgery, the increase of road accidents with as a result transversal lesions as well as the increased use of medicines particularly hypotensive drugs. After some remarks about the mechanism of ejaculation and the closing mechanism of the sphincter internus, some cases-histories are dealt with. After these case-histories, a survey is given about the etiology of the retrograde ejaculation. Finally some possibilities in treating this disorder are given, such as intravaginal deposit of urine after intercourse and the administration of a drug, called phenylpropanolamine, a so-called a-sympathicomimetic.", "contents": "Clinical report about some cases with retrograde ejaculation. The incidence of retrograde ejaculation may be expected to increase by factors as a higher incidence of vascular- and colon-surgery, the increase of road accidents with as a result transversal lesions as well as the increased use of medicines particularly hypotensive drugs. After some remarks about the mechanism of ejaculation and the closing mechanism of the sphincter internus, some cases-histories are dealt with. After these case-histories, a survey is given about the etiology of the retrograde ejaculation. Finally some possibilities in treating this disorder are given, such as intravaginal deposit of urine after intercourse and the administration of a drug, called phenylpropanolamine, a so-called a-sympathicomimetic.", "PMID": 717817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7234", "title": "The occurrence of simple and mixed fungal infections in patients at the department of andrology/Hamburg (1972--1976).", "content": "Skin scales from 228 patients, referred to the Department of Andrology at the University of Hamburg during 1972--76, were examined mycologically, because of being suspect of mycotic infections. In 54 cases dermatophytes were isolated, and yeasts were found in 13 cases. Nocardia minutissima and Malassezia furfur were present in 138 and 25 cases, respectively. In 12 patients, mixed infections were diagnosed; the infective organisms were yeasts in 46.2% of the cases, dermatophytes in 11.1%, and Malassezia furfur was represented in 8%. The infections were localized in the inguinal region in 208 patients.", "contents": "The occurrence of simple and mixed fungal infections in patients at the department of andrology/Hamburg (1972--1976). Skin scales from 228 patients, referred to the Department of Andrology at the University of Hamburg during 1972--76, were examined mycologically, because of being suspect of mycotic infections. In 54 cases dermatophytes were isolated, and yeasts were found in 13 cases. Nocardia minutissima and Malassezia furfur were present in 138 and 25 cases, respectively. In 12 patients, mixed infections were diagnosed; the infective organisms were yeasts in 46.2% of the cases, dermatophytes in 11.1%, and Malassezia furfur was represented in 8%. The infections were localized in the inguinal region in 208 patients.", "PMID": 717818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7235", "title": "The diagnostic and prognostic significance of the testicular biopsy.", "content": "The authors present the histological features of the testes in 1,609 cases of male sterility. In 485 cases (30.1%), histological changes were found, which did not warrant treatment. The histologic pattern of the testes was normal in only 39% of the cases of azoospermia; and only these patients were qualified for surgery, consisting of vasoepididymoanastomosis. Degenerative changes in the seminiferous tubules were observed in the patients with azoospermia, oligozoospermia and varicocele in 39.9%, 25.8% and 17.2% of cases, respectively.", "contents": "The diagnostic and prognostic significance of the testicular biopsy. The authors present the histological features of the testes in 1,609 cases of male sterility. In 485 cases (30.1%), histological changes were found, which did not warrant treatment. The histologic pattern of the testes was normal in only 39% of the cases of azoospermia; and only these patients were qualified for surgery, consisting of vasoepididymoanastomosis. Degenerative changes in the seminiferous tubules were observed in the patients with azoospermia, oligozoospermia and varicocele in 39.9%, 25.8% and 17.2% of cases, respectively.", "PMID": 717820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7236", "title": "[Fatty acid composition of neutral lipids of human semen].", "content": "The fatty acid composition of neutral lipids of human semen was determined by gas liquid chromatography. Qualitative and quantitative differences in the fatty acid contents were not found between pooled semen from oligozoospermic and astheno- or teratozoospermic patients. The neutral lipids contained relatively high proportions of unsaturated acids.", "contents": "[Fatty acid composition of neutral lipids of human semen]. The fatty acid composition of neutral lipids of human semen was determined by gas liquid chromatography. Qualitative and quantitative differences in the fatty acid contents were not found between pooled semen from oligozoospermic and astheno- or teratozoospermic patients. The neutral lipids contained relatively high proportions of unsaturated acids.", "PMID": 717819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7237", "title": "Screening for infertility in Indonesia. Results of examination of 863 infertile couples.", "content": "During a five-year study, 863 infertile couples were examined by a quite simple screening procedure, adapted to the facilities or a rural hospital. Tubal obstruction, with an incidence of 45.4% appeared to be the most prominent cause of infertility. The second most important factor was poor semen quality, which accounted for 32.4%. Azoospermia was found in 12% of all semen samples, and a sperm count below 5 million/ml in 8.7%. Disturbances in ovulation were responsible for 13% of the infertility. Comparison of the causes of primary and secondary infertility demonstrated the greater role played by the semen factor in primary infertility and of the tubal factor in secondary infertility. Accordingly, the female-male ratio in secondary infertility was much higher than in primary infertility.", "contents": "Screening for infertility in Indonesia. Results of examination of 863 infertile couples. During a five-year study, 863 infertile couples were examined by a quite simple screening procedure, adapted to the facilities or a rural hospital. Tubal obstruction, with an incidence of 45.4% appeared to be the most prominent cause of infertility. The second most important factor was poor semen quality, which accounted for 32.4%. Azoospermia was found in 12% of all semen samples, and a sperm count below 5 million/ml in 8.7%. Disturbances in ovulation were responsible for 13% of the infertility. Comparison of the causes of primary and secondary infertility demonstrated the greater role played by the semen factor in primary infertility and of the tubal factor in secondary infertility. Accordingly, the female-male ratio in secondary infertility was much higher than in primary infertility.", "PMID": 717822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7238", "title": "[Value of determining trace elements in septicemia. Clinical correlations, prognostic value].", "content": "Among 17 septicemic patients, a statistically decrease of seric oligo-elements is demonstrated. The longitudinal study shows the rapid correction of these perturbations in the surviving group and the lack of correction among the non survivors. The level of phosphorus is the most interesting one. The importance of S.R.E. activity is probably the physiopathologic support of seric oligo-element modifications in sepsis.", "contents": "[Value of determining trace elements in septicemia. Clinical correlations, prognostic value]. Among 17 septicemic patients, a statistically decrease of seric oligo-elements is demonstrated. The longitudinal study shows the rapid correction of these perturbations in the surviving group and the lack of correction among the non survivors. The level of phosphorus is the most interesting one. The importance of S.R.E. activity is probably the physiopathologic support of seric oligo-element modifications in sepsis.", "PMID": 717827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7239", "title": "Calf blood flow and ankle systolic blood pressure in intermittent claudication monitored over five years.", "content": "The response of calf blood flow and ankle blood pressure to 2 minutes of ischemic exercise were recorded every 6 months over a 5-year period in 9 patients with intermittent claudication who were treated conservatively on a regime including alpha tocopherol. No statistically significant change was noted in the pattern of the calf blood flow response over this period. Statistically significant (P less than 0.05) increases in resting and minimal postexercise ankle systolic pressures were partially attributable to a concomitant increase in central arterial pressure as indicated by brachial systolic pressure. Results from 18 patients over 1 year and from 14 patients over 2 years are consistent with these findings. The evidence presented suggests that the arterial disease process was stable over this period.", "contents": "Calf blood flow and ankle systolic blood pressure in intermittent claudication monitored over five years. The response of calf blood flow and ankle blood pressure to 2 minutes of ischemic exercise were recorded every 6 months over a 5-year period in 9 patients with intermittent claudication who were treated conservatively on a regime including alpha tocopherol. No statistically significant change was noted in the pattern of the calf blood flow response over this period. Statistically significant (P less than 0.05) increases in resting and minimal postexercise ankle systolic pressures were partially attributable to a concomitant increase in central arterial pressure as indicated by brachial systolic pressure. Results from 18 patients over 1 year and from 14 patients over 2 years are consistent with these findings. The evidence presented suggests that the arterial disease process was stable over this period.", "PMID": 717834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7240", "title": "[Treatment of facial neuralgias: retrogasserian thermocoagulation under iterative discontinuous narcosis with propanidid].", "content": "Coagulation of the Gasserian ganglian is currently recommended in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia due to the slight risks that it presents. It is accompanied by brief but intense periods of pain which necessitate the need of an Anaesthetist. As well as we have been able to verify in the course of sixty-two of these procedures, a discontinuous narcosis obtained by reiterated injections of propanidid presents a satisfying solution. It permits the neurological examinations, which need absolute cooperation of the patient, before each new coagulation to be accomplished in good conditions.", "contents": "[Treatment of facial neuralgias: retrogasserian thermocoagulation under iterative discontinuous narcosis with propanidid]. Coagulation of the Gasserian ganglian is currently recommended in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia due to the slight risks that it presents. It is accompanied by brief but intense periods of pain which necessitate the need of an Anaesthetist. As well as we have been able to verify in the course of sixty-two of these procedures, a discontinuous narcosis obtained by reiterated injections of propanidid presents a satisfying solution. It permits the neurological examinations, which need absolute cooperation of the patient, before each new coagulation to be accomplished in good conditions.", "PMID": 717828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7241", "title": "Complete heart block complicating acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Complete heart block (CHB) developed in 10.3% of patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI). It was more frequent among patients with inferior myocardial infarction compared to anterior myocardial infarction, but the mortality was significantly high among patients with anterior MI who developed CHB. A new classification into primary (P) and secondary (S) CHB is suggested by the sequence of events. The incidence and mortality of SCHB was significantly high when compared to the incidence and mortality of PCHB. Wide QRS complexes, a heart rate of less than 60/min, and syncopal attacks were the grave prognostic signs. Progression from a lesser degree of AV block and regression of CHB to a lesser degree of AV Block were both observed in 25.8% cases. Circulatory failure in the form of shock, hypotension, congestive heart failure, and left ventricular failure, alone or in combination was a factor in 17 of the 22 patients who died. Four of 5 patients who underwent transvenous pacing also died.", "contents": "Complete heart block complicating acute myocardial infarction. Complete heart block (CHB) developed in 10.3% of patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI). It was more frequent among patients with inferior myocardial infarction compared to anterior myocardial infarction, but the mortality was significantly high among patients with anterior MI who developed CHB. A new classification into primary (P) and secondary (S) CHB is suggested by the sequence of events. The incidence and mortality of SCHB was significantly high when compared to the incidence and mortality of PCHB. Wide QRS complexes, a heart rate of less than 60/min, and syncopal attacks were the grave prognostic signs. Progression from a lesser degree of AV block and regression of CHB to a lesser degree of AV Block were both observed in 25.8% cases. Circulatory failure in the form of shock, hypotension, congestive heart failure, and left ventricular failure, alone or in combination was a factor in 17 of the 22 patients who died. Four of 5 patients who underwent transvenous pacing also died.", "PMID": 717837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7242", "title": "Effect of manual lymph drainage massage on urinary excretion of neurohormones and minerals in chronic lymphedema.", "content": "Treatment of 29 cases of chronic lymphedema of various origins, mostly of the lower limbs, by manual lymph drainage massage resulted in significant changes of neurohormone excretion in the urine, whereas the secretion of 17-KS, thyroxine, minerals, and creatinine was not significantly changed. Comparison of the values of urinalysis before and after manual lymph drainage of the patients showed the following changes: 17-KS; -3.5% (non significant); 17-OH: -31% (significant); adrenaline: +50% (significant); noradrenaline: +19% (significant); serotonin: -22% (significant); 5-HIAA: +21% (significant); histamine: +129% (highly significant); thyroxine: -17% (nonsignificant); creatinine: -17% (nonsignificant); sodium: -1% (nonsignificant); potassium: -14% (nonsignificant). The corresponding values for ten controls were all non significant. These findings underline the importance of adrenaline and noradrenaline release by manual lymph drainage, which improves circulation. On the other hand, our results indicate the involvement of histamine and perhaps of serotonin in lymphedema formation, and suggest a combination of manual lymph drainage massage with antihistamine and antiserotonin treatment.", "contents": "Effect of manual lymph drainage massage on urinary excretion of neurohormones and minerals in chronic lymphedema. Treatment of 29 cases of chronic lymphedema of various origins, mostly of the lower limbs, by manual lymph drainage massage resulted in significant changes of neurohormone excretion in the urine, whereas the secretion of 17-KS, thyroxine, minerals, and creatinine was not significantly changed. Comparison of the values of urinalysis before and after manual lymph drainage of the patients showed the following changes: 17-KS; -3.5% (non significant); 17-OH: -31% (significant); adrenaline: +50% (significant); noradrenaline: +19% (significant); serotonin: -22% (significant); 5-HIAA: +21% (significant); histamine: +129% (highly significant); thyroxine: -17% (nonsignificant); creatinine: -17% (nonsignificant); sodium: -1% (nonsignificant); potassium: -14% (nonsignificant). The corresponding values for ten controls were all non significant. These findings underline the importance of adrenaline and noradrenaline release by manual lymph drainage, which improves circulation. On the other hand, our results indicate the involvement of histamine and perhaps of serotonin in lymphedema formation, and suggest a combination of manual lymph drainage massage with antihistamine and antiserotonin treatment.", "PMID": 717839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7243", "title": "Ischemia of toes as a presenting symptom in primary thrombosis: a case report.", "content": "Although thrombotic occlusion of small vessels in thrombocytosis is allegedly well recognized, it has been reported only rarely. We treated 4 patients with primary thrombocytosis in whom ischemic toe lesions with normal peripheral pulses were the presenting and only symptoms. The symptoms preceded diagnosis by 5 years, 3 years, 1 year, and 1 month respectively. Treatment of the hematologic disorder resulted in disappearance of the toe lesions. Thrombocytosis should be routinely searched for in patients with ischemic toes and normal peripheral pulses.", "contents": "Ischemia of toes as a presenting symptom in primary thrombosis: a case report. Although thrombotic occlusion of small vessels in thrombocytosis is allegedly well recognized, it has been reported only rarely. We treated 4 patients with primary thrombocytosis in whom ischemic toe lesions with normal peripheral pulses were the presenting and only symptoms. The symptoms preceded diagnosis by 5 years, 3 years, 1 year, and 1 month respectively. Treatment of the hematologic disorder resulted in disappearance of the toe lesions. Thrombocytosis should be routinely searched for in patients with ischemic toes and normal peripheral pulses.", "PMID": 717840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7244", "title": "Polymorphic post-albumin of cattle and horse plasma identified as vitamin D binding protein (Gc protein).", "content": "Cattle and horse plasma samples of known post-albumin types were radiolabelled with 14C-vitamin D3. These samples were then analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, followed by autoradiography. The patterns observed were identical to those of post-albumin variants. The polymorphic post-albumin protein of cattle and horse was thus identified as the vitamin D binding protein and homologous to the Gc protein of human plasma.", "contents": "Polymorphic post-albumin of cattle and horse plasma identified as vitamin D binding protein (Gc protein). Cattle and horse plasma samples of known post-albumin types were radiolabelled with 14C-vitamin D3. These samples were then analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, followed by autoradiography. The patterns observed were identical to those of post-albumin variants. The polymorphic post-albumin protein of cattle and horse was thus identified as the vitamin D binding protein and homologous to the Gc protein of human plasma.", "PMID": 717841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7245", "title": "Presence of horse blood group antigens in the major glycoprotein fraction of the erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "The aqueous phase of the chloroform/methanol extract of the horse erythrocyte membrane contained the blood group activities Ad, Dc or Dd. The factors Ad and Dc could be separated by gel filtration.", "contents": "Presence of horse blood group antigens in the major glycoprotein fraction of the erythrocyte membrane. The aqueous phase of the chloroform/methanol extract of the horse erythrocyte membrane contained the blood group activities Ad, Dc or Dd. The factors Ad and Dc could be separated by gel filtration.", "PMID": 717842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7246", "title": "Polymorphism of vitamin B12[57Co] binding proteins in rabbit serum.", "content": "When rabbit serum labelled with vitamin B12[57Co] was subjected to starch gel electrophoresis and autoradiography, three phenotypes of proteins capable of binding vitamin B12 were observed. Family data revealed that these phenotypes (called TC-A, TC-AB and TC-B) are controlled by two codominant alleles (TCA and TCB), at an autosomic locus.", "contents": "Polymorphism of vitamin B12[57Co] binding proteins in rabbit serum. When rabbit serum labelled with vitamin B12[57Co] was subjected to starch gel electrophoresis and autoradiography, three phenotypes of proteins capable of binding vitamin B12 were observed. Family data revealed that these phenotypes (called TC-A, TC-AB and TC-B) are controlled by two codominant alleles (TCA and TCB), at an autosomic locus.", "PMID": 717844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7247", "title": "Albumin polymorphism in the feral donkey of Death Valley National Monument, California.", "content": "Evidence is presented for the occurrence of a second allele in the albumin system of the donkey (Equus asinus). Samples were collected from 127 feral donkeys in four locations within the Panamint Mountains of Death Valley National Monument, California. A common phenotype, electrophoretically characterized by a single band, was recorded from all four locations. A rare, double-band phenotype was recorded from two locations.", "contents": "Albumin polymorphism in the feral donkey of Death Valley National Monument, California. Evidence is presented for the occurrence of a second allele in the albumin system of the donkey (Equus asinus). Samples were collected from 127 feral donkeys in four locations within the Panamint Mountains of Death Valley National Monument, California. A common phenotype, electrophoretically characterized by a single band, was recorded from all four locations. A rare, double-band phenotype was recorded from two locations.", "PMID": 717846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7248", "title": "Near-fatal and fatal anaphylactic reactions to insect sting.", "content": "Two patients experienced anaphylactic reaction to insect stings, with residual encephalopathy. One patient had anaphylaxis despite hyposensitization with whole-body extracts, thus supporting recent reports that reliable protection cannot be achieved unless pure venom is used. The other patient had pathologic confirmation of anoxic encephalopathy, thus supporting the concept that encephalopathy with anaphylaxis is secondary to associated circulatory collapse rather than a primary allergic response of brain disease.", "contents": "Near-fatal and fatal anaphylactic reactions to insect sting. Two patients experienced anaphylactic reaction to insect stings, with residual encephalopathy. One patient had anaphylaxis despite hyposensitization with whole-body extracts, thus supporting recent reports that reliable protection cannot be achieved unless pure venom is used. The other patient had pathologic confirmation of anoxic encephalopathy, thus supporting the concept that encephalopathy with anaphylaxis is secondary to associated circulatory collapse rather than a primary allergic response of brain disease.", "PMID": 717847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7249", "title": "Honey bee venom allergy immunological studies of systemic and large local reactions.", "content": "The IgE and IgG antibody responses to four allergen fractions of honey bee venom were studied in 13 sera from patients who experienced systemic reactions from bee stings and eight from those who experienced large locals. Both groups were similar in allergen response. IgE and IgG levels and ratios. A significant number of patients were found to have experienced both types of reactions from bee stings. It is proposed that IgE antibody positive systemic and large local reactions are both IgE mediated allergic reactions. The determining factors for reaction type include venom dose and sting site.", "contents": "Honey bee venom allergy immunological studies of systemic and large local reactions. The IgE and IgG antibody responses to four allergen fractions of honey bee venom were studied in 13 sera from patients who experienced systemic reactions from bee stings and eight from those who experienced large locals. Both groups were similar in allergen response. IgE and IgG levels and ratios. A significant number of patients were found to have experienced both types of reactions from bee stings. It is proposed that IgE antibody positive systemic and large local reactions are both IgE mediated allergic reactions. The determining factors for reaction type include venom dose and sting site.", "PMID": 717848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7250", "title": "Dermatophagoides farinae antigen skin test sensitivity in Wisconsin.", "content": "Fifty consecutive patients with allergic asthma and/or rhinitis in Madison. Wisconsin, were tested intradermally with a house dust extract (1:100) and with a Dermatophagoides farinae antigen (1:2000). The close relationship between the two skin test results (mite and house dust) suggests that both contain the same cross-reacting antigens and that mites make a major contribution to the antigens in house dust in Wisconsin.", "contents": "Dermatophagoides farinae antigen skin test sensitivity in Wisconsin. Fifty consecutive patients with allergic asthma and/or rhinitis in Madison. Wisconsin, were tested intradermally with a house dust extract (1:100) and with a Dermatophagoides farinae antigen (1:2000). The close relationship between the two skin test results (mite and house dust) suggests that both contain the same cross-reacting antigens and that mites make a major contribution to the antigens in house dust in Wisconsin.", "PMID": 717849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7251", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of delayed (DR) versus sustained release (SR) theophylline formulations following single (SD) and repetitive dosing (RD).", "content": "The present study compares the pharmacokinetic characteristics of equivalent theophylline doses of a delayed release formulation of oxtriphylline and a sustained release formulation given as single or six hourly repetitive dosings in six adult asthmatics. Both formulations maintained serum theophylline levels within therapeutic range for eight hours following six hourly repetitive dosings. The same dose of theophylline given as a single dose or after reaching steady states does not produce comparable serum levels. Effective and safe theophylline therapy in the management of chronic asthma not only requires frequent monitoring of serum theophylline levels but also requires clear understanding of the formulation used, the time and the clinical condition under which sampling is done.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of delayed (DR) versus sustained release (SR) theophylline formulations following single (SD) and repetitive dosing (RD). The present study compares the pharmacokinetic characteristics of equivalent theophylline doses of a delayed release formulation of oxtriphylline and a sustained release formulation given as single or six hourly repetitive dosings in six adult asthmatics. Both formulations maintained serum theophylline levels within therapeutic range for eight hours following six hourly repetitive dosings. The same dose of theophylline given as a single dose or after reaching steady states does not produce comparable serum levels. Effective and safe theophylline therapy in the management of chronic asthma not only requires frequent monitoring of serum theophylline levels but also requires clear understanding of the formulation used, the time and the clinical condition under which sampling is done.", "PMID": 717850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7252", "title": "Three-year evaluation of biofeedback techniques in the treatment of children with chronic asthma in a summer camp environment.", "content": "Systematic biofeedback techniques were applied and evaluated in the treatment of chronic bronchial asthma in a summer camp environment during three consecutive summers--1974, 1975 and 1976. From this three-year study the investigators have concluded that biofeedback mediated muscle relaxation training can be a valuable adjunct in the treatment of bronchial asthma.", "contents": "Three-year evaluation of biofeedback techniques in the treatment of children with chronic asthma in a summer camp environment. Systematic biofeedback techniques were applied and evaluated in the treatment of chronic bronchial asthma in a summer camp environment during three consecutive summers--1974, 1975 and 1976. From this three-year study the investigators have concluded that biofeedback mediated muscle relaxation training can be a valuable adjunct in the treatment of bronchial asthma.", "PMID": 717851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7253", "title": "Ultrastructural morphogenesis of acute viral pneumonia produced by feline calicivirus.", "content": "The ultrastructural morphogenesis of acute viral pneumonia was studied in pathogen-free cats exposed to aerosols of a virulent strain of feline calicivirus. Electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy indicated that the virus had a marked tropism for alveolar pneumocytes. Viral-induced necrosis of pneumocytes was observed as early as 12 hours after exposure and was associated with acute serofibrinous and neutrophilic inflammation in the distal air exchange tissue. The acute exudative phase abated by 168 hours after exposure. The regenerative phase that followed was characterized by hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes; influx of monocytes, lymphocytes, and plasma cells; and interalveolar and intraalveolar proliferation of fibroblasts. The decrease in pneumocyte injury coincided with the increase in alveolar macrophages and immunocytes. With minor exceptions, feline calicivirus-induced alveolar damage and the subsequent repair resembled toxic alveolar injury produced by oxidant gases. Feline caliciviral pneumonia, therefore, is a naturally occurring example of viral-induced diffuse alveolar damage.", "contents": "Ultrastructural morphogenesis of acute viral pneumonia produced by feline calicivirus. The ultrastructural morphogenesis of acute viral pneumonia was studied in pathogen-free cats exposed to aerosols of a virulent strain of feline calicivirus. Electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy indicated that the virus had a marked tropism for alveolar pneumocytes. Viral-induced necrosis of pneumocytes was observed as early as 12 hours after exposure and was associated with acute serofibrinous and neutrophilic inflammation in the distal air exchange tissue. The acute exudative phase abated by 168 hours after exposure. The regenerative phase that followed was characterized by hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes; influx of monocytes, lymphocytes, and plasma cells; and interalveolar and intraalveolar proliferation of fibroblasts. The decrease in pneumocyte injury coincided with the increase in alveolar macrophages and immunocytes. With minor exceptions, feline calicivirus-induced alveolar damage and the subsequent repair resembled toxic alveolar injury produced by oxidant gases. Feline caliciviral pneumonia, therefore, is a naturally occurring example of viral-induced diffuse alveolar damage.", "PMID": 717870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7254", "title": "Midline myelotomy of the clinically normal canine spinal cord.", "content": "Clinically normal dogs underwent dorsal laminectomy, durotomy, and full-thickness midline myelotomy between either the 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebrae or the 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae. The myelotomy was 1 1/2 vertebral bodies long and was performed with a microbalance spatula. Neurologic and histopathologic changes were recorded. Full-thickness midline myelotomy done by this technique was found to cause severe necrosis of spinal gray matter.", "contents": "Midline myelotomy of the clinically normal canine spinal cord. Clinically normal dogs underwent dorsal laminectomy, durotomy, and full-thickness midline myelotomy between either the 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebrae or the 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae. The myelotomy was 1 1/2 vertebral bodies long and was performed with a microbalance spatula. Neurologic and histopathologic changes were recorded. Full-thickness midline myelotomy done by this technique was found to cause severe necrosis of spinal gray matter.", "PMID": 717871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7255", "title": "Echocardiographic assessment of normal and abnormal valvular function in Beagle dogs.", "content": "Echocardiograms were obtained from 5 young Beagles (4 to 5 years of age) and from 4 old Beagles (12 to 14 years of age). Ultrasound surface transducers and esophageal transducers were used on all animals during anesthesia. Triplicate studies were performed on the 5 young Beagles over a 2-week period. The left atrioventricular valve and aortic root were identified by both procedures, whereas the right atrioventricular valve dynamics could be viewed with difficulty by the transcutaneous approach. Suitable recordings of the pulmonary valve were not obtainable with either technique. Abnormal left atrioventricular valve dynamics, characterized by a decreased closing velocity of the left atrioventricular septal cusp and increased valve thickness, were observed in 2 of the 4 aged dogs, using echocardiography. Excellent correlation between the 2 methods was evident, and minimal variation in results from one recording session to another occurred.", "contents": "Echocardiographic assessment of normal and abnormal valvular function in Beagle dogs. Echocardiograms were obtained from 5 young Beagles (4 to 5 years of age) and from 4 old Beagles (12 to 14 years of age). Ultrasound surface transducers and esophageal transducers were used on all animals during anesthesia. Triplicate studies were performed on the 5 young Beagles over a 2-week period. The left atrioventricular valve and aortic root were identified by both procedures, whereas the right atrioventricular valve dynamics could be viewed with difficulty by the transcutaneous approach. Suitable recordings of the pulmonary valve were not obtainable with either technique. Abnormal left atrioventricular valve dynamics, characterized by a decreased closing velocity of the left atrioventricular septal cusp and increased valve thickness, were observed in 2 of the 4 aged dogs, using echocardiography. Excellent correlation between the 2 methods was evident, and minimal variation in results from one recording session to another occurred.", "PMID": 717872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7256", "title": "Cell-mediated immune responses in swine from a herd infected with Brucella suis.", "content": "Cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses in swine naturally infected with Brucella suis biotype 3, swine suckling an infected sow and Brucella-noninfected swine were studied by an in vitro lymphocyte transformation procedure. The antigen used was a soluble antigen prepared from killed cells of B suis biotype 3. Lymphocytes were prepared from peripheral swine blood by the Ficoll-Hypaque technique, suspended in RPMI-1640 medium (1.5 X 10(6) lymphocytes/ml), cultured with B suis-soluble antigen or concanconcanavalin A, and incubated for 6 days. Sixteen hours prior to termination of incubation, cultures were labeled with 1 muCi of [3H]thymidine and, after harvesting, were assayed for [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA by liquid scintillation spectrometry. Agglutination tests were conducted on sera collected simultaneously with samples for lymphocyte-stimulation tests. The B suis-soluble antigen elicited specific stimulation in lymphocytes from infected pigs. On a group basis, there was high correlation between the amount of serum antibodies and specific lymphocyte stimulation, but on an individual animal basis, there was little correlation of the results of both systems in infected swine. There was high correlation between recovery of Brucella from the tissues of animals and the degree of CMI response. Suckling pigs from an infected sow did not develop CMI responses, as measured by our system.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immune responses in swine from a herd infected with Brucella suis. Cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses in swine naturally infected with Brucella suis biotype 3, swine suckling an infected sow and Brucella-noninfected swine were studied by an in vitro lymphocyte transformation procedure. The antigen used was a soluble antigen prepared from killed cells of B suis biotype 3. Lymphocytes were prepared from peripheral swine blood by the Ficoll-Hypaque technique, suspended in RPMI-1640 medium (1.5 X 10(6) lymphocytes/ml), cultured with B suis-soluble antigen or concanconcanavalin A, and incubated for 6 days. Sixteen hours prior to termination of incubation, cultures were labeled with 1 muCi of [3H]thymidine and, after harvesting, were assayed for [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA by liquid scintillation spectrometry. Agglutination tests were conducted on sera collected simultaneously with samples for lymphocyte-stimulation tests. The B suis-soluble antigen elicited specific stimulation in lymphocytes from infected pigs. On a group basis, there was high correlation between the amount of serum antibodies and specific lymphocyte stimulation, but on an individual animal basis, there was little correlation of the results of both systems in infected swine. There was high correlation between recovery of Brucella from the tissues of animals and the degree of CMI response. Suckling pigs from an infected sow did not develop CMI responses, as measured by our system.", "PMID": 717873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7257", "title": "A technique for pinealectomy in deer, with notes on the neuroanatomy.", "content": "A technique for removing the pineal gland in adult and young male deer is described. A unilateral craniotomy or craniectomy was performed and the pineal gland was approached by parting the 2 hemispheres of the brain. The blood vessels supplying the pineal gland were coagulated and the gland was removed with forceps. Magnification, microtechniques, fiberoptic illumination, and bipolar coagulation rendered the surgical procedure safe and precise.", "contents": "A technique for pinealectomy in deer, with notes on the neuroanatomy. A technique for removing the pineal gland in adult and young male deer is described. A unilateral craniotomy or craniectomy was performed and the pineal gland was approached by parting the 2 hemispheres of the brain. The blood vessels supplying the pineal gland were coagulated and the gland was removed with forceps. Magnification, microtechniques, fiberoptic illumination, and bipolar coagulation rendered the surgical procedure safe and precise.", "PMID": 717874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7258", "title": "Inhibition of calcium absorption in ponies fed diets containing oxalic acid.", "content": "The effects of dietary oxalic acid on absorption, excretion, and retention of calcium was determined in Shetland ponies in 2 experiments. In each experiment, the results of feeding a control diet consisting of oats, molasses, and a complete pelleted horse ration were compared with those of feeding the control diet plus 1% oxalic acid. The diets contained 0.6% calcium in the 1st experiment and 0.45% calcium in the 2nd experiment. Oxalic acid increased the fecal excretion of calcium and decreased calcium absorption. The endogenous fecal excretion of calcium determined in the 1st experiment, using 47Ca, was not affected by dietary oxalic acid, indicating that the increase in fecal calcium was due to unabsorbed dietary calcium. Ponies fed 1% oxalic acid in diets containing 0.45% calcium were in negative calcium balance. The ponies did not conserve calcium by reducing the urinary calcium excretion if they were fed oxalic acid. Magnesium balance was measured in the 3 ponies in the 1st experiment. Urinary magnesium excretion increased and magnesium retention decreased in response to oxalic acid intake.", "contents": "Inhibition of calcium absorption in ponies fed diets containing oxalic acid. The effects of dietary oxalic acid on absorption, excretion, and retention of calcium was determined in Shetland ponies in 2 experiments. In each experiment, the results of feeding a control diet consisting of oats, molasses, and a complete pelleted horse ration were compared with those of feeding the control diet plus 1% oxalic acid. The diets contained 0.6% calcium in the 1st experiment and 0.45% calcium in the 2nd experiment. Oxalic acid increased the fecal excretion of calcium and decreased calcium absorption. The endogenous fecal excretion of calcium determined in the 1st experiment, using 47Ca, was not affected by dietary oxalic acid, indicating that the increase in fecal calcium was due to unabsorbed dietary calcium. Ponies fed 1% oxalic acid in diets containing 0.45% calcium were in negative calcium balance. The ponies did not conserve calcium by reducing the urinary calcium excretion if they were fed oxalic acid. Magnesium balance was measured in the 3 ponies in the 1st experiment. Urinary magnesium excretion increased and magnesium retention decreased in response to oxalic acid intake.", "PMID": 717875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7259", "title": "Increased plasma bromide concentration in the horse after halothane anesthesia.", "content": "A long-lasting increase of the plasma bromide concentration was found in 25 horses after clinical halothane anesthesia. The plasma bromide concentration was significantly (P less than 0.005) increased at the end of anesthesia. In 18 horses, peak values were reached between 48 and 72 hours after anesthesia. Eighteen days after horses had been anesthetized, the plasma bromide concentration remained significantly (P less than 0.005) increased. Significant correlation was not found between the total dose of halothane and the plasma bromide concentration. In 1 horse reanesthetized with halothane 4 days after initial halothane anesthesia, the plasma bromide concentration increased to high concentrations.", "contents": "Increased plasma bromide concentration in the horse after halothane anesthesia. A long-lasting increase of the plasma bromide concentration was found in 25 horses after clinical halothane anesthesia. The plasma bromide concentration was significantly (P less than 0.005) increased at the end of anesthesia. In 18 horses, peak values were reached between 48 and 72 hours after anesthesia. Eighteen days after horses had been anesthetized, the plasma bromide concentration remained significantly (P less than 0.005) increased. Significant correlation was not found between the total dose of halothane and the plasma bromide concentration. In 1 horse reanesthetized with halothane 4 days after initial halothane anesthesia, the plasma bromide concentration increased to high concentrations.", "PMID": 717876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7260", "title": "Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis vaccine (strain TC-83): a field study.", "content": "In 1971, more than 370 horses in south Texas were studied with respect to their clinical, virologic, and neutralizing antibody responses to vaccination with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) strain TC-83. This study confirms reported findings that the vaccine used in the 1971 epizootic in the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas was safe and efficacious. Vaccinal virus viremia titers were generally below the postulated infection threshold of epizootic vectors. In general, reactions to the vaccine were minimal and transient, with no observed abortions or deaths attributable to use of the vaccine. Eleven months after vaccination, VEE antibody titers were demonstrable in most horses that had VEE antibodies within 30 days after vaccination. Presence of western equine encephalomyelitis antibody titers of greater than or equal to 1:50 at time of VEE vaccination appears to modify or to interfere with VEE antibody production.", "contents": "Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis vaccine (strain TC-83): a field study. In 1971, more than 370 horses in south Texas were studied with respect to their clinical, virologic, and neutralizing antibody responses to vaccination with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) strain TC-83. This study confirms reported findings that the vaccine used in the 1971 epizootic in the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas was safe and efficacious. Vaccinal virus viremia titers were generally below the postulated infection threshold of epizootic vectors. In general, reactions to the vaccine were minimal and transient, with no observed abortions or deaths attributable to use of the vaccine. Eleven months after vaccination, VEE antibody titers were demonstrable in most horses that had VEE antibodies within 30 days after vaccination. Presence of western equine encephalomyelitis antibody titers of greater than or equal to 1:50 at time of VEE vaccination appears to modify or to interfere with VEE antibody production.", "PMID": 717877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7261", "title": "Cardiopulmonary effects of narcotic agonists and a partial agonist in horses.", "content": "The cardiopulmonary effects of the narcotic agonists morphine, meperidine, oxymorphone, and methadone and of the partial agonist pentazocine were examined in the pain-free adult horse. The drugs produced dysphoric followed by euphoric effects. Increases in heart rate, arterial blood pressure, and cardiac output were observed in all horses with all drugs. Arterial blood pressure remained increased even after heart rate and cardiac output had returned to base-line values. Respiratory rate generally remained unchanged or increased shortly after drug administration and then decreased insignificantly (P less than 0.05) below base-line values at later times. Arterial pH and blood gas values (Paco2, Pao2) did not change.", "contents": "Cardiopulmonary effects of narcotic agonists and a partial agonist in horses. The cardiopulmonary effects of the narcotic agonists morphine, meperidine, oxymorphone, and methadone and of the partial agonist pentazocine were examined in the pain-free adult horse. The drugs produced dysphoric followed by euphoric effects. Increases in heart rate, arterial blood pressure, and cardiac output were observed in all horses with all drugs. Arterial blood pressure remained increased even after heart rate and cardiac output had returned to base-line values. Respiratory rate generally remained unchanged or increased shortly after drug administration and then decreased insignificantly (P less than 0.05) below base-line values at later times. Arterial pH and blood gas values (Paco2, Pao2) did not change.", "PMID": 717878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7262", "title": "Anthelmintic activities of fenbendazole against Nematodirus helvetianus in cattle: effect on egg production, embryogeny, and development of larval stages.", "content": "Calves experimentally infected with Nematodirus helvetianus were treated with a single dose of fenbendazole at the rate of 5 mg/kg of body weight. Fenbendazole was found to have an efficacy of 97.4% against adult N helvetianus. Additionally, eggs recovered 12 hours after calves were given the anthelmintic had fewer and frequently abnormal blastomeres. Fewer eggs were evident at 36 hours after treatment, and none was found at 72 hours or later. On the culturing of eggs from manure passed at 12 hours and later, almost no larval stages developed.", "contents": "Anthelmintic activities of fenbendazole against Nematodirus helvetianus in cattle: effect on egg production, embryogeny, and development of larval stages. Calves experimentally infected with Nematodirus helvetianus were treated with a single dose of fenbendazole at the rate of 5 mg/kg of body weight. Fenbendazole was found to have an efficacy of 97.4% against adult N helvetianus. Additionally, eggs recovered 12 hours after calves were given the anthelmintic had fewer and frequently abnormal blastomeres. Fewer eggs were evident at 36 hours after treatment, and none was found at 72 hours or later. On the culturing of eggs from manure passed at 12 hours and later, almost no larval stages developed.", "PMID": 717880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7263", "title": "Lidocaine concentrations associated with intravenous regional anesthesia of the distal limb of cattle.", "content": "Cannulation for injection of lidocaine HCl was done in 3 distal veins in the hindlimb of 5 young Friesian cattle maintained in a light plane of general anesthesia. The local and systemic plasma and tibiotarsal joint synovial fluid concentrations of lidocaine (British lignocaine) were estimated for 60 minutes after the drug (10 ml, 2% (w/v)) was injected into the veins distal to a tourniquet. The lidocaine concentration in the distal veins was high but variable initially, and fell markedly over the 60 minutes. The systemic circulation always had a low but measurable concentration of lidocaine that became slightly higher in the 5 minutes after tourniquet release. According to the concentrations found, the risk of toxicity of lidocaine by using this technique in clinical practice would appear negligible.", "contents": "Lidocaine concentrations associated with intravenous regional anesthesia of the distal limb of cattle. Cannulation for injection of lidocaine HCl was done in 3 distal veins in the hindlimb of 5 young Friesian cattle maintained in a light plane of general anesthesia. The local and systemic plasma and tibiotarsal joint synovial fluid concentrations of lidocaine (British lignocaine) were estimated for 60 minutes after the drug (10 ml, 2% (w/v)) was injected into the veins distal to a tourniquet. The lidocaine concentration in the distal veins was high but variable initially, and fell markedly over the 60 minutes. The systemic circulation always had a low but measurable concentration of lidocaine that became slightly higher in the 5 minutes after tourniquet release. According to the concentrations found, the risk of toxicity of lidocaine by using this technique in clinical practice would appear negligible.", "PMID": 717881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7264", "title": "Effects of furosemide on plasma volume and extracellular fluid volume in horses.", "content": "The effects of IV administered furosemide upon plasma volume (PV) and extracellular fluid volume were determined in horses at rest and after exercise. Serum sodium, potassium, chloride, and osmolality determinations were made. Furosemide caused a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in PV and serum potassium concentrations in resting horses only. Furosemide's effects upon PV and electrolytes were evident longer than its hemodynamic effects.", "contents": "Effects of furosemide on plasma volume and extracellular fluid volume in horses. The effects of IV administered furosemide upon plasma volume (PV) and extracellular fluid volume were determined in horses at rest and after exercise. Serum sodium, potassium, chloride, and osmolality determinations were made. Furosemide caused a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in PV and serum potassium concentrations in resting horses only. Furosemide's effects upon PV and electrolytes were evident longer than its hemodynamic effects.", "PMID": 717882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7265", "title": "Effect of luteinizing hormone on ovarian release of steroids: ovarian vein-sampling technique in conscious gilt.", "content": "After ventral midline laparotomy was done, silastic tubing was inserted into the ovarian vein through a cranial branch of the uterine vein. The free end of the silastic tubing was exteriorized through a perforation of the dorsal wall of the vagina and then passed to the outside of the vulva. The free end of the tubing was sutured to the skin approximately 3 cm lateral to the ventral aspect of the vulva. In the ovarian vein of the sow, the plasma concentration of ovarian steroids was 1.5 to 4.0 times greater than that in peripheral blood, thus making possible the detection of changes not found in peripheral plasma samples. Blood samples were taken immediately after surgical placement of the sample collection tube for a 4-month period from unstressed gilts. Surgical stress seems to increase significantly the release of steroids into the ovarian vein. After the luteinizing hormone injection, progestin but not estrogen was consistently released into the ovarian vein.", "contents": "Effect of luteinizing hormone on ovarian release of steroids: ovarian vein-sampling technique in conscious gilt. After ventral midline laparotomy was done, silastic tubing was inserted into the ovarian vein through a cranial branch of the uterine vein. The free end of the silastic tubing was exteriorized through a perforation of the dorsal wall of the vagina and then passed to the outside of the vulva. The free end of the tubing was sutured to the skin approximately 3 cm lateral to the ventral aspect of the vulva. In the ovarian vein of the sow, the plasma concentration of ovarian steroids was 1.5 to 4.0 times greater than that in peripheral blood, thus making possible the detection of changes not found in peripheral plasma samples. Blood samples were taken immediately after surgical placement of the sample collection tube for a 4-month period from unstressed gilts. Surgical stress seems to increase significantly the release of steroids into the ovarian vein. After the luteinizing hormone injection, progestin but not estrogen was consistently released into the ovarian vein.", "PMID": 717883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7266", "title": "A specific ureaplasmal serotype associated with ovine uterine infections.", "content": "Nine major serologic groups were identified in 19 ureaplasmal isolates obtained from the genitourinary tract of sheep. One specific serotype was associated with uterine infections resulting in infertility.", "contents": "A specific ureaplasmal serotype associated with ovine uterine infections. Nine major serologic groups were identified in 19 ureaplasmal isolates obtained from the genitourinary tract of sheep. One specific serotype was associated with uterine infections resulting in infertility.", "PMID": 717884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7267", "title": "Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity in the dog: reaction to tuberculin purified protein derivative and coccidioidin.", "content": "A quantitative skin test for delayed-type hypersensitivity was developed in the dog. The test procedure involved testing animals in the pinna of the ear and quantitating the reaction by measuring the change in ear thickness. Skin test reactions to tuberculin-purified protein derivative and coccidioidin were found to be specific and to correlate with the immunization histories of the 27 dogs tested. Kinetic studies on the tuberculin reaction indicated that ear thickness increased slowly following antigen injection, reaching a peak at about 48 hours. Cellular infiltrates at reaction sites were primarily responsible for the increase in ear thickness. They consisted predominantly of mononuclear cells, although a marked number of neutrophils were also present. Multiple skin tests with tuberculin-purified protein derivative and coccidioidin on 8 nonimmunized (normal) dogs indicated that a skin test was capable of actively sensitizing a portion of the animals tested.", "contents": "Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity in the dog: reaction to tuberculin purified protein derivative and coccidioidin. A quantitative skin test for delayed-type hypersensitivity was developed in the dog. The test procedure involved testing animals in the pinna of the ear and quantitating the reaction by measuring the change in ear thickness. Skin test reactions to tuberculin-purified protein derivative and coccidioidin were found to be specific and to correlate with the immunization histories of the 27 dogs tested. Kinetic studies on the tuberculin reaction indicated that ear thickness increased slowly following antigen injection, reaching a peak at about 48 hours. Cellular infiltrates at reaction sites were primarily responsible for the increase in ear thickness. They consisted predominantly of mononuclear cells, although a marked number of neutrophils were also present. Multiple skin tests with tuberculin-purified protein derivative and coccidioidin on 8 nonimmunized (normal) dogs indicated that a skin test was capable of actively sensitizing a portion of the animals tested.", "PMID": 717885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7268", "title": "Electronic cell volume analysis of growth and rejection of EL-4 ascites tumor cells.", "content": "The in vivo growth of EL-4 ascites tumor cells in peritoneal cavities of syngeneic (C57BL/6) and allogeneic (DBA/2) mice was monitored by electronic volume analysis. In the growth of EL-4 cells in the C57BL/6 mice, daily decrease in electronic modal cell volume and labeling indices was observed. After day 7, the rejection of EL-4 cells in DBA/2 mice was indicated by increase in the percentage of small cytotoxic lymphocytes and decrease in the labeling indices of tumor cells.", "contents": "Electronic cell volume analysis of growth and rejection of EL-4 ascites tumor cells. The in vivo growth of EL-4 ascites tumor cells in peritoneal cavities of syngeneic (C57BL/6) and allogeneic (DBA/2) mice was monitored by electronic volume analysis. In the growth of EL-4 cells in the C57BL/6 mice, daily decrease in electronic modal cell volume and labeling indices was observed. After day 7, the rejection of EL-4 cells in DBA/2 mice was indicated by increase in the percentage of small cytotoxic lymphocytes and decrease in the labeling indices of tumor cells.", "PMID": 717886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7269", "title": "Preoperative aortography before abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy?", "content": "A review of 100 consecutive patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy was made to assess the value and necessity of preoperative aortography. Comparison of arteriography with physical examination, plain roentgenograms and ultrasonography suggests that angiography is required only for evaluation of specific problems. Indications for the selective use of preoperative aortography are proposed.", "contents": "Preoperative aortography before abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy? A review of 100 consecutive patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy was made to assess the value and necessity of preoperative aortography. Comparison of arteriography with physical examination, plain roentgenograms and ultrasonography suggests that angiography is required only for evaluation of specific problems. Indications for the selective use of preoperative aortography are proposed.", "PMID": 717895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7270", "title": "Hypertension secondary to complete occlusion of the renal artery.", "content": "In summary, we feel the results of this study support an aggressive approach toward the diagnostic evaluation and operative management of patients with renovascular hypertension secondary to complete occlusion of the renal artery. Further, the frequent presence of contralateral disease and the progressive nature of renal artery occlusions represent a significant threat to renal function. Since renal function is frequently compromised but potentially retrievable by revascularization, nephrectomy should be employed only when hypertension is difficult to control, revascularization is impossible, and excretory function in the affected kidney is minimal.", "contents": "Hypertension secondary to complete occlusion of the renal artery. In summary, we feel the results of this study support an aggressive approach toward the diagnostic evaluation and operative management of patients with renovascular hypertension secondary to complete occlusion of the renal artery. Further, the frequent presence of contralateral disease and the progressive nature of renal artery occlusions represent a significant threat to renal function. Since renal function is frequently compromised but potentially retrievable by revascularization, nephrectomy should be employed only when hypertension is difficult to control, revascularization is impossible, and excretory function in the affected kidney is minimal.", "PMID": 717894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7271", "title": "Complications of peripheral arteriography.", "content": "This paper offers an analysis of possible complications of peripheral arteriography. Complications are considered in terms of the most common fundamental problems: 1) reactions to contrast media; 2) vasovagal response to arterial puncture; 3) local hemorrhage; 4) vein and nerve injuries in vicinity of arterial puncture site; 5) subintimal injection of contrast material; 6) arterial thromboembolism; 7) special problems related to catheters and guide wires; and 8) intravascular injection of foreign substances. The paper also provides ten examples of specific clinical conditions caused by arteriographic procedures. Finally, various safeguards in the prevention of complications are discussed.", "contents": "Complications of peripheral arteriography. This paper offers an analysis of possible complications of peripheral arteriography. Complications are considered in terms of the most common fundamental problems: 1) reactions to contrast media; 2) vasovagal response to arterial puncture; 3) local hemorrhage; 4) vein and nerve injuries in vicinity of arterial puncture site; 5) subintimal injection of contrast material; 6) arterial thromboembolism; 7) special problems related to catheters and guide wires; and 8) intravascular injection of foreign substances. The paper also provides ten examples of specific clinical conditions caused by arteriographic procedures. Finally, various safeguards in the prevention of complications are discussed.", "PMID": 717898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7272", "title": "Carotid endarterectomy.", "content": "In conclusion, an extensive study comparing routinely shunted carotid endarterectomies with routinely non-shunted carotid endarterectomies, supports the findings of others that there is a higher morbidity and mortality rate in the non-shunted population when shunting is performed non-selectively and supports the hypothesis that this morbidity and mortality may be reduced to more acceptable levels if selective shunting is employed.", "contents": "Carotid endarterectomy. In conclusion, an extensive study comparing routinely shunted carotid endarterectomies with routinely non-shunted carotid endarterectomies, supports the findings of others that there is a higher morbidity and mortality rate in the non-shunted population when shunting is performed non-selectively and supports the hypothesis that this morbidity and mortality may be reduced to more acceptable levels if selective shunting is employed.", "PMID": 717899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7273", "title": "Local anesthesia for mediastinoscopy: experience with 450 consecutive cases.", "content": "Mediastinoscopy has been widely applied in the evaluation of patients with suspected bronchogenic carcinoma over the past decade. Though there remain those who feel that such findings should not play a significant role in determining resectability, we have found a number of patients who have been saved from exploratory thoracotomy in obviously incurable situations. We have had a relatively high degree of success in the diagnosis of benign diseases. Wtih no mortality and a morbidity of 1.1%, we feel that mediastinoscopy under local anesthesia is applicable in many clinical circumstances in which the requirement for general anesthesia would preclude such evaluation. Though it is not necessary that local anesthesia be exclusively applied, we feel that our experience with over 450 cases in the last six years has demonstrated safety and efficacy in universal application of local anesthesia for cervical mediastinal exploration.", "contents": "Local anesthesia for mediastinoscopy: experience with 450 consecutive cases. Mediastinoscopy has been widely applied in the evaluation of patients with suspected bronchogenic carcinoma over the past decade. Though there remain those who feel that such findings should not play a significant role in determining resectability, we have found a number of patients who have been saved from exploratory thoracotomy in obviously incurable situations. We have had a relatively high degree of success in the diagnosis of benign diseases. Wtih no mortality and a morbidity of 1.1%, we feel that mediastinoscopy under local anesthesia is applicable in many clinical circumstances in which the requirement for general anesthesia would preclude such evaluation. Though it is not necessary that local anesthesia be exclusively applied, we feel that our experience with over 450 cases in the last six years has demonstrated safety and efficacy in universal application of local anesthesia for cervical mediastinal exploration.", "PMID": 717900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7274", "title": "Pulmonary artery aneurysm.", "content": "Less than 200 cases of main pulmonary artery aneurysms have been reported and most came from autopsy series. The aneurysms may be associated with congenital cardiovascular lesions, syphilis, degenerative changes in the arterial wall and possibly trauma. Pulmonary artery aneurysm is a true entity which can occur with or without typical clinical findings. Physicians should pay more attention to the so-called \"aneurysmal dilatation\" or \"idiopathic dilatation\" of the pulmonary artery and obtain a correct diagnosis by angiography. Since pulmonary artery aneurysm carries a risk of rupturing, the operation should be considered as soon as the lesion is recognized. Few surgical interventions have been reported.", "contents": "Pulmonary artery aneurysm. Less than 200 cases of main pulmonary artery aneurysms have been reported and most came from autopsy series. The aneurysms may be associated with congenital cardiovascular lesions, syphilis, degenerative changes in the arterial wall and possibly trauma. Pulmonary artery aneurysm is a true entity which can occur with or without typical clinical findings. Physicians should pay more attention to the so-called \"aneurysmal dilatation\" or \"idiopathic dilatation\" of the pulmonary artery and obtain a correct diagnosis by angiography. Since pulmonary artery aneurysm carries a risk of rupturing, the operation should be considered as soon as the lesion is recognized. Few surgical interventions have been reported.", "PMID": 717902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7275", "title": "Cancer of the large bowel with special reference to incidence and etiology.", "content": "1. Cancer of the large bowel is second in cancer incidence to lung cancer in Kentucky and in the United States. It is second only to breast cancer in women. 2. It is far more common in the United States and countries with people in the higher socio-economic levels. 3. In addition to the well known associated or premalignant disease, diets high in fats and proteins are thought to increase the risk of the disease. 4. Much research is being carried on to determine other factors in the etiology of this condition. 5. The treatment of choice is still surgical removal of the lesion and all node-bearing and neighboring tissue, including the no-touch isolation technique with early ligation of the section of bowel to be removed. 6. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are of proven value in more advanced disease. 7. Carcinoembryonic antigen is of value in the prognosis of colorectal cancer.", "contents": "Cancer of the large bowel with special reference to incidence and etiology. 1. Cancer of the large bowel is second in cancer incidence to lung cancer in Kentucky and in the United States. It is second only to breast cancer in women. 2. It is far more common in the United States and countries with people in the higher socio-economic levels. 3. In addition to the well known associated or premalignant disease, diets high in fats and proteins are thought to increase the risk of the disease. 4. Much research is being carried on to determine other factors in the etiology of this condition. 5. The treatment of choice is still surgical removal of the lesion and all node-bearing and neighboring tissue, including the no-touch isolation technique with early ligation of the section of bowel to be removed. 6. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are of proven value in more advanced disease. 7. Carcinoembryonic antigen is of value in the prognosis of colorectal cancer.", "PMID": 717904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7276", "title": "Role of antibiotics in penetrating abdominal trauma.", "content": "The effectiveness of antibiotics in the management of penetrating abdominal injuries was studied retrospectively in two non-controlled, non-randomized groups of patients. The uncontrolled group (107 patients) received a variety of antibiotic(s) mainly intra- and postoperatively. The protocol group (121 patients) received a combination of clindamycin and gentamicin preoperatively in the Emergency Room. The protocol group had a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of intraabdominal sepsis, 1.7% as compared to 8.3% in the uncontrolled group. Although the improved results cannot be attributed solely to the antibiotic regimen, the trend seems apparent. Therefore, to minimize septic complications in penetrating abdominal injuries, we advocate: 1. prompt resuscitation, 2. early and appropriate surgical intervention and 3. preoperative antibiotics that are effective against both the aerobic and anerobic resident flora of the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Role of antibiotics in penetrating abdominal trauma. The effectiveness of antibiotics in the management of penetrating abdominal injuries was studied retrospectively in two non-controlled, non-randomized groups of patients. The uncontrolled group (107 patients) received a variety of antibiotic(s) mainly intra- and postoperatively. The protocol group (121 patients) received a combination of clindamycin and gentamicin preoperatively in the Emergency Room. The protocol group had a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of intraabdominal sepsis, 1.7% as compared to 8.3% in the uncontrolled group. Although the improved results cannot be attributed solely to the antibiotic regimen, the trend seems apparent. Therefore, to minimize septic complications in penetrating abdominal injuries, we advocate: 1. prompt resuscitation, 2. early and appropriate surgical intervention and 3. preoperative antibiotics that are effective against both the aerobic and anerobic resident flora of the gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 717907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7277", "title": "Objective assessment of femoral artery profundaplasty.", "content": "The physiologic results after profundaplasty in a group of patients with uncorrected complete occlusion of superficial femoral artery are presented. The limbs were evaluated by ankle B.P. index and muscle pH, and pulse volume plethysmograph showed that the deep femoral artery, in occlusion of superficial femoral artery, can provide pulsatile flow and adequate perfusion to calf muscles in most cases.", "contents": "Objective assessment of femoral artery profundaplasty. The physiologic results after profundaplasty in a group of patients with uncorrected complete occlusion of superficial femoral artery are presented. The limbs were evaluated by ankle B.P. index and muscle pH, and pulse volume plethysmograph showed that the deep femoral artery, in occlusion of superficial femoral artery, can provide pulsatile flow and adequate perfusion to calf muscles in most cases.", "PMID": 717908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7278", "title": "Blood coagulation profile in patients with acute diffuse peritonitis.", "content": "Coagulation studies conducted on 42 patients with acute peritonitis of varying etiology revealed statistically significant prolongation of kaolin cephalin clotting time, decrease of platelets and elevation of plasma fibrinogen and serum fibrinogen degradation products. The relationship of the coagulopathy to bacterial invasion of peritoneal cavity was indicated by the absence of significant change in KCCT, prothrombin time, and bleeding time in patients with sterile peritoneal fluid. The results suggest a process of insidious defibrination intricately superimposed on the hypercoagulable state in these patients.", "contents": "Blood coagulation profile in patients with acute diffuse peritonitis. Coagulation studies conducted on 42 patients with acute peritonitis of varying etiology revealed statistically significant prolongation of kaolin cephalin clotting time, decrease of platelets and elevation of plasma fibrinogen and serum fibrinogen degradation products. The relationship of the coagulopathy to bacterial invasion of peritoneal cavity was indicated by the absence of significant change in KCCT, prothrombin time, and bleeding time in patients with sterile peritoneal fluid. The results suggest a process of insidious defibrination intricately superimposed on the hypercoagulable state in these patients.", "PMID": 717910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7279", "title": "Mammary augmentation in a community hospital by a general surgeon: results and treatment of encapsulation.", "content": "One hundred females underwent mammary augmentation for cosmetic reasons. All operations were performed under general anesthesia through a para-areolar incision. All of the patients were pleased with the results, although 7% developed excessive scar contracture or encapsulation. Two patients were operated upon again, and both re-encapsulated. A closed compression technique for rupturing the capsule was then applied to all seven, with rupture of the capsule and return to a normal breast consistency. Even the group with encapsulation stated that they were generally pleased with the augmentation.", "contents": "Mammary augmentation in a community hospital by a general surgeon: results and treatment of encapsulation. One hundred females underwent mammary augmentation for cosmetic reasons. All operations were performed under general anesthesia through a para-areolar incision. All of the patients were pleased with the results, although 7% developed excessive scar contracture or encapsulation. Two patients were operated upon again, and both re-encapsulated. A closed compression technique for rupturing the capsule was then applied to all seven, with rupture of the capsule and return to a normal breast consistency. Even the group with encapsulation stated that they were generally pleased with the augmentation.", "PMID": 717911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7280", "title": "Diagnosis and treatment of pericarditis by the subxiphoid approach.", "content": "The subxiphoid approach for the diagnosis and treatment of pericarditis was used in 49 patients. Various diagnoses were established in 43 cases, and drainage was accomplished in 46. One patient died as a direct consequence of the procedure. Accidental right pneumothorax occurred in three cases. Total evacuation of the pericardial contents, direct inspection and palpation of structures, correction of unsuspected pathology and simultaneous biopsy of the pericardium and other tissues can be achieved, while avoiding the need for repeated pericardiocentesis. The procedure can be done safely under local anesthesia, providing prompt relief of abnormal hemodynamics and a sample for tissue diagnosis.", "contents": "Diagnosis and treatment of pericarditis by the subxiphoid approach. The subxiphoid approach for the diagnosis and treatment of pericarditis was used in 49 patients. Various diagnoses were established in 43 cases, and drainage was accomplished in 46. One patient died as a direct consequence of the procedure. Accidental right pneumothorax occurred in three cases. Total evacuation of the pericardial contents, direct inspection and palpation of structures, correction of unsuspected pathology and simultaneous biopsy of the pericardium and other tissues can be achieved, while avoiding the need for repeated pericardiocentesis. The procedure can be done safely under local anesthesia, providing prompt relief of abnormal hemodynamics and a sample for tissue diagnosis.", "PMID": 717912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7281", "title": "[Hypoglycorrhachia in mumps meningitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Eighty cases of mumps meningitis are studied in children between the ages of one to seven years. The parotids were affected before, after and during the meningitis in all cases. In fifteen cases, when admitted to the hospital, levels of glucose were found in the C.S.F. equal or lower than 40 mg/100 ml. In three of them the hypoglycorrhachia persisted for a long time, as reported by other authors. The possible causes of low C.S.F. glucose values in meningitis are analized, not explanation for this phenomenon in viral meningitis is found.", "contents": "[Hypoglycorrhachia in mumps meningitis (author's transl)]. Eighty cases of mumps meningitis are studied in children between the ages of one to seven years. The parotids were affected before, after and during the meningitis in all cases. In fifteen cases, when admitted to the hospital, levels of glucose were found in the C.S.F. equal or lower than 40 mg/100 ml. In three of them the hypoglycorrhachia persisted for a long time, as reported by other authors. The possible causes of low C.S.F. glucose values in meningitis are analized, not explanation for this phenomenon in viral meningitis is found.", "PMID": 717915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7282", "title": "[Neurological alterations due to metoclopramide in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Some clinicals and epidemiological considerations are made on the base of eleven children affected by ingestion on this drug.", "contents": "[Neurological alterations due to metoclopramide in children (author's transl)]. Some clinicals and epidemiological considerations are made on the base of eleven children affected by ingestion on this drug.", "PMID": 717916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7283", "title": "[Study of digestive atresia mortality. Its relation with weight and malformation. Part II (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors study digestive atresia mortality in relation to different parameters such as type of atresia, weight at birth and associated malformations. Mortality increases depending on whether the atresia be single or multiple, this increase being quite obvious when single or multiple atresia is associated with trisomy.", "contents": "[Study of digestive atresia mortality. Its relation with weight and malformation. Part II (author's transl)]. Authors study digestive atresia mortality in relation to different parameters such as type of atresia, weight at birth and associated malformations. Mortality increases depending on whether the atresia be single or multiple, this increase being quite obvious when single or multiple atresia is associated with trisomy.", "PMID": 717917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7284", "title": "[Preduodenal portal vein (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of preduodenal portal vein (PDPV) observed in newborns and young infants are reported. In two patients the diagnosis was made during operations for duodenal stenosis and in the remaining one while operating for midgut volvulus and necrosis. In no case was the PDPV responsible for the clinical picture but in all three patients it was accompanied by other causes of obstruction: annular pancreas, extrinsic adhesive bands and malrotation. In one case there was also an asplenia, and polisplenia was present in another one. Both had malrotation and some degree of abnormal visceral asimmetry. The incidence of associated malformations in 52 previously reported cases is analyzed, and the more convincing embriological explanation for this anomaly is commented upon.", "contents": "[Preduodenal portal vein (author's transl)]. Three cases of preduodenal portal vein (PDPV) observed in newborns and young infants are reported. In two patients the diagnosis was made during operations for duodenal stenosis and in the remaining one while operating for midgut volvulus and necrosis. In no case was the PDPV responsible for the clinical picture but in all three patients it was accompanied by other causes of obstruction: annular pancreas, extrinsic adhesive bands and malrotation. In one case there was also an asplenia, and polisplenia was present in another one. Both had malrotation and some degree of abnormal visceral asimmetry. The incidence of associated malformations in 52 previously reported cases is analyzed, and the more convincing embriological explanation for this anomaly is commented upon.", "PMID": 717918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7285", "title": "[Pathology of the neutrophil motility in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Polymorphonuclear motility has been recently recognised as a major step of host defense mechanisms, and its' impairment associated with recurrent infections. The deficiency could be essential or secondary to systemic illnesses, etc. The aim of this paper is to review briefly the different kinds of motility: chemotaxis, random and chemoquinesis, its' physiology and current laboratory techniques of evaluation. Finally, clinical findings and most relevant syndromes in clinical pediatrics are reviewed in the context of author's experience.", "contents": "[Pathology of the neutrophil motility in childhood (author's transl)]. Polymorphonuclear motility has been recently recognised as a major step of host defense mechanisms, and its' impairment associated with recurrent infections. The deficiency could be essential or secondary to systemic illnesses, etc. The aim of this paper is to review briefly the different kinds of motility: chemotaxis, random and chemoquinesis, its' physiology and current laboratory techniques of evaluation. Finally, clinical findings and most relevant syndromes in clinical pediatrics are reviewed in the context of author's experience.", "PMID": 717919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7286", "title": "[Advances in the rational therapy of epilepsy in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Advances in the rational therapy epilepsy require: 1) an accurate diagnosis and classification, based upon the clinical manifestations of the attacks electroencephalographic pattern, 2) a selective pharmacotherapy adjusted to the particular type of epilepsy, 3) a correct mode of administration based on the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the drugs, and 4) to follow the guide-lines for a safe therapy control. The international classification of epileptic seizures is presented. The practical consequences of the pharmacokinetics of the antiepileptic drugs and their interactions between them as well as with other drugs are discussed. The need of administering single, pure drugs, as much as possible is emphasized. Special recommendations are given to attain a good blood level control of antiepileptic therapy. On the basis of such drug blood monitoring, a particular consideration is given to the interpretation of therapeutic concentrations and to the discussion of the many variables that account of achieving either subtherapeutic or toxic blood levels.", "contents": "[Advances in the rational therapy of epilepsy in children (author's transl)]. Advances in the rational therapy epilepsy require: 1) an accurate diagnosis and classification, based upon the clinical manifestations of the attacks electroencephalographic pattern, 2) a selective pharmacotherapy adjusted to the particular type of epilepsy, 3) a correct mode of administration based on the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the drugs, and 4) to follow the guide-lines for a safe therapy control. The international classification of epileptic seizures is presented. The practical consequences of the pharmacokinetics of the antiepileptic drugs and their interactions between them as well as with other drugs are discussed. The need of administering single, pure drugs, as much as possible is emphasized. Special recommendations are given to attain a good blood level control of antiepileptic therapy. On the basis of such drug blood monitoring, a particular consideration is given to the interpretation of therapeutic concentrations and to the discussion of the many variables that account of achieving either subtherapeutic or toxic blood levels.", "PMID": 717920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7287", "title": "Renal damage with intestinal bypass.", "content": "Renal function and biopsies were studied in 18 patients, 7 to 108 months after intestinal bypass. Enteropathy was found in 12 and hyperoxaluria in 16. Every biopsy showed a type of focal interstitial nephritis, tubular atrophy, fibrosis, and glomerular hyalinization. Damage ranged from minimal to extensive and renal function from normal to end-stage failure. Tubular injury had resulted partly from oxalate deposits. However, in 10 patients no oxalate crystals were seen. In eight others, most of the damaged areas were remote from crystal deposits. Immunoglobulin M and C3 deposits, found in glomerular capillaries and the messangium in six of 11 specimens, and the presence of circulating immune complexes in five of 10 patients, in addition to the extraintestinal organ involvement, suggested immune complex mesangial injury as one factor in bypass nephropathy. With progressive impairment of renal function, a biopsy appears justified. If damage is significant, the bypass should be dismantled.", "contents": "Renal damage with intestinal bypass. Renal function and biopsies were studied in 18 patients, 7 to 108 months after intestinal bypass. Enteropathy was found in 12 and hyperoxaluria in 16. Every biopsy showed a type of focal interstitial nephritis, tubular atrophy, fibrosis, and glomerular hyalinization. Damage ranged from minimal to extensive and renal function from normal to end-stage failure. Tubular injury had resulted partly from oxalate deposits. However, in 10 patients no oxalate crystals were seen. In eight others, most of the damaged areas were remote from crystal deposits. Immunoglobulin M and C3 deposits, found in glomerular capillaries and the messangium in six of 11 specimens, and the presence of circulating immune complexes in five of 10 patients, in addition to the extraintestinal organ involvement, suggested immune complex mesangial injury as one factor in bypass nephropathy. With progressive impairment of renal function, a biopsy appears justified. If damage is significant, the bypass should be dismantled.", "PMID": 717926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7288", "title": "[Heterocygous beta thalassaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Two girls with an heterocigotic beta-thalassemy are presented in this study. Case 1 has an hypochromic and microtic anaemia with an enormous splenomegaly, increased osmotic resistence of red blood cells in salted solution and increase of A2 hemoglobin. This situation is associated with an increase of the glucolitic intraerythrocitic enzimes. Case 2 showed increase of A2 hemoglobine, but this anomaly was associated with decrease of intraerythrocitic enzimatic rate. First clinical signs of erythrocitic disturbances was an acute hemolytic crisis developed by the supply of the sulphometoxipiridacine. The erythroquinetic study showed a decrease of the average life of the red blood cells in both patients.", "contents": "[Heterocygous beta thalassaemia (author's transl)]. Two girls with an heterocigotic beta-thalassemy are presented in this study. Case 1 has an hypochromic and microtic anaemia with an enormous splenomegaly, increased osmotic resistence of red blood cells in salted solution and increase of A2 hemoglobin. This situation is associated with an increase of the glucolitic intraerythrocitic enzimes. Case 2 showed increase of A2 hemoglobine, but this anomaly was associated with decrease of intraerythrocitic enzimatic rate. First clinical signs of erythrocitic disturbances was an acute hemolytic crisis developed by the supply of the sulphometoxipiridacine. The erythroquinetic study showed a decrease of the average life of the red blood cells in both patients.", "PMID": 717922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7289", "title": "[Chronic continuous bleeding in a girl with lack of F. XIII (author's transl)].", "content": "A case with chronic continuous bleeding on an eleven year old girl with lack of F. XIII with positive family antecedents and without declarate consanguinity is presented. Analytic data are widely clear as well as parent's research which shows the heterocygosity but with doubts exposed.", "contents": "[Chronic continuous bleeding in a girl with lack of F. XIII (author's transl)]. A case with chronic continuous bleeding on an eleven year old girl with lack of F. XIII with positive family antecedents and without declarate consanguinity is presented. Analytic data are widely clear as well as parent's research which shows the heterocygosity but with doubts exposed.", "PMID": 717923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7290", "title": "A familial visceral myopathy.", "content": "A kindred contained at least 18 members with visceral myopathy. Sixteen had symptoms of chronic obstruction of the gastrointestinal or urinary tracts. Of six patients with megaduodenum on contrast roentgenograms, two were asymptomatic. Four patients had redundant colon on barium enema, and four had megacystis. Specimens from duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, or urinary bladder from five patients showed thinning and extensive collagen replacement of the longitudinal muscle layer; ganglion cells were normal by light and electron microscopy. Esophageal manometry in three patients showed decreased gastroesophageal sphincter pressures and no contractions in the smooth muscle segment of the esophagus; duodenal manometry showed a low frequency and amplitude of contractions. Three patients developed fever and signs of peritonitis after operations to bypass dilated segments. This seems to be a generalized smooth muscle disease with variable clinical manifestations and with an autosomal dominant or sex-linked dominant mode of inheritance.", "contents": "A familial visceral myopathy. A kindred contained at least 18 members with visceral myopathy. Sixteen had symptoms of chronic obstruction of the gastrointestinal or urinary tracts. Of six patients with megaduodenum on contrast roentgenograms, two were asymptomatic. Four patients had redundant colon on barium enema, and four had megacystis. Specimens from duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, or urinary bladder from five patients showed thinning and extensive collagen replacement of the longitudinal muscle layer; ganglion cells were normal by light and electron microscopy. Esophageal manometry in three patients showed decreased gastroesophageal sphincter pressures and no contractions in the smooth muscle segment of the esophagus; duodenal manometry showed a low frequency and amplitude of contractions. Three patients developed fever and signs of peritonitis after operations to bypass dilated segments. This seems to be a generalized smooth muscle disease with variable clinical manifestations and with an autosomal dominant or sex-linked dominant mode of inheritance.", "PMID": 717927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7291", "title": "[Nephrotic syndrome and hereditary spherocytosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of nephrotic syndrome associated with hereditary spherocytosis in a 22 month old girl is reported. In an attempt to explain the relationships between these two entities and alteration of lipidic metabolism, red cells count and serum cholesterol during relapses of nephrotic syndrome were compared. Until now only two cases involving this association have been published.", "contents": "[Nephrotic syndrome and hereditary spherocytosis (author's transl)]. A case of nephrotic syndrome associated with hereditary spherocytosis in a 22 month old girl is reported. In an attempt to explain the relationships between these two entities and alteration of lipidic metabolism, red cells count and serum cholesterol during relapses of nephrotic syndrome were compared. Until now only two cases involving this association have been published.", "PMID": 717924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7292", "title": "Subacute fluorosis: a consequence of abuse of an organofluoride anesthetic.", "content": "A young woman presented with a novel multisystem disease: painful periostitis, osteosclerosis, hypertension, and renal dysfunction. The similarity of some of this clinical picture to fluoride intoxication led to the discovery of massively elevated fluoride levels in serum, urine, and bone. Although initially an enigma, the source of fluoride was later found to be the illicit use of an anesthetic agent, methoxyflurane. This agents is one of a class of organofluorides that, by virtue of biotransformation, is a known cause of inorganic fluoride exposure. Though the drug is potentially nephrotoxic as generally used, exposure to it is transient and has not previously led to discernible bone disease.", "contents": "Subacute fluorosis: a consequence of abuse of an organofluoride anesthetic. A young woman presented with a novel multisystem disease: painful periostitis, osteosclerosis, hypertension, and renal dysfunction. The similarity of some of this clinical picture to fluoride intoxication led to the discovery of massively elevated fluoride levels in serum, urine, and bone. Although initially an enigma, the source of fluoride was later found to be the illicit use of an anesthetic agent, methoxyflurane. This agents is one of a class of organofluorides that, by virtue of biotransformation, is a known cause of inorganic fluoride exposure. Though the drug is potentially nephrotoxic as generally used, exposure to it is transient and has not previously led to discernible bone disease.", "PMID": 717928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7293", "title": "[Leopard syndrom. Four observations (author's transl)].", "content": "Four cases of Leopard syndrom in a mother and in three children of hers are reported. The main clinical and electrocardiographic features characterizing the syndrome are exposed and analyzed in relation with phacomatosis and pathoetiologic mechanism.", "contents": "[Leopard syndrom. Four observations (author's transl)]. Four cases of Leopard syndrom in a mother and in three children of hers are reported. The main clinical and electrocardiographic features characterizing the syndrome are exposed and analyzed in relation with phacomatosis and pathoetiologic mechanism.", "PMID": 717925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7294", "title": "Amikacin serum concentrations: prediction of levels and dosage guidelines.", "content": "Amikacin is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic that behaves pharmacokinetically similar to kanamycin, gentamicin, and tobramycin. Our study was designed to test whether a digital computer program could correctly predict amikacin serum concentrations in the clinical setting. A significant relation (P less than 0.0001) was found between 153 measured (bioassayed) and computer-predicted levels from 26 patients. The computer program reliably estimated amikacin serum levels after either intravenous or intramuscular doses. Prediction accuracy was not significantly affected by patient sex, hematocrit, or periods of unstable renal function. Predicted levels were most accurate when based on creatinine clearance corrected to 70 kg body weight or corrected to body surface area. The pharmacokinetic parameters in the computer program were used to generate a new aminoglycoside dosing chart. Ten patients were given amikacin according to this guideline, and the mean peak serum level for the group was 25.6 microgram/ml.", "contents": "Amikacin serum concentrations: prediction of levels and dosage guidelines. Amikacin is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic that behaves pharmacokinetically similar to kanamycin, gentamicin, and tobramycin. Our study was designed to test whether a digital computer program could correctly predict amikacin serum concentrations in the clinical setting. A significant relation (P less than 0.0001) was found between 153 measured (bioassayed) and computer-predicted levels from 26 patients. The computer program reliably estimated amikacin serum levels after either intravenous or intramuscular doses. Prediction accuracy was not significantly affected by patient sex, hematocrit, or periods of unstable renal function. Predicted levels were most accurate when based on creatinine clearance corrected to 70 kg body weight or corrected to body surface area. The pharmacokinetic parameters in the computer program were used to generate a new aminoglycoside dosing chart. Ten patients were given amikacin according to this guideline, and the mean peak serum level for the group was 25.6 microgram/ml.", "PMID": 717929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7295", "title": "The myocarditis of systemic lupus erythematosus: association with myositis.", "content": "Five patients with clinically overt myocarditis in the setting of systemic lupus erythematosus were analyzed in terms of associated clinical and serologic features. Myositis and antibodies to nuclear ribonucleoprotein (RNP) were present in all. A retrospective review in 140 consecutive patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, including three of these five, showed a highly significant association of myocarditis with myositis (P less than 0.0005). The presence of antibodies to RNP in this small group did not attain statistical significance (P less than or equal to 0.10). The pathologic findings in the one patient who died showed similar patterns of inflammation in both cardiac and skeletal muscle, suggesting the possibility of a generalized inflammatory process directed against striated muscle. Furthermore, although anti-RNP antibodies were found uniformly in these patients, their significance remains to be defined.", "contents": "The myocarditis of systemic lupus erythematosus: association with myositis. Five patients with clinically overt myocarditis in the setting of systemic lupus erythematosus were analyzed in terms of associated clinical and serologic features. Myositis and antibodies to nuclear ribonucleoprotein (RNP) were present in all. A retrospective review in 140 consecutive patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, including three of these five, showed a highly significant association of myocarditis with myositis (P less than 0.0005). The presence of antibodies to RNP in this small group did not attain statistical significance (P less than or equal to 0.10). The pathologic findings in the one patient who died showed similar patterns of inflammation in both cardiac and skeletal muscle, suggesting the possibility of a generalized inflammatory process directed against striated muscle. Furthermore, although anti-RNP antibodies were found uniformly in these patients, their significance remains to be defined.", "PMID": 717930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7296", "title": "Life-threatening hyperkalemia induced by arginine.", "content": "Marked hyperkalemia was observed during and immediately after an infusion of arginine monohydrochloride in two patients with severe hepatic disease and moderate renal insufficiency. Both patients had received brief courses of spironolactone before arginine treatment. In one of the patients, the hyperkalemia was associated with a fatal cardiac arrhythmia. Arginine has been shown to shift potassium from cells to the extracellular compartment, an effect directly related to its serum concentration. The profound hyperkalemia that occurred in these two patients is thought to be the result of an inability to metabolize the administered arginine and excrete the excess extracellular potassium. Caution is advised in administering arginine to patients with renal or hepatic insufficiency, or both.", "contents": "Life-threatening hyperkalemia induced by arginine. Marked hyperkalemia was observed during and immediately after an infusion of arginine monohydrochloride in two patients with severe hepatic disease and moderate renal insufficiency. Both patients had received brief courses of spironolactone before arginine treatment. In one of the patients, the hyperkalemia was associated with a fatal cardiac arrhythmia. Arginine has been shown to shift potassium from cells to the extracellular compartment, an effect directly related to its serum concentration. The profound hyperkalemia that occurred in these two patients is thought to be the result of an inability to metabolize the administered arginine and excrete the excess extracellular potassium. Caution is advised in administering arginine to patients with renal or hepatic insufficiency, or both.", "PMID": 717931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7297", "title": "Goodpasture's syndrome: diagnosis by transbronchial lung biopsy.", "content": "A 28-year-old man developed recurrent hemoptyses, breathlessness, anemia, and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates after mild smoke inhalation. He had no laboratory evidence of kidney involvement. Transbronchial lung biopsy showed erythrocytes, iron-containing macrophages within alveolar spaces, normal basement membranes, and strongly positive linear staining of alveolar septa for immunoglobulin G (IgG). Serum antiglomerular basement-membrane antibody was strongly positive by radioimmunoassay. Kidney biopsy showed normal findings by light and electron microscopy but strongly positive linear staining of glomerular capillaries for IgG. Follow-up 9 months later while the patient was taking prednisone revealed no clinical evidence of pulmonary or renal disease. This case shows that immunopathologic study of transbronchial lung biopsies is helpful in differentiating between Goodpasture's syndrome and idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis, while the absence of clinical and microscopic evidence of kidney disease does not exclude Goodpasture's syndrome.", "contents": "Goodpasture's syndrome: diagnosis by transbronchial lung biopsy. A 28-year-old man developed recurrent hemoptyses, breathlessness, anemia, and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates after mild smoke inhalation. He had no laboratory evidence of kidney involvement. Transbronchial lung biopsy showed erythrocytes, iron-containing macrophages within alveolar spaces, normal basement membranes, and strongly positive linear staining of alveolar septa for immunoglobulin G (IgG). Serum antiglomerular basement-membrane antibody was strongly positive by radioimmunoassay. Kidney biopsy showed normal findings by light and electron microscopy but strongly positive linear staining of glomerular capillaries for IgG. Follow-up 9 months later while the patient was taking prednisone revealed no clinical evidence of pulmonary or renal disease. This case shows that immunopathologic study of transbronchial lung biopsies is helpful in differentiating between Goodpasture's syndrome and idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis, while the absence of clinical and microscopic evidence of kidney disease does not exclude Goodpasture's syndrome.", "PMID": 717932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7298", "title": "Primary amyloidosis associated with Gaucher's disease.", "content": "Elevations in serum immunoglobulins, frequently monoclonal in nature, are known to occur in patients with the adult form of Gaucher's disease. We describe amyloidosis in a 46-year-old woman of Italian ancestry with Gaucher's disease, who also had 3100 mg/dl of monoclonal IgA. She died of restrictive cardiac disease. A 50-year-old sister, also with Gaucher's disease, had 1300 mg/dl of polyclonal IgM but no evidence of amyloidosis. A glucosyl sphingosine-Sepharose affinity column provided no evidence that the large amount of immunoglobulin present has specific affinity for glucosyl ceramide. This, to our knowledge, is the first report of amyloidosis complicating Gaucher's disease.", "contents": "Primary amyloidosis associated with Gaucher's disease. Elevations in serum immunoglobulins, frequently monoclonal in nature, are known to occur in patients with the adult form of Gaucher's disease. We describe amyloidosis in a 46-year-old woman of Italian ancestry with Gaucher's disease, who also had 3100 mg/dl of monoclonal IgA. She died of restrictive cardiac disease. A 50-year-old sister, also with Gaucher's disease, had 1300 mg/dl of polyclonal IgM but no evidence of amyloidosis. A glucosyl sphingosine-Sepharose affinity column provided no evidence that the large amount of immunoglobulin present has specific affinity for glucosyl ceramide. This, to our knowledge, is the first report of amyloidosis complicating Gaucher's disease.", "PMID": 717933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7299", "title": "Influenza vaccine: recommendation of the Public Health Service Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices.", "content": "Influenza vaccine for 1978--79 will consist of inactivated trivalent preparations of antigens of influenza viruses expected to be prevalent. Alternative vaccine formulations will be available for different age groups. Annual vaccination is recommended for persons at greatest risk: chronically ill adults and children, and those over 65. Current influenza virus vaccine has been associated with few side effects, but three types of systemic reactions have been described. Pregnant women do not appear to have any special risk from influenza vaccination; physicians evaluating them should use the same criteria applied to other persons.", "contents": "Influenza vaccine: recommendation of the Public Health Service Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Influenza vaccine for 1978--79 will consist of inactivated trivalent preparations of antigens of influenza viruses expected to be prevalent. Alternative vaccine formulations will be available for different age groups. Annual vaccination is recommended for persons at greatest risk: chronically ill adults and children, and those over 65. Current influenza virus vaccine has been associated with few side effects, but three types of systemic reactions have been described. Pregnant women do not appear to have any special risk from influenza vaccination; physicians evaluating them should use the same criteria applied to other persons.", "PMID": 717939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7300", "title": "Hairy cell leukemia: a clinical review based on 71 cases.", "content": "We studied the clinical and laboratory characteristics of 71 patients with hairy cell leukemia to ascertain whether prognostic factors important for the therapy of the disease existed. Granulocytopenia of less than 500/mu 1 was associated with the occurrence of a serious infection in 46% of the patients, compared to 19% of patients whose absolute granulocyte count was greater than 500/mu 1 (P less than 0.05). In most patients with symptoms of thrombocytopenia or leukopenia, splenectomy led to improved blood counts. Patients treated with splenectomy only had a significantly longer survival than those treated with steroids only (P less than 0.05). A group of patients who were slightly older and had minimal splenomegaly and few hairy cells in the peripheral blood did well without therapeutic intervention. Twenty-four patients have died, 16 of an infectious process. The actuarial survival for the group is 51% at 4 years, and there has been no change subsequently.", "contents": "Hairy cell leukemia: a clinical review based on 71 cases. We studied the clinical and laboratory characteristics of 71 patients with hairy cell leukemia to ascertain whether prognostic factors important for the therapy of the disease existed. Granulocytopenia of less than 500/mu 1 was associated with the occurrence of a serious infection in 46% of the patients, compared to 19% of patients whose absolute granulocyte count was greater than 500/mu 1 (P less than 0.05). In most patients with symptoms of thrombocytopenia or leukopenia, splenectomy led to improved blood counts. Patients treated with splenectomy only had a significantly longer survival than those treated with steroids only (P less than 0.05). A group of patients who were slightly older and had minimal splenomegaly and few hairy cells in the peripheral blood did well without therapeutic intervention. Twenty-four patients have died, 16 of an infectious process. The actuarial survival for the group is 51% at 4 years, and there has been no change subsequently.", "PMID": 717940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7301", "title": "Intravenous antibiotic therapy at home.", "content": "During a 12-month period, 23 patients aged 12 to 78 years were treated for 8 to 40 days (mean, 23 days) at home with intravenous (i.v.) antibiotics. Diseases treated included bone and joint infection (14 patients), blastomycosis (two), actinomycosis (two), staphylococcal bacteremia (two), endocarditis (two), and candidal pyelonephritis (one). After initial in-hospital training, patients self-administered their drugs through a heparin-lock i.v. cannula, which was changed regularly by a visiting home care nurse. Antibiotics administered included cloxacillin, penicillin G, cephalosporins, gentamicin, carbenicillin, and amphotericin B. Patient and family acceptance of the program was good, the program was therapeutically effective, and, apart from a decreased prevalence of phlebitis with the heparin lock at home, side effects were no different from those of in-hospital-treated patients. The cost of home therapy was $ 40 per patient-day compared with an estimated $ 137 had the patients remained in hospital. Most patients were able to resume normal activities while receiving home i.v. therapy.", "contents": "Intravenous antibiotic therapy at home. During a 12-month period, 23 patients aged 12 to 78 years were treated for 8 to 40 days (mean, 23 days) at home with intravenous (i.v.) antibiotics. Diseases treated included bone and joint infection (14 patients), blastomycosis (two), actinomycosis (two), staphylococcal bacteremia (two), endocarditis (two), and candidal pyelonephritis (one). After initial in-hospital training, patients self-administered their drugs through a heparin-lock i.v. cannula, which was changed regularly by a visiting home care nurse. Antibiotics administered included cloxacillin, penicillin G, cephalosporins, gentamicin, carbenicillin, and amphotericin B. Patient and family acceptance of the program was good, the program was therapeutically effective, and, apart from a decreased prevalence of phlebitis with the heparin lock at home, side effects were no different from those of in-hospital-treated patients. The cost of home therapy was $ 40 per patient-day compared with an estimated $ 137 had the patients remained in hospital. Most patients were able to resume normal activities while receiving home i.v. therapy.", "PMID": 717941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7302", "title": "National study of internal medicine manpower: II. A typology of residency training programs in internal medicine.", "content": "This second paper of the National Study of Internal Medicine Manpower describes the differing environments of residency training programs. Using previous studies as prototypes, the authors apply factor analysis to data from questionnaires returned by residency training directors and residents to illustrate the myriad interrelations within training programs. The most important result of this study is the demonstration that the largest residency programs have the most subspecialty programs, and their residents are more likely to pursue subspecialty fellowships after completing their third residency year. However, preliminary findings show no associations between the typology (typologic categories of residencies and their trainees) used and desired practice locations in states having few physicians relative to the population or in states with fewer urban inhabitants. The typology also does not predict the future practice aspirations of residents who are more likely to care for the poor or minority populations. A separate set of factors, possibly unrelated to training environments, will help to predict such career outcomes. Further specification of these factors will be the subject of a later paper in this series.", "contents": "National study of internal medicine manpower: II. A typology of residency training programs in internal medicine. This second paper of the National Study of Internal Medicine Manpower describes the differing environments of residency training programs. Using previous studies as prototypes, the authors apply factor analysis to data from questionnaires returned by residency training directors and residents to illustrate the myriad interrelations within training programs. The most important result of this study is the demonstration that the largest residency programs have the most subspecialty programs, and their residents are more likely to pursue subspecialty fellowships after completing their third residency year. However, preliminary findings show no associations between the typology (typologic categories of residencies and their trainees) used and desired practice locations in states having few physicians relative to the population or in states with fewer urban inhabitants. The typology also does not predict the future practice aspirations of residents who are more likely to care for the poor or minority populations. A separate set of factors, possibly unrelated to training environments, will help to predict such career outcomes. Further specification of these factors will be the subject of a later paper in this series.", "PMID": 717942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7303", "title": "Common infections in ambulatory patients.", "content": "Most illnesses in ambulatory patients are infections; most of these are upper, middle, or pararespiratory infections. Although these diseases are rarely serious, they result in immense amounts of time lost from work and incalculable expense for over-the-counter medications. Guidelines for antibiotic and other drug therapy for these diseases need a better scientific foundation.", "contents": "Common infections in ambulatory patients. Most illnesses in ambulatory patients are infections; most of these are upper, middle, or pararespiratory infections. Although these diseases are rarely serious, they result in immense amounts of time lost from work and incalculable expense for over-the-counter medications. Guidelines for antibiotic and other drug therapy for these diseases need a better scientific foundation.", "PMID": 717946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7304", "title": "Effect of infections on hospital care.", "content": "To determine research priorities in infectious diseases, the impact of infections on hospital care in the United States is estimated from the number of infectious diseases observed in hospitals that cooperate with the Center for Disease Control in surveillance of community-acquired and nosocomial infections. Each year, over 3 million community-acquired infections require persons to be hospitalized, and over 2 million nosocomial infections are acquired. Approximately 90% of the infections treated in hospitals are bacterial. These infections account for an estimated 29 million days of acute hospital care, which is approximately 10% of the patient days in United States acute-care hospitals. The direct hospitalization costs for treating infectious diseases are estimated to be over $4.8 billion. Treatment of infectious diseases accounts for a major portion of hospital care in the United States.", "contents": "Effect of infections on hospital care. To determine research priorities in infectious diseases, the impact of infections on hospital care in the United States is estimated from the number of infectious diseases observed in hospitals that cooperate with the Center for Disease Control in surveillance of community-acquired and nosocomial infections. Each year, over 3 million community-acquired infections require persons to be hospitalized, and over 2 million nosocomial infections are acquired. Approximately 90% of the infections treated in hospitals are bacterial. These infections account for an estimated 29 million days of acute hospital care, which is approximately 10% of the patient days in United States acute-care hospitals. The direct hospitalization costs for treating infectious diseases are estimated to be over $4.8 billion. Treatment of infectious diseases accounts for a major portion of hospital care in the United States.", "PMID": 717947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7305", "title": "Septicemia and nosocomial infections in a community hospital.", "content": "Data on the incidence of community-acquired and nosocomial septicemia, on the incidence and distribution of nosocomial infections, and on the additional hospital costs due to nosocomial infections are shown to be different in a community teaching hospital from data in university, federal, or country hospitals. Incidence of septicemia and nosocomial infection varies in direct relation to the underlying disease categories \"nonfatal,\" \"ultimately fatal,\" and \"rapidly fatal.\" Patient population mixes of these underlying disease categories are different between community and noncommunity hospitals. These differences can account for the reported difference in incidence of septicemia and nosocomial infections between such hospitals. National extrapolation of incidence data must take these differences into account.", "contents": "Septicemia and nosocomial infections in a community hospital. Data on the incidence of community-acquired and nosocomial septicemia, on the incidence and distribution of nosocomial infections, and on the additional hospital costs due to nosocomial infections are shown to be different in a community teaching hospital from data in university, federal, or country hospitals. Incidence of septicemia and nosocomial infection varies in direct relation to the underlying disease categories \"nonfatal,\" \"ultimately fatal,\" and \"rapidly fatal.\" Patient population mixes of these underlying disease categories are different between community and noncommunity hospitals. These differences can account for the reported difference in incidence of septicemia and nosocomial infections between such hospitals. National extrapolation of incidence data must take these differences into account.", "PMID": 717948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7306", "title": "Infectious diseases in small hospitals. Prevalence of infections and adequacy of microbiology services.", "content": "In a 1-day prevalence survey nosocomial infections were found in 7.2% and community acquired infections in 20.4% of 525 patients hospitalized in 18 small hospitals. Pneumonia was the reason for admission in 11% of patients in small hospitals. The patterns of nosocomial infections and antibiotic usage in small hospitals are similar to those found in large hospitals. The adequacy of bacteriologic services was assessed using a process audit technique. The routine approach to common bacteriologic specimens and antibiotic disk susceptibility tests was frequently inadequate. Approaches used in large hospitals for the control of nosocomial infection and the performance of bacteriology tests were not practical for most small hospitals. Specific research into methods for doing clinically adequate bacteriology and approaches for the control of nosocomial infection in the small hospital setting are needed.", "contents": "Infectious diseases in small hospitals. Prevalence of infections and adequacy of microbiology services. In a 1-day prevalence survey nosocomial infections were found in 7.2% and community acquired infections in 20.4% of 525 patients hospitalized in 18 small hospitals. Pneumonia was the reason for admission in 11% of patients in small hospitals. The patterns of nosocomial infections and antibiotic usage in small hospitals are similar to those found in large hospitals. The adequacy of bacteriologic services was assessed using a process audit technique. The routine approach to common bacteriologic specimens and antibiotic disk susceptibility tests was frequently inadequate. Approaches used in large hospitals for the control of nosocomial infection and the performance of bacteriology tests were not practical for most small hospitals. Specific research into methods for doing clinically adequate bacteriology and approaches for the control of nosocomial infection in the small hospital setting are needed.", "PMID": 717949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7307", "title": "Infections related to medical devices.", "content": "Medical devices have become an integral part of hospital-based care but also predispose patients to more than 850 000 device-related infections annually. Devices predispose to infection by damaging or invading epithelial and mucosal barriers to infection, by supporting growth of microorganisms and thus serving as reservoirs, by impeding host defense mechanisms, and, when contaminated, by directly infecting patients. Epidemics of device-related infections appear to have increased in frequency since 1965, have been due mainly to gram-negative bacilli, usually have resulted from in-hospital contamination of devices, and most often have been linked to urinary catheters, intravenous infusion devices, hemodialysis, and respiratory therapy equipment. Endemic device-related infections include those traced to these same commonly used medical devices as well as infections that follow use of specialized devices such as prostheses. Urinary catheters and intravenous infusion devices represent major sources of nosocomial septicemia. In most instances, measures currently recommended to control device-related infections have not be assessed with respect to either efficacy or practicality, and further study of the pathogenesis and prevention of these infections is needed.", "contents": "Infections related to medical devices. Medical devices have become an integral part of hospital-based care but also predispose patients to more than 850 000 device-related infections annually. Devices predispose to infection by damaging or invading epithelial and mucosal barriers to infection, by supporting growth of microorganisms and thus serving as reservoirs, by impeding host defense mechanisms, and, when contaminated, by directly infecting patients. Epidemics of device-related infections appear to have increased in frequency since 1965, have been due mainly to gram-negative bacilli, usually have resulted from in-hospital contamination of devices, and most often have been linked to urinary catheters, intravenous infusion devices, hemodialysis, and respiratory therapy equipment. Endemic device-related infections include those traced to these same commonly used medical devices as well as infections that follow use of specialized devices such as prostheses. Urinary catheters and intravenous infusion devices represent major sources of nosocomial septicemia. In most instances, measures currently recommended to control device-related infections have not be assessed with respect to either efficacy or practicality, and further study of the pathogenesis and prevention of these infections is needed.", "PMID": 717950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7308", "title": "Prevention of surgical wound infection.", "content": "Operative wound infection is examined through classifications based on estimation of frequency, severity, and sources of infection. These classifications help in identifying preventive and corrective measures. All surgeons are concerned with postoperative infection because it can convert a superior technical result into a disaster. The analysis of postoperative infection is complicated by the complex and constantly changing relations among host, challenging microbe, and the existing antimicrobial measures. The effect of physical, pharmacologic, and biological variables is estimated with emphasis on measures that promise further control of infection in the surgical patient. Proposals are offered for further efforts in controlling this hazard.", "contents": "Prevention of surgical wound infection. Operative wound infection is examined through classifications based on estimation of frequency, severity, and sources of infection. These classifications help in identifying preventive and corrective measures. All surgeons are concerned with postoperative infection because it can convert a superior technical result into a disaster. The analysis of postoperative infection is complicated by the complex and constantly changing relations among host, challenging microbe, and the existing antimicrobial measures. The effect of physical, pharmacologic, and biological variables is estimated with emphasis on measures that promise further control of infection in the surgical patient. Proposals are offered for further efforts in controlling this hazard.", "PMID": 717951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7309", "title": "Hospital infections: gynecologic, obstetric, and perinatal infections.", "content": "Increased perinatal use of invasive monitoring techniques and a higher rate of cesarean section have led to an increase in the rate of maternal infection and to new types of infections in newborns. Control measures for maternal infections include antibiotic prophylaxis, direct administration of antibiotics to the amniotic fluid, extraperitoneal cesarean section, and cesarean hysterectomy. New types of infections in newborns include abscess resulting from use of electrodes to monitor fetal heart rate and the development of group B beta hemolytic streptococci infection, particularly in association with prolonged rupture of maternal membranes. Prospective studies are needed of preventive measures and proper management of maternal and perinatal infections. Obstetric and gynecologic problems that need further investigation include pelvic infection after vaginal hysterectomy, salpingooophoritis, and antibiotic dosages for pregnant women.", "contents": "Hospital infections: gynecologic, obstetric, and perinatal infections. Increased perinatal use of invasive monitoring techniques and a higher rate of cesarean section have led to an increase in the rate of maternal infection and to new types of infections in newborns. Control measures for maternal infections include antibiotic prophylaxis, direct administration of antibiotics to the amniotic fluid, extraperitoneal cesarean section, and cesarean hysterectomy. New types of infections in newborns include abscess resulting from use of electrodes to monitor fetal heart rate and the development of group B beta hemolytic streptococci infection, particularly in association with prolonged rupture of maternal membranes. Prospective studies are needed of preventive measures and proper management of maternal and perinatal infections. Obstetric and gynecologic problems that need further investigation include pelvic infection after vaginal hysterectomy, salpingooophoritis, and antibiotic dosages for pregnant women.", "PMID": 717952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7310", "title": "What should the clinician expect from the microbiology laboratory?", "content": "Many physicians do not know what they should expect from the microbiology laboratoy. What physicians need from the microbiology laboratory varies according to type of patient and type of physician. The laboratory should provide information that will affect clinical management guidelines for obtaining specimens, microbial identification, antimicrobial susceptibilities, rapid collection of material, and reporting of data and educational updating. Data are needed to establish how the physician responds to microbiologic reports.", "contents": "What should the clinician expect from the microbiology laboratory? Many physicians do not know what they should expect from the microbiology laboratoy. What physicians need from the microbiology laboratory varies according to type of patient and type of physician. The laboratory should provide information that will affect clinical management guidelines for obtaining specimens, microbial identification, antimicrobial susceptibilities, rapid collection of material, and reporting of data and educational updating. Data are needed to establish how the physician responds to microbiologic reports.", "PMID": 717953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7311", "title": "Constraints under which the microbiology laboratory functions.", "content": "The relevance, usefulness, quality, and cost of performance of many clinical microbiology laboratories have been questioned. Major, common constraints under which most microbiology laboratories operate in the United States include lack of trained manpower, wide variation in the level and sophistication of clinical microbiology service, lack of physician-laboratory communication and interaction, inadequacies in medical education, and often inadequate laboratory space. Governmental regulations, requirements, and standards have improved the quality of many laboratories' work, but also result in greatly increased costs, excesses of often trivial procedures, and diversion of trained manpower from clinical service to regulatory procedures, with a resulting increase in manpower needs. The usefulness, relevance, and cost of regulatory requirements and procedures are unknown. Lack of reliable, standardized reagents impedes utilization of rapid and low cost procedures, and proliferation of complex tests results in costly additional demands on existing manpower.", "contents": "Constraints under which the microbiology laboratory functions. The relevance, usefulness, quality, and cost of performance of many clinical microbiology laboratories have been questioned. Major, common constraints under which most microbiology laboratories operate in the United States include lack of trained manpower, wide variation in the level and sophistication of clinical microbiology service, lack of physician-laboratory communication and interaction, inadequacies in medical education, and often inadequate laboratory space. Governmental regulations, requirements, and standards have improved the quality of many laboratories' work, but also result in greatly increased costs, excesses of often trivial procedures, and diversion of trained manpower from clinical service to regulatory procedures, with a resulting increase in manpower needs. The usefulness, relevance, and cost of regulatory requirements and procedures are unknown. Lack of reliable, standardized reagents impedes utilization of rapid and low cost procedures, and proliferation of complex tests results in costly additional demands on existing manpower.", "PMID": 717954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7312", "title": "The laboratory microbiologist in clinical medicine.", "content": "Laboratory microbiology provides to clinicians caring for patients with infectious diseases objective data regarding etiologic agent identification and antimicrobial susceptibility. Mutual communication is essential to ensure appropriate selection of materials for culture, prompt collection and transport, and efficacious handling in the laboratory. Training programs for physicians and clinical scientists are too few in number and are in need of expansion. Program in pathology and postdoctoral programs must emphasize clinical and laboratory experience so that communication can be improved.", "contents": "The laboratory microbiologist in clinical medicine. Laboratory microbiology provides to clinicians caring for patients with infectious diseases objective data regarding etiologic agent identification and antimicrobial susceptibility. Mutual communication is essential to ensure appropriate selection of materials for culture, prompt collection and transport, and efficacious handling in the laboratory. Training programs for physicians and clinical scientists are too few in number and are in need of expansion. Program in pathology and postdoctoral programs must emphasize clinical and laboratory experience so that communication can be improved.", "PMID": 717955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7313", "title": "Magnitude of antibiotic use.", "content": "Trends in antibiotic prescribing can be examined by a review of data from dispensed prescriptions and from antibiotic certification records of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Prescription data on selected oral antibiotics and anti-infectives were obtained from IMS America's National Prescription Audit. Data compiled between 1965 and 1977 show increasing use until 1973--with a plateau thereafter--for antibiotics judged by physicians to be relatively \"safe,\" namely, the erythromycins, ampicillin and other penicillins, and the cephalosporins. Tetracycline use, although rising until 1973, declined somewhat thereafter, perhaps because of increasing concern with dental staining in children. Sulfonamide use has declined steadily since 1965, presumably for safety reasons. Used of clindamycin was nearing a level similar to that of cephalosporin use until 1975, when its risk of precipitating severe colitis, including pseudomembranous colitis, became well-known. The FDA's antibiotic certification records show that the volume of injectable cephalosporins and gentamicin administered has increased steadily and as of 1977 was still rising.", "contents": "Magnitude of antibiotic use. Trends in antibiotic prescribing can be examined by a review of data from dispensed prescriptions and from antibiotic certification records of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Prescription data on selected oral antibiotics and anti-infectives were obtained from IMS America's National Prescription Audit. Data compiled between 1965 and 1977 show increasing use until 1973--with a plateau thereafter--for antibiotics judged by physicians to be relatively \"safe,\" namely, the erythromycins, ampicillin and other penicillins, and the cephalosporins. Tetracycline use, although rising until 1973, declined somewhat thereafter, perhaps because of increasing concern with dental staining in children. Sulfonamide use has declined steadily since 1965, presumably for safety reasons. Used of clindamycin was nearing a level similar to that of cephalosporin use until 1975, when its risk of precipitating severe colitis, including pseudomembranous colitis, became well-known. The FDA's antibiotic certification records show that the volume of injectable cephalosporins and gentamicin administered has increased steadily and as of 1977 was still rising.", "PMID": 717956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7314", "title": "Hospital use of antimicrobial drugs. Survey at 19 hospitals and results of antimicrobial control program.", "content": "Costs and use of antimicrobial agents in 1976 at 19 hospitals were surveyed by review of pharmacy records. Total costs of antimicrobial drugs at individual hospitals ranged from $0.65 to $1.75 per patient day and accounted for 16% to 41% of total pharmacy drug costs. There was marked variation among hospitals in use of specific antimicrobial agents, especially cephalosporins and clindamycin. The cephalosporin and aminoglycoside antibiotics accounted for 66% of the total cost of antimicrobial agents. An 18-month antimicrobial drug control program at one hospital decreased antimicrobial drug costs by 31%. The major effect was in reducing cephalosporin use. The results of the control program document that a significant portion of hospital antimicrobial use is inappropriate and can be eliminated without apparent detriment to patient care.", "contents": "Hospital use of antimicrobial drugs. Survey at 19 hospitals and results of antimicrobial control program. Costs and use of antimicrobial agents in 1976 at 19 hospitals were surveyed by review of pharmacy records. Total costs of antimicrobial drugs at individual hospitals ranged from $0.65 to $1.75 per patient day and accounted for 16% to 41% of total pharmacy drug costs. There was marked variation among hospitals in use of specific antimicrobial agents, especially cephalosporins and clindamycin. The cephalosporin and aminoglycoside antibiotics accounted for 66% of the total cost of antimicrobial agents. An 18-month antimicrobial drug control program at one hospital decreased antimicrobial drug costs by 31%. The major effect was in reducing cephalosporin use. The results of the control program document that a significant portion of hospital antimicrobial use is inappropriate and can be eliminated without apparent detriment to patient care.", "PMID": 717957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7315", "title": "Surveillance of antibiotic prescribing in office practice.", "content": "Using fiscal and administrative data routinely collected by the Tennessee Medicaid program, we conducted epidemiologic analyses of physicians' prescribing of selected antibiotics in office practice. This research has defined several subgroups of physicians who regularly malprescribed chloramphenicol or tetracyclines (to children less than 8 years old). After special educational mailings to all physicians, prescribing of these antimicrobial drugs diminished. Similar analyses could enable the profession to design specific remedial educational interventions, target them at physicians needing contemporary information, and assess their impact by monitoring subsequent prescribing. Such a program might diminish inappropriate drug use, reduce adverse drug reactions, help contain medical care costs, and produce better educated physicians.", "contents": "Surveillance of antibiotic prescribing in office practice. Using fiscal and administrative data routinely collected by the Tennessee Medicaid program, we conducted epidemiologic analyses of physicians' prescribing of selected antibiotics in office practice. This research has defined several subgroups of physicians who regularly malprescribed chloramphenicol or tetracyclines (to children less than 8 years old). After special educational mailings to all physicians, prescribing of these antimicrobial drugs diminished. Similar analyses could enable the profession to design specific remedial educational interventions, target them at physicians needing contemporary information, and assess their impact by monitoring subsequent prescribing. Such a program might diminish inappropriate drug use, reduce adverse drug reactions, help contain medical care costs, and produce better educated physicians.", "PMID": 717958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7316", "title": "Problem of antibiotic usage. Definitions, causes, and proposed solutions.", "content": "Standardized surveillance methods are needed in order to obtain valid comparison among institutions concerning use of antimicrobial agents. These include use of data from the hospital pharmacy and review of routine orders for propolyaxis in surgery and for specific infectious diseases. Audits of individual agents should be based on standardized guidelines for use. Attempts to improve the quality of use of antimicrobial agents require understanding of the constraints of medical practice that effect use of drugs to solve problems. These include the practice setting, cost and availability of laboratory support, and patient expectation. Promotion by the pharmaceutical industry capitalizes on the motivation of the physician to help his patient, often in setting in which diagnosis and management are uncertain. Promotion is a continuous process beginning early in medical school and extending to the media and university teaching staffs. The overall solution to inappropriate antibiotic use requires more than educational programs. There should also be a well-structured hospital program regulating pharmaceutical representatives, the formulary, antimicrobial susceptibility tests, justification for  high-cost agents, and development of mutually agreed on guidelines for use.", "contents": "Problem of antibiotic usage. Definitions, causes, and proposed solutions. Standardized surveillance methods are needed in order to obtain valid comparison among institutions concerning use of antimicrobial agents. These include use of data from the hospital pharmacy and review of routine orders for propolyaxis in surgery and for specific infectious diseases. Audits of individual agents should be based on standardized guidelines for use. Attempts to improve the quality of use of antimicrobial agents require understanding of the constraints of medical practice that effect use of drugs to solve problems. These include the practice setting, cost and availability of laboratory support, and patient expectation. Promotion by the pharmaceutical industry capitalizes on the motivation of the physician to help his patient, often in setting in which diagnosis and management are uncertain. Promotion is a continuous process beginning early in medical school and extending to the media and university teaching staffs. The overall solution to inappropriate antibiotic use requires more than educational programs. There should also be a well-structured hospital program regulating pharmaceutical representatives, the formulary, antimicrobial susceptibility tests, justification for  high-cost agents, and development of mutually agreed on guidelines for use.", "PMID": 717959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7317", "title": "Manpower resources for research.", "content": "Several trends in medical education affect our supply of future physicians. The number of new physicians has increased so that each year there is an excess of about 6000 over the number of physicians produced per year a decade ago. Increasing numbers of women and members of minority groups are entering the profession as well. These new students are being subjected to increased social pressures to elect primary-care careers, and although there is ample evidence that a significant portion will continue to choose subspecialty careers, fewer of them may be interested in traditional academic and research careers. We must make academic and research careers sufficiently attractive so that an adequate manpower resource of physicians is maintained for the future. This can be done by improving the structure of training programs and by fostering research opportunities for young investigators.", "contents": "Manpower resources for research. Several trends in medical education affect our supply of future physicians. The number of new physicians has increased so that each year there is an excess of about 6000 over the number of physicians produced per year a decade ago. Increasing numbers of women and members of minority groups are entering the profession as well. These new students are being subjected to increased social pressures to elect primary-care careers, and although there is ample evidence that a significant portion will continue to choose subspecialty careers, fewer of them may be interested in traditional academic and research careers. We must make academic and research careers sufficiently attractive so that an adequate manpower resource of physicians is maintained for the future. This can be done by improving the structure of training programs and by fostering research opportunities for young investigators.", "PMID": 717960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7318", "title": "Physician manpower needs and research training in infectious diseases.", "content": "As a result of recent and continuing studies of internal medicine manpower, data are now becoming available on training and manpower, data are now becoming available on training and manpower in infectious diseases. In 1976-1977, there were 121 training programs graduating a total of about 180 infectious disease specialists each year. Most funding for these fellowship programs comes from the federal government and hospital revenues. It is conservatively estimated that 2300 medical subspecialists in infectious diseases will be practicing in 1986-1987. About 55% of graduates of infectious diseases training programs plan careers in academic medicine. Information from manpower studies should be of value in the development of a national policy on the training of infectious disease specialists.", "contents": "Physician manpower needs and research training in infectious diseases. As a result of recent and continuing studies of internal medicine manpower, data are now becoming available on training and manpower, data are now becoming available on training and manpower in infectious diseases. In 1976-1977, there were 121 training programs graduating a total of about 180 infectious disease specialists each year. Most funding for these fellowship programs comes from the federal government and hospital revenues. It is conservatively estimated that 2300 medical subspecialists in infectious diseases will be practicing in 1986-1987. About 55% of graduates of infectious diseases training programs plan careers in academic medicine. Information from manpower studies should be of value in the development of a national policy on the training of infectious disease specialists.", "PMID": 717961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7319", "title": "Training and certification of clinical microbiologists.", "content": "Microbiologists are being effectively absorbed into the labor market. As a group they have a considerably lower unemployment rate (1.2%) than the national average. This is also applicable to medical and clinical microbiologists. Certification of microbiologists by nationally recognized certifying organizations is standardized for those with bachelor's or master's degrees. For those with doctorate degrees there are inconsistencies of postdoctoral training requirements and of reciprocal recognition of the two major certifying organizations. Bilateral reciprocal recognition of board-certified doctoral-level microbiologists is vital for meeting manpower needs. Improved and equitable certification could be achieved by maintaining an adequate number of funded, approved training programs in medical and clinical microbiology and augmenting them with uniform continuing medical education programs designed to meet the requirements for periodic recertification.", "contents": "Training and certification of clinical microbiologists. Microbiologists are being effectively absorbed into the labor market. As a group they have a considerably lower unemployment rate (1.2%) than the national average. This is also applicable to medical and clinical microbiologists. Certification of microbiologists by nationally recognized certifying organizations is standardized for those with bachelor's or master's degrees. For those with doctorate degrees there are inconsistencies of postdoctoral training requirements and of reciprocal recognition of the two major certifying organizations. Bilateral reciprocal recognition of board-certified doctoral-level microbiologists is vital for meeting manpower needs. Improved and equitable certification could be achieved by maintaining an adequate number of funded, approved training programs in medical and clinical microbiology and augmenting them with uniform continuing medical education programs designed to meet the requirements for periodic recertification.", "PMID": 717962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7320", "title": "Training needs of the infection control nurse.", "content": "To provide adequate numbers of infection control nurses the following areas need attention: an established curriculum for formal education, policies that will assure implementation of infection control practices, and surveillance and research to establish that current infection control practices work.", "contents": "Training needs of the infection control nurse. To provide adequate numbers of infection control nurses the following areas need attention: an established curriculum for formal education, policies that will assure implementation of infection control practices, and surveillance and research to establish that current infection control practices work.", "PMID": 717963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7321", "title": "How is the medical student being trained in microbiology and infections?", "content": "Reduction in curriculum time and shifts in interests of microbiology and epidemiology departments have altered the nature of the exposure of medical students to clinical problems of microbiology and infectious diseases. Major objectives of training in microbiology and infectious diseases are poorly met because of the large mass of material the student needs to assimilate. Students graduate from medical school using antimicrobial agents as a substitute for diagnostic acumen, without an understanding of how microbiologic laboratories should be used. Methods to improve this situation should be studied.", "contents": "How is the medical student being trained in microbiology and infections? Reduction in curriculum time and shifts in interests of microbiology and epidemiology departments have altered the nature of the exposure of medical students to clinical problems of microbiology and infectious diseases. Major objectives of training in microbiology and infectious diseases are poorly met because of the large mass of material the student needs to assimilate. Students graduate from medical school using antimicrobial agents as a substitute for diagnostic acumen, without an understanding of how microbiologic laboratories should be used. Methods to improve this situation should be studied.", "PMID": 717964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7322", "title": "An overview of public policy and infectious diseases.", "content": "Major problems face this nation's health care system; infectious disease and their management are a major and growing part of these problems. It is clear from available information that 40 years after the introduction of the sulfonamides, infection and its management remain an enormously important cause of morbidity and mortality. We are far from being in the \"post-infectious-disease era.\" Unless society and the medical profession understand this and take vigorous remedial steps, our problems may intensify, despite the availability of a remarkable effective group of therapeutic agents.", "contents": "An overview of public policy and infectious diseases. Major problems face this nation's health care system; infectious disease and their management are a major and growing part of these problems. It is clear from available information that 40 years after the introduction of the sulfonamides, infection and its management remain an enormously important cause of morbidity and mortality. We are far from being in the \"post-infectious-disease era.\" Unless society and the medical profession understand this and take vigorous remedial steps, our problems may intensify, despite the availability of a remarkable effective group of therapeutic agents.", "PMID": 717965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7323", "title": "Clinical investigators and the pharmaceutical industry.", "content": "Virtually all new drugs are introduced, evaluated, and marketed under the control of the pharmaceutical industry and general supervision of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The clinical investigator must look to the pharmaceutical industry for support of studies of drugs, and the industry, in turn, needs the investigator to evaluate agents before FDA approval and to present findings in the medical media. A survey of members of the infectious Disease Society of America has shown heavy dependence on the pharmaceutical industry for support of applied studies of antibacterial and other chemotherapeutic agents. More than half the respondents believed that industry support was essential, about one third felt it was useful, and about one quarter would prefer other sources of support. Several proposals are presented to clarify the relations between investigators and the pharmaceutical industry and to provide for a broad-based clinical infectious disease consortium to provide research funds and plan educational programs in the field of infectious disease.", "contents": "Clinical investigators and the pharmaceutical industry. Virtually all new drugs are introduced, evaluated, and marketed under the control of the pharmaceutical industry and general supervision of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The clinical investigator must look to the pharmaceutical industry for support of studies of drugs, and the industry, in turn, needs the investigator to evaluate agents before FDA approval and to present findings in the medical media. A survey of members of the infectious Disease Society of America has shown heavy dependence on the pharmaceutical industry for support of applied studies of antibacterial and other chemotherapeutic agents. More than half the respondents believed that industry support was essential, about one third felt it was useful, and about one quarter would prefer other sources of support. Several proposals are presented to clarify the relations between investigators and the pharmaceutical industry and to provide for a broad-based clinical infectious disease consortium to provide research funds and plan educational programs in the field of infectious disease.", "PMID": 717966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7324", "title": "Issues in human experimentation.", "content": "The current status of two difficult and controversial issues--confidentiality of preliminary results of clinical studies and compensation for research-related injuries--is outlined. The principle of not publicizing results of clinical research until enough data have been accumulated to give statistically valid support for conclusions is in conflict with the principle of ready availability to the public of results of government-conducted and government-sponsored research. New legislation may be required to resolve the problem. The lack of a mechanism to compensate research subjects for unanticipated injuries that are not the result of negligence is a barrier to obtaining truly informed consent. A plan for overcoming this problem through Department of Health, Education, and Welfare regulations has been proposed and awaits implementation.", "contents": "Issues in human experimentation. The current status of two difficult and controversial issues--confidentiality of preliminary results of clinical studies and compensation for research-related injuries--is outlined. The principle of not publicizing results of clinical research until enough data have been accumulated to give statistically valid support for conclusions is in conflict with the principle of ready availability to the public of results of government-conducted and government-sponsored research. New legislation may be required to resolve the problem. The lack of a mechanism to compensate research subjects for unanticipated injuries that are not the result of negligence is a barrier to obtaining truly informed consent. A plan for overcoming this problem through Department of Health, Education, and Welfare regulations has been proposed and awaits implementation.", "PMID": 717967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7325", "title": "Infectious disease problems in pediatrics that need investigation.", "content": "The opinions of 28 investigators representing all areas of pediatric infectious diseases were sought regarding priorities for research. Seven general areas were most commonly emphasized: new diagnostic methods (especially for viral infections), vaccines (bacterial, respiratory viruses, herpesviruses, and varicella-zoster), diarrhea (pathogenesis), National Institutes of Health (NIH)-sponsored studies of antimicrobial agents, NIH-sponsored cooperative studies of uncommon infections, host factors related to susceptibility and resistance and host responses to infection, and studies of bacterial-viral interaction and mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance. Where pediatric and adult medicine interests overlap, collaborative studies would be desirable.", "contents": "Infectious disease problems in pediatrics that need investigation. The opinions of 28 investigators representing all areas of pediatric infectious diseases were sought regarding priorities for research. Seven general areas were most commonly emphasized: new diagnostic methods (especially for viral infections), vaccines (bacterial, respiratory viruses, herpesviruses, and varicella-zoster), diarrhea (pathogenesis), National Institutes of Health (NIH)-sponsored studies of antimicrobial agents, NIH-sponsored cooperative studies of uncommon infections, host factors related to susceptibility and resistance and host responses to infection, and studies of bacterial-viral interaction and mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance. Where pediatric and adult medicine interests overlap, collaborative studies would be desirable.", "PMID": 717968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7326", "title": "Problems that merit investigation in clinical microbiology laboratories.", "content": "Research is needed in the following areas in clinical microbiology: specimen collection, microbial identification, automation and instrumentation, rapid microbial diagnoses, microbial metabolism, computerization, relevance and laboratory utilization, physician influence, training in clinical microbiology, media and reagents, quality control, and antimicrobial susceptibility and assay determinations. For optimal progress in many of these categories, federal funding should be made available.", "contents": "Problems that merit investigation in clinical microbiology laboratories. Research is needed in the following areas in clinical microbiology: specimen collection, microbial identification, automation and instrumentation, rapid microbial diagnoses, microbial metabolism, computerization, relevance and laboratory utilization, physician influence, training in clinical microbiology, media and reagents, quality control, and antimicrobial susceptibility and assay determinations. For optimal progress in many of these categories, federal funding should be made available.", "PMID": 717969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7327", "title": "The kidney in progressive systemic sclerosis: a prospective study.", "content": "Nine normotensive progressive systemic sclerosis patients with normal renal function underwent renal biopsy. Four specimens had prominent vascular abnormalities, two mild vascular abnormalities, and three were normal. Vascular deposits of C3 were present in all specimens. Plasma renin activity was elevated in three of four patients with prominent vascular abnormalities, one of two patients with mild vascular lesions, and none of two patients with normal biopsies. Plasma renin activity elevation in response to cold pressor testing in the four patients with prominent vascular lesions was 5.6 ng/ml.h compared to 0.55 ng/ml.h in those with mild or no lesions and 0.26 ng/ml.h in six control subjects. These data indicate that renal vascular lesions may be present in normotensive patients. Elevation or a substantial rise in plasma renin activity (1.8 ng/ml.h or greater) in response to cold pressor testing suggests preclinical renal involvement.", "contents": "The kidney in progressive systemic sclerosis: a prospective study. Nine normotensive progressive systemic sclerosis patients with normal renal function underwent renal biopsy. Four specimens had prominent vascular abnormalities, two mild vascular abnormalities, and three were normal. Vascular deposits of C3 were present in all specimens. Plasma renin activity was elevated in three of four patients with prominent vascular abnormalities, one of two patients with mild vascular lesions, and none of two patients with normal biopsies. Plasma renin activity elevation in response to cold pressor testing in the four patients with prominent vascular lesions was 5.6 ng/ml.h compared to 0.55 ng/ml.h in those with mild or no lesions and 0.26 ng/ml.h in six control subjects. These data indicate that renal vascular lesions may be present in normotensive patients. Elevation or a substantial rise in plasma renin activity (1.8 ng/ml.h or greater) in response to cold pressor testing suggests preclinical renal involvement.", "PMID": 717985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7328", "title": "Sequential carcinoembryonic antigen levels in the therapy of metastatic breast cancer: a predictor and monitor of response and relapse.", "content": "Serial measurements of plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were analyzed in 42 patients with advanced breast cancer undergoing systemic chemotherapy. Pretreatment CEA levels exceeded 5 ng/ml in 22 patients, and 19 of 22 serial assays uniformly heralded tumor regression as well as subsequent tumor relapse. A significant quantitative alteration in CEA levels was established as a minimum change of 20% within 8 weeks of therapy. In 13 of 15 patients responding to chemotherapy and in all patients with CEA levels higher than 35 ng/ml, this criterion was not abrogated, and there were no discordant observations. Rising CEA levels were correlated with subsequent progression of disease in all patients with elevated baseline levels at a minimum of 8 weeks before the progression was clinically evident. In advanced breast cancer the effectiveness of therapy and the development of tumor resistance may be monitored by serial plasma CEA levels, and specific quantitative criteria should be applied.", "contents": "Sequential carcinoembryonic antigen levels in the therapy of metastatic breast cancer: a predictor and monitor of response and relapse. Serial measurements of plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were analyzed in 42 patients with advanced breast cancer undergoing systemic chemotherapy. Pretreatment CEA levels exceeded 5 ng/ml in 22 patients, and 19 of 22 serial assays uniformly heralded tumor regression as well as subsequent tumor relapse. A significant quantitative alteration in CEA levels was established as a minimum change of 20% within 8 weeks of therapy. In 13 of 15 patients responding to chemotherapy and in all patients with CEA levels higher than 35 ng/ml, this criterion was not abrogated, and there were no discordant observations. Rising CEA levels were correlated with subsequent progression of disease in all patients with elevated baseline levels at a minimum of 8 weeks before the progression was clinically evident. In advanced breast cancer the effectiveness of therapy and the development of tumor resistance may be monitored by serial plasma CEA levels, and specific quantitative criteria should be applied.", "PMID": 717986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7329", "title": "The syndrome of basal encephalocele and hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction.", "content": "We documented hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction in three patients with congenital herniation of the brain through the base of the skull (basal encephalocele). All had growth hormone deficiency, although one has attained normal height. One had diabetes insipidus. Two had hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Prolactin secretion was elevated in one, normal in another, and borderline low in the third. Two patients were euthyroid, but in response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) injection, one patient's thyrotropin (TSH) level increased to levels exceeding normal while the other's did not attain normal levels. In the third patient, TSH response to TRH went from subnormal to normal after treatment with growth hormone and thyroxine. No patient had evidence of ACTH deficiency. These heterogeneous findings do not permit assignment of an unequivocal anatomic or functional site to the endocrine defect(s). Pituitary function should be evaluated in all patients with basal encephalocele, and this entity should be considered in the differential diagnosis of central endocrine malfunction.", "contents": "The syndrome of basal encephalocele and hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction. We documented hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction in three patients with congenital herniation of the brain through the base of the skull (basal encephalocele). All had growth hormone deficiency, although one has attained normal height. One had diabetes insipidus. Two had hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Prolactin secretion was elevated in one, normal in another, and borderline low in the third. Two patients were euthyroid, but in response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) injection, one patient's thyrotropin (TSH) level increased to levels exceeding normal while the other's did not attain normal levels. In the third patient, TSH response to TRH went from subnormal to normal after treatment with growth hormone and thyroxine. No patient had evidence of ACTH deficiency. These heterogeneous findings do not permit assignment of an unequivocal anatomic or functional site to the endocrine defect(s). Pituitary function should be evaluated in all patients with basal encephalocele, and this entity should be considered in the differential diagnosis of central endocrine malfunction.", "PMID": 717987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7330", "title": "Articular manifestations of rheumatic fever in adults.", "content": "Six adult patients had a syndrome indistinguishable from childhood rheumatic fever, with few cardiac findings and an arthrutis that had a characteristic pattern. The joint disease was abrupt in onset, rapidly additive, and eventually symmetrical, with a lower-extremity, large-joint predominance and a profoundly symptomatic tenosynovitis. Emphasizing the benign prognosis associated with a lack of heart disease and a \"typical\" pattern of articular involvement, we have reassessed the sensitivity of the traditional diagnostic Jones' criteria and suggest that this syndrome in adults may be more properly termed \"poststreptococcal arthritis.\"", "contents": "Articular manifestations of rheumatic fever in adults. Six adult patients had a syndrome indistinguishable from childhood rheumatic fever, with few cardiac findings and an arthrutis that had a characteristic pattern. The joint disease was abrupt in onset, rapidly additive, and eventually symmetrical, with a lower-extremity, large-joint predominance and a profoundly symptomatic tenosynovitis. Emphasizing the benign prognosis associated with a lack of heart disease and a \"typical\" pattern of articular involvement, we have reassessed the sensitivity of the traditional diagnostic Jones' criteria and suggest that this syndrome in adults may be more properly termed \"poststreptococcal arthritis.\"", "PMID": 717988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7331", "title": "Resolution of muscle calcification in rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure.", "content": "We studied four patients with acute renal failure associated with nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis to evaluate the presence and progression of calcium deposits in damaged muscle tissue. Conventional and electron radiography and technetium-99m diphosphonate (TcDP) scans were done during the oliguric phase of acute renal failure and repeated after renal function returned to normal. Three patients showed deposits of calcium by conventional radiography and all by electron radiography and TcDP during the oliguric period. When the patients recovered renal function and muscle injuries healed, calcium deposits disappeared. The results show that calcium deposits in damaged muscle occur during the oliguric phase of acute renal failure due to rhabdomyolysis and the calcification disappears with recovery of renal failure; and TcDP scans are the most sensitive method of detecting calcium deposits in these patients.", "contents": "Resolution of muscle calcification in rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure. We studied four patients with acute renal failure associated with nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis to evaluate the presence and progression of calcium deposits in damaged muscle tissue. Conventional and electron radiography and technetium-99m diphosphonate (TcDP) scans were done during the oliguric phase of acute renal failure and repeated after renal function returned to normal. Three patients showed deposits of calcium by conventional radiography and all by electron radiography and TcDP during the oliguric period. When the patients recovered renal function and muscle injuries healed, calcium deposits disappeared. The results show that calcium deposits in damaged muscle occur during the oliguric phase of acute renal failure due to rhabdomyolysis and the calcification disappears with recovery of renal failure; and TcDP scans are the most sensitive method of detecting calcium deposits in these patients.", "PMID": 717989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7332", "title": "[The infraclinical diagnosis of lead poisoning (author's transl)].", "content": "Laboratory study of 16 workers handling lead made it possible to define a state of infraclinical lead poisoning. Estimation of alpha-dehydrase and of free erythrocytic protoporphyrins is the most sensitive test for diagnostic purposes. The estimation of erythrocytic pyrimidine 5' Nucleotidase would seem to be of value in the diagnosis of mild lead poisoning. The urinary lead tolerance test confirms the diagnosis and indicates the degree of intoxication. Its repetition make it possible to treat the intoxication.", "contents": "[The infraclinical diagnosis of lead poisoning (author's transl)]. Laboratory study of 16 workers handling lead made it possible to define a state of infraclinical lead poisoning. Estimation of alpha-dehydrase and of free erythrocytic protoporphyrins is the most sensitive test for diagnostic purposes. The estimation of erythrocytic pyrimidine 5' Nucleotidase would seem to be of value in the diagnosis of mild lead poisoning. The urinary lead tolerance test confirms the diagnosis and indicates the degree of intoxication. Its repetition make it possible to treat the intoxication.", "PMID": 717995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7333", "title": "[Epidemiologic investigation about 23 cases of lead poisoning due to industrial cider (author's transl)].", "content": "We reported 23 cases of lead poisoning due to industrial cider being contaminated during its fabrication, this being caused by the detergents used to clean the piping. Microscopic examination of the stippled erythrocyte is not effective. On the other hand the elevation of protoporphyrines erythrocyte remains constant, and this is the most honest, long standing sign of lead poisoning. There is certainly the cumulative effect of toxication but it is the acute increase by ingestion above a certain limit (between 3 and 10 mg of lead daily according to the individual) wich provokes clinical signs and symptoms.", "contents": "[Epidemiologic investigation about 23 cases of lead poisoning due to industrial cider (author's transl)]. We reported 23 cases of lead poisoning due to industrial cider being contaminated during its fabrication, this being caused by the detergents used to clean the piping. Microscopic examination of the stippled erythrocyte is not effective. On the other hand the elevation of protoporphyrines erythrocyte remains constant, and this is the most honest, long standing sign of lead poisoning. There is certainly the cumulative effect of toxication but it is the acute increase by ingestion above a certain limit (between 3 and 10 mg of lead daily according to the individual) wich provokes clinical signs and symptoms.", "PMID": 717996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7334", "title": "[Difficulty in manual prehension under visual control (author's transl)].", "content": "Visuomotor ataxia causes difficulty in the prehension of objects under visual control which can occur without paralysis of ocular fixation and spatial agnosia. This can involve the total visual field or the right or left half-fields, and can affect both hands or one only. 1) Unilateral visuomotor ataxia is localized to the two right or left homonymous half-fields and can affect both hands or one only. It is direct when the ataxic hand is on the same side as the affected visual half-field, and crossed when the ataxic hand is contralateral to the affected visual half-field. 2) Bilateral visuomotor ataxia involves the total visual field. Each hand may be ataxic only for the contralateral visual field with a crossed bilateral visuomotor ataxia, or in the homolateral field with a direct bilateral visuomotor ataxia. The anatomical and clinical observations reported imply the existence of visuomotor connections, both direct and crossed, the latter crossing the median line through the corpus callosum.", "contents": "[Difficulty in manual prehension under visual control (author's transl)]. Visuomotor ataxia causes difficulty in the prehension of objects under visual control which can occur without paralysis of ocular fixation and spatial agnosia. This can involve the total visual field or the right or left half-fields, and can affect both hands or one only. 1) Unilateral visuomotor ataxia is localized to the two right or left homonymous half-fields and can affect both hands or one only. It is direct when the ataxic hand is on the same side as the affected visual half-field, and crossed when the ataxic hand is contralateral to the affected visual half-field. 2) Bilateral visuomotor ataxia involves the total visual field. Each hand may be ataxic only for the contralateral visual field with a crossed bilateral visuomotor ataxia, or in the homolateral field with a direct bilateral visuomotor ataxia. The anatomical and clinical observations reported imply the existence of visuomotor connections, both direct and crossed, the latter crossing the median line through the corpus callosum.", "PMID": 717997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7335", "title": "[Aspect of the prisoner's psychological universe].", "content": "This paper deals with an aspect of inmate's psychology. One of us is consultant psychiatrist in a jail. According to his experience, the behaviour of the prisoners appears to be very regressive. Inmates chiefly complain of digestive pains. They put a great emphasis on food, nourishment and drinking. That regression to the oral phase explains an unconscious will of staying in jail: It is rather frequent, for example, to see prisoners, who are about to recover their freedom, attempting a ridiculous and futile escape, with, as only result, one more year in jail. Obviously they want, through this absurd acting out, to keep living their childish and regressive way of life.", "contents": "[Aspect of the prisoner's psychological universe]. This paper deals with an aspect of inmate's psychology. One of us is consultant psychiatrist in a jail. According to his experience, the behaviour of the prisoners appears to be very regressive. Inmates chiefly complain of digestive pains. They put a great emphasis on food, nourishment and drinking. That regression to the oral phase explains an unconscious will of staying in jail: It is rather frequent, for example, to see prisoners, who are about to recover their freedom, attempting a ridiculous and futile escape, with, as only result, one more year in jail. Obviously they want, through this absurd acting out, to keep living their childish and regressive way of life.", "PMID": 718010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7336", "title": "[Immersion: From mental anorexia to behavioral therapeutics].", "content": "The flooding is an extinction process of an emotion or a pulsion through a mechanism of Pavlov of conditioned inhibition. The author does here an experimental study of this process. This study allows to explain the exact flooding mechanism. So we can better understand and better introduce the practical flooding applications in therapeutic as well as in psychopathology.", "contents": "[Immersion: From mental anorexia to behavioral therapeutics]. The flooding is an extinction process of an emotion or a pulsion through a mechanism of Pavlov of conditioned inhibition. The author does here an experimental study of this process. This study allows to explain the exact flooding mechanism. So we can better understand and better introduce the practical flooding applications in therapeutic as well as in psychopathology.", "PMID": 718011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7337", "title": "[Experimental infection in mice with Yersinia enterocolitica (strain biotype 4, serogroup O:3, phage type VIII): growth of the inoculum in athymic or cyclophosphamide treated mice (author's transl)].", "content": "Intravenous infection of Swiss mice with a strain of Yersinia enterocolitica unable to colonize normal mice by the oral route, induced a systemic infection. Viable bacteria were isolated from homogenates of liver, spleen and lungs, as early as one hour after the challenge and have been detected during two weeks. On the other hand, the number of viable bacteria isolated from the blood has always been very low. Faecal samples permitted the isolation of Y. enterocolitica even after two weeks, while at this time no more bacteria were isolated from the tissues. The duration of the infection remained unchanged with an inoculum of 10(3), 10(4) or 10(5) viable bacteria. Depending on the size of the inoculum, liver macroscopic abscesses occurred more or less rapidly after the challenge. These abscesses disappeared spontaneously. A single intravenous injection of cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg) six days after the challenge was followed by an important rise of the number of bacteria in all the tissues. Comparative studies of intravenously infected athymic (Nude) mice and controls showed a higher number of bacteria in the liver and spleen of the athymic animals.", "contents": "[Experimental infection in mice with Yersinia enterocolitica (strain biotype 4, serogroup O:3, phage type VIII): growth of the inoculum in athymic or cyclophosphamide treated mice (author's transl)]. Intravenous infection of Swiss mice with a strain of Yersinia enterocolitica unable to colonize normal mice by the oral route, induced a systemic infection. Viable bacteria were isolated from homogenates of liver, spleen and lungs, as early as one hour after the challenge and have been detected during two weeks. On the other hand, the number of viable bacteria isolated from the blood has always been very low. Faecal samples permitted the isolation of Y. enterocolitica even after two weeks, while at this time no more bacteria were isolated from the tissues. The duration of the infection remained unchanged with an inoculum of 10(3), 10(4) or 10(5) viable bacteria. Depending on the size of the inoculum, liver macroscopic abscesses occurred more or less rapidly after the challenge. These abscesses disappeared spontaneously. A single intravenous injection of cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg) six days after the challenge was followed by an important rise of the number of bacteria in all the tissues. Comparative studies of intravenously infected athymic (Nude) mice and controls showed a higher number of bacteria in the liver and spleen of the athymic animals.", "PMID": 718016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7338", "title": "[Phage-typing modifications induced by \"in vitro\" transfer of R plasmids. I.--Phage typing of Salmonella typhi (author's transl)].", "content": "The phage-typing modifications induced by transfer of antibiotic-resistance plasmids wre studied in two S. typhi Vi+ strains: n 2411 (phage-type A) and Ty2 (phage-type E1a). Forty-one R plasmids belonging to twenty-two incompatibility groups were investigated. Twenty-two plasmids were unable to produce any phage typing modifications. Among the groups of plasmids with phage-typing restriction capacity,four (I1, 10.B.O., N and W) groups were found heterogeneous with regard to this property and one (F1 group) caused significant modifications of the phage-types defined by the Vi phage-typing international system.", "contents": "[Phage-typing modifications induced by \"in vitro\" transfer of R plasmids. I.--Phage typing of Salmonella typhi (author's transl)]. The phage-typing modifications induced by transfer of antibiotic-resistance plasmids wre studied in two S. typhi Vi+ strains: n 2411 (phage-type A) and Ty2 (phage-type E1a). Forty-one R plasmids belonging to twenty-two incompatibility groups were investigated. Twenty-two plasmids were unable to produce any phage typing modifications. Among the groups of plasmids with phage-typing restriction capacity,four (I1, 10.B.O., N and W) groups were found heterogeneous with regard to this property and one (F1 group) caused significant modifications of the phage-types defined by the Vi phage-typing international system.", "PMID": 718017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7339", "title": "[Homogeneous suspensions of mycobacteria: application to the evaluation of bactericidal activity (author's transl)].", "content": "This work describes a technique of emulsification of mycobacterial cells (including tubercle bacilli) in order to obtain homogeneous suspensions containing up to 10(8) cells/ml. The suspensions are used in a modified AFNOR method for the evaluation of bacterial activity: within five min virulent strains are more resistant than are avirulent ones but, within 30 min and in the presence of proteins, the behaviour of all strains is quite similar.", "contents": "[Homogeneous suspensions of mycobacteria: application to the evaluation of bactericidal activity (author's transl)]. This work describes a technique of emulsification of mycobacterial cells (including tubercle bacilli) in order to obtain homogeneous suspensions containing up to 10(8) cells/ml. The suspensions are used in a modified AFNOR method for the evaluation of bacterial activity: within five min virulent strains are more resistant than are avirulent ones but, within 30 min and in the presence of proteins, the behaviour of all strains is quite similar.", "PMID": 718018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7340", "title": "[Production of a photo-sensitive lipid antibiotic by the marine diatom Chaetoceros lauderi (Ralfs) (author's transl)].", "content": "A lipid antibiotic was extracted from whole cells of the marine diatom Chaetoceros lauderi (Ralfs) and roughly identified as an unsaturated fatty acid by thin layer chromatography. A number of Gram-positive terrestrial bacteria and several Gram-negative marine bacilli were sensitive to this antibiotic, whereas Gram-negative enteric bacteria were resistant. Solar irradiation led to its partial disappearance and to the production of more polar antibiotics with a stronger antibacterial activity. This observation is compared to similar data culled from literature, and its significance in a natural environment is discussed.", "contents": "[Production of a photo-sensitive lipid antibiotic by the marine diatom Chaetoceros lauderi (Ralfs) (author's transl)]. A lipid antibiotic was extracted from whole cells of the marine diatom Chaetoceros lauderi (Ralfs) and roughly identified as an unsaturated fatty acid by thin layer chromatography. A number of Gram-positive terrestrial bacteria and several Gram-negative marine bacilli were sensitive to this antibiotic, whereas Gram-negative enteric bacteria were resistant. Solar irradiation led to its partial disappearance and to the production of more polar antibiotics with a stronger antibacterial activity. This observation is compared to similar data culled from literature, and its significance in a natural environment is discussed.", "PMID": 718019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7341", "title": "Large scale purification of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg).", "content": "In October 1975, a specific immunization by means of a formalin inactivated hepatitis B vaccine has been introduced to protect patients and staff members of three haemodialysis units of the Loire Valley (Tours, Blois, Orl\u00e9ans). After two years follow-up the innocuity and efficacy of this preparation have been shown to be very satisfactory in the conditions under which it was used. A method of vaccine preparation has been instituted in the development of industrial batches of vaccine to be used for broad clinical trials in France. The HBsAg purification was carried out by four different steps including, successively, selective adsorption-desorption on colloidal silicate (Aerosil), precipitations by polyethylene glycol, gel filtration and finally zonal ultracentrifugation. Step-by-step results of the purification are presented. Up to 65 % of the starting antigen was recovered at the end of the purification process. One dose of vaccine (1 ml) has a titre in HBsAg of 1/4 in countercurrent electrophoresis and a protein amount of 2-10 micron/ml. It contains traces of homologous serum proteins only detectable after high concentration. Purity, antigenic quality and safety of the vaccine are analysed in regards to its use for immunization against hepatitis B in man.", "contents": "Large scale purification of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). In October 1975, a specific immunization by means of a formalin inactivated hepatitis B vaccine has been introduced to protect patients and staff members of three haemodialysis units of the Loire Valley (Tours, Blois, Orl\u00e9ans). After two years follow-up the innocuity and efficacy of this preparation have been shown to be very satisfactory in the conditions under which it was used. A method of vaccine preparation has been instituted in the development of industrial batches of vaccine to be used for broad clinical trials in France. The HBsAg purification was carried out by four different steps including, successively, selective adsorption-desorption on colloidal silicate (Aerosil), precipitations by polyethylene glycol, gel filtration and finally zonal ultracentrifugation. Step-by-step results of the purification are presented. Up to 65 % of the starting antigen was recovered at the end of the purification process. One dose of vaccine (1 ml) has a titre in HBsAg of 1/4 in countercurrent electrophoresis and a protein amount of 2-10 micron/ml. It contains traces of homologous serum proteins only detectable after high concentration. Purity, antigenic quality and safety of the vaccine are analysed in regards to its use for immunization against hepatitis B in man.", "PMID": 718020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7342", "title": "[Arabinose, melibiose and xylose oxidation and fermentation in \"Serratia\" (author's transl)].", "content": "The oxidative and fermentative metabolisms of D(+)raffinose, D(-)arabinose, L(+)arabinose, D(+)melibiose and D(+)xylose were compared in 181 strains belonging to the genus Serratia, including collection strains and clinical isolates from various sources. At 30 degrees C, raffinose was neither fermented nor oxidized by S. marcescens, but was fermented by S. liquefaciens and S. rubidaea. D(-)arabinose was oxidized by all strains. L(+)arabinose, melibiose and xylose were fermented by all S. liquefaciens and S. rubidaea, while they were oxidized by most S. marcescens. Two strains of the latter species, however, were able to ferment xylose. The use of Hugh and Leifson's oxidation-fermentation medium containing melibiose or L(+)arabinose can help to differentiate S. rubidaea from pigmented strains of S. marcescens and to differentiate S. liquefaciens from unpigmented strains of S. marcescens.", "contents": "[Arabinose, melibiose and xylose oxidation and fermentation in \"Serratia\" (author's transl)]. The oxidative and fermentative metabolisms of D(+)raffinose, D(-)arabinose, L(+)arabinose, D(+)melibiose and D(+)xylose were compared in 181 strains belonging to the genus Serratia, including collection strains and clinical isolates from various sources. At 30 degrees C, raffinose was neither fermented nor oxidized by S. marcescens, but was fermented by S. liquefaciens and S. rubidaea. D(-)arabinose was oxidized by all strains. L(+)arabinose, melibiose and xylose were fermented by all S. liquefaciens and S. rubidaea, while they were oxidized by most S. marcescens. Two strains of the latter species, however, were able to ferment xylose. The use of Hugh and Leifson's oxidation-fermentation medium containing melibiose or L(+)arabinose can help to differentiate S. rubidaea from pigmented strains of S. marcescens and to differentiate S. liquefaciens from unpigmented strains of S. marcescens.", "PMID": 718021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7343", "title": "Amino acids produced by bifidobacteria and some Clostridia.", "content": "A lot of 121 strains of bifidobacteria and 9 strains of clostridia were examined for their ability to release free amino acids in the culture broth. The bifidobacteria studied belong to 18 species or \"homology group\" and the clostridia to 8 species. The growth in a synthetic medium with ammonium salts as sole nitrogen source was also studied. All the clostridia and the majority of the bifidobacteria produce various amino acids. The possible ecological significance of these findings is suggested.", "contents": "Amino acids produced by bifidobacteria and some Clostridia. A lot of 121 strains of bifidobacteria and 9 strains of clostridia were examined for their ability to release free amino acids in the culture broth. The bifidobacteria studied belong to 18 species or \"homology group\" and the clostridia to 8 species. The growth in a synthetic medium with ammonium salts as sole nitrogen source was also studied. All the clostridia and the majority of the bifidobacteria produce various amino acids. The possible ecological significance of these findings is suggested.", "PMID": 718022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7344", "title": "[Alcohol fermentation: effect of temperature on ethanol accumulation within yeast cells (author's transl)].", "content": "During fermentation, yeast growth is rapidly stopped when the concentration of alcohol in the medium increases but fermentive activity is not entirely inhibited until high alcohol concentrations are reached. The rate of alcohol accumulation within the cells and certain kinetic parameters were simultaneously determined in such fermentative processes using Saccharomyces carlsbergensis cells. The growth inhibitory effect of alcohol was related to its retention inside within the cells; i.e. yeast multiplication is stopped when intracellular alcohol concentration reaches a maximum value. Moreover, the higher the temperature, the deeper the inhibitory effect of ethanol and the higher the maximal intracellular alcohol concentration. Activation energy determinations showed that ethanol accumulation within the cells was a consequence of the resistance to its diffusion through the cell wall from within to outside the cell.", "contents": "[Alcohol fermentation: effect of temperature on ethanol accumulation within yeast cells (author's transl)]. During fermentation, yeast growth is rapidly stopped when the concentration of alcohol in the medium increases but fermentive activity is not entirely inhibited until high alcohol concentrations are reached. The rate of alcohol accumulation within the cells and certain kinetic parameters were simultaneously determined in such fermentative processes using Saccharomyces carlsbergensis cells. The growth inhibitory effect of alcohol was related to its retention inside within the cells; i.e. yeast multiplication is stopped when intracellular alcohol concentration reaches a maximum value. Moreover, the higher the temperature, the deeper the inhibitory effect of ethanol and the higher the maximal intracellular alcohol concentration. Activation energy determinations showed that ethanol accumulation within the cells was a consequence of the resistance to its diffusion through the cell wall from within to outside the cell.", "PMID": 718025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7345", "title": "[Amoebae in swimming-pools: microbiological and epidemiological aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "An inquiry was held to determine the occurrence and quantitative importance of \"Limax\" amoebae in 8 swimming-pools of the North of France. The influence of water flow system, filters and water disinfectants was studied. The connections with the bacterial flora growing at 37 degrees C and the presence of strains able to grow at 41 degrees were analyzed. The significance of their presence in the swimming-pools is discussed from the obtained results.", "contents": "[Amoebae in swimming-pools: microbiological and epidemiological aspects (author's transl)]. An inquiry was held to determine the occurrence and quantitative importance of \"Limax\" amoebae in 8 swimming-pools of the North of France. The influence of water flow system, filters and water disinfectants was studied. The connections with the bacterial flora growing at 37 degrees C and the presence of strains able to grow at 41 degrees were analyzed. The significance of their presence in the swimming-pools is discussed from the obtained results.", "PMID": 718026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7346", "title": "Bandage lenses and the use of topical solutions containing preservatives.", "content": "Eight patients with severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca and filamentary keratitis requiring treatment with continuous wear bandage lenses and frequent instillation of artificial tears were studied. The lenses were removed after wear from 3 to 8 weeks and subjected to ultraviolet spectrophotometric evaluation for the presence of the preservative, benzalkonium chloride. No evidence of benzalkonium chloride in the lenses was seen and no clinical evidence of corneal damage was noted. The use of topical medication containing benzalkonium chloride as a preservative in conjunction with hydrophilic lens appears to be clinically acceptable.", "contents": "Bandage lenses and the use of topical solutions containing preservatives. Eight patients with severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca and filamentary keratitis requiring treatment with continuous wear bandage lenses and frequent instillation of artificial tears were studied. The lenses were removed after wear from 3 to 8 weeks and subjected to ultraviolet spectrophotometric evaluation for the presence of the preservative, benzalkonium chloride. No evidence of benzalkonium chloride in the lenses was seen and no clinical evidence of corneal damage was noted. The use of topical medication containing benzalkonium chloride as a preservative in conjunction with hydrophilic lens appears to be clinically acceptable.", "PMID": 718037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7347", "title": "Ptosis with contralateral lid retraction due to excessive innervation of the levator palpebrae superiorus.", "content": "Two patients are presented with unilateral ptosis and contralateral lid retraction. The lid retraction disappears upon manual elevation of the ptotic lid. Each patient with this phenomenon would be expected to have a frank tropia, or monofixation syndrome and prefer to fix with the ptotic eye. Extraordinary innervation is transmitted to the levator of the ptotic eye and, since we believe the levators follow Hering's law, this excessive innervation is also transmitted to the contralateral levator. This results in lid retraction in the second eye. If the ptotic lid is manually elevated, levator innervation decreases and the contralateral lid retraction disappears. This previously unreported maneuver of manually elevating the ptotic lid is superior to patching the ptotic eye for a period of days, the previous method for demonstrating this phenomenon. These considerations are important in the evaluation of lid retraction, and in determining the nature and extent of corrective surgery.", "contents": "Ptosis with contralateral lid retraction due to excessive innervation of the levator palpebrae superiorus. Two patients are presented with unilateral ptosis and contralateral lid retraction. The lid retraction disappears upon manual elevation of the ptotic lid. Each patient with this phenomenon would be expected to have a frank tropia, or monofixation syndrome and prefer to fix with the ptotic eye. Extraordinary innervation is transmitted to the levator of the ptotic eye and, since we believe the levators follow Hering's law, this excessive innervation is also transmitted to the contralateral levator. This results in lid retraction in the second eye. If the ptotic lid is manually elevated, levator innervation decreases and the contralateral lid retraction disappears. This previously unreported maneuver of manually elevating the ptotic lid is superior to patching the ptotic eye for a period of days, the previous method for demonstrating this phenomenon. These considerations are important in the evaluation of lid retraction, and in determining the nature and extent of corrective surgery.", "PMID": 718038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7348", "title": "Lathe-cut hydrophilic contact lenses: report of 100 clinical cases.", "content": "In a review of the literature, it became apparent that there were very few articles describing the advantages, as well as the fitting techniques, of lathe-cut hydrophilic contact lenses. Few practitioners, including those who fit other types of hydrophilic lenses and hard lenses, have had any experience with this lens, and considerable interest has been generated by fragmentary reports of good results. This paper describes in detail the geometry of the first lathe-cut hydrophilic lens approved by the Federal Drug Administration, the fitting methods utilizing trial lenses, and the results of 100 patients successfully fitted.", "contents": "Lathe-cut hydrophilic contact lenses: report of 100 clinical cases. In a review of the literature, it became apparent that there were very few articles describing the advantages, as well as the fitting techniques, of lathe-cut hydrophilic contact lenses. Few practitioners, including those who fit other types of hydrophilic lenses and hard lenses, have had any experience with this lens, and considerable interest has been generated by fragmentary reports of good results. This paper describes in detail the geometry of the first lathe-cut hydrophilic lens approved by the Federal Drug Administration, the fitting methods utilizing trial lenses, and the results of 100 patients successfully fitted.", "PMID": 718039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7349", "title": "Foreign body granuloma of the conjunctiva.", "content": "Foreign body granulomas of the conjunctiva of children and deer were studied. The granulomas can develop rapidly and may not be readily diagnosed.", "contents": "Foreign body granuloma of the conjunctiva. Foreign body granulomas of the conjunctiva of children and deer were studied. The granulomas can develop rapidly and may not be readily diagnosed.", "PMID": 718041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7350", "title": "Racial influences in open-angle glaucoma.", "content": "Blindness due to glaucoma is much greater in blacks than in whites. Using a computerized diagnostic index we identified more than 1,300 patients being treated for glaucoma in our outpatient clinics. Analysis of this clinic population indicated that open-angle glaucoma is more prevalent among blacks than in whites. They also indicate that open-angle glaucoma occurs at a younger age in the black population. We have very limited data that tend to indicate that open-angle glaucoma is a more severe disease in blacks than in whites; however, this evidence is far from conclusive. Finally, our findings indicate that in our institution we are seeing the full range of the glaucomatous process in the black population and not merely the end-stage disease.", "contents": "Racial influences in open-angle glaucoma. Blindness due to glaucoma is much greater in blacks than in whites. Using a computerized diagnostic index we identified more than 1,300 patients being treated for glaucoma in our outpatient clinics. Analysis of this clinic population indicated that open-angle glaucoma is more prevalent among blacks than in whites. They also indicate that open-angle glaucoma occurs at a younger age in the black population. We have very limited data that tend to indicate that open-angle glaucoma is a more severe disease in blacks than in whites; however, this evidence is far from conclusive. Finally, our findings indicate that in our institution we are seeing the full range of the glaucomatous process in the black population and not merely the end-stage disease.", "PMID": 718042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7351", "title": "The ultrasound guided 32P test.", "content": "The accurate and early diagnosis of intraocular malignant melanoma in eyes with opaque media remains a diagnostic problem. Ultrasonography and the radioactive phosphorus (32P) uptake test have been used separately as modalities for diagnosis of choroidal melanoma. However, their combined use has received limited attention. This report presents our experience in 5 cases with the combined use of a contact B-scan ultrasound unit and a posterior eye probe. In all cases we were able to accurately perform the 32P uptake test with simultaneously ultrasound visualization of the tumor and the probe.", "contents": "The ultrasound guided 32P test. The accurate and early diagnosis of intraocular malignant melanoma in eyes with opaque media remains a diagnostic problem. Ultrasonography and the radioactive phosphorus (32P) uptake test have been used separately as modalities for diagnosis of choroidal melanoma. However, their combined use has received limited attention. This report presents our experience in 5 cases with the combined use of a contact B-scan ultrasound unit and a posterior eye probe. In all cases we were able to accurately perform the 32P uptake test with simultaneously ultrasound visualization of the tumor and the probe.", "PMID": 718043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7352", "title": "Results of immunosuppressive treatment in Bech\u00e7et's disease: report of 55 cases.", "content": "The favorable effects of immunosuppressive agents in the treatment of Beh\u00e7et's disease seems outstanding. Fifty-five cases showed great imporvement in both ocular and extraocular symptoms. Emphasis has been placed on the strengthening effect of the steroids, given in very low dosage. Only a few and unimportant side effects have been observed.", "contents": "Results of immunosuppressive treatment in Bech\u00e7et's disease: report of 55 cases. The favorable effects of immunosuppressive agents in the treatment of Beh\u00e7et's disease seems outstanding. Fifty-five cases showed great imporvement in both ocular and extraocular symptoms. Emphasis has been placed on the strengthening effect of the steroids, given in very low dosage. Only a few and unimportant side effects have been observed.", "PMID": 718044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7353", "title": "Pars plana vitrectomy in the management of blood-induced glaucoma with vitreous hemorrhage.", "content": "Four consecutive cases are reported in which pars plana vitrectomy was used to treat eyes with blood-induced glaucoma complicating vitreous hemorrhage after cataract surgery. Vitrectomy resulted in removal of the posterior reservior of cells and cellular debris and cured the elevated intraocular pressure in 3 eyes. One eye required a second glaucoma procedure and long-term acetazolamide therapy. The excised vitreous was examined microscopically with several techniques, including use of a millipore filter to concentrate the cellular elements combined with a modified Papanicolaou staining technique, routine staining of sections of millipore filters, and routine staining of vitreous processed in a celloidin bag. These techniques showed variable proportions of erythrocytes, erythrocytic debris, free hemoglobin, ghost erythrocytes and macrophages containing erythrocytic debris and hemosiderin.", "contents": "Pars plana vitrectomy in the management of blood-induced glaucoma with vitreous hemorrhage. Four consecutive cases are reported in which pars plana vitrectomy was used to treat eyes with blood-induced glaucoma complicating vitreous hemorrhage after cataract surgery. Vitrectomy resulted in removal of the posterior reservior of cells and cellular debris and cured the elevated intraocular pressure in 3 eyes. One eye required a second glaucoma procedure and long-term acetazolamide therapy. The excised vitreous was examined microscopically with several techniques, including use of a millipore filter to concentrate the cellular elements combined with a modified Papanicolaou staining technique, routine staining of sections of millipore filters, and routine staining of vitreous processed in a celloidin bag. These techniques showed variable proportions of erythrocytes, erythrocytic debris, free hemoglobin, ghost erythrocytes and macrophages containing erythrocytic debris and hemosiderin.", "PMID": 718045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7354", "title": "Early vitrectomy for retained intraocular foreign body.", "content": "A retained intraocular foreign body can cause progressive damage to an eye if not removed. Such removal, whether done with a magnet or with a vitrectomy instrument, is often more successful if surgery is not delayed excessively. A two-instrument intraocular approach for resistant foreign bodies can sometimes be avoided in favor of a simpler one-instrument technique if surgery can be performed in the first few weeks.", "contents": "Early vitrectomy for retained intraocular foreign body. A retained intraocular foreign body can cause progressive damage to an eye if not removed. Such removal, whether done with a magnet or with a vitrectomy instrument, is often more successful if surgery is not delayed excessively. A two-instrument intraocular approach for resistant foreign bodies can sometimes be avoided in favor of a simpler one-instrument technique if surgery can be performed in the first few weeks.", "PMID": 718046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7355", "title": "[Chronic otitis in the one remaining functional ear: therapeutic problems and sequelae (author's transl)].", "content": "What should one do when a patient presents with a potentially dangerous chronic otitis, and the other ear is absent? An analysis of such dangerous cases with a cholesteatoma, more especially those with a labyrinthine fistula. Responsibility has to be taken. Medico-legal problems are evoked.", "contents": "[Chronic otitis in the one remaining functional ear: therapeutic problems and sequelae (author's transl)]. What should one do when a patient presents with a potentially dangerous chronic otitis, and the other ear is absent? An analysis of such dangerous cases with a cholesteatoma, more especially those with a labyrinthine fistula. Responsibility has to be taken. Medico-legal problems are evoked.", "PMID": 718049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7356", "title": "[Some enigmas concerning the pathogenic etiology of certain cases of sudden deafness (author's transl)].", "content": "Some facts relating to the numerous uncertainties concerning sudden deafness, which is often attributed to vascular or viral causes without convincing proof. The possible role of a cochlear hydrops, electrolyte disturbances, or rupture of the fenestra. This critical study includes many observations but the list is not exhaustive.", "contents": "[Some enigmas concerning the pathogenic etiology of certain cases of sudden deafness (author's transl)]. Some facts relating to the numerous uncertainties concerning sudden deafness, which is often attributed to vascular or viral causes without convincing proof. The possible role of a cochlear hydrops, electrolyte disturbances, or rupture of the fenestra. This critical study includes many observations but the list is not exhaustive.", "PMID": 718048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7357", "title": "[A case of laryngeal histoplasmosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a case of histoplasmosis with laryngeal symptoms only, affecting no other organ, especially the lungs, which is rare. Diagnosis was made by histological identification of the intracellular mycosis without culture. Immunological reactions were positive against American forms whereas the patient had lived in Africa. Healing occurred after intravenous amphotericin.", "contents": "[A case of laryngeal histoplasmosis (author's transl)]. Report on a case of histoplasmosis with laryngeal symptoms only, affecting no other organ, especially the lungs, which is rare. Diagnosis was made by histological identification of the intracellular mycosis without culture. Immunological reactions were positive against American forms whereas the patient had lived in Africa. Healing occurred after intravenous amphotericin.", "PMID": 718051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7358", "title": "[Rhinological surgical approach to the nasal ducts (author's transl)].", "content": "An obstruction along the nasal duct can be approached and removed by an operation through the nose: Rouge's technique for access to the orifice below the inferior turbinate, incision of the mucosal diaphragms over a sound passed into the nasal duct, insertion of a drainage tube; all under microscopic observation.", "contents": "[Rhinological surgical approach to the nasal ducts (author's transl)]. An obstruction along the nasal duct can be approached and removed by an operation through the nose: Rouge's technique for access to the orifice below the inferior turbinate, incision of the mucosal diaphragms over a sound passed into the nasal duct, insertion of a drainage tube; all under microscopic observation.", "PMID": 718050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7359", "title": "[Facial nerve neurinoma masked by otosclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of operation for presumed otosclerosis. Discovery of a neurinoma between the branches of the stapes probably originating from the geniculate. Facial paralysis was not present either before or after the operation which, in fact, was only partial (a more extensive operation was refused later on). A curious F.P. \"to cold\", 30 years beforehand, recovered without sequelae.", "contents": "[Facial nerve neurinoma masked by otosclerosis (author's transl)]. A case of operation for presumed otosclerosis. Discovery of a neurinoma between the branches of the stapes probably originating from the geniculate. Facial paralysis was not present either before or after the operation which, in fact, was only partial (a more extensive operation was refused later on). A curious F.P. \"to cold\", 30 years beforehand, recovered without sequelae.", "PMID": 718052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7360", "title": "[Recent modifications of Rethi's operation (author's transl)].", "content": "Rethi's operation for laryngotracheal stenosis is discussed, together with P. Aboulker's modifications (hollow teflon intralaryngeal tube surrounding a fenestrated tracheal canula, which can be moved rapidly). The tube has been modified and its length can be more easily adjusted. Its extremities are rounded and polished (less risk of trauma), and it has an upper diaphragm which has a temporary action but is very useful for avoiding wrong directions in the first days of use.", "contents": "[Recent modifications of Rethi's operation (author's transl)]. Rethi's operation for laryngotracheal stenosis is discussed, together with P. Aboulker's modifications (hollow teflon intralaryngeal tube surrounding a fenestrated tracheal canula, which can be moved rapidly). The tube has been modified and its length can be more easily adjusted. Its extremities are rounded and polished (less risk of trauma), and it has an upper diaphragm which has a temporary action but is very useful for avoiding wrong directions in the first days of use.", "PMID": 718054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7361", "title": "[Study of the effectiveness and tolerance of Pevaryl 1 % milk in the treatment of mycoses of the external auditory meatus (author's transl)].", "content": "Otomycoses account for approximately 20 % of cases of otitis externa. Often unrecognised, they may be induced by various factors, in particular local antibiotic and corticosteroid therapy. The authors studied the effectiveness and tolerance of Econazole (1 % milk) in the treatment of otomycoses. In each of 30 cases, a bacteriological examination was made before and one week after treatment, the latter consisting of the insertion into the E.A.M. of a wick soaked in Econazole (1 % milk) every night. From a mycological standpoint, the fungus disappeared in all cases. Clinically, in relation to the criteria of assessment, a successful result was recorded in 28 cases out of 30. In 87 % of cases, cure was obtained in less than 2 weeks, and apart from a transient and brief subjective sensation of an increase in certain symptoms (17 %), tolerance was perfect. Econazole (1 % milk) would appear to be the drug of choice in the treatment of otomycoses of the E.A.M., being effective against the fungi usually responsible (Aspergillus niger, fumigatus, flavus, Candida albicans, krusei etc.), as well as having a bactericidal action against Gram + bacteria.", "contents": "[Study of the effectiveness and tolerance of Pevaryl 1 % milk in the treatment of mycoses of the external auditory meatus (author's transl)]. Otomycoses account for approximately 20 % of cases of otitis externa. Often unrecognised, they may be induced by various factors, in particular local antibiotic and corticosteroid therapy. The authors studied the effectiveness and tolerance of Econazole (1 % milk) in the treatment of otomycoses. In each of 30 cases, a bacteriological examination was made before and one week after treatment, the latter consisting of the insertion into the E.A.M. of a wick soaked in Econazole (1 % milk) every night. From a mycological standpoint, the fungus disappeared in all cases. Clinically, in relation to the criteria of assessment, a successful result was recorded in 28 cases out of 30. In 87 % of cases, cure was obtained in less than 2 weeks, and apart from a transient and brief subjective sensation of an increase in certain symptoms (17 %), tolerance was perfect. Econazole (1 % milk) would appear to be the drug of choice in the treatment of otomycoses of the E.A.M., being effective against the fungi usually responsible (Aspergillus niger, fumigatus, flavus, Candida albicans, krusei etc.), as well as having a bactericidal action against Gram + bacteria.", "PMID": 718055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7362", "title": "Diagnosis and treatment of carotid body tumors.", "content": "The diagnosis and management of carotid body tumors are discussed, including the importance of good arteriography which allows visualization of all major feeding vessels. These include the carotid bulb, internal and external carotid arteries and the often neglected but important vertebral and ascending cervical arteries. Emphasis is placed on the importance of establishing tourniquet control of the common, internal and external carotid arteries. Surgeons removing carotid body tumors should be experienced in arterial wall repair by means of vascular shunts, end-to-end arterial anastomosis, and vein graft replacement of a segment of arterial wall.", "contents": "Diagnosis and treatment of carotid body tumors. The diagnosis and management of carotid body tumors are discussed, including the importance of good arteriography which allows visualization of all major feeding vessels. These include the carotid bulb, internal and external carotid arteries and the often neglected but important vertebral and ascending cervical arteries. Emphasis is placed on the importance of establishing tourniquet control of the common, internal and external carotid arteries. Surgeons removing carotid body tumors should be experienced in arterial wall repair by means of vascular shunts, end-to-end arterial anastomosis, and vein graft replacement of a segment of arterial wall.", "PMID": 718058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7363", "title": "Fourth Daniel C. Baker, Jr. memorial lecture. Energy and the larynx.", "content": "Review of the logistics of energy supply in animals indicates that the advent of the larynx was part of a response to an earlier energy crisis. It permitted a major increase in the flow of energy available to the organism and became the mechanical control point and rate-limiting factor of the increased inflow. Phylogenetically, a succession of structural innovations steadily enhanced the flow capacity of the larynx and rendered the mechanism more versatile, most recently with the accrual of phonation (in mammals), pressurized closure (in primates and odontocetes), and vocal formants and efficiency (in man). The larynx is thus a marker of the animal's capabilities for energy intake, energy utilization and information emmission and, apparently, of the size and complexity of the brain. Today's energy crises appear to continue those of the past.", "contents": "Fourth Daniel C. Baker, Jr. memorial lecture. Energy and the larynx. Review of the logistics of energy supply in animals indicates that the advent of the larynx was part of a response to an earlier energy crisis. It permitted a major increase in the flow of energy available to the organism and became the mechanical control point and rate-limiting factor of the increased inflow. Phylogenetically, a succession of structural innovations steadily enhanced the flow capacity of the larynx and rendered the mechanism more versatile, most recently with the accrual of phonation (in mammals), pressurized closure (in primates and odontocetes), and vocal formants and efficiency (in man). The larynx is thus a marker of the animal's capabilities for energy intake, energy utilization and information emmission and, apparently, of the size and complexity of the brain. Today's energy crises appear to continue those of the past.", "PMID": 718057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7364", "title": "Hemangiomas of the head and neck.", "content": "Hemangiomas are an interesting group of lesions which affect many anatomical structures of the human body. Interest today is confined to head and neck lesions which can occur in the infant, child or adult. Benign lesions affect the great majority of patients as contrasted to malignant ones. Diagnosis of the superficial lesions is usually made by inspection and palpation while additional diagnostic procedures (radiological studies and surgical exploration) may be indicated in patients with deep lesions.", "contents": "Hemangiomas of the head and neck. Hemangiomas are an interesting group of lesions which affect many anatomical structures of the human body. Interest today is confined to head and neck lesions which can occur in the infant, child or adult. Benign lesions affect the great majority of patients as contrasted to malignant ones. Diagnosis of the superficial lesions is usually made by inspection and palpation while additional diagnostic procedures (radiological studies and surgical exploration) may be indicated in patients with deep lesions.", "PMID": 718059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7365", "title": "Clinical correlation of anomalies of the supraglottic larynx with the staged sequence of normal human laryngeal development.", "content": "The clinical correlation of the authors' observations on human laryngeal development with existing literature supports the suggestion that earlier concepts, specifically by Frazer, may not be valid. It is further proposed that development of the human larynx may similarly correspond in man to that of the rat. Congenital laryngeal malformations are fundamentally associated with a disturbance of epithelial mesenchymal interactions, particularly related to a premature arrest of the normally vigorous epithelial activity.", "contents": "Clinical correlation of anomalies of the supraglottic larynx with the staged sequence of normal human laryngeal development. The clinical correlation of the authors' observations on human laryngeal development with existing literature supports the suggestion that earlier concepts, specifically by Frazer, may not be valid. It is further proposed that development of the human larynx may similarly correspond in man to that of the rat. Congenital laryngeal malformations are fundamentally associated with a disturbance of epithelial mesenchymal interactions, particularly related to a premature arrest of the normally vigorous epithelial activity.", "PMID": 718060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7366", "title": "Subglottic stenosis of the larynx in the infant and child. Methods of management.", "content": "This presentation is a ten-year retrospective study on all patients with proven subglottic stenosis admitted to the Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto. Some of these patients have required no treatment, others one or two dilatations of the stenosis only; others tracheotomy only; some tracheotomy plus dilatations; some the Fearon-Cotton operation, and a few who had very extensive stenosis of the larynx and trachea, extensive reparative surgery. In this presentation, the authors describe the different types of management, and the results of treatment are assessed and compared.", "contents": "Subglottic stenosis of the larynx in the infant and child. Methods of management. This presentation is a ten-year retrospective study on all patients with proven subglottic stenosis admitted to the Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto. Some of these patients have required no treatment, others one or two dilatations of the stenosis only; others tracheotomy only; some tracheotomy plus dilatations; some the Fearon-Cotton operation, and a few who had very extensive stenosis of the larynx and trachea, extensive reparative surgery. In this presentation, the authors describe the different types of management, and the results of treatment are assessed and compared.", "PMID": 718061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7367", "title": "Management of subglottic stenosis in infancy and childhood. Review of a consecutive series of cases managed by surgical reconstruction.", "content": "The management of mature subglottic stenosis secondary to endotracheal intubation in infancy and childhood remains a controversial issue. If treated similarly to congenital subglottic stenosis by tracheotomy and a \"wait-and-see\" period then there is a considerably higher mortality and morbidity for the acquired disease compared with the congenital. Eighteen children with severe acquired subglottic stenosis managed by surgical reconstruction are presented; 17 have been successfully extubated. The longest follow-up is 5 1/2 years. No evidence of interference with laryngeal growth is evident.", "contents": "Management of subglottic stenosis in infancy and childhood. Review of a consecutive series of cases managed by surgical reconstruction. The management of mature subglottic stenosis secondary to endotracheal intubation in infancy and childhood remains a controversial issue. If treated similarly to congenital subglottic stenosis by tracheotomy and a \"wait-and-see\" period then there is a considerably higher mortality and morbidity for the acquired disease compared with the congenital. Eighteen children with severe acquired subglottic stenosis managed by surgical reconstruction are presented; 17 have been successfully extubated. The longest follow-up is 5 1/2 years. No evidence of interference with laryngeal growth is evident.", "PMID": 718062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7368", "title": "Management of choanal atresia with the carbon dioxide laser.", "content": "Congenital choanal atresia frequently demands immediate recognition in the newborn, and provision of a nasal airway as soon as possible. A variety of techniques are available to correct this problem, but none is entirely satisfactory. Transpalatal procedures are associated with significant morbidity in the newborn, and transnasal microsurgical procedures are less predictable when a thick bony plate is present in the choanal obstruction. Transnasal resection with the CO2 laser has been carried out in seven patients (ten sides), whose ages ranged from 16 hours to 14 years. From this early experience, it appears that the procedure is entirely feasible and convenient. It seems to have significant advantages over conventional microsurgical techniques. Eight out of ten choanae have remained patent for four months or more. A lumen keeper is needed during the immediate postoperative period for at least two to three weeks. The procedure is associated with minimal morbidity.", "contents": "Management of choanal atresia with the carbon dioxide laser. Congenital choanal atresia frequently demands immediate recognition in the newborn, and provision of a nasal airway as soon as possible. A variety of techniques are available to correct this problem, but none is entirely satisfactory. Transpalatal procedures are associated with significant morbidity in the newborn, and transnasal microsurgical procedures are less predictable when a thick bony plate is present in the choanal obstruction. Transnasal resection with the CO2 laser has been carried out in seven patients (ten sides), whose ages ranged from 16 hours to 14 years. From this early experience, it appears that the procedure is entirely feasible and convenient. It seems to have significant advantages over conventional microsurgical techniques. Eight out of ten choanae have remained patent for four months or more. A lumen keeper is needed during the immediate postoperative period for at least two to three weeks. The procedure is associated with minimal morbidity.", "PMID": 718063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7369", "title": "Hypersensitivity problems in otorhinolaryngology.", "content": "The average otolaryngologist is confronted with allergic problems in well over 50% of his patients. It would seem imperative that he either recognize the problem and be able to instigate appropriate therapy himself or refer the patient to someone who can. In the latter case, he should have a basic knowledge which would allow him to evaluate adequately the therapy provided.", "contents": "Hypersensitivity problems in otorhinolaryngology. The average otolaryngologist is confronted with allergic problems in well over 50% of his patients. It would seem imperative that he either recognize the problem and be able to instigate appropriate therapy himself or refer the patient to someone who can. In the latter case, he should have a basic knowledge which would allow him to evaluate adequately the therapy provided.", "PMID": 718064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7370", "title": "Control of road trauma epidemic in Australia.", "content": "This lecture discusses initiatives taken by the Road Trauma Committee of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons to reduce fatality and injury on Australian roads. In 1970 the Road Trauma Committee and the communications media initiated a national campaign in support of legislation for the compulsory wearing of seat belts. Public ignorance and Parliamentary inertia were countered. Victoria became the first State in the Western world to introduce this legislation. All other Australian States followed. Significant and marked reductions in fatality and injury were achieved and have been maintained. Recognising alcohol as the single most important cause of serious road crashes and injuries in Australia, the committee advocated legislation for compulsory blood alcohol tests on all adult road crash casualties. In 1973-74 legislation was enacted in South Australia and Victoria and in 1976 in Queensland. Results show that more than one-quarter of driver casualties have alcohol concentrations above the legal limit of 0.05 g%. Half of these exceed 0.15 g%. On the other hand less than 3% of the general driving population exceed the legal limit. Further advocacy led in 1976 to the enactment of random roadside breath-test legislation in Victoria. The majority of Australian convicted drinking drivers have alcohol-related social problems. A quarter incur reconvictions. The conventional penal approach has failed. At present the Road Trauma Committee is campaigning for compulsory medical assessment of convicted drinking drivers. Reissue of a driving licence would be dependent upon evidence of re-education and/or rehabilitation. Pilot re-education programmes have been shown to lessen recidivism markedly. Prevention of drink-driving behaviour is the major strategy. The tactics entail deterence, improved secondary-school and driver education, and the implementation of a national policy for control of alcohol abuse.", "contents": "Control of road trauma epidemic in Australia. This lecture discusses initiatives taken by the Road Trauma Committee of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons to reduce fatality and injury on Australian roads. In 1970 the Road Trauma Committee and the communications media initiated a national campaign in support of legislation for the compulsory wearing of seat belts. Public ignorance and Parliamentary inertia were countered. Victoria became the first State in the Western world to introduce this legislation. All other Australian States followed. Significant and marked reductions in fatality and injury were achieved and have been maintained. Recognising alcohol as the single most important cause of serious road crashes and injuries in Australia, the committee advocated legislation for compulsory blood alcohol tests on all adult road crash casualties. In 1973-74 legislation was enacted in South Australia and Victoria and in 1976 in Queensland. Results show that more than one-quarter of driver casualties have alcohol concentrations above the legal limit of 0.05 g%. Half of these exceed 0.15 g%. On the other hand less than 3% of the general driving population exceed the legal limit. Further advocacy led in 1976 to the enactment of random roadside breath-test legislation in Victoria. The majority of Australian convicted drinking drivers have alcohol-related social problems. A quarter incur reconvictions. The conventional penal approach has failed. At present the Road Trauma Committee is campaigning for compulsory medical assessment of convicted drinking drivers. Reissue of a driving licence would be dependent upon evidence of re-education and/or rehabilitation. Pilot re-education programmes have been shown to lessen recidivism markedly. Prevention of drink-driving behaviour is the major strategy. The tactics entail deterence, improved secondary-school and driver education, and the implementation of a national policy for control of alcohol abuse.", "PMID": 718071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7371", "title": "The evaluation of emergency care. Development of a quantitative criterion.", "content": "A method based on comparing proportions of immediate and later deaths has been used in a retrospective study of fatal road traffic accidents occurring in North Yorkshire from January 1974 to July 1976. The method enables comparative data to be expressed in terms of a care index based on morbidity distribution as indicated by the ratio of immediate to later deaths. Using this method the general practitioner scheme in operation in North Yorkshire appears to give a higher standard of emergency care than elsewhere in the county.", "contents": "The evaluation of emergency care. Development of a quantitative criterion. A method based on comparing proportions of immediate and later deaths has been used in a retrospective study of fatal road traffic accidents occurring in North Yorkshire from January 1974 to July 1976. The method enables comparative data to be expressed in terms of a care index based on morbidity distribution as indicated by the ratio of immediate to later deaths. Using this method the general practitioner scheme in operation in North Yorkshire appears to give a higher standard of emergency care than elsewhere in the county.", "PMID": 718072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7372", "title": "Evaluation of randomized preoperative and postoperative radiation therapy for supraglottic carcinoma. Preliminary report.", "content": "One hundred and ten patients with supraglottic squamous cell carcinoma have been randomized for preoperative radiation therapy and surgery versus surgery and postoperative radiation therapy. Data have been analyzed on 94 patients in this preliminary report. The differences between the two groups with respect to local control and survival are not statistically significant at this time. Additional accrual and continued follow-up are necessary in order to make a more definite treatment comparison.", "contents": "Evaluation of randomized preoperative and postoperative radiation therapy for supraglottic carcinoma. Preliminary report. One hundred and ten patients with supraglottic squamous cell carcinoma have been randomized for preoperative radiation therapy and surgery versus surgery and postoperative radiation therapy. Data have been analyzed on 94 patients in this preliminary report. The differences between the two groups with respect to local control and survival are not statistically significant at this time. Additional accrual and continued follow-up are necessary in order to make a more definite treatment comparison.", "PMID": 718066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7373", "title": "A comparative study of road traffic accidents in West Malaysia.", "content": "The problem of road traffic accidents in developing countries is now becoming a cause for concern. This is more so as preventive measures have not kept pace with economic progress and development. This paper reviews the present situation in West Malaysia, one of the better developed countries of the East, during the period 1970 to 1975. A comparative study has been made between the United States and Malaysia. To enable the urgency of the problem in developing countries to be appreciated the increases in the country's population and in the number of vehicles in use and their relation to the lesser increase in road mileage over the period of study have been discussed. The study has considered every aspect of the causative factors leading to traffic accidents, such as the effects of weather, seasonal variation, and road and lighting conditions. The common human errors leading to accidents have been discussed. Other factors, such as the ethnic distribution in Malaysia, and their relation to road accidents have shown the effect of the social structure on the problems. The data evaluated in this study make it clear that preventive measures are very necessary in underdeveloped as well as in developed countries.", "contents": "A comparative study of road traffic accidents in West Malaysia. The problem of road traffic accidents in developing countries is now becoming a cause for concern. This is more so as preventive measures have not kept pace with economic progress and development. This paper reviews the present situation in West Malaysia, one of the better developed countries of the East, during the period 1970 to 1975. A comparative study has been made between the United States and Malaysia. To enable the urgency of the problem in developing countries to be appreciated the increases in the country's population and in the number of vehicles in use and their relation to the lesser increase in road mileage over the period of study have been discussed. The study has considered every aspect of the causative factors leading to traffic accidents, such as the effects of weather, seasonal variation, and road and lighting conditions. The common human errors leading to accidents have been discussed. Other factors, such as the ethnic distribution in Malaysia, and their relation to road accidents have shown the effect of the social structure on the problems. The data evaluated in this study make it clear that preventive measures are very necessary in underdeveloped as well as in developed countries.", "PMID": 718073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7374", "title": "Thorotrast induced pharyngeal necrosis.", "content": "Thorotrast, a radioactive contrast material used between 1930 and 1950, is often permanently retained within the patient. Individuals who have had diagnostic studies with Thorotrast may develop serious complications many years later. These complications fall into two major categories, desmoplastic and neoplastic. The inadvertent infiltration of Thorotrast into soft tissue, usually the neck during carotid arteriography, may later result in severe fibrosis with constriction of the surrounding vessels and nerves. Malignancies, the second major problem, have occurred at the site of previous Thorotrast instillations throughout the body. The following report describes the clinical course of an 82-year-old woman who presented with a Thorotrast induced desmoplastic reaction of her neck, complicated by pharyngeal necrosis and the development of a pharyngeal cutaneous fistula. The latter problem is quite rare, having been previously reported only once. Despite extensive tissue destruction conservative management prevailed. Repetitive debridement, controlling the intermittent infections, maintaining her nutritional status, and relieving her pain allowed spontaneous healing to occur.", "contents": "Thorotrast induced pharyngeal necrosis. Thorotrast, a radioactive contrast material used between 1930 and 1950, is often permanently retained within the patient. Individuals who have had diagnostic studies with Thorotrast may develop serious complications many years later. These complications fall into two major categories, desmoplastic and neoplastic. The inadvertent infiltration of Thorotrast into soft tissue, usually the neck during carotid arteriography, may later result in severe fibrosis with constriction of the surrounding vessels and nerves. Malignancies, the second major problem, have occurred at the site of previous Thorotrast instillations throughout the body. The following report describes the clinical course of an 82-year-old woman who presented with a Thorotrast induced desmoplastic reaction of her neck, complicated by pharyngeal necrosis and the development of a pharyngeal cutaneous fistula. The latter problem is quite rare, having been previously reported only once. Despite extensive tissue destruction conservative management prevailed. Repetitive debridement, controlling the intermittent infections, maintaining her nutritional status, and relieving her pain allowed spontaneous healing to occur.", "PMID": 718067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7375", "title": "Diverticular disease in an indigenous African community.", "content": "Sixteen cases of diverticular disease of the colon occurring in an urban hospital in Ghana are described. Ten of the patients had diffuse diverticulosis affecting the greater part of the colon. Apart from a high incidence of presentation with rectal bleeding the disease shows no particular differences in manifestation from what is encountered in the advanced countries. Sixty per cent of the patients belonged to the higher social classes, but all had lived on traditional African high-residue food. Other factors as yet unknown may contribute to the pathogenesis of this disorder.", "contents": "Diverticular disease in an indigenous African community. Sixteen cases of diverticular disease of the colon occurring in an urban hospital in Ghana are described. Ten of the patients had diffuse diverticulosis affecting the greater part of the colon. Apart from a high incidence of presentation with rectal bleeding the disease shows no particular differences in manifestation from what is encountered in the advanced countries. Sixty per cent of the patients belonged to the higher social classes, but all had lived on traditional African high-residue food. Other factors as yet unknown may contribute to the pathogenesis of this disorder.", "PMID": 718074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7376", "title": "Treatment of radiation-induced tissue injury by hyperbaric oxygen.", "content": "Hyperbaric oxygen therapy appears to be a beneficial adjunctive treatment modality in the management of radionecrosis of bone and soft tissue in the head and neck. The mechanism of such wound healing enhancement appears to be related to oxygen stimulation of fibroblastic activity and neovasculation. In this pilot study, involving 13 cases of refractory mandibular radionecrosis treated with hyperbaric oxygen, complete healing of soft tissue disease with covering of exposed bone has been noted in seven cases 11 to 27 months posttreatment; transient healing was seen in three cases; moderate to marked improvement in soft tissue disease has been noted in three cases. Pain relief was marked in six cases, moderate in four cases, and slight in one case of the 11 patients with significant pretreatment pain. Radiographic improvement was slight to moderate in ten cases. Four of the five patients with pathologic fractures developed a firm fibrous union of the mandibular segments during or shortly after treatment. Three additional cases of head and neck radionecrosis of other sites have noted significant improvement in their lesions during treatment. Three other patients with radionecrosis of the foot, hip, and vagina have also been treated with good results only in the vaginal case. None of the 19 patients treated with hyperbaric oxygen developed persistent or significant complications.", "contents": "Treatment of radiation-induced tissue injury by hyperbaric oxygen. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy appears to be a beneficial adjunctive treatment modality in the management of radionecrosis of bone and soft tissue in the head and neck. The mechanism of such wound healing enhancement appears to be related to oxygen stimulation of fibroblastic activity and neovasculation. In this pilot study, involving 13 cases of refractory mandibular radionecrosis treated with hyperbaric oxygen, complete healing of soft tissue disease with covering of exposed bone has been noted in seven cases 11 to 27 months posttreatment; transient healing was seen in three cases; moderate to marked improvement in soft tissue disease has been noted in three cases. Pain relief was marked in six cases, moderate in four cases, and slight in one case of the 11 patients with significant pretreatment pain. Radiographic improvement was slight to moderate in ten cases. Four of the five patients with pathologic fractures developed a firm fibrous union of the mandibular segments during or shortly after treatment. Three additional cases of head and neck radionecrosis of other sites have noted significant improvement in their lesions during treatment. Three other patients with radionecrosis of the foot, hip, and vagina have also been treated with good results only in the vaginal case. None of the 19 patients treated with hyperbaric oxygen developed persistent or significant complications.", "PMID": 718068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7377", "title": "Voice spectrography in the evaluation of myasthenia gravis of the larynx.", "content": "Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular disorder that affects striated muscles especially those innervated by the cranial nerves. The standard diagnostic regimen is to find a reversal of symptoms by acetylcholine esterase administration. The permanent and objective recording of this effect is the key to an accurate assessment of this test. The voice spectrograph is a noninvasive means of evaluating the voice. It has been used successfully to make a clear and specific diagnosis of myasthenia gravis as it affects the larynx. The test can be used to distinguish myasthenia gravis from other functional, anatomical and neuromuscular laryngeal disorders.", "contents": "Voice spectrography in the evaluation of myasthenia gravis of the larynx. Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular disorder that affects striated muscles especially those innervated by the cranial nerves. The standard diagnostic regimen is to find a reversal of symptoms by acetylcholine esterase administration. The permanent and objective recording of this effect is the key to an accurate assessment of this test. The voice spectrograph is a noninvasive means of evaluating the voice. It has been used successfully to make a clear and specific diagnosis of myasthenia gravis as it affects the larynx. The test can be used to distinguish myasthenia gravis from other functional, anatomical and neuromuscular laryngeal disorders.", "PMID": 718069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7378", "title": "Acute gallbladder disease.", "content": "The pathology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of acute cholecystitis are outlined with reference to 311 cases out of a total of 631 patients treated for gallstones over a 15-year period. Operative procedures and the choice of antibiotics are discussed.", "contents": "Acute gallbladder disease. The pathology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of acute cholecystitis are outlined with reference to 311 cases out of a total of 631 patients treated for gallstones over a 15-year period. Operative procedures and the choice of antibiotics are discussed.", "PMID": 718075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7379", "title": "Prostatic cysts.", "content": "The classification, clinical features, and treatment of prostatic cysts are discussed with reference to 2 personal cases which differed in origin, in mode of presentation, and in the management required.", "contents": "Prostatic cysts. The classification, clinical features, and treatment of prostatic cysts are discussed with reference to 2 personal cases which differed in origin, in mode of presentation, and in the management required.", "PMID": 718076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7380", "title": "The role of local treatment for primary carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "The rationale of the conventional treatment of carcinoma of the breast by radical mastectomy is examined and is shown, in the light of modern concepts of the biology of the disease, to be faulty. It is proposed that the primary management of breast cancer should have three aims--preoperative diagnosis so that mastectomy may be avoided in patients with overtly disseminated disease, adequate local control of the disease with the maintenance of good life quality, and staging by minimal examination of the axillary contents or pectoral node biopsy as a guide to such adjuvant systemic therapy as may prove necessary.", "contents": "The role of local treatment for primary carcinoma of the breast. The rationale of the conventional treatment of carcinoma of the breast by radical mastectomy is examined and is shown, in the light of modern concepts of the biology of the disease, to be faulty. It is proposed that the primary management of breast cancer should have three aims--preoperative diagnosis so that mastectomy may be avoided in patients with overtly disseminated disease, adequate local control of the disease with the maintenance of good life quality, and staging by minimal examination of the axillary contents or pectoral node biopsy as a guide to such adjuvant systemic therapy as may prove necessary.", "PMID": 718077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7381", "title": "Concentrations of organic acids in the urine of healthy newborn children.", "content": "Urine concentrations of organic acids were determined by a gas chromatographic technique in healthy, full-term neonates at the ages of 2 and 5 days. Significant reductions in the interindividual variation were obtained by relating the levels of organic acids to urine creatinine concentration or osmolality. Citrate was the predominant organic anion found. Urine concentrations of fumarate, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate, adipate, and suberate decreased during the first week of life, and their concentrations were significantly intercorrelated. It is suggested that these findings reflect the predominantly fat-utilising, hyperketonaemic state during the first days of life. The urine concentrations of the aromatic end-products, p-hydroxyphenylacetate and hippurate, increased during the first week of life, probably as an effect of dietary factors. It is concluded that analysis of intermediary organic acids in urine could be of value in the assessment of the metabolic state in neonates.", "contents": "Concentrations of organic acids in the urine of healthy newborn children. Urine concentrations of organic acids were determined by a gas chromatographic technique in healthy, full-term neonates at the ages of 2 and 5 days. Significant reductions in the interindividual variation were obtained by relating the levels of organic acids to urine creatinine concentration or osmolality. Citrate was the predominant organic anion found. Urine concentrations of fumarate, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate, adipate, and suberate decreased during the first week of life, and their concentrations were significantly intercorrelated. It is suggested that these findings reflect the predominantly fat-utilising, hyperketonaemic state during the first days of life. The urine concentrations of the aromatic end-products, p-hydroxyphenylacetate and hippurate, increased during the first week of life, probably as an effect of dietary factors. It is concluded that analysis of intermediary organic acids in urine could be of value in the assessment of the metabolic state in neonates.", "PMID": 718107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7382", "title": "Measurement of plasma renin activity as a valid estimation of plasma angiotensin status.", "content": "Measurement of plasma renin activity is widely used as an indirect assessment of plasma angiotensin II concentration. There has been some controversy over the validity of this assay as an estimate of circulating angiotensin II levels because, during the in vitro generation of angiotensin I by renin, over a period of time, substrate concentration may diminish to such an extent that it becomes rate-limiting, giving an artificially low reflection of angiotensin II levels. In this paper the initial angiotensin I concentration, that is the concentration before in vitro angiotensin I generation, has been compared with the corresponding plasma renin activity for 2752 individual plasma samples. A linear relationship was found between the initial angiotensin I concentration and the plasma renin activity below 60 ng ml-1 h-1. This indicates that, under the conditions of this assay, substrate does not appear to become rate-limiting except at exceedingly high levels of plasma renin activity. These results appear to provide further validation for the use of plasma renin activity measurement as a reflection of the concentration of circulating angiotensin II levels.", "contents": "Measurement of plasma renin activity as a valid estimation of plasma angiotensin status. Measurement of plasma renin activity is widely used as an indirect assessment of plasma angiotensin II concentration. There has been some controversy over the validity of this assay as an estimate of circulating angiotensin II levels because, during the in vitro generation of angiotensin I by renin, over a period of time, substrate concentration may diminish to such an extent that it becomes rate-limiting, giving an artificially low reflection of angiotensin II levels. In this paper the initial angiotensin I concentration, that is the concentration before in vitro angiotensin I generation, has been compared with the corresponding plasma renin activity for 2752 individual plasma samples. A linear relationship was found between the initial angiotensin I concentration and the plasma renin activity below 60 ng ml-1 h-1. This indicates that, under the conditions of this assay, substrate does not appear to become rate-limiting except at exceedingly high levels of plasma renin activity. These results appear to provide further validation for the use of plasma renin activity measurement as a reflection of the concentration of circulating angiotensin II levels.", "PMID": 718108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7383", "title": "Evaluation of a kit for the colorimetric determination of inorganic phosphate.", "content": "An evaluation of a colorimetric kit method for the determination of inorganic phosphate (Pierce Phosphorus Auto/Stat Kit) is described. The within-batch and between-batch precisions were shown to fulfil current criteria, and recovery experiments, linearity studies, analyses of quality control materials, and studies of possible interfering substances evidenced good accuracy. Comparison of the results obtained on samples from patients with those obtained by the vanadate/molybdate continuous-flow method showed that the test method had a comparative positive bias. The use of a calibration reference serum as standard is recommended. The kit method is technically simple, requiring no protein precipitation, and analyses can be performed rapidly.", "contents": "Evaluation of a kit for the colorimetric determination of inorganic phosphate. An evaluation of a colorimetric kit method for the determination of inorganic phosphate (Pierce Phosphorus Auto/Stat Kit) is described. The within-batch and between-batch precisions were shown to fulfil current criteria, and recovery experiments, linearity studies, analyses of quality control materials, and studies of possible interfering substances evidenced good accuracy. Comparison of the results obtained on samples from patients with those obtained by the vanadate/molybdate continuous-flow method showed that the test method had a comparative positive bias. The use of a calibration reference serum as standard is recommended. The kit method is technically simple, requiring no protein precipitation, and analyses can be performed rapidly.", "PMID": 718109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7384", "title": "Comparison of three kits for the enzymatic determination of urea.", "content": "A comparative evaluation of Beckman (A), Boehringer (B), and Calbiochem (C) kits for the enzymatic end-point determination of urea has been carried out. Acceptable within-day and day-to-day precision was obtained with all kits. The recoveries obtained fulfilled the criteria of Logan (CRC Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 1972, 3, 271-289). Correlation between the results obtained by all kit methods and the diacetyl monoxime continuous-flow method, the reference method in this study, was excellent, but all methods evidenced a net negative bias at urea levels up to at least 20 mmol/1. We recommend kit A as the most satisfactory for routine use, consider kit B to be in the main acceptable, and suggest that kit C has disadvantages regarding both the accuracy attainable with quality control materials and the lack of information on blank correction for interfering compounds.", "contents": "Comparison of three kits for the enzymatic determination of urea. A comparative evaluation of Beckman (A), Boehringer (B), and Calbiochem (C) kits for the enzymatic end-point determination of urea has been carried out. Acceptable within-day and day-to-day precision was obtained with all kits. The recoveries obtained fulfilled the criteria of Logan (CRC Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 1972, 3, 271-289). Correlation between the results obtained by all kit methods and the diacetyl monoxime continuous-flow method, the reference method in this study, was excellent, but all methods evidenced a net negative bias at urea levels up to at least 20 mmol/1. We recommend kit A as the most satisfactory for routine use, consider kit B to be in the main acceptable, and suggest that kit C has disadvantages regarding both the accuracy attainable with quality control materials and the lack of information on blank correction for interfering compounds.", "PMID": 718110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7385", "title": "Dealing with specimen problems in a computerised clinical chemistry laboratory.", "content": "The use of a laboratory computer system to deal with specimen problems is described. Problems such as 'insufficient material' or 'haemolysis' are entered by reception staff or by bench workers so that resolution of the problem will not be overlooked; problems are then listed and dealt with by the duty biochemist. Specimens on printed worksheets are annotated 'urgent' where appropriate. Results obtained on-line, which are above top standard, automatically cause the specimen to reappear on the next worksheet marked 'dilution required'. Data relating to its use over a three-month period are presented together with some comments on the causation of specimen problems and their prevention.", "contents": "Dealing with specimen problems in a computerised clinical chemistry laboratory. The use of a laboratory computer system to deal with specimen problems is described. Problems such as 'insufficient material' or 'haemolysis' are entered by reception staff or by bench workers so that resolution of the problem will not be overlooked; problems are then listed and dealt with by the duty biochemist. Specimens on printed worksheets are annotated 'urgent' where appropriate. Results obtained on-line, which are above top standard, automatically cause the specimen to reappear on the next worksheet marked 'dilution required'. Data relating to its use over a three-month period are presented together with some comments on the causation of specimen problems and their prevention.", "PMID": 718111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7386", "title": "Drift correction--a comparative evaluation of some alternatives.", "content": "Three drift correction methods are described. The results obtained from computer simulation of these methods and their application to raw data obtained from a survey of multichannel continuous-flow analysers are discussed, with particular reference to the effects of each method on analytical precision and accuracy, and on between-analyser variation. A geometrically derived method of drift correction was found to be the most satisfactory.", "contents": "Drift correction--a comparative evaluation of some alternatives. Three drift correction methods are described. The results obtained from computer simulation of these methods and their application to raw data obtained from a survey of multichannel continuous-flow analysers are discussed, with particular reference to the effects of each method on analytical precision and accuracy, and on between-analyser variation. A geometrically derived method of drift correction was found to be the most satisfactory.", "PMID": 718112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7387", "title": "Prolactin secretion in patients with chromophobe adenomas of the pituitary: incidence and presentation of hyperprolactinaemia: results of surgical treatment.", "content": "In order to assess the frequency of hyperprolactinaemia in patients with \"functionless\" pituitary tumours, serum prolactin concentrations have been measured (by radioimmunoassay) in 111 patients with enlargement of the sella turcica who do not have acromegaly, Cushing's syndrome or Nelson's syndrome. The diagnosis of a chromophobe adenoma was confirmed in 76 patients who underwent surgery and was presumptive in the remaining 35. 45 of 64 (70%) patients studied before treatment and 15 of 47 assessed only after pituitary surgery had hyperprolactinaemia. Patients with raised prolactin levels usually presented with amenorrhoea or impotence, whereas reproductive disorders were rare in normoprolactinaemic patients. In many cases the presence of an underlying pituitary tumour was not initially suspected. The results of pituitary surgery were assessed in 25 patients with a chromophobe adenoma; of the 21 hyperprolactinaemic patients, surgery was most successful in those who had a small tumour treated by transsphenoidal adenomectomy. In conclusion, chromophobe adenomas formerly described as \"functionless\" are commonly associated with hypersecretion of prolactin and the hyperprolactinaemic patients frequently present with amenorrhoea or impotence. Prolactin levels should be measured in all patients with AMENORRHOEA or impotence and in patients with known (or suspected) pituitary tumours, before or after pituitary surgery.", "contents": "Prolactin secretion in patients with chromophobe adenomas of the pituitary: incidence and presentation of hyperprolactinaemia: results of surgical treatment. In order to assess the frequency of hyperprolactinaemia in patients with \"functionless\" pituitary tumours, serum prolactin concentrations have been measured (by radioimmunoassay) in 111 patients with enlargement of the sella turcica who do not have acromegaly, Cushing's syndrome or Nelson's syndrome. The diagnosis of a chromophobe adenoma was confirmed in 76 patients who underwent surgery and was presumptive in the remaining 35. 45 of 64 (70%) patients studied before treatment and 15 of 47 assessed only after pituitary surgery had hyperprolactinaemia. Patients with raised prolactin levels usually presented with amenorrhoea or impotence, whereas reproductive disorders were rare in normoprolactinaemic patients. In many cases the presence of an underlying pituitary tumour was not initially suspected. The results of pituitary surgery were assessed in 25 patients with a chromophobe adenoma; of the 21 hyperprolactinaemic patients, surgery was most successful in those who had a small tumour treated by transsphenoidal adenomectomy. In conclusion, chromophobe adenomas formerly described as \"functionless\" are commonly associated with hypersecretion of prolactin and the hyperprolactinaemic patients frequently present with amenorrhoea or impotence. Prolactin levels should be measured in all patients with AMENORRHOEA or impotence and in patients with known (or suspected) pituitary tumours, before or after pituitary surgery.", "PMID": 718118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7388", "title": "[Phaeochromocytoma with hypokalaemia (two cases) (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of phaeochromocytoma with hypokalaemia are reported. In the first, a carcinoma, hypokalaemia was potentially secondary to hyperreninaemia and hyperaldosteronism in association with probably paraneoplastic hypercorticism. The other was benign and the origin of isotopically demonstrated potassium deficiency was less clear, because hyperreninaemia, hyperaldosteronism and hypercortisolism were moderate.", "contents": "[Phaeochromocytoma with hypokalaemia (two cases) (author's transl)]. Two cases of phaeochromocytoma with hypokalaemia are reported. In the first, a carcinoma, hypokalaemia was potentially secondary to hyperreninaemia and hyperaldosteronism in association with probably paraneoplastic hypercorticism. The other was benign and the origin of isotopically demonstrated potassium deficiency was less clear, because hyperreninaemia, hyperaldosteronism and hypercortisolism were moderate.", "PMID": 718120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7389", "title": "Progressive dialysis encephalopathy.", "content": "The clinical features of 42 patients with the only recently recognized and generally fatal neurological syndrome of progressive dialysis encephalopathy are reviewed and the electroencephalographic and neuropathological findings are summarized. Despite apparently successful hemodialysis, these patients develop a wide spectrum of neurological abnormalities. Of these, sudden onset of hesitant, nonfluent speech is the most characteristic and usually the earliest sign. Both dysphasic and dysarthritic elements are found, though the former predominate. Myoclonus, dementia, seizures, and gait difficulty are also seen in the majority of these patients. EEGs are more abnormal than would be expected for the clinical severity, with some type of high-voltage spike-wave pattern intermixed with abundant slow activity. The combination of clinical and EEG features in the appropriate setting is virtually diagnostic. Transient episodes with variable periods of complete or partial remission have been recognized. Neuropathological changes are surprisingly mild and nonspecific. The cause is uncertain; current speculation focuses on aluminum as the offending neurotoxin. Treatment remains unsatisfactory.", "contents": "Progressive dialysis encephalopathy. The clinical features of 42 patients with the only recently recognized and generally fatal neurological syndrome of progressive dialysis encephalopathy are reviewed and the electroencephalographic and neuropathological findings are summarized. Despite apparently successful hemodialysis, these patients develop a wide spectrum of neurological abnormalities. Of these, sudden onset of hesitant, nonfluent speech is the most characteristic and usually the earliest sign. Both dysphasic and dysarthritic elements are found, though the former predominate. Myoclonus, dementia, seizures, and gait difficulty are also seen in the majority of these patients. EEGs are more abnormal than would be expected for the clinical severity, with some type of high-voltage spike-wave pattern intermixed with abundant slow activity. The combination of clinical and EEG features in the appropriate setting is virtually diagnostic. Transient episodes with variable periods of complete or partial remission have been recognized. Neuropathological changes are surprisingly mild and nonspecific. The cause is uncertain; current speculation focuses on aluminum as the offending neurotoxin. Treatment remains unsatisfactory.", "PMID": 718132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7390", "title": "Relationship of lymphocyte invasion and survival of brain tumor patients.", "content": "The length of survival of 149 patients harboring primary brain tumors was retrospectively correlated with the presence and location of lymphocytic infiltration. Mononuclear invasion of malignant gliomas confined to the perivascular spaces was the only histolgical finding that correlated significantly with survival. Patients with malignant gliomas containing perivascular infiltration live up to four months longer than those with no lymphocyte infiltration. The survival of patients with brain tumors who had lymphocyte invasion associated with areas of hemorrhage and necrosis beyond and separate from perivascular spaces was the same as far as for those with no lymphocyte involvement.", "contents": "Relationship of lymphocyte invasion and survival of brain tumor patients. The length of survival of 149 patients harboring primary brain tumors was retrospectively correlated with the presence and location of lymphocytic infiltration. Mononuclear invasion of malignant gliomas confined to the perivascular spaces was the only histolgical finding that correlated significantly with survival. Patients with malignant gliomas containing perivascular infiltration live up to four months longer than those with no lymphocyte infiltration. The survival of patients with brain tumors who had lymphocyte invasion associated with areas of hemorrhage and necrosis beyond and separate from perivascular spaces was the same as far as for those with no lymphocyte involvement.", "PMID": 718133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7391", "title": "Psychiatric disturbances in neurological patients: detection, recognition, and hospital course.", "content": "The Mini-Mental State and General Health Questionnaire were used to detect cognitive defects and emotional disturbances, respectively, in 126 consecutively admitted neurological patients. The Mini-Mental State was revalidated in this sample as a measure related to cerebral disorder. Sixty-seven percent of the patients tested had cognitive defect, emotional disturbance, or both. Thirty percent of the patients with psychiatric disturbance were not recognized by their physician. The majority of psychiatric disturbances persisted at the time of discharge. Since psychiatric disturbances are common among neurological inpatients and are frequently unrecognized, further evaluation of the psychiatric training of neurologists is needed. Simple screening tests may help to increase the recognition of psychiatric disturbance. It is concluded that the Board requirement for neurologists to know psychiatry accurately reflects \"the nature of their case material.\"", "contents": "Psychiatric disturbances in neurological patients: detection, recognition, and hospital course. The Mini-Mental State and General Health Questionnaire were used to detect cognitive defects and emotional disturbances, respectively, in 126 consecutively admitted neurological patients. The Mini-Mental State was revalidated in this sample as a measure related to cerebral disorder. Sixty-seven percent of the patients tested had cognitive defect, emotional disturbance, or both. Thirty percent of the patients with psychiatric disturbance were not recognized by their physician. The majority of psychiatric disturbances persisted at the time of discharge. Since psychiatric disturbances are common among neurological inpatients and are frequently unrecognized, further evaluation of the psychiatric training of neurologists is needed. Simple screening tests may help to increase the recognition of psychiatric disturbance. It is concluded that the Board requirement for neurologists to know psychiatry accurately reflects \"the nature of their case material.\"", "PMID": 718134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7392", "title": "Sparing of the Onufrowicz nucleus in sacral anterior horn lesions.", "content": "Sacral anterior horns were examined with special reference to the Onufrowicz nucleus in 3 patients with Werdnig-Hoffman disease, 2 with healed anterior poliomyelitis, and 1 who had undergone amputation of both legs above the knee. None of these patients showed symptoms of either urethral or anal sphincter disturbances. The Onufrowicz nucleus of the second sacral anterior horn appeared normal in all the patients examined, though the lateral portion of that horn and the medial nuclear group of the third sacral segment were frequently involved. These findings support the view that the Onufrowicz nucleus may be innervating the external sphincter muscle of the urethra and the anus.", "contents": "Sparing of the Onufrowicz nucleus in sacral anterior horn lesions. Sacral anterior horns were examined with special reference to the Onufrowicz nucleus in 3 patients with Werdnig-Hoffman disease, 2 with healed anterior poliomyelitis, and 1 who had undergone amputation of both legs above the knee. None of these patients showed symptoms of either urethral or anal sphincter disturbances. The Onufrowicz nucleus of the second sacral anterior horn appeared normal in all the patients examined, though the lateral portion of that horn and the medial nuclear group of the third sacral segment were frequently involved. These findings support the view that the Onufrowicz nucleus may be innervating the external sphincter muscle of the urethra and the anus.", "PMID": 718135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7393", "title": "Acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis: increased affinity for alpha-bungarotoxin.", "content": "Studies of the binding of 125 I-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin to myasthenic motor end-plates have been interpreted as showing a decrease in the number of acetylcholine (ACh) receptors at these end-plates. Equilibrium binding studies of 125 I-tagged alpha-bungarotoxin rather than to a decreased number of receoptors. Our results show increased rather than decreased affinity of myasthenic receptors for alpha-bungarotoxin and also suggest that the number of ACh receptors is indeed reduced. The presence of a change in binding affinity, in addition to the reduced number of ACh receptors, suggests the presence of membrane changes that may contribute to the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis.", "contents": "Acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis: increased affinity for alpha-bungarotoxin. Studies of the binding of 125 I-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin to myasthenic motor end-plates have been interpreted as showing a decrease in the number of acetylcholine (ACh) receptors at these end-plates. Equilibrium binding studies of 125 I-tagged alpha-bungarotoxin rather than to a decreased number of receoptors. Our results show increased rather than decreased affinity of myasthenic receptors for alpha-bungarotoxin and also suggest that the number of ACh receptors is indeed reduced. The presence of a change in binding affinity, in addition to the reduced number of ACh receptors, suggests the presence of membrane changes that may contribute to the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis.", "PMID": 718136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7394", "title": "Alteration in erythrocyte membrane structure in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Freeze-fracture studies of erythrocytes from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy revealed depletion of particles on both fracture faces of the plasma membrane. This study indicates that the structure of the erythrocyte plasma membrane is abnormal in Duchenne dystrophy and supports the concept that a generalized membrane abnormality is present in this disease.", "contents": "Alteration in erythrocyte membrane structure in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Freeze-fracture studies of erythrocytes from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy revealed depletion of particles on both fracture faces of the plasma membrane. This study indicates that the structure of the erythrocyte plasma membrane is abnormal in Duchenne dystrophy and supports the concept that a generalized membrane abnormality is present in this disease.", "PMID": 718137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7395", "title": "Cerebral hypoperfusion in the sudden infant death syndrome? Brainstem gliosis and vasculature.", "content": "Gliosis is increased in the respiratory control area of the brainstem in victims of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), as it is in infants who have died of congenital heart disease. In the latter, the lesions appear to result from hypoxia or ischemia, and studies of the brainstem microvasculature of SIDS victims indicated a close relationship between the gliosis and adjacent vasculature. It is postulated that cerebral hypoperfusion may play a role in SIDS.", "contents": "Cerebral hypoperfusion in the sudden infant death syndrome? Brainstem gliosis and vasculature. Gliosis is increased in the respiratory control area of the brainstem in victims of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), as it is in infants who have died of congenital heart disease. In the latter, the lesions appear to result from hypoxia or ischemia, and studies of the brainstem microvasculature of SIDS victims indicated a close relationship between the gliosis and adjacent vasculature. It is postulated that cerebral hypoperfusion may play a role in SIDS.", "PMID": 718138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7396", "title": "Brain dopamine receptor stimulation and the relief of Parkinsonism: relationship between bromocriptine and levodopa.", "content": "The relationship between dopamine receptor stimulation by bromocriptine or levodopa and the relief of parkinsonism was studied in 24 patients with Parkinson disease. Bromocriptine, 30 mg daily for 20 weeks, elicited an improvement in the parkinsonian clinical features, but this was less than the subsequent improvement with levodopa and benserazide, 800 mg and 200 mg daily, respectively. There was a negative correlation between the pretreatment severity of the disease or changes in cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid (HVA) and improvement in parkinsonian disability during bromocriptine treatment. Futhermore, it was found that clinical improvement and HVA responses in the cerebrospinal fluid after dopamine receptor stimulation by bromocriptine may predict the clinical response to levodopa.", "contents": "Brain dopamine receptor stimulation and the relief of Parkinsonism: relationship between bromocriptine and levodopa. The relationship between dopamine receptor stimulation by bromocriptine or levodopa and the relief of parkinsonism was studied in 24 patients with Parkinson disease. Bromocriptine, 30 mg daily for 20 weeks, elicited an improvement in the parkinsonian clinical features, but this was less than the subsequent improvement with levodopa and benserazide, 800 mg and 200 mg daily, respectively. There was a negative correlation between the pretreatment severity of the disease or changes in cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid (HVA) and improvement in parkinsonian disability during bromocriptine treatment. Futhermore, it was found that clinical improvement and HVA responses in the cerebrospinal fluid after dopamine receptor stimulation by bromocriptine may predict the clinical response to levodopa.", "PMID": 718139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7397", "title": "Weakness in malignancy: evidence for a remote effect of tumor on distal axons.", "content": "Malignant tumors are known to have a \"remote\" or nonmetastatic effect on the central and peripheral nervous systems. Eight patients were seen with proximal muscle weakness in association with bronchogenic carcinoma (5), carcinoma of breast (2), and leukemia (1). Electromyography demonstrated small polyphasic motor unit potentials. Muscle biopsy, however, showed evidence of denervation. Electron microscopy revealed morphological abnormalities in the intramuscular segments of axons. This combination of EMG and biopsy findings is presented as evidence for a remote effect of tumor on the intramuscular distal axons.", "contents": "Weakness in malignancy: evidence for a remote effect of tumor on distal axons. Malignant tumors are known to have a \"remote\" or nonmetastatic effect on the central and peripheral nervous systems. Eight patients were seen with proximal muscle weakness in association with bronchogenic carcinoma (5), carcinoma of breast (2), and leukemia (1). Electromyography demonstrated small polyphasic motor unit potentials. Muscle biopsy, however, showed evidence of denervation. Electron microscopy revealed morphological abnormalities in the intramuscular segments of axons. This combination of EMG and biopsy findings is presented as evidence for a remote effect of tumor on the intramuscular distal axons.", "PMID": 718140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7398", "title": "Treatment of elevated intracranial pressure in Reye syndrome.", "content": "Continuous intraventricular monitoring of intracranial pressure appears to be a useful aid in the management of patients with Reye syndrome, especially those in stage 3 or 4 coma, in which the mortality rate remains high. Elevations in intracranial pressure can be treated promptly and before the patient shows clinical signs of deterioration. Careful attention to adequate airway care is essential. The use of paralytic agents to reduce pressure secondary to muscle movement is useful. The minimum dose of mannitol required can be carefully titrated, and sudden pressure changes can be combated by release of small amounts of cerebrospinal fluid.", "contents": "Treatment of elevated intracranial pressure in Reye syndrome. Continuous intraventricular monitoring of intracranial pressure appears to be a useful aid in the management of patients with Reye syndrome, especially those in stage 3 or 4 coma, in which the mortality rate remains high. Elevations in intracranial pressure can be treated promptly and before the patient shows clinical signs of deterioration. Careful attention to adequate airway care is essential. The use of paralytic agents to reduce pressure secondary to muscle movement is useful. The minimum dose of mannitol required can be carefully titrated, and sudden pressure changes can be combated by release of small amounts of cerebrospinal fluid.", "PMID": 718141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7399", "title": "HLA antigens in the Landry-Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome and chronic relapsing polyneuritis.", "content": "Forty-four patients with inflammatory demyelinating polyneuritis (22 with Landry-Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome, 6 with subacute polyneuritis, and 16 with chronic relapsing polyneuritis) were typed for genetic markers in and around the HLA region of chromosome 6. Patients with chronic relapsing polyneuritis showed a definite association with HLA-AW30 and AW31 and probable associations with HLA-B8, HLA-DW3, and glyoxalase I. No significant associations were demonstrated with the Landry-Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome although an increase in glyoxalase I was significant if combined with the results of typing in chronic relapsing polyneuritis. The total patient group showed significant increases in HLA-AW30, HLA-AW31, and HLA-DW3. The results support the view that HLA-linked genetic factors influence susceptibility to chronic relapsing polyneuritis and may contribute to the differences in clinical patterns observed in inflammatory demyelination of the peripheral nervous system.", "contents": "HLA antigens in the Landry-Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome and chronic relapsing polyneuritis. Forty-four patients with inflammatory demyelinating polyneuritis (22 with Landry-Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome, 6 with subacute polyneuritis, and 16 with chronic relapsing polyneuritis) were typed for genetic markers in and around the HLA region of chromosome 6. Patients with chronic relapsing polyneuritis showed a definite association with HLA-AW30 and AW31 and probable associations with HLA-B8, HLA-DW3, and glyoxalase I. No significant associations were demonstrated with the Landry-Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome although an increase in glyoxalase I was significant if combined with the results of typing in chronic relapsing polyneuritis. The total patient group showed significant increases in HLA-AW30, HLA-AW31, and HLA-DW3. The results support the view that HLA-linked genetic factors influence susceptibility to chronic relapsing polyneuritis and may contribute to the differences in clinical patterns observed in inflammatory demyelination of the peripheral nervous system.", "PMID": 718142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7400", "title": "[Aspects of the therapeutic action of proteolytic enzymes and antibiotics in experimental staphylococcal infection. The effect of lincomycin, chymotrypsin and their combinations on leukocyte phagocytic activity].", "content": "The effect of leucomycin, chimotrypsin and their combination on the leucocyte phagocytic activity was studied on mice with experimental staphylococcal infection. Lincomycin and chimotrypsin were administered in doses of 150 and 2 mg/kg respectively. In the study of the leucocyte phagocytic activity it was found on the 3rd, 7th, 14th and 21st days after the beginning of the animal infection and treatment that the experimental staphylococcal infection stimulated the non-specific phagocytosis. Lincomycin inhibited the leucocyte phagocytic activity. The use of chimotrypsin in the process of the staphylococcal infection treatment resulted in increased phagocytosis activity. The combined use of chimotrypsin and leucomycin decreased the inhibitory effect of the latter on phagocytosis.", "contents": "[Aspects of the therapeutic action of proteolytic enzymes and antibiotics in experimental staphylococcal infection. The effect of lincomycin, chymotrypsin and their combinations on leukocyte phagocytic activity]. The effect of leucomycin, chimotrypsin and their combination on the leucocyte phagocytic activity was studied on mice with experimental staphylococcal infection. Lincomycin and chimotrypsin were administered in doses of 150 and 2 mg/kg respectively. In the study of the leucocyte phagocytic activity it was found on the 3rd, 7th, 14th and 21st days after the beginning of the animal infection and treatment that the experimental staphylococcal infection stimulated the non-specific phagocytosis. Lincomycin inhibited the leucocyte phagocytic activity. The use of chimotrypsin in the process of the staphylococcal infection treatment resulted in increased phagocytosis activity. The combined use of chimotrypsin and leucomycin decreased the inhibitory effect of the latter on phagocytosis.", "PMID": 718145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7401", "title": "[Sensitivity study of dog kidney membrane-bound ribosomes to the action of amphotericin B in vitro].", "content": "The effect of amphotericin B on the number of the ribosomes bound with the endoplasmic membranes in the dog kidney cells was studied in vitro. The binding of the ribosomes was evident from the RNA/protein ratio. It was found that the RNA/protein ratio in the rough membranes treated with amphotericin B in a concentration of Igamma/ml remained at the normal level. An increase in the antibiotic concentration up to 100 gamma/ml did not either change the number of the ribosomes bound to the membranes. On the basis of the results of the study it was possible to conclude that the toxic effect of amphotericin B on the kidneys was not associated with damaging of the ribosomal-membrane complexes in the kidney cells.", "contents": "[Sensitivity study of dog kidney membrane-bound ribosomes to the action of amphotericin B in vitro]. The effect of amphotericin B on the number of the ribosomes bound with the endoplasmic membranes in the dog kidney cells was studied in vitro. The binding of the ribosomes was evident from the RNA/protein ratio. It was found that the RNA/protein ratio in the rough membranes treated with amphotericin B in a concentration of Igamma/ml remained at the normal level. An increase in the antibiotic concentration up to 100 gamma/ml did not either change the number of the ribosomes bound to the membranes. On the basis of the results of the study it was possible to conclude that the toxic effect of amphotericin B on the kidneys was not associated with damaging of the ribosomal-membrane complexes in the kidney cells.", "PMID": 718146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7402", "title": "[Growth kinetics model of the oxytetracycline producer taking into account the concentrations of 2 substrates].", "content": "The effect of starch and ammonium sulphate on the growth of the oxytetracycline-producing organism was studied using the procedure of acute experiments. It was proposed to use a mathematical model for description of the dependences taking into account the possibility of limiting or suppressing the growth of the culture by any of the above substrates as dependent on their ratio in the medium. Satisfactory confirmity of the model to the experimental data was shown. It was noted that similar models may be successfully used for description of such dependences as curves with flat plateau in the region of the maximum which are often met in microbiological processes.", "contents": "[Growth kinetics model of the oxytetracycline producer taking into account the concentrations of 2 substrates]. The effect of starch and ammonium sulphate on the growth of the oxytetracycline-producing organism was studied using the procedure of acute experiments. It was proposed to use a mathematical model for description of the dependences taking into account the possibility of limiting or suppressing the growth of the culture by any of the above substrates as dependent on their ratio in the medium. Satisfactory confirmity of the model to the experimental data was shown. It was noted that similar models may be successfully used for description of such dependences as curves with flat plateau in the region of the maximum which are often met in microbiological processes.", "PMID": 718147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7403", "title": "[Effect of the cultivation temperature on the dynamics of the ATP and ADP levels and on the growth of P. nigricans Thom. Strains in the presence of various carbon sources].", "content": "The effect of the medium high temperature (28--28.6 degrees C) on the yield of the dry mycelium and the levels of ATP and ADP in the cells of the highly and low productive strains of P. nigricans Thom, 117 and B at different developmental periods (2, 5, 9 and 13 days) on the mineral medium using glucose, succinate or acetate as the carbon sources was studied. It was shown that the effect of the high temperature depended on the strain and the carbon source. The growth stimulating effect of this factor observed in strain 117 grown on the media with the above carbon sources and strain B grown on the media with glucose and acetate as the carbon sources was evident at different periods and later replaced by suppression. The growth of strain 177 in the presence of succinate was not inhibited, while that of strain B was suppressed during the whole developmental cycle. Such an effect of high temperature on the culture growth was the result of different supply of energy in the form of ATP to the strains which was confirmed by the study of the dynamics of the levels of ATP and ADP and their ratio in the strains during the developmental process.", "contents": "[Effect of the cultivation temperature on the dynamics of the ATP and ADP levels and on the growth of P. nigricans Thom. Strains in the presence of various carbon sources]. The effect of the medium high temperature (28--28.6 degrees C) on the yield of the dry mycelium and the levels of ATP and ADP in the cells of the highly and low productive strains of P. nigricans Thom, 117 and B at different developmental periods (2, 5, 9 and 13 days) on the mineral medium using glucose, succinate or acetate as the carbon sources was studied. It was shown that the effect of the high temperature depended on the strain and the carbon source. The growth stimulating effect of this factor observed in strain 117 grown on the media with the above carbon sources and strain B grown on the media with glucose and acetate as the carbon sources was evident at different periods and later replaced by suppression. The growth of strain 177 in the presence of succinate was not inhibited, while that of strain B was suppressed during the whole developmental cycle. Such an effect of high temperature on the culture growth was the result of different supply of energy in the form of ATP to the strains which was confirmed by the study of the dynamics of the levels of ATP and ADP and their ratio in the strains during the developmental process.", "PMID": 718148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7404", "title": "[Stability of drug resistance in staphylococci under various conditions and the effect on it of prolonged culture storage on artificial nutrient media].", "content": "The literature and experimental data on stability of resistance ot benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, kanamycin and methicillin in staphylococci stored for prolonged periods of time on artificial nutrient media were systematized. When the staphylococcal cultures were not in contact iwth the antibiotics for 5 to 18 months, sensitive cells to separate drugs were detected in 51.0--67.4 per cent of the strains. The number of such cells in the populations of some strains ranged from 1 to 100.0 per cent. The effect of the resistance multiplicity on the stability of resistance to benzylpenicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and erythromycin was not observed.", "contents": "[Stability of drug resistance in staphylococci under various conditions and the effect on it of prolonged culture storage on artificial nutrient media]. The literature and experimental data on stability of resistance ot benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, kanamycin and methicillin in staphylococci stored for prolonged periods of time on artificial nutrient media were systematized. When the staphylococcal cultures were not in contact iwth the antibiotics for 5 to 18 months, sensitive cells to separate drugs were detected in 51.0--67.4 per cent of the strains. The number of such cells in the populations of some strains ranged from 1 to 100.0 per cent. The effect of the resistance multiplicity on the stability of resistance to benzylpenicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and erythromycin was not observed.", "PMID": 718149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7405", "title": "[Dynamics of the changes in the level of antibiotic sensitivity of staphylococci isolated in 1959-1977].", "content": "The study of antibiotic sensitivity in staphylococci isolated from the patients in the clinic of the N. N. Burdenko Research Institute of Neurosurgery of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences in 1977 showed that in this stationary in 1977 predominated cultures resistant to benzylpenicillin. The number of the isolates resistant to streptomycin, levomycetin and erythromycin was high. The percentage of the strains resistant to tetracycline was the least. Still up to 1973 the resistance level to tetracycline among staphylococci was high. Possibly such a dynamics of the changes in the staphylococcal sensitivity to tetracycline was relative and mainly defined by the changes in the system of the results estimation using the paper disc procedure.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the changes in the level of antibiotic sensitivity of staphylococci isolated in 1959-1977]. The study of antibiotic sensitivity in staphylococci isolated from the patients in the clinic of the N. N. Burdenko Research Institute of Neurosurgery of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences in 1977 showed that in this stationary in 1977 predominated cultures resistant to benzylpenicillin. The number of the isolates resistant to streptomycin, levomycetin and erythromycin was high. The percentage of the strains resistant to tetracycline was the least. Still up to 1973 the resistance level to tetracycline among staphylococci was high. Possibly such a dynamics of the changes in the staphylococcal sensitivity to tetracycline was relative and mainly defined by the changes in the system of the results estimation using the paper disc procedure.", "PMID": 718150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7406", "title": "[Distribution, concentration and the interrelationship of free and bound tetracycline in the body of animals with multiple administrations].", "content": "When tetracycline was used for a long period of time, constant changes in the distribution regularities of free and bound fractions of the drug were observed. The changes were accompanied by a successive increase in the concentrations of both the fractions in the animal organs, tissues and fluids, as well as by a change in their levels, accumulation rate and percentage content.", "contents": "[Distribution, concentration and the interrelationship of free and bound tetracycline in the body of animals with multiple administrations]. When tetracycline was used for a long period of time, constant changes in the distribution regularities of free and bound fractions of the drug were observed. The changes were accompanied by a successive increase in the concentrations of both the fractions in the animal organs, tissues and fluids, as well as by a change in their levels, accumulation rate and percentage content.", "PMID": 718151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7407", "title": "Prediction of cefazolin penetration in high- and low-protein-containing extravascular fluid: new method for performing simultaneous studies.", "content": "The effect of extravascular fluid protein concentration and drug-protein binding was studied in rabbits with subcutaneously implanted Visking chambers. Chambers containing serum or saline were simultaneously studied in three animals by injecting cefazolin (30 mg/kg) intramuscularly every 4 h for four doses. Five additional animals were then studied for an 8-h period while receiving two doses of cefazolin. Peak and trough serum and chamber fluid were assayed for cefazolin concentration. The three-animal experiment demonstrated that equilibrium in the subcutaneous chambers was reached after two intramuscular injections and that the extravascular fluid levels were stable in comparison to the wide fluctuation of the serum levels. The five-animal experiment demonstrated that after two doses the serum-filled chambers contained 12.9 mug of cefazolin per ml, whereas saline-filled chambers contained 1.8 mug of cefazolin per ml. Ratios of chamber to peak serum for the second study were 12.4% for serum chambers and 1.7% for saline chambers. The cefazolin concentration in high-and low-protein extravascular fluid in both studies could be predicted from the logarithmic mean of the peak and trough serum cefazolin concentration and the antibiotic binding to rabbit serum and extravascular fluid proteins. These observations explain the previously published apparent discrepancies seen in studies of extravascular penetration of highly protein-bound antibiotics such as cefazolin.", "contents": "Prediction of cefazolin penetration in high- and low-protein-containing extravascular fluid: new method for performing simultaneous studies. The effect of extravascular fluid protein concentration and drug-protein binding was studied in rabbits with subcutaneously implanted Visking chambers. Chambers containing serum or saline were simultaneously studied in three animals by injecting cefazolin (30 mg/kg) intramuscularly every 4 h for four doses. Five additional animals were then studied for an 8-h period while receiving two doses of cefazolin. Peak and trough serum and chamber fluid were assayed for cefazolin concentration. The three-animal experiment demonstrated that equilibrium in the subcutaneous chambers was reached after two intramuscular injections and that the extravascular fluid levels were stable in comparison to the wide fluctuation of the serum levels. The five-animal experiment demonstrated that after two doses the serum-filled chambers contained 12.9 mug of cefazolin per ml, whereas saline-filled chambers contained 1.8 mug of cefazolin per ml. Ratios of chamber to peak serum for the second study were 12.4% for serum chambers and 1.7% for saline chambers. The cefazolin concentration in high-and low-protein extravascular fluid in both studies could be predicted from the logarithmic mean of the peak and trough serum cefazolin concentration and the antibiotic binding to rabbit serum and extravascular fluid proteins. These observations explain the previously published apparent discrepancies seen in studies of extravascular penetration of highly protein-bound antibiotics such as cefazolin.", "PMID": 718152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7408", "title": "Susceptibility of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni to twenty-nine antimicrobial agents.", "content": "The activity of 29 antimicrobial agents was tested against 95 strains of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni isolated from human stools. Furazolidone and gentamycin were the most active agents. The tetracyclines, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol were very active against most of the strains, but with each antibiotic a few resistant strains were found. The penicillins were relatively inactive, and the cephalosporins tested were only active against occasional strains.", "contents": "Susceptibility of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni to twenty-nine antimicrobial agents. The activity of 29 antimicrobial agents was tested against 95 strains of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni isolated from human stools. Furazolidone and gentamycin were the most active agents. The tetracyclines, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol were very active against most of the strains, but with each antibiotic a few resistant strains were found. The penicillins were relatively inactive, and the cephalosporins tested were only active against occasional strains.", "PMID": 718153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7409", "title": "SCE-963, a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin: in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities.", "content": "SCE-963 {7beta-[2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)acetamido]-3-[({1-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)- 1H-tetrazol-5-yl}thio)methyl]-ceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid}, a new semisynthetic cephalosporin, showed excellent antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including Haemophilus influenzae, indole-positive Proteus, Enterobacter species, and Citrobacter freundii. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of SCE-963 against most strains of clinically isolated Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and Proteus mirabilis were within the range of 0.2 to 0.78 mug/ml. These activities were about 10 times more potent than those of cefazolin, cephaloridine, and cephalothin. Variations in pH, addition of horse serum, and type of growth medium had no significant effect on the activity of the cephalosporin, but the inoculum size elicited a considerable effect on the activity of beta-lactamase-producing strains of bacteria. SCE-963 exerted bactericidal and bacteriolytic effects on Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. The pronounced in vitro activity was reflected in the remarkable protection in mice infected with a wide range of gram-negative bacteria, such as E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus morganii, and Proteus rettgeri. The protective effects of SCE-963 in mice infected with E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. vulgaris varied according to the challenge dose. The activity of SCE-963 was far more potent when the drug was administered parenterally rather than orally.", "contents": "SCE-963, a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin: in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities. SCE-963 {7beta-[2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)acetamido]-3-[({1-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)- 1H-tetrazol-5-yl}thio)methyl]-ceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid}, a new semisynthetic cephalosporin, showed excellent antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including Haemophilus influenzae, indole-positive Proteus, Enterobacter species, and Citrobacter freundii. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of SCE-963 against most strains of clinically isolated Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and Proteus mirabilis were within the range of 0.2 to 0.78 mug/ml. These activities were about 10 times more potent than those of cefazolin, cephaloridine, and cephalothin. Variations in pH, addition of horse serum, and type of growth medium had no significant effect on the activity of the cephalosporin, but the inoculum size elicited a considerable effect on the activity of beta-lactamase-producing strains of bacteria. SCE-963 exerted bactericidal and bacteriolytic effects on Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. The pronounced in vitro activity was reflected in the remarkable protection in mice infected with a wide range of gram-negative bacteria, such as E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus morganii, and Proteus rettgeri. The protective effects of SCE-963 in mice infected with E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. vulgaris varied according to the challenge dose. The activity of SCE-963 was far more potent when the drug was administered parenterally rather than orally.", "PMID": 718154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7410", "title": "Effect on antibiotics on protease production by a viridans streptococcus.", "content": "A viridans streptococcus (Streptococcus MG intermedius 974) isolated from a confirmed case of subacute bacterial endocarditis was studied for the production of extracellular proteases during exponential growth and after penicillin (0.10 mug/ml) and/or streptomycin (20 mug/ml) treatment. Exponentially growing cultures produced a variety of extracellular proteases, as determined by the elution profiles of active proteins from Sephadex G-100 and Sepharose 4B columns. Examination of supernatant fluids from cultures of S. MG intermedius treated with penicillin or streptomycin for 12 h indicated a reduction of at least 50% in the number of different proteolytic species produced. However, some of the proteases produced by the cultures during penicillin or streptomycin treatment had significantly higher specific activities when compared with proteases produced by exponentially growing cells. The combination of penicillin and streptomycin further reduced both the number and the specific activities of the extracellular proteases on a cell dry weight basis.", "contents": "Effect on antibiotics on protease production by a viridans streptococcus. A viridans streptococcus (Streptococcus MG intermedius 974) isolated from a confirmed case of subacute bacterial endocarditis was studied for the production of extracellular proteases during exponential growth and after penicillin (0.10 mug/ml) and/or streptomycin (20 mug/ml) treatment. Exponentially growing cultures produced a variety of extracellular proteases, as determined by the elution profiles of active proteins from Sephadex G-100 and Sepharose 4B columns. Examination of supernatant fluids from cultures of S. MG intermedius treated with penicillin or streptomycin for 12 h indicated a reduction of at least 50% in the number of different proteolytic species produced. However, some of the proteases produced by the cultures during penicillin or streptomycin treatment had significantly higher specific activities when compared with proteases produced by exponentially growing cells. The combination of penicillin and streptomycin further reduced both the number and the specific activities of the extracellular proteases on a cell dry weight basis.", "PMID": 718155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7411", "title": "Comparative susceptibilities of anaerobic bacteria to metronidazole, ornidazole, and SC-28538.", "content": "The susceptibilities of 284 anaerobic bacteria, including 55 strains of the Bacteroides fragilis group, were determined by an agar dilution technique to metronidazole and two newer nitroimidazoles, ornidazole and SC-28538. All three agents showed marked in vitro activity against virtually all anaerobic bacteria tested. At concentrations </=1 mug/ml, SC-28538 was significantly more active than either metronidazole or ornidazole. At concentrations of >1 mug/ml, the activities of all three agents were comparable. Propionibacterium and Actinomyces showed significant resistance to all three agents. Anaerobic and microaerophilic members of the genus Streptococcus were also often resistant, in contrast to Peptococcus and Peptostreptococcus strains. In addition, the bactericidal activities of ornidazole and SC-28538 were determined against 27 strains of the B. fragilis group by a broth dilution technique. The minimal inhibitory and minimal bactericidal concentrations of each agent were very close. At concentrations of </=0.5 mug/ml, SC-28538 showed greater bactericidal activity; at concentrations of >/=2 mug/ml, the activies of both agents were similar.", "contents": "Comparative susceptibilities of anaerobic bacteria to metronidazole, ornidazole, and SC-28538. The susceptibilities of 284 anaerobic bacteria, including 55 strains of the Bacteroides fragilis group, were determined by an agar dilution technique to metronidazole and two newer nitroimidazoles, ornidazole and SC-28538. All three agents showed marked in vitro activity against virtually all anaerobic bacteria tested. At concentrations </=1 mug/ml, SC-28538 was significantly more active than either metronidazole or ornidazole. At concentrations of >1 mug/ml, the activities of all three agents were comparable. Propionibacterium and Actinomyces showed significant resistance to all three agents. Anaerobic and microaerophilic members of the genus Streptococcus were also often resistant, in contrast to Peptococcus and Peptostreptococcus strains. In addition, the bactericidal activities of ornidazole and SC-28538 were determined against 27 strains of the B. fragilis group by a broth dilution technique. The minimal inhibitory and minimal bactericidal concentrations of each agent were very close. At concentrations of </=0.5 mug/ml, SC-28538 showed greater bactericidal activity; at concentrations of >/=2 mug/ml, the activies of both agents were similar.", "PMID": 718156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7412", "title": "Concentration relationships of cefaclor in serum, interstitial fluid, bile, and urine of dogs.", "content": "The concentrations of cefaclor in the serum, urine, bile, and tissue fluids of the abdominal wall, kidney, and liver of dogs were compared over a 4-h period after oral administration of a single dose of this drug. The concentration of cefaclor in the soft-tissue interstitial fluid peaked 2 h after administration, thereby demonstrating a diffusion rate similar to those of other cephalosporins. Both urine and bile concentrations greatly exceeded the serum levels, whereas none of the tissue fluid concentrations were greater than the serum concentrations at the times of measurement.", "contents": "Concentration relationships of cefaclor in serum, interstitial fluid, bile, and urine of dogs. The concentrations of cefaclor in the serum, urine, bile, and tissue fluids of the abdominal wall, kidney, and liver of dogs were compared over a 4-h period after oral administration of a single dose of this drug. The concentration of cefaclor in the soft-tissue interstitial fluid peaked 2 h after administration, thereby demonstrating a diffusion rate similar to those of other cephalosporins. Both urine and bile concentrations greatly exceeded the serum levels, whereas none of the tissue fluid concentrations were greater than the serum concentrations at the times of measurement.", "PMID": 718157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7413", "title": "Safety of oral vancomycin in functionally anephric patients.", "content": "Administration of a vancomycin oral solution, 2 g daily for 16 days, to functionally anephric patients without inflammatory bowel disease resulted in assayable but low (</=0.66 mug/ml) serum levels in two of the five volunteers.", "contents": "Safety of oral vancomycin in functionally anephric patients. Administration of a vancomycin oral solution, 2 g daily for 16 days, to functionally anephric patients without inflammatory bowel disease resulted in assayable but low (</=0.66 mug/ml) serum levels in two of the five volunteers.", "PMID": 718158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7414", "title": "A study of the practice of dermatology in the United States. Initial findings.", "content": "A nationwide study of the practice activities of dermatologists reports that dermatology is a predominantly outpatient specialty, with 97% of patient encounter occurring outside of the hospital. The average dermatologist cares for approximately 7,000 patients a year and functions almost exclusively as a specialist, with only 2.2% of his cases related to nondermatologic problems. The dermatologist performs a type of primary care, however, with seven out of ten patients being self-referred. Eighty-seven percent of dermatologic encounters can be categorized into 25 disease conditions. This study serves to increase the understanding of how the dermatologist cares for his patients.", "contents": "A study of the practice of dermatology in the United States. Initial findings. A nationwide study of the practice activities of dermatologists reports that dermatology is a predominantly outpatient specialty, with 97% of patient encounter occurring outside of the hospital. The average dermatologist cares for approximately 7,000 patients a year and functions almost exclusively as a specialist, with only 2.2% of his cases related to nondermatologic problems. The dermatologist performs a type of primary care, however, with seven out of ten patients being self-referred. Eighty-seven percent of dermatologic encounters can be categorized into 25 disease conditions. This study serves to increase the understanding of how the dermatologist cares for his patients.", "PMID": 718180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7415", "title": "Interdigital athlete's foot. The interaction of dermatophytes and resident bacteria.", "content": "Quantitative cultures in 140 cases of interdigital \"athlete's foot\" established the following clinical-microbiological correlations. In 39 cases of mild, scaling, relatively asymptomatic variety, fungi were recovered in 84% of cases. As the disease progressed to maceration, hyperkeratosis, and increased symptoms, recovery of fungi fell to 55% in moderately symptomatic and to 36% in severe cases. Symptomatic cases had increasing numbers of resident aerobic organisms, particularly large colony diphtheroids. Experimental manipulations of the interspace microflora in volunteers, monitored with quantitative cultures, demonstrated that symptomatic, macerated, hyperkeratotic process results from an overgrowth of resident organisms if the stratum corneum barrier is damaged by preexisting fungi, while overgrowth of the same organisms in normal, fungus-free interspaces does not produce lesions. These experiments support the conclusion that athlete's foot represents a continuum from a relatively asymptomatic, scaling eruption produced by fungi to a symptomatic, macerated, hyperkeratotic variety that is caused by an overgrowth of bacteria.", "contents": "Interdigital athlete's foot. The interaction of dermatophytes and resident bacteria. Quantitative cultures in 140 cases of interdigital \"athlete's foot\" established the following clinical-microbiological correlations. In 39 cases of mild, scaling, relatively asymptomatic variety, fungi were recovered in 84% of cases. As the disease progressed to maceration, hyperkeratosis, and increased symptoms, recovery of fungi fell to 55% in moderately symptomatic and to 36% in severe cases. Symptomatic cases had increasing numbers of resident aerobic organisms, particularly large colony diphtheroids. Experimental manipulations of the interspace microflora in volunteers, monitored with quantitative cultures, demonstrated that symptomatic, macerated, hyperkeratotic process results from an overgrowth of resident organisms if the stratum corneum barrier is damaged by preexisting fungi, while overgrowth of the same organisms in normal, fungus-free interspaces does not produce lesions. These experiments support the conclusion that athlete's foot represents a continuum from a relatively asymptomatic, scaling eruption produced by fungi to a symptomatic, macerated, hyperkeratotic variety that is caused by an overgrowth of bacteria.", "PMID": 718181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7416", "title": "Concurrent localized scleroderma and discoid lupus erythematosus. Cutaneous 'mixed' or 'overlap' syndrome.", "content": "Four patients with concurrent, chronic, progessive, localized scleroderma and discoid lupus erythematosus were studied; the condition originated as linear scleroderma in three of them. Three of the four patients were young females at the onset of the first skin disease. Dermatopathologic study confirmed the scleroderma and lupus erythematosus (LE). Direct immunofluorescence showed a positive band test in three cases. Unusual serological results included a positive LE clot test in three cases, a positive extractable nuclear antigen test in one case, and a negative antinuclear antibody test on repeated occasions in all four cases. Rare cutaneous disease similar to systemic, \"mixed,\" or \"overlap\" connective tissue disease exists and offers an opportunity to study unusual immunologic and pathological events in both scleroderma and LE.", "contents": "Concurrent localized scleroderma and discoid lupus erythematosus. Cutaneous 'mixed' or 'overlap' syndrome. Four patients with concurrent, chronic, progessive, localized scleroderma and discoid lupus erythematosus were studied; the condition originated as linear scleroderma in three of them. Three of the four patients were young females at the onset of the first skin disease. Dermatopathologic study confirmed the scleroderma and lupus erythematosus (LE). Direct immunofluorescence showed a positive band test in three cases. Unusual serological results included a positive LE clot test in three cases, a positive extractable nuclear antigen test in one case, and a negative antinuclear antibody test on repeated occasions in all four cases. Rare cutaneous disease similar to systemic, \"mixed,\" or \"overlap\" connective tissue disease exists and offers an opportunity to study unusual immunologic and pathological events in both scleroderma and LE.", "PMID": 718182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7417", "title": "The genetics of follicular atrophoderma.", "content": "Follicular atrophoderma apparently does not occur alone but is associated with other abnormalities. It is present in three groups: (1) If it is associated with chondrodystrophia calcificans congenita, it occurs only in girls and is due either to an X-chromosomal gene causing the changes in the heterozygote (ie, in the female sex) and penatal death in the hemizygous state (ie, in the male sex), or to an autosomal dominant gene with expression almost wholly limited to the female sex; (2) If it is associated with Bazex's syndrome, it occurs in male and female persons in successive generations and is due either to an autosomal dominant gene or to an X-linked dominant gene; and (3) If it occurs in association with keratosis palmoplantaris dissipata, keratosis follicularis, and hyperhidrosis palmoplantaris, it may be due to a recessive gene or a mutation.", "contents": "The genetics of follicular atrophoderma. Follicular atrophoderma apparently does not occur alone but is associated with other abnormalities. It is present in three groups: (1) If it is associated with chondrodystrophia calcificans congenita, it occurs only in girls and is due either to an X-chromosomal gene causing the changes in the heterozygote (ie, in the female sex) and penatal death in the hemizygous state (ie, in the male sex), or to an autosomal dominant gene with expression almost wholly limited to the female sex; (2) If it is associated with Bazex's syndrome, it occurs in male and female persons in successive generations and is due either to an autosomal dominant gene or to an X-linked dominant gene; and (3) If it occurs in association with keratosis palmoplantaris dissipata, keratosis follicularis, and hyperhidrosis palmoplantaris, it may be due to a recessive gene or a mutation.", "PMID": 718183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7418", "title": "Corticosteroids in the treatment of alopecia totalis. Systemic effects.", "content": "Fifteen patients with alopecia totalis (AT) or alopecia universalis (AU) were treated with combined topical, intralesional, and oral corticosteroids. All or virtually all scalp hair regrown on seven patients, and they have been able to discontinue oral corticosteroids without recurrence of AT or AU for periods of three months to 7 1/2 years, with an average remission of 32 months. Two additional patients are currently receiving 5 mg of prednisone every two days. Using topical and intralesional corticosteroids in more resistant areas allowed for more rapid lowering of oral doses and thus side effects were minimized. In view of the usually nearly hopeless prognosis for AT and AU and the results reported here, a trial course of topical, intralesional, and oral corticosteroid treatment would seem to be reasonable for highly motivated patients.", "contents": "Corticosteroids in the treatment of alopecia totalis. Systemic effects. Fifteen patients with alopecia totalis (AT) or alopecia universalis (AU) were treated with combined topical, intralesional, and oral corticosteroids. All or virtually all scalp hair regrown on seven patients, and they have been able to discontinue oral corticosteroids without recurrence of AT or AU for periods of three months to 7 1/2 years, with an average remission of 32 months. Two additional patients are currently receiving 5 mg of prednisone every two days. Using topical and intralesional corticosteroids in more resistant areas allowed for more rapid lowering of oral doses and thus side effects were minimized. In view of the usually nearly hopeless prognosis for AT and AU and the results reported here, a trial course of topical, intralesional, and oral corticosteroid treatment would seem to be reasonable for highly motivated patients.", "PMID": 718184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7419", "title": "Surgical therapy for basal cell epitheliomas by curettage only.", "content": "Thorough curettage alone was used to treat 214 basal cell epitheliomas (BCEs) of 152 patients who were followed up from six months to 13 years (the initial three were treated 19 years ago). One hundred sixty-four treated sites have been followed for at least two years, 132 for at least four years, and 121 for five years or longer. There were six treatment failures in the 214 lesions followed to date. Two recurred at ten months, one at 12 months, two at 20 months, and one at 25 months after treatment. If it is carefully done, the curettage alone cure rate compares favorably with other forms of treatment. Curettage is simple, effective, and inexpensive treatment of BCEs.", "contents": "Surgical therapy for basal cell epitheliomas by curettage only. Thorough curettage alone was used to treat 214 basal cell epitheliomas (BCEs) of 152 patients who were followed up from six months to 13 years (the initial three were treated 19 years ago). One hundred sixty-four treated sites have been followed for at least two years, 132 for at least four years, and 121 for five years or longer. There were six treatment failures in the 214 lesions followed to date. Two recurred at ten months, one at 12 months, two at 20 months, and one at 25 months after treatment. If it is carefully done, the curettage alone cure rate compares favorably with other forms of treatment. Curettage is simple, effective, and inexpensive treatment of BCEs.", "PMID": 718185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7420", "title": "Pilar sheath acanthoma.", "content": "A newly recognized, benign follicular tumor occurred in nine patients who ranged in age from 46 to 75 (median, 55) years. The neoplasms were solitary, asymptomatic, skin-colored nodules with a central pore-like opening plugged with keratin. All lesions had been present for years. Eight were on the skin of the upper lip and one was on the forehead. Histologically, a central cystic cavity showing epidermoid keratinization extended from the surface into the deep cutis. Multiple tumor lobules that were composed of hair sheath epithelium extended from the cyst wall into the surrounding corium. This neoplasm, which we have named \"pilar sheath acanthoma,\" must be differentiated from trichofolliculoma and dilated pore.", "contents": "Pilar sheath acanthoma. A newly recognized, benign follicular tumor occurred in nine patients who ranged in age from 46 to 75 (median, 55) years. The neoplasms were solitary, asymptomatic, skin-colored nodules with a central pore-like opening plugged with keratin. All lesions had been present for years. Eight were on the skin of the upper lip and one was on the forehead. Histologically, a central cystic cavity showing epidermoid keratinization extended from the surface into the deep cutis. Multiple tumor lobules that were composed of hair sheath epithelium extended from the cyst wall into the surrounding corium. This neoplasm, which we have named \"pilar sheath acanthoma,\" must be differentiated from trichofolliculoma and dilated pore.", "PMID": 718186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7421", "title": "Combined immunotherapy of malignant melanoma. Unusual survival following cerebral metastasis.", "content": "An 18-year-old woman was found to have solitary cerebral, choroidal, and pulmonary metastases of malignant melanoma three years after excision of a primary malignant melanoma. The cerebral metastasis was excised, and the patient's condition was treated with CNS irradiation followed by combined immunotherapy with transfer factor and Bacille bili\u00e9 de Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin. The transfer factor donor was her father, who showed cellular immunity to melanoma extracts on in vitro testing. Histologic examination of the pulmonary nodule, which was excised after the initiation of immunotherapy, revealed a dense lymphocytic infiltrate associated with the metastatic melanoma. The patient is currently free of detectable melanoma more than three years after the cerebral metastasis. Studies in a second patient also demonstrated the appearance of inflammatory infiltrate in metastatic melanoma following transfer factor therapy.", "contents": "Combined immunotherapy of malignant melanoma. Unusual survival following cerebral metastasis. An 18-year-old woman was found to have solitary cerebral, choroidal, and pulmonary metastases of malignant melanoma three years after excision of a primary malignant melanoma. The cerebral metastasis was excised, and the patient's condition was treated with CNS irradiation followed by combined immunotherapy with transfer factor and Bacille bili\u00e9 de Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin. The transfer factor donor was her father, who showed cellular immunity to melanoma extracts on in vitro testing. Histologic examination of the pulmonary nodule, which was excised after the initiation of immunotherapy, revealed a dense lymphocytic infiltrate associated with the metastatic melanoma. The patient is currently free of detectable melanoma more than three years after the cerebral metastasis. Studies in a second patient also demonstrated the appearance of inflammatory infiltrate in metastatic melanoma following transfer factor therapy.", "PMID": 718187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7422", "title": "Acquired zinc deficiency dermatosis in man.", "content": "We encountered two cases of acquired zinc deficiency. In one of the patients the state was due to alcoholism with liver cirrhosis and pancreatitis, and in the other patient it was attributed to a small intestine bypass operation for obesity. The skin symptoms included hair loss, acrodermatitis, and widespread eczema craquel\u00e9 (asteatosis). The cutaneous manifestations of zinc deficiency seem to constitute a characteristic syndrome that might be helpful in recognizing manifest zinc-deficient states in man.", "contents": "Acquired zinc deficiency dermatosis in man. We encountered two cases of acquired zinc deficiency. In one of the patients the state was due to alcoholism with liver cirrhosis and pancreatitis, and in the other patient it was attributed to a small intestine bypass operation for obesity. The skin symptoms included hair loss, acrodermatitis, and widespread eczema craquel\u00e9 (asteatosis). The cutaneous manifestations of zinc deficiency seem to constitute a characteristic syndrome that might be helpful in recognizing manifest zinc-deficient states in man.", "PMID": 718188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7423", "title": "Proliferating systematized angioendotheliomatosis of a 5-month-old infant.", "content": "Proliferating systematized angioendotheliomatosis occurred in a 5-month-old infant and persisted for five months. On the basis of the clinical course and the results of histological examination, the inflammatory type of proliferating angioendotheliomatosis was found. The condition is characterized by the proliferating reaction of the vascular endothelium owing to an allergic process as a result of immunological mechanisms by bacterial infection or protein of cow's milk in this uncommon disease.", "contents": "Proliferating systematized angioendotheliomatosis of a 5-month-old infant. Proliferating systematized angioendotheliomatosis occurred in a 5-month-old infant and persisted for five months. On the basis of the clinical course and the results of histological examination, the inflammatory type of proliferating angioendotheliomatosis was found. The condition is characterized by the proliferating reaction of the vascular endothelium owing to an allergic process as a result of immunological mechanisms by bacterial infection or protein of cow's milk in this uncommon disease.", "PMID": 718189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7424", "title": "Percutaneous paraquat absorption. An association with cutaneous lesions and respiratory failure.", "content": "Striking cutaneous lesions and death owing to respiratory failure occurred in a middle-aged woman eight weeks after initial cutaneous contact with the herbicide paraquat (1,1'dimethyl-4,4'dipyridylium dichloride). While similar changes have been described in animals, to our knowledge, serious morbidity or mortality owing to percutaneous absorption has not been described in man. This case report illustrates the extreme toxicity of this herbicide and demonstrates that lethal quantities of the drug may be absorbed from apparently trivial skin wounds. Stricter precautions, including the mandatory use of protective clothing, should be recommended whenever this material is used.", "contents": "Percutaneous paraquat absorption. An association with cutaneous lesions and respiratory failure. Striking cutaneous lesions and death owing to respiratory failure occurred in a middle-aged woman eight weeks after initial cutaneous contact with the herbicide paraquat (1,1'dimethyl-4,4'dipyridylium dichloride). While similar changes have been described in animals, to our knowledge, serious morbidity or mortality owing to percutaneous absorption has not been described in man. This case report illustrates the extreme toxicity of this herbicide and demonstrates that lethal quantities of the drug may be absorbed from apparently trivial skin wounds. Stricter precautions, including the mandatory use of protective clothing, should be recommended whenever this material is used.", "PMID": 718190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7425", "title": "Carcinoma of the inframammary crease.", "content": "Carcinoma of the inframammary crease is an uncommon but distinctive manifestation of carcinoma of the breast. This report of a case illustrates the clinical and histophathologic features. The patient's tumor was exophytic and fissured, and the initial biopsy specimen mimicked basal cell epithelioma.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the inframammary crease. Carcinoma of the inframammary crease is an uncommon but distinctive manifestation of carcinoma of the breast. This report of a case illustrates the clinical and histophathologic features. The patient's tumor was exophytic and fissured, and the initial biopsy specimen mimicked basal cell epithelioma.", "PMID": 718191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7426", "title": "Diffuse fasciitis with eosinophilia.", "content": "The recently described syndrome of diffuse fasciitis with eosinophilia consists of scleroderma-like cutaneous changes in the absence of Raynaud's phenomenon and without visceral involvement. Peripheral blood eosinophilia and hypergammaglobulinemia occur in the majority of patients. The biopsy specimen is characteristic and shows a diffusely thickened fascia with a noticeable inflammatory infiltrate. The etiology and pathogenesis of the entity are unknown. The majority of the cases have been reported to respond to corticosteroids. Pulmonary function abnormalities and rheumatoid factor elevation in one of our patients suggests that this syndrome may be a variant scleroderma or may have previously unrecognized systemic manifestations. The patients' objective responses to corticosteroids were minimal.", "contents": "Diffuse fasciitis with eosinophilia. The recently described syndrome of diffuse fasciitis with eosinophilia consists of scleroderma-like cutaneous changes in the absence of Raynaud's phenomenon and without visceral involvement. Peripheral blood eosinophilia and hypergammaglobulinemia occur in the majority of patients. The biopsy specimen is characteristic and shows a diffusely thickened fascia with a noticeable inflammatory infiltrate. The etiology and pathogenesis of the entity are unknown. The majority of the cases have been reported to respond to corticosteroids. Pulmonary function abnormalities and rheumatoid factor elevation in one of our patients suggests that this syndrome may be a variant scleroderma or may have previously unrecognized systemic manifestations. The patients' objective responses to corticosteroids were minimal.", "PMID": 718192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7427", "title": "Larva migrans complicated by Loeffler's syndrome.", "content": "A husband and wife contracted larva migrans while vacationing on the Gulf of Mexico. Subsequently, migratory pulmonary infiltrates and peripheral eosinophilia (Loeffler's syndrome) developed in both patients. Their cutaneous lesions were treated with topical thiabendazole and resolved within two weeks. The pulmonary complication was treated symptomatically and resolved during the next eight weeks.", "contents": "Larva migrans complicated by Loeffler's syndrome. A husband and wife contracted larva migrans while vacationing on the Gulf of Mexico. Subsequently, migratory pulmonary infiltrates and peripheral eosinophilia (Loeffler's syndrome) developed in both patients. Their cutaneous lesions were treated with topical thiabendazole and resolved within two weeks. The pulmonary complication was treated symptomatically and resolved during the next eight weeks.", "PMID": 718193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7428", "title": "Impetigo herpetiformis or generalized pustular psoriasis?", "content": "Impetigo herpetiformis was diagnosed in a primigravida woman on clinical, laboratory, and histopathological grounds. This disease should be considered as a rare and serious variant of generalized pustular psoriasis. After initiating prednisone therapy, antepartum registration of fetal heart rate patterns appears necessary to evaluate fetal well-being. Subsequent pregnancies of the patient were not recommended.", "contents": "Impetigo herpetiformis or generalized pustular psoriasis? Impetigo herpetiformis was diagnosed in a primigravida woman on clinical, laboratory, and histopathological grounds. This disease should be considered as a rare and serious variant of generalized pustular psoriasis. After initiating prednisone therapy, antepartum registration of fetal heart rate patterns appears necessary to evaluate fetal well-being. Subsequent pregnancies of the patient were not recommended.", "PMID": 718194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7429", "title": "Papular acrodermatitis of childhood and hepatitis B infection.", "content": "A case of papular acrodermatitis (PAC) associated with acute anicteric type B hepatitis occurred in a 2-year-old child. Immunocytochemical studies failed to detect the presence of viral antigens in the involved skin lesion. Current knowledge of the hepatitis B viral antigens and of their possible role in PAC is discussed.", "contents": "Papular acrodermatitis of childhood and hepatitis B infection. A case of papular acrodermatitis (PAC) associated with acute anicteric type B hepatitis occurred in a 2-year-old child. Immunocytochemical studies failed to detect the presence of viral antigens in the involved skin lesion. Current knowledge of the hepatitis B viral antigens and of their possible role in PAC is discussed.", "PMID": 718195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7430", "title": "Metastasizing atypical fibroxanthoma. Coexistence with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX) is one of a group of cutaneous lesions with a malignant histological appearance but a generally benign clinical course. A 79-year-old white man had AFX of the cheek that recurred and metastasized to buccal and cervical lymph nodes three months after initial diagnosis. When careful physical and and laboratory examinations were done, the patient was found to have concomitant chronic lymphatic leukemia, \"null cell\" type. In view of the low incidence of metastasizing AFX and the increased occurrence of tumors in patients with lymphomatous disorders, an important association is suggested. Before establishing the prognosis for patients with pseudomalignancies of the skin, an evaluation of their general health and immunological status should be made.", "contents": "Metastasizing atypical fibroxanthoma. Coexistence with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX) is one of a group of cutaneous lesions with a malignant histological appearance but a generally benign clinical course. A 79-year-old white man had AFX of the cheek that recurred and metastasized to buccal and cervical lymph nodes three months after initial diagnosis. When careful physical and and laboratory examinations were done, the patient was found to have concomitant chronic lymphatic leukemia, \"null cell\" type. In view of the low incidence of metastasizing AFX and the increased occurrence of tumors in patients with lymphomatous disorders, an important association is suggested. Before establishing the prognosis for patients with pseudomalignancies of the skin, an evaluation of their general health and immunological status should be made.", "PMID": 718196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7431", "title": "Favus: twenty indigenous cases in the province of Quebec.", "content": "Twenty indigenous cases of favus in two families residing in the province of Quebec were studied. Importantly, the disease, although active, remained undiagnosed for many years in most of the cases. The finding of active cases suggests that the disease is still endemic in regions previously described as harboring cases, namely the province of Quebec and possibly Kentucky.", "contents": "Favus: twenty indigenous cases in the province of Quebec. Twenty indigenous cases of favus in two families residing in the province of Quebec were studied. Importantly, the disease, although active, remained undiagnosed for many years in most of the cases. The finding of active cases suggests that the disease is still endemic in regions previously described as harboring cases, namely the province of Quebec and possibly Kentucky.", "PMID": 718212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7432", "title": "The correlation of indoor solar simulator and natural sunlight: testing of a sunscreen preparation.", "content": "To determine the equivalence of xenon arc solar simulator and natural sunlight test results, the sun protection factor (SPF) for an experimental sunscreen preparation was determined using each light source. The minimal erythemal doses (MEDs) were shown to be equivalent on unprotected skin. It was necessary to supply additional heat to the treated skin prior to solar simulator exposures to obtain comparable SPFs. By careful control of the subjects' environment, natural sunlight effects can be duplicated with a solar simulator.", "contents": "The correlation of indoor solar simulator and natural sunlight: testing of a sunscreen preparation. To determine the equivalence of xenon arc solar simulator and natural sunlight test results, the sun protection factor (SPF) for an experimental sunscreen preparation was determined using each light source. The minimal erythemal doses (MEDs) were shown to be equivalent on unprotected skin. It was necessary to supply additional heat to the treated skin prior to solar simulator exposures to obtain comparable SPFs. By careful control of the subjects' environment, natural sunlight effects can be duplicated with a solar simulator.", "PMID": 718213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7433", "title": "Dermal duct tumor: a histochemical and electron microscopic study.", "content": "The histochemical and electron microscopic findings in seven cases of dermal duct tumor are described. All seven of the patients were elderly, and five were women. The tumors were small flesh-colored or red papules located most often on the head and neck region. Intense phosphorylase and moderate respiratory enzymes characterized the histochemical reaction of the tumors. The following three types of tumor cells were recognized ultrastructurally: clear, dark, and luminal. The tumor was principally composed of clear cell proliferation around a regular ductal lumen. In addition, melanocytes, Langerhans' cells, and lymphocytes were occasionally seen within the tumor masses. An intact basal lamina and few hemidesmosomes with no detectable actin-like microfilaments were the features of the tumor-stroma interface. Our study results showed that the dermal duct tumor is a benign tumor with eccrine dermal ductal differentiation.", "contents": "Dermal duct tumor: a histochemical and electron microscopic study. The histochemical and electron microscopic findings in seven cases of dermal duct tumor are described. All seven of the patients were elderly, and five were women. The tumors were small flesh-colored or red papules located most often on the head and neck region. Intense phosphorylase and moderate respiratory enzymes characterized the histochemical reaction of the tumors. The following three types of tumor cells were recognized ultrastructurally: clear, dark, and luminal. The tumor was principally composed of clear cell proliferation around a regular ductal lumen. In addition, melanocytes, Langerhans' cells, and lymphocytes were occasionally seen within the tumor masses. An intact basal lamina and few hemidesmosomes with no detectable actin-like microfilaments were the features of the tumor-stroma interface. Our study results showed that the dermal duct tumor is a benign tumor with eccrine dermal ductal differentiation.", "PMID": 718215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7434", "title": "Rhinophycomycosis entomophthorae.", "content": "Rhinophycomycosis entomophthorae is a variant type of subcutaneous phycomycosis of the face that is caused by Entomophthora coronata. The case we describe was the first patient reported in the world literature, to our knowledge. His infection reappeared after an extended dormant period. Although his condition exhibited an early partial response to surgical and medical management, the condition became refractory to treatment.", "contents": "Rhinophycomycosis entomophthorae. Rhinophycomycosis entomophthorae is a variant type of subcutaneous phycomycosis of the face that is caused by Entomophthora coronata. The case we describe was the first patient reported in the world literature, to our knowledge. His infection reappeared after an extended dormant period. Although his condition exhibited an early partial response to surgical and medical management, the condition became refractory to treatment.", "PMID": 718217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7435", "title": "Mucha-Habermann's disease in children: treatment with erythromycin.", "content": "Safe therapeutic measures for Mucha-Habermann's disease in children are lacking. Three patients with the disease were treated with erythromycin for systemic effect. Although the series is small and uncontrolled, this approach seemed effective. An anti-inflammatory mechanism related to inhibition of chemotaxis is speculated.", "contents": "Mucha-Habermann's disease in children: treatment with erythromycin. Safe therapeutic measures for Mucha-Habermann's disease in children are lacking. Three patients with the disease were treated with erythromycin for systemic effect. Although the series is small and uncontrolled, this approach seemed effective. An anti-inflammatory mechanism related to inhibition of chemotaxis is speculated.", "PMID": 718218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7436", "title": "Mobile encapsulated lipomas. Formerly called encapsulated angiolipomas.", "content": "Lipomas with true capsules are rare. Those that move about, cause pain, and show no permanent attachment to a blood supply deserve special consideration. In this report of two cases, I have designated this entity \"mobile encapsulated lipoma\".", "contents": "Mobile encapsulated lipomas. Formerly called encapsulated angiolipomas. Lipomas with true capsules are rare. Those that move about, cause pain, and show no permanent attachment to a blood supply deserve special consideration. In this report of two cases, I have designated this entity \"mobile encapsulated lipoma\".", "PMID": 718219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7437", "title": "Malignant atrophic papulosis: treatment with aspirin and dipyridamole.", "content": "On electron microscopy of the endothelial cells of a patient with cutaneous and CNS symptoms of malignant atrophic papulosis, paramyxovirus-like particles could be seen in the cytoplasm. These particles were interpreted as degenerative changes that were due to ischemia. Coagulation studies showed increased thrombocyte aggregation, and treatment with the platelet-suppressive drugs, aspirin and dipyridamole, was instituted. This treatment resulted in a normal thrombocyte aggregation after eight months and complete clinical remission, which still persisted four months after cessation of therapy.", "contents": "Malignant atrophic papulosis: treatment with aspirin and dipyridamole. On electron microscopy of the endothelial cells of a patient with cutaneous and CNS symptoms of malignant atrophic papulosis, paramyxovirus-like particles could be seen in the cytoplasm. These particles were interpreted as degenerative changes that were due to ischemia. Coagulation studies showed increased thrombocyte aggregation, and treatment with the platelet-suppressive drugs, aspirin and dipyridamole, was instituted. This treatment resulted in a normal thrombocyte aggregation after eight months and complete clinical remission, which still persisted four months after cessation of therapy.", "PMID": 718220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7438", "title": "Angioendothelioma: report of an unusual case in an American black.", "content": "Angioendothelioma is a rare malignant vascular tumor occurring on the face or scalp in an elderly individual or in an area of antecedent radiotherapy or chronic lymphedema. We are reporting the second fully documented case of angioendothelioma occurring in a black patient. The case is also of interest because initially the tumor mimicked kerion, both clinically and histopathologically.", "contents": "Angioendothelioma: report of an unusual case in an American black. Angioendothelioma is a rare malignant vascular tumor occurring on the face or scalp in an elderly individual or in an area of antecedent radiotherapy or chronic lymphedema. We are reporting the second fully documented case of angioendothelioma occurring in a black patient. The case is also of interest because initially the tumor mimicked kerion, both clinically and histopathologically.", "PMID": 718221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7439", "title": "Treatment of cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma with intralesional vincristine.", "content": "A 68-year-old man had lesions of Kaposi's sarcoma that developed continually in a localized area after excisional surgery, electrosurgery, and radiotherapy of previous lesions. His lesions cleared with intralesional injections of vincristine sulfate without any systemic and only minor local side effects. Newly developed lesions, which did not occur on the sites of previous treatment, were also responsive to this form of therapy.", "contents": "Treatment of cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma with intralesional vincristine. A 68-year-old man had lesions of Kaposi's sarcoma that developed continually in a localized area after excisional surgery, electrosurgery, and radiotherapy of previous lesions. His lesions cleared with intralesional injections of vincristine sulfate without any systemic and only minor local side effects. Newly developed lesions, which did not occur on the sites of previous treatment, were also responsive to this form of therapy.", "PMID": 718222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7440", "title": "Cutaneous involvement by IgD myeloma.", "content": "Multiple, firm, nontender, violaceous, cutaneous and subcutaneous nodules of the abdomen and thighs developed in a 53-year-old man with proven IgD myeloma. A biopsy specimen showed dermal infiltration by large atypical undifferentiated cells similar to those previously found on bone marrow aspiration. Despite intermittent improvement with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the patient died and an autopsy showed multiple osteolytic lesions and massive involvement with tumors that encased the pelvic organs, infiltrated and replaced portions of the psoas muscles, infiltrated the kidneys and intestines, and replaced the bone marrow by small and intermediate-sized malignant lymphoid cells. IgD myeloma is a rare hematologic malignancy that occurs at a  younger age than other forms of myeloma, has a high incidence of involvement of soft tissues, and is a particularly dedifferentiated and vicious form of myeloma.", "contents": "Cutaneous involvement by IgD myeloma. Multiple, firm, nontender, violaceous, cutaneous and subcutaneous nodules of the abdomen and thighs developed in a 53-year-old man with proven IgD myeloma. A biopsy specimen showed dermal infiltration by large atypical undifferentiated cells similar to those previously found on bone marrow aspiration. Despite intermittent improvement with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the patient died and an autopsy showed multiple osteolytic lesions and massive involvement with tumors that encased the pelvic organs, infiltrated and replaced portions of the psoas muscles, infiltrated the kidneys and intestines, and replaced the bone marrow by small and intermediate-sized malignant lymphoid cells. IgD myeloma is a rare hematologic malignancy that occurs at a  younger age than other forms of myeloma, has a high incidence of involvement of soft tissues, and is a particularly dedifferentiated and vicious form of myeloma.", "PMID": 718223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7441", "title": "Treatment of acute viral croup.", "content": "Total respiratory resistance (RT) was measured before and after nebulised alpha-adrenergic stimulant therapy in 8 children aged 4 to 18 months who had the clinical symptoms of acute viral croup. In 7 children there was a mean fall in RT of 30% after treatment, associated with an improvement in their clinical condition. This improvement was shortlived, the resistance returning to pretreatment levels within 30 minutes. The remaining child showed no improvement after phenylephrine but was subsequently found to have acute epiglottitis. Nebulised water did not produce any change, indicating that the response was not due to moisture alone.", "contents": "Treatment of acute viral croup. Total respiratory resistance (RT) was measured before and after nebulised alpha-adrenergic stimulant therapy in 8 children aged 4 to 18 months who had the clinical symptoms of acute viral croup. In 7 children there was a mean fall in RT of 30% after treatment, associated with an improvement in their clinical condition. This improvement was shortlived, the resistance returning to pretreatment levels within 30 minutes. The remaining child showed no improvement after phenylephrine but was subsequently found to have acute epiglottitis. Nebulised water did not produce any change, indicating that the response was not due to moisture alone.", "PMID": 718237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7442", "title": "Alpha and beta adrenergic stimulants in bronchiolitis and wheezy bronchitis in children under 18 months of age.", "content": "Total respiratory resistance was measured before and after nebulised phenylephrine in 5 babies (age range 7 to 17 months) with wheezy bronchitis, and in 2 babies (aged 2 and 6 months) with bronchiolitis. None showed a change in resistance after treatment. Total respiratory resistance was measured before and after nebulised adrenaline in another 14 babies (age range 4 to 13 months) with bronchiolitis. No fall in resistance was noted in any baby after treatment whether or not it was given by a conventional or an ultrasonic nebuliser. We conclude that alpha- and beta-adrenergic stimulants are ineffective in bronchiolitis and wheezy bronchitis in children under 18 months of age.", "contents": "Alpha and beta adrenergic stimulants in bronchiolitis and wheezy bronchitis in children under 18 months of age. Total respiratory resistance was measured before and after nebulised phenylephrine in 5 babies (age range 7 to 17 months) with wheezy bronchitis, and in 2 babies (aged 2 and 6 months) with bronchiolitis. None showed a change in resistance after treatment. Total respiratory resistance was measured before and after nebulised adrenaline in another 14 babies (age range 4 to 13 months) with bronchiolitis. No fall in resistance was noted in any baby after treatment whether or not it was given by a conventional or an ultrasonic nebuliser. We conclude that alpha- and beta-adrenergic stimulants are ineffective in bronchiolitis and wheezy bronchitis in children under 18 months of age.", "PMID": 718238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7443", "title": "House dust mite sensitivity in childhood asthma.", "content": "The clinical features of perennial asthmatic children with a skin or bronchial reaction to the house dust mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) were compared with those of asthmatic children without mite sensitivity. Mite sensitive asthma was characterised by an early age of onset of symptoms, these being predominantly nocturnal. A history of wheezing precipitated by dust exposure, during vacuuming, bedmaking, or dusting was present in 52% of cases. Asthmatic children with mite sensitivity were more likely to have been born at the time of the year when mite counts were highest. This was consistent with the idea that allergy may be associated with a period of susceptibility to sensitisation in early infancy.", "contents": "House dust mite sensitivity in childhood asthma. The clinical features of perennial asthmatic children with a skin or bronchial reaction to the house dust mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) were compared with those of asthmatic children without mite sensitivity. Mite sensitive asthma was characterised by an early age of onset of symptoms, these being predominantly nocturnal. A history of wheezing precipitated by dust exposure, during vacuuming, bedmaking, or dusting was present in 52% of cases. Asthmatic children with mite sensitivity were more likely to have been born at the time of the year when mite counts were highest. This was consistent with the idea that allergy may be associated with a period of susceptibility to sensitisation in early infancy.", "PMID": 718239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7444", "title": "Severe ventilatory failure in asthma in children. Experience of 13 episodes over 6 years.", "content": "During the 6-year period from 1 October 1971 to 30 September 1977, 13 (about 1%) of 1225 admissions to hospital with asthma developed severe ventilatory failure (peak arterial PCO 2 greater than 8 kPa). Mean age was 4.1 years (2.3--7.9), and on average each patient had been admitted to hospital on 5 occasions during the preceding year. 11 gave a family history of asthma or a personal history of associated allergies. A viral upper respiratory tract infection was the commonest precipitant of wheeze, and in 7 patients the duration of wheeziness before admission to hospital was 12 hours or less. Six (0.5%) patients were treated by mechanical ventilation and all survived. The changing patterns of management during the study period are reviewed.", "contents": "Severe ventilatory failure in asthma in children. Experience of 13 episodes over 6 years. During the 6-year period from 1 October 1971 to 30 September 1977, 13 (about 1%) of 1225 admissions to hospital with asthma developed severe ventilatory failure (peak arterial PCO 2 greater than 8 kPa). Mean age was 4.1 years (2.3--7.9), and on average each patient had been admitted to hospital on 5 occasions during the preceding year. 11 gave a family history of asthma or a personal history of associated allergies. A viral upper respiratory tract infection was the commonest precipitant of wheeze, and in 7 patients the duration of wheeziness before admission to hospital was 12 hours or less. Six (0.5%) patients were treated by mechanical ventilation and all survived. The changing patterns of management during the study period are reviewed.", "PMID": 718240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7445", "title": "Nonstructural heart disease in the newborn. Observations during one year in a perinatal service.", "content": "One-third of 327 newborn infants referred to the perinatal service of the Hospital for Sick Children during 1975 with suspected cardiopulmonary disorders proved to have nonstructural heart disease. Most of these were term infants with transient tachypnoea or cyanosis who recovered. A history of fetal distress or difficult delivery was commonly associated. The haemodynamic disorder for most was a delay in the normal progress of the transitional circulation. Evidence of myocardial ischaemia was present in 40%, and about half of these developed congestive heart failure. Aids to diagnosis of the ischaemic complication included echocardiography and myocardial perfusion scanning. For a small proportion specific metabolic disturbances, myocarditis, or dysrhythmia seemed the primary cause but even for these there were reasonable grounds to suspect a prenatal origin. Current general supportive measures were of value in treatment.", "contents": "Nonstructural heart disease in the newborn. Observations during one year in a perinatal service. One-third of 327 newborn infants referred to the perinatal service of the Hospital for Sick Children during 1975 with suspected cardiopulmonary disorders proved to have nonstructural heart disease. Most of these were term infants with transient tachypnoea or cyanosis who recovered. A history of fetal distress or difficult delivery was commonly associated. The haemodynamic disorder for most was a delay in the normal progress of the transitional circulation. Evidence of myocardial ischaemia was present in 40%, and about half of these developed congestive heart failure. Aids to diagnosis of the ischaemic complication included echocardiography and myocardial perfusion scanning. For a small proportion specific metabolic disturbances, myocarditis, or dysrhythmia seemed the primary cause but even for these there were reasonable grounds to suspect a prenatal origin. Current general supportive measures were of value in treatment.", "PMID": 718241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7446", "title": "Metabolic and endocrine events at the time of the first feed of human milk in preterm and term infants.", "content": "The first feed of breast milk given to a group of 12 term infants was previously shown to increase the levels of blood glucose and plasma insulin, growth hormone (GH), gastrin, and enteroglucagon. We have now studied the effects of the first feed of breast milk in two similar groups of preterm infants, to compare the results with those obtained for the term infant. One group of 8 preterm infants received a bolus (2.5 ml/kg) of breast milk via a nasogastric tube; the other group of 5 infants received a continuous intragastric infusion (2.5 ml/kg per hour) of breast milk. No change occurred in the concentrations of blood glucose, lactate, pyruvate, or ketone bodies, or in plasma insulin, GH, pancreatic glucagon, or enteroglucagon in either the 'bolus fed' or the 'infusion fed' group of preterm infants. Thus the marked metabolic and endocrine changes in term infants after the first feed do not occur in preterm infants with standard methods of feeding.", "contents": "Metabolic and endocrine events at the time of the first feed of human milk in preterm and term infants. The first feed of breast milk given to a group of 12 term infants was previously shown to increase the levels of blood glucose and plasma insulin, growth hormone (GH), gastrin, and enteroglucagon. We have now studied the effects of the first feed of breast milk in two similar groups of preterm infants, to compare the results with those obtained for the term infant. One group of 8 preterm infants received a bolus (2.5 ml/kg) of breast milk via a nasogastric tube; the other group of 5 infants received a continuous intragastric infusion (2.5 ml/kg per hour) of breast milk. No change occurred in the concentrations of blood glucose, lactate, pyruvate, or ketone bodies, or in plasma insulin, GH, pancreatic glucagon, or enteroglucagon in either the 'bolus fed' or the 'infusion fed' group of preterm infants. Thus the marked metabolic and endocrine changes in term infants after the first feed do not occur in preterm infants with standard methods of feeding.", "PMID": 718242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7447", "title": "Case of tumour rickets.", "content": "A 10-year-old boy, with widespread soft tissue tumours of bone, developed hypophosphataemic rickets due to impaired renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate. Biopsy of the largest tumour showed a nonosteogenic fibroma. We believe this boy is another example of 'tumour rickets', as other causes of rickets were excluded clinically and biochemically. Cases of rickets or osteomalacia associated with a tumour, have generally been reported to be cured by surgical removal of the tumour, implicating it as the cause of rickets or osteomalacia. Owing to the large number of tumours in this boy, surgical removal was not possible, and he required large doses of vitamin D, together with oral phosphate, before his rickets healed. It is suggested that the tumour produces a phosphaturic hormone.", "contents": "Case of tumour rickets. A 10-year-old boy, with widespread soft tissue tumours of bone, developed hypophosphataemic rickets due to impaired renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate. Biopsy of the largest tumour showed a nonosteogenic fibroma. We believe this boy is another example of 'tumour rickets', as other causes of rickets were excluded clinically and biochemically. Cases of rickets or osteomalacia associated with a tumour, have generally been reported to be cured by surgical removal of the tumour, implicating it as the cause of rickets or osteomalacia. Owing to the large number of tumours in this boy, surgical removal was not possible, and he required large doses of vitamin D, together with oral phosphate, before his rickets healed. It is suggested that the tumour produces a phosphaturic hormone.", "PMID": 718243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7448", "title": "5-alpha-Reductase deficiency causing male pseudohermaphroditism.", "content": "An infant with male pseudohermaphroditism due to deficiency of 5-alpha-reductase is described, the elder of two affected male siblings. These patients, who come from Pakistan, are the first to be described outside America.", "contents": "5-alpha-Reductase deficiency causing male pseudohermaphroditism. An infant with male pseudohermaphroditism due to deficiency of 5-alpha-reductase is described, the elder of two affected male siblings. These patients, who come from Pakistan, are the first to be described outside America.", "PMID": 718244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7449", "title": "Congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia type I in two brothers presenting with neonatal jaundice.", "content": "Two brothers with congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia type I are described. Both presented with neonatal jaundice, required transfusion for anaemia at 8 weeks of age, and have subsequently remained well with only mild anaemia. Peripheral blood findings and bone marrow morphology on light and electron microscopy are discussed.", "contents": "Congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia type I in two brothers presenting with neonatal jaundice. Two brothers with congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia type I are described. Both presented with neonatal jaundice, required transfusion for anaemia at 8 weeks of age, and have subsequently remained well with only mild anaemia. Peripheral blood findings and bone marrow morphology on light and electron microscopy are discussed.", "PMID": 718245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7450", "title": "One-hour blood-xylose in cystic fibrosis.", "content": "One-hour blood-xylose concentrations after an oral xylose load were measured in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) and healthy controls. The mean of the 1-hour blood-xylose values was significantly increased in the group with CF. The finding confirms an earlier observation by Rolles et al. (1973). Its significance is not at present understood but it suggests that small intestinal function should be further investigated in CF.", "contents": "One-hour blood-xylose in cystic fibrosis. One-hour blood-xylose concentrations after an oral xylose load were measured in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) and healthy controls. The mean of the 1-hour blood-xylose values was significantly increased in the group with CF. The finding confirms an earlier observation by Rolles et al. (1973). Its significance is not at present understood but it suggests that small intestinal function should be further investigated in CF.", "PMID": 718246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7451", "title": "Theophylline toxicity in a neonate.", "content": "One of a pair of preterm twins treated with theophylline (2 mg/kg per day) for apnoea developed episodes of hyperglycaemia in glycosuria.", "contents": "Theophylline toxicity in a neonate. One of a pair of preterm twins treated with theophylline (2 mg/kg per day) for apnoea developed episodes of hyperglycaemia in glycosuria.", "PMID": 718247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7452", "title": "Aortic homograft valve replacement for postendocarditis aortic incompetence in early childhood. A case report.", "content": "A case of postendocarditis aortic incompetence with congenital ventricular septal defect in a 21-month-old child, treated successfully by homograft aortic valve replacement and closure of the ventricular septal defect, is reported. It appears that no similar case has previously been reported in the UK.", "contents": "Aortic homograft valve replacement for postendocarditis aortic incompetence in early childhood. A case report. A case of postendocarditis aortic incompetence with congenital ventricular septal defect in a 21-month-old child, treated successfully by homograft aortic valve replacement and closure of the ventricular septal defect, is reported. It appears that no similar case has previously been reported in the UK.", "PMID": 718248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7453", "title": "Pharmacokinetics and metabolite-pattern of 8-methoxypsoralen in man following oral administration as compared to the pharmacokinetics in rat and dog.", "content": "Following oral administration of 14C labelled 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) in man the plasma level course, the metabolite-patterns and the elimination of the parent compound and its metabolites have been investigated. Additionally the results discovered have been compared with the data of pharmacokinetics on dog and rat. In man and rat the plasma protein binding of 8-MOP has been determined. Maximal levels of the total radioactivity in the plasma were achieved 2 h after dosing. At this time 8-MOP represents 50% of the radioactivity in the plasma. The plasma protein binding in vitro of 14C 8-MOP valued from 88% to 91% in man, and between 75% and 83% in the rat. Urinary elimination of the total radioactivity as a measure of the extent of absorption varies greatly and depends on the therapeutic formulation being employed. Following the administration of the solution 74% is recovered within 48 h. Faecal elimination of the total radioactivity reached 14% within 3 days. The metabolite-pattern does not show the unchanged 14C 8-MOP. Several polar metabolites occur in the urine among which biochemical conjugates have been recognized. Only polar metabolites are observable in the faeces from which the radioactivity is incompletely extractable. From a comparison of the metabolite profiles, the rat as well as the dog seem to be a useful animal species for experimental investigations with 8-MOP.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics and metabolite-pattern of 8-methoxypsoralen in man following oral administration as compared to the pharmacokinetics in rat and dog. Following oral administration of 14C labelled 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) in man the plasma level course, the metabolite-patterns and the elimination of the parent compound and its metabolites have been investigated. Additionally the results discovered have been compared with the data of pharmacokinetics on dog and rat. In man and rat the plasma protein binding of 8-MOP has been determined. Maximal levels of the total radioactivity in the plasma were achieved 2 h after dosing. At this time 8-MOP represents 50% of the radioactivity in the plasma. The plasma protein binding in vitro of 14C 8-MOP valued from 88% to 91% in man, and between 75% and 83% in the rat. Urinary elimination of the total radioactivity as a measure of the extent of absorption varies greatly and depends on the therapeutic formulation being employed. Following the administration of the solution 74% is recovered within 48 h. Faecal elimination of the total radioactivity reached 14% within 3 days. The metabolite-pattern does not show the unchanged 14C 8-MOP. Several polar metabolites occur in the urine among which biochemical conjugates have been recognized. Only polar metabolites are observable in the faeces from which the radioactivity is incompletely extractable. From a comparison of the metabolite profiles, the rat as well as the dog seem to be a useful animal species for experimental investigations with 8-MOP.", "PMID": 718254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7454", "title": "Serum and skin lysozyme activity in non-diabetic and diabetic subjects.", "content": "Lysozyme activity was significantly reduced in the skin of patients with clinical diabetes, but not in the skin of other diabetics or in serum of all these patients. Sex and age had no influence on serum or skin lysozyme activity in either nondiabetic or diabetic subjects. The reduction of cutaneous lysozyme activity is suggested as a factor for the seriousness and the relapses of cutaneous infections in subjects with clinical diabetes.", "contents": "Serum and skin lysozyme activity in non-diabetic and diabetic subjects. Lysozyme activity was significantly reduced in the skin of patients with clinical diabetes, but not in the skin of other diabetics or in serum of all these patients. Sex and age had no influence on serum or skin lysozyme activity in either nondiabetic or diabetic subjects. The reduction of cutaneous lysozyme activity is suggested as a factor for the seriousness and the relapses of cutaneous infections in subjects with clinical diabetes.", "PMID": 718253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7455", "title": "Pagetoid malignant melanoma and lentigo maligna melanoma of toe. A study with the fluorescence method (Falck and Hillarp).", "content": "Two cases of malignant melanoma on the toe of middle-aged women were examined chiefly by the fluorescence method of Falck and Hillarp. In one of the patients, histopathology of the pigmented tumor on the left middle toe was a Pagetoid (superficial spreading) melanoma in situ, and the subungual granulomatous lesion on the right great toe in the other patient was a lentigo maligna melanoma. On fluorescence microscopy, characteristic findings of the pigment cells lying in the epidermis of both types may be summarized as follows: In the Pagetoid melanoma, the melanoma cells are ovoid, lack dendritic processes, and emit specific yellow fluorescence. In the lentigo maligna melanoma, the pigment cells clearly show dendritic processes, and emit specific green fluorescence.", "contents": "Pagetoid malignant melanoma and lentigo maligna melanoma of toe. A study with the fluorescence method (Falck and Hillarp). Two cases of malignant melanoma on the toe of middle-aged women were examined chiefly by the fluorescence method of Falck and Hillarp. In one of the patients, histopathology of the pigmented tumor on the left middle toe was a Pagetoid (superficial spreading) melanoma in situ, and the subungual granulomatous lesion on the right great toe in the other patient was a lentigo maligna melanoma. On fluorescence microscopy, characteristic findings of the pigment cells lying in the epidermis of both types may be summarized as follows: In the Pagetoid melanoma, the melanoma cells are ovoid, lack dendritic processes, and emit specific yellow fluorescence. In the lentigo maligna melanoma, the pigment cells clearly show dendritic processes, and emit specific green fluorescence.", "PMID": 718255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7456", "title": "An ultrastructural study of localized lymphangioma circumscriptum.", "content": "An electron microscopic study was performed on the lymphatic vessel (lv) of localized lymphangioma circumscriptum (Lc), which was found clinically typical but histologically not associated with hemangioma and inflammation. The lv of Lc was morphologically divided into two types. The first type was situated at the upper dermis of the lesion and the other, at the deep dermis. The former had certain similarities to lv of experimentally induced lymph-stasis, whereas the latter was morphologically similar to lv of the normal skin. From the findings of the present study and those reported in literature, Lc could not be considered as a mere benign overgrowth of lv, but as one of pathological results induced by a long-standing lymph-stasis.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of localized lymphangioma circumscriptum. An electron microscopic study was performed on the lymphatic vessel (lv) of localized lymphangioma circumscriptum (Lc), which was found clinically typical but histologically not associated with hemangioma and inflammation. The lv of Lc was morphologically divided into two types. The first type was situated at the upper dermis of the lesion and the other, at the deep dermis. The former had certain similarities to lv of experimentally induced lymph-stasis, whereas the latter was morphologically similar to lv of the normal skin. From the findings of the present study and those reported in literature, Lc could not be considered as a mere benign overgrowth of lv, but as one of pathological results induced by a long-standing lymph-stasis.", "PMID": 718256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7457", "title": "Comparative electron microscopic study of clear cells in epidermodysplasia verruciformis and flat warts.", "content": "Are Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (E.V.) and disseminated flat warts different diseases? Are there any diagnostic criteria between them? In order to attempt answering these 2 questions, fundamental for prognosis and nosology, a comparative ultrastructural study was made of epidermal clear cells of 2 cases of E.V. and 4 flat warts from 4 patients of whom 3 were under immunosuppression drugs. The reason of cytoplasmic electron translucency was mainly a reduction in tonofilaments and keratohyalin amounts in E.V. and a centrifugal edema and vacuolization in flat warts. On the other hand, the number of ribosomes was raised in E.V. and reduced in flat warts. These findings allow differentiation between the 2 diseases and suggest a possible different host-virus relationship.", "contents": "Comparative electron microscopic study of clear cells in epidermodysplasia verruciformis and flat warts. Are Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (E.V.) and disseminated flat warts different diseases? Are there any diagnostic criteria between them? In order to attempt answering these 2 questions, fundamental for prognosis and nosology, a comparative ultrastructural study was made of epidermal clear cells of 2 cases of E.V. and 4 flat warts from 4 patients of whom 3 were under immunosuppression drugs. The reason of cytoplasmic electron translucency was mainly a reduction in tonofilaments and keratohyalin amounts in E.V. and a centrifugal edema and vacuolization in flat warts. On the other hand, the number of ribosomes was raised in E.V. and reduced in flat warts. These findings allow differentiation between the 2 diseases and suggest a possible different host-virus relationship.", "PMID": 718259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7458", "title": "The effect of systemic treatment with 5-fluorouracil on the epidermis of the guinea pig.", "content": "The thymidine labelling index and the mitosis rate (blocked by colcemid) in the basal cell layer of the guinea pig were determined before and during treatment with 5-fluorouracil (1 mg i.p. in 2 day's interval/100 g body weight). Additionally, the epidermal area and thickness and the number and size of cells were measured. 5-Fluorouracil equally reduces the thymidine labelling index and the mitosis rate with the full effect after treatment of at least 22 days. From these findings it is concluded that the S-phase--calculated from the end of the thymidine synthesis--is not altered. Furthermore atrophy of the epidermis runs parallel with the reduction of the 3H thymidine labelling index and the mitosis rate.", "contents": "The effect of systemic treatment with 5-fluorouracil on the epidermis of the guinea pig. The thymidine labelling index and the mitosis rate (blocked by colcemid) in the basal cell layer of the guinea pig were determined before and during treatment with 5-fluorouracil (1 mg i.p. in 2 day's interval/100 g body weight). Additionally, the epidermal area and thickness and the number and size of cells were measured. 5-Fluorouracil equally reduces the thymidine labelling index and the mitosis rate with the full effect after treatment of at least 22 days. From these findings it is concluded that the S-phase--calculated from the end of the thymidine synthesis--is not altered. Furthermore atrophy of the epidermis runs parallel with the reduction of the 3H thymidine labelling index and the mitosis rate.", "PMID": 718261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7459", "title": "Acute effect of 8-methoxypsoralen and ultraviolet light on sister chromatid exchange.", "content": "The acute effect of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and 8-MOP + long wave ultraviolet light (UVA) on sister chromatid exchange (SCE) has been examined in an in vitro experiment. The SCE count was significantly increased by 8-MOP without light, but the effect was substantially greater (50%) by 8-MOP + UVA. In addition, mitoses with banded staining of the chromosomes were seen after 8-MOP and UVA. These changes were dose dependent, and they might be responsible for the reduced cell turnover in psoriasis plaque after PUVA.", "contents": "Acute effect of 8-methoxypsoralen and ultraviolet light on sister chromatid exchange. The acute effect of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and 8-MOP + long wave ultraviolet light (UVA) on sister chromatid exchange (SCE) has been examined in an in vitro experiment. The SCE count was significantly increased by 8-MOP without light, but the effect was substantially greater (50%) by 8-MOP + UVA. In addition, mitoses with banded staining of the chromosomes were seen after 8-MOP and UVA. These changes were dose dependent, and they might be responsible for the reduced cell turnover in psoriasis plaque after PUVA.", "PMID": 718262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7460", "title": "Acidic glycosaminoglycans in skin and urine of a patient with wide-spreaded lichen sclerosus et atrophicus.", "content": "Changes of dermal and urinary acidic glycosaminoglycans in Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus (LSA) were investigated with the following results: 1. Hyaluronic acid (HA) was excreted in urine of a patient with LSA. 2. HA and low sulfate chondroitin were eluted with 0.5 M NaCl by Bio Rad AG 1- X 2 (Cl- form) column chromatography. 3. Involved dermal tissue contained only about 50% of HA in the skin of a healthy adult.", "contents": "Acidic glycosaminoglycans in skin and urine of a patient with wide-spreaded lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. Changes of dermal and urinary acidic glycosaminoglycans in Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus (LSA) were investigated with the following results: 1. Hyaluronic acid (HA) was excreted in urine of a patient with LSA. 2. HA and low sulfate chondroitin were eluted with 0.5 M NaCl by Bio Rad AG 1- X 2 (Cl- form) column chromatography. 3. Involved dermal tissue contained only about 50% of HA in the skin of a healthy adult.", "PMID": 718263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7461", "title": "Faecal porphyrin excretion in various types of porphyria. Thin layer chromatographic study.", "content": "A new method of thin layer chromatography was used for the study of faecal porphyrins in 31 porphyric patients (20 cases of porphyria cutanea tarda, 5 cases of porphyria variegata, 2 cases of hereditary coproporphyria, 1 case of acute intermittent porphyria and 3 cases of erythropoietic protoporphyria), 14 of their clinically normal relatives and 5 controls. The pattern obtained was characteristic of each type of porphyria and compared to previously published data.", "contents": "Faecal porphyrin excretion in various types of porphyria. Thin layer chromatographic study. A new method of thin layer chromatography was used for the study of faecal porphyrins in 31 porphyric patients (20 cases of porphyria cutanea tarda, 5 cases of porphyria variegata, 2 cases of hereditary coproporphyria, 1 case of acute intermittent porphyria and 3 cases of erythropoietic protoporphyria), 14 of their clinically normal relatives and 5 controls. The pattern obtained was characteristic of each type of porphyria and compared to previously published data.", "PMID": 718264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7462", "title": "Effect of vitamin A acid on the growth of keratinocytes in culture.", "content": "The effect of vitamin A acid on the culture of guinea pig ear keratinocytes was investigated. Use of this agent and treatment of the plastic dishes with collagen solution facilitated attachment and growth. Vitamin A acid elicited a wave of DNA synthesis which was studied by incorporation of tritiated thymidine and quantitation of cellular DNA, particularly during the period 24--45h after plating. During this period, thymidine incorporation into DNA was increased ten-fold by vitamin A acid and showed a complex pattern of peaks and shoulders which may represent the S phase of synchronous keratinocytes.", "contents": "Effect of vitamin A acid on the growth of keratinocytes in culture. The effect of vitamin A acid on the culture of guinea pig ear keratinocytes was investigated. Use of this agent and treatment of the plastic dishes with collagen solution facilitated attachment and growth. Vitamin A acid elicited a wave of DNA synthesis which was studied by incorporation of tritiated thymidine and quantitation of cellular DNA, particularly during the period 24--45h after plating. During this period, thymidine incorporation into DNA was increased ten-fold by vitamin A acid and showed a complex pattern of peaks and shoulders which may represent the S phase of synchronous keratinocytes.", "PMID": 718265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7463", "title": "[Comments on the surgical treatment of hydronephrosis].", "content": "The author first recalls that the first operation to correct hydronephrosis due to ureter stenosis was performed by Trendelenburg. He then defines the causal lesion of hydronephrosis and describes its etiology. He stresses that the only procedure for correcting hydronephrosis caused by stenosis of the juxtapyelic ureter is the removal of this portion, the lesion of which it is impossible to repair or correct. He criticizes the numerous operations proposed by different authors and even the partial removal of the renal pelvis. He points out that most of the operation procedures described as new, have already been published. He finally stresses that the best operation is the removal of the stenosed ureter followed by direct pyelo-ureter anastomosis and kidney draining by means of a tutor probe placed from the pelvis to the bladder during the operation and kept in place for a few days.", "contents": "[Comments on the surgical treatment of hydronephrosis]. The author first recalls that the first operation to correct hydronephrosis due to ureter stenosis was performed by Trendelenburg. He then defines the causal lesion of hydronephrosis and describes its etiology. He stresses that the only procedure for correcting hydronephrosis caused by stenosis of the juxtapyelic ureter is the removal of this portion, the lesion of which it is impossible to repair or correct. He criticizes the numerous operations proposed by different authors and even the partial removal of the renal pelvis. He points out that most of the operation procedures described as new, have already been published. He finally stresses that the best operation is the removal of the stenosed ureter followed by direct pyelo-ureter anastomosis and kidney draining by means of a tutor probe placed from the pelvis to the bladder during the operation and kept in place for a few days.", "PMID": 718266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7464", "title": "[Cytology of urine in eosinophilic cystitis. Apropos of 19 cases].", "content": "A retrospective, cytological study has been carried out on the urine of 19 patients diagnosed by means of an endoscopic biopsy as suffering from eosinophilic cystitis. The authors have assessed the erythrocytes, the urothelial cells and the inflammatory ones, by means of a percentage count on 1,000 of the latter. In all the cases there was found to be a percentage rate of polynuclear neutrophils of more than 90% as well as the constant presence of eosinophils although in a very limited percentage and the conclusion is reached that it is impossible to diagnose eosinophil cystitis by means of the cytological study of the urine alone.", "contents": "[Cytology of urine in eosinophilic cystitis. Apropos of 19 cases]. A retrospective, cytological study has been carried out on the urine of 19 patients diagnosed by means of an endoscopic biopsy as suffering from eosinophilic cystitis. The authors have assessed the erythrocytes, the urothelial cells and the inflammatory ones, by means of a percentage count on 1,000 of the latter. In all the cases there was found to be a percentage rate of polynuclear neutrophils of more than 90% as well as the constant presence of eosinophils although in a very limited percentage and the conclusion is reached that it is impossible to diagnose eosinophil cystitis by means of the cytological study of the urine alone.", "PMID": 718267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7465", "title": "The arthritis of mixed connective tissue disease.", "content": "Twenty patients with mixed connective tissue disease were followed for 5 years. Arthritis occurred in all 20 patients, being the presenting complaint in 11 patients. The joints most frequently involved were the proximal interphalangeal (PIP), metacarpophalangeal (MCP), wrists, metatarsophalangeal (MTP), and knee; the distribution tended to be symmetrical, mimicking early rheumatoid arthritis. Joint deformities occurred in 6 patients, but apart from 1 patient with arthritis mutilans, significant functional impairment was not encountered. Radiologically small punched out bone erosions, asymmetrically distributed, were the most characteristic finding; other notable changes were aseptic necrosis, tuft erosions, and periarticular calcification. Joint effusions were non-inflammatory, the cellular content was predominantly lymphocytic and the C3 level was normal. Most cases were controlled with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents and invariably responded to prednisone less than or equal to 7.5 mg/day.", "contents": "The arthritis of mixed connective tissue disease. Twenty patients with mixed connective tissue disease were followed for 5 years. Arthritis occurred in all 20 patients, being the presenting complaint in 11 patients. The joints most frequently involved were the proximal interphalangeal (PIP), metacarpophalangeal (MCP), wrists, metatarsophalangeal (MTP), and knee; the distribution tended to be symmetrical, mimicking early rheumatoid arthritis. Joint deformities occurred in 6 patients, but apart from 1 patient with arthritis mutilans, significant functional impairment was not encountered. Radiologically small punched out bone erosions, asymmetrically distributed, were the most characteristic finding; other notable changes were aseptic necrosis, tuft erosions, and periarticular calcification. Joint effusions were non-inflammatory, the cellular content was predominantly lymphocytic and the C3 level was normal. Most cases were controlled with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents and invariably responded to prednisone less than or equal to 7.5 mg/day.", "PMID": 718271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7466", "title": "Markedly raised synovial fluid leucocyte counts not associated with infectious arthritis in children.", "content": "Synovial fluid leucocyte counts greater than 50 000 cells/mm3 (50 X 10(9)/1) are usually associated with infectious arthritis. Six children, 3 of whom meet the criteria for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), are described with synovial fluid white blood cell counts greater than 88 000 cells/mm3 (88 X 10(9)/1). Two had synovial fluid leucocyte counts greater than 100 000 cells/mm3 (100 X 10(9)/1). The diagnosis of infectious arthritis was unlikely in these 6 children since the synovial fluid smears and cultures for infectious agents were negative and their histories atypical for infection. While in most instances such markedly raised synovial fluid leucocyte counts indicate infection, this finding is not diagnostic of septic arthritis.", "contents": "Markedly raised synovial fluid leucocyte counts not associated with infectious arthritis in children. Synovial fluid leucocyte counts greater than 50 000 cells/mm3 (50 X 10(9)/1) are usually associated with infectious arthritis. Six children, 3 of whom meet the criteria for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), are described with synovial fluid white blood cell counts greater than 88 000 cells/mm3 (88 X 10(9)/1). Two had synovial fluid leucocyte counts greater than 100 000 cells/mm3 (100 X 10(9)/1). The diagnosis of infectious arthritis was unlikely in these 6 children since the synovial fluid smears and cultures for infectious agents were negative and their histories atypical for infection. While in most instances such markedly raised synovial fluid leucocyte counts indicate infection, this finding is not diagnostic of septic arthritis.", "PMID": 718272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7467", "title": "[Vesico-ureteral reflux].", "content": "We review the current problem of vesico-ureteral reflux, commenting upon the etiological factors and the physiopathology of the same. We describe the exploratory methods (analysis, urography, cystourethrography, cystoscopy) and assess the data obtained in order to establish the indication of medical or surgical treatment.", "contents": "[Vesico-ureteral reflux]. We review the current problem of vesico-ureteral reflux, commenting upon the etiological factors and the physiopathology of the same. We describe the exploratory methods (analysis, urography, cystourethrography, cystoscopy) and assess the data obtained in order to establish the indication of medical or surgical treatment.", "PMID": 718268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7468", "title": "Lymphocyte studies in rheumatoid arthritis. II. Antibody-mediated and mitogen-induced lymphocyte cytotoxicity in synovial fluid and peripheral blood.", "content": "A comparison was made of the activity of synovial fluid (SF) lymphocytes with peripheral blood lymphocytes in antibody-mediated and mitogen-induced lymphocyte cytotoxicity in patients with a variety of inflammatory joint diseases. SF lymphocytes consistently showed little or no antibody-mediated cytotoxicity (AMC) although mitogen-induced cytotoxic activity was comparable with that of the peripheral blood lymphocytes. Blocking substances on the cell surface were not responsible for the lack of AMC by SF lymphocytes as preincubation at 37 degrees C and enzyme treatment (trypsin, neuraminidase) of the cells did not restore activity. The lack of AMC by SF cells from a variety of inflammatory joint fluids demonstrates that this may be a consequence of inflammation in the joint and excludes the possibility that this is a specific property of fluids from certain conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. Lymphocytes thought to be involved in AMC have a characteristic surface morphology (Fc receptor positive, E rosette negative, surface immunoglobulin negative). Such lymphocytes are present in synovial fluid in comparable proportions to those in blood. Hence the absence of AMC indicates that functional assays must be used in determining the presence or absence of cells with special functions.", "contents": "Lymphocyte studies in rheumatoid arthritis. II. Antibody-mediated and mitogen-induced lymphocyte cytotoxicity in synovial fluid and peripheral blood. A comparison was made of the activity of synovial fluid (SF) lymphocytes with peripheral blood lymphocytes in antibody-mediated and mitogen-induced lymphocyte cytotoxicity in patients with a variety of inflammatory joint diseases. SF lymphocytes consistently showed little or no antibody-mediated cytotoxicity (AMC) although mitogen-induced cytotoxic activity was comparable with that of the peripheral blood lymphocytes. Blocking substances on the cell surface were not responsible for the lack of AMC by SF lymphocytes as preincubation at 37 degrees C and enzyme treatment (trypsin, neuraminidase) of the cells did not restore activity. The lack of AMC by SF cells from a variety of inflammatory joint fluids demonstrates that this may be a consequence of inflammation in the joint and excludes the possibility that this is a specific property of fluids from certain conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. Lymphocytes thought to be involved in AMC have a characteristic surface morphology (Fc receptor positive, E rosette negative, surface immunoglobulin negative). Such lymphocytes are present in synovial fluid in comparable proportions to those in blood. Hence the absence of AMC indicates that functional assays must be used in determining the presence or absence of cells with special functions.", "PMID": 718273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7469", "title": "[Morphogenesis of the renal glomerulus in relation to fetal weight].", "content": "The author studies the development of the kidney glomerulus during the foetal period. He establishes four, well-defined stages in the morphological development of the same, in relation to the weight of the foetus. He thus obtains the average decreases and increases in each of the forms.", "contents": "[Morphogenesis of the renal glomerulus in relation to fetal weight]. The author studies the development of the kidney glomerulus during the foetal period. He establishes four, well-defined stages in the morphological development of the same, in relation to the weight of the foetus. He thus obtains the average decreases and increases in each of the forms.", "PMID": 718269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7470", "title": "SOluble and insoluble immune complex-platelet interactions in rheumatoid inflammation.", "content": "The interactions of soluble and insoluble immunoglobulin G (IgG) complexes with macromolecular rheumatoid factor (RF) and platelets were examined in an in vitro system permitting observation of platelet activities which may contribute to rheumatoid inflammation. Studies of the aggregation phenomenon by the nephalometric technique and by selective sedimentation of 51Cr-labelled platelets revealed no aggregation by platelets exposed to heat aggregated IgG (HAIgG) complexes or their RF precipitates in a plasma test system. Release of serotonin was demonstrated by the increasing radioactivity of platelet supernates to 45 min by 14C-serotonin labelled platelets exposed to insoluble IgG heat aggregates. Significantly less release was shown with saline, native IgG, and soluble IgG complexes. When RF was added to soluble HAIgG complexes, the resulting precipitate caused significantly higher release than controls. No concomitant release of the lysosomal enzyme beta-glucuronidase was detected. Thus, although soluble complexes do not cause significant release of biologically active amines, conversion of soluble complexes to insoluble immune precipitates by RF is associated with this activity which is independent of platelet aggregation and/or lyosomal enzyme release in our test system. Release of biologically active amines from platelets exposed to insoluble complexes may be important in the initiation and propagation of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "SOluble and insoluble immune complex-platelet interactions in rheumatoid inflammation. The interactions of soluble and insoluble immunoglobulin G (IgG) complexes with macromolecular rheumatoid factor (RF) and platelets were examined in an in vitro system permitting observation of platelet activities which may contribute to rheumatoid inflammation. Studies of the aggregation phenomenon by the nephalometric technique and by selective sedimentation of 51Cr-labelled platelets revealed no aggregation by platelets exposed to heat aggregated IgG (HAIgG) complexes or their RF precipitates in a plasma test system. Release of serotonin was demonstrated by the increasing radioactivity of platelet supernates to 45 min by 14C-serotonin labelled platelets exposed to insoluble IgG heat aggregates. Significantly less release was shown with saline, native IgG, and soluble IgG complexes. When RF was added to soluble HAIgG complexes, the resulting precipitate caused significantly higher release than controls. No concomitant release of the lysosomal enzyme beta-glucuronidase was detected. Thus, although soluble complexes do not cause significant release of biologically active amines, conversion of soluble complexes to insoluble immune precipitates by RF is associated with this activity which is independent of platelet aggregation and/or lyosomal enzyme release in our test system. Release of biologically active amines from platelets exposed to insoluble complexes may be important in the initiation and propagation of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 718274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7471", "title": "[Sarcomatoid renal carcinoma].", "content": "The authors present a case of sarcomatoid kidney adenocarcinome of the fibrosarcomatoid kind. They stress the importance and difficulty of making a differential diagnosis between the sarcomatoid type of kidney adenocarcinomas and pure sarcomas of the kidney, this being an entirely histopathological and extremely complex diagnosis. They comment upon the possible histogenesis in the sense that they may be sarcomatoid areas deriving from the stroma or from a cellular metaplasia of the adenocarcinoma.", "contents": "[Sarcomatoid renal carcinoma]. The authors present a case of sarcomatoid kidney adenocarcinome of the fibrosarcomatoid kind. They stress the importance and difficulty of making a differential diagnosis between the sarcomatoid type of kidney adenocarcinomas and pure sarcomas of the kidney, this being an entirely histopathological and extremely complex diagnosis. They comment upon the possible histogenesis in the sense that they may be sarcomatoid areas deriving from the stroma or from a cellular metaplasia of the adenocarcinoma.", "PMID": 718270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7472", "title": "On the relationship between gastrin, gastric secretion, and adjuvant arthritis in rats.", "content": "The elevation of plasma immunoreactive gastrin known to occur during the induction of adjuvant-induced arthritis (Rooney et al., 1973) has been shown to be maximal at 7 days after injection. Gastrin administered exogenously accelerated and exacerbated the inflammatory joint disease. Some evidence has been presented that the endogenous immunoreactive gastrin had biological activity in terms of gastric acid secretion.", "contents": "On the relationship between gastrin, gastric secretion, and adjuvant arthritis in rats. The elevation of plasma immunoreactive gastrin known to occur during the induction of adjuvant-induced arthritis (Rooney et al., 1973) has been shown to be maximal at 7 days after injection. Gastrin administered exogenously accelerated and exacerbated the inflammatory joint disease. Some evidence has been presented that the endogenous immunoreactive gastrin had biological activity in terms of gastric acid secretion.", "PMID": 718275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7473", "title": "Proximal interphalangeal arthroscintigraphy in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Quantitative scintigraphy of proximal interphalangeal joints was performed by a reproducible method using 99m-Technetium in the hands of 40 normal controls and 20 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The range of the mean uptake varied considerably between proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints in normal subjects. The mean uptake over PIP joints was not significantly different either between normal controls and RA patients, nor between those rheumatoid arthritis patients with and those without clinical signs of inflammation in the PIP joints. However, the variation in the PIP counts was significantly greater in the rheumatoid hands than in the normal hands. There was no clear correlation between the technetium uptake and the clinical parameters of inflammation in the PIP joints.", "contents": "Proximal interphalangeal arthroscintigraphy in rheumatoid arthritis. Quantitative scintigraphy of proximal interphalangeal joints was performed by a reproducible method using 99m-Technetium in the hands of 40 normal controls and 20 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The range of the mean uptake varied considerably between proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints in normal subjects. The mean uptake over PIP joints was not significantly different either between normal controls and RA patients, nor between those rheumatoid arthritis patients with and those without clinical signs of inflammation in the PIP joints. However, the variation in the PIP counts was significantly greater in the rheumatoid hands than in the normal hands. There was no clear correlation between the technetium uptake and the clinical parameters of inflammation in the PIP joints.", "PMID": 718276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7474", "title": "Rapid cryoglobulin screening: an aid to the clinician.", "content": "A rapid screening method for serum cryoblobulin is reported. It requires only common laboratory equipment and is based upon the detection of light scattering (500 millimicron) in the early phase of cryoaggregation. All of 28 sera negative for cryoglobulins by the conventional 5-day incubation method were negative by the screening method. Conversely, all sera containing 60 microgram/ml or more of mixed cryoglobulins were positive by the screening method. The initiation phase of cryoprecipitation in mixed cryoglobulins was found to be prompt, as reported previously for monoclonal cryoglobulins. This sensitive method of cryoglobulin detection provides results to the clinician within 2 hours, a helpful insight where consideration of possible immune complex vasculitis exists.", "contents": "Rapid cryoglobulin screening: an aid to the clinician. A rapid screening method for serum cryoblobulin is reported. It requires only common laboratory equipment and is based upon the detection of light scattering (500 millimicron) in the early phase of cryoaggregation. All of 28 sera negative for cryoglobulins by the conventional 5-day incubation method were negative by the screening method. Conversely, all sera containing 60 microgram/ml or more of mixed cryoglobulins were positive by the screening method. The initiation phase of cryoprecipitation in mixed cryoglobulins was found to be prompt, as reported previously for monoclonal cryoglobulins. This sensitive method of cryoglobulin detection provides results to the clinician within 2 hours, a helpful insight where consideration of possible immune complex vasculitis exists.", "PMID": 718277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7475", "title": "Isolated epiphyseal chondrocyte allografts into joint surfaces. An experimental study in rabbits.", "content": "Isolated epiphyseal chondrocytes from 5 week old female New Zealand white rabbits were transplanted as allografts into drill holes in the tibial articular surface of adult male New Zealand white rabbits. The grafts were examined after 8 weeks. Fresh chondrocytes which were partially separated from their matrix were more successful (47%) than completely separated cells (20%) and were significantly more successful (P greater than 0.05) in skeletally mature (58%) as opposed to immature recipients (20%). Storage of the cells at -79 degrees C for 2 to 9 days or at -196 degrees C for 36 to 58 weeks gave successful results of 23% and 33%, respectively. Control defects showed fibrocartilage filling the defect in 25%.  The factors affecting survival of chondrocyte allografts require further study before clinical application of the method.", "contents": "Isolated epiphyseal chondrocyte allografts into joint surfaces. An experimental study in rabbits. Isolated epiphyseal chondrocytes from 5 week old female New Zealand white rabbits were transplanted as allografts into drill holes in the tibial articular surface of adult male New Zealand white rabbits. The grafts were examined after 8 weeks. Fresh chondrocytes which were partially separated from their matrix were more successful (47%) than completely separated cells (20%) and were significantly more successful (P greater than 0.05) in skeletally mature (58%) as opposed to immature recipients (20%). Storage of the cells at -79 degrees C for 2 to 9 days or at -196 degrees C for 36 to 58 weeks gave successful results of 23% and 33%, respectively. Control defects showed fibrocartilage filling the defect in 25%.  The factors affecting survival of chondrocyte allografts require further study before clinical application of the method.", "PMID": 718278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7476", "title": "A family study of Behcet's syndrome.", "content": "The first-degree family members of patients with Behcet's syndrome were investigated to determine (1) whether there was a familial aggregation of Behcet's syndrome or of its component features, (2) whether there was an increased incidence of sacro-iliitis in these families, and (3) whether a link exists between Behcet's syndrome and spondarthritides in first-degree relatives. Of the 226 relatives and patients seen, 21 patients with definite Behcet's syndrome and their 71 relatives were analysed in some detail. Orogenital ulceration was found in 2 mothers of probands; 1 patient had psoriasis and Behcet's but neither disease featured in the pedigree. Another family showed numerous manifestations of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, 1 member having severe sacro-iliitis but the proband had Behcet's syndrome only. Family trees including HLA pedigrees, where known, are presented. Spouses suffered few of the complaints found in patients, and to a less extent in relatives, but showed a high incidence of backache, perhaps of psychogenic origen.", "contents": "A family study of Behcet's syndrome. The first-degree family members of patients with Behcet's syndrome were investigated to determine (1) whether there was a familial aggregation of Behcet's syndrome or of its component features, (2) whether there was an increased incidence of sacro-iliitis in these families, and (3) whether a link exists between Behcet's syndrome and spondarthritides in first-degree relatives. Of the 226 relatives and patients seen, 21 patients with definite Behcet's syndrome and their 71 relatives were analysed in some detail. Orogenital ulceration was found in 2 mothers of probands; 1 patient had psoriasis and Behcet's but neither disease featured in the pedigree. Another family showed numerous manifestations of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, 1 member having severe sacro-iliitis but the proband had Behcet's syndrome only. Family trees including HLA pedigrees, where known, are presented. Spouses suffered few of the complaints found in patients, and to a less extent in relatives, but showed a high incidence of backache, perhaps of psychogenic origen.", "PMID": 718279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7477", "title": "A prospective study of gout in New Zealand Maoris.", "content": "Results are reported from the first prospective study of gout in New Zealand Maoris based on a sample of 388 males and 378 females. At baseline, high mean levels of serum uric acid (SUA) were found, 0.422 +/- 0.092 mmol/1 (7.05 +/- 1.54 mg/100 ml) in males and 0.350 +/- 0.091 mmol/1 (5.85 +/- 1.52 mg/100 ml) in females. On the basis of traditional criteria (SUA above 0.42 mmol/1 (7.0 mg/100 ml) in males and above 0.36 mmol/1 (6.0 mg/100 ml) in females) the prevalence of hyperuricaemia was 49% in males and 42% in females. The baseline prevalence of gout (8.8% for males and 0.8% for females) and the subsequent 11-year incidence rates (10.3% for males and 4.3% for females) are discussed in relation to specified SUA classes. When traditional, sex-specific criteria for hyperuricaemia were used, no relationship was found between the prevalence of hyperuricaemia and the incidence of gout. There was, however, a sharp increase in the incidence rate of gout in both sexes when SUA levels were above 0.48 mmol/1 (8.0 mg/100 ml). In subjects with a baseline SUA above this level, the age-standardised 11-year incidence rate of gout was 29.1% for males and 37.2% for females. A previously unreported relationship linking muscle size to the incidence of gout in males is presented as a major finding of the study. Other risk factors associated with gout were body mass and blood pressure.", "contents": "A prospective study of gout in New Zealand Maoris. Results are reported from the first prospective study of gout in New Zealand Maoris based on a sample of 388 males and 378 females. At baseline, high mean levels of serum uric acid (SUA) were found, 0.422 +/- 0.092 mmol/1 (7.05 +/- 1.54 mg/100 ml) in males and 0.350 +/- 0.091 mmol/1 (5.85 +/- 1.52 mg/100 ml) in females. On the basis of traditional criteria (SUA above 0.42 mmol/1 (7.0 mg/100 ml) in males and above 0.36 mmol/1 (6.0 mg/100 ml) in females) the prevalence of hyperuricaemia was 49% in males and 42% in females. The baseline prevalence of gout (8.8% for males and 0.8% for females) and the subsequent 11-year incidence rates (10.3% for males and 4.3% for females) are discussed in relation to specified SUA classes. When traditional, sex-specific criteria for hyperuricaemia were used, no relationship was found between the prevalence of hyperuricaemia and the incidence of gout. There was, however, a sharp increase in the incidence rate of gout in both sexes when SUA levels were above 0.48 mmol/1 (8.0 mg/100 ml). In subjects with a baseline SUA above this level, the age-standardised 11-year incidence rate of gout was 29.1% for males and 37.2% for females. A previously unreported relationship linking muscle size to the incidence of gout in males is presented as a major finding of the study. Other risk factors associated with gout were body mass and blood pressure.", "PMID": 718280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7478", "title": "Costovertebral and costotransverse joint involvement in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Lesions of the costovertebral (CV) and costotransverse (CT) joints are distinctly unusual in rheumatoid arthritis. The patient presented had dramatic changes in these joints with destruction, ankylosis, and bony overgrowth. This led to a moderate respiratory impairment and a distinctive radiological presentation.", "contents": "Costovertebral and costotransverse joint involvement in rheumatoid arthritis. Lesions of the costovertebral (CV) and costotransverse (CT) joints are distinctly unusual in rheumatoid arthritis. The patient presented had dramatic changes in these joints with destruction, ankylosis, and bony overgrowth. This led to a moderate respiratory impairment and a distinctive radiological presentation.", "PMID": 718281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7479", "title": "Systemic lupus erythematosus, repeated abortions, and thrombocytopenia.", "content": "A case is described of severe thrombocytopenia in a pregnant patient with mild SLE. Three previous pregnancies had ended in abortion. Attempts to reverse the thrombocytopenia with steroids, plasmapheresis, and splenectomy failed, the platelet count returning to normal immediately after the death of the fetus at 20 weeks gestation.", "contents": "Systemic lupus erythematosus, repeated abortions, and thrombocytopenia. A case is described of severe thrombocytopenia in a pregnant patient with mild SLE. Three previous pregnancies had ended in abortion. Attempts to reverse the thrombocytopenia with steroids, plasmapheresis, and splenectomy failed, the platelet count returning to normal immediately after the death of the fetus at 20 weeks gestation.", "PMID": 718282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7480", "title": "Joint amyloid presenting as 'polymyalgic' rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "A patient presenting with 'polymyalgic' rheumatoid arthritis was shown to have synovial amyloid at an early stage of his illness. It is suggested that such patients merit early synovial biopsy and investigation.", "contents": "Joint amyloid presenting as 'polymyalgic' rheumatoid arthritis. A patient presenting with 'polymyalgic' rheumatoid arthritis was shown to have synovial amyloid at an early stage of his illness. It is suggested that such patients merit early synovial biopsy and investigation.", "PMID": 718283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7481", "title": "Management of penetrating carotid arterial injury.", "content": "A review of the experience with penetrating wounds to the carotid artery was undertaken in an effort to establish concise clinical criteria for surgical management. These results were compared with similar cases from the literature reported since 1963. In these 233 cases, the presence or absence of preoperative neurological deficits was correlated with vascular repair or ligation of the carotid artery. The presence of coma preoperatively was the single most influential factor in determining operative management and prognosis. Patients without a neurological defect should have restoration of vascular continuity (0% mortality, 0.6% morbidity), which produces significantly better results than carotid ligation (p less than 0.002). Patients with all grades of neurological deficit, short of coma, should also have primary vascular repair. Morbidity and mortality rates are significantly less than those following ligation (15 vs. 50%, p less than 0.05). In comatose patients, neither repair nor ligation appear to influence the poor prognosis. At the present time, ligation of the carotid artery is only indicated in the comatose patient who has no evidence of prograde flow or if repair is technically impossible.", "contents": "Management of penetrating carotid arterial injury. A review of the experience with penetrating wounds to the carotid artery was undertaken in an effort to establish concise clinical criteria for surgical management. These results were compared with similar cases from the literature reported since 1963. In these 233 cases, the presence or absence of preoperative neurological deficits was correlated with vascular repair or ligation of the carotid artery. The presence of coma preoperatively was the single most influential factor in determining operative management and prognosis. Patients without a neurological defect should have restoration of vascular continuity (0% mortality, 0.6% morbidity), which produces significantly better results than carotid ligation (p less than 0.002). Patients with all grades of neurological deficit, short of coma, should also have primary vascular repair. Morbidity and mortality rates are significantly less than those following ligation (15 vs. 50%, p less than 0.05). In comatose patients, neither repair nor ligation appear to influence the poor prognosis. At the present time, ligation of the carotid artery is only indicated in the comatose patient who has no evidence of prograde flow or if repair is technically impossible.", "PMID": 718284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7482", "title": "Use of the stomach as an esophageal substitute.", "content": "Esophagoplasty with isoperistaltic stomach is a useful and satisfactory means of reconstruction of the esophagus. It is simpler and there is no necessity for using a reversed gastric tube. The most essential points of technique for the modelling of the stomach, is taking advantage of the ample intramural vascular network and adequate selection of the highest point of the stomach for the site of the esophago-or pharyngogastrostomy. To utilize the intramural vascular network, sufficient width of the stomach is necessary. This also allows stretching of the stomach. Esophageal resection and reconstruction using the isoperistaltic stomach above the level of the neck was performed on 130 cases. Among them 40 cases were pharyngogastromies and 90 cases were cervical esophagogastromies. There was one operative death due to alcoholic liver cirrhosis (operative mortality rate 0.8%). If the stomach is properly handled, esophageal replacement by the isoperistaltic stomach gives constant success.", "contents": "Use of the stomach as an esophageal substitute. Esophagoplasty with isoperistaltic stomach is a useful and satisfactory means of reconstruction of the esophagus. It is simpler and there is no necessity for using a reversed gastric tube. The most essential points of technique for the modelling of the stomach, is taking advantage of the ample intramural vascular network and adequate selection of the highest point of the stomach for the site of the esophago-or pharyngogastrostomy. To utilize the intramural vascular network, sufficient width of the stomach is necessary. This also allows stretching of the stomach. Esophageal resection and reconstruction using the isoperistaltic stomach above the level of the neck was performed on 130 cases. Among them 40 cases were pharyngogastromies and 90 cases were cervical esophagogastromies. There was one operative death due to alcoholic liver cirrhosis (operative mortality rate 0.8%). If the stomach is properly handled, esophageal replacement by the isoperistaltic stomach gives constant success.", "PMID": 718285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7483", "title": "Fasting and postprandial serum gastrin levels in infants with congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.", "content": "Recently attempts have been made to demonstrate the possible role of hypergastrinemia in the production of congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in infants. Eleven infants with congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, ranging in age from three to 11 weeks, were evaluated for fasting and postprandial serum gastrin levels. Two to ten weeks following successful pyloromyotomy, a similar evaluation was undertaken to demonstrate the possible role of elevated serum gastrin levels in the etiology of congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. The average fasting and postprandial serum gastrin levels in infants with congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis did not differ significantly from levels noted in control infants. Similarly, no statistically significant difference was noted between the pre- and postoperative levels of serum gastrin in the affected infants. Several experimental studies have been reported within the past few years describing the production of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in the offspring of dogs injected with pentagastrin during pregnancy. The results of our study minimize the direct importance of serum gastrin in the production of congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. The role of the hormone secretin in the etiology of this condition is hypothesized.", "contents": "Fasting and postprandial serum gastrin levels in infants with congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Recently attempts have been made to demonstrate the possible role of hypergastrinemia in the production of congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in infants. Eleven infants with congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, ranging in age from three to 11 weeks, were evaluated for fasting and postprandial serum gastrin levels. Two to ten weeks following successful pyloromyotomy, a similar evaluation was undertaken to demonstrate the possible role of elevated serum gastrin levels in the etiology of congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. The average fasting and postprandial serum gastrin levels in infants with congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis did not differ significantly from levels noted in control infants. Similarly, no statistically significant difference was noted between the pre- and postoperative levels of serum gastrin in the affected infants. Several experimental studies have been reported within the past few years describing the production of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in the offspring of dogs injected with pentagastrin during pregnancy. The results of our study minimize the direct importance of serum gastrin in the production of congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. The role of the hormone secretin in the etiology of this condition is hypothesized.", "PMID": 718286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7484", "title": "Hyperbilirubinemia in inflammatory pancreatic disease: natural history and management.", "content": "Of 868 patients admitted with pancreatitis between 1971 and 1976, coexisting hyperbilirubinemia was noted in 125 (14%). The patient population was primarily composed of alcoholics (84%) with chronic pancreatic disease (75% Marsielles Class H or higher) which was of moderate severity (77% fewer than three prognostic signs). The hyperbilirubinemia in these 125 patients was due to extrahepatic obstruction in 22%, hepatocelluar disease in 31%, and was idiopathic in 47%. Transient hyperbilirubinemia (< 10 days duration) occurred most commonly in the idiopathic group. Transitory periductular pancreatic edema may account for the elevated bilirubin in some of these cases. Liver biopsy should be done whenever hyperbilirubinemia persists longer than ten days in patients with pancreatitis. If hepatocellular disease is not found, transhepatic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiography are indicated. If common bile duct obstruction is demonstrated, a brief trial of medical therapy is in order. Persistent conservative treatment, however, exposes the patient to the risk of cholangitis and biliary cirrhosis. In 13 of the 125 cases (10%), persistent extrahepatic obstruction proved to be due to compression of the common bile duct by inflammatory pancreatic tissue. In these circumstances, choledochoduodenostomy is recommended as the procedure of choice. In patients requiring biliary decompression, concommitant procedures upon the pancreas are occasionally indicated.", "contents": "Hyperbilirubinemia in inflammatory pancreatic disease: natural history and management. Of 868 patients admitted with pancreatitis between 1971 and 1976, coexisting hyperbilirubinemia was noted in 125 (14%). The patient population was primarily composed of alcoholics (84%) with chronic pancreatic disease (75% Marsielles Class H or higher) which was of moderate severity (77% fewer than three prognostic signs). The hyperbilirubinemia in these 125 patients was due to extrahepatic obstruction in 22%, hepatocelluar disease in 31%, and was idiopathic in 47%. Transient hyperbilirubinemia (< 10 days duration) occurred most commonly in the idiopathic group. Transitory periductular pancreatic edema may account for the elevated bilirubin in some of these cases. Liver biopsy should be done whenever hyperbilirubinemia persists longer than ten days in patients with pancreatitis. If hepatocellular disease is not found, transhepatic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiography are indicated. If common bile duct obstruction is demonstrated, a brief trial of medical therapy is in order. Persistent conservative treatment, however, exposes the patient to the risk of cholangitis and biliary cirrhosis. In 13 of the 125 cases (10%), persistent extrahepatic obstruction proved to be due to compression of the common bile duct by inflammatory pancreatic tissue. In these circumstances, choledochoduodenostomy is recommended as the procedure of choice. In patients requiring biliary decompression, concommitant procedures upon the pancreas are occasionally indicated.", "PMID": 718287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7485", "title": "Colonoscopy and the management of polyps containing invasive carcinoma.", "content": "Experiences with 565 colonoscopic polypectomies and 91 colonic and rectal resections containing infiltrating carcinoma in polyps are reviewed. A plan of management based on pathologic study of resected polyps is formulated to avoid further unnecessary surgery. It was concluded that: (1) Tubular adenomas containing invasive carcinomas have a low incidence of metastatic node involvement. This incidence is related to the depth of carcinomatous involvement. Resection of these polyps with a margin free of carcinoma constitutes definitive and adequate treatment and that (2) Villous adenomas containing invasive carcinoma have a high incidence of metastatic nodal involvement, and operative resection of the involved area of the colon is recommended, and that (3) Pedunculated tubulovillous adenomas containing invasive carcinoma behave like tubular adenomas, and the recommendations for further surgery in the patient with tubular adenomas with carcinoma apply equally well for these lesions. Sessile tubulovillous polyps tend to behave like villous adenomas, and if invasive carcinoma is demonstrated, further operation is recommended.", "contents": "Colonoscopy and the management of polyps containing invasive carcinoma. Experiences with 565 colonoscopic polypectomies and 91 colonic and rectal resections containing infiltrating carcinoma in polyps are reviewed. A plan of management based on pathologic study of resected polyps is formulated to avoid further unnecessary surgery. It was concluded that: (1) Tubular adenomas containing invasive carcinomas have a low incidence of metastatic node involvement. This incidence is related to the depth of carcinomatous involvement. Resection of these polyps with a margin free of carcinoma constitutes definitive and adequate treatment and that (2) Villous adenomas containing invasive carcinoma have a high incidence of metastatic nodal involvement, and operative resection of the involved area of the colon is recommended, and that (3) Pedunculated tubulovillous adenomas containing invasive carcinoma behave like tubular adenomas, and the recommendations for further surgery in the patient with tubular adenomas with carcinoma apply equally well for these lesions. Sessile tubulovillous polyps tend to behave like villous adenomas, and if invasive carcinoma is demonstrated, further operation is recommended.", "PMID": 718288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7486", "title": "Iliac-mesenteric-atrial shunt procedure for Budd-Chiari syndrome complicated by inferior vena caval thrombosis.", "content": "A 33-year-old woman had a diagnosis of idiopathic Budd-Chiari syndrome complicated by inferior vena caval occlusion. Conservative medical therapy failed to control the symptoms of both portal hypertension and vena caval stasis. Therefore, a prosthetic shunt was placed from the right common iliac vein to the right atrium with a side-arm to the superior mesenteric vein. She exhibited almost complete relief of symptoms and the graft was documented to be patent two weeks postoperatively. In many instances aggressive surgical therapy may help these patients who, in the past, would have been relegated to symptomatic therapy.", "contents": "Iliac-mesenteric-atrial shunt procedure for Budd-Chiari syndrome complicated by inferior vena caval thrombosis. A 33-year-old woman had a diagnosis of idiopathic Budd-Chiari syndrome complicated by inferior vena caval occlusion. Conservative medical therapy failed to control the symptoms of both portal hypertension and vena caval stasis. Therefore, a prosthetic shunt was placed from the right common iliac vein to the right atrium with a side-arm to the superior mesenteric vein. She exhibited almost complete relief of symptoms and the graft was documented to be patent two weeks postoperatively. In many instances aggressive surgical therapy may help these patients who, in the past, would have been relegated to symptomatic therapy.", "PMID": 718289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7487", "title": "Effect of proximal gastric vagotomy on feeding stimulated Heidenhain pouch acid secretion and gastrin release.", "content": "Truncal vagotomy (TV) is known to increase the feeding stimulated acid output of Heidenhain pouches. A series of experiments were performed in dogs to see if proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV) also had this effect. Dogs were prepared with gastric fistulas (GF) and Heidenhain pouches (HP). Gastric function testing included three categories of tests: (1) serum gastrin determinations and Heidenhain pouch acid secretion after feeding, (2) gastric emptying and simultaneous Heidenhain pouch acid secretion, and (3) gastric and Heidenhain pouch acid secretion and serum gastrin levels after insulin. Compelte testing consisting of two control and two post-PGV tests was accomplished in five dogs in each category. Insulin testing confirmed that an adequate PGV was performed because GF peak acid output in response to 0.5 U/kg insulin IV was reduced 88% by PGV (p less than .01). In response to two separate meals peak acid output (PAO) from the HP's was not increased significantly after PGV: Meal I pre-PGV 450 +/- 112 vs post-PGV  400 +/- 99 muEq/15 min; Meal II pre-PGV 256 +/- 62 vs post-PGV 304 +/- 150 muEq/15 min. This finding may represent an important physiologic difference between PGV and truncal vagotomy.", "contents": "Effect of proximal gastric vagotomy on feeding stimulated Heidenhain pouch acid secretion and gastrin release. Truncal vagotomy (TV) is known to increase the feeding stimulated acid output of Heidenhain pouches. A series of experiments were performed in dogs to see if proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV) also had this effect. Dogs were prepared with gastric fistulas (GF) and Heidenhain pouches (HP). Gastric function testing included three categories of tests: (1) serum gastrin determinations and Heidenhain pouch acid secretion after feeding, (2) gastric emptying and simultaneous Heidenhain pouch acid secretion, and (3) gastric and Heidenhain pouch acid secretion and serum gastrin levels after insulin. Compelte testing consisting of two control and two post-PGV tests was accomplished in five dogs in each category. Insulin testing confirmed that an adequate PGV was performed because GF peak acid output in response to 0.5 U/kg insulin IV was reduced 88% by PGV (p less than .01). In response to two separate meals peak acid output (PAO) from the HP's was not increased significantly after PGV: Meal I pre-PGV 450 +/- 112 vs post-PGV  400 +/- 99 muEq/15 min; Meal II pre-PGV 256 +/- 62 vs post-PGV 304 +/- 150 muEq/15 min. This finding may represent an important physiologic difference between PGV and truncal vagotomy.", "PMID": 718290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7488", "title": "Preoperative estimation of run off in patients with multiple level arterial obstructions as a guide to partial reconstructive surgery.", "content": "Preoperative measurements of direct femoral artery systolic pressure, indirect ankle systolic pressure and direct brachial artery systolic pressure were carried out in nine patients with severe ischemia and arterial occlusions both proximal and distal to the ingvinal ligament. The pressure-rise at the ankle was estimated preoperatively by assuming that the ankle pressure would rise in proportion to the rise in femoral artery pressure. Thus it was predicted that reconstruction of the iliac obstruction with aorta-femoral pressure gradients from 44 to 96 mm Hg would result in a rise in ankle pressure of 16--54 mm Hg. The actual rise in ankle pressure one month after reconstruction of the iliac arteries ranged from 10 to 46 mm Hg and was well correlated to the preoperative estimations. In conclusion, by proper pressure measurements the run-off problem of multiple level arterial occlusions can be evaluated. Thus the result of successful partial reconstruction can be assessed preoperatively.", "contents": "Preoperative estimation of run off in patients with multiple level arterial obstructions as a guide to partial reconstructive surgery. Preoperative measurements of direct femoral artery systolic pressure, indirect ankle systolic pressure and direct brachial artery systolic pressure were carried out in nine patients with severe ischemia and arterial occlusions both proximal and distal to the ingvinal ligament. The pressure-rise at the ankle was estimated preoperatively by assuming that the ankle pressure would rise in proportion to the rise in femoral artery pressure. Thus it was predicted that reconstruction of the iliac obstruction with aorta-femoral pressure gradients from 44 to 96 mm Hg would result in a rise in ankle pressure of 16--54 mm Hg. The actual rise in ankle pressure one month after reconstruction of the iliac arteries ranged from 10 to 46 mm Hg and was well correlated to the preoperative estimations. In conclusion, by proper pressure measurements the run-off problem of multiple level arterial occlusions can be evaluated. Thus the result of successful partial reconstruction can be assessed preoperatively.", "PMID": 718291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7489", "title": "Alimentary tract duplications in children.", "content": "This report reviews the experience with 78 alimentary tract duplications found in 64 patients over a 40 year period at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. Ten patients had the duplication discovered at autopsy. Multiple duplications were found in 15% of patients. The symptoms and physical findings of a duplication varied with location, size and mucosal pattern. About one-fifth of the duplications contained ectopic mucosa, usually gastric. Two-thirds of the patients were diagnosed prior to one year of age. Vertebral anomalies, as a clue to the presence of the lesion, were present in 15% of the patients. The most common indications for surgery included a mediastinal or abdominal mass, intestinal obstruction, and gastrointestinal bleeding. The results of surgery were favorable, with a mortality of 20%. Surgical complications accounted for six deaths, while four children died of severe associated anomalies. Three others died without surgical treatment, but with symptoms from the duplication.", "contents": "Alimentary tract duplications in children. This report reviews the experience with 78 alimentary tract duplications found in 64 patients over a 40 year period at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. Ten patients had the duplication discovered at autopsy. Multiple duplications were found in 15% of patients. The symptoms and physical findings of a duplication varied with location, size and mucosal pattern. About one-fifth of the duplications contained ectopic mucosa, usually gastric. Two-thirds of the patients were diagnosed prior to one year of age. Vertebral anomalies, as a clue to the presence of the lesion, were present in 15% of the patients. The most common indications for surgery included a mediastinal or abdominal mass, intestinal obstruction, and gastrointestinal bleeding. The results of surgery were favorable, with a mortality of 20%. Surgical complications accounted for six deaths, while four children died of severe associated anomalies. Three others died without surgical treatment, but with symptoms from the duplication.", "PMID": 718292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7490", "title": "Treatment of caustic injuries of the esophagus: a ten year experience.", "content": "The methods of managing 32 patients sustaining caustic injuries to the esophagus are assessed. Treatment of these patients must be individualized according to the type of caustic ingested, the degree of burn and other clinical signs. While an aggressive approach is favored for second and third-degree burns in the form of early esophago-gastrectomy with subsequent colon interposition, operation is not necessary. In all patients, particularly those with first-degree burns. The use of antibiotics is recommended as soon as the diagnosis of esophageal injury is established. The efficacy of steroids in preventing stricture formation, especially with third-degree burns, is questioned.", "contents": "Treatment of caustic injuries of the esophagus: a ten year experience. The methods of managing 32 patients sustaining caustic injuries to the esophagus are assessed. Treatment of these patients must be individualized according to the type of caustic ingested, the degree of burn and other clinical signs. While an aggressive approach is favored for second and third-degree burns in the form of early esophago-gastrectomy with subsequent colon interposition, operation is not necessary. In all patients, particularly those with first-degree burns. The use of antibiotics is recommended as soon as the diagnosis of esophageal injury is established. The efficacy of steroids in preventing stricture formation, especially with third-degree burns, is questioned.", "PMID": 718293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7491", "title": "A clinicopathologic study of 21 cases of pancreatic cystadenocarcinoma.", "content": "Cystadenocarcinomas are rare tumors of the pancreas. They are half as common as their benign counterpart--the cystadenoma. A review of 21 cases, including eight reported since 1963, revealed that most patients presented with upper abdominal pain and a large palpable upper abdominal mass. All patients had evidence of malignant degeneration occurring in a mucous cystadenoma. None had evidence of a serious cystadenoma. Grading revealed a predominance of low-grade tumors: 20 of the 21 lesions were grade 1 or 2. Cystadenocarcinomas were slightly more frequent in the head of the pancreas. Four patients had metastasis. Complete excision by distal or total pancreatectomy or Whipple pancreaticoduodenectomy is recommended. The five year survival after complete excision is 68%, and for patients with grade 1 lesions, and five year survival is 64%.", "contents": "A clinicopathologic study of 21 cases of pancreatic cystadenocarcinoma. Cystadenocarcinomas are rare tumors of the pancreas. They are half as common as their benign counterpart--the cystadenoma. A review of 21 cases, including eight reported since 1963, revealed that most patients presented with upper abdominal pain and a large palpable upper abdominal mass. All patients had evidence of malignant degeneration occurring in a mucous cystadenoma. None had evidence of a serious cystadenoma. Grading revealed a predominance of low-grade tumors: 20 of the 21 lesions were grade 1 or 2. Cystadenocarcinomas were slightly more frequent in the head of the pancreas. Four patients had metastasis. Complete excision by distal or total pancreatectomy or Whipple pancreaticoduodenectomy is recommended. The five year survival after complete excision is 68%, and for patients with grade 1 lesions, and five year survival is 64%.", "PMID": 718294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7492", "title": "Sequential femoral-tibial bypass grafting for limb salvage.", "content": "Bypass grafting to distal lower extremity vessels continues to be associated with a high rate of graft occlusion. By utilizing a sequential side-to-side anastomosis between saphenous vein and popliteal artery in femoral-tibial bypass grafts, runoff can be increased and graft patency thereby improved. Sequential femoral-tibial grafts were employed in seven patients with gangrene, trophic changes, or restpain, all of whom had single-vessel runoff by arteriography. All seven sequential grafts established to a distal vessel in addition to the popliteal artery have remained open for periods of five to 27 months as determined by palpable graft or foot pulses. Two patients undersent below-knee amputation within six months of operation but had patent grafts at the time of amputation. In three patients ischemic ulcers resolved and in two patients toe amputations healed successfully. Sequential bypass grafting is a technique aimed at improving the patency rate of femoral-tibial bypass grafts by augmenting runoff.", "contents": "Sequential femoral-tibial bypass grafting for limb salvage. Bypass grafting to distal lower extremity vessels continues to be associated with a high rate of graft occlusion. By utilizing a sequential side-to-side anastomosis between saphenous vein and popliteal artery in femoral-tibial bypass grafts, runoff can be increased and graft patency thereby improved. Sequential femoral-tibial grafts were employed in seven patients with gangrene, trophic changes, or restpain, all of whom had single-vessel runoff by arteriography. All seven sequential grafts established to a distal vessel in addition to the popliteal artery have remained open for periods of five to 27 months as determined by palpable graft or foot pulses. Two patients undersent below-knee amputation within six months of operation but had patent grafts at the time of amputation. In three patients ischemic ulcers resolved and in two patients toe amputations healed successfully. Sequential bypass grafting is a technique aimed at improving the patency rate of femoral-tibial bypass grafts by augmenting runoff.", "PMID": 718295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7493", "title": "The stapled gastrointestinal tract anastomosis: incidence of postoperative complications compared with the sutured anastomosis.", "content": "Performance of gastrointestinal anastomosis by means of surgical stapling devices has achieved popularity in the last decade even though no detailed study has been reported comparing complications following the stapled anastomosis with those following hand sutured procedures performed by the same surgeons. We have reviewed 812 operative procedures on the gastrointestinal tract performed in one hospital over a four year period. Stapled anastomoses were performed in 472 with 13 (2.8%) complications related to the anastomosis; in 296 sutured anastomoses there were nine (3.0%) related complications. Comparison did not disclose any significant difference in the number of complications in these two groups. In 44 instances wherein the anastomosis contained both staples and sutures, there were no related complications. Further analysis of the patients in each group disclosed that stapling procedures were utilized in a much higher percentage of those operations which were performed under emergency conditions or in the presence of intra-abdominal sepsis, intestinal obstruction, and carcinomatosis. If the technical details of surgical stapling are mastered, this technique appears to be as safe as suturing in the performance of anastomoses in the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "The stapled gastrointestinal tract anastomosis: incidence of postoperative complications compared with the sutured anastomosis. Performance of gastrointestinal anastomosis by means of surgical stapling devices has achieved popularity in the last decade even though no detailed study has been reported comparing complications following the stapled anastomosis with those following hand sutured procedures performed by the same surgeons. We have reviewed 812 operative procedures on the gastrointestinal tract performed in one hospital over a four year period. Stapled anastomoses were performed in 472 with 13 (2.8%) complications related to the anastomosis; in 296 sutured anastomoses there were nine (3.0%) related complications. Comparison did not disclose any significant difference in the number of complications in these two groups. In 44 instances wherein the anastomosis contained both staples and sutures, there were no related complications. Further analysis of the patients in each group disclosed that stapling procedures were utilized in a much higher percentage of those operations which were performed under emergency conditions or in the presence of intra-abdominal sepsis, intestinal obstruction, and carcinomatosis. If the technical details of surgical stapling are mastered, this technique appears to be as safe as suturing in the performance of anastomoses in the gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 718296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7494", "title": "Intestinal bypass: a modification.", "content": "Six hundred sixty-four patients who have had metabolic intestinal surgery for the treatment of morbid obesity are reviewed. Particular attention is directed to difference in weight loss, morbidity and mortality in end-to-side and end-to-end shunts, the former performed in 300 patients and the latter in 262 patients. Unsatisfactory weight loss was observed in 20% of patients with end-to-side shunts, while only 8% of patients with end-to-end shunts failed to lose a sufficient amount of weight. Morbidity and mortality were significantly increased in this latter group. This led to adoption of a modification of the end-to-side operation by developing a plication ?REVENT REFLUX. Our preliminary observation indicates that in 102 patients who have had this operation, similar weight loss is attained to that of end-to-end shunts with no greater morbidity or mortality than the end-to-side type.", "contents": "Intestinal bypass: a modification. Six hundred sixty-four patients who have had metabolic intestinal surgery for the treatment of morbid obesity are reviewed. Particular attention is directed to difference in weight loss, morbidity and mortality in end-to-side and end-to-end shunts, the former performed in 300 patients and the latter in 262 patients. Unsatisfactory weight loss was observed in 20% of patients with end-to-side shunts, while only 8% of patients with end-to-end shunts failed to lose a sufficient amount of weight. Morbidity and mortality were significantly increased in this latter group. This led to adoption of a modification of the end-to-side operation by developing a plication ?REVENT REFLUX. Our preliminary observation indicates that in 102 patients who have had this operation, similar weight loss is attained to that of end-to-end shunts with no greater morbidity or mortality than the end-to-side type.", "PMID": 718297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7495", "title": "Temporary loop ileostomy in the treatment of Crohn's disease.", "content": "The use of a temporary loop ileostomy for fecal diversion in 15 patients with Crohn's disease is discussed. The indications for the use of ileostomy included both emergency and nonemergency situations. Emergency indications included cases of acute peritonitis secondary to perforated bowel or abscesses, and intestinal obstruction. In nonemergency settings ileostomy was used either in conjunction with other surgery that was thought to have a significant risk of anastomotic leakage or to prepare a patient for major resectional surgery. It was the impression of the author's that temporary loop ileostomy was a helpful adjunct in the management of certain difficult cases of Crohn's ileocolitis.", "contents": "Temporary loop ileostomy in the treatment of Crohn's disease. The use of a temporary loop ileostomy for fecal diversion in 15 patients with Crohn's disease is discussed. The indications for the use of ileostomy included both emergency and nonemergency situations. Emergency indications included cases of acute peritonitis secondary to perforated bowel or abscesses, and intestinal obstruction. In nonemergency settings ileostomy was used either in conjunction with other surgery that was thought to have a significant risk of anastomotic leakage or to prepare a patient for major resectional surgery. It was the impression of the author's that temporary loop ileostomy was a helpful adjunct in the management of certain difficult cases of Crohn's ileocolitis.", "PMID": 718298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7496", "title": "Familial occurrence of hyperuricemia, gout, and medullary cystic disease.", "content": "We observed hyperuricemia, acute gouty arthritis, and renal medullary cystic disease in three members of a family over two generations. Two of these individuals were women who developed gout by age 20 years. Two teenage sons of one of these patients had severe hyperuricemia, which appeared due to underexcretion of uric acid. To our knowledge the occurrence of hyperuricemia, gout, and renal medullary cystic disease has not been reported previously.", "contents": "Familial occurrence of hyperuricemia, gout, and medullary cystic disease. We observed hyperuricemia, acute gouty arthritis, and renal medullary cystic disease in three members of a family over two generations. Two of these individuals were women who developed gout by age 20 years. Two teenage sons of one of these patients had severe hyperuricemia, which appeared due to underexcretion of uric acid. To our knowledge the occurrence of hyperuricemia, gout, and renal medullary cystic disease has not been reported previously.", "PMID": 718310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7497", "title": "Ticarcillin disodium in anaerobic infections.", "content": "Twenty-five patients were treated with ticarcillin disodium, 18 of whom had anaerobic infections that included pleuropulmonary infections (seven), mandibular osteomyelitis (four), perirectal abscess (two), sepsis, primary site unknown (one), liver abscess (one), pelvic abscess (one), decubitus ulcer (one), and synergistic gangrene (one). Seven had no anaerobic infections. Three had anaerobic septicemia. Culture results included anaerobes: peptococci (ten), peptostreptococci (ten), Bacteroides fragilis (six), Bacteroides not fragilis (ten), eubacteria (three), fusobacteria (two), Clostridium (one), Veillonella (one), and acidaminococcus (one); aerobes: Proteus (three), Klebsiella (two), Escherichia coli (two), and streptococci (two). Six patients with mixed aerobic infections initially received gentamicin sulfate in addition. The serum levels were 110 +/- 20 microgram/ml one hour after intravenous infusion of 5 g of ticarcillin disodium. All anaerobic isolates were susceptible at less than or equal to 100 microgram/ml and 85% by less than or equal to 25 microgram/ml of ticarcillin. Sixteen patients responded well to ticarcillin and two failed to respond. Our study suggests that ticarcillin is useful in the treatment of anaerobic infections.", "contents": "Ticarcillin disodium in anaerobic infections. Twenty-five patients were treated with ticarcillin disodium, 18 of whom had anaerobic infections that included pleuropulmonary infections (seven), mandibular osteomyelitis (four), perirectal abscess (two), sepsis, primary site unknown (one), liver abscess (one), pelvic abscess (one), decubitus ulcer (one), and synergistic gangrene (one). Seven had no anaerobic infections. Three had anaerobic septicemia. Culture results included anaerobes: peptococci (ten), peptostreptococci (ten), Bacteroides fragilis (six), Bacteroides not fragilis (ten), eubacteria (three), fusobacteria (two), Clostridium (one), Veillonella (one), and acidaminococcus (one); aerobes: Proteus (three), Klebsiella (two), Escherichia coli (two), and streptococci (two). Six patients with mixed aerobic infections initially received gentamicin sulfate in addition. The serum levels were 110 +/- 20 microgram/ml one hour after intravenous infusion of 5 g of ticarcillin disodium. All anaerobic isolates were susceptible at less than or equal to 100 microgram/ml and 85% by less than or equal to 25 microgram/ml of ticarcillin. Sixteen patients responded well to ticarcillin and two failed to respond. Our study suggests that ticarcillin is useful in the treatment of anaerobic infections.", "PMID": 718311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7498", "title": "Natural history of radiation-associated thyroid cancer.", "content": "The clinical courses of 91 patients with radiation-associated thyroid cancer were compared with courses in a control population. Radiation-associated carcinoma appears to be a disease of younger persons, and 90% of the tumors are papillary. No anaplastic or medullary tumors were observed. Ninety percent of the tumors were larger than those found in an autopsy series that surveyed for \"biologically benign\" thyroid tumors. There was a higher incidence of multicentric disease, locally invasive disease, and distant metastases in the population that had had x-ray exposure. Although the population with x-ray exposure had had more aggressive treatment, more recurrences were present in patients who had had radiation therapy. The death rate was similar in both groups. Parathyroid adenoma occurred more frequently in the population that had radiation exposure than in controls and appears to be a radiation-associated illness.", "contents": "Natural history of radiation-associated thyroid cancer. The clinical courses of 91 patients with radiation-associated thyroid cancer were compared with courses in a control population. Radiation-associated carcinoma appears to be a disease of younger persons, and 90% of the tumors are papillary. No anaplastic or medullary tumors were observed. Ninety percent of the tumors were larger than those found in an autopsy series that surveyed for \"biologically benign\" thyroid tumors. There was a higher incidence of multicentric disease, locally invasive disease, and distant metastases in the population that had had x-ray exposure. Although the population with x-ray exposure had had more aggressive treatment, more recurrences were present in patients who had had radiation therapy. The death rate was similar in both groups. Parathyroid adenoma occurred more frequently in the population that had radiation exposure than in controls and appears to be a radiation-associated illness.", "PMID": 718312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7499", "title": "Anemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "Anemia has been recognized recently as a possible complication of primary hyperparathyroidism. If the hyperparathyroid state can induce anemia in patients with normal kidney function, the extremely high levels of circulating parathyroid hormone usually observed in hyperparathyroidism secondary to chronic renal failure may have an unfavorable influence on the anemia of uremic patients. We investigated the influence of subtotal parathyroidectomy on the severity of the anemia of 18 uremic subjects undergoing long-term hemodialysis therapy. Subtotal parathyroidectomy resulted in a significant increase of mean hematocrit value. RBC count, and hemoglobin level. Serial bone biopsies suggested a relationship between the amount of marrow fibrosis and the improvement of anemia after surgery, but the precise mechanism of this phenomenon is still unknown.", "contents": "Anemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Anemia has been recognized recently as a possible complication of primary hyperparathyroidism. If the hyperparathyroid state can induce anemia in patients with normal kidney function, the extremely high levels of circulating parathyroid hormone usually observed in hyperparathyroidism secondary to chronic renal failure may have an unfavorable influence on the anemia of uremic patients. We investigated the influence of subtotal parathyroidectomy on the severity of the anemia of 18 uremic subjects undergoing long-term hemodialysis therapy. Subtotal parathyroidectomy resulted in a significant increase of mean hematocrit value. RBC count, and hemoglobin level. Serial bone biopsies suggested a relationship between the amount of marrow fibrosis and the improvement of anemia after surgery, but the precise mechanism of this phenomenon is still unknown.", "PMID": 718313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7500", "title": "Staphylococcus aureus carriage rate of patients receiving long-term hemodialysis.", "content": "We studied the carriage rate of Staphylococcus aureus in patients receiving long-term hemodialysis and also noted the incidence of shunt infections, bacteremia, and septicemia in colonized patients. Thirty-one of 50 patients (62%) carried S aureus in the nose, throat, or on the skin, of whom 20 patients developed shunt infections; nine infections resulted in episodes of bacteremia. Patients with chronic renal failure not undergoing hemodialysis had a 21% carriage rate. Thus, there is a high carriage rate of S aureus in asymptomatic patients receiving hemodialysis that is probably related to an increased incidence of shunt infections and bacteremia.", "contents": "Staphylococcus aureus carriage rate of patients receiving long-term hemodialysis. We studied the carriage rate of Staphylococcus aureus in patients receiving long-term hemodialysis and also noted the incidence of shunt infections, bacteremia, and septicemia in colonized patients. Thirty-one of 50 patients (62%) carried S aureus in the nose, throat, or on the skin, of whom 20 patients developed shunt infections; nine infections resulted in episodes of bacteremia. Patients with chronic renal failure not undergoing hemodialysis had a 21% carriage rate. Thus, there is a high carriage rate of S aureus in asymptomatic patients receiving hemodialysis that is probably related to an increased incidence of shunt infections and bacteremia.", "PMID": 718314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7501", "title": "Gallium citrate Ga 67 imaging in noninfectious interstitial nephritis.", "content": "Gallium citrate Ga 67 has been reported to be of value in the diagnosis of both malignant and infectious intra-abdominal diseases. The drug may also be taken up by mononuclear phagocytes in noninfectious tubulo-interstitial disease of the kidney. Positive renal scans from patients with these diseases either become negative or show decreased uptake following treatment. With further support of these findings, gallium citrate Ga 67 may become a valuable tool in both diagnosis and follow-up of noninfectious interstitial nephritis.", "contents": "Gallium citrate Ga 67 imaging in noninfectious interstitial nephritis. Gallium citrate Ga 67 has been reported to be of value in the diagnosis of both malignant and infectious intra-abdominal diseases. The drug may also be taken up by mononuclear phagocytes in noninfectious tubulo-interstitial disease of the kidney. Positive renal scans from patients with these diseases either become negative or show decreased uptake following treatment. With further support of these findings, gallium citrate Ga 67 may become a valuable tool in both diagnosis and follow-up of noninfectious interstitial nephritis.", "PMID": 718315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7502", "title": "Pseudomonas maltophilia causing heroin-associated infective endocarditis.", "content": "The association of Pseudomonas maltophilia endocarditis in three patients with recent history of intravenous drug abuse is reported. All three patients had abnormal heart valves (two prosthetic and one rheumatic). A prominent characteristic of this uncommon pathogen is its in vitro resistance to the commonly used antimicrobials. Cure was achieved in all three cases. In two cases, synergistic antibiotic combinations were used. In one case, plasmid-mediated resistance to amikacin sulfate (Amikan, British; no comparable US product) emerged during therapy. The two patients with prosthetic valves received combined surgical and antibiotic therapy.", "contents": "Pseudomonas maltophilia causing heroin-associated infective endocarditis. The association of Pseudomonas maltophilia endocarditis in three patients with recent history of intravenous drug abuse is reported. All three patients had abnormal heart valves (two prosthetic and one rheumatic). A prominent characteristic of this uncommon pathogen is its in vitro resistance to the commonly used antimicrobials. Cure was achieved in all three cases. In two cases, synergistic antibiotic combinations were used. In one case, plasmid-mediated resistance to amikacin sulfate (Amikan, British; no comparable US product) emerged during therapy. The two patients with prosthetic valves received combined surgical and antibiotic therapy.", "PMID": 718316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7503", "title": "Familial systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Pedigrees were obtained from 340 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Two hundred ten (62%) of the patients were from the wards of Lupus Clinic at the Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center, and 130 (38%) were from a private practice. Forty-one (12%) of the 340 patients with SLE had affected relatives: five had two and 36 had one affected relative. Ten (30%) of the 33 male patients and 31 (10%) of the 307 female patients had relatives with SLE. Examination of the individual pedigrees included examples of possible autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and sex-linked dominant and recessive inheritance. When all the pedigrees were considered as a group, multifactorial inheritance was suggested.", "contents": "Familial systemic lupus erythematosus. Pedigrees were obtained from 340 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Two hundred ten (62%) of the patients were from the wards of Lupus Clinic at the Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center, and 130 (38%) were from a private practice. Forty-one (12%) of the 340 patients with SLE had affected relatives: five had two and 36 had one affected relative. Ten (30%) of the 33 male patients and 31 (10%) of the 307 female patients had relatives with SLE. Examination of the individual pedigrees included examples of possible autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and sex-linked dominant and recessive inheritance. When all the pedigrees were considered as a group, multifactorial inheritance was suggested.", "PMID": 718317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7504", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of the stomach with common variable immunodeficiency syndrome.", "content": "Two patients had adenocarcinoma of the stomach in association with common variable immunodeficiency syndrome. There has been an increased prevalence of malignancy in this late-onset immunodeficient state. Similar to five previously reported cases, our patients had gastric carcinoma as a late complication. Further documentation of this association stresses the need for long-term follow-up in this premalignant condition.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of the stomach with common variable immunodeficiency syndrome. Two patients had adenocarcinoma of the stomach in association with common variable immunodeficiency syndrome. There has been an increased prevalence of malignancy in this late-onset immunodeficient state. Similar to five previously reported cases, our patients had gastric carcinoma as a late complication. Further documentation of this association stresses the need for long-term follow-up in this premalignant condition.", "PMID": 718318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7505", "title": "Hemodialysis clearance of cimetidine.", "content": "Hemodialysis clearance of cimetidine was determined in three patients and was found to range between 41.34 to 75.91 ml/min. Notwithstanding its substantial dialyzability, the amount of cimetidine removed by four hours of hemodialysis constituted only 8% to 14% of the administered dose. Accordingly, major dose adjustment on the days of dialysis treatment, as suggested in the available literature, may not be necessary.", "contents": "Hemodialysis clearance of cimetidine. Hemodialysis clearance of cimetidine was determined in three patients and was found to range between 41.34 to 75.91 ml/min. Notwithstanding its substantial dialyzability, the amount of cimetidine removed by four hours of hemodialysis constituted only 8% to 14% of the administered dose. Accordingly, major dose adjustment on the days of dialysis treatment, as suggested in the available literature, may not be necessary.", "PMID": 718319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7506", "title": "Fixed-bed charcoal hemoperfusion. Treatment of drug overdose.", "content": "Fixed-bed activated charcoal cartridges were used for hemoperfusion in the treatment of 54 patients with overdose of one or more drugs, including barbiturate, glutethimide, ethchloryvnol, meprobamate, methyprylon, methaqualone, salicylate, and diazepam. The most dramatic improvement was noticed in patients with phenobarbitol intoxication; they were admitted in stage 3-4 coma and were either awake or arousable by verbal communication at the end of 1 1/2 to 3 1/2 hours of hemoperfusion. Other intoxications improved slowly and required longer duration of treatment. The clearance rates of the drugs with hemoperfusion were greater than those usually achieved with hemodialysis. The data demonstrate the efficacy and usefulness of charcoal hemoperfusion for the management of drug overdose.", "contents": "Fixed-bed charcoal hemoperfusion. Treatment of drug overdose. Fixed-bed activated charcoal cartridges were used for hemoperfusion in the treatment of 54 patients with overdose of one or more drugs, including barbiturate, glutethimide, ethchloryvnol, meprobamate, methyprylon, methaqualone, salicylate, and diazepam. The most dramatic improvement was noticed in patients with phenobarbitol intoxication; they were admitted in stage 3-4 coma and were either awake or arousable by verbal communication at the end of 1 1/2 to 3 1/2 hours of hemoperfusion. Other intoxications improved slowly and required longer duration of treatment. The clearance rates of the drugs with hemoperfusion were greater than those usually achieved with hemodialysis. The data demonstrate the efficacy and usefulness of charcoal hemoperfusion for the management of drug overdose.", "PMID": 718320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7507", "title": "Focal sclerosing glomerulopathy with adverse effects during pregnancy.", "content": "Exacerbation of focal sclerosing glomerulopathy (FSGN) during pregnancy was noted in the three patients. All had antecedent asymptomatic proteinuria. Toxemia developed in two of the women during pregnancy and progressed rapidly to renal failure. Severe nephrotic syndrome developed in one patient with pregnancy and remitted after delivery. These cases suggest a deleterious effect of pregnancy on the course of FSGN and indicate the necessity for doing renal biopsy in women of childbearing age with asymptomatic fixed proteinuria or nephrotic syndrome so that those patients with FSGN can be properly counseled about future pregnancies.", "contents": "Focal sclerosing glomerulopathy with adverse effects during pregnancy. Exacerbation of focal sclerosing glomerulopathy (FSGN) during pregnancy was noted in the three patients. All had antecedent asymptomatic proteinuria. Toxemia developed in two of the women during pregnancy and progressed rapidly to renal failure. Severe nephrotic syndrome developed in one patient with pregnancy and remitted after delivery. These cases suggest a deleterious effect of pregnancy on the course of FSGN and indicate the necessity for doing renal biopsy in women of childbearing age with asymptomatic fixed proteinuria or nephrotic syndrome so that those patients with FSGN can be properly counseled about future pregnancies.", "PMID": 718321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7508", "title": "Exacerbation of phenylbutazone-related renal failure by indomethacin.", "content": "A patient experienced a transient deterioration of renal function induced by indomethacin during recovery from idiosyncratic phenylbutazone-associated renal failure. Since both drugs inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, this patient may illustrate a unique enhancement of the more common and clinically unimportant effect of altered glomerular filtration rate induced by such drugs. The renal insufficiency per se associated with the idiosyncratic reaction to phenylbutazone may have also enhanced this patient's reaction to indomethacin. Careful observation of patients during administration of such drugs in this and other settings of acute renal failure appears warranted.", "contents": "Exacerbation of phenylbutazone-related renal failure by indomethacin. A patient experienced a transient deterioration of renal function induced by indomethacin during recovery from idiosyncratic phenylbutazone-associated renal failure. Since both drugs inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, this patient may illustrate a unique enhancement of the more common and clinically unimportant effect of altered glomerular filtration rate induced by such drugs. The renal insufficiency per se associated with the idiosyncratic reaction to phenylbutazone may have also enhanced this patient's reaction to indomethacin. Careful observation of patients during administration of such drugs in this and other settings of acute renal failure appears warranted.", "PMID": 718323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7509", "title": "Severe electrolyte abnormalities in a pregnant patient with a jejunoileal bypass.", "content": "A pregnant patient with a jejunoileal bypass developed hypokalemic paralysis and severe hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia. She also had hypokalemic myopathy with elevation of muscle enzymes, which was corrected by potassium administration. This case emphasizes the severe metabolic complications that may be encountered during pregnancy following jejunoileal bypass.", "contents": "Severe electrolyte abnormalities in a pregnant patient with a jejunoileal bypass. A pregnant patient with a jejunoileal bypass developed hypokalemic paralysis and severe hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia. She also had hypokalemic myopathy with elevation of muscle enzymes, which was corrected by potassium administration. This case emphasizes the severe metabolic complications that may be encountered during pregnancy following jejunoileal bypass.", "PMID": 718324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7510", "title": "The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) occurred during an excerbation of multiple sclerosis (MS). Rapid symptomatic improvement occurred with correction of the hyponatremia. Although the pathophysiology responsible for development of the SIADH in this patient is unknown, CNS involvement by MS is a likely explanation.", "contents": "The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion in multiple sclerosis. The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) occurred during an excerbation of multiple sclerosis (MS). Rapid symptomatic improvement occurred with correction of the hyponatremia. Although the pathophysiology responsible for development of the SIADH in this patient is unknown, CNS involvement by MS is a likely explanation.", "PMID": 718325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7511", "title": "Necrotizing fasciitis associated with Haemophilus aphrophilus. Report of a case.", "content": "Necrotizing fasciitis, a serious infection requiring prompt antibiotic and surgical therapy, previously has not been associated with Haemophilus aphrophilus. We report a case of necrotizing fasciitis associated with methylphenidate abuse from which H aphrophilus was isolated. Surgical and antibiotic therapy based on in vitro susceptibility testing resulted in eradication of the infection.", "contents": "Necrotizing fasciitis associated with Haemophilus aphrophilus. Report of a case. Necrotizing fasciitis, a serious infection requiring prompt antibiotic and surgical therapy, previously has not been associated with Haemophilus aphrophilus. We report a case of necrotizing fasciitis associated with methylphenidate abuse from which H aphrophilus was isolated. Surgical and antibiotic therapy based on in vitro susceptibility testing resulted in eradication of the infection.", "PMID": 718326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7512", "title": "False-positive Sternberg-Reed cells present in pericardial effusion. Report of a case.", "content": "Recent reviews have emphasized the value of cytodiagnosis in the evaluation of malignant effusions from patients with lymphoproliferative disorders. We present a case in which the presence of Sternberg-Reed-like cells in pericardial fluid was related to prior radiotherapy and not to recurrent Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "False-positive Sternberg-Reed cells present in pericardial effusion. Report of a case. Recent reviews have emphasized the value of cytodiagnosis in the evaluation of malignant effusions from patients with lymphoproliferative disorders. We present a case in which the presence of Sternberg-Reed-like cells in pericardial fluid was related to prior radiotherapy and not to recurrent Hodgkin's disease.", "PMID": 718327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7513", "title": "Pneumococcal bacteremia diagnosed by peripheral blood smear in multiple myeloma.", "content": "A patient with multiple myeloma and a normal spleen died with high-grade pneumococcal bacteremia diagnosed by routine examination of a Wright-stained peripheral blood smear. In earlier reports, this finding has been described only in patients with abnormal or absent spleens. We review the proposed mechanisms of high-grade pneumococcal bacteremia in these patients and the immunologic abnormalities in patients with multiple myeloma that may result in increased susceptibility to this infection.", "contents": "Pneumococcal bacteremia diagnosed by peripheral blood smear in multiple myeloma. A patient with multiple myeloma and a normal spleen died with high-grade pneumococcal bacteremia diagnosed by routine examination of a Wright-stained peripheral blood smear. In earlier reports, this finding has been described only in patients with abnormal or absent spleens. We review the proposed mechanisms of high-grade pneumococcal bacteremia in these patients and the immunologic abnormalities in patients with multiple myeloma that may result in increased susceptibility to this infection.", "PMID": 718328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7514", "title": "Cyclophosphamide-induced urticaria. Occurrence in a patient with no cross-sensitivity to chlorambucil.", "content": "A patient receiving adjuvant chemoimmunotherapy for breast carcinoma developed urticaria secondary to cyclophosphamide, one of the drugs of the chemotherapy regimen. Chlorambucil, another alkylating agent, was substituted with no cross-sensitivity noted.", "contents": "Cyclophosphamide-induced urticaria. Occurrence in a patient with no cross-sensitivity to chlorambucil. A patient receiving adjuvant chemoimmunotherapy for breast carcinoma developed urticaria secondary to cyclophosphamide, one of the drugs of the chemotherapy regimen. Chlorambucil, another alkylating agent, was substituted with no cross-sensitivity noted.", "PMID": 718329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7515", "title": "Granulomatous colitis and ileitis complicating jejunoileal bypass.", "content": "There are many complications of a jejunoileal bypass for obesity. I report what is, to my knowledge, a previously unrecognized complication--granulomatous colitis and ileitis. Caution is urged in recommending this procedure for the treatment of obesity.", "contents": "Granulomatous colitis and ileitis complicating jejunoileal bypass. There are many complications of a jejunoileal bypass for obesity. I report what is, to my knowledge, a previously unrecognized complication--granulomatous colitis and ileitis. Caution is urged in recommending this procedure for the treatment of obesity.", "PMID": 718330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7516", "title": "Bone marrow granulomas and neutropenia associated with procainamide. Report of a case.", "content": "Bone marrow granulomas and neutropenia occurred in a 77-year-old man following the ingestion of procainamide hydrochloride for 50 days. Although neutropenia has occasionally occurred following procainamide therapy, granulomas in the bone marrow have not previously been associated with the use of this drug. There was no other apparent agent that could have been responsible for the granulomas. Eighteen days after administration of the drug had been discontinued, the WBC count returned to normal and there were no granulomas present in the bone marrow.", "contents": "Bone marrow granulomas and neutropenia associated with procainamide. Report of a case. Bone marrow granulomas and neutropenia occurred in a 77-year-old man following the ingestion of procainamide hydrochloride for 50 days. Although neutropenia has occasionally occurred following procainamide therapy, granulomas in the bone marrow have not previously been associated with the use of this drug. There was no other apparent agent that could have been responsible for the granulomas. Eighteen days after administration of the drug had been discontinued, the WBC count returned to normal and there were no granulomas present in the bone marrow.", "PMID": 718331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7517", "title": "Cerebrovascular occlusion in a transsexual man taking mestranol.", "content": "The Collaborative Study Group for the Study of Stroke in Young Women studied 598 women from age 15 to 44 years with cerebrovascular disease. They found that the use of oral contraceptives was significantly more prevalent in women who had suffered a thrombotic stroke than in women who had not had strokes. The risk of thrombotic stroke was estimated to be nine times greater in users of oral contraceptives than in nonusers. We report a case in which a previously healthy man who was using an oral contraceptive drug developed middle cerebral artery occlusion. In the absence of other predisposing factors in this case, it appears that the cerebrovascular occlusion was related to estrogen administration. The occurrence of persistent severe headaches in patients using estrogenic hormones may be a clue to impending cerebrovascular occlusion.", "contents": "Cerebrovascular occlusion in a transsexual man taking mestranol. The Collaborative Study Group for the Study of Stroke in Young Women studied 598 women from age 15 to 44 years with cerebrovascular disease. They found that the use of oral contraceptives was significantly more prevalent in women who had suffered a thrombotic stroke than in women who had not had strokes. The risk of thrombotic stroke was estimated to be nine times greater in users of oral contraceptives than in nonusers. We report a case in which a previously healthy man who was using an oral contraceptive drug developed middle cerebral artery occlusion. In the absence of other predisposing factors in this case, it appears that the cerebrovascular occlusion was related to estrogen administration. The occurrence of persistent severe headaches in patients using estrogenic hormones may be a clue to impending cerebrovascular occlusion.", "PMID": 718332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7518", "title": "Spontaneous regression of breast carcinoma.", "content": "Spontaneous regression of breast carcinoma occurred in a patient with a malignant pleural effusion and bone metastases. The patient did not receive any form of hormonal manipulation or systemic chemotherapy. It is postulated that the spontaneous regression of the carcinoma may have been caused by immunological factors.", "contents": "Spontaneous regression of breast carcinoma. Spontaneous regression of breast carcinoma occurred in a patient with a malignant pleural effusion and bone metastases. The patient did not receive any form of hormonal manipulation or systemic chemotherapy. It is postulated that the spontaneous regression of the carcinoma may have been caused by immunological factors.", "PMID": 718333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7519", "title": "Pituitary apoplexy following chlorpromazine stimulation.", "content": "Chlorpromazine is frequently administered to patients with hyperprolactinemia to stimulate an increase in the serum levels of prolactin. A patient with a prolactin secreting adenoma is described in whom pituitary apoplexy developed in association with a hypotensive episode following the administration of 25 mg of chlorpromazine. Prolactin levels fell from more than 2,000 ng/ml to 340 ng/ml following infarction of the pituitary tumor. Pituitary apoplexy should be considered as a rare complication of chlorpromazine stimulation in a patient with a pituitary tumor.", "contents": "Pituitary apoplexy following chlorpromazine stimulation. Chlorpromazine is frequently administered to patients with hyperprolactinemia to stimulate an increase in the serum levels of prolactin. A patient with a prolactin secreting adenoma is described in whom pituitary apoplexy developed in association with a hypotensive episode following the administration of 25 mg of chlorpromazine. Prolactin levels fell from more than 2,000 ng/ml to 340 ng/ml following infarction of the pituitary tumor. Pituitary apoplexy should be considered as a rare complication of chlorpromazine stimulation in a patient with a pituitary tumor.", "PMID": 718334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7520", "title": "Allopurinol-induced arteritis in partial HGPRTase deficiency. Atypical seizure manifestation.", "content": "A 17-year-old boy with partial hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase deficiency developed a hypersensitivity reaction to allopurinol. The reaction was manifested by the development of bizarre, atypical seizures. The patient had been neurologically normal prior to the reaction. Seizures disappeared following discontinuation of allopurinol therapy. Allopurinol apparently can cause a diffuse vasculitis involving cerebral vessels after many year of therapy, resulting in atypical seizures.", "contents": "Allopurinol-induced arteritis in partial HGPRTase deficiency. Atypical seizure manifestation. A 17-year-old boy with partial hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase deficiency developed a hypersensitivity reaction to allopurinol. The reaction was manifested by the development of bizarre, atypical seizures. The patient had been neurologically normal prior to the reaction. Seizures disappeared following discontinuation of allopurinol therapy. Allopurinol apparently can cause a diffuse vasculitis involving cerebral vessels after many year of therapy, resulting in atypical seizures.", "PMID": 718335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7521", "title": "An assessment of intermediate coronary care.", "content": "The effect of intermediate coronary care, with and without ECG monitoring, was compared with general medical ward care on the basis of mortality, resuscitation, and detection and treatment of arrhythmias from days 3 to 14 after admission in 2,095 cases of acute coronary heart disease. Mortality was significantly reduced (P less than .02), and number of successful resuscitations for ventricular fibrillation was increased (P less than .05) but only in the unit with monitoring. Number of arrhythmias detected was significantly increased, particularly incidence of ventricular ectopics and heart block (P less than .02). Number of arrhythmias corrected to sinus rhythm was increased, but not significantly. Death from pulmonary embolism fell (P less than .01). Review of causes of death and autopsies showed an increased proportion of deaths due to intractable heart failure and cardiogenic shock. Not only specially trained nurses, but also ECG monitoring, were necessary to obtain the benefits of this treatment.", "contents": "An assessment of intermediate coronary care. The effect of intermediate coronary care, with and without ECG monitoring, was compared with general medical ward care on the basis of mortality, resuscitation, and detection and treatment of arrhythmias from days 3 to 14 after admission in 2,095 cases of acute coronary heart disease. Mortality was significantly reduced (P less than .02), and number of successful resuscitations for ventricular fibrillation was increased (P less than .05) but only in the unit with monitoring. Number of arrhythmias detected was significantly increased, particularly incidence of ventricular ectopics and heart block (P less than .02). Number of arrhythmias corrected to sinus rhythm was increased, but not significantly. Death from pulmonary embolism fell (P less than .01). Review of causes of death and autopsies showed an increased proportion of deaths due to intractable heart failure and cardiogenic shock. Not only specially trained nurses, but also ECG monitoring, were necessary to obtain the benefits of this treatment.", "PMID": 718343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7522", "title": "Nosocomial infections in a community hospital: 1972 through 1976.", "content": "Of 78,057 patients discharged from a community hospital from 1972 through 1976, nosocomial infections developed in 3.58 per cent. Nosocomial infections of all types were 13.2 times more frequent for patients with rapidly fatal underlying illness and 3.4 times more frequent for patients with ultimately fatal underlying illness than in cases of nonfatal underlying illness. Outbreaks of epidemics or clusters of infections caused by the same organism were distinctly uncommon. These outbreaks accounted for only 49 of the 2,798 nosocomial infections found. No distinct trends, either increases or decreases, of infection rates by pathogen, site of infection, or service were noted during the study period. Sensitivity of the common pathogens to antibiotics also remained stable.", "contents": "Nosocomial infections in a community hospital: 1972 through 1976. Of 78,057 patients discharged from a community hospital from 1972 through 1976, nosocomial infections developed in 3.58 per cent. Nosocomial infections of all types were 13.2 times more frequent for patients with rapidly fatal underlying illness and 3.4 times more frequent for patients with ultimately fatal underlying illness than in cases of nonfatal underlying illness. Outbreaks of epidemics or clusters of infections caused by the same organism were distinctly uncommon. These outbreaks accounted for only 49 of the 2,798 nosocomial infections found. No distinct trends, either increases or decreases, of infection rates by pathogen, site of infection, or service were noted during the study period. Sensitivity of the common pathogens to antibiotics also remained stable.", "PMID": 718344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7523", "title": "Pain of terminal cancer patients.", "content": "The belief that cancer inevitably leads to a painful death is widespread. This may contribute to society's \"cancerophobia\" with subsequent frequent delays in seeking medical attention for suspected malignant neoplasms. We evaluated the degree of pain experienced by dying patients, with and without cancer, at a large medical center. Patterns of analgesic administration and physician and nurse progress notes demonstrated that patients dying with cancer had significantly higher preterminal daily pain ratings and significantly fewer pain-free days than patients dying without cancer (P less than .01). Nevertheless, approximately one quarter of cancer patients died without any pain or analgesic administration. A painful death from cancer is thus not inevitable.", "contents": "Pain of terminal cancer patients. The belief that cancer inevitably leads to a painful death is widespread. This may contribute to society's \"cancerophobia\" with subsequent frequent delays in seeking medical attention for suspected malignant neoplasms. We evaluated the degree of pain experienced by dying patients, with and without cancer, at a large medical center. Patterns of analgesic administration and physician and nurse progress notes demonstrated that patients dying with cancer had significantly higher preterminal daily pain ratings and significantly fewer pain-free days than patients dying without cancer (P less than .01). Nevertheless, approximately one quarter of cancer patients died without any pain or analgesic administration. A painful death from cancer is thus not inevitable.", "PMID": 718345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7524", "title": "Frequency and morbidity of invasive procedures: report of a pilot study from two teaching hospitals.", "content": "The medical services of two teaching hospitals were assessed for the frequency of and complications from invasive procedures. There were 231 procedures performed on 303 patients. The frequency of procedures was significantly higher at one hospital (62% vs 39%, P less than .01). Twenty-nine complications occurred in 20 cases: 14% of patients who underwent procedures had at least one complication. Left-sided cardiac catheterization was the most common procedure. Procedures with more than one complication included the following: left-sided cardiac catherization (18% probability of complication); arteriovenous shunt (60% probability); thoracentesis (19%); bronchoscopy (25%); and percutaneous liver biopsy (8%). While no permanent damage or deaths were observed, over three fourths of the complications either required specific therapy or prolonged hospitalization or both. This study suggests invasive procedures are common and carry appreciable risks of serious complications. Appropriate clinical decision making and medical-legal protection require accurate estimates of those risks.", "contents": "Frequency and morbidity of invasive procedures: report of a pilot study from two teaching hospitals. The medical services of two teaching hospitals were assessed for the frequency of and complications from invasive procedures. There were 231 procedures performed on 303 patients. The frequency of procedures was significantly higher at one hospital (62% vs 39%, P less than .01). Twenty-nine complications occurred in 20 cases: 14% of patients who underwent procedures had at least one complication. Left-sided cardiac catheterization was the most common procedure. Procedures with more than one complication included the following: left-sided cardiac catherization (18% probability of complication); arteriovenous shunt (60% probability); thoracentesis (19%); bronchoscopy (25%); and percutaneous liver biopsy (8%). While no permanent damage or deaths were observed, over three fourths of the complications either required specific therapy or prolonged hospitalization or both. This study suggests invasive procedures are common and carry appreciable risks of serious complications. Appropriate clinical decision making and medical-legal protection require accurate estimates of those risks.", "PMID": 718346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7525", "title": "Clinical usefulness of susceptibility testing of anaerobes.", "content": "We have studied the clinical usefulness of antibiotic susceptibility testing of fresh clinical isolates of anaerobes (primarily from blood cultures). Analysis of 65 patients showed that susceptibility reports were used in only 13 instances (20%), representing mainly orothopedic and CNS infections. Of the 47 patients whose susceptibilities were not used, 20 received therapy (appropriate in each case) based on the culture report, and 27 were treated empirically. Only six patients in the empirically treated group received inappropriate treatment, but four of those six died, and patients in this group as a whole had a worse outcome than did patients in the other groups. However, these empirically treated patients also had a somewhat worse prognosis. We suggest that susceptibility testing of anaerobes be reserved for bacteremic patients and for managing severe, chronic anaerobic infections, such as septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and brain abscesses.", "contents": "Clinical usefulness of susceptibility testing of anaerobes. We have studied the clinical usefulness of antibiotic susceptibility testing of fresh clinical isolates of anaerobes (primarily from blood cultures). Analysis of 65 patients showed that susceptibility reports were used in only 13 instances (20%), representing mainly orothopedic and CNS infections. Of the 47 patients whose susceptibilities were not used, 20 received therapy (appropriate in each case) based on the culture report, and 27 were treated empirically. Only six patients in the empirically treated group received inappropriate treatment, but four of those six died, and patients in this group as a whole had a worse outcome than did patients in the other groups. However, these empirically treated patients also had a somewhat worse prognosis. We suggest that susceptibility testing of anaerobes be reserved for bacteremic patients and for managing severe, chronic anaerobic infections, such as septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and brain abscesses.", "PMID": 718347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7526", "title": "Familial hyperpotassemia and hypertension accompanied by normal plasma aldosterone levels: possible hereditary cell membrane defect.", "content": "Hypertension and hyperpotassemia that were accompanied by normal plasma aldosterone and low renin levels and were responsive to chlorothiazide administration were found in a 29-year-old patient and two decades later in his 21-year-old son. Their renal function is normal, including response to sodium sulfate, mannitol, and aldosterone infusions. Adrenal insufficiency was excluded. The renin-aldosterone system was proved intact by physiological and pharmacologic stress and angiotensin-II infusion. Also normal were values for blood counts, blood volumes, and erythrocyte and exchangeable body potassium. The postulation of a defective cell membrane impeding potassium influx is supported by the failure of glucose and insulin infusions to substantially reduce hyperpotassemia. In the context of a hereditary disorder (the pedigree, compatible with autosomal dominant inheritance, includes five affected in two generations), hypertension is a second phenotypic character of a single defective pleiotropic gene although its pathogenesis remains unclear.", "contents": "Familial hyperpotassemia and hypertension accompanied by normal plasma aldosterone levels: possible hereditary cell membrane defect. Hypertension and hyperpotassemia that were accompanied by normal plasma aldosterone and low renin levels and were responsive to chlorothiazide administration were found in a 29-year-old patient and two decades later in his 21-year-old son. Their renal function is normal, including response to sodium sulfate, mannitol, and aldosterone infusions. Adrenal insufficiency was excluded. The renin-aldosterone system was proved intact by physiological and pharmacologic stress and angiotensin-II infusion. Also normal were values for blood counts, blood volumes, and erythrocyte and exchangeable body potassium. The postulation of a defective cell membrane impeding potassium influx is supported by the failure of glucose and insulin infusions to substantially reduce hyperpotassemia. In the context of a hereditary disorder (the pedigree, compatible with autosomal dominant inheritance, includes five affected in two generations), hypertension is a second phenotypic character of a single defective pleiotropic gene although its pathogenesis remains unclear.", "PMID": 718348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7527", "title": "Proximal renal tubular acidosis: association with familial normaldosteronemic hyperpotassemia and hypertension.", "content": "Further investigation of a family with normaldosteronemic hyperpotassemia and low-renin hypertension showed seven members from three generations, who ranged in age from 4 to 56 years, to be affected. Results of earlier studies had established a normally functioning renin-aldosterone system and normal renal handling of potassium. Constant, albeit mild and asymptomatic, metabolic acidosis in all those affected prompted bicarbonate loading in both the propositus and his brother, which revealed a maximal renal tubular excretory capacity for bicarbonate reabsorption at serum levels of 18 mmole/liter and proved proximal renal tubular acidosis (PRTA). Further, a linear increase in urinary fractional potassium excretion accompanied that of bicarbonate in both, as in normal individuals. Dextrose-insulin infusion in the brother failed to reduce hyperpotassemia. These data support the hypothesis that a generalized cell membrane defect that specifically impedes potassium influx (as opposed to an isolated renal tubular defect) underlies this autosomal dominant disorder.", "contents": "Proximal renal tubular acidosis: association with familial normaldosteronemic hyperpotassemia and hypertension. Further investigation of a family with normaldosteronemic hyperpotassemia and low-renin hypertension showed seven members from three generations, who ranged in age from 4 to 56 years, to be affected. Results of earlier studies had established a normally functioning renin-aldosterone system and normal renal handling of potassium. Constant, albeit mild and asymptomatic, metabolic acidosis in all those affected prompted bicarbonate loading in both the propositus and his brother, which revealed a maximal renal tubular excretory capacity for bicarbonate reabsorption at serum levels of 18 mmole/liter and proved proximal renal tubular acidosis (PRTA). Further, a linear increase in urinary fractional potassium excretion accompanied that of bicarbonate in both, as in normal individuals. Dextrose-insulin infusion in the brother failed to reduce hyperpotassemia. These data support the hypothesis that a generalized cell membrane defect that specifically impedes potassium influx (as opposed to an isolated renal tubular defect) underlies this autosomal dominant disorder.", "PMID": 718349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7528", "title": "Hypertensive encephalopathy: recognition and management.", "content": "Hypertensive encephalopathy is a dramatic syndrome characterized by severe elevation of blood pressure, headache, visual disturbances, altered mental status, and convulsions. Although the syndrome is uncommon, to recognize and treat it promptly is important or the condition may prove to be fatal. Hypertensive encephalopathy should be distinguished from other cerebral complications of severe hypertension by obtaining careful history and performing thorough physical examination. The only definitive criterion for the diagnosis of this syndrome is its prompt response to therapy. If the patient's condition does not improve with hypotensive therapy, the physician should immediately search for alternate diagnoses. Potent drugs are available for prompt reduction of blood pressure. There are few medical emergencies in which the objective response to therapy is so strikingly apparent as in hypertensive encephalopathy.", "contents": "Hypertensive encephalopathy: recognition and management. Hypertensive encephalopathy is a dramatic syndrome characterized by severe elevation of blood pressure, headache, visual disturbances, altered mental status, and convulsions. Although the syndrome is uncommon, to recognize and treat it promptly is important or the condition may prove to be fatal. Hypertensive encephalopathy should be distinguished from other cerebral complications of severe hypertension by obtaining careful history and performing thorough physical examination. The only definitive criterion for the diagnosis of this syndrome is its prompt response to therapy. If the patient's condition does not improve with hypotensive therapy, the physician should immediately search for alternate diagnoses. Potent drugs are available for prompt reduction of blood pressure. There are few medical emergencies in which the objective response to therapy is so strikingly apparent as in hypertensive encephalopathy.", "PMID": 718353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7529", "title": "Kayser-Fleischer-like ring in a cryptogenic cirrhosis.", "content": "A patient with cryptogenic cirrhosis was found to have corneal pigmentation rings indistinguishable from Kayser-Fleischer rings on slit-lamp examination. Although she had hepatic encephalopathy that included confusion, tremor, and slurred speech, diagnosis of Wilson's disease was ruled out because urinary cooper excretion and hepatic copper concentrations were below the range found in symptomatic Wilson's disease. The exact nature of these rings could not be determined, and they were considered as Kayser-Fleischer-like rings.", "contents": "Kayser-Fleischer-like ring in a cryptogenic cirrhosis. A patient with cryptogenic cirrhosis was found to have corneal pigmentation rings indistinguishable from Kayser-Fleischer rings on slit-lamp examination. Although she had hepatic encephalopathy that included confusion, tremor, and slurred speech, diagnosis of Wilson's disease was ruled out because urinary cooper excretion and hepatic copper concentrations were below the range found in symptomatic Wilson's disease. The exact nature of these rings could not be determined, and they were considered as Kayser-Fleischer-like rings.", "PMID": 718354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7530", "title": "Screening for lignin degrading bacteria by means of 14C-labelled lignins.", "content": "Several Nocardia and Pseudomonas spp., as well as some unidentified bacteria, isolated from lake water containing high loads of waste lignin, were tested for their capacity to release 14CO2 from specifically 14C-labelled dehydropolymer of coniferyl alcohol (DHP) or corn stalk lignins. The bacteria were selected according to their ability to degrade phenolic compounds. However, only some of them could release significant amounts of 14CO2 from the labelled lignin. The tested Nocardia spp. were more active than the Pseudomonas spp. and the unidentified bacteria. The most active strains belonged to N. autotrophica. These strains released CO2 significantly from the methoxyl group and transformed the other carbons from the phenylpropane skeleton of lignin also into CO2. Other less demethylating strains also released little CO2 from the other carbons of the lignin molecule. From corn stalk materials which were specifically labelled in the lignin part, only small amounts of labelled CO2 were released.", "contents": "Screening for lignin degrading bacteria by means of 14C-labelled lignins. Several Nocardia and Pseudomonas spp., as well as some unidentified bacteria, isolated from lake water containing high loads of waste lignin, were tested for their capacity to release 14CO2 from specifically 14C-labelled dehydropolymer of coniferyl alcohol (DHP) or corn stalk lignins. The bacteria were selected according to their ability to degrade phenolic compounds. However, only some of them could release significant amounts of 14CO2 from the labelled lignin. The tested Nocardia spp. were more active than the Pseudomonas spp. and the unidentified bacteria. The most active strains belonged to N. autotrophica. These strains released CO2 significantly from the methoxyl group and transformed the other carbons from the phenylpropane skeleton of lignin also into CO2. Other less demethylating strains also released little CO2 from the other carbons of the lignin molecule. From corn stalk materials which were specifically labelled in the lignin part, only small amounts of labelled CO2 were released.", "PMID": 718367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7531", "title": "Calcium uptake and survival of Bacillus stearothermophilus.", "content": "The calcium transport in resting vegetative cells of Bacillus stearothermophilus was studied by determining the retention of 45Ca in a membrane filter assay. The kinetics of death by vegetative cells, when suspended in buffer at 55 degrees C, was also investigated. The calcium influx required the presence of an energy source, e.g. glucose-1-phosphate and the system exhibited saturation kinetics. The requirements for survival of the thermophilic cells reflected those of the calcium transport system. Thus, cells treated with nitrogen gas showed an increased thermal stability and a decreased efflux of calcium. The initial velocity of calcium influx correlated linearly with the survival of the cells after 1 min heating at 55 degrees C. Lanthanum inhibited calcium influx and reduced survival. Magnesium did not inhibit calcium influx and could replace calcium as a stabilizing agent. The results suggest that the thermophilic cells are not intrinsically heat stable but survive due to a high cellular concentration of divalent ions.", "contents": "Calcium uptake and survival of Bacillus stearothermophilus. The calcium transport in resting vegetative cells of Bacillus stearothermophilus was studied by determining the retention of 45Ca in a membrane filter assay. The kinetics of death by vegetative cells, when suspended in buffer at 55 degrees C, was also investigated. The calcium influx required the presence of an energy source, e.g. glucose-1-phosphate and the system exhibited saturation kinetics. The requirements for survival of the thermophilic cells reflected those of the calcium transport system. Thus, cells treated with nitrogen gas showed an increased thermal stability and a decreased efflux of calcium. The initial velocity of calcium influx correlated linearly with the survival of the cells after 1 min heating at 55 degrees C. Lanthanum inhibited calcium influx and reduced survival. Magnesium did not inhibit calcium influx and could replace calcium as a stabilizing agent. The results suggest that the thermophilic cells are not intrinsically heat stable but survive due to a high cellular concentration of divalent ions.", "PMID": 718368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7532", "title": "Regulation of flavoprotein synthesis studied in vivo in a riboflavin-requiring mutant of Arthrobacter oxidans.", "content": "The biosynthesis of two flavoproteins, 6-hydroxy-D-nicotine oxidase with covalently bound FAD and 6-hydroxy-L-nicotine oxidase containing non-covalently bound FAD, was studied in wild-type cells and in a riboflavin-requiring mutant of Arthrobacter oxidans. In the mutant cells, the rate of synthesis and the maximal activity level of both enzymes after induction by nicotine depended on the amount of added riboflavin. The low rate of synthesis in the presence of 2 micron riboflavin could be enhanced during the induction phase by further addition of riboflavin (33 micron). Inhibitors of translation (chloramphenicol or streptomycin) completely blocked the synthesis of both flavoproteins. Inhibitors of transcription (rifamycin S or actinomycin D) stopped the synthesis of both enantiozymes in wild-type cells and in the mutant grown in the presence of a saturating supply of riboflavin (15 micron). Under conditions of restricted flavoprotein synthesis (2 micron riboflavin in the medium), however, the mutant cells continued to synthesize the enzyme for 2--3 h after the addition of the transcription inhibitors. It appears, that in these cells a rather stable m-RNA accumulated during riboflavin-limited flavoprotein synthesis. The dependence of the effect of transcription inhibitors on the extracellular supply of riboflavin suggests that the regulation of the synthesis of both flavoproteins occurs not only by control of gene expression (induction by nicotine), but also at the level of translation through the availability of FAD.", "contents": "Regulation of flavoprotein synthesis studied in vivo in a riboflavin-requiring mutant of Arthrobacter oxidans. The biosynthesis of two flavoproteins, 6-hydroxy-D-nicotine oxidase with covalently bound FAD and 6-hydroxy-L-nicotine oxidase containing non-covalently bound FAD, was studied in wild-type cells and in a riboflavin-requiring mutant of Arthrobacter oxidans. In the mutant cells, the rate of synthesis and the maximal activity level of both enzymes after induction by nicotine depended on the amount of added riboflavin. The low rate of synthesis in the presence of 2 micron riboflavin could be enhanced during the induction phase by further addition of riboflavin (33 micron). Inhibitors of translation (chloramphenicol or streptomycin) completely blocked the synthesis of both flavoproteins. Inhibitors of transcription (rifamycin S or actinomycin D) stopped the synthesis of both enantiozymes in wild-type cells and in the mutant grown in the presence of a saturating supply of riboflavin (15 micron). Under conditions of restricted flavoprotein synthesis (2 micron riboflavin in the medium), however, the mutant cells continued to synthesize the enzyme for 2--3 h after the addition of the transcription inhibitors. It appears, that in these cells a rather stable m-RNA accumulated during riboflavin-limited flavoprotein synthesis. The dependence of the effect of transcription inhibitors on the extracellular supply of riboflavin suggests that the regulation of the synthesis of both flavoproteins occurs not only by control of gene expression (induction by nicotine), but also at the level of translation through the availability of FAD.", "PMID": 718370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7533", "title": "Carotenoids of rhizobia. II. The effect of nicotine on the carotenoid pattern of Rhizobium lupini.", "content": "With increasing concentrations in the growth medium of the cyclization inhibitors nicotine or 2-(4-chlorophenylthio)-triethylamine hydrochloride (CPTA) the previously identified bicyclic carotenoids of Rhizobium lupini (2,3,2',3'-tetrahydroxy-beta,beta-caroten-4-one and 2,3,2',3'-tetrahydroxy-beta,beta-carotene) were successively replaced by hitherto unknown monocyclic carotenoids. By application of mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 3 carotenoids were identified as 2,3-trans-dihydroxy-beta,psi-caroten-4-one, 2,3-trans-dihydroxy-beta,psi-carotene, and 3-hydroxy-beta,psi-caroten-4-one. A further compound was tentatively established as (2- or 3-)monohydroxy-beta,psi-carotene. It was found that other inhibitors such as diphenylamine or 4-chloro-5-(dimethylamino)-2-alpha,alpha,alpha(trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3-(2H)-pyridazinone (San 6706) did not affect the pigment pattern. The results are discussed in relation to carotenoid biosynthesis in Rhizobium lupini.", "contents": "Carotenoids of rhizobia. II. The effect of nicotine on the carotenoid pattern of Rhizobium lupini. With increasing concentrations in the growth medium of the cyclization inhibitors nicotine or 2-(4-chlorophenylthio)-triethylamine hydrochloride (CPTA) the previously identified bicyclic carotenoids of Rhizobium lupini (2,3,2',3'-tetrahydroxy-beta,beta-caroten-4-one and 2,3,2',3'-tetrahydroxy-beta,beta-carotene) were successively replaced by hitherto unknown monocyclic carotenoids. By application of mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 3 carotenoids were identified as 2,3-trans-dihydroxy-beta,psi-caroten-4-one, 2,3-trans-dihydroxy-beta,psi-carotene, and 3-hydroxy-beta,psi-caroten-4-one. A further compound was tentatively established as (2- or 3-)monohydroxy-beta,psi-carotene. It was found that other inhibitors such as diphenylamine or 4-chloro-5-(dimethylamino)-2-alpha,alpha,alpha(trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3-(2H)-pyridazinone (San 6706) did not affect the pigment pattern. The results are discussed in relation to carotenoid biosynthesis in Rhizobium lupini.", "PMID": 718371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7534", "title": "Aerobic and anaerobic growth of Paracoccus denitrificans on methanol.", "content": "1. The dye-linked methanol dehydrogenase from Paracoccus denitrificans grown aerobically on methanol has been purified and its properties compared with similar enzymes from other bacteria. It was shown to be specific and to have high affinity for primary alcohols and formaldehyde as substrate, ammonia was the best activator and the enzyme could be linked to reduction of phenazine methosulphate. 2. Paracoccus denitrificans could be grown anaerobically on methanol, using nitrate or nitrite as electron acceptor. The methanol dehydrogenase synthesized under these conditions could not be differentiated from the aerobically-synthesized enzyme. 3. Activities of methanol dehydrogenase, formaldehyde dehydrogenase, formate dehydrogenase, nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase were measured under aerobic and anaerobic growth conditions. 4. Difference spectra of reduced and oxidized cytochromes in membrane and supernatant fractions of methanol-grown P. denitrificans were measured. 5. From the results of the spectral and enzymatic analyses it has been suggested that anaerobic growth on methanol/nitrate is made possible by reduction of nitrate to nitrite using electrons derived from the pyridine nucleotide-linked dehydrogenations of formaldehyde and formate, the nitrite so produced then functioning as electron acceptor for methanol dehydrogenase via cytochrome c and nitrite reductase.", "contents": "Aerobic and anaerobic growth of Paracoccus denitrificans on methanol. 1. The dye-linked methanol dehydrogenase from Paracoccus denitrificans grown aerobically on methanol has been purified and its properties compared with similar enzymes from other bacteria. It was shown to be specific and to have high affinity for primary alcohols and formaldehyde as substrate, ammonia was the best activator and the enzyme could be linked to reduction of phenazine methosulphate. 2. Paracoccus denitrificans could be grown anaerobically on methanol, using nitrate or nitrite as electron acceptor. The methanol dehydrogenase synthesized under these conditions could not be differentiated from the aerobically-synthesized enzyme. 3. Activities of methanol dehydrogenase, formaldehyde dehydrogenase, formate dehydrogenase, nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase were measured under aerobic and anaerobic growth conditions. 4. Difference spectra of reduced and oxidized cytochromes in membrane and supernatant fractions of methanol-grown P. denitrificans were measured. 5. From the results of the spectral and enzymatic analyses it has been suggested that anaerobic growth on methanol/nitrate is made possible by reduction of nitrate to nitrite using electrons derived from the pyridine nucleotide-linked dehydrogenations of formaldehyde and formate, the nitrite so produced then functioning as electron acceptor for methanol dehydrogenase via cytochrome c and nitrite reductase.", "PMID": 718372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7535", "title": "Utilization of hydrogen and formate by Campylobacter spec. under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.", "content": "A free-living aspartate-fermenting Campylobacter spec. was shown to utilize hydrogen produced in mixed culture by Clostridium cochlearium from glutamate. Resting cells of Campylobacter were shown to reduce aspartate, fumarate and malate as well as nitrate, nitrite, hydroxylamine, sulphite, thiosulphate and elemental sulphur with molecular hydrogen. Growth of Campylobacter spec. was demonstrated with formate as electron donor and nitrate, thiosulphate, elemental sulphur or oxygen as electron acceptor in the presence of acetate as carbon source.", "contents": "Utilization of hydrogen and formate by Campylobacter spec. under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. A free-living aspartate-fermenting Campylobacter spec. was shown to utilize hydrogen produced in mixed culture by Clostridium cochlearium from glutamate. Resting cells of Campylobacter were shown to reduce aspartate, fumarate and malate as well as nitrate, nitrite, hydroxylamine, sulphite, thiosulphate and elemental sulphur with molecular hydrogen. Growth of Campylobacter spec. was demonstrated with formate as electron donor and nitrate, thiosulphate, elemental sulphur or oxygen as electron acceptor in the presence of acetate as carbon source.", "PMID": 718373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7536", "title": "Fine structure of the Kupffer cell in the bat, with special reference to the worm-like bodies.", "content": "The livers from normal bats captured in summer and autumn (active period) and in winter (hibernating period) were electron microscopically examined with reference to the worm-like bodies. 1) The worm-like bodies were numerous in bats captured in the active periods, while they were few in hibernating bats. The development of this body varied considerably from cell to cell. 2) The worm-like body seemed to develop from a short and straight tubular invagination of the plasma membrane, whereas the fully developed unit of the body comprised a twisted and complicatedly branching tubule extended in the cytoplasm, the end of which seemed to be retained as the orifice to the extracellular space. The contents of the tubule continuous with the cell coat showed faint transverse striation and a median dense line. A large worm-like body was presumably composed of a number of the units tangled complicatedly with each other, showing a large accumulation of abundant profiles of closely packed tubules. In some Kupffer cells a long tortuous tubule with a median dense line penetrated the cytoplasm transversely and communicated at both ends with two opposite surfaces facing the sinusoid. 3)The cytoplasmic area of the worm-like bodies was almost completely devoid of organelles; no communication between the worm-like bodies and other organelles was recognized. This finding suggested the resemblance of the area of the worm-like bodies to the ectoplasm. This assumption also was supported by frequent occurence of large coated vesicles along the worm-like bodies often communicating with them. 4)The worm-like bodies did not show any signs of enlargement even in Kupffer cells ingesting blood cells in their phagocytic vacuoles. Their profiles were found abutting on the phagosomes, but direct communication between both structures was not found. 5)It was proposed in this study that the worm-like bodies might possibly represent a membrane reservoir and contribute to the enlargement of the Kupffer cell surface.", "contents": "Fine structure of the Kupffer cell in the bat, with special reference to the worm-like bodies. The livers from normal bats captured in summer and autumn (active period) and in winter (hibernating period) were electron microscopically examined with reference to the worm-like bodies. 1) The worm-like bodies were numerous in bats captured in the active periods, while they were few in hibernating bats. The development of this body varied considerably from cell to cell. 2) The worm-like body seemed to develop from a short and straight tubular invagination of the plasma membrane, whereas the fully developed unit of the body comprised a twisted and complicatedly branching tubule extended in the cytoplasm, the end of which seemed to be retained as the orifice to the extracellular space. The contents of the tubule continuous with the cell coat showed faint transverse striation and a median dense line. A large worm-like body was presumably composed of a number of the units tangled complicatedly with each other, showing a large accumulation of abundant profiles of closely packed tubules. In some Kupffer cells a long tortuous tubule with a median dense line penetrated the cytoplasm transversely and communicated at both ends with two opposite surfaces facing the sinusoid. 3)The cytoplasmic area of the worm-like bodies was almost completely devoid of organelles; no communication between the worm-like bodies and other organelles was recognized. This finding suggested the resemblance of the area of the worm-like bodies to the ectoplasm. This assumption also was supported by frequent occurence of large coated vesicles along the worm-like bodies often communicating with them. 4)The worm-like bodies did not show any signs of enlargement even in Kupffer cells ingesting blood cells in their phagocytic vacuoles. Their profiles were found abutting on the phagosomes, but direct communication between both structures was not found. 5)It was proposed in this study that the worm-like bodies might possibly represent a membrane reservoir and contribute to the enlargement of the Kupffer cell surface.", "PMID": 718374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7537", "title": "A scanning electron microscopic study on the fractured rat parietal cells in resting state and after stimulation with tetragastrin.", "content": "Parietal cells in the rat gastric mucosa fractured by freeze cracking methods under resting (control) state and tetragastrin stimulation were studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy. The structures thus revealed were compared with those studied by transmission electron microscopy. In the fractured cytoplasm, intracellular canaliculi lined by numerous microvilli invaginated deeply towards the basal cytoplasm. Tubulovesicles appeared as many small holes about 0.05mu in diameter and were distributed predominantly in the apical or pericanalicular cytoplasm. Some tubulovesicles directly opened into the secretory canaliculi. Occasionally, tiny microvilli appeared in tubulovesicles. After being stimulated for 30 min with tetragastrin, the secretory canaliculi of parietal cells became enlarged and there were a concomitant increase in both the number and size of microvilli. Tubulovesicles also were increased in size and number and the tiny microvilli in them were also increased. The tubulovesicles were enlarged presumably as a result of membrane fusion between contiguous tubulovesicles. It was found that the enlargement of the secretory canaliculi was the result of fusion of the membrane of a single tubulovesicle or a confluence of tubulovesicles to that of the secretory canaliculus and the successive disappearance of the fused membrane.", "contents": "A scanning electron microscopic study on the fractured rat parietal cells in resting state and after stimulation with tetragastrin. Parietal cells in the rat gastric mucosa fractured by freeze cracking methods under resting (control) state and tetragastrin stimulation were studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy. The structures thus revealed were compared with those studied by transmission electron microscopy. In the fractured cytoplasm, intracellular canaliculi lined by numerous microvilli invaginated deeply towards the basal cytoplasm. Tubulovesicles appeared as many small holes about 0.05mu in diameter and were distributed predominantly in the apical or pericanalicular cytoplasm. Some tubulovesicles directly opened into the secretory canaliculi. Occasionally, tiny microvilli appeared in tubulovesicles. After being stimulated for 30 min with tetragastrin, the secretory canaliculi of parietal cells became enlarged and there were a concomitant increase in both the number and size of microvilli. Tubulovesicles also were increased in size and number and the tiny microvilli in them were also increased. The tubulovesicles were enlarged presumably as a result of membrane fusion between contiguous tubulovesicles. It was found that the enlargement of the secretory canaliculi was the result of fusion of the membrane of a single tubulovesicle or a confluence of tubulovesicles to that of the secretory canaliculus and the successive disappearance of the fused membrane.", "PMID": 718375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7538", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic observations of tooth germ in tissue culture with special reference to the migration of epithelial cells.", "content": "Tooth germ derived from the mandible of newborn mice was used in this study. The enamel organs were dissected and attached directly to coverslips without using the plasma clot. By this method it was possible, for the first time as far as is known, to attain preparations in which the major part of the outgrowth from the explant consisted purely of epithelial-like cells which probably were aneloblasts. Abundant desmosomes and tonofilaments were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Under the scanning electron microscope this outgrowth of epithelial cells revealed characteristic intercellular connections which were divided into four types. 1)In the part nearest to the explant, cell boundaries were indicated with a large number of short microvilli. 2)In the zone beyond the first type, the intercellular connection was represented by bridge-like processes firmly combined with each other. 3)In a still further zone, the tips of bridge-like processes were free from the cell connection and extended to the adjacent cells with the advance of cell migration. 4)In the most peripheral part of the explant, the cytoplasmic processes were capable of further expansion. These cells were soon separated from the adjacent cells to migrate as free cells.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic observations of tooth germ in tissue culture with special reference to the migration of epithelial cells. Tooth germ derived from the mandible of newborn mice was used in this study. The enamel organs were dissected and attached directly to coverslips without using the plasma clot. By this method it was possible, for the first time as far as is known, to attain preparations in which the major part of the outgrowth from the explant consisted purely of epithelial-like cells which probably were aneloblasts. Abundant desmosomes and tonofilaments were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Under the scanning electron microscope this outgrowth of epithelial cells revealed characteristic intercellular connections which were divided into four types. 1)In the part nearest to the explant, cell boundaries were indicated with a large number of short microvilli. 2)In the zone beyond the first type, the intercellular connection was represented by bridge-like processes firmly combined with each other. 3)In a still further zone, the tips of bridge-like processes were free from the cell connection and extended to the adjacent cells with the advance of cell migration. 4)In the most peripheral part of the explant, the cytoplasmic processes were capable of further expansion. These cells were soon separated from the adjacent cells to migrate as free cells.", "PMID": 718376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7539", "title": "Connection of microtubules, caveolae, mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum in the taenia coli of guinea-pigs.", "content": "Microtubules were identified in the subsarcolemmal area of smooth muscle cell in the taenia coli of guinea-pigs. They may traverse myofibrils but more frequently they run parallel with the long axis of the cell. The microtubules were often in contact with sarcolemmal caveolae. A caveola appeared to contact with an end of a microtubule or with the outer membrane of a mitochondrion. Occasionally a long mitochondrion was located between two evaginations of sarcolemma. The direct contact of caveolae with a mitochondrion was typical in such long mitochondria. Granular and agranular sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) were also in the vicinity of mitochondria. The SR was in contact with mitochondria and also with vesicles. Subsarcolemmal mitochondria were often in continuity with agranular SR or invaginations of sarcolemma. Low evaginations of sarcolemma appeared to be a cell contact device but nexas-like interdigitations, protrusions from the dark cell into the light cell, were also evident. These morphological findings may suggest a potential network of transport or conductance in this type of smooth muscle.", "contents": "Connection of microtubules, caveolae, mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum in the taenia coli of guinea-pigs. Microtubules were identified in the subsarcolemmal area of smooth muscle cell in the taenia coli of guinea-pigs. They may traverse myofibrils but more frequently they run parallel with the long axis of the cell. The microtubules were often in contact with sarcolemmal caveolae. A caveola appeared to contact with an end of a microtubule or with the outer membrane of a mitochondrion. Occasionally a long mitochondrion was located between two evaginations of sarcolemma. The direct contact of caveolae with a mitochondrion was typical in such long mitochondria. Granular and agranular sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) were also in the vicinity of mitochondria. The SR was in contact with mitochondria and also with vesicles. Subsarcolemmal mitochondria were often in continuity with agranular SR or invaginations of sarcolemma. Low evaginations of sarcolemma appeared to be a cell contact device but nexas-like interdigitations, protrusions from the dark cell into the light cell, were also evident. These morphological findings may suggest a potential network of transport or conductance in this type of smooth muscle.", "PMID": 718377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7540", "title": "Electron microscope studies on the ellipsoid of the cat spleen with special reference to the filaments in the endothelial cell.", "content": "The fine structure of the ellipsoid of the cat spleen was studied by electron microscopy. The ellipsoid consists of closely packed reticular cells and fibers, and macrophages around a capillary. The macrophage cytoplasm contains phagocytized red blood cells within cytoplasmic vacuoles. The endothelial cells are specifically high in the lumen surrounded by an incomplete basement membrane. Two types of filaments are revealed within the endothelial cell cytoplasm. Thick filaments, 100A in diameter, are found in almost any part of the cytoplasm and show a tubular structure in cross section. They are thought to be cytoskeletal in function. Thin filaments, 60A diameter, are seen as electron-dense patches in the basal area of the cytoplasm. Their possible contractile function is discussed.", "contents": "Electron microscope studies on the ellipsoid of the cat spleen with special reference to the filaments in the endothelial cell. The fine structure of the ellipsoid of the cat spleen was studied by electron microscopy. The ellipsoid consists of closely packed reticular cells and fibers, and macrophages around a capillary. The macrophage cytoplasm contains phagocytized red blood cells within cytoplasmic vacuoles. The endothelial cells are specifically high in the lumen surrounded by an incomplete basement membrane. Two types of filaments are revealed within the endothelial cell cytoplasm. Thick filaments, 100A in diameter, are found in almost any part of the cytoplasm and show a tubular structure in cross section. They are thought to be cytoskeletal in function. Thin filaments, 60A diameter, are seen as electron-dense patches in the basal area of the cytoplasm. Their possible contractile function is discussed.", "PMID": 718378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7541", "title": "Freeze-etching images of capillary endothelial pores in the liver, thyroid and adrenal of the mouse.", "content": "The capillary endothelial pores of perfusion-fixed and immersion-fixed liver, thyroid and adrenal of mice were observed using freeze-etching preparations. In liver sinusoids, endothelial pores are heterogeneous in size and range from 50-100 nm. When the pores are classified into three types according to their size, small pores up to 100 nm in diameter represent 69.8%, intermediate pores measuring 100-500 nm 27.6% and large pores exceeding 500nm 2.6% of all pores in number. The endothelial pores of the thyroid blood capillaries are fairly homogeneous in size (70-90 nm), corresponding to the small type pores in the liver. In both adrenal cortex and medulla, the capillary endothelial pores measure 40-50 nm in diameter, showing small and intermediate types. In the adrenal cortex the former occupy 80.6% of all pores and the latter 19.4%. No larger type pores are recognized in the adrenal gland. These findings are not affected by different fixation methods, either perfusion or immersion.", "contents": "Freeze-etching images of capillary endothelial pores in the liver, thyroid and adrenal of the mouse. The capillary endothelial pores of perfusion-fixed and immersion-fixed liver, thyroid and adrenal of mice were observed using freeze-etching preparations. In liver sinusoids, endothelial pores are heterogeneous in size and range from 50-100 nm. When the pores are classified into three types according to their size, small pores up to 100 nm in diameter represent 69.8%, intermediate pores measuring 100-500 nm 27.6% and large pores exceeding 500nm 2.6% of all pores in number. The endothelial pores of the thyroid blood capillaries are fairly homogeneous in size (70-90 nm), corresponding to the small type pores in the liver. In both adrenal cortex and medulla, the capillary endothelial pores measure 40-50 nm in diameter, showing small and intermediate types. In the adrenal cortex the former occupy 80.6% of all pores and the latter 19.4%. No larger type pores are recognized in the adrenal gland. These findings are not affected by different fixation methods, either perfusion or immersion.", "PMID": 718379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7542", "title": "Scanning electron microscope study on hemostatic reaction. Mural thrombus after the removal of endothelium, with special references to platelet behavior, site of fibrin formation and microhemolysis.", "content": "Hemostatic reaction in the mural thrombus formation (up to 2 hrs) was examined by scanning electron microscopy after removal of the endothelium in the rabbit carotid artery by the use of a rough-surfaced needle. The endothelium was almost completely removed leaving a network of subendothelial microfilaments which sometimes appeared half embedded in the basement membrane. Platelet adhesion occurred on this subendothelial tissue in the following steps: attachment of discoid platelets, pseudopod formation and spreading. The subendothelium was thus covered by a layer of platelets in about 10 min. During adhesion they caught the microfilaments by their pseudopods and never produced hemispherical protrusions. Loose aggregates of the rounded platelets were then formed on them but they were frequently reversible, resulting in 1-2 hrs, in coverage by only one or two layers of the adhered platelets. This platelet reaction was weaker than that to collagen in case of bleeding in the previous report. Leukocyte participation in thrombus formation began at around 30 min. Fibrin strands appeared as tiny filaments which were attached exclusively to the activated platelets and later grew into thick and long fibers forming a network. Thus activated platelets seemed to be very important as the base of development of fibrin thrombus. Many erythrocytes were demonstrated to be destroyed at the mural thrombus after attaching to either the subendothelial components or activated platelets or fibrin strands and being deformed by the blood stream. This finding supports the hypothesis of microhemolysis in the hemostatic process by HELLEM (1961). This type of hemostatic reaction was proved to be caused by a slight manipulatory pressure on the arterial wall, suggesting the occurrence of thrombus formation in our daily life.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscope study on hemostatic reaction. Mural thrombus after the removal of endothelium, with special references to platelet behavior, site of fibrin formation and microhemolysis. Hemostatic reaction in the mural thrombus formation (up to 2 hrs) was examined by scanning electron microscopy after removal of the endothelium in the rabbit carotid artery by the use of a rough-surfaced needle. The endothelium was almost completely removed leaving a network of subendothelial microfilaments which sometimes appeared half embedded in the basement membrane. Platelet adhesion occurred on this subendothelial tissue in the following steps: attachment of discoid platelets, pseudopod formation and spreading. The subendothelium was thus covered by a layer of platelets in about 10 min. During adhesion they caught the microfilaments by their pseudopods and never produced hemispherical protrusions. Loose aggregates of the rounded platelets were then formed on them but they were frequently reversible, resulting in 1-2 hrs, in coverage by only one or two layers of the adhered platelets. This platelet reaction was weaker than that to collagen in case of bleeding in the previous report. Leukocyte participation in thrombus formation began at around 30 min. Fibrin strands appeared as tiny filaments which were attached exclusively to the activated platelets and later grew into thick and long fibers forming a network. Thus activated platelets seemed to be very important as the base of development of fibrin thrombus. Many erythrocytes were demonstrated to be destroyed at the mural thrombus after attaching to either the subendothelial components or activated platelets or fibrin strands and being deformed by the blood stream. This finding supports the hypothesis of microhemolysis in the hemostatic process by HELLEM (1961). This type of hemostatic reaction was proved to be caused by a slight manipulatory pressure on the arterial wall, suggesting the occurrence of thrombus formation in our daily life.", "PMID": 718380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7543", "title": "Some observations on ciliogenesis in the oviduct epithelium of the mouse.", "content": "Ciliogenesis in the epithelium of the oviduct ampulla of 5-9 day-old mice has been investigated by electron microscopy. As reported by many investigators, fibrous granules, deuterosomes, and procentrioles are important for ciliogenesis. After injection of colchicine, fibrous granules disappear, while numerous coated vesicles and lysosome-like dense bodies appear in the same region, and the formation of deuterosomes and procentrioles is impeded. In the ciliogenic cell, the Golgi apparatus, consisting of numerous vesicles, is very well developed, and a large number of microtubules are distributed between the supranuclear and apical cytoplasm. In addition to these, many small vesicles, some of which are fused with the plasma membrane, occur in the apical cytoplasm. These vesicles, which may be derived from the Golgi apparatus, are considered to be necessary for the apical plasma membrane, because the protrusion of cilia requires additional plasma-membrane substance during their differentiation and development. The microtubules, some of which are connected with these vesicles, might play some role in the movement of these vesicles from the Golgi field to the apical cytoplasm. When colchicine is administered to suckling mice, formation of microtubules is blocked in the upper part of the ciliated cell, and the apical vesicles disappear. This also indicates that the microtubules bring the vesicles from the Golgi field to the apical region of the cell.", "contents": "Some observations on ciliogenesis in the oviduct epithelium of the mouse. Ciliogenesis in the epithelium of the oviduct ampulla of 5-9 day-old mice has been investigated by electron microscopy. As reported by many investigators, fibrous granules, deuterosomes, and procentrioles are important for ciliogenesis. After injection of colchicine, fibrous granules disappear, while numerous coated vesicles and lysosome-like dense bodies appear in the same region, and the formation of deuterosomes and procentrioles is impeded. In the ciliogenic cell, the Golgi apparatus, consisting of numerous vesicles, is very well developed, and a large number of microtubules are distributed between the supranuclear and apical cytoplasm. In addition to these, many small vesicles, some of which are fused with the plasma membrane, occur in the apical cytoplasm. These vesicles, which may be derived from the Golgi apparatus, are considered to be necessary for the apical plasma membrane, because the protrusion of cilia requires additional plasma-membrane substance during their differentiation and development. The microtubules, some of which are connected with these vesicles, might play some role in the movement of these vesicles from the Golgi field to the apical cytoplasm. When colchicine is administered to suckling mice, formation of microtubules is blocked in the upper part of the ciliated cell, and the apical vesicles disappear. This also indicates that the microtubules bring the vesicles from the Golgi field to the apical region of the cell.", "PMID": 718381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7544", "title": "Sarcoplasmic reticulum and intracellular calcium localization at rest and during contraction in Mytilus smooth muscle.", "content": "The fine structure of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in the smooth muscle of Mytilus and the localization of intracellular calcium at rest and during acetylcholine-induced contraction were studied using the pyroantimonate-osmium (PAO) technique. 1. The SR showed vesicular and tubular elements which were alternately interconnected along the axis of the fiber. Transverse components were sometimes observed. The vesicular elements of the SR formed specialized junctions (couplings) with the plasma membrane. 2. The electron opaque precipitate which formed in the SR, mitochondria and on the inner surface of the plasma membrane after treatment with PAO was proven to be mainly Ca-pyroantimonate by both energy-dispersive and wavelength-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. 3. In muscle fibers treated with PAO shortly after the peak of contraction, the SR was the last site of the three Ca-accumulating sites in which the precipitate was relocalized. This finding suggests that the SR plays a principal role in the regulation of the contraction and relaxation cycle. 4. Fused paramyosin filaments were not observed during the catch state.", "contents": "Sarcoplasmic reticulum and intracellular calcium localization at rest and during contraction in Mytilus smooth muscle. The fine structure of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in the smooth muscle of Mytilus and the localization of intracellular calcium at rest and during acetylcholine-induced contraction were studied using the pyroantimonate-osmium (PAO) technique. 1. The SR showed vesicular and tubular elements which were alternately interconnected along the axis of the fiber. Transverse components were sometimes observed. The vesicular elements of the SR formed specialized junctions (couplings) with the plasma membrane. 2. The electron opaque precipitate which formed in the SR, mitochondria and on the inner surface of the plasma membrane after treatment with PAO was proven to be mainly Ca-pyroantimonate by both energy-dispersive and wavelength-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. 3. In muscle fibers treated with PAO shortly after the peak of contraction, the SR was the last site of the three Ca-accumulating sites in which the precipitate was relocalized. This finding suggests that the SR plays a principal role in the regulation of the contraction and relaxation cycle. 4. Fused paramyosin filaments were not observed during the catch state.", "PMID": 718382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7545", "title": "Histological study on the prenatal development of the cheek-teeth of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).", "content": "The prenatal development of cheek-teeth of rabbits was studied by histological methods. Females from 15 to 30 days of gestation were sacrificed and their fetuses were collected and decapitated. The heads were fixed in buffered neutral formalin and paraffin embedded. Sagittal and frontal sections of 7 mu were obtained and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The first tooth-germs observed were the m3 and m3, in the animal of 16 days of fetal life. One day after the m4 and m4 are observed in the bud stage. The last teeth to initiate development in the fetal rabbits are the M3 and M3 at 30 days. Only the m3, m4, m3 and m4 start cementogenesis in the prenatal stage.", "contents": "Histological study on the prenatal development of the cheek-teeth of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The prenatal development of cheek-teeth of rabbits was studied by histological methods. Females from 15 to 30 days of gestation were sacrificed and their fetuses were collected and decapitated. The heads were fixed in buffered neutral formalin and paraffin embedded. Sagittal and frontal sections of 7 mu were obtained and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The first tooth-germs observed were the m3 and m3, in the animal of 16 days of fetal life. One day after the m4 and m4 are observed in the bud stage. The last teeth to initiate development in the fetal rabbits are the M3 and M3 at 30 days. Only the m3, m4, m3 and m4 start cementogenesis in the prenatal stage.", "PMID": 718383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7546", "title": "Disappearance of the difference between adrenal A and NA cells in the level of radioactivity after 3H-dopa injection in the hypophysectomized mouse.", "content": "Radioactivity in adrenal medullary chromaffin cells of the mouse was examined by autoradiographic methods 15 min to 1 hr after an intraperitoneal injection of 3H-dopa. In the normal control mice, the concentration of radioactivity was significantly higher in the A cells than in the NA cells, whereas in the hypophysectomized mice (9 days after operation by the transauricular method) the radioactivity was evenly distributed in the two cell types. It was suggested that both A and NA cells possessed a special trapping and concentrating mechanism for extracellular dopa and/or its metabolites and that the activity of this mechanism was made greater in the A cells than in the NA cells by the pituitary gland.", "contents": "Disappearance of the difference between adrenal A and NA cells in the level of radioactivity after 3H-dopa injection in the hypophysectomized mouse. Radioactivity in adrenal medullary chromaffin cells of the mouse was examined by autoradiographic methods 15 min to 1 hr after an intraperitoneal injection of 3H-dopa. In the normal control mice, the concentration of radioactivity was significantly higher in the A cells than in the NA cells, whereas in the hypophysectomized mice (9 days after operation by the transauricular method) the radioactivity was evenly distributed in the two cell types. It was suggested that both A and NA cells possessed a special trapping and concentrating mechanism for extracellular dopa and/or its metabolites and that the activity of this mechanism was made greater in the A cells than in the NA cells by the pituitary gland.", "PMID": 718384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7547", "title": "Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies on the matrix vesicle calcification in the teeth of the killifish, Oryzias latipes.", "content": "Tooth germs of killifish were examined by both ultrastructural and cytochemical methods. The ultrastructure of the dentin in the early calcification stage of its development resembled that of mammals. Numerous extracellular membrane-bounded vesicles, matrix vesicles, were seen in the predentinal space, especially abundantly in the basal portion of the tooth germ. They were more numerous and more uniform in appearance than in any other higher vertebrates. Where calcification was going to start, slightly identifiable needles of apatite crystals were found in the vesicular structures. Crystals increase in number filling up the vesicles and then ther surroundings, finally to form many calcified spherules. Where calcification was more extensive, the matrix vesicles were no longer visible having been buried calcified among spherules. Contrary, to popular belief, there was no relationship seen between collagen fibrils and the initial deposits of minerals, that is, collagen fibrils did not seem to work as the initial site of calcification. Instead, matrix vesicles and plasma membranes of odontoblasts likely were involved in calcification as they both showed alkaline phosphatase activity. The ultrastructural and cytochemical findings from this study thus indicated that calcification of the killifish tooth germs was initiated not in the enamel, but in their dentin by the matrix vesicles which were liberated into the dentin matrix from odontoblasts mainly by way of fragmentation of cell processes.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies on the matrix vesicle calcification in the teeth of the killifish, Oryzias latipes. Tooth germs of killifish were examined by both ultrastructural and cytochemical methods. The ultrastructure of the dentin in the early calcification stage of its development resembled that of mammals. Numerous extracellular membrane-bounded vesicles, matrix vesicles, were seen in the predentinal space, especially abundantly in the basal portion of the tooth germ. They were more numerous and more uniform in appearance than in any other higher vertebrates. Where calcification was going to start, slightly identifiable needles of apatite crystals were found in the vesicular structures. Crystals increase in number filling up the vesicles and then ther surroundings, finally to form many calcified spherules. Where calcification was more extensive, the matrix vesicles were no longer visible having been buried calcified among spherules. Contrary, to popular belief, there was no relationship seen between collagen fibrils and the initial deposits of minerals, that is, collagen fibrils did not seem to work as the initial site of calcification. Instead, matrix vesicles and plasma membranes of odontoblasts likely were involved in calcification as they both showed alkaline phosphatase activity. The ultrastructural and cytochemical findings from this study thus indicated that calcification of the killifish tooth germs was initiated not in the enamel, but in their dentin by the matrix vesicles which were liberated into the dentin matrix from odontoblasts mainly by way of fragmentation of cell processes.", "PMID": 718385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7548", "title": "Freeze-etching observation on the development of intercellular junctions of the duodenal epithelial cells in the chick embryo.", "content": "Development of intercellular junctions in duodenal epithelium in the chick embryo was studied by electron microscopy using the thin-section and freeze-fracture techniques. Incomplete tight junctions are already seen in 6 and 7 day old embryos at the apical portion of the lateral plasma membrance, and consist of 1-7 strands, their mean depth measuring 0.2 micron. This corresponds to a \"very leaky type\" (CLAUDE and GOODENOUGH) of tight junction. Ridges on the PF are discontinuous and rarely cross or link. The tight junctions extend basally at the place where more than three epithelial cells are in contact. On the lateral plasma membrane, particle-aggregates suggesting primitive gap junctions are already recognized. Some are dense aggregations of 3-5 membrane-particles with a halo free of the particles and others are rather loose aggregations of 5-10 particles with an indistinct halo. In 9 day old embryos, the ridges of the tight junction become more discontinuous, although the frequency of the linkage of the neighboring ridges increases. The compartments bounded by the tight junctional strands are angular. These strands become continuous and the facets surrounded by them are roundish in 12 day old embryos. The presumptive immature gap junctions show a characteristic polygonal pattern in 9 day old embryos and gradually increase in size. Mature tight junctions and typical gap junctions of 0.3-0.4 micron diameter are seen after 18 days of incubation. The strands number 6-8 and the depth of the tight junction measures about 0.4 micron in 18 day old embryos. In the chick embryo duodenal epithelium, the tight and gap junctions develop independently from each other without any direct interaction between them.", "contents": "Freeze-etching observation on the development of intercellular junctions of the duodenal epithelial cells in the chick embryo. Development of intercellular junctions in duodenal epithelium in the chick embryo was studied by electron microscopy using the thin-section and freeze-fracture techniques. Incomplete tight junctions are already seen in 6 and 7 day old embryos at the apical portion of the lateral plasma membrance, and consist of 1-7 strands, their mean depth measuring 0.2 micron. This corresponds to a \"very leaky type\" (CLAUDE and GOODENOUGH) of tight junction. Ridges on the PF are discontinuous and rarely cross or link. The tight junctions extend basally at the place where more than three epithelial cells are in contact. On the lateral plasma membrane, particle-aggregates suggesting primitive gap junctions are already recognized. Some are dense aggregations of 3-5 membrane-particles with a halo free of the particles and others are rather loose aggregations of 5-10 particles with an indistinct halo. In 9 day old embryos, the ridges of the tight junction become more discontinuous, although the frequency of the linkage of the neighboring ridges increases. The compartments bounded by the tight junctional strands are angular. These strands become continuous and the facets surrounded by them are roundish in 12 day old embryos. The presumptive immature gap junctions show a characteristic polygonal pattern in 9 day old embryos and gradually increase in size. Mature tight junctions and typical gap junctions of 0.3-0.4 micron diameter are seen after 18 days of incubation. The strands number 6-8 and the depth of the tight junction measures about 0.4 micron in 18 day old embryos. In the chick embryo duodenal epithelium, the tight and gap junctions develop independently from each other without any direct interaction between them.", "PMID": 718386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7549", "title": "Effects of vitamin A administration upon Ito's fat-storing cells of the liver in the carp.", "content": "In the normal carp livers, Ito cells (fat-storing cells) could be identified with light and electron microscope within the hepatic sinusoidal wall and actually in the Disse's space, but they were almost lacking lipid droplets in the cytoplasm (empty Ito cells) in contrast to the majority of vertebrate species. After administration of large doses of vitamin A, fat droplets appeared in hypertrophic cytoplasm of enlarged Ito cells, and their size and number increased roughly in proportion to the amounts of vitamin A administered. This evidence was thought to demonstrate that the administration of large doses of vitamin A could convert empty Ito cells into lipid containing ones and further suggested that excess vitamin A administered might be stored in newly prepared lipid droplets of the Ito cells of the liver. In experimentally hypervitaminotic carp, hypertrophic Ito cells showed proliferation of fine filaments in addition to the accumulation of lipid droplets. The correlation between perisinusoidal fibrogenesis in the hepatic lobule and proliferation of cytoplasmic filaments in the Ito cells was discussed.", "contents": "Effects of vitamin A administration upon Ito's fat-storing cells of the liver in the carp. In the normal carp livers, Ito cells (fat-storing cells) could be identified with light and electron microscope within the hepatic sinusoidal wall and actually in the Disse's space, but they were almost lacking lipid droplets in the cytoplasm (empty Ito cells) in contrast to the majority of vertebrate species. After administration of large doses of vitamin A, fat droplets appeared in hypertrophic cytoplasm of enlarged Ito cells, and their size and number increased roughly in proportion to the amounts of vitamin A administered. This evidence was thought to demonstrate that the administration of large doses of vitamin A could convert empty Ito cells into lipid containing ones and further suggested that excess vitamin A administered might be stored in newly prepared lipid droplets of the Ito cells of the liver. In experimentally hypervitaminotic carp, hypertrophic Ito cells showed proliferation of fine filaments in addition to the accumulation of lipid droplets. The correlation between perisinusoidal fibrogenesis in the hepatic lobule and proliferation of cytoplasmic filaments in the Ito cells was discussed.", "PMID": 718387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7550", "title": "A fine structure study of the non-ciliated cells in the mouse tracheal epithelium with special reference to the relation of \"brush cells\" and \"endocrine cells\".", "content": "The non-ciliated epithelial cells in the air way of mice were examined by electron microscopy. They are flask-like or pyramidal cells dispersed singly or occasionally in pairs. The apical portion of the cells reaches the air way lumen with microvillous projections. Their cytoplasm always contains abundant and variable numbers of small granules (60-170 nm in diameter). Close appositions between non-ciliated cells and nerve fibers are frequently observed at their lateral or basal surfaces. Fine structures of the non-ciliated cells are similar to those previously reported in the cells under different designations such as brush cells, basal-granulated cells, cells of neuroepithelial bodies and endocrine cells. The present study proposes that these names express different features of the same cell group collectively called \"non-ciliated cells\" in this paper. Furthermore images indicating exocytotic granule release are obtained in this study, indicating an endocrine function of these cells.", "contents": "A fine structure study of the non-ciliated cells in the mouse tracheal epithelium with special reference to the relation of \"brush cells\" and \"endocrine cells\". The non-ciliated epithelial cells in the air way of mice were examined by electron microscopy. They are flask-like or pyramidal cells dispersed singly or occasionally in pairs. The apical portion of the cells reaches the air way lumen with microvillous projections. Their cytoplasm always contains abundant and variable numbers of small granules (60-170 nm in diameter). Close appositions between non-ciliated cells and nerve fibers are frequently observed at their lateral or basal surfaces. Fine structures of the non-ciliated cells are similar to those previously reported in the cells under different designations such as brush cells, basal-granulated cells, cells of neuroepithelial bodies and endocrine cells. The present study proposes that these names express different features of the same cell group collectively called \"non-ciliated cells\" in this paper. Furthermore images indicating exocytotic granule release are obtained in this study, indicating an endocrine function of these cells.", "PMID": 718388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7551", "title": "Transmission electron microscope observation of epithelial cells with single cilia in intrahepatic biliary ductules of bats.", "content": "Cells with long single cilia arising from basal bodies in the apical cytoplasm were occasionally revealed in the bile ductular epithelia of bats (Miniopterus schreibersi (Kuhl), Myotis macroductylus (Temminck) and Rhinolophus cornutus (Temminck)). The basal body (distal centriole) was associated witha proximal centriole, so the basal structure was of \"two centriole type.\" In cross sections of the long tapering cilia the arrangement of cilary microtubules was determined. In the most proximal portion of the cilia doublet microtubules were arranged in the 9+0 pattern, while in more distal portions alteration and diminution of the doublet fibers occurred, splitting entirely into single microtubuli which were most frequently rearranged in the 6+1 or 7+1 pattern. The occurrence of the 9+0 fiber pattern and the basal structure of \"two centriole type\" suggested that the biliary ductular cilia might be sensory or chemoreceptive in nature and not motile. Similar cilia are expected to be found distributed widely in the epithelia  of excretory ductal system of large exocrine glands of vertebrate species.", "contents": "Transmission electron microscope observation of epithelial cells with single cilia in intrahepatic biliary ductules of bats. Cells with long single cilia arising from basal bodies in the apical cytoplasm were occasionally revealed in the bile ductular epithelia of bats (Miniopterus schreibersi (Kuhl), Myotis macroductylus (Temminck) and Rhinolophus cornutus (Temminck)). The basal body (distal centriole) was associated witha proximal centriole, so the basal structure was of \"two centriole type.\" In cross sections of the long tapering cilia the arrangement of cilary microtubules was determined. In the most proximal portion of the cilia doublet microtubules were arranged in the 9+0 pattern, while in more distal portions alteration and diminution of the doublet fibers occurred, splitting entirely into single microtubuli which were most frequently rearranged in the 6+1 or 7+1 pattern. The occurrence of the 9+0 fiber pattern and the basal structure of \"two centriole type\" suggested that the biliary ductular cilia might be sensory or chemoreceptive in nature and not motile. Similar cilia are expected to be found distributed widely in the epithelia  of excretory ductal system of large exocrine glands of vertebrate species.", "PMID": 718389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7552", "title": "Occurrence of centrioles in interphasic hepatocytes of bat and chicken.", "content": "Occurrence of centrioles in non-dividing hepatocytes was examined by electron microscopy in the bat, Miniopterus schreibersi (Kuhl) and Myotis macrodactylus (Temminck), and the chicken. In both species centrioles were mostly found in the apical hyaloplasmic halo which was distinct in the chicken but rather indistinct in the bat. There was no difficulty in locating centrioles in the hepatocytes of either species. In the chicken centrioles were found in the attenuated apical cytoplasmic areas of 4-6 hepatocytes surrounding the bile canaliculus, giving us the impression that the occurrence of centrioles in non-dividing hepatocytes might be more frequent in the chicken than in the bat. The centrioles found in non-dividing bat and chicken hepatocytes apparently formed diplosomes. Neither multiple centrioles (comprising more than three) nor centriolar replications were found. Single cilium formation from the centrioles was not observed in either species.", "contents": "Occurrence of centrioles in interphasic hepatocytes of bat and chicken. Occurrence of centrioles in non-dividing hepatocytes was examined by electron microscopy in the bat, Miniopterus schreibersi (Kuhl) and Myotis macrodactylus (Temminck), and the chicken. In both species centrioles were mostly found in the apical hyaloplasmic halo which was distinct in the chicken but rather indistinct in the bat. There was no difficulty in locating centrioles in the hepatocytes of either species. In the chicken centrioles were found in the attenuated apical cytoplasmic areas of 4-6 hepatocytes surrounding the bile canaliculus, giving us the impression that the occurrence of centrioles in non-dividing hepatocytes might be more frequent in the chicken than in the bat. The centrioles found in non-dividing bat and chicken hepatocytes apparently formed diplosomes. Neither multiple centrioles (comprising more than three) nor centriolar replications were found. Single cilium formation from the centrioles was not observed in either species.", "PMID": 718390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7553", "title": "Bilateral femoral shortening for overgrowth in young adults.", "content": "Through 17 years ten patients were treated for psychologically unacceptable tallness by bilateral femoral shortening. All were young adults between 17 and 28 years; one was acromegalic, one had Marfans syndrome and the other were tall for unknown reasons. The amount of shortening obtained was between 6 and 16 cm. One patient was reoperated bilaterally because of insufficient stability of the pin and plate fixation. All patients healed without significant complications. For exclusive cases, which have been carefully observed over several months, bilateral shortening seems to be a safe procedure either with midshaft shortening and K\u00fcntscher nailing or subtrochanteric femoral shortening with pin and plate fixation. At review all patients were satisfied with their decision to be surgically shortened. Similar cases seem not to have been published.", "contents": "Bilateral femoral shortening for overgrowth in young adults. Through 17 years ten patients were treated for psychologically unacceptable tallness by bilateral femoral shortening. All were young adults between 17 and 28 years; one was acromegalic, one had Marfans syndrome and the other were tall for unknown reasons. The amount of shortening obtained was between 6 and 16 cm. One patient was reoperated bilaterally because of insufficient stability of the pin and plate fixation. All patients healed without significant complications. For exclusive cases, which have been carefully observed over several months, bilateral shortening seems to be a safe procedure either with midshaft shortening and K\u00fcntscher nailing or subtrochanteric femoral shortening with pin and plate fixation. At review all patients were satisfied with their decision to be surgically shortened. Similar cases seem not to have been published.", "PMID": 718392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7554", "title": "Osteotomy of the patella in chondromalacia. Preliminary report.", "content": "There are many factors involved in the aetiology of chondromalacia of the patella. If possible, the appropriate operative procedure should be chosen for each patient, hence attempting to eliminate the cause of softening of the cartilage. Increased pressure over the lateral facet, with or without reduced pressure over the medial facet of the patella, resulting from lateral positioning or tilting of the patella, the Wiberg/Baumgartl-types III and IV, and the \"Hunter's Hat\" form are important causes. With reduced pressure, the cartilage is inadequately stressed and consequently receives insufficient nourishment. As the medial facet is particularly thick and has little contact with the femoral condyle, nutritional disturbance is almost a normal occurrence. Longitudinal osteotomy of the patella has been found to improve the contact of the medial surface of the patella with the femoral condylar groove. The analgesic effect of this surgical procedure may derive from the resultant reduction in subchondral interstitial pressure, presuming that the pain in chondromalacia patellae, like that of osteoarthritis, is a manifestation of raised intramedullary pressure. To ensure an improvement in patellar tracking the osteotomy is combined with a lateral capsular release.", "contents": "Osteotomy of the patella in chondromalacia. Preliminary report. There are many factors involved in the aetiology of chondromalacia of the patella. If possible, the appropriate operative procedure should be chosen for each patient, hence attempting to eliminate the cause of softening of the cartilage. Increased pressure over the lateral facet, with or without reduced pressure over the medial facet of the patella, resulting from lateral positioning or tilting of the patella, the Wiberg/Baumgartl-types III and IV, and the \"Hunter's Hat\" form are important causes. With reduced pressure, the cartilage is inadequately stressed and consequently receives insufficient nourishment. As the medial facet is particularly thick and has little contact with the femoral condyle, nutritional disturbance is almost a normal occurrence. Longitudinal osteotomy of the patella has been found to improve the contact of the medial surface of the patella with the femoral condylar groove. The analgesic effect of this surgical procedure may derive from the resultant reduction in subchondral interstitial pressure, presuming that the pain in chondromalacia patellae, like that of osteoarthritis, is a manifestation of raised intramedullary pressure. To ensure an improvement in patellar tracking the osteotomy is combined with a lateral capsular release.", "PMID": 718395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7555", "title": "The influence of oestrogen on bone metabolism.", "content": "The literature concerning the effect of oestrogen upon bone metabolism is reviewed. Studies both in man and in laboratory animals have been considered. It is concluded that the most constant effect of oestrogen upon bone in man and most other mammals is reduced bone resorption. However, in man and most mammals the bone accretion rate is also  reduced as a result of oestrogen influence. Previous studies reporting stimulated bone synthesis produced by oestrogen seem to be unreliable in the light of research of recent years. Thus oestrogen seem to produce an overall slow-down of bone metabolism.", "contents": "The influence of oestrogen on bone metabolism. The literature concerning the effect of oestrogen upon bone metabolism is reviewed. Studies both in man and in laboratory animals have been considered. It is concluded that the most constant effect of oestrogen upon bone in man and most other mammals is reduced bone resorption. However, in man and most mammals the bone accretion rate is also  reduced as a result of oestrogen influence. Previous studies reporting stimulated bone synthesis produced by oestrogen seem to be unreliable in the light of research of recent years. Thus oestrogen seem to produce an overall slow-down of bone metabolism.", "PMID": 718396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7556", "title": "Experimental osteotomy fixed with a composite resin.", "content": "Some composite resins used in dentistry are claimed to have qualities superior to those of the commercial bone cements. A bis-GMA composite resin was used for the fixation of experimental tibial osteotomies in rats. The osteotomies were fixed with bis-GMA in 84 rats, while intramedullary nailing was used in 28 rats. In 28 rats used as controls the osteotomy was left unfixed. Radiologic, histologic, microradiographic and oxytetracycline (OTC) fluorescence studies were performed after 1,2,3,6, 12, 18 and 24 weeks. The most favorable results as regards the healing of osteotomy were obtained in the intramedullary nailing group, but the results with bis-GMA fixation were more favorable than those obtained in the untreated group. It is concluded that the material employed is suited for the fixation of osteotomies and that the bone tolerated the tested material well.", "contents": "Experimental osteotomy fixed with a composite resin. Some composite resins used in dentistry are claimed to have qualities superior to those of the commercial bone cements. A bis-GMA composite resin was used for the fixation of experimental tibial osteotomies in rats. The osteotomies were fixed with bis-GMA in 84 rats, while intramedullary nailing was used in 28 rats. In 28 rats used as controls the osteotomy was left unfixed. Radiologic, histologic, microradiographic and oxytetracycline (OTC) fluorescence studies were performed after 1,2,3,6, 12, 18 and 24 weeks. The most favorable results as regards the healing of osteotomy were obtained in the intramedullary nailing group, but the results with bis-GMA fixation were more favorable than those obtained in the untreated group. It is concluded that the material employed is suited for the fixation of osteotomies and that the bone tolerated the tested material well.", "PMID": 718398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7557", "title": "A composite resin as an implant material in bone. Histologic, radiologic, microradiologic and oxytetracycline fluorescence examination of rats.", "content": "The potential of a bis-GMA composite resin as implant material in bone is evaluated. The material is claimed to have mechanical and physical properties superior to those of the bone cements used today. A groove made in the cortex of the tibia in 18 rats was filled with bis-GMA, while a similar groove was left empty in the contralateral tibia. The reaction of the bone to this material was evaluated by histologic, radiologic, microradiographic and OTC-fluorescence methods. The material was well tolerated by the bone; after 1, 3 and 6 weeks no reaction to the material was observed.", "contents": "A composite resin as an implant material in bone. Histologic, radiologic, microradiologic and oxytetracycline fluorescence examination of rats. The potential of a bis-GMA composite resin as implant material in bone is evaluated. The material is claimed to have mechanical and physical properties superior to those of the bone cements used today. A groove made in the cortex of the tibia in 18 rats was filled with bis-GMA, while a similar groove was left empty in the contralateral tibia. The reaction of the bone to this material was evaluated by histologic, radiologic, microradiographic and OTC-fluorescence methods. The material was well tolerated by the bone; after 1, 3 and 6 weeks no reaction to the material was observed.", "PMID": 718399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7558", "title": "Non-metallic fixatives in orthopedic surgery. Some aspects of their present and future properties.", "content": "Some materials obviously possess bone fixing properties and may hence be used in anchoring prostheses to the bone, in filling bone defects and even in the fixation of fractures. The commercial bone cements are an example of materials already used today, and their development and basic properties are known. Some newer materials, which seem to possess bone fixing properties of a different kind are also, described. The polycarboxylate cements used in dentistry adhere to bone and metals by complex formation. Some hydrophilic materials, which absorb water while setting, have a self-locking capacity. Very strong composite resins can be obtained by mixture of suitable materials. A firm fixation may result from the growth of bone into some porous materials implanted into bone. Biodegradable products disappear from the tissues after some length of time, thus allowing healing to take place by a normal regenerative process. It is concluded that newer and better cementing materials are needed and that such materials may be expected soon to become available.", "contents": "Non-metallic fixatives in orthopedic surgery. Some aspects of their present and future properties. Some materials obviously possess bone fixing properties and may hence be used in anchoring prostheses to the bone, in filling bone defects and even in the fixation of fractures. The commercial bone cements are an example of materials already used today, and their development and basic properties are known. Some newer materials, which seem to possess bone fixing properties of a different kind are also, described. The polycarboxylate cements used in dentistry adhere to bone and metals by complex formation. Some hydrophilic materials, which absorb water while setting, have a self-locking capacity. Very strong composite resins can be obtained by mixture of suitable materials. A firm fixation may result from the growth of bone into some porous materials implanted into bone. Biodegradable products disappear from the tissues after some length of time, thus allowing healing to take place by a normal regenerative process. It is concluded that newer and better cementing materials are needed and that such materials may be expected soon to become available.", "PMID": 718400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7559", "title": "External fixation. Classification and indications.", "content": "The conclusion from the above clinical and experimental presentation is that stabilization by using external fixation in problematic cases is the method of choice because the risk of infection is better than by using the standard methods of plating and nailing. Using external fixation based on the tubular system of ASIF we can achieve rigid stability. Correct application allows early mobilization ensuring alignment even in bone defects. This method of treatment also facilitates the care of wounds. Our experimental and clinical information provides us with the opportunity to offer a systematic classification of each individual type of external fixation and its merits, as described above in types I, II, and III and its application in different situations. Our clinical experience also shows that external fixation has greatly reduced the risk of amputation in these problematic cases, but it has not solved all the problems associated with the primary injury. The advantage of the three-dimensional external fixation type III can also be seen in the case of arthrodesis of the knee joint. Here there is a better neutralization of the bending moment, than by using type II. Finally we would like to emphasize that the external fixation is not the panacea for every problematic case and each surgeon should be well aware of its methodical and correct application, as abuse of external fixation may lead to secondary complications.", "contents": "External fixation. Classification and indications. The conclusion from the above clinical and experimental presentation is that stabilization by using external fixation in problematic cases is the method of choice because the risk of infection is better than by using the standard methods of plating and nailing. Using external fixation based on the tubular system of ASIF we can achieve rigid stability. Correct application allows early mobilization ensuring alignment even in bone defects. This method of treatment also facilitates the care of wounds. Our experimental and clinical information provides us with the opportunity to offer a systematic classification of each individual type of external fixation and its merits, as described above in types I, II, and III and its application in different situations. Our clinical experience also shows that external fixation has greatly reduced the risk of amputation in these problematic cases, but it has not solved all the problems associated with the primary injury. The advantage of the three-dimensional external fixation type III can also be seen in the case of arthrodesis of the knee joint. Here there is a better neutralization of the bending moment, than by using type II. Finally we would like to emphasize that the external fixation is not the panacea for every problematic case and each surgeon should be well aware of its methodical and correct application, as abuse of external fixation may lead to secondary complications.", "PMID": 718401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7560", "title": "[Comparative experimental investigations with bioglass (L. L. Hench) and Al2O3-ceramic coated with mod. bioglass. II. Results of experiments with loaded implants (author's transl)].", "content": "This report is based on 4 comparative experimental series is sheep using a cementfree total hip replacement model. Basically a smooth stem design was compared to a step stem design for biomechanical interlocking anchorage. Both designs were implanted as pure high density Al2O3-ceramic components and as Al2O3-ceramic parts coated with Bioglass or Bioglass-ceramic (post op. follow up 13 months, 17 animals). None of the 4 stem modifications showed a tendency for permanent stabilisation or bonding in bone. Besides insufficient bonding of the glass coatings to the substrate and apparent biodegradability of the bioglass coatings in the body, insufficient biomechanical knowledge of endosteal direct anchorage of prosthetic devices is the main reason for failure in these experiments. An exclusive biochemical way of anchoring prosthetic parts in the marrow cavity is rejected. The results presented are discussed in the light of the recent literature.", "contents": "[Comparative experimental investigations with bioglass (L. L. Hench) and Al2O3-ceramic coated with mod. bioglass. II. Results of experiments with loaded implants (author's transl)]. This report is based on 4 comparative experimental series is sheep using a cementfree total hip replacement model. Basically a smooth stem design was compared to a step stem design for biomechanical interlocking anchorage. Both designs were implanted as pure high density Al2O3-ceramic components and as Al2O3-ceramic parts coated with Bioglass or Bioglass-ceramic (post op. follow up 13 months, 17 animals). None of the 4 stem modifications showed a tendency for permanent stabilisation or bonding in bone. Besides insufficient bonding of the glass coatings to the substrate and apparent biodegradability of the bioglass coatings in the body, insufficient biomechanical knowledge of endosteal direct anchorage of prosthetic devices is the main reason for failure in these experiments. An exclusive biochemical way of anchoring prosthetic parts in the marrow cavity is rejected. The results presented are discussed in the light of the recent literature.", "PMID": 718403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7561", "title": "[Experimental studies of autograft with cancellous bone in the diaphysis of long bone (author's transl)].", "content": "The acceptance of fresh autologous cancellous bone in a wedge-shaped diaphysial cortical defect was examined in 2 groups of 5 dogs microangiographically and histologically 1,2,3,4 and 6 weeks after transplantation. The main recanalisation takes place after one week from the medullary canal, two weeks later periosteal vessels are connected and finally three weeks later the tender vessels of the Haversian canal system within the cortex are being integrated. Histologically, after one week active formation of fibrous bone can be seen adjacent to numerous capillaries originating within the medullary canal. Simultaneously, considerable degradation of transplanted trabeculae by mono- or polynuclear osteoclasts takes place. Formation of new bone occurs according to newly built capillaries. After 4 weeks, transplanted trabeculae can be found only sparsely, the new fibrous bone is being remodelled into lamellar bone. After 6 weeks, the entire fibrous bone has been transformed into lamellar bone and is calcified. A trajectorial orientation of the Haversian system according to that of the host cortical bone can be recognized vaguely.", "contents": "[Experimental studies of autograft with cancellous bone in the diaphysis of long bone (author's transl)]. The acceptance of fresh autologous cancellous bone in a wedge-shaped diaphysial cortical defect was examined in 2 groups of 5 dogs microangiographically and histologically 1,2,3,4 and 6 weeks after transplantation. The main recanalisation takes place after one week from the medullary canal, two weeks later periosteal vessels are connected and finally three weeks later the tender vessels of the Haversian canal system within the cortex are being integrated. Histologically, after one week active formation of fibrous bone can be seen adjacent to numerous capillaries originating within the medullary canal. Simultaneously, considerable degradation of transplanted trabeculae by mono- or polynuclear osteoclasts takes place. Formation of new bone occurs according to newly built capillaries. After 4 weeks, transplanted trabeculae can be found only sparsely, the new fibrous bone is being remodelled into lamellar bone. After 6 weeks, the entire fibrous bone has been transformed into lamellar bone and is calcified. A trajectorial orientation of the Haversian system according to that of the host cortical bone can be recognized vaguely.", "PMID": 718404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7562", "title": "Traumatic single facet subluxation of cervical spine without neurological damage. A new clinical sign.", "content": "The vast majority of injuries to the cervical spine, unaccompanied by neurological deficit, escape diagnosis because of the minimal clinical symptoms associated with such injuries. For the same reason many of those who consult their doctors following such injuries, are not adequately investigated. This article presents a new clinical sign to recognise a certain type of cervical spine injury, and a simple way of documenting the observations. It is proposed that in the presence of this sign, adequate radiological investigations must be deemed mandatory to exclude bony injury to the cervical spine.", "contents": "Traumatic single facet subluxation of cervical spine without neurological damage. A new clinical sign. The vast majority of injuries to the cervical spine, unaccompanied by neurological deficit, escape diagnosis because of the minimal clinical symptoms associated with such injuries. For the same reason many of those who consult their doctors following such injuries, are not adequately investigated. This article presents a new clinical sign to recognise a certain type of cervical spine injury, and a simple way of documenting the observations. It is proposed that in the presence of this sign, adequate radiological investigations must be deemed mandatory to exclude bony injury to the cervical spine.", "PMID": 718405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7563", "title": "Hypercalcemia in children with spinal cord injury.", "content": "Eighty-seven children less than 16 years of age with recent spinal cord injury were studied during a 7-year period (1970--1976). Serum calcium concentration was determined at least once in each of 76 of these patients, and in 18 (23.6%) it was above 11 mg%. Fifteen of the 18 patients had quadriplegia and 3 had paraplegia. In 5 patients, the first symptoms of acute hypercalcemia simulated those of an acute abdomen. Two of the 5 patients underwent exploratory laparotomy, with negative findings. The incidence of urinary stones was 55% (10 of the 18), a difference from the control population of only 18%. Hypercalcemia in the acute phase was almost always accompanied by decreased renal function characterized by inability to concentrate the urine and low corrected creatinine clearance. The treatment with saline infusions and furosemide was usually effective.", "contents": "Hypercalcemia in children with spinal cord injury. Eighty-seven children less than 16 years of age with recent spinal cord injury were studied during a 7-year period (1970--1976). Serum calcium concentration was determined at least once in each of 76 of these patients, and in 18 (23.6%) it was above 11 mg%. Fifteen of the 18 patients had quadriplegia and 3 had paraplegia. In 5 patients, the first symptoms of acute hypercalcemia simulated those of an acute abdomen. Two of the 5 patients underwent exploratory laparotomy, with negative findings. The incidence of urinary stones was 55% (10 of the 18), a difference from the control population of only 18%. Hypercalcemia in the acute phase was almost always accompanied by decreased renal function characterized by inability to concentrate the urine and low corrected creatinine clearance. The treatment with saline infusions and furosemide was usually effective.", "PMID": 718406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7564", "title": "Calcium balance in paraplegic patients: influence of injury duration and ambulation.", "content": "Calcium metabolic balance determinations, which have been done in various clinical and experimental conditions, were applied to the study of 8 spinal cord injured patients receiving a diet with 1600 mg calcium and 85 to 120 gm protein daily. All of the patients had hypercalciuria prior to ambulation. Those with spinal cord injuries of less than 3 months duration (early group) had a calcium balance of -27 mg before ambulation and 235 mg after ambulation. Patients with spinal cord injuries of 6 months or more duration (late group) had calcium balances of 55 mg before ambulation and 175 mg after ambulation. Ambulation significantly decreased the hypercalciuria and modified the calcium balance in a positive direction. Smaller changes were noted in the responses of the late group than in those of the early group. Early ambulation will probably prevent bone loss, calcium stones in the genitourinary tract, and other sequellae of negative calcium balance.", "contents": "Calcium balance in paraplegic patients: influence of injury duration and ambulation. Calcium metabolic balance determinations, which have been done in various clinical and experimental conditions, were applied to the study of 8 spinal cord injured patients receiving a diet with 1600 mg calcium and 85 to 120 gm protein daily. All of the patients had hypercalciuria prior to ambulation. Those with spinal cord injuries of less than 3 months duration (early group) had a calcium balance of -27 mg before ambulation and 235 mg after ambulation. Patients with spinal cord injuries of 6 months or more duration (late group) had calcium balances of 55 mg before ambulation and 175 mg after ambulation. Ambulation significantly decreased the hypercalciuria and modified the calcium balance in a positive direction. Smaller changes were noted in the responses of the late group than in those of the early group. Early ambulation will probably prevent bone loss, calcium stones in the genitourinary tract, and other sequellae of negative calcium balance.", "PMID": 718407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7565", "title": "Electromyogram-gas cystometrogram: its use in the management of neurogenic bladder of spinal cord injury.", "content": "The electromyogram (emg)-gas cystometrogram was used to study spinal-cord-injured patients with indwelling catheters before trial of voiding (TOV) to remove an indwelling catheter. Twenty-four patients were studied during 27 consecutive admissions. A coaxial needle electrode was placed in the external urethral sphincter. The output of a cystometer was simultaneously recorded on the emg printout so that the relationship of the shpincter response to distention of the bladder could be observed. Of 10 patients without bladder contractions, 7 had active urethral sphincters and 6 of these failed to achieve less than 50 ml residual thereby failing the TOV. The seventh patient succeeded in the trial and on subsequent study was found to have developed bladder contractions with a coordinated bladder-sphincter synergy. The 3 patients without bladder contractions or sphincter activity succeeded in their TOV using Cred\u00e9's method. Seventeen patients with bladder contractions were divided into synergic, nonsynergic and partially synergic patterns. The 3 patients with synergic patterns succeeded in their TOV. Thirteen of 14 nonsynergic or partially synergic patients failed the TOV. The 1 nonsynergic patient who succeeded had bladder contractions of 70 cm of water compared to a mean of 28 cm of water for all other patients with bladder contraction. The emg-gas cystometrogram was helpful in selecting those patients who were successful in removing the Foley catheter. Important factors governing success in the multiple effort trial of voiding were the amplitude of the detrusor contraction, the presence of detrusor-sphincter synergy and the presence of a flaccid sphincter.", "contents": "Electromyogram-gas cystometrogram: its use in the management of neurogenic bladder of spinal cord injury. The electromyogram (emg)-gas cystometrogram was used to study spinal-cord-injured patients with indwelling catheters before trial of voiding (TOV) to remove an indwelling catheter. Twenty-four patients were studied during 27 consecutive admissions. A coaxial needle electrode was placed in the external urethral sphincter. The output of a cystometer was simultaneously recorded on the emg printout so that the relationship of the shpincter response to distention of the bladder could be observed. Of 10 patients without bladder contractions, 7 had active urethral sphincters and 6 of these failed to achieve less than 50 ml residual thereby failing the TOV. The seventh patient succeeded in the trial and on subsequent study was found to have developed bladder contractions with a coordinated bladder-sphincter synergy. The 3 patients without bladder contractions or sphincter activity succeeded in their TOV using Cred\u00e9's method. Seventeen patients with bladder contractions were divided into synergic, nonsynergic and partially synergic patterns. The 3 patients with synergic patterns succeeded in their TOV. Thirteen of 14 nonsynergic or partially synergic patients failed the TOV. The 1 nonsynergic patient who succeeded had bladder contractions of 70 cm of water compared to a mean of 28 cm of water for all other patients with bladder contraction. The emg-gas cystometrogram was helpful in selecting those patients who were successful in removing the Foley catheter. Important factors governing success in the multiple effort trial of voiding were the amplitude of the detrusor contraction, the presence of detrusor-sphincter synergy and the presence of a flaccid sphincter.", "PMID": 718408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7566", "title": "Urinary bladder smooth-muscle electrical activity: response to atropine and bethanechol.", "content": "Fourteen patients with spinal cord injuries and lower motor neuron type neurogenic bladders and 12 patients with upper motor neuron type neurogenic bladders and spinal cord injuries, were evaluated before and after bethanechol or atropine, respectively. They were compared with 5 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy or bladder tumors but without neurologic disease. Both drugs were found to modify partially smooth-muscle response. The implications of these results are consistent with the production of electrical activity by the smooth-muscle cells of the bladder wall.", "contents": "Urinary bladder smooth-muscle electrical activity: response to atropine and bethanechol. Fourteen patients with spinal cord injuries and lower motor neuron type neurogenic bladders and 12 patients with upper motor neuron type neurogenic bladders and spinal cord injuries, were evaluated before and after bethanechol or atropine, respectively. They were compared with 5 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy or bladder tumors but without neurologic disease. Both drugs were found to modify partially smooth-muscle response. The implications of these results are consistent with the production of electrical activity by the smooth-muscle cells of the bladder wall.", "PMID": 718409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7567", "title": "F wave evaluation of thoracic outlet syndrome: a multiple regression derived F wave latency predicting technique.", "content": "To assess the occurrence of a neurologic verus a vascular component of thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS), ulnar nerve function via the F wave was studied in 16 patients with clinically diagnosed TOS and 38 control subjects. To simplify the procedure the following formula was developed, through multiple regression analysis, which can predict the ulnar F wave latency in an individual: [arm length (cm) x 0.31] minus [ulnar nerve forearm velocity (meters/sec) x 0.123] plus [11.05]. The mean plus 2 standard deviations, the maximum acceptable prolongation above the predicted value, is 2.5 msec. This formula can be used for assessment of any ulnar nerve conduction defect. Using this technique, some patients with clinically diagnosed TOS were shown to have slowed conduction of the ulnar nerve through the thoracic outlet.", "contents": "F wave evaluation of thoracic outlet syndrome: a multiple regression derived F wave latency predicting technique. To assess the occurrence of a neurologic verus a vascular component of thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS), ulnar nerve function via the F wave was studied in 16 patients with clinically diagnosed TOS and 38 control subjects. To simplify the procedure the following formula was developed, through multiple regression analysis, which can predict the ulnar F wave latency in an individual: [arm length (cm) x 0.31] minus [ulnar nerve forearm velocity (meters/sec) x 0.123] plus [11.05]. The mean plus 2 standard deviations, the maximum acceptable prolongation above the predicted value, is 2.5 msec. This formula can be used for assessment of any ulnar nerve conduction defect. Using this technique, some patients with clinically diagnosed TOS were shown to have slowed conduction of the ulnar nerve through the thoracic outlet.", "PMID": 718410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7568", "title": "Gastrocnemius muscle belly and tendon length in stroke patients and able-bodied persons.", "content": "Length changes of gastrocnemius muscle belly and tendon at different passive tensions and ranges of motion (ROM) were measured in 31 healthy persons and 15 hemiplegic patients with clinically demonstrated ankle joint plantar flexion (PF) contractures. Preliminary studies were done to obtain accurate determination of gastrocnemius muscle insertion and origin points on x-ray films, to calculate the magnification factor due to x-ray beam divergence and to measure the length changes in muscle belly by the use of a wire hook placed at the muscle-tendon junction. Our results revealed: (1) change in length at different passive tensions is in the muscle belly, not in the tendon, (2) in hemiplegic patients no statistical difference in elongational characteristics of affected gastrocnemius muscle bellies with clinically demonstrated ankle PF contractures and of the contralateral nonaffected muscle bellies, (3) spastic and flaccid gastrocnemius muscle bellies are not statistically different in respect to passive elongations, (4) gastrocnemius muscle bellies of both affected and nonaffected legs of hemiplegic patients were statistically different from the muscle bellies of healthy persons in regard to maximal ROM and maxinum muscle belly length changes, (5) there was approximately .5 mm change in the belly length for each degree of ankle ROM, (6) age is not a factor influencing passive elongation of muscle belly, (7) average muscle belly lengths were consistently shorter in hemiplegic muscles while their tendon lengths did not change.  The enumerated findings suggest that the limitation of ankle ROM in spastic hemiplegic legs obtained by the standard clinical measurements technique represents a change in muscle belly rest length without a structural contracture of the muscle fibers.", "contents": "Gastrocnemius muscle belly and tendon length in stroke patients and able-bodied persons. Length changes of gastrocnemius muscle belly and tendon at different passive tensions and ranges of motion (ROM) were measured in 31 healthy persons and 15 hemiplegic patients with clinically demonstrated ankle joint plantar flexion (PF) contractures. Preliminary studies were done to obtain accurate determination of gastrocnemius muscle insertion and origin points on x-ray films, to calculate the magnification factor due to x-ray beam divergence and to measure the length changes in muscle belly by the use of a wire hook placed at the muscle-tendon junction. Our results revealed: (1) change in length at different passive tensions is in the muscle belly, not in the tendon, (2) in hemiplegic patients no statistical difference in elongational characteristics of affected gastrocnemius muscle bellies with clinically demonstrated ankle PF contractures and of the contralateral nonaffected muscle bellies, (3) spastic and flaccid gastrocnemius muscle bellies are not statistically different in respect to passive elongations, (4) gastrocnemius muscle bellies of both affected and nonaffected legs of hemiplegic patients were statistically different from the muscle bellies of healthy persons in regard to maximal ROM and maxinum muscle belly length changes, (5) there was approximately .5 mm change in the belly length for each degree of ankle ROM, (6) age is not a factor influencing passive elongation of muscle belly, (7) average muscle belly lengths were consistently shorter in hemiplegic muscles while their tendon lengths did not change.  The enumerated findings suggest that the limitation of ankle ROM in spastic hemiplegic legs obtained by the standard clinical measurements technique represents a change in muscle belly rest length without a structural contracture of the muscle fibers.", "PMID": 718411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7569", "title": "Cerebellar electrical stimulation: a critique.", "content": "Cerebellar electrical stimulation has been advocated as a beneficial treatment device for improving function in cerebral palsy, but a review of the literature raises questions as to its efficacy and safety. Evaluation of one reported study showed that only 32% of people with implanted cerebellar stimulators had significant improvement in function. This is in contrast to 68% to 92% improvement levels claimed by advocates of the procedure. There is evidence of potential long-term damage to the cerebellum from the device. Further studies are indicated, following the criteria established by the 1976 Medical Device Amendment to the Drug and Cosmetic Act dealing with medical device regulation and control.", "contents": "Cerebellar electrical stimulation: a critique. Cerebellar electrical stimulation has been advocated as a beneficial treatment device for improving function in cerebral palsy, but a review of the literature raises questions as to its efficacy and safety. Evaluation of one reported study showed that only 32% of people with implanted cerebellar stimulators had significant improvement in function. This is in contrast to 68% to 92% improvement levels claimed by advocates of the procedure. There is evidence of potential long-term damage to the cerebellum from the device. Further studies are indicated, following the criteria established by the 1976 Medical Device Amendment to the Drug and Cosmetic Act dealing with medical device regulation and control.", "PMID": 718412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7570", "title": "Fibrous muscular contractures: treatment with a new direct contact microwave applicator operating at 915 MHz.", "content": "A patient having bilateral contractures of the rectus femoris and brachial biceps muscles due to pentazocine injection was treated with a regime of heat and stretch. Heat was provided by a new air cooled direct contact applicator operating at 915 MHz. Stretch was applied by adding weights to a cable which was attached to the arm or leg to be stretched. While the left and right elbows which were limited by the contracted biceps were not stretched sufficiently to achieve a normal range of motion, the rectus femoris muscle on both sides did achieve a normal range of motion.", "contents": "Fibrous muscular contractures: treatment with a new direct contact microwave applicator operating at 915 MHz. A patient having bilateral contractures of the rectus femoris and brachial biceps muscles due to pentazocine injection was treated with a regime of heat and stretch. Heat was provided by a new air cooled direct contact applicator operating at 915 MHz. Stretch was applied by adding weights to a cable which was attached to the arm or leg to be stretched. While the left and right elbows which were limited by the contracted biceps were not stretched sufficiently to achieve a normal range of motion, the rectus femoris muscle on both sides did achieve a normal range of motion.", "PMID": 718413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7571", "title": "Background and sexual experience of Israeli medical students.", "content": "It is now general professional consensus that to develop a good human sexuality curriculum it is mandatory to first study the future target population, Such a study was done on a national basis at the four medical schools in Israel, concentrating on the senior students. The data on background, sexual experience, knowledge, and attitudes were analyzed and compared to findings of similar studies in other countries. This article reviews the results on background and sexual experience, also trying to analyze logical hypotheses of possible links between variables. Most Israeli senior medical students are unmarried Jewish Ashkenasi males, with a rather small proportion of females, Sephardic-originated Jews, Moslems, and Christians. Their sex education during childhood originated mostly from peers and literature, but was almost completely lacking at school. Masturbation started early, being more frequent for males. The majority of both sexes had dated, had gone steady, and had had sexual intercourse frequently with at least two partners. Only 5.4% of males had never experienced coitus. Intercourse with prostitutes was infrequent. The students' background has direct influence on their early sexual knowledge and experience. This in turn influences self-ratings on sexual matters. This is further correlated with sexual behavior.", "contents": "Background and sexual experience of Israeli medical students. It is now general professional consensus that to develop a good human sexuality curriculum it is mandatory to first study the future target population, Such a study was done on a national basis at the four medical schools in Israel, concentrating on the senior students. The data on background, sexual experience, knowledge, and attitudes were analyzed and compared to findings of similar studies in other countries. This article reviews the results on background and sexual experience, also trying to analyze logical hypotheses of possible links between variables. Most Israeli senior medical students are unmarried Jewish Ashkenasi males, with a rather small proportion of females, Sephardic-originated Jews, Moslems, and Christians. Their sex education during childhood originated mostly from peers and literature, but was almost completely lacking at school. Masturbation started early, being more frequent for males. The majority of both sexes had dated, had gone steady, and had had sexual intercourse frequently with at least two partners. Only 5.4% of males had never experienced coitus. Intercourse with prostitutes was infrequent. The students' background has direct influence on their early sexual knowledge and experience. This in turn influences self-ratings on sexual matters. This is further correlated with sexual behavior.", "PMID": 718414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7572", "title": "Female self-report and autonomic responses to sexually pleasurable and sexually aversive readings.", "content": "This study was designed to investigate possible differential autonomic responses to sexually pleasurable and sexually aversive readings. Reading conditions were counterbalanced so that an equal number of subjects received both orders of the two readings. Female subjects' ratings, skin conductance (SC), finger pulse (FP), and heart rate (HR), in response to these readings were compared. The sexually pleasurable as compared to the sexually aversive passage was rated as more sexually stimulating, less anxiety and guilt provoking, and less disgusting, but as equally well portrayed and interesting (extent of boredom). While essentially equal SC increases were noted in response to both readings, HR deceleration and vasodilation were more characteristic of the response to the sexually pleasurable passage. These findings were compared within the context of preexperimental setting conditions and were interpreted in terms of Lacey's intake-rejection hypothesis. These findings are consistent with the idea that pleasurable sexual readings are associated with interest, attention, and heart rate deceleration, whereas aversive material may be related to rejection of the material and to heart rate acceleration.", "contents": "Female self-report and autonomic responses to sexually pleasurable and sexually aversive readings. This study was designed to investigate possible differential autonomic responses to sexually pleasurable and sexually aversive readings. Reading conditions were counterbalanced so that an equal number of subjects received both orders of the two readings. Female subjects' ratings, skin conductance (SC), finger pulse (FP), and heart rate (HR), in response to these readings were compared. The sexually pleasurable as compared to the sexually aversive passage was rated as more sexually stimulating, less anxiety and guilt provoking, and less disgusting, but as equally well portrayed and interesting (extent of boredom). While essentially equal SC increases were noted in response to both readings, HR deceleration and vasodilation were more characteristic of the response to the sexually pleasurable passage. These findings were compared within the context of preexperimental setting conditions and were interpreted in terms of Lacey's intake-rejection hypothesis. These findings are consistent with the idea that pleasurable sexual readings are associated with interest, attention, and heart rate deceleration, whereas aversive material may be related to rejection of the material and to heart rate acceleration.", "PMID": 718415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7573", "title": "Marital sexual enjoyment and frustration of professional men.", "content": "The psychological maturity, interpersonal, and marital attributes associated with the sexual pleasure and frustration of 59 married professional men, who had also been studied as adolescents, were examined by means of 10--12 hr of psychological tests, questionnaires, and interviews. The men's wives, closest friends, and colleagues also completed questionnaires about them. Masters and Johnson's hypothesis was confirmed that sexual pleasure is enhanced in psychologically mature and healthy men whose interpersonal relations are mature, whose relations with their spouses are marked by mutuality in fulfillment of each other's needs, and whose marriages are happy and satisfying. Increasing sexual frustration was associated, although not so consistently, with psychological unhealthiness, interpersonal immaturity, inadequate marital communication, and marital unhappiness. Degree of adult sexual pleasure and frustration was not reliably predicted by adolescent peraonality traits.", "contents": "Marital sexual enjoyment and frustration of professional men. The psychological maturity, interpersonal, and marital attributes associated with the sexual pleasure and frustration of 59 married professional men, who had also been studied as adolescents, were examined by means of 10--12 hr of psychological tests, questionnaires, and interviews. The men's wives, closest friends, and colleagues also completed questionnaires about them. Masters and Johnson's hypothesis was confirmed that sexual pleasure is enhanced in psychologically mature and healthy men whose interpersonal relations are mature, whose relations with their spouses are marked by mutuality in fulfillment of each other's needs, and whose marriages are happy and satisfying. Increasing sexual frustration was associated, although not so consistently, with psychological unhealthiness, interpersonal immaturity, inadequate marital communication, and marital unhappiness. Degree of adult sexual pleasure and frustration was not reliably predicted by adolescent peraonality traits.", "PMID": 718416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7574", "title": "Age differences in attitude change toward premarital coitus.", "content": "Research on changes in attitudes toward premarital sexual behavior examine either (1) changes in attitudes of college students over a relatively short period of time or (2) changes in attitudes of adult nonstudent populations over long periods of time using noncomparable data sources. The present research examines changes in attitudes toward premarital coitus over a relatively short period of time utilizing national probability samples of the U.S. population. Rather than treating age as a dichotomous variable of the young and the old, age is considered in 10-year age groups, and changes by age group and sex are examined. The results indicate obvious dangers in employing gross breakdowns of the age variable in that considerable differences within young and old age groups are observed. Further, these difference interact with sex, producing sex- and age-specific change patterns. The exact nature of these patterns strongly suggests that the most rapid change is taking place among females in the 30--39 age group and that this change is such to produce intersex convergence in this age group. Rates of change by age and sex are discussed in terms of the possible differential influences of changes in women's roles.", "contents": "Age differences in attitude change toward premarital coitus. Research on changes in attitudes toward premarital sexual behavior examine either (1) changes in attitudes of college students over a relatively short period of time or (2) changes in attitudes of adult nonstudent populations over long periods of time using noncomparable data sources. The present research examines changes in attitudes toward premarital coitus over a relatively short period of time utilizing national probability samples of the U.S. population. Rather than treating age as a dichotomous variable of the young and the old, age is considered in 10-year age groups, and changes by age group and sex are examined. The results indicate obvious dangers in employing gross breakdowns of the age variable in that considerable differences within young and old age groups are observed. Further, these difference interact with sex, producing sex- and age-specific change patterns. The exact nature of these patterns strongly suggests that the most rapid change is taking place among females in the 30--39 age group and that this change is such to produce intersex convergence in this age group. Rates of change by age and sex are discussed in terms of the possible differential influences of changes in women's roles.", "PMID": 718417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7575", "title": "Pseudohomosexual psychosis in basic military training.", "content": "The emergence of homosexual anxieties in heterosexual males following a severe blow to masculine self-esteem has been termed \"pseudohomosexual\" by Ovesey and has been shown to reflect sexual dependence and power conflicts. This article extends the concept, described largely in neurotic patients, to psychotic reactions occurring in basic trainees following failure to adapt to military life. The military setting is viewed as a culturally specific stress for emergence of pseudohomosexual anxieties in predisposed individuals. Case studies illustrate the power and dependence conflicts, sexual symbolization, projective defenses, and restitutional violence which characterize these patients. The pseudohomosexual psychosis defends the patient against perceiving his inability to effect separation from mother, bear the object loss, and attain cultural manhood.", "contents": "Pseudohomosexual psychosis in basic military training. The emergence of homosexual anxieties in heterosexual males following a severe blow to masculine self-esteem has been termed \"pseudohomosexual\" by Ovesey and has been shown to reflect sexual dependence and power conflicts. This article extends the concept, described largely in neurotic patients, to psychotic reactions occurring in basic trainees following failure to adapt to military life. The military setting is viewed as a culturally specific stress for emergence of pseudohomosexual anxieties in predisposed individuals. Case studies illustrate the power and dependence conflicts, sexual symbolization, projective defenses, and restitutional violence which characterize these patients. The pseudohomosexual psychosis defends the patient against perceiving his inability to effect separation from mother, bear the object loss, and attain cultural manhood.", "PMID": 718418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7576", "title": "The anomalous behaviour of dimethyl phosphates in the biochemical test for delayed neurotoxicity.", "content": "Several dimethyl phosphate behave anomalously in tests for delayed neurotoxicity. Doses given to hens caused high inhibition of brain neurotoxic esterase (NTE) but no ataxia. Less inhibition of NTE was seen in spinal cord than in brain. Di-isopropyl phosphorofluoridate caused equal inhibition of NTE in brain and cord. When dosing with dimethyl phosphates was repeated NTE  inhibition in cord increased and pair-dosed birds became ataxic. In vitro brain and cord NTE were indistinguishable but the in vivo discrepancy between inhibition of brain and cord NTE was matched by a similar discrepancy in inhibition of AChE. It appears that ataxia arises from inhibition of spinal cord NTE and that only in the present cases (among about 200) was the effect in brain not a perfect biochemical monitor.", "contents": "The anomalous behaviour of dimethyl phosphates in the biochemical test for delayed neurotoxicity. Several dimethyl phosphate behave anomalously in tests for delayed neurotoxicity. Doses given to hens caused high inhibition of brain neurotoxic esterase (NTE) but no ataxia. Less inhibition of NTE was seen in spinal cord than in brain. Di-isopropyl phosphorofluoridate caused equal inhibition of NTE in brain and cord. When dosing with dimethyl phosphates was repeated NTE  inhibition in cord increased and pair-dosed birds became ataxic. In vitro brain and cord NTE were indistinguishable but the in vivo discrepancy between inhibition of brain and cord NTE was matched by a similar discrepancy in inhibition of AChE. It appears that ataxia arises from inhibition of spinal cord NTE and that only in the present cases (among about 200) was the effect in brain not a perfect biochemical monitor.", "PMID": 718419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7577", "title": "Transformation and action of metrifonate.", "content": "Chemical formation of dichlorvos (2, 2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate) was found to occur in mouse brain after i.p. injection of metrifonate (2, 2, 2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl dimethyl phosphonate). A mass fragmentographic technique was used. Different isotopic variants were used both as internal standards and to compensate for dichlorvos formed during the workup procedure. The dichlorvos formed in vivo was found to have its maximal concentration a few minutes after the maximum of the metrifonate itself. The effect of metrifonate and dichlorvos on acetylcholine levels, acetylcholinesterase activity and synthesis rate of acetylcholine in mouse brain was also studied. In all three cases the effect of metrifonate was found to be prolonged and delayed as compared to the effect of dichlorvos. It is concluded that metrifonate acts as a slow release formulation in the body giving rise to dichlorvos nonenzymatically. This circumstance at least partly explains its efficacy in the treatment of schistosomiasis.", "contents": "Transformation and action of metrifonate. Chemical formation of dichlorvos (2, 2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate) was found to occur in mouse brain after i.p. injection of metrifonate (2, 2, 2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl dimethyl phosphonate). A mass fragmentographic technique was used. Different isotopic variants were used both as internal standards and to compensate for dichlorvos formed during the workup procedure. The dichlorvos formed in vivo was found to have its maximal concentration a few minutes after the maximum of the metrifonate itself. The effect of metrifonate and dichlorvos on acetylcholine levels, acetylcholinesterase activity and synthesis rate of acetylcholine in mouse brain was also studied. In all three cases the effect of metrifonate was found to be prolonged and delayed as compared to the effect of dichlorvos. It is concluded that metrifonate acts as a slow release formulation in the body giving rise to dichlorvos nonenzymatically. This circumstance at least partly explains its efficacy in the treatment of schistosomiasis.", "PMID": 718420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7578", "title": "Regional pre- and postganglionic sympathetic activity during experimental paraoxon poisoning.", "content": "The effects of 0.4 or 0.8 mg paraoxon/kg i.v. on circulation and regional pre- and postganglionic sympathetic activity were studied in anaesthetized rabbits. At both doses, the discharges of the preganglionic efferents increased slowly, whereas the changes in activity of postganglionic efferents differed. Concomitantly with a transient initial rise in blood pressure a temporary increase of discharges to the skeletal muscles and to the intestine was observed which is attributed to spontaneous firing of the regional ganglionic cells. After injection of 0.4 mg/kg there occasionally occurred a second pressor reaction conditioned by enhancement of preganglionic activity and facilitated transmission in certain sympathetic ganglia. After injection of the higher dose, postganglionic activity generally decreased except for the discharges of gastrointestinal efferents, which increased. Arterial blood pressure, cardiac output and total peripheral resistance fell markedly. A shock syndrome occurred which could be controlled by atropine injection if timely. From the results it was concluded that the higher dose of paraoxon blocked synaptic transmission in the paravertebral ganglia of the sympathetic trunk, and facilitated impulse transmission in the prevertebral abdominal ganglia.", "contents": "Regional pre- and postganglionic sympathetic activity during experimental paraoxon poisoning. The effects of 0.4 or 0.8 mg paraoxon/kg i.v. on circulation and regional pre- and postganglionic sympathetic activity were studied in anaesthetized rabbits. At both doses, the discharges of the preganglionic efferents increased slowly, whereas the changes in activity of postganglionic efferents differed. Concomitantly with a transient initial rise in blood pressure a temporary increase of discharges to the skeletal muscles and to the intestine was observed which is attributed to spontaneous firing of the regional ganglionic cells. After injection of 0.4 mg/kg there occasionally occurred a second pressor reaction conditioned by enhancement of preganglionic activity and facilitated transmission in certain sympathetic ganglia. After injection of the higher dose, postganglionic activity generally decreased except for the discharges of gastrointestinal efferents, which increased. Arterial blood pressure, cardiac output and total peripheral resistance fell markedly. A shock syndrome occurred which could be controlled by atropine injection if timely. From the results it was concluded that the higher dose of paraoxon blocked synaptic transmission in the paravertebral ganglia of the sympathetic trunk, and facilitated impulse transmission in the prevertebral abdominal ganglia.", "PMID": 718421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7579", "title": "Distention ulcer as a model for testing of drugs for ulcerogenic side effects.", "content": "A modification of the distention ulcer was studied in albino rats and a new possibility of testing ulcerogenic side effects of drugs was described. The distention alone was not sufficient to produce lesions. The severity of ulcer lesions was highly dependent on the volume of the acid solution. Large volumes of 0.1 N HC1 evoked severe ulcers within 1 h. Small amounts of weak acid solution did not cause any ulceration. Anti-inflammatory drugs administered in therapeutic doses, which did not yet produce any ulcers in animals, increased the sensitivity of the gastric mucosa against the aggresive factor, the acid. In animals pretreated by anti-inflammatory drugs in toxic doses an earlier development of ulceration was observed by distention with acid. Stress also accelerated and aggravated the formation of distention ulcers.", "contents": "Distention ulcer as a model for testing of drugs for ulcerogenic side effects. A modification of the distention ulcer was studied in albino rats and a new possibility of testing ulcerogenic side effects of drugs was described. The distention alone was not sufficient to produce lesions. The severity of ulcer lesions was highly dependent on the volume of the acid solution. Large volumes of 0.1 N HC1 evoked severe ulcers within 1 h. Small amounts of weak acid solution did not cause any ulceration. Anti-inflammatory drugs administered in therapeutic doses, which did not yet produce any ulcers in animals, increased the sensitivity of the gastric mucosa against the aggresive factor, the acid. In animals pretreated by anti-inflammatory drugs in toxic doses an earlier development of ulceration was observed by distention with acid. Stress also accelerated and aggravated the formation of distention ulcers.", "PMID": 718423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7580", "title": "[Density of receptor neuron nuclear membrane pores during the early ontogenesis of Gallus domesticus L].", "content": "In 10, 14, and 18-day-old embryos, as well as in 3, 14 and 30-day-old chickens, neurons of cerebrospinal ganglia have been studied electron microscopically. A method for quantitative evaluation of pores in nuclear envelope by means of estimating pore density index (PDI) has been suggested. By methods of regressive analysis it has been stated that neuronal development and differentiation in the cerebrospinal ganglion at embryonal and early postnatal ontogenesis of Gallus domesticus are accompanied by a regular increase in density of pores per stipulated unit of the nuclear envelope area. During the studied period of the hen ontogenesis, PDI has a characteristic exponential dependance. A suggestion is made to use the index of the pore density as a criterion for estimating functional state of the receptor neuron.", "contents": "[Density of receptor neuron nuclear membrane pores during the early ontogenesis of Gallus domesticus L]. In 10, 14, and 18-day-old embryos, as well as in 3, 14 and 30-day-old chickens, neurons of cerebrospinal ganglia have been studied electron microscopically. A method for quantitative evaluation of pores in nuclear envelope by means of estimating pore density index (PDI) has been suggested. By methods of regressive analysis it has been stated that neuronal development and differentiation in the cerebrospinal ganglion at embryonal and early postnatal ontogenesis of Gallus domesticus are accompanied by a regular increase in density of pores per stipulated unit of the nuclear envelope area. During the studied period of the hen ontogenesis, PDI has a characteristic exponential dependance. A suggestion is made to use the index of the pore density as a criterion for estimating functional state of the receptor neuron.", "PMID": 718424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7581", "title": "[Hormones and differentiation of retinal ganglion cells during embryogenesis of mice of the mutant line ocular retardation (karyometric study)].", "content": "Hormonal effects on differentiation of neuroblasts forming the ganglionic zone have been studied in hereditary damaged ocular retina of mice from the mutant line \"ocular retardation\" (or). By the method of karyometry, it has been demonstrated that injection of cortisone, triiodethyronine and somatotropic hormone on the 8--9--10th, as well as on the 11--12--13--14th or on the 9--10--11--13--14th days of gestation produce statistically significant volumetric decrease or increase of the ganglionic cell nuclei in the retina of 15-day-old embryos or/or. The data obtained and those from the literature suggest that the hormones mentioned above, depending on the dose and prenatal stage in the or/or mice, increase or decrease the inhibiting effects of the mutant gene or on the differentiation of ganglionic cells of the ocular retina in embryos.", "contents": "[Hormones and differentiation of retinal ganglion cells during embryogenesis of mice of the mutant line ocular retardation (karyometric study)]. Hormonal effects on differentiation of neuroblasts forming the ganglionic zone have been studied in hereditary damaged ocular retina of mice from the mutant line \"ocular retardation\" (or). By the method of karyometry, it has been demonstrated that injection of cortisone, triiodethyronine and somatotropic hormone on the 8--9--10th, as well as on the 11--12--13--14th or on the 9--10--11--13--14th days of gestation produce statistically significant volumetric decrease or increase of the ganglionic cell nuclei in the retina of 15-day-old embryos or/or. The data obtained and those from the literature suggest that the hormones mentioned above, depending on the dose and prenatal stage in the or/or mice, increase or decrease the inhibiting effects of the mutant gene or on the differentiation of ganglionic cells of the ocular retina in embryos.", "PMID": 718425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7582", "title": "[Morphologic study of rat adrenals following flight aboard biosatellites \"Cosmos-605\" and \"Cosmos-782\"].", "content": "Dynamics of morphological changes of the rat adrenals was investigated on the first day and 25--27 days after a prolonged exposure to weightlessness. Analysing the general histological picture of the adrenal cortex during the first hours of the flight (presence of a subglomerular sudanophilic layer and distinct zones in other cortical parts), it is possible to conclude that by the completion of the flight the cortical substance has reached a definite degree of normalization, hence the animals have adopted to the flight conditions. Morphological signs of elevated functional cortical activity 9--11 h after the flight, such as enlarged nuclear volume of the fascicular zone cells and delipoidization of the internal parts of the cortex could be treated as manifestation of an acute stress-reaction developing in the animals after landing. Evaluating morphological manifestation of the acute stress-reaction observed in animals at transition from weightlessness to the earth level of gravitation, it is possible to conclude that there are no signs of depletion in the adrenal cortical function and hence, adaptive possibilities in the organism are preserved after a prolonged exposure to weightlessness.", "contents": "[Morphologic study of rat adrenals following flight aboard biosatellites \"Cosmos-605\" and \"Cosmos-782\"]. Dynamics of morphological changes of the rat adrenals was investigated on the first day and 25--27 days after a prolonged exposure to weightlessness. Analysing the general histological picture of the adrenal cortex during the first hours of the flight (presence of a subglomerular sudanophilic layer and distinct zones in other cortical parts), it is possible to conclude that by the completion of the flight the cortical substance has reached a definite degree of normalization, hence the animals have adopted to the flight conditions. Morphological signs of elevated functional cortical activity 9--11 h after the flight, such as enlarged nuclear volume of the fascicular zone cells and delipoidization of the internal parts of the cortex could be treated as manifestation of an acute stress-reaction developing in the animals after landing. Evaluating morphological manifestation of the acute stress-reaction observed in animals at transition from weightlessness to the earth level of gravitation, it is possible to conclude that there are no signs of depletion in the adrenal cortical function and hence, adaptive possibilities in the organism are preserved after a prolonged exposure to weightlessness.", "PMID": 718427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7583", "title": "[Adrenergic and cholinergic innervation of the kidneys in several mammals].", "content": "In dogs and some other mammals, the major neuronal sources for plexus renalis, distribution, architectonics and topographic interrelations of intrarenal neuronal plexus were studied. Adrenergic nerve fibres were revealed by the luminiscent histochemical technique; cholinergic--by the cytochemical method for acetylcholinesterase identification. Peculiar patterns of the intrarenal adrenergic and cholinergic neuronal plexus around the preglomerular arterial bed (main periarterial and adventitial plexus), innervation of efferent arterrioles and vasa recta are described. The system of fine varicous fibres forming neuronal plexus in the marginal zones of the connective tissue and at the cortico-medullar border, that of cortical tubes, venous, pelvic and fibrous capsule innervation of the organ are considered. Some species differences are discovered. The data obtained are compared with those from literature and discussed in terms of functional neuromorphology.", "contents": "[Adrenergic and cholinergic innervation of the kidneys in several mammals]. In dogs and some other mammals, the major neuronal sources for plexus renalis, distribution, architectonics and topographic interrelations of intrarenal neuronal plexus were studied. Adrenergic nerve fibres were revealed by the luminiscent histochemical technique; cholinergic--by the cytochemical method for acetylcholinesterase identification. Peculiar patterns of the intrarenal adrenergic and cholinergic neuronal plexus around the preglomerular arterial bed (main periarterial and adventitial plexus), innervation of efferent arterrioles and vasa recta are described. The system of fine varicous fibres forming neuronal plexus in the marginal zones of the connective tissue and at the cortico-medullar border, that of cortical tubes, venous, pelvic and fibrous capsule innervation of the organ are considered. Some species differences are discovered. The data obtained are compared with those from literature and discussed in terms of functional neuromorphology.", "PMID": 718428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7584", "title": "[Comparative histochemical characteristics of the secretion of superficial gastric epitheliocytes].", "content": "Comparative histological investigation of the gastric pavement epitheliocytes in a number of species (amphibia, reptile, birds, mammals, man including) has demonstrated that in amphibia, protective function of the stomach is connected with the presence of a certain neutral carbohydrate component in its secrete. In reptiles, the barrier function is performed by the neutral carbohydrate component and sialosaccharides, in birds, besides the carbohydrates mentioned, sulphosaccharides, as well. Histochemical properties of the mammal stomach as a barrier are determined by phylogenetically dependent peculiarities of food specialization.", "contents": "[Comparative histochemical characteristics of the secretion of superficial gastric epitheliocytes]. Comparative histological investigation of the gastric pavement epitheliocytes in a number of species (amphibia, reptile, birds, mammals, man including) has demonstrated that in amphibia, protective function of the stomach is connected with the presence of a certain neutral carbohydrate component in its secrete. In reptiles, the barrier function is performed by the neutral carbohydrate component and sialosaccharides, in birds, besides the carbohydrates mentioned, sulphosaccharides, as well. Histochemical properties of the mammal stomach as a barrier are determined by phylogenetically dependent peculiarities of food specialization.", "PMID": 718429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7585", "title": "[Histochemistry and choline acetyltransferase in cat spinal cord and spinal ganglia].", "content": "Cytochemical activity of choline acetyltransferase has been studied in the pericaryon of motor neurons of the spinal enlargement and sensitive neurocytes of the intervertebral ganglia in the cat by means of Burt's method. It has been demonstrated that cytoplasm of all motor neurons positively reacts with acetyl KoA. According to the activity of choline acetyltransferase, four groups of neurons have been determined. In cerebrospinal ganglia, the enzyme is present in 58% of pseudounipolar cells, which seem to be cholinergic neurocytes. It has been stated that for all nonspecific reactions the presence of massive and dense residue in all the neurons, walls of small blood vessels and sometimes in astrocytes is a characteristic feature.", "contents": "[Histochemistry and choline acetyltransferase in cat spinal cord and spinal ganglia]. Cytochemical activity of choline acetyltransferase has been studied in the pericaryon of motor neurons of the spinal enlargement and sensitive neurocytes of the intervertebral ganglia in the cat by means of Burt's method. It has been demonstrated that cytoplasm of all motor neurons positively reacts with acetyl KoA. According to the activity of choline acetyltransferase, four groups of neurons have been determined. In cerebrospinal ganglia, the enzyme is present in 58% of pseudounipolar cells, which seem to be cholinergic neurocytes. It has been stated that for all nonspecific reactions the presence of massive and dense residue in all the neurons, walls of small blood vessels and sometimes in astrocytes is a characteristic feature.", "PMID": 718431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7586", "title": "[Circadian rhythms in the functional activity of rat brain capillaries].", "content": "Diurnal density of the capillary network and the activity of butyrilcholinesterase and alkaline phosphatase in the capillary wall of the rat medulla oblongata and mesencephalon have been studied. Maximum activity of butyrilcholinesterase has been stated to be in the day time (12--15 a. m.) and minimum--at night (24 p. m.). In the activity of alkaline phosphatase two peaks are noted: in the morning (9--12 a. m.) and in the evening (21 p. m.). Decrease in the activity of the two substances is observed at 24 p. m. Since these two enzymes participate, to a certain degree, in metabolic and barrier function of brain capillaries, a conclusion is made on diurnal fluctuations in the level of the brain capillary blood circulation. It is recommended to take into account the circadian rhythms of the capillary blood circulation while investigating brain capillary circulation in practice.", "contents": "[Circadian rhythms in the functional activity of rat brain capillaries]. Diurnal density of the capillary network and the activity of butyrilcholinesterase and alkaline phosphatase in the capillary wall of the rat medulla oblongata and mesencephalon have been studied. Maximum activity of butyrilcholinesterase has been stated to be in the day time (12--15 a. m.) and minimum--at night (24 p. m.). In the activity of alkaline phosphatase two peaks are noted: in the morning (9--12 a. m.) and in the evening (21 p. m.). Decrease in the activity of the two substances is observed at 24 p. m. Since these two enzymes participate, to a certain degree, in metabolic and barrier function of brain capillaries, a conclusion is made on diurnal fluctuations in the level of the brain capillary blood circulation. It is recommended to take into account the circadian rhythms of the capillary blood circulation while investigating brain capillary circulation in practice.", "PMID": 718432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7587", "title": "[Structural organization of the palatal salivary glands of rats according to the results of stereological analysis].", "content": "By means of semi-thin serial sections and by the method of plastic reconstruction, the palatal salivary gland have been structurally analyzed and some objective data have been obtained on spatial organization of identical glandular complexes which make a component part of the lobule and are known as adenomeres. In the adenomere, several interconnected glandular components are distinguished, the terminal sections, acini comprising the most numerous group among them. An individual acinus is integrated in the adenomere not as its autonomic member but as its intrinsic part. The structural-functional unit of small salivary gland, with the palatal gland being their most representative group, are supposed to occupy the highest level in their structural organization.", "contents": "[Structural organization of the palatal salivary glands of rats according to the results of stereological analysis]. By means of semi-thin serial sections and by the method of plastic reconstruction, the palatal salivary gland have been structurally analyzed and some objective data have been obtained on spatial organization of identical glandular complexes which make a component part of the lobule and are known as adenomeres. In the adenomere, several interconnected glandular components are distinguished, the terminal sections, acini comprising the most numerous group among them. An individual acinus is integrated in the adenomere not as its autonomic member but as its intrinsic part. The structural-functional unit of small salivary gland, with the palatal gland being their most representative group, are supposed to occupy the highest level in their structural organization.", "PMID": 718433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7588", "title": "[Circulatory bed of the small intestinal villi of newborn infants].", "content": "By a complex approach, the injection technique, the non-injective method of impregnation after V. V. Kuprianov and some histological methods including, it has been demonstrated that the terminal villous network is formed by vessels of a single type--capillaries. The capillaries constitute the subepithelial network, with the outflow realized along the postcapillary venules taking their origin from the upper third of the villus. The postcapillary venules, merging at the base of the villus, form the collecting venules which are drainage vessels for the mucosal cripts, as well. The venules flow into the submucosal venous collector. In the connective tissue stroma typical arterioles are absent.", "contents": "[Circulatory bed of the small intestinal villi of newborn infants]. By a complex approach, the injection technique, the non-injective method of impregnation after V. V. Kuprianov and some histological methods including, it has been demonstrated that the terminal villous network is formed by vessels of a single type--capillaries. The capillaries constitute the subepithelial network, with the outflow realized along the postcapillary venules taking their origin from the upper third of the villus. The postcapillary venules, merging at the base of the villus, form the collecting venules which are drainage vessels for the mucosal cripts, as well. The venules flow into the submucosal venous collector. In the connective tissue stroma typical arterioles are absent.", "PMID": 718434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7589", "title": "[Structure and blood supply of the heart valves of several domestic and wild birds].", "content": "By means of a complex technique some structural and blood supply peculiarities of the valve apparatus have been studied in 118 hearts of 8 representatives of domestic (Anser domesticus, Anas domestica) and wild (Cygnus olor, Cygnus sygnus, Chenopsis atrata, Anser anser, Anas platyrhynchos, Anas strepera) waterfowls. The investigations have demonstrated that in all the waterfowl studied the right atrioventricular ostia have only one cusp consisting mainly of transversal-striated muscular fibers. In the muscular valve, a dense vascular network and elements of the conducting system--Purkine's fibers have been determined. The main bulk of blood vessels penetrate the left atrio-ventricular valve, the aortal and pulmonary stem valves having transversal-striated muscular fibers. A part of vessels can be detected in the connective tissue stroma of the valves. In wild birds, the valve cusps possess more powerful bundles of muscular fibers and a much denser capillary network.", "contents": "[Structure and blood supply of the heart valves of several domestic and wild birds]. By means of a complex technique some structural and blood supply peculiarities of the valve apparatus have been studied in 118 hearts of 8 representatives of domestic (Anser domesticus, Anas domestica) and wild (Cygnus olor, Cygnus sygnus, Chenopsis atrata, Anser anser, Anas platyrhynchos, Anas strepera) waterfowls. The investigations have demonstrated that in all the waterfowl studied the right atrioventricular ostia have only one cusp consisting mainly of transversal-striated muscular fibers. In the muscular valve, a dense vascular network and elements of the conducting system--Purkine's fibers have been determined. The main bulk of blood vessels penetrate the left atrio-ventricular valve, the aortal and pulmonary stem valves having transversal-striated muscular fibers. A part of vessels can be detected in the connective tissue stroma of the valves. In wild birds, the valve cusps possess more powerful bundles of muscular fibers and a much denser capillary network.", "PMID": 718435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7590", "title": "[Structure of the elastic framework of the walls of major human arteries].", "content": "By the method of raster electron microscopy, the structure of the elastic carcass in the human aortic arc walls and the common carotid arteries were investigated at the age of 30--40 years. Preliminary preparation of vessel samples helped to reveal elastic structures with the preserved interconnections. Peculiar features of the elastic carcass components in the sheaths of the vessel wall were demonstrated. The fenestrated membranes and elastic plexus were found to be interconnected and form a single structural complex of the elastic formations in the middle sheath of the vessels studied.", "contents": "[Structure of the elastic framework of the walls of major human arteries]. By the method of raster electron microscopy, the structure of the elastic carcass in the human aortic arc walls and the common carotid arteries were investigated at the age of 30--40 years. Preliminary preparation of vessel samples helped to reveal elastic structures with the preserved interconnections. Peculiar features of the elastic carcass components in the sheaths of the vessel wall were demonstrated. The fenestrated membranes and elastic plexus were found to be interconnected and form a single structural complex of the elastic formations in the middle sheath of the vessels studied.", "PMID": 718436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7591", "title": "[Comparative study of mouse teratoids developed from blastocysts and embryos at the three germ layer stage].", "content": "Germs of three stages: blasocyst, three layer germ cylinder, as well as head-fold and neural plate were implanted under the testicular capsule of mice, CBAXC57Bl line. Teratoids developed at the place of implantation are represented by the derivatives of all germ layers, as well as by some organic structures. The method for an experimental production of teratoids by means of transplantation of developing embryos is discussed as one of the methods for experimental histology. At the same time, possible tissue determination in embryos which do not undergo normal gastrulation is considered.", "contents": "[Comparative study of mouse teratoids developed from blastocysts and embryos at the three germ layer stage]. Germs of three stages: blasocyst, three layer germ cylinder, as well as head-fold and neural plate were implanted under the testicular capsule of mice, CBAXC57Bl line. Teratoids developed at the place of implantation are represented by the derivatives of all germ layers, as well as by some organic structures. The method for an experimental production of teratoids by means of transplantation of developing embryos is discussed as one of the methods for experimental histology. At the same time, possible tissue determination in embryos which do not undergo normal gastrulation is considered.", "PMID": 718437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7592", "title": "[Correlative relationships between the microangioarchitectonics and histomechanics of the human urinary bladder].", "content": "The intraorganic blood bed in the human urinary bladder walls is a multilayer vascular plexus with a morphofunctional specificity of microcirculatory construction in every layer. In the formation of architectonic features and structure of the microcirculatory parts of the urinary bladder wall, is phase activity (alternate filling and emptying) plays an important role. A suggestion is made that large arterial and venous plexus with peculiar constraction presenting in the most important urodynamic sections (in the ureteral orifice and in the ureteral segment of the urinary bladder) perform not only trophic function, but also actively participate in urodynamics of these parts.", "contents": "[Correlative relationships between the microangioarchitectonics and histomechanics of the human urinary bladder]. The intraorganic blood bed in the human urinary bladder walls is a multilayer vascular plexus with a morphofunctional specificity of microcirculatory construction in every layer. In the formation of architectonic features and structure of the microcirculatory parts of the urinary bladder wall, is phase activity (alternate filling and emptying) plays an important role. A suggestion is made that large arterial and venous plexus with peculiar constraction presenting in the most important urodynamic sections (in the ureteral orifice and in the ureteral segment of the urinary bladder) perform not only trophic function, but also actively participate in urodynamics of these parts.", "PMID": 718438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7593", "title": "[Regional features of the architectonics of the dermal fibrous framework of human skin].", "content": "Collagenous carcass of human derma is formed by interconnected fibrils, fibrillar fasciculi, fibers and their fasciculi. The latter form a three-dimentional network or spatial carcass (collagenous dermal pattern) subdivided into three main types (layer-forming, rhombic and complex-looped) and several mixed types of pattern. Every pattern has its own definite topographic-anatomical localization in the human body, depends on the functional loading experienced by every part of the body and is historically connected with the erect posture and labour activity.", "contents": "[Regional features of the architectonics of the dermal fibrous framework of human skin]. Collagenous carcass of human derma is formed by interconnected fibrils, fibrillar fasciculi, fibers and their fasciculi. The latter form a three-dimentional network or spatial carcass (collagenous dermal pattern) subdivided into three main types (layer-forming, rhombic and complex-looped) and several mixed types of pattern. Every pattern has its own definite topographic-anatomical localization in the human body, depends on the functional loading experienced by every part of the body and is historically connected with the erect posture and labour activity.", "PMID": 718439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7594", "title": "[Innervation of the urogenital venous plexus].", "content": "The neural apparatus of the urogenital venous plexus is represented by intrafascial perivasal, adventitial and intramural plexus, perivasal and adventitial ganglia. Afferent venous innervation is mediated by the sacral cerebrospinal ganglia. Vegetative plexus of the abdominal and pelvic cavities are the ways of venous innervation in the urogenital plexus. Perivasal plexus and ganglia of the veins in the urogenital plexus localized in the distal sections of urogenital organs in both sex are separated as zones concentrating neural elements and must be taken into consideration when intrapelvic operations are performed. A single nerve plexus of the venous wall in the urogenital plexus is subdivided into perivasal (periadventitial), adventitial and intramural plexus. Receptor venous apparatuses of the urogenital plexus are represented by noncapsulated interstitial nerve terminals.", "contents": "[Innervation of the urogenital venous plexus]. The neural apparatus of the urogenital venous plexus is represented by intrafascial perivasal, adventitial and intramural plexus, perivasal and adventitial ganglia. Afferent venous innervation is mediated by the sacral cerebrospinal ganglia. Vegetative plexus of the abdominal and pelvic cavities are the ways of venous innervation in the urogenital plexus. Perivasal plexus and ganglia of the veins in the urogenital plexus localized in the distal sections of urogenital organs in both sex are separated as zones concentrating neural elements and must be taken into consideration when intrapelvic operations are performed. A single nerve plexus of the venous wall in the urogenital plexus is subdivided into perivasal (periadventitial), adventitial and intramural plexus. Receptor venous apparatuses of the urogenital plexus are represented by noncapsulated interstitial nerve terminals.", "PMID": 718440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7595", "title": "Neuropsychologic correlates of depth spike activity in epileptic patients.", "content": "The statistical properties of depth spiking in the interictal EEG were assessed in 12 patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy in whom electrodes had been stereotactically implanted for diagnostic purposes. Prior to the implantation surgery each patient was administered a battery of neuropsychologic tests. Correlational analyses showed that the total amount of depth spike activity (TA) negatively correlated with measures of intelligence, while the laterality of the spike activity (LAT) appeared to be positively related to a memory score and the degree of psychologic independence. The results of this study are consistent with previous findings of a significant relationship between surface EEG recordings and performance. In addition, our data suggest a relationship between specific neuropsychologic functions and the patterns of in-depth EEG epileptiform discharges.", "contents": "Neuropsychologic correlates of depth spike activity in epileptic patients. The statistical properties of depth spiking in the interictal EEG were assessed in 12 patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy in whom electrodes had been stereotactically implanted for diagnostic purposes. Prior to the implantation surgery each patient was administered a battery of neuropsychologic tests. Correlational analyses showed that the total amount of depth spike activity (TA) negatively correlated with measures of intelligence, while the laterality of the spike activity (LAT) appeared to be positively related to a memory score and the degree of psychologic independence. The results of this study are consistent with previous findings of a significant relationship between surface EEG recordings and performance. In addition, our data suggest a relationship between specific neuropsychologic functions and the patterns of in-depth EEG epileptiform discharges.", "PMID": 718467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7596", "title": "Short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials.", "content": "Short-latency components of the somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) were studied in 20 subjects who had median nerve stimulation using knee, forehead, and ear reference recordings. Six potentials were identified (P10, P12, P14, N19, P20, P23). Potential P10 seems to originate in the brachial plexus, P12 most likely is generated in dorsal column nuclei and medial lemniscus, P14 is probably thalamic in origin but is frequently bilobed and may have a second generator source, and N19 may originate in sensory radiation or cortex. The origin of P20 is unclear, and P23 appears to be generated in the contralateral somatosensory cortex. Clinically, we recommend using right, left, and bilateral median nerve stimulation at 4 Hz. Intensity of stimulus should produce at least a small thumb twitch, it was only with knee reference recording that all early potentials were seen.", "contents": "Short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials. Short-latency components of the somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) were studied in 20 subjects who had median nerve stimulation using knee, forehead, and ear reference recordings. Six potentials were identified (P10, P12, P14, N19, P20, P23). Potential P10 seems to originate in the brachial plexus, P12 most likely is generated in dorsal column nuclei and medial lemniscus, P14 is probably thalamic in origin but is frequently bilobed and may have a second generator source, and N19 may originate in sensory radiation or cortex. The origin of P20 is unclear, and P23 appears to be generated in the contralateral somatosensory cortex. Clinically, we recommend using right, left, and bilateral median nerve stimulation at 4 Hz. Intensity of stimulus should produce at least a small thumb twitch, it was only with knee reference recording that all early potentials were seen.", "PMID": 718468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7597", "title": "Clinical and anatomic findings in a case of auditory agnosia.", "content": "A case is reported of severe agnosia for verbal and nonverbal sounds in a setting of well-preserved intelligence and transient dysphasic symptoms. The lesions responsible for this disorder were bilateral cerebral infarcts, one of which had virtually destroyed the areas of Wernicke and Broca. The relation between lesions and disabilities is discussed and comparisons made with other published cases.", "contents": "Clinical and anatomic findings in a case of auditory agnosia. A case is reported of severe agnosia for verbal and nonverbal sounds in a setting of well-preserved intelligence and transient dysphasic symptoms. The lesions responsible for this disorder were bilateral cerebral infarcts, one of which had virtually destroyed the areas of Wernicke and Broca. The relation between lesions and disabilities is discussed and comparisons made with other published cases.", "PMID": 718469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7598", "title": "Malignant optic gliomas in adults.", "content": "Malignant gliomas of the optic pathways are uncommon in adults and are rarely diagnosed in life. In three cases of such tumors, the diagnosis was not suspected during life. Neuropathological examination showed involvement of the optic nerves, chiasm, and tracts with extensive involvement of contiguous structures in all of the cases. In view of the consistent clinical features, it is stressed that in adults with progressive visual failure, malignant gliomas of the optic pathways be included in the differential diagnosis.", "contents": "Malignant optic gliomas in adults. Malignant gliomas of the optic pathways are uncommon in adults and are rarely diagnosed in life. In three cases of such tumors, the diagnosis was not suspected during life. Neuropathological examination showed involvement of the optic nerves, chiasm, and tracts with extensive involvement of contiguous structures in all of the cases. In view of the consistent clinical features, it is stressed that in adults with progressive visual failure, malignant gliomas of the optic pathways be included in the differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 718470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7599", "title": "Pineal tumors. A 53-year experience.", "content": "Thirty-four patients with pathologically confirmed primary pineal tumors were evaluated at the Mayo Clinic from 1923 through 1976. All tumors were of germ cell or pineal cell origin. Most patients were adolescent boys with subacute increased intracranial pressure and Parinaud's syndrome. Hypothalamic symptoms were surprisingly infrequent. Direct surgical intervention was associated with high mortality, but has been more successful in recent years.", "contents": "Pineal tumors. A 53-year experience. Thirty-four patients with pathologically confirmed primary pineal tumors were evaluated at the Mayo Clinic from 1923 through 1976. All tumors were of germ cell or pineal cell origin. Most patients were adolescent boys with subacute increased intracranial pressure and Parinaud's syndrome. Hypothalamic symptoms were surprisingly infrequent. Direct surgical intervention was associated with high mortality, but has been more successful in recent years.", "PMID": 718471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7600", "title": "Peripheral neuropathy in myotonic dystrophy. Relation to glucose intolerance.", "content": "Motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) was measured in three peripheral nerves in each of 24 patients with myotonic dystrophy having various degress of associated glucose intolerance and was compared with results in a control group. Both groups had similar glucose tolerance and were matched for age and adiposity. The mean MNCV in the ulnar, median, and peroneal nerves in the myotonic dystrophy group were all significantly slowed (P less than .01). This peripheral nerve dysfunction, usually subclinical, is yet another manifestation of this multisystem disease and is unrelated to the associated glucose intolerance.", "contents": "Peripheral neuropathy in myotonic dystrophy. Relation to glucose intolerance. Motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) was measured in three peripheral nerves in each of 24 patients with myotonic dystrophy having various degress of associated glucose intolerance and was compared with results in a control group. Both groups had similar glucose tolerance and were matched for age and adiposity. The mean MNCV in the ulnar, median, and peroneal nerves in the myotonic dystrophy group were all significantly slowed (P less than .01). This peripheral nerve dysfunction, usually subclinical, is yet another manifestation of this multisystem disease and is unrelated to the associated glucose intolerance.", "PMID": 718472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7601", "title": "Familial cavernous angiomas.", "content": "Cavernous angiomas are rare, surgically remediable vascular malformations of the CNS that may be characterized by hemorrhage, seizures, or focal neurologic deficits. Three families with cavernous angiomas have been described, and we report two more. In the first, the mother died suddenly with headache. A pontine cavernous angioma was found at autopsy in one son. His brother has similar pontine signs and a radiographically proved pontine mass. The brother's son has seizures and a calcified cerebral lesion. In the second family, the father had a cavernous angioma excised from the caudale. One of the daughters had a hemorrhagic mass removed from the spinal cord. Another daughter has seizures and a temporal lobe vascular lesion proved angiographically. Awareness of the possibility of familial involvement may aid in diagnosis of cavernous angioma.", "contents": "Familial cavernous angiomas. Cavernous angiomas are rare, surgically remediable vascular malformations of the CNS that may be characterized by hemorrhage, seizures, or focal neurologic deficits. Three families with cavernous angiomas have been described, and we report two more. In the first, the mother died suddenly with headache. A pontine cavernous angioma was found at autopsy in one son. His brother has similar pontine signs and a radiographically proved pontine mass. The brother's son has seizures and a calcified cerebral lesion. In the second family, the father had a cavernous angioma excised from the caudale. One of the daughters had a hemorrhagic mass removed from the spinal cord. Another daughter has seizures and a temporal lobe vascular lesion proved angiographically. Awareness of the possibility of familial involvement may aid in diagnosis of cavernous angioma.", "PMID": 718473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7602", "title": "Thermolability in Wernicke's encephalopathy.", "content": "A patient with signs of Wernicke's disease had low body temperature and showed thermolability when challenged with cold and heat. This man expressed no feelings of thermal discomfort about his persistently low core temperature or about induced changes in his core temperature. He also showed abnormalities in his febrile response to pyrogen and in his circadian temperature rhythm. Treatment with thiamine hydrochloride resulted in substantial improvement in these thermoregulatory deficits.", "contents": "Thermolability in Wernicke's encephalopathy. A patient with signs of Wernicke's disease had low body temperature and showed thermolability when challenged with cold and heat. This man expressed no feelings of thermal discomfort about his persistently low core temperature or about induced changes in his core temperature. He also showed abnormalities in his febrile response to pyrogen and in his circadian temperature rhythm. Treatment with thiamine hydrochloride resulted in substantial improvement in these thermoregulatory deficits.", "PMID": 718474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7603", "title": "Treatment for patients with cerebral metastases.", "content": "To establish the effectiveness of treatment of patients with intracranial metastatic neoplasms, a retrospective study of survival of patients who had surgical excision, irradiation, or chemotherapy was compared with survival of patients who received no treatment. Our results indicate that although any form of therapy was superior to no treatment, no modality was clearly better than another. Furthermore, the prognosis for survival of patients with solitary lesions from a known primary was only slightly better than that of patients with numerous metastases. The prognosis was slightly improved when the cerebral lesion was detected before finding the primary site of origin. These observations should be considered when planning treatment for patients with brain metastases.", "contents": "Treatment for patients with cerebral metastases. To establish the effectiveness of treatment of patients with intracranial metastatic neoplasms, a retrospective study of survival of patients who had surgical excision, irradiation, or chemotherapy was compared with survival of patients who received no treatment. Our results indicate that although any form of therapy was superior to no treatment, no modality was clearly better than another. Furthermore, the prognosis for survival of patients with solitary lesions from a known primary was only slightly better than that of patients with numerous metastases. The prognosis was slightly improved when the cerebral lesion was detected before finding the primary site of origin. These observations should be considered when planning treatment for patients with brain metastases.", "PMID": 718475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7604", "title": "Traumatic and postoperative lesions of the lumbosacral plexus.", "content": "In 53 cases of injury of the lumbosacral plexus, 31 were due to trauma and 22 followed operations on the hip joint. Post-traumatic lesions occur mostly in conjunction with severe bony injuries, especially fractures of the acetabulum and of the pelvic ring. Nearly always, it is the sacral portion of the plexus that is involved, either predominantly or exclusively. Seventeen of the 22 postoperative pareses followed complete hip-joint replacement. In the postoperative lesions the lumbar plexus portion is most frequently involved. Ninety-one percent of all of our cases were misdiagnosed in previous clinical examinations, that is, as a lesion of the femoral or sciatic nerve, or they were unrecognized because of lack of awareness of the possibility of plexus damage or because the signs were obscured by the associated bony injuries or hip-joint disease. In order to make an exact diagnosis, a detailed electromyographic investigation is necessary.", "contents": "Traumatic and postoperative lesions of the lumbosacral plexus. In 53 cases of injury of the lumbosacral plexus, 31 were due to trauma and 22 followed operations on the hip joint. Post-traumatic lesions occur mostly in conjunction with severe bony injuries, especially fractures of the acetabulum and of the pelvic ring. Nearly always, it is the sacral portion of the plexus that is involved, either predominantly or exclusively. Seventeen of the 22 postoperative pareses followed complete hip-joint replacement. In the postoperative lesions the lumbar plexus portion is most frequently involved. Ninety-one percent of all of our cases were misdiagnosed in previous clinical examinations, that is, as a lesion of the femoral or sciatic nerve, or they were unrecognized because of lack of awareness of the possibility of plexus damage or because the signs were obscured by the associated bony injuries or hip-joint disease. In order to make an exact diagnosis, a detailed electromyographic investigation is necessary.", "PMID": 718476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7605", "title": "Informed consent in medical practice. With particular reference to neurology.", "content": "Informed consent is a significant ethical as well as medicolegal issue. Both aspects are summarized in this article, which focuses on the major unresolved problems raised by legal and moral analyses of informed consent. The discussion stresses the effects of the doctrine of informed consent on medical practice, with particular reference to problems encountered in the neurological health field.", "contents": "Informed consent in medical practice. With particular reference to neurology. Informed consent is a significant ethical as well as medicolegal issue. Both aspects are summarized in this article, which focuses on the major unresolved problems raised by legal and moral analyses of informed consent. The discussion stresses the effects of the doctrine of informed consent on medical practice, with particular reference to problems encountered in the neurological health field.", "PMID": 718477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7606", "title": "Child neurology: Amino acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid amino acid concentrations were measured in 16 pediatric patients with febrile convulsions, in 9 with bacterial meningitis, and in 8 noninfected newborn infants. Most CSF amino acids are present in greater concentration in patients with bacterial meningitis than in those without CNS infection. Newborn infants have elevated CNS amino acid concentrations similar to those found in older patients with bacterial meningitis. The reason for increased amino acid concentration in the meningitis group may be due to alterations in brain metabolism, changes in the kinetics of CSF formation, alterations in the removal of amino acids by active transport mechanisms, or a combination of factors. Delayed maturation of transport mechanisms may explain the high levels found in newborn infants.", "contents": "Child neurology: Amino acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid. Cerebrospinal fluid amino acid concentrations were measured in 16 pediatric patients with febrile convulsions, in 9 with bacterial meningitis, and in 8 noninfected newborn infants. Most CSF amino acids are present in greater concentration in patients with bacterial meningitis than in those without CNS infection. Newborn infants have elevated CNS amino acid concentrations similar to those found in older patients with bacterial meningitis. The reason for increased amino acid concentration in the meningitis group may be due to alterations in brain metabolism, changes in the kinetics of CSF formation, alterations in the removal of amino acids by active transport mechanisms, or a combination of factors. Delayed maturation of transport mechanisms may explain the high levels found in newborn infants.", "PMID": 718478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7607", "title": "A neurological model for childhood autism.", "content": "We analyze the behavioral and motor disturbances in childhood autism. On the basis of analogy to signs and conditions seen in adult neurology, we propose that the syndrome results from dysfunction in a system of bilateral neural structures that includes the ring of mesolimbic cortex located in the mesial frontal and temporal lobes, the neostriatum, and the anterior and medial nuclear groups of the thalamus. The mesolimbic cortex is cytoarchitectonically, angioarchitectonically, and neurochemically distinct and, along with the striatum, forms the entire target area of dopaminergic mesencephalic neurons. This raises the possibility that autism is related to neuromediator imbalance in those structures. Such dysfunction might be the result of macroscopic or microscopic changes in the target area or in structures functionally influencing them, consequent to a variety of causes such as perinatal viral infection, insult to the periventricular watershed area, or genetically determined neurochemical abnormalities.", "contents": "A neurological model for childhood autism. We analyze the behavioral and motor disturbances in childhood autism. On the basis of analogy to signs and conditions seen in adult neurology, we propose that the syndrome results from dysfunction in a system of bilateral neural structures that includes the ring of mesolimbic cortex located in the mesial frontal and temporal lobes, the neostriatum, and the anterior and medial nuclear groups of the thalamus. The mesolimbic cortex is cytoarchitectonically, angioarchitectonically, and neurochemically distinct and, along with the striatum, forms the entire target area of dopaminergic mesencephalic neurons. This raises the possibility that autism is related to neuromediator imbalance in those structures. Such dysfunction might be the result of macroscopic or microscopic changes in the target area or in structures functionally influencing them, consequent to a variety of causes such as perinatal viral infection, insult to the periventricular watershed area, or genetically determined neurochemical abnormalities.", "PMID": 718482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7608", "title": "Human brain. Cytoarchitectonic left-right asymmetries in the temporal speech region.", "content": "The auditory regions in four normal brains were mapped and the full extent of the cytoarchitectonic subdivisions was measured for the presence of right-left asymmetries. It was found that asymmetries similar to those found in the planum temporale (left commonly larger than right) are also seen in auditory cytoarchitectonic area Tpt, and area of probable importance for language function. There is a strong positive correlation between the planum asymmetry and the asymmetry of Tpt. It is concluded that the previously described planum asymmetries probably reflect asymmetries in an auditory cytoarchitectonic area  and therefore may represent, at least in part, the anatomic substrate for language lateralization.", "contents": "Human brain. Cytoarchitectonic left-right asymmetries in the temporal speech region. The auditory regions in four normal brains were mapped and the full extent of the cytoarchitectonic subdivisions was measured for the presence of right-left asymmetries. It was found that asymmetries similar to those found in the planum temporale (left commonly larger than right) are also seen in auditory cytoarchitectonic area Tpt, and area of probable importance for language function. There is a strong positive correlation between the planum asymmetry and the asymmetry of Tpt. It is concluded that the previously described planum asymmetries probably reflect asymmetries in an auditory cytoarchitectonic area  and therefore may represent, at least in part, the anatomic substrate for language lateralization.", "PMID": 718483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7609", "title": "Presenile dementia with Lewy bodies and neurofibrillary tangles.", "content": "A 55-year-old man showed progressive mental deterioration over a five-year period along with a syndrome of \"normal pressure hydrocephalus.\" At autopsy the main finding was the presence of two age-related neurocellular changes, the neurofibrillary tangle and the Lewy body, in limbic structures and in the pigmented nuclei of the brain stem. Cortical changes were mild, and senile plaques were not present. Electron microscopy occasionally showed an intimate relationship between the paired helical filaments of the neurofibrillary tangle and Lewy bodies in nerve cell processes in the hypothalamus. The findings suggest a closer relationship between Lewy bodies and neurofibrillary tangles than usually suspected. We also speculate that the presence of one type of age change in the brain may accelerate or predispose to other age changes.", "contents": "Presenile dementia with Lewy bodies and neurofibrillary tangles. A 55-year-old man showed progressive mental deterioration over a five-year period along with a syndrome of \"normal pressure hydrocephalus.\" At autopsy the main finding was the presence of two age-related neurocellular changes, the neurofibrillary tangle and the Lewy body, in limbic structures and in the pigmented nuclei of the brain stem. Cortical changes were mild, and senile plaques were not present. Electron microscopy occasionally showed an intimate relationship between the paired helical filaments of the neurofibrillary tangle and Lewy bodies in nerve cell processes in the hypothalamus. The findings suggest a closer relationship between Lewy bodies and neurofibrillary tangles than usually suspected. We also speculate that the presence of one type of age change in the brain may accelerate or predispose to other age changes.", "PMID": 718484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7610", "title": "Muscle fiber-type disproportion. Report of a family with symptomatic and asymptomatic members.", "content": "Two members of a family have slowly progressing proximal muscle weakness starting from ages 2 and 6 years. Muscle biopsy specimens from these patients, as well as two other asymptomatic members of the same family, demonstrate predominance of type I fibers (without fiber-type grouping) and minimally enlarged type II fibers. In all four cases there was an increase in serum creatine phosphokinase levels, but electromyographic studies were normal. To our knowledge, this family represents a previously undescribed syndrome of type I muscle fiber predominance without a history of \"floppy\" babies and includes asymptomatic members with similar pathologic changes.", "contents": "Muscle fiber-type disproportion. Report of a family with symptomatic and asymptomatic members. Two members of a family have slowly progressing proximal muscle weakness starting from ages 2 and 6 years. Muscle biopsy specimens from these patients, as well as two other asymptomatic members of the same family, demonstrate predominance of type I fibers (without fiber-type grouping) and minimally enlarged type II fibers. In all four cases there was an increase in serum creatine phosphokinase levels, but electromyographic studies were normal. To our knowledge, this family represents a previously undescribed syndrome of type I muscle fiber predominance without a history of \"floppy\" babies and includes asymptomatic members with similar pathologic changes.", "PMID": 718485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7611", "title": "Familial and acquired paroxysmal dyskinesias. A proposed classification with delineation of clinical features.", "content": "On a clinical basis the paroxysmal dyskinesias can be classified into two distinct categories--familial and acquired. The former begins in childhood and the dyskinesia may or may not be induced by sudden movements (kinesigenic or nonkinesigenic forms). In the familial kinesigenic form, the movements are brief, usually occur daily, and respond readily to anticonvulsants. This form has an autosomal dominant or recessive mode of inheritance. In the familial nonkinesigenic form, the movements are of longer duration, occur less frequently, and rarely respond to anticonvulsants. This form has a clear autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. The etiology is obscure. The acquired form of paroxysmal dyskinesia has a later onset and is an expression of an underlying neurological or metabolic disease. Some cases of acquired paroxysmal dyskinesia are manifestations of unusual forms of epilepsy. In these cases the differential diagnosis may be extremely difficult and must be based on EEG findings during an ictal episode.", "contents": "Familial and acquired paroxysmal dyskinesias. A proposed classification with delineation of clinical features. On a clinical basis the paroxysmal dyskinesias can be classified into two distinct categories--familial and acquired. The former begins in childhood and the dyskinesia may or may not be induced by sudden movements (kinesigenic or nonkinesigenic forms). In the familial kinesigenic form, the movements are brief, usually occur daily, and respond readily to anticonvulsants. This form has an autosomal dominant or recessive mode of inheritance. In the familial nonkinesigenic form, the movements are of longer duration, occur less frequently, and rarely respond to anticonvulsants. This form has a clear autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. The etiology is obscure. The acquired form of paroxysmal dyskinesia has a later onset and is an expression of an underlying neurological or metabolic disease. Some cases of acquired paroxysmal dyskinesia are manifestations of unusual forms of epilepsy. In these cases the differential diagnosis may be extremely difficult and must be based on EEG findings during an ictal episode.", "PMID": 718486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7612", "title": "Clinical and computerized tomographic study of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage.", "content": "Historical, neurological, and computerized tomographic findings were correlated in 32 patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. The mortality figures given in standard texts appear to be too high; the more acceptable figure would seem to be approximately 40%. Special attention was given to intraventricular rupture, which complicated 62% of the cases. Sudden onset of coma appears to correlate with the presence of intraventricular rupture. The \"ring sign,\" if looked for, will be seen in most cases of resolving intracerebral hematoma.", "contents": "Clinical and computerized tomographic study of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. Historical, neurological, and computerized tomographic findings were correlated in 32 patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. The mortality figures given in standard texts appear to be too high; the more acceptable figure would seem to be approximately 40%. Special attention was given to intraventricular rupture, which complicated 62% of the cases. Sudden onset of coma appears to correlate with the presence of intraventricular rupture. The \"ring sign,\" if looked for, will be seen in most cases of resolving intracerebral hematoma.", "PMID": 718487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7613", "title": "Electrical correlates of normal binocular vision.", "content": "Several characteristics of the visual stimulus determine the waveform of the visually evoked potential (VEP). Many of them must be controlled for the most efficient application of this technique as a clinical diagnostic test. We describe a simple system that demonstrates the effects of the VEP of adding structure to the stimulus, varying the size and clarity of its pattern elements, and presenting an image to the eye opposite the stimulated eye. We identify wave components of the VEP generated by a flashed pattern that reliably reflect each of these changes in stimulus properties.", "contents": "Electrical correlates of normal binocular vision. Several characteristics of the visual stimulus determine the waveform of the visually evoked potential (VEP). Many of them must be controlled for the most efficient application of this technique as a clinical diagnostic test. We describe a simple system that demonstrates the effects of the VEP of adding structure to the stimulus, varying the size and clarity of its pattern elements, and presenting an image to the eye opposite the stimulated eye. We identify wave components of the VEP generated by a flashed pattern that reliably reflect each of these changes in stimulus properties.", "PMID": 718488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7614", "title": "Meningeal sarcoma of the spinal cord in a newborn.", "content": "In a newborn infant, spinal rigidity and signs of cervical cord compression developed. Myelography suggested the presence of a spinal cord neoplasm, and pathologic studies confirmed the diagnosis of a pleomorphic cellular sarcoma originating from the leptomeninges of the thoracic spinal cord. A review of neonatal spinal cord neoplasms disclosed a high incidence of developmental tumors in this age group and, therefore, the need for early diagnosis, since many of these tumors are amenable to radiation therapy and surgical removal.", "contents": "Meningeal sarcoma of the spinal cord in a newborn. In a newborn infant, spinal rigidity and signs of cervical cord compression developed. Myelography suggested the presence of a spinal cord neoplasm, and pathologic studies confirmed the diagnosis of a pleomorphic cellular sarcoma originating from the leptomeninges of the thoracic spinal cord. A review of neonatal spinal cord neoplasms disclosed a high incidence of developmental tumors in this age group and, therefore, the need for early diagnosis, since many of these tumors are amenable to radiation therapy and surgical removal.", "PMID": 718489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7615", "title": "Morphological appearance of the healing corneal endothelium.", "content": "We studied endothelial cell patterns in both the central and the superior regions of the cornea in 43 cases of cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation. During the early postoperative period, the central endothelial cells maintained their preoperative appearance. The endothelium within 3 to 4 mm of the superior limbus, however, demonstrated large dark areas where no cell outlines were visible, bounded by large cells. During the late postoperative period, there was an increase in the size and a reduction in the density of the central endothelial cells. In the periphery the previously acellular areas were populated with cells of varying diameter. These changes are consistent with postoperative spreading and sliding of existing cells to cover the traumatized cell-free areas. Central endothelial cell density in the early postoperative period does not accurately reflect the actual degree of cell loss.", "contents": "Morphological appearance of the healing corneal endothelium. We studied endothelial cell patterns in both the central and the superior regions of the cornea in 43 cases of cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation. During the early postoperative period, the central endothelial cells maintained their preoperative appearance. The endothelium within 3 to 4 mm of the superior limbus, however, demonstrated large dark areas where no cell outlines were visible, bounded by large cells. During the late postoperative period, there was an increase in the size and a reduction in the density of the central endothelial cells. In the periphery the previously acellular areas were populated with cells of varying diameter. These changes are consistent with postoperative spreading and sliding of existing cells to cover the traumatized cell-free areas. Central endothelial cell density in the early postoperative period does not accurately reflect the actual degree of cell loss.", "PMID": 718490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7616", "title": "Endothelial cell population changes of human cornea during life.", "content": "A photo slit lamp was used to obtain color, specular reflex, high magnification photographs of the corneal endothelium of subjects ranging in age from 3 to 88 years. Multiple areas of the cornea were examined to determine the endothelial cell population. No appreciable difference in cell density was found between the right and left eyes of the subjects nor between male and female subjects of similar age. Apparent defects in the endothelial cell coverage of Descemets membrane were found in subjects as young as 20 years of age and with increased frequency in older age groups. These defects were at times associated with variations in endothelial cell populations between the central and peripheral cornea. The average corneal cell population fell from nearly 1 million cells in the first years of life to about one third that number by the eight decade of life.", "contents": "Endothelial cell population changes of human cornea during life. A photo slit lamp was used to obtain color, specular reflex, high magnification photographs of the corneal endothelium of subjects ranging in age from 3 to 88 years. Multiple areas of the cornea were examined to determine the endothelial cell population. No appreciable difference in cell density was found between the right and left eyes of the subjects nor between male and female subjects of similar age. Apparent defects in the endothelial cell coverage of Descemets membrane were found in subjects as young as 20 years of age and with increased frequency in older age groups. These defects were at times associated with variations in endothelial cell populations between the central and peripheral cornea. The average corneal cell population fell from nearly 1 million cells in the first years of life to about one third that number by the eight decade of life.", "PMID": 718491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7617", "title": "Ocular injuries from exploding beverage bottles.", "content": "Exploding glass bottles filled with carbonated beverages cause serious ocular injuries that have not received adequate attention in ophthalmic publications. All three patients described in this article had corneal lacerations and traumatic cataracts developed. One patient was left with an inoperable retinal detachment. Beverage bottles may explode with normal handling and without provocation. Manufacturing standards have just taken effect that may help to eliminate defective bottles. The addition of plastic sleeves to beverage bottles and the use of plastic shatterproof bottles also reduce the hazard of explosions and high velocity fragments. It is advisable to avoid subjecting beverage bottles to undue heat and agitation and to direct the cap away from the face when opening the bottle.", "contents": "Ocular injuries from exploding beverage bottles. Exploding glass bottles filled with carbonated beverages cause serious ocular injuries that have not received adequate attention in ophthalmic publications. All three patients described in this article had corneal lacerations and traumatic cataracts developed. One patient was left with an inoperable retinal detachment. Beverage bottles may explode with normal handling and without provocation. Manufacturing standards have just taken effect that may help to eliminate defective bottles. The addition of plastic sleeves to beverage bottles and the use of plastic shatterproof bottles also reduce the hazard of explosions and high velocity fragments. It is advisable to avoid subjecting beverage bottles to undue heat and agitation and to direct the cap away from the face when opening the bottle.", "PMID": 718492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7618", "title": "Cavernous hemangioma of the retina.", "content": "Cavernous hemangioma of the retina is recognized as a distinct clinical entity. Although neurocutaneous findings are sometimes associated with these retinal tumors, in most of the cases reported to date, systemic features have not been described. This report describes two patients with cavernous hemangioma of the retina. One had neurologic symptoms and signs that were highly suggestive of a hemangioma of the brain stem, and the other had major congenital cardiovascular anomalies. During a five-year interval, the second patient had spontaneous incomplete sclerosis of the retinal hemangioma.", "contents": "Cavernous hemangioma of the retina. Cavernous hemangioma of the retina is recognized as a distinct clinical entity. Although neurocutaneous findings are sometimes associated with these retinal tumors, in most of the cases reported to date, systemic features have not been described. This report describes two patients with cavernous hemangioma of the retina. One had neurologic symptoms and signs that were highly suggestive of a hemangioma of the brain stem, and the other had major congenital cardiovascular anomalies. During a five-year interval, the second patient had spontaneous incomplete sclerosis of the retinal hemangioma.", "PMID": 718493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7619", "title": "Subretinal neovascularization associated with fundus flavimaculatus.", "content": "Hemorrhagic disciform degeneration centered in the fovea with serous detachment of the overlying neuroepithelium developed in two patients with fundus flavimaculatus. Fluorescein angiography disclosed the presence of subretinal neovascular membranes. There was no evidence of other diseases associated with subretinal neovascularization. Fundus flavimaculatus must be added to the growing list of diseases associated with subretinal neovascularization.", "contents": "Subretinal neovascularization associated with fundus flavimaculatus. Hemorrhagic disciform degeneration centered in the fovea with serous detachment of the overlying neuroepithelium developed in two patients with fundus flavimaculatus. Fluorescein angiography disclosed the presence of subretinal neovascular membranes. There was no evidence of other diseases associated with subretinal neovascularization. Fundus flavimaculatus must be added to the growing list of diseases associated with subretinal neovascularization.", "PMID": 718494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7620", "title": "Proliferative retinopathy after treatment of carotid-cavernous fistulas.", "content": "The carotid-cavernous fistulas of two young patients were treated by multiple carotid artery ligations. The fistulas persisted, supplied by retrograde flow through the ophthalmic artery. In one patient, neovascularization of the optic disc occurred and, in spite of suspected later spontaneous closure of the fistula, progressed to cause nearly total loss of vision. Spontaneous closure of the fistula also occurred in the other patient, but vitreous hemorrhage due to neovascularization of the retina developed four years later.", "contents": "Proliferative retinopathy after treatment of carotid-cavernous fistulas. The carotid-cavernous fistulas of two young patients were treated by multiple carotid artery ligations. The fistulas persisted, supplied by retrograde flow through the ophthalmic artery. In one patient, neovascularization of the optic disc occurred and, in spite of suspected later spontaneous closure of the fistula, progressed to cause nearly total loss of vision. Spontaneous closure of the fistula also occurred in the other patient, but vitreous hemorrhage due to neovascularization of the retina developed four years later.", "PMID": 718495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7621", "title": "Postenucleation orbital implant extrusion.", "content": "A new idea helps to explain postenucleation orbital implant extrusion. Implant extrusion is related to would dehiscence followed by conjunctival epithelial downgrowth. A prospective clinical study with pathological data are used to support this concept. A procedure for repair of this problem is described.", "contents": "Postenucleation orbital implant extrusion. A new idea helps to explain postenucleation orbital implant extrusion. Implant extrusion is related to would dehiscence followed by conjunctival epithelial downgrowth. A prospective clinical study with pathological data are used to support this concept. A procedure for repair of this problem is described.", "PMID": 718496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7622", "title": "Quantitative lacrimal scintillography.", "content": "In a study of 100 asymptomatic lacrimal systems, we have found that quantitative lacrimal scintillography provided a sensitive and reproduceable test of canalicular function. This technique, at the present time, appears to have no role in the clinical evaluation of tear passage through the nasolacrimal duct to the nose. A revision of the currently accepted theory of lacrimal drainage is proposed. Lacrimal drainage is best approached as a bimodel system. The first part, from conjunctiva to lacrimal sac, is dependent upon the \"lacrimal pump.\" The second part, by which tears drain from the sac to the inferior meatus of the nose at basal tearflow levels, is dependent on gravity and the resistance of the nasolacrimal duct.", "contents": "Quantitative lacrimal scintillography. In a study of 100 asymptomatic lacrimal systems, we have found that quantitative lacrimal scintillography provided a sensitive and reproduceable test of canalicular function. This technique, at the present time, appears to have no role in the clinical evaluation of tear passage through the nasolacrimal duct to the nose. A revision of the currently accepted theory of lacrimal drainage is proposed. Lacrimal drainage is best approached as a bimodel system. The first part, from conjunctiva to lacrimal sac, is dependent upon the \"lacrimal pump.\" The second part, by which tears drain from the sac to the inferior meatus of the nose at basal tearflow levels, is dependent on gravity and the resistance of the nasolacrimal duct.", "PMID": 718497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7623", "title": "Ascorbate therapy in impaired neutrophil and monocyte chemotaxis. With atopy, hyperimmunoglobulinemia E, and recurrent infection.", "content": "A Candida albicans corneal ulcer developed in a 24-year-old man with a history of eczema, asthma, and multiple bacterial infections since childhood. The infection responded well to oral flucytosine (12 g/day for 15 days) and topical amphotericin B. Positive laboratory findings included eosinophilla, hyperimmunoglobulinemia E, and impaired neutrophil and monocyte spontaneous migration and chemotactic responses. Ascorbic acid corrected the monocyte defect in vitro and in vivo, but had no effect on neutrophil function.", "contents": "Ascorbate therapy in impaired neutrophil and monocyte chemotaxis. With atopy, hyperimmunoglobulinemia E, and recurrent infection. A Candida albicans corneal ulcer developed in a 24-year-old man with a history of eczema, asthma, and multiple bacterial infections since childhood. The infection responded well to oral flucytosine (12 g/day for 15 days) and topical amphotericin B. Positive laboratory findings included eosinophilla, hyperimmunoglobulinemia E, and impaired neutrophil and monocyte spontaneous migration and chemotactic responses. Ascorbic acid corrected the monocyte defect in vitro and in vivo, but had no effect on neutrophil function.", "PMID": 718498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7624", "title": "Iritis in patients with cutaneous melanoma and vitiligo.", "content": "Two patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma, vitiligo, and uveitis are described. The occurrence of vitiligo following cutaneous melanoma is not uncommon and has been interpreted to result from cellular and humoral factors directed against melanoma cells that also destroy normal cutaneous melanocytes. The present cases raise the possibility that melanocytes in the eye as well as the skin may be affected.", "contents": "Iritis in patients with cutaneous melanoma and vitiligo. Two patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma, vitiligo, and uveitis are described. The occurrence of vitiligo following cutaneous melanoma is not uncommon and has been interpreted to result from cellular and humoral factors directed against melanoma cells that also destroy normal cutaneous melanocytes. The present cases raise the possibility that melanocytes in the eye as well as the skin may be affected.", "PMID": 718499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7625", "title": "Corneal histology after epidemic keratoconjunctivitis.", "content": "Two years after typical signs and symptoms of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis developed in a 67-year-old woman, in whom locally effective steroids were not used for treatment, a lamellar graft was transplanted because of marked visual disturbances that were due to corneal opacities. Histopathology of the cornea revealed notable changes in the superficial stroma, including Bowman's membrane, with some lymphocytic infiltration of the stroma and the overlying epithelium. Electron microscopy showed no virus-like particles.", "contents": "Corneal histology after epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. Two years after typical signs and symptoms of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis developed in a 67-year-old woman, in whom locally effective steroids were not used for treatment, a lamellar graft was transplanted because of marked visual disturbances that were due to corneal opacities. Histopathology of the cornea revealed notable changes in the superficial stroma, including Bowman's membrane, with some lymphocytic infiltration of the stroma and the overlying epithelium. Electron microscopy showed no virus-like particles.", "PMID": 718500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7626", "title": "Choroidal melanocytic tumor observed for 41 years before enucleation.", "content": "A pigmented choroidal lesion was observed 41 years prior to enucleation. The patient, with a clinical diagnosis of malignant melanoma in an eye with good visual function, was followed up for the last 25 years by one of the authors. Sudden growth of the lesion and loss of vision led to enucleation and allowed histologic confirmation of the diagnosis of malignant melanoma. A pigmented iris lesion in the same eye was also present for 25 years and showed no notable growth under observation. The patient died of metastatic disease approximately one year after enucleation.", "contents": "Choroidal melanocytic tumor observed for 41 years before enucleation. A pigmented choroidal lesion was observed 41 years prior to enucleation. The patient, with a clinical diagnosis of malignant melanoma in an eye with good visual function, was followed up for the last 25 years by one of the authors. Sudden growth of the lesion and loss of vision led to enucleation and allowed histologic confirmation of the diagnosis of malignant melanoma. A pigmented iris lesion in the same eye was also present for 25 years and showed no notable growth under observation. The patient died of metastatic disease approximately one year after enucleation.", "PMID": 718501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7627", "title": "Orbital teratoma.", "content": "An orbital teratoma with extension into the maxillary sinus, pterygopalatine fossa nasal cavity, and middle cranial fossa is presented. Through combined efforts of the services of Ophthalmology, Otolaryngology, and Neurosurgery, a tumor that was 4.5 cm in greatest diameter was removed, leaving the globe and optic nerve within the orbit. Within the 2 1/2-year period since surgery, the condition of the patient has been satisfactory.", "contents": "Orbital teratoma. An orbital teratoma with extension into the maxillary sinus, pterygopalatine fossa nasal cavity, and middle cranial fossa is presented. Through combined efforts of the services of Ophthalmology, Otolaryngology, and Neurosurgery, a tumor that was 4.5 cm in greatest diameter was removed, leaving the globe and optic nerve within the orbit. Within the 2 1/2-year period since surgery, the condition of the patient has been satisfactory.", "PMID": 718502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7628", "title": "Cystoid macular edema with equatorial choroidal melanoma.", "content": "Symptoms and signs related to cystoid macular edema were the initial findings in a patient with a choroidal malignant melanoma located in the equatorial region of the globe. Histopathologic findings included retinal perivasculitis and cystoid macular edema. There was no evidence of a serous detachment of the macula. Patients with cystoid macular edema should be carefully examined for tumors or other pathological findings in the peripheral fundus.", "contents": "Cystoid macular edema with equatorial choroidal melanoma. Symptoms and signs related to cystoid macular edema were the initial findings in a patient with a choroidal malignant melanoma located in the equatorial region of the globe. Histopathologic findings included retinal perivasculitis and cystoid macular edema. There was no evidence of a serous detachment of the macula. Patients with cystoid macular edema should be carefully examined for tumors or other pathological findings in the peripheral fundus.", "PMID": 718503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7629", "title": "Endothelial changes in rabbit corneas. Observation by specular microscopy during storage in McCarey-Kaufman (M-K) medium.", "content": "Corneal banks are beginning to screen donor tissue with a specular microscope to detect abnormal endothelium. To determine the appearance of normal corneal endothelium under storage conditions, the endothelium of healthy rabbit corneas was examined with a modified specular microscope while being stored in McCarey-Kaufman (M-K) medium at 4 degrees C. Black areas within endothelial cells and decreased clarity of the endothelial cell borders were observed during storage and were found to be reversible on warming of the M-K medium.", "contents": "Endothelial changes in rabbit corneas. Observation by specular microscopy during storage in McCarey-Kaufman (M-K) medium. Corneal banks are beginning to screen donor tissue with a specular microscope to detect abnormal endothelium. To determine the appearance of normal corneal endothelium under storage conditions, the endothelium of healthy rabbit corneas was examined with a modified specular microscope while being stored in McCarey-Kaufman (M-K) medium at 4 degrees C. Black areas within endothelial cells and decreased clarity of the endothelial cell borders were observed during storage and were found to be reversible on warming of the M-K medium.", "PMID": 718504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7630", "title": "Clonidine.", "content": "Clonidine hydrochloride has been demonstrated to produce vasoconstriction in the anterior segment of the cat eye. The mode of this action has been found to be due to direct stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors. In the intact, enucleated, arterially perfused eye, clonidine was found to decrease the rate of aqueous humor production. We suggest that clonidine, like hydroxyamphetamine hydrobromide, phenylephrine hydrochloride, and dopamine hydrochloride, decreases aqueous humor formation by constriction of afferent ciliary process blood vessels.", "contents": "Clonidine. Clonidine hydrochloride has been demonstrated to produce vasoconstriction in the anterior segment of the cat eye. The mode of this action has been found to be due to direct stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors. In the intact, enucleated, arterially perfused eye, clonidine was found to decrease the rate of aqueous humor production. We suggest that clonidine, like hydroxyamphetamine hydrobromide, phenylephrine hydrochloride, and dopamine hydrochloride, decreases aqueous humor formation by constriction of afferent ciliary process blood vessels.", "PMID": 718505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7631", "title": "Staphylococcal keratitis. Experimental model in guinea pigs.", "content": "An experimental model of staphylococcal keratitis in guinea pigs was devised that is suitable for quantitative evaluation of therapy. The growth curve in the cornea of a virulent strain of Staphylococcus aureus was determined. The organism multiplied rapidly, reached a peak in about 12 hours, and began to decline in numbers after three days. Infections were relatively resistant to therapy begun 24 hours after infection was established. Treatment started earlier when fewer bacteria were present was more effective than treatment begun later. Treatment begun at the time of infection, which might be considered prophylaxis, was highly effective. When treatment was begun eight hours after infection, tobramycin sulfate and gentamicin sulfate solutions administered topically in doses of 20 mg/ml were more effective than topical bacitracin, erythromycin, clindamycin phosphate, or a solution containing polymyxin B sulfate, neomycin sulfate, and gramicidin. Bacitracin and erythromycin ointments were ineffective.", "contents": "Staphylococcal keratitis. Experimental model in guinea pigs. An experimental model of staphylococcal keratitis in guinea pigs was devised that is suitable for quantitative evaluation of therapy. The growth curve in the cornea of a virulent strain of Staphylococcus aureus was determined. The organism multiplied rapidly, reached a peak in about 12 hours, and began to decline in numbers after three days. Infections were relatively resistant to therapy begun 24 hours after infection was established. Treatment started earlier when fewer bacteria were present was more effective than treatment begun later. Treatment begun at the time of infection, which might be considered prophylaxis, was highly effective. When treatment was begun eight hours after infection, tobramycin sulfate and gentamicin sulfate solutions administered topically in doses of 20 mg/ml were more effective than topical bacitracin, erythromycin, clindamycin phosphate, or a solution containing polymyxin B sulfate, neomycin sulfate, and gramicidin. Bacitracin and erythromycin ointments were ineffective.", "PMID": 718506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7632", "title": "Lack of association of histocompatibility antigens with primary open-angle glaucoma.", "content": "Eighty-seven patients (35 with primary open-angle glaucoma, 20 with angle-closure glaucoma, and 32 controls) underwent HLA typing of peripheral lymphocytes. Sixteen specificities were detected at the A locus, 19 at the B locus, and four at the C locus. No significant differences were found between patients with either type of glaucoma and control patients.", "contents": "Lack of association of histocompatibility antigens with primary open-angle glaucoma. Eighty-seven patients (35 with primary open-angle glaucoma, 20 with angle-closure glaucoma, and 32 controls) underwent HLA typing of peripheral lymphocytes. Sixteen specificities were detected at the A locus, 19 at the B locus, and four at the C locus. No significant differences were found between patients with either type of glaucoma and control patients.", "PMID": 718509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7633", "title": "Histocompatibility antigens and primary open-angle glaucoma. A reassessment.", "content": "Histocompatibility (HLA) antigen typing was performed on 306 patients who had been studied and classified carefully. Black individuals with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) had no significant differences in HLA antigen prevalences from black control subjects. In one white population with POAG, a significant decrease in HLA-A1, a significant increase in HLA-Aw31, and a significant increase in the antigen combination HLA-B7 and HLA-Bw22 were noted. However, these differences were not confirmed in a second white population with POAG. We concluded that associations between the A and B loci of the HLA antigen system and POAG were not as impressive as has been previously reported.", "contents": "Histocompatibility antigens and primary open-angle glaucoma. A reassessment. Histocompatibility (HLA) antigen typing was performed on 306 patients who had been studied and classified carefully. Black individuals with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) had no significant differences in HLA antigen prevalences from black control subjects. In one white population with POAG, a significant decrease in HLA-A1, a significant increase in HLA-Aw31, and a significant increase in the antigen combination HLA-B7 and HLA-Bw22 were noted. However, these differences were not confirmed in a second white population with POAG. We concluded that associations between the A and B loci of the HLA antigen system and POAG were not as impressive as has been previously reported.", "PMID": 718510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7634", "title": "Quantitative visual field and optic disc correlates early in glaucoma.", "content": "A retrospective study was made of persons with ocular hypertension and normal initial visual fields. Seventy eyes were followed, and glaucomatous visual field defects developed in 25 of these eyes. In eyes with ocular hypertensio, the area enclosed by the central visual field isopter (I2e) was significantly smaller than that previously reported for an age-corrected group of eyes with normal intraocular pressure. In the absence of glaucomatous visual field defects, isopter areas were not releated to cup-disc ratios. Coincident with visual field loss, reductions in both peripheral (I4e) and central (I2e) isopter areas correlated linearly with increases in the cup-disc ratio. Prior to visual field loss, the I4e isopter area wassignificantly smaller among those eyes destined to lose visual field.", "contents": "Quantitative visual field and optic disc correlates early in glaucoma. A retrospective study was made of persons with ocular hypertension and normal initial visual fields. Seventy eyes were followed, and glaucomatous visual field defects developed in 25 of these eyes. In eyes with ocular hypertensio, the area enclosed by the central visual field isopter (I2e) was significantly smaller than that previously reported for an age-corrected group of eyes with normal intraocular pressure. In the absence of glaucomatous visual field defects, isopter areas were not releated to cup-disc ratios. Coincident with visual field loss, reductions in both peripheral (I4e) and central (I2e) isopter areas correlated linearly with increases in the cup-disc ratio. Prior to visual field loss, the I4e isopter area wassignificantly smaller among those eyes destined to lose visual field.", "PMID": 718511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7635", "title": "Intraocular pressure and glaucoma in the Zuni indians.", "content": "A glaucoma-screening examination was performed on 119 full-blooded Zuni Indians and 286 control subjects who were aged 40 years or older. The mean intraocular pressure (IOP) of the Zuni Indians was significantly lower than that of the control group, adjusted for age and sex differences, in both diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. The control group demonstrated an increasing IOP with age, while the Zunis did not. The prevalence of ocular hypertension was significantly greater in the control group than in the Zunis. The majority of the Zuni subjects with ocular hypertension had diabetes mellitus. None of the Zuni Indians who were screened had primary open-angle glaucoma and none had a family history of glaucoma.", "contents": "Intraocular pressure and glaucoma in the Zuni indians. A glaucoma-screening examination was performed on 119 full-blooded Zuni Indians and 286 control subjects who were aged 40 years or older. The mean intraocular pressure (IOP) of the Zuni Indians was significantly lower than that of the control group, adjusted for age and sex differences, in both diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. The control group demonstrated an increasing IOP with age, while the Zunis did not. The prevalence of ocular hypertension was significantly greater in the control group than in the Zunis. The majority of the Zuni subjects with ocular hypertension had diabetes mellitus. None of the Zuni Indians who were screened had primary open-angle glaucoma and none had a family history of glaucoma.", "PMID": 718512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7636", "title": "A repeated dose-response study of methazolamide in glaucoma.", "content": "Twenty-two patients with open-angle glaucoma were given weekly courses of methazolamide at different dosages. Mean intraocular pressure reductions of 3.3, 4.3, and 5.6 mm Hg were achieved at dosages of 25 mg, 50 mg, and 100 mg of methazolamide every eight hours, respectively. Maximal intraocular pressure lowering was still present nine to ten hours after administration. The mean reduction in outflow pressure for all eyes receiving a daily dosage of 300 mg was only 31%, but this included eyes (17% of the total) that demonstrated less than 13% reduction in outflow pressure, despite similar methazolamide serum levels. Eight patients subsequently received acetazolamide, 250 mg four times a day for a week. The effect of this dosage of acetazolamide on pressure was between the effects of 50 and 100 mg of methazolamide three times daily.", "contents": "A repeated dose-response study of methazolamide in glaucoma. Twenty-two patients with open-angle glaucoma were given weekly courses of methazolamide at different dosages. Mean intraocular pressure reductions of 3.3, 4.3, and 5.6 mm Hg were achieved at dosages of 25 mg, 50 mg, and 100 mg of methazolamide every eight hours, respectively. Maximal intraocular pressure lowering was still present nine to ten hours after administration. The mean reduction in outflow pressure for all eyes receiving a daily dosage of 300 mg was only 31%, but this included eyes (17% of the total) that demonstrated less than 13% reduction in outflow pressure, despite similar methazolamide serum levels. Eight patients subsequently received acetazolamide, 250 mg four times a day for a week. The effect of this dosage of acetazolamide on pressure was between the effects of 50 and 100 mg of methazolamide three times daily.", "PMID": 718513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7637", "title": "Gastrointestinal therapeutic system for acetazolamide. Efficacy and side effects.", "content": "Acetazolamide has been formulated in a new gastrointestinal therapeutic system that delivers the drug at an essentially constant rate of 15 mg/hr (GITS 15/125). We compared the therapeutic effect, magnitude of plasma concentration fluctuations, and incidence of side effects produced by the GITS 15/125 with conventional 250-mg acetazolamide tablets on eight glaucomatous patients randomly assigned to a different regimen each week. One or two GITS 15/125 twice a day (bid) were found as effective in reducing intraocular pressure as one 250-mg acetazolamide tablet. Plasma concentration fluctuations with the GITS 15/125 were decreased, compared with acetazolamide tablets, and, as a result, the incidence of drowsiness, tingling feet, tingling hands, and confusion was substantially reduced.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal therapeutic system for acetazolamide. Efficacy and side effects. Acetazolamide has been formulated in a new gastrointestinal therapeutic system that delivers the drug at an essentially constant rate of 15 mg/hr (GITS 15/125). We compared the therapeutic effect, magnitude of plasma concentration fluctuations, and incidence of side effects produced by the GITS 15/125 with conventional 250-mg acetazolamide tablets on eight glaucomatous patients randomly assigned to a different regimen each week. One or two GITS 15/125 twice a day (bid) were found as effective in reducing intraocular pressure as one 250-mg acetazolamide tablet. Plasma concentration fluctuations with the GITS 15/125 were decreased, compared with acetazolamide tablets, and, as a result, the incidence of drowsiness, tingling feet, tingling hands, and confusion was substantially reduced.", "PMID": 718514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7638", "title": "Argon laser iridotomy on primary angle closure or pupillary block glaucoma.", "content": "Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were performed on peripheral iridectomy specimens from seven patients with failed pulsed argon laser iridotomies. Four to seven hours after the laser, severe edema, coagulation necrosis, focal vascular occlusion, and hemorrhage were present. Five days after the laser, cell detritus and collapsed cell processes were noted. Forty-two days after the laser, the anterior iris surface appeared considerably thinned and irregular. Eight and one-half months after the laser, the burn site displayed a dense matted appearance. Two years after the laser, the anterior iris showed a depression with pigment dispersion, irregular stroma, and disruption of the dilator muscle. The lack of inflammation could be due to the use of pulsed argon laser heat delivered at very short intervals, with deep penetration and minimal heat dispersion, since the beam is highly collimated.", "contents": "Argon laser iridotomy on primary angle closure or pupillary block glaucoma. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were performed on peripheral iridectomy specimens from seven patients with failed pulsed argon laser iridotomies. Four to seven hours after the laser, severe edema, coagulation necrosis, focal vascular occlusion, and hemorrhage were present. Five days after the laser, cell detritus and collapsed cell processes were noted. Forty-two days after the laser, the anterior iris surface appeared considerably thinned and irregular. Eight and one-half months after the laser, the burn site displayed a dense matted appearance. Two years after the laser, the anterior iris showed a depression with pigment dispersion, irregular stroma, and disruption of the dilator muscle. The lack of inflammation could be due to the use of pulsed argon laser heat delivered at very short intervals, with deep penetration and minimal heat dispersion, since the beam is highly collimated.", "PMID": 718515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7639", "title": "False-positive 32P uptake tests.", "content": "Three patients had suspected choroidal melanoma and positive results for radioactive phosphorus (32P) uptake tests, leading to enuclearion in two of the patients. No malignancy was present on histopathologic examination. This experience reemphasizes the need for the ophthalmologist to evaluate the total clinical picture and not to give inappropriate consideration to a \"positive\" 32P uptake test in deciding for or against enucleation in a suspected choroidal melanoma. The positive 32P uptake test, even with high values, cannot be equated with malignancy, and a variety of nonmalignant lesions may give false-positive results.", "contents": "False-positive 32P uptake tests. Three patients had suspected choroidal melanoma and positive results for radioactive phosphorus (32P) uptake tests, leading to enuclearion in two of the patients. No malignancy was present on histopathologic examination. This experience reemphasizes the need for the ophthalmologist to evaluate the total clinical picture and not to give inappropriate consideration to a \"positive\" 32P uptake test in deciding for or against enucleation in a suspected choroidal melanoma. The positive 32P uptake test, even with high values, cannot be equated with malignancy, and a variety of nonmalignant lesions may give false-positive results.", "PMID": 718516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7640", "title": "Adenocarcinoma of the retinal pigment epithelium.", "content": "A 57-year-old woman complaining of decreased vision for six months had a mass expanding the choroid inferonasally in the right eye. Clinical examination, ultrasonography, and fluorescein angiography were consistent with a malignant melanoma. The eye was enucleated and pathologic studies showed an adenocarcinoma of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Malignant tumors of the RPE may simulate exactly choroidal melanomas clinically, but apparently have a much better prognosis, in that very few cases have been documented to produce metastatic disease. The vast majority of cases studied histopathologically, in which a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the RPE has been made, are low-grade malignant neoplasms with the absence of invasion beyond the choroid or lamina cribrosa at the time of enucleation.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoma of the retinal pigment epithelium. A 57-year-old woman complaining of decreased vision for six months had a mass expanding the choroid inferonasally in the right eye. Clinical examination, ultrasonography, and fluorescein angiography were consistent with a malignant melanoma. The eye was enucleated and pathologic studies showed an adenocarcinoma of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Malignant tumors of the RPE may simulate exactly choroidal melanomas clinically, but apparently have a much better prognosis, in that very few cases have been documented to produce metastatic disease. The vast majority of cases studied histopathologically, in which a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the RPE has been made, are low-grade malignant neoplasms with the absence of invasion beyond the choroid or lamina cribrosa at the time of enucleation.", "PMID": 718517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7641", "title": "Mucogenic glaucoma and goblet cell cyst of the anterior chamber.", "content": "A 25-year-old woman had a unilateral open-angle glaucoma that was initially thought to be caused by an anterior uveitis. A deformity of the chamber angle was noted and interpreted as a peripheral anterior synechia or an old scar. A peculiar haze was noted in the anterior chamber. The intraocular pressure was controlled by trabeculectomy. A slowly enlarging cyst was observed at the site of a previous anterior synechia. Excision of the cyst resulted in clearing of  the anterior chamber haze. The second trabeculectomy specimen contained mucous strands. Problems exist, both clinically and histopathologically, in diagnosing and managing this rare form of secondary glaucoma (mucogenic glaucoma).", "contents": "Mucogenic glaucoma and goblet cell cyst of the anterior chamber. A 25-year-old woman had a unilateral open-angle glaucoma that was initially thought to be caused by an anterior uveitis. A deformity of the chamber angle was noted and interpreted as a peripheral anterior synechia or an old scar. A peculiar haze was noted in the anterior chamber. The intraocular pressure was controlled by trabeculectomy. A slowly enlarging cyst was observed at the site of a previous anterior synechia. Excision of the cyst resulted in clearing of  the anterior chamber haze. The second trabeculectomy specimen contained mucous strands. Problems exist, both clinically and histopathologically, in diagnosing and managing this rare form of secondary glaucoma (mucogenic glaucoma).", "PMID": 718519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7642", "title": "Experimental Bacteroides fragilis keratitis.", "content": "To determine the corneal pathogenicity of certain anaerobic bacteria, Bacteroides fragilis keratitis was induced in rabbits by the intrastromal inoculation of 10' viable organisms. All eyes inoculated developed central abscesses within 24 hours. Abscesses persisted and became vascularized in two of three eyes that were observed for two weeks, as demonstrated both clinically and histologically. Eyes inoculated superficially with live organisms or intrastromally with solutions of dead organisms did not develop inflammatory lesions. Anaerobically incubated blood agar plates and thioglycollate broth were equally efficient in recovering organisms, although longer incubation times were occasionally necessary to recover organisms from broth cultures. Bacteroides fragilis and other anaerobic bacteria should be considered in the differential diagnosis of bacterial keratitis, and specific methods should be used to recover these organisms.", "contents": "Experimental Bacteroides fragilis keratitis. To determine the corneal pathogenicity of certain anaerobic bacteria, Bacteroides fragilis keratitis was induced in rabbits by the intrastromal inoculation of 10' viable organisms. All eyes inoculated developed central abscesses within 24 hours. Abscesses persisted and became vascularized in two of three eyes that were observed for two weeks, as demonstrated both clinically and histologically. Eyes inoculated superficially with live organisms or intrastromally with solutions of dead organisms did not develop inflammatory lesions. Anaerobically incubated blood agar plates and thioglycollate broth were equally efficient in recovering organisms, although longer incubation times were occasionally necessary to recover organisms from broth cultures. Bacteroides fragilis and other anaerobic bacteria should be considered in the differential diagnosis of bacterial keratitis, and specific methods should be used to recover these organisms.", "PMID": 718520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7643", "title": "Traumatic retinopathy in primates. The explanation of commotio retinae.", "content": "We have produced experimental commotio retinae in 12 owl monkeys by blunt trauma. The ophthalmoscopic and fluorescein angiographic appearance of this contrecoup lesion is identical to the acute traumatic retinal opacity in humans. We examined these eyes by light and electron microscopy from 4 hours to 12 weeks after injury. Immediately after injury, the only abnormality is disruption of the receptor outer segments. From one to six days after trauma, many receptor cells undergo degeneration. The retinal pigment epithelium phagocytoses the degenerating outer segments, occasionally migrating into the retina. There is no extracellular retinal edema. The opacity of commotio retinae seems to represent disrupted receptor cells. Visual loss may result from permanent loss of receptors. The pigment epithelial response to traumatic receptor damage is similar to that observed in experimental retinal detachment and light-induced retinal damage.", "contents": "Traumatic retinopathy in primates. The explanation of commotio retinae. We have produced experimental commotio retinae in 12 owl monkeys by blunt trauma. The ophthalmoscopic and fluorescein angiographic appearance of this contrecoup lesion is identical to the acute traumatic retinal opacity in humans. We examined these eyes by light and electron microscopy from 4 hours to 12 weeks after injury. Immediately after injury, the only abnormality is disruption of the receptor outer segments. From one to six days after trauma, many receptor cells undergo degeneration. The retinal pigment epithelium phagocytoses the degenerating outer segments, occasionally migrating into the retina. There is no extracellular retinal edema. The opacity of commotio retinae seems to represent disrupted receptor cells. Visual loss may result from permanent loss of receptors. The pigment epithelial response to traumatic receptor damage is similar to that observed in experimental retinal detachment and light-induced retinal damage.", "PMID": 718521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7644", "title": "Cochlear nerve in neurilemomas. Audiology and histopathology.", "content": "Correlative data between the histopathologic changes in the cochlear nerve and audiologic findings are reported in 16 cases of neurilemomas. Poor speech discrimination, positive or absent recruitment, excessive adaptation, or separation of forward vs reverse continuous tone Bekesy tracings did not correlate with the number of preserved nerve fibers. There were several cases with profound hearing loss in which the nerve fiber population approached normal. Histologically, pathologic changes included dilated fibers and increased interfibrillary collagen. In many specimens the fibers were further apart than normally, especially in the immediate vicinity of the tumor, and many lay between tumor cells. The tumor-nerve interface was usually gradual and no abrupt change appeared at the transition from the nerve to the tumor, the Schwann cells appearing to continue as tumor cells. Nonspecific changes apparently due to specimen handling were seen in some areas of most specimens.", "contents": "Cochlear nerve in neurilemomas. Audiology and histopathology. Correlative data between the histopathologic changes in the cochlear nerve and audiologic findings are reported in 16 cases of neurilemomas. Poor speech discrimination, positive or absent recruitment, excessive adaptation, or separation of forward vs reverse continuous tone Bekesy tracings did not correlate with the number of preserved nerve fibers. There were several cases with profound hearing loss in which the nerve fiber population approached normal. Histologically, pathologic changes included dilated fibers and increased interfibrillary collagen. In many specimens the fibers were further apart than normally, especially in the immediate vicinity of the tumor, and many lay between tumor cells. The tumor-nerve interface was usually gradual and no abrupt change appeared at the transition from the nerve to the tumor, the Schwann cells appearing to continue as tumor cells. Nonspecific changes apparently due to specimen handling were seen in some areas of most specimens.", "PMID": 718522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7645", "title": "Design and testing of a new electrode for laryngeal electromyography.", "content": "Electromyography of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles has not been widely used, partly because of the difficulty of accurate insertion and stabilization of existing electrodes. The sampling portion of our original electrode has been redesigned. Two needle electrodes, 4 mm in length, protrude from a truncated coneshaped, nonconducting body that has been fashioned to sit in the laryngeal ventricle. The depth of insertion is controlled, and the device resists accidental extrusion.", "contents": "Design and testing of a new electrode for laryngeal electromyography. Electromyography of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles has not been widely used, partly because of the difficulty of accurate insertion and stabilization of existing electrodes. The sampling portion of our original electrode has been redesigned. Two needle electrodes, 4 mm in length, protrude from a truncated coneshaped, nonconducting body that has been fashioned to sit in the laryngeal ventricle. The depth of insertion is controlled, and the device resists accidental extrusion.", "PMID": 718523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7646", "title": "Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy.", "content": "Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (SHML) is a newly recognized, distinct, pseudolymphomatous benign entity with very characteristic microscopic features. Most patients are children or young adults with massive painless cervical adenopathy, although other node groups and extranodal sites often are involved. Sixteen patients with SHML involving the upper respiratory tract and/ or salivary gland are presented. Nine of the patients had ear, nose, and throat (ENT) manifestations at the time of presentation. In most cases the ENT involvement resulted in prominent clinical symptoms. Treatment included surgery, antibiotics, irradiation, chemotherapy, and steroids, frequently in combination, but no consistent pattern of response emerged from the study. These 16 patients were very similar clinically to patients with SHML who did not have ENT disease, indicating that extranodal involvement is not associated with more aggressive disease.", "contents": "Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy. Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (SHML) is a newly recognized, distinct, pseudolymphomatous benign entity with very characteristic microscopic features. Most patients are children or young adults with massive painless cervical adenopathy, although other node groups and extranodal sites often are involved. Sixteen patients with SHML involving the upper respiratory tract and/ or salivary gland are presented. Nine of the patients had ear, nose, and throat (ENT) manifestations at the time of presentation. In most cases the ENT involvement resulted in prominent clinical symptoms. Treatment included surgery, antibiotics, irradiation, chemotherapy, and steroids, frequently in combination, but no consistent pattern of response emerged from the study. These 16 patients were very similar clinically to patients with SHML who did not have ENT disease, indicating that extranodal involvement is not associated with more aggressive disease.", "PMID": 718524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7647", "title": "Unidirectional inner ear valve implant for endolymphatic sac surgery in Meniere's disease.", "content": "In five patients with long-standing Meniere's disease, a unidirectional inner ear valve was implanted into the endolymphatic sac (ELS) to facilitate removal of excess endolymph in the hydropic state. These patients were all candidates for ablative surgery. They all had intractable vertigo and severe hearing losses. Four out of five patients had positive preoperative glycerol tests. In the patients with positive glycerol tests, the group averages before surgery were as follows: pure-tone average (PTA), 63 dB; speech reception threshold (SRT), 79 dB; and discrimination score, 27%. All of the patients, except a patient with a negative glycerol test, benefited from the surgery, including exceptional hearing improvements, averages of 21 dB in PTA, 30.5 dB in SRT, and 48% in discrimination, which remained so for at least a one-year minimum follow-up. All patients with preoperative positive glycerol tests had a class A result according to the criteria set forth by the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology. The cumulative follow-up exceeded the minimal requirements by a factor of 39 times. The only failure was in a patient with a negative glycerol test, which was predictable. Results of tomography confirmed the correct position of the valve without evidence of migration or extrusion even in the failure. This new valve appears to be a safe and more effective implant than Silastic sheeting alone or any other ELS implant in patients with a positive glycerol test.", "contents": "Unidirectional inner ear valve implant for endolymphatic sac surgery in Meniere's disease. In five patients with long-standing Meniere's disease, a unidirectional inner ear valve was implanted into the endolymphatic sac (ELS) to facilitate removal of excess endolymph in the hydropic state. These patients were all candidates for ablative surgery. They all had intractable vertigo and severe hearing losses. Four out of five patients had positive preoperative glycerol tests. In the patients with positive glycerol tests, the group averages before surgery were as follows: pure-tone average (PTA), 63 dB; speech reception threshold (SRT), 79 dB; and discrimination score, 27%. All of the patients, except a patient with a negative glycerol test, benefited from the surgery, including exceptional hearing improvements, averages of 21 dB in PTA, 30.5 dB in SRT, and 48% in discrimination, which remained so for at least a one-year minimum follow-up. All patients with preoperative positive glycerol tests had a class A result according to the criteria set forth by the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology. The cumulative follow-up exceeded the minimal requirements by a factor of 39 times. The only failure was in a patient with a negative glycerol test, which was predictable. Results of tomography confirmed the correct position of the valve without evidence of migration or extrusion even in the failure. This new valve appears to be a safe and more effective implant than Silastic sheeting alone or any other ELS implant in patients with a positive glycerol test.", "PMID": 718525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7648", "title": "Cervicofacial actinomycosis.", "content": "Actinomycotic infections are unusual, but the actual incidence is likely to be significantly higher than records indicate. The disease may complicate trauma of many types to the respiratory and digestive tracts, including operative procedures. This possibility should encourage more frequent use of anaerobic cultures in inflammatory diseases, particularly posttraumatic, and should prompt consideration of actinomycosis in the differential diagnosis of infections, especially in the cervicofacial area. We report four cases that demonstrate the variable course of this infection. Treatment is highly successful with appropriate use of antibiotics and surgery. A plea is made to use the least expensive, effective antibiotic in view of the prolonged course of therapy that is necessary to eradicate this infection.", "contents": "Cervicofacial actinomycosis. Actinomycotic infections are unusual, but the actual incidence is likely to be significantly higher than records indicate. The disease may complicate trauma of many types to the respiratory and digestive tracts, including operative procedures. This possibility should encourage more frequent use of anaerobic cultures in inflammatory diseases, particularly posttraumatic, and should prompt consideration of actinomycosis in the differential diagnosis of infections, especially in the cervicofacial area. We report four cases that demonstrate the variable course of this infection. Treatment is highly successful with appropriate use of antibiotics and surgery. A plea is made to use the least expensive, effective antibiotic in view of the prolonged course of therapy that is necessary to eradicate this infection.", "PMID": 718526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7649", "title": "Human auditory nerve action potentials and brain stem evoked responses.", "content": "Latency-intensity (L-i) functions for (1) the auditory nerve action potential (AP) N1 peak, (2) the brain stem evoked response (BER) V peak, and (3) the N1-V interval were related to hearing level and lesion location. The AP L-l curves tended to steepen with increasing 4 to 8 kHz hearing level. This relationship was identical for cochlear and retrocochlear ears, except for a few retrocochlear ears with \"inappropriate AP perservation.\" Both high-frequency cochlear loss and retrocochlear abnormality prolonged peak V latency, but retrocochlear abnormality generally prolonged it more. Among cochlear-loss ears, as 4 to 8 kHz hearing levels increased, N1-V intervals decreased and L-i curve slopes increased. In contrast, retrocochlear abnormality greatly prolonged N1-V intervals. As a retrocochlear sign, N1-V prolongation was slightly more reliable than V prolongation.", "contents": "Human auditory nerve action potentials and brain stem evoked responses. Latency-intensity (L-i) functions for (1) the auditory nerve action potential (AP) N1 peak, (2) the brain stem evoked response (BER) V peak, and (3) the N1-V interval were related to hearing level and lesion location. The AP L-l curves tended to steepen with increasing 4 to 8 kHz hearing level. This relationship was identical for cochlear and retrocochlear ears, except for a few retrocochlear ears with \"inappropriate AP perservation.\" Both high-frequency cochlear loss and retrocochlear abnormality prolonged peak V latency, but retrocochlear abnormality generally prolonged it more. Among cochlear-loss ears, as 4 to 8 kHz hearing levels increased, N1-V intervals decreased and L-i curve slopes increased. In contrast, retrocochlear abnormality greatly prolonged N1-V intervals. As a retrocochlear sign, N1-V prolongation was slightly more reliable than V prolongation.", "PMID": 718527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7650", "title": "Otolaryngologists and their surgical practice.", "content": "Practice characteristics of otolaryngologists, studied as part of a national survey of surgeon manpower, are compared with those of other surgical specialists. Otolaryngologists had relatively short workweeks and spent more professional time in their offices than in hospitals compared with other surgeons. Their California relative value (CRV)-weighted surgical work load ranked eighth among all surgeons. Although otolaryngologists performed, on the average, more operations annually than did other surgical specialists, their procedures were generally less complex (low CRV weights). The per capita rate for tonsillectomy, the procedure that comprised more than one third of the weighted work load of otolaryngologists, has declined precipitously. The conclusion drawn from this study is that a reduction in the number of trainees in otolaryngology would be in the best interest of the young and other otolaryngologists whose capabilities are now seriously underutilized.", "contents": "Otolaryngologists and their surgical practice. Practice characteristics of otolaryngologists, studied as part of a national survey of surgeon manpower, are compared with those of other surgical specialists. Otolaryngologists had relatively short workweeks and spent more professional time in their offices than in hospitals compared with other surgeons. Their California relative value (CRV)-weighted surgical work load ranked eighth among all surgeons. Although otolaryngologists performed, on the average, more operations annually than did other surgical specialists, their procedures were generally less complex (low CRV weights). The per capita rate for tonsillectomy, the procedure that comprised more than one third of the weighted work load of otolaryngologists, has declined precipitously. The conclusion drawn from this study is that a reduction in the number of trainees in otolaryngology would be in the best interest of the young and other otolaryngologists whose capabilities are now seriously underutilized.", "PMID": 718528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7651", "title": "The ototoxic potential of propylene glycol in guinea pigs.", "content": "Propylene glycol, previously indicated to be ototoxic and to produce \"deafness,\" was studied in the middle ear space of guinea pigs. Ninety percent propylene glycol produced conductive middle ear problems, but there was no loss of hair cells above that found in normal untreated animals. Ten percent propylene glycol produced no negative effects in the middle ear or elsewhere. Topical ear drops containing high concentrations of propylene glycol are contraindicated in cases with perforation of the tympanic membrane.", "contents": "The ototoxic potential of propylene glycol in guinea pigs. Propylene glycol, previously indicated to be ototoxic and to produce \"deafness,\" was studied in the middle ear space of guinea pigs. Ninety percent propylene glycol produced conductive middle ear problems, but there was no loss of hair cells above that found in normal untreated animals. Ten percent propylene glycol produced no negative effects in the middle ear or elsewhere. Topical ear drops containing high concentrations of propylene glycol are contraindicated in cases with perforation of the tympanic membrane.", "PMID": 718530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7652", "title": "Design and testing of a transistorized nerve stimulator.", "content": "Presently available equipment for nerve stimulation includes the relatively expensive multifunction pulse generators and the disposable dc stimulators. We have designed a semidisposable, two-transistor pulse generator that is portable, inexpensive, and capable of dynamic nerve stimulation.", "contents": "Design and testing of a transistorized nerve stimulator. Presently available equipment for nerve stimulation includes the relatively expensive multifunction pulse generators and the disposable dc stimulators. We have designed a semidisposable, two-transistor pulse generator that is portable, inexpensive, and capable of dynamic nerve stimulation.", "PMID": 718531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7653", "title": "Factors influencing use of hearing aids.", "content": "A follow-up questionnaire was mailed to new hearing aid users. The questionnaire responses of 430 persons, 73% of the sample, were related to age, audiometric, and hearing aid evaluation data obtained at the time of fitting. Reported usage of the aids was also analyzed in terms of the type of fitting and according to length of postfitting training. Further, the reasons for limited or nonuse were tabulated. The population in the present study, in comparison with that of previous investigations, was characterized by relatively young age and predominantly noise-induced, sensorineural type hearing loss, with mild hearing loss for speech; these factors led to a high proportion of selective amplification fittings. Reported overall use did not differ among the types of aids. Overall use declined with increasing age, and the majority of persons in this population used their aids selectively rather than on a full-time basis. Length of postfitting training appeared to increase hearing aid use. Mean audiometric and hearing aid evaluation data remained relatively constant across four usage categories: \"always,\" \"often,\" \"occasionally,\" and \"never.\" Excessive background noise and lack of need constituted 63% of the reasons given for limited use or nonuse.", "contents": "Factors influencing use of hearing aids. A follow-up questionnaire was mailed to new hearing aid users. The questionnaire responses of 430 persons, 73% of the sample, were related to age, audiometric, and hearing aid evaluation data obtained at the time of fitting. Reported usage of the aids was also analyzed in terms of the type of fitting and according to length of postfitting training. Further, the reasons for limited or nonuse were tabulated. The population in the present study, in comparison with that of previous investigations, was characterized by relatively young age and predominantly noise-induced, sensorineural type hearing loss, with mild hearing loss for speech; these factors led to a high proportion of selective amplification fittings. Reported overall use did not differ among the types of aids. Overall use declined with increasing age, and the majority of persons in this population used their aids selectively rather than on a full-time basis. Length of postfitting training appeared to increase hearing aid use. Mean audiometric and hearing aid evaluation data remained relatively constant across four usage categories: \"always,\" \"often,\" \"occasionally,\" and \"never.\" Excessive background noise and lack of need constituted 63% of the reasons given for limited use or nonuse.", "PMID": 718532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7654", "title": "Voice, speech, and language habilitation in young children without laryngeal function.", "content": "We discuss aphonia in children, secondary to laryngeal obstruction, with regard to the development of a voice, speech, and language system that can be an effective and efficient means of communication while obstruction persists and a precursor to good voice and speech habits if and when the laryngeal function is reestablished. Several methods were considered. A technique of esophageal voice training for children was developed and implemented, which combined the aspects of normal language learning with the mechanical aspects of esophageal voice production. Results showed rapid learning in a 2 1/2-year-old child with severe juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis and normal speech and language at the age of 4 years when laryngeal function returned. A second technique, a communication board, was used with a 4-year-old child with total subglottic stenosis and brain damage.", "contents": "Voice, speech, and language habilitation in young children without laryngeal function. We discuss aphonia in children, secondary to laryngeal obstruction, with regard to the development of a voice, speech, and language system that can be an effective and efficient means of communication while obstruction persists and a precursor to good voice and speech habits if and when the laryngeal function is reestablished. Several methods were considered. A technique of esophageal voice training for children was developed and implemented, which combined the aspects of normal language learning with the mechanical aspects of esophageal voice production. Results showed rapid learning in a 2 1/2-year-old child with severe juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis and normal speech and language at the age of 4 years when laryngeal function returned. A second technique, a communication board, was used with a 4-year-old child with total subglottic stenosis and brain damage.", "PMID": 718533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7655", "title": "New magnifying laryngeal and nasopharyngeal mirrors.", "content": "Indirect laryngoscopy and nasopharyngoscopy have been a part of every routine examination by the otolaryngologist and others who choose to use this technique. However, some early lesions of the nasopharynx and laryngopharynx are not detected by the naked eye through the plain mirror. New magnifying laryngeal and nasopharyngeal mirrors are described, which help to visualize the small lesions of the larynx and nasopharynx more easily.", "contents": "New magnifying laryngeal and nasopharyngeal mirrors. Indirect laryngoscopy and nasopharyngoscopy have been a part of every routine examination by the otolaryngologist and others who choose to use this technique. However, some early lesions of the nasopharynx and laryngopharynx are not detected by the naked eye through the plain mirror. New magnifying laryngeal and nasopharyngeal mirrors are described, which help to visualize the small lesions of the larynx and nasopharynx more easily.", "PMID": 718534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7656", "title": "Development of early auditory-evoked responses in the cat.", "content": "The post-natal development of the auditory-evoked responses to 1- and 4-kHz tone bursts has been studied in the cat with subcutaneous electrodes and signal-averaging techniques. A cochlear microphonic response antedates the earliest appearance of brain stem potentials by 1 or 2 days, and can be recorded in some animals on the first post-natal day with the 4-kHz stimulus. The earliest brain stem response consists of three or four low-voltage waves,which increase to six in the 2nd week. Latency shortening and amplitude growth occur for all waves, but are most pronounced in the later part of the response. The characteristics of the summating potential, and the variable influence of rate effects on wave amplitude are described for the different age-groups.", "contents": "Development of early auditory-evoked responses in the cat. The post-natal development of the auditory-evoked responses to 1- and 4-kHz tone bursts has been studied in the cat with subcutaneous electrodes and signal-averaging techniques. A cochlear microphonic response antedates the earliest appearance of brain stem potentials by 1 or 2 days, and can be recorded in some animals on the first post-natal day with the 4-kHz stimulus. The earliest brain stem response consists of three or four low-voltage waves,which increase to six in the 2nd week. Latency shortening and amplitude growth occur for all waves, but are most pronounced in the later part of the response. The characteristics of the summating potential, and the variable influence of rate effects on wave amplitude are described for the different age-groups.", "PMID": 718537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7657", "title": "Cochlear initiation site of the frequency-following response: a study of patients with sensorineural hearing loss.", "content": "The cochlear initiation of the frequency-following response (FFR) was assessed by comparing the FFR thresholds to the pure-tone thresholds in four groups of patients suffering from different forms of sensorineural hearing loss. The groups consisted of patients suffering from (1) pure high-frequency hearing losses; (2) high-frequency hearing losses mixed with moderate low-frequency losses; (3) flat hearing losses, and (4)low-frequency hearing losses. Across groups, the pattern of thresholds of the FFR evoked by 500-Hz tome bursts paralleled the pattern of pure-tone thresholds only for the low frequencies- not the high frequencies. In order to clarify the interpretation of this result, a high-pass masking experiment was performed on patients with low-frequency hearing losses. High-pass masking noise did not affect the FFR thresholds to 500-Hz tone burst, but it produced a phase shift of the FFR at stronger intensity levels. The data are interpreted as strongly supporting the view that the FFR at low levels is initiated primarily by activity in the apical portion of the cochlea.", "contents": "Cochlear initiation site of the frequency-following response: a study of patients with sensorineural hearing loss. The cochlear initiation of the frequency-following response (FFR) was assessed by comparing the FFR thresholds to the pure-tone thresholds in four groups of patients suffering from different forms of sensorineural hearing loss. The groups consisted of patients suffering from (1) pure high-frequency hearing losses; (2) high-frequency hearing losses mixed with moderate low-frequency losses; (3) flat hearing losses, and (4)low-frequency hearing losses. Across groups, the pattern of thresholds of the FFR evoked by 500-Hz tome bursts paralleled the pattern of pure-tone thresholds only for the low frequencies- not the high frequencies. In order to clarify the interpretation of this result, a high-pass masking experiment was performed on patients with low-frequency hearing losses. High-pass masking noise did not affect the FFR thresholds to 500-Hz tone burst, but it produced a phase shift of the FFR at stronger intensity levels. The data are interpreted as strongly supporting the view that the FFR at low levels is initiated primarily by activity in the apical portion of the cochlea.", "PMID": 718538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7658", "title": "Genetic counselling.", "content": "This article outlines the modes of inheritance of genetic disease, its risk of recurrence and the information the doctor needs in order to give accurate genetic counselling. Consideration also is given to the role of environmental factors in producing congenital defects. Suggestions are made as to how parents can be given the most reliable and humane help in understanding such conditions.", "contents": "Genetic counselling. This article outlines the modes of inheritance of genetic disease, its risk of recurrence and the information the doctor needs in order to give accurate genetic counselling. Consideration also is given to the role of environmental factors in producing congenital defects. Suggestions are made as to how parents can be given the most reliable and humane help in understanding such conditions.", "PMID": 718543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7659", "title": "Rehabilitation of, and services for the blind in Australia.", "content": "The services available to blind people in Australia are many and varied. This article attempts to explain the broad range of facilities that are available for all age groups.", "contents": "Rehabilitation of, and services for the blind in Australia. The services available to blind people in Australia are many and varied. This article attempts to explain the broad range of facilities that are available for all age groups.", "PMID": 718544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7660", "title": "Effects of number and interstimulus interval of tone pips on fast responses.", "content": "Effects of stimulus number and interstimulus interval on auditory-evoked fast responses (BSR: Jewett's V, and middle-latency components: Na, Pa and Nb) were studied by using 1000- and 500-Hz tone pips in 6 normal human adults. At a stimulus intensity of 50 dB SL, 500 stimuli evoked BSRs and the middle-latency components in all cases. At a stimulus intensity of 30 dB SL, 1000 stimuli were necessary to evoke BSRs and Na in all 6 subjects. Even 4000 stimuli were not sufficient for identifying Pa in 1 subject and Nb in 3 subjects. The largest mean peak-to-peak amplitude was the Na-Pa amplitude, but, differences across subjects were large. On the other hand, the BSR-Na amplitude showed relatively small differences across subjects. The BSR latencies were highly stable across subjects. These characteristics indicate that the BSR-Na component is more suitable as an indicator for objective audiometry than either the Na-Pa or Pa-Nb component. The BSR-Na amplitude did not show a decrease as the interstimulus interval was decreased from 104 to 32 ms. On the other hand, the Na-Pa amplitude significantly decreased as the interstimulus interval was decreased from 104 to 42 ms, and the Pa-Nb amplitude also significantly decreased as the interstimulus interval was decreased from 104 to 73 ms. Therefore, because of its resistance to the effects of high rates of stimulation, the BSR-Na component appears to be a suitable audiometric index in the clinical situation where time constraints are a consideration.", "contents": "Effects of number and interstimulus interval of tone pips on fast responses. Effects of stimulus number and interstimulus interval on auditory-evoked fast responses (BSR: Jewett's V, and middle-latency components: Na, Pa and Nb) were studied by using 1000- and 500-Hz tone pips in 6 normal human adults. At a stimulus intensity of 50 dB SL, 500 stimuli evoked BSRs and the middle-latency components in all cases. At a stimulus intensity of 30 dB SL, 1000 stimuli were necessary to evoke BSRs and Na in all 6 subjects. Even 4000 stimuli were not sufficient for identifying Pa in 1 subject and Nb in 3 subjects. The largest mean peak-to-peak amplitude was the Na-Pa amplitude, but, differences across subjects were large. On the other hand, the BSR-Na amplitude showed relatively small differences across subjects. The BSR latencies were highly stable across subjects. These characteristics indicate that the BSR-Na component is more suitable as an indicator for objective audiometry than either the Na-Pa or Pa-Nb component. The BSR-Na amplitude did not show a decrease as the interstimulus interval was decreased from 104 to 32 ms. On the other hand, the Na-Pa amplitude significantly decreased as the interstimulus interval was decreased from 104 to 42 ms, and the Pa-Nb amplitude also significantly decreased as the interstimulus interval was decreased from 104 to 73 ms. Therefore, because of its resistance to the effects of high rates of stimulation, the BSR-Na component appears to be a suitable audiometric index in the clinical situation where time constraints are a consideration.", "PMID": 718539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7661", "title": "Distribution of brain stem responses to acoustic stimuli over the human scalp.", "content": "Responses to acoustic stimuli are generated in neurons of nuclei on both sides of the brain stem. In order to determine whether there are electrode positions which can be used to record activity predominantly generated in the neurons of nuclei of one side, the distribution of brain stem responses to acoustic stimuli over the human scalp was investigated. The response is found to be maximum at the vertex, and diminishes gradually toward the nasion, inion and the mastoid process. There are no significant differences between responses to ipsi- and contralateral stimulation. It follows that there are no electrode positions, which can be used to record the activity generated in the neurons of nuclei of one side. There are, however, indications that monolateral pathology of brain stem nuclei may be detectable by comparing responses to stimuli presented on the right, the left and bilaterally.", "contents": "Distribution of brain stem responses to acoustic stimuli over the human scalp. Responses to acoustic stimuli are generated in neurons of nuclei on both sides of the brain stem. In order to determine whether there are electrode positions which can be used to record activity predominantly generated in the neurons of nuclei of one side, the distribution of brain stem responses to acoustic stimuli over the human scalp was investigated. The response is found to be maximum at the vertex, and diminishes gradually toward the nasion, inion and the mastoid process. There are no significant differences between responses to ipsi- and contralateral stimulation. It follows that there are no electrode positions, which can be used to record the activity generated in the neurons of nuclei of one side. There are, however, indications that monolateral pathology of brain stem nuclei may be detectable by comparing responses to stimuli presented on the right, the left and bilaterally.", "PMID": 718540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7662", "title": "Psychiatric consultation: the patient, the doctors and their letters.", "content": "Letters to psychiatrists by general practitioners are the main method of communication between doctors when a patient is referred. This study has been of critical data from the letters to the psychiatrists, and an analysis of the information from the psychiatrist to the general practitioner. Improvements are necessary in this field so the patient can receive optimal care.", "contents": "Psychiatric consultation: the patient, the doctors and their letters. Letters to psychiatrists by general practitioners are the main method of communication between doctors when a patient is referred. This study has been of critical data from the letters to the psychiatrists, and an analysis of the information from the psychiatrist to the general practitioner. Improvements are necessary in this field so the patient can receive optimal care.", "PMID": 718546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7663", "title": "Cross-modal matching of loudness and brightness as a recruitment test for hearing-impaired children.", "content": "Normal 5-year-olds have been reported to be able, in a simple game situation, to match brightness to loudness in the same way as a control group of adults. This study investigated supplanting the normal ear in an alternate binaural loudness balance test (ABLB) with the visual modality, as a recruitment test designed especially for bilaterally hearing-impaired children. The results of normal 10-year-olds, with simulated hearing losses, suggest that category scaling was adopted naturally as a simplifying strategy in preference to ratio scaling (absolute judgements). No proportional increase in the matching function slope was evident, despite the amount of recruitment measured with an ABLB. The instructions needed to combat this strategy render the test unfeasible with hearing-impaired children.", "contents": "Cross-modal matching of loudness and brightness as a recruitment test for hearing-impaired children. Normal 5-year-olds have been reported to be able, in a simple game situation, to match brightness to loudness in the same way as a control group of adults. This study investigated supplanting the normal ear in an alternate binaural loudness balance test (ABLB) with the visual modality, as a recruitment test designed especially for bilaterally hearing-impaired children. The results of normal 10-year-olds, with simulated hearing losses, suggest that category scaling was adopted naturally as a simplifying strategy in preference to ratio scaling (absolute judgements). No proportional increase in the matching function slope was evident, despite the amount of recruitment measured with an ABLB. The instructions needed to combat this strategy render the test unfeasible with hearing-impaired children.", "PMID": 718542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7664", "title": "Simultaneous four-channel electric-response audiometry results in 8 years of hearing evaluation among small children.", "content": "The results of 8 years' experience with slow cortical-evoked responses obtained by a four-channel method are reported. The conclusion is that, even in this form, ERA is not a reliable tool for diagnosing hearing defects in children. The time course of the mean ERA threshold of 138 children examined in Turku University for periods ranging from 6 months to over 3 years is presented. The results are discussed. Electrocochleography or brain stem audiometry is recommended for clinical use.", "contents": "Simultaneous four-channel electric-response audiometry results in 8 years of hearing evaluation among small children. The results of 8 years' experience with slow cortical-evoked responses obtained by a four-channel method are reported. The conclusion is that, even in this form, ERA is not a reliable tool for diagnosing hearing defects in children. The time course of the mean ERA threshold of 138 children examined in Turku University for periods ranging from 6 months to over 3 years is presented. The results are discussed. Electrocochleography or brain stem audiometry is recommended for clinical use.", "PMID": 718541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7665", "title": "Early Childhood Development Programme--early detection.", "content": "The Early Childhood Development Programme has four main objectives. These are: 1. To foster child development in families with young children largely through personal involvement of the family in an education context. 2. To provide enrichment programmes to enrich the social, emotional and physical environment and to ensure that children with special needs have these needs met optimally. 3. To provide for the early detection of children who are more vulnerable because of the presence of a condition which may tend to limit optimal development and make the child more open to adverse influence of social or cultural pressures; that is a health assessment programme. 4. To provide a family support service for families of children with special needs to enable these families to foster and to fulfil themselves in the society in which they live. This family support service is seen as providing a structure for home centred parent/infant habilitation aimed at keeping the family in the main stream insofar as education and health are concerned.", "contents": "Early Childhood Development Programme--early detection. The Early Childhood Development Programme has four main objectives. These are: 1. To foster child development in families with young children largely through personal involvement of the family in an education context. 2. To provide enrichment programmes to enrich the social, emotional and physical environment and to ensure that children with special needs have these needs met optimally. 3. To provide for the early detection of children who are more vulnerable because of the presence of a condition which may tend to limit optimal development and make the child more open to adverse influence of social or cultural pressures; that is a health assessment programme. 4. To provide a family support service for families of children with special needs to enable these families to foster and to fulfil themselves in the society in which they live. This family support service is seen as providing a structure for home centred parent/infant habilitation aimed at keeping the family in the main stream insofar as education and health are concerned.", "PMID": 718547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7666", "title": "The practical management of the patient who complains of erectile impotence.", "content": "Erectile impotence is a common complaint, and competent management demands a systematized approach to diagnosis and treatment. The purpose of this article is to offer a practical schema for evaluating and treating a patient who presents complaining of this difficulty.", "contents": "The practical management of the patient who complains of erectile impotence. Erectile impotence is a common complaint, and competent management demands a systematized approach to diagnosis and treatment. The purpose of this article is to offer a practical schema for evaluating and treating a patient who presents complaining of this difficulty.", "PMID": 718548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7667", "title": "Evaluation of primary health and medical care: the current state of the art.", "content": "Evaluation is a subjective process which depends upon the perspective of the evaluator and the criteria he chooses. A review of past efforts at primary care evaluation indicates a preoccupation with the structure and process of care. Methods for the measurement of the outcome of primary care are at last being developed.", "contents": "Evaluation of primary health and medical care: the current state of the art. Evaluation is a subjective process which depends upon the perspective of the evaluator and the criteria he chooses. A review of past efforts at primary care evaluation indicates a preoccupation with the structure and process of care. Methods for the measurement of the outcome of primary care are at last being developed.", "PMID": 718551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7668", "title": "The recognition and treatment of the irritable bowel syndrome.", "content": "The irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is characterized by abdominal pain and/or altered bowel habit in the absence of detectable organic bowel disease. By convention, people with simple constipation are not usually included in this group of patients. IBS is a symptom-complex with many synonyms such as irritable colon, functional bowel disorder, nervous diarrhoea or spastic colon.", "contents": "The recognition and treatment of the irritable bowel syndrome. The irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is characterized by abdominal pain and/or altered bowel habit in the absence of detectable organic bowel disease. By convention, people with simple constipation are not usually included in this group of patients. IBS is a symptom-complex with many synonyms such as irritable colon, functional bowel disorder, nervous diarrhoea or spastic colon.", "PMID": 718552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7669", "title": "Self-hypnosis training in anxiety reduction.", "content": "Twenty three adult patients with problems of anxiety in a suburban general practice were invited to participate in a study to determine the effectiveness of self-hypnosis training in reducing anxiety levels. In an initial interview (T1), Experimenter 1 gave subjects two C-60 cassette tapes for home use. These contained the voice of Experimenter 2 who was unknown to the subjects, instructing them in self-hypnosis. After six weeks (T2), measures by Experimenter 1 of both psychological anxiety and blood pressure showed significant reduction (with the exception of systolic blood pressure), and in some cases subjects reduced their anxiolytic medication. A follow-up nine months later of as many subjects as were available (12) showed that these desirable effects were still detectable to a significant degree. It is suggested that audiotaped training in self-hypnosis represent a valid non-pharmacological method for anxiety reduction.", "contents": "Self-hypnosis training in anxiety reduction. Twenty three adult patients with problems of anxiety in a suburban general practice were invited to participate in a study to determine the effectiveness of self-hypnosis training in reducing anxiety levels. In an initial interview (T1), Experimenter 1 gave subjects two C-60 cassette tapes for home use. These contained the voice of Experimenter 2 who was unknown to the subjects, instructing them in self-hypnosis. After six weeks (T2), measures by Experimenter 1 of both psychological anxiety and blood pressure showed significant reduction (with the exception of systolic blood pressure), and in some cases subjects reduced their anxiolytic medication. A follow-up nine months later of as many subjects as were available (12) showed that these desirable effects were still detectable to a significant degree. It is suggested that audiotaped training in self-hypnosis represent a valid non-pharmacological method for anxiety reduction.", "PMID": 718553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7670", "title": "Inherited pyruvate kinase deficiency and normal haematologic values in Australian Basenji dogs.", "content": "We have carried out a survey to determine the prevalence of carriers of pyruvate kinase deficiency haemolytic anaemia in Basenjis in Victoria. Of 186 dogs tested, 20 were found to be carriers for pyruvate kinase deficiency, a prevalence similar to that reported overseas. Of the 20 carriers found, 17 were born in Australia and were traced directly to 1 of the 3 imported carriers. Despite the relatively high frequency of carriers, no mating of 2 carriers has yet been detected and no dogs with haemolytic anaemia have been observed. The inheritance of the pyruvate kinase deficiency has been traced through up to 5 generations of dogs in Australia and is consistent with co-dominance for pyruvate kinase activity and with an autosomal recessive gene for haemolytic anemia.", "contents": "Inherited pyruvate kinase deficiency and normal haematologic values in Australian Basenji dogs. We have carried out a survey to determine the prevalence of carriers of pyruvate kinase deficiency haemolytic anaemia in Basenjis in Victoria. Of 186 dogs tested, 20 were found to be carriers for pyruvate kinase deficiency, a prevalence similar to that reported overseas. Of the 20 carriers found, 17 were born in Australia and were traced directly to 1 of the 3 imported carriers. Despite the relatively high frequency of carriers, no mating of 2 carriers has yet been detected and no dogs with haemolytic anaemia have been observed. The inheritance of the pyruvate kinase deficiency has been traced through up to 5 generations of dogs in Australia and is consistent with co-dominance for pyruvate kinase activity and with an autosomal recessive gene for haemolytic anemia.", "PMID": 718554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7671", "title": "A survey of antibody to Aino virus in cattle and other species in Australia.", "content": "A serological survey of healthy cattle in Australia showed that antibodies to Aino virus were present in serums from cattle in northern Australia and down the east coast as far as central New South Wales in 1975, 1976 and 1977, but occurred with a lower frequency than antibodies to Akabane virus. In contrast to the findings with Akabane virus, no neutralising antibodies to Aino virus were detected in serums from camels, dogs or horses. Antibodies to both viruses were detected in buffaloes and sheep, but not in humans or any of the Australian indigenous species so far tested. All positive serums originated from within the known range of Culicoides brevitarsis.", "contents": "A survey of antibody to Aino virus in cattle and other species in Australia. A serological survey of healthy cattle in Australia showed that antibodies to Aino virus were present in serums from cattle in northern Australia and down the east coast as far as central New South Wales in 1975, 1976 and 1977, but occurred with a lower frequency than antibodies to Akabane virus. In contrast to the findings with Akabane virus, no neutralising antibodies to Aino virus were detected in serums from camels, dogs or horses. Antibodies to both viruses were detected in buffaloes and sheep, but not in humans or any of the Australian indigenous species so far tested. All positive serums originated from within the known range of Culicoides brevitarsis.", "PMID": 718555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7672", "title": "Immunity to experimental staphylococcal mastitis--comparison of live and killed vaccines.", "content": "Eleven pregnant Merino ewes were immunised with either a killed Staphylococcus aureus cell-toxoid vaccine (intramuscularly) or a living culture of the same organism (subcutaneously). A further 3 animals were used as non-immunised controls. There were no significant differences between the vaccinated groups for agglutinating antibody to staphylococci or for anti-alpha-haemolysin in either serum or whey. Three weeks after lambing the ewes were challenged by intramammary infusion of virulent staphylococci. All animals developed an acute mastitis with significant decreases in milk yields being recorded 48 hours post-challenge. Seven days after challenge the mean milk production of ewes given the live vaccine had recovered to within 5% of the pre-challenge mean yield. However, milk productions of controls and ewes given the killed vaccine had further decreased and were significantly lower than for animals vaccinated with live staphylococci. There were no significant differences between the two vaccinated groups for numbers of bacteria or leucocytes in milk samples collected after challenge. The ewes were killed 7 days post-challenge and mammary tissues were examined for immunoglobulin-containing cells. Large numbers of IgA-containing cells, and few IgM-containing cells were found, but there were no significant differences between the treatment groups for these parameters.", "contents": "Immunity to experimental staphylococcal mastitis--comparison of live and killed vaccines. Eleven pregnant Merino ewes were immunised with either a killed Staphylococcus aureus cell-toxoid vaccine (intramuscularly) or a living culture of the same organism (subcutaneously). A further 3 animals were used as non-immunised controls. There were no significant differences between the vaccinated groups for agglutinating antibody to staphylococci or for anti-alpha-haemolysin in either serum or whey. Three weeks after lambing the ewes were challenged by intramammary infusion of virulent staphylococci. All animals developed an acute mastitis with significant decreases in milk yields being recorded 48 hours post-challenge. Seven days after challenge the mean milk production of ewes given the live vaccine had recovered to within 5% of the pre-challenge mean yield. However, milk productions of controls and ewes given the killed vaccine had further decreased and were significantly lower than for animals vaccinated with live staphylococci. There were no significant differences between the two vaccinated groups for numbers of bacteria or leucocytes in milk samples collected after challenge. The ewes were killed 7 days post-challenge and mammary tissues were examined for immunoglobulin-containing cells. Large numbers of IgA-containing cells, and few IgM-containing cells were found, but there were no significant differences between the treatment groups for these parameters.", "PMID": 718556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7673", "title": "Response of cattle to inoculation with atypical mycobacteria of bovine origin.", "content": "Ten strains of atypical mycobacteria originally isolated from cattle were inoculated into cattle. Each strain was injected subcutaneously into one animal and into a mesenteric lymph node of another. Four weeks and 10 weeks after inoculation the cattle were tuberculin tested with bovine PPD, avian PPD and appropriate homologous PPD. Three strains produced a significant level of sensitivity to bovine PPD at the 4-week test but by the 10-week test no animal gave a significant response. The sensitivity to all tuberculins was less at the 10-week test than at the 4-week test. At both tests the response to avian PPD was equal to or exceeded that to bovine PPD. Of 4 strains originally from cattle sensitive to mammalian tuberculin only 2 produced sensitivity of bovine PPD in this experiment. Cultural isolation of mycobacteria from necropsy material was correlated neither with sensitivity to bovine PPD nor with the presence of lesions.", "contents": "Response of cattle to inoculation with atypical mycobacteria of bovine origin. Ten strains of atypical mycobacteria originally isolated from cattle were inoculated into cattle. Each strain was injected subcutaneously into one animal and into a mesenteric lymph node of another. Four weeks and 10 weeks after inoculation the cattle were tuberculin tested with bovine PPD, avian PPD and appropriate homologous PPD. Three strains produced a significant level of sensitivity to bovine PPD at the 4-week test but by the 10-week test no animal gave a significant response. The sensitivity to all tuberculins was less at the 10-week test than at the 4-week test. At both tests the response to avian PPD was equal to or exceeded that to bovine PPD. Of 4 strains originally from cattle sensitive to mammalian tuberculin only 2 produced sensitivity of bovine PPD in this experiment. Cultural isolation of mycobacteria from necropsy material was correlated neither with sensitivity to bovine PPD nor with the presence of lesions.", "PMID": 718557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7674", "title": "Toxicity of Leucaena leucocephala. The effect of iodine and mineral supplements on penned steers fed a sole diet of Leucaena.", "content": "Steers fed a sole diet of Leucaena leucocephala cv. Peru (leucaena), rapidly developed a hypothyroid condition. Total serum thyroxine (T4) levels declined from c 120 n mol litre-1 to 13 n mol litre-1 within six weeks of full leucaena feeding. Associated with the hypothyroidism was a declined in feed intake, poor weight gain, hair loss, excessive salivation and the development of lesions on the oesophagus of some animals. Light steers (119 kg) were more severely affected than heavy steers (220 kg) and two light steers died. During the eight week period of full leucaena feeding animals gained only 0.18 kg head-1 day-1 compared with 0.73 kg head-1 day -1 for steers fed cowpea (Vigna sinensis) hay. Supplementation with minerals (Fe, Cu, Zn) significantly increased mean daily intake (85.4 v 68.9 g/kg0.75), daily liveweight gain, (334 v 14 g), and serum T3 resin uptake (42.5 v 39.6%); decreased hair loss and skin lesions but did not alleviate the low serum T4 levels. Iodine supplementation did not affect intake, bodyweight gain, serum T4 levels, serum T3 uptake or toxicity scores compared with unsupplemented leucaena fed steers. When the leucaena fed animals were subsequently fed cowpea hay, appetite improved and the serum T4 levels returned to normal within two weeks. For the heavy steers over this period, weight gain was similar to the controls; however, the light steers continued to gain poorly.", "contents": "Toxicity of Leucaena leucocephala. The effect of iodine and mineral supplements on penned steers fed a sole diet of Leucaena. Steers fed a sole diet of Leucaena leucocephala cv. Peru (leucaena), rapidly developed a hypothyroid condition. Total serum thyroxine (T4) levels declined from c 120 n mol litre-1 to 13 n mol litre-1 within six weeks of full leucaena feeding. Associated with the hypothyroidism was a declined in feed intake, poor weight gain, hair loss, excessive salivation and the development of lesions on the oesophagus of some animals. Light steers (119 kg) were more severely affected than heavy steers (220 kg) and two light steers died. During the eight week period of full leucaena feeding animals gained only 0.18 kg head-1 day-1 compared with 0.73 kg head-1 day -1 for steers fed cowpea (Vigna sinensis) hay. Supplementation with minerals (Fe, Cu, Zn) significantly increased mean daily intake (85.4 v 68.9 g/kg0.75), daily liveweight gain, (334 v 14 g), and serum T3 resin uptake (42.5 v 39.6%); decreased hair loss and skin lesions but did not alleviate the low serum T4 levels. Iodine supplementation did not affect intake, bodyweight gain, serum T4 levels, serum T3 uptake or toxicity scores compared with unsupplemented leucaena fed steers. When the leucaena fed animals were subsequently fed cowpea hay, appetite improved and the serum T4 levels returned to normal within two weeks. For the heavy steers over this period, weight gain was similar to the controls; however, the light steers continued to gain poorly.", "PMID": 718558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7675", "title": "Evaluation of tests for the diagnosis of lead exposure in sheep.", "content": "Several laboratory tests that are currently used for the diagnosis of lead poisoning in man were evaluated for the detection of lead poisoning in sheep given 3 or 10 mg Pb/kg body weight/day for 7 weeks. Urinary porphyrins and basophilic stippling of erythrocytes were not sensitive indicators of lead poisoning in sheep, while urinary lead and urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid concentrations were too variable to have diagnostic value. However, erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase was strongly inhibited by exposure to relatively low doses of lead, while blood lead concentrations gave an indication of the level of exposure to lead poisoning.", "contents": "Evaluation of tests for the diagnosis of lead exposure in sheep. Several laboratory tests that are currently used for the diagnosis of lead poisoning in man were evaluated for the detection of lead poisoning in sheep given 3 or 10 mg Pb/kg body weight/day for 7 weeks. Urinary porphyrins and basophilic stippling of erythrocytes were not sensitive indicators of lead poisoning in sheep, while urinary lead and urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid concentrations were too variable to have diagnostic value. However, erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase was strongly inhibited by exposure to relatively low doses of lead, while blood lead concentrations gave an indication of the level of exposure to lead poisoning.", "PMID": 718559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7676", "title": "Comparison of diving bradycardia and maximal aerobic power.", "content": "It has previously been suggested that diving bradycardia might be more pronounced in physically trained subjects than in unconditioned ones. Therefore, the cardiac responses to apneic face immersion in water of 25 +/- 1 degree C during rest and exercise in 24 males and females, ranging in age from 21-37 years, were compared to the subjects' levels of physical fitness, as estimated by maximal aerobic power. These values ranged from 46-74 ml.kg-1.min-1. The diving bradycardia was greatly intensified when the face immersion was superimposed on a state of apneic exercise. However, a correlation of the individuals' maximal aerobic power and the mean degree of bradycardia displayed during various maneuvers of apneic face immersion did not approach statistical significance. It is concluded that there exists no relationship between bradycardia and physical fitness, as judged from maximal aerobic power.", "contents": "Comparison of diving bradycardia and maximal aerobic power. It has previously been suggested that diving bradycardia might be more pronounced in physically trained subjects than in unconditioned ones. Therefore, the cardiac responses to apneic face immersion in water of 25 +/- 1 degree C during rest and exercise in 24 males and females, ranging in age from 21-37 years, were compared to the subjects' levels of physical fitness, as estimated by maximal aerobic power. These values ranged from 46-74 ml.kg-1.min-1. The diving bradycardia was greatly intensified when the face immersion was superimposed on a state of apneic exercise. However, a correlation of the individuals' maximal aerobic power and the mean degree of bradycardia displayed during various maneuvers of apneic face immersion did not approach statistical significance. It is concluded that there exists no relationship between bradycardia and physical fitness, as judged from maximal aerobic power.", "PMID": 718567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7677", "title": "Voluntary movement control and adaptation to cross-coupled stimulation.", "content": "The rates at which protective adaptation was acquired to an incremental cross-coupled stimulus were compared under three conditions of movement control: 1) a passive condition in which the 45 degree lateral tilts of the subject's chair were controlled entirely by the experimenter (N = 12); 2) an active condition in which the same movements were achieved directly through the subject's own muscular effort (N = 12); and 3) an active-passive condition in which control was exercised indirectly through microswitches located on the chair arms (N = 12). Adaptation was measured by the rate of neutralization of the oculogyral illusion, as estimated from the apparent motion of a small, dimly illuminated target. The results supported the prediction that the passive condition would be the least effective mode for acquiring adaptation. An unexpected finding was that the active-passive condition proved to be the most efficient for the development of adaptation.", "contents": "Voluntary movement control and adaptation to cross-coupled stimulation. The rates at which protective adaptation was acquired to an incremental cross-coupled stimulus were compared under three conditions of movement control: 1) a passive condition in which the 45 degree lateral tilts of the subject's chair were controlled entirely by the experimenter (N = 12); 2) an active condition in which the same movements were achieved directly through the subject's own muscular effort (N = 12); and 3) an active-passive condition in which control was exercised indirectly through microswitches located on the chair arms (N = 12). Adaptation was measured by the rate of neutralization of the oculogyral illusion, as estimated from the apparent motion of a small, dimly illuminated target. The results supported the prediction that the passive condition would be the least effective mode for acquiring adaptation. An unexpected finding was that the active-passive condition proved to be the most efficient for the development of adaptation.", "PMID": 718569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7678", "title": "Motion sickness susceptibility: a retrospective comparison of laboratory tests.", "content": "A test battery designed primarily to assess vestibular function has been used for several years to evaluate individuals referred to our laboratory. Because some of the test conditions have proved to be nauseogenic to some individuals, methods of assessing disturbance during these procedures have been used to pursue a second goal, viz., the estimation of motion sickness susceptibility. This report, which focuses on the latter goal, is a retrospective comparison of results on three tests obtained from two groups of subjects, one of which was a group of Navy and Marine aviation personnel who had suffered multiple attacks of airsickness. Results from three laboratory tests of motion sickness susceptibility indicated that there are substantial differences between the airsick group and the unselected comparison group on observer ratings and individual self-ratings of motion sickness symptoms. The provocative stimuli in each laboratory test, as well as suggestions concerning how multiple tests may prove effective in predicting motion sickness, are discussed.", "contents": "Motion sickness susceptibility: a retrospective comparison of laboratory tests. A test battery designed primarily to assess vestibular function has been used for several years to evaluate individuals referred to our laboratory. Because some of the test conditions have proved to be nauseogenic to some individuals, methods of assessing disturbance during these procedures have been used to pursue a second goal, viz., the estimation of motion sickness susceptibility. This report, which focuses on the latter goal, is a retrospective comparison of results on three tests obtained from two groups of subjects, one of which was a group of Navy and Marine aviation personnel who had suffered multiple attacks of airsickness. Results from three laboratory tests of motion sickness susceptibility indicated that there are substantial differences between the airsick group and the unselected comparison group on observer ratings and individual self-ratings of motion sickness symptoms. The provocative stimuli in each laboratory test, as well as suggestions concerning how multiple tests may prove effective in predicting motion sickness, are discussed.", "PMID": 718570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7679", "title": "Core temperature measurement in man.", "content": "Transient changes in core temperature were induced in 12 subjects--passively by immersion in a hot bath, and actively by light intermittent exercise. Measurements of core temperature were made at four sites--the auditory canal, mouth, rectum, and oesophagus--and, by using the measurements from the first three of these sites, a mathematical model was derived which permits the calculation of a predicted value for oesophageal temperature (Toe). This model--which takes the general form Toe = ATx + BdTx/dt + C where Tx = amplitude of the temperature change at a specific site, dTx/dt = rate of change of temperature at that site, and A, B, and C = site constants (different for passive and active heating)--provides an accurate prediction of Toe (to within 0.1 degrees C) from both auditory canal and mouth temperature. For prediction of Toe from rectal temperature, however, two models appear to be necessary--one to predict Toe when core temperature is rising, and another to predict Toe during the return to equilibrium when core temperature is declining.", "contents": "Core temperature measurement in man. Transient changes in core temperature were induced in 12 subjects--passively by immersion in a hot bath, and actively by light intermittent exercise. Measurements of core temperature were made at four sites--the auditory canal, mouth, rectum, and oesophagus--and, by using the measurements from the first three of these sites, a mathematical model was derived which permits the calculation of a predicted value for oesophageal temperature (Toe). This model--which takes the general form Toe = ATx + BdTx/dt + C where Tx = amplitude of the temperature change at a specific site, dTx/dt = rate of change of temperature at that site, and A, B, and C = site constants (different for passive and active heating)--provides an accurate prediction of Toe (to within 0.1 degrees C) from both auditory canal and mouth temperature. For prediction of Toe from rectal temperature, however, two models appear to be necessary--one to predict Toe when core temperature is rising, and another to predict Toe during the return to equilibrium when core temperature is declining.", "PMID": 718571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7680", "title": "Capillary fragility during air exposure of man to 1-5 ATA and after decompression.", "content": "Capillary fragility in man during exposure to 1-5 ATA air and after decompression from these pressures was studied by means of a petechiometer. A significant increase in capillary fragility was observed at 4 and 5 ATA air and after decompression from 3, 4, and 5 ATA air to normal pressure. It is suggested that this phenomenon may be associated with impairment of neurophysiological functions detectable only by special tests.", "contents": "Capillary fragility during air exposure of man to 1-5 ATA and after decompression. Capillary fragility in man during exposure to 1-5 ATA air and after decompression from these pressures was studied by means of a petechiometer. A significant increase in capillary fragility was observed at 4 and 5 ATA air and after decompression from 3, 4, and 5 ATA air to normal pressure. It is suggested that this phenomenon may be associated with impairment of neurophysiological functions detectable only by special tests.", "PMID": 718572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7681", "title": "Blood volume and cardiorespiratory responses to lower body negative pressure.", "content": "Breath-by-breath measurements of pulmonary capillary O2 transfer and ventilation were made on three subjects during and after 10 min of lower body negative pressure (LBNP) at -20, -40, and -60 torr. Loss in blood O2 stores (O2B) during and replenishment after LBNP were directly related to the intensity of LBNP. The peak rise in pulmonary capillary O2 transfer after release of LBNP was always preceded by a decrease in leg volume, indicating that O2B changes were related to blood volume shifts. The return of O2-depleted, pooled blood to the central circulation during the first minute of recovery caused significant hyperpnea. Three compartment lung model analyses from alveolar and arterial blood samples at -60 torr showed an increase in the alveolar deadspace fraction from 0.09 to 0.17, and a decline in the effective compartment from 0.83 to 0.77. The less effective lung perfusion during LBNP may explain a 30% increase in ventilation equivalent for O2.", "contents": "Blood volume and cardiorespiratory responses to lower body negative pressure. Breath-by-breath measurements of pulmonary capillary O2 transfer and ventilation were made on three subjects during and after 10 min of lower body negative pressure (LBNP) at -20, -40, and -60 torr. Loss in blood O2 stores (O2B) during and replenishment after LBNP were directly related to the intensity of LBNP. The peak rise in pulmonary capillary O2 transfer after release of LBNP was always preceded by a decrease in leg volume, indicating that O2B changes were related to blood volume shifts. The return of O2-depleted, pooled blood to the central circulation during the first minute of recovery caused significant hyperpnea. Three compartment lung model analyses from alveolar and arterial blood samples at -60 torr showed an increase in the alveolar deadspace fraction from 0.09 to 0.17, and a decline in the effective compartment from 0.83 to 0.77. The less effective lung perfusion during LBNP may explain a 30% increase in ventilation equivalent for O2.", "PMID": 718573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7682", "title": "Regional coronary blood flow at rest and during high sustained +Gz in a miniature swine with subclinical, ischemic, coronary heart disease due to coronary stenosis.", "content": "New-generation high-performance aircraft can produce levels of high sustained +Gz which may exceed man's physiological capacity to withstand such stress. The severity of this stress has led to concern that sudden incapacitation due to coronary heart disease could occur during sustained +Gz. This report presents results obtained from an apparently asymptomatic miniature swine with a severe stenosis of the left anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery. Regional coronary blood flow was measured with the radiolabeled microsphere technique using 9 +/- 0.8 microgram diameter microspheres. Under resting conditions, myocardial blood flow was marginally depressed in the areas distal to the coronary stenosis. When the animal was exposed to +7 Gz, a large portion of the heart became acutely ischemic due to a redistribution of coronary blood flow. After 49 x of exposure to +7 Gz, the animal developed fatal ventricular fibrillation. Histologically, the areas of myocardium supplied by the stenosed vessel showed a variety of ischemia-induced lesions, including infarction and patchy myocardial fibrosis.", "contents": "Regional coronary blood flow at rest and during high sustained +Gz in a miniature swine with subclinical, ischemic, coronary heart disease due to coronary stenosis. New-generation high-performance aircraft can produce levels of high sustained +Gz which may exceed man's physiological capacity to withstand such stress. The severity of this stress has led to concern that sudden incapacitation due to coronary heart disease could occur during sustained +Gz. This report presents results obtained from an apparently asymptomatic miniature swine with a severe stenosis of the left anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery. Regional coronary blood flow was measured with the radiolabeled microsphere technique using 9 +/- 0.8 microgram diameter microspheres. Under resting conditions, myocardial blood flow was marginally depressed in the areas distal to the coronary stenosis. When the animal was exposed to +7 Gz, a large portion of the heart became acutely ischemic due to a redistribution of coronary blood flow. After 49 x of exposure to +7 Gz, the animal developed fatal ventricular fibrillation. Histologically, the areas of myocardium supplied by the stenosed vessel showed a variety of ischemia-induced lesions, including infarction and patchy myocardial fibrosis.", "PMID": 718574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7683", "title": "Intracardial gas bubbles and decompression sickness while flying at 9,000 m within 12-24 h of diving.", "content": "Intracardial gas bubbles, detected with Doppler ultrasound, and symptoms of decompression sickness were registered at 9,000 m simulated altitude within 12, 18, and 24 h of exposures to 15 or 39 m simulated water depth allowing no stage decompression. With a time interval of 12 h between diving and flying, the earliest intracardial bubbles were found in some subjects already during the first minutes at altitude, and the earliest symptoms of decompression sickness some minutes afterwards. With an 18-h interval, the earliest bubbles and symptoms as well as their average time onsets appeared somewhat later. With a 24-h interval, the earliest bubbles and symptoms were detected slightly later, i.e. after 17 min and 23 min, respectively. Thus, a safe time interval between no-stage decompression dives and flying at 9,000 m cabin altitude for a maximum of 15 min appears to be 24 h. For prolonged such flights, a longer time interval seems to be necessary.", "contents": "Intracardial gas bubbles and decompression sickness while flying at 9,000 m within 12-24 h of diving. Intracardial gas bubbles, detected with Doppler ultrasound, and symptoms of decompression sickness were registered at 9,000 m simulated altitude within 12, 18, and 24 h of exposures to 15 or 39 m simulated water depth allowing no stage decompression. With a time interval of 12 h between diving and flying, the earliest intracardial bubbles were found in some subjects already during the first minutes at altitude, and the earliest symptoms of decompression sickness some minutes afterwards. With an 18-h interval, the earliest bubbles and symptoms as well as their average time onsets appeared somewhat later. With a 24-h interval, the earliest bubbles and symptoms were detected slightly later, i.e. after 17 min and 23 min, respectively. Thus, a safe time interval between no-stage decompression dives and flying at 9,000 m cabin altitude for a maximum of 15 min appears to be 24 h. For prolonged such flights, a longer time interval seems to be necessary.", "PMID": 718575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7684", "title": "Psychophysiological forecasting of efficiency.", "content": "The method of mathematical forecasting of the changes in efficiency throughout an increase in emotional stress is suggested on the basis of experimental data from experiments in which paratroopers discerned visual patterns. The comparison of human errors with the experimental results obtained in animals permitted formulation of several suppositions on the role of different cerebral structures in the genesis of emotional stress and the mechanisms of its effect on perceptive activity.", "contents": "Psychophysiological forecasting of efficiency. The method of mathematical forecasting of the changes in efficiency throughout an increase in emotional stress is suggested on the basis of experimental data from experiments in which paratroopers discerned visual patterns. The comparison of human errors with the experimental results obtained in animals permitted formulation of several suppositions on the role of different cerebral structures in the genesis of emotional stress and the mechanisms of its effect on perceptive activity.", "PMID": 718576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7685", "title": "Effects on handgrip strength due to arm immersion in a 10 degree C water bath.", "content": "Thirteen male and female human subjects participated in an experiment to determine if cold water immersion of the arm increases post-immersion handgrip strength. The test involved immersion of a subject's fore-arm into a 10 degrees C water bath for 30 min once a week in a 3-week series, involving a control test and two immersion experiments. Handgrip strength was measured 20 min before and then once every 20 minutes after the cold bath immersion for 4 h, for a total of 18 readings. Grip strength significantly decreased as a consequence of immersion of the forearm. However, strength recovery to approximately normal values took place within 40 min. No increases in post-immersion strength were observed.", "contents": "Effects on handgrip strength due to arm immersion in a 10 degree C water bath. Thirteen male and female human subjects participated in an experiment to determine if cold water immersion of the arm increases post-immersion handgrip strength. The test involved immersion of a subject's fore-arm into a 10 degrees C water bath for 30 min once a week in a 3-week series, involving a control test and two immersion experiments. Handgrip strength was measured 20 min before and then once every 20 minutes after the cold bath immersion for 4 h, for a total of 18 readings. Grip strength significantly decreased as a consequence of immersion of the forearm. However, strength recovery to approximately normal values took place within 40 min. No increases in post-immersion strength were observed.", "PMID": 718577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7686", "title": "Intensity judgements of non-sinusoidal vibrations; support for the ISO weighting method.", "content": "Three experiments were conducted to compare the independent component method and the weighting method, recommended by current vibration standards for evaluating complex vibrations. Seated subjects matched their perceptions of the intensity of various Z-axis vibrations by adjusting the intensity of a sinusoidal matching frequency. Exp. I stimuli were composed of from one to four sinusoids in the frequency range from 11--63 Hz, Exp. II stimuli were made up of from one to four third-octave bands of random vibration with center frequencies from 16--40 Hz, and Exp. III stimuli were composed of from one to four sinusoids from 2.6--16 Hz. In all three experiments, the acceleration of the matching response increased significantly as the number of sinusoids or third-octave bands in the stimulus increased. Such a relationship is not predicted by the independent component method, but is predicted by the weighting method. Moreover, when the weighted accelerations of the matching responses are compared with the weighted accelerations of the input vibrations, the correspondence is quite good for all three experiments. These results support adoption of the weighting method as the preferred procedure for evaluating complex vibration environments.", "contents": "Intensity judgements of non-sinusoidal vibrations; support for the ISO weighting method. Three experiments were conducted to compare the independent component method and the weighting method, recommended by current vibration standards for evaluating complex vibrations. Seated subjects matched their perceptions of the intensity of various Z-axis vibrations by adjusting the intensity of a sinusoidal matching frequency. Exp. I stimuli were composed of from one to four sinusoids in the frequency range from 11--63 Hz, Exp. II stimuli were made up of from one to four third-octave bands of random vibration with center frequencies from 16--40 Hz, and Exp. III stimuli were composed of from one to four sinusoids from 2.6--16 Hz. In all three experiments, the acceleration of the matching response increased significantly as the number of sinusoids or third-octave bands in the stimulus increased. Such a relationship is not predicted by the independent component method, but is predicted by the weighting method. Moreover, when the weighted accelerations of the matching responses are compared with the weighted accelerations of the input vibrations, the correspondence is quite good for all three experiments. These results support adoption of the weighting method as the preferred procedure for evaluating complex vibration environments.", "PMID": 718578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7687", "title": "Studies on the erythron and the ferrokinetic responses in beagles adapted to hypergravity.", "content": "Red cell survival, ferrokinetics, and hematologic parameters were investigated in Beagle dogs exposed to chronic hypergravity (2.6 Gx). Ineffective erythropoiesis, red cell mass, plasma volume, and 51 Cr elution were significantly increased; maximum 59Fe incorporation was decreased; and there was no change in the mean erythrocyte life span following autologous injection of 51Cr-labeled red cells and 59Fe-labeled transferrin. Red cell count, Fcells, total body hemoglobin (Hb), susceptability to osmotic lysis, and differential reticulocyte count were increased. White blood cell count, venous blood %Hb, mean cell volume, mean cell Hb, mean cell Hb concentration, and serum iron were decreased. No changes were observed for body mass, mg Fe per g Hb, iron binding capacity, percent saturation of iron carrying capacity, or the electrophoretic mobility of purified Hb. This study indicated that chronic exposure to hypergravity induced changes in red cell size, volume, total mass, and membrane permeability.", "contents": "Studies on the erythron and the ferrokinetic responses in beagles adapted to hypergravity. Red cell survival, ferrokinetics, and hematologic parameters were investigated in Beagle dogs exposed to chronic hypergravity (2.6 Gx). Ineffective erythropoiesis, red cell mass, plasma volume, and 51 Cr elution were significantly increased; maximum 59Fe incorporation was decreased; and there was no change in the mean erythrocyte life span following autologous injection of 51Cr-labeled red cells and 59Fe-labeled transferrin. Red cell count, Fcells, total body hemoglobin (Hb), susceptability to osmotic lysis, and differential reticulocyte count were increased. White blood cell count, venous blood %Hb, mean cell volume, mean cell Hb, mean cell Hb concentration, and serum iron were decreased. No changes were observed for body mass, mg Fe per g Hb, iron binding capacity, percent saturation of iron carrying capacity, or the electrophoretic mobility of purified Hb. This study indicated that chronic exposure to hypergravity induced changes in red cell size, volume, total mass, and membrane permeability.", "PMID": 718579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7688", "title": "Testicular growth and functional capability after 4-24 weeks of continuous exposure to 11 ATA He-O2.", "content": "A study of testicular developmental and functional capabilities was made of rats continuously exposed for 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, or 24 weeks to 1 ATA He-O2, 11 ATA He-O2, or ambient pressure air environmental conditions. Other groups of rats were exposed for 24 sequential weeks to the same three sets of environmental conditions with brief interruptions for decompression and recompression at the end of each 4 weeks. The rats were comfortably housed and adequately fed in accord with earlier investigations. Visual observations of the testes at the time of slaughter, dry matter content of the testes, and histological examinations--all revealed normal growth and active spermatid formation from healthy germinal epithelia in all semeniferous tubules. The stress of hyperbaria or of helium to 11 ATA did not inhibit or destroy male germinal epithelial functional capabilities.", "contents": "Testicular growth and functional capability after 4-24 weeks of continuous exposure to 11 ATA He-O2. A study of testicular developmental and functional capabilities was made of rats continuously exposed for 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, or 24 weeks to 1 ATA He-O2, 11 ATA He-O2, or ambient pressure air environmental conditions. Other groups of rats were exposed for 24 sequential weeks to the same three sets of environmental conditions with brief interruptions for decompression and recompression at the end of each 4 weeks. The rats were comfortably housed and adequately fed in accord with earlier investigations. Visual observations of the testes at the time of slaughter, dry matter content of the testes, and histological examinations--all revealed normal growth and active spermatid formation from healthy germinal epithelia in all semeniferous tubules. The stress of hyperbaria or of helium to 11 ATA did not inhibit or destroy male germinal epithelial functional capabilities.", "PMID": 718580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7689", "title": "Disseminated melanoma presenting as a catastrophic event.", "content": "The possibility of a patient with malignant melanoma having a catastrophic event as the presenting sign of tumor dissemination cannot be dismissed. Should such an event occur, it would pose not only a risk to the patient, but also a potential risk to others. Since 1971, 712 patients with malignant melanoma have been evaluated. Twenty patients presented with brain metastases and an additional 12 patients developed brain metastases simultaneously with other organ involvement. Four patients (0.6%) had a catastrophic event, such as a stroke or seizure, with no antecedent symptoms. Microstaging of a primary melanoma by the methods of Clark and Breslow, in addition to the recognition of the presence or absence of regional lymph node metastases, provides reliable information for predicting the probability of tumor dissemination. Patients with deep primary melanomas or with lymph node metastases should be advised regarding their participation in potentially hazardous occupations or recreations.", "contents": "Disseminated melanoma presenting as a catastrophic event. The possibility of a patient with malignant melanoma having a catastrophic event as the presenting sign of tumor dissemination cannot be dismissed. Should such an event occur, it would pose not only a risk to the patient, but also a potential risk to others. Since 1971, 712 patients with malignant melanoma have been evaluated. Twenty patients presented with brain metastases and an additional 12 patients developed brain metastases simultaneously with other organ involvement. Four patients (0.6%) had a catastrophic event, such as a stroke or seizure, with no antecedent symptoms. Microstaging of a primary melanoma by the methods of Clark and Breslow, in addition to the recognition of the presence or absence of regional lymph node metastases, provides reliable information for predicting the probability of tumor dissemination. Patients with deep primary melanomas or with lymph node metastases should be advised regarding their participation in potentially hazardous occupations or recreations.", "PMID": 718581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7690", "title": "Laryngeal problems in space travel.", "content": "A start has been made in enumerating possible problems of the larynx, in short or moderately long space voyages, based on our current knowledge of laryngeal diseases. The gravity-free state does not seem to be a threat to the physiology of the larynx. A relatively nonspecialized medical team must be able to recognize and manage Earth-type diseases. They must also be capable of managing both the special problems associated with various degrees of decompression sickness and the increased possibility of inhaling a foreign body, which are inherent in the gravity-free state. In crew selection, a special attempt should be made to eliminate those members with an increased risk of laryngeal disease development. Simplified methods of examining the larynx, including flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopy, should be available. Airway management, including coaxial endotracheal intubation with a bivalved laryngoscope, would be possible. An audiovisual tape library of simple and moderately complex procedures would be highly valuable.", "contents": "Laryngeal problems in space travel. A start has been made in enumerating possible problems of the larynx, in short or moderately long space voyages, based on our current knowledge of laryngeal diseases. The gravity-free state does not seem to be a threat to the physiology of the larynx. A relatively nonspecialized medical team must be able to recognize and manage Earth-type diseases. They must also be capable of managing both the special problems associated with various degrees of decompression sickness and the increased possibility of inhaling a foreign body, which are inherent in the gravity-free state. In crew selection, a special attempt should be made to eliminate those members with an increased risk of laryngeal disease development. Simplified methods of examining the larynx, including flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopy, should be available. Airway management, including coaxial endotracheal intubation with a bivalved laryngoscope, would be possible. An audiovisual tape library of simple and moderately complex procedures would be highly valuable.", "PMID": 718582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7691", "title": "Case report: intracardial gas bubbles in relation to altitude decompression chokes.", "content": "A case of altitude decompression chokes in a subject is described, which occurred unintentionally in an experimental series dealing with safe time intervals between diving and flying at 9,000 m of altitude. Before the development of the first signs of chokes, intracardial gas bubbles could be registered during 65 min and heavy showers of bubbles during 38 min with the precordial Doppler ultrasound technique. The intracardial bubbles and symptoms partly continued after recompression to surface pressure. After 10 min of hyperbaric oxygen treatment, the symptoms disappeared completely. The same subject, as well as others, did not develop chokes with similar durations of heavy showers of intracardial gas bubbles in other experiments.", "contents": "Case report: intracardial gas bubbles in relation to altitude decompression chokes. A case of altitude decompression chokes in a subject is described, which occurred unintentionally in an experimental series dealing with safe time intervals between diving and flying at 9,000 m of altitude. Before the development of the first signs of chokes, intracardial gas bubbles could be registered during 65 min and heavy showers of bubbles during 38 min with the precordial Doppler ultrasound technique. The intracardial bubbles and symptoms partly continued after recompression to surface pressure. After 10 min of hyperbaric oxygen treatment, the symptoms disappeared completely. The same subject, as well as others, did not develop chokes with similar durations of heavy showers of intracardial gas bubbles in other experiments.", "PMID": 718583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7692", "title": "Measurement of skin temperatures of active subjects by wireless telemetry.", "content": "A new sensor has been developed for measurement of skin temperatures of active human subjects that consists of a radio transmitter circuit incorporating a skin thermistor in a small epoxy slab or \"tab.\" These tabs are reuseable, being large enough to permit battery replacement if required. They are glued to a subject's skin (thermistor side facing the skin) with a quick-setting adhesive and are easily removed after a 10-h period with an appropriate solvent. Thermal information is easily obtained from the sensor by a hand-held calibrated radio receiver accurate to +/- 0.1 degree C. This technique permits easy and rapid documentation of the thermal stress of active human subjects without interfering with their activity or clothing.", "contents": "Measurement of skin temperatures of active subjects by wireless telemetry. A new sensor has been developed for measurement of skin temperatures of active human subjects that consists of a radio transmitter circuit incorporating a skin thermistor in a small epoxy slab or \"tab.\" These tabs are reuseable, being large enough to permit battery replacement if required. They are glued to a subject's skin (thermistor side facing the skin) with a quick-setting adhesive and are easily removed after a 10-h period with an appropriate solvent. Thermal information is easily obtained from the sensor by a hand-held calibrated radio receiver accurate to +/- 0.1 degree C. This technique permits easy and rapid documentation of the thermal stress of active human subjects without interfering with their activity or clothing.", "PMID": 718584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7693", "title": "Corrections, deviance, and social system stability.", "content": "Social control within a complex adaptive system is analyzed through the concept of requisite system variety in order to develop a conceptualization to assess the impact of various correctional modalities on social system viability. It is thus possible to critique contemporary strategies of criminal corrections in terms of their overall implication for social system change and to assess their potential contributions to long-run social system stability and adaptability.", "contents": "Corrections, deviance, and social system stability. Social control within a complex adaptive system is analyzed through the concept of requisite system variety in order to develop a conceptualization to assess the impact of various correctional modalities on social system viability. It is thus possible to critique contemporary strategies of criminal corrections in terms of their overall implication for social system change and to assess their potential contributions to long-run social system stability and adaptability.", "PMID": 718600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7694", "title": "The effect of clofibrate and pyridinol carbamate on the circulating immune complexes and cellular immune response in experimental atherosclerosis.", "content": "Cholesterol-fed rabbits were treated with clofibrate, pyridinol carbamate and with both drugs simultaneously. The quantity of circulating immune complexes in the sera of the animals was measured weekly and the migration inhibition test was carried out in the 12th week of the experiment. The trend of the changes in the concentration of the immune complexes was rather similar to that of the cellular immune response. Compared with the values obtained in the control animals, in the cholesterol-fed group a markedly higher level of immune complexes and a significant migration inhibition could be detected. The administration of clofibrate or pyridinol carbamate alone had no effect on the concentration of immune complexes. Pyridinol carbamate did not influence the migration inhibition; however, it became similar to the healthy controls in the clofibrate-treated group. Simultaneous treatment with both drugs resulted in a decrease in the quantity of immune complexes and a diminution of the migration inhibition.", "contents": "The effect of clofibrate and pyridinol carbamate on the circulating immune complexes and cellular immune response in experimental atherosclerosis. Cholesterol-fed rabbits were treated with clofibrate, pyridinol carbamate and with both drugs simultaneously. The quantity of circulating immune complexes in the sera of the animals was measured weekly and the migration inhibition test was carried out in the 12th week of the experiment. The trend of the changes in the concentration of the immune complexes was rather similar to that of the cellular immune response. Compared with the values obtained in the control animals, in the cholesterol-fed group a markedly higher level of immune complexes and a significant migration inhibition could be detected. The administration of clofibrate or pyridinol carbamate alone had no effect on the concentration of immune complexes. Pyridinol carbamate did not influence the migration inhibition; however, it became similar to the healthy controls in the clofibrate-treated group. Simultaneous treatment with both drugs resulted in a decrease in the quantity of immune complexes and a diminution of the migration inhibition.", "PMID": 718735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7695", "title": "Uptake of labelled free and esterified cholesterol from plasma by the aortic intima--media tissue measured in vivo in three animal species.", "content": "Hyperlipemic stilboestrol-treated cockerels, cholesterol-fed rabbits and minipigs, as well as normolipemic cockerels and rabbits were injected intravenously with homologous plasma of corresponding lipid concentration labelled in vivo with radioactive cholesterol. The ratios between labelled free cholesterol and labelled esterified cholesterol in the intima--media from the thoracic aorta of these 5 groups of animals were respectively 1-, 2-, 8-, 2- and 20-fold greater than the corresponding average tracer ratio in plasma during the uptake period of 4--6 h. The intima--media tissue in the coronary arteries studied in one minipig contained 2--5 times more labelled cholesterol per mg wet weight than corresponding aortic tissue. This arterial uptake of labelled cholesterol in the minipigs was measured concomitantly with the uptake of phosphatidylcholine and plasma protein labelled in vivo. The uptake for these various tracers in the minipig suggested entry of labelled free and esterified cholesterol into the arterial wall, mainly as part of the plasma lipoproteins, with subsequent hydrolysis in the arterial wall of some of the cholesterol ester. In the stilboestrol-treated cockerels hydrolysis of cholesterol ester seems to be absent. The relatively higher uptake in the minipig of the labelled plasma protein (albumin) than of the lipoprotein (as traced by its lipids) suggests a molecular weight-dependent arterial entry of these plasma macromolecules.", "contents": "Uptake of labelled free and esterified cholesterol from plasma by the aortic intima--media tissue measured in vivo in three animal species. Hyperlipemic stilboestrol-treated cockerels, cholesterol-fed rabbits and minipigs, as well as normolipemic cockerels and rabbits were injected intravenously with homologous plasma of corresponding lipid concentration labelled in vivo with radioactive cholesterol. The ratios between labelled free cholesterol and labelled esterified cholesterol in the intima--media from the thoracic aorta of these 5 groups of animals were respectively 1-, 2-, 8-, 2- and 20-fold greater than the corresponding average tracer ratio in plasma during the uptake period of 4--6 h. The intima--media tissue in the coronary arteries studied in one minipig contained 2--5 times more labelled cholesterol per mg wet weight than corresponding aortic tissue. This arterial uptake of labelled cholesterol in the minipigs was measured concomitantly with the uptake of phosphatidylcholine and plasma protein labelled in vivo. The uptake for these various tracers in the minipig suggested entry of labelled free and esterified cholesterol into the arterial wall, mainly as part of the plasma lipoproteins, with subsequent hydrolysis in the arterial wall of some of the cholesterol ester. In the stilboestrol-treated cockerels hydrolysis of cholesterol ester seems to be absent. The relatively higher uptake in the minipig of the labelled plasma protein (albumin) than of the lipoprotein (as traced by its lipids) suggests a molecular weight-dependent arterial entry of these plasma macromolecules.", "PMID": 718737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7696", "title": "Modification of human platelet function by a diet enriched in saturated or polyunsaturated fat.", "content": "Twelve healthy male subjects were maintained on a saturated fat (SF) dietary regimen followed by a polyunsaturated fat (PUF) regimen. At selected intervals a number of tests were carried out to assess the effect of SF or PUF on platelet composition and activation. Concomitant with the fall in serum cholesterol, associated with the PUF diet, there was a decrease in plasma heparin neutralizing activity (as measured by the heparin--thrombin clotting time), and a fall in the number of circulating platelet aggregates was also observed. These two parameters suggest diminished platelet activation. Malondialdehyde production (an index of prostaglandin synthesis) was unchanged throughout the two dietary periods. Changes in the quality of the dietary fat were manifested in the phospholipid fraction of platelet lipids, particularly phosphatidyl choline and sphingomyelin. Platelet counts of whole blood were significantly decreased when subjects were consuming PUF, but not all of these alterations were reflected in platelet-rich plasma. These results indicate that platelets may be activated in apparently normal people consuming a SF diet (the standard diet of developed countries) and that this activation may be decreased by replacement of dietary SF with PUF.", "contents": "Modification of human platelet function by a diet enriched in saturated or polyunsaturated fat. Twelve healthy male subjects were maintained on a saturated fat (SF) dietary regimen followed by a polyunsaturated fat (PUF) regimen. At selected intervals a number of tests were carried out to assess the effect of SF or PUF on platelet composition and activation. Concomitant with the fall in serum cholesterol, associated with the PUF diet, there was a decrease in plasma heparin neutralizing activity (as measured by the heparin--thrombin clotting time), and a fall in the number of circulating platelet aggregates was also observed. These two parameters suggest diminished platelet activation. Malondialdehyde production (an index of prostaglandin synthesis) was unchanged throughout the two dietary periods. Changes in the quality of the dietary fat were manifested in the phospholipid fraction of platelet lipids, particularly phosphatidyl choline and sphingomyelin. Platelet counts of whole blood were significantly decreased when subjects were consuming PUF, but not all of these alterations were reflected in platelet-rich plasma. These results indicate that platelets may be activated in apparently normal people consuming a SF diet (the standard diet of developed countries) and that this activation may be decreased by replacement of dietary SF with PUF.", "PMID": 718738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7697", "title": "Cholesterol vehicle in experimental atherosclerosis. Part 16. Effect of peanut oil on pre-established lesions.", "content": "Rabbits were fed an atherogenic diet (2% cholesterol and 6% corn oil) for 8 weeks and then divided into groups of equal average serum cholesterol levels. One group was autopsied, and the others were returned to cholesterol-free diets consisting of commercial laboratory ration or ration augmented with 6% corn oil, peanut oil or PGF, a fat designed to resemble peanut oil minus arachidic and behenic acids. The animals were maintained on the diets for 8 more weeks. On all regimens, severity of atherosclerosis was exacerbated. The extent of exacerbation was significantly less in rabbits fed corn oil than in the others. The extent of exacerbation of lesions appears to be a function of the level of unsaturation of the dietary fats.", "contents": "Cholesterol vehicle in experimental atherosclerosis. Part 16. Effect of peanut oil on pre-established lesions. Rabbits were fed an atherogenic diet (2% cholesterol and 6% corn oil) for 8 weeks and then divided into groups of equal average serum cholesterol levels. One group was autopsied, and the others were returned to cholesterol-free diets consisting of commercial laboratory ration or ration augmented with 6% corn oil, peanut oil or PGF, a fat designed to resemble peanut oil minus arachidic and behenic acids. The animals were maintained on the diets for 8 more weeks. On all regimens, severity of atherosclerosis was exacerbated. The extent of exacerbation was significantly less in rabbits fed corn oil than in the others. The extent of exacerbation of lesions appears to be a function of the level of unsaturation of the dietary fats.", "PMID": 718739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7698", "title": "Aortic cholesteryl esterase. Influence of bile salts.", "content": "The in vitro activity of cholesteryl ester hydrolase preparations of rat and rabbit aortas was assayed in the presence of the taurine and glycine conjugates of cholic, chenodeoxycholic, deoxycholic and lithocholic acids or in the presence of Triton X-100 and Tween-20. Maximum activity was obtained with tauro- or glycocholic acids. As in the case of pancreatic cholesteryl esterase, trihydroxycholanoic acid derivatives may serve an obligatory function.", "contents": "Aortic cholesteryl esterase. Influence of bile salts. The in vitro activity of cholesteryl ester hydrolase preparations of rat and rabbit aortas was assayed in the presence of the taurine and glycine conjugates of cholic, chenodeoxycholic, deoxycholic and lithocholic acids or in the presence of Triton X-100 and Tween-20. Maximum activity was obtained with tauro- or glycocholic acids. As in the case of pancreatic cholesteryl esterase, trihydroxycholanoic acid derivatives may serve an obligatory function.", "PMID": 718740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7699", "title": "Immune mechanisms in patients with proven vascular disease.", "content": "Lymphocyte transformation and serum levels of immunoglobulins and complement were measured in groups of patients with old myocardial infarction, with peripheral vascular disease and in age- and sex-matched controls. There were no significant differences between the groups in phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) induced lymphocyte transformation, in IgA or in serum complement levels. The levels of IgG and IgM were significantly raised in patients with old proven infarcts while the level of IgM was raised in patients with peripheral vascular disease.", "contents": "Immune mechanisms in patients with proven vascular disease. Lymphocyte transformation and serum levels of immunoglobulins and complement were measured in groups of patients with old myocardial infarction, with peripheral vascular disease and in age- and sex-matched controls. There were no significant differences between the groups in phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) induced lymphocyte transformation, in IgA or in serum complement levels. The levels of IgG and IgM were significantly raised in patients with old proven infarcts while the level of IgM was raised in patients with peripheral vascular disease.", "PMID": 718741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7700", "title": "[Measurement of ventricular fluid pressure and brain tissue pressure in acute experimental communicating hydrocephalus (author's transl)].", "content": "Malabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid was made experimentally by the administration of neutral carbon black suspension into the lateral ventricles of 22 adult cats. The compartmental analysis of intracranial pressure at the intraventricular fluid and tissue pressure in the cerebral white matter was carried out in the early stage of the communicating hydrocephalus. Following results were obtained: 1) Cerebrospinal fluid pressure from the lateral ventricle was always significantly higher than that from the brain tissue during the process of ventricular expansion. 2) Water content in the cerebral white matter was correspondingly increased when the pressure difference with greater value in ventricular fluid pressure was maintained. However tissue water content was decreased definitively when such pressure values at two compartments were equalized due to augment of the tissue pressure component. 3) Decreasing of cerebral blood flow demonstrated in spite of relatively higher value of cerebral perfusion pressure. From these findings the authors speculated that a higher pressure in the ventricular system will be a driving force, by which the enlargement of ventricular system was induced.", "contents": "[Measurement of ventricular fluid pressure and brain tissue pressure in acute experimental communicating hydrocephalus (author's transl)]. Malabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid was made experimentally by the administration of neutral carbon black suspension into the lateral ventricles of 22 adult cats. The compartmental analysis of intracranial pressure at the intraventricular fluid and tissue pressure in the cerebral white matter was carried out in the early stage of the communicating hydrocephalus. Following results were obtained: 1) Cerebrospinal fluid pressure from the lateral ventricle was always significantly higher than that from the brain tissue during the process of ventricular expansion. 2) Water content in the cerebral white matter was correspondingly increased when the pressure difference with greater value in ventricular fluid pressure was maintained. However tissue water content was decreased definitively when such pressure values at two compartments were equalized due to augment of the tissue pressure component. 3) Decreasing of cerebral blood flow demonstrated in spite of relatively higher value of cerebral perfusion pressure. From these findings the authors speculated that a higher pressure in the ventricular system will be a driving force, by which the enlargement of ventricular system was induced.", "PMID": 718748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7701", "title": "[Angiographically visualized extravasation in a case of arteriovenous malformation: the first case in Japan (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of arteriovenous malformation (AVM) with angiographically visualized extravasation of contrast medium on carotid angiography has been reported. The patient, a 9-year-old girl, came to our clinic with chief complaints of unconsciousness and left hemiplegia. On right carotid angiogram, done 4 hours after stroke, an AVM with a large intracerebral hematoma at the region of the right basal ganglia was recognized. The AVM was feeded from several lenticulostriate arteries and a small branch from precentral artery, and drained into thalamostriate vein. The extravasation of contrast medium was seen in a sash like fashion through arterial and venous phase. Extravasation of contrast medium from AVM has been extremely rarely reported, and this is considered as the third reported case. From the study of these 3 cases, we have discussed about the rarity of the extravasation from AVM and the causative factors.", "contents": "[Angiographically visualized extravasation in a case of arteriovenous malformation: the first case in Japan (author's transl)]. A case of arteriovenous malformation (AVM) with angiographically visualized extravasation of contrast medium on carotid angiography has been reported. The patient, a 9-year-old girl, came to our clinic with chief complaints of unconsciousness and left hemiplegia. On right carotid angiogram, done 4 hours after stroke, an AVM with a large intracerebral hematoma at the region of the right basal ganglia was recognized. The AVM was feeded from several lenticulostriate arteries and a small branch from precentral artery, and drained into thalamostriate vein. The extravasation of contrast medium was seen in a sash like fashion through arterial and venous phase. Extravasation of contrast medium from AVM has been extremely rarely reported, and this is considered as the third reported case. From the study of these 3 cases, we have discussed about the rarity of the extravasation from AVM and the causative factors.", "PMID": 718752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7702", "title": "Plasma noradrenaline concentrations during isometric exercise.", "content": "Blood was collected simultaneously from the left ventricle and pulmonary artery in 12 patients undergoing routine cardiac catheterisation and was analysed for noradrenaline concentrations at rest, during, and after isometric stress (hand grip). Moderate isometric exercise resulted in a significant rise in plasma noradrenaline with a return to basal values 10 minutes after discontinuing the grip test. There were no significant differences in noradrenaline levels between the left ventricular and pulmonary arterial samples either at rest or during exercise. Three patients with evident left ventricular dysfunction had the highest plasma noradrenaline concentrations, in contrast to the much lower levels in 2 patients on beta-blockers and in 1 patient with a normal heart. As moderate isometric effort results in an important increase in noradrenaline level, this form of exercise could be dangerous in subjects suffering from ischaemic heart disease or in those with impaired left ventricular function since these patients are particularly susceptible to arrhythmias.", "contents": "Plasma noradrenaline concentrations during isometric exercise. Blood was collected simultaneously from the left ventricle and pulmonary artery in 12 patients undergoing routine cardiac catheterisation and was analysed for noradrenaline concentrations at rest, during, and after isometric stress (hand grip). Moderate isometric exercise resulted in a significant rise in plasma noradrenaline with a return to basal values 10 minutes after discontinuing the grip test. There were no significant differences in noradrenaline levels between the left ventricular and pulmonary arterial samples either at rest or during exercise. Three patients with evident left ventricular dysfunction had the highest plasma noradrenaline concentrations, in contrast to the much lower levels in 2 patients on beta-blockers and in 1 patient with a normal heart. As moderate isometric effort results in an important increase in noradrenaline level, this form of exercise could be dangerous in subjects suffering from ischaemic heart disease or in those with impaired left ventricular function since these patients are particularly susceptible to arrhythmias.", "PMID": 718761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7703", "title": "Excretion of myoglobin in urine after cardiac catheterisation.", "content": "Myoglobin levels were assayed in each urine specimen voided during 12 hours before and 48 hours after routine cardiac catheterisation in 146 patients using an indirect haemagglutination method detecting concentrations in excess of 0.015 mg/ml. Myoglobinuria was found in only one patient before but in 39 patients after cardiac catheterisation (27%), either in the first (34 patients) or the second (5 patients) post-catheterisation urine sample. Once detected, myoglobin was present in all subsequent urine specimens for the next 3 to 22 hours (mean 11.8 hours). The mean amount excreted +/- SE was 14.0 +/- 1.6 mg (range 2.6 to 30 mg) excluding the one patient with myoglobinuria before catheterisation. This patient, who had severe aortic stenosis and atherosclerotic heart disease, excreted 130 mg myoglobin. Patients with myoglobinuria required longer screening time to complete the procedures undertaken than those in whom myoglobin was not detected--15.6 +/- 1.4 and 11.1 +/- 0.6 minutes, respectively (mean +/- SE:P less than 0.01). We conclude that myoglobinuria is not uncommon after cardiac catheterisation, and that though the myoglobin detected may be released from skeletal muscle, it could be partly or wholly of cardiac origin and indicate transient, and presumably reversible, myocardial injury.", "contents": "Excretion of myoglobin in urine after cardiac catheterisation. Myoglobin levels were assayed in each urine specimen voided during 12 hours before and 48 hours after routine cardiac catheterisation in 146 patients using an indirect haemagglutination method detecting concentrations in excess of 0.015 mg/ml. Myoglobinuria was found in only one patient before but in 39 patients after cardiac catheterisation (27%), either in the first (34 patients) or the second (5 patients) post-catheterisation urine sample. Once detected, myoglobin was present in all subsequent urine specimens for the next 3 to 22 hours (mean 11.8 hours). The mean amount excreted +/- SE was 14.0 +/- 1.6 mg (range 2.6 to 30 mg) excluding the one patient with myoglobinuria before catheterisation. This patient, who had severe aortic stenosis and atherosclerotic heart disease, excreted 130 mg myoglobin. Patients with myoglobinuria required longer screening time to complete the procedures undertaken than those in whom myoglobin was not detected--15.6 +/- 1.4 and 11.1 +/- 0.6 minutes, respectively (mean +/- SE:P less than 0.01). We conclude that myoglobinuria is not uncommon after cardiac catheterisation, and that though the myoglobin detected may be released from skeletal muscle, it could be partly or wholly of cardiac origin and indicate transient, and presumably reversible, myocardial injury.", "PMID": 718762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7704", "title": "Immunological determination of serum m-AST activity in patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Serum m-AST (mitochondrial isoenzyme of AST) activity in patients with acute myocardial infarction was determined quantitatively by a new immunological technique which is sensitive and easily available. All 31 patients with acute myocardial infarction showed abnormally high levels of serum m-AST (more than 5 KU/ml); the mean serum m-AST activity attained its peak (42.0 +/- 4.9 KU/ml) on the first day after the onset of infarction 5 hours later than that of serum t-AST (total AST) activity in 15 patients whose peak m- and t-AST activities were identified clearly. The individual peak m-AST activity correlated with the total CK released (r = 0.83, n = 15), indicating that the release of m-AST also reflects the infarct size. The ratio of serum m-AST/t-AST increased following myocardial infarction and showed the maximal value (average 25.7%) on the third to seventh day after onset. This ratio in the patients with acute myocardial ifarction was also greater than that in patients with liver disease or with heart failure from causes other than acute myocardial infarction. In the patients who had the additional complication of heart failure and/or cardiogenic shock the ratio was also greater than that is the patients without these hazards. These results indicate that the ratio of serum m-AST/t-AST reflects the severity of the myocardial cellular damage in acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Immunological determination of serum m-AST activity in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Serum m-AST (mitochondrial isoenzyme of AST) activity in patients with acute myocardial infarction was determined quantitatively by a new immunological technique which is sensitive and easily available. All 31 patients with acute myocardial infarction showed abnormally high levels of serum m-AST (more than 5 KU/ml); the mean serum m-AST activity attained its peak (42.0 +/- 4.9 KU/ml) on the first day after the onset of infarction 5 hours later than that of serum t-AST (total AST) activity in 15 patients whose peak m- and t-AST activities were identified clearly. The individual peak m-AST activity correlated with the total CK released (r = 0.83, n = 15), indicating that the release of m-AST also reflects the infarct size. The ratio of serum m-AST/t-AST increased following myocardial infarction and showed the maximal value (average 25.7%) on the third to seventh day after onset. This ratio in the patients with acute myocardial ifarction was also greater than that in patients with liver disease or with heart failure from causes other than acute myocardial infarction. In the patients who had the additional complication of heart failure and/or cardiogenic shock the ratio was also greater than that is the patients without these hazards. These results indicate that the ratio of serum m-AST/t-AST reflects the severity of the myocardial cellular damage in acute myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 718764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7705", "title": "Determination of right ventricular wall thickness in systole and diastole. Echocardiographic and necropsy correlation in 32 patients.", "content": "To show that right ventricular wall thickness (RVWT) measurements can be made with precision by echocardiography, we correlated these measurements with those obtained at necropsy in 32 terminal patients. The correlation between the echocardiographic diastolic right ventricular wall thickness (mean 4.0 +/- 1.62 mm) and the necropsy measurement (mean 4.3 +/- 1.52 mm) was good (r = 0.83) in all 32 patients with normal or increased right ventricular wall thickness at necropsy. In 19 patients without necropsy evidence of right ventricular hypertrophy (RVWT less than or equal to 4 mm), the mean diastole and systolic right ventricular wall thickness were 3.0 +/- 0.92 mm and 5.1 +/- 1.64 mm, respectively. In 13 patients with necropsy evidence of right ventricular hypertrophy (RVWT greater than or equal to 5 mm), the mean diastolic and systolic right ventricular wall thicknesses were 5.3 +/- 1.56mm and 8.2 +/- 1.88 mm, respectively. We conclude that technically satisfactory echocardiograms of the right ventricular wall thicknesses. Echocardiography can reliably estimate the diastolic wall thickness and may be helpful in the evaluation of right ventricular hypertrophy.", "contents": "Determination of right ventricular wall thickness in systole and diastole. Echocardiographic and necropsy correlation in 32 patients. To show that right ventricular wall thickness (RVWT) measurements can be made with precision by echocardiography, we correlated these measurements with those obtained at necropsy in 32 terminal patients. The correlation between the echocardiographic diastolic right ventricular wall thickness (mean 4.0 +/- 1.62 mm) and the necropsy measurement (mean 4.3 +/- 1.52 mm) was good (r = 0.83) in all 32 patients with normal or increased right ventricular wall thickness at necropsy. In 19 patients without necropsy evidence of right ventricular hypertrophy (RVWT less than or equal to 4 mm), the mean diastole and systolic right ventricular wall thickness were 3.0 +/- 0.92 mm and 5.1 +/- 1.64 mm, respectively. In 13 patients with necropsy evidence of right ventricular hypertrophy (RVWT greater than or equal to 5 mm), the mean diastolic and systolic right ventricular wall thicknesses were 5.3 +/- 1.56mm and 8.2 +/- 1.88 mm, respectively. We conclude that technically satisfactory echocardiograms of the right ventricular wall thicknesses. Echocardiography can reliably estimate the diastolic wall thickness and may be helpful in the evaluation of right ventricular hypertrophy.", "PMID": 718765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7706", "title": "Noninvasive assessment of left ventricular function in myotonic muscular dystrophy.", "content": "In order to assess left ventricular function, measurements of left ventricular internal dimension and its rate of change have been made by echocardiography in 7 patients with myotonic dystrophy and the three children of one of them, who were clinically normal but had abnormal muscle biopsies. Electrocardiograms and systolic time intervals were also recorded in all. Only one patient had signs of overt heart disease and an abnormal electrocardiogram (type B WPW). Systolic time intervals were normal in all 7 patients. Five subjects had echocardiographic abnormalities, which were of minor degree except in the patient with overt heart disease who had considerable impairment of both systolic and diastolic left ventricular function. Another patient had abnormalities of both systolic and diastolic function; systolic abnormalities occurred alone in one patient and diastolic abnormalities alone in one relative. It is concluded that patients with myotonic dystrophy and no clinical signs of heart disease may have minor abnormalities of left ventricular function as shown by echocardiography. Echocardiography is more sensitive than systolic time intervals in detecting these abnormalities; both systolic and diastolic function abnormalities, alone or together, can occur. There seems to be no relation between involvement of skeletal and cardiac muscle.", "contents": "Noninvasive assessment of left ventricular function in myotonic muscular dystrophy. In order to assess left ventricular function, measurements of left ventricular internal dimension and its rate of change have been made by echocardiography in 7 patients with myotonic dystrophy and the three children of one of them, who were clinically normal but had abnormal muscle biopsies. Electrocardiograms and systolic time intervals were also recorded in all. Only one patient had signs of overt heart disease and an abnormal electrocardiogram (type B WPW). Systolic time intervals were normal in all 7 patients. Five subjects had echocardiographic abnormalities, which were of minor degree except in the patient with overt heart disease who had considerable impairment of both systolic and diastolic left ventricular function. Another patient had abnormalities of both systolic and diastolic function; systolic abnormalities occurred alone in one patient and diastolic abnormalities alone in one relative. It is concluded that patients with myotonic dystrophy and no clinical signs of heart disease may have minor abnormalities of left ventricular function as shown by echocardiography. Echocardiography is more sensitive than systolic time intervals in detecting these abnormalities; both systolic and diastolic function abnormalities, alone or together, can occur. There seems to be no relation between involvement of skeletal and cardiac muscle.", "PMID": 718766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7707", "title": "Ebstein's anomaly in persistent common atrioventricualr canal.", "content": "This report documents 2 patients who presented with cyanosis early in life. In both instances the necropsy showed the simultaneous occurrence of an imcomplete type of persistent atrioventricular canal and an Ebstein's malformation of the \"tricuspid\" valve component. In the first patient no clinical investigations were done. In the second patient the electrocardiogram was consistent with persistent atrioventricular canal and the angiocardiogram showed the characteristic goose-neck deformity. Moreover, an abnormality of the right cardiac contour was seen, which in retrospect was correlated with the right-sided Ebstein's malformation. Ebstein's anomaly may significantly alter the clinical and haemodynamic profile of atrioventricular canal and should be considered in atypical cases. The presence of Ebstein's anomaly will complicate surgical repair of the atrioventricular canal.", "contents": "Ebstein's anomaly in persistent common atrioventricualr canal. This report documents 2 patients who presented with cyanosis early in life. In both instances the necropsy showed the simultaneous occurrence of an imcomplete type of persistent atrioventricular canal and an Ebstein's malformation of the \"tricuspid\" valve component. In the first patient no clinical investigations were done. In the second patient the electrocardiogram was consistent with persistent atrioventricular canal and the angiocardiogram showed the characteristic goose-neck deformity. Moreover, an abnormality of the right cardiac contour was seen, which in retrospect was correlated with the right-sided Ebstein's malformation. Ebstein's anomaly may significantly alter the clinical and haemodynamic profile of atrioventricular canal and should be considered in atypical cases. The presence of Ebstein's anomaly will complicate surgical repair of the atrioventricular canal.", "PMID": 718768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7708", "title": "Noninvasive cardiovascular findings in familial amyloid polyneuropathy.", "content": "The cardiovascular system was examined in 19 cases of familial amyloid polyneuropathy. In a group of patients with neurological involvement, various cardiac abnormalities were common, including orthostatic hypotension, prominent apex cardiographic A waves, abnormal apical systolic waves (bulges), systolic murmurs, mid-systolic clicks, QS waves, atrioventricular block, left bundlebranch block, and abnormalities of ejection time and pre-ejection period. Though there was one case with pronounced cardiac abnormality despite a normal neurological state, and though cardiovascular symptoms appeared later than neurological symptoms, the degree of cardiac involvement generally paralleled the severity of the neurological disorder.", "contents": "Noninvasive cardiovascular findings in familial amyloid polyneuropathy. The cardiovascular system was examined in 19 cases of familial amyloid polyneuropathy. In a group of patients with neurological involvement, various cardiac abnormalities were common, including orthostatic hypotension, prominent apex cardiographic A waves, abnormal apical systolic waves (bulges), systolic murmurs, mid-systolic clicks, QS waves, atrioventricular block, left bundlebranch block, and abnormalities of ejection time and pre-ejection period. Though there was one case with pronounced cardiac abnormality despite a normal neurological state, and though cardiovascular symptoms appeared later than neurological symptoms, the degree of cardiac involvement generally paralleled the severity of the neurological disorder.", "PMID": 718770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7709", "title": "Severe pulmonary hypertension in advanced aortic valve disease.", "content": "Review of haemodynamic data of 151 cases with isolated aortic valve disease revealed severe pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary arterial systolic pressure of 60 mmHg or more) in 17 (11%). The left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was high in all but one case, suggesting that the severe pulmonary hypertension was a reflection of the late stages of aortic valve disease. The majority (64.7%) had a low cardiac index. Premature closure of the mitral valve was seen in 12 of the 17 patients. While the incidence of premature mitral closure was the same as in others with mild and moderate pulmonary hypertension, the average reversed ventriculoatrial gradient was higher in the latter groups.", "contents": "Severe pulmonary hypertension in advanced aortic valve disease. Review of haemodynamic data of 151 cases with isolated aortic valve disease revealed severe pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary arterial systolic pressure of 60 mmHg or more) in 17 (11%). The left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was high in all but one case, suggesting that the severe pulmonary hypertension was a reflection of the late stages of aortic valve disease. The majority (64.7%) had a low cardiac index. Premature closure of the mitral valve was seen in 12 of the 17 patients. While the incidence of premature mitral closure was the same as in others with mild and moderate pulmonary hypertension, the average reversed ventriculoatrial gradient was higher in the latter groups.", "PMID": 718773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7710", "title": "Familial sinus node dysfunction with autosomal dominant inheritance.", "content": "A large family with sinus node dysfunction is described, spanning three generations and with an autosomal dominant trait. There was an obvious association between the grade of mental retardation and the severity of the sinoatrial disorder.", "contents": "Familial sinus node dysfunction with autosomal dominant inheritance. A large family with sinus node dysfunction is described, spanning three generations and with an autosomal dominant trait. There was an obvious association between the grade of mental retardation and the severity of the sinoatrial disorder.", "PMID": 718774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7711", "title": "Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (type A) complicated by heart block in both normal and accessory pathways.", "content": "A 67-year-old man with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome type A presented with second degree atrioventricular block in anomalous pathway and complete infra-Hisian block in the His-Purkinje pathway. He had increasingly frequent attacks of dizziness not related to exercise. A permanent ventricular demand pacemaker was successfully implanted following intracardiac electrophysiological studies.", "contents": "Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (type A) complicated by heart block in both normal and accessory pathways. A 67-year-old man with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome type A presented with second degree atrioventricular block in anomalous pathway and complete infra-Hisian block in the His-Purkinje pathway. He had increasingly frequent attacks of dizziness not related to exercise. A permanent ventricular demand pacemaker was successfully implanted following intracardiac electrophysiological studies.", "PMID": 718775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7712", "title": "Pressure reversal of general anaesthesia--a multi-site expansion hypothesis.", "content": "We have quantitated the pressure reversal of continuous i. v. anaesthesia produced in rats by ketamine, methohexitone, propanidid and thiopentone. These and other data are not consistent with the earlier critical volume hypothesis of general anaesthesia and therefore we postulate an alternative molecular mechanism--the multi-site expansion hypothesis.", "contents": "Pressure reversal of general anaesthesia--a multi-site expansion hypothesis. We have quantitated the pressure reversal of continuous i. v. anaesthesia produced in rats by ketamine, methohexitone, propanidid and thiopentone. These and other data are not consistent with the earlier critical volume hypothesis of general anaesthesia and therefore we postulate an alternative molecular mechanism--the multi-site expansion hypothesis.", "PMID": 718777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7713", "title": "Effect of certain anaesthetic agents on the activity of rat hepatic delta-aminolaevulinate synthase.", "content": "The activity of delta-aminolaevulinic acid synthase (E.C.2.3.1.37) (the rate-limiting enzyme for haem and porphyrin biosynthesis) has been measured in the rat liver after the repeated administration of anaesthetic agents in vivo. The activity of the enzyme was increased by Althesin, chlordiazepoxide, enflurane, etomidate, lignocaine, methohexitone, methoxyflurane, pentazocine and thiopentone and decreased by procaine. No significant changes in activity occurred after the administration of amethocaine, atropine, bupivacaine, diazepam, droperidol, halothane, ketamine, morphine, nitrous oxide, pethidine, phenoperidine, prilocaine and propanidid. It is suggested that those anaesthetic agents which induced activity of the enzyme should not be administered to patients with an acute porphyria.", "contents": "Effect of certain anaesthetic agents on the activity of rat hepatic delta-aminolaevulinate synthase. The activity of delta-aminolaevulinic acid synthase (E.C.2.3.1.37) (the rate-limiting enzyme for haem and porphyrin biosynthesis) has been measured in the rat liver after the repeated administration of anaesthetic agents in vivo. The activity of the enzyme was increased by Althesin, chlordiazepoxide, enflurane, etomidate, lignocaine, methohexitone, methoxyflurane, pentazocine and thiopentone and decreased by procaine. No significant changes in activity occurred after the administration of amethocaine, atropine, bupivacaine, diazepam, droperidol, halothane, ketamine, morphine, nitrous oxide, pethidine, phenoperidine, prilocaine and propanidid. It is suggested that those anaesthetic agents which induced activity of the enzyme should not be administered to patients with an acute porphyria.", "PMID": 718778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7714", "title": "Muscle blood flow and rate of recovery from pancuronium neuromuscular blockade in dogs.", "content": "The effect of changes in muscle blood flow on the rate of recovery from neuromuscular block produced by pancuronium was investigated in dogs, and were shown to be independent variables. The significance of this finding in relation to recent work on blood concentrations of the drug and on the pharmacodynamics of the drug is discussed.", "contents": "Muscle blood flow and rate of recovery from pancuronium neuromuscular blockade in dogs. The effect of changes in muscle blood flow on the rate of recovery from neuromuscular block produced by pancuronium was investigated in dogs, and were shown to be independent variables. The significance of this finding in relation to recent work on blood concentrations of the drug and on the pharmacodynamics of the drug is discussed.", "PMID": 718779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7715", "title": "Comparison of sampling techniques for studies of nitrous oxide pollution.", "content": "The retention of nitrous oxide in samples of nitrous oxide in air held in disposable plastic syringes, glass syringes and custom-made nylon film bags was studied by means of gas chromatography at intervals of 90 min, 24, 48 and 120 h after filling the containers. After 24 h the nylon bags retained a mean concentration of 94.5% of the original concentration of nitrous oxide. The disposable plastic syringes and glass syringes were unsatisfactory and retained only 80% of the original concentration of nitrous oxide after 90 min. These values decreased to 51% and 31% of the original concentration of nitrous oxide respectively at 24 and 48 h.", "contents": "Comparison of sampling techniques for studies of nitrous oxide pollution. The retention of nitrous oxide in samples of nitrous oxide in air held in disposable plastic syringes, glass syringes and custom-made nylon film bags was studied by means of gas chromatography at intervals of 90 min, 24, 48 and 120 h after filling the containers. After 24 h the nylon bags retained a mean concentration of 94.5% of the original concentration of nitrous oxide. The disposable plastic syringes and glass syringes were unsatisfactory and retained only 80% of the original concentration of nitrous oxide after 90 min. These values decreased to 51% and 31% of the original concentration of nitrous oxide respectively at 24 and 48 h.", "PMID": 718780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7716", "title": "A pharmacodynamic model for pancuronium.", "content": "It has been demonstrated that a simple two-compartment kinetic model may account for the changes in plasma concentration of pancuronium after i.v. administration. However, it can be shown that this simple model does not account satisfactory for the observed changes in muscle twitch response. By the addition of a receptor (biophase) compartment, twitch response can be reconciled with model behavior and the characteristics resemble those predicted by animal studies. The complete model is applied to the problem of total renal failure, and shows that patients with this condition are likely to be marginally resistant to small doses of pancuronium, with a normal rate of recovery. However, larger doses are likely to result in delayed recovery, the duration of effect increasing in a dose-dependent manner.", "contents": "A pharmacodynamic model for pancuronium. It has been demonstrated that a simple two-compartment kinetic model may account for the changes in plasma concentration of pancuronium after i.v. administration. However, it can be shown that this simple model does not account satisfactory for the observed changes in muscle twitch response. By the addition of a receptor (biophase) compartment, twitch response can be reconciled with model behavior and the characteristics resemble those predicted by animal studies. The complete model is applied to the problem of total renal failure, and shows that patients with this condition are likely to be marginally resistant to small doses of pancuronium, with a normal rate of recovery. However, larger doses are likely to result in delayed recovery, the duration of effect increasing in a dose-dependent manner.", "PMID": 718781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7717", "title": "Variation in the disposition of morphine after i.m. administration in surgical patients.", "content": "The disposition of morphine when administered by i.m. injection was studied in 36 patients receiving morphine as part of premedication before general anaesthesia, and in five patients who received morphine as a postoperative analgesic after median sternotomy for coronary artery surgery (PCA group). Maximum plasma concentration of morphine (CP max) was 75.3 +/- 6.0 (mean elimination rate constant (k) 4.85 X 10(-3) min-1 and half-life (T1/2) = 143 min for the preanaesthetic group. The corresponding values for PCA group were CPmax = 58.0 +/- 18.0 ng ml-1 (range 30--130 ng ml-1), k = 5.63 X 10(-3) min-1 and T 1/2 = 123 min. Analysis of variance showed no differences between the groups. Within the preanaesthetic group, there was a significant difference in k between males (k = 4.01 X 10(-3) min-1) and females (6.30 X 10(-3) min-1, P less than 0.01). The corresponding T 1/2 for males was 173 min; and 110 min for females. The variation in the disposition of morphine is thought to be the result of variations in resting muscle blood flow and inadvertent injection into adipose tissue. There were no significant differences between males and females in the preanaesthetic group with respect to age, Cpmax or time from injection to Cpmax.", "contents": "Variation in the disposition of morphine after i.m. administration in surgical patients. The disposition of morphine when administered by i.m. injection was studied in 36 patients receiving morphine as part of premedication before general anaesthesia, and in five patients who received morphine as a postoperative analgesic after median sternotomy for coronary artery surgery (PCA group). Maximum plasma concentration of morphine (CP max) was 75.3 +/- 6.0 (mean elimination rate constant (k) 4.85 X 10(-3) min-1 and half-life (T1/2) = 143 min for the preanaesthetic group. The corresponding values for PCA group were CPmax = 58.0 +/- 18.0 ng ml-1 (range 30--130 ng ml-1), k = 5.63 X 10(-3) min-1 and T 1/2 = 123 min. Analysis of variance showed no differences between the groups. Within the preanaesthetic group, there was a significant difference in k between males (k = 4.01 X 10(-3) min-1) and females (6.30 X 10(-3) min-1, P less than 0.01). The corresponding T 1/2 for males was 173 min; and 110 min for females. The variation in the disposition of morphine is thought to be the result of variations in resting muscle blood flow and inadvertent injection into adipose tissue. There were no significant differences between males and females in the preanaesthetic group with respect to age, Cpmax or time from injection to Cpmax.", "PMID": 718782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7718", "title": "Pancuronium pharmacokinetics in patients with liver cirrhosis.", "content": "The serum and urinary concentrations of pancuronium were measured in 14 surgical patients with cirrhosis and 12 patients free from liver disease undergoing abdominal surgery. A two-compartment open model was used in the pharmacokinetic analysis of the data. A two-fold increase in both the distribution half-life (T 1/2 alpha) from 11 min to 24 min and in the elimination half-life (T 1/2 beta) from 114 min to 208 min was observed in patients with cirrhosis. In these individuals, the total apparent volume of distribution of pancuronium was increased by 50%. Plasma clearance of pancuronium was decreased by 22%. No significant difference was found in the urinary excretion and biotransformation pattern of pancuronium. These results suggest that there is a risk of prolonged duration of action of pancuronium in patients with cirrhosis. In these patients, the initial dose to achieve adequate muscle relaxation is high and simultaneously there is slow disappearance of pancuronium from plasma. These alterations are mainly a consequence of the increase in the distribution volume of pancuronium in patients with cirrhosis.", "contents": "Pancuronium pharmacokinetics in patients with liver cirrhosis. The serum and urinary concentrations of pancuronium were measured in 14 surgical patients with cirrhosis and 12 patients free from liver disease undergoing abdominal surgery. A two-compartment open model was used in the pharmacokinetic analysis of the data. A two-fold increase in both the distribution half-life (T 1/2 alpha) from 11 min to 24 min and in the elimination half-life (T 1/2 beta) from 114 min to 208 min was observed in patients with cirrhosis. In these individuals, the total apparent volume of distribution of pancuronium was increased by 50%. Plasma clearance of pancuronium was decreased by 22%. No significant difference was found in the urinary excretion and biotransformation pattern of pancuronium. These results suggest that there is a risk of prolonged duration of action of pancuronium in patients with cirrhosis. In these patients, the initial dose to achieve adequate muscle relaxation is high and simultaneously there is slow disappearance of pancuronium from plasma. These alterations are mainly a consequence of the increase in the distribution volume of pancuronium in patients with cirrhosis.", "PMID": 718783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7719", "title": "Gastro-oesophageal pressure gradient changes produced by induction of anaesthesia and suxamethonium.", "content": "The pressures in the lower oesophageal sphincter (high pressure zone or HPZ) and stomach were measured in 15 patients with duodenal ulcer and 14 patients with no gastrointestinal disease. All the patients were premedicated with morphine 10 mg i.m. In the patients without duodenal ulcer, the pressure gradient between HPZ and stomach was 6.6 +/- 0.62 mm Hg (mean +/- SEM) before diminishing to 4.9 +/- 0.86 after induction of anaesthesia with thiopentone. During fasciculations following i.v. suxamethonium, the gradient increased to 7.1 +/- 1.0 mm Hg. In patients with duodenal ulcer, although the absolute pressures were less, the gradients during the study were similar to those in healthy patients. We conclude that there is no increased risk of regurgitation during fasciculations induced by suxamethonium.", "contents": "Gastro-oesophageal pressure gradient changes produced by induction of anaesthesia and suxamethonium. The pressures in the lower oesophageal sphincter (high pressure zone or HPZ) and stomach were measured in 15 patients with duodenal ulcer and 14 patients with no gastrointestinal disease. All the patients were premedicated with morphine 10 mg i.m. In the patients without duodenal ulcer, the pressure gradient between HPZ and stomach was 6.6 +/- 0.62 mm Hg (mean +/- SEM) before diminishing to 4.9 +/- 0.86 after induction of anaesthesia with thiopentone. During fasciculations following i.v. suxamethonium, the gradient increased to 7.1 +/- 1.0 mm Hg. In patients with duodenal ulcer, although the absolute pressures were less, the gradients during the study were similar to those in healthy patients. We conclude that there is no increased risk of regurgitation during fasciculations induced by suxamethonium.", "PMID": 718784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7720", "title": "Relationship between stomach contents and analgesia in labour.", "content": "The volume of stomach contents found in patients undergoing Caesarean section was studied. The largest volumes were found in patients who had received pethidine analgesia and the smallest volumes in patients who had received either extradural analgesia or no analgesia. Intermediate volumes were found in patients who had received pethidine in addition to extradural analgesia. Pethidine, rather than the emotional stress of labour, was thought to cause gastric retention. Patients having elective Caesarean sections had considerably less gastric retention than patients in labour.", "contents": "Relationship between stomach contents and analgesia in labour. The volume of stomach contents found in patients undergoing Caesarean section was studied. The largest volumes were found in patients who had received pethidine analgesia and the smallest volumes in patients who had received either extradural analgesia or no analgesia. Intermediate volumes were found in patients who had received pethidine in addition to extradural analgesia. Pethidine, rather than the emotional stress of labour, was thought to cause gastric retention. Patients having elective Caesarean sections had considerably less gastric retention than patients in labour.", "PMID": 718785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7721", "title": "An automatic interference refractometer.", "content": "Interference refractometry is a well-established method of determining the concentration of anaesthetic agents in gas mixtures. A photo-electric detector system has been fitted to a small portable, direct-reading interference refractometer to display automatically the concentration of the agent being measured. The design of the instrument is described and two possible methods of information display are suggested.", "contents": "An automatic interference refractometer. Interference refractometry is a well-established method of determining the concentration of anaesthetic agents in gas mixtures. A photo-electric detector system has been fitted to a small portable, direct-reading interference refractometer to display automatically the concentration of the agent being measured. The design of the instrument is described and two possible methods of information display are suggested.", "PMID": 718786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7722", "title": "Staffing in anaesthesia in Australasia.", "content": "A survey of Australasian departments of anaesthesia was undertaken. Recommendations for ideal staffing are made and the extent to which present staffing satisfies these recommendations is described.", "contents": "Staffing in anaesthesia in Australasia. A survey of Australasian departments of anaesthesia was undertaken. Recommendations for ideal staffing are made and the extent to which present staffing satisfies these recommendations is described.", "PMID": 718788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7723", "title": "Light and electron microscope studies of the rat digestive tract following prolonged and short-term ingestion of chrysotile asbestos.", "content": "Rats were fed diets containing 0.5 mg or 50 mg of chrysotile asbestos each day for 1 week or 14 months and tissues of the gastrointestinal tract were examined by light and electron microscopy. At the light microscope level the oesophagus, stomach and caecum in treated animals appeared unaffected, whereas accumulation of cellular debris and Alcian blue-positive material was apparent in the ileal, rectal and colonic lumens. Electron microscope examination of the colon and ileum of rats ingesting 50 mg chrysotile/day for 14 months confirmed these findings and indicated changes in the mucosal lining cells of the ileum which were consistent with a mineral-induced cytotoxicity. These results are compared with those reported in a similar previous biochemical study and the specificity of asbestos action on certain regions of the gastrointestinal tract is discussed.", "contents": "Light and electron microscope studies of the rat digestive tract following prolonged and short-term ingestion of chrysotile asbestos. Rats were fed diets containing 0.5 mg or 50 mg of chrysotile asbestos each day for 1 week or 14 months and tissues of the gastrointestinal tract were examined by light and electron microscopy. At the light microscope level the oesophagus, stomach and caecum in treated animals appeared unaffected, whereas accumulation of cellular debris and Alcian blue-positive material was apparent in the ileal, rectal and colonic lumens. Electron microscope examination of the colon and ileum of rats ingesting 50 mg chrysotile/day for 14 months confirmed these findings and indicated changes in the mucosal lining cells of the ileum which were consistent with a mineral-induced cytotoxicity. These results are compared with those reported in a similar previous biochemical study and the specificity of asbestos action on certain regions of the gastrointestinal tract is discussed.", "PMID": 718798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7724", "title": "Modification of the tuberculin reaction by levan.", "content": "High molecular levan (polyfructoside) inhibits the skin tuberculin reaction in guinea pigs as judged by the degree of induration and erythema. The effect is dose-dependent. No effect on cellular infiltration was observed in histological studies. The lymph nodes of levan-treated animals were smaller and exhibited a much milder granulomatous reaction than those of non-treated animals.", "contents": "Modification of the tuberculin reaction by levan. High molecular levan (polyfructoside) inhibits the skin tuberculin reaction in guinea pigs as judged by the degree of induration and erythema. The effect is dose-dependent. No effect on cellular infiltration was observed in histological studies. The lymph nodes of levan-treated animals were smaller and exhibited a much milder granulomatous reaction than those of non-treated animals.", "PMID": 718799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7725", "title": "Changes in the nuclei of astrocytes following portacaval shunting and portacaval transposition in the rat.", "content": "Structural abnormalities are found in the astrocytes of the dentate nuclei of animals after portacaval shunting (PCS). These changes are also found in man in association with portal-systemic encephalopathy. To investigate the relationship between portal-systemic shunting and hepatocellular dysfunction in the pathogenesis of these changes, PCS and protacaval transposition (PCT) were performed in rats. PCT diverts portal blood into the systemic circulation, but retains normal total hepatic blood flow by perfusion with systemic venous blood. Liver function and mass are better preserved than after PCS. Abnormal glial cells were found in 4.03% of animals following sham operation, 13.45% following PCT, and 19.09% following PCS. Both experimental groups differed significantly from control animals, and the number of abnormal cells was significantly higher after PCS than after PCT. These findings are in keeping with the hypothesis that hepatocellular dysfunction plays an important role in addition to portal-systemic shunting in the aetiology of the structural changes in the brain associated with hepatic encephalopathy.", "contents": "Changes in the nuclei of astrocytes following portacaval shunting and portacaval transposition in the rat. Structural abnormalities are found in the astrocytes of the dentate nuclei of animals after portacaval shunting (PCS). These changes are also found in man in association with portal-systemic encephalopathy. To investigate the relationship between portal-systemic shunting and hepatocellular dysfunction in the pathogenesis of these changes, PCS and protacaval transposition (PCT) were performed in rats. PCT diverts portal blood into the systemic circulation, but retains normal total hepatic blood flow by perfusion with systemic venous blood. Liver function and mass are better preserved than after PCS. Abnormal glial cells were found in 4.03% of animals following sham operation, 13.45% following PCT, and 19.09% following PCS. Both experimental groups differed significantly from control animals, and the number of abnormal cells was significantly higher after PCS than after PCT. These findings are in keeping with the hypothesis that hepatocellular dysfunction plays an important role in addition to portal-systemic shunting in the aetiology of the structural changes in the brain associated with hepatic encephalopathy.", "PMID": 718800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7726", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of early postmortem artefacts in the small intestine of a neonatal calf.", "content": "The stereoscopic appearance of early postmortem artefacts in the small intestine of a normal calf was examined with the scanning electron microscope. Swelling of villus tips and denudation of a few villi was observed 10 min after severing the carotid arteries. Similar changes were not seen in samples removed under anaesthesia.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of early postmortem artefacts in the small intestine of a neonatal calf. The stereoscopic appearance of early postmortem artefacts in the small intestine of a normal calf was examined with the scanning electron microscope. Swelling of villus tips and denudation of a few villi was observed 10 min after severing the carotid arteries. Similar changes were not seen in samples removed under anaesthesia.", "PMID": 718801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7727", "title": "The effect of D-galactosamine on plasma protein synthesis by the perfused rat liver from turpentine-stimulated donors.", "content": "D-galactosamine (100 mg) was added to the reconstituted blood during 4h perfusion of livers isolated either from control rats or those injected with turpentine 20 h or 5 h earlier. This dose of galactosamine administered 30 min before [3H]lysine significantly inhibited the incorporation of the label into liver proteins, and even more into plasma proteins, but albumin and acute-phase reactants (fibrinogen, seromucoid fraction, Concanavalin A-adsorbed glycoproteins) were all similarly affected. When galactosamine was administered in vivo simultaneously with turpentine, and the liver was isolated 5 h later, trauma-induced fibrinogen synthesis was selectively inhibited. This can be explained either by a differential control of synthesis of various acute-phase reactants, or by augmentation of catabolism of fibrinogen in galactosamine-treated rats. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis of the full perfusate or Concanavalin A-adsorbed glycoproteins did not reveal any significant effect of galactosamine on the protein pattern obtained from control or turpentine-stimulated liver donors.", "contents": "The effect of D-galactosamine on plasma protein synthesis by the perfused rat liver from turpentine-stimulated donors. D-galactosamine (100 mg) was added to the reconstituted blood during 4h perfusion of livers isolated either from control rats or those injected with turpentine 20 h or 5 h earlier. This dose of galactosamine administered 30 min before [3H]lysine significantly inhibited the incorporation of the label into liver proteins, and even more into plasma proteins, but albumin and acute-phase reactants (fibrinogen, seromucoid fraction, Concanavalin A-adsorbed glycoproteins) were all similarly affected. When galactosamine was administered in vivo simultaneously with turpentine, and the liver was isolated 5 h later, trauma-induced fibrinogen synthesis was selectively inhibited. This can be explained either by a differential control of synthesis of various acute-phase reactants, or by augmentation of catabolism of fibrinogen in galactosamine-treated rats. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis of the full perfusate or Concanavalin A-adsorbed glycoproteins did not reveal any significant effect of galactosamine on the protein pattern obtained from control or turpentine-stimulated liver donors.", "PMID": 718802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7728", "title": "A stereological analysis of the effect of 19-nortestosterone (Durabolin) on rat skeletal muscle.", "content": "It is known that some anabolic steroids are capable of increasing the sizes of skeletal muscles or increasing their mechanical performance. The present study was undertaken to establish quantitatively the alterations which occur in skeletal muscle fibres as a result of the injection of 19-nortestosterone (nandrolone phenyl proprionate). Specimens of diaphragm were obtained from the experimental and control animals and prepared for electron microscopy and stereological analyses. Following low doses of the steroid stereological analyses have shown that in Type I and in intermediate fibres their mitochondrial volume proportions increase though their myofilament contents decrease. With higher doses, stereological analyses have shown that the mitochondrial volume proportions were increased particularly in intermediate fibres whilst the myofilament content of Type I and II fibres was significantly reduced.", "contents": "A stereological analysis of the effect of 19-nortestosterone (Durabolin) on rat skeletal muscle. It is known that some anabolic steroids are capable of increasing the sizes of skeletal muscles or increasing their mechanical performance. The present study was undertaken to establish quantitatively the alterations which occur in skeletal muscle fibres as a result of the injection of 19-nortestosterone (nandrolone phenyl proprionate). Specimens of diaphragm were obtained from the experimental and control animals and prepared for electron microscopy and stereological analyses. Following low doses of the steroid stereological analyses have shown that in Type I and in intermediate fibres their mitochondrial volume proportions increase though their myofilament contents decrease. With higher doses, stereological analyses have shown that the mitochondrial volume proportions were increased particularly in intermediate fibres whilst the myofilament content of Type I and II fibres was significantly reduced.", "PMID": 718803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7729", "title": "The treatment of uterine bleeding with vasopressin hormonogen (glypressin)--a pilot study.", "content": "In a pilot study 12 women with severe uterine bleeding received an intravenous injection of 0.2 mg of a vasopressin hormonogen, glypressin. In 11 of the patients a rapid reduction or cessation of blood loss were observed. Two patients had facial pallor following the injection but no other side effects occurred. Five of the older women with long histories of menorrhagia were placed on a regime of one injection of glypressin on the first day of menstruation for six months; in all of them the duration of bleeding was reduced to three days and the monthly blood loss became very slight. On the basis of these results more extensive clinical trials in menorrhagia and metrorrhagia are recommended.", "contents": "The treatment of uterine bleeding with vasopressin hormonogen (glypressin)--a pilot study. In a pilot study 12 women with severe uterine bleeding received an intravenous injection of 0.2 mg of a vasopressin hormonogen, glypressin. In 11 of the patients a rapid reduction or cessation of blood loss were observed. Two patients had facial pallor following the injection but no other side effects occurred. Five of the older women with long histories of menorrhagia were placed on a regime of one injection of glypressin on the first day of menstruation for six months; in all of them the duration of bleeding was reduced to three days and the monthly blood loss became very slight. On the basis of these results more extensive clinical trials in menorrhagia and metrorrhagia are recommended.", "PMID": 718805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7730", "title": "Haemoglobin Aic (glycohaemoglobin) in diabetic pregnancy: an indicator of glucose control and fetal size.", "content": "Haemoglobin AIc (Hb AIc), a glycohaemoglobin present in normal human blood, is elevated in glucose intolerant individuals. In non-pregnant diabetic subjects, a direct relationship has been established between per cent Hb AIc and blood and urinary glucose levels over weeks and months. In this study, Hb AIc level and mean random blood glucose concentration in the third trimester of pregnancy were found to correlate directly in 12 diabetic women without vascular disease (P less than 0.001). In this same group of women, third trimester Hb AIc levels also correlated significantly with infant birth weight (P less than 0.05) and birth weight adjusted for gestational are (P less than 0.01). Finally, third trimester mean blood glucose concentrations also correlated directly with birth weight (P less than 0.05) and adjusted birth weight (P less than 0.001). In pregnancies complicated by diabetes, rigid glucose control has been recommended to achieve optimal fetal and maternal outcomes. Hb AIc is a new tool with which to assess blood glucose control during diabetic pregnancy.", "contents": "Haemoglobin Aic (glycohaemoglobin) in diabetic pregnancy: an indicator of glucose control and fetal size. Haemoglobin AIc (Hb AIc), a glycohaemoglobin present in normal human blood, is elevated in glucose intolerant individuals. In non-pregnant diabetic subjects, a direct relationship has been established between per cent Hb AIc and blood and urinary glucose levels over weeks and months. In this study, Hb AIc level and mean random blood glucose concentration in the third trimester of pregnancy were found to correlate directly in 12 diabetic women without vascular disease (P less than 0.001). In this same group of women, third trimester Hb AIc levels also correlated significantly with infant birth weight (P less than 0.05) and birth weight adjusted for gestational are (P less than 0.01). Finally, third trimester mean blood glucose concentrations also correlated directly with birth weight (P less than 0.05) and adjusted birth weight (P less than 0.001). In pregnancies complicated by diabetes, rigid glucose control has been recommended to achieve optimal fetal and maternal outcomes. Hb AIc is a new tool with which to assess blood glucose control during diabetic pregnancy.", "PMID": 718807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7731", "title": "Plasma pregnancy-specific beta1-glycoprotein in complications of early pregnancy.", "content": "The prognostic value of a single plasma pregnancy-specific beta1-glycoprotein estimation was assessed in 64 patients admitted with a history of vaginal bleeding between 7 and 19 weeks gestation. A correct prognosis was obtained in a high percentage of cases with either continuing pregnancies or with non-viable pregnancies. In very early pregnancy with a gestation less than 10 weeks, a correct prognosis was obtained in about 75 per cent of cases but serial estimations in this group might improve the prognostic value of the test. The assay proved to be infallible where there was doubt as to whether the subject was pregnant. In the present study, single HPL estimations proved to be less useful in evaluating the outcome of complications of early pregnancy.", "contents": "Plasma pregnancy-specific beta1-glycoprotein in complications of early pregnancy. The prognostic value of a single plasma pregnancy-specific beta1-glycoprotein estimation was assessed in 64 patients admitted with a history of vaginal bleeding between 7 and 19 weeks gestation. A correct prognosis was obtained in a high percentage of cases with either continuing pregnancies or with non-viable pregnancies. In very early pregnancy with a gestation less than 10 weeks, a correct prognosis was obtained in about 75 per cent of cases but serial estimations in this group might improve the prognostic value of the test. The assay proved to be infallible where there was doubt as to whether the subject was pregnant. In the present study, single HPL estimations proved to be less useful in evaluating the outcome of complications of early pregnancy.", "PMID": 718808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7732", "title": "Relation between total uterine impulse, method of delivery and one-minute Apgar score.", "content": "The resistance to the passage of the fetus during labour has been estimated indirectly by calculation of the total area below the intrauterine pressure curve (total uterine impulse) in two periods during  the first stage of labour. A good correlation was found between the total uterine impulse from a cervical dilatation of 5 to 10 cm, the outcome of the second stage of labour and the Apgar score at one minute.", "contents": "Relation between total uterine impulse, method of delivery and one-minute Apgar score. The resistance to the passage of the fetus during labour has been estimated indirectly by calculation of the total area below the intrauterine pressure curve (total uterine impulse) in two periods during  the first stage of labour. A good correlation was found between the total uterine impulse from a cervical dilatation of 5 to 10 cm, the outcome of the second stage of labour and the Apgar score at one minute.", "PMID": 718809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7733", "title": "Sex hormone levels and gonadotrophin release in premature ovarian failure.", "content": "Premature ovarian failure was studied in ten women under the age of 30; eight had an ovarian biopsy and five of these showed primordial follicles. Plasma levels of oestradiol and progesterone were similar to the follicular phase of a normal menstrual cycle, but in eight patients cervical smears showed a cornification index of less than one per cent. Levels of both androgens and of sex hormone binding globulin capacity were generally normal. Administration of LH-RH caused a release of FSH which was similar to post menopausal women and higher than both. Two patients were treated with exogenous gonadotrophins without effect.", "contents": "Sex hormone levels and gonadotrophin release in premature ovarian failure. Premature ovarian failure was studied in ten women under the age of 30; eight had an ovarian biopsy and five of these showed primordial follicles. Plasma levels of oestradiol and progesterone were similar to the follicular phase of a normal menstrual cycle, but in eight patients cervical smears showed a cornification index of less than one per cent. Levels of both androgens and of sex hormone binding globulin capacity were generally normal. Administration of LH-RH caused a release of FSH which was similar to post menopausal women and higher than both. Two patients were treated with exogenous gonadotrophins without effect.", "PMID": 718811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7734", "title": "Preliminary results of a physiologically based treatment of amblyopia.", "content": "An apparatus has been developed in which high-contrast square-wave gratings are rotated in front of the amblyopic eye while the child is performing some task requiring visual concentration. In the course of three 7-minute treatments 73% of patients treated achieved 6/12 or better; 75% of these patients had previously undertaken conventional or minimal occlusion.", "contents": "Preliminary results of a physiologically based treatment of amblyopia. An apparatus has been developed in which high-contrast square-wave gratings are rotated in front of the amblyopic eye while the child is performing some task requiring visual concentration. In the course of three 7-minute treatments 73% of patients treated achieved 6/12 or better; 75% of these patients had previously undertaken conventional or minimal occlusion.", "PMID": 718813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7735", "title": "Stereopsis and spatial perception in amblyopes and uncorrected ametropes.", "content": "Amblyopes and nonamblyopes were compared on 2 tests of spatial perception. One, the Titmus stereotest, provided only disparity cues and thus measured pure stereopsis. The other, the 3-rods test, provided a variety of monocular and binocular cues and measured the precision of distance discrimination. On both tests the amblyopes were significantly worse than nonamblyopes with equivalent acuity deficits. The Titmus stereotest was found to be an effective means of screening for amblyopia. The results of the distance discrimination test are discussed in terms of their clinical and physiological implications.", "contents": "Stereopsis and spatial perception in amblyopes and uncorrected ametropes. Amblyopes and nonamblyopes were compared on 2 tests of spatial perception. One, the Titmus stereotest, provided only disparity cues and thus measured pure stereopsis. The other, the 3-rods test, provided a variety of monocular and binocular cues and measured the precision of distance discrimination. On both tests the amblyopes were significantly worse than nonamblyopes with equivalent acuity deficits. The Titmus stereotest was found to be an effective means of screening for amblyopia. The results of the distance discrimination test are discussed in terms of their clinical and physiological implications.", "PMID": 718814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7736", "title": "Pseudostrabismus: an audit.", "content": "331 children presenting with pseudostrabismus were assessed retrospectively; 24% of 77 ametropes developed a true convergent squint. Only 1.65% of 243 emmetropes developed a true squint, an incidence much less than in an unselected group. A close follow-up of emmetropic children presenting with pseudostrabismus would seem to be unjustified.", "contents": "Pseudostrabismus: an audit. 331 children presenting with pseudostrabismus were assessed retrospectively; 24% of 77 ametropes developed a true convergent squint. Only 1.65% of 243 emmetropes developed a true squint, an incidence much less than in an unselected group. A close follow-up of emmetropic children presenting with pseudostrabismus would seem to be unjustified.", "PMID": 718815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7737", "title": "The O'Connor cinch revisited.", "content": "The modified O'Connor cinch operation is a useful, but little used, adjustable resection operation. For increased understanding of its shortening and adjustment characteristics, a standard cinch was performed in animals and patients with strabismus. Animal studies showed that, as each strand of the cinch was removed, a small, relatively equal release of the cinch effect occurred. Measurement of the shortening obtained in patients with strabismus showed a consistent resection effect of about 4 mm. Review of 17 cases in which the cinch was used as part of the surgical treatment showed the technique to be adjustable by reducing the overcorrection in 6 cases. Ten to 20 prism dioptres of reduction in the deviation was obtained with adjustment of the cinch on the first postoperative day. All 17 cases had satisfactory adjustment. The largest residual deviation was 12 prism dioptres.", "contents": "The O'Connor cinch revisited. The modified O'Connor cinch operation is a useful, but little used, adjustable resection operation. For increased understanding of its shortening and adjustment characteristics, a standard cinch was performed in animals and patients with strabismus. Animal studies showed that, as each strand of the cinch was removed, a small, relatively equal release of the cinch effect occurred. Measurement of the shortening obtained in patients with strabismus showed a consistent resection effect of about 4 mm. Review of 17 cases in which the cinch was used as part of the surgical treatment showed the technique to be adjustable by reducing the overcorrection in 6 cases. Ten to 20 prism dioptres of reduction in the deviation was obtained with adjustment of the cinch on the first postoperative day. All 17 cases had satisfactory adjustment. The largest residual deviation was 12 prism dioptres.", "PMID": 718816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7738", "title": "Follow-up of aphakic patients with anterior vitrectomy in one eye and uneventful cataract extraction in the fellow eye.", "content": "Twenty patients had operations for bilateral cataract in 2 separate sessions, with uncomplicated extraction on one side and vitreous loss managed with anterior vitrectomy on the other. The cataracts, the type of surgery, and the postoperative treatment were identical in both eyes. The differences between the 2 eyes were not statistically significant so far as the amount of astigmatism, final visual acuity, and peripheral anterior synechiae were concerned. The main difference was found to be the period of time the vitrectomised eyes remained red and uncomfortable as compared to the eyes with uncomplicated surgery.", "contents": "Follow-up of aphakic patients with anterior vitrectomy in one eye and uneventful cataract extraction in the fellow eye. Twenty patients had operations for bilateral cataract in 2 separate sessions, with uncomplicated extraction on one side and vitreous loss managed with anterior vitrectomy on the other. The cataracts, the type of surgery, and the postoperative treatment were identical in both eyes. The differences between the 2 eyes were not statistically significant so far as the amount of astigmatism, final visual acuity, and peripheral anterior synechiae were concerned. The main difference was found to be the period of time the vitrectomised eyes remained red and uncomfortable as compared to the eyes with uncomplicated surgery.", "PMID": 718817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7739", "title": "Surgery of congenital and juvenile cataracts: a pars plicata approach with the vitrophage.", "content": "Eighteen eyes with congenital cataracts were surgically managed by pars plicata lensectomy and vitrectomy using the vitrophage. No major intraoperative or postoperative complications were encountered. All eyes have maintained extremely clear media, attached retinas, and absence of pupillary block during a follow-up period ranging from 12 to 36 months.", "contents": "Surgery of congenital and juvenile cataracts: a pars plicata approach with the vitrophage. Eighteen eyes with congenital cataracts were surgically managed by pars plicata lensectomy and vitrectomy using the vitrophage. No major intraoperative or postoperative complications were encountered. All eyes have maintained extremely clear media, attached retinas, and absence of pupillary block during a follow-up period ranging from 12 to 36 months.", "PMID": 718818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7740", "title": "Aspiration from the vitreous of a non-magnetic foreign body.", "content": "A non-magnetic vitreal foreign body was aspirated from over the macula through the pars plana. The surgeon guided a blunt needle towards the foreign body while watching both with the binicular indirect ophthalmoscope. His assistant's tentative suction movements with an attached syringe drew the foreign body up into the needle without risking a retinal perforation. Visual recovery was complete. It is suggested that aspiration might be the procedure of choice for such small visible intraocular fragments.", "contents": "Aspiration from the vitreous of a non-magnetic foreign body. A non-magnetic vitreal foreign body was aspirated from over the macula through the pars plana. The surgeon guided a blunt needle towards the foreign body while watching both with the binicular indirect ophthalmoscope. His assistant's tentative suction movements with an attached syringe drew the foreign body up into the needle without risking a retinal perforation. Visual recovery was complete. It is suggested that aspiration might be the procedure of choice for such small visible intraocular fragments.", "PMID": 718819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7741", "title": "A disposable cannula for the aspiration of soft lens matter.", "content": "A double cannula is described suitable for the aspiration of soft lens matter. The cannula is a modification of a double irrigation needle already marketed and will be available in a presterilised disposable pack for use with disposable syringes.", "contents": "A disposable cannula for the aspiration of soft lens matter. A double cannula is described suitable for the aspiration of soft lens matter. The cannula is a modification of a double irrigation needle already marketed and will be available in a presterilised disposable pack for use with disposable syringes.", "PMID": 718820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7742", "title": "Morphological changes in the human conjunctival epithelium. II. In keratoconjunctivitis sicca.", "content": "A clinicopathological correlation was performed on 24 patients suffering from keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). Examination of conjunctival biopsies by light and transmission electron microscopy revealed stratification of the conjunctival epithelium with separation of the superficial cell layers, and this was directly proportional to the clinical severity of the disease. Counts of goblet cells were found to be inversely proportional to the degree of stratification. The goblet cells were morphologically identical to, but significantly fewer in number than, those found in normal conjunctival tissue. A reduction in epithelial cell stratification and separation and an increase in goblet cell density were closely related to nasolacrimal duct occlusion--an operation performed only in the severe examples of KCS in this series. The possible causes of 'mucous' plaques and 'filaments' are discussed in relation to these phenomena. Moreover, there is a dramatic reduction and deformation in the microplicae on the surface of the conjunctival epithelium. The significance of this was considered in relation to tear film stability.", "contents": "Morphological changes in the human conjunctival epithelium. II. In keratoconjunctivitis sicca. A clinicopathological correlation was performed on 24 patients suffering from keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). Examination of conjunctival biopsies by light and transmission electron microscopy revealed stratification of the conjunctival epithelium with separation of the superficial cell layers, and this was directly proportional to the clinical severity of the disease. Counts of goblet cells were found to be inversely proportional to the degree of stratification. The goblet cells were morphologically identical to, but significantly fewer in number than, those found in normal conjunctival tissue. A reduction in epithelial cell stratification and separation and an increase in goblet cell density were closely related to nasolacrimal duct occlusion--an operation performed only in the severe examples of KCS in this series. The possible causes of 'mucous' plaques and 'filaments' are discussed in relation to these phenomena. Moreover, there is a dramatic reduction and deformation in the microplicae on the surface of the conjunctival epithelium. The significance of this was considered in relation to tear film stability.", "PMID": 718821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7743", "title": "Effect of undernutrition on the metabolism of phospholipids and gangliosides in developing rat brain.", "content": "1. Phospholipid content of brains of 3- or 8-week-old undernourished rats was 7--9% less than that for the corresponding control animals and this deficit could not be made up by rehabilitation. Phosphatidyl ethanolamine and plasmalogen were the components most affected in brains of undernourished rats. 2. Incorporation of 32P into phospholipids by brain homogenates was 28% higher in 3-week-old undernourished rats. It is suggested that enhanced phospholipid metabolism in undernourished animals may be related to behavioural alterations noted previously (Sobotka, Cook & Brodie, 1974). 3. Ganglioside concentrations in 3- and 8-week-old undernourished animals were 14% and 11.5% less respectively than those of the control animals and this difference could be made up by rehabilitation. [14C]Glucosamine incorporation in vivo into brain gangliosides was not affected by undernutrition.", "contents": "Effect of undernutrition on the metabolism of phospholipids and gangliosides in developing rat brain. 1. Phospholipid content of brains of 3- or 8-week-old undernourished rats was 7--9% less than that for the corresponding control animals and this deficit could not be made up by rehabilitation. Phosphatidyl ethanolamine and plasmalogen were the components most affected in brains of undernourished rats. 2. Incorporation of 32P into phospholipids by brain homogenates was 28% higher in 3-week-old undernourished rats. It is suggested that enhanced phospholipid metabolism in undernourished animals may be related to behavioural alterations noted previously (Sobotka, Cook & Brodie, 1974). 3. Ganglioside concentrations in 3- and 8-week-old undernourished animals were 14% and 11.5% less respectively than those of the control animals and this difference could be made up by rehabilitation. [14C]Glucosamine incorporation in vivo into brain gangliosides was not affected by undernutrition.", "PMID": 718822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7744", "title": "The effects of plane of nutrition and environmental temperature on the energy metabolism of the growing pig. 1. Heat loss and critical temperature.", "content": "1. The heat losses and energy balances of thirty-eight individually housed pigs (initial body-weights 21--38 kg) were measured continuously for periods of 14 d when they were maintained at environmental temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30 degrees. At each temperature four levels of feeding were given approximating to once, twice and three times the maintenance energy intake and the ad lib. level. The minimal maintenance energy requirement (M) was calculated to be 440 kJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg0.75 per d at 25 degrees. 2. ME intake at the ad lib. level decreased from 1965 kJ/kg0.75 per d at 10 degrees to 1202 at 30 degrees. 3. Heat loss calculated from multiple regression analysis decreased to minimum levels between 20 and 25 degrees; 30 degrees was within the hyperthermic zone at each plane of nutrition. 4. The partition of heat loss into its sensible and evaporative components showed that evaporation increased from 25% at 10 degrees to 78% at 30 degrees. 5. Critical temperature was dependent upon food intake and decreased from 23.1 degrees at M to 20.7 degrees at 2M, 18.0 degrees at 3M and 16.7 degrees at 4M. 6. The extra food required to meet extra thermoregulatory heat production per 1 degrees below the effective critical temperature was 0.65 g/kg body-weight per d.", "contents": "The effects of plane of nutrition and environmental temperature on the energy metabolism of the growing pig. 1. Heat loss and critical temperature. 1. The heat losses and energy balances of thirty-eight individually housed pigs (initial body-weights 21--38 kg) were measured continuously for periods of 14 d when they were maintained at environmental temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30 degrees. At each temperature four levels of feeding were given approximating to once, twice and three times the maintenance energy intake and the ad lib. level. The minimal maintenance energy requirement (M) was calculated to be 440 kJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg0.75 per d at 25 degrees. 2. ME intake at the ad lib. level decreased from 1965 kJ/kg0.75 per d at 10 degrees to 1202 at 30 degrees. 3. Heat loss calculated from multiple regression analysis decreased to minimum levels between 20 and 25 degrees; 30 degrees was within the hyperthermic zone at each plane of nutrition. 4. The partition of heat loss into its sensible and evaporative components showed that evaporation increased from 25% at 10 degrees to 78% at 30 degrees. 5. Critical temperature was dependent upon food intake and decreased from 23.1 degrees at M to 20.7 degrees at 2M, 18.0 degrees at 3M and 16.7 degrees at 4M. 6. The extra food required to meet extra thermoregulatory heat production per 1 degrees below the effective critical temperature was 0.65 g/kg body-weight per d.", "PMID": 718823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7745", "title": "The effects of plane of nutrition and environmental temperature on the energy metabolism of the growing pig. 3. The efficiency of energy utilization for maintenance and growth.", "content": "1. From the relation between metabolizable energy (ME) intake and heat loss (H), energy retention (ER), protein (P) and fat (F) deposition the energy costs of maintenance (MEm) and the partial efficiencies of energy retention (k) and protein (kP) and fat (kF) retention were determined in growing pigs at environmental temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30 degrees. 2. k decreased with increase in environmental temperature from 0.79 at 10 degrees to 0.63 at 30 degrees with 0.67 at the thermally-neutral temperature of 25 degrees. Each 0.04 decrease in k was associated with a 100 kJ/kg0.75 per d decrease in MEm. Analysis, within several ranges of environmental temperature, suggested a curvilinear relation between ER and ME intake indicating a decrease in k with increase in level of feeding, particularly at thermally-neutral temperatures. 3. Both kP and kF were similar at each environmental temperature and decreased from 0.78 at 10 degrees to 0.63 at 30 degrees. These values are discussed in relation to those predicted from experimentation and it is suggested that the wide range of predicted estimates of kF could be attributed to differences in the rate of protein turnover.", "contents": "The effects of plane of nutrition and environmental temperature on the energy metabolism of the growing pig. 3. The efficiency of energy utilization for maintenance and growth. 1. From the relation between metabolizable energy (ME) intake and heat loss (H), energy retention (ER), protein (P) and fat (F) deposition the energy costs of maintenance (MEm) and the partial efficiencies of energy retention (k) and protein (kP) and fat (kF) retention were determined in growing pigs at environmental temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30 degrees. 2. k decreased with increase in environmental temperature from 0.79 at 10 degrees to 0.63 at 30 degrees with 0.67 at the thermally-neutral temperature of 25 degrees. Each 0.04 decrease in k was associated with a 100 kJ/kg0.75 per d decrease in MEm. Analysis, within several ranges of environmental temperature, suggested a curvilinear relation between ER and ME intake indicating a decrease in k with increase in level of feeding, particularly at thermally-neutral temperatures. 3. Both kP and kF were similar at each environmental temperature and decreased from 0.78 at 10 degrees to 0.63 at 30 degrees. These values are discussed in relation to those predicted from experimentation and it is suggested that the wide range of predicted estimates of kF could be attributed to differences in the rate of protein turnover.", "PMID": 718825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7746", "title": "Serum albumin level in an urban Nigerian population.", "content": "1. Serum albumin levels have been estimated in healthy adult Nigerians. The average level of albumin was 41.4 g/l and there was no sex difference, but the findings differed from that of a previous survey in Ibadan. The importance of serum albumin measurement in relation to the socio-economic and dietary habits of the population has been reviewed. 2. It is concluded that socio-economic, dietary and cultural changes associated with Western education could be responsible for the increased level of serum albumin in this healthy population. 3. It is suggested that similar surveys should be done by locally-practising chemical pathologists.", "contents": "Serum albumin level in an urban Nigerian population. 1. Serum albumin levels have been estimated in healthy adult Nigerians. The average level of albumin was 41.4 g/l and there was no sex difference, but the findings differed from that of a previous survey in Ibadan. The importance of serum albumin measurement in relation to the socio-economic and dietary habits of the population has been reviewed. 2. It is concluded that socio-economic, dietary and cultural changes associated with Western education could be responsible for the increased level of serum albumin in this healthy population. 3. It is suggested that similar surveys should be done by locally-practising chemical pathologists.", "PMID": 718826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7747", "title": "Plasma alkaline ribonuclease (EC 3.1.4.22) and nitrogen retention in low-birth-weight infants.", "content": "1. Nitrogen retention was determined by classical N balance techniques in fourteen rapidly growing low-birth-weight infants receiving 3 g protein/kg body-weight and during their 3rd week of life. This was compared with plasma free alkaline ribonuclease (EC 3.I.4.22; RNase) activity and other biochemical measurements of protein nutrition. 2. Plasma RNase showed a significant positive correlation with N retention and a corresponding negative correlation with urine urea-N. These results were unexpected and suggest a different relationship between RNase and N retention in infants compared with that found by other workers in children and adults. 3. The most likely explanation of this apparent anomaly is that in all instances high activities of plasma RNase are associated with a need to conserve N. In the infants studied this may indicate some measure of 'protein economy' and they could therefore benefit from a higher protein intake.", "contents": "Plasma alkaline ribonuclease (EC 3.1.4.22) and nitrogen retention in low-birth-weight infants. 1. Nitrogen retention was determined by classical N balance techniques in fourteen rapidly growing low-birth-weight infants receiving 3 g protein/kg body-weight and during their 3rd week of life. This was compared with plasma free alkaline ribonuclease (EC 3.I.4.22; RNase) activity and other biochemical measurements of protein nutrition. 2. Plasma RNase showed a significant positive correlation with N retention and a corresponding negative correlation with urine urea-N. These results were unexpected and suggest a different relationship between RNase and N retention in infants compared with that found by other workers in children and adults. 3. The most likely explanation of this apparent anomaly is that in all instances high activities of plasma RNase are associated with a need to conserve N. In the infants studied this may indicate some measure of 'protein economy' and they could therefore benefit from a higher protein intake.", "PMID": 718828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7748", "title": "The effect of the extent of hydrolysis in casein on its specific dynamic action in the rat.", "content": "1. Adult female rats given a diet containing 200 g casein/kg showed an increase in heat production which reached a maximum in 10--20 min after completion of food intake. 2. Replacement of casein in the diet by enzymic hydrolysates of casein of different extents of hydrolysis (pepsin for 1 or 3 h and pancreatin for 6, 12 or 24 h) resulted in a decrease in metabolic rate (stimulation) in the rat, reaching a maximum of 61.8% of the control value (non-hydrolysed casein). 3. The specific dynamic action of casein and casein hydrolysate was inversely proportional to the amount of amino-nitrogen released. 4. On the basis of the experimental findings it may be concluded that the synthesis and secretion of digestive enzymes were the main causes of the increase in metabolic rate after protein ingestion.", "contents": "The effect of the extent of hydrolysis in casein on its specific dynamic action in the rat. 1. Adult female rats given a diet containing 200 g casein/kg showed an increase in heat production which reached a maximum in 10--20 min after completion of food intake. 2. Replacement of casein in the diet by enzymic hydrolysates of casein of different extents of hydrolysis (pepsin for 1 or 3 h and pancreatin for 6, 12 or 24 h) resulted in a decrease in metabolic rate (stimulation) in the rat, reaching a maximum of 61.8% of the control value (non-hydrolysed casein). 3. The specific dynamic action of casein and casein hydrolysate was inversely proportional to the amount of amino-nitrogen released. 4. On the basis of the experimental findings it may be concluded that the synthesis and secretion of digestive enzymes were the main causes of the increase in metabolic rate after protein ingestion.", "PMID": 718829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7749", "title": "Subcutaneous fat accumulation during pregnancy in a malnourished population.", "content": "1. Total skinfold thicknesses (sum of seven sites) were measured in fifty-seven pregnant women with low energy and protein intake, at weeks 24, 30 and 35 of gestation. 2. Women were classified in two groups (overweight and low weight), according to their weight-for-height at week 24 of gestation. 3. Half of the women did not increase, or even reduced the amount of subcutaneous fat during the observation period. The lowest mean value of total skinfold thickness was found in the low-weight women who showed a reduction of the subcutaneous fat. 4. This finding shows that a significant proportion of malnourished women do not follow the average pattern of subcutaneous fat accumulation seen in healthy pregnant women without food intake restriction, during the second half of pregnancy.", "contents": "Subcutaneous fat accumulation during pregnancy in a malnourished population. 1. Total skinfold thicknesses (sum of seven sites) were measured in fifty-seven pregnant women with low energy and protein intake, at weeks 24, 30 and 35 of gestation. 2. Women were classified in two groups (overweight and low weight), according to their weight-for-height at week 24 of gestation. 3. Half of the women did not increase, or even reduced the amount of subcutaneous fat during the observation period. The lowest mean value of total skinfold thickness was found in the low-weight women who showed a reduction of the subcutaneous fat. 4. This finding shows that a significant proportion of malnourished women do not follow the average pattern of subcutaneous fat accumulation seen in healthy pregnant women without food intake restriction, during the second half of pregnancy.", "PMID": 718830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7750", "title": "Studies on the absorption of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper and zinc by sheep fed on roughage-cereal diets.", "content": "1. Two groups of four 18-month-old ewes fitted with a rumen cannula and re-entrant cannulas in the proximal duodenum were fed on one of two diets based on varying proportions of dried-grass meal, ground straw and barley. 2. The apparent availability, retention and amount of the mineral reaching the proximal duodenum were measured for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper and zinc. Significant differences were found between diets for Ca only. Net absorption of Mg occurred before the proximal duodenum and also, lower down the alimentary tract. Marked increases were observed in the amount of Cu, Zn and P reaching the proximal duodenum relative to that ingested.", "contents": "Studies on the absorption of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper and zinc by sheep fed on roughage-cereal diets. 1. Two groups of four 18-month-old ewes fitted with a rumen cannula and re-entrant cannulas in the proximal duodenum were fed on one of two diets based on varying proportions of dried-grass meal, ground straw and barley. 2. The apparent availability, retention and amount of the mineral reaching the proximal duodenum were measured for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper and zinc. Significant differences were found between diets for Ca only. Net absorption of Mg occurred before the proximal duodenum and also, lower down the alimentary tract. Marked increases were observed in the amount of Cu, Zn and P reaching the proximal duodenum relative to that ingested.", "PMID": 718831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7751", "title": "Generalized equations for predicting body density of men.", "content": "1. Skinfold thickness, body circumferences and body density were measured in samples of 308 and ninety-five adult men ranging in age from 18 to 61 years. 2. Using the sample of 308 men, multiple regression equations were calculated to estimate body density using either the quadratic or log form of the sum of skinfolds, in combination with age, waist and forearm circumference. 3. The multiple correlations for the equations exceeded 0.90 with standard errors of approximately +/- 0.0073 g/ml. 4. The regression equations were cross validated on the second sample of ninety-five men. The correlations between predicted and laboratory-determined body density exceeded 0.90 with standard errors of approximately 0.0077 g/ml. 5. The regression equations were shown to be valid for adult men varying in age and fatness.", "contents": "Generalized equations for predicting body density of men. 1. Skinfold thickness, body circumferences and body density were measured in samples of 308 and ninety-five adult men ranging in age from 18 to 61 years. 2. Using the sample of 308 men, multiple regression equations were calculated to estimate body density using either the quadratic or log form of the sum of skinfolds, in combination with age, waist and forearm circumference. 3. The multiple correlations for the equations exceeded 0.90 with standard errors of approximately +/- 0.0073 g/ml. 4. The regression equations were cross validated on the second sample of ninety-five men. The correlations between predicted and laboratory-determined body density exceeded 0.90 with standard errors of approximately 0.0077 g/ml. 5. The regression equations were shown to be valid for adult men varying in age and fatness.", "PMID": 718832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7752", "title": "The effect of dietary protein intake on calcium metabolism of the pregnant ewe.", "content": "1. The effect of protein intake on calcium metabolism has been studied in the pregnant ewe. 2. Results suggest that decreased Ca retention in protein-deficient animals was a result of a decreased rate of Ca absorption and not a decreased rate of bone accretion as suggested by other workers.", "contents": "The effect of dietary protein intake on calcium metabolism of the pregnant ewe. 1. The effect of protein intake on calcium metabolism has been studied in the pregnant ewe. 2. Results suggest that decreased Ca retention in protein-deficient animals was a result of a decreased rate of Ca absorption and not a decreased rate of bone accretion as suggested by other workers.", "PMID": 718833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7753", "title": "Absorption of inorganic ions and volatile fatty acids in the rabbit caecum.", "content": "1. Rabbit caecal segments in situ were used to measure absorption rates of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and inorganic ions from a saline solution comparable in composition to normal caecal fluid. 2. Results confirm the importance of VFA absorption from caecal material found by other workers. 3. Like the mammalian colon, the rabbit caecum conserved large amounts of sodium, chloride and water. Bicarbonate was also absorbed. 4. VFA replacement studies showed that net water absorption was reduced, net electrolyte absorption was hardly influenced. 5. Na replacement completely inhibited net water absorption and decreased net VFA and Cl absorption, HCO3 was heavily secreted. 6. These findings indicate that VFA absorption in the rabbit caecum is partly dependent on Na absorption and that in the absence of Na an anion-exchange mechanism occurs.", "contents": "Absorption of inorganic ions and volatile fatty acids in the rabbit caecum. 1. Rabbit caecal segments in situ were used to measure absorption rates of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and inorganic ions from a saline solution comparable in composition to normal caecal fluid. 2. Results confirm the importance of VFA absorption from caecal material found by other workers. 3. Like the mammalian colon, the rabbit caecum conserved large amounts of sodium, chloride and water. Bicarbonate was also absorbed. 4. VFA replacement studies showed that net water absorption was reduced, net electrolyte absorption was hardly influenced. 5. Na replacement completely inhibited net water absorption and decreased net VFA and Cl absorption, HCO3 was heavily secreted. 6. These findings indicate that VFA absorption in the rabbit caecum is partly dependent on Na absorption and that in the absence of Na an anion-exchange mechanism occurs.", "PMID": 718834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7754", "title": "Effect of vitamin B12 deficiency on phosphatidylethanolamine methylation in rat liver.", "content": "1. In vitamin B12 deficiency the activity of tetrahydropteroylglutamate methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.13) is depressed and the synthesis of methionine is reduced. Because the methyl group of methionine is largely utilized for the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine, we investigated the effects of vitamin B12 deficiency on phosphatidylcholine synthesis. 2. The incorporation of injected [14C]formaldehyde into liver phosphatidylcholine was reduced by approximately 50% in vitamin B12-deficient rats. Also the corresponding incorporation of 5-[14C]methyltetrahydrofolic acid tended to decrease. The findings are consistent with a lower conversion of these precursors to methionine. 3. The effect of the deficient methyl-group supply on phosphatidylcholine synthesis was also investigated by the injection of [14C]ethanolamine. The amount (%) of lipid-14C recovered in phosphatidylcholine was significantly reduced in vitamin B12 deficiency. 4. Chemical analysis of liver phospholipids showed that the vitamin B12-deficient rats had a higher proportion of phosphatidylethanolamine and a lower proportion of phosphatidylcholine, indicating that the impaired synthesis of phosphatidylcholine by methylation leads to changes in membrane phospholipid composition.", "contents": "Effect of vitamin B12 deficiency on phosphatidylethanolamine methylation in rat liver. 1. In vitamin B12 deficiency the activity of tetrahydropteroylglutamate methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.13) is depressed and the synthesis of methionine is reduced. Because the methyl group of methionine is largely utilized for the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine, we investigated the effects of vitamin B12 deficiency on phosphatidylcholine synthesis. 2. The incorporation of injected [14C]formaldehyde into liver phosphatidylcholine was reduced by approximately 50% in vitamin B12-deficient rats. Also the corresponding incorporation of 5-[14C]methyltetrahydrofolic acid tended to decrease. The findings are consistent with a lower conversion of these precursors to methionine. 3. The effect of the deficient methyl-group supply on phosphatidylcholine synthesis was also investigated by the injection of [14C]ethanolamine. The amount (%) of lipid-14C recovered in phosphatidylcholine was significantly reduced in vitamin B12 deficiency. 4. Chemical analysis of liver phospholipids showed that the vitamin B12-deficient rats had a higher proportion of phosphatidylethanolamine and a lower proportion of phosphatidylcholine, indicating that the impaired synthesis of phosphatidylcholine by methylation leads to changes in membrane phospholipid composition.", "PMID": 718835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7755", "title": "The effects of folic acid supplementation during pregnancy in the rat.", "content": "1. Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley female rats were randomly assigned to three groups (groups A, B, C). Group A was given a folic acid-free diet and groups B and C received 0.0018 g folic acid/kg diet. Rats in group C were also given a supplement of 1 mg folic acid/d by intraperitoneal injection. 2. After 14 d of feeding the rats were mated. The diets were continued throughout gestation. On day 21, of gestation the dams were killed and their livers and products of conception assayed for RNA, DNA, protein and tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase; EC 1.5.1.3) activity. 3. The foetuses, placentas and livers from supplemented rats (group C) were significantly larger than those from groups A and B and had a higher content of RNA, DNA and protein. Those tissues from group A dams were smaller than those from the other groups and had a correspondingly reduced nucleic acid and protein content. 4. The activity of tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the metabolism of folate, was increased in the folate supplemented rats (group C) and reduced in the rats given a folic acid-free diet (group A). These changes in enzyme activity could explain the differences in nucleic acid biosynthesis and growth shown by the different groups.", "contents": "The effects of folic acid supplementation during pregnancy in the rat. 1. Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley female rats were randomly assigned to three groups (groups A, B, C). Group A was given a folic acid-free diet and groups B and C received 0.0018 g folic acid/kg diet. Rats in group C were also given a supplement of 1 mg folic acid/d by intraperitoneal injection. 2. After 14 d of feeding the rats were mated. The diets were continued throughout gestation. On day 21, of gestation the dams were killed and their livers and products of conception assayed for RNA, DNA, protein and tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase; EC 1.5.1.3) activity. 3. The foetuses, placentas and livers from supplemented rats (group C) were significantly larger than those from groups A and B and had a higher content of RNA, DNA and protein. Those tissues from group A dams were smaller than those from the other groups and had a correspondingly reduced nucleic acid and protein content. 4. The activity of tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the metabolism of folate, was increased in the folate supplemented rats (group C) and reduced in the rats given a folic acid-free diet (group A). These changes in enzyme activity could explain the differences in nucleic acid biosynthesis and growth shown by the different groups.", "PMID": 718836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7756", "title": "The effect of trenbolone acetate with time on the various responses of protein synthesis of the rat.", "content": "1. The anabolic agent trenbolone acetate (3-oxo-17beta-hydroxy-4,9,11-oestratriene acetate; TBA) given subcutaneously to female rats increased their growth rate compared with that of the placebo-treated controls. 2. The increased growth rate of the TBA-treated rats was not a consequence of an increased water retention. The TBA-treated rats had a significantly higher (P less than 0.01) total carcass nitrogen content but the total carcass fat content decreased by a non-significant (P greater than 0.05) 8.3%. 3. There was evidence of a time-lag in the response of the fractional synthetic rate of certain individual tissues to TBA. The fractional synthetic rates of the uterus and skeletal muscle mixed tissue proteins were significantly reduced in the TBA-treated rats. 4. The measured reduction in fractional synthetic rates was concluded to reflect true changes in the synthetic rate rather than a result of an alteration in the specific activity of the tyrosine pool used for protein synthesis.", "contents": "The effect of trenbolone acetate with time on the various responses of protein synthesis of the rat. 1. The anabolic agent trenbolone acetate (3-oxo-17beta-hydroxy-4,9,11-oestratriene acetate; TBA) given subcutaneously to female rats increased their growth rate compared with that of the placebo-treated controls. 2. The increased growth rate of the TBA-treated rats was not a consequence of an increased water retention. The TBA-treated rats had a significantly higher (P less than 0.01) total carcass nitrogen content but the total carcass fat content decreased by a non-significant (P greater than 0.05) 8.3%. 3. There was evidence of a time-lag in the response of the fractional synthetic rate of certain individual tissues to TBA. The fractional synthetic rates of the uterus and skeletal muscle mixed tissue proteins were significantly reduced in the TBA-treated rats. 4. The measured reduction in fractional synthetic rates was concluded to reflect true changes in the synthetic rate rather than a result of an alteration in the specific activity of the tyrosine pool used for protein synthesis.", "PMID": 718839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7757", "title": "The effects of fasting in Ramadan. 1. Serum uric acid and lipid concentrations.", "content": "1. The changes in serum levels of uric acid and lipids during 1 month of starvation-refeeding were measured in sixteen male volunteers. 2. Uric acid levels increased linearly with the duration of the experiment. The increase was positively correlated with the increase in serum triglycerides but not with cholesterol or phospholipids. 3. Triglycerides increased at a faster rate than uric acid implying that the increase in uric acid was secondary to that of the lipid. 4. It was concluded that the purine and lipid synthetic pathways are linked through a common small-molecular-weight effector rather than through the sharing of a common enzyme.", "contents": "The effects of fasting in Ramadan. 1. Serum uric acid and lipid concentrations. 1. The changes in serum levels of uric acid and lipids during 1 month of starvation-refeeding were measured in sixteen male volunteers. 2. Uric acid levels increased linearly with the duration of the experiment. The increase was positively correlated with the increase in serum triglycerides but not with cholesterol or phospholipids. 3. Triglycerides increased at a faster rate than uric acid implying that the increase in uric acid was secondary to that of the lipid. 4. It was concluded that the purine and lipid synthetic pathways are linked through a common small-molecular-weight effector rather than through the sharing of a common enzyme.", "PMID": 718840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7758", "title": "Kinetics of substrate and product interactions with arsanilazotyrosine-248 carboxypeptidase A.", "content": "The chromophoric intramolecular azoTyr-248.Zn complex detects discrete kinetic steps in the interaction of azocarboxypeptidase with products or substrates that are hydrolyzed slowly. Temperature-jump experiments at 510 nm indicate that the rapid binding of such ligands is followed by a slower change in the conformation of the enzyme--ligand complex: that defines the initial binding, and the rate constants k2 and k-2 for the forward and reverse steps of this conversion, respectively. For each ligand, the kinetically determined dissociation constant is virtually identical to that obtained at equilibrium form circular dichroic titrations. Although there are small variations in k2 and k-2 for each substrate, all the rate processes are much faster than the rate-determining step for the hydrolysis of these substrates. The proposed model of the mechanism of peptide hydrolysis by carboxypeptidase incorporates the results of these temperature jump experiments.", "contents": "Kinetics of substrate and product interactions with arsanilazotyrosine-248 carboxypeptidase A. The chromophoric intramolecular azoTyr-248.Zn complex detects discrete kinetic steps in the interaction of azocarboxypeptidase with products or substrates that are hydrolyzed slowly. Temperature-jump experiments at 510 nm indicate that the rapid binding of such ligands is followed by a slower change in the conformation of the enzyme--ligand complex: that defines the initial binding, and the rate constants k2 and k-2 for the forward and reverse steps of this conversion, respectively. For each ligand, the kinetically determined dissociation constant is virtually identical to that obtained at equilibrium form circular dichroic titrations. Although there are small variations in k2 and k-2 for each substrate, all the rate processes are much faster than the rate-determining step for the hydrolysis of these substrates. The proposed model of the mechanism of peptide hydrolysis by carboxypeptidase incorporates the results of these temperature jump experiments.", "PMID": 718842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7759", "title": "Comparison of the 3alpha-and 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities of the cortisone reductase of Streptomyces hydrogenans.", "content": "The 3alpha- and 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) activities of cortisone reductase in Streptomyces hydrogenans have been examined to determine whether both activities are due to one enzyme. This question was raised when changes in the commercial preparations of the enzyme reduced the 3alpha-HSD activity to 5% of its original level while retaining full 20beta-HSD activity. In our experiments, the enzyme was purified to crystallinity and partially characterized. The 3alpha- and 20beta-HSD activities were both coinduced and copurified. The 3alpha- and 20beta-HSD activities were compared using the crystalline enzyme for studies of substrate competition, thermal inactivation at 52 degrees C, loss of activity with three haloacetoxysteroids, and the effects of Me2SO and temperature on the reaction rate. These studies support the conclusion that the 3alpha- and 20beta-HSD activities are due to the same enzyme molecule. In addition, it appears that the binding sites for the two activities do not act independently.", "contents": "Comparison of the 3alpha-and 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities of the cortisone reductase of Streptomyces hydrogenans. The 3alpha- and 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) activities of cortisone reductase in Streptomyces hydrogenans have been examined to determine whether both activities are due to one enzyme. This question was raised when changes in the commercial preparations of the enzyme reduced the 3alpha-HSD activity to 5% of its original level while retaining full 20beta-HSD activity. In our experiments, the enzyme was purified to crystallinity and partially characterized. The 3alpha- and 20beta-HSD activities were both coinduced and copurified. The 3alpha- and 20beta-HSD activities were compared using the crystalline enzyme for studies of substrate competition, thermal inactivation at 52 degrees C, loss of activity with three haloacetoxysteroids, and the effects of Me2SO and temperature on the reaction rate. These studies support the conclusion that the 3alpha- and 20beta-HSD activities are due to the same enzyme molecule. In addition, it appears that the binding sites for the two activities do not act independently.", "PMID": 718844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7760", "title": "Organization of rhodopsin in photoreceptor membranes. 1. Proteolysis of bovine rhodopsin in native membranes and the distribution of sulfhydryl groups in the fragments.", "content": "Papain and thermolysin are shown to cleave bovine rhodopsin in native membranes in two temporally distinct steps at room temperature. The final product of the proteolysis consists of two membrane-bound fragments of molecular weights 27 000 (Rh27) and 12 500 (Rh12). The molecular weights are not changed by reduction with dithiothreitol. The two fragments remain closely associated in both the membrane and nondenaturing detergents before and after bleaching and can be selectively cross-linked with carbodiimides. The sulfhydryl chemistry of the cleaved protein in nearly indistinguishable from native rhodopsin, and of the total of six sulfhydryl groups, two are located on Rh12 and four on Rh27. In the membrane-bound protein, two sulfhydryl groups are accessible for modification, one on Rh12 and the other on Rh27. The sulfhydryl on Rh12 is particularly reactive and may be selectively labeled with maleimides. Continuous irradiation with white light induces additional sulfhydryl reactivity on Rh27.", "contents": "Organization of rhodopsin in photoreceptor membranes. 1. Proteolysis of bovine rhodopsin in native membranes and the distribution of sulfhydryl groups in the fragments. Papain and thermolysin are shown to cleave bovine rhodopsin in native membranes in two temporally distinct steps at room temperature. The final product of the proteolysis consists of two membrane-bound fragments of molecular weights 27 000 (Rh27) and 12 500 (Rh12). The molecular weights are not changed by reduction with dithiothreitol. The two fragments remain closely associated in both the membrane and nondenaturing detergents before and after bleaching and can be selectively cross-linked with carbodiimides. The sulfhydryl chemistry of the cleaved protein in nearly indistinguishable from native rhodopsin, and of the total of six sulfhydryl groups, two are located on Rh12 and four on Rh27. In the membrane-bound protein, two sulfhydryl groups are accessible for modification, one on Rh12 and the other on Rh27. The sulfhydryl on Rh12 is particularly reactive and may be selectively labeled with maleimides. Continuous irradiation with white light induces additional sulfhydryl reactivity on Rh27.", "PMID": 718846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7761", "title": "Organization of rhodopsin in photoreceptor membranes. 2. Transmembrane organization of bovine rhodopsin: evidence from proteolysis and lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination of native and reconstituted membranes.", "content": "Proteolysis of reconstituted membranes with papain and thermolysin reveals the existence of two rhodopsin populations: one susceptible to proteolysis and the other protected. The susceptible population corresponds to rhodopsin molecules with the same orientation as rhodopsin in the native membrane, while the protected population corresponds to \"inverted\" rhodopsin molecules only found in reconstituted membranes. Using an iodination enhancement probe, we demonstrate that lactoperoxidase catalyzes iodination of rhodopsin exclusively on the external surface of these sealed reconstituted vesicles. Furthermore, we find that both rhodopsin populations in reconstituted membranes (normal and inverted) are readily iodinated by lactoperoxidase, providing definitive evidence that the rhodopsin polypeptide spans the membrane thickness. Additional conclusions from these experiments are discussed in terms of a model for the folding of the rhodopsin polypeptide in the membrane.", "contents": "Organization of rhodopsin in photoreceptor membranes. 2. Transmembrane organization of bovine rhodopsin: evidence from proteolysis and lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination of native and reconstituted membranes. Proteolysis of reconstituted membranes with papain and thermolysin reveals the existence of two rhodopsin populations: one susceptible to proteolysis and the other protected. The susceptible population corresponds to rhodopsin molecules with the same orientation as rhodopsin in the native membrane, while the protected population corresponds to \"inverted\" rhodopsin molecules only found in reconstituted membranes. Using an iodination enhancement probe, we demonstrate that lactoperoxidase catalyzes iodination of rhodopsin exclusively on the external surface of these sealed reconstituted vesicles. Furthermore, we find that both rhodopsin populations in reconstituted membranes (normal and inverted) are readily iodinated by lactoperoxidase, providing definitive evidence that the rhodopsin polypeptide spans the membrane thickness. Additional conclusions from these experiments are discussed in terms of a model for the folding of the rhodopsin polypeptide in the membrane.", "PMID": 718847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7762", "title": "Saccharide binding to transition metal ion free concanavalin A.", "content": "Saccharide binding has been observed with demetallized concanavalin A in the presence of Ca(2+) only, using the fluorescent sugar 4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside. At pH 7.2 both the nicked and intact forms of concanavalin A bound 4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside with similar affinities. Competitive binding with methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside was demonstrated. The association constants at 5 degrees C were 9.6 +/- 0.6 X 10(4) M(-1) for 4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside and 1.1 +/- 0.3 X 10(4) M(-1) for methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside. 4-Methylumbelliferyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside binding was also observed if demetallized concanavalin A was remetallized with less than stoichiometric amounts of Ca(2+). The association constants with low Ca(2+) concentrations were similar to those determined with saturating Ca(2+). With less than stoichiometric levels of Ca(2+), the number of sugar molecules bound per protein subunit was a reflection of the fraction of activated lectin subunits. These results show that saccharide binding activity of concanavalin A does not require a transition metal ion at pH 7.2; only Ca(2+) is required. At pH values near 5, where most previous studies have been carried out, both a transition metal ion and Ca(2+) are necessary.", "contents": "Saccharide binding to transition metal ion free concanavalin A. Saccharide binding has been observed with demetallized concanavalin A in the presence of Ca(2+) only, using the fluorescent sugar 4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside. At pH 7.2 both the nicked and intact forms of concanavalin A bound 4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside with similar affinities. Competitive binding with methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside was demonstrated. The association constants at 5 degrees C were 9.6 +/- 0.6 X 10(4) M(-1) for 4-methylumbelliferyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside and 1.1 +/- 0.3 X 10(4) M(-1) for methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside. 4-Methylumbelliferyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside binding was also observed if demetallized concanavalin A was remetallized with less than stoichiometric amounts of Ca(2+). The association constants with low Ca(2+) concentrations were similar to those determined with saturating Ca(2+). With less than stoichiometric levels of Ca(2+), the number of sugar molecules bound per protein subunit was a reflection of the fraction of activated lectin subunits. These results show that saccharide binding activity of concanavalin A does not require a transition metal ion at pH 7.2; only Ca(2+) is required. At pH values near 5, where most previous studies have been carried out, both a transition metal ion and Ca(2+) are necessary.", "PMID": 718848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7763", "title": "Metal ion induced conformational transitions of prothrombin and prothrombin fragment 1.", "content": "Circular dichroism experiments indicate that prothrombin fragment 1 undergoes essentially the same secondary structural change whether in the presence of Ca(2+), Mg(2+), or Mn(2+). Titration with any of these metal ions results in a sigmoidal titration curve indicative of cooperative binding. Mg(2+) and Ca(2+) have nearly identical transition midpoints, while that for Mn(2+) is an order of magnitude less. These results correlate well with the results of previous metal ion intrinsic fluorescence quenching experiments. Fragment 1 has previously been shown to undergo a second transition corresponding to dimerization at high calcium concentrations. The present circular dichroism experiments show that this transition does not result in a gross alteration of secondary structure in the fragment 1 molecule. Studies with prothrombin, similar to those with fragment 1, indicate a similar metal ion dependent conformational change but of smaller magnitude. As apparently only the fragment 1 portion of the molecule undergoes the transition, it would appear that the covalently linked fragment 1 is constrained from attaining the same conformation as the purified entity. This suggests that caution must be used in interpreting the results of metal ion binding studies using fragment 1 as an analogue for prothrombin.", "contents": "Metal ion induced conformational transitions of prothrombin and prothrombin fragment 1. Circular dichroism experiments indicate that prothrombin fragment 1 undergoes essentially the same secondary structural change whether in the presence of Ca(2+), Mg(2+), or Mn(2+). Titration with any of these metal ions results in a sigmoidal titration curve indicative of cooperative binding. Mg(2+) and Ca(2+) have nearly identical transition midpoints, while that for Mn(2+) is an order of magnitude less. These results correlate well with the results of previous metal ion intrinsic fluorescence quenching experiments. Fragment 1 has previously been shown to undergo a second transition corresponding to dimerization at high calcium concentrations. The present circular dichroism experiments show that this transition does not result in a gross alteration of secondary structure in the fragment 1 molecule. Studies with prothrombin, similar to those with fragment 1, indicate a similar metal ion dependent conformational change but of smaller magnitude. As apparently only the fragment 1 portion of the molecule undergoes the transition, it would appear that the covalently linked fragment 1 is constrained from attaining the same conformation as the purified entity. This suggests that caution must be used in interpreting the results of metal ion binding studies using fragment 1 as an analogue for prothrombin.", "PMID": 718849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7764", "title": "Conformational studies on [Pro3, Gly4]-oxytocin in dimethyl sulfoxide by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: evidence for a type II beta turn in the cyclic moiety.", "content": "A model for oxytocin has been previously proposed in which residues 3 and 4 occupy the corner positions in a beta turn (Urry, D. W., & Walter, R (1971) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 68, 956). The analogue [Pro(3),Gly(4)]-oxytocin (PGO) was used in proton magnetic resonance (1H NMR) studies designed to probe the contribution of these corner positions in forming a beta turn. Comparison of various 1H NMR parameters obtained at 220 MHz for backbone amide protons of PGO with those for the corresponding protons of oxytocin suggests that, to a first approximation, these two peptides may have similar backbone conformations in )CD3)2SO. Theoretically, the L-Pro lead toGly sequence in positions 3 and 4 of PGO would allow the formation of either a type I or type II beta turn. The two coupling constants between vicinal amide and C alpha protons for Gly(4) of PGO in (CD3)2SO are compatible with a type II beta turn in which 04, the dihedral angle about the bond between the backbone C alpha and N' atoms of Gly4, is appromximately +92 degrees, but not with a type I beta turn. A survey of peptides studied in other laboratories by X-ray and/or 1H NMR with reported type II beta turns with L-Pro lead toGly or Gly lead to Gly sequences in the corner positions revealed a close correlation between chemical shifts and vicinal coupling constants for the glycl residue in the second corner position. It is suggested that this criterion can form an additional basis for the characterization of beta turns. More studies are needed to determine the particular type of beta turn manifest in the cyclic moiety of oxytocin per se, although a reasonable working hypothesis is that oxytocin, similar to PGO, has a type II beta turn.", "contents": "Conformational studies on [Pro3, Gly4]-oxytocin in dimethyl sulfoxide by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: evidence for a type II beta turn in the cyclic moiety. A model for oxytocin has been previously proposed in which residues 3 and 4 occupy the corner positions in a beta turn (Urry, D. W., & Walter, R (1971) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 68, 956). The analogue [Pro(3),Gly(4)]-oxytocin (PGO) was used in proton magnetic resonance (1H NMR) studies designed to probe the contribution of these corner positions in forming a beta turn. Comparison of various 1H NMR parameters obtained at 220 MHz for backbone amide protons of PGO with those for the corresponding protons of oxytocin suggests that, to a first approximation, these two peptides may have similar backbone conformations in )CD3)2SO. Theoretically, the L-Pro lead toGly sequence in positions 3 and 4 of PGO would allow the formation of either a type I or type II beta turn. The two coupling constants between vicinal amide and C alpha protons for Gly(4) of PGO in (CD3)2SO are compatible with a type II beta turn in which 04, the dihedral angle about the bond between the backbone C alpha and N' atoms of Gly4, is appromximately +92 degrees, but not with a type I beta turn. A survey of peptides studied in other laboratories by X-ray and/or 1H NMR with reported type II beta turns with L-Pro lead toGly or Gly lead to Gly sequences in the corner positions revealed a close correlation between chemical shifts and vicinal coupling constants for the glycl residue in the second corner position. It is suggested that this criterion can form an additional basis for the characterization of beta turns. More studies are needed to determine the particular type of beta turn manifest in the cyclic moiety of oxytocin per se, although a reasonable working hypothesis is that oxytocin, similar to PGO, has a type II beta turn.", "PMID": 718851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7765", "title": "Transient electric dichroism studies of nucleosomal particles.", "content": "We report transient electric  dichroism experiments on nucleosomal core particles containing 140 and 175 base pairs of DNA, and on spacerless dinucleosomes. The results indicate that all particles posses a permanent dipole moment. The orientation time of 140 base pair nucleosomes implies an estimated maximum dimension of a = 130 A (a must be at least 111 A), consistent with the disk model. The maximum dimension of the spacerless dinucleosome is estimated to be about 290 A (at least 180 A), ruling out a structure in which two disks are stacked directly on top of each other. The reduced dichroism amplitude indicate that the DNA superhelix axis in nucleosomes aligns perpendicular to the electric field, as expected for a dipole moment directed along a C2 symmetry axis across the disk diameter. Nucleosomes containing 175 base pairs of DNA show a substantially larger dichroism amplitude that do 140 base pair nucleosomes. In the context of the disk model, this result is shown to be consistent with 100 base pairs of DNA per superhelical turn, but not with 80 base pairs per turn.", "contents": "Transient electric dichroism studies of nucleosomal particles. We report transient electric  dichroism experiments on nucleosomal core particles containing 140 and 175 base pairs of DNA, and on spacerless dinucleosomes. The results indicate that all particles posses a permanent dipole moment. The orientation time of 140 base pair nucleosomes implies an estimated maximum dimension of a = 130 A (a must be at least 111 A), consistent with the disk model. The maximum dimension of the spacerless dinucleosome is estimated to be about 290 A (at least 180 A), ruling out a structure in which two disks are stacked directly on top of each other. The reduced dichroism amplitude indicate that the DNA superhelix axis in nucleosomes aligns perpendicular to the electric field, as expected for a dipole moment directed along a C2 symmetry axis across the disk diameter. Nucleosomes containing 175 base pairs of DNA show a substantially larger dichroism amplitude that do 140 base pair nucleosomes. In the context of the disk model, this result is shown to be consistent with 100 base pairs of DNA per superhelical turn, but not with 80 base pairs per turn.", "PMID": 718855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7766", "title": "Physical studies of nucleosome assemble.", "content": "Biochemical, spectroscopic, and hydrodynamic studies were performed on the reconstituted complex of 140 base pair DNA and the arginine-rich histone tetramer (H3/H4)2. The histones bind to DNA in a 1:1 molar ration to form a stable particle which orients in an electric field with a rotational correlation time of 6.3 mus and a limitign reduced dichroism of --0.74. The complex was modeled hydrodynamically as a cylinder of dimensions 450 X 80 X 80 A containing approximately 1.5 superhelical turns. Addition of the lysinerich histones to this complex cause a condensation of the structure and results in physical properties nearly identical with those of a native nucleosomal particle.", "contents": "Physical studies of nucleosome assemble. Biochemical, spectroscopic, and hydrodynamic studies were performed on the reconstituted complex of 140 base pair DNA and the arginine-rich histone tetramer (H3/H4)2. The histones bind to DNA in a 1:1 molar ration to form a stable particle which orients in an electric field with a rotational correlation time of 6.3 mus and a limitign reduced dichroism of --0.74. The complex was modeled hydrodynamically as a cylinder of dimensions 450 X 80 X 80 A containing approximately 1.5 superhelical turns. Addition of the lysinerich histones to this complex cause a condensation of the structure and results in physical properties nearly identical with those of a native nucleosomal particle.", "PMID": 718856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7767", "title": "Synthesis of des(tetrapeptide B(1-4)) and des(pentapeptide B(1-5)) human insulins. Two biologically active analogues.", "content": "Two analogues of human insulin, des(tetrapeptide B(1-4))-and des (pentapeptide B(1-5))-insulin, which differ from the parent molecule in that the N-terminal tetrapeptide and pentapeptide sequences, respectively, have been eliminated, have been synthesized. The des(tetrapeptide B(1-4))-insulin shows potencies of 13 IU/mg by the mouse convulsion assay method and 7.6 IU/mg by the radioimmunoassay method. The des(pentapeptide B(1-5))-insulin possesses a potency of 1.2 IU/mg when assayed by the glucose-oxidation method in isolated fat cells and 3.7 IU/mg by the radioimmunoassay technique. The natural hormone has a potency of 23--25 IU/mg by both assay methods.", "contents": "Synthesis of des(tetrapeptide B(1-4)) and des(pentapeptide B(1-5)) human insulins. Two biologically active analogues. Two analogues of human insulin, des(tetrapeptide B(1-4))-and des (pentapeptide B(1-5))-insulin, which differ from the parent molecule in that the N-terminal tetrapeptide and pentapeptide sequences, respectively, have been eliminated, have been synthesized. The des(tetrapeptide B(1-4))-insulin shows potencies of 13 IU/mg by the mouse convulsion assay method and 7.6 IU/mg by the radioimmunoassay method. The des(pentapeptide B(1-5))-insulin possesses a potency of 1.2 IU/mg when assayed by the glucose-oxidation method in isolated fat cells and 3.7 IU/mg by the radioimmunoassay technique. The natural hormone has a potency of 23--25 IU/mg by both assay methods.", "PMID": 718857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7768", "title": "Ethidium bromide complexes with self-complementary deoxytetranucleotides. Demonstration and discussion of sequence preferences in the intercalative binding of ethidium bromide.", "content": "The binding of ethidium bromide to the self-complementary deoxytetranucleotides containing guanine and cytosine bases has been studied by circular dichroism, visible absorption, and fluorescence spectroscopies. The circular dichroism spectrum of each of the four deoxytetranucleotides was measured and compared to the spectrum calculated by a nearest-neighbor approximation method which utilized the circular dichroism spectra of the deoxydinucleotides as a basis set. Reasonable agreement was obtained between the calculated and experimental spectra for three of the four deoxytetranucleotides; however, pdC-dC-dG-dG exhibited poor agreement between the actual and nearest-neighbor calculated spectra, which suggests that pdC-dC-dG-dG may exist in an unusual conformation. A nearest-neighbor method was also used to calculate the extinction coefficients for each of the deoxytetranucleotides: these values differ substantially from values recently published by Patel and Canuel [(1977), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 2624--2628] in which the method used for the determination of the extinction coefficients was not stated. The magnitude of the extinction coefficients is important in determining the stoichiometry of complex formation as well as the relative sequence preferences for ethidium binding. The visible absorption titrations, the fluorescence titrations, and the circular dichroism titrations with ethidium bromide clearly show that two ethidiums will intercalate into a (pdC-dG-dC-dG).(pdC-dG-dC-dG) double helix presumably at the two (dC-dG).(DC-dG) sequences. Results from the pdG-dC-dG-dC titrations with ethidium bromide are not as definitive. Raising the temperature from approximately 2 to 26 degrees C diminishes the strength of complex formation for the EthBr plus pdC-dG-dC-dG system and makes it more difficult to unequivocally determine the stoichiometry of the complex formation. These data thus confirm and extend our earlier observation that ethidium bromide preferentially binds to pyrimidine-purine sequences as opposed to purine-pyrimidine sequences. Experiments monitoring the binding of ethidium bromide to pdC-dC-dG-dG and pdG-dG-dC-dC indicate that ethidium will bind strongly to the (dG-dG).(dC-dC) sequence. We conclude that the relative ordering of the sequence preferences for the binding of ethidium to the three sequences available in the tetranucleotides studied is (dC-dG).(dC-dG) congruent to (dG-dG).(dC-dC) greater than (dG-dC).(dG-dC).", "contents": "Ethidium bromide complexes with self-complementary deoxytetranucleotides. Demonstration and discussion of sequence preferences in the intercalative binding of ethidium bromide. The binding of ethidium bromide to the self-complementary deoxytetranucleotides containing guanine and cytosine bases has been studied by circular dichroism, visible absorption, and fluorescence spectroscopies. The circular dichroism spectrum of each of the four deoxytetranucleotides was measured and compared to the spectrum calculated by a nearest-neighbor approximation method which utilized the circular dichroism spectra of the deoxydinucleotides as a basis set. Reasonable agreement was obtained between the calculated and experimental spectra for three of the four deoxytetranucleotides; however, pdC-dC-dG-dG exhibited poor agreement between the actual and nearest-neighbor calculated spectra, which suggests that pdC-dC-dG-dG may exist in an unusual conformation. A nearest-neighbor method was also used to calculate the extinction coefficients for each of the deoxytetranucleotides: these values differ substantially from values recently published by Patel and Canuel [(1977), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 2624--2628] in which the method used for the determination of the extinction coefficients was not stated. The magnitude of the extinction coefficients is important in determining the stoichiometry of complex formation as well as the relative sequence preferences for ethidium binding. The visible absorption titrations, the fluorescence titrations, and the circular dichroism titrations with ethidium bromide clearly show that two ethidiums will intercalate into a (pdC-dG-dC-dG).(pdC-dG-dC-dG) double helix presumably at the two (dC-dG).(DC-dG) sequences. Results from the pdG-dC-dG-dC titrations with ethidium bromide are not as definitive. Raising the temperature from approximately 2 to 26 degrees C diminishes the strength of complex formation for the EthBr plus pdC-dG-dC-dG system and makes it more difficult to unequivocally determine the stoichiometry of the complex formation. These data thus confirm and extend our earlier observation that ethidium bromide preferentially binds to pyrimidine-purine sequences as opposed to purine-pyrimidine sequences. Experiments monitoring the binding of ethidium bromide to pdC-dC-dG-dG and pdG-dG-dC-dC indicate that ethidium will bind strongly to the (dG-dG).(dC-dC) sequence. We conclude that the relative ordering of the sequence preferences for the binding of ethidium to the three sequences available in the tetranucleotides studied is (dC-dG).(dC-dG) congruent to (dG-dG).(dC-dC) greater than (dG-dC).(dG-dC).", "PMID": 718860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7769", "title": "Photochemistry of cytosine derivatives. 1. Photochemistry of thymidylyl-(3' leads to 5')-deoxycytidine.", "content": "The photochemistry of thymidylyl-(3' leads to 5')- deoxycytidine (dTpdC) was studied as a model system of adjacent thymine and cytosine bases in DNA. Acetophenonesensitized irradiation causes the cytosine moiety in dTpdC to react with the thymine moiety intramolecularly. Three unstable photoproducts are formed initially which are converted into three isomeric dinucleoside phosphates of thymine-uracil cyclobutane photodimer in a ratio of 4.2:2.2:1. Under the same irradiation condition thymidylyl-(3' leads to 5')-thymidine (dTpdT) yields two products in a ratio of 6:1. The structures of these products are established by chemical and spectroscopic methods. The major product in these reactions has been identified as the stereoisomer which has the same anti,anti relationship between the pyrimidine rings and the deoxyribose group as in the parent dinucleoside phosphates. The efficiency of the intramolecular dimerization of dTpdC is about one-third that of dTpdT. The results suggest that the cytosine base in DNA may be converted to a uracil base via photodimerization with an adjacent pyrimidine base, hydrolysis, and photoreactivation.", "contents": "Photochemistry of cytosine derivatives. 1. Photochemistry of thymidylyl-(3' leads to 5')-deoxycytidine. The photochemistry of thymidylyl-(3' leads to 5')- deoxycytidine (dTpdC) was studied as a model system of adjacent thymine and cytosine bases in DNA. Acetophenonesensitized irradiation causes the cytosine moiety in dTpdC to react with the thymine moiety intramolecularly. Three unstable photoproducts are formed initially which are converted into three isomeric dinucleoside phosphates of thymine-uracil cyclobutane photodimer in a ratio of 4.2:2.2:1. Under the same irradiation condition thymidylyl-(3' leads to 5')-thymidine (dTpdT) yields two products in a ratio of 6:1. The structures of these products are established by chemical and spectroscopic methods. The major product in these reactions has been identified as the stereoisomer which has the same anti,anti relationship between the pyrimidine rings and the deoxyribose group as in the parent dinucleoside phosphates. The efficiency of the intramolecular dimerization of dTpdC is about one-third that of dTpdT. The results suggest that the cytosine base in DNA may be converted to a uracil base via photodimerization with an adjacent pyrimidine base, hydrolysis, and photoreactivation.", "PMID": 718861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7770", "title": "Photochemistry of cytosine derivatives. 2. Photohydration of cytosine derivatives. Proton magnetic resonance study on the chemical structure and property of photohydrates.", "content": "Photohydrates of cytidine and cytidylic acids have been definitively characterized to be isomeric 6-hydroxy-5,6-dihydrocytosine derivatives. It has also been demonstrated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy that (1) the stereochemistry of photohydration is random, (2) the C5-H trans to the C6-OH undergoes a rapid selective exchange in the presence of proton acids, and (3) the dehydration of photohydrates is a trans-elimination. The mechanism of these processes is discussed.", "contents": "Photochemistry of cytosine derivatives. 2. Photohydration of cytosine derivatives. Proton magnetic resonance study on the chemical structure and property of photohydrates. Photohydrates of cytidine and cytidylic acids have been definitively characterized to be isomeric 6-hydroxy-5,6-dihydrocytosine derivatives. It has also been demonstrated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy that (1) the stereochemistry of photohydration is random, (2) the C5-H trans to the C6-OH undergoes a rapid selective exchange in the presence of proton acids, and (3) the dehydration of photohydrates is a trans-elimination. The mechanism of these processes is discussed.", "PMID": 718862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7771", "title": "Effect of inhibition of DNA synthesis on histone synthesis and deposition.", "content": "We have reinvestigated the degree of coupling between DNA and histone synthesis in mammalian cells. In at least one cell line (HTC cells), the coupling is not nearly as tight as had previously been inferred from experiments with HeLa cells. The site of deposition of such histones which continue to be made in the presence of sufficient hydroxyurea to depress DNA synthesis almost totally has been studied. Deposition seems to be on material which absorbs at 260 nm. This material is not a part of the bulk chromatin and binds histone in a relatively tight manner. The possible role of such a material in histone synthesis and deposition is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of inhibition of DNA synthesis on histone synthesis and deposition. We have reinvestigated the degree of coupling between DNA and histone synthesis in mammalian cells. In at least one cell line (HTC cells), the coupling is not nearly as tight as had previously been inferred from experiments with HeLa cells. The site of deposition of such histones which continue to be made in the presence of sufficient hydroxyurea to depress DNA synthesis almost totally has been studied. Deposition seems to be on material which absorbs at 260 nm. This material is not a part of the bulk chromatin and binds histone in a relatively tight manner. The possible role of such a material in histone synthesis and deposition is discussed.", "PMID": 718863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7772", "title": "Nucleosome structure of Xenopus oocyte amplified ribosomal genes.", "content": "The chromatin subunit or nucleosome structure of the amplified, extrachromosomal, ribosomal genes of oocytes of the amphibian Xenopus laevis has been investigated during stages of growth when these genes are markedly changing their rates of transcriptional activity. Nucleic acid hybridization studies involving micrococcal nuclease derived monomer nucleosome DNA fragments and purified ribosomal RNAs indicate that the apparent degree of accessibility of the ribosomal genes to short-term nuclease hydrolysis varies as a function of the rate of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription. However, at no stage during oocyte development are all of the amplified ribosomal genes completely accessible to nuclease hydrolysis, even in those stages with maximal rates of rRNA transcriptional activity. These results suggest that the transcriptionally active ribosomal genes of oocytes are partially, or perhaps transiently, associated with histones in the form of nuclease releasable nucleosomes but that the degree of this association may change with varying rates of rRNA synthesis. Additionally, the present data indicate that the average size of the double-stranded ribosomal DNA associated with monomer nucleosomes is the same (about 200 base pairs) in all of the oocyte stages examined regardless of the rates of rRNA synthesis in these stages.", "contents": "Nucleosome structure of Xenopus oocyte amplified ribosomal genes. The chromatin subunit or nucleosome structure of the amplified, extrachromosomal, ribosomal genes of oocytes of the amphibian Xenopus laevis has been investigated during stages of growth when these genes are markedly changing their rates of transcriptional activity. Nucleic acid hybridization studies involving micrococcal nuclease derived monomer nucleosome DNA fragments and purified ribosomal RNAs indicate that the apparent degree of accessibility of the ribosomal genes to short-term nuclease hydrolysis varies as a function of the rate of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription. However, at no stage during oocyte development are all of the amplified ribosomal genes completely accessible to nuclease hydrolysis, even in those stages with maximal rates of rRNA transcriptional activity. These results suggest that the transcriptionally active ribosomal genes of oocytes are partially, or perhaps transiently, associated with histones in the form of nuclease releasable nucleosomes but that the degree of this association may change with varying rates of rRNA synthesis. Additionally, the present data indicate that the average size of the double-stranded ribosomal DNA associated with monomer nucleosomes is the same (about 200 base pairs) in all of the oocyte stages examined regardless of the rates of rRNA synthesis in these stages.", "PMID": 718864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7773", "title": "Fluorescence quenching as an indicator for structural fluctuations in liver alcohol dehydrogenase.", "content": "N-Acetyltryptophanamide (NATA), when illuminated anywhere within the 280-nm absorption band, has an emission lifetime of 3.1 ns. The tryptophan residues in liver alcohol dehydrogenase (LADH), however, when excited at 280 nm exhibit two lifetimes of r1 = 2.2 and of r2 = 5.7 ns. Excitation at 300 nm yields a single decay of 5.0 ns. It is shown that at the latter wavelength, only the two (equivalent) tryptophan residues buried within the LADH structure are excited. The reaction rate of the NATA fluorescence quenching by ionic and nonionic quenchers is practically independent of the temperature (between 5 and 41 degrees C). The same substances were used to quench the tryptophan fluorescence in LADH. Here (in the same temperature range), the quenching rate decreases drastically with a decrease in temperature. These findings are discussed in terms of conformational fluctuations in LADH, whereby the temporal movement of the polypeptide chains opens channels through which the above quencher molecules can diffuse and reach the tryptophan residues located within the enzyme structure.", "contents": "Fluorescence quenching as an indicator for structural fluctuations in liver alcohol dehydrogenase. N-Acetyltryptophanamide (NATA), when illuminated anywhere within the 280-nm absorption band, has an emission lifetime of 3.1 ns. The tryptophan residues in liver alcohol dehydrogenase (LADH), however, when excited at 280 nm exhibit two lifetimes of r1 = 2.2 and of r2 = 5.7 ns. Excitation at 300 nm yields a single decay of 5.0 ns. It is shown that at the latter wavelength, only the two (equivalent) tryptophan residues buried within the LADH structure are excited. The reaction rate of the NATA fluorescence quenching by ionic and nonionic quenchers is practically independent of the temperature (between 5 and 41 degrees C). The same substances were used to quench the tryptophan fluorescence in LADH. Here (in the same temperature range), the quenching rate decreases drastically with a decrease in temperature. These findings are discussed in terms of conformational fluctuations in LADH, whereby the temporal movement of the polypeptide chains opens channels through which the above quencher molecules can diffuse and reach the tryptophan residues located within the enzyme structure.", "PMID": 718866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7774", "title": "Binding of bovine coagulation factor Xa to platelets.", "content": "The binding of highly purified bovine coagulation factor Xa to washed bovine platelets was studied. 125I-labeled factor Xa underwent binding to a platelet receptor that became accessible only after induction of the platelet release reaction by thrombin or by the calcium ionophore A 23187. The zymogen factor X did not bind to platelets. The factor Xa binding was saturable, reversible, and correlated with the rate of thrombin formation. The number of factor Xa binding sites per platelet was 290--420 and the apparent association constant was estimated to be 2.8 x 109 to 1.0 x 1010 M-1. Diisoprophyl fluorophosphate-factor Xa bound to the same platelet receptor as factor Xa indicating that limited proteolysis of a receptor protein was not required for binding. The rate of factor Xa binding was rapid (2.1 x 10(6) to 2.9 x 10(6) M-1 s-1) and similar to that preveiously found for the rate of binding of polypeptide hormones to their receptors. Displacement of factor Xa from the platelet receptor by diisopropyl fluorophosphate-factor Xa effectively blocked thrombin formation. Low concentrations of factor Xa catalyze prothrombin activation more effectively in the presence of platelets than in the presence of phospholipid and factor V.", "contents": "Binding of bovine coagulation factor Xa to platelets. The binding of highly purified bovine coagulation factor Xa to washed bovine platelets was studied. 125I-labeled factor Xa underwent binding to a platelet receptor that became accessible only after induction of the platelet release reaction by thrombin or by the calcium ionophore A 23187. The zymogen factor X did not bind to platelets. The factor Xa binding was saturable, reversible, and correlated with the rate of thrombin formation. The number of factor Xa binding sites per platelet was 290--420 and the apparent association constant was estimated to be 2.8 x 109 to 1.0 x 1010 M-1. Diisoprophyl fluorophosphate-factor Xa bound to the same platelet receptor as factor Xa indicating that limited proteolysis of a receptor protein was not required for binding. The rate of factor Xa binding was rapid (2.1 x 10(6) to 2.9 x 10(6) M-1 s-1) and similar to that preveiously found for the rate of binding of polypeptide hormones to their receptors. Displacement of factor Xa from the platelet receptor by diisopropyl fluorophosphate-factor Xa effectively blocked thrombin formation. Low concentrations of factor Xa catalyze prothrombin activation more effectively in the presence of platelets than in the presence of phospholipid and factor V.", "PMID": 718867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7775", "title": "The histone core complex: an octamer assembled by two sets of protein-protein interactions.", "content": "A protein complex, extracted from calf thymus chromatin with 2 M NaCl, pH 7.5, containing approximately equal molar ratios of histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4, has been characterized in this study. Gel filtration, sedimentation velocity, and sedimentation equilibrium experiments demonstrate that this complex, known as the core complex, has a molecular weight near that expected for a histone octamer (108 000 for a unit containing two each of the four inner histones) and far exceeding that of a histone tetramer (54 400). This finding suggests that the histone octamer, postulated to be the fundamental histone unit in chromatin, is stable in 2 M NaCl, pH 7.5, in the absence of DNA or chemical cross-linking reagents. In the second part of this study, we demonstrate that the bonds maintaining the octameric complex in 2 M NaCl are weak and distinctly different from the forces stabilizing the H2A-H2B dimer or H3-H4 tetramer. The octamer is dissociated into two H2A-H2B dimers and one H3-H4 tetramer by (i) increasing temperature; (ii) decreasing NaCl concentration; (iii) adding low concentrations of urea or guanidine hydrochloride; and (iv) lowering the pH below 7 or raising it above 10. These findings indicate that the octamer is assembled by two sets-of protein-protein interactions. The first set involves mostly hydrophobic interactions and yields the H2A-H2B dimer and the H3-H4 tetramer subunits. The second set involves the weak association of one H3-H4 tetramer with two H2A-H2B dimers to form an octamer. We suggest that these weak interactions might be derived predominantly from histidine-lysine or histidine-tyrosine hydrogen bonds between the dimer and tetramer subunits.", "contents": "The histone core complex: an octamer assembled by two sets of protein-protein interactions. A protein complex, extracted from calf thymus chromatin with 2 M NaCl, pH 7.5, containing approximately equal molar ratios of histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4, has been characterized in this study. Gel filtration, sedimentation velocity, and sedimentation equilibrium experiments demonstrate that this complex, known as the core complex, has a molecular weight near that expected for a histone octamer (108 000 for a unit containing two each of the four inner histones) and far exceeding that of a histone tetramer (54 400). This finding suggests that the histone octamer, postulated to be the fundamental histone unit in chromatin, is stable in 2 M NaCl, pH 7.5, in the absence of DNA or chemical cross-linking reagents. In the second part of this study, we demonstrate that the bonds maintaining the octameric complex in 2 M NaCl are weak and distinctly different from the forces stabilizing the H2A-H2B dimer or H3-H4 tetramer. The octamer is dissociated into two H2A-H2B dimers and one H3-H4 tetramer by (i) increasing temperature; (ii) decreasing NaCl concentration; (iii) adding low concentrations of urea or guanidine hydrochloride; and (iv) lowering the pH below 7 or raising it above 10. These findings indicate that the octamer is assembled by two sets-of protein-protein interactions. The first set involves mostly hydrophobic interactions and yields the H2A-H2B dimer and the H3-H4 tetramer subunits. The second set involves the weak association of one H3-H4 tetramer with two H2A-H2B dimers to form an octamer. We suggest that these weak interactions might be derived predominantly from histidine-lysine or histidine-tyrosine hydrogen bonds between the dimer and tetramer subunits.", "PMID": 718868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7776", "title": "Equilibrium and kinetic studies of the binding of Lens culinaris lectin to rabbit erythrocytes by a quantitative fluorometric method.", "content": "The binding of Lens culinaris lectin to the receptors of rabbit erythrocytes was studied by a quantitative fluorometric method using the fluoresceinated conjugate. Equilibrium data showed the presence of 1.2 x 10(6) receptors/cell with an association constant varying from 8 to 3 x 10(6) M-1 over a temperature range of 5 to 37 degrees C. The binding reaction is exothermic with a deltaH = -4.6 kcal/mol and a deltaS = + 15 eu. It appears that most of the bound lectin molecules had only a single site occupied, the agglutination being due to a very low fraction (0.0003--0.0056) of lectin molecules with two sites occupied. The specificity of the reaction was demonstrated through its inhibition by nonfluoresceinated LL and by the specific sugars methyl alpha-D-glucoside and methyl alpha-D-mannoside. From the inhibition curves an association constant of 4 x 10(2) M-1 was calculated for methyl alpha-d-glucoside and 9 x 10(2) for methyl alpha-D-mannoside. The association and dissociation rate constants of the binding reaction are, respectively, in the range of 3--10 x 103 and 3--33 x 10(-4) M-1 s-1 in the temperature range of 5 to 37 degrees C. The activation energies of the forward and reverse reactions are 7 and 13 kcal/mol, respectively. The association constants and the binding enthalpy calculated from the activation energies were fully consistent with those obtained by equilibrium measurements.", "contents": "Equilibrium and kinetic studies of the binding of Lens culinaris lectin to rabbit erythrocytes by a quantitative fluorometric method. The binding of Lens culinaris lectin to the receptors of rabbit erythrocytes was studied by a quantitative fluorometric method using the fluoresceinated conjugate. Equilibrium data showed the presence of 1.2 x 10(6) receptors/cell with an association constant varying from 8 to 3 x 10(6) M-1 over a temperature range of 5 to 37 degrees C. The binding reaction is exothermic with a deltaH = -4.6 kcal/mol and a deltaS = + 15 eu. It appears that most of the bound lectin molecules had only a single site occupied, the agglutination being due to a very low fraction (0.0003--0.0056) of lectin molecules with two sites occupied. The specificity of the reaction was demonstrated through its inhibition by nonfluoresceinated LL and by the specific sugars methyl alpha-D-glucoside and methyl alpha-D-mannoside. From the inhibition curves an association constant of 4 x 10(2) M-1 was calculated for methyl alpha-d-glucoside and 9 x 10(2) for methyl alpha-D-mannoside. The association and dissociation rate constants of the binding reaction are, respectively, in the range of 3--10 x 103 and 3--33 x 10(-4) M-1 s-1 in the temperature range of 5 to 37 degrees C. The activation energies of the forward and reverse reactions are 7 and 13 kcal/mol, respectively. The association constants and the binding enthalpy calculated from the activation energies were fully consistent with those obtained by equilibrium measurements.", "PMID": 718870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7777", "title": "Effect of cholesterol on the molecular motion in the hydrocarbon region of lecithin bilayers studied by nanosecond fluorescence techniques.", "content": "Effects of cholesterol on the dynamic structure of the hydrocarbon region of dipalmitoyllecithin vesicles were examined. Decays of the emission anisotropy and the fluorescence intensity of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene embedded in lecithin-cholesterol vesicles were measured over a temperature range of 10--60 degrees C. The emission anisotropy decreased rapidly with time and then leveled off. The rotational motion of the probe was analyzed by a model of wobbling diffusion confined in a cone. Cholesterol (10--50 mol%) decreased the cone angle in the liquid-crystalline phase and increased it in the gel phase. In the presence of 33 mol% cholesterol, the wobbling diffusion constant increased in the gel phase and changed little in the liquid-crystalline phase. The viscosity in the cone decreased in the gel phase and remained almost unchanged in the liquid-crystalline phase in the presence of 33 mol% cholesterol. The total fluorescence intensity followed a singel exponential decay independently of the cholesterol content 0--50 mol%.", "contents": "Effect of cholesterol on the molecular motion in the hydrocarbon region of lecithin bilayers studied by nanosecond fluorescence techniques. Effects of cholesterol on the dynamic structure of the hydrocarbon region of dipalmitoyllecithin vesicles were examined. Decays of the emission anisotropy and the fluorescence intensity of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene embedded in lecithin-cholesterol vesicles were measured over a temperature range of 10--60 degrees C. The emission anisotropy decreased rapidly with time and then leveled off. The rotational motion of the probe was analyzed by a model of wobbling diffusion confined in a cone. Cholesterol (10--50 mol%) decreased the cone angle in the liquid-crystalline phase and increased it in the gel phase. In the presence of 33 mol% cholesterol, the wobbling diffusion constant increased in the gel phase and changed little in the liquid-crystalline phase. The viscosity in the cone decreased in the gel phase and remained almost unchanged in the liquid-crystalline phase in the presence of 33 mol% cholesterol. The total fluorescence intensity followed a singel exponential decay independently of the cholesterol content 0--50 mol%.", "PMID": 718871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7778", "title": "Structural requirements of alkyl acyldithiocarbazates for the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria.", "content": "A structure-activity relationship study on the uncoupling of alkyl acyldithiocarbazates was carried out. Greater activity was observed with increasing alkyl chain length, the optimum being C9. A further increase in alkyl chain length caused a decrease in the activity. Thione-thiol tautomeric forms with a dissociable proton were dound to be of primary importance for the uncoupling and the role of the acyl group was auxiliary. The reactivity of the SH group of alkyl acyldithiocarbazates with an SH-reagent was very low. These compounds facilitated the valinomycin-induced swelling of non-respiring mitochondria and non-sonicated lecithin liposomes in isotonic potassium acetate solution.", "contents": "Structural requirements of alkyl acyldithiocarbazates for the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. A structure-activity relationship study on the uncoupling of alkyl acyldithiocarbazates was carried out. Greater activity was observed with increasing alkyl chain length, the optimum being C9. A further increase in alkyl chain length caused a decrease in the activity. Thione-thiol tautomeric forms with a dissociable proton were dound to be of primary importance for the uncoupling and the role of the acyl group was auxiliary. The reactivity of the SH group of alkyl acyldithiocarbazates with an SH-reagent was very low. These compounds facilitated the valinomycin-induced swelling of non-respiring mitochondria and non-sonicated lecithin liposomes in isotonic potassium acetate solution.", "PMID": 718875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7779", "title": "The accumulation of neutral red in illuminated thylakoids.", "content": "Thylakoids isolated from spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) bind only a small fraction of neutral red in the dark whereas they accumulate large amounts of the protonated dye in their inner space under light. Light-induced neutral red uptake depends on the size of the proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane but does not follow the mechanism established for amines. Instead, the correlation between pH gradient and neutral red uptake can be predicted quantitatively assuming that protonated neutral red is accumulated mainly as dimer species. Under appropriate conditions, accumulation of protonated neutral red in the inner thylakoid space is proportional to an absorbance increase at 520 nm. This 520-nm change can be used for the continuous measurement of pH changes in thylakoids during steady-state illumination.", "contents": "The accumulation of neutral red in illuminated thylakoids. Thylakoids isolated from spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) bind only a small fraction of neutral red in the dark whereas they accumulate large amounts of the protonated dye in their inner space under light. Light-induced neutral red uptake depends on the size of the proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane but does not follow the mechanism established for amines. Instead, the correlation between pH gradient and neutral red uptake can be predicted quantitatively assuming that protonated neutral red is accumulated mainly as dimer species. Under appropriate conditions, accumulation of protonated neutral red in the inner thylakoid space is proportional to an absorbance increase at 520 nm. This 520-nm change can be used for the continuous measurement of pH changes in thylakoids during steady-state illumination.", "PMID": 718876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7780", "title": "Functional homogeneity of P-700 in cyclic and non-cyclic electron transport reactions in thylakoids.", "content": "The photoinduced turnover of P-700 (the reaction center chlorophyll a of photosystem I) in higher plant thylakoids was examined at room temperature by observation of the kinetics and amplitude of the transmission signal at 700 nm. The concentration of P-700 functional in cyclic and non-cyclic electron transfer reactions was compared. For the cyclic reactions mediated by N-methylphenazonium-p-methosulfate, 2,3,5,6-tetramethylphenylenediamine, 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol and N,N,N',N'-tetramethylphenylenediamine and non-cyclic reactions utilizing either methylviologen or NADP+ as acceptor, the illuminated steady-state concentration of P-700+ was shown to be similar. The data support the concept of a homogeneous pool of P-700 that is capable of interaction in both cyclic and non-cyclic electron transfer reactions and are consistent with previous data obtained in vivo. The amplitude and kinetics of the P-700 signal were found to be very dependent upon the composition of the reaction medium and differences were noted for turnover in the cyclic and non-cyclic reactions. Specifically, at white light saturation, the addition of low concentrations of divalent cations, such as Mg2+ or Ca2+, had no effect on the signal amplitude during cyclic reactions, but, in confirmation of previous work, caused an attenuation of the signal amplitude during non-cyclic flow. At low light intensities, the divalent cations caused a similar reduction in redox level of P-700 in the steady-state during non-cyclic flow and also reduced the rate of P-700 photooxidation in the cyclic reactions. The concentration of divalent cation that reduced the signal amplitude of P-700+ during non-cyclic flow was compared with that required for the stimulation of the variable component of fluorescence, and it was shown to be similar with half maximal effects at 1 mM Mg+. The observations confirm that divalent cations control non-cyclic electron transport by an activation of Photosystem II in addition to regulating the distribution of excitation energy between the two photosystems.", "contents": "Functional homogeneity of P-700 in cyclic and non-cyclic electron transport reactions in thylakoids. The photoinduced turnover of P-700 (the reaction center chlorophyll a of photosystem I) in higher plant thylakoids was examined at room temperature by observation of the kinetics and amplitude of the transmission signal at 700 nm. The concentration of P-700 functional in cyclic and non-cyclic electron transfer reactions was compared. For the cyclic reactions mediated by N-methylphenazonium-p-methosulfate, 2,3,5,6-tetramethylphenylenediamine, 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol and N,N,N',N'-tetramethylphenylenediamine and non-cyclic reactions utilizing either methylviologen or NADP+ as acceptor, the illuminated steady-state concentration of P-700+ was shown to be similar. The data support the concept of a homogeneous pool of P-700 that is capable of interaction in both cyclic and non-cyclic electron transfer reactions and are consistent with previous data obtained in vivo. The amplitude and kinetics of the P-700 signal were found to be very dependent upon the composition of the reaction medium and differences were noted for turnover in the cyclic and non-cyclic reactions. Specifically, at white light saturation, the addition of low concentrations of divalent cations, such as Mg2+ or Ca2+, had no effect on the signal amplitude during cyclic reactions, but, in confirmation of previous work, caused an attenuation of the signal amplitude during non-cyclic flow. At low light intensities, the divalent cations caused a similar reduction in redox level of P-700 in the steady-state during non-cyclic flow and also reduced the rate of P-700 photooxidation in the cyclic reactions. The concentration of divalent cation that reduced the signal amplitude of P-700+ during non-cyclic flow was compared with that required for the stimulation of the variable component of fluorescence, and it was shown to be similar with half maximal effects at 1 mM Mg+. The observations confirm that divalent cations control non-cyclic electron transport by an activation of Photosystem II in addition to regulating the distribution of excitation energy between the two photosystems.", "PMID": 718877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7781", "title": "Cyclic electron transport in isolated intact chloroplasts. Further studies with antimycin.", "content": "Antimycin has been used to study the role of cyclic electron transport in isolated intact chloroplasts maintained under aerobic conditions. At all light intensities, antimycin inhibits CO2 fixation when assay conditions are optimal. When turnover of the Calvin cycle is inhibited, antimycin stimulates bicarbonate-dependent O2 evolution. Energy-dependent processes such as chlorophyll a and 9-aminoacridine fluorescence quenching, and light-scattering (apparent absorption) changes are inhibited by antimycin. The results suggest that cyclic electron transport contributes to photophosphorylation under aerobic conditions and is obligatory as a source of ATP during the most active periods of CO2 fixation in vivo. Cyclic electron transport can be stimulated either by inhibiting Photosystem II activity or increasing the turnover of Photosystem I relative to Photosystem II. These effects are interpreted in terms of the need for correct redox poising of carriers in the pathway in order to sustain maximum rates of cyclic electron flow. Binding studies indicate the presence of a high affinity antimycin binding site on chloroplast membranes. The stoichiometry and dissociation constant of the high affinity site are consistent with the idea that antimycin inhibits cyclic electron transport by binding to a b-type cytochrome in the thylakoid membrane.", "contents": "Cyclic electron transport in isolated intact chloroplasts. Further studies with antimycin. Antimycin has been used to study the role of cyclic electron transport in isolated intact chloroplasts maintained under aerobic conditions. At all light intensities, antimycin inhibits CO2 fixation when assay conditions are optimal. When turnover of the Calvin cycle is inhibited, antimycin stimulates bicarbonate-dependent O2 evolution. Energy-dependent processes such as chlorophyll a and 9-aminoacridine fluorescence quenching, and light-scattering (apparent absorption) changes are inhibited by antimycin. The results suggest that cyclic electron transport contributes to photophosphorylation under aerobic conditions and is obligatory as a source of ATP during the most active periods of CO2 fixation in vivo. Cyclic electron transport can be stimulated either by inhibiting Photosystem II activity or increasing the turnover of Photosystem I relative to Photosystem II. These effects are interpreted in terms of the need for correct redox poising of carriers in the pathway in order to sustain maximum rates of cyclic electron flow. Binding studies indicate the presence of a high affinity antimycin binding site on chloroplast membranes. The stoichiometry and dissociation constant of the high affinity site are consistent with the idea that antimycin inhibits cyclic electron transport by binding to a b-type cytochrome in the thylakoid membrane.", "PMID": 718878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7782", "title": "Chloroplast culture: the chlorophyll repair potential of mature chloroplasts incubated in a simple medium.", "content": "The chlorophyll repair potential of mature Cucumis chloroplasts incubated in a simple Tris-HCl/sucrose medium is described. The chloroplasts were isolated from green, fully expanded Cucumis cotyledons which were capable of chlorophyll repair. This was evidenced by a functional chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway in the mature tissue. The biosynthesis of protocholorphyllide from exogenous delta-aminolevulinic acid was used as a marker for the operation of the chlorophyll biosynthetic chain between delta-aminolevulinic acid and protochlorophyllide. The conversion of exogenous protochlorophyllide into chlorophyll a was used as a marker for the operation of the chlorophyll pathway beyond protochlorophyllide. It appeared from these studies that contrary to published reports, unfortified fully developed Cucumis chloroplasts incubated in Tris-HCl/sucrose without the addition of cofactors exhibited a partial and limited chlorophyll repair capability. Their net tetrapyrrole biosynthetic competence from delta-aminolevulinic acid was confined to the accumulation of coproporphyrin. No net tetrapyrrole biosynthesis beyond coproporphyrin was observed. However, the plastids were capable of incorporating small amounts of delta-amino[4-(14)C]levulinic acid into [14C]protochlorophyllide but were incapable of converting exogenous protochlorophyllide into chlorophyll. After prolonged incubation of the unfortified chloroplasts in the dark, a fluorescent protochlorophyllide-like compound accumulated. This compound [Cp (E430-F631) was shown to be neither protochlorophyllide nor zinc-prototochlorophyllide but and a fluorescence emission maximum at 631 nm (F631) in methanol/acetone (4 : 1, v/v). Cp(E430-F631) WAS SHOWN TO BE NEITHER PROTOCHLOROPHYLLIDE NOR ZINC-PROTOTOCHLOROPHYLLIDE BUT an enzymatic degradation product of chlorophyll. The exact chemical identity of this compound has not yet been determined.", "contents": "Chloroplast culture: the chlorophyll repair potential of mature chloroplasts incubated in a simple medium. The chlorophyll repair potential of mature Cucumis chloroplasts incubated in a simple Tris-HCl/sucrose medium is described. The chloroplasts were isolated from green, fully expanded Cucumis cotyledons which were capable of chlorophyll repair. This was evidenced by a functional chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway in the mature tissue. The biosynthesis of protocholorphyllide from exogenous delta-aminolevulinic acid was used as a marker for the operation of the chlorophyll biosynthetic chain between delta-aminolevulinic acid and protochlorophyllide. The conversion of exogenous protochlorophyllide into chlorophyll a was used as a marker for the operation of the chlorophyll pathway beyond protochlorophyllide. It appeared from these studies that contrary to published reports, unfortified fully developed Cucumis chloroplasts incubated in Tris-HCl/sucrose without the addition of cofactors exhibited a partial and limited chlorophyll repair capability. Their net tetrapyrrole biosynthetic competence from delta-aminolevulinic acid was confined to the accumulation of coproporphyrin. No net tetrapyrrole biosynthesis beyond coproporphyrin was observed. However, the plastids were capable of incorporating small amounts of delta-amino[4-(14)C]levulinic acid into [14C]protochlorophyllide but were incapable of converting exogenous protochlorophyllide into chlorophyll. After prolonged incubation of the unfortified chloroplasts in the dark, a fluorescent protochlorophyllide-like compound accumulated. This compound [Cp (E430-F631) was shown to be neither protochlorophyllide nor zinc-prototochlorophyllide but and a fluorescence emission maximum at 631 nm (F631) in methanol/acetone (4 : 1, v/v). Cp(E430-F631) WAS SHOWN TO BE NEITHER PROTOCHLOROPHYLLIDE NOR ZINC-PROTOTOCHLOROPHYLLIDE BUT an enzymatic degradation product of chlorophyll. The exact chemical identity of this compound has not yet been determined.", "PMID": 718879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7783", "title": "Membrane surface potential and the reactivity of the system II primary electron acceptor to charged electron carriers in the medium.", "content": "A hypothesis is proposed to explain the changes in the apparent rate constant for the reaction between the primary electron acceptor of System II situated in the thylakoid membrane and the artificial electron acceptors added in the medium. Dark oxidation rate of the primary acceptor by artificial electron acceptors was monitored by measuring the induction of chlorophyll fluorescence in the presence of an electron transport inhibitor, 3-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, in spinach chloroplasts. The apparent rate constant for the oxidation changed widely when the medium pH or salt concentrations were varied, or ionic detergents were added. The change was quantitatively ascribed (1) to the change in the local concentration of electron acceptors at the thylakoid surface due to the electrical potential difference between the surface and the bulk aqueous phase (Gouy-Chapman diffuse double layer theory) and (2) to the situation whereby the apparent rate constant is determined with respect to concentration in the bulk phase. Values for the surface potential in the vicinity of System II were estimated from the change in the apparent rate constant under various conditions. The results closely agreed with those obtained previously from the rate constant of the dark step of the System II-dependent Hill reaction with ferricyanide (Itoh, S. (1978) Plant Cell Physiol. 19, 149--166). Application of the hypothesis to various reactions between the added ionic reagents and the endogenous components in the membrane or between the endogenous components situated in different parts of the membrane is discussed.", "contents": "Membrane surface potential and the reactivity of the system II primary electron acceptor to charged electron carriers in the medium. A hypothesis is proposed to explain the changes in the apparent rate constant for the reaction between the primary electron acceptor of System II situated in the thylakoid membrane and the artificial electron acceptors added in the medium. Dark oxidation rate of the primary acceptor by artificial electron acceptors was monitored by measuring the induction of chlorophyll fluorescence in the presence of an electron transport inhibitor, 3-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, in spinach chloroplasts. The apparent rate constant for the oxidation changed widely when the medium pH or salt concentrations were varied, or ionic detergents were added. The change was quantitatively ascribed (1) to the change in the local concentration of electron acceptors at the thylakoid surface due to the electrical potential difference between the surface and the bulk aqueous phase (Gouy-Chapman diffuse double layer theory) and (2) to the situation whereby the apparent rate constant is determined with respect to concentration in the bulk phase. Values for the surface potential in the vicinity of System II were estimated from the change in the apparent rate constant under various conditions. The results closely agreed with those obtained previously from the rate constant of the dark step of the System II-dependent Hill reaction with ferricyanide (Itoh, S. (1978) Plant Cell Physiol. 19, 149--166). Application of the hypothesis to various reactions between the added ionic reagents and the endogenous components in the membrane or between the endogenous components situated in different parts of the membrane is discussed.", "PMID": 718880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7784", "title": "Circular dichroism of squid rhodopsin and its intermediates.", "content": "Circular dichroism (CD) and absorption spectra of squid (Todarodes pacificus) rhodopsin, isorhodopsin and the intermediates was measured at low temperatures. Squid rhodopsin has positive CD bands at wavelengths corresponding the alpha- and beta-absorption bands at liquid nitrogen temperature (CD maxima: 485 nm at alpha-band and 348 nm at beta-band) as well as at room temperature (CD maxima: 474 nm at alpha-band and 347 nm at beta-band). The rotational strength of the alpha-band has a molecular ellipticity about twice that of cattle rhodopsin. The CD spectrum of bathorhodopsin displays a negative peak at 532 nm, the rotational strength of which has an absolute value slightly larger than that of rhodopsin. The reversal in sign at alpha-band of the CD spectrum may indicate that the isomerization of retinal chromophore from twisted 11-cis form to twisted 11-trans form has occurred in the process of conversion from rhodopsin to bathorhodopsin. Lumirhodopsin has a small negative CD band at 490 nm, the maximum of which lies at 25 nm shorter wavelengths than the absorption maximum (515 nm), and a large positive CD band near 290 nm, which is not observed in rhodopsin and the other intermediates. This band may de derived from a conformational change of the opsin. In the process of changing from lumirhodopsin to LM-rhodopsin, The CD bands at visible and near ultraviolet regions disappear. Both alkaline and acid metarhodopsins have no CD bands at visible and near ultraviolet regions.", "contents": "Circular dichroism of squid rhodopsin and its intermediates. Circular dichroism (CD) and absorption spectra of squid (Todarodes pacificus) rhodopsin, isorhodopsin and the intermediates was measured at low temperatures. Squid rhodopsin has positive CD bands at wavelengths corresponding the alpha- and beta-absorption bands at liquid nitrogen temperature (CD maxima: 485 nm at alpha-band and 348 nm at beta-band) as well as at room temperature (CD maxima: 474 nm at alpha-band and 347 nm at beta-band). The rotational strength of the alpha-band has a molecular ellipticity about twice that of cattle rhodopsin. The CD spectrum of bathorhodopsin displays a negative peak at 532 nm, the rotational strength of which has an absolute value slightly larger than that of rhodopsin. The reversal in sign at alpha-band of the CD spectrum may indicate that the isomerization of retinal chromophore from twisted 11-cis form to twisted 11-trans form has occurred in the process of conversion from rhodopsin to bathorhodopsin. Lumirhodopsin has a small negative CD band at 490 nm, the maximum of which lies at 25 nm shorter wavelengths than the absorption maximum (515 nm), and a large positive CD band near 290 nm, which is not observed in rhodopsin and the other intermediates. This band may de derived from a conformational change of the opsin. In the process of changing from lumirhodopsin to LM-rhodopsin, The CD bands at visible and near ultraviolet regions disappear. Both alkaline and acid metarhodopsins have no CD bands at visible and near ultraviolet regions.", "PMID": 718881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7785", "title": "Redox state of the partially reduced cytochrome aa3- cyanide complex.", "content": "The low-spin ferric cyanide complex of beef heart cytochrome aa3 can be partially reduced by stoichiometric additions of ferrous cytochrome c or by similar additions of N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylene diamine. In both cases the initial ratio of cytochrome c oxidized: cytochrome a reduced or Wurster's Blue: cytochrome a reduced approximates the value 2. It is concluded that the binding of a single HCN prevents the reduction of both cytochrome a3 and its associated EPR-invisible Cu atom.", "contents": "Redox state of the partially reduced cytochrome aa3- cyanide complex. The low-spin ferric cyanide complex of beef heart cytochrome aa3 can be partially reduced by stoichiometric additions of ferrous cytochrome c or by similar additions of N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylene diamine. In both cases the initial ratio of cytochrome c oxidized: cytochrome a reduced or Wurster's Blue: cytochrome a reduced approximates the value 2. It is concluded that the binding of a single HCN prevents the reduction of both cytochrome a3 and its associated EPR-invisible Cu atom.", "PMID": 718882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7786", "title": "The influence of the lipid on the water permeability of artificial membranes.", "content": "The water permeabilities of artificial membranes formed formed from various monoglycerides or phospholipids in alkane solvents have been measured using an osmotic method, and it has been shown that the permeability depends upon the type of lipid used. For monoglycerides, the permeability was found to increase with the unsaturation and decrease with the length of the acyl chain. Membranes formed from either egg phosphatidylcholine or dioleyl phosphatidylcholine had an osmotic permeability coefficient of approx. 35--40 micrometer/s at 25 degrees C; with sphingomyelin as the membrane lipid, the permeability was an order of magnitude lower than that for phosphatidylcholine. It is suggested that the water permeabilities of biological membranes might be partly controlled by the types of lipid present.", "contents": "The influence of the lipid on the water permeability of artificial membranes. The water permeabilities of artificial membranes formed formed from various monoglycerides or phospholipids in alkane solvents have been measured using an osmotic method, and it has been shown that the permeability depends upon the type of lipid used. For monoglycerides, the permeability was found to increase with the unsaturation and decrease with the length of the acyl chain. Membranes formed from either egg phosphatidylcholine or dioleyl phosphatidylcholine had an osmotic permeability coefficient of approx. 35--40 micrometer/s at 25 degrees C; with sphingomyelin as the membrane lipid, the permeability was an order of magnitude lower than that for phosphatidylcholine. It is suggested that the water permeabilities of biological membranes might be partly controlled by the types of lipid present.", "PMID": 718883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7787", "title": "Protein release from the internal surface of the squid giant axon membrane during excitation and potassium depolarization.", "content": "The proteins in the perfusate collected from intracellularly perfused squid giant axons were analyzed after being labeled with radioactive 125-I-labeled Bolton-Hunter reagent. The rate of protein release into the perfusate was found to be increased by the following electrophysiological manipulations of the axons: (1) repetitive electrical stimulation at 60 Hz in axons perfused with normal potassium fluoride-containing solution or at 0.125 Hz in axons perfused with tetraethylammonium containing solution, (2) perfusion with 4-aminopyridine solution which induces spontaneous electrical activity in the axon, and (3) depolarization of the axon induced by raising the external potassium concentration. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the proteins released under these conditions yielded molecular weight profiles different from those of the extruded axoplasmic proteins. These observations indicate that there exists, in close association with the axonal membrane, aparticular group of proteins, the solubility of which is readily affected by changes in the state of the membrane.", "contents": "Protein release from the internal surface of the squid giant axon membrane during excitation and potassium depolarization. The proteins in the perfusate collected from intracellularly perfused squid giant axons were analyzed after being labeled with radioactive 125-I-labeled Bolton-Hunter reagent. The rate of protein release into the perfusate was found to be increased by the following electrophysiological manipulations of the axons: (1) repetitive electrical stimulation at 60 Hz in axons perfused with normal potassium fluoride-containing solution or at 0.125 Hz in axons perfused with tetraethylammonium containing solution, (2) perfusion with 4-aminopyridine solution which induces spontaneous electrical activity in the axon, and (3) depolarization of the axon induced by raising the external potassium concentration. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the proteins released under these conditions yielded molecular weight profiles different from those of the extruded axoplasmic proteins. These observations indicate that there exists, in close association with the axonal membrane, aparticular group of proteins, the solubility of which is readily affected by changes in the state of the membrane.", "PMID": 718884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7788", "title": "Testing transport models with substrates and reversible inhibitors.", "content": "The kinetic behavior of five models for biological transport, only one of which is based on the classical carrier mechanism, is investigated. All give hyperbolic substrate saturation curves in accord with experimental observations on many systems. Several simple kinetic tests with substrates and competitive inhibitors serve to exclude or confirm proposed models. The tests involve measuring rates of efflux of radioactive substrate in the presence of (i) a competitive inhibitor outside the cell; (ii) inhibitor inside and outside; and (iii) unlabeled substrate outside. Rules for testing hypothetical mechanisms are presented in tables which may be consulted directly, disregarding the mathematical derivation.", "contents": "Testing transport models with substrates and reversible inhibitors. The kinetic behavior of five models for biological transport, only one of which is based on the classical carrier mechanism, is investigated. All give hyperbolic substrate saturation curves in accord with experimental observations on many systems. Several simple kinetic tests with substrates and competitive inhibitors serve to exclude or confirm proposed models. The tests involve measuring rates of efflux of radioactive substrate in the presence of (i) a competitive inhibitor outside the cell; (ii) inhibitor inside and outside; and (iii) unlabeled substrate outside. Rules for testing hypothetical mechanisms are presented in tables which may be consulted directly, disregarding the mathematical derivation.", "PMID": 718885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7789", "title": "Localization of protein-bound carbohydrate residues on the cytoplasmic surface of rough and smooth microsomes and Golgi vesicles from rat liver.", "content": "Rough and smooth microsomes and Golgi membranes isolated from rat liver were treated with proteolytic enzymes under conditions which removed 30--40% of the surface proteins without seriously disrupting the membrane structure. This treatment also removed 40--60% of protein-bound mannose, galactose and glucosamine. When protease treatment was combined with neuraminidase treatment, 80% of the sialic acid was removed from intact rough microsomal and Golgi vesicles and about half of the sialic acid of smooth microsomes was solubilized. It appears that half, or probably more, of the membrane glycoproteins are associated with the cytoplasmic surface of these membranes.", "contents": "Localization of protein-bound carbohydrate residues on the cytoplasmic surface of rough and smooth microsomes and Golgi vesicles from rat liver. Rough and smooth microsomes and Golgi membranes isolated from rat liver were treated with proteolytic enzymes under conditions which removed 30--40% of the surface proteins without seriously disrupting the membrane structure. This treatment also removed 40--60% of protein-bound mannose, galactose and glucosamine. When protease treatment was combined with neuraminidase treatment, 80% of the sialic acid was removed from intact rough microsomal and Golgi vesicles and about half of the sialic acid of smooth microsomes was solubilized. It appears that half, or probably more, of the membrane glycoproteins are associated with the cytoplasmic surface of these membranes.", "PMID": 718886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7790", "title": "Distribution of osmotic flow in stomach and gallbladder.", "content": "Stomach and gallbladder actively transport fluids which are nearly isotonic to plasma. Consideration of the measured areas of the appropriate transporting surfaces gives a more realistic view of the osmotic gradient required to account for the observed net flow of water. Simple osmosis may be adequate if the transporting membrane has an osmotic permeability in the range observed for synthetic lecithin-cholesterol bilayer membranes.", "contents": "Distribution of osmotic flow in stomach and gallbladder. Stomach and gallbladder actively transport fluids which are nearly isotonic to plasma. Consideration of the measured areas of the appropriate transporting surfaces gives a more realistic view of the osmotic gradient required to account for the observed net flow of water. Simple osmosis may be adequate if the transporting membrane has an osmotic permeability in the range observed for synthetic lecithin-cholesterol bilayer membranes.", "PMID": 718887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7791", "title": "The effect of cholesterol on the structure of phosphatidylcholine bilayers.", "content": "The effect of cholesterol on the structure of phosphatidylcholine bilayer was investigated by X-ray diffraction methods. Electron density profiles at 5 A resolution along with chain tilt and chain packing parameters were obtained and compared for phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol bilayers and for pure phosphatidylcholine bilayers in both the gel and liquid crystalline states. The cholesterol in the bilayers was localized by noting the position of discrete elevations in the electron density profiles. Cholesterol can either increase or decrease the width of the bilayer depending on the physical state and chain length of the lipid before the introduction of cholesterol. For saturated phosphatidylcholines containing 12--16 carbons per chain, cholesterol increases the width of the bilayer as it removes the chain tilt from gel state lipids or increases the trans conformations of the chains for liquid crystalline lipids. However, cholesterol reduces the width of 18 carbon chain bilayers below the phase transition temperature as the long phospholipid chains must deform or kink to accomodate the significantly shorter cholesterol molecule. Although cholesterol has a marked effect on hydrocarbon chain organization, it was found that, within the resolution limits of the data, the phosphatidylcholine head group conformation is unchanged by the addition of cholesterol to the bilayer. The head group is oriented parallel to the plane of the bilayer for phosphatidylcholine in the gel and liquid crystalline states and this orientation is not changed by the addition of cholesterol.", "contents": "The effect of cholesterol on the structure of phosphatidylcholine bilayers. The effect of cholesterol on the structure of phosphatidylcholine bilayer was investigated by X-ray diffraction methods. Electron density profiles at 5 A resolution along with chain tilt and chain packing parameters were obtained and compared for phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol bilayers and for pure phosphatidylcholine bilayers in both the gel and liquid crystalline states. The cholesterol in the bilayers was localized by noting the position of discrete elevations in the electron density profiles. Cholesterol can either increase or decrease the width of the bilayer depending on the physical state and chain length of the lipid before the introduction of cholesterol. For saturated phosphatidylcholines containing 12--16 carbons per chain, cholesterol increases the width of the bilayer as it removes the chain tilt from gel state lipids or increases the trans conformations of the chains for liquid crystalline lipids. However, cholesterol reduces the width of 18 carbon chain bilayers below the phase transition temperature as the long phospholipid chains must deform or kink to accomodate the significantly shorter cholesterol molecule. Although cholesterol has a marked effect on hydrocarbon chain organization, it was found that, within the resolution limits of the data, the phosphatidylcholine head group conformation is unchanged by the addition of cholesterol to the bilayer. The head group is oriented parallel to the plane of the bilayer for phosphatidylcholine in the gel and liquid crystalline states and this orientation is not changed by the addition of cholesterol.", "PMID": 718889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7792", "title": "Effects in adipocytes of diamide on GSH levels, glucose uptake and cell integrity.", "content": "Concentrations of insulin and chemical agents (H2O2, vitamine K-5) which stimulate hexose transport in fat cells do not alter the cellular levels of glutathione (reduced form; GSH). Diamide, another agent used in studies of insulin action, markedly reduces GSH levels and increases the movement of sugar into the cell. However, unlike insulin, H2O2 or vitamin K-5, diamide causes a change in the permeability of fat cells that allows entry of compounds (insulin, sucrose, L-glucose) which are normally excluded by the plasma membrane. Moreover, the accelerated rate of methylglucose uptake produced by diamide treatment is not inhibited by cytochalasin B, an agent that blocks basal and insulin-stimulated methylglucose transport. These results indicate that diamide does not cause a stimulation of the glucose transport system and should not be used (or used with caution) in transport studies. Furthermore, oxidation of GSH does not appear to be necessary for the stimulation of hexose transport in adipocytes by insulin, H2O2 or vitamin K-5.", "contents": "Effects in adipocytes of diamide on GSH levels, glucose uptake and cell integrity. Concentrations of insulin and chemical agents (H2O2, vitamine K-5) which stimulate hexose transport in fat cells do not alter the cellular levels of glutathione (reduced form; GSH). Diamide, another agent used in studies of insulin action, markedly reduces GSH levels and increases the movement of sugar into the cell. However, unlike insulin, H2O2 or vitamin K-5, diamide causes a change in the permeability of fat cells that allows entry of compounds (insulin, sucrose, L-glucose) which are normally excluded by the plasma membrane. Moreover, the accelerated rate of methylglucose uptake produced by diamide treatment is not inhibited by cytochalasin B, an agent that blocks basal and insulin-stimulated methylglucose transport. These results indicate that diamide does not cause a stimulation of the glucose transport system and should not be used (or used with caution) in transport studies. Furthermore, oxidation of GSH does not appear to be necessary for the stimulation of hexose transport in adipocytes by insulin, H2O2 or vitamin K-5.", "PMID": 718890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7793", "title": "Affinity chromatography of the phosphatidylcholine exchange protein from bovine liver.", "content": "Affinity chromatography has been used to purify the phosphatidylcholine exchange protein from bovine liver. The affinity resin consisted of 1-acyl-2-(9-carboxy)nonyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine linked to AH-Sepharose 4 B via the carboxyl group. Application of a crude exchange protein fraction to the affinity column resulted in a complete adsorption of the phosphatidylcholine exchange protein. The exchange protein eluted with a buffer containing 0.15% sodium deoxycholate. The most active fraction was 130-fold purified and accounted for 62% of the activity.", "contents": "Affinity chromatography of the phosphatidylcholine exchange protein from bovine liver. Affinity chromatography has been used to purify the phosphatidylcholine exchange protein from bovine liver. The affinity resin consisted of 1-acyl-2-(9-carboxy)nonyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine linked to AH-Sepharose 4 B via the carboxyl group. Application of a crude exchange protein fraction to the affinity column resulted in a complete adsorption of the phosphatidylcholine exchange protein. The exchange protein eluted with a buffer containing 0.15% sodium deoxycholate. The most active fraction was 130-fold purified and accounted for 62% of the activity.", "PMID": 718891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7794", "title": "Lateral compressibility of lipid mono- and bilayers. Theory of membrane permeability.", "content": "The passive sodium permeability of pure lipid vesicles and dispersions has a large peak at the bilayer phase transition temperature. We discuss this anomaly in terms of density fluctuations, which can open up cavities in the headgroup region into which small ions can enter, and which may be large if bilayer conditions at the melting point are similar to those near the critical point which seems to exist in monolayers. We present two arguments, one thermodynamic and one microscopic, which suggest that the permeability is proportional to the lateral compressibility. We then calculate the lateral compressibility for two previously published theoretical models and compare the results with experiment.", "contents": "Lateral compressibility of lipid mono- and bilayers. Theory of membrane permeability. The passive sodium permeability of pure lipid vesicles and dispersions has a large peak at the bilayer phase transition temperature. We discuss this anomaly in terms of density fluctuations, which can open up cavities in the headgroup region into which small ions can enter, and which may be large if bilayer conditions at the melting point are similar to those near the critical point which seems to exist in monolayers. We present two arguments, one thermodynamic and one microscopic, which suggest that the permeability is proportional to the lateral compressibility. We then calculate the lateral compressibility for two previously published theoretical models and compare the results with experiment.", "PMID": 718892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7795", "title": "Particle segregation in chromaffin granule membranes by forced physical contact.", "content": "Bovine chromaffin granules were exposed to different isotonic non-ionic and ionic solutions (sucrose; Ca2+- and Mg2+-free phosphate-buffered saline; Tris-HCl + NaCl; Ca2+- and Mg2+-free phosphate-buffered saline + sucrose; Tris-HCl + sucrose) at pH 7 and then frozen either in suspension or as firm pellets. Freezing was performed without prefixation or antifreeze treatments either by 'standard' techniques (approx. 1 mm3 suspended or pelleted material on gold specimen supports dipped into liquid Freon) or with increased cooling rates by spraying suspensions into liquid propane ('spray-freezing'). Regardless of the freezing method, membrane-intercalated particles were always randomly distributed when chromaffin granules were frozen in suspension. In contrast, forced physical contact between granules produced by centrifugation (12000 X g, 25 min) provoked dispersal of membrane-intercalated particles, but only in the presence of ions. Sucrose or EDTA in an ionic environment had no inhibitory effect. The following conclusions are derived: (1) Even below the reported phase transition region particle clustering is possible. (2) Chromaffin granule membranes are not liable to thermotropic segregation of membrane-intercalated particles. (3) Although the low freezing rates of 'standard' freezing techniques produce large-scale segregation artefacts (by which suspended chromaffin granules are pushed together within the segregated solute) this does not result in intramembraneous particle segregation. (4) Forced physical contact produces a Ca2+-independent particle segregation, but only when repulsive electrostatic forces of membrane components are partially screened in an ionic environment. (5) This does not invalidate results obtained by others, showing Ca2+-mediated chromaffin granules agglomeration and segregation of membrane-intercalated particles, but it might indicate the occurrence of another, not directly Ca2+-dependent particle segregation mechanism in a prefusional stage of close membrane-to-membrane contact during exocytosis.", "contents": "Particle segregation in chromaffin granule membranes by forced physical contact. Bovine chromaffin granules were exposed to different isotonic non-ionic and ionic solutions (sucrose; Ca2+- and Mg2+-free phosphate-buffered saline; Tris-HCl + NaCl; Ca2+- and Mg2+-free phosphate-buffered saline + sucrose; Tris-HCl + sucrose) at pH 7 and then frozen either in suspension or as firm pellets. Freezing was performed without prefixation or antifreeze treatments either by 'standard' techniques (approx. 1 mm3 suspended or pelleted material on gold specimen supports dipped into liquid Freon) or with increased cooling rates by spraying suspensions into liquid propane ('spray-freezing'). Regardless of the freezing method, membrane-intercalated particles were always randomly distributed when chromaffin granules were frozen in suspension. In contrast, forced physical contact between granules produced by centrifugation (12000 X g, 25 min) provoked dispersal of membrane-intercalated particles, but only in the presence of ions. Sucrose or EDTA in an ionic environment had no inhibitory effect. The following conclusions are derived: (1) Even below the reported phase transition region particle clustering is possible. (2) Chromaffin granule membranes are not liable to thermotropic segregation of membrane-intercalated particles. (3) Although the low freezing rates of 'standard' freezing techniques produce large-scale segregation artefacts (by which suspended chromaffin granules are pushed together within the segregated solute) this does not result in intramembraneous particle segregation. (4) Forced physical contact produces a Ca2+-independent particle segregation, but only when repulsive electrostatic forces of membrane components are partially screened in an ionic environment. (5) This does not invalidate results obtained by others, showing Ca2+-mediated chromaffin granules agglomeration and segregation of membrane-intercalated particles, but it might indicate the occurrence of another, not directly Ca2+-dependent particle segregation mechanism in a prefusional stage of close membrane-to-membrane contact during exocytosis.", "PMID": 718893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7796", "title": "The orientation of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase in the mitochondrial inner membrane.", "content": "D-beta-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase of beef heart mitochondria is a lipid-requiring enzyme, bound to the inner membrane. The orientation of this enzyme in the membrane has been studied by comparing the characteristics of the enzyme in mitochondria and 'inside-out' submitochondrial vesicles. We observe that the enzymic activity is (1) latent in intact mitochondria; (2) relatively stable to trypsin digestion in mitochondria but rapidly inactivated in submitochondrial vesicles by this treatment; and (3) released more rapidly from submitochondrial vesicles by phospholipase A2 digestion than from mitochondria. Conclusive evidence that D-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase is localized on the matrix face of the mitochondrial inner membrane is provided by the correlation that the enzyme is released from submitochondrial vesicles before the membrane becomes leaky to cytochrome c. The arrangement of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase in the membrane is discussed within a generalized classification of the orientation of proteins in membranes. The evidence indicates that D-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase is an amphipathic molecule and as such is inlaid in the membrane, i.e. the enzyme is partially inserted into the hydrophobic milieu of the membrane, with the polar, functional end extending into the aqueous milieu.", "contents": "The orientation of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase in the mitochondrial inner membrane. D-beta-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase of beef heart mitochondria is a lipid-requiring enzyme, bound to the inner membrane. The orientation of this enzyme in the membrane has been studied by comparing the characteristics of the enzyme in mitochondria and 'inside-out' submitochondrial vesicles. We observe that the enzymic activity is (1) latent in intact mitochondria; (2) relatively stable to trypsin digestion in mitochondria but rapidly inactivated in submitochondrial vesicles by this treatment; and (3) released more rapidly from submitochondrial vesicles by phospholipase A2 digestion than from mitochondria. Conclusive evidence that D-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase is localized on the matrix face of the mitochondrial inner membrane is provided by the correlation that the enzyme is released from submitochondrial vesicles before the membrane becomes leaky to cytochrome c. The arrangement of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase in the membrane is discussed within a generalized classification of the orientation of proteins in membranes. The evidence indicates that D-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase is an amphipathic molecule and as such is inlaid in the membrane, i.e. the enzyme is partially inserted into the hydrophobic milieu of the membrane, with the polar, functional end extending into the aqueous milieu.", "PMID": 718894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7797", "title": "Effect of anions of potassium self-exchange in ascites tumor cells.", "content": "Potassium self-exchange in ascites cells was partially suppressed when chloride in the incubation medium was replaced by bromide, and completely abolished in iodide-, nitrate- or sulfate-containing saline. Thus, it appears that potassium self-exchange activity is anion-dependent.", "contents": "Effect of anions of potassium self-exchange in ascites tumor cells. Potassium self-exchange in ascites cells was partially suppressed when chloride in the incubation medium was replaced by bromide, and completely abolished in iodide-, nitrate- or sulfate-containing saline. Thus, it appears that potassium self-exchange activity is anion-dependent.", "PMID": 718895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7798", "title": "Fluorescent probes in model membranes. II. Monolayer studies of 2,2'-(vinylenedi-p-phenylene)bisbenzoxazole, d-3-aminodesoxyequilenin and N-octadecylnaphthyl-2-amino-6-sulfonic acid with host-lipid tetradecanoic acid.", "content": "Film studies at the air-water interface have been carried out for pure films of 2,2'-(vinylenedi-p-phenylene)bisbenzoxazole (VPBO), d-3-aminodesoxyequilenin (EQ) and N-octadecylnapthyl-2-amino-6-sulfonic acid (ONS), and for mixed films with tetradecanoic acid for the first two fluorescent probes. Pure film isotherms indicate highly rigid non-monomolecular films for both VPBO and EQ, revealing the presence of strong intermolecular forces. In mixed films with tetradecanoic acid VPBO rapidly segregates with resultant film loss over a wide concentration range. EQ, however, can be stabilized by the host-lipid at low concentrations. This, coupled with an ability to only slightly affect the host-lipid liquid-condensed/liquid-expanded phase change, suggests that EQ can be regarded as \"non-perturbing\" and should be retained in condensed lipid phases. ONS, because of its unusual polar headgroup, resembled hexadecanoic acid more than octadecanoic acid. While difficulties in spreading ONS precluded the study of mixed films, the indications are that it would be a satisfactory expanded lipid state probe if mixing can be brought about.", "contents": "Fluorescent probes in model membranes. II. Monolayer studies of 2,2'-(vinylenedi-p-phenylene)bisbenzoxazole, d-3-aminodesoxyequilenin and N-octadecylnaphthyl-2-amino-6-sulfonic acid with host-lipid tetradecanoic acid. Film studies at the air-water interface have been carried out for pure films of 2,2'-(vinylenedi-p-phenylene)bisbenzoxazole (VPBO), d-3-aminodesoxyequilenin (EQ) and N-octadecylnapthyl-2-amino-6-sulfonic acid (ONS), and for mixed films with tetradecanoic acid for the first two fluorescent probes. Pure film isotherms indicate highly rigid non-monomolecular films for both VPBO and EQ, revealing the presence of strong intermolecular forces. In mixed films with tetradecanoic acid VPBO rapidly segregates with resultant film loss over a wide concentration range. EQ, however, can be stabilized by the host-lipid at low concentrations. This, coupled with an ability to only slightly affect the host-lipid liquid-condensed/liquid-expanded phase change, suggests that EQ can be regarded as \"non-perturbing\" and should be retained in condensed lipid phases. ONS, because of its unusual polar headgroup, resembled hexadecanoic acid more than octadecanoic acid. While difficulties in spreading ONS precluded the study of mixed films, the indications are that it would be a satisfactory expanded lipid state probe if mixing can be brought about.", "PMID": 718896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7799", "title": "The adsorption of divalent cations to phosphatidylcholine bilayer membranes.", "content": "Electrophoretic mobility and 31P NMR measurements were combined to test whether the combination of the Henry, Boltzmann and Grahame equations is capable of describing the adsorption of divalent cations of phosphatidylcholine membranes. Cobalt was chosen for this study because, of all the common divalent cations, its effects on the 31P NMR spectrum of phosphatidylcholine membranes are easiest to interpret. Both the 31P NMR data on the adsorption of cobalt and the zeta potential data calculated from the electrophoretic mobility in the presence of cobalt are well described by the combination of these three equations. Electrophoretic mobility measurements were also performed with a number of other divalent cations and the zeta potentials were, in all cases, well described by the combination of these three equations. The binding deduced from such measurements decreases in the sequence: Mn2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Sr2+, Ba2+. If we assume that a lipid molecule occupies an area of 60 A2 and that there is a 1 : 1 stoichiometry for the binding of the divalent ions to phosphatidylcholine, the dissociation constants are, respectively: 0.3, 1.0, 1.0, 1.2, 1.2, 2.8, 3.6 M.", "contents": "The adsorption of divalent cations to phosphatidylcholine bilayer membranes. Electrophoretic mobility and 31P NMR measurements were combined to test whether the combination of the Henry, Boltzmann and Grahame equations is capable of describing the adsorption of divalent cations of phosphatidylcholine membranes. Cobalt was chosen for this study because, of all the common divalent cations, its effects on the 31P NMR spectrum of phosphatidylcholine membranes are easiest to interpret. Both the 31P NMR data on the adsorption of cobalt and the zeta potential data calculated from the electrophoretic mobility in the presence of cobalt are well described by the combination of these three equations. Electrophoretic mobility measurements were also performed with a number of other divalent cations and the zeta potentials were, in all cases, well described by the combination of these three equations. The binding deduced from such measurements decreases in the sequence: Mn2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Sr2+, Ba2+. If we assume that a lipid molecule occupies an area of 60 A2 and that there is a 1 : 1 stoichiometry for the binding of the divalent ions to phosphatidylcholine, the dissociation constants are, respectively: 0.3, 1.0, 1.0, 1.2, 1.2, 2.8, 3.6 M.", "PMID": 718897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7800", "title": "Increased cholesterol content of erythrocyte and brain membranes in ethanol-tolerant mice.", "content": "Mice were treated with ethanol for eight or nine days, using a liquid diet regimen known to produce physical dependence. In previous experiments, synaptosomal plasma membranes and erythrocyte ghosts from such ethanol-treated animals were found to be resistant to the fluidizing effects of ethanol in vitro, as measured by electron paramagnetic resonance. In the present experiments, corresponding membranes were analysed for phospholipid and cholesterol. The ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid was found to be significantly increased in both types of membrane after chronic ethanol treatment. The changed ratio was produced by an increase in cholesterol. There was little or no change in phospholipid content of the membranes. Increased cholesterol may explain the previously observed alteration of physical properties of the membranes.", "contents": "Increased cholesterol content of erythrocyte and brain membranes in ethanol-tolerant mice. Mice were treated with ethanol for eight or nine days, using a liquid diet regimen known to produce physical dependence. In previous experiments, synaptosomal plasma membranes and erythrocyte ghosts from such ethanol-treated animals were found to be resistant to the fluidizing effects of ethanol in vitro, as measured by electron paramagnetic resonance. In the present experiments, corresponding membranes were analysed for phospholipid and cholesterol. The ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid was found to be significantly increased in both types of membrane after chronic ethanol treatment. The changed ratio was produced by an increase in cholesterol. There was little or no change in phospholipid content of the membranes. Increased cholesterol may explain the previously observed alteration of physical properties of the membranes.", "PMID": 718898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7801", "title": "The composition and biosynthesis of the glycoproteins and glycolipids of the rabbit small-intestinal brush border.", "content": "1. The glycoprotein and glycolipid composition of isolated rabbit small-intestinal brush borders has been studied. 2. The total glycoprotein fraction contains an average 95 microgram carbohydrate per mg protein, composed of mannose, galactose, fucose, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine. Glucose is also present but sialic acid is absent. 3. The isolated glycolipids include ceramide lactoside, ceramide trihexoside and two N-acetylglucosamine-containing glycolipids. Sialic acid containing glycolipid (gangliosides) is present only in trace quantities. 4. The biosynthesis of the brush border-bound glycoproteins and glycolipids has been studied following intraperitoneal injection with D-[1-14C]glucosamine and isolation of the brush borders at intervals between 3 and 24 h. 5. The total glycoprotein fraction labels maximally 7.5 h after injection and subsequently exhibits an exponential loss of radioactivity with a half-life of 11.2 h. The labelling kinetics of one of the glucosamine-containing glycolipids is similar to that of the glycoproteins in that it labels maximally between 7.5 and 12 h, but the second glucosamine-containing glycolipid labels later at approximately 18 h. These results indicate that the glycoproteins and glycolipids are actively synthesized and degraded within the mature small intestinal enterocyte and that individual glycolipids turn over independently.", "contents": "The composition and biosynthesis of the glycoproteins and glycolipids of the rabbit small-intestinal brush border. 1. The glycoprotein and glycolipid composition of isolated rabbit small-intestinal brush borders has been studied. 2. The total glycoprotein fraction contains an average 95 microgram carbohydrate per mg protein, composed of mannose, galactose, fucose, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine. Glucose is also present but sialic acid is absent. 3. The isolated glycolipids include ceramide lactoside, ceramide trihexoside and two N-acetylglucosamine-containing glycolipids. Sialic acid containing glycolipid (gangliosides) is present only in trace quantities. 4. The biosynthesis of the brush border-bound glycoproteins and glycolipids has been studied following intraperitoneal injection with D-[1-14C]glucosamine and isolation of the brush borders at intervals between 3 and 24 h. 5. The total glycoprotein fraction labels maximally 7.5 h after injection and subsequently exhibits an exponential loss of radioactivity with a half-life of 11.2 h. The labelling kinetics of one of the glucosamine-containing glycolipids is similar to that of the glycoproteins in that it labels maximally between 7.5 and 12 h, but the second glucosamine-containing glycolipid labels later at approximately 18 h. These results indicate that the glycoproteins and glycolipids are actively synthesized and degraded within the mature small intestinal enterocyte and that individual glycolipids turn over independently.", "PMID": 718899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7802", "title": "Synaptic membranes from Torpedo marmorata electric organ. 1. Separation and analysis of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor- and acetylcholinesterase-containing membrane vesicles using aqueous two-phase systems.", "content": "Two-phase systems consisting of water, dextran and poly(ethylene glycol) have been used for partition of membranes obtained from Torpedo marmorata electric organ. The partition behaviour of the membranes could be adjusted by using a polymer with covalently-bound charged groups. By using this method, the membranes were divided into several fractions which were analyzed for nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and acetylcholinesterase content. It was found that nicotinic receptor-enriched membranes were separated from those containing esterase in a single partition step. Receptor-enriched membranes obtained by gradient centrifugation could be further separated into two receptor fractions by the two-phase technique. The results also reveal at least two types of acetylcholinesterase-rich membranes.", "contents": "Synaptic membranes from Torpedo marmorata electric organ. 1. Separation and analysis of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor- and acetylcholinesterase-containing membrane vesicles using aqueous two-phase systems. Two-phase systems consisting of water, dextran and poly(ethylene glycol) have been used for partition of membranes obtained from Torpedo marmorata electric organ. The partition behaviour of the membranes could be adjusted by using a polymer with covalently-bound charged groups. By using this method, the membranes were divided into several fractions which were analyzed for nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and acetylcholinesterase content. It was found that nicotinic receptor-enriched membranes were separated from those containing esterase in a single partition step. Receptor-enriched membranes obtained by gradient centrifugation could be further separated into two receptor fractions by the two-phase technique. The results also reveal at least two types of acetylcholinesterase-rich membranes.", "PMID": 718900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7803", "title": "Cholesterol uptake is dependent on membrane fluidity in mycoplasmas.", "content": "The transfer of elaidate-enriched Acholeplasma laidlawii cells in culture from 37 degrees C to 4 degrees C virtually arrested exogenous cholesterol incorporation into the cell membrane. Cholesterol uptake continued, though at a slower rate, in oleate-enriched A. laidlawii cells undergoing similar temperature shift-down. It is concluded that the incorporation of exogenous cholesterol into the cell membrane of living mycoplasmas is rapid when the membrane lipid bilayer is in the liquid-crystalline state and very slow when the lipid bilayer is in the gel state.", "contents": "Cholesterol uptake is dependent on membrane fluidity in mycoplasmas. The transfer of elaidate-enriched Acholeplasma laidlawii cells in culture from 37 degrees C to 4 degrees C virtually arrested exogenous cholesterol incorporation into the cell membrane. Cholesterol uptake continued, though at a slower rate, in oleate-enriched A. laidlawii cells undergoing similar temperature shift-down. It is concluded that the incorporation of exogenous cholesterol into the cell membrane of living mycoplasmas is rapid when the membrane lipid bilayer is in the liquid-crystalline state and very slow when the lipid bilayer is in the gel state.", "PMID": 718901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7804", "title": "Evidence for isotropic motion of phospholipids in liver microsomal membranes. A 31P NMR study.", "content": "1. The motional properties of phospholipids in bovine and rat liver microsomes and aqueous dispersions of the extracted lipids have been investigated employing 31 P NMR techniques. 2. The 31P NMR spectra obtained from the microsomes indicate that a considerable portion of the constituent phospholipids experience isotropic motion on the NMR timescale (10(-5) s). This is in strong contrast to the spectra obtained from aqueous dispersions of the extracted lipids, which display the characteristic lineshape associated with liquid crystalline phospholipids in (large) bilayer structures, which experience restricted anisotropic motion. 3. Evidence is presented which strongly suggests that the isotropic motion of microsomal phospholipids does not arise from tumbling of the microsomal vesicles or from lateral diffusion of phospholipids around these vesicles.  4. These results are discussed in terms of possible transitory formation of intramembrane non-bilayer lipid configurations, with which the bulk (bilayer) phospholipids are in rapid exchange.", "contents": "Evidence for isotropic motion of phospholipids in liver microsomal membranes. A 31P NMR study. 1. The motional properties of phospholipids in bovine and rat liver microsomes and aqueous dispersions of the extracted lipids have been investigated employing 31 P NMR techniques. 2. The 31P NMR spectra obtained from the microsomes indicate that a considerable portion of the constituent phospholipids experience isotropic motion on the NMR timescale (10(-5) s). This is in strong contrast to the spectra obtained from aqueous dispersions of the extracted lipids, which display the characteristic lineshape associated with liquid crystalline phospholipids in (large) bilayer structures, which experience restricted anisotropic motion. 3. Evidence is presented which strongly suggests that the isotropic motion of microsomal phospholipids does not arise from tumbling of the microsomal vesicles or from lateral diffusion of phospholipids around these vesicles.  4. These results are discussed in terms of possible transitory formation of intramembrane non-bilayer lipid configurations, with which the bulk (bilayer) phospholipids are in rapid exchange.", "PMID": 718902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7805", "title": "Fusion of isolated myoblast plasma membranes. An approach to the mechanism.", "content": "Fusion of plasma membranes isolated from myoblasts grown in culture has been investigated. 1. Membrane fusion was specifically dependent of Ca2+ at physiological concentrations. However, at higher concentrations of cations, fusion could be triggered not only by Ca2+, but by Mg2+ and Sr2+ as well. 2. The amount of fusion was directly proportional to temperature. 3. Fusion was found to depend on the state of maturation of the myoblast membranes. 4. Experiments with chemically and enzymatically modified membranes and with membranes derived from myoblasts grown in the presence of inhibitors of protein biosynthesis suggest the participation of proteinaceous membrane components in the fusion mechanism.", "contents": "Fusion of isolated myoblast plasma membranes. An approach to the mechanism. Fusion of plasma membranes isolated from myoblasts grown in culture has been investigated. 1. Membrane fusion was specifically dependent of Ca2+ at physiological concentrations. However, at higher concentrations of cations, fusion could be triggered not only by Ca2+, but by Mg2+ and Sr2+ as well. 2. The amount of fusion was directly proportional to temperature. 3. Fusion was found to depend on the state of maturation of the myoblast membranes. 4. Experiments with chemically and enzymatically modified membranes and with membranes derived from myoblasts grown in the presence of inhibitors of protein biosynthesis suggest the participation of proteinaceous membrane components in the fusion mechanism.", "PMID": 718903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7806", "title": "The effect of a disulfonic acid stilbene on proximal cell membrane potential in Necturus kidney.", "content": "The effects of 0.5 mM 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyano-stilbene-2,2' disulfonic acid on the electrical properties of the peritubular membrane were studied in the proximal tubule of the perfused Necturus kidney. The addition of stilbene isothiocyanate disulfonic acid in peritubular perfusate resulted in an average 4.5 mV hyperpolarization with no detectable changes of peritubular membrane input conductance. The depolarization elicited by high-K media was enhanced by 18% in the presence of stilbene isothiocyanate disulfonic acid, an observation indicating that the inhibitor increased the contribution of potassium to membrane potential, presumably by decreasing anionic permeabilities. The hyperpolarizing effect of stilbene isothiocyanate disulfonic acid was abolished when peritubular bicarbonate was removed from the medium and isoosmotically replaced by chloride. These data suggest that (a) intracellular bicarbonate activity is higher than that predicted from passive distribution, (b) stilbene isothiocyanate disulfonic acid decreases P HCO3, thus hyperpolarizing the membrane, (c) chloride distribution appears to be passive when bicarbonate is removed from the peritubular perfusate. The state of Cl distribution when extracellular bicarbonate is at physiologic concentration cannot be assessed from the present data.", "contents": "The effect of a disulfonic acid stilbene on proximal cell membrane potential in Necturus kidney. The effects of 0.5 mM 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyano-stilbene-2,2' disulfonic acid on the electrical properties of the peritubular membrane were studied in the proximal tubule of the perfused Necturus kidney. The addition of stilbene isothiocyanate disulfonic acid in peritubular perfusate resulted in an average 4.5 mV hyperpolarization with no detectable changes of peritubular membrane input conductance. The depolarization elicited by high-K media was enhanced by 18% in the presence of stilbene isothiocyanate disulfonic acid, an observation indicating that the inhibitor increased the contribution of potassium to membrane potential, presumably by decreasing anionic permeabilities. The hyperpolarizing effect of stilbene isothiocyanate disulfonic acid was abolished when peritubular bicarbonate was removed from the medium and isoosmotically replaced by chloride. These data suggest that (a) intracellular bicarbonate activity is higher than that predicted from passive distribution, (b) stilbene isothiocyanate disulfonic acid decreases P HCO3, thus hyperpolarizing the membrane, (c) chloride distribution appears to be passive when bicarbonate is removed from the peritubular perfusate. The state of Cl distribution when extracellular bicarbonate is at physiologic concentration cannot be assessed from the present data.", "PMID": 718904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7807", "title": "Separation of the proteins of bovine milk-fat globule membrane by electrofocusing.", "content": "The proteins of milk-fat globule membrane have been separated by electrofocusing on both the analytical and preparative scale. Over forty separated proteins of the membrane can be identified after electrofocusing in the presence of urea, Triton X-100 and mercaptoethanol with apparent isoelectric points between pH 5.0 and 9.0. At least eight of these proteins appear to contain carbohydrate. After separation by electrofocusing the samples have been further analyzed by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulphate. Some of the proteins previously identified as single bands by electrophoresis in SDS are resolved into several components by electrofocusing. The major components of milk-fat globule membrane are a glycoprotein of 67 000 daltons, with an apparent isoelectric point of 5.55, and a protein of 155 000 daltons with an isoelectric point of 7.6. Partially purified fractions of the major proteins and glycoproteins can be obtained after preparative electrofocusing in flat-beds of Sephadex G-75.", "contents": "Separation of the proteins of bovine milk-fat globule membrane by electrofocusing. The proteins of milk-fat globule membrane have been separated by electrofocusing on both the analytical and preparative scale. Over forty separated proteins of the membrane can be identified after electrofocusing in the presence of urea, Triton X-100 and mercaptoethanol with apparent isoelectric points between pH 5.0 and 9.0. At least eight of these proteins appear to contain carbohydrate. After separation by electrofocusing the samples have been further analyzed by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulphate. Some of the proteins previously identified as single bands by electrophoresis in SDS are resolved into several components by electrofocusing. The major components of milk-fat globule membrane are a glycoprotein of 67 000 daltons, with an apparent isoelectric point of 5.55, and a protein of 155 000 daltons with an isoelectric point of 7.6. Partially purified fractions of the major proteins and glycoproteins can be obtained after preparative electrofocusing in flat-beds of Sephadex G-75.", "PMID": 718905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7808", "title": "Fluorescence of 1,8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonic acid bound to proteins and to lipids of sarcolemma.", "content": "Relative contributions to fluorescnece of 1,8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonic acid-sarcolemma by 1,8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonic acid bound to proteins and to lipid were assessed on the basis of fluorescence lifetime and steady-state emission spectra. The lifetime spectrum of lipid-poor proteins prepared from sarcolemma had a major time constant of 16 ns; that of lipids extracted from sarcolemma had a major time constant of 7 ns and a minor one of 4 ns. In sarcolemma, components having all three time constants were observed with weighting factors 0.33, 0.6 and 0.07, respectively, indicating the fraction of 1,8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonic acid bound to protein and to lipid. Steady-state emission spectra of 1,8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonic acid-sarcolemma were resolved into and resynthesized from contributions by 1,8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonic acid bound to proteins and to lipids. The latter was at least two thirds of total 1,8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonic acid bound. Results of analyses of spectra obtained with various concentrations of sarcolemma and 1,8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonic acid suggest that the proteins have a higher affinity, but only about half the binding capacity for 1,8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonic acid as do lipids.", "contents": "Fluorescence of 1,8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonic acid bound to proteins and to lipids of sarcolemma. Relative contributions to fluorescnece of 1,8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonic acid-sarcolemma by 1,8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonic acid bound to proteins and to lipid were assessed on the basis of fluorescence lifetime and steady-state emission spectra. The lifetime spectrum of lipid-poor proteins prepared from sarcolemma had a major time constant of 16 ns; that of lipids extracted from sarcolemma had a major time constant of 7 ns and a minor one of 4 ns. In sarcolemma, components having all three time constants were observed with weighting factors 0.33, 0.6 and 0.07, respectively, indicating the fraction of 1,8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonic acid bound to protein and to lipid. Steady-state emission spectra of 1,8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonic acid-sarcolemma were resolved into and resynthesized from contributions by 1,8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonic acid bound to proteins and to lipids. The latter was at least two thirds of total 1,8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonic acid bound. Results of analyses of spectra obtained with various concentrations of sarcolemma and 1,8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonic acid suggest that the proteins have a higher affinity, but only about half the binding capacity for 1,8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonic acid as do lipids.", "PMID": 718906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7809", "title": "Effect of glycophorin incorporation on the physico-chemical properties of phospholipid bilayers.", "content": "1. The thermotropic behaviour of phospholipid molecules in reconstituted glycophorin-containing vesicles has been investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry. Each glycophorin molecule is able to perturb the properties of 80--100 phospholipid molecules in such a way that these lipid molecules no longer participate in the cooperative gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition. This number of perturbed phospholipid molecules was discovered to be independent of the lipid charge. 2. By means of freeze-facture electron microscopy it could be demonstrated that glycophorin is not excluded from the solid lipid phase upon cooling the lipids below their gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition temperature. In mixtures of phosphatidylcholines which show solid-solid immiscibility, glycophorin is preferentially associated with the lower-melting lipid component upon phase separation, as could be demonstrated by both differential scanning calorimetry and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. 3. The effect of glycophorin on the mobility of phospholipids has been investigated by means of 31 P NMR. Glycophorin, incorporated into sonicated vesicles of dioleoylphosphatidic acid, is able to immobilize nine lipid molecules very strongly in their phosphate region. Evidence for an electrostatic inter-action between the protein and this negatively charged phospholipid has been presented. 4. The presence of glycophorin causes discontinuities in the lipid bilayer. This results in higher susceptibility of the bilayer towards attack by lipolytic enzymes and in enhanced membrane permeability.", "contents": "Effect of glycophorin incorporation on the physico-chemical properties of phospholipid bilayers. 1. The thermotropic behaviour of phospholipid molecules in reconstituted glycophorin-containing vesicles has been investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry. Each glycophorin molecule is able to perturb the properties of 80--100 phospholipid molecules in such a way that these lipid molecules no longer participate in the cooperative gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition. This number of perturbed phospholipid molecules was discovered to be independent of the lipid charge. 2. By means of freeze-facture electron microscopy it could be demonstrated that glycophorin is not excluded from the solid lipid phase upon cooling the lipids below their gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition temperature. In mixtures of phosphatidylcholines which show solid-solid immiscibility, glycophorin is preferentially associated with the lower-melting lipid component upon phase separation, as could be demonstrated by both differential scanning calorimetry and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. 3. The effect of glycophorin on the mobility of phospholipids has been investigated by means of 31 P NMR. Glycophorin, incorporated into sonicated vesicles of dioleoylphosphatidic acid, is able to immobilize nine lipid molecules very strongly in their phosphate region. Evidence for an electrostatic inter-action between the protein and this negatively charged phospholipid has been presented. 4. The presence of glycophorin causes discontinuities in the lipid bilayer. This results in higher susceptibility of the bilayer towards attack by lipolytic enzymes and in enhanced membrane permeability.", "PMID": 718907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7810", "title": "Enhanced release of nascent single strands from DNA synthesized in the presence of arabinosylcytosine.", "content": "Arabinosylcytosine at a 1 . 10(-4) molar concentration inhibited thymidine incorporation into DNA by more than 95%. In sucrose gradients the labelled dThd was predominantly found in short DNA chains. Labelled arabinosylcytosince (aC) was incorporated into DNA, as was labelled dThd, indicating that it causes a preferential inhibition of the chain polymerization rather than termination of nascent chains. This was confirmed by the observation of the conversion of short chains to normal size DNA molecules in chase experiments. In the absence of NaCl and at neutral pH a release of more than 50% of the nascent label as single strands was repeatedly observed upon sucrose gradient centrifugation. This release could be significantly reduced by 1 M NaCl, indicating that in the presence of aC the in vivo structure was preserved. This was further confirmed by the fact that aC did not cause detachment of DNA from a rapidly sedimenting nuclear structure. Based on these results, a replication model slightly different from the one suggested by Okazaki, is proposed, in which initiations of new nascent chains can occur at certain distances ahead of the replication fork.", "contents": "Enhanced release of nascent single strands from DNA synthesized in the presence of arabinosylcytosine. Arabinosylcytosine at a 1 . 10(-4) molar concentration inhibited thymidine incorporation into DNA by more than 95%. In sucrose gradients the labelled dThd was predominantly found in short DNA chains. Labelled arabinosylcytosince (aC) was incorporated into DNA, as was labelled dThd, indicating that it causes a preferential inhibition of the chain polymerization rather than termination of nascent chains. This was confirmed by the observation of the conversion of short chains to normal size DNA molecules in chase experiments. In the absence of NaCl and at neutral pH a release of more than 50% of the nascent label as single strands was repeatedly observed upon sucrose gradient centrifugation. This release could be significantly reduced by 1 M NaCl, indicating that in the presence of aC the in vivo structure was preserved. This was further confirmed by the fact that aC did not cause detachment of DNA from a rapidly sedimenting nuclear structure. Based on these results, a replication model slightly different from the one suggested by Okazaki, is proposed, in which initiations of new nascent chains can occur at certain distances ahead of the replication fork.", "PMID": 718908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7811", "title": "Stability of DNA replicating activity in permeabilized mouse cells during preincubation.", "content": "When permeabilized cells, treated with detergent and made permeable to the nucleoside triphosphates, were preincubated briefly without nucleoside triphosphates, the activity of DNA replication was lost rapidly. This loss of DNA replicating activity was prevented when the mixture of nucleoside triphosphates (5 mM ATP and 0.1 mM each of dATP, dGTP, dCTP and TTP, the same concentrations contained in reaction mixture) was added to the permeabilized cells during the incubation. Each of deoxyribonuclesode triphosphates or ribonucleoside triphosphates, when added at 5 mM, was effective to varying degrees, but ATP was the most effective. These results suggests that there exists a process or factor(s) that requires ATP for DNA replication in mammalian cells, and that its decay during the preincubation could be prevented by ATP.", "contents": "Stability of DNA replicating activity in permeabilized mouse cells during preincubation. When permeabilized cells, treated with detergent and made permeable to the nucleoside triphosphates, were preincubated briefly without nucleoside triphosphates, the activity of DNA replication was lost rapidly. This loss of DNA replicating activity was prevented when the mixture of nucleoside triphosphates (5 mM ATP and 0.1 mM each of dATP, dGTP, dCTP and TTP, the same concentrations contained in reaction mixture) was added to the permeabilized cells during the incubation. Each of deoxyribonuclesode triphosphates or ribonucleoside triphosphates, when added at 5 mM, was effective to varying degrees, but ATP was the most effective. These results suggests that there exists a process or factor(s) that requires ATP for DNA replication in mammalian cells, and that its decay during the preincubation could be prevented by ATP.", "PMID": 718909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7812", "title": "An easy and efficient procedure for the isolation of pure DNA restriction fragments from agarose gels.", "content": "A new procedure is developed to isolate DNA from agarose gels. Using a kind of blotting technique, DNA is isolated from the gel. It is shown that the isolated DNA can be used for fragmentation by restriction endonucleases, synthesis of complementary RNA by DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli and nick translation. The procedure gives a high recovery and is easy to perform.", "contents": "An easy and efficient procedure for the isolation of pure DNA restriction fragments from agarose gels. A new procedure is developed to isolate DNA from agarose gels. Using a kind of blotting technique, DNA is isolated from the gel. It is shown that the isolated DNA can be used for fragmentation by restriction endonucleases, synthesis of complementary RNA by DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli and nick translation. The procedure gives a high recovery and is easy to perform.", "PMID": 718910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7813", "title": "Mapping of restriction sites in the transforming HpaI-E fragment of adenovirus type 5 DNA.", "content": "Adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) DNA was degraded with endo R . HpaI; the left-terminal fragment, HpaI-E has recently been shown to be the smallest segment of Ad5 DNA, that can transform non-permissive cells. This fragment was labelled at its termini by limited exonuclease III digestion followed by repair synthesis with DNA polymerase and alpha-32P-labelled deoxynucleoside triphosphates. It was then further digested with each of the restriction endonucleases HpaII, HaeIII, AluI, HinfI and TaqI; the cleavage products thus obtained were ordered into a physical map.", "contents": "Mapping of restriction sites in the transforming HpaI-E fragment of adenovirus type 5 DNA. Adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) DNA was degraded with endo R . HpaI; the left-terminal fragment, HpaI-E has recently been shown to be the smallest segment of Ad5 DNA, that can transform non-permissive cells. This fragment was labelled at its termini by limited exonuclease III digestion followed by repair synthesis with DNA polymerase and alpha-32P-labelled deoxynucleoside triphosphates. It was then further digested with each of the restriction endonucleases HpaII, HaeIII, AluI, HinfI and TaqI; the cleavage products thus obtained were ordered into a physical map.", "PMID": 718911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7814", "title": "Sequence studies on mouse L-cell satellite DNA by base-specific degradation with T4 endonuclease IV.", "content": "The base sequence of mouse L-cell satellite DNA was investigated by degradation of the two separated complementary strands with the base specific enzyme, T4 endonuclease IV. Digestion of the heavy strand DNA released a limited number of oligonucleotides which were separated by ionophoresis/homochromatography, isolated, and sequenced by the 'wandering spot' method. The light strand DNA was resistant to digestion with T4 endonuclease IV and no detectable amounts of oligonucleotides were released. The oligonucleotides obtained from the heavy strand were related in sequence, indicating that mouse satellite DNA derived from a short tandemly repeated sequence. The sequence of part of the original repeat unit is proposed to be C-A-T-T-T-T-T-C. Five major oligonucleotides were identified, all of which differ from the proposed original sequence by single base changes. The five major oligonucleotides occur with about equal frequency and together comprise approximately 50% of the oligonucleotides released by T4 endonuclease IV from the heavy strand DNA. In addition to the five major oligonucleotides, several oligonucleotides were found to occur in lesser amounts. Since these oligonucleotides are related to the major oligonucleotides, it is likely that they have arisen from them by mutation.", "contents": "Sequence studies on mouse L-cell satellite DNA by base-specific degradation with T4 endonuclease IV. The base sequence of mouse L-cell satellite DNA was investigated by degradation of the two separated complementary strands with the base specific enzyme, T4 endonuclease IV. Digestion of the heavy strand DNA released a limited number of oligonucleotides which were separated by ionophoresis/homochromatography, isolated, and sequenced by the 'wandering spot' method. The light strand DNA was resistant to digestion with T4 endonuclease IV and no detectable amounts of oligonucleotides were released. The oligonucleotides obtained from the heavy strand were related in sequence, indicating that mouse satellite DNA derived from a short tandemly repeated sequence. The sequence of part of the original repeat unit is proposed to be C-A-T-T-T-T-T-C. Five major oligonucleotides were identified, all of which differ from the proposed original sequence by single base changes. The five major oligonucleotides occur with about equal frequency and together comprise approximately 50% of the oligonucleotides released by T4 endonuclease IV from the heavy strand DNA. In addition to the five major oligonucleotides, several oligonucleotides were found to occur in lesser amounts. Since these oligonucleotides are related to the major oligonucleotides, it is likely that they have arisen from them by mutation.", "PMID": 718912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7815", "title": "ATP-independent DNA synthesis in vaccinia-infected L cells.", "content": "Mouse L cells can be made permeable to exogenous nucleotides by a cold shock in 0.01 M Tris . HCl pH 7.8, 0.25 M sucrose, 1 mM EDTA, 30 mM 2-mercaptoethanol and 4 mM MgCl2. DNA synthesis in permeabilized L cells requires ATP whereas DNA synthesis in permeabilized L cells that are infected with Vaccinia virus is ATP-independent. Permeabilized L cells that are infected with ultraviolet-irradiated virus show a marked suppression of DNA synthesis which is not corrected by an excess of deoxynucleoside triphosphates and ATP. The ATP-dependent and ATP-independent processes of DNA synthesis are inhibited to the same extent by Mal-Net, pHMB, ara CTP and phosphonoacetate. Concentrations of daunorubicin and cytembena, which cause marked inhibition of the ATP-dependent enzymes, only cause partial inhibition of the ATP-independent enzymes.", "contents": "ATP-independent DNA synthesis in vaccinia-infected L cells. Mouse L cells can be made permeable to exogenous nucleotides by a cold shock in 0.01 M Tris . HCl pH 7.8, 0.25 M sucrose, 1 mM EDTA, 30 mM 2-mercaptoethanol and 4 mM MgCl2. DNA synthesis in permeabilized L cells requires ATP whereas DNA synthesis in permeabilized L cells that are infected with Vaccinia virus is ATP-independent. Permeabilized L cells that are infected with ultraviolet-irradiated virus show a marked suppression of DNA synthesis which is not corrected by an excess of deoxynucleoside triphosphates and ATP. The ATP-dependent and ATP-independent processes of DNA synthesis are inhibited to the same extent by Mal-Net, pHMB, ara CTP and phosphonoacetate. Concentrations of daunorubicin and cytembena, which cause marked inhibition of the ATP-dependent enzymes, only cause partial inhibition of the ATP-independent enzymes.", "PMID": 718913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7816", "title": "Inhibition of translation of lens mRNAs in a messenger dependent reticulocyte lysate by cap analogues.", "content": "The nuclease treated reticulocyte lysate forms a highly efficient and completely mRNA-dependent cell-free system. In this system the functioning of the cap on eukaryotic mRNAs was explored by blocking cap recognition with cap analogues. Translation of capped mRNAs was severely inhibited, while translation of uncapped mRNAs was unaffected. It is concluded that this cell-free system can be used for screening cap dependence in the translation of specific mRNAs, like calf lens mRNAs. At 1.2 mM m7G5'p, 0.16 mM m7G5'pp or 0.16 m7G5'ppp5'G, translation of all lens mRNAs was totally inhibited. At lower concentrations the sensitivity to cap analogues was different for the various species of lens crystallin messenger. gamma-Crystallin mRNA showed relatively the lowest response. The translation of added polyribosomes was also inhibited by the cap analogue. It is concluded that translation of all crystallin messengers is cap-dependent.", "contents": "Inhibition of translation of lens mRNAs in a messenger dependent reticulocyte lysate by cap analogues. The nuclease treated reticulocyte lysate forms a highly efficient and completely mRNA-dependent cell-free system. In this system the functioning of the cap on eukaryotic mRNAs was explored by blocking cap recognition with cap analogues. Translation of capped mRNAs was severely inhibited, while translation of uncapped mRNAs was unaffected. It is concluded that this cell-free system can be used for screening cap dependence in the translation of specific mRNAs, like calf lens mRNAs. At 1.2 mM m7G5'p, 0.16 mM m7G5'pp or 0.16 m7G5'ppp5'G, translation of all lens mRNAs was totally inhibited. At lower concentrations the sensitivity to cap analogues was different for the various species of lens crystallin messenger. gamma-Crystallin mRNA showed relatively the lowest response. The translation of added polyribosomes was also inhibited by the cap analogue. It is concluded that translation of all crystallin messengers is cap-dependent.", "PMID": 718914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7817", "title": "Purification of class A, B, and C DNA-dependent RNA polymerases from chicken embryos.", "content": "Crude nuclei were isolated from trunks of 13-day-old chicken embryos under conditions which prevent leakage of RNA polymerases from nuclei. RNA polymerases were solubilized by subsequent incubation in alkaline buffer and sonication at high salt concentration. Purification of RNA polymerases A, B, and C was achieved by conventional column chromatographic procedures. RNA polymerase B was freed from an UTP:polynucleotidyl exotransferase by chromatography on a tRNA-Sepharose column. Purified RNA polymerase A contained six putative subunits with molecular weights 190 000 (A1), 117 000 (A2), 57 000 (A3), 50 000 (A4), 25 000 (A5), 19 000 (A6); RNA polymerase B contained eight putative subunits with molecular weights 98 000 (B2'), 86 000 (B2''), 155 000 (B3), 44 000 (B4), 31 000 (B5), 28 000 (B6), 26 000 (B7), 19 000 (B8); RNA polymerase C contained nine putative subunits with molecular weights 170 000 (C1), 117 000 (C2), 84 000 (C3), 60 000 (C4), 49 000 (C5), 36 000 (C6), 33 000 (C7), 22 000 (C8), 19 000 (C9).", "contents": "Purification of class A, B, and C DNA-dependent RNA polymerases from chicken embryos. Crude nuclei were isolated from trunks of 13-day-old chicken embryos under conditions which prevent leakage of RNA polymerases from nuclei. RNA polymerases were solubilized by subsequent incubation in alkaline buffer and sonication at high salt concentration. Purification of RNA polymerases A, B, and C was achieved by conventional column chromatographic procedures. RNA polymerase B was freed from an UTP:polynucleotidyl exotransferase by chromatography on a tRNA-Sepharose column. Purified RNA polymerase A contained six putative subunits with molecular weights 190 000 (A1), 117 000 (A2), 57 000 (A3), 50 000 (A4), 25 000 (A5), 19 000 (A6); RNA polymerase B contained eight putative subunits with molecular weights 98 000 (B2'), 86 000 (B2''), 155 000 (B3), 44 000 (B4), 31 000 (B5), 28 000 (B6), 26 000 (B7), 19 000 (B8); RNA polymerase C contained nine putative subunits with molecular weights 170 000 (C1), 117 000 (C2), 84 000 (C3), 60 000 (C4), 49 000 (C5), 36 000 (C6), 33 000 (C7), 22 000 (C8), 19 000 (C9).", "PMID": 718915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7818", "title": "Effects of aminooxyacetate, alanine and other amino acids on protein synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "Protein synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes has been measured by the incorporation of [14C]valine at high concentration and constant specific activity (5 mmol/l and 315 muCi/l). Protein synthesis was stimulated by the addition of an amino acid mixture, and by a number of individual amino acids alone, most notably alanine. Energy substrates (lactate, pyruvate) stimulated protein synthesis to the same extent as alanine, suggesting that a major part of the amino acid effect could be due to the provision of energy. Aminooxyacetate, an inhibitor of glutamate transaminases, inhibited protein synthesis strongly (70%), and abolished the stimulatory effects of alanine and energy substrates. This could indicate that hepatocytic protein synthesis is subject to positive control by a transamination-dependent agent.", "contents": "Effects of aminooxyacetate, alanine and other amino acids on protein synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes. Protein synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes has been measured by the incorporation of [14C]valine at high concentration and constant specific activity (5 mmol/l and 315 muCi/l). Protein synthesis was stimulated by the addition of an amino acid mixture, and by a number of individual amino acids alone, most notably alanine. Energy substrates (lactate, pyruvate) stimulated protein synthesis to the same extent as alanine, suggesting that a major part of the amino acid effect could be due to the provision of energy. Aminooxyacetate, an inhibitor of glutamate transaminases, inhibited protein synthesis strongly (70%), and abolished the stimulatory effects of alanine and energy substrates. This could indicate that hepatocytic protein synthesis is subject to positive control by a transamination-dependent agent.", "PMID": 718918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7819", "title": "Regulation of protein synthesis by hemin: effect of dithiothreitol on the formation and activity of the hemin-controlled translational repressor.", "content": "Previous studies have demonstrated that the hemin-controlled translational repressor (HCR), a high molecular weight protein inhibitor of polypeptide chain initiation in rabbit reticulocyte lysate, is formed from a presynthesized prorepressor over a period of 12--18 h in three stages denoted reversible, intermediate, and irreversible. The prorepressor can, however, be completely converted to irreversible HCR within 2 min by incubation with such sulfhydryl reagents as N-ethylmaleimide. The results in this report demonstrate that dithiothreitol, which stabilizes thiol groups, will, like hemin, prevent the conversion of the prorepressor to HCR and will inactivate reversible HCR. Unlike hemin, dithiothreitol also inactives the intermediate form of HCR. Neither dithiothreitol nor hemin has any effect on the activity of irreversible HCR. Since the prorepressor used in these experiments had been separated from the supernatant factor (a soluble protein that reverses the inhibition of protein synthesis due to HCR), the effect of dithiothreitol and of hemin is independent of this factor and may be mediated by direct interaction with the prorepressor and HCR. Dithioerythritol, the erythro isomer of dithiothreitol, is as effective as dithiothreitol in preventing the formation of HCR, whereas glutathione and beta-mercaptoethanol have little or no effect.", "contents": "Regulation of protein synthesis by hemin: effect of dithiothreitol on the formation and activity of the hemin-controlled translational repressor. Previous studies have demonstrated that the hemin-controlled translational repressor (HCR), a high molecular weight protein inhibitor of polypeptide chain initiation in rabbit reticulocyte lysate, is formed from a presynthesized prorepressor over a period of 12--18 h in three stages denoted reversible, intermediate, and irreversible. The prorepressor can, however, be completely converted to irreversible HCR within 2 min by incubation with such sulfhydryl reagents as N-ethylmaleimide. The results in this report demonstrate that dithiothreitol, which stabilizes thiol groups, will, like hemin, prevent the conversion of the prorepressor to HCR and will inactivate reversible HCR. Unlike hemin, dithiothreitol also inactives the intermediate form of HCR. Neither dithiothreitol nor hemin has any effect on the activity of irreversible HCR. Since the prorepressor used in these experiments had been separated from the supernatant factor (a soluble protein that reverses the inhibition of protein synthesis due to HCR), the effect of dithiothreitol and of hemin is independent of this factor and may be mediated by direct interaction with the prorepressor and HCR. Dithioerythritol, the erythro isomer of dithiothreitol, is as effective as dithiothreitol in preventing the formation of HCR, whereas glutathione and beta-mercaptoethanol have little or no effect.", "PMID": 718919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7820", "title": "Control of protein synthesis by hemin. An association between the formation of the hemin-controlled translational repressor and the phosphorylation of a 100 000 molecular weight protein.", "content": "The control of protein synthesis by hemin in rabbit reticulocytes is mediated by the formation of a high molecular weight protein inhibitor of polypeptide chain initiation, termed the hemin-controlled translational repressor, from a presynthesized prorepressor. The prorepressor, purified approx. 600-fold, was used to study the mechanism of hemin-controlled translational repressor formation. When the prorepressor is converted to the hemin-controlled translational repressor, either by prolonged warming in the absence of hemin or by incubation with N-ethylmaleimide for 5 min, and then incubated briefly with [gamma-32P]-ATP and Mg2+, a protein that migrates as a 100 000 molecular weight component on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels becomes phosphorylated. The extent of phosphorylation of this component is directly proportional to the amount of prorepressor converted to the hemin-controlled translational repressor. In addition, the 100 000 molecular weight protein is not labeled when phosphorylation is attempted with the prorepressor or prorepressor warmed in the presence of hemin, indicating that the protein kinase responsible is probably the hemin-controlled translational repressor. Since the 100 000 molecular protein copurifies with the prorepressor and since the phosphorylation reaction is very rapid (50% complete within 30 s at 34 degrees C), relatively insensitive to dilution, and behaves like an intramolecular reaction, the data suggest that the hemin-controlled translational repressor, once activated, may autophosphorylate a 100 000 molecular weight subunit of itself. Approx. 5 mol phosphate are incorporated per mol of 100 000 molecular weight protein, when the prorepressor is completely converted to the hemin-controlled translational repressor by N-ethylmaleimide. Neither the rate of conversion of prorepressor to the hemin-controlled translational repressor nor the subsequent phosphorylation of the 100 000 molecular weight protein is enhanced by cyclic AMP or reduced by incubation with 3':5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, indicating that cyclic AMP plays no role in hemin-controlled translational repressor formation.", "contents": "Control of protein synthesis by hemin. An association between the formation of the hemin-controlled translational repressor and the phosphorylation of a 100 000 molecular weight protein. The control of protein synthesis by hemin in rabbit reticulocytes is mediated by the formation of a high molecular weight protein inhibitor of polypeptide chain initiation, termed the hemin-controlled translational repressor, from a presynthesized prorepressor. The prorepressor, purified approx. 600-fold, was used to study the mechanism of hemin-controlled translational repressor formation. When the prorepressor is converted to the hemin-controlled translational repressor, either by prolonged warming in the absence of hemin or by incubation with N-ethylmaleimide for 5 min, and then incubated briefly with [gamma-32P]-ATP and Mg2+, a protein that migrates as a 100 000 molecular weight component on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels becomes phosphorylated. The extent of phosphorylation of this component is directly proportional to the amount of prorepressor converted to the hemin-controlled translational repressor. In addition, the 100 000 molecular weight protein is not labeled when phosphorylation is attempted with the prorepressor or prorepressor warmed in the presence of hemin, indicating that the protein kinase responsible is probably the hemin-controlled translational repressor. Since the 100 000 molecular protein copurifies with the prorepressor and since the phosphorylation reaction is very rapid (50% complete within 30 s at 34 degrees C), relatively insensitive to dilution, and behaves like an intramolecular reaction, the data suggest that the hemin-controlled translational repressor, once activated, may autophosphorylate a 100 000 molecular weight subunit of itself. Approx. 5 mol phosphate are incorporated per mol of 100 000 molecular weight protein, when the prorepressor is completely converted to the hemin-controlled translational repressor by N-ethylmaleimide. Neither the rate of conversion of prorepressor to the hemin-controlled translational repressor nor the subsequent phosphorylation of the 100 000 molecular weight protein is enhanced by cyclic AMP or reduced by incubation with 3':5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, indicating that cyclic AMP plays no role in hemin-controlled translational repressor formation.", "PMID": 718920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7821", "title": "Effect of hypophysectomy on persistence of methylated purines in rat liver deoxyribonucleic acid after administration of dimethylnitrosamine.", "content": "The formation of methylated purines in DNA following dimethylnitrosamine administration was studied in control and hypophysectomized rats. When given the same dose of this carcinogen (in mg/kg body weight) the formation of the major product 7-methylguanine and of the minor products 1-, 3- and 7-methyladenine and 3-methylguanine was slightly greater in the livers of hypophysectomized rats than in controls. The rate of loss of these products from the DNA was not affected by hypophysectomy. O6-Methylguanine levels were significantly greater in the hepatic DNA of hypophysectomized rats compared to controls after doses of dimethylnitrosamine ranging from 1 to 20 mg/kg. This difference was due to a slower rate of loss of this purine from the DNA in the hypothysectomized rats. Growth hormone treatment increased the rate of removal of O6-methylguanine in the hypophysectomized rats but did not restore the activity to that found in controls. The possible significance of these results in the induction of tumors by dimethylnitrosamine is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of hypophysectomy on persistence of methylated purines in rat liver deoxyribonucleic acid after administration of dimethylnitrosamine. The formation of methylated purines in DNA following dimethylnitrosamine administration was studied in control and hypophysectomized rats. When given the same dose of this carcinogen (in mg/kg body weight) the formation of the major product 7-methylguanine and of the minor products 1-, 3- and 7-methyladenine and 3-methylguanine was slightly greater in the livers of hypophysectomized rats than in controls. The rate of loss of these products from the DNA was not affected by hypophysectomy. O6-Methylguanine levels were significantly greater in the hepatic DNA of hypophysectomized rats compared to controls after doses of dimethylnitrosamine ranging from 1 to 20 mg/kg. This difference was due to a slower rate of loss of this purine from the DNA in the hypothysectomized rats. Growth hormone treatment increased the rate of removal of O6-methylguanine in the hypophysectomized rats but did not restore the activity to that found in controls. The possible significance of these results in the induction of tumors by dimethylnitrosamine is discussed.", "PMID": 718921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7822", "title": "The moderately repetitive DNA sequences of Caenorhabditis elegans do not show short-period interspersion.", "content": "In these studies we show that the moderately repetitive DNA sequences of Caenorhabditis elegans are not arranged in the characteristic short-period interspersion pattern of most eukaryotes. Rather, the moderately repetitive sequences are arranged in long arrays as in Drosophila and Apis. These findings indicate that this type of arrangement is more phylogenetically diverse and hence less exceptional than previously believed.", "contents": "The moderately repetitive DNA sequences of Caenorhabditis elegans do not show short-period interspersion. In these studies we show that the moderately repetitive DNA sequences of Caenorhabditis elegans are not arranged in the characteristic short-period interspersion pattern of most eukaryotes. Rather, the moderately repetitive sequences are arranged in long arrays as in Drosophila and Apis. These findings indicate that this type of arrangement is more phylogenetically diverse and hence less exceptional than previously believed.", "PMID": 718922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7823", "title": "The influence of inhibitors on dimer removal and repair of single-strand breaks in normal and bromodeoxyuridine substituted DNA of HeLa cells.", "content": "The elimination of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers from the nuclear DNA of ultraviolet irradiated HeLa cells has been examined by means of chromatography and immunoautoradiography. The extent and duration of the process was similar when dimers were assayed by both methods, proving that the anti-sera recognized pyrimidine dimers. The rate of dimer excision did not differ through the cell cycle with the exception of mitosis during which no dimers were removed. Dimer excision is a relatively fast process which is terminated within a few hours, but it leaves many dimers in the DNA. Excision is depressed by inhibitors of semiconservative DNA synthesis that affect the DNA precursor pool or DNA polymerases. Cells whose DNA is partly substituted with bromodeoxyuridine instead of thymidine, repair single-strand breaks and remove dimers at the same rate but to different extents. On the other hand, inhibitors limit repair of breaks and removal of dimers to the same degree suggesting that the repair of the two types of lesion is coordinated.", "contents": "The influence of inhibitors on dimer removal and repair of single-strand breaks in normal and bromodeoxyuridine substituted DNA of HeLa cells. The elimination of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers from the nuclear DNA of ultraviolet irradiated HeLa cells has been examined by means of chromatography and immunoautoradiography. The extent and duration of the process was similar when dimers were assayed by both methods, proving that the anti-sera recognized pyrimidine dimers. The rate of dimer excision did not differ through the cell cycle with the exception of mitosis during which no dimers were removed. Dimer excision is a relatively fast process which is terminated within a few hours, but it leaves many dimers in the DNA. Excision is depressed by inhibitors of semiconservative DNA synthesis that affect the DNA precursor pool or DNA polymerases. Cells whose DNA is partly substituted with bromodeoxyuridine instead of thymidine, repair single-strand breaks and remove dimers at the same rate but to different extents. On the other hand, inhibitors limit repair of breaks and removal of dimers to the same degree suggesting that the repair of the two types of lesion is coordinated.", "PMID": 718923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7824", "title": "Induction and repair of strand breaks and 3'-hydroxy terminals in the DNA of mouse brain following gamma irradiation.", "content": "DNA was isolated from mouse brain after in vivo gamma-ray irradiation, treated with endonuclease S1 from Aspergillus oryzae if necessary, and analysed further by alkaline and neutral sucrose gradient centrifugation. In parallel, its template activity was determined by DNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.7, enzyme A of Klenow from Escherichia coli) assay as described previously. Similar experiments were performed with cultured mouse leukaemia cells (L5178Y) irradiated in vitro at 0 degrees C. Irradiation induced single- and double-strand breaks in the DNA of the brain with a yield of 1.0 and 0.1 break per 10(12) dalton per rad (100 eV/break and 770 eV/break), respectively. The yield of single-strand breaks in the brain was lower than that found in the cultured cells, whereas the yield of double-strand breaks was found to be almost the same in both cases. Treatment of irradiated DNA with single-strand-specific S1 endonuclease gave rise to further breaks detected on neutral sucrose gradient analysis. The yield of these breaks was also higher in the brain compared to the cultured cells. The increase per unit dose in the template activity of the DNA from the brain was found to be five times as much as that found in the cultured cells. Then, the average number of deoxyribonucleotides incorporated per break was determined on DNA which had experienced different treatments. The value for the brain DNA irradiated in vivo was found to be five times as much as that found for DNA treated with pancreatic deoxyribonuclease and 10 times as much as those found for DNA from the cultured cells and isolated brain nuclei irradiated in vitro at 0 degrees C. Thus, in vivo irradiation seemed to induce gaps with 3'-OH terminals in addition to simple breaks with or without 3'-OH terminals found in the cultured cells. Radiation-induced single-strand breaks and 3'-OH terminals in the DNA of the brain were repaired following irradiation. Approx. 20--40% of the terminals or breaks induced were, however, remaining at 3 h or more after irradiation, depending on the dose administered.", "contents": "Induction and repair of strand breaks and 3'-hydroxy terminals in the DNA of mouse brain following gamma irradiation. DNA was isolated from mouse brain after in vivo gamma-ray irradiation, treated with endonuclease S1 from Aspergillus oryzae if necessary, and analysed further by alkaline and neutral sucrose gradient centrifugation. In parallel, its template activity was determined by DNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.7, enzyme A of Klenow from Escherichia coli) assay as described previously. Similar experiments were performed with cultured mouse leukaemia cells (L5178Y) irradiated in vitro at 0 degrees C. Irradiation induced single- and double-strand breaks in the DNA of the brain with a yield of 1.0 and 0.1 break per 10(12) dalton per rad (100 eV/break and 770 eV/break), respectively. The yield of single-strand breaks in the brain was lower than that found in the cultured cells, whereas the yield of double-strand breaks was found to be almost the same in both cases. Treatment of irradiated DNA with single-strand-specific S1 endonuclease gave rise to further breaks detected on neutral sucrose gradient analysis. The yield of these breaks was also higher in the brain compared to the cultured cells. The increase per unit dose in the template activity of the DNA from the brain was found to be five times as much as that found in the cultured cells. Then, the average number of deoxyribonucleotides incorporated per break was determined on DNA which had experienced different treatments. The value for the brain DNA irradiated in vivo was found to be five times as much as that found for DNA treated with pancreatic deoxyribonuclease and 10 times as much as those found for DNA from the cultured cells and isolated brain nuclei irradiated in vitro at 0 degrees C. Thus, in vivo irradiation seemed to induce gaps with 3'-OH terminals in addition to simple breaks with or without 3'-OH terminals found in the cultured cells. Radiation-induced single-strand breaks and 3'-OH terminals in the DNA of the brain were repaired following irradiation. Approx. 20--40% of the terminals or breaks induced were, however, remaining at 3 h or more after irradiation, depending on the dose administered.", "PMID": 718924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7825", "title": "The rate of hydrolysis of methyl phosphotriesters in DNA under conditions used in alkaline sucrose gradients.", "content": "Methyl phosphotriesters have been introduced into DNA, in vitro, by reaction with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and the rate of degradation in alkali has been followed by measurements of the mean sedimentation coefficient using an analytical ultracentrifuge. In 0.3 M NaOH/0.7 M NaCl, a solution commonly used in alkaline sucrose gradient experiments, hydrolysis of the methyl phosphotriesters present is complete after 15 h at 20 degrees C, or after 2--3 h at 37 degrees C. In addition to breaks formed by the latter reaction there was a continuous background degradation of the DNA giving rise to 6.3 and 63 breaks/10(6) nucleotides per h at 20 degrees and 37 degrees C, respectively. The problem of obtaining quantitative data on phosphotriester concentrations from results of alkaline sucrose gradient experiments has been discussed.", "contents": "The rate of hydrolysis of methyl phosphotriesters in DNA under conditions used in alkaline sucrose gradients. Methyl phosphotriesters have been introduced into DNA, in vitro, by reaction with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and the rate of degradation in alkali has been followed by measurements of the mean sedimentation coefficient using an analytical ultracentrifuge. In 0.3 M NaOH/0.7 M NaCl, a solution commonly used in alkaline sucrose gradient experiments, hydrolysis of the methyl phosphotriesters present is complete after 15 h at 20 degrees C, or after 2--3 h at 37 degrees C. In addition to breaks formed by the latter reaction there was a continuous background degradation of the DNA giving rise to 6.3 and 63 breaks/10(6) nucleotides per h at 20 degrees and 37 degrees C, respectively. The problem of obtaining quantitative data on phosphotriester concentrations from results of alkaline sucrose gradient experiments has been discussed.", "PMID": 718925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7826", "title": "Impairment of RNA synthesis and its recovery in angelicin photosensitized mammalian cells. A probe for DNA damage and repair.", "content": "The template activity of DNA for ribosomal RNA transcription has been investigated in monkey kidney CV-1 cells after angelicin photosensitization in order to monitor the induction of lesions in the DNA and their possible subsequent disappearance, i.e. repair. Separate confluent cultures were submitted to a single angelicin treatment at different time intervals before incubation with [3H]uridine. The labeled RNA prepared from whole cells was analysed by polyacrylamide-agarose gel electrophoresis. The results indicate that: Angelicin monoadditions on DNA constitute transcription-terminating lesions which depress overall RNA synthesis, give rise to shortened RNA chains and modify the expression of transcriptional linked genes. CV-1 cells are able to repair, at least partially, the induced transcription-terminating lesions and progressively recover RNA synthesis with a reversion of the initially observed modifications. The repair seems to be independent of semiconservative DNA synthesis since fluorodeoxyuridine does not affect the recovery of RNA transcription. The present work also confirms the arrangement of rRNA genes in tandem behind a common operator in the order 18--28 S as previously determined in the same cells by a radiological mapping technique and reinforces the potential applicability of transcription analysis to the study of repair processes operating on physically or chemically induced damage in DNA.", "contents": "Impairment of RNA synthesis and its recovery in angelicin photosensitized mammalian cells. A probe for DNA damage and repair. The template activity of DNA for ribosomal RNA transcription has been investigated in monkey kidney CV-1 cells after angelicin photosensitization in order to monitor the induction of lesions in the DNA and their possible subsequent disappearance, i.e. repair. Separate confluent cultures were submitted to a single angelicin treatment at different time intervals before incubation with [3H]uridine. The labeled RNA prepared from whole cells was analysed by polyacrylamide-agarose gel electrophoresis. The results indicate that: Angelicin monoadditions on DNA constitute transcription-terminating lesions which depress overall RNA synthesis, give rise to shortened RNA chains and modify the expression of transcriptional linked genes. CV-1 cells are able to repair, at least partially, the induced transcription-terminating lesions and progressively recover RNA synthesis with a reversion of the initially observed modifications. The repair seems to be independent of semiconservative DNA synthesis since fluorodeoxyuridine does not affect the recovery of RNA transcription. The present work also confirms the arrangement of rRNA genes in tandem behind a common operator in the order 18--28 S as previously determined in the same cells by a radiological mapping technique and reinforces the potential applicability of transcription analysis to the study of repair processes operating on physically or chemically induced damage in DNA.", "PMID": 718926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7827", "title": "Composition and properties of messenger ribonucleoprotein fragments containing and lacking polyadenylate.", "content": "Ribonucleoprotein fragments were isolated from Ehrlich ascites cell messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP), immobilized on oligo(dT)-cellulose, by successive RNAase and formamide treatments and their RNA and protein moieties were characterized. A 8--10 S formamide-eluted (F) RNP primarily contained the poly(A) segment as an RNA moiety, as evidenced by its characteristic electrophoretic mobility, resistance to RNAase digestion, affinity for nitrocellulose filters and poly(U), and base composition. In contrast, the RNAase-eluted (R) fraction was composed of a 2--3 S RNP carrying a much shorter polyribonucleotide fragment of heterogeneous base composition and properties unlike poly(A). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis indicated that the protein moieties of the R fraction were composed primarily of 56 000, 67 000, and 71 000 molecular weight polypeptides whereas those of the F fraction contained the latter three polypeptides as well as a major species exhibiting a molecular weight of 81 000. The data demonstrate that RNA sequences other than poly(A) interact with protein in mRNP, that three major mRNP polypeptides are associated with both poly(A) and non-poly(A) RNA binding sites, and that one major polypeptide is specifically bound to the poly-(A) region of mRNP.", "contents": "Composition and properties of messenger ribonucleoprotein fragments containing and lacking polyadenylate. Ribonucleoprotein fragments were isolated from Ehrlich ascites cell messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP), immobilized on oligo(dT)-cellulose, by successive RNAase and formamide treatments and their RNA and protein moieties were characterized. A 8--10 S formamide-eluted (F) RNP primarily contained the poly(A) segment as an RNA moiety, as evidenced by its characteristic electrophoretic mobility, resistance to RNAase digestion, affinity for nitrocellulose filters and poly(U), and base composition. In contrast, the RNAase-eluted (R) fraction was composed of a 2--3 S RNP carrying a much shorter polyribonucleotide fragment of heterogeneous base composition and properties unlike poly(A). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis indicated that the protein moieties of the R fraction were composed primarily of 56 000, 67 000, and 71 000 molecular weight polypeptides whereas those of the F fraction contained the latter three polypeptides as well as a major species exhibiting a molecular weight of 81 000. The data demonstrate that RNA sequences other than poly(A) interact with protein in mRNP, that three major mRNP polypeptides are associated with both poly(A) and non-poly(A) RNA binding sites, and that one major polypeptide is specifically bound to the poly-(A) region of mRNP.", "PMID": 718927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7828", "title": "Size analysis of heterogeneous nuclear RNA in an aqueous gel system.", "content": "We have analyzed the size distribution of heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) from cultured murine cells in an aqueous gel system consisting of 1.8% polyacrylamide and 0.5% agarose. hnRNA, labeled in vivo with 32P at a low specific activity, was labeled in vitro at its 3'-end with NaB3H4, and fractionated by gel electrophoresis. The ratio of log 32P/3H cpm was determined for each gel fraction and shown to be linearly related to distance migrated. The ratio of 32P/3H cpm was used to predict the molecular weight of 28-S and 18-S RNAs and shown to be within approx. 10% of the known molecular weight. Denaturation of hnRNA with heat or dimethyl sulfoxide gave similar number and weight average molecular weight when analyzed by gel electrophoresis. The same hnRNA analyzed by sucrose gradient velocity sedimentation had a similar number average molecular weight but much higher weight average molecular weight.", "contents": "Size analysis of heterogeneous nuclear RNA in an aqueous gel system. We have analyzed the size distribution of heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) from cultured murine cells in an aqueous gel system consisting of 1.8% polyacrylamide and 0.5% agarose. hnRNA, labeled in vivo with 32P at a low specific activity, was labeled in vitro at its 3'-end with NaB3H4, and fractionated by gel electrophoresis. The ratio of log 32P/3H cpm was determined for each gel fraction and shown to be linearly related to distance migrated. The ratio of 32P/3H cpm was used to predict the molecular weight of 28-S and 18-S RNAs and shown to be within approx. 10% of the known molecular weight. Denaturation of hnRNA with heat or dimethyl sulfoxide gave similar number and weight average molecular weight when analyzed by gel electrophoresis. The same hnRNA analyzed by sucrose gradient velocity sedimentation had a similar number average molecular weight but much higher weight average molecular weight.", "PMID": 718928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7829", "title": "Influence of toyocamycin on the assembly and processing of preribosomal ribonucleoproteins in the nucleolus of mammalian cells.", "content": "The adenosine analogue toyocamycin inhibits the maturation of ribosomal RNA, but permits the synthesis of other RNA species, including 45 S preribosomal RNA. In this work, the dose vs. response analysis of rRNA processing upon toyocamycin treatment of L5178Y cells is studied. It is shown that the latter steps of rRNA processing are more affected than the earlier. The mechanism responsible for the lack of conversion of toyocamycin-containing 45 S RNA into mature rRNA has not yet been elucidated. In order to investigate whether protein factors are involved in this mechanism, the effects of toyocamycin on the ability of preribosomal RNA to bind proteins and on the assembly of nucleolar preribosomes are investigated. The analogue allows the formation and the accumulation, in the nucleolus, of ribonucleoprotein complexes which contain 45 S RNA and newly synthesized proteins, but cannot be converted to mature ribosomal subunits. These complexes are not clearly distinguishable from 80 S particles synthesized in the absence of toyocamycin, with respect to their sedimentation rate in linear sucrose gradients, to their protein/RNA ratio and to their density measured in metrizamide gradients.", "contents": "Influence of toyocamycin on the assembly and processing of preribosomal ribonucleoproteins in the nucleolus of mammalian cells. The adenosine analogue toyocamycin inhibits the maturation of ribosomal RNA, but permits the synthesis of other RNA species, including 45 S preribosomal RNA. In this work, the dose vs. response analysis of rRNA processing upon toyocamycin treatment of L5178Y cells is studied. It is shown that the latter steps of rRNA processing are more affected than the earlier. The mechanism responsible for the lack of conversion of toyocamycin-containing 45 S RNA into mature rRNA has not yet been elucidated. In order to investigate whether protein factors are involved in this mechanism, the effects of toyocamycin on the ability of preribosomal RNA to bind proteins and on the assembly of nucleolar preribosomes are investigated. The analogue allows the formation and the accumulation, in the nucleolus, of ribonucleoprotein complexes which contain 45 S RNA and newly synthesized proteins, but cannot be converted to mature ribosomal subunits. These complexes are not clearly distinguishable from 80 S particles synthesized in the absence of toyocamycin, with respect to their sedimentation rate in linear sucrose gradients, to their protein/RNA ratio and to their density measured in metrizamide gradients.", "PMID": 718929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7830", "title": "Quantitative analysis of RNA, glycogen and nucleotides from different developmental stages of Ascaris lumbricoides (var. suum).", "content": "Cold acid phenol extractions (Kirby, K.S. (1968) in Methods in Enzymology, Vol. XII B, pp. 87--99, Academic Press, New York) of homogenates from oocytes, zygotes and larval stages of Ascaris lumbricoides yield predominantly glycogen, some glycogen . phosphate complexes and guanine nucleotides, but only small amounts of RNA. Oocytes contain 10.0 pg of extractable 19 S and 26 S rRNA and 1.1 pg 4 S and 5 S RNA per cell. During the maturation of the oocyte to the zygote stage, the amount of 19 S and 26 S rRNA increases by 57%, and that of 4 S and 5 S RNA by 130%. Larval stages contain 62% more 19 S and 26 S rRNA, and 47% more 4 S and 5 S RNA than zygotes. The amount of the extractable glycogen decreases by about 80% and nucleotides by about 70% from oogenesis to the larval stage. The Kirby extract from homogenates of spermatids contains only traces of glycogen, glycogen . phosphate complexes and nucleotides, and 115 times less RNA per spermatid than oocytes. The nucleotide pool sizes of oocytes, zygotes and larval stages were determined; the pools consist of 71--88% guanine nucleotides. Spermatids contain only adenine nucleotides and an unidentified, nucleotide-like compound.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of RNA, glycogen and nucleotides from different developmental stages of Ascaris lumbricoides (var. suum). Cold acid phenol extractions (Kirby, K.S. (1968) in Methods in Enzymology, Vol. XII B, pp. 87--99, Academic Press, New York) of homogenates from oocytes, zygotes and larval stages of Ascaris lumbricoides yield predominantly glycogen, some glycogen . phosphate complexes and guanine nucleotides, but only small amounts of RNA. Oocytes contain 10.0 pg of extractable 19 S and 26 S rRNA and 1.1 pg 4 S and 5 S RNA per cell. During the maturation of the oocyte to the zygote stage, the amount of 19 S and 26 S rRNA increases by 57%, and that of 4 S and 5 S RNA by 130%. Larval stages contain 62% more 19 S and 26 S rRNA, and 47% more 4 S and 5 S RNA than zygotes. The amount of the extractable glycogen decreases by about 80% and nucleotides by about 70% from oogenesis to the larval stage. The Kirby extract from homogenates of spermatids contains only traces of glycogen, glycogen . phosphate complexes and nucleotides, and 115 times less RNA per spermatid than oocytes. The nucleotide pool sizes of oocytes, zygotes and larval stages were determined; the pools consist of 71--88% guanine nucleotides. Spermatids contain only adenine nucleotides and an unidentified, nucleotide-like compound.", "PMID": 718930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7831", "title": "Changes in RNA polymerase activity in isolated mouse uterine nuclei during the decidual cell reaction.", "content": "The artificially stimulated decidual cell reaction has been used as a model to study changes occurring in the uterus at the time of implantation. Activities of RNA polymerases I, II and III were measured in uterine nuclei isolated from ovariectomized non-primed mice, hormonally primed mice, and hormonally primed mice following stimulation of the decidual cell reaction. Activities of all three RNA polymerases increased following hormonal priming of ovariectomized mice. In nuclei from stimulated uterine horns, activities of RNA polymerases I and III increased 9 h after stimulation of the decidual cell reaction and remained elevated through 21 h. RNA polymerase II activity did not change following stimulation of the decidual cell reaction. These changes in RNA polymerase activities occur at the time of increased histone modifications and may result from changes in the template capacity.", "contents": "Changes in RNA polymerase activity in isolated mouse uterine nuclei during the decidual cell reaction. The artificially stimulated decidual cell reaction has been used as a model to study changes occurring in the uterus at the time of implantation. Activities of RNA polymerases I, II and III were measured in uterine nuclei isolated from ovariectomized non-primed mice, hormonally primed mice, and hormonally primed mice following stimulation of the decidual cell reaction. Activities of all three RNA polymerases increased following hormonal priming of ovariectomized mice. In nuclei from stimulated uterine horns, activities of RNA polymerases I and III increased 9 h after stimulation of the decidual cell reaction and remained elevated through 21 h. RNA polymerase II activity did not change following stimulation of the decidual cell reaction. These changes in RNA polymerase activities occur at the time of increased histone modifications and may result from changes in the template capacity.", "PMID": 718931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7832", "title": "The synthesis and degradation of presumptive messenger RNA in cultured mouse leukemia cells during the inhibition of protein synthesis.", "content": "RNA synthesis in mouse leukemia L5178Y cells was inhibited depending upon the time of treatment by blasticidin S or by ricin, which inhibits specifically protein synthesis. When blasticidin S or ricin blocked protein synthesis by more than 90% of the control, marked accumulation of monosome was accompanied by the decrease of pulse-labeled RNA (20% of that in the control) in the polysomes and monosome fraction. The size distribution of pulse-labeled RNA among polysomal fractions including monosome obtained from the cells treated with either blasticidin S, ricin of L-asparaginase showed that the size of presumptive mRNA was shifted from 18 S to 9--10 S. TReatment of a blasticidin S-resistant (Bla-R) subline derived from L5178Y cells (Kuwano, M., Matsui, K., Takenaka, K., Akiyama, S. and Endo, H. (1977) Int. J. Cancer 20, 296--302) with L-asparaginase or ricin induced smaller size (9--10 S) RNA, but treatment of Bla-R cells with blasticidin S did not. Such shorter RNA fragments could not be observed even when cellular protein synthesis was inhibited by treatment for short time with blasticidin S (40--80% of the control activity). Smaller RNA fragments accumulated after drastic inhibition of protein synthesis were composed of 74% of polyadenylate sequence lacking poly(A)(-)RNA with peak of approx. 10 S and 26% of polyadenylate sequence containing poly(A)(+)RNA with a peak of 18 S, whereas cytoplasmic polysomal RNA of the control contained 46% poly(A)(+) with a peak of 18 S and 54% poly(A)(-)RNA with a 10--18 S peak. Cytoplasmic poly(A)(+)RNA degraded biphasically with half-lives of approx. 2 h and 8--10 h in exponentially growing mouse cells. However, in degradation of poly(A)(+)RNA molecules being formed in the cells pretreated with blasticidin S for 3 h, the rapid phase of decay with a half-life of approx. 2 h was interrupted by successively appearing poly(A)(+)RNA with a longer half-life of 8--10 h in cytoplasm. However, when the cells were pretreated with blasticidin S for 6 h, there appeared no poly(A)(+)RNA population with the rapid-decay in cytoplasm.", "contents": "The synthesis and degradation of presumptive messenger RNA in cultured mouse leukemia cells during the inhibition of protein synthesis. RNA synthesis in mouse leukemia L5178Y cells was inhibited depending upon the time of treatment by blasticidin S or by ricin, which inhibits specifically protein synthesis. When blasticidin S or ricin blocked protein synthesis by more than 90% of the control, marked accumulation of monosome was accompanied by the decrease of pulse-labeled RNA (20% of that in the control) in the polysomes and monosome fraction. The size distribution of pulse-labeled RNA among polysomal fractions including monosome obtained from the cells treated with either blasticidin S, ricin of L-asparaginase showed that the size of presumptive mRNA was shifted from 18 S to 9--10 S. TReatment of a blasticidin S-resistant (Bla-R) subline derived from L5178Y cells (Kuwano, M., Matsui, K., Takenaka, K., Akiyama, S. and Endo, H. (1977) Int. J. Cancer 20, 296--302) with L-asparaginase or ricin induced smaller size (9--10 S) RNA, but treatment of Bla-R cells with blasticidin S did not. Such shorter RNA fragments could not be observed even when cellular protein synthesis was inhibited by treatment for short time with blasticidin S (40--80% of the control activity). Smaller RNA fragments accumulated after drastic inhibition of protein synthesis were composed of 74% of polyadenylate sequence lacking poly(A)(-)RNA with peak of approx. 10 S and 26% of polyadenylate sequence containing poly(A)(+)RNA with a peak of 18 S, whereas cytoplasmic polysomal RNA of the control contained 46% poly(A)(+) with a peak of 18 S and 54% poly(A)(-)RNA with a 10--18 S peak. Cytoplasmic poly(A)(+)RNA degraded biphasically with half-lives of approx. 2 h and 8--10 h in exponentially growing mouse cells. However, in degradation of poly(A)(+)RNA molecules being formed in the cells pretreated with blasticidin S for 3 h, the rapid phase of decay with a half-life of approx. 2 h was interrupted by successively appearing poly(A)(+)RNA with a longer half-life of 8--10 h in cytoplasm. However, when the cells were pretreated with blasticidin S for 6 h, there appeared no poly(A)(+)RNA population with the rapid-decay in cytoplasm.", "PMID": 718932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7833", "title": "Transcription and circular dichroism of chromatin in lymphoblastoid cell lines during proliferation and quiescence.", "content": "RNA polymerase activity of nuclei and positive circular dichroism ellipticity in the 250--300 nm region of chromatin were studied in three lymphoblastoid cell lines: HRI, an Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) positive virus-producing line; Raji, and EBV positive virus-producing line; Raji, an EBV positive non-producer line; and SU-AMB-1, and EBV negative line. Raji consistently exhibited the highest and SU-AMB-1 the lowest polymerase activity and ellipticity. All lines showed higher RNA polymerase activity and positive ellipticity when exponentially growing than when stationary. In Raji it was shown that changes in RNA polymerase activity and chromatin ellipiticity were parallel. The changes in RNA polymerase activity of nuclei and circular dichroism ellipticity correlated with those of the proliferative state but not with the number of viral genomes or the production of virus or viral antigens.", "contents": "Transcription and circular dichroism of chromatin in lymphoblastoid cell lines during proliferation and quiescence. RNA polymerase activity of nuclei and positive circular dichroism ellipticity in the 250--300 nm region of chromatin were studied in three lymphoblastoid cell lines: HRI, an Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) positive virus-producing line; Raji, and EBV positive virus-producing line; Raji, an EBV positive non-producer line; and SU-AMB-1, and EBV negative line. Raji consistently exhibited the highest and SU-AMB-1 the lowest polymerase activity and ellipticity. All lines showed higher RNA polymerase activity and positive ellipticity when exponentially growing than when stationary. In Raji it was shown that changes in RNA polymerase activity and chromatin ellipiticity were parallel. The changes in RNA polymerase activity of nuclei and circular dichroism ellipticity correlated with those of the proliferative state but not with the number of viral genomes or the production of virus or viral antigens.", "PMID": 718933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7834", "title": "Estradiol-induced synthesis of vitellogenin. IV. The isolation of non-degraded polysomes from avian liver using an endogenous ribonuclease inhibitor.", "content": "A procedure allowing the isolation of intact polysomes from rooster liver is described. Good recovery of polysomes is achieved by the presence of Triton X-100 in the homogenization and centrifugation steps since the detergent prevents the sedimentation of microsomes with the nuclear fraction. This sedimentation of microsomes leads to considerable losses of polysomes, especially the larger ones. In the detergent-treated homogenate the integrity of the polysomes is threatened by various ribonucleases, some of which can be effectively inhibited by the addition of both heparin and yeast RNA. The remaining nuclease activity is counteracted by the endogenous ribonuclease inhibitor of the liver. In estradiol-treated roosters, sufficient endogenous inhibitor is present to inhibit its specific ribonuclease, but in control roosters there is not. This difference is due to a hormone-mediated increase in inhibitor level and decrease in nuclease level. Consequently, for an estrogenized rooster, the addition of both heparin and yeast RNA to the homogenate suffices to stabilize the polysomes, whereas control rooster liver homogenate needs supplementation with endogenous ribonuclease inhibitor. The cytosol of estrogenized rooster liver can be used as a crude inhibitor preparation. Rat liver cytosol is only partially effective; this may indicate a certain degree of species specificity of the inhibitor. The isolation procedure described also yields large polysomes from the livers of duck and Xenopus.", "contents": "Estradiol-induced synthesis of vitellogenin. IV. The isolation of non-degraded polysomes from avian liver using an endogenous ribonuclease inhibitor. A procedure allowing the isolation of intact polysomes from rooster liver is described. Good recovery of polysomes is achieved by the presence of Triton X-100 in the homogenization and centrifugation steps since the detergent prevents the sedimentation of microsomes with the nuclear fraction. This sedimentation of microsomes leads to considerable losses of polysomes, especially the larger ones. In the detergent-treated homogenate the integrity of the polysomes is threatened by various ribonucleases, some of which can be effectively inhibited by the addition of both heparin and yeast RNA. The remaining nuclease activity is counteracted by the endogenous ribonuclease inhibitor of the liver. In estradiol-treated roosters, sufficient endogenous inhibitor is present to inhibit its specific ribonuclease, but in control roosters there is not. This difference is due to a hormone-mediated increase in inhibitor level and decrease in nuclease level. Consequently, for an estrogenized rooster, the addition of both heparin and yeast RNA to the homogenate suffices to stabilize the polysomes, whereas control rooster liver homogenate needs supplementation with endogenous ribonuclease inhibitor. The cytosol of estrogenized rooster liver can be used as a crude inhibitor preparation. Rat liver cytosol is only partially effective; this may indicate a certain degree of species specificity of the inhibitor. The isolation procedure described also yields large polysomes from the livers of duck and Xenopus.", "PMID": 718934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7835", "title": "Nuclear chromatin changes during post-natal myocardial development.", "content": "The proliferative capacity of rat myocardium declines rapidly during the first few weeks of post-natal life. In order to gain insight into the mechanisms involved in this decline, we studied the structure and function of nuclear chromatin from isolated rat myocardial cells during post-natal growth. Chromatin template activity decreased progressively (7.5 +/- 0.3 pmol [3H]UTP/microgram DNA per min at age 5 days compared to 2.2 +/- 0.1 pmol [3H]UTP/microgram DNA per min at age 6 months) and was associated with a decrease in the number of transcription initiation sites. This decline was accompanied by changes in chromatin structure as evidenced by: (a) decreased susceptibility to DNAase I digestion with advancing age, (b) decreased poly-L-lysine binding (60% decrease between day 5 and six months of age), (c) progressive decline in positive ellipticity of circular dichroism spectra between 250--300 nm, and (d) derivative melting profiles showing a decrease in DNA regions bound by non-histone proteins and concomitant increase in histone-bound regions. The protein composition of myocardial chromatin also changed during post-natal development, chiefly due to a progressive increase in the histone/DNA ratio. These results indicate substantial changes in the organization and functional capacity of myocardial chromatin during early post-natal growth. These changes accompany, and may contribute to, the restriction in the proliferative capacity of myocardial cells.", "contents": "Nuclear chromatin changes during post-natal myocardial development. The proliferative capacity of rat myocardium declines rapidly during the first few weeks of post-natal life. In order to gain insight into the mechanisms involved in this decline, we studied the structure and function of nuclear chromatin from isolated rat myocardial cells during post-natal growth. Chromatin template activity decreased progressively (7.5 +/- 0.3 pmol [3H]UTP/microgram DNA per min at age 5 days compared to 2.2 +/- 0.1 pmol [3H]UTP/microgram DNA per min at age 6 months) and was associated with a decrease in the number of transcription initiation sites. This decline was accompanied by changes in chromatin structure as evidenced by: (a) decreased susceptibility to DNAase I digestion with advancing age, (b) decreased poly-L-lysine binding (60% decrease between day 5 and six months of age), (c) progressive decline in positive ellipticity of circular dichroism spectra between 250--300 nm, and (d) derivative melting profiles showing a decrease in DNA regions bound by non-histone proteins and concomitant increase in histone-bound regions. The protein composition of myocardial chromatin also changed during post-natal development, chiefly due to a progressive increase in the histone/DNA ratio. These results indicate substantial changes in the organization and functional capacity of myocardial chromatin during early post-natal growth. These changes accompany, and may contribute to, the restriction in the proliferative capacity of myocardial cells.", "PMID": 718935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7836", "title": "RNA from the insect trypanosome Crithidia luciliae contains transcripts of the maxi-circle and not of the mini-circle component of kinetoplast DNA.", "content": "We have hybridized total cellular RNA of Crithidia luciliae with the kinetoplast DNA of this organism. To allow the discrimination of DNA from mini-circles (2300 base pairs) and maxi-circles (33 000 base pairs), kinetoplast DNA was digested with restriction endonucleases and the fragments were separated by electrophoresis through an agarose gel and transferred to nitrocellulose filters by blotting. No mini-cricle transcripts were found under conditions where maxi-circle fragments showed extensive and specific hybridization. Since maxi-circle sequences are present at less than 1% of the concentration of mini-circle sequences, we conclude that mini-circles may not be transcribed at all. Predominant hybridization with the maxi-circle fragments is obtained with a segment of only 2300--2500 base pairs. The possibility that this segment codes for unusually small mitochondrial ribosomal RNAs is discussed.", "contents": "RNA from the insect trypanosome Crithidia luciliae contains transcripts of the maxi-circle and not of the mini-circle component of kinetoplast DNA. We have hybridized total cellular RNA of Crithidia luciliae with the kinetoplast DNA of this organism. To allow the discrimination of DNA from mini-circles (2300 base pairs) and maxi-circles (33 000 base pairs), kinetoplast DNA was digested with restriction endonucleases and the fragments were separated by electrophoresis through an agarose gel and transferred to nitrocellulose filters by blotting. No mini-cricle transcripts were found under conditions where maxi-circle fragments showed extensive and specific hybridization. Since maxi-circle sequences are present at less than 1% of the concentration of mini-circle sequences, we conclude that mini-circles may not be transcribed at all. Predominant hybridization with the maxi-circle fragments is obtained with a segment of only 2300--2500 base pairs. The possibility that this segment codes for unusually small mitochondrial ribosomal RNAs is discussed.", "PMID": 718936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7837", "title": "Metabolic fate of pyrimidines and purines in dietary nucleic acids ingested by mice.", "content": "1. In order to study the metabolism and tissue utilization of pyrimidines or purines ingested as dietary nucleic acid components, [14C]uracil, [14C]cytosine-labeled RNA, [14C]thymine-labeled DNA, or [14C]adenine-labeled RNA was fed to mice. 2. Absorption and catabolism of each ingested radioactive material were rapid; 80% or more of the ingested radioactivity was excreted as catabolic products over an 8-h period. 3. Utilization of the ingested radioactive materials for tissue synthesis of nucleic acids was limited under the usual conditions, the extent being 2--5%, 4 h after feeding. Such acid-insoluble radioactivity was localized principally in gastrointestinal tissue, and much lesser amounts, albeit significant, were found in the liver. 4. With increase in the dose of dietary nucleic acids, the amounts of utilized (nucleic acids and nucleotides) and utilizable (nucleosides and free bases) forms of uracil and cytosine and of adenine were increased in all tissues examined. Relationship between the dose and utilization together with additional findings support the view that gastrointestinal tissue and the liver utilize and degrade a greater part of the exogenous nucleic acid bases before their entry into the systemic circulation. 5. The metabolism of DNA thymine was unique in that it was significantly utilized for DNA synthesis in tissues other than the gastrointestinal tissue and liver to a comparative extent. The spleen was particularly active in this respect, and the hyperplastic, hematopoietic spleen was three times more active than the normal spleen. 6. Principal components of partially digested products in the intestinal lumen 1 h after the ingestion were uridine (33%) and cytidine (22%) in the case of [14C]uracil, [14C]cytosine-labeled RNA and inosine (53%) in the case of [14C]adenine-labeled RNA, in accordance with the view that purines and pyrimidines in nucleic acids are absorbed mainly in the form of nucleosides.", "contents": "Metabolic fate of pyrimidines and purines in dietary nucleic acids ingested by mice. 1. In order to study the metabolism and tissue utilization of pyrimidines or purines ingested as dietary nucleic acid components, [14C]uracil, [14C]cytosine-labeled RNA, [14C]thymine-labeled DNA, or [14C]adenine-labeled RNA was fed to mice. 2. Absorption and catabolism of each ingested radioactive material were rapid; 80% or more of the ingested radioactivity was excreted as catabolic products over an 8-h period. 3. Utilization of the ingested radioactive materials for tissue synthesis of nucleic acids was limited under the usual conditions, the extent being 2--5%, 4 h after feeding. Such acid-insoluble radioactivity was localized principally in gastrointestinal tissue, and much lesser amounts, albeit significant, were found in the liver. 4. With increase in the dose of dietary nucleic acids, the amounts of utilized (nucleic acids and nucleotides) and utilizable (nucleosides and free bases) forms of uracil and cytosine and of adenine were increased in all tissues examined. Relationship between the dose and utilization together with additional findings support the view that gastrointestinal tissue and the liver utilize and degrade a greater part of the exogenous nucleic acid bases before their entry into the systemic circulation. 5. The metabolism of DNA thymine was unique in that it was significantly utilized for DNA synthesis in tissues other than the gastrointestinal tissue and liver to a comparative extent. The spleen was particularly active in this respect, and the hyperplastic, hematopoietic spleen was three times more active than the normal spleen. 6. Principal components of partially digested products in the intestinal lumen 1 h after the ingestion were uridine (33%) and cytidine (22%) in the case of [14C]uracil, [14C]cytosine-labeled RNA and inosine (53%) in the case of [14C]adenine-labeled RNA, in accordance with the view that purines and pyrimidines in nucleic acids are absorbed mainly in the form of nucleosides.", "PMID": 718937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7838", "title": "10-S DNA polymerase from calf thymus which copies both poly(rA) . oligo(dT) and activated DNA.", "content": "A novel DNA polymerase, which could use both poly(rA) . oligo(dT) and activated calf thymus DNA efficiently as template-primers, was purified 20 000-fold from calf thymus extract. These activities were co-purified throughout successive column chromatographies and banded at the same position in either electrofocussing (pI = 6.5--7.0) or sucrose rate-zonal centrifugation (10--10.5 S). The most purified fraction (DNA-cellulose fraction) possessed specific activities of 3900 units/mg of protein with poly(rA) . oligo(dT) and 32 000 units/mg of protein with activated DNA. The poly(rA) . oligo(dT)-dependent activity differed from the previously described DNA polymerase gamma from other sources in the following ways: 1. The activity was inhibited by 100--300 mM KCl and and 80 mM potassium phosphate buffer. 2. The activity was 4-fold higher at 26 degrees C than at 37 degrees C. 3. The Km value for dTTP was 2.6--3.0 . 10(-4) M, which is several hundred-fold greater than that of DNA polymerase gamma. 4. Mn2+ was essential for the reaction and could not be replaced by Mg2+. The activated DNA-dependent activity shared many properties with DNA polymerase alpha, except that it was less sensitive to N-ethylmaleimide and anti-alpha polymerase immunoglobulin G. The 10-S DNA polymerase was dissociated into 8.5-S and 3.3-S by treatment with Triton X-100.", "contents": "10-S DNA polymerase from calf thymus which copies both poly(rA) . oligo(dT) and activated DNA. A novel DNA polymerase, which could use both poly(rA) . oligo(dT) and activated calf thymus DNA efficiently as template-primers, was purified 20 000-fold from calf thymus extract. These activities were co-purified throughout successive column chromatographies and banded at the same position in either electrofocussing (pI = 6.5--7.0) or sucrose rate-zonal centrifugation (10--10.5 S). The most purified fraction (DNA-cellulose fraction) possessed specific activities of 3900 units/mg of protein with poly(rA) . oligo(dT) and 32 000 units/mg of protein with activated DNA. The poly(rA) . oligo(dT)-dependent activity differed from the previously described DNA polymerase gamma from other sources in the following ways: 1. The activity was inhibited by 100--300 mM KCl and and 80 mM potassium phosphate buffer. 2. The activity was 4-fold higher at 26 degrees C than at 37 degrees C. 3. The Km value for dTTP was 2.6--3.0 . 10(-4) M, which is several hundred-fold greater than that of DNA polymerase gamma. 4. Mn2+ was essential for the reaction and could not be replaced by Mg2+. The activated DNA-dependent activity shared many properties with DNA polymerase alpha, except that it was less sensitive to N-ethylmaleimide and anti-alpha polymerase immunoglobulin G. The 10-S DNA polymerase was dissociated into 8.5-S and 3.3-S by treatment with Triton X-100.", "PMID": 718938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7839", "title": "A fast evaluation of diffusion effects on bound enzyme activity.", "content": "As the kinetic behavior of bound enzymes is frequently affected by substrate diffusion between the bulk solution and the catalytic sites, a fast and simple method is proposed to detect and, subsequently, to remove diffusion effects on measured enzymic activities. The procedure makes use of the effectiveness factor concept and essentially involves the direct determination on two diagrams of the magnitude of both external and internal diffusion limitations. It requires a prior estimation of the volume and external surface area of the matrix, of the substrate external transport coefficient and internal diffusivity, and of the intrinsic Michaelis constant of the bound enzyme. However, it does not necessitate the knowledge of the quantity of bound enzyme. The two basic graphs have been calculated for Michaelis-Menten kinetics. They can also be used to evaluate diffusional effects on two-substrate reactions, as illustrated with previously published data.", "contents": "A fast evaluation of diffusion effects on bound enzyme activity. As the kinetic behavior of bound enzymes is frequently affected by substrate diffusion between the bulk solution and the catalytic sites, a fast and simple method is proposed to detect and, subsequently, to remove diffusion effects on measured enzymic activities. The procedure makes use of the effectiveness factor concept and essentially involves the direct determination on two diagrams of the magnitude of both external and internal diffusion limitations. It requires a prior estimation of the volume and external surface area of the matrix, of the substrate external transport coefficient and internal diffusivity, and of the intrinsic Michaelis constant of the bound enzyme. However, it does not necessitate the knowledge of the quantity of bound enzyme. The two basic graphs have been calculated for Michaelis-Menten kinetics. They can also be used to evaluate diffusional effects on two-substrate reactions, as illustrated with previously published data.", "PMID": 718939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7840", "title": "Bovine milk xanthine oxidase: purification by ultrafiltration and conventional methods which omit addition of proteases: some criteria for homogeneity of native xanthine oxidase.", "content": "Methodological difficulties have been encountered when proteases were omitted from the conventional isolation of bovine milk xanthine oxidase (xanthine:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.2). The use of these conventional methods has been studied and modified to reduce the problems encountered. Some of the difficulties may be due to the presence of high concentrations of caseins, which exhibit a wide range of charges and sizes, thereby making separations based on charge and size more complicated. In addition, non-covalent interactions may occur between the caseins and xanthine oxidase leading to the formation of casein-xanthine oxidase micellar aggregates. The difficulties encountered in this conventional isolation have been circumvented by purifying the enzyme directly from milk fat globule membranes that first have been washed free of most casein and other milk proteins. The xanthine oxidase is isolated by ultrafiltration through an Amicon XM-100A membrane at 5 degrees C in 0.25 M sucrose/5 mM sodium salicylate. The largest molecular size of globular proteins which can penetrate this ultrafiltration membrane has been previously estimated to be around 100 000 daltons. Xanthine oxidase thus appears to be smaller than 100 000 daltons in its native state. The size observed for active xanthine oxidase previously isolated by other methods has been around 275 000--300 000 daltons. Xanthine oxidase isolated by ultrafiltration appears similar to xanthine oxidase from conventional isolation methods according to empirical criteria of homogeneity based on size and also on the absorbances at 280 and 450 nm. Criteria based on charge were found to be less reliable.", "contents": "Bovine milk xanthine oxidase: purification by ultrafiltration and conventional methods which omit addition of proteases: some criteria for homogeneity of native xanthine oxidase. Methodological difficulties have been encountered when proteases were omitted from the conventional isolation of bovine milk xanthine oxidase (xanthine:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.2). The use of these conventional methods has been studied and modified to reduce the problems encountered. Some of the difficulties may be due to the presence of high concentrations of caseins, which exhibit a wide range of charges and sizes, thereby making separations based on charge and size more complicated. In addition, non-covalent interactions may occur between the caseins and xanthine oxidase leading to the formation of casein-xanthine oxidase micellar aggregates. The difficulties encountered in this conventional isolation have been circumvented by purifying the enzyme directly from milk fat globule membranes that first have been washed free of most casein and other milk proteins. The xanthine oxidase is isolated by ultrafiltration through an Amicon XM-100A membrane at 5 degrees C in 0.25 M sucrose/5 mM sodium salicylate. The largest molecular size of globular proteins which can penetrate this ultrafiltration membrane has been previously estimated to be around 100 000 daltons. Xanthine oxidase thus appears to be smaller than 100 000 daltons in its native state. The size observed for active xanthine oxidase previously isolated by other methods has been around 275 000--300 000 daltons. Xanthine oxidase isolated by ultrafiltration appears similar to xanthine oxidase from conventional isolation methods according to empirical criteria of homogeneity based on size and also on the absorbances at 280 and 450 nm. Criteria based on charge were found to be less reliable.", "PMID": 718940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7841", "title": "Drug metabolism in the Novikoff hepatoma: evidence for a mixed function oxidase system and partial purification of cytochrome P-450 reductase.", "content": "Novikoff kepatoma microsomes catalyze the hydroxylation of benzphetamine and ethylmorphine at rates less than 1% of those of liver microsomes but catalyze the hydroxylation of p-nitroanisole and p-nitrophenetole at rates about 40% of those of liver microsomes. Benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylation is also catalyzed by Novikoff hepatoma microsomes at about 2% of the rate of liver microsomes. Like the hepatic microsomal system the rates of substrate hydroxylation by Novikoff hepatoma microsomes can be increased by pretreatment with phenobarbital/hydrocortisone or beta-naphthoflavone and inhibited by carbon monoxide, SKF-525A, and 7,8-benzoflavone. In addition, NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase (NADPH:ferricytochrome oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.2.4) has been partially purified from Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells and some properties are described. The induction and inhibition characteristics of the Novikoff hepatoma microsomal hydroxylation activities and the isolation of a cytochrome P-450 reductase from the hepatoma are consistent with the presence of a functional mixed function oxidase system in the Novikoff hepatoma, analogous to that present in liver endoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Drug metabolism in the Novikoff hepatoma: evidence for a mixed function oxidase system and partial purification of cytochrome P-450 reductase. Novikoff kepatoma microsomes catalyze the hydroxylation of benzphetamine and ethylmorphine at rates less than 1% of those of liver microsomes but catalyze the hydroxylation of p-nitroanisole and p-nitrophenetole at rates about 40% of those of liver microsomes. Benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylation is also catalyzed by Novikoff hepatoma microsomes at about 2% of the rate of liver microsomes. Like the hepatic microsomal system the rates of substrate hydroxylation by Novikoff hepatoma microsomes can be increased by pretreatment with phenobarbital/hydrocortisone or beta-naphthoflavone and inhibited by carbon monoxide, SKF-525A, and 7,8-benzoflavone. In addition, NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase (NADPH:ferricytochrome oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.2.4) has been partially purified from Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells and some properties are described. The induction and inhibition characteristics of the Novikoff hepatoma microsomal hydroxylation activities and the isolation of a cytochrome P-450 reductase from the hepatoma are consistent with the presence of a functional mixed function oxidase system in the Novikoff hepatoma, analogous to that present in liver endoplasmic reticulum.", "PMID": 718941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7842", "title": "The characterization of n-butanol-pseudosolubilized and trypsin-solubilized porcine thyroid iodide peroxidase.", "content": "Porcine thyroid peroxidase (Iodide: hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.8) was solubilized by proteolytic and non-proteolytic procedures. A kinetic and physical study was undertaken to ascertain the catalytic properties of the peroxidase prepared by the two purported solubilization procedures. Where possible, the properties of the two enzyme preparations were compared with the original microsomal preparation. The n-butanol-solubilized thyroid iodide peroxidase is not truly soluble, but exists as a large molecular weight lipoprotein aggregate. The trypsin-solubilized thyroid iodide peroxidase is truly soluble, active, and contains lipids. The microsomes, butanol-pseudosolubilized enzyme, and trypsin-solubilized enzyme have similar kinetic properties such as pH optima, Km for iodide and H2O2, sigmoid character of the saturation curves, substrate inhibition, and inhibition by 3,5-diiodotyrosine. Since the proteolytic solubilization procedure produced a soluble peroxidase with catalytic properties similar to the microsomal preparation, trypsin-solubilized peroxidase can be studied with reasonable assurance that its properties are essentially unaltered and are not artifacts of the solubilization procedure.", "contents": "The characterization of n-butanol-pseudosolubilized and trypsin-solubilized porcine thyroid iodide peroxidase. Porcine thyroid peroxidase (Iodide: hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.8) was solubilized by proteolytic and non-proteolytic procedures. A kinetic and physical study was undertaken to ascertain the catalytic properties of the peroxidase prepared by the two purported solubilization procedures. Where possible, the properties of the two enzyme preparations were compared with the original microsomal preparation. The n-butanol-solubilized thyroid iodide peroxidase is not truly soluble, but exists as a large molecular weight lipoprotein aggregate. The trypsin-solubilized thyroid iodide peroxidase is truly soluble, active, and contains lipids. The microsomes, butanol-pseudosolubilized enzyme, and trypsin-solubilized enzyme have similar kinetic properties such as pH optima, Km for iodide and H2O2, sigmoid character of the saturation curves, substrate inhibition, and inhibition by 3,5-diiodotyrosine. Since the proteolytic solubilization procedure produced a soluble peroxidase with catalytic properties similar to the microsomal preparation, trypsin-solubilized peroxidase can be studied with reasonable assurance that its properties are essentially unaltered and are not artifacts of the solubilization procedure.", "PMID": 718942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7843", "title": "Uridine diphosphate glucose:fatty acid glucosyl transferase activity of rape (Brassica napus L.) anther tissue.", "content": "Particulate fractions from mature rape anther tissue catalysed the incorporation of glucose from UDPglucose into endogenous lipids. The UDPglucose:fatty acid glucosyl transferase was tightly bound to particulates that could be suspended in 0.1% Triton X-100. The apparent Km for UDPglucose was 3.5 . 10(-6) M. In Tris buffer the enzyme has a pH optimum of 8.0 and a temperature optimum of 30 degrees C. In the presence of NaF, the transferase activity was proportional to protein concentration, time, and other variables of the reaction mixture. ADPglucose, GDPglucose, and CDPglucose did not compete with the activity of the UDP-glucose-dependent glucosyl transferase. Gas chromatographic and high performance liquid chromatographic analyses indicated that the endogenous fatty acids glucosylated in vitro had carbon chain lengths of C16 to C20. This is the first report on the biosynthesis of non-phosphorylated glucosyl esters of fatty acids in higher plants.", "contents": "Uridine diphosphate glucose:fatty acid glucosyl transferase activity of rape (Brassica napus L.) anther tissue. Particulate fractions from mature rape anther tissue catalysed the incorporation of glucose from UDPglucose into endogenous lipids. The UDPglucose:fatty acid glucosyl transferase was tightly bound to particulates that could be suspended in 0.1% Triton X-100. The apparent Km for UDPglucose was 3.5 . 10(-6) M. In Tris buffer the enzyme has a pH optimum of 8.0 and a temperature optimum of 30 degrees C. In the presence of NaF, the transferase activity was proportional to protein concentration, time, and other variables of the reaction mixture. ADPglucose, GDPglucose, and CDPglucose did not compete with the activity of the UDP-glucose-dependent glucosyl transferase. Gas chromatographic and high performance liquid chromatographic analyses indicated that the endogenous fatty acids glucosylated in vitro had carbon chain lengths of C16 to C20. This is the first report on the biosynthesis of non-phosphorylated glucosyl esters of fatty acids in higher plants.", "PMID": 718943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7844", "title": "Progress curve analysis in enzyme kinetics: model discrimination and parameter estimation.", "content": "The method of progress curve analysis for enzyme-catalyzed reactions (Duggleby, R.G. and Morrison, J.F. (1977) Biochim. Biophys. acta 481, 297--312) has been extended to a two substrate, reversible reaction through the use of enzyme-catalyzed recycling of one of the products. The reaction investigated was that catalyzed by aspartate aminotransferase (L-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.1) and the product, alpha-ketoglutarate was recycled to glutamate using NADH and NH4Cl in the presence of glutamate dehydrogenase. The values determined for the kinetic parameters of the aminotransferase were found to agree well with those obtained from steady-state velocity measurements. The standard errors of the parameters, as calculated by the procedure originally described, were found to underestimate the observed variation between different experiments. Therefore, a procedure of data compression was devised which leads to more realistic values for standard errors. The compressed data obtained with aspartate aminotransferase have been fitted to the integrated rate equations that describe a variety of kinetic mechanisms. The best fit was obtained with the Ping-Pong model which is applicable to the aspartate aminotransferase reaction. Thus, progress curve analysis may be used to determine the kinetic mechanism of, and values of the kinetic parameters associated with, an enyzme-catalyzed reaction.", "contents": "Progress curve analysis in enzyme kinetics: model discrimination and parameter estimation. The method of progress curve analysis for enzyme-catalyzed reactions (Duggleby, R.G. and Morrison, J.F. (1977) Biochim. Biophys. acta 481, 297--312) has been extended to a two substrate, reversible reaction through the use of enzyme-catalyzed recycling of one of the products. The reaction investigated was that catalyzed by aspartate aminotransferase (L-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.1) and the product, alpha-ketoglutarate was recycled to glutamate using NADH and NH4Cl in the presence of glutamate dehydrogenase. The values determined for the kinetic parameters of the aminotransferase were found to agree well with those obtained from steady-state velocity measurements. The standard errors of the parameters, as calculated by the procedure originally described, were found to underestimate the observed variation between different experiments. Therefore, a procedure of data compression was devised which leads to more realistic values for standard errors. The compressed data obtained with aspartate aminotransferase have been fitted to the integrated rate equations that describe a variety of kinetic mechanisms. The best fit was obtained with the Ping-Pong model which is applicable to the aspartate aminotransferase reaction. Thus, progress curve analysis may be used to determine the kinetic mechanism of, and values of the kinetic parameters associated with, an enyzme-catalyzed reaction.", "PMID": 718944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7845", "title": "The structural requirements of glucose for phosphorylation by phosphoglucomutase.", "content": "During catalysis, the phosphoryl group of phosphoglucomutase (alpha-D-glucose-1,6-bisphosphate:alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.5.1) is transferred through a nucleophilic displacement reaction to the monophosphate substrates to form the diphosphate. Some non-phosphorylated analogs of glucose have been shown to serve as effective acceptors of the active phosphate albeit at a much reduced rate. Several other analogs exhibit little or no reactivity. The relative reaction rates of the reactive analogs follow the order: thioglucose greater than alpha- or beta-D-glucose greater than D-xylose, greater than L-arabinose greater than myo-inositol. The rate of transfer increased with the increased concentration of glucose or its analogs. The products of the reaction may be acid stable ester phosphate or acid labile glycosyl phosphate as well as inorganic phosphate. S-phosphoryl (hemiacetal) thioglucose was identified as a product of the 1-thioglucose reaction. It was possible to define certain steric requirements for the orientation of the hydroxyl groups in all the reacting sugars. These requirements are limited to 3 hydroxyl groups and pertain to loci or receptors on the active site of the enzyme. These would correspond in topography to carbons 2, 3 and 4 of the glucose molecule in the enzyme substrate complex. These hydroxyl groups should be oriented equatorially and project below, above and below the plane of the pyranose ring for C-2, C-3 and C-4, respectively.", "contents": "The structural requirements of glucose for phosphorylation by phosphoglucomutase. During catalysis, the phosphoryl group of phosphoglucomutase (alpha-D-glucose-1,6-bisphosphate:alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.5.1) is transferred through a nucleophilic displacement reaction to the monophosphate substrates to form the diphosphate. Some non-phosphorylated analogs of glucose have been shown to serve as effective acceptors of the active phosphate albeit at a much reduced rate. Several other analogs exhibit little or no reactivity. The relative reaction rates of the reactive analogs follow the order: thioglucose greater than alpha- or beta-D-glucose greater than D-xylose, greater than L-arabinose greater than myo-inositol. The rate of transfer increased with the increased concentration of glucose or its analogs. The products of the reaction may be acid stable ester phosphate or acid labile glycosyl phosphate as well as inorganic phosphate. S-phosphoryl (hemiacetal) thioglucose was identified as a product of the 1-thioglucose reaction. It was possible to define certain steric requirements for the orientation of the hydroxyl groups in all the reacting sugars. These requirements are limited to 3 hydroxyl groups and pertain to loci or receptors on the active site of the enzyme. These would correspond in topography to carbons 2, 3 and 4 of the glucose molecule in the enzyme substrate complex. These hydroxyl groups should be oriented equatorially and project below, above and below the plane of the pyranose ring for C-2, C-3 and C-4, respectively.", "PMID": 718945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7846", "title": "A novel method for determining equilibrium constants. CTP:phosphorylcholine cytidyltransferase.", "content": "A novel method for the determination of equilibrium constants for reversible reactions is described. The method is based on the measurement of initial velocities of isotope transfer for a given substrate-product pair of both the forward and reverse reactions as a function of the mass action of reactants. The reciprocal values of these initial velocities are plotted against the mass action ratios of reactants. The observed Keq is the abscissa of the intersection point of these reciprocal plots, i.e. the mass action ratio at which the initial velocities of isotope transfer for both the forward and reverse reaction are identical, that is, when isotope exchange is occurring. In this manner, an observed Keq of 0.2 was obtained from CTP:phosphorylcholine cytidyltransferase (CTP:cholinephosphate cytidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.15) at 37 degrees C and pH 7.5 under physiological conditions 1.0 mM free Mg2+ and 0.15 M salt concentration. A comparison of this value with the in vivo mass action of reactants calculated from published data indicates that this reaction is rate-limiting in the rat liver (Infante, J.P. (1977) Biochem. J. 167, 847--849).", "contents": "A novel method for determining equilibrium constants. CTP:phosphorylcholine cytidyltransferase. A novel method for the determination of equilibrium constants for reversible reactions is described. The method is based on the measurement of initial velocities of isotope transfer for a given substrate-product pair of both the forward and reverse reactions as a function of the mass action of reactants. The reciprocal values of these initial velocities are plotted against the mass action ratios of reactants. The observed Keq is the abscissa of the intersection point of these reciprocal plots, i.e. the mass action ratio at which the initial velocities of isotope transfer for both the forward and reverse reaction are identical, that is, when isotope exchange is occurring. In this manner, an observed Keq of 0.2 was obtained from CTP:phosphorylcholine cytidyltransferase (CTP:cholinephosphate cytidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.15) at 37 degrees C and pH 7.5 under physiological conditions 1.0 mM free Mg2+ and 0.15 M salt concentration. A comparison of this value with the in vivo mass action of reactants calculated from published data indicates that this reaction is rate-limiting in the rat liver (Infante, J.P. (1977) Biochem. J. 167, 847--849).", "PMID": 718946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7847", "title": "Alkaline phosphatase from Bacillus licheniformis. Solubility dependent on magnesium, purification and characterization.", "content": "The membrane-associated alkaline phosphatase (orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum), EC 3.1.3.1) from Bacillus licheniformis MC14, a facultative thermophile, was purified to homogeneity in buffer containing 0.2 M Mg2+. The alkaline phosphatase purified in this manner is insoluble upon removal of the magnesium by dialysis. This insoluble alkaline phosphatase has been characterized and compared to the previously purified heat-solubilized enzyme (Hulett-Cowling, F.M. and Campbell, L.L. (1971) Biochemistry 10, 1364--1371).", "contents": "Alkaline phosphatase from Bacillus licheniformis. Solubility dependent on magnesium, purification and characterization. The membrane-associated alkaline phosphatase (orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum), EC 3.1.3.1) from Bacillus licheniformis MC14, a facultative thermophile, was purified to homogeneity in buffer containing 0.2 M Mg2+. The alkaline phosphatase purified in this manner is insoluble upon removal of the magnesium by dialysis. This insoluble alkaline phosphatase has been characterized and compared to the previously purified heat-solubilized enzyme (Hulett-Cowling, F.M. and Campbell, L.L. (1971) Biochemistry 10, 1364--1371).", "PMID": 718947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7848", "title": "Chromatography of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase I on inhibitor-Sepharose columns.", "content": "A number of affinity materials for the purification of dipeptidyl amino-peptidase (dipeptidylpeptide hydrolase, EC 3.4.14.1) have been prepared and tested. These material include peptide and amino acid inhibitors bound to agarose and reversible sulfhydryl adsorbents. Several of these materials are effective affinity adsorbents. The most useful material to be employed in combination with earlier purification methods is acetoxy-anilinomercuri-Sepharose. This removes proteins which are contaminants of some preparations and yields consistently high specific activities. Results with affinity and hydrophobic columns indicate that the primary interactions of the enzyme with amino acid and peptide derivative inhibitors are ionic in nature. This results is in agreement with the conclusions reached in studies of the interactions of these inhibitors with dipeptidyl aminopeptidase in solution.", "contents": "Chromatography of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase I on inhibitor-Sepharose columns. A number of affinity materials for the purification of dipeptidyl amino-peptidase (dipeptidylpeptide hydrolase, EC 3.4.14.1) have been prepared and tested. These material include peptide and amino acid inhibitors bound to agarose and reversible sulfhydryl adsorbents. Several of these materials are effective affinity adsorbents. The most useful material to be employed in combination with earlier purification methods is acetoxy-anilinomercuri-Sepharose. This removes proteins which are contaminants of some preparations and yields consistently high specific activities. Results with affinity and hydrophobic columns indicate that the primary interactions of the enzyme with amino acid and peptide derivative inhibitors are ionic in nature. This results is in agreement with the conclusions reached in studies of the interactions of these inhibitors with dipeptidyl aminopeptidase in solution.", "PMID": 718948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7849", "title": "Rat renin: purification and characterization.", "content": "In order to clarify the molecular basis of the unique features of rat renin (EC 3.4.99.19) and to provide materials and basic information for high blood pressure studies in rats, renin was purified from rat kidney. The final step of purification on CM-cellulose separated renin into three major isoenzyme peaks, R-I, R-II, R-III, and an additional minor peak. These preparations were judged homogeneous by multiple criteria, and the isoenzymes were found to have similar amino acid compositions. The amino acid composition is also closely analogous to hog renin, except that rat renin has a higher cysteine content. In contrast to hog renin, the rat enzymes do not contain amino sugars, yet are apparently glycoproteins as judged by their affinity for concanavalin A. The molecular weights of R-I, R-II, and R-III were estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be 37 000, 36 000 and 35 000, respectively. The isoelectric points were 5.05, 5.15 and 5.22, respectively. The specific activities of the purified enzymes (determined using rat plasma as substrate) were 615, 626 and 452 Goldblatt units/mg, respectively. Comparison of activities with the hog- and rat-derived substrates indicated a preference for that from the rat. The reaction of the rat enzymes with a synthetic peptide substrate had a similar catalytic rate constant to the hog enzyme, indicating close similarity in the active site region of the two enzymes.", "contents": "Rat renin: purification and characterization. In order to clarify the molecular basis of the unique features of rat renin (EC 3.4.99.19) and to provide materials and basic information for high blood pressure studies in rats, renin was purified from rat kidney. The final step of purification on CM-cellulose separated renin into three major isoenzyme peaks, R-I, R-II, R-III, and an additional minor peak. These preparations were judged homogeneous by multiple criteria, and the isoenzymes were found to have similar amino acid compositions. The amino acid composition is also closely analogous to hog renin, except that rat renin has a higher cysteine content. In contrast to hog renin, the rat enzymes do not contain amino sugars, yet are apparently glycoproteins as judged by their affinity for concanavalin A. The molecular weights of R-I, R-II, and R-III were estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be 37 000, 36 000 and 35 000, respectively. The isoelectric points were 5.05, 5.15 and 5.22, respectively. The specific activities of the purified enzymes (determined using rat plasma as substrate) were 615, 626 and 452 Goldblatt units/mg, respectively. Comparison of activities with the hog- and rat-derived substrates indicated a preference for that from the rat. The reaction of the rat enzymes with a synthetic peptide substrate had a similar catalytic rate constant to the hog enzyme, indicating close similarity in the active site region of the two enzymes.", "PMID": 718949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7850", "title": "Inhibition of bovine adrenocortical adenylate cyclase activity by adenosine.", "content": "Incubation of bovine adrenocortical membranes with corticotropin and 5-guanylylimidodiphosphate produced a state of adenylate cyclase (ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1) with maximal catalytic activity and an increased sensitivity to inhibition by adenosine. Due to metabolism of adenine nucleotides during adenylate cyclase assays a quantitative assessment of the nature of this inhibition was not possible. However, when determined at 0.2--1.0 mM MgATP2-, half-maximal inhibition of the basal and maximally active states of the enzyme was observed at adenosine concentrations of 210--330 and 70--90 micrometer, respectively. The inhibition appeared to be partially competitive, suggesting that the nucleoside may act as an allosteric negative effector which reduces the affinity of the active site for substrate. Adenosine was 5--6 times more potent as an inhibitor of adrenal adenylate cyclase than 2-chloroadenosine. Adenosine deaminase abolished the inhibitory effect of the nucleoside, whilst theophylline had no effect on activity either in the absence or presence of adenosine.", "contents": "Inhibition of bovine adrenocortical adenylate cyclase activity by adenosine. Incubation of bovine adrenocortical membranes with corticotropin and 5-guanylylimidodiphosphate produced a state of adenylate cyclase (ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1) with maximal catalytic activity and an increased sensitivity to inhibition by adenosine. Due to metabolism of adenine nucleotides during adenylate cyclase assays a quantitative assessment of the nature of this inhibition was not possible. However, when determined at 0.2--1.0 mM MgATP2-, half-maximal inhibition of the basal and maximally active states of the enzyme was observed at adenosine concentrations of 210--330 and 70--90 micrometer, respectively. The inhibition appeared to be partially competitive, suggesting that the nucleoside may act as an allosteric negative effector which reduces the affinity of the active site for substrate. Adenosine was 5--6 times more potent as an inhibitor of adrenal adenylate cyclase than 2-chloroadenosine. Adenosine deaminase abolished the inhibitory effect of the nucleoside, whilst theophylline had no effect on activity either in the absence or presence of adenosine.", "PMID": 718950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7851", "title": "Properties of particulate and detergent-solubilized adenylate cyclase of rat testis. Effects of follitropin stimulation.", "content": "Basal, fluoride and follitropin stimulated activities of adenylate cyclase have been studied in the testes of immature rats. The enzyme was maximally activated (about twice the basal activity) by low concentrations of follitropin, with an apparent Km of about 9 . 10(-10) M. Both Mg2+ and Mn2+ activate the enzyme but the apparent Ka for Mg2+ is about 10 times that for Mn2+. However, the apparent Km values for MgATP2- and MnATP2- are nearly the same (1.4 . 10(-4) M) and the cation activation of the enzyme is mainly through an increase in V. Ca2+ inhibited all expressions of testicular adenylate cyclase activity. Follitropin and fluoride stimulated adenylate cyclase activity at all Mg2+ concentrations but did not significantly affect the apparent Ka for Mg2+ or the Km for the substrate (MgATP2-). The stimulatory effect of the hormone or fluoride is mainly through an increase in V. Testicular adenylate cyclase could be solubilized with Triton X-100 or Lubrol-PX. The detergent-solubilized enzyme exhibited Km for substrate and Ka values for divalent cations similar to those of the membrane-bound enzyme and remained responsive to stimulation by fluoride. The stimulatory effect of follitropin, however, was lost. Responsiveness to follitropin was also lost by membrane-bound adenylate cyclase after treatment with phospholipase, although the fluoride effect was unchanged. These results reflect the essential role of lipids in the regulation of the follitropin-specific response.", "contents": "Properties of particulate and detergent-solubilized adenylate cyclase of rat testis. Effects of follitropin stimulation. Basal, fluoride and follitropin stimulated activities of adenylate cyclase have been studied in the testes of immature rats. The enzyme was maximally activated (about twice the basal activity) by low concentrations of follitropin, with an apparent Km of about 9 . 10(-10) M. Both Mg2+ and Mn2+ activate the enzyme but the apparent Ka for Mg2+ is about 10 times that for Mn2+. However, the apparent Km values for MgATP2- and MnATP2- are nearly the same (1.4 . 10(-4) M) and the cation activation of the enzyme is mainly through an increase in V. Ca2+ inhibited all expressions of testicular adenylate cyclase activity. Follitropin and fluoride stimulated adenylate cyclase activity at all Mg2+ concentrations but did not significantly affect the apparent Ka for Mg2+ or the Km for the substrate (MgATP2-). The stimulatory effect of the hormone or fluoride is mainly through an increase in V. Testicular adenylate cyclase could be solubilized with Triton X-100 or Lubrol-PX. The detergent-solubilized enzyme exhibited Km for substrate and Ka values for divalent cations similar to those of the membrane-bound enzyme and remained responsive to stimulation by fluoride. The stimulatory effect of follitropin, however, was lost. Responsiveness to follitropin was also lost by membrane-bound adenylate cyclase after treatment with phospholipase, although the fluoride effect was unchanged. These results reflect the essential role of lipids in the regulation of the follitropin-specific response.", "PMID": 718951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7852", "title": "Inhibition of chicken erythrocyte AMP deaminase by tetraiodofluorescein compounds.", "content": "A kinetic study has been performed on the inhibition of the chicken erythrocyte AMP deaminase (AMP aminohydrolase, EC 3.5.4.6) reaction by tetraiodofluorescein and Rose Bengal. These dyes inhibited the enzyme by decreasing its affinity for the substrate without affecting the maximum velocity. Kinetic analysis has shown the inhibition constants for tetraiodofluorescein and Rose Bengal to be 350 and 55 micrometer, respectively, and the presence of 4 binding sites of the enzyme for the inhibitors per enzyme molecule. These results suggest that the fluorescein dyes mimic the AMP binding at the catalytic center of the enzyme, which can be formed by the \"dinucleotide fold\".", "contents": "Inhibition of chicken erythrocyte AMP deaminase by tetraiodofluorescein compounds. A kinetic study has been performed on the inhibition of the chicken erythrocyte AMP deaminase (AMP aminohydrolase, EC 3.5.4.6) reaction by tetraiodofluorescein and Rose Bengal. These dyes inhibited the enzyme by decreasing its affinity for the substrate without affecting the maximum velocity. Kinetic analysis has shown the inhibition constants for tetraiodofluorescein and Rose Bengal to be 350 and 55 micrometer, respectively, and the presence of 4 binding sites of the enzyme for the inhibitors per enzyme molecule. These results suggest that the fluorescein dyes mimic the AMP binding at the catalytic center of the enzyme, which can be formed by the \"dinucleotide fold\".", "PMID": 718952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7853", "title": "A study of the alkaline mesentericopeptidase active site by means of peptide chloromethyl ketones.", "content": "The kinetics of inactivation of alkaline mesentericopeptidase was studied using chloromethyl ketone derivatives of amino acids and peptides. It was shown that Tos-LysCH2Cl and Tos-PheCH2Cl did not influence the enzyme activity, while the inhibitory effect of Cbz-Ala-Gly-PheCH2Cl was 35 times that of Cbz-Ala-PheCH2Cl. The dependence of the pseudo-first order rate constant of the enzyme inactivation by Cbz-Ala-Gly-PheCH2Cl on pH and temperature indicated that a group with a pK of 6.59 and deltaHi of 7.7 kcal/mol was the site of the inhibitor's attack. Amino acid analysis of the modified totally inactive enzyme revealed a definite loss of histidine and after performic acid oxidation a recovery of 3-carboxymethyl histidine. The whole set of experimental data is convincing evidence on behalf of a selective alkylation of the N-3 of the active site histidine after treatment with Cbz-Ala-PheCH2Cl and Cbz-Ala-Gly-PheCH2Cl. Alkaline mesenteriocopeptidase possesses an extended active site and only a peptide chloromethyl ketone, covering a determined sequence of theenzyme molecule (S3, S2, S1, S'1, S'2, S'3 ...) is able to provide effective inhibition. The values of the inactivation constant (kinact) for Cbz-Ala-PheCH2Cl and Cbz-Ala-Gly-PheCH2Cl are close to the corresponding values reported for subtilisin Amylosacchariticus.", "contents": "A study of the alkaline mesentericopeptidase active site by means of peptide chloromethyl ketones. The kinetics of inactivation of alkaline mesentericopeptidase was studied using chloromethyl ketone derivatives of amino acids and peptides. It was shown that Tos-LysCH2Cl and Tos-PheCH2Cl did not influence the enzyme activity, while the inhibitory effect of Cbz-Ala-Gly-PheCH2Cl was 35 times that of Cbz-Ala-PheCH2Cl. The dependence of the pseudo-first order rate constant of the enzyme inactivation by Cbz-Ala-Gly-PheCH2Cl on pH and temperature indicated that a group with a pK of 6.59 and deltaHi of 7.7 kcal/mol was the site of the inhibitor's attack. Amino acid analysis of the modified totally inactive enzyme revealed a definite loss of histidine and after performic acid oxidation a recovery of 3-carboxymethyl histidine. The whole set of experimental data is convincing evidence on behalf of a selective alkylation of the N-3 of the active site histidine after treatment with Cbz-Ala-PheCH2Cl and Cbz-Ala-Gly-PheCH2Cl. Alkaline mesenteriocopeptidase possesses an extended active site and only a peptide chloromethyl ketone, covering a determined sequence of theenzyme molecule (S3, S2, S1, S'1, S'2, S'3 ...) is able to provide effective inhibition. The values of the inactivation constant (kinact) for Cbz-Ala-PheCH2Cl and Cbz-Ala-Gly-PheCH2Cl are close to the corresponding values reported for subtilisin Amylosacchariticus.", "PMID": 718953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7854", "title": "Catalysis and leaving group binding in anilide hydrolysis by chymotrypsin.", "content": "The influence of the leaving group on the reactivity of specific anilides in alpha-chymotrypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis (chymotrypsin, EC 3.4.21.2) involves both its binding to the enzyme (steric effect) and electronic nature (electronic effect). These effects are considered in terms of the stereoelectronic theory for the formation and cleavage of the tetrahedral intermediate in acyltransfer reactions. The application of this theory to the enzyme hydrolysis leads to the conclusion that the nature of the reaction products and the effectiveness of the catalysis are controlled by the orientation of the leaving group nitrogen lone pair orbital. The leaving group binding affects the formation of a reactive conformation of the enzyme tetrahedral intermediate that is presumed to intervene between the Michaelis complex and the acylenzyme. The steric and electronic effects could be separated in a straightforward fashion only in the case of equal binding of the leaving groups to the leaving-group-binding site of alpha-chymotrypsin.", "contents": "Catalysis and leaving group binding in anilide hydrolysis by chymotrypsin. The influence of the leaving group on the reactivity of specific anilides in alpha-chymotrypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis (chymotrypsin, EC 3.4.21.2) involves both its binding to the enzyme (steric effect) and electronic nature (electronic effect). These effects are considered in terms of the stereoelectronic theory for the formation and cleavage of the tetrahedral intermediate in acyltransfer reactions. The application of this theory to the enzyme hydrolysis leads to the conclusion that the nature of the reaction products and the effectiveness of the catalysis are controlled by the orientation of the leaving group nitrogen lone pair orbital. The leaving group binding affects the formation of a reactive conformation of the enzyme tetrahedral intermediate that is presumed to intervene between the Michaelis complex and the acylenzyme. The steric and electronic effects could be separated in a straightforward fashion only in the case of equal binding of the leaving groups to the leaving-group-binding site of alpha-chymotrypsin.", "PMID": 718954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7855", "title": "Purification and characterization of a carboxyl ester hydrolase from human pancreatic juice.", "content": "A carboxyl ester hydrolase has been purified 20-fold from human pancreatic juice. It is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 100 000. It contains 9% neutral and amino carbohydrates and the amino acid composition is characterized by a high content of proline residue (12.7%). The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylacetate and the activity increases in the presence of biliary salts; V is not modified but Km is decreased 10 times by addition of biliary salts. The enzyme migrates on Sephadex G-200 as a protein with a molecular weight of 300 000. This behaviour does not seem to be due to a polymerization but to a peculiar configuration of the enzyme.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of a carboxyl ester hydrolase from human pancreatic juice. A carboxyl ester hydrolase has been purified 20-fold from human pancreatic juice. It is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 100 000. It contains 9% neutral and amino carbohydrates and the amino acid composition is characterized by a high content of proline residue (12.7%). The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylacetate and the activity increases in the presence of biliary salts; V is not modified but Km is decreased 10 times by addition of biliary salts. The enzyme migrates on Sephadex G-200 as a protein with a molecular weight of 300 000. This behaviour does not seem to be due to a polymerization but to a peculiar configuration of the enzyme.", "PMID": 718955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7856", "title": "Some physicochemical and structural properties of two beta-fucosidases from Achatina balteata.", "content": "Some properties of two beta-fucosidases from the digestive juice of a giant snail Achatina balteata were studied. Their amino acid composition was similar and both enzymes were shown to be rich in acidic and aromatic residues. Alanine was the single N-terminal residue in the two molecules. The enzymes appeared to be devoid of sialic acid but to contain galactose, glucose, mannose, fucose and hexosamines. The total sugar content was higher in beta-fucosidase I (21.6% w/w) than in beta-fucosidase II (12.7% w/w). Gel filtration and ultracentrifugation assays were consistent with an apparent molecular weight higher than 300 000 for beta-fucosidase I and of about 110 000 for beta-fucosidase II. On SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, beta-fucosidase I dissociated into two subunits (mol. wt. 190 000 and 170 000), whereas beta-fucosidase II showed a single band with a mol. w. of about 110 000. On the basis of these studies, it is concluded that the two forms are not structurally related proteins.", "contents": "Some physicochemical and structural properties of two beta-fucosidases from Achatina balteata. Some properties of two beta-fucosidases from the digestive juice of a giant snail Achatina balteata were studied. Their amino acid composition was similar and both enzymes were shown to be rich in acidic and aromatic residues. Alanine was the single N-terminal residue in the two molecules. The enzymes appeared to be devoid of sialic acid but to contain galactose, glucose, mannose, fucose and hexosamines. The total sugar content was higher in beta-fucosidase I (21.6% w/w) than in beta-fucosidase II (12.7% w/w). Gel filtration and ultracentrifugation assays were consistent with an apparent molecular weight higher than 300 000 for beta-fucosidase I and of about 110 000 for beta-fucosidase II. On SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, beta-fucosidase I dissociated into two subunits (mol. wt. 190 000 and 170 000), whereas beta-fucosidase II showed a single band with a mol. w. of about 110 000. On the basis of these studies, it is concluded that the two forms are not structurally related proteins.", "PMID": 718956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7857", "title": "Studies on brain cytosol neuraminidase. II. Extractability, solubility and intraneuronal distribution of the enzyme in pig brain.", "content": "The origin and properties of cytosolic neuraminidase (acylneuraminyl hydrolase, EC 3.2.1.18) from pig brain were studied. 1. The brain extracts containing the cytosol derived from neuronal bodies and glial cells carry 0.69 munits neuraminidase/g fresh tissue. The behaviour of neuraminidase during extraction closely paralleled that of authentic cytosolic enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase; whereas, it differed from that of the lysosomal enzymes, beta-hexosaminidase and beta-galactosidase, also found in the extracts. 2. Nerve endings from either crude or purified preparations, when treated by hypoosmotic shock, released neuraminidase activity up to a maximum of 1.25 munits/g fresh tissue. The behaviour of releasable neuraminidase was always identical to that of lactate dehydrogenase and very similar to that of ATPase and acetylcholinesterase. Typical lysosomal enzymes, however, such as beta-galactosidase and beta-hexosaminidase, behaved differently under the same conditions. This neuraminidase activity is thought to be derived from the cytosol of nerve endings. 3. The specific activity of neuraminidase in nerve-ending cytosol is 15--20 times that in neuronal body and glial cell cytosol. Some properties (pH, Km value, V/t relationship) of the cytosolic enzymes of different origin are similar; others (stability on standing at 4 degrees C; resistance to freezing and thawing) are different. Hypoionic solutions caused both cytosolic neuraminidases to slowly precipitate and to assume a stable insoluble form which was still active.", "contents": "Studies on brain cytosol neuraminidase. II. Extractability, solubility and intraneuronal distribution of the enzyme in pig brain. The origin and properties of cytosolic neuraminidase (acylneuraminyl hydrolase, EC 3.2.1.18) from pig brain were studied. 1. The brain extracts containing the cytosol derived from neuronal bodies and glial cells carry 0.69 munits neuraminidase/g fresh tissue. The behaviour of neuraminidase during extraction closely paralleled that of authentic cytosolic enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase; whereas, it differed from that of the lysosomal enzymes, beta-hexosaminidase and beta-galactosidase, also found in the extracts. 2. Nerve endings from either crude or purified preparations, when treated by hypoosmotic shock, released neuraminidase activity up to a maximum of 1.25 munits/g fresh tissue. The behaviour of releasable neuraminidase was always identical to that of lactate dehydrogenase and very similar to that of ATPase and acetylcholinesterase. Typical lysosomal enzymes, however, such as beta-galactosidase and beta-hexosaminidase, behaved differently under the same conditions. This neuraminidase activity is thought to be derived from the cytosol of nerve endings. 3. The specific activity of neuraminidase in nerve-ending cytosol is 15--20 times that in neuronal body and glial cell cytosol. Some properties (pH, Km value, V/t relationship) of the cytosolic enzymes of different origin are similar; others (stability on standing at 4 degrees C; resistance to freezing and thawing) are different. Hypoionic solutions caused both cytosolic neuraminidases to slowly precipitate and to assume a stable insoluble form which was still active.", "PMID": 718957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7858", "title": "Use of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-depleted human erythrocyte ghosts as specific high affinity adsorbents for the purification of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from various tissues.", "content": "Human erythrocyte ghosts depleted of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase are used as specific high-affinity adsorbents for the purification of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from mouse muscle, liver, kidney and brain. On incubation with the crude tissue homogenates, the depleted ghosts bind glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, aldolase, and a few other proteins. Washing the incubated ghosts several times with 5 mM phosphate buffer(pH 8.0) removed several of the non specifically bound proteins. Aldolase can be eliminated from the membrane by incubating the ghosts for 30 min in 5 mM phosphate buffer (pH 8.0)/2mM fructose 1,6-biphosphate, and then washing with the same solution. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase can then be specifically eluted from the ghosts by incubating them with 2 mM NADH in 5mM phosphate buffer (pH 8.0). Although the enzyme from brain appears to bind less strongly to the ghosts it was possible, using this procedure, to purify glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from all the tissues investigated. The purified enzyme exhibits high specific activity and migrates as a single band (during SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) which corresponds to a protomer molecular weight of 37 000.", "contents": "Use of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-depleted human erythrocyte ghosts as specific high affinity adsorbents for the purification of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from various tissues. Human erythrocyte ghosts depleted of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase are used as specific high-affinity adsorbents for the purification of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from mouse muscle, liver, kidney and brain. On incubation with the crude tissue homogenates, the depleted ghosts bind glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, aldolase, and a few other proteins. Washing the incubated ghosts several times with 5 mM phosphate buffer(pH 8.0) removed several of the non specifically bound proteins. Aldolase can be eliminated from the membrane by incubating the ghosts for 30 min in 5 mM phosphate buffer (pH 8.0)/2mM fructose 1,6-biphosphate, and then washing with the same solution. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase can then be specifically eluted from the ghosts by incubating them with 2 mM NADH in 5mM phosphate buffer (pH 8.0). Although the enzyme from brain appears to bind less strongly to the ghosts it was possible, using this procedure, to purify glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from all the tissues investigated. The purified enzyme exhibits high specific activity and migrates as a single band (during SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) which corresponds to a protomer molecular weight of 37 000.", "PMID": 718958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7859", "title": "The interaction of fatty acids with rabbit liver and muscle glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "content": "Various fatty acids containing 10--22 carbons and including unsaturated derivatives were found to be inhibitors of rabbit liver and skeletal muscle sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (sn-glycerol-3-phosphate:NAD+ 2-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.8). For the liver enzyme, the logarithm of the inhibition constant was linearly related to the number of carbon atoms in the saturated fatty acids whereas the muscle enzyme, which was generally more strongly inhibited, showed a nonlinear dependence. The liver and muscle enzymes also interacted differently with a series of unsaturated fatty acids for which a high degree of specificity was exhibited which was related to the position, configuration, and number of double bonds in the compound. A steady-state kinetic analysis shows that under some conditions, the kinetics of the NADH reduction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate by NADH in the presence of stearic acid do not follow simple Michaelis-Menten behavior but rather the velocity shows a sigmoidal dependence on fatty acid concentration and strong substrate inhibition. Stearic acid is a much poorer inhibitor of the NAD-dependent oxidation of glycerol-3-phosphate. At low substrate concentrations stearic acid is competitive with respect to NAD with an inhibition constant of 24 micrometer for stearic acid. In addition to the effect of fatty acids on the initial velocities of the enzyme-catalyzed reactions, preincubation of the enzyme with fatty acid leads to a slow, time-dependent irreversible inactivation of the enzyme which is prevented by the presence of NADH. The results are discussed in terms of the differences in the conformations of the hydrophobic binding sites on the two enzymes.", "contents": "The interaction of fatty acids with rabbit liver and muscle glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Various fatty acids containing 10--22 carbons and including unsaturated derivatives were found to be inhibitors of rabbit liver and skeletal muscle sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (sn-glycerol-3-phosphate:NAD+ 2-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.8). For the liver enzyme, the logarithm of the inhibition constant was linearly related to the number of carbon atoms in the saturated fatty acids whereas the muscle enzyme, which was generally more strongly inhibited, showed a nonlinear dependence. The liver and muscle enzymes also interacted differently with a series of unsaturated fatty acids for which a high degree of specificity was exhibited which was related to the position, configuration, and number of double bonds in the compound. A steady-state kinetic analysis shows that under some conditions, the kinetics of the NADH reduction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate by NADH in the presence of stearic acid do not follow simple Michaelis-Menten behavior but rather the velocity shows a sigmoidal dependence on fatty acid concentration and strong substrate inhibition. Stearic acid is a much poorer inhibitor of the NAD-dependent oxidation of glycerol-3-phosphate. At low substrate concentrations stearic acid is competitive with respect to NAD with an inhibition constant of 24 micrometer for stearic acid. In addition to the effect of fatty acids on the initial velocities of the enzyme-catalyzed reactions, preincubation of the enzyme with fatty acid leads to a slow, time-dependent irreversible inactivation of the enzyme which is prevented by the presence of NADH. The results are discussed in terms of the differences in the conformations of the hydrophobic binding sites on the two enzymes.", "PMID": 718959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7860", "title": "Purification and properties of the major isozymic form of cytoplasmic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from rabbit liver.", "content": "The major isozymic form of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (sn-glycerol-3-phosphate:NAD+ 2-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.8) has been purified from rabbit liver using a simplified three-step chromatographic procedure involving an ion exchange and two affinity chromatography steps. The 1200-fold purified enzyme is electrophoretically homogeneous, nucleotide-free, and possesses a specific activity of 295 units/mg and an isoelectric point of 6.5. A steady-state kinetic analysis was applied to both the forward and reverse reactions. The NADH oxidation reaction was found to adhere to Michaelis-Menten behavior with Km values of 22 micrometer and 75 micrometer for NADH and dihydroxyacetone phosphate, respectively. In the NAD reduction reaction, sigmoidal kinetic patterns were observed when NAD was the variable substrate whereas with sn-glycerol-3-phosphate as the variable substrate, strictly hyperbolic kinetics were observed. The apparent Km values for NAD and glycerol-3-phosphate were 83 and 909 micrometer, respectively. By comparison with published reports, these results demonstrate that the rabbit muscle and liver isozymes of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase have different kinetic properties and suggest that the liver isozyme is better adapted to participation in glyconeogenesis in vivo.", "contents": "Purification and properties of the major isozymic form of cytoplasmic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from rabbit liver. The major isozymic form of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (sn-glycerol-3-phosphate:NAD+ 2-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.8) has been purified from rabbit liver using a simplified three-step chromatographic procedure involving an ion exchange and two affinity chromatography steps. The 1200-fold purified enzyme is electrophoretically homogeneous, nucleotide-free, and possesses a specific activity of 295 units/mg and an isoelectric point of 6.5. A steady-state kinetic analysis was applied to both the forward and reverse reactions. The NADH oxidation reaction was found to adhere to Michaelis-Menten behavior with Km values of 22 micrometer and 75 micrometer for NADH and dihydroxyacetone phosphate, respectively. In the NAD reduction reaction, sigmoidal kinetic patterns were observed when NAD was the variable substrate whereas with sn-glycerol-3-phosphate as the variable substrate, strictly hyperbolic kinetics were observed. The apparent Km values for NAD and glycerol-3-phosphate were 83 and 909 micrometer, respectively. By comparison with published reports, these results demonstrate that the rabbit muscle and liver isozymes of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase have different kinetic properties and suggest that the liver isozyme is better adapted to participation in glyconeogenesis in vivo.", "PMID": 718960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7861", "title": "Purification of thymidine phosphorylase from human amniochorion.", "content": "Thymidine phosphorylase (thymidine : orthophosphate deoxyribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.4) has been purified 1500-fold from extracts of human amniochorion. The purified enzyme catalyzes the phosphorolysis of deoxythymidine and to a lesser extent deoxyuridine but not deoxycytidine nor uridine. Discontinuous gel electrophoresis of the freshly purified enzyme shows a band containing 95% of the stainable protein. Gradient gel electrophoresis resolves the preparations into an active fraction with an apparent molecular weight of about 120 000 and a heavier less active or inactive fraction of about 180 000. Storage of the enzyme results in a decrease of the 120 000 dalton component, a loss in activity, and an apparent increase in the high molecular weight component. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis shows only a single subunit of about 58 000 daltons which does not change on storage. These data are consistent with an active enzyme dimeric in structure which is capable of being converted to a less active form larger in molecular weight and possibly trimeric or tetrameric in structure.", "contents": "Purification of thymidine phosphorylase from human amniochorion. Thymidine phosphorylase (thymidine : orthophosphate deoxyribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.4) has been purified 1500-fold from extracts of human amniochorion. The purified enzyme catalyzes the phosphorolysis of deoxythymidine and to a lesser extent deoxyuridine but not deoxycytidine nor uridine. Discontinuous gel electrophoresis of the freshly purified enzyme shows a band containing 95% of the stainable protein. Gradient gel electrophoresis resolves the preparations into an active fraction with an apparent molecular weight of about 120 000 and a heavier less active or inactive fraction of about 180 000. Storage of the enzyme results in a decrease of the 120 000 dalton component, a loss in activity, and an apparent increase in the high molecular weight component. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis shows only a single subunit of about 58 000 daltons which does not change on storage. These data are consistent with an active enzyme dimeric in structure which is capable of being converted to a less active form larger in molecular weight and possibly trimeric or tetrameric in structure.", "PMID": 718961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7862", "title": "Purification and properties of the ATP sulphurylase of rat liver.", "content": "ATP sulphurylase (ATP:sulphate adenylyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.4) as been purified about 2500-fold from rat liver. It was free of ATPase, inorganic pyrophosphatase, adenosine phosphosulphate kinase and ADP sulphurylase activities. The enzyme was homogeneous to chromatography on Sepharose 4B and to density-gradient sedimentation; it was not homogeneous to acrylamide gel electrophoresis nor to sedimentation in the ultracentrifuge. Possible reasons for this heterogeneity are considered. The molecular weight of the enzyme is 410 000 as measured by chromatography on Sepharose 4B. The v is 0.80, suggesting that ATP sulphurylase is a lipoprotein. The enzyme activity is associated with a pigment having a lambdamax of 410 nm. Studies of the forward, reverse and ATP-PPi exchange reactions catalysed by ATP sulphurylase have shown that these are sequential bi-bi reactions, with ATP being the first substrate bound and adenosine phosphosulphate the last product released. The results are incompatible with previous suggestions that the ATP sulphurylase of rat liver catalysed a bi-bi ping-pong reaction.", "contents": "Purification and properties of the ATP sulphurylase of rat liver. ATP sulphurylase (ATP:sulphate adenylyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.4) as been purified about 2500-fold from rat liver. It was free of ATPase, inorganic pyrophosphatase, adenosine phosphosulphate kinase and ADP sulphurylase activities. The enzyme was homogeneous to chromatography on Sepharose 4B and to density-gradient sedimentation; it was not homogeneous to acrylamide gel electrophoresis nor to sedimentation in the ultracentrifuge. Possible reasons for this heterogeneity are considered. The molecular weight of the enzyme is 410 000 as measured by chromatography on Sepharose 4B. The v is 0.80, suggesting that ATP sulphurylase is a lipoprotein. The enzyme activity is associated with a pigment having a lambdamax of 410 nm. Studies of the forward, reverse and ATP-PPi exchange reactions catalysed by ATP sulphurylase have shown that these are sequential bi-bi reactions, with ATP being the first substrate bound and adenosine phosphosulphate the last product released. The results are incompatible with previous suggestions that the ATP sulphurylase of rat liver catalysed a bi-bi ping-pong reaction.", "PMID": 718962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7863", "title": "Purification of indolyl-3-alkane alpha-hydroxylase by affinity chromatography on indolyl-agarose columns.", "content": "Indolyl-3-alkane alpha-hydroxylase was isolated from soil isolate organism, Pseudomonas XA, by affinity chromatography on indolyl-agarose, using different indole derivatives (L-tryptophan, N-acetyl-L-tryptophan, indole-3-carboxaldehyde and 3-indole-acrylic acid). With the exception of N-acetyl-L-tryptophan-agarose, excellent yields were obtained. The affinity chromatography step caused a 15-fold increase in the specific activity of the enzyme. The purity of indolyl-3-alkane alpha-hydroxylase was comparable to the preparations obtained by conventional isolation techniques; however, it showed a 7- to 10-times higher overall yield. Affinity purified indolyl-3-alkane alpha-hydroxylase exhibited essentially one band in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and on isoelectric focusing.", "contents": "Purification of indolyl-3-alkane alpha-hydroxylase by affinity chromatography on indolyl-agarose columns. Indolyl-3-alkane alpha-hydroxylase was isolated from soil isolate organism, Pseudomonas XA, by affinity chromatography on indolyl-agarose, using different indole derivatives (L-tryptophan, N-acetyl-L-tryptophan, indole-3-carboxaldehyde and 3-indole-acrylic acid). With the exception of N-acetyl-L-tryptophan-agarose, excellent yields were obtained. The affinity chromatography step caused a 15-fold increase in the specific activity of the enzyme. The purity of indolyl-3-alkane alpha-hydroxylase was comparable to the preparations obtained by conventional isolation techniques; however, it showed a 7- to 10-times higher overall yield. Affinity purified indolyl-3-alkane alpha-hydroxylase exhibited essentially one band in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and on isoelectric focusing.", "PMID": 718963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7864", "title": "Presence of a single enzyme catalyzing the pyrophosphorolysis of UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose in Bifidobacterium bifidum.", "content": "The enzyme preparation catalyzing the pyrophosphorolyses of UDP-glucose and UDPgalactose almost at the same rate was purified about 900-fold from Bifidobacterium bifidum grown on glucose medium. The two activities were always associated with each other, and their activity ratio was always constant throughout the purification steps. The final preparations was revealed homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence and absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. There was no significant difference in thermal stabilities of the two activities. From these results it was concluded that the UDPglucose and UDPgalactose pyrophosphorylase activities in B. bifidum are catalyzed by a single enzyme protein.", "contents": "Presence of a single enzyme catalyzing the pyrophosphorolysis of UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose in Bifidobacterium bifidum. The enzyme preparation catalyzing the pyrophosphorolyses of UDP-glucose and UDPgalactose almost at the same rate was purified about 900-fold from Bifidobacterium bifidum grown on glucose medium. The two activities were always associated with each other, and their activity ratio was always constant throughout the purification steps. The final preparations was revealed homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence and absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. There was no significant difference in thermal stabilities of the two activities. From these results it was concluded that the UDPglucose and UDPgalactose pyrophosphorylase activities in B. bifidum are catalyzed by a single enzyme protein.", "PMID": 718964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7865", "title": "Enhancement of alpha-chymotrypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of specific p-nitroanilide substrates by 4-phenylbutylamine derivative of hen egg-white lysozyme.", "content": "Modification of hen egg-white lysozyme by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide in presence of 4-phenylbutylamine yielded derivatives, which contained 0.6--0.7 modified residues and retained about 60% of the original activity. Kinetic studies revealed that the modified-lysozyme increases approx. 20-fold the kcat of hydrolysis of SucGly2Phe-4-nitroanilide by alphachymotrypsin, without changing the Km. The apparent dissociation constant of phenylbutylamine-modified lysozyme . chymotrypsin complex was found to be 0.03 mM and independent of substrate concentration. The accelerating effect of the modified lysozyme was also observed with other p-nitroanilide substrates of alpha-chymotrypsin. However, the hydrolysis of other substrates, acylation by active site titrant or inhibition by irreversible or competitive inhibitors were uneffected. The enhancing effect of the modified lysozyme seems to be very specific since other chymotrypsin-like enzymes, or serine proteinases except delta-chymotrypsin, were not influenced and phenylbutylamine derivatives of alpha-lactalbumin or ribonuclease were lacking any enhancing effect. Smaller, but significant enhancing effect was found also in lysozyme substituted by benzylamine, beta-phenylethylamine and tryptamine and in inactive derivatives of lysozyme substituted by phenylbutylamine. Competitive inhibitors of lysozyme such as N-acetyl-D-glucose amine oligomers, (GlcNAc)2 and (GlcNAc)3 abolished partially the accelerating effect of phenylbutylamine-modified lysozyme, indicating that the substituted group is located in the vicinity of the binding site.", "contents": "Enhancement of alpha-chymotrypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of specific p-nitroanilide substrates by 4-phenylbutylamine derivative of hen egg-white lysozyme. Modification of hen egg-white lysozyme by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide in presence of 4-phenylbutylamine yielded derivatives, which contained 0.6--0.7 modified residues and retained about 60% of the original activity. Kinetic studies revealed that the modified-lysozyme increases approx. 20-fold the kcat of hydrolysis of SucGly2Phe-4-nitroanilide by alphachymotrypsin, without changing the Km. The apparent dissociation constant of phenylbutylamine-modified lysozyme . chymotrypsin complex was found to be 0.03 mM and independent of substrate concentration. The accelerating effect of the modified lysozyme was also observed with other p-nitroanilide substrates of alpha-chymotrypsin. However, the hydrolysis of other substrates, acylation by active site titrant or inhibition by irreversible or competitive inhibitors were uneffected. The enhancing effect of the modified lysozyme seems to be very specific since other chymotrypsin-like enzymes, or serine proteinases except delta-chymotrypsin, were not influenced and phenylbutylamine derivatives of alpha-lactalbumin or ribonuclease were lacking any enhancing effect. Smaller, but significant enhancing effect was found also in lysozyme substituted by benzylamine, beta-phenylethylamine and tryptamine and in inactive derivatives of lysozyme substituted by phenylbutylamine. Competitive inhibitors of lysozyme such as N-acetyl-D-glucose amine oligomers, (GlcNAc)2 and (GlcNAc)3 abolished partially the accelerating effect of phenylbutylamine-modified lysozyme, indicating that the substituted group is located in the vicinity of the binding site.", "PMID": 718965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7866", "title": "Inhibition of lysozyme by polyvalent metal ions.", "content": "The rate of hen egg-white lysozyme (mucopeptide N-acetylmuramoylhydrolase, EC 3.2.1.17), catalysis was determined in the presence of various metal ions (Co2+, Zn2+ and eight of the trivalent lanthanide ions). In the assay system employed, the lanthanides were found to inhibit more strongly than either Zn2+ or Co2+. The inhibition data was fitted to several models of the interactions of the metal ion with the enzyme. These models ranged in complexity from a single inhibitory metal binding site on the enzyme (two-parameter fit) to the presence of two non-independent and non-equivalent inhibitory metal binding sites (five-parameter fit). The more complicated models did not fit the data more precisely than the simplest one-site model, suggesting that the adoption of the simpler model is warranted. The fact that the association constants obtained from the simplest analysis for Co2+ (1.3 +/- 1.9 . 10(2) M-1) and Gd3+ (7.0 +/- 2.6 . 10(3) M-1) are consistent with literature values determined from spectroscopic measurements further supports the validity of the simplest model.", "contents": "Inhibition of lysozyme by polyvalent metal ions. The rate of hen egg-white lysozyme (mucopeptide N-acetylmuramoylhydrolase, EC 3.2.1.17), catalysis was determined in the presence of various metal ions (Co2+, Zn2+ and eight of the trivalent lanthanide ions). In the assay system employed, the lanthanides were found to inhibit more strongly than either Zn2+ or Co2+. The inhibition data was fitted to several models of the interactions of the metal ion with the enzyme. These models ranged in complexity from a single inhibitory metal binding site on the enzyme (two-parameter fit) to the presence of two non-independent and non-equivalent inhibitory metal binding sites (five-parameter fit). The more complicated models did not fit the data more precisely than the simplest one-site model, suggesting that the adoption of the simpler model is warranted. The fact that the association constants obtained from the simplest analysis for Co2+ (1.3 +/- 1.9 . 10(2) M-1) and Gd3+ (7.0 +/- 2.6 . 10(3) M-1) are consistent with literature values determined from spectroscopic measurements further supports the validity of the simplest model.", "PMID": 718966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7867", "title": "Comparison of C18-, C20- and C22-unsaturated fatty acids in reducing fatty acid synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes.", "content": "C18-, C20- and C22-unsaturated acids were tested for inhibition of fatty acid synthesis in hepatocytes isolated from essential fatty acid-deficient rats. Fatty acid synthesis was measured by incorporation of radioactivity from [1-14C-A1-acetate or 3H2O into fatty acids. C20-polyunsaturated fatty acids included arachidonic acid (20 : 4 (n-6)) and 4 other fatty acids formed from linoleic acid (18 : 2 (n-6)) or linolenic acid (18 : 3 (n-3)). These were (11,14)-icosadienoic acid (20 : 2 (n-6)), (8,11,14)-icosatrienoic acid (20 : 3 (n-6)), (11,14,17)-icosatrienoic acid (20 : 3 (n-3)) and (5,8,11,14,17)-icosapentaenoic acid (20 : 5 (n-3). All of these have essential fatty acid activity. The fatty acid (5,8,11)-icosatrienoic acid (20 : 3 (n-9)) was also tested. This fatty acid is formed from oleic acid (18 : 1 (n-9)) and is not an essential fatty acid or a prostaglandin precursor. C20-unsaturated fatty acids and (22 : 6 (n-3)) were as effective as stearic acid in inhibiting fatty acid synthesis and were more inhibitory than their precursor C18-unsaturated fatty acids. These results are evidence that C20-unsaturated fatty acids of the linoleic and linolenic acid series can act in short-term inhibition as well as in adaptive inhibition of fatty acid synthesis (Bloch, K. and Vance, D. (1977) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 46, 263--298). The effectiveness of (5,8,11)-icosatrienoic acid indicates that short-term inhibition by C20-unsaturated fatty acids is not limited to those fatty acids which have essential fatty acid activity.", "contents": "Comparison of C18-, C20- and C22-unsaturated fatty acids in reducing fatty acid synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes. C18-, C20- and C22-unsaturated acids were tested for inhibition of fatty acid synthesis in hepatocytes isolated from essential fatty acid-deficient rats. Fatty acid synthesis was measured by incorporation of radioactivity from [1-14C-A1-acetate or 3H2O into fatty acids. C20-polyunsaturated fatty acids included arachidonic acid (20 : 4 (n-6)) and 4 other fatty acids formed from linoleic acid (18 : 2 (n-6)) or linolenic acid (18 : 3 (n-3)). These were (11,14)-icosadienoic acid (20 : 2 (n-6)), (8,11,14)-icosatrienoic acid (20 : 3 (n-6)), (11,14,17)-icosatrienoic acid (20 : 3 (n-3)) and (5,8,11,14,17)-icosapentaenoic acid (20 : 5 (n-3). All of these have essential fatty acid activity. The fatty acid (5,8,11)-icosatrienoic acid (20 : 3 (n-9)) was also tested. This fatty acid is formed from oleic acid (18 : 1 (n-9)) and is not an essential fatty acid or a prostaglandin precursor. C20-unsaturated fatty acids and (22 : 6 (n-3)) were as effective as stearic acid in inhibiting fatty acid synthesis and were more inhibitory than their precursor C18-unsaturated fatty acids. These results are evidence that C20-unsaturated fatty acids of the linoleic and linolenic acid series can act in short-term inhibition as well as in adaptive inhibition of fatty acid synthesis (Bloch, K. and Vance, D. (1977) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 46, 263--298). The effectiveness of (5,8,11)-icosatrienoic acid indicates that short-term inhibition by C20-unsaturated fatty acids is not limited to those fatty acids which have essential fatty acid activity.", "PMID": 718967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7868", "title": "Fatty acyl-CoA inhibition of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity.", "content": "The influence of the fatty acyl-CoA thioesters on rat liver microsomal hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity was tested in vitro to determine if the previously demonstrated inhibition of [14C]acetate incorporation into cholesterol is due to inhibition of this rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis. The polyunsaturated fatty acyl-CoA thioesters caused the greatest inhibition of enzyme activity, 50 micron arachidonoyl-CoA inhibiting 67% and 5 micron inhibiting 22%. 50 micron linoleoyl-CoA inhibited 56% with the more saturated thioesters causing less inhibition. 50--100 micron free fatty acids, free CoA, cholesterol esters, phospholipids, carnitine derivatives, prostaglandins and non-specific detergents caused little or no inhibition of enzyme activity. Kinetic studies revealed the inhibition to be noncompetitive with respect to hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA with a Ki for arachidonoyl CoA of 3.10 micron. Fatty acyl-CoA inhibition of in vitro cholesterol synthesis is due to inhibition of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity. Variation in intracellular concentrations of fatty acyl-CoA thioesters may signficantly alter cholesterol synthesis.", "contents": "Fatty acyl-CoA inhibition of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity. The influence of the fatty acyl-CoA thioesters on rat liver microsomal hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity was tested in vitro to determine if the previously demonstrated inhibition of [14C]acetate incorporation into cholesterol is due to inhibition of this rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis. The polyunsaturated fatty acyl-CoA thioesters caused the greatest inhibition of enzyme activity, 50 micron arachidonoyl-CoA inhibiting 67% and 5 micron inhibiting 22%. 50 micron linoleoyl-CoA inhibited 56% with the more saturated thioesters causing less inhibition. 50--100 micron free fatty acids, free CoA, cholesterol esters, phospholipids, carnitine derivatives, prostaglandins and non-specific detergents caused little or no inhibition of enzyme activity. Kinetic studies revealed the inhibition to be noncompetitive with respect to hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA with a Ki for arachidonoyl CoA of 3.10 micron. Fatty acyl-CoA inhibition of in vitro cholesterol synthesis is due to inhibition of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity. Variation in intracellular concentrations of fatty acyl-CoA thioesters may signficantly alter cholesterol synthesis.", "PMID": 718968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7869", "title": "The positional specificity of a desaturase in the psychrophilic bacterium Micrococcus cryophilus (ATCC 15174).", "content": "The positional specificity of the desaturase activity in the psychrophilic bacterium Micrococcus cryophilus (ATCC 15174) is shown to be delta9. The desaturase is inhibited by sterculic acid. Small amounts of delta8, delta10 and delta11 isomers are present. The implications of these findings for fatty acid metabolism in M. cryophilus are discussed. It is suggested that the temperature-dependent chain length change, known to occur in the phospholipid fatty acids of this bacterium, is not mediated by either a temperature-dependent change in desaturase substrate specificity or the induction of new desaturase enzymes with novel positional specificity. It is concluded that the control by temperature of fatty acid chain length is mediated by either a temperature-dependent change in the products of fatty acid synthetase or a temperature-sensitive palmitate elongase.", "contents": "The positional specificity of a desaturase in the psychrophilic bacterium Micrococcus cryophilus (ATCC 15174). The positional specificity of the desaturase activity in the psychrophilic bacterium Micrococcus cryophilus (ATCC 15174) is shown to be delta9. The desaturase is inhibited by sterculic acid. Small amounts of delta8, delta10 and delta11 isomers are present. The implications of these findings for fatty acid metabolism in M. cryophilus are discussed. It is suggested that the temperature-dependent chain length change, known to occur in the phospholipid fatty acids of this bacterium, is not mediated by either a temperature-dependent change in desaturase substrate specificity or the induction of new desaturase enzymes with novel positional specificity. It is concluded that the control by temperature of fatty acid chain length is mediated by either a temperature-dependent change in the products of fatty acid synthetase or a temperature-sensitive palmitate elongase.", "PMID": 718969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7870", "title": "Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase from the mammary gland of lactating rat. Purification, properties and subcellular localization.", "content": "Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.9) was purified 500--600-fold from the mammary gland extracts by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, gel filtration with Sepharose 4B, anion-exchange chromatography with QAE-Sephadex, and chromatography with NADP-Agarose. This enzyme (spec. act. 200--300 nmol/min per mg protein) had a molecular weight of approx. 170 000. It did not cross-react with rabbit antiserum prepared against either fatty acid synthetase from the mammary gland or malonyl-CoA decarboxylase from the uropygial gland of goose. The decarboxylase showed a pH optimum near 8.5--9.0 and a Km of 0.33 mM, decarboxylated neither malonic acid nor methylmalonyl-CoA and was inhibited by thiol directed reagents but not by avidin. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation of the gland homogenate showed that the major peak of decarboxylase activity coincided with that of cytochrome oxidase. Breakage of mitochondria released greater than 80% of the decarboxylase activity into the 105,000 X g supernatant, suggesting that malonyl-CoA decarboxylase may be located in the mitochondrial matrix.", "contents": "Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase from the mammary gland of lactating rat. Purification, properties and subcellular localization. Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.9) was purified 500--600-fold from the mammary gland extracts by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, gel filtration with Sepharose 4B, anion-exchange chromatography with QAE-Sephadex, and chromatography with NADP-Agarose. This enzyme (spec. act. 200--300 nmol/min per mg protein) had a molecular weight of approx. 170 000. It did not cross-react with rabbit antiserum prepared against either fatty acid synthetase from the mammary gland or malonyl-CoA decarboxylase from the uropygial gland of goose. The decarboxylase showed a pH optimum near 8.5--9.0 and a Km of 0.33 mM, decarboxylated neither malonic acid nor methylmalonyl-CoA and was inhibited by thiol directed reagents but not by avidin. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation of the gland homogenate showed that the major peak of decarboxylase activity coincided with that of cytochrome oxidase. Breakage of mitochondria released greater than 80% of the decarboxylase activity into the 105,000 X g supernatant, suggesting that malonyl-CoA decarboxylase may be located in the mitochondrial matrix.", "PMID": 718970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7871", "title": "Abnormal liver cholesteryl ester storage in a strain of golden hamsters. Possible model for studies on cholesterol metabolism.", "content": "Very high values of hepatic cholesteryl esters were found in a strain of golden hamsters isolated in our laboratory: 2 g/100 g in animals kept at 22 degrees C and more than 10 g/100 g in starved cold-adapted animals. The rate of incorporation of labelled mevalonate was not increased, but the esterification of the newly-synthetized cholesterol was markedly stimulated.", "contents": "Abnormal liver cholesteryl ester storage in a strain of golden hamsters. Possible model for studies on cholesterol metabolism. Very high values of hepatic cholesteryl esters were found in a strain of golden hamsters isolated in our laboratory: 2 g/100 g in animals kept at 22 degrees C and more than 10 g/100 g in starved cold-adapted animals. The rate of incorporation of labelled mevalonate was not increased, but the esterification of the newly-synthetized cholesterol was markedly stimulated.", "PMID": 718971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7872", "title": "Lipoprotein lipase of cultured mesenchymal rat heart cells. III. Effect of glucocorticoids and insulin on enzyme formation.", "content": "Lipoprotein lipase activity was studied in mesenchymal cells isolated from rat hearts and cultured for up to 8 days. The enzyme activity increased markedly between day 3 and 5 while the subsequent increase was less pronounced. Addition of hydrocortisone to complete culture medium resulted in an increase in lipoprotein lipase activity at all stages of culture. Lipoprotein lipase activity did not increase after addition of insulin to the complete culture medium. In the presence of serum-poor medium between day 3 and 6, the increase in lipoprotein lipase activity was much lower than in the presence of complete culture medium. Addition of hydrocortisone and insulin to the serum-poor medium resulted in a significant rise in lipoprotein lipase activity while less consistent effects were obtained after addition of each hormone alone. Transfer of cells to serum-poor medium between day 6 and 7 of culture caused a fall in enzyme activity. Addition of hydrocortisone alone and with insulin restored enzyme activity to control values. No effect on lipoprotein lipase was seen with estradiol, growth hormone, or glucagon when added to serum-containing medium, or serum-poor medium. These results indicate that the lipoprotein lipase of heart is controlled by glucocorticoids and that this control might require the presence of insulin for optimal expression.", "contents": "Lipoprotein lipase of cultured mesenchymal rat heart cells. III. Effect of glucocorticoids and insulin on enzyme formation. Lipoprotein lipase activity was studied in mesenchymal cells isolated from rat hearts and cultured for up to 8 days. The enzyme activity increased markedly between day 3 and 5 while the subsequent increase was less pronounced. Addition of hydrocortisone to complete culture medium resulted in an increase in lipoprotein lipase activity at all stages of culture. Lipoprotein lipase activity did not increase after addition of insulin to the complete culture medium. In the presence of serum-poor medium between day 3 and 6, the increase in lipoprotein lipase activity was much lower than in the presence of complete culture medium. Addition of hydrocortisone and insulin to the serum-poor medium resulted in a significant rise in lipoprotein lipase activity while less consistent effects were obtained after addition of each hormone alone. Transfer of cells to serum-poor medium between day 6 and 7 of culture caused a fall in enzyme activity. Addition of hydrocortisone alone and with insulin restored enzyme activity to control values. No effect on lipoprotein lipase was seen with estradiol, growth hormone, or glucagon when added to serum-containing medium, or serum-poor medium. These results indicate that the lipoprotein lipase of heart is controlled by glucocorticoids and that this control might require the presence of insulin for optimal expression.", "PMID": 718972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7873", "title": "Synthesis of trinitrophenylaminolauric acid and the use of its glyceryl esters for assaying lipase by a spectrophotometric procedure.", "content": "Trinitrophenylaminolauric acid was synthesized from omega-aminolauric acid and trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid and then condensed with glycerol to yield mono-, di- and triacylglyceryl esters of this acid. Hydrolysis of these glycerides was followed by isolation of the yellow fatty acid with the aid of one solvent extraction step and estimating its content by spectrophotometry. This procedure was used to assay the activities of lipases from hog pancreas, rat bile, microsomes of rat brain and Rhizopus arrhizus delamar.", "contents": "Synthesis of trinitrophenylaminolauric acid and the use of its glyceryl esters for assaying lipase by a spectrophotometric procedure. Trinitrophenylaminolauric acid was synthesized from omega-aminolauric acid and trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid and then condensed with glycerol to yield mono-, di- and triacylglyceryl esters of this acid. Hydrolysis of these glycerides was followed by isolation of the yellow fatty acid with the aid of one solvent extraction step and estimating its content by spectrophotometry. This procedure was used to assay the activities of lipases from hog pancreas, rat bile, microsomes of rat brain and Rhizopus arrhizus delamar.", "PMID": 718973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7874", "title": "Purification, some properties and the primary structures of three reduced and S-carboxymethylated toxins (CM-5, CM-6 and CM-10a) from Naje haje haje (Egyptian cobra) venom.", "content": "Three reduced and S-carboxymethylated toxins (CM-5, CM-6 and CM-10a) were purified from Naja haje haje (Egyptian cobra) venom. Whereas toxin CM-5 comprises 71 amino acid residues and five intrachain disulphide bridges, toxins CM-6 and CM-10a contain each 61 residues and four disulphide bridges. The complete primary structures of the three toxins have been established. The toxicity, the immunochemical properties, the sequence and the invariant amino acid residues of toxin CM-5 resemble the properties of the long neurotoxin group, while those of toxin CM-6 and CM-10a are related to the short neurotoxin group. Further, the sequences of the three toxins from Naja haje haje venom reveal a high degree of homology with those of the corresponding neurotoxins isolated from Naja haje annulifera or Naja nivea venoms.", "contents": "Purification, some properties and the primary structures of three reduced and S-carboxymethylated toxins (CM-5, CM-6 and CM-10a) from Naje haje haje (Egyptian cobra) venom. Three reduced and S-carboxymethylated toxins (CM-5, CM-6 and CM-10a) were purified from Naja haje haje (Egyptian cobra) venom. Whereas toxin CM-5 comprises 71 amino acid residues and five intrachain disulphide bridges, toxins CM-6 and CM-10a contain each 61 residues and four disulphide bridges. The complete primary structures of the three toxins have been established. The toxicity, the immunochemical properties, the sequence and the invariant amino acid residues of toxin CM-5 resemble the properties of the long neurotoxin group, while those of toxin CM-6 and CM-10a are related to the short neurotoxin group. Further, the sequences of the three toxins from Naja haje haje venom reveal a high degree of homology with those of the corresponding neurotoxins isolated from Naja haje annulifera or Naja nivea venoms.", "PMID": 718974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7875", "title": "Sulfhydryl reactivity of human erythrocyte superoxide dismutase. On the origin of the unusual spectral properties of the protein when prepared by a procedure utilizing chloroform and ethanol for the precipitation of hemoglobin.", "content": "1. During purification of human superoxide dismutase by the McCord-Fridovich procedure (McCord, J.M. and Fridovich, I. (1969) J. Biol. Chem. 244, 6049--6055) the \"extra\" sulfhydryl groups react with a variety of sulfur containing compounds including zero-valent sulfur to yield several dismutase fractions containing excess sulfur atoms and having a unique absorption band in the region of 325 nm. This is shown to be artefact of the purification procedure. 2. Cysteine trisulfide and glutathione polysulfide were found to react with native human superoxide dismutase to yield derivatives having no reactive sulfhydryl groups and possessing spectral properties similar to the various fractions obtainable from the above purification procedure. A structure of the type protein-CH2-S-(S)n R is proposed to account for the results. The value of n is variable, and the additional sulfur reactive toward thiol reagents is thought to be due to persulfides (R = H). The 325 nm band is probably due to a n leads to sigma ss transition associated with a strained S-S bound.", "contents": "Sulfhydryl reactivity of human erythrocyte superoxide dismutase. On the origin of the unusual spectral properties of the protein when prepared by a procedure utilizing chloroform and ethanol for the precipitation of hemoglobin. 1. During purification of human superoxide dismutase by the McCord-Fridovich procedure (McCord, J.M. and Fridovich, I. (1969) J. Biol. Chem. 244, 6049--6055) the \"extra\" sulfhydryl groups react with a variety of sulfur containing compounds including zero-valent sulfur to yield several dismutase fractions containing excess sulfur atoms and having a unique absorption band in the region of 325 nm. This is shown to be artefact of the purification procedure. 2. Cysteine trisulfide and glutathione polysulfide were found to react with native human superoxide dismutase to yield derivatives having no reactive sulfhydryl groups and possessing spectral properties similar to the various fractions obtainable from the above purification procedure. A structure of the type protein-CH2-S-(S)n R is proposed to account for the results. The value of n is variable, and the additional sulfur reactive toward thiol reagents is thought to be due to persulfides (R = H). The 325 nm band is probably due to a n leads to sigma ss transition associated with a strained S-S bound.", "PMID": 718975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7876", "title": "Hydrodynamic studies on the self association of vertebrate skeletal muscle myosin.", "content": "Sedimentation velocity studies on myosin A solutions at high ionic strength combined with computer-simulation of the concentration dependence of the sedimentation coefficient for a rapidly reversible monomer-dimer equilibrium have confirmed that if such an equilibrium does exist it has an equilibrium constant of less than 10 ml/g. A new hydrodynamic treatment has been used to calculate the molecular weight of myosin from s0 and ks alone and has yielded a value of 470 000. Combination of viscosity and sedimentation velocity results has shown that the myosin molecule displays little swelling (Vs/v = 1.1 +/- 0.1). A new picture of the myosin molecule is presented in which a conformational change in the head region is suggested to account for the variation in published s 0 values.", "contents": "Hydrodynamic studies on the self association of vertebrate skeletal muscle myosin. Sedimentation velocity studies on myosin A solutions at high ionic strength combined with computer-simulation of the concentration dependence of the sedimentation coefficient for a rapidly reversible monomer-dimer equilibrium have confirmed that if such an equilibrium does exist it has an equilibrium constant of less than 10 ml/g. A new hydrodynamic treatment has been used to calculate the molecular weight of myosin from s0 and ks alone and has yielded a value of 470 000. Combination of viscosity and sedimentation velocity results has shown that the myosin molecule displays little swelling (Vs/v = 1.1 +/- 0.1). A new picture of the myosin molecule is presented in which a conformational change in the head region is suggested to account for the variation in published s 0 values.", "PMID": 718976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7877", "title": "Radioelectrophoresis: a specific microassay for parvalbumins. Application to muscle biopsies from man and other vertebrates.", "content": "A two-dimensional radioelectrophoretic method is described, by which parvalbumins from minute biopsy samples (approx. 50 mg) can be detected and quantitated by their 45Ca2+-binding properties. In the first dimension, parvalbumins are purified by sieving through a gradient polyacrylamide gel and collected at the bottom of the electrophoresis tubes. The second dimension is a disc electrophoresis in the presence of 45Ca2+. Parvalbumins can thus be identified and quantitated by three criteria: low molecular weight, acidic character and calcium-binding properties, since they are never exposed to denaturing conditions. Validity of the technique was demonstrated on carp myogen, and on extracts from rabbit psoas and heart muscles. Application of this method to the shrew fast beating myocardium shows that it does contain parvalbumin, in agreement with the proposed role of soluble relaxing factor (Pech\u00e8re et al. (1977) FEBS Lett. 75, 111--1141. When applied to human muscle biopsies, radioelectrophoresis points to an uneven distribution of parvalbumin among different skeletal muscles. For the human limb muscles tested in this study, the parvalbumin content is similar to that of rabbit psoas muscle.", "contents": "Radioelectrophoresis: a specific microassay for parvalbumins. Application to muscle biopsies from man and other vertebrates. A two-dimensional radioelectrophoretic method is described, by which parvalbumins from minute biopsy samples (approx. 50 mg) can be detected and quantitated by their 45Ca2+-binding properties. In the first dimension, parvalbumins are purified by sieving through a gradient polyacrylamide gel and collected at the bottom of the electrophoresis tubes. The second dimension is a disc electrophoresis in the presence of 45Ca2+. Parvalbumins can thus be identified and quantitated by three criteria: low molecular weight, acidic character and calcium-binding properties, since they are never exposed to denaturing conditions. Validity of the technique was demonstrated on carp myogen, and on extracts from rabbit psoas and heart muscles. Application of this method to the shrew fast beating myocardium shows that it does contain parvalbumin, in agreement with the proposed role of soluble relaxing factor (Pech\u00e8re et al. (1977) FEBS Lett. 75, 111--1141. When applied to human muscle biopsies, radioelectrophoresis points to an uneven distribution of parvalbumin among different skeletal muscles. For the human limb muscles tested in this study, the parvalbumin content is similar to that of rabbit psoas muscle.", "PMID": 718978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7878", "title": "Heterogeneity of avenin, the oat prolamin. Fractionation, molecular weight and amino acid composition.", "content": "The prolamin, avenin, was extracted from oat seeds and shown to be maximally extractable in 45% (w/w) ethanol. A purification procedure is described and some properties of avenin are examined. As with wheat and barley prolamins, salt soluble and glutelin fractions were simultaneously extracted. Starch gel electrophoresis revealed two novel fractions, which were isolated by ion-exchange chromatography. These fractions have similar amino acid composition, threonine as the N-terminal amino acid and both have a 22 500 molecular weight. It is suggested that the avenin constituents have a common ancestral gene.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of avenin, the oat prolamin. Fractionation, molecular weight and amino acid composition. The prolamin, avenin, was extracted from oat seeds and shown to be maximally extractable in 45% (w/w) ethanol. A purification procedure is described and some properties of avenin are examined. As with wheat and barley prolamins, salt soluble and glutelin fractions were simultaneously extracted. Starch gel electrophoresis revealed two novel fractions, which were isolated by ion-exchange chromatography. These fractions have similar amino acid composition, threonine as the N-terminal amino acid and both have a 22 500 molecular weight. It is suggested that the avenin constituents have a common ancestral gene.", "PMID": 718979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7879", "title": "Purification and characterization of two different agarose-degrading enzymes.", "content": "Agarase was concentrated and purified from culture filtrates of an agar-degrading Pseudomonas-like bacteria by affinity chromatography on divinyl sulphone cross-linked Sepharose 4B. By fractionation on Sephadex G-200 three fractions were obtained two of which, agarases I and II, had agarase activity. Agarase II was further purified by isoelectric focusing, and the main peak, agarase IIb, was isoelectric at pH 5.1. Molecular weight determinations indicated agarase I to be a dimer with Mr approximately 210 000. The Mr of agarase IIb was 63 000 as determined by analytical ultra-centrifugation, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate and molecular sieve chromatography on Sepharose 4B in 6M Gdn-HCl. The amino acid compositions of the two proteins were very similar and both were found to be glycoproteins. The pH optimum of the enzymes was 6.7 and the optimal temperature was 38 degree C for agarase I and 43 degree C for agarase IIb. Melted agarose and agarose gel were used as substrates for the enzymes. The ratio of the activities towards the different substrates was 4.3 for agarase I and 1.0 for agarase IIb. Agarase I hydrolyzed the beta-linkages in neoagarooctaose so as to produce two moles of neoagarotetraose or one mole of neoagarohexaose and one mole of neoagarobiose. Agarase IIb hydrolyzed only the central beta-linkage to form two moles of neoagarotetraose.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of two different agarose-degrading enzymes. Agarase was concentrated and purified from culture filtrates of an agar-degrading Pseudomonas-like bacteria by affinity chromatography on divinyl sulphone cross-linked Sepharose 4B. By fractionation on Sephadex G-200 three fractions were obtained two of which, agarases I and II, had agarase activity. Agarase II was further purified by isoelectric focusing, and the main peak, agarase IIb, was isoelectric at pH 5.1. Molecular weight determinations indicated agarase I to be a dimer with Mr approximately 210 000. The Mr of agarase IIb was 63 000 as determined by analytical ultra-centrifugation, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate and molecular sieve chromatography on Sepharose 4B in 6M Gdn-HCl. The amino acid compositions of the two proteins were very similar and both were found to be glycoproteins. The pH optimum of the enzymes was 6.7 and the optimal temperature was 38 degree C for agarase I and 43 degree C for agarase IIb. Melted agarose and agarose gel were used as substrates for the enzymes. The ratio of the activities towards the different substrates was 4.3 for agarase I and 1.0 for agarase IIb. Agarase I hydrolyzed the beta-linkages in neoagarooctaose so as to produce two moles of neoagarotetraose or one mole of neoagarohexaose and one mole of neoagarobiose. Agarase IIb hydrolyzed only the central beta-linkage to form two moles of neoagarotetraose.", "PMID": 718980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7880", "title": "Purification and properties of porcine platelet aggregating factor.", "content": "Porcine platelet aggregating factor was purified from porcine plasma by a rapid batch procedure which included polyethylene glycol precipitation and adsorption on calcium citrate. The aggregating factor was separated from antihemophilic factor by gel chromatography in the presence of 1 M MgCl2. It appeared homogenous when examined by immuno- or SDS-gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight was estimated to be 10 million by exclusion chromatography. After reduction, subunit molecular weight, by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-gel electrophoresis, was 225 000. Amino acid and carbohydrate composition were similar to those reported for the bovine material. The porcine platelet aggregating factor was found to have no free sulfhydryl groups or exposed disulfide bonds. Binding of formalin-fixed washed human platelets to the aggregating factor linked to Sepharose was inhibited in 0.5 M NaCl or 2.7 M urea and reversed by the presence of free aggregating factor in a concentration-dependent manner. Ristocetin had little or no discernible effect on binding.", "contents": "Purification and properties of porcine platelet aggregating factor. Porcine platelet aggregating factor was purified from porcine plasma by a rapid batch procedure which included polyethylene glycol precipitation and adsorption on calcium citrate. The aggregating factor was separated from antihemophilic factor by gel chromatography in the presence of 1 M MgCl2. It appeared homogenous when examined by immuno- or SDS-gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight was estimated to be 10 million by exclusion chromatography. After reduction, subunit molecular weight, by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-gel electrophoresis, was 225 000. Amino acid and carbohydrate composition were similar to those reported for the bovine material. The porcine platelet aggregating factor was found to have no free sulfhydryl groups or exposed disulfide bonds. Binding of formalin-fixed washed human platelets to the aggregating factor linked to Sepharose was inhibited in 0.5 M NaCl or 2.7 M urea and reversed by the presence of free aggregating factor in a concentration-dependent manner. Ristocetin had little or no discernible effect on binding.", "PMID": 718981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7881", "title": "Demonstration of human pancreatic anionic trypsinogen in normal serum by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "A specific radioimmunoassay for human pancreatic anionic trypsin has been developed. The trypsin employed as radioiodinated tracer in the assay was inactivated with tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone in order to prevent binding of the tracer to the serum inhibitors alpha1-antitrypsin and alpha2-macroglobulin. A normal serum level of immunoreactive anionic trypsin of 5.45 ng/ml was determined. The results of experiments in which serum was fractionated by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration suggest that essentially all of the immunoreactive material in normal human serum is trypsinogen. This finding implies that a small fraction of the zymogens synthesized in the pancreas are released directly into the circulation.", "contents": "Demonstration of human pancreatic anionic trypsinogen in normal serum by radioimmunoassay. A specific radioimmunoassay for human pancreatic anionic trypsin has been developed. The trypsin employed as radioiodinated tracer in the assay was inactivated with tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone in order to prevent binding of the tracer to the serum inhibitors alpha1-antitrypsin and alpha2-macroglobulin. A normal serum level of immunoreactive anionic trypsin of 5.45 ng/ml was determined. The results of experiments in which serum was fractionated by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration suggest that essentially all of the immunoreactive material in normal human serum is trypsinogen. This finding implies that a small fraction of the zymogens synthesized in the pancreas are released directly into the circulation.", "PMID": 718983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7882", "title": "Mucin degradation in the intestine.", "content": "Rat intestinal mucin was labelled biologically by intraperitoneal injection of radioactive amino acids and monosaccharides 3--6 h prior to killing, followed by isolation and purification of the mucin from mucosal scrapings. The labelled product was then introduced into intestinal segments of rats under ether anesthesia for periods up to 3 h, removed by washing and assessed for evidence of degradation. In segments containing the pancreatic ducts the total mucin precipitable by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide fell from 80% to 5% in 3 h. At 3 h, chromatography on Sephadex G-100 and Sepharose 4B revealed multiple products, including very small molecular weight fragments deficient in carbohydrate label. With the introduction of neomycin sulfate into the segments to reduce bacterial growth, only two products were found, one corresponding in size to the original mucin and one somewhat smaller, although still in excess of 200,000 daltons. These products occurred independently of the presence of the pancreatic ducts in the segments, and in chronically pancreatectomized rats. The smaller product could not be produced by incubation with trypsin or elastase. Both products were altered antigenically as compared with the original mucin. Both products also retained the same ratio of carbohydrate and protein label as the original. It is concluded that mucins undergo early degradative changes in the intestine which do not involve deglycosylation but which involve partial loss of antigenicity and a fall in molecular weight. The pancreas is not responsible for these changes.", "contents": "Mucin degradation in the intestine. Rat intestinal mucin was labelled biologically by intraperitoneal injection of radioactive amino acids and monosaccharides 3--6 h prior to killing, followed by isolation and purification of the mucin from mucosal scrapings. The labelled product was then introduced into intestinal segments of rats under ether anesthesia for periods up to 3 h, removed by washing and assessed for evidence of degradation. In segments containing the pancreatic ducts the total mucin precipitable by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide fell from 80% to 5% in 3 h. At 3 h, chromatography on Sephadex G-100 and Sepharose 4B revealed multiple products, including very small molecular weight fragments deficient in carbohydrate label. With the introduction of neomycin sulfate into the segments to reduce bacterial growth, only two products were found, one corresponding in size to the original mucin and one somewhat smaller, although still in excess of 200,000 daltons. These products occurred independently of the presence of the pancreatic ducts in the segments, and in chronically pancreatectomized rats. The smaller product could not be produced by incubation with trypsin or elastase. Both products were altered antigenically as compared with the original mucin. Both products also retained the same ratio of carbohydrate and protein label as the original. It is concluded that mucins undergo early degradative changes in the intestine which do not involve deglycosylation but which involve partial loss of antigenicity and a fall in molecular weight. The pancreas is not responsible for these changes.", "PMID": 718984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7883", "title": "Biosynthesis of formic acid by the poison glands of formicine ants.", "content": "The biosynthesis of formic acid in the poison glands of formicine ants is closely related to the C-1 metabolism of the glandular cells. Experiments utilizing radiolabeled amino acids revealed that serine is a major precursor, contributing both its alpha and beta carbons to formic acids. 5,10[14C]methylene H4folate and 5,10[14C]methenyl H4folate also serve as precursors of formic acid in the poison gland, suggesting that they are intermediates in the pathway. Furthermore, these H4folate derivates were isolated from poison glands following incubation with [3-14C]serine and proved radioactive. The glandular cells are also exceptionally rich in the enzymes responsible for these reactions, supporting the proposed pathway. Although this pathway has been established in various organisms, the uniqueness of the poison gland system is that it accumulates formic acid to large extent, yet avoids its cytotoxicity. This is made possible by a combination of the biochemical characteristics of the pathway and the special morphological features of the poison gland.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of formic acid by the poison glands of formicine ants. The biosynthesis of formic acid in the poison glands of formicine ants is closely related to the C-1 metabolism of the glandular cells. Experiments utilizing radiolabeled amino acids revealed that serine is a major precursor, contributing both its alpha and beta carbons to formic acids. 5,10[14C]methylene H4folate and 5,10[14C]methenyl H4folate also serve as precursors of formic acid in the poison gland, suggesting that they are intermediates in the pathway. Furthermore, these H4folate derivates were isolated from poison glands following incubation with [3-14C]serine and proved radioactive. The glandular cells are also exceptionally rich in the enzymes responsible for these reactions, supporting the proposed pathway. Although this pathway has been established in various organisms, the uniqueness of the poison gland system is that it accumulates formic acid to large extent, yet avoids its cytotoxicity. This is made possible by a combination of the biochemical characteristics of the pathway and the special morphological features of the poison gland.", "PMID": 718985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7884", "title": "Sources of the proteins of rat bile.", "content": "The protein composition of rat bile has been studied systematically using two-dimensional agarose-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, with or without prior absorption by immobilised antisera, and by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Sixteen bile proteins were distinguished. Of these, thirteen are immunologically identical to proteins present in rat serum and only one is identical to a protein present in rat liver plasma membrane but not in rat serum. Of the remaining two proteins, one is bile lipoprotein and the other has many of the properties of immunoglobulin A secretory component. The serum-related proteins in rat bile fall into two distinct groups. In the first group are immunoglobulin A and an alpha2-globulin. These proteins are major constituents of bile but only minor constituents of serum. In the second group are albumin and some other major serum proteins which are found in bile at concentrations less than 1% of their concentrations in serum. The relative proportions of these proteins in bile appear to differ from their proportions in serum. It therefore appears that, although the majority of bile proteins are derived from serum, there cannot be direct leakage of serum into bile. Examination of the proteins contained within liver lysosomes indicates that, although discharge of lysosomal contents at the bile canalicular face of the hepatocyte may contribute to the bile proteins, an additional mechanism, with a considerable degree of selectivity, must also be involved in the transport of proteins from serum to bile.", "contents": "Sources of the proteins of rat bile. The protein composition of rat bile has been studied systematically using two-dimensional agarose-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, with or without prior absorption by immobilised antisera, and by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Sixteen bile proteins were distinguished. Of these, thirteen are immunologically identical to proteins present in rat serum and only one is identical to a protein present in rat liver plasma membrane but not in rat serum. Of the remaining two proteins, one is bile lipoprotein and the other has many of the properties of immunoglobulin A secretory component. The serum-related proteins in rat bile fall into two distinct groups. In the first group are immunoglobulin A and an alpha2-globulin. These proteins are major constituents of bile but only minor constituents of serum. In the second group are albumin and some other major serum proteins which are found in bile at concentrations less than 1% of their concentrations in serum. The relative proportions of these proteins in bile appear to differ from their proportions in serum. It therefore appears that, although the majority of bile proteins are derived from serum, there cannot be direct leakage of serum into bile. Examination of the proteins contained within liver lysosomes indicates that, although discharge of lysosomal contents at the bile canalicular face of the hepatocyte may contribute to the bile proteins, an additional mechanism, with a considerable degree of selectivity, must also be involved in the transport of proteins from serum to bile.", "PMID": 718986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7885", "title": "Effects of bile salts on the structural integrity of liposomes.", "content": "The effects of the bile salts, sodium taurocholate and sodium glycocholate on the structural integrity of liposomes of different lipid compositions were studied. The bile salt concentrations were in the range encountered in the human intestine and the incubations were conducted at 37 degrees C. Two measures of liposome integrity were used: (a) changes in their light-scattering properties; and (b) release of entrapped potassium chromate. The results show that \"fluid\" liposomes, i.e., those prepared from phospholipids whose phase transition temperatures are below 37 degrees C, were totally disrupted in the presence of 10 mM bile salts at pH 7.4, and their entire contents were released. In the case of liposomes prepared from phospholipids with phase transition temperatures above 37 degrees C, the effect of the bile salts became less pronounced as the phase transition temperature increased. Nevertheless, a considerable proportion of the entrapped marker compound was released from liposomes with phase transition temperatures as high as 60 degrees C. The relevance of these results to the reported liposome-mediated gastrointestinal uptake of insulin is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of bile salts on the structural integrity of liposomes. The effects of the bile salts, sodium taurocholate and sodium glycocholate on the structural integrity of liposomes of different lipid compositions were studied. The bile salt concentrations were in the range encountered in the human intestine and the incubations were conducted at 37 degrees C. Two measures of liposome integrity were used: (a) changes in their light-scattering properties; and (b) release of entrapped potassium chromate. The results show that \"fluid\" liposomes, i.e., those prepared from phospholipids whose phase transition temperatures are below 37 degrees C, were totally disrupted in the presence of 10 mM bile salts at pH 7.4, and their entire contents were released. In the case of liposomes prepared from phospholipids with phase transition temperatures above 37 degrees C, the effect of the bile salts became less pronounced as the phase transition temperature increased. Nevertheless, a considerable proportion of the entrapped marker compound was released from liposomes with phase transition temperatures as high as 60 degrees C. The relevance of these results to the reported liposome-mediated gastrointestinal uptake of insulin is discussed.", "PMID": 718987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7886", "title": "A comparison of purine metabolism and nucleotide pools in normal and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient neuroblastoma cells.", "content": "Purine nucleotide synthesis and interconversion were examined over a range of purine base and nucleoside concentrations in intact N4 and N4TG (hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) deficient) neuroblastoma cells. Adenosine was a better nucleotide precursor than adenine, hypoxanthine or guanine at concentrations greater than 100 micron. With hypoxanthine or guanine, N4TG cells had less than 2% the rate of nucleotide synthesis of N4 cells. At substrate concentrations greater than 100 micron the rates for deamination of adenosine and phosphorolysis of guanosine exceeded those for any reaction of nucleotide synthesis. Labelled inosine and guanosine accumulated from hypoxanthine and guanine, respectively, in HGPRT-deficient cells and the nucleosides accumulated to a greater extent in N4 cells indicating dephosphorylation of newly synthesized IMP and GMP to be quantitatively significant. A deficiency of xanthine oxidase, guanine deaminase and guanosine kinase activities was found in neuroblastoma cells. Hypoxanthine was a source for both adenine and guanine nucleotides, whereas adenine or guanine were principally sources for adenine (greater than 85%) or guanine (greater than 90%) nucleotides, respectively. The rate of [14C]formate incorporation into ATP, GTP and nucleic acid purines was essentially equivalent for both N4 and N4TG cells. Purine nucleotide pools were also comparable in both cell lines, but the concentration of UDP-sugars was 1.5 times greater in N4TG than N4 cells.", "contents": "A comparison of purine metabolism and nucleotide pools in normal and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient neuroblastoma cells. Purine nucleotide synthesis and interconversion were examined over a range of purine base and nucleoside concentrations in intact N4 and N4TG (hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) deficient) neuroblastoma cells. Adenosine was a better nucleotide precursor than adenine, hypoxanthine or guanine at concentrations greater than 100 micron. With hypoxanthine or guanine, N4TG cells had less than 2% the rate of nucleotide synthesis of N4 cells. At substrate concentrations greater than 100 micron the rates for deamination of adenosine and phosphorolysis of guanosine exceeded those for any reaction of nucleotide synthesis. Labelled inosine and guanosine accumulated from hypoxanthine and guanine, respectively, in HGPRT-deficient cells and the nucleosides accumulated to a greater extent in N4 cells indicating dephosphorylation of newly synthesized IMP and GMP to be quantitatively significant. A deficiency of xanthine oxidase, guanine deaminase and guanosine kinase activities was found in neuroblastoma cells. Hypoxanthine was a source for both adenine and guanine nucleotides, whereas adenine or guanine were principally sources for adenine (greater than 85%) or guanine (greater than 90%) nucleotides, respectively. The rate of [14C]formate incorporation into ATP, GTP and nucleic acid purines was essentially equivalent for both N4 and N4TG cells. Purine nucleotide pools were also comparable in both cell lines, but the concentration of UDP-sugars was 1.5 times greater in N4TG than N4 cells.", "PMID": 718989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7887", "title": "Comparison of glucocorticoid-receptor complex binding to nuclei and DNA cellulose. Evidence for different forms of interaction.", "content": "Binding of dexamethasone . receptors with isolated nuclei, DNA-cellulose and cellulose has been compared with respect to dependence on salt concentration and resistance to KCl extraction and DNAse I digestion. A solution of cytoplasmic dexamethasone . receptor complexes was prepared by the incubation of rat thymus cells with steroid at 3 degrees C and breaking the cells by hypotonic lysis. Activation of the complexes was accomplished by warming the solution at 25 degrees C for 15 min. Activation significantly increased the ability of dexamethasone . receptors to bind to nuclei and DNA-cellulose but not to cellulose. Dexamethasone-receptor complexes bound to nuclei at 3 degrees C are completely resistant to extraction with 0.1 M KCl, 76% resistant to 0.2 M KCl and 20% resistant to 0.4 M KCl. Dexamethasone . receptors bound to DNA-cellulose are 45% resistant to extraction with 0.1 M and 0.2 M KCl and 29% resistant to 0.4 M KCl extraction. Cellulose-bound dexamethasone . receptors are not resistant to any of these extractions. DNAase I treatment releases 60% of the dexamethasone . receptors bound to DNA-cellulose but only 13% of those bound to nuclei, though at least 60% of the nuclear DNA is solubilized. The presence of 0.15 M KCl decreases binding of activated dexamethasone . receptors to nuclei by 73% but to DNA-cellulose by only 17%. Pretreatment of nuclei with 0.1--0.4 M KCl reduces their capacity to bind activated dexamethasone . receptors by 90% whereas similar treatment reduces the capacity of DNA-cellulose to bind dexamethasone . receptors by only 29%. Nuclei extracted with 0.1 M KCl appear to have a limited capacity to accept dexamethasone . receptors. These studies demonstrate that binding of dexamethasone . receptors to nuclei and DNA-cellulose differs by (a) the higher resistance of nuclear complexes to KCl and DNAase I treatment; (b) the much greater sensitivity of nuclei to KCl treatment.", "contents": "Comparison of glucocorticoid-receptor complex binding to nuclei and DNA cellulose. Evidence for different forms of interaction. Binding of dexamethasone . receptors with isolated nuclei, DNA-cellulose and cellulose has been compared with respect to dependence on salt concentration and resistance to KCl extraction and DNAse I digestion. A solution of cytoplasmic dexamethasone . receptor complexes was prepared by the incubation of rat thymus cells with steroid at 3 degrees C and breaking the cells by hypotonic lysis. Activation of the complexes was accomplished by warming the solution at 25 degrees C for 15 min. Activation significantly increased the ability of dexamethasone . receptors to bind to nuclei and DNA-cellulose but not to cellulose. Dexamethasone-receptor complexes bound to nuclei at 3 degrees C are completely resistant to extraction with 0.1 M KCl, 76% resistant to 0.2 M KCl and 20% resistant to 0.4 M KCl. Dexamethasone . receptors bound to DNA-cellulose are 45% resistant to extraction with 0.1 M and 0.2 M KCl and 29% resistant to 0.4 M KCl extraction. Cellulose-bound dexamethasone . receptors are not resistant to any of these extractions. DNAase I treatment releases 60% of the dexamethasone . receptors bound to DNA-cellulose but only 13% of those bound to nuclei, though at least 60% of the nuclear DNA is solubilized. The presence of 0.15 M KCl decreases binding of activated dexamethasone . receptors to nuclei by 73% but to DNA-cellulose by only 17%. Pretreatment of nuclei with 0.1--0.4 M KCl reduces their capacity to bind activated dexamethasone . receptors by 90% whereas similar treatment reduces the capacity of DNA-cellulose to bind dexamethasone . receptors by only 29%. Nuclei extracted with 0.1 M KCl appear to have a limited capacity to accept dexamethasone . receptors. These studies demonstrate that binding of dexamethasone . receptors to nuclei and DNA-cellulose differs by (a) the higher resistance of nuclear complexes to KCl and DNAase I treatment; (b) the much greater sensitivity of nuclei to KCl treatment.", "PMID": 718988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7888", "title": "Effect of acriflavine on ultraviolet inactivation of Acholeplasma laidlawii.", "content": "An increased sensitivity to inactivation was observed when ultraviolet light-irradiated Acholeplasma laidlawii cells were plated on medium containing either acriflavine or chloramphenicol. Chloramphenicol reduced liquid holding recovery (dark repair) to about 10% of that in untreated irradiated cells. In acriflavine treated cells no dark repair could be observed and there was a progressive degradation of cell DNA during holding. While the primary effect of acriflavine may be to inhibit excision repair, since ultraviolet-irradiated Mycoplasma gallisepticum (cells which lack an excision repair mechanism) show a slight increase in inactivation when plated on medium containing acriflavine the dye must also have some other effects on ultraviolet repair processes. Acriflavine treatment of A. laidlawii cells before ultraviolet irradiation has a protective effect, as seen by an increased cell survival.", "contents": "Effect of acriflavine on ultraviolet inactivation of Acholeplasma laidlawii. An increased sensitivity to inactivation was observed when ultraviolet light-irradiated Acholeplasma laidlawii cells were plated on medium containing either acriflavine or chloramphenicol. Chloramphenicol reduced liquid holding recovery (dark repair) to about 10% of that in untreated irradiated cells. In acriflavine treated cells no dark repair could be observed and there was a progressive degradation of cell DNA during holding. While the primary effect of acriflavine may be to inhibit excision repair, since ultraviolet-irradiated Mycoplasma gallisepticum (cells which lack an excision repair mechanism) show a slight increase in inactivation when plated on medium containing acriflavine the dye must also have some other effects on ultraviolet repair processes. Acriflavine treatment of A. laidlawii cells before ultraviolet irradiation has a protective effect, as seen by an increased cell survival.", "PMID": 718990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7889", "title": "Separation of retinoid receptors from cultured retinoblastoma cells.", "content": "Receptor proteins for [3H]retinol and [3H]retinoic acid in cultured human retinoblastoma cells have been separated rapidly and reproducibility by two different methods. By isoelectric focusing, the isoelectric point of the retinol receptor is at pH 4.0; the retinoic acid receptor has a higher isoelectric point of 4.3. Polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis revealed a slower migration rate for the [3H]retinoic acid receptor compared to the [3H]retinol receptor. The separate nature of the two proteins has thus been established in this unique human cell line.", "contents": "Separation of retinoid receptors from cultured retinoblastoma cells. Receptor proteins for [3H]retinol and [3H]retinoic acid in cultured human retinoblastoma cells have been separated rapidly and reproducibility by two different methods. By isoelectric focusing, the isoelectric point of the retinol receptor is at pH 4.0; the retinoic acid receptor has a higher isoelectric point of 4.3. Polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis revealed a slower migration rate for the [3H]retinoic acid receptor compared to the [3H]retinol receptor. The separate nature of the two proteins has thus been established in this unique human cell line.", "PMID": 718992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7890", "title": "Impairment of glycoprotein secretion by phenobarbital in rat liver slices.", "content": "The effects of phenobarbital on protein and glycoprotein synthesis and secretion were studied in rat liver slices. Phenobarbital (2 mM) decreased [14C]glucosamine and [14C]leucine incorporation into liver proteins and markedly inhibited their incorporation into medium (secretory) proteins. The inhibitory effect of phenobarbital was dose dependent and not reversible under the conditions of this study. In the presence of cycloheximide, an inhibitor of peptide synthesis, phenobarbital still inhibited the release of glycoproteins into the medium; however, the specific activity of liver glycoproteins was increased. The effects of phenobarbital on hepatic macromolecular secretion, independent of its effects on synthesis, were determined by prelabeling proteins in a liver slice system with either [14C]leucine or [14C]glucosamine. When phenobarbital was present, the secretion of these prelabeled proteins into the medium was inpaired. 12 h after intraperitoneal injections of phenobarbital, glycoprotein secretion was inhibited from liver slices prepared from the pretreated rats. This inhibition of secretion occurred even though protein synthesis was stimulated and intracellular glycosylations unaffected. The results of this study indicate that phenobarbital impairs the secretion of glycoproteins by the liver.", "contents": "Impairment of glycoprotein secretion by phenobarbital in rat liver slices. The effects of phenobarbital on protein and glycoprotein synthesis and secretion were studied in rat liver slices. Phenobarbital (2 mM) decreased [14C]glucosamine and [14C]leucine incorporation into liver proteins and markedly inhibited their incorporation into medium (secretory) proteins. The inhibitory effect of phenobarbital was dose dependent and not reversible under the conditions of this study. In the presence of cycloheximide, an inhibitor of peptide synthesis, phenobarbital still inhibited the release of glycoproteins into the medium; however, the specific activity of liver glycoproteins was increased. The effects of phenobarbital on hepatic macromolecular secretion, independent of its effects on synthesis, were determined by prelabeling proteins in a liver slice system with either [14C]leucine or [14C]glucosamine. When phenobarbital was present, the secretion of these prelabeled proteins into the medium was inpaired. 12 h after intraperitoneal injections of phenobarbital, glycoprotein secretion was inhibited from liver slices prepared from the pretreated rats. This inhibition of secretion occurred even though protein synthesis was stimulated and intracellular glycosylations unaffected. The results of this study indicate that phenobarbital impairs the secretion of glycoproteins by the liver.", "PMID": 718993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7891", "title": "Evidence for the incorporation of molecular oxygen, a pathway in biosynthesis of N-glycolylmuramic acid in Mycobacterium phlei.", "content": "The hypothesis that the biosynthesis of the glycolyl group of muramic acid in the peptidoglycan of Mycobacterium phlei is catalyzed by a N-acetyl hydroxylase is strongly supported by the experiments reported in this paper. 18O is incorporated into the N-substituent of muramic acid isolated from the peptidoglycan of M. phlei grown under pure oxygen enriched with the 18O isotope.", "contents": "Evidence for the incorporation of molecular oxygen, a pathway in biosynthesis of N-glycolylmuramic acid in Mycobacterium phlei. The hypothesis that the biosynthesis of the glycolyl group of muramic acid in the peptidoglycan of Mycobacterium phlei is catalyzed by a N-acetyl hydroxylase is strongly supported by the experiments reported in this paper. 18O is incorporated into the N-substituent of muramic acid isolated from the peptidoglycan of M. phlei grown under pure oxygen enriched with the 18O isotope.", "PMID": 718994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7892", "title": "Studies on the cytochrome P-450 product complexes formed during the metabolism of N,N-dimethylaniline.", "content": "The oxidative metabolism of N,N-dimethylaniline by partially solubilized cytochrome P-450 from rabbit liver was found to be associated with the formation of a 424- and 448-nm product adduct of the hemoprotein. From the effects of temperature, hydrogen ion concentration, n-octylamine, extraction of the enzyme preparations with organic solvents and pretreatment of the animals with inducers of drug metabolism on both the formation of the spectral species and the enzymic C- and N-oxidation of N,N-dimethylaniline it is concluded that the 424-nm spectral change is generated from an intermediate in the C-oxidation reaction, whereas formation of the 448-nm spectral perturbation is the result of binding to cytochrome P-450 of a metabolite arising from N-oxidation of the arylamine; N-dealkylation of the parent amine is not a obligatory intermediary step in 448-nm complex formation. The 448-nm ferrohemochrome is supposed to be formed through coordination of the N-oxidized intermediate via the oxygen atom. This type of interaction appears to require considerably stronger thermal activation as compared with the 424-nm complex. The 448-nm product adduct of cytochrome P-450 is unstable in the ferric state or in the presence of sodium dithionite.", "contents": "Studies on the cytochrome P-450 product complexes formed during the metabolism of N,N-dimethylaniline. The oxidative metabolism of N,N-dimethylaniline by partially solubilized cytochrome P-450 from rabbit liver was found to be associated with the formation of a 424- and 448-nm product adduct of the hemoprotein. From the effects of temperature, hydrogen ion concentration, n-octylamine, extraction of the enzyme preparations with organic solvents and pretreatment of the animals with inducers of drug metabolism on both the formation of the spectral species and the enzymic C- and N-oxidation of N,N-dimethylaniline it is concluded that the 424-nm spectral change is generated from an intermediate in the C-oxidation reaction, whereas formation of the 448-nm spectral perturbation is the result of binding to cytochrome P-450 of a metabolite arising from N-oxidation of the arylamine; N-dealkylation of the parent amine is not a obligatory intermediary step in 448-nm complex formation. The 448-nm ferrohemochrome is supposed to be formed through coordination of the N-oxidized intermediate via the oxygen atom. This type of interaction appears to require considerably stronger thermal activation as compared with the 424-nm complex. The 448-nm product adduct of cytochrome P-450 is unstable in the ferric state or in the presence of sodium dithionite.", "PMID": 718995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7893", "title": "Theoretical investigations on the conformation of 1,5,N(4),N(4)-tetramethylcytosine.", "content": "Theoretical investigations (Perturbative Configuration Interaction over Localized Orbitals (PCILO) and Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap (INDO) methods) of the conformation of tetramethylcystosine, an overcrowded molecule with planar structure, have been carried out. The physical features of rotational bending potentials of the dimethylamino group are discussed. Particularly, the controversial problem concerning the planarity of the molecule is investigated. The obtained results show that the planarity of tetramethylcytosine is an intrinsic property of the molecule. Nevertheless, because of the repulsion between the methyl groups, the planar structure of tetramethylcytosine is slightly destabilized. Further, the functional dependence of the dipole moment of tetramethylcytosine on rotation and bending of the dimethylamino group has been analyzed.", "contents": "Theoretical investigations on the conformation of 1,5,N(4),N(4)-tetramethylcytosine. Theoretical investigations (Perturbative Configuration Interaction over Localized Orbitals (PCILO) and Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap (INDO) methods) of the conformation of tetramethylcystosine, an overcrowded molecule with planar structure, have been carried out. The physical features of rotational bending potentials of the dimethylamino group are discussed. Particularly, the controversial problem concerning the planarity of the molecule is investigated. The obtained results show that the planarity of tetramethylcytosine is an intrinsic property of the molecule. Nevertheless, because of the repulsion between the methyl groups, the planar structure of tetramethylcytosine is slightly destabilized. Further, the functional dependence of the dipole moment of tetramethylcytosine on rotation and bending of the dimethylamino group has been analyzed.", "PMID": 718996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7894", "title": "In vitro studies of the interaction between ascorbic acid and rat tail tendon.", "content": "Ascorbic acid (in its normal and oxidised forms) enhances the mechanical and thermal stability of rat tail tendon. Its effectiveness increases with the concentration but levels off at a value approximately 5 times normal physiological concentration (1--2 mg/100 ml). An analogue, D-isoascorbic acid is also effective, but to a lesser extent. There is some evidence that it reduces reducible aldimine links, especially in young tissues. However, for the most part, its effects are reversible.", "contents": "In vitro studies of the interaction between ascorbic acid and rat tail tendon. Ascorbic acid (in its normal and oxidised forms) enhances the mechanical and thermal stability of rat tail tendon. Its effectiveness increases with the concentration but levels off at a value approximately 5 times normal physiological concentration (1--2 mg/100 ml). An analogue, D-isoascorbic acid is also effective, but to a lesser extent. There is some evidence that it reduces reducible aldimine links, especially in young tissues. However, for the most part, its effects are reversible.", "PMID": 718997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7895", "title": "Increased uptake and desulphation of heparin by mouse macrophages in the presence of polycations.", "content": "Heparin uptake and desulphation by cultured macrophages were investigated. Histones, polyamino-acids, protamine and eosinophil-basic protein stimulated both heparin uptake and desulphation, processes found to be non-related. Poly-L-ornithine and poly-DL-lysine increased the heparin uptake by about 33-fold, and histone produced up to 7.5-fold increase in the desulphation. The same polycations inhibited heparin desulphation by macrophage extracts.", "contents": "Increased uptake and desulphation of heparin by mouse macrophages in the presence of polycations. Heparin uptake and desulphation by cultured macrophages were investigated. Histones, polyamino-acids, protamine and eosinophil-basic protein stimulated both heparin uptake and desulphation, processes found to be non-related. Poly-L-ornithine and poly-DL-lysine increased the heparin uptake by about 33-fold, and histone produced up to 7.5-fold increase in the desulphation. The same polycations inhibited heparin desulphation by macrophage extracts.", "PMID": 718998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7896", "title": "Glucosamine metabolism in Drosophila salivary glands. Separation of metabolites and some characteristics of three enzymes involved.", "content": "The conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to mucopolysaccharide precursors was studied in extracts of Drosophila virilis salivary glands. 1. Methods for chromatography of sugar phosphates were adapted and modified to allow routine separation and quantitation of radioactivity of the metabolites from milligram amounts of tissue. Anion exchange chromatography was performed on Dowex 1-X8 employing steps of increasing ammonium formate. Final isolation of each compound was achieved by various thin-layer chromatographic systems. 2. Data obtained by isotope incorporation into glucosamine 6-phosphate compare well with results of the Morgan-Elson colorimetric assay for amino-sugars. 3. Glucosaminephosphate isomerase (glutamine-forming) (EC 5.3.1.19) in gland extracts has a Km of 0.35 mM for fructose 6-phosphate, and of 0.25 mM for glutamine. The enzyme is inhibited at glutamine concentrations exceeding 1 mM and by UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (50% at 0.6 mM). Feedback inhibition by UDP-N-acetylglucosamine is enhanced by AMP and by glucose 6-phosphate. 4. Glucosaminephosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.10) has a twenty fold lower affinity towards fructose 6-phosphate (Km = 6.0 mM) compared to the glutamine-forming isomerase. Km (NH+4) is 7.4 mM. In the presence of 20 mM glucose 6-phosphate, the pH optimum is shifted from 6.6 to 7.4, and V increased by a factor of 2.5. Furthermore, the affinity is approximately doubled for both substrates. 5. Glucosamine acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.3) has a Km of 2 mM for glucoseamine 6-phosphate. Its activity is not rate-limiting in salivary glands. Since N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate and 1-phosphate were found near equilibrium concentrations, acetylglucosamine phosphomutase (EC 2.7.5.2) must also be present in the extracts.", "contents": "Glucosamine metabolism in Drosophila salivary glands. Separation of metabolites and some characteristics of three enzymes involved. The conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to mucopolysaccharide precursors was studied in extracts of Drosophila virilis salivary glands. 1. Methods for chromatography of sugar phosphates were adapted and modified to allow routine separation and quantitation of radioactivity of the metabolites from milligram amounts of tissue. Anion exchange chromatography was performed on Dowex 1-X8 employing steps of increasing ammonium formate. Final isolation of each compound was achieved by various thin-layer chromatographic systems. 2. Data obtained by isotope incorporation into glucosamine 6-phosphate compare well with results of the Morgan-Elson colorimetric assay for amino-sugars. 3. Glucosaminephosphate isomerase (glutamine-forming) (EC 5.3.1.19) in gland extracts has a Km of 0.35 mM for fructose 6-phosphate, and of 0.25 mM for glutamine. The enzyme is inhibited at glutamine concentrations exceeding 1 mM and by UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (50% at 0.6 mM). Feedback inhibition by UDP-N-acetylglucosamine is enhanced by AMP and by glucose 6-phosphate. 4. Glucosaminephosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.10) has a twenty fold lower affinity towards fructose 6-phosphate (Km = 6.0 mM) compared to the glutamine-forming isomerase. Km (NH+4) is 7.4 mM. In the presence of 20 mM glucose 6-phosphate, the pH optimum is shifted from 6.6 to 7.4, and V increased by a factor of 2.5. Furthermore, the affinity is approximately doubled for both substrates. 5. Glucosamine acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.3) has a Km of 2 mM for glucoseamine 6-phosphate. Its activity is not rate-limiting in salivary glands. Since N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate and 1-phosphate were found near equilibrium concentrations, acetylglucosamine phosphomutase (EC 2.7.5.2) must also be present in the extracts.", "PMID": 718999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7897", "title": "The effects of insulin on the turnover of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in epididymal adipose tissue of the rat.", "content": "The effects of insulin on the turnover of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in rat epididymal adipose tissue were studied by immunochemical technique in in vitro incubations. Insulin increased the relative rate of synthesis of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase by two-fold in tissue obtained from normal rats. Insulin also had an effect on the rate of degradation of this enzyme. In the absence of insulin in the incubation medium the rate constant of degradation was 0.11 h-1 (half-life, 6.3 h). When insulin was added to the medium degradation of this enzyme was slowed. The new rate constant of degradation was 0.04 h-1 (half-life, 17 h). In the presence of insulin, the rate constant of degradation of total protein in adipose tissue was unchanged; therefore the effects of insulin on the degradation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase are specific to that protein and perhaps to a few other specific proteins.", "contents": "The effects of insulin on the turnover of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in epididymal adipose tissue of the rat. The effects of insulin on the turnover of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in rat epididymal adipose tissue were studied by immunochemical technique in in vitro incubations. Insulin increased the relative rate of synthesis of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase by two-fold in tissue obtained from normal rats. Insulin also had an effect on the rate of degradation of this enzyme. In the absence of insulin in the incubation medium the rate constant of degradation was 0.11 h-1 (half-life, 6.3 h). When insulin was added to the medium degradation of this enzyme was slowed. The new rate constant of degradation was 0.04 h-1 (half-life, 17 h). In the presence of insulin, the rate constant of degradation of total protein in adipose tissue was unchanged; therefore the effects of insulin on the degradation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase are specific to that protein and perhaps to a few other specific proteins.", "PMID": 719000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7898", "title": "alpha-Bungarotoxin binding properties of a central nervous system nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.", "content": "High-affinity, specific binding of radiolabeled alpha-bungarotoxin to particulate fractions derived from rat brain shows saturability (Bmax approximately 37fmol/mg, KDapp = 1.7 nM) and insenstivity to ionic strength, and is essentially irreversibel (Kon = 5 . 10(6) min-1 . mol-1; Kdisplacement = 1.9 . 10(-4) min-1, tau1/2 = 62 h). Subcellular distribution of specific sites is consistent with their location on synaptic junctional complex and post-synaptic membranes. These membrane-bound binding sites exhibit unique sensitivity to cholinergic ligands; pretreatment of membranes with cholinerin binding sites to a high affinity form toward agonist. The effect is most marked for the natural agonist, acetylcholine. These results strongly support the notion that the entity under study is an authentic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.", "contents": "alpha-Bungarotoxin binding properties of a central nervous system nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. High-affinity, specific binding of radiolabeled alpha-bungarotoxin to particulate fractions derived from rat brain shows saturability (Bmax approximately 37fmol/mg, KDapp = 1.7 nM) and insenstivity to ionic strength, and is essentially irreversibel (Kon = 5 . 10(6) min-1 . mol-1; Kdisplacement = 1.9 . 10(-4) min-1, tau1/2 = 62 h). Subcellular distribution of specific sites is consistent with their location on synaptic junctional complex and post-synaptic membranes. These membrane-bound binding sites exhibit unique sensitivity to cholinergic ligands; pretreatment of membranes with cholinerin binding sites to a high affinity form toward agonist. The effect is most marked for the natural agonist, acetylcholine. These results strongly support the notion that the entity under study is an authentic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.", "PMID": 719001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7899", "title": "The formation of oxalate from hydroxypyruvate, serine, glycolate and glyoxylate in the rat.", "content": "[14C]Oxalate was found in the urine of fasted male Wistar rats fed L-[14C3]-serine, DL-[14C1]serine, [14C1]ethanolamine, [14C1]hydroxypyruvate, [14C3]-hydroxypyruvate, [14C1]glycolate or [14C2]glyoxylate. [14C1]Hydroxypyruvate and [14C1]ethanolamine were the least effective precursors of [14C]oxalate. 20% of the [14C1]serine and [14C3]serine administered was recovered as 14CO2, while less than 4% was metabolized by pathways known to contribute to oxalate synthesis. Oxalate synthesis from serine involved both the transamination to hydroxypyruvate and the conversion to glycine, but not decarboxylation to ethanolamine. The oxidation of [14C2]glyoxylate to [14C]oxalate in the rat was inhibited by hydroxypyruvate, but the oxidation of [14C1]glycolate to [14C]-oxalate was not significantly altered. [14C]Glycolaldehyde, [14C]glycolate, [14C]glyoxylate and [14C]oxalate were recovered in the urine of rats administered [14C3]hydroxypyruvate. This is consistent with the oxidation of hydroxypyruvate via glycolaldehyde leads to glycolate leads to glyoxylate leads to oxalate and is identical to the metabolic pathway for the oxidation of ethylene glycol to oxalate. However, the major metabolic intermediate recovered from [14C3]hydroxypyruvate was [14C]glyoxylate rather than [14C]glycolate, suggesting that an alternate pathway is contributing to the oxidation of hydroxypyruvate to oxalate in the rat.", "contents": "The formation of oxalate from hydroxypyruvate, serine, glycolate and glyoxylate in the rat. [14C]Oxalate was found in the urine of fasted male Wistar rats fed L-[14C3]-serine, DL-[14C1]serine, [14C1]ethanolamine, [14C1]hydroxypyruvate, [14C3]-hydroxypyruvate, [14C1]glycolate or [14C2]glyoxylate. [14C1]Hydroxypyruvate and [14C1]ethanolamine were the least effective precursors of [14C]oxalate. 20% of the [14C1]serine and [14C3]serine administered was recovered as 14CO2, while less than 4% was metabolized by pathways known to contribute to oxalate synthesis. Oxalate synthesis from serine involved both the transamination to hydroxypyruvate and the conversion to glycine, but not decarboxylation to ethanolamine. The oxidation of [14C2]glyoxylate to [14C]oxalate in the rat was inhibited by hydroxypyruvate, but the oxidation of [14C1]glycolate to [14C]-oxalate was not significantly altered. [14C]Glycolaldehyde, [14C]glycolate, [14C]glyoxylate and [14C]oxalate were recovered in the urine of rats administered [14C3]hydroxypyruvate. This is consistent with the oxidation of hydroxypyruvate via glycolaldehyde leads to glycolate leads to glyoxylate leads to oxalate and is identical to the metabolic pathway for the oxidation of ethylene glycol to oxalate. However, the major metabolic intermediate recovered from [14C3]hydroxypyruvate was [14C]glyoxylate rather than [14C]glycolate, suggesting that an alternate pathway is contributing to the oxidation of hydroxypyruvate to oxalate in the rat.", "PMID": 719002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7900", "title": "Role of calcium in exocrine pancreatic secretion. IV. Calcium movements in isolated acinar cells of rabbit pancreas.", "content": "1. A study has been made of the calcium movements in isolated acinar cells of rabbit pancreas in relation to the process of enzyme secretion. 2. After 90 min, the 45Ca2+ uptake level of the acinar cells reaches a steady state level which depends on the extracellular calcium concentration: it increases with increasing calcium concentration. 3. Carbachol, in addition to stimulating enzyme secretion, causes a decrease in the 45Ca2+ content of pre-loaded acinar cells. This decrease is virtually independent of the extracellular calcium concentration. It is followed by an uptake of 45Ca2+ which only in a medium with 2.5 mM Ca2+ leads to a significantly higher 45Ca2+ level than the steady state level. 4. Carbachol, added to acinar cells not preloaded with 45Ca2+, increases the 45Ca2+ uptake in medium with 2.5 mM and in that with 0.1 mM Ca2+. 5. The amount of enzyme released by carbachol depends on the extracellular calcium concentration: it is larger in media with higher calcium concentration. 6. It is concluded that the increase in cytoplasmic calcium concentration which takes place immediately upon addition of a stimulus and which is necessary for the stimulation of the enzyme secretion, is caused by a release of calcium from an intracellular pool and not by an influx of calcium from the extracellular medium. 7. The results suggest that there are at least three different calcium pools in the pancreatic acinar cells.", "contents": "Role of calcium in exocrine pancreatic secretion. IV. Calcium movements in isolated acinar cells of rabbit pancreas. 1. A study has been made of the calcium movements in isolated acinar cells of rabbit pancreas in relation to the process of enzyme secretion. 2. After 90 min, the 45Ca2+ uptake level of the acinar cells reaches a steady state level which depends on the extracellular calcium concentration: it increases with increasing calcium concentration. 3. Carbachol, in addition to stimulating enzyme secretion, causes a decrease in the 45Ca2+ content of pre-loaded acinar cells. This decrease is virtually independent of the extracellular calcium concentration. It is followed by an uptake of 45Ca2+ which only in a medium with 2.5 mM Ca2+ leads to a significantly higher 45Ca2+ level than the steady state level. 4. Carbachol, added to acinar cells not preloaded with 45Ca2+, increases the 45Ca2+ uptake in medium with 2.5 mM and in that with 0.1 mM Ca2+. 5. The amount of enzyme released by carbachol depends on the extracellular calcium concentration: it is larger in media with higher calcium concentration. 6. It is concluded that the increase in cytoplasmic calcium concentration which takes place immediately upon addition of a stimulus and which is necessary for the stimulation of the enzyme secretion, is caused by a release of calcium from an intracellular pool and not by an influx of calcium from the extracellular medium. 7. The results suggest that there are at least three different calcium pools in the pancreatic acinar cells.", "PMID": 719004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7901", "title": "Purine metabolism in Leishmania donovani and Leishmania braziliensis.", "content": "We have studied purine metabolism in the culture forms of Leishmania donovani and Leishmania braziliensis. These organisms are incapable of synthesizing purines de novo from glycine, serine, or formate and require an exogenous purine for growth. This requirement is better satisfied by adenosine or hypoxanthine than by guanosine. Both adenine and inosine are converted to a common intermediate, hypoxanthine, before transformation to nucleotides. This is due to the activity of an adenine aminohydrolase ((EC 3.5.4.2), a rather unusual finding in a eukaryotic cell. There is a preferential synthesis of adenine nucleotides, even when guanine or xanthine are used as precursors. The pathways of purine nucleotide interconversions in these Leishmania resemble those found in mammalian cells except for the absence of de novo purine biosynthesis and the presence of an adenine-deaminating activiting.", "contents": "Purine metabolism in Leishmania donovani and Leishmania braziliensis. We have studied purine metabolism in the culture forms of Leishmania donovani and Leishmania braziliensis. These organisms are incapable of synthesizing purines de novo from glycine, serine, or formate and require an exogenous purine for growth. This requirement is better satisfied by adenosine or hypoxanthine than by guanosine. Both adenine and inosine are converted to a common intermediate, hypoxanthine, before transformation to nucleotides. This is due to the activity of an adenine aminohydrolase ((EC 3.5.4.2), a rather unusual finding in a eukaryotic cell. There is a preferential synthesis of adenine nucleotides, even when guanine or xanthine are used as precursors. The pathways of purine nucleotide interconversions in these Leishmania resemble those found in mammalian cells except for the absence of de novo purine biosynthesis and the presence of an adenine-deaminating activiting.", "PMID": 719006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7902", "title": "Bovine adrenocortical microsomal hydroxylase and thermotropic transition. Substrate-cytochrome P-450 binding reaction versus substrate hydroxylation.", "content": "The effect of temperature on steroid C-21 hydroxylation and substrate-cytochrome P-450 binding reaction under turnover conditions (NADPH + O2 are investigated. The Arrhenius activity plot exhibited a single break, while the van 't Hoff plot of the substrate dissociation constant (Ks) exhibited four breaks between 10 and 40 degrees C which corresponded to the characteristic temperatures of the lipids' phase transitions. Unlike the case of the Ks value, the detergent Triton X-114 was without effect on the Arrhenius activity plot. This indicates that the single break in the case of the enzyme activity is distinct from but not necessarily independent of the multiple breaks inthe case of the Ks. At physiologic temperature and concentration of the substrate, the free energy (--9.5 kcal/mol) of the substrate-cytochrome binding reaction is more than sufficient to account for the apparent activation energy (6.6 kcal/mol) of the overall hydroxylation. This suggests that the substrate-cytochrome P-450 binding reaction has the potential of being a source of energy for the overall reaction.", "contents": "Bovine adrenocortical microsomal hydroxylase and thermotropic transition. Substrate-cytochrome P-450 binding reaction versus substrate hydroxylation. The effect of temperature on steroid C-21 hydroxylation and substrate-cytochrome P-450 binding reaction under turnover conditions (NADPH + O2 are investigated. The Arrhenius activity plot exhibited a single break, while the van 't Hoff plot of the substrate dissociation constant (Ks) exhibited four breaks between 10 and 40 degrees C which corresponded to the characteristic temperatures of the lipids' phase transitions. Unlike the case of the Ks value, the detergent Triton X-114 was without effect on the Arrhenius activity plot. This indicates that the single break in the case of the enzyme activity is distinct from but not necessarily independent of the multiple breaks inthe case of the Ks. At physiologic temperature and concentration of the substrate, the free energy (--9.5 kcal/mol) of the substrate-cytochrome binding reaction is more than sufficient to account for the apparent activation energy (6.6 kcal/mol) of the overall hydroxylation. This suggests that the substrate-cytochrome P-450 binding reaction has the potential of being a source of energy for the overall reaction.", "PMID": 719007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7903", "title": "Laser Raman investigation of intact single muscle fibers. On the state of water in muscle tissue.", "content": "Laser Raman spectroscopy has been used to investigate the state of water in intact single muscle fibers of the giant barnacle (Balanus nubilus). The spectra in the region of the O-H (or O-2H) stretching modes of water in unfrozen fibers show that there is no appreciable difference between the shape and relative intensity of the Raman bands due to the water molecules located inside a muscle fiber and those of the corresponding bands in the spectrum of pure water. The presence of significant amounts of \"structured\" intracellular water, greater than approx. 5% of the total water content, in these fibers is thus excluded. The Raman spectra of frozen fibers have also been recorded in order to evaluate the amount of intracellular water which remains unfrozen at temperatures below the normal freezing point of water. We have been able to reproduce these spectra by assuming that the spectrum of a frozen fiber is the sum of the individual spectra of water and ice. To calculate the amount of unfrozen water from these curve fittings, it was also necessary to determine the intensities of the water and ice Raman bands relative to one another. We have found the I(ice)/I(water) ratio is 1.07 +/- 0.01 for H2O and 1.05 +/- 0.03 for 2H2O With these figures, we have calculated that for a fiber with a normal water content of 80%, 20% of the water molecules remain in the supercooled state of -5 degrees C, which corresponds to 1 g of water per g of fiber dry weight. This amount of bound water was also found to be independent of the water content of the fibers.", "contents": "Laser Raman investigation of intact single muscle fibers. On the state of water in muscle tissue. Laser Raman spectroscopy has been used to investigate the state of water in intact single muscle fibers of the giant barnacle (Balanus nubilus). The spectra in the region of the O-H (or O-2H) stretching modes of water in unfrozen fibers show that there is no appreciable difference between the shape and relative intensity of the Raman bands due to the water molecules located inside a muscle fiber and those of the corresponding bands in the spectrum of pure water. The presence of significant amounts of \"structured\" intracellular water, greater than approx. 5% of the total water content, in these fibers is thus excluded. The Raman spectra of frozen fibers have also been recorded in order to evaluate the amount of intracellular water which remains unfrozen at temperatures below the normal freezing point of water. We have been able to reproduce these spectra by assuming that the spectrum of a frozen fiber is the sum of the individual spectra of water and ice. To calculate the amount of unfrozen water from these curve fittings, it was also necessary to determine the intensities of the water and ice Raman bands relative to one another. We have found the I(ice)/I(water) ratio is 1.07 +/- 0.01 for H2O and 1.05 +/- 0.03 for 2H2O With these figures, we have calculated that for a fiber with a normal water content of 80%, 20% of the water molecules remain in the supercooled state of -5 degrees C, which corresponds to 1 g of water per g of fiber dry weight. This amount of bound water was also found to be independent of the water content of the fibers.", "PMID": 719008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7904", "title": "Preparation and properties of biologically active fluorescent heparins.", "content": "Hog mucosal heparin (N-sulfate, 0.84 mol; O-sulfate, 1.55 mol; N-acetyl, 0.12 mol; anticoagulant activity assayed by the method of U.S. Pharmacopeia, 161 USP units/mg) or its partially N-desulfated heparin (N-sulfate, 0.71 mol; O-sulfate, 1.47 mol; N-acetyl, 0.12 mol; anticoagulant activity, 117 USP units/mg/ was reacted with 5-isothiocyanatofluorescein in 0.5 M carbonate buffer (pH 8.5) at 35 degrees C for 6 h to yield the corresponding N-fluoresceinylthiocarbamoyl heparins (lambdaem 516 nm, lambdaex 491 nm; degree of substitution 0.006 and 0.013, respectively, anticoagulant activity, 174 and 140 USP units/mg, respectively). The fluorescent heparin (degree of substitution, 0.006; 174 USP units/mg) was injected into rabbits intravenously. The half-life of the fluorescent heparin determined by fluorometry was 24 min, that determined by the clotting time assay was 39 min. The time-course of concentration and the half-life of the fluorescent heparin and of the starting heparin obtained by the clotting time assay were virtually identical.", "contents": "Preparation and properties of biologically active fluorescent heparins. Hog mucosal heparin (N-sulfate, 0.84 mol; O-sulfate, 1.55 mol; N-acetyl, 0.12 mol; anticoagulant activity assayed by the method of U.S. Pharmacopeia, 161 USP units/mg) or its partially N-desulfated heparin (N-sulfate, 0.71 mol; O-sulfate, 1.47 mol; N-acetyl, 0.12 mol; anticoagulant activity, 117 USP units/mg/ was reacted with 5-isothiocyanatofluorescein in 0.5 M carbonate buffer (pH 8.5) at 35 degrees C for 6 h to yield the corresponding N-fluoresceinylthiocarbamoyl heparins (lambdaem 516 nm, lambdaex 491 nm; degree of substitution 0.006 and 0.013, respectively, anticoagulant activity, 174 and 140 USP units/mg, respectively). The fluorescent heparin (degree of substitution, 0.006; 174 USP units/mg) was injected into rabbits intravenously. The half-life of the fluorescent heparin determined by fluorometry was 24 min, that determined by the clotting time assay was 39 min. The time-course of concentration and the half-life of the fluorescent heparin and of the starting heparin obtained by the clotting time assay were virtually identical.", "PMID": 719009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7905", "title": "3-O-Methyl galactose found in polysaccharides of Lampteromyces japonicus.", "content": "A polysaccharide fraction from Lampteromyces japonicus contained a sugar (4%), which was identified as 3-O-methyl galactose by demethylation with boron trichloride, periodate oxidation of the methyl glycoside derivative and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the alditol acetate derivative.", "contents": "3-O-Methyl galactose found in polysaccharides of Lampteromyces japonicus. A polysaccharide fraction from Lampteromyces japonicus contained a sugar (4%), which was identified as 3-O-methyl galactose by demethylation with boron trichloride, periodate oxidation of the methyl glycoside derivative and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the alditol acetate derivative.", "PMID": 719010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7906", "title": "The uptake of liposome-entrapped 125I-labelled poly(vinylpyrrolidone) by rat jejunum in vitro.", "content": "The uptake of free and liposome-entrapped 125I-labelled poly(vinylpyrrolidone) was measured in an intestinal sac preparation from adult rats. At an equal concentration of 125I-labelled poly(vinylpyrrolidone), the rate of uptake of the liposome-entrapped material was four times that of the free macromolecule.", "contents": "The uptake of liposome-entrapped 125I-labelled poly(vinylpyrrolidone) by rat jejunum in vitro. The uptake of free and liposome-entrapped 125I-labelled poly(vinylpyrrolidone) was measured in an intestinal sac preparation from adult rats. At an equal concentration of 125I-labelled poly(vinylpyrrolidone), the rate of uptake of the liposome-entrapped material was four times that of the free macromolecule.", "PMID": 719011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7907", "title": "[DNA packing in the DNP fibrils of polytene chromosomes].", "content": "Isolated polytene chromosomes stained with acridine orange were stretched with micromanipulator needles. Changes of chromosome fluorescence polarization led to the conclusions: 1) almost complete orientation of DNP fibers is attained at very low levels of chromosome stretching (3--8 times) without irreversible disruption of chromomeres; 2) internucleosomal DNA in native DNP fibers is supercoiled and makes 30 degrees angle to the fiber axis.", "contents": "[DNA packing in the DNP fibrils of polytene chromosomes]. Isolated polytene chromosomes stained with acridine orange were stretched with micromanipulator needles. Changes of chromosome fluorescence polarization led to the conclusions: 1) almost complete orientation of DNP fibers is attained at very low levels of chromosome stretching (3--8 times) without irreversible disruption of chromomeres; 2) internucleosomal DNA in native DNP fibers is supercoiled and makes 30 degrees angle to the fiber axis.", "PMID": 719012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7908", "title": "[Equilibrium surface charge distribution in phospholipid vesicles. III. Effect of nonelectrostatic factors].", "content": "The different curvature of the two vesicle layers causes a difference in the standard free energies mu01 and mu02 of the lipid molecules in the inside and outside layers. In the present paper the influence of this difference on the equilibrium surface charge distribution is studied. The values of mu02--mu01 in the numerical calculations were in the range 0--3 kT. The results show the relative influence of electrostatic and non electrostatic forces on the equilibrium distribution of the charged lipid molecules. In the range of low surface charge density the charged molecules localize predominantly in the outside layer at low electrolyte concentrations, and in the inside layer at high electrolyte concentrations. A good agreement between the theoretical data and the experimental results of Berden et al. [3] about the phosphatidylserine distribution in lecithin-phosphatidylserine vesicles is demonstrated.", "contents": "[Equilibrium surface charge distribution in phospholipid vesicles. III. Effect of nonelectrostatic factors]. The different curvature of the two vesicle layers causes a difference in the standard free energies mu01 and mu02 of the lipid molecules in the inside and outside layers. In the present paper the influence of this difference on the equilibrium surface charge distribution is studied. The values of mu02--mu01 in the numerical calculations were in the range 0--3 kT. The results show the relative influence of electrostatic and non electrostatic forces on the equilibrium distribution of the charged lipid molecules. In the range of low surface charge density the charged molecules localize predominantly in the outside layer at low electrolyte concentrations, and in the inside layer at high electrolyte concentrations. A good agreement between the theoretical data and the experimental results of Berden et al. [3] about the phosphatidylserine distribution in lecithin-phosphatidylserine vesicles is demonstrated.", "PMID": 719013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7909", "title": "[Free radical oxidation of biological membrane lipids. VIII. Effect of linoleic acid and its oxidation products on the functional parameters of mitochondria].", "content": "Effects of linoleic acid and its oxidation products (with 75--80% content of hydroperoxide) on rat liver mitochondria were studied by polarographic and spectrophotometric methods. Both agents according to their concentration are able to uncouple oxidation and phosphorylation and to inhibit the electron transport in the initial region of the respiration chain as well. Unlike the unoxidized linoleic acid, its oxidation products increase the activity of some enzymatic systems of mitochondria, and at high concentrations they produce a more pronounced effect on the electron transport.", "contents": "[Free radical oxidation of biological membrane lipids. VIII. Effect of linoleic acid and its oxidation products on the functional parameters of mitochondria]. Effects of linoleic acid and its oxidation products (with 75--80% content of hydroperoxide) on rat liver mitochondria were studied by polarographic and spectrophotometric methods. Both agents according to their concentration are able to uncouple oxidation and phosphorylation and to inhibit the electron transport in the initial region of the respiration chain as well. Unlike the unoxidized linoleic acid, its oxidation products increase the activity of some enzymatic systems of mitochondria, and at high concentrations they produce a more pronounced effect on the electron transport.", "PMID": 719014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7910", "title": "[Spectral transformations in purple membranes of Halobacterium halobium: effect of 560-570 transition and blue light on photochemical processes].", "content": "Effect of reversible photodependent spectral transition 560 in equilibrium 570 of the basic absorption band in purpur membranes (PM) in water on the accumulation of short-living forms 412 and 650 of bacteriorhodopsin (BR) photochemical cycle was studied. It has been shown that photochemical transformations in BR proceed as a minimum by two independent cycles, whose initial spectral forms were represented by BR with retinene in the form 13 cis and BR with retinene in the form of trans. In the course of the transition 560-- greater than 570 a long-living spectral form 370--410--430 sensitive to the blue light is formed. On the basis of our own and literature data a new scheme of photochemical processes in PM was suggested and connection between some stages of these processes and ejection and absorption of PM protones proposed.", "contents": "[Spectral transformations in purple membranes of Halobacterium halobium: effect of 560-570 transition and blue light on photochemical processes]. Effect of reversible photodependent spectral transition 560 in equilibrium 570 of the basic absorption band in purpur membranes (PM) in water on the accumulation of short-living forms 412 and 650 of bacteriorhodopsin (BR) photochemical cycle was studied. It has been shown that photochemical transformations in BR proceed as a minimum by two independent cycles, whose initial spectral forms were represented by BR with retinene in the form 13 cis and BR with retinene in the form of trans. In the course of the transition 560-- greater than 570 a long-living spectral form 370--410--430 sensitive to the blue light is formed. On the basis of our own and literature data a new scheme of photochemical processes in PM was suggested and connection between some stages of these processes and ejection and absorption of PM protones proposed.", "PMID": 719015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7911", "title": "[Quantitative model of human erythrocyte glycolysis. II. Effect of arsenate on glycolysis. Experimental study of the relationship between the rate of glycolysis and the ATP concentration].", "content": "The effect of arsenate on human erythrocyte glycolysis was studied. The stationary rate of glucose consumption rises and then drops with a gradual increase of arsenate concentration while ATP and glucose-6-phosphate concentrations drop monotonically. A plot of glucose consumption rate against ATP concentration gives a bell-like curve. This curve is the same for different donors if it is plotted in relative units with values at zero arsenate concentration taking for 100%, while the absolute values obtained for separate donors are very different. The normal (physiological) point is situated on the steeply descending part of the curve.", "contents": "[Quantitative model of human erythrocyte glycolysis. II. Effect of arsenate on glycolysis. Experimental study of the relationship between the rate of glycolysis and the ATP concentration]. The effect of arsenate on human erythrocyte glycolysis was studied. The stationary rate of glucose consumption rises and then drops with a gradual increase of arsenate concentration while ATP and glucose-6-phosphate concentrations drop monotonically. A plot of glucose consumption rate against ATP concentration gives a bell-like curve. This curve is the same for different donors if it is plotted in relative units with values at zero arsenate concentration taking for 100%, while the absolute values obtained for separate donors are very different. The normal (physiological) point is situated on the steeply descending part of the curve.", "PMID": 719016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7912", "title": "[Application of autocorrelation analysis to the study of conformational changes in chloroplasts].", "content": "The process of conformational oscilations of chloroplasts has been studied using autocorrelation analysis technique. The process is shown to differ from the non-correlated random process of \"white noise\" type. Four types of autocorrelogram have been obtained which are characteristic of the phone oscilations of chloroplast cross-section area in time. The authors suggest that the different types of autocorrelograms are due to the different possible states of chloroplasts. The periodical components with the frequency of 16; 10--11; 8; 4; 2; 0.5 and 0.3 hertz have been obtained in the kinetics of chloroplast cross-section changes. Two magnitude ranges have been found for the moment of first zero volume in autocorrelation function (ACF): 5--10 and 15--20 shifts. ACF slow attenuation towards zero may be due to quite a good organization of the process of chloroplast conformational oscilations and availability of the well-developed control system of adaptive type.", "contents": "[Application of autocorrelation analysis to the study of conformational changes in chloroplasts]. The process of conformational oscilations of chloroplasts has been studied using autocorrelation analysis technique. The process is shown to differ from the non-correlated random process of \"white noise\" type. Four types of autocorrelogram have been obtained which are characteristic of the phone oscilations of chloroplast cross-section area in time. The authors suggest that the different types of autocorrelograms are due to the different possible states of chloroplasts. The periodical components with the frequency of 16; 10--11; 8; 4; 2; 0.5 and 0.3 hertz have been obtained in the kinetics of chloroplast cross-section changes. Two magnitude ranges have been found for the moment of first zero volume in autocorrelation function (ACF): 5--10 and 15--20 shifts. ACF slow attenuation towards zero may be due to quite a good organization of the process of chloroplast conformational oscilations and availability of the well-developed control system of adaptive type.", "PMID": 719017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7913", "title": "[Stability of spatially nonuniform states of diffuse systems].", "content": "The problem of stability of inhomogeneous stationary states in kinetic systems with nonlinear local dynamics and diffusion is studied. Stability criterion applicable in the case of one rate equation or two coupled rate equations with the diffusion term presented at one of them is formulated in the integral form. It is made the conclusion on the absence of stable inhomogeneous stationary states in the unicomponent system with zero fluxes at the boundaries and the case of periodic boundary conditions. In the case of non-zero fluxes at the boundaries the condition of stability of exfoliated stationary structures in the systems with bistable local dynamics is given.", "contents": "[Stability of spatially nonuniform states of diffuse systems]. The problem of stability of inhomogeneous stationary states in kinetic systems with nonlinear local dynamics and diffusion is studied. Stability criterion applicable in the case of one rate equation or two coupled rate equations with the diffusion term presented at one of them is formulated in the integral form. It is made the conclusion on the absence of stable inhomogeneous stationary states in the unicomponent system with zero fluxes at the boundaries and the case of periodic boundary conditions. In the case of non-zero fluxes at the boundaries the condition of stability of exfoliated stationary structures in the systems with bistable local dynamics is given.", "PMID": 719020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7914", "title": "[Theory of kinetic patterns. Chains and networks].", "content": "The kinetic principles of the migration of population in the homogeneous net schemes of the different dimensions are investigated. One-sided and two-sided connections between the states are compared. The general solutions are given in the operator form. The concrete form of the transfer processes is defined for the exponential own functions of states. The distribution of the average life time of the population among the states is analogous to the stationary distribution of the potential in the syncitial tissue.", "contents": "[Theory of kinetic patterns. Chains and networks]. The kinetic principles of the migration of population in the homogeneous net schemes of the different dimensions are investigated. One-sided and two-sided connections between the states are compared. The general solutions are given in the operator form. The concrete form of the transfer processes is defined for the exponential own functions of states. The distribution of the average life time of the population among the states is analogous to the stationary distribution of the potential in the syncitial tissue.", "PMID": 719021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7915", "title": "[Problem of sphere formation in mathematical models of morphogenesis].", "content": "The model of a process of morphogenesis is described, being a new link in the series of mathematical models of morphogenesis based on the local interactions of cells (see [6]) and the first space model of the series. A corresponding mathematical problem is formulated. The results of the proper computer calculations are published, showing that the chosen rule of motion solves the problem of sphere formation for a very large class of initial states of all investigated types of nets. The processes taking place in solving the problem of sphere formation are considered.", "contents": "[Problem of sphere formation in mathematical models of morphogenesis]. The model of a process of morphogenesis is described, being a new link in the series of mathematical models of morphogenesis based on the local interactions of cells (see [6]) and the first space model of the series. A corresponding mathematical problem is formulated. The results of the proper computer calculations are published, showing that the chosen rule of motion solves the problem of sphere formation for a very large class of initial states of all investigated types of nets. The processes taking place in solving the problem of sphere formation are considered.", "PMID": 719024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7916", "title": "[Network of plastic neurons capable of forming conditioned reflexes (\"membrane\" model of learning)].", "content": "Simple net neuronal model was suggested which was able to form the conditioning due to changes of the neuron excitability. The model was based on the following main concepts: (a) the conditioning formation should result in reduction of the firing threshold in the same neurons where the conditioning and reinforcement stimuli were converged, (b) neuron threshold may have only two possible states: initial and final ones, these were identical for all cells, the threshold may be changed only once from the initial value to the final one, (c) isomorphous relation may be introduced between some pair of arbitrary stimuli and some subset of the net neurons; any two pairs differing at least in one stimulus have unlike subsets of the convergent neurons. Stochastically organized neuronal net was used for analysis of the model. Considerable information capacity of the net gives the opportunity to consider that the conditioning formation is possible on the basis of the nervous cells. The efficienty of the model turn out to be comparable with the well known models where the conditioning formation was due to the modification of the synapses.", "contents": "[Network of plastic neurons capable of forming conditioned reflexes (\"membrane\" model of learning)]. Simple net neuronal model was suggested which was able to form the conditioning due to changes of the neuron excitability. The model was based on the following main concepts: (a) the conditioning formation should result in reduction of the firing threshold in the same neurons where the conditioning and reinforcement stimuli were converged, (b) neuron threshold may have only two possible states: initial and final ones, these were identical for all cells, the threshold may be changed only once from the initial value to the final one, (c) isomorphous relation may be introduced between some pair of arbitrary stimuli and some subset of the net neurons; any two pairs differing at least in one stimulus have unlike subsets of the convergent neurons. Stochastically organized neuronal net was used for analysis of the model. Considerable information capacity of the net gives the opportunity to consider that the conditioning formation is possible on the basis of the nervous cells. The efficienty of the model turn out to be comparable with the well known models where the conditioning formation was due to the modification of the synapses.", "PMID": 719022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7917", "title": "[Thermogravimetric study of the stability of DNA hydrate].", "content": "Thermograviometric study of DNA hydrate in the temperature range 0--120 degrees C was carried out. The three-stage hydration was observed: the first stage within 20--32 degrees C, the second--70--95 degrees C and the third one--105--116 degrees C. An assumption is advanced concerning the nature of structural rearrangements related to the loss of water in the system DNA--water. High sensitivity of thermograviometry to initial water content in DNA hydrate was shown.", "contents": "[Thermogravimetric study of the stability of DNA hydrate]. Thermograviometric study of DNA hydrate in the temperature range 0--120 degrees C was carried out. The three-stage hydration was observed: the first stage within 20--32 degrees C, the second--70--95 degrees C and the third one--105--116 degrees C. An assumption is advanced concerning the nature of structural rearrangements related to the loss of water in the system DNA--water. High sensitivity of thermograviometry to initial water content in DNA hydrate was shown.", "PMID": 719028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7918", "title": "[Effect of luminescence quenchers on the maximum concentration of radicals in proteins following UV-irradiation (77 K)].", "content": "It has been shown that the limiting number of ionization acts (z) in a protein molecule in water solution UV-irradiated at 77 K is in proportion to the molecular weight: z=8.10(-6) M. Only one ionization is possible in simple protein with M=12,5.10(4). Radicals formed after one ionization protect from the effects of UV-radiation 60--150 adjacent residues of aromatic amino acids depending on their density in protein. Presence of the acceptors of excitation energy of aromatics residues (heme, eosin) results in a sharp decrease of limiting concentration of radicals in protein.", "contents": "[Effect of luminescence quenchers on the maximum concentration of radicals in proteins following UV-irradiation (77 K)]. It has been shown that the limiting number of ionization acts (z) in a protein molecule in water solution UV-irradiated at 77 K is in proportion to the molecular weight: z=8.10(-6) M. Only one ionization is possible in simple protein with M=12,5.10(4). Radicals formed after one ionization protect from the effects of UV-radiation 60--150 adjacent residues of aromatic amino acids depending on their density in protein. Presence of the acceptors of excitation energy of aromatics residues (heme, eosin) results in a sharp decrease of limiting concentration of radicals in protein.", "PMID": 719037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7919", "title": "Study of nuclear mannosyl-transferase: lipids intermediates.", "content": "Mannosyl-transferase of rat liver nuclei catalyzed the transfer of mannose, from GDP-mannose, to endogeneous lipids and proteins. Two solubility-different glycolipids were characterized: a mannosyl-phosphoryl-dolichol and an oligosaccharide-lipid. The labeling of the two lipids was consistent with a role in mannose transfer to nuclear glycoproteins, but not according to the Lennarz' scheme.", "contents": "Study of nuclear mannosyl-transferase: lipids intermediates. Mannosyl-transferase of rat liver nuclei catalyzed the transfer of mannose, from GDP-mannose, to endogeneous lipids and proteins. Two solubility-different glycolipids were characterized: a mannosyl-phosphoryl-dolichol and an oligosaccharide-lipid. The labeling of the two lipids was consistent with a role in mannose transfer to nuclear glycoproteins, but not according to the Lennarz' scheme.", "PMID": 719042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7920", "title": "[Specific splitting of alpha-tropomyosin at cysteine-190 and a physico-chemical study of the fragments].", "content": "alpha-tropomyosin from rabbit spine muscle specifically cleaves at cystein-190. A study has been made of the physico-chemical parameters of the fragments resulting from the cleavage. The distortion of their structure by the cleavage is not great. The N- and C-end fragment are able to form a complex with an association constant of 5.10(4) M(-1). It is shown electrophoretically that troponin binds with the fragments only in the case when both fragments are present in the solution.", "contents": "[Specific splitting of alpha-tropomyosin at cysteine-190 and a physico-chemical study of the fragments]. alpha-tropomyosin from rabbit spine muscle specifically cleaves at cystein-190. A study has been made of the physico-chemical parameters of the fragments resulting from the cleavage. The distortion of their structure by the cleavage is not great. The N- and C-end fragment are able to form a complex with an association constant of 5.10(4) M(-1). It is shown electrophoretically that troponin binds with the fragments only in the case when both fragments are present in the solution.", "PMID": 719038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7921", "title": "The growth of heart cells in culture. Evidences for a multiple activation of the pleiotypic program.", "content": "Each medium renewal of confluent primary heart cell cultures derived from new born rats induces a pleiotypic response which leads to active proliferation. The presence of serum in the culture medium is essential for this activation of growth. Nutrient starvation prior to the activation decreases the response of the cells to serum. Serum starvation prior to the activation increases the serum dependence of the incorporation of labelled leucine but leaves the serum dependence of DNA synthesis unchanged. Ageing in culture decreases the serum dependence of the incorporation of labelled thymidine and amino acids but maintains it for alpha amino isobutyric acid transport. Several active components in human serum were distinguished by fractionated dialysis. A single dialyzable component stimulates both thymidine and amino acid incorporations. The transport of 2 deoxy-D-glucose is activated by another rapidly dialyzing component. The activation of alpha amino isobutyric acid transport may result from several components that are distanct from the previous ones. These results imply that a multiplicity of controls underly the pleiotypic activation of heart cell cultures by medium changes.", "contents": "The growth of heart cells in culture. Evidences for a multiple activation of the pleiotypic program. Each medium renewal of confluent primary heart cell cultures derived from new born rats induces a pleiotypic response which leads to active proliferation. The presence of serum in the culture medium is essential for this activation of growth. Nutrient starvation prior to the activation decreases the response of the cells to serum. Serum starvation prior to the activation increases the serum dependence of the incorporation of labelled leucine but leaves the serum dependence of DNA synthesis unchanged. Ageing in culture decreases the serum dependence of the incorporation of labelled thymidine and amino acids but maintains it for alpha amino isobutyric acid transport. Several active components in human serum were distinguished by fractionated dialysis. A single dialyzable component stimulates both thymidine and amino acid incorporations. The transport of 2 deoxy-D-glucose is activated by another rapidly dialyzing component. The activation of alpha amino isobutyric acid transport may result from several components that are distanct from the previous ones. These results imply that a multiplicity of controls underly the pleiotypic activation of heart cell cultures by medium changes.", "PMID": 719043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7922", "title": "[Study of the structure and aggregation of histones. II. Structure of oligomers forming in mixed solutions of histones H2A and H4].", "content": "A change of light-scattering and sedimentation constant of histones H2A and H4 of monomers and oligomers has been studied. It has been shown that in salt-free solution the histone monomers are present. There is a mixture of oligomers (H2A)3, S20,w = 3,8S; (H2A)-(H4)1, S20,w = 3,8S; (H4)60, S20,w = 27S in the solution 0,6 M NaCl depending on fractions correlation. It has been shown that the molecules interactions in the composition of oligomers are cooperative and the cross interactions block the histone H4 self-aggregation.", "contents": "[Study of the structure and aggregation of histones. II. Structure of oligomers forming in mixed solutions of histones H2A and H4]. A change of light-scattering and sedimentation constant of histones H2A and H4 of monomers and oligomers has been studied. It has been shown that in salt-free solution the histone monomers are present. There is a mixture of oligomers (H2A)3, S20,w = 3,8S; (H2A)-(H4)1, S20,w = 3,8S; (H4)60, S20,w = 27S in the solution 0,6 M NaCl depending on fractions correlation. It has been shown that the molecules interactions in the composition of oligomers are cooperative and the cross interactions block the histone H4 self-aggregation.", "PMID": 719040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7923", "title": "[Molecular computer. Biological physics and physics of the real world].", "content": "Any mind (man or computer) using Physical laws is a part of physical world, and thus it is necessary to correct physical laws for taking into account influence of the work of real limited computer on the predicted result. If we suppose that univerce was constructed to be supreme regular for mind, then this correction is negligible and on principle there is possibility to calculate relation between fundamental physical and biophysical constants. Two main principle are proposed: 1. The principle of minimum action and uncontrole influence of mind. 2. The maximum asymmetry of elementary particles, which are allowed by first principle. The first principle requires the upper and the lower limits for all physical values, and first of all the upper limit for velocity (c) and the lower limit for action (h). The second principle allows to construct the minimal physical elements for mind.", "contents": "[Molecular computer. Biological physics and physics of the real world]. Any mind (man or computer) using Physical laws is a part of physical world, and thus it is necessary to correct physical laws for taking into account influence of the work of real limited computer on the predicted result. If we suppose that univerce was constructed to be supreme regular for mind, then this correction is negligible and on principle there is possibility to calculate relation between fundamental physical and biophysical constants. Two main principle are proposed: 1. The principle of minimum action and uncontrole influence of mind. 2. The maximum asymmetry of elementary particles, which are allowed by first principle. The first principle requires the upper and the lower limits for all physical values, and first of all the upper limit for velocity (c) and the lower limit for action (h). The second principle allows to construct the minimal physical elements for mind.", "PMID": 719036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7924", "title": "[Theory of the behavior of macromolecules incorporated into liquid crystals].", "content": "The theory of macromolecules' interactions introduced into nematic liquid crystals is described. Formulas are obtained for the energy of the interaction of molecules of asymptotically large distances. Interaction between helical molecules is considered. The changes of interaction under the superposition of outer constant magnetic field is described. Formulas are obtained which describe the movement of macromolecules in a nonhomogenous medium.", "contents": "[Theory of the behavior of macromolecules incorporated into liquid crystals]. The theory of macromolecules' interactions introduced into nematic liquid crystals is described. Formulas are obtained for the energy of the interaction of molecules of asymptotically large distances. Interaction between helical molecules is considered. The changes of interaction under the superposition of outer constant magnetic field is described. Formulas are obtained which describe the movement of macromolecules in a nonhomogenous medium.", "PMID": 719035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7925", "title": "Glucose transport by horse kidney brush borders. I.--Transport properties of brush border membrane closed vesicles.", "content": "Brush border membranes isolated from horse kidney cortex as closed right-side out vesicles show selective permeability when analyzed on sucrose and dextran gradients. These vesicles can actively accumulate D-glucose. The preservation of the glucose transport system is demonstrated by the following features: (a) the uptake and release rates of D-glucose are higher in the presence of a sodium gradient, showing that D-glucose transport is a sodium-dependent process; (b) this transport, specific for the D-isomer, is inhibited by phlorizin; (c) the D-glucose transport system is saturable; (d) no inhibition of D-glucose transport is found with C-mannose; (e) the D-glucose uptake is sensitive to osmotic variations.", "contents": "Glucose transport by horse kidney brush borders. I.--Transport properties of brush border membrane closed vesicles. Brush border membranes isolated from horse kidney cortex as closed right-side out vesicles show selective permeability when analyzed on sucrose and dextran gradients. These vesicles can actively accumulate D-glucose. The preservation of the glucose transport system is demonstrated by the following features: (a) the uptake and release rates of D-glucose are higher in the presence of a sodium gradient, showing that D-glucose transport is a sodium-dependent process; (b) this transport, specific for the D-isomer, is inhibited by phlorizin; (c) the D-glucose transport system is saturable; (d) no inhibition of D-glucose transport is found with C-mannose; (e) the D-glucose uptake is sensitive to osmotic variations.", "PMID": 719044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7926", "title": "[Polycytidylic matrix complex formation with complementary and noncomplementary purine nucleoside triphosphates].", "content": "Misincorportion into I poly(C) : I GTP complex, alpha = (formula: see text), has been determined by using H3-ATP. At ATP total concentration increasing from 6X10(-6) M to 4.5X10(-3) M the alpha value increases going asymptotically onto a plateau. The maximum misincorporation in the studied conditions is I adenilic resiude per congruent to 1400 guanilic ones. No ATP incorporation into the 2 poly(C) : I GTP complex was found. It is shown that misincorporation in non-enzymic recognition is essentially determined both by the difference in complementary and non-complementary monomer stacking and by the difference in their binding with the polynucleotide template.", "contents": "[Polycytidylic matrix complex formation with complementary and noncomplementary purine nucleoside triphosphates]. Misincorportion into I poly(C) : I GTP complex, alpha = (formula: see text), has been determined by using H3-ATP. At ATP total concentration increasing from 6X10(-6) M to 4.5X10(-3) M the alpha value increases going asymptotically onto a plateau. The maximum misincorporation in the studied conditions is I adenilic resiude per congruent to 1400 guanilic ones. No ATP incorporation into the 2 poly(C) : I GTP complex was found. It is shown that misincorporation in non-enzymic recognition is essentially determined both by the difference in complementary and non-complementary monomer stacking and by the difference in their binding with the polynucleotide template.", "PMID": 719039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7927", "title": "[32P incorporation into phospholipids of EHSVi transformed fibroblasts, with regard to adherence to the support].", "content": "The rate of 32P incorporation into phospholipids of EHSVi transformed fibroblasts was studied by pulse experiments (2 hours) in cells which are detached from the support by trypsin and either maintained in suspension or replated and in the process of adhering. This is performed comparatively to cells in monolayers. Cells are taken during or after the log phase. Both global incorporation into phospholipids and, in the case of cells in log phase, percentage of incorporation into phosphatidylinositol are lowered, after detachment from the support, in suspended cells. They are stimulated by a new contact with the support. In the same conditions, percentages of incorporation into phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine remain at values they have in cells in monolayers. These values are characteristic of the physiological state of cells in monolayers, in relation with medium factors exhaustion.", "contents": "[32P incorporation into phospholipids of EHSVi transformed fibroblasts, with regard to adherence to the support]. The rate of 32P incorporation into phospholipids of EHSVi transformed fibroblasts was studied by pulse experiments (2 hours) in cells which are detached from the support by trypsin and either maintained in suspension or replated and in the process of adhering. This is performed comparatively to cells in monolayers. Cells are taken during or after the log phase. Both global incorporation into phospholipids and, in the case of cells in log phase, percentage of incorporation into phosphatidylinositol are lowered, after detachment from the support, in suspended cells. They are stimulated by a new contact with the support. In the same conditions, percentages of incorporation into phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine remain at values they have in cells in monolayers. These values are characteristic of the physiological state of cells in monolayers, in relation with medium factors exhaustion.", "PMID": 719046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7928", "title": "[Modification of retinal photoreceptor membranes and Ca ion binding].", "content": "Calcium binding by modified photoreceptor membranes of cattle retina has been studied. Ca2+-binding the membranes significantly changes after C-phospholipase treatment, displaying the initial growth (less than 65% of lipid phosphorus removed) with subsequent decrease (more than 65% of phosphorus removed). Liposomes of the photoreceptor membranes lipids were found to bind more calcium than do the native photoreceptor membranes. Proteolytic enzymes (papaine, pronase) splitting some rhodopsin fragments do not affect the ability of the membrane to bind Ca2+. The increase of light-induced Ca-binding is observed only after the outer segments preincubation under conditions providing for rhodopsin phosphorylation. This effect was observed also after the splitting of the rhodopsin fragment by papaine. It is concluded that calcium binding in the photoreceptor membranes is mainly due to the phosphate groups of phospholipids.", "contents": "[Modification of retinal photoreceptor membranes and Ca ion binding]. Calcium binding by modified photoreceptor membranes of cattle retina has been studied. Ca2+-binding the membranes significantly changes after C-phospholipase treatment, displaying the initial growth (less than 65% of lipid phosphorus removed) with subsequent decrease (more than 65% of phosphorus removed). Liposomes of the photoreceptor membranes lipids were found to bind more calcium than do the native photoreceptor membranes. Proteolytic enzymes (papaine, pronase) splitting some rhodopsin fragments do not affect the ability of the membrane to bind Ca2+. The increase of light-induced Ca-binding is observed only after the outer segments preincubation under conditions providing for rhodopsin phosphorylation. This effect was observed also after the splitting of the rhodopsin fragment by papaine. It is concluded that calcium binding in the photoreceptor membranes is mainly due to the phosphate groups of phospholipids.", "PMID": 719048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7929", "title": "[Protein composition of fragmented rat liver chromatin during postnatal ontogenesis].", "content": "It was shown that after treatment by Ca2+- and Mg2+-dependent DNAses and subsequent dosed ultrasonication the fractions of active and relatively inactive chromatins isolated from liver cell nuclei of rats differing in age contain all main types of histones, but differ considerably in the relative amounts of individual fractions of these proteins. In all age groups studied the proteins of relatively inactive chromatin are largely histones, while the amount of non-histone proteins is higher in active chromatin. In the course of postnatal development the amount of histones in both chromatin fractions is increased and that of non-histone proteins is decreased. This is probably due to heterochromatization of the chromatin complex in liver cells with ageing. In the course of postnatal ontogenesis the spectrum of non-histone proteins in both chromatin fractions is changed.", "contents": "[Protein composition of fragmented rat liver chromatin during postnatal ontogenesis]. It was shown that after treatment by Ca2+- and Mg2+-dependent DNAses and subsequent dosed ultrasonication the fractions of active and relatively inactive chromatins isolated from liver cell nuclei of rats differing in age contain all main types of histones, but differ considerably in the relative amounts of individual fractions of these proteins. In all age groups studied the proteins of relatively inactive chromatin are largely histones, while the amount of non-histone proteins is higher in active chromatin. In the course of postnatal development the amount of histones in both chromatin fractions is increased and that of non-histone proteins is decreased. This is probably due to heterochromatization of the chromatin complex in liver cells with ageing. In the course of postnatal ontogenesis the spectrum of non-histone proteins in both chromatin fractions is changed.", "PMID": 719049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7930", "title": "[Study of different conformational states of transketolase by the method of perturbation UV-spectrophotometry].", "content": "The conformational parameters of apotransketolase, holotransketolase and the enzyme-substrate complex were studied using colvent perturbation technique, a 20% solution of dimethyl sulfoxide being used as perturbant. The apoenzyme was found to contain 4--5 tryptophane residues and 12--14 tyrosine residues accessible for the solvent. The amount of the residues is reduced nearly 2-fold after formation of the holoenzyme. In the enzyme-substrate complex the amount of tryptophane and tyrosine residues accessible for the solvent is increased up to the inital value. The changes in the conformational states of the active site of apoenzyme, holoenzyme and the enzyme-substrate complex are discussed.", "contents": "[Study of different conformational states of transketolase by the method of perturbation UV-spectrophotometry]. The conformational parameters of apotransketolase, holotransketolase and the enzyme-substrate complex were studied using colvent perturbation technique, a 20% solution of dimethyl sulfoxide being used as perturbant. The apoenzyme was found to contain 4--5 tryptophane residues and 12--14 tyrosine residues accessible for the solvent. The amount of the residues is reduced nearly 2-fold after formation of the holoenzyme. In the enzyme-substrate complex the amount of tryptophane and tyrosine residues accessible for the solvent is increased up to the inital value. The changes in the conformational states of the active site of apoenzyme, holoenzyme and the enzyme-substrate complex are discussed.", "PMID": 719050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7931", "title": "[Relationship between the ganglioside composition of Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma and cell population density].", "content": "The ganglioside composition of Ehrlich ascite carcinoma cells changes drastically with changes in density of the cell population. Upon 30-fold dilution of the native cell suspension and subsequent incubation for 2 h the amount of total gangliosides per cell doubles the quantities of a monosialoganglioside and of a disialoganglioside increase ten- and five-fold, respectively, whereas the other cell gangliosides do not change. The decrease of cell density is supposed to be accompanied by induction on the cell surface of a sialytransferase activity, which appears to be depressed in the dense suspension.", "contents": "[Relationship between the ganglioside composition of Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma and cell population density]. The ganglioside composition of Ehrlich ascite carcinoma cells changes drastically with changes in density of the cell population. Upon 30-fold dilution of the native cell suspension and subsequent incubation for 2 h the amount of total gangliosides per cell doubles the quantities of a monosialoganglioside and of a disialoganglioside increase ten- and five-fold, respectively, whereas the other cell gangliosides do not change. The decrease of cell density is supposed to be accompanied by induction on the cell surface of a sialytransferase activity, which appears to be depressed in the dense suspension.", "PMID": 719051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7932", "title": "[Biospecific chromatography of poly(A)-containing RNA on poly(U)-Sepharose].", "content": "It is shown that in addition to specific binding of polyadenylic sequence with poly(U), the chromatography of poly(A)-containing RNAs on poly(U)-Sepharose is accompanied by nonspecific irreversible adsorption of polynucleotides on Sepharose gel. This disadvantage may be overcome by establishing optimal BrCN/Sepharose rations during Sepharose activation and by many-fold treatment of poly(U)-Sepharose with ethanolamine immediately before chromatography of RNAs. It was also found that the efficient separation of poly(A+)-RNA preparations from poly(A-)-RNAs is achieved only after double chromatography of RNA on poly(U)-Sepharose. The amount of poly(A+)-RNA in total RNA preparations isolated from bound polyribosomes of 10-day-old chick embryos is equal to 1%. Data from PAAG gel electrophoresis are indicative of the lack of degradation and high heterogeneity of the preparations under study.", "contents": "[Biospecific chromatography of poly(A)-containing RNA on poly(U)-Sepharose]. It is shown that in addition to specific binding of polyadenylic sequence with poly(U), the chromatography of poly(A)-containing RNAs on poly(U)-Sepharose is accompanied by nonspecific irreversible adsorption of polynucleotides on Sepharose gel. This disadvantage may be overcome by establishing optimal BrCN/Sepharose rations during Sepharose activation and by many-fold treatment of poly(U)-Sepharose with ethanolamine immediately before chromatography of RNAs. It was also found that the efficient separation of poly(A+)-RNA preparations from poly(A-)-RNAs is achieved only after double chromatography of RNA on poly(U)-Sepharose. The amount of poly(A+)-RNA in total RNA preparations isolated from bound polyribosomes of 10-day-old chick embryos is equal to 1%. Data from PAAG gel electrophoresis are indicative of the lack of degradation and high heterogeneity of the preparations under study.", "PMID": 719052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7933", "title": "[Nuclease activity of the cytoplasmic ribosomes of hepatocytes and several experimental hepatomas].", "content": "The nuclease activities of proteins, constituents of cytoplasmic ribosomes obtained from normal liver rats (Wistar) and C3HA mice as well as from hepatomas (both solid and ascites forms) transplanted into the above animals, were studied. RNA in membrane-bound ribosomes of normal rat liver incubated at 37 degrees C undergoes endogeneous hydrolysis resulting in formation, apart from acid-soluble products, of 6S, 8S and 11S fragments comprising 15 to 20% of the original amount of RNA. In contrast, in hepatoma membrane-bound ribosomes RNA treated likewisely remains intact. The proteins responsible for the RNase activity isolated from ribosomes were subsequently fractionated using ammonium sulfate and chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex columns and their properties were studied. The RNase activity completely disappeared from the membrane-bound ribosomes of Zajdela, 27 rat hepatomas and Guelstein hepatoma 22A, but not from the slow growing Guelstein hepatoma 48.", "contents": "[Nuclease activity of the cytoplasmic ribosomes of hepatocytes and several experimental hepatomas]. The nuclease activities of proteins, constituents of cytoplasmic ribosomes obtained from normal liver rats (Wistar) and C3HA mice as well as from hepatomas (both solid and ascites forms) transplanted into the above animals, were studied. RNA in membrane-bound ribosomes of normal rat liver incubated at 37 degrees C undergoes endogeneous hydrolysis resulting in formation, apart from acid-soluble products, of 6S, 8S and 11S fragments comprising 15 to 20% of the original amount of RNA. In contrast, in hepatoma membrane-bound ribosomes RNA treated likewisely remains intact. The proteins responsible for the RNase activity isolated from ribosomes were subsequently fractionated using ammonium sulfate and chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex columns and their properties were studied. The RNase activity completely disappeared from the membrane-bound ribosomes of Zajdela, 27 rat hepatomas and Guelstein hepatoma 22A, but not from the slow growing Guelstein hepatoma 48.", "PMID": 719053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7934", "title": "[Localization of (3H)hydrocortisone in rat liver nuclei].", "content": "The content of hydrocortisone in rat liver nuclei reaches its maximum in 1 hour after its intravenous injection and remains stable for another hour. In three hours after introduction it falls to the initial level (15 min after the injection of [3H]hydrocortisone). The accumulation of the hormone in nuclei completely coincides with kinetics of reversible DNA supermethylation and correlates with the induction of transcription. No free [3H]hydrocortisone was found in nuclei, in isolated nuclei it is found in the fraction of nuclear membranes, nucleoplasma, nucleolus and chromatin. Specific radioactivity of [3H]hydrocortisone (d. p. m. per 1 mg of DNA) in active chromatin is 10--50-fold as high as in condensed chromatin and is 10--15-fold as high as in nucleolus. It is suggested that there are at least two types of binding hormonereceptor complexes with chromatin. The initial binding of these complexes with condensed chromatin may result in its structural rearrangement (euchromatization), in the appearance of more specific secondary sites for binding hormone-receptor complexes with chromatin DNA, and also in the appearance of methylation and transcription initiation sites in DNA.", "contents": "[Localization of (3H)hydrocortisone in rat liver nuclei]. The content of hydrocortisone in rat liver nuclei reaches its maximum in 1 hour after its intravenous injection and remains stable for another hour. In three hours after introduction it falls to the initial level (15 min after the injection of [3H]hydrocortisone). The accumulation of the hormone in nuclei completely coincides with kinetics of reversible DNA supermethylation and correlates with the induction of transcription. No free [3H]hydrocortisone was found in nuclei, in isolated nuclei it is found in the fraction of nuclear membranes, nucleoplasma, nucleolus and chromatin. Specific radioactivity of [3H]hydrocortisone (d. p. m. per 1 mg of DNA) in active chromatin is 10--50-fold as high as in condensed chromatin and is 10--15-fold as high as in nucleolus. It is suggested that there are at least two types of binding hormonereceptor complexes with chromatin. The initial binding of these complexes with condensed chromatin may result in its structural rearrangement (euchromatization), in the appearance of more specific secondary sites for binding hormone-receptor complexes with chromatin DNA, and also in the appearance of methylation and transcription initiation sites in DNA.", "PMID": 719054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7935", "title": "[Free amino acid concentration in the tissues of rats with different forms of thiamine deficiency].", "content": "The levels of free amino acids in rat tissues under thiamine deficiency induced by antivitamin (oxithiamine) and under thiamine-deficient diet were studied. Changes in the amino acid pool at these two forms of vitamin B1 deficiency were revealed. The most typical change consists in extensive accumulation of alanine and glutamate with a simultaneous decrease in the amount of many other essential and non-essential amino acids. The disturbances in the amino acid pool under thiamine deficiency may be probably regarded as resulting from inhibition of alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase activities.", "contents": "[Free amino acid concentration in the tissues of rats with different forms of thiamine deficiency]. The levels of free amino acids in rat tissues under thiamine deficiency induced by antivitamin (oxithiamine) and under thiamine-deficient diet were studied. Changes in the amino acid pool at these two forms of vitamin B1 deficiency were revealed. The most typical change consists in extensive accumulation of alanine and glutamate with a simultaneous decrease in the amount of many other essential and non-essential amino acids. The disturbances in the amino acid pool under thiamine deficiency may be probably regarded as resulting from inhibition of alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase activities.", "PMID": 719055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7936", "title": "[Effect of the structure of the nucleoside ligand of cobalamines on their enzymatic properties in a glycerol dehydratase system].", "content": "The interaction between 8 adenosyl cobalamine (AdoCbl) analogs modified in adenine and deoxyribose of the nucleoside ligand and glycerol dehydratase from Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 25955 was studied. It was found that araadenosyl-, 3-isoadenosyl-, aristeromycyl- and nebularyl cobalamines possess coenzymic properties. The catalytic activities of these analogs complexes with glycerol dehydratase make up to 110, 36, 30 and 6% of the enzyme activity with the natural cofactor AdoCbl. Benzimidazolribosyl-, toyokamycil-, L-adenosyl- and adenosylethyl cobalamines are effective competitive inhibitors with respect to AdoCbl. All AdoCbl analogs have high affinity for the apoenzyme; their Km and Ki values are close to 10(-7)--10(-8) M. The inactivation kinetics of catalytically active glycerol dehydratase complexes in the absence of substrate were studied. The rate of this process was found to depend on the structure of the analogs. It was shown that inversion of the 2'-OH-group of deoxyribose in AdoCbl results in the increase of Km for the substrate (1,2-propanediol). The main parameters of the CD spectra for AdoCbl analogs are described.", "contents": "[Effect of the structure of the nucleoside ligand of cobalamines on their enzymatic properties in a glycerol dehydratase system]. The interaction between 8 adenosyl cobalamine (AdoCbl) analogs modified in adenine and deoxyribose of the nucleoside ligand and glycerol dehydratase from Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 25955 was studied. It was found that araadenosyl-, 3-isoadenosyl-, aristeromycyl- and nebularyl cobalamines possess coenzymic properties. The catalytic activities of these analogs complexes with glycerol dehydratase make up to 110, 36, 30 and 6% of the enzyme activity with the natural cofactor AdoCbl. Benzimidazolribosyl-, toyokamycil-, L-adenosyl- and adenosylethyl cobalamines are effective competitive inhibitors with respect to AdoCbl. All AdoCbl analogs have high affinity for the apoenzyme; their Km and Ki values are close to 10(-7)--10(-8) M. The inactivation kinetics of catalytically active glycerol dehydratase complexes in the absence of substrate were studied. The rate of this process was found to depend on the structure of the analogs. It was shown that inversion of the 2'-OH-group of deoxyribose in AdoCbl results in the increase of Km for the substrate (1,2-propanediol). The main parameters of the CD spectra for AdoCbl analogs are described.", "PMID": 719056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7937", "title": "[Tissue-specific decrease and change in the character of DNA methylation in cattle with aging].", "content": "The content of 5-methylcytosine (m5C) in DNA of different cow organs is found to decrease in ontogenesis. No other age changes were found in DNA structure and molecular population (GC content, the content of different in the length and the base composition pyrimidine clusters, hyperchromicity value etc.). It is suggested that the age tissue-specific decrease of the m5C content is due to a decrease of the level of DNA methylation, which takes place in heart, kidneys, spleen and brain DNAs and is not observed in lungs. Maximal level of DNA methylation was observed at embryogenesis, when the m5C content in heart DNA decreases (from 1.8 to 1.4 mol. %), then it remains stable up to 1 year old and then sharply decreases with age and reaches 0.94 mol. % at the age of 10 years. The m5C content in liver DNA decreases (from 1.6 to 1.2 mol. %) at the end of embryogenesis and then it does not change. A pronounced decrease of the m5C content was  observed in DNAs of cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, hyppocampus, neurohypophysis and thymus. The decrease of m5C content in thymus DNA is non-random, it concerns only Pu-m5C-Pu, but not long pyrimidine clusters Pu-Pyn-Pu (n greater than or equal to 2). Tissue-specific decrease and the change in pattern of DNA methylation observed are suggested to be a possible mechanism for the age change (distortion) of transcription and cell functioning.", "contents": "[Tissue-specific decrease and change in the character of DNA methylation in cattle with aging]. The content of 5-methylcytosine (m5C) in DNA of different cow organs is found to decrease in ontogenesis. No other age changes were found in DNA structure and molecular population (GC content, the content of different in the length and the base composition pyrimidine clusters, hyperchromicity value etc.). It is suggested that the age tissue-specific decrease of the m5C content is due to a decrease of the level of DNA methylation, which takes place in heart, kidneys, spleen and brain DNAs and is not observed in lungs. Maximal level of DNA methylation was observed at embryogenesis, when the m5C content in heart DNA decreases (from 1.8 to 1.4 mol. %), then it remains stable up to 1 year old and then sharply decreases with age and reaches 0.94 mol. % at the age of 10 years. The m5C content in liver DNA decreases (from 1.6 to 1.2 mol. %) at the end of embryogenesis and then it does not change. A pronounced decrease of the m5C content was  observed in DNAs of cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, hyppocampus, neurohypophysis and thymus. The decrease of m5C content in thymus DNA is non-random, it concerns only Pu-m5C-Pu, but not long pyrimidine clusters Pu-Pyn-Pu (n greater than or equal to 2). Tissue-specific decrease and the change in pattern of DNA methylation observed are suggested to be a possible mechanism for the age change (distortion) of transcription and cell functioning.", "PMID": 719057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7938", "title": "[Bioelectrochemical oxidation of formate].", "content": "The process of electrochemical oxidation of formate on a coal electrode with the help of a two-enzyme system composed of NAD-dependent formate dehydrogenase and NADH-dehydrogenase, catalysing oxidation of NADH with reduction of methylviologen was studied. In this system the oxidation of formate proceeds in the diffusion regime. Under experimental conditions the value of current density at a potential higher than +0,2 V and at the rotating rate of 600 rpm is 12 mA/cm2. The results obtained show that NAD-depend dehydrogenases can be used for electrochemical oxidation of organic compounds which are their substrates.", "contents": "[Bioelectrochemical oxidation of formate]. The process of electrochemical oxidation of formate on a coal electrode with the help of a two-enzyme system composed of NAD-dependent formate dehydrogenase and NADH-dehydrogenase, catalysing oxidation of NADH with reduction of methylviologen was studied. In this system the oxidation of formate proceeds in the diffusion regime. Under experimental conditions the value of current density at a potential higher than +0,2 V and at the rotating rate of 600 rpm is 12 mA/cm2. The results obtained show that NAD-depend dehydrogenases can be used for electrochemical oxidation of organic compounds which are their substrates.", "PMID": 719058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7939", "title": "[Alliinase: purification and chief physico-chemical properties].", "content": "A method has been developed for the purification of alliinase from garlic bulbs. High purity preparations of the enzyme were obtained with specific activity increased 67-fold over that of the homogenate. The preparations were homogeneous on electrophoresis in polyacril gel. Total activity yield was 25%. The native enzyme has a molecular weight of 130.000 and consists of two subunits. Approximately 6 moles of firmly bound pyridoxal phosphate are determined per 1 mole of the purest enzyme (4 equivalents are apparently bound non-specifically outside the active sites). The isoelectric point (pI) of alliinase in 6.2. The enzyme's absorption and circular dichroism spectra have one maximum at 430 nm, in the characteristic range of many pyridoxal-P-containing enzymes. The Km value for the natural substrate, alliin, is 5 . 10(-4) M.", "contents": "[Alliinase: purification and chief physico-chemical properties]. A method has been developed for the purification of alliinase from garlic bulbs. High purity preparations of the enzyme were obtained with specific activity increased 67-fold over that of the homogenate. The preparations were homogeneous on electrophoresis in polyacril gel. Total activity yield was 25%. The native enzyme has a molecular weight of 130.000 and consists of two subunits. Approximately 6 moles of firmly bound pyridoxal phosphate are determined per 1 mole of the purest enzyme (4 equivalents are apparently bound non-specifically outside the active sites). The isoelectric point (pI) of alliinase in 6.2. The enzyme's absorption and circular dichroism spectra have one maximum at 430 nm, in the characteristic range of many pyridoxal-P-containing enzymes. The Km value for the natural substrate, alliin, is 5 . 10(-4) M.", "PMID": 719059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7940", "title": "[Reaction between adenosine-5'-chloromethylphosphonate and the allosteric center of phosphorylase B].", "content": "The interaction between phosphorylase B and an AMP analog, adenosine-5'-chloromethylphosphonate, is found to be irreversible. Their binding stechiometry is calculated from the differential absorption spectrum. Maximal inhibition is reached when 1,3--1,5 moles of the analogue is bound per mole of monomer phosphorylase B. The enzyme-inhibitory complex exhibited 50% activity is characterized by a sigmoid curve of the reaction rate dependency on the substrate concentration, by a decrease of the affinity to glucose-1-phosphate and the maximal rate, and by an increase of Hill's coefficient. Similar SH-groups titration curves were obtained for modified and native phosphorylase in the presence of AMP. Apophosphorylase was incapable of the complete reactivation by pyridoxalphosphate in the presence of adenosine-5'-chloromethylphosphonate. The complex of phosphorylase B and the AMP analogue is found to be inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate, like the native enzyme in the presence of AMP. The results of ultracentrifugation and disc electrophoresis show that the AMP analogue contributes the formation of the tetrameric form of the enzyme. The data obtained indicate the tight binding of adenosine-5'-chloromethylphosphonate in the active site of phosphorylase B. The properties of the complex confirm the importance of the phosphate group for the AMP binding in the allosteric site and for the enzyme activation.", "contents": "[Reaction between adenosine-5'-chloromethylphosphonate and the allosteric center of phosphorylase B]. The interaction between phosphorylase B and an AMP analog, adenosine-5'-chloromethylphosphonate, is found to be irreversible. Their binding stechiometry is calculated from the differential absorption spectrum. Maximal inhibition is reached when 1,3--1,5 moles of the analogue is bound per mole of monomer phosphorylase B. The enzyme-inhibitory complex exhibited 50% activity is characterized by a sigmoid curve of the reaction rate dependency on the substrate concentration, by a decrease of the affinity to glucose-1-phosphate and the maximal rate, and by an increase of Hill's coefficient. Similar SH-groups titration curves were obtained for modified and native phosphorylase in the presence of AMP. Apophosphorylase was incapable of the complete reactivation by pyridoxalphosphate in the presence of adenosine-5'-chloromethylphosphonate. The complex of phosphorylase B and the AMP analogue is found to be inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate, like the native enzyme in the presence of AMP. The results of ultracentrifugation and disc electrophoresis show that the AMP analogue contributes the formation of the tetrameric form of the enzyme. The data obtained indicate the tight binding of adenosine-5'-chloromethylphosphonate in the active site of phosphorylase B. The properties of the complex confirm the importance of the phosphate group for the AMP binding in the allosteric site and for the enzyme activation.", "PMID": 719060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7941", "title": "[Modification of drug oxidation in rat liver microsomal fractions by mitochondria].", "content": "In order to establish possible interaction between mitochondrial membranes and endoplasmic reticulum, the effects of succinate, fumarate and malate (10(-6)--10(-2) M) on N-demethylation of ethylmorphine in liver homogenate, liver homogenate, enriched by mitochondria and in liver sections of newborn animals were studied. In experiments with liver homogenate and liver mitochondria-enriched homogenate the substrates exerted no effect. Addition of mitochondria decreased the homogenate activity by 50%, when NADPH was used as cosubstrate. Studies on liver sections showed the increase of activity only in case of succinate. The activity of liver sections from newborn rate was 30% of that from adult animals. The enzyme activity was suppressed by the Krebs cycle substrates.", "contents": "[Modification of drug oxidation in rat liver microsomal fractions by mitochondria]. In order to establish possible interaction between mitochondrial membranes and endoplasmic reticulum, the effects of succinate, fumarate and malate (10(-6)--10(-2) M) on N-demethylation of ethylmorphine in liver homogenate, liver homogenate, enriched by mitochondria and in liver sections of newborn animals were studied. In experiments with liver homogenate and liver mitochondria-enriched homogenate the substrates exerted no effect. Addition of mitochondria decreased the homogenate activity by 50%, when NADPH was used as cosubstrate. Studies on liver sections showed the increase of activity only in case of succinate. The activity of liver sections from newborn rate was 30% of that from adult animals. The enzyme activity was suppressed by the Krebs cycle substrates.", "PMID": 719061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7942", "title": "[Interaction between sodium bisulfite and bacteriophage SD DNA].", "content": "The interaction between sodium bisulfite and the cytosine residues within the intraphage DNA of phage SD was studied to elucidate the structure of viral nucleoprotein. Hydrolysis with perchloric acid of bisulfite-modified phage SD results in 18% decrease of cytosine and appearance of products having the properties of cytosyl amino acids (most probably cytosyl lysine). When the modified phage before hydrolysis was subjected to mild destruction in 0.1--1 M NaCl or Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.0), neither the decrease of cytosine nor the appearance of cytosyl peptides was observed. However, these results were observed when the phage was heated at 70 degrees C in a medium containing 0.05 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.9--8.5. The presence of cytosyl amino acids in the modified phage, representing nucleotide-protein covalent cross-links explains the results of viscosometry and centrifugation in CS2SO4 density gradient. It is assumed that the bisulfite reaction with cytosine within phage SD is completed at the stage of intermediate product formation, i.e. C5--C6-dihydro-C6-sulfopyrimidine, in which the amino group is screened by interaction with protein (product VII). This product may exist only in situ; when the phage nucleoprotein is destroyed in phsophate-free media, product VII is converted into original cytosine. Under acidic hydrolysis or in the presence of phosphate ions under heating, product VII undergoes transamination accompanied by SO3 split-off and reconstitution of C5--C6 double bond to form cytosylamino acids.", "contents": "[Interaction between sodium bisulfite and bacteriophage SD DNA]. The interaction between sodium bisulfite and the cytosine residues within the intraphage DNA of phage SD was studied to elucidate the structure of viral nucleoprotein. Hydrolysis with perchloric acid of bisulfite-modified phage SD results in 18% decrease of cytosine and appearance of products having the properties of cytosyl amino acids (most probably cytosyl lysine). When the modified phage before hydrolysis was subjected to mild destruction in 0.1--1 M NaCl or Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.0), neither the decrease of cytosine nor the appearance of cytosyl peptides was observed. However, these results were observed when the phage was heated at 70 degrees C in a medium containing 0.05 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.9--8.5. The presence of cytosyl amino acids in the modified phage, representing nucleotide-protein covalent cross-links explains the results of viscosometry and centrifugation in CS2SO4 density gradient. It is assumed that the bisulfite reaction with cytosine within phage SD is completed at the stage of intermediate product formation, i.e. C5--C6-dihydro-C6-sulfopyrimidine, in which the amino group is screened by interaction with protein (product VII). This product may exist only in situ; when the phage nucleoprotein is destroyed in phsophate-free media, product VII is converted into original cytosine. Under acidic hydrolysis or in the presence of phosphate ions under heating, product VII undergoes transamination accompanied by SO3 split-off and reconstitution of C5--C6 double bond to form cytosylamino acids.", "PMID": 719062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7943", "title": "[Effect of phase transitions in microsomal membranes on energetic characteristics of oxidation].", "content": "Naphthalene and aniline oxidation by intact and induced enzyme systems of rat liver microsomes, NADPH and O2 has been studied in a broad temperature range. The oxidation of the same substrates has also been studied in the systems \"microsomes--cumene hydroperoxide\" and \"purified cytochrome P-450--cumene hydroperoxide\". The temperature curves of catalytic constants for type I substrate (naphthalene-oxidation) in the system with cofactors is characterized by break on Arrenius dependence near 18--24 degrees C and explained by phase transitions of microsomal membrane lipids. The temperature curves of catalytic constants for type II substrate (aniline-oxidation) in all studied systems do not break on Arrenius plots. Catalytic oxidation contants of both substrates in systems \"microsomes--hydroperoxide\" and \"cytochrome P-450--hydroperoxide\" are characterized by constant activation energies in broad temperature range. The results obtained are discussed from the point of view of the effect of phospholipids phase transitions in microsomal membrane on a rate limiting step.", "contents": "[Effect of phase transitions in microsomal membranes on energetic characteristics of oxidation]. Naphthalene and aniline oxidation by intact and induced enzyme systems of rat liver microsomes, NADPH and O2 has been studied in a broad temperature range. The oxidation of the same substrates has also been studied in the systems \"microsomes--cumene hydroperoxide\" and \"purified cytochrome P-450--cumene hydroperoxide\". The temperature curves of catalytic constants for type I substrate (naphthalene-oxidation) in the system with cofactors is characterized by break on Arrenius dependence near 18--24 degrees C and explained by phase transitions of microsomal membrane lipids. The temperature curves of catalytic constants for type II substrate (aniline-oxidation) in all studied systems do not break on Arrenius plots. Catalytic oxidation contants of both substrates in systems \"microsomes--hydroperoxide\" and \"cytochrome P-450--hydroperoxide\" are characterized by constant activation energies in broad temperature range. The results obtained are discussed from the point of view of the effect of phospholipids phase transitions in microsomal membrane on a rate limiting step.", "PMID": 719063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7944", "title": "[Isolation and some properties of transketolase from rat liver].", "content": "A new procedure transketolase isolation from rat liver using sievorptive chromatography and adsoption chromatography on hydroxylapatite is described. An enzyme preparation is obtained, which is homogenous under polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Molecular weight of native enzyme, estimated by sedimentation equilibrium method, is 130 000. Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel in the presence of sodiumdodecylsulphate has revealed a single protein fraction with molecular weight of 70 000. The extinction coefficient A1%1cm at 280 nm is found to be 13. Thiamine pyrophosphate content in native holoenzyme is 1.8--2 moles per 1 mole of protein.", "contents": "[Isolation and some properties of transketolase from rat liver]. A new procedure transketolase isolation from rat liver using sievorptive chromatography and adsoption chromatography on hydroxylapatite is described. An enzyme preparation is obtained, which is homogenous under polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Molecular weight of native enzyme, estimated by sedimentation equilibrium method, is 130 000. Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel in the presence of sodiumdodecylsulphate has revealed a single protein fraction with molecular weight of 70 000. The extinction coefficient A1%1cm at 280 nm is found to be 13. Thiamine pyrophosphate content in native holoenzyme is 1.8--2 moles per 1 mole of protein.", "PMID": 719065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7945", "title": "[Biosynthesis of NADP-malate dehydrogenases in greening etiolated maize leaves].", "content": "The activities of NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenases in greening etiolated maize leaves were studied. \"Malic\" enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40) in bundle sheath cells developed slower as compared to NADP-malate dehydrogenase synthesizing malic acid in mesophyll chloroplasts. The increase in \"malic\" enzyme activity in the light was suppressed by protein synthesis inhibitors--chloramphenicol and cycloheximide. Possible localization of enzyme protein synthesis is discussed.", "contents": "[Biosynthesis of NADP-malate dehydrogenases in greening etiolated maize leaves]. The activities of NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenases in greening etiolated maize leaves were studied. \"Malic\" enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40) in bundle sheath cells developed slower as compared to NADP-malate dehydrogenase synthesizing malic acid in mesophyll chloroplasts. The increase in \"malic\" enzyme activity in the light was suppressed by protein synthesis inhibitors--chloramphenicol and cycloheximide. Possible localization of enzyme protein synthesis is discussed.", "PMID": 719066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7946", "title": "[Replication and reassociation kinetics of nuclear matrix DNA from regenerating rat liver].", "content": "Fraction 1, containing 65--70% of nuclear DNA (nDNA) was extracted from isolated rat liver nuclei. Then nuclear matrix fraction, containing 30--35% of nDNA was extracted with 1.2 M NaCl. About 1% of nDNA war discovered in residual matrix. Specific activity of residual matrix labelled DNA within 1 and 3 min. after the injection of 14C-orotic acid into the liver portal vein (24 hours after hepatectomy) was respectively in 70 and 50 times higher, and that of matrix DNA--in 45 and 20 times as high as in fraction 1 DNA. Thus, replication begins from nuclear matrix DNA. The latter is enriched with unique sequences by 10%, as compared with total nDNA, and its reassociation kinetics does not change at different stages of the cell cycle (0 and 24 hours after partial hepatectomy). It is suggested, that DNA does not migrate with respect to nuclear matrix under replication.", "contents": "[Replication and reassociation kinetics of nuclear matrix DNA from regenerating rat liver]. Fraction 1, containing 65--70% of nuclear DNA (nDNA) was extracted from isolated rat liver nuclei. Then nuclear matrix fraction, containing 30--35% of nDNA was extracted with 1.2 M NaCl. About 1% of nDNA war discovered in residual matrix. Specific activity of residual matrix labelled DNA within 1 and 3 min. after the injection of 14C-orotic acid into the liver portal vein (24 hours after hepatectomy) was respectively in 70 and 50 times higher, and that of matrix DNA--in 45 and 20 times as high as in fraction 1 DNA. Thus, replication begins from nuclear matrix DNA. The latter is enriched with unique sequences by 10%, as compared with total nDNA, and its reassociation kinetics does not change at different stages of the cell cycle (0 and 24 hours after partial hepatectomy). It is suggested, that DNA does not migrate with respect to nuclear matrix under replication.", "PMID": 719067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7947", "title": "[Some features of rhodopsin regeneration process in the presence of exogenous 11Z-retinal in teleosts].", "content": "The rate of rhodopsin regeneration in decolorized rod outer segments ROS of pollock and ruff in the presence of exogenous 11Z-retinal is found to depend slightly on the temperature. The Arrhenius curve is linear within 0--20 degrees C and 0--30 degrees C in case of pollock and black ruff ROS respectively. The increase of the regeneration temperature above the upper limit results in both cases in the decrease of the chromophore binding rate due to the temperature denaturation of fish opsin. The rate of opsin regeneration in bovine ROS is temperature-dependent within 0--50 degrees C, the Arrhenius curves having a specific break with the temperature conversion at 12--13 degrees, which indicates a different 11Z-retinal binding rate with bovine opsin at low and high temperatures. Maximal rhodopsin regeneration temperature was observed within 5--10 min. for fish ROS and 1.5 hour for bovine ROS. Trimethylcyclohexene derivatives with a side chain of about 7 carbon atoms and 13Z-retinal competitively inhibited the rhodopsin regeneration in pollock and bovine ROS, while 13E-11, 12-dehydroretinal and all-E-retinal did not effect this process. Some peculiarities of the rhodopsin regeneration process in fish are discussed in connection with the molecular organization of a lipid phase of photoreceptor membrane and chromophore-binding region.", "contents": "[Some features of rhodopsin regeneration process in the presence of exogenous 11Z-retinal in teleosts]. The rate of rhodopsin regeneration in decolorized rod outer segments ROS of pollock and ruff in the presence of exogenous 11Z-retinal is found to depend slightly on the temperature. The Arrhenius curve is linear within 0--20 degrees C and 0--30 degrees C in case of pollock and black ruff ROS respectively. The increase of the regeneration temperature above the upper limit results in both cases in the decrease of the chromophore binding rate due to the temperature denaturation of fish opsin. The rate of opsin regeneration in bovine ROS is temperature-dependent within 0--50 degrees C, the Arrhenius curves having a specific break with the temperature conversion at 12--13 degrees, which indicates a different 11Z-retinal binding rate with bovine opsin at low and high temperatures. Maximal rhodopsin regeneration temperature was observed within 5--10 min. for fish ROS and 1.5 hour for bovine ROS. Trimethylcyclohexene derivatives with a side chain of about 7 carbon atoms and 13Z-retinal competitively inhibited the rhodopsin regeneration in pollock and bovine ROS, while 13E-11, 12-dehydroretinal and all-E-retinal did not effect this process. Some peculiarities of the rhodopsin regeneration process in fish are discussed in connection with the molecular organization of a lipid phase of photoreceptor membrane and chromophore-binding region.", "PMID": 719068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7948", "title": "[Molecular weight distribution of hydrolysis products of polyuridylic acid by cobra venom ribonuclease. Preparation of polynucleotides of required molecular weight].", "content": "The composition of polyuridilic acid hydrolisis products with mol. weight 400.000--600.000 by endoribonuclease from cobra venom was studied. The molecular weight distribution of products formed at initial stages of hydrolysis was according to the regularities of accidental cleavage of phosphodiether linkages. The sufficient non-statistic regularities due to the high-molecular polynucleotide hydrolysis for the most part during further hydrolysis were observed out of the way of accumulation of oligonucleotides with a polymerity degree of about 15--20. As shown from the oligocytidilates hydrolysis, the velocity of process increased sufficiently with increasing substrate polymerity degree. The results obtained were used for preparation of polyuridilic fractions with a narrow range of molecular weight distribution.", "contents": "[Molecular weight distribution of hydrolysis products of polyuridylic acid by cobra venom ribonuclease. Preparation of polynucleotides of required molecular weight]. The composition of polyuridilic acid hydrolisis products with mol. weight 400.000--600.000 by endoribonuclease from cobra venom was studied. The molecular weight distribution of products formed at initial stages of hydrolysis was according to the regularities of accidental cleavage of phosphodiether linkages. The sufficient non-statistic regularities due to the high-molecular polynucleotide hydrolysis for the most part during further hydrolysis were observed out of the way of accumulation of oligonucleotides with a polymerity degree of about 15--20. As shown from the oligocytidilates hydrolysis, the velocity of process increased sufficiently with increasing substrate polymerity degree. The results obtained were used for preparation of polyuridilic fractions with a narrow range of molecular weight distribution.", "PMID": 719069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7949", "title": "[Role of guanidine groups of glutamate dehydrogenase arginine residues in the binding of sex hormones].", "content": "Interaction of sex hormones and glutamate dehydrogenase is studied in vitro. Data are presented concerning the participation of guanidine groups of the enzyme arginine residues in the binding of sex hormones and in the realization of their inhibitory effect.", "contents": "[Role of guanidine groups of glutamate dehydrogenase arginine residues in the binding of sex hormones]. Interaction of sex hormones and glutamate dehydrogenase is studied in vitro. Data are presented concerning the participation of guanidine groups of the enzyme arginine residues in the binding of sex hormones and in the realization of their inhibitory effect.", "PMID": 719070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7950", "title": "[Resolution of beta-cyanoalanine synthase and recombination of its apoenzyme with pyridoxal-5'-phosphate and its analogs].", "content": "A procedure is described for the resolution of beta-cyanoalanine synthase (E.C.4.4.1.9) from blue lupine seedlings. It includes total inhibition of the enzyme the hydroxylamine (10(-2) M) followed by separation of coenzyme oxime from the protein on Sephadex G-25. Conditions for maximal apoenzyme stabilization and reactivation (nature, concentration and pH of the buffer, coenzyme concentration, etc.) were studied. The extent of apoenzyme reactivation by pyridoxal phosphate is found not to depend on the nature of the buffer (pH within the range from 7,1 to 8,8) in the preincubation medium. The interaction were investigated of cyanoalanine aposynthase with pyridoxal phosphate analogues substituted in positions 2,3,4,5 and 6 of the pyridine ring. Only 6-methyl-, 2-nor- and 5'-methyl-pyridoxal phosphate were found to activate apoenzyme to the extention 100, 56 and 31% respectively under the assay conditions. The other analogues tested do not activate apoenzyme, but they mostly interact in the enzyme's active site, competitively inhibiting the binding of pyridoxal phosphate. Ki values were determined for some analogues (according to Dixon). It is found that slight changes in structure of the coenzyme molecule markedly decrease of affinity of the analogue to cyanoalanine aposynthase. As compared with other pyridoxal-phosphate-containing enzymes, this synthase, like serine sulphhydrase and cystationine synthase, has more stringent requirement as to coenzyme structure.", "contents": "[Resolution of beta-cyanoalanine synthase and recombination of its apoenzyme with pyridoxal-5'-phosphate and its analogs]. A procedure is described for the resolution of beta-cyanoalanine synthase (E.C.4.4.1.9) from blue lupine seedlings. It includes total inhibition of the enzyme the hydroxylamine (10(-2) M) followed by separation of coenzyme oxime from the protein on Sephadex G-25. Conditions for maximal apoenzyme stabilization and reactivation (nature, concentration and pH of the buffer, coenzyme concentration, etc.) were studied. The extent of apoenzyme reactivation by pyridoxal phosphate is found not to depend on the nature of the buffer (pH within the range from 7,1 to 8,8) in the preincubation medium. The interaction were investigated of cyanoalanine aposynthase with pyridoxal phosphate analogues substituted in positions 2,3,4,5 and 6 of the pyridine ring. Only 6-methyl-, 2-nor- and 5'-methyl-pyridoxal phosphate were found to activate apoenzyme to the extention 100, 56 and 31% respectively under the assay conditions. The other analogues tested do not activate apoenzyme, but they mostly interact in the enzyme's active site, competitively inhibiting the binding of pyridoxal phosphate. Ki values were determined for some analogues (according to Dixon). It is found that slight changes in structure of the coenzyme molecule markedly decrease of affinity of the analogue to cyanoalanine aposynthase. As compared with other pyridoxal-phosphate-containing enzymes, this synthase, like serine sulphhydrase and cystationine synthase, has more stringent requirement as to coenzyme structure.", "PMID": 719071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7951", "title": "[Role of Ca-specific binding sites in the induction of conformational changes in troponin structure].", "content": "A new technique for the registration of troponin conformational changes by hydrophobic fluorescent dye, dimethylnaphteirodin, is described. The increase of Ca2+ concentration from pCa 8 to pCa 5 is accompanied by 4--5-fold increase of fluorescence of troponin--dimethylnaphteirodin complex and by the shift of the fluorescence maximum by 10 nm into the short-wave region. Isolated troponin components and troponin I--troponin T and troponin I--troponin C complexes do not bind dimethylnaphteirodin. The troponin T--TROPONIN C complex binds dimethylnaphteirodin, and fluorescence of the bound dye increases under the increase of Ca2+ concentration, as it does in the case of complete froponin complex. The apparent Ca2+-binding constant by the whole troponin complex (K=8.10(6) M(-1)) and by troponin T--troponin C complex (K=8.10(5) M(-1)), and the value of fluorescence of troponin- and troponin components-bound dimethylnaphteirodin do not depend on the magnesium concentration. Highly cooperative dependence of the fluorescence intensity of troponin-dimethylnaphteirodin on Ca2+ concentration (the Hill coefficient is 2.0--2.4) suggests, that the changes in the troponin structure, registered using dimethylnaphteirodin, take place only after Ca2+ binding to two Ca-specific sites.", "contents": "[Role of Ca-specific binding sites in the induction of conformational changes in troponin structure]. A new technique for the registration of troponin conformational changes by hydrophobic fluorescent dye, dimethylnaphteirodin, is described. The increase of Ca2+ concentration from pCa 8 to pCa 5 is accompanied by 4--5-fold increase of fluorescence of troponin--dimethylnaphteirodin complex and by the shift of the fluorescence maximum by 10 nm into the short-wave region. Isolated troponin components and troponin I--troponin T and troponin I--troponin C complexes do not bind dimethylnaphteirodin. The troponin T--TROPONIN C complex binds dimethylnaphteirodin, and fluorescence of the bound dye increases under the increase of Ca2+ concentration, as it does in the case of complete froponin complex. The apparent Ca2+-binding constant by the whole troponin complex (K=8.10(6) M(-1)) and by troponin T--troponin C complex (K=8.10(5) M(-1)), and the value of fluorescence of troponin- and troponin components-bound dimethylnaphteirodin do not depend on the magnesium concentration. Highly cooperative dependence of the fluorescence intensity of troponin-dimethylnaphteirodin on Ca2+ concentration (the Hill coefficient is 2.0--2.4) suggests, that the changes in the troponin structure, registered using dimethylnaphteirodin, take place only after Ca2+ binding to two Ca-specific sites.", "PMID": 719072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7952", "title": "[Effect of chemical modification of the surface of erythrocytes on their stability to the hemolytic action of sodium alkyl sulfates].", "content": "The hemolytic action of a homologous series of sodium alkyl sulfates (C8 to C15) on dog and human erythrocytes was measured. The influence of trypsin, pronase and neuraminidase treatments on the lytic resistance of human red cells was studied. A new approach evaluating the hemolytic activity of ionic surfactants is expressed as a ratio of a concentration providing 50% lysis to its CMC-value. The results obtained are examined for their bearing on the use of surfactants as a means to study the structure organization of biological membranes.", "contents": "[Effect of chemical modification of the surface of erythrocytes on their stability to the hemolytic action of sodium alkyl sulfates]. The hemolytic action of a homologous series of sodium alkyl sulfates (C8 to C15) on dog and human erythrocytes was measured. The influence of trypsin, pronase and neuraminidase treatments on the lytic resistance of human red cells was studied. A new approach evaluating the hemolytic activity of ionic surfactants is expressed as a ratio of a concentration providing 50% lysis to its CMC-value. The results obtained are examined for their bearing on the use of surfactants as a means to study the structure organization of biological membranes.", "PMID": 719073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7953", "title": "[Nuclear and cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein complexes of normal mouse liver cells, Guelstein hepatomas 22A and 48 and of liver of tumor-bearing animals].", "content": "Nuclear and cytoplasmic RNP complexes obtained from normal mouse liver cells, Guelstein hepatomas of different degrees of malignancy (22A and 48) as well as from liver of tumor-bearing mice were subjected to chromatography on a celite column (NPC--chromatography). In addition cytoplasmic RNP complexes were centrifuged in sucrose and CsCl density gradients. The results of the NPC-chromatography indicate that nuclear rapidly labelled RNA species of all tissues under study are constituents of the two main types of RNP particles differing from each other by the tightness of RNA-protein bonds. No precursor-product relationship could be revealed between the above types of RNP-particles of nucleus, labelled under conditions of a partial Actinomycin D block. Rapidly labelled nonribosomal cytoplasmic RNAs represent constituents of RNP-particles resembling nuclear ones in their degree of heterogeneity and chromatographic position. Sedimentation analysis of cytoplasmic RNP-particles from tumours showed an increase in relative proportion of monoribosomes and informosomes (free non-ribosomal cytosol RNP-complexes) at the expense of polyribosomes and mRNP complexes. Thus, the liver cells of experimental tumour-bearing animals undergo changes (although not very well-defined), typical for tumour cells.", "contents": "[Nuclear and cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein complexes of normal mouse liver cells, Guelstein hepatomas 22A and 48 and of liver of tumor-bearing animals]. Nuclear and cytoplasmic RNP complexes obtained from normal mouse liver cells, Guelstein hepatomas of different degrees of malignancy (22A and 48) as well as from liver of tumor-bearing mice were subjected to chromatography on a celite column (NPC--chromatography). In addition cytoplasmic RNP complexes were centrifuged in sucrose and CsCl density gradients. The results of the NPC-chromatography indicate that nuclear rapidly labelled RNA species of all tissues under study are constituents of the two main types of RNP particles differing from each other by the tightness of RNA-protein bonds. No precursor-product relationship could be revealed between the above types of RNP-particles of nucleus, labelled under conditions of a partial Actinomycin D block. Rapidly labelled nonribosomal cytoplasmic RNAs represent constituents of RNP-particles resembling nuclear ones in their degree of heterogeneity and chromatographic position. Sedimentation analysis of cytoplasmic RNP-particles from tumours showed an increase in relative proportion of monoribosomes and informosomes (free non-ribosomal cytosol RNP-complexes) at the expense of polyribosomes and mRNP complexes. Thus, the liver cells of experimental tumour-bearing animals undergo changes (although not very well-defined), typical for tumour cells.", "PMID": 719074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7954", "title": "Size and shape analysis of schistomsome egg-counts in Egyptian autopsy data.", "content": "We study egg-counts from a series of Egyptian autopsy cases with active schistosomiasis at death (Kamel, Cheever, Elwi, Mosimann and Danner 1977). The data are unique, and enable us to study the proportional distribution of eggs among various organs in relation to infection intensity for two species of schistosome worms. We develop a model for the distribution of eggs in three organs of the mesenteric circulation. Under a lognormal distribution assumption, several exact statistical procedures are presented and used to examine model consistency as well as isometry with respect to geometric means. Mesenteric egg counts for both Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium behave consistently with the model, and show little or no departure from isometry in cases without Symmers' fibrosis of the liver. We show that cases with Symmers' fibrosis have relatively more S. mansoni eggs in the small, as opposed to large, intestine. In the genito-urinary organs we show that the proportion of S. haematobium eggs in the bladder is high for low-intensity infections. This is consistent with the conclusion of Smith, Elwi, Kamel and Lichtenberg (1975), based on egg/gram data, that such infections may be initiated in the bladder. The correspondingly high proportion of eggs in the ureters with high-intensity infections indicates that increased intensity may have a disproportionately large pathologic effect on the infected individual.", "contents": "Size and shape analysis of schistomsome egg-counts in Egyptian autopsy data. We study egg-counts from a series of Egyptian autopsy cases with active schistosomiasis at death (Kamel, Cheever, Elwi, Mosimann and Danner 1977). The data are unique, and enable us to study the proportional distribution of eggs among various organs in relation to infection intensity for two species of schistosome worms. We develop a model for the distribution of eggs in three organs of the mesenteric circulation. Under a lognormal distribution assumption, several exact statistical procedures are presented and used to examine model consistency as well as isometry with respect to geometric means. Mesenteric egg counts for both Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium behave consistently with the model, and show little or no departure from isometry in cases without Symmers' fibrosis of the liver. We show that cases with Symmers' fibrosis have relatively more S. mansoni eggs in the small, as opposed to large, intestine. In the genito-urinary organs we show that the proportion of S. haematobium eggs in the bladder is high for low-intensity infections. This is consistent with the conclusion of Smith, Elwi, Kamel and Lichtenberg (1975), based on egg/gram data, that such infections may be initiated in the bladder. The correspondingly high proportion of eggs in the ureters with high-intensity infections indicates that increased intensity may have a disproportionately large pathologic effect on the infected individual.", "PMID": 719118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7955", "title": "Application of the four-parameter logistic model to bioassay: comparison with slope ratio and parallel line models.", "content": "Bioassays with a quantitative response showing a sigmoid log-dose relationship can be analysed by fitting a non-linear dose-response model directly to the data. It is demonstrated that the four-parameter logistic model, previously applied to immunoassay (Healy 1972), is applicable to the free fat cell bioassay of insulin (Moody, Stan, Stan and Gliemann 1974). It is shown that the standard slope ratio and parallel line models for bioassay can be considered as approximations to the logistic in the extreme dose regions, while the parallel line model can be expected to fit in the middle region. The full statistical analysis of the four-parameter logistic model applied to a general assay design is described. An APL computer program has been developed to facilitate the calculations, which include non-linear curve-fitting, tests of goodness of fit and parallelity, as well as point and interval estimates of the relative potency. Examples of free fat cell bioassays of insulin that have been analysed according to these methods are given. Efficient estimation of the potency calls for concentrating the doses in the region with the steepest slope of the dose-response curve. With respect to testing the parallelity and to allow for assay-to-assay variability and unpredictable potencies, it may be preferable to use an assay design with doses distributed over a wide range and to apply a dose-response model which, like the four-parameter logistic, is capable of fitting over the whole feasible dose range.", "contents": "Application of the four-parameter logistic model to bioassay: comparison with slope ratio and parallel line models. Bioassays with a quantitative response showing a sigmoid log-dose relationship can be analysed by fitting a non-linear dose-response model directly to the data. It is demonstrated that the four-parameter logistic model, previously applied to immunoassay (Healy 1972), is applicable to the free fat cell bioassay of insulin (Moody, Stan, Stan and Gliemann 1974). It is shown that the standard slope ratio and parallel line models for bioassay can be considered as approximations to the logistic in the extreme dose regions, while the parallel line model can be expected to fit in the middle region. The full statistical analysis of the four-parameter logistic model applied to a general assay design is described. An APL computer program has been developed to facilitate the calculations, which include non-linear curve-fitting, tests of goodness of fit and parallelity, as well as point and interval estimates of the relative potency. Examples of free fat cell bioassays of insulin that have been analysed according to these methods are given. Efficient estimation of the potency calls for concentrating the doses in the region with the steepest slope of the dose-response curve. With respect to testing the parallelity and to allow for assay-to-assay variability and unpredictable potencies, it may be preferable to use an assay design with doses distributed over a wide range and to apply a dose-response model which, like the four-parameter logistic, is capable of fitting over the whole feasible dose range.", "PMID": 719119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7956", "title": "A likelihood ratio statistic for testing goodness of fit with randomly censored data.", "content": "A likelihood ratio statistic is proposed for testing goodness of fit with grouped data which are subject to random right censoring. It is shown that, under appropriate conditions, this statistic has an asymptotic chi-square distribution which is non-central under contiguous alternatives. A formula is given for the non-centrality parameter. Two examples are given. The first concerns data from a large scale animal survival study with serial sacrifice where it is attempted to fit the Weibull, Gompertz and exponential power distributions to life length. The second example concerns marijuana usage and this needs an extension of the test to the doubly censored case. Another use of the statistic is to provide a quantitative method of ranking the fit of various proposed models to survival or reliability data.", "contents": "A likelihood ratio statistic for testing goodness of fit with randomly censored data. A likelihood ratio statistic is proposed for testing goodness of fit with grouped data which are subject to random right censoring. It is shown that, under appropriate conditions, this statistic has an asymptotic chi-square distribution which is non-central under contiguous alternatives. A formula is given for the non-centrality parameter. Two examples are given. The first concerns data from a large scale animal survival study with serial sacrifice where it is attempted to fit the Weibull, Gompertz and exponential power distributions to life length. The second example concerns marijuana usage and this needs an extension of the test to the doubly censored case. Another use of the statistic is to provide a quantitative method of ranking the fit of various proposed models to survival or reliability data.", "PMID": 719120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7957", "title": "Compartment model approach to the estimation of tumor incidence and growth: investigation of a model of cancer latency.", "content": "Consideration is made of the problems involved in determining the effects of a chronic disease process, such as stomach cancer, on the observed mortality of the U.S. population. Specifically, since the time of initiation of tumor growth is unknown and the tumor becomes clinically manifest only after reaching considerable size, the early rate and pattern of tumor growth is unobserved. As a possible solution to the analysis of such problems, it is proposed to use stochastic compartment modelling techniques which deal with the problems of estimating the transition probabilities of a partially observed stochastic process. Implementation of the stochastic compartment techniques in this case depends on the selection of certain mathematical expressions from theories of carcinogenesis, epidemiologic studies and animal studies which allow the calculation of transition probabilities to unobserved states by making them explicit functions of time or age. Though the selection of the specific functions might be subject to debate, the general strategy of explicitly selecting such functions, and thereby exposing them for review in terms of biologic reasonableness and consistency with the data, seems to be a valid and useful methodology. Furthermore, various ways of viewing the model results (say from its internal behavior, e.g., from implied distributions of waiting times in various disease states) yield different insights into the various factors in carcinogenesis. The model, with parameters representing tumor incidence, time to tumor death given onset, genetic susceptibility to tumor growth and the effects of competing forces of mortality, is fitted to data on deaths due to stomach cancer for male U.S. residents age 25 and over in 1969. Two basic forms of the model, one with a waiting time distribution for occupants of the latent state and another with a single latency time, achieved excellent fits to the data. Examination of parameter estimates and compartment waiting time distributions are consistent with theoretical expectations and intuition. It is concluded that such strategies, involving the integration of clinical, experimental and vital statistics data into a comprehensive model of population carcinogenesis, are potentially powerful tools for investigation of the temporal dimensions of disease development in a human population.", "contents": "Compartment model approach to the estimation of tumor incidence and growth: investigation of a model of cancer latency. Consideration is made of the problems involved in determining the effects of a chronic disease process, such as stomach cancer, on the observed mortality of the U.S. population. Specifically, since the time of initiation of tumor growth is unknown and the tumor becomes clinically manifest only after reaching considerable size, the early rate and pattern of tumor growth is unobserved. As a possible solution to the analysis of such problems, it is proposed to use stochastic compartment modelling techniques which deal with the problems of estimating the transition probabilities of a partially observed stochastic process. Implementation of the stochastic compartment techniques in this case depends on the selection of certain mathematical expressions from theories of carcinogenesis, epidemiologic studies and animal studies which allow the calculation of transition probabilities to unobserved states by making them explicit functions of time or age. Though the selection of the specific functions might be subject to debate, the general strategy of explicitly selecting such functions, and thereby exposing them for review in terms of biologic reasonableness and consistency with the data, seems to be a valid and useful methodology. Furthermore, various ways of viewing the model results (say from its internal behavior, e.g., from implied distributions of waiting times in various disease states) yield different insights into the various factors in carcinogenesis. The model, with parameters representing tumor incidence, time to tumor death given onset, genetic susceptibility to tumor growth and the effects of competing forces of mortality, is fitted to data on deaths due to stomach cancer for male U.S. residents age 25 and over in 1969. Two basic forms of the model, one with a waiting time distribution for occupants of the latent state and another with a single latency time, achieved excellent fits to the data. Examination of parameter estimates and compartment waiting time distributions are consistent with theoretical expectations and intuition. It is concluded that such strategies, involving the integration of clinical, experimental and vital statistics data into a comprehensive model of population carcinogenesis, are potentially powerful tools for investigation of the temporal dimensions of disease development in a human population.", "PMID": 719121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7958", "title": "A method for plotting the optimum positions of an array of cortical electrical phosphenes.", "content": "The cortical visual prosthesis provides one approach to the substitution of vision in blind people. Usable visual information is provided in the form of phosphenes, and in order to make use of the prosthesis the positions of the phosphenes in visual space must first be determined. Such phosphene maps have to be constructed from observations of the angle and distance between various pairs of phosphenes. Because of the variation in repeated observations of the same phosphene pair, some method is needed to provide the 'best' fitting map to the observations. By formulating the problem as one involving the minimization of a function of many variables, an algorithm is constructed which determines a two-dimensional co-ordinate for each phosphene by minimizing one of two criteria indicating the fit of the map to the observations. The minimization algorithm employed is, essentially, a 'steepest descent' procedure, and initial co-ordinate values are provided by a triangulation method.", "contents": "A method for plotting the optimum positions of an array of cortical electrical phosphenes. The cortical visual prosthesis provides one approach to the substitution of vision in blind people. Usable visual information is provided in the form of phosphenes, and in order to make use of the prosthesis the positions of the phosphenes in visual space must first be determined. Such phosphene maps have to be constructed from observations of the angle and distance between various pairs of phosphenes. Because of the variation in repeated observations of the same phosphene pair, some method is needed to provide the 'best' fitting map to the observations. By formulating the problem as one involving the minimization of a function of many variables, an algorithm is constructed which determines a two-dimensional co-ordinate for each phosphene by minimizing one of two criteria indicating the fit of the map to the observations. The minimization algorithm employed is, essentially, a 'steepest descent' procedure, and initial co-ordinate values are provided by a triangulation method.", "PMID": 719122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7959", "title": "Ascertainment models for human families selected through several affected children.", "content": "Sampling models for families having normal and affected children and being selected through information about two or more of the affected ones have been developed. Such a model, a so-called ascertainment model, yields the conditional probability that a family has r affected children given that it has s children altogether and that it has been selected or ascertained with a probability which is proportional to a given power of the number of different groups of m less than or equal to r affected children. When the power equals zero or one the model is simplified considerably. If also m = 1 we get the well-known complete ascertainment and single ascertainment model as special cases.", "contents": "Ascertainment models for human families selected through several affected children. Sampling models for families having normal and affected children and being selected through information about two or more of the affected ones have been developed. Such a model, a so-called ascertainment model, yields the conditional probability that a family has r affected children given that it has s children altogether and that it has been selected or ascertained with a probability which is proportional to a given power of the number of different groups of m less than or equal to r affected children. When the power equals zero or one the model is simplified considerably. If also m = 1 we get the well-known complete ascertainment and single ascertainment model as special cases.", "PMID": 719123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7960", "title": "Circular triads when not all paired comparisons are made.", "content": "In paired comparison experiments, especially those involving sensory perception, it is sometimes impossible or undesirable to perform all possible comparisons. As when all comparisons are made, the number of circular triads can be used as a measure of inconsistency in the responses of a particular judge. A computational method for determining the number of circular triads is presented in this paper.", "contents": "Circular triads when not all paired comparisons are made. In paired comparison experiments, especially those involving sensory perception, it is sometimes impossible or undesirable to perform all possible comparisons. As when all comparisons are made, the number of circular triads can be used as a measure of inconsistency in the responses of a particular judge. A computational method for determining the number of circular triads is presented in this paper.", "PMID": 719124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7961", "title": "Defective microbicidal function of neutrophils in haematological malignancies and lymphomas: correction by levamisole in vitro.", "content": "The ability of neutrophils to kill Candida guilliermondii was investigated in patients with various haematological malignancies and lymphomas. Twelve of 24 patients showed significant depression of Candida killing in vitro in comparison with normal controls. The addition of levamisole to the test system, in a concentration of 1 X 10(-7)M, resulted in the correction of the Candida killing defect in 7 of 8 patients.", "contents": "Defective microbicidal function of neutrophils in haematological malignancies and lymphomas: correction by levamisole in vitro. The ability of neutrophils to kill Candida guilliermondii was investigated in patients with various haematological malignancies and lymphomas. Twelve of 24 patients showed significant depression of Candida killing in vitro in comparison with normal controls. The addition of levamisole to the test system, in a concentration of 1 X 10(-7)M, resulted in the correction of the Candida killing defect in 7 of 8 patients.", "PMID": 719129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7962", "title": "Daunorubicin, daunorubicinol and DNA plasma kinetics after I.V. administration of daunorubican-DNA complex in the rabbit.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of daunorubicin and daunorubin-DNA complex were studied in the rabbit after i.v. bolus injection and a 4hr infusion period. The plasma levels of daunorubicin and daunorubicinol were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography and the DNA plasma levels by means of 125I labelled DNA. The results demonstrated a slower distribution of the complex; however, the more rapid decrease in the plasma levels of daunorubicin than that of DNA suggested that this complex essentially constitutes a \"daunorubicin circulating pool\" from which the drug diffuses more slowly than after the administration of uncomplexed daunorubicin.", "contents": "Daunorubicin, daunorubicinol and DNA plasma kinetics after I.V. administration of daunorubican-DNA complex in the rabbit. The pharmacokinetics of daunorubicin and daunorubin-DNA complex were studied in the rabbit after i.v. bolus injection and a 4hr infusion period. The plasma levels of daunorubicin and daunorubicinol were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography and the DNA plasma levels by means of 125I labelled DNA. The results demonstrated a slower distribution of the complex; however, the more rapid decrease in the plasma levels of daunorubicin than that of DNA suggested that this complex essentially constitutes a \"daunorubicin circulating pool\" from which the drug diffuses more slowly than after the administration of uncomplexed daunorubicin.", "PMID": 719130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7963", "title": "Effect of thioglycollate on macrophage lysosomal enzymes.", "content": "Mice peritoneal macrophages obtained after i.p. injection of a medium containing thioglycollate (Institut Pasteur, Paris) have increased levels of beta glucuronidase and acid phosphatase, when compared with macrophages obtained without previous thioglycollate injection. The maximum increase is observed between 7 and 10 days after injection and reaches up to 3 to 4 times the normal activity. When using separately the various components of the medium, the same phenomenon may be observed but never to the same degree. The injection of thioglycollate also produces: a) an increase in total number of peritoneal cells, and b) an increase in the percentage of macrophages among these cells. Kinetic studies suggest that thioglycollate injection first induces an increase in the number of peritoneal macrophages and subsequently macrophage modifications resulting in lysosomal enzyme increase.", "contents": "Effect of thioglycollate on macrophage lysosomal enzymes. Mice peritoneal macrophages obtained after i.p. injection of a medium containing thioglycollate (Institut Pasteur, Paris) have increased levels of beta glucuronidase and acid phosphatase, when compared with macrophages obtained without previous thioglycollate injection. The maximum increase is observed between 7 and 10 days after injection and reaches up to 3 to 4 times the normal activity. When using separately the various components of the medium, the same phenomenon may be observed but never to the same degree. The injection of thioglycollate also produces: a) an increase in total number of peritoneal cells, and b) an increase in the percentage of macrophages among these cells. Kinetic studies suggest that thioglycollate injection first induces an increase in the number of peritoneal macrophages and subsequently macrophage modifications resulting in lysosomal enzyme increase.", "PMID": 719131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7964", "title": "Absence of any detectable activity of the membrane marker enzyme 5'-nucleotidase in human red blood cells.", "content": "We have investigated in human red blood cell membranes the presence of a 5'-nucleotidase, which is considered a general marker of plasma membranes. No activity was detectable with a highly sensitive colorimetric method. This absence is not due to the rapid decline of enzyme activity in the course of red cell ageing, nor to its release during membrane preparation; nor is it due to substrate accessibility hindrance to the active center of the enzyme. Thus, the ubiquitousness of 5'-nucleotidase in plasma membranes is questioned.", "contents": "Absence of any detectable activity of the membrane marker enzyme 5'-nucleotidase in human red blood cells. We have investigated in human red blood cell membranes the presence of a 5'-nucleotidase, which is considered a general marker of plasma membranes. No activity was detectable with a highly sensitive colorimetric method. This absence is not due to the rapid decline of enzyme activity in the course of red cell ageing, nor to its release during membrane preparation; nor is it due to substrate accessibility hindrance to the active center of the enzyme. Thus, the ubiquitousness of 5'-nucleotidase in plasma membranes is questioned.", "PMID": 719132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7965", "title": "Inhibition of CFU-S entry into cell cycle after irradiation and drug treatment.", "content": "The cell cycle inhibition of pluripotent bone marrow stem cells (CFU-S) by a fetal calf bone marrow extract (BME) was studied. The normally quiescent cells were made to enter cell cycle by treatment with either irradiation or the phase specific drug cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C). Using the vitro-vivo system of Frindel et al., we have shown that when the BME was added to the incubation medium, no triggering of CFU-S into cycle could be observed. The inhibitory effect was also demonstrated when the BME was injected simultaneously with the drug. The possible relationships of BME with stimulating factors controlling CFU-S entry into cycle are discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition of CFU-S entry into cell cycle after irradiation and drug treatment. The cell cycle inhibition of pluripotent bone marrow stem cells (CFU-S) by a fetal calf bone marrow extract (BME) was studied. The normally quiescent cells were made to enter cell cycle by treatment with either irradiation or the phase specific drug cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C). Using the vitro-vivo system of Frindel et al., we have shown that when the BME was added to the incubation medium, no triggering of CFU-S into cycle could be observed. The inhibitory effect was also demonstrated when the BME was injected simultaneously with the drug. The possible relationships of BME with stimulating factors controlling CFU-S entry into cycle are discussed.", "PMID": 719133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7966", "title": "Distribution of nuclear pores and perinuclear dense substances in spermatocytes I of some Oedionychina fleabeetles.", "content": "The nuclear envelope of growing postpachytene spermatocyte I differs notably in structure between the fleabeetles Omophoita cyanipennis and Oedionychus bicolor. The former species shows a more conventional structure with an even and probably random distribution of nuclear pores, and a strongly electron-opaque layer of fibrogranular material (FM) separated from the outer nuclear membrane by an intermediate layer of about 40 nm thickness. Peripherally from the FM layer, a continuous corona of granular dense material (GM) is accumulated around the nucleus. In Oedionychus, all nuclear pores are clustered in \"nuclear sieves\", i.e., shallow, cup-like indentations of the nuclear envelope. The sieves are filled with an electron-opaque substance resembling the FM of the Omophoita spermatocytes. This substance is kept at a distance of about 40 nm from the outer nuclear membrane. GM is produced only at the sives, and is thus discontinuous. The sieves with their contents are called nuclear sieve complexes (NSC).", "contents": "Distribution of nuclear pores and perinuclear dense substances in spermatocytes I of some Oedionychina fleabeetles. The nuclear envelope of growing postpachytene spermatocyte I differs notably in structure between the fleabeetles Omophoita cyanipennis and Oedionychus bicolor. The former species shows a more conventional structure with an even and probably random distribution of nuclear pores, and a strongly electron-opaque layer of fibrogranular material (FM) separated from the outer nuclear membrane by an intermediate layer of about 40 nm thickness. Peripherally from the FM layer, a continuous corona of granular dense material (GM) is accumulated around the nucleus. In Oedionychus, all nuclear pores are clustered in \"nuclear sieves\", i.e., shallow, cup-like indentations of the nuclear envelope. The sieves are filled with an electron-opaque substance resembling the FM of the Omophoita spermatocytes. This substance is kept at a distance of about 40 nm from the outer nuclear membrane. GM is produced only at the sives, and is thus discontinuous. The sieves with their contents are called nuclear sieve complexes (NSC).", "PMID": 719134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7967", "title": "The mechanism of action and interaction of regulators of cell replication.", "content": "The oscillator concept of the cell cycle suggests that regulation of replication is achieved through a switch-like process. This is triggered when the values of parameters governing the behaviour of an intracellular control system exceed thresholds (bifurcations) which separate oscillatory and non-oscillatory (or damped oscillatory) modes of operation. On this basis it becomes possible to explain (a) how a given regulator can have diverse effects, (b) how distinct agents can have similar responses and (c) how various agents interact when controlling replication. The relevance of the malignant transformation is also briefly discussed.", "contents": "The mechanism of action and interaction of regulators of cell replication. The oscillator concept of the cell cycle suggests that regulation of replication is achieved through a switch-like process. This is triggered when the values of parameters governing the behaviour of an intracellular control system exceed thresholds (bifurcations) which separate oscillatory and non-oscillatory (or damped oscillatory) modes of operation. On this basis it becomes possible to explain (a) how a given regulator can have diverse effects, (b) how distinct agents can have similar responses and (c) how various agents interact when controlling replication. The relevance of the malignant transformation is also briefly discussed.", "PMID": 719135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7968", "title": "The relationship between the transition probability and oscillator concepts of the cell cycle and the nature of the commitment to replication.", "content": "The oscillator concept of the cell cycle predicts the existence of threshold conditions within the cell which must be exceeded before replication is initiated. It is shown (a) that if the conditions are subthreshold, random disturbances can trigger a cycle of the oscillation (round of replication) and (b) that the probability of this occurring increases as the state of the system approaches the threshold. It is concluded that the oscillator concept explains the data on which the transition probability model is based. It also accounts for the ability of cells to replicate even when the mitogen is present for a limited period only.", "contents": "The relationship between the transition probability and oscillator concepts of the cell cycle and the nature of the commitment to replication. The oscillator concept of the cell cycle predicts the existence of threshold conditions within the cell which must be exceeded before replication is initiated. It is shown (a) that if the conditions are subthreshold, random disturbances can trigger a cycle of the oscillation (round of replication) and (b) that the probability of this occurring increases as the state of the system approaches the threshold. It is concluded that the oscillator concept explains the data on which the transition probability model is based. It also accounts for the ability of cells to replicate even when the mitogen is present for a limited period only.", "PMID": 719136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7969", "title": "Feedback quenching as a means of effectively increasing the period of biochemical and biological oscillators.", "content": "A cellular oscillator can be expected to modify the levels of other constituents. In turn, some of these are likely to modulate the behaviour of the oscillating system. Under appropriate conditions this feedback can temporarily quench the periodicity. By such means the frequency of the oscillation can be effectively reduced by a factor of ten or more.", "contents": "Feedback quenching as a means of effectively increasing the period of biochemical and biological oscillators. A cellular oscillator can be expected to modify the levels of other constituents. In turn, some of these are likely to modulate the behaviour of the oscillating system. Under appropriate conditions this feedback can temporarily quench the periodicity. By such means the frequency of the oscillation can be effectively reduced by a factor of ten or more.", "PMID": 719137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7970", "title": "Formation of amino acids from aliphatic nitriles and aliphatic amines by contact glow discharge electrolysis.", "content": "Contact glow discharge electrolyses (CGDE) were carried out relative to the prebiotic formation of amino acids by amination of aliphatic nitrile in aqueous ammoniacal solution, and by cyanization of aliphatic amine by sodium cyanide. The CGDE of propionitrile by amination followed by hydrolysis resulted in the formation of glycine, alanine and beta-alanine. The reaction of ethylamine by cyanization, gave glycine, alanine, beta-alanine, aspartic acid, and serine. In these reactions, a relatively high ratio of glycine was observed. This could be explained by the cleavage of the alpha,beta-carbon bond, which was broken easily, due to the strong electron-attracting property of the nitrile group of propionitrile and the resulting alpha-aminopropionitrile.", "contents": "Formation of amino acids from aliphatic nitriles and aliphatic amines by contact glow discharge electrolysis. Contact glow discharge electrolyses (CGDE) were carried out relative to the prebiotic formation of amino acids by amination of aliphatic nitrile in aqueous ammoniacal solution, and by cyanization of aliphatic amine by sodium cyanide. The CGDE of propionitrile by amination followed by hydrolysis resulted in the formation of glycine, alanine and beta-alanine. The reaction of ethylamine by cyanization, gave glycine, alanine, beta-alanine, aspartic acid, and serine. In these reactions, a relatively high ratio of glycine was observed. This could be explained by the cleavage of the alpha,beta-carbon bond, which was broken easily, due to the strong electron-attracting property of the nitrile group of propionitrile and the resulting alpha-aminopropionitrile.", "PMID": 719138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7971", "title": "The relationship of CO2 assimilation pathways and photorespiration to the physiological quantum requirement of green plant photosynthesis.", "content": "The quantum requirement of green cells for CO2 fixation has been evaluated and discussed in view of the recent discovery of photorespiration and of multiple biochemical pathways for photosynthetic CO2 fixation. The reported quantum requirement of algae generally is near 9 quanta per CO2 fixed. It is suggested that the high CO2 concentrations and low O2 concentrations used for these algae experiments would have completely suppressed photorespiration and, therefore, the minimum number of quanta required to fix 1 CO2 molecule was correctly determined in these experiments. With higher plant leaves, when measurements are made under physiological environments, quantum requirements range from about 12 to 20 quanta per CO2 fixed. It is suggested that these physiological quantum requirements are higher because photorespiration is functional in these leaves and that photorespiration requires energy. The energy requirement of photorespiration was derived using biochemical models of leaf photosynthesis combining photorespiration with specific biochemical pathways for CO2 fixation. The calculated physiological quantum requirements for C3, C4 and CAM plant photosynthesis are 13, 15 and 17 respectively. The literature values on quantum requirements correspond well with these biochemical models of net photosynthesis. However, it was concluded that the biochemical models fail to give a complete description of photosynthesis in plants using the C4-dicarboxylic acid cycle.", "contents": "The relationship of CO2 assimilation pathways and photorespiration to the physiological quantum requirement of green plant photosynthesis. The quantum requirement of green cells for CO2 fixation has been evaluated and discussed in view of the recent discovery of photorespiration and of multiple biochemical pathways for photosynthetic CO2 fixation. The reported quantum requirement of algae generally is near 9 quanta per CO2 fixed. It is suggested that the high CO2 concentrations and low O2 concentrations used for these algae experiments would have completely suppressed photorespiration and, therefore, the minimum number of quanta required to fix 1 CO2 molecule was correctly determined in these experiments. With higher plant leaves, when measurements are made under physiological environments, quantum requirements range from about 12 to 20 quanta per CO2 fixed. It is suggested that these physiological quantum requirements are higher because photorespiration is functional in these leaves and that photorespiration requires energy. The energy requirement of photorespiration was derived using biochemical models of leaf photosynthesis combining photorespiration with specific biochemical pathways for CO2 fixation. The calculated physiological quantum requirements for C3, C4 and CAM plant photosynthesis are 13, 15 and 17 respectively. The literature values on quantum requirements correspond well with these biochemical models of net photosynthesis. However, it was concluded that the biochemical models fail to give a complete description of photosynthesis in plants using the C4-dicarboxylic acid cycle.", "PMID": 719139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7972", "title": "[Experimental reproduction of a secondary pacemaker center for alimentary motivation].", "content": "In chronic experiments on rabbits the possibility of artificial modeling of motivational feeding pacemaker's function by different limbic-reticular structures was investigated. It was shown that simultaneous stimulation of the lateral hypothalamic \"feeding\" centre with various structures of the limbic-reticular complex makes secondary pacemaker of feeding motivation in the midbrain reticular formation only.", "contents": "[Experimental reproduction of a secondary pacemaker center for alimentary motivation]. In chronic experiments on rabbits the possibility of artificial modeling of motivational feeding pacemaker's function by different limbic-reticular structures was investigated. It was shown that simultaneous stimulation of the lateral hypothalamic \"feeding\" centre with various structures of the limbic-reticular complex makes secondary pacemaker of feeding motivation in the midbrain reticular formation only.", "PMID": 719140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7973", "title": "[Confirmation of the hypothesis concerning the existence of a diffusion barrier in the region of the nodes of Ranvier of myelinated nerve fibers].", "content": "It was shown that during rhythmic stimulation of the node of Ranvier in the potassium-free solution there was an exponential decline of the trace hyperpolarization. This is attributed to the fact that potassium ions released from the fiber during the activity collect in the premembranous space separated from the external solution by diffuse barrier.", "contents": "[Confirmation of the hypothesis concerning the existence of a diffusion barrier in the region of the nodes of Ranvier of myelinated nerve fibers]. It was shown that during rhythmic stimulation of the node of Ranvier in the potassium-free solution there was an exponential decline of the trace hyperpolarization. This is attributed to the fact that potassium ions released from the fiber during the activity collect in the premembranous space separated from the external solution by diffuse barrier.", "PMID": 719141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7974", "title": "[Rhombencephalon and vasomotor reflexes to impulses of somatic A-fibers].", "content": "Cats decerebrated so that the medulla oblongata remained connected with a greater or lesser part of the pons Varolli were immobilized with flaxedyl or succinylcholine; arterial pressure (AP) responses to impulses (at the frequency of 10 s-1) of different subgroups of the tibial nerve A-afferents were studied. Impulses of the Abeta + Adelta1-afferents and of the most excitable part of Adelta2-afferents lowered AP in all the animals. Addition of all the Adelta2-afferent impulses enhanced this AP fall in 79% of the cats and only 21% of them did it evoke a rise of AP. Inclusion of Adelta2-fiber impulses into the afferent inflow either did not alter the average AP decrease or evoked a weak, and only sometimes, a more pronounced AP rise. It was found crucial to keep intact the structures of the ponto-medullary junction, as well as the most rostral part of the medulla for sharp decrease of the pressor reflexes or for the appearance of the depressor ones, instead. Consequently, in this part of the hind brain there are structures exerting a tonic depressive influence on the exciting effect of the somatic A-afferent impulses on the vasoconstrictor neurons, thus unmasking the existence of the inhibitory component of their action on these neurons. In unanesthetized cats this action of the hind brain structures is tonically inhibited by the midbrain.", "contents": "[Rhombencephalon and vasomotor reflexes to impulses of somatic A-fibers]. Cats decerebrated so that the medulla oblongata remained connected with a greater or lesser part of the pons Varolli were immobilized with flaxedyl or succinylcholine; arterial pressure (AP) responses to impulses (at the frequency of 10 s-1) of different subgroups of the tibial nerve A-afferents were studied. Impulses of the Abeta + Adelta1-afferents and of the most excitable part of Adelta2-afferents lowered AP in all the animals. Addition of all the Adelta2-afferent impulses enhanced this AP fall in 79% of the cats and only 21% of them did it evoke a rise of AP. Inclusion of Adelta2-fiber impulses into the afferent inflow either did not alter the average AP decrease or evoked a weak, and only sometimes, a more pronounced AP rise. It was found crucial to keep intact the structures of the ponto-medullary junction, as well as the most rostral part of the medulla for sharp decrease of the pressor reflexes or for the appearance of the depressor ones, instead. Consequently, in this part of the hind brain there are structures exerting a tonic depressive influence on the exciting effect of the somatic A-afferent impulses on the vasoconstrictor neurons, thus unmasking the existence of the inhibitory component of their action on these neurons. In unanesthetized cats this action of the hind brain structures is tonically inhibited by the midbrain.", "PMID": 719142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7975", "title": "[Effect of subdiaphragmatic vagotomy on sodium and potassium distribution in the bodies of rats].", "content": "The state of sodium and potassium metabolism in the organism of male rats was studied by the organic distribution of these elements 1, 7, 14, and 19 days after bilateral subphrenic vagotomy. This operation proved to lead to disturbances of electrolyte metabolism, most pronounced 1 and 7 days after the operation. Relative normalization of sodium and potassium content was noted in 14 and 19 days.", "contents": "[Effect of subdiaphragmatic vagotomy on sodium and potassium distribution in the bodies of rats]. The state of sodium and potassium metabolism in the organism of male rats was studied by the organic distribution of these elements 1, 7, 14, and 19 days after bilateral subphrenic vagotomy. This operation proved to lead to disturbances of electrolyte metabolism, most pronounced 1 and 7 days after the operation. Relative normalization of sodium and potassium content was noted in 14 and 19 days.", "PMID": 719143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7976", "title": "[Effect of several hormones on the intensity of experimental free-radical lipid oxidation reactions].", "content": "The effect of adrenaline and hydrocortisone on the processes of free radical oxidation of lipids in rabbit erythrocytes was studied in experiment in vivo against the background of altered lipid metabolism. Adrenaline in a dose of 0.1 mg/kg and hydrocortisone in a dose of 5 mg/kg induced an increase in the amount of hydroperoxidase of fatty acids recorded by the changes of the UV spectrum. The data obtained served in confirmation of the fact that adrenaline and hydrocortisone possessed prooxidant properties, apparently mediated, this being connected with their fat mobilizing effects.", "contents": "[Effect of several hormones on the intensity of experimental free-radical lipid oxidation reactions]. The effect of adrenaline and hydrocortisone on the processes of free radical oxidation of lipids in rabbit erythrocytes was studied in experiment in vivo against the background of altered lipid metabolism. Adrenaline in a dose of 0.1 mg/kg and hydrocortisone in a dose of 5 mg/kg induced an increase in the amount of hydroperoxidase of fatty acids recorded by the changes of the UV spectrum. The data obtained served in confirmation of the fact that adrenaline and hydrocortisone possessed prooxidant properties, apparently mediated, this being connected with their fat mobilizing effects.", "PMID": 719144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7977", "title": "[Phospholipid metabolism in the microsomes and cytosol of the brain tissue of normal rats and rats with hypoxic hypoxia].", "content": "The content and the intensity of metabolism of various phospholipid groups (phosphatidylcholines, monophosphoinositides, aminophospholipids) was studied in the homogenate, microsomes, and cytozol of the rat brain under normal conditions and in hypoxic hypoxia (240 mm Hg). Phospholipid content per 1 mg of protein was the highest in the microsomes, and the least in the cytozol. However, the total phospholipids of the cytozol had the greatest rate of metabolism of their phosphate groups. Without influencing the phospholipid content, hypoxia depressed the intensity of their metabolism, and this depression proved to be approximately the same in all the tissue preparations under study.", "contents": "[Phospholipid metabolism in the microsomes and cytosol of the brain tissue of normal rats and rats with hypoxic hypoxia]. The content and the intensity of metabolism of various phospholipid groups (phosphatidylcholines, monophosphoinositides, aminophospholipids) was studied in the homogenate, microsomes, and cytozol of the rat brain under normal conditions and in hypoxic hypoxia (240 mm Hg). Phospholipid content per 1 mg of protein was the highest in the microsomes, and the least in the cytozol. However, the total phospholipids of the cytozol had the greatest rate of metabolism of their phosphate groups. Without influencing the phospholipid content, hypoxia depressed the intensity of their metabolism, and this depression proved to be approximately the same in all the tissue preparations under study.", "PMID": 719145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7978", "title": "[Effect of an industrial frequency alternating magnetic field on the functional state of the thyroid gland and thyroxine absorption by the organs of rats].", "content": "A study was made of the 131I radioisotope absorption by the thyroid gland, thyroxin binding by a number of tissues, and also protein-bound iodine (PBI) content in the blood plasma of albino rats after the application of alternating magnetic field (AMF)--industrial frequency 200 Ersted voltage--of various duration and periodicity. Plasma PBI increased in response to the 15-minute AMF application. When the exposure was increased to 6.5 hours and especially to 24 hours there was a reduction of the PBI level and of the process of 131I-thyroxin binding by the tissues of the testes, heart, liver, and spleen. The AMF application for 6.5 hours a day for 5 days resulted in a significant elevation of 131I in the thyroid gland and of the PBI, but the 131I-thyroxin binding by the tissues decreased markedly. It is suggested that functional condition of the thyroid gland and the tissue reaction to thyroxin altered depending on the AMF duration and periodicity of action.", "contents": "[Effect of an industrial frequency alternating magnetic field on the functional state of the thyroid gland and thyroxine absorption by the organs of rats]. A study was made of the 131I radioisotope absorption by the thyroid gland, thyroxin binding by a number of tissues, and also protein-bound iodine (PBI) content in the blood plasma of albino rats after the application of alternating magnetic field (AMF)--industrial frequency 200 Ersted voltage--of various duration and periodicity. Plasma PBI increased in response to the 15-minute AMF application. When the exposure was increased to 6.5 hours and especially to 24 hours there was a reduction of the PBI level and of the process of 131I-thyroxin binding by the tissues of the testes, heart, liver, and spleen. The AMF application for 6.5 hours a day for 5 days resulted in a significant elevation of 131I in the thyroid gland and of the PBI, but the 131I-thyroxin binding by the tissues decreased markedly. It is suggested that functional condition of the thyroid gland and the tissue reaction to thyroxin altered depending on the AMF duration and periodicity of action.", "PMID": 719146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7979", "title": "[Prevention of the myocardial damaging effect of isadrin by curantil].", "content": "As revealed, in experiment on albino pubertal rats single subcutaneous injection of isadrine caused electrocardiographic and ultrastructural alterations characteristic of ischemia and necrosis of the myocardium, as well as of its contractile capacity disturbance. Preliminary three-day administration of curantil in a dose of 10 mg per kg body wt produced a marked protective effect on the isadrin damaged myocardium of pubertal rats.", "contents": "[Prevention of the myocardial damaging effect of isadrin by curantil]. As revealed, in experiment on albino pubertal rats single subcutaneous injection of isadrine caused electrocardiographic and ultrastructural alterations characteristic of ischemia and necrosis of the myocardium, as well as of its contractile capacity disturbance. Preliminary three-day administration of curantil in a dose of 10 mg per kg body wt produced a marked protective effect on the isadrin damaged myocardium of pubertal rats.", "PMID": 719147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7980", "title": "[Nature of the humoral factor from bone marrow stimulating antibody production].", "content": "An active factor doubling the antibody synthesis in the culture of immune lymph node cells was isolated from the supernatant of the cultures of bone marrow cells from intact donors. Gel chromatography was used for this purpose. The stimulant of antibody producers (SAP) was eluated at the site of cytochrome C exit; the factor is heat-stable and has the mol wt of 1300 daltons. SAP production needs RNA and protein synthesis, but does not require DNA synthesis. The radioactive label showed that SAP includes ribonucleotides and amino acids. It is suggested that SAP plays an important role in the regulation of antibody synthesis.", "contents": "[Nature of the humoral factor from bone marrow stimulating antibody production]. An active factor doubling the antibody synthesis in the culture of immune lymph node cells was isolated from the supernatant of the cultures of bone marrow cells from intact donors. Gel chromatography was used for this purpose. The stimulant of antibody producers (SAP) was eluated at the site of cytochrome C exit; the factor is heat-stable and has the mol wt of 1300 daltons. SAP production needs RNA and protein synthesis, but does not require DNA synthesis. The radioactive label showed that SAP includes ribonucleotides and amino acids. It is suggested that SAP plays an important role in the regulation of antibody synthesis.", "PMID": 719148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7981", "title": "[Changes in the resistance of different strains of mice to tumor development in the presence of immunologic responses].", "content": "The experiments on adult mice of varions breed lines have shown that direction of change of the resistance to cancer under conditions of the same immunological influence can be determined by genetic properties of an organism. The author believes that it is worthy of attention that anticancer resistance decreases only in that lines of mice in which was observed some predisposition to appearing of condition of allergy to tuberculine, as it was shown in experiments using the full adjuvant of Freund.", "contents": "[Changes in the resistance of different strains of mice to tumor development in the presence of immunologic responses]. The experiments on adult mice of varions breed lines have shown that direction of change of the resistance to cancer under conditions of the same immunological influence can be determined by genetic properties of an organism. The author believes that it is worthy of attention that anticancer resistance decreases only in that lines of mice in which was observed some predisposition to appearing of condition of allergy to tuberculine, as it was shown in experiments using the full adjuvant of Freund.", "PMID": 719149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7982", "title": "[Lower urethane carcinogenicity for the lungs of thymus-free nude mice in comparison with immunologically normal littermate mice].", "content": "Lung adenomas arose in 2 of 10 nude mice injected twice with urethane in a dose of 1 mg/g of body weight; these tumours were revealed in 7 of 10 immunologically normal littermates treated in the same way. Mean adenoma numbers were 0.2 +/- 0.13 per nude mouse and 1.2 +/- 0.36 per normal mouse (P less than 0.05). The data obtained do not agree with the immunological surveillance concept which predicts greated number of tumours in the nude mice in comparison with the normal ones.", "contents": "[Lower urethane carcinogenicity for the lungs of thymus-free nude mice in comparison with immunologically normal littermate mice]. Lung adenomas arose in 2 of 10 nude mice injected twice with urethane in a dose of 1 mg/g of body weight; these tumours were revealed in 7 of 10 immunologically normal littermates treated in the same way. Mean adenoma numbers were 0.2 +/- 0.13 per nude mouse and 1.2 +/- 0.36 per normal mouse (P less than 0.05). The data obtained do not agree with the immunological surveillance concept which predicts greated number of tumours in the nude mice in comparison with the normal ones.", "PMID": 719150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7983", "title": "[Geometric complementarity of the primary structures of histone molecules H2A, H2B, H3, H4 and several possible consequences of this phenomenon].", "content": "The paper treats of the correlations between the position geometry of the extended successions of the residue of basic amino acids and those nonbearing any positive charge along the polypeptide chains of the histone H2A, H2B, H3, H4 molecules forming nucleosomes protein frame. The number of histone packing variants in the tetramere conforming to the conditions of the revealed complementarity reached the value of 10(4), and in respect to histone octamere--10(8). A hypothesis was put forward on structural heterogeneity of nucleosomes (of functional significance) the choice of whose protein frame packing variant could be realized by the mechanisms of allosteric regulation of the primary structure of DNA molecule section serving as the nucleosome element.", "contents": "[Geometric complementarity of the primary structures of histone molecules H2A, H2B, H3, H4 and several possible consequences of this phenomenon]. The paper treats of the correlations between the position geometry of the extended successions of the residue of basic amino acids and those nonbearing any positive charge along the polypeptide chains of the histone H2A, H2B, H3, H4 molecules forming nucleosomes protein frame. The number of histone packing variants in the tetramere conforming to the conditions of the revealed complementarity reached the value of 10(4), and in respect to histone octamere--10(8). A hypothesis was put forward on structural heterogeneity of nucleosomes (of functional significance) the choice of whose protein frame packing variant could be realized by the mechanisms of allosteric regulation of the primary structure of DNA molecule section serving as the nucleosome element.", "PMID": 719151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7984", "title": "[Effect of the thymus on the ability of hematopoietic stem cells to recover from sublethal radiation injuries].", "content": "Following fractional irradiation of the mouse bone marrow (300 rad in vitro + 300 rad in vivo) the damage of stem hemopoietic cells was more pronounced when the interval between the irradiations was 30 min as compared to five hrs, on account of recovery from sublethal radiation injury (Elkind's repair of radiation damages). In adult thymectomized mice the capability of stem hemopoietic cells to Elkind's repair was sharply deranged 2.5 to 5 months after the operation. This effect of thymectomy was abrogated by the newborn thymus graft.", "contents": "[Effect of the thymus on the ability of hematopoietic stem cells to recover from sublethal radiation injuries]. Following fractional irradiation of the mouse bone marrow (300 rad in vitro + 300 rad in vivo) the damage of stem hemopoietic cells was more pronounced when the interval between the irradiations was 30 min as compared to five hrs, on account of recovery from sublethal radiation injury (Elkind's repair of radiation damages). In adult thymectomized mice the capability of stem hemopoietic cells to Elkind's repair was sharply deranged 2.5 to 5 months after the operation. This effect of thymectomy was abrogated by the newborn thymus graft.", "PMID": 719152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7985", "title": "[Changes in the amount of protein in hypothalamic neurons of sexually mature rats castrated neonatally].", "content": "A change in the amount of protein in the neurons of the anterior and mediobasal hypothalamus of sexually mature male rats castrated neonatally was observed in the study using the interferometric method. A considerable increase was recorded in the dry weight of the neurons in the medial preoptic region and the arcuate and ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus. The most pronounced changes were observed in the nuclei of these neurons. The results obtained point to the influence of androgens on the hypothalamic structures responsible for the regulation of both cyclic and tonic release of gonadotropic hormones in sexually mature animals during sex differentiation of the brain.", "contents": "[Changes in the amount of protein in hypothalamic neurons of sexually mature rats castrated neonatally]. A change in the amount of protein in the neurons of the anterior and mediobasal hypothalamus of sexually mature male rats castrated neonatally was observed in the study using the interferometric method. A considerable increase was recorded in the dry weight of the neurons in the medial preoptic region and the arcuate and ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus. The most pronounced changes were observed in the nuclei of these neurons. The results obtained point to the influence of androgens on the hypothalamic structures responsible for the regulation of both cyclic and tonic release of gonadotropic hormones in sexually mature animals during sex differentiation of the brain.", "PMID": 719153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7986", "title": "[Submicroscopic changes in the thyroid gland in burns].", "content": "Submicroscopic changes of thyrocytes and perifollicular capillarites were studied in pubertal guinea pig males on the 1st, 2nd, 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th days of burn disease. During the burn shock macrofollicles formed by flattened thyrocytes dominated in the thyroid gland. The capillaries were characterized by the lumen dilatation and disturbance of the wall ultrastructure. The cells increased in height, and there was hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the intracellular organellae on the 7th and the 14th days. Along with hyperplastic processes in thyrocytes and endothelial cells destruction of the membrane cell components developed which caused deep necroblas cell injury and severe disturbances of the vascular parenchymatous relationships in the organ at later periods of the disease (the 21st and 28th days).", "contents": "[Submicroscopic changes in the thyroid gland in burns]. Submicroscopic changes of thyrocytes and perifollicular capillarites were studied in pubertal guinea pig males on the 1st, 2nd, 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th days of burn disease. During the burn shock macrofollicles formed by flattened thyrocytes dominated in the thyroid gland. The capillaries were characterized by the lumen dilatation and disturbance of the wall ultrastructure. The cells increased in height, and there was hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the intracellular organellae on the 7th and the 14th days. Along with hyperplastic processes in thyrocytes and endothelial cells destruction of the membrane cell components developed which caused deep necroblas cell injury and severe disturbances of the vascular parenchymatous relationships in the organ at later periods of the disease (the 21st and 28th days).", "PMID": 719154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7987", "title": "[Determination of \"settling factor\" (f) by the hematopoietic stem cell cloning test in mouse spleen and bone marrow].", "content": "The effect of distribution of injected colony-forming units (CFU) in the recipient's organism was studied. The distribution was assessed by the \"sedimentation factor\" (f) criterion. This factor was found by the number of colonies revealed on histological sections of the spleen and femoral bone marrow in comparison with the number of colonies visible on the surface of the spleen. Macroscopic count of the colonies on the spleen permits, to assess the f value both in the whole spleen volume and in the femoral bone marrow. In this case f value was independent of the character of CFU differentiation. f value could change depending on the physiological condition of CFU population. In irradiation of the bone marrow CFU in a dose of 200, 400 and 600 R f value in the spleen decreased in comparison with control, but remained unchanged in the bone marrow.", "contents": "[Determination of \"settling factor\" (f) by the hematopoietic stem cell cloning test in mouse spleen and bone marrow]. The effect of distribution of injected colony-forming units (CFU) in the recipient's organism was studied. The distribution was assessed by the \"sedimentation factor\" (f) criterion. This factor was found by the number of colonies revealed on histological sections of the spleen and femoral bone marrow in comparison with the number of colonies visible on the surface of the spleen. Macroscopic count of the colonies on the spleen permits, to assess the f value both in the whole spleen volume and in the femoral bone marrow. In this case f value was independent of the character of CFU differentiation. f value could change depending on the physiological condition of CFU population. In irradiation of the bone marrow CFU in a dose of 200, 400 and 600 R f value in the spleen decreased in comparison with control, but remained unchanged in the bone marrow.", "PMID": 719155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7988", "title": "[Functional morphology of accessory neurosecretory cells in cat hypothalamus].", "content": "In acute experiments on tomcats after stimulation of supraoptic nuclei (SON), postoptic nuclei (PON), preoptic area of the hypothalamus, cervical sympathetic nerve (SCN) and vagal afferent fibers (VA) the following data were obtained in the preparations stained by Gomori method: four pair accessory cell groups in the rostral part of the hypothalamus were observed: 1) periventricular group (along the walls of the III ventricle; 2) the preoptic group (above the preoptic recess; 3) the parafornical group (around the fornix columns), and 4) the spindle-shaped group. The latter group was revealed constantly both in control and in the stimulated animals in all the experiments. In direct stimulation of the SON and PON and also if the CSN and the vagus direction of its reaction coincided with such in the SON and PON, whereas in stimulation of the VA of the hypothalamus the synthesis activation was observed against the background of unchanged (in comparison with control) state of the neurosecretory nuclei.", "contents": "[Functional morphology of accessory neurosecretory cells in cat hypothalamus]. In acute experiments on tomcats after stimulation of supraoptic nuclei (SON), postoptic nuclei (PON), preoptic area of the hypothalamus, cervical sympathetic nerve (SCN) and vagal afferent fibers (VA) the following data were obtained in the preparations stained by Gomori method: four pair accessory cell groups in the rostral part of the hypothalamus were observed: 1) periventricular group (along the walls of the III ventricle; 2) the preoptic group (above the preoptic recess; 3) the parafornical group (around the fornix columns), and 4) the spindle-shaped group. The latter group was revealed constantly both in control and in the stimulated animals in all the experiments. In direct stimulation of the SON and PON and also if the CSN and the vagus direction of its reaction coincided with such in the SON and PON, whereas in stimulation of the VA of the hypothalamus the synthesis activation was observed against the background of unchanged (in comparison with control) state of the neurosecretory nuclei.", "PMID": 719156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7989", "title": "[Histotopography of several metabolic processes in the heart].", "content": "Localization of basic metabolic processes was investigated by histochemical methods in the heart of untrained, trained, and overtrained rats in relative rest state, and at the stage of single and repeated physical loads in case of urtrained rats. In the untrained rat heart myocardium the glycogenolysis and glycolysis processes were more active in the subendocardial layers, and those of fatty acids and ketone bodies oxidation--in the subepicardial layers. Reverse relationships were discovered in the trained and overtrained rats myocardium. The subpericardial layers role for supporting the heart function in sharp activation of its work was demonstrated.", "contents": "[Histotopography of several metabolic processes in the heart]. Localization of basic metabolic processes was investigated by histochemical methods in the heart of untrained, trained, and overtrained rats in relative rest state, and at the stage of single and repeated physical loads in case of urtrained rats. In the untrained rat heart myocardium the glycogenolysis and glycolysis processes were more active in the subendocardial layers, and those of fatty acids and ketone bodies oxidation--in the subepicardial layers. Reverse relationships were discovered in the trained and overtrained rats myocardium. The subpericardial layers role for supporting the heart function in sharp activation of its work was demonstrated.", "PMID": 719157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7990", "title": "[Changes in ultrastructural synaptoarchitectonics induced by endotoxin].", "content": "The authors studied the ultrastructure of synapses of the dog sensory-motor cortex in response to intravenous injection of typhoid endotoxin. The most pronounced shifts were noted in the dendrite neuron apparatus. Activation in the cortical structures was connected with an increase in the number of functioning synapses and reconstruction of interneuronal connections. There was an increase in the length of the contacting membranes, and of the quantity of synaptic vesicles; the content of dense core vesicles is released. Depression is associated with dystrophic changes in the synapses.", "contents": "[Changes in ultrastructural synaptoarchitectonics induced by endotoxin]. The authors studied the ultrastructure of synapses of the dog sensory-motor cortex in response to intravenous injection of typhoid endotoxin. The most pronounced shifts were noted in the dendrite neuron apparatus. Activation in the cortical structures was connected with an increase in the number of functioning synapses and reconstruction of interneuronal connections. There was an increase in the length of the contacting membranes, and of the quantity of synaptic vesicles; the content of dense core vesicles is released. Depression is associated with dystrophic changes in the synapses.", "PMID": 719158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7991", "title": "[Ultrastructural features of the kidney following administration of antidiuretic hormone].", "content": "In the course of antidiuresis induced in rats by the antidiuretic hormone injection on the background of moderate water load (in difference from the hormone injection without the water load) the expansion of the extracellular spaces and of the basal labyrinth in the epithelium of the collecting tubules and of the thin descending limb of Henle's loop was revealed; this was apparently associated with the presence of intratubular pressure gradient under the given conditions. In both the experimental versions there occurred cytoplasmic vacuolization and expansion of the interstitial cells perinuclear space in the kidney medulla. These data confirm the hypothesis on the role of the intercellular contact in the transepithelium water reabsorption path in the kidney during the urine concentration process, and indicate the participation of the interstitial cells in this process.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural features of the kidney following administration of antidiuretic hormone]. In the course of antidiuresis induced in rats by the antidiuretic hormone injection on the background of moderate water load (in difference from the hormone injection without the water load) the expansion of the extracellular spaces and of the basal labyrinth in the epithelium of the collecting tubules and of the thin descending limb of Henle's loop was revealed; this was apparently associated with the presence of intratubular pressure gradient under the given conditions. In both the experimental versions there occurred cytoplasmic vacuolization and expansion of the interstitial cells perinuclear space in the kidney medulla. These data confirm the hypothesis on the role of the intercellular contact in the transepithelium water reabsorption path in the kidney during the urine concentration process, and indicate the participation of the interstitial cells in this process.", "PMID": 719159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7992", "title": "[Study of the constituent proteins of brain structures by the technic of electrophoresis in a continuous polyacrylamide gel gradient in capillaries].", "content": "The author compared the protein composition of the brain structures (premotor zone of the cortex, CA3 are of the hyppocampus, the caudate nucleus, the frontal lobe of the cerebellum) in rats by electrophoresis in the continuous gradient of polyacrylamide gel pores in capillaries. The method used proved to possess a much greater resolving capacity in comparison with electrophoresis in the homogeneous gel concentration; no differences could be revealed in the protein composition of the brain structures under study.", "contents": "[Study of the constituent proteins of brain structures by the technic of electrophoresis in a continuous polyacrylamide gel gradient in capillaries]. The author compared the protein composition of the brain structures (premotor zone of the cortex, CA3 are of the hyppocampus, the caudate nucleus, the frontal lobe of the cerebellum) in rats by electrophoresis in the continuous gradient of polyacrylamide gel pores in capillaries. The method used proved to possess a much greater resolving capacity in comparison with electrophoresis in the homogeneous gel concentration; no differences could be revealed in the protein composition of the brain structures under study.", "PMID": 719160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7993", "title": "[Method of quantitative determination of natriuretic factor in biological fluids].", "content": "The natriuretic factor was determined quantitatively on the isolated rat jejunum segmens turned inside out. After addition of the test blood plasma into the incubation medium the changes in fluid absorption by the intestinal epithelium were recorded. The amount of the natriuretic factor capable of complete blocking the transport activity of the intestinal epithelium was accepted as 1 intestinal unit of the natriuretic factor.", "contents": "[Method of quantitative determination of natriuretic factor in biological fluids]. The natriuretic factor was determined quantitatively on the isolated rat jejunum segmens turned inside out. After addition of the test blood plasma into the incubation medium the changes in fluid absorption by the intestinal epithelium were recorded. The amount of the natriuretic factor capable of complete blocking the transport activity of the intestinal epithelium was accepted as 1 intestinal unit of the natriuretic factor.", "PMID": 719161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7994", "title": "[Double labeling method for electron microscopic autoradiography].", "content": "A method for investigation of the synthesis of two different substances of the RNA and protein in the same cell was described. Two specific tritium-labeled precursors--uridine and proline were administered to the animals. The difference in the RNA and protein labeling was based on the fact that biosynthesis of these macromolecules was localized in different cell parts. Comparison of the results obtained and those of the two control experiments in which one of the precursors was administered has shown the fitness of the present method for simultaneous investigation of the RNA and protein synthesis in the wound fibroblasts.", "contents": "[Double labeling method for electron microscopic autoradiography]. A method for investigation of the synthesis of two different substances of the RNA and protein in the same cell was described. Two specific tritium-labeled precursors--uridine and proline were administered to the animals. The difference in the RNA and protein labeling was based on the fact that biosynthesis of these macromolecules was localized in different cell parts. Comparison of the results obtained and those of the two control experiments in which one of the precursors was administered has shown the fitness of the present method for simultaneous investigation of the RNA and protein synthesis in the wound fibroblasts.", "PMID": 719162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7995", "title": "[Method of studying the functional state of pulmonary alveolar macrophages during exposure to atmospheric pollutants].", "content": "On the basis of experimental research results a method to assess the functional state of pulmonary alveolar macrophages in rabbits and rats has been proposed as a criterion of the biological effect of chemical atmospheric pollutants. The test involves a cytological assay, determination of the viable cells quantity and of the phagocytic competence, and also the biochemical study of alveolar macrophages enzymes activity (acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, lysozyme, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucosidase, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase). It has been shown that this method is informative and reliably reproducible, and that it was reasonable to use it in environmental health and other branches of experimental biology and medicine.", "contents": "[Method of studying the functional state of pulmonary alveolar macrophages during exposure to atmospheric pollutants]. On the basis of experimental research results a method to assess the functional state of pulmonary alveolar macrophages in rabbits and rats has been proposed as a criterion of the biological effect of chemical atmospheric pollutants. The test involves a cytological assay, determination of the viable cells quantity and of the phagocytic competence, and also the biochemical study of alveolar macrophages enzymes activity (acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, lysozyme, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucosidase, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase). It has been shown that this method is informative and reliably reproducible, and that it was reasonable to use it in environmental health and other branches of experimental biology and medicine.", "PMID": 719164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7996", "title": "Augmentation of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) synthesis in culture by human erythropoietic precursors in the marrow and peripheral blood: studies in sickle cell anemia and nonhemoglobinopathic adults.", "content": "We cultured marrow and peripheral blood erythropoietic precrusors in methylcellulose clonal assay and measured the synthetic rates of HbA, A2, F, and S in patients with and without sickle cell anemia. Hb was labeled with 14C-amino acid in culture, separated by slab gel isoelectric focusing techniques, and quantitated by autoradiographic methods. Comparison of marrow late (CFU-E) and early (BFU-E) precursors from patients without hemoglobinopathies showed that preferential synthesis of HbF is limited to early precursors. Simultaneous examinations of Hb synthesis by blood and marrow early erythropoietic precursors confirmed the similarity of the biosynthetic capabilities of the precursors from the two sources. Increasing concentrations of erythropoietin (Ep) in culture corresponded with increases in the percentages of HbF synthesized by blood BFU-E of normal individuals. HbF biosynthesis by blood BFU-E from sickle cell anemia patients was significantly higher than that synthesized by nonanemic individuals and showed significant individual variations. HbF synthesis in patients with sickle cell anemia was partially dependent on Ep concentrations in culture. Cell culture of circulating erythropoietic precursors in man appears to provide a unique tool for studying the control mechanisms of Hb synthesis in man.", "contents": "Augmentation of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) synthesis in culture by human erythropoietic precursors in the marrow and peripheral blood: studies in sickle cell anemia and nonhemoglobinopathic adults. We cultured marrow and peripheral blood erythropoietic precrusors in methylcellulose clonal assay and measured the synthetic rates of HbA, A2, F, and S in patients with and without sickle cell anemia. Hb was labeled with 14C-amino acid in culture, separated by slab gel isoelectric focusing techniques, and quantitated by autoradiographic methods. Comparison of marrow late (CFU-E) and early (BFU-E) precursors from patients without hemoglobinopathies showed that preferential synthesis of HbF is limited to early precursors. Simultaneous examinations of Hb synthesis by blood and marrow early erythropoietic precursors confirmed the similarity of the biosynthetic capabilities of the precursors from the two sources. Increasing concentrations of erythropoietin (Ep) in culture corresponded with increases in the percentages of HbF synthesized by blood BFU-E of normal individuals. HbF biosynthesis by blood BFU-E from sickle cell anemia patients was significantly higher than that synthesized by nonanemic individuals and showed significant individual variations. HbF synthesis in patients with sickle cell anemia was partially dependent on Ep concentrations in culture. Cell culture of circulating erythropoietic precursors in man appears to provide a unique tool for studying the control mechanisms of Hb synthesis in man.", "PMID": 719166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7997", "title": "Hematologic changes during spleen colony development in nonirradiated mice.", "content": "The mechanism of spleen colony formation in nonirradiated mice was investigated. When the spleen cells of C57BL mice immunized against CBA-T6T6 mice were injected into the nonirradiated BT6F1 (C57BL X CBA-T6T6) hybrid mice, the number of hematopoietic stem cells (CFU-S of C57BL mouse origin that settled in the spleen of the BT6F1 mice continued to decrease in the first 9 days and then started to increase, with a doubling time of about 36 hr. Colonies were detected on the surface of the spleen 16-22 days after the cell injection. The slower appearance of spleen colonies in nonirradiated mice (compared with 6-10 days in the irridiated animals) appears to be due to retarded start of differentiation and to the prolonged doubling time of CFU-S in non-irradiated mice.", "contents": "Hematologic changes during spleen colony development in nonirradiated mice. The mechanism of spleen colony formation in nonirradiated mice was investigated. When the spleen cells of C57BL mice immunized against CBA-T6T6 mice were injected into the nonirradiated BT6F1 (C57BL X CBA-T6T6) hybrid mice, the number of hematopoietic stem cells (CFU-S of C57BL mouse origin that settled in the spleen of the BT6F1 mice continued to decrease in the first 9 days and then started to increase, with a doubling time of about 36 hr. Colonies were detected on the surface of the spleen 16-22 days after the cell injection. The slower appearance of spleen colonies in nonirradiated mice (compared with 6-10 days in the irridiated animals) appears to be due to retarded start of differentiation and to the prolonged doubling time of CFU-S in non-irradiated mice.", "PMID": 719167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7998", "title": "Variability of the homeostatic response to altered p50.", "content": "Blood from carriers of hemoglobin Osler (Hb Osler) had almost the same oxygen affinity as that of carriers of Hb McKees Rocks (Hb MR) (P50 10-11 mm Hg), but Hb concentrations were higher in male carriers of the former (21.6 versus 17.2 g/dl). Two carriers of each Hb were studied to compare their adaptations to altered oxygen affinity and their responses to phlebotomy. All four were healthy, and all excreted normal amounts of erythropoietin. Carriers of Hb MR had somewhat lower mixed venous pO2 than carriers of Hb Osler. There was no suggestion that phlebotomy impaired ability to exercise in either group of patients.", "contents": "Variability of the homeostatic response to altered p50. Blood from carriers of hemoglobin Osler (Hb Osler) had almost the same oxygen affinity as that of carriers of Hb McKees Rocks (Hb MR) (P50 10-11 mm Hg), but Hb concentrations were higher in male carriers of the former (21.6 versus 17.2 g/dl). Two carriers of each Hb were studied to compare their adaptations to altered oxygen affinity and their responses to phlebotomy. All four were healthy, and all excreted normal amounts of erythropoietin. Carriers of Hb MR had somewhat lower mixed venous pO2 than carriers of Hb Osler. There was no suggestion that phlebotomy impaired ability to exercise in either group of patients.", "PMID": 719168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_7999", "title": "Canine cyclic hematopoiesis: effects of chronic endotoxin administration.", "content": "Endotoxin was given to grey collie dogs to investigate the mechanism of cyclic hematopoiesis. Over prolonged periods of daily administration, low doses of endotoxin (0.1 microgram/kg/day) failed to change the cycling of blood neutrophils or reticulocytes. However, higher doses of endotoxin maintained at a plateau level (5 microgram/kg/day) eliminated the cyclic changes in neutrophils and stabilized the reticulocyte and platelet counts in the normal range. Administration of endotoxin at this dose also eliminated the cyclic marrow differential count fluctuations characteristic of this disease. We infer from these results that endotoxin ameliorates the cyclical changes in blood cell counts by regulating hematopoietic proliferative activity at the stem cell level.", "contents": "Canine cyclic hematopoiesis: effects of chronic endotoxin administration. Endotoxin was given to grey collie dogs to investigate the mechanism of cyclic hematopoiesis. Over prolonged periods of daily administration, low doses of endotoxin (0.1 microgram/kg/day) failed to change the cycling of blood neutrophils or reticulocytes. However, higher doses of endotoxin maintained at a plateau level (5 microgram/kg/day) eliminated the cyclic changes in neutrophils and stabilized the reticulocyte and platelet counts in the normal range. Administration of endotoxin at this dose also eliminated the cyclic marrow differential count fluctuations characteristic of this disease. We infer from these results that endotoxin ameliorates the cyclical changes in blood cell counts by regulating hematopoietic proliferative activity at the stem cell level.", "PMID": 719169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8000", "title": "Measurement of sickling by controlled temperature increase.", "content": "Previous experiments to study the rate of red cell sickling have employed rapid mixing apparatus for SS cells with dithionite and have shown that the half-time of sickling is quite rapid, on the order of seconds. An alternative approach is to slow down the rate by taking advantage of the negative temperature coefficient of the process. We developed a method in which deoxygenation of a cell suspension is carried out at 0 degrees C. A linear temperature gradient to 37 degrees C is applied, and a gradual increase in the percentage of sickled cells is observed. At a heating rate of 1.5 degrees C/min the temperature at which half of the cells became sickled was 19 degrees C for SS cells treated with dithionite, 22 degrees C for SC cells, 28 degrees C for AS cells, 22 degrees C for cyanate-treated SS cells, and 23 degrees C for SS cells in the presence of 0.1 M butylurea. Thus this method promises to be useful for the study of sickling rates and the screening of potential anti-sickling agents.", "contents": "Measurement of sickling by controlled temperature increase. Previous experiments to study the rate of red cell sickling have employed rapid mixing apparatus for SS cells with dithionite and have shown that the half-time of sickling is quite rapid, on the order of seconds. An alternative approach is to slow down the rate by taking advantage of the negative temperature coefficient of the process. We developed a method in which deoxygenation of a cell suspension is carried out at 0 degrees C. A linear temperature gradient to 37 degrees C is applied, and a gradual increase in the percentage of sickled cells is observed. At a heating rate of 1.5 degrees C/min the temperature at which half of the cells became sickled was 19 degrees C for SS cells treated with dithionite, 22 degrees C for SC cells, 28 degrees C for AS cells, 22 degrees C for cyanate-treated SS cells, and 23 degrees C for SS cells in the presence of 0.1 M butylurea. Thus this method promises to be useful for the study of sickling rates and the screening of potential anti-sickling agents.", "PMID": 719171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8001", "title": "Erythroid regulatory factors: correlation of detectable titers in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "Titers of erythroid regulatory factors (ERF), as measured in vivo with a standard erythrocythemic mouse technique, showed a highly significant correlation with those obtained in vitro with a fetal mouse liver cell (FMLC) assay. The results from the assay in vitro were somewhat higher than would be predicted from the assay in vivo. Nevertheless, the FMLC technique has been found to be a valid and useful technique particularly in the study of serum ERF titers.", "contents": "Erythroid regulatory factors: correlation of detectable titers in vivo and in vitro. Titers of erythroid regulatory factors (ERF), as measured in vivo with a standard erythrocythemic mouse technique, showed a highly significant correlation with those obtained in vitro with a fetal mouse liver cell (FMLC) assay. The results from the assay in vitro were somewhat higher than would be predicted from the assay in vivo. Nevertheless, the FMLC technique has been found to be a valid and useful technique particularly in the study of serum ERF titers.", "PMID": 719176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8002", "title": "Granuloerythropoietic colonies in human bone marrow, peripheral blood, and cord blood.", "content": "Colonies that contain granulopoietic and erythropoietic cells can be grown in specimens of human bone marrow, peripheral blood, and cord blood. Growth of these colonies is promoted by media conditioned by leukocytes in the presence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA-LCM) and the addition of erythropoietin on days 4 or 5 to the cultures. Sedimentation velocity profiles for these granuloerythrocytic colonies suggest their origin from single cells (CFU-G/E) rather than from doublets or clumps. This hypothesis is supported by cocultivation of male and female specimens. Cells in granuloerythrocytic colonies that developed in such mixing experiments were either uniformly female by Y-chromatin analysis or contained Y-chromatin bodies in both the granulocytic and erythroid cells.", "contents": "Granuloerythropoietic colonies in human bone marrow, peripheral blood, and cord blood. Colonies that contain granulopoietic and erythropoietic cells can be grown in specimens of human bone marrow, peripheral blood, and cord blood. Growth of these colonies is promoted by media conditioned by leukocytes in the presence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA-LCM) and the addition of erythropoietin on days 4 or 5 to the cultures. Sedimentation velocity profiles for these granuloerythrocytic colonies suggest their origin from single cells (CFU-G/E) rather than from doublets or clumps. This hypothesis is supported by cocultivation of male and female specimens. Cells in granuloerythrocytic colonies that developed in such mixing experiments were either uniformly female by Y-chromatin analysis or contained Y-chromatin bodies in both the granulocytic and erythroid cells.", "PMID": 719177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8003", "title": "Influence of environmental factors excluding ultra violet radiation on the incidence of skin cancer.", "content": "Cancers of the skin are not properly registered and our lack of precise knowledge of the influence of environmental factors is due both to a failure to report and a failure to attribute because many tumours are not recognised as due to environmental factors and escape notification due to lack of knowledge and teaching. The long latent period also interferes. The commonest cancer is squamous cell carcinoma followed by basal cell carcinoma. Melanoma is exceedingly rarely environmental. The main causative agents are: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), inorganic arsenic and ionising radiation. PAH induce 4 times more cancer of the scrotum in workers using cutting oils or pitch than expected. These subjects have also increased incidence of second primaries of both the skin and internal organs. The latent period varies from 20 years (exposure to coal tar) to 50 years or more (exposure to mineral oils). Exposure to pitch may result in 11 fold increase incidence of squamous cell carcinoma. Skin cancer due to arsenic is rare. It has been seen in sheep dip workers, in patients treated with Fowler's solution and in vineyard workers using arsenical pesticides and drinking contaminated wine. The latent period may go up to 60 years. Ionising radiation over 1,000 rems may cause basal and squamous cell carcinoma. The latent period varies from 7 weeks to 56 years (average 25--30 yrs).", "contents": "Influence of environmental factors excluding ultra violet radiation on the incidence of skin cancer. Cancers of the skin are not properly registered and our lack of precise knowledge of the influence of environmental factors is due both to a failure to report and a failure to attribute because many tumours are not recognised as due to environmental factors and escape notification due to lack of knowledge and teaching. The long latent period also interferes. The commonest cancer is squamous cell carcinoma followed by basal cell carcinoma. Melanoma is exceedingly rarely environmental. The main causative agents are: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), inorganic arsenic and ionising radiation. PAH induce 4 times more cancer of the scrotum in workers using cutting oils or pitch than expected. These subjects have also increased incidence of second primaries of both the skin and internal organs. The latent period varies from 20 years (exposure to coal tar) to 50 years or more (exposure to mineral oils). Exposure to pitch may result in 11 fold increase incidence of squamous cell carcinoma. Skin cancer due to arsenic is rare. It has been seen in sheep dip workers, in patients treated with Fowler's solution and in vineyard workers using arsenical pesticides and drinking contaminated wine. The latent period may go up to 60 years. Ionising radiation over 1,000 rems may cause basal and squamous cell carcinoma. The latent period varies from 7 weeks to 56 years (average 25--30 yrs).", "PMID": 719179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8004", "title": "Biochemical aspects of chemical carcinogenesis.", "content": "This article briefly outlines three major biochemical problems in relation to the presence of chemical carcinogens in mammalian cells: (a) the enzymatic systems responsible for the chemical carcinogen metabolism; (b) the nature of the reactive metabolites and (c) the cellular target(s). References and examples are only given for the field of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.", "contents": "Biochemical aspects of chemical carcinogenesis. This article briefly outlines three major biochemical problems in relation to the presence of chemical carcinogens in mammalian cells: (a) the enzymatic systems responsible for the chemical carcinogen metabolism; (b) the nature of the reactive metabolites and (c) the cellular target(s). References and examples are only given for the field of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.", "PMID": 719180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8005", "title": "Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of 8-MOP/UVA in cell cultures.", "content": "HGPRT-deficient mutants of chinese hamster cells and human skin fibroblasts are selected with 6-thioguanine after treatment with the combination 8-MOP and UVA. Calculation based on this study indicate that 1.7 X 10(-5) mutants will be induced in the epidermis per session of PUVA therapy. Induction of cell-transformation was observed in C3H and 3T3 mouse cells.", "contents": "Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of 8-MOP/UVA in cell cultures. HGPRT-deficient mutants of chinese hamster cells and human skin fibroblasts are selected with 6-thioguanine after treatment with the combination 8-MOP and UVA. Calculation based on this study indicate that 1.7 X 10(-5) mutants will be induced in the epidermis per session of PUVA therapy. Induction of cell-transformation was observed in C3H and 3T3 mouse cells.", "PMID": 719181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8006", "title": "Formation of thymine containing dimers in skin exposed to ultraviolet radiation.", "content": "Nuclear DNA appears to be the major molecular target for the inhibitory, mutagenic and lethal effects of ultraviolet radiation on cells in culture. Cyclobutyl dimers between adjacent pyrimidine bases, the major photochemical lesions for these effects in prokaryotes, also play a part in UVR effects on eukaryote cells. Pyrimidine dimers have been isolated from in vivo UV-irradiated guinea pig and mouse skin. The wavelength dependence for dimer induction is similar to that for acute skin reactions but no direct causal relationship has been established. Sunlight UVA may induce dimers in skin DNA. Excision of dimers from mouse skin in vivo is deficient as it is for most rodent cells in culture; human cell excision is efficient and the difficulties in interpretation of UV-carcinogenesis results with mice in terms of human skin cancer are therefore, increased.", "contents": "Formation of thymine containing dimers in skin exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Nuclear DNA appears to be the major molecular target for the inhibitory, mutagenic and lethal effects of ultraviolet radiation on cells in culture. Cyclobutyl dimers between adjacent pyrimidine bases, the major photochemical lesions for these effects in prokaryotes, also play a part in UVR effects on eukaryote cells. Pyrimidine dimers have been isolated from in vivo UV-irradiated guinea pig and mouse skin. The wavelength dependence for dimer induction is similar to that for acute skin reactions but no direct causal relationship has been established. Sunlight UVA may induce dimers in skin DNA. Excision of dimers from mouse skin in vivo is deficient as it is for most rodent cells in culture; human cell excision is efficient and the difficulties in interpretation of UV-carcinogenesis results with mice in terms of human skin cancer are therefore, increased.", "PMID": 719182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8007", "title": "Xeroderma pigmentosum: heterogeneous syndrome and model for UV carcinogenesis.", "content": "Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare inherited, heterogeneous syndrome with pigment anomalies, sun sensitivity, multiple cutaneous neoplasms and abnormal self protecting systems (SPS). The transmittence is autosomal-recessive. 50 percent of XP patients gets melanoma and 15 percent have neurological abnormalities. Clinical differentiation, determination of the DNA repair rate and cell fusion studies allow the differentiation of 6 complementation groups including De Sanctis-Cacchione syndrome and the XP variant typ. Pigmented Xerodermoid is a special form. Cytogenetic studies give evidences for the model character of XP for UV carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Xeroderma pigmentosum: heterogeneous syndrome and model for UV carcinogenesis. Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare inherited, heterogeneous syndrome with pigment anomalies, sun sensitivity, multiple cutaneous neoplasms and abnormal self protecting systems (SPS). The transmittence is autosomal-recessive. 50 percent of XP patients gets melanoma and 15 percent have neurological abnormalities. Clinical differentiation, determination of the DNA repair rate and cell fusion studies allow the differentiation of 6 complementation groups including De Sanctis-Cacchione syndrome and the XP variant typ. Pigmented Xerodermoid is a special form. Cytogenetic studies give evidences for the model character of XP for UV carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 719183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8008", "title": "Xeroderma pigmentosum and the role of DNA repair in oncogenesis.", "content": "Biochemical and genetic information on xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) has been briefly reviewed. This indicates that 80 to 90 percent of all XP patients are defective in the excision repair of pyrimidine dimers and are unable to perform the first step of this process as shown, for example, by their inability to undergo the DNA superhelical changes which accompany the initiation of excision repair in normal cells. However, in spite of its apparent biochemical homogeneity, XP is genetically heterogeneous and many genes appear to be responsible for the function of the factor defective in XP. Ten to 20 percent of all XP patients (called XP-variants) are capable of \"dimer excision repair\" but have difficulties in replicating UV-damaged DNA. The defects of XP and XP-variant affect also the repair of DNA damage caused by a number of chemical mutagens and carcinogens. This has important theoretical and practical implications since it indicates, for example, that the repair systems defective in XP must have broad specificity and that even XP cells not exposed to the harmful effect of light may suffer from poor repair of DNA damage. With regard to cancer, two questions have been considered. Namely, does XP provide a valid general model for UV-carcinogenesis in man and does it show how DNA damage leads to malignant transformation? The first question was answered in the affirmative in view of some clinical but, mainly, of cell biological data indicating that normal and excision defective XP cells differ, more quantitatively than qualitatively, in their response to UV-light. With regard to the second question XP seems to provide some support for various theories on carcinogenesis and, DNA repair defects may favour actinic carcinogenesis in a complex, non-univocous manner. Possibly the most important lesson imparted by XP is that, in man, the stability of the genetic material is dependent on the function of repair systems whose failure may predispose to cancer. In addition, the study of XP has stressed the fact that many genes control DNA metabolism and new evidence is accumulating to show that defects in such genes may contribute significantly to the genetic predisposition to cancer.", "contents": "Xeroderma pigmentosum and the role of DNA repair in oncogenesis. Biochemical and genetic information on xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) has been briefly reviewed. This indicates that 80 to 90 percent of all XP patients are defective in the excision repair of pyrimidine dimers and are unable to perform the first step of this process as shown, for example, by their inability to undergo the DNA superhelical changes which accompany the initiation of excision repair in normal cells. However, in spite of its apparent biochemical homogeneity, XP is genetically heterogeneous and many genes appear to be responsible for the function of the factor defective in XP. Ten to 20 percent of all XP patients (called XP-variants) are capable of \"dimer excision repair\" but have difficulties in replicating UV-damaged DNA. The defects of XP and XP-variant affect also the repair of DNA damage caused by a number of chemical mutagens and carcinogens. This has important theoretical and practical implications since it indicates, for example, that the repair systems defective in XP must have broad specificity and that even XP cells not exposed to the harmful effect of light may suffer from poor repair of DNA damage. With regard to cancer, two questions have been considered. Namely, does XP provide a valid general model for UV-carcinogenesis in man and does it show how DNA damage leads to malignant transformation? The first question was answered in the affirmative in view of some clinical but, mainly, of cell biological data indicating that normal and excision defective XP cells differ, more quantitatively than qualitatively, in their response to UV-light. With regard to the second question XP seems to provide some support for various theories on carcinogenesis and, DNA repair defects may favour actinic carcinogenesis in a complex, non-univocous manner. Possibly the most important lesson imparted by XP is that, in man, the stability of the genetic material is dependent on the function of repair systems whose failure may predispose to cancer. In addition, the study of XP has stressed the fact that many genes control DNA metabolism and new evidence is accumulating to show that defects in such genes may contribute significantly to the genetic predisposition to cancer.", "PMID": 719184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8009", "title": "Studies on the DNA-excision repair in lymphocytes of patients with recurrent Herpes simplex.", "content": "Investigations of the semiconservative DNA replication and the excision repair in lymphocytes of patients with recurrent herpes simplex showed defects that could lead to mutations in the DNA with following lower immuncompetence and possibility for activation of already present oncogenic virus formations within the cellular DNA.", "contents": "Studies on the DNA-excision repair in lymphocytes of patients with recurrent Herpes simplex. Investigations of the semiconservative DNA replication and the excision repair in lymphocytes of patients with recurrent herpes simplex showed defects that could lead to mutations in the DNA with following lower immuncompetence and possibility for activation of already present oncogenic virus formations within the cellular DNA.", "PMID": 719185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8010", "title": "Pigmented Xerodermoid: first report of a family.", "content": "Pigmented Xerodermoid is a variant of Xeroderma pigmentosum characterized by late manifestation of sun--sensitivity, dyschromic and poikilodermatic skin changes and multiple malignant skin tumors in light exposed areas. In contrast to Xeroderma pigmentosum excision repair system is normal, but DNA synthesis after UV--irradiation is markedly prolonged, suggesting that the postreplicational repair mechanism is disturbed. A family of 89 members with 4 siblings suffering from pigmented Xerodermoid was examined. The pedigree of this family suggests autosomal recessive inheritance in this disease.", "contents": "Pigmented Xerodermoid: first report of a family. Pigmented Xerodermoid is a variant of Xeroderma pigmentosum characterized by late manifestation of sun--sensitivity, dyschromic and poikilodermatic skin changes and multiple malignant skin tumors in light exposed areas. In contrast to Xeroderma pigmentosum excision repair system is normal, but DNA synthesis after UV--irradiation is markedly prolonged, suggesting that the postreplicational repair mechanism is disturbed. A family of 89 members with 4 siblings suffering from pigmented Xerodermoid was examined. The pedigree of this family suggests autosomal recessive inheritance in this disease.", "PMID": 719186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8011", "title": "Quantitative changes in respiratory enzyme activity in premalignant lesions and experimentally irradiated skin.", "content": "Chronic exposure of human skin to solar irradiation results in a variety of preneoplastic and frankly neoplastic skin lesions. We have shown that in solar keratoses (SK) and in paralesional skin there is instead of an even distribution of succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity a relative decreased activity in the granular cell layer. Furthermore, there is enhancement of the usual concentration of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity in the granular zone as well as an increase in total G6PDH epidermal activity. In the experimental part of this study, six normal volunteer subjects had areas of normally non exposed skin (buttocks) irradiated with a 2 Mean erythema dose of ultra violet light (290--400 nm) on between 3 and 5 occasions per week for 2--6 week periods. The results obtained indicated that the same changes in enzyme activity localization take place in artificially irradiated normally non exposed epidermis as seen in normally exposed skin nearby actinic keratoses. It is suggested that these quantitative changes may be the basis of a model for the study of chronic ultra violet light damage to the epidermis.", "contents": "Quantitative changes in respiratory enzyme activity in premalignant lesions and experimentally irradiated skin. Chronic exposure of human skin to solar irradiation results in a variety of preneoplastic and frankly neoplastic skin lesions. We have shown that in solar keratoses (SK) and in paralesional skin there is instead of an even distribution of succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity a relative decreased activity in the granular cell layer. Furthermore, there is enhancement of the usual concentration of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity in the granular zone as well as an increase in total G6PDH epidermal activity. In the experimental part of this study, six normal volunteer subjects had areas of normally non exposed skin (buttocks) irradiated with a 2 Mean erythema dose of ultra violet light (290--400 nm) on between 3 and 5 occasions per week for 2--6 week periods. The results obtained indicated that the same changes in enzyme activity localization take place in artificially irradiated normally non exposed epidermis as seen in normally exposed skin nearby actinic keratoses. It is suggested that these quantitative changes may be the basis of a model for the study of chronic ultra violet light damage to the epidermis.", "PMID": 719187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8012", "title": "DNA repair deficiency in lymphocytes from patients with actinic keratosis.", "content": "DNA repair activity was measured in peripheral blood lymphocytes from 18 patients with Actinic Keratosis and 18 age-matched control subjects, by comparing the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into cells after irradiation with ultraviolet light with that into unirradiated cells. The incorporation was followed autoradiographically or by measuring acid insoluble radioactivity in cells labelled in the presence of hydroxyurea. The repair activity in lymphocytes from Actinic keratosis patients was only 47.1 percent (+/- 6.5%) of that in cells from the control subjects.", "contents": "DNA repair deficiency in lymphocytes from patients with actinic keratosis. DNA repair activity was measured in peripheral blood lymphocytes from 18 patients with Actinic Keratosis and 18 age-matched control subjects, by comparing the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into cells after irradiation with ultraviolet light with that into unirradiated cells. The incorporation was followed autoradiographically or by measuring acid insoluble radioactivity in cells labelled in the presence of hydroxyurea. The repair activity in lymphocytes from Actinic keratosis patients was only 47.1 percent (+/- 6.5%) of that in cells from the control subjects.", "PMID": 719188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8013", "title": "Lead concentration in the livers of Canadians.", "content": "Liver specimens were collected at 114 (83 males and 31 females) autopsies on accident victims and on 4 stillborn infants in seven Canadian Cities. The age of the individuals ranged from newborn to 89 years with about 70% being 19--65 years. The level of lead in the samples was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy using a carbon rod atomizer. The concentration of lead in liver was low (microgram/g: Mean, 0.37, Median 0.28) at birth and during infancy. In the stillborn infants it ranged from 0.30 to 0.77 (Mean 0.51). 7ale adults had an average level of 1.78 (Median 1.41) whereas in adult females the corresponding values were 0.65 and 0.57. The liver lead concentration peaked at about the end of the fourth decard in adult males. There was no indication of any regional differences.", "contents": "Lead concentration in the livers of Canadians. Liver specimens were collected at 114 (83 males and 31 females) autopsies on accident victims and on 4 stillborn infants in seven Canadian Cities. The age of the individuals ranged from newborn to 89 years with about 70% being 19--65 years. The level of lead in the samples was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy using a carbon rod atomizer. The concentration of lead in liver was low (microgram/g: Mean, 0.37, Median 0.28) at birth and during infancy. In the stillborn infants it ranged from 0.30 to 0.77 (Mean 0.51). 7ale adults had an average level of 1.78 (Median 1.41) whereas in adult females the corresponding values were 0.65 and 0.57. The liver lead concentration peaked at about the end of the fourth decard in adult males. There was no indication of any regional differences.", "PMID": 719196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8014", "title": "A kerosen-like taint in the sea mullet Mugil cephalus (Linneaus). II. Some aspects of the deposition and metabolism of hydrocarbons in muscle tissue.", "content": "The results obtained indicate that the deposition of absorbed hydrocarbons in different segments of the muscle tissue of the sea mullet is proportional to the lipid content of the segment. However the results give no clear indication as to whether the total lipid content of the muscle tissue of individual fish influences the uptake of hydrocarbons from the environment. Evidence has been presented for different rates of metabolism of the n-alkanes as compared to the iso-alkanes and related compounds. Metabolic processes in the sea mullet result in the preferential degradation of the n-alkanes leaving a hydrocarbon mixture in the sea mullet enriched with iso-alkanes and related compounds.", "contents": "A kerosen-like taint in the sea mullet Mugil cephalus (Linneaus). II. Some aspects of the deposition and metabolism of hydrocarbons in muscle tissue. The results obtained indicate that the deposition of absorbed hydrocarbons in different segments of the muscle tissue of the sea mullet is proportional to the lipid content of the segment. However the results give no clear indication as to whether the total lipid content of the muscle tissue of individual fish influences the uptake of hydrocarbons from the environment. Evidence has been presented for different rates of metabolism of the n-alkanes as compared to the iso-alkanes and related compounds. Metabolic processes in the sea mullet result in the preferential degradation of the n-alkanes leaving a hydrocarbon mixture in the sea mullet enriched with iso-alkanes and related compounds.", "PMID": 719197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8015", "title": "Petroleum hydrocarbon resistance in the marine worm Neanthes arenaceodentata (polychaeta: annelida), induced by chronic exposure to No. 2 fuel oil.", "content": "1. Three successive generations of the marine polychaetous annelid Neanthes arenaceodentata taken from a laboratory population, were continuously exposed to one of three sublethal concentrations of No. 2 Fuel Oil water-soluble-fraction (WSFs). During each generation larvae, juvenile, and immature adult polychaetes were challenged with acute (96 hr) doses of No. 2 Fuel Oil or south Louisiana crude oil WSF to test their sensitivity to petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs). 2. Larvae from all 3 generations, at all exposure concentrations, were no different from control (susceptible) larvae in their sensitivity to the two test oils. F1, F2, and F3 adults exhibited equally increased PHC resistance (X2) compared to control adults. 3. The only evidence of increased resistance beyond that observed in F1 animals was seen in results of bioassays with juvenile worms, wherein PHC resistance increased from slightly below control levels in F1 juveniles to slightly above control tolerance among F3 juveniles. 4. With the exception of F1 worms, removal from chronic exposure 7 or 14 days prior to challenge did not result in termination or reduction of resistance, implicating a genetic mechanism behind PHC resistance in N. arenaceodentata. 5. F3 resistant and unexposed control polychaetes accumulated, metabolized, and excreted a key diaromatic PHC (naphthalene-14C) in quantitatively identical fashion. Mechanisms responsible for resistance appeared unrelated to external permeability and/or excretion rates.", "contents": "Petroleum hydrocarbon resistance in the marine worm Neanthes arenaceodentata (polychaeta: annelida), induced by chronic exposure to No. 2 fuel oil. 1. Three successive generations of the marine polychaetous annelid Neanthes arenaceodentata taken from a laboratory population, were continuously exposed to one of three sublethal concentrations of No. 2 Fuel Oil water-soluble-fraction (WSFs). During each generation larvae, juvenile, and immature adult polychaetes were challenged with acute (96 hr) doses of No. 2 Fuel Oil or south Louisiana crude oil WSF to test their sensitivity to petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs). 2. Larvae from all 3 generations, at all exposure concentrations, were no different from control (susceptible) larvae in their sensitivity to the two test oils. F1, F2, and F3 adults exhibited equally increased PHC resistance (X2) compared to control adults. 3. The only evidence of increased resistance beyond that observed in F1 animals was seen in results of bioassays with juvenile worms, wherein PHC resistance increased from slightly below control levels in F1 juveniles to slightly above control tolerance among F3 juveniles. 4. With the exception of F1 worms, removal from chronic exposure 7 or 14 days prior to challenge did not result in termination or reduction of resistance, implicating a genetic mechanism behind PHC resistance in N. arenaceodentata. 5. F3 resistant and unexposed control polychaetes accumulated, metabolized, and excreted a key diaromatic PHC (naphthalene-14C) in quantitatively identical fashion. Mechanisms responsible for resistance appeared unrelated to external permeability and/or excretion rates.", "PMID": 719200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8016", "title": "Comparative effects of feeding lead acetate and phospholipid-bound lead on blood and tissue lead concentrations in young and adult rats.", "content": "Two different forms of lead, lead acetate and phospholipid-bound lead, were fed to young and adult male rats for 10 weeks at the 300 ppm dietary level. Based on the lead concentrations found in selected tissues, our results indicate that the bioavailability of phospholipid-bound lead is similar to that of lead acetate at the 300 ppm level. Young rats had higher concentrations of lead in tissues than did adult rats.", "contents": "Comparative effects of feeding lead acetate and phospholipid-bound lead on blood and tissue lead concentrations in young and adult rats. Two different forms of lead, lead acetate and phospholipid-bound lead, were fed to young and adult male rats for 10 weeks at the 300 ppm dietary level. Based on the lead concentrations found in selected tissues, our results indicate that the bioavailability of phospholipid-bound lead is similar to that of lead acetate at the 300 ppm level. Young rats had higher concentrations of lead in tissues than did adult rats.", "PMID": 719204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8017", "title": "Current concepts of gastrointestinal motility and electrical activity.", "content": "The motor and electrical events in the gastrointestinal tract correlate far better than do motor activity and transit of intraluminal contents. Two types of electrical phenomenon can be recorded from the smooth muscle of the bowel, namely slow waves and action potentials. Action potentials, which are superimposed on the slow waves, initiate the gastrointestinal contractions and are directly related to changes in intraluminal pressure. The characteristics of the electrical activity in the different parts of the alimentary tract are described, these being dependent on the anatomical recording site, the animal species, and the recording technique. Alterations in motility by neural and hormonal stimuli reflect the changes that these stimuli produce in the gastrointestinal myoelectrical activity.", "contents": "Current concepts of gastrointestinal motility and electrical activity. The motor and electrical events in the gastrointestinal tract correlate far better than do motor activity and transit of intraluminal contents. Two types of electrical phenomenon can be recorded from the smooth muscle of the bowel, namely slow waves and action potentials. Action potentials, which are superimposed on the slow waves, initiate the gastrointestinal contractions and are directly related to changes in intraluminal pressure. The characteristics of the electrical activity in the different parts of the alimentary tract are described, these being dependent on the anatomical recording site, the animal species, and the recording technique. Alterations in motility by neural and hormonal stimuli reflect the changes that these stimuli produce in the gastrointestinal myoelectrical activity.", "PMID": 719220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8018", "title": "Rat vas deferens: a specific bioassay for endogenous opioid peptides.", "content": "The electrically-evoked contractions of the rat vas deferens were selectively inhibited by beta-endorphin, the preparation being much less sensitive to enkephalins and narcotic analgesic drugs. However, introduction of D-Ala in position 2 of [Leu]-enkephalin enhanced the activity of the opioid peptide to the order of that of beta-endorphin. It is concluded that the rat vas deferens preparation constitutes a specific bioassay for endogenous opioid peptides and related compounds.", "contents": "Rat vas deferens: a specific bioassay for endogenous opioid peptides. The electrically-evoked contractions of the rat vas deferens were selectively inhibited by beta-endorphin, the preparation being much less sensitive to enkephalins and narcotic analgesic drugs. However, introduction of D-Ala in position 2 of [Leu]-enkephalin enhanced the activity of the opioid peptide to the order of that of beta-endorphin. It is concluded that the rat vas deferens preparation constitutes a specific bioassay for endogenous opioid peptides and related compounds.", "PMID": 719230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8019", "title": "Potentiation of nerve-induced bladder responses by tetraethylammonium in relation to junctional and extrajunctional muscarinic receptors.", "content": "1 The single stimulus responses elicited in the rat urinary bladder were enhanced up to 3 fold by tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA) in the range 2.5 to 10 mM. Responses elicited by repetitive stimulation at 20 Hz were potentiated much less by 2.5 and 5 mM TEA; 10 mM TEA depressed the responses to less than control levels.2 The responses elicited in preparations treated with tetrodotoxin or botulinum toxin during the 20 Hz stimulus trains were one third to one half of control, while single stimulus responses were abolished altogether. After 10 mM TEA the response to the 20 Hz stimulus trains were near control but the single stimulus responses were not restored at all.3 The single stimulus response of control and of TEA-treated bladder preparations were unaffected by atropine (2 x 10(-6) M) but responses elicited by a 20 Hz stimulus train were reduced more than 40% by atropine. After 5 mM TEA the responses to the 20 Hz stimulus trains that had been partially blocked by atropine were immediately restored to near control levels.4 The responses of bladders to carbachol were dose-dependent in the range 10(-6) to 10(-5) M and were atropine-sensitive. After 5 mM TEA the means of the responses produced by graded doses of carbachol were less than control; muscarinic receptors that were blocked by TEA are probably also atropine-sensitive.5 It is suggested that muscarinic receptors in the rat urinary bladder may be divided into: (1) junctional receptors that are resistant to atropine and may be indirectly affected by TEA and (2) extrajunctional receptors that are blocked by atropine and may be directly affected by TEA.", "contents": "Potentiation of nerve-induced bladder responses by tetraethylammonium in relation to junctional and extrajunctional muscarinic receptors. 1 The single stimulus responses elicited in the rat urinary bladder were enhanced up to 3 fold by tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA) in the range 2.5 to 10 mM. Responses elicited by repetitive stimulation at 20 Hz were potentiated much less by 2.5 and 5 mM TEA; 10 mM TEA depressed the responses to less than control levels.2 The responses elicited in preparations treated with tetrodotoxin or botulinum toxin during the 20 Hz stimulus trains were one third to one half of control, while single stimulus responses were abolished altogether. After 10 mM TEA the response to the 20 Hz stimulus trains were near control but the single stimulus responses were not restored at all.3 The single stimulus response of control and of TEA-treated bladder preparations were unaffected by atropine (2 x 10(-6) M) but responses elicited by a 20 Hz stimulus train were reduced more than 40% by atropine. After 5 mM TEA the responses to the 20 Hz stimulus trains that had been partially blocked by atropine were immediately restored to near control levels.4 The responses of bladders to carbachol were dose-dependent in the range 10(-6) to 10(-5) M and were atropine-sensitive. After 5 mM TEA the means of the responses produced by graded doses of carbachol were less than control; muscarinic receptors that were blocked by TEA are probably also atropine-sensitive.5 It is suggested that muscarinic receptors in the rat urinary bladder may be divided into: (1) junctional receptors that are resistant to atropine and may be indirectly affected by TEA and (2) extrajunctional receptors that are blocked by atropine and may be directly affected by TEA.", "PMID": 719231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8020", "title": "The influence of L-tryptophan and monoamine oxidase inhibitors on catecholamine metabolism in rat brain.", "content": "1. L-Tryptophan (100 mg/kg) was administered to rats with or without pretreatment with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and the concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, homovanillic acid, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3-methoxy 4-hydroxyphenyl glycol, normetanephrine, noradrenaline and dopamine measured in whole brain one hour later. 2. L-Tryptophan increased the concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, homovanillic acid, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3-methoxy 4-hydroxyphenyl glycol and normetanephrine. The concentration of noradrenaline did not change whilst that of dopamine increased significantly. 3. In animals pretreated chronically with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, tryptophan increased the concentration of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid compared to monoamine oxidase alone. 4. The results suggest either a release of dopamine and noradrenaline by 5-hydroxytryptamine, with a compensatory increase in their synthesis, or an increase in the firing of dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurones after L-tryptophan.", "contents": "The influence of L-tryptophan and monoamine oxidase inhibitors on catecholamine metabolism in rat brain. 1. L-Tryptophan (100 mg/kg) was administered to rats with or without pretreatment with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and the concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, homovanillic acid, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3-methoxy 4-hydroxyphenyl glycol, normetanephrine, noradrenaline and dopamine measured in whole brain one hour later. 2. L-Tryptophan increased the concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, homovanillic acid, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3-methoxy 4-hydroxyphenyl glycol and normetanephrine. The concentration of noradrenaline did not change whilst that of dopamine increased significantly. 3. In animals pretreated chronically with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, tryptophan increased the concentration of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid compared to monoamine oxidase alone. 4. The results suggest either a release of dopamine and noradrenaline by 5-hydroxytryptamine, with a compensatory increase in their synthesis, or an increase in the firing of dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurones after L-tryptophan.", "PMID": 719232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8021", "title": "Antagonism by clonidine of neuronal depressant responses to adenosine, adenosine-5'-monophosphate and adenosine triphosphate.", "content": "1. Adenosine and its nucleotides adenosine-5'-monophosphate (AMP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) have been applied by microiontophoresis to neurones in the cerebral cortex of rats anesthetized with urethane. The firing rate of most neurones was depressed, though two cells were encountered which showed biphasic responses to ATP consisting of an initial excitation succeeded by depression. 2. The application of clonidine with iontophoretic currents of less than 25 nA resulted in blockade of the depressant responses to the purines, without affecting responses to noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). At much higher doses of clonidine, direct depression of cell firing occurred and occasional interaction with noradrenaline was noted. 3. In the case of the biphasic responses to ATP, clonidine seemed to block only the depressant phase. Reduction of the excitatory component paralleled changes of background firing. 4. It is concluded that, in common with some other 2-substituted imidazoline derivatives, clonidine possesses the ability to block responses to purine compounds.", "contents": "Antagonism by clonidine of neuronal depressant responses to adenosine, adenosine-5'-monophosphate and adenosine triphosphate. 1. Adenosine and its nucleotides adenosine-5'-monophosphate (AMP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) have been applied by microiontophoresis to neurones in the cerebral cortex of rats anesthetized with urethane. The firing rate of most neurones was depressed, though two cells were encountered which showed biphasic responses to ATP consisting of an initial excitation succeeded by depression. 2. The application of clonidine with iontophoretic currents of less than 25 nA resulted in blockade of the depressant responses to the purines, without affecting responses to noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). At much higher doses of clonidine, direct depression of cell firing occurred and occasional interaction with noradrenaline was noted. 3. In the case of the biphasic responses to ATP, clonidine seemed to block only the depressant phase. Reduction of the excitatory component paralleled changes of background firing. 4. It is concluded that, in common with some other 2-substituted imidazoline derivatives, clonidine possesses the ability to block responses to purine compounds.", "PMID": 719233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8022", "title": "Rock climbing: observations on heart rate and plasma catecholamine concentrations and the influence of oxprenolol.", "content": "Observations are presented on the electrocardiogram and plasma catecholamine concentrations of 11 healthy men monitored during two rock climbing ascents. A placebo was administered prior to the first climb and an oral dose of the beta blocking agent oxprenolol (\"Trasicor\") prior to the second. Mean heart rates were 166 (+/- 20.4 SD) and 120 (+/- 10.2) respectively. Median plasma adrenaline concentrations were 0.05 microgram/1 and 0.33 microgram/1 before and after the climbs following the placebo. No significant difference was observed in the adrenaline concentrations before and after climbing following oxprenolol, or of noradrenaline concentrations on either occasion. These results are interpreted as suggesting that this popular sport represents more an anxiety-type of psychological stress than a physical stress and as such is likely to increase moral fibre rather than muscle fibre.", "contents": "Rock climbing: observations on heart rate and plasma catecholamine concentrations and the influence of oxprenolol. Observations are presented on the electrocardiogram and plasma catecholamine concentrations of 11 healthy men monitored during two rock climbing ascents. A placebo was administered prior to the first climb and an oral dose of the beta blocking agent oxprenolol (\"Trasicor\") prior to the second. Mean heart rates were 166 (+/- 20.4 SD) and 120 (+/- 10.2) respectively. Median plasma adrenaline concentrations were 0.05 microgram/1 and 0.33 microgram/1 before and after the climbs following the placebo. No significant difference was observed in the adrenaline concentrations before and after climbing following oxprenolol, or of noradrenaline concentrations on either occasion. These results are interpreted as suggesting that this popular sport represents more an anxiety-type of psychological stress than a physical stress and as such is likely to increase moral fibre rather than muscle fibre.", "PMID": 719320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8023", "title": "Serum insulin and glucose response to graded exercise in adults. Part II. The effect of exercise conditioning.", "content": "The effect of conditioning to severe exercise upon serum immunoreactive insulin levels (IRI) and serum glucose concentrations (GC) was studied in active and sedentary groups of middle-aged men. The responses of serum IRI and serum GC were determined during graded cycle ergometer exercise which required similar low and high relative work intensities, before (pre) and after (post) a four month physical fitness programme. Both groups demonstrated a marked decline in serum IRI during high intensity exercise from pre to post tests, and a tendency to maintain serum, GC (sedentary group) or elevate serum GC (active group) during exercise, following the conditioning programme. The data provides evidence of a bi-directional response of serum IRI and serum GC to graded exercise, with only minor modifications in the response patterns resulting from exercise conditioning.", "contents": "Serum insulin and glucose response to graded exercise in adults. Part II. The effect of exercise conditioning. The effect of conditioning to severe exercise upon serum immunoreactive insulin levels (IRI) and serum glucose concentrations (GC) was studied in active and sedentary groups of middle-aged men. The responses of serum IRI and serum GC were determined during graded cycle ergometer exercise which required similar low and high relative work intensities, before (pre) and after (post) a four month physical fitness programme. Both groups demonstrated a marked decline in serum IRI during high intensity exercise from pre to post tests, and a tendency to maintain serum, GC (sedentary group) or elevate serum GC (active group) during exercise, following the conditioning programme. The data provides evidence of a bi-directional response of serum IRI and serum GC to graded exercise, with only minor modifications in the response patterns resulting from exercise conditioning.", "PMID": 719323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8024", "title": "99Tcm-polyphosphate uptake by breast tumours.", "content": "Technetium polyphosphate uptake by breast tumours has been investigated in 69 patients. Although 70 per cent (38 out of 54) of malignant tumours took up the isotope in comparison with 45 per cent (5 out of 11) of benign lesions, this technique would be unreliable for diagnostic purposes.", "contents": "99Tcm-polyphosphate uptake by breast tumours. Technetium polyphosphate uptake by breast tumours has been investigated in 69 patients. Although 70 per cent (38 out of 54) of malignant tumours took up the isotope in comparison with 45 per cent (5 out of 11) of benign lesions, this technique would be unreliable for diagnostic purposes.", "PMID": 719328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8025", "title": "Aneurysm of the popliteal artery secondary to trauma from an osteochondroma of the femur: a case report and review of the literature.", "content": "An unusual case of a popliteal aneurysm due to an osteochondroma of the femur in a young adolescent is presented. The clinical management and surgical treatment are described.", "contents": "Aneurysm of the popliteal artery secondary to trauma from an osteochondroma of the femur: a case report and review of the literature. An unusual case of a popliteal aneurysm due to an osteochondroma of the femur in a young adolescent is presented. The clinical management and surgical treatment are described.", "PMID": 719330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8026", "title": "Penetrating injuries of the popliteal artery.", "content": "Military experience has consistently emphasized the unacceptably high amputation rate associated with popliteal arterial trauma. In this group of patients there were 23 arterial injuries and 26 injuries involving both an artery and a vein. The loss of only 5 limbs in this series was directly related to the policy of repair of the artery by both single segment vein grafts and by 'panel' grafts. Panel grafts are prepared by removing the long saphenous vein at ankle level, splitting it longitudinally and then dividing it transversely at the midpoint. The two segments of vein are placed side by side and sutured along each side, a no. 14 or 16 Ch. Foley catheter being used as a stent. Fasciotomy, carried out at an early stage in the postoperative course, and prompt re-exploration of repair sites when suspicion arose as to the effectiveness of limb circulation, were also major factors in establishing a successful outcome in so many patients.", "contents": "Penetrating injuries of the popliteal artery. Military experience has consistently emphasized the unacceptably high amputation rate associated with popliteal arterial trauma. In this group of patients there were 23 arterial injuries and 26 injuries involving both an artery and a vein. The loss of only 5 limbs in this series was directly related to the policy of repair of the artery by both single segment vein grafts and by 'panel' grafts. Panel grafts are prepared by removing the long saphenous vein at ankle level, splitting it longitudinally and then dividing it transversely at the midpoint. The two segments of vein are placed side by side and sutured along each side, a no. 14 or 16 Ch. Foley catheter being used as a stent. Fasciotomy, carried out at an early stage in the postoperative course, and prompt re-exploration of repair sites when suspicion arose as to the effectiveness of limb circulation, were also major factors in establishing a successful outcome in so many patients.", "PMID": 719331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8027", "title": "The treatment of perforated duodenal ulcer.", "content": "The prognosis of 189 patients with a perforated duodenal ulcer was analysed. There were three treatment groups, non-operative, simple closure and definitive ulcer surgery. The prognosis of the patients was analysed in terms of the chronicity of the ulcer. Perforations occurring in acute duodenal ulcers have an excellent prognosis, with similar results in each group in this series. All perforations of chronic duodenal ulcers should be treated by emergency surgery.", "contents": "The treatment of perforated duodenal ulcer. The prognosis of 189 patients with a perforated duodenal ulcer was analysed. There were three treatment groups, non-operative, simple closure and definitive ulcer surgery. The prognosis of the patients was analysed in terms of the chronicity of the ulcer. Perforations occurring in acute duodenal ulcers have an excellent prognosis, with similar results in each group in this series. All perforations of chronic duodenal ulcers should be treated by emergency surgery.", "PMID": 719332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8028", "title": "Tuberculosis of the peritoneal cavity.", "content": "The clinical presentation and management of 30 consecutive patients with tuberculous peritonitis are reviewed. Seventy per cent of the patients were aged 40 years or less and 80 per cent were immigrants. The main clinical features of abdominal pain, loss of weight, vomiting and sweating at night had been present in a large number of patients for several months before presentation to hospital. The clinical diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis was difficult in the absence of extraperitoneal tuberculosis. Laboratory investigations were of little value in establishing the diagnosis. An elevated ESR was found in 80 per cent of patients. At laparotomy omental biopsy was performed and was diagnostic in all cases. Laparotomy was a safe and fast method of obtaining tissue for confirmation of the diagnosis in suspected cases, particularly when presenting acutely. Ascitic fluid cultures and guinea-pig inoculations were positive in only 6 out of the 15 patients in whom they were performed. Only 1 patient died.", "contents": "Tuberculosis of the peritoneal cavity. The clinical presentation and management of 30 consecutive patients with tuberculous peritonitis are reviewed. Seventy per cent of the patients were aged 40 years or less and 80 per cent were immigrants. The main clinical features of abdominal pain, loss of weight, vomiting and sweating at night had been present in a large number of patients for several months before presentation to hospital. The clinical diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis was difficult in the absence of extraperitoneal tuberculosis. Laboratory investigations were of little value in establishing the diagnosis. An elevated ESR was found in 80 per cent of patients. At laparotomy omental biopsy was performed and was diagnostic in all cases. Laparotomy was a safe and fast method of obtaining tissue for confirmation of the diagnosis in suspected cases, particularly when presenting acutely. Ascitic fluid cultures and guinea-pig inoculations were positive in only 6 out of the 15 patients in whom they were performed. Only 1 patient died.", "PMID": 719333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8029", "title": "Infant-feeding practices among immigrants in Glasgow.", "content": "Two hundred and six Asian, 99 African, 99 Chinese, and 102 Scottish children from 172 families were studied to ascertain infant-feeding practices. After arriving in the United Kingdom most of the immigrant mothers had not wished to breast-feed their babies because of wrong information or misconceptions about British infant-feeding practices. The Asians had largely adopted British habits of introducing solid foods to their babies' diets, but the habits of the African and Chinese mothers in this respect had changed little. Furthermore, many of the African and Chinese children had received no vitamin preparation. The survey showed that all mothers resident in Britain urgently need advice on some aspects of infant feeding.", "contents": "Infant-feeding practices among immigrants in Glasgow. Two hundred and six Asian, 99 African, 99 Chinese, and 102 Scottish children from 172 families were studied to ascertain infant-feeding practices. After arriving in the United Kingdom most of the immigrant mothers had not wished to breast-feed their babies because of wrong information or misconceptions about British infant-feeding practices. The Asians had largely adopted British habits of introducing solid foods to their babies' diets, but the habits of the African and Chinese mothers in this respect had changed little. Furthermore, many of the African and Chinese children had received no vitamin preparation. The survey showed that all mothers resident in Britain urgently need advice on some aspects of infant feeding.", "PMID": 719341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8030", "title": "Outcome of pregnancy after amniocentesis for chromosome analysis.", "content": "A consecutive series of 1177 pregnant women examined by amniocentesis for chromosomal abnormalities delivered 1039 live-born babies weighing over 2500 g and 79 live-born babies weighing under 2500 g. Twenty-six abortions were induced (2.2%)--13 (1.1%) because of chromosomal abnormalities--and 28 women (2.4%) aborted spontaneously; in these cases chromosomes were normal. Analysis of all spontaneous abortions in the series suggested that 0.3-0.7% might have resulted from amniocentesis.", "contents": "Outcome of pregnancy after amniocentesis for chromosome analysis. A consecutive series of 1177 pregnant women examined by amniocentesis for chromosomal abnormalities delivered 1039 live-born babies weighing over 2500 g and 79 live-born babies weighing under 2500 g. Twenty-six abortions were induced (2.2%)--13 (1.1%) because of chromosomal abnormalities--and 28 women (2.4%) aborted spontaneously; in these cases chromosomes were normal. Analysis of all spontaneous abortions in the series suggested that 0.3-0.7% might have resulted from amniocentesis.", "PMID": 719342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8031", "title": "Deception among smokers.", "content": "Subjects in two different clinical trials who had been advised to stop smoking were asked if they had done so. Some 22% of subjects (11 out of 51) in the first trial and 40% (33/82) in the second trial who said they had stopped smoking were found to have raised carboxyhaemoglobin concentrations. Deception appears to be common in people trying to stop smoking.", "contents": "Deception among smokers. Subjects in two different clinical trials who had been advised to stop smoking were asked if they had done so. Some 22% of subjects (11 out of 51) in the first trial and 40% (33/82) in the second trial who said they had stopped smoking were found to have raised carboxyhaemoglobin concentrations. Deception appears to be common in people trying to stop smoking.", "PMID": 719343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8032", "title": "Genetic basis of rheumatoid disease: HLA antigens, disease manifestations, and toxic reactions to drugs.", "content": "Ninety-five patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 200 healthy controls were examined for HLA-D-related (HLA-DR) alloantigens. HLA-DRW4 was significantly more prevalent among the patients and was particularly common in those with a family history of the disease (77% of such patients had DRW4 compared with 34% of controls). Significantly fewer patients than controls had DRW2: patients with this antigen had rheumatoid nodules less frequently and significantly lower titres of rheumatoid factor than patients without DRW2. In contrast DRW3 was significantly more prevalent among severely affected patients with rheumatoid factor titres exceeding 1/1280 and in patients with nodules. There was a significant association between DRW2 and DRW3 and toxic reactions to sodium aurothiomalate and penicillamine. The results suggest that the HLA-DR phenotype is associated not only with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis but also with severity of the disease and whether certain toxic reactions to drugs occur.", "contents": "Genetic basis of rheumatoid disease: HLA antigens, disease manifestations, and toxic reactions to drugs. Ninety-five patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 200 healthy controls were examined for HLA-D-related (HLA-DR) alloantigens. HLA-DRW4 was significantly more prevalent among the patients and was particularly common in those with a family history of the disease (77% of such patients had DRW4 compared with 34% of controls). Significantly fewer patients than controls had DRW2: patients with this antigen had rheumatoid nodules less frequently and significantly lower titres of rheumatoid factor than patients without DRW2. In contrast DRW3 was significantly more prevalent among severely affected patients with rheumatoid factor titres exceeding 1/1280 and in patients with nodules. There was a significant association between DRW2 and DRW3 and toxic reactions to sodium aurothiomalate and penicillamine. The results suggest that the HLA-DR phenotype is associated not only with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis but also with severity of the disease and whether certain toxic reactions to drugs occur.", "PMID": 719380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8033", "title": "Influence of postoperative empyema on survival after pulmonary resection for bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "Fifty patients who had developed empyema after pulmonary resection for primary carcinoma of the lung were individually paired with patients who had not suffered this complication. Pairs were matched as far as possible for age, sex, extent of operation, histology of tumour, extent of primary spread, extent of lymphatic spread, and use of postoperative radiotherapy. Analysis of survival times both for the matched pairs and for the two groups of patients showed no significant difference in long-term survival. The results suggest that any immunological suppression of carcinoma cells due to sepsis in the pleural space is ineffective in prolonging survival.", "contents": "Influence of postoperative empyema on survival after pulmonary resection for bronchogenic carcinoma. Fifty patients who had developed empyema after pulmonary resection for primary carcinoma of the lung were individually paired with patients who had not suffered this complication. Pairs were matched as far as possible for age, sex, extent of operation, histology of tumour, extent of primary spread, extent of lymphatic spread, and use of postoperative radiotherapy. Analysis of survival times both for the matched pairs and for the two groups of patients showed no significant difference in long-term survival. The results suggest that any immunological suppression of carcinoma cells due to sepsis in the pleural space is ineffective in prolonging survival.", "PMID": 719381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8034", "title": "Febrile convulsions--what do parents do?", "content": "To find out about the medical and parental management of children having their first febrile convulsion a hospital-based questionnaire study was carried out in which parents were asked what they did at the time. Fifty-four out of 89 parents brought their child directly to hospital while the remainder attempted to contact their general practitioner, usually successfully, and were then referred to hospital. Whichever course of action the parents chose the outcome was satisfactory. Eighty-seven per cent of convulsions lasted for less than 15 minutes and in only two instances did they last longer than 30 minutes. One child who had convulsions for an hour was given intramuscular phenobarbitone at home without success, and the fit was finally terminated with intravenous diazepam. Parental management of the fit was often widly inappropriate. Only a few parents laid the child on his side and waited for the fit to stop. The parents were bewildered and frightened--30% thought their child was dying or dead. Education of patents of young children is needed. Simply written instructions on how to reduce the temperature of a febrile child and manage a convulsion might help.", "contents": "Febrile convulsions--what do parents do? To find out about the medical and parental management of children having their first febrile convulsion a hospital-based questionnaire study was carried out in which parents were asked what they did at the time. Fifty-four out of 89 parents brought their child directly to hospital while the remainder attempted to contact their general practitioner, usually successfully, and were then referred to hospital. Whichever course of action the parents chose the outcome was satisfactory. Eighty-seven per cent of convulsions lasted for less than 15 minutes and in only two instances did they last longer than 30 minutes. One child who had convulsions for an hour was given intramuscular phenobarbitone at home without success, and the fit was finally terminated with intravenous diazepam. Parental management of the fit was often widly inappropriate. Only a few parents laid the child on his side and waited for the fit to stop. The parents were bewildered and frightened--30% thought their child was dying or dead. Education of patents of young children is needed. Simply written instructions on how to reduce the temperature of a febrile child and manage a convulsion might help.", "PMID": 719385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8035", "title": "Consultation-liaison scheme for self-poisoned patients in a general hospital.", "content": "In a prospective clinical trial 276 self-poisoned patients consecutively admitted to hospital were randomly allocated to medical teams or to psychiatrists for an initial psychiatric assessment and a decision about \"disposal.\" Junior doctors and nurses received instruction in this work. While awaiting the outcome of the trial the randomisation was continued for 13 months and 729 allocations were made altogether. Physicians requested psychiatric opinions for roughly one in five of their patients. In other respects medical teams performed similarly to psychiatrists. Provided that due attention is given to teaching junior staff and to ensuring that psychiatric treatment and social-work support are available once patients have been assessed, such a consultation-liaison scheme could be adopted in other hospitals. This would help to change unfavourable attitudes towards self-poisoned patients and contribute to the general training of doctors and nurses.", "contents": "Consultation-liaison scheme for self-poisoned patients in a general hospital. In a prospective clinical trial 276 self-poisoned patients consecutively admitted to hospital were randomly allocated to medical teams or to psychiatrists for an initial psychiatric assessment and a decision about \"disposal.\" Junior doctors and nurses received instruction in this work. While awaiting the outcome of the trial the randomisation was continued for 13 months and 729 allocations were made altogether. Physicians requested psychiatric opinions for roughly one in five of their patients. In other respects medical teams performed similarly to psychiatrists. Provided that due attention is given to teaching junior staff and to ensuring that psychiatric treatment and social-work support are available once patients have been assessed, such a consultation-liaison scheme could be adopted in other hospitals. This would help to change unfavourable attitudes towards self-poisoned patients and contribute to the general training of doctors and nurses.", "PMID": 719418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8036", "title": "Travel and ischaemic heart disease.", "content": "The hypothesis that travel precipitates acute ischaemic heart disease (IHD) was tested in a case-control study of holidaymakers admitted to hospital in Great Yarmouth.  The distance that patients with IHD had travelled to reach Great Yarmouth was on average greater than that travelled by patients with other diseases. I conclude that the greater distances travelled by patients with IHD may have helped to precipitate the attack.", "contents": "Travel and ischaemic heart disease. The hypothesis that travel precipitates acute ischaemic heart disease (IHD) was tested in a case-control study of holidaymakers admitted to hospital in Great Yarmouth.  The distance that patients with IHD had travelled to reach Great Yarmouth was on average greater than that travelled by patients with other diseases. I conclude that the greater distances travelled by patients with IHD may have helped to precipitate the attack.", "PMID": 719419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8037", "title": "Psychiatric morbidity in men one week after first acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "One week after a first myocardial infarction 35 out of 100 consecutive men patients aged under 65 were found by standardised clinical interview to have psychiatric morbidity. In 16 the morbidity had been evident before the infarct, and these patients showed a wider range of psychopathology than those whose symptoms had been precipitated by the infarct. The results suggest that psychiatric morbidity in patients with heart disease is not necessarily a result of the disease process. Thus characterising psychiatric morbidity and identifying the patients' individual needs are important if rehabilitation is to be effective.", "contents": "Psychiatric morbidity in men one week after first acute myocardial infarction. One week after a first myocardial infarction 35 out of 100 consecutive men patients aged under 65 were found by standardised clinical interview to have psychiatric morbidity. In 16 the morbidity had been evident before the infarct, and these patients showed a wider range of psychopathology than those whose symptoms had been precipitated by the infarct. The results suggest that psychiatric morbidity in patients with heart disease is not necessarily a result of the disease process. Thus characterising psychiatric morbidity and identifying the patients' individual needs are important if rehabilitation is to be effective.", "PMID": 719460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8038", "title": "Jaundice after repeated exposure to halothane: a further analysis of reports to the Committee on Safety of Medicines.", "content": "Aanalysis of data derived from 170 reports of jaundice developing after anaesthesia with halothane received after January 1974 confirmed the relations between multiple exposure to halothane and jaundice and between the number of exposures and the rapidity with which jaundice develops after exposure. When these reports were combined with 130 received earlier complete anaesthetic histories were available for 251 patients, 205 (82%) of whom had been exposed to halothane more than once; of these patients, 154 (75%) had been exposed more than once within 28 days. Altogether 139 (46%) of the 300 patients died.", "contents": "Jaundice after repeated exposure to halothane: a further analysis of reports to the Committee on Safety of Medicines. Aanalysis of data derived from 170 reports of jaundice developing after anaesthesia with halothane received after January 1974 confirmed the relations between multiple exposure to halothane and jaundice and between the number of exposures and the rapidity with which jaundice develops after exposure. When these reports were combined with 130 received earlier complete anaesthetic histories were available for 251 patients, 205 (82%) of whom had been exposed to halothane more than once; of these patients, 154 (75%) had been exposed more than once within 28 days. Altogether 139 (46%) of the 300 patients died.", "PMID": 719461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8039", "title": "Correlation of cholinergic abnormalities with senile plaques and mental test scores in senile dementia.", "content": "Necropsy brain tissue from normal (control) patients and patients with depression and dementia was examined for activities of various cholinergic components, and these related to the degree of senile plaque formation and extent of intellectual impairment. Choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities decreased significantly as the mean plaque count rose, and in depressed and demented subjects the reduction in choline acetyltransferase activity correlated with the extent of intellectual impairment as measured by a memory information test; muscarinic cholinergic receptor binding activity remained unchanged with increasing senile plaque formation but butyrylcholinesterase activity increased. The results suggest a close relation between changes in the cholinergic system and Alzheimer's dementia, but the precise role of the system in this disease remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Correlation of cholinergic abnormalities with senile plaques and mental test scores in senile dementia. Necropsy brain tissue from normal (control) patients and patients with depression and dementia was examined for activities of various cholinergic components, and these related to the degree of senile plaque formation and extent of intellectual impairment. Choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities decreased significantly as the mean plaque count rose, and in depressed and demented subjects the reduction in choline acetyltransferase activity correlated with the extent of intellectual impairment as measured by a memory information test; muscarinic cholinergic receptor binding activity remained unchanged with increasing senile plaque formation but butyrylcholinesterase activity increased. The results suggest a close relation between changes in the cholinergic system and Alzheimer's dementia, but the precise role of the system in this disease remains to be elucidated.", "PMID": 719462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8040", "title": "Fluid loading to reduce abnormalities of fetal heart rate and maternal hypotension during epidural analgesia in labour.", "content": "Fetal heart rate (FHR) was recorded and maternal blood pressure measured in 104 patients in whom lumbar epidural analgesia was induced in labour. Fifty-one patients received an intravenous load of 11 of Hartmann's solution immediately before the epidural injection. This infusion significantly reduced the incidence of abnormalities of FHR from 34% to 12% and of maternal hypotension from 28% to 2%. We did not study mothers with pre-eclampsia and hypertension, but we conclude that there is a strong case for preloading all other mothers in whom lumbar epidural analgesia is induced in labour.", "contents": "Fluid loading to reduce abnormalities of fetal heart rate and maternal hypotension during epidural analgesia in labour. Fetal heart rate (FHR) was recorded and maternal blood pressure measured in 104 patients in whom lumbar epidural analgesia was induced in labour. Fifty-one patients received an intravenous load of 11 of Hartmann's solution immediately before the epidural injection. This infusion significantly reduced the incidence of abnormalities of FHR from 34% to 12% and of maternal hypotension from 28% to 2%. We did not study mothers with pre-eclampsia and hypertension, but we conclude that there is a strong case for preloading all other mothers in whom lumbar epidural analgesia is induced in labour.", "PMID": 719463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8041", "title": "Altered bile in diabetic diarrhoea.", "content": "The size and composition of the bile-salt pools in a group of diabetics with neuropathy but no diarrhoea and a group with \"diabetic diarrhoea\" were compared with those in a group of stable, uncomplicated diabetics. The diabetics with neuropathy had significantly more dihydroxy bile salts, a larger bile-salt pool, and a higher faecal excretion of bile than the controls. The diabetics with diarrhoea had significantly more dihydroxy bile salts, a higher glycine to taurine ratio, a smaller bile-salt pool, and increased excretions of 14C-tracer and total bile salts. We conclude that considerable alterations occur in the bile of diabetics with neuropathy or diarrhoea, and we suggest that in some cases at least these abnormalities may indicate a mechanism for diabetic diarrhoea.", "contents": "Altered bile in diabetic diarrhoea. The size and composition of the bile-salt pools in a group of diabetics with neuropathy but no diarrhoea and a group with \"diabetic diarrhoea\" were compared with those in a group of stable, uncomplicated diabetics. The diabetics with neuropathy had significantly more dihydroxy bile salts, a larger bile-salt pool, and a higher faecal excretion of bile than the controls. The diabetics with diarrhoea had significantly more dihydroxy bile salts, a higher glycine to taurine ratio, a smaller bile-salt pool, and increased excretions of 14C-tracer and total bile salts. We conclude that considerable alterations occur in the bile of diabetics with neuropathy or diarrhoea, and we suggest that in some cases at least these abnormalities may indicate a mechanism for diabetic diarrhoea.", "PMID": 719464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8042", "title": "Some observations on the binding patterns of alpha-bungarotoxin in the central nervous system of the rat.", "content": "Patterns of alpha-bungarotoxin (alphaBuTX) binding within the brain of the rat have been studied following one of the two procedures: (1) the intraventricular injection of 125I-labeled toxin followed by a survival period of 1--8 days before aldehyde perfusion, or (2) the incubation of fresh cryostat sections of brain tissue in dilute solutions of radioactive toxin. Appropriate controls with nicotine, curare, atropine and native alphaBuTX established that specific nature of the binding. The principal observations were that toxin binding sites are predominantly associated with central areas of the brain in direct receipt of sensory inputs (the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, superior colliculus, ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, cochlear nuclei, the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord and spinal trigeminal nucleus, the principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal, and the dorsal column nuclei) and with limbic areas of the brain (hippocampus, amygdala, olfactory tubercle, medial mammillary nucleus, and the dorsal tegmental nucleus of Gudden). Toxin was not found to bind to cranial motor nuclei with the exception of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and the nucleus ambiguus. The discrete distribution of clusters of silver grains within the granule layer of cerebellar folia I, IX, and X is described as well as the heavy labeling of the inferior and accessory olivary nuclei. In many areas of the brain silver grains were found to overlie cell bodies. It is suggested that this may reflect the presence of both membrane-bound toxin and internalized ligand following initial binding to a membrane receptor site. An attempt was made to correlate the localization of toxin binding sites with the terminal distributions of previously described cholinergic pathways. There appears to be a reasonably good agreement between the distribution of toxin receptors and proposed sites of cholinergic transmission within the hippocampus, interpeduncular nucleus and cerebellum. In most other cases however, lack of data precluded such correlations. The anatomical relationship of alphaBuTX binding activity and neurotransmitters other than acetylcholine is also considered.", "contents": "Some observations on the binding patterns of alpha-bungarotoxin in the central nervous system of the rat. Patterns of alpha-bungarotoxin (alphaBuTX) binding within the brain of the rat have been studied following one of the two procedures: (1) the intraventricular injection of 125I-labeled toxin followed by a survival period of 1--8 days before aldehyde perfusion, or (2) the incubation of fresh cryostat sections of brain tissue in dilute solutions of radioactive toxin. Appropriate controls with nicotine, curare, atropine and native alphaBuTX established that specific nature of the binding. The principal observations were that toxin binding sites are predominantly associated with central areas of the brain in direct receipt of sensory inputs (the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, superior colliculus, ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, cochlear nuclei, the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord and spinal trigeminal nucleus, the principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal, and the dorsal column nuclei) and with limbic areas of the brain (hippocampus, amygdala, olfactory tubercle, medial mammillary nucleus, and the dorsal tegmental nucleus of Gudden). Toxin was not found to bind to cranial motor nuclei with the exception of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and the nucleus ambiguus. The discrete distribution of clusters of silver grains within the granule layer of cerebellar folia I, IX, and X is described as well as the heavy labeling of the inferior and accessory olivary nuclei. In many areas of the brain silver grains were found to overlie cell bodies. It is suggested that this may reflect the presence of both membrane-bound toxin and internalized ligand following initial binding to a membrane receptor site. An attempt was made to correlate the localization of toxin binding sites with the terminal distributions of previously described cholinergic pathways. There appears to be a reasonably good agreement between the distribution of toxin receptors and proposed sites of cholinergic transmission within the hippocampus, interpeduncular nucleus and cerebellum. In most other cases however, lack of data precluded such correlations. The anatomical relationship of alphaBuTX binding activity and neurotransmitters other than acetylcholine is also considered.", "PMID": 719523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8043", "title": "Synaptic enhancement in fascia dentata: cooperativity among coactive afferents.", "content": "Evidence is presented that long-lasting enhancement of perforant path synapses following high-frequency activity is a cooperative process requiring coactivity of a considerable number of fibers. This was demonstrated in two ways: (1) A threshold stimulus intensity during high-frequency stimulation was required before any enhancement was observed. This threshold was considerably above the stimulus threshold for observing a minimal synaptic response in the fascia dentata. Above the enhancement threshold, the amount of enhancement increased as the intensity of high-frequency stimulation increased. (2) Concurrent high-frequency activation of fibres of the medial and lateral perforant path produced enhancement at intensities where identical but independent stimulation of the two pathways either failed or was less effective. Discharge of the granule cells during the high-frequency stimulation was independently manipulated and found not to be physically coupled to the enhancement generating mechanism.", "contents": "Synaptic enhancement in fascia dentata: cooperativity among coactive afferents. Evidence is presented that long-lasting enhancement of perforant path synapses following high-frequency activity is a cooperative process requiring coactivity of a considerable number of fibers. This was demonstrated in two ways: (1) A threshold stimulus intensity during high-frequency stimulation was required before any enhancement was observed. This threshold was considerably above the stimulus threshold for observing a minimal synaptic response in the fascia dentata. Above the enhancement threshold, the amount of enhancement increased as the intensity of high-frequency stimulation increased. (2) Concurrent high-frequency activation of fibres of the medial and lateral perforant path produced enhancement at intensities where identical but independent stimulation of the two pathways either failed or was less effective. Discharge of the granule cells during the high-frequency stimulation was independently manipulated and found not to be physically coupled to the enhancement generating mechanism.", "PMID": 719524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8044", "title": "Total colonic aganglionosis.", "content": "This study is based on 17 neonates suffering from total colonic aganglionosis. The male:female ratio was 2:3 and there was a significant familial occurrence. The ages on admission varied between 1 and 90 days. The clinical presentation was extremely variable. Early diagnosis depends on clinical awareness of the condition in neonates who have intestinal obstruction or diarrhea, or both. The most important radiologic indication was retention of barium for 24 hours. Results of manometric studies were misleading. Suction biopsy of the rectum provided the only sure method of  diagnosis, although determination of cholinesterase activity in the biopsy specimen and in the patient's serum was of some value. Two patients died before operation and two died from total colonic and small intestinal aganglionosis. Eight patients survived both the initial ileostomy and subsequent pull through operation. Of the various procedures utilized, the Lester Martin operation has proved to be the most satisfactory.", "contents": "Total colonic aganglionosis. This study is based on 17 neonates suffering from total colonic aganglionosis. The male:female ratio was 2:3 and there was a significant familial occurrence. The ages on admission varied between 1 and 90 days. The clinical presentation was extremely variable. Early diagnosis depends on clinical awareness of the condition in neonates who have intestinal obstruction or diarrhea, or both. The most important radiologic indication was retention of barium for 24 hours. Results of manometric studies were misleading. Suction biopsy of the rectum provided the only sure method of  diagnosis, although determination of cholinesterase activity in the biopsy specimen and in the patient's serum was of some value. Two patients died before operation and two died from total colonic and small intestinal aganglionosis. Eight patients survived both the initial ileostomy and subsequent pull through operation. Of the various procedures utilized, the Lester Martin operation has proved to be the most satisfactory.", "PMID": 719562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8045", "title": "Staging laparotomy for Hodgkin's disease in children.", "content": "Resort to laparotomy for the staging of Hodgkin's disease has been controversial because of its questionable advantage over nonsurgical staging methods. The recent concern over splenectomy and subsequent overwhelming infection has added to this debate. The author reviews experience with Hodgkin's disease in 34 patients whose ages ranged from 6 to 18 years. Seventeen patients underwent staging laparotomy after their disease had been staged by standard nonoperative methods; the duration of follow-up was from 2 to 7 years. In 7 of these 17 patients the stage of their disease was changed as a result of the laparotomy findings. Complications have been late septicemia resulting in death in one patient and subacute bowel obstruction not requiring reoperation in two patients. In the author's opinion staging laparotomy in children with Hodgkin's disease is a valuable means of deciding on their subsequent therapy.", "contents": "Staging laparotomy for Hodgkin's disease in children. Resort to laparotomy for the staging of Hodgkin's disease has been controversial because of its questionable advantage over nonsurgical staging methods. The recent concern over splenectomy and subsequent overwhelming infection has added to this debate. The author reviews experience with Hodgkin's disease in 34 patients whose ages ranged from 6 to 18 years. Seventeen patients underwent staging laparotomy after their disease had been staged by standard nonoperative methods; the duration of follow-up was from 2 to 7 years. In 7 of these 17 patients the stage of their disease was changed as a result of the laparotomy findings. Complications have been late septicemia resulting in death in one patient and subacute bowel obstruction not requiring reoperation in two patients. In the author's opinion staging laparotomy in children with Hodgkin's disease is a valuable means of deciding on their subsequent therapy.", "PMID": 719563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8046", "title": "Fine needle aspiration biopsy in the management of palpable breast lesions.", "content": "During a 34-month period 2050 fine needle aspiration biopsies of solid or cystic palpable breast lesions were performed. Of the 1182 patients with solid lesions, 384 underwent 405 surgical procedures. Carcinoma was the histologic diagnosis of 118 lesions. Of these, aspiration cytology had identified 92 (78%) as malignant; in 13 (11%) a malignant condition was suspected; 9 (7.6%) had been falsely assessed as benign. Cytology reports were accurate in 237 (83%) of the 287 histologically confirmed benign lesions. There were no false-positive reports. The 243 patients with cystic lesions underwent 572 aspirations for diagnosis and as treatment. Four lesions were excised and found to be benign. Needle aspiration biopsy is a most valuable tool. It is safe, simple, quick, repeatable and easily accepted by patients. Its positive predictive value is excellent (100% in our series). Cytology reports negative for malignant change should be disregarded if cancer is suspected clinically.", "contents": "Fine needle aspiration biopsy in the management of palpable breast lesions. During a 34-month period 2050 fine needle aspiration biopsies of solid or cystic palpable breast lesions were performed. Of the 1182 patients with solid lesions, 384 underwent 405 surgical procedures. Carcinoma was the histologic diagnosis of 118 lesions. Of these, aspiration cytology had identified 92 (78%) as malignant; in 13 (11%) a malignant condition was suspected; 9 (7.6%) had been falsely assessed as benign. Cytology reports were accurate in 237 (83%) of the 287 histologically confirmed benign lesions. There were no false-positive reports. The 243 patients with cystic lesions underwent 572 aspirations for diagnosis and as treatment. Four lesions were excised and found to be benign. Needle aspiration biopsy is a most valuable tool. It is safe, simple, quick, repeatable and easily accepted by patients. Its positive predictive value is excellent (100% in our series). Cytology reports negative for malignant change should be disregarded if cancer is suspected clinically.", "PMID": 719564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8047", "title": "Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene prosthetic grafts for blood access in patients on dialysis.", "content": "The difficulties in maintaining vascular access in patients on long-term hemodialysis are well recognized. The author's experience with bovine grafts in such cases had been that late failure from sepsis or thrombosis was common, as reported in the literature by others. In May 1976 the expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) prosthesis became the substitute of choice as a vascular graft. In the last 18 months these grafts have been placed as subcutaneous arteriovenous fistulas in 22 patients. Three early failures occurred as a result of graft thrombosis but one graft was salvaged by thrombectomy using a Fogarty catheter. Two late failures occurred, one after 3 and another after 6 months. All other grafts are functioning satisfactorily. Expanded OTFE grafts provide satisfactory vascular access for maintenance hemodialysis in selected patients and their use may prove to be the procedure of choice for hemodialysis in small children.", "contents": "Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene prosthetic grafts for blood access in patients on dialysis. The difficulties in maintaining vascular access in patients on long-term hemodialysis are well recognized. The author's experience with bovine grafts in such cases had been that late failure from sepsis or thrombosis was common, as reported in the literature by others. In May 1976 the expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) prosthesis became the substitute of choice as a vascular graft. In the last 18 months these grafts have been placed as subcutaneous arteriovenous fistulas in 22 patients. Three early failures occurred as a result of graft thrombosis but one graft was salvaged by thrombectomy using a Fogarty catheter. Two late failures occurred, one after 3 and another after 6 months. All other grafts are functioning satisfactorily. Expanded OTFE grafts provide satisfactory vascular access for maintenance hemodialysis in selected patients and their use may prove to be the procedure of choice for hemodialysis in small children.", "PMID": 719565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8048", "title": "Radionuclide test for gastric bile reflux.", "content": "The authors conducted a study using radioactive endogenous bile to detect gastric bile reflux in healthy volunteers and patients suspected of having bile gastritis. When 7 muCi of pyridoxylideneglutamate of hydroxyiminodiacetic acid labelled with technetium-99m is injected intravenously it is excreted by hepatocytes, and sequential gamma camera images visualize the bile ducts and show subsequent activity in the gut. Following such an injection, the authors determined the presence of isotope-labelled bile in the stomach in fasting subjects by assaying count rates in serial gastric aspirates obtained by means of a nasogastric tube positioned in the antrum. The results were related to the clinical history and gastroscopic findings. In normal persons only extremely low counts were detected, possibly due to free activity; high counts (in excess of 50 000/min) indicated abnormal reflux. It is suggested that this test is a useful adjunct, and is more physiologic than endoscopy, in the assessment of bile reflux.", "contents": "Radionuclide test for gastric bile reflux. The authors conducted a study using radioactive endogenous bile to detect gastric bile reflux in healthy volunteers and patients suspected of having bile gastritis. When 7 muCi of pyridoxylideneglutamate of hydroxyiminodiacetic acid labelled with technetium-99m is injected intravenously it is excreted by hepatocytes, and sequential gamma camera images visualize the bile ducts and show subsequent activity in the gut. Following such an injection, the authors determined the presence of isotope-labelled bile in the stomach in fasting subjects by assaying count rates in serial gastric aspirates obtained by means of a nasogastric tube positioned in the antrum. The results were related to the clinical history and gastroscopic findings. In normal persons only extremely low counts were detected, possibly due to free activity; high counts (in excess of 50 000/min) indicated abnormal reflux. It is suggested that this test is a useful adjunct, and is more physiologic than endoscopy, in the assessment of bile reflux.", "PMID": 719566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8049", "title": "Effect of wheat bran on serum lipoproteins and biliary lipids.", "content": "In this study nine patients with gallstones and nine healthy volunteers were given a high bran diet for 4 weeks. At the outset and at 4 weeks bile specimens were obtained for determination of biliary lipid values, size of the bile-acid pool and bile-acid ratios, and blood specimens were drawn to determine the serum concentration of triglycerides and of lipoprotein-bound cholesterol. Three patients with gallstones remained on the high bran diet for 6 months or more and samples were analysed again. The high bran diet produced a substantial decrease in biliary cholesterol values in patients with gallstones after 4 weeks, and a significant increase in the concentration of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol in the serum of patients who course was followed for 6 months or longer.", "contents": "Effect of wheat bran on serum lipoproteins and biliary lipids. In this study nine patients with gallstones and nine healthy volunteers were given a high bran diet for 4 weeks. At the outset and at 4 weeks bile specimens were obtained for determination of biliary lipid values, size of the bile-acid pool and bile-acid ratios, and blood specimens were drawn to determine the serum concentration of triglycerides and of lipoprotein-bound cholesterol. Three patients with gallstones remained on the high bran diet for 6 months or more and samples were analysed again. The high bran diet produced a substantial decrease in biliary cholesterol values in patients with gallstones after 4 weeks, and a significant increase in the concentration of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol in the serum of patients who course was followed for 6 months or longer.", "PMID": 719568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8050", "title": "Mediastinoscopy for diagnosing diseases of the lung other than primary carcinoma.", "content": "Mediastinoscopy is an efficient method of assessing lymphatic spread in carcinoma of the lung. It is also valuable in providing a definitive diagnosis of other lung diseases. At the Montreal Chest Hospital Centre diagnostic mediastinoscopy was performed in 60 patients with diseases of the lung other than primary carcinoma. All had preoperative radiologic evidence of hilar adenopathy. A definitive diagnosis was obtained in 91.7% of cases. Nonspecific adenitis was diagnosed in four patients and in none was there evidence of serious intrathoracic disease subsequently. Morbidity was minimal and there were no deaths. Mediastinoscopy is a safe, accurate and efficient aid in the evaluation of primary or secondary disease of the anterior intrathoracic lymphatic system.", "contents": "Mediastinoscopy for diagnosing diseases of the lung other than primary carcinoma. Mediastinoscopy is an efficient method of assessing lymphatic spread in carcinoma of the lung. It is also valuable in providing a definitive diagnosis of other lung diseases. At the Montreal Chest Hospital Centre diagnostic mediastinoscopy was performed in 60 patients with diseases of the lung other than primary carcinoma. All had preoperative radiologic evidence of hilar adenopathy. A definitive diagnosis was obtained in 91.7% of cases. Nonspecific adenitis was diagnosed in four patients and in none was there evidence of serious intrathoracic disease subsequently. Morbidity was minimal and there were no deaths. Mediastinoscopy is a safe, accurate and efficient aid in the evaluation of primary or secondary disease of the anterior intrathoracic lymphatic system.", "PMID": 719569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8051", "title": "Peripheral arterial insufficiency due to giant cell arteritis.", "content": "Progressive peripheral arterial insufficiency developed in a 53-year-old man who was referred for investigation of fever of unknown origin. Angiograms showed a smooth beaded appearance to both deep femoral arteries and biopsy of an occluded popliteal artery disclosed the lesions of giant cell arteritis. An excellent clinical response was obtained with steroid therapy.", "contents": "Peripheral arterial insufficiency due to giant cell arteritis. Progressive peripheral arterial insufficiency developed in a 53-year-old man who was referred for investigation of fever of unknown origin. Angiograms showed a smooth beaded appearance to both deep femoral arteries and biopsy of an occluded popliteal artery disclosed the lesions of giant cell arteritis. An excellent clinical response was obtained with steroid therapy.", "PMID": 719570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8052", "title": "Orthopedic outpatient surgery.", "content": "Changes in provision of health care by the province of Ontario have included forced reduction in the number of hospital beds. In this situation the needs of patients with orthopedic disabilities have been met by a dramatic increase in outpatient surgery. At the Hotel Dieu Hospital, Kingston, the total number of surgical procedures increased from 5516 in 1970 to 7260 in 1975. During this period the number of outpatient surgical procedures performed under general anesthesia rose from 820 in 1970 to 2927 in 1975, an increase of 264%. Of 1197 orthopedic procedures performed in 1975, 632 (52%) were performed on an outpatient basis. In the author's personal experience of outpatient surgery, which in 1975 included 38 meniscectomies, 10 major shoulder repairs, 28 foot reconstructions, 11 nerve releases, 14 tendon releases and 4 elbow arthroplasties, patient acceptance has been good. Adequate clinic facilities, trained nurses, appropriate anesthesia and patient education are essential if management in this locale is to be successful.", "contents": "Orthopedic outpatient surgery. Changes in provision of health care by the province of Ontario have included forced reduction in the number of hospital beds. In this situation the needs of patients with orthopedic disabilities have been met by a dramatic increase in outpatient surgery. At the Hotel Dieu Hospital, Kingston, the total number of surgical procedures increased from 5516 in 1970 to 7260 in 1975. During this period the number of outpatient surgical procedures performed under general anesthesia rose from 820 in 1970 to 2927 in 1975, an increase of 264%. Of 1197 orthopedic procedures performed in 1975, 632 (52%) were performed on an outpatient basis. In the author's personal experience of outpatient surgery, which in 1975 included 38 meniscectomies, 10 major shoulder repairs, 28 foot reconstructions, 11 nerve releases, 14 tendon releases and 4 elbow arthroplasties, patient acceptance has been good. Adequate clinic facilities, trained nurses, appropriate anesthesia and patient education are essential if management in this locale is to be successful.", "PMID": 719571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8053", "title": "Compression treatment of hypertrophic scars in burned children.", "content": "The formation of hypertrophic scars is common following healing of the burn wound, particularly in children. The control of scar formation is an important part of overall treatment in these cases and this paper describes a newer method that applies compression to the burn scar in an attempt to improve the ultimate appearance. The 35 patients treated by this method included some with partial-thickness and others with full-thickness burns. The results of treatment with compression garments were assessed at 6 months and at 12 months, using a grading system based on colour, consistency and thickness of the scar. The design of facial moulages and their use in compression of facial scars are dealt with. Overall there was a 75% to 80% improvement in the state of burn scars. The reasons for this improvement are discussed.", "contents": "Compression treatment of hypertrophic scars in burned children. The formation of hypertrophic scars is common following healing of the burn wound, particularly in children. The control of scar formation is an important part of overall treatment in these cases and this paper describes a newer method that applies compression to the burn scar in an attempt to improve the ultimate appearance. The 35 patients treated by this method included some with partial-thickness and others with full-thickness burns. The results of treatment with compression garments were assessed at 6 months and at 12 months, using a grading system based on colour, consistency and thickness of the scar. The design of facial moulages and their use in compression of facial scars are dealt with. Overall there was a 75% to 80% improvement in the state of burn scars. The reasons for this improvement are discussed.", "PMID": 719572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8054", "title": "Major amputation following vascular reconstructive procedures (including sympathectomy).", "content": "To study the effects of vascular reconstruction or sympathectomy, or both, on the level of amputation, the number of revision procedures performed and the mortality following amputation, the authors reviewed the records of 504 patients from three Toronto teaching hospitals who had one or both limbs removed at or above the below-knee level. It appears that (a) previous vascular surgery or sympathectomy, or both, actually increases the number of patients in whom a below-knee amputation is successful, (b) the number of revision procedures necessary is increased after failed vascular surgery or sympathectomy, or both and (c) revision procedures following amputation do not affect the mortality from lower limb amputation.", "contents": "Major amputation following vascular reconstructive procedures (including sympathectomy). To study the effects of vascular reconstruction or sympathectomy, or both, on the level of amputation, the number of revision procedures performed and the mortality following amputation, the authors reviewed the records of 504 patients from three Toronto teaching hospitals who had one or both limbs removed at or above the below-knee level. It appears that (a) previous vascular surgery or sympathectomy, or both, actually increases the number of patients in whom a below-knee amputation is successful, (b) the number of revision procedures necessary is increased after failed vascular surgery or sympathectomy, or both and (c) revision procedures following amputation do not affect the mortality from lower limb amputation.", "PMID": 719573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8055", "title": "Bilateral carcinoma of the breast: frequency and mortality.", "content": "Of 3558 women with cancer of the breast, 129 were found to have bilateral primary cancers. In approximately one quarter (33) of these women the two cancers developed synchronously; in the remainder (96) the second cancer developed metachronously, more than 6 months after the appearance of the first primary tumour. In two thirds (64) of the women in the latter group the second cancer made its appearance within 4 years after the first was detected. The 15-year survival curve for the 129 patients shows a 50% mortality at approximately 10 years, slightly better than that for the total group of 3558. At the time of our study (April 1975) 70 were alive and 59 were dead; 53 died as a result of their breast cancer and 6 from other causes. Only 3 of the 48 women in whom the first cancer developed before the age of 70 years died of causes other than breast cancer, giving a mortality due to breast cancer of 90%. The clinical stage, the recorded histopathology, the type of operation and the duration of time at risk after the first diagnosis did not differ significantly between those who lived and those who died. The authors conclude that age, stage or type of growth, operative therapy or time at risk do not determine the time of death or alter the 90% certainty that death will be due to carcinoma of the breast.", "contents": "Bilateral carcinoma of the breast: frequency and mortality. Of 3558 women with cancer of the breast, 129 were found to have bilateral primary cancers. In approximately one quarter (33) of these women the two cancers developed synchronously; in the remainder (96) the second cancer developed metachronously, more than 6 months after the appearance of the first primary tumour. In two thirds (64) of the women in the latter group the second cancer made its appearance within 4 years after the first was detected. The 15-year survival curve for the 129 patients shows a 50% mortality at approximately 10 years, slightly better than that for the total group of 3558. At the time of our study (April 1975) 70 were alive and 59 were dead; 53 died as a result of their breast cancer and 6 from other causes. Only 3 of the 48 women in whom the first cancer developed before the age of 70 years died of causes other than breast cancer, giving a mortality due to breast cancer of 90%. The clinical stage, the recorded histopathology, the type of operation and the duration of time at risk after the first diagnosis did not differ significantly between those who lived and those who died. The authors conclude that age, stage or type of growth, operative therapy or time at risk do not determine the time of death or alter the 90% certainty that death will be due to carcinoma of the breast.", "PMID": 719574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8056", "title": "Esophagoatrial fistula.", "content": "The author describes a case of esophagoatrial fistula--an extremely rare condition. A 79-year-old-man had had epigastric pain for 4 weeks. Physical and roentgenographic examinations disclosed atrial fibrillation with a systolic murmur and an ulcer of the lower esophagus which, on histologic examination, was benign. No specific treatment was recommended. The patient died suddenly 3 months later from massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage which, at autopsy, was found to be due to an esophagoatrial fistula. A review of the literature showed that this case differed from others previously reported in that the duration of symptoms up to the time of death was only 4 months and the patient had no embolism.", "contents": "Esophagoatrial fistula. The author describes a case of esophagoatrial fistula--an extremely rare condition. A 79-year-old-man had had epigastric pain for 4 weeks. Physical and roentgenographic examinations disclosed atrial fibrillation with a systolic murmur and an ulcer of the lower esophagus which, on histologic examination, was benign. No specific treatment was recommended. The patient died suddenly 3 months later from massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage which, at autopsy, was found to be due to an esophagoatrial fistula. A review of the literature showed that this case differed from others previously reported in that the duration of symptoms up to the time of death was only 4 months and the patient had no embolism.", "PMID": 719575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8057", "title": "24-hour infusion of cis-platinum in head and neck cancers.", "content": "Eighteen patients with advanced squamous cell cancer of the head and neck were treated with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum in a 24-hour infusion. The most frequent dose used was 80 mg/m2 repeated every three weeks. Six were treated preoperatively for Stage III or IV disease, and twelve were treated for recurrent disease. The overall response rate was 72% with one complete remission, greater than 50% regression in six patients, and 25--50% regression in six patients. Toxicity was minimal: creatinine greater than 2 in 6% of courses, leukopenia in 9%, anemia in 29%, vomiting in 76%, and documented minimal hearing loss in one patient. Plasma and urine platinum levels during infusion are presented. The dosage of 80 mg/m2 administered over 24 hours gives a response rate in head and neck cancers equivalent to that reported with higher doses given by rapid infusion, and toxicity is minimal.", "contents": "24-hour infusion of cis-platinum in head and neck cancers. Eighteen patients with advanced squamous cell cancer of the head and neck were treated with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum in a 24-hour infusion. The most frequent dose used was 80 mg/m2 repeated every three weeks. Six were treated preoperatively for Stage III or IV disease, and twelve were treated for recurrent disease. The overall response rate was 72% with one complete remission, greater than 50% regression in six patients, and 25--50% regression in six patients. Toxicity was minimal: creatinine greater than 2 in 6% of courses, leukopenia in 9%, anemia in 29%, vomiting in 76%, and documented minimal hearing loss in one patient. Plasma and urine platinum levels during infusion are presented. The dosage of 80 mg/m2 administered over 24 hours gives a response rate in head and neck cancers equivalent to that reported with higher doses given by rapid infusion, and toxicity is minimal.", "PMID": 719601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8058", "title": "o,p'-DDD (mitotane) therapy of adrenal cortical carcinoma: observations on drug dosage, toxicity, and steroid replacement.", "content": "Four patients with adrenal cortical carcinoma were treated with standard doses of o,p'-DDD. Plasma levels of o,p'-DDD and its metabolites o,p'-DDA and o,p'-DDE were measured. o,p'-DDD was measurable for up to 8 months after stopping therapy, and trace levels of metabolites were detectable at 18 months. Although 2 of 3 patients with measurable disease had objective tumor response and one patient achieved a complete response, severe drug toxicity occurred in all patients and signs of adrenal insufficiency occurred in three. Low dose therapy with o,p'-DDD is suggested, together with full gluco and mineralocorticoid replacement. Measurement of o,p'-DDD and its metabolites in plasma may prove clinically useful in developing effective but less toxic dosage schedules.", "contents": "o,p'-DDD (mitotane) therapy of adrenal cortical carcinoma: observations on drug dosage, toxicity, and steroid replacement. Four patients with adrenal cortical carcinoma were treated with standard doses of o,p'-DDD. Plasma levels of o,p'-DDD and its metabolites o,p'-DDA and o,p'-DDE were measured. o,p'-DDD was measurable for up to 8 months after stopping therapy, and trace levels of metabolites were detectable at 18 months. Although 2 of 3 patients with measurable disease had objective tumor response and one patient achieved a complete response, severe drug toxicity occurred in all patients and signs of adrenal insufficiency occurred in three. Low dose therapy with o,p'-DDD is suggested, together with full gluco and mineralocorticoid replacement. Measurement of o,p'-DDD and its metabolites in plasma may prove clinically useful in developing effective but less toxic dosage schedules.", "PMID": 719602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8059", "title": "An evaluation of protracted low dose rate irradiation from an acute dose survival curve.", "content": "A method of transformation from an acute survival curve to a protracted low dose rate survival curve based on the concept of the dose equivalent sublethal damage advanced by Oliver is introduced. The transformation was done by solving a differential equation which was formulated between the slope of both survival curves and which was able to be applied to the situation where the dose rate might change with time, e.g., in using short-life radioisotope or the complexity of the recovery of sub-lethal damage. The effects of the short-life radioisotopes (radon seeds and radiogold grains) in radiotherapy were estimated by using this method and applying it to Lajtha-Oliver's model; our data are compared with the data obtained by Orton.", "contents": "An evaluation of protracted low dose rate irradiation from an acute dose survival curve. A method of transformation from an acute survival curve to a protracted low dose rate survival curve based on the concept of the dose equivalent sublethal damage advanced by Oliver is introduced. The transformation was done by solving a differential equation which was formulated between the slope of both survival curves and which was able to be applied to the situation where the dose rate might change with time, e.g., in using short-life radioisotope or the complexity of the recovery of sub-lethal damage. The effects of the short-life radioisotopes (radon seeds and radiogold grains) in radiotherapy were estimated by using this method and applying it to Lajtha-Oliver's model; our data are compared with the data obtained by Orton.", "PMID": 719603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8060", "title": "Responses of patients with neoplastic diseases to influenza virus vaccine.", "content": "Little information is available concerning influenza immunization in patients with malignancies receiving chemotherapy. A large number of ambulatory patients are receiving chemotherapy for metastatic disease as well as adjuvant chemotherapy for microscopic disease, and they should be considered at higher risk for complications should they contract influenza. Seventeen oncology patients and 15 control subjects were given bivalent influenza vaccine (A/NJ/76-A/Vic/75) and their serologic responses were monitored. Although their responses were less than controls, nearly 50% of the oncology patients had a greater than fourfold rise in antibody titer, suggesting that a humoral antibody response could be achieved in spite of their underlying disease and immunosuppressive chemotherapy. No adverse reactions or deterioration of patient's clinical status were noted with vaccination. We conclude that significant antibody titer responses can be achieved in this population of patients.", "contents": "Responses of patients with neoplastic diseases to influenza virus vaccine. Little information is available concerning influenza immunization in patients with malignancies receiving chemotherapy. A large number of ambulatory patients are receiving chemotherapy for metastatic disease as well as adjuvant chemotherapy for microscopic disease, and they should be considered at higher risk for complications should they contract influenza. Seventeen oncology patients and 15 control subjects were given bivalent influenza vaccine (A/NJ/76-A/Vic/75) and their serologic responses were monitored. Although their responses were less than controls, nearly 50% of the oncology patients had a greater than fourfold rise in antibody titer, suggesting that a humoral antibody response could be achieved in spite of their underlying disease and immunosuppressive chemotherapy. No adverse reactions or deterioration of patient's clinical status were noted with vaccination. We conclude that significant antibody titer responses can be achieved in this population of patients.", "PMID": 719604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8061", "title": "Chromosome studies in preleukemic states. IV. Myeloproliferative versus cytopenic disorders.", "content": "The prognostic value of marrow chromosome studies was examined in 112 \"preleukemic\" patients followed for at least one year or until death. Based on recent definitions, 49 patients were classified as myeloproliferative disorders (MPD) (polycythemia vera, myelofibrosis, undifferentiated myeloproliferative disorder, essential thrombocythemia), and 58 as cytopenic states (refractory anemia, pancytopenia). In each group, approximately one-third had a chromosomally-abnormal clone. For MPD, this had little predictive value, but in the cytopenias, 77% with a cytogenetic abnormality developed leukemia versus 39% without. Twelve cytopenic patients had multiple alterations involving more than 2 chromosomes and 11 died within 6 months, 9 with leukemia. Such patients may warrant consideration for aggressive chemotherapy before the appearance of clinical leukemia. Banding studies did not reveal any specific chromosome abnormalities consistently associated with these various preleukemic disorders, or with progression to leukemia, but nonrandom alterations were noted involving chromosomes 1, 5, 7-9, and 20 in the MPD group, and chromosomes 6 and 16 in the cytopenic patients. Correlation of these data with other reports indicates that certain cytogenetic abnormalities involving specific segments of the human genome confer a selective growth advantage on hemic clones which may present clinically as either preleukemia or leukemia.", "contents": "Chromosome studies in preleukemic states. IV. Myeloproliferative versus cytopenic disorders. The prognostic value of marrow chromosome studies was examined in 112 \"preleukemic\" patients followed for at least one year or until death. Based on recent definitions, 49 patients were classified as myeloproliferative disorders (MPD) (polycythemia vera, myelofibrosis, undifferentiated myeloproliferative disorder, essential thrombocythemia), and 58 as cytopenic states (refractory anemia, pancytopenia). In each group, approximately one-third had a chromosomally-abnormal clone. For MPD, this had little predictive value, but in the cytopenias, 77% with a cytogenetic abnormality developed leukemia versus 39% without. Twelve cytopenic patients had multiple alterations involving more than 2 chromosomes and 11 died within 6 months, 9 with leukemia. Such patients may warrant consideration for aggressive chemotherapy before the appearance of clinical leukemia. Banding studies did not reveal any specific chromosome abnormalities consistently associated with these various preleukemic disorders, or with progression to leukemia, but nonrandom alterations were noted involving chromosomes 1, 5, 7-9, and 20 in the MPD group, and chromosomes 6 and 16 in the cytopenic patients. Correlation of these data with other reports indicates that certain cytogenetic abnormalities involving specific segments of the human genome confer a selective growth advantage on hemic clones which may present clinically as either preleukemia or leukemia.", "PMID": 719605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8062", "title": "Banding studies of chromosomes in a patient with mycosis fungoides.", "content": "Chromosomes from a patient with mycosis fungoides were examined in detail with banding techniques. Hyperdiploid cells from a lymph node had common anomalies of certain chromosomes which formed three similar clones. The abnormalities involved chromosomes No. 1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 10, 14, and 18, in addition to an unkwown small metacentric marker (M3). Although there were a number of mitotic cells in peripheral blood cultured both with and without PHA, none of the few cells with abnormal karyotypes was similar to the clonal cells of the lymph node. One of the abnormalities in the lymph node was a 14q rearrangement, which could be the result of a translocation of Nos. 8 and 14 involving a third chromosome, No. 2. An abnormality in the blood resulted from a translocation between the long arms of Nos. 1 and 14. These findings could be useful for studies in which mycosis fungoides is compared with the S\u00e9zary syndrome and other lymphoid malignancies.", "contents": "Banding studies of chromosomes in a patient with mycosis fungoides. Chromosomes from a patient with mycosis fungoides were examined in detail with banding techniques. Hyperdiploid cells from a lymph node had common anomalies of certain chromosomes which formed three similar clones. The abnormalities involved chromosomes No. 1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 10, 14, and 18, in addition to an unkwown small metacentric marker (M3). Although there were a number of mitotic cells in peripheral blood cultured both with and without PHA, none of the few cells with abnormal karyotypes was similar to the clonal cells of the lymph node. One of the abnormalities in the lymph node was a 14q rearrangement, which could be the result of a translocation of Nos. 8 and 14 involving a third chromosome, No. 2. An abnormality in the blood resulted from a translocation between the long arms of Nos. 1 and 14. These findings could be useful for studies in which mycosis fungoides is compared with the S\u00e9zary syndrome and other lymphoid malignancies.", "PMID": 719606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8063", "title": "Heterotransplantation of human cancers into nude mice: a model system for human cancer chemotherapy.", "content": "More than 200 human cancers have been successfully transplanted into nude athymic mice in our laboratory. Strict sterile techniques must be applied in caring for these animals and meticulous attention given to the preparation of the surgical specimens. That the tumors remain human in the mice has been documented by isozyme and karyotype analyses. Also, histopathologic comparisons between the original human tumors and their transplanted counterparts in the mice are strikingly similar or identical. Preliminary results of chemotherapy of human cancers in the nude mice are extremely encouraging. At this point, we believe that the greatest potential for the nude mice lies in their use in testing anticancer therapies for human neoplasms without placing the patients at risk.", "contents": "Heterotransplantation of human cancers into nude mice: a model system for human cancer chemotherapy. More than 200 human cancers have been successfully transplanted into nude athymic mice in our laboratory. Strict sterile techniques must be applied in caring for these animals and meticulous attention given to the preparation of the surgical specimens. That the tumors remain human in the mice has been documented by isozyme and karyotype analyses. Also, histopathologic comparisons between the original human tumors and their transplanted counterparts in the mice are strikingly similar or identical. Preliminary results of chemotherapy of human cancers in the nude mice are extremely encouraging. At this point, we believe that the greatest potential for the nude mice lies in their use in testing anticancer therapies for human neoplasms without placing the patients at risk.", "PMID": 719607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8064", "title": "The regressing thin malignant melanoma: a distinctive lesion with metastatic potential.", "content": "To validate the supposition that thin malignant melanomas (less than 0.76 mm thick) of ordinarily low risk but with areas of regression may paradoxically metastasize, we observed 121 thin malignant melanomas over a six year period. Of these, 23 displayed readily apparent areas of regression, of which five (21.7%) metastasized. The incidence of metastases in their 98 counterparts without regression was 2.0% (2/98). The difference between the two is statistically significant (p = less than .01). Of the entire group of the two is statistically significant (p = less than .01). Of the entire group of thin melanomas, those with regression represented 19.0% (23/121) yet accounted for a disproportionate 71.4% (5/7) of all metastases. We conclude that regression is a relatively poor prognostic sign, whose occurrence within an otherwise thin melanoma represents a significant caveat to the current histologic staging system that equates thinness with low risk. We thus submit that patients whose malignant melanomas display regression be followed rigorously for evidence of metastases irrespective of the tumor's actual measured thickness or level of invasion.", "contents": "The regressing thin malignant melanoma: a distinctive lesion with metastatic potential. To validate the supposition that thin malignant melanomas (less than 0.76 mm thick) of ordinarily low risk but with areas of regression may paradoxically metastasize, we observed 121 thin malignant melanomas over a six year period. Of these, 23 displayed readily apparent areas of regression, of which five (21.7%) metastasized. The incidence of metastases in their 98 counterparts without regression was 2.0% (2/98). The difference between the two is statistically significant (p = less than .01). Of the entire group of the two is statistically significant (p = less than .01). Of the entire group of thin melanomas, those with regression represented 19.0% (23/121) yet accounted for a disproportionate 71.4% (5/7) of all metastases. We conclude that regression is a relatively poor prognostic sign, whose occurrence within an otherwise thin melanoma represents a significant caveat to the current histologic staging system that equates thinness with low risk. We thus submit that patients whose malignant melanomas display regression be followed rigorously for evidence of metastases irrespective of the tumor's actual measured thickness or level of invasion.", "PMID": 719608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8065", "title": "Trabecular carcinoma of the skin: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "We report the electron microscopic studies of three trabecular carcinomas of the skin. The presence of neurosecretory granules in all three tumors suggests that trabecular carcinoma originates from one of the neurocrest derivatives, most probably, Merkel cells. The ultrastructural findings confirm Toker's original concept that trabecular carcinomas comprise a distinct group of skin tumor. The recognition of these tumors would enable one to make such a diagnosis on frozen section, which, in turn, might provide an opportunity for more specific cytochemical and immunofluorescent characterization.", "contents": "Trabecular carcinoma of the skin: an ultrastructural study. We report the electron microscopic studies of three trabecular carcinomas of the skin. The presence of neurosecretory granules in all three tumors suggests that trabecular carcinoma originates from one of the neurocrest derivatives, most probably, Merkel cells. The ultrastructural findings confirm Toker's original concept that trabecular carcinomas comprise a distinct group of skin tumor. The recognition of these tumors would enable one to make such a diagnosis on frozen section, which, in turn, might provide an opportunity for more specific cytochemical and immunofluorescent characterization.", "PMID": 719609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8066", "title": "Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy associated with methyldopa therapy: a case report.", "content": "The case of a 71-year-old woman who developed generalized weakness, lymphadenopathy, and a skin rash during methyldopa therapy is described. The prompt disappearance of symptoms following the discontinuation of the drug implicates it in the initial triggering of the abnormal lymphoid proliferation. Shortly thereafter, florid immunoblastic lymphadenopathy developed, and the patient subsequently responded to corticosteroid therapy. The frequent occurrence of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy during or shortly after the administration of various therapeutic medications is emphasized. The nature of the disorder and its differential diagnosis are discussed.", "contents": "Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy associated with methyldopa therapy: a case report. The case of a 71-year-old woman who developed generalized weakness, lymphadenopathy, and a skin rash during methyldopa therapy is described. The prompt disappearance of symptoms following the discontinuation of the drug implicates it in the initial triggering of the abnormal lymphoid proliferation. Shortly thereafter, florid immunoblastic lymphadenopathy developed, and the patient subsequently responded to corticosteroid therapy. The frequent occurrence of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy during or shortly after the administration of various therapeutic medications is emphasized. The nature of the disorder and its differential diagnosis are discussed.", "PMID": 719610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8067", "title": "Ectopic production of human chorionic gonadotropin in malignant tumors.", "content": "The prevalence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was estimated by measuring immunoreactive hCG in plasmas and tumor tissues from patients with various neoplasms. To detect small amount of plasma hCG in the presence of luteinizing hormone (LH), plasma hCG level was measured by heterologous radioimmunoassay using anti-hCG-beta antiserum and compared with plasma LH level measured by heterologous radioimmunoassay using anti-LH-beta antiserum. All 56 samples obtained from control subjects were found to be negative for hCG, while 10 of 100 plasma samples from patients with malignancies were positive for hCG. The prevalence of hCG in 64 tumor tissues was 42% (27/64); it was 32% (8/25) in so-called amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) tumors and 49% (19/39) in non-APUD tumors. The difference in the prevalence of hCG in APUD vs. non-APUD tumors was not statistically significant. However, the amounts of hCG in APUD tumors were found to be less than 50 ng/g wet tissue, whereas those of non-APUD tumors ranged from several ng to thousands of ng/g wet tissue. These results suggest the APUD tumors produce less amounts of hCG than do non-APUD tumors.", "contents": "Ectopic production of human chorionic gonadotropin in malignant tumors. The prevalence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was estimated by measuring immunoreactive hCG in plasmas and tumor tissues from patients with various neoplasms. To detect small amount of plasma hCG in the presence of luteinizing hormone (LH), plasma hCG level was measured by heterologous radioimmunoassay using anti-hCG-beta antiserum and compared with plasma LH level measured by heterologous radioimmunoassay using anti-LH-beta antiserum. All 56 samples obtained from control subjects were found to be negative for hCG, while 10 of 100 plasma samples from patients with malignancies were positive for hCG. The prevalence of hCG in 64 tumor tissues was 42% (27/64); it was 32% (8/25) in so-called amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) tumors and 49% (19/39) in non-APUD tumors. The difference in the prevalence of hCG in APUD vs. non-APUD tumors was not statistically significant. However, the amounts of hCG in APUD tumors were found to be less than 50 ng/g wet tissue, whereas those of non-APUD tumors ranged from several ng to thousands of ng/g wet tissue. These results suggest the APUD tumors produce less amounts of hCG than do non-APUD tumors.", "PMID": 719611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8068", "title": "Characterization of an ovarian carcinoma cell line.", "content": "A long-term ovarian carcinoma cell line is described in terms of its morphology, original histopathology, electron microscopic features and chromosome features before and after transplantation into an athymic nude mouse. The microscopic features of the tumor nodule grown in the nude mouse are compared with the original pathology. Epithelial characteristics of the cells were maintained in culture and after retrieval from the nude mouse. Three markers were identified in all karyotypes and trisomy was noted in chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 6, 11, 12, 16, and X and monosomy of 17 and 21.", "contents": "Characterization of an ovarian carcinoma cell line. A long-term ovarian carcinoma cell line is described in terms of its morphology, original histopathology, electron microscopic features and chromosome features before and after transplantation into an athymic nude mouse. The microscopic features of the tumor nodule grown in the nude mouse are compared with the original pathology. Epithelial characteristics of the cells were maintained in culture and after retrieval from the nude mouse. Three markers were identified in all karyotypes and trisomy was noted in chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 6, 11, 12, 16, and X and monosomy of 17 and 21.", "PMID": 719612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8069", "title": "Prolymphocytic leukemia: clinical, histopathological, and cytochemical observations.", "content": "The clinical, histopathological, and cytochemical features of eight patients with prolymphocytic leukemia, a rare variant of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, were reviewed. Six of the patients had clinical evidence of \"massive\" splenomegaly at the time of diagnosis, and in four of these this clinical impression was confirmed by splenic weights in excess of 2000 g. No patient had significant lymph node enlargement. The initial leukocyte count was elevated in seven patients and was greater than 100 X 10(9)/1 in four of them. The absolute prolymphocyte count ranged from 16.3 to 378.1 X 10(9)/1 and was greater than 100 X 10(9)/1 in four patients. Splenectomy in four patients had no lasting effect on the peripheral leukocyte count. In the four patients in whom the disease was shown by surface marker or immunocytochemical studies to be of B-cell origin, the histopathologic features were distinctive and were characterized by a pattern of infiltration which was nodular and diffuse in both the splenic red pulp and the bone marrow, whereas involvement of the lymph nodes was pseudonodular. In one patient in whom the prolymphocytes had cytochemical characteristics suggestive of T-cells, the distribution of the abnormal cellular proliferation in the lymph nodes was paracortical and the infiltrations of the spleen and the bone marrow were diffuse.", "contents": "Prolymphocytic leukemia: clinical, histopathological, and cytochemical observations. The clinical, histopathological, and cytochemical features of eight patients with prolymphocytic leukemia, a rare variant of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, were reviewed. Six of the patients had clinical evidence of \"massive\" splenomegaly at the time of diagnosis, and in four of these this clinical impression was confirmed by splenic weights in excess of 2000 g. No patient had significant lymph node enlargement. The initial leukocyte count was elevated in seven patients and was greater than 100 X 10(9)/1 in four of them. The absolute prolymphocyte count ranged from 16.3 to 378.1 X 10(9)/1 and was greater than 100 X 10(9)/1 in four patients. Splenectomy in four patients had no lasting effect on the peripheral leukocyte count. In the four patients in whom the disease was shown by surface marker or immunocytochemical studies to be of B-cell origin, the histopathologic features were distinctive and were characterized by a pattern of infiltration which was nodular and diffuse in both the splenic red pulp and the bone marrow, whereas involvement of the lymph nodes was pseudonodular. In one patient in whom the prolymphocytes had cytochemical characteristics suggestive of T-cells, the distribution of the abnormal cellular proliferation in the lymph nodes was paracortical and the infiltrations of the spleen and the bone marrow were diffuse.", "PMID": 719613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8070", "title": "Variables predictive of bone marrow metastasis.", "content": "Metastasis to bone marrow, though frequently occult, is an important clinical finding. Variables which correlate with carcinoma metastatic to bone marrow were studied retrospectively in 103 patients with malignancy whose bone marrow biopsies demonstrated metastatic disease. Sixty-six patients with metastatic cancer whose bone marrow biopsies were negative, served as controls. Since no single finding was diagnostic of marrow cancer, multiple variables were analyzed by stepwise discriminate analysis program. The four parameters which strongly correlated with marrow involvement were the leukoerythroblastic blood pattern, a serum lactic dehydrogenase over 500 IU/liter, a platelet count under 100,000/microliter and bone pain. Four parameters correlated less well and included a positive bone scan, hematocrit under 30%, uric acid over 10 mg/dl and blood urea nitrogen over 25 mg/dl. These data should help the clinician select those cancer patients with a high probability of marrow involvement.", "contents": "Variables predictive of bone marrow metastasis. Metastasis to bone marrow, though frequently occult, is an important clinical finding. Variables which correlate with carcinoma metastatic to bone marrow were studied retrospectively in 103 patients with malignancy whose bone marrow biopsies demonstrated metastatic disease. Sixty-six patients with metastatic cancer whose bone marrow biopsies were negative, served as controls. Since no single finding was diagnostic of marrow cancer, multiple variables were analyzed by stepwise discriminate analysis program. The four parameters which strongly correlated with marrow involvement were the leukoerythroblastic blood pattern, a serum lactic dehydrogenase over 500 IU/liter, a platelet count under 100,000/microliter and bone pain. Four parameters correlated less well and included a positive bone scan, hematocrit under 30%, uric acid over 10 mg/dl and blood urea nitrogen over 25 mg/dl. These data should help the clinician select those cancer patients with a high probability of marrow involvement.", "PMID": 719614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8071", "title": "Ultrastructural studies on neuroblastoma: evaluation of cytodifferentiation and correlation of morphology and biochemical and survival data.", "content": "Fifteen cases of neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma and ganglioneuroma were studied by electron microscopy. Ultrastructural features of cytodifferentiation, including numbers of dense core neurosecretory granules (NSG) and neuritic processes, were used to evaluate variation within the neuroblastoma group to determine whether differences in cytodifferentiation exist where light microscopic variations are not evident. These studies revealed that undifferentiated neuroblastomas do show ultrastructural variations not evident by light microscopy. The ultrastructural findings for each case were compared with initial urinary catecholamine excretory patterns, the latter having recently been shown to have valuable prognostic significance. There was a positive correlation, in the undifferentiated neuroblastomas, between increased numbers of NSG and prognostically favorable biochemical excretory patterns. Conversely, low numbers of NSG were associated with an unfavorable biochemical pattern and fatal clinical course. These correlations between ultrastructural differentiation and the biochemical secretory pattern indicate that ultrastructural evaluation of undifferentiated neuroblastomas would appear to have prognostic value, particularly in cases lacking initial biochemical data or as an adjunct to biochemical studies.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies on neuroblastoma: evaluation of cytodifferentiation and correlation of morphology and biochemical and survival data. Fifteen cases of neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma and ganglioneuroma were studied by electron microscopy. Ultrastructural features of cytodifferentiation, including numbers of dense core neurosecretory granules (NSG) and neuritic processes, were used to evaluate variation within the neuroblastoma group to determine whether differences in cytodifferentiation exist where light microscopic variations are not evident. These studies revealed that undifferentiated neuroblastomas do show ultrastructural variations not evident by light microscopy. The ultrastructural findings for each case were compared with initial urinary catecholamine excretory patterns, the latter having recently been shown to have valuable prognostic significance. There was a positive correlation, in the undifferentiated neuroblastomas, between increased numbers of NSG and prognostically favorable biochemical excretory patterns. Conversely, low numbers of NSG were associated with an unfavorable biochemical pattern and fatal clinical course. These correlations between ultrastructural differentiation and the biochemical secretory pattern indicate that ultrastructural evaluation of undifferentiated neuroblastomas would appear to have prognostic value, particularly in cases lacking initial biochemical data or as an adjunct to biochemical studies.", "PMID": 719615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8072", "title": "Nonepithelial tumors of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx. A clinicopathologic study. IX. Plasmacytomas.", "content": "Plasmacytomas occasionally may arise in extraosseous sites, of which the upper respiratory tract is the most common. In our series of 256 nonepithelial tumors involving the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx, 10 (4%) were apparently primary extramedullary plasmacytomas. Of our patients with adequate follow-up information, four died of disseminated disease 2, 4, 5 and 6 years after the initial diagnosis. One was alive 6 years after diagnosis with locally persistent tumor. Another was living without recurrence 12 years later. Based on our findings and on the cases reported in the literature, extramedullary plasmacytomas arising in the head and neck area may evolve into one of several different patterns. 1) Some patients have localized disease which is apparently controlled (by surgery, radiotherapy or both) and which never recurs locally or becomes disseminated. 2) In some cases, the tumor recurs locally and is controlled by further therapy. 3) Other patients have a locally persistent and aggressive lesion which cannot be eradicated and which eventually leads to the patient's death by uncontrolled local growth. 4) Still other patients eventually develop evidence of plasma cell neoplasms elsewhere in the body and/or multiple myeloma.", "contents": "Nonepithelial tumors of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx. A clinicopathologic study. IX. Plasmacytomas. Plasmacytomas occasionally may arise in extraosseous sites, of which the upper respiratory tract is the most common. In our series of 256 nonepithelial tumors involving the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx, 10 (4%) were apparently primary extramedullary plasmacytomas. Of our patients with adequate follow-up information, four died of disseminated disease 2, 4, 5 and 6 years after the initial diagnosis. One was alive 6 years after diagnosis with locally persistent tumor. Another was living without recurrence 12 years later. Based on our findings and on the cases reported in the literature, extramedullary plasmacytomas arising in the head and neck area may evolve into one of several different patterns. 1) Some patients have localized disease which is apparently controlled (by surgery, radiotherapy or both) and which never recurs locally or becomes disseminated. 2) In some cases, the tumor recurs locally and is controlled by further therapy. 3) Other patients have a locally persistent and aggressive lesion which cannot be eradicated and which eventually leads to the patient's death by uncontrolled local growth. 4) Still other patients eventually develop evidence of plasma cell neoplasms elsewhere in the body and/or multiple myeloma.", "PMID": 719616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8073", "title": "Metastasizing pleomorphic adenoma of the salivary gland.", "content": "A case of metastasizing pleomorphic adenoma in which both the primary tumor and metastasis were composed of benign pleomorphic structures is reported and previously reported cases reviewed. The metastasis commonly developed many years after the excision of the primary tumor and was usually preceded by local recurrences. The most common sites of metastasis were the bone and lung. Mitotic activity and infiltrative growth pattern are the histologic features in the primary tumor important in predicting the metastasizing potential. The treatment of choice for the metastatic tumor appears to be surgical excision. Radiotherapy seems to have a limited role other than providing temporary palliation.", "contents": "Metastasizing pleomorphic adenoma of the salivary gland. A case of metastasizing pleomorphic adenoma in which both the primary tumor and metastasis were composed of benign pleomorphic structures is reported and previously reported cases reviewed. The metastasis commonly developed many years after the excision of the primary tumor and was usually preceded by local recurrences. The most common sites of metastasis were the bone and lung. Mitotic activity and infiltrative growth pattern are the histologic features in the primary tumor important in predicting the metastasizing potential. The treatment of choice for the metastatic tumor appears to be surgical excision. Radiotherapy seems to have a limited role other than providing temporary palliation.", "PMID": 719617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8074", "title": "Hemangiopericytoma: a clinicopathologic, angiographic and microangiographic study.", "content": "A clinicopathologic study of 11 hemangiopericytomas is reported, and the results of clinical angiography in 4 patients and a correlated microangiographic-histologic study of 1 tumor are presented. Six of the tumors were collected and accepted as hemangiopericytomas in a review of 42 tumors registered as hemangiopericytoma in the Swedish Cancer Registry during the period 1958--1968. The other 5 tumors occurred in patients treated by us. The histologic examination and the follow-up information showed that it can be difficult to predict the prognosis on morphologic grounds, that borderline tumors exist and that a recurrence as well as a metastasis may dedifferentiate. The tumors studied by clinical angiography all proved to be highly vascular. Irregular vessels of varying caliber were filled with contrast medium and, in addition, a prominent diffuse opacification took place. Early filling of veins was not noted despite the high vascularity. The correlated microangiographic-histologic study suggests that the irregular vessels seen on clinical angiograms corresponded to wide, angulated, thin-walled vessels without muscle coat or elastic tissue, while the diffuse opacification was caused by a dense network of delicate, branching, slit-like capillary spaces.", "contents": "Hemangiopericytoma: a clinicopathologic, angiographic and microangiographic study. A clinicopathologic study of 11 hemangiopericytomas is reported, and the results of clinical angiography in 4 patients and a correlated microangiographic-histologic study of 1 tumor are presented. Six of the tumors were collected and accepted as hemangiopericytomas in a review of 42 tumors registered as hemangiopericytoma in the Swedish Cancer Registry during the period 1958--1968. The other 5 tumors occurred in patients treated by us. The histologic examination and the follow-up information showed that it can be difficult to predict the prognosis on morphologic grounds, that borderline tumors exist and that a recurrence as well as a metastasis may dedifferentiate. The tumors studied by clinical angiography all proved to be highly vascular. Irregular vessels of varying caliber were filled with contrast medium and, in addition, a prominent diffuse opacification took place. Early filling of veins was not noted despite the high vascularity. The correlated microangiographic-histologic study suggests that the irregular vessels seen on clinical angiograms corresponded to wide, angulated, thin-walled vessels without muscle coat or elastic tissue, while the diffuse opacification was caused by a dense network of delicate, branching, slit-like capillary spaces.", "PMID": 719618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8075", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in carcinoma of the uterine cervix. 1. The prognostic value of serial plasma determinations.", "content": "Plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) determinations were obtained prior to therapy in 300 patients with invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix followed at the University of Kentucky Medical Center from 1971 to 1976. Carcinoembryonic antigen levels were elevated (greater than 2.5 ng/ml) in 48% of cervical cancer patients, and varied directly with stage of disease and histologic differentiation of the tumor. Plasma CEA levels were more commonly elevated in patients with endocervical adenocarcinoma than in those with squamous cell carcinoma, but were not related to vascular invasion in the specimen or regional lymph nodal morphology. Two hundred and four patients had 2 to 15 (mean = 5) follow-up plasma CEA determinations after treatment. Thirty patients had progressively increasing plasma CEA levels following therapy, of which 29 developed recurrent cervical cancer. A progressive rise of plasma CEA preceded the clinical diagnosis of recurrence by 1 to 23 months (mean = 6 months) in 13 of these patients, and occurred at the same time or after the clinical diagnosis of recurrence in 16 cases. Patients with progressively rising plasma CEA levels following therapy for cervical cancer should be extensively evaluated to rule out the presence of occult recurrence.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen in carcinoma of the uterine cervix. 1. The prognostic value of serial plasma determinations. Plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) determinations were obtained prior to therapy in 300 patients with invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix followed at the University of Kentucky Medical Center from 1971 to 1976. Carcinoembryonic antigen levels were elevated (greater than 2.5 ng/ml) in 48% of cervical cancer patients, and varied directly with stage of disease and histologic differentiation of the tumor. Plasma CEA levels were more commonly elevated in patients with endocervical adenocarcinoma than in those with squamous cell carcinoma, but were not related to vascular invasion in the specimen or regional lymph nodal morphology. Two hundred and four patients had 2 to 15 (mean = 5) follow-up plasma CEA determinations after treatment. Thirty patients had progressively increasing plasma CEA levels following therapy, of which 29 developed recurrent cervical cancer. A progressive rise of plasma CEA preceded the clinical diagnosis of recurrence by 1 to 23 months (mean = 6 months) in 13 of these patients, and occurred at the same time or after the clinical diagnosis of recurrence in 16 cases. Patients with progressively rising plasma CEA levels following therapy for cervical cancer should be extensively evaluated to rule out the presence of occult recurrence.", "PMID": 719619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8076", "title": "Clear cell carcinoma of the uterine endocervix with an in situ component.", "content": "In the past all clear cell carcinomas of the female genital tract were thought to arise from mesonephric remnants. Recently increasing evidence has related their origin to m\u00fcllerian rather than mesonephric epithelium. One of the main reasons that has been advanced to support their mesonephric origin has been their occurrence in the uterine cervix and vagina, sites of mesonephric remnants. However, no clear evidence for mesonephric origin of clear cell carcinoma of the cervix and vagina has been ever provided. In contrast, there is substantial evidence that diethylstilbestrol-related clear cell carcinomas of the cervix and vagina are m\u00fcllerian in origin. We report here a case of an exophytic clear cell carcinoma with an in situ component, involving the endocervical epithelium. The in situ lesion clearly indicates m\u00fcllerian origin of the tumor, which occurred in the absence of prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol. This supports the general agreement that clear cell carcinomas of the cervix are m\u00fcllerian in origin, whether diethylstilbestrol-related or not.", "contents": "Clear cell carcinoma of the uterine endocervix with an in situ component. In the past all clear cell carcinomas of the female genital tract were thought to arise from mesonephric remnants. Recently increasing evidence has related their origin to m\u00fcllerian rather than mesonephric epithelium. One of the main reasons that has been advanced to support their mesonephric origin has been their occurrence in the uterine cervix and vagina, sites of mesonephric remnants. However, no clear evidence for mesonephric origin of clear cell carcinoma of the cervix and vagina has been ever provided. In contrast, there is substantial evidence that diethylstilbestrol-related clear cell carcinomas of the cervix and vagina are m\u00fcllerian in origin. We report here a case of an exophytic clear cell carcinoma with an in situ component, involving the endocervical epithelium. The in situ lesion clearly indicates m\u00fcllerian origin of the tumor, which occurred in the absence of prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol. This supports the general agreement that clear cell carcinomas of the cervix are m\u00fcllerian in origin, whether diethylstilbestrol-related or not.", "PMID": 719620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8077", "title": "The changing trends of uterine cancer and cytology: a study of morbidity and mortality trends over a twenty year period.", "content": "Data on squamous carcinoma of the cervix from a 20 year study period (1955 to 1974) in metropolitan Toledo revealed a 66% reduction of the average annual age-adjusted incidence rate and a 61% reduction in death rate of cervical squamous carcinoma when the first time period (1955 to 1958) was compared with the last time period (1971 to 1974). The decrease for both morbidity and mortality rates was more pronounced in women age 50 years and younger. The age-adjusted death rate during this study period revealed 15.5/100,000 for black women and 8.7/100,000 for white women. The reduction in death rate of 83% in black women is more prominent than 54.5% in white women. The decrease in both morbidity and mortality for cervical squamous carcinoma has a close relation to cytologic screening activity. The factors of age and race, probably related to socioeconomic status, are two known determinants of risk for cervical squamous carcinoma. Data for endometrial carcinoma during this study period revealed 15.5/100,000 women in the average age-adjusted incidence and an increase of 13.8% in average yearly rates when the first time period (1955 to 1958) were compared with the last time period (1971 to 1974). The peak age was 60 to 64 years old in the first time period and shifted to 70 to 74 years old in the last time period. The trend in metropolitan Toledo is comparable to that of Louisville, Kentucky. The mass cytologic screening program which contributed to a remarkable reduction in morbidity and mortality for the cervical squamous carcinoma, did not have any beneficial effect on endometrial carcinoma.", "contents": "The changing trends of uterine cancer and cytology: a study of morbidity and mortality trends over a twenty year period. Data on squamous carcinoma of the cervix from a 20 year study period (1955 to 1974) in metropolitan Toledo revealed a 66% reduction of the average annual age-adjusted incidence rate and a 61% reduction in death rate of cervical squamous carcinoma when the first time period (1955 to 1958) was compared with the last time period (1971 to 1974). The decrease for both morbidity and mortality rates was more pronounced in women age 50 years and younger. The age-adjusted death rate during this study period revealed 15.5/100,000 for black women and 8.7/100,000 for white women. The reduction in death rate of 83% in black women is more prominent than 54.5% in white women. The decrease in both morbidity and mortality for cervical squamous carcinoma has a close relation to cytologic screening activity. The factors of age and race, probably related to socioeconomic status, are two known determinants of risk for cervical squamous carcinoma. Data for endometrial carcinoma during this study period revealed 15.5/100,000 women in the average age-adjusted incidence and an increase of 13.8% in average yearly rates when the first time period (1955 to 1958) were compared with the last time period (1971 to 1974). The peak age was 60 to 64 years old in the first time period and shifted to 70 to 74 years old in the last time period. The trend in metropolitan Toledo is comparable to that of Louisville, Kentucky. The mass cytologic screening program which contributed to a remarkable reduction in morbidity and mortality for the cervical squamous carcinoma, did not have any beneficial effect on endometrial carcinoma.", "PMID": 719621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8078", "title": "Malignant histiocytosis: report of five Chinese patients.", "content": "Five Chinese patients with malignant histiocytosis are described, the diagnosis being based on microscopic evidence of infiltration of at least three different tissues by noncohesive atypical phagocytic histiocytes, without total obliteration of normal architecture of those tissues. The mean age of the patients was 28 years; all presented with pyrexia (of 2 weeks to 2 1/2 years duration) and all had circulating neoplastic cells. Two patients showed remission with quadruple chemotherapy and one is alive and without symptoms 6 years after onset of his illness.", "contents": "Malignant histiocytosis: report of five Chinese patients. Five Chinese patients with malignant histiocytosis are described, the diagnosis being based on microscopic evidence of infiltration of at least three different tissues by noncohesive atypical phagocytic histiocytes, without total obliteration of normal architecture of those tissues. The mean age of the patients was 28 years; all presented with pyrexia (of 2 weeks to 2 1/2 years duration) and all had circulating neoplastic cells. Two patients showed remission with quadruple chemotherapy and one is alive and without symptoms 6 years after onset of his illness.", "PMID": 719622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8079", "title": "Solitary meningocerebral metastasis from squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: a case report.", "content": "A case of a solitary meningocerebral metastasis from an esophageal carcinoma is described and the rarity of such an occurrence, as compared with cerebral metastases from other organs, is stressed. A possible metastatic pathway from the esophagus to the brain through the vertebral veins is postulated.", "contents": "Solitary meningocerebral metastasis from squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: a case report. A case of a solitary meningocerebral metastasis from an esophageal carcinoma is described and the rarity of such an occurrence, as compared with cerebral metastases from other organs, is stressed. A possible metastatic pathway from the esophagus to the brain through the vertebral veins is postulated.", "PMID": 719623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8080", "title": "Gallbladder disease and gallbladder cancer among American Indians in tricultural New Mexico.", "content": "Previous studies have reported high rates of gallbladder disease and gallbladder cancer among all American Indians. Data from the New Mexico Tumor Registry confirm these findings, specifically showing high rates for New Mexico's American Indians, as well as for the state's Spanish population. This review explores several risk factors, including parity, obesity, age, cholesterol level, and genetic factors. From the available evidence, genetic factors appear to be the most important, with parity a contributing factor.", "contents": "Gallbladder disease and gallbladder cancer among American Indians in tricultural New Mexico. Previous studies have reported high rates of gallbladder disease and gallbladder cancer among all American Indians. Data from the New Mexico Tumor Registry confirm these findings, specifically showing high rates for New Mexico's American Indians, as well as for the state's Spanish population. This review explores several risk factors, including parity, obesity, age, cholesterol level, and genetic factors. From the available evidence, genetic factors appear to be the most important, with parity a contributing factor.", "PMID": 719624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8081", "title": "A retrospective study of 131 cases of carcinoma of the posterior pharyngeal wall.", "content": "Between 1958 and 1973, 131 patients with carcinoma of the posterior pharyngeal wall were treated at the Institute Gustave-Roussy (127 men, 4 women, mean age 61 years). Nine had a tumor of the oropharynx, 37 of the hypopharynx and 85 of the oro-hypopharynx. Nine had T1 tumors, 19 T2 and 103 T3 (TNM-UICC 1975). 122 patients were treated by irradiation: 83% were T3 lesions, 81% were more than 4 cm in diameter, 80% were ulcerated and 42% were staged N3. The survival rate of these patients was very poor (3% at five years). The nine patients who had been treated by surgical excision had a better survival rate and three are alive at 5 years, but the initial prognostic factors were better in this group. It seems that the indications for surgery should be widened to increase the survival rate in these poor prognosis cancers.", "contents": "A retrospective study of 131 cases of carcinoma of the posterior pharyngeal wall. Between 1958 and 1973, 131 patients with carcinoma of the posterior pharyngeal wall were treated at the Institute Gustave-Roussy (127 men, 4 women, mean age 61 years). Nine had a tumor of the oropharynx, 37 of the hypopharynx and 85 of the oro-hypopharynx. Nine had T1 tumors, 19 T2 and 103 T3 (TNM-UICC 1975). 122 patients were treated by irradiation: 83% were T3 lesions, 81% were more than 4 cm in diameter, 80% were ulcerated and 42% were staged N3. The survival rate of these patients was very poor (3% at five years). The nine patients who had been treated by surgical excision had a better survival rate and three are alive at 5 years, but the initial prognostic factors were better in this group. It seems that the indications for surgery should be widened to increase the survival rate in these poor prognosis cancers.", "PMID": 719625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8082", "title": "Effect of dietary undegraded carrageenan on colon carcinogenesis in F344 rats treated with azoxymethane or methylnitrosourea.", "content": "The effect of dietary undegraded carrageenan (Viscarin 402) on colon carcinogenesis was studied in female inbred F344 rats. Weanling rats were fed semipurified diets containing 0 or 15% undegraded carrageenan. At 7 weeks of age, all animals except controls were given azoxymethane (AOM) s.c. at a dose rate of 8 mg/kg body weight per week for 10 weeks or methylnitrosourea (MNU) intrarectally at a dose level of 2 mg/rat twice a week for 3 weeks. The AOM groups were autopsied 40 weeks and the MNU groups 30 weeks after the first injection. No tumors were induced in the colon or in other organs of untreated rats fed the control diet. One untreated rat fed the carrageenan diet showed a colon adenoma. The animals fed the carrageenan diet and treated with AOM or MNU had a higher incidence of colorectal tumors (number of rats with colorectal tumors and number of tumors per tumor-bearing rat) than did those fed the control diet and treated similarly. The undegraded carrageenan (Viscarin 402) in the diet had an enhancing effect in colorectal carcinogenesis in rats evoked by AOM or MNU.", "contents": "Effect of dietary undegraded carrageenan on colon carcinogenesis in F344 rats treated with azoxymethane or methylnitrosourea. The effect of dietary undegraded carrageenan (Viscarin 402) on colon carcinogenesis was studied in female inbred F344 rats. Weanling rats were fed semipurified diets containing 0 or 15% undegraded carrageenan. At 7 weeks of age, all animals except controls were given azoxymethane (AOM) s.c. at a dose rate of 8 mg/kg body weight per week for 10 weeks or methylnitrosourea (MNU) intrarectally at a dose level of 2 mg/rat twice a week for 3 weeks. The AOM groups were autopsied 40 weeks and the MNU groups 30 weeks after the first injection. No tumors were induced in the colon or in other organs of untreated rats fed the control diet. One untreated rat fed the carrageenan diet showed a colon adenoma. The animals fed the carrageenan diet and treated with AOM or MNU had a higher incidence of colorectal tumors (number of rats with colorectal tumors and number of tumors per tumor-bearing rat) than did those fed the control diet and treated similarly. The undegraded carrageenan (Viscarin 402) in the diet had an enhancing effect in colorectal carcinogenesis in rats evoked by AOM or MNU.", "PMID": 719628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8083", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of a 67Ga-binding glycoprotein from Morris 5123C rat hepatoma.", "content": "A Glycoprotein, particularly high in tumors, has been extracted from Morris 5123C rat hepatomas and purified. The compound constitutes a major binding component for 67Ga in this hepatoma. It has a molecular weight of approximately 45,000. Its molecular weight was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate:polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by Sephadex G-200 superfine gel filtration. The steps involved in its extraction and purification include ultrafiltration, gel filtration through Sephadex G-200 superfine, ion-exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethyl Sephadex A-50, and hydroxylapatite chromatography. The homogeneity of the compound was established by gel electrophoresis. The NH2-terminal residue, the percentage of nitrogen, the nonamino carbohydrate content, and the amino acid composition are reported.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of a 67Ga-binding glycoprotein from Morris 5123C rat hepatoma. A Glycoprotein, particularly high in tumors, has been extracted from Morris 5123C rat hepatomas and purified. The compound constitutes a major binding component for 67Ga in this hepatoma. It has a molecular weight of approximately 45,000. Its molecular weight was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate:polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by Sephadex G-200 superfine gel filtration. The steps involved in its extraction and purification include ultrafiltration, gel filtration through Sephadex G-200 superfine, ion-exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethyl Sephadex A-50, and hydroxylapatite chromatography. The homogeneity of the compound was established by gel electrophoresis. The NH2-terminal residue, the percentage of nitrogen, the nonamino carbohydrate content, and the amino acid composition are reported.", "PMID": 719629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8084", "title": "Fecal profiles of anaerobic microflora of large bowel cancer patients and patients with nonhereditary large bowel polyps.", "content": "It has been postulated that the intestinal anaerobes play a role in the etiology of large bowel cancer. This study was designed to characterize and compare the fecal anaerobes of patients with large bowel cancer, patients with nonhereditary large bowel polyps, and healthy control subjects. Although some distributional variations of the anaerobic genera were observed among the study groups, significant differences in fecal anaerobic microflora and total aerobic counts were not noted. This suggests that taxonomic grouping of fecal bacteria is an inadequate measure of relative risk of developing large bowel cancer. However, the fecal microbial 7alpha-dehydroxylase and cholesterol dehydrogenase activities of large bowel cancer patients and patients with nonhereditary large bowel polyps were significantly higher than those of healthy control subjects. On the other hand, no significant difference in fecal microbial beta-glucuronidase activity was noted among the study groups. It may be that assessment of the total metabolic activities of the intestinal microflora will provide a better understanding of their potential role in the genesis of large bowel cancer.", "contents": "Fecal profiles of anaerobic microflora of large bowel cancer patients and patients with nonhereditary large bowel polyps. It has been postulated that the intestinal anaerobes play a role in the etiology of large bowel cancer. This study was designed to characterize and compare the fecal anaerobes of patients with large bowel cancer, patients with nonhereditary large bowel polyps, and healthy control subjects. Although some distributional variations of the anaerobic genera were observed among the study groups, significant differences in fecal anaerobic microflora and total aerobic counts were not noted. This suggests that taxonomic grouping of fecal bacteria is an inadequate measure of relative risk of developing large bowel cancer. However, the fecal microbial 7alpha-dehydroxylase and cholesterol dehydrogenase activities of large bowel cancer patients and patients with nonhereditary large bowel polyps were significantly higher than those of healthy control subjects. On the other hand, no significant difference in fecal microbial beta-glucuronidase activity was noted among the study groups. It may be that assessment of the total metabolic activities of the intestinal microflora will provide a better understanding of their potential role in the genesis of large bowel cancer.", "PMID": 719630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8085", "title": "Inhibitory effect of 13-cis-retinoic acid on urinary bladder carcinogenesis induced in C57BL/6 mice by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine.", "content": "The effect of 13-cis-retinoic acid on the induction of urinary bladder carcinoma by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (OH-BBN) was studied in male C57BL/6 mice. Animals received a total dose of either 90 or 140 mg of OH-BBN via gastric intubations of 7.5 or 10.0 mg of OH-BBN 2 times each week for 6 or 7 weeks, respectively. Seven days after the last OH-BBN intubation, animals were fed laboratory chow diet supplemented with either 200 mg of 13-cis-retinoic acid per kg or its placebo. Animals were killed at 6 months after the first carcinogen intubation. Highly invasive squamous and transitional cell carcinomas of the urothelium were found at autopsy. In the majority of these carcinomas, invasion of the bladder muscle wall by tumor cells had occurred. At the two dose levels of OH-BBN, feeding of 13-cis-retinoic acid reduced the incidence of both carcinomas and noninvasive papillomas, as well as the extent of neoplastic development in the urinary bladder. In mice receiving the lower dose of OH-BBN, the feeding of 13-cis-retinoic acid prevented the appearance of both squamous and transitional cell carcinomas with a reduction in incidence from 33 to 0% (p less than 0.01). The results of this study indicate that 13-cis-retinoic acid reduced not only the severity of highly invasive urinary bladder carcinomas but also the incidence of such cancers.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of 13-cis-retinoic acid on urinary bladder carcinogenesis induced in C57BL/6 mice by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine. The effect of 13-cis-retinoic acid on the induction of urinary bladder carcinoma by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (OH-BBN) was studied in male C57BL/6 mice. Animals received a total dose of either 90 or 140 mg of OH-BBN via gastric intubations of 7.5 or 10.0 mg of OH-BBN 2 times each week for 6 or 7 weeks, respectively. Seven days after the last OH-BBN intubation, animals were fed laboratory chow diet supplemented with either 200 mg of 13-cis-retinoic acid per kg or its placebo. Animals were killed at 6 months after the first carcinogen intubation. Highly invasive squamous and transitional cell carcinomas of the urothelium were found at autopsy. In the majority of these carcinomas, invasion of the bladder muscle wall by tumor cells had occurred. At the two dose levels of OH-BBN, feeding of 13-cis-retinoic acid reduced the incidence of both carcinomas and noninvasive papillomas, as well as the extent of neoplastic development in the urinary bladder. In mice receiving the lower dose of OH-BBN, the feeding of 13-cis-retinoic acid prevented the appearance of both squamous and transitional cell carcinomas with a reduction in incidence from 33 to 0% (p less than 0.01). The results of this study indicate that 13-cis-retinoic acid reduced not only the severity of highly invasive urinary bladder carcinomas but also the incidence of such cancers.", "PMID": 719631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8086", "title": "Partial \"feedback control\" of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity in primary hepatocellular carcinomas.", "content": "The activity of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, the rate-controlling enzyme of cholesterol synthesis, was studied in normal livers and in 64 primary hepatocellular carcinomas from rats fed a basal diet or a diet containing either 2% cholestyramine or 5% cholesterol. The average enzyme activity in hepatocellular carcinomas from rats fed the basal diet was more than twice that in normal liver. Dietary cholesterol caused a reduction in activity to one-ninth of the normal hepatic enzyme activity, whereas cholestyramine feeding resulted in a 7-fold increase above the basal level. The data tended to confirm the previously documented observation that \"diet-induced feedback inhibition\" of cholesterol synthesis is not expressed in hepatomas, since the enzyme activity was reduced only slightly in cancers from rats fed cholesterol. However, the activities from cancers of cholestyramine-fed rats were 2.7 times greater than those from cholesterol-fed rats. Thus, a degree of control was clearly demonstrable, although it represented only 4% of that seen in normal liver. To our knowledge this is the first report of at least partial \"feedback control\" of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity in hepatocellular carcinomas grown in vivo.", "contents": "Partial \"feedback control\" of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity in primary hepatocellular carcinomas. The activity of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, the rate-controlling enzyme of cholesterol synthesis, was studied in normal livers and in 64 primary hepatocellular carcinomas from rats fed a basal diet or a diet containing either 2% cholestyramine or 5% cholesterol. The average enzyme activity in hepatocellular carcinomas from rats fed the basal diet was more than twice that in normal liver. Dietary cholesterol caused a reduction in activity to one-ninth of the normal hepatic enzyme activity, whereas cholestyramine feeding resulted in a 7-fold increase above the basal level. The data tended to confirm the previously documented observation that \"diet-induced feedback inhibition\" of cholesterol synthesis is not expressed in hepatomas, since the enzyme activity was reduced only slightly in cancers from rats fed cholesterol. However, the activities from cancers of cholestyramine-fed rats were 2.7 times greater than those from cholesterol-fed rats. Thus, a degree of control was clearly demonstrable, although it represented only 4% of that seen in normal liver. To our knowledge this is the first report of at least partial \"feedback control\" of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity in hepatocellular carcinomas grown in vivo.", "PMID": 719632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8087", "title": "Enhancement of liver microsome epoxide hydratase activity in rodents by treatment with 2(3)-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole.", "content": "Administration of the antioxidant 2(3)-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA) in the diet caused a marked increase in the specific activity of epoxide hydratase (EC 4.2.1.63) in hepatic microsomes of CD-1 mice. The increases in epoxide hydratase activities produced by BHA were far greater (11-fold) than were those produced by the administration of well-known enzyme inducers such as 3-methylcholanthrene, phenobarbital, and Aroclor 1254 (2- to 3-fold). The near-maximal increase in epoxide hydratase activity was observed after feeding of the BHA diet for 3 days. When BHA was administered by gastric intubation, the level of increase was only 75% of that attained by feeding BHA in the diet. The increase in epoxide hydratase activity produced by BHA treatment of Sprague-Dawley rats was not as pronounced (less than 3-fold) as that observed in CD-1 mice.", "contents": "Enhancement of liver microsome epoxide hydratase activity in rodents by treatment with 2(3)-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole. Administration of the antioxidant 2(3)-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA) in the diet caused a marked increase in the specific activity of epoxide hydratase (EC 4.2.1.63) in hepatic microsomes of CD-1 mice. The increases in epoxide hydratase activities produced by BHA were far greater (11-fold) than were those produced by the administration of well-known enzyme inducers such as 3-methylcholanthrene, phenobarbital, and Aroclor 1254 (2- to 3-fold). The near-maximal increase in epoxide hydratase activity was observed after feeding of the BHA diet for 3 days. When BHA was administered by gastric intubation, the level of increase was only 75% of that attained by feeding BHA in the diet. The increase in epoxide hydratase activity produced by BHA treatment of Sprague-Dawley rats was not as pronounced (less than 3-fold) as that observed in CD-1 mice.", "PMID": 719633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8088", "title": "Elimination of hypoxic protection by 5-thio-D-glucose in multicell spheroids.", "content": "The effect of 5-thio-D-glucose on oxic and hypoxic V79-171 Chinese hamster cells was studied in vitro with single cells and multicell spheroids. At concentrations that were not toxic to oxic cells, this compound killed hypoxic cells with a D0 of 1 hr with a 5 mM concentration and more rapidly at 10 mM beginning 2 hr after incubation at 37 degrees. 5-Thio-D-glucose also sensitized hypoxic cells to radiation and protected oxic cells from radiation damage. Multicell spheroids irradiated after incubation with the compound demonstrated increased radiosensitivity, although the relative contribution of cytotoxicity and hypoxic cell sensitization could not be evaluated. Spheroid reoxygenation by decreased cell respiration was determined not to be a contributing factor, suggesting that the spheroid-sensitizing effect was due to drug effects on hypoxic cells. The dramatic increase in multicell spheroid radiosensitivity that resulted from treatment with 5-thio-D-glucose suggests that this compound may be used to increase the effectiveness of radiotherapy by eliminating hypoxic protection.", "contents": "Elimination of hypoxic protection by 5-thio-D-glucose in multicell spheroids. The effect of 5-thio-D-glucose on oxic and hypoxic V79-171 Chinese hamster cells was studied in vitro with single cells and multicell spheroids. At concentrations that were not toxic to oxic cells, this compound killed hypoxic cells with a D0 of 1 hr with a 5 mM concentration and more rapidly at 10 mM beginning 2 hr after incubation at 37 degrees. 5-Thio-D-glucose also sensitized hypoxic cells to radiation and protected oxic cells from radiation damage. Multicell spheroids irradiated after incubation with the compound demonstrated increased radiosensitivity, although the relative contribution of cytotoxicity and hypoxic cell sensitization could not be evaluated. Spheroid reoxygenation by decreased cell respiration was determined not to be a contributing factor, suggesting that the spheroid-sensitizing effect was due to drug effects on hypoxic cells. The dramatic increase in multicell spheroid radiosensitivity that resulted from treatment with 5-thio-D-glucose suggests that this compound may be used to increase the effectiveness of radiotherapy by eliminating hypoxic protection.", "PMID": 719634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8089", "title": "Destruction of regional lymph node metastases of rat mammary adenocarcinoma 13762A by treatment with Corynebacterium parvum.", "content": "Intratumoral administration of Corynebacterium parvum to 13762A tumor-bearing rats on Day 7 of tumor growth, followed by primary tumor excision on Day 20, regularly cured about 40% of the animals and significantly prolonged survival in the remainder. Rats treated by surgery alone on either Day 7 or Day 20 died with metastases to axillary lymph nodes and lungs. Tumor was established in axillary lymph nodes by Day 7. Therefore, intratumoral injection of C. parvum on Day 7 destroyed metastases already established at this site. Growth of tumor in axillary nodes of rats treated but not cured by C. parvum was significantly slower than growth in untreated rats.", "contents": "Destruction of regional lymph node metastases of rat mammary adenocarcinoma 13762A by treatment with Corynebacterium parvum. Intratumoral administration of Corynebacterium parvum to 13762A tumor-bearing rats on Day 7 of tumor growth, followed by primary tumor excision on Day 20, regularly cured about 40% of the animals and significantly prolonged survival in the remainder. Rats treated by surgery alone on either Day 7 or Day 20 died with metastases to axillary lymph nodes and lungs. Tumor was established in axillary lymph nodes by Day 7. Therefore, intratumoral injection of C. parvum on Day 7 destroyed metastases already established at this site. Growth of tumor in axillary nodes of rats treated but not cured by C. parvum was significantly slower than growth in untreated rats.", "PMID": 719637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8090", "title": "Effects of harman and norharman on spontaneous and ultraviolet light-induced mutagenesis in cultured Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "Nontoxic concentrations of harman and norharman were tested in cultured Chinese hamster cells for their effects on DNA repair and mutagenesis. The following effects of harman were observed: (a) the survival of ultraviolet light- or X-ray-damaged cells was reduced; (b) the ultraviolet light-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis was slightly inhibited; and (c) the frequency of spontaneous or ultraviolet light-induced ouabain-resistant (ouar) or 6-thioguanine-resistant (6-TGr) mutations was reduced. Furthermore, the effect of harman on survival and mutagenesis was greater than that of norharman and was detected primarily in treatments in which cells were exposed to harman immediately following ultraviolet light irradiation. Our data clearly indicate that harman decreases the capacity to repair DNA damage and fix mutations in Chinese hamster cells, possibly because of the intercalation properties of this compound.", "contents": "Effects of harman and norharman on spontaneous and ultraviolet light-induced mutagenesis in cultured Chinese hamster cells. Nontoxic concentrations of harman and norharman were tested in cultured Chinese hamster cells for their effects on DNA repair and mutagenesis. The following effects of harman were observed: (a) the survival of ultraviolet light- or X-ray-damaged cells was reduced; (b) the ultraviolet light-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis was slightly inhibited; and (c) the frequency of spontaneous or ultraviolet light-induced ouabain-resistant (ouar) or 6-thioguanine-resistant (6-TGr) mutations was reduced. Furthermore, the effect of harman on survival and mutagenesis was greater than that of norharman and was detected primarily in treatments in which cells were exposed to harman immediately following ultraviolet light irradiation. Our data clearly indicate that harman decreases the capacity to repair DNA damage and fix mutations in Chinese hamster cells, possibly because of the intercalation properties of this compound.", "PMID": 719638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8091", "title": "Different effects of concanavalin A and E-phytohemagglutinin upon lymphocyte glycosyltransferase activities.", "content": "We have studied glycosyltransferase activities in human lymphocytes stimulated with the plant mitogens E-phytohemagglutinin or concanavalin A (Con A) and have compared the results with activities found in resting lymphocytes. Compared to resting lymphocytes, Con A-stimulated lymphocytes possess an enhanced capacity to transfer the sugars, sialic acid, galactose, and N-acetyl-glucosamine from their respective nucleotide donors to both endogenous cellular acceptors and added exogenous glycoprotein acceptors. The enhanced glycosyltransferase activity induced by Con A is not inhibited by puromycin despite effective inhibition of de novo protein synthesis, indicating that synthesis of new glycosyltransferase enzymes is not necessary for the observed increases in glycosylation activity. By contrast to the findings in Con A-stimulated cells, the corresponding glycosyltransferase activities of E-phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes do not differ from those of unstimulated lymphocytes. These data indicate that individual plant lectins have different effects on the biosynthesis of complex saccharides by cultured human lymphocytes.", "contents": "Different effects of concanavalin A and E-phytohemagglutinin upon lymphocyte glycosyltransferase activities. We have studied glycosyltransferase activities in human lymphocytes stimulated with the plant mitogens E-phytohemagglutinin or concanavalin A (Con A) and have compared the results with activities found in resting lymphocytes. Compared to resting lymphocytes, Con A-stimulated lymphocytes possess an enhanced capacity to transfer the sugars, sialic acid, galactose, and N-acetyl-glucosamine from their respective nucleotide donors to both endogenous cellular acceptors and added exogenous glycoprotein acceptors. The enhanced glycosyltransferase activity induced by Con A is not inhibited by puromycin despite effective inhibition of de novo protein synthesis, indicating that synthesis of new glycosyltransferase enzymes is not necessary for the observed increases in glycosylation activity. By contrast to the findings in Con A-stimulated cells, the corresponding glycosyltransferase activities of E-phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes do not differ from those of unstimulated lymphocytes. These data indicate that individual plant lectins have different effects on the biosynthesis of complex saccharides by cultured human lymphocytes.", "PMID": 719640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8092", "title": "Effects of cell density and transformation on the formation of a fibronectin extracellular filamentous matrix on human fibroblasts.", "content": "We have studied normal and transformed cultured human fibroblasts by ultrastructural immunocytochemistry with antibodies to fibronectin (the large external transformation-sensitive glycoprotein). Human fibroblasts at low density have very little extracellular material organized into a filamentous form. A diffuse membrane component of low-density fibroblasts reacts with fibronectin antibodies. As normal fibroblasts grow to confluence, an extensive extracellular filamentous matrix forms. The filaments are 15 to 20 nm in diameter, lack periodicity, and frequently occur in a meshwork. Antibody to fibronectin reacts with these filaments as well as with a diffusely distributed membrane component. Cultures of SV40-transformed human fibroblasts lack the extracellular filamentous matrix reacting with fibronectin antibodies; however, fibronectin is detected on plasma membranes. These studies indicate that a major difference between normal and transformed human fibroblasts is the failure of transformed fibroblasts to form a fibronectin-containing extracellular filamentous matrix.", "contents": "Effects of cell density and transformation on the formation of a fibronectin extracellular filamentous matrix on human fibroblasts. We have studied normal and transformed cultured human fibroblasts by ultrastructural immunocytochemistry with antibodies to fibronectin (the large external transformation-sensitive glycoprotein). Human fibroblasts at low density have very little extracellular material organized into a filamentous form. A diffuse membrane component of low-density fibroblasts reacts with fibronectin antibodies. As normal fibroblasts grow to confluence, an extensive extracellular filamentous matrix forms. The filaments are 15 to 20 nm in diameter, lack periodicity, and frequently occur in a meshwork. Antibody to fibronectin reacts with these filaments as well as with a diffusely distributed membrane component. Cultures of SV40-transformed human fibroblasts lack the extracellular filamentous matrix reacting with fibronectin antibodies; however, fibronectin is detected on plasma membranes. These studies indicate that a major difference between normal and transformed human fibroblasts is the failure of transformed fibroblasts to form a fibronectin-containing extracellular filamentous matrix.", "PMID": 719641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8093", "title": "Host genetic factors influencing the occurrence of leukemoid reaction in BALB/cMk mice bearing transplanted tumors.", "content": "Host genetic factors influencing the occurrence of leukemoid reaction in BALB/cMk strain mice bearing transplanted tumors were studied. A Mendelian hybridization experiment was performed with BALB/cMk and C57BL/6 strains, and their strain hybrids; the first filial (F1) generation hybrids; the second filial (F2) generation hybrids; and the backcrosses to the two parental strains. The results of these studies suggested a genetic regulation of leukemoid reaction occurrence in BALB/cMk mice bearing transplanted tumors. Genes permissive to the occurrence of the reaction seemed to be dominant to their nonpermissive alleles.", "contents": "Host genetic factors influencing the occurrence of leukemoid reaction in BALB/cMk mice bearing transplanted tumors. Host genetic factors influencing the occurrence of leukemoid reaction in BALB/cMk strain mice bearing transplanted tumors were studied. A Mendelian hybridization experiment was performed with BALB/cMk and C57BL/6 strains, and their strain hybrids; the first filial (F1) generation hybrids; the second filial (F2) generation hybrids; and the backcrosses to the two parental strains. The results of these studies suggested a genetic regulation of leukemoid reaction occurrence in BALB/cMk mice bearing transplanted tumors. Genes permissive to the occurrence of the reaction seemed to be dominant to their nonpermissive alleles.", "PMID": 719644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8094", "title": "Dependence on cloning method of survival of human melanoma cells after ultraviolet and ionizing radiation.", "content": "The resistance of a human melanoma cell line (MM96) to both ultraviolet and ionizing irradiation was compared by two different methods of cloning, on plates and in agar. A high level of resistance to both ultraviolet (D0 = 320 ergs/sq mm) and ionizing irradiation (D0 = 4300 rads) was observed when viability of cells was determined by cloning in agar. In contrast, melanoma cells were found to be as sensitive as were other cells when viability after irradiation was determined by cloning on plastic plates. The difference in sensitivity to radiation between the two methods of cloning can be explained in a model involving damage to membranes as well as to DNA. At least for ionizing radiation, this effect is not restricted to melanoma cells since a HeLa subline, HeLa-QB1, showed a similar response. In contrast, a human lymphoblastoid line (JHP) cloned in agar was sensitive under these conditions (D0 = 120 rads).", "contents": "Dependence on cloning method of survival of human melanoma cells after ultraviolet and ionizing radiation. The resistance of a human melanoma cell line (MM96) to both ultraviolet and ionizing irradiation was compared by two different methods of cloning, on plates and in agar. A high level of resistance to both ultraviolet (D0 = 320 ergs/sq mm) and ionizing irradiation (D0 = 4300 rads) was observed when viability of cells was determined by cloning in agar. In contrast, melanoma cells were found to be as sensitive as were other cells when viability after irradiation was determined by cloning on plastic plates. The difference in sensitivity to radiation between the two methods of cloning can be explained in a model involving damage to membranes as well as to DNA. At least for ionizing radiation, this effect is not restricted to melanoma cells since a HeLa subline, HeLa-QB1, showed a similar response. In contrast, a human lymphoblastoid line (JHP) cloned in agar was sensitive under these conditions (D0 = 120 rads).", "PMID": 719646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8095", "title": "Intercellular glycosaminoglycans in normal and neoplastic tissues.", "content": "Intercellular glycosaminoglycans have been isolated from normal and neoplastic mammalian tissues. They have been characterized by cellulose acetate electrophoresis and by chemical and enzymatic degradation. The electrophoretic pattern of the intercellular glycosaminoglycans is tissue specific. Furthermore, the electrophoretic patterns of all spontaneous neoplasias analyzed differ significantly from patterns obtained from the tissues of origin.", "contents": "Intercellular glycosaminoglycans in normal and neoplastic tissues. Intercellular glycosaminoglycans have been isolated from normal and neoplastic mammalian tissues. They have been characterized by cellulose acetate electrophoresis and by chemical and enzymatic degradation. The electrophoretic pattern of the intercellular glycosaminoglycans is tissue specific. Furthermore, the electrophoretic patterns of all spontaneous neoplasias analyzed differ significantly from patterns obtained from the tissues of origin.", "PMID": 719648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8096", "title": "Coronary vascular resistance and myocardial oxygen consumption dynamics in response to catecholamine infusion.", "content": "These experiments were performed in order to ascertain whether activation of coronary vascular adrenergic receptors could change the time course of the coronary vasodilatation accompanying increases in myocardial metabolic activity. The left common coronary arteries of dog hearts were perfused in situ with blood at constant flow. Coronary perfusion pressure and coronary sinus blood 02 content were continuously monitored. Norepinephrine was infused into the coronary artery at 0.5 to 5 microgram.min-1. and isoprenaline at 0.5 to 2 microgram.min-1. The amplitude of the vascular resistance change was less with norepinephrine than with isoprenaline infusion for a similar change in oxygen consumption. The time course of coronary vascular resistance, after correction for the effects of vascular transit, lagged significantly behind the time course of coronary sinus 02 content in the case of norepinephrine infusion. On the average, no lag was observed with isoprenaline infusion. It is concluded that stimulation of coronary vascular adrenergic receptors can alter the time course and the magnitude of the coronary vascular response to increases in myocardial metabolic activity resulting from myocardial beta-receptor stimulation.", "contents": "Coronary vascular resistance and myocardial oxygen consumption dynamics in response to catecholamine infusion. These experiments were performed in order to ascertain whether activation of coronary vascular adrenergic receptors could change the time course of the coronary vasodilatation accompanying increases in myocardial metabolic activity. The left common coronary arteries of dog hearts were perfused in situ with blood at constant flow. Coronary perfusion pressure and coronary sinus blood 02 content were continuously monitored. Norepinephrine was infused into the coronary artery at 0.5 to 5 microgram.min-1. and isoprenaline at 0.5 to 2 microgram.min-1. The amplitude of the vascular resistance change was less with norepinephrine than with isoprenaline infusion for a similar change in oxygen consumption. The time course of coronary vascular resistance, after correction for the effects of vascular transit, lagged significantly behind the time course of coronary sinus 02 content in the case of norepinephrine infusion. On the average, no lag was observed with isoprenaline infusion. It is concluded that stimulation of coronary vascular adrenergic receptors can alter the time course and the magnitude of the coronary vascular response to increases in myocardial metabolic activity resulting from myocardial beta-receptor stimulation.", "PMID": 719651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8097", "title": "Evaluation of the elasticity and characteristic impedance of the ascending aorta in man.", "content": "In 30 patients, simultaneous measurements of ascending aortic pressure and diameter were performed, allowing one to evaluate: (1) the influence of age, the aortic diastolic pressure, and the radius on the aortic elasticity; (2) the correlations between characteristics impedance of the aorta (Zo), systemic arterial resistance, age and diastolic aortic pressure; and (3) the importance of Zo when comparing two indices of left ventricle performance; one during isovolumic phase ([dP/dt]/Pt)max and the other during the outflow phase (maximum acceleration of aortic blood flow).", "contents": "Evaluation of the elasticity and characteristic impedance of the ascending aorta in man. In 30 patients, simultaneous measurements of ascending aortic pressure and diameter were performed, allowing one to evaluate: (1) the influence of age, the aortic diastolic pressure, and the radius on the aortic elasticity; (2) the correlations between characteristics impedance of the aorta (Zo), systemic arterial resistance, age and diastolic aortic pressure; and (3) the importance of Zo when comparing two indices of left ventricle performance; one during isovolumic phase ([dP/dt]/Pt)max and the other during the outflow phase (maximum acceleration of aortic blood flow).", "PMID": 719652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8098", "title": "Determinants of coronary sinus noradrenaline in patients with ischaemic heart disease: coronary sinus catecholamine concentration in relation to arterial catecholamine concentration, pulmonary artery oxygen saturation and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure.", "content": "Arterial and coronary sinus noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (A) concentrations, cardiac output, pulmonary artery oxygen saturation (PAO2), coronary sinus oxygen saturation, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), and arterial pressure were examined in 21 patients with ischaemic heart disease at rest and during exercise before and after intravenous propranolol. The heart had a net uptake of A and a net release of NA. It can be estimated that at least 50% of NA in the coronary sinus derived from the heart. NA in the coronary sinus and in the arterial blood originated therefore, at least partially, in different tissues. The NA concentration showed close correlation with PAO2, but not with cardiac index or arterial blood pressure. Multiple regression analysis also revealed a relationship between LVEDP and arterial and coronary sinus NA independent of PAO2. A very close correlation between arterial and coronary sinus NA (r = 0.93, P less than 0.001) indicates that they are largely controlled by the same factors.", "contents": "Determinants of coronary sinus noradrenaline in patients with ischaemic heart disease: coronary sinus catecholamine concentration in relation to arterial catecholamine concentration, pulmonary artery oxygen saturation and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Arterial and coronary sinus noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (A) concentrations, cardiac output, pulmonary artery oxygen saturation (PAO2), coronary sinus oxygen saturation, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), and arterial pressure were examined in 21 patients with ischaemic heart disease at rest and during exercise before and after intravenous propranolol. The heart had a net uptake of A and a net release of NA. It can be estimated that at least 50% of NA in the coronary sinus derived from the heart. NA in the coronary sinus and in the arterial blood originated therefore, at least partially, in different tissues. The NA concentration showed close correlation with PAO2, but not with cardiac index or arterial blood pressure. Multiple regression analysis also revealed a relationship between LVEDP and arterial and coronary sinus NA independent of PAO2. A very close correlation between arterial and coronary sinus NA (r = 0.93, P less than 0.001) indicates that they are largely controlled by the same factors.", "PMID": 719654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8099", "title": "The effect of glucose-insulin-potassium on experimental myocardial infarction in the dog.", "content": "The effect of glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) infusions was studied in 45 dogs after left anterior descending coronary artery ligation. GIK caused a modest increase in lactate concentration in small veins draining the infarct but did not affect glucose uptake. No effect on creatine kinase activity in the infarct was seen from GIK, although there was a slight increase in blood flow to the centre of the infarct. We concluded that GIK did not reduce infarct size in this experimental model.", "contents": "The effect of glucose-insulin-potassium on experimental myocardial infarction in the dog. The effect of glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) infusions was studied in 45 dogs after left anterior descending coronary artery ligation. GIK caused a modest increase in lactate concentration in small veins draining the infarct but did not affect glucose uptake. No effect on creatine kinase activity in the infarct was seen from GIK, although there was a slight increase in blood flow to the centre of the infarct. We concluded that GIK did not reduce infarct size in this experimental model.", "PMID": 719656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8100", "title": "Electrophysiological study of Syrian hamster hereditary cardiomyopathy.", "content": "This study was performed to determine if the intracellular electrical activity of adult cardiac papillary muscle from a strain of Syrian hamster (B10 14.6) with a genetically determined cardiomyopathy was different from that of a control strain (B10 RB). Muscles driven at rates from 1 Hz through the physiological range. Resting potentials of muscle from the two strains were not significantly different, except in increased [C2+]0, where the control was slightly hyperpolarised. Action potential overshoot was significantly greater in the myopathic at all frequencies, while the upstroke velocity was not significantly different, except at 8 Hz where the myopathic value was depressed. Action potential durations at 20, 50 and 95% repolarisation were significantly greater in the myopathic, at all rates and with increased [C2+]0. Response of the muscles to verapamil and D600 were complex, with a decrease seen in duration at 20% repolarisation and an increase in 50% duration at 1 Hz rate. No strain-related difference in sensitivity to the drugs was seen. The results supporty the hypothesis that a sarcolemmal defect is intimately related to the genesis of the cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Electrophysiological study of Syrian hamster hereditary cardiomyopathy. This study was performed to determine if the intracellular electrical activity of adult cardiac papillary muscle from a strain of Syrian hamster (B10 14.6) with a genetically determined cardiomyopathy was different from that of a control strain (B10 RB). Muscles driven at rates from 1 Hz through the physiological range. Resting potentials of muscle from the two strains were not significantly different, except in increased [C2+]0, where the control was slightly hyperpolarised. Action potential overshoot was significantly greater in the myopathic at all frequencies, while the upstroke velocity was not significantly different, except at 8 Hz where the myopathic value was depressed. Action potential durations at 20, 50 and 95% repolarisation were significantly greater in the myopathic, at all rates and with increased [C2+]0. Response of the muscles to verapamil and D600 were complex, with a decrease seen in duration at 20% repolarisation and an increase in 50% duration at 1 Hz rate. No strain-related difference in sensitivity to the drugs was seen. The results supporty the hypothesis that a sarcolemmal defect is intimately related to the genesis of the cardiomyopathy.", "PMID": 719657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8101", "title": "Regional myocardial energetics during brief periods of coronary occlusion and reperfusion: Comparison with S-T segment changes.", "content": "In open-chest dogs transient occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery induced an immediate decline in the creatine phosphate content of the ischaemic area, a lesser decline of the ATP and total adenine nucleotide contents and a rise in S-T segments. Reperfusion after 15 min restored creatine phosphate level and intramyocardial electrograms to normal whereas ATP and total adenine nucleotide levels stayed down. None of these parameters were modified in the nonischaemic area during the experiments. This study shows that there is no close relationship between electrical and biochemical events during either ischaemia or reflow.", "contents": "Regional myocardial energetics during brief periods of coronary occlusion and reperfusion: Comparison with S-T segment changes. In open-chest dogs transient occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery induced an immediate decline in the creatine phosphate content of the ischaemic area, a lesser decline of the ATP and total adenine nucleotide contents and a rise in S-T segments. Reperfusion after 15 min restored creatine phosphate level and intramyocardial electrograms to normal whereas ATP and total adenine nucleotide levels stayed down. None of these parameters were modified in the nonischaemic area during the experiments. This study shows that there is no close relationship between electrical and biochemical events during either ischaemia or reflow.", "PMID": 719659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8102", "title": "Current thresholds and liminal size in excitation of heart muscle.", "content": "End-diastolic current thresholds have been measured in 12 open-chested dogs with epicardial disc electrodes ranging in radius from 0.01 to 9.0 mm. The current threshold for cathodal 1 ms impulses proved to be independent of electrode size for radii smaller than 0.2 mm and proportional to the radius to the power 1.5 for radii greater than 0.4 mm. This relationship can be explained on the assumption that excitation occurs if the current passing through a 'liminal area' with dimensions of about 0.3 mm exceeds a critical value. This result is in agreement with the liminal length concept used to describe excitation of cardiac Purkinje fibres. The existance of a liminal area or liminal lenght for excitation implies that there will be a limit to increasing stimulation efficiency by applying smaller stimulation electrodes.", "contents": "Current thresholds and liminal size in excitation of heart muscle. End-diastolic current thresholds have been measured in 12 open-chested dogs with epicardial disc electrodes ranging in radius from 0.01 to 9.0 mm. The current threshold for cathodal 1 ms impulses proved to be independent of electrode size for radii smaller than 0.2 mm and proportional to the radius to the power 1.5 for radii greater than 0.4 mm. This relationship can be explained on the assumption that excitation occurs if the current passing through a 'liminal area' with dimensions of about 0.3 mm exceeds a critical value. This result is in agreement with the liminal length concept used to describe excitation of cardiac Purkinje fibres. The existance of a liminal area or liminal lenght for excitation implies that there will be a limit to increasing stimulation efficiency by applying smaller stimulation electrodes.", "PMID": 719660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8103", "title": "Exacerbation of coronary occlusion induced ventricular arrhythmias by the vagolytic effect of procainamide.", "content": "The influence of the vagolytic effect of procainamide on the early ventricular arrhythmias induced by left anterior descending coronary (LAD) occlusion was studied in chloraloseanaesthetised cats. All control animals developed a ventricular arrhythmia (1119 +/- 166 PVCs per hour), with a consistent onset time, duration, and overall mortality due to ventricular fibrillation (ie 20%). In 18 animals pretreated with procainamide (0.5 mg.kg-1.min-1 for 50 min), there was no effect on the ventricular arrhythmia in terms of ectopic frequency (1020 +/- 180 PVCs per hour), time to onset of arrhythmia, duration of arrhythmia, and mortality incidence (ie 16.7%). However, subdividing the data according to whether or not  vagal blockade had been produced by procainamide revealed that animals exhibiting complete vagal blockade demonstrated significantly more ectopic beats (1606 +/- 310 PVCs per hour) and 33% developed ventricular fibrillation. Treated animals without complete vagal blockade exhibited an ectopic frequency rate of 620 +/- 98 PVCs per hour and none of the animals developed ventricular fibrillation. The haemodynamic parameters were similar between both procainamide treated subgroups. These results suggest that an important factor in response of the ischaemic heart to the cardiac rhythm effects of procainamide is the degree of vagal blockade induced by this agent.", "contents": "Exacerbation of coronary occlusion induced ventricular arrhythmias by the vagolytic effect of procainamide. The influence of the vagolytic effect of procainamide on the early ventricular arrhythmias induced by left anterior descending coronary (LAD) occlusion was studied in chloraloseanaesthetised cats. All control animals developed a ventricular arrhythmia (1119 +/- 166 PVCs per hour), with a consistent onset time, duration, and overall mortality due to ventricular fibrillation (ie 20%). In 18 animals pretreated with procainamide (0.5 mg.kg-1.min-1 for 50 min), there was no effect on the ventricular arrhythmia in terms of ectopic frequency (1020 +/- 180 PVCs per hour), time to onset of arrhythmia, duration of arrhythmia, and mortality incidence (ie 16.7%). However, subdividing the data according to whether or not  vagal blockade had been produced by procainamide revealed that animals exhibiting complete vagal blockade demonstrated significantly more ectopic beats (1606 +/- 310 PVCs per hour) and 33% developed ventricular fibrillation. Treated animals without complete vagal blockade exhibited an ectopic frequency rate of 620 +/- 98 PVCs per hour and none of the animals developed ventricular fibrillation. The haemodynamic parameters were similar between both procainamide treated subgroups. These results suggest that an important factor in response of the ischaemic heart to the cardiac rhythm effects of procainamide is the degree of vagal blockade induced by this agent.", "PMID": 719661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8104", "title": "Acebutolol-induced changes in refractoriness and monophastic action potential of the right ventricle of the dog heart in situ.", "content": "The effect of acebutolol, a beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent, on the electrophysiology of the right ventricle was studied in the dog heart in situ. Pentobarbital anaesthesia which is known to increase the sympathetic tone was used. Monophasic action potential recordings were obtained by the suction electode technique and refractoriness was measured by means of programmed electrical stimulation. A stepwise increase in the frequency of stimulation from 170 to 200, 230, and 260 per min caused a progressive decrease in the refractoriness as well as the duration of the monophasic action potential. Intravenous injection of acebutolol 2.0 mg.kg-1 increased the times for 50 and 90% repolarisation of the monophasic action potential. This increase is probably due to beta-adrenergic receptor blockade in the presence of alpha-adrenergic receptor stimulation. The effective and functional refractory periods, however, were increased to an even greater extent than the monophasic action potential duration. It is suggested that this is the result of a blockade of a catecholamine-induced increase in the velocity of the depolarisation.", "contents": "Acebutolol-induced changes in refractoriness and monophastic action potential of the right ventricle of the dog heart in situ. The effect of acebutolol, a beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent, on the electrophysiology of the right ventricle was studied in the dog heart in situ. Pentobarbital anaesthesia which is known to increase the sympathetic tone was used. Monophasic action potential recordings were obtained by the suction electode technique and refractoriness was measured by means of programmed electrical stimulation. A stepwise increase in the frequency of stimulation from 170 to 200, 230, and 260 per min caused a progressive decrease in the refractoriness as well as the duration of the monophasic action potential. Intravenous injection of acebutolol 2.0 mg.kg-1 increased the times for 50 and 90% repolarisation of the monophasic action potential. This increase is probably due to beta-adrenergic receptor blockade in the presence of alpha-adrenergic receptor stimulation. The effective and functional refractory periods, however, were increased to an even greater extent than the monophasic action potential duration. It is suggested that this is the result of a blockade of a catecholamine-induced increase in the velocity of the depolarisation.", "PMID": 719662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8105", "title": "Cell kinetics and the control of growth in long bones.", "content": "The cell kinetics of the cartilage growth plate are outlined and discussed in terms of the probable levels of control on the system. Possible mechanisms of growth control at the cellular level are examined for (i) the rate of cell division in the proliferation zone, (ii) the command to differentiate that limits the size of the proliferation zone and (iii) the ageing process in the cartilage plate. The evidence of cell kinetics does not point unequivocally to any particular mechanism.", "contents": "Cell kinetics and the control of growth in long bones. The cell kinetics of the cartilage growth plate are outlined and discussed in terms of the probable levels of control on the system. Possible mechanisms of growth control at the cellular level are examined for (i) the rate of cell division in the proliferation zone, (ii) the command to differentiate that limits the size of the proliferation zone and (iii) the ageing process in the cartilage plate. The evidence of cell kinetics does not point unequivocally to any particular mechanism.", "PMID": 719693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8106", "title": "Effect of hyperthyroidism on haemopoietic stem cell kinetics in mice.", "content": "Changes in the pool of haemopoietic colony-forming units (CFUs) of bone marrow and spleen were studied in experiments with mice fed dried thyroid gland (TH) for 21 days, and during the 13 days that followed feeding. After HU treatment, the number of CFUs in DNA synthesis was estimated. As early as the second day of TH treatment, the pool of CFUs is gradually increased, leading to an increase in the total number of splenic and bone marrow CFUs persisting after TH treatment for the period examined. Simultaneously, the numbers of nucleated cells in the bone marrow and spleen are increased. During TH feeding and following its termination, the total number of erythrocytes and the haematocrit values did not change significantly, whereas an increased number of leucocytes was observed in the peripheral blood after TH treatment. Elevation of the proliferative activity of CFUs occurred early in the period of TH treatment, with the maximum attained by end of the first week of TH feeding. This suggests a rapid response of the haemopoietic stem cell compartment to the administration of TH hormones. The participation of humoral factors controlling CFUs compartments in the mechanism of the stimulatory effect of TH hormones on haemopoietic stem cells is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of hyperthyroidism on haemopoietic stem cell kinetics in mice. Changes in the pool of haemopoietic colony-forming units (CFUs) of bone marrow and spleen were studied in experiments with mice fed dried thyroid gland (TH) for 21 days, and during the 13 days that followed feeding. After HU treatment, the number of CFUs in DNA synthesis was estimated. As early as the second day of TH treatment, the pool of CFUs is gradually increased, leading to an increase in the total number of splenic and bone marrow CFUs persisting after TH treatment for the period examined. Simultaneously, the numbers of nucleated cells in the bone marrow and spleen are increased. During TH feeding and following its termination, the total number of erythrocytes and the haematocrit values did not change significantly, whereas an increased number of leucocytes was observed in the peripheral blood after TH treatment. Elevation of the proliferative activity of CFUs occurred early in the period of TH treatment, with the maximum attained by end of the first week of TH feeding. This suggests a rapid response of the haemopoietic stem cell compartment to the administration of TH hormones. The participation of humoral factors controlling CFUs compartments in the mechanism of the stimulatory effect of TH hormones on haemopoietic stem cells is discussed.", "PMID": 719694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8107", "title": "An iron requirement for the synchronous progression of colonic cells following fasting and refeeding.", "content": "Evidence is presented to show dietary iron to be a major co-factor in the colonic hyperplasia observed following fasting and refeeding. The iron component serves to remove a fasting induced colonic G1 cycle block and produce the resultant synchronous progression of cells through the cycle. Deleting iron from the refed diet results in no colonic hyperplasia and/or synchronous progression of cells. The results are discussed from the viewpoint of colonic steady state cell renewal and as a possible tool for the study of in vivo steady state cell renewal.", "contents": "An iron requirement for the synchronous progression of colonic cells following fasting and refeeding. Evidence is presented to show dietary iron to be a major co-factor in the colonic hyperplasia observed following fasting and refeeding. The iron component serves to remove a fasting induced colonic G1 cycle block and produce the resultant synchronous progression of cells through the cycle. Deleting iron from the refed diet results in no colonic hyperplasia and/or synchronous progression of cells. The results are discussed from the viewpoint of colonic steady state cell renewal and as a possible tool for the study of in vivo steady state cell renewal.", "PMID": 719695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8108", "title": "Enhanced post-irradiation recovery of the haemopoietic system in animals pretreated with a variety of cytotoxic agents.", "content": "It is known that pretreatment of mice with bacterial endotoxin and certain stathmokinetic agents between 1 and 3 days prior to exposure to ioninzing radiation reduce radiation lethality. In this communication it is shown that pretreatment with cytosine arabinoside, methotrexate, nortestosterone and chlorambucil reduces radiation (1000 rad) induced lethality. This reduction can be ascribed to enhanced regeneration of the haemopoietic system in pretreated animals and not to increased survival of colony-forming cells (CFU) in these animals. Regeneration of CFUs was underway within 24 hr after 900 rad in the pretreated mice but did not start until day 3 in mice treated with gamma radiation only. Two agents, namely radiation itself (either 75 or 150 rad) and busulphan (10 mg/kg) did not reduce the lethal effects of subsequent gamma irradiation nor enhance the regeneration of CFUs, even though radiation, like the protective cytosine arabinoside, induces early CFUs proliferation. The administration of nucleoside precursors of DNA enhanced regrowth of haemopoietic stem cells to an extent comparable with that of the most effective pretreatment, cytosine arabinoside. It is postulated that drugs like cytosine arabinoside operate by causing cell death, providing a source of DNA that con enhance the regrowth of surviving stem cells in the bone marrow.", "contents": "Enhanced post-irradiation recovery of the haemopoietic system in animals pretreated with a variety of cytotoxic agents. It is known that pretreatment of mice with bacterial endotoxin and certain stathmokinetic agents between 1 and 3 days prior to exposure to ioninzing radiation reduce radiation lethality. In this communication it is shown that pretreatment with cytosine arabinoside, methotrexate, nortestosterone and chlorambucil reduces radiation (1000 rad) induced lethality. This reduction can be ascribed to enhanced regeneration of the haemopoietic system in pretreated animals and not to increased survival of colony-forming cells (CFU) in these animals. Regeneration of CFUs was underway within 24 hr after 900 rad in the pretreated mice but did not start until day 3 in mice treated with gamma radiation only. Two agents, namely radiation itself (either 75 or 150 rad) and busulphan (10 mg/kg) did not reduce the lethal effects of subsequent gamma irradiation nor enhance the regeneration of CFUs, even though radiation, like the protective cytosine arabinoside, induces early CFUs proliferation. The administration of nucleoside precursors of DNA enhanced regrowth of haemopoietic stem cells to an extent comparable with that of the most effective pretreatment, cytosine arabinoside. It is postulated that drugs like cytosine arabinoside operate by causing cell death, providing a source of DNA that con enhance the regrowth of surviving stem cells in the bone marrow.", "PMID": 719696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8109", "title": "Pluripotent (CFU-S) and granulocyte-committed (CFU-C) stem cells in intact and 89Sr marrow-ablated S1/S1d mice.", "content": "Peripheral blood values, femur cell counts, spleen weights, pluripotent (CFU-S) and granulocyte progenitor cell (CFU-C) concentrations and total content of spleens and femurs have been evaluated in intact (non-marrow-ablated) and 89Sr marrow-ablated S1/S1d and +/+ mice. 89Sr-irradiated mice were studied 6 and 11 days after the administration of 89Sr. In intact S1/S1d mice the femur CFU-S concentration, total femur CFU-S, femur CFU-C concentration and total femur CFU-C were 84, 54, 105 and 68% that of +/+ mice femurs respectively; the respective values for the spleens of S1/S1d mice were 40, 46, 61 and 69%. These are the first simultaneous determinations of CFU-S and CFU-C concentrations, and content of spleens and marrows, of S1/S1d and +/+ mice. In 98Sr marrow-ablated mice, 11 days after injection of the radionuclide: (a) the total content of marrow CFU-C and CFU-S was about 1% of that found in the marrows of intact mice for both +/+ and S1/S1d groups; (b) the spleens of +/+ mice increased in weight to 162% of the control, but the spleens of S1/S1d mice did not increase in weight; and (c) the spleens of +/+ mice had a total content of CFU-C and CFU-S of 800% and 260% of the control, respectively, whereas the respective values for the S1/S1d mice were 120% and 76% of the control. Thus the S1/S1d spleen fails to compensate for marrow ablation by housing additional CFU-S and has an impaired ability to compensate by housing additional CFU-C.", "contents": "Pluripotent (CFU-S) and granulocyte-committed (CFU-C) stem cells in intact and 89Sr marrow-ablated S1/S1d mice. Peripheral blood values, femur cell counts, spleen weights, pluripotent (CFU-S) and granulocyte progenitor cell (CFU-C) concentrations and total content of spleens and femurs have been evaluated in intact (non-marrow-ablated) and 89Sr marrow-ablated S1/S1d and +/+ mice. 89Sr-irradiated mice were studied 6 and 11 days after the administration of 89Sr. In intact S1/S1d mice the femur CFU-S concentration, total femur CFU-S, femur CFU-C concentration and total femur CFU-C were 84, 54, 105 and 68% that of +/+ mice femurs respectively; the respective values for the spleens of S1/S1d mice were 40, 46, 61 and 69%. These are the first simultaneous determinations of CFU-S and CFU-C concentrations, and content of spleens and marrows, of S1/S1d and +/+ mice. In 98Sr marrow-ablated mice, 11 days after injection of the radionuclide: (a) the total content of marrow CFU-C and CFU-S was about 1% of that found in the marrows of intact mice for both +/+ and S1/S1d groups; (b) the spleens of +/+ mice increased in weight to 162% of the control, but the spleens of S1/S1d mice did not increase in weight; and (c) the spleens of +/+ mice had a total content of CFU-C and CFU-S of 800% and 260% of the control, respectively, whereas the respective values for the S1/S1d mice were 120% and 76% of the control. Thus the S1/S1d spleen fails to compensate for marrow ablation by housing additional CFU-S and has an impaired ability to compensate by housing additional CFU-C.", "PMID": 719697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8110", "title": "Erythrokinetics in mice bearing tumours in either preirradiated or unirradiated tissue.", "content": "Experiments were designed to clarify the causes of anaemia in hosts bearing tumours in either unirradiated or preirradiated tissue. Isotopic methods are described which enable the estimation of erythrocyte destruction and production rates, and the potential red cell life spans in tumour-bearing animals. In this experimental system, anaemia (a) is in large part due to accelerated random erythrocyte loss, (b) is exacerbated as tumours grow by a progressive reduction in the potential erythrocyte life span due to intrinsic erythrocyte defects, (c) is accompanied by an increase in erythrocyte production of six- to ten-fold and (d) is postponed in onset and decreased in magnitude by preirradiation of the tumour transplant site.", "contents": "Erythrokinetics in mice bearing tumours in either preirradiated or unirradiated tissue. Experiments were designed to clarify the causes of anaemia in hosts bearing tumours in either unirradiated or preirradiated tissue. Isotopic methods are described which enable the estimation of erythrocyte destruction and production rates, and the potential red cell life spans in tumour-bearing animals. In this experimental system, anaemia (a) is in large part due to accelerated random erythrocyte loss, (b) is exacerbated as tumours grow by a progressive reduction in the potential erythrocyte life span due to intrinsic erythrocyte defects, (c) is accompanied by an increase in erythrocyte production of six- to ten-fold and (d) is postponed in onset and decreased in magnitude by preirradiation of the tumour transplant site.", "PMID": 719700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8111", "title": "Changes in cell population kinetics during epidermal carcinogenesis.", "content": "The changes in cell population kinetics in response to a mechanical stimulation by wounding were studied in a hyperplastic epidermis, papilloma and a squamous cell carcinoma of the mouse dorsal skin induced by repeated treatments with 20-methylcholanthrene. The G0 cell population, which consists of about 66% of the basal cells in the dorsal epidermis of the normal mouse, disappeared in hyperplastic epidermis, papilloma and carcinoma. The zone of proliferating cells enlarged in the papilloma, including several supra-basal layers, in contrast to its strict localization in the basal layer in hyperplastic epidermis. Proliferating cells were distributed in almost all areas in the carcinoma without localization. The normal responses to wounding were preserved in the hyperplastic epidermis, except for the absence of G0 cells, while the papilloma and carcinoma showed no increase in proliferating cells or shortening of the cell cycle time. From the view-point of cell population kinetics, papilloma and carcinoma are regarded as the tissues in which the flexible control mechanisms of irreversible cell differentiation to mature cells and of the length of cell cycle time are lacking.", "contents": "Changes in cell population kinetics during epidermal carcinogenesis. The changes in cell population kinetics in response to a mechanical stimulation by wounding were studied in a hyperplastic epidermis, papilloma and a squamous cell carcinoma of the mouse dorsal skin induced by repeated treatments with 20-methylcholanthrene. The G0 cell population, which consists of about 66% of the basal cells in the dorsal epidermis of the normal mouse, disappeared in hyperplastic epidermis, papilloma and carcinoma. The zone of proliferating cells enlarged in the papilloma, including several supra-basal layers, in contrast to its strict localization in the basal layer in hyperplastic epidermis. Proliferating cells were distributed in almost all areas in the carcinoma without localization. The normal responses to wounding were preserved in the hyperplastic epidermis, except for the absence of G0 cells, while the papilloma and carcinoma showed no increase in proliferating cells or shortening of the cell cycle time. From the view-point of cell population kinetics, papilloma and carcinoma are regarded as the tissues in which the flexible control mechanisms of irreversible cell differentiation to mature cells and of the length of cell cycle time are lacking.", "PMID": 719701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8112", "title": "Cell cycle and the concept of physiological age with special reference to pyruvate kinase activity in WI-38 cells.", "content": "WI-38 cells were synchronized by mitotic collection and periodically assayed for pyruvate kinase activity. The kinetics of the synchronous cohort were determined by continuous labelling index and by mitotic index. The experimental data were analysed by computer using a state vector model to yield the probability density functions for phase transit times and for cell physiological ages. Pyruvate kinase activity for these cells as a function of physiological age was then examined using the computer model. Considering DNA synthesis, pyruvate kinase activity and mitosis to be markers of physiological age, it was found that a model which assumes that a cohort of synchronized cells desynchronizes irreversibly and uniformly from one age marker to the next is incompatible with the experimental data. For example, the times over which cells entered the S phase were too widely distributed to be consistent with the mitotic index data. Also, for pyruvate kinase activity to be a function of physiological age alone, the cell ages were probably too dispersed to be compatible with the experimental enzyme data. Alternative models for cell physiological ageing are presented, which are compatible with the experimental data.", "contents": "Cell cycle and the concept of physiological age with special reference to pyruvate kinase activity in WI-38 cells. WI-38 cells were synchronized by mitotic collection and periodically assayed for pyruvate kinase activity. The kinetics of the synchronous cohort were determined by continuous labelling index and by mitotic index. The experimental data were analysed by computer using a state vector model to yield the probability density functions for phase transit times and for cell physiological ages. Pyruvate kinase activity for these cells as a function of physiological age was then examined using the computer model. Considering DNA synthesis, pyruvate kinase activity and mitosis to be markers of physiological age, it was found that a model which assumes that a cohort of synchronized cells desynchronizes irreversibly and uniformly from one age marker to the next is incompatible with the experimental data. For example, the times over which cells entered the S phase were too widely distributed to be consistent with the mitotic index data. Also, for pyruvate kinase activity to be a function of physiological age alone, the cell ages were probably too dispersed to be compatible with the experimental enzyme data. Alternative models for cell physiological ageing are presented, which are compatible with the experimental data.", "PMID": 719702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8113", "title": "Removal of the horny layer does not stimulate cell proliferation in neonatal mouse epidermis.", "content": "Mechanical treatment of newborn mouse back skin by removal of the horny layer does not stimulate DNA synthesis and mitotic activity. These results are discussed in connection with recent experiments with newborn and adult mouse epidermis, and reveal further evidences for the ontogenetic development of an endogenous growth control (chalones).", "contents": "Removal of the horny layer does not stimulate cell proliferation in neonatal mouse epidermis. Mechanical treatment of newborn mouse back skin by removal of the horny layer does not stimulate DNA synthesis and mitotic activity. These results are discussed in connection with recent experiments with newborn and adult mouse epidermis, and reveal further evidences for the ontogenetic development of an endogenous growth control (chalones).", "PMID": 719703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8114", "title": "Commercial PHA preparations contain different mitogenic components.", "content": "Three commercially available purified phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) preparations have been examined both chemically and biologically. Marked differences were observed in both composition and mitogenic effect on lymphocytes; the existence of at least two distinct mitogenic fractions in PHA was confirmed.", "contents": "Commercial PHA preparations contain different mitogenic components. Three commercially available purified phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) preparations have been examined both chemically and biologically. Marked differences were observed in both composition and mitogenic effect on lymphocytes; the existence of at least two distinct mitogenic fractions in PHA was confirmed.", "PMID": 719704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8115", "title": "Effect of double partial hepatectomies at various intervals on [3H]thymidine incorporation into rat liver DNA.", "content": "At various intervals after a 34% hepatectomy, another 34% (50% of the remnant) hepatectomy was performed on rats, and the [3H]thymidine incorporation into the DNA of remaining liver cells was measured 24 hr after the first operation. The values of [3H]thymidine incorporation into liver DNA of rats hepatectomized doubly (34% and 34%) at 6, 8 and 10 hr intervals were greater than the sum of the value of rats which received a single 34% hepatectomy at the start and those of rats which received a single 68% hepatectomy at 6, 8 and 10 hr, respectively.", "contents": "Effect of double partial hepatectomies at various intervals on [3H]thymidine incorporation into rat liver DNA. At various intervals after a 34% hepatectomy, another 34% (50% of the remnant) hepatectomy was performed on rats, and the [3H]thymidine incorporation into the DNA of remaining liver cells was measured 24 hr after the first operation. The values of [3H]thymidine incorporation into liver DNA of rats hepatectomized doubly (34% and 34%) at 6, 8 and 10 hr intervals were greater than the sum of the value of rats which received a single 34% hepatectomy at the start and those of rats which received a single 68% hepatectomy at 6, 8 and 10 hr, respectively.", "PMID": 719705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8116", "title": "Immunoelectronmicroscopic localization of vasopressin in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus.", "content": "The classical areas for arginine-vasopressin (AVP) synthesis are the magnocellular supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular nuclei. More recently AVP was also demonstrated in neurons of the parvocellular suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the rat. This result was substantiated in the present study by means of immunoelectron microscopy, by subjecting sections to antivasopressin plasma. Conventional electron microscopy revealed dense-core vesicles in the SCN cell bodies and fibres (mean diameter 94.7 +/- 0.9 nm and 84.0 +/- 1.1 nm respectively). These vesicles were infrequent within the cell bodies and could not be accumulated by ethanol administration. Immunoelectron microscopy showed a positive reaction in the cell bodies and fibres within vesicles of 96.7 +/- 1.1 nm and 98.5 +/- 1.1 nm and 98.5 +/- 1.2 nm respectively. By comparison, the cell bodies and fibres of the SON showed immunoreactive granules of 143.0 +/- 1.8 and 147.3 +/- 1.8 nm respectively. The presence in the SCN of AVP in vesicles of different size than those in the SON suggests that synthesis of this substance is indeed occurring within the SCN cells.", "contents": "Immunoelectronmicroscopic localization of vasopressin in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. The classical areas for arginine-vasopressin (AVP) synthesis are the magnocellular supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular nuclei. More recently AVP was also demonstrated in neurons of the parvocellular suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the rat. This result was substantiated in the present study by means of immunoelectron microscopy, by subjecting sections to antivasopressin plasma. Conventional electron microscopy revealed dense-core vesicles in the SCN cell bodies and fibres (mean diameter 94.7 +/- 0.9 nm and 84.0 +/- 1.1 nm respectively). These vesicles were infrequent within the cell bodies and could not be accumulated by ethanol administration. Immunoelectron microscopy showed a positive reaction in the cell bodies and fibres within vesicles of 96.7 +/- 1.1 nm and 98.5 +/- 1.1 nm and 98.5 +/- 1.2 nm respectively. By comparison, the cell bodies and fibres of the SON showed immunoreactive granules of 143.0 +/- 1.8 and 147.3 +/- 1.8 nm respectively. The presence in the SCN of AVP in vesicles of different size than those in the SON suggests that synthesis of this substance is indeed occurring within the SCN cells.", "PMID": 719707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8117", "title": "Fine structure of the axial complex of Sphaerechinus granularis (Lam.) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea).", "content": "Three regions of the axial complex in Sphaerechinus granularis can be distinguished: 1) The axial organ which protrudes from one side of the axial sinus; the sinus septum which separates the sinus from the body cavity and encloses the stone canal; the pulsating vessel which runs along the inside of the axial organ. 2) The blindly-ending terminal sinus in which the pulsating vessel broadens out to the contractile terminal process. 3) The ampulla of the stone canal which connects the axocoel and water vascular system and which opens out through the madreporite. A single-layered, monociliated coelomic epithelium surrounds all regions of the axial complex. This epithelium contains smooth muscle cells at the contractile areas. Canaliculi, surrounded by basal lamina, are formed through infolding of epithelia; they end blindly in the fluid- and connective tissue-matrix of the inner structures. The lacunae of the dorso-ventral mesentery connect the periesophageal and the perianal haemal ring with the axial organ. The axial organ contains many coelomocytes rich in pigment and granules. These coelomocytes are separated into compartments by elastic fibres. Phagocytosis of whole cells and transformational stages of coelomocytes suggest storage and degradation functions. An excretory function via the water vascular system is also suggested.", "contents": "Fine structure of the axial complex of Sphaerechinus granularis (Lam.) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Three regions of the axial complex in Sphaerechinus granularis can be distinguished: 1) The axial organ which protrudes from one side of the axial sinus; the sinus septum which separates the sinus from the body cavity and encloses the stone canal; the pulsating vessel which runs along the inside of the axial organ. 2) The blindly-ending terminal sinus in which the pulsating vessel broadens out to the contractile terminal process. 3) The ampulla of the stone canal which connects the axocoel and water vascular system and which opens out through the madreporite. A single-layered, monociliated coelomic epithelium surrounds all regions of the axial complex. This epithelium contains smooth muscle cells at the contractile areas. Canaliculi, surrounded by basal lamina, are formed through infolding of epithelia; they end blindly in the fluid- and connective tissue-matrix of the inner structures. The lacunae of the dorso-ventral mesentery connect the periesophageal and the perianal haemal ring with the axial organ. The axial organ contains many coelomocytes rich in pigment and granules. These coelomocytes are separated into compartments by elastic fibres. Phagocytosis of whole cells and transformational stages of coelomocytes suggest storage and degradation functions. An excretory function via the water vascular system is also suggested.", "PMID": 719708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8118", "title": "Development of the calyx and lateral oviduct during oogenesis in Aedes aegypti.", "content": "The lateral oviduct and calyx of nulliparous Aedes aegypti on a sucrose diet are both flattened sacs, lacking a well defined lumen. Both are formed of an inner epithelial and an outer muscular layer, each one cell thick. The lateral oviduct is surrounded by a circular muscle sheath which is continuous with the ovarian sheath. Each ovariolar sheath is continuous with the outer layer of the calyx. The structure of both the lateral oviduct and the calyx is greatly modified after the initial blood meal. A distinct lumen develops; there is an extensive development of the outer muscular layers, and the inner epithelial layers become invaginated forming deep crypts lined with extensive microvilli. The follicular stem, which joins the primary follicle to the calyx in each ovariole, is not hollow and does not mark the opening into the calyx through which the mature egg can pass. The eggs gain access to the oviductal system after the calyx extends around the follicular epithelium of the primary follicle, when breaks appear in the calyx wall opposed to the follicular epithelium, until the mature eggs, eventually lie in a highly distended thin-walled sac of calyx from which they have direct and easy access to the lateral oviduct. After oviposition, this sac contrasts to occupy once more a compact axial position in the ovary. Remnants of the follicular epithelium, containing many lysosomes are attached to the calyx at this time.", "contents": "Development of the calyx and lateral oviduct during oogenesis in Aedes aegypti. The lateral oviduct and calyx of nulliparous Aedes aegypti on a sucrose diet are both flattened sacs, lacking a well defined lumen. Both are formed of an inner epithelial and an outer muscular layer, each one cell thick. The lateral oviduct is surrounded by a circular muscle sheath which is continuous with the ovarian sheath. Each ovariolar sheath is continuous with the outer layer of the calyx. The structure of both the lateral oviduct and the calyx is greatly modified after the initial blood meal. A distinct lumen develops; there is an extensive development of the outer muscular layers, and the inner epithelial layers become invaginated forming deep crypts lined with extensive microvilli. The follicular stem, which joins the primary follicle to the calyx in each ovariole, is not hollow and does not mark the opening into the calyx through which the mature egg can pass. The eggs gain access to the oviductal system after the calyx extends around the follicular epithelium of the primary follicle, when breaks appear in the calyx wall opposed to the follicular epithelium, until the mature eggs, eventually lie in a highly distended thin-walled sac of calyx from which they have direct and easy access to the lateral oviduct. After oviposition, this sac contrasts to occupy once more a compact axial position in the ovary. Remnants of the follicular epithelium, containing many lysosomes are attached to the calyx at this time.", "PMID": 719709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8119", "title": "Ultrastructure of the dogfish adenohypophysis.", "content": "Granular hormone-producing cells and agranular cells (stellate cells, including giant and pericavitary cells) were electron microscopically studied in the hypophysis of the small spotted dogfish (Scyllium canicula) up to several months after hatching. Comparisons of results obtained in embryos, newly-hatched fish and adults show an increase of the mean granule diameter in the four major endocrine cell types. Small granule cells which are present in all lobes are especially numerous in the ventral lobe. The structures observed in certain cavity boundary cells suggest a role in resorption and transport.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the dogfish adenohypophysis. Granular hormone-producing cells and agranular cells (stellate cells, including giant and pericavitary cells) were electron microscopically studied in the hypophysis of the small spotted dogfish (Scyllium canicula) up to several months after hatching. Comparisons of results obtained in embryos, newly-hatched fish and adults show an increase of the mean granule diameter in the four major endocrine cell types. Small granule cells which are present in all lobes are especially numerous in the ventral lobe. The structures observed in certain cavity boundary cells suggest a role in resorption and transport.", "PMID": 719710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8120", "title": "Estrogen-induced alterations in the myoepithelial cells of the rat mammary gland.", "content": "Estradiol benzoate was injected into virgin rats, at a concentration of 50 microgram/day, for 7 days. The animals were fixed by perfusion and the mammary glands prepared for electron microscopy. Many myoepithelial cells in the mammary glands were altered as a result of the estradiol treatment. The affected cells had a markedly reduced number of myofilaments that were restricted to a specific region of the cytoplasm. Large foot-like projections with many vesicles extended from the myoepithelial cells into the surrounding connective tissue. The altered cells also had more organelles, suggesting that their metabolic activity was increased. Nuclei in the altered cells had deep infoldings that may reflect an increase in nuclear/cytoplasmic exchanges. The results of this study indicate that estradiol causes specific morphological alterations in myoepithelial cells of the mammary gland.", "contents": "Estrogen-induced alterations in the myoepithelial cells of the rat mammary gland. Estradiol benzoate was injected into virgin rats, at a concentration of 50 microgram/day, for 7 days. The animals were fixed by perfusion and the mammary glands prepared for electron microscopy. Many myoepithelial cells in the mammary glands were altered as a result of the estradiol treatment. The affected cells had a markedly reduced number of myofilaments that were restricted to a specific region of the cytoplasm. Large foot-like projections with many vesicles extended from the myoepithelial cells into the surrounding connective tissue. The altered cells also had more organelles, suggesting that their metabolic activity was increased. Nuclei in the altered cells had deep infoldings that may reflect an increase in nuclear/cytoplasmic exchanges. The results of this study indicate that estradiol causes specific morphological alterations in myoepithelial cells of the mammary gland.", "PMID": 719711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8121", "title": "Apical protuberances of supporting cells in the regio olfactoria of the mole, Talpa europaea, Linnaeus, 1758 (Insectivora, Talpidae).", "content": "The regio olfactoria of the mole, Talpa europaea, was studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Peculiar structural differentiations, i.e. ovoid-shaped, balloon-like protuberances were found on the surface of the supporting cells. The apical portion of these protuberances contained finely dispersed granular material, whereas in their central part vesicular extensions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum were observed.", "contents": "Apical protuberances of supporting cells in the regio olfactoria of the mole, Talpa europaea, Linnaeus, 1758 (Insectivora, Talpidae). The regio olfactoria of the mole, Talpa europaea, was studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Peculiar structural differentiations, i.e. ovoid-shaped, balloon-like protuberances were found on the surface of the supporting cells. The apical portion of these protuberances contained finely dispersed granular material, whereas in their central part vesicular extensions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum were observed.", "PMID": 719712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8122", "title": "Production of specific-protein secretion granules by fat body cells of the blowfly, Calliphora erythrocephala. Substitution of an ovarian key factor by beta-ecdysone.", "content": "During the first four days of the imaginal stage the fat cells of ovariectomized females of Calliphora develop a protein synthetic apparatus, and produce dense bodies (lysosomes) as do the fat cells of normal females, but apparently they cannot synthesize the protein secretion granules that characterize the productive phase of the fat cells of normal females and that we believe to represent vitellogenin. Injection of ovariectomized females with beta-ecdysone restored the ability of the fat cells to produce the secretion granules. It is suggested that the ovary gives off a factor which induces the production of the protein secretion granules by the fat cells, and that the factor from the ovary can be substituted by beta-ecdysone. This, we believe, is the first ultrastructural evidence for an effect of the ovary and of beta-ecdysone on the synthesis of specific protein.", "contents": "Production of specific-protein secretion granules by fat body cells of the blowfly, Calliphora erythrocephala. Substitution of an ovarian key factor by beta-ecdysone. During the first four days of the imaginal stage the fat cells of ovariectomized females of Calliphora develop a protein synthetic apparatus, and produce dense bodies (lysosomes) as do the fat cells of normal females, but apparently they cannot synthesize the protein secretion granules that characterize the productive phase of the fat cells of normal females and that we believe to represent vitellogenin. Injection of ovariectomized females with beta-ecdysone restored the ability of the fat cells to produce the secretion granules. It is suggested that the ovary gives off a factor which induces the production of the protein secretion granules by the fat cells, and that the factor from the ovary can be substituted by beta-ecdysone. This, we believe, is the first ultrastructural evidence for an effect of the ovary and of beta-ecdysone on the synthesis of specific protein.", "PMID": 719713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8123", "title": "The epidermis and sensory organs of Dugesia tigrina (Turbellaria: Tricladida). A scanning electron microscope study.", "content": "The epidermis of D. tigrina was examined using the scanning electron microscope. Both dorsal and ventral surfaces are extremely irregular in contour, as well as being permeated by large numbers of pores. Cilia are restricted to the ventral surface, the auricles and that part of the dorsum adjacent to the auricles. Club-shaped receptors, as well as cilia, were seen in the auricles. The epidermis anteriad to the eyespots is indistinguishable from that covering the remainder of the dorsal surface. Light rays could not enter the eyespot through this rough epidermal surface without becoming diffracted in an irregular fashion. It was therefore concluded that visual image perception is not a function of the planarian eyespot.", "contents": "The epidermis and sensory organs of Dugesia tigrina (Turbellaria: Tricladida). A scanning electron microscope study. The epidermis of D. tigrina was examined using the scanning electron microscope. Both dorsal and ventral surfaces are extremely irregular in contour, as well as being permeated by large numbers of pores. Cilia are restricted to the ventral surface, the auricles and that part of the dorsum adjacent to the auricles. Club-shaped receptors, as well as cilia, were seen in the auricles. The epidermis anteriad to the eyespots is indistinguishable from that covering the remainder of the dorsal surface. Light rays could not enter the eyespot through this rough epidermal surface without becoming diffracted in an irregular fashion. It was therefore concluded that visual image perception is not a function of the planarian eyespot.", "PMID": 719714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8124", "title": "Mixed (chemical and electrical) synapses on frog spinal motoneurons.", "content": "Freeze-fracture replicas and ultrathin sections were used to characterize the gap junctions on the somata and large dendrites of frog motoneurons found earlier by Sonnhof et al. (1977). In freeze-fracture replicas one of the specific features of these relatively frequent gap junctions is the presence of circular regions of non-junctional membrane (\"fenestrae\") within areas of typical gap junction appearance displaying P-face particles or E-face pits. Such \"fenestrated\" gap junctions are mostly associated with membrane specializations indicative of the active zone of a chemical synapse (including vesicle attachment sites in non anaesthetized animals) to constitute mixed synapses. These findings could be verified in ultrathin sections, which revealed that the vesicles of the chemical component of the mixed synapses were spherical and agranular. Our results suggest that the mixed synapses are predominantly axo-somatic and axo-dendritic. The existence of dendro-dendritic gap junctions in the ventral horn region as described by Sotelo and Taxi (1970) was verified in ultrathin sections; they were rare, solely electrotonic in character, and probably represent the morphological basis for the VR-EPSP (Katz and Miledi, 1963; Kubota and Brookhart, 1963), i.e. electrotonic coupling between motoneurons of different spinal segments (Washizu, 1960). Electrotonic coupling can also be demonstrated between motoneurons and afferent fibers of the dorsal root and the lateral column. Electrotonic potentials recorded within motoneurons during electrical stimulation of dorsal root or lateral column precede the chemical postsynaptic potentials; after Mn2+-blockade of chemical synaptic transmission, the electrotonic component persists. Some fibers of these afferent pathways are therefore assumed to act monosynaptic on the motoneuron via mixed axo-somatic and axo-dendritic synapses.", "contents": "Mixed (chemical and electrical) synapses on frog spinal motoneurons. Freeze-fracture replicas and ultrathin sections were used to characterize the gap junctions on the somata and large dendrites of frog motoneurons found earlier by Sonnhof et al. (1977). In freeze-fracture replicas one of the specific features of these relatively frequent gap junctions is the presence of circular regions of non-junctional membrane (\"fenestrae\") within areas of typical gap junction appearance displaying P-face particles or E-face pits. Such \"fenestrated\" gap junctions are mostly associated with membrane specializations indicative of the active zone of a chemical synapse (including vesicle attachment sites in non anaesthetized animals) to constitute mixed synapses. These findings could be verified in ultrathin sections, which revealed that the vesicles of the chemical component of the mixed synapses were spherical and agranular. Our results suggest that the mixed synapses are predominantly axo-somatic and axo-dendritic. The existence of dendro-dendritic gap junctions in the ventral horn region as described by Sotelo and Taxi (1970) was verified in ultrathin sections; they were rare, solely electrotonic in character, and probably represent the morphological basis for the VR-EPSP (Katz and Miledi, 1963; Kubota and Brookhart, 1963), i.e. electrotonic coupling between motoneurons of different spinal segments (Washizu, 1960). Electrotonic coupling can also be demonstrated between motoneurons and afferent fibers of the dorsal root and the lateral column. Electrotonic potentials recorded within motoneurons during electrical stimulation of dorsal root or lateral column precede the chemical postsynaptic potentials; after Mn2+-blockade of chemical synaptic transmission, the electrotonic component persists. Some fibers of these afferent pathways are therefore assumed to act monosynaptic on the motoneuron via mixed axo-somatic and axo-dendritic synapses.", "PMID": 719715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8125", "title": "The oligodendrocytic junctional complex.", "content": "The junctional complex of oligodendrocytes was studied by means of different electron microscopical techniques. This complex is composed of the following junctional membrane formations: 1) tight junctional domains in the oligodendrocytic membrane near the some of the cells, 2) fasciae occludentes or focal tight junctions on the outer oligodendrocytic loop of myelin and on the outermost myelin membrane, 3) gap junctions of considerable size variations, either on membranes near the soma or on peripheral oligodendrocytic processes, and 4) non-paranodal transverse bands. The different types of oligodendrocytic junctions are discussed in terms of their functional implications.", "contents": "The oligodendrocytic junctional complex. The junctional complex of oligodendrocytes was studied by means of different electron microscopical techniques. This complex is composed of the following junctional membrane formations: 1) tight junctional domains in the oligodendrocytic membrane near the some of the cells, 2) fasciae occludentes or focal tight junctions on the outer oligodendrocytic loop of myelin and on the outermost myelin membrane, 3) gap junctions of considerable size variations, either on membranes near the soma or on peripheral oligodendrocytic processes, and 4) non-paranodal transverse bands. The different types of oligodendrocytic junctions are discussed in terms of their functional implications.", "PMID": 719716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8126", "title": "Ultrastructural radioautography of the incorporation of tritiated leucine by the rat adrenal medulla in vivo.", "content": "Sections of tissues from the adrenal medullae of young rats were subjected to radioautography after a single intravenous injection of L-leucine 4, 5(3)H to identify the sites of synthesis and follow the migration of newly-formed proteins in both adrenaline-storing (A) and noradrenaline-storing (N) cells. As early as 2 min after injection of leucine 3H, the label was highest in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) of A and N cells, suggesting that cisternal ribosomes are sites of protein synthesis. By 5 and 10 min, much of the label had migrated from the RER into the Golgi complex of both cell types. Some label was already present over the secretory granule matrix (chromogranins) by 2 min but the peak was reached at 1 h in both A and N cells. By 4 h, the label over the secretory granules had diminished, indicating a release of newly-synthetized chromogranins outside the cells. The label over the hyaloplasm was relatively high at 2 min but it decreased rapidly to low levels. In contrast, the label over the cell surface continually increased to reach the highest levels among all organelles at 4 h in both cell types. The pattern of increment of the label over the cell surface suggests that the newly-formed proteins of these sites are also synthetized in the RER, pass through the Golgi complex and are transported in the hyaloplasm, before reaching the surface of A and N cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructural radioautography of the incorporation of tritiated leucine by the rat adrenal medulla in vivo. Sections of tissues from the adrenal medullae of young rats were subjected to radioautography after a single intravenous injection of L-leucine 4, 5(3)H to identify the sites of synthesis and follow the migration of newly-formed proteins in both adrenaline-storing (A) and noradrenaline-storing (N) cells. As early as 2 min after injection of leucine 3H, the label was highest in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) of A and N cells, suggesting that cisternal ribosomes are sites of protein synthesis. By 5 and 10 min, much of the label had migrated from the RER into the Golgi complex of both cell types. Some label was already present over the secretory granule matrix (chromogranins) by 2 min but the peak was reached at 1 h in both A and N cells. By 4 h, the label over the secretory granules had diminished, indicating a release of newly-synthetized chromogranins outside the cells. The label over the hyaloplasm was relatively high at 2 min but it decreased rapidly to low levels. In contrast, the label over the cell surface continually increased to reach the highest levels among all organelles at 4 h in both cell types. The pattern of increment of the label over the cell surface suggests that the newly-formed proteins of these sites are also synthetized in the RER, pass through the Golgi complex and are transported in the hyaloplasm, before reaching the surface of A and N cells.", "PMID": 719717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8127", "title": "Quantitative analysis of epithelial changes during wound healing in palatal mucosa of guinea pigs.", "content": "The epithelium of wounded guinea pig palate was subjected to stereologic analysis. A total of 18 biopsies (animals) were used. Biopsies were taken at 18, 48, 96 and 120 h after wounding. Point counting procedures were employed to analyse electron micrographs sampled from one (18 h) or two epithelial strata (48, 96 and 120 h). The essential modulations in epithelial structure as wound healing proceeds were as follows: During the early phases characterized by formation and advancement of epithelial lips (18 and 48 h), migrating cells converged towards a cell type which structurally was less differentiated than normal basal cells. This alteration was expressed by a decrease in volume density of cytoplasmic organelles, mainly mitochondria, free ribosomes and tonofilament bundles, coupled with an increase in volume density of lysosomal bodies. Concomitantly, the volume density of cytoplasmic ground substance rose markedly. Subequent to fusion of contralateral migratory lips (96 and 120 h) reversion to normal epithelial structure was indicated by the increment in magnitude of basal cell parameters. Further structural density gradients from basal towards upper cell layers appeared. This pattern was mainly displayed by mitochondria, free ribosomes, and tonofilament bundles. The magnitude and gradation of most tissue and cell parameters were not yet re-established at 120 h. The density of tonofilament bundles and the density level of cytoplasmic ground substance in particular deviated.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of epithelial changes during wound healing in palatal mucosa of guinea pigs. The epithelium of wounded guinea pig palate was subjected to stereologic analysis. A total of 18 biopsies (animals) were used. Biopsies were taken at 18, 48, 96 and 120 h after wounding. Point counting procedures were employed to analyse electron micrographs sampled from one (18 h) or two epithelial strata (48, 96 and 120 h). The essential modulations in epithelial structure as wound healing proceeds were as follows: During the early phases characterized by formation and advancement of epithelial lips (18 and 48 h), migrating cells converged towards a cell type which structurally was less differentiated than normal basal cells. This alteration was expressed by a decrease in volume density of cytoplasmic organelles, mainly mitochondria, free ribosomes and tonofilament bundles, coupled with an increase in volume density of lysosomal bodies. Concomitantly, the volume density of cytoplasmic ground substance rose markedly. Subequent to fusion of contralateral migratory lips (96 and 120 h) reversion to normal epithelial structure was indicated by the increment in magnitude of basal cell parameters. Further structural density gradients from basal towards upper cell layers appeared. This pattern was mainly displayed by mitochondria, free ribosomes, and tonofilament bundles. The magnitude and gradation of most tissue and cell parameters were not yet re-established at 120 h. The density of tonofilament bundles and the density level of cytoplasmic ground substance in particular deviated.", "PMID": 719718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8128", "title": "Cell proliferation in skeletal muscle following denervation or tenotomy. A series of autoradiographic studies.", "content": "Autoradiographic experiments using 3H-thymidine were designed to analyse cell proliferation which occurs in skeletal muscle after denervation and after tenotomy. In mouse tibialis anterior and tongue muscles during the first 24 h after denervation or tenotomy labelling levels were low and did not differ significantly from sham operated control muscles. By 48 h after denervation and tenotomy of tibialis anterior muscles, increased levels of labelling occurred in both muscle and connective tissue nuclei. Daily pulse labelling for 7 days after denervation produced a labelling level which was 8 times that of sham operated controls, 25--30% of the total nuclear population being labelled. Denervated muscles had twice the level of labelling compared to tenotomised muscles. These results provide conclusive evidence that both denervation and tenotomy stimulate cell proliferation in skeletal muscle and it is suggested that the increased numbers of labelled muscle nuclei are likely to be the result of mitotic activity in muscle satellite cells.", "contents": "Cell proliferation in skeletal muscle following denervation or tenotomy. A series of autoradiographic studies. Autoradiographic experiments using 3H-thymidine were designed to analyse cell proliferation which occurs in skeletal muscle after denervation and after tenotomy. In mouse tibialis anterior and tongue muscles during the first 24 h after denervation or tenotomy labelling levels were low and did not differ significantly from sham operated control muscles. By 48 h after denervation and tenotomy of tibialis anterior muscles, increased levels of labelling occurred in both muscle and connective tissue nuclei. Daily pulse labelling for 7 days after denervation produced a labelling level which was 8 times that of sham operated controls, 25--30% of the total nuclear population being labelled. Denervated muscles had twice the level of labelling compared to tenotomised muscles. These results provide conclusive evidence that both denervation and tenotomy stimulate cell proliferation in skeletal muscle and it is suggested that the increased numbers of labelled muscle nuclei are likely to be the result of mitotic activity in muscle satellite cells.", "PMID": 719719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8129", "title": "High resolution radioautographic study of newly formed protein in striated muscle with emphasis on red and white fibres.", "content": "The elaboration and distribution of newly formed proteins in the striated muscle of 21-day-old mice were investigated by quantitative radioautography at intervals between 2 and 240 min after intravenous injection of tritiated leucine. In radioautographs, the localization and the relative label concentration were comparatively estimated for the different components of mitochondria-rich fibres, in particular of red fibres, from the tibialis anterior muscle and of mitochondria-poor fibres from the oesophageal muscle. As early as 2 min after injection, radioactivity was detected over the nucleus, the polysome-rich sarcoplasm, the A and I bands, the Z lines, and the mitochondria in the two fibre types. Label localization did not change with time. The relative label concentration increased similarly in the polysome-rich sarcoplasm and the A and I bands of both fibre types within 30 min after injection, a confirmation that biosynthesis of myofibrillar proteins takes place rapidly. In each case, concentration was higher in the Z lines than in the I bands, and higher in the I bands than in the A bands, thus showing \"in vivo\" that the rates of synthesis of sarcomere protein components are not uniform. However, the relative label concentration was found to be higher in the Z lines of mitochondria-poor fibres than of mitochondria-rich fibres: this suggests that a higher synthetic rate of Z line protein, and probably of alpha actinin, is characteristic of the first type. Inversely, the concentration was higher in the mitochondria of mitochondria-rich fibres. This lead to the belief that high rate of protein synthesis in these organelles may account for the high rate of label incorporation into this type of fibre.", "contents": "High resolution radioautographic study of newly formed protein in striated muscle with emphasis on red and white fibres. The elaboration and distribution of newly formed proteins in the striated muscle of 21-day-old mice were investigated by quantitative radioautography at intervals between 2 and 240 min after intravenous injection of tritiated leucine. In radioautographs, the localization and the relative label concentration were comparatively estimated for the different components of mitochondria-rich fibres, in particular of red fibres, from the tibialis anterior muscle and of mitochondria-poor fibres from the oesophageal muscle. As early as 2 min after injection, radioactivity was detected over the nucleus, the polysome-rich sarcoplasm, the A and I bands, the Z lines, and the mitochondria in the two fibre types. Label localization did not change with time. The relative label concentration increased similarly in the polysome-rich sarcoplasm and the A and I bands of both fibre types within 30 min after injection, a confirmation that biosynthesis of myofibrillar proteins takes place rapidly. In each case, concentration was higher in the Z lines than in the I bands, and higher in the I bands than in the A bands, thus showing \"in vivo\" that the rates of synthesis of sarcomere protein components are not uniform. However, the relative label concentration was found to be higher in the Z lines of mitochondria-poor fibres than of mitochondria-rich fibres: this suggests that a higher synthetic rate of Z line protein, and probably of alpha actinin, is characteristic of the first type. Inversely, the concentration was higher in the mitochondria of mitochondria-rich fibres. This lead to the belief that high rate of protein synthesis in these organelles may account for the high rate of label incorporation into this type of fibre.", "PMID": 719720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8130", "title": "Degradation of the radula in the snails Biomphalaria glabrata Say and Limnaea stagnalis L. (Gastropoda, Pulmonata).", "content": "The radula of snails is formed at the posterior end of the radular gland or pocket, and degraded at the same rate at its anterior end. Degradation is due to different secretory activities of the inferior epithelium of the radular gland. Its secretions seem to degrade enzymatically the matrix of the radular membrane and basal plates of teeth, leaving only chitin containing microfibres and degradation products. The sclerotized parts of the teeth remain unchanged, but as they are now only loosely connected with the radular membrane. they are torn off easily during feeding movements. The rest of the degraded and frayed radular membrane and the subradular membrane are also lost by abrasion during feeding. The cells of the inferior epithelium are connected with each other by septate desmosomes and an elaborate system of deep lateral interdigitation which may provide tensil strength. Extrusion of degraded cells of the inferior epithelium into the subradular membrane takes place, although the thick basal lamina forms a continuous sheath which is closely adjoined to the basal parts of the inferior epithelium. Nerve fibres containing vesicles with electron dense neurosecretory material (deduced from the diameter of 200--250 nm) are attached to this sheath or penetrate into it; they may be involved in the regulation of production and degradation processes during radula replacement. Problems of the forward transport of radula and inferior epithelium are discussed.", "contents": "Degradation of the radula in the snails Biomphalaria glabrata Say and Limnaea stagnalis L. (Gastropoda, Pulmonata). The radula of snails is formed at the posterior end of the radular gland or pocket, and degraded at the same rate at its anterior end. Degradation is due to different secretory activities of the inferior epithelium of the radular gland. Its secretions seem to degrade enzymatically the matrix of the radular membrane and basal plates of teeth, leaving only chitin containing microfibres and degradation products. The sclerotized parts of the teeth remain unchanged, but as they are now only loosely connected with the radular membrane. they are torn off easily during feeding movements. The rest of the degraded and frayed radular membrane and the subradular membrane are also lost by abrasion during feeding. The cells of the inferior epithelium are connected with each other by septate desmosomes and an elaborate system of deep lateral interdigitation which may provide tensil strength. Extrusion of degraded cells of the inferior epithelium into the subradular membrane takes place, although the thick basal lamina forms a continuous sheath which is closely adjoined to the basal parts of the inferior epithelium. Nerve fibres containing vesicles with electron dense neurosecretory material (deduced from the diameter of 200--250 nm) are attached to this sheath or penetrate into it; they may be involved in the regulation of production and degradation processes during radula replacement. Problems of the forward transport of radula and inferior epithelium are discussed.", "PMID": 719721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8131", "title": "The pineal gland of the gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus. I. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "Electron microscopy was employed in a study of the pineal gland of the Mongolian gerbil (Meiones unguiculatus). It was determined that the gerbil pineal gland contains pinealocytes and glial cells with the pinealocytes being the predominant cell type. The pinealocytes contain numerous organelles traditionally considered as being either synthetic or secretory in function such as an extensive Golgi region, smooth (SER) and rough (RER) endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles and microtubules. Other cytoplasmic components are also present in the pinealocytes (synaptic ribbons, subsurface cisternae) for which no function has been assigned. Dense-cored vesicles are rare. Vacuolated pinealocytes are present and appear to be intimately associated with the formation of the pineal concertions. Evidence presented supports the proposal that the concretions form within the vacuoles. Once the concretions reach an enlarged state, the vacuolated pinealocytes break down and the concretions are thus extruded into the extracellular space where they apparently continue to increase in size. The morphology of the glial cells was interpreted as indicative of a high synthetic activity. The glial cells contain predominantly the rough variety of endoplasmic reticulum and form an expansion around the wide perivascular area.", "contents": "The pineal gland of the gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus. I. An ultrastructural study. Electron microscopy was employed in a study of the pineal gland of the Mongolian gerbil (Meiones unguiculatus). It was determined that the gerbil pineal gland contains pinealocytes and glial cells with the pinealocytes being the predominant cell type. The pinealocytes contain numerous organelles traditionally considered as being either synthetic or secretory in function such as an extensive Golgi region, smooth (SER) and rough (RER) endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles and microtubules. Other cytoplasmic components are also present in the pinealocytes (synaptic ribbons, subsurface cisternae) for which no function has been assigned. Dense-cored vesicles are rare. Vacuolated pinealocytes are present and appear to be intimately associated with the formation of the pineal concertions. Evidence presented supports the proposal that the concretions form within the vacuoles. Once the concretions reach an enlarged state, the vacuolated pinealocytes break down and the concretions are thus extruded into the extracellular space where they apparently continue to increase in size. The morphology of the glial cells was interpreted as indicative of a high synthetic activity. The glial cells contain predominantly the rough variety of endoplasmic reticulum and form an expansion around the wide perivascular area.", "PMID": 719722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8132", "title": "The neuronal connections of the frontal ganglion of the cockroach Periplaneta americana. A histological and iontophoretical study.", "content": "The frontal ganglion of the cockroach Periplaneta americana was studied histologically and its neuronal pathways were mapped by use of axonal cobalt iontophoresis. Neurons and fiber tracts of the frontal ganglion are directly linked with different regions of the central nervous system (tritocerebrum, protocerebrum, subesophageal ganglion) and with the more caudal parts of the stomatogastric nervous system (hypocerebral ganglion, nervus oesophagei).", "contents": "The neuronal connections of the frontal ganglion of the cockroach Periplaneta americana. A histological and iontophoretical study. The frontal ganglion of the cockroach Periplaneta americana was studied histologically and its neuronal pathways were mapped by use of axonal cobalt iontophoresis. Neurons and fiber tracts of the frontal ganglion are directly linked with different regions of the central nervous system (tritocerebrum, protocerebrum, subesophageal ganglion) and with the more caudal parts of the stomatogastric nervous system (hypocerebral ganglion, nervus oesophagei).", "PMID": 719723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8133", "title": "Effects of reserpine administration on the fine structure of the rat pars intermedia.", "content": "Hormone release from the pars intermedia is under inhibitory control of the hypothalamus. Control may be mediated via dopaminergic fibers which directly contact secretory cells. Administration of reserpine in vivo to adult male rats for four consecutive days results in major alternations in pars intermedia cytology. Cells show expanded areas and whorls of rough endoplasmic reticulum, as well as extensive Golgi zones with numerous dense granules. Some nerve fibers exhibit alterations in vesicle content, while others retain a more normal appearance. Freeze-fracture of glands from reserpine-treated animals provides evidence for exocytosis of granules, although such phenomena are not observed in thin sections. The ultrastructural findings suggest that reserpine alters the content of local inhibitory neurotransmitters in the pars intermedia, leading to unrestrained hormone release, followed by renewed granule synthesis.", "contents": "Effects of reserpine administration on the fine structure of the rat pars intermedia. Hormone release from the pars intermedia is under inhibitory control of the hypothalamus. Control may be mediated via dopaminergic fibers which directly contact secretory cells. Administration of reserpine in vivo to adult male rats for four consecutive days results in major alternations in pars intermedia cytology. Cells show expanded areas and whorls of rough endoplasmic reticulum, as well as extensive Golgi zones with numerous dense granules. Some nerve fibers exhibit alterations in vesicle content, while others retain a more normal appearance. Freeze-fracture of glands from reserpine-treated animals provides evidence for exocytosis of granules, although such phenomena are not observed in thin sections. The ultrastructural findings suggest that reserpine alters the content of local inhibitory neurotransmitters in the pars intermedia, leading to unrestrained hormone release, followed by renewed granule synthesis.", "PMID": 719724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8134", "title": "Sarcotubular development in dystrophic skeletal muscle cells.", "content": "Dilations of the sarcotubular system and misaligned myofilaments have been reported as early indicators of muscular dystrophy in skeletal muscle. Since the developing tubular component is believed instrumental in initial myofilament alignment during myogenesis, tubular development is evaluated using normal and dystrophic chick embryo skeletal muscle and cultures of normal and dystrophic embryonic pectoral muscle incubated in the presence of horse spleen ferritin. Comparisons of the findings show that periodic tubules are absent from dystrophic somitic muscle and that invaginating tubules from the sarcolemma are found in fewer, randomly located areas of dystrophic pectoral muscle cells. The results indicate that the tubular component is not involved in the bizarre vesiculations seen in mature dystrophic muscle, however, the malalignment of dystrophic myofilaments is probably the result of the poorer development of the T system in this muscle.", "contents": "Sarcotubular development in dystrophic skeletal muscle cells. Dilations of the sarcotubular system and misaligned myofilaments have been reported as early indicators of muscular dystrophy in skeletal muscle. Since the developing tubular component is believed instrumental in initial myofilament alignment during myogenesis, tubular development is evaluated using normal and dystrophic chick embryo skeletal muscle and cultures of normal and dystrophic embryonic pectoral muscle incubated in the presence of horse spleen ferritin. Comparisons of the findings show that periodic tubules are absent from dystrophic somitic muscle and that invaginating tubules from the sarcolemma are found in fewer, randomly located areas of dystrophic pectoral muscle cells. The results indicate that the tubular component is not involved in the bizarre vesiculations seen in mature dystrophic muscle, however, the malalignment of dystrophic myofilaments is probably the result of the poorer development of the T system in this muscle.", "PMID": 719725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8135", "title": "The antral gastrin-producing G-cell: biochemical and ultrastructural responses to feeding.", "content": "The effect of feeding on serum and antral immunoreactive gastrin (IRG) concentrations and on the ultrastructural appearance of antral G-cell granules has been examined. Serum and tissue IRG concentrations were dependent upon the length of time (12 or 48 h) the rats had been fasted before receiving food; IRG release was biphasic; the first peak was more pronounced in rats fasted 12 h. Antral tissue IRG content increased significantly postprandially. An initial depletion of antral IRG was seen in rats fasted 48 h. Examination of the subcellular distribution of antral IRG revealed more of the 5-15 min postprandal total IRG in the cytoplasm and less in the secretory granules. Ultrastructurally, G-cells from fasting rats contained mainly electron-dense granules. Five minutes postprandially numerous electron-lucent granules were observed. More electron dense granules were apparent 60 and 120 min postprandially. Fasting rats had the highest G-cell granule density index; a significantly lower index was observed 5 min postprandially. Indices at 60 and 120 min postprandially increased but were still lower than the fasting index. These studies indicate that gastrin biosynthesis is necessary for food stimulated gastrin release and that the electron density of the G-cells granules is not an accurate reflection of the G-cell gastrin content.", "contents": "The antral gastrin-producing G-cell: biochemical and ultrastructural responses to feeding. The effect of feeding on serum and antral immunoreactive gastrin (IRG) concentrations and on the ultrastructural appearance of antral G-cell granules has been examined. Serum and tissue IRG concentrations were dependent upon the length of time (12 or 48 h) the rats had been fasted before receiving food; IRG release was biphasic; the first peak was more pronounced in rats fasted 12 h. Antral tissue IRG content increased significantly postprandially. An initial depletion of antral IRG was seen in rats fasted 48 h. Examination of the subcellular distribution of antral IRG revealed more of the 5-15 min postprandal total IRG in the cytoplasm and less in the secretory granules. Ultrastructurally, G-cells from fasting rats contained mainly electron-dense granules. Five minutes postprandially numerous electron-lucent granules were observed. More electron dense granules were apparent 60 and 120 min postprandially. Fasting rats had the highest G-cell granule density index; a significantly lower index was observed 5 min postprandially. Indices at 60 and 120 min postprandially increased but were still lower than the fasting index. These studies indicate that gastrin biosynthesis is necessary for food stimulated gastrin release and that the electron density of the G-cells granules is not an accurate reflection of the G-cell gastrin content.", "PMID": 719726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8136", "title": "The myotendinous junction of the smooth feather muscles (mm. pennati). A light and electron microscopic study on a myoelastic system.", "content": "Smooth feather muscles (mm. pennati) consist of bundles of smooth muscle cells which are attached to the feather follicles by short elastic tendons. In addition, some muscle bundles are interrupted by elastic tendons. The elastic tendon is composed of longitudinally arranged elastic fibers which branch and wavy bundles of collagen fibrils. Smooth muscle cells of the muscle bundles are attached to each other by desmosome-like junctions and by fusion of the basal laminae. The cytoplasm of the muscle cells is characterized by conspicuous thick filaments and abundant thin and intermediate filaments. These are attached to band-like dense patches (dense bands) at the plasma membrane which are particularly broad at the tapering end of the muscle cell. The contact surface between smooth muscle cells and their elastic tendon is considerably increased (i) by deep finger-like invaginations and indentations located at the tapering muscle end, and (ii) by branching of the coarse elastic fibers into slender processes, which are attached to the richly folded surface of the muscle cell endings by peripheral microfibrils. This intimate interlocking closely resembles the myotendinous junctions in skeletal muscle. In addition to fibroblasts and fibrocytes, the myotendinous junction of the young growing chicks contains numerous so-called myofibroblasts, which are suggested to represent smooth muscle cells differentiating into fibroblasts of the developing tendon.", "contents": "The myotendinous junction of the smooth feather muscles (mm. pennati). A light and electron microscopic study on a myoelastic system. Smooth feather muscles (mm. pennati) consist of bundles of smooth muscle cells which are attached to the feather follicles by short elastic tendons. In addition, some muscle bundles are interrupted by elastic tendons. The elastic tendon is composed of longitudinally arranged elastic fibers which branch and wavy bundles of collagen fibrils. Smooth muscle cells of the muscle bundles are attached to each other by desmosome-like junctions and by fusion of the basal laminae. The cytoplasm of the muscle cells is characterized by conspicuous thick filaments and abundant thin and intermediate filaments. These are attached to band-like dense patches (dense bands) at the plasma membrane which are particularly broad at the tapering end of the muscle cell. The contact surface between smooth muscle cells and their elastic tendon is considerably increased (i) by deep finger-like invaginations and indentations located at the tapering muscle end, and (ii) by branching of the coarse elastic fibers into slender processes, which are attached to the richly folded surface of the muscle cell endings by peripheral microfibrils. This intimate interlocking closely resembles the myotendinous junctions in skeletal muscle. In addition to fibroblasts and fibrocytes, the myotendinous junction of the young growing chicks contains numerous so-called myofibroblasts, which are suggested to represent smooth muscle cells differentiating into fibroblasts of the developing tendon.", "PMID": 719727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8137", "title": "The adaptation of a two-compartment cell renewal system to external demands. A study of the rat incisor inner enamel epithelium.", "content": "The inner enamel epithelium (IEE) covers the labial tooth aspect as a one cell layer which, when cut sagittally, appears as a longitudinal cell column extending from the tooth origin toward the periphery. Following sudden tooth shortening, the IEE responds by an increased cell production which later declines below normal values. The perturbation affects all cell kinetic parameters; the progenitor compartment, which initially increases, diminishes in size toward end of the experiment. The cell cycle transition times, which initially decline, rise toward the end of the experiment. The mean normal daily cell production rate of 70 cell % (i.e. 70 cells are produced by 100 progenitors) increases to 111 cell % and then declines to a low of 51 cell %. The IEE response typifies the behavior of other cell renewal systems such as intestinal epithelium and epidermis.", "contents": "The adaptation of a two-compartment cell renewal system to external demands. A study of the rat incisor inner enamel epithelium. The inner enamel epithelium (IEE) covers the labial tooth aspect as a one cell layer which, when cut sagittally, appears as a longitudinal cell column extending from the tooth origin toward the periphery. Following sudden tooth shortening, the IEE responds by an increased cell production which later declines below normal values. The perturbation affects all cell kinetic parameters; the progenitor compartment, which initially increases, diminishes in size toward end of the experiment. The cell cycle transition times, which initially decline, rise toward the end of the experiment. The mean normal daily cell production rate of 70 cell % (i.e. 70 cells are produced by 100 progenitors) increases to 111 cell % and then declines to a low of 51 cell %. The IEE response typifies the behavior of other cell renewal systems such as intestinal epithelium and epidermis.", "PMID": 719728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8138", "title": "Synapses of optic nerve afferents in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. I. Identification, qualitative description, development and distribution.", "content": "Synapses of optic nerve afferents (optic synapses) in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) have been identified ultrastructurally. They are easily distinguished from other types of synapses. The optic boutons are characterized by the presence of large mitochondria with a swollen electron lucent matrix and an interconnected tubular system formed by their inner membrane. Other, more variable features include: 1) a scattered pattern of synaptic vesicles which are found throughout the entire presynaptic element with relatively little accumulation near the active zones; 2) the occurrence of dense core vesicles and glycogen granules; 3) the active zones, the majority of which is Gray-type I, but a minority can obviously be classified as Gray's type II; 4) the innervation of smaller peripheral dendrites and dendritic spines. Boutons of this kind are exclusively filled with anterogradely transported horseradish peroxidase injected into both eyes. Very few neuronal elements containing the typical mitochondria have been observed in the SCN on the 6th day post partum, increasingly more on the 9th and 12th day, but considerably higher numbers after opening of the eyes on the 17th and the following days. The location of normal and degenerating optic boutons was examined light- and electron microscopically. In the rostral third of the SCN there are relatively few optic synapses which are found close to the optic chiasma. In the middle portion of the SCN optic synapses increase in number; they are found not only in the ventral part of the nucleus but also in lateral regions. This becomes particularly obvious in the caudal third of the SCN.", "contents": "Synapses of optic nerve afferents in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. I. Identification, qualitative description, development and distribution. Synapses of optic nerve afferents (optic synapses) in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) have been identified ultrastructurally. They are easily distinguished from other types of synapses. The optic boutons are characterized by the presence of large mitochondria with a swollen electron lucent matrix and an interconnected tubular system formed by their inner membrane. Other, more variable features include: 1) a scattered pattern of synaptic vesicles which are found throughout the entire presynaptic element with relatively little accumulation near the active zones; 2) the occurrence of dense core vesicles and glycogen granules; 3) the active zones, the majority of which is Gray-type I, but a minority can obviously be classified as Gray's type II; 4) the innervation of smaller peripheral dendrites and dendritic spines. Boutons of this kind are exclusively filled with anterogradely transported horseradish peroxidase injected into both eyes. Very few neuronal elements containing the typical mitochondria have been observed in the SCN on the 6th day post partum, increasingly more on the 9th and 12th day, but considerably higher numbers after opening of the eyes on the 17th and the following days. The location of normal and degenerating optic boutons was examined light- and electron microscopically. In the rostral third of the SCN there are relatively few optic synapses which are found close to the optic chiasma. In the middle portion of the SCN optic synapses increase in number; they are found not only in the ventral part of the nucleus but also in lateral regions. This becomes particularly obvious in the caudal third of the SCN.", "PMID": 719729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8139", "title": "Occurrence of nuage in fetal human germ cells.", "content": "Germ cells of human fetuses aged 7-13 weeks were studied. Dense fibrous material called nuage was found in the cytoplasm of human fetal germ cells. The nuage increased in frequency in the germ cells during the interval studied. In oogonia the nuage occurred much more frequently than in spermatogonia and the frequency of nuage in oogonia increased earlier than in spermatogonia. The number of nuage was continuously at a higher level in oogonia than in spermatogonia. It is suggested that these findings support the theory that the nuage may act as a germ cell determinant.", "contents": "Occurrence of nuage in fetal human germ cells. Germ cells of human fetuses aged 7-13 weeks were studied. Dense fibrous material called nuage was found in the cytoplasm of human fetal germ cells. The nuage increased in frequency in the germ cells during the interval studied. In oogonia the nuage occurred much more frequently than in spermatogonia and the frequency of nuage in oogonia increased earlier than in spermatogonia. The number of nuage was continuously at a higher level in oogonia than in spermatogonia. It is suggested that these findings support the theory that the nuage may act as a germ cell determinant.", "PMID": 719730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8140", "title": "Unusual aggregations of tubules associated with endoplasmic reticulum in digestive cells of Alderia modesta (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Sacoglossa).", "content": "Aggregations of cylindriform tubules closely packed in a hexagonal arrangement and associated with the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (RER) are described in cells of the digestive gland of a sacoglossan gastropod. Each tubule is approximately 61 nm in outer diameter and the central lumen is lined with a layer of finely granular material. The tubule wall is composed of approximately 22 dense subunits. Adjacent tubules are associated with a pair of indistinct granules. Membranes of the RER frequently join the aggregations. The lumen of a tubule may be continuous either with the intracisternal space of the RER or with the cytoplasmic matrix of the cell. It is suggested that the aggregations of tubules are elaborations of the endoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Unusual aggregations of tubules associated with endoplasmic reticulum in digestive cells of Alderia modesta (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Sacoglossa). Aggregations of cylindriform tubules closely packed in a hexagonal arrangement and associated with the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (RER) are described in cells of the digestive gland of a sacoglossan gastropod. Each tubule is approximately 61 nm in outer diameter and the central lumen is lined with a layer of finely granular material. The tubule wall is composed of approximately 22 dense subunits. Adjacent tubules are associated with a pair of indistinct granules. Membranes of the RER frequently join the aggregations. The lumen of a tubule may be continuous either with the intracisternal space of the RER or with the cytoplasmic matrix of the cell. It is suggested that the aggregations of tubules are elaborations of the endoplasmic reticulum.", "PMID": 719731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8141", "title": "Synapses of optic nerve afferents in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. II. Structural variability as revealed by morphometric examination.", "content": "The identification of optic synapses in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus (G\u00fcldner, 1978) has made it possible to study them morphometrically. The measurements followed the check-list introduced by Palay and Chan-Palay (1976). There are several items which could usefully be added to this list. The structure of essential synaptic components varies considerably in what is apparently one synaptic population based on morphological criteria. The possible reasons for the variable sizes of the optic boutons containing different amounts of clear and dense core vesicles are discussed in terms of different activities or metabolic states of the individual boutons and/or different metabolic states of neuronal and glial elements in their vicinity. The active zones of optic synapses are also extremely variable. One optic bouton can form several active zones of very different sizes, or form Gray-type-I (\"asymmetric\"), Gray-type-II (\"symmetric\") and intermediate contacts at the same time. The function and/or functional efficiency of a single optic bouton therefore could then be quite different with respect to its various postsynaptic elements. The different appearance of the active zones is discussed mainly in terms of possible regulative influences from neighboring synapses via the postsynaptic neuron.", "contents": "Synapses of optic nerve afferents in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. II. Structural variability as revealed by morphometric examination. The identification of optic synapses in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus (G\u00fcldner, 1978) has made it possible to study them morphometrically. The measurements followed the check-list introduced by Palay and Chan-Palay (1976). There are several items which could usefully be added to this list. The structure of essential synaptic components varies considerably in what is apparently one synaptic population based on morphological criteria. The possible reasons for the variable sizes of the optic boutons containing different amounts of clear and dense core vesicles are discussed in terms of different activities or metabolic states of the individual boutons and/or different metabolic states of neuronal and glial elements in their vicinity. The active zones of optic synapses are also extremely variable. One optic bouton can form several active zones of very different sizes, or form Gray-type-I (\"asymmetric\"), Gray-type-II (\"symmetric\") and intermediate contacts at the same time. The function and/or functional efficiency of a single optic bouton therefore could then be quite different with respect to its various postsynaptic elements. The different appearance of the active zones is discussed mainly in terms of possible regulative influences from neighboring synapses via the postsynaptic neuron.", "PMID": 719732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8142", "title": "Ultrastructural observations on the oogenesis of Triops cancriformis (Crustacea, Notostraca).", "content": "Each ovarian follicle of Triops cancriformis is four-celled; these cells (one oocyte and three nurse cells) are interconnected by cytoplasmic bridges. In the course of differentiation, the nurse cells are clearly recognizable; they increase in size more than the oocyte and their nuclei contain many nucleoli. For the first time in Arthropoda, yolk globules are reported to be present in nurse cell cytoplasm; these globules arise from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The functional significance of the intercellular bridges and the trophic role of the nurse cells are discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observations on the oogenesis of Triops cancriformis (Crustacea, Notostraca). Each ovarian follicle of Triops cancriformis is four-celled; these cells (one oocyte and three nurse cells) are interconnected by cytoplasmic bridges. In the course of differentiation, the nurse cells are clearly recognizable; they increase in size more than the oocyte and their nuclei contain many nucleoli. For the first time in Arthropoda, yolk globules are reported to be present in nurse cell cytoplasm; these globules arise from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The functional significance of the intercellular bridges and the trophic role of the nurse cells are discussed.", "PMID": 719733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8143", "title": "Surface functions during Mitosis I: phagocytosis, pinocytosis and mobility of surface-bound Con A.", "content": "Phagocytosis, pinocytosis and the surface distribution of concanavalin A (ConA) have been analyzed during mitosis in several mammalian cell lines. Use of the bisbenzimidazole dye, Hoechst 33258, for chromosome staining after gentle fixation made possible the rapid identification and correlation of mitotic phase with surface properties. Phagocytosis of both opsonized and nonopsonized particles is markedly depressed in mitotic cells of the mouse macrophage cell line J774.1. The uptake of opsonized particles (IgG-coated erythrocytes) is impaired from early prophase through early G1, whereas phagocytosis of nonopsonized particles (latex beads) is restored by telophase. Fluid pinocytosis, determined by the uptake of soluble horseradish peroxidase, is also inhibited during mitosis. Thus peroxidase-containing cytoplasmic vesicles were virtually absent from mid-prophase through telophase in both J774 and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Adsorptive pinocytosis of ConA was determined from the different distributions of fluorescence in single cells incubated at 37 degrees C with rhodamine-conjugated ConA (surface and cytoplasmic label), then fixed and further incubated with fluorescein-conjugated anti-ConA (surface only). The separate fluorescence of Hoechst, fluorescein and rhodamine could be optically isolated. In interphase J774 cells, ConA is rapidly internalized into cytoplasmic vesicles. In contrast, ConA is restricted to the plasma membrane from mid-prophase through telophase. In CHO, the depressed pattern of internalization is not fully established until metaphse. The surface distribution of ConA also varied dramatically as a function of mitotic phase. Between mid-prophase and early anaphase, the pattern of surface ConA-receptor complexes is diffuse. Once the cleavage furrow begins to develop, however, ConA moves into the region of the furrow. This was shown in J774, CHO and 3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblasts, and is probably universal. ConA movement into the membrane that overlies the microfilaments of the contractile ring is analogous to similar movements that occur in interphase cells during ConA cap formation and during the development of phagocytic pseudopods. The analogy emphasizes the common functional consequences of microfilament-membrane organization. It is evident that membrane processes which depend upon endocytosis--for example, certain hormone-induced signals--may be interrupted during mitosis. Inhibition of endocytosis thus may be a significant element in the control of cellular activities during mitosis and a strong influence on the properties of the emergent post-mitotic cell.", "contents": "Surface functions during Mitosis I: phagocytosis, pinocytosis and mobility of surface-bound Con A. Phagocytosis, pinocytosis and the surface distribution of concanavalin A (ConA) have been analyzed during mitosis in several mammalian cell lines. Use of the bisbenzimidazole dye, Hoechst 33258, for chromosome staining after gentle fixation made possible the rapid identification and correlation of mitotic phase with surface properties. Phagocytosis of both opsonized and nonopsonized particles is markedly depressed in mitotic cells of the mouse macrophage cell line J774.1. The uptake of opsonized particles (IgG-coated erythrocytes) is impaired from early prophase through early G1, whereas phagocytosis of nonopsonized particles (latex beads) is restored by telophase. Fluid pinocytosis, determined by the uptake of soluble horseradish peroxidase, is also inhibited during mitosis. Thus peroxidase-containing cytoplasmic vesicles were virtually absent from mid-prophase through telophase in both J774 and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Adsorptive pinocytosis of ConA was determined from the different distributions of fluorescence in single cells incubated at 37 degrees C with rhodamine-conjugated ConA (surface and cytoplasmic label), then fixed and further incubated with fluorescein-conjugated anti-ConA (surface only). The separate fluorescence of Hoechst, fluorescein and rhodamine could be optically isolated. In interphase J774 cells, ConA is rapidly internalized into cytoplasmic vesicles. In contrast, ConA is restricted to the plasma membrane from mid-prophase through telophase. In CHO, the depressed pattern of internalization is not fully established until metaphse. The surface distribution of ConA also varied dramatically as a function of mitotic phase. Between mid-prophase and early anaphase, the pattern of surface ConA-receptor complexes is diffuse. Once the cleavage furrow begins to develop, however, ConA moves into the region of the furrow. This was shown in J774, CHO and 3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblasts, and is probably universal. ConA movement into the membrane that overlies the microfilaments of the contractile ring is analogous to similar movements that occur in interphase cells during ConA cap formation and during the development of phagocytic pseudopods. The analogy emphasizes the common functional consequences of microfilament-membrane organization. It is evident that membrane processes which depend upon endocytosis--for example, certain hormone-induced signals--may be interrupted during mitosis. Inhibition of endocytosis thus may be a significant element in the control of cellular activities during mitosis and a strong influence on the properties of the emergent post-mitotic cell.", "PMID": 719746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8144", "title": "An estrogen receptor from Xenopus laevis liver possibly connected with vitellogenin synthesis.", "content": "This paper describes an estrogen receptor which is found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of liver cells from male Xenopus laevis, and which seems to be involved in the induction of vitellogenin synthesis. It has a high affinity for estradiol (Kd = 0.5 x 10(-9) M), and the affinities of various steroids for the receptor correlate well with their ability to induce vitellogenin synthesis. It sediments at 3.5S at 0 degrees C in 0.5 M KCI. The rate of sedimentation is unaffected by incubation at 20 degrees C prior to centrifugation, but increases if the salt concentration is lowered to 0.1 M KCI or to zero. It has a Stokes radius of 2.6 nm and a molecular weight of approximately 40,000. The receptor is present at very low levels compared to other steroid target tissues (50--100 fold less than chick oviduct). The cytoplasm of a single hepatocyte contains 92 +/- 18 binding sites for estradiol, while each nucleus contains 99 +/- 19 sites.", "contents": "An estrogen receptor from Xenopus laevis liver possibly connected with vitellogenin synthesis. This paper describes an estrogen receptor which is found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of liver cells from male Xenopus laevis, and which seems to be involved in the induction of vitellogenin synthesis. It has a high affinity for estradiol (Kd = 0.5 x 10(-9) M), and the affinities of various steroids for the receptor correlate well with their ability to induce vitellogenin synthesis. It sediments at 3.5S at 0 degrees C in 0.5 M KCI. The rate of sedimentation is unaffected by incubation at 20 degrees C prior to centrifugation, but increases if the salt concentration is lowered to 0.1 M KCI or to zero. It has a Stokes radius of 2.6 nm and a molecular weight of approximately 40,000. The receptor is present at very low levels compared to other steroid target tissues (50--100 fold less than chick oviduct). The cytoplasm of a single hepatocyte contains 92 +/- 18 binding sites for estradiol, while each nucleus contains 99 +/- 19 sites.", "PMID": 719747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8145", "title": "Premature of chromosome condensation in a ts DNA- mutant of BHK cells.", "content": "A temperature-sensitive mutant of BHK, designated ts BN-2, shows a rapid drop in 3H-thymidine incorporation along with accumulation of the cells in the G1 phase of the cycle when asynchronous cultures are shifted from 33.5 degrees C to the nonpermissive temperature of 39.5 degrees C. Synchronized cultures of ts BN-2 cells did not enter DNA synthesis when shifted up in G1. Shift-up of cultures at the beginning of the S phase resulted in an approximately normal rate of DNA synthesis for about 2 hr. The rate of DNA synthesis then quickly declined, and the cells became arrested in mid-S after completion of approximately 0.5 rounds of DNA replication. At the same time, the majority of the cells were observed to lose the nuclear membrane and displayed premature chromosome condensation. These events were followed by the appearance of cells containing several micronuclei and eventual cell disruption and death. The nonpermissive temperature appeared to have no effect on either the elongation of short fragments of DNA or the execution of mitosis after the completion of the S phase under permissive conditions. The ts defect in this mutant may directly limit the initiation of DNA synthesis or alter the regulation of chromatin condensation.", "contents": "Premature of chromosome condensation in a ts DNA- mutant of BHK cells. A temperature-sensitive mutant of BHK, designated ts BN-2, shows a rapid drop in 3H-thymidine incorporation along with accumulation of the cells in the G1 phase of the cycle when asynchronous cultures are shifted from 33.5 degrees C to the nonpermissive temperature of 39.5 degrees C. Synchronized cultures of ts BN-2 cells did not enter DNA synthesis when shifted up in G1. Shift-up of cultures at the beginning of the S phase resulted in an approximately normal rate of DNA synthesis for about 2 hr. The rate of DNA synthesis then quickly declined, and the cells became arrested in mid-S after completion of approximately 0.5 rounds of DNA replication. At the same time, the majority of the cells were observed to lose the nuclear membrane and displayed premature chromosome condensation. These events were followed by the appearance of cells containing several micronuclei and eventual cell disruption and death. The nonpermissive temperature appeared to have no effect on either the elongation of short fragments of DNA or the execution of mitosis after the completion of the S phase under permissive conditions. The ts defect in this mutant may directly limit the initiation of DNA synthesis or alter the regulation of chromatin condensation.", "PMID": 719750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8146", "title": "The spliced structures of adenovirus 2 fiber message and the other late mRNAs.", "content": "All late adenovirus 2 messenger RNAs, except perhaps that for peptide IX, are composite molecules with sequences derived from at least two to five or more separate portions of the genome, as determined by electron microscopic analyses of polysomal RNA hybridized to single- or double-stranded DNA. We previously reported that eight different rightward-transcribed mRNAs contain, at their 5' ends, a common three-part leader sequence derived from coordinates 16.6, 19.6 and 26.6, and that a ninth mRNA consists of sequences from 4.6--6.1 linked directly to those from 9.7--11.0 (Chow et al., 1977a; revised coordinates). We now demonstrate that four additional RNA species also have the same tripartite leader joined to messages with 5' ends located at coordinates at 29.1, 30.5, 33.9 and 42.8. The RNA transcript extending from 29.1--39.0 covers most or all of the viral associated (VA) RNA genes (29.0--30.1). The late RNAs can be grouped into several families of transcripts in which two or three mRNAs have the same 3' end and 3' proximal sequences, but differ substantially in length at the 5' end and, therefore, the coordinate at which the leader sequences are attached to the main body of the message. The number of RNA species transcribed from the Ad2 chromosome between coordinates 29 and 50 exceeds the number of identified Ad2 proteins. Several pairs of messages differing in length by a few percent may thus encode the same protein or have a precursor-product relationship. We have also found that a subpopulation of the polysomal mRNAs for the fiber protein, the most distal gene (86.3--91.2) in the rightward transcription unit, has a fourth leader component \"y\" (78.6--79.1) in addition to the common tripartite leader sequences. Less frequent fiber RNA species have fifth \"x\" (76.9--77.3) and/or sixth \"z\" (84.7--85.1) leader segments. Transcripts with x, y or z segments might be processing intermediates, and it is possible to arrange these species into an array suggestive of multiple pathways for the maturation of fiber mRNA. mRNA transcribed at late times from the L strand between coordinates 15.0 and 11.0 has a single component leader located 200 bases from the main body of the gene from coordinate 16.1 to 15.7. This leader originates from a site very close to the first leader component (16.5--16.6) of the R strand messages and suggests the presence of adjacent L and R strand promoters from which transcription diverges. Taken together, these results emphasize the diversity of splicing patterns and the variety of recombined sequences generated during the synthesis of late Ad2 mRNAs.", "contents": "The spliced structures of adenovirus 2 fiber message and the other late mRNAs. All late adenovirus 2 messenger RNAs, except perhaps that for peptide IX, are composite molecules with sequences derived from at least two to five or more separate portions of the genome, as determined by electron microscopic analyses of polysomal RNA hybridized to single- or double-stranded DNA. We previously reported that eight different rightward-transcribed mRNAs contain, at their 5' ends, a common three-part leader sequence derived from coordinates 16.6, 19.6 and 26.6, and that a ninth mRNA consists of sequences from 4.6--6.1 linked directly to those from 9.7--11.0 (Chow et al., 1977a; revised coordinates). We now demonstrate that four additional RNA species also have the same tripartite leader joined to messages with 5' ends located at coordinates at 29.1, 30.5, 33.9 and 42.8. The RNA transcript extending from 29.1--39.0 covers most or all of the viral associated (VA) RNA genes (29.0--30.1). The late RNAs can be grouped into several families of transcripts in which two or three mRNAs have the same 3' end and 3' proximal sequences, but differ substantially in length at the 5' end and, therefore, the coordinate at which the leader sequences are attached to the main body of the message. The number of RNA species transcribed from the Ad2 chromosome between coordinates 29 and 50 exceeds the number of identified Ad2 proteins. Several pairs of messages differing in length by a few percent may thus encode the same protein or have a precursor-product relationship. We have also found that a subpopulation of the polysomal mRNAs for the fiber protein, the most distal gene (86.3--91.2) in the rightward transcription unit, has a fourth leader component \"y\" (78.6--79.1) in addition to the common tripartite leader sequences. Less frequent fiber RNA species have fifth \"x\" (76.9--77.3) and/or sixth \"z\" (84.7--85.1) leader segments. Transcripts with x, y or z segments might be processing intermediates, and it is possible to arrange these species into an array suggestive of multiple pathways for the maturation of fiber mRNA. mRNA transcribed at late times from the L strand between coordinates 15.0 and 11.0 has a single component leader located 200 bases from the main body of the gene from coordinate 16.1 to 15.7. This leader originates from a site very close to the first leader component (16.5--16.6) of the R strand messages and suggests the presence of adjacent L and R strand promoters from which transcription diverges. Taken together, these results emphasize the diversity of splicing patterns and the variety of recombined sequences generated during the synthesis of late Ad2 mRNAs.", "PMID": 719751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8147", "title": "Template-determined, variable rate of RNA chain elongation.", "content": "Q beta replicase polymerizes MDV-1 RNA at a markedly variable rate. Electrophoretic analyses of partially synthesized strands showed that a few of the elongation intermediates are much more abundant than others, reflecting a variable rate of chain elongation. Our data suggest that at a relatively small number of specific sites in the sequence of this RNA, the progress of the replicase is temporarily interrupted, and then resumes spontaneously, with a finite probability. Since the time spent between these pause sites is negligible compared with the time spent at pause sites, the mean time of chain elongation is well approximated by the sum of the mean times spent at each pause site. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the most prominent elongation intermediates indicated that they all have the potential to form a 3' terminal hairpin structure. This suggests that the marked variability in the rate of chain elongation is due to the formation of terminal hairpins in the product strand, or the reformation of hairpins in the template strand. A survey of the literature shows that this phenomenon occurs with most, if not all, nucleic acid polymerases. Structure-induced pauses may play a role in the regulation of nucleic acid synthesis.", "contents": "Template-determined, variable rate of RNA chain elongation. Q beta replicase polymerizes MDV-1 RNA at a markedly variable rate. Electrophoretic analyses of partially synthesized strands showed that a few of the elongation intermediates are much more abundant than others, reflecting a variable rate of chain elongation. Our data suggest that at a relatively small number of specific sites in the sequence of this RNA, the progress of the replicase is temporarily interrupted, and then resumes spontaneously, with a finite probability. Since the time spent between these pause sites is negligible compared with the time spent at pause sites, the mean time of chain elongation is well approximated by the sum of the mean times spent at each pause site. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the most prominent elongation intermediates indicated that they all have the potential to form a 3' terminal hairpin structure. This suggests that the marked variability in the rate of chain elongation is due to the formation of terminal hairpins in the product strand, or the reformation of hairpins in the template strand. A survey of the literature shows that this phenomenon occurs with most, if not all, nucleic acid polymerases. Structure-induced pauses may play a role in the regulation of nucleic acid synthesis.", "PMID": 719752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8148", "title": "Analysis of RNA initiated in isolated mouse myeloma nuclei using purine nucleoside 5'[gamma-S]triphosphates as affinity probes.", "content": "The purine ribonucleoside triphosphate analogues adenosine 5'[gamma-S]triphosphate and guanosine 5'[gamma-T]triphosphate were used as affinity probes for studying RNA chain initiation in isolated nuclei from the mouse myeloma 66.2 cell line. Transcripts initiated with either nucleotide analogue were isolated by affinity chromatography on a mercury-agarose affinity column. The binding was specific and dependent upon the inclusion of the sulfur nucleotide analogues in the in vitro synthetic reaction. Several lines of evidence indicate that the affinity-labeled RNA is initiated in vitro. First, the sulfur nucleotide is recovered in high yield as a single nucleoside 5'[gamma-S]triphosphate 2',3'-monophosphate product following alkaline hydrolysis of RNA bound to the affinity column. Second, authentic ribosomal 5S RNA is known to initiate with GTP; in vitro 5S RNA is bound to mercury-agarose only if [gamma-S]GTP is used as the affinity label in the synthesis, and not if [gamma-S]ATP is used. Under the conditions studied, nuclei incorporated 1.2--2.4 pmole of UMP per 10(6) nuclei per min, and the rate of synthesis was unaffected by substitution of the nucleotide analogues for the normal nucleotides. The percentage of the total RNA synthesized that was incorporated into sequences initiated in vitro was 7.8 +/- 1.5% with [gamma-S]ATP and 9.6 +/- 6.4% with [gamma-S]GTP. The size of the total RNA synthesized, determined by sedimentation on sucrose density gradients containing dimethylsulfoxide, ranged from less than 5S to 45S, and the size of the affinity-labeled sequences ranged from less than 5S to 28S. Approximately half of the incorporation into RNA initiated in vitro was sensitive to a concentration of alpha-amanitin which selectively inhibits polymerase II activity. Most of the remaining incorporation into initiated sequences can be abolished by concentrations of alpha-amanitin that are inhibitory for polymerase III activity. Over 70% of the total incorporation into ribosomal 5S RNA transcripts was into sequences initiated in vitro. This initiation was catalyzed by polymerase III and was specific for GTP as the initiating nucleotide. The RNAase T1 fingerprint of the newly initiated 5S RNA indicates that this gene is accurately initiated and faithfully elongated in vitro. The use of these affinity label probes provides much greater sensitivity for studying the initiation of RNA in vitro.", "contents": "Analysis of RNA initiated in isolated mouse myeloma nuclei using purine nucleoside 5'[gamma-S]triphosphates as affinity probes. The purine ribonucleoside triphosphate analogues adenosine 5'[gamma-S]triphosphate and guanosine 5'[gamma-T]triphosphate were used as affinity probes for studying RNA chain initiation in isolated nuclei from the mouse myeloma 66.2 cell line. Transcripts initiated with either nucleotide analogue were isolated by affinity chromatography on a mercury-agarose affinity column. The binding was specific and dependent upon the inclusion of the sulfur nucleotide analogues in the in vitro synthetic reaction. Several lines of evidence indicate that the affinity-labeled RNA is initiated in vitro. First, the sulfur nucleotide is recovered in high yield as a single nucleoside 5'[gamma-S]triphosphate 2',3'-monophosphate product following alkaline hydrolysis of RNA bound to the affinity column. Second, authentic ribosomal 5S RNA is known to initiate with GTP; in vitro 5S RNA is bound to mercury-agarose only if [gamma-S]GTP is used as the affinity label in the synthesis, and not if [gamma-S]ATP is used. Under the conditions studied, nuclei incorporated 1.2--2.4 pmole of UMP per 10(6) nuclei per min, and the rate of synthesis was unaffected by substitution of the nucleotide analogues for the normal nucleotides. The percentage of the total RNA synthesized that was incorporated into sequences initiated in vitro was 7.8 +/- 1.5% with [gamma-S]ATP and 9.6 +/- 6.4% with [gamma-S]GTP. The size of the total RNA synthesized, determined by sedimentation on sucrose density gradients containing dimethylsulfoxide, ranged from less than 5S to 45S, and the size of the affinity-labeled sequences ranged from less than 5S to 28S. Approximately half of the incorporation into RNA initiated in vitro was sensitive to a concentration of alpha-amanitin which selectively inhibits polymerase II activity. Most of the remaining incorporation into initiated sequences can be abolished by concentrations of alpha-amanitin that are inhibitory for polymerase III activity. Over 70% of the total incorporation into ribosomal 5S RNA transcripts was into sequences initiated in vitro. This initiation was catalyzed by polymerase III and was specific for GTP as the initiating nucleotide. The RNAase T1 fingerprint of the newly initiated 5S RNA indicates that this gene is accurately initiated and faithfully elongated in vitro. The use of these affinity label probes provides much greater sensitivity for studying the initiation of RNA in vitro.", "PMID": 719754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8149", "title": "Altered translatability of messenger RNA from suspended anchorage-dependent fibroblasts: reversal upon cell attachment to a surface.", "content": "Anchorage-dependent cells, when forced into suspension culture, display a repertoire of dramatic, coordinated regulatory phenomena. Message production promptly decreases 5 gold but the cells maintain a constant amount of poly(A)+ by means of a concomitant stabilization of mRNA against decay. Protein synthesis shuts down much later and the mRNA is stored in a nonfunctioning state. In this study, the inactive mRNA is extracted from suspended cells and shown to have aberrant translation properties. Well defined polypeptides are apparently no longer synthesized when this mRNA directs protein formation in either reticulocyte or wheat germ-derived heterologous translation systems. Rather, shortened peptides are formed by this mRNA and these become smaller as mRNA is used from cells suspended for longer periods of time. Very few focused spots are formed when the aberrant polypeptides are analyzed in two-dimensional electrophoresis. The sedimentation properties of suspended cell mRNA and the size of poly(A) are unchanged from control monolayer cells. Cross-hybridization of cDNA transcribed from a control cell message population with suspended cell mRNA shows that all sequences are present in normal concentrations. While most identifiable spots disappear from the two-dimensional gel electropherograms of the protein products produced by suspended cell mRNA, a few polypeptides are still synthesized in relatively normal amounts. Conserved polypeptides are found in products of both the reticulocyte and wheat germ systems, but they are different products in each case. The lesion in the suspended cell mRNA does not seem to be at the 5' termini, since synthesis of the shortened peptides is fully sensitive to inhibition of pm7G. Cells that contain extensively modified message can resume protein synthesis when allowed to reattach to a solid substrate. There is an apparent remodification of mRNA to normal translatability within a few hours of cell reattachment, since mRNA from recovering cells quickly resumes directing relatively normal patterns of polypeptide synthesis in vitro. The restoration of normal message function occurs even when new message formation is blocked with actinomycin. Cells recovering after reattachment synthesize supranormal amounts of a few major proteins involved with cell structure, as shown in these studies by an increased amount of translatable sequences which encode these proteins. The most apparent enhanced message is that coding for actin. mRNA from recovering cells produces in vitro several times more actin relative to other proteins than does control cell mRNA. The enhancement of actin mRNA is not seen in the message population of cells that reattach in the presence of actinomycin. The results suggest a morphologically related induction of gene expression.", "contents": "Altered translatability of messenger RNA from suspended anchorage-dependent fibroblasts: reversal upon cell attachment to a surface. Anchorage-dependent cells, when forced into suspension culture, display a repertoire of dramatic, coordinated regulatory phenomena. Message production promptly decreases 5 gold but the cells maintain a constant amount of poly(A)+ by means of a concomitant stabilization of mRNA against decay. Protein synthesis shuts down much later and the mRNA is stored in a nonfunctioning state. In this study, the inactive mRNA is extracted from suspended cells and shown to have aberrant translation properties. Well defined polypeptides are apparently no longer synthesized when this mRNA directs protein formation in either reticulocyte or wheat germ-derived heterologous translation systems. Rather, shortened peptides are formed by this mRNA and these become smaller as mRNA is used from cells suspended for longer periods of time. Very few focused spots are formed when the aberrant polypeptides are analyzed in two-dimensional electrophoresis. The sedimentation properties of suspended cell mRNA and the size of poly(A) are unchanged from control monolayer cells. Cross-hybridization of cDNA transcribed from a control cell message population with suspended cell mRNA shows that all sequences are present in normal concentrations. While most identifiable spots disappear from the two-dimensional gel electropherograms of the protein products produced by suspended cell mRNA, a few polypeptides are still synthesized in relatively normal amounts. Conserved polypeptides are found in products of both the reticulocyte and wheat germ systems, but they are different products in each case. The lesion in the suspended cell mRNA does not seem to be at the 5' termini, since synthesis of the shortened peptides is fully sensitive to inhibition of pm7G. Cells that contain extensively modified message can resume protein synthesis when allowed to reattach to a solid substrate. There is an apparent remodification of mRNA to normal translatability within a few hours of cell reattachment, since mRNA from recovering cells quickly resumes directing relatively normal patterns of polypeptide synthesis in vitro. The restoration of normal message function occurs even when new message formation is blocked with actinomycin. Cells recovering after reattachment synthesize supranormal amounts of a few major proteins involved with cell structure, as shown in these studies by an increased amount of translatable sequences which encode these proteins. The most apparent enhanced message is that coding for actin. mRNA from recovering cells produces in vitro several times more actin relative to other proteins than does control cell mRNA. The enhancement of actin mRNA is not seen in the message population of cells that reattach in the presence of actinomycin. The results suggest a morphologically related induction of gene expression.", "PMID": 719755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8150", "title": "Evolutionary change in the repetition frequency of sea urchin DNA sequences.", "content": "The frequency of occurrence of particular repetitive sequence families has been estimated in the DNA of the three sea urchin species Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Strongylocentrotus franciscanus and Lytechinus pictus using individual cloned S. purpuratus repetitive sequence elements. Cloned repetitive sequence elements as described by Scheller et al. (1977a) were prepared by reassociation of S. purpuratus DNA fragments to repetitive Cot, digestion with single-strand-specific nuclease S1 and ligation of synthetic restriction sites to their ends. The sequences were cloned by insertion at the Eco RI site of plasmid RSF2124, labeled, strand-separated and reassociated with 800--900 nucleotide long unlabeled DNA. Both kinetic (genomic DNA excess) and saturation (cloned DNA excess) estimates of frequencies were made. For nine cloned fragments, the ratio of the repetition frequency in S. purpuratus DNA to that in S. franciscanus DNA ranges from about 20 to about 1. In the four cases examined, only a few copies were detected in the DNA of L. pictus. Estimates have also been made of frequency changes in many repetitive families by measuring the reassociation of labeled repetitive DNA fractions of each species with total DNA from other species. In each reciprocal comparison, the labeled repetitive sequences reassociate more slowly with DNA of other species than with DNA of the species from which they were prepared. Thus it appears that the dominant repetitive sequence families in the DNA of each species are present at lower frequencies in the DNA of closely related species. Measurements of thermal stability have been made of S. purpuratus cloned repetitive sequences reassociated with S. franciscanus DNA or S. purpuratus DNA. Most families have changed both in frequency and sequence, although some have changed little in sequence but show great changes in frequency.", "contents": "Evolutionary change in the repetition frequency of sea urchin DNA sequences. The frequency of occurrence of particular repetitive sequence families has been estimated in the DNA of the three sea urchin species Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Strongylocentrotus franciscanus and Lytechinus pictus using individual cloned S. purpuratus repetitive sequence elements. Cloned repetitive sequence elements as described by Scheller et al. (1977a) were prepared by reassociation of S. purpuratus DNA fragments to repetitive Cot, digestion with single-strand-specific nuclease S1 and ligation of synthetic restriction sites to their ends. The sequences were cloned by insertion at the Eco RI site of plasmid RSF2124, labeled, strand-separated and reassociated with 800--900 nucleotide long unlabeled DNA. Both kinetic (genomic DNA excess) and saturation (cloned DNA excess) estimates of frequencies were made. For nine cloned fragments, the ratio of the repetition frequency in S. purpuratus DNA to that in S. franciscanus DNA ranges from about 20 to about 1. In the four cases examined, only a few copies were detected in the DNA of L. pictus. Estimates have also been made of frequency changes in many repetitive families by measuring the reassociation of labeled repetitive DNA fractions of each species with total DNA from other species. In each reciprocal comparison, the labeled repetitive sequences reassociate more slowly with DNA of other species than with DNA of the species from which they were prepared. Thus it appears that the dominant repetitive sequence families in the DNA of each species are present at lower frequencies in the DNA of closely related species. Measurements of thermal stability have been made of S. purpuratus cloned repetitive sequences reassociated with S. franciscanus DNA or S. purpuratus DNA. Most families have changed both in frequency and sequence, although some have changed little in sequence but show great changes in frequency.", "PMID": 719756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8151", "title": "Transcription of structural and intervening sequences in the ovalbumin gene and identification of potential ovalbumin mRNA precursors.", "content": "Structural sequences that are extensively separated by nonstructural intervening sequences in the natural ovalbumin gene are coordinately expressed in target and nontarget tissue. The intervening sequences, which consist of unique sequences in the chick genome, are transcribed in their entirety. The amount of nuclear RNA corresponding to these sequences, however, is approximately 10 times less than that observed for structural sequences. The accumulation of RNA corresponding to structural and intervening sequences during acute estrogen stimulation suggests either that there are different rates of transcription for these regions of the ovalbumin gene or that RNA sequences corresponding to the intervening sequences are preferentially processed and degraded. Comparison of the in vitro expression of portions of the ovalbumin gene in nuclei isolated from chronically stimulated oviducts indicates that both structural and intervening sequences are preferentially transcribed in vitro at rates approximately 500 times greater than expected for random transcription of the haploid chick genome. In addition, electrophoresis of oviduct nuclear RNA on agarose gels containing methylmercury hydroxide reveals multiple species of RNA that are from 1.3 to over 4 times larger than ovalbumin mRNA and hybridize to both structural and intervening sequences of the ovalbumin gene. These results are consistent with transcription of the entire ovalbumin gene into a large precursor molecule followed by excision of the intervening sequences and appropriate ligation of the structural sequences to form the mature mRNA.", "contents": "Transcription of structural and intervening sequences in the ovalbumin gene and identification of potential ovalbumin mRNA precursors. Structural sequences that are extensively separated by nonstructural intervening sequences in the natural ovalbumin gene are coordinately expressed in target and nontarget tissue. The intervening sequences, which consist of unique sequences in the chick genome, are transcribed in their entirety. The amount of nuclear RNA corresponding to these sequences, however, is approximately 10 times less than that observed for structural sequences. The accumulation of RNA corresponding to structural and intervening sequences during acute estrogen stimulation suggests either that there are different rates of transcription for these regions of the ovalbumin gene or that RNA sequences corresponding to the intervening sequences are preferentially processed and degraded. Comparison of the in vitro expression of portions of the ovalbumin gene in nuclei isolated from chronically stimulated oviducts indicates that both structural and intervening sequences are preferentially transcribed in vitro at rates approximately 500 times greater than expected for random transcription of the haploid chick genome. In addition, electrophoresis of oviduct nuclear RNA on agarose gels containing methylmercury hydroxide reveals multiple species of RNA that are from 1.3 to over 4 times larger than ovalbumin mRNA and hybridize to both structural and intervening sequences of the ovalbumin gene. These results are consistent with transcription of the entire ovalbumin gene into a large precursor molecule followed by excision of the intervening sequences and appropriate ligation of the structural sequences to form the mature mRNA.", "PMID": 719758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8152", "title": "The isolation of structural genes from libraries of eucaryotic DNA.", "content": "We present a procedure for eucaryotic structural gene isolation which involves the construction and screening of cloned libraries of genomic DNA. Large random DNA fragments are joined to phage lambda vectors by using synthetic DNA linkers. The recombinant molecules are packaged into viable phage particles in vitro and amplified to establish a permanent library. We isolated structural genes together with their associated sequences from three libraries constructed from Drosophila, silkmoth and rabbit genomic DNA. In particular, we obtained a large number of phage recombinants bearing the chorion gene sequence from the silkmoth library and several independent clones of beta-globin genes from the rabbit library. Restriction mapping and hybridization studies reveal the presence of closely linked beta-globin genes.", "contents": "The isolation of structural genes from libraries of eucaryotic DNA. We present a procedure for eucaryotic structural gene isolation which involves the construction and screening of cloned libraries of genomic DNA. Large random DNA fragments are joined to phage lambda vectors by using synthetic DNA linkers. The recombinant molecules are packaged into viable phage particles in vitro and amplified to establish a permanent library. We isolated structural genes together with their associated sequences from three libraries constructed from Drosophila, silkmoth and rabbit genomic DNA. In particular, we obtained a large number of phage recombinants bearing the chorion gene sequence from the silkmoth library and several independent clones of beta-globin genes from the rabbit library. Restriction mapping and hybridization studies reveal the presence of closely linked beta-globin genes.", "PMID": 719759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8153", "title": "Chloroplast membrane biogenesis in Chlamydomonas: correlation between the formation of membrane components and membrane structure.", "content": "The y-1 mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardi, when allowed to green in the presence of chloramphenicol (CAP), an inhibitor of protein synthesis on 70s ribosomes, form photosynthetic membranes which contain somewhat less chlorophyll than those of cells greened in the absence of the drug. Photosystem I and II activities are drastically reduced in the CAP-greened cells, and specific alterations in the polypeptide composition of the thylakoid membranes are also observed. We have examined the internal structure of the thylakoid membranes from cells greened in the presence and absence of CAP, and have found that the large particles observed on the exoplasmic fracture face (EF) are substantially reduced in size and number in the CAP-greened cells. This structural defect seems related to the absence of significant photo-system activities in the CAP-greened cells, despite the presence of most major membrane polypeptides. We suggest that CAP treatment results in a failure of the cell to organize functional reaction complexes, and is structurally reflected in the absence of large (EF) particles in such membranes. This defect can be repaired by allowing the affected cells to re-green in the absence of the drug, and the large particles reappear, paralleling an increase in photosynthetic activity.", "contents": "Chloroplast membrane biogenesis in Chlamydomonas: correlation between the formation of membrane components and membrane structure. The y-1 mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardi, when allowed to green in the presence of chloramphenicol (CAP), an inhibitor of protein synthesis on 70s ribosomes, form photosynthetic membranes which contain somewhat less chlorophyll than those of cells greened in the absence of the drug. Photosystem I and II activities are drastically reduced in the CAP-greened cells, and specific alterations in the polypeptide composition of the thylakoid membranes are also observed. We have examined the internal structure of the thylakoid membranes from cells greened in the presence and absence of CAP, and have found that the large particles observed on the exoplasmic fracture face (EF) are substantially reduced in size and number in the CAP-greened cells. This structural defect seems related to the absence of significant photo-system activities in the CAP-greened cells, despite the presence of most major membrane polypeptides. We suggest that CAP treatment results in a failure of the cell to organize functional reaction complexes, and is structurally reflected in the absence of large (EF) particles in such membranes. This defect can be repaired by allowing the affected cells to re-green in the absence of the drug, and the large particles reappear, paralleling an increase in photosynthetic activity.", "PMID": 719771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8154", "title": "Cellular resistance to fluoride.", "content": "Cells cultured in vitro can be adapted to grow in the presence of high concentrations of fluoride by stepwise increasing the fluoride concentration in the culture medium. Such cells seem to have the ability to exclude fluoride from intracellular compartments.", "contents": "Cellular resistance to fluoride. Cells cultured in vitro can be adapted to grow in the presence of high concentrations of fluoride by stepwise increasing the fluoride concentration in the culture medium. Such cells seem to have the ability to exclude fluoride from intracellular compartments.", "PMID": 719772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8155", "title": "Short duration of the mitotic and endomitotic cell cycle in the heterochromatin-rich monocot Allium carinatum.", "content": "Fraction labeled mitoses curves and caffeine-induced binucleate cell populations, respectively, were used to determine the duration of the mitotic and endomitotic cycle in roots of Allium carinatum, a leak with a 2C DNA content of 22.4 pg and a high proportion of heterochromatin. The mitotic cycle lasts, on an average, 8.1 h, the endomitotic one 7.5 h. These relatively short times (with respect to the nuclear DNA content) are discussed in the view of a possible role of heterochromatin in shortening cell cycle duration and possible advantage of the endomitotic cycle for rapid cell and tissue growth.", "contents": "Short duration of the mitotic and endomitotic cell cycle in the heterochromatin-rich monocot Allium carinatum. Fraction labeled mitoses curves and caffeine-induced binucleate cell populations, respectively, were used to determine the duration of the mitotic and endomitotic cycle in roots of Allium carinatum, a leak with a 2C DNA content of 22.4 pg and a high proportion of heterochromatin. The mitotic cycle lasts, on an average, 8.1 h, the endomitotic one 7.5 h. These relatively short times (with respect to the nuclear DNA content) are discussed in the view of a possible role of heterochromatin in shortening cell cycle duration and possible advantage of the endomitotic cycle for rapid cell and tissue growth.", "PMID": 719774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8156", "title": "Partial purification of centrioles from spleen cells.", "content": "Isolation of a fraction enriched with centrioles from bovine spleen cells is described. The method involves preparation of a nuclear-centriolar complex and detachment of centrioles from the complex by mechanical treatment in a homogenizer. Purification of centrioles was achieved by centrifugation through a sucrose concentration gradient after treatment by ultrasound, DNase I and Triton X-100. The resulting centrioles retain their in situ ultrastructure.", "contents": "Partial purification of centrioles from spleen cells. Isolation of a fraction enriched with centrioles from bovine spleen cells is described. The method involves preparation of a nuclear-centriolar complex and detachment of centrioles from the complex by mechanical treatment in a homogenizer. Purification of centrioles was achieved by centrifugation through a sucrose concentration gradient after treatment by ultrasound, DNase I and Triton X-100. The resulting centrioles retain their in situ ultrastructure.", "PMID": 719775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8157", "title": "Binding of the chemical carcinogen N-hydroxy-acetyl-aminofluorene to ploidy classes of rat liver nuclei as separated by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity.", "content": "A large sedimentation device was developed that allows separation of 5 X 10(8) rat liver nuclei by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity. Using the apparatus isolated rat liver nuclei were separated into classes of diploid stromal (Von Kuppfer, sinusoidal lining) nuclei, diploid parenchymal nuclei and tetraploid parenchymal nuclei respectively. DNA content and volume of the nuclei were measured. Diploid nuclei were 100% pure; tetraploid nuclei 98%. The in vivo binding of the liver carcinogen [3H]-N-hydroxy-AAF to these classes of nuclei was determined (total binding to protein, DNA and RNA). Binding and the subsequent removal of the fluorene derivatives was registered as a function of time. At all stages diploid stromal nuclei bound 2.6--5 times less carcinogen than did diploid parenchymal nuclei. Tetraploid parenchymal nuclei bound more than twice (2.3--3.95) the amount, that was present in their diploid counterpart. This effect became more pronounced 11 days after application of N-hydroxy-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene. DNA was enzymatically purified from pooled classes of the various nuclear types. For purified DNA also it was found that DNA derived from diploid stromal nuclei bound 2.6--2.8 times less carcinogen than did DNA derived from diploid parenchymal nuclei.", "contents": "Binding of the chemical carcinogen N-hydroxy-acetyl-aminofluorene to ploidy classes of rat liver nuclei as separated by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity. A large sedimentation device was developed that allows separation of 5 X 10(8) rat liver nuclei by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity. Using the apparatus isolated rat liver nuclei were separated into classes of diploid stromal (Von Kuppfer, sinusoidal lining) nuclei, diploid parenchymal nuclei and tetraploid parenchymal nuclei respectively. DNA content and volume of the nuclei were measured. Diploid nuclei were 100% pure; tetraploid nuclei 98%. The in vivo binding of the liver carcinogen [3H]-N-hydroxy-AAF to these classes of nuclei was determined (total binding to protein, DNA and RNA). Binding and the subsequent removal of the fluorene derivatives was registered as a function of time. At all stages diploid stromal nuclei bound 2.6--5 times less carcinogen than did diploid parenchymal nuclei. Tetraploid parenchymal nuclei bound more than twice (2.3--3.95) the amount, that was present in their diploid counterpart. This effect became more pronounced 11 days after application of N-hydroxy-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene. DNA was enzymatically purified from pooled classes of the various nuclear types. For purified DNA also it was found that DNA derived from diploid stromal nuclei bound 2.6--2.8 times less carcinogen than did DNA derived from diploid parenchymal nuclei.", "PMID": 719811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8158", "title": "Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on lipid profiles in tissue of the Fischer rat.", "content": "Female Fischer 344 rats were given single oral doses of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 10, 50 or 100 microgram/kg, and sacrificed 1, 3, 10, 14 or 21 days later. The fatty livers caused by a sub-lethal dose of TCDD involved a temporary increase in triglyceride and free fatty acid levels, with a persistent decrease in levels of sterol esters. In contrast, the fatty livers resulting from a lethal dose of TCDD involved a large increase in cholesterol esters and free fatty acids, with little change in triglyceride levels. These changes appeared to result in part from damage sustained by lysosomes. TCDD also altered the lipoprotein composition of the serum, the fatty acid composition of various lipid classes in liver and serum, and the ultrastructure of the liver (formation of myeloid bodies). A rapid, dose-dependent effect of TCDD, was the elevation of levels of organic-soluble fluorescent pigment in the heart. This pigment was found to match a previously characterized fraction of lipofuscins in fluorescence spectrum and chromatographic properties. The relatioship of these observations to a possible mechanism of toxicity for TCDD involving radical-induced lipid peroxidation is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on lipid profiles in tissue of the Fischer rat. Female Fischer 344 rats were given single oral doses of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 10, 50 or 100 microgram/kg, and sacrificed 1, 3, 10, 14 or 21 days later. The fatty livers caused by a sub-lethal dose of TCDD involved a temporary increase in triglyceride and free fatty acid levels, with a persistent decrease in levels of sterol esters. In contrast, the fatty livers resulting from a lethal dose of TCDD involved a large increase in cholesterol esters and free fatty acids, with little change in triglyceride levels. These changes appeared to result in part from damage sustained by lysosomes. TCDD also altered the lipoprotein composition of the serum, the fatty acid composition of various lipid classes in liver and serum, and the ultrastructure of the liver (formation of myeloid bodies). A rapid, dose-dependent effect of TCDD, was the elevation of levels of organic-soluble fluorescent pigment in the heart. This pigment was found to match a previously characterized fraction of lipofuscins in fluorescence spectrum and chromatographic properties. The relatioship of these observations to a possible mechanism of toxicity for TCDD involving radical-induced lipid peroxidation is discussed.", "PMID": 719812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8159", "title": "Biochemical basis for the acquisition of resistance to benzo[a]pyrene in clones of mouse liver cells in culture.", "content": "In a Namru mouse liver epithelial cell strain designated NMuLi, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity peaked at 12 h post-induction with 1 microgram/ml of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) in both confluent and growing cells. Maximal levels of AHH activity were reached on day two post-plating. This induced activity was inhibited in vitro 78% by gassing the incubation mixture with carbon monoxide for 15 s, and inhibited 93% by addition of 40 microgram/ml of 7,8 benzoflavone(BF). Induced AHH levels were higher in epithelial clones that were sensitive to the toxicity of BaP than in resistant clones. The survival fraction of clones from NMuLi and of subclones derived from a sensitive clone of NMuLi after BaP treatment was a negative exponential function of the maximal induced AHH activity in the clones. One of the clones, NMuLi cl 8, was extremely susceptible to the toxic effects of BaP, the +/-(trans)-7alpha, 8beta-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydro-BaP(7,8-diol), and the (+/-)-7alpha, 8beta-dihydroxy-9beta, 10beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-BaP (diol-epoxide), known metabolites of BaP. The toxicity of BaP and the 7,8 diol to this clone was inhibited by BF, suggesting that these cells possessed an enzyme activity inhibitable by BF that could epoxidize BaP to the 7,8 oxide and then epoxidize the resultant 7,8 diol to the diol-epoxide. Another clone derived from NMuLi, clone 7, was relatively resistant to the toxic effects of BaP and the 7,8-diol, but still extremely susceptible to the toxic effects of the diol-epoxide. The slight toxicity to BaP in this clone was inhibited by BF, but the toxicity of the 7,8-diol to this clone was not inhibited by BF. A typical cytochrome P450 inhibitor, metyrapone, had no effect on the toxicity of BaP, the 7,8-diol, or the diol-epoxide to either clone 7 or clone 8. The results suggest that these liver cells possess two enzymes that play some role in polycyclic hydrocarbon-induced toxicity. Enzyme A, a BaP-inducible enzyme that is inhibitable by BF, efficiently metabolizes BaP to the 7,8-diol and the 7,8-diol to the diol-epoxide. It is responsible for most of the hydrocarbon toxicity. Enzyme B is not inhibitable by BF and metabolizes the 7,8-diol less efficiently to the diol-epoxide or efficiently to other, less toxic products.", "contents": "Biochemical basis for the acquisition of resistance to benzo[a]pyrene in clones of mouse liver cells in culture. In a Namru mouse liver epithelial cell strain designated NMuLi, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity peaked at 12 h post-induction with 1 microgram/ml of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) in both confluent and growing cells. Maximal levels of AHH activity were reached on day two post-plating. This induced activity was inhibited in vitro 78% by gassing the incubation mixture with carbon monoxide for 15 s, and inhibited 93% by addition of 40 microgram/ml of 7,8 benzoflavone(BF). Induced AHH levels were higher in epithelial clones that were sensitive to the toxicity of BaP than in resistant clones. The survival fraction of clones from NMuLi and of subclones derived from a sensitive clone of NMuLi after BaP treatment was a negative exponential function of the maximal induced AHH activity in the clones. One of the clones, NMuLi cl 8, was extremely susceptible to the toxic effects of BaP, the +/-(trans)-7alpha, 8beta-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydro-BaP(7,8-diol), and the (+/-)-7alpha, 8beta-dihydroxy-9beta, 10beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-BaP (diol-epoxide), known metabolites of BaP. The toxicity of BaP and the 7,8 diol to this clone was inhibited by BF, suggesting that these cells possessed an enzyme activity inhibitable by BF that could epoxidize BaP to the 7,8 oxide and then epoxidize the resultant 7,8 diol to the diol-epoxide. Another clone derived from NMuLi, clone 7, was relatively resistant to the toxic effects of BaP and the 7,8-diol, but still extremely susceptible to the toxic effects of the diol-epoxide. The slight toxicity to BaP in this clone was inhibited by BF, but the toxicity of the 7,8-diol to this clone was not inhibited by BF. A typical cytochrome P450 inhibitor, metyrapone, had no effect on the toxicity of BaP, the 7,8-diol, or the diol-epoxide to either clone 7 or clone 8. The results suggest that these liver cells possess two enzymes that play some role in polycyclic hydrocarbon-induced toxicity. Enzyme A, a BaP-inducible enzyme that is inhibitable by BF, efficiently metabolizes BaP to the 7,8-diol and the 7,8-diol to the diol-epoxide. It is responsible for most of the hydrocarbon toxicity. Enzyme B is not inhibitable by BF and metabolizes the 7,8-diol less efficiently to the diol-epoxide or efficiently to other, less toxic products.", "PMID": 719813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8160", "title": "Comparison of in vivo and in vitro binding of polycyclic hydrocarbons to DNA.", "content": "The in vivo binding of [3H]benzo(a)pyrene (BP) and 3-[3H]methylcholanthrene (3MC) to liver and lung DNA was studied in A/J mice. Only in liver was there any reduction in total DNA-bound radioactivity between 4 h and 24 h after administration of the hydrocarbon. DNA was fractionated on Sephadex LH-20 after enzymatic digestion. A single deoxyribonucleoside-BP adduct was detected whereas two major 3MC-adducts were observed. Wtih both BP and 3MC, three additional peaks of radioactivity eluted rapidly in the lung DNA experiments while a fourth was noted with liver DNA. The nucleoside-bound adducts from lung represented a much larger proportion of the total radioactivity than with liver. In vitro analysis of 3MC binding to DNA showed the nucleoside-bound adducts to be predominantly deoxyguanosine-dependent but that the early peaks were independent of base suggesting binding to another part of the DNA molecule, perhaps phosphate, i.e, phosphotriesters.", "contents": "Comparison of in vivo and in vitro binding of polycyclic hydrocarbons to DNA. The in vivo binding of [3H]benzo(a)pyrene (BP) and 3-[3H]methylcholanthrene (3MC) to liver and lung DNA was studied in A/J mice. Only in liver was there any reduction in total DNA-bound radioactivity between 4 h and 24 h after administration of the hydrocarbon. DNA was fractionated on Sephadex LH-20 after enzymatic digestion. A single deoxyribonucleoside-BP adduct was detected whereas two major 3MC-adducts were observed. Wtih both BP and 3MC, three additional peaks of radioactivity eluted rapidly in the lung DNA experiments while a fourth was noted with liver DNA. The nucleoside-bound adducts from lung represented a much larger proportion of the total radioactivity than with liver. In vitro analysis of 3MC binding to DNA showed the nucleoside-bound adducts to be predominantly deoxyguanosine-dependent but that the early peaks were independent of base suggesting binding to another part of the DNA molecule, perhaps phosphate, i.e, phosphotriesters.", "PMID": 719814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8161", "title": "Metabolism of 35S-labelled copper-, zinc-and cadmium-thionein in the rat.", "content": "A comparative study has been made of the metabolism in the rat of intravenously-administered hepatic copper-, zinc- and cadmium-thioneins. In all cases the 35S-labelled protein was rapidly removed from the circulation. About 20% of the 35S was present in the kidneys after 30 min byt only small amounts of 35S were found in the liver, intestinal mucosa or pancreas. In the case of copper-thionein, 30% of the injected 35S was recovered in the urine within 2 h, mainly as intact copper-thionein. The 35S which appeared in the kidneys was also present initially as metallothionein but this was degraded very rapidly, especially when zinc-thionein was give. Both copper and cadmium from the injected proteins accumulated in the kidneys as metallothionein, but there was no increase in renal zinc concentrations in the rats dosed with zinc-thionein. These findings are discussed in relation to the development of renal damage in chronic cadmium and copper toxicity.", "contents": "Metabolism of 35S-labelled copper-, zinc-and cadmium-thionein in the rat. A comparative study has been made of the metabolism in the rat of intravenously-administered hepatic copper-, zinc- and cadmium-thioneins. In all cases the 35S-labelled protein was rapidly removed from the circulation. About 20% of the 35S was present in the kidneys after 30 min byt only small amounts of 35S were found in the liver, intestinal mucosa or pancreas. In the case of copper-thionein, 30% of the injected 35S was recovered in the urine within 2 h, mainly as intact copper-thionein. The 35S which appeared in the kidneys was also present initially as metallothionein but this was degraded very rapidly, especially when zinc-thionein was give. Both copper and cadmium from the injected proteins accumulated in the kidneys as metallothionein, but there was no increase in renal zinc concentrations in the rats dosed with zinc-thionein. These findings are discussed in relation to the development of renal damage in chronic cadmium and copper toxicity.", "PMID": 719815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8162", "title": "Evidence for alteration of the membrane-bound ribosomes in Micrococcus luteus cells exposed to lead.", "content": "Micrococcus luteus cell exposed to PB(NO3)2 contained cytosol ribosomal particles and disaggregated membranal ribosomal particles as determined by ultracentirifugation and spectral studies. Approx. 60% of the membrane ribosome fraction from lead exposed cells had a sedimentation value of 8.4S. Cytosol ribosomes from lead exposed cells as well as membranal and cytosol ribosomes from control cells were comparable by their contents of predominantly the 70S type with the 50S and 100S present in relatively small amounts. The lead content of the 8.4S component was more than 200 times higher than the components with higher sedimentation coefficients from lead exposed cells and approc. 650 times more than that of control cell ribosomes. The cells exposed to lead, however, showed no adverse effects from the lead in respect to their growth rates and cellular yields. These results indicate that lead is interacting only at specific sites of the membrane and is inducing events initiated only in strategic cellular regions. These data further substantiate that subtle changes do occur in lead exposed cells that show no obvious effects. It is assumed that these 'minor' alterations are, in toto, biologically significant.", "contents": "Evidence for alteration of the membrane-bound ribosomes in Micrococcus luteus cells exposed to lead. Micrococcus luteus cell exposed to PB(NO3)2 contained cytosol ribosomal particles and disaggregated membranal ribosomal particles as determined by ultracentirifugation and spectral studies. Approx. 60% of the membrane ribosome fraction from lead exposed cells had a sedimentation value of 8.4S. Cytosol ribosomes from lead exposed cells as well as membranal and cytosol ribosomes from control cells were comparable by their contents of predominantly the 70S type with the 50S and 100S present in relatively small amounts. The lead content of the 8.4S component was more than 200 times higher than the components with higher sedimentation coefficients from lead exposed cells and approc. 650 times more than that of control cell ribosomes. The cells exposed to lead, however, showed no adverse effects from the lead in respect to their growth rates and cellular yields. These results indicate that lead is interacting only at specific sites of the membrane and is inducing events initiated only in strategic cellular regions. These data further substantiate that subtle changes do occur in lead exposed cells that show no obvious effects. It is assumed that these 'minor' alterations are, in toto, biologically significant.", "PMID": 719816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8163", "title": "Monolayers of sterols and phosphatidylcholines containing a 20-carbon chain.", "content": "Pressure-area curves of monolayer films were measured for phosphatidylcholines (PC) in which the 1-position was occupied by palmitic acid and the 2-positions were occupied respectively by: 20 : 0,20 : 1n9, 20 : 2n6, 20 : 3n3, 20 :3n6, 20 :3n9, 20 :4n6 or 20 : 5n3 fatty acids. The interactions of these PC with cholesterol or desmosterol were studied. Fully saturated PC (16 : 0--20 : 0) displayed a relatively small molecular area. The presence of one double bond greatly increased the molecular area, but a second double bond resulted in only a small additional increase in area. A third double bond caused a further large expansion in area, but the presence of a fourth or fifth double bond had little additional effect. Condensation of molecular area was observed with all sterol/PC mixed films. Approximately equimolar mixtures of sterols and unsaturated PC condensed maximally, but 16 : 0--20 : 0 PC condensed most in mixtures containing 20--30 mol% of either sterol. The extent of condensation varied with surface pressure. The pressure at which maximum condensation occurred depended upon the structure of the PC and was always 20 dyn/cm or lower. The pressure at which maximum condensation with cholesterol occurred increased with increasing unsaturation of the PC.", "contents": "Monolayers of sterols and phosphatidylcholines containing a 20-carbon chain. Pressure-area curves of monolayer films were measured for phosphatidylcholines (PC) in which the 1-position was occupied by palmitic acid and the 2-positions were occupied respectively by: 20 : 0,20 : 1n9, 20 : 2n6, 20 : 3n3, 20 :3n6, 20 :3n9, 20 :4n6 or 20 : 5n3 fatty acids. The interactions of these PC with cholesterol or desmosterol were studied. Fully saturated PC (16 : 0--20 : 0) displayed a relatively small molecular area. The presence of one double bond greatly increased the molecular area, but a second double bond resulted in only a small additional increase in area. A third double bond caused a further large expansion in area, but the presence of a fourth or fifth double bond had little additional effect. Condensation of molecular area was observed with all sterol/PC mixed films. Approximately equimolar mixtures of sterols and unsaturated PC condensed maximally, but 16 : 0--20 : 0 PC condensed most in mixtures containing 20--30 mol% of either sterol. The extent of condensation varied with surface pressure. The pressure at which maximum condensation occurred depended upon the structure of the PC and was always 20 dyn/cm or lower. The pressure at which maximum condensation with cholesterol occurred increased with increasing unsaturation of the PC.", "PMID": 719817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8164", "title": "Temperature dependent ionic structure of phospholipid monolayers.", "content": "Radiotracer studies of calcium adsorption to dipalmitoylphosphatidyl-alkanolamine monolayers measured at various temperatures showed that the binding constant of calcium increased with temperature up to around 30 degrees C but the decreased on exceeding this critical temperature. The temperature dependent ionic structure of ampholytic phospholipid monolayers are discussed.", "contents": "Temperature dependent ionic structure of phospholipid monolayers. Radiotracer studies of calcium adsorption to dipalmitoylphosphatidyl-alkanolamine monolayers measured at various temperatures showed that the binding constant of calcium increased with temperature up to around 30 degrees C but the decreased on exceeding this critical temperature. The temperature dependent ionic structure of ampholytic phospholipid monolayers are discussed.", "PMID": 719818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8165", "title": "The solubilization of progesterone by mixed bile salt-phospholipid sols.", "content": "The solubility of progesterone was determined in several different bile salt-phospholipid mixtures, and it is concluded that: (1) The solubility in unconjugated bile salts is greater than in the conjugated analogues, and the solubility in deoxycholate solutions is twice that in cholate solutions. (2) Substitution of hydroxyl groups in the 11 and 21 positions of progesterone increases solubility, whilst substitution in the 17-position decreases solubility in bile salt solutions. (3) Progesterone solubility in mixed bile salt solutions is proportional to the mole ratio of the surfactant mixture. (4) Sodium deoxycholate (SDC)-phospholipid sols show no such linear solubilizing properties; a minimum occurring at a mole ratio of SDC to phospholipid of 1 : 4. (5) There is a break in the solubility curve of progesterone in lysophosphatidycholine (LPC)/phosphatidylcholine (PC) mixtures at a mole ratio of 65 : 35 coincident with maximum viscosity. (6) Introduction of SDC into LPC/PC mixtures results in decreased progesterone solubility.", "contents": "The solubilization of progesterone by mixed bile salt-phospholipid sols. The solubility of progesterone was determined in several different bile salt-phospholipid mixtures, and it is concluded that: (1) The solubility in unconjugated bile salts is greater than in the conjugated analogues, and the solubility in deoxycholate solutions is twice that in cholate solutions. (2) Substitution of hydroxyl groups in the 11 and 21 positions of progesterone increases solubility, whilst substitution in the 17-position decreases solubility in bile salt solutions. (3) Progesterone solubility in mixed bile salt solutions is proportional to the mole ratio of the surfactant mixture. (4) Sodium deoxycholate (SDC)-phospholipid sols show no such linear solubilizing properties; a minimum occurring at a mole ratio of SDC to phospholipid of 1 : 4. (5) There is a break in the solubility curve of progesterone in lysophosphatidycholine (LPC)/phosphatidylcholine (PC) mixtures at a mole ratio of 65 : 35 coincident with maximum viscosity. (6) Introduction of SDC into LPC/PC mixtures results in decreased progesterone solubility.", "PMID": 719819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8166", "title": "Differential scanning calorimetry studies of some analogs for the lipid component of biological membranes.", "content": "The melting behavior of members of newly synthesized series of rac-1,2-diglycerides with substituted phenyl groups or a benzyl group on the 3-position was investigated with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Solution crystallized samples had single melting temperatures, higher than those of the quenched or annealed specimens. Quenched samples exhibited polymorphic behavior; some melted and recrystallized during slow heating. This behavior is similar to that of lecithins and suggests that X-ray diffraction studies of the substituted diglycerides may be useful for understanding membrane structure and functions.", "contents": "Differential scanning calorimetry studies of some analogs for the lipid component of biological membranes. The melting behavior of members of newly synthesized series of rac-1,2-diglycerides with substituted phenyl groups or a benzyl group on the 3-position was investigated with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Solution crystallized samples had single melting temperatures, higher than those of the quenched or annealed specimens. Quenched samples exhibited polymorphic behavior; some melted and recrystallized during slow heating. This behavior is similar to that of lecithins and suggests that X-ray diffraction studies of the substituted diglycerides may be useful for understanding membrane structure and functions.", "PMID": 719820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8167", "title": "The effect of free fatty acids on the thermotropic phase transition of dimyristoyl glycerophosphocholine.", "content": "The effect of free fatty acids on the phase transition characteristics and fluidity of bilayers of dimyristoyl glycerophosphocholine were studied by pyrene eximer fluorescence and differential scanning calorimetry. High melting saturated fatty acids with chain lenghts of 12--18 carbon atoms raise the phase transition temperature and enhance the ability of pyrene to form clusters in the gel state while not affecting the fluidity of the membrane in the liquid crystal state. Low melting unsaturated fatty acids lower the phase transition temperature and decrease the ability of pyrene to form clusters in the gel state while not affecting the fluidity of the membrane in the liquid crystal state. The effects of the very long chain fatty acids, arachidic (C 20) and behenic (C 22) appears to be similar to those of cholesterol in that they cause a broadening of the phase transition with a lowering of the transition enthalpy but have little effect on the temperature at which the phase transition occurs.", "contents": "The effect of free fatty acids on the thermotropic phase transition of dimyristoyl glycerophosphocholine. The effect of free fatty acids on the phase transition characteristics and fluidity of bilayers of dimyristoyl glycerophosphocholine were studied by pyrene eximer fluorescence and differential scanning calorimetry. High melting saturated fatty acids with chain lenghts of 12--18 carbon atoms raise the phase transition temperature and enhance the ability of pyrene to form clusters in the gel state while not affecting the fluidity of the membrane in the liquid crystal state. Low melting unsaturated fatty acids lower the phase transition temperature and decrease the ability of pyrene to form clusters in the gel state while not affecting the fluidity of the membrane in the liquid crystal state. The effects of the very long chain fatty acids, arachidic (C 20) and behenic (C 22) appears to be similar to those of cholesterol in that they cause a broadening of the phase transition with a lowering of the transition enthalpy but have little effect on the temperature at which the phase transition occurs.", "PMID": 719821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8168", "title": "Raman spectroscopic studies of biological membrane model systems: dietherlecithins.", "content": "Raman spectra are obtained for the multilayer dispersion of rac-1,2,dioctadec-9'-cis-enyl-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (dietherlecithin) in excess water. The CH stretching region was studied as a function of temperature and indicates that the multilayer dispersions undergo a liquid crystal to the gel phase transition at--21 +/- 4 degrees C.", "contents": "Raman spectroscopic studies of biological membrane model systems: dietherlecithins. Raman spectra are obtained for the multilayer dispersion of rac-1,2,dioctadec-9'-cis-enyl-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (dietherlecithin) in excess water. The CH stretching region was studied as a function of temperature and indicates that the multilayer dispersions undergo a liquid crystal to the gel phase transition at--21 +/- 4 degrees C.", "PMID": 719822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8169", "title": "The hydration of phospholipids and phospholipid-cholesterol complexes.", "content": "The hydration characteristics of phosphatidylcholines and the effect of cholesterol on these were studied with differential thermal analysis and water vapour adsorption experiments. Also the water adsorption of egg phosphatidylethanolamine and the effect of cholesterol on this was studied and compared with corresponding qualities of phosphatidylcholine. The differential thermal analysis study showed that the monohydrates of egg, dipalmitoyl, and dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine tightly bind approximately 9 molecules of water per phosphatidylcholine molecule. Cholesterol is proved to somewhat increase the water binding of the phospholipids. Cholesterol is also shown to decrease the heat change of the chain melting transition of dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine, but not to abolish it completely. The water adsorption experiments indicate that the hydration of phosphatidylcholines takes place in two steps; a strong initial water binding and a second phase of weak binding. The adsorption isotherm of egg phosphatidylethanolamine is strikingly different from that of egg phosphatidylcholine. Cholesterol is shown, also by this method, to increase the hydration of phospholipids especially that of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. The results in this study are in good agreement with those presented by many other authors. Starting with the accumulated information of the hydration characteristics of phosphatidylcholines the organization of the bound water around the polar group is discussed and the most probable model is evaluated.", "contents": "The hydration of phospholipids and phospholipid-cholesterol complexes. The hydration characteristics of phosphatidylcholines and the effect of cholesterol on these were studied with differential thermal analysis and water vapour adsorption experiments. Also the water adsorption of egg phosphatidylethanolamine and the effect of cholesterol on this was studied and compared with corresponding qualities of phosphatidylcholine. The differential thermal analysis study showed that the monohydrates of egg, dipalmitoyl, and dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine tightly bind approximately 9 molecules of water per phosphatidylcholine molecule. Cholesterol is proved to somewhat increase the water binding of the phospholipids. Cholesterol is also shown to decrease the heat change of the chain melting transition of dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine, but not to abolish it completely. The water adsorption experiments indicate that the hydration of phosphatidylcholines takes place in two steps; a strong initial water binding and a second phase of weak binding. The adsorption isotherm of egg phosphatidylethanolamine is strikingly different from that of egg phosphatidylcholine. Cholesterol is shown, also by this method, to increase the hydration of phospholipids especially that of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. The results in this study are in good agreement with those presented by many other authors. Starting with the accumulated information of the hydration characteristics of phosphatidylcholines the organization of the bound water around the polar group is discussed and the most probable model is evaluated.", "PMID": 719823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8170", "title": "[Animal study on radioactive antigenic fractions isolated from V.cholerae. I. The Ch 1 + 2 fraction].", "content": "The Ch 1 + 2 fraction has been marked by means of culture of Vibrio cholerae Ogawa HK1 on a synthetic medium containing leucine H3. The antigen distribution has been then studied before and after vaccination with the same non-marked antigen in normal and axenic mice, at the same time by the demonstration of radioactivity and radioimmunofluorescence in intestine, spleen, liver, kidney and thymus. Whichever the administration route, intestine and spleen are first stimulated, then more intensively with the second injection or ingestion. When administrated per os the fraction crosses the intestinal barrier and is fixed on the main lymphoid organs: intestine, spleen, thymus. After ingestion or injection into axenic mice, spleen is the first organ stimulated.", "contents": "[Animal study on radioactive antigenic fractions isolated from V.cholerae. I. The Ch 1 + 2 fraction]. The Ch 1 + 2 fraction has been marked by means of culture of Vibrio cholerae Ogawa HK1 on a synthetic medium containing leucine H3. The antigen distribution has been then studied before and after vaccination with the same non-marked antigen in normal and axenic mice, at the same time by the demonstration of radioactivity and radioimmunofluorescence in intestine, spleen, liver, kidney and thymus. Whichever the administration route, intestine and spleen are first stimulated, then more intensively with the second injection or ingestion. When administrated per os the fraction crosses the intestinal barrier and is fixed on the main lymphoid organs: intestine, spleen, thymus. After ingestion or injection into axenic mice, spleen is the first organ stimulated.", "PMID": 719845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8171", "title": "[Variation of helminthiasis incidence in Reunion as a function of different parameters].", "content": "Four years after Picot's experiments on parasitic diseases in R\u00e9union Island, and after a large sanitation campaign, the authors valued the effect of this campaign on parasitic incidence. They showed that it had significantly decreased. At the same time, they pointed out the leading part of water quality in parasitic incidence; particularly, they showed that there are twice less Ascaridiasis when water is bacteriologically and chemically safe.", "contents": "[Variation of helminthiasis incidence in Reunion as a function of different parameters]. Four years after Picot's experiments on parasitic diseases in R\u00e9union Island, and after a large sanitation campaign, the authors valued the effect of this campaign on parasitic incidence. They showed that it had significantly decreased. At the same time, they pointed out the leading part of water quality in parasitic incidence; particularly, they showed that there are twice less Ascaridiasis when water is bacteriologically and chemically safe.", "PMID": 719849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8172", "title": "On the biosynthesis of guanidinosuccinate.", "content": "We report a study motivated by a report that guanidinosuccinate is formed by transamidination from arginine to aspartate by perfused liver [J. Clin. Invest 57, 807 (1976)]. We prepared viable liver cells and incubated them with [14C]arginine labeled at the guanidino carbon and aspartate labeled at the methylene groups with tritium. A diacetyl-reacting band, similar to that reported with the perfusate in the above reference, was obtained by column chromatography. This band did not give a Sakaguchi reaction and contained no measurable tritium or 14C. Thus it did not derive from aspartate or arginine. On electrophoresis at pH 5.0, the diacetyl-reacting material moves to the cathode, guanidinosuccinate to the anode. The absorption spectrum of the diacetyl-reacting band showed a double peak, with maxima at 539 and 432 nm; guanidinosuccinate has only one maximum, at 533 nm. The diacetyl reagent reacts with sulfhydryl compounds and polypyrroles (e.g., bilirubin) to produce blue colors with significant absorbance in the 432-nm range. We saw no evidence for guanidinosuccinate formation by transamidination in these experiments with viable liver cells.", "contents": "On the biosynthesis of guanidinosuccinate. We report a study motivated by a report that guanidinosuccinate is formed by transamidination from arginine to aspartate by perfused liver [J. Clin. Invest 57, 807 (1976)]. We prepared viable liver cells and incubated them with [14C]arginine labeled at the guanidino carbon and aspartate labeled at the methylene groups with tritium. A diacetyl-reacting band, similar to that reported with the perfusate in the above reference, was obtained by column chromatography. This band did not give a Sakaguchi reaction and contained no measurable tritium or 14C. Thus it did not derive from aspartate or arginine. On electrophoresis at pH 5.0, the diacetyl-reacting material moves to the cathode, guanidinosuccinate to the anode. The absorption spectrum of the diacetyl-reacting band showed a double peak, with maxima at 539 and 432 nm; guanidinosuccinate has only one maximum, at 533 nm. The diacetyl reagent reacts with sulfhydryl compounds and polypyrroles (e.g., bilirubin) to produce blue colors with significant absorbance in the 432-nm range. We saw no evidence for guanidinosuccinate formation by transamidination in these experiments with viable liver cells.", "PMID": 719856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8173", "title": "[Use of Cetremide in the surgery of hydatid cysts].", "content": "The satisfactory treatment for hydatid disease is surgical removal of the cyst. The use of different chemical scolicide such as formalin, alcohol and hypertonic solution of NaCl intra-cavity are common. The purpose of this paper is to present the use of a new scolicide agent CETRIMIDE (cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide), first experimentally then in 7 patients with hydatid disease in different location. The special techniques described, no sign of toxicity or recurrence noticed. I have found this is a reliable method of preventing recurrences. No recurrence was found in our series after 2 years of follow-up.", "contents": "[Use of Cetremide in the surgery of hydatid cysts]. The satisfactory treatment for hydatid disease is surgical removal of the cyst. The use of different chemical scolicide such as formalin, alcohol and hypertonic solution of NaCl intra-cavity are common. The purpose of this paper is to present the use of a new scolicide agent CETRIMIDE (cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide), first experimentally then in 7 patients with hydatid disease in different location. The special techniques described, no sign of toxicity or recurrence noticed. I have found this is a reliable method of preventing recurrences. No recurrence was found in our series after 2 years of follow-up.", "PMID": 719851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8174", "title": "Automated development of a kinetic method for the continuous-flow determination of creatinine.", "content": "A \"stopped-flow\" method for the kinetic Jaff\u00e9 determination of creatinine was developed, with the use of a computer-controlled continuous-flow system. Simplex optimization was used to find conditions of hydroxide and picrate giving maximum sensitivity for creatinine. We used a modified central composite experimental design to evaluate creatinine sensitivity and albumin, glucose, and acetone interferences as functions of hydroxide and picrate concentrations. More importantly, this work illustrates that the automated development of clinical chemical methods offers an efficient means of obtaining optimized, well-understood analytical procedures for subsequent routine use in the clinical chemistry laboratory.", "contents": "Automated development of a kinetic method for the continuous-flow determination of creatinine. A \"stopped-flow\" method for the kinetic Jaff\u00e9 determination of creatinine was developed, with the use of a computer-controlled continuous-flow system. Simplex optimization was used to find conditions of hydroxide and picrate giving maximum sensitivity for creatinine. We used a modified central composite experimental design to evaluate creatinine sensitivity and albumin, glucose, and acetone interferences as functions of hydroxide and picrate concentrations. More importantly, this work illustrates that the automated development of clinical chemical methods offers an efficient means of obtaining optimized, well-understood analytical procedures for subsequent routine use in the clinical chemistry laboratory.", "PMID": 719857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8175", "title": "Similarities of human hydatid cyst fluid components and the host serum.", "content": "Nine lung hydatid cyst fluid of Echinococcus granulosus species from man were analysed by electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis and by biochemical tests. In addition respective sera of the host were analysed for comparison. Analysis revealed striking similarities in cellulose acetate and agarose gel electro- and immunoelectrophoretic patterns of proteins from hydatid cyst fluid and the serum of the respective hosts. It is presumed that serum proteins (albumin and globulins) occur in hydatid cyst fluid, but in smaller amount than in serum, an we believe that the host proteins can penetrate the membranes of the hydatid cyst.", "contents": "Similarities of human hydatid cyst fluid components and the host serum. Nine lung hydatid cyst fluid of Echinococcus granulosus species from man were analysed by electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis and by biochemical tests. In addition respective sera of the host were analysed for comparison. Analysis revealed striking similarities in cellulose acetate and agarose gel electro- and immunoelectrophoretic patterns of proteins from hydatid cyst fluid and the serum of the respective hosts. It is presumed that serum proteins (albumin and globulins) occur in hydatid cyst fluid, but in smaller amount than in serum, an we believe that the host proteins can penetrate the membranes of the hydatid cyst.", "PMID": 719852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8176", "title": "Evaluation of a new multichannel analyzer, \"Astra-8\".", "content": "We evaluated a new multiple-channel chemistry analyzer, the Beckman \"Astra-8,\" which is controlled by a microprocessor with 52K bytes of memory. The instrument we tested performed the following tests: Na, K, CO2, chloride, urea nitrogen, glucose, and creatinine. We compared the Astra-8 to a continuous-flow (SMA 6/60) and a discrete (Du Pont aca, urea nitrogen only) analyzer. The Astra-8 demonstrated excellent precision, linearity, accuracy, analytical recovery, lack of interference, ease of operation, and satisfactory comparison to values obtained by the comparison methods.", "contents": "Evaluation of a new multichannel analyzer, \"Astra-8\". We evaluated a new multiple-channel chemistry analyzer, the Beckman \"Astra-8,\" which is controlled by a microprocessor with 52K bytes of memory. The instrument we tested performed the following tests: Na, K, CO2, chloride, urea nitrogen, glucose, and creatinine. We compared the Astra-8 to a continuous-flow (SMA 6/60) and a discrete (Du Pont aca, urea nitrogen only) analyzer. The Astra-8 demonstrated excellent precision, linearity, accuracy, analytical recovery, lack of interference, ease of operation, and satisfactory comparison to values obtained by the comparison methods.", "PMID": 719858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8177", "title": "Developmental patterns of visually handicapped children.", "content": "This article reports a comparative study of the developmental patterns of blind, partially sighted and fully sighted children during the first few years of life. Using the (previous reported) Reynell-Zinkin developmental scale for visually handicapped children, the groups were compared in the five developmental areas of (a) social adaptation, (b) sensori-motor understanding, (c) exploration of environment, (d) verbal comprehension and (e) expressive language. It was found that 10 to 12 months was the age at which the sighted group began to outstrip the visually handicapped children in most of the developmental areas. This divergence increased until towards, the upper end of scale (4 to 5 years for the visually handicapped) when more abstract thought processes began to develop. The effect of visual handicap was also seen in the greater advantage of the partially sighted over the blind children. The patterns of development varied somewhat in the five different areas. The reasons for this are discussed. The findings point to the need for intensive help for visually handicapped children from the earliest months of life.", "contents": "Developmental patterns of visually handicapped children. This article reports a comparative study of the developmental patterns of blind, partially sighted and fully sighted children during the first few years of life. Using the (previous reported) Reynell-Zinkin developmental scale for visually handicapped children, the groups were compared in the five developmental areas of (a) social adaptation, (b) sensori-motor understanding, (c) exploration of environment, (d) verbal comprehension and (e) expressive language. It was found that 10 to 12 months was the age at which the sighted group began to outstrip the visually handicapped children in most of the developmental areas. This divergence increased until towards, the upper end of scale (4 to 5 years for the visually handicapped) when more abstract thought processes began to develop. The effect of visual handicap was also seen in the greater advantage of the partially sighted over the blind children. The patterns of development varied somewhat in the five different areas. The reasons for this are discussed. The findings point to the need for intensive help for visually handicapped children from the earliest months of life.", "PMID": 719853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8178", "title": "Improved liquid chromatographic determination of placental estriol in urine.", "content": "Placental estriol in urine can be determined, after enzymatic hydrolysis, by liquid chromatography. A single-step extraction technique results in rapid processing with minimal sample manipulation. Analytical recovery of estriol added to urine was 96 to 106%. Day-to-day precision (CV), established by 10 replicate analyses at a mean concentration of 15.9 mg of estriol per liter, was 3.7%.", "contents": "Improved liquid chromatographic determination of placental estriol in urine. Placental estriol in urine can be determined, after enzymatic hydrolysis, by liquid chromatography. A single-step extraction technique results in rapid processing with minimal sample manipulation. Analytical recovery of estriol added to urine was 96 to 106%. Day-to-day precision (CV), established by 10 replicate analyses at a mean concentration of 15.9 mg of estriol per liter, was 3.7%.", "PMID": 719859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8179", "title": "Interlaboratory comparison of results of erythrocyte protoporphyrin analysis.", "content": "Each of 65 laboratories analyzed 10 whole-blood samples for erythrocyte protoporphyrin by one or more of several analytical procedures. These procedures were of two types: (a) extraction of protoporphyrin from the erythrocytes into ethyl acetate/acetic acid, re-extraction into hydrochloric acid, and fluorometric measurement; or (b) direct reading in a portable fluorometer (hematofluorometer), with no pretreatment of the blood sample. Interlaboratory correlation was generally poor, especially between laboratories using extraction procedures. Hematofluorometric results intercorrelated better, but they had a low bias as compared to the extraction approach. Nationwide standardization of the test is required to assure satisfactory interlaboratory performance and to identify laboratories whose results are sufficiently accurate to be used for interpretations according to guidelines set forth by the Center for Disease Control for erythrocyte protoporphyrin testing.", "contents": "Interlaboratory comparison of results of erythrocyte protoporphyrin analysis. Each of 65 laboratories analyzed 10 whole-blood samples for erythrocyte protoporphyrin by one or more of several analytical procedures. These procedures were of two types: (a) extraction of protoporphyrin from the erythrocytes into ethyl acetate/acetic acid, re-extraction into hydrochloric acid, and fluorometric measurement; or (b) direct reading in a portable fluorometer (hematofluorometer), with no pretreatment of the blood sample. Interlaboratory correlation was generally poor, especially between laboratories using extraction procedures. Hematofluorometric results intercorrelated better, but they had a low bias as compared to the extraction approach. Nationwide standardization of the test is required to assure satisfactory interlaboratory performance and to identify laboratories whose results are sufficiently accurate to be used for interpretations according to guidelines set forth by the Center for Disease Control for erythrocyte protoporphyrin testing.", "PMID": 719860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8180", "title": "Occupational commitments and paternal deprivation.", "content": "In the post-war era the husband-father role has been enlarged to encompass active participation in family life. However, occupational commitments may inhibit active involvement in family life, particularly in the middle classes where work has traditionally been defined as salient. This article reports on an investigation of the consequences of heavy work commitments for father role performance and child development. This investigation, using the case study method, focussed on hospital medicine and the early child-rearing stage of the family life cycle. It was found that fathers felt themselves to be shadowy figures in the background of their children's lives and that mothers experienced single-handed responsibility for child-rearing as burdensome. Children have little experience of a father's companionship, and discipline and work pressures may be transmitted to them. A few children exhibited behaviour difficulties. Suggestions for further study are made.", "contents": "Occupational commitments and paternal deprivation. In the post-war era the husband-father role has been enlarged to encompass active participation in family life. However, occupational commitments may inhibit active involvement in family life, particularly in the middle classes where work has traditionally been defined as salient. This article reports on an investigation of the consequences of heavy work commitments for father role performance and child development. This investigation, using the case study method, focussed on hospital medicine and the early child-rearing stage of the family life cycle. It was found that fathers felt themselves to be shadowy figures in the background of their children's lives and that mothers experienced single-handed responsibility for child-rearing as burdensome. Children have little experience of a father's companionship, and discipline and work pressures may be transmitted to them. A few children exhibited behaviour difficulties. Suggestions for further study are made.", "PMID": 719854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8181", "title": "Considerations in the assessment of blind children who function as severely or profoundly retarded.", "content": "Unevenness in development of blind children who function as severely or profoundly retarded, particularly in language and communication, needs to be considered as a feature of the child's ability to learn rather than as characteristics of his retardation. Impact of blindness on early development, environment and previous opportunities for learning need to be considered as part of the assessment process as well as of education and treatment.", "contents": "Considerations in the assessment of blind children who function as severely or profoundly retarded. Unevenness in development of blind children who function as severely or profoundly retarded, particularly in language and communication, needs to be considered as a feature of the child's ability to learn rather than as characteristics of his retardation. Impact of blindness on early development, environment and previous opportunities for learning need to be considered as part of the assessment process as well as of education and treatment.", "PMID": 719855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8182", "title": "An enzymatic radioassay for gentamicin.", "content": "An enzymatic, radiochemical assay procedure for measuring serum gentamicin by use of gentamicin 3-acetyl-transferase and [acetyl-14C]acetyl-Coenzyme A is described and evaluated. The enzyme stoichiometrically and quantitatively transfers a radioactive label to the analyte during a 10-min incubation at 37 degrees C. The labeled gentamicin is then absorbed onto phosphocellulose paper discs, which are washed to remove unreacted [acetyl-14C]-acetyl-Coenzyme A and counted in a liquid scintillation counter for 1 min each. The assay detects gentamicin in concentrations as low as 0.2 mg/liter and gives a linear response to concentrations as high as 20 mg/liter. Sisomicin, a structural analog of gentamicin, is measured by the procedure, and tobramycin and netilmicin are slightly reactive. No other interferents were found among other aminoglycosides, other antibiotics, or substances endogenous to serum. Results by the new method are compared to those by radioimmunoassay and a microbiological method.", "contents": "An enzymatic radioassay for gentamicin. An enzymatic, radiochemical assay procedure for measuring serum gentamicin by use of gentamicin 3-acetyl-transferase and [acetyl-14C]acetyl-Coenzyme A is described and evaluated. The enzyme stoichiometrically and quantitatively transfers a radioactive label to the analyte during a 10-min incubation at 37 degrees C. The labeled gentamicin is then absorbed onto phosphocellulose paper discs, which are washed to remove unreacted [acetyl-14C]-acetyl-Coenzyme A and counted in a liquid scintillation counter for 1 min each. The assay detects gentamicin in concentrations as low as 0.2 mg/liter and gives a linear response to concentrations as high as 20 mg/liter. Sisomicin, a structural analog of gentamicin, is measured by the procedure, and tobramycin and netilmicin are slightly reactive. No other interferents were found among other aminoglycosides, other antibiotics, or substances endogenous to serum. Results by the new method are compared to those by radioimmunoassay and a microbiological method.", "PMID": 719861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8183", "title": "Atomic absorption spectrophotometry of chromium in serum and urine with a modified Perkin-Elmer 603 atomic absorption spectrophotometer.", "content": "Modification of a Perkin-Elmer 603 atomic absorption spectrophotometer by adding a high-intensity tungsten-halogen lamp for background correction significantly improved the detection limit for elements that have analytical wavelengths in the near-ultraviolet and visible regions. Chromium in human serum and urine can be measured, with a simplified sample-handling technique, in concentrations of less than 0.1 microgram/liter. For comparison, the mean value for chromium in the serum of eight men was 0.14 microgram/liter.", "contents": "Atomic absorption spectrophotometry of chromium in serum and urine with a modified Perkin-Elmer 603 atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Modification of a Perkin-Elmer 603 atomic absorption spectrophotometer by adding a high-intensity tungsten-halogen lamp for background correction significantly improved the detection limit for elements that have analytical wavelengths in the near-ultraviolet and visible regions. Chromium in human serum and urine can be measured, with a simplified sample-handling technique, in concentrations of less than 0.1 microgram/liter. For comparison, the mean value for chromium in the serum of eight men was 0.14 microgram/liter.", "PMID": 719862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8184", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for urinary lysozyme in human serum from leukemic patients.", "content": "We present a radioimmunoassay for lysozyme in human serum, based upon human lysozyme isolated from the urine of leukemic patients and antiserum prepared against this lysozyme in the goat. In the separation step, a second antibody is used. By properly adjusting the concentrations of unlabeled and 125I-labeled lysozyme and of the antibodies, maximal precision (SD, 0.04 mg/litre) was obtained in the range 0.00 to 2.00 mg/litre. In 20 normal volunteers the lysozyme concentration was 4.6 +/- 0.8 mg/litre (mean +/- SD), in 13 patients with monocytic leukemia 34.4 +/- 8.6 mg/litre. Correlation with lysoplate determinations was excellent in leukemic sera (r = 0.97) but was poor in normal sera (r = 0.35), possibly owing to the existence of isoenzymes.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for urinary lysozyme in human serum from leukemic patients. We present a radioimmunoassay for lysozyme in human serum, based upon human lysozyme isolated from the urine of leukemic patients and antiserum prepared against this lysozyme in the goat. In the separation step, a second antibody is used. By properly adjusting the concentrations of unlabeled and 125I-labeled lysozyme and of the antibodies, maximal precision (SD, 0.04 mg/litre) was obtained in the range 0.00 to 2.00 mg/litre. In 20 normal volunteers the lysozyme concentration was 4.6 +/- 0.8 mg/litre (mean +/- SD), in 13 patients with monocytic leukemia 34.4 +/- 8.6 mg/litre. Correlation with lysoplate determinations was excellent in leukemic sera (r = 0.97) but was poor in normal sera (r = 0.35), possibly owing to the existence of isoenzymes.", "PMID": 719863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8185", "title": "The 4-hydroxybenzoate/4-aminophenazone chromogenic system used in the enzymic determination of serum cholesterol.", "content": "A single reagent, containing cholesterol oxidase, cholesterol esterase, peroxidase, 4-hydroxybenzoate, and 4-aminophenazone, is used in determining serum cholesterol. Analysis time is 15 min, and the standard curve is linear to 6.0 g/liter. Analytical recovery of cholesterol was 100.1 +/- 0.4%. Within-run precision (CV) was less than or equal to 1.4 1.4%, between-run less than or equal to 4.8%. Comparison with results by a Liebermann Burchard method [Clin. Chim. Acta 5, 637 (1960)] gave a linear regression of y = 1.08x--0.05, with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.985. Comparison with the Roeschlau enzymic method [J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem, 12, 226 (1974)] gave y = 1.02x + 0.01 (r = 0.958). Comparison with the enzymic method of Allain et al. [Clin. Chem. 20, 470 (1974)] gave y = 1.01x--0.00 (r = 0.995). The following substances do not interfere up to the indicated concentrations (mg/liter): hemoglobin (5000), bilirubin (100), reduced glutathione (150), l-cysteine (400), urea (3000), creatinine (200), uric acid (200), d-glucose (10000), L-ascorbic acid (50), acetylsalicylic acid (500), L-DOPA (10), ergothioneine (1000), 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (20), and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (10). Stored in an amber-colored bottle, the working reagent is stable for three months at 2--8 degrees C and for three weeks at 25 degrees C.", "contents": "The 4-hydroxybenzoate/4-aminophenazone chromogenic system used in the enzymic determination of serum cholesterol. A single reagent, containing cholesterol oxidase, cholesterol esterase, peroxidase, 4-hydroxybenzoate, and 4-aminophenazone, is used in determining serum cholesterol. Analysis time is 15 min, and the standard curve is linear to 6.0 g/liter. Analytical recovery of cholesterol was 100.1 +/- 0.4%. Within-run precision (CV) was less than or equal to 1.4 1.4%, between-run less than or equal to 4.8%. Comparison with results by a Liebermann Burchard method [Clin. Chim. Acta 5, 637 (1960)] gave a linear regression of y = 1.08x--0.05, with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.985. Comparison with the Roeschlau enzymic method [J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem, 12, 226 (1974)] gave y = 1.02x + 0.01 (r = 0.958). Comparison with the enzymic method of Allain et al. [Clin. Chem. 20, 470 (1974)] gave y = 1.01x--0.00 (r = 0.995). The following substances do not interfere up to the indicated concentrations (mg/liter): hemoglobin (5000), bilirubin (100), reduced glutathione (150), l-cysteine (400), urea (3000), creatinine (200), uric acid (200), d-glucose (10000), L-ascorbic acid (50), acetylsalicylic acid (500), L-DOPA (10), ergothioneine (1000), 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (20), and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (10). Stored in an amber-colored bottle, the working reagent is stable for three months at 2--8 degrees C and for three weeks at 25 degrees C.", "PMID": 719864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8186", "title": "High-performance liquid chromatography of quinidine in plasma, with use of a microparticulate silica column.", "content": "We describe a routine method for determining plasma concentrations of quinidine by liquid chromatography. The procedure requires 1.0 ml of plasma (or serum) and involves internal standard addition, extraction with ether, and separation on a column of microparticulate silica. Day-to-day CV (15 days) was less than 5% and no deterioration in column performance has been observed during 12 months. Comparison with a fluorometric procedure gave a correlation coefficient of 0.995.", "contents": "High-performance liquid chromatography of quinidine in plasma, with use of a microparticulate silica column. We describe a routine method for determining plasma concentrations of quinidine by liquid chromatography. The procedure requires 1.0 ml of plasma (or serum) and involves internal standard addition, extraction with ether, and separation on a column of microparticulate silica. Day-to-day CV (15 days) was less than 5% and no deterioration in column performance has been observed during 12 months. Comparison with a fluorometric procedure gave a correlation coefficient of 0.995.", "PMID": 719865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8187", "title": "Modified micro-scale enzymatic method for plasma ammonia in newborn and pediatric patients; comparison with a modified cation-exchange procedure.", "content": "We modified two \"kit\" procedures for plasma ammonia to make them suitable for use with newborn and pediatric patients. Available methods either require too large a specimen, are insufficiently sensitive in the normal range, or are too cumbersome. One was an enzymatic (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo. 63178), the other a cation-exchange (Hyland, Costa Mesa, Calif. 92626) method. The modified micro-scale enzymatic method requires 100 microliter of plasma (CV at 38 micronmol/liter, 8%). Reagent costs per patient assay, including controls and standards, are currently $0.53. An assay run can be completed in 30 min. The modified cation-exchange method requires 200 microliter of plasma; the within-run CV is 12% for a concentration of 34.2 micronmol/liter. Reagents currently cost $0.74 per assay and each run requires less than 2 h to complete. The correlation coefficient for the two methods was 0.98.", "contents": "Modified micro-scale enzymatic method for plasma ammonia in newborn and pediatric patients; comparison with a modified cation-exchange procedure. We modified two \"kit\" procedures for plasma ammonia to make them suitable for use with newborn and pediatric patients. Available methods either require too large a specimen, are insufficiently sensitive in the normal range, or are too cumbersome. One was an enzymatic (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo. 63178), the other a cation-exchange (Hyland, Costa Mesa, Calif. 92626) method. The modified micro-scale enzymatic method requires 100 microliter of plasma (CV at 38 micronmol/liter, 8%). Reagent costs per patient assay, including controls and standards, are currently $0.53. An assay run can be completed in 30 min. The modified cation-exchange method requires 200 microliter of plasma; the within-run CV is 12% for a concentration of 34.2 micronmol/liter. Reagents currently cost $0.74 per assay and each run requires less than 2 h to complete. The correlation coefficient for the two methods was 0.98.", "PMID": 719866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8188", "title": "Non-chromatographic screening test for hyperprolinemia.", "content": "This procedure for determining serum proline in patients with hyperprolinemia involves protein precipitation (Folin-Wu method),  color development with isatin, extraction of the color with methylene chloride and measurement of its absorbance at 600 nm. The specificity and analytical recovery show the method to be suitable for this use.", "contents": "Non-chromatographic screening test for hyperprolinemia. This procedure for determining serum proline in patients with hyperprolinemia involves protein precipitation (Folin-Wu method),  color development with isatin, extraction of the color with methylene chloride and measurement of its absorbance at 600 nm. The specificity and analytical recovery show the method to be suitable for this use.", "PMID": 719867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8189", "title": "Analytical precautions in measurement of blood cyanide.", "content": "Solutions of KCN in 0.1 mol/liter NaOH, stored for six months at 4 degrees C, were unchanged as determined by silver titration and color development with pyridine-pyrazalone reagent. At room temperature the cyanide concentration of such solutions decreased by 0.079% per day (half life = 880 days) and the extent of color development changed in direct proportion to the change in silver titer. Rubber stoppers adsorb (or dissolve) HCN when in contact with this gas. The cyanide tends to come out of the stopper long after the source of the gas is removed. Rubber stoppers and expired air contaminated by HCN must be carefully avoided during cyanide analysis. Expired air contains HCN, generally in larger amounts for persons who smoke.", "contents": "Analytical precautions in measurement of blood cyanide. Solutions of KCN in 0.1 mol/liter NaOH, stored for six months at 4 degrees C, were unchanged as determined by silver titration and color development with pyridine-pyrazalone reagent. At room temperature the cyanide concentration of such solutions decreased by 0.079% per day (half life = 880 days) and the extent of color development changed in direct proportion to the change in silver titer. Rubber stoppers adsorb (or dissolve) HCN when in contact with this gas. The cyanide tends to come out of the stopper long after the source of the gas is removed. Rubber stoppers and expired air contaminated by HCN must be carefully avoided during cyanide analysis. Expired air contains HCN, generally in larger amounts for persons who smoke.", "PMID": 719868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8190", "title": "Microchromatographic methods for hemoglobin A2 quantitation compared.", "content": "On 20 consecutive work days during four weeks, one technologist performed 24 microchromatographic determinations of hemoglobin A2 (Hb A2) by each of four methods: the Efremov procedure requiring Tris/HCl buffer, the original Huisman technique with use of glycine developer, and two commercial test kits in which a modified glycine developer is used. The bloood samples tested were obtained from 12 adults with no hematological abnormality and from 12 beta-thalassemia carriers previously diagnosed by familial and hematologic studies. Results by the first method and the two commercial kits (one from Helena Laboratories and one from Isolab, Inc.) did not differ significantly in precision for either the normal or beta-thalassemia trait samples. For both sample types, the second method yielded larger coefficients of variation than those obtained with the other methods. Moreover, the second method was the only one with which values overlapped for normal samples and samples with above-normal Hb A2 concentrations.", "contents": "Microchromatographic methods for hemoglobin A2 quantitation compared. On 20 consecutive work days during four weeks, one technologist performed 24 microchromatographic determinations of hemoglobin A2 (Hb A2) by each of four methods: the Efremov procedure requiring Tris/HCl buffer, the original Huisman technique with use of glycine developer, and two commercial test kits in which a modified glycine developer is used. The bloood samples tested were obtained from 12 adults with no hematological abnormality and from 12 beta-thalassemia carriers previously diagnosed by familial and hematologic studies. Results by the first method and the two commercial kits (one from Helena Laboratories and one from Isolab, Inc.) did not differ significantly in precision for either the normal or beta-thalassemia trait samples. For both sample types, the second method yielded larger coefficients of variation than those obtained with the other methods. Moreover, the second method was the only one with which values overlapped for normal samples and samples with above-normal Hb A2 concentrations.", "PMID": 719869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8191", "title": "Kinetic centrifugal analyzer and manual determination of serum urea nitrogen, with use of o-phthaldialdehyde reagent.", "content": "o-Phthaldialdehdye reagent was used in assaying urea with a miniature centrifugal analyzer. Seventeen samples can be assayed kinetically in 2 min at a current cost of less than a penny per test. The reaction is initiated in the instrument upon simultaneous mixing of the o-phthaldialdehyde reagent containing 10 microliter of sample with dilute sulfuric acid/N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride reagent. The reaction is monitored kinetically at 546 nm during the initial 2 min, when the rate is nearly constant. The reaction of o-phthaldialdehyde with urea reaches equilibrium by about 7 or 8 min, but the method cannot be used for end-point analysis because of interference by the blank reaction. A 1.2 g/liter solution of o-phthaldialdehyde used in conjunction with 2 mol/liter sulfuric acid solution was found to be most suitable for centrifugal analyzers. I also describe a manual version of the procedure that gives a linear standard curve up to 1.0 g of urea nitrogen per liter.", "contents": "Kinetic centrifugal analyzer and manual determination of serum urea nitrogen, with use of o-phthaldialdehyde reagent. o-Phthaldialdehdye reagent was used in assaying urea with a miniature centrifugal analyzer. Seventeen samples can be assayed kinetically in 2 min at a current cost of less than a penny per test. The reaction is initiated in the instrument upon simultaneous mixing of the o-phthaldialdehyde reagent containing 10 microliter of sample with dilute sulfuric acid/N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride reagent. The reaction is monitored kinetically at 546 nm during the initial 2 min, when the rate is nearly constant. The reaction of o-phthaldialdehyde with urea reaches equilibrium by about 7 or 8 min, but the method cannot be used for end-point analysis because of interference by the blank reaction. A 1.2 g/liter solution of o-phthaldialdehyde used in conjunction with 2 mol/liter sulfuric acid solution was found to be most suitable for centrifugal analyzers. I also describe a manual version of the procedure that gives a linear standard curve up to 1.0 g of urea nitrogen per liter.", "PMID": 719870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8192", "title": "[Cholinesterase, arylesterase and proteinuria. A clinical trial in glomerular and tubular proteinuria (author's transl)].", "content": "A study is presented on the activity of cholinesterase (substrate acetylcholine) and of arylesterase (substrate phenylactate) in proteinuria, classified according to the results of electrophoresis of glomerular and tubular proteinuria. Comparison is made with the corresponding serum. The urine is concentrated by dialysis on polyethylene-glycol to 60 g protein per 1000 before determination of the activities. In the presence of equal quantities of protein, cholinesterase is slightly more active in glomerular than in tubular proteinuria. In selective glomerular proteinuria, cholinesterase and arylesterase are less active than in cases with little or no selectivity. Comparison with serum, in each individual case, indicates that the ratio of activity in concentrated urine to that in serum, is higher for cholinesterase and arylesterase in tubular than in glomerular cases, whereas the reverse is true in urine at its natural concentration, on account of the lower degree of proteinuria in tubular cases. The ratio of cholinesterase to arylesterase activity in concentrated urine and serum is determined. Since cholinesterase activity is greatly increased in glomerular cases (nephrosis) this ratio is on average markedly higher in glomerular proteinuria than in serum, whereas it is similar in urine and serum of tubular cases. These results, seen in the light of the molecular weights of the enzymes, are difficult to interpret with certainty, especially as regards tubular proteinuria.", "contents": "[Cholinesterase, arylesterase and proteinuria. A clinical trial in glomerular and tubular proteinuria (author's transl)]. A study is presented on the activity of cholinesterase (substrate acetylcholine) and of arylesterase (substrate phenylactate) in proteinuria, classified according to the results of electrophoresis of glomerular and tubular proteinuria. Comparison is made with the corresponding serum. The urine is concentrated by dialysis on polyethylene-glycol to 60 g protein per 1000 before determination of the activities. In the presence of equal quantities of protein, cholinesterase is slightly more active in glomerular than in tubular proteinuria. In selective glomerular proteinuria, cholinesterase and arylesterase are less active than in cases with little or no selectivity. Comparison with serum, in each individual case, indicates that the ratio of activity in concentrated urine to that in serum, is higher for cholinesterase and arylesterase in tubular than in glomerular cases, whereas the reverse is true in urine at its natural concentration, on account of the lower degree of proteinuria in tubular cases. The ratio of cholinesterase to arylesterase activity in concentrated urine and serum is determined. Since cholinesterase activity is greatly increased in glomerular cases (nephrosis) this ratio is on average markedly higher in glomerular proteinuria than in serum, whereas it is similar in urine and serum of tubular cases. These results, seen in the light of the molecular weights of the enzymes, are difficult to interpret with certainty, especially as regards tubular proteinuria.", "PMID": 719886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8193", "title": "[Determination of normal levels of urinary xanthurenic acid as a function of age and sex (author's transl)].", "content": "A quantitative determination of xanthurenic acid in human urine has made possible a statistical study of the secretion of this substance according to age and sex.", "contents": "[Determination of normal levels of urinary xanthurenic acid as a function of age and sex (author's transl)]. A quantitative determination of xanthurenic acid in human urine has made possible a statistical study of the secretion of this substance according to age and sex.", "PMID": 719887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8194", "title": "Thin-layer isoelectric focusing of hemoglobin variants: screening and determination of isoelectric points.", "content": "The high resolving power of thin-layer isoelectric focusing was applied for screening some hemoglobin variants classified on the basis of their electrophoretic mobility in: electrophoretically slow variants (as Hb A2), electrophoretically slow variants (as Hb S), electrophorectically fast variants (Hbs type J). An analysis of the variant compounds has been performed, and the corresponding pI values were determined in whole hemolysate.", "contents": "Thin-layer isoelectric focusing of hemoglobin variants: screening and determination of isoelectric points. The high resolving power of thin-layer isoelectric focusing was applied for screening some hemoglobin variants classified on the basis of their electrophoretic mobility in: electrophoretically slow variants (as Hb A2), electrophoretically slow variants (as Hb S), electrophorectically fast variants (Hbs type J). An analysis of the variant compounds has been performed, and the corresponding pI values were determined in whole hemolysate.", "PMID": 719888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8195", "title": "A method for measuring hydroxylysine and glycosylated hydroxylysines in urine and protein hydrolysates.", "content": "A method for measuring hydroxylysine and glycosylated hydroxylysines is described, based on the separation of the 3 compounds by ion-exchange chromatography, followed by spectrophotometric analysis of the hydroxylysine present as glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine, galactosylhydroxylysine and free hydroxylysine. The method does not require prior preparation of the urine sample nor the use of high-resolution ion-exchange systems. The method is applicable to the determination of the glycosylated hydroxylysine and hydroxylysine content of urine or alkaline hydrolysates of proteins.", "contents": "A method for measuring hydroxylysine and glycosylated hydroxylysines in urine and protein hydrolysates. A method for measuring hydroxylysine and glycosylated hydroxylysines is described, based on the separation of the 3 compounds by ion-exchange chromatography, followed by spectrophotometric analysis of the hydroxylysine present as glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine, galactosylhydroxylysine and free hydroxylysine. The method does not require prior preparation of the urine sample nor the use of high-resolution ion-exchange systems. The method is applicable to the determination of the glycosylated hydroxylysine and hydroxylysine content of urine or alkaline hydrolysates of proteins.", "PMID": 719889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8196", "title": "Serum lipid peroxide in cerebrovascular disorders determined by a new colorimetric method.", "content": "A new colorimetric method for quantitative analysis of serum lipid peroxide, free of interference from sialic acids, has been developed. We have used the thiobarbituric acid dissolved in sodium sulfate solution and both liberation of lipid peroxide and color reaction have been performed simultaneously by heating serum protein precipitate with this reagent in a weak acid solution. The new method is specific and facilitates the precise measurements of serum lipid peroxide. The average values determined by the new method increased slightly with age in healthy subjects. In patients with sequelae of cerebrovascular disorders, serum lipid peroxide values were higher than in healthy controls. These results may demonstrate the important role of lipid peroxide in aging and cerebrovascular disorders.", "contents": "Serum lipid peroxide in cerebrovascular disorders determined by a new colorimetric method. A new colorimetric method for quantitative analysis of serum lipid peroxide, free of interference from sialic acids, has been developed. We have used the thiobarbituric acid dissolved in sodium sulfate solution and both liberation of lipid peroxide and color reaction have been performed simultaneously by heating serum protein precipitate with this reagent in a weak acid solution. The new method is specific and facilitates the precise measurements of serum lipid peroxide. The average values determined by the new method increased slightly with age in healthy subjects. In patients with sequelae of cerebrovascular disorders, serum lipid peroxide values were higher than in healthy controls. These results may demonstrate the important role of lipid peroxide in aging and cerebrovascular disorders.", "PMID": 719890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8197", "title": "Middle-sized ninhydrin-positive molecules in uraemic patients treated by repeated haemodialysis. II. Chief peptide constituents of the faction.", "content": "The fraction of middle-sized molecules obtained from haemodialysate by chromatography on Dowex 50W x 8 resolves upon thin-layer electrophoresis on Sephadex G-25 into nine ninhydrin-positive fractions and one staining only with tolidine reagent. All ten electrophoretic fractions give similar filtration profiles with Bio-Gel P-6 in the presence of SDS and 2-mercaptoethanol. The chief peptide components common to each electrophoretic fraction have molecular weight approx. 3000 and are especially abundant in lysine, glycine, glutamine acid and serine, while aromatic amino acids are in very low concentration.", "contents": "Middle-sized ninhydrin-positive molecules in uraemic patients treated by repeated haemodialysis. II. Chief peptide constituents of the faction. The fraction of middle-sized molecules obtained from haemodialysate by chromatography on Dowex 50W x 8 resolves upon thin-layer electrophoresis on Sephadex G-25 into nine ninhydrin-positive fractions and one staining only with tolidine reagent. All ten electrophoretic fractions give similar filtration profiles with Bio-Gel P-6 in the presence of SDS and 2-mercaptoethanol. The chief peptide components common to each electrophoretic fraction have molecular weight approx. 3000 and are especially abundant in lysine, glycine, glutamine acid and serine, while aromatic amino acids are in very low concentration.", "PMID": 719891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8198", "title": "Interrelationship between vitamins E and A: a clinical study.", "content": "Plasma vitamin A and vitamin E levels were determined in 45 children. Seven normal children and 7 children with vitamin A deficiency were given daily supplements of 100 mg vitamin E for two weeks. Seven others received a placebo and served as controls. The mean levels of plasma vitamin E and A were 694 microgram/dl and 21 microgram/dl respectively. There was no correlation between plasma levels of the two vitamins. Administration of vitamin E resulted in a significant increase in plasma vitamin A concentration both in normal children and in those with vitamin A deficiency, while there was no change in the control group.", "contents": "Interrelationship between vitamins E and A: a clinical study. Plasma vitamin A and vitamin E levels were determined in 45 children. Seven normal children and 7 children with vitamin A deficiency were given daily supplements of 100 mg vitamin E for two weeks. Seven others received a placebo and served as controls. The mean levels of plasma vitamin E and A were 694 microgram/dl and 21 microgram/dl respectively. There was no correlation between plasma levels of the two vitamins. Administration of vitamin E resulted in a significant increase in plasma vitamin A concentration both in normal children and in those with vitamin A deficiency, while there was no change in the control group.", "PMID": 719892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8199", "title": "On the iron content of human serum ferritin, especially in acute viral hepaptitis and iron overload.", "content": "A new method has been developed to measure ferritin iron in human serum. The ferritin is bound to antibodies to ferritin, which are coupled to Sepharose 4-B and separated from the serum by centrifugation. The iron is liberated from the bound ferritin and measured colorimetrically. The detection limit of this method proved to be approx. 15 ng Fe/ml serum. The serum ferritin iron concentration has been compared with the serum ferritin protein concentration. During liver disease with liver cell leakage the mean iron content of serum ferritin proved to be less than the mean iron content in the liver ferritin. The mean iron content in the liver ferritin was 16%, range 7%--32% (n = 8). The mean iron content in serum ferritin from the same patients was 5%, range 0%--14%. Also in two cases of haemosiderosis the serum ferritin iron content was low. It is suggested that ferritin loses part of its iron on passage from the tissue cells to the blood. In some cases of severe liver cell (or other cell) leakage the mean iron content in serum ferritin might be high, because then more or less complete ferritin molecules enter the blood.", "contents": "On the iron content of human serum ferritin, especially in acute viral hepaptitis and iron overload. A new method has been developed to measure ferritin iron in human serum. The ferritin is bound to antibodies to ferritin, which are coupled to Sepharose 4-B and separated from the serum by centrifugation. The iron is liberated from the bound ferritin and measured colorimetrically. The detection limit of this method proved to be approx. 15 ng Fe/ml serum. The serum ferritin iron concentration has been compared with the serum ferritin protein concentration. During liver disease with liver cell leakage the mean iron content of serum ferritin proved to be less than the mean iron content in the liver ferritin. The mean iron content in the liver ferritin was 16%, range 7%--32% (n = 8). The mean iron content in serum ferritin from the same patients was 5%, range 0%--14%. Also in two cases of haemosiderosis the serum ferritin iron content was low. It is suggested that ferritin loses part of its iron on passage from the tissue cells to the blood. In some cases of severe liver cell (or other cell) leakage the mean iron content in serum ferritin might be high, because then more or less complete ferritin molecules enter the blood.", "PMID": 719893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8200", "title": "Study of influence of sex and age on human serum lysosomal enzymes by using 4-methylumbelliferyl substrates.", "content": "The sex and age dependence of activity of eight glycosidases and acid phosphatase was assayed in serum samples using the 4-methylumbelliferyl substrates. The activity of these enzymes does not change in relation to sex and to age except for acid phosphatase and beta-galactosidase which show significantly higher values in children as compared to adults. The usefulness of the 4-MU substrates for the detection of homozygotes for those lysosomal diseases involving one of the glycosidases studied is discussed.", "contents": "Study of influence of sex and age on human serum lysosomal enzymes by using 4-methylumbelliferyl substrates. The sex and age dependence of activity of eight glycosidases and acid phosphatase was assayed in serum samples using the 4-methylumbelliferyl substrates. The activity of these enzymes does not change in relation to sex and to age except for acid phosphatase and beta-galactosidase which show significantly higher values in children as compared to adults. The usefulness of the 4-MU substrates for the detection of homozygotes for those lysosomal diseases involving one of the glycosidases studied is discussed.", "PMID": 719894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8201", "title": "Influence of endogenous S-adenosylmethionine on the determination of catechol O-methyltransferase activity in red blood cells.", "content": "A double isotope method for the simultaneous determination of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) activity in red blood cells was developed. Healthy persons contained 7.9 +/- 1.9 nmol SAM per ml red blood cells and 1.9 to 3.8 nmol per ml plasma. Epinephrine increases the SAM biosynthesis rate in red blood cells. The possible influence of endogenous SAM on previous methods to determine COMT activity in red blood cells is discussed. The statement of Briggs and Briggs (Briggs, M.H. and Briggs, M. (1973) Experientia 29, 278--281) that COMT activity in red blood cells is lower during the last 3 months of pregnancy could not be verified by us.", "contents": "Influence of endogenous S-adenosylmethionine on the determination of catechol O-methyltransferase activity in red blood cells. A double isotope method for the simultaneous determination of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) activity in red blood cells was developed. Healthy persons contained 7.9 +/- 1.9 nmol SAM per ml red blood cells and 1.9 to 3.8 nmol per ml plasma. Epinephrine increases the SAM biosynthesis rate in red blood cells. The possible influence of endogenous SAM on previous methods to determine COMT activity in red blood cells is discussed. The statement of Briggs and Briggs (Briggs, M.H. and Briggs, M. (1973) Experientia 29, 278--281) that COMT activity in red blood cells is lower during the last 3 months of pregnancy could not be verified by us.", "PMID": 719895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8202", "title": "Serum and urine electrolytes in primigravid Africans during pregnancy and postnatal period.", "content": "Serum and urine electrolyte changes were studied in 55 primigravid African women during pregnancy and the postnatal period. The findings suggest that there is a fall in the serum sodium in the first trimester, which is followed by a gradual and steady rise throughout pregnancy. The serum potassium did not show any consistent pattern, while the serum chloride generally followed that of the serum sodium. These findings are similar to those reported for the Caucasian, although the African subject displays a lower serum sodium level and a much higher chloride level throughout pregnancy and the postnatal period. It is suggested that the reduction in sodium excretion noted in the third trimester is a reflection of the increasing sodium concentration in the blood with advancing pregnancy. The few patients who developed oedema and pre-eclampsia excreted relatively larger amounts of sodium in the puerperium.", "contents": "Serum and urine electrolytes in primigravid Africans during pregnancy and postnatal period. Serum and urine electrolyte changes were studied in 55 primigravid African women during pregnancy and the postnatal period. The findings suggest that there is a fall in the serum sodium in the first trimester, which is followed by a gradual and steady rise throughout pregnancy. The serum potassium did not show any consistent pattern, while the serum chloride generally followed that of the serum sodium. These findings are similar to those reported for the Caucasian, although the African subject displays a lower serum sodium level and a much higher chloride level throughout pregnancy and the postnatal period. It is suggested that the reduction in sodium excretion noted in the third trimester is a reflection of the increasing sodium concentration in the blood with advancing pregnancy. The few patients who developed oedema and pre-eclampsia excreted relatively larger amounts of sodium in the puerperium.", "PMID": 719896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8203", "title": "Improvement of the FeCl3 test for phenylpyruvic acid.", "content": "A simple alternative colorimetric method has been developed for quantitative determination of phenylpyruvic acid in urine based on the improved stability of the ferric complex of enol-phenylpyruvate in water-dimethylsulfoxide 50% vol. mixed solvent. The method can be applied directly to urine or to a dry ether-extract of urine. Operating on the dry ether-extract of urine, detection of phenylpyruvic acid is possible at an amount of as low as 1 mg/100 ml. Whereas, if urine samples are processed, detection is possible for a concentration of as low as 5 mg/100 ml and quantitative determination for a concentration greater than 10 mg/100 ml. The test carried out on a diaper wet with urine retains the same sensitivity and shows instantaneous development of the green colour.", "contents": "Improvement of the FeCl3 test for phenylpyruvic acid. A simple alternative colorimetric method has been developed for quantitative determination of phenylpyruvic acid in urine based on the improved stability of the ferric complex of enol-phenylpyruvate in water-dimethylsulfoxide 50% vol. mixed solvent. The method can be applied directly to urine or to a dry ether-extract of urine. Operating on the dry ether-extract of urine, detection of phenylpyruvic acid is possible at an amount of as low as 1 mg/100 ml. Whereas, if urine samples are processed, detection is possible for a concentration of as low as 5 mg/100 ml and quantitative determination for a concentration greater than 10 mg/100 ml. The test carried out on a diaper wet with urine retains the same sensitivity and shows instantaneous development of the green colour.", "PMID": 719897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8204", "title": "The apoenzyme of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in the serum of healthy persons and patients suffering from liver diseases.", "content": "In activity determination with addition of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (P-5-P), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity increases by 6.5 U/l and that of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) by 2.5 U/l in the serum of healthy persons. This corresponds to a relative stimulation of initial activity by 37% and 15.2%, respectively. ApoAST activity in patients with chronic liver diseases is not changed as compared with that of healthy persons, the relative stimulation rate, however, is significantly smaller. ApoALT activity and corresponding relative stimulation is significantly greater as compared with healthy persons. In the case of acute viral hepatitis, a decrease of AST and ALT activity is followed by a decrease of apoenzyme activity in the course of disease. Diagnostic evidence of determinations of aminotransferase activities could not be improved by addition of P-5-P.", "contents": "The apoenzyme of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in the serum of healthy persons and patients suffering from liver diseases. In activity determination with addition of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (P-5-P), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity increases by 6.5 U/l and that of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) by 2.5 U/l in the serum of healthy persons. This corresponds to a relative stimulation of initial activity by 37% and 15.2%, respectively. ApoAST activity in patients with chronic liver diseases is not changed as compared with that of healthy persons, the relative stimulation rate, however, is significantly smaller. ApoALT activity and corresponding relative stimulation is significantly greater as compared with healthy persons. In the case of acute viral hepatitis, a decrease of AST and ALT activity is followed by a decrease of apoenzyme activity in the course of disease. Diagnostic evidence of determinations of aminotransferase activities could not be improved by addition of P-5-P.", "PMID": 719898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8205", "title": "Nucleic acid metabolism disturbance in progressive systemic sclerosis (systemic scleroderma).", "content": "The content of helical forms of RNA and DNA in plasma was determined in 28 patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS). Various disturbances of nucleic acid (NA) metabolism were noted in those patients: the DNA level was increased in comparison with the standard, and the RNA level was decreased. During treatment a normalization of the given indices was observed. The DNA content in plasma of PSS patients correlated with activity of the process, RNA content with the course of the disease.", "contents": "Nucleic acid metabolism disturbance in progressive systemic sclerosis (systemic scleroderma). The content of helical forms of RNA and DNA in plasma was determined in 28 patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS). Various disturbances of nucleic acid (NA) metabolism were noted in those patients: the DNA level was increased in comparison with the standard, and the RNA level was decreased. During treatment a normalization of the given indices was observed. The DNA content in plasma of PSS patients correlated with activity of the process, RNA content with the course of the disease.", "PMID": 719899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8206", "title": "Combined enzymatic assays for 3-hydroxybutyrate and lactate: end-point and kinetic methods.", "content": "The consecutive measurement of 3-hydroxybutyrate and lactate by enzymatic end-point and rapid kinetic methods is described. Using end-point analysis within batch coefficient of variation (C.V.) ranged from 0.5 to 6.5% depending on concentration, and between batch C.V. was 1.7 to 9.0%. In the rapid kinetic method C.V. ranged from 4.2 to 10.6%. Both assays showed absolute agreement with conventional spectrophotometric methods. The rapid kinetic method yields plasma values within 15 min of blood sampling and is suitable for use in emergency situations.", "contents": "Combined enzymatic assays for 3-hydroxybutyrate and lactate: end-point and kinetic methods. The consecutive measurement of 3-hydroxybutyrate and lactate by enzymatic end-point and rapid kinetic methods is described. Using end-point analysis within batch coefficient of variation (C.V.) ranged from 0.5 to 6.5% depending on concentration, and between batch C.V. was 1.7 to 9.0%. In the rapid kinetic method C.V. ranged from 4.2 to 10.6%. Both assays showed absolute agreement with conventional spectrophotometric methods. The rapid kinetic method yields plasma values within 15 min of blood sampling and is suitable for use in emergency situations.", "PMID": 719901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8207", "title": "Organic acid excretion in a patient with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency: facts and artefacts.", "content": "The organic acid excretion in a patient with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency is described. In addition to 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric, 3-methylglutaconic, 3-methylglutaric and 3-hydroxyisovaleric acids, substantial amounts of glutaric and adipic acids were repeatedly observed. 3-Methylcrotonic acid and possibly one of its isomers was found to be formed artificially from 3-methylglutaconic acid.", "contents": "Organic acid excretion in a patient with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency: facts and artefacts. The organic acid excretion in a patient with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency is described. In addition to 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric, 3-methylglutaconic, 3-methylglutaric and 3-hydroxyisovaleric acids, substantial amounts of glutaric and adipic acids were repeatedly observed. 3-Methylcrotonic acid and possibly one of its isomers was found to be formed artificially from 3-methylglutaconic acid.", "PMID": 719902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8208", "title": "Effect of piperazine oestrone sulphate on serum oestrogen and gonadotrophin levels in post-menopausal women.", "content": "Thirty-three post-menopausal women were treated with piperazine oestrone sulphate 1.5--3.0 mg daily on a cyclical basis for 3--6 months. Serum luteinising hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), oestrone and oestradiol were measured on two occassions prior to starting treatment, and several times during the course of therapy. Initial mean concentrations of oestrone and oestradiol of 59 and 14 pg/ml rose to 528 and 83 pg/ml, respectively, and this was associated with a dose-related suppression of LH (from 57.1 to 50.3 u/l) and more particularly FSH (from 25.8 to 16.5 u/l). There was a highly significant correlation between the decrease in FSH and the oestradiol concentration during treatment, but no correlation with oestrone.", "contents": "Effect of piperazine oestrone sulphate on serum oestrogen and gonadotrophin levels in post-menopausal women. Thirty-three post-menopausal women were treated with piperazine oestrone sulphate 1.5--3.0 mg daily on a cyclical basis for 3--6 months. Serum luteinising hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), oestrone and oestradiol were measured on two occassions prior to starting treatment, and several times during the course of therapy. Initial mean concentrations of oestrone and oestradiol of 59 and 14 pg/ml rose to 528 and 83 pg/ml, respectively, and this was associated with a dose-related suppression of LH (from 57.1 to 50.3 u/l) and more particularly FSH (from 25.8 to 16.5 u/l). There was a highly significant correlation between the decrease in FSH and the oestradiol concentration during treatment, but no correlation with oestrone.", "PMID": 719904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8209", "title": "The relationship between circadian variations in circulating thyrotrophin, thyroid hormones and prolactin.", "content": "Half-hourly blood samples were taken from six clinically euthyroid men over a continuous period of 24 h. Their concentrations of total thyroxine (T4), total triiodothyronine (T3), thyrotrophin (TSH) and prolactin (PRL) were assessed together with the degree of unsaturation of thyroid hormone binding proteins as determined by the thyroid hormone uptake test (THUT). Both T3 and T4 were also measured in urine samples collected serially during the same 24 h period. Significant circadian changes in serum TSH, THUT, serum and urine T4 and serum PRL were demonstrated in all subjects. TSH showed a reciprocal pattern to serum T4, with higher levels during the evening and at night than the daytime. This TSH pattern did not coincide with PRL secretion. Further studies on the same subjects did not show any significant effect of posture, corticosteroid or T4 administration upon circadian changes in TSH. There appeared to be no consistent circadian changes in serum or urinary T3. It seems likely that the TSH circadian rhythm is centrally determined and that free T3 levels are maintained more or less constant by variation in peripheral conversion from T4.", "contents": "The relationship between circadian variations in circulating thyrotrophin, thyroid hormones and prolactin. Half-hourly blood samples were taken from six clinically euthyroid men over a continuous period of 24 h. Their concentrations of total thyroxine (T4), total triiodothyronine (T3), thyrotrophin (TSH) and prolactin (PRL) were assessed together with the degree of unsaturation of thyroid hormone binding proteins as determined by the thyroid hormone uptake test (THUT). Both T3 and T4 were also measured in urine samples collected serially during the same 24 h period. Significant circadian changes in serum TSH, THUT, serum and urine T4 and serum PRL were demonstrated in all subjects. TSH showed a reciprocal pattern to serum T4, with higher levels during the evening and at night than the daytime. This TSH pattern did not coincide with PRL secretion. Further studies on the same subjects did not show any significant effect of posture, corticosteroid or T4 administration upon circadian changes in TSH. There appeared to be no consistent circadian changes in serum or urinary T3. It seems likely that the TSH circadian rhythm is centrally determined and that free T3 levels are maintained more or less constant by variation in peripheral conversion from T4.", "PMID": 719905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8210", "title": "Thyroid iodine concentration and total thyroid iodine in normal subjects and in endemic goitre subjects.", "content": "Thyroid iodine concentration and total thyroid iodine were determined by an automated technique by means of the ceric arsenious acid reaction in 42 males and 13 females. The thyroids were taken from autopsy material in a region with a low dietary intake. The accuracy of the method to estimate iodine was checked by neutron activation analysis. There was an excellent correlation between the iodine contents of thyroid specimens, when measured by chemical or by activation analysis. The mean iodine concentration was 1.86 mg/g dry weight and was found to be lower than in non-goitrous regions. In goitres, the mean iodine concentration was significantly lower, and the mean total thyroid of normal weight. There was no significant difference in iodine concentration and total iodine between males and females. The thyroid iodine concentration did not depend upon age in adults. The data were log normally distributed. It was established that mean iodine concentrations under 2 mg/g dry weight or 0.45 mg/g fresh weight are to be regarded as an important index of iodine deficiency.", "contents": "Thyroid iodine concentration and total thyroid iodine in normal subjects and in endemic goitre subjects. Thyroid iodine concentration and total thyroid iodine were determined by an automated technique by means of the ceric arsenious acid reaction in 42 males and 13 females. The thyroids were taken from autopsy material in a region with a low dietary intake. The accuracy of the method to estimate iodine was checked by neutron activation analysis. There was an excellent correlation between the iodine contents of thyroid specimens, when measured by chemical or by activation analysis. The mean iodine concentration was 1.86 mg/g dry weight and was found to be lower than in non-goitrous regions. In goitres, the mean iodine concentration was significantly lower, and the mean total thyroid of normal weight. There was no significant difference in iodine concentration and total iodine between males and females. The thyroid iodine concentration did not depend upon age in adults. The data were log normally distributed. It was established that mean iodine concentrations under 2 mg/g dry weight or 0.45 mg/g fresh weight are to be regarded as an important index of iodine deficiency.", "PMID": 719906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8211", "title": "A sensitive bioassay of parathyroid hormone in plasma.", "content": "Understanding of calcium metabolism in health and disease has been retarded by the lack of an adequately sensitive bioassay of parathyroid hormone. The problem of dissociation of bioactivity and immunoactivity, well recognized for other polypeptide hormones, is exaggerated in the case of parathyroid hormone by the disproportionately long half-time in the circulation of the immunoreactive fragments. A new method of assaying the biological activity of parathyroid hormone in plasma has been developed, based on the cytochemical methods which have yielded highly sensitive bioassays of other polypeptide hormones. It depends on the stimulation of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in the distal convoluted tubules of segments of guinea-pig kidney maintained in vitro, and measured by microdensitometry. The limit of sensitivity of the assay is 5 fh/ml (bPTH); the index of precision is 0.09 +/- 0.04 (mean +/- SEM; n = 11).", "contents": "A sensitive bioassay of parathyroid hormone in plasma. Understanding of calcium metabolism in health and disease has been retarded by the lack of an adequately sensitive bioassay of parathyroid hormone. The problem of dissociation of bioactivity and immunoactivity, well recognized for other polypeptide hormones, is exaggerated in the case of parathyroid hormone by the disproportionately long half-time in the circulation of the immunoreactive fragments. A new method of assaying the biological activity of parathyroid hormone in plasma has been developed, based on the cytochemical methods which have yielded highly sensitive bioassays of other polypeptide hormones. It depends on the stimulation of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in the distal convoluted tubules of segments of guinea-pig kidney maintained in vitro, and measured by microdensitometry. The limit of sensitivity of the assay is 5 fh/ml (bPTH); the index of precision is 0.09 +/- 0.04 (mean +/- SEM; n = 11).", "PMID": 719907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8212", "title": "Preliminary studies with the sensitive cytochemical assay for parathyroid hormone.", "content": "A modification of the cytochemical assay for parathyroid hormone (PTH) is described which permits the measurement of as little as 0.1 fg ml-1. Using this assay circulating concentrations in normal humans range between 1 and 30 pg ml-1 using a bovine PTH standard. Elevated values are found in hyperparathyroidism with reduced concentrations in hypoparathyroidism. Where detectable, PTH concentrations measured by radioimmunoassay are on average fourteen-fold higher than by cytochemical assay. No cross reactivity was found with AVP, calcitonin and 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D in concentrations normally found in health or disease.", "contents": "Preliminary studies with the sensitive cytochemical assay for parathyroid hormone. A modification of the cytochemical assay for parathyroid hormone (PTH) is described which permits the measurement of as little as 0.1 fg ml-1. Using this assay circulating concentrations in normal humans range between 1 and 30 pg ml-1 using a bovine PTH standard. Elevated values are found in hyperparathyroidism with reduced concentrations in hypoparathyroidism. Where detectable, PTH concentrations measured by radioimmunoassay are on average fourteen-fold higher than by cytochemical assay. No cross reactivity was found with AVP, calcitonin and 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D in concentrations normally found in health or disease.", "PMID": 719908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8213", "title": "Thyroxine, triiodothyronine and thyrotrophin levels in meningococcal meningitis, typhoid fever and other febrile conditions.", "content": "Thyroid status was estimated serially by measuring triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyrotrophin (hTSH) in 20 patients suffering from meningococcal meningitis, typhoid fever and other acute febrile illnesses. Significantly low T3 and only slightly increased T4 were observed in all the patients. hTSH was normal in all of these. A significant reciprocal relationship was found between the degree of fever and fall in T3 concentrations. T3 tended to rise in patients who recovered but in those who deteriorated or died, T3 remained persistently low.", "contents": "Thyroxine, triiodothyronine and thyrotrophin levels in meningococcal meningitis, typhoid fever and other febrile conditions. Thyroid status was estimated serially by measuring triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyrotrophin (hTSH) in 20 patients suffering from meningococcal meningitis, typhoid fever and other acute febrile illnesses. Significantly low T3 and only slightly increased T4 were observed in all the patients. hTSH was normal in all of these. A significant reciprocal relationship was found between the degree of fever and fall in T3 concentrations. T3 tended to rise in patients who recovered but in those who deteriorated or died, T3 remained persistently low.", "PMID": 719910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8214", "title": "The relation between plasma androstenedione and oestrone levels in untreated and corticosteroid-treated post-menopausal women.", "content": "Plasma oestrone (E1) and androstenedione (A) were measured in 96 untreated and 18 corticosteroid-treated post-menopausal women. Levels of both hormones were consistently lower in the steroid-treated cases, presumably due to suppression of ACTH secretion. There was a clear relationship between A and E1 levels in both groups and when the data were pooled they formed a continuous series with a curvilinear relationship going through the origin. This relationship could be described by an equation based on Michaelis-Menten kinetics, suggesting that the rate of A to E1 conversion is an inverse function of the plasma androstenedione level. The main determinant of plasma E1 was plasma A; body weight and age were of subsidiary importance. Secondary oestrogen deficiency may be a factor in the genesis of steroid-induced osteoporosis in post-menopausal women and oestrogen therapy may be indicated in this group of patients.", "contents": "The relation between plasma androstenedione and oestrone levels in untreated and corticosteroid-treated post-menopausal women. Plasma oestrone (E1) and androstenedione (A) were measured in 96 untreated and 18 corticosteroid-treated post-menopausal women. Levels of both hormones were consistently lower in the steroid-treated cases, presumably due to suppression of ACTH secretion. There was a clear relationship between A and E1 levels in both groups and when the data were pooled they formed a continuous series with a curvilinear relationship going through the origin. This relationship could be described by an equation based on Michaelis-Menten kinetics, suggesting that the rate of A to E1 conversion is an inverse function of the plasma androstenedione level. The main determinant of plasma E1 was plasma A; body weight and age were of subsidiary importance. Secondary oestrogen deficiency may be a factor in the genesis of steroid-induced osteoporosis in post-menopausal women and oestrogen therapy may be indicated in this group of patients.", "PMID": 719911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8215", "title": "Factors governing insulin and glucagon responses during normal meals.", "content": "An experimental model is described which can be used to study substrate and hormone responses to normal meals administered in very near normal circumstances. After 500, 300 and 125 calorie meals, the relative proportion of fat or protein content did not influence the plasma glucose except for minor differences between the high protein-high fat meals. The insulin response to such meals was correlated positively with the increment in glucose but reduction of protein content below 8 g caused a signficant reduction in the increment in plasma insulin per unit increase in plasma glucose. Alterations in protein content above 8 g made no difference. Fat content of the meal did not significantly alter the insulin response. No evidence was obtained for a major component of insulin release attributable to either bulk or preabsorption phenomena such as sight or smell. It is concluded that a significant accentuation of the insulin response to meals is dependent on a minimum amount of protein and that this is probably mediated by one of the gastro-intestinal hormones. Glucagon release is dependent on protein and carbohydrate content of the meal and is independent of the fat content. There may also be an early stimulation of glucagon release, regardless of content, which may also be hormonally mediated.", "contents": "Factors governing insulin and glucagon responses during normal meals. An experimental model is described which can be used to study substrate and hormone responses to normal meals administered in very near normal circumstances. After 500, 300 and 125 calorie meals, the relative proportion of fat or protein content did not influence the plasma glucose except for minor differences between the high protein-high fat meals. The insulin response to such meals was correlated positively with the increment in glucose but reduction of protein content below 8 g caused a signficant reduction in the increment in plasma insulin per unit increase in plasma glucose. Alterations in protein content above 8 g made no difference. Fat content of the meal did not significantly alter the insulin response. No evidence was obtained for a major component of insulin release attributable to either bulk or preabsorption phenomena such as sight or smell. It is concluded that a significant accentuation of the insulin response to meals is dependent on a minimum amount of protein and that this is probably mediated by one of the gastro-intestinal hormones. Glucagon release is dependent on protein and carbohydrate content of the meal and is independent of the fat content. There may also be an early stimulation of glucagon release, regardless of content, which may also be hormonally mediated.", "PMID": 719912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8216", "title": "Partial hypopituitarism in a patient with a pituitary stone.", "content": "A case of sexual infantilism was found to have calcification within the sella turcica. Endocrine evaluation revealed partial hypopituitarism involving gonadotrophin and growth hormone secretion.", "contents": "Partial hypopituitarism in a patient with a pituitary stone. A case of sexual infantilism was found to have calcification within the sella turcica. Endocrine evaluation revealed partial hypopituitarism involving gonadotrophin and growth hormone secretion.", "PMID": 719913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8217", "title": "Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in acute hepatitis B and in chronic active hepatitis.", "content": "Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of peripheral blood lymphocytes against chicken red blood cells (ChRBC) in the presence of specific antiserum has been studied in normal subjects and in patients with acute hepatitis B and with chronic active hepatitis (CAH). ADCC was significantly reduced in patients with acute hepatitis B studied three weeks after the onset of jaundice and in patients with CAH showing clinical, biochemical and histological features of activity. On the other hand, lymphocytes from patients with CAH in histological remission or in clinical and biochemical resolution, showed a significantly increased cytotoxicity. The effect of serum factors on ADCC of normal lymphocytes was investigated using serial serum samples from five patients with acute hepatitis B and five with CAH. Our data suggest that serum factors may be responsible for the impairment of ADCC in our patients, although other mechanisms may also be implied. Sera obtained at the time when ADCC of patients' lymphocytes was reduced, significantly inhibited ADCC of normal lymphocytes when compared with sera obtained at the time when ADCC of patients' lymphocytes was normal or increased. In all cases with CAH, the disappearance or reduction of inhibiting activity correlated with histological remission. In patients with CAH the study of serum factors inhibiting ADCC of normal lymphocytes may be a useful parameter in assessing disease activity.", "contents": "Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in acute hepatitis B and in chronic active hepatitis. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of peripheral blood lymphocytes against chicken red blood cells (ChRBC) in the presence of specific antiserum has been studied in normal subjects and in patients with acute hepatitis B and with chronic active hepatitis (CAH). ADCC was significantly reduced in patients with acute hepatitis B studied three weeks after the onset of jaundice and in patients with CAH showing clinical, biochemical and histological features of activity. On the other hand, lymphocytes from patients with CAH in histological remission or in clinical and biochemical resolution, showed a significantly increased cytotoxicity. The effect of serum factors on ADCC of normal lymphocytes was investigated using serial serum samples from five patients with acute hepatitis B and five with CAH. Our data suggest that serum factors may be responsible for the impairment of ADCC in our patients, although other mechanisms may also be implied. Sera obtained at the time when ADCC of patients' lymphocytes was reduced, significantly inhibited ADCC of normal lymphocytes when compared with sera obtained at the time when ADCC of patients' lymphocytes was normal or increased. In all cases with CAH, the disappearance or reduction of inhibiting activity correlated with histological remission. In patients with CAH the study of serum factors inhibiting ADCC of normal lymphocytes may be a useful parameter in assessing disease activity.", "PMID": 719950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8218", "title": "Induction of a stable hapten-specific immunosuppression by a hapten conjugated to poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP).", "content": "The ability of a hapten coupled to a clinically permissive synthetic polymer (NIP-PVP) to induce suppression was investigated. NIP coupled to the low molecular weight non-immunogenic form of poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) was found to be capable of inducing a hapten-specific longlasting suppression of both primary and secondary responses. The previous use of PVP as a plasma expander in humans makes this polymer a potentially suitable tool for the induction of specific immunosuppression to a variety of clinically important drug and tissue specific epitopes. The possible use of low molecular weight PVP for that purpose will be investigated further, specifically with larger antigenic components.", "contents": "Induction of a stable hapten-specific immunosuppression by a hapten conjugated to poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP). The ability of a hapten coupled to a clinically permissive synthetic polymer (NIP-PVP) to induce suppression was investigated. NIP coupled to the low molecular weight non-immunogenic form of poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) was found to be capable of inducing a hapten-specific longlasting suppression of both primary and secondary responses. The previous use of PVP as a plasma expander in humans makes this polymer a potentially suitable tool for the induction of specific immunosuppression to a variety of clinically important drug and tissue specific epitopes. The possible use of low molecular weight PVP for that purpose will be investigated further, specifically with larger antigenic components.", "PMID": 719951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8219", "title": "Spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity in humans. Distribution and characterization of the effector cell.", "content": "When lymphocytes from healthy donors were tested as effector cells, the cytotoxic activities observed in spontaneous and in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity were positively correlated. However, with lymphocyte preparations obtained from renal patients, a dissociation between the two activities was occasionally observed. Human natural killer cells are lymphocytes, with receptors for the Fc fragment of IgG molecules, but with no surface immunoglobulin. Their cytotoxicity is reduced by the presence of granulocytes or monocytes. After separation of rosetting and non-rosetting cells with AET- (2-aminoethylisothiouronium bromide hydrobromide) or neuraminidase-treated sheep erythrocytes, the majority of the activity was recovered in the non-rosetting fraction, but a portion of it was present consistently in the rosetting cell fraction. Cells in the latter fraction also displayed receptors for the Fc fragment of immunoglobulin G.", "contents": "Spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity in humans. Distribution and characterization of the effector cell. When lymphocytes from healthy donors were tested as effector cells, the cytotoxic activities observed in spontaneous and in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity were positively correlated. However, with lymphocyte preparations obtained from renal patients, a dissociation between the two activities was occasionally observed. Human natural killer cells are lymphocytes, with receptors for the Fc fragment of IgG molecules, but with no surface immunoglobulin. Their cytotoxicity is reduced by the presence of granulocytes or monocytes. After separation of rosetting and non-rosetting cells with AET- (2-aminoethylisothiouronium bromide hydrobromide) or neuraminidase-treated sheep erythrocytes, the majority of the activity was recovered in the non-rosetting fraction, but a portion of it was present consistently in the rosetting cell fraction. Cells in the latter fraction also displayed receptors for the Fc fragment of immunoglobulin G.", "PMID": 719952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8220", "title": "Exacerbation of murine malaria by concurrent infection with lactic dehydrogenase-elevating virus.", "content": "The simultaneous infection of mice with lactic dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) and Plasmodium yoelii resulted in an exacerbated attack of malaria. Peak parasitaemia was higher and the patent infection more prolonged in doubly infected mice. The results indicate that contamination with LDV must be considered when a change in parasite virulence is observed, particularly when the parasite is maintained by blood passage in mice.", "contents": "Exacerbation of murine malaria by concurrent infection with lactic dehydrogenase-elevating virus. The simultaneous infection of mice with lactic dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) and Plasmodium yoelii resulted in an exacerbated attack of malaria. Peak parasitaemia was higher and the patent infection more prolonged in doubly infected mice. The results indicate that contamination with LDV must be considered when a change in parasite virulence is observed, particularly when the parasite is maintained by blood passage in mice.", "PMID": 719954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8221", "title": "Blood flow and relative tissue oxygenation of normal and partially ischaemic myocardium: effect of CO2.", "content": "1. Ischaemia of a portion of the myocardium in the dog heart was produced by tying off a small branch of a coronary artery: flow in the occluded region was reduced from 5 to 82% of the initial value. 2. The effect of inhalation of 5% CO2 in air on relative tissue PO2 and perfusion in normal and partially ischaemic myocardium was determined. 3. After 10 min inhalation of 5% CO2, there was an increase in tissue perfusion as measured by hydrogen desaturation; the increase was inversely proportional to the degree of flow reduction. 4. Relative intramyocardial PO2 measured polarographically, decreased with occlusion and increased after CO2 inhalation; the changes were inversely proportional to the degree of reduction in PO2. 5. The increase in flow after CO2 inhalation suggests that partially ischaemic myocardial tissue is capable of further vasodilation.", "contents": "Blood flow and relative tissue oxygenation of normal and partially ischaemic myocardium: effect of CO2. 1. Ischaemia of a portion of the myocardium in the dog heart was produced by tying off a small branch of a coronary artery: flow in the occluded region was reduced from 5 to 82% of the initial value. 2. The effect of inhalation of 5% CO2 in air on relative tissue PO2 and perfusion in normal and partially ischaemic myocardium was determined. 3. After 10 min inhalation of 5% CO2, there was an increase in tissue perfusion as measured by hydrogen desaturation; the increase was inversely proportional to the degree of flow reduction. 4. Relative intramyocardial PO2 measured polarographically, decreased with occlusion and increased after CO2 inhalation; the changes were inversely proportional to the degree of reduction in PO2. 5. The increase in flow after CO2 inhalation suggests that partially ischaemic myocardial tissue is capable of further vasodilation.", "PMID": 719957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8222", "title": "Haemodynamic effects of isometric handgrip exercise in patients convalescent from myocardial infarction.", "content": "1. Cardiac performance in response to 30% maximal isometric handgrip exercise was studied in fourteen patients convalescing uneventfully from a first myocardial infarction. In each patient, heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure and cardiac index were measured, and total peripheral resistance was calculated. The covariance of changes in the mean arterial blood pressure and cardiac index in these patients was matched against tolerance limits calculated from published data for normal subjects. 2. All patients had normal haemodynamic values at rest, and showed the usual rise of heart rate and mean arterial pressure during handgrip exercise. However, in six patients (group 1) the rise in mean arterial pressure was, as in normal subjects, accounted for mainly by a rise in cardiac index, with no consistent change in peripheral resistance. In eight patients (group 2), the mean arterial pressure rose to the same level as in group 1, but with a consistent increase in peripheral resistance and a smaller rise in the cardiac index. 3. It is suggested that in a substantial proportion of patients who are making a seemingly uncomplicated recovery from myocardial infarction, it may be possible to unmask an impairment of left ventricular function by means of isometric handgrip exercise.", "contents": "Haemodynamic effects of isometric handgrip exercise in patients convalescent from myocardial infarction. 1. Cardiac performance in response to 30% maximal isometric handgrip exercise was studied in fourteen patients convalescing uneventfully from a first myocardial infarction. In each patient, heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure and cardiac index were measured, and total peripheral resistance was calculated. The covariance of changes in the mean arterial blood pressure and cardiac index in these patients was matched against tolerance limits calculated from published data for normal subjects. 2. All patients had normal haemodynamic values at rest, and showed the usual rise of heart rate and mean arterial pressure during handgrip exercise. However, in six patients (group 1) the rise in mean arterial pressure was, as in normal subjects, accounted for mainly by a rise in cardiac index, with no consistent change in peripheral resistance. In eight patients (group 2), the mean arterial pressure rose to the same level as in group 1, but with a consistent increase in peripheral resistance and a smaller rise in the cardiac index. 3. It is suggested that in a substantial proportion of patients who are making a seemingly uncomplicated recovery from myocardial infarction, it may be possible to unmask an impairment of left ventricular function by means of isometric handgrip exercise.", "PMID": 719959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8223", "title": "Pressure-volume relationships in the left atria of anaesthetized dogs.", "content": "1. Pressure-volume relationships of the left atria were studied in thoracotomized dogs anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone and ventilated artificially. Controlled volumes of saline were injected into the left atrium using a method by which the injections were triggered by the R wave of the normal ECG, during the period of the V wave of the left atrial pressure waveform. 2. The change in the amplitude of the V wave was found to be linearly related to the injected volume. Similar observations made while the pulmonary artery was occluded revealed that this linearity in the pressure-volume relationship of the atrium extended down to small volumes.", "contents": "Pressure-volume relationships in the left atria of anaesthetized dogs. 1. Pressure-volume relationships of the left atria were studied in thoracotomized dogs anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone and ventilated artificially. Controlled volumes of saline were injected into the left atrium using a method by which the injections were triggered by the R wave of the normal ECG, during the period of the V wave of the left atrial pressure waveform. 2. The change in the amplitude of the V wave was found to be linearly related to the injected volume. Similar observations made while the pulmonary artery was occluded revealed that this linearity in the pressure-volume relationship of the atrium extended down to small volumes.", "PMID": 719955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8224", "title": "Myeloid bodies in the renal tubules of humans: relationship to gentamicin therapy.", "content": "Ultrastructural changes in renal proximal tubule lysosomes, including the formation of myeloid bodies, occur reliably with gentamicin administration in experimental animals. The present study reviewed the electron microscopic tubular morphology of renal biopsies and nephrectomies performed in our institution over a 2-year period. The frequency of myeloid bodies and their relation to drug therapy and selected clinical features were determined. Myeloid bodies were found in the proximal tubules of 19 of 109 cases that were judged adequate for study. On review of the drug histories of these 19 patients, 15 had received gentamicin within 6 weeks of biopsy or nephrectomy. None of the 90 patients without myeloid bodies had received the drug within 6 weeks of tissue examination. Of 4 patients with myeloid bodies who had not received gentamicin, 1 had received chloroquin and 3 had received drugs with no known or suspected capacity to induce myeloid bodies. The presence of myeloid bodies in proximal tubules did not appear to be related to the total dose of gentamicin, duration of therapy, or serum drug concentration. Clinical evidence of gentamicin nephrotoxicity was present in only 1 case.", "contents": "Myeloid bodies in the renal tubules of humans: relationship to gentamicin therapy. Ultrastructural changes in renal proximal tubule lysosomes, including the formation of myeloid bodies, occur reliably with gentamicin administration in experimental animals. The present study reviewed the electron microscopic tubular morphology of renal biopsies and nephrectomies performed in our institution over a 2-year period. The frequency of myeloid bodies and their relation to drug therapy and selected clinical features were determined. Myeloid bodies were found in the proximal tubules of 19 of 109 cases that were judged adequate for study. On review of the drug histories of these 19 patients, 15 had received gentamicin within 6 weeks of biopsy or nephrectomy. None of the 90 patients without myeloid bodies had received the drug within 6 weeks of tissue examination. Of 4 patients with myeloid bodies who had not received gentamicin, 1 had received chloroquin and 3 had received drugs with no known or suspected capacity to induce myeloid bodies. The presence of myeloid bodies in proximal tubules did not appear to be related to the total dose of gentamicin, duration of therapy, or serum drug concentration. Clinical evidence of gentamicin nephrotoxicity was present in only 1 case.", "PMID": 719967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8225", "title": "The antagonism by propranolol and alpha-methylpropranolol (ICI 77602) of vascular and cardiac responses to isoprenaline in anaesthetized dogs.", "content": "1. In anaesthetized dogs, alpha-methylpropranolol was less potent than propranolol in antagonizing both vascular (hind limb perfusion pressure) and cardiac heart rate) responses to isoprenaline. 2. alpha-Methylpropranolol was more potent in antagonizing vascular than cardiac responses to isoprenaline, but this selectivity was no greater than that seen also with propranolol. 3. Isoprenaline sensitivity was greater in the hind limb than the heart and vascular-selective antagonism was more pronounced in those dogs in which this differential sensitivity was the greatest. 4. Introduction of an alpha-methyl group into propranolol decreases its beta-adrenoceptor antagonist potency but does not enhance vascular selectivity.", "contents": "The antagonism by propranolol and alpha-methylpropranolol (ICI 77602) of vascular and cardiac responses to isoprenaline in anaesthetized dogs. 1. In anaesthetized dogs, alpha-methylpropranolol was less potent than propranolol in antagonizing both vascular (hind limb perfusion pressure) and cardiac heart rate) responses to isoprenaline. 2. alpha-Methylpropranolol was more potent in antagonizing vascular than cardiac responses to isoprenaline, but this selectivity was no greater than that seen also with propranolol. 3. Isoprenaline sensitivity was greater in the hind limb than the heart and vascular-selective antagonism was more pronounced in those dogs in which this differential sensitivity was the greatest. 4. Introduction of an alpha-methyl group into propranolol decreases its beta-adrenoceptor antagonist potency but does not enhance vascular selectivity.", "PMID": 719958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8226", "title": "The measurement of glomerular blood flow in the rat kidney: influence of microsphere size.", "content": "1. Radioactively labelled microspheres were used to determine glomerular blood flow in glomerular populations with distinct vascular characteristics. Two batches of microspheres (15 +/- 5.0 micrometer diameter and 7.0--10 micrometer diameter) were utilized. 2. The results show that the larger microspheres overestimate the superficial glomerular blood flow (414 +/- 61 nl/min, mean +/- s.e.m.) and underestimate the deep glomerular blood flow (98 +/- 10 nl/min), when compared with the data obtained with 7.0--10 micrometer diameter microspheres (317 +/- 30 nl/min and 209 +/- 23 nl/min, respectively). 3. The rheological artefact associated with the use of larger microspheres is confirmed by finding an uneven size distribution of microspheres lodged in the glomeruli. In each of three experiments, the mean diameter of 200 microspheres lodged in the superficial glomeruli (16.43 +/- 0.27 micrometer, 15.87 +/- 0.23 micrometer and 16.58 +/- 0.27 micrometer) was significantly greater than that found in the deep glomeruli (15.36 +/- 0.15 micrometer, 15.25 +/- 0.21 micrometer and 15.73 +/- 0.24 micrometer; P less than 0.01, less than 0.05 and less than 0.01, respectively). No such difference was detected when the 7.0--10 micrometer spheres were used. 4. Glomerular blood flow can be measured at all depths of the rat's cortex and the demonstrated rheological artefact associated with use of the larger spheres is circumvented with the use of 7.0--10 micrometer microspheres.", "contents": "The measurement of glomerular blood flow in the rat kidney: influence of microsphere size. 1. Radioactively labelled microspheres were used to determine glomerular blood flow in glomerular populations with distinct vascular characteristics. Two batches of microspheres (15 +/- 5.0 micrometer diameter and 7.0--10 micrometer diameter) were utilized. 2. The results show that the larger microspheres overestimate the superficial glomerular blood flow (414 +/- 61 nl/min, mean +/- s.e.m.) and underestimate the deep glomerular blood flow (98 +/- 10 nl/min), when compared with the data obtained with 7.0--10 micrometer diameter microspheres (317 +/- 30 nl/min and 209 +/- 23 nl/min, respectively). 3. The rheological artefact associated with the use of larger microspheres is confirmed by finding an uneven size distribution of microspheres lodged in the glomeruli. In each of three experiments, the mean diameter of 200 microspheres lodged in the superficial glomeruli (16.43 +/- 0.27 micrometer, 15.87 +/- 0.23 micrometer and 16.58 +/- 0.27 micrometer) was significantly greater than that found in the deep glomeruli (15.36 +/- 0.15 micrometer, 15.25 +/- 0.21 micrometer and 15.73 +/- 0.24 micrometer; P less than 0.01, less than 0.05 and less than 0.01, respectively). No such difference was detected when the 7.0--10 micrometer spheres were used. 4. Glomerular blood flow can be measured at all depths of the rat's cortex and the demonstrated rheological artefact associated with use of the larger spheres is circumvented with the use of 7.0--10 micrometer microspheres.", "PMID": 719956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8227", "title": "Comparison of the anorectic and motor activity effects of some aminoindanes, 2-aminotetralin and amphetamine in the rat.", "content": "1. The anorectic and motor activity effects of 1-aminoindane, 2-aminoindane, some N-substituted 2-aminoindanes, 2-aminotetralin, amphetamine and fenfluramine were determined in rats. 2. The two compounds with structures most like the extended conformation of amphetamine, 2-aminotetralin and 2-aminoindane, were potent anorectics. At dosages which halved the intake of food over 1 h, amphetamine increased motor activity, 2-aminotetralin had no effect, and 2-aminoindane reduced motor activity. 3. Both the anorectic and central stimulant actions of 2-aminoindane were absent in N-ethyl- and N-isopropyl-2-aminoindane. 4. 1-Aminoindane, whose structure is like the folded conformation of amphetamine, produced a small anorectic effect and depressed motor activity.", "contents": "Comparison of the anorectic and motor activity effects of some aminoindanes, 2-aminotetralin and amphetamine in the rat. 1. The anorectic and motor activity effects of 1-aminoindane, 2-aminoindane, some N-substituted 2-aminoindanes, 2-aminotetralin, amphetamine and fenfluramine were determined in rats. 2. The two compounds with structures most like the extended conformation of amphetamine, 2-aminotetralin and 2-aminoindane, were potent anorectics. At dosages which halved the intake of food over 1 h, amphetamine increased motor activity, 2-aminotetralin had no effect, and 2-aminoindane reduced motor activity. 3. Both the anorectic and central stimulant actions of 2-aminoindane were absent in N-ethyl- and N-isopropyl-2-aminoindane. 4. 1-Aminoindane, whose structure is like the folded conformation of amphetamine, produced a small anorectic effect and depressed motor activity.", "PMID": 719961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8228", "title": "Cardiac effects of salbutamol-induced hypokalaemia in the conscious dog.", "content": "1. Infusion of salbutamol (3.0 microgram/min after a bolus injection of 100 microgram) produced hypokalaemia in conscious dogs. 2. Measurement of arterial and coronary sinus potassium differences revealed no significant potassium loss from the heart with established hypokalaemia. 3. Shortly after the initial salbutamol bolus and before steady-state hypokalaemia had been achieved during salbutamol infusion, a prolongation of QTc occurred; this corresponded to a significant myocardial potassium of -0.12 mmol/l plasma. 4. Urinary electrolyte excretions indicated that the hypokalaemia was not due to urinary potassium loss. 5. It was deduced that potassium had moved intracellularly. No change in hydrogen ion status occurred to account for this. Pronounced rises in plasma insulin immunoreactivities during salbutamol infusions suggested this as one mechanism for potassium shifts.", "contents": "Cardiac effects of salbutamol-induced hypokalaemia in the conscious dog. 1. Infusion of salbutamol (3.0 microgram/min after a bolus injection of 100 microgram) produced hypokalaemia in conscious dogs. 2. Measurement of arterial and coronary sinus potassium differences revealed no significant potassium loss from the heart with established hypokalaemia. 3. Shortly after the initial salbutamol bolus and before steady-state hypokalaemia had been achieved during salbutamol infusion, a prolongation of QTc occurred; this corresponded to a significant myocardial potassium of -0.12 mmol/l plasma. 4. Urinary electrolyte excretions indicated that the hypokalaemia was not due to urinary potassium loss. 5. It was deduced that potassium had moved intracellularly. No change in hydrogen ion status occurred to account for this. Pronounced rises in plasma insulin immunoreactivities during salbutamol infusions suggested this as one mechanism for potassium shifts.", "PMID": 719960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8229", "title": "Interactions between methaqualone and ethanol in rats and mice during acute and chronic states.", "content": "1. The effects of acute and chronic treatment of methaqualone on ethanol preference, the rate of disappearance of ethanol and on toxicity were studied in mice and rats. 2. Acute treatment with methaqualone showed a dose-dependent suppression in the voluntary intake of ethanol in C57Bl/6J mice in rats. No significant change in ethanol intake was observed during chronic methaqualone treatment and withdrawal. 3. Methaqualone pretreatment significantly (P less than 0.005) delayed the disappearance of ethanol in the blood and brain over a period of 50 and 200 min after a loading dose of 2.0 g/kg, i.p., of ethanol. 4. Methaqualone pretreatment at doses of 140 and 200 mg/kg significantly increased ethanol toxicity by 11% and 28%, respectively. Co-administration of ethanol using 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0 g/kg also reduced the LD50 of methaqualone by 19%, 24% and 40%, respectively. 5. Chronic administration with ethanol decreased the toxicity due to methaqualone. Potentiation of ethanol toxicity by methaqualone may be of clinical importance in view of the narrow range of safety margin of ethanol.", "contents": "Interactions between methaqualone and ethanol in rats and mice during acute and chronic states. 1. The effects of acute and chronic treatment of methaqualone on ethanol preference, the rate of disappearance of ethanol and on toxicity were studied in mice and rats. 2. Acute treatment with methaqualone showed a dose-dependent suppression in the voluntary intake of ethanol in C57Bl/6J mice in rats. No significant change in ethanol intake was observed during chronic methaqualone treatment and withdrawal. 3. Methaqualone pretreatment significantly (P less than 0.005) delayed the disappearance of ethanol in the blood and brain over a period of 50 and 200 min after a loading dose of 2.0 g/kg, i.p., of ethanol. 4. Methaqualone pretreatment at doses of 140 and 200 mg/kg significantly increased ethanol toxicity by 11% and 28%, respectively. Co-administration of ethanol using 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0 g/kg also reduced the LD50 of methaqualone by 19%, 24% and 40%, respectively. 5. Chronic administration with ethanol decreased the toxicity due to methaqualone. Potentiation of ethanol toxicity by methaqualone may be of clinical importance in view of the narrow range of safety margin of ethanol.", "PMID": 719965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8230", "title": "Free choline concentration and cephalin-N-methyltransferase activity in the maternal and foetal liver and placenta of pregnant rats.", "content": "1. The concentration of free choline and cephalin-N-methyltransferase activity of the maternal and foetal liver and placenta of rats in late pregnancy were determined. 2. The choline concentration of the liver fell from a mean of 130 nmol/g in adult non-pregnant rats to 38 nmol/g in late pregnancy. 3. The choline concentrations of the foetal liver and placenta had mean values of 135 and 442 nmol/g, respectively. 4. There was a significant 24% increase in the cephalin-N-methyltransferase activity of the liver during pregnancy. The enzyme activity in the foetal liver was 7% that of the maternal liver, and activity was undetectable in the placenta. 5. The results suggest that, during pregnancy, the maternal liver supplies choline to the placenta and foetal organs, like the liver, and that the demand for maternal liver choline far exceeds the supply available.", "contents": "Free choline concentration and cephalin-N-methyltransferase activity in the maternal and foetal liver and placenta of pregnant rats. 1. The concentration of free choline and cephalin-N-methyltransferase activity of the maternal and foetal liver and placenta of rats in late pregnancy were determined. 2. The choline concentration of the liver fell from a mean of 130 nmol/g in adult non-pregnant rats to 38 nmol/g in late pregnancy. 3. The choline concentrations of the foetal liver and placenta had mean values of 135 and 442 nmol/g, respectively. 4. There was a significant 24% increase in the cephalin-N-methyltransferase activity of the liver during pregnancy. The enzyme activity in the foetal liver was 7% that of the maternal liver, and activity was undetectable in the placenta. 5. The results suggest that, during pregnancy, the maternal liver supplies choline to the placenta and foetal organs, like the liver, and that the demand for maternal liver choline far exceeds the supply available.", "PMID": 719963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8231", "title": "Patency evaluation of a LeVeen shunt using 99mTc-sulfur colloid.", "content": "The LeVeen shunt has proved valuable in relieving intractable ascites. It is however subject to failure in about 5--8% of cases. To our knowledge there are only three reports in the literature describing the use of nuclides to assess patency; two using 99mTc-sulfur colloid and one using 99mTc-albumin. The purpose of this paper is to add our experience to the data currently published and stress that late liver visualization may occur with an obstructed shunt.", "contents": "Patency evaluation of a LeVeen shunt using 99mTc-sulfur colloid. The LeVeen shunt has proved valuable in relieving intractable ascites. It is however subject to failure in about 5--8% of cases. To our knowledge there are only three reports in the literature describing the use of nuclides to assess patency; two using 99mTc-sulfur colloid and one using 99mTc-albumin. The purpose of this paper is to add our experience to the data currently published and stress that late liver visualization may occur with an obstructed shunt.", "PMID": 719974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8232", "title": "The effect of some centrally active drugs on corticosterone secretion and metabolism in rats.", "content": "1. Male rats were treated with morphine sulphate (10 mg/kg), methadone (10 mg/kg) and chlorpromazine (8.0 mg/kg) respectively, for 2 weeks. 2. At the end of this period, the adrenal glands of treated rats had increased in weight. 3. The concentration of corticosterone in the peripheral plasma was significantly lowered in the chlorpromazine-treated rats, increased in the methadone-treated rats and was unchanged in the morphine-treated rats. 4. The metabolic clearance rate of [1,2-3H]corticosterone decreased in the chlorpromazine-treated rats, while only a slight reduction was observed with methadone treatment. 5. These results showed that chronic treatment with either morphine or methadone did not suppress the adrenal function. The possible site of action of chlorpromazine in suppressing corticosterone secretion is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of some centrally active drugs on corticosterone secretion and metabolism in rats. 1. Male rats were treated with morphine sulphate (10 mg/kg), methadone (10 mg/kg) and chlorpromazine (8.0 mg/kg) respectively, for 2 weeks. 2. At the end of this period, the adrenal glands of treated rats had increased in weight. 3. The concentration of corticosterone in the peripheral plasma was significantly lowered in the chlorpromazine-treated rats, increased in the methadone-treated rats and was unchanged in the morphine-treated rats. 4. The metabolic clearance rate of [1,2-3H]corticosterone decreased in the chlorpromazine-treated rats, while only a slight reduction was observed with methadone treatment. 5. These results showed that chronic treatment with either morphine or methadone did not suppress the adrenal function. The possible site of action of chlorpromazine in suppressing corticosterone secretion is discussed.", "PMID": 719962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8233", "title": "Scintigram in cortical blindness (Anton's syndrome).", "content": "Anton's syndrome or cortical blindness consists of blindness, denial of blindness and at times confabulation. Despite the fact that the patient is completely blind, a persistent denial of inability to see is noted and is sometimes accompanied by visual hallucinations. We present a case report and scintigraphic study.", "contents": "Scintigram in cortical blindness (Anton's syndrome). Anton's syndrome or cortical blindness consists of blindness, denial of blindness and at times confabulation. Despite the fact that the patient is completely blind, a persistent denial of inability to see is noted and is sometimes accompanied by visual hallucinations. We present a case report and scintigraphic study.", "PMID": 719976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8234", "title": "The sacral tubercle--a cause for hot spots on bone scan.", "content": "The sacral tubercle, S1 posterior spinous process, can appear as intense as the sacroiliac joints on posterior bone scan in 4% of normal adult male patients. Due to sexual differences in anatomy, the scan appearance of the sacrum can cause false-positive readings. The converse, false-negative readings, can occur if the sacral intensity is taken as a constant when comparing ratios of sacroiliac joint intensities and sacral intensities on bone scans of patients with sacroiliac disease. This study demonstrates the normal anatomy of the sacrum and presents a sequence of tests to diagnose disease in the sacrum.", "contents": "The sacral tubercle--a cause for hot spots on bone scan. The sacral tubercle, S1 posterior spinous process, can appear as intense as the sacroiliac joints on posterior bone scan in 4% of normal adult male patients. Due to sexual differences in anatomy, the scan appearance of the sacrum can cause false-positive readings. The converse, false-negative readings, can occur if the sacral intensity is taken as a constant when comparing ratios of sacroiliac joint intensities and sacral intensities on bone scans of patients with sacroiliac disease. This study demonstrates the normal anatomy of the sacrum and presents a sequence of tests to diagnose disease in the sacrum.", "PMID": 719977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8235", "title": "Bone scintigraphy of osteoid osteoma: a clinical review.", "content": "Osteoid osteoma is a painful osteoblastic process. The pre-operative diagnosis is usually made by roentgenogram. Four surgically confirmed cases are examined where the preoperative diagnosis was clarified by bone scintigraphy. The clinical indications, the diseases process, the literature are reviewed.", "contents": "Bone scintigraphy of osteoid osteoma: a clinical review. Osteoid osteoma is a painful osteoblastic process. The pre-operative diagnosis is usually made by roentgenogram. Four surgically confirmed cases are examined where the preoperative diagnosis was clarified by bone scintigraphy. The clinical indications, the diseases process, the literature are reviewed.", "PMID": 719978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8236", "title": "Analysis of wall motion abnormalities of the heart and great vessels by computer generated cine-radionuclide-equilibrium study.", "content": "Cardiac wall motion was evaluated in 54 patients by ECG-gated blood pool scintigraphy (GBPS) and computer assisted cine-radionuclide-equilibrium study (CRES). The cine format in CRES enhances the subtle aspects of great vessel and cardiac chamber motion and volume abnormalities. An off-line system using a general purpose computer permitted CRES to be initiated in smaller nuclear medicine facilities without large financial investiments.", "contents": "Analysis of wall motion abnormalities of the heart and great vessels by computer generated cine-radionuclide-equilibrium study. Cardiac wall motion was evaluated in 54 patients by ECG-gated blood pool scintigraphy (GBPS) and computer assisted cine-radionuclide-equilibrium study (CRES). The cine format in CRES enhances the subtle aspects of great vessel and cardiac chamber motion and volume abnormalities. An off-line system using a general purpose computer permitted CRES to be initiated in smaller nuclear medicine facilities without large financial investiments.", "PMID": 719979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8237", "title": "Positive 67Ga-citrate scans in patients receiving Corynebacterium parvum.", "content": "Gallium-67 citrate imaging for the staging of lymphomas was performed in three patients receiving Corynebacterium parvum (C. parvum) immunotherapy. Unexpected uptake at the site of C. parvum injections was identified and although the mechanism of localization is not determined by this study, similarities between C. parvum's known actions and the postulated mechanism of 67Ga-citrate localization are compared.", "contents": "Positive 67Ga-citrate scans in patients receiving Corynebacterium parvum. Gallium-67 citrate imaging for the staging of lymphomas was performed in three patients receiving Corynebacterium parvum (C. parvum) immunotherapy. Unexpected uptake at the site of C. parvum injections was identified and although the mechanism of localization is not determined by this study, similarities between C. parvum's known actions and the postulated mechanism of 67Ga-citrate localization are compared.", "PMID": 719980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8238", "title": "Gallium activity in the normal colon at six hours: a case report.", "content": "Early 67Ga-citrate scintigraphy is commonly performed in the search for occult abdominal abscess. In addition to providing a more immediate answer in a clinically pressing situation, a six hour view can serve to clarify later images complicated by normal colonic activity. Although bowel visualization is thought to be unusual on the early study, we have frequently observed intense cecal activity that may have been misinterpreted as right abdominal pathology.", "contents": "Gallium activity in the normal colon at six hours: a case report. Early 67Ga-citrate scintigraphy is commonly performed in the search for occult abdominal abscess. In addition to providing a more immediate answer in a clinically pressing situation, a six hour view can serve to clarify later images complicated by normal colonic activity. Although bowel visualization is thought to be unusual on the early study, we have frequently observed intense cecal activity that may have been misinterpreted as right abdominal pathology.", "PMID": 719981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8239", "title": "Unilateral increased radioactivity in the lower extremities on routine 99mTc-pyrophosphate bone imaging.", "content": "Unilateral increased activity in the lower extremities was noted in 5 patients who underwent routine 99mTc-pyrophosphate bone imaging for metastatic evaluation. In three patients a large pelvic mass or retroperitoneal hematoma was noted on the affected side. Clinical evidence of lymphatic obstruction was apparent in two cases with pelvic mass. In the fourth case, venous disease (thrombophlebitis) was noted and the fifth case showed osteomyelitis. The possible mechanism for this phenomenon may include obstruction of the lymphatic or venous circulation and inflammation. Other causes of soft tissue uptake of 99mTc-PYP are reviewed. The above mentioned conditions must be excluded when asymmetrical activity of 99mTc-PYP is seen on routine bone imaging.", "contents": "Unilateral increased radioactivity in the lower extremities on routine 99mTc-pyrophosphate bone imaging. Unilateral increased activity in the lower extremities was noted in 5 patients who underwent routine 99mTc-pyrophosphate bone imaging for metastatic evaluation. In three patients a large pelvic mass or retroperitoneal hematoma was noted on the affected side. Clinical evidence of lymphatic obstruction was apparent in two cases with pelvic mass. In the fourth case, venous disease (thrombophlebitis) was noted and the fifth case showed osteomyelitis. The possible mechanism for this phenomenon may include obstruction of the lymphatic or venous circulation and inflammation. Other causes of soft tissue uptake of 99mTc-PYP are reviewed. The above mentioned conditions must be excluded when asymmetrical activity of 99mTc-PYP is seen on routine bone imaging.", "PMID": 719982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8240", "title": "Tuberous sclerosis. Report of nine cases and a review.", "content": "Tuberous sclerosis is characterized by epilepsy, mental retardation and adenoma sebaceum. Seizures and mental retardation were the presenting complaints in the nine cases presented here; however, a variety of clinical manifestations of the disease exist. Early diagnosis facilitates genetic counseling.", "contents": "Tuberous sclerosis. Report of nine cases and a review. Tuberous sclerosis is characterized by epilepsy, mental retardation and adenoma sebaceum. Seizures and mental retardation were the presenting complaints in the nine cases presented here; however, a variety of clinical manifestations of the disease exist. Early diagnosis facilitates genetic counseling.", "PMID": 719985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8241", "title": "Computerized axial tomography in family members of patients with tuberous sclerosis.", "content": "The diagnosis of unsuspected TS has been reached with the aid of computerized axial tomography. Most cases are sporadic, but incomplete forms of the disease may be difficult to detect. We have, therefore, studied nine immediate family members of four cases with TS. The results were negative in all of them, confirming the earlier notions that, in the absence of adenoma sebaceum in either parent, the disease is most probably sporadic.", "contents": "Computerized axial tomography in family members of patients with tuberous sclerosis. The diagnosis of unsuspected TS has been reached with the aid of computerized axial tomography. Most cases are sporadic, but incomplete forms of the disease may be difficult to detect. We have, therefore, studied nine immediate family members of four cases with TS. The results were negative in all of them, confirming the earlier notions that, in the absence of adenoma sebaceum in either parent, the disease is most probably sporadic.", "PMID": 719986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8242", "title": "What makes adolescent girls flee from their homes? An analysis of 50 such girls studied at Boston Juvenile Court.", "content": "Fifty girls who were arrested in Boston on a charge of running away and their parents were studied via psychiatric interviews, rating schedules and psychotherapeutic data. There was an absence of psychosis and mental retardation in this group. A diversity of factors leading to running away episodes were elicited. Sexual factors were common. Family disturbances were usually found, reflecting in part the urban areas from which this group came. The girls showed a remarkable uniformity of behavior while on the run. Treatment of the whole family was often necessary for success in dealing with the runaway problem. The importance of intervention promptly is demonstrated by the associated self-destructive behavior of the girls, the frequency of severe family disturbances and the later histories of these youngsters.", "contents": "What makes adolescent girls flee from their homes? An analysis of 50 such girls studied at Boston Juvenile Court. Fifty girls who were arrested in Boston on a charge of running away and their parents were studied via psychiatric interviews, rating schedules and psychotherapeutic data. There was an absence of psychosis and mental retardation in this group. A diversity of factors leading to running away episodes were elicited. Sexual factors were common. Family disturbances were usually found, reflecting in part the urban areas from which this group came. The girls showed a remarkable uniformity of behavior while on the run. Treatment of the whole family was often necessary for success in dealing with the runaway problem. The importance of intervention promptly is demonstrated by the associated self-destructive behavior of the girls, the frequency of severe family disturbances and the later histories of these youngsters.", "PMID": 719987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8243", "title": "Acute transverse myelopathy in childhood. A study of four cases.", "content": "Four cases and a literature survey show acute transverse myelopathy to be a dramatic but rare pediatric problem. Neurologic deficits can be significant but generally improve with the passage of time. The prognosis for complete recovery, however, is poor.", "contents": "Acute transverse myelopathy in childhood. A study of four cases. Four cases and a literature survey show acute transverse myelopathy to be a dramatic but rare pediatric problem. Neurologic deficits can be significant but generally improve with the passage of time. The prognosis for complete recovery, however, is poor.", "PMID": 719988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8244", "title": "Analytical subcellular fractionation studies on different cell types isolated from normal rat liver.", "content": "1. Parenchymal, Kupffer and biliary tract cells were isolated from normal rat liver by perfusion with collagenase solution. 2. The specific activities (munits of enzyme activity/mg of protein) of marker enzymes for the principal subcellular organelles were determined in the isolated cell homogenates and compared with whole liver homogenates. 3. The cells were disrupted and the extracts subjected to analytical subcellular fractionation by sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation. Lysosomal integrity was determined by assaying latent beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase in the extracts. 4. Similar subcellular distributions were found for lysosomal, endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane marker enzymes in the whole liver and in parenchymal and biliary tract cells. In Kupffer cells, the proportion of these enzymes in the cytosol was significantly increased compared with the other fractions. In addition the equilibrium densities of the various organelles in these cells were lower than those from parenchymal cells.", "contents": "Analytical subcellular fractionation studies on different cell types isolated from normal rat liver. 1. Parenchymal, Kupffer and biliary tract cells were isolated from normal rat liver by perfusion with collagenase solution. 2. The specific activities (munits of enzyme activity/mg of protein) of marker enzymes for the principal subcellular organelles were determined in the isolated cell homogenates and compared with whole liver homogenates. 3. The cells were disrupted and the extracts subjected to analytical subcellular fractionation by sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation. Lysosomal integrity was determined by assaying latent beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase in the extracts. 4. Similar subcellular distributions were found for lysosomal, endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane marker enzymes in the whole liver and in parenchymal and biliary tract cells. In Kupffer cells, the proportion of these enzymes in the cytosol was significantly increased compared with the other fractions. In addition the equilibrium densities of the various organelles in these cells were lower than those from parenchymal cells.", "PMID": 719995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8245", "title": "The tubular reabsorption of phosphate in sickle-cell nephropathy.", "content": "1. In a series of patients with sickle-cell anaemia, serum phosphate and magnesium concentrations were elevated. Serum calcium concentrations were normal. Urinary excretion of calcium was decreased. 2. The maximum tubular reabsorption of phosphate per litre of glomerular filtrate (TmP/GFR) was significantly increased in these patients. 3. The increase in phosphate reabsorption explains the elevated serum phosphate observed in these patients.", "contents": "The tubular reabsorption of phosphate in sickle-cell nephropathy. 1. In a series of patients with sickle-cell anaemia, serum phosphate and magnesium concentrations were elevated. Serum calcium concentrations were normal. Urinary excretion of calcium was decreased. 2. The maximum tubular reabsorption of phosphate per litre of glomerular filtrate (TmP/GFR) was significantly increased in these patients. 3. The increase in phosphate reabsorption explains the elevated serum phosphate observed in these patients.", "PMID": 719996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8246", "title": "The effects of prednisolone on the rat enterocyte at a subcellular level.", "content": "1. Enterocytes, isolated from the proximal jejunum and distal ileum of normal and prednisolone-treated rats, were homogenized and fractionated by isopycnic centrifugation on sucrose density gradients. The distributions of marker enzymes for the principal subcellular organelles, RNA and protein were determined and related to the activities per enterocyte. 2. In enterocytes fromthe jejunum and ileum of prednisolone-treated animals the activities of particulate brush-border enzymes and of both soluble and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase were increased compared with those of the control system. The equilibrium density of the brush borders was enhanced in the prednisolone-treated jejunum. The modal densities of the other organelles were unaltered by prednisolone administration. 3. There was a large increase in the total RNA content of enterocytes from the jejunum and ileum of prednisolone-treated animals. This was predominantly associated with a distinct particulate component, indicative of a proliferation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and consistent with an enhanced rate of protein synthesis. 4. Studies of latent brush-border enzyme activities, the mechanical fragility of isolated brush borders and electron microscopy suggest that steroid administration results in no marked alterations in the gross conformation of the brush-border membrane or in the orientation of the enzymes within the membrane.", "contents": "The effects of prednisolone on the rat enterocyte at a subcellular level. 1. Enterocytes, isolated from the proximal jejunum and distal ileum of normal and prednisolone-treated rats, were homogenized and fractionated by isopycnic centrifugation on sucrose density gradients. The distributions of marker enzymes for the principal subcellular organelles, RNA and protein were determined and related to the activities per enterocyte. 2. In enterocytes fromthe jejunum and ileum of prednisolone-treated animals the activities of particulate brush-border enzymes and of both soluble and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase were increased compared with those of the control system. The equilibrium density of the brush borders was enhanced in the prednisolone-treated jejunum. The modal densities of the other organelles were unaltered by prednisolone administration. 3. There was a large increase in the total RNA content of enterocytes from the jejunum and ileum of prednisolone-treated animals. This was predominantly associated with a distinct particulate component, indicative of a proliferation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and consistent with an enhanced rate of protein synthesis. 4. Studies of latent brush-border enzyme activities, the mechanical fragility of isolated brush borders and electron microscopy suggest that steroid administration results in no marked alterations in the gross conformation of the brush-border membrane or in the orientation of the enzymes within the membrane.", "PMID": 719997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8247", "title": "Comparison of cardiac output determined by a carbon dioxide-rebreathing and direct Fick method at rest and during exercise.", "content": "1. To study the validity of a CO2-rebreathing method at rest and during graded exercise, cardiac output was measured simultaneously on 59 occasions in 16 subjects with normal pulmonary function with the CO2-rebreathing method and the direct Fick method for oxygen. The correlation coefficient between the results of both methods was significantly higher during exercise than at rest. 2. No systematic difference was shown between (a-v)CO2 content difference determined on whole blood and end-tidal gas, which justified the exclusion of a correction factor for blood to alveolar gas PCO2 gradients. 3. In the calculation of cardiac output by the direct Fick method for CO2 and by CO2 rebreathing, a standard CO2 dissociation curve was preferred to a synthetic CO2 dissociation curve, constructed by allowance for changes in haemoglobin concentration, pH and oxygen saturation. The latter curve tended to increase values for cardiac output and induced a large dispersion around the line of identity, when compared with simultaneous cardiac output estimates by the direct Fick method for oxygen.", "contents": "Comparison of cardiac output determined by a carbon dioxide-rebreathing and direct Fick method at rest and during exercise. 1. To study the validity of a CO2-rebreathing method at rest and during graded exercise, cardiac output was measured simultaneously on 59 occasions in 16 subjects with normal pulmonary function with the CO2-rebreathing method and the direct Fick method for oxygen. The correlation coefficient between the results of both methods was significantly higher during exercise than at rest. 2. No systematic difference was shown between (a-v)CO2 content difference determined on whole blood and end-tidal gas, which justified the exclusion of a correction factor for blood to alveolar gas PCO2 gradients. 3. In the calculation of cardiac output by the direct Fick method for CO2 and by CO2 rebreathing, a standard CO2 dissociation curve was preferred to a synthetic CO2 dissociation curve, constructed by allowance for changes in haemoglobin concentration, pH and oxygen saturation. The latter curve tended to increase values for cardiac output and induced a large dispersion around the line of identity, when compared with simultaneous cardiac output estimates by the direct Fick method for oxygen.", "PMID": 719998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8248", "title": "The nature of hepatic cytochrone P-450 induced in hexachlorobenzene-fed rats.", "content": "1. The effect of feeding with a diet containing 0.2% (w/w) hexachlorobenzene on hepatic and urinary porphyrins and hepatic cytochrome P-450 was studied at various time intervals in female Wistar rats. 2. Hexachlorobenzene administration for 45 days resulted in the development of porphyria in rats, which biochemically closely resembles symptomatic porphyria in humans, with elevation of urinary uroporphyrin excretion, hepatic uroporphyrin content, and hepatic cytochrome P-450 content, in addition to appearance of porphyrins of the isocoproporphyrin (P1) series in the faeces. 3. Spectral studies of the induced hepatic cytochrone P-450 at 45 days with carbon monoxide and ethyl isocyanide as ligands indicated the presence of a greater admixture of a haemoprotein distinct from cytochrome P-450. 4. Study in vitro of the kinetics of two reactions, namely aminopyrine N-demethylation and 3,4-benzpyrene hydroxylation, catalysed by the hepatic microsomal cytochrom P-450-dependent enzyme system, suggested that hexachlorobenzene induced a form of cytochrome P-450-dependent enzyme system, suggested that hexachlorobenzene induced a form of cytochrome P-450 with different catalytic properties from those of forms induced by either phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene.", "contents": "The nature of hepatic cytochrone P-450 induced in hexachlorobenzene-fed rats. 1. The effect of feeding with a diet containing 0.2% (w/w) hexachlorobenzene on hepatic and urinary porphyrins and hepatic cytochrome P-450 was studied at various time intervals in female Wistar rats. 2. Hexachlorobenzene administration for 45 days resulted in the development of porphyria in rats, which biochemically closely resembles symptomatic porphyria in humans, with elevation of urinary uroporphyrin excretion, hepatic uroporphyrin content, and hepatic cytochrome P-450 content, in addition to appearance of porphyrins of the isocoproporphyrin (P1) series in the faeces. 3. Spectral studies of the induced hepatic cytochrone P-450 at 45 days with carbon monoxide and ethyl isocyanide as ligands indicated the presence of a greater admixture of a haemoprotein distinct from cytochrome P-450. 4. Study in vitro of the kinetics of two reactions, namely aminopyrine N-demethylation and 3,4-benzpyrene hydroxylation, catalysed by the hepatic microsomal cytochrom P-450-dependent enzyme system, suggested that hexachlorobenzene induced a form of cytochrome P-450-dependent enzyme system, suggested that hexachlorobenzene induced a form of cytochrome P-450 with different catalytic properties from those of forms induced by either phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene.", "PMID": 719999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8249", "title": "The effect of vibration on blood flow in skeletal muscle in the rabbit.", "content": "1. The blood flow in rabbit gastrocnemius, as measured by photoelectric drop-counter, increased when the muscle was vibrated at frequencies of 22--62 Hz. 2. Blood flow increased rapidly within 1--2 s of the start of vibration, and lasted for the whole time vibration was applied. 3. The increase in blood flow was negatively correlated with the initial blood flow, being greater with lower flows. 4. The magnitude of increase was similar in both innervated and acutely denervated muscles. 5. The arterial blood pressure did not change apart from a very brief fall at the beginning of vibration. Venous pressure rose and, consequently, the perfusion pressure was lower. The increase in blood flow thus indicates a considerable dilatation in the resistance vessels of skeletal muscle.", "contents": "The effect of vibration on blood flow in skeletal muscle in the rabbit. 1. The blood flow in rabbit gastrocnemius, as measured by photoelectric drop-counter, increased when the muscle was vibrated at frequencies of 22--62 Hz. 2. Blood flow increased rapidly within 1--2 s of the start of vibration, and lasted for the whole time vibration was applied. 3. The increase in blood flow was negatively correlated with the initial blood flow, being greater with lower flows. 4. The magnitude of increase was similar in both innervated and acutely denervated muscles. 5. The arterial blood pressure did not change apart from a very brief fall at the beginning of vibration. Venous pressure rose and, consequently, the perfusion pressure was lower. The increase in blood flow thus indicates a considerable dilatation in the resistance vessels of skeletal muscle.", "PMID": 720000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8250", "title": "The physcial properties of human pulmonary arteries and veins.", "content": "1. We have studied the extensibility of circumferential strips of main pulmonary artery and large pulmonary veins obtained at post mortem from patients of all ages, dying from conditions other than heart and lung disease. 2. The vessel strips were submitted to increasing loads in a tension balance. The pulmonary arteries were found to be readily extensible. This extensibility became less with increasing age. The pulmonary veins were virtually inextensible at all ages. 3. It is postulated that the large extraparenchymal pulmonary veins have a capacitative role in supplying blood from the lungs to the left atrium. This may be accomplished by their collapsible nature, as they have little capability of distension.", "contents": "The physcial properties of human pulmonary arteries and veins. 1. We have studied the extensibility of circumferential strips of main pulmonary artery and large pulmonary veins obtained at post mortem from patients of all ages, dying from conditions other than heart and lung disease. 2. The vessel strips were submitted to increasing loads in a tension balance. The pulmonary arteries were found to be readily extensible. This extensibility became less with increasing age. The pulmonary veins were virtually inextensible at all ages. 3. It is postulated that the large extraparenchymal pulmonary veins have a capacitative role in supplying blood from the lungs to the left atrium. This may be accomplished by their collapsible nature, as they have little capability of distension.", "PMID": 720001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8251", "title": "Haemodynamic variables during repeated exercise in chronic lung disease.", "content": "1. Pulmonary and systemic haemodynamics during repeated exercise were studied in 28 patients with chronic lung disease of various etiology, 16 of whom suffered from chronic bronchitis. They performed a moderate exercise repeated after a 20 min rest period. Ventilatory variables, blood gas tensions, cardiac output and vascular pressures (right ventricular end-diastolic, pulmonary arterial, wedge and systemic arterial) were measured at rest, during exercise and again at rest and during the same exercise. 2. Ventilation and blood gas tensions were similar during the two rest and exercise periods; there was, however, a slightly significant difference in oxygen consumption and hydrogen ion concentration between the first and the second exercise period. Pulmonary arterial and wedge pressures were lower during the second rest and exercise, right ventricular filling pressure was lower at rest, and systemic arterial pressure during the second exercise. Cardiac output and pulmonary vascular resistance were unchanged. 3. Changes in systemic arterial pressure were significantly different in a group of patients with arterial oxygen desaturation or perfusion defects, compared with those patients without such impairment.", "contents": "Haemodynamic variables during repeated exercise in chronic lung disease. 1. Pulmonary and systemic haemodynamics during repeated exercise were studied in 28 patients with chronic lung disease of various etiology, 16 of whom suffered from chronic bronchitis. They performed a moderate exercise repeated after a 20 min rest period. Ventilatory variables, blood gas tensions, cardiac output and vascular pressures (right ventricular end-diastolic, pulmonary arterial, wedge and systemic arterial) were measured at rest, during exercise and again at rest and during the same exercise. 2. Ventilation and blood gas tensions were similar during the two rest and exercise periods; there was, however, a slightly significant difference in oxygen consumption and hydrogen ion concentration between the first and the second exercise period. Pulmonary arterial and wedge pressures were lower during the second rest and exercise, right ventricular filling pressure was lower at rest, and systemic arterial pressure during the second exercise. Cardiac output and pulmonary vascular resistance were unchanged. 3. Changes in systemic arterial pressure were significantly different in a group of patients with arterial oxygen desaturation or perfusion defects, compared with those patients without such impairment.", "PMID": 720002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8252", "title": "Propranolol and the ventilatory response to hypoxia and hypercapnia in normal man.", "content": "1. The effect on respiration of a single dose of propranolol has been studied in normal subjects. 2. The degree of beta-adrenoreceptor blockade was assessed in terms of the impaired heart-rate response to progressive exercise and the plasma propranolol concentration. 3. No effect of propranolol was demonstrated on either the ventilatory response to rebreathing CO2 in hyperoxia, or the response to progressive isocapnic hypoxia. Simple indices of maximal expiratory flow (FEV 1.0% and PEFR) were also unchanged. 4. The absence of any effect of propranolol on the chemical control of breathing in man is discussed in relation to the conflicting literature.", "contents": "Propranolol and the ventilatory response to hypoxia and hypercapnia in normal man. 1. The effect on respiration of a single dose of propranolol has been studied in normal subjects. 2. The degree of beta-adrenoreceptor blockade was assessed in terms of the impaired heart-rate response to progressive exercise and the plasma propranolol concentration. 3. No effect of propranolol was demonstrated on either the ventilatory response to rebreathing CO2 in hyperoxia, or the response to progressive isocapnic hypoxia. Simple indices of maximal expiratory flow (FEV 1.0% and PEFR) were also unchanged. 4. The absence of any effect of propranolol on the chemical control of breathing in man is discussed in relation to the conflicting literature.", "PMID": 720003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8253", "title": "Evidence for an hepatic anti-ketogenic effect of insulin in man.", "content": "1. Infusion of a triglyceride emulsion (Intralipid) into overnight fasted normal subjects produced a rise in plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and blood ketones. 2. Glucose given orally 60 min after the start of the Intralipid infusion produced a sharp fall in blood ketones without much change in plasma FFA. 3. An infusion of glucagon given together with Intralipid did not alter the reduction in blood ketones produced by oral glucose in normal subjects. 4. Oral glucose given 60 min after the start of the Intralipid infusion in three insulin-requiring diabetic subjects produced no fall in blood ketones. 5. The results suggest that glucose prevents the increase in blood ketones after Intralipid through an increase in insulin secretion rather than through a suppression of glucagon or as a direct effect of glucose. 6. It is most likely that the effect of insulin is to inhibit hepatic ketogenesis.", "contents": "Evidence for an hepatic anti-ketogenic effect of insulin in man. 1. Infusion of a triglyceride emulsion (Intralipid) into overnight fasted normal subjects produced a rise in plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and blood ketones. 2. Glucose given orally 60 min after the start of the Intralipid infusion produced a sharp fall in blood ketones without much change in plasma FFA. 3. An infusion of glucagon given together with Intralipid did not alter the reduction in blood ketones produced by oral glucose in normal subjects. 4. Oral glucose given 60 min after the start of the Intralipid infusion in three insulin-requiring diabetic subjects produced no fall in blood ketones. 5. The results suggest that glucose prevents the increase in blood ketones after Intralipid through an increase in insulin secretion rather than through a suppression of glucagon or as a direct effect of glucose. 6. It is most likely that the effect of insulin is to inhibit hepatic ketogenesis.", "PMID": 720004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8254", "title": "Protective effect of prostaglandin [PGE2] and in glycerol-induced acute renal failure in rats.", "content": "1. Acute renal failure was induced in female Sprague-Dawley rats by the subcutaneous injection of glycerol. 2. Four groups of rats were studied; all animals received a glycerol challenge. Group A (control) were sham-operated only, group B received an infusion of sodium chloride solution (150 mmol/l; saline) for 24 h, group C received an infusion containing prostaglandin E2 (PGE2, 1.7 micronmol/l) in saline and group D a solution containing PGE2 (3.4 micronmol/l) in saline. 3. All rats were killed 48 h after glycerol challenge. The degree of renal impairment was assessed by serum creatinine concentration, which did not differ in sham-operated animals and the group receiving saline alone. The group of rats receiving the lower dose  dose of PGE2 has a significantly lower mean serum creatinine concentration than the saline-infused control rats (P less than 0.0025). Creatinine concentration was further lowered by the higher dose of PGE2 but there was not a significant difference in the number of rats showing severe tubular necrosis histologically. 4. The study demonstrates that intravenous infusion of prostaglandin E2 has a protective influence on glycerol-induced renal failure in the rat; the protection afforded may be due to the vasodilator effect of PGE2 and/or an effect on glomerular permeability.", "contents": "Protective effect of prostaglandin [PGE2] and in glycerol-induced acute renal failure in rats. 1. Acute renal failure was induced in female Sprague-Dawley rats by the subcutaneous injection of glycerol. 2. Four groups of rats were studied; all animals received a glycerol challenge. Group A (control) were sham-operated only, group B received an infusion of sodium chloride solution (150 mmol/l; saline) for 24 h, group C received an infusion containing prostaglandin E2 (PGE2, 1.7 micronmol/l) in saline and group D a solution containing PGE2 (3.4 micronmol/l) in saline. 3. All rats were killed 48 h after glycerol challenge. The degree of renal impairment was assessed by serum creatinine concentration, which did not differ in sham-operated animals and the group receiving saline alone. The group of rats receiving the lower dose  dose of PGE2 has a significantly lower mean serum creatinine concentration than the saline-infused control rats (P less than 0.0025). Creatinine concentration was further lowered by the higher dose of PGE2 but there was not a significant difference in the number of rats showing severe tubular necrosis histologically. 4. The study demonstrates that intravenous infusion of prostaglandin E2 has a protective influence on glycerol-induced renal failure in the rat; the protection afforded may be due to the vasodilator effect of PGE2 and/or an effect on glomerular permeability.", "PMID": 720005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8255", "title": "Small-intestinal changes induced by an elemental diet (Vivonex) in normal rats.", "content": "1. Rats were fed with the elemental diet Vivonex for 1 or 3 months and their jejunal histology was compared with that of an equal number of rats fed on a normal diet. 2. After 1 month of Vivonex feeding a significant reduction in the ratio of crypt height: villus height (CH:VH) was found in the Vivonex-fed rats (n = 4) compared with the control rats (n = 4) (P less than 0.05). 3. After 3 months the CH:VH ratio was also reduced in the Vivonex-fed rats (n = 18) compared with control rats (n = 18) (P less than 0.002). Villus height was significantly increased (P less than 0.002) and crypt height decreased (P less than 0.05). 4. Jejunal protein content, alkaline phosphatase and disaccharidase activity were also determined in 12 control and 12 Vivonex-fed rats from the 3 months study. 5. Alkaline phosphatase activity was increased from a control value of 201 +/- 8 to 243 +/- 15 munits/cm in the Vivonex-fed rats (n = 12) (P less than 0.05) but no significant changes in lactase, sucrase or maltase activites were found. The observed decrease in the CH:VH ratio suggested an improved survival of the mature enterocyte population during elemental diet feeding.", "contents": "Small-intestinal changes induced by an elemental diet (Vivonex) in normal rats. 1. Rats were fed with the elemental diet Vivonex for 1 or 3 months and their jejunal histology was compared with that of an equal number of rats fed on a normal diet. 2. After 1 month of Vivonex feeding a significant reduction in the ratio of crypt height: villus height (CH:VH) was found in the Vivonex-fed rats (n = 4) compared with the control rats (n = 4) (P less than 0.05). 3. After 3 months the CH:VH ratio was also reduced in the Vivonex-fed rats (n = 18) compared with control rats (n = 18) (P less than 0.002). Villus height was significantly increased (P less than 0.002) and crypt height decreased (P less than 0.05). 4. Jejunal protein content, alkaline phosphatase and disaccharidase activity were also determined in 12 control and 12 Vivonex-fed rats from the 3 months study. 5. Alkaline phosphatase activity was increased from a control value of 201 +/- 8 to 243 +/- 15 munits/cm in the Vivonex-fed rats (n = 12) (P less than 0.05) but no significant changes in lactase, sucrase or maltase activites were found. The observed decrease in the CH:VH ratio suggested an improved survival of the mature enterocyte population during elemental diet feeding.", "PMID": 720006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8256", "title": "Sex and the cardiac patient.", "content": "Unfounded fears and misconceptions about postcoronary sex can cause much anxiety in an individual and his partner. Hypertension may complicate the clinical picture, and fear of a catastrophic episode may haunt partner as well as patient. Needed medications may further confuse them both by causing chemical impotence or ejaculatory problems in some cases. A good precoronary sexual history can lead to an open dialogue on plans, modifications, and concerns about resuming the patient's sexual exchange upon leaving the hospital. For holistic rehabilitation, good sex information is essential.", "contents": "Sex and the cardiac patient. Unfounded fears and misconceptions about postcoronary sex can cause much anxiety in an individual and his partner. Hypertension may complicate the clinical picture, and fear of a catastrophic episode may haunt partner as well as patient. Needed medications may further confuse them both by causing chemical impotence or ejaculatory problems in some cases. A good precoronary sexual history can lead to an open dialogue on plans, modifications, and concerns about resuming the patient's sexual exchange upon leaving the hospital. For holistic rehabilitation, good sex information is essential.", "PMID": 720018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8257", "title": "Myocardial damage following infarction.", "content": "It is likely that the size of the infarct is the main determinant of survival in acute MI. Infarct size can be judged effectively by using simple bedside techniques coupled with accurate interpretation of the chest radiograph. A more sensitive indicator of the patient's hemodynamic status can be gained by using the Swan-Ganz thermodilution catheter. Much more research is required for the development of methods for accurate measurement of infarct size. At present none of these is entirely satisfactory, although the measurement of metabolic substances released into the bloodstream from the infarct, particulary CK enzyme, appears to be the most promising.", "contents": "Myocardial damage following infarction. It is likely that the size of the infarct is the main determinant of survival in acute MI. Infarct size can be judged effectively by using simple bedside techniques coupled with accurate interpretation of the chest radiograph. A more sensitive indicator of the patient's hemodynamic status can be gained by using the Swan-Ganz thermodilution catheter. Much more research is required for the development of methods for accurate measurement of infarct size. At present none of these is entirely satisfactory, although the measurement of metabolic substances released into the bloodstream from the infarct, particulary CK enzyme, appears to be the most promising.", "PMID": 720019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8258", "title": "Bedside management of acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Management of AMI is greatly aided by appreciation of the consequent hemodynamic derangements, which produce the clinical signs of power failure. These can be assessed accurately at the bedside either by clinical evaluation or direct measurement using the pulmonary artery balloon catheter. This evaluation establishes both a short-term prognosis and a direction for therapy. Primary therapeutic alternatives include sedation, propranolol, diuretics, vasodilators, volume infusion, cardiac pacing, pressor agents, mechanical circulatory assistance, and emergency bypass surgery. From this formidable array of potential therapies, a reasonable and consistent choice can almost always be selected, based on our current knowledge of cardiac hemodynamics.", "contents": "Bedside management of acute myocardial infarction. Management of AMI is greatly aided by appreciation of the consequent hemodynamic derangements, which produce the clinical signs of power failure. These can be assessed accurately at the bedside either by clinical evaluation or direct measurement using the pulmonary artery balloon catheter. This evaluation establishes both a short-term prognosis and a direction for therapy. Primary therapeutic alternatives include sedation, propranolol, diuretics, vasodilators, volume infusion, cardiac pacing, pressor agents, mechanical circulatory assistance, and emergency bypass surgery. From this formidable array of potential therapies, a reasonable and consistent choice can almost always be selected, based on our current knowledge of cardiac hemodynamics.", "PMID": 720026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8259", "title": "Vitamin E status of young women on combined-type oral contraceptives.", "content": "Differences in vitamin E status between young Caucasian women using oral contraceptives (OCs) for 1 yr or more and control females were obtained with regard to the following parameters: 1) hemolysis, 2) plasma total tocopherols by spectrophotometric analysis, 3) individual tocopherols by a thin-layer gas-liquid chromatographic (TLC-GLC) technique, and 4) dietary intakes of vitamin E, polyunsaturated and saturated lipids, cholesterol and kilocalories. Ten subjects were on Ortho-Novum- or Norinyl-1/50, 8 on Ortho-Novum- or Norinyl-1/80, and 10 had never taken OCs. Analyses of 24-hr recalls and 7-day dietary records revealed no significant differences among groups for intakes of nutrients listed above. No significant differences among groups were observed from hemolytic values. Plasma total tocopherol concentrations measured by spectrophotometric and TLC-GLC techniques revealed that OC-1/80 subjects had significantly lower values than controls. Marginally inadequate vitamin E status as assessed by the various techniques was observed in approximately one subject in the control and OC-1/50 groups and in 2 of the OC-1/80 women. Large individual variations in vitamin E status were observed for subjects in all groups on similar estimated vitamin E intakes. TLC-GLC measurements of total tocopherols in plasma seemed to be perhaps a more sensitive indicator of vitamin E status of subjects than spectrophotometric analysis of tocopherols.", "contents": "Vitamin E status of young women on combined-type oral contraceptives. Differences in vitamin E status between young Caucasian women using oral contraceptives (OCs) for 1 yr or more and control females were obtained with regard to the following parameters: 1) hemolysis, 2) plasma total tocopherols by spectrophotometric analysis, 3) individual tocopherols by a thin-layer gas-liquid chromatographic (TLC-GLC) technique, and 4) dietary intakes of vitamin E, polyunsaturated and saturated lipids, cholesterol and kilocalories. Ten subjects were on Ortho-Novum- or Norinyl-1/50, 8 on Ortho-Novum- or Norinyl-1/80, and 10 had never taken OCs. Analyses of 24-hr recalls and 7-day dietary records revealed no significant differences among groups for intakes of nutrients listed above. No significant differences among groups were observed from hemolytic values. Plasma total tocopherol concentrations measured by spectrophotometric and TLC-GLC techniques revealed that OC-1/80 subjects had significantly lower values than controls. Marginally inadequate vitamin E status as assessed by the various techniques was observed in approximately one subject in the control and OC-1/50 groups and in 2 of the OC-1/80 women. Large individual variations in vitamin E status were observed for subjects in all groups on similar estimated vitamin E intakes. TLC-GLC measurements of total tocopherols in plasma seemed to be perhaps a more sensitive indicator of vitamin E status of subjects than spectrophotometric analysis of tocopherols.", "PMID": 720056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8260", "title": "Phospholipid analysis in testis-epididymis complex after alpha-chlorohydrin administration.", "content": "alpha-Chlorohydrin, 6.5 mg/kg body weight for 14 days, did not alter total phospholipids, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl inositol and sphingomyelin in rat testis and caput and corpus epididymis. However, marked decrease in total phospholipids, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl inositol in cauda epididymis and vas deferens was observed. p32 incorporation also showed similar changes in phospholipids.", "contents": "Phospholipid analysis in testis-epididymis complex after alpha-chlorohydrin administration. alpha-Chlorohydrin, 6.5 mg/kg body weight for 14 days, did not alter total phospholipids, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl inositol and sphingomyelin in rat testis and caput and corpus epididymis. However, marked decrease in total phospholipids, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl inositol in cauda epididymis and vas deferens was observed. p32 incorporation also showed similar changes in phospholipids.", "PMID": 720057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8261", "title": "No increase of the fibrinolytic activity of the human endometrium by progesterone-releasing IUD (ProgestasertR).", "content": "An increase in menstrual blood loss  is one of the most common side effects of plastic IUDs and, though less often, also of copper IUDs. This has been explained by the observation that IUD enhances the fibrinolytic activity of the endometrium. A progesterone-releasing IUD (ProgestasertR) does not increase menstrual bleeding. The fibrinolytic activity of the endometrium was studied in 17 women before and after insertion of a progesterone-releasing IUD. It did not enhance the histochemically determined fibrinolytic activity in the endometrium.", "contents": "No increase of the fibrinolytic activity of the human endometrium by progesterone-releasing IUD (ProgestasertR). An increase in menstrual blood loss  is one of the most common side effects of plastic IUDs and, though less often, also of copper IUDs. This has been explained by the observation that IUD enhances the fibrinolytic activity of the endometrium. A progesterone-releasing IUD (ProgestasertR) does not increase menstrual bleeding. The fibrinolytic activity of the endometrium was studied in 17 women before and after insertion of a progesterone-releasing IUD. It did not enhance the histochemically determined fibrinolytic activity in the endometrium.", "PMID": 720058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8262", "title": "Pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin: V. Indomethacin or cortisone and the reversal of antifertility efficacy of pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin.", "content": "Pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) of 10 IU on day 5 of pregnancy induced luteal demise and consequently an absolute resorption of fetuses and placentae resulted on day 16 of pregnancy. Simultaneous regimen of PMSG and indomethacin or cortisone was found to be consistently effective in preventing the luteolytic effect of PMSG. The growth of the fetuses, placentae as well as corpora lutea was found to be parallel to controls. Similarly, shortening of the duration of pseudopregnancy to 10--12 days in the bilaterally hysterectomized rat by PMSG and its retaining the normal duration of 18--20 days in the presence of indomethacin tempt us to propose that the PMSG-induced luteolysis is possibly reflected through the release of prostaglandin at the ovarian level.", "contents": "Pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin: V. Indomethacin or cortisone and the reversal of antifertility efficacy of pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin. Pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) of 10 IU on day 5 of pregnancy induced luteal demise and consequently an absolute resorption of fetuses and placentae resulted on day 16 of pregnancy. Simultaneous regimen of PMSG and indomethacin or cortisone was found to be consistently effective in preventing the luteolytic effect of PMSG. The growth of the fetuses, placentae as well as corpora lutea was found to be parallel to controls. Similarly, shortening of the duration of pseudopregnancy to 10--12 days in the bilaterally hysterectomized rat by PMSG and its retaining the normal duration of 18--20 days in the presence of indomethacin tempt us to propose that the PMSG-induced luteolysis is possibly reflected through the release of prostaglandin at the ovarian level.", "PMID": 720059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8263", "title": "Is development of pelvic inflammatory disease in women using intra-uterine device equal regardless of parity? A one year follow-up study.", "content": "Seven hundred and fifty women using IUD(TCu 200) were observed for one year after insertion. Sixteen (2.1%) of the women were hospitalized for salpingitis (PID), and the diagnosis was always confirmed by laparascopy. Of these 16 women, 8 belonged to the nulliparous group and 8 to the parous group. In the high-risk age-group (16--25 years), the incidence of salpingitis was 47/1000 women-year in the nulliparous group, and 42/1000 women-year in the parous group. Thus, the rate of development of salpingitis is equal regardless of parity.", "contents": "Is development of pelvic inflammatory disease in women using intra-uterine device equal regardless of parity? A one year follow-up study. Seven hundred and fifty women using IUD(TCu 200) were observed for one year after insertion. Sixteen (2.1%) of the women were hospitalized for salpingitis (PID), and the diagnosis was always confirmed by laparascopy. Of these 16 women, 8 belonged to the nulliparous group and 8 to the parous group. In the high-risk age-group (16--25 years), the incidence of salpingitis was 47/1000 women-year in the nulliparous group, and 42/1000 women-year in the parous group. Thus, the rate of development of salpingitis is equal regardless of parity.", "PMID": 720061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8264", "title": "Determination of plasma concentrations of d-norgestrel during a one year follow-up in women with a d-norgestrel-releasing IUD.", "content": "Eight healthy women had a d-norgestrel-releasing intrauterine device inserted postmenstrually and maintained in the uterine cavity for a one year period. Plasma concentrations of d-norgestrel were measured by radioimmunoassay during the one year treatment period. d-Norgestrel could be detected in the plasma of all the subjects within a fairly narrow range during the whole period. The release rate of d-norgestrel was calculated from two IUDs removed after the treatment.", "contents": "Determination of plasma concentrations of d-norgestrel during a one year follow-up in women with a d-norgestrel-releasing IUD. Eight healthy women had a d-norgestrel-releasing intrauterine device inserted postmenstrually and maintained in the uterine cavity for a one year period. Plasma concentrations of d-norgestrel were measured by radioimmunoassay during the one year treatment period. d-Norgestrel could be detected in the plasma of all the subjects within a fairly narrow range during the whole period. The release rate of d-norgestrel was calculated from two IUDs removed after the treatment.", "PMID": 720062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8265", "title": "Pituitary and gonadal function during the use of norgestrelestradiol vaginal rings.", "content": "Four women used polysiloxane contraceptive rings (CVR) impregnated with d-Norgestrel and estradiol for contraceptive purposes. The treatment was given in three-week cycles, leaving one treatment-free week between the cycles. Subjects were followed by blood sampling twice a week for three or four treatment cycles. Plasma concentrations of d-Norgestrel, estradiol, progesterone, and gonadotropins were determined by radioimmunoassay. The bleeding patterns were very acceptable. One subject experienced acne and weight gain, but no other side-effects were observed. Furthermore, no local irritation was found during the follow-up period of six or seven months. The individual variation in the mean plasma concentrations of d-norgestrel was between 3.2 and 1.1 ng/ml. Apart from one case, the highest individual levels were observed at the beginning of the first treatment cycle. Plasma estradiol was low during the treatment, but in some cases low post-insertion peaks were observed. No ovulatory progesterone values were found. Plasma LH was generally suppressed, but FSH was not. During the treatment-free week increasing concentrations of both LH and FSH were found, indicating an activation of pituitary function.", "contents": "Pituitary and gonadal function during the use of norgestrelestradiol vaginal rings. Four women used polysiloxane contraceptive rings (CVR) impregnated with d-Norgestrel and estradiol for contraceptive purposes. The treatment was given in three-week cycles, leaving one treatment-free week between the cycles. Subjects were followed by blood sampling twice a week for three or four treatment cycles. Plasma concentrations of d-Norgestrel, estradiol, progesterone, and gonadotropins were determined by radioimmunoassay. The bleeding patterns were very acceptable. One subject experienced acne and weight gain, but no other side-effects were observed. Furthermore, no local irritation was found during the follow-up period of six or seven months. The individual variation in the mean plasma concentrations of d-norgestrel was between 3.2 and 1.1 ng/ml. Apart from one case, the highest individual levels were observed at the beginning of the first treatment cycle. Plasma estradiol was low during the treatment, but in some cases low post-insertion peaks were observed. No ovulatory progesterone values were found. Plasma LH was generally suppressed, but FSH was not. During the treatment-free week increasing concentrations of both LH and FSH were found, indicating an activation of pituitary function.", "PMID": 720065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8266", "title": "The possible mode of action of prostaglandins: XIV. Evidence of an involvement of progesterone in the initiation of prostaglandin F2a-induced premature labor in rats.", "content": "Prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a) at a dose of 2 mg/kg (sc) on day 18 of pregnancy induced premature emptying of gravid uteri by day 21 in the rat. Bilateral spaying or luteectomy on day 18 of pregnancy induced a refractoriness to respond to the abortifacient action of PGF2a. Injection of progesterone in the spayed or luteectomized pregnant rats, however, restored the sensitivity of the surgically manipulated animals to PGF2a. Premature parturition resulted in all of the animals so far tested. The importance of progesterone in terms of the abortifacient action of PGF2a is discussed.", "contents": "The possible mode of action of prostaglandins: XIV. Evidence of an involvement of progesterone in the initiation of prostaglandin F2a-induced premature labor in rats. Prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a) at a dose of 2 mg/kg (sc) on day 18 of pregnancy induced premature emptying of gravid uteri by day 21 in the rat. Bilateral spaying or luteectomy on day 18 of pregnancy induced a refractoriness to respond to the abortifacient action of PGF2a. Injection of progesterone in the spayed or luteectomized pregnant rats, however, restored the sensitivity of the surgically manipulated animals to PGF2a. Premature parturition resulted in all of the animals so far tested. The importance of progesterone in terms of the abortifacient action of PGF2a is discussed.", "PMID": 720066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8267", "title": "Intravas device studies in rabbits: II. Effects on sperm output, fertility and histology of the reproductive tract.", "content": "Solid (rod) and open (tube) prototype gole-platinum intravas device housings of three different surface designs were surgically inserted into the vasa deferentia of rabbits to test the feasibility of controlling male fertility. The devices were inserted through a short longitudinal slit in each vas deferens, secured with 4-0 silk suture and remained in situ for various periods ranging from 56--426 days. The solid devices completely inhibited the fertility of 6 rabbits in 20 of 21 matings. The fertile mating resulted after the loss of a device in one animal. In contrast, 7 of 9 rabbits receiving identical, but open (i.d. 0.8 mm), devices were fertile in numerous matings. Reduced sperm numbers or sperm-free ejaculates were usually obtained for 2--3 weeks after surgery, but returned to normal following this period. However, sperm blockage due to connective tissue infiltration and eventual encapsulation of the open devices was subsequently observed in about 50% of the animals. Histological changes of the vas deferens at the sites of some of the devices included occasional sperm granulomas, mild focal submucosal edema, mucosal erosion and mild mucosal hyperplasia due to fibroblastic proliferation.", "contents": "Intravas device studies in rabbits: II. Effects on sperm output, fertility and histology of the reproductive tract. Solid (rod) and open (tube) prototype gole-platinum intravas device housings of three different surface designs were surgically inserted into the vasa deferentia of rabbits to test the feasibility of controlling male fertility. The devices were inserted through a short longitudinal slit in each vas deferens, secured with 4-0 silk suture and remained in situ for various periods ranging from 56--426 days. The solid devices completely inhibited the fertility of 6 rabbits in 20 of 21 matings. The fertile mating resulted after the loss of a device in one animal. In contrast, 7 of 9 rabbits receiving identical, but open (i.d. 0.8 mm), devices were fertile in numerous matings. Reduced sperm numbers or sperm-free ejaculates were usually obtained for 2--3 weeks after surgery, but returned to normal following this period. However, sperm blockage due to connective tissue infiltration and eventual encapsulation of the open devices was subsequently observed in about 50% of the animals. Histological changes of the vas deferens at the sites of some of the devices included occasional sperm granulomas, mild focal submucosal edema, mucosal erosion and mild mucosal hyperplasia due to fibroblastic proliferation.", "PMID": 720067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8268", "title": "Vitamin and trace mineral metabolism in medroxyprogesterone acetate users.", "content": "The effect of one year's continual use of medroxyprogesterone acetate as an injectable contraceptive (150 mg I.M. every 90 days) on vitamin (A, B-carotene, E, B-1, B-2, B-6, oral tryptophan load test, folate and B-12) and trace mineral metabolism (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn and phosphorus) were assessed before and at the 3rd week, 3rd, 6th, 9th and 12th months after initiation of daily treatment with a vitamin-mineral supplement, in 12 non-lactating helathy Thai women. Neither vitamin nor trace mineral metabolism changed significantly as a result of treatment when compared to the pre-treatment control, suggesting that this form of hormonal contraceptive did not interfere with any of the parameters studied.", "contents": "Vitamin and trace mineral metabolism in medroxyprogesterone acetate users. The effect of one year's continual use of medroxyprogesterone acetate as an injectable contraceptive (150 mg I.M. every 90 days) on vitamin (A, B-carotene, E, B-1, B-2, B-6, oral tryptophan load test, folate and B-12) and trace mineral metabolism (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn and phosphorus) were assessed before and at the 3rd week, 3rd, 6th, 9th and 12th months after initiation of daily treatment with a vitamin-mineral supplement, in 12 non-lactating helathy Thai women. Neither vitamin nor trace mineral metabolism changed significantly as a result of treatment when compared to the pre-treatment control, suggesting that this form of hormonal contraceptive did not interfere with any of the parameters studied.", "PMID": 720068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8269", "title": "Minilaparotomy as a primary interval sterilization procedure in a high risk population.", "content": "200 cases of interval sterilization, using suprapubic minilaparotomy and the Osathanondh uterine elevation technique, were performed. A large number of patients was overweight (58.5%), and some had major medical problems (20%) or had prveious pelvic surgery (4%). All procedures were done under intravenous sedation and local anesthesia on an out-patient basis. The follow-up rate was 97%. Total complication rate was 6%. Neither serious complications nor readmissions to the hospital were found. The overall results were interpreted as demonstrating that the original Osathanondh minilaparotomy technique, with minor modifications, is suitable for use in high risk patients requiring permanent sterilization.", "contents": "Minilaparotomy as a primary interval sterilization procedure in a high risk population. 200 cases of interval sterilization, using suprapubic minilaparotomy and the Osathanondh uterine elevation technique, were performed. A large number of patients was overweight (58.5%), and some had major medical problems (20%) or had prveious pelvic surgery (4%). All procedures were done under intravenous sedation and local anesthesia on an out-patient basis. The follow-up rate was 97%. Total complication rate was 6%. Neither serious complications nor readmissions to the hospital were found. The overall results were interpreted as demonstrating that the original Osathanondh minilaparotomy technique, with minor modifications, is suitable for use in high risk patients requiring permanent sterilization.", "PMID": 720069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8270", "title": "Effects of quinestrol on hepatic function in the rat.", "content": "Hepatic function in female rats given 200 microgram of quinestrol every 15 days for up to 210 days was studied. Prolonged treatment with quinestrol affected liver weight, serum cholestrol levels, biliar flux, and bromosulphthalein test, but these parameters tended toward control levels after 30 days of treatment. Quinestrol failed to affect alkaline phosphatase, oxalacetic and pyruvic transaminases and the concentration of bilirubin in serum and bile. The effects of quinestrol on hepatic function are similar to the effects of other estrogen derivatives.", "contents": "Effects of quinestrol on hepatic function in the rat. Hepatic function in female rats given 200 microgram of quinestrol every 15 days for up to 210 days was studied. Prolonged treatment with quinestrol affected liver weight, serum cholestrol levels, biliar flux, and bromosulphthalein test, but these parameters tended toward control levels after 30 days of treatment. Quinestrol failed to affect alkaline phosphatase, oxalacetic and pyruvic transaminases and the concentration of bilirubin in serum and bile. The effects of quinestrol on hepatic function are similar to the effects of other estrogen derivatives.", "PMID": 720070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8271", "title": "Detection of ovulation by a method of change in finger-finger electropotential readings.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine whether ovulation can be detected by using a device (OvultronR) that measures electropotential differences in finger-to-finger contact. Daily basal body temperatures and five consecutive readings on the OvultronR were obtained each morning in 34 women for a three-month period. During one cycle an endometrial biopsy was taken and dated to document the time of ovulation. Our results showed that in only five out of 104 cycles did the device show an isolated change at the time of ovulation. This device is not a reliable method either for prediction of or the detection of ovulation. Therefore, one cannot effectively use this device alone as a basis for a rhythm method of contraception.", "contents": "Detection of ovulation by a method of change in finger-finger electropotential readings. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ovulation can be detected by using a device (OvultronR) that measures electropotential differences in finger-to-finger contact. Daily basal body temperatures and five consecutive readings on the OvultronR were obtained each morning in 34 women for a three-month period. During one cycle an endometrial biopsy was taken and dated to document the time of ovulation. Our results showed that in only five out of 104 cycles did the device show an isolated change at the time of ovulation. This device is not a reliable method either for prediction of or the detection of ovulation. Therefore, one cannot effectively use this device alone as a basis for a rhythm method of contraception.", "PMID": 720071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8272", "title": "Release of contraceptive steroids from sustained release dosage forms and resulting plasma levels.", "content": "The correlations of plasma levels of levonorgestrel, megestrol acetate and norgestrienone with the doses delivered from subdermal implants and contraceptive rings have been examined. Differences in plasma levels as large as three-fold between different subjects receiving nearly identical doses were observed with all three steroids. The relative plasma levels seen from one subject to another showed high consistency over time. Part of the explanation may lie in differing levels of sex hormone binding globulin, but additional factors must be operative since megestrol acetate binds only weakly with this carrier.", "contents": "Release of contraceptive steroids from sustained release dosage forms and resulting plasma levels. The correlations of plasma levels of levonorgestrel, megestrol acetate and norgestrienone with the doses delivered from subdermal implants and contraceptive rings have been examined. Differences in plasma levels as large as three-fold between different subjects receiving nearly identical doses were observed with all three steroids. The relative plasma levels seen from one subject to another showed high consistency over time. Part of the explanation may lie in differing levels of sex hormone binding globulin, but additional factors must be operative since megestrol acetate binds only weakly with this carrier.", "PMID": 720073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8273", "title": "Clinical experience with implant contraception.", "content": "Subdermal implants of polysiloxane (Silastic) capsules containing a number of synthetic progestagens have been studied in clinical trials to determine their contraceptive effectiveness and acceptability. The steroids studied include norgestrienone (R2010), gestrigone (R2323), megestrol acetate, d-norgestrel, norethindrone, ST-1435, lynestrenol and R-1364. With some of these steroids, studies have been undertaken with a varying number of implanted capsules. The estimated duration of use varies from 6 months to 6 years depending on dose and release rate of the individual steroid. The results of these studies involving about 5000 women in 8 years, indicate in general a high rate of effectiveness, as well as acceptability. Continuation rates at one year were generally 80% or greater. Abnormal bleeding patterns are the major disadvantage. Studies with implatns containing a combination of estrogen and progestogen are being undertaken in an attempt to improve the bleeding pattern.", "contents": "Clinical experience with implant contraception. Subdermal implants of polysiloxane (Silastic) capsules containing a number of synthetic progestagens have been studied in clinical trials to determine their contraceptive effectiveness and acceptability. The steroids studied include norgestrienone (R2010), gestrigone (R2323), megestrol acetate, d-norgestrel, norethindrone, ST-1435, lynestrenol and R-1364. With some of these steroids, studies have been undertaken with a varying number of implanted capsules. The estimated duration of use varies from 6 months to 6 years depending on dose and release rate of the individual steroid. The results of these studies involving about 5000 women in 8 years, indicate in general a high rate of effectiveness, as well as acceptability. Continuation rates at one year were generally 80% or greater. Abnormal bleeding patterns are the major disadvantage. Studies with implatns containing a combination of estrogen and progestogen are being undertaken in an attempt to improve the bleeding pattern.", "PMID": 720074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8274", "title": "Clinical trial with subdermal implants containing norgestrienone.", "content": "Norgestrienone implants delivering approximately 225 microgram/ day were tested clinically for contraceptive effectiveness and acceptability in 145 women. Five pregnancies occurred in 2259 woman-months of use, one in the 11th month, one in the 15th and three in the 16th month of use. Continuation rate at 12 months was 86.7. The number of bleeding runs and bleeding days was increased in approximately 12% of the subjects. Ten percent of the patients had no bleeding in the first 90 days of treatment. Changes in bleeding pattern led to closures in four cases. Headache and signs of mild androgenicity were among the leading side effects. Blood and urine analysis throughout the study showed normal values of 17 different parameters, but a tendency to lower cholesterolemia not associated with changes in thyroid hormone levels, was observed in several patients. Cortisol was found slightly under the lower normal range in one subject without clinical manifestations of hypoadrenalism. It is concluded that norgestrienone implants should be replaced every twelve months for maximal contraceptive effect and because of their efficacy and good acceptability, evaluation of their long term use is warranted.", "contents": "Clinical trial with subdermal implants containing norgestrienone. Norgestrienone implants delivering approximately 225 microgram/ day were tested clinically for contraceptive effectiveness and acceptability in 145 women. Five pregnancies occurred in 2259 woman-months of use, one in the 11th month, one in the 15th and three in the 16th month of use. Continuation rate at 12 months was 86.7. The number of bleeding runs and bleeding days was increased in approximately 12% of the subjects. Ten percent of the patients had no bleeding in the first 90 days of treatment. Changes in bleeding pattern led to closures in four cases. Headache and signs of mild androgenicity were among the leading side effects. Blood and urine analysis throughout the study showed normal values of 17 different parameters, but a tendency to lower cholesterolemia not associated with changes in thyroid hormone levels, was observed in several patients. Cortisol was found slightly under the lower normal range in one subject without clinical manifestations of hypoadrenalism. It is concluded that norgestrienone implants should be replaced every twelve months for maximal contraceptive effect and because of their efficacy and good acceptability, evaluation of their long term use is warranted.", "PMID": 720075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8275", "title": "Clinical chemistry in women treated with progestogen implants.", "content": "Effects on metabolic parameters of six subdermal implants of d-norgestrel, norgestrienone (R2010) and methylnorgestrienone (R2323) were studied in women. In general, tests remained within the normal range. An exception was increases in serum transaminase levels in several subjects on R2323 implants. Average cortisol values showed a tendency to decrease on all three regimens, but remained within the significance only with R2323 at six months and R2010 at 12 months. Serum cholesterol levels showed significant decreases on R2010 implants.", "contents": "Clinical chemistry in women treated with progestogen implants. Effects on metabolic parameters of six subdermal implants of d-norgestrel, norgestrienone (R2010) and methylnorgestrienone (R2323) were studied in women. In general, tests remained within the normal range. An exception was increases in serum transaminase levels in several subjects on R2323 implants. Average cortisol values showed a tendency to decrease on all three regimens, but remained within the significance only with R2323 at six months and R2010 at 12 months. Serum cholesterol levels showed significant decreases on R2010 implants.", "PMID": 720076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8276", "title": "Sustained intrauterine release of d-norgestrel.", "content": "Clinical experience with seventy-two first insertions of a d-norgestrel-releasing IUD is reported. Plasma d-norgestrel concentrations were measured in twelve subjects. No pregnancies occurred in the 522 woman-months of use (averaging 7.3 months/subject) that have been accumulated. Removals were performed in six subjects for medical reasons and in seven subjects for personal reasons. Plasma concentrations of d-norgestrel were highest during the first two weeks of use. A decline in the plasma concentration of d-norgestrel occurred and was only 0.05 ng/ml between 30 and 90 days after insertion.", "contents": "Sustained intrauterine release of d-norgestrel. Clinical experience with seventy-two first insertions of a d-norgestrel-releasing IUD is reported. Plasma d-norgestrel concentrations were measured in twelve subjects. No pregnancies occurred in the 522 woman-months of use (averaging 7.3 months/subject) that have been accumulated. Removals were performed in six subjects for medical reasons and in seven subjects for personal reasons. Plasma concentrations of d-norgestrel were highest during the first two weeks of use. A decline in the plasma concentration of d-norgestrel occurred and was only 0.05 ng/ml between 30 and 90 days after insertion.", "PMID": 720077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8277", "title": "Acute renal failure: clinical aspects and pathophysiology.", "content": "Acute renal failure may be caused by multiple conditions including those which are due to some direct hemodynamic or nephrotoxic insult. In considering the pathophysiology of these entities, it seems appropriate to differentiate between the initiating and the maintenance phase of the disorder. In the former, renal ischemia and/or a direct effect of a given nephrotoxic agent seems to be the basis for the underlying renal damage. In the maintenance phase, renal functional impairment is maintained by a number of factors which include persistent renal vasoconstriction, tubular obstruction, a leakage of filtrate across damaged tubular epithelium, and a reduction in glomerular capillary permeability. The therapy and possible preventive aspects of these entities are discussed.", "contents": "Acute renal failure: clinical aspects and pathophysiology. Acute renal failure may be caused by multiple conditions including those which are due to some direct hemodynamic or nephrotoxic insult. In considering the pathophysiology of these entities, it seems appropriate to differentiate between the initiating and the maintenance phase of the disorder. In the former, renal ischemia and/or a direct effect of a given nephrotoxic agent seems to be the basis for the underlying renal damage. In the maintenance phase, renal functional impairment is maintained by a number of factors which include persistent renal vasoconstriction, tubular obstruction, a leakage of filtrate across damaged tubular epithelium, and a reduction in glomerular capillary permeability. The therapy and possible preventive aspects of these entities are discussed.", "PMID": 720079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8278", "title": "Prostaglandins: renin release and renal function.", "content": "Renal prostaglandins have several potential functions in renal physiology. Perhaps their best documented role is the maintenance of renal blood flow during renal ischemia, although they are apparently not essential to blood flow autoregulation in the absence of ischemia. Alterations in sodium excretion parallel the hemodynamic changes induced by prostaglandin infusions and prostaglandin inhibition with indomethacin. A direct action on sodium balance is unproven. Numerous studies, in vivo and in vitro, have convincingly demonstrated that prostaglandins or their precursors stimulate renin release and prostaglandin inhibition blunts renin release independent of hemodynamic and electrolyte balance. These functions of prostaglandins have implicated them in the manifestations of Bartter's syndrome, the nephropathy of liver cirrhosis, renovascular hypertension, and other nephropathies.", "contents": "Prostaglandins: renin release and renal function. Renal prostaglandins have several potential functions in renal physiology. Perhaps their best documented role is the maintenance of renal blood flow during renal ischemia, although they are apparently not essential to blood flow autoregulation in the absence of ischemia. Alterations in sodium excretion parallel the hemodynamic changes induced by prostaglandin infusions and prostaglandin inhibition with indomethacin. A direct action on sodium balance is unproven. Numerous studies, in vivo and in vitro, have convincingly demonstrated that prostaglandins or their precursors stimulate renin release and prostaglandin inhibition blunts renin release independent of hemodynamic and electrolyte balance. These functions of prostaglandins have implicated them in the manifestations of Bartter's syndrome, the nephropathy of liver cirrhosis, renovascular hypertension, and other nephropathies.", "PMID": 720086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8279", "title": "Brain lactate uptake in coma secondary to acute cerebrovascular accident.", "content": "Relative distribution of lactate, pyruvate, and glucose in cerebrospinal fluid, arterial blood, and jugular blood has been determined in patients in status of coma following cerebrovascular accidents and compared with values obtained in patients without CNS disorders. Ratios of lactate/pyruvate and arteriovenous differences were calculated. In the cerebrospinal fluid of these patients a significant increase of lactate concentration and of the lactate/pyruvate ratio was observed.", "contents": "Brain lactate uptake in coma secondary to acute cerebrovascular accident. Relative distribution of lactate, pyruvate, and glucose in cerebrospinal fluid, arterial blood, and jugular blood has been determined in patients in status of coma following cerebrovascular accidents and compared with values obtained in patients without CNS disorders. Ratios of lactate/pyruvate and arteriovenous differences were calculated. In the cerebrospinal fluid of these patients a significant increase of lactate concentration and of the lactate/pyruvate ratio was observed.", "PMID": 720088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8280", "title": "Cerebral energy metabolite levels and survival following exposure to low inspired oxygen concentration.", "content": "To determine the relationship between brain energy metabolites and neurologic status after ischemia-hypoxia, we measured cortical tissue levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), phosphocreatine, and lactate. Rats with permanent unilateral carotid occlusion were exposed to 5, 10, and 15 min of hypoxic atmosphere (FIO2 0.048) and, to examine metabolic restitution, 60 min after recovery in rats exposed to the same hypoxic mixture for 15 min. At 5 and 10 min of hypoxia, there were significant reductions in phosphocreatinine and elevations in tissue lactate, but only after 15 min of hypoxia, did ATP levels significantly decrease. By 60 min after recovery, phosphocreatinine values returned to the normal range, ATP values to 15% less than normal, and tissue lactate toward normal. In parallel survival studies, neurological status was examined following hypoxic exposure (PaO2 18 to 19 torr) for 5 an 10 min. Evidence for neurological injury in the form of posthypoxic seizures occurred at a point in time preceding significant changes in brain tissue ATP level. Since injury occurs prior to ATP reduction, changes in brain tissue ATP level may not be an appropirate endpoint for determining brain tissue injury in hypoxia.", "contents": "Cerebral energy metabolite levels and survival following exposure to low inspired oxygen concentration. To determine the relationship between brain energy metabolites and neurologic status after ischemia-hypoxia, we measured cortical tissue levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), phosphocreatine, and lactate. Rats with permanent unilateral carotid occlusion were exposed to 5, 10, and 15 min of hypoxic atmosphere (FIO2 0.048) and, to examine metabolic restitution, 60 min after recovery in rats exposed to the same hypoxic mixture for 15 min. At 5 and 10 min of hypoxia, there were significant reductions in phosphocreatinine and elevations in tissue lactate, but only after 15 min of hypoxia, did ATP levels significantly decrease. By 60 min after recovery, phosphocreatinine values returned to the normal range, ATP values to 15% less than normal, and tissue lactate toward normal. In parallel survival studies, neurological status was examined following hypoxic exposure (PaO2 18 to 19 torr) for 5 an 10 min. Evidence for neurological injury in the form of posthypoxic seizures occurred at a point in time preceding significant changes in brain tissue ATP level. Since injury occurs prior to ATP reduction, changes in brain tissue ATP level may not be an appropirate endpoint for determining brain tissue injury in hypoxia.", "PMID": 720089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8281", "title": "Arterial versus venous potassium: clinical implications.", "content": "A difference between potassium concentrations in arterial plasma and venous serum was evaluated. The difference was 0.5 mM/litre, with a range of 0.1 to 1.1 mM/liter. Multiple factors operating primarily upon the venous sample are responsible for this difference. The value for arterial plasma potassium is stable and preferable, but a revised normal for arterial plasma K+ is necessary.", "contents": "Arterial versus venous potassium: clinical implications. A difference between potassium concentrations in arterial plasma and venous serum was evaluated. The difference was 0.5 mM/litre, with a range of 0.1 to 1.1 mM/liter. Multiple factors operating primarily upon the venous sample are responsible for this difference. The value for arterial plasma potassium is stable and preferable, but a revised normal for arterial plasma K+ is necessary.", "PMID": 720090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8282", "title": "Aberrant position of a central venous catheter: a cause for inadequate fluid replacement in septic shock.", "content": "An unusual placement of a \"central\" venous catheter in the porto-hemiazygous system of a cirrhotic patient in septic shock is described. The catheter was misinterpreted as being located in a central vein and served initially as a guide for volume replacement. The high central venous pressure recorded (22 cm H2O) in spite of signs of hypovolemia led to the introduction of a Swan-Ganz catheter which confirmed the presence of hypovolemia. The proper position of the central venous catheter, especially in cirrhotic patients, should not only be confirmed by plain chest x-ray but also by injection of contrast medium.", "contents": "Aberrant position of a central venous catheter: a cause for inadequate fluid replacement in septic shock. An unusual placement of a \"central\" venous catheter in the porto-hemiazygous system of a cirrhotic patient in septic shock is described. The catheter was misinterpreted as being located in a central vein and served initially as a guide for volume replacement. The high central venous pressure recorded (22 cm H2O) in spite of signs of hypovolemia led to the introduction of a Swan-Ganz catheter which confirmed the presence of hypovolemia. The proper position of the central venous catheter, especially in cirrhotic patients, should not only be confirmed by plain chest x-ray but also by injection of contrast medium.", "PMID": 720091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8283", "title": "Cardiorespiratory and metabolic effects of profound hypothermia.", "content": "At operation the body temperature of mechanically ventilated infants was initially decreased to 25--22 degrees C with surface cooling and further lowered to 16 degrees C by total body perfusion. During circulatory arrest, averaging 40 min, repair of complex intracardiac deformities was carried out. Rewarming to 36 degrees C was achieved by 35--65 min of total body perfusion. Of 29 infants, 23 under 10 kg survived their correction; normothermic ventilation without added CO2 was given throughout the cooling period. The following measurements were made: gas exchange, lung mechanics, heart rate, arterial pressure, right atrial pressure, cardiac output (Qt), ECG, core and nasopharyngeal temperature, as well as biochemical determinations. During surface cooling O2 consumption (VO2), CO2 production (VCO2), endtidal CO2 (PETCO2) and PaCO2 decreased proportionally and linearly with body temperature. Inspiratory resistance, total compliance, physiological dead space (VD/VT), and the single breath CO2 curve did not reveal disturbed lung function. Mean arterial pressure was 98, 90, and 70 mm Hg and heart rate was 141, 107, and 76 beat/min, at temperature 35, 30, and 25 degrees C, respectively. Cardiac index was 2.2 +/- 0.2 liter/min/m2 (mean +/- SEM, n = 25) 2 hours after surgery. Arterial lactate reached peak values of 4.1 +/- 0.3 mM/liter (n = 17), during rewarming but returned to normal. Respiratory alkalosis caused by hyperventilation during cooling caused no apparent harm. No neurological damage was observed. It is concluded that surface cooling performed with normothermic ventilation under guidance of core temperature, VO2, PETCO2, and VCO2, is a safe method.", "contents": "Cardiorespiratory and metabolic effects of profound hypothermia. At operation the body temperature of mechanically ventilated infants was initially decreased to 25--22 degrees C with surface cooling and further lowered to 16 degrees C by total body perfusion. During circulatory arrest, averaging 40 min, repair of complex intracardiac deformities was carried out. Rewarming to 36 degrees C was achieved by 35--65 min of total body perfusion. Of 29 infants, 23 under 10 kg survived their correction; normothermic ventilation without added CO2 was given throughout the cooling period. The following measurements were made: gas exchange, lung mechanics, heart rate, arterial pressure, right atrial pressure, cardiac output (Qt), ECG, core and nasopharyngeal temperature, as well as biochemical determinations. During surface cooling O2 consumption (VO2), CO2 production (VCO2), endtidal CO2 (PETCO2) and PaCO2 decreased proportionally and linearly with body temperature. Inspiratory resistance, total compliance, physiological dead space (VD/VT), and the single breath CO2 curve did not reveal disturbed lung function. Mean arterial pressure was 98, 90, and 70 mm Hg and heart rate was 141, 107, and 76 beat/min, at temperature 35, 30, and 25 degrees C, respectively. Cardiac index was 2.2 +/- 0.2 liter/min/m2 (mean +/- SEM, n = 25) 2 hours after surgery. Arterial lactate reached peak values of 4.1 +/- 0.3 mM/liter (n = 17), during rewarming but returned to normal. Respiratory alkalosis caused by hyperventilation during cooling caused no apparent harm. No neurological damage was observed. It is concluded that surface cooling performed with normothermic ventilation under guidance of core temperature, VO2, PETCO2, and VCO2, is a safe method.", "PMID": 720092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8284", "title": "A new controllable suction catheter for blind cannulation of the main stem bronchi.", "content": "A new controllable suction catheter is described which was used for blind cannulation of the main stem bronchi. Cannulation of the right main stem bronchus was successful in 24 of 25 attempts (96%). Cannulation of the left main stem bronchus was successful in 22 of 25 attempts (88%). The use of a controllable tip suction catheter increases the rate of successful cannulation of the left main stem bronchus compared to previous reports in the literature.", "contents": "A new controllable suction catheter for blind cannulation of the main stem bronchi. A new controllable suction catheter is described which was used for blind cannulation of the main stem bronchi. Cannulation of the right main stem bronchus was successful in 24 of 25 attempts (96%). Cannulation of the left main stem bronchus was successful in 22 of 25 attempts (88%). The use of a controllable tip suction catheter increases the rate of successful cannulation of the left main stem bronchus compared to previous reports in the literature.", "PMID": 720093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8285", "title": "Fulminant noncardiogenic pulmonary edema in the critically ill.", "content": "The relationship between the serum colloid osmotic pressure (COPs), pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PWP), and pulmonary edema fluid colloid osmotic pressure was studied in six critically ill patients with fulminant noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. The relationship between COPs and PWP was also studied in 36 critically ill patients without pulmonary edema. The COPs-PWP gradient was normal in those patients without pulmonary edema. Three patients with noncardiogenic pulmonary edema had markedly reduced COPs-PWP gradients secondary to decreases in COPs. Their pulmonary edema fluid colloid osmotic pressure averaged 61% that of their serum colloid osmotic pressure. Three patients with noncardiogenic pulmonary edema had normal COPs-PWP gradients. Their pulmonary edema fluid colloid osmotic pressure averaged 92% that of their COPs. Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema in the critically ill patient may be caused by either a decrease of COPs-PWP gradient or an increase in capillary membrane permeability.", "contents": "Fulminant noncardiogenic pulmonary edema in the critically ill. The relationship between the serum colloid osmotic pressure (COPs), pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PWP), and pulmonary edema fluid colloid osmotic pressure was studied in six critically ill patients with fulminant noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. The relationship between COPs and PWP was also studied in 36 critically ill patients without pulmonary edema. The COPs-PWP gradient was normal in those patients without pulmonary edema. Three patients with noncardiogenic pulmonary edema had markedly reduced COPs-PWP gradients secondary to decreases in COPs. Their pulmonary edema fluid colloid osmotic pressure averaged 61% that of their serum colloid osmotic pressure. Three patients with noncardiogenic pulmonary edema had normal COPs-PWP gradients. Their pulmonary edema fluid colloid osmotic pressure averaged 92% that of their COPs. Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema in the critically ill patient may be caused by either a decrease of COPs-PWP gradient or an increase in capillary membrane permeability.", "PMID": 720095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8286", "title": "Unusual complications during pulmonary artery catheterization.", "content": "Two unusual complications, encountered during pulmonary artery catheterization, are described. In both cases the catheter had been introduced percutaneously with the Seldinger technique. Inadvertent entry of the right pleural space occured in one case in which the catheter had been inserted into the internal jugular vein through a low cervical approach. The second complication was separation of the shaft of the introducer from the hub, with consequent risk of embolization. Possible means of preventing and treating these complications are discussed.", "contents": "Unusual complications during pulmonary artery catheterization. Two unusual complications, encountered during pulmonary artery catheterization, are described. In both cases the catheter had been introduced percutaneously with the Seldinger technique. Inadvertent entry of the right pleural space occured in one case in which the catheter had been inserted into the internal jugular vein through a low cervical approach. The second complication was separation of the shaft of the introducer from the hub, with consequent risk of embolization. Possible means of preventing and treating these complications are discussed.", "PMID": 720096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8287", "title": "Lung mechanics in patients undergoing mitral valve replacement. The value of monitoring of compliance and resistance.", "content": "Measurements of compliance, resistance of the respiratory system, and left atrial pressure were made before, during, and after mitral valve replacement in 30 patients. Postoperatively left atrial pressures decreased, resistance decreased and compliance increased significantly. Monitoring and recordkeeping of lung mechanics were found to be useful in predicting the feasibility for extubation and as indicators of impending disasters, e.g., due to bleeding in the thoracic cavity.", "contents": "Lung mechanics in patients undergoing mitral valve replacement. The value of monitoring of compliance and resistance. Measurements of compliance, resistance of the respiratory system, and left atrial pressure were made before, during, and after mitral valve replacement in 30 patients. Postoperatively left atrial pressures decreased, resistance decreased and compliance increased significantly. Monitoring and recordkeeping of lung mechanics were found to be useful in predicting the feasibility for extubation and as indicators of impending disasters, e.g., due to bleeding in the thoracic cavity.", "PMID": 720098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8288", "title": "Automatic intracranial pressure regulation.", "content": "This paper emphasizes our approach to control increased ventricular fluid volume and pressure; it utilizes an improved device based upon hydrostatic pressure principles. Intracranial pressure may be maintained at any preselected value, usually 25 cm H2O. Pressure increases beyond this value will result in a venting of fluid into a calibrated reservoir. The hydrostatic column will act to cushion the surrounding ventricular mass, helping to prevent ventricular collapse. The method overcomes the hazards of techniques, using intermittent withdrawal of fluid which requires human judgment. Ventricular pressure response curves performed on a number of patients showed a marked stability with a response less than 2 mm Hg/ml. This indicates a favorable influence on the intracranial compliance. The system is completely closed and its use in 52 neurosurgical patients in over 400 patient days has not been associated with any infection problem.", "contents": "Automatic intracranial pressure regulation. This paper emphasizes our approach to control increased ventricular fluid volume and pressure; it utilizes an improved device based upon hydrostatic pressure principles. Intracranial pressure may be maintained at any preselected value, usually 25 cm H2O. Pressure increases beyond this value will result in a venting of fluid into a calibrated reservoir. The hydrostatic column will act to cushion the surrounding ventricular mass, helping to prevent ventricular collapse. The method overcomes the hazards of techniques, using intermittent withdrawal of fluid which requires human judgment. Ventricular pressure response curves performed on a number of patients showed a marked stability with a response less than 2 mm Hg/ml. This indicates a favorable influence on the intracranial compliance. The system is completely closed and its use in 52 neurosurgical patients in over 400 patient days has not been associated with any infection problem.", "PMID": 720099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8289", "title": "Multiple organ failure after near-hanging. A case report.", "content": "Near-hanging and strangulation injuries can result in multiorgan failure. A 13-year-old male sustained an ischemic anoxic cerebral injury that was followed by an encephalopathy lasting approximately 30 hours and pulmonary edema lasting more than 48 hours. The patient was treated with continuous positive pressure ventilation followed by spontaneous breathing with continuous positive airway pressure by a mask; shock was reversed. The loss of cardiovascular competency and pulmonary insufficiency are problems frequently encountered in the patient who has sustained an hypoxic insult. Cerebral injury can result from hypoxemia related to tracheal compression, aspiration, and pulmonary edema; cerebral vascular engorgement secondary to venous compression; and ischemic anoxia related to arterial compression. Cerebral changes continue after circulatory and pulmonary competence has been restored. Multiorgan monitoring and control including intracranial pressure monitoring may be required to guide therapy. Respiratory distress syndrome may develop secondary to multiple factors including autonomic reflexes triggered by cerebral hypoxia and edema.", "contents": "Multiple organ failure after near-hanging. A case report. Near-hanging and strangulation injuries can result in multiorgan failure. A 13-year-old male sustained an ischemic anoxic cerebral injury that was followed by an encephalopathy lasting approximately 30 hours and pulmonary edema lasting more than 48 hours. The patient was treated with continuous positive pressure ventilation followed by spontaneous breathing with continuous positive airway pressure by a mask; shock was reversed. The loss of cardiovascular competency and pulmonary insufficiency are problems frequently encountered in the patient who has sustained an hypoxic insult. Cerebral injury can result from hypoxemia related to tracheal compression, aspiration, and pulmonary edema; cerebral vascular engorgement secondary to venous compression; and ischemic anoxia related to arterial compression. Cerebral changes continue after circulatory and pulmonary competence has been restored. Multiorgan monitoring and control including intracranial pressure monitoring may be required to guide therapy. Respiratory distress syndrome may develop secondary to multiple factors including autonomic reflexes triggered by cerebral hypoxia and edema.", "PMID": 720097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8290", "title": "A closed system device for diagnosis and evaluation of neonatal pneumothoraces.", "content": "A closed system device with teflon needle, sideholes, and attached stopcock was designed and evaluated for diagnosis and evacuation of neonatal pneumothoraces. Experience with this device has demonstrated specific advantages over existing needles and techniques. Since the system is airtight, diagnosis of pneumothorax can be performed without the risk of introducing air. In addition, the needle sideholes provide more complete and efficient evacuation of air and fluids from the pleural cavity.", "contents": "A closed system device for diagnosis and evaluation of neonatal pneumothoraces. A closed system device with teflon needle, sideholes, and attached stopcock was designed and evaluated for diagnosis and evacuation of neonatal pneumothoraces. Experience with this device has demonstrated specific advantages over existing needles and techniques. Since the system is airtight, diagnosis of pneumothorax can be performed without the risk of introducing air. In addition, the needle sideholes provide more complete and efficient evacuation of air and fluids from the pleural cavity.", "PMID": 720100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8291", "title": "A spring-loaded needle for emergency evacuation of pneumothorax.", "content": "A tension pneumothorax requires immediate relief. Emergency evacuation of pneumothorax using a spring-loaded needle to prevent lung perforation is described. A case example is also presented. Over 3 years, this technique proved to be safe and easy to perform.", "contents": "A spring-loaded needle for emergency evacuation of pneumothorax. A tension pneumothorax requires immediate relief. Emergency evacuation of pneumothorax using a spring-loaded needle to prevent lung perforation is described. A case example is also presented. Over 3 years, this technique proved to be safe and easy to perform.", "PMID": 720101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8292", "title": "Acute life-threatening ventilation-perfusion inequality: an indication for independent lung ventilation.", "content": "Although reports of independent lung ventilation are found in the literature more frequently, firm criteria for its use have not yet been established. It is probable that major ventilation-perfusion inequality, especially in cases in which the blood flow is primarily diverted to the less ventilated lung, could sometimes be corrected by this technique. The present report deals with such a case and describes the angiographic studies which convinced us that differential ventilation was necessary. By this means we were able to provide successful treatment for patients who had developed preterminal hypoxemia.", "contents": "Acute life-threatening ventilation-perfusion inequality: an indication for independent lung ventilation. Although reports of independent lung ventilation are found in the literature more frequently, firm criteria for its use have not yet been established. It is probable that major ventilation-perfusion inequality, especially in cases in which the blood flow is primarily diverted to the less ventilated lung, could sometimes be corrected by this technique. The present report deals with such a case and describes the angiographic studies which convinced us that differential ventilation was necessary. By this means we were able to provide successful treatment for patients who had developed preterminal hypoxemia.", "PMID": 720102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8293", "title": "Comparison of computed tomography and ultrasound for abdominal aortic aneurysms: a preliminary study.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound were equally effective in measuring the external diameter of atherosclerotic abdominal aortic aneurysms in 20 patients. Ultrasound was superior for determining the true lumen caliber and detecting mural thrombi. CT was superior for demonstrating aortic wall calcifications, but no more so than a plain film abdominal radiograph. Ultrasound should be the method of choice in the diagnosis, serial evaluation and management of a patient with an abdominal aortic aneurysm.", "contents": "Comparison of computed tomography and ultrasound for abdominal aortic aneurysms: a preliminary study. Computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound were equally effective in measuring the external diameter of atherosclerotic abdominal aortic aneurysms in 20 patients. Ultrasound was superior for determining the true lumen caliber and detecting mural thrombi. CT was superior for demonstrating aortic wall calcifications, but no more so than a plain film abdominal radiograph. Ultrasound should be the method of choice in the diagnosis, serial evaluation and management of a patient with an abdominal aortic aneurysm.", "PMID": 720109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8294", "title": "Improved ear oximetry with a rubefacient ointment.", "content": "Arterial blood oxygen saturation measurements were compared with those calculated from arterial blood samples in 51 adult cardiac surgery patients studied in the immediate postoperative period. Each patient's ears were arterialized on a random basis, either by 20 sec of brisk rubbing (control ear), or by the topical application of 0.05 ml of Finalgon Strong Ointment (Boehringer Ingelheim, West Germany) (experimental ear). Oximeter determined control ear measurements averaged 1.69% saturation lower than those calculated from arterial blood gases, whereas the difference averaged 0.38% higher on the ear treated with the rubefacient. A paired sample two-tailed Student's t-test showed significant difference between measurements made on the untreated ear and the calculated controls (p less than 0.001). No difference was found between measurements made on the treated ear and calculated controls (0.05 less than p less than 0.10). Thus, test ointment is useful for noninvasive oxygen saturation measurements with the Hewlett-Packard oximeter, particularly in cold or peripherally vasoconstricted patients in whom ear blood flow would be otherwise inadequate.", "contents": "Improved ear oximetry with a rubefacient ointment. Arterial blood oxygen saturation measurements were compared with those calculated from arterial blood samples in 51 adult cardiac surgery patients studied in the immediate postoperative period. Each patient's ears were arterialized on a random basis, either by 20 sec of brisk rubbing (control ear), or by the topical application of 0.05 ml of Finalgon Strong Ointment (Boehringer Ingelheim, West Germany) (experimental ear). Oximeter determined control ear measurements averaged 1.69% saturation lower than those calculated from arterial blood gases, whereas the difference averaged 0.38% higher on the ear treated with the rubefacient. A paired sample two-tailed Student's t-test showed significant difference between measurements made on the untreated ear and the calculated controls (p less than 0.001). No difference was found between measurements made on the treated ear and calculated controls (0.05 less than p less than 0.10). Thus, test ointment is useful for noninvasive oxygen saturation measurements with the Hewlett-Packard oximeter, particularly in cold or peripherally vasoconstricted patients in whom ear blood flow would be otherwise inadequate.", "PMID": 720103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8295", "title": "Computed tomography-guided biopsy. I. Overview.", "content": "The authors are preparing a series of communications on CT-guided biopsy procedures to be published in future issues of this journal. The present article, which previously appeared in the Cleveland Clinic Quarterly, is intended to serve as an introduction to the concept of CT-guided biopsies. Because the principles of the biopsy procedure remain the same, we do not believe that a \"rewrite\" of the previously published article would be required. We hope that by presenting this article and subsequent articles concerning the use of CT-guided biopsies, the reader will acquire an appreciation of the proper role of this exciting new technique in comparison to the available imaging modalities. We believe that as individuals become more experienced with the imaging capabilities of these CT devices, they will want to develop the technique of obtaining biopsy confirmation of the imaging diagnosis.", "contents": "Computed tomography-guided biopsy. I. Overview. The authors are preparing a series of communications on CT-guided biopsy procedures to be published in future issues of this journal. The present article, which previously appeared in the Cleveland Clinic Quarterly, is intended to serve as an introduction to the concept of CT-guided biopsies. Because the principles of the biopsy procedure remain the same, we do not believe that a \"rewrite\" of the previously published article would be required. We hope that by presenting this article and subsequent articles concerning the use of CT-guided biopsies, the reader will acquire an appreciation of the proper role of this exciting new technique in comparison to the available imaging modalities. We believe that as individuals become more experienced with the imaging capabilities of these CT devices, they will want to develop the technique of obtaining biopsy confirmation of the imaging diagnosis.", "PMID": 720110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8296", "title": "Computed tomography of the skull base in the coronal plane.", "content": "Coronal plane computed tomography (CT) is a valuable adjunct to standard transverse plane computed tomography in determining size and extension of intracerebral lesions. Extracerebral lesions at the skull base can also be evaluated by coronal plane CT. The appearances and diagnostic evaluations of these lesions, when used in conjunction with techniques to demonstrate bone detail, form the basis of this report.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the skull base in the coronal plane. Coronal plane computed tomography (CT) is a valuable adjunct to standard transverse plane computed tomography in determining size and extension of intracerebral lesions. Extracerebral lesions at the skull base can also be evaluated by coronal plane CT. The appearances and diagnostic evaluations of these lesions, when used in conjunction with techniques to demonstrate bone detail, form the basis of this report.", "PMID": 720111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8297", "title": "Computed tomography of vertebrobasilar artery aneurysm.", "content": "Review of computed tomographic as well as clinical and angiographic findings in 19 patients with vertebrobasilar artery aneurysms has revealed that there are two roentgenographically and clinically distinct types of aneurysms: saccular and fusiform. The saccular aneurysms often present with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage that differs in distribution from that seen with anterior circulation aneurysms. Small interpeduncular cisternal hematomas are helpful in localization of these aneurysms. Fusiform aneurysms of the basilar artery frequently present as posterior fossa mass lesions and have a fairly characteristic appearance on computed tomograms.", "contents": "Computed tomography of vertebrobasilar artery aneurysm. Review of computed tomographic as well as clinical and angiographic findings in 19 patients with vertebrobasilar artery aneurysms has revealed that there are two roentgenographically and clinically distinct types of aneurysms: saccular and fusiform. The saccular aneurysms often present with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage that differs in distribution from that seen with anterior circulation aneurysms. Small interpeduncular cisternal hematomas are helpful in localization of these aneurysms. Fusiform aneurysms of the basilar artery frequently present as posterior fossa mass lesions and have a fairly characteristic appearance on computed tomograms.", "PMID": 720112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8298", "title": "Computed tomography of pediatric craniofacial sarcoma.", "content": "Review of the clinical and roentgenographic findings in 16 children with craniofacial sarcomas has revealed that CT is the most accurate method for delineation of the sarcomas and is indispensable for proper therapy planning and post therapy evaluation. The patients were examined and treated according to a protocol which required a CT examination before any type of therapy and after each mode of therapy, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Chemotherapy alone was noted to produce marked reduction in tumor volume. The orbital sarcomas, which are most frequent, are small tumors without bone destruction. On the other hand, the nasopharyngeal, paranasal sinus and middle ear sarcomas are large tumors frequently associated with extensive bone destruction.", "contents": "Computed tomography of pediatric craniofacial sarcoma. Review of the clinical and roentgenographic findings in 16 children with craniofacial sarcomas has revealed that CT is the most accurate method for delineation of the sarcomas and is indispensable for proper therapy planning and post therapy evaluation. The patients were examined and treated according to a protocol which required a CT examination before any type of therapy and after each mode of therapy, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Chemotherapy alone was noted to produce marked reduction in tumor volume. The orbital sarcomas, which are most frequent, are small tumors without bone destruction. On the other hand, the nasopharyngeal, paranasal sinus and middle ear sarcomas are large tumors frequently associated with extensive bone destruction.", "PMID": 720115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8299", "title": "Neuropathologic basis of computed tomographic scan abnormalities: a correlative method.", "content": "The accuracy of CT scan diagnosis can best be studied by comparing the postmortem scan to the corresponding pathologic specimen. To be valid, this comparison must be made in a precise manner: the CT image plane and the pathologic slice plane must correspond anatomically and must be juxtaposed in a specific point-to-point manner. A new method is described which correlates postmortem CT scans and postmortem pathologic specimens. Also considered are the utility and the limitations of matching CT absorption values to homogeneous pathologic lesions such as neoplasms, infarcts, hemorrhage and edema.", "contents": "Neuropathologic basis of computed tomographic scan abnormalities: a correlative method. The accuracy of CT scan diagnosis can best be studied by comparing the postmortem scan to the corresponding pathologic specimen. To be valid, this comparison must be made in a precise manner: the CT image plane and the pathologic slice plane must correspond anatomically and must be juxtaposed in a specific point-to-point manner. A new method is described which correlates postmortem CT scans and postmortem pathologic specimens. Also considered are the utility and the limitations of matching CT absorption values to homogeneous pathologic lesions such as neoplasms, infarcts, hemorrhage and edema.", "PMID": 720116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8300", "title": "The overshoot artifact as an aid in differentiating low densities on the computed tomographic scan.", "content": "This brief report describes an artifact that is seen as a thin, white rim outlining an air collection on the EMI 80 X 80 and 160 X 160 matrix CT scanners. This artifact is not associated with fat density and, therefore, its recognition allows presumptive differentiation between air and fat densities. The attenuation numbers of the lesion should then be obtained for confirmation.", "contents": "The overshoot artifact as an aid in differentiating low densities on the computed tomographic scan. This brief report describes an artifact that is seen as a thin, white rim outlining an air collection on the EMI 80 X 80 and 160 X 160 matrix CT scanners. This artifact is not associated with fat density and, therefore, its recognition allows presumptive differentiation between air and fat densities. The attenuation numbers of the lesion should then be obtained for confirmation.", "PMID": 720118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8301", "title": "Protocol for a computed tomography scanner performance repository.", "content": "An argument is presented for organization of a Computed Tomography Scanner Performance Repository. Performance data on CT scanners would be distributed in statistical form to the radiological community. A Protocol is presented for the uniform collection of data. Results of exposure, resolution and visibility measurements made by the authors are presented for the EMI 5005/U, Pfizer 0200 FS and General Electric CT/T scanners.", "contents": "Protocol for a computed tomography scanner performance repository. An argument is presented for organization of a Computed Tomography Scanner Performance Repository. Performance data on CT scanners would be distributed in statistical form to the radiological community. A Protocol is presented for the uniform collection of data. Results of exposure, resolution and visibility measurements made by the authors are presented for the EMI 5005/U, Pfizer 0200 FS and General Electric CT/T scanners.", "PMID": 720121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8302", "title": "Computed tomography in hydrocephalus.", "content": "Computed tomography has changed the direction of the investigation of hydrocephalus. Alone or with ventriculography and radionuclide CSF flow studies the types and causes of hydrocephalus can usually be diagnosed. Atrophy with large ventricles, subdural hygromas and mild hydrocephalus may still be difficult to separate. Many of the complications of treatment, such as subdural hematoma, shunt blocks and ventricular isolation, are now visible with the use of computed tomography.", "contents": "Computed tomography in hydrocephalus. Computed tomography has changed the direction of the investigation of hydrocephalus. Alone or with ventriculography and radionuclide CSF flow studies the types and causes of hydrocephalus can usually be diagnosed. Atrophy with large ventricles, subdural hygromas and mild hydrocephalus may still be difficult to separate. Many of the complications of treatment, such as subdural hematoma, shunt blocks and ventricular isolation, are now visible with the use of computed tomography.", "PMID": 720122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8303", "title": "Don't excise--exorcise. Treatment for subungual and periungual warts.", "content": "I offer yet another modality from that \"bag of tricks\" used in the management of the common wart, primarily the subungual and periungual varieties, where treatment can be painful, and where the undesirable sequelae of scarring and nail deformities may occur. My method is safe, easy, simple painless, inexpensive, and highly effective. It leaves no scarring or deformed nails. When there are multiple warts on different digits, occlusion of only one wart by this method often results in cure of all. The mystery remains: How and why does this method work? I cannot offer any reasonable or logical explanation. It cannot be all \"hypnotic\" or \"suggestive.\" Could it be that the airtight occlusion and a chemical reaction set up by the adhesive in the tape might combine to release a chemical or \"toxin\" causing the formation of antibodies? Whatever it may be, it works. I recommend that you try it.", "contents": "Don't excise--exorcise. Treatment for subungual and periungual warts. I offer yet another modality from that \"bag of tricks\" used in the management of the common wart, primarily the subungual and periungual varieties, where treatment can be painful, and where the undesirable sequelae of scarring and nail deformities may occur. My method is safe, easy, simple painless, inexpensive, and highly effective. It leaves no scarring or deformed nails. When there are multiple warts on different digits, occlusion of only one wart by this method often results in cure of all. The mystery remains: How and why does this method work? I cannot offer any reasonable or logical explanation. It cannot be all \"hypnotic\" or \"suggestive.\" Could it be that the airtight occlusion and a chemical reaction set up by the adhesive in the tape might combine to release a chemical or \"toxin\" causing the formation of antibodies? Whatever it may be, it works. I recommend that you try it.", "PMID": 720133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8304", "title": "Urea ointment in the nonsurgical avulsion of nail dystrophies.", "content": "A nonsurgical and atraumatic method for avulsing dystrophic nails is described. Thirty-five patients with a variety of nail abnormalities were successfully treated using urea preparations under occlusive dressings. The method has many advantages and appears ideal for patients with digital vascular insufficiency and increased susceptibility to infection.", "contents": "Urea ointment in the nonsurgical avulsion of nail dystrophies. A nonsurgical and atraumatic method for avulsing dystrophic nails is described. Thirty-five patients with a variety of nail abnormalities were successfully treated using urea preparations under occlusive dressings. The method has many advantages and appears ideal for patients with digital vascular insufficiency and increased susceptibility to infection.", "PMID": 720134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8305", "title": "Symptoms of adopted children presenting to a large mental health clinic.", "content": "The intake records of a selected sample of children adopted in early infancy are reviewed and their presenting symptoms categorized. A majority of the children's symptoms fell into the first 5 of 15 categories: Oppositional Behavior, Aggressive Behavior, Anti-social Acting Out, Academic Problems and Problems with Peers. While these symptoms are not uncommon in non-adoptive clinic cases, the authors note an emphasis on the adoptive parents' disappointment and accusatory attitude to toward these children as well as high incidence of symptoms indicative of interpersonal difficulties and problems in developing solid parental attachments and self-control.", "contents": "Symptoms of adopted children presenting to a large mental health clinic. The intake records of a selected sample of children adopted in early infancy are reviewed and their presenting symptoms categorized. A majority of the children's symptoms fell into the first 5 of 15 categories: Oppositional Behavior, Aggressive Behavior, Anti-social Acting Out, Academic Problems and Problems with Peers. While these symptoms are not uncommon in non-adoptive clinic cases, the authors note an emphasis on the adoptive parents' disappointment and accusatory attitude to toward these children as well as high incidence of symptoms indicative of interpersonal difficulties and problems in developing solid parental attachments and self-control.", "PMID": 720151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8306", "title": "Equivocal neurological signs, child development, and learned behavior.", "content": "Ten children were tested repeatedly for five motor tasks commonly labeled \"soft signs.\" Finger approximation, walking hell to toe, and the equivocal Babinski improved significantly with practice. These results are interpreted as eliminating these tasks from evidence of \"minimal brain damage\" and questioning the validity of their inclusion in developmental tests.", "contents": "Equivocal neurological signs, child development, and learned behavior. Ten children were tested repeatedly for five motor tasks commonly labeled \"soft signs.\" Finger approximation, walking hell to toe, and the equivocal Babinski improved significantly with practice. These results are interpreted as eliminating these tasks from evidence of \"minimal brain damage\" and questioning the validity of their inclusion in developmental tests.", "PMID": 720152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8307", "title": "Children's reactions to hospitalization and illness.", "content": "The paper describes children's reactions to illness and hospitalizations from a developmental point of view. Taking the latter into account, it becomes easier to understand not only the child's reaction at different ages and the reasons for it, but the nature of the potential damage, that is, where and why it takes place, as well as the resources available to the child that may help, if wisely used, to minimize the potential traumas.", "contents": "Children's reactions to hospitalization and illness. The paper describes children's reactions to illness and hospitalizations from a developmental point of view. Taking the latter into account, it becomes easier to understand not only the child's reaction at different ages and the reasons for it, but the nature of the potential damage, that is, where and why it takes place, as well as the resources available to the child that may help, if wisely used, to minimize the potential traumas.", "PMID": 720153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8308", "title": "Expanding the role of supervision in child psychiatric education.", "content": "Despite the burgeoning of available therapeutic interventions, the sparse literature devoted to child psychiatric supervision concentrates on individual psychotherapy. The non-cognitive aspects of the expanding supervisory challenge continues to converge on the clinician's personality, which is a focus of educational attention only in sequestered or haphazard parts of programs. The unidimensional supervisory literature addresses this issue by questioning the extent to which supervision should resemble traditional pedagogy or personal psychotherapy. In contrast to this emphasis on elusive unconscious influences on clinical work, scant attention has been devoted to other influences stemming from the clinician's current experiences, affiliations, identifications, aspirations and similar more easily modifiable factors that exert considerable leverage and tend to be more accessible to rational scrutiny in supervision. The latter half of this paper discusses these factors.", "contents": "Expanding the role of supervision in child psychiatric education. Despite the burgeoning of available therapeutic interventions, the sparse literature devoted to child psychiatric supervision concentrates on individual psychotherapy. The non-cognitive aspects of the expanding supervisory challenge continues to converge on the clinician's personality, which is a focus of educational attention only in sequestered or haphazard parts of programs. The unidimensional supervisory literature addresses this issue by questioning the extent to which supervision should resemble traditional pedagogy or personal psychotherapy. In contrast to this emphasis on elusive unconscious influences on clinical work, scant attention has been devoted to other influences stemming from the clinician's current experiences, affiliations, identifications, aspirations and similar more easily modifiable factors that exert considerable leverage and tend to be more accessible to rational scrutiny in supervision. The latter half of this paper discusses these factors.", "PMID": 720154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8309", "title": "Sleep habits of children and the identification of pathologically sleepy children.", "content": "Sleep disorders and daytime sleepiness have been investigated only minimally in children. The sleep habits of 218 children, ages 10-13 years, were surveyed by a sleep habits questionnaire (SHQ). Our results demonstrate that total night time sleep on school nights begins to fall in early adolescence, whereas it remains relatively stable on non-school nights. Daytime sleepiness is not a common problem in this age group, in contrast to a college age population. We conclude that in adolescence chronic sleep deficits begin to occur which cumulatively affect later functioning. The potential use of the SHQ for depicting pathological sleepiness is also discussed.", "contents": "Sleep habits of children and the identification of pathologically sleepy children. Sleep disorders and daytime sleepiness have been investigated only minimally in children. The sleep habits of 218 children, ages 10-13 years, were surveyed by a sleep habits questionnaire (SHQ). Our results demonstrate that total night time sleep on school nights begins to fall in early adolescence, whereas it remains relatively stable on non-school nights. Daytime sleepiness is not a common problem in this age group, in contrast to a college age population. We conclude that in adolescence chronic sleep deficits begin to occur which cumulatively affect later functioning. The potential use of the SHQ for depicting pathological sleepiness is also discussed.", "PMID": 720155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8310", "title": "[Surgical diseases of the veriform appendix].", "content": "Various diseases can symptomatically resemble appendicitis. It has been proved that luminal obstruction is the most frequent cause of inflammation of the appendix. There are various causes of obstruction, such as scars, foreign bodies, tumors, granulomas, and dysfunction of coecocolon. Every appendix should therefore be histologically examined. The operative indication for appendectomy should not only include the time factor, but also anamnesis, complaints, and clinical presentation. It is inconsiderate to perform appendectomy as a prophylaxis against appendicitis. Finally, it is surprising that there have been almost no experimental studies on pathogenesis of appendicitis.", "contents": "[Surgical diseases of the veriform appendix]. Various diseases can symptomatically resemble appendicitis. It has been proved that luminal obstruction is the most frequent cause of inflammation of the appendix. There are various causes of obstruction, such as scars, foreign bodies, tumors, granulomas, and dysfunction of coecocolon. Every appendix should therefore be histologically examined. The operative indication for appendectomy should not only include the time factor, but also anamnesis, complaints, and clinical presentation. It is inconsiderate to perform appendectomy as a prophylaxis against appendicitis. Finally, it is surprising that there have been almost no experimental studies on pathogenesis of appendicitis.", "PMID": 720159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8311", "title": "[Problems in congenital choledochus cysts].", "content": "Congenital choledochal cysts are classified into three types (type A = cystic dilatation, type B = diverticula, Type C = choledochocele). In addition, all cases of types A and B may have anomalies of the pancreaticobiliary duct system. In type I the pancreatic duct enters the common duct and in type II the common duct enters the pancreatic duct. These anomalies are considered etiological factors in the development of choledochal cysts and are important for prognosis and therapy. Types A and B should be mainly treated by choledochocystojejunostomy (Roux-en-Y), while in type C an endoscopic transpapillary splitting is recommended.", "contents": "[Problems in congenital choledochus cysts]. Congenital choledochal cysts are classified into three types (type A = cystic dilatation, type B = diverticula, Type C = choledochocele). In addition, all cases of types A and B may have anomalies of the pancreaticobiliary duct system. In type I the pancreatic duct enters the common duct and in type II the common duct enters the pancreatic duct. These anomalies are considered etiological factors in the development of choledochal cysts and are important for prognosis and therapy. Types A and B should be mainly treated by choledochocystojejunostomy (Roux-en-Y), while in type C an endoscopic transpapillary splitting is recommended.", "PMID": 720160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8312", "title": "[Peritoneo-venous ascite drainage using the Le Veen shunt].", "content": "Ascites drainage by using the Le Veen shunt should be attempted after other treatments have failed. A silicon catheter connects the intraperitoneal space with the vena cava superior via a jugular vein. According to our own observations, misleading may occur during the insertion of the venous part of the catheter into the vena jugularis externa. Later, a thrombosis may occur. Intra- or postoperative roentgen controls for corrections or replacements seem advisable.", "contents": "[Peritoneo-venous ascite drainage using the Le Veen shunt]. Ascites drainage by using the Le Veen shunt should be attempted after other treatments have failed. A silicon catheter connects the intraperitoneal space with the vena cava superior via a jugular vein. According to our own observations, misleading may occur during the insertion of the venous part of the catheter into the vena jugularis externa. Later, a thrombosis may occur. Intra- or postoperative roentgen controls for corrections or replacements seem advisable.", "PMID": 720161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8313", "title": "[Simultaneous occurrence of hyperthyreosis and thyroid carcinoma].", "content": "The authors report on the morphological and clinical features of occult thyroid carcinomas confirmed by detailed histological examinations following the surgical treatment of hyperthyreotic goiters recurrent after prolonged thyreostatic treatment, as well as on the follow-up data of the patients. Joint occurrence of hyperthyroidism and thyroid tumors was observed in five patients, two of whom showed progressive endocrine ophthalmopathy. In the surgical preparations of three patients, chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis was also diagnosed. On the grounds of postoperative care, the authors draw conclusions of practical clinical significance. They take a stand on the questions of surgical and adjuvant treatment favored by them in the case of the joint occurrence of the two diseases.", "contents": "[Simultaneous occurrence of hyperthyreosis and thyroid carcinoma]. The authors report on the morphological and clinical features of occult thyroid carcinomas confirmed by detailed histological examinations following the surgical treatment of hyperthyreotic goiters recurrent after prolonged thyreostatic treatment, as well as on the follow-up data of the patients. Joint occurrence of hyperthyroidism and thyroid tumors was observed in five patients, two of whom showed progressive endocrine ophthalmopathy. In the surgical preparations of three patients, chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis was also diagnosed. On the grounds of postoperative care, the authors draw conclusions of practical clinical significance. They take a stand on the questions of surgical and adjuvant treatment favored by them in the case of the joint occurrence of the two diseases.", "PMID": 720162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8314", "title": "[Morphological aspects of parathyroid gland transplantation. Contribution on the clinical relevance of induced, invasive tissue growth].", "content": "The results of morphologic studies performed in 18 patients who had total parathyroidectomy and autotransplantation of parathyroid tissue into the forearm muscle are presented. All patients had long-standing renal disease with azotemia, hyperphosphatemia and high levels of parathyroid hormone. The histologic findings after total parathyroidectomy, before gland transplantation, are important for selection of parathyroid tissue for surgery. Diffuse hyperplasia with the development of multiple nodules of the parathyroids can possibly be adverse for the transplant. In one case, nine month after autotransplantation we found a tumor in the forearm, measuring 2.0 X 3.0 X 2.2 cm in diameter. Morphologic findings in this case before implantation showed diffuse hyperplasia with adenomatous nodules but no signs of carcinoma. The grafted parathyroid tissue after excision was seen with blood vessel invasion in the normal skeletal muscle. In the case of primary renal disease with secondary parathyroid hyperplasia, the light microscopic examination revealed an autonomous tumorlike adenomatous formation in the autografted parathyroid tissue, with graft-dependent hypercalcemia. The invasive growth with some signs of neoplasia following autotransplantation raises the question of the development of certain neoplasia.", "contents": "[Morphological aspects of parathyroid gland transplantation. Contribution on the clinical relevance of induced, invasive tissue growth]. The results of morphologic studies performed in 18 patients who had total parathyroidectomy and autotransplantation of parathyroid tissue into the forearm muscle are presented. All patients had long-standing renal disease with azotemia, hyperphosphatemia and high levels of parathyroid hormone. The histologic findings after total parathyroidectomy, before gland transplantation, are important for selection of parathyroid tissue for surgery. Diffuse hyperplasia with the development of multiple nodules of the parathyroids can possibly be adverse for the transplant. In one case, nine month after autotransplantation we found a tumor in the forearm, measuring 2.0 X 3.0 X 2.2 cm in diameter. Morphologic findings in this case before implantation showed diffuse hyperplasia with adenomatous nodules but no signs of carcinoma. The grafted parathyroid tissue after excision was seen with blood vessel invasion in the normal skeletal muscle. In the case of primary renal disease with secondary parathyroid hyperplasia, the light microscopic examination revealed an autonomous tumorlike adenomatous formation in the autografted parathyroid tissue, with graft-dependent hypercalcemia. The invasive growth with some signs of neoplasia following autotransplantation raises the question of the development of certain neoplasia.", "PMID": 720163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8315", "title": "[A new use for the freely transplanted omentum. Management of a late radiation injury of the brachial plexus using freely transplanted omentum and neurolysis].", "content": "A short review of the structural characteristics and the function of the greater omentum is presented. The results of treatment of secondary lymphedema by free transplantation of the omentum with microvascular anastomoses in the canine model and their relevance for clinical application are discussed. Clinical indications, operative technique, and results of omental transplantation and exoneurolysis of the brachial plexus in seven patients with constrictive, radiation induced brachial plexus paralysis, with and without secondary lymphedema, are reviewed. No effect of the grafted omentum on arm-lymphedema was observed over the entire observation period of 1 1/2--4 years. Minor degree reversion of neurodegenerative changes was found in two patients, in all other patients, these changes stopped. The most impressing result was the immediate and permanent disappearance of pain in all patients.", "contents": "[A new use for the freely transplanted omentum. Management of a late radiation injury of the brachial plexus using freely transplanted omentum and neurolysis]. A short review of the structural characteristics and the function of the greater omentum is presented. The results of treatment of secondary lymphedema by free transplantation of the omentum with microvascular anastomoses in the canine model and their relevance for clinical application are discussed. Clinical indications, operative technique, and results of omental transplantation and exoneurolysis of the brachial plexus in seven patients with constrictive, radiation induced brachial plexus paralysis, with and without secondary lymphedema, are reviewed. No effect of the grafted omentum on arm-lymphedema was observed over the entire observation period of 1 1/2--4 years. Minor degree reversion of neurodegenerative changes was found in two patients, in all other patients, these changes stopped. The most impressing result was the immediate and permanent disappearance of pain in all patients.", "PMID": 720164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8316", "title": "[Preoperative location of parathyroid adenomas using supraselective parathyroid hormone determination in the blood of the cervical veins].", "content": "After a short presentation of advances in biochemical and clinical analysis of primary hyperparathyroidism, the importance of superselective catheterization of the small jugular veins for PTH radioimmunoassay is shown as an improvement of the preoperative localization technique. Since May 1976, the diagnosis of pHPT could be established in 20 patients. Our own experiences with the method of small vein sampling combined with the radioimmunoassay demonstrate that a reliable localization of overactive parathyroid tumors is possible.", "contents": "[Preoperative location of parathyroid adenomas using supraselective parathyroid hormone determination in the blood of the cervical veins]. After a short presentation of advances in biochemical and clinical analysis of primary hyperparathyroidism, the importance of superselective catheterization of the small jugular veins for PTH radioimmunoassay is shown as an improvement of the preoperative localization technique. Since May 1976, the diagnosis of pHPT could be established in 20 patients. Our own experiences with the method of small vein sampling combined with the radioimmunoassay demonstrate that a reliable localization of overactive parathyroid tumors is possible.", "PMID": 720167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8317", "title": "[Extra-anatomical bypass in aorto-iliac obstruction].", "content": "Our report describes the results of 35 extra-anatomic bypass operations for the treatment of aortoiliac occlusion in high-risk patients. This operation is an alternative to amputation for the therapy of claudication intermittens or gangrene. Long-term results are difficult to obtain, as many patients in this group die early from other causes. The problem of iatrogenic steal phenomenon is discussed. We consider Doppler ultrasound assessment a very valuable method for excluding aortoiliac insufficiency of the donor limb, not detected by other means.", "contents": "[Extra-anatomical bypass in aorto-iliac obstruction]. Our report describes the results of 35 extra-anatomic bypass operations for the treatment of aortoiliac occlusion in high-risk patients. This operation is an alternative to amputation for the therapy of claudication intermittens or gangrene. Long-term results are difficult to obtain, as many patients in this group die early from other causes. The problem of iatrogenic steal phenomenon is discussed. We consider Doppler ultrasound assessment a very valuable method for excluding aortoiliac insufficiency of the donor limb, not detected by other means.", "PMID": 720168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8318", "title": "[Colorectal polyps. Pathologico-anatomical and statistical studies on 3037 polyps].", "content": "Report on 3037 colorectal polyps from the Deutsche Klinik f\u00fcr Diagnostik Wiesbaden that were observed within about 6 years and submitted to microscopic examination. The polyps were classified according to the WHO nomenclature, 1976. Adenomas and metaplastic (hyperplastic) polyps were the most frequenty types. The terms 'carcinoma in situ,' 'focal carcinoma,' 'adenoma with severe cellular atypia,' and 'malignant polyp' are explained and discussed in view of possible false interpretations by the surgeon. It is stressed that only the term 'adenoma with severe cellular atypia' (WHO classification) should be retained. In 286 cases, primary multiplicity of polyps was observed. There were recurrent polyp(s) in 154 cases (7%). Most frequently the recurrent polyp(s) corresponded to the type that had been found during the first examination. Finally, some remarks are made concerning the techniques of biopsy and of pathological examination.", "contents": "[Colorectal polyps. Pathologico-anatomical and statistical studies on 3037 polyps]. Report on 3037 colorectal polyps from the Deutsche Klinik f\u00fcr Diagnostik Wiesbaden that were observed within about 6 years and submitted to microscopic examination. The polyps were classified according to the WHO nomenclature, 1976. Adenomas and metaplastic (hyperplastic) polyps were the most frequenty types. The terms 'carcinoma in situ,' 'focal carcinoma,' 'adenoma with severe cellular atypia,' and 'malignant polyp' are explained and discussed in view of possible false interpretations by the surgeon. It is stressed that only the term 'adenoma with severe cellular atypia' (WHO classification) should be retained. In 286 cases, primary multiplicity of polyps was observed. There were recurrent polyp(s) in 154 cases (7%). Most frequently the recurrent polyp(s) corresponded to the type that had been found during the first examination. Finally, some remarks are made concerning the techniques of biopsy and of pathological examination.", "PMID": 720169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8319", "title": "[Chronic tendovaginitis in parasitic diseases].", "content": "A case of chronic tendovaginitis was found to be caused by parasites (filariae). The parasites had apparently been killed by the treatment of the disease. Histologic investigations showed that this pathologic process was a case of the granulomatous form of tendovaginitis. Differentiation from the other forms of tendovaginitis was clearly established by the morphologic picture.", "contents": "[Chronic tendovaginitis in parasitic diseases]. A case of chronic tendovaginitis was found to be caused by parasites (filariae). The parasites had apparently been killed by the treatment of the disease. Histologic investigations showed that this pathologic process was a case of the granulomatous form of tendovaginitis. Differentiation from the other forms of tendovaginitis was clearly established by the morphologic picture.", "PMID": 720170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8320", "title": "Current state and future trends in the estimation of human genetic risk from environmental chemicals in the Czech Socialist Republic.", "content": "The paper reviews results achieved in a pilot study about the effect of chemical mutagens on the Czech population. The method of non-work population studies revealed that the most significantly changing category was the frequency of birth defects. In a group of workers occupationally exposed to epichlorohydrin and haloethers, the suitability of cytogenetic analysis of peripheral lymphocytes as an indicator of occupational damage was tested. Current trends indicate that the late effects of genetic damage due to exposure to environmental factors are becoming a population problem. For this reason a program has been worked out for late effect studies to be conducted by the hygienic service and methods are recommended to be used for occupational and non-occupational exposure analyses. Their merits will be experimentally verified up to 1980. The objective of the program is to prove the practical applicability of the two methods and to obtain reliable data for preventive measures to be accepted to reduce the genetic risk to the population and the individual.", "contents": "Current state and future trends in the estimation of human genetic risk from environmental chemicals in the Czech Socialist Republic. The paper reviews results achieved in a pilot study about the effect of chemical mutagens on the Czech population. The method of non-work population studies revealed that the most significantly changing category was the frequency of birth defects. In a group of workers occupationally exposed to epichlorohydrin and haloethers, the suitability of cytogenetic analysis of peripheral lymphocytes as an indicator of occupational damage was tested. Current trends indicate that the late effects of genetic damage due to exposure to environmental factors are becoming a population problem. For this reason a program has been worked out for late effect studies to be conducted by the hygienic service and methods are recommended to be used for occupational and non-occupational exposure analyses. Their merits will be experimentally verified up to 1980. The objective of the program is to prove the practical applicability of the two methods and to obtain reliable data for preventive measures to be accepted to reduce the genetic risk to the population and the individual.", "PMID": 720177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8321", "title": "Toward a chronopsy: part I. A chronobiologic case report and a thermopsy complementing the biopsy.", "content": "A prophylactic bilateral subcutaneous mastectomy, following a preoperative mammogram revealed clustered small calcifications in the left breast. In order to investigate the merits of thermorphythmometry, the patient self-measured surface temperature of each breast, above and below the nipple, while awake. In the case here presented, bilateral subcutaneous mastectomy followed by extensive histologic scrutiny of both breasts revealed no indication of malignancy. Bilateral fibrocystic disease with calcification and lobular hyperplasia was found. As compared to the contralateral sites, the atypical epithelial proliferation was more abundant in the mammographically and thermorhythmometrically 'abnormal' area of the left breast.", "contents": "Toward a chronopsy: part I. A chronobiologic case report and a thermopsy complementing the biopsy. A prophylactic bilateral subcutaneous mastectomy, following a preoperative mammogram revealed clustered small calcifications in the left breast. In order to investigate the merits of thermorphythmometry, the patient self-measured surface temperature of each breast, above and below the nipple, while awake. In the case here presented, bilateral subcutaneous mastectomy followed by extensive histologic scrutiny of both breasts revealed no indication of malignancy. Bilateral fibrocystic disease with calcification and lobular hyperplasia was found. As compared to the contralateral sites, the atypical epithelial proliferation was more abundant in the mammographically and thermorhythmometrically 'abnormal' area of the left breast.", "PMID": 720172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8322", "title": "Role of the immune system in regulation of ovarian function-hypothesis.", "content": "A hypothesis is presented on the interaction between the immune system and ovary in the regulation of the reproductive system and in the origin of some of its disorders. The cyclicity of ovarian function is considered to be primarily dependent on the induction of a specific cyclic immune response to the ovary. Similarly, the selection of a species-specific number of ovulating follicles during sexual maturity is thought to be ensured by immune mechanisms.", "contents": "Role of the immune system in regulation of ovarian function-hypothesis. A hypothesis is presented on the interaction between the immune system and ovary in the regulation of the reproductive system and in the origin of some of its disorders. The cyclicity of ovarian function is considered to be primarily dependent on the induction of a specific cyclic immune response to the ovary. Similarly, the selection of a species-specific number of ovulating follicles during sexual maturity is thought to be ensured by immune mechanisms.", "PMID": 720179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8323", "title": "Circadian rhythms of electrolyte excretion in hypertensive patients and healthy subjects.", "content": "Analysis of data of 10 practically healthy subjects and 43 patients with hypertensive disease has indicated that there are circadian rhythms of urine volume and excretion of calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium and phosphorus in healthy subjects. In the earlier stages of hypertensive disease significant rhythms of sodium and magnesium excretion are not revealed. However, in patients in the IIA stage of hypertension, circadian rhythms of sodium and magnesium excretion are significant. Such a phenomenon shows that the regulation of sodium and magnesium rhythmostasis has been reestablished. But in the later stages of hypertensive disease breakdown of compensatory mechanisms and dysrhythmostasis are again observed, which are expressed by absence of significant rhythms of cations and urine excretion in patients in the IIB and IIIA stages of hypertensive disease.", "contents": "Circadian rhythms of electrolyte excretion in hypertensive patients and healthy subjects. Analysis of data of 10 practically healthy subjects and 43 patients with hypertensive disease has indicated that there are circadian rhythms of urine volume and excretion of calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium and phosphorus in healthy subjects. In the earlier stages of hypertensive disease significant rhythms of sodium and magnesium excretion are not revealed. However, in patients in the IIA stage of hypertension, circadian rhythms of sodium and magnesium excretion are significant. Such a phenomenon shows that the regulation of sodium and magnesium rhythmostasis has been reestablished. But in the later stages of hypertensive disease breakdown of compensatory mechanisms and dysrhythmostasis are again observed, which are expressed by absence of significant rhythms of cations and urine excretion in patients in the IIB and IIIA stages of hypertensive disease.", "PMID": 720173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8324", "title": "Growth and determinism of pupal diapause in a lepidopter Pieris brassicae (L.): a possible role for pigmentary photoreception independent of the daylight rhythm.", "content": "Facultative pupal insect diapause is induced by daylight rhythm and temperature furnished for the larval growth. Receptors of these factors are generally considered as larval eyes or brain. This work analyzes the possible role of pterobilin pigment of hemolymph and integument. This pigment seems to act independently and, sometimes with antagonistic actions, on the general physiology.", "contents": "Growth and determinism of pupal diapause in a lepidopter Pieris brassicae (L.): a possible role for pigmentary photoreception independent of the daylight rhythm. Facultative pupal insect diapause is induced by daylight rhythm and temperature furnished for the larval growth. Receptors of these factors are generally considered as larval eyes or brain. This work analyzes the possible role of pterobilin pigment of hemolymph and integument. This pigment seems to act independently and, sometimes with antagonistic actions, on the general physiology.", "PMID": 720174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8325", "title": "Competing circadian effects of methylprednisolone and rat weight, light chains, immunocytoma size and survival.", "content": "Eighty-four singly housed LOU rats, 43 males and 41 females, were studied (under conditions standardized for rhythmometry) for the effect of methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MP) upon a transplantable immunocytoma. Body temperature was monitored as a host reference rhythm while light chain excretion and tumor size were monitored to determine an effect upon the tumor. The MP, dissolved in a sweet solution, was consumed by the rats without any statistically significant shift in acrophase of the circadian temperature rhythm. Time dependent effects of MP treatment were observed with respect to 1) tumor size decrement and 2) the survival of treated animals, as compared to untreated animals.", "contents": "Competing circadian effects of methylprednisolone and rat weight, light chains, immunocytoma size and survival. Eighty-four singly housed LOU rats, 43 males and 41 females, were studied (under conditions standardized for rhythmometry) for the effect of methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MP) upon a transplantable immunocytoma. Body temperature was monitored as a host reference rhythm while light chain excretion and tumor size were monitored to determine an effect upon the tumor. The MP, dissolved in a sweet solution, was consumed by the rats without any statistically significant shift in acrophase of the circadian temperature rhythm. Time dependent effects of MP treatment were observed with respect to 1) tumor size decrement and 2) the survival of treated animals, as compared to untreated animals.", "PMID": 720175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8326", "title": "Iron metabolism: clinical chronobiological aspects.", "content": "Some features of clinical chronobiology are suggested on the basis of studies on the function of time in relation to various parameters of iron metabolism and factors associated with iron metabolism. In particular, so-called normal values, loading tests and the administration of iron (Eryfer) and chelating agents are reviewed in chronobiological terms. Some changes in the rhythms of iron metabolism are also discussed.", "contents": "Iron metabolism: clinical chronobiological aspects. Some features of clinical chronobiology are suggested on the basis of studies on the function of time in relation to various parameters of iron metabolism and factors associated with iron metabolism. In particular, so-called normal values, loading tests and the administration of iron (Eryfer) and chelating agents are reviewed in chronobiological terms. Some changes in the rhythms of iron metabolism are also discussed.", "PMID": 720176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8327", "title": "Evaluation of patient's knowledge of diabetes self-care.", "content": "A survey conducted at a Veterans Administration Hospital to evaluate patient capability for self-management found that over 35 per cent of the patients interviewed lacked any formal training. Seventeen patients had been placed on insulin without formal instruction. Almost one half the patients who claimed to have attended training programs could not demonstrate adequate knowledge or skills in any of the major areas of self-care: insulin administration, urine testing, diet, foot care, and management of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. While patients with training were more knowledgeable than patients without training, the difference was slight. The results indicate the need for systematic analysis of patient knowledge and the evaluation of training programs on a continuing basis.", "contents": "Evaluation of patient's knowledge of diabetes self-care. A survey conducted at a Veterans Administration Hospital to evaluate patient capability for self-management found that over 35 per cent of the patients interviewed lacked any formal training. Seventeen patients had been placed on insulin without formal instruction. Almost one half the patients who claimed to have attended training programs could not demonstrate adequate knowledge or skills in any of the major areas of self-care: insulin administration, urine testing, diet, foot care, and management of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. While patients with training were more knowledgeable than patients without training, the difference was slight. The results indicate the need for systematic analysis of patient knowledge and the evaluation of training programs on a continuing basis.", "PMID": 720180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8328", "title": "Service and education for the insulin-dependent child.", "content": "A pilot program of service and education was designed to actively involve the inner-city, insulin-dependent child in his own diabetes management. A telephone service for questions and advice, managed by a pediatric nurse specialist, was responsible for a significant reduction in hospital admissions. The project was enthausiastically received and utilized by inner-city residents and resulted in an increased referral rate from the entire metropolitan area.", "contents": "Service and education for the insulin-dependent child. A pilot program of service and education was designed to actively involve the inner-city, insulin-dependent child in his own diabetes management. A telephone service for questions and advice, managed by a pediatric nurse specialist, was responsible for a significant reduction in hospital admissions. The project was enthausiastically received and utilized by inner-city residents and resulted in an increased referral rate from the entire metropolitan area.", "PMID": 720181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8329", "title": "Microbiology of deep tissue in diabetic gangrene.", "content": "Information on the incidence and nature of the causative organisms in the infected tissues of patients with diabetic gangrene is scanty. Studies in which material for culture was obtained from the presenting lesion reveal multiple organisms in host isolates. No data are available regarding the bacterial flora of the deep infected tissue itself, uncontaminated by surface organisms. In this investigation 58 specimens from 52 patients were obtained utilizing aerobic and anaerobic culture techniques. In the surgical theater, material was obtained from the infected deep tissues using careful aseptic dissection techniques. All patients had been on antibiotic therapy from 2 to 10 days before the study. An average of 2.3 organisms per specimen was found. The predominant organisms were Proteus sp., Enterococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, and other enterobacteriacae in that order. Anaerobes were isolated in 27 per cent of cases, but never as the only organism. Prior antibiotic therapy did not eradicate infection in infected diabetic gangrene.", "contents": "Microbiology of deep tissue in diabetic gangrene. Information on the incidence and nature of the causative organisms in the infected tissues of patients with diabetic gangrene is scanty. Studies in which material for culture was obtained from the presenting lesion reveal multiple organisms in host isolates. No data are available regarding the bacterial flora of the deep infected tissue itself, uncontaminated by surface organisms. In this investigation 58 specimens from 52 patients were obtained utilizing aerobic and anaerobic culture techniques. In the surgical theater, material was obtained from the infected deep tissues using careful aseptic dissection techniques. All patients had been on antibiotic therapy from 2 to 10 days before the study. An average of 2.3 organisms per specimen was found. The predominant organisms were Proteus sp., Enterococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, and other enterobacteriacae in that order. Anaerobes were isolated in 27 per cent of cases, but never as the only organism. Prior antibiotic therapy did not eradicate infection in infected diabetic gangrene.", "PMID": 720182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8330", "title": "Composition of foods commonly used in diets for persons with diabetes.", "content": "Information on the carbohydrate, protein, fat, kilocalorie, and plant fiber content of 152 common foods has been collated. These data are based on information currently available and will need to be modified and updated as more information emerges. These data are presented in six tables that follow the format of the commonly used Exchange Lists for Meal Planning for patients with diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "Composition of foods commonly used in diets for persons with diabetes. Information on the carbohydrate, protein, fat, kilocalorie, and plant fiber content of 152 common foods has been collated. These data are based on information currently available and will need to be modified and updated as more information emerges. These data are presented in six tables that follow the format of the commonly used Exchange Lists for Meal Planning for patients with diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 720183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8331", "title": "On diabetic osteopathy: a radiographic study of 21 patients.", "content": "Twenty-one diabetic patients with anesthetic peripheral neuropathy who never suffered a foot infection or local ulceration had roentgenograms of both feet to seek whether osseous changes characteristic of diabetic osteopathy were present. We found nine patients with vascular calcification (all 21 patients had palpable pedal pulses); four patients with ancient fractures; one patient with two phalangeal erosions; and two patients with equivocal osseous cystic lesions. No patient had findings typical of diabetic osteopathy. From this study, plus experience with other diabetic patients who had infected, ulcerated feet, we conclude that diabetic osteopathy represents healing or healed lesions of local osteomyelitis.", "contents": "On diabetic osteopathy: a radiographic study of 21 patients. Twenty-one diabetic patients with anesthetic peripheral neuropathy who never suffered a foot infection or local ulceration had roentgenograms of both feet to seek whether osseous changes characteristic of diabetic osteopathy were present. We found nine patients with vascular calcification (all 21 patients had palpable pedal pulses); four patients with ancient fractures; one patient with two phalangeal erosions; and two patients with equivocal osseous cystic lesions. No patient had findings typical of diabetic osteopathy. From this study, plus experience with other diabetic patients who had infected, ulcerated feet, we conclude that diabetic osteopathy represents healing or healed lesions of local osteomyelitis.", "PMID": 720184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8332", "title": "Birth of a clearinghouse.", "content": "In 1976 the National Commission on Diabetes recommended the establishment of a diabetes information and education clearinghouse on a national level. This undertaking was initiated by the Director, National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism, and Digestive Diseases, National Institutes of Health, and plans were developed in 1977. Printed diabetes materials for patients, professionals, and the public are being gathered and will be annotated and then published as subject bibliographies. In addition, The Diabetes Clearinghouse will coordinate and encourage diabetes-related education and information activities and efforts throughout the United States.", "contents": "Birth of a clearinghouse. In 1976 the National Commission on Diabetes recommended the establishment of a diabetes information and education clearinghouse on a national level. This undertaking was initiated by the Director, National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism, and Digestive Diseases, National Institutes of Health, and plans were developed in 1977. Printed diabetes materials for patients, professionals, and the public are being gathered and will be annotated and then published as subject bibliographies. In addition, The Diabetes Clearinghouse will coordinate and encourage diabetes-related education and information activities and efforts throughout the United States.", "PMID": 720186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8333", "title": "Some social consequences of partial prohibition in Auckland, New Zealand.", "content": "Information was gathered from two hospitals, Police, and Traffic Departments in Auckland, New Zealand, for a 4-week period during which beer supplies were erratic or stopped and compared with 4 weeks during normal beer production. Reductions occurred in the mean weekly numbers of accident and emergency admissions at one hospital, in the number of Friday road traffic accidents and injuries reported by the Traffic Department, and in the weekly number of arrests for drunkenness and other alcohol-related offences made by the Police. A larger effect might have been expected in this country, where beer drinking has become an important part of the male lifestyle.", "contents": "Some social consequences of partial prohibition in Auckland, New Zealand. Information was gathered from two hospitals, Police, and Traffic Departments in Auckland, New Zealand, for a 4-week period during which beer supplies were erratic or stopped and compared with 4 weeks during normal beer production. Reductions occurred in the mean weekly numbers of accident and emergency admissions at one hospital, in the number of Friday road traffic accidents and injuries reported by the Traffic Department, and in the weekly number of arrests for drunkenness and other alcohol-related offences made by the Police. A larger effect might have been expected in this country, where beer drinking has become an important part of the male lifestyle.", "PMID": 720207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8334", "title": "Tilidine abuse and dependence.", "content": "Tilidine (Valoron) is a new strong analgesic which was introduced into the market in West Germany in 1970. In February 1978 tilidine was placed under the regulations of the German Narcotics Act because it had rapidly become an easily acquired substitute for opiates on the drug scene. Cases have become known where tilidine dependence developed during the treatment of pain in patients without any preceding addiction to other drugs. The relevant literature on tilidine is reviewed in regard to pharmacological, epidemiological and clinical aspects of tilidine dependence and abuse.", "contents": "Tilidine abuse and dependence. Tilidine (Valoron) is a new strong analgesic which was introduced into the market in West Germany in 1970. In February 1978 tilidine was placed under the regulations of the German Narcotics Act because it had rapidly become an easily acquired substitute for opiates on the drug scene. Cases have become known where tilidine dependence developed during the treatment of pain in patients without any preceding addiction to other drugs. The relevant literature on tilidine is reviewed in regard to pharmacological, epidemiological and clinical aspects of tilidine dependence and abuse.", "PMID": 720208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8335", "title": "A study of street heroin lots for the presence of the hepatitis B surface antigen.", "content": "Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) of subtype ay predominates among narcotic addicts infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) in Europe, Australia and the United States. However, the ad subtype predominates among the non-addict carriers of HBsAg. We investigated the possibility that heroin lots were contaminated with HBV at a source of opium production, the Middle East, a geographical region where HBsAg/ay predominates in the general population. One hundred and nine lots of street heroin were assayed for HBsAg by radioimmunoassay. None of the lots tested was reproduceably HBsAg positive. These results suggest that the heroin itself is not responsible for the high incidence of HBV infection or for the predominance of HBsAg/ay in the addict population. The predominance of HBsAg/ay among addicts in Europe and Australia as well as the United States might be due to extensive needle sharing among a mobile population of drug abusers, although such worldwide dissemination of one subtype by these means is unlikely.", "contents": "A study of street heroin lots for the presence of the hepatitis B surface antigen. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) of subtype ay predominates among narcotic addicts infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) in Europe, Australia and the United States. However, the ad subtype predominates among the non-addict carriers of HBsAg. We investigated the possibility that heroin lots were contaminated with HBV at a source of opium production, the Middle East, a geographical region where HBsAg/ay predominates in the general population. One hundred and nine lots of street heroin were assayed for HBsAg by radioimmunoassay. None of the lots tested was reproduceably HBsAg positive. These results suggest that the heroin itself is not responsible for the high incidence of HBV infection or for the predominance of HBsAg/ay in the addict population. The predominance of HBsAg/ay among addicts in Europe and Australia as well as the United States might be due to extensive needle sharing among a mobile population of drug abusers, although such worldwide dissemination of one subtype by these means is unlikely.", "PMID": 720209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8336", "title": "Correlates of methadone patients' lengths of stay for first and second admissions.", "content": "Product moment correlations were calculated between 17 psychosocial characteristics of 216 heroin addicts and their lengths of stay for first and second admissions to the dame methadone maintenance program. None of the variables which were related to retention during the first admission was associated with retention during the second admission. The conclusion was drawn that the relationships between addict characteristics and length of stay vary according to admission, and it would be unwise to use addicts' former treatment experiences to predict latter responses.", "contents": "Correlates of methadone patients' lengths of stay for first and second admissions. Product moment correlations were calculated between 17 psychosocial characteristics of 216 heroin addicts and their lengths of stay for first and second admissions to the dame methadone maintenance program. None of the variables which were related to retention during the first admission was associated with retention during the second admission. The conclusion was drawn that the relationships between addict characteristics and length of stay vary according to admission, and it would be unwise to use addicts' former treatment experiences to predict latter responses.", "PMID": 720210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8337", "title": "The quantitative assessment of physical dependence on opiates.", "content": "A procedure for administering naloxone to narcotic-dependent individuals and a technique for quantitating the ensuing acute withdrawal syndrome have been developed to assess the degree of physical dependence. Successive injections of increasing doses of naloxone produce a controlled increase in severity of withdrawal signs and symptoms as measured by a subjective and an objective assessment battery. There is good agreement between the subjective and objective assessments and a global reting of withdrawal severity. The objective measures are, however, most sensitive and produce a withdrawal syndrome score related to the duration of the current cycle of drug abuse. Hand tremor, trapezius electromyogram and heart rate are the most sensitive signs of withdrawal and can be used in combination to form the basis of a simplified and shortened antagonist assessment test for physical dependence.", "contents": "The quantitative assessment of physical dependence on opiates. A procedure for administering naloxone to narcotic-dependent individuals and a technique for quantitating the ensuing acute withdrawal syndrome have been developed to assess the degree of physical dependence. Successive injections of increasing doses of naloxone produce a controlled increase in severity of withdrawal signs and symptoms as measured by a subjective and an objective assessment battery. There is good agreement between the subjective and objective assessments and a global reting of withdrawal severity. The objective measures are, however, most sensitive and produce a withdrawal syndrome score related to the duration of the current cycle of drug abuse. Hand tremor, trapezius electromyogram and heart rate are the most sensitive signs of withdrawal and can be used in combination to form the basis of a simplified and shortened antagonist assessment test for physical dependence.", "PMID": 720211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8338", "title": "Use and abuse of non-narcotic analgesics.", "content": "The definition of abuse and dependence of non-narcotic analgesics should take into consideration the interaction of drug and personality. Usually, definitions are based on qualitative aspects of the risk-benefit ratio in the use of psychotropic drugs. By means of modern research methods in epidemiology and clinical psychology, quantitative aspects might be integrated in the process of defining persons and drugs when evaluating their risk of abuse or dependence. In a prospective field study with working housewives of northwestern Switzerland who showed objective evidence of intake of non-narcotic analgesics and a control group, the interaction of drug use and personality features has been investigated. There was significant evidence that heavy use of non-narcotic analgesics was paralleled with a high risk of depression, emotional liability and disturbance in sexual identity. Using urine analysis, the study group was divided into two subgroups showing low or high intake of drugs, respectively. Special attention was focused on persons shifting from the study group into the control group and vice versa.", "contents": "Use and abuse of non-narcotic analgesics. The definition of abuse and dependence of non-narcotic analgesics should take into consideration the interaction of drug and personality. Usually, definitions are based on qualitative aspects of the risk-benefit ratio in the use of psychotropic drugs. By means of modern research methods in epidemiology and clinical psychology, quantitative aspects might be integrated in the process of defining persons and drugs when evaluating their risk of abuse or dependence. In a prospective field study with working housewives of northwestern Switzerland who showed objective evidence of intake of non-narcotic analgesics and a control group, the interaction of drug use and personality features has been investigated. There was significant evidence that heavy use of non-narcotic analgesics was paralleled with a high risk of depression, emotional liability and disturbance in sexual identity. Using urine analysis, the study group was divided into two subgroups showing low or high intake of drugs, respectively. Special attention was focused on persons shifting from the study group into the control group and vice versa.", "PMID": 720212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8339", "title": "[Drug side-effects in patients treated by their general practitioner (author's transl)].", "content": "Drug side-effects were registered in 50 of 2688 patients on the day of admission to hospital. These were severe in 52%, moderate in 18% and mild in 30%. Three deaths were clearly related to drug side-effects. Side-effects of cytostatic treatment were not included. Cardiac glycosides and anticoagulants were the drugs with the highest incidence of side-effects (50%).", "contents": "[Drug side-effects in patients treated by their general practitioner (author's transl)]. Drug side-effects were registered in 50 of 2688 patients on the day of admission to hospital. These were severe in 52%, moderate in 18% and mild in 30%. Three deaths were clearly related to drug side-effects. Side-effects of cytostatic treatment were not included. Cardiac glycosides and anticoagulants were the drugs with the highest incidence of side-effects (50%).", "PMID": 720226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8340", "title": "[Hyperbaric oxygen treatment in gas gangrene (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 100 patients with proven gas gangrene surgical treatment was undertaken in 34 who also received 30--60 mega-units of penicillin, in addition to appropriate shock treatment. Since 1967, additional treatment in a hyperbaric chamber was undertaken in 66 patients. There was no clear-cut advantage of hyperbaric oxygenation as far as the death-rate was concerned. There was merely a moderate decrease in the amputation rate after limb injuries. Wide incision of the wound and radical surgical excision of all tissue affected by gas gangrene continues to be an essential form of treatment.", "contents": "[Hyperbaric oxygen treatment in gas gangrene (author's transl)]. Among 100 patients with proven gas gangrene surgical treatment was undertaken in 34 who also received 30--60 mega-units of penicillin, in addition to appropriate shock treatment. Since 1967, additional treatment in a hyperbaric chamber was undertaken in 66 patients. There was no clear-cut advantage of hyperbaric oxygenation as far as the death-rate was concerned. There was merely a moderate decrease in the amputation rate after limb injuries. Wide incision of the wound and radical surgical excision of all tissue affected by gas gangrene continues to be an essential form of treatment.", "PMID": 720227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8341", "title": "[Treatment of urinary-tract infections with netilmicin (author's transl)].", "content": "Netilmicin, a half-synthetic aminoglycoside, was given to 22 patients with urinary-tract infections at a dose of 2 mg/kg body weight twice daily intramuscularly for 7--9 days. Pharmacokinetics (in ten patients), efficacy and tolerance to the drug were analysed. Mean serum peak concentrations on the first and last days of treatment, was 8.7 microgram/ml at 45 min after injection, 9.5 microgram/ml after 60 min. After 12 hours the level had fallen to 0.8 microgram/ml and 1.2 microgram/ml, respectively. Mean half-life was 3.08 hours for the first and 3.57 hours for the last day. The corresponding mean values for plasma clearance were 53.6 ml/min and 42.4 ml/min, respectively. Within 12 hours an average of 77.6% and 78.0%, respectively, of the netilmicin dose were eliminated in the urine. The causative organism was eliminated in 12 of 16 patients with chronic or reccurent and in all six with acute urinary infections. There were two re-infections and two failures. Superinfection did not occur. Local and general tolerance was good and there were no signs of renal or inner-ear toxicity.", "contents": "[Treatment of urinary-tract infections with netilmicin (author's transl)]. Netilmicin, a half-synthetic aminoglycoside, was given to 22 patients with urinary-tract infections at a dose of 2 mg/kg body weight twice daily intramuscularly for 7--9 days. Pharmacokinetics (in ten patients), efficacy and tolerance to the drug were analysed. Mean serum peak concentrations on the first and last days of treatment, was 8.7 microgram/ml at 45 min after injection, 9.5 microgram/ml after 60 min. After 12 hours the level had fallen to 0.8 microgram/ml and 1.2 microgram/ml, respectively. Mean half-life was 3.08 hours for the first and 3.57 hours for the last day. The corresponding mean values for plasma clearance were 53.6 ml/min and 42.4 ml/min, respectively. Within 12 hours an average of 77.6% and 78.0%, respectively, of the netilmicin dose were eliminated in the urine. The causative organism was eliminated in 12 of 16 patients with chronic or reccurent and in all six with acute urinary infections. There were two re-infections and two failures. Superinfection did not occur. Local and general tolerance was good and there were no signs of renal or inner-ear toxicity.", "PMID": 720228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8342", "title": "[Long-term results of immunosuppressive treatment of chronic aggressive hepatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Long-term treatment with prednisone and azathioprine gives satisfactory results in chronic aggressive (chronic active) hepatitis. Of 18 patients treated between 1966 and 1976 for an average of 2.9 years the disease became inactive clinically, biochemically and histologically in 13; merely two continued to have minimal activity histologically. These patients have not required any treatment for two years (on average). In one patient there are still definite signs of activity and immunosuppressive treatment is being continued. Four patients died of cirrhosis of the liver: two of them had not taken the drugs conscientiously. Death occurred on average two years after the diagnosis had been made. Of the 18 patients five were positive for hepatitis-B antigen.", "contents": "[Long-term results of immunosuppressive treatment of chronic aggressive hepatitis (author's transl)]. Long-term treatment with prednisone and azathioprine gives satisfactory results in chronic aggressive (chronic active) hepatitis. Of 18 patients treated between 1966 and 1976 for an average of 2.9 years the disease became inactive clinically, biochemically and histologically in 13; merely two continued to have minimal activity histologically. These patients have not required any treatment for two years (on average). In one patient there are still definite signs of activity and immunosuppressive treatment is being continued. Four patients died of cirrhosis of the liver: two of them had not taken the drugs conscientiously. Death occurred on average two years after the diagnosis had been made. Of the 18 patients five were positive for hepatitis-B antigen.", "PMID": 720235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8343", "title": "[Prevention of re-occlusion after recanalisation of occluded arteries by the catheter method (author's transl)].", "content": "In a double-blind study, prevention of re-thrombosis was tested on 101 patients in whom stenosis or segmental occlusion of a large artery of the lower limbs had been successfully removed by the intraluminal catheter method. The combination of 75 mg dipyridamol and 330 mg acetylsalicylic acid, three times daily by mouth, proved to be slightly more effective than acetylsalicylic acid alone at the same dosage. In the group with the combined treatment 84% of the arteries remained open, compared with 70% on acetylsalicylic acid alone.", "contents": "[Prevention of re-occlusion after recanalisation of occluded arteries by the catheter method (author's transl)]. In a double-blind study, prevention of re-thrombosis was tested on 101 patients in whom stenosis or segmental occlusion of a large artery of the lower limbs had been successfully removed by the intraluminal catheter method. The combination of 75 mg dipyridamol and 330 mg acetylsalicylic acid, three times daily by mouth, proved to be slightly more effective than acetylsalicylic acid alone at the same dosage. In the group with the combined treatment 84% of the arteries remained open, compared with 70% on acetylsalicylic acid alone.", "PMID": 720236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8344", "title": "[On informing in-patients, and the problem of hospitalism (author's transl)].", "content": "Sixty-seven in-patients, admitted to neurological or surgical wards of an acute hospital, were repeatedly interviewed during an average stay of 15 days to test their need for information about their illness, their satisfaction with information received and their knowledge about their illness. Parallel to these interviews psychometric tests were performed on the second, seventh and penultimate day of the hospital stay, in the evening, to assess the extent of any disturbance in their subjective condition. Independent of the initial state, there were consistently less favourable results in those patient groups which (using several indicators) had a deficit in subjective information. These group-specific differences were in part statistically significant. An intervening influence of 12 personality dimensions was not definitely established. These findings support the hypothesis that deficient instruction and information of in-patients represents an important stress component which in the majority of these patients can give rise to an objectifiable psychosocial hospitalism.", "contents": "[On informing in-patients, and the problem of hospitalism (author's transl)]. Sixty-seven in-patients, admitted to neurological or surgical wards of an acute hospital, were repeatedly interviewed during an average stay of 15 days to test their need for information about their illness, their satisfaction with information received and their knowledge about their illness. Parallel to these interviews psychometric tests were performed on the second, seventh and penultimate day of the hospital stay, in the evening, to assess the extent of any disturbance in their subjective condition. Independent of the initial state, there were consistently less favourable results in those patient groups which (using several indicators) had a deficit in subjective information. These group-specific differences were in part statistically significant. An intervening influence of 12 personality dimensions was not definitely established. These findings support the hypothesis that deficient instruction and information of in-patients represents an important stress component which in the majority of these patients can give rise to an objectifiable psychosocial hospitalism.", "PMID": 720237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8345", "title": "[Radiotherapeutic aspects of testicular tumours: results and problems (author's transl)].", "content": "The five-year survival rate of patients with seminoma (61 cases) of all stages was 81% (seven-year survival rate 67%). Within this group the T1-2N0M0 stage had a five-year survival rate of 100%. Patients with tumours other than seminoma (52 cases) of all stages had a five-year survival rate of 54% (seven-year survival rate 47%). These results and those reported by others are the basis for not advocating routinely total radiation of the lymphatic pathways in the early tumour stages.", "contents": "[Radiotherapeutic aspects of testicular tumours: results and problems (author's transl)]. The five-year survival rate of patients with seminoma (61 cases) of all stages was 81% (seven-year survival rate 67%). Within this group the T1-2N0M0 stage had a five-year survival rate of 100%. Patients with tumours other than seminoma (52 cases) of all stages had a five-year survival rate of 54% (seven-year survival rate 47%). These results and those reported by others are the basis for not advocating routinely total radiation of the lymphatic pathways in the early tumour stages.", "PMID": 720238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8346", "title": "Early postnatal growth evaluation in full-term, preterm and small-for-dates infants.", "content": "Postnatal growth patterns of weight, length/height and head circumference in full-term (FTI), preterm (PTI) and small-for-dates (SFDI) infants, are described by using distance and velocity data together with the concept of growth per unit of body weight. The study was performed in 112 healthy Caucasian infants, of a similar socioeconomic status, in Montevideo, Uruguay. Median growth velocity (MGV) and median growth velocity per unit (MGVU) of body size are defined. The authors stress that: (a) growth velocity is related to body mass, (b) a useful evaluation of growth is made by using two consecutive measures with a certain time interval independently of birthweight and gestational age, and (c) expressing growth per day per unit relates well to daily nutritional and other requirements.", "contents": "Early postnatal growth evaluation in full-term, preterm and small-for-dates infants. Postnatal growth patterns of weight, length/height and head circumference in full-term (FTI), preterm (PTI) and small-for-dates (SFDI) infants, are described by using distance and velocity data together with the concept of growth per unit of body weight. The study was performed in 112 healthy Caucasian infants, of a similar socioeconomic status, in Montevideo, Uruguay. Median growth velocity (MGV) and median growth velocity per unit (MGVU) of body size are defined. The authors stress that: (a) growth velocity is related to body mass, (b) a useful evaluation of growth is made by using two consecutive measures with a certain time interval independently of birthweight and gestational age, and (c) expressing growth per day per unit relates well to daily nutritional and other requirements.", "PMID": 720258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8347", "title": "Early mother--infant interaction and somatic growth.", "content": "This study tests the proposition that selected behaviors of both mother and infant during feeding are predictors of weight gain during the 1st mth of life. 40 normal mother--neonate pairs were studied, and the target behaviors were examined using an adaptation of the techniques developed by Brown and Bakeman [18]. Aggregate scores of 4 specific maternal and infant behaviors accounted for over 32% of the variance in total weight gain. These findings indicate that the availability of nutrients is not, in itself, a sufficient condition to meet the infant's nutritional needs. Implicit in these findings are the possibilities that infants at risk of failure-to-thrive can be identified, and measures to prevent this syndrome can be introduced.", "contents": "Early mother--infant interaction and somatic growth. This study tests the proposition that selected behaviors of both mother and infant during feeding are predictors of weight gain during the 1st mth of life. 40 normal mother--neonate pairs were studied, and the target behaviors were examined using an adaptation of the techniques developed by Brown and Bakeman [18]. Aggregate scores of 4 specific maternal and infant behaviors accounted for over 32% of the variance in total weight gain. These findings indicate that the availability of nutrients is not, in itself, a sufficient condition to meet the infant's nutritional needs. Implicit in these findings are the possibilities that infants at risk of failure-to-thrive can be identified, and measures to prevent this syndrome can be introduced.", "PMID": 720259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8348", "title": "Plasma somatomedin activity in an infant with Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome.", "content": "Plasma growth hormone levels and somatomedin activity were determined in a child with Beckwith--Wiedemann syndrome at birth and at 8 mth of age. Birthweight and length were above the 97th centile. Somatomedin activity in the cord plasma was elevated (2.8 U/ml) compared with controls (0.15--1.3 U/ml; n = 15). Growth hormone was also high (76 ng/ml compared with control group range of 5.5--42.1 ng/ml, n = 26). At 8 mth of age both somatomedin activity and plasma growth hormone had fallen to normal levels and weight and length were on the 75th centile. It is suggested that the high somatomedin activity may have been a contributing factor in the excessive fetal growth of this child.", "contents": "Plasma somatomedin activity in an infant with Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome. Plasma growth hormone levels and somatomedin activity were determined in a child with Beckwith--Wiedemann syndrome at birth and at 8 mth of age. Birthweight and length were above the 97th centile. Somatomedin activity in the cord plasma was elevated (2.8 U/ml) compared with controls (0.15--1.3 U/ml; n = 15). Growth hormone was also high (76 ng/ml compared with control group range of 5.5--42.1 ng/ml, n = 26). At 8 mth of age both somatomedin activity and plasma growth hormone had fallen to normal levels and weight and length were on the 75th centile. It is suggested that the high somatomedin activity may have been a contributing factor in the excessive fetal growth of this child.", "PMID": 720262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8349", "title": "Germinal centers in the spleens of neonates and stillbirths.", "content": "Sections of spleens from 235 stillbirths and 227 babies who died between the ages of 1 and 35 days were examined. None of the stillbirths showed any germinal centres, neither did the spleens of any of the babies who died between the ages of 1 and 14 days. From the age of 15 days onwards, the germinal centres started to appear in varying numbers. The appearance of germinal centres in the spleen is further delayed in infants born before 37 wk gestation. Germinal centres in the spleen in neonates do not appear to be related to the presence of inflammatory changes elsewhere in the infant.", "contents": "Germinal centers in the spleens of neonates and stillbirths. Sections of spleens from 235 stillbirths and 227 babies who died between the ages of 1 and 35 days were examined. None of the stillbirths showed any germinal centres, neither did the spleens of any of the babies who died between the ages of 1 and 14 days. From the age of 15 days onwards, the germinal centres started to appear in varying numbers. The appearance of germinal centres in the spleen is further delayed in infants born before 37 wk gestation. Germinal centres in the spleen in neonates do not appear to be related to the presence of inflammatory changes elsewhere in the infant.", "PMID": 720263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8350", "title": "Variability of reproductive casualty in maternal phenylalaninemia.", "content": "A biochemical survey of 4,000 parents of mentally retarded children did not identify any mothers with elevated phenylalanine blood levels. This finding and an analysis of nearly 100 reported cases of maternal phenylalaninemia suggest a low risk of reproductive casualty in phenylalaninemic mothers who somehow escaped the usual effects of phenylketonuria. Recent observation on cases of maternal phenylalaninemia who were detected through unselected screening indicate that the reproductive risk associated with the condition may have been overstimated in the past. This risk is concentrated in mothers who had been affected themselves. Mental level appears to be a stronger predictor of reproductive outcome in phenylalaninemic women than the degree of phenylalaninemia. Selective prenatal intervention based on maternal mental level is not possible, however, where the natural history of the condition has been altered. This is the case in phenylketonuric girls who has been treated during childhood. These girls are now reaching child-bearing age in fast growing numbers, as a result of screening for phenylketonuria. Prenatal intervention is appropriate for all of them until predictors are established that can identify those at risk of reproductive casualty.", "contents": "Variability of reproductive casualty in maternal phenylalaninemia. A biochemical survey of 4,000 parents of mentally retarded children did not identify any mothers with elevated phenylalanine blood levels. This finding and an analysis of nearly 100 reported cases of maternal phenylalaninemia suggest a low risk of reproductive casualty in phenylalaninemic mothers who somehow escaped the usual effects of phenylketonuria. Recent observation on cases of maternal phenylalaninemia who were detected through unselected screening indicate that the reproductive risk associated with the condition may have been overstimated in the past. This risk is concentrated in mothers who had been affected themselves. Mental level appears to be a stronger predictor of reproductive outcome in phenylalaninemic women than the degree of phenylalaninemia. Selective prenatal intervention based on maternal mental level is not possible, however, where the natural history of the condition has been altered. This is the case in phenylketonuric girls who has been treated during childhood. These girls are now reaching child-bearing age in fast growing numbers, as a result of screening for phenylketonuria. Prenatal intervention is appropriate for all of them until predictors are established that can identify those at risk of reproductive casualty.", "PMID": 720264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8351", "title": "Clinical assessment of gestational age at birth: the effects of sex, birthweight, and weight for length of gestation.", "content": "During studies on different aspects of fetal growth rate infants who were small-for-dates (SFD) large-for-dates (LFD) or within the normal range of birthweight for length of gestation (AFD) were examined within 48 h of birth. Gestational age was clinically assessed by the Dubowitz method. Among 140 AFD infants boys had higher mean values than girls for total and external scores, but there was no difference in neurological scores. Multiple regression of the score for external criteria on gestation, birthweight and sex, showed a significant contribution for birthweight and sex in addition to gestation; whereas gestation was the only singificant explanatory variable in the regression of the score for neurological criteria. When infants in the three weight groups were matched for length of gestation an sex, the SFD group had significantly lower mean total and external scores than the AFD group. The mean scores for the LFD group were not significantly higher than the AFD group. The neurological scores did not differ in the three groups. Maturation of external characteristics is related to weight as well as gestation. When assessment is made after birth by a clinical examination which includes these characteristics, the length of gestation of some SFD infants will be underestimated. The sex of the infant should also be borne in mind.", "contents": "Clinical assessment of gestational age at birth: the effects of sex, birthweight, and weight for length of gestation. During studies on different aspects of fetal growth rate infants who were small-for-dates (SFD) large-for-dates (LFD) or within the normal range of birthweight for length of gestation (AFD) were examined within 48 h of birth. Gestational age was clinically assessed by the Dubowitz method. Among 140 AFD infants boys had higher mean values than girls for total and external scores, but there was no difference in neurological scores. Multiple regression of the score for external criteria on gestation, birthweight and sex, showed a significant contribution for birthweight and sex in addition to gestation; whereas gestation was the only singificant explanatory variable in the regression of the score for neurological criteria. When infants in the three weight groups were matched for length of gestation an sex, the SFD group had significantly lower mean total and external scores than the AFD group. The mean scores for the LFD group were not significantly higher than the AFD group. The neurological scores did not differ in the three groups. Maturation of external characteristics is related to weight as well as gestation. When assessment is made after birth by a clinical examination which includes these characteristics, the length of gestation of some SFD infants will be underestimated. The sex of the infant should also be borne in mind.", "PMID": 720265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8352", "title": "A study of the role of air trapping in the establishment of the functional residual capacity by analysis of pressure/volume and flow/volume loops.", "content": "Pulmonary mechanics were measured in 22 normal, full-term babies as soon as quiet, regular breathing was established. The method included construction of tidal resistance profiles, by which it was demonstrated that 'air trapping' is probably not the major factor in establishing and maintaining the functional residual capacity immediately after birth.", "contents": "A study of the role of air trapping in the establishment of the functional residual capacity by analysis of pressure/volume and flow/volume loops. Pulmonary mechanics were measured in 22 normal, full-term babies as soon as quiet, regular breathing was established. The method included construction of tidal resistance profiles, by which it was demonstrated that 'air trapping' is probably not the major factor in establishing and maintaining the functional residual capacity immediately after birth.", "PMID": 720267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8353", "title": "Somatomedin activity in human cord plasma and relationship to birth size, insulin, growth hormone, and prolactin.", "content": "Somatomedin activity was determined by a rabbit chondrocyte bioassay in cord plasma from babies of between 37 and 41 wk gestation. A positive correlation (P less than 0.001) was found between plasma somatomedin activity and birthweight. The mean somatomedin activity in infants whose birthweights were within 1 SD of the mean (3293 g) was 0.76 +/- 0.27 U/ml. Mean somatomedin activity in infants whose weight was (a) greater than the mean weight +1 SD was 1.3 +/- 0.17 U/ml, and (b) less than the mean weight -1 SD was 0.48 +/- 0.15 U/ml. Plasma somatomedin activity was also correlated with placental weight, P less than 0.02 and gestational age, P less than 0.05. No correlation was found between plasma somatomedin activity and birth length, OFC, most measurements of skinfold thickness, cord plasma, growth hormone, prolactin or insulin.", "contents": "Somatomedin activity in human cord plasma and relationship to birth size, insulin, growth hormone, and prolactin. Somatomedin activity was determined by a rabbit chondrocyte bioassay in cord plasma from babies of between 37 and 41 wk gestation. A positive correlation (P less than 0.001) was found between plasma somatomedin activity and birthweight. The mean somatomedin activity in infants whose birthweights were within 1 SD of the mean (3293 g) was 0.76 +/- 0.27 U/ml. Mean somatomedin activity in infants whose weight was (a) greater than the mean weight +1 SD was 1.3 +/- 0.17 U/ml, and (b) less than the mean weight -1 SD was 0.48 +/- 0.15 U/ml. Plasma somatomedin activity was also correlated with placental weight, P less than 0.02 and gestational age, P less than 0.05. No correlation was found between plasma somatomedin activity and birth length, OFC, most measurements of skinfold thickness, cord plasma, growth hormone, prolactin or insulin.", "PMID": 720268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8354", "title": "Fetal loss, gravidity, and pregnancy order.", "content": "An investigation of the reproductive history of 3068 women doctors showed that the risk of fetal loss at a given pregnancy order varied with their gravidity--that is, the total number of pregnancies that has occurred before the survey. Fetal loss rates in even the first pregnancy varied with eventual gravidity in a J-shaped manner. They fell from 12.4% in women with only one pregnancy at the time of the study, to 5.7% in women with two, and then increased steadily to 36.8% in those with six pregnancies. This variation in risk remained when allowance was made for the incomplete nature of some of the reproductive histories. When gravidity was held constant, fetal loss rates decreased with each successive pregnancy. This finding conflicts with previous suggestions that the risk of fetal loss increase with pregnancy order and age.", "contents": "Fetal loss, gravidity, and pregnancy order. An investigation of the reproductive history of 3068 women doctors showed that the risk of fetal loss at a given pregnancy order varied with their gravidity--that is, the total number of pregnancies that has occurred before the survey. Fetal loss rates in even the first pregnancy varied with eventual gravidity in a J-shaped manner. They fell from 12.4% in women with only one pregnancy at the time of the study, to 5.7% in women with two, and then increased steadily to 36.8% in those with six pregnancies. This variation in risk remained when allowance was made for the incomplete nature of some of the reproductive histories. When gravidity was held constant, fetal loss rates decreased with each successive pregnancy. This finding conflicts with previous suggestions that the risk of fetal loss increase with pregnancy order and age.", "PMID": 720269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8355", "title": "Soluble fibrinogen--fibrin complexes in intrauterine growth retardation.", "content": "Soluble fibrinogen--fibrin complex levels were found to be significantly higher in plasma samples from pregnant women with babies suffering from intrauterine growth retardation, when compared with levels found in normal pregnancy. As soluble fibrinogen--fibrin complexes are formed following activation of the coagulation pathway in vitro and in vivo these findings may reflect the increased local intravascular coagulation within the placenta demonstrated histologically in pregnancies complicated by growth retardation. The use of more sensitive methods for detecting alterations in coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet function may prove useful in the diagnosis of intrauterine growth retardation antenatally.", "contents": "Soluble fibrinogen--fibrin complexes in intrauterine growth retardation. Soluble fibrinogen--fibrin complex levels were found to be significantly higher in plasma samples from pregnant women with babies suffering from intrauterine growth retardation, when compared with levels found in normal pregnancy. As soluble fibrinogen--fibrin complexes are formed following activation of the coagulation pathway in vitro and in vivo these findings may reflect the increased local intravascular coagulation within the placenta demonstrated histologically in pregnancies complicated by growth retardation. The use of more sensitive methods for detecting alterations in coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet function may prove useful in the diagnosis of intrauterine growth retardation antenatally.", "PMID": 720270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8356", "title": "The contributions of differing degrees of acute and chronic malnutrition to the intellectual development of Jamaican boys.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to determine whether differing degrees and types of malnutrition cause differing degrees of mental impairment. Subjects were 59 Jamaican boys hospitalized for malnutrition in infancy and whose intelligence was assessed at school age. The measure used for degree of chronic malnutrition was height for age and for acute malnutrition weight for height. The measure of intelligence was the I.Q. (WISC). Because the social environment in which a child lives influences his intellectual development, a measure of social background was used as an independent variable in addition to the nutrition measures. Social background showed a significant effect on I.Q. but neither measure of nutrition was significant. A further analysis using comparisons who had not been hospitalized for malnutrition suggests that malnutrition may contribute to mental impairment, through a threshold effect rather than acting as a continuous variable where increasing degrees of malnutrition cause increasing degrees of mental impairment.", "contents": "The contributions of differing degrees of acute and chronic malnutrition to the intellectual development of Jamaican boys. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether differing degrees and types of malnutrition cause differing degrees of mental impairment. Subjects were 59 Jamaican boys hospitalized for malnutrition in infancy and whose intelligence was assessed at school age. The measure used for degree of chronic malnutrition was height for age and for acute malnutrition weight for height. The measure of intelligence was the I.Q. (WISC). Because the social environment in which a child lives influences his intellectual development, a measure of social background was used as an independent variable in addition to the nutrition measures. Social background showed a significant effect on I.Q. but neither measure of nutrition was significant. A further analysis using comparisons who had not been hospitalized for malnutrition suggests that malnutrition may contribute to mental impairment, through a threshold effect rather than acting as a continuous variable where increasing degrees of malnutrition cause increasing degrees of mental impairment.", "PMID": 720271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8357", "title": "Maternal blood pressure in pregnancy and newborn irritability.", "content": "The neonatal period is being recognized as an important period for the development of patterns of interaction between mother and infant, and infant state has been shown to have a significant impact on mother--infant interactions. A major dimension of infant state, with implications for this interaction and for the development of later behaviour disorders, is the infant's irritability. Research with Navajo, Malay, Chinese and Tamil mothers and infants showed that normal variation in maternal blood pressure during pregnancy was related to newborn irritability as assessed with the Brazelton Scale. This relationship is discussed in terms of possible underlying mechanisms.", "contents": "Maternal blood pressure in pregnancy and newborn irritability. The neonatal period is being recognized as an important period for the development of patterns of interaction between mother and infant, and infant state has been shown to have a significant impact on mother--infant interactions. A major dimension of infant state, with implications for this interaction and for the development of later behaviour disorders, is the infant's irritability. Research with Navajo, Malay, Chinese and Tamil mothers and infants showed that normal variation in maternal blood pressure during pregnancy was related to newborn irritability as assessed with the Brazelton Scale. This relationship is discussed in terms of possible underlying mechanisms.", "PMID": 720272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8358", "title": "Is air trapping important in the maintenance of the functional residual capacity in the hours after birth?", "content": "Serial measurements of thoracic gas volume revealed no evidence of air trapping in maintenance of functional residual capacity (FRC) in healthy term babies in the first days of life. Tidal pressue/volume and flow/volume analysis demonstrated intermittent air trapping in only 2 of 19 such babies. Artificial FRC reduction by continuous positive external pressure of 7 cm H20 induced grunting in 4 babies, but otherwise had no effect on spontaneous breathing pattern or on dynamic compliance. Group mean total pulmonary resistance rose by 52.9% but only one baby demonstrated evidence of air trapping. Our findings suggest that FRC is maintained in the immediate neonatal period by some means other than air trapping.", "contents": "Is air trapping important in the maintenance of the functional residual capacity in the hours after birth? Serial measurements of thoracic gas volume revealed no evidence of air trapping in maintenance of functional residual capacity (FRC) in healthy term babies in the first days of life. Tidal pressue/volume and flow/volume analysis demonstrated intermittent air trapping in only 2 of 19 such babies. Artificial FRC reduction by continuous positive external pressure of 7 cm H20 induced grunting in 4 babies, but otherwise had no effect on spontaneous breathing pattern or on dynamic compliance. Group mean total pulmonary resistance rose by 52.9% but only one baby demonstrated evidence of air trapping. Our findings suggest that FRC is maintained in the immediate neonatal period by some means other than air trapping.", "PMID": 720273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8359", "title": "Nuclear glucocorticoid binding in chronic lymphatic leukemia lymphocytes.", "content": "A reliable procedure is described for isolating 3H-triamcinolone acetonide (3H-TA) receptor complexes from purified chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) lymphocyte nuclei, based on the use of carbobenzoxy-L-phenylalanine (CBZ-L-phe) to prevent breakdown of hormone-receptor complexes during extraction of nuclei with 0.6M KCl. Using this method, specific nuclear glucocorticoid binding was demonstrated in 14/14 patients with untreated CLL. No correlation was found between levels of nuclear-associated 3H-TA and peripheral white blood cell count or rosetting ability of circulating lymphocytes.", "contents": "Nuclear glucocorticoid binding in chronic lymphatic leukemia lymphocytes. A reliable procedure is described for isolating 3H-triamcinolone acetonide (3H-TA) receptor complexes from purified chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) lymphocyte nuclei, based on the use of carbobenzoxy-L-phenylalanine (CBZ-L-phe) to prevent breakdown of hormone-receptor complexes during extraction of nuclei with 0.6M KCl. Using this method, specific nuclear glucocorticoid binding was demonstrated in 14/14 patients with untreated CLL. No correlation was found between levels of nuclear-associated 3H-TA and peripheral white blood cell count or rosetting ability of circulating lymphocytes.", "PMID": 720288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8360", "title": "Levels of lead and other metals in human blood: suggestive relationships, determining factors.", "content": "Epidemiological studies on metal levels in blood were carried out. Evidence suggested the existence of a different trend in serum-iron levels in relation to blood lead levels in nonoccupationally exposed males (negative trend) and females (positive trend). There was a positive relation between blood lead levels and blood manganese levels in children and occupationally exposed male workers. Blood metal levels increased with age in young children. There was evidence for an influence of socioeconomic class on blood lead levels in children. A direct and an indirect effect of smoking was found on blood lead levels and on the activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in erythrocytes in adult nonoccupationally exposed females.", "contents": "Levels of lead and other metals in human blood: suggestive relationships, determining factors. Epidemiological studies on metal levels in blood were carried out. Evidence suggested the existence of a different trend in serum-iron levels in relation to blood lead levels in nonoccupationally exposed males (negative trend) and females (positive trend). There was a positive relation between blood lead levels and blood manganese levels in children and occupationally exposed male workers. Blood metal levels increased with age in young children. There was evidence for an influence of socioeconomic class on blood lead levels in children. A direct and an indirect effect of smoking was found on blood lead levels and on the activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in erythrocytes in adult nonoccupationally exposed females.", "PMID": 720295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8361", "title": "The role of hypersensitivity and the immune response in influencing susceptibility to metal toxicity.", "content": "The immune status of the individual is an additional variable which has to be taken into account in any consideration of factors which influence the metabolism and toxicity of metals. The commonly occurring phenomena are described resulting from increased cellular reactivity to platinum, mercury, gold, nickel, chromium, and beryllium, and an attempt has attempt has been made to classify these into the four types of immune response. The clinical effects can be very varied, giving rise to conjunctivitis, rhinitis, asthma, urticaria, contact dermatitis, proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome or blood dyscrasia. Of these effects, cutaneous hypersensitivity is the most common, affecting both industrial and general population groups. Metal compounds used in therapeutics and metals used in prostheses have also been responsible for hypersensitive reactions.", "contents": "The role of hypersensitivity and the immune response in influencing susceptibility to metal toxicity. The immune status of the individual is an additional variable which has to be taken into account in any consideration of factors which influence the metabolism and toxicity of metals. The commonly occurring phenomena are described resulting from increased cellular reactivity to platinum, mercury, gold, nickel, chromium, and beryllium, and an attempt has attempt has been made to classify these into the four types of immune response. The clinical effects can be very varied, giving rise to conjunctivitis, rhinitis, asthma, urticaria, contact dermatitis, proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome or blood dyscrasia. Of these effects, cutaneous hypersensitivity is the most common, affecting both industrial and general population groups. Metal compounds used in therapeutics and metals used in prostheses have also been responsible for hypersensitive reactions.", "PMID": 720296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8362", "title": "Interrelationships among zinc, copper, lead, and cadmium in food, feces, and organs of humans.", "content": "Concentrations of zinc, copper, lead, and cadmium were determined in 20 samples of food collected over a period of 20 days, 221 samples of feces collected over a period of 5 days from 19 males, 17 females, and 11 children and 85 samples each of renal cortex and liver from autopsied human cadavers in order to investigate the relationships among the four metals and among the various martices. In food the highest correlation was observed between copper and zinc (0.34). In feces the highest correlation was also between copper and zinc (0.45). In the highest correlation between cadmium and zinc (0.33), but that in the renal cortex was between copper and cadmium (0.52). These findings suggest that the relationships among the concentrations of the four metals in food and feces are almost equal to each other, but differ greatly from the concentrations in human organs due to the differing metabolic actions of the metals once they are absorbed into the body. In addition, it was observed that zinc and cadmium concentrations in the renal cortex increase with age, but copper and lead concentrations do not show much variation with age.", "contents": "Interrelationships among zinc, copper, lead, and cadmium in food, feces, and organs of humans. Concentrations of zinc, copper, lead, and cadmium were determined in 20 samples of food collected over a period of 20 days, 221 samples of feces collected over a period of 5 days from 19 males, 17 females, and 11 children and 85 samples each of renal cortex and liver from autopsied human cadavers in order to investigate the relationships among the four metals and among the various martices. In food the highest correlation was observed between copper and zinc (0.34). In feces the highest correlation was also between copper and zinc (0.45). In the highest correlation between cadmium and zinc (0.33), but that in the renal cortex was between copper and cadmium (0.52). These findings suggest that the relationships among the concentrations of the four metals in food and feces are almost equal to each other, but differ greatly from the concentrations in human organs due to the differing metabolic actions of the metals once they are absorbed into the body. In addition, it was observed that zinc and cadmium concentrations in the renal cortex increase with age, but copper and lead concentrations do not show much variation with age.", "PMID": 720297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8363", "title": "Cadmium and zinc relationships.", "content": "Cadmium and zinc concentrations in kidney and liver have been measured under different exposure situations in different species including man. The results show that zinc increases almost equimolarly with cadmium in kidney after long-term low-level exposure to cadmium, e.g., in man, horse, pig, and  lamb. In contrast, the increase of zinc follows that of cadmium to only a limited extent, e.g., in guinea pig, rabbit, rat, mouse, and chicks. In liver, the cadmium--zinc relationship seems to be reversed in such a way that zinc increases with cadmium more markedly in laboratory animals than in higher mammals. These differences between cadmium and zinc relationships in humans and large farm animals and those in commonly used laboratory animals must be considered carefully before experimental data on cadmium and zinc relationships in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans.", "contents": "Cadmium and zinc relationships. Cadmium and zinc concentrations in kidney and liver have been measured under different exposure situations in different species including man. The results show that zinc increases almost equimolarly with cadmium in kidney after long-term low-level exposure to cadmium, e.g., in man, horse, pig, and  lamb. In contrast, the increase of zinc follows that of cadmium to only a limited extent, e.g., in guinea pig, rabbit, rat, mouse, and chicks. In liver, the cadmium--zinc relationship seems to be reversed in such a way that zinc increases with cadmium more markedly in laboratory animals than in higher mammals. These differences between cadmium and zinc relationships in humans and large farm animals and those in commonly used laboratory animals must be considered carefully before experimental data on cadmium and zinc relationships in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans.", "PMID": 720298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8364", "title": "Interaction between cadmium and selenium in rat plasma.", "content": "The metabolism of (75)Se-labeled SeO(3) (2-) and its conversion by intact rat erythrocytes in vitro to a form which complexes with Cd and plasma proteins were studied. By utilizing both excess SeO(3) (2-) and N-ethylmaleimide to lower erythrocyte reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations, it was shown that the uptake and metabolism of SeO(3) (2-) were GSH-dependent, the probable intermediate being glutathione selenotrisulfide (GSSeSG). Secondary release of selenium by rat erythrocytes had no relation to the erythrocyte transport of oxidized glutathione (GSSG). While fluoride depressed and chromate increased GSSG transport, chromate, a glutathione reductase inhibitor, decreased selenium release. This release appeared to be secondary to a reaction catalyzed by glutathione reductase. The similarity of I(50) values for chromate's inhibition of glutathione reductase and for the inhibition of selenium release further suggested a relationship between these two events. H(2)Se or a similar product of GSSeSG reduction is proposed to be the active product of SeO(3) (2-) metabolism by rat erythrocytes. By use of gel-filtration and ion-exchange methods it was noted that the incubation of H(2)Se with cadmium and plasma produced a Cd-Se complex indistinguishable from that produced by incubation of Cd, SeO(3) (2-), plasma, and erythrocytes in vitro, or that noted following the administration of Cd and SeO(3)in vivo. A mechanism whereby the tissue distribution and toxicity of cadmium are altered by selenium is suggested.", "contents": "Interaction between cadmium and selenium in rat plasma. The metabolism of (75)Se-labeled SeO(3) (2-) and its conversion by intact rat erythrocytes in vitro to a form which complexes with Cd and plasma proteins were studied. By utilizing both excess SeO(3) (2-) and N-ethylmaleimide to lower erythrocyte reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations, it was shown that the uptake and metabolism of SeO(3) (2-) were GSH-dependent, the probable intermediate being glutathione selenotrisulfide (GSSeSG). Secondary release of selenium by rat erythrocytes had no relation to the erythrocyte transport of oxidized glutathione (GSSG). While fluoride depressed and chromate increased GSSG transport, chromate, a glutathione reductase inhibitor, decreased selenium release. This release appeared to be secondary to a reaction catalyzed by glutathione reductase. The similarity of I(50) values for chromate's inhibition of glutathione reductase and for the inhibition of selenium release further suggested a relationship between these two events. H(2)Se or a similar product of GSSeSG reduction is proposed to be the active product of SeO(3) (2-) metabolism by rat erythrocytes. By use of gel-filtration and ion-exchange methods it was noted that the incubation of H(2)Se with cadmium and plasma produced a Cd-Se complex indistinguishable from that produced by incubation of Cd, SeO(3) (2-), plasma, and erythrocytes in vitro, or that noted following the administration of Cd and SeO(3)in vivo. A mechanism whereby the tissue distribution and toxicity of cadmium are altered by selenium is suggested.", "PMID": 720299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8365", "title": "Nutritional considerations in designing animal models of metal toxicity in man.", "content": "In recent years, exposure of man to increasing amounts of metals has occurred rather generally from industrial contamination and variably from intake of dietary mineral supplements. Adverse effects of individual metals can be markedly altered by dietary levels of other essential and nonessential inorganic elements, essential organic nutrients and other nonessential dietary components. Experimental diets for establishing baseline responses to excess elements should be formulated to meet the animal's requirements only. These reference diets can then be modified to mimic man's average dietary intake as well as meal patterns. Improved animal models should provide better data for assessing hazards of excess metal intake by man.", "contents": "Nutritional considerations in designing animal models of metal toxicity in man. In recent years, exposure of man to increasing amounts of metals has occurred rather generally from industrial contamination and variably from intake of dietary mineral supplements. Adverse effects of individual metals can be markedly altered by dietary levels of other essential and nonessential inorganic elements, essential organic nutrients and other nonessential dietary components. Experimental diets for establishing baseline responses to excess elements should be formulated to meet the animal's requirements only. These reference diets can then be modified to mimic man's average dietary intake as well as meal patterns. Improved animal models should provide better data for assessing hazards of excess metal intake by man.", "PMID": 720300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8366", "title": "Biological interaction of selenium with other trace elements in chicks.", "content": "Studies were conducted to determine whether or not elements whose valence shell of electrons was similar to that of selenium would reverse the toxicity of selenium to chicks. The elements studied were arsenic, tellurium, tin, and lead. Each of these elements, when added to the diet of chicks, reversed the toxicity of 25 ppm selenium as measured by weight gain. In spite of the protection afforded by these elements, there was no decrease in liver concentration of selenium except with levels of arsenic higher than that needed for reversal of toxicity.", "contents": "Biological interaction of selenium with other trace elements in chicks. Studies were conducted to determine whether or not elements whose valence shell of electrons was similar to that of selenium would reverse the toxicity of selenium to chicks. The elements studied were arsenic, tellurium, tin, and lead. Each of these elements, when added to the diet of chicks, reversed the toxicity of 25 ppm selenium as measured by weight gain. In spite of the protection afforded by these elements, there was no decrease in liver concentration of selenium except with levels of arsenic higher than that needed for reversal of toxicity.", "PMID": 720301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8367", "title": "Interactions between selenium compounds and those of mercury or cadmium.", "content": "Two types of mechanisms are considered in this discussion of the interactions between compounds of selenium and those of cadmium or mercury: one based on a direct chemical reaction between compounds of these elements and the other based on metabolic changes induced by selenium administration and modifying the dose-effect relationship indirectly, without a reaction between selenium and the metallic compound. The second type of metabolic changes induced by selenium may explain why an increased selenium intake provides protection not only against methylmercury but also against the toxicity of methylated selenium compounds. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms would help in assessing the importance of these interactions for man.", "contents": "Interactions between selenium compounds and those of mercury or cadmium. Two types of mechanisms are considered in this discussion of the interactions between compounds of selenium and those of cadmium or mercury: one based on a direct chemical reaction between compounds of these elements and the other based on metabolic changes induced by selenium administration and modifying the dose-effect relationship indirectly, without a reaction between selenium and the metallic compound. The second type of metabolic changes induced by selenium may explain why an increased selenium intake provides protection not only against methylmercury but also against the toxicity of methylated selenium compounds. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms would help in assessing the importance of these interactions for man.", "PMID": 720302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8368", "title": "Interaction between selenium and inorganic mercury.", "content": "Data on mercury and selenium interaction in the mammalian body are reviewed. Experimental data from studies on rats show that selenium interacts with mercury metabolism and toxicity after exposure to mercuric mercury. Autopsy data from workers exposed to mercury vapor indicate an association between mercury and selenium retention in the central nervous system, suggesting the formation of a mercury-selenium complex. In animal experiments, mercuric mercury interferes with selenium metabolism and toxicity. Available data do not, at present, permit deduction as to whether additional selenium intake in man, exposed to mercury vapor or mercuric mercury, will have any effect, beneficial or adverse.", "contents": "Interaction between selenium and inorganic mercury. Data on mercury and selenium interaction in the mammalian body are reviewed. Experimental data from studies on rats show that selenium interacts with mercury metabolism and toxicity after exposure to mercuric mercury. Autopsy data from workers exposed to mercury vapor indicate an association between mercury and selenium retention in the central nervous system, suggesting the formation of a mercury-selenium complex. In animal experiments, mercuric mercury interferes with selenium metabolism and toxicity. Available data do not, at present, permit deduction as to whether additional selenium intake in man, exposed to mercury vapor or mercuric mercury, will have any effect, beneficial or adverse.", "PMID": 720303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8369", "title": "Modification of methylmercury toxicity and metabolism by selenium and vitamin E: possible mechanisms.", "content": "Selenium and vitamin E exert powerful effects in reducing acute or chronic methylmercury toxicity. Levels of selenium normally found in foods (below 1 ppm) delay the onset of toxic signs caused by much higher levels of methylmercury. Tissue levels of mercury in selenium-supplemented animals equal or exceed those found in animals given methylmercury alone. Selenium does not appear to act by simply modifying intake, absorption, excretion, or distribution of methylmercury, and direct effects of both selenium and vitamin E have been observed in vitro when methylmercury was added to cultured nervous tissue cells. The only established functions for selenium and vitamin E in animals are related to the prevention of oxidative damage in tissues. To encompass the protective effects of selenium and vitamin E and to explain other toxicological aspects of methylmercury and other alkylmetals, a new hypothesis is proposed: The toxicity of the alkylmetals is not caused soley by the intact molecule, but also involves free radicals formed by homolytic fission of the carbon-metal bond.", "contents": "Modification of methylmercury toxicity and metabolism by selenium and vitamin E: possible mechanisms. Selenium and vitamin E exert powerful effects in reducing acute or chronic methylmercury toxicity. Levels of selenium normally found in foods (below 1 ppm) delay the onset of toxic signs caused by much higher levels of methylmercury. Tissue levels of mercury in selenium-supplemented animals equal or exceed those found in animals given methylmercury alone. Selenium does not appear to act by simply modifying intake, absorption, excretion, or distribution of methylmercury, and direct effects of both selenium and vitamin E have been observed in vitro when methylmercury was added to cultured nervous tissue cells. The only established functions for selenium and vitamin E in animals are related to the prevention of oxidative damage in tissues. To encompass the protective effects of selenium and vitamin E and to explain other toxicological aspects of methylmercury and other alkylmetals, a new hypothesis is proposed: The toxicity of the alkylmetals is not caused soley by the intact molecule, but also involves free radicals formed by homolytic fission of the carbon-metal bond.", "PMID": 720304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8370", "title": "Metabolic interactions between metals and metalloids.", "content": "The experimental evidence obtained with laboratory animals which shows that the toxicities of lead, cadmium, and mercury can be increased by deficiencies of certain essential nutrients such as calcium, iron, zinc, and selenium is briefly reviewed. An idealized theoretical model which indicates the possible influence of multiple nutritional deficiencies on the toxicity of a heavy metal is presented. It is suggested that multiple marginal nutritional deficiencies may be of importance in determining the response of humans to the toxic effects of various heavy metal pollutants.", "contents": "Metabolic interactions between metals and metalloids. The experimental evidence obtained with laboratory animals which shows that the toxicities of lead, cadmium, and mercury can be increased by deficiencies of certain essential nutrients such as calcium, iron, zinc, and selenium is briefly reviewed. An idealized theoretical model which indicates the possible influence of multiple nutritional deficiencies on the toxicity of a heavy metal is presented. It is suggested that multiple marginal nutritional deficiencies may be of importance in determining the response of humans to the toxic effects of various heavy metal pollutants.", "PMID": 720305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8371", "title": "Influence of age on metal metabolism and toxicity.", "content": "The metabolism and toxicity of lead, cadmium, mercury, and manganese in the postnatal period was studied in rats. Absorption, whole body retention, and organ distribution of 203Pb, 115mCd, 203Hg, and 54Mn were determined after oral and parenteral administration of these radioisotopes. The acute oral toxicity (LD50) was determined after a single application of metal chlorides. The results obtained in sucklings show a very high intestinal absorption of all metals which is partly attributed to milk diet; a higher whole body retention, higher blood levels and a much higher accumulation in the brain; and a higher oral toxicity. These results indicate age specific differences in the pharmacokinetics of metals in sucklings. It seems reasonable to consider the early neonatal age as a critical period for metal accumulation and therefore for metal toxicity. The results are interpreted on the basis of current concepts of developmental physiology and pharmacology and suggestions for future research trends are made.", "contents": "Influence of age on metal metabolism and toxicity. The metabolism and toxicity of lead, cadmium, mercury, and manganese in the postnatal period was studied in rats. Absorption, whole body retention, and organ distribution of 203Pb, 115mCd, 203Hg, and 54Mn were determined after oral and parenteral administration of these radioisotopes. The acute oral toxicity (LD50) was determined after a single application of metal chlorides. The results obtained in sucklings show a very high intestinal absorption of all metals which is partly attributed to milk diet; a higher whole body retention, higher blood levels and a much higher accumulation in the brain; and a higher oral toxicity. These results indicate age specific differences in the pharmacokinetics of metals in sucklings. It seems reasonable to consider the early neonatal age as a critical period for metal accumulation and therefore for metal toxicity. The results are interpreted on the basis of current concepts of developmental physiology and pharmacology and suggestions for future research trends are made.", "PMID": 720306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8372", "title": "Interactions among lead, cadmium, and arsenic in relation to porphyrin excretion patterns.", "content": "This paper reviews the effects of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) on the mitrochondrion with emphasis on alteration of mitochondrial heme biosynthetic pathway. The information was used to examine results of a Pb x Cd x As  interaction study which employed urinary porphyrin excretion patterns as one assessment criterion. Data from the study showed that dietary Pb produced increased urinary excretion of aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and coproporphyrin. Dietary exposure to organic or inorganic As caused increased excretion of uroporphyrin and to a lesser extent coproporphyrin, while dietary Cd caused no significant changes in urinary levels of any of the porphyrins measured. The combination of Pb plus As produced an additive effect on coproporphyrin excretion but not that of either ALA or uroporphyrin. These data are discussed in relation to utilization of urinary porphyrins for assessing toxicity and elemental interactions.", "contents": "Interactions among lead, cadmium, and arsenic in relation to porphyrin excretion patterns. This paper reviews the effects of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) on the mitrochondrion with emphasis on alteration of mitochondrial heme biosynthetic pathway. The information was used to examine results of a Pb x Cd x As  interaction study which employed urinary porphyrin excretion patterns as one assessment criterion. Data from the study showed that dietary Pb produced increased urinary excretion of aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and coproporphyrin. Dietary exposure to organic or inorganic As caused increased excretion of uroporphyrin and to a lesser extent coproporphyrin, while dietary Cd caused no significant changes in urinary levels of any of the porphyrins measured. The combination of Pb plus As produced an additive effect on coproporphyrin excretion but not that of either ALA or uroporphyrin. These data are discussed in relation to utilization of urinary porphyrins for assessing toxicity and elemental interactions.", "PMID": 720307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8373", "title": "Investigations of factors influencing exposure and response to lead, mercury, and cadmium in man and in animals.", "content": "The susceptibility of the heme biosynthetic pathway to lead, as reflected by increased free erythrocyte porphyrin (FEP) concentration, is in humans as well as in rats in the order of young greater than or equal to female greater than male. The difference between adult male and female rats can be explained at least partially by the interaction of estradiol and progesterone with the FEP response to lead; the hormonal influence on FEP does not seem to be mediated through changes in plasma iron. The classical \"tubular type\" proteinuria in workers chronically exposed to cadmium has two not necessarily concomitant components, namely, a tubular type and a glomerular type component characterized by increased excretion of low and high molecular weight proteins, respectivley. No synergistic effect of cadmium and lead on the proteinuria of workers simultaneously exposed to both metals was observed. Mercury (most likely methylmercury) is freely transferred from the mother to the fetus; there is only a slight placental barrier for lead and a rather strong one for cadmium. Compared to maternal blood, placenta does not accumulate lead or mercury but concentrates cadmium about 10-fold.", "contents": "Investigations of factors influencing exposure and response to lead, mercury, and cadmium in man and in animals. The susceptibility of the heme biosynthetic pathway to lead, as reflected by increased free erythrocyte porphyrin (FEP) concentration, is in humans as well as in rats in the order of young greater than or equal to female greater than male. The difference between adult male and female rats can be explained at least partially by the interaction of estradiol and progesterone with the FEP response to lead; the hormonal influence on FEP does not seem to be mediated through changes in plasma iron. The classical \"tubular type\" proteinuria in workers chronically exposed to cadmium has two not necessarily concomitant components, namely, a tubular type and a glomerular type component characterized by increased excretion of low and high molecular weight proteins, respectivley. No synergistic effect of cadmium and lead on the proteinuria of workers simultaneously exposed to both metals was observed. Mercury (most likely methylmercury) is freely transferred from the mother to the fetus; there is only a slight placental barrier for lead and a rather strong one for cadmium. Compared to maternal blood, placenta does not accumulate lead or mercury but concentrates cadmium about 10-fold.", "PMID": 720308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8374", "title": "Hemoglobin, serum iron, and zinc protoporphyrin in lead-exposed workers.", "content": "In a previous study of secondary lead smelter workers (males), a significant prevalence of low hemoglobin levels (less than 14 g/100 ml) was found; a statistically significant negative correlation between hemoglobin and zinc protoporphyrin was also detected. In the present study serum iron (Fe) levels and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) were included in the investigation of 111 secondary lead smelter workers and 37 nonexposed controls. The distribution and mean values of serum iron and TIBC were found to be in the normal range in the lead exposed workers; there was no significant difference when compared to the control population. There was no significant correlation between blood lead or zinc protoporphyrin and serum iron, TIBC and Fe/TIBC. A statistically significant negative correlation between hemoglobin and blood lead levels was found; the correlation between hemoglobin and zinc protoporphyrin reached a much higher level of significance. The results support the view that anemia (low hemoglobin levels) in lead exposed male workers is related to the heme synthesis inhibiting effects of lead, as reflected by elevated zinc protoporphyrin levels, and is not due to iron deficiency.", "contents": "Hemoglobin, serum iron, and zinc protoporphyrin in lead-exposed workers. In a previous study of secondary lead smelter workers (males), a significant prevalence of low hemoglobin levels (less than 14 g/100 ml) was found; a statistically significant negative correlation between hemoglobin and zinc protoporphyrin was also detected. In the present study serum iron (Fe) levels and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) were included in the investigation of 111 secondary lead smelter workers and 37 nonexposed controls. The distribution and mean values of serum iron and TIBC were found to be in the normal range in the lead exposed workers; there was no significant difference when compared to the control population. There was no significant correlation between blood lead or zinc protoporphyrin and serum iron, TIBC and Fe/TIBC. A statistically significant negative correlation between hemoglobin and blood lead levels was found; the correlation between hemoglobin and zinc protoporphyrin reached a much higher level of significance. The results support the view that anemia (low hemoglobin levels) in lead exposed male workers is related to the heme synthesis inhibiting effects of lead, as reflected by elevated zinc protoporphyrin levels, and is not due to iron deficiency.", "PMID": 720309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8375", "title": "Neurochemistry and toxicology: overview.", "content": "We have witnessed a tremendous increase in our knowledge of the molecular and biochemical mechanisms which underly the activities of the nervous system. Such knowledge is essential in order to determine the basic mechanisms involved in neurotoxic events. An overview of how neurotoxins could conceivably interfere with some basic neurochemical processes is presented, along with a specific example of how an understanding of such processes can contribute to the detection of neurotoxicity and to the development of predictive testing techniques.", "contents": "Neurochemistry and toxicology: overview. We have witnessed a tremendous increase in our knowledge of the molecular and biochemical mechanisms which underly the activities of the nervous system. Such knowledge is essential in order to determine the basic mechanisms involved in neurotoxic events. An overview of how neurotoxins could conceivably interfere with some basic neurochemical processes is presented, along with a specific example of how an understanding of such processes can contribute to the detection of neurotoxicity and to the development of predictive testing techniques.", "PMID": 720310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8376", "title": "Neuronal cell cultures as toxicologic test systems.", "content": "Neuronal cell cultures now represent well-characterized systems with which acute and chronic toxicologic effects of a variety of agents can be evaluated. Extensive synapse formation occurs over a period of days and weeks in these cell cultures and can be assayed semiquantitatively by morphological and electrophysiological means. Detailed morphophysiologic correlations can be made using a technique for injecting an intracellular marker protein, horseradish peroxidase. A variety of neurochemical indices of development, such as transmitter-related enzyme levels, can also be conveniently determined. The developing neuron and its synaptic connections are important objects of investigation since they may be particularly vulnerable to pathogenic materials. Examples of the effects of acute (opiate) and chronic (inhibitory aminoacid) treatments on synaptic function are given.", "contents": "Neuronal cell cultures as toxicologic test systems. Neuronal cell cultures now represent well-characterized systems with which acute and chronic toxicologic effects of a variety of agents can be evaluated. Extensive synapse formation occurs over a period of days and weeks in these cell cultures and can be assayed semiquantitatively by morphological and electrophysiological means. Detailed morphophysiologic correlations can be made using a technique for injecting an intracellular marker protein, horseradish peroxidase. A variety of neurochemical indices of development, such as transmitter-related enzyme levels, can also be conveniently determined. The developing neuron and its synaptic connections are important objects of investigation since they may be particularly vulnerable to pathogenic materials. Examples of the effects of acute (opiate) and chronic (inhibitory aminoacid) treatments on synaptic function are given.", "PMID": 720311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8377", "title": "Myocardial metabolism for the toxicologist.", "content": "Drug effects on myocardial contractile function are obviously of considerable practical importance for the toxicologist. The basic mechanism of such actions must reside at some point in the metabolism of cardiac muscle. Interference in the liberation of energy from the fuels that the heart uses may be implicated. It is possible that drugs may interfere with the storage (conservation) of that energy as the high energy phosphates (ATP and CP). Finally, the utilization of that stored energy by the contractile proteins themselves may be altered. The latter process is highly dependent on intracellular calcium ion kinetics. Anesthetic drugs, which produce reversible depression of myocardial contractile function is a dose-dependent fashion, have been shown to interfere to some extent with all three processes. However, the most important mechanism probably involves utilization of energy and intracellular calcium ion movement. A basic knowledge of the biochemistry of cardiac muscle is necessary for the understanding of drug action and toxicity at the subcellular level.", "contents": "Myocardial metabolism for the toxicologist. Drug effects on myocardial contractile function are obviously of considerable practical importance for the toxicologist. The basic mechanism of such actions must reside at some point in the metabolism of cardiac muscle. Interference in the liberation of energy from the fuels that the heart uses may be implicated. It is possible that drugs may interfere with the storage (conservation) of that energy as the high energy phosphates (ATP and CP). Finally, the utilization of that stored energy by the contractile proteins themselves may be altered. The latter process is highly dependent on intracellular calcium ion kinetics. Anesthetic drugs, which produce reversible depression of myocardial contractile function is a dose-dependent fashion, have been shown to interfere to some extent with all three processes. However, the most important mechanism probably involves utilization of energy and intracellular calcium ion movement. A basic knowledge of the biochemistry of cardiac muscle is necessary for the understanding of drug action and toxicity at the subcellular level.", "PMID": 720313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8378", "title": "Effects of fluorocarbons, chlorinated solvents, and inosine on the cardiopulmonary system.", "content": "The effects of fluorocarbons and chlorinated solvents on the cardiopulmonary system are reviewed. The new information, not hitherto reported, relates to the antagonistic action of inosine, a naturally occurring nucleoside formed in the body by deamination of adenosine. The effect of inosine on methylene chloride toxicity was investigated in open chest dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. Methylene chloride (5% in air or 50,000 ppm) elicited a decrease of ventricular contractility represented by the diminished left ventricular (dp/dt)(max) and myocardial contractile force measured directly with a Walton-Brodie strain gauge arch. Coronary blood flow decreased slightly after exposure to methylene chloride. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate did not change. The negative inotropic effect of methylene chloride was reversed or prevented to a substantial extent by intravenous infusion of inosine (5 mg/kg-min). The effect of the latter compound was also characterized by significant coronary vasodilation. It was shown by the experiments that the cardiostimulatory action of inosine was associated with improved hypoxic adaptability of the coronary blood vessels. In contrast, the effect of catecholamines (epinephrine and isoproterenol) was not accompanied by such a beneficial coronary vascular effect. On the basis of these results, the conclusion has been arrived at that inosine might be recommended as a useful antidote in methylene chloride poisoning in particular, and of poisoning by chlorinated solvents and fluorocarbons in general.", "contents": "Effects of fluorocarbons, chlorinated solvents, and inosine on the cardiopulmonary system. The effects of fluorocarbons and chlorinated solvents on the cardiopulmonary system are reviewed. The new information, not hitherto reported, relates to the antagonistic action of inosine, a naturally occurring nucleoside formed in the body by deamination of adenosine. The effect of inosine on methylene chloride toxicity was investigated in open chest dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. Methylene chloride (5% in air or 50,000 ppm) elicited a decrease of ventricular contractility represented by the diminished left ventricular (dp/dt)(max) and myocardial contractile force measured directly with a Walton-Brodie strain gauge arch. Coronary blood flow decreased slightly after exposure to methylene chloride. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate did not change. The negative inotropic effect of methylene chloride was reversed or prevented to a substantial extent by intravenous infusion of inosine (5 mg/kg-min). The effect of the latter compound was also characterized by significant coronary vasodilation. It was shown by the experiments that the cardiostimulatory action of inosine was associated with improved hypoxic adaptability of the coronary blood vessels. In contrast, the effect of catecholamines (epinephrine and isoproterenol) was not accompanied by such a beneficial coronary vascular effect. On the basis of these results, the conclusion has been arrived at that inosine might be recommended as a useful antidote in methylene chloride poisoning in particular, and of poisoning by chlorinated solvents and fluorocarbons in general.", "PMID": 720314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8379", "title": "Cardiac toxicities of antibiotics.", "content": "Isolated heart muscle preparations are useful in the study of cardiac toxicities of drugs and environmental chemicals: such tissues allow assessment of chemical effects on heart muscle that is free from indirect in vivo influences that can mask or even accentuate cardiac responses measured in the intact animal. In the present study, left atria of guinea pigs were used to demonstrate a direct cardiac depressant effect of greater-than-therapeutic concentrations of several aminoglycoside antibiotics. The toxic effect of these antibiotics seems to be a calcium-dependent event, and may prove useful to characterize contractile responses of the heart. Other antibiotic agents can also depress cardiovascular function, as summarized in this report, but mechanisms of action have not been clearly defined.", "contents": "Cardiac toxicities of antibiotics. Isolated heart muscle preparations are useful in the study of cardiac toxicities of drugs and environmental chemicals: such tissues allow assessment of chemical effects on heart muscle that is free from indirect in vivo influences that can mask or even accentuate cardiac responses measured in the intact animal. In the present study, left atria of guinea pigs were used to demonstrate a direct cardiac depressant effect of greater-than-therapeutic concentrations of several aminoglycoside antibiotics. The toxic effect of these antibiotics seems to be a calcium-dependent event, and may prove useful to characterize contractile responses of the heart. Other antibiotic agents can also depress cardiovascular function, as summarized in this report, but mechanisms of action have not been clearly defined.", "PMID": 720315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8380", "title": "Pathophysiology of the atherosclerotic rabbit.", "content": "The pathophysiology and histopathology caused by feeding rabbits a diet containing 2% cholesterol is described. Cholesterol deposition was seen in almost all organs after 15 weeks on the diet. Lesions were seen as early as 7 weeks in the aorta and pulmonary vessels and by 11 weeks in the small intramyocardial arteries and arterioles. Evidence of myocardial ischemia could be elicited by stressing the heart by electrical pacing at rapid rates or by administration of pharmacological agents which increased oxygen consumption (isoproterenol) or decreased oxygen supply (ergonovine). Susceptibility to such stress was increased by isovolumic hemodilution which decreased the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Myocardial fibrosis and infarction were evident by 15 weeks on the diet and cardiac reserve was depleted by 25 weeks as evidenced by the presence of ascites in all animals examined. The preliminary results reported here suggest that further evaluation of the atherosclerotic rabbit as a cardiac toxicity model is warranted.", "contents": "Pathophysiology of the atherosclerotic rabbit. The pathophysiology and histopathology caused by feeding rabbits a diet containing 2% cholesterol is described. Cholesterol deposition was seen in almost all organs after 15 weeks on the diet. Lesions were seen as early as 7 weeks in the aorta and pulmonary vessels and by 11 weeks in the small intramyocardial arteries and arterioles. Evidence of myocardial ischemia could be elicited by stressing the heart by electrical pacing at rapid rates or by administration of pharmacological agents which increased oxygen consumption (isoproterenol) or decreased oxygen supply (ergonovine). Susceptibility to such stress was increased by isovolumic hemodilution which decreased the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Myocardial fibrosis and infarction were evident by 15 weeks on the diet and cardiac reserve was depleted by 25 weeks as evidenced by the presence of ascites in all animals examined. The preliminary results reported here suggest that further evaluation of the atherosclerotic rabbit as a cardiac toxicity model is warranted.", "PMID": 720316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8381", "title": "In vitro preparation of infarcted myocardium.", "content": "An isolated ventricular endocardial preparation removed from canine hearts one to two days after coronary artery occlusion and superfused in vitro is described. The alteration in electrophysiological characteristics of subendocardial Purkinje fibers surviving in infarcted regions and the relationship of these changes to the generation of ventricular arrhythmias is discussed. The advantages of such preparations for assessing the mechanism of action of antiarrhythmic drugs in post-infarction ventricular arrhythmias is discussed.", "contents": "In vitro preparation of infarcted myocardium. An isolated ventricular endocardial preparation removed from canine hearts one to two days after coronary artery occlusion and superfused in vitro is described. The alteration in electrophysiological characteristics of subendocardial Purkinje fibers surviving in infarcted regions and the relationship of these changes to the generation of ventricular arrhythmias is discussed. The advantages of such preparations for assessing the mechanism of action of antiarrhythmic drugs in post-infarction ventricular arrhythmias is discussed.", "PMID": 720317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8382", "title": "Symposium on Target Organ Toxicity: cardiovascular system. The epidemiologic approach.", "content": "Epidemiological studies rarely provide unequivocal data on the effects of toxic substances on human health. Unlike experimental studies, pertinent variables frequently cannot be controlled and some are often unknown. Nevertheless, these limitations can be dealt with by various facets of an epidemiological investigation. These include, the choice of a study design, selection of controls or comparison populations, evaluation of available data, statistical analysis, and the drawing of appropriate inferences from the data. Among the special problems that might be encountered in studies of the effects of cardiotoxic substances are, difficulties in establishing diagnoses, errors in death certificates, observer errors in electrocardiographic interpretations, and taking into account the effects of various risk factors known to be implicated in the etiology of cardiovascular diseases. In spite of various methodological problems and certain inherent limitations of epidemiological studies, they can, when properly conducted, make significant contributions to knowledge of disease etiology and provide the means of reducing the risk of a disease, even when its etiology is not completely known.", "contents": "Symposium on Target Organ Toxicity: cardiovascular system. The epidemiologic approach. Epidemiological studies rarely provide unequivocal data on the effects of toxic substances on human health. Unlike experimental studies, pertinent variables frequently cannot be controlled and some are often unknown. Nevertheless, these limitations can be dealt with by various facets of an epidemiological investigation. These include, the choice of a study design, selection of controls or comparison populations, evaluation of available data, statistical analysis, and the drawing of appropriate inferences from the data. Among the special problems that might be encountered in studies of the effects of cardiotoxic substances are, difficulties in establishing diagnoses, errors in death certificates, observer errors in electrocardiographic interpretations, and taking into account the effects of various risk factors known to be implicated in the etiology of cardiovascular diseases. In spite of various methodological problems and certain inherent limitations of epidemiological studies, they can, when properly conducted, make significant contributions to knowledge of disease etiology and provide the means of reducing the risk of a disease, even when its etiology is not completely known.", "PMID": 720318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8383", "title": "Strategy for the assessment of neurobehavioral consequences of environmental factors.", "content": "One of the critical issues confronting the evolving discipline of behavioral and neurological toxicology is the general lack of test validation in animal models. This paper seeks to provide a strategy aimed at resolving this important problem. It is proposed that test validation be accomplished by evaluating known neurotoxins in a battery of tests chosen to assess in animal models a wide range of effects on the basis of reported human toxicosis symptomatology. We propose to measure ongoing home cage motor activity, food consumption, water consumption, clay consumption (and the diurnal cycling of these), neurological/physiological indices (reflexes, autonomic signs, equilibrium/gait, balance, tremor, reactivity, and muscular strength), and aspects of cognitive and associative behavior involving both endogenous and exogenous (sensory) control of responding. An integrated, time-efficient scheme, covering 90 days of chemical treatment and 30 days of post-dosing recovery will be used. Chemical substances to be evaluated were chosen with the view of representing classes of neurotoxic effects. For initial study, triethyltin was chosen as an agent producing demyelination of nerves, acrylamide as an agent producing \"dying-back\" neuropathy, and methylmercury as an agent producing mixed central and peripheral neuropathies. Agents which attack specific loci in the nervous system and those producing anoxia will not be assessed in the first stages of this research due to lack of species generality of known effects, present lack of appropriate exposure facilities, or other problems. In addition, two drugs (amphetamine and sodium salicylate) will be investigated to support the generality of the testing procedures. By comparing the observed results of the neurotoxins in the animal models with the predicted effects based on reported human symptomatology, some decision concerning the validity of each procedure will be made. It is expected that the validation of tests to be used in behavioral and neurological toxicology will permit the meaningful assessment of more complex issues, such as the mechanisms by which neurotoxins act.", "contents": "Strategy for the assessment of neurobehavioral consequences of environmental factors. One of the critical issues confronting the evolving discipline of behavioral and neurological toxicology is the general lack of test validation in animal models. This paper seeks to provide a strategy aimed at resolving this important problem. It is proposed that test validation be accomplished by evaluating known neurotoxins in a battery of tests chosen to assess in animal models a wide range of effects on the basis of reported human toxicosis symptomatology. We propose to measure ongoing home cage motor activity, food consumption, water consumption, clay consumption (and the diurnal cycling of these), neurological/physiological indices (reflexes, autonomic signs, equilibrium/gait, balance, tremor, reactivity, and muscular strength), and aspects of cognitive and associative behavior involving both endogenous and exogenous (sensory) control of responding. An integrated, time-efficient scheme, covering 90 days of chemical treatment and 30 days of post-dosing recovery will be used. Chemical substances to be evaluated were chosen with the view of representing classes of neurotoxic effects. For initial study, triethyltin was chosen as an agent producing demyelination of nerves, acrylamide as an agent producing \"dying-back\" neuropathy, and methylmercury as an agent producing mixed central and peripheral neuropathies. Agents which attack specific loci in the nervous system and those producing anoxia will not be assessed in the first stages of this research due to lack of species generality of known effects, present lack of appropriate exposure facilities, or other problems. In addition, two drugs (amphetamine and sodium salicylate) will be investigated to support the generality of the testing procedures. By comparing the observed results of the neurotoxins in the animal models with the predicted effects based on reported human symptomatology, some decision concerning the validity of each procedure will be made. It is expected that the validation of tests to be used in behavioral and neurological toxicology will permit the meaningful assessment of more complex issues, such as the mechanisms by which neurotoxins act.", "PMID": 720319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8384", "title": "Epistemology of screening for behavioral toxicity.", "content": "A method is described for the assay of the behavioral effects of volatile solvents on mice and illustrated with pilot results on trichlorethylene. A dose-effect curve has been determined for the effects on schedule controlled responding and compared with the dose-lethality curve and the TLV for man. The OR50 for behavioral effects was 1/5 of the LD50 and 50 times the TLV for long-term exposure of man. An analysis of the errors involved in determination of effects on whole animals leads to the conclusion that subtle effects, representing a few per cent change, will not be detectable in routine screening. It is suggested nevertheless that information on the midrange, knowable, part of the dose-effect curve may prove useful in predicting safe levels for man.", "contents": "Epistemology of screening for behavioral toxicity. A method is described for the assay of the behavioral effects of volatile solvents on mice and illustrated with pilot results on trichlorethylene. A dose-effect curve has been determined for the effects on schedule controlled responding and compared with the dose-lethality curve and the TLV for man. The OR50 for behavioral effects was 1/5 of the LD50 and 50 times the TLV for long-term exposure of man. An analysis of the errors involved in determination of effects on whole animals leads to the conclusion that subtle effects, representing a few per cent change, will not be detectable in routine screening. It is suggested nevertheless that information on the midrange, knowable, part of the dose-effect curve may prove useful in predicting safe levels for man.", "PMID": 720321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8385", "title": "Distal axonopathy: one common type of neurotoxic lesion.", "content": "Neurotoxic chemicals commonly produce retrograde degeneration of the axons of long and large nerve fibers in the central and peripheral nervous system. This produces a clinical picture of polyneuropathy in man and animals in which sensory and motor disturbances develop in the feet and hands then progress with time to the legs and arms. Distal axonopathy, as the underlying pathologic process is termed, is one of four principal types of neurotoxic diseases, the others including degeneration of neurons (neuronopathy), myelin sheaths (myelinopathy) and damage to the neurovasculature (neurovasculopathy). In the experimental animal, these four types of neurotoxic diseases can be distinguished by examining selected areas of brain and nerve tissues prepared by contemporary methods of tissue fixation. These procedures may form the basis of a new and sensitive assay for neurotoxicity.", "contents": "Distal axonopathy: one common type of neurotoxic lesion. Neurotoxic chemicals commonly produce retrograde degeneration of the axons of long and large nerve fibers in the central and peripheral nervous system. This produces a clinical picture of polyneuropathy in man and animals in which sensory and motor disturbances develop in the feet and hands then progress with time to the legs and arms. Distal axonopathy, as the underlying pathologic process is termed, is one of four principal types of neurotoxic diseases, the others including degeneration of neurons (neuronopathy), myelin sheaths (myelinopathy) and damage to the neurovasculature (neurovasculopathy). In the experimental animal, these four types of neurotoxic diseases can be distinguished by examining selected areas of brain and nerve tissues prepared by contemporary methods of tissue fixation. These procedures may form the basis of a new and sensitive assay for neurotoxicity.", "PMID": 720323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8386", "title": "Activation of bee venom phospholipase A2 by oleoyl imidazolide.", "content": "Imidazolide derivatives of long-chain fatty acids are shown to be potent irreversible activators of bee venom phospholipase A2. Activation corresponds to the addition of a single acyl residue to the protein molecule. The rate of activation increases with the acyl chain length of the activator, but the highest activation factors are given by the oleoyl and linoleoyl residues. Acyl group activation of the enzyme substitutes completely for activation by free fatty acids (but produces 3--4-fold higher activities) indicating that fatty acids are allosteric activators of the enzyme. The degree of activation is calcium dependent and exceeds 100-fold at low calcium concentration. Activation is extremely sensitive to substrate structure, but modification of the substrate surface by intercalated activator does not form the basis of this specificity.", "contents": "Activation of bee venom phospholipase A2 by oleoyl imidazolide. Imidazolide derivatives of long-chain fatty acids are shown to be potent irreversible activators of bee venom phospholipase A2. Activation corresponds to the addition of a single acyl residue to the protein molecule. The rate of activation increases with the acyl chain length of the activator, but the highest activation factors are given by the oleoyl and linoleoyl residues. Acyl group activation of the enzyme substitutes completely for activation by free fatty acids (but produces 3--4-fold higher activities) indicating that fatty acids are allosteric activators of the enzyme. The degree of activation is calcium dependent and exceeds 100-fold at low calcium concentration. Activation is extremely sensitive to substrate structure, but modification of the substrate surface by intercalated activator does not form the basis of this specificity.", "PMID": 720331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8387", "title": "Estrogen-binding sites of chicken liver. Preliminary characterization of nuclear components.", "content": "1. Liver nuclei from estrogenized chickens contain high-affinity low-capacity estrogen-binding sites, which are in part salt-extractable (60--70%) and in part tightly sticking to the nuclear residue (30--40%). During the preparation of chromatin with low salt buffers part of the salt-extractable nuclear-binding sites remains together with the non-extractable sites on the chromatin. Extractable and non-extractable sites can be separated by agarose as well as hydroxyapatite chromatography. 2. The extrogen-binding protein extracted from crude nuclei was characterized as follows: sedimentation coefficient of 3.9 S, Strokes' radius (a) of 3.3 nm, molecular weight (Mr) of 56,000 and frictional ratio (f/fo) of 1.20. Trypsination results in a globular receptor fragment (Mr = 41,000), which has lost a small asymmetric portion of the receptor molecule but still binds estradiol. 3. In contrast to the binding protein from crude nuclei the estrogen-binding protein extracted from purified nuclei at pH 7.4 is found mainly in an aggregated form. Dissociation of the aggregates is achieved in high salt/urea resulting in a receptor molecule with an apparent molecular weight of 130,000. Aggregation of the binding sites can be prevented to some extent by raising the pH of the extraction medium. At pH 8.7 the non-aggregated part of the binding protein from pure nuclei could be characterized as follows: 4.4 S, a = 4.3nm, Mr = 80,000 (apparent molecular weight of 150,000), f/fo = 1.40. 4. Mixing experiments indicate that an extranuclear protease present in a crude nuclear preparation converts the large receptor (the binding protein from pure nuclei) to the smaller one (the binding protein from crude nuclei) by digesting off an asymmetric portion of the molecule. This portion seems to be responsible for the strong tendency of the binding protein from pure nuclei to associate with other nuclear components.", "contents": "Estrogen-binding sites of chicken liver. Preliminary characterization of nuclear components. 1. Liver nuclei from estrogenized chickens contain high-affinity low-capacity estrogen-binding sites, which are in part salt-extractable (60--70%) and in part tightly sticking to the nuclear residue (30--40%). During the preparation of chromatin with low salt buffers part of the salt-extractable nuclear-binding sites remains together with the non-extractable sites on the chromatin. Extractable and non-extractable sites can be separated by agarose as well as hydroxyapatite chromatography. 2. The extrogen-binding protein extracted from crude nuclei was characterized as follows: sedimentation coefficient of 3.9 S, Strokes' radius (a) of 3.3 nm, molecular weight (Mr) of 56,000 and frictional ratio (f/fo) of 1.20. Trypsination results in a globular receptor fragment (Mr = 41,000), which has lost a small asymmetric portion of the receptor molecule but still binds estradiol. 3. In contrast to the binding protein from crude nuclei the estrogen-binding protein extracted from purified nuclei at pH 7.4 is found mainly in an aggregated form. Dissociation of the aggregates is achieved in high salt/urea resulting in a receptor molecule with an apparent molecular weight of 130,000. Aggregation of the binding sites can be prevented to some extent by raising the pH of the extraction medium. At pH 8.7 the non-aggregated part of the binding protein from pure nuclei could be characterized as follows: 4.4 S, a = 4.3nm, Mr = 80,000 (apparent molecular weight of 150,000), f/fo = 1.40. 4. Mixing experiments indicate that an extranuclear protease present in a crude nuclear preparation converts the large receptor (the binding protein from pure nuclei) to the smaller one (the binding protein from crude nuclei) by digesting off an asymmetric portion of the molecule. This portion seems to be responsible for the strong tendency of the binding protein from pure nuclei to associate with other nuclear components.", "PMID": 720332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8388", "title": "Quantification and properties of tubulin polymerization in crude brain extracts and preparations of microtubular and purified tubulin.", "content": "Removal of assembled tubulin by centrifugation, followed by measurement in the supernatant of the residual colchicine binding capacity of the non-polymerized, non-precipitable tubulin, is a sensitive and reliable method of measuring tubulin polymerization. This method can be used in both crude and purified preparations of brain tubulin and allows the molar quantification of the total, polymerized and non-polymerized tubulin species in each sample. Only 40--50% of the total tubulin present in crude adult brain extracts is capable of polymerizing when incubated with GTP. The percentage of tubulin polymerizing with GTP is slightly higher in crude foetal brain extracts than in the adult. Incubation of first polymerization supernatants, containing exclusively the GTP-insensitive tubulin, with guanosine 5'-[alpha, beta-methylene]triphosphate (GuoP[CH2]PP) but not with 2.4 M glycerol results in tubulin polymerization. High concentrations of glycerol (2.4 M) promote the polymerization of tubulin in adult but not in crude foetal brain extracts. Both ATP and adenosine 5'-[alpha, beta-methylene]triphosphate (AdoP[CH2]PP) are effective in promoting the polymerization of GDP-free (90%) microtubular protein. The microtubular protein assembled with GuoP[CH2]PP or AdoP[CH2]PP has the unique character of being resistant to calcium concentrations (2mM), which cause complete depolymerization of the tubulin assembled with GTP or ATP. Phosphocellulose-purified tubulin significantly assembles when incubated with GuoP[CH2]PP or AdoP[CH2]PP at protein concentrations at which GTP or ATP do not promote polymerization. 2 micrometer tubulin is the minimal concentration required for polymerization in both crude and purified preparations of adult rat brain tubulin.", "contents": "Quantification and properties of tubulin polymerization in crude brain extracts and preparations of microtubular and purified tubulin. Removal of assembled tubulin by centrifugation, followed by measurement in the supernatant of the residual colchicine binding capacity of the non-polymerized, non-precipitable tubulin, is a sensitive and reliable method of measuring tubulin polymerization. This method can be used in both crude and purified preparations of brain tubulin and allows the molar quantification of the total, polymerized and non-polymerized tubulin species in each sample. Only 40--50% of the total tubulin present in crude adult brain extracts is capable of polymerizing when incubated with GTP. The percentage of tubulin polymerizing with GTP is slightly higher in crude foetal brain extracts than in the adult. Incubation of first polymerization supernatants, containing exclusively the GTP-insensitive tubulin, with guanosine 5'-[alpha, beta-methylene]triphosphate (GuoP[CH2]PP) but not with 2.4 M glycerol results in tubulin polymerization. High concentrations of glycerol (2.4 M) promote the polymerization of tubulin in adult but not in crude foetal brain extracts. Both ATP and adenosine 5'-[alpha, beta-methylene]triphosphate (AdoP[CH2]PP) are effective in promoting the polymerization of GDP-free (90%) microtubular protein. The microtubular protein assembled with GuoP[CH2]PP or AdoP[CH2]PP has the unique character of being resistant to calcium concentrations (2mM), which cause complete depolymerization of the tubulin assembled with GTP or ATP. Phosphocellulose-purified tubulin significantly assembles when incubated with GuoP[CH2]PP or AdoP[CH2]PP at protein concentrations at which GTP or ATP do not promote polymerization. 2 micrometer tubulin is the minimal concentration required for polymerization in both crude and purified preparations of adult rat brain tubulin.", "PMID": 720333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8389", "title": "Characterisation of mycobacteriophage ATCC 11759. Unusual physiocochemical properties of its DNA.", "content": "Growth conditions and a purification procedure for mycobacteriophage ATCC 11759, a lytic phage for Mycobacterium smegmatis, are described. The phage is a large DNA phage with a very long tail (240 nm). A study of its DNA revealed three interesting features. 1. After denaturation the DNA molecule yields two strands of different buoyant densities. 2. The native DNA has unusual physical properties: its buoyant density in CsC1 is very low (1.654 g/cm3), its sedimentation rate is lower than expected for the molecular weight, its thermal stability at low ionic strength is high. 3. The DNA (in its native form or after reannealing) is resistant to various restriction endonucleases.", "contents": "Characterisation of mycobacteriophage ATCC 11759. Unusual physiocochemical properties of its DNA. Growth conditions and a purification procedure for mycobacteriophage ATCC 11759, a lytic phage for Mycobacterium smegmatis, are described. The phage is a large DNA phage with a very long tail (240 nm). A study of its DNA revealed three interesting features. 1. After denaturation the DNA molecule yields two strands of different buoyant densities. 2. The native DNA has unusual physical properties: its buoyant density in CsC1 is very low (1.654 g/cm3), its sedimentation rate is lower than expected for the molecular weight, its thermal stability at low ionic strength is high. 3. The DNA (in its native form or after reannealing) is resistant to various restriction endonucleases.", "PMID": 720334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8390", "title": "The localization of an intracellular membrane-bound proteinase from rat liver.", "content": "To localize the membrane-bound, histone-degrading proteinase, which was previously isolated from the mitochondrial fraction, nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes and plasma membranes were prepared from a rat liver homogenate according to established methods and characterized by marker enzyme activities. The isolated subcellular fractions were treated with digitonin, and subjected to a discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation. The material, which sedimented through 1.74 M surcrose was analyzed in respect to the various marker enzymes and for proteolytic activity. Proteinase activity was found in the material obtained after digitonin treatment and step gradient centrifugation of mitochondria. This finding shows the occurrence of a proteinase in mitochondria; After fractionation of mitochondria into outer and inner membrane, intermembrane fraction and matrix, the proteinase could be localized exclusively in the inner mitochondrial membrane. A possible physiological function of the enzyme during the biosynthesis of inner membrane constituents is discussed.", "contents": "The localization of an intracellular membrane-bound proteinase from rat liver. To localize the membrane-bound, histone-degrading proteinase, which was previously isolated from the mitochondrial fraction, nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes and plasma membranes were prepared from a rat liver homogenate according to established methods and characterized by marker enzyme activities. The isolated subcellular fractions were treated with digitonin, and subjected to a discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation. The material, which sedimented through 1.74 M surcrose was analyzed in respect to the various marker enzymes and for proteolytic activity. Proteinase activity was found in the material obtained after digitonin treatment and step gradient centrifugation of mitochondria. This finding shows the occurrence of a proteinase in mitochondria; After fractionation of mitochondria into outer and inner membrane, intermembrane fraction and matrix, the proteinase could be localized exclusively in the inner mitochondrial membrane. A possible physiological function of the enzyme during the biosynthesis of inner membrane constituents is discussed.", "PMID": 720335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8391", "title": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Halobacterium halobium.", "content": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase core enzyme was isolated from Halobacterium halobium. The purification is based on the finding that the enzyme is stable in 40% (v/v) glycerol, in the presence of 0.05 M MgCl2 and involves adsorption of contaminants to DEAE-cellulose, precipitation of the complex of polymerase with DNA by streptomycin sulfate, chromatography over Biogel and affinity chromatography over heparin-Sepharose or heparin-cellulose. The enzyme consists of four or five different subunits. The composition formula was estimated as (150000) (86000)2 (72000)2 (49000)3 or 2; there may be one or two different 49000-Mr subunits. RNA synthesis requires a template. Denatured DNA is more efficient than native DNA. The transcription of native DNA is specifically stimulated by the addition of a possibly sigma-like factor eluted from DEAE-cellulose. The fidelity of transcription is indicated by the absolute requirement for UTP besides ATP with poly[d(A-T)] as the template.", "contents": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Halobacterium halobium. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase core enzyme was isolated from Halobacterium halobium. The purification is based on the finding that the enzyme is stable in 40% (v/v) glycerol, in the presence of 0.05 M MgCl2 and involves adsorption of contaminants to DEAE-cellulose, precipitation of the complex of polymerase with DNA by streptomycin sulfate, chromatography over Biogel and affinity chromatography over heparin-Sepharose or heparin-cellulose. The enzyme consists of four or five different subunits. The composition formula was estimated as (150000) (86000)2 (72000)2 (49000)3 or 2; there may be one or two different 49000-Mr subunits. RNA synthesis requires a template. Denatured DNA is more efficient than native DNA. The transcription of native DNA is specifically stimulated by the addition of a possibly sigma-like factor eluted from DEAE-cellulose. The fidelity of transcription is indicated by the absolute requirement for UTP besides ATP with poly[d(A-T)] as the template.", "PMID": 720336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8392", "title": "Characterisation of a local structure in the synthetic parathyroid hormone fragment 1--34 by 1H nuclear-magnetic-resonance techniques.", "content": "Previous studies had shown that the molecular conformation of the synthetic human parathyroid hormone fragment 1--34 in dilute aqueous solution contained a local non-random structure formed by the four consecutive residues--Val-21--GIn-22--Trp-23--Leu-24--. This paper gives a detailed description of this local spatial structure obtained from high resolution 1H NMR studies at 360 MHZ of several peptide analogs of the partial sequence 20--24. The most important spectral parameters were high-field shifts of the alpha and gamma protons of Val-21, the spin-spin coupling constants related to the rotamer populations of the side-chains of Val-21 and Trp-23, and pH titration shifts of the amide proton resonances. It was found that the backbone fragment 20--24 is so arranged that the side-chain of Val-21 is located next to the indole ring plane of Trp-23; evidence is presented that this non-random structure is mainly stabilized by hydrophobic interactions between the side-chains of Val-21 and Trp-23. The thermal population of the observed molecular structure at room temperature was estimated from the nuclear magnetic resonance data to be approximately 20%.", "contents": "Characterisation of a local structure in the synthetic parathyroid hormone fragment 1--34 by 1H nuclear-magnetic-resonance techniques. Previous studies had shown that the molecular conformation of the synthetic human parathyroid hormone fragment 1--34 in dilute aqueous solution contained a local non-random structure formed by the four consecutive residues--Val-21--GIn-22--Trp-23--Leu-24--. This paper gives a detailed description of this local spatial structure obtained from high resolution 1H NMR studies at 360 MHZ of several peptide analogs of the partial sequence 20--24. The most important spectral parameters were high-field shifts of the alpha and gamma protons of Val-21, the spin-spin coupling constants related to the rotamer populations of the side-chains of Val-21 and Trp-23, and pH titration shifts of the amide proton resonances. It was found that the backbone fragment 20--24 is so arranged that the side-chain of Val-21 is located next to the indole ring plane of Trp-23; evidence is presented that this non-random structure is mainly stabilized by hydrophobic interactions between the side-chains of Val-21 and Trp-23. The thermal population of the observed molecular structure at room temperature was estimated from the nuclear magnetic resonance data to be approximately 20%.", "PMID": 720337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8393", "title": "1H nuclear-magnetic-resonance studies of the molecular conformation of monomeric glucagon in aqueous solution.", "content": "Dilute aqueous solutions of glucagon were investigated by high-resolution 1H nuclear magnetic resonance at 360 MHZ. Monomeric glucagon was found to adopt predominantly an extended flexible conformation which contains, however, a local non-random spatial structure involving the fragment--Phe-22--Val-23--Gln-24--Trp-25--. This local conformation is preserved in the partial sequence 22--26 and could thus be characterized in detail. Two interesting conclusions resulted from these experiments. One is that the local spatial structure in the fragment 22--25 of glucagon is identical to that observed in the fragment 20--23 of the human parathyroid hormone. Secondly, the backbone conformation in the C-terminal fragment of glucagon in solution must be different from the alpha-helical structure observed in single crystals of glucagon. These new structural data are analyzed with regard to relationships with glucagon binding to the target cells.", "contents": "1H nuclear-magnetic-resonance studies of the molecular conformation of monomeric glucagon in aqueous solution. Dilute aqueous solutions of glucagon were investigated by high-resolution 1H nuclear magnetic resonance at 360 MHZ. Monomeric glucagon was found to adopt predominantly an extended flexible conformation which contains, however, a local non-random spatial structure involving the fragment--Phe-22--Val-23--Gln-24--Trp-25--. This local conformation is preserved in the partial sequence 22--26 and could thus be characterized in detail. Two interesting conclusions resulted from these experiments. One is that the local spatial structure in the fragment 22--25 of glucagon is identical to that observed in the fragment 20--23 of the human parathyroid hormone. Secondly, the backbone conformation in the C-terminal fragment of glucagon in solution must be different from the alpha-helical structure observed in single crystals of glucagon. These new structural data are analyzed with regard to relationships with glucagon binding to the target cells.", "PMID": 720338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8394", "title": "The interaction of caerulein with the rat pancreas. 1. Specific binding of [3H]caerulein on plasma membranes and evidence for negative cooperativity.", "content": "1. The binding of [3H]caerulein (a stable, biologically active labeled analog of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin) to semi-purified rat pancreatic plasma membranes was investigated. The binding was dependent on time and temperature, as well as saturable, specific and reversible. This process was pH-dependent and optimal at pH 7.0. Cysteine and serine residues in plasma membranes were of importance for binding. Mg2+ favored the binding. 2. The acceleration of the dissociation of [3H]caerulein in the presence of an excess of native caerulein suggests that binding was characterized by a negative cooperativity. The fast dissociation state evoked by a high degree of occupancy by caerulein was inhibited by lowering the temperature, by decreasing the pH, or by the presence of wheat germ agglutinin.", "contents": "The interaction of caerulein with the rat pancreas. 1. Specific binding of [3H]caerulein on plasma membranes and evidence for negative cooperativity. 1. The binding of [3H]caerulein (a stable, biologically active labeled analog of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin) to semi-purified rat pancreatic plasma membranes was investigated. The binding was dependent on time and temperature, as well as saturable, specific and reversible. This process was pH-dependent and optimal at pH 7.0. Cysteine and serine residues in plasma membranes were of importance for binding. Mg2+ favored the binding. 2. The acceleration of the dissociation of [3H]caerulein in the presence of an excess of native caerulein suggests that binding was characterized by a negative cooperativity. The fast dissociation state evoked by a high degree of occupancy by caerulein was inhibited by lowering the temperature, by decreasing the pH, or by the presence of wheat germ agglutinin.", "PMID": 720339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8395", "title": "Isolation of organic anions by extraction with liquid anion exchangers and its application to micromethods for acetylcholinesterase and 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase.", "content": "Organic anions of particular importance to biochemistry such as Krebs cycle intermediates, glycolysis intermediates, simple fatty acids, adenine nucleotides and CoA derivatives can be quantitatively extracted from a buffered solution by high-molecular-weight ammonium salts in an organic solvent. Phosphate salts of tertiary amines in chloroform were the most efficient extractants. The isolation procedure was found to be an example of amine neutralization. The effect of pH, different inorganic anions, volume ratios between the two phases, concentration of the isolated anions and concentration of the ammonium salts have been investigated. The extraction technique has been applied to rapid and sensitive radiochemical methods for the determination of acetylcholinesterase and 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase activities.", "contents": "Isolation of organic anions by extraction with liquid anion exchangers and its application to micromethods for acetylcholinesterase and 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase. Organic anions of particular importance to biochemistry such as Krebs cycle intermediates, glycolysis intermediates, simple fatty acids, adenine nucleotides and CoA derivatives can be quantitatively extracted from a buffered solution by high-molecular-weight ammonium salts in an organic solvent. Phosphate salts of tertiary amines in chloroform were the most efficient extractants. The isolation procedure was found to be an example of amine neutralization. The effect of pH, different inorganic anions, volume ratios between the two phases, concentration of the isolated anions and concentration of the ammonium salts have been investigated. The extraction technique has been applied to rapid and sensitive radiochemical methods for the determination of acetylcholinesterase and 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase activities.", "PMID": 720340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8396", "title": "Microtubule formation by pure brain tubulin in vitro. The influence of dextran and poly(ethylene glycol).", "content": "Homogeneous brain tubulin, free of microtubule associated proteins, forms microtubules in polymerization buffers containing 7.5--15% dextran T10 or 2--4.5% poly(ethylene glycol) type 6000. In both systems the resulting microtubules are sensitive to colchicine and low temperature. The critical tubulin concentration in both polymerization systems can be as low as 0.25 mg/ml.", "contents": "Microtubule formation by pure brain tubulin in vitro. The influence of dextran and poly(ethylene glycol). Homogeneous brain tubulin, free of microtubule associated proteins, forms microtubules in polymerization buffers containing 7.5--15% dextran T10 or 2--4.5% poly(ethylene glycol) type 6000. In both systems the resulting microtubules are sensitive to colchicine and low temperature. The critical tubulin concentration in both polymerization systems can be as low as 0.25 mg/ml.", "PMID": 720341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8397", "title": "Purification and properties of a protease from Lupinus angustifolius during germination.", "content": "A protease, present in Lupinus angustifolius cotyledons on the fifth day after germination and assayable by following the release of amino groups from gliadin has been purified to the degree that the associated protein of the extract is undetectable. The enzyme is capable, under varying conditions, of releasing amino groups from lupin alpha, beta and gamma conglutins and possesses a mean molecular weight, by dodecylsulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Sephadex G-75 gel filtration of 27500 +/- 450. The isoelectric point is 9.0 +/- 0.848 with a pH optimum of pH 4.0 using gliadin as substrate.", "contents": "Purification and properties of a protease from Lupinus angustifolius during germination. A protease, present in Lupinus angustifolius cotyledons on the fifth day after germination and assayable by following the release of amino groups from gliadin has been purified to the degree that the associated protein of the extract is undetectable. The enzyme is capable, under varying conditions, of releasing amino groups from lupin alpha, beta and gamma conglutins and possesses a mean molecular weight, by dodecylsulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Sephadex G-75 gel filtration of 27500 +/- 450. The isoelectric point is 9.0 +/- 0.848 with a pH optimum of pH 4.0 using gliadin as substrate.", "PMID": 720342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8398", "title": "Alfalfa mosaic virus RNA. Determination of the sequence homology between the four RNA species and a comparison with the four RNA species of cucumber mosaic virus.", "content": "The method of Taylor et al. [Taylor, J. M., Illmensee, R & Summers, J. (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 442, 324--330 and Gould and Symons (1977) Nucleic Acids Res. 4, 3787--3802] has been used to transcribe complementary DNA probes from the four major RNAs of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV). Analysis of the kinetics of hybridization of these probes in homologous and heterologous complementary DNA . RNA hybridization reactions has shown that the sequence of the smallest RNA (RNA 4), which contains the coat protein gene, is present within RNA 3 and located at the 3' end of this RNA species. RNAs 1 and 2 are unique RNA molecules with little or no sequence homology between them or RNAs 3 and 4. This latter observation contrasts with the situation that occurs in cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) as CMV RNAs 1--4 were shown to have a common nucleotide stretch of 200 bases at their 3' termini; the location of RNA 4 within RNA 3 of CMV was also shown to be at the 3' end of this RNA species.", "contents": "Alfalfa mosaic virus RNA. Determination of the sequence homology between the four RNA species and a comparison with the four RNA species of cucumber mosaic virus. The method of Taylor et al. [Taylor, J. M., Illmensee, R & Summers, J. (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 442, 324--330 and Gould and Symons (1977) Nucleic Acids Res. 4, 3787--3802] has been used to transcribe complementary DNA probes from the four major RNAs of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV). Analysis of the kinetics of hybridization of these probes in homologous and heterologous complementary DNA . RNA hybridization reactions has shown that the sequence of the smallest RNA (RNA 4), which contains the coat protein gene, is present within RNA 3 and located at the 3' end of this RNA species. RNAs 1 and 2 are unique RNA molecules with little or no sequence homology between them or RNAs 3 and 4. This latter observation contrasts with the situation that occurs in cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) as CMV RNAs 1--4 were shown to have a common nucleotide stretch of 200 bases at their 3' termini; the location of RNA 4 within RNA 3 of CMV was also shown to be at the 3' end of this RNA species.", "PMID": 720343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8399", "title": "Non-histone proteins in mononucleosomes and subnucleosomes.", "content": "Nucleosomes and subnucleosomes separated either by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation or by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis contain proteins incorporating [3H]tryptophan, i.e. non-histone proteins. The fractions of mononucleosomes MN3 and MN2 are enriched in these proteins as compared to the MN1 fraction. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of chromatin digests reveals a number of non-histone proteins comigrating with deoxyribonucleoprotein particles in the first direction (in non-dissociating conditions). A significant fraction of these proteins corresponds to basic non-histone proteins, so-called HMG (high-mobility-group) proteins. Two HMG proteins are present in mononucleosomes MN3 exclusively and three others in mononucleosomes MN3 and MN2. One of them is recovered also in subnucleosomes SN2, and another in SN3 subnucleosome fraction, At least three HMG proteins are rapidly released from the oligonucleosome fractions as well as from the insoluble DNA . protein residue. Thus, they are located in chromatin readily available to DNAase action. Apart from HMG proteins, a number of other non-histone proteins are present in mononucleosomes but their relative content in the oligonucleosome fraction is much higher. The conclusion has been drawn that many non-histone proteins, in particular HMG proteins, interact with linker DNA in chromatin.", "contents": "Non-histone proteins in mononucleosomes and subnucleosomes. Nucleosomes and subnucleosomes separated either by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation or by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis contain proteins incorporating [3H]tryptophan, i.e. non-histone proteins. The fractions of mononucleosomes MN3 and MN2 are enriched in these proteins as compared to the MN1 fraction. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of chromatin digests reveals a number of non-histone proteins comigrating with deoxyribonucleoprotein particles in the first direction (in non-dissociating conditions). A significant fraction of these proteins corresponds to basic non-histone proteins, so-called HMG (high-mobility-group) proteins. Two HMG proteins are present in mononucleosomes MN3 exclusively and three others in mononucleosomes MN3 and MN2. One of them is recovered also in subnucleosomes SN2, and another in SN3 subnucleosome fraction, At least three HMG proteins are rapidly released from the oligonucleosome fractions as well as from the insoluble DNA . protein residue. Thus, they are located in chromatin readily available to DNAase action. Apart from HMG proteins, a number of other non-histone proteins are present in mononucleosomes but their relative content in the oligonucleosome fraction is much higher. The conclusion has been drawn that many non-histone proteins, in particular HMG proteins, interact with linker DNA in chromatin.", "PMID": 720344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8400", "title": "The interaction of caerulein with the rat pancreas. 2. Specific binding of [3H]caerulein on dispersed acinar cells.", "content": "1. [3H]Caerulein was bound to dispersed acinar cells from rat pancreas in a rapid, reversible, specific, saturable, and temperature-dependent manner. Binding decreased above pH 6.5. Treatment of intact cells with 2, 4-dinitrophenol and oligomycin, p-choloromercuribenzoate, diisopropylfluoro-phosphate and glutaraldehyde impaired [3H]caerulein binding whereas the addition of EGTA inhibited binding. The C-terminal octapeptide of pancreozymin, desulfated caerulein and pentagastrin inhibited binding of [3H]caerulein whereas vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, secretin, bombesin or carbamoylcholine were wothout effect. The good resistance of [3H]caerulein to inactivation by acinar cells at 37 degrees C was reflected in the high proportion of tracer remaining capable of binding to fresh acinar cells. 2. Scatchard plots of [3H]caerulein binding were curvilinear with an upward concavity. The addition of an excess of unlabeled caerulein resulted in the release of as much as 65% of bound [3H]caerulein within 1 min at 37 degrees C. The dissociation of remainder followed much slower kinetics. 3. The results suggested that intact rat pancreatic acinar cells have one class of caerulein binding sites existing in two states: one with high affinity and another with low affinity, the proportion of sites in each state depending on the degree of site occupancy (negative cooperativity), and on the intracellular concentration of nucleotides.", "contents": "The interaction of caerulein with the rat pancreas. 2. Specific binding of [3H]caerulein on dispersed acinar cells. 1. [3H]Caerulein was bound to dispersed acinar cells from rat pancreas in a rapid, reversible, specific, saturable, and temperature-dependent manner. Binding decreased above pH 6.5. Treatment of intact cells with 2, 4-dinitrophenol and oligomycin, p-choloromercuribenzoate, diisopropylfluoro-phosphate and glutaraldehyde impaired [3H]caerulein binding whereas the addition of EGTA inhibited binding. The C-terminal octapeptide of pancreozymin, desulfated caerulein and pentagastrin inhibited binding of [3H]caerulein whereas vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, secretin, bombesin or carbamoylcholine were wothout effect. The good resistance of [3H]caerulein to inactivation by acinar cells at 37 degrees C was reflected in the high proportion of tracer remaining capable of binding to fresh acinar cells. 2. Scatchard plots of [3H]caerulein binding were curvilinear with an upward concavity. The addition of an excess of unlabeled caerulein resulted in the release of as much as 65% of bound [3H]caerulein within 1 min at 37 degrees C. The dissociation of remainder followed much slower kinetics. 3. The results suggested that intact rat pancreatic acinar cells have one class of caerulein binding sites existing in two states: one with high affinity and another with low affinity, the proportion of sites in each state depending on the degree of site occupancy (negative cooperativity), and on the intracellular concentration of nucleotides.", "PMID": 720345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8401", "title": "The interaction of caerulein with the rat pancreas. 3. Structural requirements for in vitro binding of caerulein-like peptides and its relationship to increased calcium outflux, adenylate cyclase activation, and secretion.", "content": "1. A comparison has been made of the ability of caerulein and caerulein analogs to compete with [3H]caerulein for binding to dispersed rat pancreatic acinar cells and to semi-purified rat pancreatic plasma membranes. A parallel study of the effect of such analogs on calcium outflux from isolated acinar cells, adenylate cyclase activity in pancreatic plasma membranes, and amylase secretion from pancreatic fragments was conducted. 2. In general, the biological potencies of caerulein analogs were proportional to their capacity to inhibit the binding of [3H]caerulein, which was interpreted as a reflection of the apparent affinity with which the various peptides interacted with hormone receptors. This comparison allows the conclusion that the C-terminal tetrapeptide of caerulein was sufficient for binding and for evoking the entire spectrum of biological activities. However, the presence of a tyrosyl sulfate residue in position 7 (from the C-terminal end) increased the affinity for the peptide substantially, and was also necessary for full efficiency for adenylate cyclase activation. 3. Dose-effect curves and previous data are compatible with the existence in pancreatic plasma membranes of spare receptors and of two-state receptors linked to two effector systems: a calcium ionophore and adenylate cyclase.", "contents": "The interaction of caerulein with the rat pancreas. 3. Structural requirements for in vitro binding of caerulein-like peptides and its relationship to increased calcium outflux, adenylate cyclase activation, and secretion. 1. A comparison has been made of the ability of caerulein and caerulein analogs to compete with [3H]caerulein for binding to dispersed rat pancreatic acinar cells and to semi-purified rat pancreatic plasma membranes. A parallel study of the effect of such analogs on calcium outflux from isolated acinar cells, adenylate cyclase activity in pancreatic plasma membranes, and amylase secretion from pancreatic fragments was conducted. 2. In general, the biological potencies of caerulein analogs were proportional to their capacity to inhibit the binding of [3H]caerulein, which was interpreted as a reflection of the apparent affinity with which the various peptides interacted with hormone receptors. This comparison allows the conclusion that the C-terminal tetrapeptide of caerulein was sufficient for binding and for evoking the entire spectrum of biological activities. However, the presence of a tyrosyl sulfate residue in position 7 (from the C-terminal end) increased the affinity for the peptide substantially, and was also necessary for full efficiency for adenylate cyclase activation. 3. Dose-effect curves and previous data are compatible with the existence in pancreatic plasma membranes of spare receptors and of two-state receptors linked to two effector systems: a calcium ionophore and adenylate cyclase.", "PMID": 720346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8402", "title": "Biliprotein assemble in the disc-shaped phycobilisomes of Rhodella violacea. On the molecular composition of energy-transfering complexes (tripartite units) forming the periphery of the phycobilisome.", "content": "Heterogeneous complexes with a molecular weight of about 790000 containing B-phycoerythrin (Bangiales phycoerythrin) and C-phycocyanin (Cyanophyceae phycocyanin) in a molar pigment ratio of 2:1 were isolated from purified, dissociated phycobilisomes. Electron microscopical investigations revealed structures of three discs aggregated face to face with an apparent distance of 1.5 nm between each disc. Two discs may represent phycoerythrin and one phycocyanin. The complexes are structurally identical with tripartite units of the phycobilisome periphery. Fluorescence data confirmed the integrity of isolated tripartite units. Excitation at 546 nm gives a fluorescence maximum at 644 nm, indicating intermolecular transfer of excitation energy from phycoerythrin to phycocyanin. Comparative subunit analyses and spectral data suggested that no allophycocyanin is present. Cross-linking experiments gave evidence for a polar arrangement of phycocyanin within the complex. This pigment itself is an aggregate of two smaller molecules each having a molecular weight of about 140000. Tripartite units contain all the phycoerythrin and phycocyanin of the phycobilisome. On this basis, a phycobilisome model is proposed which combines the aspects of biliprotein distribution, energy transfer and fine structure.", "contents": "Biliprotein assemble in the disc-shaped phycobilisomes of Rhodella violacea. On the molecular composition of energy-transfering complexes (tripartite units) forming the periphery of the phycobilisome. Heterogeneous complexes with a molecular weight of about 790000 containing B-phycoerythrin (Bangiales phycoerythrin) and C-phycocyanin (Cyanophyceae phycocyanin) in a molar pigment ratio of 2:1 were isolated from purified, dissociated phycobilisomes. Electron microscopical investigations revealed structures of three discs aggregated face to face with an apparent distance of 1.5 nm between each disc. Two discs may represent phycoerythrin and one phycocyanin. The complexes are structurally identical with tripartite units of the phycobilisome periphery. Fluorescence data confirmed the integrity of isolated tripartite units. Excitation at 546 nm gives a fluorescence maximum at 644 nm, indicating intermolecular transfer of excitation energy from phycoerythrin to phycocyanin. Comparative subunit analyses and spectral data suggested that no allophycocyanin is present. Cross-linking experiments gave evidence for a polar arrangement of phycocyanin within the complex. This pigment itself is an aggregate of two smaller molecules each having a molecular weight of about 140000. Tripartite units contain all the phycoerythrin and phycocyanin of the phycobilisome. On this basis, a phycobilisome model is proposed which combines the aspects of biliprotein distribution, energy transfer and fine structure.", "PMID": 720347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8403", "title": "Clinical usefulness of computer controlled presentation in isocount levels of gamma camera liver scans.", "content": "Results of investigations comparing computer displays in isocount levels with ordinary gamma camera scans are presented. The study on 109 patients with 12 month follow up shows that isocount level 25 is the best to see a smoothed out image of liver and is superior to conventional polaroid gamma camera scan in picking out more focal lesions (P less than 0.05).", "contents": "Clinical usefulness of computer controlled presentation in isocount levels of gamma camera liver scans. Results of investigations comparing computer displays in isocount levels with ordinary gamma camera scans are presented. The study on 109 patients with 12 month follow up shows that isocount level 25 is the best to see a smoothed out image of liver and is superior to conventional polaroid gamma camera scan in picking out more focal lesions (P less than 0.05).", "PMID": 720349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8404", "title": "A semiempirical model used to obtain values for scintiphoto contrast caused by spherical lesions arbitrarily located within the liver.", "content": "This paper reports a simple model for calculation of maximal scintiphoto contrast caused by a spherical cold or hot lesion located in an arbitrary position inside an organ with uniformly distributed radioactivity. By applying this model, equidetection curves were constructed for cross sections through the liver. Comparison of equidetection curves obtained for different camera views enabled determination of the view to be selected for the best visualization of  a given lesion. The minimum size of a cold lesion that can be detected without regard to the location in the liver in 3.0 cm diameter using anterior, right oblique anterior, right lateral, and posterior views. 99mTc is found to be a more suitable radionuclide for liver scintigraphy than 113mIn.", "contents": "A semiempirical model used to obtain values for scintiphoto contrast caused by spherical lesions arbitrarily located within the liver. This paper reports a simple model for calculation of maximal scintiphoto contrast caused by a spherical cold or hot lesion located in an arbitrary position inside an organ with uniformly distributed radioactivity. By applying this model, equidetection curves were constructed for cross sections through the liver. Comparison of equidetection curves obtained for different camera views enabled determination of the view to be selected for the best visualization of  a given lesion. The minimum size of a cold lesion that can be detected without regard to the location in the liver in 3.0 cm diameter using anterior, right oblique anterior, right lateral, and posterior views. 99mTc is found to be a more suitable radionuclide for liver scintigraphy than 113mIn.", "PMID": 720350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8405", "title": "A quantitative approach to the analysis of the normal thallium-201 myocardial image.", "content": "The visual interpretation of Thallium-201 myocardial images is made more difficult by nonhomogeneity of myocardial tracer uptake in normal studies. To increase the objectivity of the study, the variation in count density in different myocardial areas has been calculated using a computer regions of interest technique in 14 healthy, young subjects following intravenous injection of the radionuclide at rest and in 10 after injection during maximal exercise. The \"normal ranges\" for regional Thallium-201 uptake so obtained are presented and discussed.", "contents": "A quantitative approach to the analysis of the normal thallium-201 myocardial image. The visual interpretation of Thallium-201 myocardial images is made more difficult by nonhomogeneity of myocardial tracer uptake in normal studies. To increase the objectivity of the study, the variation in count density in different myocardial areas has been calculated using a computer regions of interest technique in 14 healthy, young subjects following intravenous injection of the radionuclide at rest and in 10 after injection during maximal exercise. The \"normal ranges\" for regional Thallium-201 uptake so obtained are presented and discussed.", "PMID": 720351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8406", "title": "The interpretation of phlebograms using fibrinogen labeled with 99 mTc.", "content": "A new method for the detection of deep-vein thrombosis is presented, consisting of a single antecubital injection of fibrinogen labeled with 99mTc. This atraumatic procedure allows one to visualize the large veins of the lower limbs, the venae iliacae and the distal part of the vena cava inferior. This paper discusses how to interpret these phlebograms.", "contents": "The interpretation of phlebograms using fibrinogen labeled with 99 mTc. A new method for the detection of deep-vein thrombosis is presented, consisting of a single antecubital injection of fibrinogen labeled with 99mTc. This atraumatic procedure allows one to visualize the large veins of the lower limbs, the venae iliacae and the distal part of the vena cava inferior. This paper discusses how to interpret these phlebograms.", "PMID": 720353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8407", "title": "Scintigraphy of hyperfunctioning adrenal tissue after total adrenalectomy.", "content": "The significance of scintigraphic examination in four patients with hyperfunction of adrenal tissue after total adrenalectomy is described. The scintigraphic examination was done 7--8 days after the injection of 1 mCi of 131I-19-iodocholesterol using the Jumbo Thoshiba 202 scintillation camera and Informatek SIMIS 3 data processing system. Noticeable concentration of 131I-19-iodocholesterol occurred in all four patients of, in three cases in the region of the right adrenal gland and in one case in the region of the left one. Scintigraphic examination confirmed the clinical hypothesis that of cushing's syndrome recurred in these patients because of hyperfunctioning adrenal tissue left in the body after the operation. This diagnosis was given confirmed in two cases undergoing repeated operations. The scintigraphic examination allowed accurate localization of the adrenal tissue and facilitated finding it during the next operation. The authors believe that adrenal scintigraphy is at the present time one of the best methods of locating the hyperfunctioning adrenal tissue left in the body during total adrenalectomy.", "contents": "Scintigraphy of hyperfunctioning adrenal tissue after total adrenalectomy. The significance of scintigraphic examination in four patients with hyperfunction of adrenal tissue after total adrenalectomy is described. The scintigraphic examination was done 7--8 days after the injection of 1 mCi of 131I-19-iodocholesterol using the Jumbo Thoshiba 202 scintillation camera and Informatek SIMIS 3 data processing system. Noticeable concentration of 131I-19-iodocholesterol occurred in all four patients of, in three cases in the region of the right adrenal gland and in one case in the region of the left one. Scintigraphic examination confirmed the clinical hypothesis that of cushing's syndrome recurred in these patients because of hyperfunctioning adrenal tissue left in the body after the operation. This diagnosis was given confirmed in two cases undergoing repeated operations. The scintigraphic examination allowed accurate localization of the adrenal tissue and facilitated finding it during the next operation. The authors believe that adrenal scintigraphy is at the present time one of the best methods of locating the hyperfunctioning adrenal tissue left in the body during total adrenalectomy.", "PMID": 720354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8408", "title": "Lung uptake to technetium-99m microaggregated human albumin in the rat after treatment with microaggregated human albumin or macroaggregated human albumin.", "content": "Marked accumulation in lung and liver of intravenously--injected 99mTc-microaggregated human serum albumin (liver imaging agent) was observed in rats pretreated with the subcutaneous injection of microaggregated or macroaggregated human serum albumin, whereas accumulation of 99mTc-microaggregated human serum albumin was observed only in the liver of rats pretreated with plain human serum albumin or in non-treated control rats. The activity of the intravenously-administered 99mTc-sulfur colloid was concentrated in the liver and spleen only and not in the lung, of rats previously treated with human serum albumin, microaggregated human serum albumin, or macroaggregated human serum albumin. These observations suggest that the specific accumulation of microaggregated human serum albumin in the lung of rats pretreated  with aggregated albumin is due to rapid in vivo clumping of injected particles, possibly due to antigen-antibody reaction.", "contents": "Lung uptake to technetium-99m microaggregated human albumin in the rat after treatment with microaggregated human albumin or macroaggregated human albumin. Marked accumulation in lung and liver of intravenously--injected 99mTc-microaggregated human serum albumin (liver imaging agent) was observed in rats pretreated with the subcutaneous injection of microaggregated or macroaggregated human serum albumin, whereas accumulation of 99mTc-microaggregated human serum albumin was observed only in the liver of rats pretreated with plain human serum albumin or in non-treated control rats. The activity of the intravenously-administered 99mTc-sulfur colloid was concentrated in the liver and spleen only and not in the lung, of rats previously treated with human serum albumin, microaggregated human serum albumin, or macroaggregated human serum albumin. These observations suggest that the specific accumulation of microaggregated human serum albumin in the lung of rats pretreated  with aggregated albumin is due to rapid in vivo clumping of injected particles, possibly due to antigen-antibody reaction.", "PMID": 720355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8409", "title": "Kinetics of 131 I-o-iodohippurate in rats.", "content": "The organ distribution of 131I-o-iodohippurate (OIH) was studied in rats in the time interval of 1--1440 min. The mean decrease of OIH  in plasma was fitted with a function composed of three exponential terms. A three-compartment model describing kinetics of OIH in rats was suggested and its parameters were computed. Comparison of organ and plasma concentrations of OIH showed that the liver, up to 30 min, and the heart and lungs, up to 15 min after administration, form with plasma a common central compartment.", "contents": "Kinetics of 131 I-o-iodohippurate in rats. The organ distribution of 131I-o-iodohippurate (OIH) was studied in rats in the time interval of 1--1440 min. The mean decrease of OIH  in plasma was fitted with a function composed of three exponential terms. A three-compartment model describing kinetics of OIH in rats was suggested and its parameters were computed. Comparison of organ and plasma concentrations of OIH showed that the liver, up to 30 min, and the heart and lungs, up to 15 min after administration, form with plasma a common central compartment.", "PMID": 720356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8410", "title": "Atopy as a minimal immunodeficiency?", "content": "Despite impressive recent advances in the understanding of the chemical and cellular bases of the reaginic response, the pathogenesis of atopic diseases still remains a matter of speculation. The frequent finding of atopic diseases in some primary immunodeficiencies such as selective IgA deficiency and the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome offers a unique opportunity for studying the immune mechanisms underlying the genesis of atopy. Recent studies in subjects with selective IgA deficiency have challenged the well known hypothesis that atopy is the result of defective \"immune exclusion\" by the secretory immune system. A number of immunological features found in the primary immunodeficiencies associated with atopic disorders suggest that defective homeostatic mechanisms regulating reaginic responses may play a major role in the pathogenesis of atopy. A thorough analysis of these disease combinations may help to generate new working hypotheses concerning the immune pathogenesis of atopic diseases.", "contents": "Atopy as a minimal immunodeficiency? Despite impressive recent advances in the understanding of the chemical and cellular bases of the reaginic response, the pathogenesis of atopic diseases still remains a matter of speculation. The frequent finding of atopic diseases in some primary immunodeficiencies such as selective IgA deficiency and the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome offers a unique opportunity for studying the immune mechanisms underlying the genesis of atopy. Recent studies in subjects with selective IgA deficiency have challenged the well known hypothesis that atopy is the result of defective \"immune exclusion\" by the secretory immune system. A number of immunological features found in the primary immunodeficiencies associated with atopic disorders suggest that defective homeostatic mechanisms regulating reaginic responses may play a major role in the pathogenesis of atopy. A thorough analysis of these disease combinations may help to generate new working hypotheses concerning the immune pathogenesis of atopic diseases.", "PMID": 720358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8411", "title": "3-methylglutaconic aciduria: report on a sibship with infantile progressive encephalopathy.", "content": "Choreoathetosis, spastic parapareses, dementia and optic atrophy were the main clinical features in a sibship with progressive encephalopathy of late onset. The urine contained constantly elevated amounts of 3-methylglutaric and 3-methylglutaconic acids. The identity of these metabolites was confirmed by synthesis and mass spectrometry. On leucine loading, the excretion of the metabolites was elevated.", "contents": "3-methylglutaconic aciduria: report on a sibship with infantile progressive encephalopathy. Choreoathetosis, spastic parapareses, dementia and optic atrophy were the main clinical features in a sibship with progressive encephalopathy of late onset. The urine contained constantly elevated amounts of 3-methylglutaric and 3-methylglutaconic acids. The identity of these metabolites was confirmed by synthesis and mass spectrometry. On leucine loading, the excretion of the metabolites was elevated.", "PMID": 720359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8412", "title": "Analysis of left and right ventricular size and shape, as determined from human casts. Description of the method and its validation.", "content": "A method is described to produce life-like left and right ventricular casts of 22 human hearts and to store their surface coordinates on magnetic tape for the analysis of ventricular shape and of angiocardiographic volume determination methods. According to their shape, experienced cardiologists divided these casts into diastolic, systolic and intermediate subgroups. On the basis of X-ray silhouettes and computer-simulated projections, single-plane as well as biplane model volumes were calculated with the multiple-slices and the area--length methods for various ventricular orientations. The mean correction factors (CF), relating actual and model volumes vary considerably with respect to cardiac phase and orientation. The systolic CFs are smaller than the diastolic ones, their averaged ratio being 0.74 for the left and 0.86 for the right ventricular casts. In general, the reported CFs are smaller than those published by other authors, which is attributed to different cast-production procedures. The described method uses selective, equql, and simultaneous filling of both ventricles, which prevents an unphysiologic shift of the interventricular septum.", "contents": "Analysis of left and right ventricular size and shape, as determined from human casts. Description of the method and its validation. A method is described to produce life-like left and right ventricular casts of 22 human hearts and to store their surface coordinates on magnetic tape for the analysis of ventricular shape and of angiocardiographic volume determination methods. According to their shape, experienced cardiologists divided these casts into diastolic, systolic and intermediate subgroups. On the basis of X-ray silhouettes and computer-simulated projections, single-plane as well as biplane model volumes were calculated with the multiple-slices and the area--length methods for various ventricular orientations. The mean correction factors (CF), relating actual and model volumes vary considerably with respect to cardiac phase and orientation. The systolic CFs are smaller than the diastolic ones, their averaged ratio being 0.74 for the left and 0.86 for the right ventricular casts. In general, the reported CFs are smaller than those published by other authors, which is attributed to different cast-production procedures. The described method uses selective, equql, and simultaneous filling of both ventricles, which prevents an unphysiologic shift of the interventricular septum.", "PMID": 720365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8413", "title": "Angiocardiographic left ventricular volume determination. Accuracy, as determined from human casts, and clinical application.", "content": "On the basis of 21 life-like human casts (the method is described in the first paper of this series) the influence of (a) spatial orientation, (b) cardiac phase, and (c) biplane and single-plane methods of volume calculation on the accuracy of left ventricular (LV) angiocardiographic volume determination was quantitated. The best results are obtained, when a biplane approach is utilized and when position and cardiac phase appropriate correction factors (CF) are applied to the model volumes (area--length (AL) and multiple-slices (MS) methods). Thus the statistical error is decreased and a more important larger systematic error avoided. The AL and the MS methods perform equally well; on the average, however, the AL method is slightly favored. The application of this concept of differentiated CFs to 83 normal left ventricles of infants and children resulted in nonlinear relationships between LV volumes and their respective body surface areas (BSA) (EDV = 65.1 . BSA1.219, r = 0.961, SV = 46.7 . BSA1.219, r = 0.949). The ejection fraction (71.8%) does not correlate with the BSA (r = -0.036).", "contents": "Angiocardiographic left ventricular volume determination. Accuracy, as determined from human casts, and clinical application. On the basis of 21 life-like human casts (the method is described in the first paper of this series) the influence of (a) spatial orientation, (b) cardiac phase, and (c) biplane and single-plane methods of volume calculation on the accuracy of left ventricular (LV) angiocardiographic volume determination was quantitated. The best results are obtained, when a biplane approach is utilized and when position and cardiac phase appropriate correction factors (CF) are applied to the model volumes (area--length (AL) and multiple-slices (MS) methods). Thus the statistical error is decreased and a more important larger systematic error avoided. The AL and the MS methods perform equally well; on the average, however, the AL method is slightly favored. The application of this concept of differentiated CFs to 83 normal left ventricles of infants and children resulted in nonlinear relationships between LV volumes and their respective body surface areas (BSA) (EDV = 65.1 . BSA1.219, r = 0.961, SV = 46.7 . BSA1.219, r = 0.949). The ejection fraction (71.8%) does not correlate with the BSA (r = -0.036).", "PMID": 720366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8414", "title": "Angiocardiographic right ventricular volume determination. Accuracy, as determined from human casts, and clinical application.", "content": "On the basis of 22 life-like human casts (the method is described in the first paper of this series) the influence of (a) spatial orientation, (b) cardiac-phase and (c) biplane (BP) and single-plane (SP) methods of volume calculation on the accuracy of right ventricular (RV) angiocardiographic volume determination was quantitated. The best results are obtained, when a BP approach is utilized and when position and cardiac-phase appropriate correction factors (CF) are applied to the model volumes (multiple-slices (MS) and area--length (AL) methods). Thus the statistical error is decreased and a more important larger systematic error (especially for SP) avoided. The MS and AL methods perform equally well; on the average, however, the MS method is slightly favored. The application of this concept of differentiated CFs to 100 normal right ventricles of infants and children  resulted in nonlinear relationships between RV volumes and their respective body surface areas (BSA) (EDV = 73.1 . BSA1.219, r = 0.961,SV = 46.2 . BSA1.219, r = 0.937). The ejection fraction (63.3%) does not correlate with the BSA (r = -0.292). The right ventricle accomplishes the same SV (with respect to BSA) as the left ventricle from a higher enddiastolic and endsystolic level.", "contents": "Angiocardiographic right ventricular volume determination. Accuracy, as determined from human casts, and clinical application. On the basis of 22 life-like human casts (the method is described in the first paper of this series) the influence of (a) spatial orientation, (b) cardiac-phase and (c) biplane (BP) and single-plane (SP) methods of volume calculation on the accuracy of right ventricular (RV) angiocardiographic volume determination was quantitated. The best results are obtained, when a BP approach is utilized and when position and cardiac-phase appropriate correction factors (CF) are applied to the model volumes (multiple-slices (MS) and area--length (AL) methods). Thus the statistical error is decreased and a more important larger systematic error (especially for SP) avoided. The MS and AL methods perform equally well; on the average, however, the MS method is slightly favored. The application of this concept of differentiated CFs to 100 normal right ventricles of infants and children  resulted in nonlinear relationships between RV volumes and their respective body surface areas (BSA) (EDV = 73.1 . BSA1.219, r = 0.961,SV = 46.2 . BSA1.219, r = 0.937). The ejection fraction (63.3%) does not correlate with the BSA (r = -0.292). The right ventricle accomplishes the same SV (with respect to BSA) as the left ventricle from a higher enddiastolic and endsystolic level.", "PMID": 720367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8415", "title": "Special problems in pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect: extreme hypoplasia of intrapericardial pulmonary arteries and autofocal collateral vessels.", "content": "4 patients with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect are presented, who were selected from a group of 50 patients in whom intrapericardial pulmonary arteries were present. In 2 patients the pulmonary arteries were not only extremely hypoplastic but also displayed only minimal anastomoses with the arterial hilar vessels. They were considered not to be accessible for corrective surgery. In another patient about 50% of the pulmonary perfusion were supplied by collateral vessels not connected to the intrapericardial pulmonary arteries. The question is discussed, to what extent the systemic vessels are necessary for pulmonary perfusion and whether they may be all ligated at the time of corrective surgery. In the last patient anastomoses between 2 systemic vessels and the pulmonary arteries could be demonstrated, the right one of which was very hypoplastic. In this case a right-sided shunt operation combined with ligation of the collateral vessels seemed to be advisable to promote adaption of the pulmonary artery and to simplify the subsequent corrective procedure.", "contents": "Special problems in pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect: extreme hypoplasia of intrapericardial pulmonary arteries and autofocal collateral vessels. 4 patients with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect are presented, who were selected from a group of 50 patients in whom intrapericardial pulmonary arteries were present. In 2 patients the pulmonary arteries were not only extremely hypoplastic but also displayed only minimal anastomoses with the arterial hilar vessels. They were considered not to be accessible for corrective surgery. In another patient about 50% of the pulmonary perfusion were supplied by collateral vessels not connected to the intrapericardial pulmonary arteries. The question is discussed, to what extent the systemic vessels are necessary for pulmonary perfusion and whether they may be all ligated at the time of corrective surgery. In the last patient anastomoses between 2 systemic vessels and the pulmonary arteries could be demonstrated, the right one of which was very hypoplastic. In this case a right-sided shunt operation combined with ligation of the collateral vessels seemed to be advisable to promote adaption of the pulmonary artery and to simplify the subsequent corrective procedure.", "PMID": 720368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8416", "title": "Myoglobin, creatine kinase and its isoenzyme MB in serum after acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Serum creatine kinase, creatine kinase MB and myoglobin were determined in patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with shorter duration of symptoms than 6 h. At admission 83% had increased concentrations of myoglobin while 28% had creatine-kinase value above the reference limit. After onset of symptoms peak levels were found after 9.4 h (myoglobin) and 23.0 h (creatine kinase). Maximal levels of myoglobin and creatine kinase divided by upper reference limits correlated and were approximately of the same sensitivity. Compared to myoglobin, there was no difference in behavior between creatine kinase and its isoenzyme. In conclusion the study demonstrates myoglobin to be an early and sensitive indication of AMI.", "contents": "Myoglobin, creatine kinase and its isoenzyme MB in serum after acute myocardial infarction. Serum creatine kinase, creatine kinase MB and myoglobin were determined in patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with shorter duration of symptoms than 6 h. At admission 83% had increased concentrations of myoglobin while 28% had creatine-kinase value above the reference limit. After onset of symptoms peak levels were found after 9.4 h (myoglobin) and 23.0 h (creatine kinase). Maximal levels of myoglobin and creatine kinase divided by upper reference limits correlated and were approximately of the same sensitivity. Compared to myoglobin, there was no difference in behavior between creatine kinase and its isoenzyme. In conclusion the study demonstrates myoglobin to be an early and sensitive indication of AMI.", "PMID": 720369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8417", "title": "Aortic levopositions without ventricular inversion.", "content": "A multi-center series of aortic levoposition (aorta anterior and to the left of the pulmonary artery) without ventricular inversion is presented and analyzed from an anatomical viewpoint. All the cases are exceptions to the 'loop rule' and amount to 0.9% of the total number or cases reviewed. A combined study of our own cases and those reported in the literature is presented. There is a high incidence of anomalies (malrotations, juxtaposition of the atrial appendages, atrioventricular valve anomalies, ventricular septal defects, pulmonary outflow tract obstructions and abnormal conal types) which may be related to the primary cause of the aortic levoposition, suggesting that they may form part of a new syndrome of diagnostic and surgical importance. In some cases, absence of coronary sinus was noted without asplenia or left superior vena cava draining into the left atrium. The major coronary artery pattern in cases of antomically corrected malposition with two well-developed ventricles was similar to that seen with ventricular inversion. Most of these cases can be helped surgically provided accurate and detailed preoperative evaluation and operative assessment and treatment is carried out.", "contents": "Aortic levopositions without ventricular inversion. A multi-center series of aortic levoposition (aorta anterior and to the left of the pulmonary artery) without ventricular inversion is presented and analyzed from an anatomical viewpoint. All the cases are exceptions to the 'loop rule' and amount to 0.9% of the total number or cases reviewed. A combined study of our own cases and those reported in the literature is presented. There is a high incidence of anomalies (malrotations, juxtaposition of the atrial appendages, atrioventricular valve anomalies, ventricular septal defects, pulmonary outflow tract obstructions and abnormal conal types) which may be related to the primary cause of the aortic levoposition, suggesting that they may form part of a new syndrome of diagnostic and surgical importance. In some cases, absence of coronary sinus was noted without asplenia or left superior vena cava draining into the left atrium. The major coronary artery pattern in cases of antomically corrected malposition with two well-developed ventricles was similar to that seen with ventricular inversion. Most of these cases can be helped surgically provided accurate and detailed preoperative evaluation and operative assessment and treatment is carried out.", "PMID": 720370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8418", "title": "Notes on ventricular tachycardia occurring during magnet waving and on the function of the Omni-Ectocor pacemaker.", "content": "Magnet waving was performed in a patient with a normally functioning, program-mable, QRS-inhibited (VVI) pacemaker (Omni-Stanicor, Cordis Corporation), which was implanted for sick sinus syndrome. This procedure resulted in reversion to an asynchronous, nonsensing (irregular VOO) mode of operation with uneven stimulus-to-stimulus intervals. A short run of ventricular tachycardia occurred when a stimulus fell on the T wave of the preceding ectopic ventricular beat. This tachycardia was short-lived and was probably terminated by a single pacemaker stimulus. It is also suggested that magnet waving and external chest wall stimulation in patients with Omni-Ectocor and Starr--Edwards pacemakers require further study and that electrocardiograms recorded from patients in whom they have been implanted have to be analyzed taking into consideration that these pacemakers have features common to both, QRS-triggered (VVT), and QRS-inhibited (VVI) pacemakers.", "contents": "Notes on ventricular tachycardia occurring during magnet waving and on the function of the Omni-Ectocor pacemaker. Magnet waving was performed in a patient with a normally functioning, program-mable, QRS-inhibited (VVI) pacemaker (Omni-Stanicor, Cordis Corporation), which was implanted for sick sinus syndrome. This procedure resulted in reversion to an asynchronous, nonsensing (irregular VOO) mode of operation with uneven stimulus-to-stimulus intervals. A short run of ventricular tachycardia occurred when a stimulus fell on the T wave of the preceding ectopic ventricular beat. This tachycardia was short-lived and was probably terminated by a single pacemaker stimulus. It is also suggested that magnet waving and external chest wall stimulation in patients with Omni-Ectocor and Starr--Edwards pacemakers require further study and that electrocardiograms recorded from patients in whom they have been implanted have to be analyzed taking into consideration that these pacemakers have features common to both, QRS-triggered (VVT), and QRS-inhibited (VVI) pacemakers.", "PMID": 720371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8419", "title": "Pure left anterior hemiblock: hemodynamic and arteriographic aspects in patients with coronary artery disease.", "content": "The electrocardiographic pattern of pure (without bundle branch block) left anterior hemiblock was found in 20 (7.3%) out of 283 consecutive patients who showed significant coronary artery disease at coronary angiography. The clinical, hemodynamic and angiographic findings of these 20 patients are reported. 10 patients (50%) had the electrocardiographic features of old infarction. Pure left anterior hemiblock was associated with; (1) a significant lesion of the left anterior descending in all patients, (2) severe coronary artery disease (it affected 2.5 vessels per patient), (3) impairment of left ventricular contraction pattern in 14 patients (77%), 9 of whom had a ventricular aneurysm. Abnormal left axis deviation although with the features of left anterior hemiblock may be due to the conduction delay encountered by the impulse propagation through an ischemic or fibrotic anterosuperior wall.", "contents": "Pure left anterior hemiblock: hemodynamic and arteriographic aspects in patients with coronary artery disease. The electrocardiographic pattern of pure (without bundle branch block) left anterior hemiblock was found in 20 (7.3%) out of 283 consecutive patients who showed significant coronary artery disease at coronary angiography. The clinical, hemodynamic and angiographic findings of these 20 patients are reported. 10 patients (50%) had the electrocardiographic features of old infarction. Pure left anterior hemiblock was associated with; (1) a significant lesion of the left anterior descending in all patients, (2) severe coronary artery disease (it affected 2.5 vessels per patient), (3) impairment of left ventricular contraction pattern in 14 patients (77%), 9 of whom had a ventricular aneurysm. Abnormal left axis deviation although with the features of left anterior hemiblock may be due to the conduction delay encountered by the impulse propagation through an ischemic or fibrotic anterosuperior wall.", "PMID": 720372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8420", "title": "Modern concepts of ventricular tachycardia. The value of electrocardiological investigations and delayed potentials in ventricular tachycardia of ischemic and nonischemic etiology (31 operated cases).", "content": "Concepts on ventricular tachycardia (VT) have markedly changed in the last 10 yr, with the help of sophisticated electrophysiological methods of study. The importance of the reentry phenomenon in the mechanism of the arrhythmias has been pointed out by stimulation procedures. Epicardial mapping allowed the localization of the abnormal zone where delayed impulses could allow reentry. Surgical techniques have been developed from these observations, to prevent reentrant VT in some refractory cases.", "contents": "Modern concepts of ventricular tachycardia. The value of electrocardiological investigations and delayed potentials in ventricular tachycardia of ischemic and nonischemic etiology (31 operated cases). Concepts on ventricular tachycardia (VT) have markedly changed in the last 10 yr, with the help of sophisticated electrophysiological methods of study. The importance of the reentry phenomenon in the mechanism of the arrhythmias has been pointed out by stimulation procedures. Epicardial mapping allowed the localization of the abnormal zone where delayed impulses could allow reentry. Surgical techniques have been developed from these observations, to prevent reentrant VT in some refractory cases.", "PMID": 720373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8421", "title": "Digoxin, whole body potassium and the electrocardiogram.", "content": "Previous studies have shown a significant linear relationship between the PTQ-index (a combination function of the PR-interval, corrected QT-time and T-wave depression in the ECG) and serum digoxin level in chronically treated patients. The relationship was confirmed in the present study and it was shown that it could be changed by concomitant administration of potassium chloride or furosemide, and that there was marked interindividual variation in response. An inverse linear relationship between PTQ-index and whole body potassium was found during chronic administration of a constant daily dose of digoxin, but no such relationship was found for serum potassium.", "contents": "Digoxin, whole body potassium and the electrocardiogram. Previous studies have shown a significant linear relationship between the PTQ-index (a combination function of the PR-interval, corrected QT-time and T-wave depression in the ECG) and serum digoxin level in chronically treated patients. The relationship was confirmed in the present study and it was shown that it could be changed by concomitant administration of potassium chloride or furosemide, and that there was marked interindividual variation in response. An inverse linear relationship between PTQ-index and whole body potassium was found during chronic administration of a constant daily dose of digoxin, but no such relationship was found for serum potassium.", "PMID": 720374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8422", "title": "A study of the calcium carbimide-ethanol interaction in man.", "content": "In six male alcoholic volunteers, oral administration of calcium carbimide (0.7 mg/kg) before ingestion of ethanol (0.5 g/kg) produced an interaction consisting of increased blood acetaldehyde level, tachycardia and increased pulse pressure, which was due mainly to decreased diastolic blood pressure. For these experimental conditions, calcium carbimide had a duration of action of at least 24 h to produce an interaction with ethanol. The order of intensity of the interaction with regard to the calcium carbimide pretreatment time interval was 4 greater than 8 approximately 12 greater than 24 h. Using the criterion of heart rate above 100 as indicative of the calcium carbimide-ethanol interaction, the onset was 0.13, 0.25, 0.25 and 0.38 h for the 4-, 8-, 12- and 24-h pretreatment experiments and the duration of the interaction was 1.6, 1.0, 1.0 and 0.12 h, respectively. There were positive linear correlations between acetaldehyde level and heart rate and between acetaldehyde level and pulse pressure. There was appreciable interindividual variability in the heart rate and blood pressure responses. Increased blood acetaldehyde level seemed to be required for the physiological changes to occur. Calcium carbimide pretreatment at the 4-h interval produced increased blood ethanol level for the last hour of the interaction and reduced the rate of ethanol metabolism.", "contents": "A study of the calcium carbimide-ethanol interaction in man. In six male alcoholic volunteers, oral administration of calcium carbimide (0.7 mg/kg) before ingestion of ethanol (0.5 g/kg) produced an interaction consisting of increased blood acetaldehyde level, tachycardia and increased pulse pressure, which was due mainly to decreased diastolic blood pressure. For these experimental conditions, calcium carbimide had a duration of action of at least 24 h to produce an interaction with ethanol. The order of intensity of the interaction with regard to the calcium carbimide pretreatment time interval was 4 greater than 8 approximately 12 greater than 24 h. Using the criterion of heart rate above 100 as indicative of the calcium carbimide-ethanol interaction, the onset was 0.13, 0.25, 0.25 and 0.38 h for the 4-, 8-, 12- and 24-h pretreatment experiments and the duration of the interaction was 1.6, 1.0, 1.0 and 0.12 h, respectively. There were positive linear correlations between acetaldehyde level and heart rate and between acetaldehyde level and pulse pressure. There was appreciable interindividual variability in the heart rate and blood pressure responses. Increased blood acetaldehyde level seemed to be required for the physiological changes to occur. Calcium carbimide pretreatment at the 4-h interval produced increased blood ethanol level for the last hour of the interaction and reduced the rate of ethanol metabolism.", "PMID": 720375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8423", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of high-dose methotrexate treatment in children.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of intravenous high-dose methotrexate were studied in two groups of children being treated for malignant diseases, mostly acute lymphatic leukemia. The peak serum level of methotrexate of 2.32--10(-5) mol/1 was found in children given 500 mg methotrexate/m2 by a 24 h infusion, and another group given 2790 mg/m2 during a 6 h infusion had serum levels as high as 2.16--10(-4) mol/1. The decay of serum concentration of methotrexate after completion of the infusion followed a diphasic curve, with an initial serum half-life of 4.8 h, followed by a second half-life of 34.4 h at distribution equilibrium. The apparent volume of distribution was 56.8 litres/m2. Significant levels of methotrexate were found in cerebrospinal fluid, but penetration into cerebrospinal fluid was slow. Urinary excretion of methotrexate was considerable. Four to five days after commencement of the infusion, urinary concentrations of methotrexate still exceeded the serum levels.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of high-dose methotrexate treatment in children. The pharmacokinetics of intravenous high-dose methotrexate were studied in two groups of children being treated for malignant diseases, mostly acute lymphatic leukemia. The peak serum level of methotrexate of 2.32--10(-5) mol/1 was found in children given 500 mg methotrexate/m2 by a 24 h infusion, and another group given 2790 mg/m2 during a 6 h infusion had serum levels as high as 2.16--10(-4) mol/1. The decay of serum concentration of methotrexate after completion of the infusion followed a diphasic curve, with an initial serum half-life of 4.8 h, followed by a second half-life of 34.4 h at distribution equilibrium. The apparent volume of distribution was 56.8 litres/m2. Significant levels of methotrexate were found in cerebrospinal fluid, but penetration into cerebrospinal fluid was slow. Urinary excretion of methotrexate was considerable. Four to five days after commencement of the infusion, urinary concentrations of methotrexate still exceeded the serum levels.", "PMID": 720376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8424", "title": "Antipyrine disposition and liver size in the elderly.", "content": "This study has examined the contribution of decrease in liver size to the decline in drug metabolising capacity which occurs with ageing. Liver volume and antipyrine kinetics were measured in two groups of healthy individuals aged 20 to 29 years and 75 to 86 years and in a group of hospitalised patients aged 70 to 89 years. Liver volume was reduced in both groups of elderly people compared to the young group. Antipyrine plasma half-life was prolonged and antipyrine clearance was reduced in the group of elderly normal individuals. In this group the index--antipyrine clearance per unit liver volume--was also reduced in comparison to that of the young group. Measurements of antipyrine elimination in the hospitalised elderly group did not differ significantly from those in the young group. It is concluded that both decreased liver mass and decreased hepatic enzyme activity contribute to the impairment of drug oxidation which occurs in the elderly and which may warrant a reduction in dosage of some drugs. However, differences have been demonstrated between groups of elderly people suggesting that under certain circumstances standard doses of such drugs may be normally tolerated.", "contents": "Antipyrine disposition and liver size in the elderly. This study has examined the contribution of decrease in liver size to the decline in drug metabolising capacity which occurs with ageing. Liver volume and antipyrine kinetics were measured in two groups of healthy individuals aged 20 to 29 years and 75 to 86 years and in a group of hospitalised patients aged 70 to 89 years. Liver volume was reduced in both groups of elderly people compared to the young group. Antipyrine plasma half-life was prolonged and antipyrine clearance was reduced in the group of elderly normal individuals. In this group the index--antipyrine clearance per unit liver volume--was also reduced in comparison to that of the young group. Measurements of antipyrine elimination in the hospitalised elderly group did not differ significantly from those in the young group. It is concluded that both decreased liver mass and decreased hepatic enzyme activity contribute to the impairment of drug oxidation which occurs in the elderly and which may warrant a reduction in dosage of some drugs. However, differences have been demonstrated between groups of elderly people suggesting that under certain circumstances standard doses of such drugs may be normally tolerated.", "PMID": 720377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8425", "title": "Effects of propranolol and oxprenolol on the vasoconstrictor response to noradrenaline in the superficial hand vein in man.", "content": "The effects of oxprenolol and propranolol on the venoconstrictor response to noradrenaline were studied in healthy volunteers by measuring superficial dorsal hand vein diameter at a standard congesting pressure. In 8 subjects dose response curves to noradrenaline (20-1280 ng/ml) were obtained with noradrenaline alone, with noradrenaline plus propranolol 10 microgram/ml, with noradrenaline plus propranolol 10 microgram/ml plus oxprenolol 3 microgram/ml and with noradrenaline plus propranolol 13 microgram/ml according to a double blind balanced randomised design. Propranolol 10 microgram/ml significantly (p less than 0.05) potentiated the vasoconstrictor response to noradrenaline and the addition of oxprenolol significantly (P less than 0.05) reversed the potentiation giving a response similar to that seen with noradrenaline alone. The higher concentration of propranolol did not produce further potentiation, the response being similar to that obtained with the lower concentration of propranolol. It is suggested that the effect of oxprenolol may be attributable to alpha blocking properties, to partial beta agonism or to its membrane stabilising properties.", "contents": "Effects of propranolol and oxprenolol on the vasoconstrictor response to noradrenaline in the superficial hand vein in man. The effects of oxprenolol and propranolol on the venoconstrictor response to noradrenaline were studied in healthy volunteers by measuring superficial dorsal hand vein diameter at a standard congesting pressure. In 8 subjects dose response curves to noradrenaline (20-1280 ng/ml) were obtained with noradrenaline alone, with noradrenaline plus propranolol 10 microgram/ml, with noradrenaline plus propranolol 10 microgram/ml plus oxprenolol 3 microgram/ml and with noradrenaline plus propranolol 13 microgram/ml according to a double blind balanced randomised design. Propranolol 10 microgram/ml significantly (p less than 0.05) potentiated the vasoconstrictor response to noradrenaline and the addition of oxprenolol significantly (P less than 0.05) reversed the potentiation giving a response similar to that seen with noradrenaline alone. The higher concentration of propranolol did not produce further potentiation, the response being similar to that obtained with the lower concentration of propranolol. It is suggested that the effect of oxprenolol may be attributable to alpha blocking properties, to partial beta agonism or to its membrane stabilising properties.", "PMID": 720378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8426", "title": "Controlled study of the bronchoconstriction effect of pindolol administered intravenously or orally to patients with unstable asthma.", "content": "Pindolol, a beta-blocking drug, was given intravenously (0.2 mg) to 4 patients and orally (15 mg) to 4 patients, all in remission after acute exacerbation of asthma. In all cases it induced chest tightness and marked decrease in specific airway conductance, FEV1 and FVC and maximum expiratory flow at low lung volumes. The increase in airway obstruction after pindolol was not reversed by inhalation of a beta-sympathomimetic aerosol. The results suggest that conventional doses of pindolol may cause significant worsening of asthma in patients with unstable disease.", "contents": "Controlled study of the bronchoconstriction effect of pindolol administered intravenously or orally to patients with unstable asthma. Pindolol, a beta-blocking drug, was given intravenously (0.2 mg) to 4 patients and orally (15 mg) to 4 patients, all in remission after acute exacerbation of asthma. In all cases it induced chest tightness and marked decrease in specific airway conductance, FEV1 and FVC and maximum expiratory flow at low lung volumes. The increase in airway obstruction after pindolol was not reversed by inhalation of a beta-sympathomimetic aerosol. The results suggest that conventional doses of pindolol may cause significant worsening of asthma in patients with unstable disease.", "PMID": 720379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8427", "title": "Transplacental passage of atenolol in man.", "content": "Maternal and umbilical serum concentrations of atenolol, a hydrophilic, cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, were studied at delivery in seven cases of pregnancy hypertension. The drug had been administered to each patient for at least one week. Atenolol was detected in both maternal and umbilical serum in six cases, showing that there is transplacental passage of the drug. In the seventh case, who had stopped taking atenolol more than one day before delivery, neither maternal nor umbilical serum contained a measurable quantity of the drug. Atenolol concentration varied 3- to 6-fold between individuals, but there was no systematic difference between maternal and umbilical levels. It seems reasonable to assume that during steady state conditions the blood level of atenolol in mother and fetus is approximately equal, and that fetal accumulation of the drug does not occur.", "contents": "Transplacental passage of atenolol in man. Maternal and umbilical serum concentrations of atenolol, a hydrophilic, cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, were studied at delivery in seven cases of pregnancy hypertension. The drug had been administered to each patient for at least one week. Atenolol was detected in both maternal and umbilical serum in six cases, showing that there is transplacental passage of the drug. In the seventh case, who had stopped taking atenolol more than one day before delivery, neither maternal nor umbilical serum contained a measurable quantity of the drug. Atenolol concentration varied 3- to 6-fold between individuals, but there was no systematic difference between maternal and umbilical levels. It seems reasonable to assume that during steady state conditions the blood level of atenolol in mother and fetus is approximately equal, and that fetal accumulation of the drug does not occur.", "PMID": 720380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8428", "title": "Time and antigen dose-dependent variations of IgM antibody affinity.", "content": "Affinity of IgM antibodies elicited in mice by a single injection of dinitrophenylated dextran was measured by equilibrium dialysis. Maturation of affinity was found to occur with time, the rate of increase being higher after larger antigen doses. Maturation was followed by a decrease of affinity with time, the fall being more pronounced after lower antigen doses. These findings are more in line with the theory of antigen-induced diversity rather than with the maturation theory.", "contents": "Time and antigen dose-dependent variations of IgM antibody affinity. Affinity of IgM antibodies elicited in mice by a single injection of dinitrophenylated dextran was measured by equilibrium dialysis. Maturation of affinity was found to occur with time, the rate of increase being higher after larger antigen doses. Maturation was followed by a decrease of affinity with time, the fall being more pronounced after lower antigen doses. These findings are more in line with the theory of antigen-induced diversity rather than with the maturation theory.", "PMID": 720382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8429", "title": "The influence of some vasoactive drugs on bone circulation.", "content": "We have studied the effect of various drugs on the intramedullary pressure in dog tibia after constant-flow autoperfusion of the nutrient artery by femoral arterial blood. The perfusion pressure and carotid arterial pressure were also recorded. Isoprenaline, acetylcholine, histamine, theophylline always lowered the perfusion pressure but had a variable effect on intramedullary pressure. This results from several factors e.g., perfusion pressure and intraosseous vasomotoricity. Adrenaline always caused a rise of the perfusion pressure and lowered the intramedullary pressure in most of the cases. Such effects were reduced or suppressed by alpha-blocking drugs. Isoprenaline caused a lowering of the perfusion pressure which was suppressed by propranolol. A rise of the intramedullary pressure through beta-induced vasodilatation was shown in some experiments. The effect of adrenaline on the perfusion pressure could be reversed after alpha-blockade. These results show the presence of intraosseous vascular alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors.", "contents": "The influence of some vasoactive drugs on bone circulation. We have studied the effect of various drugs on the intramedullary pressure in dog tibia after constant-flow autoperfusion of the nutrient artery by femoral arterial blood. The perfusion pressure and carotid arterial pressure were also recorded. Isoprenaline, acetylcholine, histamine, theophylline always lowered the perfusion pressure but had a variable effect on intramedullary pressure. This results from several factors e.g., perfusion pressure and intraosseous vasomotoricity. Adrenaline always caused a rise of the perfusion pressure and lowered the intramedullary pressure in most of the cases. Such effects were reduced or suppressed by alpha-blocking drugs. Isoprenaline caused a lowering of the perfusion pressure which was suppressed by propranolol. A rise of the intramedullary pressure through beta-induced vasodilatation was shown in some experiments. The effect of adrenaline on the perfusion pressure could be reversed after alpha-blockade. These results show the presence of intraosseous vascular alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors.", "PMID": 720383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8430", "title": "Effect of 1-(m-trifluoromethylphenyl)-piperazine on 3H-serotonin binding to membranes from rat brain in vitro and on serotonin turnover in rat brain in vivo.", "content": "1-(m-Trifluoromethylphenyl)-piperazine inhibited the specific binding of tritiated serotonin to membranes from rat brain in vitro at lower concentrations than did quipazine or MK-212 (6-chloro-2-[1-piperazinyl]-pyrazine). In rats 1-(m-trifluoromethylphenyl)-piperazine decreased the concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) without altering the concentration of serotonin in whole brain. The decrease in 5-HIAA was apparently due to a decrease in serotonin turnover, since 1-(m-trifluoromethylphenyl)-piperazine caused a slower decline in serotonin concentration after synthesis inhibition by alpha-propyldopacetamide and a slower accumulation of 5-HIAA after probenecid injection to block its efflux from brain. The decrease in serotonin turnover is an expected result of stimulating serotonin receptors in brain and has earlier been reported to occur with quipazine. Thus all of the results are compatible with the idea that 1-(m-trifluoromethylphenyl)-piperazine acts as a serotonin receptor agonist in rat brain.", "contents": "Effect of 1-(m-trifluoromethylphenyl)-piperazine on 3H-serotonin binding to membranes from rat brain in vitro and on serotonin turnover in rat brain in vivo. 1-(m-Trifluoromethylphenyl)-piperazine inhibited the specific binding of tritiated serotonin to membranes from rat brain in vitro at lower concentrations than did quipazine or MK-212 (6-chloro-2-[1-piperazinyl]-pyrazine). In rats 1-(m-trifluoromethylphenyl)-piperazine decreased the concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) without altering the concentration of serotonin in whole brain. The decrease in 5-HIAA was apparently due to a decrease in serotonin turnover, since 1-(m-trifluoromethylphenyl)-piperazine caused a slower decline in serotonin concentration after synthesis inhibition by alpha-propyldopacetamide and a slower accumulation of 5-HIAA after probenecid injection to block its efflux from brain. The decrease in serotonin turnover is an expected result of stimulating serotonin receptors in brain and has earlier been reported to occur with quipazine. Thus all of the results are compatible with the idea that 1-(m-trifluoromethylphenyl)-piperazine acts as a serotonin receptor agonist in rat brain.", "PMID": 720384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8431", "title": "Occurrence of H2-inhibitory histamine receptors in chicken ileum.", "content": "Metiamide (H2-histamine receptor antagonist) blocked histamine-induced relaxations and significantly potentiated contractile responses to histamine on isolated spiral strips of chicken ileum. This investigation showed the presence of H2-inhibitory receptors in chicken ileum.", "contents": "Occurrence of H2-inhibitory histamine receptors in chicken ileum. Metiamide (H2-histamine receptor antagonist) blocked histamine-induced relaxations and significantly potentiated contractile responses to histamine on isolated spiral strips of chicken ileum. This investigation showed the presence of H2-inhibitory receptors in chicken ileum.", "PMID": 720386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8432", "title": "Influence of GABA receptor agonists and antagonists on the binding of 3H-diazepam to the benzodiazepine receptor.", "content": "The GABA receptor agonists, GABA and muscimol, increased, while the GABA receptor antagonist, (+)-bicuculline, decreased the affinity of the benzodiazepine receptor for 3H-diazepam. The effect was seen at both 0 and 25 degrees C in spite of a large difference of affinity for 3H-diazepam at the two temperatures.", "contents": "Influence of GABA receptor agonists and antagonists on the binding of 3H-diazepam to the benzodiazepine receptor. The GABA receptor agonists, GABA and muscimol, increased, while the GABA receptor antagonist, (+)-bicuculline, decreased the affinity of the benzodiazepine receptor for 3H-diazepam. The effect was seen at both 0 and 25 degrees C in spite of a large difference of affinity for 3H-diazepam at the two temperatures.", "PMID": 720385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8433", "title": "Inhibition of synaptosomal uptake of norepinephrine and dopamine by conformationally restricted sympathomimetic amines.", "content": "The conformationally restricted cis and trans isomer of substituted cyclobutanes were examined for their ability to inhibit 3H-norepinephrine and 3H-dopamine accumulation by synaptosomes prepared from the cortex and corpus striatum, respectively. The drugs were more effective in preventing the accumulation of 3H-norepinephrine by cortical synaptosomes than 3H-dopamine by striatal synaptosomes. However, in the synaptosomes isolated from both regions, the trans isomers were more potent inhibitors of accumulation than the cis isomers. The greatest stereoselectivity was exhibited by the isomers of 2-amino-1-phenylcyclobutanol. The accumulation of 3H-norepinephrine by cortical synaptosomes and the accumulation of 3H-dopamine by striatal synaptosomes were inhibited 50% by concentrations of the trans isomer of 7.4 X 10(-6) M and 1.7 X 10(-4) M, respectively. The cis isomer was inactive. In separate experiments, the releasing capabilities of the restricted analogs were determined by superfusing cortical and striatal synaptosomes labelled in vitro with 3H-catecholamines. The trans and cis isomers elicited a trivial release of 3H-norepinephrine and 3H-dopamine from cortical and striatal synaptosomes, respectively. The results indicate that the decreased synaptosomal accumulation of 3H-catecholamines caused by the analogs was due mainly to inhibition of uptake. The influence of dihydral angle between phenyl--NH2 on the inhibition of uptake is discussed. It is concluded that the anti conformation of sympathomimetic amines is the preferred conformation at the noradrenergic amine pump.", "contents": "Inhibition of synaptosomal uptake of norepinephrine and dopamine by conformationally restricted sympathomimetic amines. The conformationally restricted cis and trans isomer of substituted cyclobutanes were examined for their ability to inhibit 3H-norepinephrine and 3H-dopamine accumulation by synaptosomes prepared from the cortex and corpus striatum, respectively. The drugs were more effective in preventing the accumulation of 3H-norepinephrine by cortical synaptosomes than 3H-dopamine by striatal synaptosomes. However, in the synaptosomes isolated from both regions, the trans isomers were more potent inhibitors of accumulation than the cis isomers. The greatest stereoselectivity was exhibited by the isomers of 2-amino-1-phenylcyclobutanol. The accumulation of 3H-norepinephrine by cortical synaptosomes and the accumulation of 3H-dopamine by striatal synaptosomes were inhibited 50% by concentrations of the trans isomer of 7.4 X 10(-6) M and 1.7 X 10(-4) M, respectively. The cis isomer was inactive. In separate experiments, the releasing capabilities of the restricted analogs were determined by superfusing cortical and striatal synaptosomes labelled in vitro with 3H-catecholamines. The trans and cis isomers elicited a trivial release of 3H-norepinephrine and 3H-dopamine from cortical and striatal synaptosomes, respectively. The results indicate that the decreased synaptosomal accumulation of 3H-catecholamines caused by the analogs was due mainly to inhibition of uptake. The influence of dihydral angle between phenyl--NH2 on the inhibition of uptake is discussed. It is concluded that the anti conformation of sympathomimetic amines is the preferred conformation at the noradrenergic amine pump.", "PMID": 720387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8434", "title": "Protection against alloxan-induced diabetes in mice by the hydroxyl radical scavenger dimethylurea.", "content": "N,N'-Dimethylurea (DMU) at 4 g/kg i.p. protected against the normal rise in blood glucose associated with alloxan-induced diabetes when it was administered to mice at 30 min or 2 hr prior to the i.v. injection of 75 mg/kg of alloxan. Blood glucose measurements were made 72 h post alloxan. At 30 min after the above dose of DMU alone (no alloxan) there was a significant rise in blood glucose but at 2 h after DMU there was no significant difference between control and DMU-treated animals. These data indicate that the primary mode of protection by DMU does not involve a rise in blood glucose. The data however are consistent with another mode of protection by DMU such as its scavenging of the hydroxyl radical, a cytotoxic species which can be generated from alloxan through a series of reactions.", "contents": "Protection against alloxan-induced diabetes in mice by the hydroxyl radical scavenger dimethylurea. N,N'-Dimethylurea (DMU) at 4 g/kg i.p. protected against the normal rise in blood glucose associated with alloxan-induced diabetes when it was administered to mice at 30 min or 2 hr prior to the i.v. injection of 75 mg/kg of alloxan. Blood glucose measurements were made 72 h post alloxan. At 30 min after the above dose of DMU alone (no alloxan) there was a significant rise in blood glucose but at 2 h after DMU there was no significant difference between control and DMU-treated animals. These data indicate that the primary mode of protection by DMU does not involve a rise in blood glucose. The data however are consistent with another mode of protection by DMU such as its scavenging of the hydroxyl radical, a cytotoxic species which can be generated from alloxan through a series of reactions.", "PMID": 720388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8435", "title": "Acetaldehyde on vascular smooth muscle: possible role in vasodilator action of ethanol.", "content": "Previous studies on intact and isolated blood vessels indicate that ethanol can exert depressant actions on vascular smooth muscle. This study, using isolated rat aortic strips and portal veins, was designed to ascertain whether acetaldehyde (ACT), a major metabolite of ethanol, could exert similar effects. The results indicate that ACT can: (a) inhibit spontaneous mechanical activity and lower baseline tension in aortic strips; (b) depending upon concentration, enhance (abolished by phentolamine) or inhibit such spontaneous contractions in portal veins; (c) dose-dependently attenuate contractions induced by epinephrine, vasopressin, serotonin and KCl; (d) cause non-competitive displacement of the contraction--effect curves of these vasoactive compounds; (e) relax drug-induced contractions of aortic and venous smooth muscle, (f) attenuate Ca2+-induced contractions of K+-depolarized aortas and portal veins. These profound depressant actions of ACT are not attenuated, prevented or mimicked by alpha-adrenergic histaminergic, cholinergic, or serotonergic blocking drugs, nor are they attributable to actions on beta-adrenoreceptors, or release of prostaglandin-like substance. The direct vasodepressant actions of ACT on vascular smooth muscles may play significant roles in alcohol-induced peripheral vasodilatation and hypotension, and cardiovascular collapse noted in the alcohol-Antabuse reaction.", "contents": "Acetaldehyde on vascular smooth muscle: possible role in vasodilator action of ethanol. Previous studies on intact and isolated blood vessels indicate that ethanol can exert depressant actions on vascular smooth muscle. This study, using isolated rat aortic strips and portal veins, was designed to ascertain whether acetaldehyde (ACT), a major metabolite of ethanol, could exert similar effects. The results indicate that ACT can: (a) inhibit spontaneous mechanical activity and lower baseline tension in aortic strips; (b) depending upon concentration, enhance (abolished by phentolamine) or inhibit such spontaneous contractions in portal veins; (c) dose-dependently attenuate contractions induced by epinephrine, vasopressin, serotonin and KCl; (d) cause non-competitive displacement of the contraction--effect curves of these vasoactive compounds; (e) relax drug-induced contractions of aortic and venous smooth muscle, (f) attenuate Ca2+-induced contractions of K+-depolarized aortas and portal veins. These profound depressant actions of ACT are not attenuated, prevented or mimicked by alpha-adrenergic histaminergic, cholinergic, or serotonergic blocking drugs, nor are they attributable to actions on beta-adrenoreceptors, or release of prostaglandin-like substance. The direct vasodepressant actions of ACT on vascular smooth muscles may play significant roles in alcohol-induced peripheral vasodilatation and hypotension, and cardiovascular collapse noted in the alcohol-Antabuse reaction.", "PMID": 720389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8436", "title": "Effects of prostaglandins on rat cardiac adenylate cyclase.", "content": "A significant stimulatory action of PGE1 on adenylate cyclase of the particulate membrane preparation of rat heart was observed at 1 X 10(-4) M. PGE1 caused a positive inotropic effect on isolated spontaneously beating rat atria 1 X (10(-5) M, and an increase in atrial  cyclic AMP level at 1 X 10(-6) M. PGE2 stimulated the atrial but not the whole heart particulate adenylate cyclase. PGF 2alpha had no effect on these enzyme preparations. Our results suggest that: (i) The inotropic response of isolated spontaneously beating rat atria to PGE1 may be connected with an increase in cyclic AMP level; (ii) the effect of prostaglandins on heart in vivo must be indirect, because the concentrations needed to stimulate isolated atria and particulate adenylate cyclase were high, compared with the doses effective in vivo.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandins on rat cardiac adenylate cyclase. A significant stimulatory action of PGE1 on adenylate cyclase of the particulate membrane preparation of rat heart was observed at 1 X 10(-4) M. PGE1 caused a positive inotropic effect on isolated spontaneously beating rat atria 1 X (10(-5) M, and an increase in atrial  cyclic AMP level at 1 X 10(-6) M. PGE2 stimulated the atrial but not the whole heart particulate adenylate cyclase. PGF 2alpha had no effect on these enzyme preparations. Our results suggest that: (i) The inotropic response of isolated spontaneously beating rat atria to PGE1 may be connected with an increase in cyclic AMP level; (ii) the effect of prostaglandins on heart in vivo must be indirect, because the concentrations needed to stimulate isolated atria and particulate adenylate cyclase were high, compared with the doses effective in vivo.", "PMID": 720390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8437", "title": "[Relationship between some biochemical measurements and histopathological changes in age-related kidney lesions of rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Histopathological observations were made on the spontaneous age-related kidney lesion in relation to some biochemical measurements for renal function using male SD rats from 82 to 560 days of age. Although all the rats examined were appearently healthy and had no gross lesions in the kidneys, several renal changes were detected histopathologically in the kidneys. The lesions occurred initially in renal tubules and then in glomerulus and in interstitial tissues successively increasing in severity with age. There was a correlation between the degree of the histopatholigical changes and the excreted amount of protein and sodium in the urine. The urinary protein was first detected at 34 days of age increasing with age. For rats of over 395 days of age, the urinary protein was greatly variable in amount among individuals. The negative correlation between urinary protein levels and those of serum albumin and urinary potassium was significant.", "contents": "[Relationship between some biochemical measurements and histopathological changes in age-related kidney lesions of rats (author's transl)]. Histopathological observations were made on the spontaneous age-related kidney lesion in relation to some biochemical measurements for renal function using male SD rats from 82 to 560 days of age. Although all the rats examined were appearently healthy and had no gross lesions in the kidneys, several renal changes were detected histopathologically in the kidneys. The lesions occurred initially in renal tubules and then in glomerulus and in interstitial tissues successively increasing in severity with age. There was a correlation between the degree of the histopatholigical changes and the excreted amount of protein and sodium in the urine. The urinary protein was first detected at 34 days of age increasing with age. For rats of over 395 days of age, the urinary protein was greatly variable in amount among individuals. The negative correlation between urinary protein levels and those of serum albumin and urinary potassium was significant.", "PMID": 720391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8438", "title": "[Gene constitution of miniature \"shiba\" goats (author's transl)].", "content": "Genetic surveys were carried out on the miniature \"Shiba\" goats which have been raised in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. Recently, in thhe prefecture the number of \"Shiba\" goats have been markedly decreased to totally about 190 which are kept now only in two towns. Morphological genetic traits were observed to have been coming homogenous in Nagasaki Prefecture, and homogeneity of the traits in the colonies kept the National Institute of Animal Industry and in Stock Farm of University of Tokyo, especially in the latter, was remarkably high. The \"Shiba\" goats have white coat color, horns and supernumerary teats, but not wattles. Electrophoretic examinations of genetic variations at 27 blood protein loci revealed that variability in the \"Shiba\" goat populations were lower than that of the Japanese Saanen breed, and that the amount of gene flow from the Saanen breed into the \"Shiba\" goats was estimated to be smaller than into the present-day Okinawa meat goats. The genetic variability of the colony in Stock Farm of University of Tokyo was observed to be conspicuously low. From the results of pedigree analysis such a decay of genetic variability was postulated to come about from unavoidable inbreeding resulted from smallness both in numbers of foundation animals and in effective population size of the colony.", "contents": "[Gene constitution of miniature \"shiba\" goats (author's transl)]. Genetic surveys were carried out on the miniature \"Shiba\" goats which have been raised in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. Recently, in thhe prefecture the number of \"Shiba\" goats have been markedly decreased to totally about 190 which are kept now only in two towns. Morphological genetic traits were observed to have been coming homogenous in Nagasaki Prefecture, and homogeneity of the traits in the colonies kept the National Institute of Animal Industry and in Stock Farm of University of Tokyo, especially in the latter, was remarkably high. The \"Shiba\" goats have white coat color, horns and supernumerary teats, but not wattles. Electrophoretic examinations of genetic variations at 27 blood protein loci revealed that variability in the \"Shiba\" goat populations were lower than that of the Japanese Saanen breed, and that the amount of gene flow from the Saanen breed into the \"Shiba\" goats was estimated to be smaller than into the present-day Okinawa meat goats. The genetic variability of the colony in Stock Farm of University of Tokyo was observed to be conspicuously low. From the results of pedigree analysis such a decay of genetic variability was postulated to come about from unavoidable inbreeding resulted from smallness both in numbers of foundation animals and in effective population size of the colony.", "PMID": 720392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8439", "title": "[Hand-rearing of rabbits using rabbit milk and commercial milk powder, Teo milk (author's transl)].", "content": "Caesarean-derived Japanese White rabbits were raised by hand-feeding till 9 days after birth with rabbit milk and from 10 days till weaning with mixture of rabbit milk and commercial milk diet for dogs and cats, Teo milk (SANKYO Co. Ltd.). They showed good growth with 78% of weaning at 5 weeks of age and 63% of raising at 6 months of age.", "contents": "[Hand-rearing of rabbits using rabbit milk and commercial milk powder, Teo milk (author's transl)]. Caesarean-derived Japanese White rabbits were raised by hand-feeding till 9 days after birth with rabbit milk and from 10 days till weaning with mixture of rabbit milk and commercial milk diet for dogs and cats, Teo milk (SANKYO Co. Ltd.). They showed good growth with 78% of weaning at 5 weeks of age and 63% of raising at 6 months of age.", "PMID": 720393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8440", "title": "[Healing processes of ultrasonically welded bone fractures in rabbits (author's transl)].", "content": "The aim of ultrasonic welding of bones is to attain a stable osteosynthesis between the ends of the fractures by application of a, under ultrasonic influence quickly polymerizing, plast monomer mixed with granular homologous bone particles. In this paper the healing process from the osteosynthesis attained by welding up to the organic healing of the fracture is investigated.", "contents": "[Healing processes of ultrasonically welded bone fractures in rabbits (author's transl)]. The aim of ultrasonic welding of bones is to attain a stable osteosynthesis between the ends of the fractures by application of a, under ultrasonic influence quickly polymerizing, plast monomer mixed with granular homologous bone particles. In this paper the healing process from the osteosynthesis attained by welding up to the organic healing of the fracture is investigated.", "PMID": 720435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8441", "title": "A possible short-term prediction of potential carcinogenicity of chemical compounds in vivo by means of a promoting activity test (PAT).", "content": "Carcinogens of chemically unrelated structure and different organotropism cause a mitotic stimulation of adrenocortical epithelia in vivo. A similar response is observed in liver regenerating rats following partial hepatectomy or intoxication by carbon tetrachloride. It is very probable from these and other results that the short-term effect (48 hours p. applic.) is brought about by the emergence of humoral growth stimulators which are evidenced in restorative regeneration and, therefore, accounts for the promoting activity of carcinogens. Special problems resulting from false positive (indomethacin, sodium nitrite) and false negative (7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, ethionine) findings as well as such of the role of solvents are discussed. The proof of the \"contradictory\" test result by long-term treatment in the case of trinitroso-trimethylene-triamine, nitroso-ethyltert-butylamine or nitroso-diallylamine has shown the accuracy of this short-term test.", "contents": "A possible short-term prediction of potential carcinogenicity of chemical compounds in vivo by means of a promoting activity test (PAT). Carcinogens of chemically unrelated structure and different organotropism cause a mitotic stimulation of adrenocortical epithelia in vivo. A similar response is observed in liver regenerating rats following partial hepatectomy or intoxication by carbon tetrachloride. It is very probable from these and other results that the short-term effect (48 hours p. applic.) is brought about by the emergence of humoral growth stimulators which are evidenced in restorative regeneration and, therefore, accounts for the promoting activity of carcinogens. Special problems resulting from false positive (indomethacin, sodium nitrite) and false negative (7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, ethionine) findings as well as such of the role of solvents are discussed. The proof of the \"contradictory\" test result by long-term treatment in the case of trinitroso-trimethylene-triamine, nitroso-ethyltert-butylamine or nitroso-diallylamine has shown the accuracy of this short-term test.", "PMID": 720436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8442", "title": "[Histological changes in the placenta following tokolysis therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "In 138 tokolytically treated cases of imminent abortion or premature birth the secundines were examined histologically and compared with 390 cases of pathological gravidities or births without tokolysis therapy. The frequency of occurrence of morphologically manifested circulatory disturbances following tokolysis therapy was equal to that in the untreated cases, the rate of ascendent infections was only slightly increased. In tokolytically treated placentas with the histological pattern of \"dissociated disturbed maturation\" and \"Maturitias retarda\" are prevailing. Thus in most cases sufficient supply of the fetus is possible and the critical phase of uteroplacental insufficiency with the danger of abortion or premature birth may be overcome. There were no hints at direct influences of tokolysis on placental morphology.", "contents": "[Histological changes in the placenta following tokolysis therapy (author's transl)]. In 138 tokolytically treated cases of imminent abortion or premature birth the secundines were examined histologically and compared with 390 cases of pathological gravidities or births without tokolysis therapy. The frequency of occurrence of morphologically manifested circulatory disturbances following tokolysis therapy was equal to that in the untreated cases, the rate of ascendent infections was only slightly increased. In tokolytically treated placentas with the histological pattern of \"dissociated disturbed maturation\" and \"Maturitias retarda\" are prevailing. Thus in most cases sufficient supply of the fetus is possible and the critical phase of uteroplacental insufficiency with the danger of abortion or premature birth may be overcome. There were no hints at direct influences of tokolysis on placental morphology.", "PMID": 720437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8443", "title": "Quantitative ultrastructural characterisation of rabbit erythroblasts and of 3H uridine incorporation into their nuclear components.", "content": "Electron microscopic-autoradiographic and morphometric investigations were carried out in erythroblasts from rabbit bone marrow. 1. to obtain quantitative data for the erythroblast classes. 2. to determine quantitative-morphometrically the incorporation rate of 3H uridine into the cell components of the different erythroblast classes. 3. to evaluate the influence of UV irradiation on the incorporation of 3H uridine. According to ultrastructural criteria erythroblasts are divided into 3 classes: basophilic erythroblasts (BE), polychromatic erythroblasts (PE) and orthochromatic erythroblasts (OE). The areas of the 3 classes of erythroblasts are in a ratio of 1:0.5:0.43. In all classes the portion of the nucleus is between 56 and 58.8%. The portion of mitochondria decreases from 13.3% (BE) to 9.3% (PE), and to 6.3% (OE) respectively. Simultaneously the portion of heterochromatin in the nuclear area rises from 24.2% (BE) to 49.8% (PE), and to 63.2% (OE) whereas the percentage of euchromatin decreased correspondingly. Nucleoli were found only in 78% of the BE and in 3.4% of the PE. For the quantitative determination of the silver grains and silver filaments, respectively, the morphometric procedures have been adapted to the particular conditions. So it was necessary to estimate the areas covered by silver grains of filaments. The silver grains or filaments localised in the nuclear area are in the range from 84.6 to 93.4%. The percentage of silver grains of the total cellular area is 14.4% in BE, 6.8% in PE and 4% in OE. In a similar way the relative values of the nucleolus (total) and the euchromatin and heterochromatin are reduced. UV irradiation of bone marrow in vitro for 10 to 20 min does not cause any significant changes in the incorporation of 3H uridine. This result is in contrast to other published experiments on the influence of UV on the RNA synthesis. It is assumed that the irradiation dose was too low to induce a measurable effect on the RNA synthesis or the point of investigation was too early.", "contents": "Quantitative ultrastructural characterisation of rabbit erythroblasts and of 3H uridine incorporation into their nuclear components. Electron microscopic-autoradiographic and morphometric investigations were carried out in erythroblasts from rabbit bone marrow. 1. to obtain quantitative data for the erythroblast classes. 2. to determine quantitative-morphometrically the incorporation rate of 3H uridine into the cell components of the different erythroblast classes. 3. to evaluate the influence of UV irradiation on the incorporation of 3H uridine. According to ultrastructural criteria erythroblasts are divided into 3 classes: basophilic erythroblasts (BE), polychromatic erythroblasts (PE) and orthochromatic erythroblasts (OE). The areas of the 3 classes of erythroblasts are in a ratio of 1:0.5:0.43. In all classes the portion of the nucleus is between 56 and 58.8%. The portion of mitochondria decreases from 13.3% (BE) to 9.3% (PE), and to 6.3% (OE) respectively. Simultaneously the portion of heterochromatin in the nuclear area rises from 24.2% (BE) to 49.8% (PE), and to 63.2% (OE) whereas the percentage of euchromatin decreased correspondingly. Nucleoli were found only in 78% of the BE and in 3.4% of the PE. For the quantitative determination of the silver grains and silver filaments, respectively, the morphometric procedures have been adapted to the particular conditions. So it was necessary to estimate the areas covered by silver grains of filaments. The silver grains or filaments localised in the nuclear area are in the range from 84.6 to 93.4%. The percentage of silver grains of the total cellular area is 14.4% in BE, 6.8% in PE and 4% in OE. In a similar way the relative values of the nucleolus (total) and the euchromatin and heterochromatin are reduced. UV irradiation of bone marrow in vitro for 10 to 20 min does not cause any significant changes in the incorporation of 3H uridine. This result is in contrast to other published experiments on the influence of UV on the RNA synthesis. It is assumed that the irradiation dose was too low to induce a measurable effect on the RNA synthesis or the point of investigation was too early.", "PMID": 720438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8444", "title": "[Adaptation of the rat myocardium to long-time application of small doses of isoproterenol (author's transl)].", "content": "After long-time application of small doses of isoproterenol an adaptation occurs which is expressed by increased tolerance against toxic amounts of this substance. This study shows the duration of tolerance increasing effect after isoproterenol application.", "contents": "[Adaptation of the rat myocardium to long-time application of small doses of isoproterenol (author's transl)]. After long-time application of small doses of isoproterenol an adaptation occurs which is expressed by increased tolerance against toxic amounts of this substance. This study shows the duration of tolerance increasing effect after isoproterenol application.", "PMID": 720439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8445", "title": "Immune prophylaxis of experimental cancer by corynebacterium parvum.", "content": "Fractionated administration of C.p. i.v. in mice at risk from sarcomas after injection of 0.2 mg MCA leads to a significant prolongation of the period of latency under certain circumstances. Experimental groups which have received the immune stimulator for 6 weeks immediately after the cancerogenic factor show the best results. After tumour manifestation there is no perceptible preventive effect of C.p.", "contents": "Immune prophylaxis of experimental cancer by corynebacterium parvum. Fractionated administration of C.p. i.v. in mice at risk from sarcomas after injection of 0.2 mg MCA leads to a significant prolongation of the period of latency under certain circumstances. Experimental groups which have received the immune stimulator for 6 weeks immediately after the cancerogenic factor show the best results. After tumour manifestation there is no perceptible preventive effect of C.p.", "PMID": 720440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8446", "title": "Ultrastructural relations of macrophages to Schwann cells. An experimental study on regenerating peripheral nerves.", "content": "The correlations between macrophages and Schwann cells are studied on transsectional sciatic nerves from rats using the electron microscope. As early as 1 day after operation typical macrophages can be found within the endoneurial space of the proximal stump. On the other hand, 1 and 3 days as well as 4 weeks after operation Schwann cells may show cytoplasmic features comparable to that of macrophages. Our findings suggest that (1) macrophages are not able to transform into Schwann cells and (2) Schwann cells can act as phagocytosing cells exhibiting characteristics of macrophages. But in this functional state they can only be diagnosed as Schwann cells if a basement membrane and/or included axons with mesaxons are present.", "contents": "Ultrastructural relations of macrophages to Schwann cells. An experimental study on regenerating peripheral nerves. The correlations between macrophages and Schwann cells are studied on transsectional sciatic nerves from rats using the electron microscope. As early as 1 day after operation typical macrophages can be found within the endoneurial space of the proximal stump. On the other hand, 1 and 3 days as well as 4 weeks after operation Schwann cells may show cytoplasmic features comparable to that of macrophages. Our findings suggest that (1) macrophages are not able to transform into Schwann cells and (2) Schwann cells can act as phagocytosing cells exhibiting characteristics of macrophages. But in this functional state they can only be diagnosed as Schwann cells if a basement membrane and/or included axons with mesaxons are present.", "PMID": 720441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8447", "title": "Studies on a new acute phase protein. I. Immunocytochemical demonstration of the origin.", "content": "Synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis or traumatic arthritis contains an antigen which is thermostable to boiling temperature and insoluble in ethanol. The antigen was not found in sera of healthy subjects but it is present in numerous sera of patients with different inflammatory diseases. The partial purification of the antigen and the production of specific antisera are described. Immunofluorescent staining of tissue sections and blood smears indicates, that the antigen is a cytoplasmic protein of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Monocytes contain the antigen to a lower degree, it was not found in eosinophils and lymphocytes. In addition, the influence of different fixing agents and of other pretreatment on the pattern of the cell fluorescence was studied. We propose to designate the antigen as thermostable granulocyte antigen (TSGA).", "contents": "Studies on a new acute phase protein. I. Immunocytochemical demonstration of the origin. Synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis or traumatic arthritis contains an antigen which is thermostable to boiling temperature and insoluble in ethanol. The antigen was not found in sera of healthy subjects but it is present in numerous sera of patients with different inflammatory diseases. The partial purification of the antigen and the production of specific antisera are described. Immunofluorescent staining of tissue sections and blood smears indicates, that the antigen is a cytoplasmic protein of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Monocytes contain the antigen to a lower degree, it was not found in eosinophils and lymphocytes. In addition, the influence of different fixing agents and of other pretreatment on the pattern of the cell fluorescence was studied. We propose to designate the antigen as thermostable granulocyte antigen (TSGA).", "PMID": 720443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8448", "title": "Killing of untreated target cells by nonimmunized rat macrophages in vitro. I. Studies on the type of effector cells and their capacity to destroy allogeneic target cells.", "content": "Spleen cells derived from unsensitized Wistar rats lysed untreated, allogeneic liver cells of high passages (93rd until 159th subculture) as well as allogeneic tumor cells in mixed cultures. On the other hand, rat liver cells between passages 42 and 56 and allogeneic or xenogeneic fibroblasts were not destroyed by rat spleen cells in vitro. The degree of target cell lysis was dependent on the incubation time and effector-target cell ratio. In the rat spleen, the macrophages were detected as effector cells. Rat peritoneal cells showed the same effects as rat spleen cells. Trypsin treatment caused no loss of cytotoxicity of rat macrophages. Thymocytes and blood lymphocytes of rats were not cytotoxic against allogeneic or xenogeneic target cells. The macrophages apparently destroyed target cells by a nonphagocytic form of cell contact. Unstimulated spleen cells of guinea pigs, Syrian hamsters, CBA mice and rabbits were not capable to destroy target cells in allogeneic and xenogeneic systems.", "contents": "Killing of untreated target cells by nonimmunized rat macrophages in vitro. I. Studies on the type of effector cells and their capacity to destroy allogeneic target cells. Spleen cells derived from unsensitized Wistar rats lysed untreated, allogeneic liver cells of high passages (93rd until 159th subculture) as well as allogeneic tumor cells in mixed cultures. On the other hand, rat liver cells between passages 42 and 56 and allogeneic or xenogeneic fibroblasts were not destroyed by rat spleen cells in vitro. The degree of target cell lysis was dependent on the incubation time and effector-target cell ratio. In the rat spleen, the macrophages were detected as effector cells. Rat peritoneal cells showed the same effects as rat spleen cells. Trypsin treatment caused no loss of cytotoxicity of rat macrophages. Thymocytes and blood lymphocytes of rats were not cytotoxic against allogeneic or xenogeneic target cells. The macrophages apparently destroyed target cells by a nonphagocytic form of cell contact. Unstimulated spleen cells of guinea pigs, Syrian hamsters, CBA mice and rabbits were not capable to destroy target cells in allogeneic and xenogeneic systems.", "PMID": 720444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8449", "title": "Killing of untreated target cells by nonimmunized rat macrophages in vitro. II. Ultrastructural studies on the interaction of macrophages and rat liver cells.", "content": "The sequence of morphological changes following the interactions between macrophages of nonimmunized rats and allogeneic liver cells in vitro were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The effector cells could be identified as macrophages because of their morphologic characteristics and their ability of latex beads incorporation. The cytotoxic reactions required close contracts between the reactive cells. Effector membrane processes and microvilli attached the target cell surface. Broad contacts and, more frequent, point contacts were observed. After 4 to 5 hrs of incubation the target cells showed pinocytotic activities in the contact regions. Later on submembraneous cytoplasmatic leaks or defects indicated the increasing damage of the target cells. Finally, liver cell ghosts with degenerated organelles were found as morphologic expression of general target cell destruction whereas effector macrophages did not show any damage during the cytotoxic reaction.", "contents": "Killing of untreated target cells by nonimmunized rat macrophages in vitro. II. Ultrastructural studies on the interaction of macrophages and rat liver cells. The sequence of morphological changes following the interactions between macrophages of nonimmunized rats and allogeneic liver cells in vitro were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The effector cells could be identified as macrophages because of their morphologic characteristics and their ability of latex beads incorporation. The cytotoxic reactions required close contracts between the reactive cells. Effector membrane processes and microvilli attached the target cell surface. Broad contacts and, more frequent, point contacts were observed. After 4 to 5 hrs of incubation the target cells showed pinocytotic activities in the contact regions. Later on submembraneous cytoplasmatic leaks or defects indicated the increasing damage of the target cells. Finally, liver cell ghosts with degenerated organelles were found as morphologic expression of general target cell destruction whereas effector macrophages did not show any damage during the cytotoxic reaction.", "PMID": 720445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8450", "title": "Growth stimulation following serum transfer from carcinogen-treated donors to normal rats: a new aspect of early carcinogen actions.", "content": "Especially in their early phase of action carcinogens are strong inhibitors of cell proliferation. This is an apparent contradiction to the promoting activity of oncogens in the process of carcinogenesis. Because of obvious similarities between restorative and neoplastic growth processess on the tissue level we have studied the possibility, whether such similarities do exist also with regard to stimulatory activities in the serum. To overcome the non-specific inhibitory effect of a carcinogen, the serum of 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) treated male Sprague-Dawley rats was transferred to normal recipients. The results demonstrate that the proliferation of the same tissues (hepatocytes, adrenocortical cells, thymocytes) as in liver regenerating animals were stimulated by the serum of the carcinogen-treated rats. Whether the observed short-term effect corresponds to the so-called promoting activity of the carcinogen(s) is discussed. Nature and origin of the humoral stimulator(s) are still unknown.", "contents": "Growth stimulation following serum transfer from carcinogen-treated donors to normal rats: a new aspect of early carcinogen actions. Especially in their early phase of action carcinogens are strong inhibitors of cell proliferation. This is an apparent contradiction to the promoting activity of oncogens in the process of carcinogenesis. Because of obvious similarities between restorative and neoplastic growth processess on the tissue level we have studied the possibility, whether such similarities do exist also with regard to stimulatory activities in the serum. To overcome the non-specific inhibitory effect of a carcinogen, the serum of 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) treated male Sprague-Dawley rats was transferred to normal recipients. The results demonstrate that the proliferation of the same tissues (hepatocytes, adrenocortical cells, thymocytes) as in liver regenerating animals were stimulated by the serum of the carcinogen-treated rats. Whether the observed short-term effect corresponds to the so-called promoting activity of the carcinogen(s) is discussed. Nature and origin of the humoral stimulator(s) are still unknown.", "PMID": 720446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8451", "title": "Morphometric investigations on endocrine glands. IV. The rat thyroid during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy with and without application of carcinogenic substances.", "content": "Morphometric studies and counting of mitoses in thyroids during regeneration after partial hepatectomy had the following results: 1. During the first days after surgical operation laparotomy caused only a slight reduction of the thyroid function. 2. Up to the 3rd day and especially on the 10th day after partial hepatectomy there is a higher relative percentage of the epithelium in the thyroid, but the mitoses are diminished. 3. Prefeeding with methylnitrosourea and acetylaminofluorene before the surgical 2/3 removal of the liver was answered with subactive thyroids on the 3rd day.", "contents": "Morphometric investigations on endocrine glands. IV. The rat thyroid during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy with and without application of carcinogenic substances. Morphometric studies and counting of mitoses in thyroids during regeneration after partial hepatectomy had the following results: 1. During the first days after surgical operation laparotomy caused only a slight reduction of the thyroid function. 2. Up to the 3rd day and especially on the 10th day after partial hepatectomy there is a higher relative percentage of the epithelium in the thyroid, but the mitoses are diminished. 3. Prefeeding with methylnitrosourea and acetylaminofluorene before the surgical 2/3 removal of the liver was answered with subactive thyroids on the 3rd day.", "PMID": 720447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8452", "title": "Pulmonary response to kaolin, mica and talc in mice.", "content": "Following intratracheal inoculation the pulmonary fibrogenic response of kaolin, mica and talc was investigated in mice over a period of 210 days. All the three dusts incited acute inflammatory reaction at early periods but with mica dust the acute reaction persisted longer. Subsequently there was gradual increase in the fibroblastic activity in the focal areas and mica produced, in addition, many cholesterol cleft-like structures together with marked fibroblastic activity and lymphocytic infiltration. Towards the termination of experiment at 210 days the fibrosis, in general, remained restricted to grade II with kaolin and mica while talc produced thickened interalveolar septa. The transport of dust from lungs to lymph nodes occurred earlier with mica than with kaolin or talc dust accompanied with little fibrotic reaction. The significance of the findings has been discussed.", "contents": "Pulmonary response to kaolin, mica and talc in mice. Following intratracheal inoculation the pulmonary fibrogenic response of kaolin, mica and talc was investigated in mice over a period of 210 days. All the three dusts incited acute inflammatory reaction at early periods but with mica dust the acute reaction persisted longer. Subsequently there was gradual increase in the fibroblastic activity in the focal areas and mica produced, in addition, many cholesterol cleft-like structures together with marked fibroblastic activity and lymphocytic infiltration. Towards the termination of experiment at 210 days the fibrosis, in general, remained restricted to grade II with kaolin and mica while talc produced thickened interalveolar septa. The transport of dust from lungs to lymph nodes occurred earlier with mica than with kaolin or talc dust accompanied with little fibrotic reaction. The significance of the findings has been discussed.", "PMID": 720448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8453", "title": "Estrogens as disposing factors in experimental liver injury.", "content": "The activity of hexobarbital metabolising enzymes of the liver is decreased as a consequence of both acute and chronical carbon tetrachloride damage. Simultaneous administration of estrogens was followed by more severe morphological and functional impairment although estrogens are not burdening the healthy liver. The beta receptor blocking propranolol prevented functional lesion, moderated fatty degeneration and liver cell necrosis in chronic carbon tetrachloride injury. A simultaneous estrogen administration decreased the therapeutic efficacy of beta blockade, however functional and morphological protective effects were not completely abolished. Estrogen medication should be rather avoided in hepatic damage.", "contents": "Estrogens as disposing factors in experimental liver injury. The activity of hexobarbital metabolising enzymes of the liver is decreased as a consequence of both acute and chronical carbon tetrachloride damage. Simultaneous administration of estrogens was followed by more severe morphological and functional impairment although estrogens are not burdening the healthy liver. The beta receptor blocking propranolol prevented functional lesion, moderated fatty degeneration and liver cell necrosis in chronic carbon tetrachloride injury. A simultaneous estrogen administration decreased the therapeutic efficacy of beta blockade, however functional and morphological protective effects were not completely abolished. Estrogen medication should be rather avoided in hepatic damage.", "PMID": 720449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8454", "title": "Ultrastructure of perineurial cells during peripheral nerve regeneration. Electron microscopical investigations on the so-called amputation neuroma.", "content": "The ultrastructural morphology of perineurial cells was examined after transsection of the sciatic nerve of rats. The material prepared for investigation was taken from the proximal nerve stump and the so-called amputation neuroma at different times after operation. We found that perineurial cells begin to activate in the first week, and in the further course of regeneration they modulate their cytoplasmic structure corresponding to the function of proliferation or synthesis. Besides the reconstitution of a diffusion barrier the perineurial cells may exert a stabilizing function in regenerating nerve tissue comparable to myofibroblasts in granulation tissue, and may be engaged in remodeling of connective tissue fibers. The relations of perineurial cells to other cells of peripheral nerves under the condition of regeneration are discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of perineurial cells during peripheral nerve regeneration. Electron microscopical investigations on the so-called amputation neuroma. The ultrastructural morphology of perineurial cells was examined after transsection of the sciatic nerve of rats. The material prepared for investigation was taken from the proximal nerve stump and the so-called amputation neuroma at different times after operation. We found that perineurial cells begin to activate in the first week, and in the further course of regeneration they modulate their cytoplasmic structure corresponding to the function of proliferation or synthesis. Besides the reconstitution of a diffusion barrier the perineurial cells may exert a stabilizing function in regenerating nerve tissue comparable to myofibroblasts in granulation tissue, and may be engaged in remodeling of connective tissue fibers. The relations of perineurial cells to other cells of peripheral nerves under the condition of regeneration are discussed.", "PMID": 720451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8455", "title": "Effects of calcitonin on epidermal regeneration and collagen synthesis in rabbits with experimental wounds.", "content": "The cellular and metabolic effects induced by calcitonin on regenerative epidermal cells, fibroblasts and collagen fibers during wound healing were studied in rabbits. Electron microscopy revealed marked changes at 2 and 5 days post-wounding in epidermal cells and fibroblasts in calcitonin-treated rabbits such as: an increase in keratohyaline granules, tonofilaments, polysomes and a hypertrophy of nuclei in the epidermal cells. Fibroblasts are hypertrophied and surrounded by large areas of mature collagen fibers, namely at 5 and 14 days. Electron microscopic autoradiography revealed an increase in the incorporation of 3H-thymidine mostly in the nuclear chromatin, 3H-uridine in the nucleoli, 3H-leucine in the endoplasmic reticulum, polysomes and newly formed keratin layers, and 3H-proline over fibroblasts and collagen fibers. Most of the cellular and metabolic effects are evident at 2.5 hours and gradually decline by 5 and 24 hours of hormone administration. Scanning electron microscopy showed changes in the keratin pattern and collagen fibers. At 5 days after wounding and calcitonin treatment, a typical scaly pattern of keratin can be noted while in controls it is smooth and homogeneous. At 14 days post-wounding the collagen fibers are hypertrophied, with an extensive network of fibrils in calcitonin-treated rabbits. These findings demonstrate that synthetic salmon calcitonin stimulates protein synthesis, keratinogenesis and collagen formation in epidermal cells and fibroblasts during wound healing.", "contents": "Effects of calcitonin on epidermal regeneration and collagen synthesis in rabbits with experimental wounds. The cellular and metabolic effects induced by calcitonin on regenerative epidermal cells, fibroblasts and collagen fibers during wound healing were studied in rabbits. Electron microscopy revealed marked changes at 2 and 5 days post-wounding in epidermal cells and fibroblasts in calcitonin-treated rabbits such as: an increase in keratohyaline granules, tonofilaments, polysomes and a hypertrophy of nuclei in the epidermal cells. Fibroblasts are hypertrophied and surrounded by large areas of mature collagen fibers, namely at 5 and 14 days. Electron microscopic autoradiography revealed an increase in the incorporation of 3H-thymidine mostly in the nuclear chromatin, 3H-uridine in the nucleoli, 3H-leucine in the endoplasmic reticulum, polysomes and newly formed keratin layers, and 3H-proline over fibroblasts and collagen fibers. Most of the cellular and metabolic effects are evident at 2.5 hours and gradually decline by 5 and 24 hours of hormone administration. Scanning electron microscopy showed changes in the keratin pattern and collagen fibers. At 5 days after wounding and calcitonin treatment, a typical scaly pattern of keratin can be noted while in controls it is smooth and homogeneous. At 14 days post-wounding the collagen fibers are hypertrophied, with an extensive network of fibrils in calcitonin-treated rabbits. These findings demonstrate that synthetic salmon calcitonin stimulates protein synthesis, keratinogenesis and collagen formation in epidermal cells and fibroblasts during wound healing.", "PMID": 720450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8456", "title": "[Nuclear DNA synthesis rate and labelling index: effects of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic chemicals on its behaviour in the organism of growing CBA-mice. The thymidine-incorporation-screening-system (TSS) (author's transl)].", "content": "During the last few decades there has been an extraordinary accumulation of man-made chemicals in the human environment. There is a growing consensus in oncology that a large proportion of human cancers are environmental in origin by exposure of man to such carcinogenic chemicals. These chemicals in the majority of all cases have not been tested to prove their carcinogenicity. Testing of new chemical compounds is needful prior to their introduction into commerce, foods, agriculture or the working places to prevent human cancer. To test such a large number of possibly carcinogenic chemicals, economical and rapidly practicable bioassays are necessary. In the following we compare some well known bioassays with our autoradiographic thymidine-incorporation-screening-system and other assays based on biochemical quantification of DNA synthesis as parameter for identification of carcinogenic substances. The partial inhibition of the whole DNA synthesis in a proliferating cell population after treatment with toxic and carcinogenic chemicals is an early common response especially in hepatectomized animal, livers caused by the effects of those substances. However, by quantitative evaluation of the nuclear DNA synthesis rate as a basic parameter using autoradiographs of kidney and liver of juvenile growing CBA-mice, it is possible to differentiate carcinogenic from non-carcinogenic chemicals by means of silver grain counting after 3H-TdR incorporation. Contrarily the \"whole DNA synthesis\" expressed by the percentual 3H-labelling index of kidney and liver did not permit such a differentiation in our experimental arrangement. We could demonstrate that carcinogenic compounds of different chemical classes partially inhibit the nuclear DNA synthesis rate significantly over a time period longer than 24 hours. The tested non-carcinogenic compounds did not show this suppressive effect on the nuclear DNA synthesis rate.", "contents": "[Nuclear DNA synthesis rate and labelling index: effects of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic chemicals on its behaviour in the organism of growing CBA-mice. The thymidine-incorporation-screening-system (TSS) (author's transl)]. During the last few decades there has been an extraordinary accumulation of man-made chemicals in the human environment. There is a growing consensus in oncology that a large proportion of human cancers are environmental in origin by exposure of man to such carcinogenic chemicals. These chemicals in the majority of all cases have not been tested to prove their carcinogenicity. Testing of new chemical compounds is needful prior to their introduction into commerce, foods, agriculture or the working places to prevent human cancer. To test such a large number of possibly carcinogenic chemicals, economical and rapidly practicable bioassays are necessary. In the following we compare some well known bioassays with our autoradiographic thymidine-incorporation-screening-system and other assays based on biochemical quantification of DNA synthesis as parameter for identification of carcinogenic substances. The partial inhibition of the whole DNA synthesis in a proliferating cell population after treatment with toxic and carcinogenic chemicals is an early common response especially in hepatectomized animal, livers caused by the effects of those substances. However, by quantitative evaluation of the nuclear DNA synthesis rate as a basic parameter using autoradiographs of kidney and liver of juvenile growing CBA-mice, it is possible to differentiate carcinogenic from non-carcinogenic chemicals by means of silver grain counting after 3H-TdR incorporation. Contrarily the \"whole DNA synthesis\" expressed by the percentual 3H-labelling index of kidney and liver did not permit such a differentiation in our experimental arrangement. We could demonstrate that carcinogenic compounds of different chemical classes partially inhibit the nuclear DNA synthesis rate significantly over a time period longer than 24 hours. The tested non-carcinogenic compounds did not show this suppressive effect on the nuclear DNA synthesis rate.", "PMID": 720452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8457", "title": "Clotting factors added to fibroblast cultures. Their action on glycosaminoglycans and other parameters.", "content": "To monolayer cultures of embryonic rat fibroblasts in the proliferative and stationary phase of growth there were given: thrombin, fibrinogen or fibrin supernatant, respectively. Their effects on cell proliferation, glucose consumption and glycosaminoglycans were recorded and observed to be more pronounced in serum-depleted and confluent cultures. Thrombin in serum-supplemented cultures was nearly ineffective. In serum-free stationary cultures glucose consumption, GAG concentration and, above all, hyaluronic acid were increased. Fibrinogen stimulated the metabolism of stationary fibroblasts (glucose, GAG, particularly hyaluronic acid) more strongly in serum-depleted medium. A number of protease inhibitors were ineffective in abolishing the fibrinogen action pointing to the efficacy of the intact fibrinogen molecule. The supernatant of the fibrinogen-thrombin-reaction, separated after 3 hours, likewise increased glucose consumption, GAG and hyaluronic acid concentration possibly due to effects of the fibrinopeptides A or B. However, contamination of fibrinogen with other active compounds cannot be excluded as yet. Surprisingly, fibrin generated on the fibroblast monolayer did not stimulate the cells. Therefore fixation of the active compounds of the fibrin supernatant (fibrinopeptides) during the process of fibrin polymerization has to be assumed. According to these observations thrombin, fibrinogen and components of the fibrin supernatant contribute to the increase of hyaluronic acid and cell activation in the oedematous phase of inflammation at sites free from fresh-formed fibrin.", "contents": "Clotting factors added to fibroblast cultures. Their action on glycosaminoglycans and other parameters. To monolayer cultures of embryonic rat fibroblasts in the proliferative and stationary phase of growth there were given: thrombin, fibrinogen or fibrin supernatant, respectively. Their effects on cell proliferation, glucose consumption and glycosaminoglycans were recorded and observed to be more pronounced in serum-depleted and confluent cultures. Thrombin in serum-supplemented cultures was nearly ineffective. In serum-free stationary cultures glucose consumption, GAG concentration and, above all, hyaluronic acid were increased. Fibrinogen stimulated the metabolism of stationary fibroblasts (glucose, GAG, particularly hyaluronic acid) more strongly in serum-depleted medium. A number of protease inhibitors were ineffective in abolishing the fibrinogen action pointing to the efficacy of the intact fibrinogen molecule. The supernatant of the fibrinogen-thrombin-reaction, separated after 3 hours, likewise increased glucose consumption, GAG and hyaluronic acid concentration possibly due to effects of the fibrinopeptides A or B. However, contamination of fibrinogen with other active compounds cannot be excluded as yet. Surprisingly, fibrin generated on the fibroblast monolayer did not stimulate the cells. Therefore fixation of the active compounds of the fibrin supernatant (fibrinopeptides) during the process of fibrin polymerization has to be assumed. According to these observations thrombin, fibrinogen and components of the fibrin supernatant contribute to the increase of hyaluronic acid and cell activation in the oedematous phase of inflammation at sites free from fresh-formed fibrin.", "PMID": 720453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8458", "title": "On methods of silver grain counting in histoautoradiograms.", "content": "Visual silver grain counting in histoautoradiograms is a slow and tedious procedure. In this study different methods of automation of grain counting, possibilities of use as well as their advantages and disadvantages are critically compared. By means of autoradiograms of 3H-phenylalanine-labelled rat liver specimens the possibilities of automated image analyses are demonstrated. The use of these techniques enables rapid counting of silver grain densities over cell nuclei and cytoplasm.", "contents": "On methods of silver grain counting in histoautoradiograms. Visual silver grain counting in histoautoradiograms is a slow and tedious procedure. In this study different methods of automation of grain counting, possibilities of use as well as their advantages and disadvantages are critically compared. By means of autoradiograms of 3H-phenylalanine-labelled rat liver specimens the possibilities of automated image analyses are demonstrated. The use of these techniques enables rapid counting of silver grain densities over cell nuclei and cytoplasm.", "PMID": 720454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8459", "title": "Activators of serum lipoprotein lipase in alloxan diabetic rats.", "content": "The amount of free fatty acid (FFA) liberated with intralipid in post-heparin guinea-pig serum, when serum from alloxan diabetic rat is incubated, is higher than that liberated when serum from healthy rats is used. The above effect is probably due to larger quantities of lipoprotein lipase present in the diabetic serum.", "contents": "Activators of serum lipoprotein lipase in alloxan diabetic rats. The amount of free fatty acid (FFA) liberated with intralipid in post-heparin guinea-pig serum, when serum from alloxan diabetic rat is incubated, is higher than that liberated when serum from healthy rats is used. The above effect is probably due to larger quantities of lipoprotein lipase present in the diabetic serum.", "PMID": 720463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8460", "title": "Estimation of the methylating capacity in the pineal gland of the rat with special reference to the methylation of N-acetylserotonin and 5-hydroxytryptophol separately.", "content": "In the present paper, an extension is presented of an earlier described method, by which the methylating capacity of the pineal gland can be determined. Supplementary to the earlier method, the synthesis of melatonin and 5-methoxytryptophol can now be qualified and quantified separately.", "contents": "Estimation of the methylating capacity in the pineal gland of the rat with special reference to the methylation of N-acetylserotonin and 5-hydroxytryptophol separately. In the present paper, an extension is presented of an earlier described method, by which the methylating capacity of the pineal gland can be determined. Supplementary to the earlier method, the synthesis of melatonin and 5-methoxytryptophol can now be qualified and quantified separately.", "PMID": 720464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8461", "title": "Antifungal properties of leaf extract of Ranunculus sceleratus L.", "content": "Studies on various antifungal properties of the leaf extraxt of Ranunculus sceleratus L. showed that it was thermostable up to 100 degrees C, retained activity on autoclaving, and remained active up to 15 days at room temperature. It possessed quick fungicidal action, tolerance against heavy fungal inoculum, activity on broad pH range, broad fungicidal spectrum, non-phytotoxicity and non-systemic activity. The extract was lethal at 1:40 dilution and its volatile vapours were also fungitoxic.", "contents": "Antifungal properties of leaf extract of Ranunculus sceleratus L. Studies on various antifungal properties of the leaf extraxt of Ranunculus sceleratus L. showed that it was thermostable up to 100 degrees C, retained activity on autoclaving, and remained active up to 15 days at room temperature. It possessed quick fungicidal action, tolerance against heavy fungal inoculum, activity on broad pH range, broad fungicidal spectrum, non-phytotoxicity and non-systemic activity. The extract was lethal at 1:40 dilution and its volatile vapours were also fungitoxic.", "PMID": 720465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8462", "title": "Cadmium-113 FT NMR-spectra of rabbit liver metallothioneins.", "content": "Cadmium-113 FT NMR-spectra of rabbit liver metallothionein-I and -II gave 6 and 7 NMR-signals, respectively, at between 610 and 670 ppm downfield from aqueous Cd(CIO4)2 solution (0.1 M).", "contents": "Cadmium-113 FT NMR-spectra of rabbit liver metallothioneins. Cadmium-113 FT NMR-spectra of rabbit liver metallothionein-I and -II gave 6 and 7 NMR-signals, respectively, at between 610 and 670 ppm downfield from aqueous Cd(CIO4)2 solution (0.1 M).", "PMID": 720466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8463", "title": "In vitro studies on lysosomes radiosensitivity in different gaseous atmospheres.", "content": "Radiosensitivity of lysosomes was investigated in vitro in different gaseous atmospheres. Results show a higher sensitivity when X-irradiation was performed in nitrous oxide. Possible reasons for this observation are considered.", "contents": "In vitro studies on lysosomes radiosensitivity in different gaseous atmospheres. Radiosensitivity of lysosomes was investigated in vitro in different gaseous atmospheres. Results show a higher sensitivity when X-irradiation was performed in nitrous oxide. Possible reasons for this observation are considered.", "PMID": 720467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8464", "title": "Chaetogaster limnaei K von Baer 1872 on Lymnaea tomentosa: ingestion of Fasciola hepatica cercariae.", "content": "The fresh water mollusc, Lymnaea tomentosa, the intermediate host of the liver fluke is heavily infested under natural conditions with ectocommensal annelid, Chaetogaster limnaei. These annelids which destroy the larval stages of Fasciola hepatica have been observed in the laboratory. The association of C. limnaei with the snail intermediate host is of value in exploiting a control measure against economically important liver fluke disease.", "contents": "Chaetogaster limnaei K von Baer 1872 on Lymnaea tomentosa: ingestion of Fasciola hepatica cercariae. The fresh water mollusc, Lymnaea tomentosa, the intermediate host of the liver fluke is heavily infested under natural conditions with ectocommensal annelid, Chaetogaster limnaei. These annelids which destroy the larval stages of Fasciola hepatica have been observed in the laboratory. The association of C. limnaei with the snail intermediate host is of value in exploiting a control measure against economically important liver fluke disease.", "PMID": 720468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8465", "title": "Collagen synthesis of cultured fibroblast from Werner's syndromes of premature aging.", "content": "The difference of collagen producibility between 2 groups of skin fibroblasts from patients with Werner's syndrome with skin change and with normal skin, and the difference of collagen accumulation to cell layer between skin fibroblast from Werner's syndrome and controls were studied.", "contents": "Collagen synthesis of cultured fibroblast from Werner's syndromes of premature aging. The difference of collagen producibility between 2 groups of skin fibroblasts from patients with Werner's syndrome with skin change and with normal skin, and the difference of collagen accumulation to cell layer between skin fibroblast from Werner's syndrome and controls were studied.", "PMID": 720469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8466", "title": "Transient ischemic alteration of synaptosomal neutral amino acid uptake.", "content": "The effect of cerebral ischemia and postischemia on the synaptosomal uptake of some neutral amino acids was determined in mongolian gerbils at various periods of time. A transiently increased uptake of 3H isoleucine, 14C cycloleucine and 3H phenylalanine in the synaptosomes was found after 3 min of bilateral common carotid occlusion which returned to normal at 30 min of reestablished cerebral blood circulation.", "contents": "Transient ischemic alteration of synaptosomal neutral amino acid uptake. The effect of cerebral ischemia and postischemia on the synaptosomal uptake of some neutral amino acids was determined in mongolian gerbils at various periods of time. A transiently increased uptake of 3H isoleucine, 14C cycloleucine and 3H phenylalanine in the synaptosomes was found after 3 min of bilateral common carotid occlusion which returned to normal at 30 min of reestablished cerebral blood circulation.", "PMID": 720470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8467", "title": "Changes in free amino acids and peptides in the haemolymph of Glossina austeni during the reproductive cycle.", "content": "The animo acids in the deproteinized haemolymph of Glossina austeni females, before and after hydrolysis, have been determined at 12 different times during the 1st 2 pregnancy cycles. Hydrolysis resulted in a large increase in the concentrations of tyrosine, phenylalanine, aspartate and lysine, indicating that these amino acids are present mainly as peptides in the haemolymph. The rate of transfer of the aromatic amino acids to the offspring, based upon the amino acid content of the larval gut, must be exceptionally high and has been estimated to be at least 7.9 microgram/h.", "contents": "Changes in free amino acids and peptides in the haemolymph of Glossina austeni during the reproductive cycle. The animo acids in the deproteinized haemolymph of Glossina austeni females, before and after hydrolysis, have been determined at 12 different times during the 1st 2 pregnancy cycles. Hydrolysis resulted in a large increase in the concentrations of tyrosine, phenylalanine, aspartate and lysine, indicating that these amino acids are present mainly as peptides in the haemolymph. The rate of transfer of the aromatic amino acids to the offspring, based upon the amino acid content of the larval gut, must be exceptionally high and has been estimated to be at least 7.9 microgram/h.", "PMID": 720471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8468", "title": "Superoxide dismutase activity decreases during erythrocyte aging.", "content": "Superoxide dismutase activity was determined by the adrenalin method in bovine erythrocytes separated according to age. Progressive loss of the enzyme activity was found, down to ca 65% of that of the youngest cells.", "contents": "Superoxide dismutase activity decreases during erythrocyte aging. Superoxide dismutase activity was determined by the adrenalin method in bovine erythrocytes separated according to age. Progressive loss of the enzyme activity was found, down to ca 65% of that of the youngest cells.", "PMID": 720472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8469", "title": "Effect of experimental chronic renal failure upon the production of urea, as measured by the liver arginase activity in rats.", "content": "A significant diminution in liver arginase activity of chronic renal failure uremic rats is described, thus implying that the experimental finding of an increased urea production is not due to a depressed arginase activity.", "contents": "Effect of experimental chronic renal failure upon the production of urea, as measured by the liver arginase activity in rats. A significant diminution in liver arginase activity of chronic renal failure uremic rats is described, thus implying that the experimental finding of an increased urea production is not due to a depressed arginase activity.", "PMID": 720473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8470", "title": "Vasomotor escape from adrenaline, noradrenaline or acetylcholine in the dog hind limb.", "content": "The noradrenaline, adrenaline and acetylcholine-induced vasoregulatory escape was demonstrated in the vascular bed of intact of skinned and denervated dog's hind limb. Escape effect disappeared or decreased markedly under elevation tissue pressure in the examined hind limb. These data indicate that tissue pressure factor may take part in the mechanism of the escape phenomenon.", "contents": "Vasomotor escape from adrenaline, noradrenaline or acetylcholine in the dog hind limb. The noradrenaline, adrenaline and acetylcholine-induced vasoregulatory escape was demonstrated in the vascular bed of intact of skinned and denervated dog's hind limb. Escape effect disappeared or decreased markedly under elevation tissue pressure in the examined hind limb. These data indicate that tissue pressure factor may take part in the mechanism of the escape phenomenon.", "PMID": 720474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8471", "title": "Semen electrolytes in normal and infertile subjects. II. Zinc.", "content": "Zinc levels in seminal plasma of normal subjects are compared with those of oligospermic, asthenospermic and azoospermic. A linear direct relationship seems to exist between zinc in seminal plasma and motility of spermatozoans. The possible implications of this are discussed.", "contents": "Semen electrolytes in normal and infertile subjects. II. Zinc. Zinc levels in seminal plasma of normal subjects are compared with those of oligospermic, asthenospermic and azoospermic. A linear direct relationship seems to exist between zinc in seminal plasma and motility of spermatozoans. The possible implications of this are discussed.", "PMID": 720475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8472", "title": "Determination of infarct size in rats with 86rubidium.", "content": "A quick method is presented which allows the determination of infarct sizes within hearts of experimental animals like rats. The method is based on the drop of 86Rb uptake in infarcted hearts, and has been compared with infarct sizes determined morphometrically. The standard deviation of this method is low (6.5%) because an internal standard in used (noninfarcted myocard - usually right ventricle tissue - has been used).", "contents": "Determination of infarct size in rats with 86rubidium. A quick method is presented which allows the determination of infarct sizes within hearts of experimental animals like rats. The method is based on the drop of 86Rb uptake in infarcted hearts, and has been compared with infarct sizes determined morphometrically. The standard deviation of this method is low (6.5%) because an internal standard in used (noninfarcted myocard - usually right ventricle tissue - has been used).", "PMID": 720476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8473", "title": "Motor nerve terminal defect following tenotomy.", "content": "Post-tetanic potentiation and the underlying post-tetanic repetition in cat soleus muscle require normal motor nerve terminals. These indices of nerve terminal viability are depressed 10 days and absent 15 days after tenotomy of the soleus muscle.", "contents": "Motor nerve terminal defect following tenotomy. Post-tetanic potentiation and the underlying post-tetanic repetition in cat soleus muscle require normal motor nerve terminals. These indices of nerve terminal viability are depressed 10 days and absent 15 days after tenotomy of the soleus muscle.", "PMID": 720477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8474", "title": "Interaction of vinblastine analogues with tubulin.", "content": "Studies of the interaction between vinblastine-like alkaloids and their receptor, i.e. tubulin, are reported. They shed some light on the structure-activity relationships in this medicinally important series: the configurations at C14' and C16' as well as the presence of the methoxycarbonyl group on C16' seem to play an essential role in the determination of biological activity.", "contents": "Interaction of vinblastine analogues with tubulin. Studies of the interaction between vinblastine-like alkaloids and their receptor, i.e. tubulin, are reported. They shed some light on the structure-activity relationships in this medicinally important series: the configurations at C14' and C16' as well as the presence of the methoxycarbonyl group on C16' seem to play an essential role in the determination of biological activity.", "PMID": 720478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8475", "title": "Metabolism of hydrazines and hydrazides by the intestinal microflora.", "content": "Intestinal microorganisms are able to effect the metabolic reductive fission of hydrazines but not hydrazides during incubation in vitro.", "contents": "Metabolism of hydrazines and hydrazides by the intestinal microflora. Intestinal microorganisms are able to effect the metabolic reductive fission of hydrazines but not hydrazides during incubation in vitro.", "PMID": 720479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8476", "title": "Separation and quantitative determination of imipramine and desipramine from rat biological samples by high pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "Imipramine and its metabolite, desipramine, have been determined in several rat biological samples by high pressure liquid chromatography. The method allows one to detect 15 ng in column of both drugs with a lower sensitivity limit of 20 microgram1-(1).", "contents": "Separation and quantitative determination of imipramine and desipramine from rat biological samples by high pressure liquid chromatography. Imipramine and its metabolite, desipramine, have been determined in several rat biological samples by high pressure liquid chromatography. The method allows one to detect 15 ng in column of both drugs with a lower sensitivity limit of 20 microgram1-(1).", "PMID": 720480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8477", "title": "Effect of the administration of (d-Ala) 2methionine-enkephalin on the serotonin metabolism in rat brain.", "content": "The effect of cerebroventricular injection of [D-Alanine] methionine-enkephalin (DALA), a synthetic analog of met-enkephalin, on the serotonergic system of rat brain has been studied. This opioid peptide caused an increase in 5HT turnover which was particularly evident in the limbic forebrain. This effect was completely antagonized by naloxone pretreatment.", "contents": "Effect of the administration of (d-Ala) 2methionine-enkephalin on the serotonin metabolism in rat brain. The effect of cerebroventricular injection of [D-Alanine] methionine-enkephalin (DALA), a synthetic analog of met-enkephalin, on the serotonergic system of rat brain has been studied. This opioid peptide caused an increase in 5HT turnover which was particularly evident in the limbic forebrain. This effect was completely antagonized by naloxone pretreatment.", "PMID": 720481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8478", "title": "Antiparkinsonian drug doses and neuroleptic receptors.", "content": "The clinical potency of 3 drugs, apomorphine, N-propylnorapomorphine, and bromocryptine, have been found to be closely correlated to their potencies in competing for 3H-haloperidol and 3H-spiroperidol both of which label the dopamine receptor. This correlation indicates that the direct binding assay may be used to predict clinical potencies of anti-parkinsonian drugs, and indicates that agonists as well as antagonists compete potently for 3H-neuroleptic binding.", "contents": "Antiparkinsonian drug doses and neuroleptic receptors. The clinical potency of 3 drugs, apomorphine, N-propylnorapomorphine, and bromocryptine, have been found to be closely correlated to their potencies in competing for 3H-haloperidol and 3H-spiroperidol both of which label the dopamine receptor. This correlation indicates that the direct binding assay may be used to predict clinical potencies of anti-parkinsonian drugs, and indicates that agonists as well as antagonists compete potently for 3H-neuroleptic binding.", "PMID": 720482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8479", "title": "Enhancement of p-aminohippurate accumulation in renal cortical slices after repeated administrations of various organic anionic drugs to rats of different ages.", "content": "After repeated administrations of various organic anionic drugs to rats of different ages, an enhancement of paminohippurate accumulation was observed in renal cortical slices from adult but not from newborn and infant rats. The effect can be interpreted as specific substrate-induced stimulation of the organic anion transport.", "contents": "Enhancement of p-aminohippurate accumulation in renal cortical slices after repeated administrations of various organic anionic drugs to rats of different ages. After repeated administrations of various organic anionic drugs to rats of different ages, an enhancement of paminohippurate accumulation was observed in renal cortical slices from adult but not from newborn and infant rats. The effect can be interpreted as specific substrate-induced stimulation of the organic anion transport.", "PMID": 720483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8480", "title": "Radioimmunological determination of prostaglandin D2 synthesis in human thrombocytes.", "content": "A specific radioimmunoassay for prostaglandin D2 was developed. Using the radioimmunoassay, prostaglandin D2 synthesis by human thrombocytes was measured. While the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin inhibits formation of prostaglandin D2, increased formation of prostaglandin D2 was observed in the presence of the thromboxane synthetase inhibitor imidazole.", "contents": "Radioimmunological determination of prostaglandin D2 synthesis in human thrombocytes. A specific radioimmunoassay for prostaglandin D2 was developed. Using the radioimmunoassay, prostaglandin D2 synthesis by human thrombocytes was measured. While the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin inhibits formation of prostaglandin D2, increased formation of prostaglandin D2 was observed in the presence of the thromboxane synthetase inhibitor imidazole.", "PMID": 720484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8481", "title": "Wound healing properties of naphthaquinone pigments from Alkanna tinctoria.", "content": "From the roots of Alkanna tinctoria Tausch, the alkannin esters of the following acids were isolated and identified: beta,beta-dimethylacrylic acid, beta-acetoxy-isovaleric acid, isovaleric acid, and angelic acid. These esteric pigments showed excellent wound healing properties in a clinical study on 72 patients with ulcus cruris.", "contents": "Wound healing properties of naphthaquinone pigments from Alkanna tinctoria. From the roots of Alkanna tinctoria Tausch, the alkannin esters of the following acids were isolated and identified: beta,beta-dimethylacrylic acid, beta-acetoxy-isovaleric acid, isovaleric acid, and angelic acid. These esteric pigments showed excellent wound healing properties in a clinical study on 72 patients with ulcus cruris.", "PMID": 720485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8482", "title": "Cerebral edema in the rat with galactosamine induced severe hepatitis.", "content": "With D-galactosamine hydrochloride severe hepatitis was induced in rats and the water content of cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem determined. The animals showed a parallel increase in cerebral water content and occurrence of cerebral symptoms.", "contents": "Cerebral edema in the rat with galactosamine induced severe hepatitis. With D-galactosamine hydrochloride severe hepatitis was induced in rats and the water content of cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem determined. The animals showed a parallel increase in cerebral water content and occurrence of cerebral symptoms.", "PMID": 720486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8483", "title": "Effect of pretreatment with prednisolone on the phagocytic activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro.", "content": "The phagocytic activity on in vitro cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages derived from animals treated with 6-alpha-methyl-prednisolone was examined. The statistical evaluation of results showed an increase of phagocytic activity of macrophages derived from treated animals in comparison with controls.", "contents": "Effect of pretreatment with prednisolone on the phagocytic activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. The phagocytic activity on in vitro cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages derived from animals treated with 6-alpha-methyl-prednisolone was examined. The statistical evaluation of results showed an increase of phagocytic activity of macrophages derived from treated animals in comparison with controls.", "PMID": 720487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8484", "title": "Inhibition of rat hepatic dimethylnitrosamine demethylase by cyclic and acyclic nitrosamines and secondary amines.", "content": "Inhibition of hepatic dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) metabolism by a variety of cyclic and acyclic nitrosamines was demonstrated. Nitrosoproline, a noncarcinogenic nitrosamine, behaved differently from the carcinogenic nitrosamines as an inhibitor for DMN-demethylase. Secondary amines corresponding to the nitrosamines inhibited DMN-demethylase in a manner similar to the nitrosamines.", "contents": "Inhibition of rat hepatic dimethylnitrosamine demethylase by cyclic and acyclic nitrosamines and secondary amines. Inhibition of hepatic dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) metabolism by a variety of cyclic and acyclic nitrosamines was demonstrated. Nitrosoproline, a noncarcinogenic nitrosamine, behaved differently from the carcinogenic nitrosamines as an inhibitor for DMN-demethylase. Secondary amines corresponding to the nitrosamines inhibited DMN-demethylase in a manner similar to the nitrosamines.", "PMID": 720488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8485", "title": "Attraction of primordial germ cells by notochord in seven somites chick embryo.", "content": "Chemical studies in chick embryo have indicated the existence of proteoglycan in notochordal sheath. Primordial germ cells were observed with scanning electron microscope on the notochord dorsal face, surrounded with perichordal material. We postulate the identification of such a material with proteoglycan which could attract primordial germ cells to the notochord.", "contents": "Attraction of primordial germ cells by notochord in seven somites chick embryo. Chemical studies in chick embryo have indicated the existence of proteoglycan in notochordal sheath. Primordial germ cells were observed with scanning electron microscope on the notochord dorsal face, surrounded with perichordal material. We postulate the identification of such a material with proteoglycan which could attract primordial germ cells to the notochord.", "PMID": 720489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8486", "title": "Determination of proliferative compartments in human tumors.", "content": "Extracorporeal normothermic perfusion with radioactive thymidine allows a cytological, hostological and structural analysis of proliferative compartments of human kidney carcinomas in whole-tumor autoradiograms.", "contents": "Determination of proliferative compartments in human tumors. Extracorporeal normothermic perfusion with radioactive thymidine allows a cytological, hostological and structural analysis of proliferative compartments of human kidney carcinomas in whole-tumor autoradiograms.", "PMID": 720490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8487", "title": "Isolation of a growth-stimulating agent from human skin fibroblast cultures.", "content": "Cell-free supernatants were harvested from cultures of human skin fibroblasts, were applied on to DEAE-cellulose columns, and the first fraction eluted with phosphate-buffered saline contained the growth-stimulating agent. The eluted fraction was then passed through a series of amicon membranes. After passing through PM-10, the filtrate stimulated growth of bovine vascular endothelial, canine myocardial, and human mammary carcinoma cells.", "contents": "Isolation of a growth-stimulating agent from human skin fibroblast cultures. Cell-free supernatants were harvested from cultures of human skin fibroblasts, were applied on to DEAE-cellulose columns, and the first fraction eluted with phosphate-buffered saline contained the growth-stimulating agent. The eluted fraction was then passed through a series of amicon membranes. After passing through PM-10, the filtrate stimulated growth of bovine vascular endothelial, canine myocardial, and human mammary carcinoma cells.", "PMID": 720491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8488", "title": "Inhibition of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) growth by carbonyl iron.", "content": "Treatment of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells with carbonyl iron (20 mg/ml) produces a significant decrease in growth rate of tumor inoculum both in Swiss and in C57BL/6 mice. Possible interaction of the carbonyl iron or Fe+++ions with cell surface is suggested.", "contents": "Inhibition of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) growth by carbonyl iron. Treatment of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells with carbonyl iron (20 mg/ml) produces a significant decrease in growth rate of tumor inoculum both in Swiss and in C57BL/6 mice. Possible interaction of the carbonyl iron or Fe+++ions with cell surface is suggested.", "PMID": 720492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8489", "title": "Exogenous melatonin and melanophore development in Xenopus.", "content": "Xenopus larvae raised from stage 21 in melatonin solution and upon a dark background had fewer head melanophores at stage 48 than control animals not exposed to melatonin. Rearing larvae in melatonin solution seems to mimic rearing larvae on a light background.", "contents": "Exogenous melatonin and melanophore development in Xenopus. Xenopus larvae raised from stage 21 in melatonin solution and upon a dark background had fewer head melanophores at stage 48 than control animals not exposed to melatonin. Rearing larvae in melatonin solution seems to mimic rearing larvae on a light background.", "PMID": 720493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8490", "title": "The lack of an effect of cholinergic agonists on anterior pituitary prolactin production in vitro.", "content": "The addition of dopamine to anterior pituitary incubations resulted in a marked decrease (88% for 3H prolactin and 69% for RIA prolactin) in prolactin release. Incubation with the cholinergic agonists carbacol, arecoline and nicotine resulted in no significant change in prolactin secretion.", "contents": "The lack of an effect of cholinergic agonists on anterior pituitary prolactin production in vitro. The addition of dopamine to anterior pituitary incubations resulted in a marked decrease (88% for 3H prolactin and 69% for RIA prolactin) in prolactin release. Incubation with the cholinergic agonists carbacol, arecoline and nicotine resulted in no significant change in prolactin secretion.", "PMID": 720494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8491", "title": "Daily change in pineal N-acetyltransferase activity in a diurnal mammal, the ground squirrel.", "content": "Pineal N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity in the ground squirrel, a diurnal mammal, was found to have a daily fluctuation with peak activity during the dark time. This same daily change is found in nocturnal mammals and diurnal birds. NAT may play an important role in keeping track of light and dark cycles.", "contents": "Daily change in pineal N-acetyltransferase activity in a diurnal mammal, the ground squirrel. Pineal N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity in the ground squirrel, a diurnal mammal, was found to have a daily fluctuation with peak activity during the dark time. This same daily change is found in nocturnal mammals and diurnal birds. NAT may play an important role in keeping track of light and dark cycles.", "PMID": 720495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8492", "title": "[Quantitative study of the modifications observed in somatotropic cells of thymectomized rats. Opotherapic substitution with a thymic extract].", "content": "Removal of thymus is followed by a degranulation of somatotropic cells, by an increase of the surface of the granular endoplasmic reticulum, and of the plasma level of growth hormone. An opotherapic substitution was realized with a thymic extract.", "contents": "[Quantitative study of the modifications observed in somatotropic cells of thymectomized rats. Opotherapic substitution with a thymic extract]. Removal of thymus is followed by a degranulation of somatotropic cells, by an increase of the surface of the granular endoplasmic reticulum, and of the plasma level of growth hormone. An opotherapic substitution was realized with a thymic extract.", "PMID": 720496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8493", "title": "Effects of thyroid state on brain stem responses to iontophoretic noradrenaline.", "content": "Responses to iontophoretic NA were increased in hyperthyroid rats and decreased in hypothyroid animals. No effect was observed on acetylcholine and glycine responses tested in the same way.", "contents": "Effects of thyroid state on brain stem responses to iontophoretic noradrenaline. Responses to iontophoretic NA were increased in hyperthyroid rats and decreased in hypothyroid animals. No effect was observed on acetylcholine and glycine responses tested in the same way.", "PMID": 720497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8494", "title": "Experiments on the mechanism of the inhibition of mitochondrial Ca2+ transport by La3+ and ruthenium red.", "content": "The effects of La3+ and ruthenium red on the energy-linked uptake of Ca2+ mediated by a synthetic neutral Ca2+ ionophore have been investigated in rat liver mitochondria. The results indicate that unspecific surface charge effects do not play a major role in the mechanism of inhibition of mitochondrial Ca2+ transport by La3+ and ruthenium red.", "contents": "Experiments on the mechanism of the inhibition of mitochondrial Ca2+ transport by La3+ and ruthenium red. The effects of La3+ and ruthenium red on the energy-linked uptake of Ca2+ mediated by a synthetic neutral Ca2+ ionophore have been investigated in rat liver mitochondria. The results indicate that unspecific surface charge effects do not play a major role in the mechanism of inhibition of mitochondrial Ca2+ transport by La3+ and ruthenium red.", "PMID": 720498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8495", "title": "The isolation and structure of 13,18-dehydroglaucarubinone, a new antineoplastic quassinoid from Simarouba amara.", "content": "An investigation of the Guyana plant Simarouba amara Aubl. (Simaroubaceae) for antineoplastic quassinoids led to isolation and structural determination of the new quassinoids 2'-acetylglaucarubine (1a) and 13,18-dehydroglaucarubinone (2). The previously known 2'-acetylglaucarubinone (3a) and glaucarubinone (3b) were also obtained. The new quassinoid 2 was found significantly to inhibit growth of the murine lymphocytic leukemia P388.", "contents": "The isolation and structure of 13,18-dehydroglaucarubinone, a new antineoplastic quassinoid from Simarouba amara. An investigation of the Guyana plant Simarouba amara Aubl. (Simaroubaceae) for antineoplastic quassinoids led to isolation and structural determination of the new quassinoids 2'-acetylglaucarubine (1a) and 13,18-dehydroglaucarubinone (2). The previously known 2'-acetylglaucarubinone (3a) and glaucarubinone (3b) were also obtained. The new quassinoid 2 was found significantly to inhibit growth of the murine lymphocytic leukemia P388.", "PMID": 720499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8496", "title": "(+/-)9,10-Dihydroxy-delta6a(10a)-tetrahydrocannabinol and (+/-)8,9-dihydroxy-delta6a(10a)-tetrahydrocannabinol: 2 new cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa L.", "content": "The structures of 2 new polyhydroxylated cannabinoids, (+/-)9,10-dihydroxy-delta6a(10a)-tetrahydrocannabinol and (+/-)8,9-dihydroxy-delta6a(10a)-tetrahydrocannabinol, obtained from a hexane extract of an Indian Cannabis variant were determined by spectral means and correlation with cannabinol.", "contents": "(+/-)9,10-Dihydroxy-delta6a(10a)-tetrahydrocannabinol and (+/-)8,9-dihydroxy-delta6a(10a)-tetrahydrocannabinol: 2 new cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa L. The structures of 2 new polyhydroxylated cannabinoids, (+/-)9,10-dihydroxy-delta6a(10a)-tetrahydrocannabinol and (+/-)8,9-dihydroxy-delta6a(10a)-tetrahydrocannabinol, obtained from a hexane extract of an Indian Cannabis variant were determined by spectral means and correlation with cannabinol.", "PMID": 720501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8497", "title": "Effect of seasonal variations and cold acclimation on serum transaminase activity of common Indian frog Rana tigrina.", "content": "A definite seasonal change is observed in 2 transaminases, SGOT and SGPT of R. tigrina. Cold acclimation significantly depresses transaminase activity of serum.", "contents": "Effect of seasonal variations and cold acclimation on serum transaminase activity of common Indian frog Rana tigrina. A definite seasonal change is observed in 2 transaminases, SGOT and SGPT of R. tigrina. Cold acclimation significantly depresses transaminase activity of serum.", "PMID": 720502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8498", "title": "Changes in mouse liver superoxide dismutase activity and lipid peroxidation during embryonic and postpartum development.", "content": "In inbred mice possessing 'high' and 'low' tissue superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, it was observed that the difference in the SOD activities of the liver homogenates during development attains the maximum characteristic of the strain by about the 150th day. Subsequently, the SOD activity change displays a tendency in contrast with the age and the basic state. In the course of the development, a difference was also observed between the 2 mouse strains in the lipid peroxidation variation.", "contents": "Changes in mouse liver superoxide dismutase activity and lipid peroxidation during embryonic and postpartum development. In inbred mice possessing 'high' and 'low' tissue superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, it was observed that the difference in the SOD activities of the liver homogenates during development attains the maximum characteristic of the strain by about the 150th day. Subsequently, the SOD activity change displays a tendency in contrast with the age and the basic state. In the course of the development, a difference was also observed between the 2 mouse strains in the lipid peroxidation variation.", "PMID": 720503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8499", "title": "[Hybridization between Mus musculus L. and Mus spretus Lataste under laboratory conditions (author's transl)].", "content": "2 species of mice Mus musculus brevirostris and Mus spretus are sympatric in Southern France and reproductively isolated. However, under laboratory conditions, they breed and give fully viable F 1 hybrids. This indicates that premating isolating mechanisms probably occur in nature and have yet to be investigated. Moreover, it now enables us to introduce new genetical markers in laboratory strains.", "contents": "[Hybridization between Mus musculus L. and Mus spretus Lataste under laboratory conditions (author's transl)]. 2 species of mice Mus musculus brevirostris and Mus spretus are sympatric in Southern France and reproductively isolated. However, under laboratory conditions, they breed and give fully viable F 1 hybrids. This indicates that premating isolating mechanisms probably occur in nature and have yet to be investigated. Moreover, it now enables us to introduce new genetical markers in laboratory strains.", "PMID": 720505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8500", "title": "Lactate dehydrogenase polymorphism in Mus musculus L. and Mus spretus Lataste.", "content": "First variation at the Ldh-A locus and a new allele at the Ldh-B locus are reported in a M. musculus population dimorphic at the Ldh-A locus and in a M. spretus population trimorphic at the Ldh-B locus.", "contents": "Lactate dehydrogenase polymorphism in Mus musculus L. and Mus spretus Lataste. First variation at the Ldh-A locus and a new allele at the Ldh-B locus are reported in a M. musculus population dimorphic at the Ldh-A locus and in a M. spretus population trimorphic at the Ldh-B locus.", "PMID": 720506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8501", "title": "Environmental temperature and the growth of Taenia crassiceps cysticerci in mice.", "content": "Mice kept a low (5 +/- 1 degrees C) and high (35 +/- 1 degrees C) temperature harboured significantly less Taenia crassiceps cysticerci than controls kept at 21 +/- 1 degrees C. This effect was more pronounced in heat-stressed than in cold-stressed animals and more in males than in females.", "contents": "Environmental temperature and the growth of Taenia crassiceps cysticerci in mice. Mice kept a low (5 +/- 1 degrees C) and high (35 +/- 1 degrees C) temperature harboured significantly less Taenia crassiceps cysticerci than controls kept at 21 +/- 1 degrees C. This effect was more pronounced in heat-stressed than in cold-stressed animals and more in males than in females.", "PMID": 720507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8502", "title": "Demonstration of the presence of M-creatine kinase in mammalian myogenic cell lines.", "content": "Unequivocal identification of M-CK in cell extracts from fused cells of myogenic cell lines is difficult due to almost identical behaviour of the M-CK and a contaminating enzyme activity in electrophoresis. If CK dimers present in cell extracts were subjected to dissociation and reassociation in the presence of exogenous B-CK subunits, the formation of easily identifiable MB-CK was demonstrated, indicating the presence of M-CK in the myogenic rat cell lines.", "contents": "Demonstration of the presence of M-creatine kinase in mammalian myogenic cell lines. Unequivocal identification of M-CK in cell extracts from fused cells of myogenic cell lines is difficult due to almost identical behaviour of the M-CK and a contaminating enzyme activity in electrophoresis. If CK dimers present in cell extracts were subjected to dissociation and reassociation in the presence of exogenous B-CK subunits, the formation of easily identifiable MB-CK was demonstrated, indicating the presence of M-CK in the myogenic rat cell lines.", "PMID": 720508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8503", "title": "Evidence for the metabolism of phospholipids and triacylglycerols in human Ascaris lumbricoides.", "content": "Human Ascaris lumbricoides has the necessary mechanism for the biosynthesis and degradation of phospholipids and triacylglycerols, as in most other species. Piperazine decreases the level of triacylglycerols of this parasite by stimulating the activity of lipase and partially inhibiting the activity of phosphatidate phosphatase.", "contents": "Evidence for the metabolism of phospholipids and triacylglycerols in human Ascaris lumbricoides. Human Ascaris lumbricoides has the necessary mechanism for the biosynthesis and degradation of phospholipids and triacylglycerols, as in most other species. Piperazine decreases the level of triacylglycerols of this parasite by stimulating the activity of lipase and partially inhibiting the activity of phosphatidate phosphatase.", "PMID": 720509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8504", "title": "Kinetics of interferon action.", "content": "A kinetic analysis of the action of interferon with different preparations in chick embryo fibroblast cell culture gives additional evidence for interaction of interferon with the cell surface, compatible with the idea that interferon is not taken up by the cells. With certain assumptions the binding constant is in the range of 10(13) [l/Mol].", "contents": "Kinetics of interferon action. A kinetic analysis of the action of interferon with different preparations in chick embryo fibroblast cell culture gives additional evidence for interaction of interferon with the cell surface, compatible with the idea that interferon is not taken up by the cells. With certain assumptions the binding constant is in the range of 10(13) [l/Mol].", "PMID": 720510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8505", "title": "Norepinephrine as principal catecholamine in a specific neurone of an invertebrate (Boophilus microplus: Acarina).", "content": "Norepinephrine has been identified as the principal catecholamine in individual neurons of the synganglion of an arthropod, the cattle tick Boophilus microplus. This suggests that norepinephrine may have a hitherto unsuspected major physiological role in at least one group of invertebrates.", "contents": "Norepinephrine as principal catecholamine in a specific neurone of an invertebrate (Boophilus microplus: Acarina). Norepinephrine has been identified as the principal catecholamine in individual neurons of the synganglion of an arthropod, the cattle tick Boophilus microplus. This suggests that norepinephrine may have a hitherto unsuspected major physiological role in at least one group of invertebrates.", "PMID": 720511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8506", "title": "Seasonal changes in the electrical parameters of the small intestine, colon and bladder mucosa of land tortoises (testudo hermanni hermanni Gmelin).", "content": "During hibernation of tortoises, a marked decrease in the short-circuit current together with an increase in the electrical resistance are observed across the small intestine, colon and bladder mucosa and D-aldosterone (which is decreased in the plasma) has no effect on these parameters.", "contents": "Seasonal changes in the electrical parameters of the small intestine, colon and bladder mucosa of land tortoises (testudo hermanni hermanni Gmelin). During hibernation of tortoises, a marked decrease in the short-circuit current together with an increase in the electrical resistance are observed across the small intestine, colon and bladder mucosa and D-aldosterone (which is decreased in the plasma) has no effect on these parameters.", "PMID": 720512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8507", "title": "The sequential uptake of (14C) deoxyglucose in brain after embolic stroke.", "content": "An i.v. bolus of (14C) deoxyglucose was injected into 4 groups of rats which simultaneously were embolized through the internal carotid artery. 15 and 30 min post embolization there was a massive decrease in (14C) deoxyglucose uptake in both deep and cortical structures. At 4 h a small zone of increased (14C) deoxyglucose uptake persisted around each embolized microsphere.", "contents": "The sequential uptake of (14C) deoxyglucose in brain after embolic stroke. An i.v. bolus of (14C) deoxyglucose was injected into 4 groups of rats which simultaneously were embolized through the internal carotid artery. 15 and 30 min post embolization there was a massive decrease in (14C) deoxyglucose uptake in both deep and cortical structures. At 4 h a small zone of increased (14C) deoxyglucose uptake persisted around each embolized microsphere.", "PMID": 720513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8508", "title": "Autonomic response of the fish to pyrogen.", "content": "Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) applied to the anterior brainstem of the carp caused lightening of body colour. This indicates that an increase in set point temperature is responsible for increased cutaneous autonomic activity following LPS-administration.", "contents": "Autonomic response of the fish to pyrogen. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) applied to the anterior brainstem of the carp caused lightening of body colour. This indicates that an increase in set point temperature is responsible for increased cutaneous autonomic activity following LPS-administration.", "PMID": 720514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8509", "title": "Origin and course of an afferent component of the facial nerve within the central nervous system.", "content": "The mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal gives rise to an afferent component of the facial nerve. This nucleus contains large unipolar afferent cell bodies which give rise to an axon which courses caudally through the brainstem and exists via the facial nerve to terminate distal to the stylomastoid foramen.", "contents": "Origin and course of an afferent component of the facial nerve within the central nervous system. The mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal gives rise to an afferent component of the facial nerve. This nucleus contains large unipolar afferent cell bodies which give rise to an axon which courses caudally through the brainstem and exists via the facial nerve to terminate distal to the stylomastoid foramen.", "PMID": 720515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8510", "title": "Coffee and cola beverage consumption as heart disease risk factors in men.", "content": "The relationship of coffee drinking and cola beverage consumption to recognized heart disease risk factors was studied in 365 adult men. Cola beverage consumption was not positively related to any risk factor. Heavy coffee drinking seemed to reflect a life style characterized by infrequent eating, which was significantly correlated to all the heart disease risk factors studied.", "contents": "Coffee and cola beverage consumption as heart disease risk factors in men. The relationship of coffee drinking and cola beverage consumption to recognized heart disease risk factors was studied in 365 adult men. Cola beverage consumption was not positively related to any risk factor. Heavy coffee drinking seemed to reflect a life style characterized by infrequent eating, which was significantly correlated to all the heart disease risk factors studied.", "PMID": 720516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8511", "title": "Evidence for cross bridge slippage in a stretched muscle fibre.", "content": "Bundles of glycerol-extracted psoas fibres which were contracted by immersion in a saline containing 15 mM MgATP and 12 micron free Ca++ were subjected to up to 3 stretches (rise time 0.8 msec) each of amplitude 1% Li at intervals of 10 msec. The elastic tension responses to these stretches were all of comparable size and the peak tensions reached during the stretches were in each case followed by a rapid tension decline almost to the tension values before the stretches. This indicates that stretch-induced detachment and reattachment of cross bridges to the actin filament occurred within 10 msec (slippage).", "contents": "Evidence for cross bridge slippage in a stretched muscle fibre. Bundles of glycerol-extracted psoas fibres which were contracted by immersion in a saline containing 15 mM MgATP and 12 micron free Ca++ were subjected to up to 3 stretches (rise time 0.8 msec) each of amplitude 1% Li at intervals of 10 msec. The elastic tension responses to these stretches were all of comparable size and the peak tensions reached during the stretches were in each case followed by a rapid tension decline almost to the tension values before the stretches. This indicates that stretch-induced detachment and reattachment of cross bridges to the actin filament occurred within 10 msec (slippage).", "PMID": 720517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8512", "title": "Circadian rhythmicity in phosphorylase activity and glycogen content in the heart muscle of the scorpion, Heteromentrus fulvipes, C.L. Koch.", "content": "Maximal activity levels of phosphorylase A and AB at 20.00 h alternate with minimal levels at 08.00 h of the day, while the glycogen content exhibited a reverse trend in the heart of the scorpion, Heterometrus fulvipes.", "contents": "Circadian rhythmicity in phosphorylase activity and glycogen content in the heart muscle of the scorpion, Heteromentrus fulvipes, C.L. Koch. Maximal activity levels of phosphorylase A and AB at 20.00 h alternate with minimal levels at 08.00 h of the day, while the glycogen content exhibited a reverse trend in the heart of the scorpion, Heterometrus fulvipes.", "PMID": 720518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8513", "title": "Changes in the concentration of vasoactive intestinal peptide in intestinal lymph in response to vagal stimulation in the calf.", "content": "Stimulation of both vagi caused a significant rise in arterial plasma vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) concentration in 3--5-week-old calves with cut splanchnic nerves. This was associated with a pronounced rise in the VIP concentration of intestinal lymph showing that vagal stimulation causes release of VIP from splanchnic viscera.", "contents": "Changes in the concentration of vasoactive intestinal peptide in intestinal lymph in response to vagal stimulation in the calf. Stimulation of both vagi caused a significant rise in arterial plasma vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) concentration in 3--5-week-old calves with cut splanchnic nerves. This was associated with a pronounced rise in the VIP concentration of intestinal lymph showing that vagal stimulation causes release of VIP from splanchnic viscera.", "PMID": 720519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8514", "title": "Effect of methyl ester of aristolic acid from Aristolochia indica Linn. on fertility of female mice.", "content": "Methyl ester of aristolic acid, a pure compound isolated from the roots of Aristolochia indica (Linn.), was found to exert 100% abortifacient activity at a single oral dose of 60 mg/kg b. wt when administered on 6th or 7th day of pregnancy; 20 and 25% abortifacient effect were observed at the same dose on day 10 and 12, respectively.", "contents": "Effect of methyl ester of aristolic acid from Aristolochia indica Linn. on fertility of female mice. Methyl ester of aristolic acid, a pure compound isolated from the roots of Aristolochia indica (Linn.), was found to exert 100% abortifacient activity at a single oral dose of 60 mg/kg b. wt when administered on 6th or 7th day of pregnancy; 20 and 25% abortifacient effect were observed at the same dose on day 10 and 12, respectively.", "PMID": 720520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8515", "title": "Effects of inflammatory mediators on the glomerular localization of intravenously administered ferritins.", "content": "Effects of inflammatory mediators such as serotonin, histamine, and bradykinin upon glomerular localization of i.v. administered ferritins have been investigated. These mediators appear to enhance accumulation of the i.v. injected ferritins in the glomerular capillary walls of rats.", "contents": "Effects of inflammatory mediators on the glomerular localization of intravenously administered ferritins. Effects of inflammatory mediators such as serotonin, histamine, and bradykinin upon glomerular localization of i.v. administered ferritins have been investigated. These mediators appear to enhance accumulation of the i.v. injected ferritins in the glomerular capillary walls of rats.", "PMID": 720521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8516", "title": "Learned aversion and rearing movement in rats given LiCl, PbCl2 or NaCl.", "content": "The effects of an i.p. injection of 0.15 M LiCl resembled closely the effects of another toxic substance, 0.005 M PbCl2, on conditioned aversion to saccharin and rearing movements in male rats. The findings suggest that nonspecific aversive after-effects of a LiCl injection can account fully for prompt effects of LiCl on rearing behavior.", "contents": "Learned aversion and rearing movement in rats given LiCl, PbCl2 or NaCl. The effects of an i.p. injection of 0.15 M LiCl resembled closely the effects of another toxic substance, 0.005 M PbCl2, on conditioned aversion to saccharin and rearing movements in male rats. The findings suggest that nonspecific aversive after-effects of a LiCl injection can account fully for prompt effects of LiCl on rearing behavior.", "PMID": 720522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8517", "title": "Experimental production of local osteomalacia.", "content": "The newly deposited bone which was laid down on necrotic bone in the experimentally produced osteochondral chips in the knee joint of 16 sheep and rabbits remained unmineralized and undermineralized in which respect it resembled osteomalatic bone. Local factors which interfere with the mineralisation of a new covering bone should be considered in the pathogenesis of osteomalacia, in healing of aseptic bone necrosis and fractures, and incorporation and fate of bone transplants.", "contents": "Experimental production of local osteomalacia. The newly deposited bone which was laid down on necrotic bone in the experimentally produced osteochondral chips in the knee joint of 16 sheep and rabbits remained unmineralized and undermineralized in which respect it resembled osteomalatic bone. Local factors which interfere with the mineralisation of a new covering bone should be considered in the pathogenesis of osteomalacia, in healing of aseptic bone necrosis and fractures, and incorporation and fate of bone transplants.", "PMID": 720523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8518", "title": "Cytogenetic effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) on hamster bone marrow.", "content": "Single s.c. injections of 10 or 1000 mg/kg of delta9-THC did not induce discernable chromosomal damage but caused significant mitotic inhibition in the bone marrow of Syrian hamsters.", "contents": "Cytogenetic effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) on hamster bone marrow. Single s.c. injections of 10 or 1000 mg/kg of delta9-THC did not induce discernable chromosomal damage but caused significant mitotic inhibition in the bone marrow of Syrian hamsters.", "PMID": 720524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8519", "title": "Alkaline phosphatase activity in normal and denervated skeletal muscle.", "content": "Changes in the specific activity of alkaline phosphatase in the normal and denervated skeltal muscle have been studied both histochemically as well as biochemically for a maximum period of 8 weeks of its postnatal development. In the normal muscle, a heterogenous population of fibres with respect to the enzyme distribution is observed. Relatively higher levels of enzyme in the denervated muscle and also the proliferation of extrafibillar connective tissue in the diseased muscle show its specific association with the lytic processes.", "contents": "Alkaline phosphatase activity in normal and denervated skeletal muscle. Changes in the specific activity of alkaline phosphatase in the normal and denervated skeltal muscle have been studied both histochemically as well as biochemically for a maximum period of 8 weeks of its postnatal development. In the normal muscle, a heterogenous population of fibres with respect to the enzyme distribution is observed. Relatively higher levels of enzyme in the denervated muscle and also the proliferation of extrafibillar connective tissue in the diseased muscle show its specific association with the lytic processes.", "PMID": 720525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8520", "title": "Effect of amputation and limb regeneration on the pars distalis of the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens.", "content": "A study of the pituitary of the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens, during limb regeneration indicated no observable changes in histology or ultrastructure of any of the cells of the pars distalis when compared with the pars distalis of unamputated control newts.", "contents": "Effect of amputation and limb regeneration on the pars distalis of the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens. A study of the pituitary of the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens, during limb regeneration indicated no observable changes in histology or ultrastructure of any of the cells of the pars distalis when compared with the pars distalis of unamputated control newts.", "PMID": 720526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8521", "title": "A mechanism of formation of desmosome-like structures between synovial intimal cells.", "content": "Desmosomes or desmosome-like structures do not occur between normal synovial cells but such structures do develop between the synovial cells in cases of traumatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and villonodular synovitis. Morphological evidence is presented suggesting that such structures develop as a result of the interaction of fibrin trapped between synovial cells and the plasmamembrane of these cells.", "contents": "A mechanism of formation of desmosome-like structures between synovial intimal cells. Desmosomes or desmosome-like structures do not occur between normal synovial cells but such structures do develop between the synovial cells in cases of traumatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and villonodular synovitis. Morphological evidence is presented suggesting that such structures develop as a result of the interaction of fibrin trapped between synovial cells and the plasmamembrane of these cells.", "PMID": 720528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8522", "title": "Subcellular localization of noradrenaline and ATP in C1300 mouse neuroblastoma.", "content": "A density and velocity gradient centrifugation study of C1300 mouse neuroblastoma showed that ATP is nearly absent from noradrenaline-containing granules and is mainly localized in mitochondria, suggesting that in this tissue ATP is not involved in the storage of noradrenaline.", "contents": "Subcellular localization of noradrenaline and ATP in C1300 mouse neuroblastoma. A density and velocity gradient centrifugation study of C1300 mouse neuroblastoma showed that ATP is nearly absent from noradrenaline-containing granules and is mainly localized in mitochondria, suggesting that in this tissue ATP is not involved in the storage of noradrenaline.", "PMID": 720527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8523", "title": "Effects of exogenous thyroxine on the surface morphology of the developing chick anterior corneal epithelium.", "content": "The production of microvilli on the developing chick anterior corneal epithelium is drastically accelerated by the administration of exogenous thyroxine and the effects are seen as early as 2 days after injection. Thiouracil administration slightly retards the production of microvilli though its effects are not so pronounced.", "contents": "Effects of exogenous thyroxine on the surface morphology of the developing chick anterior corneal epithelium. The production of microvilli on the developing chick anterior corneal epithelium is drastically accelerated by the administration of exogenous thyroxine and the effects are seen as early as 2 days after injection. Thiouracil administration slightly retards the production of microvilli though its effects are not so pronounced.", "PMID": 720529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8524", "title": "Tissue distribution and nucleic acid binding of chlorambucil-3H in tumor-bearing rats.", "content": "In tumour and normal rat tissues prolonged alkylation of DNA and RNA by chlorambucil-3H occurs over periods of 24 h. It is suggested that this may indicate the slow release of an alkylating moiety from an intracellular drug-macromolecule complex.", "contents": "Tissue distribution and nucleic acid binding of chlorambucil-3H in tumor-bearing rats. In tumour and normal rat tissues prolonged alkylation of DNA and RNA by chlorambucil-3H occurs over periods of 24 h. It is suggested that this may indicate the slow release of an alkylating moiety from an intracellular drug-macromolecule complex.", "PMID": 720530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8525", "title": "Effect of vitamin E on post irradiation death in mice.", "content": "The 30-day survival after exposure to 800 Rad 60Co gamma radiation has been compared for female mice maintained on vitamin E deficient, vitamin E supplemented or regular lab rations before and/or after irradiation. Pre- or post-irradiation dietary supplementation had no effect on survival; however, injection of alpha-tocopherol immediately after irradiation significantly reduced radiation lethality.", "contents": "Effect of vitamin E on post irradiation death in mice. The 30-day survival after exposure to 800 Rad 60Co gamma radiation has been compared for female mice maintained on vitamin E deficient, vitamin E supplemented or regular lab rations before and/or after irradiation. Pre- or post-irradiation dietary supplementation had no effect on survival; however, injection of alpha-tocopherol immediately after irradiation significantly reduced radiation lethality.", "PMID": 720531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8526", "title": "In vitro cytostatic effect of adenine-arabinoside (Ara-A) and cytosine-arabinoside (Ara-C).", "content": "Adenine-arabinoside, a new antiviral drug with questionable bone marrow toxicity, inhibits colony formation by myeloid precursor cells in vitro. Compared to cytosine-arabinoside this cytotoxicity is roughly one third.", "contents": "In vitro cytostatic effect of adenine-arabinoside (Ara-A) and cytosine-arabinoside (Ara-C). Adenine-arabinoside, a new antiviral drug with questionable bone marrow toxicity, inhibits colony formation by myeloid precursor cells in vitro. Compared to cytosine-arabinoside this cytotoxicity is roughly one third.", "PMID": 720532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8527", "title": "Iron malabsorption and hypochromic anemia in a case of Turner's syndrome.", "content": "Refractory hypochromic anemia was investigated in an adult with Turner's syndrome. Reduced iron absorption, serum iron, and iron incorporation were found in association with increased iron binding capacity and plasma iron turnover. 14 of 57 additional XO subjects were found anemic.", "contents": "Iron malabsorption and hypochromic anemia in a case of Turner's syndrome. Refractory hypochromic anemia was investigated in an adult with Turner's syndrome. Reduced iron absorption, serum iron, and iron incorporation were found in association with increased iron binding capacity and plasma iron turnover. 14 of 57 additional XO subjects were found anemic.", "PMID": 720533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8528", "title": "Influence of a mixture of chemical protectors on the lymphoid regeneration of bone marrow and thymus in irradiated mice.", "content": "In mouse, the administration of chemical protectors before an irradiation induces a more rapid bone marrow regeneration and an increased lymphoid rebound. In the thymus, the late atrophy is reduced. Separately administrated, the protectors decrease greatly the thymocytes number but have no effect on the marrow population.", "contents": "Influence of a mixture of chemical protectors on the lymphoid regeneration of bone marrow and thymus in irradiated mice. In mouse, the administration of chemical protectors before an irradiation induces a more rapid bone marrow regeneration and an increased lymphoid rebound. In the thymus, the late atrophy is reduced. Separately administrated, the protectors decrease greatly the thymocytes number but have no effect on the marrow population.", "PMID": 720534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8529", "title": "Modification of lymphocyte response to phytomitogens by polycations and polyanions.", "content": "The stimulating effect on mitogen-induced lymphocyte response by polycationic compounds such as polylysine, DEAE dextran protamine and methylated albumin, is studied at different serum-protein concentrations and mitogen concentrations. It is suggested that the polar interaction between polycationic compounds and glycoproteins are of major importance for reactivity of lymphocytes to mitogens.", "contents": "Modification of lymphocyte response to phytomitogens by polycations and polyanions. The stimulating effect on mitogen-induced lymphocyte response by polycationic compounds such as polylysine, DEAE dextran protamine and methylated albumin, is studied at different serum-protein concentrations and mitogen concentrations. It is suggested that the polar interaction between polycationic compounds and glycoproteins are of major importance for reactivity of lymphocytes to mitogens.", "PMID": 720535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8530", "title": "Possible influence of prolactin on intestinal hypertrophy in pregnant and lactating rats.", "content": "The increase in intestinal weights during lactation, and to a lesser extent during pregnancy, is inhibited by bromocriptin. This suggests that increased prolactin secretion might be responsible for gut hypertrophy during lactation.", "contents": "Possible influence of prolactin on intestinal hypertrophy in pregnant and lactating rats. The increase in intestinal weights during lactation, and to a lesser extent during pregnancy, is inhibited by bromocriptin. This suggests that increased prolactin secretion might be responsible for gut hypertrophy during lactation.", "PMID": 720536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8531", "title": "Evidence for in vitro release of neurophysin by the rat pineal gland.", "content": "Cultured pineal ependymal cells from rat fetuses release into their incubation media immunoreactive neurophysin. The presence of neurophysin was assessed by radioimmunoassay. The culture medium was found to contain 440 pg neurophysin per mg protein.", "contents": "Evidence for in vitro release of neurophysin by the rat pineal gland. Cultured pineal ependymal cells from rat fetuses release into their incubation media immunoreactive neurophysin. The presence of neurophysin was assessed by radioimmunoassay. The culture medium was found to contain 440 pg neurophysin per mg protein.", "PMID": 720537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8532", "title": "CNS stimulation effect on the sexual maturation of the female rat.", "content": "In the immature rat, CNS stimulants administration to pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) primed rats resulted in significant (p less than 0.01) ovarian and uterine hypertrophy when compared to animals treated with PMSG only. Meanwhile precocious puberty was produced by pentylenetetrazol treatment alone. The results of this experiment may indicate that administration of CNS stimulants has a specific action on the release of endogenous gonadotropin.", "contents": "CNS stimulation effect on the sexual maturation of the female rat. In the immature rat, CNS stimulants administration to pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) primed rats resulted in significant (p less than 0.01) ovarian and uterine hypertrophy when compared to animals treated with PMSG only. Meanwhile precocious puberty was produced by pentylenetetrazol treatment alone. The results of this experiment may indicate that administration of CNS stimulants has a specific action on the release of endogenous gonadotropin.", "PMID": 720538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8533", "title": "A quick and modified Winkler-method for measuring O2-consumption of aquatic animals.", "content": "A modified procedure for measuring O2-consumption, based on Winkler-method, is described. Instead of KI and HCl (or H2SO4) triphenylmethane-dye leukoberbelinblue I and citric acid are used.", "contents": "A quick and modified Winkler-method for measuring O2-consumption of aquatic animals. A modified procedure for measuring O2-consumption, based on Winkler-method, is described. Instead of KI and HCl (or H2SO4) triphenylmethane-dye leukoberbelinblue I and citric acid are used.", "PMID": 720540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8534", "title": "[Effect of clonazepam on neuronal activity in the sensomotor cortex of rat brain].", "content": "In tests on flaxedyl immobilized rats the effect of clonazepam on the action produced by gamma-aminobutyric acid, acetylcholine and L-glutamate, delivered microionophoretically to neurons of the sensomotor brain cortex, was investigated. Clonazepam was found to potentiate the inhibiting action of gamma-aminobutyric acid and reduce the exciting effect of acetylcholine and L-glutamate on the spontaneous neuronal activity. The ability of clonazepam, like other tranquilizers of the benzodiazepine series, to augment the sensitivity of the receptive neurons formations to gamma-aminobutyric acid and also influence the ionic permeability of the post-synaptic membrane is suggested.", "contents": "[Effect of clonazepam on neuronal activity in the sensomotor cortex of rat brain]. In tests on flaxedyl immobilized rats the effect of clonazepam on the action produced by gamma-aminobutyric acid, acetylcholine and L-glutamate, delivered microionophoretically to neurons of the sensomotor brain cortex, was investigated. Clonazepam was found to potentiate the inhibiting action of gamma-aminobutyric acid and reduce the exciting effect of acetylcholine and L-glutamate on the spontaneous neuronal activity. The ability of clonazepam, like other tranquilizers of the benzodiazepine series, to augment the sensitivity of the receptive neurons formations to gamma-aminobutyric acid and also influence the ionic permeability of the post-synaptic membrane is suggested.", "PMID": 720578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8535", "title": "[Effect of proteolysis inhibitors on serum proteinase activity and its antitryptic activity in postischemic toxemia].", "content": "Parenteral administration to animals of the antikallikrein serum containing 200gamma/ml of antibodies to the pancreatic kallikrein (10 ml/kg), ingitryl (1.5 Un/kg) and of tracilol (10 000 Un/kg) exerts in post-ischemic toxemia an inhibiting effect on the protamine-splitting blood serum activity and does not affect the benzoylarginine-paranitroanilide rate of splitting. Changes of the blood serum ability to bind trypsin and manifestation of the protamine-splitting activity during the first 9 hours of observation are of an undulating nature and the changes of these characteristics are reciprocal.", "contents": "[Effect of proteolysis inhibitors on serum proteinase activity and its antitryptic activity in postischemic toxemia]. Parenteral administration to animals of the antikallikrein serum containing 200gamma/ml of antibodies to the pancreatic kallikrein (10 ml/kg), ingitryl (1.5 Un/kg) and of tracilol (10 000 Un/kg) exerts in post-ischemic toxemia an inhibiting effect on the protamine-splitting blood serum activity and does not affect the benzoylarginine-paranitroanilide rate of splitting. Changes of the blood serum ability to bind trypsin and manifestation of the protamine-splitting activity during the first 9 hours of observation are of an undulating nature and the changes of these characteristics are reciprocal.", "PMID": 720581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8536", "title": "[Effect of estradiol and tocopherol on peroxidation of erythrocyte membrane lipids following ultraviolet irradiation].", "content": "The effect of the antioxidants estradiol and tocopherol on the lipid photoperoxidation in the erythrocyte membranes of rats under UV-irradiation was investigated. Both agents are shown to inhibit the release of potassium ions and hemoglobin provoked by UV-rays, estradiol activity being higher as compared to that of tocopherol. High activity of estradiol is due to the fact that this antioxidant does not lose its antiradical properties when its molecules are exposed to UV-irradiation.", "contents": "[Effect of estradiol and tocopherol on peroxidation of erythrocyte membrane lipids following ultraviolet irradiation]. The effect of the antioxidants estradiol and tocopherol on the lipid photoperoxidation in the erythrocyte membranes of rats under UV-irradiation was investigated. Both agents are shown to inhibit the release of potassium ions and hemoglobin provoked by UV-rays, estradiol activity being higher as compared to that of tocopherol. High activity of estradiol is due to the fact that this antioxidant does not lose its antiradical properties when its molecules are exposed to UV-irradiation.", "PMID": 720582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8537", "title": "[Clinical study of the diuretic preparation moduretic].", "content": "In 75 patients with circulatory insufficiency of various degree the diuretic effect of moduretic was studied. In 25 of them besides the potassium and sodium metabolism and in 33 others, with a background of chronic ischemic disease of the heart and hypertensive disease, the state of the hemocoagulation system was investigated in the moduretic medication. In 24 patients with hypertensive disease of the I--IIA stage subject to study was the effect of moduretic on the arterial pressure, with this drug administered by mouth in doses of 3 to 1/2 tablet a day. The drug proved to have a marked duretic effect in patients with different degree of circulatory insufficiency. It increases sodium excretion with urine and retains potassium in the organism, without causing hyperkaliemia. In patients with circulatory insufficiency of the I degree the drug can provoke thrombogenesis and in cases of the IIA, IIB and III degree may be considered a drug of choice. Moduretic brings down the systolic and diastolic pressure in patients with hypertensive disease of the I and II stages.", "contents": "[Clinical study of the diuretic preparation moduretic]. In 75 patients with circulatory insufficiency of various degree the diuretic effect of moduretic was studied. In 25 of them besides the potassium and sodium metabolism and in 33 others, with a background of chronic ischemic disease of the heart and hypertensive disease, the state of the hemocoagulation system was investigated in the moduretic medication. In 24 patients with hypertensive disease of the I--IIA stage subject to study was the effect of moduretic on the arterial pressure, with this drug administered by mouth in doses of 3 to 1/2 tablet a day. The drug proved to have a marked duretic effect in patients with different degree of circulatory insufficiency. It increases sodium excretion with urine and retains potassium in the organism, without causing hyperkaliemia. In patients with circulatory insufficiency of the I degree the drug can provoke thrombogenesis and in cases of the IIA, IIB and III degree may be considered a drug of choice. Moduretic brings down the systolic and diastolic pressure in patients with hypertensive disease of the I and II stages.", "PMID": 720583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8538", "title": "[Effect of dexamethasone on water-salt metabolism and renal function in healthy humans].", "content": "Dexamethazone at a single dose of 2 mg caused in the next 24 hours retention in the organism of a healthy man of a liquid and salts against the background of an abrupt fall of excretion by the kidneys of 17-oxycorticosteroids. Most distinctly this effect manifested itself after an aqueous test (20 ml/kg). A functional test with dexamethazone may be used clinically in assessing the condition of the hormonal link of the water-electrolyte metabolism regulation and renal function.", "contents": "[Effect of dexamethasone on water-salt metabolism and renal function in healthy humans]. Dexamethazone at a single dose of 2 mg caused in the next 24 hours retention in the organism of a healthy man of a liquid and salts against the background of an abrupt fall of excretion by the kidneys of 17-oxycorticosteroids. Most distinctly this effect manifested itself after an aqueous test (20 ml/kg). A functional test with dexamethazone may be used clinically in assessing the condition of the hormonal link of the water-electrolyte metabolism regulation and renal function.", "PMID": 720584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8539", "title": "[Pharmacologic characteristics of triftazin syrup].", "content": "The neurotropic activity, toxicity and pharmacokinetics of triftazine in the form of syrup and powder were subjected to a comparative study on albino mice, rats and dogs. Investigations demonstrated that as follows from the tests under study these drugs display an egual depressing activity. Triftazine from the syrup was found to quicker enter the blood and was detected later in it (after 24 hours). The toxicity of peroral triftazine administered to mice and rats is the same for both dosage forms, it being somewhat higher for intraperitoneal triftazine syrup.", "contents": "[Pharmacologic characteristics of triftazin syrup]. The neurotropic activity, toxicity and pharmacokinetics of triftazine in the form of syrup and powder were subjected to a comparative study on albino mice, rats and dogs. Investigations demonstrated that as follows from the tests under study these drugs display an egual depressing activity. Triftazine from the syrup was found to quicker enter the blood and was detected later in it (after 24 hours). The toxicity of peroral triftazine administered to mice and rats is the same for both dosage forms, it being somewhat higher for intraperitoneal triftazine syrup.", "PMID": 720579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8540", "title": "[Clearance and transformation of inosine in the body].", "content": "In 5 patients with myocardial infarction the ways of the inosine transformation and its clearance rate following injection of this drug in an amount of 200 to 400 mg were studied. After inosine introduction into the organism it is shown to immediately break down to hypoxanthine which makes determination of its half-time body retention period practically impossible. The half-time body retention period for hypoxanthine was about 3 min. The beneficial influence of inosine on the myocardium is apparently due to stimulation of some glycolysis reactions and pentosophosphate shunt at the expense of riboso-1-phosphate.", "contents": "[Clearance and transformation of inosine in the body]. In 5 patients with myocardial infarction the ways of the inosine transformation and its clearance rate following injection of this drug in an amount of 200 to 400 mg were studied. After inosine introduction into the organism it is shown to immediately break down to hypoxanthine which makes determination of its half-time body retention period practically impossible. The half-time body retention period for hypoxanthine was about 3 min. The beneficial influence of inosine on the myocardium is apparently due to stimulation of some glycolysis reactions and pentosophosphate shunt at the expense of riboso-1-phosphate.", "PMID": 720586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8541", "title": "The aortic sinus vortex.", "content": "This paper describes an analytic and a numerical method for the aortic sinus problem. Both methods are based on the dynamics of point vortices, and both exploit a particular conformal mapping from a model aortic sinus to the upper half plane. The analytic description is based on an isolated point vortex in equilibrium with a free stream. This inviscid model is used to study the stability of the aortic sinus vortex and to elucidate the mechanism of aortic valve closure, but it cannot be used to study the formation of the sinus vortex and it gives a somewhat incorrect picture of the flow pattern. These difficulties are overcome by the introduction of a numerical method for the aortic sinus problem with fluid viscosity. We use Chorin's vortex method combined with conformal mapping. The conformal mapping approach gives an explicit formula for the vortex velocities and it resolves the singularities associated with the corners of the domain. This method is then used to study the formation of the sinus vortex and to confirm the predictions of the point vortex model with respect to the role of the vortex in valve closure.", "contents": "The aortic sinus vortex. This paper describes an analytic and a numerical method for the aortic sinus problem. Both methods are based on the dynamics of point vortices, and both exploit a particular conformal mapping from a model aortic sinus to the upper half plane. The analytic description is based on an isolated point vortex in equilibrium with a free stream. This inviscid model is used to study the stability of the aortic sinus vortex and to elucidate the mechanism of aortic valve closure, but it cannot be used to study the formation of the sinus vortex and it gives a somewhat incorrect picture of the flow pattern. These difficulties are overcome by the introduction of a numerical method for the aortic sinus problem with fluid viscosity. We use Chorin's vortex method combined with conformal mapping. The conformal mapping approach gives an explicit formula for the vortex velocities and it resolves the singularities associated with the corners of the domain. This method is then used to study the formation of the sinus vortex and to confirm the predictions of the point vortex model with respect to the role of the vortex in valve closure.", "PMID": 720632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8542", "title": "Indirect estimation of physiological distribution functions.", "content": "Multicompartment models, such as sums of exponential decays and sums of effects of different ventilation-perfusion ratios, are cast in the form of integrals. Difficulties in obtaining the density function in such an integral from measured values of the integral are attributed to amplification of error in the inversion solution and to the limited number of measurement points. The present approach to control the effect of the error is regularization with the use of a non-negativity constraint on the density function. The answers are sums of the influence or kernel functions of the integral wherever the sum is positive, and zero elsewhere. Such non-negative answers not only ensure that true density functions are obtained but also permit the answer to fall abruptly to zero. For example, a delta function can be much more closely approximated with the non-negativity constraint than without. A rule is developed to choose the value of smoothing parameter so as to minimize an approximate upper bound on the integral of the squared error of the answer. This typically tends to result in some oversmoothing. Functions tested without error and with 2% relative error are as follows: one of the kernel functions (best results); rectangular boxes and delta functions (fair results); and wide boxes (poor results).", "contents": "Indirect estimation of physiological distribution functions. Multicompartment models, such as sums of exponential decays and sums of effects of different ventilation-perfusion ratios, are cast in the form of integrals. Difficulties in obtaining the density function in such an integral from measured values of the integral are attributed to amplification of error in the inversion solution and to the limited number of measurement points. The present approach to control the effect of the error is regularization with the use of a non-negativity constraint on the density function. The answers are sums of the influence or kernel functions of the integral wherever the sum is positive, and zero elsewhere. Such non-negative answers not only ensure that true density functions are obtained but also permit the answer to fall abruptly to zero. For example, a delta function can be much more closely approximated with the non-negativity constraint than without. A rule is developed to choose the value of smoothing parameter so as to minimize an approximate upper bound on the integral of the squared error of the answer. This typically tends to result in some oversmoothing. Functions tested without error and with 2% relative error are as follows: one of the kernel functions (best results); rectangular boxes and delta functions (fair results); and wide boxes (poor results).", "PMID": 720634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8543", "title": "Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis: the rabbit as an animal model.", "content": "Rabbits immunized with acetylcholine (ACh) receptor purified from Torpedo electroplax were studied after they were paralyzed and exhibiting respiratory distress. Intercostal muscles from the immunized rabbits had reduced amplitude of miniature end-plate potentials (MEPPs) as well as reduced junctional ACh sensitivity. However, a large percentage of the cells studied (40%), which exhibited no MEPPs, had junctional ACh sensitivity that was 45% of normal. It is suggested that, unlike myasthenic patients, such paralyzed and dying rabbits may have, in addition to postsynaptic damage, neurons that are damaged or separated from the muscle. Serums from six paralyzed rabbits inhibited binding of [3H]ACh and [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin to Torpedo ACh-receptor to varying degrees: 18.8--95.5% and 42.5--86.1%, respectively. Immune serums also inhibited the carbamylcholine-induced 22Na efflux from Torpedo microsacs, but neither they nor the immunoglobulins inhibited neuromuscular transmission when applied to intercostal muscles from a control rabbit. The data suggest that homology between receptor and antibody is important for inhibition of ACh binding to its receptor and its function. The role of complement in pathogenesis is also discussed, and so is the relationship of the ACh-receptor to its ionic channel.", "contents": "Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis: the rabbit as an animal model. Rabbits immunized with acetylcholine (ACh) receptor purified from Torpedo electroplax were studied after they were paralyzed and exhibiting respiratory distress. Intercostal muscles from the immunized rabbits had reduced amplitude of miniature end-plate potentials (MEPPs) as well as reduced junctional ACh sensitivity. However, a large percentage of the cells studied (40%), which exhibited no MEPPs, had junctional ACh sensitivity that was 45% of normal. It is suggested that, unlike myasthenic patients, such paralyzed and dying rabbits may have, in addition to postsynaptic damage, neurons that are damaged or separated from the muscle. Serums from six paralyzed rabbits inhibited binding of [3H]ACh and [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin to Torpedo ACh-receptor to varying degrees: 18.8--95.5% and 42.5--86.1%, respectively. Immune serums also inhibited the carbamylcholine-induced 22Na efflux from Torpedo microsacs, but neither they nor the immunoglobulins inhibited neuromuscular transmission when applied to intercostal muscles from a control rabbit. The data suggest that homology between receptor and antibody is important for inhibition of ACh binding to its receptor and its function. The role of complement in pathogenesis is also discussed, and so is the relationship of the ACh-receptor to its ionic channel.", "PMID": 720635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8544", "title": "Atherosclerosis and aging.", "content": "Atherosclerosis reflects interactions among several independent, age-related alterations of both structure and metabolism. While intrinsic aging appears to play a role, particularly in relation to the biology of arterial wall cells, atherosclerosis can best be considered an age-related disease that can be profoundly influenced by both environmental and genetic factors, rather than simply the inevitable consequence of intrinsic aging. Since intrinsic aging processes are as yet poorly understood and genetic manipulation is still only a theoretical possibility, efforts should be directed at understanding and reversing the environmental risk factors that act over time and accelerate atherosclerosis throughout the life span.", "contents": "Atherosclerosis and aging. Atherosclerosis reflects interactions among several independent, age-related alterations of both structure and metabolism. While intrinsic aging appears to play a role, particularly in relation to the biology of arterial wall cells, atherosclerosis can best be considered an age-related disease that can be profoundly influenced by both environmental and genetic factors, rather than simply the inevitable consequence of intrinsic aging. Since intrinsic aging processes are as yet poorly understood and genetic manipulation is still only a theoretical possibility, efforts should be directed at understanding and reversing the environmental risk factors that act over time and accelerate atherosclerosis throughout the life span.", "PMID": 720636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8545", "title": "Senile dementia.", "content": "The Alzheimer type of senile dementia (SDAT) accounts for more than 50% of such cases, and is a very common disorder as well as being very costly in emotional, economic, and medical terms. It carries a markedly shortened life expectancy. Gray-to-white-matter ratios change and the brain shrinks slightly in the course of normal aging, but SDAT brains may not be significantly more atrophic than are normal controls. Cortical neurons are diminished in number in normal aging, but counts from frontal and midtemporal regions of SDAT specimens are not different from age-matched controls. There is loss of dendrites and of dendritic spines in both normal and abnormal aged specimens. Neurofibrillary tangles are made up of paired helical filaments that appear to be chemically and immunologically related to normal neurofibers. Neuritic plaques are made up of an amyloid core surrounded by abnormal axonal endings. Both plaques and tangles are to be correlated with the presence of senile dementia. There is some evidence for an infectious etiology of SDAT. Choline acetyltransferase is markedly reduced in cortical tissue of these patients, but the muscarinic receptors of acetylcholine are normal.", "contents": "Senile dementia. The Alzheimer type of senile dementia (SDAT) accounts for more than 50% of such cases, and is a very common disorder as well as being very costly in emotional, economic, and medical terms. It carries a markedly shortened life expectancy. Gray-to-white-matter ratios change and the brain shrinks slightly in the course of normal aging, but SDAT brains may not be significantly more atrophic than are normal controls. Cortical neurons are diminished in number in normal aging, but counts from frontal and midtemporal regions of SDAT specimens are not different from age-matched controls. There is loss of dendrites and of dendritic spines in both normal and abnormal aged specimens. Neurofibrillary tangles are made up of paired helical filaments that appear to be chemically and immunologically related to normal neurofibers. Neuritic plaques are made up of an amyloid core surrounded by abnormal axonal endings. Both plaques and tangles are to be correlated with the presence of senile dementia. There is some evidence for an infectious etiology of SDAT. Choline acetyltransferase is markedly reduced in cortical tissue of these patients, but the muscarinic receptors of acetylcholine are normal.", "PMID": 720637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8546", "title": "Age-associated pathological changes in male rats.", "content": "The selection of rats for aging research and the interpretation of experimental results require knowledge of spontaneous age-associated lesions in specific stocks and strains. We have compared selected age-associated pathological changes, as determined by postmortem examination of 113 outbred Crl:CD(SD)BR male retired breeder rats 12--39 months old, with those reported by others in a group of 122 virgin male 12- to 33-month-old F344 rats, an inbred strain from the same commercial source as the outbred rats. Numerous degenerative, inflammatory, and neoplastic lesions occurred in both groups. The wide prevalence and severity of many of the lesions suggest that they could be the source of significant variability in the results of specific aging studies, by their direct and indirect effect(s) on target organs. The prevalence of spontaneous lesions should be defined for each stock or strain intended for use in aging research by postmortem examination of representative groups of animals at various ages. Antemortem diagnostic screening of old rats may also be useful in culling animals bearing lesions that could add to the variability of experimental results, or in selecting for specific lesions that are of research interest themselves.", "contents": "Age-associated pathological changes in male rats. The selection of rats for aging research and the interpretation of experimental results require knowledge of spontaneous age-associated lesions in specific stocks and strains. We have compared selected age-associated pathological changes, as determined by postmortem examination of 113 outbred Crl:CD(SD)BR male retired breeder rats 12--39 months old, with those reported by others in a group of 122 virgin male 12- to 33-month-old F344 rats, an inbred strain from the same commercial source as the outbred rats. Numerous degenerative, inflammatory, and neoplastic lesions occurred in both groups. The wide prevalence and severity of many of the lesions suggest that they could be the source of significant variability in the results of specific aging studies, by their direct and indirect effect(s) on target organs. The prevalence of spontaneous lesions should be defined for each stock or strain intended for use in aging research by postmortem examination of representative groups of animals at various ages. Antemortem diagnostic screening of old rats may also be useful in culling animals bearing lesions that could add to the variability of experimental results, or in selecting for specific lesions that are of research interest themselves.", "PMID": 720638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8547", "title": "Homologous insemination.", "content": "Between July 1, 1969, and October 31, 1977, 619 patients were evaluated for infertility. Homologous insemination (AIH) was employed in 53 patients, many of whom had other contributory causes of infertility. There have been 14 single pregnancies in 11 women, including 4 spontaneous abortions, 1 ectopic pregnancy, 8 term deliveries, and 1 pregnancy in progress. Twenty women are currently under treatment. Another 16 women had unsuccessful AIH prior to beginning donor insemination. Seven subsequently conceived with donor semen. Specific indications for AIH and the recommended technique are discussed in detail as well as the occurrence and management of concomitant infertility factors in this study group. It is concluded that AIH does have a role in the management of certain infertile couples.", "contents": "Homologous insemination. Between July 1, 1969, and October 31, 1977, 619 patients were evaluated for infertility. Homologous insemination (AIH) was employed in 53 patients, many of whom had other contributory causes of infertility. There have been 14 single pregnancies in 11 women, including 4 spontaneous abortions, 1 ectopic pregnancy, 8 term deliveries, and 1 pregnancy in progress. Twenty women are currently under treatment. Another 16 women had unsuccessful AIH prior to beginning donor insemination. Seven subsequently conceived with donor semen. Specific indications for AIH and the recommended technique are discussed in detail as well as the occurrence and management of concomitant infertility factors in this study group. It is concluded that AIH does have a role in the management of certain infertile couples.", "PMID": 720639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8548", "title": "Clinical experience with the copper 7 intrauterine device.", "content": "This paper reports further observations on our previous study of 203 Copper 7 intrauterine insertions performed in 199 women. There have now been accumulated 3799 woman-months of use. At least a 2-year period of observation has been attained from first insertion until these data were analyzed. The Copper 7 intrauterine device (IUD) continues to be an acceptable contraceptive method with regard to effectiveness, continuation, and lack of serious complications. Those patients who elected to have their copper 7 IUDs removed for planned pregnancy were also analyzed with regard to fertility capacity. Possible complications with the need to change the copper 7 IUD and risk of prolonged use were not verified. There was a decrease in contraceptive effectiveness after 12 more months' use.", "contents": "Clinical experience with the copper 7 intrauterine device. This paper reports further observations on our previous study of 203 Copper 7 intrauterine insertions performed in 199 women. There have now been accumulated 3799 woman-months of use. At least a 2-year period of observation has been attained from first insertion until these data were analyzed. The Copper 7 intrauterine device (IUD) continues to be an acceptable contraceptive method with regard to effectiveness, continuation, and lack of serious complications. Those patients who elected to have their copper 7 IUDs removed for planned pregnancy were also analyzed with regard to fertility capacity. Possible complications with the need to change the copper 7 IUD and risk of prolonged use were not verified. There was a decrease in contraceptive effectiveness after 12 more months' use.", "PMID": 720640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8549", "title": "Preliminary report on the use of the combined multiload contraceptive intrauterine device (ML Cu-250).", "content": "The multiload contraceptive intrauterine device (IUD) (ML Cu-250) is made of polyethylene and contains copper wire which is wrapped around the stem, providing 250 sq mm of exposed copper surface area. The IUD was inserted in 294 women comprising 1884 women-months of use. Four pregnancies and three expulsions occurred. In 13 instances the ML Cu-250 IUD was removed for medical reasons (side effects). The net cumulative pregnancy rate for a 12-month period after insertion was 3.9% and the expulsion rate was 1.6%; the medical removal rate was 8.2%. No perforations or tubal pregnancies occurred. Our results with the ML Cu-250 was compared with our previous experience with other IUDs. It seems that the comparatively low pregnancy, expulsion, and medical removal rates render the ML Cu-250 a good device for clinical use.", "contents": "Preliminary report on the use of the combined multiload contraceptive intrauterine device (ML Cu-250). The multiload contraceptive intrauterine device (IUD) (ML Cu-250) is made of polyethylene and contains copper wire which is wrapped around the stem, providing 250 sq mm of exposed copper surface area. The IUD was inserted in 294 women comprising 1884 women-months of use. Four pregnancies and three expulsions occurred. In 13 instances the ML Cu-250 IUD was removed for medical reasons (side effects). The net cumulative pregnancy rate for a 12-month period after insertion was 3.9% and the expulsion rate was 1.6%; the medical removal rate was 8.2%. No perforations or tubal pregnancies occurred. Our results with the ML Cu-250 was compared with our previous experience with other IUDs. It seems that the comparatively low pregnancy, expulsion, and medical removal rates render the ML Cu-250 a good device for clinical use.", "PMID": 720641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8550", "title": "Microscopic vasoepididymostomy: specific microanastomosis to the epididymal tubule.", "content": "A new microscopic technique for vasoepididymostomy is described. Conventional approaches to epididymal obstruction rely on the formation of a fistulous tract after the walls of the vas deferens are grossly sutured to the outer tunic of the epididymis; such methods have a low success rate. With a direct and accurate end-to-end anastomosis of the inner lumen of the vas deferens specifically to the epididymal tubule there is a greater likelihood of normal patency. Furthermore, such an anastomosis can be performed at the lowest possible level of the epididymis, allowing a greater opportunity for sperm maturation.", "contents": "Microscopic vasoepididymostomy: specific microanastomosis to the epididymal tubule. A new microscopic technique for vasoepididymostomy is described. Conventional approaches to epididymal obstruction rely on the formation of a fistulous tract after the walls of the vas deferens are grossly sutured to the outer tunic of the epididymis; such methods have a low success rate. With a direct and accurate end-to-end anastomosis of the inner lumen of the vas deferens specifically to the epididymal tubule there is a greater likelihood of normal patency. Furthermore, such an anastomosis can be performed at the lowest possible level of the epididymis, allowing a greater opportunity for sperm maturation.", "PMID": 720645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8551", "title": "Infertility in men with retrograde ejaculation: the action of urine on sperm motility, and a simple method for achieving antegrade ejaculation.", "content": "The profound effect of urine on sperm motility is demonstrated. Two patients with retrograde ejaculation and infertility who achieved antegrade passage of semen by ejaculation on a full bladder are described. The use of this method of management in patients with infertility due to retrograde ejaculation is discussed.", "contents": "Infertility in men with retrograde ejaculation: the action of urine on sperm motility, and a simple method for achieving antegrade ejaculation. The profound effect of urine on sperm motility is demonstrated. Two patients with retrograde ejaculation and infertility who achieved antegrade passage of semen by ejaculation on a full bladder are described. The use of this method of management in patients with infertility due to retrograde ejaculation is discussed.", "PMID": 720646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8552", "title": "A possible mechanism for the detrimental effect of varicocele on testicular function in man.", "content": "Seminiferous epithelium histology, Leydig cell density, and in vitro testosterone synthesis were quantitated in bilateral testicular biopsies from men with varying degrees of unilateral or bilateral varicoceles. Results were correlated with plasma levels of gonadotropins (follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH], luteinizing hormone [LH]) and testosterone (T), as well as with semen quality. In patients with bilateral varicoceles, spermatogenesis, Leydig cell density, plasma T levels, and in vitro T synthesis were significantly lower than in patients with unilateral varicoceles. Varicoceles appeared to affect maximally the latest stages of spermatogenesis. A negative correlation between FSH and LH levels and spermatogenesis was observed; however, a dissociation between the two gonadotropins occurred when spermatogenesis declined. Plasma T levels were within the normal range in all patients. The T:LH ratio was significantly correlated with spermatogenesis and sperm motility. Leydig cell density was abnormally low in oligospermic patients, and it was significantly correlated with in vitro T synthesis, spermatogenesis, sperm motility, and semen volume. Sperm count and motility were significantly correlated in this group of patients, suggesting a common pathophysiology for the effect of varicocele on spermatogenesis and sperm motility. This common pathophysiology appears to be disturbed Leydig cell function resulting in decreased testicular androgen production, in turn causing inadequate spermatogenesis and epididymal function.", "contents": "A possible mechanism for the detrimental effect of varicocele on testicular function in man. Seminiferous epithelium histology, Leydig cell density, and in vitro testosterone synthesis were quantitated in bilateral testicular biopsies from men with varying degrees of unilateral or bilateral varicoceles. Results were correlated with plasma levels of gonadotropins (follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH], luteinizing hormone [LH]) and testosterone (T), as well as with semen quality. In patients with bilateral varicoceles, spermatogenesis, Leydig cell density, plasma T levels, and in vitro T synthesis were significantly lower than in patients with unilateral varicoceles. Varicoceles appeared to affect maximally the latest stages of spermatogenesis. A negative correlation between FSH and LH levels and spermatogenesis was observed; however, a dissociation between the two gonadotropins occurred when spermatogenesis declined. Plasma T levels were within the normal range in all patients. The T:LH ratio was significantly correlated with spermatogenesis and sperm motility. Leydig cell density was abnormally low in oligospermic patients, and it was significantly correlated with in vitro T synthesis, spermatogenesis, sperm motility, and semen volume. Sperm count and motility were significantly correlated in this group of patients, suggesting a common pathophysiology for the effect of varicocele on spermatogenesis and sperm motility. This common pathophysiology appears to be disturbed Leydig cell function resulting in decreased testicular androgen production, in turn causing inadequate spermatogenesis and epididymal function.", "PMID": 720647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8553", "title": "The effect of temperature on the velocity of human spermatozoa as measured by time-lapse photography.", "content": "A method of time-lapse photography for the assessment of sperm velocity is presented. The intersampling variation was not significant, nor was the effect of dilution. Sperm velocity increased with temperature within the range 25 degrees C to 40 degrees C. The possible clinical use of the technique is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of temperature on the velocity of human spermatozoa as measured by time-lapse photography. A method of time-lapse photography for the assessment of sperm velocity is presented. The intersampling variation was not significant, nor was the effect of dilution. Sperm velocity increased with temperature within the range 25 degrees C to 40 degrees C. The possible clinical use of the technique is discussed.", "PMID": 720648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8554", "title": "[Comparative characteristics of hypothalamo-cortical and reticulo-cortical evoked potentials].", "content": "In anesthetized and immobilized cats, single shock stimulation of the postero-lateral hypothalamus (Hp) and mesencephalic RF elicited positive-negative evoked potentials in gyrus sigm. anterior (GSA) with a latency of 0.8--2.5 msec and 1.0--3.0 msec for hypothalamo-cortical (HC) and reticulo-cortical (RC) EPs respectively. In gyr. suprasylv. ant. (GSSA) HC and RC EPS with initial negative wave were recorded with a latency of 1.0--3.5 and 0.5--4.0 msec resp. The HC and RC EPs followed frequency of stimulation up to 40/sec and were capable of obvious postetanic potentiation. Paired stimuli revealed that the main positive wave of HC and RC EPs appeared in GSA at an interval of 5--10 msec. In GSSA the surface negative potential appeared at an interval of 10 msec. Full recovery occurred at an interval of 150--200 msec. A biphasic change of excitability of cortical neurons occurred in response to conditioning stimuli. Comparative study of recovery cycles of HC EP to paired stimuli of Hp or mesencephalic RF in one case and of conditioning stimulation of the RF and testing stimulation of Hp in other, suggest predominance of \"convergent\" cortical neurons with polysensory input from Hp and RF. The characteristics of functional organization of hypothalamo-cortical system of integration are discussed.", "contents": "[Comparative characteristics of hypothalamo-cortical and reticulo-cortical evoked potentials]. In anesthetized and immobilized cats, single shock stimulation of the postero-lateral hypothalamus (Hp) and mesencephalic RF elicited positive-negative evoked potentials in gyrus sigm. anterior (GSA) with a latency of 0.8--2.5 msec and 1.0--3.0 msec for hypothalamo-cortical (HC) and reticulo-cortical (RC) EPs respectively. In gyr. suprasylv. ant. (GSSA) HC and RC EPS with initial negative wave were recorded with a latency of 1.0--3.5 and 0.5--4.0 msec resp. The HC and RC EPs followed frequency of stimulation up to 40/sec and were capable of obvious postetanic potentiation. Paired stimuli revealed that the main positive wave of HC and RC EPs appeared in GSA at an interval of 5--10 msec. In GSSA the surface negative potential appeared at an interval of 10 msec. Full recovery occurred at an interval of 150--200 msec. A biphasic change of excitability of cortical neurons occurred in response to conditioning stimuli. Comparative study of recovery cycles of HC EP to paired stimuli of Hp or mesencephalic RF in one case and of conditioning stimulation of the RF and testing stimulation of Hp in other, suggest predominance of \"convergent\" cortical neurons with polysensory input from Hp and RF. The characteristics of functional organization of hypothalamo-cortical system of integration are discussed.", "PMID": 720665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8555", "title": "[Effect of thyroxine on the hypothalamic concentration of biogenic amines in rats of different ages].", "content": "Male rats of 2.0--2.5 and 8--12 months old received intraperitoneally thyroxin T4 (2 mcg/100 g daily during 8 days) or placebo. T4 significantly increased the noradrenaline concentration in the young rats' hypothalamus. No difference was revealed in concentrations of dophamine, 5--OIAA, or serotonin in either group. The data obtained are discussed from the standpoint of a possible mechanism of changing thresholds for the homeostatic inhibition in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-thyroid system with ageing.", "contents": "[Effect of thyroxine on the hypothalamic concentration of biogenic amines in rats of different ages]. Male rats of 2.0--2.5 and 8--12 months old received intraperitoneally thyroxin T4 (2 mcg/100 g daily during 8 days) or placebo. T4 significantly increased the noradrenaline concentration in the young rats' hypothalamus. No difference was revealed in concentrations of dophamine, 5--OIAA, or serotonin in either group. The data obtained are discussed from the standpoint of a possible mechanism of changing thresholds for the homeostatic inhibition in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-thyroid system with ageing.", "PMID": 720666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8556", "title": "[Elaboration of a conditioned alimentary reflex and protein turnover in hippocampal neurons and neuroglia].", "content": "A single session of the food conditioning in rats entailed an increase of labelled phenylalanine incorporation into the proteins of the nuclei and, particularly, of the cytoplasm of CA3 hippocampal neurons. In the trained animals, as compared with active control group, a session repeated in 3 days returned the turnover of neuronal proteins to the control level, while the same session in 6 days of decreased the protein turnover below the control level. No changes occurred in the course of the experiment in the perineuronal neuroglial cells. Predominant involvement of neuronal protein metabolism is outlined in the metabolic reconstruction within the whole neuron-neuroglia unit in the course of conditioning.", "contents": "[Elaboration of a conditioned alimentary reflex and protein turnover in hippocampal neurons and neuroglia]. A single session of the food conditioning in rats entailed an increase of labelled phenylalanine incorporation into the proteins of the nuclei and, particularly, of the cytoplasm of CA3 hippocampal neurons. In the trained animals, as compared with active control group, a session repeated in 3 days returned the turnover of neuronal proteins to the control level, while the same session in 6 days of decreased the protein turnover below the control level. No changes occurred in the course of the experiment in the perineuronal neuroglial cells. Predominant involvement of neuronal protein metabolism is outlined in the metabolic reconstruction within the whole neuron-neuroglia unit in the course of conditioning.", "PMID": 720667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8557", "title": "[Reactions of neurons of the acoustic area of the cerebellar vermis in cats to binaural presentation of tone signals].", "content": "In anesthetized and immobilized cats, interaural time differences at dichotic stimulation with pure tone were characteristic for maximal activity of each neuron of the cerebellar vermis lobuli VI and VII. The responses of neurons to interaural time differences were the best both at more than 10 dB above the threshold intensity and up to 2.0--2.5 kHz frequency. The maximal change of activity in specific range of time delays when fo above 4 kHz occurred irrespective of the spectrum of tone signal. Two types of neurons were revealed: responding 1) at time delays different from 0, and 2) when time delay was 0. This suggests that each of these types of neurons may play a different part in organization of elements of the localizing behaviour.", "contents": "[Reactions of neurons of the acoustic area of the cerebellar vermis in cats to binaural presentation of tone signals]. In anesthetized and immobilized cats, interaural time differences at dichotic stimulation with pure tone were characteristic for maximal activity of each neuron of the cerebellar vermis lobuli VI and VII. The responses of neurons to interaural time differences were the best both at more than 10 dB above the threshold intensity and up to 2.0--2.5 kHz frequency. The maximal change of activity in specific range of time delays when fo above 4 kHz occurred irrespective of the spectrum of tone signal. Two types of neurons were revealed: responding 1) at time delays different from 0, and 2) when time delay was 0. This suggests that each of these types of neurons may play a different part in organization of elements of the localizing behaviour.", "PMID": 720668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8558", "title": "[Analysis of the regulatory influence of effector cells on 3H-catecholamine synthesis in an adrenergic neuron].", "content": "In isolated organs of the white rats activation of noradrenaline-H3 and dophamine-H3 synthesis during action of the alpha-adrenoblocking agent phentolamine (1.10(-6) M) and inhibition of the amines synthesis under influence of the alpha-adrenoreceptor activator mezaton (1.10(-5) M) were due to a release from cells-effectors of respective humoral factors and to the latters' effect upon the processes of amine formation in the adrenergic neuron. Formation of the humoral factors altering the rate of catecholamines-H3 synthesis is associated with activation of the protein synthesis in cells-effectors and occurs during change of the functional state (excitation or blockade) of the post-synaptic adrenoreceptors. The processes occurring at the time in the adrenergic neuron, are not correlated with protein formation. The possibility of existence of a common mechanism for feed-back transsynaptic regulation of synthesis and neuronal uptake of noradrenaline via adrenoreceptors of cells-effectors by means of changing the intensity of thyrosin and noradrenaline transport into the neuron is discussed.", "contents": "[Analysis of the regulatory influence of effector cells on 3H-catecholamine synthesis in an adrenergic neuron]. In isolated organs of the white rats activation of noradrenaline-H3 and dophamine-H3 synthesis during action of the alpha-adrenoblocking agent phentolamine (1.10(-6) M) and inhibition of the amines synthesis under influence of the alpha-adrenoreceptor activator mezaton (1.10(-5) M) were due to a release from cells-effectors of respective humoral factors and to the latters' effect upon the processes of amine formation in the adrenergic neuron. Formation of the humoral factors altering the rate of catecholamines-H3 synthesis is associated with activation of the protein synthesis in cells-effectors and occurs during change of the functional state (excitation or blockade) of the post-synaptic adrenoreceptors. The processes occurring at the time in the adrenergic neuron, are not correlated with protein formation. The possibility of existence of a common mechanism for feed-back transsynaptic regulation of synthesis and neuronal uptake of noradrenaline via adrenoreceptors of cells-effectors by means of changing the intensity of thyrosin and noradrenaline transport into the neuron is discussed.", "PMID": 720669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8559", "title": "[Noradrenaline uptake by the isolated hearts of rats adapted and dysadapted to hypoxia].", "content": "Disrupted training of rats for hypoxia during 3 weeks at the normal atmospheric pressure increases their resistance to the profound testing hypoxia. Stability of the noradrenaline (NA) level in conditions of isolated heart perfusion, a decrease in the NA neuronal uptake, and an increasing inhibitory effect of the exogenous NA on the synthesis of dioxyphenylalanine indicate an ample functional reserve in the adrenergic structures of these animals. A longer training (5 weeks) diminishing the resistance of rats to the testing hypoxic influence and entails phenomena of heart deadaptation at the level of its adrenergic structures.", "contents": "[Noradrenaline uptake by the isolated hearts of rats adapted and dysadapted to hypoxia]. Disrupted training of rats for hypoxia during 3 weeks at the normal atmospheric pressure increases their resistance to the profound testing hypoxia. Stability of the noradrenaline (NA) level in conditions of isolated heart perfusion, a decrease in the NA neuronal uptake, and an increasing inhibitory effect of the exogenous NA on the synthesis of dioxyphenylalanine indicate an ample functional reserve in the adrenergic structures of these animals. A longer training (5 weeks) diminishing the resistance of rats to the testing hypoxic influence and entails phenomena of heart deadaptation at the level of its adrenergic structures.", "PMID": 720670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8560", "title": "[Organization of the electrical activity of different groups of muscles in rats during locomotion].", "content": "The EMG was recorded from the knee synergical group of muscle in the phase of leg move during locomotion in rats. The correlation analysis of the EMG epochs and the pauses in muscular activity respective to the moments of onset and termination of the leg move phase divided it into three independent elements: rise of the leg, maintaining of the leg over support, and stepping on the support. This suggests possible existence of three independent intraspinal subprograms which in different ways organize the work of a single group of muscles during each element of seemingly such a simple movement as the leg move during stepping.", "contents": "[Organization of the electrical activity of different groups of muscles in rats during locomotion]. The EMG was recorded from the knee synergical group of muscle in the phase of leg move during locomotion in rats. The correlation analysis of the EMG epochs and the pauses in muscular activity respective to the moments of onset and termination of the leg move phase divided it into three independent elements: rise of the leg, maintaining of the leg over support, and stepping on the support. This suggests possible existence of three independent intraspinal subprograms which in different ways organize the work of a single group of muscles during each element of seemingly such a simple movement as the leg move during stepping.", "PMID": 720672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8561", "title": "[Strength characteristics and work capacity of the skeletal muscles of dogs at different age periods].", "content": "The gastrocnemius and the tibialis anterior muscles revealed an increase in the optimal work and optimal load with ageing reaching maximal values at the grown-up period. Development of these parameters differs in rabbits and dogs. The formers develop maximal values of these parameters for m. gastrocnemius at the period of realization of the standing pose while in dogs these values go on increasing till the grown-up state. This difference is due dissimilarity of the natural ecological courses of development of the motor functions in these animals.", "contents": "[Strength characteristics and work capacity of the skeletal muscles of dogs at different age periods]. The gastrocnemius and the tibialis anterior muscles revealed an increase in the optimal work and optimal load with ageing reaching maximal values at the grown-up period. Development of these parameters differs in rabbits and dogs. The formers develop maximal values of these parameters for m. gastrocnemius at the period of realization of the standing pose while in dogs these values go on increasing till the grown-up state. This difference is due dissimilarity of the natural ecological courses of development of the motor functions in these animals.", "PMID": 720673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8562", "title": "[Changes in the adrenal cortex during adaptation to different regimes of motor activity].", "content": "The hypertrophy of the adrenal glands was higher in the rats adapted to long-lasting exercises of moderate and mild intensities. Ultrastructural analysis showed that there were more mitochondria and vesicular cristae as well as the elements of cytoplasmatic reticulum and lipid droplets in the cells of adrenal cortex of the adapted rats. The data obtained suggest two types of adaptational changes in the adrenal cortex: 1) pronounced hypertrophy with low spontaneous functional activity and increased content of cytochrome a--a3; 2) less pronounced hypertrophy with higher content of corticosterone and lower content of cytochrome a--a3 in adrenals.", "contents": "[Changes in the adrenal cortex during adaptation to different regimes of motor activity]. The hypertrophy of the adrenal glands was higher in the rats adapted to long-lasting exercises of moderate and mild intensities. Ultrastructural analysis showed that there were more mitochondria and vesicular cristae as well as the elements of cytoplasmatic reticulum and lipid droplets in the cells of adrenal cortex of the adapted rats. The data obtained suggest two types of adaptational changes in the adrenal cortex: 1) pronounced hypertrophy with low spontaneous functional activity and increased content of cytochrome a--a3; 2) less pronounced hypertrophy with higher content of corticosterone and lower content of cytochrome a--a3 in adrenals.", "PMID": 720674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8563", "title": "[Role of CO2 fixation in increasing the body's resistance to acute hypoxia].", "content": "In rats, the phenomenon of considerable increase in resistance to acute hypoxia observed after 2-hour stay under conditions of gradually increasing concentration of CO2, decreasing concentration of O2, ANd external cooling at 2--3 degrees seems to be based mainly on changes in concentration of CO2 (ACCORDINGLY, PCO2 and other forms of CO2 in the blood). The high resistance to acute hypoxia develops as well after subcutaneous or i.v. administration of 1.0 ml of water solution (169.2 mg/200 g) NaHCO2, (NH4)2SO4, MgSO4, MnSO4, and ZnSO4 (in proportion: 35 : 5 : 2 : 0.15 : 0.15, resp.) or after 1-hour effect of increased hypercapnia and hypoxia without cooling.", "contents": "[Role of CO2 fixation in increasing the body's resistance to acute hypoxia]. In rats, the phenomenon of considerable increase in resistance to acute hypoxia observed after 2-hour stay under conditions of gradually increasing concentration of CO2, decreasing concentration of O2, ANd external cooling at 2--3 degrees seems to be based mainly on changes in concentration of CO2 (ACCORDINGLY, PCO2 and other forms of CO2 in the blood). The high resistance to acute hypoxia develops as well after subcutaneous or i.v. administration of 1.0 ml of water solution (169.2 mg/200 g) NaHCO2, (NH4)2SO4, MgSO4, MnSO4, and ZnSO4 (in proportion: 35 : 5 : 2 : 0.15 : 0.15, resp.) or after 1-hour effect of increased hypercapnia and hypoxia without cooling.", "PMID": 720676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8564", "title": "[Comparative characteristics of mechanisms regulating tubocurarine and cold tremor].", "content": "Tubocurarine tremor and shivering show identical topography in different muscle groups and identical frequency patterns of the EMG. Electrical stimulation of the medial preoptic area inhibits tubocurarine tremor and shivering. Reflexes from peripheral thermoreceptors are less important in regulating the tubocurarine tremor as compared with the shivering regulation. The data obtained show that tubocurarine tremor is a centrally induced analog of shivering.", "contents": "[Comparative characteristics of mechanisms regulating tubocurarine and cold tremor]. Tubocurarine tremor and shivering show identical topography in different muscle groups and identical frequency patterns of the EMG. Electrical stimulation of the medial preoptic area inhibits tubocurarine tremor and shivering. Reflexes from peripheral thermoreceptors are less important in regulating the tubocurarine tremor as compared with the shivering regulation. The data obtained show that tubocurarine tremor is a centrally induced analog of shivering.", "PMID": 720678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8565", "title": "[A simple method for the simultaneous analysis of r-T3 and 33'-T2 by mass fragmentography using GC-MS. (Part II. Mass fragmentographic identification of 33'-T2 and r-T3 in biological fluids) (author's transl)].", "content": "In view of the previous report of the possibility of 33'-T2 and r-T3 measurements, the identification of these iodinated compounds was performed by mass fragmentography. The peaks at m/e 218, 624 (33'-T2) and m/e 218, 750 (r-T3) were applied to establish the precise qualitative evaluation of unknown peaks. The base peak at m/e 218 (thyroid analogues) was applied to avail itself of simultaneous multiple ion analyses by GC-MS. The following results were obtained. 1) Mass fragmentography makes possible the simultaneous measurements of 33'-T2, r-T3 and other thyroid analogues with 1 ml of serum and urine samples obtained from rats or human beings. 2) This method is very convenient for extracting the compounds from biological fluids, and the procedure can be carried out easily in a short time. The specificity of this method surpasses and cannot be compared to any other existing quantitative methods.", "contents": "[A simple method for the simultaneous analysis of r-T3 and 33'-T2 by mass fragmentography using GC-MS. (Part II. Mass fragmentographic identification of 33'-T2 and r-T3 in biological fluids) (author's transl)]. In view of the previous report of the possibility of 33'-T2 and r-T3 measurements, the identification of these iodinated compounds was performed by mass fragmentography. The peaks at m/e 218, 624 (33'-T2) and m/e 218, 750 (r-T3) were applied to establish the precise qualitative evaluation of unknown peaks. The base peak at m/e 218 (thyroid analogues) was applied to avail itself of simultaneous multiple ion analyses by GC-MS. The following results were obtained. 1) Mass fragmentography makes possible the simultaneous measurements of 33'-T2, r-T3 and other thyroid analogues with 1 ml of serum and urine samples obtained from rats or human beings. 2) This method is very convenient for extracting the compounds from biological fluids, and the procedure can be carried out easily in a short time. The specificity of this method surpasses and cannot be compared to any other existing quantitative methods.", "PMID": 720695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8566", "title": "[The effect of enzymes on progesterone-receptor binding and chromatin binding of the complex in the estrogen-primed rabbit uterus (author's transl)].", "content": "The present study was designed to determine the characteristics of the progesterone receptor and chromatin binding site (\"acceptor\") of the progesterone-receptor complex in the rabbit uterus. The uterus was obtained from an estrogen-primed immature female rabbit. The binding of progesterone to the uterine receptor was examined in vitro. The progesterone-receptor binding was reduced only by proteases, and phosphorus moiety may not be related for progesterone-receptor binding. The effects of enzymes on the acceptor of the chromatin were investigated. The progesterone-receptor complex was bound to the dehistonized chromatin. The dehistonized chromatins, which were pretreated with enzymes at 4 degrees C or 37 degrees C for 30 minutes, were incubated with 3H-progesterone prelabeled uterine cytosol at 4 degrees C for 30 minutes, and the radioactivity in the chromatin pellet was counted. Proteases effectively decreased the receptor binding capacity to the dehistonized chromatin in the following order: pronase greater than trypsin greater than papain greater alpha-chymotrypsin. DNAse moderately and phospholipase A slightly decreased its binding capacity. The results may indicate that the acceptor site of the progesterone receptor is nonhistone protein over DNA of chromatin and may contain phosphorus moiety.", "contents": "[The effect of enzymes on progesterone-receptor binding and chromatin binding of the complex in the estrogen-primed rabbit uterus (author's transl)]. The present study was designed to determine the characteristics of the progesterone receptor and chromatin binding site (\"acceptor\") of the progesterone-receptor complex in the rabbit uterus. The uterus was obtained from an estrogen-primed immature female rabbit. The binding of progesterone to the uterine receptor was examined in vitro. The progesterone-receptor binding was reduced only by proteases, and phosphorus moiety may not be related for progesterone-receptor binding. The effects of enzymes on the acceptor of the chromatin were investigated. The progesterone-receptor complex was bound to the dehistonized chromatin. The dehistonized chromatins, which were pretreated with enzymes at 4 degrees C or 37 degrees C for 30 minutes, were incubated with 3H-progesterone prelabeled uterine cytosol at 4 degrees C for 30 minutes, and the radioactivity in the chromatin pellet was counted. Proteases effectively decreased the receptor binding capacity to the dehistonized chromatin in the following order: pronase greater than trypsin greater than papain greater alpha-chymotrypsin. DNAse moderately and phospholipase A slightly decreased its binding capacity. The results may indicate that the acceptor site of the progesterone receptor is nonhistone protein over DNA of chromatin and may contain phosphorus moiety.", "PMID": 720696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8567", "title": "[A study on the pathophysiology and diagnosis of adrenocortical insufficiency using angiotensin II blocker (author's transl)].", "content": "Angiotensin II analogue (AIIA), 1-sarcosine, 8-isoleucine angiotensin II (Sar1, Ile8-AII), was given in a graded dose to patients with adrenal hypofunction of various etiologies, and the blood pressure response to AIIA was observed to investigate the role of the renin-angiotensin system for the maintenance of blood pressure in the state of adrenal insufficiency. An agonistic pressor response to AIIA was observed in the control subjects without adrenal hypofunction. In contrast with this, patients with Addison's disease showed a blood pressure fall to AIIA. When the test was repeated on the same patients after hydrocortisone replacement, these patients showed a neutral or pressor response. Three patients with adrenalectomy and hydrocortisone replacement showed a pressor response to AIIA in a supine position. When these patients were tilted, fall in blood pressure to AIIA was observed in two of them who had been on a regular diet, whereas one patient who had been on a high sodium diet showed no fall in blood pressure with this procedure. We concluded that the renin-angiotensin system plays an important role in the maintenance of normal or subnormal blood pressure in Addison's disease and in the postural change of adrenalectomized patients on hydrocortisone and regular salt intake. The response of blood pressure to AIIA may be a clue for the diagnosis of Addison's disease and the evaluation of the adequacy of replacement therapy with regard to these patients.", "contents": "[A study on the pathophysiology and diagnosis of adrenocortical insufficiency using angiotensin II blocker (author's transl)]. Angiotensin II analogue (AIIA), 1-sarcosine, 8-isoleucine angiotensin II (Sar1, Ile8-AII), was given in a graded dose to patients with adrenal hypofunction of various etiologies, and the blood pressure response to AIIA was observed to investigate the role of the renin-angiotensin system for the maintenance of blood pressure in the state of adrenal insufficiency. An agonistic pressor response to AIIA was observed in the control subjects without adrenal hypofunction. In contrast with this, patients with Addison's disease showed a blood pressure fall to AIIA. When the test was repeated on the same patients after hydrocortisone replacement, these patients showed a neutral or pressor response. Three patients with adrenalectomy and hydrocortisone replacement showed a pressor response to AIIA in a supine position. When these patients were tilted, fall in blood pressure to AIIA was observed in two of them who had been on a regular diet, whereas one patient who had been on a high sodium diet showed no fall in blood pressure with this procedure. We concluded that the renin-angiotensin system plays an important role in the maintenance of normal or subnormal blood pressure in Addison's disease and in the postural change of adrenalectomized patients on hydrocortisone and regular salt intake. The response of blood pressure to AIIA may be a clue for the diagnosis of Addison's disease and the evaluation of the adequacy of replacement therapy with regard to these patients.", "PMID": 720700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8568", "title": "[The effect of hydrocortisone and calcium ion on the catecholamine release from the adrenal medullary slice (author's transl)].", "content": "A large dose of hydrocortisone has a protective effect in hemorrhagic and endotoxin shock. In recent years there has been considerable discussion suggesting that the release of catecholamines may be the first step in the chain of events in shock. On the other hand, a large dose of hydrocortisone may inhibit the release of catecholamines, and this effect of hydrocortisone may be attributed to the inhibition of a calcium ion influx across the cell membrane. The present experiments were performed in order to determine whether acetylcholine-and histamine-induced catecholamine release is effected by hydrocortisone and calcium ion in bovine adrenal medullary slices or not. The results were as follows: 1. Acetylcholine or histamine increased catecholamine release from the adrenal medullary slices. 2. The stimulatory effect of acetylcholine or histamine was inhibited by the addition of hydrocortisone. 3. The inhibitory effect of hydrocortisone was proportionally reversed by the increasing amount of added calcium ion in the media. From the above results, it is suggested that hydrocortisone inhibits catecholamine release from the adrenal medullary slices and that the effect of hydrocortisone is due to a blocking of the transfer of calcium ion into the cells.", "contents": "[The effect of hydrocortisone and calcium ion on the catecholamine release from the adrenal medullary slice (author's transl)]. A large dose of hydrocortisone has a protective effect in hemorrhagic and endotoxin shock. In recent years there has been considerable discussion suggesting that the release of catecholamines may be the first step in the chain of events in shock. On the other hand, a large dose of hydrocortisone may inhibit the release of catecholamines, and this effect of hydrocortisone may be attributed to the inhibition of a calcium ion influx across the cell membrane. The present experiments were performed in order to determine whether acetylcholine-and histamine-induced catecholamine release is effected by hydrocortisone and calcium ion in bovine adrenal medullary slices or not. The results were as follows: 1. Acetylcholine or histamine increased catecholamine release from the adrenal medullary slices. 2. The stimulatory effect of acetylcholine or histamine was inhibited by the addition of hydrocortisone. 3. The inhibitory effect of hydrocortisone was proportionally reversed by the increasing amount of added calcium ion in the media. From the above results, it is suggested that hydrocortisone inhibits catecholamine release from the adrenal medullary slices and that the effect of hydrocortisone is due to a blocking of the transfer of calcium ion into the cells.", "PMID": 720701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8569", "title": "[A statistical survey of autopsy cases of malignant goiter (author's transl)].", "content": "A total of 747 cases of malignant neoplasms of the thyroid reported in the \"Annual of the Pathological Autopsy Cases in Japan\" during the past 5 years (1969 approximately 1973) were reviewed and statistically analysed. Histological diagnosis in this series were papillary carcinoma in 323 cases (51.8%), follicular carcinoma in 143 cases (22.9%) and anaplastic carcinoma in 102 cases (16.3%). The average age of patients at autopsy was 58 years for papillary carcinoma cases, 62.4 years for follicular carcinoma cases and 61.7 years for anaplastic carcinoma cases. The incidence of metastatsis to lymph nodes and to organs was 47.3% and 51.5%, respectively in cases of follicular carcinoma and 73.3% and 98.0%, respectively in cases of anaplastic carcinoma. Autopsy revealed an otherwise unnoticed thyroid cancer in 457 cases, which accounted for 61.2% of the entire autopsy cases of malignancy of this organ. A so-called multiple cancer, i.e. the concurrence of carcinomas in the thyroid gland and other organs, was seen in 239 cases (32.3%).", "contents": "[A statistical survey of autopsy cases of malignant goiter (author's transl)]. A total of 747 cases of malignant neoplasms of the thyroid reported in the \"Annual of the Pathological Autopsy Cases in Japan\" during the past 5 years (1969 approximately 1973) were reviewed and statistically analysed. Histological diagnosis in this series were papillary carcinoma in 323 cases (51.8%), follicular carcinoma in 143 cases (22.9%) and anaplastic carcinoma in 102 cases (16.3%). The average age of patients at autopsy was 58 years for papillary carcinoma cases, 62.4 years for follicular carcinoma cases and 61.7 years for anaplastic carcinoma cases. The incidence of metastatsis to lymph nodes and to organs was 47.3% and 51.5%, respectively in cases of follicular carcinoma and 73.3% and 98.0%, respectively in cases of anaplastic carcinoma. Autopsy revealed an otherwise unnoticed thyroid cancer in 457 cases, which accounted for 61.2% of the entire autopsy cases of malignancy of this organ. A so-called multiple cancer, i.e. the concurrence of carcinomas in the thyroid gland and other organs, was seen in 239 cases (32.3%).", "PMID": 720706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8570", "title": "[Mycosis fungoides--the practionner confronted with the nosological, diagnostic and prognostic problems of epidermotrophic lymphomas (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have studied 39 cases of mycosis fungoides in the last 3 years. The confrontation between clinical and histological data remains the best means of diagnosis and prognosis. The classical classification into three clinical forms must be maintained; laboratory investigations do not yet supply practical information for prognosis and therapy. At present, the prognosis cannot be established otherwise than on clinical grounds; a pragmatic staging method is needed.", "contents": "[Mycosis fungoides--the practionner confronted with the nosological, diagnostic and prognostic problems of epidermotrophic lymphomas (author's transl)]. The authors have studied 39 cases of mycosis fungoides in the last 3 years. The confrontation between clinical and histological data remains the best means of diagnosis and prognosis. The classical classification into three clinical forms must be maintained; laboratory investigations do not yet supply practical information for prognosis and therapy. At present, the prognosis cannot be established otherwise than on clinical grounds; a pragmatic staging method is needed.", "PMID": 720716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8571", "title": "[Woringer and Kolopp's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Woringer and Kolopp's disease is a rare skin disease. Erythemato-squamous, slightly infiltrated lesions with round-shaped islets of normal skin are the clinical hall-marks of the disease. The histological picture is highly specific: a dense epidermal infiltrate disrupts the stratum spinosum, contrasting with a spared dermis. Three different aspects of the disease have been reported: a localized benign type as in Woringer and Kolopp's patient; a disseminated lethal type without visceral involvement and without preexisting lesions, and a disseminated lethal type in which lesions appear on erythematous patches clinically and histologically similar to \"parapsoriasis en plaques\". It is the opinion of the authors that the third type is not Woringer and Kolopp's disease but an extremely epidermotropic variant of mycosis fungoides. The two other types seem to be variants of the same disease. Several hypotheses about the nature of that disorder are discussed. Most authors think that Woringer and Kolopp's disease is a cutaneous lymphoma because of clinical, histological and ultrastructural similarities with mycosis fungoides. We are presenting evidence favoring the hypothesis of a Merkel cell proliferative disease.", "contents": "[Woringer and Kolopp's disease (author's transl)]. Woringer and Kolopp's disease is a rare skin disease. Erythemato-squamous, slightly infiltrated lesions with round-shaped islets of normal skin are the clinical hall-marks of the disease. The histological picture is highly specific: a dense epidermal infiltrate disrupts the stratum spinosum, contrasting with a spared dermis. Three different aspects of the disease have been reported: a localized benign type as in Woringer and Kolopp's patient; a disseminated lethal type without visceral involvement and without preexisting lesions, and a disseminated lethal type in which lesions appear on erythematous patches clinically and histologically similar to \"parapsoriasis en plaques\". It is the opinion of the authors that the third type is not Woringer and Kolopp's disease but an extremely epidermotropic variant of mycosis fungoides. The two other types seem to be variants of the same disease. Several hypotheses about the nature of that disorder are discussed. Most authors think that Woringer and Kolopp's disease is a cutaneous lymphoma because of clinical, histological and ultrastructural similarities with mycosis fungoides. We are presenting evidence favoring the hypothesis of a Merkel cell proliferative disease.", "PMID": 720717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8572", "title": "Experience with etomidate: a hypnotic for induction of anaesthesia.", "content": "The authors report on their experience with combined etomidate anaesthesia in 500 varied surgical procedures including thoracic and neurosurgery. Specific indications for the new short-term hypnotic etomidate are dealt with, including anaesthesia in poor-risk patients, conditions of shock, spastic bronchitis, and bronchial asthma. When used for the induction of neuroleptic analgesia, etomidate offers certain benefits. Since it induces few side-effects, it is suggested that this preparation is the drug of choice for ambulatory anesthesia, Casesarean section, etc.", "contents": "Experience with etomidate: a hypnotic for induction of anaesthesia. The authors report on their experience with combined etomidate anaesthesia in 500 varied surgical procedures including thoracic and neurosurgery. Specific indications for the new short-term hypnotic etomidate are dealt with, including anaesthesia in poor-risk patients, conditions of shock, spastic bronchitis, and bronchial asthma. When used for the induction of neuroleptic analgesia, etomidate offers certain benefits. Since it induces few side-effects, it is suggested that this preparation is the drug of choice for ambulatory anesthesia, Casesarean section, etc.", "PMID": 720735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8573", "title": "Effect of Vaporub and petrolatum on frequency and amplitude of breathing in children with acute bronchitis.", "content": "Transthoracic impedance pneumographs from sixty children suffering from acute bronchitis were studied to investigate the effect of Vaporub on the amplitude and frequency of breathing. The experimental technique consisted of an observation period of 70 minutes after a 3-minute treatment with Vaporub or petrolatum as a control. Before the treatment, after an adaptation period of 20 minutes, the pneumogram was recorded for 10 minutes, after the treatment pneumograms were recorded for 70 minutes. The pneumograph data demonstrated an early increase in amplitude up to 33.0%, with subsequent return to slightly above control for the remaining test period. Such an increase was not observed in the Petrolatum-treated group. Breathing frequency demonstrated a progressive decrease to 19.4% of the pre-treatment value at the end of the test period, while the Petrolatum controls were between + 3.6 to - 4.2% difference. It is concluded that Vaporub treatment results in a change in breathing patterns. This, together with the clinical observation of the children suggests a condition of 'easier breathing'.", "contents": "Effect of Vaporub and petrolatum on frequency and amplitude of breathing in children with acute bronchitis. Transthoracic impedance pneumographs from sixty children suffering from acute bronchitis were studied to investigate the effect of Vaporub on the amplitude and frequency of breathing. The experimental technique consisted of an observation period of 70 minutes after a 3-minute treatment with Vaporub or petrolatum as a control. Before the treatment, after an adaptation period of 20 minutes, the pneumogram was recorded for 10 minutes, after the treatment pneumograms were recorded for 70 minutes. The pneumograph data demonstrated an early increase in amplitude up to 33.0%, with subsequent return to slightly above control for the remaining test period. Such an increase was not observed in the Petrolatum-treated group. Breathing frequency demonstrated a progressive decrease to 19.4% of the pre-treatment value at the end of the test period, while the Petrolatum controls were between + 3.6 to - 4.2% difference. It is concluded that Vaporub treatment results in a change in breathing patterns. This, together with the clinical observation of the children suggests a condition of 'easier breathing'.", "PMID": 720737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8574", "title": "Effect of Vaporub and petrolatum on skin and rectal temperature in children with acute bronchitis.", "content": "Fifty-six children, suffering from acute bronchitis were studied. Skin temperature and rectal temperature were simultaneously recorded over a period of 90 minutes after 3-minute rub therapy on chest and back with either Vaporub or its base Petrolatum. A statistically significant increase in skin temperature as compared to the pre-treatment was observed; with Vaporub, however, the increase was 1.1 degrees C on average at the highest point of a large plateau reaching from 30 to 90 minutes after the treatment. Rubbing Petrolatum alone showed 0.2 degrees C on average on the top of the temperature plateau. Rectal temperature did not show significant changes with either therapy. On comparing temperature data of the same type in healthy children, the time course of the temperature elevation (which also was observed in healthy children after Vaporub treatment), was different from that of bronchitic children. In the bronchitic children the temperature rise was still 0.9 degrees C 60 minutes after treatment. In the healthy children after 60 minutes, the temperature elevation was only 0.4 degrees C above the pre-treatment value.", "contents": "Effect of Vaporub and petrolatum on skin and rectal temperature in children with acute bronchitis. Fifty-six children, suffering from acute bronchitis were studied. Skin temperature and rectal temperature were simultaneously recorded over a period of 90 minutes after 3-minute rub therapy on chest and back with either Vaporub or its base Petrolatum. A statistically significant increase in skin temperature as compared to the pre-treatment was observed; with Vaporub, however, the increase was 1.1 degrees C on average at the highest point of a large plateau reaching from 30 to 90 minutes after the treatment. Rubbing Petrolatum alone showed 0.2 degrees C on average on the top of the temperature plateau. Rectal temperature did not show significant changes with either therapy. On comparing temperature data of the same type in healthy children, the time course of the temperature elevation (which also was observed in healthy children after Vaporub treatment), was different from that of bronchitic children. In the bronchitic children the temperature rise was still 0.9 degrees C 60 minutes after treatment. In the healthy children after 60 minutes, the temperature elevation was only 0.4 degrees C above the pre-treatment value.", "PMID": 720738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8575", "title": "Effect of Vaporub on the restlessness of children with acute bronchitis.", "content": "In this study pneumographs of children with acute bronchitis treated with Vicks Vaporub or Petrolatum were used. Movement artifacts were used as a measure of the so-called \"restlessness\" of the children. The experimental schedule consisted of a 10-minute phase of recording before a 3-minute treatment with Vaporub or Petrolatum, followed by a 70-minute observation period, during which time pneumograms were also recorded. Thirty-four Vaporub-treated children showed an increase in periods without movement artifacts of up to 213.8%, the Petrolatum controls, twenty-six children, up to 62.4% as compared to the corresponding pre-treatment values. It is concluded that Vaporub is effective in decreasing restlessness in children suffering from acute bronchitis. This effect is quite marked and cannot be due solely to psychological effects of the rub therapy, or to effects of petrolatum without aromatics.", "contents": "Effect of Vaporub on the restlessness of children with acute bronchitis. In this study pneumographs of children with acute bronchitis treated with Vicks Vaporub or Petrolatum were used. Movement artifacts were used as a measure of the so-called \"restlessness\" of the children. The experimental schedule consisted of a 10-minute phase of recording before a 3-minute treatment with Vaporub or Petrolatum, followed by a 70-minute observation period, during which time pneumograms were also recorded. Thirty-four Vaporub-treated children showed an increase in periods without movement artifacts of up to 213.8%, the Petrolatum controls, twenty-six children, up to 62.4% as compared to the corresponding pre-treatment values. It is concluded that Vaporub is effective in decreasing restlessness in children suffering from acute bronchitis. This effect is quite marked and cannot be due solely to psychological effects of the rub therapy, or to effects of petrolatum without aromatics.", "PMID": 720739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8576", "title": "Trasidrex (a fixed combination of slow Trasicor 16o mg and Navidrex 0.25mg) in the treatment of hypertension: a multicentre clinical trial in general practice.", "content": "Sixty-two patients with hypertension who were treated with a free combination of Slow Trasicor or Trasicor and Navidrex K were transferred to a fixed combination tablet, Trasidrex (slow oxprenolol 160 mg + cyclopenthiazide 0.25 mg). Blood pressure control was marginally improved and there was no  increase in side-effects.", "contents": "Trasidrex (a fixed combination of slow Trasicor 16o mg and Navidrex 0.25mg) in the treatment of hypertension: a multicentre clinical trial in general practice. Sixty-two patients with hypertension who were treated with a free combination of Slow Trasicor or Trasicor and Navidrex K were transferred to a fixed combination tablet, Trasidrex (slow oxprenolol 160 mg + cyclopenthiazide 0.25 mg). Blood pressure control was marginally improved and there was no  increase in side-effects.", "PMID": 720740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8577", "title": "Effect of thyroidectomy on intracellular amount and distribution of exchangeable Ca2+ in isolated rat liver cells.", "content": "The effect of thyroidectomy and replacement therapy on intracellular calcium was studied in isolated rat liver cells. The cells were first loaded with 45Ca and the efflux of isotope followed for 4 h. The cells maintained their viability during this period as judged from staining with trypan blue and rate of respiration. Two different time constants could be resolved by the peeling method. The experiments showed that thyroidectomy markedly reduced the pool of calcium with the slowest turnover while the other pool remained unchanged. Administration of triiodothyronine (T3) to the thyroidectomized animals 48 h before the experiment normalized the rate of respiration but did not restore the slow turnover pool of calcium.", "contents": "Effect of thyroidectomy on intracellular amount and distribution of exchangeable Ca2+ in isolated rat liver cells. The effect of thyroidectomy and replacement therapy on intracellular calcium was studied in isolated rat liver cells. The cells were first loaded with 45Ca and the efflux of isotope followed for 4 h. The cells maintained their viability during this period as judged from staining with trypan blue and rate of respiration. Two different time constants could be resolved by the peeling method. The experiments showed that thyroidectomy markedly reduced the pool of calcium with the slowest turnover while the other pool remained unchanged. Administration of triiodothyronine (T3) to the thyroidectomized animals 48 h before the experiment normalized the rate of respiration but did not restore the slow turnover pool of calcium.", "PMID": 720746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8578", "title": "Biosynthesis of labelled anti-m\u00fcllerian hormone by fetal testes: evidence for the glycoprotein nature of the hormone and for its disulfide-bonded structure.", "content": "Tritiated fucose incorporated into proteins released by fetal calf tests into incubation medium proved to be a marker for anti-m\u00fcllerian hormone (AMH) once non-specific glycoproteins had been eliminated by partial purification. When partially purified incubation medium from fetal calf teste s was fractionated by gel filtration, sucrose density gradient sedimentation or preparative electrofocusing, a single radioactive protein peak co-purified with anti-m\u00fcllerian activity. Partially purified medium from bull testes--which are devoid of anti-m\u00fcllerian activity--has a much lower fucose content than that derived from fetal testes. Antisera directed against 'fetal'--but not 'bull'--partially purified incubation medium, and capable of blocking anti-m\u00fcllerian activity, precipitated the radioactive protein peak. The molecular weight of labelled AMH was 215,000 when determined by gel filtration and 124,000 when determined by density gradient sedimentation. By SDS-PAGE the molecular weight of labelled AMH was 123,000 and dissociation into a 72,000 subunit was demonstrated under conditions which reduce disulfide bonds.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of labelled anti-m\u00fcllerian hormone by fetal testes: evidence for the glycoprotein nature of the hormone and for its disulfide-bonded structure. Tritiated fucose incorporated into proteins released by fetal calf tests into incubation medium proved to be a marker for anti-m\u00fcllerian hormone (AMH) once non-specific glycoproteins had been eliminated by partial purification. When partially purified incubation medium from fetal calf teste s was fractionated by gel filtration, sucrose density gradient sedimentation or preparative electrofocusing, a single radioactive protein peak co-purified with anti-m\u00fcllerian activity. Partially purified medium from bull testes--which are devoid of anti-m\u00fcllerian activity--has a much lower fucose content than that derived from fetal testes. Antisera directed against 'fetal'--but not 'bull'--partially purified incubation medium, and capable of blocking anti-m\u00fcllerian activity, precipitated the radioactive protein peak. The molecular weight of labelled AMH was 215,000 when determined by gel filtration and 124,000 when determined by density gradient sedimentation. By SDS-PAGE the molecular weight of labelled AMH was 123,000 and dissociation into a 72,000 subunit was demonstrated under conditions which reduce disulfide bonds.", "PMID": 720747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8579", "title": "Characteristics of calcitonin degradation in vitro produced by incubation with procine thyroid tissue.", "content": "The possibility of calcitonin (CT) degradation by thyroid tissue in vitro was investigated. Tissue slices or a thyroid supernatant solution was incubated with 131I-labeled porcine CT for 30--60 min at 37 degrees C. Calcitonin degradation and deiodination were determined by chromatoelectrophoresis and/or quso adsorption. Degradation of ]131I]CT occurred rapidly in the presence of 50--200 mg porcine thyroid tissues; however, little or no hormone deiodination was observed. Porcine liver, kidney and lung slices also degraded [131I]CT. The data indicate that a nonspecific proteolytic enzyme, capable of rapid CT degradation, is liberated from thyroid tissue slices in vitro. This substance, which is found in the cytosol fraction of thyroid tissue, is heat labile, has a molecular weight between 25,000 and 100,000, displays an acidic pH maximum for CT degradation and is inhibited by sulfhydryl enzyme inhibitors. The liberation of this substance from thyroid slices may explain the relative unresponsiveness of CT secretion observed in previous in vitro studies.", "contents": "Characteristics of calcitonin degradation in vitro produced by incubation with procine thyroid tissue. The possibility of calcitonin (CT) degradation by thyroid tissue in vitro was investigated. Tissue slices or a thyroid supernatant solution was incubated with 131I-labeled porcine CT for 30--60 min at 37 degrees C. Calcitonin degradation and deiodination were determined by chromatoelectrophoresis and/or quso adsorption. Degradation of ]131I]CT occurred rapidly in the presence of 50--200 mg porcine thyroid tissues; however, little or no hormone deiodination was observed. Porcine liver, kidney and lung slices also degraded [131I]CT. The data indicate that a nonspecific proteolytic enzyme, capable of rapid CT degradation, is liberated from thyroid tissue slices in vitro. This substance, which is found in the cytosol fraction of thyroid tissue, is heat labile, has a molecular weight between 25,000 and 100,000, displays an acidic pH maximum for CT degradation and is inhibited by sulfhydryl enzyme inhibitors. The liberation of this substance from thyroid slices may explain the relative unresponsiveness of CT secretion observed in previous in vitro studies.", "PMID": 720748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8580", "title": "Alleviation of forgetting in preweanling rats.", "content": "Three experiments tested the learning and retention of neonatal rats (7, 9, and 12 days of age) with a nondirectional active avoidance task, using a vibrotactile conditioned stimulus. The hypothesis was that the substantial deficit of these animals in 24-hr retention is due, at least in part, to a deficiency in memory retrieval. In Experiment I, a reactivation treatment was found to alleviate the forgetting over the 24-hr period for 12-day olds although having somewhat lesser effect for animals 9 days of age. The reactivation treatment seemed ineffective for rats 7 days of age. Experiments II and III confirmed the reliability of the reactivation effects with 9- and 12-day olds, while adding further control conditions and providing new information concerning the ontogenesis of latent inhibition.", "contents": "Alleviation of forgetting in preweanling rats. Three experiments tested the learning and retention of neonatal rats (7, 9, and 12 days of age) with a nondirectional active avoidance task, using a vibrotactile conditioned stimulus. The hypothesis was that the substantial deficit of these animals in 24-hr retention is due, at least in part, to a deficiency in memory retrieval. In Experiment I, a reactivation treatment was found to alleviate the forgetting over the 24-hr period for 12-day olds although having somewhat lesser effect for animals 9 days of age. The reactivation treatment seemed ineffective for rats 7 days of age. Experiments II and III confirmed the reliability of the reactivation effects with 9- and 12-day olds, while adding further control conditions and providing new information concerning the ontogenesis of latent inhibition.", "PMID": 720759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8581", "title": "Behavioral persistence following switchovers between environmental enrichment and impoverishment in mice.", "content": "Weanling mice were reared in environmental enrichment and/or impoverishment conditions for 2 months. In the 1st experiment, mice were switched from 1 environment into the other after 1 month, and maintained in the opposite environment for 2 or 4 weeks. Switched and nonswitched groups were compared to establish whether the effects of the initial environmental exposure would persist through later opposite environmental experiences. The performance of switched groups tended to differ from that of all nonswitched groups: little behavioral persistence was found. In the 2nd experiment, mice were switched every 7, 14, or 28 days over a 2-month period. These procedures yielded several types of behavioral outcomes; however, no behavioral persistence was evidenced. The data indicate that early life experiences in a particular level of environmental complexity need not permanently modify behavior.", "contents": "Behavioral persistence following switchovers between environmental enrichment and impoverishment in mice. Weanling mice were reared in environmental enrichment and/or impoverishment conditions for 2 months. In the 1st experiment, mice were switched from 1 environment into the other after 1 month, and maintained in the opposite environment for 2 or 4 weeks. Switched and nonswitched groups were compared to establish whether the effects of the initial environmental exposure would persist through later opposite environmental experiences. The performance of switched groups tended to differ from that of all nonswitched groups: little behavioral persistence was found. In the 2nd experiment, mice were switched every 7, 14, or 28 days over a 2-month period. These procedures yielded several types of behavioral outcomes; however, no behavioral persistence was evidenced. The data indicate that early life experiences in a particular level of environmental complexity need not permanently modify behavior.", "PMID": 720760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8582", "title": "Vocalization in the cat and kitten.", "content": "Vocal responses of kittens and mature cats were recorded in a variety of standard behavioral situations. Sonographic analysis of these responses showed similarities of responses obtained repeatedly from different cats within each recording situation. Marked differences in response patterns were noted in different recording situations. The kitten and cat vocal repertoires thus include a variety of specific responses to particular motivational or behavioral circumstances.", "contents": "Vocalization in the cat and kitten. Vocal responses of kittens and mature cats were recorded in a variety of standard behavioral situations. Sonographic analysis of these responses showed similarities of responses obtained repeatedly from different cats within each recording situation. Marked differences in response patterns were noted in different recording situations. The kitten and cat vocal repertoires thus include a variety of specific responses to particular motivational or behavioral circumstances.", "PMID": 720761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8583", "title": "Self-recognition and stimulus preference in autistic children.", "content": "A common notion regarding autistic children is that they do not show self-recognition. In this study, 7 autistic children were compared to a group of normal infants at the age of self-recognition. Using a videotape \"mirror image\" and an objective self-recognition criterion, we observed that 6 of the 7 autistic children exhibited self-recognition. In a 2-choice preference situation, autistic children tended to prefer the more predictable mirror image to a previously taped film of self.", "contents": "Self-recognition and stimulus preference in autistic children. A common notion regarding autistic children is that they do not show self-recognition. In this study, 7 autistic children were compared to a group of normal infants at the age of self-recognition. Using a videotape \"mirror image\" and an objective self-recognition criterion, we observed that 6 of the 7 autistic children exhibited self-recognition. In a 2-choice preference situation, autistic children tended to prefer the more predictable mirror image to a previously taped film of self.", "PMID": 720762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8584", "title": "Sensory regulation of maternal behavior in rats: effects of pup age.", "content": "Maternal behavior (retrieving, crouching, and licking) was induced in Sprague-Dawley virgin female rats by constant exposure to pups aged 1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-8, 9-10, 11-12, 13-14, or 15-16 days. The incidence of spontaneous components of maternal behavior, notably retrieving, was greater towards pups 1-8 days of age than towards older pups, whereas the occurrence of cannibalism did not differ as a function of pup age. With pups 1-2 through 13-14 days, the latency to onset of full maternal behavior was shortest with 1-2-day-old pups (2-day median) and longest with 13-14-day-old pups (7-day median). Females exposed to pups aged 3-4 through 11-12 days did not differ significantly in their latencies, the medians of which ranged from 4.0 to 5.5 days. Only 1 female out of 8 exposed to pups aged 15-16 days became fully maternal, but 5 more displayed components of maternal responsiveness. The optimal nature of neonates and the general attractiveness of a wider range of pup ages as stimuli for the elicitation of maternal behavior in rats, as well as comparisons to mice and hamsters, were discussed.", "contents": "Sensory regulation of maternal behavior in rats: effects of pup age. Maternal behavior (retrieving, crouching, and licking) was induced in Sprague-Dawley virgin female rats by constant exposure to pups aged 1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-8, 9-10, 11-12, 13-14, or 15-16 days. The incidence of spontaneous components of maternal behavior, notably retrieving, was greater towards pups 1-8 days of age than towards older pups, whereas the occurrence of cannibalism did not differ as a function of pup age. With pups 1-2 through 13-14 days, the latency to onset of full maternal behavior was shortest with 1-2-day-old pups (2-day median) and longest with 13-14-day-old pups (7-day median). Females exposed to pups aged 3-4 through 11-12 days did not differ significantly in their latencies, the medians of which ranged from 4.0 to 5.5 days. Only 1 female out of 8 exposed to pups aged 15-16 days became fully maternal, but 5 more displayed components of maternal responsiveness. The optimal nature of neonates and the general attractiveness of a wider range of pup ages as stimuli for the elicitation of maternal behavior in rats, as well as comparisons to mice and hamsters, were discussed.", "PMID": 720763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8585", "title": "Comparative studies of the ultrasonic calls of infant murid rodents.", "content": "The ultrasonic calls of 10 species of murid rodents including 3 strains of house mice are described and the significance of interspecific similarities and differences is discussed. The calls of newborn murid rodents may be characterized by their gradual onset and cessation, their comparative lack of amplitude and frequency modulation, and, often, by the presence of only 1 frequency component. These common acoustic characteristics may be important in eliciting and/or maintaining various aspects of maternal behavior, both in and out of the nest.", "contents": "Comparative studies of the ultrasonic calls of infant murid rodents. The ultrasonic calls of 10 species of murid rodents including 3 strains of house mice are described and the significance of interspecific similarities and differences is discussed. The calls of newborn murid rodents may be characterized by their gradual onset and cessation, their comparative lack of amplitude and frequency modulation, and, often, by the presence of only 1 frequency component. These common acoustic characteristics may be important in eliciting and/or maintaining various aspects of maternal behavior, both in and out of the nest.", "PMID": 720764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8586", "title": "Cholesterol metabolism in diabetes. I. The effect of diabetic control on sterol balance.", "content": "To evaluate the effect of diabetic control on sterol balance, five subjects (one with fasting chylomicronemia) were studied when they had little control of blood glucose (period I) and, continuously, when increased insulin dosage improved diabetic control (period II). The four subjects with no chylomicronemia showed a diminished fecal bile acid (FBA) excretion. Although fecal neutral steroid excretion increased variably, the total steroid balance was unchanged. The results support the concept that good control of diabetes shifts the fecal steroid excretion towards diminished FBA, but steroid balance methods did not reveal an effect of insulin on total steroid balance.", "contents": "Cholesterol metabolism in diabetes. I. The effect of diabetic control on sterol balance. To evaluate the effect of diabetic control on sterol balance, five subjects (one with fasting chylomicronemia) were studied when they had little control of blood glucose (period I) and, continuously, when increased insulin dosage improved diabetic control (period II). The four subjects with no chylomicronemia showed a diminished fecal bile acid (FBA) excretion. Although fecal neutral steroid excretion increased variably, the total steroid balance was unchanged. The results support the concept that good control of diabetes shifts the fecal steroid excretion towards diminished FBA, but steroid balance methods did not reveal an effect of insulin on total steroid balance.", "PMID": 720765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8587", "title": "Hypomagnesemia, a risk factor in diabetic retinopathy.", "content": "The serum magnesium concentration was measured in 71 insulin-treated diabetic outpatients who had had the disease for 10 to 20 years. The patients were divided into two subgroups according to the severity of their retinopathy. As a whole the patients exhibited a definite hypomagnesemia (P less than 0.001) that was most pronounced in the subgroup having the severest degree of retinopathy (P less than 0.01). The subgroups were comparable regarding known risk factors implicated in diabetic retinopathy. Thus, hypomagnesemia appears to be an additional risk factor in the development and progress of this complication.", "contents": "Hypomagnesemia, a risk factor in diabetic retinopathy. The serum magnesium concentration was measured in 71 insulin-treated diabetic outpatients who had had the disease for 10 to 20 years. The patients were divided into two subgroups according to the severity of their retinopathy. As a whole the patients exhibited a definite hypomagnesemia (P less than 0.001) that was most pronounced in the subgroup having the severest degree of retinopathy (P less than 0.01). The subgroups were comparable regarding known risk factors implicated in diabetic retinopathy. Thus, hypomagnesemia appears to be an additional risk factor in the development and progress of this complication.", "PMID": 720767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8588", "title": "Protective effects of ketogenic diets on signs of hypoglycemia.", "content": "The effects of diet-induced ketosis on the signs of hypoglycemia were investigated. Lard, medium chain triglycerides, or 1,3-butylene glycol comprised 43% of the diet fed to mice. The diet containing lard or medium chain triglycerides greatly protected the animals from the manifestations of acute insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Furthermore, both diets protected the animals from the effects of repeated insulin injections (every eight hours) for 10 days. In contrast, 1,3-butylene glycol had no protective effects. These experiments suggest that ketogenic diets may be of value in the treatment of recurrent hypoglycemic conditions.", "contents": "Protective effects of ketogenic diets on signs of hypoglycemia. The effects of diet-induced ketosis on the signs of hypoglycemia were investigated. Lard, medium chain triglycerides, or 1,3-butylene glycol comprised 43% of the diet fed to mice. The diet containing lard or medium chain triglycerides greatly protected the animals from the manifestations of acute insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Furthermore, both diets protected the animals from the effects of repeated insulin injections (every eight hours) for 10 days. In contrast, 1,3-butylene glycol had no protective effects. These experiments suggest that ketogenic diets may be of value in the treatment of recurrent hypoglycemic conditions.", "PMID": 720768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8589", "title": "Immunopathology of juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus. I. IgA deficiency and juvenile diabetes.", "content": "There is an increased prevalence (P less than 0.001) of IgA deficiency in children with juvenile-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (9/366) but not in adults with insulin-dependent diabetes (0/421). The juvenile diabetics with IgA deficiency have other immune-associated diseases, such as thyroiditis and chronic active hepatitis, and have a history of infections. Four of the nine IgA-deficient diabetics we studied have autoantibodies to endocrine organs. Seven of eight have the HLA-B8, a proportion significantly (P less than 0.05) greater than control populations. Based on the clinical findings of IgA deficiency and multiple autoantibodies in patients with ataxia-telangiectasia and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, diseases associated with thymus deficiency, we suspect that thymus deficiency and autoimmunity may play a role in the pathogenesis of some types of juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus. In addition, an excess morbidity of the IgA-deficient juvenile diabetic population may explain the lack of IgA deficiency in older insulin-dependent diabetic individuals.", "contents": "Immunopathology of juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus. I. IgA deficiency and juvenile diabetes. There is an increased prevalence (P less than 0.001) of IgA deficiency in children with juvenile-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (9/366) but not in adults with insulin-dependent diabetes (0/421). The juvenile diabetics with IgA deficiency have other immune-associated diseases, such as thyroiditis and chronic active hepatitis, and have a history of infections. Four of the nine IgA-deficient diabetics we studied have autoantibodies to endocrine organs. Seven of eight have the HLA-B8, a proportion significantly (P less than 0.05) greater than control populations. Based on the clinical findings of IgA deficiency and multiple autoantibodies in patients with ataxia-telangiectasia and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, diseases associated with thymus deficiency, we suspect that thymus deficiency and autoimmunity may play a role in the pathogenesis of some types of juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus. In addition, an excess morbidity of the IgA-deficient juvenile diabetic population may explain the lack of IgA deficiency in older insulin-dependent diabetic individuals.", "PMID": 720769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8590", "title": "Antibodies to nucleic acids in juvenile-onset diabetes.", "content": "Antibodies to single stranded (SS-) and double stranded (DS-) DNA and RNA were determined by a passive microhemagglutination assay in sera from 80 children with juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus (JDM) and 129 children with asthma. The latter group was chosen for comparison with the JDM group because of their increased susceptibility to viral infection and the nonautoimmune nature of the disease. We found that JDM patients had increased titers of antibodies to SS-DNA (61.3%), synthetic polyadenylicpolyuridylic acid (Poly A-U) (78.8%), synthetic polyinosinicpolycytidylic acid (Poly I-C) (62.5%), and DS-RNA of statolon virus (51.3%) and reovirus (27.3%), respectively, in contrast to asthmatics (15.5, 34.9, 3.9, 20.2, and 2.3%, respectively) or to healthy controls. The difference of the incidence of antibodies among the groups is statistically significant (P less than 0.001). Presence of SS-DNA antibody found in two thirds of cases of JDM further support the increased prevalence of autoimmune phenomenon in that disease. Furthermore, the increased prevalence of DS-RNA antibodies in patients with JDM, found especially in cases of recent onset, is suggestive of an active immune response against the underlying viral replications that may have led to beta cell injury in islets of pancreas.", "contents": "Antibodies to nucleic acids in juvenile-onset diabetes. Antibodies to single stranded (SS-) and double stranded (DS-) DNA and RNA were determined by a passive microhemagglutination assay in sera from 80 children with juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus (JDM) and 129 children with asthma. The latter group was chosen for comparison with the JDM group because of their increased susceptibility to viral infection and the nonautoimmune nature of the disease. We found that JDM patients had increased titers of antibodies to SS-DNA (61.3%), synthetic polyadenylicpolyuridylic acid (Poly A-U) (78.8%), synthetic polyinosinicpolycytidylic acid (Poly I-C) (62.5%), and DS-RNA of statolon virus (51.3%) and reovirus (27.3%), respectively, in contrast to asthmatics (15.5, 34.9, 3.9, 20.2, and 2.3%, respectively) or to healthy controls. The difference of the incidence of antibodies among the groups is statistically significant (P less than 0.001). Presence of SS-DNA antibody found in two thirds of cases of JDM further support the increased prevalence of autoimmune phenomenon in that disease. Furthermore, the increased prevalence of DS-RNA antibodies in patients with JDM, found especially in cases of recent onset, is suggestive of an active immune response against the underlying viral replications that may have led to beta cell injury in islets of pancreas.", "PMID": 720770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8591", "title": "Assessment of methods for estimating autonomic nervous control of the heart in patients with diabetes mellitus.", "content": "A comparison of the cardiac responses to a variety of maneuvers that modify cardiac vagal tone was made in nondiabetic and diabetic subjects. We concluded that assessment of heart rate variability by reference to standard deviation of R-R intervals is unhelpful; that a single deep breath is a more potent stimulus for heart rate change than repeated deep breaths in diabetic subjects; and that measurement of this response together with the bradycardia evoked by the Valsalva maneuver obviate the need to perform invasive investigations, such as the estimation of baroreflex sensitivity, or tedious procedures, such as apneic face immersion. In a small number of subjects, heart responses to lower body, negative pressure provided information not forthcoming from other tests.", "contents": "Assessment of methods for estimating autonomic nervous control of the heart in patients with diabetes mellitus. A comparison of the cardiac responses to a variety of maneuvers that modify cardiac vagal tone was made in nondiabetic and diabetic subjects. We concluded that assessment of heart rate variability by reference to standard deviation of R-R intervals is unhelpful; that a single deep breath is a more potent stimulus for heart rate change than repeated deep breaths in diabetic subjects; and that measurement of this response together with the bradycardia evoked by the Valsalva maneuver obviate the need to perform invasive investigations, such as the estimation of baroreflex sensitivity, or tedious procedures, such as apneic face immersion. In a small number of subjects, heart responses to lower body, negative pressure provided information not forthcoming from other tests.", "PMID": 720771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8592", "title": "Comparison of the early time courses of the release of insulin that follow injections of tetragastrin, tolbutamide, xylitol, and glucose into the pancreatic artery of dogs.", "content": "The early time courses of insulin release were studied by injecting insulinotropic substances directly into a dog's pancreatic artery. Blood samples from the pancreatic vein were collected every five seconds continuously over 90 seconds and were assayed for their insulin concentrations. Injections were repeated two to five times, with intervals of 30 minutes. Insulin release was stimulated within one minute after injection of each of tetragastrin, tolbutamide, xylitol, and glucose, but the time courses of the release of insulin were different with different stimulants: Tetragastrin and tolbutamide increased insulin release faster than did glucose; xylitol produced a slower insulin release than did glucose. The slower insulin-releasing effects of glucose and xylitol than the other agents would be compatible with the theory that their metabolism is required to cause release of insulin, but it is also possible that the glucoreceptor mechanism may require a longer lag time than the other receptor mechanisms for the perception and transfer of the signal to release insulin.", "contents": "Comparison of the early time courses of the release of insulin that follow injections of tetragastrin, tolbutamide, xylitol, and glucose into the pancreatic artery of dogs. The early time courses of insulin release were studied by injecting insulinotropic substances directly into a dog's pancreatic artery. Blood samples from the pancreatic vein were collected every five seconds continuously over 90 seconds and were assayed for their insulin concentrations. Injections were repeated two to five times, with intervals of 30 minutes. Insulin release was stimulated within one minute after injection of each of tetragastrin, tolbutamide, xylitol, and glucose, but the time courses of the release of insulin were different with different stimulants: Tetragastrin and tolbutamide increased insulin release faster than did glucose; xylitol produced a slower insulin release than did glucose. The slower insulin-releasing effects of glucose and xylitol than the other agents would be compatible with the theory that their metabolism is required to cause release of insulin, but it is also possible that the glucoreceptor mechanism may require a longer lag time than the other receptor mechanisms for the perception and transfer of the signal to release insulin.", "PMID": 720773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8593", "title": "Aspirin stimulates insulin and glucagon secretion and increases glucose tolerance in normal and diabetic subjects.", "content": "Normal subjects and patients with adult-onset diabetes received 10 gm. of aspirin in four days. On the fourth day, the fasting serum glucose and the glucose response to oral glucose were decreased in both groups. These changes were associated with increased levels of serum insulin and pancreatic glucagon, although the glucagon responses to oral glucose were unchanged. In the diabetic patients, aspirin therapy was followed by a decreased glucose response to I.V. glucose and by the appearance of an early insulin peak, which could not be demonstrated before treatment. Aspirin did not affect the I.V. glucose tolerance in normal subjects, although it did enhance the early insulin peak. A decrease in the fasting levels of free fatty acids was noted in both groups, whereas the fasting level of triglycerides decreased only in the diabetic patients. Cholesterolemia did not change in either group. A few preliminary observations indicate that, in normal subjects, ibuprofen and ketoprofen, two other presumed prostaglandin inhibitors, did not affect fasting glycemia, glucose tolerance, or the insulin response to glucose. No changes were noted after the administration of placebo.", "contents": "Aspirin stimulates insulin and glucagon secretion and increases glucose tolerance in normal and diabetic subjects. Normal subjects and patients with adult-onset diabetes received 10 gm. of aspirin in four days. On the fourth day, the fasting serum glucose and the glucose response to oral glucose were decreased in both groups. These changes were associated with increased levels of serum insulin and pancreatic glucagon, although the glucagon responses to oral glucose were unchanged. In the diabetic patients, aspirin therapy was followed by a decreased glucose response to I.V. glucose and by the appearance of an early insulin peak, which could not be demonstrated before treatment. Aspirin did not affect the I.V. glucose tolerance in normal subjects, although it did enhance the early insulin peak. A decrease in the fasting levels of free fatty acids was noted in both groups, whereas the fasting level of triglycerides decreased only in the diabetic patients. Cholesterolemia did not change in either group. A few preliminary observations indicate that, in normal subjects, ibuprofen and ketoprofen, two other presumed prostaglandin inhibitors, did not affect fasting glycemia, glucose tolerance, or the insulin response to glucose. No changes were noted after the administration of placebo.", "PMID": 720774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8594", "title": "Diabetic pregnancy: management of diabetes on the day of delivery.", "content": "An insulin regimen for management of the insulin dependent diabetic on the day of delivery is described. Pregnant diabetics were fasted on the day of delivery and infused with 10g glucose per hour throughout labour and after delivery until normal eating was resumed. In the morning a fixed dose of intermediate acting insulin (NPH 24 units) was administered subcutaneously at 8:00 A.M. This dose was found suitable for women whose insulin requirements during pregnancy ranged from 60 to 250 units/day. The regimen worked satisfactorily both under close study conditions and also when used routinely and was equally applicable to the diabetic scheduled for induction or for elective Caesarian section. It was associated with an 8% incidence of foetal distress amongst women who were induced. Neonatal hypoglycaemia affected 19% of all infants, the incidence rising from less than 10% amongst infants of women with the best control to 41% amongst infants of women with the worst control. No cases of maternal hypoglycaemia during or after delivery were recorded.", "contents": "Diabetic pregnancy: management of diabetes on the day of delivery. An insulin regimen for management of the insulin dependent diabetic on the day of delivery is described. Pregnant diabetics were fasted on the day of delivery and infused with 10g glucose per hour throughout labour and after delivery until normal eating was resumed. In the morning a fixed dose of intermediate acting insulin (NPH 24 units) was administered subcutaneously at 8:00 A.M. This dose was found suitable for women whose insulin requirements during pregnancy ranged from 60 to 250 units/day. The regimen worked satisfactorily both under close study conditions and also when used routinely and was equally applicable to the diabetic scheduled for induction or for elective Caesarian section. It was associated with an 8% incidence of foetal distress amongst women who were induced. Neonatal hypoglycaemia affected 19% of all infants, the incidence rising from less than 10% amongst infants of women with the best control to 41% amongst infants of women with the worst control. No cases of maternal hypoglycaemia during or after delivery were recorded.", "PMID": 720777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8595", "title": "The metabolic response to norepinephrine in normal versus diabetic man.", "content": "Norepinephrine was infused for 60 minutes in high physiological concentration (0.08 microgram/kg/min) into seven insulin dependent diabetic subjects with no demonstrable endogenous insulin secretion and into seven normal subjects. Insulin dependent diabetic subjects had a stable, free insulin concentration of 23 +/- 5 microunits/ml which was unaffected by norepinephrine infusion. In the normal subjects, norepinephrine induced an initial inhibition of insulin secretion which lasted for approximately 20 minutes. Norepinephrine infusion caused a rapid increase in both ketone body and glucose concentrations but this response did not differ between the two groups. In contrast, plasma nonesterified fatty acid and triglyceride concentrations were increased significantly more in the normal than in the diabetic subjects. The increase in plasma glucagon concentrations was similar in the two groups of subjects. The cause of the differential metabolic response to norepinephrine between the normal and diabetic groups was not resolved, but may be related, at least in part, to suppression of endogenous insulin secretion in the normal subjects.", "contents": "The metabolic response to norepinephrine in normal versus diabetic man. Norepinephrine was infused for 60 minutes in high physiological concentration (0.08 microgram/kg/min) into seven insulin dependent diabetic subjects with no demonstrable endogenous insulin secretion and into seven normal subjects. Insulin dependent diabetic subjects had a stable, free insulin concentration of 23 +/- 5 microunits/ml which was unaffected by norepinephrine infusion. In the normal subjects, norepinephrine induced an initial inhibition of insulin secretion which lasted for approximately 20 minutes. Norepinephrine infusion caused a rapid increase in both ketone body and glucose concentrations but this response did not differ between the two groups. In contrast, plasma nonesterified fatty acid and triglyceride concentrations were increased significantly more in the normal than in the diabetic subjects. The increase in plasma glucagon concentrations was similar in the two groups of subjects. The cause of the differential metabolic response to norepinephrine between the normal and diabetic groups was not resolved, but may be related, at least in part, to suppression of endogenous insulin secretion in the normal subjects.", "PMID": 720776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8596", "title": "HLA-typing in juvenile diabetics with and without positive family history and in families with one and two diabetic siblings.", "content": "HLA-typing was performed in two groups of juvenile-onset diabetics, one with (n = 58) and one without (n = 109) a family history of the disease. The association of this type of diabetes with certain HLA antigens (excess of B8 and B15, shortage of B7) was confirmed. No heterogeneities could be established between the two groups. This suggests that the aetiologic basis in single and familial cases of juvenile diabetes is the same. The hypothesis, that the B8 associated gene is more penetrant than the B15 associated gene, cannot be confirmed. Haplotypes were determined in families with one and two diabetic siblings. The findings of high haplotype concordance among diabetic siblings was confirmed: concordance of 2, 1 and 0 haplotypes in 7, 5 and 3 pairs respectively. There was a low degree of haplotype concordance between diabetics and nonaffected siblings in the families with two diabetics: 2, 1, and 0 haplotypes in 2, 8 and 6 pairs respectively. This led to the hypothesis of negative selection against these HLA-linked \"diabetogenic\" genes. This tendency was not, however, observed in families with only one diabetic. The report of a high recombination rate in families with juvenile diabetics could not be confirmed.", "contents": "HLA-typing in juvenile diabetics with and without positive family history and in families with one and two diabetic siblings. HLA-typing was performed in two groups of juvenile-onset diabetics, one with (n = 58) and one without (n = 109) a family history of the disease. The association of this type of diabetes with certain HLA antigens (excess of B8 and B15, shortage of B7) was confirmed. No heterogeneities could be established between the two groups. This suggests that the aetiologic basis in single and familial cases of juvenile diabetes is the same. The hypothesis, that the B8 associated gene is more penetrant than the B15 associated gene, cannot be confirmed. Haplotypes were determined in families with one and two diabetic siblings. The findings of high haplotype concordance among diabetic siblings was confirmed: concordance of 2, 1 and 0 haplotypes in 7, 5 and 3 pairs respectively. There was a low degree of haplotype concordance between diabetics and nonaffected siblings in the families with two diabetics: 2, 1, and 0 haplotypes in 2, 8 and 6 pairs respectively. This led to the hypothesis of negative selection against these HLA-linked \"diabetogenic\" genes. This tendency was not, however, observed in families with only one diabetic. The report of a high recombination rate in families with juvenile diabetics could not be confirmed.", "PMID": 720778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8597", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of insulin: plasma volume changes in diabetics.", "content": "The mechanism by which insulin can alter the heart-rate and blood pressure of diabetics has been studied. Insulin decreased the plasma volume of 16 diabetics without complications by an average of 190 ml, a 6% change. Nine diabetics with severe autonomic neuropathy had no significant change in plasma volume after insulin. The basal plasma volume of autonomic neuropathy patients was smaller than that of the uncomplicated diabetics, perhaps accounting for the disparity observed between these two groups of diabetics. The decrease of plasma volume could thus account for the heart rate increase of uncomplicated diabetics, but not for the induction of hypotension in those with autonomic neuropathy.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of insulin: plasma volume changes in diabetics. The mechanism by which insulin can alter the heart-rate and blood pressure of diabetics has been studied. Insulin decreased the plasma volume of 16 diabetics without complications by an average of 190 ml, a 6% change. Nine diabetics with severe autonomic neuropathy had no significant change in plasma volume after insulin. The basal plasma volume of autonomic neuropathy patients was smaller than that of the uncomplicated diabetics, perhaps accounting for the disparity observed between these two groups of diabetics. The decrease of plasma volume could thus account for the heart rate increase of uncomplicated diabetics, but not for the induction of hypotension in those with autonomic neuropathy.", "PMID": 720779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8598", "title": "Lack of gastrointestinal glucagon response to hypoglycaemia in depancreatized dogs.", "content": "Fasting (24 h) normal dogs and depancreatized dogs were injected intravenously with highly purified porcine insulin (Actrapid) in the doses of 0.2 U/kg and 0.5 U/kg, respectively. Blood glucose decreased from 152 +/- 41 (SEM) mg/100 ml to 39 +/- 7 mg/100 ml in the depancreatized dog and from 95 +/- 3 mg/100 ml to 42 +/- 4 mg/100 ml in the normal animal. Using a specific antiserum for \"pancreatic\" glucagon, the circulating level of glucagon immunoreactivity did not rise from the basal value of 247 +/- 31 pg/ml in the depancreatized group whereas it rose significantly from 223 +/- 24 pg/ml to 321 +/- 41 pg/ml in the normal group. In contrast intravenous infusion of 7 g of arginine increased \"pancreatic\" glucagon immunoreactivity in both groups. Thus, extrapancreatic glucagon of the pancreatic type does not respond to hypoglycaemia but to arginine infusion.", "contents": "Lack of gastrointestinal glucagon response to hypoglycaemia in depancreatized dogs. Fasting (24 h) normal dogs and depancreatized dogs were injected intravenously with highly purified porcine insulin (Actrapid) in the doses of 0.2 U/kg and 0.5 U/kg, respectively. Blood glucose decreased from 152 +/- 41 (SEM) mg/100 ml to 39 +/- 7 mg/100 ml in the depancreatized dog and from 95 +/- 3 mg/100 ml to 42 +/- 4 mg/100 ml in the normal animal. Using a specific antiserum for \"pancreatic\" glucagon, the circulating level of glucagon immunoreactivity did not rise from the basal value of 247 +/- 31 pg/ml in the depancreatized group whereas it rose significantly from 223 +/- 24 pg/ml to 321 +/- 41 pg/ml in the normal group. In contrast intravenous infusion of 7 g of arginine increased \"pancreatic\" glucagon immunoreactivity in both groups. Thus, extrapancreatic glucagon of the pancreatic type does not respond to hypoglycaemia but to arginine infusion.", "PMID": 720780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8599", "title": "Dual action of mn++ upon the secretion of insulin and glucagon from the isolated, perfused canine pancreas. Possible interactions with ca++.", "content": "Since Mn++ apparently interferes with excitation-contraction coupling by both reducing inward movement of Ca++ across the cell membrane and by displacing Ca++ from an intracellular store, studies were performed in the isolated, perfused canine pancreas to elucidate the existence of a similar effect in stimulus-secretion coupling and to draw comparisons with the effect of Mg++, which antagonizes Ca++ at the cell membrane. The results show: 1. than Mn++ (0.05, 0.125, and 0.25 mmol/l) inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon in a dose dependent fashion during the first 3-4 min of infusion followed by a dose-dependent increase in hormone release, the 'escape phase'. 2. The inhibitory action of Mn++ (0.25 mmol/l) upon release of both hormones is progressively counteracted when perfusate calcium is increased from 0.7 to 1.3 to 5.0 mmol/l. 3. Mg++ (5 mmol/l) inhibits the release of both hormones with no sign of an 'escape phase'. 4. Mn++ (0.5 mmol/l) during calcium depletion causes a gradual stimulation of the release of both hormones. The dual action of Mn++ upon hormone release from the endocrine pancreas suggests that Mn++ can cross the cell membrane and can interfere with stimulus-secretion coupling both at the membrane level, by competitively inhibiting the Ca++ influx, and at some intracellular level by releasing calcium from an intracellular store.", "contents": "Dual action of mn++ upon the secretion of insulin and glucagon from the isolated, perfused canine pancreas. Possible interactions with ca++. Since Mn++ apparently interferes with excitation-contraction coupling by both reducing inward movement of Ca++ across the cell membrane and by displacing Ca++ from an intracellular store, studies were performed in the isolated, perfused canine pancreas to elucidate the existence of a similar effect in stimulus-secretion coupling and to draw comparisons with the effect of Mg++, which antagonizes Ca++ at the cell membrane. The results show: 1. than Mn++ (0.05, 0.125, and 0.25 mmol/l) inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon in a dose dependent fashion during the first 3-4 min of infusion followed by a dose-dependent increase in hormone release, the 'escape phase'. 2. The inhibitory action of Mn++ (0.25 mmol/l) upon release of both hormones is progressively counteracted when perfusate calcium is increased from 0.7 to 1.3 to 5.0 mmol/l. 3. Mg++ (5 mmol/l) inhibits the release of both hormones with no sign of an 'escape phase'. 4. Mn++ (0.5 mmol/l) during calcium depletion causes a gradual stimulation of the release of both hormones. The dual action of Mn++ upon hormone release from the endocrine pancreas suggests that Mn++ can cross the cell membrane and can interfere with stimulus-secretion coupling both at the membrane level, by competitively inhibiting the Ca++ influx, and at some intracellular level by releasing calcium from an intracellular store.", "PMID": 720781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8600", "title": "Placental enzymes of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis in the diabetic rat and in starvation. Comparison with maternal and foetal liver.", "content": "The activity of several regulatory enzymes representing the pathways of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, NADPH generation and lipogenesis was measured in rat placenta maternal and foetal livers on the 20th day of gestation. Streptozotocin diabetes, induced on the 12th day of gestation, or 48 h of fasting did not induce adaptive changes in the activity of placental enzymes while producing a typical insulin deficiency pattern in maternal liver. Foetal liver enzyme activities were unaffected by fasting and in diabetes showed changes suggestive of foetal hyperinsulinaemia. A small increase was observed in the activity of placental pyruvate kinase and a small decrease in that of PEP carboxylase in diabetic and in glucocorticoid-treated rats; these changes were reciprocal to those in the maternal liver and were attributed to hyperglycaemia, as was the increase in placental glycogen. Lack of response to insulin deficiency and to other endocrine alterations indicates that placenta is not sensitive to stimuli which induce adaptive alterations in hepatic enzymes. The only consistent change found in placental enzyme activities was a decrease associated with gestational age.", "contents": "Placental enzymes of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis in the diabetic rat and in starvation. Comparison with maternal and foetal liver. The activity of several regulatory enzymes representing the pathways of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, NADPH generation and lipogenesis was measured in rat placenta maternal and foetal livers on the 20th day of gestation. Streptozotocin diabetes, induced on the 12th day of gestation, or 48 h of fasting did not induce adaptive changes in the activity of placental enzymes while producing a typical insulin deficiency pattern in maternal liver. Foetal liver enzyme activities were unaffected by fasting and in diabetes showed changes suggestive of foetal hyperinsulinaemia. A small increase was observed in the activity of placental pyruvate kinase and a small decrease in that of PEP carboxylase in diabetic and in glucocorticoid-treated rats; these changes were reciprocal to those in the maternal liver and were attributed to hyperglycaemia, as was the increase in placental glycogen. Lack of response to insulin deficiency and to other endocrine alterations indicates that placenta is not sensitive to stimuli which induce adaptive alterations in hepatic enzymes. The only consistent change found in placental enzyme activities was a decrease associated with gestational age.", "PMID": 720782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8601", "title": "Growth hormone enhances basement membrane thickening in experimental diabetes. A preliminary report.", "content": "Injection of porcine growth hormone (200 microgram) or saline 5 days a week for 16 to 20 weeks in streptozotocin-diabetic rats showed that compared to saline growth hormone produced a 2 1/2-fold larger increase in glomerular capillary basement membrane thickness (2p = 0.027). The possible significance of this effect of an elevated level of growth hormone for diabetic microangiopathy is discussed.", "contents": "Growth hormone enhances basement membrane thickening in experimental diabetes. A preliminary report. Injection of porcine growth hormone (200 microgram) or saline 5 days a week for 16 to 20 weeks in streptozotocin-diabetic rats showed that compared to saline growth hormone produced a 2 1/2-fold larger increase in glomerular capillary basement membrane thickness (2p = 0.027). The possible significance of this effect of an elevated level of growth hormone for diabetic microangiopathy is discussed.", "PMID": 720783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8602", "title": "Spore differentiation by isolated Dictyostelium discoideum cells, triggered by prior cell contact.", "content": "Cells of D. discoideum mutant Fr-17 were allowed to form multicellular aggregates and develop undisturbed through 12 h (out of 18-required for terminal morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation). Then the cells were disaggregated and redeposited at densities so low as to preclude further sustained cell contacts and were incubated in the presence of certain diffusible metabolites. In this condition they transformed into spores and stalk cells with normal timing and, in the case of the spores, in proportions approaching those observed in undisturbed fruiting bodies. In contrast, mutant cells dispersed from aggregates at earlier stages or wild type cells dispersed from aggregates at any stage, remained as amoebae under the same conditions. The completion of cytodifferentiation by the isolated cells was found to require threshold concentrations of diffusible, dialysable metabolites. A part of this requirement could be satisfied by addition of 10 mM NH4Cl particularly in conjunction with an amino acid mixture. At least one metabolite, however, had to be supplied by feeder cells separated from the test cells by a dialysis membrane or by increasing the population density of the test cells themselves.", "contents": "Spore differentiation by isolated Dictyostelium discoideum cells, triggered by prior cell contact. Cells of D. discoideum mutant Fr-17 were allowed to form multicellular aggregates and develop undisturbed through 12 h (out of 18-required for terminal morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation). Then the cells were disaggregated and redeposited at densities so low as to preclude further sustained cell contacts and were incubated in the presence of certain diffusible metabolites. In this condition they transformed into spores and stalk cells with normal timing and, in the case of the spores, in proportions approaching those observed in undisturbed fruiting bodies. In contrast, mutant cells dispersed from aggregates at earlier stages or wild type cells dispersed from aggregates at any stage, remained as amoebae under the same conditions. The completion of cytodifferentiation by the isolated cells was found to require threshold concentrations of diffusible, dialysable metabolites. A part of this requirement could be satisfied by addition of 10 mM NH4Cl particularly in conjunction with an amino acid mixture. At least one metabolite, however, had to be supplied by feeder cells separated from the test cells by a dialysis membrane or by increasing the population density of the test cells themselves.", "PMID": 720784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8603", "title": "Stimulation of the clonal growth and differentiation of feeder layer dependent mouse embryonal carcinoma cells by beta-mercaptoethanol.", "content": "Embryonal carcinoma cells are the undetermined stem cells of teratocarcinomas. Supplementation of culture medium with beta-mercaptoethanol permits the feeder layer independent clonal growth and differentiation of normally feeder layer dependent embryonal carcinoma cell lines. Differentiated cells within the clones appeared less than 6 days after plating and were distinguished from embryonal carcinoma cells by their morphology, lack of histochemically detectable alkaline phosphatase activity, and secretion of plasminogen activator. Over 70% of the colonies secreted plasminogen activator after 6 days. In comparison, a different embryonal carcinoma cell line which has lost the potential for substantial differentiation, either in vitro or in vivo forms very few clones (less than 1%) which secrete plasminogen activator. Embryonal carcinoma cells derived from the rare clones which secrete plasminogen activator have the same frequency of production of plasminogen activator secreting colonies as the parental cell line.", "contents": "Stimulation of the clonal growth and differentiation of feeder layer dependent mouse embryonal carcinoma cells by beta-mercaptoethanol. Embryonal carcinoma cells are the undetermined stem cells of teratocarcinomas. Supplementation of culture medium with beta-mercaptoethanol permits the feeder layer independent clonal growth and differentiation of normally feeder layer dependent embryonal carcinoma cell lines. Differentiated cells within the clones appeared less than 6 days after plating and were distinguished from embryonal carcinoma cells by their morphology, lack of histochemically detectable alkaline phosphatase activity, and secretion of plasminogen activator. Over 70% of the colonies secreted plasminogen activator after 6 days. In comparison, a different embryonal carcinoma cell line which has lost the potential for substantial differentiation, either in vitro or in vivo forms very few clones (less than 1%) which secrete plasminogen activator. Embryonal carcinoma cells derived from the rare clones which secrete plasminogen activator have the same frequency of production of plasminogen activator secreting colonies as the parental cell line.", "PMID": 720785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8604", "title": "Human lymphoblastoid cells in culture replicate immune information carried by xenogeneic RNA.", "content": "Immune RNA is obtained from lymphoid organs of immunized animals and is reputed to transfer immunological information. Human lymphoblastoid cells in culture, after incubation with sheep Immune RNA produce RNA (Ic-RNA) which carries the same immunological information as the inducing sheep preparation. This Ic-RNA produced in tissue culture is capable of converting 'naive' human lymphocytes to cytotoxic effector cells against tumour target cells, to the same extent as the Is-RNA preparation used for induction of the cell line. The sheep Immune RNA information is present and can be recovered from the lymphoblastoid cells for at least ten weeks after the induction. It is suggested that xenogeneic Immune RNA information is incorporated in a stable fashion by cultured human lymphoblastoid cells, and also that it is replicated during their own replication. This system could be used for studying the incorporation of information carried by exogenous RNA and it might provide insight into some mechanisms underlying the transfer and processing of immunological information.", "contents": "Human lymphoblastoid cells in culture replicate immune information carried by xenogeneic RNA. Immune RNA is obtained from lymphoid organs of immunized animals and is reputed to transfer immunological information. Human lymphoblastoid cells in culture, after incubation with sheep Immune RNA produce RNA (Ic-RNA) which carries the same immunological information as the inducing sheep preparation. This Ic-RNA produced in tissue culture is capable of converting 'naive' human lymphocytes to cytotoxic effector cells against tumour target cells, to the same extent as the Is-RNA preparation used for induction of the cell line. The sheep Immune RNA information is present and can be recovered from the lymphoblastoid cells for at least ten weeks after the induction. It is suggested that xenogeneic Immune RNA information is incorporated in a stable fashion by cultured human lymphoblastoid cells, and also that it is replicated during their own replication. This system could be used for studying the incorporation of information carried by exogenous RNA and it might provide insight into some mechanisms underlying the transfer and processing of immunological information.", "PMID": 720786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8605", "title": "A scanning electron microscope study of cell shape and cell appendages in the primitive streak region of the rat and chick embryo.", "content": "This report provides a scanning electron microscopic account of cell shapes and cell appendages that are observed in the primitive streak region of the rat and chick embryos. Epiblast cells become progressively elongated in the primitive streak region until flask cells predominate medially. The flask cells have a broad basal end directed toward the endoderm. In addition to fine filopodia, broad lamellipodia are found anchoring the flask cells to subjacent cells. The primary mesenchyme cells are at first round in shape and closely packed, but laterally are flattened and more dispersed. The mesenchyme cells are associated with each other by filopodia and lamellipodia and with the epiblast and endoderm by filopodia. On the basis of this description it is suggested that cell movement through the primitive streak occurs by cell extension, attachment by basal lamellipodia, and cell shortening that results in the movement of individual cells in a cell stream.", "contents": "A scanning electron microscope study of cell shape and cell appendages in the primitive streak region of the rat and chick embryo. This report provides a scanning electron microscopic account of cell shapes and cell appendages that are observed in the primitive streak region of the rat and chick embryos. Epiblast cells become progressively elongated in the primitive streak region until flask cells predominate medially. The flask cells have a broad basal end directed toward the endoderm. In addition to fine filopodia, broad lamellipodia are found anchoring the flask cells to subjacent cells. The primary mesenchyme cells are at first round in shape and closely packed, but laterally are flattened and more dispersed. The mesenchyme cells are associated with each other by filopodia and lamellipodia and with the epiblast and endoderm by filopodia. On the basis of this description it is suggested that cell movement through the primitive streak occurs by cell extension, attachment by basal lamellipodia, and cell shortening that results in the movement of individual cells in a cell stream.", "PMID": 720787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8606", "title": "Some determinants of temporal experience in the retired and its correlates.", "content": "The effects of physical health status, attitude toward retirement, and social class on temporal experience were studied in 70 male Ss, aged 52--74. A semistructured interview was utilized, and a content analysis by independent raters was performed on the resulting interview material. In general, it was found that chronic illness had a differential effect on experience, depending upon social class, for certain temporal variables. Among the healthy retirees it was also found that willingness to retire interacted with social class, and that blue collar workers who had resisted retirement resembled the chronically ill in terms of affect and temporal experience. The possibility for adjustment in retirement was linked to variations in temporal experience, and implications were drawn for preretirement intervention with specific social class target populations. Finally, psychological and behavioral consequences of variations in temporal experience were discussed, and the possibility of developing methods of altering temporal experience as a means of helping the elderly to adjust to life transitions was explored.", "contents": "Some determinants of temporal experience in the retired and its correlates. The effects of physical health status, attitude toward retirement, and social class on temporal experience were studied in 70 male Ss, aged 52--74. A semistructured interview was utilized, and a content analysis by independent raters was performed on the resulting interview material. In general, it was found that chronic illness had a differential effect on experience, depending upon social class, for certain temporal variables. Among the healthy retirees it was also found that willingness to retire interacted with social class, and that blue collar workers who had resisted retirement resembled the chronically ill in terms of affect and temporal experience. The possibility for adjustment in retirement was linked to variations in temporal experience, and implications were drawn for preretirement intervention with specific social class target populations. Finally, psychological and behavioral consequences of variations in temporal experience were discussed, and the possibility of developing methods of altering temporal experience as a means of helping the elderly to adjust to life transitions was explored.", "PMID": 720820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8607", "title": "Multidimensional sources of infant temperament.", "content": "Previous research on infant temperament has implicated a variety of prenatal and perinatal conditions, but most studies have investigated a single source of infant variability. This study examined the impact of several prenatal and perinatal factors on infant outcome according to a conceptual system of hypothetical models of influence. Seventy-five couples expecting their first child were recruited and interveiwed in the last trimester of pregnancy, providing demographic data and measures of the pregnancy experience and expectations of parenting. Childbirth information was obtained from hospital records, and infant behaviors were measured at three days of age by the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale. Results indicate that the antecedent variables are themselves intercorrelated in that older, more highly educated, and financially secure couples are more likely to have a satisfying pregnancy and to be confident about childbirth and parenting than their young, more anxious counterparts. Two statistical methods--partial correlation and path analysis--were used to analyze relative relationships with infant behaviors. Results from both methods indicate that most of the antecedent variables (parental characteristics of age and socioeconomics, parental pregnancy orientation, and use of obstetric anesthesia) must be considered sources of infant behaviors. These findings thus demonstrate the imprecision of inferring a single causal pathway of parental or perinatal influence on infant temperament.", "contents": "Multidimensional sources of infant temperament. Previous research on infant temperament has implicated a variety of prenatal and perinatal conditions, but most studies have investigated a single source of infant variability. This study examined the impact of several prenatal and perinatal factors on infant outcome according to a conceptual system of hypothetical models of influence. Seventy-five couples expecting their first child were recruited and interveiwed in the last trimester of pregnancy, providing demographic data and measures of the pregnancy experience and expectations of parenting. Childbirth information was obtained from hospital records, and infant behaviors were measured at three days of age by the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale. Results indicate that the antecedent variables are themselves intercorrelated in that older, more highly educated, and financially secure couples are more likely to have a satisfying pregnancy and to be confident about childbirth and parenting than their young, more anxious counterparts. Two statistical methods--partial correlation and path analysis--were used to analyze relative relationships with infant behaviors. Results from both methods indicate that most of the antecedent variables (parental characteristics of age and socioeconomics, parental pregnancy orientation, and use of obstetric anesthesia) must be considered sources of infant behaviors. These findings thus demonstrate the imprecision of inferring a single causal pathway of parental or perinatal influence on infant temperament.", "PMID": 720821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8608", "title": "[Genetic control of the tissue concentration of serotonin in mice].", "content": "Brain stem, stomach and blood serotonin contents were studied in inbred mice of eight strains. The serotonin level in brain and in peripheral tissue is genetically determined. There was no correlation between the serotonin levels of brain, blood and stomach. This suggests a different genetic regulation of serotonin metabolism in the central nervous system and in the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "[Genetic control of the tissue concentration of serotonin in mice]. Brain stem, stomach and blood serotonin contents were studied in inbred mice of eight strains. The serotonin level in brain and in peripheral tissue is genetically determined. There was no correlation between the serotonin levels of brain, blood and stomach. This suggests a different genetic regulation of serotonin metabolism in the central nervous system and in the gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 720822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8609", "title": "[Regulator of expression of the brachypodism-H gene in mice].", "content": "Extracts were prepared from the whole limb buds of the 11 day-old mouse embryos and from the postaxial or preaxial parts of the 12 day-old embryo limb buds. Effects of these extracts on the growth of the 13 day-old bpH/bpH embryo tibia rudiments were studied in vitro. It was shown that the limb buds of the 11- and 12 day-old mouse embryos contain a factor regulating bpH gene expression in differentiating cartilage cells. This factor is present in the postaxial part of the limb bud and is absent in its preaxial one. When the extract from the limb bud postaxial parts of the 12 day-old +/+ embryos is added to culture medium, the expression of bpH gene is observed in cultured tibia rudiments of the 13 day-old bpH/bpH embryos. The extraxt from the limb bud preaxial parts of the 12 day-old +/+ embryos does not affect the growth of tibia rudiments of mutant embryos in vitro. The regulator factor does not induce bpH gene expression in cultured bone rudiments of the 14 day-old bpH/bpH embryos. It is obvious that bpH locus does not act in cartilage cells of developing tibia after the 14th day of embryogenesis. The sensitivity of the factor regulating bpH gene expression to heating and proteolytic enzymes suggests its protein nature. The molecular weight of this protein is from 15 000 to 25 000. Experiments with actinomycin D show that this factor regulates the expression of bpH at the post-transcriptional level.", "contents": "[Regulator of expression of the brachypodism-H gene in mice]. Extracts were prepared from the whole limb buds of the 11 day-old mouse embryos and from the postaxial or preaxial parts of the 12 day-old embryo limb buds. Effects of these extracts on the growth of the 13 day-old bpH/bpH embryo tibia rudiments were studied in vitro. It was shown that the limb buds of the 11- and 12 day-old mouse embryos contain a factor regulating bpH gene expression in differentiating cartilage cells. This factor is present in the postaxial part of the limb bud and is absent in its preaxial one. When the extract from the limb bud postaxial parts of the 12 day-old +/+ embryos is added to culture medium, the expression of bpH gene is observed in cultured tibia rudiments of the 13 day-old bpH/bpH embryos. The extraxt from the limb bud preaxial parts of the 12 day-old +/+ embryos does not affect the growth of tibia rudiments of mutant embryos in vitro. The regulator factor does not induce bpH gene expression in cultured bone rudiments of the 14 day-old bpH/bpH embryos. It is obvious that bpH locus does not act in cartilage cells of developing tibia after the 14th day of embryogenesis. The sensitivity of the factor regulating bpH gene expression to heating and proteolytic enzymes suggests its protein nature. The molecular weight of this protein is from 15 000 to 25 000. Experiments with actinomycin D show that this factor regulates the expression of bpH at the post-transcriptional level.", "PMID": 720823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8610", "title": "[Chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes induced by exposure to different doses of chronic gamma irradiation in vitro].", "content": "Non-stimulated with phytohemagglutinin human blood was chronically gamma-irradiated (226Ra, 99 mg) in vitro at 37 derees C. The dose rates were 8.2 (irradiation doses 8.2, 16.4, 41 and 162.2 rads) and 25.3 (irradiation doses 8.4, 16.9, 42.2, 168.2, 337.3 and 506 rads) rads/hour. Quantitative analysis of different types of structural chromosome aberrations was carried out. The data on aberrant cells and dicentrics were statistically interpreted. The frequency of aberrant cells, observed at both dose rates, was statistically described by the equation y = a + bD, where y = 7.11 (+/- 0.56) + 11.38 (+/- 2.32) . 10(-2) D, and y = 5.23 (+/- 0.23 + 13.20 (+/- 1.11) . 10(-2) D at dose rates 8.2 and 25.3 rads respectively. The dicentrics yield was described by the equation y = alphaD + betaD2 + C, where y = 3.19 (+/- 0.22) . 10(-2) D + 7.0 (+/- 0.46) . 10(-5) D2 + 0.42, and y = 5.05 (+/- 0.38) . 10(-2) D + 7.1 (+/- 0.41) . 10(-5) D2 + 0.42 at 8.2 and 25.3 dose rates. Statistically reliable differences in the dicentric yield in lymphocytes irradiated with different dose rates are observed. The results obtained show that the increase in the dose rate results in the increase of the dicentric yield, originated in one-track process, while the dicentric yield from two-track process remains constant.", "contents": "[Chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes induced by exposure to different doses of chronic gamma irradiation in vitro]. Non-stimulated with phytohemagglutinin human blood was chronically gamma-irradiated (226Ra, 99 mg) in vitro at 37 derees C. The dose rates were 8.2 (irradiation doses 8.2, 16.4, 41 and 162.2 rads) and 25.3 (irradiation doses 8.4, 16.9, 42.2, 168.2, 337.3 and 506 rads) rads/hour. Quantitative analysis of different types of structural chromosome aberrations was carried out. The data on aberrant cells and dicentrics were statistically interpreted. The frequency of aberrant cells, observed at both dose rates, was statistically described by the equation y = a + bD, where y = 7.11 (+/- 0.56) + 11.38 (+/- 2.32) . 10(-2) D, and y = 5.23 (+/- 0.23 + 13.20 (+/- 1.11) . 10(-2) D at dose rates 8.2 and 25.3 rads respectively. The dicentrics yield was described by the equation y = alphaD + betaD2 + C, where y = 3.19 (+/- 0.22) . 10(-2) D + 7.0 (+/- 0.46) . 10(-5) D2 + 0.42, and y = 5.05 (+/- 0.38) . 10(-2) D + 7.1 (+/- 0.41) . 10(-5) D2 + 0.42 at 8.2 and 25.3 dose rates. Statistically reliable differences in the dicentric yield in lymphocytes irradiated with different dose rates are observed. The results obtained show that the increase in the dose rate results in the increase of the dicentric yield, originated in one-track process, while the dicentric yield from two-track process remains constant.", "PMID": 720824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8611", "title": "[Effect of blood storage and nutrient medium on the frequency of chromosomal cell aberrations after subsequent x-irradiation].", "content": "Cytogenetic investigations are carried out in order to study the yield of chromosome aberrations depending on storage conditions of intact and X-irradiated blood and 199 nutrient medium containing calf serum in glass and plexiglas bottles at 20 degrees C within 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours. The yield of chromosome aberrations in blood stored in glass for 24, 48 and 72 hours and then X-irradiated at a dose of 250 r is the same as in freshly irradiated (at the same dose) blood. Statistically significant differences in the yield of chromosome aberrations were observed in blood stored for 24, 48 and 72 hours in plexiglas bottles as compared with freshly irradiated and stored in glass before the irradiation (at a dose of 250 r) blood. No chromosome changes in hereditary structures of lymphocytes were observed in non-irradiated blood, incubated with nutrient medium which was stored for 24, 48 and 72 hours in plexiglas bottles and then irradiated at a dose of 250 r. Non-irradiated blood stored for 24, 48 and 72 hours in glass and plexiglas bottles produced the same chromosome aberration yield as fresh non-irradiated blood. Thus, sensibilization of hereditary lymphocyte structures was observed only in X-irradiated blood stored in plexiglas bottles.", "contents": "[Effect of blood storage and nutrient medium on the frequency of chromosomal cell aberrations after subsequent x-irradiation]. Cytogenetic investigations are carried out in order to study the yield of chromosome aberrations depending on storage conditions of intact and X-irradiated blood and 199 nutrient medium containing calf serum in glass and plexiglas bottles at 20 degrees C within 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours. The yield of chromosome aberrations in blood stored in glass for 24, 48 and 72 hours and then X-irradiated at a dose of 250 r is the same as in freshly irradiated (at the same dose) blood. Statistically significant differences in the yield of chromosome aberrations were observed in blood stored for 24, 48 and 72 hours in plexiglas bottles as compared with freshly irradiated and stored in glass before the irradiation (at a dose of 250 r) blood. No chromosome changes in hereditary structures of lymphocytes were observed in non-irradiated blood, incubated with nutrient medium which was stored for 24, 48 and 72 hours in plexiglas bottles and then irradiated at a dose of 250 r. Non-irradiated blood stored for 24, 48 and 72 hours in glass and plexiglas bottles produced the same chromosome aberration yield as fresh non-irradiated blood. Thus, sensibilization of hereditary lymphocyte structures was observed only in X-irradiated blood stored in plexiglas bottles.", "PMID": 720825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8612", "title": "[Dominant lethality and translocations in the sex cells of male rats under low-intensity gamma irradiation].", "content": "Adult male rats were given 1300 rad of chronic gamma-irradiation (0.08 rad/min) Dominant lethal rates were found to be high (ranging from 48 to 75%) in irradiated postmeiotic cells and clearly lower (6.8%) in spermatogonia. The chromosome aberration (reciprocal translocation) yields observed with 1300 rad chronic irradiation were comparatively low, averaging 1.6%. Spermatogonia irradiation at low dose rate resulted in a smaller effect as compared to the genetic effects of a single acute exposure.", "contents": "[Dominant lethality and translocations in the sex cells of male rats under low-intensity gamma irradiation]. Adult male rats were given 1300 rad of chronic gamma-irradiation (0.08 rad/min) Dominant lethal rates were found to be high (ranging from 48 to 75%) in irradiated postmeiotic cells and clearly lower (6.8%) in spermatogonia. The chromosome aberration (reciprocal translocation) yields observed with 1300 rad chronic irradiation were comparatively low, averaging 1.6%. Spermatogonia irradiation at low dose rate resulted in a smaller effect as compared to the genetic effects of a single acute exposure.", "PMID": 720826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8613", "title": "[Single-strand DNA breaks and chromosome aberrations in the hepatocytes of mice of different ages].", "content": "The same damages were found to occur in hepatocyte DNA from old mice of different strains by means of sedimentation in alkaline sucrose concentration gradient. At the same time, the number of hepatocytes with aberrant chromosomes is strongly different in these strains. From these data an assumption is made that some other damages being accumulated with aging are responsible for chromosome aberrations except for single-strand DNA breaks. The number of single-strand breaks registered in hepatocyte DNA of the old animals under gamma-irradiation is two-three times more than that of the young animals, though the rates of repair of the induced single-strand breaks in DNA are the same for mice of different age and strains.", "contents": "[Single-strand DNA breaks and chromosome aberrations in the hepatocytes of mice of different ages]. The same damages were found to occur in hepatocyte DNA from old mice of different strains by means of sedimentation in alkaline sucrose concentration gradient. At the same time, the number of hepatocytes with aberrant chromosomes is strongly different in these strains. From these data an assumption is made that some other damages being accumulated with aging are responsible for chromosome aberrations except for single-strand DNA breaks. The number of single-strand breaks registered in hepatocyte DNA of the old animals under gamma-irradiation is two-three times more than that of the young animals, though the rates of repair of the induced single-strand breaks in DNA are the same for mice of different age and strains.", "PMID": 720827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8614", "title": "[Mapping new structural genes of phage phi80].", "content": "A new set of am and ts-mutants of the phage phi80 was isolated. A series of lambdacI857h80att80int3 prophage deletion strains, extending for various lengths into the region of structural genes was generated and characterized in order to facilitate the mapping of the phi80 am and ts-mutants. Complementation test allowed to find out 5 new genes named 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24. The result of the deletion mapping of structural genes is as follows: 1-2-3-20-4-5-6-21-7-22-9-23-10-8-12-24-13.", "contents": "[Mapping new structural genes of phage phi80]. A new set of am and ts-mutants of the phage phi80 was isolated. A series of lambdacI857h80att80int3 prophage deletion strains, extending for various lengths into the region of structural genes was generated and characterized in order to facilitate the mapping of the phi80 am and ts-mutants. Complementation test allowed to find out 5 new genes named 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24. The result of the deletion mapping of structural genes is as follows: 1-2-3-20-4-5-6-21-7-22-9-23-10-8-12-24-13.", "PMID": 720828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8615", "title": "[Genetic analysis of the resistance of mouse somatic cells to colchicine].", "content": "The genetic nature of the resistance of mouse L cells to 0.06 microgram/ml of colchicine (the first step of selection) was studied. Fluctuation tests showed that the generation of drug-resistant variants in the wild type population was random and did not depend on the action of the selective agent. The rate of spontaneous occurrence of this variants was approximately 2 . 10(-5) per cell per generation. Colchicine resistance proved to be relatively unstable: it was 2--3-fold less in all clones propagated in non-selective conditions for 25--33 days. Two mutagens, ethylmethanesulphonate and N-nitroso-N-methylurea, failed to induce colchicine resistance in conditions when they enhanced the frequency of 8-azaguanine-resistant cells 10-fold.", "contents": "[Genetic analysis of the resistance of mouse somatic cells to colchicine]. The genetic nature of the resistance of mouse L cells to 0.06 microgram/ml of colchicine (the first step of selection) was studied. Fluctuation tests showed that the generation of drug-resistant variants in the wild type population was random and did not depend on the action of the selective agent. The rate of spontaneous occurrence of this variants was approximately 2 . 10(-5) per cell per generation. Colchicine resistance proved to be relatively unstable: it was 2--3-fold less in all clones propagated in non-selective conditions for 25--33 days. Two mutagens, ethylmethanesulphonate and N-nitroso-N-methylurea, failed to induce colchicine resistance in conditions when they enhanced the frequency of 8-azaguanine-resistant cells 10-fold.", "PMID": 720829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8616", "title": "[Genetic-biochemical analysis of the shuttle-box behavior of 2 inbred strains of mice differing in brain protein S-100 content. I. Neurospecific protein S-100 and learning].", "content": "A hybridological analysis of a mode of inheritance of two characters: biochemical (brain S-100 protein level) and behavioral (rate of active avoidance conditioned reflex formation in a shuttle box), in mice of inbred strains DBA/2J and AKR/J characterized by respectively high and low levels of these characters. The high concentration of water soluble S-100 protein in whole brain is a recessive character. The inheritance of total S-100 protein in whole brain and of the level of its water soluble fraction in brain cortex and hippocampus is complex. In all hybrids of a given couple of parents from different strains, dominance and over-dominance of a low rate of the formation of the conditioned reflex takes place. No sex differences in the avoidance level were found. Neurospecific S-100 protein content correlates positively with the rate of active avoidance conditioned reflex formation.", "contents": "[Genetic-biochemical analysis of the shuttle-box behavior of 2 inbred strains of mice differing in brain protein S-100 content. I. Neurospecific protein S-100 and learning]. A hybridological analysis of a mode of inheritance of two characters: biochemical (brain S-100 protein level) and behavioral (rate of active avoidance conditioned reflex formation in a shuttle box), in mice of inbred strains DBA/2J and AKR/J characterized by respectively high and low levels of these characters. The high concentration of water soluble S-100 protein in whole brain is a recessive character. The inheritance of total S-100 protein in whole brain and of the level of its water soluble fraction in brain cortex and hippocampus is complex. In all hybrids of a given couple of parents from different strains, dominance and over-dominance of a low rate of the formation of the conditioned reflex takes place. No sex differences in the avoidance level were found. Neurospecific S-100 protein content correlates positively with the rate of active avoidance conditioned reflex formation.", "PMID": 720830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8617", "title": "[Case of partial trisomy 4p+ in a child as a result of a balanced translocation in the father].", "content": "Clinical and cytogenetic data on the infant with mental retardation, multiple congenital anomalies and trisomy for the short arm of the 4th chromosome (46, XY, der (1) (1;4) (q43; p15) are given. The abnormal chromosome was inherited from the father who had a balanced translocation 46, X; (1, 4) (q43; p15). Clinical features of the patient corresponded to those in the observation of other authors.", "contents": "[Case of partial trisomy 4p+ in a child as a result of a balanced translocation in the father]. Clinical and cytogenetic data on the infant with mental retardation, multiple congenital anomalies and trisomy for the short arm of the 4th chromosome (46, XY, der (1) (1;4) (q43; p15) are given. The abnormal chromosome was inherited from the father who had a balanced translocation 46, X; (1, 4) (q43; p15). Clinical features of the patient corresponded to those in the observation of other authors.", "PMID": 720831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8618", "title": "Least-squares method for restriction mapping.", "content": "A least-squares procedure has been developed to aid in deriving restriction-fragment maps once the order of cutsites has been determined. A computer program which carries out this method can be used to map either linear or circular molecules.", "contents": "Least-squares method for restriction mapping. A least-squares procedure has been developed to aid in deriving restriction-fragment maps once the order of cutsites has been determined. A computer program which carries out this method can be used to map either linear or circular molecules.", "PMID": 720832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8619", "title": "Isolation and insolubilisation of human F VIII by affinity chromatography.", "content": "A simple procedure has been developed for the isolation of coagulation factor VIII (F VIII) from plasma in a form which induces a monospecific antibody in rabbits. Amino acid precipitation from plasma was followed by gel filtration on Sepharose 4B and further purification was achieved by affinity chromatography on heparin-Sepharose. The material so isolated was identified by immunoelectrophoresis and lacked coagulant activity. The antiserum produced in rabbits inhibited F VIII coagulant activity and von Willebrand factor activity as measured by ristocetin platelet agglutination. The isolated IgG fraction insolubilised with CNBr-Sepharose 4B retained the ability to complex with F VIII. This complex possessed F VIII coagulant activity which could be removed in 0.6 M NaCl and dissociated in 8 M urea.", "contents": "Isolation and insolubilisation of human F VIII by affinity chromatography. A simple procedure has been developed for the isolation of coagulation factor VIII (F VIII) from plasma in a form which induces a monospecific antibody in rabbits. Amino acid precipitation from plasma was followed by gel filtration on Sepharose 4B and further purification was achieved by affinity chromatography on heparin-Sepharose. The material so isolated was identified by immunoelectrophoresis and lacked coagulant activity. The antiserum produced in rabbits inhibited F VIII coagulant activity and von Willebrand factor activity as measured by ristocetin platelet agglutination. The isolated IgG fraction insolubilised with CNBr-Sepharose 4B retained the ability to complex with F VIII. This complex possessed F VIII coagulant activity which could be removed in 0.6 M NaCl and dissociated in 8 M urea.", "PMID": 720954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8620", "title": "Increased level of factor VIII complex in severe arterial hypertension.", "content": "Factor VIII complex was studied in patients presenting arterial hypertension. Visceral involvement was quantified using a clinical index calculated from ocular fundus, renal function and left ventricular hypertrophy data. A significant correlation was found between the mean arterial pressure, the visceral involvement and the level of complex VIII. Nevertheless, other data obtained in different patients (Conn's disease) suggest that the visceral involvement (and not the mean arterial pressure) is the main determining factor in the increase of factor VIII complex.", "contents": "Increased level of factor VIII complex in severe arterial hypertension. Factor VIII complex was studied in patients presenting arterial hypertension. Visceral involvement was quantified using a clinical index calculated from ocular fundus, renal function and left ventricular hypertrophy data. A significant correlation was found between the mean arterial pressure, the visceral involvement and the level of complex VIII. Nevertheless, other data obtained in different patients (Conn's disease) suggest that the visceral involvement (and not the mean arterial pressure) is the main determining factor in the increase of factor VIII complex.", "PMID": 720955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8621", "title": "Binding of 14C-ADP to normal human and thrombasthenic platelet membranes. Study of the dissociation of the nucleotide from its receptors.", "content": "Normal and thrombasthenic platelet membranes are able to specifically bind 14C-ADP (12). According to the concentration of ADP present in the medium, 'high affinity binding sites' (Ka = 0.5 X 10(6) M-1 and 'low affinity-binding sites' (Ka = 0.05 X 10(6) M-1) can be recognized. In the present study, dissociation of ADP from the 'high affinity binding sites' was measured with six normal and with three thrombasthenic platelet membrane preparations. A 1:100 dilution was used to dissociate the membrane-bound 14C-ADP and the kinetics of the dissociation was determined. The same profile of dissociation (with T 1/2 = 4--10 min at 37 degrees C) was observed using normal or thrombasthenic membranes. With both preparations, the rate of dissociation was increased (up to T 1/2 = 1--3 min) when unlabelled ADP (at concentration higher than 10(-5) M) was added in the diluting medium. The results confirm the presence of normal ADP binding sites on thrombasthenic platelet membrane and possibly suggest the existence of cooperative interactions between the sites on normal as well as on thrombasthenic membranes.", "contents": "Binding of 14C-ADP to normal human and thrombasthenic platelet membranes. Study of the dissociation of the nucleotide from its receptors. Normal and thrombasthenic platelet membranes are able to specifically bind 14C-ADP (12). According to the concentration of ADP present in the medium, 'high affinity binding sites' (Ka = 0.5 X 10(6) M-1 and 'low affinity-binding sites' (Ka = 0.05 X 10(6) M-1) can be recognized. In the present study, dissociation of ADP from the 'high affinity binding sites' was measured with six normal and with three thrombasthenic platelet membrane preparations. A 1:100 dilution was used to dissociate the membrane-bound 14C-ADP and the kinetics of the dissociation was determined. The same profile of dissociation (with T 1/2 = 4--10 min at 37 degrees C) was observed using normal or thrombasthenic membranes. With both preparations, the rate of dissociation was increased (up to T 1/2 = 1--3 min) when unlabelled ADP (at concentration higher than 10(-5) M) was added in the diluting medium. The results confirm the presence of normal ADP binding sites on thrombasthenic platelet membrane and possibly suggest the existence of cooperative interactions between the sites on normal as well as on thrombasthenic membranes.", "PMID": 720956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8622", "title": "A simplified assay method for platelet factor 4 in plasma and in platelets with a chromogenic substrate.", "content": "A simple assay method for platelet factor 4 is described. When factor Xa was added to a system containing antithrombin III in excess and heparin in low concentration, the amount of factor Xa immediately inactivated was found to be a function of the concentration of heparin. When an antiheparin such as platelet factor 4 was added, an increase of the residual activity of factor Xa was observed. The magnitude of this increase was shown to be correlated to the amount of heparin inactivation in the system. Platelet factor 4 could be assayed when the concentrations of antithrombin III, heparin, and factor Xa were maintained at a constant level and in excess. As an indicator of the reaction, factor Xa was measured with the chromogenic substrate benzoyl-Ile-Gou-Gly-Arg-p-nitroanilide (S-2222).", "contents": "A simplified assay method for platelet factor 4 in plasma and in platelets with a chromogenic substrate. A simple assay method for platelet factor 4 is described. When factor Xa was added to a system containing antithrombin III in excess and heparin in low concentration, the amount of factor Xa immediately inactivated was found to be a function of the concentration of heparin. When an antiheparin such as platelet factor 4 was added, an increase of the residual activity of factor Xa was observed. The magnitude of this increase was shown to be correlated to the amount of heparin inactivation in the system. Platelet factor 4 could be assayed when the concentrations of antithrombin III, heparin, and factor Xa were maintained at a constant level and in excess. As an indicator of the reaction, factor Xa was measured with the chromogenic substrate benzoyl-Ile-Gou-Gly-Arg-p-nitroanilide (S-2222).", "PMID": 720957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8623", "title": "Effect of temperature on short-term preservation of platelets for in vitro tests.", "content": "We have evaluated the effect on the response of citrated platelet-rich plasma to aggregating agents of storage at 4 degrees C versus room temperature (21 degrees C) for 2 and 4 h after venipuncture. While there were small decreases in some responses to epinephrine, ADP and collagen attributable to 21 degrees C storage, only in the case of ristocetin-induced aggregation was a profound difference noted. Platelets stored at 4 degrees C for 4 h showed no significant change in response to ristocetin. In contrast, those stored at room temperature showed a marked decrease. This change is not likely to be attributable to a change of pH, although pH rose less with storage at 4 degrees C than at 21 degrees C. It is recommended that PRP for in vitro testing be stored at 4 degrees C.", "contents": "Effect of temperature on short-term preservation of platelets for in vitro tests. We have evaluated the effect on the response of citrated platelet-rich plasma to aggregating agents of storage at 4 degrees C versus room temperature (21 degrees C) for 2 and 4 h after venipuncture. While there were small decreases in some responses to epinephrine, ADP and collagen attributable to 21 degrees C storage, only in the case of ristocetin-induced aggregation was a profound difference noted. Platelets stored at 4 degrees C for 4 h showed no significant change in response to ristocetin. In contrast, those stored at room temperature showed a marked decrease. This change is not likely to be attributable to a change of pH, although pH rose less with storage at 4 degrees C than at 21 degrees C. It is recommended that PRP for in vitro testing be stored at 4 degrees C.", "PMID": 720958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8624", "title": "Urokinase inactivation rate in the rabbit: effect of circulatory isolation of the liver, spleen and kidneys.", "content": "After injection of urokinase (UK) in normal rabbits and in rabbits with ligated liver, spleen and kidneys, the inactivation rate constant of UK was evaluated by using the disappearance rate of fibrinolytic activity from plasma. A peripheral intravenous injection of UK in normal rabbits induced significant but transient fibrinolytic activity, with ligated liver, spleen and kidneys, the fibrinolytic activity sustained for a long period, i.e. the inactivation rate constant of UK was 6 times smaller compared with normal rabbits. The implications of these results are discussed.", "contents": "Urokinase inactivation rate in the rabbit: effect of circulatory isolation of the liver, spleen and kidneys. After injection of urokinase (UK) in normal rabbits and in rabbits with ligated liver, spleen and kidneys, the inactivation rate constant of UK was evaluated by using the disappearance rate of fibrinolytic activity from plasma. A peripheral intravenous injection of UK in normal rabbits induced significant but transient fibrinolytic activity, with ligated liver, spleen and kidneys, the fibrinolytic activity sustained for a long period, i.e. the inactivation rate constant of UK was 6 times smaller compared with normal rabbits. The implications of these results are discussed.", "PMID": 720959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8625", "title": "Locomotion and posture in Ateles geoffroyi and Ateles paniscus.", "content": "The locomotor and postural behavior of Ateles geoffroyi and Ateles paniscus was studied in Panama and Surinam. Ateles locomotion can be divided into five patterns on the basis of limb usage: quadrupedal walking and running, suspensory locomotion, climbing, bipedalism and leaping. The first three are commonly used in both locomotion during travel and locomotion during feeding, but climbing (especially 'horizontal climbing') is the most important pattern during feeding. Most Ateles locomotion takes place on twigs and branches, with twigs playing a greater role in feeding than in travel. Feeding postures are mainly suspensory and seated, short resting postures are suspensory, seated and standing, and long resting postures are almost entirely seated and reclining. Twigs are the most important supports in feeding postures, but branches are much more important in resting postures. The results of this study indicate that the quadrumanous climbing, forelimb-dominated locomotion during feeding that FLEAGLE considers the primary hominoid adaptation is also characteristic of Ateles.", "contents": "Locomotion and posture in Ateles geoffroyi and Ateles paniscus. The locomotor and postural behavior of Ateles geoffroyi and Ateles paniscus was studied in Panama and Surinam. Ateles locomotion can be divided into five patterns on the basis of limb usage: quadrupedal walking and running, suspensory locomotion, climbing, bipedalism and leaping. The first three are commonly used in both locomotion during travel and locomotion during feeding, but climbing (especially 'horizontal climbing') is the most important pattern during feeding. Most Ateles locomotion takes place on twigs and branches, with twigs playing a greater role in feeding than in travel. Feeding postures are mainly suspensory and seated, short resting postures are suspensory, seated and standing, and long resting postures are almost entirely seated and reclining. Twigs are the most important supports in feeding postures, but branches are much more important in resting postures. The results of this study indicate that the quadrumanous climbing, forelimb-dominated locomotion during feeding that FLEAGLE considers the primary hominoid adaptation is also characteristic of Ateles.", "PMID": 720997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8626", "title": "[Prevention of recurrent nerve paresis and parathyroid lesions in thyroidectomy].", "content": "At present the risk of a post-operative nerve lesion or of hypothyroidism occurring after surgery of the thyroid still exists. Those surgeons who expose the entire length of the nerve are few but they obtain the lowest rate of post-operative vocal cord palsy. In a series of a 100 patients undergoing thyroid surgery, the nerves were visually exposed along their entire length. A nerve stimulator was used to facilitate recognition and identification. During electrical stimulation, spasmodic contractions of the larynx could be observed behind the crico-thyroid muscle, close to the ligatures of the superior thyroid vessels. The lobe was freed as for a total lobectomy. During this procedure, due to their anatomical relations, the parathyroid glands are unendangered as only the vessels which reach the thyroid itself are ligated. The safety of this operative technique was demonstrated by the absence of either nerve lesions or hypoparathyroidism in this series of 100 patients. The ensuing security allows modification of the surgical technique or procedure according to the situation. For all solid cold nodules total lobectomy is unequivocably indicated. In Graves' disease and endemic goitre the classical subtotal thyroidectomy is replaced by total lobectomy on one side and subtotal lobectomy on the other.", "contents": "[Prevention of recurrent nerve paresis and parathyroid lesions in thyroidectomy]. At present the risk of a post-operative nerve lesion or of hypothyroidism occurring after surgery of the thyroid still exists. Those surgeons who expose the entire length of the nerve are few but they obtain the lowest rate of post-operative vocal cord palsy. In a series of a 100 patients undergoing thyroid surgery, the nerves were visually exposed along their entire length. A nerve stimulator was used to facilitate recognition and identification. During electrical stimulation, spasmodic contractions of the larynx could be observed behind the crico-thyroid muscle, close to the ligatures of the superior thyroid vessels. The lobe was freed as for a total lobectomy. During this procedure, due to their anatomical relations, the parathyroid glands are unendangered as only the vessels which reach the thyroid itself are ligated. The safety of this operative technique was demonstrated by the absence of either nerve lesions or hypoparathyroidism in this series of 100 patients. The ensuing security allows modification of the surgical technique or procedure according to the situation. For all solid cold nodules total lobectomy is unequivocably indicated. In Graves' disease and endemic goitre the classical subtotal thyroidectomy is replaced by total lobectomy on one side and subtotal lobectomy on the other.", "PMID": 721001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8627", "title": "[Psychopathology of schizophrenic diseases].", "content": "After a short historical review the main symptoms of schizophrenia such as disorders of thought, perception, emotion and motor behavior are discussed. Doing this, the acknowledgements of the classical German psychiatry are displayed. Finally, the Schneiderian first and second rank symptoms (Symptome 1. und 2. Ranges) and the Bleulerian basic symptoms (Grundsymptome) are discussed.", "contents": "[Psychopathology of schizophrenic diseases]. After a short historical review the main symptoms of schizophrenia such as disorders of thought, perception, emotion and motor behavior are discussed. Doing this, the acknowledgements of the classical German psychiatry are displayed. Finally, the Schneiderian first and second rank symptoms (Symptome 1. und 2. Ranges) and the Bleulerian basic symptoms (Grundsymptome) are discussed.", "PMID": 721005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8628", "title": "[Significance of environmental factors for the development of schizophrenic psychoses].", "content": "Various factors of environment are analyzed by means of literature with regard to their significance for the development of schizophrenic psychoses. These factors are classified as follows: family situation, ecological factors, stress situations, professional situations, transcultural points of view, extraordinary circumstances. Although there are a great number of analyses, they partly come to different, even opposite results. Yet most authors agree in recognizing the influence of factors of environment on the development of schizophrenias.", "contents": "[Significance of environmental factors for the development of schizophrenic psychoses]. Various factors of environment are analyzed by means of literature with regard to their significance for the development of schizophrenic psychoses. These factors are classified as follows: family situation, ecological factors, stress situations, professional situations, transcultural points of view, extraordinary circumstances. Although there are a great number of analyses, they partly come to different, even opposite results. Yet most authors agree in recognizing the influence of factors of environment on the development of schizophrenias.", "PMID": 721006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8629", "title": "[Reciprocal relationship between bones, hematopoiesis and kidney with reference to sex hormoses. 2. Endocrine osteopathy and sex hormones].", "content": "Interactions and influence between blood and bone-tissue are discussed. In chronic renal insufficiency there is a failure of the kidneys as an endocrine organ with hormones for hemopoiesis and bone-metabolism. This deficit can partly or completely be replaced by an appropriate therapy. The--in the kidney transformed and so activated--vitamine-D-metabolite 1,25(OH)2D3 can be used in the therapy of osteoporosis, the combination with sodium fluoride brings even better results. In cases of postmenopausal osteoporosis and lack of estrogen estrogens are indicated for the treatment and the prophylaxis of osteoporosis.", "contents": "[Reciprocal relationship between bones, hematopoiesis and kidney with reference to sex hormoses. 2. Endocrine osteopathy and sex hormones]. Interactions and influence between blood and bone-tissue are discussed. In chronic renal insufficiency there is a failure of the kidneys as an endocrine organ with hormones for hemopoiesis and bone-metabolism. This deficit can partly or completely be replaced by an appropriate therapy. The--in the kidney transformed and so activated--vitamine-D-metabolite 1,25(OH)2D3 can be used in the therapy of osteoporosis, the combination with sodium fluoride brings even better results. In cases of postmenopausal osteoporosis and lack of estrogen estrogens are indicated for the treatment and the prophylaxis of osteoporosis.", "PMID": 721008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8630", "title": "[Perbronchil a lung biopsy].", "content": "The term \"exogenic pneumopathology\" means a cluster of problems resulting from the still unknown consequences of the exposure of workmen to various industrial noxious agents. Progress is to be expected from advanced methods of examination: Perbronchial lung biopsy is a new chance to solve the problems. With perbronchial biopsy we get lung tissue in about 90% of examined cases. The complication rates are low: pneumothorax developed in about 4% controllable bleedings occurred in 1.2%. Relevant diagnostic results were possible in about 60%. From the tabulated global results after more than 1400 perbronchial lung biopsies, the occupational diseases and the lung fibrosis are especially pointed out and discussed in detail.", "contents": "[Perbronchil a lung biopsy]. The term \"exogenic pneumopathology\" means a cluster of problems resulting from the still unknown consequences of the exposure of workmen to various industrial noxious agents. Progress is to be expected from advanced methods of examination: Perbronchial lung biopsy is a new chance to solve the problems. With perbronchial biopsy we get lung tissue in about 90% of examined cases. The complication rates are low: pneumothorax developed in about 4% controllable bleedings occurred in 1.2%. Relevant diagnostic results were possible in about 60%. From the tabulated global results after more than 1400 perbronchial lung biopsies, the occupational diseases and the lung fibrosis are especially pointed out and discussed in detail.", "PMID": 721011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8631", "title": "[The child between life and death. Child psychiatry in neoplastic diseases].", "content": "The highly specialized treatment of the child with a fatal illness confronts the patient, his relatives and the staff with continuous psychological stress. Knowledge of how a child feels about illness, life and death is a prerequisite for the understanding and help of these patients. The participation of a child psychiatrist seems to  be essential in providing optimal psychological support. In the present study, all children were aware of the life-threatening nature of their disease. The maintenance of a meaningful dialogue till the end is of great importance for the patients and their families. The therapist engaged in such a dialogue is forced to face loss and grief.", "contents": "[The child between life and death. Child psychiatry in neoplastic diseases]. The highly specialized treatment of the child with a fatal illness confronts the patient, his relatives and the staff with continuous psychological stress. Knowledge of how a child feels about illness, life and death is a prerequisite for the understanding and help of these patients. The participation of a child psychiatrist seems to  be essential in providing optimal psychological support. In the present study, all children were aware of the life-threatening nature of their disease. The maintenance of a meaningful dialogue till the end is of great importance for the patients and their families. The therapist engaged in such a dialogue is forced to face loss and grief.", "PMID": 721013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8632", "title": "[Adverse effects of modern inhalation anesthetics. 2. Control of amounts and elimination of escaping anesthesia gases].", "content": "This paper presents a review on the pathological effects caused by acute or chronic exposure to the inhalation anesthetics halothane, methoxyflurane, or enflurane. Methoxyflurane has a dose-related nephrotoxicity due to its metabolic degradation with release of fluoride ions whereas suggested pathological renal effects of halothane or enflurane are still under discussion. As to the syndrome of halothane- (or enflurane-, methoxyflurane-) associated hepatitis no dose-dependent hepatotoxicity has been proven but interactions with hypoxia, hypotension, drug-pretreatment, and perhaps genetic abnormalities should be kept in mind. Severe hematologic alterations are effected by prolonged exposure to N2O or halothane and alterations of tumor immunity caused by anesthetic agents are reported, too. From clinical studies and observations of pregnant animals, a correlation between the incidence of miscarriages or malformations and chronic exposure to low doses of inhalation agents may be stated. Nevertheless, an inhalation agent is easy to control because it can be eliminated quickly in the case of complications. Therefore, one would not like to miss these inhalation agents in clinical practice but the immission into the operating room should be limited. Moreover, the best way to keep the operating room clean from waste anesthetic gases is the installation of a scavenging system which is connected to suction.", "contents": "[Adverse effects of modern inhalation anesthetics. 2. Control of amounts and elimination of escaping anesthesia gases]. This paper presents a review on the pathological effects caused by acute or chronic exposure to the inhalation anesthetics halothane, methoxyflurane, or enflurane. Methoxyflurane has a dose-related nephrotoxicity due to its metabolic degradation with release of fluoride ions whereas suggested pathological renal effects of halothane or enflurane are still under discussion. As to the syndrome of halothane- (or enflurane-, methoxyflurane-) associated hepatitis no dose-dependent hepatotoxicity has been proven but interactions with hypoxia, hypotension, drug-pretreatment, and perhaps genetic abnormalities should be kept in mind. Severe hematologic alterations are effected by prolonged exposure to N2O or halothane and alterations of tumor immunity caused by anesthetic agents are reported, too. From clinical studies and observations of pregnant animals, a correlation between the incidence of miscarriages or malformations and chronic exposure to low doses of inhalation agents may be stated. Nevertheless, an inhalation agent is easy to control because it can be eliminated quickly in the case of complications. Therefore, one would not like to miss these inhalation agents in clinical practice but the immission into the operating room should be limited. Moreover, the best way to keep the operating room clean from waste anesthetic gases is the installation of a scavenging system which is connected to suction.", "PMID": 721016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8633", "title": "[Unstable angina pectoris from surgical view (author's transl)].", "content": "Between January 1974 and September 1977 37 patients with unstable angina pectoris have been treated (7,6% of the patients operated upon). 49% suffered from an old myocardial infarct, 86% had a 2 or more coronary vessel disease, and only 4 patients showed critical stenoses on the left main stem. We preferred a combined medical and surgical treatment. By means of medical treatment all patients but one became painfree. At the same time coronary angiography had been performed without any complications. 37 patients received 67 vein bypasses (graft-patient-relation of 1,8). The surgical degree of revascularization was 80%. The hospital mortality came to 2,7%, the late mortality to 2,8%. Perioperatively 3 patients underwent a myocardial infarction. 84% of the patients were painfree and clinically improved. 41% went back to work in their old jobs. 84% of the vein bypasses were open. The effective degree of revascularization was 67%. There is no difference between patients with stable and unstable angina referring to coronary morphology, rate of survival and of surgical complications as well as to clinical and objective improvement. We recommend an early but not emergency angiography and we prefer an elective surgical treatment and not an emergency procedure.", "contents": "[Unstable angina pectoris from surgical view (author's transl)]. Between January 1974 and September 1977 37 patients with unstable angina pectoris have been treated (7,6% of the patients operated upon). 49% suffered from an old myocardial infarct, 86% had a 2 or more coronary vessel disease, and only 4 patients showed critical stenoses on the left main stem. We preferred a combined medical and surgical treatment. By means of medical treatment all patients but one became painfree. At the same time coronary angiography had been performed without any complications. 37 patients received 67 vein bypasses (graft-patient-relation of 1,8). The surgical degree of revascularization was 80%. The hospital mortality came to 2,7%, the late mortality to 2,8%. Perioperatively 3 patients underwent a myocardial infarction. 84% of the patients were painfree and clinically improved. 41% went back to work in their old jobs. 84% of the vein bypasses were open. The effective degree of revascularization was 67%. There is no difference between patients with stable and unstable angina referring to coronary morphology, rate of survival and of surgical complications as well as to clinical and objective improvement. We recommend an early but not emergency angiography and we prefer an elective surgical treatment and not an emergency procedure.", "PMID": 721029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8634", "title": "[Surgery of congenital acyanotic cardiac malformations (author's transl)].", "content": "Congenital heart lesions are found in 0.8% of all newborns; four-fifths of them are correctable. Two thirds of all surgical procedures are done in acyanotic malformations, mainly in septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, coarctations of the aorta and valvular stenosis. Within the last twenty years corrective repair has been established with good results in these lesions. Therapeutic problems still remain in cases of late diagnosis and in some rare and complex anomalies like malformations of the aortic arch, of the coronary arteries, in some types of aortopulmonary window and atrioventricular canal. Surgery becomes urgent in babies suffering from severe heart disease because of progressive pulmonary hypertension, inadequate growth or severe heart failure (despite intensive medical treatment). For certain lesions corrective repair (patent ductus arteriosus, coarctation) is definitely indicated, for others (ventricular septal defect, atrioventricular canal) urgent palliation or early total repair is debatable. In most patients with uncomplicated lesions treated in time during childhood a low operative mortality below 1% was observed. A higher mortality rate was found (10 to 50%) in patients with pulmonary artery disease or associated pulmonary lesions. A significantly higher mortality could also be observed in the advanced age group (4.7%) and in infants below one year of age (11,5%), underlining the important point of the age at operations. Recurrence of lesions occured in 1% of our patients after closure of ventricular septal defects, reconstructions of mitral valve disease and early corrected coarctations. Nevertheless, most of these patients can expect a normal growth, life span and ability to work.", "contents": "[Surgery of congenital acyanotic cardiac malformations (author's transl)]. Congenital heart lesions are found in 0.8% of all newborns; four-fifths of them are correctable. Two thirds of all surgical procedures are done in acyanotic malformations, mainly in septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, coarctations of the aorta and valvular stenosis. Within the last twenty years corrective repair has been established with good results in these lesions. Therapeutic problems still remain in cases of late diagnosis and in some rare and complex anomalies like malformations of the aortic arch, of the coronary arteries, in some types of aortopulmonary window and atrioventricular canal. Surgery becomes urgent in babies suffering from severe heart disease because of progressive pulmonary hypertension, inadequate growth or severe heart failure (despite intensive medical treatment). For certain lesions corrective repair (patent ductus arteriosus, coarctation) is definitely indicated, for others (ventricular septal defect, atrioventricular canal) urgent palliation or early total repair is debatable. In most patients with uncomplicated lesions treated in time during childhood a low operative mortality below 1% was observed. A higher mortality rate was found (10 to 50%) in patients with pulmonary artery disease or associated pulmonary lesions. A significantly higher mortality could also be observed in the advanced age group (4.7%) and in infants below one year of age (11,5%), underlining the important point of the age at operations. Recurrence of lesions occured in 1% of our patients after closure of ventricular septal defects, reconstructions of mitral valve disease and early corrected coarctations. Nevertheless, most of these patients can expect a normal growth, life span and ability to work.", "PMID": 721031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8635", "title": "[Surgery in newborns and infants with cyanotic cardiac malformations: indication and technique of emergency operations and urgent early surgical interventions (author's transl)].", "content": "Between April 1974 and September 1977, 368 infants underwent surgery at the German Heart Center. 287 were less than 1 year of age, and 81 were between the ages of one and two years. In 90 patients (= 24.4%) surgery was necessary because of cyanotic lesions. Within this group corrective procedures were performed in 36 infants during the first year of life, and in 33 during the second year of life, while palliative measures were carried out in these age groups in 15 and 6 infants, respectively. Urgent corrective surgery is indicated as a life-saving measure in neonates with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) since this lesion is not amenable to either medical nor palliative interventions. Of 10 neonates and young infants who underwent corrective surgery for TAPVC, 3 died during the early post-operative period and 1 subsequently. Balloon atrial septostomy palliatively employed for transposition of the great arteries (TGA) may render only temporary improvement in the clinical status of young infants. In these infants, more favourable results can be achieved through early, functionally-corrective surgery (Mustard-Brom procedure). In 7 infants who underwent correction of TGA during the first year of life there was 1 post-operative death. There was no post-operative mortality in 18 infants whose age at the time of operation was between 1 and 2 years. In the presence of TGA combined with ventricular septal defect there were 3 deaths in 8 infants operated on during the first year of life and none in the 3 who underwent surgery during the second year of life. In the same age groups, early correction of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) was performed in 11 infants (with 2 deaths) and in 10 infants (with one death), respectively. Thus, in the absence of preclusive, complex anomalies, early surgical correction of congenital cyanotic lesions in young infants consistently yields results superior to that of palliation or two-stage procedures.", "contents": "[Surgery in newborns and infants with cyanotic cardiac malformations: indication and technique of emergency operations and urgent early surgical interventions (author's transl)]. Between April 1974 and September 1977, 368 infants underwent surgery at the German Heart Center. 287 were less than 1 year of age, and 81 were between the ages of one and two years. In 90 patients (= 24.4%) surgery was necessary because of cyanotic lesions. Within this group corrective procedures were performed in 36 infants during the first year of life, and in 33 during the second year of life, while palliative measures were carried out in these age groups in 15 and 6 infants, respectively. Urgent corrective surgery is indicated as a life-saving measure in neonates with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) since this lesion is not amenable to either medical nor palliative interventions. Of 10 neonates and young infants who underwent corrective surgery for TAPVC, 3 died during the early post-operative period and 1 subsequently. Balloon atrial septostomy palliatively employed for transposition of the great arteries (TGA) may render only temporary improvement in the clinical status of young infants. In these infants, more favourable results can be achieved through early, functionally-corrective surgery (Mustard-Brom procedure). In 7 infants who underwent correction of TGA during the first year of life there was 1 post-operative death. There was no post-operative mortality in 18 infants whose age at the time of operation was between 1 and 2 years. In the presence of TGA combined with ventricular septal defect there were 3 deaths in 8 infants operated on during the first year of life and none in the 3 who underwent surgery during the second year of life. In the same age groups, early correction of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) was performed in 11 infants (with 2 deaths) and in 10 infants (with one death), respectively. Thus, in the absence of preclusive, complex anomalies, early surgical correction of congenital cyanotic lesions in young infants consistently yields results superior to that of palliation or two-stage procedures.", "PMID": 721032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8636", "title": "[Tachyarrhythmias (author's transl)].", "content": "Various types of supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias causing severe clinical symptoms may be refractory to coventional antiarrhythmic therapy. In a large number of cases, electrotherapeutical approaches such as DC-cardioversion and cardiac pacing are effective in controlling ectopic tachycardias. Electrical pacing offers certain advantages over standard DC-cardioversion for the termination of tachycardias: 1. No general anesthesia is required. 2. Digitalis induced arrhythmias may be abolished, a situation in which DC-cardioversion is dangerous and usually ineffective. 3. Pacing can be effected rapidly, simply and repeatedly leaving the pacing catheter in place. At the present time different modes of cardiac pacing techniques are in use in order to suppress supraventricular, junctional and ventricular tachycardias. These are: rapid atrial stimulation, overdrive pacing, coupled stimulation, patient initiated atrial pacing, precisely timed single or multiple premature stimulation, and programmed rate-related stimulation. Rate-related interval stimulation may be useful when applied in drug-resistant junctional and ventricular tachycardias or runs of ventricular extrasystoles as precursors of a tachycardia. DC-cardioversion as well as the pacing techniques proved to be low risk alternative methods for treatment of tachyarrhythmias unresponsive to drug therapy.", "contents": "[Tachyarrhythmias (author's transl)]. Various types of supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias causing severe clinical symptoms may be refractory to coventional antiarrhythmic therapy. In a large number of cases, electrotherapeutical approaches such as DC-cardioversion and cardiac pacing are effective in controlling ectopic tachycardias. Electrical pacing offers certain advantages over standard DC-cardioversion for the termination of tachycardias: 1. No general anesthesia is required. 2. Digitalis induced arrhythmias may be abolished, a situation in which DC-cardioversion is dangerous and usually ineffective. 3. Pacing can be effected rapidly, simply and repeatedly leaving the pacing catheter in place. At the present time different modes of cardiac pacing techniques are in use in order to suppress supraventricular, junctional and ventricular tachycardias. These are: rapid atrial stimulation, overdrive pacing, coupled stimulation, patient initiated atrial pacing, precisely timed single or multiple premature stimulation, and programmed rate-related stimulation. Rate-related interval stimulation may be useful when applied in drug-resistant junctional and ventricular tachycardias or runs of ventricular extrasystoles as precursors of a tachycardia. DC-cardioversion as well as the pacing techniques proved to be low risk alternative methods for treatment of tachyarrhythmias unresponsive to drug therapy.", "PMID": 721033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8637", "title": "[Bradyarrhythmias (author's transl)].", "content": "Bradyarrhythmias are due to disturbance of impulse formation and conduction in the heart. The sick sinus syndrome consists of both forms, sinusbradycardia being the most common type of arrhythmia, followed by sinus arrest and sinuatrial block. There is a wide range of the reported frequency of concomitant intermittent supraventricular tachycardia. Most patients have additional atrioventricular conduction disturbances. Diagnostic methods include measurement of the sinus node recovery time and sinoatrial conduction time, but therapy, i.e. pacemaker implantation depends largely on documentation of significant reduction of heart rate with clinical symptoms. The largest group of bradycardias is due to high degree atrioventricular block. As the prognosis of Mobitz Type II block is unfavorable in regard to development of complete distal av-block, differentiation between type I and II is of clinical importance, particularly in patients with additional fascicular block. Although exact localization of conduction disturbance with the Hisbundle-electrogram is possible, proof or exclusion of block distal to the Hisbundle including high frequency testing with atrial stimulation does not give the sole indication for therapeutic measures as follow up studies of patients with intraventricular conduction disturbances with and without distal block have demonstrated, that progression to complete av-block is difficult to predict.", "contents": "[Bradyarrhythmias (author's transl)]. Bradyarrhythmias are due to disturbance of impulse formation and conduction in the heart. The sick sinus syndrome consists of both forms, sinusbradycardia being the most common type of arrhythmia, followed by sinus arrest and sinuatrial block. There is a wide range of the reported frequency of concomitant intermittent supraventricular tachycardia. Most patients have additional atrioventricular conduction disturbances. Diagnostic methods include measurement of the sinus node recovery time and sinoatrial conduction time, but therapy, i.e. pacemaker implantation depends largely on documentation of significant reduction of heart rate with clinical symptoms. The largest group of bradycardias is due to high degree atrioventricular block. As the prognosis of Mobitz Type II block is unfavorable in regard to development of complete distal av-block, differentiation between type I and II is of clinical importance, particularly in patients with additional fascicular block. Although exact localization of conduction disturbance with the Hisbundle-electrogram is possible, proof or exclusion of block distal to the Hisbundle including high frequency testing with atrial stimulation does not give the sole indication for therapeutic measures as follow up studies of patients with intraventricular conduction disturbances with and without distal block have demonstrated, that progression to complete av-block is difficult to predict.", "PMID": 721034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8638", "title": "[Therapy of cardiac arrest: cardiopulmonary resuscitation (author's transl)].", "content": "Reports of successful attempts at resuscitation have been published for more than 200 years, but systematic analysis of an optimal technique has been undertaken for only the last 20 years. As a result of these experiments and of the many years of experience of resuscitation teams, extensive recommendations were formulated by a conference on cardiopulmonary resuscitation of the \"American Heart Association\" in May 1973. The superiority of mouth-to-mouth resuscitation in comparison to older methods and the importance of the triple-airway-maneuvre for the maintenance of a patent airway were pointed out. Despite the fact, that an exact numerical relationship of cardiac massage to artificial ventilation is not particularly important, an optimal procedure was established. However, the worldwide spread of cardiopulmonary resuscitation should not lead to this procedure being performed just somehow, since correct execution, if possible without interruptions, is essential for the effectiveness of the remaining circulation and the response to medications and defibrillation. The prognosis varies widely depending on the group of patients being examined. In 1976 34 resuscitations were performed on adult patients of the Cardiothoracic Intensive Care Unit of the German Heart Centre in Munich (5.5% of patients admitted). Seven patients survived primarily. Of these, four patients died within the subsequent twentyfour hours. One patient survived with permanent brain damage, two could eventually be discharged from the hospital without complications.", "contents": "[Therapy of cardiac arrest: cardiopulmonary resuscitation (author's transl)]. Reports of successful attempts at resuscitation have been published for more than 200 years, but systematic analysis of an optimal technique has been undertaken for only the last 20 years. As a result of these experiments and of the many years of experience of resuscitation teams, extensive recommendations were formulated by a conference on cardiopulmonary resuscitation of the \"American Heart Association\" in May 1973. The superiority of mouth-to-mouth resuscitation in comparison to older methods and the importance of the triple-airway-maneuvre for the maintenance of a patent airway were pointed out. Despite the fact, that an exact numerical relationship of cardiac massage to artificial ventilation is not particularly important, an optimal procedure was established. However, the worldwide spread of cardiopulmonary resuscitation should not lead to this procedure being performed just somehow, since correct execution, if possible without interruptions, is essential for the effectiveness of the remaining circulation and the response to medications and defibrillation. The prognosis varies widely depending on the group of patients being examined. In 1976 34 resuscitations were performed on adult patients of the Cardiothoracic Intensive Care Unit of the German Heart Centre in Munich (5.5% of patients admitted). Seven patients survived primarily. Of these, four patients died within the subsequent twentyfour hours. One patient survived with permanent brain damage, two could eventually be discharged from the hospital without complications.", "PMID": 721035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8639", "title": "[Entry into pulmonary artery in complete transposition of the great arteries (author's transl)].", "content": "In 91 children with complete transposition of the great arteries investigated by heart catheterization since 1974 the pulmonary artery was probed at the first investigation in 46% and at the second preoperative investigation in 85%. Considering only the last 2 years the pulmonary artery was entered in 93% during the second catheterization. When an additional catheterization was necessary the pulmonary artery was always entered. This was mostly achieved by a flow-directed balloon-catheter preformed before introduction into the vein by alternating application of hot and cold water or in the left atrium by use of a guide wire.", "contents": "[Entry into pulmonary artery in complete transposition of the great arteries (author's transl)]. In 91 children with complete transposition of the great arteries investigated by heart catheterization since 1974 the pulmonary artery was probed at the first investigation in 46% and at the second preoperative investigation in 85%. Considering only the last 2 years the pulmonary artery was entered in 93% during the second catheterization. When an additional catheterization was necessary the pulmonary artery was always entered. This was mostly achieved by a flow-directed balloon-catheter preformed before introduction into the vein by alternating application of hot and cold water or in the left atrium by use of a guide wire.", "PMID": 721037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8640", "title": "[His bundle electrography in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The His bundle electrography has confirmed many earlier hypotheses about the localization of atrioventricular block and the mechanism of tachyarrythmias; beyond this, it has added new information. In this paper, normal values and results of the method during childhood are reviewed. The indication for His bundle electrography as an invasive method is limited in children. An important indication consists of clarification of unclear partial atrioventricular block and of the state of the remaining third fasicle in postoperative bifascicular block.", "contents": "[His bundle electrography in children (author's transl)]. The His bundle electrography has confirmed many earlier hypotheses about the localization of atrioventricular block and the mechanism of tachyarrythmias; beyond this, it has added new information. In this paper, normal values and results of the method during childhood are reviewed. The indication for His bundle electrography as an invasive method is limited in children. An important indication consists of clarification of unclear partial atrioventricular block and of the state of the remaining third fasicle in postoperative bifascicular block.", "PMID": 721038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8641", "title": "[Pulmonary hypertension after spontaneous closure of an atrial septal defect in infancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical findings and haemodynamic data of an infant with atrial septal defect and hypoplasia of the left ventricle are reported. At the first cardiac catheterization at the age of 3 weeks an interatrial left to right shunt of 55% and a moderately elevated pulmonary artery pressure, but normal pulmonary vascular resistance were found. At repeat cardiac catheterization at the age of 6 month the atrial septal defect had closed spontaneously, however, the pressure in the pulmonary artery had risen to 90/55 mm Hg and pulmonary vascular resistance was elevated with 9.6 Um2. 3 months later pulmonary artery pressure had normalized to 35/15 mm Hg, but pulmonary vascular resistance was still elevated at 7.8 Um2.", "contents": "[Pulmonary hypertension after spontaneous closure of an atrial septal defect in infancy (author's transl)]. Clinical findings and haemodynamic data of an infant with atrial septal defect and hypoplasia of the left ventricle are reported. At the first cardiac catheterization at the age of 3 weeks an interatrial left to right shunt of 55% and a moderately elevated pulmonary artery pressure, but normal pulmonary vascular resistance were found. At repeat cardiac catheterization at the age of 6 month the atrial septal defect had closed spontaneously, however, the pressure in the pulmonary artery had risen to 90/55 mm Hg and pulmonary vascular resistance was elevated with 9.6 Um2. 3 months later pulmonary artery pressure had normalized to 35/15 mm Hg, but pulmonary vascular resistance was still elevated at 7.8 Um2.", "PMID": 721039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8642", "title": "[Pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale complicating ventricular vascular shunting for hydrocephalus (author's transl)].", "content": "Obstructive pulmonary vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension are facts daily encountered by pediatric cardiologists. However longterm thromboembolism, pulmonary vascular obstruction and cor pulmonale are rare conditions in children. The case report of a four years old child treated by a Pudenz ventriculo venous shunt for hydrocephalus is presented. Due to fibrin thromboembolism from the Pudenz shunting tube pulmonary vascular obliteration, pulmonary hypertension and chronic cor pulmonale developed. The autopsy findings are in agreement with the ECG, x-ray, cardiac catheterization data and the angiocardiogram.", "contents": "[Pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale complicating ventricular vascular shunting for hydrocephalus (author's transl)]. Obstructive pulmonary vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension are facts daily encountered by pediatric cardiologists. However longterm thromboembolism, pulmonary vascular obstruction and cor pulmonale are rare conditions in children. The case report of a four years old child treated by a Pudenz ventriculo venous shunt for hydrocephalus is presented. Due to fibrin thromboembolism from the Pudenz shunting tube pulmonary vascular obliteration, pulmonary hypertension and chronic cor pulmonale developed. The autopsy findings are in agreement with the ECG, x-ray, cardiac catheterization data and the angiocardiogram.", "PMID": 721040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8643", "title": "[Transposition of the great arteries with horizontal interventricular septum (author's transl)].", "content": "Transposition of the great arteries with horizontal interventricular septum is characterized by a superior-inferior relationship of the ventricular chambers in the presence of ventriculo-arterial discordance. Embryologically this very peculiar anatomy can be explained by a rotation of the bulboventricular loop around a sagittal axis. A typical case is reported. The most important anatomical features are described and the embryologic mechanisms leading to this ventricular arrangement are discussed. The significance of this deformity to nomenclature of congenital heart disease is emphasized.", "contents": "[Transposition of the great arteries with horizontal interventricular septum (author's transl)]. Transposition of the great arteries with horizontal interventricular septum is characterized by a superior-inferior relationship of the ventricular chambers in the presence of ventriculo-arterial discordance. Embryologically this very peculiar anatomy can be explained by a rotation of the bulboventricular loop around a sagittal axis. A typical case is reported. The most important anatomical features are described and the embryologic mechanisms leading to this ventricular arrangement are discussed. The significance of this deformity to nomenclature of congenital heart disease is emphasized.", "PMID": 721041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8644", "title": "The pulmonary circulation in congenital heart disease. II. Pulmonary hypertension.", "content": "In young children with congenital heart disease the pulmonary circulation is exposed to abnormal haemodynamic conditions before it is fully developed. In the newborn infant the persistence or development of pulmonary hypertension rapidly leads to structural change. The speed with which an increase in muscularity can develop has hitherto been underestimated. In most children dying in early infancy with congenital heart disease and pulmonary hypertension the presence of thick walled small arteries is due not to persistence of the high wall thickness of foetal life, but to a rapid postnatal response of the pulmonary circulation to pulmonary hypertension. In older patients with a ventricular septal defect, aged between 3 months and 4 years, the presence of pulmonary hypertension has been shown to interfere with the growth and development of the pulmonary circulation, judging this by reduction in size and multiplication of intra-acinar arteries and an increase in muscularity of both pre and intra-acinar arteries and veins. In these patients elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance was associated with failure of the intra-acinar pulmonary circulation to develop normally and not with obliterative pulmonary vascular disease. Recent studies indicate that growth and development of the peripheral pulmonary circulation can be quantitated in lung biopsies taken from infants and young children with congenital heart disease. It should therefore be possibe to correlate structure and function at a critical period of lung development, before the changes of obliterative pulmonary vascular disease are established.", "contents": "The pulmonary circulation in congenital heart disease. II. Pulmonary hypertension. In young children with congenital heart disease the pulmonary circulation is exposed to abnormal haemodynamic conditions before it is fully developed. In the newborn infant the persistence or development of pulmonary hypertension rapidly leads to structural change. The speed with which an increase in muscularity can develop has hitherto been underestimated. In most children dying in early infancy with congenital heart disease and pulmonary hypertension the presence of thick walled small arteries is due not to persistence of the high wall thickness of foetal life, but to a rapid postnatal response of the pulmonary circulation to pulmonary hypertension. In older patients with a ventricular septal defect, aged between 3 months and 4 years, the presence of pulmonary hypertension has been shown to interfere with the growth and development of the pulmonary circulation, judging this by reduction in size and multiplication of intra-acinar arteries and an increase in muscularity of both pre and intra-acinar arteries and veins. In these patients elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance was associated with failure of the intra-acinar pulmonary circulation to develop normally and not with obliterative pulmonary vascular disease. Recent studies indicate that growth and development of the peripheral pulmonary circulation can be quantitated in lung biopsies taken from infants and young children with congenital heart disease. It should therefore be possibe to correlate structure and function at a critical period of lung development, before the changes of obliterative pulmonary vascular disease are established.", "PMID": 721042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8645", "title": "[Cardiac catheterization of neonates and young infants using a flow-directed balloon catheter (author's transl)].", "content": "In cardiac catheterization with the Swan-Ganz-flow-directed balloon catheter the aorta or, in  transposition of the great arteries, the pulmonary artery was entered from the left ventricle with a special heart catheterization technique in 68 neonates and young infants. In the same way selective aortography was performed in 29 of these patients. This catheterization technique has the following advantages: 1. the complete evaluation of complex cardiac anomalies even in neonates, 2. selective aortography avoiding the retrograde arterial catheterization, 3. reducing the risk of cardiac perforation or myocardial staining due to the contrast injection using the usual semirigid catheters. Balloon rupture or knotting are specific but avoidable complications.", "contents": "[Cardiac catheterization of neonates and young infants using a flow-directed balloon catheter (author's transl)]. In cardiac catheterization with the Swan-Ganz-flow-directed balloon catheter the aorta or, in  transposition of the great arteries, the pulmonary artery was entered from the left ventricle with a special heart catheterization technique in 68 neonates and young infants. In the same way selective aortography was performed in 29 of these patients. This catheterization technique has the following advantages: 1. the complete evaluation of complex cardiac anomalies even in neonates, 2. selective aortography avoiding the retrograde arterial catheterization, 3. reducing the risk of cardiac perforation or myocardial staining due to the contrast injection using the usual semirigid catheters. Balloon rupture or knotting are specific but avoidable complications.", "PMID": 721044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8646", "title": "[Current status of pacemaker technology (author's transl)].", "content": "Since the first cardiac pacemaker was implanted twenty years ago, advances rendered have provided patients with increased reliability and therapeutic efficiency as well as subsequent incrementation in their life expectancy. Technological developments have yielded improvement in the main components such as electrode, the energy source and the electronic circuitry. A variety of leads are available to effect pacing requirements at ventricular and, in part, atrial levels. The introduction of lithium energy sources has prolonged the useful life of pacemakers to more than 8 years. Consumption of current has been reduced by decreasing electrode surface area, shortening of pulse duration and employment of hybrid circuits. Microprocessing of the electronic components have enabled reduced size of pulse generators while providing increased reliability and capabilities for additional functions. Amelioration of electrophysiologic disturbances has been specifically approached through increasing use of atrial and bifocal pacemakers, external programmability and overdrive pacing.", "contents": "[Current status of pacemaker technology (author's transl)]. Since the first cardiac pacemaker was implanted twenty years ago, advances rendered have provided patients with increased reliability and therapeutic efficiency as well as subsequent incrementation in their life expectancy. Technological developments have yielded improvement in the main components such as electrode, the energy source and the electronic circuitry. A variety of leads are available to effect pacing requirements at ventricular and, in part, atrial levels. The introduction of lithium energy sources has prolonged the useful life of pacemakers to more than 8 years. Consumption of current has been reduced by decreasing electrode surface area, shortening of pulse duration and employment of hybrid circuits. Microprocessing of the electronic components have enabled reduced size of pulse generators while providing increased reliability and capabilities for additional functions. Amelioration of electrophysiologic disturbances has been specifically approached through increasing use of atrial and bifocal pacemakers, external programmability and overdrive pacing.", "PMID": 721047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8647", "title": "[Transmural and nontransmural myocardial infarction. Clinical course and prognosis (author's transl)].", "content": "In a group of 701 patients with acute myocardial infarction treated in the intensive care unit from 1969 to 1976 557 ((79,5%) had a transmural infarction. The clinical course in these patients was significantly more aggravated by haemodynamic complications especially left and right heart failure and cardiogenic shock. The pericarditis appeared with an incidence of 10,4% as complication of transmural myocardial infarction only. Atrioventricular block, supraventricular ectopies, ventricular fibrillation and intraventricular disturbance of conduction occurred more frequently in patients with transmural myocardial infarction. Corresponding to the larger size of infarction the maximal average rise of serum enzymes (SGOT, CPK) was observed in this group. The hospital mortality was 28,2%, compared to 11,2% of the patients with nontransmural infarction.", "contents": "[Transmural and nontransmural myocardial infarction. Clinical course and prognosis (author's transl)]. In a group of 701 patients with acute myocardial infarction treated in the intensive care unit from 1969 to 1976 557 ((79,5%) had a transmural infarction. The clinical course in these patients was significantly more aggravated by haemodynamic complications especially left and right heart failure and cardiogenic shock. The pericarditis appeared with an incidence of 10,4% as complication of transmural myocardial infarction only. Atrioventricular block, supraventricular ectopies, ventricular fibrillation and intraventricular disturbance of conduction occurred more frequently in patients with transmural myocardial infarction. Corresponding to the larger size of infarction the maximal average rise of serum enzymes (SGOT, CPK) was observed in this group. The hospital mortality was 28,2%, compared to 11,2% of the patients with nontransmural infarction.", "PMID": 721049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8648", "title": "[Cardio-pulmonary complications, respiratory treatment and PaO2 after open heart surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Despite the almost complete disappearance of the so called \"postperfusion lung syndrome\" after cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation (ECC), there is still a need for respiratory treatment in some cases, primarily for cardio-circulatory or respiratory reasons. In addition postoperative artificial ventilation is provided routinely in many centers for at least a few hours, until stabilization of cardio-circulatory and metabolic state is achieved. In 4 groups (I-IV) with a total of 659 patients (18 to 72 years old) undergoing open cardiac surgery for acquired heart disease (I: aortic valve, II: mitral valve, III: multivalvular disease, IV: coronary artery disease) postoperative cardio-circulatory and pulmonary complication rate, duration of artificial ventilation needed, PaO2 and some influencing factors have been evaluated. Group II and III show the highest rate of complications, 15.5 and 19.8% respectively, versus 7.7 and 8.1% in group I and IV respectively. The mean duration of postoperative respiratory treatment in cases with complications within all groups (133--156 h) is about 6 times the duration of respiratory treatment in the non complicated cases (23--24 h). In all 4 groups mean PaO2 at the time of extubation is lower for the complicated compared with the non complicated cases. Age of patients, severity of disease, preoperative pulmonary function, prolonged duration of ECC and myocardial ischemia have been found to be predisposing factors for postoperative cardio-pulmonary complications, whereas the duration of anesthesia and the type of anesthesia do not show any influence.", "contents": "[Cardio-pulmonary complications, respiratory treatment and PaO2 after open heart surgery (author's transl)]. Despite the almost complete disappearance of the so called \"postperfusion lung syndrome\" after cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation (ECC), there is still a need for respiratory treatment in some cases, primarily for cardio-circulatory or respiratory reasons. In addition postoperative artificial ventilation is provided routinely in many centers for at least a few hours, until stabilization of cardio-circulatory and metabolic state is achieved. In 4 groups (I-IV) with a total of 659 patients (18 to 72 years old) undergoing open cardiac surgery for acquired heart disease (I: aortic valve, II: mitral valve, III: multivalvular disease, IV: coronary artery disease) postoperative cardio-circulatory and pulmonary complication rate, duration of artificial ventilation needed, PaO2 and some influencing factors have been evaluated. Group II and III show the highest rate of complications, 15.5 and 19.8% respectively, versus 7.7 and 8.1% in group I and IV respectively. The mean duration of postoperative respiratory treatment in cases with complications within all groups (133--156 h) is about 6 times the duration of respiratory treatment in the non complicated cases (23--24 h). In all 4 groups mean PaO2 at the time of extubation is lower for the complicated compared with the non complicated cases. Age of patients, severity of disease, preoperative pulmonary function, prolonged duration of ECC and myocardial ischemia have been found to be predisposing factors for postoperative cardio-pulmonary complications, whereas the duration of anesthesia and the type of anesthesia do not show any influence.", "PMID": 721050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8649", "title": "[Incidence, natural history and complications of chronic arterial hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "Representative studies in Switzerland and the Federal Republic of Germany show that 12 to 25% of the adult population have elevated blood pressure values of 160/95 mm Hg or above. The incidence of hypertension increases with age. Approximately 2 to 6% of high school students have hypertension whereas 30 to 50% of persons older than 60 years may be found to have elevated blood pressure. In consideration of selected epidemiologic studies, it is apparent that even mild degrees of hypertension increase mortality and the risk of development of cardiovascular disease. The superimposition of hypertension on additional risk factors renders the probability of disease excessively high. However the rationale for antihypertensive treatment is not based on the relation between blood pressure levels and life expectancy or morbidity risk, but on controlled therapeutic trials showing that blood pressure reduction at all levels of hypertension leads to decreased incidence of cardiovascular disease and reduction of mortality.", "contents": "[Incidence, natural history and complications of chronic arterial hypertension (author's transl)]. Representative studies in Switzerland and the Federal Republic of Germany show that 12 to 25% of the adult population have elevated blood pressure values of 160/95 mm Hg or above. The incidence of hypertension increases with age. Approximately 2 to 6% of high school students have hypertension whereas 30 to 50% of persons older than 60 years may be found to have elevated blood pressure. In consideration of selected epidemiologic studies, it is apparent that even mild degrees of hypertension increase mortality and the risk of development of cardiovascular disease. The superimposition of hypertension on additional risk factors renders the probability of disease excessively high. However the rationale for antihypertensive treatment is not based on the relation between blood pressure levels and life expectancy or morbidity risk, but on controlled therapeutic trials showing that blood pressure reduction at all levels of hypertension leads to decreased incidence of cardiovascular disease and reduction of mortality.", "PMID": 721051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8650", "title": "Hemodynamic characteristics in hypertension.", "content": "Recent studies have outlined both the importance and limitations of hemodynamic studies in hypertension. Characterization of any type of hypertension cannot be established in terms of cardiac output or total peripheral resistance alone. It depends more on the way in which various factors (hemodynamics, volume, humoral and neural) interrelate than on disturbances of one factor alone. More studies are needed, not so much of each variable alone as of correlations among those variables, e.g. correlations between humoral factors and hemodynamic characteristics. Further, hemodynamic analyses must be extended beyond calculations of TPR to evaluation of other variables such as magnitude and distribution of intravascular volume, indices of aortic distensibility, of velocity of ventricular ejection and of cardiac performance. Interpretation of the results must also take into account factors such as hemodynamic setting, age of patient, neurogenic stimulation and structural changes amongst others. Careful attention to these variables will allow more accurate conclusions regarding characteristics of different types of hypertension, and patterns of response to therapy. Accurate hemodynamic characterization may help orient diagnosis and a rational choice of treatment in initial stages but specially for evaluation of resistant cases.", "contents": "Hemodynamic characteristics in hypertension. Recent studies have outlined both the importance and limitations of hemodynamic studies in hypertension. Characterization of any type of hypertension cannot be established in terms of cardiac output or total peripheral resistance alone. It depends more on the way in which various factors (hemodynamics, volume, humoral and neural) interrelate than on disturbances of one factor alone. More studies are needed, not so much of each variable alone as of correlations among those variables, e.g. correlations between humoral factors and hemodynamic characteristics. Further, hemodynamic analyses must be extended beyond calculations of TPR to evaluation of other variables such as magnitude and distribution of intravascular volume, indices of aortic distensibility, of velocity of ventricular ejection and of cardiac performance. Interpretation of the results must also take into account factors such as hemodynamic setting, age of patient, neurogenic stimulation and structural changes amongst others. Careful attention to these variables will allow more accurate conclusions regarding characteristics of different types of hypertension, and patterns of response to therapy. Accurate hemodynamic characterization may help orient diagnosis and a rational choice of treatment in initial stages but specially for evaluation of resistant cases.", "PMID": 721053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8651", "title": "[Pathogenetic, pathophysiological and biochemical aspects of essential hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "Hereditary and environmental factors are involved in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. Obesity, salt intake and stress are predominant among the environmental influences. Autonomous nervous dysfunction, increased contractility of vascular smooth muscle cells and impaired renal handling of sodium are major abnormalities in essential hypertension. At present it cannot be decided if alterations in the activities of systemic or renal hormonal systems reflect primary defects or adaptive changes in the regulation of blood pressure. In any case the kidney is regarded to have a key position in the long term increase of blood pressure in essential hypertension. Recent studies in essential hypertensive patients suggest that renin release decreases as renal vascular resistance increases. Studies from our laboratory have shown that renal prostaglandins are intrinsic to the renin release mechanism from the kidney. Additionally, there is evidence that renal prostaglandin synthesis is disturbed in essential hypertension, either primarily or secondarily, leading to unresponsive renin secretion. Further studies on the interrelationships of other hormonal systems and on hormone-receptor interactions in the vascular wall are necessary to delineate more precisely the mechanisms which are operative in the pathogenesis and manifestation of essential hypertension.", "contents": "[Pathogenetic, pathophysiological and biochemical aspects of essential hypertension (author's transl)]. Hereditary and environmental factors are involved in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. Obesity, salt intake and stress are predominant among the environmental influences. Autonomous nervous dysfunction, increased contractility of vascular smooth muscle cells and impaired renal handling of sodium are major abnormalities in essential hypertension. At present it cannot be decided if alterations in the activities of systemic or renal hormonal systems reflect primary defects or adaptive changes in the regulation of blood pressure. In any case the kidney is regarded to have a key position in the long term increase of blood pressure in essential hypertension. Recent studies in essential hypertensive patients suggest that renin release decreases as renal vascular resistance increases. Studies from our laboratory have shown that renal prostaglandins are intrinsic to the renin release mechanism from the kidney. Additionally, there is evidence that renal prostaglandin synthesis is disturbed in essential hypertension, either primarily or secondarily, leading to unresponsive renin secretion. Further studies on the interrelationships of other hormonal systems and on hormone-receptor interactions in the vascular wall are necessary to delineate more precisely the mechanisms which are operative in the pathogenesis and manifestation of essential hypertension.", "PMID": 721054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8652", "title": "Management of hypertensive encephalopathy.", "content": "The hypertensive encephalopathy is a syndrome consisting of a sudden elevation of arterial pressure usually preceded by severe headache and followed by convulsions, coma or a variety of transitory cerebral phenomena. The syndrome may complicate acute glomerulonephritis, toxemia of pregnancy and essential or malignant hypertension. Two syndromes must be differentiated from true hypertensive encephalopathy: 1. acute anxiety state with labile hypertension and 2. acute pulmonary edema due to hypertensive heart disease. At least in patients with acute anxiety states, the use of antihypertensive agents is usually not indicated. Since encephalopathy is always accompanied by increased vascular resistance and since clinical experience has demonstrated clearing of the sensorium, cessation of convulsions and release of vasoconstriction following reduction of blood pressure, the primary aim of therapy should be prompt lowering of arterial pressure. The two agents of choice are diazoxide and sodium nitroprusside. Stroke is differentiated from encephalopathy by the persistence of lateralizing signs. The aggressiveness of antihypertensive therapy in this situation depends on the severity of the hypertensive process. Rapid reduction of blood pressure is indicated in patients found to have accelerated hypertension while a more gradual lowering of pressure appears warranted for patients with chronic arterial hypertension and evidence of generalized arteriosclerosis.", "contents": "Management of hypertensive encephalopathy. The hypertensive encephalopathy is a syndrome consisting of a sudden elevation of arterial pressure usually preceded by severe headache and followed by convulsions, coma or a variety of transitory cerebral phenomena. The syndrome may complicate acute glomerulonephritis, toxemia of pregnancy and essential or malignant hypertension. Two syndromes must be differentiated from true hypertensive encephalopathy: 1. acute anxiety state with labile hypertension and 2. acute pulmonary edema due to hypertensive heart disease. At least in patients with acute anxiety states, the use of antihypertensive agents is usually not indicated. Since encephalopathy is always accompanied by increased vascular resistance and since clinical experience has demonstrated clearing of the sensorium, cessation of convulsions and release of vasoconstriction following reduction of blood pressure, the primary aim of therapy should be prompt lowering of arterial pressure. The two agents of choice are diazoxide and sodium nitroprusside. Stroke is differentiated from encephalopathy by the persistence of lateralizing signs. The aggressiveness of antihypertensive therapy in this situation depends on the severity of the hypertensive process. Rapid reduction of blood pressure is indicated in patients found to have accelerated hypertension while a more gradual lowering of pressure appears warranted for patients with chronic arterial hypertension and evidence of generalized arteriosclerosis.", "PMID": 721056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8653", "title": "Ecdysone 20-hydroxylase in midgut mitochondria of Manduca sexta (L.).", "content": "The conversion of alpha-ecdysone to 20-hydroxyecdysone in the midgut of Manduca sexta (L.) was found to be catalyzed by a mitochondrial, cytochrome P450-mediated monooxygenase. The reaction required oxygen and was inhibited by the presence of carbon monoxide. Tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, such as succinate, malate, and isocitrate, supported the hydroxylation as did NADPH, NADH, ATP, and ADP. Temperature and pH optima were 30 degrees C and 8.5, respectively. The apparent Km and V values for the ecdysone 20-hydroxylase were 18.3 +/- 6.8 micronM and 46.6 +/- 14.2 pmol per min per mg protein. The midgut mitochondria were found to contain malate dehydrogenase and NAD(P) transhydrogenase. The presence of these enzymes suggests that the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and NADH support the ecdysone hydroxylation indirectly by providing NADPH for the cytochrome P450 system. The content of cytochromes a + a3, b, c + c1, and P450 in midgut mitochondria was determined.", "contents": "Ecdysone 20-hydroxylase in midgut mitochondria of Manduca sexta (L.). The conversion of alpha-ecdysone to 20-hydroxyecdysone in the midgut of Manduca sexta (L.) was found to be catalyzed by a mitochondrial, cytochrome P450-mediated monooxygenase. The reaction required oxygen and was inhibited by the presence of carbon monoxide. Tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, such as succinate, malate, and isocitrate, supported the hydroxylation as did NADPH, NADH, ATP, and ADP. Temperature and pH optima were 30 degrees C and 8.5, respectively. The apparent Km and V values for the ecdysone 20-hydroxylase were 18.3 +/- 6.8 micronM and 46.6 +/- 14.2 pmol per min per mg protein. The midgut mitochondria were found to contain malate dehydrogenase and NAD(P) transhydrogenase. The presence of these enzymes suggests that the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and NADH support the ecdysone hydroxylation indirectly by providing NADPH for the cytochrome P450 system. The content of cytochromes a + a3, b, c + c1, and P450 in midgut mitochondria was determined.", "PMID": 721065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8654", "title": "Effect of phospholipases and lysophosphatides on partially purified steroid hormone receptors.", "content": "Treatment with phospholipase A2 of crude or partially purified preparations of the glucocorticoid receptor of rat liver results in an inactivation of the receptor, which cannot be attributed to contaminating proteases. Similar enzymatic treatment of the progesterone receptor of rabbit uterus does not affect its steroid-binding activity. At various stages during purification the preparations of glucocorticoid receptor contain 10 to 50-fold higher concentrations of lipid phosphate than the corresponding preparations of progesterone receptor, suggesting that the effect of phospholipase A2 on the hepatic receptor could be mediated by lysophosphatides produced during hydrolysis of endogeneous phospholipids. In fact, mixing experiments show that in the presence of the glucocorticoid receptor, phospholipase A2 also inactivated the progesterone receptor. Both partially purified receptors are inactivated by similar concentrations of added lysophosphatides but are not affected by incubation with phospholipase C, which does not produce ionic detergents. In addition, the effects of phospholipase A2 and of added lysophosphatides can be overcome by an excess of bovine serum albumin, indicating that free lysophosphatides are involved in receptor inactivation, possibly due to their strong detergent properties.", "contents": "Effect of phospholipases and lysophosphatides on partially purified steroid hormone receptors. Treatment with phospholipase A2 of crude or partially purified preparations of the glucocorticoid receptor of rat liver results in an inactivation of the receptor, which cannot be attributed to contaminating proteases. Similar enzymatic treatment of the progesterone receptor of rabbit uterus does not affect its steroid-binding activity. At various stages during purification the preparations of glucocorticoid receptor contain 10 to 50-fold higher concentrations of lipid phosphate than the corresponding preparations of progesterone receptor, suggesting that the effect of phospholipase A2 on the hepatic receptor could be mediated by lysophosphatides produced during hydrolysis of endogeneous phospholipids. In fact, mixing experiments show that in the presence of the glucocorticoid receptor, phospholipase A2 also inactivated the progesterone receptor. Both partially purified receptors are inactivated by similar concentrations of added lysophosphatides but are not affected by incubation with phospholipase C, which does not produce ionic detergents. In addition, the effects of phospholipase A2 and of added lysophosphatides can be overcome by an excess of bovine serum albumin, indicating that free lysophosphatides are involved in receptor inactivation, possibly due to their strong detergent properties.", "PMID": 721066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8655", "title": "Transcription of the chicken ovalbumin and conalbumin gene during early secondary induction with estrogens.", "content": "Estrogens stimulate the rate of transcription of the ovalbumin and conalbumin gene in the chicken oviduct. The synthesis of ovalbumin and conalbumin mRNA was studied in isolated nuclei. RNA synthesized in vitro was distinguished from preexisting nuclear RNA by affinity labeling the in vitro products with a mercurated nucleotide and subsequent purification of the Hg-RNA on SH-agarose. The content of ovalbumin and conalbumin mRNA sequences in the in vitro transcripts was determined by hybridization to cDNA. After the withdrawal of implanted hormones from chickens, the synthesis of conalbumin and ovalbumin RNA increased 2.5- and at least 20-fold, respectively, by treatment with estrogens. The maximal rate of transcription of the conalbumin gene is achieved within 2 h after estrogen induction, whereas the rate of transcription of the ovalbumin gene becomes maximal after a lag of several hours. These results demonstrate that estrogens affect two genes in the same target cell differently.", "contents": "Transcription of the chicken ovalbumin and conalbumin gene during early secondary induction with estrogens. Estrogens stimulate the rate of transcription of the ovalbumin and conalbumin gene in the chicken oviduct. The synthesis of ovalbumin and conalbumin mRNA was studied in isolated nuclei. RNA synthesized in vitro was distinguished from preexisting nuclear RNA by affinity labeling the in vitro products with a mercurated nucleotide and subsequent purification of the Hg-RNA on SH-agarose. The content of ovalbumin and conalbumin mRNA sequences in the in vitro transcripts was determined by hybridization to cDNA. After the withdrawal of implanted hormones from chickens, the synthesis of conalbumin and ovalbumin RNA increased 2.5- and at least 20-fold, respectively, by treatment with estrogens. The maximal rate of transcription of the conalbumin gene is achieved within 2 h after estrogen induction, whereas the rate of transcription of the ovalbumin gene becomes maximal after a lag of several hours. These results demonstrate that estrogens affect two genes in the same target cell differently.", "PMID": 721067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8656", "title": "[Purification and properties of two chloridazondihydrodiol dehydrogenases from chloridazon degrading bacteria].", "content": "A cell-free extract of Chloridazon-degrading soil bacteria catalyzes the conversion of the dihydrodiol derivative of chloridazon to the corresponding catechol derivative. NAD is required as hydrogen acceptor. Chromatography of the crude extract on DEAE-cellulose results in the elution of two different enzymes (enzyme A and enzyme B, respectively) with the same catalytic capacity. Both enzymes were purified to homogeneity in disc-gel electrophoresis and their properties were compared. The molecular weight was found to be 220 000 for both enzymes. Dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated subunits of molecular weight 50 000 in both cases. The synthesis of the enzymes does not seem to be under inductive control. The two dehydrogenases differ in heat-stability, pH-optimum, Km-values for the substrate and in their sensitivity to inhibitors. Enzyme A shows relatively high heat lability, a pH-optimum at pH 9.5, and a Km-value of 0.25 mM for the dihydrodiol derivative of chloridazon. The catalytic activity of enzyme A is not influenced by p-chloromercuribenzoate or by N-bromosuccinimide. In contrast enzyme B is relatively stable at high temperatures, showing a pH-optimum of 7.0, and a Km for the dihydrodiol derivative of chloridazon of 1.0 mM. Enzyme B can be completely inhibited by even small amounts of p-chloromercuribenzoate and by N-bromosuccinimide. Striking differences were found in the substrate specificities of the two dehydrogenases. Whereas enzyme A exhibits a high specificity towards dihydrodiols derived from aromates of the chloridazon or phenazon type, enzyme B is much less specific and is also able to convert the dihydrodiols of benzene, toluene or chlorobenzene into the corresponding catechols. Both enzymes are competitively inhibited by the reaction product, the catechol of chloridazon. Other catechols differed in their inhibitory effect on the two dehydrogenases. These differences are correlated with the different substrate specificities.", "contents": "[Purification and properties of two chloridazondihydrodiol dehydrogenases from chloridazon degrading bacteria]. A cell-free extract of Chloridazon-degrading soil bacteria catalyzes the conversion of the dihydrodiol derivative of chloridazon to the corresponding catechol derivative. NAD is required as hydrogen acceptor. Chromatography of the crude extract on DEAE-cellulose results in the elution of two different enzymes (enzyme A and enzyme B, respectively) with the same catalytic capacity. Both enzymes were purified to homogeneity in disc-gel electrophoresis and their properties were compared. The molecular weight was found to be 220 000 for both enzymes. Dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated subunits of molecular weight 50 000 in both cases. The synthesis of the enzymes does not seem to be under inductive control. The two dehydrogenases differ in heat-stability, pH-optimum, Km-values for the substrate and in their sensitivity to inhibitors. Enzyme A shows relatively high heat lability, a pH-optimum at pH 9.5, and a Km-value of 0.25 mM for the dihydrodiol derivative of chloridazon. The catalytic activity of enzyme A is not influenced by p-chloromercuribenzoate or by N-bromosuccinimide. In contrast enzyme B is relatively stable at high temperatures, showing a pH-optimum of 7.0, and a Km for the dihydrodiol derivative of chloridazon of 1.0 mM. Enzyme B can be completely inhibited by even small amounts of p-chloromercuribenzoate and by N-bromosuccinimide. Striking differences were found in the substrate specificities of the two dehydrogenases. Whereas enzyme A exhibits a high specificity towards dihydrodiols derived from aromates of the chloridazon or phenazon type, enzyme B is much less specific and is also able to convert the dihydrodiols of benzene, toluene or chlorobenzene into the corresponding catechols. Both enzymes are competitively inhibited by the reaction product, the catechol of chloridazon. Other catechols differed in their inhibitory effect on the two dehydrogenases. These differences are correlated with the different substrate specificities.", "PMID": 721068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8657", "title": "Desialylation of glycoconjugates using immobilized vibrio cholerae neuraminidase. Preparation, properties and use of the bound enzyme.", "content": "Neuraminidase from Vibrio cholerae was immobilized on Sepharose 4B using the cyanogen bromide technique. The properties of the bound enzyme were found to be similar to those of the soluble form, except for an appreciably improved stability on storage at equivalent dilution and a reduction in recovered activity. Evidence was obtained that the binding of large molecular weight substrates to the bound enzyme is modified due to the immobilized state of the enzyme. The use of the enzyme gel for desialylation of glycoconjugates in a closed circuit system was investigated and optimal conditions delineated using fetuin as a model substrate. The bound enzyme could be used repeatedly with only low loss of activity. The value of the desialylation circuit in the preparation of partially and completely desialylated glycoconjugates is discussed. The use of immobilized neuraminidase for the desialylation of cells is described.", "contents": "Desialylation of glycoconjugates using immobilized vibrio cholerae neuraminidase. Preparation, properties and use of the bound enzyme. Neuraminidase from Vibrio cholerae was immobilized on Sepharose 4B using the cyanogen bromide technique. The properties of the bound enzyme were found to be similar to those of the soluble form, except for an appreciably improved stability on storage at equivalent dilution and a reduction in recovered activity. Evidence was obtained that the binding of large molecular weight substrates to the bound enzyme is modified due to the immobilized state of the enzyme. The use of the enzyme gel for desialylation of glycoconjugates in a closed circuit system was investigated and optimal conditions delineated using fetuin as a model substrate. The bound enzyme could be used repeatedly with only low loss of activity. The value of the desialylation circuit in the preparation of partially and completely desialylated glycoconjugates is discussed. The use of immobilized neuraminidase for the desialylation of cells is described.", "PMID": 721069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8658", "title": "Juvenile hormone activity of some glycosidic juvenogens.", "content": "In a search for new hormonogen compounds related to insect juvenile hormones we have prepared and bioassayed several beta-D-glucosides of some selected secondary juvenoid alcohols. Due to localization of the activating enzyme beta-D-glucopyranosidase in the epithelium and in the lumen of the digestive tract, the glycosidic juvenogens exhibit juvenile hormone activity in insects only when ingested. They are completely inactive in topical application as well as when injected into the haemolymph. It is suggested that the highly specific and selective action of the hydrophilic, nonvolatile, glycosidic juvenogens could be of practical importance.", "contents": "Juvenile hormone activity of some glycosidic juvenogens. In a search for new hormonogen compounds related to insect juvenile hormones we have prepared and bioassayed several beta-D-glucosides of some selected secondary juvenoid alcohols. Due to localization of the activating enzyme beta-D-glucopyranosidase in the epithelium and in the lumen of the digestive tract, the glycosidic juvenogens exhibit juvenile hormone activity in insects only when ingested. They are completely inactive in topical application as well as when injected into the haemolymph. It is suggested that the highly specific and selective action of the hydrophilic, nonvolatile, glycosidic juvenogens could be of practical importance.", "PMID": 721070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8659", "title": "The genome of Calliphora. Analysis by DNA reassociation kinetics.", "content": "The size and nucleotide sequence complexity of the Calliphora vicina genome has been determined from the kinetics of reassociation of its DNA. Unique sequence DNA comprises 80% of the genome and the remainder is divided into medium (14%) and highly repetitive sequences (6%), which are repeated roughly 150 times and more. The size of the Calliphora genome was calculated relative to the DNA from T4-phage to be 1.5--1.9 X 10(11) daltons.", "contents": "The genome of Calliphora. Analysis by DNA reassociation kinetics. The size and nucleotide sequence complexity of the Calliphora vicina genome has been determined from the kinetics of reassociation of its DNA. Unique sequence DNA comprises 80% of the genome and the remainder is divided into medium (14%) and highly repetitive sequences (6%), which are repeated roughly 150 times and more. The size of the Calliphora genome was calculated relative to the DNA from T4-phage to be 1.5--1.9 X 10(11) daltons.", "PMID": 721071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8660", "title": "Ribosomal RNA synthesis in rat liver cells.", "content": "DNA-dependent RNA polymerase A was analyzed in rat liver cells after partial hepatectomy, which is known to enhance the synthesis of ribosomal RNA. In agreement with previous results, it was found that the extractable enzyme activity increased after partial hepatectomy and could be quenched by the subsequent administration of cycloheximide, which suggests that continuous protein synthesis is required for the maintenance of the observed stimulation. However, administration of alpha-amanitin to hepatectomized rats did not quench the enzyme activity. These results cast doubt on the hypothesis that the increased activity of RNA polymerase A observed after partial hepatectomy is mediated by RNA products synthesized by polymerase B. Moreover, data are reported which indicate that ribosomal RNA may be regulated directly, without the obligatory involvement of HnRNA.", "contents": "Ribosomal RNA synthesis in rat liver cells. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase A was analyzed in rat liver cells after partial hepatectomy, which is known to enhance the synthesis of ribosomal RNA. In agreement with previous results, it was found that the extractable enzyme activity increased after partial hepatectomy and could be quenched by the subsequent administration of cycloheximide, which suggests that continuous protein synthesis is required for the maintenance of the observed stimulation. However, administration of alpha-amanitin to hepatectomized rats did not quench the enzyme activity. These results cast doubt on the hypothesis that the increased activity of RNA polymerase A observed after partial hepatectomy is mediated by RNA products synthesized by polymerase B. Moreover, data are reported which indicate that ribosomal RNA may be regulated directly, without the obligatory involvement of HnRNA.", "PMID": 721072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8661", "title": "The follicle cell epithelium of maturing ovaries of Locusta migratoria: a new biosynthetic tissue for ecdysone.", "content": "Follicle cells of maturing ovaries of Locusta migratoria are demonstrated to synthesize the moulting hormone ecdysone (2beta,3beta,14alpha,22R,25-pentahydroxy-5beta-cholest-7-en-6-one). Studies of secretory kinetics under in vitro conditions show that the intensity of hormone secretion is strictly dependent on the stage of maturation of the excised ovaries.", "contents": "The follicle cell epithelium of maturing ovaries of Locusta migratoria: a new biosynthetic tissue for ecdysone. Follicle cells of maturing ovaries of Locusta migratoria are demonstrated to synthesize the moulting hormone ecdysone (2beta,3beta,14alpha,22R,25-pentahydroxy-5beta-cholest-7-en-6-one). Studies of secretory kinetics under in vitro conditions show that the intensity of hormone secretion is strictly dependent on the stage of maturation of the excised ovaries.", "PMID": 721073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8662", "title": "Malignant histiocytosis: a histological and ultrastructural study of lymph nodes in six cases.", "content": "A morphological, histological, and ultrastructural investigation was carried out on a series of six cases of malignant histiocytosis observed between 1973 and 1977. All lymph nodes were obtained prior to treatment. The histological findings revealed that the proliferating cell type was in all cases represented by histiocytes of varying degrees of atypia and with consistent phagocytic activity. In four cases, the histiocytic cellular proliferation also showed some degree of cohesiveness and, in two cases, there was capsular invasion. In three cases blood vessel invasion by malignant cells could be seen within the lymph node and in the surrounding tissue. On electron microscopy the tumour cells of malignant histiocytosis appeared to be pleomorphic with three types of cells: undifferentiated cells, histiocytes with variable degrees of differentiation, and cells with intermediate features. In particular, nonphagocytic and actively phagocytic histiocytes could be identified. The histological and ultrastructural data further support the idea that malignant histiocytosis is a disease that is related to the neoplastic proliferation of moderately differentiated histiocytes and their precursors. The latter may undergo various transformations with either apparently benign or definitely atypical morphological features.", "contents": "Malignant histiocytosis: a histological and ultrastructural study of lymph nodes in six cases. A morphological, histological, and ultrastructural investigation was carried out on a series of six cases of malignant histiocytosis observed between 1973 and 1977. All lymph nodes were obtained prior to treatment. The histological findings revealed that the proliferating cell type was in all cases represented by histiocytes of varying degrees of atypia and with consistent phagocytic activity. In four cases, the histiocytic cellular proliferation also showed some degree of cohesiveness and, in two cases, there was capsular invasion. In three cases blood vessel invasion by malignant cells could be seen within the lymph node and in the surrounding tissue. On electron microscopy the tumour cells of malignant histiocytosis appeared to be pleomorphic with three types of cells: undifferentiated cells, histiocytes with variable degrees of differentiation, and cells with intermediate features. In particular, nonphagocytic and actively phagocytic histiocytes could be identified. The histological and ultrastructural data further support the idea that malignant histiocytosis is a disease that is related to the neoplastic proliferation of moderately differentiated histiocytes and their precursors. The latter may undergo various transformations with either apparently benign or definitely atypical morphological features.", "PMID": 721076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8663", "title": "Inflammatory fibroid polyp of the gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "Details of 13 new cases of inflammatory fibroid polyp of the gastrointestinal tract and of 76 patients recorded in the literature (total 89) are described and analysed. The lesion is always benign, may occur at any age but is commonest in the sixth and seventh decades, and involves the stomach most frequently. Abdominal pain, often related to obstruction, is the principal symptom. Eosinophilia of the peripheral blood does not occur. The lesions are sessile or polypoidal, originate in the gut submucosa, vary greatly in cellularity, and have a wide range of tissue eosinophilia. Some are very vascular, many of the larger vessels having a notably broad zone of connective tissue about them. The aetiology of the condition is discussed and reasons for distinguishing it from eosinophilic gastroenteritis, with which it is frequently confused, are given. The precise nature and aetiology of the inflammatory fibroid polyp remains undetermined.", "contents": "Inflammatory fibroid polyp of the gastrointestinal tract. Details of 13 new cases of inflammatory fibroid polyp of the gastrointestinal tract and of 76 patients recorded in the literature (total 89) are described and analysed. The lesion is always benign, may occur at any age but is commonest in the sixth and seventh decades, and involves the stomach most frequently. Abdominal pain, often related to obstruction, is the principal symptom. Eosinophilia of the peripheral blood does not occur. The lesions are sessile or polypoidal, originate in the gut submucosa, vary greatly in cellularity, and have a wide range of tissue eosinophilia. Some are very vascular, many of the larger vessels having a notably broad zone of connective tissue about them. The aetiology of the condition is discussed and reasons for distinguishing it from eosinophilic gastroenteritis, with which it is frequently confused, are given. The precise nature and aetiology of the inflammatory fibroid polyp remains undetermined.", "PMID": 721077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8664", "title": "Host response and tumour biological behaviour in the two histological types of gastric carcinoma.", "content": "It appears that there is validity in categorizing gastric carcinoma into two histologic types, intestinal and diffuse. The local host tissue response in 92.5% of cases of the intestinal type of gastric carcinoma was of an exudative nature. Diffuse gastric carcinoma in 70% of cases incited a dense productive fibrosis. Pools of mucin and large number of 'signet-ring' cells were mostly encountered in the intestinal type of carcinoma. Applying Dukes' parameters the tumour was found to be more than three times more invasive in cases of diffuse carcinoma. The prognostic bearing of the two histologic types, different host tissue response, behaviour of the tumour in terms of mucous production and local extension are discussed and it is suggested that diffuse gastric carcinoma carries a worse prognosis than the intestinal type. Study of a larger series of cases and longer follow-up with controlled treatment is essential to confirm this assessment.", "contents": "Host response and tumour biological behaviour in the two histological types of gastric carcinoma. It appears that there is validity in categorizing gastric carcinoma into two histologic types, intestinal and diffuse. The local host tissue response in 92.5% of cases of the intestinal type of gastric carcinoma was of an exudative nature. Diffuse gastric carcinoma in 70% of cases incited a dense productive fibrosis. Pools of mucin and large number of 'signet-ring' cells were mostly encountered in the intestinal type of carcinoma. Applying Dukes' parameters the tumour was found to be more than three times more invasive in cases of diffuse carcinoma. The prognostic bearing of the two histologic types, different host tissue response, behaviour of the tumour in terms of mucous production and local extension are discussed and it is suggested that diffuse gastric carcinoma carries a worse prognosis than the intestinal type. Study of a larger series of cases and longer follow-up with controlled treatment is essential to confirm this assessment.", "PMID": 721078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8665", "title": "Regulation of the synthesis of human chorionic gonadotropin by strains of HeLa cells in culture.", "content": "Thirty-seven strains of HeLa cells were examined for their ability to synthesize human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and its alpha subunit (hCG-alpha) in culture. Synthesis of hCG-alpha and hCG also was investigated in the presence of sodium butyrate and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdUrd). All HeLa strains synthetized hCG-alpha in culture. Sodium butyrate increased the synthesis of hCG-alpha in all HeLa cells; BrdUrd increased synthesis in 32 of the 37 strains examined. Although few HeLa strains synthesized hCG in the absence of inducers, hCG was detected in most strains in the presence of sodium butyrate. The synthesis of hCG and its alpha subunit is, therefore, a stable genetic characteristic of HeLa cells.", "contents": "Regulation of the synthesis of human chorionic gonadotropin by strains of HeLa cells in culture. Thirty-seven strains of HeLa cells were examined for their ability to synthesize human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and its alpha subunit (hCG-alpha) in culture. Synthesis of hCG-alpha and hCG also was investigated in the presence of sodium butyrate and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdUrd). All HeLa strains synthetized hCG-alpha in culture. Sodium butyrate increased the synthesis of hCG-alpha in all HeLa cells; BrdUrd increased synthesis in 32 of the 37 strains examined. Although few HeLa strains synthesized hCG in the absence of inducers, hCG was detected in most strains in the presence of sodium butyrate. The synthesis of hCG and its alpha subunit is, therefore, a stable genetic characteristic of HeLa cells.", "PMID": 721101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8666", "title": "In vitro cultivation of human renal cell cancer. II. Characterization of cell lines.", "content": "Two cell lines derived from primary human renal-cell cancers (RCC) have been established and characterized. Cell line 786-O has been in culture for longer than 1 year and has been subcultured more than 50 times. It has a doubling time of 45 hr and a hypertriploid karyotype and possesses a Y chromosome. Cell line 769-P also has been in culture for longer than 1 year. It has been subcultured 50 times and has a doubling time of 35 hr and a hypodiploid karyotype. Cells from both lines are epithelial, and they produce tumors in the cheek pouches of immunosuppressed hamsters. Neither cell line is contaminated with Mycoplasma. Cells of the two lines can be distinguished from HeLa cells both by their karyotypes and by the mobility patterns of their isoenzymes of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "contents": "In vitro cultivation of human renal cell cancer. II. Characterization of cell lines. Two cell lines derived from primary human renal-cell cancers (RCC) have been established and characterized. Cell line 786-O has been in culture for longer than 1 year and has been subcultured more than 50 times. It has a doubling time of 45 hr and a hypertriploid karyotype and possesses a Y chromosome. Cell line 769-P also has been in culture for longer than 1 year. It has been subcultured 50 times and has a doubling time of 35 hr and a hypodiploid karyotype. Cells from both lines are epithelial, and they produce tumors in the cheek pouches of immunosuppressed hamsters. Neither cell line is contaminated with Mycoplasma. Cells of the two lines can be distinguished from HeLa cells both by their karyotypes and by the mobility patterns of their isoenzymes of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 721102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8667", "title": "In vitro synthesis and secretion of glycoprotein by human mammary tissue.", "content": "Organ cultures of human surgical specimens can be used to investigate glycoprotein production in vitro under conditions in which three-dimensional tissue structures and cell-cell interactions resemble those present in vivo. In this report, an organ-culture system is used to investigate the synthesis, transport and release of glycoprotein by normal and benign hyperplastic human mammary epithelium. Autoradiography of explants pulse-labeled with individual glycoprotein precursors ([3H]glucosamine, [3H]fucose, [3H]acetylmannosamine) and maintained in organ culture for intervals up to 72 hr revealed that glycoprotein is synthesized and then secreted by mammary epithelium. Incorporation of each isotope took place in the Golgi apparatus. Most of the newly synthesized glycoprotein, labeled with each of the three precursors, then was transported to apical cell surfaces and secreted into gland lumina. Observations were indistinguishable in normal and benign hyperplastic glands. Thus nonlactating human mammary epithelium exhibits a glycoprotein secretory activity. Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of [3H]glucosamine-labeled macromolecules released into the medium showed a group of glycoproteins with a molecular weight of 48,000 +/- 6,000 daltons plus high-molecular-weight glycosylated components at the top of gels. The nature of gp48 is not known, but similar molecular-weight glycoproteins also are released by surgical specimens of human mammary cancer maintained in organ culture.", "contents": "In vitro synthesis and secretion of glycoprotein by human mammary tissue. Organ cultures of human surgical specimens can be used to investigate glycoprotein production in vitro under conditions in which three-dimensional tissue structures and cell-cell interactions resemble those present in vivo. In this report, an organ-culture system is used to investigate the synthesis, transport and release of glycoprotein by normal and benign hyperplastic human mammary epithelium. Autoradiography of explants pulse-labeled with individual glycoprotein precursors ([3H]glucosamine, [3H]fucose, [3H]acetylmannosamine) and maintained in organ culture for intervals up to 72 hr revealed that glycoprotein is synthesized and then secreted by mammary epithelium. Incorporation of each isotope took place in the Golgi apparatus. Most of the newly synthesized glycoprotein, labeled with each of the three precursors, then was transported to apical cell surfaces and secreted into gland lumina. Observations were indistinguishable in normal and benign hyperplastic glands. Thus nonlactating human mammary epithelium exhibits a glycoprotein secretory activity. Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of [3H]glucosamine-labeled macromolecules released into the medium showed a group of glycoproteins with a molecular weight of 48,000 +/- 6,000 daltons plus high-molecular-weight glycosylated components at the top of gels. The nature of gp48 is not known, but similar molecular-weight glycoproteins also are released by surgical specimens of human mammary cancer maintained in organ culture.", "PMID": 721104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8668", "title": "Effects of cystine or glutamine restriction on human diploid fibroblasts in culture.", "content": "Amino-acid restriction was studied using a strain of human diploid fibroblasts (HDF) isolated from fetal skin. HDF populations were maintained at reduced proliferation rates by lowering cystine or glutamine concentrations of Eagle's MEM. Effects of this treatment on mean cell diameters, total cell protein and specific activity of acid phosphatase were assessed. Threshold levels of cystine required for maintenance were found to be markedly influenced by type and/or batch of serum used irrespective of their free cystine content. A 96-hr exposure of passage 25 cells to medium 0.01 or 0.005 mM in cystine resulted in an increased mean cell diameter and a greater heterogeneity of cell size. This was accompanied by an increase in the total cellular protein. A 48-hr exposure, followed by return to control serial cultivation, induced persistent change in mean cell diameter without affecting the total life span (49 passages over 165 days). The mean size of untreated cells increased with serial passage reaching a size similar to treated cells only at passage 44. Acid-phosphatase specific activities were higher in cells maintained under conditions restrictive in cystine. None of the above changes were observed when glutamine concentrations were reduced to 0.0025 mM, a level required to inhibit division rates. The possible relevance of these findings to the phenomenon of in vitro cell senescence is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of cystine or glutamine restriction on human diploid fibroblasts in culture. Amino-acid restriction was studied using a strain of human diploid fibroblasts (HDF) isolated from fetal skin. HDF populations were maintained at reduced proliferation rates by lowering cystine or glutamine concentrations of Eagle's MEM. Effects of this treatment on mean cell diameters, total cell protein and specific activity of acid phosphatase were assessed. Threshold levels of cystine required for maintenance were found to be markedly influenced by type and/or batch of serum used irrespective of their free cystine content. A 96-hr exposure of passage 25 cells to medium 0.01 or 0.005 mM in cystine resulted in an increased mean cell diameter and a greater heterogeneity of cell size. This was accompanied by an increase in the total cellular protein. A 48-hr exposure, followed by return to control serial cultivation, induced persistent change in mean cell diameter without affecting the total life span (49 passages over 165 days). The mean size of untreated cells increased with serial passage reaching a size similar to treated cells only at passage 44. Acid-phosphatase specific activities were higher in cells maintained under conditions restrictive in cystine. None of the above changes were observed when glutamine concentrations were reduced to 0.0025 mM, a level required to inhibit division rates. The possible relevance of these findings to the phenomenon of in vitro cell senescence is discussed.", "PMID": 721103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8669", "title": "The lymphocyte mediators of delayed hypersensitivity: the early phase cells.", "content": "Inbred rats were immunized with living BCG and lymphocytes which mediate tuberculin DTH and anti-tuberculosis immunity were found 10 days later in the draining lymph nodes, thoracic duct, blood, spleen and acute peritoneal exudates. The lymphocytes that mediated DTH incorporated 3HT in vitro, were large in size, sensitive to vinblastine but relatively resistant to irradiation, and had a short effective lifespan in syngeneic recipients. These properties characterize the cells as short-lived, nonrecirculating immunoblasts. In some experimental situations it was possible to dissociate the expression of DTH and immunity following the transfer of sensitized lymphocytes.", "contents": "The lymphocyte mediators of delayed hypersensitivity: the early phase cells. Inbred rats were immunized with living BCG and lymphocytes which mediate tuberculin DTH and anti-tuberculosis immunity were found 10 days later in the draining lymph nodes, thoracic duct, blood, spleen and acute peritoneal exudates. The lymphocytes that mediated DTH incorporated 3HT in vitro, were large in size, sensitive to vinblastine but relatively resistant to irradiation, and had a short effective lifespan in syngeneic recipients. These properties characterize the cells as short-lived, nonrecirculating immunoblasts. In some experimental situations it was possible to dissociate the expression of DTH and immunity following the transfer of sensitized lymphocytes.", "PMID": 721132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8670", "title": "Immunobiology of congenitally athymic-asplenic mice.", "content": "Congenitally athymic-asplenic mice on an outbred N:NIH(S) background were produced by the mating of nude by hereditarily asplenic (Dh/+)mice. Athymic-asplenic mice survive for up to 9 months, under specific pathogen free conditions, with no evidence for increased risk of spontaneous neoplasia. Although lymphocyte surface markers and sera immunoglobulin levels of athymic-asplenic mice are similar to their nude and asplenic littermates, there are a number of significant differences. In particular, levels of sera IgA are higher than nude, but lower than either nu/+ or Dh/+ mice, related perhaps to the increased histiocytic engorgement of Peyer's patches. Athymic-asplenic mice have normal haematocrit, haemoglobin, and reticulocyte counts, but are markedly leucopenic, have a thrombocytosis and an increased number of bone marrow CFU-C. As expected, the response of the athymic-asplenic mice to the T cell mitogen PHA is markedly reduced. However, levels of Thy 1.2 bearing cells, while reduced compared to either nu/+ or Dh/+ littermates, are significantly higher than nude mice in both Peyer's patches and lymph nodes. Further, they, like their nude littermates, fail to respond to sheep red blood cell immunization. Nonetheless, athymic-asplenic mice appear more immunologically compromised than nude mice. Indeed, there is an elevated rate of growth and a lower inoculated cell threshold needed for successful transplantation of a human malignant melanoma. Finally, there was no evidence for auto-antibody production in mice up to 9 months of age. Congenitally athymic-asplenic mice can be used for a variety of studies in which other immunologically deprived mouse mutants are desired.", "contents": "Immunobiology of congenitally athymic-asplenic mice. Congenitally athymic-asplenic mice on an outbred N:NIH(S) background were produced by the mating of nude by hereditarily asplenic (Dh/+)mice. Athymic-asplenic mice survive for up to 9 months, under specific pathogen free conditions, with no evidence for increased risk of spontaneous neoplasia. Although lymphocyte surface markers and sera immunoglobulin levels of athymic-asplenic mice are similar to their nude and asplenic littermates, there are a number of significant differences. In particular, levels of sera IgA are higher than nude, but lower than either nu/+ or Dh/+ mice, related perhaps to the increased histiocytic engorgement of Peyer's patches. Athymic-asplenic mice have normal haematocrit, haemoglobin, and reticulocyte counts, but are markedly leucopenic, have a thrombocytosis and an increased number of bone marrow CFU-C. As expected, the response of the athymic-asplenic mice to the T cell mitogen PHA is markedly reduced. However, levels of Thy 1.2 bearing cells, while reduced compared to either nu/+ or Dh/+ littermates, are significantly higher than nude mice in both Peyer's patches and lymph nodes. Further, they, like their nude littermates, fail to respond to sheep red blood cell immunization. Nonetheless, athymic-asplenic mice appear more immunologically compromised than nude mice. Indeed, there is an elevated rate of growth and a lower inoculated cell threshold needed for successful transplantation of a human malignant melanoma. Finally, there was no evidence for auto-antibody production in mice up to 9 months of age. Congenitally athymic-asplenic mice can be used for a variety of studies in which other immunologically deprived mouse mutants are desired.", "PMID": 721133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8671", "title": "The secretory immunological system of the fowl. VI. The effect of chemical bursectomy on immunoglobulin concentration in tears.", "content": "The effect of chemical bursectomy (3-5 mg testosterone cypionate injected at 12 days in ovo followed by 4-0 mg cyclophosphamide intraperitoneally at days 1 and 2 post-hatching) on concentration of immunoglobulins in tears and serum of chickens was investigated. Tears and serum samples were collected from bursectomized and normal control birds between days 26 and 120 post-hatching and were assayed for IgA, 7SIg and IgM concentrations using double gel-diffusion and radial immunodiffusion. No immunoglobulins other than passively acquired 7SIg were detected in the sera or tears of 23 out of 30 bursectomized birds throughout the time period. Sera were also assayed for natural agglutinins; normal birds had titres for rabbit erythrocytes which gradually increased from a mean of 1:24 at day 26 to 1:280 at day 120, while bursectomized chickens had titres of less than 1:8 throughout the experimental period. It was concluded that chemical bursectomy effectively abolished the secretory immunoglobulins normally present in tears as well as serum immunoglobulins.", "contents": "The secretory immunological system of the fowl. VI. The effect of chemical bursectomy on immunoglobulin concentration in tears. The effect of chemical bursectomy (3-5 mg testosterone cypionate injected at 12 days in ovo followed by 4-0 mg cyclophosphamide intraperitoneally at days 1 and 2 post-hatching) on concentration of immunoglobulins in tears and serum of chickens was investigated. Tears and serum samples were collected from bursectomized and normal control birds between days 26 and 120 post-hatching and were assayed for IgA, 7SIg and IgM concentrations using double gel-diffusion and radial immunodiffusion. No immunoglobulins other than passively acquired 7SIg were detected in the sera or tears of 23 out of 30 bursectomized birds throughout the time period. Sera were also assayed for natural agglutinins; normal birds had titres for rabbit erythrocytes which gradually increased from a mean of 1:24 at day 26 to 1:280 at day 120, while bursectomized chickens had titres of less than 1:8 throughout the experimental period. It was concluded that chemical bursectomy effectively abolished the secretory immunoglobulins normally present in tears as well as serum immunoglobulins.", "PMID": 721134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8672", "title": "Studies on the control of antibody synthesis. XII. Genetic influences on antibody affinity.", "content": "Genetic controls on the concentration and affinity of the anti-dinitrophenyl antibodies produced by different inbred strains of mice in response to immunization with dinitrophenylated bovine gamma globulin in Freund's complete adjuvant were demonstrated. Based upon data on F1 hybrids and backcrosses, it can be concluded that there are genetic controls on antibody affinity which are not linked to the major histocompatibility complex. In addition, the genetic controls on affinity which were studied here appear to be inherited independently of genetic controls on antibody concentration.", "contents": "Studies on the control of antibody synthesis. XII. Genetic influences on antibody affinity. Genetic controls on the concentration and affinity of the anti-dinitrophenyl antibodies produced by different inbred strains of mice in response to immunization with dinitrophenylated bovine gamma globulin in Freund's complete adjuvant were demonstrated. Based upon data on F1 hybrids and backcrosses, it can be concluded that there are genetic controls on antibody affinity which are not linked to the major histocompatibility complex. In addition, the genetic controls on affinity which were studied here appear to be inherited independently of genetic controls on antibody concentration.", "PMID": 721135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8673", "title": "Solid phase activation of alternative pathway of complement by beta-1,3-glucans and its possible role for tumour regressing activity.", "content": "The efficiency of some anti-tumour polysaccharides, such as lentinan, pachyman, pachymaran, carboxymethylpachymaran and hydroxyethylpachyman to trigger the alternative pathway of complement activation (APC) was investigated in detail, in order to clarify whether solid phase activation of APC by these polysaccharides will occur or not. From the eight polysaccharides tested, all were found to be potent activators of the alternative pathway except for carboxymethylpachymaran, regardless of their potency of inhibition of sarcoma 180 (S 180) transplanted in mice. This activation was observed both for the insoluble as well as the soluble part of the same polysaccharide. The turnover of C3, C5 and factor B showed no difference among these seven active polysaccharides. The polysaccharide particles (PX), isolated after treatment with C4d GPS showed prominent C3 consuming activity, which disappeared during prolonged incubation at 37 degrees. The activity of the decayed enzyme could be regenerated by treatment with the purified factor B. The stability of the particulate enzyme PX was comparable to the zymosan-complex (ZX) previously described.", "contents": "Solid phase activation of alternative pathway of complement by beta-1,3-glucans and its possible role for tumour regressing activity. The efficiency of some anti-tumour polysaccharides, such as lentinan, pachyman, pachymaran, carboxymethylpachymaran and hydroxyethylpachyman to trigger the alternative pathway of complement activation (APC) was investigated in detail, in order to clarify whether solid phase activation of APC by these polysaccharides will occur or not. From the eight polysaccharides tested, all were found to be potent activators of the alternative pathway except for carboxymethylpachymaran, regardless of their potency of inhibition of sarcoma 180 (S 180) transplanted in mice. This activation was observed both for the insoluble as well as the soluble part of the same polysaccharide. The turnover of C3, C5 and factor B showed no difference among these seven active polysaccharides. The polysaccharide particles (PX), isolated after treatment with C4d GPS showed prominent C3 consuming activity, which disappeared during prolonged incubation at 37 degrees. The activity of the decayed enzyme could be regenerated by treatment with the purified factor B. The stability of the particulate enzyme PX was comparable to the zymosan-complex (ZX) previously described.", "PMID": 721136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8674", "title": "Induction of contact sensitivity. Selective induction of delayed hypersensitivity by the injection of cells from draining lymph nodes into the footpads of normal recipients.", "content": "Cells taken from the draining lymph nodes of mice 1 day after painting with picryl chloride can induce contact hypersensitivity when injected into the footpads of normal recipients. Previous studies have presented evidence to show that this is an immunizing process rather than a transfer of sensitized cells. This study shows that footpad injection of 5 times 10(6) 1-day draining lymph node cells induces a similar degree of hypersensitivity to the original skin painting with picryl chloride but no antibody, as judged by anti-TNP splenic PFC and serum antibody, in contrast to the moderate antibody response found after skin painting. The apparent inability to induce a response did, however, correlate with the finding that the draining lymph nodes of mice painted with picryl chloride had few PFC. Some effect of the cells on antibody was noted in that after mice were challenged on the ear to produce contact sensitivity reactions they produced an antibody response larger than that of mice not injected with cells. This was not a large phenomenon but was unusual because 2-5 times 10(6) cells was more effective than either 10(6) or 5 times 10(6) cells, even though 5 times 10(6) cells produced the largest contact sensitivity reactions. The augmentation was antigen specific and the same dose-response effect could be obtained with irradiated cells (2000 rad). It is suggested that the ability of these cells to induce large contact sensitivity reactions without antibody indicates that they may have an important role in the immunogenicity of contact sensitizing agents, which can induce large delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions accompanied only by moderate antibody responses.", "contents": "Induction of contact sensitivity. Selective induction of delayed hypersensitivity by the injection of cells from draining lymph nodes into the footpads of normal recipients. Cells taken from the draining lymph nodes of mice 1 day after painting with picryl chloride can induce contact hypersensitivity when injected into the footpads of normal recipients. Previous studies have presented evidence to show that this is an immunizing process rather than a transfer of sensitized cells. This study shows that footpad injection of 5 times 10(6) 1-day draining lymph node cells induces a similar degree of hypersensitivity to the original skin painting with picryl chloride but no antibody, as judged by anti-TNP splenic PFC and serum antibody, in contrast to the moderate antibody response found after skin painting. The apparent inability to induce a response did, however, correlate with the finding that the draining lymph nodes of mice painted with picryl chloride had few PFC. Some effect of the cells on antibody was noted in that after mice were challenged on the ear to produce contact sensitivity reactions they produced an antibody response larger than that of mice not injected with cells. This was not a large phenomenon but was unusual because 2-5 times 10(6) cells was more effective than either 10(6) or 5 times 10(6) cells, even though 5 times 10(6) cells produced the largest contact sensitivity reactions. The augmentation was antigen specific and the same dose-response effect could be obtained with irradiated cells (2000 rad). It is suggested that the ability of these cells to induce large contact sensitivity reactions without antibody indicates that they may have an important role in the immunogenicity of contact sensitizing agents, which can induce large delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions accompanied only by moderate antibody responses.", "PMID": 721137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8675", "title": "A comparison of the cytotoxic activity of eosinophils and other cells by 51 chromium release and time lapse microcinematography.", "content": "Antibody dependent cytotoxicity of chicken erythrocytes by purified rat eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages and K cells has been compared by 51Cr release and time lapse microcinematography. Techniques have been developed for purifying these effector cell types. Both eosinophils and neutrophils cause rapid release of 51Cr from erythrocytes. Time lapse observations indicated that this was the result of phagocytosis. Eosinophils show rapid membrane movement and repeatedly engulf and regurgitate the erythrocytes. On the other hand, neutrophils become quiescent after phagocytosing erythrocytes, and remain quiescent until the remains of the cell are expelled. Neutrophils presumably have a mechanism for the release of soluble material, as 51Cr is released rapidly. Macrophages show a similar quiescence after phagocytosis, but in these cells there is apparently no rapid mechanism to expel material, as there is no significant 51Cr release over 20 h. K cells appear to damage chicken erythrocytes more slowly than they destroy tumour cells. Mast cells cause antibody-independent cytotoxicity which can be attributed to the release of toxic materials. None of these effector cells produced the type of lysis seen with antibody and complement.", "contents": "A comparison of the cytotoxic activity of eosinophils and other cells by 51 chromium release and time lapse microcinematography. Antibody dependent cytotoxicity of chicken erythrocytes by purified rat eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages and K cells has been compared by 51Cr release and time lapse microcinematography. Techniques have been developed for purifying these effector cell types. Both eosinophils and neutrophils cause rapid release of 51Cr from erythrocytes. Time lapse observations indicated that this was the result of phagocytosis. Eosinophils show rapid membrane movement and repeatedly engulf and regurgitate the erythrocytes. On the other hand, neutrophils become quiescent after phagocytosing erythrocytes, and remain quiescent until the remains of the cell are expelled. Neutrophils presumably have a mechanism for the release of soluble material, as 51Cr is released rapidly. Macrophages show a similar quiescence after phagocytosis, but in these cells there is apparently no rapid mechanism to expel material, as there is no significant 51Cr release over 20 h. K cells appear to damage chicken erythrocytes more slowly than they destroy tumour cells. Mast cells cause antibody-independent cytotoxicity which can be attributed to the release of toxic materials. None of these effector cells produced the type of lysis seen with antibody and complement.", "PMID": 721138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8676", "title": "Migration of human lymphocytes. I. A model using the mouse as host.", "content": "The distribution of radioactivity after the intravenous injection of 51Cr-labelled human lymphocytes has been examined in normal mice, irradiated mice, mice treated with anti-platelet antiserum and in mice treated with colloidal carbon. Pre-treatment with carbon and anti-platelet antiserum appears to protect the human lymphocytes from uptake by the host's reticuloendothelial system (RES). Comparison of tissue radioactivity in carbon-treated mice after the injection of viable human lymphocytes with that found after the injection of dead cells and soluble or insoluble cell debris showed that radioactivity recovered in the spleen and lymph nodes is primarily due to the migration of viable lymphocytes into these tissues. Thus the measurement of radioactivity in lymph nodes of carbon-treated mice after the injection of 51Cr-labelled human lymphocytes can be used as a model of these lymphocytes' ability to migrate into the lymph nodes during recirculation and to study factors influencing this migration.", "contents": "Migration of human lymphocytes. I. A model using the mouse as host. The distribution of radioactivity after the intravenous injection of 51Cr-labelled human lymphocytes has been examined in normal mice, irradiated mice, mice treated with anti-platelet antiserum and in mice treated with colloidal carbon. Pre-treatment with carbon and anti-platelet antiserum appears to protect the human lymphocytes from uptake by the host's reticuloendothelial system (RES). Comparison of tissue radioactivity in carbon-treated mice after the injection of viable human lymphocytes with that found after the injection of dead cells and soluble or insoluble cell debris showed that radioactivity recovered in the spleen and lymph nodes is primarily due to the migration of viable lymphocytes into these tissues. Thus the measurement of radioactivity in lymph nodes of carbon-treated mice after the injection of 51Cr-labelled human lymphocytes can be used as a model of these lymphocytes' ability to migrate into the lymph nodes during recirculation and to study factors influencing this migration.", "PMID": 721139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8677", "title": "Cutaneous basophil anaphylaxis. Immediate vasopermeability increases and anaphylactic degranulation of basophils at delayed hypersensitivity reactions challenged with additional antigen.", "content": "Many delayed-type reactions contain large infiltrates of basophils whose function is unknown. We have studied these cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) reactions in guinea-pigs to ascertain whether basophils that are recruited to delayed reaction sites could be triggered for immediate reactivity. We compared 24 h CBH reactions with nearby skin for immediate hypersensitivity by challenging each site with small amounts of antigen. CBH sites had augmented immediate increases in vascular permeability detected by extravasation of Evan's blue dye. The ability to elicit this augmented anaphylactic phenomenon correlated with the local presence of basophils, and light microscopy at CBH reactions 15 min after antigen challenge showed a 50% decline in basophil counts. Electron microscopy showed that progressive anaphylactic-type degranulation of local basophils occurred within minutes following reintroduction of antigen. There was fusion of vacuoles containing granules, exocytosis of granules, and dissolution of granules, without ultrastructural disruption of cellular integrity. These results establish that basophils in CBH reactions can be triggered with soluble antigen to undergo anaphylactic degranulation, with the immediate release of vasoactive mediators. We have termed this phenomenon 'cutaneous basophil anaphylaxis'. Thus, one function of basophils at sites of delayed hypersensitivity may be to provide the potential for augmented, local, immediate anaphylactic reactivity.", "contents": "Cutaneous basophil anaphylaxis. Immediate vasopermeability increases and anaphylactic degranulation of basophils at delayed hypersensitivity reactions challenged with additional antigen. Many delayed-type reactions contain large infiltrates of basophils whose function is unknown. We have studied these cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) reactions in guinea-pigs to ascertain whether basophils that are recruited to delayed reaction sites could be triggered for immediate reactivity. We compared 24 h CBH reactions with nearby skin for immediate hypersensitivity by challenging each site with small amounts of antigen. CBH sites had augmented immediate increases in vascular permeability detected by extravasation of Evan's blue dye. The ability to elicit this augmented anaphylactic phenomenon correlated with the local presence of basophils, and light microscopy at CBH reactions 15 min after antigen challenge showed a 50% decline in basophil counts. Electron microscopy showed that progressive anaphylactic-type degranulation of local basophils occurred within minutes following reintroduction of antigen. There was fusion of vacuoles containing granules, exocytosis of granules, and dissolution of granules, without ultrastructural disruption of cellular integrity. These results establish that basophils in CBH reactions can be triggered with soluble antigen to undergo anaphylactic degranulation, with the immediate release of vasoactive mediators. We have termed this phenomenon 'cutaneous basophil anaphylaxis'. Thus, one function of basophils at sites of delayed hypersensitivity may be to provide the potential for augmented, local, immediate anaphylactic reactivity.", "PMID": 721140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8678", "title": "Experimental bovine trypanosomiasis. Changes in the catabolism of serum immunoglobulins and complement components in infected cattle.", "content": "The turnover of serum proteins of calves experimentally infected with Trypanosoma congolense was compared to that of normal uninfected cattle. All proteins examined had much increased catabolic rates in infected animals. In normal animals the average half-lives in days for each protein were: IgG1 17.4, IgG2 22.4, IgM 4.8, IgA 3.4, IgE 1.9, C1 5.6 and C3 2.9. In trypanosome infected cattle the average half-lives were IgG1 1.9, IgG2 1.7, IgM 0.9, IgA 1.2, IgE 0.9, C1 1.2 and C3 1.1 days.", "contents": "Experimental bovine trypanosomiasis. Changes in the catabolism of serum immunoglobulins and complement components in infected cattle. The turnover of serum proteins of calves experimentally infected with Trypanosoma congolense was compared to that of normal uninfected cattle. All proteins examined had much increased catabolic rates in infected animals. In normal animals the average half-lives in days for each protein were: IgG1 17.4, IgG2 22.4, IgM 4.8, IgA 3.4, IgE 1.9, C1 5.6 and C3 2.9. In trypanosome infected cattle the average half-lives were IgG1 1.9, IgG2 1.7, IgM 0.9, IgA 1.2, IgE 0.9, C1 1.2 and C3 1.1 days.", "PMID": 721141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8679", "title": "Experimental bovine trypanosomiasis. Changes in serum immunoglobulins, complement and complement components in infected animals.", "content": "In three calves experimentally infected with Trypanosoma congolense the amounts of IgG1 and IgG2 were little changed and similar to those of normal animals. IgM increased in amount early in the infection and the amount of the increase appeared related to the parasite burden. The amounts of IgA and IgE were both much decreased and this also appeared related to the numbers of parasites in the blood. There was a decrease in the amounts of total haemolytic complement and complement components C1, C1q and C3 in the infected calves. Furthermore the amounts of properdin fluctuated with the cyclical changes in numbers of T. congolense parasites in the individual calves. No significant change in the amount of C8 was observed. It is considered that activation of both the alternative and the classical complement pathways occurs in trypanosome infected animals but that neither pathway goes to its terminal stages.", "contents": "Experimental bovine trypanosomiasis. Changes in serum immunoglobulins, complement and complement components in infected animals. In three calves experimentally infected with Trypanosoma congolense the amounts of IgG1 and IgG2 were little changed and similar to those of normal animals. IgM increased in amount early in the infection and the amount of the increase appeared related to the parasite burden. The amounts of IgA and IgE were both much decreased and this also appeared related to the numbers of parasites in the blood. There was a decrease in the amounts of total haemolytic complement and complement components C1, C1q and C3 in the infected calves. Furthermore the amounts of properdin fluctuated with the cyclical changes in numbers of T. congolense parasites in the individual calves. No significant change in the amount of C8 was observed. It is considered that activation of both the alternative and the classical complement pathways occurs in trypanosome infected animals but that neither pathway goes to its terminal stages.", "PMID": 721142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8680", "title": "The mode of interaction with macrophages of two ordered synthetic polypeptides which differ in their thymus dependency.", "content": "The mode of interaction with macrophages of two ordered synthetic polypeptides (Tyr-Tyr-Glu-Glu)-poly(DLAla)--poly(Lys), (T-T-G-G)-A--L, and (Tyr-Glu-Tyr-Glu)-poly(DLAla)--poly(Lys), (T-G-T-G)-A--L, which differ in their requirements for T-B cell co-operation in the process of antibody production, was compared. The binding of the two radiolabelled antigens to the surface of peritoneal adherent cells, their uptake by the cells and the rate of their degradation were investigated. Macrophages were found to be capable of degrading both poly-peptides with the same efficiency. (T-G-T-G)-A--L, the antigen which is less T-dependent, was bound to macrophage surfaces more readily than (T-T-G-G)-A--L, the T-dependent antigen, however, its uptake by the cells was found to be lower. Thus, (T-G-T-G)-A--L remains for a longer period in the form of a membrane bound polyvalent antigen.", "contents": "The mode of interaction with macrophages of two ordered synthetic polypeptides which differ in their thymus dependency. The mode of interaction with macrophages of two ordered synthetic polypeptides (Tyr-Tyr-Glu-Glu)-poly(DLAla)--poly(Lys), (T-T-G-G)-A--L, and (Tyr-Glu-Tyr-Glu)-poly(DLAla)--poly(Lys), (T-G-T-G)-A--L, which differ in their requirements for T-B cell co-operation in the process of antibody production, was compared. The binding of the two radiolabelled antigens to the surface of peritoneal adherent cells, their uptake by the cells and the rate of their degradation were investigated. Macrophages were found to be capable of degrading both poly-peptides with the same efficiency. (T-G-T-G)-A--L, the antigen which is less T-dependent, was bound to macrophage surfaces more readily than (T-T-G-G)-A--L, the T-dependent antigen, however, its uptake by the cells was found to be lower. Thus, (T-G-T-G)-A--L remains for a longer period in the form of a membrane bound polyvalent antigen.", "PMID": 721143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8681", "title": "A study of urinary creatinine and creatinine coefficient in healthy young adults.", "content": "Daily urinary creatinine excretion and creatinine coefficient of eighty-four healthy medical students have been studied for three consecutive days. Daily creatinine excretion has been observed to be higher in the male subjects compared to the female counterparts. Creatinine excretion has been observed to be dependent on body weight of the subjects. The variability from subject to subject was higher than observed by most other workers. Day to day consistency within the same subject was rather low. Creatinine coefficient was computed per kg of body weight as well as per kg of lean body weight. In both the cases, it has been found to be higher in the males than in the females. Though an important factor, yet body weight of a subject alone could not explain satisfactorily wide variability of creatinine excretion in the present study. The possible influencing factors have been discussed along with clinical implications.", "contents": "A study of urinary creatinine and creatinine coefficient in healthy young adults. Daily urinary creatinine excretion and creatinine coefficient of eighty-four healthy medical students have been studied for three consecutive days. Daily creatinine excretion has been observed to be higher in the male subjects compared to the female counterparts. Creatinine excretion has been observed to be dependent on body weight of the subjects. The variability from subject to subject was higher than observed by most other workers. Day to day consistency within the same subject was rather low. Creatinine coefficient was computed per kg of body weight as well as per kg of lean body weight. In both the cases, it has been found to be higher in the males than in the females. Though an important factor, yet body weight of a subject alone could not explain satisfactorily wide variability of creatinine excretion in the present study. The possible influencing factors have been discussed along with clinical implications.", "PMID": 721248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8682", "title": "The effects of excess calcium on the acetylcholine turnover from the minced and incubated rat's brain.", "content": "The incubation of brain mince in ERL and ERL with excess calcium was done separately for periods ranging from 30 min to 3 hrs, along with simultaneous determination of free and bound values of Acetylcholine (Ach). Zero and 5 min values were also determined for each incubation experiment before any substantial increase in enzymatic activity. Ach was bioassayed on Rat's blood pressure. In ERL incubations, the release and synthesis of Ach increased along with time, highest being at 3 hrs the release is found to be greater than the synthesis. With excess calcium, there is a slight but gradual increase in free and bound Ach. In the first 30 min incubation, synthesis is more than the release whereas in the latter periods reverse is the case, though they were low when compared to normal at 3 hrs. The effects of excess calcium in the ERL controlling the membrane permeability and enzymatic system of the nerve cell are discussed.", "contents": "The effects of excess calcium on the acetylcholine turnover from the minced and incubated rat's brain. The incubation of brain mince in ERL and ERL with excess calcium was done separately for periods ranging from 30 min to 3 hrs, along with simultaneous determination of free and bound values of Acetylcholine (Ach). Zero and 5 min values were also determined for each incubation experiment before any substantial increase in enzymatic activity. Ach was bioassayed on Rat's blood pressure. In ERL incubations, the release and synthesis of Ach increased along with time, highest being at 3 hrs the release is found to be greater than the synthesis. With excess calcium, there is a slight but gradual increase in free and bound Ach. In the first 30 min incubation, synthesis is more than the release whereas in the latter periods reverse is the case, though they were low when compared to normal at 3 hrs. The effects of excess calcium in the ERL controlling the membrane permeability and enzymatic system of the nerve cell are discussed.", "PMID": 721250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8683", "title": "Beta blockade and anticonvulsant activity of propranolol.", "content": "Racemic and dextro forms of propranolol were equipotent in their anticonvulsant activity in normal rats by the MES test. In an attempt to determine any difference in the anticonvulsant activity of the two forms a variety of adrenergic agents were used, viz. phenoxybenzamine, reserpine, alphamethyl dopa and acetazolamide. There was no difference between the two forms, in the absence or presence of several adrenergic drugs employed. However, racemic but not dextro propranolol reduced MET, in normal as well as in nialamide primed rats.", "contents": "Beta blockade and anticonvulsant activity of propranolol. Racemic and dextro forms of propranolol were equipotent in their anticonvulsant activity in normal rats by the MES test. In an attempt to determine any difference in the anticonvulsant activity of the two forms a variety of adrenergic agents were used, viz. phenoxybenzamine, reserpine, alphamethyl dopa and acetazolamide. There was no difference between the two forms, in the absence or presence of several adrenergic drugs employed. However, racemic but not dextro propranolol reduced MET, in normal as well as in nialamide primed rats.", "PMID": 721251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8684", "title": "Effect of acetazolamide on insulin sensitivity in dogs with alloxan diabetes.", "content": "The effect of acetazolamide on the sensitivity to exogenous insulin in the alloxanised diabetic dogs was studied. The administration of acetazolamide caused acidosis and insulin resistance. The liver insulinase activity of diabetic dogs after acetazolamide administration was also studied to evaluate the role of this enzyme for the destruction of exogenous insulin. It was observed that insulinase did not play role for the development of insulin resistance after acetazolamide administration.", "contents": "Effect of acetazolamide on insulin sensitivity in dogs with alloxan diabetes. The effect of acetazolamide on the sensitivity to exogenous insulin in the alloxanised diabetic dogs was studied. The administration of acetazolamide caused acidosis and insulin resistance. The liver insulinase activity of diabetic dogs after acetazolamide administration was also studied to evaluate the role of this enzyme for the destruction of exogenous insulin. It was observed that insulinase did not play role for the development of insulin resistance after acetazolamide administration.", "PMID": 721253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8685", "title": "Monoamine oxidase activity in the pituitary of mice after estrogen, progesterone and centchroman treatment.", "content": "Monoamine oxidase activity (MAO) was estimated in the pituitary of ovariectomized mice after a single administration of estradiol-dipropionate (0.01 mg/kg; im), progesterone (1 mg/kg; im) and centchroman (1.25 mg/kg ip). Estrogen and progesterone were found to decrease the enzymic level, as compared to control, while centchroman remarkably increased it. The significance of dissimilarity in the pituitary threshold for steroidal and nonsteroidal molecule is discussed.", "contents": "Monoamine oxidase activity in the pituitary of mice after estrogen, progesterone and centchroman treatment. Monoamine oxidase activity (MAO) was estimated in the pituitary of ovariectomized mice after a single administration of estradiol-dipropionate (0.01 mg/kg; im), progesterone (1 mg/kg; im) and centchroman (1.25 mg/kg ip). Estrogen and progesterone were found to decrease the enzymic level, as compared to control, while centchroman remarkably increased it. The significance of dissimilarity in the pituitary threshold for steroidal and nonsteroidal molecule is discussed.", "PMID": 721254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8686", "title": "Effect of administration of isatin on alkaline phosphatase of various organs of rat.", "content": "In vivo administration of isatin (200 mg/kg) significantly lowered the activity of rat kidney alkaline phosphatase after 5 hr but enhanced the activity of rat duodenal and jejunal enzyme after 2 and 5 hr (P less than 0.01). The increased activity of the duodenal and jejunal alkaline phosphatase might be due to the induction of the enzyme by isatin.", "contents": "Effect of administration of isatin on alkaline phosphatase of various organs of rat. In vivo administration of isatin (200 mg/kg) significantly lowered the activity of rat kidney alkaline phosphatase after 5 hr but enhanced the activity of rat duodenal and jejunal enzyme after 2 and 5 hr (P less than 0.01). The increased activity of the duodenal and jejunal alkaline phosphatase might be due to the induction of the enzyme by isatin.", "PMID": 721252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8687", "title": "Effectiveness of N-N-bis-P-chlorophenyl-3p-tolyl glutaric acid diamide (SRC-3605) as a hypocholesterolaemic compound in hypercholesterolaemic female weanling and adult rats.", "content": "SRC-3605, N-N-bis-P-chlorophenyl 3-p-tolyl glutaric acid diamide, was studied for its hypocholesterolaemic effect on serum and liver cholesterol in hypercholesterolaemic weanling and adult female rats. Weanlings were administered doses of SRC-3605 ranging from 100 to 300 mg/kg body weight for 4 or 8 consecutive days. The greatest hypocholesterolaemic effect was observed with doses of 150, 200 and 250 mg, although a progressive decreases in serum cholesterol was noted with increasing doses. Hepatic cholesterol decreases supported the serum data, but were inconsistent. Hypercholesterolaemic adult animals received 50, 100, 150 or 200 mg/kg body weight of either SRC-3605 or clofibrinic acid for 4 days. A decrease in serum cholesterol levels was observed only with the 200 mg SRC-3605. No clear-cut influence of the either compounds was found on hepatic cholesterol. The results indicated that SRC-3605 possesses the property to reduce both serum and liver cholesterol in hypocholesterolaemic weanling female rats.", "contents": "Effectiveness of N-N-bis-P-chlorophenyl-3p-tolyl glutaric acid diamide (SRC-3605) as a hypocholesterolaemic compound in hypercholesterolaemic female weanling and adult rats. SRC-3605, N-N-bis-P-chlorophenyl 3-p-tolyl glutaric acid diamide, was studied for its hypocholesterolaemic effect on serum and liver cholesterol in hypercholesterolaemic weanling and adult female rats. Weanlings were administered doses of SRC-3605 ranging from 100 to 300 mg/kg body weight for 4 or 8 consecutive days. The greatest hypocholesterolaemic effect was observed with doses of 150, 200 and 250 mg, although a progressive decreases in serum cholesterol was noted with increasing doses. Hepatic cholesterol decreases supported the serum data, but were inconsistent. Hypercholesterolaemic adult animals received 50, 100, 150 or 200 mg/kg body weight of either SRC-3605 or clofibrinic acid for 4 days. A decrease in serum cholesterol levels was observed only with the 200 mg SRC-3605. No clear-cut influence of the either compounds was found on hepatic cholesterol. The results indicated that SRC-3605 possesses the property to reduce both serum and liver cholesterol in hypocholesterolaemic weanling female rats.", "PMID": 721249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8688", "title": "An improvised technique for the measurement of influence of drugs on the spontaneous motility (S.M.A.) of rats.", "content": "An improvised, yet simple technique for the evaluation of drugs affecting voluntary activity is described with certain modifications and incorporation of common instruments. The technique imparts semi quantitative information which is lacking in the many described in the literature.", "contents": "An improvised technique for the measurement of influence of drugs on the spontaneous motility (S.M.A.) of rats. An improvised, yet simple technique for the evaluation of drugs affecting voluntary activity is described with certain modifications and incorporation of common instruments. The technique imparts semi quantitative information which is lacking in the many described in the literature.", "PMID": 721255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8689", "title": "Local anaesthetic activity of some sec-amino-N-(aryl-aralkyl)-ethyl acetamides.", "content": "Six basic amides were screened for local anaesthetic activity and compared with procaine and lignocaine. Amongst the basic amides screened, piperidino-N-(alpha-4-ethoxy phenyl- beta-phenyl) ethyl and Diethylamino-N (alpha-4-ethoxy- beta-phenyl) ethyl acetamide were found to be more effective as compared to lignocaine. They were found to be non-irritant, and non-toxic even in high doses.", "contents": "Local anaesthetic activity of some sec-amino-N-(aryl-aralkyl)-ethyl acetamides. Six basic amides were screened for local anaesthetic activity and compared with procaine and lignocaine. Amongst the basic amides screened, piperidino-N-(alpha-4-ethoxy phenyl- beta-phenyl) ethyl and Diethylamino-N (alpha-4-ethoxy- beta-phenyl) ethyl acetamide were found to be more effective as compared to lignocaine. They were found to be non-irritant, and non-toxic even in high doses.", "PMID": 721256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8690", "title": "Developments in the prevention of road injuries.", "content": "Selected studies of road injury causation since 1960 are reviewed together with corresponding methods of prevention. British road accident deaths have remained relatively low in spite of greatly increased numbers of vehicles. Though not the only factors, improvements in car design and in safety equipment of vehicles have contributed to injury prevention.", "contents": "Developments in the prevention of road injuries. Selected studies of road injury causation since 1960 are reviewed together with corresponding methods of prevention. British road accident deaths have remained relatively low in spite of greatly increased numbers of vehicles. Though not the only factors, improvements in car design and in safety equipment of vehicles have contributed to injury prevention.", "PMID": 721289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8691", "title": "The management of knife wounds of the neck.", "content": "Eighteen cases of knife wounds of the neck are presented. Urgent operation was required in each case. Clinical assessment and resuscitation are discussed and a plan of management, with specific reference to major vascular injuries, is outlined. The operative approaches are described in detail. Methods of repair, results and complications are discussed.", "contents": "The management of knife wounds of the neck. Eighteen cases of knife wounds of the neck are presented. Urgent operation was required in each case. Clinical assessment and resuscitation are discussed and a plan of management, with specific reference to major vascular injuries, is outlined. The operative approaches are described in detail. Methods of repair, results and complications are discussed.", "PMID": 721295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8692", "title": "Stimulation of human NK-cell activity by cultured cells. I. Response of normals.", "content": "Natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity, observed on co-cultivation of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) with malignant melanoma tumor cells (M4), is described. The activity was inhibited when PBL were cultured in autologous serum. Studies using competitive inhibition with cold targets and stimulation of PBL with other tumor cell lines failed to detect specificity.", "contents": "Stimulation of human NK-cell activity by cultured cells. I. Response of normals. Natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity, observed on co-cultivation of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) with malignant melanoma tumor cells (M4), is described. The activity was inhibited when PBL were cultured in autologous serum. Studies using competitive inhibition with cold targets and stimulation of PBL with other tumor cell lines failed to detect specificity.", "PMID": 721315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8693", "title": "Effect of ricin and abrin on survival of L1210 leukemic mice and on leukemic and normal bone-marrow cells.", "content": "The effect of ricin and abrin on the survival of mice treated with L1210 leukemic cells intraperitoneally or intravenously was studied. In mice given 1 X 10(5) L1210 leukemia cells intraperitoneally a single dose of ricin (2.1 microgram/kg) intraperitoneally gave the best results, an increased life span (ILS) of 59%. Abrin also increased the life span of such animals although to a lesser extent. The effect of ricin was superior to that of 5-fluorouracil, but inferior to that of adriamycin, which gave a maximum ILS of 280%. In mice given L1210 cells intravenously no increase in life span was obtained with ricin, abrin or adiramycin, whereas 5-fluorouracil gave an ILS of 40-50%. In spleen colony assays the differential effect of ricin and abrin on the proliferative capacity of normal hematopoietic and leukemic colony-forming cells in bone marrow was studied. The differential effect of ricin was as good as that of adriamycin and considerably better than that of 5-fluorouracil. Abrin had a much smaller effect than ricin on both normal and leukemic cells. The effect of abrin on the leukemic cells was too small to be of therapeutic value. The results warrant exploration of the use of ricin in the treatment of human leukemia.", "contents": "Effect of ricin and abrin on survival of L1210 leukemic mice and on leukemic and normal bone-marrow cells. The effect of ricin and abrin on the survival of mice treated with L1210 leukemic cells intraperitoneally or intravenously was studied. In mice given 1 X 10(5) L1210 leukemia cells intraperitoneally a single dose of ricin (2.1 microgram/kg) intraperitoneally gave the best results, an increased life span (ILS) of 59%. Abrin also increased the life span of such animals although to a lesser extent. The effect of ricin was superior to that of 5-fluorouracil, but inferior to that of adriamycin, which gave a maximum ILS of 280%. In mice given L1210 cells intravenously no increase in life span was obtained with ricin, abrin or adiramycin, whereas 5-fluorouracil gave an ILS of 40-50%. In spleen colony assays the differential effect of ricin and abrin on the proliferative capacity of normal hematopoietic and leukemic colony-forming cells in bone marrow was studied. The differential effect of ricin was as good as that of adriamycin and considerably better than that of 5-fluorouracil. Abrin had a much smaller effect than ricin on both normal and leukemic cells. The effect of abrin on the leukemic cells was too small to be of therapeutic value. The results warrant exploration of the use of ricin in the treatment of human leukemia.", "PMID": 721316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8694", "title": "Immunotherapy with an intralesionally administered synthetic cord factor analogue.", "content": "Injection of emulsified 6,6'-di-O-2-tetradecyl-3-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-a, a trehalose designated C76, a synthetic analogue of the mycobacterial glycolipid trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate (TDM), into transplants of an established, syngeneic murine fibrosarcoma induced complete regression of tumor in a number of animals. The number of animals in which tumor regressed completely dependent on the amount of oil in the emulsion. On a weight basis, C76 was at least as active as TDM. Intralesional injection of an emulsified mixture of C76 and endotoxin (ET) or of TDM and ET caused regression of an established transplant of a guinea-pig hepatoma in syngeneic animals. In mice, intravenously administered emulsions of C76 were less toxic and less granulomagenic than those made with TDM.", "contents": "Immunotherapy with an intralesionally administered synthetic cord factor analogue. Injection of emulsified 6,6'-di-O-2-tetradecyl-3-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-a, a trehalose designated C76, a synthetic analogue of the mycobacterial glycolipid trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate (TDM), into transplants of an established, syngeneic murine fibrosarcoma induced complete regression of tumor in a number of animals. The number of animals in which tumor regressed completely dependent on the amount of oil in the emulsion. On a weight basis, C76 was at least as active as TDM. Intralesional injection of an emulsified mixture of C76 and endotoxin (ET) or of TDM and ET caused regression of an established transplant of a guinea-pig hepatoma in syngeneic animals. In mice, intravenously administered emulsions of C76 were less toxic and less granulomagenic than those made with TDM.", "PMID": 721317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8695", "title": "Induction of a tumor with greatly increased metastatic growth potential by injection of cells from a low-metastatic H-2 heterozygous tumor cell line into an H-2 incompatible parental strain.", "content": "An H-2 heterozygous sarcoma, MDAY, originally induced with methylcholanthrene in an (A X DBA/2)F1 ((H-2a X H-2d) hybrid host was selected for growth in the H-2d homoxygous parental DBA/2 strain by serial intraperitoneal transplantation of ascites tumor cells. An apparent variant, designated MDAY-D2, was obtained which showed the expected loss of the private and public H-2Kk haplotype antigens normally associated with the A strain parent and the original MDAY tumor. Comparison of the original and variant lines revealed a wide variety of a cell surface antigen and receptor differences. Both tumors were found to be highly anaplastic and histologically unclasssifiable. Examination of the two tumor lines growing in vivo revealed a remarkable difference in their metastatic growth potential. The original MDAY line showed little propensity to spread to any organ site, with the occasional exception of liver, after subcutaneous inoculation of (A X DBA/2)F1 mice. In striking contrast, there was a rapid and massive spread of MDAY-D2 to liver, spleen, lungs and kidneys within 12-16 days: liver and spleen could be totally replaced by tumor within 2-3 weeks. These characteristics were observed in both (A X DBA/2)F1 and DBA/2 mice. The tendency to metastasize, as well as loss of the H-2Kk haplotype, appeared stable and irreversible. Although the precise origin of MDAY-D2 is not clear, its metastasizing properties are unique, making it a useful and desirable model to study the biology of metastasis.", "contents": "Induction of a tumor with greatly increased metastatic growth potential by injection of cells from a low-metastatic H-2 heterozygous tumor cell line into an H-2 incompatible parental strain. An H-2 heterozygous sarcoma, MDAY, originally induced with methylcholanthrene in an (A X DBA/2)F1 ((H-2a X H-2d) hybrid host was selected for growth in the H-2d homoxygous parental DBA/2 strain by serial intraperitoneal transplantation of ascites tumor cells. An apparent variant, designated MDAY-D2, was obtained which showed the expected loss of the private and public H-2Kk haplotype antigens normally associated with the A strain parent and the original MDAY tumor. Comparison of the original and variant lines revealed a wide variety of a cell surface antigen and receptor differences. Both tumors were found to be highly anaplastic and histologically unclasssifiable. Examination of the two tumor lines growing in vivo revealed a remarkable difference in their metastatic growth potential. The original MDAY line showed little propensity to spread to any organ site, with the occasional exception of liver, after subcutaneous inoculation of (A X DBA/2)F1 mice. In striking contrast, there was a rapid and massive spread of MDAY-D2 to liver, spleen, lungs and kidneys within 12-16 days: liver and spleen could be totally replaced by tumor within 2-3 weeks. These characteristics were observed in both (A X DBA/2)F1 and DBA/2 mice. The tendency to metastasize, as well as loss of the H-2Kk haplotype, appeared stable and irreversible. Although the precise origin of MDAY-D2 is not clear, its metastasizing properties are unique, making it a useful and desirable model to study the biology of metastasis.", "PMID": 721318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8696", "title": "Cytotoxic activity of guinea-pig lymph node cells stimulated in vitro.", "content": "Guinea-pig lymph-node cells (LNC) cultured for 5 days in medium containing fetal calf serum (FCS) were cytotoxic to various target cells. LNC cultured in medium supplemented with fresh, autologous guinea-pig serum (GPS) instead of FCS were not detectably cytotoxic unless agents that stimulate lymphocyte proliferation were added to the culture medium. The stimulating agents we studied were 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME), syngeneic tumor cells, allogeneic peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) and the T-cell mitogens concanavalin A (Con A) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA). LNC cultured in the presence of these agents were cytotoxic to normal syngeneic fibroblasts and to syngeneic, allogeneic or xenogeneic tumor cells but not to PHA-induced lymphoblasts. Potentiation of cytotoxicity in vitro was accompanied by a marked proliferation of the cultured LNC; the combination of several stimulatory agents had an additive effect on the generation of cytotoxicity in culture.", "contents": "Cytotoxic activity of guinea-pig lymph node cells stimulated in vitro. Guinea-pig lymph-node cells (LNC) cultured for 5 days in medium containing fetal calf serum (FCS) were cytotoxic to various target cells. LNC cultured in medium supplemented with fresh, autologous guinea-pig serum (GPS) instead of FCS were not detectably cytotoxic unless agents that stimulate lymphocyte proliferation were added to the culture medium. The stimulating agents we studied were 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME), syngeneic tumor cells, allogeneic peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) and the T-cell mitogens concanavalin A (Con A) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA). LNC cultured in the presence of these agents were cytotoxic to normal syngeneic fibroblasts and to syngeneic, allogeneic or xenogeneic tumor cells but not to PHA-induced lymphoblasts. Potentiation of cytotoxicity in vitro was accompanied by a marked proliferation of the cultured LNC; the combination of several stimulatory agents had an additive effect on the generation of cytotoxicity in culture.", "PMID": 721319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8697", "title": "Enhancement of thermal killing by polyamines. I. Survival of Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "Exposure of Chinese hamster cells to polyamines at an elevated temperature (42 degrees C) results in synergistic cell killing. The effectiveness of polyamines in potentiating thermal killing decreases in the following order: spermine greater than spermidine greater than cadaverine greater than putrescine. The magnitude of the synergism increases with exposure time. The survival curves, when plotted as a function of polyamine concentration, display a shoulder during 1 h exposure at 42 degrees C, followed by exponential cell killing. Longer exposure times eliminate the shoulder and result in steeper slopes of the survival curves. The effect is maximal when exposure to polyamines and heat is simultaneous. Separation in time between the two treatments causes a rapid disappearance of the synergism. The order of application is of only minor importance in this regard. The results suggest that the intracellular level of spermine may be a major factor in determining heat sensitivity of Chinese hamster cells.", "contents": "Enhancement of thermal killing by polyamines. I. Survival of Chinese hamster cells. Exposure of Chinese hamster cells to polyamines at an elevated temperature (42 degrees C) results in synergistic cell killing. The effectiveness of polyamines in potentiating thermal killing decreases in the following order: spermine greater than spermidine greater than cadaverine greater than putrescine. The magnitude of the synergism increases with exposure time. The survival curves, when plotted as a function of polyamine concentration, display a shoulder during 1 h exposure at 42 degrees C, followed by exponential cell killing. Longer exposure times eliminate the shoulder and result in steeper slopes of the survival curves. The effect is maximal when exposure to polyamines and heat is simultaneous. Separation in time between the two treatments causes a rapid disappearance of the synergism. The order of application is of only minor importance in this regard. The results suggest that the intracellular level of spermine may be a major factor in determining heat sensitivity of Chinese hamster cells.", "PMID": 721320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8698", "title": "Enhancement of thermal killing by polyamines. II. Uptake and metabolism of exogenous polyamines in hyperthermic Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "The uptake and metabolism of the polyamines spermine, spermidine, cadaverine and putrescine, previously shown to potentiate heat sensitivity, were studied in cultured Chinese hamster cells. Heat (42 degrees C) causes enhanced uptake of exogenously supplied polyamines into the acid-soluble fraction of the cells. Putrescine is taken up exceptionally fast at 37 degrees C, about 10 times faster than its homologue, cadaverine. This uptake is slower at 42 degrees C. The polyamines taken up were metabolized to some extent and the metabolites were similar at 37 degrees C and 42 degrees C except in the case of putrescine. These results suggest that potentiation of heat-sensitivity is probably mediated by the polyamines as such and not by their metabolites. Polyamines slightly protect the cells against the inhibitory effect of heat on RNA and protein synthesis. It is suggested that exogenous polyamines interact with nucleic acids inside the cell, and this interaction may underlie their synergism with heat. The exact nature of this interaction and the way it leads to enhanced thermal sensitivity are still obscure.", "contents": "Enhancement of thermal killing by polyamines. II. Uptake and metabolism of exogenous polyamines in hyperthermic Chinese hamster cells. The uptake and metabolism of the polyamines spermine, spermidine, cadaverine and putrescine, previously shown to potentiate heat sensitivity, were studied in cultured Chinese hamster cells. Heat (42 degrees C) causes enhanced uptake of exogenously supplied polyamines into the acid-soluble fraction of the cells. Putrescine is taken up exceptionally fast at 37 degrees C, about 10 times faster than its homologue, cadaverine. This uptake is slower at 42 degrees C. The polyamines taken up were metabolized to some extent and the metabolites were similar at 37 degrees C and 42 degrees C except in the case of putrescine. These results suggest that potentiation of heat-sensitivity is probably mediated by the polyamines as such and not by their metabolites. Polyamines slightly protect the cells against the inhibitory effect of heat on RNA and protein synthesis. It is suggested that exogenous polyamines interact with nucleic acids inside the cell, and this interaction may underlie their synergism with heat. The exact nature of this interaction and the way it leads to enhanced thermal sensitivity are still obscure.", "PMID": 721321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8699", "title": "Cancer and \"cancer related\" colorectal lesions in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil.", "content": "A series of 832 necropsy specimens were studied grossly with a magnifying lens and all lesions identified were studied microscopically. The age and sex-specific prevalence of adenomatous and hyperplastic polyps is reported and results are compared with those of other populations. A correlation was made between polyps and cancer of the colon and rectum (407 cases). The data suggest that S\u00e3o Paulo is a community in a transitional stage between intermediate and high risk of cancer of the colon. The epidemiologic characteristics of lower rectum cancer are peculiar to some populations and appear unrelated to colon cancer. The black population of S\u00e3o Paulo has a higher prevalence than that reported for African negroes. The data also implicate adenomatous polyps, diverticulosis and hemorrhoids as being probably related diseases.", "contents": "Cancer and \"cancer related\" colorectal lesions in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. A series of 832 necropsy specimens were studied grossly with a magnifying lens and all lesions identified were studied microscopically. The age and sex-specific prevalence of adenomatous and hyperplastic polyps is reported and results are compared with those of other populations. A correlation was made between polyps and cancer of the colon and rectum (407 cases). The data suggest that S\u00e3o Paulo is a community in a transitional stage between intermediate and high risk of cancer of the colon. The epidemiologic characteristics of lower rectum cancer are peculiar to some populations and appear unrelated to colon cancer. The black population of S\u00e3o Paulo has a higher prevalence than that reported for African negroes. The data also implicate adenomatous polyps, diverticulosis and hemorrhoids as being probably related diseases.", "PMID": 721322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8700", "title": "Abnormalities in evening plasma prolactin levels in nulliparous women with benign or malignant breast disease.", "content": "In the present study the assay results of prolactin concentrations in serial samples of blood obtained from premenopausal women with benign or malignant disease of the breast are compared with--and discussed in relation to--findings reported in earlier studies based on single samples of blood taken at various times from a large and ostensibly normal population of women. The finding of an abnormality in nycthemeral prolactin levels in the established disease is considered to strengthen the concept that the same abnormality found in high-risk groups is of aetiological importance.", "contents": "Abnormalities in evening plasma prolactin levels in nulliparous women with benign or malignant breast disease. In the present study the assay results of prolactin concentrations in serial samples of blood obtained from premenopausal women with benign or malignant disease of the breast are compared with--and discussed in relation to--findings reported in earlier studies based on single samples of blood taken at various times from a large and ostensibly normal population of women. The finding of an abnormality in nycthemeral prolactin levels in the established disease is considered to strengthen the concept that the same abnormality found in high-risk groups is of aetiological importance.", "PMID": 721323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8701", "title": "An abnormal early evening peak of plasma prolactin in nulliparous and obese post-menopausal women.", "content": "Plasma specimens were obtained in the afternoon (13.30 to 17.29 h) from 668 post-menopausal women and in the evening (17.30 to 20.30 h) from 219 further women. The mean evening plasma prolactin level was significantly higher than that found in the afternoon (p less than 0.0007). Mean afternoon prolactin levels were not related to nulliparity and body weight. In nulliparous obese women the mean of the evening peak prolactin concentrations was double that of comparable women studied in the afternoon (p less than 0.003).", "contents": "An abnormal early evening peak of plasma prolactin in nulliparous and obese post-menopausal women. Plasma specimens were obtained in the afternoon (13.30 to 17.29 h) from 668 post-menopausal women and in the evening (17.30 to 20.30 h) from 219 further women. The mean evening plasma prolactin level was significantly higher than that found in the afternoon (p less than 0.0007). Mean afternoon prolactin levels were not related to nulliparity and body weight. In nulliparous obese women the mean of the evening peak prolactin concentrations was double that of comparable women studied in the afternoon (p less than 0.003).", "PMID": 721324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8702", "title": "Oral contraceptives and breast disease in premenopausal Northern Albertan women.", "content": "The results of a prospective study on oral contraceptive use and breast disease in northern Alberta are presented. The study groups comprised all women aged 30 to 49 examined in diagnostic breast clinics at the Cross Cancer Institute between 1971 and 1974. Three hundred and one patients had breast cancer, 692 had a subsequent biopsy for a benign breast condition, and 548 had no subsequent biopsy. A tendency for an increased relative risk (RR) of breast cancer in women taking oral contraceptives for periods of 1 to 5 years was evident, with relative risk decreased or unaffected in users of less than 12 months (RR = 0.6) or more than 5 years (RR = 1.0). A slightly increased risk was apparent in patients using oral contraceptives within a year prior to attendance at the clinic (recent users); this increase was emphasized when recent users with a prior biopsy for benign breast disease were analyzed alone (RR = 5.0). In women with a prior breast biopsy, use of oral contraceptives for more than 5 years increased risk of breast cancer nine-fold. Former users who had taken oral contraceptives for less than a year showed a significant reduction in breast cancer risk (RR = 0.3). The risk of benign breast disease was also reduced in former users (RR = 0.6) as well as in long-term users (RR = 0.5).", "contents": "Oral contraceptives and breast disease in premenopausal Northern Albertan women. The results of a prospective study on oral contraceptive use and breast disease in northern Alberta are presented. The study groups comprised all women aged 30 to 49 examined in diagnostic breast clinics at the Cross Cancer Institute between 1971 and 1974. Three hundred and one patients had breast cancer, 692 had a subsequent biopsy for a benign breast condition, and 548 had no subsequent biopsy. A tendency for an increased relative risk (RR) of breast cancer in women taking oral contraceptives for periods of 1 to 5 years was evident, with relative risk decreased or unaffected in users of less than 12 months (RR = 0.6) or more than 5 years (RR = 1.0). A slightly increased risk was apparent in patients using oral contraceptives within a year prior to attendance at the clinic (recent users); this increase was emphasized when recent users with a prior biopsy for benign breast disease were analyzed alone (RR = 5.0). In women with a prior breast biopsy, use of oral contraceptives for more than 5 years increased risk of breast cancer nine-fold. Former users who had taken oral contraceptives for less than a year showed a significant reduction in breast cancer risk (RR = 0.3). The risk of benign breast disease was also reduced in former users (RR = 0.6) as well as in long-term users (RR = 0.5).", "PMID": 721325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8703", "title": "The effect of fibre size on the in vitro biological activity of three types of amphibole asbestos.", "content": "Three standard (UICC) samples of amphibole asbestos were subjected to ball-milling; the main effect of this procedure was to reduce the length of the fibres present in each sample. The numbers of fibres in unit masses, and the distribution of fibre sizes in all the samples, both parent and milled, were estimated from electron micrographs. The ability of all the samples to reduce the plating efficiency of V79-4 cells is compared, on the basis of mass, fibre number and fibre number number above various length thresholds. This biological activity of all the samples correlated best with the number of fibres above a threshold length of 6.5 micron. This is compared with the sizes of fibre previously reported to induce mesotheliomata when implanted into the pleural cavities of rats.", "contents": "The effect of fibre size on the in vitro biological activity of three types of amphibole asbestos. Three standard (UICC) samples of amphibole asbestos were subjected to ball-milling; the main effect of this procedure was to reduce the length of the fibres present in each sample. The numbers of fibres in unit masses, and the distribution of fibre sizes in all the samples, both parent and milled, were estimated from electron micrographs. The ability of all the samples to reduce the plating efficiency of V79-4 cells is compared, on the basis of mass, fibre number and fibre number number above various length thresholds. This biological activity of all the samples correlated best with the number of fibres above a threshold length of 6.5 micron. This is compared with the sizes of fibre previously reported to induce mesotheliomata when implanted into the pleural cavities of rats.", "PMID": 721326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8704", "title": "Effects on in vitro tumor growth of murine macrophages isolated from sarcoma lines differing in immunogenicity and metastasizing capacity.", "content": "Macrophages were isolated from the strongly immunogenic, non-metastasizing FS6 sarcoma transplanted in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice and from a weakly immunogenic, spontaneously metastasizing line (mFS6) of the same tumor. Macrophages isolated from the FS6 sarcoma non-specifically inhibited growth and DNA synthesis of tumor cells in vitro. After culture FS6 macrophages rapidly lost their cytotoxic activity and became capable of non-specifically stimulating tumor growth in vitro. Macrophages obtained from the mFS6 tumor non-specifically enhanced the proliferative activity of tumor target cells and this capacity was maintained when the macrophages were cultured.", "contents": "Effects on in vitro tumor growth of murine macrophages isolated from sarcoma lines differing in immunogenicity and metastasizing capacity. Macrophages were isolated from the strongly immunogenic, non-metastasizing FS6 sarcoma transplanted in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice and from a weakly immunogenic, spontaneously metastasizing line (mFS6) of the same tumor. Macrophages isolated from the FS6 sarcoma non-specifically inhibited growth and DNA synthesis of tumor cells in vitro. After culture FS6 macrophages rapidly lost their cytotoxic activity and became capable of non-specifically stimulating tumor growth in vitro. Macrophages obtained from the mFS6 tumor non-specifically enhanced the proliferative activity of tumor target cells and this capacity was maintained when the macrophages were cultured.", "PMID": 721327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8705", "title": "Serum methadone as an aid in managing methadone maintenance patients.", "content": "Serial serum methadone levels were obtained in two patients who were experiencing significant difficulties (including subjective and objective evidence of the opiate withdrawal syndrome) while on methadone maintenance. A precipitous drop in blood levels of methadone was recorded 2 to 6 hours after ingestion. It was during this same time period that withdrawal symptoms were most severe. When methadone was administered on a divided dosage regimen, there was a dramatic clinical improvement in both patients and a marked flattening of the curve of serum methadone levels. This pilot study suggests that the current practice of administering methadone as a single daily dose to all patients needs reconsideration; serial serum methadone levels may be helpful in determining which patients do better on a divided dosage regimen.", "contents": "Serum methadone as an aid in managing methadone maintenance patients. Serial serum methadone levels were obtained in two patients who were experiencing significant difficulties (including subjective and objective evidence of the opiate withdrawal syndrome) while on methadone maintenance. A precipitous drop in blood levels of methadone was recorded 2 to 6 hours after ingestion. It was during this same time period that withdrawal symptoms were most severe. When methadone was administered on a divided dosage regimen, there was a dramatic clinical improvement in both patients and a marked flattening of the curve of serum methadone levels. This pilot study suggests that the current practice of administering methadone as a single daily dose to all patients needs reconsideration; serial serum methadone levels may be helpful in determining which patients do better on a divided dosage regimen.", "PMID": 721328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8706", "title": "An evaluation of services provided drug abusers in an emergency room.", "content": "This study examines the services provided to drug abusers seen in an emergency room. Research was conducted soley via an examination of hospital records. Patient characteristics were related to the level of services provided, i.e., admission, referral, etc. It was determined that services delivered were generally appropriate to the needs of the patients. However, there appeared to be somewhat of a lack of early intervention services for patients who did not exhibit acute distress. Possible means of enhancing these services are discussed.", "contents": "An evaluation of services provided drug abusers in an emergency room. This study examines the services provided to drug abusers seen in an emergency room. Research was conducted soley via an examination of hospital records. Patient characteristics were related to the level of services provided, i.e., admission, referral, etc. It was determined that services delivered were generally appropriate to the needs of the patients. However, there appeared to be somewhat of a lack of early intervention services for patients who did not exhibit acute distress. Possible means of enhancing these services are discussed.", "PMID": 721329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8707", "title": "Client demographics and therapeutic approach as predictive factors in the in-treatment outcomes of opiate users.", "content": "This study examines the effect of pretreatment role involvements and therapeutic environment on the level of in-treatment client perfromance in a sample of 704 nonopiate users. Within the sample, treatment type is found to have minimal predictive utility for success on selected measures of performance.", "contents": "Client demographics and therapeutic approach as predictive factors in the in-treatment outcomes of opiate users. This study examines the effect of pretreatment role involvements and therapeutic environment on the level of in-treatment client perfromance in a sample of 704 nonopiate users. Within the sample, treatment type is found to have minimal predictive utility for success on selected measures of performance.", "PMID": 721330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8708", "title": "Drug usage as determined under conditions of anonymity and high questionnaire return rate.", "content": "The present study had three principal purposes: (1) to collect, on one sample, information concerning lifetime usage of major drugs, overall frequency of usage, places and situations of initial usage, and exposure to drug usage through social group contacts; (2) to assure subjects of absolute anonymity in order to avoid biases introduced by identification of subjects; and (3) to obtain high questionnaire return rates in order to assure reduction of sample biases. A drug survey questionnaire dealing with marijuana, amphetamines, heroine, hallucinogens, tranquilizers, and antidepressants was administered in classroom settings to a total of 332 college students. Subjects did not record their names and thus were assured of complete anonymity. The return rate for questionnaires was 99.4%. Data were subgrouped for analysis to differentiate freshmen and upperclassmen and to differentiate males and females. For various subgroups, lifetime usage of marijuana and LSD ranged from 55 to 80.6% and from 14 to 30%, respectively. Current use ranged from 30.1 to 62.5% for marijuana and from 2.5 to 9.1% for hallucinogens. Sex differences were minimal, and usage levels were generally higher in upperclassmen than in freshmen.", "contents": "Drug usage as determined under conditions of anonymity and high questionnaire return rate. The present study had three principal purposes: (1) to collect, on one sample, information concerning lifetime usage of major drugs, overall frequency of usage, places and situations of initial usage, and exposure to drug usage through social group contacts; (2) to assure subjects of absolute anonymity in order to avoid biases introduced by identification of subjects; and (3) to obtain high questionnaire return rates in order to assure reduction of sample biases. A drug survey questionnaire dealing with marijuana, amphetamines, heroine, hallucinogens, tranquilizers, and antidepressants was administered in classroom settings to a total of 332 college students. Subjects did not record their names and thus were assured of complete anonymity. The return rate for questionnaires was 99.4%. Data were subgrouped for analysis to differentiate freshmen and upperclassmen and to differentiate males and females. For various subgroups, lifetime usage of marijuana and LSD ranged from 55 to 80.6% and from 14 to 30%, respectively. Current use ranged from 30.1 to 62.5% for marijuana and from 2.5 to 9.1% for hallucinogens. Sex differences were minimal, and usage levels were generally higher in upperclassmen than in freshmen.", "PMID": 721331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8709", "title": "Contingency management in a methadone maintenance program: availability of reinforcers.", "content": "A survey was conducted to identify clinic privileges that might serve as reinforcers for a group of methadone maintenance clients. Fifty-three clients ranked nine clinic privileges according to their desirability. The opportunity to take medication home from the clinic on 4 days of the week was ranked as most desirable, on the average, followed by receiving cash payments ($30 and $10) and the opportunity for limited dosage self-control. Medication take-home privileges appear to be the most potent potential reinforcer available in the context of a methadone clinic.", "contents": "Contingency management in a methadone maintenance program: availability of reinforcers. A survey was conducted to identify clinic privileges that might serve as reinforcers for a group of methadone maintenance clients. Fifty-three clients ranked nine clinic privileges according to their desirability. The opportunity to take medication home from the clinic on 4 days of the week was ranked as most desirable, on the average, followed by receiving cash payments ($30 and $10) and the opportunity for limited dosage self-control. Medication take-home privileges appear to be the most potent potential reinforcer available in the context of a methadone clinic.", "PMID": 721332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8710", "title": "Family life and levels of involvement in an adolescent heroin epidemic.", "content": "Family life was examined in relation to different levels of heroin involvement, use of other drugs, and deviant behavior. The study population included heroin addicts, experimenters, persons exposed but not using heroin, and a comparison sample of persons who neither used nor were exposed to heroin. More elements of family life were related to heroin use by females than males. The relationship with the opposite sex parent had the strongest impact on both male and female heroin users.", "contents": "Family life and levels of involvement in an adolescent heroin epidemic. Family life was examined in relation to different levels of heroin involvement, use of other drugs, and deviant behavior. The study population included heroin addicts, experimenters, persons exposed but not using heroin, and a comparison sample of persons who neither used nor were exposed to heroin. More elements of family life were related to heroin use by females than males. The relationship with the opposite sex parent had the strongest impact on both male and female heroin users.", "PMID": 721333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8711", "title": "Early adolescent antecedents of narcotic abuse.", "content": "A retrospective study of the sociocultural and behavioral characteristics of 200 persons under treatment for narcotic addiction was done and the results compared with those of 200 matched nonaddict peers. Twenty-eight of the original 104 items tested were found to discriminate between the two samples at the 5% level of significance. A factor analysis of these items indicated that a general delinquency behavior factor and three family background factors accounted for most of the variance in the data.", "contents": "Early adolescent antecedents of narcotic abuse. A retrospective study of the sociocultural and behavioral characteristics of 200 persons under treatment for narcotic addiction was done and the results compared with those of 200 matched nonaddict peers. Twenty-eight of the original 104 items tested were found to discriminate between the two samples at the 5% level of significance. A factor analysis of these items indicated that a general delinquency behavior factor and three family background factors accounted for most of the variance in the data.", "PMID": 721334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8712", "title": "Focus on the family as a factor in differential treatment outcome.", "content": "The prognostic relationship between prehospital living arrangements and treatment outcome was explored. Drug (N = 17) and alcohol (N = 19) patients who had lived with parents, wives, nonrelatives, or alone before voluntary admission to an inpatient substance abuse program were compared on changes in social dysfunctioning and symptomatology as a result of treatment. Ratings on each patient's level of dysfunctioning and symptomatology were made following intake into the program and within a 3-day period after receiving a regular discharge. While treatment had a positive effect on all groups, multivariate analysis of covariance showed a significant (P less than .009) differential rate of improvement between the pretreatment residential setting groups. Those who had lived alone or with nonrelatives prior to admission changed the most, becoming significantly less dysfunctional and symptomatic. Those coming from parental families changed the least improvement, while those who had lived with their spouses showed moderate improvement. Findings were consistent for both drug and alcohol patients. Results indicate that the type of home environment from which substance abusers come before engaging in treatment significantly influences their receptivity to rehabilitation. Findings suggest the need for assessment of the family environment and utilization of community resources as a means of enhancing adjustment.", "contents": "Focus on the family as a factor in differential treatment outcome. The prognostic relationship between prehospital living arrangements and treatment outcome was explored. Drug (N = 17) and alcohol (N = 19) patients who had lived with parents, wives, nonrelatives, or alone before voluntary admission to an inpatient substance abuse program were compared on changes in social dysfunctioning and symptomatology as a result of treatment. Ratings on each patient's level of dysfunctioning and symptomatology were made following intake into the program and within a 3-day period after receiving a regular discharge. While treatment had a positive effect on all groups, multivariate analysis of covariance showed a significant (P less than .009) differential rate of improvement between the pretreatment residential setting groups. Those who had lived alone or with nonrelatives prior to admission changed the most, becoming significantly less dysfunctional and symptomatic. Those coming from parental families changed the least improvement, while those who had lived with their spouses showed moderate improvement. Findings were consistent for both drug and alcohol patients. Results indicate that the type of home environment from which substance abusers come before engaging in treatment significantly influences their receptivity to rehabilitation. Findings suggest the need for assessment of the family environment and utilization of community resources as a means of enhancing adjustment.", "PMID": 721335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8713", "title": "The effect of prior treatment on treatment success.", "content": "The characteristics of clients discharged from federally funded treatment facilities reporting to CODAP are analyzed in terms of several variables. These are the reasons for discharge (treatment completed, transfer or referral, or treatment not completed), the primary drug of abuse at admission (opiates and nonopiates), and the number of prior treatment experiences. Two independent replications using data for two consecutive quarters produced the same results, finding that the likelihood of completing treatment decreases as the number of prior treatment experiences increases. This relationship was found to apply to both opiate and nonopiate users. Although large differences exist in completion rates between opiate and nonopiate users without prior treatment experience, only small differences exist between opiate and nonopiate users who have had prior treatment. The largest difference in treatment outcome occurs between those with no prior treatment and those who have been treated before. Having one or more prior treatment experiences does not seem to have a major impact on the probability of completing treatment.", "contents": "The effect of prior treatment on treatment success. The characteristics of clients discharged from federally funded treatment facilities reporting to CODAP are analyzed in terms of several variables. These are the reasons for discharge (treatment completed, transfer or referral, or treatment not completed), the primary drug of abuse at admission (opiates and nonopiates), and the number of prior treatment experiences. Two independent replications using data for two consecutive quarters produced the same results, finding that the likelihood of completing treatment decreases as the number of prior treatment experiences increases. This relationship was found to apply to both opiate and nonopiate users. Although large differences exist in completion rates between opiate and nonopiate users without prior treatment experience, only small differences exist between opiate and nonopiate users who have had prior treatment. The largest difference in treatment outcome occurs between those with no prior treatment and those who have been treated before. Having one or more prior treatment experiences does not seem to have a major impact on the probability of completing treatment.", "PMID": 721336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8714", "title": "Positive reactions of alcoholic men to sensory deprivation.", "content": "Ten male alcoholics who had been abstinent for 2 to 9 weeks volunteered to participate in a study on the effects of sensory deprivation. After 8 hours of lying on a bed in a dark, silent room, they indicated on various measures that they had found the experience to be quite pleasant; in fact, they indicated that they had more frequent positive experiences and less frequent negative experiences than in normal life. This finding indicates that sensory deprivation may be an acceptable treatment modality for alcoholics, as it has been for other clinical population.", "contents": "Positive reactions of alcoholic men to sensory deprivation. Ten male alcoholics who had been abstinent for 2 to 9 weeks volunteered to participate in a study on the effects of sensory deprivation. After 8 hours of lying on a bed in a dark, silent room, they indicated on various measures that they had found the experience to be quite pleasant; in fact, they indicated that they had more frequent positive experiences and less frequent negative experiences than in normal life. This finding indicates that sensory deprivation may be an acceptable treatment modality for alcoholics, as it has been for other clinical population.", "PMID": 721337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8715", "title": "An investigation of procedures reported to increase potency of marijuana: a chemical analysis and psychological interpretation.", "content": "Three basic procedures from the \"underground press\" for increasing the potency of marijuana were tested quantitatively: Black Merta, Dry Ice, and isopropanol--water extraction. In all methods there was not significant change in THC, CBN, or CBD content before and after treatment. The persistence of procedures which have no measurable effect on the chemical properties of the drug is presented as additional evidence for the importance of psychological factors in perceived drug effects.", "contents": "An investigation of procedures reported to increase potency of marijuana: a chemical analysis and psychological interpretation. Three basic procedures from the \"underground press\" for increasing the potency of marijuana were tested quantitatively: Black Merta, Dry Ice, and isopropanol--water extraction. In all methods there was not significant change in THC, CBN, or CBD content before and after treatment. The persistence of procedures which have no measurable effect on the chemical properties of the drug is presented as additional evidence for the importance of psychological factors in perceived drug effects.", "PMID": 721338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8716", "title": "Opiate addiction: a study identifying three systematically related psychological correlates.", "content": "The present study attempted to make a contribution to the badly needed body of systematic psychological knowledge about the contemporary heroin addict. Addicts and nonaddict controls were contrasted in terms of three psychological dimensions: selfesteem (SE), future time perspective (FTP), and locus of control (LC). These constructs were chosen on the basis of their status as important personality and rehabilitation variables. When contrasted with nonaddict controls, heroin addicts were clearly shown to have low SE, a foreshortened FTP, and an external LC. While further empirical studies are necessary, these constructs, as a group, may have utility as addiction criterion or rehabilitation variables for the understanding, treatment, and prevention of opiate addiction.", "contents": "Opiate addiction: a study identifying three systematically related psychological correlates. The present study attempted to make a contribution to the badly needed body of systematic psychological knowledge about the contemporary heroin addict. Addicts and nonaddict controls were contrasted in terms of three psychological dimensions: selfesteem (SE), future time perspective (FTP), and locus of control (LC). These constructs were chosen on the basis of their status as important personality and rehabilitation variables. When contrasted with nonaddict controls, heroin addicts were clearly shown to have low SE, a foreshortened FTP, and an external LC. While further empirical studies are necessary, these constructs, as a group, may have utility as addiction criterion or rehabilitation variables for the understanding, treatment, and prevention of opiate addiction.", "PMID": 721339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8717", "title": "The effects of alcoholism training on the knowledge, attitudes, and drinking behavior of college students in the human services.", "content": "This study reports on the impact of clinically oriented alcoholism training on undergraduate students in the human services preparing for entry level counseling positions. Specifically, this study was designed to determine whether training in alcoholism influences students' knowledge and attitudes toward alcohol and alcoholism and their personal drinking behavior.", "contents": "The effects of alcoholism training on the knowledge, attitudes, and drinking behavior of college students in the human services. This study reports on the impact of clinically oriented alcoholism training on undergraduate students in the human services preparing for entry level counseling positions. Specifically, this study was designed to determine whether training in alcoholism influences students' knowledge and attitudes toward alcohol and alcoholism and their personal drinking behavior.", "PMID": 721340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8718", "title": "Alcohol use in the opiate use cycle of the heroin addict.", "content": "Ninety-six methadone maintained patients selected at random from a private clinic were interviewed to explore lifetime patterns of alcohol use in relation to opiate use. The results indicated that most addicts who ever drank excessively (in alcoholic, problem, or heavy patterns) did so primarily during two periods: prior to becoming addicted to narcotics and during periods of voluntary abstinence from narcotics. Further, most of the addicts who were drinking in excessive patterns while maintained on methadone had pretreatment histories of similar alcohol use.", "contents": "Alcohol use in the opiate use cycle of the heroin addict. Ninety-six methadone maintained patients selected at random from a private clinic were interviewed to explore lifetime patterns of alcohol use in relation to opiate use. The results indicated that most addicts who ever drank excessively (in alcoholic, problem, or heavy patterns) did so primarily during two periods: prior to becoming addicted to narcotics and during periods of voluntary abstinence from narcotics. Further, most of the addicts who were drinking in excessive patterns while maintained on methadone had pretreatment histories of similar alcohol use.", "PMID": 721341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8719", "title": "Predicting initial use of marijuana from correlates of marijuana use: assessment of panel and cross-sectional data 1969--1976.", "content": "Data from two college-student samples, collected through a panel design from 1969 to 1973 and a cross-sectional design in 1976, were analyzed to address three questions regarding initial marijuana use: (1) Which variables, believed associated with marijuana use, are most salient to predicting initial use of the drug? (2) Are variables salient to predicting initial use of marijuana consistent in predicting initial over time? (3) Do any salient variables operate in combination to predict initial marijuana use? Results indicated that salience of the variables to predicting initial marijuana use changed over time. Implications for drug-use prediction are offered based on the findings.", "contents": "Predicting initial use of marijuana from correlates of marijuana use: assessment of panel and cross-sectional data 1969--1976. Data from two college-student samples, collected through a panel design from 1969 to 1973 and a cross-sectional design in 1976, were analyzed to address three questions regarding initial marijuana use: (1) Which variables, believed associated with marijuana use, are most salient to predicting initial use of the drug? (2) Are variables salient to predicting initial use of marijuana consistent in predicting initial over time? (3) Do any salient variables operate in combination to predict initial marijuana use? Results indicated that salience of the variables to predicting initial marijuana use changed over time. Implications for drug-use prediction are offered based on the findings.", "PMID": 721342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8720", "title": "Placebo attribution in methadone patients.", "content": "The effect of external cues on the attributed effectiveness of a placebo was evaluated with methadone patients and a nonaddict control group. Two sources of external feedback, implicit dosage strength (liquid drug color) and explicit performance information (pursuit rotor feedback), were varied along with drug usage. The results indicated that the methadone patients made significantly greater placebo attributions and relied more upon the external cues in making those attributions than did the nonaddict control group. Implications for drug therapy are presented.", "contents": "Placebo attribution in methadone patients. The effect of external cues on the attributed effectiveness of a placebo was evaluated with methadone patients and a nonaddict control group. Two sources of external feedback, implicit dosage strength (liquid drug color) and explicit performance information (pursuit rotor feedback), were varied along with drug usage. The results indicated that the methadone patients made significantly greater placebo attributions and relied more upon the external cues in making those attributions than did the nonaddict control group. Implications for drug therapy are presented.", "PMID": 721343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8721", "title": "Methadone maintenance: an assessment of potential fluctuations in behavior between doses.", "content": "Thirty methadone maintenance outpatients were measured 1 and 25 hours after ingestion of methadone on auditory threshold, distance perception, simple and differential reaction time, time perception, attention span, and short-term memory. The results revealed a small but statistically significant difference between the two tests for distance perception. In addition, treatment interacted with preparatory interval on differential reaction time and with sex on attention span.", "contents": "Methadone maintenance: an assessment of potential fluctuations in behavior between doses. Thirty methadone maintenance outpatients were measured 1 and 25 hours after ingestion of methadone on auditory threshold, distance perception, simple and differential reaction time, time perception, attention span, and short-term memory. The results revealed a small but statistically significant difference between the two tests for distance perception. In addition, treatment interacted with preparatory interval on differential reaction time and with sex on attention span.", "PMID": 721344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8722", "title": "Gamblers Anonymous in Israel: a participant observation study of a self-help group.", "content": "This participant observation study of the first Gamblers Anonymous group in Israel is designed to show (1) the ways in which the group helps it members rehabilitate themselves, (2) the three stages through which they must go in order to ensure success, and (3) the reason why some participants fail to do so. The article concludes with a number of observations concerning the extent of gambling in Israel and the different ways that should be developed for dealing with the problem.", "contents": "Gamblers Anonymous in Israel: a participant observation study of a self-help group. This participant observation study of the first Gamblers Anonymous group in Israel is designed to show (1) the ways in which the group helps it members rehabilitate themselves, (2) the three stages through which they must go in order to ensure success, and (3) the reason why some participants fail to do so. The article concludes with a number of observations concerning the extent of gambling in Israel and the different ways that should be developed for dealing with the problem.", "PMID": 721345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8723", "title": "Predictors of drinking and signs of heavy drinking among high school students.", "content": "This paper reports an investigation of factors associated with drinking and heavy drinking among high school students. The relative importance of social characteristics, parental drinking and parental rejection and control are assessed. Data were obtained from 1,439 students in two high schools. It is found that most students drink, but most drink infrequently (less than once a week and one or two drinks at time). Multivariate analysis using the MCA program indicates that students who frequently get drunk are those who are heavy drinkers, drink away from home and in cars, and whose drinking is not known to their parents. Parents' drinking and parental rejection and control have little unique explanatory power. It is suggested that parental modeling may be of most importance at the outset of drinking, whereas place and extent of drinking is most important in predicting the signs of heavy drinking.", "contents": "Predictors of drinking and signs of heavy drinking among high school students. This paper reports an investigation of factors associated with drinking and heavy drinking among high school students. The relative importance of social characteristics, parental drinking and parental rejection and control are assessed. Data were obtained from 1,439 students in two high schools. It is found that most students drink, but most drink infrequently (less than once a week and one or two drinks at time). Multivariate analysis using the MCA program indicates that students who frequently get drunk are those who are heavy drinkers, drink away from home and in cars, and whose drinking is not known to their parents. Parents' drinking and parental rejection and control have little unique explanatory power. It is suggested that parental modeling may be of most importance at the outset of drinking, whereas place and extent of drinking is most important in predicting the signs of heavy drinking.", "PMID": 721346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8724", "title": "\"Compulsive\" gambling: the problem of definition.", "content": "A model depicting 16 varieties of healthy and pathological gambling is presented. The 16 varieties are formed by combinations of 4 variables--money (won or lost), time devoted to gambling (a lot or a little), other people (negatively affected or not affected), and the gambler's feelings (feels good or bad about his gambling). The model has a logical base and is multifaceted. Its purpose is to force the serious student of gambling to consider alll 16 forms, not just the pathological forms. Certain philosophical, ethical, social, and scientific questions arise.", "contents": "\"Compulsive\" gambling: the problem of definition. A model depicting 16 varieties of healthy and pathological gambling is presented. The 16 varieties are formed by combinations of 4 variables--money (won or lost), time devoted to gambling (a lot or a little), other people (negatively affected or not affected), and the gambler's feelings (feels good or bad about his gambling). The model has a logical base and is multifaceted. Its purpose is to force the serious student of gambling to consider alll 16 forms, not just the pathological forms. Certain philosophical, ethical, social, and scientific questions arise.", "PMID": 721347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8725", "title": "Effects of client characteristics on admission activity in United States federally funded drug treatment facilities.", "content": "Utilizing data from the National Institute on Drug Abuse's CODAP, this paper examines the effect of client characteristics and drug of abuse on certain admission activity variables. It generally sustains the hypotheses (1) that the demographic characteristics of clients (i.e., sex, age, race-ethnicity, and education) admitted to treatment have no effect on admission activity and (2) that type of primary drug problem (opiates, marijuana, alcohol, barbiturates, and amphetamines) at admission is strongly associated with admission activity. The implications of these data for nondiscriminatory admissions policies; for effective utilization of intake, treatment, and follow-up resources; and for training treatment agents are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of client characteristics on admission activity in United States federally funded drug treatment facilities. Utilizing data from the National Institute on Drug Abuse's CODAP, this paper examines the effect of client characteristics and drug of abuse on certain admission activity variables. It generally sustains the hypotheses (1) that the demographic characteristics of clients (i.e., sex, age, race-ethnicity, and education) admitted to treatment have no effect on admission activity and (2) that type of primary drug problem (opiates, marijuana, alcohol, barbiturates, and amphetamines) at admission is strongly associated with admission activity. The implications of these data for nondiscriminatory admissions policies; for effective utilization of intake, treatment, and follow-up resources; and for training treatment agents are discussed.", "PMID": 721348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8726", "title": "Prevention of drug overdosage: current strategies and implications for policy.", "content": "The efficacy of using secondary and tertiary prevention approaches for drug overdosage has been questioned. This paper examines new approaches that are required and the manner in which they can be implemented as part of a public policy that emphasizes primary prevention. Rather than viewing self-injury as a manifestation of individual pathology, we need to focus on the role of acceptability and availability of drugs in the use and misuse of psychoactive substances. The potential utility of such a model is extrapolated from previous research on alcohol, and alternative plans are outlined.", "contents": "Prevention of drug overdosage: current strategies and implications for policy. The efficacy of using secondary and tertiary prevention approaches for drug overdosage has been questioned. This paper examines new approaches that are required and the manner in which they can be implemented as part of a public policy that emphasizes primary prevention. Rather than viewing self-injury as a manifestation of individual pathology, we need to focus on the role of acceptability and availability of drugs in the use and misuse of psychoactive substances. The potential utility of such a model is extrapolated from previous research on alcohol, and alternative plans are outlined.", "PMID": 721349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8727", "title": "A comparison of chronic versus casual marijuana users on personal values and behavioral orientations.", "content": "Fifty-one chronic (daily) long-term marijuana smokers and 32 casual (1 to 3 times per week) users were interviewed and given a Rokeach Value Survey, a Personal Orientation Inventory (POI), and a Zuckerman Multiple Affect Adjective Check List. Value survey results showed that the two groups had the same general value structure. The POI showed no differences between the groups, and the adjective self-ratings were similar. The groups were significantly different on a number of social variables; number of user friends, longest period without drugs, perceived risk, etc., which indicated \"drug subculture involvement.\" Results are discussed from a sociological point of view.", "contents": "A comparison of chronic versus casual marijuana users on personal values and behavioral orientations. Fifty-one chronic (daily) long-term marijuana smokers and 32 casual (1 to 3 times per week) users were interviewed and given a Rokeach Value Survey, a Personal Orientation Inventory (POI), and a Zuckerman Multiple Affect Adjective Check List. Value survey results showed that the two groups had the same general value structure. The POI showed no differences between the groups, and the adjective self-ratings were similar. The groups were significantly different on a number of social variables; number of user friends, longest period without drugs, perceived risk, etc., which indicated \"drug subculture involvement.\" Results are discussed from a sociological point of view.", "PMID": 721350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8728", "title": "Research design in drug abuse prevention: review and recommendations.", "content": "This paper highlights the strengths and notes the deficits in recent drug abuse prevention research design. Then it recommends that future studies include: (1) a longer follow-up period than 2 years, (2) a population \"at risk\" for drug abuse, (3) a \"natural setting,\" (4) random assignment to program and nonprogram groups, and (5) objective drug use interviews along with unotrusive measures of the correlates of drug abuse. The rationale behind each recommendation is discussed.", "contents": "Research design in drug abuse prevention: review and recommendations. This paper highlights the strengths and notes the deficits in recent drug abuse prevention research design. Then it recommends that future studies include: (1) a longer follow-up period than 2 years, (2) a population \"at risk\" for drug abuse, (3) a \"natural setting,\" (4) random assignment to program and nonprogram groups, and (5) objective drug use interviews along with unotrusive measures of the correlates of drug abuse. The rationale behind each recommendation is discussed.", "PMID": 721351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8729", "title": "Value comparisons between alcoholics, nonalcoholics, and therapists.", "content": "The values of clients, alcoholics and nonalcoholics (N = 118), were compared to the values of therapists (N = 45). Value comparisons were also made between alcoholics and nonalcoholics as well as between these subgroups and therapists. Distinctive value patterns emerged which were peculiar to therapists and to clients and differentiated them from each other. Value priorities of therapists were those which loaded on factors of self-expansion, competence, and other directedness, whereas the value priorities of clients were those which load on factors of self-constriction, religious morality, and inner-directedness. Few values were found to discriminate between the alcoholic and nonalcoholic. The alcoholic placed a higher value on \"self-control,\" \"social recognition,\" and \"a sense of accomplishment\" than the nonalcoholic. The results are discussed in the light of a deprivation hypothesis and the implication they have for therapeutic intervention with the alcoholic.", "contents": "Value comparisons between alcoholics, nonalcoholics, and therapists. The values of clients, alcoholics and nonalcoholics (N = 118), were compared to the values of therapists (N = 45). Value comparisons were also made between alcoholics and nonalcoholics as well as between these subgroups and therapists. Distinctive value patterns emerged which were peculiar to therapists and to clients and differentiated them from each other. Value priorities of therapists were those which loaded on factors of self-expansion, competence, and other directedness, whereas the value priorities of clients were those which load on factors of self-constriction, religious morality, and inner-directedness. Few values were found to discriminate between the alcoholic and nonalcoholic. The alcoholic placed a higher value on \"self-control,\" \"social recognition,\" and \"a sense of accomplishment\" than the nonalcoholic. The results are discussed in the light of a deprivation hypothesis and the implication they have for therapeutic intervention with the alcoholic.", "PMID": 721352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8730", "title": "Migration of physicians and nurses: a world wide picture.", "content": "WHO's Multinational Study of the International Migration of Physicians and Nurses, the subject of this paper, was the first step of WHO's response to a mandate calling for a study of health manpower migration and for collaborative efforts to regulate such migration where found to be undesirable. The study, which is both diagnostic and prescriptive, is based on an extensive library of published and unpublished literature. Major reports emanating from the study were: an analytical review of the literature; a statistical report on stocks and flows of migrant physicians and nurses for each of 137 countries; and a final report which provides an in-depth analysis of the characteristics of the migrants, the dimensions, directions, possible determinants, and consequences of the migration, and the actions taken by countries to regulate migration. It also suggests options for dealing with undesirable migration. Perhaps the most important finding is that countries which produce far more physicians and nurses than they can economically afford become donors of such manpower and those that produce fewer than they can afford become recipients. Almost all other factors either derive from or are secondary to the economic factor.", "contents": "Migration of physicians and nurses: a world wide picture. WHO's Multinational Study of the International Migration of Physicians and Nurses, the subject of this paper, was the first step of WHO's response to a mandate calling for a study of health manpower migration and for collaborative efforts to regulate such migration where found to be undesirable. The study, which is both diagnostic and prescriptive, is based on an extensive library of published and unpublished literature. Major reports emanating from the study were: an analytical review of the literature; a statistical report on stocks and flows of migrant physicians and nurses for each of 137 countries; and a final report which provides an in-depth analysis of the characteristics of the migrants, the dimensions, directions, possible determinants, and consequences of the migration, and the actions taken by countries to regulate migration. It also suggests options for dealing with undesirable migration. Perhaps the most important finding is that countries which produce far more physicians and nurses than they can economically afford become donors of such manpower and those that produce fewer than they can afford become recipients. Almost all other factors either derive from or are secondary to the economic factor.", "PMID": 721355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8731", "title": "Benign and malignant breast tumours: epidemiological similarities.", "content": "Reproductive risk factors were estimated for 783 cases of cystic disease of the breast, 155 fibroadenoma, 94 miscellaneous breast conditions, and 284 breast cancers. Controls were matched for age, race, ever-married status, time of hospitalization and pay status. The most consistent attributes are a tendency to be still premenopausal, to have had her first pregnancy beyond the age of twenty-five years (or to have had none), and to have had fewer total pregnancies than the control. All are associated with a longer menstrual life prior to onset of the disease than the controls. Findings for cystic disease are compared with other studies. Patients with benign breast disease share some of the demonstrated risk factors for breast cancer.", "contents": "Benign and malignant breast tumours: epidemiological similarities. Reproductive risk factors were estimated for 783 cases of cystic disease of the breast, 155 fibroadenoma, 94 miscellaneous breast conditions, and 284 breast cancers. Controls were matched for age, race, ever-married status, time of hospitalization and pay status. The most consistent attributes are a tendency to be still premenopausal, to have had her first pregnancy beyond the age of twenty-five years (or to have had none), and to have had fewer total pregnancies than the control. All are associated with a longer menstrual life prior to onset of the disease than the controls. Findings for cystic disease are compared with other studies. Patients with benign breast disease share some of the demonstrated risk factors for breast cancer.", "PMID": 721356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8732", "title": "Excess mortality and influenza surveillance in Taiwan.", "content": "Excess mortality has proven to be a useful epidemiologic tool for influenza surveillance in the temperate zone. A retrospective analysis of the epidemiology of influenza in Taiwan was undertaken to explore the usefulness of this technique in the tropical--subtropical zone. Excess mortality similar to that observed during influenza epidemics in the temperate zone was noted during periods of previously recognized influenza epidemics in Taiwan. For the very young and the elderly excess mortality was observed to be even higher than in the temperate zone. Virus isolations, increased school absenteeism, and high clinical attack rates were also noted during influenza epidemics. Use of these epidemiologic techniques in Taiwan proved to be a useful approach to describe the impact of influenza.", "contents": "Excess mortality and influenza surveillance in Taiwan. Excess mortality has proven to be a useful epidemiologic tool for influenza surveillance in the temperate zone. A retrospective analysis of the epidemiology of influenza in Taiwan was undertaken to explore the usefulness of this technique in the tropical--subtropical zone. Excess mortality similar to that observed during influenza epidemics in the temperate zone was noted during periods of previously recognized influenza epidemics in Taiwan. For the very young and the elderly excess mortality was observed to be even higher than in the temperate zone. Virus isolations, increased school absenteeism, and high clinical attack rates were also noted during influenza epidemics. Use of these epidemiologic techniques in Taiwan proved to be a useful approach to describe the impact of influenza.", "PMID": 721357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8733", "title": "Influenza and ischaemic heart disease--a possible trigger for acute myocardial infarction?", "content": "Prompted by a clinical observation of an increase in hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction during an influenza outbreak, a study was designed to examine the number of deaths from ischaemic heart disease (IHD) at the time of influenza. Deaths from IHD were found to be increased at all ages, and particularly in younger age groups when deaths attributed specifically to acute myocardial infarction are considered. The question of whether influenza could act as a precipitating factor in acute myocardial infarction is discussed, together with a possible mechanism.", "contents": "Influenza and ischaemic heart disease--a possible trigger for acute myocardial infarction? Prompted by a clinical observation of an increase in hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction during an influenza outbreak, a study was designed to examine the number of deaths from ischaemic heart disease (IHD) at the time of influenza. Deaths from IHD were found to be increased at all ages, and particularly in younger age groups when deaths attributed specifically to acute myocardial infarction are considered. The question of whether influenza could act as a precipitating factor in acute myocardial infarction is discussed, together with a possible mechanism.", "PMID": 721358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8734", "title": "Screening of the thyroid function of newborns in Southern Belgium.", "content": "Data on T4 and TSH values derived from a voluntary screening programme of thyroid function in Belgium are presented. Significant differences in T4 values according to sex, maturity and birthplace are shown.", "contents": "Screening of the thyroid function of newborns in Southern Belgium. Data on T4 and TSH values derived from a voluntary screening programme of thyroid function in Belgium are presented. Significant differences in T4 values according to sex, maturity and birthplace are shown.", "PMID": 721360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8735", "title": "Prevalence at birth of congenital malformations in Athens, Greece, 1955--1965.", "content": "The prevalence at birth of congenital malformations in Athens was studied in a sample of 74,390 live and stillborn infants, born to women attending a large University Maternity Hospital during 1955--1965. A total of 1534 malformed infants was identified (20.62 per 1000 newborn). The prevalence of anencephalus and spina bifida is lower in Athens than in the United Kingdom, whereas the frequency of other malformations in rather similar in the two countries.", "contents": "Prevalence at birth of congenital malformations in Athens, Greece, 1955--1965. The prevalence at birth of congenital malformations in Athens was studied in a sample of 74,390 live and stillborn infants, born to women attending a large University Maternity Hospital during 1955--1965. A total of 1534 malformed infants was identified (20.62 per 1000 newborn). The prevalence of anencephalus and spina bifida is lower in Athens than in the United Kingdom, whereas the frequency of other malformations in rather similar in the two countries.", "PMID": 721361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8736", "title": "Sex roles as variables in the interpretation of morbidity data: a methodological critique.", "content": "Data on sex differences in morbidity are summarized: explanations are sought in the methods of data collection. It is shown that sex differences in morbidity are affected by data collection processes. It is suggested that these effects are a function of variation in the social norms that govern the behaviour of men and women when confronted with physical discomfort, health interviews and medical practitioners.", "contents": "Sex roles as variables in the interpretation of morbidity data: a methodological critique. Data on sex differences in morbidity are summarized: explanations are sought in the methods of data collection. It is shown that sex differences in morbidity are affected by data collection processes. It is suggested that these effects are a function of variation in the social norms that govern the behaviour of men and women when confronted with physical discomfort, health interviews and medical practitioners.", "PMID": 721362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8737", "title": "Uniform basic data sets for health statistical systems.", "content": "The United States approach to coordinating health statistics involves introduction of multipurpose basic data sets describing health status and the health care system. Standard reporting procedures have been used for many years for vital statistics. Recently designated data sets cover health manpower, inpatient facilities, short-stay hospital discharges, and use of ambulatory care services. A data set for long-term health care is in the design stage. Advantages of this approach in the United States and internationally are: basic comparisons can be made between health care settings are geographic areas while maintaining the variety and flexibility of existing public and private information systems; shared local, regional, and national data systems can be set up; and better coordination can be achieved between government-sponsored general-purpose and administrative data systems. Problem areas are: avoiding undue proliferation, e.g. of disease-specific data sets; adhering to the principle of minimal requirements; linking data sets and coordinating them with census and other social indicators; promoting widespread use; assuring data quality; establishing mechanisms for review and revision; and extending the concept internationally.", "contents": "Uniform basic data sets for health statistical systems. The United States approach to coordinating health statistics involves introduction of multipurpose basic data sets describing health status and the health care system. Standard reporting procedures have been used for many years for vital statistics. Recently designated data sets cover health manpower, inpatient facilities, short-stay hospital discharges, and use of ambulatory care services. A data set for long-term health care is in the design stage. Advantages of this approach in the United States and internationally are: basic comparisons can be made between health care settings are geographic areas while maintaining the variety and flexibility of existing public and private information systems; shared local, regional, and national data systems can be set up; and better coordination can be achieved between government-sponsored general-purpose and administrative data systems. Problem areas are: avoiding undue proliferation, e.g. of disease-specific data sets; adhering to the principle of minimal requirements; linking data sets and coordinating them with census and other social indicators; promoting widespread use; assuring data quality; establishing mechanisms for review and revision; and extending the concept internationally.", "PMID": 721363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8738", "title": "Acute myocardial infarction in Stockholm--a medical information system as an epidemiological tool.", "content": "The objects of the present study were to perform an epidemiological study of acute myocardial infarction in Stockholm County and to investigate and develop the methods by which the medical information system in Stockholm can be used as an epidemiological tool. The possible sources of error were enumerated and their importance assessed. It is concluded that the available routinely collected computer data are useful for estimation of incidence, mortality, and case fatality. Incidence, and case fatality rates are shown to be similar to results from other Swedish studies.", "contents": "Acute myocardial infarction in Stockholm--a medical information system as an epidemiological tool. The objects of the present study were to perform an epidemiological study of acute myocardial infarction in Stockholm County and to investigate and develop the methods by which the medical information system in Stockholm can be used as an epidemiological tool. The possible sources of error were enumerated and their importance assessed. It is concluded that the available routinely collected computer data are useful for estimation of incidence, mortality, and case fatality. Incidence, and case fatality rates are shown to be similar to results from other Swedish studies.", "PMID": 721364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8739", "title": "The estimation of disease frequency using a population sample.", "content": "The estimation of disease frequency using a population sample. International Journal of Epidemiology, 1978, 7: 277--284.  A method of determining disease frequency is developed. The statistical theory allows the estimation of incidence or prevalence credibility intervals both for the collection of all cases and where resources are such that only a representative sample of all cases is used. The sampling technique may be of value in areas where financial and manpower resources are limited. In most situations a single, professional investigator could produce satisfactory results.", "contents": "The estimation of disease frequency using a population sample. The estimation of disease frequency using a population sample. International Journal of Epidemiology, 1978, 7: 277--284.  A method of determining disease frequency is developed. The statistical theory allows the estimation of incidence or prevalence credibility intervals both for the collection of all cases and where resources are such that only a representative sample of all cases is used. The sampling technique may be of value in areas where financial and manpower resources are limited. In most situations a single, professional investigator could produce satisfactory results.", "PMID": 721365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8740", "title": "Cancer morbidity and mortality among the insured population of the Social Security Institute of Antioquia, Colombia.", "content": "Data of incidence and mortality of cancers of various sites for a population of workers covered by the Social Security Institute of Antioquia are reported and compared with other available data.", "contents": "Cancer morbidity and mortality among the insured population of the Social Security Institute of Antioquia, Colombia. Data of incidence and mortality of cancers of various sites for a population of workers covered by the Social Security Institute of Antioquia are reported and compared with other available data.", "PMID": 721366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8741", "title": "Female fat distribution--a photographic and cellularity study.", "content": "A new method of classifying women according to their pattern of fat distribution is discribed. Standard linear-discriminant analysis of data from somatotype photography shows that the most important measurements are those of thigh and waist diameters and a simple ratio of these is proposed as a fat distribution (FD) score, ie one which distinguishes an android or central-type fat distribution from a gynoid or peripheral-type fat distribution: FD score = 26 log10 (formula: see text) The score is shown to correlate positively with age, actual weight and relative weight in 90 subjects, showing that older, fatter women are more likely to have a central-type of fat distribution. The score is also significantly positively correlated with the size of fat cells in the arm and waist measured in 46 subjects, showing that women with central-type fat distribution have larger fat cells in the upper parts of their bodies compared with women with peripheral-type fat distribution. Analysis of FD score before and after weight loss showed no significant correlation between the change in FD score and the degree of weight loss. This suggests that the pattern of female fat distribution as defined by the FD score is relatively constant.", "contents": "Female fat distribution--a photographic and cellularity study. A new method of classifying women according to their pattern of fat distribution is discribed. Standard linear-discriminant analysis of data from somatotype photography shows that the most important measurements are those of thigh and waist diameters and a simple ratio of these is proposed as a fat distribution (FD) score, ie one which distinguishes an android or central-type fat distribution from a gynoid or peripheral-type fat distribution: FD score = 26 log10 (formula: see text) The score is shown to correlate positively with age, actual weight and relative weight in 90 subjects, showing that older, fatter women are more likely to have a central-type of fat distribution. The score is also significantly positively correlated with the size of fat cells in the arm and waist measured in 46 subjects, showing that women with central-type fat distribution have larger fat cells in the upper parts of their bodies compared with women with peripheral-type fat distribution. Analysis of FD score before and after weight loss showed no significant correlation between the change in FD score and the degree of weight loss. This suggests that the pattern of female fat distribution as defined by the FD score is relatively constant.", "PMID": 721368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8742", "title": "Dietary and anticholinergic effects on intravenous glucose tolerance and insulin secretion.", "content": "Six normal-weight subjects were fed five separate diets [isocaloric--20, 40 and 80 per cent carbohydrate (CHO) and hypercaloric 20 and 40 per cent CHO] for 5 days each. Intravenous glucose-tolerance tests were performed on on Day 6. Insulin responses were positively related to caloric and CHO content of the diets, both of which affected insulin secretion independently of each other. Glucose disappearance rates were highly correlated (r = 0.80) with the acute insulin response to glucose. Fasting plasma-glucose levels (FPG) were also affected by both calories and CHO content, but in a more complex manner. Raising CHO content in isocaloric diets or increasing calories in diets of normal CHO content increased FPG. However, if either calories or CHO content were high, increasing the other had no further effect on FPG. Thus, there was an interaction between calories and CHO on FPG. In 18 instances, the diet was continued on Day 6 and another intravenous glucose tolerance test was performed the following morning, 90--120 minutes after 30mg of propantheline bromide by mouth. Glucose disappearance rates were increased in 16 of the 18 paired tests (P less than 0.005) after the anticholinergic agent. There was no effect on FPG or the insulin response to glucose. both calories and CHO content are positively related to insulin secretion after 5 days of dietary manipulation. Glucose disappearance rates are also influenced, probably via the effect on insulin secretion. Both increased calories and CHO content will raise FPG; but each will have this effect only in the presence of a normal intake of the other. Thus, unless possible interactions between calories and CHO are taken into consideration in the design and interpretation of future dietary studies, erroneous conclusions may be reached. Finally, cholinergic blockade will enhance the disposal of intravenous glucose in the absence of any effect on peripheral insulin levels.", "contents": "Dietary and anticholinergic effects on intravenous glucose tolerance and insulin secretion. Six normal-weight subjects were fed five separate diets [isocaloric--20, 40 and 80 per cent carbohydrate (CHO) and hypercaloric 20 and 40 per cent CHO] for 5 days each. Intravenous glucose-tolerance tests were performed on on Day 6. Insulin responses were positively related to caloric and CHO content of the diets, both of which affected insulin secretion independently of each other. Glucose disappearance rates were highly correlated (r = 0.80) with the acute insulin response to glucose. Fasting plasma-glucose levels (FPG) were also affected by both calories and CHO content, but in a more complex manner. Raising CHO content in isocaloric diets or increasing calories in diets of normal CHO content increased FPG. However, if either calories or CHO content were high, increasing the other had no further effect on FPG. Thus, there was an interaction between calories and CHO on FPG. In 18 instances, the diet was continued on Day 6 and another intravenous glucose tolerance test was performed the following morning, 90--120 minutes after 30mg of propantheline bromide by mouth. Glucose disappearance rates were increased in 16 of the 18 paired tests (P less than 0.005) after the anticholinergic agent. There was no effect on FPG or the insulin response to glucose. both calories and CHO content are positively related to insulin secretion after 5 days of dietary manipulation. Glucose disappearance rates are also influenced, probably via the effect on insulin secretion. Both increased calories and CHO content will raise FPG; but each will have this effect only in the presence of a normal intake of the other. Thus, unless possible interactions between calories and CHO are taken into consideration in the design and interpretation of future dietary studies, erroneous conclusions may be reached. Finally, cholinergic blockade will enhance the disposal of intravenous glucose in the absence of any effect on peripheral insulin levels.", "PMID": 721369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8743", "title": "The treatment of obesity with a very-low-calorie liquid-formula diet: an inpatient/outpatient comparison using skimmed-milk protein as the chief protein source.", "content": "Fifty obese patients were givena 1.34 MJ (320 kcal) formula diet (containing 44 g/day carbohydrate, milk protein supplying 24--29 g protein/day in a total of 31 g/day, fat 2 g/day and the RDA of minerals and vitamins) for four to 12 weeks, either as inpatients (22) or outpatients (28). This regime was followed by a 3.35 MJ (800 kcal) conventional diet as outpatients. All but six outpatients completed the trial. Substantial weight losses were achieved in all patients with a total mean loss of 8.4 kg at four weeks and 11.0 kg at eight weeks. At four weeks the mean weight loss was 9.6 kg for inpatients and 7.2 kg for outpatients (P less than 0.05). There was no statistical difference in weight between the groups at eight weeks. Patients who continued on the 1.34 MJ formula diet for 12 weeks continued to lose weight but those on the 3.35 MJ conventional diet did not. Nitrogen-balance studies were carried out on the inpatients. During the first four weeks there was a small net loss of nitrogen (56 g, equivalent to 350 g protein) but equilibrium was achieved by the fifth or sixth week. There was no evidence of protein deficiency as judged by unchanged serum total protein, albumin, haemoglobin, RBC and PCV. Equilibrium between intake and excretion of sodium and potassium was also achieved throughout, and serum electrolytes were unchanged. A large number of other routine clinical and laboratory tests showed the treatment was safe. Serum bilirubin was elevated (18--48 per cent) and increased slightly above normal in two outpatients. Serum cholesterol was decreased by 21 per cent and triglycerides by 45 per cent after three weeks. Serum lipids in hyperlipaemic patients were normalised. It is concluded that the very-low-calorie formula diet provides a safe and very effective method of weight reduction, and the advantages of hospital compared with outpatient treatment are small.", "contents": "The treatment of obesity with a very-low-calorie liquid-formula diet: an inpatient/outpatient comparison using skimmed-milk protein as the chief protein source. Fifty obese patients were givena 1.34 MJ (320 kcal) formula diet (containing 44 g/day carbohydrate, milk protein supplying 24--29 g protein/day in a total of 31 g/day, fat 2 g/day and the RDA of minerals and vitamins) for four to 12 weeks, either as inpatients (22) or outpatients (28). This regime was followed by a 3.35 MJ (800 kcal) conventional diet as outpatients. All but six outpatients completed the trial. Substantial weight losses were achieved in all patients with a total mean loss of 8.4 kg at four weeks and 11.0 kg at eight weeks. At four weeks the mean weight loss was 9.6 kg for inpatients and 7.2 kg for outpatients (P less than 0.05). There was no statistical difference in weight between the groups at eight weeks. Patients who continued on the 1.34 MJ formula diet for 12 weeks continued to lose weight but those on the 3.35 MJ conventional diet did not. Nitrogen-balance studies were carried out on the inpatients. During the first four weeks there was a small net loss of nitrogen (56 g, equivalent to 350 g protein) but equilibrium was achieved by the fifth or sixth week. There was no evidence of protein deficiency as judged by unchanged serum total protein, albumin, haemoglobin, RBC and PCV. Equilibrium between intake and excretion of sodium and potassium was also achieved throughout, and serum electrolytes were unchanged. A large number of other routine clinical and laboratory tests showed the treatment was safe. Serum bilirubin was elevated (18--48 per cent) and increased slightly above normal in two outpatients. Serum cholesterol was decreased by 21 per cent and triglycerides by 45 per cent after three weeks. Serum lipids in hyperlipaemic patients were normalised. It is concluded that the very-low-calorie formula diet provides a safe and very effective method of weight reduction, and the advantages of hospital compared with outpatient treatment are small.", "PMID": 721370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8744", "title": "Psychosocial adjustment to breast cancer: a review of selected literature.", "content": "The following is a review of the clinical and research literature concerning women's emotional adjustment to the detection of breast cancer and its subsequent management. The review is organized into ten themes which focus on three general areas: 1) women's response to the diagnosis of breast cancer; 2) involvement of spouse, family and professional providers; and 3) the patient's milieu--how it impinges on the course of her treatment and rehabilitation. Also noted is the paucity of systematic research dealing with the effectiveness of support interventions, their content and duration, and the appropriate individual to provide such support.", "contents": "Psychosocial adjustment to breast cancer: a review of selected literature. The following is a review of the clinical and research literature concerning women's emotional adjustment to the detection of breast cancer and its subsequent management. The review is organized into ten themes which focus on three general areas: 1) women's response to the diagnosis of breast cancer; 2) involvement of spouse, family and professional providers; and 3) the patient's milieu--how it impinges on the course of her treatment and rehabilitation. Also noted is the paucity of systematic research dealing with the effectiveness of support interventions, their content and duration, and the appropriate individual to provide such support.", "PMID": 721372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8745", "title": "Individual and family coping with polycystic kidney disease: the harvest of denial.", "content": "A multigeneration family with polycystic kidney disease (PCKD) was studied by personal interviews of all affected and most suspected-affected adults. A clear pattern of denial was identified, which strongly influenced individuals' awareness of PCKD and individuals' taking actions appropriate to that awareness, as well as family cohesion and communication. Time lags--in fact, availability, awareness and action-taking had serious consequences in terms of continued genetic transmission, future \"burden\" to the family and society, and the psychological stability of individual family members. The potentially important roles of the family physician in this type of familial disease are discussed as: a source of information, a facilitator of awareness and appropriate action, and a counselor in assisting adaptation to this major life stress.", "contents": "Individual and family coping with polycystic kidney disease: the harvest of denial. A multigeneration family with polycystic kidney disease (PCKD) was studied by personal interviews of all affected and most suspected-affected adults. A clear pattern of denial was identified, which strongly influenced individuals' awareness of PCKD and individuals' taking actions appropriate to that awareness, as well as family cohesion and communication. Time lags--in fact, availability, awareness and action-taking had serious consequences in terms of continued genetic transmission, future \"burden\" to the family and society, and the psychological stability of individual family members. The potentially important roles of the family physician in this type of familial disease are discussed as: a source of information, a facilitator of awareness and appropriate action, and a counselor in assisting adaptation to this major life stress.", "PMID": 721373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8746", "title": "A social systems approach to consultation-liaison psychiatry.", "content": "Consultation-liaison psychiatry traditionally has emphasized an approach to clinical practice based upon an understanding of the ways in which intrapsychic dynamics, personality characteristics and biological phenomena interact in a process that can be understood to relate to symptoms and disease in the individual. More recently the field has considered the interaction of interpersonal and group phenomena with individual characteristics and their influence upon patient pathology. Currently, however, there is limited understanding of the significance of organizational variables for the work of the consultation-liaison psychiatrist. In this paper, several organizational themes are discussed in terms of social systems theory and the relevance of these themes are applied to case material taken from a year's experience of consultation-liaison in a hemodialysis unit of a general hospital (HUGH).", "contents": "A social systems approach to consultation-liaison psychiatry. Consultation-liaison psychiatry traditionally has emphasized an approach to clinical practice based upon an understanding of the ways in which intrapsychic dynamics, personality characteristics and biological phenomena interact in a process that can be understood to relate to symptoms and disease in the individual. More recently the field has considered the interaction of interpersonal and group phenomena with individual characteristics and their influence upon patient pathology. Currently, however, there is limited understanding of the significance of organizational variables for the work of the consultation-liaison psychiatrist. In this paper, several organizational themes are discussed in terms of social systems theory and the relevance of these themes are applied to case material taken from a year's experience of consultation-liaison in a hemodialysis unit of a general hospital (HUGH).", "PMID": 721374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8747", "title": "Photocoagulation in diabetic retinopathy: II. Methodology.", "content": "There is now evidence from clinical trials that patients with diabetic retinopathy have their visual lives prolonged by photocoagulation. However, the exact indications for treatment have not yet been established and are undergoing continuous reevaluation. For many years, the presence of fibrous tissue either on the optic disc or the retina was considered to be a contraindication to treatment. However, recently treatment has been possible using gentle photocoagulation. It is hoped that over the next few years the exact indications for treatment will be established. It may be found in the future that the treatment of patients with maculopathy by panretinal photocoagulation and focal treatment and similarly patients with a few peripheral new vessels, by panretinal photocoagulation may prevent further progression and remove the necessity for treatment. It is important to limit as much as possible the number of visits to the opththalmologist that the patient must make. It is therefore important to establish a technique that requires as few treatment sessions as possible. Ultimately, follow up should be done by the well trained physician. The difficulty with the development of this type of technique is that diabetic retinopathy is a progressive disease and therefore new abnormal areas may well develop in patients who have had seemingly adequate treatment. Also, relatively mild background retinopathy or maculopathy may progress ultimately to proliferative retinopathy. However, with improvements in technique and establishment of safe treatment regimens, the goal of single treatment may be achieved.", "contents": "Photocoagulation in diabetic retinopathy: II. Methodology. There is now evidence from clinical trials that patients with diabetic retinopathy have their visual lives prolonged by photocoagulation. However, the exact indications for treatment have not yet been established and are undergoing continuous reevaluation. For many years, the presence of fibrous tissue either on the optic disc or the retina was considered to be a contraindication to treatment. However, recently treatment has been possible using gentle photocoagulation. It is hoped that over the next few years the exact indications for treatment will be established. It may be found in the future that the treatment of patients with maculopathy by panretinal photocoagulation and focal treatment and similarly patients with a few peripheral new vessels, by panretinal photocoagulation may prevent further progression and remove the necessity for treatment. It is important to limit as much as possible the number of visits to the opththalmologist that the patient must make. It is therefore important to establish a technique that requires as few treatment sessions as possible. Ultimately, follow up should be done by the well trained physician. The difficulty with the development of this type of technique is that diabetic retinopathy is a progressive disease and therefore new abnormal areas may well develop in patients who have had seemingly adequate treatment. Also, relatively mild background retinopathy or maculopathy may progress ultimately to proliferative retinopathy. However, with improvements in technique and establishment of safe treatment regimens, the goal of single treatment may be achieved.", "PMID": 721379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8748", "title": "Mental health in primary care training and practice: an innovative approach.", "content": "The need to augment the number of primary care physicians throughout the nation has been well documented. Moreover, there is increasing recognition of the importance of mental health in primary care practice. The authors present a working definition of primary care practice, discuss the role of mental health in primary care, and describe an innovative program developed in Houston which integrates primary care mental health training into the education of primary care physicians and mental health professionals.", "contents": "Mental health in primary care training and practice: an innovative approach. The need to augment the number of primary care physicians throughout the nation has been well documented. Moreover, there is increasing recognition of the importance of mental health in primary care practice. The authors present a working definition of primary care practice, discuss the role of mental health in primary care, and describe an innovative program developed in Houston which integrates primary care mental health training into the education of primary care physicians and mental health professionals.", "PMID": 721375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8749", "title": "Photocoagulation in diabetic retinopathy: III. Complications.", "content": "We have reviewed the unwanted effects that follow the treatment of diabetic retinopathy with photocoagulation. Complications are uncommon, and those side effects that occur regularly are acceptable in relation to the benefits to be gained from treatment.", "contents": "Photocoagulation in diabetic retinopathy: III. Complications. We have reviewed the unwanted effects that follow the treatment of diabetic retinopathy with photocoagulation. Complications are uncommon, and those side effects that occur regularly are acceptable in relation to the benefits to be gained from treatment.", "PMID": 721380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8750", "title": "Observed responses of medical students in a sex education seminar on obstetrics and gynecology.", "content": "This article describes the typology of negative responses in a medical student sex education seminar. Seventy medical students were observed during participation in sex education seminars during a seven month period. Their behavior in class was generally appropriate. Negative responses sometimes did occur, however. These were manifested more frequently in men than in women students and were characterized by hostility or withdrawal in males, and subgroup formation in females.", "contents": "Observed responses of medical students in a sex education seminar on obstetrics and gynecology. This article describes the typology of negative responses in a medical student sex education seminar. Seventy medical students were observed during participation in sex education seminars during a seven month period. Their behavior in class was generally appropriate. Negative responses sometimes did occur, however. These were manifested more frequently in men than in women students and were characterized by hostility or withdrawal in males, and subgroup formation in females.", "PMID": 721376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8751", "title": "Studies in family-oriented crisis intervention with hemodialysis patients.", "content": "This article describes a family-oriented crisis intervention approach to help patients with chronic renal failure adjust to the unique demands of home dialysis. In particular, home dialysis necessitates a working patient-dialysis partner relationship that has very adaptive problem solving skills. A couple whose permorbid relationship is dysfunctional will soon manifest this under the stress of home dialysis. The family-oriented therapist initiates only the minimal change necessary in the relationship to achieve successful dialysis. In the home training stage the premorbidly dysfunctional couple seems best treated in individual interviews, whereas premorbidly functional couples respond more favorably to conjoint interviews which capitalize on their underlying strengths. Couples in crisis who are dialyzing at home may require a highly structured, behaviorally-oriented contractual approach which includes all relevant family members. This \"band-aid\" approach temporarily reinstitutes successful dialysis while purchasing more time for the couple to develop new coping mechanisms. Finally, four case studies are presented, including one in which crisis intervention efforts failed.", "contents": "Studies in family-oriented crisis intervention with hemodialysis patients. This article describes a family-oriented crisis intervention approach to help patients with chronic renal failure adjust to the unique demands of home dialysis. In particular, home dialysis necessitates a working patient-dialysis partner relationship that has very adaptive problem solving skills. A couple whose permorbid relationship is dysfunctional will soon manifest this under the stress of home dialysis. The family-oriented therapist initiates only the minimal change necessary in the relationship to achieve successful dialysis. In the home training stage the premorbidly dysfunctional couple seems best treated in individual interviews, whereas premorbidly functional couples respond more favorably to conjoint interviews which capitalize on their underlying strengths. Couples in crisis who are dialyzing at home may require a highly structured, behaviorally-oriented contractual approach which includes all relevant family members. This \"band-aid\" approach temporarily reinstitutes successful dialysis while purchasing more time for the couple to develop new coping mechanisms. Finally, four case studies are presented, including one in which crisis intervention efforts failed.", "PMID": 721377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8752", "title": "A behavioral method for efficient screening of visual acuity in young infants. II. Clinical application.", "content": "Visual performance in 130 infants was assessed in a clinical setting with the forced-choice preferential looking (FPL) method described by Dobson et al.5 Over 90% of infants completed testing. Testing usually required less than 10 min. One group of infants tested also underwent complete ophthalmic examination. The second, larger group was screened with handlight examinations and FPL testing; any abnormalities detected were evaluated by full ophthalmic examination. Results so far indicate that the FPL test accurately identifies babies with binocular visual problems and that, when coupled with a handlight examination, it provides efficient screening for ocular problems in infants 0 through 16 weeks of age (postterm).", "contents": "A behavioral method for efficient screening of visual acuity in young infants. II. Clinical application. Visual performance in 130 infants was assessed in a clinical setting with the forced-choice preferential looking (FPL) method described by Dobson et al.5 Over 90% of infants completed testing. Testing usually required less than 10 min. One group of infants tested also underwent complete ophthalmic examination. The second, larger group was screened with handlight examinations and FPL testing; any abnormalities detected were evaluated by full ophthalmic examination. Results so far indicate that the FPL test accurately identifies babies with binocular visual problems and that, when coupled with a handlight examination, it provides efficient screening for ocular problems in infants 0 through 16 weeks of age (postterm).", "PMID": 721389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8753", "title": "The oscillatory potentials of the mudpuppy retina.", "content": "The properties of the oscillatory potentials (OPs) of the mudpuppy electroretinogram (ERG) were studied and compared with the properties of the b-wave of the ERG and the proximal negative response (PNR). Both transretinal and intraretinal ERGs were recorded in response to full-field as well as 200 and 500 microgram spot illumination. The OPs differed in behavior from the b-wave in terms of voltage-response relations and the effects of repetitive stimuli. Thus the OPs appear to have a different origin from that of the b-wave. The laminar profile of the OPs was also compared with both the PNR and the b-wave. The OPs reverse in polarity as a function of retinal depth and therefore appear to reflect radial flows of currents within the retina. Thus the origin of the OPs seems different also from that of the PNR, which appears to represent tangential current flows around the amacrine cells. The earlier OPs arise more proximally within the retina than the later ones, suggesting that the individual oscillatory peaks are likely to have different origins. We propose that the OPs may represent feedback loops within retina. In support of this notion, it was found that the OPs were selectively depressed by GABA, glycine, glutamate, and dopamine. Acetylcholine and carbacholine did not affect the oscillatory responses, suggesting perhaps that the OPs are generated by inhibitory feedback synaptic circuits.", "contents": "The oscillatory potentials of the mudpuppy retina. The properties of the oscillatory potentials (OPs) of the mudpuppy electroretinogram (ERG) were studied and compared with the properties of the b-wave of the ERG and the proximal negative response (PNR). Both transretinal and intraretinal ERGs were recorded in response to full-field as well as 200 and 500 microgram spot illumination. The OPs differed in behavior from the b-wave in terms of voltage-response relations and the effects of repetitive stimuli. Thus the OPs appear to have a different origin from that of the b-wave. The laminar profile of the OPs was also compared with both the PNR and the b-wave. The OPs reverse in polarity as a function of retinal depth and therefore appear to reflect radial flows of currents within the retina. Thus the origin of the OPs seems different also from that of the PNR, which appears to represent tangential current flows around the amacrine cells. The earlier OPs arise more proximally within the retina than the later ones, suggesting that the individual oscillatory peaks are likely to have different origins. We propose that the OPs may represent feedback loops within retina. In support of this notion, it was found that the OPs were selectively depressed by GABA, glycine, glutamate, and dopamine. Acetylcholine and carbacholine did not affect the oscillatory responses, suggesting perhaps that the OPs are generated by inhibitory feedback synaptic circuits.", "PMID": 721390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8754", "title": "Studies on the hormonal control of circadian outer segment disc shedding in the rat retina.", "content": "Previous work suggested that the circadian burst of outer segment disc shedding that occurs soon after the onset of light in the morning might be mediated by the pineal gland. In the present study the pineal glands of albino rats were either surgically removed or deafferented by bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy. Neither surgical procedures affected the burst of disc shedding at 2, 3, or 11 weeks postoperatively. In addition, neither hypophysectomy nor parathyroidectomy and thyroidectomy perturbed the burst of disc shedding. Therefore the burst of disc shedding appears to occur independent of pineal, pituitary, and parathyroid-thyroid gland control.", "contents": "Studies on the hormonal control of circadian outer segment disc shedding in the rat retina. Previous work suggested that the circadian burst of outer segment disc shedding that occurs soon after the onset of light in the morning might be mediated by the pineal gland. In the present study the pineal glands of albino rats were either surgically removed or deafferented by bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy. Neither surgical procedures affected the burst of disc shedding at 2, 3, or 11 weeks postoperatively. In addition, neither hypophysectomy nor parathyroidectomy and thyroidectomy perturbed the burst of disc shedding. Therefore the burst of disc shedding appears to occur independent of pineal, pituitary, and parathyroid-thyroid gland control.", "PMID": 721391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8755", "title": "Effects of transcorneal freezing on protein content of aqueous humor and intraocular temperature in rabbit and cat.", "content": "The effects of transcorneal freezing on protein content of aqueous humor and intraocular temperature at the posterior surface of the cornea, the angle, the iris, and the ciliary processes were determined in rabbits and cats. Normal aqueous protein concentration was 40 +/- 2 mg/dl in rabbits and 43 +/- 4 mg/dl in cats. In rabbits, total aqueous protein content reached its highest level (2790 +/- 302 mg/dl) for 3 hr after transcorneal freezing, decreased by 50% after 4 hr, and was not significantly different than normal at 7 days. In cats, total aqueous protein content also reached its highest level (1610 +/- 290 mg/dl) 3 hr after corneal freezing. Fluctuations occurred thereafter, but protein content was not significantly different from normal after 7 days. The temperature at the corneal endothelium always decreased to below 0 degrees C with a 10 to 25 sec application of the cryoprobe to the cornea in rabbit and cat. Intraocular temperature did not decrease below 24 degrees C  at the angle or ciliary processes during application of the cryoprobe for up to 25 sec, whereas the temperature at the pupillary margin of the iris sometimes decreased to near 0 degrees C with a 15 to 25 sec application.", "contents": "Effects of transcorneal freezing on protein content of aqueous humor and intraocular temperature in rabbit and cat. The effects of transcorneal freezing on protein content of aqueous humor and intraocular temperature at the posterior surface of the cornea, the angle, the iris, and the ciliary processes were determined in rabbits and cats. Normal aqueous protein concentration was 40 +/- 2 mg/dl in rabbits and 43 +/- 4 mg/dl in cats. In rabbits, total aqueous protein content reached its highest level (2790 +/- 302 mg/dl) for 3 hr after transcorneal freezing, decreased by 50% after 4 hr, and was not significantly different than normal at 7 days. In cats, total aqueous protein content also reached its highest level (1610 +/- 290 mg/dl) 3 hr after corneal freezing. Fluctuations occurred thereafter, but protein content was not significantly different from normal after 7 days. The temperature at the corneal endothelium always decreased to below 0 degrees C with a 10 to 25 sec application of the cryoprobe to the cornea in rabbit and cat. Intraocular temperature did not decrease below 24 degrees C  at the angle or ciliary processes during application of the cryoprobe for up to 25 sec, whereas the temperature at the pupillary margin of the iris sometimes decreased to near 0 degrees C with a 15 to 25 sec application.", "PMID": 721392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8756", "title": "Etiology of corneal sensitivity changes accompanying contact lens wear.", "content": "Corneal touch threshold was monitored while corneal edema was experimentally induced by exposing the cornea to either an oxygen-free environment or hypotonic saline. No change in sensitivity occurred during these conditions. Contact lens wearers who were fully adapted to their lenses and did not develop corneal edema during wear showed an increase of 96% in corneal touch threshold. Refitting these subjects with an experimental contact lens which caused a 6% increase in corneal thickness did not further alter the corneal sensitivity. The decrease in corneal sensitivity accompanying contact lens wear is independent of corneal edema and is likely a result of sensory adaptation to a mechanical stimulant.", "contents": "Etiology of corneal sensitivity changes accompanying contact lens wear. Corneal touch threshold was monitored while corneal edema was experimentally induced by exposing the cornea to either an oxygen-free environment or hypotonic saline. No change in sensitivity occurred during these conditions. Contact lens wearers who were fully adapted to their lenses and did not develop corneal edema during wear showed an increase of 96% in corneal touch threshold. Refitting these subjects with an experimental contact lens which caused a 6% increase in corneal thickness did not further alter the corneal sensitivity. The decrease in corneal sensitivity accompanying contact lens wear is independent of corneal edema and is likely a result of sensory adaptation to a mechanical stimulant.", "PMID": 721393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8757", "title": "Vitreous fluorophotometry evaluation of xenon photocoagulation.", "content": "An abnormal increase in the permeability of the outer blood-retinal barrier was induced in the eyes of adult pigmented rabbits after retinal xenon arc photocoagulation. The alteration of the blood-retinal barrier, which was assessed by vitreous fluorophotometry after systemic administration of sodium fluorescein, followed a well-defined pattern. Higher values, which were recorded during the first three days after photocoagulation, recovered progressively afterward. The permeability of the blood-retinal barrier returned to near-normal levels between 10 and 14 days after photocoagulation. A direct correlation was observed between higher initial values and heavier photocoagulation.", "contents": "Vitreous fluorophotometry evaluation of xenon photocoagulation. An abnormal increase in the permeability of the outer blood-retinal barrier was induced in the eyes of adult pigmented rabbits after retinal xenon arc photocoagulation. The alteration of the blood-retinal barrier, which was assessed by vitreous fluorophotometry after systemic administration of sodium fluorescein, followed a well-defined pattern. Higher values, which were recorded during the first three days after photocoagulation, recovered progressively afterward. The permeability of the blood-retinal barrier returned to near-normal levels between 10 and 14 days after photocoagulation. A direct correlation was observed between higher initial values and heavier photocoagulation.", "PMID": 721394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8758", "title": "Cortical responses evoked by laser speckle.", "content": "Human cortical evoked responses elicited by patterns are very size and focus dependent, but those produced by moving laser speckle patterns (LASCERs) remain similar in amplitude and subjective sharpness over a wide (+/- 20 D) variation in added lens power. Moreover, cortical signal amplitudes evoked by speckle displays with high average spatial frequencies are significantly larger than those reported for check stimuli equivalent in spatial frequency.", "contents": "Cortical responses evoked by laser speckle. Human cortical evoked responses elicited by patterns are very size and focus dependent, but those produced by moving laser speckle patterns (LASCERs) remain similar in amplitude and subjective sharpness over a wide (+/- 20 D) variation in added lens power. Moreover, cortical signal amplitudes evoked by speckle displays with high average spatial frequencies are significantly larger than those reported for check stimuli equivalent in spatial frequency.", "PMID": 721395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8759", "title": "The marked myocardial depressant effect of verapamil.", "content": "An experiment was designed to measure accurately the primary effect of verapamil on myocardial contractility by infusion of the drug directly into the coronary artery of open-chested anesthetized dogs. A marked myocardial depressant effect, which was dose and time dependent, was noted during verapamil infusion at the infused area only. The percent decrease in contractile force ranged from 8.8 at an infusion rate (mg/min) of 0.55 X 10(-2) to 36.8 at 5.5 X 10(-2). Similar changes were observed in the first derivative of the contractile force. No changes were observed in the left ventricular systolic or end-diastolic pressure and only a mild increase in contractile force was noted in the control (noninfused) area. The depressant effect of verapamil was sustained. Recovery time after 5 min of verapamil infusion was dose dependent, ranging from 10 to 45 min. During the recovery period, an overshoot of the contractile force was observed in dogs on the higher doses only. We concluded that verapamil in clinically relevant doses has a marked negative inotropic effect of long duration and therefore should be used with caution in patients with depressed left ventricular function. Cessation of the verapamil treatment may cause a transient increase in myocardial contractility, which might be hazardous in patients with angina pectoris who have compromised coronary blood flow.", "contents": "The marked myocardial depressant effect of verapamil. An experiment was designed to measure accurately the primary effect of verapamil on myocardial contractility by infusion of the drug directly into the coronary artery of open-chested anesthetized dogs. A marked myocardial depressant effect, which was dose and time dependent, was noted during verapamil infusion at the infused area only. The percent decrease in contractile force ranged from 8.8 at an infusion rate (mg/min) of 0.55 X 10(-2) to 36.8 at 5.5 X 10(-2). Similar changes were observed in the first derivative of the contractile force. No changes were observed in the left ventricular systolic or end-diastolic pressure and only a mild increase in contractile force was noted in the control (noninfused) area. The depressant effect of verapamil was sustained. Recovery time after 5 min of verapamil infusion was dose dependent, ranging from 10 to 45 min. During the recovery period, an overshoot of the contractile force was observed in dogs on the higher doses only. We concluded that verapamil in clinically relevant doses has a marked negative inotropic effect of long duration and therefore should be used with caution in patients with depressed left ventricular function. Cessation of the verapamil treatment may cause a transient increase in myocardial contractility, which might be hazardous in patients with angina pectoris who have compromised coronary blood flow.", "PMID": 721421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8760", "title": "Polysplenia syndrome. A study of five new cases.", "content": "Five children with polysplenia syndrome are described. Cardiac catheterization or postmortem examination revealed the following cardiac anomalies: interruption of the inferior vena cava with azygos (or hemiazygos) continuation to the left superior vena cava and a single atrium or a large atrial septal defect in all five children; a ventricular septal defect in three; and a primitive ventricle in one case. Other anomalies found were: central liver in all five; a right-sided stomach in three; and multiple small spleens and bilateral left, bilobed lungs--found on autopsy--in two of the children. In four of the five patients, whose ECG was available, a negative P wave was present in leads II, III and AVF. This leftward and superiorly directed P wave axis should suggest a diagnosis of polysplenia syndrome in an infant with congenital heart disease. The cardiac anomalies are surgically correctable; therefore, early recognition of this syndrome is of practical importance.", "contents": "Polysplenia syndrome. A study of five new cases. Five children with polysplenia syndrome are described. Cardiac catheterization or postmortem examination revealed the following cardiac anomalies: interruption of the inferior vena cava with azygos (or hemiazygos) continuation to the left superior vena cava and a single atrium or a large atrial septal defect in all five children; a ventricular septal defect in three; and a primitive ventricle in one case. Other anomalies found were: central liver in all five; a right-sided stomach in three; and multiple small spleens and bilateral left, bilobed lungs--found on autopsy--in two of the children. In four of the five patients, whose ECG was available, a negative P wave was present in leads II, III and AVF. This leftward and superiorly directed P wave axis should suggest a diagnosis of polysplenia syndrome in an infant with congenital heart disease. The cardiac anomalies are surgically correctable; therefore, early recognition of this syndrome is of practical importance.", "PMID": 721422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8761", "title": "Rubella in Jerusalem. 1. Seroepidemiologic findings in children born after the 1972 rubella epidemic.", "content": "Nine hundred and sixty-nine babies born after a severe rubella epidemic were tested at the age of eight months for the presence of hemagglutination inhibition antibodies to the disease. There were 208 (21.9%) seropositive babies with titers of greater than or equal to 1:16. Seven cases of congenital rubella were diagnosed at birth, 14 were confirmed by eight months and two babies, who were considered normal at the age of eight months, developed late signs of the disease. Less than 3% of the mothers of the seropositive babies had had clinically recognized rubella in pregnancy. If positive hemagglutination inhibition antibody to rubella accurately reflects congenitally acquired rubella infection, between 8.1 and 21.9% of the 969 babies had serologic evidence of the disease. For cases of congenital rubella diagnosed by the age of three years, the limits are between 8.9 and 23.7 per 1,000 live births for the risk of the disease at the height of the epidemic. Rubella vaccine was not available in Israel until after the 1972 epidemic, the effects of which justify the continued search for and immunization of seronegative women of childbearing age, in addition to routine immunization of young girls.", "contents": "Rubella in Jerusalem. 1. Seroepidemiologic findings in children born after the 1972 rubella epidemic. Nine hundred and sixty-nine babies born after a severe rubella epidemic were tested at the age of eight months for the presence of hemagglutination inhibition antibodies to the disease. There were 208 (21.9%) seropositive babies with titers of greater than or equal to 1:16. Seven cases of congenital rubella were diagnosed at birth, 14 were confirmed by eight months and two babies, who were considered normal at the age of eight months, developed late signs of the disease. Less than 3% of the mothers of the seropositive babies had had clinically recognized rubella in pregnancy. If positive hemagglutination inhibition antibody to rubella accurately reflects congenitally acquired rubella infection, between 8.1 and 21.9% of the 969 babies had serologic evidence of the disease. For cases of congenital rubella diagnosed by the age of three years, the limits are between 8.9 and 23.7 per 1,000 live births for the risk of the disease at the height of the epidemic. Rubella vaccine was not available in Israel until after the 1972 epidemic, the effects of which justify the continued search for and immunization of seronegative women of childbearing age, in addition to routine immunization of young girls.", "PMID": 721423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8762", "title": "Blood pressures in a highly inbred community--Abu Ghosh, Israel. 1. Original survey.", "content": "Abu Ghosh is an Israeli Moslem Arab village located 11 km west of Jerusalem. Its population of about 2,200 has a common ancestry and is highly inbred. Blood pressures, weights, heights and other pertinent data were recorded for 1,881 (93.3%) of 2,017 subjects aged two years and over who were available for study. Mean blood pressures in children up to the age of 15 years were similar to those reported elsewhere. Among adults, the prevalence of hypertension, especially diastolic hypertension, was high. The relative effects of genes and environment on familial similarity in blood pressures are discussed.", "contents": "Blood pressures in a highly inbred community--Abu Ghosh, Israel. 1. Original survey. Abu Ghosh is an Israeli Moslem Arab village located 11 km west of Jerusalem. Its population of about 2,200 has a common ancestry and is highly inbred. Blood pressures, weights, heights and other pertinent data were recorded for 1,881 (93.3%) of 2,017 subjects aged two years and over who were available for study. Mean blood pressures in children up to the age of 15 years were similar to those reported elsewhere. Among adults, the prevalence of hypertension, especially diastolic hypertension, was high. The relative effects of genes and environment on familial similarity in blood pressures are discussed.", "PMID": 721424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8763", "title": "Serum lipid concentration in newborns from various ethnic groups in Israel.", "content": "Serum cholesterol was determined in the cord blood of 438 newborns and repeated on venous samples from the same infants at the ages of 6 and 18 months. Of 36 infants who were originally defined as hypercholesterolemic, 28 had normal values by the age of six months. The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia at birth was 8%. No differences were noted among the five ethnic groups examined. The results suggest that serum cholesterol level at birth is of limited value for the early detection of familial hypercholesterolemia.", "contents": "Serum lipid concentration in newborns from various ethnic groups in Israel. Serum cholesterol was determined in the cord blood of 438 newborns and repeated on venous samples from the same infants at the ages of 6 and 18 months. Of 36 infants who were originally defined as hypercholesterolemic, 28 had normal values by the age of six months. The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia at birth was 8%. No differences were noted among the five ethnic groups examined. The results suggest that serum cholesterol level at birth is of limited value for the early detection of familial hypercholesterolemia.", "PMID": 721425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8764", "title": "Effect of uremia on tumor growth in mice.", "content": "Outbred Swiss mice of the Hebrew University strain were subtotally nephrectomized. The experimental and control animals were both divided into two subgroups, with one group kept on a regular animal house diet and one on a low-protein diet. All the animals were injected with Ehrlich's ascites tumor cells s.c. into the neck region. Two weeks later, the animals were killed and the tumor was excised and weighed to the nearest milligram. Tumor size in the uremic animals--the nephrectomized animals kept on a regular diet--was significantly smaller than in all other groups, which had blood urea nitrogen levels well within the normal range. It is suggested that urea may be a factor responsible for inhibiting tumor growth.", "contents": "Effect of uremia on tumor growth in mice. Outbred Swiss mice of the Hebrew University strain were subtotally nephrectomized. The experimental and control animals were both divided into two subgroups, with one group kept on a regular animal house diet and one on a low-protein diet. All the animals were injected with Ehrlich's ascites tumor cells s.c. into the neck region. Two weeks later, the animals were killed and the tumor was excised and weighed to the nearest milligram. Tumor size in the uremic animals--the nephrectomized animals kept on a regular diet--was significantly smaller than in all other groups, which had blood urea nitrogen levels well within the normal range. It is suggested that urea may be a factor responsible for inhibiting tumor growth.", "PMID": 721426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8765", "title": "[Stuccokeratoses. Review and own observations].", "content": "Stuccokeratoses are typical, verruca plana-like lesions mostly on the distal parts of the extremities of elderly people. Male persons are preferentially affected. Nosology, histopathology, pathogenesis and differential diagnosis are discussed, and three own cases presented. Stuccokeratoses are probably a special variant of verrucae seborrhoicae seniles.", "contents": "[Stuccokeratoses. Review and own observations]. Stuccokeratoses are typical, verruca plana-like lesions mostly on the distal parts of the extremities of elderly people. Male persons are preferentially affected. Nosology, histopathology, pathogenesis and differential diagnosis are discussed, and three own cases presented. Stuccokeratoses are probably a special variant of verrucae seborrhoicae seniles.", "PMID": 721462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8766", "title": "[Nevoid hair bundles in man].", "content": "Between the different forms of multiple hairs the circumscribed occurence of compound hairs is a rare nevoid hair-abnormality. It is caused by merging of several follicles in the middle or upper corium. The deep parts and the papillae are independent units. The pathogenesis, clinical relevance and therapy of compound hairs are discussed on the basis of an own observation.", "contents": "[Nevoid hair bundles in man]. Between the different forms of multiple hairs the circumscribed occurence of compound hairs is a rare nevoid hair-abnormality. It is caused by merging of several follicles in the middle or upper corium. The deep parts and the papillae are independent units. The pathogenesis, clinical relevance and therapy of compound hairs are discussed on the basis of an own observation.", "PMID": 721463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8767", "title": "[Congenital, plaque-like osteoma of the skin in an infant].", "content": "A plaque-like cutaneous osteoma in a male infant is described and compared with 12 remarkably similar cases from the literature. An important differential diagnosis is that of pseudohypoparathyroidism and it has to be excluded by the examination of the calcium and phosphorus metabolism. There are two possible explanations for the etiologie of osteoma cutis, an osseous hamartom, or a metaplasia of mesenchym cells. Because of some important reasons we prefer the hamartom concept.", "contents": "[Congenital, plaque-like osteoma of the skin in an infant]. A plaque-like cutaneous osteoma in a male infant is described and compared with 12 remarkably similar cases from the literature. An important differential diagnosis is that of pseudohypoparathyroidism and it has to be excluded by the examination of the calcium and phosphorus metabolism. There are two possible explanations for the etiologie of osteoma cutis, an osseous hamartom, or a metaplasia of mesenchym cells. Because of some important reasons we prefer the hamartom concept.", "PMID": 721464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8768", "title": "[Intrafocal BCG therapy of metastasizing malignant melanoma].", "content": "Therapeutical possibilities and side effects of intrafocal BCG-vaccination into metastases of malignant melanomas are discussed. Only in one of our three cases, this special method of unspecific immunstimulation induced a remarkable regression of tumor size. The second patient showed a partial remission and in the third there was no effect at all. Besides local irritation with ulceration we observed severe generalized side effects in all patients. A granulomatous hepatitis, which represents the most severe complication of this therapeutical method, occurred in one case. Its successful treatment with tuberculostatic agents favors the assumption of an infectious genesis.", "contents": "[Intrafocal BCG therapy of metastasizing malignant melanoma]. Therapeutical possibilities and side effects of intrafocal BCG-vaccination into metastases of malignant melanomas are discussed. Only in one of our three cases, this special method of unspecific immunstimulation induced a remarkable regression of tumor size. The second patient showed a partial remission and in the third there was no effect at all. Besides local irritation with ulceration we observed severe generalized side effects in all patients. A granulomatous hepatitis, which represents the most severe complication of this therapeutical method, occurred in one case. Its successful treatment with tuberculostatic agents favors the assumption of an infectious genesis.", "PMID": 721465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8769", "title": "[Hyperkeratotic variant of Darier's disease. Successful oral treatment using an aromatic retinoid (Ro 10-9395)].", "content": "Oral aromatic retinoid (Ro 10-9359) in the treatment of a patient with hyperkeratotic Darier's disease yielded excellent results, which could be maintained over a period of 14 months by continuous administration of the drug. No serious side effects occurred which would have necessitated discontinuation of the therapy.", "contents": "[Hyperkeratotic variant of Darier's disease. Successful oral treatment using an aromatic retinoid (Ro 10-9395)]. Oral aromatic retinoid (Ro 10-9359) in the treatment of a patient with hyperkeratotic Darier's disease yielded excellent results, which could be maintained over a period of 14 months by continuous administration of the drug. No serious side effects occurred which would have necessitated discontinuation of the therapy.", "PMID": 721466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8770", "title": "[Nodose lues exanthema].", "content": "An unusual form of secondary syphilis is reported. Because of the exceptionally large nodular cutaneous lesions, reticulosis or sarcoidosis was clinically suspected. The results of the serologic tests for syphilis and the concurrent histologic examinations established soon the correct diagnosis.", "contents": "[Nodose lues exanthema]. An unusual form of secondary syphilis is reported. Because of the exceptionally large nodular cutaneous lesions, reticulosis or sarcoidosis was clinically suspected. The results of the serologic tests for syphilis and the concurrent histologic examinations established soon the correct diagnosis.", "PMID": 721467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8771", "title": "[Clinical picture and diagnosis of bee-venom allergy. A comparison between skin tests and RAST determinations].", "content": "Of a group of 53 anamnestically assured bee venom allergies 81.1% positive skin tests (bee whole body extract) as well as 79% positive RAST (bee venom) could be proven. A statistical connection between skin test and clinic reaction degree, as well as between \"RAST-clinic reaction degree\" and \"skin test--RAST\" could not be found. The agreement between skin test and RAST results was of 71.7%, the positive correlation of 66%. The problem of the diagnosis and the therapy of allergy to hymenopteren stings is briefly described.", "contents": "[Clinical picture and diagnosis of bee-venom allergy. A comparison between skin tests and RAST determinations]. Of a group of 53 anamnestically assured bee venom allergies 81.1% positive skin tests (bee whole body extract) as well as 79% positive RAST (bee venom) could be proven. A statistical connection between skin test and clinic reaction degree, as well as between \"RAST-clinic reaction degree\" and \"skin test--RAST\" could not be found. The agreement between skin test and RAST results was of 71.7%, the positive correlation of 66%. The problem of the diagnosis and the therapy of allergy to hymenopteren stings is briefly described.", "PMID": 721471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8772", "title": "[Immunocytoma simulating chronic acrodermatitis atrophicans].", "content": "A 76 year old female developed an acrodermatitis-chronica-atrophicans-(ACA)-like lesion on her foot. Histological examination and quantitative determination of immunoglobulins in homogenates from the skin lesion revealed an immunocytoma of the IgM type. Malignant lymphoma originating in ACA lesions or concomitting ACA are well known. The case described here indicates that primary malignant lymphoma of the skin clinically can simulate ACA and creates diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic problems.", "contents": "[Immunocytoma simulating chronic acrodermatitis atrophicans]. A 76 year old female developed an acrodermatitis-chronica-atrophicans-(ACA)-like lesion on her foot. Histological examination and quantitative determination of immunoglobulins in homogenates from the skin lesion revealed an immunocytoma of the IgM type. Malignant lymphoma originating in ACA lesions or concomitting ACA are well known. The case described here indicates that primary malignant lymphoma of the skin clinically can simulate ACA and creates diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic problems.", "PMID": 721472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8773", "title": "[In-vitro stimulation of sperm motility using a deproteinized hemodevivative and a luteinizing hormone].", "content": "The effect of a commercial deproteinized blood extract--on motility of human spermatozoa was examined in vitro. The improvement of motility as seen after addition of 5 and 10 percent of this deproteinized blood extract, is supposed to be due to amounts containing different concentrations of LH. The extract was ruled out as a source of kallikrein, but not as a source of kininogens.", "contents": "[In-vitro stimulation of sperm motility using a deproteinized hemodevivative and a luteinizing hormone]. The effect of a commercial deproteinized blood extract--on motility of human spermatozoa was examined in vitro. The improvement of motility as seen after addition of 5 and 10 percent of this deproteinized blood extract, is supposed to be due to amounts containing different concentrations of LH. The extract was ruled out as a source of kallikrein, but not as a source of kininogens.", "PMID": 721473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8774", "title": "[Palmoplantar epidermal cyst].", "content": "Epidermal cysts of the palms and sole of feet are rare. They originate from traumatic implantation of the epidermis into the dermis or subcutis. Three cases (one on the palm and two on the sole of the feet) are reported.", "contents": "[Palmoplantar epidermal cyst]. Epidermal cysts of the palms and sole of feet are rare. They originate from traumatic implantation of the epidermis into the dermis or subcutis. Three cases (one on the palm and two on the sole of the feet) are reported.", "PMID": 721474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8775", "title": "[The acquired digital fibrokeratoma].", "content": "A case of acquired digital fibrokeratoma is presented. The asymptomatic cylindrical tumor preferably occurs during the third to sixth decade of life and affects mainly the fingers. Histologically one finds a cylindriform connective tissue proliferation surrounded by an akantholytic band of epidermis with papillomatous changes and hyperkeratosis. For differential diagnosis rudimentary supernumerary digit, cutaneous horn and granuloma pyogenicum are to be considered. Therapy consists of excision of this benign tumor of hitherto unknown origin.", "contents": "[The acquired digital fibrokeratoma]. A case of acquired digital fibrokeratoma is presented. The asymptomatic cylindrical tumor preferably occurs during the third to sixth decade of life and affects mainly the fingers. Histologically one finds a cylindriform connective tissue proliferation surrounded by an akantholytic band of epidermis with papillomatous changes and hyperkeratosis. For differential diagnosis rudimentary supernumerary digit, cutaneous horn and granuloma pyogenicum are to be considered. Therapy consists of excision of this benign tumor of hitherto unknown origin.", "PMID": 721475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8776", "title": "[Antibiotic prophylaxis in intensive care].", "content": "Of 611 prospectively studied patients in a surgical intensive care unit, 177 developed hospital infections (29%): urinary tract infections (37.2%), pneumonia (22.5%), sepsis (19.7%), wound infections (9.6%), etc. The commonest pathogens were Pseud. aeruginosa, E. coli, Staph. aureus, enterococci, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis. In preventing and combating hospital infections in intensive care units, priority should be given not to antibiotics but to hygiene in the hospital. Systemic antibiotic prophylaxis prevents neither hospital-contracted pneumonia, sepsis nor urinary tract infections. There is an urgent need for controlled studies on the necessity and selection of locally active antibacterial and antimycotic substances to prevent germ ascension in vein and bladder catheters.", "contents": "[Antibiotic prophylaxis in intensive care]. Of 611 prospectively studied patients in a surgical intensive care unit, 177 developed hospital infections (29%): urinary tract infections (37.2%), pneumonia (22.5%), sepsis (19.7%), wound infections (9.6%), etc. The commonest pathogens were Pseud. aeruginosa, E. coli, Staph. aureus, enterococci, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis. In preventing and combating hospital infections in intensive care units, priority should be given not to antibiotics but to hygiene in the hospital. Systemic antibiotic prophylaxis prevents neither hospital-contracted pneumonia, sepsis nor urinary tract infections. There is an urgent need for controlled studies on the necessity and selection of locally active antibacterial and antimycotic substances to prevent germ ascension in vein and bladder catheters.", "PMID": 721586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8777", "title": "[Preventive antibiotic therapy in neurosurgery].", "content": "The swiss neurosurgeons were asked to give their own politics on prophylactic antibiotics. The results of this enquiry are given. Post-operative infections in the Neurosurgical Clinic of Geneva in a four-year period were at a satisfactorily low rate and demonstrated the importance of many factors of risk. Guide lines for a reasonable prophylaxis in three groups of operations are given, with a precise schedule for each group. It is suggested that ones own surgical technique be severely criticized before considering prophylactic antibiotics.", "contents": "[Preventive antibiotic therapy in neurosurgery]. The swiss neurosurgeons were asked to give their own politics on prophylactic antibiotics. The results of this enquiry are given. Post-operative infections in the Neurosurgical Clinic of Geneva in a four-year period were at a satisfactorily low rate and demonstrated the importance of many factors of risk. Guide lines for a reasonable prophylaxis in three groups of operations are given, with a precise schedule for each group. It is suggested that ones own surgical technique be severely criticized before considering prophylactic antibiotics.", "PMID": 721588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8778", "title": "[Preventive antibiotic therapy in orthopedic surgery].", "content": "Prophylactic antibiotics are useful if the right substance hits the right place at the right moment. Wound contamination and infection rates are generally low in clean orthopaedic wounds. Systematic treatment is therefore not justified for all patients. The high risk must nevertheless be protected. The indications for antibiotherapy, systemic or local, of eight Swiss clinics are discussed. 86% patients left these clinics without having received any systemic antibiotics at all.", "contents": "[Preventive antibiotic therapy in orthopedic surgery]. Prophylactic antibiotics are useful if the right substance hits the right place at the right moment. Wound contamination and infection rates are generally low in clean orthopaedic wounds. Systematic treatment is therefore not justified for all patients. The high risk must nevertheless be protected. The indications for antibiotherapy, systemic or local, of eight Swiss clinics are discussed. 86% patients left these clinics without having received any systemic antibiotics at all.", "PMID": 721589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8779", "title": "[Antibiotic prophylaxis in plastic reconstructive surgery].", "content": "In plastic reconstructive surgery the use of prophylactic antibiotics is considered for wounds in which tissue trauma can not exactly be delineated as in gun shot wounds, bites, contusions; for extensive surgery lasting more than three hours in the oral area, with opening of the maxillary sinuses; when large foreign bodies are implanted; if there is massive intraoperative contamination and for patients with reduced antibacterial defence mechanisms. A principal factor leading to infection is reduced tissue oxygenation, which can be reversed by the use of benzopyrones as experimentally demonstrated.", "contents": "[Antibiotic prophylaxis in plastic reconstructive surgery]. In plastic reconstructive surgery the use of prophylactic antibiotics is considered for wounds in which tissue trauma can not exactly be delineated as in gun shot wounds, bites, contusions; for extensive surgery lasting more than three hours in the oral area, with opening of the maxillary sinuses; when large foreign bodies are implanted; if there is massive intraoperative contamination and for patients with reduced antibacterial defence mechanisms. A principal factor leading to infection is reduced tissue oxygenation, which can be reversed by the use of benzopyrones as experimentally demonstrated.", "PMID": 721590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8780", "title": "[The infected total hip replacement prosthesis].", "content": "In a series of 48 cases of infected hip prosthesis the different therapeutic possibilities are being discussed. In 30 instances a one stage exchange operation with the use of antibiotic bone cement as described by BUCHHOLZ was performed. Provided good stability of the new prosthesis is obtained, the signs of infection as well as most pathologic X-ray aspects will disappear, in spite of the introduction of additional implant material. After an observation time of up to 5 years more than half of the cases appeared clinically healed. The poor results generally manifest themselves within the first postoperative year. As palliation against infection a good general condition of the patient, the absence of infectious foci as well as a good operative technique and discipline to us seem more important than the number of germs in the operation theater.", "contents": "[The infected total hip replacement prosthesis]. In a series of 48 cases of infected hip prosthesis the different therapeutic possibilities are being discussed. In 30 instances a one stage exchange operation with the use of antibiotic bone cement as described by BUCHHOLZ was performed. Provided good stability of the new prosthesis is obtained, the signs of infection as well as most pathologic X-ray aspects will disappear, in spite of the introduction of additional implant material. After an observation time of up to 5 years more than half of the cases appeared clinically healed. The poor results generally manifest themselves within the first postoperative year. As palliation against infection a good general condition of the patient, the absence of infectious foci as well as a good operative technique and discipline to us seem more important than the number of germs in the operation theater.", "PMID": 721596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8781", "title": "[Comparison of different methods of treatment of per- and subtrochanteric femoral fractures].", "content": "In the time between 1970 and 1977 142 patients, 72% older than 75 years, with per- and subtrochanteric fractures of the femur were treated operatively; 38 cases with AO-angle-plates, 53 cases with K\u00fcntscher-nails and 51 cases with Ender-nails. Regarding peroperative blood loss, early mobilization and days of hospitalization, it was the group of Ender-nail treated patients which showed the most favorable results.", "contents": "[Comparison of different methods of treatment of per- and subtrochanteric femoral fractures]. In the time between 1970 and 1977 142 patients, 72% older than 75 years, with per- and subtrochanteric fractures of the femur were treated operatively; 38 cases with AO-angle-plates, 53 cases with K\u00fcntscher-nails and 51 cases with Ender-nails. Regarding peroperative blood loss, early mobilization and days of hospitalization, it was the group of Ender-nail treated patients which showed the most favorable results.", "PMID": 721597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8782", "title": "[The position of scintigraphy in traumatology].", "content": "A report on the findings of skeletal scintigraphy in 80 cases of traumatic bone lesions is discussed. After a short survey on the physiological process in the activity ensilage, the assertion of the scintigraphy is compared to the X-ray. The indication which has been approved in practice is discussed and described. In correct indication scintigraphy is a valuable diagnostic measure and it may influence the procedure.", "contents": "[The position of scintigraphy in traumatology]. A report on the findings of skeletal scintigraphy in 80 cases of traumatic bone lesions is discussed. After a short survey on the physiological process in the activity ensilage, the assertion of the scintigraphy is compared to the X-ray. The indication which has been approved in practice is discussed and described. In correct indication scintigraphy is a valuable diagnostic measure and it may influence the procedure.", "PMID": 721598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8783", "title": "[Special aspects of fracture healing in cranio-cerebral injuries].", "content": "This study demonstrates the changes of concentration and elimination of calcium, phosphate and zinc, as well as alteration of serum alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase especially in patients with severe brain injuries in connection with bone fractures. Because the study has not been completed, the presently acquired results should only demonstrate possible development of the examined parameters. To find out the pathogenesis of overgrowing callus in brain-injured patients, further examinations are being carried out to find the histochemical activities of alkaline and acid phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, adenosine triphosphatase and acetylcholine esterase.", "contents": "[Special aspects of fracture healing in cranio-cerebral injuries]. This study demonstrates the changes of concentration and elimination of calcium, phosphate and zinc, as well as alteration of serum alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase especially in patients with severe brain injuries in connection with bone fractures. Because the study has not been completed, the presently acquired results should only demonstrate possible development of the examined parameters. To find out the pathogenesis of overgrowing callus in brain-injured patients, further examinations are being carried out to find the histochemical activities of alkaline and acid phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, adenosine triphosphatase and acetylcholine esterase.", "PMID": 721599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8784", "title": "[Scintigraphy in the diagnosis of osteitis].", "content": "The report on the experience with skeletal scintigraphy in case of osteitis discusses the clinical use of this method. It is shown that with correct indication scintigraphy can furnish early diagnosis and in many cases additional valuable information.", "contents": "[Scintigraphy in the diagnosis of osteitis]. The report on the experience with skeletal scintigraphy in case of osteitis discusses the clinical use of this method. It is shown that with correct indication scintigraphy can furnish early diagnosis and in many cases additional valuable information.", "PMID": 721600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8785", "title": "[Osteomyelitis after osteosynthesis].", "content": "In reparative surgery, and particularly reosteo-synthesis, latent or apathogenic germ invasion of \"old\" wounds must always be reckoned with. Antiinfectious measures, which must be pursued untiringly, are to be placed beside equivalent surgical measures which should go beyond mere operative care of traumatic tissue damage.", "contents": "[Osteomyelitis after osteosynthesis]. In reparative surgery, and particularly reosteo-synthesis, latent or apathogenic germ invasion of \"old\" wounds must always be reckoned with. Antiinfectious measures, which must be pursued untiringly, are to be placed beside equivalent surgical measures which should go beyond mere operative care of traumatic tissue damage.", "PMID": 721601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8786", "title": "[Plate fixation and open wound treatment in infected intramedullar nails].", "content": "In treating patients who present with an extensive non-union due to infected intramedullary nail, bone healing can be achieved within a few weeks through a policy of active management. Following excision of the infected tissue and thorough irrigation, the fracture site is stabilized by a plate fixation and a packet with cancellous bone. The wound overlying the bone is left open to granulate. No complications were observed during the course of healing in 7 cases (5 tibia, 2 femur) managed this way. The method is based on classical principles of orthopedics and the treatment of infection. Such has been its impressive success, that it would seem to warrant not only close attention but also strong recommendation.", "contents": "[Plate fixation and open wound treatment in infected intramedullar nails]. In treating patients who present with an extensive non-union due to infected intramedullary nail, bone healing can be achieved within a few weeks through a policy of active management. Following excision of the infected tissue and thorough irrigation, the fracture site is stabilized by a plate fixation and a packet with cancellous bone. The wound overlying the bone is left open to granulate. No complications were observed during the course of healing in 7 cases (5 tibia, 2 femur) managed this way. The method is based on classical principles of orthopedics and the treatment of infection. Such has been its impressive success, that it would seem to warrant not only close attention but also strong recommendation.", "PMID": 721602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8787", "title": "[What advantage are there in using gentamycin-PMMA-chains in the treatment of posttraumatic osteomyelitis, osteoarthritis and soft tissue infections?].", "content": "The use of gentamicin-polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bead chains permits the depositing of a high dose of gentamicin at the place of the infection. Short indications on the experimental basis and hints regarding the practical application are given. It follows the discussion of the results in 34 patients with chronic posttraumatic osteomyelitis, arthritis due to infection, diabetic and arteriosclerotic gangrene and the infections of the soft tissues. Primary wound healing was achieved in 70%. Discussion of interesting cases. The advantages of the use of gentamicin-PMMA bead chains in infection cases are emphasized.", "contents": "[What advantage are there in using gentamycin-PMMA-chains in the treatment of posttraumatic osteomyelitis, osteoarthritis and soft tissue infections?]. The use of gentamicin-polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bead chains permits the depositing of a high dose of gentamicin at the place of the infection. Short indications on the experimental basis and hints regarding the practical application are given. It follows the discussion of the results in 34 patients with chronic posttraumatic osteomyelitis, arthritis due to infection, diabetic and arteriosclerotic gangrene and the infections of the soft tissues. Primary wound healing was achieved in 70%. Discussion of interesting cases. The advantages of the use of gentamicin-PMMA bead chains in infection cases are emphasized.", "PMID": 721603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8788", "title": "[Conservative versus surgical treatment of spinal fractures].", "content": "Not only fractures of joints and shafts may benefit from internal fixation, but also certain fractures of the spine. Stable spine fractures still are suitable for closed treatment. Instable fractures, however especially those with neurological disorders, can be much improved in their results by adequate surgery, by open reduction, rigid fixation and decompression of the medullary canal in case of paraplegia. As simple as closed treatment of the stable fractures is, as difficult is surgery of instable fractures. For all the different types of instable fractures and different types of compression syndromes, individual surgical approaches, decompression and fixation techniques are to be familiar to the surgeon. The basics of such individualized treatment of fractures of the spine are described as it has become standard base on an experience with 750 fractures of the spine, 90 of them having had surgery.", "contents": "[Conservative versus surgical treatment of spinal fractures]. Not only fractures of joints and shafts may benefit from internal fixation, but also certain fractures of the spine. Stable spine fractures still are suitable for closed treatment. Instable fractures, however especially those with neurological disorders, can be much improved in their results by adequate surgery, by open reduction, rigid fixation and decompression of the medullary canal in case of paraplegia. As simple as closed treatment of the stable fractures is, as difficult is surgery of instable fractures. For all the different types of instable fractures and different types of compression syndromes, individual surgical approaches, decompression and fixation techniques are to be familiar to the surgeon. The basics of such individualized treatment of fractures of the spine are described as it has become standard base on an experience with 750 fractures of the spine, 90 of them having had surgery.", "PMID": 721604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8789", "title": "[Indication for prosthesis in pertrochanteric fractures].", "content": "Trochanteric fractures with concomitant osteoarthrosis of the hip joint present a clear indication for total hip replacement there by treating both the fracture and the joint disease. Trochanteric fractures with an otherwise normal hip joint are usually treated by internal fixation. Under certain conditions (old patient, simple fracture) femoral head or total hip replacement may, however, be preferable. As a rule, duration and technical difficulty of such an operation should not exceed that of any classical method of internal fixation.", "contents": "[Indication for prosthesis in pertrochanteric fractures]. Trochanteric fractures with concomitant osteoarthrosis of the hip joint present a clear indication for total hip replacement there by treating both the fracture and the joint disease. Trochanteric fractures with an otherwise normal hip joint are usually treated by internal fixation. Under certain conditions (old patient, simple fracture) femoral head or total hip replacement may, however, be preferable. As a rule, duration and technical difficulty of such an operation should not exceed that of any classical method of internal fixation.", "PMID": 721605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8790", "title": "[Indications for osteosynthesis in fractures in children].", "content": "Surgical treatment for fractures in childhood should be rare. Indications for open reduction and internal fixation is given especially in fractures within the joint region, which includes namely epiphyseal fractures, dislocated joint fractures (patella, olecranon, femoral neck, radial head, flake fractures) and dislocated ligament injuries. The same is true in children's fractures with accompanied vascular- or nerve-injuries and in multiple fractures, multiple injuries and open fractures grade III. A very relative indication to osteosynthesis is given in severe axial deviations which can not be corrected conservatively. In given in severe axial deviations which can not be corrected conservatively. In the last group the indication depends on the age of the child, localization of the fracture and the mainly displaced plane, but also depends on whether the department in question is experienced in and can fully exploid the conservative possibilities of closed reduction and stabilization.", "contents": "[Indications for osteosynthesis in fractures in children]. Surgical treatment for fractures in childhood should be rare. Indications for open reduction and internal fixation is given especially in fractures within the joint region, which includes namely epiphyseal fractures, dislocated joint fractures (patella, olecranon, femoral neck, radial head, flake fractures) and dislocated ligament injuries. The same is true in children's fractures with accompanied vascular- or nerve-injuries and in multiple fractures, multiple injuries and open fractures grade III. A very relative indication to osteosynthesis is given in severe axial deviations which can not be corrected conservatively. In given in severe axial deviations which can not be corrected conservatively. In the last group the indication depends on the age of the child, localization of the fracture and the mainly displaced plane, but also depends on whether the department in question is experienced in and can fully exploid the conservative possibilities of closed reduction and stabilization.", "PMID": 721606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8791", "title": "[Treatment of tibial fractures seen in the light of long-term results].", "content": "The intra-articular fracture of the lower extremity of the tibia is an injury which often produces functional problems in the ankle joint, sometimes leaving the patient incapable of continuing his original employment. Conservative treatment is often unsatisfactory because of the difficulty of closed reduction of the fracture, and the difficulty in maintaining the reduction. Open reduction and stable internal fixation frequently gives good results, even in cases of complicated fractures. The diagnosis is essentially based on standard X-ray examination of the ankle (face and profiles) with obliques, and occasionally by tomography. A new classification proposed by ALLGOWER permits one to see more precisely the degrees of difficulty of reconstruction, and to have a more exact prognosis.", "contents": "[Treatment of tibial fractures seen in the light of long-term results]. The intra-articular fracture of the lower extremity of the tibia is an injury which often produces functional problems in the ankle joint, sometimes leaving the patient incapable of continuing his original employment. Conservative treatment is often unsatisfactory because of the difficulty of closed reduction of the fracture, and the difficulty in maintaining the reduction. Open reduction and stable internal fixation frequently gives good results, even in cases of complicated fractures. The diagnosis is essentially based on standard X-ray examination of the ankle (face and profiles) with obliques, and occasionally by tomography. A new classification proposed by ALLGOWER permits one to see more precisely the degrees of difficulty of reconstruction, and to have a more exact prognosis.", "PMID": 721607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8792", "title": "[Hemodilution--methodological problems].", "content": "To achieve normovolemic hemodilution two methods have established themselves: the acute preoperative hemodilution and the therapy with different blood constituents. The ever increasing consumption of blood and blood products shows the absolute necessity of using all the available constituents, especially the erythrocytes. A proved and standardized transfusion program is shown, which --allows blood substitution with specific hemodilution without additional expenses of time and organization or technical difficulties, --shows means of substituting 80% of the blood consumption with packed red cells (Erythrozytenkonzentrate), --helps save blood and blood products, --unites the plasma production with that of the erythrocytes.", "contents": "[Hemodilution--methodological problems]. To achieve normovolemic hemodilution two methods have established themselves: the acute preoperative hemodilution and the therapy with different blood constituents. The ever increasing consumption of blood and blood products shows the absolute necessity of using all the available constituents, especially the erythrocytes. A proved and standardized transfusion program is shown, which --allows blood substitution with specific hemodilution without additional expenses of time and organization or technical difficulties, --shows means of substituting 80% of the blood consumption with packed red cells (Erythrozytenkonzentrate), --helps save blood and blood products, --unites the plasma production with that of the erythrocytes.", "PMID": 721608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8793", "title": "Measuring relative electrophoretic mobilities of mutant hemoglobins and globin chains.", "content": "A system of calculating relative mobilities of mutant hemoglobins and globin chains in four methods of zone electrophoresis is described. In electrophoresis on cellulose acetate, TEB buffer, pH 8.5, mobilities are calculated as ratios of the mobility of simultaneously analyzed Hb C. In electrophoresis on citrate agar, pH 6.0, anodic mobilities are also related to Hb C, cathodic ones to Hb F. In globin electrophoresis in urea 2-mercaptoethanol buffers, pH 6.0 and 8.9, mobilities of the mutant globin chains are calculated in relation to the mobilities of normal alpha and beta chains. These calculations provide objective comparisons of mobilities of hemoglobins, including those analyzed at different times. The combined data permit recognition of many mutant hemoglobins.", "contents": "Measuring relative electrophoretic mobilities of mutant hemoglobins and globin chains. A system of calculating relative mobilities of mutant hemoglobins and globin chains in four methods of zone electrophoresis is described. In electrophoresis on cellulose acetate, TEB buffer, pH 8.5, mobilities are calculated as ratios of the mobility of simultaneously analyzed Hb C. In electrophoresis on citrate agar, pH 6.0, anodic mobilities are also related to Hb C, cathodic ones to Hb F. In globin electrophoresis in urea 2-mercaptoethanol buffers, pH 6.0 and 8.9, mobilities of the mutant globin chains are calculated in relation to the mobilities of normal alpha and beta chains. These calculations provide objective comparisons of mobilities of hemoglobins, including those analyzed at different times. The combined data permit recognition of many mutant hemoglobins.", "PMID": 721610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8794", "title": "Enzyme layers on glass as a new model for the quantitative study of capture reactions in cytochemistry, with special attention to acid phosphatase.", "content": "A model system is described for the study of capture reactions for diffusable compounds in enzyme cytochemistry. The model, which allows the investigation of the influence of the composition of the cytochemical medium, the enzymatic activity, and the dimensions of the enzymatic site on the capture reaction, consists of very thin homogeneous layers of enzyme (0.01-0.1 micrometer thick) on glass, which are incubated in the cytochemical medium. The fraction of the total amount of liberated product precipitated in the enzyme layer is dependent not only on the trapping efficiency of the cytochemical medium but also on the concentration of the primary reaction product that can be built up in the enzyme layer. Calculations were performed to determine the steady-state concentration of the primary reaction product that can be built up in the enzyme layer. Acid phosphatase was used as enzyme. The problems associated with the model and its applicability to other types of cytochemical reactions are discussed.", "contents": "Enzyme layers on glass as a new model for the quantitative study of capture reactions in cytochemistry, with special attention to acid phosphatase. A model system is described for the study of capture reactions for diffusable compounds in enzyme cytochemistry. The model, which allows the investigation of the influence of the composition of the cytochemical medium, the enzymatic activity, and the dimensions of the enzymatic site on the capture reaction, consists of very thin homogeneous layers of enzyme (0.01-0.1 micrometer thick) on glass, which are incubated in the cytochemical medium. The fraction of the total amount of liberated product precipitated in the enzyme layer is dependent not only on the trapping efficiency of the cytochemical medium but also on the concentration of the primary reaction product that can be built up in the enzyme layer. Calculations were performed to determine the steady-state concentration of the primary reaction product that can be built up in the enzyme layer. Acid phosphatase was used as enzyme. The problems associated with the model and its applicability to other types of cytochemical reactions are discussed.", "PMID": 721630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8795", "title": "Succinate dehydrogenase activity in the wall of rabbit aorta. The histochemical use of PMS and exogenous coenzyme Q10 as intermediate carriers.", "content": "An investigation of succinate dehydrogenase activity in the wall of rabbit aorta was carried out. The level of succinate dehydrogenase per se in the smooth muscle cells was found to be fairly high, while the mitochondrial level of carrier CoQ was low. The latter may explain the low level or lack of activity of succinate dehydrogenase in these cells as noticed by previous authors. A reliable image of the actual level of succinate dehydrogenase was obtained only by adding CoQ10 to the incubation system. PMS should be avoided, as it induced a \"Nothing dehydrogenase\" reaction even at low concentrations.", "contents": "Succinate dehydrogenase activity in the wall of rabbit aorta. The histochemical use of PMS and exogenous coenzyme Q10 as intermediate carriers. An investigation of succinate dehydrogenase activity in the wall of rabbit aorta was carried out. The level of succinate dehydrogenase per se in the smooth muscle cells was found to be fairly high, while the mitochondrial level of carrier CoQ was low. The latter may explain the low level or lack of activity of succinate dehydrogenase in these cells as noticed by previous authors. A reliable image of the actual level of succinate dehydrogenase was obtained only by adding CoQ10 to the incubation system. PMS should be avoided, as it induced a \"Nothing dehydrogenase\" reaction even at low concentrations.", "PMID": 721631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8796", "title": "[Is surgery for infections of the maxilla and face still justified? (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on the authors' studies and on publications by others from the Vienna Department of Maxillo-facial surgery over the past 60 years common infections of the maxilla and face and the incidences and prognosis of their life-threatening complications and reviewed. Fatalities as expected became substantially less frequent after the introduction of antibiotics, but the number of deaths due to septicaemic abscesses in contrast to those due to local complications has fallen only slightly since penicillin usage. The danger of overrating the therapeutic potential of antibiotics is emphasized, and despite major advances in chemotherapy the discrimination between pathologies preferably treated surgically or conservatively has by no means changes.", "contents": "[Is surgery for infections of the maxilla and face still justified? (author's transl)]. Based on the authors' studies and on publications by others from the Vienna Department of Maxillo-facial surgery over the past 60 years common infections of the maxilla and face and the incidences and prognosis of their life-threatening complications and reviewed. Fatalities as expected became substantially less frequent after the introduction of antibiotics, but the number of deaths due to septicaemic abscesses in contrast to those due to local complications has fallen only slightly since penicillin usage. The danger of overrating the therapeutic potential of antibiotics is emphasized, and despite major advances in chemotherapy the discrimination between pathologies preferably treated surgically or conservatively has by no means changes.", "PMID": 721632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8797", "title": "[A clinical report of luetic hearing loss (author's transl)].", "content": "Three patients with syphilitic hearing losses are reported. In these patients, the impairment of cochleovestibular function progressed rapidly and quite often with fluctuations. The prognosis of inner ear damage is generally poor. However, in one 24-year old patient, treatment with penicillin and cortisone was successful in arresting hearing loss. This loss began early in the second stage of the disease so that its luetic origin could be recognized at the onset of the otological symptoms.", "contents": "[A clinical report of luetic hearing loss (author's transl)]. Three patients with syphilitic hearing losses are reported. In these patients, the impairment of cochleovestibular function progressed rapidly and quite often with fluctuations. The prognosis of inner ear damage is generally poor. However, in one 24-year old patient, treatment with penicillin and cortisone was successful in arresting hearing loss. This loss began early in the second stage of the disease so that its luetic origin could be recognized at the onset of the otological symptoms.", "PMID": 721633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8798", "title": "[First observations of a cochlear-implant operation (author's transl)].", "content": "We report on our observations following our first cochlear-implant operation in a patient, and have found that the implantation of a single electrode can allow the patient to realize background noise.", "contents": "[First observations of a cochlear-implant operation (author's transl)]. We report on our observations following our first cochlear-implant operation in a patient, and have found that the implantation of a single electrode can allow the patient to realize background noise.", "PMID": 721634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8799", "title": "[The treatment of psychogenic aphonia in two adolescents (author's transl)].", "content": "Psychogenic aphonia is rare in childhood and adolescence and its management is therefore problematic. Two examples, one of a hypofunctional aphonia in a 14 year old with a stutter and another of psychogenic aphonia confirm the necessity after psychiatric assessment and treatment of speech therapy in order to restore the voice to normal. The place of the laryngologist and speech therapist is discussed.", "contents": "[The treatment of psychogenic aphonia in two adolescents (author's transl)]. Psychogenic aphonia is rare in childhood and adolescence and its management is therefore problematic. Two examples, one of a hypofunctional aphonia in a 14 year old with a stutter and another of psychogenic aphonia confirm the necessity after psychiatric assessment and treatment of speech therapy in order to restore the voice to normal. The place of the laryngologist and speech therapist is discussed.", "PMID": 721635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8800", "title": "[The cervical syndrome in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The aetiology of the cervical syndrome in children as seen in otolaryngological practice is discussed, and its successful treatment by manipulation is described. Recurrent head pain especially is an indication for manipulation.", "contents": "[The cervical syndrome in children (author's transl)]. The aetiology of the cervical syndrome in children as seen in otolaryngological practice is discussed, and its successful treatment by manipulation is described. Recurrent head pain especially is an indication for manipulation.", "PMID": 721636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8801", "title": "[Consequences of gunshot injuries of the face (author's transl)].", "content": "During a 5 year period 59 patients with gunshot wounds were treated in the Department of Maxillo-facial Surgery at Munich University. Two patients, who developed local problems secondary to latent infection due to missiles retained for 31 and 32 years, are presented. These missiles were surgically removed. Today, compared to the past, the interval between the gunshot injury and the surgical removal of the missile from the mandible because of the use of antibiotics and improved surgery may be considerable.", "contents": "[Consequences of gunshot injuries of the face (author's transl)]. During a 5 year period 59 patients with gunshot wounds were treated in the Department of Maxillo-facial Surgery at Munich University. Two patients, who developed local problems secondary to latent infection due to missiles retained for 31 and 32 years, are presented. These missiles were surgically removed. Today, compared to the past, the interval between the gunshot injury and the surgical removal of the missile from the mandible because of the use of antibiotics and improved surgery may be considerable.", "PMID": 721637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8802", "title": "[Examination of patients with normal and abnormal voice by pneumotachography (author's transl)].", "content": "22 patients with normal vocal function and 33 with voice disorders were examined by pneumotachography. The degree of air-flow speed during phonation, the volume of air during phonation, and the duration of phonation were studied in 17 dysphonic patients with complete closure of the glottis, 16 patients with incomplete glottic closure, and 19 euphonic (control) patients. The following results were obtained: 1. The parameters of the study are dependent upon the intensity of phonation. 2. The values of the normal group and the dysphonic patients with complete closure of the glottis during phonation are approximately the same. 3. The values of dysphonic patients with incomplete closure of the glottis are significantly different from the other two groups. According to the results obtained, pneumotachography appears to be a useful method in the evaluation of laryngeal function. Its advantage consists of determining measurable values which are particularly important for followup examinations during treatment. However, the procedure should be used only as part of the complete phoniatric examination.", "contents": "[Examination of patients with normal and abnormal voice by pneumotachography (author's transl)]. 22 patients with normal vocal function and 33 with voice disorders were examined by pneumotachography. The degree of air-flow speed during phonation, the volume of air during phonation, and the duration of phonation were studied in 17 dysphonic patients with complete closure of the glottis, 16 patients with incomplete glottic closure, and 19 euphonic (control) patients. The following results were obtained: 1. The parameters of the study are dependent upon the intensity of phonation. 2. The values of the normal group and the dysphonic patients with complete closure of the glottis during phonation are approximately the same. 3. The values of dysphonic patients with incomplete closure of the glottis are significantly different from the other two groups. According to the results obtained, pneumotachography appears to be a useful method in the evaluation of laryngeal function. Its advantage consists of determining measurable values which are particularly important for followup examinations during treatment. However, the procedure should be used only as part of the complete phoniatric examination.", "PMID": 721638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8803", "title": "[Investigations on the incidence of partial agnosia of sounds (author's transl)].", "content": "Stammering as a frequent speech disorder in infancy results from many causes. For instance, it is possible that a child with normal peripheral hearing may be unable to distinguish sounds by tone and therefore will repeat them incorrectly. A testing method is presented in which paired pictures are used which differ by the phonologic opposition of some stammered sounds. The results of the test in 100 children who stammer are reported. Further investigations give evidence that other perceptual disorders can be found in supposed agnosias.", "contents": "[Investigations on the incidence of partial agnosia of sounds (author's transl)]. Stammering as a frequent speech disorder in infancy results from many causes. For instance, it is possible that a child with normal peripheral hearing may be unable to distinguish sounds by tone and therefore will repeat them incorrectly. A testing method is presented in which paired pictures are used which differ by the phonologic opposition of some stammered sounds. The results of the test in 100 children who stammer are reported. Further investigations give evidence that other perceptual disorders can be found in supposed agnosias.", "PMID": 721639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8804", "title": "Noise attenuation characteristics of the MX-41/AR and the Telephonics circumaural audiometric headsets.", "content": "Masking from background noise is often a serious problem when hearing levels are measured at or near the low reference threshold levels specified in the American National Standards Specifications for Audiometers, ANSI S3.6-1969. Since background noise limits for audiometric test rooms are inversely related to the noise reduction characteristics of the earphone/cushion assemblies, it is important that these units have significant and consistent attenuation properties. This paper reports the noise reduction characteristics measured for the conventional TDH-39 earphone mounted in the supra-aural MX-41/AR cushion and for the new TDH-50 Telephonics circumaural headset. The circumaural headset was found to produce an average of about 10 dB more noise attenuation than did a well-adjusted supra-aural device, and the circumaural headset provided much more consistent test-retest noise reduction characteristics. Theoretical aspects of headband force as well as the implications of attenuation measurements for test room recommendations are discussed.", "contents": "Noise attenuation characteristics of the MX-41/AR and the Telephonics circumaural audiometric headsets. Masking from background noise is often a serious problem when hearing levels are measured at or near the low reference threshold levels specified in the American National Standards Specifications for Audiometers, ANSI S3.6-1969. Since background noise limits for audiometric test rooms are inversely related to the noise reduction characteristics of the earphone/cushion assemblies, it is important that these units have significant and consistent attenuation properties. This paper reports the noise reduction characteristics measured for the conventional TDH-39 earphone mounted in the supra-aural MX-41/AR cushion and for the new TDH-50 Telephonics circumaural headset. The circumaural headset was found to produce an average of about 10 dB more noise attenuation than did a well-adjusted supra-aural device, and the circumaural headset provided much more consistent test-retest noise reduction characteristics. Theoretical aspects of headband force as well as the implications of attenuation measurements for test room recommendations are discussed.", "PMID": 721665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8805", "title": "Pure-tone and tympanometric screening: an ideal pair in identification audiometry.", "content": "A population of 140 fourth graders participated in a combined audiometric and tympanometric screening project. Pass/fail criteria were established for both subtests. The children were compared between the two tests with the following findings: (1) 52.2% passed both tasks and 5.0% failed both; (2) 36.4% passed the pure-tone task and failed the tympanometric procedure; and (3) 6.4% failed the pure-tone observation and passed the tympanometric study. Of the total population, 42.8% were inconsistent for the norms established for the two tasks. Since the ideal goal of a hearing screening task is to locate children with hearing losses and/or medically related hearing problems, the routine use of tympanometric screening as an integral part of a hearing conservation program is proposed.", "contents": "Pure-tone and tympanometric screening: an ideal pair in identification audiometry. A population of 140 fourth graders participated in a combined audiometric and tympanometric screening project. Pass/fail criteria were established for both subtests. The children were compared between the two tests with the following findings: (1) 52.2% passed both tasks and 5.0% failed both; (2) 36.4% passed the pure-tone task and failed the tympanometric procedure; and (3) 6.4% failed the pure-tone observation and passed the tympanometric study. Of the total population, 42.8% were inconsistent for the norms established for the two tasks. Since the ideal goal of a hearing screening task is to locate children with hearing losses and/or medically related hearing problems, the routine use of tympanometric screening as an integral part of a hearing conservation program is proposed.", "PMID": 721666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8806", "title": "The effects of informative and non-informative speech on the judgment of most comfortable listening level.", "content": "Fifteen normal-hearing males and fifteen normal-hearing females were presented with a portion of speech played in a forward and a backward direction. The speech was presented in an ascending manner, and the subjects were asked to make comfortable listening judgments. Results indicated that most comfortable listening level is independent of the direction of the speech stimulus and thus independent of information content. Results also showed that sex of the listener plays an unimportant role in most comfortable listening level. Overall, the results indicated that most comfortable listening level results from clinical populations will be little influenced by the listener's ability to understand the stimulus message and thus little influenced by the degree of reduction to speech discrimination ability.", "contents": "The effects of informative and non-informative speech on the judgment of most comfortable listening level. Fifteen normal-hearing males and fifteen normal-hearing females were presented with a portion of speech played in a forward and a backward direction. The speech was presented in an ascending manner, and the subjects were asked to make comfortable listening judgments. Results indicated that most comfortable listening level is independent of the direction of the speech stimulus and thus independent of information content. Results also showed that sex of the listener plays an unimportant role in most comfortable listening level. Overall, the results indicated that most comfortable listening level results from clinical populations will be little influenced by the listener's ability to understand the stimulus message and thus little influenced by the degree of reduction to speech discrimination ability.", "PMID": 721667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8807", "title": "Surgical correction of deviated nasal septum and premaxilla in a colt.", "content": "A 6-month-old Appaloosa colt had a deviation of the premaxilla and nasal septum as well as a dorsal hump of the nasal bone and maxillomandibular malocclusion. Two surgical procedures were performed 12 weeks apart to correct these anomalies. An intraoral approach and autogenous rib graft were used to correct the malocclusion and deviation of the premaxilla. Osteotomy of the nasal bone and removal of the nasal septum were performed to help correct the deviation and to facilitate free air passage through the nares.", "contents": "Surgical correction of deviated nasal septum and premaxilla in a colt. A 6-month-old Appaloosa colt had a deviation of the premaxilla and nasal septum as well as a dorsal hump of the nasal bone and maxillomandibular malocclusion. Two surgical procedures were performed 12 weeks apart to correct these anomalies. An intraoral approach and autogenous rib graft were used to correct the malocclusion and deviation of the premaxilla. Osteotomy of the nasal bone and removal of the nasal septum were performed to help correct the deviation and to facilitate free air passage through the nares.", "PMID": 721673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8808", "title": "Burst width tracking: brief tone thresholds in the normal ear.", "content": "This study presents a unique procedure for determining the critical duration and temporal summation function. With this procedure, duration as a parameter was used to determine the temporal summation characteristics of ten normal ears. An apparatus was constructed that permitted subjects to track threshold by modulating the burst width of a brief tonal stimulus. The apparatus permitted experimenter control of the rate of burst width modulation and interburst interval. The burst width could be continuously varied by the subject from 10 to 800 msec. Asymptotic regression indicated that the data were best fit to a simple power function of the form Y = AX(B). A logarithmic transformation was applied to the obtained durations, and slopes of integration were determined for each frequency. These values ranged between 6.3 and 10.2 dB/log unit time. Differences among frequencies were found to be significant. Critical durations were obtained for each subject, and these values were consistent with previous data indicating negligible temporal summation about 150 to 200 msec.", "contents": "Burst width tracking: brief tone thresholds in the normal ear. This study presents a unique procedure for determining the critical duration and temporal summation function. With this procedure, duration as a parameter was used to determine the temporal summation characteristics of ten normal ears. An apparatus was constructed that permitted subjects to track threshold by modulating the burst width of a brief tonal stimulus. The apparatus permitted experimenter control of the rate of burst width modulation and interburst interval. The burst width could be continuously varied by the subject from 10 to 800 msec. Asymptotic regression indicated that the data were best fit to a simple power function of the form Y = AX(B). A logarithmic transformation was applied to the obtained durations, and slopes of integration were determined for each frequency. These values ranged between 6.3 and 10.2 dB/log unit time. Differences among frequencies were found to be significant. Critical durations were obtained for each subject, and these values were consistent with previous data indicating negligible temporal summation about 150 to 200 msec.", "PMID": 721668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8809", "title": "Congenital hydranencephaly and cerebellar hypoplasia in calves.", "content": "Hydranencephaly with marked cerebellar hypoplasia was diagnosed in 4 calves in a 95-cow herd in British Columbia, Canada. Clinically, these cases were similar to 8 earlier cases on the same farm. Affected calves were born weak, had slightly domed foreheads, and were incoordinated and thus unable to suckle their dams; at least 2 had no eye preservation reflex. The condition was reported to have been common in the Fraser River Valley during the 1973/1974 calving season. Serologic investigations of the dams were negative for bluetongue and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. An environmental rather than inherited cause was postulated.", "contents": "Congenital hydranencephaly and cerebellar hypoplasia in calves. Hydranencephaly with marked cerebellar hypoplasia was diagnosed in 4 calves in a 95-cow herd in British Columbia, Canada. Clinically, these cases were similar to 8 earlier cases on the same farm. Affected calves were born weak, had slightly domed foreheads, and were incoordinated and thus unable to suckle their dams; at least 2 had no eye preservation reflex. The condition was reported to have been common in the Fraser River Valley during the 1973/1974 calving season. Serologic investigations of the dams were negative for bluetongue and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. An environmental rather than inherited cause was postulated.", "PMID": 721674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8810", "title": "Auditory temporal acuity of the hearing impaired and its relationship to speech intelligibility.", "content": "Auditory temporal acuity (deltat) was measured in 42 hearing-impaired subjects to investigate the hypothesis that it would facilitate the production of intelligible speech. The measure divided the test population into two subgroups with mean speech intelligibility measures of 77.7 and 52.6%, respectively. These results are discussed along with implications relating to hearing loss and the slope of audiogram.", "contents": "Auditory temporal acuity of the hearing impaired and its relationship to speech intelligibility. Auditory temporal acuity (deltat) was measured in 42 hearing-impaired subjects to investigate the hypothesis that it would facilitate the production of intelligible speech. The measure divided the test population into two subgroups with mean speech intelligibility measures of 77.7 and 52.6%, respectively. These results are discussed along with implications relating to hearing loss and the slope of audiogram.", "PMID": 721669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8811", "title": "Relief of the occluded ear sensation to improve earmold comfort.", "content": "Earmold comfort is an important factor in the overall satisfaction a hearing-impaired person has with a hearing aid system. Recent research into the subjective effects of earmold venting indicates that, for the naive hearing-aid user, the solid mold produces a \"closed\" and \"blocked\" sensation that is relieved to a degree, depending on the vent diameter. To improve earmold comfort, all earmolds should be vented. However, there are certain types of hearing loss where conventional venting techniques would be undesirable, in particular, cases of severe to profound hearing loss where venting would not only adversely affect the desired frequency response characteristics of the hearing aid but would also lead to serious acoustic feedback problems. For this reason a simple system has been developed with sintered filters in the vent line, thus allowing all earmolds to be vented to relieve the occluded ear sensation although retaining the acoustic characteristics of the closed earmold.", "contents": "Relief of the occluded ear sensation to improve earmold comfort. Earmold comfort is an important factor in the overall satisfaction a hearing-impaired person has with a hearing aid system. Recent research into the subjective effects of earmold venting indicates that, for the naive hearing-aid user, the solid mold produces a \"closed\" and \"blocked\" sensation that is relieved to a degree, depending on the vent diameter. To improve earmold comfort, all earmolds should be vented. However, there are certain types of hearing loss where conventional venting techniques would be undesirable, in particular, cases of severe to profound hearing loss where venting would not only adversely affect the desired frequency response characteristics of the hearing aid but would also lead to serious acoustic feedback problems. For this reason a simple system has been developed with sintered filters in the vent line, thus allowing all earmolds to be vented to relieve the occluded ear sensation although retaining the acoustic characteristics of the closed earmold.", "PMID": 721670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8812", "title": "Monitoring of hearing aids and earmolds in an educational setting.", "content": "Classroom hearing aid and earmold inspection of the amplification worn by 109 school-age children was performed by an audiologist. Hearing aids and earmolds were classified as adequate or inadequate depending on whether optimal function of the hearing aids and good fit of the earmolds was found. Over 60% of the children were found to be using malfunctioning hearing aids or poorly fitting earmolds. The large number of children wearing inadequate amplification demonstrates the need for constant hearing aid monitoring and earmold check as part of aural rehabilitation and educational programs for hearing-impaired children. A method for accomplishing hearing aid and earmold check by parents and school personnel is described.", "contents": "Monitoring of hearing aids and earmolds in an educational setting. Classroom hearing aid and earmold inspection of the amplification worn by 109 school-age children was performed by an audiologist. Hearing aids and earmolds were classified as adequate or inadequate depending on whether optimal function of the hearing aids and good fit of the earmolds was found. Over 60% of the children were found to be using malfunctioning hearing aids or poorly fitting earmolds. The large number of children wearing inadequate amplification demonstrates the need for constant hearing aid monitoring and earmold check as part of aural rehabilitation and educational programs for hearing-impaired children. A method for accomplishing hearing aid and earmold check by parents and school personnel is described.", "PMID": 721671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8813", "title": "Use of cytology for tumor diagnosis in private veterinary practice.", "content": "Cytologic and histologic services were offered without charge to veterinarians in the greater Tulsa area by the Tulsa Registry of Canine and Feline Neoplasms. During the first 3 years of operation, all veterinarians treating dogs or cats used the histologic service and slightly less than one-half used the cytologic service. The number of cytologic accessions increased 77% during the 2nd year and 27% during the 3rd year. For corresponding years, the increase in histologic accessions was 5% and 11%. The 7 hospitals from which 79% to 90% of the cytologic specimens were received were compared with the 8 to 14 hospitals that used cytologic service infrequently. The frequency of use of cytology was not related to number  of veterinarians in the hospital, number of animals seen in the hospital, or number of tissues received by the Registry from the hospital. The order of frequency of the most numerous cytologic specimens was fine-needle aspirations of masses in or beneath the skin, mammary preparations, effusion sediments, fine-needle aspirations from lymph nodes, and urine sediments.", "contents": "Use of cytology for tumor diagnosis in private veterinary practice. Cytologic and histologic services were offered without charge to veterinarians in the greater Tulsa area by the Tulsa Registry of Canine and Feline Neoplasms. During the first 3 years of operation, all veterinarians treating dogs or cats used the histologic service and slightly less than one-half used the cytologic service. The number of cytologic accessions increased 77% during the 2nd year and 27% during the 3rd year. For corresponding years, the increase in histologic accessions was 5% and 11%. The 7 hospitals from which 79% to 90% of the cytologic specimens were received were compared with the 8 to 14 hospitals that used cytologic service infrequently. The frequency of use of cytology was not related to number  of veterinarians in the hospital, number of animals seen in the hospital, or number of tissues received by the Registry from the hospital. The order of frequency of the most numerous cytologic specimens was fine-needle aspirations of masses in or beneath the skin, mammary preparations, effusion sediments, fine-needle aspirations from lymph nodes, and urine sediments.", "PMID": 721675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8814", "title": "Effects of the visual modality on acoustic reflex magnitude.", "content": "Acoustic reflex magnitude for nine normal hearing subjects was measured with eyes opened and closed under three visual modality conditions: (1) in darkness; (2) in light without the ability to focus; and (3) in light with the ability to focus. Reflex magnitude decreased with eyes open for all three visual modality conditions; however, greater magnitude reduction occurred when the eyes were able to focus. Magnitude reduction for the three visual conditions was: 7% in darkness; 11% without visual focusing; and 20% with visual focusing. Additional data presented suggests reflex magnitude changes occur when eyes are held open with visual stimulation as a variable.", "contents": "Effects of the visual modality on acoustic reflex magnitude. Acoustic reflex magnitude for nine normal hearing subjects was measured with eyes opened and closed under three visual modality conditions: (1) in darkness; (2) in light without the ability to focus; and (3) in light with the ability to focus. Reflex magnitude decreased with eyes open for all three visual modality conditions; however, greater magnitude reduction occurred when the eyes were able to focus. Magnitude reduction for the three visual conditions was: 7% in darkness; 11% without visual focusing; and 20% with visual focusing. Additional data presented suggests reflex magnitude changes occur when eyes are held open with visual stimulation as a variable.", "PMID": 721672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8815", "title": "Hepatozoon canis infection in dogs: clinical, radiographic, and hematologic findings.", "content": "Hepatozoon canis gametocytes were identified in circulating neutrophils of 3 dogs from different parts of Texas. Clinical signs included intermittent fever, stiffness, and inappetence. The dogs had marked neutrophilic leukocytosis (35,000--51,000/mm3). Parasitemia varied from less than 1% to 60% of the circulating neutrophils. Two of the dogs had periosteal new born reaction on the vertebrae, ilia, ribs, and bones of the limbs proximal to the carpus and tarsus. There was no evidence that specific drug therapy was of value, although use of corticosteroids, aspirin, and antimicrobial agents was accompanied by clinical improvement.", "contents": "Hepatozoon canis infection in dogs: clinical, radiographic, and hematologic findings. Hepatozoon canis gametocytes were identified in circulating neutrophils of 3 dogs from different parts of Texas. Clinical signs included intermittent fever, stiffness, and inappetence. The dogs had marked neutrophilic leukocytosis (35,000--51,000/mm3). Parasitemia varied from less than 1% to 60% of the circulating neutrophils. Two of the dogs had periosteal new born reaction on the vertebrae, ilia, ribs, and bones of the limbs proximal to the carpus and tarsus. There was no evidence that specific drug therapy was of value, although use of corticosteroids, aspirin, and antimicrobial agents was accompanied by clinical improvement.", "PMID": 721677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8816", "title": "Spur cell anemia in a dog.", "content": "Marked spiculation of red blood cells was observed in a young dog with severe hepatic disease. The resulting anemia was similar to spur cell anemia associated with hepatocellular disease in man. Though the exact cause of spur cell formation is not known, abnormalities in serum lipids and red cell membrane lipids are likely involved. A peculiar pattern of serum lipoproteins may have been involved in formation of this dog's spur cells.", "contents": "Spur cell anemia in a dog. Marked spiculation of red blood cells was observed in a young dog with severe hepatic disease. The resulting anemia was similar to spur cell anemia associated with hepatocellular disease in man. Though the exact cause of spur cell formation is not known, abnormalities in serum lipids and red cell membrane lipids are likely involved. A peculiar pattern of serum lipoproteins may have been involved in formation of this dog's spur cells.", "PMID": 721679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8817", "title": "Hypercalcemia secondary to chronic renal failure in the dog: a report of four cases.", "content": "Hypercalcemia occurred in 4 dogs with renal failure. Primary causes of hypercalcemia previously described in the dog (primary hyperparathyroidism, pseudohyperparathyroidism, vitamin D toxicosis) were not identified. Increased concentrations of circulating immunoreactive parathormone were found in 2 dogs, and thyroparathyroidectomy of 1 dog resulted in decreased serum concentrations of that hormone as well as of calcium. The latter observations indicated that hypercalcemia was related to increased parathormone activity, but the possibility of other homeostatic imbalances was not excluded. It was concluded that renal failure should be considered as a primary cause of hypercalcemia, along with other causes previously identified.", "contents": "Hypercalcemia secondary to chronic renal failure in the dog: a report of four cases. Hypercalcemia occurred in 4 dogs with renal failure. Primary causes of hypercalcemia previously described in the dog (primary hyperparathyroidism, pseudohyperparathyroidism, vitamin D toxicosis) were not identified. Increased concentrations of circulating immunoreactive parathormone were found in 2 dogs, and thyroparathyroidectomy of 1 dog resulted in decreased serum concentrations of that hormone as well as of calcium. The latter observations indicated that hypercalcemia was related to increased parathormone activity, but the possibility of other homeostatic imbalances was not excluded. It was concluded that renal failure should be considered as a primary cause of hypercalcemia, along with other causes previously identified.", "PMID": 721683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8818", "title": "Gastrointestinal helminths in dogs from a humane shelter in Indiana.", "content": "Between January 1975 and August 1976, the alimentary tracts of 104 euthanatized dogs from a humane shelter in Tippecanoe County, Indiana, were examined to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths. The survey was restricted to dogs greater than 1 year old. Their average age was estimated at approximately 2 years. Parasitism was detected in 86.5% of the dogs examined. Ancylostoma caninum was found most often (58.7%), followed by Trichuris vulpis (51.9%), Taenia sp (31.7%), Toxocara canis (18.3%), Dipylidium caninum (16.3%), Toxascaris leonina (8.7%), and Physaloptera rara (3.8%). Monospecific infections were found in 22.1% of the dogs, whereas concurrent infections with 2 or more species were found in 64.4% of the dogs. Most commonly encountered were dogs infected with 2 species of parasites (39.4%), of which hookworms plus whipworms were found most often (32.7%). Male dogs had a higher percentage of multiple infections than did female dogs.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal helminths in dogs from a humane shelter in Indiana. Between January 1975 and August 1976, the alimentary tracts of 104 euthanatized dogs from a humane shelter in Tippecanoe County, Indiana, were examined to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths. The survey was restricted to dogs greater than 1 year old. Their average age was estimated at approximately 2 years. Parasitism was detected in 86.5% of the dogs examined. Ancylostoma caninum was found most often (58.7%), followed by Trichuris vulpis (51.9%), Taenia sp (31.7%), Toxocara canis (18.3%), Dipylidium caninum (16.3%), Toxascaris leonina (8.7%), and Physaloptera rara (3.8%). Monospecific infections were found in 22.1% of the dogs, whereas concurrent infections with 2 or more species were found in 64.4% of the dogs. Most commonly encountered were dogs infected with 2 species of parasites (39.4%), of which hookworms plus whipworms were found most often (32.7%). Male dogs had a higher percentage of multiple infections than did female dogs.", "PMID": 721684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8819", "title": "New features in the development of the submucosal gland of the respiratory tract.", "content": "The development of submucosal glands in the respiratory tract was studied by light and scanning electron microscopy in the rat, fetal dog and fetal sheep. From the results obtained the present concepts about the formation of these glands in man were questioned and an alternative hypothesis proposed. With scanning electron microscopy the development of the submucosal gland was seen to begin with an aggregation of low electron-responsive cells. Within such an aggregate, a pit, several microns in diameter, was formed. This pit was usually surrounded by medium electron-responsive cells possessing primary cilia in the rat, and by low electron-responsive cells in the fetal dog. In the rat medium electron-responsive cells appeared in other areas of the aggregate, preceded by apical elevations on the low electron-responsive cells. Further development in the rat led to a disappearance of the low electron-responsive cells, differentiation of ciliated and brush cells, and enlargement of the gland orifice. With light microscopy it was observed that the initial gland buds in both the rat and fetal sheep contained lumina several microns in size. These have not been reported by previous investigators. The bud extended into the underlying tissue and developed many simple tubules. The lumina of these tubules were consistently larger than the channel close to the epithelial surface. The cells of these tubules were also the first to differentiate into mucous and serous cells. The development of glands in the rat, in contrast to the sheep, began after birth. In the sheep, unlike the rat, the lumina of the developing glands were often filled with acidic mucosubstances, even though the cells of these glands did not stain for such material. Hence it is suggested that this material is derived from the mucin-containing cells of the surface epithelium and is carried into the interior of the developing gland by the fluid present in the respiratory tract during intrauterine life.", "contents": "New features in the development of the submucosal gland of the respiratory tract. The development of submucosal glands in the respiratory tract was studied by light and scanning electron microscopy in the rat, fetal dog and fetal sheep. From the results obtained the present concepts about the formation of these glands in man were questioned and an alternative hypothesis proposed. With scanning electron microscopy the development of the submucosal gland was seen to begin with an aggregation of low electron-responsive cells. Within such an aggregate, a pit, several microns in diameter, was formed. This pit was usually surrounded by medium electron-responsive cells possessing primary cilia in the rat, and by low electron-responsive cells in the fetal dog. In the rat medium electron-responsive cells appeared in other areas of the aggregate, preceded by apical elevations on the low electron-responsive cells. Further development in the rat led to a disappearance of the low electron-responsive cells, differentiation of ciliated and brush cells, and enlargement of the gland orifice. With light microscopy it was observed that the initial gland buds in both the rat and fetal sheep contained lumina several microns in size. These have not been reported by previous investigators. The bud extended into the underlying tissue and developed many simple tubules. The lumina of these tubules were consistently larger than the channel close to the epithelial surface. The cells of these tubules were also the first to differentiate into mucous and serous cells. The development of glands in the rat, in contrast to the sheep, began after birth. In the sheep, unlike the rat, the lumina of the developing glands were often filled with acidic mucosubstances, even though the cells of these glands did not stain for such material. Hence it is suggested that this material is derived from the mucin-containing cells of the surface epithelium and is carried into the interior of the developing gland by the fluid present in the respiratory tract during intrauterine life.", "PMID": 721685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8820", "title": "Ultrastruct of the hypothalamic neurosecretory nuclei of the dormouse (Eliomys quercinus L.) in the awakening and hibernating states.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the chief neurosecretory nuclei, supraoptic, (SON), parventricular, (PVN) and infundibular (IN), of the dormouse (Eliomys quercinus L.) has been studied during active and hibernating states. In the active state all three nuclei contained light, dark and intermediate type neurons. In hibernation the SON showed only a single light type which differed from the light neurons of the active state; the endoplasmic reticulum was vacuolized and sometimes grouped in 'honey-comb' structures; the cytoplasm contained accumulations of filamentous 'crystalline' material. None of these features occurred in the active state neurons. In the PVN and IN during hibernation both a light and a dark type neuron were present. 'Honey-comb' structures were seen in neurons of the PVN during hibernation, but never in those of the IN. Thus specific morphological features in the SON and PVN appear to be associated with the physiological changes of hibernation.", "contents": "Ultrastruct of the hypothalamic neurosecretory nuclei of the dormouse (Eliomys quercinus L.) in the awakening and hibernating states. The ultrastructure of the chief neurosecretory nuclei, supraoptic, (SON), parventricular, (PVN) and infundibular (IN), of the dormouse (Eliomys quercinus L.) has been studied during active and hibernating states. In the active state all three nuclei contained light, dark and intermediate type neurons. In hibernation the SON showed only a single light type which differed from the light neurons of the active state; the endoplasmic reticulum was vacuolized and sometimes grouped in 'honey-comb' structures; the cytoplasm contained accumulations of filamentous 'crystalline' material. None of these features occurred in the active state neurons. In the PVN and IN during hibernation both a light and a dark type neuron were present. 'Honey-comb' structures were seen in neurons of the PVN during hibernation, but never in those of the IN. Thus specific morphological features in the SON and PVN appear to be associated with the physiological changes of hibernation.", "PMID": 721686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8821", "title": "Polynesian mandibles.", "content": "Adult Polynesian mandibles are predominantly of the rocker form. Polynesian crania have an open cranial base angle, and a rather large upper facial height in the adult. The mandibular growth rotations necessary for normal occlusion to be maintained in the presence of this cranial morphology lead to development of a particularly small gonial angle. There is an increased 'bowing' of the basal component of the bone. Such 'bowing' leads to a sufficiently posterior displacement of the basal component in the gonial region for the development of a distinct angular process (for muscle attachment) to be unnecessary.", "contents": "Polynesian mandibles. Adult Polynesian mandibles are predominantly of the rocker form. Polynesian crania have an open cranial base angle, and a rather large upper facial height in the adult. The mandibular growth rotations necessary for normal occlusion to be maintained in the presence of this cranial morphology lead to development of a particularly small gonial angle. There is an increased 'bowing' of the basal component of the bone. Such 'bowing' leads to a sufficiently posterior displacement of the basal component in the gonial region for the development of a distinct angular process (for muscle attachment) to be unnecessary.", "PMID": 721687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8822", "title": "Continuity of electron histochemically demonstrable substances in the basal lamina, the ground substance of the connective tissue and the intercellular spaces of eptihelial cells of rat gingiva.", "content": "Rat gingiva was examined in the electron microscope for substances reactive to ruthenium red and lanthanum nitrate. Both reagents produced an electron-dense band in the basal lamina where the lamina lucida could not be distinguished from the lamina densa. There was continuity between this electron-dense material and that in the ground substance of the adjacent connective tissue and the intercellular spaces of the adjacent epithelial cells. It was concluded that the lamina lucida is not a simple fluid space but is occupied by histchemically demonstrable substances, probably proteoglycans, and that there is a continuum of histochemically demonstrable proteoglycan through which metabolites pass between the blood vessels of the connective tissue and the epithelial cells.", "contents": "Continuity of electron histochemically demonstrable substances in the basal lamina, the ground substance of the connective tissue and the intercellular spaces of eptihelial cells of rat gingiva. Rat gingiva was examined in the electron microscope for substances reactive to ruthenium red and lanthanum nitrate. Both reagents produced an electron-dense band in the basal lamina where the lamina lucida could not be distinguished from the lamina densa. There was continuity between this electron-dense material and that in the ground substance of the adjacent connective tissue and the intercellular spaces of the adjacent epithelial cells. It was concluded that the lamina lucida is not a simple fluid space but is occupied by histchemically demonstrable substances, probably proteoglycans, and that there is a continuum of histochemically demonstrable proteoglycan through which metabolites pass between the blood vessels of the connective tissue and the epithelial cells.", "PMID": 721688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8823", "title": "The effect of immune lymphocytes on reaggregation of fetal mouse tissues.", "content": "Mouse fetal metanephric tissue was disaggregated and allowed to reaggregate in hanging drop culture in the presence of syngeneic or allogeneic immune lymphocytes. Reaggregation was not obviously impaired.", "contents": "The effect of immune lymphocytes on reaggregation of fetal mouse tissues. Mouse fetal metanephric tissue was disaggregated and allowed to reaggregate in hanging drop culture in the presence of syngeneic or allogeneic immune lymphocytes. Reaggregation was not obviously impaired.", "PMID": 721689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8824", "title": "The topography of root fibres within the sciatic nerve trunk of the dog.", "content": "The architecture of the fibres in the sciatic nerve of the dog has been analysed by following the degeneration of fibres resulting from division of the individual spinal nerves which contribute to the sciatic nerve. A pattern has been demonstrated which varies in part with the size of the contribution to the sciatic nerve from each of the spinal nerves L6, L7 and S1. The redistribution of the fibres of each spinal nerve to form the various branches of the sciatic nerve is also described, and the significance of these arrangements is discussed.", "contents": "The topography of root fibres within the sciatic nerve trunk of the dog. The architecture of the fibres in the sciatic nerve of the dog has been analysed by following the degeneration of fibres resulting from division of the individual spinal nerves which contribute to the sciatic nerve. A pattern has been demonstrated which varies in part with the size of the contribution to the sciatic nerve from each of the spinal nerves L6, L7 and S1. The redistribution of the fibres of each spinal nerve to form the various branches of the sciatic nerve is also described, and the significance of these arrangements is discussed.", "PMID": 721690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8825", "title": "Ultrastructural evidence concerning the mode of secretion of electron-dense granules by Clara cells.", "content": "An ultrastructural study of the secretory activity of non-ciliated bronchiolar epithelial (Clara) cells has been made. Membrane-bound, electron-dense granules were observed in the apical cytoplasm of Clara cells, immediately beneath the terminal web, and within terminal web regions, with their limiting membranes in close association with the plasma membrane of the cell. Granules were also observed in cytoplasmic pockets with varying amounts of their surfaces exposed to the bronchiolar, lumen, or within cytoplasmic projections into the lumen. Granules that were enveloped in a thin, uniform coat of cytoplasm and granules with no associated cytoplasm were both found free in the bronchiolar lumen. The study is consistent with the conclusion that the granules are secretory in nature, being extruded by a merocrine and possibly an apocrine mechanism.", "contents": "Ultrastructural evidence concerning the mode of secretion of electron-dense granules by Clara cells. An ultrastructural study of the secretory activity of non-ciliated bronchiolar epithelial (Clara) cells has been made. Membrane-bound, electron-dense granules were observed in the apical cytoplasm of Clara cells, immediately beneath the terminal web, and within terminal web regions, with their limiting membranes in close association with the plasma membrane of the cell. Granules were also observed in cytoplasmic pockets with varying amounts of their surfaces exposed to the bronchiolar, lumen, or within cytoplasmic projections into the lumen. Granules that were enveloped in a thin, uniform coat of cytoplasm and granules with no associated cytoplasm were both found free in the bronchiolar lumen. The study is consistent with the conclusion that the granules are secretory in nature, being extruded by a merocrine and possibly an apocrine mechanism.", "PMID": 721691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8826", "title": "The architecture of cancellous bone.", "content": "The architecture of cancellous bone has been studied in macerated human bones. A number of distinct types of architecture can be recognized as follows: Type I consists of a very delicate meshwork of fine rods. Type II is made up of both rods and plates. Sub-type IIa is a meshwork similar to Type I, but a varying proportion of rad are replaced by delicate plates. Sub-type IIb shows the presence of thin but large fenestrated plates with a well marked orientation in preferred planes; these are interconnected by smaller plates and rods. Sub-type IIc is made up of relatively thick and extensive arranged for the most part parallel to one another, the plates being connected to each other by fine rods. Type III is made up entirely of plates. Delicate plates may form a meshwork in which a directional orientation may or may not be apparent (Sub-type IIIa). Elsewhere better defined, larger plates may enclose tubular spaces (Sub-type IIIb). In some areas (where cancellous bone is very dense) small relatively thick plates enclose irregular spaces; the appearance may closely resemble that of a honeycomb when the spaces are small, but elsewhere the spaces may show a definite directional orientation. The wall of the marrow cavity of long bones is seldom smooth. It is characterized by the presence of plates and rods in various configurations. A distinct marrow cavity is seen in the majority of clavicles examined.", "contents": "The architecture of cancellous bone. The architecture of cancellous bone has been studied in macerated human bones. A number of distinct types of architecture can be recognized as follows: Type I consists of a very delicate meshwork of fine rods. Type II is made up of both rods and plates. Sub-type IIa is a meshwork similar to Type I, but a varying proportion of rad are replaced by delicate plates. Sub-type IIb shows the presence of thin but large fenestrated plates with a well marked orientation in preferred planes; these are interconnected by smaller plates and rods. Sub-type IIc is made up of relatively thick and extensive arranged for the most part parallel to one another, the plates being connected to each other by fine rods. Type III is made up entirely of plates. Delicate plates may form a meshwork in which a directional orientation may or may not be apparent (Sub-type IIIa). Elsewhere better defined, larger plates may enclose tubular spaces (Sub-type IIIb). In some areas (where cancellous bone is very dense) small relatively thick plates enclose irregular spaces; the appearance may closely resemble that of a honeycomb when the spaces are small, but elsewhere the spaces may show a definite directional orientation. The wall of the marrow cavity of long bones is seldom smooth. It is characterized by the presence of plates and rods in various configurations. A distinct marrow cavity is seen in the majority of clavicles examined.", "PMID": 721692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8827", "title": "Reinnervation of the rat adrenal medulla transplanted in the anterior eye chamber.", "content": "Adrenal medulla transplanted to the anterior chamber of the eye was studied by electron microscopy. Transplanted chromaffin cells consisted of noradrenaline cells, adrenaline cells and small granule-containing cells, and they formed long cytoplasmic processes. Some chromaffin cells were directly opposed to the iridial epithelial cells. A few adrenergic and cholinergic ganglion cells were seen in the transplant. Nerve fibres, mostly cholinergic, but a few adrenergic, were seen within satellite cells enclosing chromaffin and ganglion cells. A few synapses were formed on the chromaffin and ganglion cells, though the number of such synapses remained small even 6 months after transplantation. The possible origin of these nerve fibres, and the specificity of reinnervation are discussed.", "contents": "Reinnervation of the rat adrenal medulla transplanted in the anterior eye chamber. Adrenal medulla transplanted to the anterior chamber of the eye was studied by electron microscopy. Transplanted chromaffin cells consisted of noradrenaline cells, adrenaline cells and small granule-containing cells, and they formed long cytoplasmic processes. Some chromaffin cells were directly opposed to the iridial epithelial cells. A few adrenergic and cholinergic ganglion cells were seen in the transplant. Nerve fibres, mostly cholinergic, but a few adrenergic, were seen within satellite cells enclosing chromaffin and ganglion cells. A few synapses were formed on the chromaffin and ganglion cells, though the number of such synapses remained small even 6 months after transplantation. The possible origin of these nerve fibres, and the specificity of reinnervation are discussed.", "PMID": 721693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8828", "title": "Changes in the surface of fine structure of choroid plexus epithelium following chronic acetazolamide treatment.", "content": "Surface changes in the epithelium of the choroid plexuses of the lateral and third ventricles of rats induced by chronic administration of acetazolamide have been studied by scanning electron microscopy. After 3 weeks atrophic changes were evident, the microvilli and blebs normally seen on the ventricular surface of the cells appeared attenuated, and in extreme cases they disappeared, leaving the cell surface completely denuded. Localized areas of hypertrophy, indicated by secondary spherical budding, were occasionally observed. The atrophic changes accord with the known inhibitory effects of acetazolamide on CSF formation: perhaps the small number of cells undergoing hypertrophy compensate to some extent for the atrophic ones and maintain some CSF secretion.", "contents": "Changes in the surface of fine structure of choroid plexus epithelium following chronic acetazolamide treatment. Surface changes in the epithelium of the choroid plexuses of the lateral and third ventricles of rats induced by chronic administration of acetazolamide have been studied by scanning electron microscopy. After 3 weeks atrophic changes were evident, the microvilli and blebs normally seen on the ventricular surface of the cells appeared attenuated, and in extreme cases they disappeared, leaving the cell surface completely denuded. Localized areas of hypertrophy, indicated by secondary spherical budding, were occasionally observed. The atrophic changes accord with the known inhibitory effects of acetazolamide on CSF formation: perhaps the small number of cells undergoing hypertrophy compensate to some extent for the atrophic ones and maintain some CSF secretion.", "PMID": 721694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8829", "title": "Fibre numbers and sizes in the inferior alveolar nerve of the cat.", "content": "Previous studies with the light microscope of paraffin-embedded, metal-impregnated sections have probably underestimated the narrow fibre components of the inferior alveolar nerve in the cat. In this study the inferior alveolar nerve of a young adult cat was fixed in situ with glutaraldehyde, post-fixed in osmium and embedded in plastic. A 1 micrometer section of the whole nerve, and an ultrathin section of its largest bundle were cut. Montage micrographs were made from both sections, and from tracings the number and size distribution of the nerve fibres were measured. The entire nerve contained 6856 myelinated nerves whose diameters were distributed bimodally with peaks at 3--4 and 9--10 micrometers. This total is higher than all previously published counts of this nerve, the increase being due to the detection of a greater number of narrower myelinated fibres. In the bundle examined electron microscopically 51.4% of the fibres counted were non-myelinated, four times as many as found in previous studies. The number and distribution of myelinated fibres found by electron microscopy was very similar to that found by light microscopy. The size distribution of myelinated nerves was similar in all the bundles examined. Apart from a lower incidence of non-myelinated fibres, the population of the core of the larger bundle was similar to that of the periphery.", "contents": "Fibre numbers and sizes in the inferior alveolar nerve of the cat. Previous studies with the light microscope of paraffin-embedded, metal-impregnated sections have probably underestimated the narrow fibre components of the inferior alveolar nerve in the cat. In this study the inferior alveolar nerve of a young adult cat was fixed in situ with glutaraldehyde, post-fixed in osmium and embedded in plastic. A 1 micrometer section of the whole nerve, and an ultrathin section of its largest bundle were cut. Montage micrographs were made from both sections, and from tracings the number and size distribution of the nerve fibres were measured. The entire nerve contained 6856 myelinated nerves whose diameters were distributed bimodally with peaks at 3--4 and 9--10 micrometers. This total is higher than all previously published counts of this nerve, the increase being due to the detection of a greater number of narrower myelinated fibres. In the bundle examined electron microscopically 51.4% of the fibres counted were non-myelinated, four times as many as found in previous studies. The number and distribution of myelinated fibres found by electron microscopy was very similar to that found by light microscopy. The size distribution of myelinated nerves was similar in all the bundles examined. Apart from a lower incidence of non-myelinated fibres, the population of the core of the larger bundle was similar to that of the periphery.", "PMID": 721695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8830", "title": "Mitotic rate of the rat's thyroid gland during hypertrophy induced by an antithyroid agent (carbimazole).", "content": "Female rats (200 g body weight) were either untreated or given carbimazole (0.1 g/100 ml) in their drinking water for up to 12 weeks. The mitotic rate of the thyroid follicular cells was estimated using vincristine sulphate. Measurement of whole-body oxygen consumption showed that the rats were clearly hypothyroid after 1 week of treatment. The mitotic rate rose rapidly from the control value of 3.65% metaphases/day to about 25%/day after 4 days and was maintained at this level for at least 5 weeks of treatment. The changes in mitotic rate were apparently synchronous with the histological changes. The results of earlier studies are reviewed and discussed in relation to recent concepts of cell populations.", "contents": "Mitotic rate of the rat's thyroid gland during hypertrophy induced by an antithyroid agent (carbimazole). Female rats (200 g body weight) were either untreated or given carbimazole (0.1 g/100 ml) in their drinking water for up to 12 weeks. The mitotic rate of the thyroid follicular cells was estimated using vincristine sulphate. Measurement of whole-body oxygen consumption showed that the rats were clearly hypothyroid after 1 week of treatment. The mitotic rate rose rapidly from the control value of 3.65% metaphases/day to about 25%/day after 4 days and was maintained at this level for at least 5 weeks of treatment. The changes in mitotic rate were apparently synchronous with the histological changes. The results of earlier studies are reviewed and discussed in relation to recent concepts of cell populations.", "PMID": 721696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8831", "title": "Electron microscope observations on the changing relationships between unmyelinated axons and Schwann cells in human fetal nerves.", "content": "The superior rectus oculi muscle from human fetuses of 5, 9.2, 12 and 24 cm crown-rump length (equivalent to 10, 12, 15 and 23 weeks respectively) and a finger from a 9.5 cm crown-rump length (12 weeks) human fetus were examined by electron microscopy. Very simple relationships between Schwann cells and large bundles of axons were found in the superior rectus muscle of the 5 cm fetus and in the large nerve bundles of the fetal finger. Absence of collagen fibrils in the vicinity of these nerve bundles was also noted. In the superior rectus muscles of the older fetuses the complexity of the Schwann cell/axon relationship increased dramatically, the effect being to envelop single axons in Schwann cell processes. This was also the case in the smaller elaborate bundles in the fetal finger which lay adjacent to move primitive, simply invested nerve bundles. In the examination of near serial sections of Schwann cell/axon bundles it was found that the Schwann cell processes, originally likened to a curtain hanging in fluted folds and slightly twisted, was also badly torn and tattered into longitudinal strips of uneven length. In near serial sections, dramatic changes have been found in the arrangements of Schwann cells and axons. Axons may be singled out and separately invested by the Schwann cell processes, but only for short distances. Lateral transfer of axons from one nerve bundle to another may occur, and loss of axons is apparently not uncommon. The same axon may be of very different diameters at different points along its length.", "contents": "Electron microscope observations on the changing relationships between unmyelinated axons and Schwann cells in human fetal nerves. The superior rectus oculi muscle from human fetuses of 5, 9.2, 12 and 24 cm crown-rump length (equivalent to 10, 12, 15 and 23 weeks respectively) and a finger from a 9.5 cm crown-rump length (12 weeks) human fetus were examined by electron microscopy. Very simple relationships between Schwann cells and large bundles of axons were found in the superior rectus muscle of the 5 cm fetus and in the large nerve bundles of the fetal finger. Absence of collagen fibrils in the vicinity of these nerve bundles was also noted. In the superior rectus muscles of the older fetuses the complexity of the Schwann cell/axon relationship increased dramatically, the effect being to envelop single axons in Schwann cell processes. This was also the case in the smaller elaborate bundles in the fetal finger which lay adjacent to move primitive, simply invested nerve bundles. In the examination of near serial sections of Schwann cell/axon bundles it was found that the Schwann cell processes, originally likened to a curtain hanging in fluted folds and slightly twisted, was also badly torn and tattered into longitudinal strips of uneven length. In near serial sections, dramatic changes have been found in the arrangements of Schwann cells and axons. Axons may be singled out and separately invested by the Schwann cell processes, but only for short distances. Lateral transfer of axons from one nerve bundle to another may occur, and loss of axons is apparently not uncommon. The same axon may be of very different diameters at different points along its length.", "PMID": 721697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8832", "title": "The structure of the germinal disc region of the hen's ovarian follicle during the rapid growth phase.", "content": "The structure of the ovarian follicle in the region of the germinal disc, which appears as a white plaque at the surface of the oocyte, was examined by electron microscopy and compared with the non-disc region which overlies the yellow yolk mass of the oocyte in the final growth phase. The main differences concerned the granulosa cell layer and the surface layer of the oocyte. In the disc the granulosa cells were less regularly arranged and the spaces between them varied in width. Their mitotic rate was higher than that in the non-disc region, where cell division was seldom observed at maturity. The perivitelline layer was comparatively poorly developed at the periphery of the germinal vesicle in 15 mm follicles, but eventually attained a uniform thickness throughout the follicle. In the intercellular and perivitelline spaces there were smaller amounts of granular material. Marked differences were observed in the ooxyte surface layer. In 15 mm follicles the surface of the germinal disc was thrown into numerous microvilli and some narrow indentations containing macrovilli from the granulosa cells. Coated vesicles, 120 nm diameter, appeared to be invaginating from the oolemma, whereas 70 nm coated vesicles were present in the deeper cytoplasm. In follicles of more than 25 nm diameter these structural conformations were evident only at the periphery of the disc; for the most part the 120 nm coated vesicles were absent, and over the germinal vesicle microvilli were of rare occurrence. On the other hand, the bulk of the oocyte surface was highly convoluted throughout this period of growth, numerous granulosa cell macrovilli extended into deep pouches associated with 300 nm coated vesicles, and the oolemma possessed a coating of fuzzy material. These observations suggest that there is a restricted passage of yolk precursors to the surface of the germinal disc, and that the inability to transport yellow yolk into the disc is related to differences in the oolemmal surface coat and the population of coated vesicles. The surface modifications, as well as the proliferation of the granulosa cells, are likely to be influenced by the presence of the germinal vesicle.", "contents": "The structure of the germinal disc region of the hen's ovarian follicle during the rapid growth phase. The structure of the ovarian follicle in the region of the germinal disc, which appears as a white plaque at the surface of the oocyte, was examined by electron microscopy and compared with the non-disc region which overlies the yellow yolk mass of the oocyte in the final growth phase. The main differences concerned the granulosa cell layer and the surface layer of the oocyte. In the disc the granulosa cells were less regularly arranged and the spaces between them varied in width. Their mitotic rate was higher than that in the non-disc region, where cell division was seldom observed at maturity. The perivitelline layer was comparatively poorly developed at the periphery of the germinal vesicle in 15 mm follicles, but eventually attained a uniform thickness throughout the follicle. In the intercellular and perivitelline spaces there were smaller amounts of granular material. Marked differences were observed in the ooxyte surface layer. In 15 mm follicles the surface of the germinal disc was thrown into numerous microvilli and some narrow indentations containing macrovilli from the granulosa cells. Coated vesicles, 120 nm diameter, appeared to be invaginating from the oolemma, whereas 70 nm coated vesicles were present in the deeper cytoplasm. In follicles of more than 25 nm diameter these structural conformations were evident only at the periphery of the disc; for the most part the 120 nm coated vesicles were absent, and over the germinal vesicle microvilli were of rare occurrence. On the other hand, the bulk of the oocyte surface was highly convoluted throughout this period of growth, numerous granulosa cell macrovilli extended into deep pouches associated with 300 nm coated vesicles, and the oolemma possessed a coating of fuzzy material. These observations suggest that there is a restricted passage of yolk precursors to the surface of the germinal disc, and that the inability to transport yellow yolk into the disc is related to differences in the oolemmal surface coat and the population of coated vesicles. The surface modifications, as well as the proliferation of the granulosa cells, are likely to be influenced by the presence of the germinal vesicle.", "PMID": 721698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8833", "title": "Effects of intra-articularly administered corticosteroids and salicylates on the surface structure of articular cartilage.", "content": "This study was designed to evaluate the effects of repeated intra-articular corticosteroid and salicylate injections on the surface structure of articular cartilage in the rabbit, using the scanning electron miscroscope. We have shown that the normal surface of the rabbit's articular cartilage presents shallow depressions and mound-like elevations and that corticosteroid-treated articular cartilage exhibits progressive lesions, including fissuring and fraying. The effects of salicylates require further investigation.", "contents": "Effects of intra-articularly administered corticosteroids and salicylates on the surface structure of articular cartilage. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of repeated intra-articular corticosteroid and salicylate injections on the surface structure of articular cartilage in the rabbit, using the scanning electron miscroscope. We have shown that the normal surface of the rabbit's articular cartilage presents shallow depressions and mound-like elevations and that corticosteroid-treated articular cartilage exhibits progressive lesions, including fissuring and fraying. The effects of salicylates require further investigation.", "PMID": 721699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8834", "title": "The mean fibre area of the semitendinosus, diaphragm and pectoralis transversus muscles in differing types of horse and dog.", "content": "The mean fibre areas of samples from m. semitendinosus, m. diaphragma and m. pectoralis transversus of thoroughbred horses and greyhounds have been compared with those in similar samples from other members of their species. Athletes (greyhounds and thoroughbreds) have larger fibres in the semitendinosus and diaphragm than their fellows. However, the mean area of pectoralis transversus is similar in the two types of animal within each species. During growth the mean fibre areas increase to a greater extent in athletes than in non-athletes. Detraining adult greyhounds for a period of one year did not signficantly alter the fibre area; nor were any sex differences detected. Although the mean fibre area of corresponding muscles is significantly larger in horses than in dogs, the difference is proportionately less than that of their live weights.", "contents": "The mean fibre area of the semitendinosus, diaphragm and pectoralis transversus muscles in differing types of horse and dog. The mean fibre areas of samples from m. semitendinosus, m. diaphragma and m. pectoralis transversus of thoroughbred horses and greyhounds have been compared with those in similar samples from other members of their species. Athletes (greyhounds and thoroughbreds) have larger fibres in the semitendinosus and diaphragm than their fellows. However, the mean area of pectoralis transversus is similar in the two types of animal within each species. During growth the mean fibre areas increase to a greater extent in athletes than in non-athletes. Detraining adult greyhounds for a period of one year did not signficantly alter the fibre area; nor were any sex differences detected. Although the mean fibre area of corresponding muscles is significantly larger in horses than in dogs, the difference is proportionately less than that of their live weights.", "PMID": 721700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8835", "title": "Topographical organization of the striatonigral pathway revealed by anterograde and retrograde neuroanatomical tracing techniques.", "content": "L-[4,5-3H]leucine was injected stereotaxically into various regions of the rat neostriatum. Light microscopic autoradiographic techniques were used to plot the entire efferent pathways of the neostriatum, and in particular, the projections to the substantia nigra (SN). The terminal distribution of the pathways projecting to the ipsilateral SN was predominantly restricted to the zona reticulata region. The dorsal part of the head of the striatum was found to innervate the anterior and medial portions of the zona reticulata, while the ventral area of the head projected to more posterior regions of the SN. A pathway from the tail of the striatum to the lateral and dorsal parts of SN was also demonstrated. Horseradish peroxidase injections, restricted to different areas of the SN, led to retrograde labelling of neurons in the striatum whose distribution confirmed the topographic organization of the striatonigral pathway demonstrated in the autoradiographic studies.", "contents": "Topographical organization of the striatonigral pathway revealed by anterograde and retrograde neuroanatomical tracing techniques. L-[4,5-3H]leucine was injected stereotaxically into various regions of the rat neostriatum. Light microscopic autoradiographic techniques were used to plot the entire efferent pathways of the neostriatum, and in particular, the projections to the substantia nigra (SN). The terminal distribution of the pathways projecting to the ipsilateral SN was predominantly restricted to the zona reticulata region. The dorsal part of the head of the striatum was found to innervate the anterior and medial portions of the zona reticulata, while the ventral area of the head projected to more posterior regions of the SN. A pathway from the tail of the striatum to the lateral and dorsal parts of SN was also demonstrated. Horseradish peroxidase injections, restricted to different areas of the SN, led to retrograde labelling of neurons in the striatum whose distribution confirmed the topographic organization of the striatonigral pathway demonstrated in the autoradiographic studies.", "PMID": 721701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8836", "title": "A new antibiotic, setomimycin, produced by a strain of Streptomyces.", "content": "A new antibiotic, setomimycin, was isolated from the culture broth of strain AM-2947, which was identified as Streptomyces pseudovenezuelae. The compound is a weakly acidic substance, and has UV-absorption at 228, 268 and 422 nm and a molecular formula of C34H28O9 (MW 580). It is active against Gram-positive bacteria including Mycobacteria, and has antitumor activity against Sarcoma-180 solid tumor in mice.", "contents": "A new antibiotic, setomimycin, produced by a strain of Streptomyces. A new antibiotic, setomimycin, was isolated from the culture broth of strain AM-2947, which was identified as Streptomyces pseudovenezuelae. The compound is a weakly acidic substance, and has UV-absorption at 228, 268 and 422 nm and a molecular formula of C34H28O9 (MW 580). It is active against Gram-positive bacteria including Mycobacteria, and has antitumor activity against Sarcoma-180 solid tumor in mice.", "PMID": 721705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8837", "title": "New antibiotics from the fungus Epicoccum nigrum. I. Fermentation, isolation and antibacterial properties.", "content": "An atmosphere isolate of the fungus Epicoccum nigrum was found to exhibit an activity against Staphylococcus aureus. A more active, non-sporulating variant of this strain was selected. From its fermentation broth, two novel compounds, epicorazines A and B, were isolated by preparative TLC and tested against a series of bacteria.", "contents": "New antibiotics from the fungus Epicoccum nigrum. I. Fermentation, isolation and antibacterial properties. An atmosphere isolate of the fungus Epicoccum nigrum was found to exhibit an activity against Staphylococcus aureus. A more active, non-sporulating variant of this strain was selected. From its fermentation broth, two novel compounds, epicorazines A and B, were isolated by preparative TLC and tested against a series of bacteria.", "PMID": 721706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8838", "title": "Isolation and characterization of elasnin, a new human granulocyte elastase inhibitor produced by a strain of Streptomyces.", "content": "Elasnin, a new human granulocyte elastase inhibitor, produced by the strain of KM-2753 designated as Streptomyces noboritoensis KM--2753 has been isolated from the fermentation broth by column chromatography on silica gel and neutral alumina. Elasnin is a neutral, colorless, and viscous oil (ND17 = 1.4983, [alpha]18D -0.9 degrees, lambdaEtOHmax 291 nm (epsilon, 7,760) having a molecular formula of C24H40O4 (MW 392) as shown by its elemental analysis and mass spectrum. Elasnin markedly inhibits human granulocyte elastase, but it is almost inactive against pancreatic elastase, chymotrypsin, and trypsin. At 1.3 microgram/ml (3.3 X 10(-6) M), elasnin is 50% inhibitory to human elastase, but it causes 50% inhibition of pancreatic elastase at 30.1 microgram/ml (76.8 X 10(-6) M).", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of elasnin, a new human granulocyte elastase inhibitor produced by a strain of Streptomyces. Elasnin, a new human granulocyte elastase inhibitor, produced by the strain of KM-2753 designated as Streptomyces noboritoensis KM--2753 has been isolated from the fermentation broth by column chromatography on silica gel and neutral alumina. Elasnin is a neutral, colorless, and viscous oil (ND17 = 1.4983, [alpha]18D -0.9 degrees, lambdaEtOHmax 291 nm (epsilon, 7,760) having a molecular formula of C24H40O4 (MW 392) as shown by its elemental analysis and mass spectrum. Elasnin markedly inhibits human granulocyte elastase, but it is almost inactive against pancreatic elastase, chymotrypsin, and trypsin. At 1.3 microgram/ml (3.3 X 10(-6) M), elasnin is 50% inhibitory to human elastase, but it causes 50% inhibition of pancreatic elastase at 30.1 microgram/ml (76.8 X 10(-6) M).", "PMID": 721707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8839", "title": "Early intermediates in the biosynthesis of ansamycins. I. Isolation and identification of protorifamycin I.", "content": "A mutant strain derived from Nocardia mediterranei N813 was found to accumulate a number of novel ansamycins structurally related to the protostreptovaricins and to rifamycin W. One of the main components of this ansamycin complex, protorifamycin I (8-deoxyrifamycin W), was purified and identified by means of chemical and spectroscopic methods.", "contents": "Early intermediates in the biosynthesis of ansamycins. I. Isolation and identification of protorifamycin I. A mutant strain derived from Nocardia mediterranei N813 was found to accumulate a number of novel ansamycins structurally related to the protostreptovaricins and to rifamycin W. One of the main components of this ansamycin complex, protorifamycin I (8-deoxyrifamycin W), was purified and identified by means of chemical and spectroscopic methods.", "PMID": 721708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8840", "title": "High performance liquid chromatography of natural products. II. Direct biological correlation of components in the fermentation broth.", "content": "A portion of the eluent, during liquid chromatography of a fermentation broth, is applied directly to a paper strip at the same rate as the recording of the U. V. absorption. The paper is then placed on the agar inoculated with an appropriate test organism. This procedure permits direct correlation of biological activity with corresponding peaks in the U. V.", "contents": "High performance liquid chromatography of natural products. II. Direct biological correlation of components in the fermentation broth. A portion of the eluent, during liquid chromatography of a fermentation broth, is applied directly to a paper strip at the same rate as the recording of the U. V. absorption. The paper is then placed on the agar inoculated with an appropriate test organism. This procedure permits direct correlation of biological activity with corresponding peaks in the U. V.", "PMID": 721709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8841", "title": "Mechanism of chloramphenicol resistance in Bacillus badius 211.", "content": "Six strains of chloramphenicol (CM)-resistant endospore-forming bacteria, which can grow in the presence of 100 microgram/ml of CM, were isolated and identified as Bacillus badius. Mechanism of CM-resistance in one of the isolated strains, Bacillus badius 211, was investigated. No inactivation of CM was demonstrated when the strain was grown in nutrient broth containing 100 microgram/ml of CM, as evidenced by paper-disc bioassay of CM in the growth medium. In accordance with this result, no CM acetylation activity was demonstrated either with the intact cells or with the crude extracts of the CM-resistant strain. Poly U- and Poly A-directed polyphenylalanine and polylysine syntheses by S--30 preparations of both CM-resistant and CM-sensitive strains of Bacillus badius were almost equally inhibited by CM. From these results, the mechanism of CM resistance in Bacillus badius 211 seems to be due to other unknown mechanism.", "contents": "Mechanism of chloramphenicol resistance in Bacillus badius 211. Six strains of chloramphenicol (CM)-resistant endospore-forming bacteria, which can grow in the presence of 100 microgram/ml of CM, were isolated and identified as Bacillus badius. Mechanism of CM-resistance in one of the isolated strains, Bacillus badius 211, was investigated. No inactivation of CM was demonstrated when the strain was grown in nutrient broth containing 100 microgram/ml of CM, as evidenced by paper-disc bioassay of CM in the growth medium. In accordance with this result, no CM acetylation activity was demonstrated either with the intact cells or with the crude extracts of the CM-resistant strain. Poly U- and Poly A-directed polyphenylalanine and polylysine syntheses by S--30 preparations of both CM-resistant and CM-sensitive strains of Bacillus badius were almost equally inhibited by CM. From these results, the mechanism of CM resistance in Bacillus badius 211 seems to be due to other unknown mechanism.", "PMID": 721710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8842", "title": "Distribution in normal and inflammatory tissue of a new semisynthetic cephalosporin, SK&F 75073.", "content": "SK&F 75073 is a new cephalosporin with broad spectrum antibacterial activity. SK&F 75073-14C and cefazolin-35S were administered separately to groups of rats as a single intramuscular dose of 20 mg/kg. Tissues with highest drug levels 15 minutes following dose were as follows: (SK&F 75073/cefazolin levels), kidney - 86/70 microgram/g, liver - 33/22 microgram/g, lung - 29/17 microgram/g, heart - 23/10 microgram/g, adrenal - 13/7 microgram/g. Plasma levels at peak were 134 microgram SK&F 75073/ml (half-life, 1.9 hours) and 72 microgram cefazolin/ml (half-life, 0.75 hours). Dose excreted in 24 hours was: SK&F 75073, urine 66% and feces 27%; cefazolin, urine 96% and feces 2%. Both antibiotics were also administered, at 20 mg/kg, to rats with the carrageenan-induced inflammatory pouches. Exudate from these pouches contained from 2 to 10 times more SK&F 75073 than cefazolin. Radioassay and bioassay of these substances in the exudate gave similar results. Serum protein binding ranged from 96 approximately 98% for SK&F 75073 and 34 approximately 69% for cefazolin. Data indicated that highly protein bound SK&F 75073 enters tissues and tissue fluid to a greater extent than the lesser bound but therapeutically proven antibiotic agent cefazolin.", "contents": "Distribution in normal and inflammatory tissue of a new semisynthetic cephalosporin, SK&F 75073. SK&F 75073 is a new cephalosporin with broad spectrum antibacterial activity. SK&F 75073-14C and cefazolin-35S were administered separately to groups of rats as a single intramuscular dose of 20 mg/kg. Tissues with highest drug levels 15 minutes following dose were as follows: (SK&F 75073/cefazolin levels), kidney - 86/70 microgram/g, liver - 33/22 microgram/g, lung - 29/17 microgram/g, heart - 23/10 microgram/g, adrenal - 13/7 microgram/g. Plasma levels at peak were 134 microgram SK&F 75073/ml (half-life, 1.9 hours) and 72 microgram cefazolin/ml (half-life, 0.75 hours). Dose excreted in 24 hours was: SK&F 75073, urine 66% and feces 27%; cefazolin, urine 96% and feces 2%. Both antibiotics were also administered, at 20 mg/kg, to rats with the carrageenan-induced inflammatory pouches. Exudate from these pouches contained from 2 to 10 times more SK&F 75073 than cefazolin. Radioassay and bioassay of these substances in the exudate gave similar results. Serum protein binding ranged from 96 approximately 98% for SK&F 75073 and 34 approximately 69% for cefazolin. Data indicated that highly protein bound SK&F 75073 enters tissues and tissue fluid to a greater extent than the lesser bound but therapeutically proven antibiotic agent cefazolin.", "PMID": 721712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8843", "title": "Instrumental infrared estimation of fat, protein, and lactose in milk: collaborative study.", "content": "Thirty-six milks pre-analyzed by accepted standard methods were analyzed with Milko-scan instruments at 6 laboratories. Using pairs comparisons as described by Youden, precision errors for fat were about 0.033% for the first and 0.022% for the second of duplicate tests, indicating a carry-over effect for the first tests. Precision errors for protein were about 0.021% for both tests. Systematic errors for fat were about 0.17% with calibrations based on reference analyses at each laboratory but were reduced to about 0.044% with calibrations by reference analyses from one laboratory. With homogenized milks, systematic errors for fat increased to about 0.07% and were larger at high fat levels. This effect could be minimized by changing the wavelength of maximum transmission for the fat filter. Systematic errors of about 0.067% for protein were reduced to about 0.03% with calibrations based on common reference analyses. Satisfactory calibrations for lactose were obtained with the 2 Milko-scan 203 models with standard errors of estimate of 0.034 and 0.033%. Results for homogenized and unhomogenized milk were different for most instruments, indicating the need to calibrate for them separately.", "contents": "Instrumental infrared estimation of fat, protein, and lactose in milk: collaborative study. Thirty-six milks pre-analyzed by accepted standard methods were analyzed with Milko-scan instruments at 6 laboratories. Using pairs comparisons as described by Youden, precision errors for fat were about 0.033% for the first and 0.022% for the second of duplicate tests, indicating a carry-over effect for the first tests. Precision errors for protein were about 0.021% for both tests. Systematic errors for fat were about 0.17% with calibrations based on reference analyses at each laboratory but were reduced to about 0.044% with calibrations by reference analyses from one laboratory. With homogenized milks, systematic errors for fat increased to about 0.07% and were larger at high fat levels. This effect could be minimized by changing the wavelength of maximum transmission for the fat filter. Systematic errors of about 0.067% for protein were reduced to about 0.03% with calibrations based on common reference analyses. Satisfactory calibrations for lactose were obtained with the 2 Milko-scan 203 models with standard errors of estimate of 0.034 and 0.033%. Results for homogenized and unhomogenized milk were different for most instruments, indicating the need to calibrate for them separately.", "PMID": 721718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8844", "title": "Sensitive and specific gas-liquid chromatographic-spectrophotometric screening procedure for trace levels of five sulfonamides in liver, kidney, and muscle tissue.", "content": "Free and conjugated sulfonamides are extracted from edible animal tissue with acetone. Carbohydrate is precipitated and removed, and the acetone is evaporated. The residue is transferred to a separatory funnel with ethyl ether and 1N HCl. The acid layer is drawn off and a portion of the 1N HCl is screened, using the Bratton-Marshall reaction. If this portion is positive, the remaining portion is buffered to pH 6.5 and extracted with methylene chloride. The residue is methylated with diazomethane and then acylated with pentafluoropropionic anhydride. The resulting derivatives are detected by gas-liquid chromatography, using electron capture (63Ni) detection and a column packed with 3% OV-17 on Gas-Chrom Q. This method has been validated by recovering sulfathiazole, sulfachloropyrazine, sulfamethazine, sulfadimethoxine, and sulfabromomethazine from liver, kidney, and muscle at levels of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 ppm. The 5 sulfonamides were recovered in excess of 60%, with an average mean recovery of 81.5% at the 0.1 ppm level, 79.1% at the 0.5 ppm level, and 76.0% at the 1.0 ppm level.", "contents": "Sensitive and specific gas-liquid chromatographic-spectrophotometric screening procedure for trace levels of five sulfonamides in liver, kidney, and muscle tissue. Free and conjugated sulfonamides are extracted from edible animal tissue with acetone. Carbohydrate is precipitated and removed, and the acetone is evaporated. The residue is transferred to a separatory funnel with ethyl ether and 1N HCl. The acid layer is drawn off and a portion of the 1N HCl is screened, using the Bratton-Marshall reaction. If this portion is positive, the remaining portion is buffered to pH 6.5 and extracted with methylene chloride. The residue is methylated with diazomethane and then acylated with pentafluoropropionic anhydride. The resulting derivatives are detected by gas-liquid chromatography, using electron capture (63Ni) detection and a column packed with 3% OV-17 on Gas-Chrom Q. This method has been validated by recovering sulfathiazole, sulfachloropyrazine, sulfamethazine, sulfadimethoxine, and sulfabromomethazine from liver, kidney, and muscle at levels of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 ppm. The 5 sulfonamides were recovered in excess of 60%, with an average mean recovery of 81.5% at the 0.1 ppm level, 79.1% at the 0.5 ppm level, and 76.0% at the 1.0 ppm level.", "PMID": 721719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8845", "title": "Modified method for electron capture gas-liquid chromatographic determination of hexestrol residues in bovine tissues.", "content": "A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method with electron capture detection was developed for determining hexestrol residues based on a GLC method for diethylstilbestrol residues. The extraction and purification procedures were based on a published procedure. Pentafluoropropionic (PFP) and heptafluorobutyric (HFB) anhydrides and other halogenated compounds were compared as acylation reagents. PFP anhydride was selected because it provided reproducible GLC responses. Of the 3 column packing materials tested, OV-17, OV-210, and QF-1, OV-17 was the most stable under the GLC conditions used. A pH 10.5--10.6 in the purification step gave higher recoveries than pH 10.3 or pH 10.8 and was selected for use. The method is suitable for determining residues of 0.5 ppb. The limit of sensitivity ranges from 0.1 to 0.2 ppb.", "contents": "Modified method for electron capture gas-liquid chromatographic determination of hexestrol residues in bovine tissues. A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method with electron capture detection was developed for determining hexestrol residues based on a GLC method for diethylstilbestrol residues. The extraction and purification procedures were based on a published procedure. Pentafluoropropionic (PFP) and heptafluorobutyric (HFB) anhydrides and other halogenated compounds were compared as acylation reagents. PFP anhydride was selected because it provided reproducible GLC responses. Of the 3 column packing materials tested, OV-17, OV-210, and QF-1, OV-17 was the most stable under the GLC conditions used. A pH 10.5--10.6 in the purification step gave higher recoveries than pH 10.3 or pH 10.8 and was selected for use. The method is suitable for determining residues of 0.5 ppb. The limit of sensitivity ranges from 0.1 to 0.2 ppb.", "PMID": 721720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8846", "title": "Determination of zearalenone in corn by high pressure liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection.", "content": "A method is reported for determining zearalenone in corn at levels as low as 10 ng/g. Samples are extracted with chloroform-water and cleaned up by liquid-liquid chromatography, and the zearalenone is detected by a fluorescence detector after separation by reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Recoveries of zearalenone added to corn at levels from 10 to 200 ng/g averaged greater than 89%. In addition, a confirmation procedure is described which involves sequential HPLC analysis of the sample and a zearalenone standard, using 4 different excitation wavelengths and comparing fluorescence responses obtained. This method was successfully applied to the analysis of 11 samples of cornmeal; zearalenone was detected in 9 of the samples at levels from 11 to 69 ng/g.", "contents": "Determination of zearalenone in corn by high pressure liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. A method is reported for determining zearalenone in corn at levels as low as 10 ng/g. Samples are extracted with chloroform-water and cleaned up by liquid-liquid chromatography, and the zearalenone is detected by a fluorescence detector after separation by reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Recoveries of zearalenone added to corn at levels from 10 to 200 ng/g averaged greater than 89%. In addition, a confirmation procedure is described which involves sequential HPLC analysis of the sample and a zearalenone standard, using 4 different excitation wavelengths and comparing fluorescence responses obtained. This method was successfully applied to the analysis of 11 samples of cornmeal; zearalenone was detected in 9 of the samples at levels from 11 to 69 ng/g.", "PMID": 721721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8847", "title": "Comparison of sample preparation procedures for colorimetric analysis of nitrite in frankfurters.", "content": "Three groups of methods for analyzing nitrite in meat are compared. All methods consist of a sequence of steps, grouped according to initial extraction procedures. In Group 1, the sample is treated with borate followed by HgCl2 or Carrez I, and then Carrez II. In Group 2, the sample is diluted with water, heated at 80 degrees C, and analyzed immediately (AOAC) or after addition of either Na2CO3 and FeCl3 or HgCl2. In Group 3, the sample is made alkaline with NH4Cl buffer and then treated with one of the following: activated carbon plus Carrez I and II, alumina cream, or AIK(SO4)2. At each step when the method involved the addition of a chemical, supernates and precipitates (if formed) were analyzed for nitrite by Griess reagent both before and after AOAC digestion. The normally discarded precipitates formed after addition of HgCl2 and Carrez I and II contained bound nitrite that could be detected by AOAC analysis. Except in the AOAC method, HgCl2 improved nitrite analysis. Results by AOAC analysis were 3 to 300% higher than those determined after addition of any chemical or combination of chemicals. Spiked meat samples could not be used in comparing nitrite analysis methods because results were misleading. Acid meat samples, such as fermented sausages, required neutralization before AOAC analysis.", "contents": "Comparison of sample preparation procedures for colorimetric analysis of nitrite in frankfurters. Three groups of methods for analyzing nitrite in meat are compared. All methods consist of a sequence of steps, grouped according to initial extraction procedures. In Group 1, the sample is treated with borate followed by HgCl2 or Carrez I, and then Carrez II. In Group 2, the sample is diluted with water, heated at 80 degrees C, and analyzed immediately (AOAC) or after addition of either Na2CO3 and FeCl3 or HgCl2. In Group 3, the sample is made alkaline with NH4Cl buffer and then treated with one of the following: activated carbon plus Carrez I and II, alumina cream, or AIK(SO4)2. At each step when the method involved the addition of a chemical, supernates and precipitates (if formed) were analyzed for nitrite by Griess reagent both before and after AOAC digestion. The normally discarded precipitates formed after addition of HgCl2 and Carrez I and II contained bound nitrite that could be detected by AOAC analysis. Except in the AOAC method, HgCl2 improved nitrite analysis. Results by AOAC analysis were 3 to 300% higher than those determined after addition of any chemical or combination of chemicals. Spiked meat samples could not be used in comparing nitrite analysis methods because results were misleading. Acid meat samples, such as fermented sausages, required neutralization before AOAC analysis.", "PMID": 721722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8848", "title": "Liquid chromatographic determination of lasalocid in premixes.", "content": "A high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed to determine lasalocid in premixes. The method is simple and rapid, requiring an extraction of the drug and separation of insoluble material before HPLC. Elution times are typically less than 10 min per sample. The average recoveries for lasalocid at the 16.5 and 50% levels were 100.2 +/- 2 and 100.0 +/- 2%, respectively. The precision of the method (coefficient of variation = 0.02) compares favorably with that of the approved bioassay (coefficient of variation = 0.06).", "contents": "Liquid chromatographic determination of lasalocid in premixes. A high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed to determine lasalocid in premixes. The method is simple and rapid, requiring an extraction of the drug and separation of insoluble material before HPLC. Elution times are typically less than 10 min per sample. The average recoveries for lasalocid at the 16.5 and 50% levels were 100.2 +/- 2 and 100.0 +/- 2%, respectively. The precision of the method (coefficient of variation = 0.02) compares favorably with that of the approved bioassay (coefficient of variation = 0.06).", "PMID": 721723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8849", "title": "Liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection of lasalocid sodium in feeds and premixes.", "content": "Lasalocid sodium is extracted directly from feeds and premixes with the mobile phase solution, an aliquot is chromatographed, and the concentration (peak height) of lasalocid sodium is measured by high pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Chromatography and detection are completed in about 7 min. The results agree well with those found by the official AOAC fluorometric method, 42.A08--42.A13. The method offers an alternative to the AOAC method and has the capability of processing almost twice as many samples. The average recovery of 4 levels (0.0008, 0.0040, 0.0080, and 0.0120%) of lasalocid sodium from feeds is 100%. Replicate assays of typical poultry mashes and pellets containing about 0.0080% lasalocid sodium yielded coefficients of variation of 2.68--3.35%.", "contents": "Liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection of lasalocid sodium in feeds and premixes. Lasalocid sodium is extracted directly from feeds and premixes with the mobile phase solution, an aliquot is chromatographed, and the concentration (peak height) of lasalocid sodium is measured by high pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Chromatography and detection are completed in about 7 min. The results agree well with those found by the official AOAC fluorometric method, 42.A08--42.A13. The method offers an alternative to the AOAC method and has the capability of processing almost twice as many samples. The average recovery of 4 levels (0.0008, 0.0040, 0.0080, and 0.0120%) of lasalocid sodium from feeds is 100%. Replicate assays of typical poultry mashes and pellets containing about 0.0080% lasalocid sodium yielded coefficients of variation of 2.68--3.35%.", "PMID": 721724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8850", "title": "Decomposition in foods (chemical methods). Fluorometric determination of indole in shrimp.", "content": "A fluorometric method is described for determining indole in shrimp. The indole is extracted with n-hexane, partitioned into a methanol-saturated sodium chloride solution (9+1), and determined fluorometrically. The detection limit of the method is 0.04 microgram indole/g shrimp. Quantitative analytical data are presented for indole in samples of shrimp determined by the fluorometric method and the AOAC official colorimetric and gas-liquid chromatographic procedures. The correlation coefficient between the data of the fluorometric and colorimetric methods was 0.96. Indole recovered from 25 g samples of fresh shrimp spiked with 6 and 12 microgram indole/25 g ranged from 97 to 106%. The fluorescence response is linear in the range of 1 to 25 microgram indole/100 ml methanol solution and no significant change is noted in solutions kept in the dark 18 hr.", "contents": "Decomposition in foods (chemical methods). Fluorometric determination of indole in shrimp. A fluorometric method is described for determining indole in shrimp. The indole is extracted with n-hexane, partitioned into a methanol-saturated sodium chloride solution (9+1), and determined fluorometrically. The detection limit of the method is 0.04 microgram indole/g shrimp. Quantitative analytical data are presented for indole in samples of shrimp determined by the fluorometric method and the AOAC official colorimetric and gas-liquid chromatographic procedures. The correlation coefficient between the data of the fluorometric and colorimetric methods was 0.96. Indole recovered from 25 g samples of fresh shrimp spiked with 6 and 12 microgram indole/25 g ranged from 97 to 106%. The fluorescence response is linear in the range of 1 to 25 microgram indole/100 ml methanol solution and no significant change is noted in solutions kept in the dark 18 hr.", "PMID": 721725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8851", "title": "Fluorometric determination of histamine in cheese.", "content": "Thirty-one samples of cheese obtained from retail outlets were analyzed for histamine, using an official AOAC fluorometric method. The types of cheese analyzed and the ranges of histamine found were: colby, 0.3--2.8; camembert, 0.4--4.2; cheddar, 1.2--5.8; gouda, 1.3--2.4; provolone, 2.0--23.5; roquefort, 1.0--16.8; mozzarella 1.6--5.0; and swiss, 0.4--250 mg histamine/100 g. Ten of the 12 samples of swiss cheese contained less than 16 mg histamine/100 g. The remaining 2 samples which contained 116 and 250 mg histamine/100 g were judged organoleptically to be of poor quality. An investigation of one processing facility showed that the production of histamine in swiss cheese may have been a result of a hydrogen peroxide/low temperature treatment of the milk supply. Recovery of histamine added to methanol extracts of cheese ranged from 93 to 105%. Histamine content was confirmed by high pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of the methanol extracts.", "contents": "Fluorometric determination of histamine in cheese. Thirty-one samples of cheese obtained from retail outlets were analyzed for histamine, using an official AOAC fluorometric method. The types of cheese analyzed and the ranges of histamine found were: colby, 0.3--2.8; camembert, 0.4--4.2; cheddar, 1.2--5.8; gouda, 1.3--2.4; provolone, 2.0--23.5; roquefort, 1.0--16.8; mozzarella 1.6--5.0; and swiss, 0.4--250 mg histamine/100 g. Ten of the 12 samples of swiss cheese contained less than 16 mg histamine/100 g. The remaining 2 samples which contained 116 and 250 mg histamine/100 g were judged organoleptically to be of poor quality. An investigation of one processing facility showed that the production of histamine in swiss cheese may have been a result of a hydrogen peroxide/low temperature treatment of the milk supply. Recovery of histamine added to methanol extracts of cheese ranged from 93 to 105%. Histamine content was confirmed by high pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of the methanol extracts.", "PMID": 721726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8852", "title": "Determination of streptomycin residues in eggs and stability of residues after cooking.", "content": "An assay procedure for streptomycin was developed, using a surfactant-pH 8 buffer extraction, heating at 85 degrees C to eliminate inhibition from lysozyme activity, and centrifuging to remove physical barriers to diffusion. Recoveries of streptomycin from supplemented eggs averaged 42% over the range of 0.33--2.05 microgram streptomycin/g egg. Eggs were supplemented at 3.0, 30.0, and 300 microgram streptomycin/g and subjected to various cooking procedures: frying, poaching, scrambling, and hard boiling. There was little or no loss of activity as a result of the various cooking procedures with the exception of one of the hard boiled varieties where there was a 40% loss only at the 3.0 microgram/g supplementation. Streptomycin residues were quite stable to normal egg preparation procedures.", "contents": "Determination of streptomycin residues in eggs and stability of residues after cooking. An assay procedure for streptomycin was developed, using a surfactant-pH 8 buffer extraction, heating at 85 degrees C to eliminate inhibition from lysozyme activity, and centrifuging to remove physical barriers to diffusion. Recoveries of streptomycin from supplemented eggs averaged 42% over the range of 0.33--2.05 microgram streptomycin/g egg. Eggs were supplemented at 3.0, 30.0, and 300 microgram streptomycin/g and subjected to various cooking procedures: frying, poaching, scrambling, and hard boiling. There was little or no loss of activity as a result of the various cooking procedures with the exception of one of the hard boiled varieties where there was a 40% loss only at the 3.0 microgram/g supplementation. Streptomycin residues were quite stable to normal egg preparation procedures.", "PMID": 721727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8853", "title": "Determination of neomycin residues in eggs and stability of residues after cooking.", "content": "The procedure for neomycin residues used a surfactant to improve extraction, a centrifuge step to eliminate solids that interfere with the diffusion of the antibiotic, and a heat treatment to destroy interfering lysozyme activity. The use of Bcillus stearothermophilus and a 65 degree C incubation yielded a rapid assay with a sensitivity of 0.2 microgram neomycin activity/g egg. Frying eggs caused little or no loss of activity, poaching resulted in 25% loss, and soft boiling and hard boiling caused little or no loss of applied activity. Neomycin residues in eggs were quite stable to normal egg preparation procedures.", "contents": "Determination of neomycin residues in eggs and stability of residues after cooking. The procedure for neomycin residues used a surfactant to improve extraction, a centrifuge step to eliminate solids that interfere with the diffusion of the antibiotic, and a heat treatment to destroy interfering lysozyme activity. The use of Bcillus stearothermophilus and a 65 degree C incubation yielded a rapid assay with a sensitivity of 0.2 microgram neomycin activity/g egg. Frying eggs caused little or no loss of activity, poaching resulted in 25% loss, and soft boiling and hard boiling caused little or no loss of applied activity. Neomycin residues in eggs were quite stable to normal egg preparation procedures.", "PMID": 721728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8854", "title": "Reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatographic determination of vitamin D in fortified milk.", "content": "Vitamin D was determined in commercially fortified milk, using reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The milk sample was saponified at room temperature and cleaned up on an alumina column to remove cholesterol and carotenes. The sample was then chromatographed in an HPLC system on a 0.26 X 25 cm ODS-HC-Sil-X-1 column using methanol-acetonitrile (1+1) as the mobile phase. For 6 milk samples, the recovery of added vitamin D using this procedure was 92%.", "contents": "Reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatographic determination of vitamin D in fortified milk. Vitamin D was determined in commercially fortified milk, using reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The milk sample was saponified at room temperature and cleaned up on an alumina column to remove cholesterol and carotenes. The sample was then chromatographed in an HPLC system on a 0.26 X 25 cm ODS-HC-Sil-X-1 column using methanol-acetonitrile (1+1) as the mobile phase. For 6 milk samples, the recovery of added vitamin D using this procedure was 92%.", "PMID": 721729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8855", "title": "Regulatory agency interaction in the control of drug residues in animal tissue.", "content": "The U.S. Department of Agriculture has the responsibility of determining if a method for residues of drugs and pesticides in animal tissues is acceptable for regulatory control, reviewing data on interfering compounds, validating methods, monitoring drug residues in animal and poultry tissues, assigning priority for monitoring drugs and pesticide residues. These responsibilities are carried out in cooperation with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in the areas of method development, determination of priorities, and punitive action.", "contents": "Regulatory agency interaction in the control of drug residues in animal tissue. The U.S. Department of Agriculture has the responsibility of determining if a method for residues of drugs and pesticides in animal tissues is acceptable for regulatory control, reviewing data on interfering compounds, validating methods, monitoring drug residues in animal and poultry tissues, assigning priority for monitoring drugs and pesticide residues. These responsibilities are carried out in cooperation with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in the areas of method development, determination of priorities, and punitive action.", "PMID": 721730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8856", "title": "Drug residues in animal tissues and their regulatory significance--the Canadian point of view.", "content": "Today it is almost impossible to produce food of animal origin which is free from traces of drugs or chemicals. In Canada the problem of drug residues is controlled by a method of assessment of human safety which involves many factors. The toxicity of the drug in laboratory animals or, if possible, in man, is established and a no-effect dose is then estimated. These studies require oral administration of the drug and include acute, subacute, and teratogenicity studies. Depending on these results, chronic reproductive or carcinogenicity studies may be required before a no-effect dose can be estimated. Residue studies must encompass data on metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and depletion studies in edible tissues and for products such as milk and eggs. For veterinary drug residues, we must consider the target food animal with its particular metabolism, tissue disposition, and excretion patterns. The analytical method for residue detection must be acceptable and its sensitivity limits suitable for the drug and its major metabolites.", "contents": "Drug residues in animal tissues and their regulatory significance--the Canadian point of view. Today it is almost impossible to produce food of animal origin which is free from traces of drugs or chemicals. In Canada the problem of drug residues is controlled by a method of assessment of human safety which involves many factors. The toxicity of the drug in laboratory animals or, if possible, in man, is established and a no-effect dose is then estimated. These studies require oral administration of the drug and include acute, subacute, and teratogenicity studies. Depending on these results, chronic reproductive or carcinogenicity studies may be required before a no-effect dose can be estimated. Residue studies must encompass data on metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and depletion studies in edible tissues and for products such as milk and eggs. For veterinary drug residues, we must consider the target food animal with its particular metabolism, tissue disposition, and excretion patterns. The analytical method for residue detection must be acceptable and its sensitivity limits suitable for the drug and its major metabolites.", "PMID": 721731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8857", "title": "Control of hormone treatment in animals and residues in meat--regulatory aspects and approaches in methodology.", "content": "Although the benefit of using anabolic hormones for fattening purposes under specific situations in animal husbandry (for instance, veal production) has been acknowledged in European countries, the regulatory consequences were quite different from those in the United States. With the exception of the United Kingdom, there were no approvals to use estrogens for other than distinct veterinary purposes. Hence the methodological approaches were rather to control the illegal treatments and imports. One measure is the uterus weight bioassay. Furthermore morphological parameters (prostate test) and estrogen determinations by thin layer chromatography in urine (also from the bladder) were proposed for detection of treated animals. Radioimmunoassays are in development and considered sensitive enough for residue studies in carcasses, perhaps applicable in combination with high pressure liquid chromatography. The re-evaluation of the regulatory situation is in progress in France and Germany and under consideration in the United Kingdom. Guidelines may be the recommendations of the FAO/WHO Symposium 1975 in Rome on anabolic agents in animal production indicating the variety of risks due to different compounds in question and preference to those with low oral activity and defined bio-degradation.", "contents": "Control of hormone treatment in animals and residues in meat--regulatory aspects and approaches in methodology. Although the benefit of using anabolic hormones for fattening purposes under specific situations in animal husbandry (for instance, veal production) has been acknowledged in European countries, the regulatory consequences were quite different from those in the United States. With the exception of the United Kingdom, there were no approvals to use estrogens for other than distinct veterinary purposes. Hence the methodological approaches were rather to control the illegal treatments and imports. One measure is the uterus weight bioassay. Furthermore morphological parameters (prostate test) and estrogen determinations by thin layer chromatography in urine (also from the bladder) were proposed for detection of treated animals. Radioimmunoassays are in development and considered sensitive enough for residue studies in carcasses, perhaps applicable in combination with high pressure liquid chromatography. The re-evaluation of the regulatory situation is in progress in France and Germany and under consideration in the United Kingdom. Guidelines may be the recommendations of the FAO/WHO Symposium 1975 in Rome on anabolic agents in animal production indicating the variety of risks due to different compounds in question and preference to those with low oral activity and defined bio-degradation.", "PMID": 721733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8858", "title": "Method for antibiotic determination in animal tissue, as applied to lasalocid.", "content": "The development of a tissue residue method for an antibiotic is dependent on the history of the overall problem; the current requirements that must be met for regulatory approval; the chemistry of the compound; its physical/chemical parameters; and its microbiological spectrum for the best possible fit of all of these to ensure a procedure that will work reliably in the originator's laboratory and to the same degree of effectiveness in anyone's laboratory. A note is made of those factors that must be included as controls on the procedure and those experiments that must be included to differentiate matrix from method influences.", "contents": "Method for antibiotic determination in animal tissue, as applied to lasalocid. The development of a tissue residue method for an antibiotic is dependent on the history of the overall problem; the current requirements that must be met for regulatory approval; the chemistry of the compound; its physical/chemical parameters; and its microbiological spectrum for the best possible fit of all of these to ensure a procedure that will work reliably in the originator's laboratory and to the same degree of effectiveness in anyone's laboratory. A note is made of those factors that must be included as controls on the procedure and those experiments that must be included to differentiate matrix from method influences.", "PMID": 721734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8859", "title": "Effect of storage and processing on tetracycline residues in meat and bones.", "content": "A semiquantitative microbiological screening test for antibiotics, a sensitive and quantitative microbiological assay, and a fluorometric method specific for tetracyclines are described. Using these procedures, tetracycline residues in animals derived from feed can be detected in tissues like organs, muscles, and bones. Meat contaminated with chlortetracycline (CTC) and oxytetracycline (OTC) and stored at +8 degrees C and -22 degrees C showed very little decrease in antibiotic concentration; however, heating above 65 degrees C reduced the tetracycline content in meat. Temperatures above 130 degrees C were necessary to destroy CTC in bones, CTC in bones was insoluble above pH 4. Manufacturing products with contaminated meat reduced the tetracycline content only if heating was involved.", "contents": "Effect of storage and processing on tetracycline residues in meat and bones. A semiquantitative microbiological screening test for antibiotics, a sensitive and quantitative microbiological assay, and a fluorometric method specific for tetracyclines are described. Using these procedures, tetracycline residues in animals derived from feed can be detected in tissues like organs, muscles, and bones. Meat contaminated with chlortetracycline (CTC) and oxytetracycline (OTC) and stored at +8 degrees C and -22 degrees C showed very little decrease in antibiotic concentration; however, heating above 65 degrees C reduced the tetracycline content in meat. Temperatures above 130 degrees C were necessary to destroy CTC in bones, CTC in bones was insoluble above pH 4. Manufacturing products with contaminated meat reduced the tetracycline content only if heating was involved.", "PMID": 721735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8860", "title": "Use of mass spectrometry for confirmation of animal drug residues.", "content": "Mass spectrometry is a technique capable of providing unambiguous confirmation of drug residues in edible tissues at trace levels. This has led to an increase in the number of new animal drug applications containing a mass spectrometry procedure as the confirmatory test. Written guidelines do not exist to cover the requirements to be met for acceptance of these procedures. The legal, analytical, and practical requirements to be considered in developing and submitting these procedures will be presented on current requirements and past experiences.", "contents": "Use of mass spectrometry for confirmation of animal drug residues. Mass spectrometry is a technique capable of providing unambiguous confirmation of drug residues in edible tissues at trace levels. This has led to an increase in the number of new animal drug applications containing a mass spectrometry procedure as the confirmatory test. Written guidelines do not exist to cover the requirements to be met for acceptance of these procedures. The legal, analytical, and practical requirements to be considered in developing and submitting these procedures will be presented on current requirements and past experiences.", "PMID": 721737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8861", "title": "Use of radioimmunoassay for monitoring hormonal residues in edible animal products.", "content": "Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is valuable for sensitive and specific routine measurements of hormones in body fluids. The method is also applicable to determine tissue levels of hormones which, according to tracer studies and depending on the compound, are scattered in the lower ng and pg/g range. For practical assay application it must be decided whether the parent compound or a major metabolite should be measured. Both toxicological and practical regulatory aspects have to be considered, but in any case knowledge of the metabolic profile of the compounds is necessary, especially since the specificity of the RIA group analysis is limited. When applying extraction and purification steps, differences between compounds and between tissues have to be considered; generally more difficulties are encountered than with plasma. Validation of the method should first demonstrate no unspecific interference with the antigen-antibody reaction; then the other reliability criteria have to be established. So far RIAs for the quantitation of estrogens, testosterone, progesterone, and trienbolone--a synthetic androgen--in various bovine tissue samples have been developed. The lower limit of sensitivity ranges between 10 and 70 pg/g. Quantitation of physiological levels of testosterone and progesterone is possible, but there are still some problems with estrogens.", "contents": "Use of radioimmunoassay for monitoring hormonal residues in edible animal products. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is valuable for sensitive and specific routine measurements of hormones in body fluids. The method is also applicable to determine tissue levels of hormones which, according to tracer studies and depending on the compound, are scattered in the lower ng and pg/g range. For practical assay application it must be decided whether the parent compound or a major metabolite should be measured. Both toxicological and practical regulatory aspects have to be considered, but in any case knowledge of the metabolic profile of the compounds is necessary, especially since the specificity of the RIA group analysis is limited. When applying extraction and purification steps, differences between compounds and between tissues have to be considered; generally more difficulties are encountered than with plasma. Validation of the method should first demonstrate no unspecific interference with the antigen-antibody reaction; then the other reliability criteria have to be established. So far RIAs for the quantitation of estrogens, testosterone, progesterone, and trienbolone--a synthetic androgen--in various bovine tissue samples have been developed. The lower limit of sensitivity ranges between 10 and 70 pg/g. Quantitation of physiological levels of testosterone and progesterone is possible, but there are still some problems with estrogens.", "PMID": 721739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8862", "title": "Trenbolone acetate: experiences with bound residues in cattle tissues.", "content": "Two heifers were implanted with 300 mg of the radiolabeled anabolic steroid, trenbolone acetate (TBA). After a 60 day slaughter and a 60 day removal followed by 76 day slaughter, total 3H-content in various tissues was 0.5--25 ng/g equivalents of TBA. Radioimmunoassay of the tissues showed that only 1--5% of the total residue present was TBA, its main metabolite trenbolone (TBOH), and TBOH glucuronide, plus up to 5% of other organic-soluble material. Of the radioactivity remaining about half was directly water-soluble, and the insoluble residue could be made water-soluble by treatment with the proteolytic enzymes pepsin and trypsin. These 2 portions were purified with Sephadex G-25 to give a low and high molecular weight fraction. Raney nickel reduction of sulfur bonds in either fraction released up to 50% of radioactivity into the organic phase. TLC showed that the latter contained 2 components which had characteristics similar to TBOH and its metabolites, and thus were at least partly drug-related metabolites. In vitro experiments with bovine liver also showed a small but definite protein binding. It is proposed that in dealing with these covalently bound residues, priority be given to the reactive drug intermediate and the type of binding to macromolecules rather than to the presence of the bound residue itself.", "contents": "Trenbolone acetate: experiences with bound residues in cattle tissues. Two heifers were implanted with 300 mg of the radiolabeled anabolic steroid, trenbolone acetate (TBA). After a 60 day slaughter and a 60 day removal followed by 76 day slaughter, total 3H-content in various tissues was 0.5--25 ng/g equivalents of TBA. Radioimmunoassay of the tissues showed that only 1--5% of the total residue present was TBA, its main metabolite trenbolone (TBOH), and TBOH glucuronide, plus up to 5% of other organic-soluble material. Of the radioactivity remaining about half was directly water-soluble, and the insoluble residue could be made water-soluble by treatment with the proteolytic enzymes pepsin and trypsin. These 2 portions were purified with Sephadex G-25 to give a low and high molecular weight fraction. Raney nickel reduction of sulfur bonds in either fraction released up to 50% of radioactivity into the organic phase. TLC showed that the latter contained 2 components which had characteristics similar to TBOH and its metabolites, and thus were at least partly drug-related metabolites. In vitro experiments with bovine liver also showed a small but definite protein binding. It is proposed that in dealing with these covalently bound residues, priority be given to the reactive drug intermediate and the type of binding to macromolecules rather than to the presence of the bound residue itself.", "PMID": 721740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8863", "title": "Atomic absorption spectrometric determination of arsenic and selenium in offal and fish by hydride generation.", "content": "A method for determining As and Se in beef offal and fish was developed. The sample was digested by heating with a mixture of nitric, perchloric, and sulfuric acids. No pre-reduction of As and Se was necessary. Using a simplified generator, the metal hydrides were evolved by reduction with sodium borohydride pellets from sulfuric and hydrochloric acid media. The hydrides were swept by a flow of nitrogen into a nitrogen-hydrogen-entrained air flame. Absolute detection limit of the method was about 6 ng for As and 4 ng for Se, and absolute sensitivity for both metals was estimated to be 5 ng. Effects of the presence of several cations and anions in the matrix were investigated and some were found to have a suppressive effect on the atomic absorption signal. The analytical results obtained for samples of NBS No. 1571 Orchard Leaves and NBS No. 1577 Bovine Liver agreed well with certified values.", "contents": "Atomic absorption spectrometric determination of arsenic and selenium in offal and fish by hydride generation. A method for determining As and Se in beef offal and fish was developed. The sample was digested by heating with a mixture of nitric, perchloric, and sulfuric acids. No pre-reduction of As and Se was necessary. Using a simplified generator, the metal hydrides were evolved by reduction with sodium borohydride pellets from sulfuric and hydrochloric acid media. The hydrides were swept by a flow of nitrogen into a nitrogen-hydrogen-entrained air flame. Absolute detection limit of the method was about 6 ng for As and 4 ng for Se, and absolute sensitivity for both metals was estimated to be 5 ng. Effects of the presence of several cations and anions in the matrix were investigated and some were found to have a suppressive effect on the atomic absorption signal. The analytical results obtained for samples of NBS No. 1571 Orchard Leaves and NBS No. 1577 Bovine Liver agreed well with certified values.", "PMID": 721742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8864", "title": "Mass fragmentographic determination of pentachlorophenol in rainbow trout.", "content": "Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is extracted from selected tissues of rainbow trout and converted to pentachloroanisole (PCA) by means of alkylation in the presence of potassium carbonate as a condensing agent. Pentachlorophenetole (PPT) is used as an internal standard. The electron impact mass fragmentography is carried out by monitoring m/e 280 (PCA), 294 (PPT), and 237. A plot of peak height vs. concentration is linear from 0.03 to 4.0 ng. Accuracy and precision of the method is +/-2% (N - 36). The results are accurate enough to warrant the use of this method for determining PCP in fish, as well as for monitoring PCP from various environmental sources. In addition, this technique provides a simple and rapid method by which a mixture of PCA and PCP can be determined simultaneously.", "contents": "Mass fragmentographic determination of pentachlorophenol in rainbow trout. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is extracted from selected tissues of rainbow trout and converted to pentachloroanisole (PCA) by means of alkylation in the presence of potassium carbonate as a condensing agent. Pentachlorophenetole (PPT) is used as an internal standard. The electron impact mass fragmentography is carried out by monitoring m/e 280 (PCA), 294 (PPT), and 237. A plot of peak height vs. concentration is linear from 0.03 to 4.0 ng. Accuracy and precision of the method is +/-2% (N - 36). The results are accurate enough to warrant the use of this method for determining PCP in fish, as well as for monitoring PCP from various environmental sources. In addition, this technique provides a simple and rapid method by which a mixture of PCA and PCP can be determined simultaneously.", "PMID": 721743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8865", "title": "Cell envelope associations of Aquaspirillum serpens flagella.", "content": "Specific regions of the cell envelope associated with the flagellar basal complex of the gram-negative bacterium Aquaspirillum (Spirillum) serpens were identified by studying each of the envelope layers: outer membrane, mucopeptide, and plasma membrane. The outer membrane around the flagella insertion site was differentiated by concentric membrane rings and central perforations surrounded by a closely set collar. The perforations in both the outer membrane and the isolated mucopeptide layer were of a size accomodating the central rod of the basal complex but smaller than either the L or the P disks. The P disk of the complex may lie between the mucopeptide and the outer membrane. Electron microscopy of intact, spheroplasted, or autolyzed preparations did not adequately resolve the location of the inner pair of disks of the basal complex. Freeze-etching, however, revealed differentiation within the plasma membrane that appeared to be related to the basal complex. The convex fracture face showed depressions which are interpreted as impressions of a disk surrounded by a set of evenly spaced macromolecular studs and containing a central \"plug\" interpreted as the central rod. In thin sections, blebs, which appear to be associated with the flagellar apparatus, were seen on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane. Superimposing the dimensions of the flagellar basal complex and the spacings of the cell envelope layers and using the position of the L disk within the outer membrane for reference, showed that the S disk might be within and the M disk beneath the plasma membrane. A tentative model was developed for comparison with that based on the structure of the Escherichia coli basal complex.", "contents": "Cell envelope associations of Aquaspirillum serpens flagella. Specific regions of the cell envelope associated with the flagellar basal complex of the gram-negative bacterium Aquaspirillum (Spirillum) serpens were identified by studying each of the envelope layers: outer membrane, mucopeptide, and plasma membrane. The outer membrane around the flagella insertion site was differentiated by concentric membrane rings and central perforations surrounded by a closely set collar. The perforations in both the outer membrane and the isolated mucopeptide layer were of a size accomodating the central rod of the basal complex but smaller than either the L or the P disks. The P disk of the complex may lie between the mucopeptide and the outer membrane. Electron microscopy of intact, spheroplasted, or autolyzed preparations did not adequately resolve the location of the inner pair of disks of the basal complex. Freeze-etching, however, revealed differentiation within the plasma membrane that appeared to be related to the basal complex. The convex fracture face showed depressions which are interpreted as impressions of a disk surrounded by a set of evenly spaced macromolecular studs and containing a central \"plug\" interpreted as the central rod. In thin sections, blebs, which appear to be associated with the flagellar apparatus, were seen on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane. Superimposing the dimensions of the flagellar basal complex and the spacings of the cell envelope layers and using the position of the L disk within the outer membrane for reference, showed that the S disk might be within and the M disk beneath the plasma membrane. A tentative model was developed for comparison with that based on the structure of the Escherichia coli basal complex.", "PMID": 721774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8866", "title": "Carotenogenesis associated with arthrosporulation of Trichophyton mentagrophytes.", "content": "Carotenoid pigments were demonstrated in arthrospores of the dermatophyte Trichophyton mentagrophytes but were absent from hyphae and microconidia of this fungus. Incubation at higher temperatures (39 degrees C) allowed arthrosporulation to occur, but essentially no carotenoid was detected in such arthrospores. The carotenoid formation in arthrosporulating T. mentagrophytes did not appear to be either induced or stimulated by light illumination. Mature arthrospores contained the carotenoids phytoene, phytofluene,  zeta-carotene, neurosporene, lycopene, and gamma-carotene and a few minor unidentified carotenoids. These carotenoids were localized within intracellular granules consisting of osmiophilic matrices and complex membranous elements. This is the first demonstration of carotenoid pigments in dermatophytic fungi.", "contents": "Carotenogenesis associated with arthrosporulation of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Carotenoid pigments were demonstrated in arthrospores of the dermatophyte Trichophyton mentagrophytes but were absent from hyphae and microconidia of this fungus. Incubation at higher temperatures (39 degrees C) allowed arthrosporulation to occur, but essentially no carotenoid was detected in such arthrospores. The carotenoid formation in arthrosporulating T. mentagrophytes did not appear to be either induced or stimulated by light illumination. Mature arthrospores contained the carotenoids phytoene, phytofluene,  zeta-carotene, neurosporene, lycopene, and gamma-carotene and a few minor unidentified carotenoids. These carotenoids were localized within intracellular granules consisting of osmiophilic matrices and complex membranous elements. This is the first demonstration of carotenoid pigments in dermatophytic fungi.", "PMID": 721775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8867", "title": "Tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmids of Agrobacterium share extensive regions of DNA homology.", "content": "Labeled Ti plasmid DNAs from diverse Agrobacterium strains were hybridized to Southern blots of pTi-B6-806 plasmid DNA digest fragments of known map order. The map location of DNA sequences common to all Ti plasmids was found to be extensive, consistent with the view that Ti plasmids have evolved from a common ancestral plasmid.", "contents": "Tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmids of Agrobacterium share extensive regions of DNA homology. Labeled Ti plasmid DNAs from diverse Agrobacterium strains were hybridized to Southern blots of pTi-B6-806 plasmid DNA digest fragments of known map order. The map location of DNA sequences common to all Ti plasmids was found to be extensive, consistent with the view that Ti plasmids have evolved from a common ancestral plasmid.", "PMID": 721776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8868", "title": "Ureotelism and ammonotelism in trypanosomatids.", "content": "According to their genera, trypanosomatids excrete urea, ammonia, or both. Species of Herpetomonas and Trypanosoma are ammonotelic. Species of Leishmania, Leptomonas, Crithidia, and Blastocrithidia can be ureotelic, ammonotelic, or both, depending on growth media composition.", "contents": "Ureotelism and ammonotelism in trypanosomatids. According to their genera, trypanosomatids excrete urea, ammonia, or both. Species of Herpetomonas and Trypanosoma are ammonotelic. Species of Leishmania, Leptomonas, Crithidia, and Blastocrithidia can be ureotelic, ammonotelic, or both, depending on growth media composition.", "PMID": 721777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8869", "title": "Induction and regulation of neuraminidase synthesis in Arthrobacter sialophilus.", "content": "A variety of N-acetylneuraminic acid (AcNeu) derivatives and analogs were examined as inducers of the extracellular neuraminidase of Arthrobacter sialophilus. Neuraminidase inductions were primarily studied with tryptone-yeast extract-grown cells after washing and resuspension in a defined replacement medium. The addition of readily metabolizable carbon sources to the latter, such as 0.1% casein hydrolysate, glutamate, or glucose, enhanced enzyme synthesis. Enzyme appearance occurred after a lag in the uptake of inducers, suggesting the participation of a co-inducible transport system. Neuraminidase formation during exponential growth in the presence of AcNeu ceased after depletion of this end product from the medium. It was found, besides AcNeu, that its methyl ester, 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid and 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetyl-neuraminic acid methyl ester are each active inducers, whereas beta-anomers of AcNeu-ketosides are not. These results, in comparison to known enzyme specificity, have revealed significant differences and parallels between the inductive and catalytic processes for neuraminidase. In particular, it would appear that the free carboxylate and oxygenation at C-2 of AcNeu, essential for enzyme catalysis with traditional AcNeu substrates, are not necessary for induction and, furthermore, that transition state analogs can specifically induce this enzyme. The failure to observe catabolite repression in this system is discussed in relation to the intermediary metabolism of the genus Arthrobacter.", "contents": "Induction and regulation of neuraminidase synthesis in Arthrobacter sialophilus. A variety of N-acetylneuraminic acid (AcNeu) derivatives and analogs were examined as inducers of the extracellular neuraminidase of Arthrobacter sialophilus. Neuraminidase inductions were primarily studied with tryptone-yeast extract-grown cells after washing and resuspension in a defined replacement medium. The addition of readily metabolizable carbon sources to the latter, such as 0.1% casein hydrolysate, glutamate, or glucose, enhanced enzyme synthesis. Enzyme appearance occurred after a lag in the uptake of inducers, suggesting the participation of a co-inducible transport system. Neuraminidase formation during exponential growth in the presence of AcNeu ceased after depletion of this end product from the medium. It was found, besides AcNeu, that its methyl ester, 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid and 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetyl-neuraminic acid methyl ester are each active inducers, whereas beta-anomers of AcNeu-ketosides are not. These results, in comparison to known enzyme specificity, have revealed significant differences and parallels between the inductive and catalytic processes for neuraminidase. In particular, it would appear that the free carboxylate and oxygenation at C-2 of AcNeu, essential for enzyme catalysis with traditional AcNeu substrates, are not necessary for induction and, furthermore, that transition state analogs can specifically induce this enzyme. The failure to observe catabolite repression in this system is discussed in relation to the intermediary metabolism of the genus Arthrobacter.", "PMID": 721778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8870", "title": "Multiple genes coding for octopine-degrading enzymes in Agrobacterium.", "content": "Most biotype 2 strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and A. radiobacter which utilize nopaline also degrade octopine. In all such strains studied, the ability to degrade octopine did not appear to be transferred to plasmidless recipient cells under conditions of plasmid transfer in which the ability to utilize nopaline was transferred. An octopine-degrading mutant was isolated in a strain cured of its plasmid, suggesting that genes of octopine degradation may have a chromosomal location in some strains. In strains in which octopine utilization is coded by plasmid genes, octopine degradation was always inducible, whereas in strains which degrade both octopine and nopaline, octopine utilization was constitutive although nopaline degradation was inducible. When plasmids coding for octopine-utilizing ability were transformed into a strain containing either a nopaline- or null-type plasmid, transformants able to degrade octopine were either not observed or were unstable upon purification. All of these data suggest that plasmids associated with virulence are incompatible with one another, and therefore imply that the major groups of plasmids associated with virulence have a common origin.", "contents": "Multiple genes coding for octopine-degrading enzymes in Agrobacterium. Most biotype 2 strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and A. radiobacter which utilize nopaline also degrade octopine. In all such strains studied, the ability to degrade octopine did not appear to be transferred to plasmidless recipient cells under conditions of plasmid transfer in which the ability to utilize nopaline was transferred. An octopine-degrading mutant was isolated in a strain cured of its plasmid, suggesting that genes of octopine degradation may have a chromosomal location in some strains. In strains in which octopine utilization is coded by plasmid genes, octopine degradation was always inducible, whereas in strains which degrade both octopine and nopaline, octopine utilization was constitutive although nopaline degradation was inducible. When plasmids coding for octopine-utilizing ability were transformed into a strain containing either a nopaline- or null-type plasmid, transformants able to degrade octopine were either not observed or were unstable upon purification. All of these data suggest that plasmids associated with virulence are incompatible with one another, and therefore imply that the major groups of plasmids associated with virulence have a common origin.", "PMID": 721779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8871", "title": "Dissimilatory reduction of bisulfite by Desulfovibrio vulgaris.", "content": "The reduction of bisulfite by Desulfovibrio vulgaris was investigated. Crude extracts reduced bisulfite to sulfide without the formation (detection) of any intermediates such as trithionate or thiosulfate. When the particulate fractions was removed from crude extracts by high-speed centrifugation, the soluble supernatant fraction reduced bisulfite sequentially to trithionate, thiosulfate, and sulfide. Addition of particles or purified membranes to the soluble fraction restored the original activity demonstrated by crude extracts, i.e., reduction of bisulfite to sulfide without the formation of trithionate and/or thiosulfate. By using antiserum directed against bisulfite reductase, the reduction of bisulfite by crude extracts was inhibited. This finding, in addition to several recycling studies of thiosulfate reduction, provided evidence that bisulfite reduction by D. vulgaris operated through the pathway involving trithionate and thiosulfate as intermediates. The role of membranes in this process is discussed.", "contents": "Dissimilatory reduction of bisulfite by Desulfovibrio vulgaris. The reduction of bisulfite by Desulfovibrio vulgaris was investigated. Crude extracts reduced bisulfite to sulfide without the formation (detection) of any intermediates such as trithionate or thiosulfate. When the particulate fractions was removed from crude extracts by high-speed centrifugation, the soluble supernatant fraction reduced bisulfite sequentially to trithionate, thiosulfate, and sulfide. Addition of particles or purified membranes to the soluble fraction restored the original activity demonstrated by crude extracts, i.e., reduction of bisulfite to sulfide without the formation of trithionate and/or thiosulfate. By using antiserum directed against bisulfite reductase, the reduction of bisulfite by crude extracts was inhibited. This finding, in addition to several recycling studies of thiosulfate reduction, provided evidence that bisulfite reduction by D. vulgaris operated through the pathway involving trithionate and thiosulfate as intermediates. The role of membranes in this process is discussed.", "PMID": 721780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8872", "title": "Three models of family therapy: prevention, crisis treatment or rehabilitation.", "content": "Models of intervention at a family level are described as preventive, crisis intervention or rehabilitative. The preventive intervention model suggests that certain stresses produce family disorganization and individual family members may regress to symptoms of disease. Family dysfunction could be avoided through identification of high risk groups and intervention at developmental milestones. The data on early intervention with children has produced the most promising results. Crisis intervention, the second model, suggests that early identification and prompt intervention may avoid the development of more serious disorganization. The rehabilitation model is focused on changing long term patterns of maladaptive behavior. It includes the homeostatsis model, the conflict resolution model and other approaches to long term family therapy.", "contents": "Three models of family therapy: prevention, crisis treatment or rehabilitation. Models of intervention at a family level are described as preventive, crisis intervention or rehabilitative. The preventive intervention model suggests that certain stresses produce family disorganization and individual family members may regress to symptoms of disease. Family dysfunction could be avoided through identification of high risk groups and intervention at developmental milestones. The data on early intervention with children has produced the most promising results. Crisis intervention, the second model, suggests that early identification and prompt intervention may avoid the development of more serious disorganization. The rehabilitation model is focused on changing long term patterns of maladaptive behavior. It includes the homeostatsis model, the conflict resolution model and other approaches to long term family therapy.", "PMID": 721782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8873", "title": "Unsocialized aggressive boys: a follow-up study.", "content": "Twenty-two boys who met criteria for the diagnosis \"unsocialized aggressive reaction\" and had been admitted to an inpatient unit were followed up 21 months later. Two thirds were improved. Fighting and resistance to discipline were diminished while impulsiveness and similar traits persisted. Boys who were separated from an antisocial parent but lived in a home did better than others.", "contents": "Unsocialized aggressive boys: a follow-up study. Twenty-two boys who met criteria for the diagnosis \"unsocialized aggressive reaction\" and had been admitted to an inpatient unit were followed up 21 months later. Two thirds were improved. Fighting and resistance to discipline were diminished while impulsiveness and similar traits persisted. Boys who were separated from an antisocial parent but lived in a home did better than others.", "PMID": 721783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8874", "title": "Alpha-methyldopa in schizophrenia.", "content": "The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia suggests that there is a functional excess of dopaminergic activity within the brain of schizophrenics. Alpha-methyldopa interferes with dopaminergic transmission in the central nervous system. We report a case of a schizophrenic in whom, after an overdose of alpha-methyldopa, there was a dramatic and apparently complete resolution of psychotic symptomatology, followed after a few weeks by a sudden return of psychosis.", "contents": "Alpha-methyldopa in schizophrenia. The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia suggests that there is a functional excess of dopaminergic activity within the brain of schizophrenics. Alpha-methyldopa interferes with dopaminergic transmission in the central nervous system. We report a case of a schizophrenic in whom, after an overdose of alpha-methyldopa, there was a dramatic and apparently complete resolution of psychotic symptomatology, followed after a few weeks by a sudden return of psychosis.", "PMID": 721785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8875", "title": "Mother-son folie a deux: a case report.", "content": "A case of folie a deux is presented in which the child is the dominant psychotic partner and his mother is the passive partner in whom a paranoid psychosis is induced. The conditions under which folie a deux may occur, the diagnosis, and the treatment of the disorder are discussed.", "contents": "Mother-son folie a deux: a case report. A case of folie a deux is presented in which the child is the dominant psychotic partner and his mother is the passive partner in whom a paranoid psychosis is induced. The conditions under which folie a deux may occur, the diagnosis, and the treatment of the disorder are discussed.", "PMID": 721786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8876", "title": "Haloperidol and thiothixene in the long-term treatment of chronic schizophrenic outpatients in an urban community: social and vocational adjustment.", "content": "Social and vocational adjustment are highly important--but frequently overlooked--measures of the effectiveness of psychotropic agents in therapeutic regimens involving chronic schizophrenic outpatients. This 24-week, double-blind study compared the effectiveness of haloperidol and thiothixene in facilitating social and vocational adjustment, as well as in controlling more traditionally studied psychopathological parameters, among 36 urban schizophrenic outpatients. Significant improvement favoring thiothixene was shown on physicians' ratings, ratings by relatives living in the same household as the patient, and patients' self-ratings. Side effects occurred with similar frequency in both drug groups; no patients were required to discontinue therapy because of side effects. There were no clinically significant abnormalities in laboratory values in either group.", "contents": "Haloperidol and thiothixene in the long-term treatment of chronic schizophrenic outpatients in an urban community: social and vocational adjustment. Social and vocational adjustment are highly important--but frequently overlooked--measures of the effectiveness of psychotropic agents in therapeutic regimens involving chronic schizophrenic outpatients. This 24-week, double-blind study compared the effectiveness of haloperidol and thiothixene in facilitating social and vocational adjustment, as well as in controlling more traditionally studied psychopathological parameters, among 36 urban schizophrenic outpatients. Significant improvement favoring thiothixene was shown on physicians' ratings, ratings by relatives living in the same household as the patient, and patients' self-ratings. Side effects occurred with similar frequency in both drug groups; no patients were required to discontinue therapy because of side effects. There were no clinically significant abnormalities in laboratory values in either group.", "PMID": 721787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8877", "title": "Prazepam in the treatment of anxiety: a placebo-controlled multicenter evaluation.", "content": "A double-blind randomized multicenter parallel group comparison of prazepam in divided doses vs. placebo was conducted by 15 investigators among 847 patients presenting with anxiety alone or concurrent with other medical illnesses. Study groups were well matched for age, sex and level of pre-treatment symptomatology. Efficacy evaluation by a physician questionnaire included serial assessment of global improvement plus 10 target signs/symptoms during the 2 to 4 weeks of treatment. Prazepam was statistically significantly superior to placebo as shown on final on-treatment scores for global improvement ratio and for the target symptoms of anxiety, tension, irritability/hostility, depressive mood, insomnia and somatization.", "contents": "Prazepam in the treatment of anxiety: a placebo-controlled multicenter evaluation. A double-blind randomized multicenter parallel group comparison of prazepam in divided doses vs. placebo was conducted by 15 investigators among 847 patients presenting with anxiety alone or concurrent with other medical illnesses. Study groups were well matched for age, sex and level of pre-treatment symptomatology. Efficacy evaluation by a physician questionnaire included serial assessment of global improvement plus 10 target signs/symptoms during the 2 to 4 weeks of treatment. Prazepam was statistically significantly superior to placebo as shown on final on-treatment scores for global improvement ratio and for the target symptoms of anxiety, tension, irritability/hostility, depressive mood, insomnia and somatization.", "PMID": 721788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8878", "title": "General psychiatry in a subspecialty setting.", "content": "Reorganization of outpatient services at Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic identified a small percentage of patients who did not fit into the subspecialty framework. This necessitated the reestablishment of a General Psychiatry Clinic. A review of 100 patients in the Clinic revealed that they represented the most difficult diagnostic and management problems in the system. General Psychiatry in this subspecialty setting has practically become a subspecialty in its own right, rather than fulfilling a more traditional role of providing general care to the least complicated patients.", "contents": "General psychiatry in a subspecialty setting. Reorganization of outpatient services at Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic identified a small percentage of patients who did not fit into the subspecialty framework. This necessitated the reestablishment of a General Psychiatry Clinic. A review of 100 patients in the Clinic revealed that they represented the most difficult diagnostic and management problems in the system. General Psychiatry in this subspecialty setting has practically become a subspecialty in its own right, rather than fulfilling a more traditional role of providing general care to the least complicated patients.", "PMID": 721789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8879", "title": "Doxepin versus imipramine in psychoneurotic depressed patients with sleep disturbance: a double-blind study.", "content": "This double-blind randomized study compared the effects of imipramine (48 patients) and doxepin (49 patients) in psychoneurotic depressed patients with sleep disturbance symptoms. Mean doses of 112.7 mg/day for doxepin and 116.7 mg/day for imipramine were administered for a mean period of 26 days. While both drugs proved effective, 24 of 27 analyses of covariance showed imipramine to be superior to doxepin. This superiority was statistically significant for the anxiety/depression factor measured on the Hamilton Depression Scale and for the total score, general neurotic feelings factor, cognitive performance difficulty factor and anger-hostility cluster on the Lepman-Rickels Scale. Mild-to-moderate side effects were prevalent to a comparable degree in both treatment groups.", "contents": "Doxepin versus imipramine in psychoneurotic depressed patients with sleep disturbance: a double-blind study. This double-blind randomized study compared the effects of imipramine (48 patients) and doxepin (49 patients) in psychoneurotic depressed patients with sleep disturbance symptoms. Mean doses of 112.7 mg/day for doxepin and 116.7 mg/day for imipramine were administered for a mean period of 26 days. While both drugs proved effective, 24 of 27 analyses of covariance showed imipramine to be superior to doxepin. This superiority was statistically significant for the anxiety/depression factor measured on the Hamilton Depression Scale and for the total score, general neurotic feelings factor, cognitive performance difficulty factor and anger-hostility cluster on the Lepman-Rickels Scale. Mild-to-moderate side effects were prevalent to a comparable degree in both treatment groups.", "PMID": 721790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8880", "title": "Some characteristics of peroxisomes in the slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "Some characteristics of peroxisomes in the slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum were studied biochemically. The slime mold contained only two peroxisomal enzymes, urate oxidase and catalase. Both activities were concentrated highest in the light mitochondrial fraction, while the highest activity of acid phosphatase as a marker of lysosomes was found in the heavy mitochondrial fraction. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation showed that the density of peroxisomes was 1.21--1.22 g/ml, and that of lysosomes was approximately 1.21 g/ml. When the light mitochondrial fraction was treated with deoxycholate, major activities of urate oxidase, catalase, and acid phosphatase were solubilized. With development of the slime mold, both activities of urate oxidase and catalse increased at the stationary stage (4--6 h after) to a great extent and also slightly at the aggregation stage (10--12 h), thereafter they decreased gradually. Acid phosphatase remained with moderately high activity till the culmination stage (18--20 h), and then disappeared rapidly. It was found that enhanced activities of peroxisomal enzymes at the stationary stage represented an increase in the particle fraction and supernatant. On the other hand, activities of acid phosphatase at the same stage increased two-fold only in the supernatant, while the activity in the particle fraction was reduced to one-half.", "contents": "Some characteristics of peroxisomes in the slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum. Some characteristics of peroxisomes in the slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum were studied biochemically. The slime mold contained only two peroxisomal enzymes, urate oxidase and catalase. Both activities were concentrated highest in the light mitochondrial fraction, while the highest activity of acid phosphatase as a marker of lysosomes was found in the heavy mitochondrial fraction. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation showed that the density of peroxisomes was 1.21--1.22 g/ml, and that of lysosomes was approximately 1.21 g/ml. When the light mitochondrial fraction was treated with deoxycholate, major activities of urate oxidase, catalase, and acid phosphatase were solubilized. With development of the slime mold, both activities of urate oxidase and catalse increased at the stationary stage (4--6 h after) to a great extent and also slightly at the aggregation stage (10--12 h), thereafter they decreased gradually. Acid phosphatase remained with moderately high activity till the culmination stage (18--20 h), and then disappeared rapidly. It was found that enhanced activities of peroxisomal enzymes at the stationary stage represented an increase in the particle fraction and supernatant. On the other hand, activities of acid phosphatase at the same stage increased two-fold only in the supernatant, while the activity in the particle fraction was reduced to one-half.", "PMID": 721792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8881", "title": "Properties and kinetics of salt activation of a membrane-bound NADH dehydrogenase from a marine bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum.", "content": "A membrane-bound NADH dehydrogenase, solubilized and partially purified from a marine bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum, contains FAD as the prosthetic group, and is specific for NADH. Ferricyanide, various other redox dyes and cytochrome c can act as electron acceptors. The enzymatic activity when assayed with electron acceptors other than cytochrome c, is activated by monovalent cations (Na+ and K+) and deactivated by high concentrations of monovalent anions (SCN-, NO3-, and Cl-) but not by phosphate ions. The enzymatic reaction follows a ping-pong mechanism and kinetic analysis of the enzyme showed that the activation by monovalent cations is due to increase of affinity of the enzyme for substrates; Vm was not affected. The increase of affinity was 62- and 46-fold for NADH and 57- and 31-fold for 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol in the presence of Na+ and K+, respectively. On the other hand, NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity of the enzyme was strongly inhibited by these cations.", "contents": "Properties and kinetics of salt activation of a membrane-bound NADH dehydrogenase from a marine bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum. A membrane-bound NADH dehydrogenase, solubilized and partially purified from a marine bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum, contains FAD as the prosthetic group, and is specific for NADH. Ferricyanide, various other redox dyes and cytochrome c can act as electron acceptors. The enzymatic activity when assayed with electron acceptors other than cytochrome c, is activated by monovalent cations (Na+ and K+) and deactivated by high concentrations of monovalent anions (SCN-, NO3-, and Cl-) but not by phosphate ions. The enzymatic reaction follows a ping-pong mechanism and kinetic analysis of the enzyme showed that the activation by monovalent cations is due to increase of affinity of the enzyme for substrates; Vm was not affected. The increase of affinity was 62- and 46-fold for NADH and 57- and 31-fold for 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol in the presence of Na+ and K+, respectively. On the other hand, NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity of the enzyme was strongly inhibited by these cations.", "PMID": 721793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8882", "title": "Hydrolysis of sugar nucleotides in chicken egg white in response to embryonic development.", "content": "The egg white of newly laid chicken egg was found to contain about 45 mumol of UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate, 34 mumole of GDP-mannose, 6 mumol of UDP-N-acetylhexosamine, and 1 mumol of UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine 4,6-bissulfate per liter. There was no significant difference between infertile and fertile eggs in the initial levels of the sugar nucleotides. During incubation for 4 days, the nucleotide levels in infertile eggs showed little change while those in fertile eggs fell continuously until the complete disappearance of the nucleotides on the fourth day. Initial removal of the blastoderm from fertile eggs resulted in cessation of the reduction in nucleotide levels in the 2- to 4-day period after the operation. The decrease of UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate was followed by an increase of 1-phospho-N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate then N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate in the egg white. When UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine 4-[35S]sulfate or GDP-[14C]mannose was injected into the egg white of a fertile egg, the main feature of the metabolism of the labeled compounds was the successive hydrolysis of their pyrophosphate and phosphate bonds, with the formation of sugar 1-phosphate and sugar. A significant activity of nucleotide pyrophosphatase was detected in the egg white in newly laid eggs (0-day egg). However, no such activity could be detected in egg-white specimens from 1-, 2-, and 3-day eggs. The results suggest that although the decrease of sugar nucleotides in the first day could be ascribed to the hydrolytic action of the enzyme originally present in the egg white, the decrease in the subsequent 3 days results from a more complex process in which the hydrolysis of the sugar nucleotides is related to the development of the embryo.", "contents": "Hydrolysis of sugar nucleotides in chicken egg white in response to embryonic development. The egg white of newly laid chicken egg was found to contain about 45 mumol of UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate, 34 mumole of GDP-mannose, 6 mumol of UDP-N-acetylhexosamine, and 1 mumol of UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine 4,6-bissulfate per liter. There was no significant difference between infertile and fertile eggs in the initial levels of the sugar nucleotides. During incubation for 4 days, the nucleotide levels in infertile eggs showed little change while those in fertile eggs fell continuously until the complete disappearance of the nucleotides on the fourth day. Initial removal of the blastoderm from fertile eggs resulted in cessation of the reduction in nucleotide levels in the 2- to 4-day period after the operation. The decrease of UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate was followed by an increase of 1-phospho-N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate then N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate in the egg white. When UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine 4-[35S]sulfate or GDP-[14C]mannose was injected into the egg white of a fertile egg, the main feature of the metabolism of the labeled compounds was the successive hydrolysis of their pyrophosphate and phosphate bonds, with the formation of sugar 1-phosphate and sugar. A significant activity of nucleotide pyrophosphatase was detected in the egg white in newly laid eggs (0-day egg). However, no such activity could be detected in egg-white specimens from 1-, 2-, and 3-day eggs. The results suggest that although the decrease of sugar nucleotides in the first day could be ascribed to the hydrolytic action of the enzyme originally present in the egg white, the decrease in the subsequent 3 days results from a more complex process in which the hydrolysis of the sugar nucleotides is related to the development of the embryo.", "PMID": 721794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8883", "title": "Automatic generation of steady state enzyme rate equation and the associated constraint equations.", "content": "A computer algorithm is presented to derive initial velocity rate equation for general enzyme raction mechanisms, including sequential as well as complicated random mechanisms. The method is based on the theory of graph and the theory of prime number. In complicated mechanisms, there are many pathways and hence many cycles. The values of the rate constants are constrained according to the principle of detailed balance: the product of rate constants in the clockwise direction of a cycle must equal to the product of the rate constants in the counter-clockwise direction of the same cycle. An algorithm is presented to derive the appropriate constraint equations. These constraint equations are arranged so that when the rate equation is used for estimating rate constants, the resulting rate constants would satisfy the principle of detailed balance automatically.", "contents": "Automatic generation of steady state enzyme rate equation and the associated constraint equations. A computer algorithm is presented to derive initial velocity rate equation for general enzyme raction mechanisms, including sequential as well as complicated random mechanisms. The method is based on the theory of graph and the theory of prime number. In complicated mechanisms, there are many pathways and hence many cycles. The values of the rate constants are constrained according to the principle of detailed balance: the product of rate constants in the clockwise direction of a cycle must equal to the product of the rate constants in the counter-clockwise direction of the same cycle. An algorithm is presented to derive the appropriate constraint equations. These constraint equations are arranged so that when the rate equation is used for estimating rate constants, the resulting rate constants would satisfy the principle of detailed balance automatically.", "PMID": 721795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8884", "title": "Dissociation constant of Tetrahymena tubulin-colchicine complex.", "content": "Tetrahymena tubulin has a very low affinity for colchicine. The dissociation rate constant (k-1) and association rate constant(k+1) of Tetrahymena tubulin for colchicine were determined in comparison with those of porcine brain tubulin. The k+1 value of Tetrahymena tubulin was about one-twentieth that of porcine brain tubulin, and k-1 of Tetrahymena tubulin was about 680 times greater than that of brain tubulin. The dissociation constant (k-1/k+1) of Tetrahymena tubulin (2.7 X 10(-3) turned out to be ten thousand times greater than that of brain tubulin. This large Kd value explains well the high colchicine concentration requirement reported to block cell division of cilia regeneration of this protozoan.", "contents": "Dissociation constant of Tetrahymena tubulin-colchicine complex. Tetrahymena tubulin has a very low affinity for colchicine. The dissociation rate constant (k-1) and association rate constant(k+1) of Tetrahymena tubulin for colchicine were determined in comparison with those of porcine brain tubulin. The k+1 value of Tetrahymena tubulin was about one-twentieth that of porcine brain tubulin, and k-1 of Tetrahymena tubulin was about 680 times greater than that of brain tubulin. The dissociation constant (k-1/k+1) of Tetrahymena tubulin (2.7 X 10(-3) turned out to be ten thousand times greater than that of brain tubulin. This large Kd value explains well the high colchicine concentration requirement reported to block cell division of cilia regeneration of this protozoan.", "PMID": 721798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8885", "title": "Enzymes of the glutamate and aspartate synthetic pathways in a glutamate-producing bacterium, Brevibacterium flavum.", "content": "Glutamate-auxotrophic mutants lacking phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase(PC), citrate synthase (CS) or glutamate dehydrogenase (GD), an aspartate auxotroph lacking aspartate aminotransferase (TA), and a glutamate-aspartate double auxotroph lacking both aconitase (AH) and TA were obtained from Brevibacterium flavum No. 2247, a glutamate-producing bacterium. Prototrophic revertants further derived from the CS- and GD-lacking auxotrophs concomitantly recovered the enzyme activities that their parents had lost. These results indicate involvement of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and GD in glutamate biosynthesis, that of PC in the biosynthesis of the TCA cycle intermediates and that of TA in aspartate biosynthesis. The CS-deficient mutants accumulated large amounts of acetate and small amounts of pyruvate, aspartate and alanine, while the GD-deficient strains accumulated large amounts of 2-oxo-glutarate and small amounts of citrate. Synthesis of PC was repressed by either glutamate or aspartate and those of CS and GD were repressed by glutamate, whereas those of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PD), AH, and isocitrate dehydrogenase were not affected significantly by glutamate; that of TA was also not affected by aspartate or by glutamate. The specific activities of PD and AH gave peaks during the cellular cultivation, related to the temporary accumulation of their substrates, pyruvate and citrate, respectively. These and previous results on the regulation of the enzymatic activities provide a definite regulatory mechanism for glutamate and aspartate syntheses.", "contents": "Enzymes of the glutamate and aspartate synthetic pathways in a glutamate-producing bacterium, Brevibacterium flavum. Glutamate-auxotrophic mutants lacking phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase(PC), citrate synthase (CS) or glutamate dehydrogenase (GD), an aspartate auxotroph lacking aspartate aminotransferase (TA), and a glutamate-aspartate double auxotroph lacking both aconitase (AH) and TA were obtained from Brevibacterium flavum No. 2247, a glutamate-producing bacterium. Prototrophic revertants further derived from the CS- and GD-lacking auxotrophs concomitantly recovered the enzyme activities that their parents had lost. These results indicate involvement of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and GD in glutamate biosynthesis, that of PC in the biosynthesis of the TCA cycle intermediates and that of TA in aspartate biosynthesis. The CS-deficient mutants accumulated large amounts of acetate and small amounts of pyruvate, aspartate and alanine, while the GD-deficient strains accumulated large amounts of 2-oxo-glutarate and small amounts of citrate. Synthesis of PC was repressed by either glutamate or aspartate and those of CS and GD were repressed by glutamate, whereas those of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PD), AH, and isocitrate dehydrogenase were not affected significantly by glutamate; that of TA was also not affected by aspartate or by glutamate. The specific activities of PD and AH gave peaks during the cellular cultivation, related to the temporary accumulation of their substrates, pyruvate and citrate, respectively. These and previous results on the regulation of the enzymatic activities provide a definite regulatory mechanism for glutamate and aspartate syntheses.", "PMID": 721799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8886", "title": "Metabolism of trichothecene mycotoxins. II. Substrate specificity of microsomal deacetylation of trichothecenes.", "content": "The substrate specificity of microsomal nonspecific carboxyesterase [EC 3.1.1.1] from rabbit and rat livers was studied in vitro by using seven (A)-type and six (B)-type 12,13-epoxytrichothecene mycotoxins. The C-4 acetyl residues of diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin, monoacetylnivalenol (fusarenon-X), and diacetylnivalenol were selectively hydrolyzed by the microsomal esterase to yield the corresponding C-4-deacetylated metabolites: monoacetoxyscirpenol, HT-2 toxin, nivalenol, and 15-acetylnivalenol, respectively. The C-3 acetyl group of monoacetyldeoxynivalenol and the C-8 acetyl group of tetraacetoxyscirpen were also deacetylated. Triacetoxyscirpen gave rise to two unidentified metabolites, which may include a C-4-deacetylated product. 8-Hydroxydiacetoxyscirpenol (neosolaniol), HT-2 toxin, acetyl-T-2 toxin and tetraacetylnivalenol were unaffected by this type of hydrolysis. It follow from these results that the C-4 acetyl residue is hydrolyzed by the microsomal carboxyesterase and substituents at C-3 and C-8 contribute to the selective enzymatic hydrolysis of the C-4 acetyl residue of trichothecenes. Kinetic analysis showed that rabbit microsomal esterase possessed a high affinity for (A)-type trichothecenes such as T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol, and that of rat microsomes possessed a high affinity for (B)-type trichothecenes such as monoacetylnivalenol (fusarenon-X). The significance of this specific deacetylation reaction is discussed in relation to the biological activity of the trichothecene derivatives as revealed by their inhibitory effect on protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes.", "contents": "Metabolism of trichothecene mycotoxins. II. Substrate specificity of microsomal deacetylation of trichothecenes. The substrate specificity of microsomal nonspecific carboxyesterase [EC 3.1.1.1] from rabbit and rat livers was studied in vitro by using seven (A)-type and six (B)-type 12,13-epoxytrichothecene mycotoxins. The C-4 acetyl residues of diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin, monoacetylnivalenol (fusarenon-X), and diacetylnivalenol were selectively hydrolyzed by the microsomal esterase to yield the corresponding C-4-deacetylated metabolites: monoacetoxyscirpenol, HT-2 toxin, nivalenol, and 15-acetylnivalenol, respectively. The C-3 acetyl group of monoacetyldeoxynivalenol and the C-8 acetyl group of tetraacetoxyscirpen were also deacetylated. Triacetoxyscirpen gave rise to two unidentified metabolites, which may include a C-4-deacetylated product. 8-Hydroxydiacetoxyscirpenol (neosolaniol), HT-2 toxin, acetyl-T-2 toxin and tetraacetylnivalenol were unaffected by this type of hydrolysis. It follow from these results that the C-4 acetyl residue is hydrolyzed by the microsomal carboxyesterase and substituents at C-3 and C-8 contribute to the selective enzymatic hydrolysis of the C-4 acetyl residue of trichothecenes. Kinetic analysis showed that rabbit microsomal esterase possessed a high affinity for (A)-type trichothecenes such as T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol, and that of rat microsomes possessed a high affinity for (B)-type trichothecenes such as monoacetylnivalenol (fusarenon-X). The significance of this specific deacetylation reaction is discussed in relation to the biological activity of the trichothecene derivatives as revealed by their inhibitory effect on protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes.", "PMID": 721800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8887", "title": "Studies on the ferredoxin-ferredoxin-NADP reductase complex: kinetic and solvent perturbation studies on the location of sulfhydryl and aromatic amino acid residues.", "content": "The molecular weight of spinach ferredoxin-NADP reductase [EC 1.6.99.4] was estimated to be 33,100 by the sedimentation equilibrium method. On the basis of this molecular weight, the amino acid composition of the reductase was determined. The reactivity of ferredoxin toward p-chloromercuribenzoate was investigated. By measuring the time course of the reaction, 1 mol of ferredoxin was found to react with about 8 mol of p-chloromercuribenzoate in 10 min. Under low ionic strength conditions (1 mM NaCl), the second-order rate constants of this reaction determined spectrophotometrically at 420 and 250 nm were 3,640 and 3,690 M-1.S-1, respectively; under high ionic strength conditions (100 mM NaCl), these rate constants were 1,360 and 1,270 M-1.S-1, respectively. In the presence of the reductase, the rate constants under low and high ionic strength conditions were 54 and 1,040 M-1.S-1, respectively. By investigation of the solvent perturbation effects on the aromatic amino acid residues with 20% ethylene glycol, it was found that ferredoxin, ferredoxin-NADP reductase, and the complex between these proteins had 2.8, 6.3, and 3.8 mol of exposed tyrosyl residues per mol of protein, respectively. It therefore seems likely that about 5 tyrosyl residues may exist in the neighborhood of the binding site of the complex of these proteins.", "contents": "Studies on the ferredoxin-ferredoxin-NADP reductase complex: kinetic and solvent perturbation studies on the location of sulfhydryl and aromatic amino acid residues. The molecular weight of spinach ferredoxin-NADP reductase [EC 1.6.99.4] was estimated to be 33,100 by the sedimentation equilibrium method. On the basis of this molecular weight, the amino acid composition of the reductase was determined. The reactivity of ferredoxin toward p-chloromercuribenzoate was investigated. By measuring the time course of the reaction, 1 mol of ferredoxin was found to react with about 8 mol of p-chloromercuribenzoate in 10 min. Under low ionic strength conditions (1 mM NaCl), the second-order rate constants of this reaction determined spectrophotometrically at 420 and 250 nm were 3,640 and 3,690 M-1.S-1, respectively; under high ionic strength conditions (100 mM NaCl), these rate constants were 1,360 and 1,270 M-1.S-1, respectively. In the presence of the reductase, the rate constants under low and high ionic strength conditions were 54 and 1,040 M-1.S-1, respectively. By investigation of the solvent perturbation effects on the aromatic amino acid residues with 20% ethylene glycol, it was found that ferredoxin, ferredoxin-NADP reductase, and the complex between these proteins had 2.8, 6.3, and 3.8 mol of exposed tyrosyl residues per mol of protein, respectively. It therefore seems likely that about 5 tyrosyl residues may exist in the neighborhood of the binding site of the complex of these proteins.", "PMID": 721801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8888", "title": "Experimental validation of self-instructional modules on the topic of donor phlebotomy.", "content": "This validation study investigated the effectiveness of an instructional unit on the topic of donor phlebotomy. The unit consisting of 3 modules based on a videotape and 3 booklets covered (1) donor selection, (2) donor arm preparation, (3) donor phlebotomy. A separate-sample pretest-post-test design was used. All 3 modules were found to be instructionally effective as measured by objective referenced tests. Student appraisal data also was collected for the purpose of revising and improving these materials.", "contents": "Experimental validation of self-instructional modules on the topic of donor phlebotomy. This validation study investigated the effectiveness of an instructional unit on the topic of donor phlebotomy. The unit consisting of 3 modules based on a videotape and 3 booklets covered (1) donor selection, (2) donor arm preparation, (3) donor phlebotomy. A separate-sample pretest-post-test design was used. All 3 modules were found to be instructionally effective as measured by objective referenced tests. Student appraisal data also was collected for the purpose of revising and improving these materials.", "PMID": 721803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8889", "title": "Nonglycosylated mouse L cell interferon produced by the action of tunicamycin.", "content": "The effect of tunicamycin, a specific inhibitor of protein glycosylation, on interferon production by L cells induced by Newcastle disease virus was studied. The interferon yields in the presence of tunicamycin ranged from 20 to 100% of control in various experiments. The two molecular species of normal L cell interferon with 40,000 and 24,000 daltons were completely eliminated, and a new species of a smaller size (18,000 daltons) was produced. Radiolabeling of interferon with [35S]methionine and [3H]glucosamine added to the induced cultures, as studied by immunoprecipitation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, indicated that the two species of control interferon were both glycoproteins but tunicamycin interferon contained little or no sugar. In support of this was the loss of binding to lectin from Wistaria floribunda. A change in physical property of the molecule due to the absence of sugar was found in decreased heat stability in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, although in its absence no significant difference from control interferon was observed. These results indicate that tunicamycin is an effective agent in producing nonglycosylated but fully active interferon molecules; the sugar moiety appears to be unnecessary for the antiviral activity and for secretion from cells.", "contents": "Nonglycosylated mouse L cell interferon produced by the action of tunicamycin. The effect of tunicamycin, a specific inhibitor of protein glycosylation, on interferon production by L cells induced by Newcastle disease virus was studied. The interferon yields in the presence of tunicamycin ranged from 20 to 100% of control in various experiments. The two molecular species of normal L cell interferon with 40,000 and 24,000 daltons were completely eliminated, and a new species of a smaller size (18,000 daltons) was produced. Radiolabeling of interferon with [35S]methionine and [3H]glucosamine added to the induced cultures, as studied by immunoprecipitation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, indicated that the two species of control interferon were both glycoproteins but tunicamycin interferon contained little or no sugar. In support of this was the loss of binding to lectin from Wistaria floribunda. A change in physical property of the molecule due to the absence of sugar was found in decreased heat stability in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, although in its absence no significant difference from control interferon was observed. These results indicate that tunicamycin is an effective agent in producing nonglycosylated but fully active interferon molecules; the sugar moiety appears to be unnecessary for the antiviral activity and for secretion from cells.", "PMID": 721804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8890", "title": "Photochemical cross-linking of reovirus genome RNA in situ and inactivation of viral transcriptase.", "content": "Reovirus infectivity and core-associated RNA polymerase activity were decreased by irradiation with long wavelength ultraviolet light in the presence of the 4'-substituted psoralen derivatives, 4'-aminomethyl-4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen and 4'-hydroxymethyl-4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen. Monoadduct formation occurred after photoreaction with low psoralen concentrations or brief irradiation times, and the presence of KCl or magnesium acetate had a protective effect. Under the mild reaction conditions in which 1 molecule of 4'-aminomethyl-4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen was bound covalently per 160 to 290 base-pairs, the polymerase activity was decreased by greater than 90%. At higher drug concentrations or longer times of photoreaction of reovirus cores, the viral RNA was extensively cross-linked indicating that the reovirus genome in situ is double-stranded.", "contents": "Photochemical cross-linking of reovirus genome RNA in situ and inactivation of viral transcriptase. Reovirus infectivity and core-associated RNA polymerase activity were decreased by irradiation with long wavelength ultraviolet light in the presence of the 4'-substituted psoralen derivatives, 4'-aminomethyl-4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen and 4'-hydroxymethyl-4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen. Monoadduct formation occurred after photoreaction with low psoralen concentrations or brief irradiation times, and the presence of KCl or magnesium acetate had a protective effect. Under the mild reaction conditions in which 1 molecule of 4'-aminomethyl-4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen was bound covalently per 160 to 290 base-pairs, the polymerase activity was decreased by greater than 90%. At higher drug concentrations or longer times of photoreaction of reovirus cores, the viral RNA was extensively cross-linked indicating that the reovirus genome in situ is double-stranded.", "PMID": 721805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8891", "title": "Isolation and properties of the trypsin-derived ADP-ribosyl peptide from diphtheria toxin-modified yeast elongation factor 2.", "content": "We have developed a method for the purification in micromole amounts of the trypsin-derived ADP-ribosyl peptide from diphtheria toxin-modified yeast elongation factor 2 (EF-2). EF-2 was partially purified (15 to 20% purity) by ammonium sulfate precipitation and DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. After [3H]ADP-ribosylation by [3H]nad+ and diphtheria toxin, EF-2 was digested with trypsin and a homogeneous [3H]ADP-ribosyl peptide was isolated by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex and dihydroxyboryl-substituted cellulose. Based on the amount of ADP-ribose acceptor activity in the crude extract, the overall yield of the peptide was 35%. The yeast peptide contains an unusual amino acid (X) which is the site of ADP ribosylation and is apparently identical to the amino acid reported from rat liver EF-2 by Robinson et al. (Robinson, E. A., Hendriksen, O., and Maxwell, E.S. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 5088-5093). The sequence of the 15-residue yeast peptide was determined to be: Val-Asn-Ile-Leu-Asp-Val-Thr-Leu-His-Ala-Asp-Ala-Ile-X-Arg. The 11 COOH-terminal residues of this peptide and of the homologous 15-residue peptide reported by Maxwell and co-workers from rat liver EF-2 are identical.", "contents": "Isolation and properties of the trypsin-derived ADP-ribosyl peptide from diphtheria toxin-modified yeast elongation factor 2. We have developed a method for the purification in micromole amounts of the trypsin-derived ADP-ribosyl peptide from diphtheria toxin-modified yeast elongation factor 2 (EF-2). EF-2 was partially purified (15 to 20% purity) by ammonium sulfate precipitation and DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. After [3H]ADP-ribosylation by [3H]nad+ and diphtheria toxin, EF-2 was digested with trypsin and a homogeneous [3H]ADP-ribosyl peptide was isolated by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex and dihydroxyboryl-substituted cellulose. Based on the amount of ADP-ribose acceptor activity in the crude extract, the overall yield of the peptide was 35%. The yeast peptide contains an unusual amino acid (X) which is the site of ADP ribosylation and is apparently identical to the amino acid reported from rat liver EF-2 by Robinson et al. (Robinson, E. A., Hendriksen, O., and Maxwell, E.S. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 5088-5093). The sequence of the 15-residue yeast peptide was determined to be: Val-Asn-Ile-Leu-Asp-Val-Thr-Leu-His-Ala-Asp-Ala-Ile-X-Arg. The 11 COOH-terminal residues of this peptide and of the homologous 15-residue peptide reported by Maxwell and co-workers from rat liver EF-2 are identical.", "PMID": 721806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8892", "title": "Adenylate deaminase. Kinetic and binding studies on the rabbit muscle enzyme.", "content": "Kinetic studies with adenylate deaminase have been performed by stopped flow methods at 20 degrees C in 0.01 M imidazole/HCl, pH 6.5. The data were analyzed using either the whole time course of the reaction or the initial portion of the full time course. At low KCl concentrations, activation by the product IMP complicates any interpretation. In the presence of 0.15 M KCl, the results are interpreted in terms of three types of purine nucleotide binding sites: an active site, an inhibitory site which appears to be relatively specific for nucleoside triphosphates, and an activating site which shows relatively little specificity for nucleoside phosphates. Nucleotide binding to the activating site weakens binding to the inhibitory site. Sigmoidal kinetic data observed as a function of AMP in the presence of the inhibitor GTP are interpreted in terms of AMP binding to the activating site and weakening GTP binding. A fragment of myosin, subfragement-2, which has previously been shown to form a tight complex with adenylate deaminase (Ashby, B., and Frieden, C. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 1869--1875) activates the deaminase reaction only slightly. Complex formation, however, makes the reaction less susceptible to inhibition by GTP, although high levels of this nucleotide will disrupt the complex. In the presence of GTP or GTP plus subfragment-2, hysteretic effects are observed.", "contents": "Adenylate deaminase. Kinetic and binding studies on the rabbit muscle enzyme. Kinetic studies with adenylate deaminase have been performed by stopped flow methods at 20 degrees C in 0.01 M imidazole/HCl, pH 6.5. The data were analyzed using either the whole time course of the reaction or the initial portion of the full time course. At low KCl concentrations, activation by the product IMP complicates any interpretation. In the presence of 0.15 M KCl, the results are interpreted in terms of three types of purine nucleotide binding sites: an active site, an inhibitory site which appears to be relatively specific for nucleoside triphosphates, and an activating site which shows relatively little specificity for nucleoside phosphates. Nucleotide binding to the activating site weakens binding to the inhibitory site. Sigmoidal kinetic data observed as a function of AMP in the presence of the inhibitor GTP are interpreted in terms of AMP binding to the activating site and weakening GTP binding. A fragment of myosin, subfragement-2, which has previously been shown to form a tight complex with adenylate deaminase (Ashby, B., and Frieden, C. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 1869--1875) activates the deaminase reaction only slightly. Complex formation, however, makes the reaction less susceptible to inhibition by GTP, although high levels of this nucleotide will disrupt the complex. In the presence of GTP or GTP plus subfragment-2, hysteretic effects are observed.", "PMID": 721807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8893", "title": "Transient kinetics of Ca2+ transport of sarcoplasmic reticulum. A comparison of cardiac and skeletal muscle.", "content": "Current evidence supports similar functions and mechanisms for cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (CSR) as for skeletal sarcoplasmic reticulum (SSR). It is thought that the slower relaxation rate of cardiac muscle compared to fast skeletal muscle reflects the lower ATPase activity and calcium transport of CSR. Possible quantitative differences is phosphorylation, dephosphorylation, and calcium transport of the isolated preparations are studied using a quench-flow apparatus. The results show that both CSR and SSR bind calcium tightly in the absence of ATP, and coupling of E approximately P formation and calcium transport occurs in the transient phase of ATP hydrolysis. The rate of phosphorylation (t-1/2 - 10 ms) of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) preloaded with calcium is the same for cardiac and skeletal preparations. However, the rates of dissociation of extra vesicular calcium (10 s-1 versus 15 s-1), phosphorylation of calcium-free SR, and dephosphorylation of E approximately P (8 s-1 versus 12 s-1) are lower for CSR than for SSR. By computer simulation, the apparent rate constants associated with the reduced rates of phosphorylation of calcium-free SR were: 12 s-1 for CSR and 63 s-1 for SSR in the presence of high Mg2+. The difference in the rates may be partly responsible for the lower levels of ATPase and calcium transport activity with characterize cardiac muscle preparations.", "contents": "Transient kinetics of Ca2+ transport of sarcoplasmic reticulum. A comparison of cardiac and skeletal muscle. Current evidence supports similar functions and mechanisms for cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (CSR) as for skeletal sarcoplasmic reticulum (SSR). It is thought that the slower relaxation rate of cardiac muscle compared to fast skeletal muscle reflects the lower ATPase activity and calcium transport of CSR. Possible quantitative differences is phosphorylation, dephosphorylation, and calcium transport of the isolated preparations are studied using a quench-flow apparatus. The results show that both CSR and SSR bind calcium tightly in the absence of ATP, and coupling of E approximately P formation and calcium transport occurs in the transient phase of ATP hydrolysis. The rate of phosphorylation (t-1/2 - 10 ms) of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) preloaded with calcium is the same for cardiac and skeletal preparations. However, the rates of dissociation of extra vesicular calcium (10 s-1 versus 15 s-1), phosphorylation of calcium-free SR, and dephosphorylation of E approximately P (8 s-1 versus 12 s-1) are lower for CSR than for SSR. By computer simulation, the apparent rate constants associated with the reduced rates of phosphorylation of calcium-free SR were: 12 s-1 for CSR and 63 s-1 for SSR in the presence of high Mg2+. The difference in the rates may be partly responsible for the lower levels of ATPase and calcium transport activity with characterize cardiac muscle preparations.", "PMID": 721812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8894", "title": "Cysteine conjugate beta-lyase in rat liver. A novel enzyme catalyzing formation of thiol-containing metabolites of drugs.", "content": "A novel enzyme catalyzing cleavage of the thioether linkage in cysteine conjugates of aromatic compounds, such as 2,4-dinitrobenzene and p-bromobenzene, has been purified about 500-fold from rat liver cytosol. Incubation of S-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)cysteine with the enzyme preparation yielded 2,4-dinitrobenzenethiol, pyruvic acid, and NH3 at equimolar ratios, indicating that the thioether cleavage probably proceeds via an alpha,beta elimination reaction. The thiol product was methylated and the methylated derivative 1-methylthio-2,4-dinitrobenzene, was identified by mass spectrometry and proton NMR spectroscopy. The Km value of S-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)cysteine was 0.5 mM at pH 7.4 in phosphate buffer. The enzyme activity was inhibited by hydroxylamine. No cofactor requirement was observed. A combination of the partially purified enzyme and hepatic microsomes that contain thiol methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.9) converted cysteine conjugates of 2,4-dinitrobenzene and p-bromobenzene to the corresponding methylthio-containing metabolites; S-adenosylmethionine was required. An important role of this novel beta-lyase enzyme in the formation of methylthio-containing metabolites of various drugs is indicated.", "contents": "Cysteine conjugate beta-lyase in rat liver. A novel enzyme catalyzing formation of thiol-containing metabolites of drugs. A novel enzyme catalyzing cleavage of the thioether linkage in cysteine conjugates of aromatic compounds, such as 2,4-dinitrobenzene and p-bromobenzene, has been purified about 500-fold from rat liver cytosol. Incubation of S-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)cysteine with the enzyme preparation yielded 2,4-dinitrobenzenethiol, pyruvic acid, and NH3 at equimolar ratios, indicating that the thioether cleavage probably proceeds via an alpha,beta elimination reaction. The thiol product was methylated and the methylated derivative 1-methylthio-2,4-dinitrobenzene, was identified by mass spectrometry and proton NMR spectroscopy. The Km value of S-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)cysteine was 0.5 mM at pH 7.4 in phosphate buffer. The enzyme activity was inhibited by hydroxylamine. No cofactor requirement was observed. A combination of the partially purified enzyme and hepatic microsomes that contain thiol methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.9) converted cysteine conjugates of 2,4-dinitrobenzene and p-bromobenzene to the corresponding methylthio-containing metabolites; S-adenosylmethionine was required. An important role of this novel beta-lyase enzyme in the formation of methylthio-containing metabolites of various drugs is indicated.", "PMID": 721818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8895", "title": "Differential effects of estrogen and progesterone on ovalbumin mRNA utilization.", "content": "Progesterone treatment of estrogen-primed chicks leads to a shift in the oviduct polysome profile and an increase in the proportion of cytoplasmic RNA which is ovalbumin mRNA. To determine whether the progesterone effect is primarily transcriptional or translational and whether it is separable from estrogen action, rapid estrogen withdrawal by the anti-estrogen tamoxifen was compared in the presence and absence of progesterone. After estrogen stimulation, 24 h of tamoxifen treatment causes ovalbumin synthesis and ovalbumin mRNA levels to fall 10-fold. The proportion of ovalbumin mRNA in the monosome and supernatant fractions of the polysome profile increases; however, these sequences can associate with polysomes if elongation is inhibited by cycloheximide. Progesterone prevents the tamoxifen effects, even if administered 9 h after tamoxifen (at which time ov mRNA has decreased by 30%). The progesterone-induced increase of ovalbumin mRNA (from 0.64% of cytoplasmic RNA to 0.79%) and the increased proportion of ribosomes in polysomes (from 65% to 80%) are thus independent of estrogen action. Twenty-four hours of progesterone plus tamoxifen treatment enhances initiation of translation. However, after prolonged treatments of several days, translation becomes inefficient: ovalbumin synthesis falls by 30% without a coordinate decrease in ovalbumin mRNA, and a significant proportion (15%) of the ovalbumin mRNA becomes localized in monosomes. Thus, optimal maintenance of oviduct mRNA utilization requires the presence of estrogen.", "contents": "Differential effects of estrogen and progesterone on ovalbumin mRNA utilization. Progesterone treatment of estrogen-primed chicks leads to a shift in the oviduct polysome profile and an increase in the proportion of cytoplasmic RNA which is ovalbumin mRNA. To determine whether the progesterone effect is primarily transcriptional or translational and whether it is separable from estrogen action, rapid estrogen withdrawal by the anti-estrogen tamoxifen was compared in the presence and absence of progesterone. After estrogen stimulation, 24 h of tamoxifen treatment causes ovalbumin synthesis and ovalbumin mRNA levels to fall 10-fold. The proportion of ovalbumin mRNA in the monosome and supernatant fractions of the polysome profile increases; however, these sequences can associate with polysomes if elongation is inhibited by cycloheximide. Progesterone prevents the tamoxifen effects, even if administered 9 h after tamoxifen (at which time ov mRNA has decreased by 30%). The progesterone-induced increase of ovalbumin mRNA (from 0.64% of cytoplasmic RNA to 0.79%) and the increased proportion of ribosomes in polysomes (from 65% to 80%) are thus independent of estrogen action. Twenty-four hours of progesterone plus tamoxifen treatment enhances initiation of translation. However, after prolonged treatments of several days, translation becomes inefficient: ovalbumin synthesis falls by 30% without a coordinate decrease in ovalbumin mRNA, and a significant proportion (15%) of the ovalbumin mRNA becomes localized in monosomes. Thus, optimal maintenance of oviduct mRNA utilization requires the presence of estrogen.", "PMID": 721822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8896", "title": "Precursor of egg white ovomucoid. Amino acid sequence of an NH2-terminal extension.", "content": "The translation of ovomucoid mRNA in a reticulocyte lysate protein-synthesizing system yields a precursor form which contains an NH2-terminal extension of 23 amino acid residues. Edman degradation of radioactive translation products (pre-ovomucoid) identified the following sequence: formula : (see text), where the initiator methionine (in parentheses) is the only residue cleaved from the NH2 terminus during cell-free synthesis and the vertical line indicates the site at which pre-ovomucoid is cleaved in vivo to yield ovomucoid. The precursor sequence differs from those of two other proteins (pre-lysozyme and pre-conalbumin) secreted by the same cell, but resembles these and other secretory protein \"signal peptides\" in both length and hydrophobicity. Pre-ovomucoid does not interact with trypsin in the same manner as mature ovomucoid.", "contents": "Precursor of egg white ovomucoid. Amino acid sequence of an NH2-terminal extension. The translation of ovomucoid mRNA in a reticulocyte lysate protein-synthesizing system yields a precursor form which contains an NH2-terminal extension of 23 amino acid residues. Edman degradation of radioactive translation products (pre-ovomucoid) identified the following sequence: formula : (see text), where the initiator methionine (in parentheses) is the only residue cleaved from the NH2 terminus during cell-free synthesis and the vertical line indicates the site at which pre-ovomucoid is cleaved in vivo to yield ovomucoid. The precursor sequence differs from those of two other proteins (pre-lysozyme and pre-conalbumin) secreted by the same cell, but resembles these and other secretory protein \"signal peptides\" in both length and hydrophobicity. Pre-ovomucoid does not interact with trypsin in the same manner as mature ovomucoid.", "PMID": 721826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8897", "title": "Identification by affinity chromatography of the eukaryotic ribosomal proteins that bind to 5 S ribosomal ribonucleic acid.", "content": "Rat liver 5 S ribosomal RNA was oxidized with periodate and coupled by its 3' terminus to Sepharose 4B through an adipic acid dihydrazide spacer. The ribosomal proteins that bind to that nucleic acid were isolated by affinity chromatography and identified by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. The eukaryotic 5 S rRNA binding proteins were L6 and L19: small amounts of L7, L23', L27/L27', L35', and L39 also were bound to the affinity column, but whether they associate directly and specifically with 5 S rRNA is not known. The proteins of the 40 S subunit of rat liver ribosomes did not bind to the 5 S rRNA affintiy column, nor did the proteins of either the large or small subparticle of Escherichia coli ribosomes.", "contents": "Identification by affinity chromatography of the eukaryotic ribosomal proteins that bind to 5 S ribosomal ribonucleic acid. Rat liver 5 S ribosomal RNA was oxidized with periodate and coupled by its 3' terminus to Sepharose 4B through an adipic acid dihydrazide spacer. The ribosomal proteins that bind to that nucleic acid were isolated by affinity chromatography and identified by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. The eukaryotic 5 S rRNA binding proteins were L6 and L19: small amounts of L7, L23', L27/L27', L35', and L39 also were bound to the affinity column, but whether they associate directly and specifically with 5 S rRNA is not known. The proteins of the 40 S subunit of rat liver ribosomes did not bind to the 5 S rRNA affintiy column, nor did the proteins of either the large or small subparticle of Escherichia coli ribosomes.", "PMID": 721828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8898", "title": "Vitamin K dependence of a calcium-binding protein containing gamma-carboxyglutamic acid in chicken bone.", "content": "Bone contains a small protein, osteocalcin, rich in the amino acid gamma-carboxyglutamate (gammaCGlu), which is dependent on vitamin K for its synthesis. The vitamin K dependence of osteocalcin biosynthesis has been studied both in the developing chicken embryo and in the skeletons of young chicks. Osteocalcin formation, assessed by quantitation of gammaCGlu in whole bone, begins in the 8-day embryonic skeleton and increases dramatically until hatching. Biosynthesis of gammaCGlu is warfarinsensitive; time- and dose-related inhibition of up to 75% is observed. Vitamin K deficiency reduces bone gammaCGlu concentrations by 50% in 3-week-old chicks, and this is totally corrected by including vitamin K1 in the diet. Feeding the vitamin K antagonist dicumarol decreases the bone gammaCGlu level 80% after 6 weeks, but no corresponding alterations are observed in the calcium and phosphorous content of the bone ash. Osteocalcin purified from bones of dicumoral-fed chicks exhibits several electrophoretically variant undercarboxylated protein species containing 2 and 3 gammaCGlu/57 amino acid residues rather than the normal complement of 4 gammaCGlu/57 residues.", "contents": "Vitamin K dependence of a calcium-binding protein containing gamma-carboxyglutamic acid in chicken bone. Bone contains a small protein, osteocalcin, rich in the amino acid gamma-carboxyglutamate (gammaCGlu), which is dependent on vitamin K for its synthesis. The vitamin K dependence of osteocalcin biosynthesis has been studied both in the developing chicken embryo and in the skeletons of young chicks. Osteocalcin formation, assessed by quantitation of gammaCGlu in whole bone, begins in the 8-day embryonic skeleton and increases dramatically until hatching. Biosynthesis of gammaCGlu is warfarinsensitive; time- and dose-related inhibition of up to 75% is observed. Vitamin K deficiency reduces bone gammaCGlu concentrations by 50% in 3-week-old chicks, and this is totally corrected by including vitamin K1 in the diet. Feeding the vitamin K antagonist dicumarol decreases the bone gammaCGlu level 80% after 6 weeks, but no corresponding alterations are observed in the calcium and phosphorous content of the bone ash. Osteocalcin purified from bones of dicumoral-fed chicks exhibits several electrophoretically variant undercarboxylated protein species containing 2 and 3 gammaCGlu/57 amino acid residues rather than the normal complement of 4 gammaCGlu/57 residues.", "PMID": 721829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8899", "title": "Studies with a homogeneous enzyme from rabbit erythrocytes catalyzing the insertion of guanine into tRNA.", "content": "An enzyme that catalyzes a post-transcriptional modification of tRNA, resulting in replacement of a base from tRNA by guanine, has been purified 2600-fold from rabbit erythrocyte cytosol. The purest preparation migrates as a single protein band on polycrylamide gel electrophoresis and the enzymatic activity co-electrophoreses with this protein. The native enzyme has a molecular weight of 104,000 and is dissociated into two subunits of Mr= 60,000 and 43,000. The Km for guanine is 1.5 x 10(-7) M and for a pure guanine-accepting tRNA is 3.3 x 10(-9) M. The amino acid composition of the pure enzyme has been determined. To our knowledge this is the first study in which the molecular characteristics of a pure enzyme capable of modifying an internal position in tRNA has been reported.", "contents": "Studies with a homogeneous enzyme from rabbit erythrocytes catalyzing the insertion of guanine into tRNA. An enzyme that catalyzes a post-transcriptional modification of tRNA, resulting in replacement of a base from tRNA by guanine, has been purified 2600-fold from rabbit erythrocyte cytosol. The purest preparation migrates as a single protein band on polycrylamide gel electrophoresis and the enzymatic activity co-electrophoreses with this protein. The native enzyme has a molecular weight of 104,000 and is dissociated into two subunits of Mr= 60,000 and 43,000. The Km for guanine is 1.5 x 10(-7) M and for a pure guanine-accepting tRNA is 3.3 x 10(-9) M. The amino acid composition of the pure enzyme has been determined. To our knowledge this is the first study in which the molecular characteristics of a pure enzyme capable of modifying an internal position in tRNA has been reported.", "PMID": 721832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8900", "title": "Synergistic regulation of phosphorylase a by glucose and caffeine.", "content": "Kinetic studies of both liver and muscle phosphorylase a demonstrate that caffeine and glucose inhibit the binding of glucose 1-phosphate to the enzyme in a synergistic competitive and nonexclusive manner. Inhibition studies for numerous other caffeine analogs show that the muscle enzyme has a relaxed specificity for this negative effector. The liver enzyme is more discriminating by preferential binding of methylated oxypurines. Physiological concentrations of AMP and ATP, which affect the enzymic activity at a separate site, prevent glucose from effectively inhibiting the enzyme. The addition of the second synergistic ligand improves the binding of glucose. These data suggest that glucose homeostasis as regulated by phosphorylase may be dependent on a second ligand and that the role of glucose in this physiological process may have been overestimated. A structural rationalization of this synergistic response is discussed with reference to the crystal structure of the muscle enzyme.", "contents": "Synergistic regulation of phosphorylase a by glucose and caffeine. Kinetic studies of both liver and muscle phosphorylase a demonstrate that caffeine and glucose inhibit the binding of glucose 1-phosphate to the enzyme in a synergistic competitive and nonexclusive manner. Inhibition studies for numerous other caffeine analogs show that the muscle enzyme has a relaxed specificity for this negative effector. The liver enzyme is more discriminating by preferential binding of methylated oxypurines. Physiological concentrations of AMP and ATP, which affect the enzymic activity at a separate site, prevent glucose from effectively inhibiting the enzyme. The addition of the second synergistic ligand improves the binding of glucose. These data suggest that glucose homeostasis as regulated by phosphorylase may be dependent on a second ligand and that the role of glucose in this physiological process may have been overestimated. A structural rationalization of this synergistic response is discussed with reference to the crystal structure of the muscle enzyme.", "PMID": 721834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8901", "title": "Anterior subluxation of the lateral tibial plateau. A diagnostic test and operative repair.", "content": "Recurrent anterior subluxation of the lateral tibial plateau is a common type of chronic knee instability resulting from trauma. It can be reproduced by the clinical test described and corrected by a surgical procedure called the sling and reef operation, in which a strip of iliotibial tract is used to create a sling and to reef the posterolateral capsule. From 1971 to 1978, eighty-four patients were operated on, of whom fifty had been evaluated at one to six and one-half years after operation. The results were: forty-one good, six fair, and three poor. The lesions found in the thirty-seven knees in which arthrotomy was performed included a tear of the anterior cruciate in every case, a tear of the medial meniscus in fifteen and of the lateral meniscus in eleven, a notch in the articular surface of the lateral femoral condyle in fifteen, and a lateral marginal tibial (Segond) fracture in three. No definite lateral capsular tears were visualized--only stretching comparable to that seen in recurrent dislocation of the shoulder.", "contents": "Anterior subluxation of the lateral tibial plateau. A diagnostic test and operative repair. Recurrent anterior subluxation of the lateral tibial plateau is a common type of chronic knee instability resulting from trauma. It can be reproduced by the clinical test described and corrected by a surgical procedure called the sling and reef operation, in which a strip of iliotibial tract is used to create a sling and to reef the posterolateral capsule. From 1971 to 1978, eighty-four patients were operated on, of whom fifty had been evaluated at one to six and one-half years after operation. The results were: forty-one good, six fair, and three poor. The lesions found in the thirty-seven knees in which arthrotomy was performed included a tear of the anterior cruciate in every case, a tear of the medial meniscus in fifteen and of the lateral meniscus in eleven, a notch in the articular surface of the lateral femoral condyle in fifteen, and a lateral marginal tibial (Segond) fracture in three. No definite lateral capsular tears were visualized--only stretching comparable to that seen in recurrent dislocation of the shoulder.", "PMID": 721850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8902", "title": "Anterolateral rotatory instability of the knee joint. An early analysis of the Ellison procedure.", "content": "Our experience with the Ellison procedure for the control of anterior subluxation of the lateral tibial plateau includes fifty-two knees in which we used this procedure either alone or in combination with other reconstructive procedures. The results directly attributable to the Ellison procedure itself after follow-ups of six months or more could be evaluated in fifteen patients who had only the Ellison procedure for anterolateral instability and in thirteen who had both this procedure and a pes anserinus transfer for combined anterolateral and anteromedial instability. Of the twenty-eight patients so evaluated, only sixteen (57 per cent) had good or excellent results. The pivot-shift phenomenon, present in all twenty-eight knees preoperatively, had been eliminated in only four at follow-up. A positive anterior drawer sign was present in all patients both before operation and at follow-up. The subjective and functional improvement did not correlate well with the clinical and roentgenographic findings. From this study it is our impression that the results of this operation are disappointing and that it should be used only as an adjunctive procedure in lateral reconstruction in young patients.", "contents": "Anterolateral rotatory instability of the knee joint. An early analysis of the Ellison procedure. Our experience with the Ellison procedure for the control of anterior subluxation of the lateral tibial plateau includes fifty-two knees in which we used this procedure either alone or in combination with other reconstructive procedures. The results directly attributable to the Ellison procedure itself after follow-ups of six months or more could be evaluated in fifteen patients who had only the Ellison procedure for anterolateral instability and in thirteen who had both this procedure and a pes anserinus transfer for combined anterolateral and anteromedial instability. Of the twenty-eight patients so evaluated, only sixteen (57 per cent) had good or excellent results. The pivot-shift phenomenon, present in all twenty-eight knees preoperatively, had been eliminated in only four at follow-up. A positive anterior drawer sign was present in all patients both before operation and at follow-up. The subjective and functional improvement did not correlate well with the clinical and roentgenographic findings. From this study it is our impression that the results of this operation are disappointing and that it should be used only as an adjunctive procedure in lateral reconstruction in young patients.", "PMID": 721851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8903", "title": "Revision with gentamicin-impregnated cement for deep infections in total hip arthroplasties.", "content": "Seventy-seven total hip arthroplasties complicated by deep infection were treated by reoperation and fixation of a new prosthesis with gentamicin-containing cement. The infection was proved in each case by positive bacterial cultures. Systemic antibiotic treatment was continued for six months postoperatively. Sixty hips were considered healed; the patients had no pain and had normal sedimentation rates and roentgenograms. Nine still had pain or an abnormal sedimentation rate and were classified as doubtful with regard to eradication of the infection. Eight were still infected. The patients were followed for six months to three and one-half years after reoperation.", "contents": "Revision with gentamicin-impregnated cement for deep infections in total hip arthroplasties. Seventy-seven total hip arthroplasties complicated by deep infection were treated by reoperation and fixation of a new prosthesis with gentamicin-containing cement. The infection was proved in each case by positive bacterial cultures. Systemic antibiotic treatment was continued for six months postoperatively. Sixty hips were considered healed; the patients had no pain and had normal sedimentation rates and roentgenograms. Nine still had pain or an abnormal sedimentation rate and were classified as doubtful with regard to eradication of the infection. Eight were still infected. The patients were followed for six months to three and one-half years after reoperation.", "PMID": 721853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8904", "title": "In vitro collagen biosynthesis in healing and normal rabbit articular cartilage.", "content": "To examine the repair collagens produced by cells in injured cartilage, the femoral articular surfaces of three groups of New Zealand white rabbits were injured by making both superficial and deep lacerations and drill holes. Eight weeks after surgery, the rabbits were killed and slices of injured articular cartilage were harvested. The types of collagen being synthesized at the site of these lesions were identified by labeling the recovered specimens in vitro with 3H-proline and by characterizing the collagen using sodium dodecyl sulphate electrophoresis, carboxymethyl cellulose chromatography, and cyanogen bromide peptide analysis. In all cases, tissue-specific type II ([alpha1 (II)]3) cartilage collagen was synthesized. Histological examination using toluidine blue showed that the chondrocytes bordering the cartilage defect produced by deep lacerations and drill holes responded by increased cellular activity, as shown by cell cloning and increased matrix staining. The drilled holes were completely filled by tissue with staining and morphological characteristics similar to those of hyaline cartilage.", "contents": "In vitro collagen biosynthesis in healing and normal rabbit articular cartilage. To examine the repair collagens produced by cells in injured cartilage, the femoral articular surfaces of three groups of New Zealand white rabbits were injured by making both superficial and deep lacerations and drill holes. Eight weeks after surgery, the rabbits were killed and slices of injured articular cartilage were harvested. The types of collagen being synthesized at the site of these lesions were identified by labeling the recovered specimens in vitro with 3H-proline and by characterizing the collagen using sodium dodecyl sulphate electrophoresis, carboxymethyl cellulose chromatography, and cyanogen bromide peptide analysis. In all cases, tissue-specific type II ([alpha1 (II)]3) cartilage collagen was synthesized. Histological examination using toluidine blue showed that the chondrocytes bordering the cartilage defect produced by deep lacerations and drill holes responded by increased cellular activity, as shown by cell cloning and increased matrix staining. The drilled holes were completely filled by tissue with staining and morphological characteristics similar to those of hyaline cartilage.", "PMID": 721855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8905", "title": "Acute compartment syndromes: diagnosis and treatment with the aid of the wick catheter.", "content": "Intracompartmental pressures were measured by the wick catheter technique in sixty-five compartments of twenty-seven patients who were clinically suspected of having acute compartment syndromes. A pressure of thirty millimeters of mercury or more was used as an indication for decompressive fasciotomy. The range of normal pressure was from zero to eight millimeters of mercury. Eleven of these patients were diagnosed as actually having compartment syndromes and in these patients, twenty-seven compartments were decompressed. Only two patients had significant sequelae. In the sixteen patients (thirty-eight compartments) whose pressures remained less than thirty millimeters of mercury, fasciotomy was withheld and compartment syndrome sequelae did not develop in any patient. Intraoperatively the wick catheter was used continuously in eight patients to document the effectiveness of decompression. Fasciotomy consistently restored pressures to normal except in the buttock and deltoid compartments, where epimysiotomy was required to supplement the fasciotomy. Continuous intraoperative monitoring of pressure by the wick catheter technique allowed us to select the few cases in which primary closure of wounds was appropriate and to decide which patients were best treated with secondary closure.", "contents": "Acute compartment syndromes: diagnosis and treatment with the aid of the wick catheter. Intracompartmental pressures were measured by the wick catheter technique in sixty-five compartments of twenty-seven patients who were clinically suspected of having acute compartment syndromes. A pressure of thirty millimeters of mercury or more was used as an indication for decompressive fasciotomy. The range of normal pressure was from zero to eight millimeters of mercury. Eleven of these patients were diagnosed as actually having compartment syndromes and in these patients, twenty-seven compartments were decompressed. Only two patients had significant sequelae. In the sixteen patients (thirty-eight compartments) whose pressures remained less than thirty millimeters of mercury, fasciotomy was withheld and compartment syndrome sequelae did not develop in any patient. Intraoperatively the wick catheter was used continuously in eight patients to document the effectiveness of decompression. Fasciotomy consistently restored pressures to normal except in the buttock and deltoid compartments, where epimysiotomy was required to supplement the fasciotomy. Continuous intraoperative monitoring of pressure by the wick catheter technique allowed us to select the few cases in which primary closure of wounds was appropriate and to decide which patients were best treated with secondary closure.", "PMID": 721856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8906", "title": "Complications with use of the Stryker frame.", "content": "Roentgenograms were made of two patients with acute dislocations of the cervical spine who were undergoing treatment on Stryker frames with cervical traction. Losses of reduction were evident when the patients were turned from the supine to the prone position. The pulmonary vital capacity of patients with complete traumatic quadriplegia consistently decreased when they were turned to the prone position. Prolonged supine positioning of patients on the Stryker frame also caused occipital decubitus ulcers.", "contents": "Complications with use of the Stryker frame. Roentgenograms were made of two patients with acute dislocations of the cervical spine who were undergoing treatment on Stryker frames with cervical traction. Losses of reduction were evident when the patients were turned from the supine to the prone position. The pulmonary vital capacity of patients with complete traumatic quadriplegia consistently decreased when they were turned to the prone position. Prolonged supine positioning of patients on the Stryker frame also caused occipital decubitus ulcers.", "PMID": 721863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8907", "title": "Sinding-Larsen-Johansson disease. Its etiology and natural history.", "content": "In a prospective study of children with pain in the knee, eight patients (ten knees) were seen with the clinical and roentgenographic findings of Sinding-Larsen-Johansson disease. The etiology appears to be a traction tendinitis with de novo calcification in the proximal attachment of the patellar tendon, which had been partially avulsed. The patients were followed through the course of the disease, which was found to be self-limited and benign like Osgood-Schlatter disease.", "contents": "Sinding-Larsen-Johansson disease. Its etiology and natural history. In a prospective study of children with pain in the knee, eight patients (ten knees) were seen with the clinical and roentgenographic findings of Sinding-Larsen-Johansson disease. The etiology appears to be a traction tendinitis with de novo calcification in the proximal attachment of the patellar tendon, which had been partially avulsed. The patients were followed through the course of the disease, which was found to be self-limited and benign like Osgood-Schlatter disease.", "PMID": 721864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8908", "title": "Retroperitoneal abscess. A potentially fatal complication of closed fracture of the pelvis.", "content": "Two patients were seen in whom a retroperitoneal abscess developed following closed pelvic fracture. A retroperitoneal abscess is often unsuspected clinically, and presents a difficult diagnostic challenge. Prompt recognition and treatment are essential to patient survival.", "contents": "Retroperitoneal abscess. A potentially fatal complication of closed fracture of the pelvis. Two patients were seen in whom a retroperitoneal abscess developed following closed pelvic fracture. A retroperitoneal abscess is often unsuspected clinically, and presents a difficult diagnostic challenge. Prompt recognition and treatment are essential to patient survival.", "PMID": 721865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8909", "title": "Tumoral calcinosis. A clinical and pathological study of eleven unreported cases in Turkey.", "content": "Clinicopathological observations of eleven cases of tumoral calcinosis are reported. All of the cases showed characteristic clinical and histopathological features of this unusual condition, but pathological findings did not elucidate all of its etiology and pathogenesis. Two of the patients were related. One of the patients showed skeletal changes characterized by diffuse calcium deposits with widespread soft-tissue calcification. The available data of the present study also led to the suggestion that the disease has a genetic background and that the primary defect may well be in the collagen which undergoes calcification.", "contents": "Tumoral calcinosis. A clinical and pathological study of eleven unreported cases in Turkey. Clinicopathological observations of eleven cases of tumoral calcinosis are reported. All of the cases showed characteristic clinical and histopathological features of this unusual condition, but pathological findings did not elucidate all of its etiology and pathogenesis. Two of the patients were related. One of the patients showed skeletal changes characterized by diffuse calcium deposits with widespread soft-tissue calcification. The available data of the present study also led to the suggestion that the disease has a genetic background and that the primary defect may well be in the collagen which undergoes calcification.", "PMID": 721867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8910", "title": "Leiomyosarcoma of the thorax.", "content": "Leiomyosarcoma within the thorax is a rare lesion. This report describes an endobronchial lesion presenting with atelectasis, a parenchymal lesion presenting as a mass, and a rare extra-pleural lesion arising in the chest wall. The prognosis is generally poor; our 3 patients died within about 1 year of diagnosis.", "contents": "Leiomyosarcoma of the thorax. Leiomyosarcoma within the thorax is a rare lesion. This report describes an endobronchial lesion presenting with atelectasis, a parenchymal lesion presenting as a mass, and a rare extra-pleural lesion arising in the chest wall. The prognosis is generally poor; our 3 patients died within about 1 year of diagnosis.", "PMID": 721878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8911", "title": "Education and practice location of Canadian diagnostic radiologist.", "content": "At the 1977 Annual Meeting of The Canadian Association of Radiologists, a survey of all practicing diagnostic radiologists was made. Information was also obtained from Royal College and Corporation Professionnelle records. The medical school, postgraduate program, and present location of practice were established for over 98% of active radiologists. This information has been collected to assist program directors, medical faculties, provincial governments, and radiologists in recognizing manpower needs.", "contents": "Education and practice location of Canadian diagnostic radiologist. At the 1977 Annual Meeting of The Canadian Association of Radiologists, a survey of all practicing diagnostic radiologists was made. Information was also obtained from Royal College and Corporation Professionnelle records. The medical school, postgraduate program, and present location of practice were established for over 98% of active radiologists. This information has been collected to assist program directors, medical faculties, provincial governments, and radiologists in recognizing manpower needs.", "PMID": 721879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8912", "title": "Composite photoradiography.", "content": "A new simpler method of combining photographic and radiographic images to make a composite photoradiograph is described. The matching of the images can now be accomplished in the camera rather than, as formerly, in the darkroom.", "contents": "Composite photoradiography. A new simpler method of combining photographic and radiographic images to make a composite photoradiograph is described. The matching of the images can now be accomplished in the camera rather than, as formerly, in the darkroom.", "PMID": 721880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8913", "title": "The radiologist's opportunity to teach bone dynamics.", "content": "Activity and muscle strength are important for bone growth and for development and maintenance of bone density. The rediologist should help students to understand the important relationship between muscular activity and bone strength.", "contents": "The radiologist's opportunity to teach bone dynamics. Activity and muscle strength are important for bone growth and for development and maintenance of bone density. The rediologist should help students to understand the important relationship between muscular activity and bone strength.", "PMID": 721881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8914", "title": "Pitfalls in the ultrasonographic diagnosis of the pancreatic pseudocyst.", "content": "A pseudocyst of the pancreas typically presents ultrasonographically as a cystic structure in the upper abdomen. We have seen numerous cases which presented similar sonographic features suggestive of a pancreatic pseudocyst in which this diagnosis proved false. A knowledge of the ultrasonographic differential diagnosis of the pancreatic pseudocyst therefore becomes important.", "contents": "Pitfalls in the ultrasonographic diagnosis of the pancreatic pseudocyst. A pseudocyst of the pancreas typically presents ultrasonographically as a cystic structure in the upper abdomen. We have seen numerous cases which presented similar sonographic features suggestive of a pancreatic pseudocyst in which this diagnosis proved false. A knowledge of the ultrasonographic differential diagnosis of the pancreatic pseudocyst therefore becomes important.", "PMID": 721882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8915", "title": "Renal arteriography in von Hippel-Lindau Diease.", "content": "Since 1960, 17 patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease have had cerebellar hemangioblastomas removed at the Victoria General Hospital, Halifax, Nova Scotia. The 4 most recent patients have had renal arteriography as a part of their investigation. Though 3 of these had negative urography, all 4 had positive findings on arteriography. The first patient had bilateral renal cell carcinomas and cysts and failed to respond to 1 year of 'Laetrile' therapy; the second had small cysts in each kidney; the third had bilateral renal cysts, multiple left renal cell carcinomas and a clinically unsuspected right pheochromocytoma; the fourth had a small renal cell carcinoma. It is recommended that all patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease and siblings with any manifestations of the disease have renal arteriography as part of their early investigation.", "contents": "Renal arteriography in von Hippel-Lindau Diease. Since 1960, 17 patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease have had cerebellar hemangioblastomas removed at the Victoria General Hospital, Halifax, Nova Scotia. The 4 most recent patients have had renal arteriography as a part of their investigation. Though 3 of these had negative urography, all 4 had positive findings on arteriography. The first patient had bilateral renal cell carcinomas and cysts and failed to respond to 1 year of 'Laetrile' therapy; the second had small cysts in each kidney; the third had bilateral renal cysts, multiple left renal cell carcinomas and a clinically unsuspected right pheochromocytoma; the fourth had a small renal cell carcinoma. It is recommended that all patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease and siblings with any manifestations of the disease have renal arteriography as part of their early investigation.", "PMID": 721883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8916", "title": "[Angiomyolipomas (hamartomas) of the kidney. Radiological study apropos of 2 cases. Review of the literature].", "content": "Two patients with renal angiomyolipomas studied angiographically are reported:--A case of tuberous sclerosis with bilateral multiple lesions, renal, hepatic and adrenal;--An isolated lesion whose preoperative diagnosis allowed the excision of the tumor. A review of the literature from 1965 to 1977 identified 242 cases of which 177 were isolated angiomyolipomas. There were 54 cases associated with tuberous sclerosis and one with von Hippel-Lindau disease. The radiologic and especially the angiographic signs are illustrated, the hemorrhagic risks are stressed, and the diagnostic features of fetal renal hamartoma are described.", "contents": "[Angiomyolipomas (hamartomas) of the kidney. Radiological study apropos of 2 cases. Review of the literature]. Two patients with renal angiomyolipomas studied angiographically are reported:--A case of tuberous sclerosis with bilateral multiple lesions, renal, hepatic and adrenal;--An isolated lesion whose preoperative diagnosis allowed the excision of the tumor. A review of the literature from 1965 to 1977 identified 242 cases of which 177 were isolated angiomyolipomas. There were 54 cases associated with tuberous sclerosis and one with von Hippel-Lindau disease. The radiologic and especially the angiographic signs are illustrated, the hemorrhagic risks are stressed, and the diagnostic features of fetal renal hamartoma are described.", "PMID": 721884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8917", "title": "Renal displacement simulating crossed renal ectopia.", "content": "Displacement of the right kidney, simulating crossed renal ectopia, was associated with massive obesity and a ventral hernia.", "contents": "Renal displacement simulating crossed renal ectopia. Displacement of the right kidney, simulating crossed renal ectopia, was associated with massive obesity and a ventral hernia.", "PMID": 721885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8918", "title": "Thymic hyperplasia in thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "Thymic hyperplasia in a thyrotoxic patient produced an anterior mediastinal mass. Pathogenesis and diagnostic features are discussed.", "contents": "Thymic hyperplasia in thyrotoxicosis. Thymic hyperplasia in a thyrotoxic patient produced an anterior mediastinal mass. Pathogenesis and diagnostic features are discussed.", "PMID": 721886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8919", "title": "Pulmonary cystic disease in ankylosing spondylitis: two cases with unusual superinfection.", "content": "Two ankylosing spondylitis patients with upper lobe fibrocystic disease are reported. The occurrence of pulmonary parenchymal disease as part of the primary pathologic process in ankylosing spondylitis is now accepted as an integral part of the disease. The frequency of superinfection of cavitary lung disease with Aspergillus is noted. Another unusual superinfection, Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, is reported.", "contents": "Pulmonary cystic disease in ankylosing spondylitis: two cases with unusual superinfection. Two ankylosing spondylitis patients with upper lobe fibrocystic disease are reported. The occurrence of pulmonary parenchymal disease as part of the primary pathologic process in ankylosing spondylitis is now accepted as an integral part of the disease. The frequency of superinfection of cavitary lung disease with Aspergillus is noted. Another unusual superinfection, Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, is reported.", "PMID": 721887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8920", "title": "Reflux of barium into a maxillary antrum.", "content": "A patient with achalasia and neurologic deficit permitting intermittent nasopharyngeal reflux developed unilateral maxillary sinusitis. Heavy metal density in the center of the inflamed sinus almost certainly was barium sulfate refluxed during an upper gastrointestinal study.", "contents": "Reflux of barium into a maxillary antrum. A patient with achalasia and neurologic deficit permitting intermittent nasopharyngeal reflux developed unilateral maxillary sinusitis. Heavy metal density in the center of the inflamed sinus almost certainly was barium sulfate refluxed during an upper gastrointestinal study.", "PMID": 721888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8921", "title": "Chondromyxoid fibroma of lumbar spine.", "content": "Chondromyxoid fibroma involved the spinous process of L2. To our knowledge, this is the first reported occurrence in the lumbar spine.", "contents": "Chondromyxoid fibroma of lumbar spine. Chondromyxoid fibroma involved the spinous process of L2. To our knowledge, this is the first reported occurrence in the lumbar spine.", "PMID": 721889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8922", "title": "Cardiac fibrosarcoma with bone metastases.", "content": "The diagnosis of a primary cardiac sarcoma with bone metastases was suspected in a previously normal patient because of the development of unremitting pulmonary edema and lytic bone lesions. Echocardiography substantiated the diagnosis, which proved at autopsy to be a primary fibrosarcoma of the heart. This represents only the third such case reported with bone metastases.", "contents": "Cardiac fibrosarcoma with bone metastases. The diagnosis of a primary cardiac sarcoma with bone metastases was suspected in a previously normal patient because of the development of unremitting pulmonary edema and lytic bone lesions. Echocardiography substantiated the diagnosis, which proved at autopsy to be a primary fibrosarcoma of the heart. This represents only the third such case reported with bone metastases.", "PMID": 721890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8923", "title": "Peritoneal calcification in a neonate with imperforate hymen.", "content": "Contrast medium for vaginography in a premature neonate passed into the peritoneal cavity; calcification in that area apparently represented genital-tract secretions which had accumulated above the imperforate hymen. Ultrasonography of the mother's abdomen had indicated fetal ascites, a finding that may be of value in diagnosing genital-tract obstruction prenatally.", "contents": "Peritoneal calcification in a neonate with imperforate hymen. Contrast medium for vaginography in a premature neonate passed into the peritoneal cavity; calcification in that area apparently represented genital-tract secretions which had accumulated above the imperforate hymen. Ultrasonography of the mother's abdomen had indicated fetal ascites, a finding that may be of value in diagnosing genital-tract obstruction prenatally.", "PMID": 721891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8924", "title": "Binding of cytochrome b5 to membranes of isolated subcellular organelles from rat liver.", "content": "The in vitro incorporation of a well-characterized integral protein cytochrome b5 into membranes of various subcellular organelles was investigated by biochemical and immunochemical methods. Microsomes, peroxisomes, and outer mitochondrial membranes, all containing endogenous cytochrome b5, incorporated large amounts of the hemoprotein in such a way that it was reducible by an inherent NADH cytochrome b5 reductase. Lysosomal membranes did not incorporate cytochrome b5. Inner mitochondrial and Golgi membranes, which do not naturally contain cytochrome b5, bound it in vitro but it was not reduced in the presence of NADH. These results show some discrepancies between the natural localization and the in vitro binding of cytochrome b5. They confirm one aspect of the fluid membrane theory and bring new elements to our understanding of the maintenance of the specific features of the membranes of subcellular organelles with respect to the cell dynamism.", "contents": "Binding of cytochrome b5 to membranes of isolated subcellular organelles from rat liver. The in vitro incorporation of a well-characterized integral protein cytochrome b5 into membranes of various subcellular organelles was investigated by biochemical and immunochemical methods. Microsomes, peroxisomes, and outer mitochondrial membranes, all containing endogenous cytochrome b5, incorporated large amounts of the hemoprotein in such a way that it was reducible by an inherent NADH cytochrome b5 reductase. Lysosomal membranes did not incorporate cytochrome b5. Inner mitochondrial and Golgi membranes, which do not naturally contain cytochrome b5, bound it in vitro but it was not reduced in the presence of NADH. These results show some discrepancies between the natural localization and the in vitro binding of cytochrome b5. They confirm one aspect of the fluid membrane theory and bring new elements to our understanding of the maintenance of the specific features of the membranes of subcellular organelles with respect to the cell dynamism.", "PMID": 721892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8925", "title": "Heterogeneity in sensitivity to cleavage by the restriction endonucleases ECORI and HindIII of circular kinetoplast DNA molecules of Crithidia acanthocephali.", "content": "Kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) of the protozoan Crithidia acanthocephali consists mainly of an association of approximately 27,000 covalently closed, 0.8-micron (1.58 X 10(6) daltons) circular molecules apparently held together in a particular structural configuration by topological interlocking. The sensitivities of circular kDNA molecules to the restriction endonucleases EcoRI and HindIII have been studied using agarose gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy. Digestion with EcoRI or HindIII of collections of single circular molecules obtained from sonicated kDNA associations resulted in a single cleavage of 9.3 and 12% of the molecules, respectively. Digestion of intact kDNA associations with EcoRI or HindIII resulted in cleavage of 9.2 and 10.4%, respectively, of the component circular molecules, but not in detectable disruption of the characteristic structure of the associations. Analysis of the products of sequential digestion of kDNA with the two enzymes indicated that approximately 8% of the circular molecules each contain a single site sensitive to EcoRI and a single site sensitive to HindIII; 1.5-3% contain only an EcoRI-sensitive site; 3-4% contain only a HindIII-sensitive site; and the remainder (approximately 86%) are insensitive to either enzyme. Further, data obtained from sequential digestion experiments and from studies of the partial denaturation products of the circular molecules digested with EcoRI or HindIII indicated that when they occur the EcoRI site and the HindIII site are each at a unique position in all molecules, 10-13% of the circular contour length apart. Similar digestion products were found for kDNAs from different cloned organisms, suggesting that the four different kinds of circular molecules, in regard to EcoRI and HindIII sensitivity, are found in similar proportions in the kDNA association of different organisms.", "contents": "Heterogeneity in sensitivity to cleavage by the restriction endonucleases ECORI and HindIII of circular kinetoplast DNA molecules of Crithidia acanthocephali. Kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) of the protozoan Crithidia acanthocephali consists mainly of an association of approximately 27,000 covalently closed, 0.8-micron (1.58 X 10(6) daltons) circular molecules apparently held together in a particular structural configuration by topological interlocking. The sensitivities of circular kDNA molecules to the restriction endonucleases EcoRI and HindIII have been studied using agarose gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy. Digestion with EcoRI or HindIII of collections of single circular molecules obtained from sonicated kDNA associations resulted in a single cleavage of 9.3 and 12% of the molecules, respectively. Digestion of intact kDNA associations with EcoRI or HindIII resulted in cleavage of 9.2 and 10.4%, respectively, of the component circular molecules, but not in detectable disruption of the characteristic structure of the associations. Analysis of the products of sequential digestion of kDNA with the two enzymes indicated that approximately 8% of the circular molecules each contain a single site sensitive to EcoRI and a single site sensitive to HindIII; 1.5-3% contain only an EcoRI-sensitive site; 3-4% contain only a HindIII-sensitive site; and the remainder (approximately 86%) are insensitive to either enzyme. Further, data obtained from sequential digestion experiments and from studies of the partial denaturation products of the circular molecules digested with EcoRI or HindIII indicated that when they occur the EcoRI site and the HindIII site are each at a unique position in all molecules, 10-13% of the circular contour length apart. Similar digestion products were found for kDNAs from different cloned organisms, suggesting that the four different kinds of circular molecules, in regard to EcoRI and HindIII sensitivity, are found in similar proportions in the kDNA association of different organisms.", "PMID": 721893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8926", "title": "Stratification, specialization, and proliferation of primary keratinocyte cultures. Evidence of a functioning in vitro epidermal cell system.", "content": "A population of neonatal mouse keratinocytes (epidermal basal cells) was obtained by gentle, short-term trypsin separation of the epidermal and dermal skin compartments and discontinuous Ficoll gradient purification of the resulting epidermal cells. Over 4--6 wk of culture growth at 32--33 degrees C, the primary cultures formed a complete monolayer that exhibited entire culture stratification and upper cell layer shedding. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the keratinocyte cultures progressed from one to two cell layers through a series of stratification and specialization phenomena to a six to eight cell layer culture containing structures characteristic of epidermal cells and resembling in vivo epidermal development. The temporal development of primary epidermal cell culture specialization was confirmed by use of two histological techniques which differentially stain the specializing upper cell layers of neonatal mouse skin. No detectable dermal fibroblast co-cultivation was demonstrated by use of the leucine aminopeptidase histochemical technique and routine electron microscope surveillance of the cultures. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine ([3H]Tdr) was greater than 85% into DNA and was inhibited by both 20 micron cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) and low temperature. Autoradiography and 90% inhibition of [3H]Tdr incorporation by 2 mM hydroxyurea indicated that keratinocyte culture DNA synthesis was scheduled (not a repair phenomenon). The primary keratinocytes showed an oscillating pattern of [3H]Tdr incorporation into DNA over the initial 23--25 days of growth. Autoradiography demonstrated that the cultures contained 10--30% proliferative stem cells from days 2-25 of culture. The reproducibility of both the proliferation and specialization patterns of the described primary epidermal cell culture system indicates that these cultures are a useful tool for investigations of functioning epidermal cell homeostatic control mechanisms.", "contents": "Stratification, specialization, and proliferation of primary keratinocyte cultures. Evidence of a functioning in vitro epidermal cell system. A population of neonatal mouse keratinocytes (epidermal basal cells) was obtained by gentle, short-term trypsin separation of the epidermal and dermal skin compartments and discontinuous Ficoll gradient purification of the resulting epidermal cells. Over 4--6 wk of culture growth at 32--33 degrees C, the primary cultures formed a complete monolayer that exhibited entire culture stratification and upper cell layer shedding. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the keratinocyte cultures progressed from one to two cell layers through a series of stratification and specialization phenomena to a six to eight cell layer culture containing structures characteristic of epidermal cells and resembling in vivo epidermal development. The temporal development of primary epidermal cell culture specialization was confirmed by use of two histological techniques which differentially stain the specializing upper cell layers of neonatal mouse skin. No detectable dermal fibroblast co-cultivation was demonstrated by use of the leucine aminopeptidase histochemical technique and routine electron microscope surveillance of the cultures. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine ([3H]Tdr) was greater than 85% into DNA and was inhibited by both 20 micron cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) and low temperature. Autoradiography and 90% inhibition of [3H]Tdr incorporation by 2 mM hydroxyurea indicated that keratinocyte culture DNA synthesis was scheduled (not a repair phenomenon). The primary keratinocytes showed an oscillating pattern of [3H]Tdr incorporation into DNA over the initial 23--25 days of growth. Autoradiography demonstrated that the cultures contained 10--30% proliferative stem cells from days 2-25 of culture. The reproducibility of both the proliferation and specialization patterns of the described primary epidermal cell culture system indicates that these cultures are a useful tool for investigations of functioning epidermal cell homeostatic control mechanisms.", "PMID": 721894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8927", "title": "Ultrastructural and physiological studies on the longitudinal body wall muscle of Dolabella auricularia. I. Mechanical response and ultrastructure.", "content": "The physiological properties of mechanical response and the ultrastructure in the longitudinal body wall muscle (LBWM) of the opisthobranch mollusc Dolabella auricularia were studied to obtain information about excitation-contraction coupling in somatic smooth muscles responsible for smooth and slow body movement of molluscans. The contracture tension produced by 400 mM K was not affected by Mn ions (5--10 mM) and low pH (up to 4.0), but was reduced by procaine (2 mM). The K-contracture tension was not readily eliminated in a Ca-free solution containing ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N,N',N'-tetraacetate (EGTA). A large contracture tension was also produced by rapid cooling of the surrounding fluid from 20 degrees to 5 degrees--3 degrees C even when the preparation showed no mechanical response to 400 mM K after prolonged (more than 2 h) soaking in the Ca-free solution. These results indicate that the LBWM fibers contain a large amount of intracellularly stored Ca which can be effectively released by membrane depolarization. The fibers were connected with each other, forming the gap junctions, the desmosomes, and the intermediate junctions. The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) consisted of vesicular and tubular elements, and was mostly located near the fiber surface. The plasma membrane showed marked tubular invaginations of 600-800 A in diameter, with many branches (surface tubules), extending inwards for approximately 2 micron. These surface tubules were closely apposed to the SR, and the bridgelike structures analogous to those in the triadic junction of vertebrate skeletal muscle were observed in the space between the surface tubules and the SR. It is suggested that the influence of membrane depolarization is transmitted inwards along the surface tubules to cause the release of Ca from the SR.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and physiological studies on the longitudinal body wall muscle of Dolabella auricularia. I. Mechanical response and ultrastructure. The physiological properties of mechanical response and the ultrastructure in the longitudinal body wall muscle (LBWM) of the opisthobranch mollusc Dolabella auricularia were studied to obtain information about excitation-contraction coupling in somatic smooth muscles responsible for smooth and slow body movement of molluscans. The contracture tension produced by 400 mM K was not affected by Mn ions (5--10 mM) and low pH (up to 4.0), but was reduced by procaine (2 mM). The K-contracture tension was not readily eliminated in a Ca-free solution containing ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N,N',N'-tetraacetate (EGTA). A large contracture tension was also produced by rapid cooling of the surrounding fluid from 20 degrees to 5 degrees--3 degrees C even when the preparation showed no mechanical response to 400 mM K after prolonged (more than 2 h) soaking in the Ca-free solution. These results indicate that the LBWM fibers contain a large amount of intracellularly stored Ca which can be effectively released by membrane depolarization. The fibers were connected with each other, forming the gap junctions, the desmosomes, and the intermediate junctions. The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) consisted of vesicular and tubular elements, and was mostly located near the fiber surface. The plasma membrane showed marked tubular invaginations of 600-800 A in diameter, with many branches (surface tubules), extending inwards for approximately 2 micron. These surface tubules were closely apposed to the SR, and the bridgelike structures analogous to those in the triadic junction of vertebrate skeletal muscle were observed in the space between the surface tubules and the SR. It is suggested that the influence of membrane depolarization is transmitted inwards along the surface tubules to cause the release of Ca from the SR.", "PMID": 721895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8928", "title": "Ultrastructural and physiological studies on the longitudinal body wall muscle of Dolabella auricularia. II. Localization of intracellular calcium and its translocation during mechanical activity.", "content": "The localization of Ca-accumulating structures in the longitudinal body wall muscle (LBWM) of the opisthobranch mollusc Dolabella auricularia and their role in the contraction-relaxation cycle were studied by fixing the LBWM fibers at rest and during mechanical response to 400 mM K or to 10(-4)--10(-3) M acetylcholine in a 1% OsO4 solution containing 2% K pyroantimonate. In the resting fibers, electron-opaque pyroantimonate precipitate was mostly localized at the peripheral structures, i.e., along the inner surface of the plasma membrane, at the membrane of the surface tubules, and at the sarcoplasmic reticulum. In the fibers fixed during mechanical activity, the precipitate was diffusely distributed in the myoplasm in the form of numerous particles with corresponding decrease in the amount of the precipitate at the peripheral structures. Electron-probe X-ray microanalysis showed the presence of Ca in the precipitate, indicating that the precipitate may serve as a measure of Ca localization. These results are in accord with the view that, in the LBWM, the Ca stored in the peripheral structures is released into the myoplasm to activate the contractile mechanism.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and physiological studies on the longitudinal body wall muscle of Dolabella auricularia. II. Localization of intracellular calcium and its translocation during mechanical activity. The localization of Ca-accumulating structures in the longitudinal body wall muscle (LBWM) of the opisthobranch mollusc Dolabella auricularia and their role in the contraction-relaxation cycle were studied by fixing the LBWM fibers at rest and during mechanical response to 400 mM K or to 10(-4)--10(-3) M acetylcholine in a 1% OsO4 solution containing 2% K pyroantimonate. In the resting fibers, electron-opaque pyroantimonate precipitate was mostly localized at the peripheral structures, i.e., along the inner surface of the plasma membrane, at the membrane of the surface tubules, and at the sarcoplasmic reticulum. In the fibers fixed during mechanical activity, the precipitate was diffusely distributed in the myoplasm in the form of numerous particles with corresponding decrease in the amount of the precipitate at the peripheral structures. Electron-probe X-ray microanalysis showed the presence of Ca in the precipitate, indicating that the precipitate may serve as a measure of Ca localization. These results are in accord with the view that, in the LBWM, the Ca stored in the peripheral structures is released into the myoplasm to activate the contractile mechanism.", "PMID": 721896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8929", "title": "Distribution of an endogenous lectin in the developing chick optic tectum.", "content": "We determined the cellular localization of an endogenous lectin at various times during the development of a well-characterized region of chick brain, the optic tectum. This lectin is a carbohydrate-binding protein that interacts with lactose and other saccharides, undergoes striking changes in specific activity with development, and has previously been purified by affinity chromatography from extracts of embryonic chick brain and muscle. Cellular localization in the tectum was done by indirect immunofluoresecent staining, using immunoglobulin G derived from an antiserum raised against pure lectin. No lectin was detectable in the optic tectum examined at 5 days of embryonic development. From approximately 7 days of development, neuronal cell bodies and fibers were labeled by the antibody; and extracts of tectum contained hemagglutination activity that could be inhibited by lactose or by the antiserum. Lectin remained present in many tectal neuronal layers after hatching; but in 2-month-old chicks it was sparse or absent in most of the tectum except for prominent labeling of fibers in the stratum album centrale. The initial appearance of lectin in the optic tectum was not dependent on innervation by optic nerve fibers since bilateral enucleation during embryogenesis did not affect it. Lectin was detectable on the surface of embryonic optic tectal neurons dissociated with a buffer containing EDTA.", "contents": "Distribution of an endogenous lectin in the developing chick optic tectum. We determined the cellular localization of an endogenous lectin at various times during the development of a well-characterized region of chick brain, the optic tectum. This lectin is a carbohydrate-binding protein that interacts with lactose and other saccharides, undergoes striking changes in specific activity with development, and has previously been purified by affinity chromatography from extracts of embryonic chick brain and muscle. Cellular localization in the tectum was done by indirect immunofluoresecent staining, using immunoglobulin G derived from an antiserum raised against pure lectin. No lectin was detectable in the optic tectum examined at 5 days of embryonic development. From approximately 7 days of development, neuronal cell bodies and fibers were labeled by the antibody; and extracts of tectum contained hemagglutination activity that could be inhibited by lactose or by the antiserum. Lectin remained present in many tectal neuronal layers after hatching; but in 2-month-old chicks it was sparse or absent in most of the tectum except for prominent labeling of fibers in the stratum album centrale. The initial appearance of lectin in the optic tectum was not dependent on innervation by optic nerve fibers since bilateral enucleation during embryogenesis did not affect it. Lectin was detectable on the surface of embryonic optic tectal neurons dissociated with a buffer containing EDTA.", "PMID": 721897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8930", "title": "Localization of intestinal sucrase-isomaltase complex on the microvillous membrane by electron microscopy using nonlabeled antibodies.", "content": "Microvillous vesicles isolated from rabbit small intestine showed a trilaminar membrane with a rather smooth surface, which was apparently not affected by papain solubilizing sucrase-isomaltase complex or by trypsin unable to solubilize it. When microvilous vesicles or trysinized ones were incubated with immunoglobulin G against the sucrase-isomaltase complex or monovalent fragments therefrom, an apparently continuous electron-opaque layer approximately 180 A in width appeared around the external surface of vesicles. Such a layer was not formed on papainized vesicles. Microvillous vesicles and trypsinized ones negatively stained with phosphotungate showed a great number of particles protruding approximately 150 A from the membrane surface, but papainized vesicles did not. The particles existed close to one another and appeared to form a particulate layer 150 A in width on the surface. The antibodies, whether they were divalent or monovalent, increased the width of the layer to approximately 200 A and obscured the fine particulate structure of intact and trypsinized vesicles. Papainized vesicles retained their smooth surface upon interaction with antibodies. These results, together with those with the Triton-solubilized sucrase- isomaltase complex (Nishi and Takesue, 1978), J. Ultra-struct. Res., 62:1- 12), indicate not only that sucrase-isomaltase complexes are located close to one another on the membrane, but also that they or at least their protein portions protrude approximately 150 A from the surface of the trilaminar membrane.", "contents": "Localization of intestinal sucrase-isomaltase complex on the microvillous membrane by electron microscopy using nonlabeled antibodies. Microvillous vesicles isolated from rabbit small intestine showed a trilaminar membrane with a rather smooth surface, which was apparently not affected by papain solubilizing sucrase-isomaltase complex or by trypsin unable to solubilize it. When microvilous vesicles or trysinized ones were incubated with immunoglobulin G against the sucrase-isomaltase complex or monovalent fragments therefrom, an apparently continuous electron-opaque layer approximately 180 A in width appeared around the external surface of vesicles. Such a layer was not formed on papainized vesicles. Microvillous vesicles and trypsinized ones negatively stained with phosphotungate showed a great number of particles protruding approximately 150 A from the membrane surface, but papainized vesicles did not. The particles existed close to one another and appeared to form a particulate layer 150 A in width on the surface. The antibodies, whether they were divalent or monovalent, increased the width of the layer to approximately 200 A and obscured the fine particulate structure of intact and trypsinized vesicles. Papainized vesicles retained their smooth surface upon interaction with antibodies. These results, together with those with the Triton-solubilized sucrase- isomaltase complex (Nishi and Takesue, 1978), J. Ultra-struct. Res., 62:1- 12), indicate not only that sucrase-isomaltase complexes are located close to one another on the membrane, but also that they or at least their protein portions protrude approximately 150 A from the surface of the trilaminar membrane.", "PMID": 721898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8931", "title": "Non-reciprocal contact inhibition of locomotion of chick embryonic choroid fibroblasts by pigmented retina epithelial cells.", "content": "Using light and electron microscopy, we have confirmed an earlier observation that chick embryonic pigmented retina epithelial cells (PRE cells) seeded in vitro on cultured sheets of choroid fibroblasts, are able to spread. Spreading is as rapid (and shows the same dependence on lateral contact between PRE cells) as on a serum-coated culture substrate. After 1 h most cells are spreading on the upper surface of the choroid sheet, but after 4 h, some PRE cells can be found sandwiched between overlapping choroid cells, and thus have invaded the sheet. Choroid fibroblasts underlie PRE in vivo, but the ability of PRE cells to spread on cultured fibroblasts is not specific for choroid, since PRE cells spread also on BKH21 hamster kidney fibroblasts, and on fibroblasts from chick embryonic heart. As reported by others for various fibroblastic cells, choroid cells seeded on to choroid sheets or on to cultured PRE are unable to spread. A possible explanation is that spreading of adherent cells is contact-inhibited by the cells in the sheet, just as their leading edges are paralysed on contact, and thus locomotion is inhibited, when fibroblasts collide on a plane substratum. If spreading of seeded cells and cell locomotion are inhibited by the same mechanism, PRE cells should contact-inhibit choroid fibroblasts with which they collide, but not themselves be so inhibited. Using time-lapse cinemicrography, we have found this to be the case. We first established that in homotypic collisions, choroid fibroblasts do show contact inhibition of locomotion, despite the criss-cross (not well monolayered) appearance of confluent cultures. In heterotypic collisions between choroid and PRE we found the predicted nonreciprocal behaviour: the choroid leading edge is paralysed on collision, and the cell subsequently retracts, whereas the active PRE margin appears to be completely unaffected. Speed measurements from a series of such collisions show that the speed of choroid cells is markedly reduced on collision with PRE, whereas the slight slowing of PRE is not statistically significant. We have observed similar behaviour in heterotypic collisions between various epithelial and fibroblastic cells, and so it seems possible that non-reciprocity may prove general for this interaction. If so, it has important implications for the role of contact inhibition of locomotion in phenomena such as morphogenesis, wound healing and the invasiveness of carcinoma cells. On the one hand, non-reciprocal contact-inhibition of locomotion may permit the spreading of epithelia over mesenchymal cells, thus generating or restoring an epithelial bounding membrane. On the other hand, in the absence of other interactions, it would fail to inhibit the invasion of mesenchymal territory by aberrant epithelial cells, or presumably by epithelial free edges.", "contents": "Non-reciprocal contact inhibition of locomotion of chick embryonic choroid fibroblasts by pigmented retina epithelial cells. Using light and electron microscopy, we have confirmed an earlier observation that chick embryonic pigmented retina epithelial cells (PRE cells) seeded in vitro on cultured sheets of choroid fibroblasts, are able to spread. Spreading is as rapid (and shows the same dependence on lateral contact between PRE cells) as on a serum-coated culture substrate. After 1 h most cells are spreading on the upper surface of the choroid sheet, but after 4 h, some PRE cells can be found sandwiched between overlapping choroid cells, and thus have invaded the sheet. Choroid fibroblasts underlie PRE in vivo, but the ability of PRE cells to spread on cultured fibroblasts is not specific for choroid, since PRE cells spread also on BKH21 hamster kidney fibroblasts, and on fibroblasts from chick embryonic heart. As reported by others for various fibroblastic cells, choroid cells seeded on to choroid sheets or on to cultured PRE are unable to spread. A possible explanation is that spreading of adherent cells is contact-inhibited by the cells in the sheet, just as their leading edges are paralysed on contact, and thus locomotion is inhibited, when fibroblasts collide on a plane substratum. If spreading of seeded cells and cell locomotion are inhibited by the same mechanism, PRE cells should contact-inhibit choroid fibroblasts with which they collide, but not themselves be so inhibited. Using time-lapse cinemicrography, we have found this to be the case. We first established that in homotypic collisions, choroid fibroblasts do show contact inhibition of locomotion, despite the criss-cross (not well monolayered) appearance of confluent cultures. In heterotypic collisions between choroid and PRE we found the predicted nonreciprocal behaviour: the choroid leading edge is paralysed on collision, and the cell subsequently retracts, whereas the active PRE margin appears to be completely unaffected. Speed measurements from a series of such collisions show that the speed of choroid cells is markedly reduced on collision with PRE, whereas the slight slowing of PRE is not statistically significant. We have observed similar behaviour in heterotypic collisions between various epithelial and fibroblastic cells, and so it seems possible that non-reciprocity may prove general for this interaction. If so, it has important implications for the role of contact inhibition of locomotion in phenomena such as morphogenesis, wound healing and the invasiveness of carcinoma cells. On the one hand, non-reciprocal contact-inhibition of locomotion may permit the spreading of epithelia over mesenchymal cells, thus generating or restoring an epithelial bounding membrane. On the other hand, in the absence of other interactions, it would fail to inhibit the invasion of mesenchymal territory by aberrant epithelial cells, or presumably by epithelial free edges.", "PMID": 721899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8932", "title": "Selective adhesion and impaired adhesive properties of transformed cells.", "content": "Quantitative studies on the adhesive properties of transformed cells have yielded inconclusive and sometimes contradictory results. The present investigation has examined adhesive interactions between normal human fibroblasts, established as well as virus-transformed animal cell lines, and human tumour-derived cell lines by the cell-cell layer binding assay. The results of these investigations indicate that adhesive selectivity can be observed between normal human fibroblasts and 2 human tumour-derived cell lines, providing an  in vitro system to study cell surface components involved in cellular interactions between normal and malignant cells. In addition it is demonstrated that cell layers of transformed cells form a poorly adhesive substratum for both trypsinized normal and transformed cells. Furthermore, it is confirmed that the adhesive properties of transformed cells, including adhesive selectivity, are affected by the dissociation procedure (trypsin or EDTA). In view of the observations made by other investigators, the present results suggest that transformed cells display adhesive properties which can be quantitatively and reproducibly measured but which are modulated by the dissociation procedure as well as by the configuration in which the cells are at the time of the assay.", "contents": "Selective adhesion and impaired adhesive properties of transformed cells. Quantitative studies on the adhesive properties of transformed cells have yielded inconclusive and sometimes contradictory results. The present investigation has examined adhesive interactions between normal human fibroblasts, established as well as virus-transformed animal cell lines, and human tumour-derived cell lines by the cell-cell layer binding assay. The results of these investigations indicate that adhesive selectivity can be observed between normal human fibroblasts and 2 human tumour-derived cell lines, providing an  in vitro system to study cell surface components involved in cellular interactions between normal and malignant cells. In addition it is demonstrated that cell layers of transformed cells form a poorly adhesive substratum for both trypsinized normal and transformed cells. Furthermore, it is confirmed that the adhesive properties of transformed cells, including adhesive selectivity, are affected by the dissociation procedure (trypsin or EDTA). In view of the observations made by other investigators, the present results suggest that transformed cells display adhesive properties which can be quantitatively and reproducibly measured but which are modulated by the dissociation procedure as well as by the configuration in which the cells are at the time of the assay.", "PMID": 721900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8933", "title": "Mechanisms of invasiveness of epithelial tumours: ultrastructure of the interactions of carcinoma cells with embryonic mesenchyme and epithelium.", "content": "Three different kinds of carcinoma cell, human breast tumours, mouse lung tumour and rat bladder tumours have been implanted into the developing chick wing to assay their invasive behaviour. We found that the majority of the carcinoma cells did not invade the mesenchyme but were positioned in the ectoderm. We examined the ultrasturcture of the interaction of the carcinoma cells with both the ectoderm and the mesenchyme to see if there are any differences. We found no specialized adhesive junctions between carcinoma cells and mesenchyme cells. In contrast, the carcinoma cells seem to be adhesive to the ectoderm cells; desmosomes between the two have been found and also frequent parallel alignment of membranes over long distances. This difference between the interaction of the carcinoma cells with the mesenchyme and the ectoderm may explain why the carcinoma cells can penetrate into the ectoderm but rarely do so into the mesenchyme. The carcinoma cells formed a smooth border with the mesenchyme even in the absence of a basal lamina. These results are discussed in relation to the mechanisms of invasion of epithelial tumours in vivo. In particular, the relative importance of the basal lamina, and cell adhesion within the tumour, in limiting invasiveness are assessed.", "contents": "Mechanisms of invasiveness of epithelial tumours: ultrastructure of the interactions of carcinoma cells with embryonic mesenchyme and epithelium. Three different kinds of carcinoma cell, human breast tumours, mouse lung tumour and rat bladder tumours have been implanted into the developing chick wing to assay their invasive behaviour. We found that the majority of the carcinoma cells did not invade the mesenchyme but were positioned in the ectoderm. We examined the ultrasturcture of the interaction of the carcinoma cells with both the ectoderm and the mesenchyme to see if there are any differences. We found no specialized adhesive junctions between carcinoma cells and mesenchyme cells. In contrast, the carcinoma cells seem to be adhesive to the ectoderm cells; desmosomes between the two have been found and also frequent parallel alignment of membranes over long distances. This difference between the interaction of the carcinoma cells with the mesenchyme and the ectoderm may explain why the carcinoma cells can penetrate into the ectoderm but rarely do so into the mesenchyme. The carcinoma cells formed a smooth border with the mesenchyme even in the absence of a basal lamina. These results are discussed in relation to the mechanisms of invasion of epithelial tumours in vivo. In particular, the relative importance of the basal lamina, and cell adhesion within the tumour, in limiting invasiveness are assessed.", "PMID": 721901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8934", "title": "Suppression of the transformed phenotype in somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "Somatic cell hybrids between mouse mammary tumour cells (TA3B) and diploid rat embryo fibroblasts (REF) or between TA3B and Syrian hamster sarcoma cells (BI) were examined for the in vitro characteristics of transformed cells as soon as possible after cell fusion. Unlike the parental tumour cells as three of four TA3B X REF and five BI X TA3B independent hybrid lines had low colony-forming efficiencies in agar, exhibited density-dependent inhibition of growth and did not form colonies on confluent monolayers of 3T3 cells, demonstrating that the transformed phenotype was suppressed in these hybrids. In addition tests of some of the hybrid lines for tumour production in nude mice showed that this was also suppressed. Suppression was more stable in the TA3B X REF than in the BI X TA3B hybrids, variants of the BI X TA3B hybrids with the properties of transformed cells could be readily isolated by subculturing cells that had grown in agar. Tumour growth selected for hybrids with the characteristics of transformed cells, and derivatives of the hybrids selected to show the transformed phenotype readily produced tumours. These correlations suggest that the transformed phenotype and malignancy may be under the same control in these cells. The phenomenon of suppression may be explained by the hypothesis that neoplastic transformation results from recessive mutations in genes which control the normal phenotype. On this model the finding of suppression in hybrids between two different tumour lines is interpreted as complementation and indicates that the mutations are not the same in all cell lines.", "contents": "Suppression of the transformed phenotype in somatic cell hybrids. Somatic cell hybrids between mouse mammary tumour cells (TA3B) and diploid rat embryo fibroblasts (REF) or between TA3B and Syrian hamster sarcoma cells (BI) were examined for the in vitro characteristics of transformed cells as soon as possible after cell fusion. Unlike the parental tumour cells as three of four TA3B X REF and five BI X TA3B independent hybrid lines had low colony-forming efficiencies in agar, exhibited density-dependent inhibition of growth and did not form colonies on confluent monolayers of 3T3 cells, demonstrating that the transformed phenotype was suppressed in these hybrids. In addition tests of some of the hybrid lines for tumour production in nude mice showed that this was also suppressed. Suppression was more stable in the TA3B X REF than in the BI X TA3B hybrids, variants of the BI X TA3B hybrids with the properties of transformed cells could be readily isolated by subculturing cells that had grown in agar. Tumour growth selected for hybrids with the characteristics of transformed cells, and derivatives of the hybrids selected to show the transformed phenotype readily produced tumours. These correlations suggest that the transformed phenotype and malignancy may be under the same control in these cells. The phenomenon of suppression may be explained by the hypothesis that neoplastic transformation results from recessive mutations in genes which control the normal phenotype. On this model the finding of suppression in hybrids between two different tumour lines is interpreted as complementation and indicates that the mutations are not the same in all cell lines.", "PMID": 721902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8935", "title": "Directionality of microtubule assembly: an in vivo study with the ciliate Tetrahymena.", "content": "A temperature-sensitive mutant homozygous for the recessive gene molb in Tetrahymena thermophila offers opportunity for studying the direction of microtubule assembly in vivo. At 39 degrees C the mutant fails to divide properly; the 2 daughter animals remain attached and bend over each other. As revealed by protargol staining, the bending results in acute turning and breaking of some of the longitudinal microtubular bands close and parallel to the surface. Hence, 2 broken microtubular ends are available for study of the problem of directionality of microtubule assembly, by assessing which of the 2 ends regenerates. In most cases the posterior portion of the longitudinal microtubular band regenerates. The present study hence supports the conclusion based on in vitro observation in other systems that microtubule assembly is predominantly unidirectional.", "contents": "Directionality of microtubule assembly: an in vivo study with the ciliate Tetrahymena. A temperature-sensitive mutant homozygous for the recessive gene molb in Tetrahymena thermophila offers opportunity for studying the direction of microtubule assembly in vivo. At 39 degrees C the mutant fails to divide properly; the 2 daughter animals remain attached and bend over each other. As revealed by protargol staining, the bending results in acute turning and breaking of some of the longitudinal microtubular bands close and parallel to the surface. Hence, 2 broken microtubular ends are available for study of the problem of directionality of microtubule assembly, by assessing which of the 2 ends regenerates. In most cases the posterior portion of the longitudinal microtubular band regenerates. The present study hence supports the conclusion based on in vitro observation in other systems that microtubule assembly is predominantly unidirectional.", "PMID": 721903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8936", "title": "The packaging unit: a basic structural feature for the condensation of late cricket spermatid nuclei.", "content": "The alignment, folding and packaging of cricket chromatin was examined during late spermiogenesis by an electron-microscope study of nuclei dispersed by air--liquid surface tension forces after detergent treatment. Late developing spermatid genomes arrange themselves in multiple packaging units in a stepwise process which includes: (1) a loss of the beaded repeating structure of chromatin as nucleoprotein fibres become smooth and gradually assume a uniform diameter; (2) a side-by--side alignment of structurally modified chromatin fibres; and (3) a regular folding into packaging units. Alignment and folding of chromatin fibres are presumably mediated by intermolecular bonds easily disrupted by spreading forces. In very late spermatids, interfibre binding forces are difficult to overrride by spreading alone, indicating a stronger cross-linking of increasingly coalescent packaging units. 'Unit to unit' coalescence stabilizes the nuclear structure, first limiting and afterwards denying penetration of phosphotungstic acid, as displayed in thin sections of extremely cricket spermatid nuclei. Binding of phosphotungstate by nuclear basic proteins can be facilitated by limited protein solubilization after disulphide reduction of unfixed cricket tests with sodium dodecyl sulphate and dithiothreitol. Results of this study permit the proposal of model experiments useful for clarifying the organization of highly condensed spermatid genomes and for evaluating the structure of genome segments in systems wherein changes of chromatin-associated protein occur.", "contents": "The packaging unit: a basic structural feature for the condensation of late cricket spermatid nuclei. The alignment, folding and packaging of cricket chromatin was examined during late spermiogenesis by an electron-microscope study of nuclei dispersed by air--liquid surface tension forces after detergent treatment. Late developing spermatid genomes arrange themselves in multiple packaging units in a stepwise process which includes: (1) a loss of the beaded repeating structure of chromatin as nucleoprotein fibres become smooth and gradually assume a uniform diameter; (2) a side-by--side alignment of structurally modified chromatin fibres; and (3) a regular folding into packaging units. Alignment and folding of chromatin fibres are presumably mediated by intermolecular bonds easily disrupted by spreading forces. In very late spermatids, interfibre binding forces are difficult to overrride by spreading alone, indicating a stronger cross-linking of increasingly coalescent packaging units. 'Unit to unit' coalescence stabilizes the nuclear structure, first limiting and afterwards denying penetration of phosphotungstic acid, as displayed in thin sections of extremely cricket spermatid nuclei. Binding of phosphotungstate by nuclear basic proteins can be facilitated by limited protein solubilization after disulphide reduction of unfixed cricket tests with sodium dodecyl sulphate and dithiothreitol. Results of this study permit the proposal of model experiments useful for clarifying the organization of highly condensed spermatid genomes and for evaluating the structure of genome segments in systems wherein changes of chromatin-associated protein occur.", "PMID": 721904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8937", "title": "Membrane changes associated with mucus production by intestinal goblet cells.", "content": "Changes in the structural organization of membranes of mucous bodies and the plasma membrane that occur during mucus production in goblet cells of rat rectum have been studied by thin-section and freeze-fracture techniques. Immature mucous bodies are bounded by a trilaminar membrane and fracture faces of the membrane have randomly distributed intramembrane particles. During maturation, mucous bodies become packed tightly together and changes in the structure of their membranes include (1) fusion of apposing membranes of adjacent bodies to form a pentalaminar structure, (2) a reduction in the density of particles on membrane fracture faces, and (3) exclusion of particles from regions of membrane apposition. Some trilaminar membranes of mucous bodies fuse with the lumenal plasma membrane to form a pentalaminar structure. Sites of apposition between mucous body membranes and the lumenal plasma membrane are seen as particle-cleared bulges on fracture faces of the plasma membrane. Our results indicate that membrane reorganization associated with mucous production in goblet cells includes a reduction and redistribution of some membrane proteins and that membrane fusion occurs between portions of membranes from which proteins have been displaced.", "contents": "Membrane changes associated with mucus production by intestinal goblet cells. Changes in the structural organization of membranes of mucous bodies and the plasma membrane that occur during mucus production in goblet cells of rat rectum have been studied by thin-section and freeze-fracture techniques. Immature mucous bodies are bounded by a trilaminar membrane and fracture faces of the membrane have randomly distributed intramembrane particles. During maturation, mucous bodies become packed tightly together and changes in the structure of their membranes include (1) fusion of apposing membranes of adjacent bodies to form a pentalaminar structure, (2) a reduction in the density of particles on membrane fracture faces, and (3) exclusion of particles from regions of membrane apposition. Some trilaminar membranes of mucous bodies fuse with the lumenal plasma membrane to form a pentalaminar structure. Sites of apposition between mucous body membranes and the lumenal plasma membrane are seen as particle-cleared bulges on fracture faces of the plasma membrane. Our results indicate that membrane reorganization associated with mucous production in goblet cells includes a reduction and redistribution of some membrane proteins and that membrane fusion occurs between portions of membranes from which proteins have been displaced.", "PMID": 721905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8938", "title": "Intercellular bridges between follicle cells and oocyte during the differentiation of follicular epithelium in Lacerta sicula Raf.", "content": "Intercellular bridges first appear during lizard oogenesis when follicles are rather small (150 microgram in diameter); at this stage they form connecting links between the oocyte and follicle cells, which have not yet differentiated into pyriform cells. Later on, when the follicles have become larger (1 mm) and the follicular epithelium appears constituted by 3 types of cells (small, intermediate and pyriform cells) they form connecting links between the oocyte and both intermediate and pyriform cells. The establishment of intercellular bridges between pyriform cells and the oocyte precedes the complete differentiation of the former, which excludes the possibility that the fusion between pyriform cells and oocyte occurs only after these cells are completely differentiated. In still larger follicles (up to 2 mm in diameter), during the degeneration of the pyriform cells, the occurrence, inside the bridges, of mitochondria and other cytoplasmic material suggests that these cells at the end of their function transfer their contents into the oocyte.", "contents": "Intercellular bridges between follicle cells and oocyte during the differentiation of follicular epithelium in Lacerta sicula Raf. Intercellular bridges first appear during lizard oogenesis when follicles are rather small (150 microgram in diameter); at this stage they form connecting links between the oocyte and follicle cells, which have not yet differentiated into pyriform cells. Later on, when the follicles have become larger (1 mm) and the follicular epithelium appears constituted by 3 types of cells (small, intermediate and pyriform cells) they form connecting links between the oocyte and both intermediate and pyriform cells. The establishment of intercellular bridges between pyriform cells and the oocyte precedes the complete differentiation of the former, which excludes the possibility that the fusion between pyriform cells and oocyte occurs only after these cells are completely differentiated. In still larger follicles (up to 2 mm in diameter), during the degeneration of the pyriform cells, the occurrence, inside the bridges, of mitochondria and other cytoplasmic material suggests that these cells at the end of their function transfer their contents into the oocyte.", "PMID": 721906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8939", "title": "Labelling of human resting lymphocytes by continuous infusion of [3H]thymidine. I. Characterization of cytoplasmic label.", "content": "After continuous 3H-TdR infusion in vivo or incubation with 3H-TdR in vitro human blood lymphocytes were examined by light-microscopic and electron-microscopic autoradiography. Using relatively long autoradiographic exposure times (50--300 days) not only nuclear but also cytoplasmic labelling was visualized, the cytoplasmic label being present in up to 96% of the cells. The cytoplasmic label was predominantly associated with the mitochondria and was removed from the cells nearly completely by treatment with DNase but not with RNase or cold perchloric acid. It is concluded that this cytoplasmic label mainly represents 3H-TdR incorporated into mitochondrial DNA which is continuously renewed in an average turnover time of 14 days or less. This value is compatible with a turnover time of 11 days for mitochondrial DNA in mammalian cells reported in the literature.", "contents": "Labelling of human resting lymphocytes by continuous infusion of [3H]thymidine. I. Characterization of cytoplasmic label. After continuous 3H-TdR infusion in vivo or incubation with 3H-TdR in vitro human blood lymphocytes were examined by light-microscopic and electron-microscopic autoradiography. Using relatively long autoradiographic exposure times (50--300 days) not only nuclear but also cytoplasmic labelling was visualized, the cytoplasmic label being present in up to 96% of the cells. The cytoplasmic label was predominantly associated with the mitochondria and was removed from the cells nearly completely by treatment with DNase but not with RNase or cold perchloric acid. It is concluded that this cytoplasmic label mainly represents 3H-TdR incorporated into mitochondrial DNA which is continuously renewed in an average turnover time of 14 days or less. This value is compatible with a turnover time of 11 days for mitochondrial DNA in mammalian cells reported in the literature.", "PMID": 721907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8940", "title": "In vivo phagocytosis by developing myocardial cells: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "Phagocytosis of naturally degenerating cells, by healthy myocardial cells of the bulbus cordis of 5--7-day chick embryos, was studied by electron microscopy. Myocardial cells showed cell processes surrounding dead cell fragments. The cell fragments appeared to be internalized later and digested within phagosomes. Ruthenium red was employed to ascertain whether the cell fragments were in fact internalized or located in pockets of the cell membrane. The results are discussed in the light of present knowledge of phagocytosis.", "contents": "In vivo phagocytosis by developing myocardial cells: an ultrastructural study. Phagocytosis of naturally degenerating cells, by healthy myocardial cells of the bulbus cordis of 5--7-day chick embryos, was studied by electron microscopy. Myocardial cells showed cell processes surrounding dead cell fragments. The cell fragments appeared to be internalized later and digested within phagosomes. Ruthenium red was employed to ascertain whether the cell fragments were in fact internalized or located in pockets of the cell membrane. The results are discussed in the light of present knowledge of phagocytosis.", "PMID": 721908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8941", "title": "Cell motility in fibroblast aggregates.", "content": "The stable arrangements of cells in tissues and organs require that most tissue cells, whatever their inherent abilities for active pseudopod-directed locomotion, remain confined to the boundaries of their parent tissues and organs for the lifetime of the organism. Contact inhibition of motility represents a potential mechanism for immobilizing cells in tissues and thus in promoting positional stability. In order to assess the effectiveness of contact inhibition in immobilizing cells in 3-dimensional tissue-like masses, spherical aggregates of chick heart, sclera and skin fibroblasts were fused with tritiated thymidine-labelled aggregates of the identical cell type. After being placed in contact, the 2 aggregates cohere and broaden the area of mutual contact to form a single aggregate with a planar interface between the two. Mobility of cells was detected by the migration of labelled cells across the interface and into the unlabelled aggregate. Based on measurements of distances moved in day-old aggregate pairs, it was found that fibroblasts moved up to 17 cell diameters and up to 36% as far in solid tissue masses as in monolayer culture under optimal conditions for directed migration.", "contents": "Cell motility in fibroblast aggregates. The stable arrangements of cells in tissues and organs require that most tissue cells, whatever their inherent abilities for active pseudopod-directed locomotion, remain confined to the boundaries of their parent tissues and organs for the lifetime of the organism. Contact inhibition of motility represents a potential mechanism for immobilizing cells in tissues and thus in promoting positional stability. In order to assess the effectiveness of contact inhibition in immobilizing cells in 3-dimensional tissue-like masses, spherical aggregates of chick heart, sclera and skin fibroblasts were fused with tritiated thymidine-labelled aggregates of the identical cell type. After being placed in contact, the 2 aggregates cohere and broaden the area of mutual contact to form a single aggregate with a planar interface between the two. Mobility of cells was detected by the migration of labelled cells across the interface and into the unlabelled aggregate. Based on measurements of distances moved in day-old aggregate pairs, it was found that fibroblasts moved up to 17 cell diameters and up to 36% as far in solid tissue masses as in monolayer culture under optimal conditions for directed migration.", "PMID": 721909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8942", "title": "Interaction of leukocytes with vascular cells in culture.", "content": "The nature, kinetics and cofactor requirements of leukocyte adhesion to cultured vascular cells have been investigated in vitro, using a model system in which leukocyte suspensions are in continuous motion over the cultured cells. Adhesion is assessed by histological examination or by using 51Cr-labelled leukocytes. Leukocytes adhere preferentially to endothelial cell monolayers rather than to smooth muscle cells, adventitial fibroblasts or serum-coated glass. Arterial and venous endothelium are equally good substrates for leukocyte adhesion, and lymphocytes and granulocytes at the same suspension density adhere to endothelial cells in similar numbers. Adherence is greatest during the first 10 min, and is inversely related to flow rate. Numbers of leukocytes adhering to the cell monolayer are proportional to the initial concentration of leukocytes in suspension, although only 2--10% of the leukocytes adhere. Leukocytes that have adhered to the cell monolayer spread over the cells and then migrate, apparently through intercellular junctions. Adhesion requires Ca2+ or Mg2+ ions, but not plasma protein cofactors. Fewer leukocytes adhere to endothelial cells grown for 48 h in rapidly stirred medium than to cells grown under conventional, static conditions.", "contents": "Interaction of leukocytes with vascular cells in culture. The nature, kinetics and cofactor requirements of leukocyte adhesion to cultured vascular cells have been investigated in vitro, using a model system in which leukocyte suspensions are in continuous motion over the cultured cells. Adhesion is assessed by histological examination or by using 51Cr-labelled leukocytes. Leukocytes adhere preferentially to endothelial cell monolayers rather than to smooth muscle cells, adventitial fibroblasts or serum-coated glass. Arterial and venous endothelium are equally good substrates for leukocyte adhesion, and lymphocytes and granulocytes at the same suspension density adhere to endothelial cells in similar numbers. Adherence is greatest during the first 10 min, and is inversely related to flow rate. Numbers of leukocytes adhering to the cell monolayer are proportional to the initial concentration of leukocytes in suspension, although only 2--10% of the leukocytes adhere. Leukocytes that have adhered to the cell monolayer spread over the cells and then migrate, apparently through intercellular junctions. Adhesion requires Ca2+ or Mg2+ ions, but not plasma protein cofactors. Fewer leukocytes adhere to endothelial cells grown for 48 h in rapidly stirred medium than to cells grown under conventional, static conditions.", "PMID": 721910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8943", "title": "[Jejuno-gastric retrograde invagination after vagotomy: a case of spontaneous desinvagination (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of retrograde invagination of the duodenum 8 years after vagotomy and gastroenterostomy: gastric aspiration then reoperation permitted verification of the disinvagination. Cure by gastro-enterostomy and excision of the remaining duodenal ulcer.", "contents": "[Jejuno-gastric retrograde invagination after vagotomy: a case of spontaneous desinvagination (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of retrograde invagination of the duodenum 8 years after vagotomy and gastroenterostomy: gastric aspiration then reoperation permitted verification of the disinvagination. Cure by gastro-enterostomy and excision of the remaining duodenal ulcer.", "PMID": 721911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8944", "title": "Quantitative analysis of steroid profiles from urine by capillary gas chromatography. I. Accuracy and reproducibility of the sample preparation.", "content": "A method is described for the determination of steroid profiles from urine by means of gas chromatography using high-efficiency glass capillary columns. The accuracy and reproducibility of essential steps in the sample preparation (extraction of steroids and steroid conjugates by means of XAD-2, enzymatic hydrolysis with Helix pomatia juice, solvolysis in acidified ethyl acetate and alkali wash) are established using different endogenously labelled urine samples, obtained from normal subjects to whom labelled steroids had been administered. Preliminary results are given on the reproducibility of the derivatization procedure (formation of methoxime-trimethylsilyl (MO-TMS) ethers), the gas chromatographic analysis and the whole method. Two procedures for the purification of MO-TMS steroid derivatives are compared. Application of the method to urine samples of patients with various endocrine disorders is included.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of steroid profiles from urine by capillary gas chromatography. I. Accuracy and reproducibility of the sample preparation. A method is described for the determination of steroid profiles from urine by means of gas chromatography using high-efficiency glass capillary columns. The accuracy and reproducibility of essential steps in the sample preparation (extraction of steroids and steroid conjugates by means of XAD-2, enzymatic hydrolysis with Helix pomatia juice, solvolysis in acidified ethyl acetate and alkali wash) are established using different endogenously labelled urine samples, obtained from normal subjects to whom labelled steroids had been administered. Preliminary results are given on the reproducibility of the derivatization procedure (formation of methoxime-trimethylsilyl (MO-TMS) ethers), the gas chromatographic analysis and the whole method. Two procedures for the purification of MO-TMS steroid derivatives are compared. Application of the method to urine samples of patients with various endocrine disorders is included.", "PMID": 721919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8945", "title": "[What can be expected from suspension of the bladder neck in effort incontinence of urine? 85 operated cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Among the large number of technics proposed to cure effort urinary incontinence in women, two types of operation are usually considered: --indirect cervico-cystopexy or colopexy (Marshall-Marchietti-Krantz operation or its derivatives); --operations of catapult type or suspension of the bladder neck, e.g. Goebell-Stoeckel's operation. The latter was chosen exclusively by us over the last ten years. We have thus grouped together 85 cases of effort urinary incontinence operated and followed up for a period of 1 to 11 years. At five years, this operation gave 82.85% good results and a delay of two years seemed to us the minimum necessary to assess these results. We noted 6 failures (7.05%) and 4 relapses (4.7%). Suspension of the bladder neck is often disputed and even denigrated. Some authors consider it is the best operation available especially in cases of relapse of effort incontinence [21]. Its technical difficulty has been reproached. Our objective thus double: --describe our technic of musculo-aponeurotic suspension of the bladder neck; --give our results emphasising the long term results. We thus hope to prove that this operation maintains its place in the treatment of effort incontinence.", "contents": "[What can be expected from suspension of the bladder neck in effort incontinence of urine? 85 operated cases (author's transl)]. Among the large number of technics proposed to cure effort urinary incontinence in women, two types of operation are usually considered: --indirect cervico-cystopexy or colopexy (Marshall-Marchietti-Krantz operation or its derivatives); --operations of catapult type or suspension of the bladder neck, e.g. Goebell-Stoeckel's operation. The latter was chosen exclusively by us over the last ten years. We have thus grouped together 85 cases of effort urinary incontinence operated and followed up for a period of 1 to 11 years. At five years, this operation gave 82.85% good results and a delay of two years seemed to us the minimum necessary to assess these results. We noted 6 failures (7.05%) and 4 relapses (4.7%). Suspension of the bladder neck is often disputed and even denigrated. Some authors consider it is the best operation available especially in cases of relapse of effort incontinence [21]. Its technical difficulty has been reproached. Our objective thus double: --describe our technic of musculo-aponeurotic suspension of the bladder neck; --give our results emphasising the long term results. We thus hope to prove that this operation maintains its place in the treatment of effort incontinence.", "PMID": 721913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8946", "title": "[Report of 39 traumatic and iatrogenic lesions of the extra-cranial carotid artery (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present 39 carotid lesions from various and sometimes unusual origins: ski accident, cervical irradiation. The lesions have a preferential topography according to etiology: internal carotid for blunt trauma and arteriographic lesions, common carotid for penetrating injuries, common and bifurcation for X-ray lesions. Arteriography and surgical exploration confirm this notion. Macroscopic lesions don't always accord to the classical aspect: thus, only one intimal lesion has been found in blunt trauma. Symptomatology is orientated by etiology: neurological symptoms in blunt trauma and X-ray lesions, vascular symptoms in penetrating injuries. The diagnosis has sometimes been made at a distance from the initial accident and in unusual circumstances, mainly in blunt trauma. The treatment has been a surgical one except for usual countra-indications. The results are favourable on young subjects and above all for particular lesions such as penetrating injuries and X-ray lesions. Lastly, the authors insist on the post-operative evolutivity which is often misunderstood, and on the interest of an angiographic control.", "contents": "[Report of 39 traumatic and iatrogenic lesions of the extra-cranial carotid artery (author's transl)]. The authors present 39 carotid lesions from various and sometimes unusual origins: ski accident, cervical irradiation. The lesions have a preferential topography according to etiology: internal carotid for blunt trauma and arteriographic lesions, common carotid for penetrating injuries, common and bifurcation for X-ray lesions. Arteriography and surgical exploration confirm this notion. Macroscopic lesions don't always accord to the classical aspect: thus, only one intimal lesion has been found in blunt trauma. Symptomatology is orientated by etiology: neurological symptoms in blunt trauma and X-ray lesions, vascular symptoms in penetrating injuries. The diagnosis has sometimes been made at a distance from the initial accident and in unusual circumstances, mainly in blunt trauma. The treatment has been a surgical one except for usual countra-indications. The results are favourable on young subjects and above all for particular lesions such as penetrating injuries and X-ray lesions. Lastly, the authors insist on the post-operative evolutivity which is often misunderstood, and on the interest of an angiographic control.", "PMID": 721912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8947", "title": "Comparative determination of plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels by automated gas--liquid chromatographic and autoanalyzer methods.", "content": "Plasma samples obtained during a prevalence study of hyperlipemia in a free living urban population were analyzed for total cholesterol and triacylglycerol content by automated high-temperature gas--liquid chromatographic (GLC) and automated colorimetric (Auto-Analyzer, AA11) methods. The analyses were done over a three-year period. The methods gave excellent overall correlation for both total cholesterol (r = 0.9811) and total triacylglycerols (r = 0.9739). Detailed comparisons of the results obtained by the two methods with natural samples over the entire concentration range, indicated that the GLC method gave cholesterol values 5--10 mg% lower and triacylglycerol values 10--20 mg% lower than the corresponding AA11 determinations. The differences between the two methods are attributed to an overestimation of the cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels by the AA11 method due to presence of variable amounts of interfering chromogens in the plasma extracts. The between-method relative error ranged from 3 to 5% for cholesterol and from 5 to 10% for triacylglycerols. The within-day standard deviation of GLC averaged 2.3 mg% for cholesterol and 3.5 mg% for triacylglycerols. The between-day standard deviation of the GLC method averaged about 6 mg% for both cholesterol and triacylglycerols. The within-day, within GLC, relative error averaged 1.12% for cholesterol and 2.66% for triacylglycerols. The apparent high precision and high accuracy of the GLC method recommend it as an alternative to the indirect methods of plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol analysis, especially where a smaller throughput of samples is not a limitation and where both total amount and composition of the lipids is of interest.", "contents": "Comparative determination of plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels by automated gas--liquid chromatographic and autoanalyzer methods. Plasma samples obtained during a prevalence study of hyperlipemia in a free living urban population were analyzed for total cholesterol and triacylglycerol content by automated high-temperature gas--liquid chromatographic (GLC) and automated colorimetric (Auto-Analyzer, AA11) methods. The analyses were done over a three-year period. The methods gave excellent overall correlation for both total cholesterol (r = 0.9811) and total triacylglycerols (r = 0.9739). Detailed comparisons of the results obtained by the two methods with natural samples over the entire concentration range, indicated that the GLC method gave cholesterol values 5--10 mg% lower and triacylglycerol values 10--20 mg% lower than the corresponding AA11 determinations. The differences between the two methods are attributed to an overestimation of the cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels by the AA11 method due to presence of variable amounts of interfering chromogens in the plasma extracts. The between-method relative error ranged from 3 to 5% for cholesterol and from 5 to 10% for triacylglycerols. The within-day standard deviation of GLC averaged 2.3 mg% for cholesterol and 3.5 mg% for triacylglycerols. The between-day standard deviation of the GLC method averaged about 6 mg% for both cholesterol and triacylglycerols. The within-day, within GLC, relative error averaged 1.12% for cholesterol and 2.66% for triacylglycerols. The apparent high precision and high accuracy of the GLC method recommend it as an alternative to the indirect methods of plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol analysis, especially where a smaller throughput of samples is not a limitation and where both total amount and composition of the lipids is of interest.", "PMID": 721920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8948", "title": "[Radiological anatomy of the spermatic veins. Report of 152 retrograde spermatic phlebographies (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors analyse the results of 152 retrograde phlebographic explorations in the investigation of varicocoele: anatomical variations of the right and left spermatic veins (site of arrival, number of venous trunks, existence or not of valvules). They emphasise the importance of anastomoses with other venous systems, not only the inferior vena cava, but also the portal veins. These anastomoses which are essential, explain certain relapses of varicocoele after surgery, and explain the spontaneous portacaval anastomoses which form through the genital veins in certain cases of portal hypertension.", "contents": "[Radiological anatomy of the spermatic veins. Report of 152 retrograde spermatic phlebographies (author's transl)]. The authors analyse the results of 152 retrograde phlebographic explorations in the investigation of varicocoele: anatomical variations of the right and left spermatic veins (site of arrival, number of venous trunks, existence or not of valvules). They emphasise the importance of anastomoses with other venous systems, not only the inferior vena cava, but also the portal veins. These anastomoses which are essential, explain certain relapses of varicocoele after surgery, and explain the spontaneous portacaval anastomoses which form through the genital veins in certain cases of portal hypertension.", "PMID": 721914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8949", "title": "Simplified method for monitoring tricyclic antidepressant therapy using gas--liquid chromatography with nitrogen detection.", "content": "A simplified gas chromatographic method for the rapid measurement of tricyclic antidepressant drugs in plasma using a nitrogen-sensitive detector is described. All drugs are extracted and chromatographed under identical conditions. Tertiary amines are separated from their secondary amine metabolites, which are determined simultaneously without the need for derivatisation. The lower limit of accurate determination for most drugs is 10 microgram/1. The method has been applied to the routine measurement of amitriptyline and nortriptyline in plasma from patients receiving antidepressant treatment. Large and important interindividual differences in plasma concentrations in the patients investigated have been found, and the significance of these results is discussed.", "contents": "Simplified method for monitoring tricyclic antidepressant therapy using gas--liquid chromatography with nitrogen detection. A simplified gas chromatographic method for the rapid measurement of tricyclic antidepressant drugs in plasma using a nitrogen-sensitive detector is described. All drugs are extracted and chromatographed under identical conditions. Tertiary amines are separated from their secondary amine metabolites, which are determined simultaneously without the need for derivatisation. The lower limit of accurate determination for most drugs is 10 microgram/1. The method has been applied to the routine measurement of amitriptyline and nortriptyline in plasma from patients receiving antidepressant treatment. Large and important interindividual differences in plasma concentrations in the patients investigated have been found, and the significance of these results is discussed.", "PMID": 721921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8950", "title": "[Extra-corporeal circulation. Experimental study. Comparative study of various oxygenators (author's transl)].", "content": "An experimental study of three different types of oxygenator was carried out in the dog during two hours extra corporeal circulation. The hemodynamic aspects and the characteristics of pulmonary elasticity that a previous study permitted us to choose as controls of the quality of extracorporeal perfusion, were studied. The results show that the pulmonary arterial resistances and the indices of pulmonary compliance do not recover during E.C.C. to their initial values, in the case of an E.C.C. using a bubble oxygenator. These results should be taken into consideration in the choice of the most suitable oxygenator.", "contents": "[Extra-corporeal circulation. Experimental study. Comparative study of various oxygenators (author's transl)]. An experimental study of three different types of oxygenator was carried out in the dog during two hours extra corporeal circulation. The hemodynamic aspects and the characteristics of pulmonary elasticity that a previous study permitted us to choose as controls of the quality of extracorporeal perfusion, were studied. The results show that the pulmonary arterial resistances and the indices of pulmonary compliance do not recover during E.C.C. to their initial values, in the case of an E.C.C. using a bubble oxygenator. These results should be taken into consideration in the choice of the most suitable oxygenator.", "PMID": 721917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8951", "title": "[Volvulus of the gall bladder. Report of one case (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of torsion of the gallbladder is presented. Torsion of the gallbladder is uncommon and should be remembered in right upper quadrant acute abdomens, especially in elderly, asthenic individuals.", "contents": "[Volvulus of the gall bladder. Report of one case (author's transl)]. A case of torsion of the gallbladder is presented. Torsion of the gallbladder is uncommon and should be remembered in right upper quadrant acute abdomens, especially in elderly, asthenic individuals.", "PMID": 721915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8952", "title": "Improved method for the rapid determination of isosorbide dinitrate in human plasma and its application in pharmacokinetic studies.", "content": "A rapid, accurate and highly sensitive method was developed for the determination of isosorbide dinitrate in human plasma. Concentrations in the lower nanogram and subnanogram range are determined by a one-step extraction of 2 ml plasma, containing 4 ng/ml nitroglycerine as internal standard, with 5.5 ml n-pentane. The extract is subjected to gas--liquid chromatography--electron capture detection analysis. The lower limit of quantitation is 200 pg/ml, but concentrations as low as 50 pg/ml are still detectable. The method allows the quantitative determination of isosorbide dinitrate plasma levels in man following a 5 mg sublingual administration up to four hours after application.", "contents": "Improved method for the rapid determination of isosorbide dinitrate in human plasma and its application in pharmacokinetic studies. A rapid, accurate and highly sensitive method was developed for the determination of isosorbide dinitrate in human plasma. Concentrations in the lower nanogram and subnanogram range are determined by a one-step extraction of 2 ml plasma, containing 4 ng/ml nitroglycerine as internal standard, with 5.5 ml n-pentane. The extract is subjected to gas--liquid chromatography--electron capture detection analysis. The lower limit of quantitation is 200 pg/ml, but concentrations as low as 50 pg/ml are still detectable. The method allows the quantitative determination of isosorbide dinitrate plasma levels in man following a 5 mg sublingual administration up to four hours after application.", "PMID": 721922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8953", "title": "[Coagulation disturbances after subtotal or total hepatectomy in the dog (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors relate 15 cases of blood coagulation disturbances among three groups of animals after 80%, 90% or total hepatectomy. Animals in group I, after 80% hepatectomy, were sacrified between the 10th and 30th postoperative days. Group II animals, with 90% hepatectomy, survived for periods ranging from 18 to 24 hours. In group III, after total hepatectomy, survival varied between 30 and 40 hours. The coagulation disturbances which were observed following 80% hepatectomy were spontaneously compatible with the survival of the animals. Following 90% and total hepatectomy the resulting disturbances were constantly severe enough to limit survival time. Supportive procoagulant therapy associated with sequential heparin administration seems justified by the insufficient biosynthesis of clotting factors and their unavoidable consumption as a result of localized then disseminated intravascular coagulation and secondary fibrinolysis.", "contents": "[Coagulation disturbances after subtotal or total hepatectomy in the dog (author's transl)]. The authors relate 15 cases of blood coagulation disturbances among three groups of animals after 80%, 90% or total hepatectomy. Animals in group I, after 80% hepatectomy, were sacrified between the 10th and 30th postoperative days. Group II animals, with 90% hepatectomy, survived for periods ranging from 18 to 24 hours. In group III, after total hepatectomy, survival varied between 30 and 40 hours. The coagulation disturbances which were observed following 80% hepatectomy were spontaneously compatible with the survival of the animals. Following 90% and total hepatectomy the resulting disturbances were constantly severe enough to limit survival time. Supportive procoagulant therapy associated with sequential heparin administration seems justified by the insufficient biosynthesis of clotting factors and their unavoidable consumption as a result of localized then disseminated intravascular coagulation and secondary fibrinolysis.", "PMID": 721918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8954", "title": "[Ileal and appendicular endometriosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A bibliographical review it's been made on the base of a double rara localization of endometriosis: ileal and appendicular, marking the diagnostic difficulties found appendicular, marking the diagnostic-difficulties found before and after surgery, emphasizing the interest of the histological integrity and motivity of intestinal mucosa.", "contents": "[Ileal and appendicular endometriosis (author's transl)]. A bibliographical review it's been made on the base of a double rara localization of endometriosis: ileal and appendicular, marking the diagnostic difficulties found appendicular, marking the diagnostic-difficulties found before and after surgery, emphasizing the interest of the histological integrity and motivity of intestinal mucosa.", "PMID": 721916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8955", "title": "Selective ion monitoring of tryptophan, N-acetyltryptophan and kynurenine in human serum. Application to the in vivo measurement of tryptophan pyrrolase activity.", "content": "A specific method is described for the determination of deuterated and non-deuterated N-acetyltryptophan, tryptophan and kynurenine in human serum and urine using gas chromatography-mass fragmentography. N-Acetyltryptophan was analysed as the N-trimethylsilyl methyl ester derivative; tryptophan and kynurenine were converted into their N-pentafluoropropionyl methyl esters. N-Acetyl-DL-tryptophan-d11, tryptophan-d8 and kynurenine-d2 were used as internal standards. The coefficients of variation were found to be about 8% (n = 9) for tryptophan and N-acetyltryptophan and about 2.4% (n = 9) for kynurenine. Using this method, an in vivo determination of the tryptophan pyrrolase activity [L-tryptophan oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing), E.C. 1.13.11.11] is possible by loading the subjects with deuterated L-tryptophan-d5 and subsequently measuring the deuterated L-kynurenine-d4 formed and the residual L-tryptophan-d5.", "contents": "Selective ion monitoring of tryptophan, N-acetyltryptophan and kynurenine in human serum. Application to the in vivo measurement of tryptophan pyrrolase activity. A specific method is described for the determination of deuterated and non-deuterated N-acetyltryptophan, tryptophan and kynurenine in human serum and urine using gas chromatography-mass fragmentography. N-Acetyltryptophan was analysed as the N-trimethylsilyl methyl ester derivative; tryptophan and kynurenine were converted into their N-pentafluoropropionyl methyl esters. N-Acetyl-DL-tryptophan-d11, tryptophan-d8 and kynurenine-d2 were used as internal standards. The coefficients of variation were found to be about 8% (n = 9) for tryptophan and N-acetyltryptophan and about 2.4% (n = 9) for kynurenine. Using this method, an in vivo determination of the tryptophan pyrrolase activity [L-tryptophan oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing), E.C. 1.13.11.11] is possible by loading the subjects with deuterated L-tryptophan-d5 and subsequently measuring the deuterated L-kynurenine-d4 formed and the residual L-tryptophan-d5.", "PMID": 721934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8956", "title": "Fluorimetric determination of erythromycin and erythromycin ethylsuccinate in serum by a high-performance liquid chromatographic post-column, on-stream derivatization and extraction method.", "content": "The method described is capable of detecting less than 0.01 microgram/ml of erythromycin and/or erythromycin ethylsuccinate in serum. Recoveries of erythromycin and erythromycin ethylsuccinate, when added to the level of 0.6 microgram/ml, were 102 and 97% with relative standard deviations of 6.0 and 4.5%, respectively. Erythromycin ethylsuccinate in serum at 37 degrees was shown to degrade rapidly to erythromycin in a first-order rate. When stored at -20 degrees, however, only 10% of the erythromycin ethylsuccinate in serum was hydrolyzed even after storage for 36 days. The method was used to analyze erythromycin and erythromycin ethylsuccinate in sera from ten subjects administered with an oral dose of erythromycin ethylsuccinate. In addition to a small amount of anhydroerythromycin ethylsuccinate and 8,9-anhydro-6,9-hemiketal erythromycin ethylsuccinate, at least two other metabolites were detected in sera and one was tentatively identified as erythralosamine.", "contents": "Fluorimetric determination of erythromycin and erythromycin ethylsuccinate in serum by a high-performance liquid chromatographic post-column, on-stream derivatization and extraction method. The method described is capable of detecting less than 0.01 microgram/ml of erythromycin and/or erythromycin ethylsuccinate in serum. Recoveries of erythromycin and erythromycin ethylsuccinate, when added to the level of 0.6 microgram/ml, were 102 and 97% with relative standard deviations of 6.0 and 4.5%, respectively. Erythromycin ethylsuccinate in serum at 37 degrees was shown to degrade rapidly to erythromycin in a first-order rate. When stored at -20 degrees, however, only 10% of the erythromycin ethylsuccinate in serum was hydrolyzed even after storage for 36 days. The method was used to analyze erythromycin and erythromycin ethylsuccinate in sera from ten subjects administered with an oral dose of erythromycin ethylsuccinate. In addition to a small amount of anhydroerythromycin ethylsuccinate and 8,9-anhydro-6,9-hemiketal erythromycin ethylsuccinate, at least two other metabolites were detected in sera and one was tentatively identified as erythralosamine.", "PMID": 721936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8957", "title": "Techniques for detecting enzymes in high-performance liquid chromatography.", "content": "Techniques are described for the automated detection of a series of enzymes in a high-performance liquid chromatographic system. Detection was achieved by either a direct or a coupled enzyme assay using photometric detectors. In direct detection the immediate enzymatic product was monitored. Coupled enzyme assays required additional enzyme(s) to convert the product of the primary enzyme reaction into a more easily detectable form. The efficiency of both free and immobilized coupling enzyme(s) was evaluated. The detector sensitivity could be increased three-fold by increasing the reaction temperature. This system is particularly suitable for isoenzyme profiling in biological materials.", "contents": "Techniques for detecting enzymes in high-performance liquid chromatography. Techniques are described for the automated detection of a series of enzymes in a high-performance liquid chromatographic system. Detection was achieved by either a direct or a coupled enzyme assay using photometric detectors. In direct detection the immediate enzymatic product was monitored. Coupled enzyme assays required additional enzyme(s) to convert the product of the primary enzyme reaction into a more easily detectable form. The efficiency of both free and immobilized coupling enzyme(s) was evaluated. The detector sensitivity could be increased three-fold by increasing the reaction temperature. This system is particularly suitable for isoenzyme profiling in biological materials.", "PMID": 721937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8958", "title": "Simultaneous determination of antiarrhythmia drugs by high-performance thin-layer chromatography.", "content": "A method is described for the determination of antiarrhythmia drugs in serum by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. Baseline separations are achieved for all the drugs and clozapine, an internal standard, in two developments with solvents of different polarity. Lidocaine and diphenylhydantoin are scanned at 220 nm after the first development. Procainamide, propranolol and quinidine are scanned at 290 nm after the second development. The relative standard deviation of the determination varies between 3 and 14% depending on the nature of the drug and its concentration.", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of antiarrhythmia drugs by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. A method is described for the determination of antiarrhythmia drugs in serum by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. Baseline separations are achieved for all the drugs and clozapine, an internal standard, in two developments with solvents of different polarity. Lidocaine and diphenylhydantoin are scanned at 220 nm after the first development. Procainamide, propranolol and quinidine are scanned at 290 nm after the second development. The relative standard deviation of the determination varies between 3 and 14% depending on the nature of the drug and its concentration.", "PMID": 721938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8959", "title": "The determination of sucrose in molasses by high-performance thin-layer chromatography.", "content": "A method is described for the determination of sucrose in molasses by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. A baseline separation of sucrose is achieved in about 40 min using acetone--water (90:10) as developing solvent. The relative standard deviation of determinations by this method is about 2.2%. Results agree with those obtained by isotope dilution analysis of the same molasses samples.", "contents": "The determination of sucrose in molasses by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. A method is described for the determination of sucrose in molasses by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. A baseline separation of sucrose is achieved in about 40 min using acetone--water (90:10) as developing solvent. The relative standard deviation of determinations by this method is about 2.2%. Results agree with those obtained by isotope dilution analysis of the same molasses samples.", "PMID": 721939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8960", "title": "Study of water treatment effects on organic volatiles in drinking water.", "content": "Volatile organics were determined during all stages of the water treatment process in a municipal water works. Analytical parameters for a quantitative procedure were investigated. The method used allows simultaneous determination of both halogenated and non-halogenated purgeable organics. Approximately 70 substances were identified by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry with capillary columns. Well water contained considerable quantities of aliphatic and aromatic substances. Halocarbons were formed during both steps of a double chlorination procedure, but the largest quantity was generated during the first step. Only tetrachloroethylene was present in untreated surface water in significant quantities. Most hydrocarbons were carried through the treatment process from the raw water to the finished water with little change in concentration.", "contents": "Study of water treatment effects on organic volatiles in drinking water. Volatile organics were determined during all stages of the water treatment process in a municipal water works. Analytical parameters for a quantitative procedure were investigated. The method used allows simultaneous determination of both halogenated and non-halogenated purgeable organics. Approximately 70 substances were identified by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry with capillary columns. Well water contained considerable quantities of aliphatic and aromatic substances. Halocarbons were formed during both steps of a double chlorination procedure, but the largest quantity was generated during the first step. Only tetrachloroethylene was present in untreated surface water in significant quantities. Most hydrocarbons were carried through the treatment process from the raw water to the finished water with little change in concentration.", "PMID": 721940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8961", "title": "Assessment of availability and efficacy of commercial Salmonella grouping antisera.", "content": "Salmonella somatic antisera for groups A to E were purchased from four commercial producers directly by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) and indirectly through two hospitals. CDC specifications and methods were used to evaluate antisera shipped directly to CDC. To assess the performance of the products under simulated user conditions, we used the commercial antisera purchased indirectly through the hospitals to group coded cultures. Of the 23 antisera ordered by CDC and the hospitals, the CDC received all 23, a large medical complex received 20, and a private hospital received 9. Similar results were obtained with producer and CDC test methods. Forty-five different lots of antisera were evaluated, of which 20% did not meet CDC specifications. The CDC specifications and latest revisions are discussed.", "contents": "Assessment of availability and efficacy of commercial Salmonella grouping antisera. Salmonella somatic antisera for groups A to E were purchased from four commercial producers directly by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) and indirectly through two hospitals. CDC specifications and methods were used to evaluate antisera shipped directly to CDC. To assess the performance of the products under simulated user conditions, we used the commercial antisera purchased indirectly through the hospitals to group coded cultures. Of the 23 antisera ordered by CDC and the hospitals, the CDC received all 23, a large medical complex received 20, and a private hospital received 9. Similar results were obtained with producer and CDC test methods. Forty-five different lots of antisera were evaluated, of which 20% did not meet CDC specifications. The CDC specifications and latest revisions are discussed.", "PMID": 721941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8962", "title": "Argon detector: alternative detection system for gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of short-chain organic acids.", "content": "Two detection systems for gas-liquid chromatography were compared for the identification of metabolic end products (short-chain organic acids) from anaerobic bacteria. Argon and flame ionization detectors were connected in series with inert argon as the carrier gas for analysis of 35 stock strains and 148 clinical isolates. There was an excellent correlation between the argon and flame ionization chromatograms, and both were readily comparable to the thermal conductivity detector tracings published in the Virginia Polytechnic Institute manual. The linear response of the argon detector was examined by analyzing twofold serial dilutions of the short-chain organic acids and comparing the results to the very linear flame ionization detector. The argon detector was found to react with sufficient linearity within the organic acid concentration range normally obtained from anaerobic bacterial broth cultures. The argon detector, therefore, appears to be a viable alternative to the flame ionization and thermal conductivity detector systems in the identification of anaerobic organisms.", "contents": "Argon detector: alternative detection system for gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of short-chain organic acids. Two detection systems for gas-liquid chromatography were compared for the identification of metabolic end products (short-chain organic acids) from anaerobic bacteria. Argon and flame ionization detectors were connected in series with inert argon as the carrier gas for analysis of 35 stock strains and 148 clinical isolates. There was an excellent correlation between the argon and flame ionization chromatograms, and both were readily comparable to the thermal conductivity detector tracings published in the Virginia Polytechnic Institute manual. The linear response of the argon detector was examined by analyzing twofold serial dilutions of the short-chain organic acids and comparing the results to the very linear flame ionization detector. The argon detector was found to react with sufficient linearity within the organic acid concentration range normally obtained from anaerobic bacterial broth cultures. The argon detector, therefore, appears to be a viable alternative to the flame ionization and thermal conductivity detector systems in the identification of anaerobic organisms.", "PMID": 721942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8963", "title": "Identification of atypical mycobacteria by thin-layer chromatography of their surface antigens.", "content": "The knowledge that the surface (Schaefer) antigens of certain smooth-colony atypical mycobacteria are multiglycosylated C-mycosidic peptidoglycolipids was used to devise a sensitive thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) procedure for the identification of Mycobacterium avium/M. intracellulare/M. scrofulaceum serotypes. TLC maps of the type-specific peptidoglycolipids from 17 of the 31 serotypes are presented. The primary use of the technique is to corroborate results obtained by seroagglutination. Without the aid of seroagglutination, the TLC procedure almost invariably requires the availability of reference strains or the specific peptidoglycolipids derived therefrom.", "contents": "Identification of atypical mycobacteria by thin-layer chromatography of their surface antigens. The knowledge that the surface (Schaefer) antigens of certain smooth-colony atypical mycobacteria are multiglycosylated C-mycosidic peptidoglycolipids was used to devise a sensitive thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) procedure for the identification of Mycobacterium avium/M. intracellulare/M. scrofulaceum serotypes. TLC maps of the type-specific peptidoglycolipids from 17 of the 31 serotypes are presented. The primary use of the technique is to corroborate results obtained by seroagglutination. Without the aid of seroagglutination, the TLC procedure almost invariably requires the availability of reference strains or the specific peptidoglycolipids derived therefrom.", "PMID": 721943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8964", "title": "Electron capture gas-liquid chromatographic study of metabolites produced by some arthritic transudate-associated organisms in vitro and in vivo in rabbit models.", "content": "Computerized, frequency-pulsed, modulated electron capture gas-liquid chromatography was used to study the acid metabolites produced in vitro in fetal calf serum and in vivo in an animal chamber model. Several strains of Diplostreptococcus agalactiae, Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus serogroups A, B, and G were studied. All of these organisms have been reported to be associated with arthritic transudates in humans. Metabolites were detected by this method from derivatized extracts of both spent fetal calf serum and chamber fluids. Since there was little host response to the organisms cultured in the chambers, it is highly probable that the products detected represent metabolites produced in an in vivo type of environment. The metabolic patterns were reproducible and exhibited many similarities in vitro and in vivo. Production of the acids detected was reproducible, and these acids were useful identification markers. The data support published reports (J. B. Brooks, C. C. Alley, and J. A. Liddle, Anal. Chem. 46: 1930-1934, 1974; J. B. Brooks, G. Choudhary, R. B. Craven, D. Edman, C. C. Alley, and J. A. Liddle, J. Clin. Microbiol. 5:625-628, 1977; J. B. Brooks, R. B. Craven, A. R. Melton, and C. C. Alley, in H. H. Johnson and W. B. Newson, ed., Second International Symposium on Rapid Methods and Automation on Microbiology, 1976; J. B. Brooks, R. B. Craven, D. Schlossberg, C. C. Alley, and F. M. Pitts, J. Clin. Microbiol. 8:203-208, 1978; J. B. Brooks, D. S. Kellogg, C. C. Alley, H. B. Short, and H. H. Handsfield, J. Infect. Dis. 129:660-668, 1974) that bacterial metabolites might be detectable in diseased body fluids. The growth characteristics of the organisms in the animal model and fetal calf serum are discussed, and a moderately priced computer for performing data manipulations is evaluated.", "contents": "Electron capture gas-liquid chromatographic study of metabolites produced by some arthritic transudate-associated organisms in vitro and in vivo in rabbit models. Computerized, frequency-pulsed, modulated electron capture gas-liquid chromatography was used to study the acid metabolites produced in vitro in fetal calf serum and in vivo in an animal chamber model. Several strains of Diplostreptococcus agalactiae, Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus serogroups A, B, and G were studied. All of these organisms have been reported to be associated with arthritic transudates in humans. Metabolites were detected by this method from derivatized extracts of both spent fetal calf serum and chamber fluids. Since there was little host response to the organisms cultured in the chambers, it is highly probable that the products detected represent metabolites produced in an in vivo type of environment. The metabolic patterns were reproducible and exhibited many similarities in vitro and in vivo. Production of the acids detected was reproducible, and these acids were useful identification markers. The data support published reports (J. B. Brooks, C. C. Alley, and J. A. Liddle, Anal. Chem. 46: 1930-1934, 1974; J. B. Brooks, G. Choudhary, R. B. Craven, D. Edman, C. C. Alley, and J. A. Liddle, J. Clin. Microbiol. 5:625-628, 1977; J. B. Brooks, R. B. Craven, A. R. Melton, and C. C. Alley, in H. H. Johnson and W. B. Newson, ed., Second International Symposium on Rapid Methods and Automation on Microbiology, 1976; J. B. Brooks, R. B. Craven, D. Schlossberg, C. C. Alley, and F. M. Pitts, J. Clin. Microbiol. 8:203-208, 1978; J. B. Brooks, D. S. Kellogg, C. C. Alley, H. B. Short, and H. H. Handsfield, J. Infect. Dis. 129:660-668, 1974) that bacterial metabolites might be detectable in diseased body fluids. The growth characteristics of the organisms in the animal model and fetal calf serum are discussed, and a moderately priced computer for performing data manipulations is evaluated.", "PMID": 721944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8965", "title": "Infections caused by Klebsiella ozaenae: a changing disease spectrum.", "content": "A total of 64 isolates of Klebsiella ozaenae were recovered from 36 patients during a 40-month period. Over 7,500 isolates of K. pneumoniae were isolated during the same time period. Before this decade, K. ozaenae was considered to be only a colonizer of the nasopharynx or a putative cause of ozena (atrophic rhinitis). K. ozaenae was recovered most frequently from sputum in mixed culture but was associated with infection in 12 patients (2 with bacteremia, 3 with urinary tract infection, 1 with soft tissue infection, and 6 with mucopurulent nasal discharge). The spectrum of disease caused by this organism is more extensive than has been appreciated previously.", "contents": "Infections caused by Klebsiella ozaenae: a changing disease spectrum. A total of 64 isolates of Klebsiella ozaenae were recovered from 36 patients during a 40-month period. Over 7,500 isolates of K. pneumoniae were isolated during the same time period. Before this decade, K. ozaenae was considered to be only a colonizer of the nasopharynx or a putative cause of ozena (atrophic rhinitis). K. ozaenae was recovered most frequently from sputum in mixed culture but was associated with infection in 12 patients (2 with bacteremia, 3 with urinary tract infection, 1 with soft tissue infection, and 6 with mucopurulent nasal discharge). The spectrum of disease caused by this organism is more extensive than has been appreciated previously.", "PMID": 721945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8966", "title": "Thermotolerance of Wangiella dermatitidis.", "content": "A variety of diagnostic tests used by many laboratories to identify isolates of Wangiella dermatitidis (= Fonsecaea dermatitidis) were evaluated. Thirteeen isolates of W. dermatitidis were studied with respect to their ability to grow at 25, 37, 40, 45, and 50 degrees C, colonial and micromorphology, gelatin liquefaction, and hydrolysis of casein, xanthine, hypoxanthine, and tyrosine. All 13 isolates showed growth at 25, 37, and 40 degrees C but failed to grow at higher temperatures. The ability of W. dermatitidis to grow at 40 degrees C can be useful in its identification.", "contents": "Thermotolerance of Wangiella dermatitidis. A variety of diagnostic tests used by many laboratories to identify isolates of Wangiella dermatitidis (= Fonsecaea dermatitidis) were evaluated. Thirteeen isolates of W. dermatitidis were studied with respect to their ability to grow at 25, 37, 40, 45, and 50 degrees C, colonial and micromorphology, gelatin liquefaction, and hydrolysis of casein, xanthine, hypoxanthine, and tyrosine. All 13 isolates showed growth at 25, 37, and 40 degrees C but failed to grow at higher temperatures. The ability of W. dermatitidis to grow at 40 degrees C can be useful in its identification.", "PMID": 721946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8967", "title": "Comparison of immunogenicity of a whole virion and a subunit influenza vaccine in adults.", "content": "The immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a whole virus (Merck Sharp & Dohme) and a subunit (Wyeth) influenza A/New Jersey/76 vaccine were compared in a group of 214 normal adult subjects. Both the seroconversion rate and the magnitutde of hemagglutination inhibition antibody response were significantly (P less than 0.01) lower in the recipients of the subunit vaccine, whereas there were no significant differences in local or systemic reactions between the two preparations. On the basis of these data, we question the previous Public Health Service recommendation that one dose of either preparation of the influenza A/New Jersey/76 vaccine is equally efficacious in individuals over 24 years of age.", "contents": "Comparison of immunogenicity of a whole virion and a subunit influenza vaccine in adults. The immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a whole virus (Merck Sharp & Dohme) and a subunit (Wyeth) influenza A/New Jersey/76 vaccine were compared in a group of 214 normal adult subjects. Both the seroconversion rate and the magnitutde of hemagglutination inhibition antibody response were significantly (P less than 0.01) lower in the recipients of the subunit vaccine, whereas there were no significant differences in local or systemic reactions between the two preparations. On the basis of these data, we question the previous Public Health Service recommendation that one dose of either preparation of the influenza A/New Jersey/76 vaccine is equally efficacious in individuals over 24 years of age.", "PMID": 721947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8968", "title": "Clinical pharmacologic observations on timolol. I. Disposition and effect in relation to plasma level in normal individuals.", "content": "The disposition profiles of a new beta-adrenergic blocking drug, timolol, were investigated at 11 different times in normal individuals after a single oral dose. The disposition of timolol follows first-order kinetics and may be adequately described by a one-compartment model. The pharmacokinetic data were not significantly different among the three dose levels examined. After the single oral doses, overall elimination half-life was 3.2 +/- 0.2 hours (mean +/- S.E.M.), with an observed peak time of 2.0 +/- 0.2 hours; extrapolated volume of distribution was 1.81 +/- 0.15 liter/kg; and the total plasma clearance was 557 +/- 61 ml/min. Approximately 20 per cent of elimination from the human body was dependent on the kidney. The area under the curve from zero to infinity and the peak concentration observed were dose dependent. A linear relationship was found between timolol plasma concentrations and beta-adrenergic blocking effects (per cent inhibition), as estimated from exercise-induced tachycardia. Timolol is a beta blocker which must await further clinical trials for the assessment of therapeutic implications in relation to plasma levels.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacologic observations on timolol. I. Disposition and effect in relation to plasma level in normal individuals. The disposition profiles of a new beta-adrenergic blocking drug, timolol, were investigated at 11 different times in normal individuals after a single oral dose. The disposition of timolol follows first-order kinetics and may be adequately described by a one-compartment model. The pharmacokinetic data were not significantly different among the three dose levels examined. After the single oral doses, overall elimination half-life was 3.2 +/- 0.2 hours (mean +/- S.E.M.), with an observed peak time of 2.0 +/- 0.2 hours; extrapolated volume of distribution was 1.81 +/- 0.15 liter/kg; and the total plasma clearance was 557 +/- 61 ml/min. Approximately 20 per cent of elimination from the human body was dependent on the kidney. The area under the curve from zero to infinity and the peak concentration observed were dose dependent. A linear relationship was found between timolol plasma concentrations and beta-adrenergic blocking effects (per cent inhibition), as estimated from exercise-induced tachycardia. Timolol is a beta blocker which must await further clinical trials for the assessment of therapeutic implications in relation to plasma levels.", "PMID": 721948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8969", "title": "Clinical pharmacologic observations on timolol. II. Antihypertensive effect and kinetic disposition on twice-daily dosing in patients with mild or moderate hypertension.", "content": "Timolol given on a twice-daily schedule has shown both antihypertensive effectiveness and plasma renin-suppressing action in eight patients with mild or moderate hypertension. However, the causal relationship between the drug plasma level, blood pressure fall, and change in plasma renin activity was not so clearly demonstrated in the present study. The disposition profiles of timolol at the steady state show an elimination half-life of 4.7 +/- 0.7 hours and a total plasma clearance of 225 +/- 21 ml/min. These values are found to be different from those of our previous observations obtained in normal individuals. Although the range of mean timolol concentrations at steady state varies to a certain extent among different patients, the dosage regimens for patients who will receive treatment for certain chronic disease states (e.g., arrythmias, obstructive cardiomyopathy, and angina pectoris, but not hypertension) in relation to plasma levels should be based on the disposition data obtained under steady state conditions. Bronchospasm developed in one of eight patients whose timolol level was found to be higher than the average of other patients given the same dosage.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacologic observations on timolol. II. Antihypertensive effect and kinetic disposition on twice-daily dosing in patients with mild or moderate hypertension. Timolol given on a twice-daily schedule has shown both antihypertensive effectiveness and plasma renin-suppressing action in eight patients with mild or moderate hypertension. However, the causal relationship between the drug plasma level, blood pressure fall, and change in plasma renin activity was not so clearly demonstrated in the present study. The disposition profiles of timolol at the steady state show an elimination half-life of 4.7 +/- 0.7 hours and a total plasma clearance of 225 +/- 21 ml/min. These values are found to be different from those of our previous observations obtained in normal individuals. Although the range of mean timolol concentrations at steady state varies to a certain extent among different patients, the dosage regimens for patients who will receive treatment for certain chronic disease states (e.g., arrythmias, obstructive cardiomyopathy, and angina pectoris, but not hypertension) in relation to plasma levels should be based on the disposition data obtained under steady state conditions. Bronchospasm developed in one of eight patients whose timolol level was found to be higher than the average of other patients given the same dosage.", "PMID": 721949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8970", "title": "Interrelationships among thiazide diuretics and calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium balance in normal and hypertensive man.", "content": "The benzothiadiazide diuretics are known to cause magnesium and potassium wasting and retention of calcium and uric acid. The effect of magnesium replacement on diuretic-induced changes in sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium balance, weight, and blood pressure was studied in 12 normal subjects and 13 hypertensive patients to determine whether oral magnesium would reduce thiazide-induced kaliuresis. The groups differed in their response to diuresis in that the normotensive subjects did not show a fall in blood pressure (despite an equivalent weight loss), returned to a state of sodium balance earlier, and developed a greater net negative potassium balance over 12 days of diuretic therapy. Both groups displayed calcium and uric acid retention and magnesium wasting during diuretic therapy. The addition of oral magnesium replacement during diuretic therapy had no effect on any measured values beyond that seen in subjects who took diuretics without magnesium replacement. Thus, magnesium replacement did not reduce urinary potassium loss. However, urinary calcium losses increased when magnesium was given to subjects who were not receiving diuretics. The data provide the first report that small doses of oral magnesium enhance calcium excretion in hypertensive subjects.", "contents": "Interrelationships among thiazide diuretics and calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium balance in normal and hypertensive man. The benzothiadiazide diuretics are known to cause magnesium and potassium wasting and retention of calcium and uric acid. The effect of magnesium replacement on diuretic-induced changes in sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium balance, weight, and blood pressure was studied in 12 normal subjects and 13 hypertensive patients to determine whether oral magnesium would reduce thiazide-induced kaliuresis. The groups differed in their response to diuresis in that the normotensive subjects did not show a fall in blood pressure (despite an equivalent weight loss), returned to a state of sodium balance earlier, and developed a greater net negative potassium balance over 12 days of diuretic therapy. Both groups displayed calcium and uric acid retention and magnesium wasting during diuretic therapy. The addition of oral magnesium replacement during diuretic therapy had no effect on any measured values beyond that seen in subjects who took diuretics without magnesium replacement. Thus, magnesium replacement did not reduce urinary potassium loss. However, urinary calcium losses increased when magnesium was given to subjects who were not receiving diuretics. The data provide the first report that small doses of oral magnesium enhance calcium excretion in hypertensive subjects.", "PMID": 721950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8971", "title": "Direct and indirect measures of patient satisfaction with physicians' services.", "content": "This research examines alternative measures of patient satisfaction. Three measures were compared: (1) a direct measure to evaluate how the patient felt about his own personal physician, (2) an indirect measure that assessed attitudes about physicians in general, and (3) a measure designed to be intermediate between these two. Responses to the three measures were found to differ: the levels of satisfaction increased with the directness of the measure used; indirect evidence that this relationship could not be attributed solely to a patient's reluctance to criticize his own physician is also provided. The three measures were compared in terms of their association with other assessments of outcome and with indicators of the process of care. Although none of the associations was statistically significant, high scores on the intermediate measure tended to correspond with better outcomes and higher scores on the process of care. These findings are at least compatible with the contention than an intermediate measure provides the most valid assessment of patient satisfaction.", "contents": "Direct and indirect measures of patient satisfaction with physicians' services. This research examines alternative measures of patient satisfaction. Three measures were compared: (1) a direct measure to evaluate how the patient felt about his own personal physician, (2) an indirect measure that assessed attitudes about physicians in general, and (3) a measure designed to be intermediate between these two. Responses to the three measures were found to differ: the levels of satisfaction increased with the directness of the measure used; indirect evidence that this relationship could not be attributed solely to a patient's reluctance to criticize his own physician is also provided. The three measures were compared in terms of their association with other assessments of outcome and with indicators of the process of care. Although none of the associations was statistically significant, high scores on the intermediate measure tended to correspond with better outcomes and higher scores on the process of care. These findings are at least compatible with the contention than an intermediate measure provides the most valid assessment of patient satisfaction.", "PMID": 721955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8972", "title": "Plasma concentrations of isosorbide dinitrate after cutaneous and sublingual doses to human subjects.", "content": "After application of 100 mg (nominal dose) isosorbide dinitrate as an ointment to the skin of human subjects, mean drug concentrations were 1 to 2 ng/ml for 1.5 hour and reached a peak of 6.2 ng/ml at 6 hours. Thereafter, mean concentrations declined slowly to 2.9 ng/ml at 12 hours and 1.2 ng/ml at 24 hours. After a sublingual dose of 5 mg isosorbide dinitrate, mean drug concentrations reached a peak of 15.9 ng/ml at 0.5 hour and declined with a half-life of about 50 minutes. The mean bioavailability of isosorbide dinitrate from the ointment was estimated as 30 per cent of that from the sublingual tablet when corrected for differences in dose/body weight ratio. The results demonstrate that concentrations of isosorbide dinitrate in plasma can be maintained for relatively long periods when the drug is applied to the skin.", "contents": "Plasma concentrations of isosorbide dinitrate after cutaneous and sublingual doses to human subjects. After application of 100 mg (nominal dose) isosorbide dinitrate as an ointment to the skin of human subjects, mean drug concentrations were 1 to 2 ng/ml for 1.5 hour and reached a peak of 6.2 ng/ml at 6 hours. Thereafter, mean concentrations declined slowly to 2.9 ng/ml at 12 hours and 1.2 ng/ml at 24 hours. After a sublingual dose of 5 mg isosorbide dinitrate, mean drug concentrations reached a peak of 15.9 ng/ml at 0.5 hour and declined with a half-life of about 50 minutes. The mean bioavailability of isosorbide dinitrate from the ointment was estimated as 30 per cent of that from the sublingual tablet when corrected for differences in dose/body weight ratio. The results demonstrate that concentrations of isosorbide dinitrate in plasma can be maintained for relatively long periods when the drug is applied to the skin.", "PMID": 721951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8973", "title": "An assessment of emergency medical technicians' performance as related to seasonal population  influx.", "content": "The periodic influx of large numbers of people into resort areas substantially increases the use of emergency medical services. This investigation assesses the effects of such a threefold increase in the summer population of the Cape Cod area upon the accuracy of emergency medical technicians' diagnoses and treatments. The technicians' diagnoses for ambulance patients were evaluated against those given by the emergency room physicians during the months of August 1975 and February 1976. The distribution of conditions was similar for both months and the observed frequency of correct diagnoses for common conditions was more than 90% in both months. The overdiagnosis rate of 25% to 50% for common conditions and the correct treatment rate for suspected myocardial infarction of 65% did not vary significantly between summer and winter. Thus, a large influx in population does not seem to affect adversely EMT diagnosis rates. Although misdiagnoses were uncommon, a failure to follow through with a correct treatment for patients with suspected myocardial infarctions, thus indicating the need for better quality control on EMT performance.", "contents": "An assessment of emergency medical technicians' performance as related to seasonal population  influx. The periodic influx of large numbers of people into resort areas substantially increases the use of emergency medical services. This investigation assesses the effects of such a threefold increase in the summer population of the Cape Cod area upon the accuracy of emergency medical technicians' diagnoses and treatments. The technicians' diagnoses for ambulance patients were evaluated against those given by the emergency room physicians during the months of August 1975 and February 1976. The distribution of conditions was similar for both months and the observed frequency of correct diagnoses for common conditions was more than 90% in both months. The overdiagnosis rate of 25% to 50% for common conditions and the correct treatment rate for suspected myocardial infarction of 65% did not vary significantly between summer and winter. Thus, a large influx in population does not seem to affect adversely EMT diagnosis rates. Although misdiagnoses were uncommon, a failure to follow through with a correct treatment for patients with suspected myocardial infarctions, thus indicating the need for better quality control on EMT performance.", "PMID": 721957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8974", "title": "Assessing the social impacts of medical technologies.", "content": "The introduction of a new medical technology can have indirect, unintended, or unanticipated effects on individuals or on social systems. Although these impacts result from the widespread use of the technology, many of them can be predicted while the technology is being developed. A method for systematically identifying and evaluating these impacts is technology assessment. Such an assessment, made while a technology is being developed, could provide useful information for decision making about research and development and in planning for the technology's eventual introduction. Because only a few medical technologies have been formally assessed and because the process of medical technology development is porrly understood, one must be cautious in recommending widespread use of technology assessment. Nevertheless, enough is now known to permit the formulation of approaches that could be used in preliminary attempts at medical technology assessment.", "contents": "Assessing the social impacts of medical technologies. The introduction of a new medical technology can have indirect, unintended, or unanticipated effects on individuals or on social systems. Although these impacts result from the widespread use of the technology, many of them can be predicted while the technology is being developed. A method for systematically identifying and evaluating these impacts is technology assessment. Such an assessment, made while a technology is being developed, could provide useful information for decision making about research and development and in planning for the technology's eventual introduction. Because only a few medical technologies have been formally assessed and because the process of medical technology development is porrly understood, one must be cautious in recommending widespread use of technology assessment. Nevertheless, enough is now known to permit the formulation of approaches that could be used in preliminary attempts at medical technology assessment.", "PMID": 721958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8975", "title": "Consumer health education in New Jersey community hospitals: a medical school initiative.", "content": "The Office of Consumer Health Education (OCHE) of the College of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (CMDNJ) has developed a statewide network of hospital-based consumer health education programs. The rationale for a hospital-based program and the criteria for hospital selection emphasize the responsibility of health care institutions in providing patient and community health education. OCHE offers technical and consulting services to these and other hospitals in the areas of adult education, community programming, evaluation, and resource materials: it also participates in the teaching of medical students at CMDNJ. The need for each hospital to individualize its programs has been demonstrated, and eight problem areas have been revealed by OCHE'S experiences. Future financing will depend largely on third-party reimbursement for in-hospital patient education, while some community projects will be able to receive support from tuitions and grants.", "contents": "Consumer health education in New Jersey community hospitals: a medical school initiative. The Office of Consumer Health Education (OCHE) of the College of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (CMDNJ) has developed a statewide network of hospital-based consumer health education programs. The rationale for a hospital-based program and the criteria for hospital selection emphasize the responsibility of health care institutions in providing patient and community health education. OCHE offers technical and consulting services to these and other hospitals in the areas of adult education, community programming, evaluation, and resource materials: it also participates in the teaching of medical students at CMDNJ. The need for each hospital to individualize its programs has been demonstrated, and eight problem areas have been revealed by OCHE'S experiences. Future financing will depend largely on third-party reimbursement for in-hospital patient education, while some community projects will be able to receive support from tuitions and grants.", "PMID": 721959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8976", "title": "The preceptorship, an integral unit of the curriculum in community and family medicine.", "content": "A curriculum in community and family medicine at the University of Massachusetts Medical School, planned to include a primary care preceptorship as an integral unit, is described. The curriculum has been planned to allow for repeated and increasing exposure of medical students during their undergraduate years to a variety of health care settings within the state. An extensive program of courses is required for all students and consists of a three-week field clerkship in the first year, a field-oriented epidemiology course in the second year, and a six-week field clerkship in the third or fourth year. A preceptorship elective is available to all medical students after they have completed their first two years. Field visits by community and family medicine faculty to the preceptorship site provide overall guidance, facilitate the implementation of objectives, and provide opportunities to strengthen bonds between the practicing physicians of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and the state medical school. The results to date are discussed.", "contents": "The preceptorship, an integral unit of the curriculum in community and family medicine. A curriculum in community and family medicine at the University of Massachusetts Medical School, planned to include a primary care preceptorship as an integral unit, is described. The curriculum has been planned to allow for repeated and increasing exposure of medical students during their undergraduate years to a variety of health care settings within the state. An extensive program of courses is required for all students and consists of a three-week field clerkship in the first year, a field-oriented epidemiology course in the second year, and a six-week field clerkship in the third or fourth year. A preceptorship elective is available to all medical students after they have completed their first two years. Field visits by community and family medicine faculty to the preceptorship site provide overall guidance, facilitate the implementation of objectives, and provide opportunities to strengthen bonds between the practicing physicians of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and the state medical school. The results to date are discussed.", "PMID": 721960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8977", "title": "Assessing technical performance at diverse ambulatory care sites.", "content": "The purpose of the large study reported here was to develop and test methods for assessing the quality of health care that would be broadly applicable to diverse ambulatory care organizations for periodic comparative review. Methodological features included the use of an age-sex stratified random sampling scheme, dependence on medical records as the source of data, a fixed study period year, use of Kessner's tracer methodology (including not only acute and chronic diseases but also screening and immunization rates as indicators), and a fixed tracer matrix at all test sites. This combination of methods proved more efficacious in estimating certain parameters for the total patient populations at each site (including utilization patterns, screening, and immunization rates) and the process of care for acute conditions than it did in examining the process of care for the selected chronic condition. It was found that the actual process of care at all three sites for the three acute conditions (streptococcal pharyngitis, urinary tract infection, and iron deficiency anemia) often differed from the expected process in terms of both diagnostic procedures and treatment. For hypertension, the chronic disease tracer, medical records were frequently a deficient data source from which to draw conclusions about the adequacy of treatment. Several aspects of the study methodology were found to be detrimental to between-site comparisons of the process of care for chronic disease management. The use of an age-sex stratified random sampling scheme resulted in the identification of too few cases of hypertension at some sites for analytic purposes, thereby necessitating supplementary sampling by diagnosis. The use of a fixed study period year resulted in an arbitrary starting point in the course of the disease. Furthermore, in light of the diverse sociodemographic characteristics of the patient populations, the use of a fixed matrix of tracer conditions for all test sites is questionable. The discussion centers on these and other problems encountered in attempting to compare technical performance within diverse ambulatory care organizations and provides some guidelines as to the utility of alternative methods for assessing the quality of health care.", "contents": "Assessing technical performance at diverse ambulatory care sites. The purpose of the large study reported here was to develop and test methods for assessing the quality of health care that would be broadly applicable to diverse ambulatory care organizations for periodic comparative review. Methodological features included the use of an age-sex stratified random sampling scheme, dependence on medical records as the source of data, a fixed study period year, use of Kessner's tracer methodology (including not only acute and chronic diseases but also screening and immunization rates as indicators), and a fixed tracer matrix at all test sites. This combination of methods proved more efficacious in estimating certain parameters for the total patient populations at each site (including utilization patterns, screening, and immunization rates) and the process of care for acute conditions than it did in examining the process of care for the selected chronic condition. It was found that the actual process of care at all three sites for the three acute conditions (streptococcal pharyngitis, urinary tract infection, and iron deficiency anemia) often differed from the expected process in terms of both diagnostic procedures and treatment. For hypertension, the chronic disease tracer, medical records were frequently a deficient data source from which to draw conclusions about the adequacy of treatment. Several aspects of the study methodology were found to be detrimental to between-site comparisons of the process of care for chronic disease management. The use of an age-sex stratified random sampling scheme resulted in the identification of too few cases of hypertension at some sites for analytic purposes, thereby necessitating supplementary sampling by diagnosis. The use of a fixed study period year resulted in an arbitrary starting point in the course of the disease. Furthermore, in light of the diverse sociodemographic characteristics of the patient populations, the use of a fixed matrix of tracer conditions for all test sites is questionable. The discussion centers on these and other problems encountered in attempting to compare technical performance within diverse ambulatory care organizations and provides some guidelines as to the utility of alternative methods for assessing the quality of health care.", "PMID": 721961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8978", "title": "Nonmetropolitan consumers attitudes toward physician advertising.", "content": "The debate over whether physicians should be allowed to advertise their services has not yet included a consideration of consumer attitudes based upon empirical data. The results of a telephone survey of residents of a nonmetropolitan area reveal that the respondents are almost evenly divided between opposition to and support of physician advertising. Most respondents do not specify a reason for their position. Attitudes do not differ when several background variables, including residence, age, education, sex, usual source of care, and preferred source of care, are controlled. However, a significant negative association is observed between attitude toward physician advertising and length of residence. This finding suggests that if physician advertising is permitted it may have its greatest impact in areas with high rates of residential turnover.", "contents": "Nonmetropolitan consumers attitudes toward physician advertising. The debate over whether physicians should be allowed to advertise their services has not yet included a consideration of consumer attitudes based upon empirical data. The results of a telephone survey of residents of a nonmetropolitan area reveal that the respondents are almost evenly divided between opposition to and support of physician advertising. Most respondents do not specify a reason for their position. Attitudes do not differ when several background variables, including residence, age, education, sex, usual source of care, and preferred source of care, are controlled. However, a significant negative association is observed between attitude toward physician advertising and length of residence. This finding suggests that if physician advertising is permitted it may have its greatest impact in areas with high rates of residential turnover.", "PMID": 721962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8979", "title": "Affiliations with medical care providers.", "content": "Two analytical techniques are applied to a household survey of Rhode Island residents to develop the concept of an affiliation with medical care provider. A modification of a deviant case analysis is used to examine those people who are extreme in terms of the numbers of affiliations that they have with medical care providers. Overall, 4.1% of the sample have no affiliations and 7.3% have four or more affiliations. One of the most important variables in distinguishing those people with an unusual number of affiliations is a subjective variable of health status--whether they worry about their health. Nonparticipants rarely worry about their health and are generally in good health, while those with a high number of affiliations worry a great deal, regardless of their actual health status. A multiple regression analysis reveals that the variables of number of health conditions, sex, insurance, worry about health, income, disability days, and family structure are significantly related to mean number of affiliations with an R2 of 19.5%. Discussion includes the study's implications both for greater understanding of how and why people seek care and for application in the further development of a social psychological model of health behavior.", "contents": "Affiliations with medical care providers. Two analytical techniques are applied to a household survey of Rhode Island residents to develop the concept of an affiliation with medical care provider. A modification of a deviant case analysis is used to examine those people who are extreme in terms of the numbers of affiliations that they have with medical care providers. Overall, 4.1% of the sample have no affiliations and 7.3% have four or more affiliations. One of the most important variables in distinguishing those people with an unusual number of affiliations is a subjective variable of health status--whether they worry about their health. Nonparticipants rarely worry about their health and are generally in good health, while those with a high number of affiliations worry a great deal, regardless of their actual health status. A multiple regression analysis reveals that the variables of number of health conditions, sex, insurance, worry about health, income, disability days, and family structure are significantly related to mean number of affiliations with an R2 of 19.5%. Discussion includes the study's implications both for greater understanding of how and why people seek care and for application in the further development of a social psychological model of health behavior.", "PMID": 721963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8980", "title": "Epidemiological applications to health services research.", "content": "A model is presented to illustrate some areas in which epidemiological thinking may be applied to health services research. The model is neither exhaustive nor exclusive, for other areas not specifically described as within the model are also a part of the domain of epidemiology, and several aspects of the model are shared with researchers in other disciplines. Selected examples of epidemiological applications are reviewed; these include: (1) the need for health care services, (2) the use of health services, (3) the impact of health programs on utilization patterns and on health status, and (4) the impact of therapeutic services on outcomes for specific diseases. Additional health services issues that are relevant to epidemiology are suggested.", "contents": "Epidemiological applications to health services research. A model is presented to illustrate some areas in which epidemiological thinking may be applied to health services research. The model is neither exhaustive nor exclusive, for other areas not specifically described as within the model are also a part of the domain of epidemiology, and several aspects of the model are shared with researchers in other disciplines. Selected examples of epidemiological applications are reviewed; these include: (1) the need for health care services, (2) the use of health services, (3) the impact of health programs on utilization patterns and on health status, and (4) the impact of therapeutic services on outcomes for specific diseases. Additional health services issues that are relevant to epidemiology are suggested.", "PMID": 721964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8981", "title": "The formation and evaluation of a graduate program in health administration within a medical school.", "content": "Several aspects of the program in health administration that was established in 1968 by the faculty of the University of Colorado School of Medicine are described. Based on the premise that knowledge about the organization and the delivery of health services had not kept pace with the advances made in the scientific foundations of medicine, the program was designed to provide training in management, accounting, economics, medical care organization, quantitative methods, and in the other skills required for health administration. The results of a survey to identify the extent to which the program's graduates have fulfilled the original objectives are presented, including a description of the graduate's backgrounds and current job situations. The lessons learned from five year's experience teaching health administration within a medical school are also reviewed.", "contents": "The formation and evaluation of a graduate program in health administration within a medical school. Several aspects of the program in health administration that was established in 1968 by the faculty of the University of Colorado School of Medicine are described. Based on the premise that knowledge about the organization and the delivery of health services had not kept pace with the advances made in the scientific foundations of medicine, the program was designed to provide training in management, accounting, economics, medical care organization, quantitative methods, and in the other skills required for health administration. The results of a survey to identify the extent to which the program's graduates have fulfilled the original objectives are presented, including a description of the graduate's backgrounds and current job situations. The lessons learned from five year's experience teaching health administration within a medical school are also reviewed.", "PMID": 721965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8982", "title": "Termination of electroreceptor and mechanical lateral line afferents in the mormyrid acousticolateral area.", "content": "The projection regions of electroreceptor and mechanical lateral line afferents in electric fish of the mormyridae family are described. Electroreceptor afferents from the posterior dorsal skin run in the dorsal branch of the posterior lateral line nerve. Electroreceptor afferents from ventral skin and mechanical lateral line afferents and efferents run in the ventral branch of the nerve. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections into each branch resulted in filling of its central terminals with the marker enzyme. The method yields a Golgi-like staining of afferent terminals, allowing some aspects of their morphology to be described. Comparison of results from dorsal and ventral branch injections shows the separate medullary regions to which electroreceptor and mechanical afferents project, and also demonstrates four separate somatotopic maps within the electroreceptor region. Mechanical afferents end predominantly ipsilaterally in nucleus anterior and eminentia granularis as has been suggested by others. Ipsilateral endings in nucleus octavius are also seen. Electroreceptor afferents end exclusively in the cortex and nucleus of posterior lateral line lobe (PLLL). Within the cortex there are three distinct maps of the skin surface which are separated from each other by discontinuities in the cellular layers. Somatotopic mapping is also present in the nucleus of PLLL though it is less precise than in the cortical zones. Large club endings of the cells of this nucleus are filled with HRP. Labeled cells are seen within a small midline nucleus located at the level of the eighth nerve just above the medial longitudinal fasciculus. These are probably the cell bodies of lateral line efferents.", "contents": "Termination of electroreceptor and mechanical lateral line afferents in the mormyrid acousticolateral area. The projection regions of electroreceptor and mechanical lateral line afferents in electric fish of the mormyridae family are described. Electroreceptor afferents from the posterior dorsal skin run in the dorsal branch of the posterior lateral line nerve. Electroreceptor afferents from ventral skin and mechanical lateral line afferents and efferents run in the ventral branch of the nerve. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections into each branch resulted in filling of its central terminals with the marker enzyme. The method yields a Golgi-like staining of afferent terminals, allowing some aspects of their morphology to be described. Comparison of results from dorsal and ventral branch injections shows the separate medullary regions to which electroreceptor and mechanical afferents project, and also demonstrates four separate somatotopic maps within the electroreceptor region. Mechanical afferents end predominantly ipsilaterally in nucleus anterior and eminentia granularis as has been suggested by others. Ipsilateral endings in nucleus octavius are also seen. Electroreceptor afferents end exclusively in the cortex and nucleus of posterior lateral line lobe (PLLL). Within the cortex there are three distinct maps of the skin surface which are separated from each other by discontinuities in the cellular layers. Somatotopic mapping is also present in the nucleus of PLLL though it is less precise than in the cortical zones. Large club endings of the cells of this nucleus are filled with HRP. Labeled cells are seen within a small midline nucleus located at the level of the eighth nerve just above the medial longitudinal fasciculus. These are probably the cell bodies of lateral line efferents.", "PMID": 721966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8983", "title": "A Golgi study on the subthalamic nucleus of the cat.", "content": "The subthalamic nucleus (ST) of kittens was studied by means of the rapid Golgi silver impregnation method. The neurons of the ST were classified into three types. Type I neurons, the main constituents of the ST, had oval or polygonal cell bodies with a mean diameter of 26 micrometer by 36 micrometer and four to six primary dendrites. Type II neurons had multipolar or polygonal cell bodies, which measured an average 31 micrometer by 43 micrometer and emitted four to seven primary dendrites. The cell bodies of the type III neurons were polygonal in shape, measured 23 micrometer by 26 micrometer in average and emitted four to six primary dendrites. The dendrite bundle and the dendrite pallisade were observed. Frequently dendrites of the ST extended into the cerebral peduncle (CP), and even cell bodies of some ST neurons were located within the CP. All of the parent axons of the ST neurons coursed rostrally, although intra- and extra-nuclear axon-collaterals arising from the ST neurons travelled rostrally, caudally or caudomedially. The afferent fibers to the ST were divided into three groups; afferents via the Meynert's commissure (MC), decending and ascending afferents. The MC fibers, which ran across the CP, gave terminals to the ST. The descending afferents were axon-collaterals of fibers descending in the CP and those of fibers running through the ST. The ascending afferents were also axon-collaterals arising from ascending fibers in the CP. In addition to these afferents, many descending and ascending fibers of passage ran through the ST without emitting axon-collaterals.", "contents": "A Golgi study on the subthalamic nucleus of the cat. The subthalamic nucleus (ST) of kittens was studied by means of the rapid Golgi silver impregnation method. The neurons of the ST were classified into three types. Type I neurons, the main constituents of the ST, had oval or polygonal cell bodies with a mean diameter of 26 micrometer by 36 micrometer and four to six primary dendrites. Type II neurons had multipolar or polygonal cell bodies, which measured an average 31 micrometer by 43 micrometer and emitted four to seven primary dendrites. The cell bodies of the type III neurons were polygonal in shape, measured 23 micrometer by 26 micrometer in average and emitted four to six primary dendrites. The dendrite bundle and the dendrite pallisade were observed. Frequently dendrites of the ST extended into the cerebral peduncle (CP), and even cell bodies of some ST neurons were located within the CP. All of the parent axons of the ST neurons coursed rostrally, although intra- and extra-nuclear axon-collaterals arising from the ST neurons travelled rostrally, caudally or caudomedially. The afferent fibers to the ST were divided into three groups; afferents via the Meynert's commissure (MC), decending and ascending afferents. The MC fibers, which ran across the CP, gave terminals to the ST. The descending afferents were axon-collaterals of fibers descending in the CP and those of fibers running through the ST. The ascending afferents were also axon-collaterals arising from ascending fibers in the CP. In addition to these afferents, many descending and ascending fibers of passage ran through the ST without emitting axon-collaterals.", "PMID": 721967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8984", "title": "The organization of monoamine-containing neurons in the brain of the sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) as revealed by fluorescence microscopy.", "content": "The morphological organization of the monoamine-containing neurons in the brain of the sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) was studied by means of the Falck-Hillarp histofluorescence method. No attempt was made to distinguish between norepinephrine and dopamine, both primary catecholamines (CA) yielding a similar yellow-green fluorescence after paraformaldehyde treatment. In the brain stem of this teleost fish, three groups of CA-containing neuronal somata have been found. First, there is a small collection of CA perikarya located just caudal to the obex of the fourth ventricle. The neurons of this medullo-sinal group give rise to numerous CA fibers many of which ascend within the central portion of the medulla. Intermingled with these CA fibers are some CA cells that constitute the central medullary group. The CA perikarya of this group are scattered between the levels of cranial nerves X and VIII. The tegmentum of the isthmus also contains a small group of very closely packed CA neurons. The large-sized CA cells of the isthmal group are located dorsolateral to the medial longitudinal fasciculus, partly within the periventricular gray. High densities of CA varicosities were also disclosed in various brain stem structures such as the optic tectum, the torus semicircularis and the cerebeller valvula. In addition, numerous serotonin (5-HT)-type neuronal somata were found in the raphe region of the brain stem, particularly at caudal mesencephalic, isthmal and rostral medullary levels. A large number of CA cell bodies were visualized in the sunfish hypothalamus. Most of them form two populations of small, round cells that are located along and partly within the ependymal walls of the posterior and lateral recesses of the third ventricle. These bipolar cells possess one short club-like process protruding into the ventricle and their thin ependymofugal processes contribute to the CA innervation of numerous hypothalamic regions. Large CA neurons apparently without direct CSF contact also occur in the area of nucleus posterior tuberis, at the level of the mesodiencephalic junction. Although the hypothalamic inferior lobes are devoid of CA cell bodies they are heavily innervated by CA axons. The sunfish telencephalon also receives a strikingly massive and complex monoaminergic innervation. Numerous CA fibers which are first observed at the level of the preoptic area, ascend through the central zone of the telencephalon and arborize profusely particularly within the medial zone of area dorsalis telencephali. Other CA fibers, as well as abundant fine 5-HT varicosities were found in the lateral zone of area dorsalis. Although the exact origin of the telencephalic CA afferents in Lepomis is not known, part of it may arise from the isthmal CA cell group which appears similar to the locus coeruleus of reptiles, birds and mammals.", "contents": "The organization of monoamine-containing neurons in the brain of the sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) as revealed by fluorescence microscopy. The morphological organization of the monoamine-containing neurons in the brain of the sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) was studied by means of the Falck-Hillarp histofluorescence method. No attempt was made to distinguish between norepinephrine and dopamine, both primary catecholamines (CA) yielding a similar yellow-green fluorescence after paraformaldehyde treatment. In the brain stem of this teleost fish, three groups of CA-containing neuronal somata have been found. First, there is a small collection of CA perikarya located just caudal to the obex of the fourth ventricle. The neurons of this medullo-sinal group give rise to numerous CA fibers many of which ascend within the central portion of the medulla. Intermingled with these CA fibers are some CA cells that constitute the central medullary group. The CA perikarya of this group are scattered between the levels of cranial nerves X and VIII. The tegmentum of the isthmus also contains a small group of very closely packed CA neurons. The large-sized CA cells of the isthmal group are located dorsolateral to the medial longitudinal fasciculus, partly within the periventricular gray. High densities of CA varicosities were also disclosed in various brain stem structures such as the optic tectum, the torus semicircularis and the cerebeller valvula. In addition, numerous serotonin (5-HT)-type neuronal somata were found in the raphe region of the brain stem, particularly at caudal mesencephalic, isthmal and rostral medullary levels. A large number of CA cell bodies were visualized in the sunfish hypothalamus. Most of them form two populations of small, round cells that are located along and partly within the ependymal walls of the posterior and lateral recesses of the third ventricle. These bipolar cells possess one short club-like process protruding into the ventricle and their thin ependymofugal processes contribute to the CA innervation of numerous hypothalamic regions. Large CA neurons apparently without direct CSF contact also occur in the area of nucleus posterior tuberis, at the level of the mesodiencephalic junction. Although the hypothalamic inferior lobes are devoid of CA cell bodies they are heavily innervated by CA axons. The sunfish telencephalon also receives a strikingly massive and complex monoaminergic innervation. Numerous CA fibers which are first observed at the level of the preoptic area, ascend through the central zone of the telencephalon and arborize profusely particularly within the medial zone of area dorsalis telencephali. Other CA fibers, as well as abundant fine 5-HT varicosities were found in the lateral zone of area dorsalis. Although the exact origin of the telencephalic CA afferents in Lepomis is not known, part of it may arise from the isthmal CA cell group which appears similar to the locus coeruleus of reptiles, birds and mammals.", "PMID": 721968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8985", "title": "Ascending connections to the forebrain in the Tegu lizard.", "content": "The ascending connections to the striatum and the cortex of the Tegu lizard, Tupinambis nigropunctatus, were studied by means of anterograde fiber degeneration and retrograde axonal transport. The striatum receives projections by way of the dorsal peduncle of the lateral forebrain bundle from four dorsal thalamic nuclei: nucleus rotundus, nucleus reuniens, the posterior part of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and nucleus dorsomedialis. The former three nuclei project to circumscribed areas of the dorsal striatum, whereas nucleus dorsomedialis has a distribution to the whole dorsal striatum. Other sources of origin to the striatum are the mesencephalic reticular formation, substantia nigra and nucleus cerebelli lateralis. With the exception of the latter afferentation all these projections are ipsilateral. The ascending connections to the pallium originate for the major part from nucleus dorsolateralis anterior of the dorsal thalamus. The fibers course in both the medial forebrain bundle and the dorsal peduncle of the lateral forebrain bundle and terminate ipsilaterally in the middle of the molecular layer of the small-celled part of the mediodorsal cortex and bilaterally above the intermediate region of the dorsal cortex. The latter area is reached also by fibers from the septal area. The large-celled part of the mediodorsal cortex receives projections from nucleus raphes superior and the corpus mammillare.", "contents": "Ascending connections to the forebrain in the Tegu lizard. The ascending connections to the striatum and the cortex of the Tegu lizard, Tupinambis nigropunctatus, were studied by means of anterograde fiber degeneration and retrograde axonal transport. The striatum receives projections by way of the dorsal peduncle of the lateral forebrain bundle from four dorsal thalamic nuclei: nucleus rotundus, nucleus reuniens, the posterior part of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and nucleus dorsomedialis. The former three nuclei project to circumscribed areas of the dorsal striatum, whereas nucleus dorsomedialis has a distribution to the whole dorsal striatum. Other sources of origin to the striatum are the mesencephalic reticular formation, substantia nigra and nucleus cerebelli lateralis. With the exception of the latter afferentation all these projections are ipsilateral. The ascending connections to the pallium originate for the major part from nucleus dorsolateralis anterior of the dorsal thalamus. The fibers course in both the medial forebrain bundle and the dorsal peduncle of the lateral forebrain bundle and terminate ipsilaterally in the middle of the molecular layer of the small-celled part of the mediodorsal cortex and bilaterally above the intermediate region of the dorsal cortex. The latter area is reached also by fibers from the septal area. The large-celled part of the mediodorsal cortex receives projections from nucleus raphes superior and the corpus mammillare.", "PMID": 721969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8986", "title": "Relative numbers of several types of synaptic connections in the substantia gelatinosa of the cat spinal cord.", "content": "The relative numbers of axo-dendritic, axo-axonic, dendro-axonic and dendro-dendritic synapses were determined by classifying and recording all such specialized contacts in sample areas of the substantia gelatinosa. The samples were taken from segments L1-L5 of the cat spinal cord. In the glomerular complexes 97% of all synapses were recorded as axo-dentritic. In substantia gelatinosa deprived of glomerular complexes by dorsal root section, 96.5% were axo-dendritic. The remainders were about equally divided between axo-axonic, dendro-dendritic and dendro-axonic synapses.", "contents": "Relative numbers of several types of synaptic connections in the substantia gelatinosa of the cat spinal cord. The relative numbers of axo-dendritic, axo-axonic, dendro-axonic and dendro-dendritic synapses were determined by classifying and recording all such specialized contacts in sample areas of the substantia gelatinosa. The samples were taken from segments L1-L5 of the cat spinal cord. In the glomerular complexes 97% of all synapses were recorded as axo-dentritic. In substantia gelatinosa deprived of glomerular complexes by dorsal root section, 96.5% were axo-dendritic. The remainders were about equally divided between axo-axonic, dendro-dendritic and dendro-axonic synapses.", "PMID": 721970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8987", "title": "Topography of estrogen target cells in the forebrain of goldfish, Carassius auratus.", "content": "The topographical distribution of estradiol-concentrating cells in the brain of male and female teleost, Carassius auratus, was determined by autoradiography, after injection of 3H estradiol-17beta. Radioactively labeled neurons are found in specific regions of the forebrain, with a similar topographical distribution both in males and females. Regions of accumulation of estrogen target cells include the supracommissural area of the telencephalon, the preoptic area, the central hypothalamic area and the thalamic area. Unlabeled estradiol injected prior to the administration of 3H estradiol reduces or eliminates nuclear uptake of radioactivity. The autoradiographic results demonstrate the existence of estrogen target neurons in the teleost forebrain at sites similar to those described in mammalian brains. However, under the conditions of the experiment, there exists no pallial representation of estrogen target cells.", "contents": "Topography of estrogen target cells in the forebrain of goldfish, Carassius auratus. The topographical distribution of estradiol-concentrating cells in the brain of male and female teleost, Carassius auratus, was determined by autoradiography, after injection of 3H estradiol-17beta. Radioactively labeled neurons are found in specific regions of the forebrain, with a similar topographical distribution both in males and females. Regions of accumulation of estrogen target cells include the supracommissural area of the telencephalon, the preoptic area, the central hypothalamic area and the thalamic area. Unlabeled estradiol injected prior to the administration of 3H estradiol reduces or eliminates nuclear uptake of radioactivity. The autoradiographic results demonstrate the existence of estrogen target neurons in the teleost forebrain at sites similar to those described in mammalian brains. However, under the conditions of the experiment, there exists no pallial representation of estrogen target cells.", "PMID": 721971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8988", "title": "Sources and terminations of callosal axons related to binaural and frequency maps in primary auditory cortex of the cat.", "content": "The distributions of sources and terminals of callosal fibers in the high-frequency representation of AI were related to binaural and frequency maps in combined anatomical and electrophysiological experiments. Sources of callosal axons were retrogradely labeled with HRP. Distributions of axon terminals were determined by autoradiographic labeling with [3H]-proline and anterograde degeneration following callosal section. Regions in which cells exhibit summation or ipsilateral dominance and suppression contain higher concentrations of sources and terminals of callosal fibers than do regions in which cells exhibit monaural contralateral responses or contralateral dominance and suppression. Callosal axon terminals aggregate into columns. In sections cut parallel to the cortical surface callosal columns take on complex forms that exhibit certain consistent features. Two prominent elongated columns separated by a narrow zone of sparse callosal innervation run in a rostrodorsal to caudoventral direction through AI crossing several octaves of the frequency representation. Ventral to these columns, along the AI-AII border, less densely labeled callosal columns are in evidence. Low frequency representations of AI are interconnected but details of their innervation patterns were not worked out. Outside of AI there are regions that contain complex configurations of callosal columns. Several morphologically distinct types of neurons, located in laminae III through VI, were retrogradely labeled following injections of HRP into the opposite AI. About 94% of callosal neurons are pyramidal cells of layers III and IV.", "contents": "Sources and terminations of callosal axons related to binaural and frequency maps in primary auditory cortex of the cat. The distributions of sources and terminals of callosal fibers in the high-frequency representation of AI were related to binaural and frequency maps in combined anatomical and electrophysiological experiments. Sources of callosal axons were retrogradely labeled with HRP. Distributions of axon terminals were determined by autoradiographic labeling with [3H]-proline and anterograde degeneration following callosal section. Regions in which cells exhibit summation or ipsilateral dominance and suppression contain higher concentrations of sources and terminals of callosal fibers than do regions in which cells exhibit monaural contralateral responses or contralateral dominance and suppression. Callosal axon terminals aggregate into columns. In sections cut parallel to the cortical surface callosal columns take on complex forms that exhibit certain consistent features. Two prominent elongated columns separated by a narrow zone of sparse callosal innervation run in a rostrodorsal to caudoventral direction through AI crossing several octaves of the frequency representation. Ventral to these columns, along the AI-AII border, less densely labeled callosal columns are in evidence. Low frequency representations of AI are interconnected but details of their innervation patterns were not worked out. Outside of AI there are regions that contain complex configurations of callosal columns. Several morphologically distinct types of neurons, located in laminae III through VI, were retrogradely labeled following injections of HRP into the opposite AI. About 94% of callosal neurons are pyramidal cells of layers III and IV.", "PMID": 721972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8989", "title": "Some features of the spatial organization of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus of the cat.", "content": "A series of neuroanatomical and neurophysiological experiments have been conducted within the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) of the cat in order to determine some features of the spatial organization of the nucleus. Results from these experiments have demonstrated: (1) the origins of the auditory brain stem afferents to ICC and the topography of those projections in relation to the cochleotopic organization of ICC; (2) the segregation of at least some of those brain stem projections within ICC; and (3) ICC neurons with similar response properties (response properties which are often similar or identical to those of neurons in brain stem auditory nuclei) are often clustered within the nucleus. These results provide evidence that the laminated division of the ICC probably consists of anatomically, physiologically, and functionally distinct subdivisions and that some aspects of auditory sensation may be encoded or represented separately (i.e., in spatially distinct \"regions\") within the nucleus.", "contents": "Some features of the spatial organization of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus of the cat. A series of neuroanatomical and neurophysiological experiments have been conducted within the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) of the cat in order to determine some features of the spatial organization of the nucleus. Results from these experiments have demonstrated: (1) the origins of the auditory brain stem afferents to ICC and the topography of those projections in relation to the cochleotopic organization of ICC; (2) the segregation of at least some of those brain stem projections within ICC; and (3) ICC neurons with similar response properties (response properties which are often similar or identical to those of neurons in brain stem auditory nuclei) are often clustered within the nucleus. These results provide evidence that the laminated division of the ICC probably consists of anatomically, physiologically, and functionally distinct subdivisions and that some aspects of auditory sensation may be encoded or represented separately (i.e., in spatially distinct \"regions\") within the nucleus.", "PMID": 721973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8990", "title": "Isogenic grasshoppers: genetic variability in the morphology of identified neurons.", "content": "Although identified neurons are defined as constant and unique from animal to animal within the same species, we might expect to find phenotype variability in the number, morphology, and physiology of identified neurons if we examined them in enough sexually reproduced animals of the same species. Morphological variability and axonal abnormalities were previously encountered in a study of the large ocellar interneurons in 50 grasshoppers. Both the somata and arborizations in the brain of the ocellar interneurons from one or more ocelli can be stained easily and repeatedly with cobalt, so that one can routinely examine the morphology of large numbers of cells in large numbers of animals. In the present study, the large ocellar interneurons were examined in three types of animals: (i) animals from two different breeding populations and their offspring, (ii) the offspring within clutches from single mated pairs of known phenotypes, and (iii) isogenic animals from the parthenogenetic clones of single unmated females. The soma location, axonal pathway, location of arborizations, and fine branching patterns of 14 of the large ocellar interneurons were examined in 430 grasshoppers. The large ocellar interneurons were examined in 11 clones raised in nearly constant and identical conditions. In most of the clones, the morphology of interneurons L5L and L5R was normal; all of the 82 animals examined from clones 4, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 16, and 17 were normal. Clones 8 and 2 had high percentages of animals with axonal abnormalities of interneuron L5: 16 out of 24 animals (66%) in clone 8 and 37 out of 42 animals (88%) in clone 2. All of the ocellar interneurons except for L5 were normal in all of these animals. Thus, the abnormal development of at least one identified interneuron, L5, can occur with a high degree of genetic control and a high degree of specificity. The axonal abnormality of interneuron L5 was not the same in each of the 37 animals from clone 2, although common mistakes and patterns were detected.", "contents": "Isogenic grasshoppers: genetic variability in the morphology of identified neurons. Although identified neurons are defined as constant and unique from animal to animal within the same species, we might expect to find phenotype variability in the number, morphology, and physiology of identified neurons if we examined them in enough sexually reproduced animals of the same species. Morphological variability and axonal abnormalities were previously encountered in a study of the large ocellar interneurons in 50 grasshoppers. Both the somata and arborizations in the brain of the ocellar interneurons from one or more ocelli can be stained easily and repeatedly with cobalt, so that one can routinely examine the morphology of large numbers of cells in large numbers of animals. In the present study, the large ocellar interneurons were examined in three types of animals: (i) animals from two different breeding populations and their offspring, (ii) the offspring within clutches from single mated pairs of known phenotypes, and (iii) isogenic animals from the parthenogenetic clones of single unmated females. The soma location, axonal pathway, location of arborizations, and fine branching patterns of 14 of the large ocellar interneurons were examined in 430 grasshoppers. The large ocellar interneurons were examined in 11 clones raised in nearly constant and identical conditions. In most of the clones, the morphology of interneurons L5L and L5R was normal; all of the 82 animals examined from clones 4, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 16, and 17 were normal. Clones 8 and 2 had high percentages of animals with axonal abnormalities of interneuron L5: 16 out of 24 animals (66%) in clone 8 and 37 out of 42 animals (88%) in clone 2. All of the ocellar interneurons except for L5 were normal in all of these animals. Thus, the abnormal development of at least one identified interneuron, L5, can occur with a high degree of genetic control and a high degree of specificity. The axonal abnormality of interneuron L5 was not the same in each of the 37 animals from clone 2, although common mistakes and patterns were detected.", "PMID": 721974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8991", "title": "Proliferative and degenerative events in the early development of chick dorsal root ganglia. I. Normal development.", "content": "Development of the chick dorsal root ganglia was examined in 4.5- to 9.5-day embryos. Tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) and autoradiography was used to analyze proliferative activity and the Feulgen procedure to analyze degenerative activity in ganglia 12-17. Proliferative activity was found to be elevated through 4.5 days of incubation when as many as 14% of the ganglionic cells become labelled following a one-hour exposure to 3H-TdR. By 6.5 to 7.5 days proliferative activity decreases to 2-4% in the lateroventral (LV) regions and to approximately 1% in the mediodorsal (MD) regions of the ganglia. However, there appears to be increased proliferative activity by the end of the experimental period at 9.5 days. Birthdate studies demonstrate that large-scale neuronal production occurs between 4.5 and 6.5 days in the LV regions and between 4.5 and 7.5 days in the MD regions. After those times ganglionic proliferative activity must be largely nonneuronal in nature. This nonneuronal proliferation is greater in LV than in MD regions and in brachial than in nonbrachial ganglia. Degenerative activiy was found to be absent from the ganglia until after 4.5 days of incubation. It then increases rapidly, and by 5.5 days 5% of the LV cells in nonbrachial ganglia are degenerating. Degenerative activity then declines but is still present at 9.5 days. In contrast to results of an earlier study (Hamburger and Levi-Montalcini, '49), degenerative activity was also found in the LV region of brachial ganglia and the MD regions of brachial and nonbrachial ganglia. The pattern of LV degenerative activity in brachial ganglia is similar to that in nonbrachial ganglia, but the level of activity is lower. In the MD regions degenerative activity increases throughout the experimental period, and by 9.5 days as many as 4% of the MD cells are degenerating.", "contents": "Proliferative and degenerative events in the early development of chick dorsal root ganglia. I. Normal development. Development of the chick dorsal root ganglia was examined in 4.5- to 9.5-day embryos. Tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) and autoradiography was used to analyze proliferative activity and the Feulgen procedure to analyze degenerative activity in ganglia 12-17. Proliferative activity was found to be elevated through 4.5 days of incubation when as many as 14% of the ganglionic cells become labelled following a one-hour exposure to 3H-TdR. By 6.5 to 7.5 days proliferative activity decreases to 2-4% in the lateroventral (LV) regions and to approximately 1% in the mediodorsal (MD) regions of the ganglia. However, there appears to be increased proliferative activity by the end of the experimental period at 9.5 days. Birthdate studies demonstrate that large-scale neuronal production occurs between 4.5 and 6.5 days in the LV regions and between 4.5 and 7.5 days in the MD regions. After those times ganglionic proliferative activity must be largely nonneuronal in nature. This nonneuronal proliferation is greater in LV than in MD regions and in brachial than in nonbrachial ganglia. Degenerative activiy was found to be absent from the ganglia until after 4.5 days of incubation. It then increases rapidly, and by 5.5 days 5% of the LV cells in nonbrachial ganglia are degenerating. Degenerative activity then declines but is still present at 9.5 days. In contrast to results of an earlier study (Hamburger and Levi-Montalcini, '49), degenerative activity was also found in the LV region of brachial ganglia and the MD regions of brachial and nonbrachial ganglia. The pattern of LV degenerative activity in brachial ganglia is similar to that in nonbrachial ganglia, but the level of activity is lower. In the MD regions degenerative activity increases throughout the experimental period, and by 9.5 days as many as 4% of the MD cells are degenerating.", "PMID": 721975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8992", "title": "Proliferative and degenerative events in the early development of chick dorsal root ganglia. II. Responses to altered peripheral fields.", "content": "Responses of chick embryo dorsal root ganglia to early wing bud amputation were examined histologically using tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) and autoradiography to analyze proliferation and the Feulgen procedure to visualize degenerating cells. Right wing buds were amputated at stage 15 or 16. At 4.5 to 9.5 days of incubation embryos were given a 1-hour exposure to 3H-TdR and fixed. Feulgen-stained autoradiographs were examined for percentage of cells labelled (labelling index) or degenerating (degeneration index) in lateroventral (LV) and mediodorsal (MD) regions of brachial (G14-16) and nonbrachial (G12, 13, 17) ganglia. The earliest response to amputation was a highly significant increase in degeneration indices of LV and MD regions of ipsilateral brachial ganglia at 5.5 days. Significant brachial LV responses were observed throughout the remainder of the experimental period. Two peaks occur in this response: at 5.5 days, corresponding to the peak seen in normal nonbrachial ganglia, and at 8.5 days, having no counterpart in normal development. In brachial MD regions significant degenerative responses occur at most times examined. Significant responses also occur at 7.5 and 8.5 days in MD regions of nonbrachial ganglia. The presence of MD responses in our material indicates that maturation of at least some MD neurons occurs earlier than previously thought. Significant labelling responses occur in brachial LV regions from 7.5 days on. Because other studies (Carr and Simpson, '78a) show that this time is after the end of large-scale neuronal production, this labelling response must be nonneuronal in nature. We conclude that this response is a secondary response to amputation, consequent to the greatly increased cellular degeneration. Results of experiments involving addition of limb buds at the brachial level are also presented.", "contents": "Proliferative and degenerative events in the early development of chick dorsal root ganglia. II. Responses to altered peripheral fields. Responses of chick embryo dorsal root ganglia to early wing bud amputation were examined histologically using tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) and autoradiography to analyze proliferation and the Feulgen procedure to visualize degenerating cells. Right wing buds were amputated at stage 15 or 16. At 4.5 to 9.5 days of incubation embryos were given a 1-hour exposure to 3H-TdR and fixed. Feulgen-stained autoradiographs were examined for percentage of cells labelled (labelling index) or degenerating (degeneration index) in lateroventral (LV) and mediodorsal (MD) regions of brachial (G14-16) and nonbrachial (G12, 13, 17) ganglia. The earliest response to amputation was a highly significant increase in degeneration indices of LV and MD regions of ipsilateral brachial ganglia at 5.5 days. Significant brachial LV responses were observed throughout the remainder of the experimental period. Two peaks occur in this response: at 5.5 days, corresponding to the peak seen in normal nonbrachial ganglia, and at 8.5 days, having no counterpart in normal development. In brachial MD regions significant degenerative responses occur at most times examined. Significant responses also occur at 7.5 and 8.5 days in MD regions of nonbrachial ganglia. The presence of MD responses in our material indicates that maturation of at least some MD neurons occurs earlier than previously thought. Significant labelling responses occur in brachial LV regions from 7.5 days on. Because other studies (Carr and Simpson, '78a) show that this time is after the end of large-scale neuronal production, this labelling response must be nonneuronal in nature. We conclude that this response is a secondary response to amputation, consequent to the greatly increased cellular degeneration. Results of experiments involving addition of limb buds at the brachial level are also presented.", "PMID": 721976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8993", "title": "Characteristics of adenylate cyclase activity in pig coronary arteries.", "content": "Characteristics of adenylate cyclase activity of the intima plus media layer of pig coronary arteries have been studied. Enzyme activity in the 10,000 xg particulate fraction was linear with respect to time and protein during short incubations. Linear kinetics were observed for MgATP as a substrate and free Mg2+ as an activator. Mn2+ added in excess of ATP concentrations was only slightly stimulatory or inhibitory. Adenosine, GTP and GPP(N)P inhibited enzyme activity. Adenosine decreased the Vmax and the Ka for Mg2+ but had no effect on the Km for MgATP. The inhibition by adenosine was reversible, while that by GPP(N)P appeared to be irreversible. Although preincubation of the enzyme with GPP(N)P for short times caused irreversible inhibition, preincubation for more than 15 min caused up to 3-fold activation. Isoproterenol added to the incubation produced no or very slight stimulation with or without GPP(N)P or GTP, and preincubation with isoproterenol alone caused irreversible inhibition. However, preincubation with isoproterenol plus GPP(N)P for 30 min caused irreversible activation exceeding that observed with GPP(N)P alone. These observations suggest that vascular adenylate cyclase, like the enzyme from the other tissues, can exist in multiple states of activity and responsiveness.", "contents": "Characteristics of adenylate cyclase activity in pig coronary arteries. Characteristics of adenylate cyclase activity of the intima plus media layer of pig coronary arteries have been studied. Enzyme activity in the 10,000 xg particulate fraction was linear with respect to time and protein during short incubations. Linear kinetics were observed for MgATP as a substrate and free Mg2+ as an activator. Mn2+ added in excess of ATP concentrations was only slightly stimulatory or inhibitory. Adenosine, GTP and GPP(N)P inhibited enzyme activity. Adenosine decreased the Vmax and the Ka for Mg2+ but had no effect on the Km for MgATP. The inhibition by adenosine was reversible, while that by GPP(N)P appeared to be irreversible. Although preincubation of the enzyme with GPP(N)P for short times caused irreversible inhibition, preincubation for more than 15 min caused up to 3-fold activation. Isoproterenol added to the incubation produced no or very slight stimulation with or without GPP(N)P or GTP, and preincubation with isoproterenol alone caused irreversible inhibition. However, preincubation with isoproterenol plus GPP(N)P for 30 min caused irreversible activation exceeding that observed with GPP(N)P alone. These observations suggest that vascular adenylate cyclase, like the enzyme from the other tissues, can exist in multiple states of activity and responsiveness.", "PMID": 721977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8994", "title": "Adenylylimidodiphosphate: effect of contaminants on adenylate cyclase activity.", "content": "Commercially available adenylylimidodiphosphate, APP(NH)P, appears to be contaminated with a variety of compounds. The effects of unpurified APP(NH)P on adenylate cyclase activity closely resembled the effects of guanylylimidodiphosphate (GPP(NH)P); that is, APP(NH)P alone caused a time-dependent, quasi-irreversible activation, and the stimulation of adenylate cyclase by APP(NH)P in combination with epinephrine was synergistic, eliminating the need for GTP. The GPP(NH)P-like activity of APP(NH)P could be separated from APP(NH)P by purification of the analogue on DEAE cellulose columns or by paper chromatography. The purified APP(NH)P does not appear to interest at the GTP site.", "contents": "Adenylylimidodiphosphate: effect of contaminants on adenylate cyclase activity. Commercially available adenylylimidodiphosphate, APP(NH)P, appears to be contaminated with a variety of compounds. The effects of unpurified APP(NH)P on adenylate cyclase activity closely resembled the effects of guanylylimidodiphosphate (GPP(NH)P); that is, APP(NH)P alone caused a time-dependent, quasi-irreversible activation, and the stimulation of adenylate cyclase by APP(NH)P in combination with epinephrine was synergistic, eliminating the need for GTP. The GPP(NH)P-like activity of APP(NH)P could be separated from APP(NH)P by purification of the analogue on DEAE cellulose columns or by paper chromatography. The purified APP(NH)P does not appear to interest at the GTP site.", "PMID": 721978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8995", "title": "Activation of epinephrine and glucagon-sensitive adenylate cyclases of rat liver by cytosol protein factors. Role in loss of enzyme activities during preparation of particulate fractions, quantitation and partial characterization.", "content": "The role of cytosol components in the loss of rat liver adenylate cyclase activity which occurs during the preparation of particulate fractions from crude homogenates was studied. Epinephrine (5 micron)-, glucagon (10 micron)-, and fluoride (5 mM)- stimulated activities of twice-washed particulates were 31%, 58% and 67% of the homogenate activities, respectively. Addition of cytosol (100,000 X g supernatant devoid of adenylate cyclase activity) restored these activities to 82%, 88% and 80%. Cytosol also increased particulate basal activity from 60% of homogenate activity to 98%. The cytosol components capable of increasing adenylate cyclase activity were heat labile, nondialyzable, stable to freezing at -20 degrees, resistant to change of pH between 2 and 12, and unaffected by EGTA and NAD. Pretreatment with pepsin destroyed the effects of cytosol on both epinephrine- and glucagon-sensitive activities, whereas trypsin destroyed the effect of cytosol only on epinephrine-sensitive activity. The cytosol effect on adenylate cyclase was specific, since several purified proteins and ubiquitin, did not stimulate enzyme activity. Only part of the cytosol effect could be attributed to its GTP content. GTP at the concentration present in cytosol stimulated epinephrine-sensitive activity but significantly less than did cytosol, while GTP had no effect on glucagon-sensitive activity. Dialyzed cytosol retained its effectiveness even after removal of most (97%) of its GTP to a concentration where GTP had only a minimal effect on epinephrine-sensitive activity. Cytosol, unlike GTP, stimulated rather than inhibited activation by fluoride. Cytosol thus appears to contain at least two different protein components, which increase the activity of the two hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclases and presumably account in part for losses of adenylate cyclase activities seen during the preparation of particulates from homogenates.", "contents": "Activation of epinephrine and glucagon-sensitive adenylate cyclases of rat liver by cytosol protein factors. Role in loss of enzyme activities during preparation of particulate fractions, quantitation and partial characterization. The role of cytosol components in the loss of rat liver adenylate cyclase activity which occurs during the preparation of particulate fractions from crude homogenates was studied. Epinephrine (5 micron)-, glucagon (10 micron)-, and fluoride (5 mM)- stimulated activities of twice-washed particulates were 31%, 58% and 67% of the homogenate activities, respectively. Addition of cytosol (100,000 X g supernatant devoid of adenylate cyclase activity) restored these activities to 82%, 88% and 80%. Cytosol also increased particulate basal activity from 60% of homogenate activity to 98%. The cytosol components capable of increasing adenylate cyclase activity were heat labile, nondialyzable, stable to freezing at -20 degrees, resistant to change of pH between 2 and 12, and unaffected by EGTA and NAD. Pretreatment with pepsin destroyed the effects of cytosol on both epinephrine- and glucagon-sensitive activities, whereas trypsin destroyed the effect of cytosol only on epinephrine-sensitive activity. The cytosol effect on adenylate cyclase was specific, since several purified proteins and ubiquitin, did not stimulate enzyme activity. Only part of the cytosol effect could be attributed to its GTP content. GTP at the concentration present in cytosol stimulated epinephrine-sensitive activity but significantly less than did cytosol, while GTP had no effect on glucagon-sensitive activity. Dialyzed cytosol retained its effectiveness even after removal of most (97%) of its GTP to a concentration where GTP had only a minimal effect on epinephrine-sensitive activity. Cytosol, unlike GTP, stimulated rather than inhibited activation by fluoride. Cytosol thus appears to contain at least two different protein components, which increase the activity of the two hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclases and presumably account in part for losses of adenylate cyclase activities seen during the preparation of particulates from homogenates.", "PMID": 721979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8996", "title": "Lysozyme activity of high-leucocyte-count milk and the effect of heat and potassium dichromate on lysozyme activity.", "content": "No support could be found for the hypothesis that mastitis, as evidenced by increased leucocyte counts in milk, is accompanied by an increase in lysozyme activity. The presence of potassium dichromate in the preserved milk samples did not seem to affect lysozyme activity. The sensitivity of lysozyme to heat was demonstrated. All lysozyme isolates and purifications were made with deaminated chitin affinity chromatography.", "contents": "Lysozyme activity of high-leucocyte-count milk and the effect of heat and potassium dichromate on lysozyme activity. No support could be found for the hypothesis that mastitis, as evidenced by increased leucocyte counts in milk, is accompanied by an increase in lysozyme activity. The presence of potassium dichromate in the preserved milk samples did not seem to affect lysozyme activity. The sensitivity of lysozyme to heat was demonstrated. All lysozyme isolates and purifications were made with deaminated chitin affinity chromatography.", "PMID": 721980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8997", "title": "Rumen epithelial cell proliferation accelerated by rapid increase in intraruminal butyrate.", "content": "Two pairs of adult castrated male sheep were given intraruminally 2 g/kg body weight per day of sodium n-butyrate rapidly 10 s at noon or slowly over 20 to 24 h from noon in four trials in which they received only mixed minerals and water ad libitum. Their ruminal papillae were biopsied just before each administration and 24 h after the final administration. Mitotic indices of the epithelial cells were observed. Mitotic indices were lower than .48% before butyrate administration. In sheep rapidly administered butyrate, mitotic indices increased to 1.29%, 2.33%, 2.65%, and 1.84% in 1 day after the first administration in four trials and tended to decline on later days. In sheep slowly administered butyrate, mitotic indices stayed lower than .50% and did not show significant fluctuations. Our data support our hypothesis that an increase in the rate of intraruminal production of volatile fatty acids promotes proliferation of epithelial cells of the organ.", "contents": "Rumen epithelial cell proliferation accelerated by rapid increase in intraruminal butyrate. Two pairs of adult castrated male sheep were given intraruminally 2 g/kg body weight per day of sodium n-butyrate rapidly 10 s at noon or slowly over 20 to 24 h from noon in four trials in which they received only mixed minerals and water ad libitum. Their ruminal papillae were biopsied just before each administration and 24 h after the final administration. Mitotic indices of the epithelial cells were observed. Mitotic indices were lower than .48% before butyrate administration. In sheep rapidly administered butyrate, mitotic indices increased to 1.29%, 2.33%, 2.65%, and 1.84% in 1 day after the first administration in four trials and tended to decline on later days. In sheep slowly administered butyrate, mitotic indices stayed lower than .50% and did not show significant fluctuations. Our data support our hypothesis that an increase in the rate of intraruminal production of volatile fatty acids promotes proliferation of epithelial cells of the organ.", "PMID": 721981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8998", "title": "Heinz body formation in calf erythrocytes.", "content": "Heinz body formation was induced in calf erythrocytes by a daily dose of 8 mg phenylhydrazine/kg body weight. Body weights and feed intakes were not affected, the glutathione content of erythrocytes was reduced, but the hemolysis rate of erythrocytes was not changed. Morphological changes in erythrocytes were shown by light and high resolution scanning microscopy. The appearance of Heinz bodies may have value as an indicator of oxidative stress under conditions such as copper toxicity or deficiency of selenium-vitamin E.", "contents": "Heinz body formation in calf erythrocytes. Heinz body formation was induced in calf erythrocytes by a daily dose of 8 mg phenylhydrazine/kg body weight. Body weights and feed intakes were not affected, the glutathione content of erythrocytes was reduced, but the hemolysis rate of erythrocytes was not changed. Morphological changes in erythrocytes were shown by light and high resolution scanning microscopy. The appearance of Heinz bodies may have value as an indicator of oxidative stress under conditions such as copper toxicity or deficiency of selenium-vitamin E.", "PMID": 721982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_8999", "title": "Hemodynamic effects of acetate in man.", "content": "To determine the action of acetate in man, 1.7mEq/ml of sodium acetate was infused in 10 patients on chronic hemodialysis. It was administered intravenously in 1.5mEq/min for 5 min followed by 3.8mEq/min for another 5 min. As control, 1.71mEq/ml of sodium chloride was infused in a similar manner. Following the infusion of sodium acetate, heart rate increased slightly but significantly (p less than 0.01). Limb blood flow measured in an upper limb by the venous occlusion method, showed an increase in all of them and it was significant( p less than 0.001). The peripheral vascular resistance (=mean arterial blood pressure/limb blood flow) showed a significant fall (p less than 0.001). The analysis of systolic time interval showed a change suggestive of depression of heart function at the end of sodium acetate infusion (p less than 0.05). Such a vasodilating effect or a change in heart function was not observed following sodium chloride infusion. A depressant action of acetate upon the cardiovascular system may be, therefore, concluded.", "contents": "Hemodynamic effects of acetate in man. To determine the action of acetate in man, 1.7mEq/ml of sodium acetate was infused in 10 patients on chronic hemodialysis. It was administered intravenously in 1.5mEq/min for 5 min followed by 3.8mEq/min for another 5 min. As control, 1.71mEq/ml of sodium chloride was infused in a similar manner. Following the infusion of sodium acetate, heart rate increased slightly but significantly (p less than 0.01). Limb blood flow measured in an upper limb by the venous occlusion method, showed an increase in all of them and it was significant( p less than 0.001). The peripheral vascular resistance (=mean arterial blood pressure/limb blood flow) showed a significant fall (p less than 0.001). The analysis of systolic time interval showed a change suggestive of depression of heart function at the end of sodium acetate infusion (p less than 0.05). Such a vasodilating effect or a change in heart function was not observed following sodium chloride infusion. A depressant action of acetate upon the cardiovascular system may be, therefore, concluded.", "PMID": 721984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9000", "title": "The evaluation and applications of hemodialyzers for pediatric patients.", "content": "It is difficult to determine which pediatric hemodialyzer to use in a given clinical situation since there is no comprehensive comparison of pediatric hemodialyzers. We evaluated five currently available disposable pediatric hemodialyzers in vitro and in vivo during treatment of pediatric patients. Two dialyzers, Gambro Mini-Minor and Viva Cell 0.2 are well suited to small pediatric patients weighing less than 10 kg. Three of the dialyzers are well suited to the pediatric patients weighing greater than 10 kg (Gambro Minor, Cordis Dow 0.6, Viva Cell 0.5). By considering the clinical status of the child and the performance characteristics of the dialyzer (solute removal, priming volume, ultrafiltration, etc.) it is possible to employ a hemodialyzer which more precisely meets the needs of the child without increasing risk factors associated with pediatric hemodialysis.", "contents": "The evaluation and applications of hemodialyzers for pediatric patients. It is difficult to determine which pediatric hemodialyzer to use in a given clinical situation since there is no comprehensive comparison of pediatric hemodialyzers. We evaluated five currently available disposable pediatric hemodialyzers in vitro and in vivo during treatment of pediatric patients. Two dialyzers, Gambro Mini-Minor and Viva Cell 0.2 are well suited to small pediatric patients weighing less than 10 kg. Three of the dialyzers are well suited to the pediatric patients weighing greater than 10 kg (Gambro Minor, Cordis Dow 0.6, Viva Cell 0.5). By considering the clinical status of the child and the performance characteristics of the dialyzer (solute removal, priming volume, ultrafiltration, etc.) it is possible to employ a hemodialyzer which more precisely meets the needs of the child without increasing risk factors associated with pediatric hemodialysis.", "PMID": 721983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9001", "title": "Dialysability of theophylline.", "content": "We have shown that theophylline is highly dialysable with an average dialysis clearance of 76 ml/min approaching 63% of urea clearance with hemodialysis. Implications include dose adjustment during dialysis and efficacy of dialytic technique in the treatment of theophylline intoxication.", "contents": "Dialysability of theophylline. We have shown that theophylline is highly dialysable with an average dialysis clearance of 76 ml/min approaching 63% of urea clearance with hemodialysis. Implications include dose adjustment during dialysis and efficacy of dialytic technique in the treatment of theophylline intoxication.", "PMID": 721985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9002", "title": "Pulsatile flow in hemodialyzers.", "content": "The present work is concerned with the calculation of NaCl transfer in flowing solutions and its dependence upon flow characteristics at hemodialyzers. A theoretical analysis of the solute transfer in a hemodialyzer is presented. Experiments were carried out with a continuous flow flat-plate dialyzer. Permeability of cuprophane membranes were calculated both for pulseless and pulsatile flows. It was found that the membrane permeability increases with flow rate but the asymptotic value of pulsatile flow is remarkably higher than that of the pulseless flow. The difference between the transfer capabilities of the two flow regimes was found to be more than 100 percent.", "contents": "Pulsatile flow in hemodialyzers. The present work is concerned with the calculation of NaCl transfer in flowing solutions and its dependence upon flow characteristics at hemodialyzers. A theoretical analysis of the solute transfer in a hemodialyzer is presented. Experiments were carried out with a continuous flow flat-plate dialyzer. Permeability of cuprophane membranes were calculated both for pulseless and pulsatile flows. It was found that the membrane permeability increases with flow rate but the asymptotic value of pulsatile flow is remarkably higher than that of the pulseless flow. The difference between the transfer capabilities of the two flow regimes was found to be more than 100 percent.", "PMID": 721986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9003", "title": "Equipment for control of ultrafiltration in the absence of diffusion.", "content": "Two devices have been developed for direct control of ultrafiltration during sequential dialysis therapy. Precise control of ultrafiltrate flow rates (+/- 1 ml/min) is obtained over the range of 0 - 38 ml/min.", "contents": "Equipment for control of ultrafiltration in the absence of diffusion. Two devices have been developed for direct control of ultrafiltration during sequential dialysis therapy. Precise control of ultrafiltrate flow rates (+/- 1 ml/min) is obtained over the range of 0 - 38 ml/min.", "PMID": 721987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9004", "title": "Ultrafiltration followed by haemodialysis. A longterm trial and acute studies.", "content": "Separate ultrafiltration followed by haemodialysis (U.F.-H.D.) using Gambro Major or Cordis-Dow hollow-fiber dialyzers were evaluated in 10 dialysis patients over a mean period of 4 1/2 months and 455 U.F.-H.D. procedures. Fluid control was facilitated in oedematous patients but the number of hypotensive episodes during the combined procedure requiring intravenous 5% saline did not significantly decrease. No significant improvement in hypertension was noted. Ultrafiltration (U.F.) alone for acutely water overloaded, azotaemic patients proved very useful. Two to five liters of oedema fluid could be removed asymptomatically in one to three hours using transmembrane pressures of 250 to 500 mmHg and U.F. rates of 10 to 42 ml/min. Two patients became acutely and symptomatically hypotensive. One was an insulin dependent diabetic in whom 3800 ml were removed in 75 minutes and the other a hypertensive patient undergoing treatment with Minoxidil and propranolol.", "contents": "Ultrafiltration followed by haemodialysis. A longterm trial and acute studies. Separate ultrafiltration followed by haemodialysis (U.F.-H.D.) using Gambro Major or Cordis-Dow hollow-fiber dialyzers were evaluated in 10 dialysis patients over a mean period of 4 1/2 months and 455 U.F.-H.D. procedures. Fluid control was facilitated in oedematous patients but the number of hypotensive episodes during the combined procedure requiring intravenous 5% saline did not significantly decrease. No significant improvement in hypertension was noted. Ultrafiltration (U.F.) alone for acutely water overloaded, azotaemic patients proved very useful. Two to five liters of oedema fluid could be removed asymptomatically in one to three hours using transmembrane pressures of 250 to 500 mmHg and U.F. rates of 10 to 42 ml/min. Two patients became acutely and symptomatically hypotensive. One was an insulin dependent diabetic in whom 3800 ml were removed in 75 minutes and the other a hypertensive patient undergoing treatment with Minoxidil and propranolol.", "PMID": 721989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9005", "title": "Evaluation of three dry-sterilized hollow fiber artifical kidneys.", "content": "We investigated three new dry sterilized hollow fiber artificial kidneys (HFAK) (Cordis Dow CDAK 1.3, Travenol CF 1200, Extracorporeal Tri-Ex 1). Dry sterilization makes these dialyzers more economical by shortening set-up time. Dry sterilization also eliminates iatrogenic administration of residual sterilant. Water of imbibition can significantly increase the blood compartment volume of the dialyzer during dialysis. Consequently, a corrected blood volume for each dialyzer was established; these corrected volumes varied from 13--36% greater than the volume determined before dialysate flow. With low dose heparinization of these dialyzers there was between an 18 and 45% decrease in the post dialysis volume, presumably due to fiber clotting during dialysis. This volume added to the residual blood loss measured by a colorimetric technique accounted for a possible blood loss ranging between 26.9 and 53.9 ml per dialysis for these three dialyzers. Our results suggest that a relationship between dialyzer clotting and decreased dialyzer efficiency may exist. These three capillary flow dialyzers had a much lower platelet drop (0--9% pre to post) when compared to 30--40% drop of flat plate dialyzers. These dialyzers were found to be safe and easy to use but the high fiber clotting warrants further investigation in chronic dialysis patients on high dose heparin.", "contents": "Evaluation of three dry-sterilized hollow fiber artifical kidneys. We investigated three new dry sterilized hollow fiber artificial kidneys (HFAK) (Cordis Dow CDAK 1.3, Travenol CF 1200, Extracorporeal Tri-Ex 1). Dry sterilization makes these dialyzers more economical by shortening set-up time. Dry sterilization also eliminates iatrogenic administration of residual sterilant. Water of imbibition can significantly increase the blood compartment volume of the dialyzer during dialysis. Consequently, a corrected blood volume for each dialyzer was established; these corrected volumes varied from 13--36% greater than the volume determined before dialysate flow. With low dose heparinization of these dialyzers there was between an 18 and 45% decrease in the post dialysis volume, presumably due to fiber clotting during dialysis. This volume added to the residual blood loss measured by a colorimetric technique accounted for a possible blood loss ranging between 26.9 and 53.9 ml per dialysis for these three dialyzers. Our results suggest that a relationship between dialyzer clotting and decreased dialyzer efficiency may exist. These three capillary flow dialyzers had a much lower platelet drop (0--9% pre to post) when compared to 30--40% drop of flat plate dialyzers. These dialyzers were found to be safe and easy to use but the high fiber clotting warrants further investigation in chronic dialysis patients on high dose heparin.", "PMID": 721990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9006", "title": "Evaluation of permeance in peritoneal dialysis.", "content": "Evaluation of permeance in peritoneal dialysis. Relations were developed to calculate permeance based on a minimum number of experimental measurements. Permeance is the product of the effective peritoneal area times its mass transfer coefficient. The relations were used on clinical data obtained with and without nitroprusside, a direct vasodilator, added to the dialysate. Nitroprusside increased permeance 34% for BUN and about 100% for creatinine and inulin. The equivalent increase in clearance in a 50 minute exchange protocol would be 24, 60, and 83%. Normalized consecutive concentration data obtained every ten minutes in several long exchanges agree well with calculated values supporting the adequacy of the approach. An expression is also given to calculate the residual dialysate volume left from the previous dialysate exchange. The values calculated ranged from 200 to 500 ml.", "contents": "Evaluation of permeance in peritoneal dialysis. Evaluation of permeance in peritoneal dialysis. Relations were developed to calculate permeance based on a minimum number of experimental measurements. Permeance is the product of the effective peritoneal area times its mass transfer coefficient. The relations were used on clinical data obtained with and without nitroprusside, a direct vasodilator, added to the dialysate. Nitroprusside increased permeance 34% for BUN and about 100% for creatinine and inulin. The equivalent increase in clearance in a 50 minute exchange protocol would be 24, 60, and 83%. Normalized consecutive concentration data obtained every ten minutes in several long exchanges agree well with calculated values supporting the adequacy of the approach. An expression is also given to calculate the residual dialysate volume left from the previous dialysate exchange. The values calculated ranged from 200 to 500 ml.", "PMID": 721991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9007", "title": "Intraperitoneal infusion of a nonabsorbable steroid in hemodialysis-associated ascites.", "content": "Ascites occurring in long-term hemodialysis patients continues to be a difficult management problem. Several modalities have been employed with varying success. Because of the similarities between uremic pericardial effusion and hemodialysis-associated ascites, infusion of the nonabsorbable steroid, triamcinolone hexacetonide, was attempted in five patients with the latter ailment which had become intractable. None of the patients responded and in two there were adverse effects. We conclude that for the management of this variety of ascites, intraperitoneal administration of a nonabsorbable steroid is ineffective and may be accompanied by undesirable reactions.", "contents": "Intraperitoneal infusion of a nonabsorbable steroid in hemodialysis-associated ascites. Ascites occurring in long-term hemodialysis patients continues to be a difficult management problem. Several modalities have been employed with varying success. Because of the similarities between uremic pericardial effusion and hemodialysis-associated ascites, infusion of the nonabsorbable steroid, triamcinolone hexacetonide, was attempted in five patients with the latter ailment which had become intractable. None of the patients responded and in two there were adverse effects. We conclude that for the management of this variety of ascites, intraperitoneal administration of a nonabsorbable steroid is ineffective and may be accompanied by undesirable reactions.", "PMID": 721992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9008", "title": "Hemodialysis and thyroid functions in children.", "content": "Evaluation of thyroid functions in 16 children receiving maintenance hemodialysis for a mean duration of 17 months showed that the serum T3, T4 and TSH were below normal concentrations for age. However, the measurements of these variables before and after the dialysis procedure did not show any significant changes. The possibility that the chronic uremia may give rise to abnormal TSH secretion and low T3, T4 concentrations is not tested in this study.", "contents": "Hemodialysis and thyroid functions in children. Evaluation of thyroid functions in 16 children receiving maintenance hemodialysis for a mean duration of 17 months showed that the serum T3, T4 and TSH were below normal concentrations for age. However, the measurements of these variables before and after the dialysis procedure did not show any significant changes. The possibility that the chronic uremia may give rise to abnormal TSH secretion and low T3, T4 concentrations is not tested in this study.", "PMID": 721993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9009", "title": "Control of bleeding from cannulation sites with topical thrombin in dialyzed patients.", "content": "Topical thrombin was applied to the cannulation sites during and after withdrawal of the needles. The duration of bleeding was reduced by 50% compared to the control period in patients with various internal arteriovenous communications undergoing maintenance hemodialysis treatment. Accordingly, use of topical thrombin appears effective in saving patients and staffs time, minimizing the blood loss in these anemic patients, and preventing the possible injurious effect of prolonged compression of vascular access to accomplish hemostasis.", "contents": "Control of bleeding from cannulation sites with topical thrombin in dialyzed patients. Topical thrombin was applied to the cannulation sites during and after withdrawal of the needles. The duration of bleeding was reduced by 50% compared to the control period in patients with various internal arteriovenous communications undergoing maintenance hemodialysis treatment. Accordingly, use of topical thrombin appears effective in saving patients and staffs time, minimizing the blood loss in these anemic patients, and preventing the possible injurious effect of prolonged compression of vascular access to accomplish hemostasis.", "PMID": 721994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9010", "title": "Correlation of biochemical parameters in serum and saliva in chronic azotemic patients and patients on chronic hemodialysis.", "content": "In patients who are receiving chronic hemodialysis treatments, concentrations of creatinine and uric acid in serum correlated significantly with those in simultaneously drawn unstimulated whole saliva, both before and after dialysis. Similar correlation was shown also in a group of moderately azotemic patients who had not yet entered the chronic hemodialysis program. Use of whole saliva in these tests instead of blood samples may reduce the iatrogenic component in anemia, the frequency of venipunctures and of blood samplings. This may be a boon particularly in pediatric patients and in other patients where, due to a variety of reasons, this is desirable.", "contents": "Correlation of biochemical parameters in serum and saliva in chronic azotemic patients and patients on chronic hemodialysis. In patients who are receiving chronic hemodialysis treatments, concentrations of creatinine and uric acid in serum correlated significantly with those in simultaneously drawn unstimulated whole saliva, both before and after dialysis. Similar correlation was shown also in a group of moderately azotemic patients who had not yet entered the chronic hemodialysis program. Use of whole saliva in these tests instead of blood samples may reduce the iatrogenic component in anemia, the frequency of venipunctures and of blood samplings. This may be a boon particularly in pediatric patients and in other patients where, due to a variety of reasons, this is desirable.", "PMID": 721995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9011", "title": "The composition of a simulated American diet. Comparison of chemical analyses and estimates from food composition tables.", "content": "Chemical analyses were carried out on a food mixture that approximated the average daily per capita use of foods in the U.S. as of 1965-66. The food items selected were chosen from a list (items and quantities brought into the average household) generated by the USDA's 1965 Household Food Consumption Survey. Our analyses are compared with food table calculations of the items in the homogenate and with the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs). Data are given for total and constituent energy supplies per person per day. The protein:fat:carbohydrate distribution of energy was found to be 18:44:38%. Unavailable carbohydrates totaled 19.1 gm. per person per day (6.8% of total carbohydrate); available carbohydrate fraction is itemized in terms of mono- and di-saccharides, starches, and dextrins. Fat content was 135 gm. per person per day; analyses showed that 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, and 18:2 fatty acids made up 89% of total fatty acids, with a P:S ratio of 0.4. Cholesterol content was 576 mg. per person per day; plant sterols, 228; beta-sitosterol, 165; and squalene, 28. Protein content was 115 gm. per person per day (over twice the recommended allowance); amino acid analyses showed concordance with the RDA estimated requirements of the essential amino acids. Major mineral and vitamin contents are also reported. Calculations and chemical data agreed well in many instances, the largest differences being for total protein, dietary \"fiber,\" and certain vitamins.", "contents": "The composition of a simulated American diet. Comparison of chemical analyses and estimates from food composition tables. Chemical analyses were carried out on a food mixture that approximated the average daily per capita use of foods in the U.S. as of 1965-66. The food items selected were chosen from a list (items and quantities brought into the average household) generated by the USDA's 1965 Household Food Consumption Survey. Our analyses are compared with food table calculations of the items in the homogenate and with the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs). Data are given for total and constituent energy supplies per person per day. The protein:fat:carbohydrate distribution of energy was found to be 18:44:38%. Unavailable carbohydrates totaled 19.1 gm. per person per day (6.8% of total carbohydrate); available carbohydrate fraction is itemized in terms of mono- and di-saccharides, starches, and dextrins. Fat content was 135 gm. per person per day; analyses showed that 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, and 18:2 fatty acids made up 89% of total fatty acids, with a P:S ratio of 0.4. Cholesterol content was 576 mg. per person per day; plant sterols, 228; beta-sitosterol, 165; and squalene, 28. Protein content was 115 gm. per person per day (over twice the recommended allowance); amino acid analyses showed concordance with the RDA estimated requirements of the essential amino acids. Major mineral and vitamin contents are also reported. Calculations and chemical data agreed well in many instances, the largest differences being for total protein, dietary \"fiber,\" and certain vitamins.", "PMID": 722009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9012", "title": "Food preferences of enlisted personnel in the Armed Forces.", "content": "A food preference survey, consisting of 378 food names, was administered to approximately 3,900 personnel of the U.S. Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps. The survey required the respondent to indicate how much he liked each food (hedonic scale) and how often he wanted it served (preferred frequency scale). Overall, food preferences showed relative popularity of beverages, breakfast foods, and entr\u00e9es, unpopularity of soups and vegetables, and moderate popularity of the other food classes. Items of particularly high or low preference are statistically identified within each food class. The collection and presentation of these data are intended to assist menu planners of the Armed Forces, as well as others interested in this age group (young men under twenty-six years of age.", "contents": "Food preferences of enlisted personnel in the Armed Forces. A food preference survey, consisting of 378 food names, was administered to approximately 3,900 personnel of the U.S. Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps. The survey required the respondent to indicate how much he liked each food (hedonic scale) and how often he wanted it served (preferred frequency scale). Overall, food preferences showed relative popularity of beverages, breakfast foods, and entr\u00e9es, unpopularity of soups and vegetables, and moderate popularity of the other food classes. Items of particularly high or low preference are statistically identified within each food class. The collection and presentation of these data are intended to assist menu planners of the Armed Forces, as well as others interested in this age group (young men under twenty-six years of age.", "PMID": 722010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9013", "title": "Effect of nutritional supplementation in pregnancy. II. Effect on diet.", "content": "Women judged to be at high risk of delivering low-birth-weight infants were assigned to one of three supplements--high-protein beverage, low-protein beverage, or a vitamin-mineral preparation--to determine: (a) The acceptability of a liquid dietary supplement to pregnant women. (b) The effect of the dietary supplement on diets normally eaten by pregnant women. Acceptance of the high-protein beverage by the women in this study was low. Fifty per cent of the dropouts indicated a dislike for the beverage because of either poor flavor or an inability to tolerate it. The women generally consumed \"adequate\" diets, although there were variations. Increases in intakes of calories and protein in Group 1 were statistically significant, suggesting the high-protein beverage served as a supplement for both calories and protein; that is, these nutrients were added to the women's existing intake. For the low-protein beverage women (Group 2), statistics revealed the beverage was used as a substitute.", "contents": "Effect of nutritional supplementation in pregnancy. II. Effect on diet. Women judged to be at high risk of delivering low-birth-weight infants were assigned to one of three supplements--high-protein beverage, low-protein beverage, or a vitamin-mineral preparation--to determine: (a) The acceptability of a liquid dietary supplement to pregnant women. (b) The effect of the dietary supplement on diets normally eaten by pregnant women. Acceptance of the high-protein beverage by the women in this study was low. Fifty per cent of the dropouts indicated a dislike for the beverage because of either poor flavor or an inability to tolerate it. The women generally consumed \"adequate\" diets, although there were variations. Increases in intakes of calories and protein in Group 1 were statistically significant, suggesting the high-protein beverage served as a supplement for both calories and protein; that is, these nutrients were added to the women's existing intake. For the low-protein beverage women (Group 2), statistics revealed the beverage was used as a substitute.", "PMID": 722011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9014", "title": "Hierarchical structure of selected behaviors of dietitians on the job.", "content": "The rationale for learning sequences and hierarchies is presented and briefly discussed. Two methods for identifying hierarchies--Guttman scalogram analysis and ordering theory analysis--are described and demonstrated, using seven items from the Dietitians' Behaviorating Scales, a performance appraisal instrument for dietitians. Scalogram analysis indicated that the seven items did not constitute a linear cumulative scale (CR = 0.75). Ordering theory analysis showed that the seven items constitute a complex branched hierarchy, which is graphically presented. Implications for dietetic education are discussed.", "contents": "Hierarchical structure of selected behaviors of dietitians on the job. The rationale for learning sequences and hierarchies is presented and briefly discussed. Two methods for identifying hierarchies--Guttman scalogram analysis and ordering theory analysis--are described and demonstrated, using seven items from the Dietitians' Behaviorating Scales, a performance appraisal instrument for dietitians. Scalogram analysis indicated that the seven items did not constitute a linear cumulative scale (CR = 0.75). Ordering theory analysis showed that the seven items constitute a complex branched hierarchy, which is graphically presented. Implications for dietetic education are discussed.", "PMID": 722012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9015", "title": "Menu item forecasting systems in hospital foodservice. A cost comparison of two- and three-echelon systems.", "content": "The forecasting efficiency of two- and three-echelon menu item forecasting systems was compared. Two forecasting models were used with each system, adaptive exponential smoothing and a Box-Jenkins model. The two systems were compared in terms of forecast error costs. The two-echelon system, using adaptive exponential smoothing, was recommended. This technique resulted in the lowest forecast error costs at a majority of the lead times which probably would be used most frequently. Also, this technique was the least complicated of the four techniques which were compared.", "contents": "Menu item forecasting systems in hospital foodservice. A cost comparison of two- and three-echelon systems. The forecasting efficiency of two- and three-echelon menu item forecasting systems was compared. Two forecasting models were used with each system, adaptive exponential smoothing and a Box-Jenkins model. The two systems were compared in terms of forecast error costs. The two-echelon system, using adaptive exponential smoothing, was recommended. This technique resulted in the lowest forecast error costs at a majority of the lead times which probably would be used most frequently. Also, this technique was the least complicated of the four techniques which were compared.", "PMID": 722013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9016", "title": "Activity sampling in two nursing home foodservice systems.", "content": "Activity sampling was conducted in the foodservice department of two Wisconsin skilled care nursing homes with bed capacities between 100 and 160. Two seven-day sampling periods about one month apart were conducted in each home with 100 random observations being made each day. Analysis of variance of data indicated that the modified activity sampling technique was reliable in analyzing activities of personnel in nursing home foodservice systems with similar organizational and operational characteristics. In both homes, approximately 81, 9, and 10% of total labor time were spent in direct work, indirect work, and delays, respectively. Mean labor minutes per meal equivalent served (7.48 in Home X and 7.43 in Home Y) were similar. The consistent values for minutes per meal equivalent from Monday through Friday suggest that future activity sampling studies in nursing homes could be less than seven days. When evaluating staffing patterns in nursing home foodservice systems, consideration should be given to both quantitative indexes (minutes per meal, food cost per meal, labor cost per meal and qualitative indexes (sensory, microbial, and nutrient quality of food served), as well as to employee and resident satisfaction with the system.", "contents": "Activity sampling in two nursing home foodservice systems. Activity sampling was conducted in the foodservice department of two Wisconsin skilled care nursing homes with bed capacities between 100 and 160. Two seven-day sampling periods about one month apart were conducted in each home with 100 random observations being made each day. Analysis of variance of data indicated that the modified activity sampling technique was reliable in analyzing activities of personnel in nursing home foodservice systems with similar organizational and operational characteristics. In both homes, approximately 81, 9, and 10% of total labor time were spent in direct work, indirect work, and delays, respectively. Mean labor minutes per meal equivalent served (7.48 in Home X and 7.43 in Home Y) were similar. The consistent values for minutes per meal equivalent from Monday through Friday suggest that future activity sampling studies in nursing homes could be less than seven days. When evaluating staffing patterns in nursing home foodservice systems, consideration should be given to both quantitative indexes (minutes per meal, food cost per meal, labor cost per meal and qualitative indexes (sensory, microbial, and nutrient quality of food served), as well as to employee and resident satisfaction with the system.", "PMID": 722014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9017", "title": "Insight and creativity.", "content": "The similarities between the process of creativity in art and science and the phenomenon of insight in psychoanalysis are examined according to the four criteria of thought: categorization, abstraction, context, and association. The thesis is that both creativity and insight are based on a synthesis of the operational modes of the primary and secondary processes.", "contents": "Insight and creativity. The similarities between the process of creativity in art and science and the phenomenon of insight in psychoanalysis are examined according to the four criteria of thought: categorization, abstraction, context, and association. The thesis is that both creativity and insight are based on a synthesis of the operational modes of the primary and secondary processes.", "PMID": 722018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9018", "title": "Psychoanalytic study of an unusual perversion.", "content": "The psychoanalysis of a case of an unusual perversion demonstrated the historical determinants of the ritual. Drive and defense, bisexual disposition, and identifications were represented. At the beginning of the analysis the patient appeared to have borderline character traits; but as the analysis unfolded, an oedipal situation was revealed and character development occurred. The factors that determined the particular outcome for this patient, instead of homosexuality, or transsexualism, are discussed. In some cases of perversion, such as the one herein described, only psychoanalytic exploration can determine whether a level of personality structure and object relations had been reached that allows for the analysis of the perversion and a shift to heterosexuality and mature object relations.", "contents": "Psychoanalytic study of an unusual perversion. The psychoanalysis of a case of an unusual perversion demonstrated the historical determinants of the ritual. Drive and defense, bisexual disposition, and identifications were represented. At the beginning of the analysis the patient appeared to have borderline character traits; but as the analysis unfolded, an oedipal situation was revealed and character development occurred. The factors that determined the particular outcome for this patient, instead of homosexuality, or transsexualism, are discussed. In some cases of perversion, such as the one herein described, only psychoanalytic exploration can determine whether a level of personality structure and object relations had been reached that allows for the analysis of the perversion and a shift to heterosexuality and mature object relations.", "PMID": 722019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9019", "title": "A selective review of the psychoanalytic literature on theoretical conceptualizations of narcissism.", "content": "This paper places recent theoretical conceptualizations of narcissism in the context of general psychoanalytic theory. It traces the major changes in the general theory that have relevance for the concept of narcissism. The literature review is organized to examine the concept of narcissism as it relates to drive theory, ego-ideal development and function, the concept of self-esteem, and self- and object relations. Remaining inconsistencies and disagreements between major theoreticians are clarified and areas of conceptual consensus are identified. An overview of the various theories of narcissism is presented with a suggestion for their possible synthesis and integration into the general psychoanalytic theory.", "contents": "A selective review of the psychoanalytic literature on theoretical conceptualizations of narcissism. This paper places recent theoretical conceptualizations of narcissism in the context of general psychoanalytic theory. It traces the major changes in the general theory that have relevance for the concept of narcissism. The literature review is organized to examine the concept of narcissism as it relates to drive theory, ego-ideal development and function, the concept of self-esteem, and self- and object relations. Remaining inconsistencies and disagreements between major theoreticians are clarified and areas of conceptual consensus are identified. An overview of the various theories of narcissism is presented with a suggestion for their possible synthesis and integration into the general psychoanalytic theory.", "PMID": 722024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9020", "title": "Qualitative change from quantitative change: mathematical catastrophe theory in relation to psychoanalysis.", "content": "The relation of qualitative change to quantitative change is important to psychoanalytic theory. Until recently no tools were available for dealing with the problem, but the development of catastrophe theory has provided methods for studying it. Psychoanalytic investigators might benefit from the methods of catastrophe theory, and dilemmas arising from the supposed impossibility of relating quantity to quality are seen to allow of solution.", "contents": "Qualitative change from quantitative change: mathematical catastrophe theory in relation to psychoanalysis. The relation of qualitative change to quantitative change is important to psychoanalytic theory. Until recently no tools were available for dealing with the problem, but the development of catastrophe theory has provided methods for studying it. Psychoanalytic investigators might benefit from the methods of catastrophe theory, and dilemmas arising from the supposed impossibility of relating quantity to quality are seen to allow of solution.", "PMID": 722026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9021", "title": "Interpositional arthroplasty for rheumatoid carpometacarpal joint disease.", "content": "Over the past 3 years the Swanson great toe prosthesis was used in an interpositional arthroplasty at the carpometacarpal joint in 21 thumbs of 19 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and three thumbs of two patients with lumpus arthritis. In selected patients with advanced disease, this prosthesis has the advantage of allowing for correction of deformity while preserving carpal stock which may be important if a surgical procedure is required at the wrist. Stable capsular closure does not require reinforcement by adjacent tendon. Twenty-two thumbs of 19 patients were improved, although in three the prosthesis was malpositioned. Two patients required reoperation and removal of the prosthesis: one for infection, and one for failure to correct deformity. Overall functional results often were affected by the status of disease in other joints, but in general were acceptable.", "contents": "Interpositional arthroplasty for rheumatoid carpometacarpal joint disease. Over the past 3 years the Swanson great toe prosthesis was used in an interpositional arthroplasty at the carpometacarpal joint in 21 thumbs of 19 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and three thumbs of two patients with lumpus arthritis. In selected patients with advanced disease, this prosthesis has the advantage of allowing for correction of deformity while preserving carpal stock which may be important if a surgical procedure is required at the wrist. Stable capsular closure does not require reinforcement by adjacent tendon. Twenty-two thumbs of 19 patients were improved, although in three the prosthesis was malpositioned. Two patients required reoperation and removal of the prosthesis: one for infection, and one for failure to correct deformity. Overall functional results often were affected by the status of disease in other joints, but in general were acceptable.", "PMID": 722027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9022", "title": "Assessing ulnar instability of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb.", "content": "Seven hundred and fifty normal thumbs were examined to determine the normal range of radioulnar mobility of the metacarpophalangeal joint with the joint in full extension, 15 degrees of flexion, and full flexion. Full flexion was the position of greatest stability. Twenty-five adult unembalmed cadaver thumbs were examined to determine the optimal position for testing the metacarpophalangeal joint for ulnar collateral ligament stability. When radial stress was applied to the metacarpophalangeal joint of 20 specimens after cutting the adductor aponeurosis and capsule, minimal ulnar instability was found. However, further sectioning of the ulnar collateral ligament revealed marked ulnar instability most significantly when the thumbs were examined in full metacarpophalangeal flexion. Finally, division of the adductor aponeurosis, dorsal capsule, ulnar collateral ligament, accessory collateral ligament, and volar plate resulted in complete instability of the metacarpophalangeal joint in all positions tested.", "contents": "Assessing ulnar instability of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb. Seven hundred and fifty normal thumbs were examined to determine the normal range of radioulnar mobility of the metacarpophalangeal joint with the joint in full extension, 15 degrees of flexion, and full flexion. Full flexion was the position of greatest stability. Twenty-five adult unembalmed cadaver thumbs were examined to determine the optimal position for testing the metacarpophalangeal joint for ulnar collateral ligament stability. When radial stress was applied to the metacarpophalangeal joint of 20 specimens after cutting the adductor aponeurosis and capsule, minimal ulnar instability was found. However, further sectioning of the ulnar collateral ligament revealed marked ulnar instability most significantly when the thumbs were examined in full metacarpophalangeal flexion. Finally, division of the adductor aponeurosis, dorsal capsule, ulnar collateral ligament, accessory collateral ligament, and volar plate resulted in complete instability of the metacarpophalangeal joint in all positions tested.", "PMID": 722028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9023", "title": "A complete dislocation of the thumb metacarpal.", "content": "Multiple dislocations of a single finger are rare. We report a patient with complete dislocation of the thumb metacarpal, a condition not reported previously. A 9 year follow-up shows the patient to have a normal-appearing, strong, and painless hand.", "contents": "A complete dislocation of the thumb metacarpal. Multiple dislocations of a single finger are rare. We report a patient with complete dislocation of the thumb metacarpal, a condition not reported previously. A 9 year follow-up shows the patient to have a normal-appearing, strong, and painless hand.", "PMID": 722029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9024", "title": "Abductor digiti minimi opponensplasty in congenital radial dysplasia.", "content": "Satisfactory results were obtained in 20 of 21 abductor digiti minimi opponensplasties performed in children with congenital radial dysplasia. A modified technique left the muscle attached to the pisiform and did not require complete dissection of the neurovascular structures. An adequate subcutaneous tunnel was made to accept the transferred muscle and laxity of the ulnar collateral ligament of the metacarpal-phalangeal joint of the thumb, a consistent finding in patients with isolated aplasia of the abductor pollicis brevis and opponens pollicis muscles, was repaired by imbrication and suture of one of the tendinous slips to the ulnar capsule.", "contents": "Abductor digiti minimi opponensplasty in congenital radial dysplasia. Satisfactory results were obtained in 20 of 21 abductor digiti minimi opponensplasties performed in children with congenital radial dysplasia. A modified technique left the muscle attached to the pisiform and did not require complete dissection of the neurovascular structures. An adequate subcutaneous tunnel was made to accept the transferred muscle and laxity of the ulnar collateral ligament of the metacarpal-phalangeal joint of the thumb, a consistent finding in patients with isolated aplasia of the abductor pollicis brevis and opponens pollicis muscles, was repaired by imbrication and suture of one of the tendinous slips to the ulnar capsule.", "PMID": 722031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9025", "title": "A clinical study of forces generated by the intrinsic muscles of the index finger and the extrinsic flexor and extensor muscles of the hand.", "content": "A study of the forces generated by the intrinsic muscles of the index finger and coordinating muscles of the hand found that the intrinsic muscles of the index finger contributed combined forces equivalent to approximately 80% of those generated by the flexor profundus and superficialis, and to 73% of the moment for the motion of metacarpopalangeal flexion with simultaneous interphalangeal joint extension. No current tendon transfer operation can correct this deficit, though several supply sufficient force at the metacarpophalangeal joint to counterbalance the extrinsic extensors.", "contents": "A clinical study of forces generated by the intrinsic muscles of the index finger and the extrinsic flexor and extensor muscles of the hand. A study of the forces generated by the intrinsic muscles of the index finger and coordinating muscles of the hand found that the intrinsic muscles of the index finger contributed combined forces equivalent to approximately 80% of those generated by the flexor profundus and superficialis, and to 73% of the moment for the motion of metacarpopalangeal flexion with simultaneous interphalangeal joint extension. No current tendon transfer operation can correct this deficit, though several supply sufficient force at the metacarpophalangeal joint to counterbalance the extrinsic extensors.", "PMID": 722032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9026", "title": "Aneurysmal bone cysts occurring in the metacarpals: a report of three cases.", "content": "In three patients an aneurysmal bone cyst occurring in a metacarpal was treated by excising the involved bone and substituting bone grafts. There was no evidence of recurrence in 1, 3, and 8 years of follow-up. In two patients with open epiphyses, growth of the metacarpal was not impaired.", "contents": "Aneurysmal bone cysts occurring in the metacarpals: a report of three cases. In three patients an aneurysmal bone cyst occurring in a metacarpal was treated by excising the involved bone and substituting bone grafts. There was no evidence of recurrence in 1, 3, and 8 years of follow-up. In two patients with open epiphyses, growth of the metacarpal was not impaired.", "PMID": 722033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9027", "title": "Factors affecting the acquisition of resistance against Schistosoma mansoni in the mouse. I. Demonstration of resistance to reinfection using a model system that involves perfusion of mice within three weeks of challenge.", "content": "The degree of resistance acquired by Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice against homologous challenge has been determined by perfusion of the animals within three weeks of the challenge, at which time the challenge-derived organisms were morphologically distinguishable from the primary infection which induced the resistance. The method has been compared with assays based on determination of the number of organisms migrating through the lung, and with perfusions at a later time when the challenge has matured. The results obtained with the three week perfusion method, showing that resistance was acquired by eight weeks after a primary infection, were confirmed by the longer survival of, and reduced egg excretion rates and tissue egg burdens in the experimental animals relative to respective challenge control animals. However, some discrepancy in challenge-derived worm numbers was found between animals perfused three weeks after challenge and those autopsied at later times. The possible reasons for this difference are discussed. The degree of resistance that was acquired was to some extent dependent on the size of the challenge infection.", "contents": "Factors affecting the acquisition of resistance against Schistosoma mansoni in the mouse. I. Demonstration of resistance to reinfection using a model system that involves perfusion of mice within three weeks of challenge. The degree of resistance acquired by Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice against homologous challenge has been determined by perfusion of the animals within three weeks of the challenge, at which time the challenge-derived organisms were morphologically distinguishable from the primary infection which induced the resistance. The method has been compared with assays based on determination of the number of organisms migrating through the lung, and with perfusions at a later time when the challenge has matured. The results obtained with the three week perfusion method, showing that resistance was acquired by eight weeks after a primary infection, were confirmed by the longer survival of, and reduced egg excretion rates and tissue egg burdens in the experimental animals relative to respective challenge control animals. However, some discrepancy in challenge-derived worm numbers was found between animals perfused three weeks after challenge and those autopsied at later times. The possible reasons for this difference are discussed. The degree of resistance that was acquired was to some extent dependent on the size of the challenge infection.", "PMID": 722037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9028", "title": "Factors affecting the acquisition of resistance against Schistosoma mansoni in the mouse. 2. The time at which resistance to reinfection develops.", "content": "Mice developed a partial resistance against homologous challenge with Schistosoma mansoni as early as two weeks after primary infections of 35 to 75 cercariae, and the degree of protection increased to an apparent maximum by 6 weeks. Animals given a primary infection of only 25 cercariae required a longer period to acquire maximum resistance.", "contents": "Factors affecting the acquisition of resistance against Schistosoma mansoni in the mouse. 2. The time at which resistance to reinfection develops. Mice developed a partial resistance against homologous challenge with Schistosoma mansoni as early as two weeks after primary infections of 35 to 75 cercariae, and the degree of protection increased to an apparent maximum by 6 weeks. Animals given a primary infection of only 25 cercariae required a longer period to acquire maximum resistance.", "PMID": 722038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9029", "title": "Experimental infection of Ancylostoma caninum in mice. III. distribution of larvae after repeated exposures to infection.", "content": "Different groups of mice were infected with various single or repeated doses of larvae of Ancylostoma caninum. Considerable loss of larvae occurred in the immunised groups when compared with their counterpart unimmunised groups. Larval migration and distribution in the different tissues was less in immunised mice, as most larvae were expelled from the gastrointestinal tract. This resulted in a poor onward larval migration to liver, lungs, brain and muscle regions in immunised groups. The heavily immunised group infected five times was most affected and a significant lesser larval distribution in various organs and muscle region observed.", "contents": "Experimental infection of Ancylostoma caninum in mice. III. distribution of larvae after repeated exposures to infection. Different groups of mice were infected with various single or repeated doses of larvae of Ancylostoma caninum. Considerable loss of larvae occurred in the immunised groups when compared with their counterpart unimmunised groups. Larval migration and distribution in the different tissues was less in immunised mice, as most larvae were expelled from the gastrointestinal tract. This resulted in a poor onward larval migration to liver, lungs, brain and muscle regions in immunised groups. The heavily immunised group infected five times was most affected and a significant lesser larval distribution in various organs and muscle region observed.", "PMID": 722039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9030", "title": "Tapeworms of the Chaco Boreal, Paraguay, with two new species.", "content": "Mathevotaenia paraguayae sp. n. is described from Euphractus sexcinctus. It differs from M. didelphidis (Rud.) in having a transverse cirrus pouch anterior to the vagina. Monoecocestus mackiewiczi sp. n. was found in Phyllotis sp. It differs from M. parcitesticulatus Rego in having a much smaller scolex, a poral ovary, and a cirrus pouch 360 to 440 micrometers long. Other species reported are Taenia macrocystis, Taenia omissa, Spirometra mansonoides, Spirometra gracilis, Spirometra longicollis, Diphyllobothrium trinitatis, Atriotaenia parva, and Mathevotaenia tetragonocephala.", "contents": "Tapeworms of the Chaco Boreal, Paraguay, with two new species. Mathevotaenia paraguayae sp. n. is described from Euphractus sexcinctus. It differs from M. didelphidis (Rud.) in having a transverse cirrus pouch anterior to the vagina. Monoecocestus mackiewiczi sp. n. was found in Phyllotis sp. It differs from M. parcitesticulatus Rego in having a much smaller scolex, a poral ovary, and a cirrus pouch 360 to 440 micrometers long. Other species reported are Taenia macrocystis, Taenia omissa, Spirometra mansonoides, Spirometra gracilis, Spirometra longicollis, Diphyllobothrium trinitatis, Atriotaenia parva, and Mathevotaenia tetragonocephala.", "PMID": 722040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9031", "title": "Allohymenolepis palawanensis sp. n. (Cyclophyllidea: Hymenolepididae) from the Philippine bird, Nectarinia jugularis (Tweeddale 1878).", "content": "Allohymenolepis palawanensis sp. n. from a yellow-breasted sunbird, Nectarinia jugularis, in Palawan, Republic of the Philippines, is characterized by possessing a sucker diameter of 52-56 micrometer, a scolex of 120 X 157-166 micrometer, ovary 25-40 X 71-90 micrometer, and a vitelline gland of 17-25 micrometer.", "contents": "Allohymenolepis palawanensis sp. n. (Cyclophyllidea: Hymenolepididae) from the Philippine bird, Nectarinia jugularis (Tweeddale 1878). Allohymenolepis palawanensis sp. n. from a yellow-breasted sunbird, Nectarinia jugularis, in Palawan, Republic of the Philippines, is characterized by possessing a sucker diameter of 52-56 micrometer, a scolex of 120 X 157-166 micrometer, ovary 25-40 X 71-90 micrometer, and a vitelline gland of 17-25 micrometer.", "PMID": 722041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9032", "title": "Paratrichosoma crocodilus n. gen. n. sp. (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae) from the skin of the New Guinea crocodile.", "content": "A new genus of nematode (Paractrichosoma crocodilus) is described from Crocodilus novaeguinae. Adults have typical trichuroid features but elongated stichocytes (over 1 mm in female). Males are one third to one half as long as females and have no spicule or sheath.", "contents": "Paratrichosoma crocodilus n. gen. n. sp. (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae) from the skin of the New Guinea crocodile. A new genus of nematode (Paractrichosoma crocodilus) is described from Crocodilus novaeguinae. Adults have typical trichuroid features but elongated stichocytes (over 1 mm in female). Males are one third to one half as long as females and have no spicule or sheath.", "PMID": 722042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9033", "title": "The influence of physical factors on the behaviour and infectivity of miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium. III. Effect of contact time and dispersion in static and flowing waters.", "content": "The scanning and infective capacity of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium miracidia were tested under limited exposure times in small volumes of water, and under increasing mutual dispersion in vessels of different sizes also over increasing horizontal distances, and under different flow rates of water. It was found that the miracidia of both species retained their infective capacity for up to 1 hour in the presence of susceptible snails. The infection rates decreased with decreasing miracidial densities but was still over 50% at 0.4--0.8 miracidia per litre. Both species of miracidia produced high (36--44%) infection rates in host snails situated at a distance of 5 m and equally high infection rates (39--40%) in snails placed in water flowing at a rate of 12--15 cm/sec. The application of any of these physical factors in the control of schistosomiasis is discussed.", "contents": "The influence of physical factors on the behaviour and infectivity of miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium. III. Effect of contact time and dispersion in static and flowing waters. The scanning and infective capacity of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium miracidia were tested under limited exposure times in small volumes of water, and under increasing mutual dispersion in vessels of different sizes also over increasing horizontal distances, and under different flow rates of water. It was found that the miracidia of both species retained their infective capacity for up to 1 hour in the presence of susceptible snails. The infection rates decreased with decreasing miracidial densities but was still over 50% at 0.4--0.8 miracidia per litre. Both species of miracidia produced high (36--44%) infection rates in host snails situated at a distance of 5 m and equally high infection rates (39--40%) in snails placed in water flowing at a rate of 12--15 cm/sec. The application of any of these physical factors in the control of schistosomiasis is discussed.", "PMID": 722043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9034", "title": "Revision of the genus Paracooperia Travassos, 1935 (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae).", "content": "Only five of the eight species assigned to the genus Paracooperia are considered valid and are  redescribed. P. petrowi Memmedov, 1961 and P. indiana Ali and Deshpande, 1970 are considered synonyms of P. nodulosa (Schwartz, 1928) Travassos, 1937 and the synonymy of P. matoffi Le Roux, 1950 with P. nodulosa is confirmed. A key to the species of the genus is given and their hosts and geographical localities are listed.", "contents": "Revision of the genus Paracooperia Travassos, 1935 (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae). Only five of the eight species assigned to the genus Paracooperia are considered valid and are  redescribed. P. petrowi Memmedov, 1961 and P. indiana Ali and Deshpande, 1970 are considered synonyms of P. nodulosa (Schwartz, 1928) Travassos, 1937 and the synonymy of P. matoffi Le Roux, 1950 with P. nodulosa is confirmed. A key to the species of the genus is given and their hosts and geographical localities are listed.", "PMID": 722044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9035", "title": "Life history of Genarchopsis goppo Ozaki, 1925 (Trematoda: Hemiuridae) from the freshwater fish Channa punctata.", "content": "The life cycle of Genarchopsis goppo a hemiurid trematode found in the stomach of Channa punctata has been worked out in detail. The egg contains a fully developed miracidium at the time of liberation. The miracidium contains a ciliated covering, a long apical gland and a crown of spines at the anterior end. The snail Amnicola travancorica acts as the first intermediate hose inside which the miracidium passes through sporocyst and redial generations. The cercaria is of cystophorous type and is identical to Cercariae Indicae Sewell XXXV. Metacercaria occurs in the ostracods Stenocypris malcolmsoni and Eucyoris capensis. The fish Aplocheilus panchax serves as the paratenic host. The entire developmental cycle from egg to egg producing adult takes 3 months.", "contents": "Life history of Genarchopsis goppo Ozaki, 1925 (Trematoda: Hemiuridae) from the freshwater fish Channa punctata. The life cycle of Genarchopsis goppo a hemiurid trematode found in the stomach of Channa punctata has been worked out in detail. The egg contains a fully developed miracidium at the time of liberation. The miracidium contains a ciliated covering, a long apical gland and a crown of spines at the anterior end. The snail Amnicola travancorica acts as the first intermediate hose inside which the miracidium passes through sporocyst and redial generations. The cercaria is of cystophorous type and is identical to Cercariae Indicae Sewell XXXV. Metacercaria occurs in the ostracods Stenocypris malcolmsoni and Eucyoris capensis. The fish Aplocheilus panchax serves as the paratenic host. The entire developmental cycle from egg to egg producing adult takes 3 months.", "PMID": 722045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9036", "title": "Localization of chitin in algal and fungal cell walls by light and electron microscopy.", "content": "Chitin was visualized in cell walls after hydrolysis with potassium hydroxide and subsequent postfixation of the deacetylated polysaccharide (chitosan) in OsO4. Areas of chitin deposition appeared dark borwn by light microscopy and electron dense in the electron microscope. With this method, the presence of chitin was demonstrated in the cell walls of the green alga Pithophora oedogonia (Montagne) Wittrock and two fungi, Ceratocystis ulmi Buism. (C. Moreau) and Blastocladiella emersonii Cantino and Hyatt. Most of the chitin in P. oedogonia ws found in the crosswall disk and small amounts occurred in the outer longitudinal walls. The septal disk of C. ulmi also contained chitin, but significant amounts were present in the inner and outer regions of longitudinal walls as well. Chitin was present throughout the walls of B. emersonii. Small amounts of chitin were not easily demonstrated by this technique, but removal of chitosan by exposure to dilute acetic acid before osmium fixation disrupted cell wall integrity, suggesting that small amounts of the structural polysaccharide had been removed.", "contents": "Localization of chitin in algal and fungal cell walls by light and electron microscopy. Chitin was visualized in cell walls after hydrolysis with potassium hydroxide and subsequent postfixation of the deacetylated polysaccharide (chitosan) in OsO4. Areas of chitin deposition appeared dark borwn by light microscopy and electron dense in the electron microscope. With this method, the presence of chitin was demonstrated in the cell walls of the green alga Pithophora oedogonia (Montagne) Wittrock and two fungi, Ceratocystis ulmi Buism. (C. Moreau) and Blastocladiella emersonii Cantino and Hyatt. Most of the chitin in P. oedogonia ws found in the crosswall disk and small amounts occurred in the outer longitudinal walls. The septal disk of C. ulmi also contained chitin, but significant amounts were present in the inner and outer regions of longitudinal walls as well. Chitin was present throughout the walls of B. emersonii. Small amounts of chitin were not easily demonstrated by this technique, but removal of chitosan by exposure to dilute acetic acid before osmium fixation disrupted cell wall integrity, suggesting that small amounts of the structural polysaccharide had been removed.", "PMID": 722047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9037", "title": "Device for quantitative cytochemistry: a computerized scanning microdensitometer 'grain counter'.", "content": "A computerized scanning microdensitometer and autoradiographic grain counter was able to provide quantitative data on the cytochemical final reaction product formed within a single cell and also quantitate the kinetics of its formation. Optical density and area measurements were performed on hundreds of leukocytes from slides previously stained to demonstrate any one of a variety of reactions. These included cellular glycogen, lipids, peroxidase, esterases, alkaline phosphatase, and acid phosphatase. In addition to these slide studies, chamber studies with an adapted Dvorak-Stotler Chamber allowed the measurement of enzyme kinetics within single cells.", "contents": "Device for quantitative cytochemistry: a computerized scanning microdensitometer 'grain counter'. A computerized scanning microdensitometer and autoradiographic grain counter was able to provide quantitative data on the cytochemical final reaction product formed within a single cell and also quantitate the kinetics of its formation. Optical density and area measurements were performed on hundreds of leukocytes from slides previously stained to demonstrate any one of a variety of reactions. These included cellular glycogen, lipids, peroxidase, esterases, alkaline phosphatase, and acid phosphatase. In addition to these slide studies, chamber studies with an adapted Dvorak-Stotler Chamber allowed the measurement of enzyme kinetics within single cells.", "PMID": 722048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9038", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of alkaline phosphatase in rat eosinophil leucocytes.", "content": "The ultrastructural localization of alkaline phosphatase in eosinophil leucocytes, obtained from experimentally-induced peritoneal exudates in rats, has been studied using an osmiophilic technique with 2-naphthylthiolphosphoryl dichloride as substrate, fast Blue BBN as diazonium salt and postosmication with 1% aqueous osmium tetroxide. With this method identical incubation procedures could be used for both light and electron microscope examination. Eosinophils were the only cells which contained alkaline phosphatase. The enzyme was predominantly associated with the outer surface of the plasma membrane, being present in much lower concentrations in cytoplasmic cisternae. Eosinophil granules only rarely showed reaction product. The plasma membrane location of alkaline phosphatase in eosinophil leucocytes is identical to that recently demonstrated in the human neutrophil.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of alkaline phosphatase in rat eosinophil leucocytes. The ultrastructural localization of alkaline phosphatase in eosinophil leucocytes, obtained from experimentally-induced peritoneal exudates in rats, has been studied using an osmiophilic technique with 2-naphthylthiolphosphoryl dichloride as substrate, fast Blue BBN as diazonium salt and postosmication with 1% aqueous osmium tetroxide. With this method identical incubation procedures could be used for both light and electron microscope examination. Eosinophils were the only cells which contained alkaline phosphatase. The enzyme was predominantly associated with the outer surface of the plasma membrane, being present in much lower concentrations in cytoplasmic cisternae. Eosinophil granules only rarely showed reaction product. The plasma membrane location of alkaline phosphatase in eosinophil leucocytes is identical to that recently demonstrated in the human neutrophil.", "PMID": 722049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9039", "title": "Permanent fluorescent staining of nucleic acids in isolated cells.", "content": "Staining of fixed cells, blood smears and chromosomes with 0.1% w/v of 3, 5, 7, 2', 4'-pentahydroxyflavanol (morin dehydrate) in 70% ethanol after brief mordanting with 5% w/v aluminum ammonium sulfate results in permanent fluorescence of cellular nucleic acids. Incubation in ribonuclease solution before mordanting, or 5-min hydrolysis with INHCL at 60 degrees C selectively abolishes RNA fluorescence, while the incubation in deoxyribonuclease solution abolishes DNA fluorescence. The morin-mordant complex bound to nucleic acids is stable to photodegradation and up to five years of storage.", "contents": "Permanent fluorescent staining of nucleic acids in isolated cells. Staining of fixed cells, blood smears and chromosomes with 0.1% w/v of 3, 5, 7, 2', 4'-pentahydroxyflavanol (morin dehydrate) in 70% ethanol after brief mordanting with 5% w/v aluminum ammonium sulfate results in permanent fluorescence of cellular nucleic acids. Incubation in ribonuclease solution before mordanting, or 5-min hydrolysis with INHCL at 60 degrees C selectively abolishes RNA fluorescence, while the incubation in deoxyribonuclease solution abolishes DNA fluorescence. The morin-mordant complex bound to nucleic acids is stable to photodegradation and up to five years of storage.", "PMID": 722051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9040", "title": "Simultaneous localization of an hepatic binding protein specific for galactose and of galactose-containing receptors on rat hepatocytes.", "content": "The hepatic binding protein, specific for galactose-terminated glycoproteins (asialoglycoproteins) and the receptors for the Ricinus communis lectin, specific for galactose residues (RCA1), were simultaneously localized on isolated rat hepatocytes by the gold method. The marker for the binding protein was prepared from gold granules (5 nm in diam.) labeled with ceruloplasmin and desialylated. The marker specific for galactose-containing receptors consisted of granules (17 nm in diameter) labeled with RCA1. It was established that both markers did not interact. Hepatocytes (fresh or briefly fixed with glutaraldehyde) were successively incubated with the asialoceruloplasmin and the RCA1 marker. Examination of thin sections by electron microscopy indicated that the binding protein and the RCA1 receptors were often in the proximity of each other on the plasmamembrane. Using the same technique, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) receptors were generally found on area of the plasmamembrane poorly marked by the RCA1 gold marker. The binding of asialoceruloplasmin gold markers was studied as a function of the size of the granules. It became insignificant when the size was above 17 nm. Previous results have shown that the binding of RCA1 is low when the marker reaches 50 nm in size while WGA markers up to 75 nm are well bound by hepatocytes. It is therefore hypothesized that the binding protein and RCA1 receptors are located between glycoprotein brushes of increasing spacing while part or all of the WGA receptors are located at the periphery of the brushes.", "contents": "Simultaneous localization of an hepatic binding protein specific for galactose and of galactose-containing receptors on rat hepatocytes. The hepatic binding protein, specific for galactose-terminated glycoproteins (asialoglycoproteins) and the receptors for the Ricinus communis lectin, specific for galactose residues (RCA1), were simultaneously localized on isolated rat hepatocytes by the gold method. The marker for the binding protein was prepared from gold granules (5 nm in diam.) labeled with ceruloplasmin and desialylated. The marker specific for galactose-containing receptors consisted of granules (17 nm in diameter) labeled with RCA1. It was established that both markers did not interact. Hepatocytes (fresh or briefly fixed with glutaraldehyde) were successively incubated with the asialoceruloplasmin and the RCA1 marker. Examination of thin sections by electron microscopy indicated that the binding protein and the RCA1 receptors were often in the proximity of each other on the plasmamembrane. Using the same technique, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) receptors were generally found on area of the plasmamembrane poorly marked by the RCA1 gold marker. The binding of asialoceruloplasmin gold markers was studied as a function of the size of the granules. It became insignificant when the size was above 17 nm. Previous results have shown that the binding of RCA1 is low when the marker reaches 50 nm in size while WGA markers up to 75 nm are well bound by hepatocytes. It is therefore hypothesized that the binding protein and RCA1 receptors are located between glycoprotein brushes of increasing spacing while part or all of the WGA receptors are located at the periphery of the brushes.", "PMID": 722052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9041", "title": "Lactate-dehydrogenase activity in the rat testis: a comparison between fluorometric assay of freeze-dried sections and histochemical localization with phenazine methosulphate.", "content": "The activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in freeze-dried sections of rat testes was determined by using a fluorometric assay method and found to be 4.47 +/- 0.23 moles/Kg dry weight/hr (MKDH +/- S.E.M.) in whole sections, 3.31 +/- 0.16 in tubules and 12.0 +/- 1.9 in interstitial tissue. The activities and regional variation are similar to those measured in nervous tissue and are well correlated with the histochemical localization of LDH activity when phenazine methosulphate (PMS) is not used as an electron carrier. LDH and lipoamide dehydrogenase activity have the same histochemical distribution and there is no nonspecific staining with either method. The use of PMS results in reduced dependence on substrate and coenzyme and does not indicate higher interstitial activity but may provide an indication of developing lactate metabolism in maturing sperm. It is recomended that methods with and without PMS be used in studies of LDH activity in the testis.", "contents": "Lactate-dehydrogenase activity in the rat testis: a comparison between fluorometric assay of freeze-dried sections and histochemical localization with phenazine methosulphate. The activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in freeze-dried sections of rat testes was determined by using a fluorometric assay method and found to be 4.47 +/- 0.23 moles/Kg dry weight/hr (MKDH +/- S.E.M.) in whole sections, 3.31 +/- 0.16 in tubules and 12.0 +/- 1.9 in interstitial tissue. The activities and regional variation are similar to those measured in nervous tissue and are well correlated with the histochemical localization of LDH activity when phenazine methosulphate (PMS) is not used as an electron carrier. LDH and lipoamide dehydrogenase activity have the same histochemical distribution and there is no nonspecific staining with either method. The use of PMS results in reduced dependence on substrate and coenzyme and does not indicate higher interstitial activity but may provide an indication of developing lactate metabolism in maturing sperm. It is recomended that methods with and without PMS be used in studies of LDH activity in the testis.", "PMID": 722053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9042", "title": "Developmental distribution of microperoxisomes in the rat submandibular gland.", "content": "The present study investigated the size, number, and distribution of microperoxisomes (MP) during the prenatal and postnatal development of the rat submandibular gland (SMG). A three-fold increase in MP number per cell was observed in the cells of the rudiment from the 15th to the 16th day of gestation. The early secretory and striated duct cells contained about 9.0 MP. The number of MP per secretory cell decreased such that 3.5 MP were found in each mature acinar cell. In the striated duct cells, MP number progressively increased to 40.0. As the convoluted granular tubule cells (CGT) developed from striated duct cells there was an increase in MP number from 16.0 to 26.0/cell. At maturity, the convoluted granular tubule cells contained only 14.0 MP. Throughout development of the SMG, intercalated duct cells showed only rare MP. The data suggests that the number, size, and distribution of MP changes as a function of the particular path of differentiation followed by the various cells in the rat SMG.", "contents": "Developmental distribution of microperoxisomes in the rat submandibular gland. The present study investigated the size, number, and distribution of microperoxisomes (MP) during the prenatal and postnatal development of the rat submandibular gland (SMG). A three-fold increase in MP number per cell was observed in the cells of the rudiment from the 15th to the 16th day of gestation. The early secretory and striated duct cells contained about 9.0 MP. The number of MP per secretory cell decreased such that 3.5 MP were found in each mature acinar cell. In the striated duct cells, MP number progressively increased to 40.0. As the convoluted granular tubule cells (CGT) developed from striated duct cells there was an increase in MP number from 16.0 to 26.0/cell. At maturity, the convoluted granular tubule cells contained only 14.0 MP. Throughout development of the SMG, intercalated duct cells showed only rare MP. The data suggests that the number, size, and distribution of MP changes as a function of the particular path of differentiation followed by the various cells in the rat SMG.", "PMID": 722054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9043", "title": "Stereotype content and social distance: changing views of homosexuality.", "content": "This project examined effects of stereotype content and uniformity on social distance regarding homosexuals. Administration of an adjective checklist and social distance scale to 538 undergraduates resulted in identification of \"traits\" that change social distance. Those traits that positively correlated with distance at or beyond the .05 level were: \"cowardly,\" \"sly,\" \"suspicious,\" \"shrewd,\" \"stupid,\" \"impulsive,\" and \"ignorant.\" Traits that correlated with reduced distance (\"sensitive,\" individualistic,\" \"intelligent,\" \"honest,\" \"imaginative,\" \"neat,\" \"reserved,\" \"alert,\" \"kind\" \"faithful,\" \"courteous,\" \"sophisticated,\" and \"artistic\") were more uniform. Both clusters of negative and positive traits were moderately intercorrelated within and suggest that they each represent underlying dimensions. It is suggested that sterotypes about homosexuals are changing in a more positive direction.", "contents": "Stereotype content and social distance: changing views of homosexuality. This project examined effects of stereotype content and uniformity on social distance regarding homosexuals. Administration of an adjective checklist and social distance scale to 538 undergraduates resulted in identification of \"traits\" that change social distance. Those traits that positively correlated with distance at or beyond the .05 level were: \"cowardly,\" \"sly,\" \"suspicious,\" \"shrewd,\" \"stupid,\" \"impulsive,\" and \"ignorant.\" Traits that correlated with reduced distance (\"sensitive,\" individualistic,\" \"intelligent,\" \"honest,\" \"imaginative,\" \"neat,\" \"reserved,\" \"alert,\" \"kind\" \"faithful,\" \"courteous,\" \"sophisticated,\" and \"artistic\") were more uniform. Both clusters of negative and positive traits were moderately intercorrelated within and suggest that they each represent underlying dimensions. It is suggested that sterotypes about homosexuals are changing in a more positive direction.", "PMID": 722055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9044", "title": "Sexual orientation survey of students on the San Francisco State University Campus.", "content": "This study examined the sexual orientations of students on the campus of San Francisco State University. The sample consisted of 1,039 students who responded to a questionnaire administered in their classes. The results were as follows: (a) significantly more males than females reported the homosexual orientation for both behavior and feeling; (b) about the same proportion of whites and nonwhites reported the homosexual orientation for behavior; and (c) significantly more students in majors emphasizing \"divergent\" thinking than those in majors emphasizing \"convergent\" thinking reported the homosexual orientation for behavior. The first two findings were explained in terms of the differentiated and related development of social sex-roles and sexual orientation in females and males and minority and majority groups. The last finding was explained in terms of divergent and convergent thinking of students who choose particular disciplines.", "contents": "Sexual orientation survey of students on the San Francisco State University Campus. This study examined the sexual orientations of students on the campus of San Francisco State University. The sample consisted of 1,039 students who responded to a questionnaire administered in their classes. The results were as follows: (a) significantly more males than females reported the homosexual orientation for both behavior and feeling; (b) about the same proportion of whites and nonwhites reported the homosexual orientation for behavior; and (c) significantly more students in majors emphasizing \"divergent\" thinking than those in majors emphasizing \"convergent\" thinking reported the homosexual orientation for behavior. The first two findings were explained in terms of the differentiated and related development of social sex-roles and sexual orientation in females and males and minority and majority groups. The last finding was explained in terms of divergent and convergent thinking of students who choose particular disciplines.", "PMID": 722056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9045", "title": "Sex-role self-concepts of homosexual men and their attitudes toward both women and male homosexuality.", "content": "A nonclinical sample of 88 homosexual males responded to a questionnaire that assessed their sex-role self-concept and their attitudes toward both women and male homosexuality. Results indicated that in terms of socially valued masculine and feminine characteristics, the majority of homosexual males viewed themselves as predominantly androgynous. These respondents also favored equality between the sexes, reflecting positive attitudes toward women. Similarly, those homosexual men who supported equality between the sexes also held more positive attitudes toward male homosexuality.", "contents": "Sex-role self-concepts of homosexual men and their attitudes toward both women and male homosexuality. A nonclinical sample of 88 homosexual males responded to a questionnaire that assessed their sex-role self-concept and their attitudes toward both women and male homosexuality. Results indicated that in terms of socially valued masculine and feminine characteristics, the majority of homosexual males viewed themselves as predominantly androgynous. These respondents also favored equality between the sexes, reflecting positive attitudes toward women. Similarly, those homosexual men who supported equality between the sexes also held more positive attitudes toward male homosexuality.", "PMID": 722057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9046", "title": "\"Personals\" advertisements of lesbian women.", "content": "Based on a design adapted from previous content analyses of the \"Personals\" advertisements of heterosexual men and women and of homosexual men, advertisements for lesbian partners were studied in the light of predictions derived from exchange theory and from the findings of other studies of lesbianism. Lesbians' advertisements, as hypothesized, were found to emphasize positive characteristics and to de-emphasize the negative; to be more like those of nonlesbian women advertisers than like those of men of either sexual orientation; and to tend toward an androgynous style. Implications of these and other findings are discussed.", "contents": "\"Personals\" advertisements of lesbian women. Based on a design adapted from previous content analyses of the \"Personals\" advertisements of heterosexual men and women and of homosexual men, advertisements for lesbian partners were studied in the light of predictions derived from exchange theory and from the findings of other studies of lesbianism. Lesbians' advertisements, as hypothesized, were found to emphasize positive characteristics and to de-emphasize the negative; to be more like those of nonlesbian women advertisers than like those of men of either sexual orientation; and to tend toward an androgynous style. Implications of these and other findings are discussed.", "PMID": 722058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9047", "title": "Men who advertise for sex.", "content": "This content analysis of 1,111 paid ads in the Advocate identifies 17 self-descriptive categories in the \"Personals\" (PER) and \"Models, Masseurs, and Escorts\" (MME) sections of the \"Trader Dick\" supplement. Advertisers place primary emphases on sex and masculinity. Among MME, youthfulness, handsomeness, and sexiness are important, promoting versatility in place of specificity when mentioning sexual acts. PER advertisers, however, indicate concerns about age, race, and finding lovers. They also detail specific sexual interests and reject a variety of unacceptable behaviors.", "contents": "Men who advertise for sex. This content analysis of 1,111 paid ads in the Advocate identifies 17 self-descriptive categories in the \"Personals\" (PER) and \"Models, Masseurs, and Escorts\" (MME) sections of the \"Trader Dick\" supplement. Advertisers place primary emphases on sex and masculinity. Among MME, youthfulness, handsomeness, and sexiness are important, promoting versatility in place of specificity when mentioning sexual acts. PER advertisers, however, indicate concerns about age, race, and finding lovers. They also detail specific sexual interests and reject a variety of unacceptable behaviors.", "PMID": 722059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9048", "title": "Food choice and the US dietary goals.", "content": "Nobody has a completely free choice of food, but we may be so used to the limits of our choice that we are not aware of them. The purpose of this paper is to review proposals which have been put to the US Government and which, if followed through, would change the boundaries of food choice. To begin with, therefore, the framework of food choice is briefly considered. The paper falls into three parts: a general discussion on food choice, a review of the US proposals, and a discussion of their implications.", "contents": "Food choice and the US dietary goals. Nobody has a completely free choice of food, but we may be so used to the limits of our choice that we are not aware of them. The purpose of this paper is to review proposals which have been put to the US Government and which, if followed through, would change the boundaries of food choice. To begin with, therefore, the framework of food choice is briefly considered. The paper falls into three parts: a general discussion on food choice, a review of the US proposals, and a discussion of their implications.", "PMID": 722060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9049", "title": "Anorexia nervosa: dietary treatment and re-establishment of body weight in 20 cases studied on a metabolic unit.", "content": "This paper reviews the nutritional treatment and weight progress of 20 patients with anorexia nervosa studied in a teaching hospital metabolic unit between January 1974 and August 1977. The classification of patients, their pre-admission dietary intakes and weight status are compared. The method of re-establishing weight by closely monitored normal nutrition under conditions of bedrest and chlorpromazine medication are described. It is illustrated by the progress of one 14-year-old girl patient and the study of the rate of increase in weight of the whole group. Satisfactory weight levels were attained by all patients with acceptable time limits.", "contents": "Anorexia nervosa: dietary treatment and re-establishment of body weight in 20 cases studied on a metabolic unit. This paper reviews the nutritional treatment and weight progress of 20 patients with anorexia nervosa studied in a teaching hospital metabolic unit between January 1974 and August 1977. The classification of patients, their pre-admission dietary intakes and weight status are compared. The method of re-establishing weight by closely monitored normal nutrition under conditions of bedrest and chlorpromazine medication are described. It is illustrated by the progress of one 14-year-old girl patient and the study of the rate of increase in weight of the whole group. Satisfactory weight levels were attained by all patients with acceptable time limits.", "PMID": 722061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9050", "title": "A trial of bran and bran biscuits for constipation in mentally handicapped and psychogeriatric patients.", "content": "Six elderly psychiatric and 17 mentally handicapped individuals suffering from severe constipation received 3 week periods of treatment with 10 g unrefined bran, three bran biscuits, and Senokot syrup daily or three times weekly. There was no significant difference in the number of bowel movements or enemas or in the consistency of the motions. The results suggest that bran may be substituted for laxatives.", "contents": "A trial of bran and bran biscuits for constipation in mentally handicapped and psychogeriatric patients. Six elderly psychiatric and 17 mentally handicapped individuals suffering from severe constipation received 3 week periods of treatment with 10 g unrefined bran, three bran biscuits, and Senokot syrup daily or three times weekly. There was no significant difference in the number of bowel movements or enemas or in the consistency of the motions. The results suggest that bran may be substituted for laxatives.", "PMID": 722062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9051", "title": "Determinants of pediatric care utilization.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to understand the determinants of utilization of pediatric care--care rendered to children by all physicians. Multivariate techniques are employed to examine four measures of pediatric care utilization in a national sample of children between the ages of 1 and 5. These measures are the probability of contacting a physician within the past year, the probability of obtaining a preventive physical examination within the past year, the number of office visits to physicians in private practice by children with positive visits, and the average quality of these visits.", "contents": "Determinants of pediatric care utilization. The purpose of this paper is to understand the determinants of utilization of pediatric care--care rendered to children by all physicians. Multivariate techniques are employed to examine four measures of pediatric care utilization in a national sample of children between the ages of 1 and 5. These measures are the probability of contacting a physician within the past year, the probability of obtaining a preventive physical examination within the past year, the number of office visits to physicians in private practice by children with positive visits, and the average quality of these visits.", "PMID": 722064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9052", "title": "The norms hypothesis and the demand for medical care.", "content": "Our results cast doubt on the validity of the norms hypothesis--that physicians treat patients in accordance with the average or modal insurance coverage in an area. The one study in the literature directly supporting this hypothesis is misspecified; when more correctly specified, it provides no support for the hypothesis. Two versions of the hypothesis are distinguished. the stronger maintains that physicians do not take account of within-area variation in insurance coverage. This version is firmly rejected by the data. A weaker version says that the physician does take account of within-area variation but that between-area differences in average coverage have an independent effect on demand. Little or no support is found for this version, but our data do not permit very powerful tests.", "contents": "The norms hypothesis and the demand for medical care. Our results cast doubt on the validity of the norms hypothesis--that physicians treat patients in accordance with the average or modal insurance coverage in an area. The one study in the literature directly supporting this hypothesis is misspecified; when more correctly specified, it provides no support for the hypothesis. Two versions of the hypothesis are distinguished. the stronger maintains that physicians do not take account of within-area variation in insurance coverage. This version is firmly rejected by the data. A weaker version says that the physician does take account of within-area variation but that between-area differences in average coverage have an independent effect on demand. Little or no support is found for this version, but our data do not permit very powerful tests.", "PMID": 722065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9053", "title": "Illness prevention and medical insurance.", "content": "A theory of demand for preventive medical services is developed from a model of an expected-ultility-maximizing consumer. Preventive medical care is said to alter the probabilities of illness as well as the final health outcome in sick states. The value of preventive medical care depends upon pure health gains (which directly increase utility), work-loss-time avoided, and out-of-pocket medical expenses avoided. Studies cited from the literature show that many commonly accepted screening procedures have no observable payoff in health status or medical expenses saved. In stark contrast, personal behavioral decisions, such as smoking and dietary patterns, appear to have dramatic effects on health and mortality. Public policy appears to be better directed toward inducement of such health-producing behavior than inducement of further medical preventive procedures.", "contents": "Illness prevention and medical insurance. A theory of demand for preventive medical services is developed from a model of an expected-ultility-maximizing consumer. Preventive medical care is said to alter the probabilities of illness as well as the final health outcome in sick states. The value of preventive medical care depends upon pure health gains (which directly increase utility), work-loss-time avoided, and out-of-pocket medical expenses avoided. Studies cited from the literature show that many commonly accepted screening procedures have no observable payoff in health status or medical expenses saved. In stark contrast, personal behavioral decisions, such as smoking and dietary patterns, appear to have dramatic effects on health and mortality. Public policy appears to be better directed toward inducement of such health-producing behavior than inducement of further medical preventive procedures.", "PMID": 722066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9054", "title": "Physician-induced demand for medical care.", "content": "This paper addresses the theoretical models designed to ascertain the existence of a variable level of physicians' activity in shifting the demand of their patients. Two basic approaches are followed: equilibrium models of the demand for health care, and disequilibrium models. Within the former category, both competitive and monopolistic behavior are studied. Using the monopolistic model, a statistical test of the hypothesis of \"no induced demand\" is constructed, and fails to reject it. The disequilibrium analysis of other writers is analyzed and alternative specifications of such a model are set out.", "contents": "Physician-induced demand for medical care. This paper addresses the theoretical models designed to ascertain the existence of a variable level of physicians' activity in shifting the demand of their patients. Two basic approaches are followed: equilibrium models of the demand for health care, and disequilibrium models. Within the former category, both competitive and monopolistic behavior are studied. Using the monopolistic model, a statistical test of the hypothesis of \"no induced demand\" is constructed, and fails to reject it. The disequilibrium analysis of other writers is analyzed and alternative specifications of such a model are set out.", "PMID": 722067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9055", "title": "The effects of advertising--lessons from optometry.", "content": "We examine the effect of advertising bans on the price of optometric examinations. Advertising is viewed as an information medium which enables consumers to search for lower prices, to the relative disadvantage of high-cost, low-volume sellers. Self-interest leads these sellers to support bans on advertising. An empirical section shows that price is 16 percent higher in states that ban optometric and optician price advertising, when examination length, procedures, and office equipment are held constant. The two advertising bans work by interaction--both must be present to raise significantly the price of eye examinations.", "contents": "The effects of advertising--lessons from optometry. We examine the effect of advertising bans on the price of optometric examinations. Advertising is viewed as an information medium which enables consumers to search for lower prices, to the relative disadvantage of high-cost, low-volume sellers. Self-interest leads these sellers to support bans on advertising. An empirical section shows that price is 16 percent higher in states that ban optometric and optician price advertising, when examination length, procedures, and office equipment are held constant. The two advertising bans work by interaction--both must be present to raise significantly the price of eye examinations.", "PMID": 722068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9056", "title": "The supply of surgeons and the demand for operations.", "content": "This paper presents a multiequation, multivariate analysis of differences in the supply of surgeons and the demand for operations across geographical areas of the United States in 1963 and 1970. The results provide considerable support for the hypothesis that surgeons shift the demand for operations. Other things equal, a 10 percent increase in the surgeon/population ratio results in about a 3 percent increase in per capita utilization. Moreover, differences in supply seem to have a perverse effect on fees, raising them when the surgeon/population ratio increases. Surgeon supply is in part determined by factors unrelated to demand, especially by the attractiveness of the area as a place to live.", "contents": "The supply of surgeons and the demand for operations. This paper presents a multiequation, multivariate analysis of differences in the supply of surgeons and the demand for operations across geographical areas of the United States in 1963 and 1970. The results provide considerable support for the hypothesis that surgeons shift the demand for operations. Other things equal, a 10 percent increase in the surgeon/population ratio results in about a 3 percent increase in per capita utilization. Moreover, differences in supply seem to have a perverse effect on fees, raising them when the surgeon/population ratio increases. Surgeon supply is in part determined by factors unrelated to demand, especially by the attractiveness of the area as a place to live.", "PMID": 722069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9057", "title": "On the rationing of health services and resource availability.", "content": "Government controls on availability of physicians and hospital resources can counteract some undesired aggregate consequences of reimbursement insurance. Given aggregate controls, many important questions arise concerning nonprice rationing of services by physicians. A theoretical model of rationing should be consistent with existing items of evidence on delays, disequilibrium, and \"availability effects.\" The model discussed in this paper has a foundation in the mutual advantages of a long-term association between an individual client and physician; these advantages motivate an implicit contract for rationing with a variety of testable implications.", "contents": "On the rationing of health services and resource availability. Government controls on availability of physicians and hospital resources can counteract some undesired aggregate consequences of reimbursement insurance. Given aggregate controls, many important questions arise concerning nonprice rationing of services by physicians. A theoretical model of rationing should be consistent with existing items of evidence on delays, disequilibrium, and \"availability effects.\" The model discussed in this paper has a foundation in the mutual advantages of a long-term association between an individual client and physician; these advantages motivate an implicit contract for rationing with a variety of testable implications.", "PMID": 722071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9058", "title": "Medical staff characteristics and hospital costs.", "content": "In order to test the hypothesis that medical staff physicians affect hospital behavior, this paper relates cost data for a sample of non-major-teaching, short-term hospitals to information on the characteristics of the medical staff which treats patients in those hospitals. Measured characteristics of the staff include specialty mix of attending physicians, board-certification status, and the concentration of hospital output among attending physicians. Medical staff variables are found to be as important as measured casemix in explaining cost variation across hospitals. The results are shown to have implications for behavioral models of the hospital and for hospital reimbursement policy.", "contents": "Medical staff characteristics and hospital costs. In order to test the hypothesis that medical staff physicians affect hospital behavior, this paper relates cost data for a sample of non-major-teaching, short-term hospitals to information on the characteristics of the medical staff which treats patients in those hospitals. Measured characteristics of the staff include specialty mix of attending physicians, board-certification status, and the concentration of hospital output among attending physicians. Medical staff variables are found to be as important as measured casemix in explaining cost variation across hospitals. The results are shown to have implications for behavioral models of the hospital and for hospital reimbursement policy.", "PMID": 722072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9059", "title": "beta-Estradiol reduces natural killer cells in mice.", "content": "beta-estradiol was administered to mice continuously by diffusion from a silastic tube that was implanted subcutaneously at 4 weeks of age. Four to 6 weeks of estrogen administration caused a substantial reduction in natural killer cell activity in the spleens from mice of either sex. Androgen (5alpha-dihydrotestosterone) did not. Castration of male or female mice did not affect natural killing and did not alter the effect of beta-estradiol. Estradiol did not affect natural killing in vitro and the loss of natural killing was not due to a soluble or a cellular suppressor of natural killing. The effects of estradiol were not dependent on the thymus, since estradiol reduced natural killing in mice that had been neonatally thymectomized. After removal of the estrogen implant, natural killing recovered over a period of 8 weeks. The loss of natural killing may reflect a loss of bone marrow secondary to estrogen-induced osteosclerosis.", "contents": "beta-Estradiol reduces natural killer cells in mice. beta-estradiol was administered to mice continuously by diffusion from a silastic tube that was implanted subcutaneously at 4 weeks of age. Four to 6 weeks of estrogen administration caused a substantial reduction in natural killer cell activity in the spleens from mice of either sex. Androgen (5alpha-dihydrotestosterone) did not. Castration of male or female mice did not affect natural killing and did not alter the effect of beta-estradiol. Estradiol did not affect natural killing in vitro and the loss of natural killing was not due to a soluble or a cellular suppressor of natural killing. The effects of estradiol were not dependent on the thymus, since estradiol reduced natural killing in mice that had been neonatally thymectomized. After removal of the estrogen implant, natural killing recovered over a period of 8 weeks. The loss of natural killing may reflect a loss of bone marrow secondary to estrogen-induced osteosclerosis.", "PMID": 722074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9060", "title": "Structural studies on the murine IA alloantigens. II. Molecular weight characterization of the products of the I-A and I-E/C subregions.", "content": "Murine splenocytes were radiolabeled with 3H- and 14C-amino acids; the Ia alloantigens encoded by the I-A and I-E/C subregions were isolated by immunoprecipitation and analyzed for structural variation by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The I-A subregion products (k, d, and b haplotypes) are composed of two polypeptides, alpha and beta, with m.w. of 34,000 and 26,000 daltons, respectively. Haplotype-associated differences in m.w. were detected in the I-E/C products of the k, r, p, and d haplotypes. The alpha and beta chains of E/Ck and E/Cr are 34,000 and 28,000 daltons, respectively; E/Cp and E/Cd molecules are composed of 31,000 and 29,000 dalton polypeptides. Thus, there is both subregion (I-A vs I-E/C) and haplotype (E/Ck, E/Cr vs E/Cd, E/Cp) associated variation in the m.w. of the Ia alloantigens. Additionally, the covalent vs noncovalent association of the Ia subunits was examined and it was found that the alpha and beta chains of both I-A and I-E/C are not covalently associated. However, the I-A alpha and beta chains tend to associate through disulfide bonds during detergent lysis; the presence of alkylating agents during cell lysis prevents this association, and only free alpha and beta chains are observed under nonreducing conditions.", "contents": "Structural studies on the murine IA alloantigens. II. Molecular weight characterization of the products of the I-A and I-E/C subregions. Murine splenocytes were radiolabeled with 3H- and 14C-amino acids; the Ia alloantigens encoded by the I-A and I-E/C subregions were isolated by immunoprecipitation and analyzed for structural variation by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The I-A subregion products (k, d, and b haplotypes) are composed of two polypeptides, alpha and beta, with m.w. of 34,000 and 26,000 daltons, respectively. Haplotype-associated differences in m.w. were detected in the I-E/C products of the k, r, p, and d haplotypes. The alpha and beta chains of E/Ck and E/Cr are 34,000 and 28,000 daltons, respectively; E/Cp and E/Cd molecules are composed of 31,000 and 29,000 dalton polypeptides. Thus, there is both subregion (I-A vs I-E/C) and haplotype (E/Ck, E/Cr vs E/Cd, E/Cp) associated variation in the m.w. of the Ia alloantigens. Additionally, the covalent vs noncovalent association of the Ia subunits was examined and it was found that the alpha and beta chains of both I-A and I-E/C are not covalently associated. However, the I-A alpha and beta chains tend to associate through disulfide bonds during detergent lysis; the presence of alkylating agents during cell lysis prevents this association, and only free alpha and beta chains are observed under nonreducing conditions.", "PMID": 722075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9061", "title": "Induction of lymphocyte colony formation in vitro by protein A.", "content": "Human lymphocyte colonies were grown in semi-solid culture in the presence of staphylococcal protein A. The best results were obtained when 1 X 10(6) lymphocytes were cultured for 5 to 7 days with 25 to 50 microgram of protein A per dish. A lineal relationship was observed between the number of cells seeded and the number of colonies developed. An increased number of colonies was seen in cord blood culture compared with that in child and adult peripheral blood. The addition of 5 X 10(-5) M of 2-ME to the culture approximately doubled the colony counts. The cells harvested from the colonies contained about 70% of E-RFC and 20% of EAC-RFC.", "contents": "Induction of lymphocyte colony formation in vitro by protein A. Human lymphocyte colonies were grown in semi-solid culture in the presence of staphylococcal protein A. The best results were obtained when 1 X 10(6) lymphocytes were cultured for 5 to 7 days with 25 to 50 microgram of protein A per dish. A lineal relationship was observed between the number of cells seeded and the number of colonies developed. An increased number of colonies was seen in cord blood culture compared with that in child and adult peripheral blood. The addition of 5 X 10(-5) M of 2-ME to the culture approximately doubled the colony counts. The cells harvested from the colonies contained about 70% of E-RFC and 20% of EAC-RFC.", "PMID": 722077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9062", "title": "Immune response to a mammary adenocarcinoma. V. Sera from tumor-bearing rats contain multiple factors blocking cell-mediated cytotoxicity.", "content": "Sera from Fischer rats 3 to 13 days after i.p. injection of syngeneic 13762A mammary adenocarcinoma contain three factors specifically blocking cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC). The major blocking factor is a 160,000-dalton IgG that combines specifically to cytolytic lymphocytes but not to tumor cells or tumor antigen, and that is not dissociated after treatment with 8 M urea. The other factors have been putatively identified as tumor antigen (less than 70,000 daltons) and as soluble antigen-antibody complexes (greater than 200,000 daltons). Injecting the tumor antigen into tumor-free rats induced spleen cells specifically cytotoxic to the 13762A tumor and provided partial protection to challenge with live tumor cells. Treating soluble antigen-antibody complexes with 8 M urea decreased the size of the blocking activity from greater than 200,000 to less than 70,000 daltons. Although the IgG fraction dissociated from the complex did not block CMC, it did recombine with the tumor antigen fraction to transfer activity to the greater than 200,000-dalton fraction. In contrast, mixing tumor antigen with the IgG fraction that did block CMC did not alter the size of the blocking activities.", "contents": "Immune response to a mammary adenocarcinoma. V. Sera from tumor-bearing rats contain multiple factors blocking cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Sera from Fischer rats 3 to 13 days after i.p. injection of syngeneic 13762A mammary adenocarcinoma contain three factors specifically blocking cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC). The major blocking factor is a 160,000-dalton IgG that combines specifically to cytolytic lymphocytes but not to tumor cells or tumor antigen, and that is not dissociated after treatment with 8 M urea. The other factors have been putatively identified as tumor antigen (less than 70,000 daltons) and as soluble antigen-antibody complexes (greater than 200,000 daltons). Injecting the tumor antigen into tumor-free rats induced spleen cells specifically cytotoxic to the 13762A tumor and provided partial protection to challenge with live tumor cells. Treating soluble antigen-antibody complexes with 8 M urea decreased the size of the blocking activity from greater than 200,000 to less than 70,000 daltons. Although the IgG fraction dissociated from the complex did not block CMC, it did recombine with the tumor antigen fraction to transfer activity to the greater than 200,000-dalton fraction. In contrast, mixing tumor antigen with the IgG fraction that did block CMC did not alter the size of the blocking activities.", "PMID": 722081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9063", "title": "Rat mast cell-eosinophil interaction in antibody-dependent eosinophil cytotoxicity to Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula.", "content": "The involvement of IgG2a antibodies and mast cells in antibody-dependent eosinophil cytotoxicity suggested a possible interaction between mast cells and eosinophils for in vitro killing of Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula. Cell purification procedures showed that a minimum ratio of mast cells was required to obtain eosinophil cytotoxicity. The incubation of mast cells with heat-aggregated IgG2a immunoglobulins before addition to a mast cell-depleted eosinophil population induced a significant degree of inhibition of cytotoxicity, Similarly, the heat-aggregated IgG2a Fc fragment had a strong inhibitory effect whereas incubation of mast cells with Fab fragment failed to inhibit the cytotoxic effect. The Fc portion of IgG2a immunoglobulins therefore seemed to be involved in binding to the mast cell surface. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that soluble mediators released after mast cell activation either by compound 48/80, or by IgE, or IgG2a-dependent reaction had the same effect as intact mast cells. These observations suggest that the eosinophil-dependent cytotoxicity mechanism requires a signal provided by soluble mast cell mediators in addition to antibody.", "contents": "Rat mast cell-eosinophil interaction in antibody-dependent eosinophil cytotoxicity to Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula. The involvement of IgG2a antibodies and mast cells in antibody-dependent eosinophil cytotoxicity suggested a possible interaction between mast cells and eosinophils for in vitro killing of Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula. Cell purification procedures showed that a minimum ratio of mast cells was required to obtain eosinophil cytotoxicity. The incubation of mast cells with heat-aggregated IgG2a immunoglobulins before addition to a mast cell-depleted eosinophil population induced a significant degree of inhibition of cytotoxicity, Similarly, the heat-aggregated IgG2a Fc fragment had a strong inhibitory effect whereas incubation of mast cells with Fab fragment failed to inhibit the cytotoxic effect. The Fc portion of IgG2a immunoglobulins therefore seemed to be involved in binding to the mast cell surface. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that soluble mediators released after mast cell activation either by compound 48/80, or by IgE, or IgG2a-dependent reaction had the same effect as intact mast cells. These observations suggest that the eosinophil-dependent cytotoxicity mechanism requires a signal provided by soluble mast cell mediators in addition to antibody.", "PMID": 722083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9064", "title": "The binding of activated C3 to polysaccharides and immunoglobulins.", "content": "The nature of the acceptors for activated C3 present on immunoglobulins was studied by using the fixation of C3 to Sepharose beads after activation with trypsin as a model system. C3 fixation to Sepharose is a property exclusively linked to the short active state of C3. This binding could be inhibited by various carbohydrates and their affinity for C3 was calculated from the extent of the inhibition of the binding of C3 to Sepharose. Mono-, di-tri- and tetrasaccharides showed on a molar basis an increasing but still weak affinity for active C3. The C3 fixation of Sepharose could be inhibited by immunoglobulins and the degree of inhibition was proportional to the hexose content of the immunoglobulin preparations. The isolated polysaccharide moiety of IgG gave the same inhibition as the intact IgG. In addition cell wall polysaccharides of Salmonella abortus equi were found to have a high affinity for active C3. Thus, the more complex polysaccharides such as those present on immunoglobulins and cell walls might function as acceptor for activated C3.", "contents": "The binding of activated C3 to polysaccharides and immunoglobulins. The nature of the acceptors for activated C3 present on immunoglobulins was studied by using the fixation of C3 to Sepharose beads after activation with trypsin as a model system. C3 fixation to Sepharose is a property exclusively linked to the short active state of C3. This binding could be inhibited by various carbohydrates and their affinity for C3 was calculated from the extent of the inhibition of the binding of C3 to Sepharose. Mono-, di-tri- and tetrasaccharides showed on a molar basis an increasing but still weak affinity for active C3. The C3 fixation of Sepharose could be inhibited by immunoglobulins and the degree of inhibition was proportional to the hexose content of the immunoglobulin preparations. The isolated polysaccharide moiety of IgG gave the same inhibition as the intact IgG. In addition cell wall polysaccharides of Salmonella abortus equi were found to have a high affinity for active C3. Thus, the more complex polysaccharides such as those present on immunoglobulins and cell walls might function as acceptor for activated C3.", "PMID": 722084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9065", "title": "Evidence for a silent or null gene in hereditary C2 deficiency.", "content": "Three generations of a family with hereditary C2 deficiency were studied, Six members heterozygous for C2 deficiency were identified by serum C2 levels that were approximately 50% of normal C2 values and the identity was supported by HLA analysis. All six members with low C2 levels had only a single electrophoretic variant. Two of four children did not have the variant found in the parent from whom they inherited the partial C2 deficiency. It is inferred that the low levels of C2 result from the inheritance of a silent or null gene, C2D allelic with the structural genes controlling the electrophoretic variants.", "contents": "Evidence for a silent or null gene in hereditary C2 deficiency. Three generations of a family with hereditary C2 deficiency were studied, Six members heterozygous for C2 deficiency were identified by serum C2 levels that were approximately 50% of normal C2 values and the identity was supported by HLA analysis. All six members with low C2 levels had only a single electrophoretic variant. Two of four children did not have the variant found in the parent from whom they inherited the partial C2 deficiency. It is inferred that the low levels of C2 result from the inheritance of a silent or null gene, C2D allelic with the structural genes controlling the electrophoretic variants.", "PMID": 722085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9066", "title": "The rapid isolation of ribonuclease-free immunoglobulin G by protein A-sepharose affinity chromatography.", "content": "A rapid method is described for the simultaneous removal of contaminant ribonuclease activity and isolation of immunoglobulin G from fractionated or whole serum using insolubilized protein A. Protein A, isolated from the Cowan I strain of Staphylococcus aureus, was covalently attached to Sepharose CL-4B resin and used as a specific affinity absorbent for immunoglobulin G. Affinity column-purified immunoglobulin G preparations were examined for the presence of contaminating serum proteins, retention of antibody activity, and retention of antigenic properties. Following chromatography on protein A-Sepharose, immunoglobulin G preparations were devoid of contaminating serum proteins, in particular ribonuclease activity, that are not normally removed using conventional techniques of salt precipitation in combination with ion-exchange chromatography. There was no significant alteration of either antibody activity or antigenic properties of protein A-Sepharose purified immunoglobulin G.", "contents": "The rapid isolation of ribonuclease-free immunoglobulin G by protein A-sepharose affinity chromatography. A rapid method is described for the simultaneous removal of contaminant ribonuclease activity and isolation of immunoglobulin G from fractionated or whole serum using insolubilized protein A. Protein A, isolated from the Cowan I strain of Staphylococcus aureus, was covalently attached to Sepharose CL-4B resin and used as a specific affinity absorbent for immunoglobulin G. Affinity column-purified immunoglobulin G preparations were examined for the presence of contaminating serum proteins, retention of antibody activity, and retention of antigenic properties. Following chromatography on protein A-Sepharose, immunoglobulin G preparations were devoid of contaminating serum proteins, in particular ribonuclease activity, that are not normally removed using conventional techniques of salt precipitation in combination with ion-exchange chromatography. There was no significant alteration of either antibody activity or antigenic properties of protein A-Sepharose purified immunoglobulin G.", "PMID": 722086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9067", "title": "Tissue typing of cells in culture. I. Distinction between cell lines by the various patterns produced in mixed haemadsorption with selected multiparous sera.", "content": "From over 3000 sera of multiparous women about 150 were selected that reacted with some (between 1--50%) of a panel of 20--30 non-HeLa cell lines, mostly of tumour origin. In the mixed haemadsorption method the diameters of zones formed by certain sera on particular cultures were measured and scored. The haemadsorption culture patterns produced by 70--135 discriminating sera were compared in pairs with the patterns formed on other cell lines. Comparisons between replicate cultures gave 'significant' differences with 0--10% of the sera used. In these instances deviations were in one direction, whereas in every other pair comparison, deviations were in both directions. It is concluded that in cases where pair comparisons initially give only 10%, or fewer significant differences, tests using carefully selected sera or typing for HLA-antigens should be performed. When comparisons yield more than 10% significant differences and deviations occur in both directions, cultures may be considered different.", "contents": "Tissue typing of cells in culture. I. Distinction between cell lines by the various patterns produced in mixed haemadsorption with selected multiparous sera. From over 3000 sera of multiparous women about 150 were selected that reacted with some (between 1--50%) of a panel of 20--30 non-HeLa cell lines, mostly of tumour origin. In the mixed haemadsorption method the diameters of zones formed by certain sera on particular cultures were measured and scored. The haemadsorption culture patterns produced by 70--135 discriminating sera were compared in pairs with the patterns formed on other cell lines. Comparisons between replicate cultures gave 'significant' differences with 0--10% of the sera used. In these instances deviations were in one direction, whereas in every other pair comparison, deviations were in both directions. It is concluded that in cases where pair comparisons initially give only 10%, or fewer significant differences, tests using carefully selected sera or typing for HLA-antigens should be performed. When comparisons yield more than 10% significant differences and deviations occur in both directions, cultures may be considered different.", "PMID": 722087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9068", "title": "Rapid lymphocyte immunoreactivity test utilizing [3H]uridine in vitro.", "content": "A microculture assay utilizing [3H]uridine incorporation was developed to test murine spleen lymphocyte immunoreactivity in vitro. Parameters of the culture technique which included cell density, doses of LPS, Con A, PHA, [3H]uridine levels, and length of culture time were investigated. Responses were detectable at 4 h for all 3 mitogens, with labeling ranging up to 180% of the control value. By 8 h there was a 200--350% increase in mitogen-induced incorporation of radioactivity. Similar increases were observed in a serum-free system. The responses were the result of increased incorporation of label by stimulated cultures rather than decreased labeling of non-mitogen treated cultures over time. The [3H]uridine incorporation was demonstrated to be the selective response of T or B cell populations when stimulated with appropriate lectins. This assay detects early RNA synthesis, as supported by experimental observations in which accumulation of radioactivity in stimulated lymphocytes was TCA precipitable, resistant to SDS treatment, and inhibited by actinomycin D.", "contents": "Rapid lymphocyte immunoreactivity test utilizing [3H]uridine in vitro. A microculture assay utilizing [3H]uridine incorporation was developed to test murine spleen lymphocyte immunoreactivity in vitro. Parameters of the culture technique which included cell density, doses of LPS, Con A, PHA, [3H]uridine levels, and length of culture time were investigated. Responses were detectable at 4 h for all 3 mitogens, with labeling ranging up to 180% of the control value. By 8 h there was a 200--350% increase in mitogen-induced incorporation of radioactivity. Similar increases were observed in a serum-free system. The responses were the result of increased incorporation of label by stimulated cultures rather than decreased labeling of non-mitogen treated cultures over time. The [3H]uridine incorporation was demonstrated to be the selective response of T or B cell populations when stimulated with appropriate lectins. This assay detects early RNA synthesis, as supported by experimental observations in which accumulation of radioactivity in stimulated lymphocytes was TCA precipitable, resistant to SDS treatment, and inhibited by actinomycin D.", "PMID": 722088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9069", "title": "A micro immunoassay method for measuring IgG antibodies using staphylococcal protein-A.", "content": "A micro radioimmunoassay procedure has been developed for assaying IgG antibodies to ragweed and grass allergen components. The method offers a rapid and reproducible procedure for estimating antibodies in human sera and is well adapted for monitoring immunological responses following hyposensitisation therapy.", "contents": "A micro immunoassay method for measuring IgG antibodies using staphylococcal protein-A. A micro radioimmunoassay procedure has been developed for assaying IgG antibodies to ragweed and grass allergen components. The method offers a rapid and reproducible procedure for estimating antibodies in human sera and is well adapted for monitoring immunological responses following hyposensitisation therapy.", "PMID": 722089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9070", "title": "Hematological response of rabbits to chronic, repetitive, severe bleedings for the production of antisera.", "content": "A study was undertaken to determine whether large amounts of blood (antiserum) could be rapidly removed from rabbits over a two-month period using a simple suction technique. It was found that half a blood volume could be readily removed each week (over 900 ml/rabbit/54 days) without a single fatality. The rabbits efficiently replaced the essential components of their blood during the experimental period as shown by a study of their blood parameters. They moderately overcompensated in replacing some of their blood components after a 6-week rest period. The study demonstrates that rabbits are satisfactory (in lieu of larger animals) for supplying relatively large amounts of antisera.", "contents": "Hematological response of rabbits to chronic, repetitive, severe bleedings for the production of antisera. A study was undertaken to determine whether large amounts of blood (antiserum) could be rapidly removed from rabbits over a two-month period using a simple suction technique. It was found that half a blood volume could be readily removed each week (over 900 ml/rabbit/54 days) without a single fatality. The rabbits efficiently replaced the essential components of their blood during the experimental period as shown by a study of their blood parameters. They moderately overcompensated in replacing some of their blood components after a 6-week rest period. The study demonstrates that rabbits are satisfactory (in lieu of larger animals) for supplying relatively large amounts of antisera.", "PMID": 722090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9071", "title": "On the stability of IgE antibodies.", "content": "Mouse and rabbit IgE antibody-containing sera do not lose sensitivity capacity when stored at -20 degrees C even for 2 years or when lyophilized.", "contents": "On the stability of IgE antibodies. Mouse and rabbit IgE antibody-containing sera do not lose sensitivity capacity when stored at -20 degrees C even for 2 years or when lyophilized.", "PMID": 722091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9072", "title": "Use of logit paper in determination of superoxide dismutase activity in human blood cells.", "content": "Superoxide dismutase activity of the human blood cells was determined by the capacity to inhibit nitrite formation from hydroxylammonium chloride. Relationship between percentage of nitrite formation and amount of purified human erythrocyte superoxide dismutase was plotted on conventional graph paper, double log and logit papers. A comparison of the results showed that a linear relationship was obtained only with the logit paper, and thus a more accurate and simple estimation of the activity can be made on a single determination of the specimens.", "contents": "Use of logit paper in determination of superoxide dismutase activity in human blood cells. Superoxide dismutase activity of the human blood cells was determined by the capacity to inhibit nitrite formation from hydroxylammonium chloride. Relationship between percentage of nitrite formation and amount of purified human erythrocyte superoxide dismutase was plotted on conventional graph paper, double log and logit papers. A comparison of the results showed that a linear relationship was obtained only with the logit paper, and thus a more accurate and simple estimation of the activity can be made on a single determination of the specimens.", "PMID": 722092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9073", "title": "A micro-version of the 51Cr release assay for cytotoxic lymphocytes.", "content": "A micro-version of the 51Cr release assay for cytotoxic lymphocytes has been devised, which is conducted in Terasaki plates, in a total reaction volume of 8 microliter. The conditions necessary to make the microassay equivalent in sensitivity and reproducibility to the standard macroassay are described. In comparison with the standard macroassay, the microassay provides a 10-fold reduction in the number of effector cells employed and represents a 50-fold reduction in reaction volume. The assay has been particularly valuable in the saving of antisera when these are employed to block target cell lysis, or to selectively inactivate cells of a particular phenotype in the effector cell population.", "contents": "A micro-version of the 51Cr release assay for cytotoxic lymphocytes. A micro-version of the 51Cr release assay for cytotoxic lymphocytes has been devised, which is conducted in Terasaki plates, in a total reaction volume of 8 microliter. The conditions necessary to make the microassay equivalent in sensitivity and reproducibility to the standard macroassay are described. In comparison with the standard macroassay, the microassay provides a 10-fold reduction in the number of effector cells employed and represents a 50-fold reduction in reaction volume. The assay has been particularly valuable in the saving of antisera when these are employed to block target cell lysis, or to selectively inactivate cells of a particular phenotype in the effector cell population.", "PMID": 722093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9074", "title": "Measurement of functional C2--a method for clinical laboratories.", "content": "A method is described which measures functional C2 in human serum using the readily available reagents, sensitised sheep erythrocytes, zymosan-treated normal human serum, and guinea pig serum.", "contents": "Measurement of functional C2--a method for clinical laboratories. A method is described which measures functional C2 in human serum using the readily available reagents, sensitised sheep erythrocytes, zymosan-treated normal human serum, and guinea pig serum.", "PMID": 722094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9075", "title": "The use of the radioimmunoprecipitation-PEG assay (RIPEGA) to quantify circulating antigens in human and experimental schistosomiasis.", "content": "A new procedure, the radioimmunoprecipitation-PEG assay (RIPEGA) is proposed for the quantitation of total circulating schistosome antigens (CSA) and circulating antigen '4' in patients, mice and rats infected with Schistosoma mansoni. This sensitive and reproducible method was performed by incubation of [125I]anti-S. mansoni rabbit antibodies (for the detection of CSA) or [125I]anti-antigen '4' antibodies (to detect antigen '4') with sera. Separation of free from complexed antibodies was achieved by a 7% polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation. In human schistosomiasis, both CSA and antigen '4' were detected. A direct relationship was observed between S. mansoni egg output and the incidence of CSA. Moreover, all the patients with more than 500 eggs/g stool showed antigen '4' in serum. Both CSA and antigen '4' were also detected during the course of S. mansoni infection in mice. CSA was increased in two distinct periods after infection; the first between the 50th and the 70th day and the second after the 80th day of infection. The antigen '4' became detectable in infected mice after 45 days of infection. In rat schistosomiasis, only CSA was studied. It was demonstrated in two distinct periods after infection, between the 4th and the 6th week and between the 11th and the 14th week. Because of its sensitivity and its ability to detect and quantify CSA and circulating antigen '4', the RIPEGA is recommended for the clinical studies of schistosomiasis.", "contents": "The use of the radioimmunoprecipitation-PEG assay (RIPEGA) to quantify circulating antigens in human and experimental schistosomiasis. A new procedure, the radioimmunoprecipitation-PEG assay (RIPEGA) is proposed for the quantitation of total circulating schistosome antigens (CSA) and circulating antigen '4' in patients, mice and rats infected with Schistosoma mansoni. This sensitive and reproducible method was performed by incubation of [125I]anti-S. mansoni rabbit antibodies (for the detection of CSA) or [125I]anti-antigen '4' antibodies (to detect antigen '4') with sera. Separation of free from complexed antibodies was achieved by a 7% polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation. In human schistosomiasis, both CSA and antigen '4' were detected. A direct relationship was observed between S. mansoni egg output and the incidence of CSA. Moreover, all the patients with more than 500 eggs/g stool showed antigen '4' in serum. Both CSA and antigen '4' were also detected during the course of S. mansoni infection in mice. CSA was increased in two distinct periods after infection; the first between the 50th and the 70th day and the second after the 80th day of infection. The antigen '4' became detectable in infected mice after 45 days of infection. In rat schistosomiasis, only CSA was studied. It was demonstrated in two distinct periods after infection, between the 4th and the 6th week and between the 11th and the 14th week. Because of its sensitivity and its ability to detect and quantify CSA and circulating antigen '4', the RIPEGA is recommended for the clinical studies of schistosomiasis.", "PMID": 722095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9076", "title": "Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and natural cytotoxicity: effect of pre-treatment of human lymphocytes with deionised water and ammonium chloride.", "content": "Deionised water is an efficient red blood cell lytic agent with no demonstrable deleterious effects on ADCC and natural cytotoxicity (blood and tonsil). Treatment with isotonic ammonium chloride, however, produces a significant reduction of both ADCC and natural cytotoxicity. This reduction is less pronounced if the treatment is carried out at 4 degrees C and is temporary, recovery occurring over a 24 h period of incubation at 37 degrees C.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and natural cytotoxicity: effect of pre-treatment of human lymphocytes with deionised water and ammonium chloride. Deionised water is an efficient red blood cell lytic agent with no demonstrable deleterious effects on ADCC and natural cytotoxicity (blood and tonsil). Treatment with isotonic ammonium chloride, however, produces a significant reduction of both ADCC and natural cytotoxicity. This reduction is less pronounced if the treatment is carried out at 4 degrees C and is temporary, recovery occurring over a 24 h period of incubation at 37 degrees C.", "PMID": 722096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9077", "title": "Microcytotoxicity assay for cell-mediated immunity enumerating residual target number by 86Rb.", "content": "Lymphocyte-mediated lysis of target cells grown as monolayers in microtiter wells is readily quantitated by an assay measuring the 86Rb incorporated after attaining isotopic equilibrium. Lysis of fibroblasts by allogeneic lymphocytes sensitized by skin grafts and of tumor cells by syngeneic spleen cells sensitized by intraperitoneal tumor inoculation were readily detected. Weakly cytolytic lymphocyte populations can be assayed by increasing incubation times to 48 h or longer. A potential problem, 86Rb incorporation by lymphocytes sticking to residual target cells, was controlled by comparing 86Rb incorporation by targets incubated with non-immune lymphocytes. Results by 86Rb incorporation were identical to those determined by microscopic counting or 51Cr release. 86Rb incorporation assays should be considered as an alternate to 51Cr release techniques, especially in those experimental systems where the cytolytic potential of a lymphocyte population is so low that lysis can be detected only after long incubation times and/or when the spontaneous release of 51Cr is prohibitively high.", "contents": "Microcytotoxicity assay for cell-mediated immunity enumerating residual target number by 86Rb. Lymphocyte-mediated lysis of target cells grown as monolayers in microtiter wells is readily quantitated by an assay measuring the 86Rb incorporated after attaining isotopic equilibrium. Lysis of fibroblasts by allogeneic lymphocytes sensitized by skin grafts and of tumor cells by syngeneic spleen cells sensitized by intraperitoneal tumor inoculation were readily detected. Weakly cytolytic lymphocyte populations can be assayed by increasing incubation times to 48 h or longer. A potential problem, 86Rb incorporation by lymphocytes sticking to residual target cells, was controlled by comparing 86Rb incorporation by targets incubated with non-immune lymphocytes. Results by 86Rb incorporation were identical to those determined by microscopic counting or 51Cr release. 86Rb incorporation assays should be considered as an alternate to 51Cr release techniques, especially in those experimental systems where the cytolytic potential of a lymphocyte population is so low that lysis can be detected only after long incubation times and/or when the spontaneous release of 51Cr is prohibitively high.", "PMID": 722098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9078", "title": "The determination of lymphoid cell chimerism using peripheral blood lymphocytes from murine bone marrow chimeras.", "content": "A simple, rapid and accurate method was devised for deteriming lymphoid cell chimerism in bone marrow-reconstituted mice. Chimeras were produced by reconstituting lethally irradiated mice with semi-allogeneic bone marrow cells. Lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of individual chimeric mice were purified by sedimentation in dextran solution and differential flotation in Ficoll-Hypaque gradients. From 250--500 microliters of blood, 1--7 X 10(5) cells were routinely obtained. The extent of chimerism was determined serologically by using peripheral blood lymphocytes as target cells in a dye exclusion microcytotoxicity assay. Using this new technique, approximately 80% of the reconstituted mice were found to be repopulated with lymphocytes of the donor type.", "contents": "The determination of lymphoid cell chimerism using peripheral blood lymphocytes from murine bone marrow chimeras. A simple, rapid and accurate method was devised for deteriming lymphoid cell chimerism in bone marrow-reconstituted mice. Chimeras were produced by reconstituting lethally irradiated mice with semi-allogeneic bone marrow cells. Lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of individual chimeric mice were purified by sedimentation in dextran solution and differential flotation in Ficoll-Hypaque gradients. From 250--500 microliters of blood, 1--7 X 10(5) cells were routinely obtained. The extent of chimerism was determined serologically by using peripheral blood lymphocytes as target cells in a dye exclusion microcytotoxicity assay. Using this new technique, approximately 80% of the reconstituted mice were found to be repopulated with lymphocytes of the donor type.", "PMID": 722099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9079", "title": "Brief communication: technical modifications of the human agarose microdroplet leukocyte migration inhibition assay.", "content": "Direct leukocyte migration inhibition assays using the capillary tube technique can be used to demonstrate cell-mediated immunity in vitro. Unfortunately, the cumbersome nature of this technique makes it time consuming and difficult to perform. Similar results have been obtained using the direct agarose microdroplet leukocyte migration inhibition assay. In this paper, modifications of the agarose technique are outlined which insure standardization of droplets and ease of performance of the assay. Additionally a technique is described to reduce the time required for calculation of results.", "contents": "Brief communication: technical modifications of the human agarose microdroplet leukocyte migration inhibition assay. Direct leukocyte migration inhibition assays using the capillary tube technique can be used to demonstrate cell-mediated immunity in vitro. Unfortunately, the cumbersome nature of this technique makes it time consuming and difficult to perform. Similar results have been obtained using the direct agarose microdroplet leukocyte migration inhibition assay. In this paper, modifications of the agarose technique are outlined which insure standardization of droplets and ease of performance of the assay. Additionally a technique is described to reduce the time required for calculation of results.", "PMID": 722101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9080", "title": "A highly sensitive radioimmunoassay technique for subtyping the antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen.", "content": "A highly sensitive technique for determining the subtype specificity of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) is described. Immunoadsorbent consisting of controlled pore glass coated with subtype specific HBsAg was used to remove homologous antibody from the test samples before testing them for residual antibody by a commercially available radioimmunoassay (RIA). A total of 73 anti-HBs-positive samples from asymptomatic blood donors were tested. In nearly 80% of these samples the subtype reactivity could be determined by this technique. Only 67% could be typed by conventional liquid phase absorption RIA and 22% by passive hemagglutination inhibition techniques. Among the samples with low anti-HBs titer, ad and ay subtypes were found with equal frequency; however, with the increase in anti-HBs titer, considerably higher proportion of ad specificity was detected.", "contents": "A highly sensitive radioimmunoassay technique for subtyping the antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen. A highly sensitive technique for determining the subtype specificity of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) is described. Immunoadsorbent consisting of controlled pore glass coated with subtype specific HBsAg was used to remove homologous antibody from the test samples before testing them for residual antibody by a commercially available radioimmunoassay (RIA). A total of 73 anti-HBs-positive samples from asymptomatic blood donors were tested. In nearly 80% of these samples the subtype reactivity could be determined by this technique. Only 67% could be typed by conventional liquid phase absorption RIA and 22% by passive hemagglutination inhibition techniques. Among the samples with low anti-HBs titer, ad and ay subtypes were found with equal frequency; however, with the increase in anti-HBs titer, considerably higher proportion of ad specificity was detected.", "PMID": 722102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9081", "title": "A rapid screening method for the detection of monospecific antibodies against hemoglobins.", "content": "A simple procedure for the detection of monospecific antibody against C57BL/6 mouse hemoglobin that would not cross-react with DBA/2 mouse hemoglobin is described. The horse antiserum against C57BL/6 mouse hemoglobin is absorbed with DBA/2 mouse hemoglobin. The absorbed serum is then allowed to react with small amounts of DBA/2 hemoglobin-Sepharose and C57BL/6 hemoglobin-Sepharose in separate tubes, followed by reaction with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated goat antihorse IgG. A strong fluorescence in the C57BL/6 immunoabsorbent and little or no fluorescence in the DBA/2 immunoabsorbent show the presence of monospecific antibody against C57BL/6 hemoglobin. The method has general applicability as antibodies against other hemoglobins and proteins can be detected.", "contents": "A rapid screening method for the detection of monospecific antibodies against hemoglobins. A simple procedure for the detection of monospecific antibody against C57BL/6 mouse hemoglobin that would not cross-react with DBA/2 mouse hemoglobin is described. The horse antiserum against C57BL/6 mouse hemoglobin is absorbed with DBA/2 mouse hemoglobin. The absorbed serum is then allowed to react with small amounts of DBA/2 hemoglobin-Sepharose and C57BL/6 hemoglobin-Sepharose in separate tubes, followed by reaction with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated goat antihorse IgG. A strong fluorescence in the C57BL/6 immunoabsorbent and little or no fluorescence in the DBA/2 immunoabsorbent show the presence of monospecific antibody against C57BL/6 hemoglobin. The method has general applicability as antibodies against other hemoglobins and proteins can be detected.", "PMID": 722103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9082", "title": "A rapid one-step procedure for purification of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear leukocytes from human blood using a modification of the Hypaque-Ficoll technique.", "content": "A one-step procedure for purification of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells from human blood is described. It is a modification of the Hypaque-Ficoll method with density of 1.095 g/ml. Centrifugation at 200 X g for 20--30 min resulted in the separation of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells into 2 distinct bands at the interface. The mononuclear cell fraction contained 83.9 +/- 1.6% lymphocytes and 13.8 +/- 2.3% monocytes, while the other conssisted of highly purified neutrophils (96.4 +/- 1.0%). Leukocyte recovery by this method was always greater than 80% and viability exceeded 98%. Both cell fractions retained their immunological functions.", "contents": "A rapid one-step procedure for purification of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear leukocytes from human blood using a modification of the Hypaque-Ficoll technique. A one-step procedure for purification of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells from human blood is described. It is a modification of the Hypaque-Ficoll method with density of 1.095 g/ml. Centrifugation at 200 X g for 20--30 min resulted in the separation of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells into 2 distinct bands at the interface. The mononuclear cell fraction contained 83.9 +/- 1.6% lymphocytes and 13.8 +/- 2.3% monocytes, while the other conssisted of highly purified neutrophils (96.4 +/- 1.0%). Leukocyte recovery by this method was always greater than 80% and viability exceeded 98%. Both cell fractions retained their immunological functions.", "PMID": 722104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9083", "title": "Testosterone metabolism in basal cell epitheliomas.", "content": "In basal cell epitheliomas the testosterone metabolism pattern differs from that of the normal surrounding skin. There is a significant reduction in 5 alpha-reductase activity with a consequent decrease in production of dihydrotestosterone and androstanediols. By contrast the 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity shows no consistent change.", "contents": "Testosterone metabolism in basal cell epitheliomas. In basal cell epitheliomas the testosterone metabolism pattern differs from that of the normal surrounding skin. There is a significant reduction in 5 alpha-reductase activity with a consequent decrease in production of dihydrotestosterone and androstanediols. By contrast the 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity shows no consistent change.", "PMID": 722111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9084", "title": "Differential susceptibility of Propionibacterium acnes, P. granulosum and P. avidum to free fatty acids.", "content": "The susceptibility of 98 Propionibacterium acnes, P. granulosum and P. avidum strains isolated from acne cases and appropriate reference strains to decanoic, dodecanoic, octadeca-9,12 dienoic, and octadeca-9,12,15 trienoic acids was investigated using minimal inhibitory concentration estimation by an agar dilution techique. The tested acids showed their relative antibacterial activity in the following order: C18:3 delta 9,12,15 greater than C18:2 delta 9,12 greater than C12:0 greater than C10:0 Differences between minimal inhibitory concentration values for P. acnes, and P. avidum versus P. granulosum strains were demonstrated in the cases of octadeca-9,12 dienoic, and octadeca-9,12,15 trienoic acids.", "contents": "Differential susceptibility of Propionibacterium acnes, P. granulosum and P. avidum to free fatty acids. The susceptibility of 98 Propionibacterium acnes, P. granulosum and P. avidum strains isolated from acne cases and appropriate reference strains to decanoic, dodecanoic, octadeca-9,12 dienoic, and octadeca-9,12,15 trienoic acids was investigated using minimal inhibitory concentration estimation by an agar dilution techique. The tested acids showed their relative antibacterial activity in the following order: C18:3 delta 9,12,15 greater than C18:2 delta 9,12 greater than C12:0 greater than C10:0 Differences between minimal inhibitory concentration values for P. acnes, and P. avidum versus P. granulosum strains were demonstrated in the cases of octadeca-9,12 dienoic, and octadeca-9,12,15 trienoic acids.", "PMID": 722112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9085", "title": "Sebum composition: a comparison of thin-layer chromatography and infrared reflectance spectroscopy.", "content": "Thin-layer chromatography and infrared reflectance spectroscopy were compared as methods for measuring sebum composition. Solutions of varying known concentrations of free fatty acids and triglycerides were analyzed by both methods. Skin surface lipid samples were similarly analyzed. Infrared spectroscopy produced more variable data than thin-layer chromatography with photodensitometry. This was particularly true at low concentrations of free fatty acids. It is concluded that thin-layer chromatography with photodensitometry is a more accurate method for the measurement of sebum composition.", "contents": "Sebum composition: a comparison of thin-layer chromatography and infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Thin-layer chromatography and infrared reflectance spectroscopy were compared as methods for measuring sebum composition. Solutions of varying known concentrations of free fatty acids and triglycerides were analyzed by both methods. Skin surface lipid samples were similarly analyzed. Infrared spectroscopy produced more variable data than thin-layer chromatography with photodensitometry. This was particularly true at low concentrations of free fatty acids. It is concluded that thin-layer chromatography with photodensitometry is a more accurate method for the measurement of sebum composition.", "PMID": 722114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9086", "title": "New methods for assessing epidermal wound healing: the effects of triamcinolone acetonide and polyethelene film occlusion.", "content": "Epidermal healing of superficial, excised wounds in domestic white pigs was evaluated visually and histologically after separation of the epidermis and dermis. The visual determination of epidermal healing correlated well with the histologic studies of surface re-epithelialization. Wounds healed 40% faster when occluded with polyethelene film. Topical triamcinolone acetonide treatment delayed healing (62% slower than control).", "contents": "New methods for assessing epidermal wound healing: the effects of triamcinolone acetonide and polyethelene film occlusion. Epidermal healing of superficial, excised wounds in domestic white pigs was evaluated visually and histologically after separation of the epidermis and dermis. The visual determination of epidermal healing correlated well with the histologic studies of surface re-epithelialization. Wounds healed 40% faster when occluded with polyethelene film. Topical triamcinolone acetonide treatment delayed healing (62% slower than control).", "PMID": 722115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9087", "title": "Stimulatory effect of exogenous hyaluronic acid distinguishes cultured fibroblasts of Marfan's disease from controls.", "content": "Fibroblasts cultured from patients with Marfan's disease show metachromasia with toluidine blue and accumulate increased amounts of glycosaminoglycan (GAG). Compared to fibroblasts from controls, more of the newly synthesized GAG is hyaluronic acid. Cycloheximide has a modest inhibiting effect on GAG accumulation compared to protein inhibition while serum depletion has a greater effect on inhibiting GAG  accumulation than on reducing synthesis of new protein. Exogenous hyaluronic acid restores new accumulation of hyaluronic acid in serum depleted Marfan-derived cultures towards baseline while having almost no effect on cultures derived from controls. The effect is specific for hyaluronic acid as chondroitin sulfate or dextran sulfate are not stimulatory and is not due to stimulation of new protein synthesis.", "contents": "Stimulatory effect of exogenous hyaluronic acid distinguishes cultured fibroblasts of Marfan's disease from controls. Fibroblasts cultured from patients with Marfan's disease show metachromasia with toluidine blue and accumulate increased amounts of glycosaminoglycan (GAG). Compared to fibroblasts from controls, more of the newly synthesized GAG is hyaluronic acid. Cycloheximide has a modest inhibiting effect on GAG accumulation compared to protein inhibition while serum depletion has a greater effect on inhibiting GAG  accumulation than on reducing synthesis of new protein. Exogenous hyaluronic acid restores new accumulation of hyaluronic acid in serum depleted Marfan-derived cultures towards baseline while having almost no effect on cultures derived from controls. The effect is specific for hyaluronic acid as chondroitin sulfate or dextran sulfate are not stimulatory and is not due to stimulation of new protein synthesis.", "PMID": 722117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9088", "title": "Phenytoin increases 65zinc absorption in the rat.", "content": "A single oral dose of 65Zn was given to groups of rats, 6 or 7 in each, which were started on phenytoin. The drug was given in daily doses of 10, 50, and 100 mg for 10 days. The retention of 65Zn was followed by a whole body counter, and the net absorption of 65Zn was calculated. All phenytoin doses studied were found to increase zinc absorption significantly.", "contents": "Phenytoin increases 65zinc absorption in the rat. A single oral dose of 65Zn was given to groups of rats, 6 or 7 in each, which were started on phenytoin. The drug was given in daily doses of 10, 50, and 100 mg for 10 days. The retention of 65Zn was followed by a whole body counter, and the net absorption of 65Zn was calculated. All phenytoin doses studied were found to increase zinc absorption significantly.", "PMID": 722118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9089", "title": "A reappraisal of the role of Pityrosporum orbiculare in pityriasis versicolor and the significance of extracellular lipase.", "content": "Pityrosporum orbiculare is an obligate lipophilic yeast in vitro, which suggests it possesses an extracellular lipase crucial for nutrition. If present in vivo, the enzyme would enable the yeast to utilize skin surface lipids, which may therfore play an important role in the pathogenesis of pityriasis versicolor. Cultured P. orbiculare and biopsy material from patients with pityriasis versicolor were investigated for the presence of lipase by electron microscope histochemistry. At sites of lipase activity, fatty acid hydrolyzed from Tween 80 substrate reacts with Ca++ ions to form an insoluble Ca++ soap. Exchange of Ca++ with Pb++ enables the sites of lipase activity to be visualized as electron dense deposits of insoluble lead soap. Surface lipase activity was apparent when the technique was applied to P. orbiculare grown on lipid containing medium and its specificity confirmed by removal of substrate and inhibition by di-isopropyl fluorophosphate and quinine hydrochloride, but not by sodium fluoride. When the same technique was applied to stratum corneum infected with Pityrosporum furfur (Malassez), no reaction product could be detected. It is postulated that lipase, although critical for fungal nutrition in vitro, is unlikely to be of importance in vivo. Skin surface lipids are therefore probably not relevant to the pathogenesis of pityriasis versicolor.", "contents": "A reappraisal of the role of Pityrosporum orbiculare in pityriasis versicolor and the significance of extracellular lipase. Pityrosporum orbiculare is an obligate lipophilic yeast in vitro, which suggests it possesses an extracellular lipase crucial for nutrition. If present in vivo, the enzyme would enable the yeast to utilize skin surface lipids, which may therfore play an important role in the pathogenesis of pityriasis versicolor. Cultured P. orbiculare and biopsy material from patients with pityriasis versicolor were investigated for the presence of lipase by electron microscope histochemistry. At sites of lipase activity, fatty acid hydrolyzed from Tween 80 substrate reacts with Ca++ ions to form an insoluble Ca++ soap. Exchange of Ca++ with Pb++ enables the sites of lipase activity to be visualized as electron dense deposits of insoluble lead soap. Surface lipase activity was apparent when the technique was applied to P. orbiculare grown on lipid containing medium and its specificity confirmed by removal of substrate and inhibition by di-isopropyl fluorophosphate and quinine hydrochloride, but not by sodium fluoride. When the same technique was applied to stratum corneum infected with Pityrosporum furfur (Malassez), no reaction product could be detected. It is postulated that lipase, although critical for fungal nutrition in vitro, is unlikely to be of importance in vivo. Skin surface lipids are therefore probably not relevant to the pathogenesis of pityriasis versicolor.", "PMID": 722119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9090", "title": "Chemokinetic and chemotactic factors in psoriasis scale extracts.", "content": "Soluble solutions of psoriasis scale were prepared by extracting scales in 6 m urea and removing urea by dialysis. Extracts were tested for chemokinetic and chemotactic activity for human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mononuclear cells in vitro using the migration under agarose assay. Five of 6 extracts demonstrated significant chemotactic activity for polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and 4 or 6 were also chemotactic for mononuclear cells. All extracts augmented random migration of polymorphonuclear leukoyctes (chemokinesis). Checkerboard epxeriments showed extracts were truly chemotactic as well as chemokinetic. The kinetics of polymorphonuclear leukocyte and mononuclear cell chemotaxis toward psoriasis scale extracts were similar to kinetics of chemotaxis toward a bacteria-derived chemotactic factor and zymosan-activated serum. Since zymosan-activated serum and purified C5a were not chemokinetic, psoriasis scale extract was more like a bacteria-culture supernate than these complement factors in augmenting random migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Substances in psoriasis scale may be capable of influencing the inflammatory response.", "contents": "Chemokinetic and chemotactic factors in psoriasis scale extracts. Soluble solutions of psoriasis scale were prepared by extracting scales in 6 m urea and removing urea by dialysis. Extracts were tested for chemokinetic and chemotactic activity for human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mononuclear cells in vitro using the migration under agarose assay. Five of 6 extracts demonstrated significant chemotactic activity for polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and 4 or 6 were also chemotactic for mononuclear cells. All extracts augmented random migration of polymorphonuclear leukoyctes (chemokinesis). Checkerboard epxeriments showed extracts were truly chemotactic as well as chemokinetic. The kinetics of polymorphonuclear leukocyte and mononuclear cell chemotaxis toward psoriasis scale extracts were similar to kinetics of chemotaxis toward a bacteria-derived chemotactic factor and zymosan-activated serum. Since zymosan-activated serum and purified C5a were not chemokinetic, psoriasis scale extract was more like a bacteria-culture supernate than these complement factors in augmenting random migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Substances in psoriasis scale may be capable of influencing the inflammatory response.", "PMID": 722120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9091", "title": "Ultraviolet light induces epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity.", "content": "Hairless mice were irradiated with fluorescent sun lamp tubes (peak emission at 313 nm). A singificant increase in epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity was found after 2 hr. A maximum 80-fold increase was found after 24 hr, decreasing again at 48 hr. Epidermal DNA synthesis was decreased at 6 hr and 24 hr increasing to a maximum 48 hr after irradiation. These results show that polyamine biosynthetic enzyme activity precedes the delayed increase in epidermal DNA synthesis following ultraviolet light exposure.", "contents": "Ultraviolet light induces epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity. Hairless mice were irradiated with fluorescent sun lamp tubes (peak emission at 313 nm). A singificant increase in epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity was found after 2 hr. A maximum 80-fold increase was found after 24 hr, decreasing again at 48 hr. Epidermal DNA synthesis was decreased at 6 hr and 24 hr increasing to a maximum 48 hr after irradiation. These results show that polyamine biosynthetic enzyme activity precedes the delayed increase in epidermal DNA synthesis following ultraviolet light exposure.", "PMID": 722122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9092", "title": "Pathological changes in female C3H mice continuously fed diets containing diethylstilbestrol or 17beta--estradiol.", "content": "To study the long term effects of estrogen administration in mice, virgin female C3H/HeJ mice are being fed diets containing 0, 10, 100 or 500 ppb of diethylstilbestrol (DES) or 0, 100, 1000, or 5000 pph of 17beta-estradiol (E2) from 6 to 110 weeks of age. C3HeB/FeJ mice are being fed diets containing 08 10, 100, or 500 ppb DES FROM 6 TO 136 WEEKS OF AGE. Pathologic studies were conducted on 396 such mice sacrificed at 52 weeks and on over 500 others sacrificed at various intervals. After 52 weeks on 500 ppb DES or 5000 ppb E2, the cervix of both populations often showed stromal mucoid changes and adenosis characterized by focal replacement of squamous by columnar epithelium lining the cervical canal assoicated with glandular downgrowths into the subjacent stroma. The uterine horns showed hyperplastic glands, which often penetrated the muscularis, and focal endometrial and perivascular hyalin deposits. The ovaries showed atrophy with absence of corpora lutea. Ceroid deposits were increased in the ovaries and adrenals. Sternal bony trabeculae were increased. The incidence of uterine cervical adenosis and of mammary hyperplastic alveolar nodules and tumors (mainly type B, Dunn's classification), was higher in C3H/HeJ than in C3HeB/FeJ mice. Mice on lower doses of DES or E2 had less frequent and severe similar changes. Tumors observed to date only in estrogen-treated mice included 4 endometrial adenocarcinomas and an adenoacanthoma of a uterine horn, 14 cervical adenocarcinomas often appearing to arise from areas of adenosis, a vaginal squamous cell carcinoma, a cervical granular cell myoblastoma, 1 sternal and 3 cranial osteosarcomas, and a mesothelioma. The majority of the malignancies occurred in C3H/HeJ mice. These findings indicate that the mammary tumor virus factor facilitates DES-induced mammary tumorigenesis in C3H mice and may contribute to other DES-induced malignant and premalignant lesions.", "contents": "Pathological changes in female C3H mice continuously fed diets containing diethylstilbestrol or 17beta--estradiol. To study the long term effects of estrogen administration in mice, virgin female C3H/HeJ mice are being fed diets containing 0, 10, 100 or 500 ppb of diethylstilbestrol (DES) or 0, 100, 1000, or 5000 pph of 17beta-estradiol (E2) from 6 to 110 weeks of age. C3HeB/FeJ mice are being fed diets containing 08 10, 100, or 500 ppb DES FROM 6 TO 136 WEEKS OF AGE. Pathologic studies were conducted on 396 such mice sacrificed at 52 weeks and on over 500 others sacrificed at various intervals. After 52 weeks on 500 ppb DES or 5000 ppb E2, the cervix of both populations often showed stromal mucoid changes and adenosis characterized by focal replacement of squamous by columnar epithelium lining the cervical canal assoicated with glandular downgrowths into the subjacent stroma. The uterine horns showed hyperplastic glands, which often penetrated the muscularis, and focal endometrial and perivascular hyalin deposits. The ovaries showed atrophy with absence of corpora lutea. Ceroid deposits were increased in the ovaries and adrenals. Sternal bony trabeculae were increased. The incidence of uterine cervical adenosis and of mammary hyperplastic alveolar nodules and tumors (mainly type B, Dunn's classification), was higher in C3H/HeJ than in C3HeB/FeJ mice. Mice on lower doses of DES or E2 had less frequent and severe similar changes. Tumors observed to date only in estrogen-treated mice included 4 endometrial adenocarcinomas and an adenoacanthoma of a uterine horn, 14 cervical adenocarcinomas often appearing to arise from areas of adenosis, a vaginal squamous cell carcinoma, a cervical granular cell myoblastoma, 1 sternal and 3 cranial osteosarcomas, and a mesothelioma. The majority of the malignancies occurred in C3H/HeJ mice. These findings indicate that the mammary tumor virus factor facilitates DES-induced mammary tumorigenesis in C3H mice and may contribute to other DES-induced malignant and premalignant lesions.", "PMID": 722180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9093", "title": "Lung cancer following exposure to bis(chloromethyl)ether: a case report.", "content": "A research chemist (non-smoker) worked for two years on an investigation where bis(chloromethyl)ether (BCME) and chloromethyl methyl ether (CMME) were by-products. Twelve years after completion of the study he died of a pulmonary adenocarcinoma that had metastasized to both the bones and soft tissue. The relatively large scale (1--2 mol) on which the chemical reaction was conducted resulted in his inhalation of high doses of both BCME and CMME for this two year period. His case history is discussed with reference to other such reported instances.", "contents": "Lung cancer following exposure to bis(chloromethyl)ether: a case report. A research chemist (non-smoker) worked for two years on an investigation where bis(chloromethyl)ether (BCME) and chloromethyl methyl ether (CMME) were by-products. Twelve years after completion of the study he died of a pulmonary adenocarcinoma that had metastasized to both the bones and soft tissue. The relatively large scale (1--2 mol) on which the chemical reaction was conducted resulted in his inhalation of high doses of both BCME and CMME for this two year period. His case history is discussed with reference to other such reported instances.", "PMID": 722181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9094", "title": "Suggested procedures for reducing the pathology workload in a carcinogen bioassay program, Part I.", "content": "Large test programs have been set up to help assess the carcinogenic potential of chemicals introduced into the environment. Most test protocols used in these programs require large numbers of animals and extensive pathologic evaluation of all test and control animals. In this paper we describe modifications to the present pathology protocol which will reduce the pathology workload of the program and make only small changes in the operational character of the screen. The first modification derives from the fact that a tumorigenic effect may be ruled out by looking at the treated animals only. The second procedure suggested uses simple random samples to provide information about the treated groups with still less pathology work. It is emphasized that these proposed modifications should be regarded as a starting point for further discussion and that we encourage comments from all interested scientists.", "contents": "Suggested procedures for reducing the pathology workload in a carcinogen bioassay program, Part I. Large test programs have been set up to help assess the carcinogenic potential of chemicals introduced into the environment. Most test protocols used in these programs require large numbers of animals and extensive pathologic evaluation of all test and control animals. In this paper we describe modifications to the present pathology protocol which will reduce the pathology workload of the program and make only small changes in the operational character of the screen. The first modification derives from the fact that a tumorigenic effect may be ruled out by looking at the treated animals only. The second procedure suggested uses simple random samples to provide information about the treated groups with still less pathology work. It is emphasized that these proposed modifications should be regarded as a starting point for further discussion and that we encourage comments from all interested scientists.", "PMID": 722182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9095", "title": "Dietary subacute toxicity of ethylene thiourea in the laboratory rat.", "content": "Ethylene thiourea (ETU) was fed to groups of rats at 0, 1, 5, 125 or 625 ppm for up to 90 days. Other groups of rats received either propylthiouracil (PTU; 125 ppm) or amitrole (50 ppm) in their diets as positive controls. Only those rats which received ETU at 125 or 625 ppm and those ingesting PTU or amitrole demonstrated a measurable toxic response. This toxicity was reflected as an alteration in thyroid function and a significant change in thyroid morphology. Ingestion of 625 ppm ETU or 125 ppm PTU resulted in very substantial decrease in serum triiodothyronine (T-3) and thyroxine (T-4). Marked increases in serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were found in the 625 and 125 ppm ETU rats, the 125 PTU rats, and the rats receiving amitrole, each time this hormone was measured. Rats which ingested 625 ppm ETU also exhibited a decrease in iodide uptake by the thyroid. While a statistically significant increase in serum T-4 and degree of thyroid hyperplasia was observed for rats ingesting 25 ppm ETU for 60 days, normal thyroid hormone levels and thyroid morphology was found in rats on 25 ppm ETU for either 30 or 90 days. Based on diochemical and microscopic changes examined, the no-effect level for dietary ETU in this 90-day study is considered to be 25 ppm.", "contents": "Dietary subacute toxicity of ethylene thiourea in the laboratory rat. Ethylene thiourea (ETU) was fed to groups of rats at 0, 1, 5, 125 or 625 ppm for up to 90 days. Other groups of rats received either propylthiouracil (PTU; 125 ppm) or amitrole (50 ppm) in their diets as positive controls. Only those rats which received ETU at 125 or 625 ppm and those ingesting PTU or amitrole demonstrated a measurable toxic response. This toxicity was reflected as an alteration in thyroid function and a significant change in thyroid morphology. Ingestion of 625 ppm ETU or 125 ppm PTU resulted in very substantial decrease in serum triiodothyronine (T-3) and thyroxine (T-4). Marked increases in serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were found in the 625 and 125 ppm ETU rats, the 125 PTU rats, and the rats receiving amitrole, each time this hormone was measured. Rats which ingested 625 ppm ETU also exhibited a decrease in iodide uptake by the thyroid. While a statistically significant increase in serum T-4 and degree of thyroid hyperplasia was observed for rats ingesting 25 ppm ETU for 60 days, normal thyroid hormone levels and thyroid morphology was found in rats on 25 ppm ETU for either 30 or 90 days. Based on diochemical and microscopic changes examined, the no-effect level for dietary ETU in this 90-day study is considered to be 25 ppm.", "PMID": 722183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9096", "title": "Mechanisms of carcinogenesis: dose response.", "content": "There is great controversy whether the carcinogenicity of chemicals is dose-dependent and whether a \"threshold\" dose exists below which cancer will not be induced by exposure. Evidence for dose-dependency exists and is believed to be accepted generally if extricated as it should be from the \"threshold\" concept. The \"threshold\" concept conflict is not likely to be resolved in the foreseeable future; proponents and opponents argue their case in a manner similar to those arguing religion. In this paper the various arguments are reviewed. Subsequently, a chemical process model for carcinogenesis is developed based on the generally accepted evidence that the carcinogenic activity of many chemicals can be related to electrophilic alkylation of DNA. Using this model, some incidence of cancer, albeit negligible, will be predicted regardless how low the dose. However, the model reveals that the incidence of cancer induced by real-life exposures is likely to be greatly overestimated by currently used stochastic statistical extrapolations. Even more important, modeling of the chemical processes involved in the fate of a carcinogenic chemical in the body reveals experimental approaches to elucidating the mechanism(s) of carcinogenesis and ultimately a more scientifically sound basis for assessing the hazard of low-level exposure to a chemical carcinogen.", "contents": "Mechanisms of carcinogenesis: dose response. There is great controversy whether the carcinogenicity of chemicals is dose-dependent and whether a \"threshold\" dose exists below which cancer will not be induced by exposure. Evidence for dose-dependency exists and is believed to be accepted generally if extricated as it should be from the \"threshold\" concept. The \"threshold\" concept conflict is not likely to be resolved in the foreseeable future; proponents and opponents argue their case in a manner similar to those arguing religion. In this paper the various arguments are reviewed. Subsequently, a chemical process model for carcinogenesis is developed based on the generally accepted evidence that the carcinogenic activity of many chemicals can be related to electrophilic alkylation of DNA. Using this model, some incidence of cancer, albeit negligible, will be predicted regardless how low the dose. However, the model reveals that the incidence of cancer induced by real-life exposures is likely to be greatly overestimated by currently used stochastic statistical extrapolations. Even more important, modeling of the chemical processes involved in the fate of a carcinogenic chemical in the body reveals experimental approaches to elucidating the mechanism(s) of carcinogenesis and ultimately a more scientifically sound basis for assessing the hazard of low-level exposure to a chemical carcinogen.", "PMID": 722184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9097", "title": "Inactivity of two noble metals as carcinogens.", "content": "Silver and gold were evaluated for potential carcinogenicity by suspending fine (-300 mesh) powders in trioctanoin and injecting these intramuscularly in Fischer-344 rats. As a positive control, cadmium powder was tested; the vehicle alone served as the negative control. Under the conditions of these experiments, no tumors appeared at the site of injection in the silver-treated animals. Vehicle control (trioctanoin) and gold-treated groups each developed a single fibrosarcoma. In contrast, 60% of the cadmium-treated rats developed fibrosarcomas at the injection site. The mean survival time for the cadmium injected group was 16.5 months, whereas for all other groups it was approximately 23.5 months. It is concluded that the noble metals, silver and gold, are not carcinogenic under the conditions reported here.", "contents": "Inactivity of two noble metals as carcinogens. Silver and gold were evaluated for potential carcinogenicity by suspending fine (-300 mesh) powders in trioctanoin and injecting these intramuscularly in Fischer-344 rats. As a positive control, cadmium powder was tested; the vehicle alone served as the negative control. Under the conditions of these experiments, no tumors appeared at the site of injection in the silver-treated animals. Vehicle control (trioctanoin) and gold-treated groups each developed a single fibrosarcoma. In contrast, 60% of the cadmium-treated rats developed fibrosarcomas at the injection site. The mean survival time for the cadmium injected group was 16.5 months, whereas for all other groups it was approximately 23.5 months. It is concluded that the noble metals, silver and gold, are not carcinogenic under the conditions reported here.", "PMID": 722186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9098", "title": "Urinary bladder tumors in dogs from 4,4'-methylene-bis (2-chloroaniline) (MOCA).", "content": "Six female beagle dogs were given a daily dose of 100 mg MOCA, by capsule, 3 days per week for the first 6 weeks and then 5 days per week continuously for periods up to 9.0 years. The dose varied from 8 to 15 mg/kg body weight/day among the dogs. Six female beagle dogs were kept as untreated controls. The test was terminated after 9.0 years of treatment. The average plasma glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity of the dogs fed MOCA was higher than that of the controls during the first and last two years on test. During the eighth and ninth years the urine sediment from MOCA dogs contained excessive numbers of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and epithelial cells. Some epithelial cells contained abnormalities that suggested neoplasia in the genitourinary tract. One MOCA dog, sacrificed after 8.3 years on test was found to have a papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Of four MOCA dogs sacrificed after 9.0 years on test, three were found to have papillary transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder and one had a combined transitional cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the urethra. The urethral tumor had metastasized to the liver, but the papillary transitional cell carcinomas found in the other four dogs did not invade the muscle layers of the bladder wall and did not metastasize. Since no urinary bladder tumors were found in the six control dogs, MOCA was considered to be carcinogenic for the urinary bladder of dogs under the conditions employed (p less than 0.025, Fisher's Exact Test, one tail). Three of five MOCA dogs contained hyperplastic nodules in the liver with no such nodules in six control dogs (p greater than 0.05, Fisher's Exact Test, one tail). This was considered to be suggestive of an effect of MOCA treatment.", "contents": "Urinary bladder tumors in dogs from 4,4'-methylene-bis (2-chloroaniline) (MOCA). Six female beagle dogs were given a daily dose of 100 mg MOCA, by capsule, 3 days per week for the first 6 weeks and then 5 days per week continuously for periods up to 9.0 years. The dose varied from 8 to 15 mg/kg body weight/day among the dogs. Six female beagle dogs were kept as untreated controls. The test was terminated after 9.0 years of treatment. The average plasma glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity of the dogs fed MOCA was higher than that of the controls during the first and last two years on test. During the eighth and ninth years the urine sediment from MOCA dogs contained excessive numbers of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and epithelial cells. Some epithelial cells contained abnormalities that suggested neoplasia in the genitourinary tract. One MOCA dog, sacrificed after 8.3 years on test was found to have a papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Of four MOCA dogs sacrificed after 9.0 years on test, three were found to have papillary transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder and one had a combined transitional cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the urethra. The urethral tumor had metastasized to the liver, but the papillary transitional cell carcinomas found in the other four dogs did not invade the muscle layers of the bladder wall and did not metastasize. Since no urinary bladder tumors were found in the six control dogs, MOCA was considered to be carcinogenic for the urinary bladder of dogs under the conditions employed (p less than 0.025, Fisher's Exact Test, one tail). Three of five MOCA dogs contained hyperplastic nodules in the liver with no such nodules in six control dogs (p greater than 0.05, Fisher's Exact Test, one tail). This was considered to be suggestive of an effect of MOCA treatment.", "PMID": 722185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9099", "title": "Effects of citrinin on renal tubular transport functions in the rat.", "content": "The fungal toxin, citrinin, has been implicated as a nephrotoxin. Both in vitro and in vivo studies were undertaken to examine, in a controlled laboratory setting, the effects of citrinin on overall renal function as well as on specific renal transport processes. At a dose of 70 mg/kg citrinin caused an increase in urine production and a decrease in urine osmolality in the Sprague-Dawley rat. Maximal effects were observed at 4 days after a single dose, and animals surviving for that time period regained normal renal function by 5--8 days. Animals that failed to survive first entered a period of oliguria or anuria. Fischer 344 rats did not demonstrate an unusual sensitivity to citrinin. Renal slice transport of various organic compounds, e.g., paminohippurate (PAH) and tetraethylammonium (TEA), also was inhibited with maximal effects seen at day 4. In vitro effects of citrinin on fresh renal tissue were different, in part, from the effects seen with pretreatment. No alterations of renal cortical inorganic electrolytes were observed.", "contents": "Effects of citrinin on renal tubular transport functions in the rat. The fungal toxin, citrinin, has been implicated as a nephrotoxin. Both in vitro and in vivo studies were undertaken to examine, in a controlled laboratory setting, the effects of citrinin on overall renal function as well as on specific renal transport processes. At a dose of 70 mg/kg citrinin caused an increase in urine production and a decrease in urine osmolality in the Sprague-Dawley rat. Maximal effects were observed at 4 days after a single dose, and animals surviving for that time period regained normal renal function by 5--8 days. Animals that failed to survive first entered a period of oliguria or anuria. Fischer 344 rats did not demonstrate an unusual sensitivity to citrinin. Renal slice transport of various organic compounds, e.g., paminohippurate (PAH) and tetraethylammonium (TEA), also was inhibited with maximal effects seen at day 4. In vitro effects of citrinin on fresh renal tissue were different, in part, from the effects seen with pretreatment. No alterations of renal cortical inorganic electrolytes were observed.", "PMID": 722188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9100", "title": "Safety examination of some edible plants, Part 2.", "content": "The carcinogenicity of cacalia, dandelion, ostrich-fern, and aralia, which are wild plants used as human food or folk medicine, and of burdock, bambooshoots, and lotus, which are cultivated as vegetables in Japan, was examined in an inbred strain ACI rats. Fresh plant materials were dried, milled, and mixed with the rat basal diet in the ratio of 4--33% of the total. These diets thus prepared were administered to rats for periods ranging upward from 120 days. However, carcinogenic activity was not observed in any of the plants so far tried.", "contents": "Safety examination of some edible plants, Part 2. The carcinogenicity of cacalia, dandelion, ostrich-fern, and aralia, which are wild plants used as human food or folk medicine, and of burdock, bambooshoots, and lotus, which are cultivated as vegetables in Japan, was examined in an inbred strain ACI rats. Fresh plant materials were dried, milled, and mixed with the rat basal diet in the ratio of 4--33% of the total. These diets thus prepared were administered to rats for periods ranging upward from 120 days. However, carcinogenic activity was not observed in any of the plants so far tried.", "PMID": 722187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9101", "title": "Postnatal endocrine dysfunction induced by prenatal methylmercury or cadmium exposure in mice.", "content": "The subtle and delayed effects of two heavy metals, cadmium and mercury, on the pituitary-adrenal axis of mice were examined. Exeprimental animals were exposed to the toxins both in utero and neonatally via treated mothers' milk. Plasma levels of corticosterone, adrenal production of corticosterone in vitro, and the capacity of the liver to metabolize corticosterone in vitro were studied in these animals as adults. Exposure to methylmercury resulted in diminished hepatic metabolism of corticosterone in vitro due to a loss of liver mass. Adrenal function and plasma levels of corticosterone were unaffected by treatment. Cadmium-exposed animals examined at 277 days of age showed no significant differences when compared to untreated controls. However, when studied at 460-480 days of age, a sex difference in the response to cadmium exposure was noted. In males, the major effect was enhancement of hepatic reductive capacity, while in females, adrenal secretory capacity was enhanced. Possible mechanisms of action and consequences of these effects are discussed.", "contents": "Postnatal endocrine dysfunction induced by prenatal methylmercury or cadmium exposure in mice. The subtle and delayed effects of two heavy metals, cadmium and mercury, on the pituitary-adrenal axis of mice were examined. Exeprimental animals were exposed to the toxins both in utero and neonatally via treated mothers' milk. Plasma levels of corticosterone, adrenal production of corticosterone in vitro, and the capacity of the liver to metabolize corticosterone in vitro were studied in these animals as adults. Exposure to methylmercury resulted in diminished hepatic metabolism of corticosterone in vitro due to a loss of liver mass. Adrenal function and plasma levels of corticosterone were unaffected by treatment. Cadmium-exposed animals examined at 277 days of age showed no significant differences when compared to untreated controls. However, when studied at 460-480 days of age, a sex difference in the response to cadmium exposure was noted. In males, the major effect was enhancement of hepatic reductive capacity, while in females, adrenal secretory capacity was enhanced. Possible mechanisms of action and consequences of these effects are discussed.", "PMID": 722189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9102", "title": "Suggested procedures for reducing the pathology workload in a carcinogen bioassay program, Part II: Incorporating blind pathology techniques and analysis for animals with tumors.", "content": "Large testing programs have been set up to help assess the carcinogenic potential of chemicals introduced into the environment. Most test protocols used in these programs require extensive pathologic evaluations of all test and control animals. In Part I we proposed modifications to such complete pathology protocols which would allow substantial reduction in pathology workload while making only small changes in the operational character of the screen. The modifications suggested did require that slides from controls and treatment animals be handled differently and they did not call for a total tumor analysis (i.e. they do not allow blind pathology). In this paper we discuss how blind pathology can be incorporated and suggest a procedure to recover the \"total tumor\" aspect. It is emphasized that these modifications should be regarded as a starting point for further discussion and that we encourage comments from all interested scientists.", "contents": "Suggested procedures for reducing the pathology workload in a carcinogen bioassay program, Part II: Incorporating blind pathology techniques and analysis for animals with tumors. Large testing programs have been set up to help assess the carcinogenic potential of chemicals introduced into the environment. Most test protocols used in these programs require extensive pathologic evaluations of all test and control animals. In Part I we proposed modifications to such complete pathology protocols which would allow substantial reduction in pathology workload while making only small changes in the operational character of the screen. The modifications suggested did require that slides from controls and treatment animals be handled differently and they did not call for a total tumor analysis (i.e. they do not allow blind pathology). In this paper we discuss how blind pathology can be incorporated and suggest a procedure to recover the \"total tumor\" aspect. It is emphasized that these modifications should be regarded as a starting point for further discussion and that we encourage comments from all interested scientists.", "PMID": 722191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9103", "title": "Kidney and liver tumors in rats from 4,4'-methylene bis (2-carbomethoxyaniline).", "content": "4,4'-Methylene bis (2-carbomethoxyaniline), also known as methylene-bis methyl anthranilate (MBMA), was added to the diet of male and female ChR-CD rats for up to two years at levels of 0, 1500, and 15,000 ppm. Fifty rats of each sex were used at each dietary level. Female rats at both dietary levels of MBMA had a lower body weight gain and lower food efficiency values than did the controls. High-level males and females showed a slight anemia; all other clinical laboratory tests were within normal limits. MBMA caused slight degenerative histologic changes in the liver and kidney of both sexes at both dietary levels. High-level males developed a statistically significant increase in kidney and liver tumors when compared to controls (p less than 0.05, Fisher's Exact Test, one tail). High-level females had an elevated kidney tumor incidence compared with controls (p less than 0.10). There was a statistically significant lower incidence in pituitary tumors in high-level males (p less than 0.05) and in high-level females (p less than 0.10) than in controls. High-level females had a lower incidence of mammary tumors (p less than 0.05) compared to controls. MBMA was considered to be a carcinogen of moderate potency in rats, since tumors were not found until 18 months on test using a comparative large dose (1.5% of diet).", "contents": "Kidney and liver tumors in rats from 4,4'-methylene bis (2-carbomethoxyaniline). 4,4'-Methylene bis (2-carbomethoxyaniline), also known as methylene-bis methyl anthranilate (MBMA), was added to the diet of male and female ChR-CD rats for up to two years at levels of 0, 1500, and 15,000 ppm. Fifty rats of each sex were used at each dietary level. Female rats at both dietary levels of MBMA had a lower body weight gain and lower food efficiency values than did the controls. High-level males and females showed a slight anemia; all other clinical laboratory tests were within normal limits. MBMA caused slight degenerative histologic changes in the liver and kidney of both sexes at both dietary levels. High-level males developed a statistically significant increase in kidney and liver tumors when compared to controls (p less than 0.05, Fisher's Exact Test, one tail). High-level females had an elevated kidney tumor incidence compared with controls (p less than 0.10). There was a statistically significant lower incidence in pituitary tumors in high-level males (p less than 0.05) and in high-level females (p less than 0.10) than in controls. High-level females had a lower incidence of mammary tumors (p less than 0.05) compared to controls. MBMA was considered to be a carcinogen of moderate potency in rats, since tumors were not found until 18 months on test using a comparative large dose (1.5% of diet).", "PMID": 722190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9104", "title": "The production of hydroxamic acid metabolites of nitrosobenzene by Chlorella pyrenoidosa.", "content": "The ability of the green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa to convert nitrosobenzene (I), phenylhydroxylamine (VI), aniline, and nitrobenzene to hydroxamic acid metabolites was investigated. Only nitrosobenzene and phenylhydroxylamine were partially converted to N-phenylacetohydroxamic acid (Va) and N-phenylglycolhydroxamic acid (Vb), with the latter compound being the major product. The possible mechanisms for the formation of these hydroxamic acid metabolites are discussed. The most plausible explanation for their production is through the interaction of the nitroso group with certain intermediates of thiamine-dependent enzymes. The conversion of phenylhydroxylamine to the hydroxamic acids probably is the result of initial oxidation to nitrosobenzene. Apparently, C. pyrenoidosa lacks nitroreductase and aniline hydroxylase activities, since no metabolic conversions of aniline or nitrobenzene were observed. The potential environmental significance of hydroxamic acid production from nitrosoaromatics is discussed.", "contents": "The production of hydroxamic acid metabolites of nitrosobenzene by Chlorella pyrenoidosa. The ability of the green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa to convert nitrosobenzene (I), phenylhydroxylamine (VI), aniline, and nitrobenzene to hydroxamic acid metabolites was investigated. Only nitrosobenzene and phenylhydroxylamine were partially converted to N-phenylacetohydroxamic acid (Va) and N-phenylglycolhydroxamic acid (Vb), with the latter compound being the major product. The possible mechanisms for the formation of these hydroxamic acid metabolites are discussed. The most plausible explanation for their production is through the interaction of the nitroso group with certain intermediates of thiamine-dependent enzymes. The conversion of phenylhydroxylamine to the hydroxamic acids probably is the result of initial oxidation to nitrosobenzene. Apparently, C. pyrenoidosa lacks nitroreductase and aniline hydroxylase activities, since no metabolic conversions of aniline or nitrobenzene were observed. The potential environmental significance of hydroxamic acid production from nitrosoaromatics is discussed.", "PMID": 722193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9105", "title": "Six month inhalation exposures of rats and guinea pigs to aluminum chlorhydrate.", "content": "Groups of rats and guinea pigs were exposed, by inhalation, to 0.25, 2.5, and 25 mg/m3 of aluminum chlorhydrate (ACH) for six months to study the effects of a common component of antiperspirants. Similar groups of animals of both species exposed to clean air served as controls. The ACH was generated as a particulate dust using a Wright dust feed mechanism. After six months of exposure, animals were sacrificed. Decreases in body weight were seen in rats exposed to 25 mg/m3 of ACH. Marked increases in lung weights and significant increases in lung to body weight ratios were seen in rats and guinea pigs exposed to 25 mg/m3 of ACH. The lungs of all rats and guinea pigs showed significant dose-related increases in aluminum accumulation when exposed to either 0.25, 2.5, or 25 mg/m3 of ACH. The lungs of all rats and guinea pigs exposed to either 2.5 or 25 mg/m3 of ACH contained exposure-related granulomatous reactions characterized by giant vacuoled macrophages containing basophilic material in association with eosinophilic cellular debris.", "contents": "Six month inhalation exposures of rats and guinea pigs to aluminum chlorhydrate. Groups of rats and guinea pigs were exposed, by inhalation, to 0.25, 2.5, and 25 mg/m3 of aluminum chlorhydrate (ACH) for six months to study the effects of a common component of antiperspirants. Similar groups of animals of both species exposed to clean air served as controls. The ACH was generated as a particulate dust using a Wright dust feed mechanism. After six months of exposure, animals were sacrificed. Decreases in body weight were seen in rats exposed to 25 mg/m3 of ACH. Marked increases in lung weights and significant increases in lung to body weight ratios were seen in rats and guinea pigs exposed to 25 mg/m3 of ACH. The lungs of all rats and guinea pigs showed significant dose-related increases in aluminum accumulation when exposed to either 0.25, 2.5, or 25 mg/m3 of ACH. The lungs of all rats and guinea pigs exposed to either 2.5 or 25 mg/m3 of ACH contained exposure-related granulomatous reactions characterized by giant vacuoled macrophages containing basophilic material in association with eosinophilic cellular debris.", "PMID": 722194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9106", "title": "Pulmonary changes induced by low-level ozone: morphological observations.", "content": "This study defines the surface and ultrastructural changes which occur in mouse lungs during the early stages of continuous low-level ozone exposure. Swiss-Webster mice were exposed for 35 consecutive days to 0.5 ppm ozone, a level of oxidant gas which simulates levels occurring during an episode of severe smog in urban areas of the California south coast air basin. Groups of mice were killed on day 7, 21, or 35 of exposure and their lungs excised and examined by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Lung damage was most severe at the transition zone from terminal bronchiole to alveolar duct. This centriacinar lesion consisted of (1) increased numbers of macrophages within proximal alveoli of alveolar ducts, (2) clusters of type 2 pneumonocytes lining these proximal alveoli, (3) changes in surface characteristics of Clara cells, and (4) hyperplastic nodules of bronchiolar epithelium within terminal bronchioles. Inflammatory cell infiltrates were reduced in numbers at 35 days of exposure as compared to 7 days of exposure, but the hyperplastic bronchiolar epithelium persisted and, in fact, increased in severity as exposure length increased. Although inflammatory cell infiltrates were observed in proximal alveoli of alveolar ducts, the hyperplastic bronchiolar epithelial changes were observed throughout the lengths of terminal bronchioles examined. The variability in response to ozone insult of nonciliated cells in the terminal bronchiole of rats, mice, and monkeys is discussed.", "contents": "Pulmonary changes induced by low-level ozone: morphological observations. This study defines the surface and ultrastructural changes which occur in mouse lungs during the early stages of continuous low-level ozone exposure. Swiss-Webster mice were exposed for 35 consecutive days to 0.5 ppm ozone, a level of oxidant gas which simulates levels occurring during an episode of severe smog in urban areas of the California south coast air basin. Groups of mice were killed on day 7, 21, or 35 of exposure and their lungs excised and examined by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Lung damage was most severe at the transition zone from terminal bronchiole to alveolar duct. This centriacinar lesion consisted of (1) increased numbers of macrophages within proximal alveoli of alveolar ducts, (2) clusters of type 2 pneumonocytes lining these proximal alveoli, (3) changes in surface characteristics of Clara cells, and (4) hyperplastic nodules of bronchiolar epithelium within terminal bronchioles. Inflammatory cell infiltrates were reduced in numbers at 35 days of exposure as compared to 7 days of exposure, but the hyperplastic bronchiolar epithelium persisted and, in fact, increased in severity as exposure length increased. Although inflammatory cell infiltrates were observed in proximal alveoli of alveolar ducts, the hyperplastic bronchiolar epithelial changes were observed throughout the lengths of terminal bronchioles examined. The variability in response to ozone insult of nonciliated cells in the terminal bronchiole of rats, mice, and monkeys is discussed.", "PMID": 722197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9107", "title": "Liver and urinary bladder tumors in dogs from 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine.", "content": "Six female beagle dogs were given, by capsule, a daily oral dose of 100 mg of 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine (DCB), 3 times per week for 6 weeks, then 5 times per week continuously for periods up to 7.1 years. The DCB test was terminated after 7.1 years. Six untreated female beagle dogs served as controls for several tests and were sacrificed after 8.3 to 9.0 years on test. All 6 DCB dogs had an elevated plasma glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity during the first 3 years on test; two dogs showed persistent elevation throughout the test. One DCB dog, sacrificed in extremis after 3.5 years on test, had no tumors. Another DCB dog, sacrificed in extremis after 6.6 years on test, developed an undifferentiated carcinoma of the liver with metastases to many organs; this dog also had a papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Of the 4 remaining DCB dogs sacrificed after 7.1 years on test, 3 developed hepatocellular carcinomas and all 4 had papillary transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder. No liver or urinary bladder tumors were found in the 6 control dogs. DCB was found to be carcinogenic for the liver and urinary bladder in dogs under the conditions employed (p less than .025, Fisher's Exact Test, one tail).", "contents": "Liver and urinary bladder tumors in dogs from 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine. Six female beagle dogs were given, by capsule, a daily oral dose of 100 mg of 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine (DCB), 3 times per week for 6 weeks, then 5 times per week continuously for periods up to 7.1 years. The DCB test was terminated after 7.1 years. Six untreated female beagle dogs served as controls for several tests and were sacrificed after 8.3 to 9.0 years on test. All 6 DCB dogs had an elevated plasma glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity during the first 3 years on test; two dogs showed persistent elevation throughout the test. One DCB dog, sacrificed in extremis after 3.5 years on test, had no tumors. Another DCB dog, sacrificed in extremis after 6.6 years on test, developed an undifferentiated carcinoma of the liver with metastases to many organs; this dog also had a papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Of the 4 remaining DCB dogs sacrificed after 7.1 years on test, 3 developed hepatocellular carcinomas and all 4 had papillary transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder. No liver or urinary bladder tumors were found in the 6 control dogs. DCB was found to be carcinogenic for the liver and urinary bladder in dogs under the conditions employed (p less than .025, Fisher's Exact Test, one tail).", "PMID": 722199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9108", "title": "Inhalation studies with polyurethane foam dust in relation to respiratory tract carcinogenesis.", "content": "Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to freshly generated polyurethane foam dusts, in concentrations averaging 8.65 mg/m3 air, for 6 hours daily 5 days a week over a period of 12 weeks. For comparison the same numbers of rats were exposed to titanium dioxide (TiO2) (15.95 mg/m3 air), which is a known inert dust, and to air alone, as controls for the same exposure period. This exposure caused no noticeable changes in appearance, behavior, or body weight. The average lifespan values were within the normal range. A high tumor rate was seen in all groups, with no significant differences among the groups. No indications of a carcinogenic effect of the inhaled dusts on the respiratory tract could be established. The numerous tumors found in the different organs and groups were of a spontaneous nature. The observed lung-reactions are discussed.", "contents": "Inhalation studies with polyurethane foam dust in relation to respiratory tract carcinogenesis. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to freshly generated polyurethane foam dusts, in concentrations averaging 8.65 mg/m3 air, for 6 hours daily 5 days a week over a period of 12 weeks. For comparison the same numbers of rats were exposed to titanium dioxide (TiO2) (15.95 mg/m3 air), which is a known inert dust, and to air alone, as controls for the same exposure period. This exposure caused no noticeable changes in appearance, behavior, or body weight. The average lifespan values were within the normal range. A high tumor rate was seen in all groups, with no significant differences among the groups. No indications of a carcinogenic effect of the inhaled dusts on the respiratory tract could be established. The numerous tumors found in the different organs and groups were of a spontaneous nature. The observed lung-reactions are discussed.", "PMID": 722200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9109", "title": "Liver and lung tumors in dogs from 4,4'-methylene-bis(2-methylaniline).", "content": "Six female beagle dogs were given, by capsule, a daily dose of 100 mg 4,4'-methylene-bis(2-methylaniline) (MeMDA), 3 times per week for 6 weeks, then 5 times per week for 5 weeks, at which time the dose was reduced to 50 mg 5 times per week, continuously for periods up to 7.0 years. Six female beagle dogs were kept as untreated controls for several studies and were sacrificed after 8.3 to 9 years test. MeMDA dogs developed renal atrophy with an elevated blood urea nitrogen during an approximate six-month period prior to death or being sacrificed in extremis. As three of three MeMDA dogs that survived for 5.2 years to 7.0 years developed hepatocellular carcinomas and two of the three dogs also developed primary lung tumors, with no liver or lung tumor in six control dogs, MeMDA was considered to be carcinogenic for the dog (liver tumors: p less than .05; lung tumors: p less than 10; Fisher's Exact Test, one tail).", "contents": "Liver and lung tumors in dogs from 4,4'-methylene-bis(2-methylaniline). Six female beagle dogs were given, by capsule, a daily dose of 100 mg 4,4'-methylene-bis(2-methylaniline) (MeMDA), 3 times per week for 6 weeks, then 5 times per week for 5 weeks, at which time the dose was reduced to 50 mg 5 times per week, continuously for periods up to 7.0 years. Six female beagle dogs were kept as untreated controls for several studies and were sacrificed after 8.3 to 9 years test. MeMDA dogs developed renal atrophy with an elevated blood urea nitrogen during an approximate six-month period prior to death or being sacrificed in extremis. As three of three MeMDA dogs that survived for 5.2 years to 7.0 years developed hepatocellular carcinomas and two of the three dogs also developed primary lung tumors, with no liver or lung tumor in six control dogs, MeMDA was considered to be carcinogenic for the dog (liver tumors: p less than .05; lung tumors: p less than 10; Fisher's Exact Test, one tail).", "PMID": 722195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9110", "title": "Percutaneous absorption of radiolabeled TRIS from flame-retarded fabric.", "content": "Surface tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TRIS) was removed from flame-retarded polyester fabric by benzene-hexane extraction and replaced with 14C-TRIS. Sections of the radiolabeled fabric (10 X 12 cm) were placed in contact with the clipped skins of rabbits, and urine and feces were collected over a 96 hr period. The cloths were allowed to remain dry or were moistened with either urine or simulated sweat. A similar collection of urine and feces was performed following i.v. injection of 14C-TRIS. From the results of these experiments, it can be calculated that up to 17 percent of the radiolabel on the cloth penetrated rabbit skin over the 96 hr period of exposure. Most of the excreted radiolabel appeared in the urine, with the kidney being the organ of highest specific radioactivity. The highest absorption of radiolabel occurred in the urine-moistened cloth group. Moistening the cloth with simulated sweat produced no increase in absorption over that seen with dry cloth.", "contents": "Percutaneous absorption of radiolabeled TRIS from flame-retarded fabric. Surface tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TRIS) was removed from flame-retarded polyester fabric by benzene-hexane extraction and replaced with 14C-TRIS. Sections of the radiolabeled fabric (10 X 12 cm) were placed in contact with the clipped skins of rabbits, and urine and feces were collected over a 96 hr period. The cloths were allowed to remain dry or were moistened with either urine or simulated sweat. A similar collection of urine and feces was performed following i.v. injection of 14C-TRIS. From the results of these experiments, it can be calculated that up to 17 percent of the radiolabel on the cloth penetrated rabbit skin over the 96 hr period of exposure. Most of the excreted radiolabel appeared in the urine, with the kidney being the organ of highest specific radioactivity. The highest absorption of radiolabel occurred in the urine-moistened cloth group. Moistening the cloth with simulated sweat produced no increase in absorption over that seen with dry cloth.", "PMID": 722202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9111", "title": "The effects of discontinuing administration of high levels of 2-acetylaminofluorene on the transitional epithelium of the mouse urinary bladder.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of discontinuing the administration of a high level of 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) on the transitional epithelium of the urinary bladder of BALB/c mice. Mice were fed 500 ppm of 2-AAF for 6 and 13 weeks and sacrificed at periodic intervals after discontinuing the compound. Urothelial hyperplasia regressed slower in the animals receiving the 2-AAF for 13 weeks than those receiving 2-AAF for only 6 weeks. A small number of bladder carcinomas were seen in the animals fed 2-AAF for 13 weeks and sacrificed at 26 and 39 weeks. Our results suggest that exposure to a high level of a carcinogen even for a relatively brief period may result in the development of carcinomas after the cessation of exposure.", "contents": "The effects of discontinuing administration of high levels of 2-acetylaminofluorene on the transitional epithelium of the mouse urinary bladder. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of discontinuing the administration of a high level of 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) on the transitional epithelium of the urinary bladder of BALB/c mice. Mice were fed 500 ppm of 2-AAF for 6 and 13 weeks and sacrificed at periodic intervals after discontinuing the compound. Urothelial hyperplasia regressed slower in the animals receiving the 2-AAF for 13 weeks than those receiving 2-AAF for only 6 weeks. A small number of bladder carcinomas were seen in the animals fed 2-AAF for 13 weeks and sacrificed at 26 and 39 weeks. Our results suggest that exposure to a high level of a carcinogen even for a relatively brief period may result in the development of carcinomas after the cessation of exposure.", "PMID": 722205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9112", "title": "Urine cytology as a medical surveillance tool: a study of variability in interpretation of urine cytology slides.", "content": "This study examines the value of urine cytology as a medical surveillance technique in the industrial setting through an evaluation of the variability in interpretation of urine cytology slides. Urine samples were collected from 259 individuals for cytological examination. The slides were read by pathologists and screeners at one large Army medical center and separately read again by an independent pathologist at another Army medical center. The two independent readings for each of the 259 cases were compared. The comparison indicated that overall agreement was fairly high in reporting the presence or absence of inflammatory cells, red blood cells, and atypical (including metaplastic) cells. However, considering positive findings of the presence of red blood cells or atypical cells only, significant differences between the two independent readings were noted when the sign test was applied. Implications of these findings are discussed in light of the use of urine cytology as a medical surveillance tool in occupational medicine.", "contents": "Urine cytology as a medical surveillance tool: a study of variability in interpretation of urine cytology slides. This study examines the value of urine cytology as a medical surveillance technique in the industrial setting through an evaluation of the variability in interpretation of urine cytology slides. Urine samples were collected from 259 individuals for cytological examination. The slides were read by pathologists and screeners at one large Army medical center and separately read again by an independent pathologist at another Army medical center. The two independent readings for each of the 259 cases were compared. The comparison indicated that overall agreement was fairly high in reporting the presence or absence of inflammatory cells, red blood cells, and atypical (including metaplastic) cells. However, considering positive findings of the presence of red blood cells or atypical cells only, significant differences between the two independent readings were noted when the sign test was applied. Implications of these findings are discussed in light of the use of urine cytology as a medical surveillance tool in occupational medicine.", "PMID": 722206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9113", "title": "Report of a workshop on urothelial lesions in mice.", "content": "Thirteen pathologists with a variety of backgrounds met at the National Center for Toxicological Research in Jefferson, Arkansas, to discuss and exchange views on urothelial lesions in mice. Fifteen slides of urothelial lesions from mice were distributed to the participants prior to the meeting. A consensus was reached on 11 of the lesions, 8 of which were neoplastic and 3 of which were non-neoplastic. The author encourages such workshops and feels that they are meaningful and beneficial in understanding the significance of such lesions.", "contents": "Report of a workshop on urothelial lesions in mice. Thirteen pathologists with a variety of backgrounds met at the National Center for Toxicological Research in Jefferson, Arkansas, to discuss and exchange views on urothelial lesions in mice. Fifteen slides of urothelial lesions from mice were distributed to the participants prior to the meeting. A consensus was reached on 11 of the lesions, 8 of which were neoplastic and 3 of which were non-neoplastic. The author encourages such workshops and feels that they are meaningful and beneficial in understanding the significance of such lesions.", "PMID": 722207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9114", "title": "Testicular atrophy and impaired spermatogenesis in rats fed high levels of the methylxanthines caffeine, theobromine, or theophylline.", "content": "Experiments were designed to determine the effects of feeding the methylxanthines caffeine, theobromine, or theophylline to 4- to 6-week-old male rats at a dietary level of 0.5 percent for periods ranging from 14 to 75 weeks. In the first two experiments, Osborne-Mendel rats were fed the test substances alone or in combination with sodium nitrite to test the hypothesis that these amines might nitrosate in vivo to produce toxic nitrosamine compounds. The compounds failed to produce neoplastic or preneoplastic lesions, but a significant positive finding was the occurrence of severe bilateral testicular atrophy with aspermatogenesis or oligospermatogenesis in 85-100 percent of the rats fed caffeine or theobromine. In a third experiment the methylxanthines were fed to Holtzman rats for 19 weeks to determine whether testicular atrophy would be induced in a second strain of rat. The testicular effects were similar to those in Experiments I and II but were more pronounced. Caffeine and theobromine induced testicular injury in nearly all rats. Theophylline induced severe testicular atrophy in 14 percent of the rats, mild to moderate atrophy in 71 percent, and had no effect in 15 percent. The relative testicular toxicity of the methylxanthines was caffeine, most potent; theobromine, slightly less potent; and theophylline, considerably less potent. Somewhat variable atrophic changes of the accessory sexual organs (epididymis, prostate, and seminal vesicles) accompanied the testicular changes. Cytogenetic analysis of testes from caffeine- or theophylline-treated rats revealed a significantly reduced number of mitotic cells in the caffeine-treated group. Plasma testosterone concentrations were significantly elevated in the theobromine group and somewhat elevated in the caffeine-treated group; this correlated morphologically with an apparent hyperplasia of interstitial cells in severely atrophied testes in these groups. Plasma cholesterol concentrations were significantly increased in the caffeine and theobromine groups. Possible sites and mechanisms of actions of the methylxanthines in the induction of testicular atrophy and impaired spermatogenesis are discussed.", "contents": "Testicular atrophy and impaired spermatogenesis in rats fed high levels of the methylxanthines caffeine, theobromine, or theophylline. Experiments were designed to determine the effects of feeding the methylxanthines caffeine, theobromine, or theophylline to 4- to 6-week-old male rats at a dietary level of 0.5 percent for periods ranging from 14 to 75 weeks. In the first two experiments, Osborne-Mendel rats were fed the test substances alone or in combination with sodium nitrite to test the hypothesis that these amines might nitrosate in vivo to produce toxic nitrosamine compounds. The compounds failed to produce neoplastic or preneoplastic lesions, but a significant positive finding was the occurrence of severe bilateral testicular atrophy with aspermatogenesis or oligospermatogenesis in 85-100 percent of the rats fed caffeine or theobromine. In a third experiment the methylxanthines were fed to Holtzman rats for 19 weeks to determine whether testicular atrophy would be induced in a second strain of rat. The testicular effects were similar to those in Experiments I and II but were more pronounced. Caffeine and theobromine induced testicular injury in nearly all rats. Theophylline induced severe testicular atrophy in 14 percent of the rats, mild to moderate atrophy in 71 percent, and had no effect in 15 percent. The relative testicular toxicity of the methylxanthines was caffeine, most potent; theobromine, slightly less potent; and theophylline, considerably less potent. Somewhat variable atrophic changes of the accessory sexual organs (epididymis, prostate, and seminal vesicles) accompanied the testicular changes. Cytogenetic analysis of testes from caffeine- or theophylline-treated rats revealed a significantly reduced number of mitotic cells in the caffeine-treated group. Plasma testosterone concentrations were significantly elevated in the theobromine group and somewhat elevated in the caffeine-treated group; this correlated morphologically with an apparent hyperplasia of interstitial cells in severely atrophied testes in these groups. Plasma cholesterol concentrations were significantly increased in the caffeine and theobromine groups. Possible sites and mechanisms of actions of the methylxanthines in the induction of testicular atrophy and impaired spermatogenesis are discussed.", "PMID": 722208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9115", "title": "NCTR computer systems designed for toxicologic experimentation. I. Overview.", "content": "Established in 1971 by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the National Center for Toxicological Research is committed to the study of long-term, low-dose effects of potentially toxic substances, including carcinogens. The Scientific Information Systems Division (SISD) facility provides logistic support for complex experiments involving large numbers of test animals. Animal population at the Center, including the breeding colony and animals on experiment, can be as high as 80,000. Each animal must be accounted for, fed and watered under strict control, and continually observed. From birth to final examination, an individual animal might have as many as 3,000 individual elements of information associated with it. This paper introduces a series of reports dealing with an integrated and comprehensive system of experiment planning and implementation (including information gathering, classification, analyses and reporting), employing state-of-the-art data processing techniques. This extensive use of computer technology has permitted the collection, proper classification, and rapid retrieval of virtually error-free data, resulting in cost-sensitive experiment planning.", "contents": "NCTR computer systems designed for toxicologic experimentation. I. Overview. Established in 1971 by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the National Center for Toxicological Research is committed to the study of long-term, low-dose effects of potentially toxic substances, including carcinogens. The Scientific Information Systems Division (SISD) facility provides logistic support for complex experiments involving large numbers of test animals. Animal population at the Center, including the breeding colony and animals on experiment, can be as high as 80,000. Each animal must be accounted for, fed and watered under strict control, and continually observed. From birth to final examination, an individual animal might have as many as 3,000 individual elements of information associated with it. This paper introduces a series of reports dealing with an integrated and comprehensive system of experiment planning and implementation (including information gathering, classification, analyses and reporting), employing state-of-the-art data processing techniques. This extensive use of computer technology has permitted the collection, proper classification, and rapid retrieval of virtually error-free data, resulting in cost-sensitive experiment planning.", "PMID": 722209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9116", "title": "Statistical analysis of urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALAU) excretion in the white-footed mouse associated with lead smelting.", "content": "ALAU in white-footed mice trapped in the vicinity of a lead smelter has been measured to study the biological effect of lead smelting operations and the rate at which the ALAU level diminishes after removing animals from contaminated environments. The statistical method which has been developed for this purpose shows that the ALAU levels are initially higher among animals near the smelter and diminish to a common level after 5-6 weeks. The statistical method is generally applicable to a variety of physiological functions which exhibit a decay curve with respect to time.", "contents": "Statistical analysis of urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALAU) excretion in the white-footed mouse associated with lead smelting. ALAU in white-footed mice trapped in the vicinity of a lead smelter has been measured to study the biological effect of lead smelting operations and the rate at which the ALAU level diminishes after removing animals from contaminated environments. The statistical method which has been developed for this purpose shows that the ALAU levels are initially higher among animals near the smelter and diminish to a common level after 5-6 weeks. The statistical method is generally applicable to a variety of physiological functions which exhibit a decay curve with respect to time.", "PMID": 722203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9117", "title": "NCTR computer systems designed for toxicological experimentation. II. Experiment start-up system.", "content": "The Experiment Start-Up System (ESS) developed and implemented at the National Center for Toxicological Research constructs models from information contained in experimental protocols. These models may then be used to project resource requirements and related schedules. Each experimental model provides information from which management can determine the raw resources such as quantity of food, water, bedding, cages, animals (sex, strain, species), chemical, facilities, and manpower needed for conducting the experiment. Based upon this information, management can determine if the required resources are available and determine the most feasible \"start\" date for the new experiment. In addition, the information provided by the experimental model assures the Principal Investigator that the protocol requirements are thoroughly understood by participating technical support groups and that quality control elements of the ESS and other integrated systems will provide a means for accurately monitoring the experiment.", "contents": "NCTR computer systems designed for toxicological experimentation. II. Experiment start-up system. The Experiment Start-Up System (ESS) developed and implemented at the National Center for Toxicological Research constructs models from information contained in experimental protocols. These models may then be used to project resource requirements and related schedules. Each experimental model provides information from which management can determine the raw resources such as quantity of food, water, bedding, cages, animals (sex, strain, species), chemical, facilities, and manpower needed for conducting the experiment. Based upon this information, management can determine if the required resources are available and determine the most feasible \"start\" date for the new experiment. In addition, the information provided by the experimental model assures the Principal Investigator that the protocol requirements are thoroughly understood by participating technical support groups and that quality control elements of the ESS and other integrated systems will provide a means for accurately monitoring the experiment.", "PMID": 722210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9118", "title": "Methylmercury induced biochemical and microsomal changes in the rat liver.", "content": "The change in the levels of DNA, RNA, protein, glucose-6-phosphatase, and microsomal enzymes in the rat liver following exposure to methylmercury was studied. The turnover rate of the membranes was also investigated by means of radioactive glycerol. A marked increase in microsomal enzyme levels, with no increase in smooth endoplasmic reticulum, was found one to four hours following administration. A delay in incorporation of radioactive glycerol and more rapid degradation of microsomal membranes were also detected as a result of mercury intoxication. These observations suggest an instability of the microsomal membranes which would be responsible for the early increase in microsomal enzymes upon homogenization. A general inhibition of the microsomal enzymes and proteins was found 1-2 days after mercury administration. The inhibition of glucose-6-phosphatase activity, however, was not noted until day 5. Most of the enzymatic activities returned to normal between days 5 and 8. A reduction of DNA and protein was found in the liver homogenate after 2 hours of intoxication. However, no change in the RNA level was detected.", "contents": "Methylmercury induced biochemical and microsomal changes in the rat liver. The change in the levels of DNA, RNA, protein, glucose-6-phosphatase, and microsomal enzymes in the rat liver following exposure to methylmercury was studied. The turnover rate of the membranes was also investigated by means of radioactive glycerol. A marked increase in microsomal enzyme levels, with no increase in smooth endoplasmic reticulum, was found one to four hours following administration. A delay in incorporation of radioactive glycerol and more rapid degradation of microsomal membranes were also detected as a result of mercury intoxication. These observations suggest an instability of the microsomal membranes which would be responsible for the early increase in microsomal enzymes upon homogenization. A general inhibition of the microsomal enzymes and proteins was found 1-2 days after mercury administration. The inhibition of glucose-6-phosphatase activity, however, was not noted until day 5. Most of the enzymatic activities returned to normal between days 5 and 8. A reduction of DNA and protein was found in the liver homogenate after 2 hours of intoxication. However, no change in the RNA level was detected.", "PMID": 722204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9119", "title": "A toxicity estimation model.", "content": "A statistical model has been developed for estimation of acute toxicity. The model, currently operational for rat oral LD50, permits the estimation of rat oral LD50 for untested chemical compounds. Only the chemical structure, partition coefficient, and molecular weight for a compound are needed for estimation purposes. The chemical structure is partitioned into substructural fragments using the CIDS fragment keys. A regression model is developed on the basis of 425 compounds. A test of the regression equation with 100 compounds not used in its design shows that 56 percent of the compounds are predicted with less than 0.4 log unit deviation between extimated and measured LD50. This toxicity estimation model can be readily adapted to other species and to other measures of toxicity by the use of suitable design data bases. The model also identifies the contribution to toxicity of the fragments and physical characteristics. The use of this model can materially reduce the amount of toxicological testing for new compounds. It also permits the ranking of potentially toxic compounds to allow the most likely candidates to be tested. The method may also prove applicable to the determination of optimum dosages for new drugs.", "contents": "A toxicity estimation model. A statistical model has been developed for estimation of acute toxicity. The model, currently operational for rat oral LD50, permits the estimation of rat oral LD50 for untested chemical compounds. Only the chemical structure, partition coefficient, and molecular weight for a compound are needed for estimation purposes. The chemical structure is partitioned into substructural fragments using the CIDS fragment keys. A regression model is developed on the basis of 425 compounds. A test of the regression equation with 100 compounds not used in its design shows that 56 percent of the compounds are predicted with less than 0.4 log unit deviation between extimated and measured LD50. This toxicity estimation model can be readily adapted to other species and to other measures of toxicity by the use of suitable design data bases. The model also identifies the contribution to toxicity of the fragments and physical characteristics. The use of this model can materially reduce the amount of toxicological testing for new compounds. It also permits the ranking of potentially toxic compounds to allow the most likely candidates to be tested. The method may also prove applicable to the determination of optimum dosages for new drugs.", "PMID": 722214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9120", "title": "Hormonal carcinogenesis: a novel hypothesis for the role of hormones.", "content": "A testable hypothesis on the role of hormones in carcinogenic processes is presented. The hypothesis has been based on the findings that (1) hormones regulate cell division in normal cells, (2) successful neoplastic transformation requires hormonal stimulation of cells receiving carcinogenic insult, (3) normal cells have finite divisional capabilities, whereas neoplastic cells possess infinite divisional capabilities, and (4) normal cells, when present in high ratio, inhibit the growth of neoplastic cells. According to the hypothesis, hormones are considered to be neither mutagenic nor carcinogenic. (Carcinogen is defined as an agent which initiates normal-to-neoplastic transformation). Instead, they play a dual role in carcinogenesis. First, hormones are considered necessary for the fixation of the cell genome neoplastically transformed by carcinogens. Second, hormones, by enhancing the rate of cell division, shorten the life span of normal cells, thus causing a reduction of the normal- to tumor-cell ratio in the population--a condition which facilitates growth of tumor cells.", "contents": "Hormonal carcinogenesis: a novel hypothesis for the role of hormones. A testable hypothesis on the role of hormones in carcinogenic processes is presented. The hypothesis has been based on the findings that (1) hormones regulate cell division in normal cells, (2) successful neoplastic transformation requires hormonal stimulation of cells receiving carcinogenic insult, (3) normal cells have finite divisional capabilities, whereas neoplastic cells possess infinite divisional capabilities, and (4) normal cells, when present in high ratio, inhibit the growth of neoplastic cells. According to the hypothesis, hormones are considered to be neither mutagenic nor carcinogenic. (Carcinogen is defined as an agent which initiates normal-to-neoplastic transformation). Instead, they play a dual role in carcinogenesis. First, hormones are considered necessary for the fixation of the cell genome neoplastically transformed by carcinogens. Second, hormones, by enhancing the rate of cell division, shorten the life span of normal cells, thus causing a reduction of the normal- to tumor-cell ratio in the population--a condition which facilitates growth of tumor cells.", "PMID": 722216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9121", "title": "Utility of pharmacokinetics in designing toxicological protocols and improving interspecies extrapolation.", "content": "Key terms such as pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, time course-concentration, and dosimetry and how they apply to predictive toxicology are defined and differentiated. The importance of utilizing pharmacokinetic techniques in teratology and developmental toxicology are discussed from the viewpoints that (1) agent's access to target tissue is modulated by the placenta, (2) interspecies sensitivities differ, (3) dose-response curves are steep, and (4) dosimetry information improves the validity of regulatory standards. We review the teratology literature where attempts were made to correlate embryonal/fetal exposure to teratogenic endpoints. The strengths and weaknesses of these papers are discussed as well as our suggested changes in their protocols, which would have improved interspecies extrapolation.", "contents": "Utility of pharmacokinetics in designing toxicological protocols and improving interspecies extrapolation. Key terms such as pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, time course-concentration, and dosimetry and how they apply to predictive toxicology are defined and differentiated. The importance of utilizing pharmacokinetic techniques in teratology and developmental toxicology are discussed from the viewpoints that (1) agent's access to target tissue is modulated by the placenta, (2) interspecies sensitivities differ, (3) dose-response curves are steep, and (4) dosimetry information improves the validity of regulatory standards. We review the teratology literature where attempts were made to correlate embryonal/fetal exposure to teratogenic endpoints. The strengths and weaknesses of these papers are discussed as well as our suggested changes in their protocols, which would have improved interspecies extrapolation.", "PMID": 722219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9122", "title": "Liquid-tissue behavior and differential cohesiveness during chick limb budding.", "content": "Emerging chick limb-buds at first grow only in length, not width. The growth parameters of limb mesoderm--cell shapes, distributions, division patterns and cleavage orientations--are incompatible with representations of this tissue as an elongating solid composed of proliferating but immobile cells. We observe that samples of both early limb mesoderm and also surrounding flank mesoderm round up like liquid droplets in organ culture. Therefore, liquid-like tissue rearrangments, including cell shuffling movements and neighbor exchanges, may occur in limb and flank mesoderm during in vivo limb budding. If so, differences in limb-flank surface tension properties would have to be present to keep these two fluid cell populations segregated into distinct tissues and properly positioned underneath limb and flank ectoderm. Previous studies have shown that tissue surface tensions are reflected in the spreading behavior of fused pairs of cell aggregates. To determine whether or not they possess differing surface tension properties, we pair excised pieces of early leg-bud, wing-bud or intervening flank mesoderm with pieces of 5 3/4-day heart or liver in hanging drop cultures. For more rapid determinations of relative liquid-tissue cohesiveness than can be obtained in conventional, long-term experiments, aggregate pairs are fixed shortly after fusion. Since partial-envelopment configurations depend upon relative aggregate sizes as well as their tissue surface tensions, new procedures are used to deduce relative aggregate cohesiveness from cross-sections of these briefly fused aggregate pairs. The envelopment tendencies of aggregates fixed 6--9 h after fusion are similar to those fixed 15--19 h after fusion: heart tends to surround leg; heart and wing surround each other with similar frequencies, but flank tends to surround heart. Also, liver tends to surround leg and wing, but flank tends to surround liver. When the effects of relative aggregate size are taken into account, these non-random, tissue-specific patterns of aggregate envelopment indicate that the relative cohesiveness of these tissues falls into the sequence: leg greater than heart congruent to wing greater than liver greater than flank. The in vitro behavior of early limb-bud and neighboring flank mesoderm in these studies suggests that they are not simply mechanically identical portions of a single liquid tissue. We have previously proposed that early limb-bud mesoderm may act like a non-dispersing, cohesive liquid droplet which is embedded within a less cohesive fluid layer of flank tissue (and which is molded distally into paddle-shaped conformations by solid-like limb ectoderm and/or subjacent extracellular matrix). This proposal is not only compatible with the growth parameters of limb-bud mesoderm in vivo, but is also consistent with our observation that flank mesoderm surrounds tissues which surround limb mesoderm in these aggregate-fusion experiments. Our model suggests that differences in the surface tension properties of limb vs...", "contents": "Liquid-tissue behavior and differential cohesiveness during chick limb budding. Emerging chick limb-buds at first grow only in length, not width. The growth parameters of limb mesoderm--cell shapes, distributions, division patterns and cleavage orientations--are incompatible with representations of this tissue as an elongating solid composed of proliferating but immobile cells. We observe that samples of both early limb mesoderm and also surrounding flank mesoderm round up like liquid droplets in organ culture. Therefore, liquid-like tissue rearrangments, including cell shuffling movements and neighbor exchanges, may occur in limb and flank mesoderm during in vivo limb budding. If so, differences in limb-flank surface tension properties would have to be present to keep these two fluid cell populations segregated into distinct tissues and properly positioned underneath limb and flank ectoderm. Previous studies have shown that tissue surface tensions are reflected in the spreading behavior of fused pairs of cell aggregates. To determine whether or not they possess differing surface tension properties, we pair excised pieces of early leg-bud, wing-bud or intervening flank mesoderm with pieces of 5 3/4-day heart or liver in hanging drop cultures. For more rapid determinations of relative liquid-tissue cohesiveness than can be obtained in conventional, long-term experiments, aggregate pairs are fixed shortly after fusion. Since partial-envelopment configurations depend upon relative aggregate sizes as well as their tissue surface tensions, new procedures are used to deduce relative aggregate cohesiveness from cross-sections of these briefly fused aggregate pairs. The envelopment tendencies of aggregates fixed 6--9 h after fusion are similar to those fixed 15--19 h after fusion: heart tends to surround leg; heart and wing surround each other with similar frequencies, but flank tends to surround heart. Also, liver tends to surround leg and wing, but flank tends to surround liver. When the effects of relative aggregate size are taken into account, these non-random, tissue-specific patterns of aggregate envelopment indicate that the relative cohesiveness of these tissues falls into the sequence: leg greater than heart congruent to wing greater than liver greater than flank. The in vitro behavior of early limb-bud and neighboring flank mesoderm in these studies suggests that they are not simply mechanically identical portions of a single liquid tissue. We have previously proposed that early limb-bud mesoderm may act like a non-dispersing, cohesive liquid droplet which is embedded within a less cohesive fluid layer of flank tissue (and which is molded distally into paddle-shaped conformations by solid-like limb ectoderm and/or subjacent extracellular matrix). This proposal is not only compatible with the growth parameters of limb-bud mesoderm in vivo, but is also consistent with our observation that flank mesoderm surrounds tissues which surround limb mesoderm in these aggregate-fusion experiments. Our model suggests that differences in the surface tension properties of limb vs...", "PMID": 722227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9123", "title": "On the origin of the ciliary ganglion in birds studied by the method of interspecific transplantation of embryonic brain regions between quail and chick.", "content": "The development of the ciliary ganglion with reference to the site and cells of origin have been investigated by the method of quail-to-chick transplantation of embryonic fore-, mid-and hindbrain regions, and by the method of transplantation of cranial neural crest from specific brain levels. In chimaerical embryos, quail cells originating from the graft end up in the ciliary ganglion, only when the graft is from the midbrain level of quail embryo donors. In fore- and midbrain grafts the ciliary ganglia of chimaerical embryos are composed of chick cells only. The results indicate that the mesencephalon is the principal site for the precursor cells of the ciliary ganglia and clearly rules out any contribution to the ganglia from either the forebrain or hindbrain levels. In interspecific transplantation of cranial neural crest, quail cells originating from the graft are observed consistently in the ciliary ganglion of the operated side when the grafted neural crest material is derived from the mesencephalon of quail embryo donors. On the basis of the evidence provided, it is concluded that mesencephalon is the principal site and the cranial neural crest of this level the source from which the precursor neurons of the ciliary ganglia are derived.", "contents": "On the origin of the ciliary ganglion in birds studied by the method of interspecific transplantation of embryonic brain regions between quail and chick. The development of the ciliary ganglion with reference to the site and cells of origin have been investigated by the method of quail-to-chick transplantation of embryonic fore-, mid-and hindbrain regions, and by the method of transplantation of cranial neural crest from specific brain levels. In chimaerical embryos, quail cells originating from the graft end up in the ciliary ganglion, only when the graft is from the midbrain level of quail embryo donors. In fore- and midbrain grafts the ciliary ganglia of chimaerical embryos are composed of chick cells only. The results indicate that the mesencephalon is the principal site for the precursor cells of the ciliary ganglia and clearly rules out any contribution to the ganglia from either the forebrain or hindbrain levels. In interspecific transplantation of cranial neural crest, quail cells originating from the graft are observed consistently in the ciliary ganglion of the operated side when the grafted neural crest material is derived from the mesencephalon of quail embryo donors. On the basis of the evidence provided, it is concluded that mesencephalon is the principal site and the cranial neural crest of this level the source from which the precursor neurons of the ciliary ganglia are derived.", "PMID": 722228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9124", "title": "Mutagenesis and cell transformation of mammalian cells in culture by chemical carcinogens.", "content": "In the process of in vitro cell transformation, normal cells, which have an oriented pattern of growth and a limited life span in vitro and which are not tumorigenic, are converted into cells that have a hereditary random pattern of growth, the ability to grow continuously in culture, and the ability to form tumors. Such heritable phenotypic changes may arise from alterations in gene expression due to somatic mutations after interaction of the carcinogen with due to somatic mutations after interaction of the carcinogen with cellular DNA. Our studies have indeed shown (a) that metabolically activated carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons which have been shown to bind to cellular DNA induce somatic mutations in mammalian cells; (b) that there is a relationship between the degree of mutant induction and the degree of carcinogenicity of the different hydrocarbons tested; and (c) that the somatic mutations were induced by metabolites rather than by the hydrocarbons themselves. In the case of benzo(a)pyrene (BP), a very common carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbon, its 7,8-diol-9,10-oxide was identified as the major mutagenic and cell-transforming metabolite. Based on these studied, it was possible to estimate the genetic target size for cell transformation by comparing in the same cells the frequency of cell transformation and mutation for ouabain resistance (which is presumably due to a mutation at one locus) induced BP and by one of its major metabolites. The results indicated that the target size for transformation is 20 times larger than that determined for ouabain resistance. This suggests that cell transformation, as determined by a hereditary pattern of cell growth, may be due to a mutation and that this mutation can occur in one out of a small number of the same or different genes.", "contents": "Mutagenesis and cell transformation of mammalian cells in culture by chemical carcinogens. In the process of in vitro cell transformation, normal cells, which have an oriented pattern of growth and a limited life span in vitro and which are not tumorigenic, are converted into cells that have a hereditary random pattern of growth, the ability to grow continuously in culture, and the ability to form tumors. Such heritable phenotypic changes may arise from alterations in gene expression due to somatic mutations after interaction of the carcinogen with due to somatic mutations after interaction of the carcinogen with cellular DNA. Our studies have indeed shown (a) that metabolically activated carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons which have been shown to bind to cellular DNA induce somatic mutations in mammalian cells; (b) that there is a relationship between the degree of mutant induction and the degree of carcinogenicity of the different hydrocarbons tested; and (c) that the somatic mutations were induced by metabolites rather than by the hydrocarbons themselves. In the case of benzo(a)pyrene (BP), a very common carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbon, its 7,8-diol-9,10-oxide was identified as the major mutagenic and cell-transforming metabolite. Based on these studied, it was possible to estimate the genetic target size for cell transformation by comparing in the same cells the frequency of cell transformation and mutation for ouabain resistance (which is presumably due to a mutation at one locus) induced BP and by one of its major metabolites. The results indicated that the target size for transformation is 20 times larger than that determined for ouabain resistance. This suggests that cell transformation, as determined by a hereditary pattern of cell growth, may be due to a mutation and that this mutation can occur in one out of a small number of the same or different genes.", "PMID": 722224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9125", "title": "DNA synthesis inhibition in HeLa cells as a simple test for agents that damage human DNA.", "content": "Inhibition of HeLa cell DNA synthesis by DNA-damaging agents as a test for mutagenic carcinogens has been investigated further. Several mutagens and/or carcinogenic agents not previously assayed for DNA synthesis inhibition were tested and found to be positive. The effect of two DNA-damaging agents administered simultaneously was investigated: With ultraviolet light (UV) and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) the effects were partly additive, whereas with MNNG and ICR-170 they were not. When UV was administered simultaneously with hydroxyurea (HU), a non-DNA-damaging inhibitor of DNA synthesis, the effects of the DNA-damaging agent were still evident after HU was removed and the HU-induced DNA synthesis inhibition reversed. Therefore, although the test probably cannot determine whethter there are one or more DNA-damaging agents in an unknown mixture, the presence of a powerful DNA synthesis inhibitor that is not a DNA-damaging agent will not mask the effects of a DNA-damaging agent in the same sample. Despite the fact that ICR-170 induces little DNA repair in xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) cells, which are deficient in excision repair, the inhibition of DNA synthesis induced by this agent was less in XP cells than in HeLa cells. The inhibition of DNA synthesis by MNNG was also less in XP than in HeLa cells. Therefore, contrary to expectations, the use of a repair-deficient cell did not increase the sensitivity of the test. Various in vitro mammalian cell tests are compared. Assays for unscheduled DNA synthesis are much less sensitive to intercalating agents, such as adriamycin, and to X-rays than are assays for inhibition of DNA synthesis but takes longer and requires more specialized skills than does measurement of DNA synthesis inhibition. Finally, the in vitro HeLa DNA synthesis inhibition test is compared with the in vivo DNA synthesis inhibition test with mouse testes.", "contents": "DNA synthesis inhibition in HeLa cells as a simple test for agents that damage human DNA. Inhibition of HeLa cell DNA synthesis by DNA-damaging agents as a test for mutagenic carcinogens has been investigated further. Several mutagens and/or carcinogenic agents not previously assayed for DNA synthesis inhibition were tested and found to be positive. The effect of two DNA-damaging agents administered simultaneously was investigated: With ultraviolet light (UV) and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) the effects were partly additive, whereas with MNNG and ICR-170 they were not. When UV was administered simultaneously with hydroxyurea (HU), a non-DNA-damaging inhibitor of DNA synthesis, the effects of the DNA-damaging agent were still evident after HU was removed and the HU-induced DNA synthesis inhibition reversed. Therefore, although the test probably cannot determine whethter there are one or more DNA-damaging agents in an unknown mixture, the presence of a powerful DNA synthesis inhibitor that is not a DNA-damaging agent will not mask the effects of a DNA-damaging agent in the same sample. Despite the fact that ICR-170 induces little DNA repair in xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) cells, which are deficient in excision repair, the inhibition of DNA synthesis induced by this agent was less in XP cells than in HeLa cells. The inhibition of DNA synthesis by MNNG was also less in XP than in HeLa cells. Therefore, contrary to expectations, the use of a repair-deficient cell did not increase the sensitivity of the test. Various in vitro mammalian cell tests are compared. Assays for unscheduled DNA synthesis are much less sensitive to intercalating agents, such as adriamycin, and to X-rays than are assays for inhibition of DNA synthesis but takes longer and requires more specialized skills than does measurement of DNA synthesis inhibition. Finally, the in vitro HeLa DNA synthesis inhibition test is compared with the in vivo DNA synthesis inhibition test with mouse testes.", "PMID": 722225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9126", "title": "Allophenic mice in cleft-palate investigations.", "content": "T1Wh (Rb (5;19)1Wh), an albino strain of mice not previously used in the investigation of cleft palate (CP), is homozygous for a (5;19) Robertsonian translocation which provides conspicuous chromosomal markers. Preliminary studies in this laboratory revealed that CP is induced in all the offspring of T1Wh females treated with 2.5 mg of cortisone acetate on days 11-14 of pregnancy and that palatal closure is accomplished at a later morphological and chronological age than in C57BL/6J strain mice. The latter strain had a CP frequency of 42% under similar experimental conditions. Eight- to 16-cell embryos were aggregated in the following combinations: T1Wh in equilibrium T1Wh, C57BL/6J in equilibrium C57BL/6J and T1Wh in equilibrium C57BL/6J. The resulting allophenic blastocysts were transferred to pseudopregnant C57BL/6J recipients which were given the above cortisone treatment and killed on the 18th day of pregnancy. CP was found in all of the 48 T1Wh in equilibrium T1Wh fetuses, 4 (20%) of of 20 C57BL/6J in equilibrium C57BL/6J fetuses and in 17 (26.2%) of 65 T1Wh in equilibrium C57BL/6J fetuses. Analysis of chromosome preparations from the palates of the T1Wh in equilibrium C57BL/6J fetuses demonstrated that there is a positive correlation between the presence of CP and the percentage of susceptible cells in the palate (P less than 0.02). Other data suggest a possible growth advantage in favor of C57BL/6J cells in the palates of T1Wh in equilibrium C57BL/6J allophenic mice.", "contents": "Allophenic mice in cleft-palate investigations. T1Wh (Rb (5;19)1Wh), an albino strain of mice not previously used in the investigation of cleft palate (CP), is homozygous for a (5;19) Robertsonian translocation which provides conspicuous chromosomal markers. Preliminary studies in this laboratory revealed that CP is induced in all the offspring of T1Wh females treated with 2.5 mg of cortisone acetate on days 11-14 of pregnancy and that palatal closure is accomplished at a later morphological and chronological age than in C57BL/6J strain mice. The latter strain had a CP frequency of 42% under similar experimental conditions. Eight- to 16-cell embryos were aggregated in the following combinations: T1Wh in equilibrium T1Wh, C57BL/6J in equilibrium C57BL/6J and T1Wh in equilibrium C57BL/6J. The resulting allophenic blastocysts were transferred to pseudopregnant C57BL/6J recipients which were given the above cortisone treatment and killed on the 18th day of pregnancy. CP was found in all of the 48 T1Wh in equilibrium T1Wh fetuses, 4 (20%) of of 20 C57BL/6J in equilibrium C57BL/6J fetuses and in 17 (26.2%) of 65 T1Wh in equilibrium C57BL/6J fetuses. Analysis of chromosome preparations from the palates of the T1Wh in equilibrium C57BL/6J fetuses demonstrated that there is a positive correlation between the presence of CP and the percentage of susceptible cells in the palate (P less than 0.02). Other data suggest a possible growth advantage in favor of C57BL/6J cells in the palates of T1Wh in equilibrium C57BL/6J allophenic mice.", "PMID": 722229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9127", "title": "Statistical analysis of teratologic data: problems and advancements.", "content": "A large scale replicated dose-response teratology study of 2,4,5-T was done in mice. Variability and variance of fecundity parameters and fetotoxicity endpoints are discussed. Another study on rats indicated less variation among teratologic endpoints than in mice. Calculations for the number of animals in strains of mice and rats needed to detect a 5 percent and 10 percent reduction in mean fetal weight or increase in resorptions are given. We concluded that at least 3 replicates with appropriate numbers of pregnant animals are needed to estimate variance for comparison among laboratories or among species. The utility of these calculations for standardizing teratologic studies is discussed.", "contents": "Statistical analysis of teratologic data: problems and advancements. A large scale replicated dose-response teratology study of 2,4,5-T was done in mice. Variability and variance of fecundity parameters and fetotoxicity endpoints are discussed. Another study on rats indicated less variation among teratologic endpoints than in mice. Calculations for the number of animals in strains of mice and rats needed to detect a 5 percent and 10 percent reduction in mean fetal weight or increase in resorptions are given. We concluded that at least 3 replicates with appropriate numbers of pregnant animals are needed to estimate variance for comparison among laboratories or among species. The utility of these calculations for standardizing teratologic studies is discussed.", "PMID": 722220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9128", "title": "Participation of neural crest-derived cells in the genesis of the skull in birds.", "content": "The differentiation of cephalic neural crest cells into skeletal tissue in birds has been observed using the quail-chick nuclear marking system, which is based on specific differences in the distribution of the nuclear DNA. Chimaeras were formed by replacing a fragment of cephalic neural primordium of a 2- to 12-somite chicken embryo by the corresponding fragment isolated from an equivalent quail embryo. The participation of the graft-derived cells in the formation of the skull of these embryos was studied on histological sections after Feulgen and Rossenbeck staining. Cells from the prosencephalic neural crest migrate into the frontal nasal process and mix with the mesencephalic neural crest cells in the lateral nasal processes, around the optic cupule and beneath the diencephalon. In addition, the mesencephalic neural crest cells form the bulk of the mesenchyme of the maxillary processes and mandibular arch, whereas the rhombencephalic neural crest cells become located in the branchial arches. The origin of cartilages of the chondrocranium and bones of the neurocranium and viscerocranium has been shown in the chimaeric embryos: the basal plate cartilages, occipital bones, sphenoid bones and the cranial vault are mainly of mesodermal origin. However some parts have a dual origin: rhombo-mesencephalic neural crest cells are found in the otic capsule, and the frontal bone, the rostrum of parasphenoid and the orbital cartilages contain diverse amounts of prosencephalo-mesencephalic neural crest cells. The squamosals and the columella auris are formed from mesectodermic cells as are the nasal skeleton, the palatines and the maxillar bones. The mesectodermal origin of mandibular and hyoid bones and cartilages was already known. From these results it appears that the cephalic neural crest is particularly important in the formation of the facial part of the skull, while the vault and dorsal part are mesodermal and cartilages and bones found in the intermediary region are of mixed origin. The presence of mixed structures implies that the mesoderm and the mesectoderm are equally competent towards the specific inducers of these bones and cartilages. This correlates with the equivalence in differentiation capacities already shown for cephalic mesodermal and mesectodermal mesenchymes.", "contents": "Participation of neural crest-derived cells in the genesis of the skull in birds. The differentiation of cephalic neural crest cells into skeletal tissue in birds has been observed using the quail-chick nuclear marking system, which is based on specific differences in the distribution of the nuclear DNA. Chimaeras were formed by replacing a fragment of cephalic neural primordium of a 2- to 12-somite chicken embryo by the corresponding fragment isolated from an equivalent quail embryo. The participation of the graft-derived cells in the formation of the skull of these embryos was studied on histological sections after Feulgen and Rossenbeck staining. Cells from the prosencephalic neural crest migrate into the frontal nasal process and mix with the mesencephalic neural crest cells in the lateral nasal processes, around the optic cupule and beneath the diencephalon. In addition, the mesencephalic neural crest cells form the bulk of the mesenchyme of the maxillary processes and mandibular arch, whereas the rhombencephalic neural crest cells become located in the branchial arches. The origin of cartilages of the chondrocranium and bones of the neurocranium and viscerocranium has been shown in the chimaeric embryos: the basal plate cartilages, occipital bones, sphenoid bones and the cranial vault are mainly of mesodermal origin. However some parts have a dual origin: rhombo-mesencephalic neural crest cells are found in the otic capsule, and the frontal bone, the rostrum of parasphenoid and the orbital cartilages contain diverse amounts of prosencephalo-mesencephalic neural crest cells. The squamosals and the columella auris are formed from mesectodermic cells as are the nasal skeleton, the palatines and the maxillar bones. The mesectodermal origin of mandibular and hyoid bones and cartilages was already known. From these results it appears that the cephalic neural crest is particularly important in the formation of the facial part of the skull, while the vault and dorsal part are mesodermal and cartilages and bones found in the intermediary region are of mixed origin. The presence of mixed structures implies that the mesoderm and the mesectoderm are equally competent towards the specific inducers of these bones and cartilages. This correlates with the equivalence in differentiation capacities already shown for cephalic mesodermal and mesectodermal mesenchymes.", "PMID": 722230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9129", "title": "Factors to consider when selecting animal models for postnatal teratology studies.", "content": "This presentation identifies some of the factors which should be considered when choosing a particular animal as a model to predict postnatal teratogenic hazards to man. The developmental pharmacologist-toxicologist must consider in concert the potential interactions of a xenobiotic on the mother, her placenta, her fetus, and her nursing young. Since the physiology of each of these components is in a state of dynamic flux during gestation and/or postnatal development, the critical time at which to expose the mother or her progeny to a chemical will vary widely from species to species and organ to organ. The identification of critical periods during the perinatal period may be quite difficult because the physiological or behavioral changes in the adult organism which signal that perinatal teratogenic effects have occurred are frequently subtle. Much research is still needed on the comparative aspects of maternal, placental, fetal, and neonatal pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. We are not ready to intelligently evaluate large numbers of chemicals as potential postnatal teratogens for man.", "contents": "Factors to consider when selecting animal models for postnatal teratology studies. This presentation identifies some of the factors which should be considered when choosing a particular animal as a model to predict postnatal teratogenic hazards to man. The developmental pharmacologist-toxicologist must consider in concert the potential interactions of a xenobiotic on the mother, her placenta, her fetus, and her nursing young. Since the physiology of each of these components is in a state of dynamic flux during gestation and/or postnatal development, the critical time at which to expose the mother or her progeny to a chemical will vary widely from species to species and organ to organ. The identification of critical periods during the perinatal period may be quite difficult because the physiological or behavioral changes in the adult organism which signal that perinatal teratogenic effects have occurred are frequently subtle. Much research is still needed on the comparative aspects of maternal, placental, fetal, and neonatal pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. We are not ready to intelligently evaluate large numbers of chemicals as potential postnatal teratogens for man.", "PMID": 722221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9130", "title": "Influence of embryonic stage on the transdifferentiation of chick neural retina cells in culture.", "content": "Neural retina cells from chick embryos up to 15 days of incubation can transdifferentiate in culture into both lentoids and pigment cells. Some transdifferentiation into pigment cells but none into lentoids was found in cultures of 17-day embryonic neural retina. No transdifferentiation occurred in cultures of neural retina from embryos immediately before hatching. In general, lentoids and pigment cells develop more rapidly and in greater numbers in cultures of neural retina from the earlier embryonic stages, and lens-specific crystallins also appear earlier and accumulate in greater amounts in these cultures. Delta crystallin accumulation is much greater in transdifferentiating cultures of early embryonic neural retina, wheras alpha and beta crystallins become proportionately more prominent in cultures of late embryonic neural retina. Traces of alpha and beta but not delta crystallin are detectable in 60-day cultures of 17-day embryonic neural retina. Analogies between these results and the ontogeny of crystallin polypeptides in lens cells in vivo are discussed.", "contents": "Influence of embryonic stage on the transdifferentiation of chick neural retina cells in culture. Neural retina cells from chick embryos up to 15 days of incubation can transdifferentiate in culture into both lentoids and pigment cells. Some transdifferentiation into pigment cells but none into lentoids was found in cultures of 17-day embryonic neural retina. No transdifferentiation occurred in cultures of neural retina from embryos immediately before hatching. In general, lentoids and pigment cells develop more rapidly and in greater numbers in cultures of neural retina from the earlier embryonic stages, and lens-specific crystallins also appear earlier and accumulate in greater amounts in these cultures. Delta crystallin accumulation is much greater in transdifferentiating cultures of early embryonic neural retina, wheras alpha and beta crystallins become proportionately more prominent in cultures of late embryonic neural retina. Traces of alpha and beta but not delta crystallin are detectable in 60-day cultures of 17-day embryonic neural retina. Analogies between these results and the ontogeny of crystallin polypeptides in lens cells in vivo are discussed.", "PMID": 722231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9131", "title": "Gastrulation in the mouse: assessment of cell populations in the epiblast of tw18/tw18 embryos.", "content": "Homozygous tW18 embryos die prior to organogenesis. They develop gross abnormalities shortly after primitive streak formation. Anatomically, the lesion appears to be confined to the mesoderm with that tissue showing ultrastructural deficiencies and abnormal migration (Spiegelman & Bennett, 1974), and failing to develop in teratomas produced from mutant embryos (Artzt & Bennett, 1972). Analysis of growth rate by determining cell number increase, and by mapping mitotic activity and planes of cleavage in the epiblast shows that the mutant embryos are small but paradoxically show overall a very high mitotic activity, approximately double that of their normal litter mates. They also show a marked disorientation of the planes of cleavage in most of the epiblast. In pre-primitive streak embryos, before gross abnormality is detectable, two types of embryo can be found. One group constitutes the small embryos which also show the mitotic disturbances characteristic of the later stage mutants. The second group, larger embryos, do not show mitotic abnormalities. The tW18 allele thus seems to act several hours before primitive streak formation. Since there is no difference in the amount of cell between mutant and normal embryos until 6.75 days p.c. it seems that arrest in division is the cause of the elevated mitotic index in mutants. Significantly a small region of the epiblast in mutant embryos is free of the mitotic abnormalities characteristic of the tissue as a whole. This region is the so-called proliferative zone (Snow, 1977) and the data suggest that it may be from this region that some of the ectoderm of the later embryos is produced.", "contents": "Gastrulation in the mouse: assessment of cell populations in the epiblast of tw18/tw18 embryos. Homozygous tW18 embryos die prior to organogenesis. They develop gross abnormalities shortly after primitive streak formation. Anatomically, the lesion appears to be confined to the mesoderm with that tissue showing ultrastructural deficiencies and abnormal migration (Spiegelman & Bennett, 1974), and failing to develop in teratomas produced from mutant embryos (Artzt & Bennett, 1972). Analysis of growth rate by determining cell number increase, and by mapping mitotic activity and planes of cleavage in the epiblast shows that the mutant embryos are small but paradoxically show overall a very high mitotic activity, approximately double that of their normal litter mates. They also show a marked disorientation of the planes of cleavage in most of the epiblast. In pre-primitive streak embryos, before gross abnormality is detectable, two types of embryo can be found. One group constitutes the small embryos which also show the mitotic disturbances characteristic of the later stage mutants. The second group, larger embryos, do not show mitotic abnormalities. The tW18 allele thus seems to act several hours before primitive streak formation. Since there is no difference in the amount of cell between mutant and normal embryos until 6.75 days p.c. it seems that arrest in division is the cause of the elevated mitotic index in mutants. Significantly a small region of the epiblast in mutant embryos is free of the mitotic abnormalities characteristic of the tissue as a whole. This region is the so-called proliferative zone (Snow, 1977) and the data suggest that it may be from this region that some of the ectoderm of the later embryos is produced.", "PMID": 722232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9132", "title": "Intercalary regeneration around the circumference of the cockroach leg.", "content": "Epidermal cells from different circumferential positions around the femur of Blabera craniifer can interact to form an intercalary regenerate. Removal of a longitudinal strip of integument (cuticle plus epidermis) from any position around the circumference leads to the cut edges healing, localized growth and intercalary regeneration of the missing section of the circumference, so that the resulting femur is approximately normal in size and pattern of cuticular structures. Grafting a longitudinal strip of femur integument into a different circumferential position on the host femur confronts epidermal cells from different positions along both the inner and outer longitudinal graft/host junctions. In numerous different situations this results in local growth and intercalary regeneration of that section of the circumference normally separating graft and host positions, by the shorter route around the circumference. Confrontation of opposite positions results in the intercalation of either of the intervening half circumferences. In one opposite confrontation, between mid-anterior and mid-posterior, there was also a third result where graft and host healed together, provoking no intercalary regeneration. Grafts made with reversed proximal/distal polarity show that a confrontation between different circumferential positions gives the same result, regardless of the proximal/distal levels involved, hence circumferential position is an independent aspect of position on the femur. These results strongly suggest that epidermal position is not specified with respect to two transverse axes running through the epidermis and internal tissue of the leg, but that there is a continuous circular sequence of positional values running around the circumference, in the epidermis. This is analogous to but independent of the sequence previously shown by Bohn (1967) and Bulli\u00e8re (1971) to run proximal/distal along a leg segment. Hence epidermal position on the femur is specified in two dimensions and can be represented in terms of the French, Bryant & Bryant (1976) polar co-ordinate model. Interactions along the edges of the strip-grafts conform to the Shortest Intercalation Rule (French et al. 1976). At the proximal and distal ends of strip-grafts intercalation restores normal sequences of positional values where possible. However, where the graft, together with the intercalary regenerates formed at the longitudinal graft/host junctions and the adjacent host tissue formed a complete sequence of circular values, then a supernumerary distal regenerate was formed, in agreement with the Complete Circle Rule of French et al. (1976). The problem of generating a continuous circular sequence of positional values by one or more circumferential gradients, is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Intercalary regeneration around the circumference of the cockroach leg. Epidermal cells from different circumferential positions around the femur of Blabera craniifer can interact to form an intercalary regenerate. Removal of a longitudinal strip of integument (cuticle plus epidermis) from any position around the circumference leads to the cut edges healing, localized growth and intercalary regeneration of the missing section of the circumference, so that the resulting femur is approximately normal in size and pattern of cuticular structures. Grafting a longitudinal strip of femur integument into a different circumferential position on the host femur confronts epidermal cells from different positions along both the inner and outer longitudinal graft/host junctions. In numerous different situations this results in local growth and intercalary regeneration of that section of the circumference normally separating graft and host positions, by the shorter route around the circumference. Confrontation of opposite positions results in the intercalation of either of the intervening half circumferences. In one opposite confrontation, between mid-anterior and mid-posterior, there was also a third result where graft and host healed together, provoking no intercalary regeneration. Grafts made with reversed proximal/distal polarity show that a confrontation between different circumferential positions gives the same result, regardless of the proximal/distal levels involved, hence circumferential position is an independent aspect of position on the femur. These results strongly suggest that epidermal position is not specified with respect to two transverse axes running through the epidermis and internal tissue of the leg, but that there is a continuous circular sequence of positional values running around the circumference, in the epidermis. This is analogous to but independent of the sequence previously shown by Bohn (1967) and Bulli\u00e8re (1971) to run proximal/distal along a leg segment. Hence epidermal position on the femur is specified in two dimensions and can be represented in terms of the French, Bryant & Bryant (1976) polar co-ordinate model. Interactions along the edges of the strip-grafts conform to the Shortest Intercalation Rule (French et al. 1976). At the proximal and distal ends of strip-grafts intercalation restores normal sequences of positional values where possible. However, where the graft, together with the intercalary regenerates formed at the longitudinal graft/host junctions and the adjacent host tissue formed a complete sequence of circular values, then a supernumerary distal regenerate was formed, in agreement with the Complete Circle Rule of French et al. (1976). The problem of generating a continuous circular sequence of positional values by one or more circumferential gradients, is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 722233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9133", "title": "Induced segmental reorganization in sabellid worms.", "content": "Processes of regeneration and reorganization are analyzed in two sabellid polychaetes. Abdominal pieces of Branchiomma nigromaculata, during head regeneration, ordinarily reorganize only a fraction of the number of segments typical of the thorax. In pieces transected in the vertical plane, but obliquely with regard to the main axis of the worm, the extent of reorganization is greatly enhanced. The same number of segments transform on the right and left sides, the surviving damaged segments transforming on one side and a corresponding number of more posterior, undamaged segments transforming on the other. Reorganization is shown, in abdominal pieces of Sabella melanostigma, to involve destruction and inversed dorso-ventral reconstitution of all parapodial structures in the segments affected, the conversion of intestine to thoracic stomach, and the invasion of previously abdominal segments by a pair of large nephridia which grow posteriorly after being formed in the basal portion of the head blastema. All three events exhibit a time-graded character, staring soonest at the anterior end and progressively later posteriorly, and apparently independently of one another. Abdominal type segments are formed only from the anterior region of the caudal, prepygidal zone of growth, successively, never by transformation. The dorso-ventrality of abdominal segments is the inverse of the thoracic, with the antero-posterior polarity unchanged, in all circumstances. Only during posterior regeneration from thoracic segments are thoracic segments produced from the posterior zone of growth, but only two or three are thus formed, the zone of growth then changing to the production of abdominal segments. It is concluded that the feature of sabellid-serpulid organization is the complete inversion of the dorso-ventrality of the posterior zone of growth as the result of emancipation from the generally dominating dorsal field emanating from the anterior end.", "contents": "Induced segmental reorganization in sabellid worms. Processes of regeneration and reorganization are analyzed in two sabellid polychaetes. Abdominal pieces of Branchiomma nigromaculata, during head regeneration, ordinarily reorganize only a fraction of the number of segments typical of the thorax. In pieces transected in the vertical plane, but obliquely with regard to the main axis of the worm, the extent of reorganization is greatly enhanced. The same number of segments transform on the right and left sides, the surviving damaged segments transforming on one side and a corresponding number of more posterior, undamaged segments transforming on the other. Reorganization is shown, in abdominal pieces of Sabella melanostigma, to involve destruction and inversed dorso-ventral reconstitution of all parapodial structures in the segments affected, the conversion of intestine to thoracic stomach, and the invasion of previously abdominal segments by a pair of large nephridia which grow posteriorly after being formed in the basal portion of the head blastema. All three events exhibit a time-graded character, staring soonest at the anterior end and progressively later posteriorly, and apparently independently of one another. Abdominal type segments are formed only from the anterior region of the caudal, prepygidal zone of growth, successively, never by transformation. The dorso-ventrality of abdominal segments is the inverse of the thoracic, with the antero-posterior polarity unchanged, in all circumstances. Only during posterior regeneration from thoracic segments are thoracic segments produced from the posterior zone of growth, but only two or three are thus formed, the zone of growth then changing to the production of abdominal segments. It is concluded that the feature of sabellid-serpulid organization is the complete inversion of the dorso-ventrality of the posterior zone of growth as the result of emancipation from the generally dominating dorsal field emanating from the anterior end.", "PMID": 722234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9134", "title": "Transfilter induction of kidney tubules as a function of the extent and duration of intercellular contacts.", "content": "The kinetics of kidney tubule induction were examined in transfilter experiments by varying the time of transfilter apposition, the porosity and pore size of the filters, and the culture conditions. Transfilter contact between the interacting cells is established within an hour when cytoplasmic processes emerge through the interposed filter; then a further 16-24 h are needed for completion of induction. This lag is a function of thickness and pore size of the filter, and is not reduced by precultivation of the inductor on the filter. Material that accumulates on the far side of the filter during such cultivation displays no morphogenetic activity. The intensity of the mesenchymal response was roughly quantified and shown to be a function of pore size, pore density and duration of transfilter contact.", "contents": "Transfilter induction of kidney tubules as a function of the extent and duration of intercellular contacts. The kinetics of kidney tubule induction were examined in transfilter experiments by varying the time of transfilter apposition, the porosity and pore size of the filters, and the culture conditions. Transfilter contact between the interacting cells is established within an hour when cytoplasmic processes emerge through the interposed filter; then a further 16-24 h are needed for completion of induction. This lag is a function of thickness and pore size of the filter, and is not reduced by precultivation of the inductor on the filter. Material that accumulates on the far side of the filter during such cultivation displays no morphogenetic activity. The intensity of the mesenchymal response was roughly quantified and shown to be a function of pore size, pore density and duration of transfilter contact.", "PMID": 722235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9135", "title": "Surface properties of Entamoeba: increased rates of human erythrocyte phagocytosis in pathogenic strains.", "content": "The assertion that ingestion of human erythrocytes is restricted to invasive strains of Entamoeba histolytica has not been evaluated previously by comparative studies. In this report we describe the in vitro ingestion of human erythrocytes by pathogenic and nonpathogenic Entamoeba. Microscopic evaluation of erythrophagocytosis by eight different Entamoeba grown in culture revealed that strains of E. histolytica isolated from cases of human dysentery show a much higher rate of erythrocyte ingestion than nonpathogenic strains. However, all strains are able to phagocytize erythrocytes. The extremely high rate of phagocytic activity shown by pathogenic E. histolytica could be one of the properties related to the pathogenicity of this parasitic protozoan.", "contents": "Surface properties of Entamoeba: increased rates of human erythrocyte phagocytosis in pathogenic strains. The assertion that ingestion of human erythrocytes is restricted to invasive strains of Entamoeba histolytica has not been evaluated previously by comparative studies. In this report we describe the in vitro ingestion of human erythrocytes by pathogenic and nonpathogenic Entamoeba. Microscopic evaluation of erythrophagocytosis by eight different Entamoeba grown in culture revealed that strains of E. histolytica isolated from cases of human dysentery show a much higher rate of erythrocyte ingestion than nonpathogenic strains. However, all strains are able to phagocytize erythrocytes. The extremely high rate of phagocytic activity shown by pathogenic E. histolytica could be one of the properties related to the pathogenicity of this parasitic protozoan.", "PMID": 722237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9136", "title": "The origin and antigen-dependent distribution of IgA-containing cells in the intestine.", "content": "The aims of this paper were to establish the origin of cells producing IgA antibody to cholera toxoid in the lamina propria of the small intestine and to define the role of antigen in their distribution. The use of Thirty-Vella loops made it possible to restrict antigenic challenge to a defined segment of the intestine in rats which had been primed i.p. with toxoid in Freund's complete adjuvant. The anti-toxin-containing cells (ACC) which appeared in the draining thoracic duct lymph after challenge of a loop were almost all of IgA specificity and their numbers were proportional to the length of intestine exposed to antigen. The abolition of this cellular response which occurred when Peyer's patches (PP) were removed from a loop before challenge and the failure of mesenteric lymphadenectomy significantly to affect the response indicated that ACC originated exclusively from PP. Cell transfer studies showed that although nonrecirculating large lymphocytes gave rise to ACC in the lamina propria, some of the recirculating small lymphocytes also developed subsequently into ACC. Counts of ACC in the lamina propria of challenged loops were consistently greater than in nonchallenged loops although some ACC were always present in the latter. However, a time-course study on the appearance of ACC in the lamina propria of cannulated rats given a single dose of thoracic duct lymphocytes from immunized donors demonstrated that ACC continued to accumulate and persist in challenged loops but only appeared transiently in nonchallenged loops. These transients did not migrate from the lamina propria back into the lymph and they presumably died in situ. The increase in the number of ACC in loops which had been challenged with antigen was probably due both to cell division in the lamina propria and to the development of new ACC from recirculating lymphocytes which had been recruited into the loop. Thus, the cells which give rise to intestinal ACC can migrate into the lamina propria independently of antigen, but antigen has a profound effect on the location, magnitude, and persistence of the response.", "contents": "The origin and antigen-dependent distribution of IgA-containing cells in the intestine. The aims of this paper were to establish the origin of cells producing IgA antibody to cholera toxoid in the lamina propria of the small intestine and to define the role of antigen in their distribution. The use of Thirty-Vella loops made it possible to restrict antigenic challenge to a defined segment of the intestine in rats which had been primed i.p. with toxoid in Freund's complete adjuvant. The anti-toxin-containing cells (ACC) which appeared in the draining thoracic duct lymph after challenge of a loop were almost all of IgA specificity and their numbers were proportional to the length of intestine exposed to antigen. The abolition of this cellular response which occurred when Peyer's patches (PP) were removed from a loop before challenge and the failure of mesenteric lymphadenectomy significantly to affect the response indicated that ACC originated exclusively from PP. Cell transfer studies showed that although nonrecirculating large lymphocytes gave rise to ACC in the lamina propria, some of the recirculating small lymphocytes also developed subsequently into ACC. Counts of ACC in the lamina propria of challenged loops were consistently greater than in nonchallenged loops although some ACC were always present in the latter. However, a time-course study on the appearance of ACC in the lamina propria of cannulated rats given a single dose of thoracic duct lymphocytes from immunized donors demonstrated that ACC continued to accumulate and persist in challenged loops but only appeared transiently in nonchallenged loops. These transients did not migrate from the lamina propria back into the lymph and they presumably died in situ. The increase in the number of ACC in loops which had been challenged with antigen was probably due both to cell division in the lamina propria and to the development of new ACC from recirculating lymphocytes which had been recruited into the loop. Thus, the cells which give rise to intestinal ACC can migrate into the lamina propria independently of antigen, but antigen has a profound effect on the location, magnitude, and persistence of the response.", "PMID": 722238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9137", "title": "Structural and functional differences between the H-2 controlled Ss and Slp proteins.", "content": "Based on functional and structural data, it is concluded that the Ss protein in the mouse expresses the activity of the fourth component of complement. Removal of the Ss, but not of Slp, antigen correlates with a high degree of significance (P less than 0.001) with decrease of C4 hemolytic activity. In phenotypically Slp negative mice the plasma/serum levels of Ss correlate with the C4 activity (P less than 0.001). Structurally, Ss is a 209,000-mol wt protein, consisting of three covalently linked polypeptide chains (alpha,beta,gamma). Treatment of Ss with C1 cleaves a 7,000-8,000-mol wt fragment from the alpha-chain. Slp is also a three chain covalently linked protein of 209,000 daltons, however its three chains differ in size from those of the Ss protein. Slp does not express hemolytic activity and its alpha-chain is not cleaved by C1.", "contents": "Structural and functional differences between the H-2 controlled Ss and Slp proteins. Based on functional and structural data, it is concluded that the Ss protein in the mouse expresses the activity of the fourth component of complement. Removal of the Ss, but not of Slp, antigen correlates with a high degree of significance (P less than 0.001) with decrease of C4 hemolytic activity. In phenotypically Slp negative mice the plasma/serum levels of Ss correlate with the C4 activity (P less than 0.001). Structurally, Ss is a 209,000-mol wt protein, consisting of three covalently linked polypeptide chains (alpha,beta,gamma). Treatment of Ss with C1 cleaves a 7,000-8,000-mol wt fragment from the alpha-chain. Slp is also a three chain covalently linked protein of 209,000 daltons, however its three chains differ in size from those of the Ss protein. Slp does not express hemolytic activity and its alpha-chain is not cleaved by C1.", "PMID": 722239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9138", "title": "Maturation of bone marrow lymphocytes. II. Development of Fc and complement receptors and surface immunoglobulin studied by rosetting and radioautography.", "content": "Radioautographic DNA labeling and rosetting techniques were combined to study the development of surface IgM, Fc, and complement receptors (FcR, CR) on small lymphocyte populations in mouse bone marrow. [3H]thymidine was either infused continuously to label newly formed cells for periods up to 4 days, or injected daily, 21--35 days before use, to label a sample of long-lived cells. Bone marrow cells were incubated with sensitized sheep erythrocytes to detect surface IgM, FcR, and CR, respectively, and examined radioautographically after cytocentrifugation. During [3H]thymidine infusion, marrow small lymphocytes lacking surface markers were the first to show [3H]thymidine labeling. Most of these cells became labeled by 4 days (IgM--ve, 89%; FcR--ve, 92%; Cr--ve, 88%). Labeling of small lymphocytes bearing surface IgM, FcR, and Cr began after an initial lag and increased to high values by 4 days (IgM + ve, 73%; FcR + ve, 82%; CR + ve, 83%). Labeled IgM + ve small lymphocytes formed progressively larger rosettes as cell age increased. Some proliferating large lymphoid cells formed rosettes for IgM, FcR, and CR. Labeled long-lived small lymphocytes expressed surface IgM, FcR, and CR, the incidence of each receptor being uniformly high (38--43%) and the rosettes tending to be larger than those formed by newly formed lymphocytes. In double-surface marker studies, FcR and CR rosettes were formed by some IgM--ve small lymphocytes as well as IgM + ve cells in the marrow. After transfusion of marrow cells from donor mice infused with [3H]thymidine for 24 h, many labeled newly formed lymphocytes homed into the splenic red pulp of unlabeled syngeneic recipients. Subsequently, these cells showed a rapid increase in the incidence of rosettes for surface IgM, FcR, and CR, together with a progressive enlargement of each type of rosette. Although all the labeled small lymphocytes recovered from the spleen developed both surface IgM and FcR by 3 days, only approximately one-half developed CR. The results demonstrate that most of the small lymphocytes bearing FcR, CR, and surface IgM in mouse bone marrow are newly formed indigenous cells. Each receptor becomes detectable by rosetting soon after the small lymphocytes are first produced. The newly formed, marrow-derived small lymphocytes are able to continue their development of surface IgM, FcR, and CR after migrating into the spleen, consistent with a maturation of primary B lymphocytes. In addition, the data indicate the genesis in mouse marrow of a non-B lineage of lymphocytes (notably, IgM--ve FcR + ve cells.). A minority of small lymphocytes bearing IgM, FcR, and CR in mouse marrow are long-lived cells, presumptive recirculating immigrants, differing in receptor status from the newly formed cells. The results are discussed with regard to the heterogeneity of marrow lymphocytes and proposed models of primary B lymphocyte and null lymphocyte production.", "contents": "Maturation of bone marrow lymphocytes. II. Development of Fc and complement receptors and surface immunoglobulin studied by rosetting and radioautography. Radioautographic DNA labeling and rosetting techniques were combined to study the development of surface IgM, Fc, and complement receptors (FcR, CR) on small lymphocyte populations in mouse bone marrow. [3H]thymidine was either infused continuously to label newly formed cells for periods up to 4 days, or injected daily, 21--35 days before use, to label a sample of long-lived cells. Bone marrow cells were incubated with sensitized sheep erythrocytes to detect surface IgM, FcR, and CR, respectively, and examined radioautographically after cytocentrifugation. During [3H]thymidine infusion, marrow small lymphocytes lacking surface markers were the first to show [3H]thymidine labeling. Most of these cells became labeled by 4 days (IgM--ve, 89%; FcR--ve, 92%; Cr--ve, 88%). Labeling of small lymphocytes bearing surface IgM, FcR, and Cr began after an initial lag and increased to high values by 4 days (IgM + ve, 73%; FcR + ve, 82%; CR + ve, 83%). Labeled IgM + ve small lymphocytes formed progressively larger rosettes as cell age increased. Some proliferating large lymphoid cells formed rosettes for IgM, FcR, and CR. Labeled long-lived small lymphocytes expressed surface IgM, FcR, and CR, the incidence of each receptor being uniformly high (38--43%) and the rosettes tending to be larger than those formed by newly formed lymphocytes. In double-surface marker studies, FcR and CR rosettes were formed by some IgM--ve small lymphocytes as well as IgM + ve cells in the marrow. After transfusion of marrow cells from donor mice infused with [3H]thymidine for 24 h, many labeled newly formed lymphocytes homed into the splenic red pulp of unlabeled syngeneic recipients. Subsequently, these cells showed a rapid increase in the incidence of rosettes for surface IgM, FcR, and CR, together with a progressive enlargement of each type of rosette. Although all the labeled small lymphocytes recovered from the spleen developed both surface IgM and FcR by 3 days, only approximately one-half developed CR. The results demonstrate that most of the small lymphocytes bearing FcR, CR, and surface IgM in mouse bone marrow are newly formed indigenous cells. Each receptor becomes detectable by rosetting soon after the small lymphocytes are first produced. The newly formed, marrow-derived small lymphocytes are able to continue their development of surface IgM, FcR, and CR after migrating into the spleen, consistent with a maturation of primary B lymphocytes. In addition, the data indicate the genesis in mouse marrow of a non-B lineage of lymphocytes (notably, IgM--ve FcR + ve cells.). A minority of small lymphocytes bearing IgM, FcR, and CR in mouse marrow are long-lived cells, presumptive recirculating immigrants, differing in receptor status from the newly formed cells. The results are discussed with regard to the heterogeneity of marrow lymphocytes and proposed models of primary B lymphocyte and null lymphocyte production.", "PMID": 722240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9139", "title": "Radiation leukemia in C57BL/6 mice. III. Correlation of altered expression of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase to induction of leukemia.", "content": "The expression of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) in the thymus and bone marrow of irradiated mice has been examined. Mice given the leukemogenic regimen of irradiation of four weekly doses of 175 rads starting at 1 mo of age show a long-term elimination of TdT activity in the bone marrow and a reduction of TdT activity in thymocytes. In such mice, the reappearance of normal levels of TdT in the thymus appears to only be associated with the onset of overt leukemia. This effect on TdT expression was shown to be uniquely associated with the leukemogenic regimen of irradiation in that nonleukemogenic irradiation or variations such as bone marrow reconstitution or age which reduce leukemias did not show the same phenotypic effects on TdT expression. The basis for the loss of TdT-positive cells was shown not to be due to the lack of the requisite factors involved in differentiation, but rather to the ability of leukemogenic doses of irradiation to reduce or eliminate an inducible bone marrow stem cell. These results are discussed with respect to the possible mechanisms involved in radiation-induced leukemias in mice.", "contents": "Radiation leukemia in C57BL/6 mice. III. Correlation of altered expression of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase to induction of leukemia. The expression of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) in the thymus and bone marrow of irradiated mice has been examined. Mice given the leukemogenic regimen of irradiation of four weekly doses of 175 rads starting at 1 mo of age show a long-term elimination of TdT activity in the bone marrow and a reduction of TdT activity in thymocytes. In such mice, the reappearance of normal levels of TdT in the thymus appears to only be associated with the onset of overt leukemia. This effect on TdT expression was shown to be uniquely associated with the leukemogenic regimen of irradiation in that nonleukemogenic irradiation or variations such as bone marrow reconstitution or age which reduce leukemias did not show the same phenotypic effects on TdT expression. The basis for the loss of TdT-positive cells was shown not to be due to the lack of the requisite factors involved in differentiation, but rather to the ability of leukemogenic doses of irradiation to reduce or eliminate an inducible bone marrow stem cell. These results are discussed with respect to the possible mechanisms involved in radiation-induced leukemias in mice.", "PMID": 722241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9140", "title": "Role of phagocytosis in the activation of macrophages.", "content": "Macrophages were obtained by peritoneal lavage from untreated mice or from mice which had received either Brewer's thioglycollate broth or a suspension of streptococcus A cell walls intraperitoneally 4 days before. 3 h after harvesting, adherent cells from untreated mice were allowed to phagocytose zymosan, formaldehyde-treated sheep erythrocytes, or latex beads. Phagocytosis was stopped after 1 h and culture was continued for up to 10 days. Phagocytosis of zymosan or sheep erythrocytes triggered the immediate release of lysosomal glycosidases, stimulated the synthesis of cellular lactate dehydrogenase, and induced the delayed production and secretion of plasminogen activator . No such changes were observed upon phagocytosis of latex. Although all three particles used were phagocytosed, only zymosan and sheep erythrocytes stimulated glucose oxidation via the hexose monophosphate shunt. Similar findings were obtained in macrophages elicited with streptococcus A cell walls after zymosan phagocytosis. Thioglycollate-elicited macrophages, however, which were already secreting lysosomal hydrolases and plasminogen activator, could not be activated further by zymosan. The results of this study show that macrophages become activated after phagocytosis of particles that stimulate the activity of their hexose monophosphate shunt. The triggering event appears to be the burst of shunt activity itself or shunt-related biochemical reactions rather than phagocytic uptake per se or particle-dependent complement activation by the alternative pathway. Once initiated, macrophage activation proceeds independently of the intracellular fate of the ingested material .", "contents": "Role of phagocytosis in the activation of macrophages. Macrophages were obtained by peritoneal lavage from untreated mice or from mice which had received either Brewer's thioglycollate broth or a suspension of streptococcus A cell walls intraperitoneally 4 days before. 3 h after harvesting, adherent cells from untreated mice were allowed to phagocytose zymosan, formaldehyde-treated sheep erythrocytes, or latex beads. Phagocytosis was stopped after 1 h and culture was continued for up to 10 days. Phagocytosis of zymosan or sheep erythrocytes triggered the immediate release of lysosomal glycosidases, stimulated the synthesis of cellular lactate dehydrogenase, and induced the delayed production and secretion of plasminogen activator . No such changes were observed upon phagocytosis of latex. Although all three particles used were phagocytosed, only zymosan and sheep erythrocytes stimulated glucose oxidation via the hexose monophosphate shunt. Similar findings were obtained in macrophages elicited with streptococcus A cell walls after zymosan phagocytosis. Thioglycollate-elicited macrophages, however, which were already secreting lysosomal hydrolases and plasminogen activator, could not be activated further by zymosan. The results of this study show that macrophages become activated after phagocytosis of particles that stimulate the activity of their hexose monophosphate shunt. The triggering event appears to be the burst of shunt activity itself or shunt-related biochemical reactions rather than phagocytic uptake per se or particle-dependent complement activation by the alternative pathway. Once initiated, macrophage activation proceeds independently of the intracellular fate of the ingested material .", "PMID": 722242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9141", "title": "Inheritance of antibody specificity V. Anti-2-phenyloxazolone in the mouse.", "content": "Antibodies to hapten 2-phenyloxazolone (phOx) of all BALB/c and DBA/2 mice have the same idiotype and the same major (public) isoelectric focusing pattern whose main spectrotype is called Ox-1. Neither of these characteristics could be readily demonstrated in anti-phOx antibodies of C57BL, C3H or LP mice; these antibodies were heterogeneous, and lacked public spectrotypes. Also, a fine specificty difference could be demonstrated between anti-phOx antibodies of BALB/c and C5MBL mice; the latter have a higher relative affinity than the former for a structural analogue of phOx (2-o-iodophenyloxazolone). The three BALB/c characteristics were inherited in congenic and recombinant inbred strains as an allotype-linked block, defining a new VH marker, VHphOx. Murine anti-phOx antibodies were found to exhibit three types of conservatism: (a) Every individual mouse of strains BALB/c, DBA/2 or BAB-14 had an almost indistinguishable IEF pattern. (b) These patterns (and the cross-reactive idiotype) remained virtually unchanged during an immunization course of 70 days. (c) An identical idiotype (and in some cases IEF pattern) was present in mouse strains of five different allogroups.", "contents": "Inheritance of antibody specificity V. Anti-2-phenyloxazolone in the mouse. Antibodies to hapten 2-phenyloxazolone (phOx) of all BALB/c and DBA/2 mice have the same idiotype and the same major (public) isoelectric focusing pattern whose main spectrotype is called Ox-1. Neither of these characteristics could be readily demonstrated in anti-phOx antibodies of C57BL, C3H or LP mice; these antibodies were heterogeneous, and lacked public spectrotypes. Also, a fine specificty difference could be demonstrated between anti-phOx antibodies of BALB/c and C5MBL mice; the latter have a higher relative affinity than the former for a structural analogue of phOx (2-o-iodophenyloxazolone). The three BALB/c characteristics were inherited in congenic and recombinant inbred strains as an allotype-linked block, defining a new VH marker, VHphOx. Murine anti-phOx antibodies were found to exhibit three types of conservatism: (a) Every individual mouse of strains BALB/c, DBA/2 or BAB-14 had an almost indistinguishable IEF pattern. (b) These patterns (and the cross-reactive idiotype) remained virtually unchanged during an immunization course of 70 days. (c) An identical idiotype (and in some cases IEF pattern) was present in mouse strains of five different allogroups.", "PMID": 722243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9142", "title": "Assembly of the cytolytic alternative pathway of complement from 11 isolated plasma proteins.", "content": "The known cytolytic function of the alternative pathway in serum was quantitatively reproduced by combining 11 isolated plasma proteins at their respective serum concentrations. These proteins are: C3, Factor B, Factor D, C3b inactivator, beta1H, native properdin, C5, C6, C7, C8, and C9. In absence of activators of the alternative pathway, this mixture was stable at 37 degrees C as evidenced by lack of consumption of Factor B, C3, and C5. Upon addition of either rabbit erythrocytes or neuraminidase-treated sheep erythrocytes, cell lysis ensued and the extent of lysis was dependent on dose of the component mixture. The dose-response curves obtained with the isolated component mixture and with C4-depleted serum were virtually indistinguishable. Nonactivator erythrocytes (untreated sheep erythrocytes) were not lysed by the component mixture. Deletion of properdin resulted only in a twofold diminution of the hemolytic activity of the component mixture. No immunoglobulin requirement was apparent. These results indicate that the cytolytic systems studied are internally sufficient and capable of coupling the initiation and amplification sequence with the cytolytic membrane attack sequence.", "contents": "Assembly of the cytolytic alternative pathway of complement from 11 isolated plasma proteins. The known cytolytic function of the alternative pathway in serum was quantitatively reproduced by combining 11 isolated plasma proteins at their respective serum concentrations. These proteins are: C3, Factor B, Factor D, C3b inactivator, beta1H, native properdin, C5, C6, C7, C8, and C9. In absence of activators of the alternative pathway, this mixture was stable at 37 degrees C as evidenced by lack of consumption of Factor B, C3, and C5. Upon addition of either rabbit erythrocytes or neuraminidase-treated sheep erythrocytes, cell lysis ensued and the extent of lysis was dependent on dose of the component mixture. The dose-response curves obtained with the isolated component mixture and with C4-depleted serum were virtually indistinguishable. Nonactivator erythrocytes (untreated sheep erythrocytes) were not lysed by the component mixture. Deletion of properdin resulted only in a twofold diminution of the hemolytic activity of the component mixture. No immunoglobulin requirement was apparent. These results indicate that the cytolytic systems studied are internally sufficient and capable of coupling the initiation and amplification sequence with the cytolytic membrane attack sequence.", "PMID": 722244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9143", "title": "Eye movements and integrating information across fixations.", "content": "A series of experiments was conducted in which a word or letter string initially appeared in parafoveal vision, followed by the subject's eye movement to the stimulus. During the saccade, the initially displayed stimulus was replaced by a word that the subject was asked to read. The results indicated that the types of prior parafoveal information studied facilitated the naming of the word. The effect was obtained when the subject made an eye movement and when the saccade was simulated. There was also evidence that attentional allocation was tied to the direction of the eye movement.", "contents": "Eye movements and integrating information across fixations. A series of experiments was conducted in which a word or letter string initially appeared in parafoveal vision, followed by the subject's eye movement to the stimulus. During the saccade, the initially displayed stimulus was replaced by a word that the subject was asked to read. The results indicated that the types of prior parafoveal information studied facilitated the naming of the word. The effect was obtained when the subject made an eye movement and when the saccade was simulated. There was also evidence that attentional allocation was tied to the direction of the eye movement.", "PMID": 722245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9144", "title": "The effects of the reader's skill and the difficulty of the text on the perceptual span in reading.", "content": "Development of the perceptual span in reading was investigated by varying the availability of graphic information in the periphery of vision. Low-ability eighth-grade readers, high-ability eighth-grade readers, and skilled adult readers read texts presented in a normal prose format, with a single space between words, and texts typed with 13 letter spaces between words. It was found that removing peripheral information by wide spacing improved comprehension for low-ability eighth graders but did not affect their overall reading efficiency (the number of questions answered correctly per minute of reading time). Wide spacing decreased the reading efficiency of high-ability eighth-grade readers and skilled adult readers. In addition, the texts were of two levels of difficulty. It was hypothesized that subjects would employ a larger span of perception with the easy text. Surprisingly, the wide spacing of words did not produce greater decrement fo reading efficiency with the easy text. The findings thus suggest that the perceptual span may increase as reading skill develops but does not change under the influence of momentary task variables.", "contents": "The effects of the reader's skill and the difficulty of the text on the perceptual span in reading. Development of the perceptual span in reading was investigated by varying the availability of graphic information in the periphery of vision. Low-ability eighth-grade readers, high-ability eighth-grade readers, and skilled adult readers read texts presented in a normal prose format, with a single space between words, and texts typed with 13 letter spaces between words. It was found that removing peripheral information by wide spacing improved comprehension for low-ability eighth graders but did not affect their overall reading efficiency (the number of questions answered correctly per minute of reading time). Wide spacing decreased the reading efficiency of high-ability eighth-grade readers and skilled adult readers. In addition, the texts were of two levels of difficulty. It was hypothesized that subjects would employ a larger span of perception with the easy text. Surprisingly, the wide spacing of words did not produce greater decrement fo reading efficiency with the easy text. The findings thus suggest that the perceptual span may increase as reading skill develops but does not change under the influence of momentary task variables.", "PMID": 722246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9145", "title": "The seeing-more-than-is-there phenomenon: implications for the locus of iconic storage.", "content": "When a target figure is moved back and forth behind a window cut in an opaque screen, more of the figure is seen at a given instant than is physically present. This finding implies that the information presented at one instant is stored in iconic form so that it can be integrated with information presented at a slightly later instant. Two experiments explored the illusion and showed that it can be readily demonstrated under a variety of conditions. A third experiment indicated that it can occur in the absence of appreciable eye movements. This latter finding, together with various supporting argument, is taken as evidence against an explanation of the illusion in terms of the target image being painted across the retina. Rather, it appears that successive sections of the target item are projected onto the same retinal sector. It is difficult to understand how simple photoreceptors can simultaneously retain information presented at one instant and register information presented at a subsequent time without two pieces of information being fused. Therefore, it is concluded that the iconic storage implied by the illusion occurs at a level more central than that of the retinal receptors.", "contents": "The seeing-more-than-is-there phenomenon: implications for the locus of iconic storage. When a target figure is moved back and forth behind a window cut in an opaque screen, more of the figure is seen at a given instant than is physically present. This finding implies that the information presented at one instant is stored in iconic form so that it can be integrated with information presented at a slightly later instant. Two experiments explored the illusion and showed that it can be readily demonstrated under a variety of conditions. A third experiment indicated that it can occur in the absence of appreciable eye movements. This latter finding, together with various supporting argument, is taken as evidence against an explanation of the illusion in terms of the target image being painted across the retina. Rather, it appears that successive sections of the target item are projected onto the same retinal sector. It is difficult to understand how simple photoreceptors can simultaneously retain information presented at one instant and register information presented at a subsequent time without two pieces of information being fused. Therefore, it is concluded that the iconic storage implied by the illusion occurs at a level more central than that of the retinal receptors.", "PMID": 722247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9146", "title": "Cognitive determinants of fixation location during picture viewing.", "content": "This experiment involved the question of where human observers look in a picture. The results indicated that observers fixate earlier, more often, and with longer durations on objects that have a low probability of appearing in a scene (e.g., an octopus in a farm scene) than on objects that have a high probability of appearing (e.g., a tractor in a farm scene). These findings (a) imply a role of cognitive factors in peripheral visual processing and (b) suggest a possible relationship between the nature of information initially acquired from a picture and subsequent recognition memory for that picture.", "contents": "Cognitive determinants of fixation location during picture viewing. This experiment involved the question of where human observers look in a picture. The results indicated that observers fixate earlier, more often, and with longer durations on objects that have a low probability of appearing in a scene (e.g., an octopus in a farm scene) than on objects that have a high probability of appearing (e.g., a tractor in a farm scene). These findings (a) imply a role of cognitive factors in peripheral visual processing and (b) suggest a possible relationship between the nature of information initially acquired from a picture and subsequent recognition memory for that picture.", "PMID": 722248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9147", "title": "Retinal image smear as a source of information about magnitude of eye movement.", "content": "A number of experiments were conducted to determine to what extent retinal image smearing during saccades provides information about the eye movement magnitude to the perceptual system. The technique involved obtaining measures of perceived movement when the total visual field was displaced in conjunction with saccadic eye movements. Trials with normal retinal smear were compared with trials on which smearing was greatly reduced or eliminated. The results are interpreted as showing that the absence of normal retinal smear during a saccade increases the uncertainty in the information available to the perceptual system and that this uncertainty results in a tendency to perceive smaller than veridical amounts of movement.", "contents": "Retinal image smear as a source of information about magnitude of eye movement. A number of experiments were conducted to determine to what extent retinal image smearing during saccades provides information about the eye movement magnitude to the perceptual system. The technique involved obtaining measures of perceived movement when the total visual field was displaced in conjunction with saccadic eye movements. Trials with normal retinal smear were compared with trials on which smearing was greatly reduced or eliminated. The results are interpreted as showing that the absence of normal retinal smear during a saccade increases the uncertainty in the information available to the perceptual system and that this uncertainty results in a tendency to perceive smaller than veridical amounts of movement.", "PMID": 722249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9148", "title": "Contrast effects on stop consonant identification.", "content": "Changes in the identification of speech sounds following selective adaptation are usually attributed to a reduction in sensitivity of auditory feature detectors. An alternative explanation of these effects is based on the notion of response contrast. In several experiments, subjects identified the initial segment of synthetic consonant-vowel syllables as either the voiced stop [b] or the voiceless stop [ph]. Each test syllable had a value of voice onset time (VOT) that placed it near the English voiced-voiceless boundary. When the test syllables were preceded by a single clear [b] (VOT = -100 msec), subjects tended to identify them as [ph], whereas when they were preceded by an unambiguous [ph] (VOT = 100 msec), the syllables were predominantly labeled [b]. This contrast effect occurred even when the contextual stimuli were velar and the test stimuli were bilabial, which suggests a featural rather than a phonemic basis for the effect. To discount the possibility that these might be instances of single-trial sensory adaptation, we conducted a similar experiment in which the contextual stimuli followed the test items. Reliable contrast effects were still obtained. In view of these results, it appears likely that response contrast accounts for at least some component of the adaptation effects reported in the literature.", "contents": "Contrast effects on stop consonant identification. Changes in the identification of speech sounds following selective adaptation are usually attributed to a reduction in sensitivity of auditory feature detectors. An alternative explanation of these effects is based on the notion of response contrast. In several experiments, subjects identified the initial segment of synthetic consonant-vowel syllables as either the voiced stop [b] or the voiceless stop [ph]. Each test syllable had a value of voice onset time (VOT) that placed it near the English voiced-voiceless boundary. When the test syllables were preceded by a single clear [b] (VOT = -100 msec), subjects tended to identify them as [ph], whereas when they were preceded by an unambiguous [ph] (VOT = 100 msec), the syllables were predominantly labeled [b]. This contrast effect occurred even when the contextual stimuli were velar and the test stimuli were bilabial, which suggests a featural rather than a phonemic basis for the effect. To discount the possibility that these might be instances of single-trial sensory adaptation, we conducted a similar experiment in which the contextual stimuli followed the test items. Reliable contrast effects were still obtained. In view of these results, it appears likely that response contrast accounts for at least some component of the adaptation effects reported in the literature.", "PMID": 722250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9149", "title": "Feature detection process in speech perception.", "content": "One current view of speech perception is that speech is initially processed by the extraction of independent features which are then integrated over time by a synthesis process into a phonetic or syllabic percept. This feature synthesis model was contrasted with the alternative view that speech is initially processed as a continuous multidimensional whole. Two selective adaptation experiments were carried out to provide a test between these views. In the first experiment, the feature synthesis model predicted an increase in adaptation with an increase in adaptor processing time. The alternative view can also explain this result based on the perceptual simiiarity of the adaptation sequence and the test items. In the second experiment, the alternative view predicted an increase in adaptation with a decrease in adaptor processing time in a case in which the short adaptation sequence was more perceptually similar to the test items than the long sequence. The feature synthesis model cannot readily handle this reversal of the effect found in the first experiment. Some problems with the current view of the feature detection process in speech perception are discussed.", "contents": "Feature detection process in speech perception. One current view of speech perception is that speech is initially processed by the extraction of independent features which are then integrated over time by a synthesis process into a phonetic or syllabic percept. This feature synthesis model was contrasted with the alternative view that speech is initially processed as a continuous multidimensional whole. Two selective adaptation experiments were carried out to provide a test between these views. In the first experiment, the feature synthesis model predicted an increase in adaptation with an increase in adaptor processing time. The alternative view can also explain this result based on the perceptual simiiarity of the adaptation sequence and the test items. In the second experiment, the alternative view predicted an increase in adaptation with a decrease in adaptor processing time in a case in which the short adaptation sequence was more perceptually similar to the test items than the long sequence. The feature synthesis model cannot readily handle this reversal of the effect found in the first experiment. Some problems with the current view of the feature detection process in speech perception are discussed.", "PMID": 722251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9150", "title": "Perceptual integration of acoustic cues for stop, fricative, and affricate manner.", "content": "Introducing a short interval of silence between the words SAY and SHOP causes listeners to hear SAY CHOP. Another cue for the fricative-affricate distinction is the duration of the fricative noise in SHOP (CHOP). Now, varying both these temporal cues orthogonally in a sentence context, we find that, within limits, they are perceived in relation to each other: The shorter the duration of the noise, the shorter the silence necessary to convert the fricative into an affricate. On the other hand, when the rate of articulation of the sentence frame is increased while holding noise duration constant, a longer silent interval is needed to hear an affricate, as if the noise duration, but not the silence duration, were effectively longer in the faster sentence. In a second experiment, varying noise and silence durations in GRAY SHIP, we find that given sufficient silence, listeners report GRAY CHIP when the noise is short but GREAT SHIP when it is long. Thus, the long noise in the second syllable disposes listeners to displace the stop to the first syllable, so that they hear not a syllable-initial affricate (i.e., stop-initiated fricative) but a syllable-final stop (followed by a syllable-initial fricative). Repeating the experiment with GREAT SHIP as the original utterance, we obtain the same pattern of results, together with only a moderate increase in GREAT responses. In all such cases, the listeners integrate a numerous, diverse, and temporally distributed set of acoustic cues into a unitary phonetic percept. These several cues have in common only that they are the products of a unitary articulatory act. In effect, then, it is the articulatory act that is perceived.", "contents": "Perceptual integration of acoustic cues for stop, fricative, and affricate manner. Introducing a short interval of silence between the words SAY and SHOP causes listeners to hear SAY CHOP. Another cue for the fricative-affricate distinction is the duration of the fricative noise in SHOP (CHOP). Now, varying both these temporal cues orthogonally in a sentence context, we find that, within limits, they are perceived in relation to each other: The shorter the duration of the noise, the shorter the silence necessary to convert the fricative into an affricate. On the other hand, when the rate of articulation of the sentence frame is increased while holding noise duration constant, a longer silent interval is needed to hear an affricate, as if the noise duration, but not the silence duration, were effectively longer in the faster sentence. In a second experiment, varying noise and silence durations in GRAY SHIP, we find that given sufficient silence, listeners report GRAY CHIP when the noise is short but GREAT SHIP when it is long. Thus, the long noise in the second syllable disposes listeners to displace the stop to the first syllable, so that they hear not a syllable-initial affricate (i.e., stop-initiated fricative) but a syllable-final stop (followed by a syllable-initial fricative). Repeating the experiment with GREAT SHIP as the original utterance, we obtain the same pattern of results, together with only a moderate increase in GREAT responses. In all such cases, the listeners integrate a numerous, diverse, and temporally distributed set of acoustic cues into a unitary phonetic percept. These several cues have in common only that they are the products of a unitary articulatory act. In effect, then, it is the articulatory act that is perceived.", "PMID": 722252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9151", "title": "The role of spatial redundancy in grapheme recognition: perception or inference?", "content": "The question under investigation is whether spatial redundancy operates by restricting the number of valid alternatives at each serial position or whether it serves a perceptual function by keeping visually confusable graphemes from appearing in the same array and/or maximizing the distance between such graphemes when they do occur in the same array. The first experiment used the same-different task to establish a confusion matrix for 12 non-linguistic symbols. The spatial relation between the members of two pairs of confusable symbols was manipulated in a second experiment, which had subjects look for the presence or absence of a predetermined target symbol in single six-symbol linear arrays. Facilitation was found to be dependent upon the perceptual consequences of serial position constraint rather than upon the constraint per se. The constraint was most effective when it served to prevent members of visually confusable pairs from occurring in the same array. Since spatial redundancy may operate at the feature extraction stage by minimizing competition for the same sets of feature detectors and since words are likely to be high in spatial redundancy, the possibility is raised that part of the word superiority effect may be due to visual factors rather than to linguistic context.", "contents": "The role of spatial redundancy in grapheme recognition: perception or inference? The question under investigation is whether spatial redundancy operates by restricting the number of valid alternatives at each serial position or whether it serves a perceptual function by keeping visually confusable graphemes from appearing in the same array and/or maximizing the distance between such graphemes when they do occur in the same array. The first experiment used the same-different task to establish a confusion matrix for 12 non-linguistic symbols. The spatial relation between the members of two pairs of confusable symbols was manipulated in a second experiment, which had subjects look for the presence or absence of a predetermined target symbol in single six-symbol linear arrays. Facilitation was found to be dependent upon the perceptual consequences of serial position constraint rather than upon the constraint per se. The constraint was most effective when it served to prevent members of visually confusable pairs from occurring in the same array. Since spatial redundancy may operate at the feature extraction stage by minimizing competition for the same sets of feature detectors and since words are likely to be high in spatial redundancy, the possibility is raised that part of the word superiority effect may be due to visual factors rather than to linguistic context.", "PMID": 722254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9152", "title": "Perceptual flexibility in word recognition: strategies affect orthographic computation but not lexical access.", "content": "Four tachistoscopic forced-choice recognition experiments explored the flexibility of processes underlying word perception. Stimuli were words, orthographically regular but unfamiliar pseudowords, and orthographically irregular nonsense strings. In the first two experiments, subjects knew that several different kinds of stimuli would occur in each block of trials and that one kind would occur much more often than the others. No matter which stimulus subjects expected to see most often, accuracy on words and pseudowords differed little, and both were identified considerably better than nonsense. In the third and fourth experiments, subjects were led to believe that only on stimulus type would occur but were surreptitiously shown another type on a small number of trials. Words were again identified more accurately than nonsense, and the size of the effect was independent of expectations. However, when either words or nonsense strings were expected exclusively, pseudoword accuracy did not differ from nonsense accuracy. Only when subjects knew that pseudowords would occur did they identify pseudowords more accurately than nonsense. This dissociation between word and pseudoword identification indicates the operation of two independent encoding mechanisms during tachistoscopic recognition, a stimulus-specific or logogenlike system sensitive to particular familiar strings and an orthographic mechanism sensitive to generally applicable constraints on letter sequencing. The stimulus-specific mechanism appears to be utilized automatically, but use of the orthographic mechanism is under strategic control. As shown in the first two experiments, however, rather extraordinary measures were required to demonstrate the flexibility of the orthographic processes used in this task.", "contents": "Perceptual flexibility in word recognition: strategies affect orthographic computation but not lexical access. Four tachistoscopic forced-choice recognition experiments explored the flexibility of processes underlying word perception. Stimuli were words, orthographically regular but unfamiliar pseudowords, and orthographically irregular nonsense strings. In the first two experiments, subjects knew that several different kinds of stimuli would occur in each block of trials and that one kind would occur much more often than the others. No matter which stimulus subjects expected to see most often, accuracy on words and pseudowords differed little, and both were identified considerably better than nonsense. In the third and fourth experiments, subjects were led to believe that only on stimulus type would occur but were surreptitiously shown another type on a small number of trials. Words were again identified more accurately than nonsense, and the size of the effect was independent of expectations. However, when either words or nonsense strings were expected exclusively, pseudoword accuracy did not differ from nonsense accuracy. Only when subjects knew that pseudowords would occur did they identify pseudowords more accurately than nonsense. This dissociation between word and pseudoword identification indicates the operation of two independent encoding mechanisms during tachistoscopic recognition, a stimulus-specific or logogenlike system sensitive to particular familiar strings and an orthographic mechanism sensitive to generally applicable constraints on letter sequencing. The stimulus-specific mechanism appears to be utilized automatically, but use of the orthographic mechanism is under strategic control. As shown in the first two experiments, however, rather extraordinary measures were required to demonstrate the flexibility of the orthographic processes used in this task.", "PMID": 722255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9153", "title": "Orientation and symmetry: effects of multiple, rotational, and near symmetries.", "content": "Time to detect bilateral symmetry in different orientations was studied for closed polygons with single, double, quadruple, rotational, and near symmetry. In Experiment 1, the orientation of the axis of symmetry was varied. Detection was fastest for vertical symmetry, next fastest for horizontal, and slowest for left- and right-diagonal symmetries. For corresponding orientations, responses were faster to quadruple than double symmetries, and faster to double than single symmetries. Negative responses to nearly symmetric figures produced an orientation effect similar to that for single symmetries. Rotational symmetries showed no orientation effect and took longer to reject than near symmetries. In Experiment 2, subjects looked only for vertical symmetry. Responses were twice as fast as in comparable conditions of Experiment 1. The effect of multiple symmetries was still present, but rotational symmetries were rejected faster than near symmetries. The results are interpreted as supporting a dual process model for detecting symmetry in multiple orientation channels: Observers first select potential axes of symmetry defined by mirror-similar parts and then evaluate specific axes sequentially in a detailed comparison for mirror-identity.", "contents": "Orientation and symmetry: effects of multiple, rotational, and near symmetries. Time to detect bilateral symmetry in different orientations was studied for closed polygons with single, double, quadruple, rotational, and near symmetry. In Experiment 1, the orientation of the axis of symmetry was varied. Detection was fastest for vertical symmetry, next fastest for horizontal, and slowest for left- and right-diagonal symmetries. For corresponding orientations, responses were faster to quadruple than double symmetries, and faster to double than single symmetries. Negative responses to nearly symmetric figures produced an orientation effect similar to that for single symmetries. Rotational symmetries showed no orientation effect and took longer to reject than near symmetries. In Experiment 2, subjects looked only for vertical symmetry. Responses were twice as fast as in comparable conditions of Experiment 1. The effect of multiple symmetries was still present, but rotational symmetries were rejected faster than near symmetries. The results are interpreted as supporting a dual process model for detecting symmetry in multiple orientation channels: Observers first select potential axes of symmetry defined by mirror-similar parts and then evaluate specific axes sequentially in a detailed comparison for mirror-identity.", "PMID": 722256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9154", "title": "Cost analysis of laboratory tests in ambulatory primary care.", "content": "The cost of laboratory tests in the ambulatory primary care setting was analyzed to study relationships among cost to the patient, degree of abnormality of results, and physician follow-up of abnormal results. Laboratory fees constituted 32 cents of the total dollar for office charges. Considering only that portion of patient money spent for laboratory blood tests, 20 cents of the dollar went for tests with normal results, 25 cent for abnormals that were followed up by physicians, and 55 cents for abnormals that were not followed up. Separate analysis including only the abnormals was performed using two methods that differed as to whether or not low degree abnormals were considered worthy follow-up. Even when considering follow-up of this group unnecessary, 30 cents of the patient's dollar for abnormals was spent on appreciably high abnormal tests that were not followed up. This represents a substantial cost to the patient, from which no benefit can be envisioned.", "contents": "Cost analysis of laboratory tests in ambulatory primary care. The cost of laboratory tests in the ambulatory primary care setting was analyzed to study relationships among cost to the patient, degree of abnormality of results, and physician follow-up of abnormal results. Laboratory fees constituted 32 cents of the total dollar for office charges. Considering only that portion of patient money spent for laboratory blood tests, 20 cents of the dollar went for tests with normal results, 25 cent for abnormals that were followed up by physicians, and 55 cents for abnormals that were not followed up. Separate analysis including only the abnormals was performed using two methods that differed as to whether or not low degree abnormals were considered worthy follow-up. Even when considering follow-up of this group unnecessary, 30 cents of the patient's dollar for abnormals was spent on appreciably high abnormal tests that were not followed up. This represents a substantial cost to the patient, from which no benefit can be envisioned.", "PMID": 722257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9155", "title": "Tricyclic antidepressant prescribing habits: a comparison of family physicians and psychiatrists.", "content": "Because of persistent evidence that tricyclic antidepressants are generally underprescribed in respect to dosage and duration of treatment, a large group of family physicians attending a postgraduate course were asked specifically about their prescribing habits for these drugs. Their responses were compared to a group of psychiatrists. This study documented a tendency among family physicians, when compared to psychiatrists, to prescribe too low a dosage of tricyclics for treatment, to be hesitant to increase the dosage, and to discontinue maintenance prematurely. The family physicians overwhelmingly expressed the belief that 75 mg per day of imipramine or amitriptyline was sufficient for treatment maintenance, whereas 150 mg per day is ordinarily considered the minimum effective dosage. Proper use of tricyclic medication with a discussion of side effects and potential hazards is presented.", "contents": "Tricyclic antidepressant prescribing habits: a comparison of family physicians and psychiatrists. Because of persistent evidence that tricyclic antidepressants are generally underprescribed in respect to dosage and duration of treatment, a large group of family physicians attending a postgraduate course were asked specifically about their prescribing habits for these drugs. Their responses were compared to a group of psychiatrists. This study documented a tendency among family physicians, when compared to psychiatrists, to prescribe too low a dosage of tricyclics for treatment, to be hesitant to increase the dosage, and to discontinue maintenance prematurely. The family physicians overwhelmingly expressed the belief that 75 mg per day of imipramine or amitriptyline was sufficient for treatment maintenance, whereas 150 mg per day is ordinarily considered the minimum effective dosage. Proper use of tricyclic medication with a discussion of side effects and potential hazards is presented.", "PMID": 722258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9156", "title": "Ethical and legal issues in family practice.", "content": "The unique goal of family practice, that of caring for the entire family's broadly defined health needs, places the family physician in an especially uncomfortable position when there is intrafamily conflict. In particular, the question of \"whose agent (physician) are you?\" when a family is in conflict often creates a serious ethical dilemma for the family physician. The roles of three experts who deal with family conflict, the psychotherapist, the lawyer, and the family physician, are compared and contrasted. The physician as expert is a useful approach only insofar as there are clearcut answers to a particular problem. But the ambiguity inherent in ethical problems makes this approach less than satisfactory. The role of the physician as teacher/facilitator is explored as an alternative to resolving the ethical dilemmas of intrafamily conflict.", "contents": "Ethical and legal issues in family practice. The unique goal of family practice, that of caring for the entire family's broadly defined health needs, places the family physician in an especially uncomfortable position when there is intrafamily conflict. In particular, the question of \"whose agent (physician) are you?\" when a family is in conflict often creates a serious ethical dilemma for the family physician. The roles of three experts who deal with family conflict, the psychotherapist, the lawyer, and the family physician, are compared and contrasted. The physician as expert is a useful approach only insofar as there are clearcut answers to a particular problem. But the ambiguity inherent in ethical problems makes this approach less than satisfactory. The role of the physician as teacher/facilitator is explored as an alternative to resolving the ethical dilemmas of intrafamily conflict.", "PMID": 722260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9157", "title": "Sigmoidoscopy as a periodic screening test.", "content": "Available data suggest that routine screening procedures and removal of benign adenomatous polyps in all asymptomatic patients over the age of 40 to 50 years may significantly reduce both mortality and morbidity rates for colorectal carcinoma. Such data show that sigmoidoscopy is a valuable part of any screening program and can be performed at low cost and with minimal risk to the patient. It is concluded that an adequate routine screening program can be achieved with annual stool guaiac examination and sigmoidoscopy every five years between ages 40 and 50, and every three years over the age of 50 in asymptomatic patients. All patients with a history of colonic lesions must be seen more frequently because of the higher risk of recurrence.", "contents": "Sigmoidoscopy as a periodic screening test. Available data suggest that routine screening procedures and removal of benign adenomatous polyps in all asymptomatic patients over the age of 40 to 50 years may significantly reduce both mortality and morbidity rates for colorectal carcinoma. Such data show that sigmoidoscopy is a valuable part of any screening program and can be performed at low cost and with minimal risk to the patient. It is concluded that an adequate routine screening program can be achieved with annual stool guaiac examination and sigmoidoscopy every five years between ages 40 and 50, and every three years over the age of 50 in asymptomatic patients. All patients with a history of colonic lesions must be seen more frequently because of the higher risk of recurrence.", "PMID": 722261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9158", "title": "Urinary tract infections in children: a review.", "content": "Urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children are a common and challenging problem for the primary care physician and continue to be a cause of significant morbidity. Except for the neonatal period, UTIs occur most frequently in girls. The symptoms of UTI in the child may be obscure, and often a high index of suspicion is required. Diagnosis ultimately depends on the urine culture. Current concepts in the diagnosis and therapy of UTIs in children include the use of urine culture for initial diagnosis and home cultures for follow-up. Evidence fully supports the concept that even a single episode of documented bacteriuria, symptomatic or asymptomatic, should be investigated with an intravenous pyelogram (IVP) and voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG).", "contents": "Urinary tract infections in children: a review. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children are a common and challenging problem for the primary care physician and continue to be a cause of significant morbidity. Except for the neonatal period, UTIs occur most frequently in girls. The symptoms of UTI in the child may be obscure, and often a high index of suspicion is required. Diagnosis ultimately depends on the urine culture. Current concepts in the diagnosis and therapy of UTIs in children include the use of urine culture for initial diagnosis and home cultures for follow-up. Evidence fully supports the concept that even a single episode of documented bacteriuria, symptomatic or asymptomatic, should be investigated with an intravenous pyelogram (IVP) and voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG).", "PMID": 722267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9159", "title": "Long Q-T syndrome: a preventable form of sudden death.", "content": "The long Q-T syndrome, with or without congenital deafness, is characterized by syncopal attacks and prolongation of Q-T interval on the electrocardiogram. Untreated cases with syncope are usually fatal, but if diagnosed and treated appropriately with beta adrenergic blockers or surgical left stellate ganglionectomy, prognosis is markedly improved. This report describes an 11-year follow-up of a child with the long Q-T syndrome, in whom frequent syncopal attacks were successfully treated with propranolol.", "contents": "Long Q-T syndrome: a preventable form of sudden death. The long Q-T syndrome, with or without congenital deafness, is characterized by syncopal attacks and prolongation of Q-T interval on the electrocardiogram. Untreated cases with syncope are usually fatal, but if diagnosed and treated appropriately with beta adrenergic blockers or surgical left stellate ganglionectomy, prognosis is markedly improved. This report describes an 11-year follow-up of a child with the long Q-T syndrome, in whom frequent syncopal attacks were successfully treated with propranolol.", "PMID": 722268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9160", "title": "Acetaminophen poisoning.", "content": "A case of suspected acetaminophen poisoning is reported in a child who ingested 19 gm of acetaminophen over a seven-day period. She exhibited evidence of severe renal and hepatic damage which resolved with supportive therapy. Serum levels of acetaminophen were not in the toxic range; hence, proof of the etiology was not possible. It is probable that a delay in suspecting acetaminophen toxicity allowed time for the serum acetaminophen level to return to normal. Acetaminophen is a safe drug when used properly, but overdosage can cause severe toxicity. With increased use in this country, increasing episodes of overdosages should be anticipated. Blood levels should be obtained early in acutely ill patients when acetaminophen toxicity is suspected.", "contents": "Acetaminophen poisoning. A case of suspected acetaminophen poisoning is reported in a child who ingested 19 gm of acetaminophen over a seven-day period. She exhibited evidence of severe renal and hepatic damage which resolved with supportive therapy. Serum levels of acetaminophen were not in the toxic range; hence, proof of the etiology was not possible. It is probable that a delay in suspecting acetaminophen toxicity allowed time for the serum acetaminophen level to return to normal. Acetaminophen is a safe drug when used properly, but overdosage can cause severe toxicity. With increased use in this country, increasing episodes of overdosages should be anticipated. Blood levels should be obtained early in acutely ill patients when acetaminophen toxicity is suspected.", "PMID": 722269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9161", "title": "Contraceptive compliance in family medicine: a comparison of the family physician and the family planning clinics.", "content": "A longitudinal, controlled study of contraceptive compliance was undertaken in a solo family practice in which 240 high-risk women were allocated alternatively to Practice and Clinic Groups. The effectiveness of the two services was evaluated at six-month intervals. Women in the family practice demonstrated better contraceptive compliance than those referred to the family planning clinics. There was a significantly lower number of pregnancies and fewer women experiencing unprotected intercourse in the Practice Group. The study demonstrates the potential of the family physician to achieve better compliance than the clinics of a well-resourced, successful family planning association. The need for the physician to accept his/her role as a family planning counselor and to be trained to offer a comprehensive contraceptive service is discussed.", "contents": "Contraceptive compliance in family medicine: a comparison of the family physician and the family planning clinics. A longitudinal, controlled study of contraceptive compliance was undertaken in a solo family practice in which 240 high-risk women were allocated alternatively to Practice and Clinic Groups. The effectiveness of the two services was evaluated at six-month intervals. Women in the family practice demonstrated better contraceptive compliance than those referred to the family planning clinics. There was a significantly lower number of pregnancies and fewer women experiencing unprotected intercourse in the Practice Group. The study demonstrates the potential of the family physician to achieve better compliance than the clinics of a well-resourced, successful family planning association. The need for the physician to accept his/her role as a family planning counselor and to be trained to offer a comprehensive contraceptive service is discussed.", "PMID": 722270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9162", "title": "Life change and illness onset: importance of concepts for family physicians.", "content": "The questions of illness susceptibility and the how and why of the onset of illness are of great concern to family physicians, who are constantly presented with a bewildering array of maladies. This paper presents a model of illness onset as related to life change which is felt to be a highly relevant and useful concept for family physicians. This model has been developed over many years and proposes that illness onset is predictably related to life change, which in turn is a reflection of the amount of coping required. The specific development of these concepts is presented in detail including the development and quantitation of the social readjustment rating scale which quantifies life changes.", "contents": "Life change and illness onset: importance of concepts for family physicians. The questions of illness susceptibility and the how and why of the onset of illness are of great concern to family physicians, who are constantly presented with a bewildering array of maladies. This paper presents a model of illness onset as related to life change which is felt to be a highly relevant and useful concept for family physicians. This model has been developed over many years and proposes that illness onset is predictably related to life change, which in turn is a reflection of the amount of coping required. The specific development of these concepts is presented in detail including the development and quantitation of the social readjustment rating scale which quantifies life changes.", "PMID": 722271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9163", "title": "The teaching of human sexuality in a family medicine training program.", "content": "Sexual health is an important component of the individual's total health picture. The primary physician, however, is often ill-prepared to deal with issues around sexuality and sexual dysfunction, and family medicine units need to structure programs for teaching in this area. This article describes a teaching program on human sexuality in a family medicine setting. Its major goals were the transmission of information, the teaching of skills, and the desensitization of the health care professional in this area. The program consisted of a series of four seminars and ongoing teaching. The seminars focused on the human sexual response, sexual myths, sexual history taking, and sexual dysfunction and treatment. Ongoing teaching included case discussion, consultation, and joint interviews. It is hoped that the description of this program will serve as a model and/or impetus to other family medicine training programs.", "contents": "The teaching of human sexuality in a family medicine training program. Sexual health is an important component of the individual's total health picture. The primary physician, however, is often ill-prepared to deal with issues around sexuality and sexual dysfunction, and family medicine units need to structure programs for teaching in this area. This article describes a teaching program on human sexuality in a family medicine setting. Its major goals were the transmission of information, the teaching of skills, and the desensitization of the health care professional in this area. The program consisted of a series of four seminars and ongoing teaching. The seminars focused on the human sexual response, sexual myths, sexual history taking, and sexual dysfunction and treatment. Ongoing teaching included case discussion, consultation, and joint interviews. It is hoped that the description of this program will serve as a model and/or impetus to other family medicine training programs.", "PMID": 722272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9164", "title": "Genetic variation, cellular distribution and ontogeny of sorbitol dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes in male reproductive tissues of the mouse.", "content": "Cellulose acetate zymograms of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) extracted from male reproductive tissues of inbred mice were examined. ADH isozymes were differentially distributed in these tissues of C3H/He mice; ADH-B2 was observed in all tissues and testis cellular preparations examined; ADH-C2 was localized predominantly in the epididymis but was also present in the seminal vesicles, coagulating gland, and prostate gland. SDH was broadly distributed in these tissues but exhibited highest activities in the seminal vesicles, coagulating glands, and germinal cells of mature testes. Genetic variants for ADH-C2 and SDH provided evidence for (1) the identity of a second form of SDH in epididymis with ADH-C2; (2) the genetic identity of kidney, seminal vesicle, and testis SDH; and (3) the gentic identity of stomach and epididymal ADH-C2. Developmental changes in testis and epididymal ADH isozymes during maturation were examined. ADH-C2 appeared in the mature epididymis whereas ADH-B2 exhibited no major changes in activity in testis and epididymis during development.", "contents": "Genetic variation, cellular distribution and ontogeny of sorbitol dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes in male reproductive tissues of the mouse. Cellulose acetate zymograms of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) extracted from male reproductive tissues of inbred mice were examined. ADH isozymes were differentially distributed in these tissues of C3H/He mice; ADH-B2 was observed in all tissues and testis cellular preparations examined; ADH-C2 was localized predominantly in the epididymis but was also present in the seminal vesicles, coagulating gland, and prostate gland. SDH was broadly distributed in these tissues but exhibited highest activities in the seminal vesicles, coagulating glands, and germinal cells of mature testes. Genetic variants for ADH-C2 and SDH provided evidence for (1) the identity of a second form of SDH in epididymis with ADH-C2; (2) the genetic identity of kidney, seminal vesicle, and testis SDH; and (3) the gentic identity of stomach and epididymal ADH-C2. Developmental changes in testis and epididymal ADH isozymes during maturation were examined. ADH-C2 appeared in the mature epididymis whereas ADH-B2 exhibited no major changes in activity in testis and epididymis during development.", "PMID": 722274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9165", "title": "Potassium channels as multi-ion single-file pores.", "content": "A literature review reveals many lines of evidence that both delayed rectifier and inward rectifier potassium channels are multi-ion pores. These include unidirectional flux ratios given by the 2--2.5 power of the electrochemical activity ratio, very steeply voltage-dependent block with monovalent blocking ions, relief of block by permeant ions added to the side opposite from the blocking ion, rectification depending on E--EK, and a minimum in the reversal potential or conductance as external K+ ions are replaced by an equivalent concentration of T1+ ions. We consider a channel with a linear sequence of energy barriers and binding sites. The channel can be occupied by more than one ion at a time, and ions hop in single file into vacant sites with rate constants that depend on barrier heights, membrane potential, and interionic repulsion. Such multi-ion models reproduce qualitatively the special flux properties of potassium channels when the barriers for hopping out of the pore are larger than for hopping between sites within the pore and when there is repulsion between ions. These conditions also produce multiple maxima in the conductance-ion activity relationship. In agreement with Armstrong's hypothesis (1969. J. Gen. Physiol. 54:553--575), inward rectification may be understood in terms of block by an internal blocking cation. Potassium channels must have at least three sites and often contain at least two ions at a time.", "contents": "Potassium channels as multi-ion single-file pores. A literature review reveals many lines of evidence that both delayed rectifier and inward rectifier potassium channels are multi-ion pores. These include unidirectional flux ratios given by the 2--2.5 power of the electrochemical activity ratio, very steeply voltage-dependent block with monovalent blocking ions, relief of block by permeant ions added to the side opposite from the blocking ion, rectification depending on E--EK, and a minimum in the reversal potential or conductance as external K+ ions are replaced by an equivalent concentration of T1+ ions. We consider a channel with a linear sequence of energy barriers and binding sites. The channel can be occupied by more than one ion at a time, and ions hop in single file into vacant sites with rate constants that depend on barrier heights, membrane potential, and interionic repulsion. Such multi-ion models reproduce qualitatively the special flux properties of potassium channels when the barriers for hopping out of the pore are larger than for hopping between sites within the pore and when there is repulsion between ions. These conditions also produce multiple maxima in the conductance-ion activity relationship. In agreement with Armstrong's hypothesis (1969. J. Gen. Physiol. 54:553--575), inward rectification may be understood in terms of block by an internal blocking cation. Potassium channels must have at least three sites and often contain at least two ions at a time.", "PMID": 722275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9166", "title": "Calcium efflux from squid axons under constant sodium electrochemical gradient.", "content": "The effect of varying Nao and Nai on Ca efflux while maintaining the ratio Nao/Nai constant was explored in squid giant axons dialyzed with and without ATP. In the absence of ATP, the Ca efflux increased 3.4 +/- 0.2-fold when the Nao/Nai concentrations were reduced from 440/80 to 110/20 mM. In the presence of ATP a similar change did not have an appreciable effect. The inhibition of Ca efflux produced by Nai was studied in the presence and in the absence of ATP. In the absence of ATP, inhibition is very marked and is reminiscent of a unimolecular noncompetitive reaction (inactivation constant [KI] of 34 +/- 5 mM of Nai) whereas in the presence of ATP, the slight inhibition observed indicates that ATP probably increases the KI to 200mM. From the inhibition of the Ca efflux produced by Nai in the presence or absence of ATP a curve describing the dependence of Nai of the ATP-promoted fraction of Ca efflux was constructed. The effect of Nao on the Ca efflux was studied as a function of [Na]i: at low Nai, an activation constant (KA) of 41 mM for Nao was obtained either in the presence of in the absence of ATP. As the intracellular Na is increased in the presence of ATP, Nai seems to have no effect on the apparent half-activation constant. However, in the absence of ATP, the KA for activation increases along a sigmoid curve reaching a value of 112 mM at 100 mM Nai. It is concluded that the Ca efflux system uses the energy of the Na electrochemical gradient. The action of Nai appears to be such that the interaction of a single Na+ is sufficient to block Ca extrusion whereas several Naps externally are necessary to activate Ca extrusion.", "contents": "Calcium efflux from squid axons under constant sodium electrochemical gradient. The effect of varying Nao and Nai on Ca efflux while maintaining the ratio Nao/Nai constant was explored in squid giant axons dialyzed with and without ATP. In the absence of ATP, the Ca efflux increased 3.4 +/- 0.2-fold when the Nao/Nai concentrations were reduced from 440/80 to 110/20 mM. In the presence of ATP a similar change did not have an appreciable effect. The inhibition of Ca efflux produced by Nai was studied in the presence and in the absence of ATP. In the absence of ATP, inhibition is very marked and is reminiscent of a unimolecular noncompetitive reaction (inactivation constant [KI] of 34 +/- 5 mM of Nai) whereas in the presence of ATP, the slight inhibition observed indicates that ATP probably increases the KI to 200mM. From the inhibition of the Ca efflux produced by Nai in the presence or absence of ATP a curve describing the dependence of Nai of the ATP-promoted fraction of Ca efflux was constructed. The effect of Nao on the Ca efflux was studied as a function of [Na]i: at low Nai, an activation constant (KA) of 41 mM for Nao was obtained either in the presence of in the absence of ATP. As the intracellular Na is increased in the presence of ATP, Nai seems to have no effect on the apparent half-activation constant. However, in the absence of ATP, the KA for activation increases along a sigmoid curve reaching a value of 112 mM at 100 mM Nai. It is concluded that the Ca efflux system uses the energy of the Na electrochemical gradient. The action of Nai appears to be such that the interaction of a single Na+ is sufficient to block Ca extrusion whereas several Naps externally are necessary to activate Ca extrusion.", "PMID": 722276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9167", "title": "Diffusion of water in cat ventricular myocardium.", "content": "The rates of diffusion of tritiated water (THO) and [14C]sucrose across cat right ventricular myocardium were studied at 23 degrees C in an Ussing-type diffusion cell, recording the time-course of increase in concentration of tracer in one chamber over 4--6 h after adding tracers to the other. Sucrose data were fitted with a model for a homogeneous sheet of uneven thickness in which the tissue is considered to be an array of parallel independent pathways (parallel pathway model) of varying length. The volume of the sucrose diffusion space, presumably a wholly extracellular pathway, was 23% of the tissue or 27.4 +/-1.7% (mean +/- SEM; n=11) of the tissue water. The effective intramyocardial sucrose diffusion coefficient, D8, was 1.51 +/- 0.19 X 10(-6)cm2.s-1 (n=11). Combining these data with earlier data, D8 was 22.6 +/- 1.1% (n=95) of the free diffusion coefficient in aqueous solution D degrees 8. The parallel pathway model and a dead-end pore model, which might have accounted for intracellular sequestration of water, gave estimates of DW/D degrees W (observed/free) of 15%. Because hindrance to water diffusion must be less than for sucrose (where D8/D degrees 8=22.6%), this showed the inadequacy of these models to account simultaneously for the diffusional resistance and the tissue water content. The third or cell-matrix model, a heterogeneous system of permeable cells arrayed in the extracellular matrix, allowed logical and geometrically reasonable interpretations of the steady-state data and implied estimates of DW in the cellular and extracellular fluid of approximately 25% of the aqueous diffusion coefficient.", "contents": "Diffusion of water in cat ventricular myocardium. The rates of diffusion of tritiated water (THO) and [14C]sucrose across cat right ventricular myocardium were studied at 23 degrees C in an Ussing-type diffusion cell, recording the time-course of increase in concentration of tracer in one chamber over 4--6 h after adding tracers to the other. Sucrose data were fitted with a model for a homogeneous sheet of uneven thickness in which the tissue is considered to be an array of parallel independent pathways (parallel pathway model) of varying length. The volume of the sucrose diffusion space, presumably a wholly extracellular pathway, was 23% of the tissue or 27.4 +/-1.7% (mean +/- SEM; n=11) of the tissue water. The effective intramyocardial sucrose diffusion coefficient, D8, was 1.51 +/- 0.19 X 10(-6)cm2.s-1 (n=11). Combining these data with earlier data, D8 was 22.6 +/- 1.1% (n=95) of the free diffusion coefficient in aqueous solution D degrees 8. The parallel pathway model and a dead-end pore model, which might have accounted for intracellular sequestration of water, gave estimates of DW/D degrees W (observed/free) of 15%. Because hindrance to water diffusion must be less than for sucrose (where D8/D degrees 8=22.6%), this showed the inadequacy of these models to account simultaneously for the diffusional resistance and the tissue water content. The third or cell-matrix model, a heterogeneous system of permeable cells arrayed in the extracellular matrix, allowed logical and geometrically reasonable interpretations of the steady-state data and implied estimates of DW in the cellular and extracellular fluid of approximately 25% of the aqueous diffusion coefficient.", "PMID": 722277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9168", "title": "Limulus ventral eye. Physiological properties of photoreceptor cells in an organ culture medium.", "content": "Ventral photoreceptor cells bathed in an organ culture medium typically have resting potentials of -85 mV and membrane resistances of 35 Momega and, when dark-adapted, exhibit large potential fluctuations (LPFs) of 60 mV and small potential fluctuations (SPFs) of less than 30 mV. LPFs appear to be regenerative events triggered by SPFs, the well-known quantum bumps. In the dark, SPFs and LPFs occur spontaneously. At intensities near threshold, the rate of occurrence is directly proportional to light intensity, indicating that SPFs and LPFs are elicited by single photon events. At higher intensities, SPFs and LPFs sum to produce a receptor potential that is graded over approximately a 9-log-unit range of light intensity. Amplitude histograms of the discrete potential waves are bimodal, reflecting the SPF and LPF populations. Histograms of current waves are unimodal. SPFs and LPFs are insensitive to 1 microgram tetrodotoxin. I-V characteristics show initial inward currents of approximately 15 nA for voltage clamps to -40 mV and steady-state outward currents for all clamp potentials. Photoreceptor cells bathed in organ culture medium retain these properties for periods of at least 75 days.", "contents": "Limulus ventral eye. Physiological properties of photoreceptor cells in an organ culture medium. Ventral photoreceptor cells bathed in an organ culture medium typically have resting potentials of -85 mV and membrane resistances of 35 Momega and, when dark-adapted, exhibit large potential fluctuations (LPFs) of 60 mV and small potential fluctuations (SPFs) of less than 30 mV. LPFs appear to be regenerative events triggered by SPFs, the well-known quantum bumps. In the dark, SPFs and LPFs occur spontaneously. At intensities near threshold, the rate of occurrence is directly proportional to light intensity, indicating that SPFs and LPFs are elicited by single photon events. At higher intensities, SPFs and LPFs sum to produce a receptor potential that is graded over approximately a 9-log-unit range of light intensity. Amplitude histograms of the discrete potential waves are bimodal, reflecting the SPF and LPF populations. Histograms of current waves are unimodal. SPFs and LPFs are insensitive to 1 microgram tetrodotoxin. I-V characteristics show initial inward currents of approximately 15 nA for voltage clamps to -40 mV and steady-state outward currents for all clamp potentials. Photoreceptor cells bathed in organ culture medium retain these properties for periods of at least 75 days.", "PMID": 722278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9169", "title": "The effects of some different metabolic inhibitors on interferon superinduction.", "content": "Three different inhibitors of RNA synthesis, actinomycin, alpha-amanitin and camptothecin, and five different inhibitors of protein synthesis were able to superinduce interferon production in human diploid fibroblasts treated with poly(rI).poly(rC). Camptothecin was shown to be a reversible inhibitor of virus induced interferon formation. It also substantially reduced the interferon yield from human diploid fibroblasts which had been superinduced with actinomycin D and cycloheximide. This suggests that the previously reported failure of camptothecin to inhibit interferon production in human diploid cells after induction with poly(rI).poly(rC) is the result of two mutually opposing effects: a marked inhibition of interferon messenger RNA synthesis, but a stimulation of the activity of the interferon messenger RNA that is formed.", "contents": "The effects of some different metabolic inhibitors on interferon superinduction. Three different inhibitors of RNA synthesis, actinomycin, alpha-amanitin and camptothecin, and five different inhibitors of protein synthesis were able to superinduce interferon production in human diploid fibroblasts treated with poly(rI).poly(rC). Camptothecin was shown to be a reversible inhibitor of virus induced interferon formation. It also substantially reduced the interferon yield from human diploid fibroblasts which had been superinduced with actinomycin D and cycloheximide. This suggests that the previously reported failure of camptothecin to inhibit interferon production in human diploid cells after induction with poly(rI).poly(rC) is the result of two mutually opposing effects: a marked inhibition of interferon messenger RNA synthesis, but a stimulation of the activity of the interferon messenger RNA that is formed.", "PMID": 722279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9170", "title": "Isolation and characterization of polysheaths, phage tail-like defective bacteriophages of Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16.", "content": "Polysheaths were spontaneously formed inside cells of the hydrogen bacterium Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16. These particles are long tube-like structures of 24 nm diam. belonging to the phage tail-like defective bacteriophages (Lotz, 1976). In mid log-phase fermenter-grown cells, polysheaths were observed in about 20% of all cells sectioned. Evidence is provided for an inhibition of cell fission by polysheaths. Polysheaths were isolated by differential centrifugation and precipitation techniques using PEG and antibodies. The morphology of polysheaths was investigated electron microscopically by negative staining, ultrathin sectioning and metal shadowing. A surface lattice of the polysheath was derived from light optical diffraction data. The particles were also characterized by their biochemical and biophysical features: mol. wt. of the subunit determined by SDS-gel electrophoresis (58 000), amino acid composition, isoelectric point (4.4), u.v. absorbance spectrum indicating the absence of nucleic acid, buoyant density (1.258), and stability against denaturants and proteolytic enzymes.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of polysheaths, phage tail-like defective bacteriophages of Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16. Polysheaths were spontaneously formed inside cells of the hydrogen bacterium Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16. These particles are long tube-like structures of 24 nm diam. belonging to the phage tail-like defective bacteriophages (Lotz, 1976). In mid log-phase fermenter-grown cells, polysheaths were observed in about 20% of all cells sectioned. Evidence is provided for an inhibition of cell fission by polysheaths. Polysheaths were isolated by differential centrifugation and precipitation techniques using PEG and antibodies. The morphology of polysheaths was investigated electron microscopically by negative staining, ultrathin sectioning and metal shadowing. A surface lattice of the polysheath was derived from light optical diffraction data. The particles were also characterized by their biochemical and biophysical features: mol. wt. of the subunit determined by SDS-gel electrophoresis (58 000), amino acid composition, isoelectric point (4.4), u.v. absorbance spectrum indicating the absence of nucleic acid, buoyant density (1.258), and stability against denaturants and proteolytic enzymes.", "PMID": 722280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9171", "title": "Phage growth characteristics on stationary phase Achromobacter cells.", "content": "The growth characteristics of alpha3a bacteriophage on stationary phase Achromobacter strain 14 are described. Phage alpha3a growth on stationary phase cells is characterized by a long and variable latent period of 6 to 9 h and an increased burst size of 710 p.f.u./cell as compared with 153 p.f.u./cell in exponential wild type cells. During the latent period the infected cells are very sensitive to changes in growth conditions and in particular, dilution. Pre-conditioning of the bacterial cells by allowing them to stand for 24 h after shaking for 3 days is an important aspect of the stationary phase phage growth system. Cells which have been allowed to stand retain the ability to be infected and to support phage growth for at least 16 days. Shaking cultures gradually lose the ability to support phage growth but the phage can persist in the host cell for 10 days until removal from shaking when the lytic cycle can proceed after allowing the cultures to stand.", "contents": "Phage growth characteristics on stationary phase Achromobacter cells. The growth characteristics of alpha3a bacteriophage on stationary phase Achromobacter strain 14 are described. Phage alpha3a growth on stationary phase cells is characterized by a long and variable latent period of 6 to 9 h and an increased burst size of 710 p.f.u./cell as compared with 153 p.f.u./cell in exponential wild type cells. During the latent period the infected cells are very sensitive to changes in growth conditions and in particular, dilution. Pre-conditioning of the bacterial cells by allowing them to stand for 24 h after shaking for 3 days is an important aspect of the stationary phase phage growth system. Cells which have been allowed to stand retain the ability to be infected and to support phage growth for at least 16 days. Shaking cultures gradually lose the ability to support phage growth but the phage can persist in the host cell for 10 days until removal from shaking when the lytic cycle can proceed after allowing the cultures to stand.", "PMID": 722281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9172", "title": "Isolation and phenotypic characterization of human adenovirus type 2 temperature-sensitive mutants.", "content": "Thirty-nine temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants that fail to grow at 39.5 degrees C but develop normally at 33 degrees C have been isolated from a nitrous-acid-treated stock of a wild-type strain of type 2 human adenovirus. The frequency of ts mutants among the surviving viruses was about 10%. Complementation tests in doubly infected cell cultures at restrictive temperature permitted the assignment of 19 of these mutants to 11 complementation groups. They are characterized phenotypically according to their soluble capsid antigen production quantified by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis, virus DNA synthesis, as measured by alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation of 34S DNA, and virion morphogenesis, as analysed by electron microscopy os cell sections. Two complementation groups were defective for DNA synthesis, four for soluble hexon production and two groups for total penton (penton base + fibre), while one group revealed no fibre production. Two complementation groups presented a normal antigen pattern, but the particles exhibited altered morphology as observed in cell sections.", "contents": "Isolation and phenotypic characterization of human adenovirus type 2 temperature-sensitive mutants. Thirty-nine temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants that fail to grow at 39.5 degrees C but develop normally at 33 degrees C have been isolated from a nitrous-acid-treated stock of a wild-type strain of type 2 human adenovirus. The frequency of ts mutants among the surviving viruses was about 10%. Complementation tests in doubly infected cell cultures at restrictive temperature permitted the assignment of 19 of these mutants to 11 complementation groups. They are characterized phenotypically according to their soluble capsid antigen production quantified by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis, virus DNA synthesis, as measured by alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation of 34S DNA, and virion morphogenesis, as analysed by electron microscopy os cell sections. Two complementation groups were defective for DNA synthesis, four for soluble hexon production and two groups for total penton (penton base + fibre), while one group revealed no fibre production. Two complementation groups presented a normal antigen pattern, but the particles exhibited altered morphology as observed in cell sections.", "PMID": 722282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9173", "title": "The isolation of recombinants between related orbiviruses.", "content": "Temperature-sensitive mutants of the related orbiviruses, Wallal and Mudjinbarry, recombine with high frequency when grown in pairs in cell culture. The genome of each virus consists of discrete segments of double-stranded RNA and high frequency recombination suggests that reassortment of genome segments occurs rather than classical recombination. Electrophoresis in acrylamide gels of RNA extracted from the progeny of a cross between Wallal ts 101 and Mudjinbarry ts 3 mutants, revealed that three plaque isolates of 60 tested differed in RNA pattern from each of the parent viruses and from each other. Further analysis of the electrophoretic profiles suggested that the isolates were recombinants with RNA segments derived from each of the parent viruses.", "contents": "The isolation of recombinants between related orbiviruses. Temperature-sensitive mutants of the related orbiviruses, Wallal and Mudjinbarry, recombine with high frequency when grown in pairs in cell culture. The genome of each virus consists of discrete segments of double-stranded RNA and high frequency recombination suggests that reassortment of genome segments occurs rather than classical recombination. Electrophoresis in acrylamide gels of RNA extracted from the progeny of a cross between Wallal ts 101 and Mudjinbarry ts 3 mutants, revealed that three plaque isolates of 60 tested differed in RNA pattern from each of the parent viruses and from each other. Further analysis of the electrophoretic profiles suggested that the isolates were recombinants with RNA segments derived from each of the parent viruses.", "PMID": 722283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9174", "title": "Assembly of Semliki Forest virus nucleocapsid: detection of a precursor in infected cells.", "content": "The synthesis of Semliki Forest virus nucleocapsid in infected cells was studied by labelling the virus RNAs with 3H-uridine for different periods at various phases of infection. Short pulses (10 to 20 min) revealed the accumulation of 42S RNA in a ribonucleoprotein which sedimented at about 90S (90S RNP) and contained only small amounts of capsid protein. Only after longer pulses was the labelled 42S RNA found in the virus nucleocapsid, suggesting that the 90S RNP may be its precursor. The life time of the 90S RNP was long in the early phases of infection and short in the late phases, reflecting the increased rate of assembly of the nucleocapsid during infection. The 90S RNP was the only 42S RNA containing RNP found in cells infected with temperature sensitive mutants deficient in nucleocapsid formation or wild type infected cells treated with cycloheximide to inhibit nucleocapsid assembly.", "contents": "Assembly of Semliki Forest virus nucleocapsid: detection of a precursor in infected cells. The synthesis of Semliki Forest virus nucleocapsid in infected cells was studied by labelling the virus RNAs with 3H-uridine for different periods at various phases of infection. Short pulses (10 to 20 min) revealed the accumulation of 42S RNA in a ribonucleoprotein which sedimented at about 90S (90S RNP) and contained only small amounts of capsid protein. Only after longer pulses was the labelled 42S RNA found in the virus nucleocapsid, suggesting that the 90S RNP may be its precursor. The life time of the 90S RNP was long in the early phases of infection and short in the late phases, reflecting the increased rate of assembly of the nucleocapsid during infection. The 90S RNP was the only 42S RNA containing RNP found in cells infected with temperature sensitive mutants deficient in nucleocapsid formation or wild type infected cells treated with cycloheximide to inhibit nucleocapsid assembly.", "PMID": 722284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9175", "title": "An improved method for determining neutralizing antibody against lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in human sera.", "content": "Human antibody neutralizing lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus is most reliably determined in mice as assay hosts. Whereas the previously recommended procedure yielding a neutralization index requires much serum, the method described here uses only 0.1 ml. An equal mixture of virus and serum is incubated and residual infectivity is titrated intracerebrally in mice. The neutralizing activity is given by the ratio of virus surviving after incubation with control serum and with the test serum respectively. This ratio is called the neutralization factor.", "contents": "An improved method for determining neutralizing antibody against lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in human sera. Human antibody neutralizing lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus is most reliably determined in mice as assay hosts. Whereas the previously recommended procedure yielding a neutralization index requires much serum, the method described here uses only 0.1 ml. An equal mixture of virus and serum is incubated and residual infectivity is titrated intracerebrally in mice. The neutralizing activity is given by the ratio of virus surviving after incubation with control serum and with the test serum respectively. This ratio is called the neutralization factor.", "PMID": 722285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9176", "title": "Exposure to onion taste in mother's milk leads to enhanced preference for onion diet among weanling rats.", "content": "Five mothers of 50 newborn rat pups were maintained on either standard lab chow or a diet composed of the same chow with onion powder added. Taste preference tests administered during weaning indicated that the pups whose mother was fed the onion chow showed a preference for onion diet, but that such preference dissipated across the five day testing period. A control group of pups who were exposed to any onion diet cues available through channels other than the mother's milk did not show a preference for onion diet. It was concluded that exposure to onion taste in mother's milk was responsible for an initial preference for onion diet.", "contents": "Exposure to onion taste in mother's milk leads to enhanced preference for onion diet among weanling rats. Five mothers of 50 newborn rat pups were maintained on either standard lab chow or a diet composed of the same chow with onion powder added. Taste preference tests administered during weaning indicated that the pups whose mother was fed the onion chow showed a preference for onion diet, but that such preference dissipated across the five day testing period. A control group of pups who were exposed to any onion diet cues available through channels other than the mother's milk did not show a preference for onion diet. It was concluded that exposure to onion taste in mother's milk was responsible for an initial preference for onion diet.", "PMID": 722286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9177", "title": "Failure to observe visual discrimination in old gerbils: replication report.", "content": "A recent study showed that while young gerbils can learn a visual line discrimination task, old gerbils cannot. That study has been criticized for not equating the motivational levels of the two age groups. The present study attempted to answer that criticism. Accordingly, two groups of old gerbils (total N = 10) were motivated either by a 22 hour food deprivation schedule or an 80% reduction in their ad lib weight. All animals were tested in a T-maze with sunflower seed reinforcers (highly prized by gerbils) being associated with horizontal or vertical stripes. As in the earlier study, these old gerbils did not acquire the visual discrimination.", "contents": "Failure to observe visual discrimination in old gerbils: replication report. A recent study showed that while young gerbils can learn a visual line discrimination task, old gerbils cannot. That study has been criticized for not equating the motivational levels of the two age groups. The present study attempted to answer that criticism. Accordingly, two groups of old gerbils (total N = 10) were motivated either by a 22 hour food deprivation schedule or an 80% reduction in their ad lib weight. All animals were tested in a T-maze with sunflower seed reinforcers (highly prized by gerbils) being associated with horizontal or vertical stripes. As in the earlier study, these old gerbils did not acquire the visual discrimination.", "PMID": 722287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9178", "title": "Effect of familiarity on primacy performance of normal and retarded children.", "content": "On the assumption that serial recall tasks reflect spatial memory rather than verbal rehearsal, the purpose of this experiment was to determine what effect stimulus familiarity had on the spatial primacy performance of 20 retarded and 20 normal boys and girls. Linear presentation effects of familiar and nonfamiliar pictures upon serial position curve performance when overt verbalization was suppressed were investigated. Results indicated that an interaction of stimulus familiarity and spatial memory is responsible for the primacy effect found in serial position curves. No primacy effect for either the normal or retardate group was found in the nonfamiliar stimulus condition. No overall developmental effects were found between groups of children on serial position performance. Consistent with Craik and Lockhart's memory processing model, the present results indicated stimulus familiarity provided deeper levels of processing, thereby facilitating primacy effects.", "contents": "Effect of familiarity on primacy performance of normal and retarded children. On the assumption that serial recall tasks reflect spatial memory rather than verbal rehearsal, the purpose of this experiment was to determine what effect stimulus familiarity had on the spatial primacy performance of 20 retarded and 20 normal boys and girls. Linear presentation effects of familiar and nonfamiliar pictures upon serial position curve performance when overt verbalization was suppressed were investigated. Results indicated that an interaction of stimulus familiarity and spatial memory is responsible for the primacy effect found in serial position curves. No primacy effect for either the normal or retardate group was found in the nonfamiliar stimulus condition. No overall developmental effects were found between groups of children on serial position performance. Consistent with Craik and Lockhart's memory processing model, the present results indicated stimulus familiarity provided deeper levels of processing, thereby facilitating primacy effects.", "PMID": 722288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9179", "title": "Approach-withdrawal response competition (AW-RC), displacement, and behavior modification.", "content": "This paper reviews displacement theory and animal research as derived from approach-withdrawal response competition (AW-RC), with a selected emphasis on clinical implications. AW-RC displacement is seen as part of the larger area of behavior modification while nevertheless distinguished from the larger area by a singular model and methodology. It is suggested that a lack of operational analysis of AW-RC displacement and behavior modification is responsible for some confusion about the two areas, has retarded developments and conclusions about behavior modification, and has contributed to, or produced, termination of research on AW-RC displacement. This review uncovers two major sets of results and one interesting observation. First, the displacement effect and the extinction effect of displacement are strongly supported, but the therapeutic effect of displacement is not supported. Second, time-delay that is characterized by eating under deprivation in an irrelevant situation does appear to produce true therapeutic effects of large magnitude. Berkun's observation, opening to other nondisplacement but AW-RC related observations and findings, suggests separable aspects of AW-RC behavior that are not correspondingly observable with other methodologies.", "contents": "Approach-withdrawal response competition (AW-RC), displacement, and behavior modification. This paper reviews displacement theory and animal research as derived from approach-withdrawal response competition (AW-RC), with a selected emphasis on clinical implications. AW-RC displacement is seen as part of the larger area of behavior modification while nevertheless distinguished from the larger area by a singular model and methodology. It is suggested that a lack of operational analysis of AW-RC displacement and behavior modification is responsible for some confusion about the two areas, has retarded developments and conclusions about behavior modification, and has contributed to, or produced, termination of research on AW-RC displacement. This review uncovers two major sets of results and one interesting observation. First, the displacement effect and the extinction effect of displacement are strongly supported, but the therapeutic effect of displacement is not supported. Second, time-delay that is characterized by eating under deprivation in an irrelevant situation does appear to produce true therapeutic effects of large magnitude. Berkun's observation, opening to other nondisplacement but AW-RC related observations and findings, suggests separable aspects of AW-RC behavior that are not correspondingly observable with other methodologies.", "PMID": 722289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9180", "title": "Color context as a factor in encoding and as an organization device for retrieval of word lists.", "content": "One hundred twenty female undergraduates were presented hierarchically organized or randomly arranged word lists within a context of hierarchically organized or randomly arranged color patterns. Recall scores were significantly higher with a hierarchic color pattern than with a random color pattern; this facilitating effect occurred for both hierarchic organizations and random arrangements of the word lists. The results suggest that Ss may use context as both a cueing of differentiating factor in encoding and as an organizational device for retrieval.", "contents": "Color context as a factor in encoding and as an organization device for retrieval of word lists. One hundred twenty female undergraduates were presented hierarchically organized or randomly arranged word lists within a context of hierarchically organized or randomly arranged color patterns. Recall scores were significantly higher with a hierarchic color pattern than with a random color pattern; this facilitating effect occurred for both hierarchic organizations and random arrangements of the word lists. The results suggest that Ss may use context as both a cueing of differentiating factor in encoding and as an organizational device for retrieval.", "PMID": 722290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9181", "title": "Gestalt closure and the human visual evoked cortical potential.", "content": "Previous research examined the relationship between perceptual psychological content and the human visual evoked cortical potential (VECP). Each study suffered a common methodological problem. The stimuli's properties covaried with their perceptual-psychological content. To circumvent this problem, VECP's were recorded before and after Ss (14 men and women) \"closed\" Gestalt figures. A small, consistent increase in amplitude was observed after figures were organized.", "contents": "Gestalt closure and the human visual evoked cortical potential. Previous research examined the relationship between perceptual psychological content and the human visual evoked cortical potential (VECP). Each study suffered a common methodological problem. The stimuli's properties covaried with their perceptual-psychological content. To circumvent this problem, VECP's were recorded before and after Ss (14 men and women) \"closed\" Gestalt figures. A small, consistent increase in amplitude was observed after figures were organized.", "PMID": 722291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9182", "title": "Interactions of Manifest Anxiety score with anagram letter transition probability and Thorndike-Lorge frequency of solution word.", "content": "In an experiment designed for further exploration of the effects of manifest anxiety upon anagram problem solving, two levels each of manifest anxiety score, letter transition probability of anagram, and Thorndike-Lorge frequency of solution word were factorially combined (N = 40 male and 40 female freshmen and sophomores). While corroborating the previous findings that anagram solving rate is positively related to solution word frequency and negatively related to anagram letter transition probability, the results have demonstrated a significant interaction of solution word frequency, though not of anagram letter transition probability, with manifest anxiety score. This interaction, as shown in the facilitative effect of manifest anxiety with anagrams derived from high-frequency words and the inhibitory effect with anagrams derived from low-frequency words, is consistent with Taylor's interpretation that manifest anxiety, as an emotionally based drive, multiplicatively interacts with habit strength.", "contents": "Interactions of Manifest Anxiety score with anagram letter transition probability and Thorndike-Lorge frequency of solution word. In an experiment designed for further exploration of the effects of manifest anxiety upon anagram problem solving, two levels each of manifest anxiety score, letter transition probability of anagram, and Thorndike-Lorge frequency of solution word were factorially combined (N = 40 male and 40 female freshmen and sophomores). While corroborating the previous findings that anagram solving rate is positively related to solution word frequency and negatively related to anagram letter transition probability, the results have demonstrated a significant interaction of solution word frequency, though not of anagram letter transition probability, with manifest anxiety score. This interaction, as shown in the facilitative effect of manifest anxiety with anagrams derived from high-frequency words and the inhibitory effect with anagrams derived from low-frequency words, is consistent with Taylor's interpretation that manifest anxiety, as an emotionally based drive, multiplicatively interacts with habit strength.", "PMID": 722292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9183", "title": "The relationship of mobility of inhibition to rate of inhibitory growth and measures of flexibility, extraversion, and neuroticism.", "content": "Measures of mobility of inhibition, and of internal, reactive and transmarginal inhibition, and inhibitory strength, which are claimed to index independent nervous system properties and personality dimensions, were obtained from a sample of 30 male undergraduates, and correlated with measures of sensorimotor, perceptual, and thinking flexibility, extraversion, and neuroticism. Results of a principal components analysis indicated that thinking flexibility and mobility of inhibition reflect speed of development of reactive inhibition, and the sensorimotor and perceptual flexibility are dependent on rate of growth of internal and transmarginal inhibition, respectively. Introverted Ss showed greater sensorimotor flexibility, but were less mobile, while Ss low on neuroticism were more flexible in perceptual tasks.", "contents": "The relationship of mobility of inhibition to rate of inhibitory growth and measures of flexibility, extraversion, and neuroticism. Measures of mobility of inhibition, and of internal, reactive and transmarginal inhibition, and inhibitory strength, which are claimed to index independent nervous system properties and personality dimensions, were obtained from a sample of 30 male undergraduates, and correlated with measures of sensorimotor, perceptual, and thinking flexibility, extraversion, and neuroticism. Results of a principal components analysis indicated that thinking flexibility and mobility of inhibition reflect speed of development of reactive inhibition, and the sensorimotor and perceptual flexibility are dependent on rate of growth of internal and transmarginal inhibition, respectively. Introverted Ss showed greater sensorimotor flexibility, but were less mobile, while Ss low on neuroticism were more flexible in perceptual tasks.", "PMID": 722293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9184", "title": "Reading ability and efficiency of graphemic-phonemic encoding.", "content": "It was hypothesized that children with a specific reading disability differ from children of normal reading ability because the former are impaired in extracting speech-like representations from graphemes. Three groups of 12 each of grade school boys and girls participated in timed word comparison tasks which required a \"same-different\" response. One group was specifically reading deficient, the other groups were matched either on age or on reading level to a deficient group. Monosyllabic word pairs were presented simultaneously by a slide projector. The deficient readers were slower than the two control groups only in a vowel phoneme comparison task and produced response times similar to the control groups for graphemic and visual symbol comparisons. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the problem in learning to read is due to multiple relationships between spelling (graphemes) and sound (phonemes).", "contents": "Reading ability and efficiency of graphemic-phonemic encoding. It was hypothesized that children with a specific reading disability differ from children of normal reading ability because the former are impaired in extracting speech-like representations from graphemes. Three groups of 12 each of grade school boys and girls participated in timed word comparison tasks which required a \"same-different\" response. One group was specifically reading deficient, the other groups were matched either on age or on reading level to a deficient group. Monosyllabic word pairs were presented simultaneously by a slide projector. The deficient readers were slower than the two control groups only in a vowel phoneme comparison task and produced response times similar to the control groups for graphemic and visual symbol comparisons. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the problem in learning to read is due to multiple relationships between spelling (graphemes) and sound (phonemes).", "PMID": 722294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9185", "title": "Is a familial definition of depression both feasible and valid?", "content": "On the basis of familial constellations it is possible to separate out most of the unipolar depressive patients that are seen in the hospital. The groups may be called depression spectrum disease, pure depressive disease, and sporadic depressive disease. The sporadic depressive disease group is older at onset and older at index of admission than the other two groups. The depression spectrum disease and pure depressive disease groups are separated by virtue of the fact that there are more episodes of illness in the latter.", "contents": "Is a familial definition of depression both feasible and valid? On the basis of familial constellations it is possible to separate out most of the unipolar depressive patients that are seen in the hospital. The groups may be called depression spectrum disease, pure depressive disease, and sporadic depressive disease. The sporadic depressive disease group is older at onset and older at index of admission than the other two groups. The depression spectrum disease and pure depressive disease groups are separated by virtue of the fact that there are more episodes of illness in the latter.", "PMID": 722296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9186", "title": "Visual evoked potential characteristics and subtypes of schizophrenia.", "content": "Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were recorded from the midoccipital area of 72 schizophrenic patients. The amplitude of wave VI (100- to 115-millisecond latency) was reduced after the addition test for 15 minutes. It recovered to the pretest level later, and four types of recovery curves were found; marked reduction in amplitude occurred in A1 (A1 type), in A3 with fast recovery (A3f type), in A3 with slow recovery (A3s type), and in A5 (A5 type) (A1, A3, A5: averaged potentials evoked by 1-Hz flashes which started 1 minute, 3 minutes, and 5 minutes after the end of the test). Each type closely corresponded to paranoid, atypical hebephrenic, typical hebephrenic, and simple schizophrenia, respectively.", "contents": "Visual evoked potential characteristics and subtypes of schizophrenia. Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were recorded from the midoccipital area of 72 schizophrenic patients. The amplitude of wave VI (100- to 115-millisecond latency) was reduced after the addition test for 15 minutes. It recovered to the pretest level later, and four types of recovery curves were found; marked reduction in amplitude occurred in A1 (A1 type), in A3 with fast recovery (A3f type), in A3 with slow recovery (A3s type), and in A5 (A5 type) (A1, A3, A5: averaged potentials evoked by 1-Hz flashes which started 1 minute, 3 minutes, and 5 minutes after the end of the test). Each type closely corresponded to paranoid, atypical hebephrenic, typical hebephrenic, and simple schizophrenia, respectively.", "PMID": 722297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9187", "title": "Relationship between agoraphobia and field dependence.", "content": "In recent years agoraphobia has been viewed by clinicians as etiologically distinct from other phobic disorders, with conflicts over the developmentally early issue of separation and individuation (self-other differentiation) playing a central role. In an effort to adduce quantitative evidence for this clinical observation, three groups of phobic patients (totaling 166 outpatients in all) were distinguished on the basis of their symptomatology (agoraphobia, simple phobias, and mixed phobias) and were individually administered the Group Embedded Figures Test as a measure of field dependence, a cognitive style dimension that according to Witkin is, at least in part, a manifestation of self-other differentiation. A one-way analysis of variance, performed separately for men and women for differences among the three phobic groups  on field dependence, showed significance (rho less than .05) for the females, with the famale agoraphobic being more field dependent than the female simple phobic groups, but not for the males. Implications for the understanding of agoraphobia are discussed.", "contents": "Relationship between agoraphobia and field dependence. In recent years agoraphobia has been viewed by clinicians as etiologically distinct from other phobic disorders, with conflicts over the developmentally early issue of separation and individuation (self-other differentiation) playing a central role. In an effort to adduce quantitative evidence for this clinical observation, three groups of phobic patients (totaling 166 outpatients in all) were distinguished on the basis of their symptomatology (agoraphobia, simple phobias, and mixed phobias) and were individually administered the Group Embedded Figures Test as a measure of field dependence, a cognitive style dimension that according to Witkin is, at least in part, a manifestation of self-other differentiation. A one-way analysis of variance, performed separately for men and women for differences among the three phobic groups  on field dependence, showed significance (rho less than .05) for the females, with the famale agoraphobic being more field dependent than the female simple phobic groups, but not for the males. Implications for the understanding of agoraphobia are discussed.", "PMID": 722298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9188", "title": "Pedophilia occurring after onset of cognitive impairment.", "content": "Four married patients are reported who first manifested pedophilia and other signs of disinhibition after sustaining illnesses that led to cognitive impairments. Although pedophilia may often be related to a long-standing inadequacy of sexual functioning, the onset of pedophilia in an individual without a previous histroy of sexual perversion may indicate the presence of recently sustained cognitive impairments.", "contents": "Pedophilia occurring after onset of cognitive impairment. Four married patients are reported who first manifested pedophilia and other signs of disinhibition after sustaining illnesses that led to cognitive impairments. Although pedophilia may often be related to a long-standing inadequacy of sexual functioning, the onset of pedophilia in an individual without a previous histroy of sexual perversion may indicate the presence of recently sustained cognitive impairments.", "PMID": 722300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9189", "title": "Censure-praise learning of children at risk.", "content": "Twelve high risk and 27 low risk 10-year-old male children performed a nonsense syllable discrimination task administered under each of three reinforcement conditions: neutral information feedback, and two response-contingent conditions, praise and censure. Risk status was determined on the basis of index parent diagnosis (schizophrenic or nonschizophrenic) using DSM-III criteria. Although the two groups did not differ significantly in the mean number of errors made in learning the task under the neutral condition, when reinforcement was provided by subject's mother during both praise and censure conditions, schizophrenics' offspring made approximately twice as many errors as did offspring of controls. Either form of social reinforcement administered by the mother, or merely the mother's voice itself, has a uniquely disruptive effect on the learning efficiency of the offspring of schizophrenics.", "contents": "Censure-praise learning of children at risk. Twelve high risk and 27 low risk 10-year-old male children performed a nonsense syllable discrimination task administered under each of three reinforcement conditions: neutral information feedback, and two response-contingent conditions, praise and censure. Risk status was determined on the basis of index parent diagnosis (schizophrenic or nonschizophrenic) using DSM-III criteria. Although the two groups did not differ significantly in the mean number of errors made in learning the task under the neutral condition, when reinforcement was provided by subject's mother during both praise and censure conditions, schizophrenics' offspring made approximately twice as many errors as did offspring of controls. Either form of social reinforcement administered by the mother, or merely the mother's voice itself, has a uniquely disruptive effect on the learning efficiency of the offspring of schizophrenics.", "PMID": 722301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9190", "title": "Brief communication treatment of delusional depression with tranylcypromine.", "content": "Patients with depressions accompanied by delusional thinking are reported to respond poorly to tricyclic antidepressants. We present four cases of delusional depression successfully treated with tranylcypromine. Three patients had previously been treated unsuccessfully with adequate trials of tricyclic antidepressants and one had been treated with a tricyclic-phenothiazine combination with a poor response. These four patients experienced a dramatic reduction in depression and delusional thinking when treated with tranylcypromine. On the basis of these cases, tranylcypromine appears to be an effective treatment for some patients with delusional depressions.", "contents": "Brief communication treatment of delusional depression with tranylcypromine. Patients with depressions accompanied by delusional thinking are reported to respond poorly to tricyclic antidepressants. We present four cases of delusional depression successfully treated with tranylcypromine. Three patients had previously been treated unsuccessfully with adequate trials of tricyclic antidepressants and one had been treated with a tricyclic-phenothiazine combination with a poor response. These four patients experienced a dramatic reduction in depression and delusional thinking when treated with tranylcypromine. On the basis of these cases, tranylcypromine appears to be an effective treatment for some patients with delusional depressions.", "PMID": 722302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9191", "title": "Single case study basilar artery migraine presenting as conversion hysteria.", "content": "A case of basilar migraine headache in a young woman is presented. Although the patient had been treated by a neurologist for 2 years, the diagnosis was not established. When she presented to the emergency room of a local hospital, another neurologist diagnosed conversion reaction. Although there had been problems in the family, neurological examination during an episode of headache revealed the typical features of basilar migraine headache. This case illustrates the need for sharp neurological diagnostic skills among psychiatrists, as well as the need to avoid mind-body dichotomies when possible. With treatment for migraine, the patient has done well for several months posthospitalization.", "contents": "Single case study basilar artery migraine presenting as conversion hysteria. A case of basilar migraine headache in a young woman is presented. Although the patient had been treated by a neurologist for 2 years, the diagnosis was not established. When she presented to the emergency room of a local hospital, another neurologist diagnosed conversion reaction. Although there had been problems in the family, neurological examination during an episode of headache revealed the typical features of basilar migraine headache. This case illustrates the need for sharp neurological diagnostic skills among psychiatrists, as well as the need to avoid mind-body dichotomies when possible. With treatment for migraine, the patient has done well for several months posthospitalization.", "PMID": 722303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9192", "title": "Paranoid delusions and auditory hallucinations associated with digoxin intoxication.", "content": "The 83-year-old woman in this case report developed paranoid delusions and auditory hallucinations in association with toxic serum levels of digoxin, while remaining alert, unagitated, and coherent in thinking. No cardiovascular or metabolic abnormalities were discovered to account for her psychiatric symptoms. Her mental status rapidly returned to normal as serum digoxin declined to therapeutic levels.", "contents": "Paranoid delusions and auditory hallucinations associated with digoxin intoxication. The 83-year-old woman in this case report developed paranoid delusions and auditory hallucinations in association with toxic serum levels of digoxin, while remaining alert, unagitated, and coherent in thinking. No cardiovascular or metabolic abnormalities were discovered to account for her psychiatric symptoms. Her mental status rapidly returned to normal as serum digoxin declined to therapeutic levels.", "PMID": 722304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9193", "title": "The diagnosis of antisocial and hysterical personality disorders. An example of sex bias.", "content": "The author submits evidence to support the contention that antisocial and hysterical personality disorders are essentially sex-typed forms of a single condition. The features of each condition, he argues, are either common to both disorders or are related to sexual stereotypic traits. He reports on a study which indicates that mental health professionals tend to label men as antisocial personalities and women as hysterical personalities, even when these patients have identical clinical features. It is suggested that a unification of the two labels could have a beneficial effect on research and on understanding and treating the disorder and related conditions.", "contents": "The diagnosis of antisocial and hysterical personality disorders. An example of sex bias. The author submits evidence to support the contention that antisocial and hysterical personality disorders are essentially sex-typed forms of a single condition. The features of each condition, he argues, are either common to both disorders or are related to sexual stereotypic traits. He reports on a study which indicates that mental health professionals tend to label men as antisocial personalities and women as hysterical personalities, even when these patients have identical clinical features. It is suggested that a unification of the two labels could have a beneficial effect on research and on understanding and treating the disorder and related conditions.", "PMID": 722306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9194", "title": "Biological aspects of suicide: circadian disorganization.", "content": "Disturbances in the circadian rhythmicity of biological functions have been reported in various mental disorders. Four lines of research--hormonal, electroencephalographic, cerebral spinal fluid, and circadian rhythmicity--suggest possible changes in suicidal individuals. During a study investigating the effect of a photoperiod shift on circadian rhythms, 15 male, healthy, normal subjects were used. Following a 5-day baseline period a 12-hour photoperiod shift took place and was followed by 10 days of recovery period. Multiple parameters were monitored. Two weeks following completion of the study one subject suicided. The data were examined to determine whether the suicided subject differed, rhythmically, from other subjects. Summation dials describing phase changes and vector difference dials describing dynamic phase relationships of rhythm pairs showed that the rhythms of this subject were poorly synchronized internally during baseline. Total urinary output of all parameters was lower than all other subjects during baseline and more of his urinary parameters rephased incompletely during recovery. The results suggest that circadian asynchrony and an inability to respond effectively to a phase shift may characterize a presuicidal state. These results are discussed in terms of the four lines of research involving biological aspects of suicide and suggest some intriguing interactions.", "contents": "Biological aspects of suicide: circadian disorganization. Disturbances in the circadian rhythmicity of biological functions have been reported in various mental disorders. Four lines of research--hormonal, electroencephalographic, cerebral spinal fluid, and circadian rhythmicity--suggest possible changes in suicidal individuals. During a study investigating the effect of a photoperiod shift on circadian rhythms, 15 male, healthy, normal subjects were used. Following a 5-day baseline period a 12-hour photoperiod shift took place and was followed by 10 days of recovery period. Multiple parameters were monitored. Two weeks following completion of the study one subject suicided. The data were examined to determine whether the suicided subject differed, rhythmically, from other subjects. Summation dials describing phase changes and vector difference dials describing dynamic phase relationships of rhythm pairs showed that the rhythms of this subject were poorly synchronized internally during baseline. Total urinary output of all parameters was lower than all other subjects during baseline and more of his urinary parameters rephased incompletely during recovery. The results suggest that circadian asynchrony and an inability to respond effectively to a phase shift may characterize a presuicidal state. These results are discussed in terms of the four lines of research involving biological aspects of suicide and suggest some intriguing interactions.", "PMID": 722307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9195", "title": "Patients' reactions to the suicide of their psychiatrist.", "content": "The five patients who were in psychotherapy with a psychiatrist who killed herself were interviewed 10 months after the suicide about their reactions to the event. At the time of the suicide most patients felt lost and angry as well as demoralized and alienated from the clinic where they had been treated. To some degree each patient felt responsible for her death and several experienced considerable difficulty related to the suicide in their subsequent psychotherapy. Suggestions for management are offered.", "contents": "Patients' reactions to the suicide of their psychiatrist. The five patients who were in psychotherapy with a psychiatrist who killed herself were interviewed 10 months after the suicide about their reactions to the event. At the time of the suicide most patients felt lost and angry as well as demoralized and alienated from the clinic where they had been treated. To some degree each patient felt responsible for her death and several experienced considerable difficulty related to the suicide in their subsequent psychotherapy. Suggestions for management are offered.", "PMID": 722308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9196", "title": "Homicide and community-based psychiatry.", "content": "The authors studied the records of all persons convicted of homicide or found not guilty by reason of insanity during the uears 1963 through 1975, 6 years before and after the opening of the community-based psychiatric facility, in Albany County, New York. Using the Fisher Exact Probability Test, a statistically significant increase was found for those found not guilty by reason of insanity (p = .041) and those with a history of mental illness found guilty (p = .036). Other factors, including age of the perpetrator, use of alcohol, and relationship to the victim, were also examined. The authors caution against sweeping indictments of community-based psychiatry and urge that the study be repeated elsewhere.", "contents": "Homicide and community-based psychiatry. The authors studied the records of all persons convicted of homicide or found not guilty by reason of insanity during the uears 1963 through 1975, 6 years before and after the opening of the community-based psychiatric facility, in Albany County, New York. Using the Fisher Exact Probability Test, a statistically significant increase was found for those found not guilty by reason of insanity (p = .041) and those with a history of mental illness found guilty (p = .036). Other factors, including age of the perpetrator, use of alcohol, and relationship to the victim, were also examined. The authors caution against sweeping indictments of community-based psychiatry and urge that the study be repeated elsewhere.", "PMID": 722309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9197", "title": "Premorbid asocial adjustment and outcome in schizophrenia.", "content": "Prognostic value of the Premorbid Asocial Adjustment Scale (PAAS) was examined for a mixed group of 135 schizophrenics. The PAAS had nonsignificant correlations with three global outcome measures 1 and 2 years after admission for the patient group as a whole. However, the previous finding that the PAAS had prognostic value for nonchronic schizophrenic patients was confirmed. Prognostic correlations were significant for the half of the subjects who were above average in prehospital functioning, and were even higher in the younger half of this subgroup. The scatterplot of the prognostic relationship suggested the expected triangular shape, with poor prognosis associated with poor outcomes and good prognosis associated with mixed outcomes.", "contents": "Premorbid asocial adjustment and outcome in schizophrenia. Prognostic value of the Premorbid Asocial Adjustment Scale (PAAS) was examined for a mixed group of 135 schizophrenics. The PAAS had nonsignificant correlations with three global outcome measures 1 and 2 years after admission for the patient group as a whole. However, the previous finding that the PAAS had prognostic value for nonchronic schizophrenic patients was confirmed. Prognostic correlations were significant for the half of the subjects who were above average in prehospital functioning, and were even higher in the younger half of this subgroup. The scatterplot of the prognostic relationship suggested the expected triangular shape, with poor prognosis associated with poor outcomes and good prognosis associated with mixed outcomes.", "PMID": 722310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9198", "title": "Kung Fu for cargo.", "content": "Promoters of institutionalized fighting skills and chiliastic activities generally share common objectives in their search for devices to overcome adversaries by impressive means. Unique is the case of Kung Fu for cargo reported here in which the patient suffered a grandiose paranoia following head injury and whose goal was the acquisition of both material and spiritual cargo as manifested in the Melanesian cargo cult.", "contents": "Kung Fu for cargo. Promoters of institutionalized fighting skills and chiliastic activities generally share common objectives in their search for devices to overcome adversaries by impressive means. Unique is the case of Kung Fu for cargo reported here in which the patient suffered a grandiose paranoia following head injury and whose goal was the acquisition of both material and spiritual cargo as manifested in the Melanesian cargo cult.", "PMID": 722311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9199", "title": "Funeral mania.", "content": "Funeral mania, as the term is used here, refers to a typical manic episode occurring within 1 week of the loss by death of an immediate family member. The case history of a patient manifesting this rare reaction is presented and discussed. Comments are also made on the relevant psychiatric literature. Although funeral mania is probably a psychiatric curiosity it merits attention because it serves to remind us, even at a time when genetic factors in manic-depressive illness are in the forefront, that we should not overlook the role of emotional trauma.", "contents": "Funeral mania. Funeral mania, as the term is used here, refers to a typical manic episode occurring within 1 week of the loss by death of an immediate family member. The case history of a patient manifesting this rare reaction is presented and discussed. Comments are also made on the relevant psychiatric literature. Although funeral mania is probably a psychiatric curiosity it merits attention because it serves to remind us, even at a time when genetic factors in manic-depressive illness are in the forefront, that we should not overlook the role of emotional trauma.", "PMID": 722312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9200", "title": "Cystic lesions after transorbital leukotomy.", "content": "A case report is presented of a 62-year-old female admitted to a general hospital with a provisional diagnosis of mania and organic brain syndrome, whose unusual behavior and history prompted evaluation using computed tomography of her brain. Bilateral frontal lobe cystic lesions were discovered as a result of a bilateral transorbital leukotomy performed 21 years earlier. CT scan is presented, demonstrating the extent of these lesions.", "contents": "Cystic lesions after transorbital leukotomy. A case report is presented of a 62-year-old female admitted to a general hospital with a provisional diagnosis of mania and organic brain syndrome, whose unusual behavior and history prompted evaluation using computed tomography of her brain. Bilateral frontal lobe cystic lesions were discovered as a result of a bilateral transorbital leukotomy performed 21 years earlier. CT scan is presented, demonstrating the extent of these lesions.", "PMID": 722313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9201", "title": "The role of muscle activity in the differentiation of neuromuscular junctions in slow and fast chick muscles.", "content": "The differentiation of neuromuscular junctions of multiply innervated, slow anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) and focally innervated, fast, posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) muscles was studied in normal and curarized chick embryos. At 16 days of incubation, fibres of both muscles are contacted by several axon profiles, the number of which falls with age. In 18-day-old embryos individual endplates in ALD are usually contacted by three axon profiles, whereas in PLD, endplates are contacted only by a single large terminal profile. At this time, there is already a significant accumulation of cell organelles in the postsynaptic area. Treatment of embryos with curare during the 7th and 12th day of incubation delays the differentiation of the neuromuscular junction in both muscles. The paralysis dramatically affects the decrease of the number of axon profiles at individual endplates in both muscles. At 16 days the number of axon profiles was greater in embryos treated with curare than in the untreated controls. At 18 days when the number of axon profiles normally decreases, the endplates of both types of curarized muscles have an even greater number of axon profiles than at 16 days. Endplates in curarized PLD had up to 13 and in curarized ALD up to 12 axon profiles. The effects of curare gradually wore off and when the movements of the embryos again became more vigorous, the normal differentiation of neuromuscular junctions continued. At 21 days of incubation many embryos recover from curare and show endplates of normal appearance in both muscles. These results suggest that activity of the muscle is essential for the maturation of the neuromuscular junctions.", "contents": "The role of muscle activity in the differentiation of neuromuscular junctions in slow and fast chick muscles. The differentiation of neuromuscular junctions of multiply innervated, slow anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) and focally innervated, fast, posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) muscles was studied in normal and curarized chick embryos. At 16 days of incubation, fibres of both muscles are contacted by several axon profiles, the number of which falls with age. In 18-day-old embryos individual endplates in ALD are usually contacted by three axon profiles, whereas in PLD, endplates are contacted only by a single large terminal profile. At this time, there is already a significant accumulation of cell organelles in the postsynaptic area. Treatment of embryos with curare during the 7th and 12th day of incubation delays the differentiation of the neuromuscular junction in both muscles. The paralysis dramatically affects the decrease of the number of axon profiles at individual endplates in both muscles. At 16 days the number of axon profiles was greater in embryos treated with curare than in the untreated controls. At 18 days when the number of axon profiles normally decreases, the endplates of both types of curarized muscles have an even greater number of axon profiles than at 16 days. Endplates in curarized PLD had up to 13 and in curarized ALD up to 12 axon profiles. The effects of curare gradually wore off and when the movements of the embryos again became more vigorous, the normal differentiation of neuromuscular junctions continued. At 21 days of incubation many embryos recover from curare and show endplates of normal appearance in both muscles. These results suggest that activity of the muscle is essential for the maturation of the neuromuscular junctions.", "PMID": 722314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9202", "title": "Glial bridges and Schwann cell migration during chronic demyelination in the C.N.S.", "content": "The formation of fibrotic bridges from subpial astrocytes into the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord and the migration of Schwann cells to the central nervous system (C.N.S.) is appraised in chronically demyelinated C.N.S. lesions. Spinal cord tissue was studied from inbred, Strain 13 guinea pigs with chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). It has been found that uncommitted Schwann cells are present around remyelinated fibres in nerve root entry zones, between meningeal cells at a distance from the roots and along blood vessels within the spinal cord parenchyma. It is speculated that these cells migrate via the above route to the C.N.S. In the present model, this invasion might be aided by glial fibrosis, a process which leads to surface irregularities in the spinal cord, an extensive extracellular space and possible breaches in the glia limitans through which Schwann cells might penetrate.", "contents": "Glial bridges and Schwann cell migration during chronic demyelination in the C.N.S. The formation of fibrotic bridges from subpial astrocytes into the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord and the migration of Schwann cells to the central nervous system (C.N.S.) is appraised in chronically demyelinated C.N.S. lesions. Spinal cord tissue was studied from inbred, Strain 13 guinea pigs with chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). It has been found that uncommitted Schwann cells are present around remyelinated fibres in nerve root entry zones, between meningeal cells at a distance from the roots and along blood vessels within the spinal cord parenchyma. It is speculated that these cells migrate via the above route to the C.N.S. In the present model, this invasion might be aided by glial fibrosis, a process which leads to surface irregularities in the spinal cord, an extensive extracellular space and possible breaches in the glia limitans through which Schwann cells might penetrate.", "PMID": 722315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9203", "title": "The fate of Schwann cells isolated from axonal contact.", "content": "Chronically denervated rat and rabbit tibial nerve distal stumps were studied 3-58 weeks following nerve transection. Schwann cells, macrophages and possibly fibroblasts participated in myelin removal which was largely complete by seven weeks. Degenerating myelinated and unmyelinated fibres developed respectively into circular and flattened columns of Schwann cell processes each delimited by a basal lamina. Schwann cell columns became encircled by fibroblasts and later by cells of perineurial type, underwent shrinkage with time and eventually were replaced by connective tissue. In another experiment, endoneurial tissue was removed from rabbit tibial nerve stumps seven weeks after transection and transplanted between the corneal stroma of the same animal for 2-6 weeks. In this locus, Schwann cells developed a thickened basal lamina and then underwent necrosis. It was concluded that the maintenance of Schwann cells in bands of B\u00fcngner is in part dependent on axonal contact and that failure of reinnervation eventually causes the columns of Schwann cells to disappear.", "contents": "The fate of Schwann cells isolated from axonal contact. Chronically denervated rat and rabbit tibial nerve distal stumps were studied 3-58 weeks following nerve transection. Schwann cells, macrophages and possibly fibroblasts participated in myelin removal which was largely complete by seven weeks. Degenerating myelinated and unmyelinated fibres developed respectively into circular and flattened columns of Schwann cell processes each delimited by a basal lamina. Schwann cell columns became encircled by fibroblasts and later by cells of perineurial type, underwent shrinkage with time and eventually were replaced by connective tissue. In another experiment, endoneurial tissue was removed from rabbit tibial nerve stumps seven weeks after transection and transplanted between the corneal stroma of the same animal for 2-6 weeks. In this locus, Schwann cells developed a thickened basal lamina and then underwent necrosis. It was concluded that the maintenance of Schwann cells in bands of B\u00fcngner is in part dependent on axonal contact and that failure of reinnervation eventually causes the columns of Schwann cells to disappear.", "PMID": 722316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9204", "title": "5'-Nucleotidase of microglial cells in the facial nucleus during axonal reaction.", "content": "Transection of the facial nerve causes proliferation of microglial cells in the facial nucleus. The miroglial cells can be seen in perineuronal and perivascular positions. A high activity of 5'-nucleotidase is demonstrated cytochemically in the plasma membranes of these cells. The increase of enzymatic sites for the production of adenosine during axonal reaction might be of functional significance for the regenerating motor neuron.", "contents": "5'-Nucleotidase of microglial cells in the facial nucleus during axonal reaction. Transection of the facial nerve causes proliferation of microglial cells in the facial nucleus. The miroglial cells can be seen in perineuronal and perivascular positions. A high activity of 5'-nucleotidase is demonstrated cytochemically in the plasma membranes of these cells. The increase of enzymatic sites for the production of adenosine during axonal reaction might be of functional significance for the regenerating motor neuron.", "PMID": 722317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9205", "title": "Axonal inclusions in the crab Hemigrapsus nudus.", "content": "Light microscopic examination of living giant axons from the walking legs of Hemigrapsus nudus revealed intra-axonal inclusions which were usually several tens of micrometers long and about 5 micron wide. The inclusions were filled with small light-scattering particles. The inclusions were shown, by thin section electron microscopy, to be composed largely 68% by volume) of mitochondria. Each inclusion was surrounded by membrane bounded spaces which are presumed to represent a part of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Similar inclusions were not found in the leg axons of a variety of other decapod crustaceans.", "contents": "Axonal inclusions in the crab Hemigrapsus nudus. Light microscopic examination of living giant axons from the walking legs of Hemigrapsus nudus revealed intra-axonal inclusions which were usually several tens of micrometers long and about 5 micron wide. The inclusions were filled with small light-scattering particles. The inclusions were shown, by thin section electron microscopy, to be composed largely 68% by volume) of mitochondria. Each inclusion was surrounded by membrane bounded spaces which are presumed to represent a part of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Similar inclusions were not found in the leg axons of a variety of other decapod crustaceans.", "PMID": 722318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9206", "title": "Localization of thiamine in cholinergic nerve terminals: a histofluorescence study in the electric organ of Torpedo.", "content": "Thiamine (vitamin B1) and its phosphoric acid esters were found at a surprisingly high level in the electric organ of the fish Torpedo marmorata. The localization of the vitamin was investigated by a sensitive reaction in which the thiamine molecule was converted into a blue fluorescent thiochrome by treatment with an alkaline potassium ferricyanide solution. Whereas only slight fluorescence occurred in the electroplaque cells, a strong fluorescent reaction took place in their nerve supply. Intense fluorescence was observed not only in the myelinated nerve fibres but also at the nodes of Ranvier; moreover, preterminal branches and nerve endings, which are non-myelinated, were also strongly stained. The emission spectrum of this fluorescent material was found to be nearly identical to that of standard thiochrome. These findings substantiate the hypothesis that vitamin B1 plays an important role in acetylcholine metabolism and release.", "contents": "Localization of thiamine in cholinergic nerve terminals: a histofluorescence study in the electric organ of Torpedo. Thiamine (vitamin B1) and its phosphoric acid esters were found at a surprisingly high level in the electric organ of the fish Torpedo marmorata. The localization of the vitamin was investigated by a sensitive reaction in which the thiamine molecule was converted into a blue fluorescent thiochrome by treatment with an alkaline potassium ferricyanide solution. Whereas only slight fluorescence occurred in the electroplaque cells, a strong fluorescent reaction took place in their nerve supply. Intense fluorescence was observed not only in the myelinated nerve fibres but also at the nodes of Ranvier; moreover, preterminal branches and nerve endings, which are non-myelinated, were also strongly stained. The emission spectrum of this fluorescent material was found to be nearly identical to that of standard thiochrome. These findings substantiate the hypothesis that vitamin B1 plays an important role in acetylcholine metabolism and release.", "PMID": 722319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9207", "title": "Sequential myocardial scintigraphy with technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate following myocardial infarction.", "content": "Studies have shown that technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate (Tc-PPi) is effective for the detection and imaging of acute myocardial infarction. Positive Tc-PPi myocardial scintigrams, however, have been reported in patients with other forms of heart disease and no evidence of recent myocardial infarction. To help define the usefulness of this test, we undertook a prospective study to ascertain when Tc-PPi myocardial scintigrams return to normal after myocardial infarction. Twenty patients with acute myocardial infarction were followed with Tc-PPi scintigrams at 1 and 2 wk, and 1, after infarction. The serial scintigrams revealed that a) 15 of 18 scintigrams were positive within the first week after infarction, b) the number of markedly positive scintigrams decreased promptly after the first week, and c) some scintigrams (11 of 18 at 1 mo, and 3 of 18 at 9 mo) remained positive throughout the study. The possible explanations for persistently positive scintigrams are discussed. Persistently positive scintigrams may hinder the usefulness of Tc-PPi myocardial scintigraphy for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in patients who have had a myocardial infarction within the previous 9 mo.", "contents": "Sequential myocardial scintigraphy with technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate following myocardial infarction. Studies have shown that technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate (Tc-PPi) is effective for the detection and imaging of acute myocardial infarction. Positive Tc-PPi myocardial scintigrams, however, have been reported in patients with other forms of heart disease and no evidence of recent myocardial infarction. To help define the usefulness of this test, we undertook a prospective study to ascertain when Tc-PPi myocardial scintigrams return to normal after myocardial infarction. Twenty patients with acute myocardial infarction were followed with Tc-PPi scintigrams at 1 and 2 wk, and 1, after infarction. The serial scintigrams revealed that a) 15 of 18 scintigrams were positive within the first week after infarction, b) the number of markedly positive scintigrams decreased promptly after the first week, and c) some scintigrams (11 of 18 at 1 mo, and 3 of 18 at 9 mo) remained positive throughout the study. The possible explanations for persistently positive scintigrams are discussed. Persistently positive scintigrams may hinder the usefulness of Tc-PPi myocardial scintigraphy for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in patients who have had a myocardial infarction within the previous 9 mo.", "PMID": 722321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9208", "title": "Radionuclide kymography for the assessment of regional myocardial wall motion.", "content": "Regional myocardial wall motion is usually evaluated qualitatively from ECG-gated  end-systolic and end-diastolic blood-pool images. Radionuclide kymography, which displays a one-dimensional scintigraphic image in time, synchronized with the electrocardiogram, provides a method to quantitate this motion. The technique is analogous to M-mode ultrasound in that one dimension is displayed as a function of time, but the activity distribution is displayed in place of acoustic interfaces. The motion of regional myocardial segments can be measured from multiple kymographic projections across the cardiac blood pool, after equilibration of a radioactive tracer. Radionuclide kymography is potentially better quantitatively than gated blood-pool imaging and is not hindered by viewing windows as are single- and multiple-transducer ultrasonography. Regional wall motion determined from radionuclide kymography correlated well with that determined from contrast left ventriculography in a series of patients. Since the kymographic sweep is initiated by the R wave of the ECG and proceeds continuously throughout the cardiac cycle, the temporal sequence of regional myocardial contraction can be directly assessed and related to corresponding portions of the ECG.", "contents": "Radionuclide kymography for the assessment of regional myocardial wall motion. Regional myocardial wall motion is usually evaluated qualitatively from ECG-gated  end-systolic and end-diastolic blood-pool images. Radionuclide kymography, which displays a one-dimensional scintigraphic image in time, synchronized with the electrocardiogram, provides a method to quantitate this motion. The technique is analogous to M-mode ultrasound in that one dimension is displayed as a function of time, but the activity distribution is displayed in place of acoustic interfaces. The motion of regional myocardial segments can be measured from multiple kymographic projections across the cardiac blood pool, after equilibration of a radioactive tracer. Radionuclide kymography is potentially better quantitatively than gated blood-pool imaging and is not hindered by viewing windows as are single- and multiple-transducer ultrasonography. Regional wall motion determined from radionuclide kymography correlated well with that determined from contrast left ventriculography in a series of patients. Since the kymographic sweep is initiated by the R wave of the ECG and proceeds continuously throughout the cardiac cycle, the temporal sequence of regional myocardial contraction can be directly assessed and related to corresponding portions of the ECG.", "PMID": 722323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9209", "title": "A model for the radionuclide measurement of ascitic fluid volumes.", "content": "Technetium-99m phytate colloids formed in vitro and in vivo were examined as radioindicators for estimation of the volume of third-space fluid in an ovarian ascites model using C3HeB/FeJ mice. In double-label experiments, the accuracy of the colloids for dilution analysis was found to be equal or superior to that of I-125 HSA. Sampling times 3--5 min after intraperitoneal administration were found to produce the best volume estimates. Four needle-stopcock assemblies inserted sequentially into the quadrants of the peritoneal cavity were used for administration and sampling of the radioindicators. The stopcocks could be closed to prevent leakage of ascitic fluid during the procedure. In contrast to radiolabeled albumin, Tc-99m phytate colloids have clinical use for simultaneous imaging of radiotracer migration to assess potential occlusion of diaphragmatic lymphatics by neoplastic cells, and for dilution analysis to estimate volume of ascitic fluid.", "contents": "A model for the radionuclide measurement of ascitic fluid volumes. Technetium-99m phytate colloids formed in vitro and in vivo were examined as radioindicators for estimation of the volume of third-space fluid in an ovarian ascites model using C3HeB/FeJ mice. In double-label experiments, the accuracy of the colloids for dilution analysis was found to be equal or superior to that of I-125 HSA. Sampling times 3--5 min after intraperitoneal administration were found to produce the best volume estimates. Four needle-stopcock assemblies inserted sequentially into the quadrants of the peritoneal cavity were used for administration and sampling of the radioindicators. The stopcocks could be closed to prevent leakage of ascitic fluid during the procedure. In contrast to radiolabeled albumin, Tc-99m phytate colloids have clinical use for simultaneous imaging of radiotracer migration to assess potential occlusion of diaphragmatic lymphatics by neoplastic cells, and for dilution analysis to estimate volume of ascitic fluid.", "PMID": 722324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9210", "title": "Blood clearance rates of technetium-99m albumin preparations: concise communication.", "content": "Technetium-labeled human serum albumin (HSA) is extensively used as a cardiac imaging agent. An evaluation of the blood-clearance rates of electrolytically reduced HSA (EHSA) and four stannous-reduced HSA (SnHSA) preparations was conducted in dogs, and was compared with that of radioiodinated HSA (IHSA). The EHSA was found to have a clearance rate only about 1.5 times that of IHSA, whereas the SnHSA agents were cleared at two to five times the rate of IHSA. Thus, EHSA has definite advantages over SnHSA preparations for the purposes of blood-volume determinations required  in quantitative cardiac studies and for the reduction of extravascular background in the accurate delineation of cardiac boundaries.", "contents": "Blood clearance rates of technetium-99m albumin preparations: concise communication. Technetium-labeled human serum albumin (HSA) is extensively used as a cardiac imaging agent. An evaluation of the blood-clearance rates of electrolytically reduced HSA (EHSA) and four stannous-reduced HSA (SnHSA) preparations was conducted in dogs, and was compared with that of radioiodinated HSA (IHSA). The EHSA was found to have a clearance rate only about 1.5 times that of IHSA, whereas the SnHSA agents were cleared at two to five times the rate of IHSA. Thus, EHSA has definite advantages over SnHSA preparations for the purposes of blood-volume determinations required  in quantitative cardiac studies and for the reduction of extravascular background in the accurate delineation of cardiac boundaries.", "PMID": 722325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9211", "title": "Changing manifestations of brown tumors on bone scan in renal osteodystrophy.", "content": "In a patient with chronic renal failure and secondary hyperparathyroidism, brown tumors, visualized initially as photon-deficient areas on bone scintigraphy, reverted to areas of abnormally increased activity following parathyroidectomy. This dual appearance on bone scan paralleled the functional state of the parathyroid gland. The possible relationship of hyperhosphatemia to the increased bone-scan activity noted in the calvarium, mandible, and facial bones is discussed.", "contents": "Changing manifestations of brown tumors on bone scan in renal osteodystrophy. In a patient with chronic renal failure and secondary hyperparathyroidism, brown tumors, visualized initially as photon-deficient areas on bone scintigraphy, reverted to areas of abnormally increased activity following parathyroidectomy. This dual appearance on bone scan paralleled the functional state of the parathyroid gland. The possible relationship of hyperhosphatemia to the increased bone-scan activity noted in the calvarium, mandible, and facial bones is discussed.", "PMID": 722326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9212", "title": "Disappearance of a hyperfunctioning thyroid nodule following TSH stimulation.", "content": "Following stimulation with exogenous TSH,  a patient with a large hyperfunctioning autonomous thyroid nodule developed transient hyperthyroidism and decreased radioiodine uptake, and subsequently the nodule disappeared.", "contents": "Disappearance of a hyperfunctioning thyroid nodule following TSH stimulation. Following stimulation with exogenous TSH,  a patient with a large hyperfunctioning autonomous thyroid nodule developed transient hyperthyroidism and decreased radioiodine uptake, and subsequently the nodule disappeared.", "PMID": 722327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9213", "title": "Synthesis, radiotechnetium labelling, and comparison of biologic behavior of longer-chain analogs of methylene diphosphonate.", "content": "Polymethylene diphosphonic acids of different chain lengths ( n = 2, 3, and 10) were synthesized and labeled with technetium-99m. Their biologic behavior was compared with that of Tc-99m-labeled methylene diphosphonate (MDP) in experimental animals. With n = 2 (ethylene diphosphonic acid), the compound resembled MDP in bone affinity. The longer-chain analogs had lower bone affinity.", "contents": "Synthesis, radiotechnetium labelling, and comparison of biologic behavior of longer-chain analogs of methylene diphosphonate. Polymethylene diphosphonic acids of different chain lengths ( n = 2, 3, and 10) were synthesized and labeled with technetium-99m. Their biologic behavior was compared with that of Tc-99m-labeled methylene diphosphonate (MDP) in experimental animals. With n = 2 (ethylene diphosphonic acid), the compound resembled MDP in bone affinity. The longer-chain analogs had lower bone affinity.", "PMID": 722328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9214", "title": "In-111 transferrin labeling studied by perturbed angular correlations.", "content": "The technique of perturbed angular correlations (P.A.C.) was used to study transferrin labeled with radioactive indium. Three forms of the labeled system were studied: a) the In-111 was bound to transferrin with no iron present at either of the binding sites; b) the In-111 probe was used to label transferrin that was 33% saturated with iron; and c) the label was attached to saturated Fe-transferrin. The measured perturbation factors, G22(t), indicate that the three binding states are clearly differentiated. Cases (a) and (b) exhibit characteristic features of time-independent quadrupole interactions and the average quadrupole interaction frequencies, omegaq, were determined in these cases.", "contents": "In-111 transferrin labeling studied by perturbed angular correlations. The technique of perturbed angular correlations (P.A.C.) was used to study transferrin labeled with radioactive indium. Three forms of the labeled system were studied: a) the In-111 was bound to transferrin with no iron present at either of the binding sites; b) the In-111 probe was used to label transferrin that was 33% saturated with iron; and c) the label was attached to saturated Fe-transferrin. The measured perturbation factors, G22(t), indicate that the three binding states are clearly differentiated. Cases (a) and (b) exhibit characteristic features of time-independent quadrupole interactions and the average quadrupole interaction frequencies, omegaq, were determined in these cases.", "PMID": 722329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9215", "title": "Quantitative methods in the evaluation of thallium-201 myocardial perfusion images.", "content": "Methods have been developed for on-line computer enhancement of a scintillation camera's myocardial images and for a graphical presentation showing relative thallium-201 activity in the myocardium. Enhancement uses fast Fourier transform techniques. The methods have been applied to multiple images obtained after stress and 4--5 hr rest. Patients with myocardial infarction and/or transient ischemia were evaluated and typical examples are presented.", "contents": "Quantitative methods in the evaluation of thallium-201 myocardial perfusion images. Methods have been developed for on-line computer enhancement of a scintillation camera's myocardial images and for a graphical presentation showing relative thallium-201 activity in the myocardium. Enhancement uses fast Fourier transform techniques. The methods have been applied to multiple images obtained after stress and 4--5 hr rest. Patients with myocardial infarction and/or transient ischemia were evaluated and typical examples are presented.", "PMID": 722330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9216", "title": "The effect of a high level of dietary leucine on the niacin status of chicks and rats.", "content": "Baby chicks were fed purified diets containing 90 g/kg casein and 100 g/kg gelatin. With low levels of niacin and tryptophan, niacin deficiency resulted: this was not exacerbated by the addition of supplementary leucine (17.4 g/kg). With levels of niacin and tryptophan that supported rapid growth the further addition of supplementary leucine depressed food consumption and weight gain; in most instances this was statistically significant. No evidence was obtained to indicate that a high level of dietary leucine could result in niacin deficiency in chicks. Comparable experiments were carried out with weanling rats given a basal diet containing 60 g/kg casein and 60 g/kg gelatin. Adding 15 g/kg L-leucine gave results similar to those obtained with chicks and the same conclusions were drawn.", "contents": "The effect of a high level of dietary leucine on the niacin status of chicks and rats. Baby chicks were fed purified diets containing 90 g/kg casein and 100 g/kg gelatin. With low levels of niacin and tryptophan, niacin deficiency resulted: this was not exacerbated by the addition of supplementary leucine (17.4 g/kg). With levels of niacin and tryptophan that supported rapid growth the further addition of supplementary leucine depressed food consumption and weight gain; in most instances this was statistically significant. No evidence was obtained to indicate that a high level of dietary leucine could result in niacin deficiency in chicks. Comparable experiments were carried out with weanling rats given a basal diet containing 60 g/kg casein and 60 g/kg gelatin. Adding 15 g/kg L-leucine gave results similar to those obtained with chicks and the same conclusions were drawn.", "PMID": 722340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9217", "title": "The effects of small intestinal colonization by fecal and colonic bacteria on intestinal function in rats.", "content": "The effects of colonic and fecal bacterial proliferation on jejunal function were studied in normal rats and in low-germ rats after intraperitoneal injections of mecamylamine HCl. Jejunal bacteriology, bile salts, ultrastructure, and transport capacity were assessed. Normal rats given mecamylamine for 3 days had increased anaerobic bacteria in the intestinal fluid, and had high concentrations of deconjugated bile salts in the intraluminal contents. Jejunal bacteria were lodged between microvilli without penetrating the cell cytoplasm. However, there was focal cellular damage, including fused microvilli, dilated endoplasmic reticulum, and secondary lysosomes. In the mecamylamine treated normal rats intestinal glucose transport was reduced with an alteration compatible with noncompetitive inhibition. The absorption rates of galactose, fructose, 3-0-methyl-D-glucose, tyrosine, Na, and K were also decreased. In contrast, low-germ mecamylamine-treated rats showed no evidence of either increased anaerobic bacterial proliferation or deconjugation of bile salts, and had none of the fine structural alterations seen in regularly raised rats. Also, the transport of carbohydrates was unaltered. The findings suggest that non-invasive enteric proliferation of colonic and fecal bacterial anaerobes in rats may be associated with deconjugation of bile salts, ultrastructural alterations of the intestinal epithelial cells, and a diminished jejunal transport capacity of carbohydrates and other solutes.", "contents": "The effects of small intestinal colonization by fecal and colonic bacteria on intestinal function in rats. The effects of colonic and fecal bacterial proliferation on jejunal function were studied in normal rats and in low-germ rats after intraperitoneal injections of mecamylamine HCl. Jejunal bacteriology, bile salts, ultrastructure, and transport capacity were assessed. Normal rats given mecamylamine for 3 days had increased anaerobic bacteria in the intestinal fluid, and had high concentrations of deconjugated bile salts in the intraluminal contents. Jejunal bacteria were lodged between microvilli without penetrating the cell cytoplasm. However, there was focal cellular damage, including fused microvilli, dilated endoplasmic reticulum, and secondary lysosomes. In the mecamylamine treated normal rats intestinal glucose transport was reduced with an alteration compatible with noncompetitive inhibition. The absorption rates of galactose, fructose, 3-0-methyl-D-glucose, tyrosine, Na, and K were also decreased. In contrast, low-germ mecamylamine-treated rats showed no evidence of either increased anaerobic bacterial proliferation or deconjugation of bile salts, and had none of the fine structural alterations seen in regularly raised rats. Also, the transport of carbohydrates was unaltered. The findings suggest that non-invasive enteric proliferation of colonic and fecal bacterial anaerobes in rats may be associated with deconjugation of bile salts, ultrastructural alterations of the intestinal epithelial cells, and a diminished jejunal transport capacity of carbohydrates and other solutes.", "PMID": 722341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9218", "title": "Utilization of dietary sulfur compounds by fingerling channel catfish: L-methionine, DL-methionine, methionine hydroxy analogue, taurine and inorganic sulfate.", "content": "Sixteen isonitrogenous, isoenergetic diets were fed to fingerling channel catfish to study the efficacy of L-methionine, DL-methionine, methionine hydroxy analogue (OH-M), taurine and sodium sulfate. The basal diet contained casein and gelatin supplemented with crystalline L-amino acids to correspond to the amino acid pattern found in 24% crude protein from whole egg powder. The basal diet, containing 0.26% methionine was supplemented with graded levels of each of the sulfur sources on an isosulfurous basis. Growth and feed efficiency data indicate that channel catfish can utilize DL-methionine as effectively as L-methionine. OH-M was only about 26% as effective in promoting growth as L-methionine. No significant growth response was observed when taurine or inorganic sulfate was added to the basal diet.", "contents": "Utilization of dietary sulfur compounds by fingerling channel catfish: L-methionine, DL-methionine, methionine hydroxy analogue, taurine and inorganic sulfate. Sixteen isonitrogenous, isoenergetic diets were fed to fingerling channel catfish to study the efficacy of L-methionine, DL-methionine, methionine hydroxy analogue (OH-M), taurine and sodium sulfate. The basal diet contained casein and gelatin supplemented with crystalline L-amino acids to correspond to the amino acid pattern found in 24% crude protein from whole egg powder. The basal diet, containing 0.26% methionine was supplemented with graded levels of each of the sulfur sources on an isosulfurous basis. Growth and feed efficiency data indicate that channel catfish can utilize DL-methionine as effectively as L-methionine. OH-M was only about 26% as effective in promoting growth as L-methionine. No significant growth response was observed when taurine or inorganic sulfate was added to the basal diet.", "PMID": 722342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9219", "title": "Metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance and body composition of growing farm-raised male pastel mink (Mustela vison).", "content": "The requirement of metabolizable energy (ME) for maintenance was studied in 31 male pastel farm-raised mink. The procedure used was a body balance regression technique that included an initial baseline group, a group allowed feed ad libitum, and a group allowed feed at the level of 65% of average intake of the ad libitum animals. The requirement for ME was 147.8 +/- 6.06 kcal/wtkg 0.734/day. This value falls within the range of estimates of maintenance requirements noted for younger animals of other species, such as the rat, chicken, and calf. The relationships of the chemical composition of the body to functions of body weight were also examined. The composition of the mink body was closely related to the weight of the animal rather than to age or conformation, as has been noted in other species. However, the fat-free dry body of the mink contained more protein and less ash than any other species studied up to this point. On a percentage basis, protein was 87.29 and ash was 12.72. Protein in the fat-free body of other species range from 80 to 82%.", "contents": "Metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance and body composition of growing farm-raised male pastel mink (Mustela vison). The requirement of metabolizable energy (ME) for maintenance was studied in 31 male pastel farm-raised mink. The procedure used was a body balance regression technique that included an initial baseline group, a group allowed feed ad libitum, and a group allowed feed at the level of 65% of average intake of the ad libitum animals. The requirement for ME was 147.8 +/- 6.06 kcal/wtkg 0.734/day. This value falls within the range of estimates of maintenance requirements noted for younger animals of other species, such as the rat, chicken, and calf. The relationships of the chemical composition of the body to functions of body weight were also examined. The composition of the mink body was closely related to the weight of the animal rather than to age or conformation, as has been noted in other species. However, the fat-free dry body of the mink contained more protein and less ash than any other species studied up to this point. On a percentage basis, protein was 87.29 and ash was 12.72. Protein in the fat-free body of other species range from 80 to 82%.", "PMID": 722343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9220", "title": "Methionine-cystine interrelations in chicks fed diets containing suboptimal levels of methionine.", "content": "Studies were conducted with chicks on the interrelationship between cystine and methionine in either crystalline amino acid or wheat-peanut meal diets containing suboptimal levels of these two amino acids. The crystalline amino acid basal diet contained 0.2% DL-menthionine and 0.2% L-cystine whereas the wheat-peanut meal diet contained 0.2% methionine and 0.26% cystine. Marked improvements in weight gain and feed efficiency were observed when these diets were supplemented with 0.2 to 0.6% DL-methionine. When similar levels of L-cystine were added to the basal diets containing 0.2% methionine, chick growth was depressed. When the diets contained 0.4% methionine, the growth depressing effect of cystine was not observed. These results point to the existence of an antagonism of cystine on methionine utilization when the dietary level of methionine is suboptimal.", "contents": "Methionine-cystine interrelations in chicks fed diets containing suboptimal levels of methionine. Studies were conducted with chicks on the interrelationship between cystine and methionine in either crystalline amino acid or wheat-peanut meal diets containing suboptimal levels of these two amino acids. The crystalline amino acid basal diet contained 0.2% DL-menthionine and 0.2% L-cystine whereas the wheat-peanut meal diet contained 0.2% methionine and 0.26% cystine. Marked improvements in weight gain and feed efficiency were observed when these diets were supplemented with 0.2 to 0.6% DL-methionine. When similar levels of L-cystine were added to the basal diets containing 0.2% methionine, chick growth was depressed. When the diets contained 0.4% methionine, the growth depressing effect of cystine was not observed. These results point to the existence of an antagonism of cystine on methionine utilization when the dietary level of methionine is suboptimal.", "PMID": 722345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9221", "title": "Plasma activity of pyruvate kinase and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase as indices of myopathy in the vitamin E deficient rat.", "content": "Weanling rats were fed vitamin E deficient diets for 6 to 15 weeks and then given vitamin E orally for 4 days. Plasma obtained 1 day after the last dose was assayed for glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) and pyruvate kinase activity (PK). Administration of vitamin E resulted in reduction in activity of both  enzymes. Plasma levels of alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase, and bilirubin were unaffected by vitamin E and there was no histological evidence of liver degeneration. The number of phagocytized muscle fibers was greatly reduced by vitamin E treatment, but a substantial number of necrotic fibers were still present. With more prolonged (8 days) treatment, plasma PK and GOT levels were reduced to levels found in plasma of vitamin E replete animals and few degenerated muscle fibers could be observed. It was concluded that resolution of the necrotizing myopathy in vitamin E deficient rats is a rapid process and that the decreased activity of PK and GOT in plasma is a sensitive indicator of the resolution process. The decrease in plasma enzyme levels is an easily quantitated and reproducible biological response to vitamin E administration. Thus, this approach provides a basis for a sensitive and accurate bioassay for vitamin E activity.", "contents": "Plasma activity of pyruvate kinase and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase as indices of myopathy in the vitamin E deficient rat. Weanling rats were fed vitamin E deficient diets for 6 to 15 weeks and then given vitamin E orally for 4 days. Plasma obtained 1 day after the last dose was assayed for glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) and pyruvate kinase activity (PK). Administration of vitamin E resulted in reduction in activity of both  enzymes. Plasma levels of alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase, and bilirubin were unaffected by vitamin E and there was no histological evidence of liver degeneration. The number of phagocytized muscle fibers was greatly reduced by vitamin E treatment, but a substantial number of necrotic fibers were still present. With more prolonged (8 days) treatment, plasma PK and GOT levels were reduced to levels found in plasma of vitamin E replete animals and few degenerated muscle fibers could be observed. It was concluded that resolution of the necrotizing myopathy in vitamin E deficient rats is a rapid process and that the decreased activity of PK and GOT in plasma is a sensitive indicator of the resolution process. The decrease in plasma enzyme levels is an easily quantitated and reproducible biological response to vitamin E administration. Thus, this approach provides a basis for a sensitive and accurate bioassay for vitamin E activity.", "PMID": 722346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9222", "title": "Ascorbic acid and stress ulcer in the rat.", "content": "Rats were orally administered ascorbic acid at a dose of 30 g/liter during either total starvation, partial starvation, the activity-stress ulcer procedure, or the restraint-cold procedure. In four experiments, ascorbic acid failed to exert significant protective action against stomach ulcer formation and, in fact, may have potentiated the ulcerogenic process.", "contents": "Ascorbic acid and stress ulcer in the rat. Rats were orally administered ascorbic acid at a dose of 30 g/liter during either total starvation, partial starvation, the activity-stress ulcer procedure, or the restraint-cold procedure. In four experiments, ascorbic acid failed to exert significant protective action against stomach ulcer formation and, in fact, may have potentiated the ulcerogenic process.", "PMID": 722347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9223", "title": "Factors affecting amino acid induced orotic aciduria in rats.", "content": "Administration of individual amino acids is known to induce an orotic aciduria. The present studies show that the induction of orotic aciduria by glycine is highly influenced by stage of digestion of the test animal and the nitrogen content of the test diet. Short term fasting for 24 hours prevented glycine induced orotic aciduria. However, longer term fasting for 1, 3, 5, or 7 days resulted in a return in the ability of glycine to stimulate pyrimidine biosynthesis. The maximum induced orotic aciduria occurred after 3 days of fasting. The ability of glycine to induce orotic aciduria in the fed rat was also dependent on the dietary protein content. Glycine injections were unable to elicit an orotic aciduria in rats fed a protein-free diet. Addition of increasing quantities of nitrogen to the basal diet resulted in a proportional increase in glycine induced orotic aciduria.", "contents": "Factors affecting amino acid induced orotic aciduria in rats. Administration of individual amino acids is known to induce an orotic aciduria. The present studies show that the induction of orotic aciduria by glycine is highly influenced by stage of digestion of the test animal and the nitrogen content of the test diet. Short term fasting for 24 hours prevented glycine induced orotic aciduria. However, longer term fasting for 1, 3, 5, or 7 days resulted in a return in the ability of glycine to stimulate pyrimidine biosynthesis. The maximum induced orotic aciduria occurred after 3 days of fasting. The ability of glycine to induce orotic aciduria in the fed rat was also dependent on the dietary protein content. Glycine injections were unable to elicit an orotic aciduria in rats fed a protein-free diet. Addition of increasing quantities of nitrogen to the basal diet resulted in a proportional increase in glycine induced orotic aciduria.", "PMID": 722348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9224", "title": "Epidemiologic investigation of employees chronically exposed to methylene chloride. Mortality analysis.", "content": "A large male employee population with continuous low level work exposures to methylene chloride for up to 30 years was examined for mortality experience using non-concurrent prospective and proportionate mortality techniques. Mortality of the study group was consistent with industrial controls and less than the New York State general population. Life table analysis of the 1964 methylene chloride exposed cohort was followed through 1976 and demonstrated age group specific probabilities or 13 year survivorship equal to or better than that of three control male populations: Kodak Park, New York State, and United States.", "contents": "Epidemiologic investigation of employees chronically exposed to methylene chloride. Mortality analysis. A large male employee population with continuous low level work exposures to methylene chloride for up to 30 years was examined for mortality experience using non-concurrent prospective and proportionate mortality techniques. Mortality of the study group was consistent with industrial controls and less than the New York State general population. Life table analysis of the 1964 methylene chloride exposed cohort was followed through 1976 and demonstrated age group specific probabilities or 13 year survivorship equal to or better than that of three control male populations: Kodak Park, New York State, and United States.", "PMID": 722350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9225", "title": "Inorganic mercury intoxication reminiscent of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.", "content": "Two employees in a mercuric oxide manufacturing plant developed neurologic changes not previously reported from the exposure to inorganic mercury or elemental mercury vapor. The symptoms, physical findings and laboratory studies resembled those found in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and organic mercury intoxication. Nineteen employees are reported who precipitously developed signs and symptoms which may be regarded to be the early onset of a symptom complex of mercury intoxication that would likely have progressed to the ALS-like syndrome if the progression had not been interrupted by removal of the individuals from exposure to mercury. All symptoms, signs, and laboratory findings returned completely to normal after approximately three months in a mercury free work environment.", "contents": "Inorganic mercury intoxication reminiscent of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Two employees in a mercuric oxide manufacturing plant developed neurologic changes not previously reported from the exposure to inorganic mercury or elemental mercury vapor. The symptoms, physical findings and laboratory studies resembled those found in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and organic mercury intoxication. Nineteen employees are reported who precipitously developed signs and symptoms which may be regarded to be the early onset of a symptom complex of mercury intoxication that would likely have progressed to the ALS-like syndrome if the progression had not been interrupted by removal of the individuals from exposure to mercury. All symptoms, signs, and laboratory findings returned completely to normal after approximately three months in a mercury free work environment.", "PMID": 722351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9226", "title": "Transcutaneous ethylene glycol monomethyl ether poisoning in the work setting.", "content": "During the period of an \"energy crisis\" in 1974, two workers in a textile printing plant in Massachusetts developed clinical manifestations of encephalopathy. Both had evidence of bone marrow injury and one had pancytopenia. Study of their work environment revealed that they had ethylene glycol monomethyl either (EGMME) poisoning primarily due to cutaneous exposure. EGMME was used as a cleansing agent as a substitute for acetone, which was unavailable due to temporary shortage. Proper product labels could have prevented the illness.", "contents": "Transcutaneous ethylene glycol monomethyl ether poisoning in the work setting. During the period of an \"energy crisis\" in 1974, two workers in a textile printing plant in Massachusetts developed clinical manifestations of encephalopathy. Both had evidence of bone marrow injury and one had pancytopenia. Study of their work environment revealed that they had ethylene glycol monomethyl either (EGMME) poisoning primarily due to cutaneous exposure. EGMME was used as a cleansing agent as a substitute for acetone, which was unavailable due to temporary shortage. Proper product labels could have prevented the illness.", "PMID": 722353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9227", "title": "Mortality in unionized truck drivers.", "content": "To determine occupational mortality in the Central States Teamster population, all death certificates for a three-month period in 1976 were collected and coded. With the exception of respiratory tract cancer and motor vehicle accident deaths, mortality rates were lower than those found in the U.S. population and comparable to those found in other employed populations. It was not possible to separate the effect of cigarette smoking from environmental exposure to explain the excess respiratory tract cancer death. Unexpectedly, the majority of accident mortalities occurred away from work rather than at work.", "contents": "Mortality in unionized truck drivers. To determine occupational mortality in the Central States Teamster population, all death certificates for a three-month period in 1976 were collected and coded. With the exception of respiratory tract cancer and motor vehicle accident deaths, mortality rates were lower than those found in the U.S. population and comparable to those found in other employed populations. It was not possible to separate the effect of cigarette smoking from environmental exposure to explain the excess respiratory tract cancer death. Unexpectedly, the majority of accident mortalities occurred away from work rather than at work.", "PMID": 722354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9228", "title": "Psychological performance of subjects with low exposure to lead.", "content": "In a study of the effects of low lead exposure on psychological performance, 49 exposed workers and 24 controls were given a psychological test battery. All the lead workers had been under regular monitoring during their entire exposure time, and only workers whose maximal blood lead concentration had never exceeded 70 microgram/100 ml were included in the study. At the time of the examination, the mean blood lead level of the exposed group was 32 +/- 11 microgram/100 ml. Comparisons were made both between exposed and nonexposed workers and within the exposed group. In the latter case, the maximal, the average and the actual blood lead concentrations were used as measures of uptake. The most important finding was a significant relationship between impaired psychological performance and lead uptake within the exposed group. The performances that were most affected by lead depended on visual intelligence and visual-motor functions. Age and neuroticism did not explain these relationships. The impairment of psychological performance correlated better with the average than with the maximal or actual blood lead concentration. Considering that no single blood lead concentration had ever exceeded 70 microgram/100 ml, these findings indicate that the threshold for impaired performance lies below that level.", "contents": "Psychological performance of subjects with low exposure to lead. In a study of the effects of low lead exposure on psychological performance, 49 exposed workers and 24 controls were given a psychological test battery. All the lead workers had been under regular monitoring during their entire exposure time, and only workers whose maximal blood lead concentration had never exceeded 70 microgram/100 ml were included in the study. At the time of the examination, the mean blood lead level of the exposed group was 32 +/- 11 microgram/100 ml. Comparisons were made both between exposed and nonexposed workers and within the exposed group. In the latter case, the maximal, the average and the actual blood lead concentrations were used as measures of uptake. The most important finding was a significant relationship between impaired psychological performance and lead uptake within the exposed group. The performances that were most affected by lead depended on visual intelligence and visual-motor functions. Age and neuroticism did not explain these relationships. The impairment of psychological performance correlated better with the average than with the maximal or actual blood lead concentration. Considering that no single blood lead concentration had ever exceeded 70 microgram/100 ml, these findings indicate that the threshold for impaired performance lies below that level.", "PMID": 722355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9229", "title": "Clinical and immunological findings in workers exposed to sewage dust.", "content": "A clinical investigation was made between workers exposed to dried sewage sludge dust and age matched controls not exposed. About 50% of the workers reported work related fever, eye symptoms and general fatigue. Thirteen percent of the workers in the sewage plant reported work related diarrhea. Serum immunoglobulins, white blood cells and thrombocytes were elevated and a higher percentage of increased levels of C-reactive protein and fibrinogen degradation products was found in the exposed group. Although no definite cause-effect relationship could be established, it is suggested that the responsible agent in the environment is endotoxins.", "contents": "Clinical and immunological findings in workers exposed to sewage dust. A clinical investigation was made between workers exposed to dried sewage sludge dust and age matched controls not exposed. About 50% of the workers reported work related fever, eye symptoms and general fatigue. Thirteen percent of the workers in the sewage plant reported work related diarrhea. Serum immunoglobulins, white blood cells and thrombocytes were elevated and a higher percentage of increased levels of C-reactive protein and fibrinogen degradation products was found in the exposed group. Although no definite cause-effect relationship could be established, it is suggested that the responsible agent in the environment is endotoxins.", "PMID": 722356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9230", "title": "Scanning electron-microscope studies of the endothelium of aortic allografts in the rabbit: effect of azathioprine, prednisolone and promethazine on early cellular invasion.", "content": "Aortic allografts in rabbits were observed by scanning electron microscopy 24 hr after transplantation. The extent of the leucocytic invasion could be precisely and reproducibly measured. Azathioprine and prednisolone, whether alone or in combination, given on three occasions--10 hr before, immediately after and again 10 hr after surgery, significantly inhibited the cellular invasion. Promethazine produced a slight, but not statistically significant, effect.", "contents": "Scanning electron-microscope studies of the endothelium of aortic allografts in the rabbit: effect of azathioprine, prednisolone and promethazine on early cellular invasion. Aortic allografts in rabbits were observed by scanning electron microscopy 24 hr after transplantation. The extent of the leucocytic invasion could be precisely and reproducibly measured. Azathioprine and prednisolone, whether alone or in combination, given on three occasions--10 hr before, immediately after and again 10 hr after surgery, significantly inhibited the cellular invasion. Promethazine produced a slight, but not statistically significant, effect.", "PMID": 722367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9231", "title": "The effects of chronic cervical lymphostasis on regions drained by lymphatics and by prelymphatics.", "content": "Chronic cervical lymphostasis was induced in cats. The effects in regions directly drained by lymphatics (facial skin and retrobulbar tissue), and in regions primarily drained by prelymphatics (cerebral cortex, retina, papilla, iris, choroid and Circle of Willis) were studied ophthalmoscopically and electron microscopically. It was found that in all regions there was considerable oedema, increases in protein concentration and excess collagen, together with increased numbers of macrophages. The lymphatics, where these existed, had many open junctions: both these vessels and the prelymphatics were very dilated, with considerable increases in protein concentration.", "contents": "The effects of chronic cervical lymphostasis on regions drained by lymphatics and by prelymphatics. Chronic cervical lymphostasis was induced in cats. The effects in regions directly drained by lymphatics (facial skin and retrobulbar tissue), and in regions primarily drained by prelymphatics (cerebral cortex, retina, papilla, iris, choroid and Circle of Willis) were studied ophthalmoscopically and electron microscopically. It was found that in all regions there was considerable oedema, increases in protein concentration and excess collagen, together with increased numbers of macrophages. The lymphatics, where these existed, had many open junctions: both these vessels and the prelymphatics were very dilated, with considerable increases in protein concentration.", "PMID": 722368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9232", "title": "\"Epithelial\" foci of presumptive neural origin in cultures of normal mouse colon.", "content": "Patches of cells, which at the light-microscope level appear to be epithelial, persist for several months in cultures of normal mouse colon. Ultrastructural studies showed that these cells were nerve-associated and were probably derived from the Schwann cell-satellite cell group. True epithelial cells all died out within the first 2 wk of culture, and epithelial cell lines could not be established.", "contents": "\"Epithelial\" foci of presumptive neural origin in cultures of normal mouse colon. Patches of cells, which at the light-microscope level appear to be epithelial, persist for several months in cultures of normal mouse colon. Ultrastructural studies showed that these cells were nerve-associated and were probably derived from the Schwann cell-satellite cell group. True epithelial cells all died out within the first 2 wk of culture, and epithelial cell lines could not be established.", "PMID": 722369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9233", "title": "Ultrastructure of carotid body in rats living at a simulated altitude of 4300 metres.", "content": "We studied the ultrastructure of the carotid body of three normal rats and three rats living in a hypobaric chamber at a pressure of 460 mm Hg for 27, 28 and 35 days respectively. The type I cells of the carotid bodies of our hypoxic rats were enlarged due to an increase in the volume of their cytoplasm. Many of their dense core vesicles were vacuolated and the core was displaced eccentrically to become adherent to the limiting membrane of the vesicle. The concentration and distribution of dense core vesicles remained unaltered and there were no obvious changes in the mitochondria, ribosomes or Golgi apparatus. There was pronounced capillary dilatation in the carotid bodies of all three rats exposed to chronic hypoxia. This change was accompanied by attenuation of capillary endothelial cells and increased frequency of endothelial fenestrations. There were no structural changes in the type II cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of carotid body in rats living at a simulated altitude of 4300 metres. We studied the ultrastructure of the carotid body of three normal rats and three rats living in a hypobaric chamber at a pressure of 460 mm Hg for 27, 28 and 35 days respectively. The type I cells of the carotid bodies of our hypoxic rats were enlarged due to an increase in the volume of their cytoplasm. Many of their dense core vesicles were vacuolated and the core was displaced eccentrically to become adherent to the limiting membrane of the vesicle. The concentration and distribution of dense core vesicles remained unaltered and there were no obvious changes in the mitochondria, ribosomes or Golgi apparatus. There was pronounced capillary dilatation in the carotid bodies of all three rats exposed to chronic hypoxia. This change was accompanied by attenuation of capillary endothelial cells and increased frequency of endothelial fenestrations. There were no structural changes in the type II cells.", "PMID": 722370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9234", "title": "A cell line from an induced carcinoma of mouse rectum.", "content": "A tissue culture cell line has been established from one out of seven induced carcinomas of mouse large intestine. The cells have an epithelial morphology and form tumour acini in vitro. Electron microscopy shows that the cells have retained some differentiated characters, including junctional complexes and microvilli with attached glycoprotein strands both in the acini and at the free margins of the cell sheets.", "contents": "A cell line from an induced carcinoma of mouse rectum. A tissue culture cell line has been established from one out of seven induced carcinomas of mouse large intestine. The cells have an epithelial morphology and form tumour acini in vitro. Electron microscopy shows that the cells have retained some differentiated characters, including junctional complexes and microvilli with attached glycoprotein strands both in the acini and at the free margins of the cell sheets.", "PMID": 722371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9235", "title": "Ultrastructural observations on epithelioid cell granulomas induced by zirconium in the guinea-pig.", "content": "An ultrastructural study has been made of the allergic-type nodular granulomas that can be induced in guinea-pigs sensitised to sodium zirconium lactate. Lesions taken at the peak of granuloma development 7 days after skin testing contained epithelioid cells which could be recognised particularly by their content of rough endoplasmic reticulum, fimbriated cell membrane and typical nuclear appearance. Multinucleate giant cells were also seen. These cells were characterised by their large number of lysosome-like dense bodies and phagocytic structures. Both epithelioid cells and multinucleate giant cells were similar to those described in zirconium granulomas in man. However, these cells differed in a number of respects from similar cells observed in human sarcoidosis. A constant feature of the guinea-pig lesions was the presence of large numbers of apparently active fibroblasts.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observations on epithelioid cell granulomas induced by zirconium in the guinea-pig. An ultrastructural study has been made of the allergic-type nodular granulomas that can be induced in guinea-pigs sensitised to sodium zirconium lactate. Lesions taken at the peak of granuloma development 7 days after skin testing contained epithelioid cells which could be recognised particularly by their content of rough endoplasmic reticulum, fimbriated cell membrane and typical nuclear appearance. Multinucleate giant cells were also seen. These cells were characterised by their large number of lysosome-like dense bodies and phagocytic structures. Both epithelioid cells and multinucleate giant cells were similar to those described in zirconium granulomas in man. However, these cells differed in a number of respects from similar cells observed in human sarcoidosis. A constant feature of the guinea-pig lesions was the presence of large numbers of apparently active fibroblasts.", "PMID": 722372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9236", "title": "The effects of some aluminium and zirconium compounds on guinea-pig peritoneal macrophages and skin fibroblasts in culture.", "content": "The damaging effects of some industrially important Aluminium and Zirconium compounds on guinea-pig macrophages and skin fibroblasts have been investigated. Cell death was measured by the release of lactate dehydrogenase activity. The haemolytic properties of these compounds has also been investigated. There is a correlation between the ability of these compounds to form granulomas after intradermal injection in the guinea-pig, their toxic effects on macrophages and fibroblasts and their haemolytic properties. A possible mechanism of toxicity of these compounds towards macrophages and fibroblasts is suggested.", "contents": "The effects of some aluminium and zirconium compounds on guinea-pig peritoneal macrophages and skin fibroblasts in culture. The damaging effects of some industrially important Aluminium and Zirconium compounds on guinea-pig macrophages and skin fibroblasts have been investigated. Cell death was measured by the release of lactate dehydrogenase activity. The haemolytic properties of these compounds has also been investigated. There is a correlation between the ability of these compounds to form granulomas after intradermal injection in the guinea-pig, their toxic effects on macrophages and fibroblasts and their haemolytic properties. A possible mechanism of toxicity of these compounds towards macrophages and fibroblasts is suggested.", "PMID": 722373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9237", "title": "Studies of elastic tissue formation in the developing bovine ligamentum nuchae.", "content": "The foetal ligamentum nuchae showed two distinct stages of development, each characterised by its cell population and fibre products. Fibroblasts of the early phase have extensive ergastoplasm apparently associated with collagen production; those of the late phase have an \"attenuated\" cytoplasm and coincide with an increase of elastic tissue content. The elastic fibre comprised a core of fine elastin fibrils (100--130 nm diameter) and a surrounding mantle of microfibrillar protein. As development proceeded, the elastin fibrils appeared to coalesce with each other and also with elastin fibrils from adjacent fibres to form composite mature elastic fibre--a process which was accompanied by a loss of microfibrils. A characteristic of elastic fibres from adult ligament, not apparent in the foetal tissue, was that of bifurcation.", "contents": "Studies of elastic tissue formation in the developing bovine ligamentum nuchae. The foetal ligamentum nuchae showed two distinct stages of development, each characterised by its cell population and fibre products. Fibroblasts of the early phase have extensive ergastoplasm apparently associated with collagen production; those of the late phase have an \"attenuated\" cytoplasm and coincide with an increase of elastic tissue content. The elastic fibre comprised a core of fine elastin fibrils (100--130 nm diameter) and a surrounding mantle of microfibrillar protein. As development proceeded, the elastin fibrils appeared to coalesce with each other and also with elastin fibrils from adjacent fibres to form composite mature elastic fibre--a process which was accompanied by a loss of microfibrils. A characteristic of elastic fibres from adult ligament, not apparent in the foetal tissue, was that of bifurcation.", "PMID": 722375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9238", "title": "Whole blood storage in citrate and phosphate solutions containing half-strength trisodium citrate: cellular and biochemical studies.", "content": "The efficacy of whole blood preservation in acid citrate dextrose (ACD-A) and citrate-phosphate dextrose (CPD) anticoagulants containing half-strength trisodium citrate concentrations, was determined by biochemical and cellular assessment during 28 day storage at 4 degrees--6 degrees. Erythrocyte 2,3-DPG and ATP concentrations, serum potassium, plasma haemoglobin, and blood pH values were similar between the standard and half-strength citrate counterpart in both ACD-A and CPD series, throughout the entire storage period. Erythrocyte indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC, and osmotic fragility) and the red cell, platelet, and leucocyte counts, were also similar regardless of the final citrate concentration in both ACD-A and CPD series during the 28 day storage period. Tests of coagulation (PT, KCCT, TT, and ethanol gel) and fibrinogen levels were also similar, except for a lower quantity of clottable fibrinogen at day 28 in half-strength CPD. The formation of platelet and leucocyte aggregates during storage, as measured by changes in the SFP, were similar in magnitude whether or not the half-strength citrate formulation was used in ACD-A or CPD. Phagocytic and bactericidal capacity against Staph. aureus was normal following 24-hr storage at 4 degrees--6 degrees, in both ACD-A and CPD preserved blood, regardless of the final citrate concentration. It may now be concluded from this evaluation and those of others, that a reasonable argument can be made for reducing the citrate quantity presently used during blood storage, in order to provide a safe and effective transfusion product for routine use.", "contents": "Whole blood storage in citrate and phosphate solutions containing half-strength trisodium citrate: cellular and biochemical studies. The efficacy of whole blood preservation in acid citrate dextrose (ACD-A) and citrate-phosphate dextrose (CPD) anticoagulants containing half-strength trisodium citrate concentrations, was determined by biochemical and cellular assessment during 28 day storage at 4 degrees--6 degrees. Erythrocyte 2,3-DPG and ATP concentrations, serum potassium, plasma haemoglobin, and blood pH values were similar between the standard and half-strength citrate counterpart in both ACD-A and CPD series, throughout the entire storage period. Erythrocyte indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC, and osmotic fragility) and the red cell, platelet, and leucocyte counts, were also similar regardless of the final citrate concentration in both ACD-A and CPD series during the 28 day storage period. Tests of coagulation (PT, KCCT, TT, and ethanol gel) and fibrinogen levels were also similar, except for a lower quantity of clottable fibrinogen at day 28 in half-strength CPD. The formation of platelet and leucocyte aggregates during storage, as measured by changes in the SFP, were similar in magnitude whether or not the half-strength citrate formulation was used in ACD-A or CPD. Phagocytic and bactericidal capacity against Staph. aureus was normal following 24-hr storage at 4 degrees--6 degrees, in both ACD-A and CPD preserved blood, regardless of the final citrate concentration. It may now be concluded from this evaluation and those of others, that a reasonable argument can be made for reducing the citrate quantity presently used during blood storage, in order to provide a safe and effective transfusion product for routine use.", "PMID": 722376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9239", "title": "Early vascular changes in the intestine of bilaterally nephrectomised rats.", "content": "Ultrastructural changes in the arterioles of the intestinal submucosa were observed in rats 20 to 24 hr after bilateral nephrectomy. Sham-operated rats served as controls. The changes of arterial pressure after the nephrectomy or sham operation was measured directly through carotid artery cannulation, and analysed by the paired t-test. Ferritin was injected intravenously into two rats in each group 60 min. before fixation in order to trace plasma insudation into the arteriolar wall. Mean blood pressure was 102 +/- 9 and 112 +/- 6 mm Hg (mean +/- S.E.), before and after the nephrectomy, respectively. The latter was significantly higher than the former, though it remained in the normotensive range. It was also higher than that in control rats after sham operation. In sham-operated rats, there were neither vascular lesions nor evidence of increased leakage of ferritin into arteriolar walls. Arterioles from the nephrectomised rats, on the other hand, exhibited foci of smooth muscle cell necrosis characterised by cellular fragmentation and the deposition of fibrinoid and electron-dense granules. The fibrinoid was of two types of axial periodicity, i.e., 20--23 nm and 16--17 nm, respectively. Dense granules, 13--90 nm in diameter, were encountered mainly between the basement membrane and plasma membrane of smooth muscle cells. Though scanty fibroblasts were seen, there was no infiltration of mononuclear cells in the adventitia accompanying medial necrosis. Ferritin particles accumulated in the necrotic foci of the media in high concentration, and were seen in endothelial gaps, within the cytoplasm and in palsmalemmal vesicles of the endothelial cells. The main pathway of ferritin insudation into the media was considered to be by way of endothelial gaps.", "contents": "Early vascular changes in the intestine of bilaterally nephrectomised rats. Ultrastructural changes in the arterioles of the intestinal submucosa were observed in rats 20 to 24 hr after bilateral nephrectomy. Sham-operated rats served as controls. The changes of arterial pressure after the nephrectomy or sham operation was measured directly through carotid artery cannulation, and analysed by the paired t-test. Ferritin was injected intravenously into two rats in each group 60 min. before fixation in order to trace plasma insudation into the arteriolar wall. Mean blood pressure was 102 +/- 9 and 112 +/- 6 mm Hg (mean +/- S.E.), before and after the nephrectomy, respectively. The latter was significantly higher than the former, though it remained in the normotensive range. It was also higher than that in control rats after sham operation. In sham-operated rats, there were neither vascular lesions nor evidence of increased leakage of ferritin into arteriolar walls. Arterioles from the nephrectomised rats, on the other hand, exhibited foci of smooth muscle cell necrosis characterised by cellular fragmentation and the deposition of fibrinoid and electron-dense granules. The fibrinoid was of two types of axial periodicity, i.e., 20--23 nm and 16--17 nm, respectively. Dense granules, 13--90 nm in diameter, were encountered mainly between the basement membrane and plasma membrane of smooth muscle cells. Though scanty fibroblasts were seen, there was no infiltration of mononuclear cells in the adventitia accompanying medial necrosis. Ferritin particles accumulated in the necrotic foci of the media in high concentration, and were seen in endothelial gaps, within the cytoplasm and in palsmalemmal vesicles of the endothelial cells. The main pathway of ferritin insudation into the media was considered to be by way of endothelial gaps.", "PMID": 722377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9240", "title": "Ultrastructure of N-diethylnitrosamine induced tumours in the nasal olfactory region of the Syrian golden hamster.", "content": "Tumours of the nasal olfactory region induced in five Syrian golden hamsters ater s.c. treatment with N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN) were examined electron microscopically. The neoplasms consisted of two cell types, the ultrastructure of which showed them to have originated from the precursors of olfactory sensory cells (neuroblasts) and the precursors of sustentacular cells (basal cells).", "contents": "Ultrastructure of N-diethylnitrosamine induced tumours in the nasal olfactory region of the Syrian golden hamster. Tumours of the nasal olfactory region induced in five Syrian golden hamsters ater s.c. treatment with N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN) were examined electron microscopically. The neoplasms consisted of two cell types, the ultrastructure of which showed them to have originated from the precursors of olfactory sensory cells (neuroblasts) and the precursors of sustentacular cells (basal cells).", "PMID": 722378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9241", "title": "Sensory nerves and inflammation: evidence for the release of a neurogenic permeability factor by tityustoxin.", "content": "Venom of the scorpion Tityus serrulatus and its active principle tityustoxin (TsTX), kept in contact with the peripheral cut end of the sciatic or saphenous nerve of the rat, induced inflammatory reactions in the areas supplied by the nerves. The reactions include increased vascular permeability and oedema formation below the tibio-tarsal articulation, and were similar to those evoked by electrical antidromic stimulation of these nerves. When electrical stimulation of the peripheral nerve ending preceded its contact with the toxin or, conversely, when the application of electrical pulses closely followed contact with TsTX, no marked increase in the vascular permeability and oedematous respones, subsequent to the second stimulation, was observed. Anti-histamine and anti-serotonin drugs, as well as substances capable of blocking synthesis of prostaglandins or activation of the kinin system, and also atropine, were ineffective in reducing the responses to TsTX or electrical stimuli. Since the responses were evoked at a distance, in the areas supplied by the nerves, they must be chemically mediated. It is concluded that TsTX and electrical antidromic stimuli affect sensory nerves inducing the release of a permeability-increasing factor, which is responsible for the observed reactions. This factor can be depleted from storage sites by prolonged stimulation of the nerves, is not inhibited by antagonists of known mediators of inflammatory reactions and most probably originates in sensory fibres.", "contents": "Sensory nerves and inflammation: evidence for the release of a neurogenic permeability factor by tityustoxin. Venom of the scorpion Tityus serrulatus and its active principle tityustoxin (TsTX), kept in contact with the peripheral cut end of the sciatic or saphenous nerve of the rat, induced inflammatory reactions in the areas supplied by the nerves. The reactions include increased vascular permeability and oedema formation below the tibio-tarsal articulation, and were similar to those evoked by electrical antidromic stimulation of these nerves. When electrical stimulation of the peripheral nerve ending preceded its contact with the toxin or, conversely, when the application of electrical pulses closely followed contact with TsTX, no marked increase in the vascular permeability and oedematous respones, subsequent to the second stimulation, was observed. Anti-histamine and anti-serotonin drugs, as well as substances capable of blocking synthesis of prostaglandins or activation of the kinin system, and also atropine, were ineffective in reducing the responses to TsTX or electrical stimuli. Since the responses were evoked at a distance, in the areas supplied by the nerves, they must be chemically mediated. It is concluded that TsTX and electrical antidromic stimuli affect sensory nerves inducing the release of a permeability-increasing factor, which is responsible for the observed reactions. This factor can be depleted from storage sites by prolonged stimulation of the nerves, is not inhibited by antagonists of known mediators of inflammatory reactions and most probably originates in sensory fibres.", "PMID": 722379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9242", "title": "Evagination of vascular smooth muscle cells during the early stages of Crotalaria pulmonary hypertension.", "content": "Fifteen adult female Wistar albino rats were fed on a diet containing powdered Crotalaria spectabilis seeds for periods of up to 5 wk. Electron microscopic studies were carried out on the lungs of these animals and also of three control rats. Both groups of animals showed protuberances of smooth muscle cells. In the control rats such protuberances were small and filled out spaces created by undulation of the internal elastic lamina produced by collapse of the vessel. These protuberances could be prevented by fixing the lung in distension. Evaginations of smooth muscle cells in the test rats were larger, devoid of myofilaments and organelles and arose from the parent cell between dense attachment points on the sarcolemma. Frequently they arose through a narrow cytoplasmic isthmus and had such electron-lucent contents as to resemble a cyst within the endothelium. In fact they pressed onto the undersurface of endothelial cells which fitted over them like a cap. Such evaginations are thought to arise as a result of sustained vasoconstriction.", "contents": "Evagination of vascular smooth muscle cells during the early stages of Crotalaria pulmonary hypertension. Fifteen adult female Wistar albino rats were fed on a diet containing powdered Crotalaria spectabilis seeds for periods of up to 5 wk. Electron microscopic studies were carried out on the lungs of these animals and also of three control rats. Both groups of animals showed protuberances of smooth muscle cells. In the control rats such protuberances were small and filled out spaces created by undulation of the internal elastic lamina produced by collapse of the vessel. These protuberances could be prevented by fixing the lung in distension. Evaginations of smooth muscle cells in the test rats were larger, devoid of myofilaments and organelles and arose from the parent cell between dense attachment points on the sarcolemma. Frequently they arose through a narrow cytoplasmic isthmus and had such electron-lucent contents as to resemble a cyst within the endothelium. In fact they pressed onto the undersurface of endothelial cells which fitted over them like a cap. Such evaginations are thought to arise as a result of sustained vasoconstriction.", "PMID": 722380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9243", "title": "A spontaneous ankle deformity in an inbred strain of mouse.", "content": "A spontaneous subluxation and subsequent dislocation of the bones of the ankle has been described in the males of an inbred strain of mouse (STR/ORT). It consisted of a gradual elevation of the calcaneum which eventually came to lie along the distal end of the tibia after 6--8 mth. The astragalus rotated forward. Articulations with the navicular and tarsal bones were severely disrupted with the accompanying development of peri-articular calcifications and ossifications. With one exception the arthropathy only occurred in male mice. Of the male members of the colony over the age of 3 mth, 26.7 per cent. had at least one ankle affected. Possible aetiological factors are discussed.", "contents": "A spontaneous ankle deformity in an inbred strain of mouse. A spontaneous subluxation and subsequent dislocation of the bones of the ankle has been described in the males of an inbred strain of mouse (STR/ORT). It consisted of a gradual elevation of the calcaneum which eventually came to lie along the distal end of the tibia after 6--8 mth. The astragalus rotated forward. Articulations with the navicular and tarsal bones were severely disrupted with the accompanying development of peri-articular calcifications and ossifications. With one exception the arthropathy only occurred in male mice. Of the male members of the colony over the age of 3 mth, 26.7 per cent. had at least one ankle affected. Possible aetiological factors are discussed.", "PMID": 722382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9244", "title": "The inhibitory effects of high molecular levan on transport across the vascular wall stimulated by histamine.", "content": "Administration of levan to mice and rats inhibited the passage of intravenously injected trypan blue into the area of skin injected with histamine. In the mouse, the optimal dose of levan was about 5 mg/25 g body weight; higher doses, on the other hand, enhanced diffusion. In the rat, the inhibitory effect was directly related to the dose of levan, the optimal dose being five times higher than for mice. Treatment of rats with levan caused a marked reduction in the uptake and transport of colloidal carbon. In normal and histamine- or turpentine-injected cremaster muscles, treatment with levan prevented carbon from being adsorbed and endocytosed by the endothelial cells. Levan itself was frequently attached to the lumenal surface of endothelial cells, or less frequently was enclosed within pinocytic vesicles. Occasionally, transport across the interendothelial junction was also seen, but the impression gained was that the frequency and extent of patent junctions were reduced in animals receiving phlogistic stimuli and treated with levan. Carbon particles were generally aggregated in the central zone of vessels and were seldom seen near the endothelial cells, within endothelial cells or within any open junctions, presumably because of the coating effect of levan. With partly depolymerised levan, carbon particles were found in endothelial cells and intercellular spaces, but at lower concentrations than in non-levanised control animals. It is suggested that levan acts by altering the rheologic patterns in the microcirculation, by modifying the surface of endothelial cells and by influencing their behaviour, and, finally, by changing the constitution of the ground substance and basement lamina.", "contents": "The inhibitory effects of high molecular levan on transport across the vascular wall stimulated by histamine. Administration of levan to mice and rats inhibited the passage of intravenously injected trypan blue into the area of skin injected with histamine. In the mouse, the optimal dose of levan was about 5 mg/25 g body weight; higher doses, on the other hand, enhanced diffusion. In the rat, the inhibitory effect was directly related to the dose of levan, the optimal dose being five times higher than for mice. Treatment of rats with levan caused a marked reduction in the uptake and transport of colloidal carbon. In normal and histamine- or turpentine-injected cremaster muscles, treatment with levan prevented carbon from being adsorbed and endocytosed by the endothelial cells. Levan itself was frequently attached to the lumenal surface of endothelial cells, or less frequently was enclosed within pinocytic vesicles. Occasionally, transport across the interendothelial junction was also seen, but the impression gained was that the frequency and extent of patent junctions were reduced in animals receiving phlogistic stimuli and treated with levan. Carbon particles were generally aggregated in the central zone of vessels and were seldom seen near the endothelial cells, within endothelial cells or within any open junctions, presumably because of the coating effect of levan. With partly depolymerised levan, carbon particles were found in endothelial cells and intercellular spaces, but at lower concentrations than in non-levanised control animals. It is suggested that levan acts by altering the rheologic patterns in the microcirculation, by modifying the surface of endothelial cells and by influencing their behaviour, and, finally, by changing the constitution of the ground substance and basement lamina.", "PMID": 722383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9245", "title": "Injury and repair of the lung: response to intravenous Freund's adjuvant.", "content": "Tissue from the lungs of rabbits was examined at intervals up to 24 weeks after the animals had received a single intravenous injection of Freund's complete adjuvant. Though this is not a conventional method for damaging the peripheral lung, it had the advantage of producing multiple lesions in which most tissue components were altered for a prolonged period. White blood cells were present within the tissue and air spaces of these damaged areas. They persisted for 6 weeks in large numbers and gradually decreased over the next 12 weeks. There was replacement of type A by type B alveolar lining cells. Basement membranes were displaced and lost. Elastic and collagen fibres were distorted and destroyed. Blood vessels were occluded. Epithelioid cell and foreign body granulomas developed. Interalveolar septa disappeared, and air spaces were compressed. Despite all these changes the lungs regained near normal structure by 24 weeks after the initial injury. These results do not support the importance that has been placed on damage to various structural components of the lung as an explanation for chronic pulmonary disease. They do give some insight into the capacity of peripheral lung tissue for regenerationa following a single injury that induces a prolonged inflammatory response.", "contents": "Injury and repair of the lung: response to intravenous Freund's adjuvant. Tissue from the lungs of rabbits was examined at intervals up to 24 weeks after the animals had received a single intravenous injection of Freund's complete adjuvant. Though this is not a conventional method for damaging the peripheral lung, it had the advantage of producing multiple lesions in which most tissue components were altered for a prolonged period. White blood cells were present within the tissue and air spaces of these damaged areas. They persisted for 6 weeks in large numbers and gradually decreased over the next 12 weeks. There was replacement of type A by type B alveolar lining cells. Basement membranes were displaced and lost. Elastic and collagen fibres were distorted and destroyed. Blood vessels were occluded. Epithelioid cell and foreign body granulomas developed. Interalveolar septa disappeared, and air spaces were compressed. Despite all these changes the lungs regained near normal structure by 24 weeks after the initial injury. These results do not support the importance that has been placed on damage to various structural components of the lung as an explanation for chronic pulmonary disease. They do give some insight into the capacity of peripheral lung tissue for regenerationa following a single injury that induces a prolonged inflammatory response.", "PMID": 722384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9246", "title": "The effect of interruption of lymphatic drainage from the rat testis.", "content": "Forty-two mature albino rats were subjected to the ligation of selected lymphatic vessels close to, and at a distance from, the testis. At periods from 3 days to 1 year both testes were studied at their equatorial level in order to determine histological changes. The operated testes showed a mild degree of damage 3 days after operation and moderate damage at 7 days, while damage of a severe degree increased to a maximum over a postoperative period of 90 days. One-hundred-and-eighty days after operation a few tubules presented the typical appearance of spermatogenic destruction. After 1 year recovery is virtually complete. Changes in the contralateral testis indicate an immune response to the damage induced on the ipsilateral side by the experimental interruption of selected lymph vessels, where interstitial oedema was confined sectorially to the medial half of the testis. In the contralateral testis, oedema was predictably diffuse throughout; the distribution of tubular deformities and the degree of cellular damage were less well marked and 1 year after operation the testis had almost completely recovered. Tubular deformities and cellular changes in the germinal epithelium are primarily dependent on interference with the lymph flow and are not secondary to ischaemia.", "contents": "The effect of interruption of lymphatic drainage from the rat testis. Forty-two mature albino rats were subjected to the ligation of selected lymphatic vessels close to, and at a distance from, the testis. At periods from 3 days to 1 year both testes were studied at their equatorial level in order to determine histological changes. The operated testes showed a mild degree of damage 3 days after operation and moderate damage at 7 days, while damage of a severe degree increased to a maximum over a postoperative period of 90 days. One-hundred-and-eighty days after operation a few tubules presented the typical appearance of spermatogenic destruction. After 1 year recovery is virtually complete. Changes in the contralateral testis indicate an immune response to the damage induced on the ipsilateral side by the experimental interruption of selected lymph vessels, where interstitial oedema was confined sectorially to the medial half of the testis. In the contralateral testis, oedema was predictably diffuse throughout; the distribution of tubular deformities and the degree of cellular damage were less well marked and 1 year after operation the testis had almost completely recovered. Tubular deformities and cellular changes in the germinal epithelium are primarily dependent on interference with the lymph flow and are not secondary to ischaemia.", "PMID": 722385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9247", "title": "Intrahepatic vascular lesions in experimental and natural ovine fascioliasis.", "content": "Using acrylic resin casts prepared from the liver vasculature and histology, subdivisions of the portal and hepatic systems stenosed as a result of experimental and natural infections of F. hepatica were identified as terminal, secondary and tertiary portal veins and central and sublobular hepatic veins; primary portal veins were also involved in the experimentally infected livers. Fewer veins tended to be involved in livers naturally-infected and they were more evenly distributed among liver lobes than in the experimental disease where most were found in the ventral lobe. Casts of both types of infection also demonstrated enlargement and tortuosity of arteries in ventral lobes and those forming the peribiliary arterial plexus, as well as showing that multiple anastomotic channels had formed. The arterial changes and anastomoses were suggested as developing to compensate for the effects of vascular stenosis. Portal vein stenosis induced experimentally was the outcome of replacement of eosinophils and oedema-like fluid present in veins around fluke tracks and of the organisation of fluke tracts impinging upon veins. During the post-migratory period of infection, stenosis became more marked, for which no adequate cause was identified. In livers naturally-infected, in addition to stenosed portal and hepatic veins, vascular channels in collagen septa in sinusoids and a slight convolution of arteries were seen.", "contents": "Intrahepatic vascular lesions in experimental and natural ovine fascioliasis. Using acrylic resin casts prepared from the liver vasculature and histology, subdivisions of the portal and hepatic systems stenosed as a result of experimental and natural infections of F. hepatica were identified as terminal, secondary and tertiary portal veins and central and sublobular hepatic veins; primary portal veins were also involved in the experimentally infected livers. Fewer veins tended to be involved in livers naturally-infected and they were more evenly distributed among liver lobes than in the experimental disease where most were found in the ventral lobe. Casts of both types of infection also demonstrated enlargement and tortuosity of arteries in ventral lobes and those forming the peribiliary arterial plexus, as well as showing that multiple anastomotic channels had formed. The arterial changes and anastomoses were suggested as developing to compensate for the effects of vascular stenosis. Portal vein stenosis induced experimentally was the outcome of replacement of eosinophils and oedema-like fluid present in veins around fluke tracks and of the organisation of fluke tracts impinging upon veins. During the post-migratory period of infection, stenosis became more marked, for which no adequate cause was identified. In livers naturally-infected, in addition to stenosed portal and hepatic veins, vascular channels in collagen septa in sinusoids and a slight convolution of arteries were seen.", "PMID": 722386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9248", "title": "Ultrastructure of intramuscular haematomas and electron-probe x-ray analysis of extracellular and intracellular iron deposits.", "content": "Haematomas were produced in rabbits by intramuscular injections of autologous blood. Clotting and marked lysis of erythrocytes was noted in these haematomas but there was no evidence of fragmentation of erythrocytes, prior to, during, or after ingestion by macrophages as has been reported in other sites such as spleen, peritoneal cavity or joint cavity. The phagocytosis of intact erythrocytes, lysed erythrocytes and haemoglobin led to the formation of three main types of lysosomal bodies, (1) myelinosomes, (2) siderosomes and (3) myelinosidersomes. Electron-probe X-ray analysis of siderosomes has yielded further data supporting the idea that haemosiderin is essentially an inorganic iron compound; presumably a hydrated ferric oxide. An unusual and hitherto unreported finding was the occurrence of electron-dense granules in the connective tissue matrix in two animals. The granules were shown to contain iron, calcium, potassium and phosphorus. It is thought they might represent an attempt at pathological calcification in damaged tissue.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of intramuscular haematomas and electron-probe x-ray analysis of extracellular and intracellular iron deposits. Haematomas were produced in rabbits by intramuscular injections of autologous blood. Clotting and marked lysis of erythrocytes was noted in these haematomas but there was no evidence of fragmentation of erythrocytes, prior to, during, or after ingestion by macrophages as has been reported in other sites such as spleen, peritoneal cavity or joint cavity. The phagocytosis of intact erythrocytes, lysed erythrocytes and haemoglobin led to the formation of three main types of lysosomal bodies, (1) myelinosomes, (2) siderosomes and (3) myelinosidersomes. Electron-probe X-ray analysis of siderosomes has yielded further data supporting the idea that haemosiderin is essentially an inorganic iron compound; presumably a hydrated ferric oxide. An unusual and hitherto unreported finding was the occurrence of electron-dense granules in the connective tissue matrix in two animals. The granules were shown to contain iron, calcium, potassium and phosphorus. It is thought they might represent an attempt at pathological calcification in damaged tissue.", "PMID": 722387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9249", "title": "Bronchial mucus hypersecretion induced by elastase in hamsters: ultrastructural appearances.", "content": "Male golden hamsters were exposed to a solution of purified pancreatic elastase by intratracheal injection. They developed panlobular (panacinar) emphysema and, in addition, were found to show severe goblet cell metaplasia in the major bronchi. The metaplastic change in the respiratory epithelium was associated with persistence of a fenestrated sheet of mucus, widely present throughout the bronchial tree, which was greater in amount than that in either unexposed or saline exposed controls. Transmission electron micrography showed a striking increase in size of individual goblet cells, due to increased numbers of secretory droplets which were also much larger and paler than in control bronchi. Ciliated cells appeared smaller than normal due to compression by the swollen goblet cells. The presence of prominent dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum and the increased frequency of secretory droplet release from the luminal surface stronly suggest that the goblet cell changes were due to increased formation and secretion of mucus into the damaged bronchi. These experiments show that a single exposure to elastase produces both severe panlobular emphysema and goblet cell metaplasia. The changes resemble several of the anatomic features of chronic obstructive lung disease in man for which this injury may be a suitable model.", "contents": "Bronchial mucus hypersecretion induced by elastase in hamsters: ultrastructural appearances. Male golden hamsters were exposed to a solution of purified pancreatic elastase by intratracheal injection. They developed panlobular (panacinar) emphysema and, in addition, were found to show severe goblet cell metaplasia in the major bronchi. The metaplastic change in the respiratory epithelium was associated with persistence of a fenestrated sheet of mucus, widely present throughout the bronchial tree, which was greater in amount than that in either unexposed or saline exposed controls. Transmission electron micrography showed a striking increase in size of individual goblet cells, due to increased numbers of secretory droplets which were also much larger and paler than in control bronchi. Ciliated cells appeared smaller than normal due to compression by the swollen goblet cells. The presence of prominent dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum and the increased frequency of secretory droplet release from the luminal surface stronly suggest that the goblet cell changes were due to increased formation and secretion of mucus into the damaged bronchi. These experiments show that a single exposure to elastase produces both severe panlobular emphysema and goblet cell metaplasia. The changes resemble several of the anatomic features of chronic obstructive lung disease in man for which this injury may be a suitable model.", "PMID": 722388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9250", "title": "Histological changes in the thyroid gland in rats on acclimatisation to simulated high altitude.", "content": "Histological examination of thyroid glands from rats exposed to simulated high altitude has shown an increase in the amount of colloid and a decrease in the amount of epithelium when compared with the thyroid glands from rats kept at sea-level atmospheric pressure. These changes suggest a reduced thyroid activity in animals exposed to simulated high altitude.", "contents": "Histological changes in the thyroid gland in rats on acclimatisation to simulated high altitude. Histological examination of thyroid glands from rats exposed to simulated high altitude has shown an increase in the amount of colloid and a decrease in the amount of epithelium when compared with the thyroid glands from rats kept at sea-level atmospheric pressure. These changes suggest a reduced thyroid activity in animals exposed to simulated high altitude.", "PMID": 722389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9251", "title": "Macrophages in giant cell tumours of bone.", "content": "Five giant cell tumours of bone were studied to determine the degree of macrophage infiltration and whether the giant cells expressed the characteristics commonly associated with macrophages, i.e., IgGFc and C3 receptors, phagocytosis and non-specific esterase activity. Macrophages were assessed in trypsin-derived tumour cell suspensions by IgGEAC rosette formation and in frozen sections of tumour by EA adsorption. The percentage of macrophages in cell suspensions from four of the tumours ranged from 11 to 40 per cent. Strong EA adsorption occurred over 35 to 95 per cent. of the tumours' surface and significant non-specific esterase positivity was observed in the tumour sections. The giant cells were receptor negative and non-phagocytic, but a low percentage of them expressed esterase activity. The results strongly suggest that despite the fact that large numbers of macrophages were present in the tumours, the giant cells were derived from cells other than macrophages.", "contents": "Macrophages in giant cell tumours of bone. Five giant cell tumours of bone were studied to determine the degree of macrophage infiltration and whether the giant cells expressed the characteristics commonly associated with macrophages, i.e., IgGFc and C3 receptors, phagocytosis and non-specific esterase activity. Macrophages were assessed in trypsin-derived tumour cell suspensions by IgGEAC rosette formation and in frozen sections of tumour by EA adsorption. The percentage of macrophages in cell suspensions from four of the tumours ranged from 11 to 40 per cent. Strong EA adsorption occurred over 35 to 95 per cent. of the tumours' surface and significant non-specific esterase positivity was observed in the tumour sections. The giant cells were receptor negative and non-phagocytic, but a low percentage of them expressed esterase activity. The results strongly suggest that despite the fact that large numbers of macrophages were present in the tumours, the giant cells were derived from cells other than macrophages.", "PMID": 722390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9252", "title": "Ultrastructural features of epithelioid cell granuloma induced by intradermal injection of xenogeneic nerve tissue.", "content": "Epithelioid cell granulomas were induced in rabbits previously sensitised with human sensory peripheral nerve extract by skin testing with homogenate of sural nerve. Ultrastructurally some of the cells contained in their cytoplasm abundant and dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum filled with a moderately dense product while the cytoplasm of other cells contained numerous membrane-bound vesicles. These cells show all the ultrastructural characteristics of epithelioid cells found in human granulomatous disease and in human states of granulomatous hypersensitivity. Thus we have developed an animal model which supports the concept of granulomatous hypersensitivity as a distinct entity in humans to be differentiated from foreign body and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. The model may also prove important in elucidating the pathogenesis of granuloma formation in non-lepromatous leprosy and other granulomatous disease and in defining the nature of the products of epithelioid cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructural features of epithelioid cell granuloma induced by intradermal injection of xenogeneic nerve tissue. Epithelioid cell granulomas were induced in rabbits previously sensitised with human sensory peripheral nerve extract by skin testing with homogenate of sural nerve. Ultrastructurally some of the cells contained in their cytoplasm abundant and dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum filled with a moderately dense product while the cytoplasm of other cells contained numerous membrane-bound vesicles. These cells show all the ultrastructural characteristics of epithelioid cells found in human granulomatous disease and in human states of granulomatous hypersensitivity. Thus we have developed an animal model which supports the concept of granulomatous hypersensitivity as a distinct entity in humans to be differentiated from foreign body and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. The model may also prove important in elucidating the pathogenesis of granuloma formation in non-lepromatous leprosy and other granulomatous disease and in defining the nature of the products of epithelioid cells.", "PMID": 722391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9253", "title": "The haemolytic action of particulate metals (Cd, Cr, Co, Fe, Mo, Ni, Ta, Ti, Zn, Co-Cr alloy).", "content": "The haemolytic action of particulate cadmium, chromium, cobalt, iron, molybdenum, nickel, tantalum, titanium, zinc and cobalt-chromium alloy is described. Cobalt, nickel and cobalt-chromium alloy were found to be the most active and were also the most toxic for other cells in tissue culture. In contrast the other particulate metals produced only low levels of haemolysis and in general, were well tolerated by cells in culture. A dual effect of particulate metals is described due firstly to a direct interaction between the particle surface and cell membrane and secondly to the possible toxic effects of dissolved metal.", "contents": "The haemolytic action of particulate metals (Cd, Cr, Co, Fe, Mo, Ni, Ta, Ti, Zn, Co-Cr alloy). The haemolytic action of particulate cadmium, chromium, cobalt, iron, molybdenum, nickel, tantalum, titanium, zinc and cobalt-chromium alloy is described. Cobalt, nickel and cobalt-chromium alloy were found to be the most active and were also the most toxic for other cells in tissue culture. In contrast the other particulate metals produced only low levels of haemolysis and in general, were well tolerated by cells in culture. A dual effect of particulate metals is described due firstly to a direct interaction between the particle surface and cell membrane and secondly to the possible toxic effects of dissolved metal.", "PMID": 722392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9254", "title": "Surface markers on lymphocytes and cells of the mononuclear phagocyte series in skin sections in leprosy.", "content": "E, EA and EAC rosetting techniques and Ig fluorescence were used in a study of receptor sites in cryostat sections of lesions through the spectrum of leprosy, and for comparison in some other mycobacterial and granulomatous lesions. Anti-C3, and trypsin were used as blocking agents. Lymphocytes in borderline lepromatous leprosy produced EA adherence and IgG fluorescence indicating B type cells. Lymphocytes in tuberculoid leprosy produced neither E or EA adherence and no fluorescence; these cells were presumed to be T cells. EAC and EA adherence was more marked in areas of macrophage infiltration, where there were few lymphocytes, than over the lympocytes themselves. Two distinct patterns emerged: (i) EA binding together with IgG fluorescence was seen in active lepromatous leprosy and could be localised to the surface of individual macrophages, and (ii) EAC binding together with IgM fluorescence was seen in the granuloma of tuberculoid leprosy and sarcoidosis, but could not be definitely related to cell surface; rather it was diffusely spread over the whole granuloma; EAC adherence was diminished by anti-C3 serum. Trypsin removed EA binding completely, but only diminished EAC adherence. It is suggested that the EA pattern indicates immunoglobulin receptors on macrophage and lymphocyte surfaces: and that the EAC binding (which is stronger than EA) involves C3 and IgM receptors at extracellular sites as well as C3 receptor sites on epithelioid cell surfaces. EA and EAC binding were enhanced in borderline tuberculoid leprosy in reaction and erythema nodosum leprosum, suggesting that immunoglobulin and complement receptor sites increase in number with enhanced hypersensitivity.", "contents": "Surface markers on lymphocytes and cells of the mononuclear phagocyte series in skin sections in leprosy. E, EA and EAC rosetting techniques and Ig fluorescence were used in a study of receptor sites in cryostat sections of lesions through the spectrum of leprosy, and for comparison in some other mycobacterial and granulomatous lesions. Anti-C3, and trypsin were used as blocking agents. Lymphocytes in borderline lepromatous leprosy produced EA adherence and IgG fluorescence indicating B type cells. Lymphocytes in tuberculoid leprosy produced neither E or EA adherence and no fluorescence; these cells were presumed to be T cells. EAC and EA adherence was more marked in areas of macrophage infiltration, where there were few lymphocytes, than over the lympocytes themselves. Two distinct patterns emerged: (i) EA binding together with IgG fluorescence was seen in active lepromatous leprosy and could be localised to the surface of individual macrophages, and (ii) EAC binding together with IgM fluorescence was seen in the granuloma of tuberculoid leprosy and sarcoidosis, but could not be definitely related to cell surface; rather it was diffusely spread over the whole granuloma; EAC adherence was diminished by anti-C3 serum. Trypsin removed EA binding completely, but only diminished EAC adherence. It is suggested that the EA pattern indicates immunoglobulin receptors on macrophage and lymphocyte surfaces: and that the EAC binding (which is stronger than EA) involves C3 and IgM receptors at extracellular sites as well as C3 receptor sites on epithelioid cell surfaces. EA and EAC binding were enhanced in borderline tuberculoid leprosy in reaction and erythema nodosum leprosum, suggesting that immunoglobulin and complement receptor sites increase in number with enhanced hypersensitivity.", "PMID": 722393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9255", "title": "The sequestration and margination of platelets and leucocytes in veins during conditions of hypokinetic and anaemic hypoxia: potential significance in clinical postoperative venous thrombosis.", "content": "Lesions apparently similar to the white part of natural and experimental thrombi were found in the veins of animals starved of oxygen by \"hypokinetic\" and \"anaemic\" means: in contrast to this, no comparable lesions were seen in animals exposed to \"arterial\" hypoxia. The interpretation of these observations, and their probable relevance to the conditions in which postoperative venous thrombi develop, is discussed.", "contents": "The sequestration and margination of platelets and leucocytes in veins during conditions of hypokinetic and anaemic hypoxia: potential significance in clinical postoperative venous thrombosis. Lesions apparently similar to the white part of natural and experimental thrombi were found in the veins of animals starved of oxygen by \"hypokinetic\" and \"anaemic\" means: in contrast to this, no comparable lesions were seen in animals exposed to \"arterial\" hypoxia. The interpretation of these observations, and their probable relevance to the conditions in which postoperative venous thrombi develop, is discussed.", "PMID": 722394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9256", "title": "Early colonisation of a local inflammatory lesion and its relationship to changes in systemic leucocyte availability: a study of turpentine-induced lesions in the rat.", "content": "The changes in both peripheral blood leucocyte counts and lesion inflammatory cells have been measured at intervals up to 24 hr following the subcutaneous injection of turpentine in rats. The lesion PMNL changes were characterised by a sharp rise between 0 and 6 hr and a less-rapid fall between 6 and 24 hr. The half-life of lesion PMNL's, as determined by tritiated thymidine labelling between 12 and 24 hr after turpentine injections, was 13 hr and there was a significant correlation between blood and lesion PMNL counts throughout the experimental period. A dependence of the lesion PMNL population on the availability of these cells is thus suggested. Mononuclear cells, which were predominantly monocyte-derived, showed a sharp rise between 6 and 12 hr, plateauing thereafter. These changes were not associated with significant alterations in blood monocyte counts. Although significant changes in blood lymphocyte counts were observed, these were not reflected in the local inflammatory lesion.", "contents": "Early colonisation of a local inflammatory lesion and its relationship to changes in systemic leucocyte availability: a study of turpentine-induced lesions in the rat. The changes in both peripheral blood leucocyte counts and lesion inflammatory cells have been measured at intervals up to 24 hr following the subcutaneous injection of turpentine in rats. The lesion PMNL changes were characterised by a sharp rise between 0 and 6 hr and a less-rapid fall between 6 and 24 hr. The half-life of lesion PMNL's, as determined by tritiated thymidine labelling between 12 and 24 hr after turpentine injections, was 13 hr and there was a significant correlation between blood and lesion PMNL counts throughout the experimental period. A dependence of the lesion PMNL population on the availability of these cells is thus suggested. Mononuclear cells, which were predominantly monocyte-derived, showed a sharp rise between 6 and 12 hr, plateauing thereafter. These changes were not associated with significant alterations in blood monocyte counts. Although significant changes in blood lymphocyte counts were observed, these were not reflected in the local inflammatory lesion.", "PMID": 722395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9257", "title": "Cytoplasmic filamentous masses in chromophobe adenoma of the human pituitary gland.", "content": "The fine structure of filamentous masses in three cases of chromophobe adenoma of the pituitary gland is reported. These three were among 18 cases of chromophobe adenoma, 13 non-functioning and five with acromegaly, studied by electron microscopy. All the three cases with fine filamentous masses were adenomas with acromegaly and none of the non-functioning adenomas showed these structures. The cells containing filamentous masses were rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum and poor in secretory granules. These masses were composed of fine filaments and, in some, tubular structures and granules were also present. Prominent RER and sometimes an extensive Golgi system was seen in the adjacent cytoplasm. It is suggested that the filamentous masses arise as a result of degeneration and disintegration of RER and Golgi apparatus.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic filamentous masses in chromophobe adenoma of the human pituitary gland. The fine structure of filamentous masses in three cases of chromophobe adenoma of the pituitary gland is reported. These three were among 18 cases of chromophobe adenoma, 13 non-functioning and five with acromegaly, studied by electron microscopy. All the three cases with fine filamentous masses were adenomas with acromegaly and none of the non-functioning adenomas showed these structures. The cells containing filamentous masses were rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum and poor in secretory granules. These masses were composed of fine filaments and, in some, tubular structures and granules were also present. Prominent RER and sometimes an extensive Golgi system was seen in the adjacent cytoplasm. It is suggested that the filamentous masses arise as a result of degeneration and disintegration of RER and Golgi apparatus.", "PMID": 722396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9258", "title": "Histochemical observations on nodules induced in the mouse liver by phenobarbitone.", "content": "This study describes the histochemical reactions seen in nodules of the mouse liver. The nodules were obtained from 13 animals treated for over 80 weeks with phenobarbiotone and three untreated mice. The morphology of the lesion depends upon the preparative techniques and only two lesions with persistent abnormal trabecular pattern metastasised. A varying pattern of histochemical reaction was seen. The aniline hydroxylase reaction was dense in simple nodules and in centrilobular areas of phenobarbitone-treated mice but was weak in the abnormal trabecular lesions. These results suggest that it is possible to predict behavioural characteristics of mouse hepatic nodules on the basis of certain morphological characteristics.", "contents": "Histochemical observations on nodules induced in the mouse liver by phenobarbitone. This study describes the histochemical reactions seen in nodules of the mouse liver. The nodules were obtained from 13 animals treated for over 80 weeks with phenobarbiotone and three untreated mice. The morphology of the lesion depends upon the preparative techniques and only two lesions with persistent abnormal trabecular pattern metastasised. A varying pattern of histochemical reaction was seen. The aniline hydroxylase reaction was dense in simple nodules and in centrilobular areas of phenobarbitone-treated mice but was weak in the abnormal trabecular lesions. These results suggest that it is possible to predict behavioural characteristics of mouse hepatic nodules on the basis of certain morphological characteristics.", "PMID": 722397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9259", "title": "Intra-articular loose bodies regarded as organ cultures in vivo.", "content": "A study of the changes which occur in the intra-articular loose bodies which contain hyaline cartilage, showed the chondrocytes to be very versatile. To effect the transformation of a fractured portion of the articular surface from an angular to a rounded body, peripheral chondrocytes lyse the surrounding glycans and revert to fibroblasts before proliferating and forming fibrocartilage. The central chondrocytes show a wide variety of changes which may mask the original structure of the hyaline cartilage. Remodelling can occur by the formation of osteoclasts. Analogies are drawn between the behaviour of chondrocytes in culture and in some pathologic processes.", "contents": "Intra-articular loose bodies regarded as organ cultures in vivo. A study of the changes which occur in the intra-articular loose bodies which contain hyaline cartilage, showed the chondrocytes to be very versatile. To effect the transformation of a fractured portion of the articular surface from an angular to a rounded body, peripheral chondrocytes lyse the surrounding glycans and revert to fibroblasts before proliferating and forming fibrocartilage. The central chondrocytes show a wide variety of changes which may mask the original structure of the hyaline cartilage. Remodelling can occur by the formation of osteoclasts. Analogies are drawn between the behaviour of chondrocytes in culture and in some pathologic processes.", "PMID": 722398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9260", "title": "Some effects of a thallium salt on the proliferation of hair follicle cells.", "content": "Thallium sulphate has been given to young rats at 4 and 7 days of age and the mitotic activity of the hair follicles has been assessed quantitatively. It has been found that there is a marked decline in mitotic rate over 48 hr in the thallium-treated animals, which is followed by variable amounts of cell death in the matrix zone. No specific mitotic lesion was found or change in cell cycle indices. A failure of energy metabolism is suggested as a possible cause of the inhibition of hair follicle mitosis by thallium.", "contents": "Some effects of a thallium salt on the proliferation of hair follicle cells. Thallium sulphate has been given to young rats at 4 and 7 days of age and the mitotic activity of the hair follicles has been assessed quantitatively. It has been found that there is a marked decline in mitotic rate over 48 hr in the thallium-treated animals, which is followed by variable amounts of cell death in the matrix zone. No specific mitotic lesion was found or change in cell cycle indices. A failure of energy metabolism is suggested as a possible cause of the inhibition of hair follicle mitosis by thallium.", "PMID": 722399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9261", "title": "The effects of damage to the renal tubular cell population in growing rats.", "content": "Intraperitoneal injection of mercuric chloride in the rat was used to study the effect of tubular injury on renal growth in intact and in unilaterally nephrectomised animals. If a reduction in the size of the tubular cell pool was effected, hypertrophy of surviving cells, rather than hyperplasia, would be the dominant response in treated animals. The remaining kidney in animals which had undergone nephrectomy showed hyperplasia without hypertrophy. However, unilaterally nephrectomised animals treated with mercuric chloride showed evidence of hypertrophy only, with no hyperplasia.", "contents": "The effects of damage to the renal tubular cell population in growing rats. Intraperitoneal injection of mercuric chloride in the rat was used to study the effect of tubular injury on renal growth in intact and in unilaterally nephrectomised animals. If a reduction in the size of the tubular cell pool was effected, hypertrophy of surviving cells, rather than hyperplasia, would be the dominant response in treated animals. The remaining kidney in animals which had undergone nephrectomy showed hyperplasia without hypertrophy. However, unilaterally nephrectomised animals treated with mercuric chloride showed evidence of hypertrophy only, with no hyperplasia.", "PMID": 722400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9262", "title": "H2-receptors and traumatic oedema.", "content": "The effects of the H2-antagonists, metiamide and cimetidine, on the oedema following limb ischaemia or scald have been investigated in two strains of rat. No inhibition of oedema formation was found except when large doses of cimetidine were given before scalding. This effect was attributed to the fall in body temperature. Our results do not support the view that H2-receptors are concerned in the vascular response to injury.", "contents": "H2-receptors and traumatic oedema. The effects of the H2-antagonists, metiamide and cimetidine, on the oedema following limb ischaemia or scald have been investigated in two strains of rat. No inhibition of oedema formation was found except when large doses of cimetidine were given before scalding. This effect was attributed to the fall in body temperature. Our results do not support the view that H2-receptors are concerned in the vascular response to injury.", "PMID": 722401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9263", "title": "Hereditary \"draft lamb\" disease of Border Leicester sheep: the ultrastructural pathology of the skeletal muscles.", "content": "A hereditary and congenital disease of Border Leicester lambs clinically indistinguishable from the \"draft lambs\" of Innes et al. (1949) but with no cerebellar lesion, is defined in terms of the ultrastructural pathology of the muscle, intramuscular nerves and neuromuscular junctions. The pathognomonic feature of these congenitally affected lambs was the occurrence of large intrafascicular muscle cells. On the basis of the mitochondrial content and Z disc thickness these were considered to be one of two subtypes of type I cell. There was evidence of muscle cell growth in all cell types between birth and 3 mth of age, particularly in the form of myofibrillar splitting. The myofibrils of the large cells were very large and incompletely split. The mitochondria in these cells were of two kinds, roughly rounded and tubular. The latter showed conspicuous branching. A few muscle cells appeared immature but no significant degenerative changes were detected. In some neck muscles intramuscular nerves were seen and in 28 per cent. of the axons lamellated electron-dense bodies occurred. The periodicity of the lamellations was 40--60 nm. No other defects were observed in their vicinity but some axon terminals contained distended mitochondria which themselves contained membranous bodies. The axon terminals also contained morphologically normal synaptic vesicles and there was evidence that these were transmitting their transmitter substance. The lesions in hereditary \"draft\" lamb disease of Border Leicester sheep may result from functional defects of the nervous system which have a delaying effect on the development of some muscle cells, whilst others capable of normal growth hypertrophy. Alternatively, there may be a primary defect in the muscle cells themselves either alone or together with an unrelated neuropathy.", "contents": "Hereditary \"draft lamb\" disease of Border Leicester sheep: the ultrastructural pathology of the skeletal muscles. A hereditary and congenital disease of Border Leicester lambs clinically indistinguishable from the \"draft lambs\" of Innes et al. (1949) but with no cerebellar lesion, is defined in terms of the ultrastructural pathology of the muscle, intramuscular nerves and neuromuscular junctions. The pathognomonic feature of these congenitally affected lambs was the occurrence of large intrafascicular muscle cells. On the basis of the mitochondrial content and Z disc thickness these were considered to be one of two subtypes of type I cell. There was evidence of muscle cell growth in all cell types between birth and 3 mth of age, particularly in the form of myofibrillar splitting. The myofibrils of the large cells were very large and incompletely split. The mitochondria in these cells were of two kinds, roughly rounded and tubular. The latter showed conspicuous branching. A few muscle cells appeared immature but no significant degenerative changes were detected. In some neck muscles intramuscular nerves were seen and in 28 per cent. of the axons lamellated electron-dense bodies occurred. The periodicity of the lamellations was 40--60 nm. No other defects were observed in their vicinity but some axon terminals contained distended mitochondria which themselves contained membranous bodies. The axon terminals also contained morphologically normal synaptic vesicles and there was evidence that these were transmitting their transmitter substance. The lesions in hereditary \"draft\" lamb disease of Border Leicester sheep may result from functional defects of the nervous system which have a delaying effect on the development of some muscle cells, whilst others capable of normal growth hypertrophy. Alternatively, there may be a primary defect in the muscle cells themselves either alone or together with an unrelated neuropathy.", "PMID": 722402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9264", "title": "Cardiac pathology in chronic myopathy, with particular reference to dystrophia myotonica.", "content": "Histological changes in the hearts of two patients with dystrophia myotonica and one patient with a familial scapulo-peroneal myopathy are described. The myocardium showed fibre hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis, vacuolar degeneration of myocardial cells and focal groups of aberrantly orientated myofibres. The AV node in the case of scapulo-peroneal myopathy showed vacuolar fibre degeneration and fatty infiltration. The aberrantly orientated myofibres have not previously been described in this context, and their relationship to similar aberrant fibres in hypertrophic obstructive cardio-myopathy and the electrophysiological and clinical manifestations of cardiac involvement in myotonic dystrophy are discussed.", "contents": "Cardiac pathology in chronic myopathy, with particular reference to dystrophia myotonica. Histological changes in the hearts of two patients with dystrophia myotonica and one patient with a familial scapulo-peroneal myopathy are described. The myocardium showed fibre hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis, vacuolar degeneration of myocardial cells and focal groups of aberrantly orientated myofibres. The AV node in the case of scapulo-peroneal myopathy showed vacuolar fibre degeneration and fatty infiltration. The aberrantly orientated myofibres have not previously been described in this context, and their relationship to similar aberrant fibres in hypertrophic obstructive cardio-myopathy and the electrophysiological and clinical manifestations of cardiac involvement in myotonic dystrophy are discussed.", "PMID": 722403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9265", "title": "Increased plasma kallikrein activity and tumour growth suppression associated with intralesional bradykinin injections in hamsters.", "content": "Daily intralesional injections of bradykinin (250 microgram) into syngeneic SV40 virus-induced fibrosarcomas in inbred hamsters for 21 days produced marked inhibition of tumour growth, marked lymphoid cell infiltration of tumours, and significant elevations in plasma kallikrein and prekallikrein activity, compared with intralesional saline injections. All tumours were of comparable size and growth rates before injections were begun. Plasma kallikrein levels of animals which received the standard tumour cell inoculum subcutaneously and did not develop tumours were elevated significantly above normal levels and above levels of animals with large tumours. Kallikrein inhibitor activity of animals which did not develop tumours was depressed below normal levels. Intralesional injections of saline produced a significantly lesser response in plasma kallikrein and plasma prekallikrein activity than was encountered with subcutaneous saline injections in normal animals. Intralesional injections of bradykinin produced a response equivalent to that encountered with subcutaneous bradykinin injections in normal animals.", "contents": "Increased plasma kallikrein activity and tumour growth suppression associated with intralesional bradykinin injections in hamsters. Daily intralesional injections of bradykinin (250 microgram) into syngeneic SV40 virus-induced fibrosarcomas in inbred hamsters for 21 days produced marked inhibition of tumour growth, marked lymphoid cell infiltration of tumours, and significant elevations in plasma kallikrein and prekallikrein activity, compared with intralesional saline injections. All tumours were of comparable size and growth rates before injections were begun. Plasma kallikrein levels of animals which received the standard tumour cell inoculum subcutaneously and did not develop tumours were elevated significantly above normal levels and above levels of animals with large tumours. Kallikrein inhibitor activity of animals which did not develop tumours was depressed below normal levels. Intralesional injections of saline produced a significantly lesser response in plasma kallikrein and plasma prekallikrein activity than was encountered with subcutaneous saline injections in normal animals. Intralesional injections of bradykinin produced a response equivalent to that encountered with subcutaneous bradykinin injections in normal animals.", "PMID": 722404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9266", "title": "Ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity; experimental observations on the role of lipid peroxidation.", "content": "Hepatic lipid peroxidation in vivo or in vitro as measured by UV absorption spectra of microsomal lipids or by production of TBA-reacting substances by whole liver homogenates, was studied after acute or during prolonged administration of ethanol. No evidence of peroxidative derangement of liver microsomal lipids in vivo was detected in either experimental situation, while the production of TBA-reacting substances by pooled liver homogenates incubated in vitro appeared slightly increased. Treatment with reduced glutathione (GSH and 2-mercaptopropionylglycine (2-MPG) was able to reduce fatty liver in acute and prolonged ethanol dosing, as well as the production of TBA-reacting compounds. Similar effects were obtained with 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole which was assayed only in acute experiments. By contrast, hepatic triglyceride accumulation induced by a single intoxicating dose of ethanol was not affected by preventive treatment with pyrazole which seemed to act as a pro-oxidant agent as far as the production of TBA-reacting substances is concerned. The role of lipid peroxidation as a pathogenic mechanism for acute and chronic ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity is discussed in relation to the action of anti-oxidant compounds which are active in preventing liver injury. It is concluded that lipid peroxidation is unlikely to be an important mechanism in alcohol hepatotoxicity.", "contents": "Ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity; experimental observations on the role of lipid peroxidation. Hepatic lipid peroxidation in vivo or in vitro as measured by UV absorption spectra of microsomal lipids or by production of TBA-reacting substances by whole liver homogenates, was studied after acute or during prolonged administration of ethanol. No evidence of peroxidative derangement of liver microsomal lipids in vivo was detected in either experimental situation, while the production of TBA-reacting substances by pooled liver homogenates incubated in vitro appeared slightly increased. Treatment with reduced glutathione (GSH and 2-mercaptopropionylglycine (2-MPG) was able to reduce fatty liver in acute and prolonged ethanol dosing, as well as the production of TBA-reacting compounds. Similar effects were obtained with 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole which was assayed only in acute experiments. By contrast, hepatic triglyceride accumulation induced by a single intoxicating dose of ethanol was not affected by preventive treatment with pyrazole which seemed to act as a pro-oxidant agent as far as the production of TBA-reacting substances is concerned. The role of lipid peroxidation as a pathogenic mechanism for acute and chronic ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity is discussed in relation to the action of anti-oxidant compounds which are active in preventing liver injury. It is concluded that lipid peroxidation is unlikely to be an important mechanism in alcohol hepatotoxicity.", "PMID": 722405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9267", "title": "Histological and ultrastructural changes in experimentally produced post-vaccinial lymphadenitis in rabbits.", "content": "Light and Electron microscopic alterations in lymph nodes after intradermal vaccinia virus inoculation are described. In the early stages the lymph nodes show a diffuse lymphoreticular proliferation associated with the appearance of peculiar large cells called reticulolymphoblasts. This appearance can be mistaken for malignant lymphoma. Later on, these changes are replaced by markedly hypertrophied lymphoid follicles which persist for long periods. These alterations can be mistaken for follicular lymphoma. Evidence is presented that reticulolymphoblasts are derived from transformed lymphocytes.", "contents": "Histological and ultrastructural changes in experimentally produced post-vaccinial lymphadenitis in rabbits. Light and Electron microscopic alterations in lymph nodes after intradermal vaccinia virus inoculation are described. In the early stages the lymph nodes show a diffuse lymphoreticular proliferation associated with the appearance of peculiar large cells called reticulolymphoblasts. This appearance can be mistaken for malignant lymphoma. Later on, these changes are replaced by markedly hypertrophied lymphoid follicles which persist for long periods. These alterations can be mistaken for follicular lymphoma. Evidence is presented that reticulolymphoblasts are derived from transformed lymphocytes.", "PMID": 722407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9268", "title": "A comparative study of the accuracy of area assessment by point counting for bronchial mucous glands.", "content": "The accuracy with which areas of bronchial mucous gland on histological sections may be determined has been investigated with respect to inherent statistical variability in the point counting procedure used, and with respect to variations between the histological stains and observers employed. Very good argeement was obtained between areas determined by point counting and by planimetry. It was shown empirically that for sections of well-defined gland-like structures the accuracy (coefficient of area) of area determination was inversely proportional to the 3/4 power of the mean point count. The constant of proportionality depended on the structure's shape and on the point geometry of the grid used. Using the relationship the count needed to achieve a required accuracy of area determination could be established. It was shown that in general a smaller count was required for a given accuracy than would be the case using randomly dispersed tissue. On histological sections the accuracy of area determination is also dependent upon gland boundary definition, and our experiments showed that a recticulin Alcian Blue stain best defined mucous gland acini, and that a PBS stain gave the most accurate results for whole gland. These experiments also showed that there were small but significant differences in mean areas determined by different observers. The observers were shown to be equally consistent in their judgment of what constituted whole mucous gland and acini, but since they differed over mean counts it is recommended that studies should be designed to use either a single observer or to assign observers randomly among groups. With these considerations point counting can be made an accurate method of area determination for these or similar tissues.", "contents": "A comparative study of the accuracy of area assessment by point counting for bronchial mucous glands. The accuracy with which areas of bronchial mucous gland on histological sections may be determined has been investigated with respect to inherent statistical variability in the point counting procedure used, and with respect to variations between the histological stains and observers employed. Very good argeement was obtained between areas determined by point counting and by planimetry. It was shown empirically that for sections of well-defined gland-like structures the accuracy (coefficient of area) of area determination was inversely proportional to the 3/4 power of the mean point count. The constant of proportionality depended on the structure's shape and on the point geometry of the grid used. Using the relationship the count needed to achieve a required accuracy of area determination could be established. It was shown that in general a smaller count was required for a given accuracy than would be the case using randomly dispersed tissue. On histological sections the accuracy of area determination is also dependent upon gland boundary definition, and our experiments showed that a recticulin Alcian Blue stain best defined mucous gland acini, and that a PBS stain gave the most accurate results for whole gland. These experiments also showed that there were small but significant differences in mean areas determined by different observers. The observers were shown to be equally consistent in their judgment of what constituted whole mucous gland and acini, but since they differed over mean counts it is recommended that studies should be designed to use either a single observer or to assign observers randomly among groups. With these considerations point counting can be made an accurate method of area determination for these or similar tissues.", "PMID": 722408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9269", "title": "Physiologic factors affecting pulmonary artery pressure in infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension.", "content": "Indwelling pulmonary artery catheters were used for continuous monitoring of pulmonary artery pressure in ten infants with severe persistent pulmonary hypertention of the newborn. The labile nature of pulmonary artery pressure, with changes up to 50 mm Hg, was documented. Pulmonary artery pressure in the eight infants with suprasystemic pulmonary hypertension was analyzed at the time of maximum decrease in pressure (mean 36.1 mm Hg) and physiologic measurements were compared over an eight-hour period. During the study period when the infants were hyperventilated, as the Paco2 decreased from 48.9 to 28.3 mm Hg (P less than 0.02) the mean pulmonary artery pressure decreased by 36 mm Hg (P less than 0.001) to subsystemic pressure levels, and the mean AadeltaO2 decreased by 146 mm Hg (P less than 0.001). After the decrease in pulmonary artery pressure, patients were mechanically ventilated to maintain Paco2 in the range of 25 to 30 mm Hg until pulmonary hypertension gradually resolved in the six survivors.", "contents": "Physiologic factors affecting pulmonary artery pressure in infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension. Indwelling pulmonary artery catheters were used for continuous monitoring of pulmonary artery pressure in ten infants with severe persistent pulmonary hypertention of the newborn. The labile nature of pulmonary artery pressure, with changes up to 50 mm Hg, was documented. Pulmonary artery pressure in the eight infants with suprasystemic pulmonary hypertension was analyzed at the time of maximum decrease in pressure (mean 36.1 mm Hg) and physiologic measurements were compared over an eight-hour period. During the study period when the infants were hyperventilated, as the Paco2 decreased from 48.9 to 28.3 mm Hg (P less than 0.02) the mean pulmonary artery pressure decreased by 36 mm Hg (P less than 0.001) to subsystemic pressure levels, and the mean AadeltaO2 decreased by 146 mm Hg (P less than 0.001). After the decrease in pulmonary artery pressure, patients were mechanically ventilated to maintain Paco2 in the range of 25 to 30 mm Hg until pulmonary hypertension gradually resolved in the six survivors.", "PMID": 722410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9270", "title": "Clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of nafcillin in infants and children.", "content": "Nafcillin (150 mg/kg/day, divided every six hours) was administered intravenously to 46 patients ranging from 5 to 163 months of age with suspected or proved bacterial infections. Thirteen of 15 patients with bacteriologically proved infection responded to nafcillin. Two patients with cellulitis due to Escherichia coli or to Hemophilus influenzae type b did not improve with nafcillin therapy. A mean serum nafcillin concentration of 48 microgram/ml was observed 30 minutes after a dose of 37.5 mg/kg. The mean serum half-life was 0.76 hours. There was no significant relation between age and serum half-life, volume of distribution, or plasma clearance rate. Two patients developed neutropenia and six other patients developed an eosinophilia greater than 400/mm3 while receiving nafcillin. No significant toxic effect of nafcillin on liver or renal function was observed. One patient had phlebitis. There was a significant correlation between nfacillin concentrations and serum inhibitory and bactericidal titers (P less than 0.001). Results from this study indicate that nafcillin is a safe and effective antibiotic for the treatment of infections due to susceptible bacteria in the dosage tested.", "contents": "Clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of nafcillin in infants and children. Nafcillin (150 mg/kg/day, divided every six hours) was administered intravenously to 46 patients ranging from 5 to 163 months of age with suspected or proved bacterial infections. Thirteen of 15 patients with bacteriologically proved infection responded to nafcillin. Two patients with cellulitis due to Escherichia coli or to Hemophilus influenzae type b did not improve with nafcillin therapy. A mean serum nafcillin concentration of 48 microgram/ml was observed 30 minutes after a dose of 37.5 mg/kg. The mean serum half-life was 0.76 hours. There was no significant relation between age and serum half-life, volume of distribution, or plasma clearance rate. Two patients developed neutropenia and six other patients developed an eosinophilia greater than 400/mm3 while receiving nafcillin. No significant toxic effect of nafcillin on liver or renal function was observed. One patient had phlebitis. There was a significant correlation between nfacillin concentrations and serum inhibitory and bactericidal titers (P less than 0.001). Results from this study indicate that nafcillin is a safe and effective antibiotic for the treatment of infections due to susceptible bacteria in the dosage tested.", "PMID": 722420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9271", "title": "Hepatoxicity with encephalopathy associated with aspirin therapy in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Encephalopathy secondary to aspirin-induced hepatoxicity developed in three patients with JRA. In each patient clinical and biochemical resolution occurred after discontinuing the drug, but toxicity appeared on rechallenge. Liver biopsies in two patients showed mild nonspecific changes. Acute hepatic decompensation and encephalopathy may occur as a consequence of aspirin hepatoxicity in JRA and justify sequential observations of liver function tests and salicylate levels in such patients.", "contents": "Hepatoxicity with encephalopathy associated with aspirin therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Encephalopathy secondary to aspirin-induced hepatoxicity developed in three patients with JRA. In each patient clinical and biochemical resolution occurred after discontinuing the drug, but toxicity appeared on rechallenge. Liver biopsies in two patients showed mild nonspecific changes. Acute hepatic decompensation and encephalopathy may occur as a consequence of aspirin hepatoxicity in JRA and justify sequential observations of liver function tests and salicylate levels in such patients.", "PMID": 722421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9272", "title": "Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita (congenital generalized phlebectasia).", "content": "Thirteen original examples of cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita are presented and the English literature is reviewed. CMTC is a benign, distinct congenital cutaneous anomaly manifested by a reticulate vascular pattern at birth, which frequently improves with age, and may be associated with other abnormalities in at least 50% of the patients. Our data suggest that in contrast to previous reports, the sex distribution is equal, and the condition as a whole is more prevalent than previously recognized.", "contents": "Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita (congenital generalized phlebectasia). Thirteen original examples of cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita are presented and the English literature is reviewed. CMTC is a benign, distinct congenital cutaneous anomaly manifested by a reticulate vascular pattern at birth, which frequently improves with age, and may be associated with other abnormalities in at least 50% of the patients. Our data suggest that in contrast to previous reports, the sex distribution is equal, and the condition as a whole is more prevalent than previously recognized.", "PMID": 722437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9273", "title": "Pseudocyst formation in hereditary pancreatitis.", "content": "The previously estimated incidence of pseudocyst formation in hereditary pancreatitis is approximately 10%. Our experience in nine patients with hereditary pancreatitis yielded five surgically documented pseudocysts and three additional patients with radiographically documented mass effects. Recent studies have shown a 20% spontaneous regression rate for pancreatic pseudocysts (of all etiologies), when evaluated by B-mode ultrasonography; our experience suggests that the incidence of pseudocyst formation in hereditary pancreatitis is considerably higher than previously suspected. Ultrasonography is thought to be an excellent method for diagnosing this entity, of evaluating mass effects identified on radiographic studies, and of providing sequential evaluation of pseudocysts treated surgically or conservatively.", "contents": "Pseudocyst formation in hereditary pancreatitis. The previously estimated incidence of pseudocyst formation in hereditary pancreatitis is approximately 10%. Our experience in nine patients with hereditary pancreatitis yielded five surgically documented pseudocysts and three additional patients with radiographically documented mass effects. Recent studies have shown a 20% spontaneous regression rate for pancreatic pseudocysts (of all etiologies), when evaluated by B-mode ultrasonography; our experience suggests that the incidence of pseudocyst formation in hereditary pancreatitis is considerably higher than previously suspected. Ultrasonography is thought to be an excellent method for diagnosing this entity, of evaluating mass effects identified on radiographic studies, and of providing sequential evaluation of pseudocysts treated surgically or conservatively.", "PMID": 722438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9274", "title": "Neonatal presentation of I-cell disease.", "content": "Two patients are described in whom the diagnosis of I-cell disease was established in early infancy. These patients lacked many of the clinical and radiographic features described in other children with this disorder. Differences between the neonatal and early childhood presentation of ICD are discussed.", "contents": "Neonatal presentation of I-cell disease. Two patients are described in whom the diagnosis of I-cell disease was established in early infancy. These patients lacked many of the clinical and radiographic features described in other children with this disorder. Differences between the neonatal and early childhood presentation of ICD are discussed.", "PMID": 722439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9275", "title": "Systemic carnitine deficiency. Report of a fatal case with multisystemic manifestations.", "content": "A 14-year-old boy presented with recurrent and intractable hypoglycemia. He developed marked hepatic dysfunction and a severe myopathy. The diagnosis of systemic carnitine deficiency was not made until after his death from acute cardiac arrest. The recognition that systemic carnitine deficiency may present with multisystemic manifestations may allow earlier diagnosis and potentially effective replacement therapy in other patients so afflicted.", "contents": "Systemic carnitine deficiency. Report of a fatal case with multisystemic manifestations. A 14-year-old boy presented with recurrent and intractable hypoglycemia. He developed marked hepatic dysfunction and a severe myopathy. The diagnosis of systemic carnitine deficiency was not made until after his death from acute cardiac arrest. The recognition that systemic carnitine deficiency may present with multisystemic manifestations may allow earlier diagnosis and potentially effective replacement therapy in other patients so afflicted.", "PMID": 722440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9276", "title": "The indirect hemagglutination test for onchocerciasis performed with blood collected on filter paper.", "content": "In Guatemala, an indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test for onchocerciasis, performed with a crude saline extract of Onchocerca volvulus and blood samples taken on filter paper, showed a high level of sensitivity and specificity. IHA titers of blood samples from the ear lobe taken on filter paper and of sera obtained by venipuncture showed a high correlation.", "contents": "The indirect hemagglutination test for onchocerciasis performed with blood collected on filter paper. In Guatemala, an indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test for onchocerciasis, performed with a crude saline extract of Onchocerca volvulus and blood samples taken on filter paper, showed a high level of sensitivity and specificity. IHA titers of blood samples from the ear lobe taken on filter paper and of sera obtained by venipuncture showed a high correlation.", "PMID": 722453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9277", "title": "The effect of assay conditions on the recovery of schistosomula from the lungs of normal and resistant rats infected with Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "The recovery of schistosomula from lungs of normal and resistant Sprague-Dawley and Fischer rats was analyzed by varying the assay conditions. The effects of incubation medium, incubation time, and perfusion procedure on yields of schistosomula were significant and additive. Optimal assay conditions were established to recover schistosomula by the lung recovery assay. Differences were observed in the number of schistosomula recovered from lungs of normal and resistant rats; the assay was performed as a function of time after challenge infection. Differences in schistosomula recovered were significant on days 3 to 5 (Fischer) and days 3 to 6 (Sprague-Dawley); afterwards, no differences were observed in recoveries of schistosomula from lungs. Interpretations of these findings are disscused.", "contents": "The effect of assay conditions on the recovery of schistosomula from the lungs of normal and resistant rats infected with Schistosoma mansoni. The recovery of schistosomula from lungs of normal and resistant Sprague-Dawley and Fischer rats was analyzed by varying the assay conditions. The effects of incubation medium, incubation time, and perfusion procedure on yields of schistosomula were significant and additive. Optimal assay conditions were established to recover schistosomula by the lung recovery assay. Differences were observed in the number of schistosomula recovered from lungs of normal and resistant rats; the assay was performed as a function of time after challenge infection. Differences in schistosomula recovered were significant on days 3 to 5 (Fischer) and days 3 to 6 (Sprague-Dawley); afterwards, no differences were observed in recoveries of schistosomula from lungs. Interpretations of these findings are disscused.", "PMID": 722454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9278", "title": "Differential susceptibility of Biomphalaria tenagophila populations to infection with a strain of Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "Experiments to determine the susceptibility of Biomphalaria tenagophila from 20 localities over the species range exposed to a strain of Schistosoma mansoni showed widely varying infection rates, from 0% to 91.5%, this latter having been observed in a sample from an area where the natural infection rate of B. tenagophila has been the highest in the country. Comparison with similar studies involving B. glabrata seems to indicate that a process of adaptation between S. mansoni and B. tenagophila is evolving, the 2 organisms having reached a high degree of compatibility in a few areas. The present results point to the possibility of expansion of schistosomiasis to a wide South American area where B. tenagophila occurs.", "contents": "Differential susceptibility of Biomphalaria tenagophila populations to infection with a strain of Schistosoma mansoni. Experiments to determine the susceptibility of Biomphalaria tenagophila from 20 localities over the species range exposed to a strain of Schistosoma mansoni showed widely varying infection rates, from 0% to 91.5%, this latter having been observed in a sample from an area where the natural infection rate of B. tenagophila has been the highest in the country. Comparison with similar studies involving B. glabrata seems to indicate that a process of adaptation between S. mansoni and B. tenagophila is evolving, the 2 organisms having reached a high degree of compatibility in a few areas. The present results point to the possibility of expansion of schistosomiasis to a wide South American area where B. tenagophila occurs.", "PMID": 722455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9279", "title": "Growth, development, and site location of the trematode Himasthla quissetensis in the chick following cloacal drop infections with cercariae.", "content": "Infections with Himasthla quissentensis were obtained per cloaca in the domestic chick using cercariae. Worms showed a preference for the ileum where they grew and developed to maturity at a rate comparable to those raised in the gull (Stunkard, 1938). Those from the bursa of Fabricius showed relatively little growth and exhibited gonadal atrophy in some instances.", "contents": "Growth, development, and site location of the trematode Himasthla quissetensis in the chick following cloacal drop infections with cercariae. Infections with Himasthla quissentensis were obtained per cloaca in the domestic chick using cercariae. Worms showed a preference for the ileum where they grew and developed to maturity at a rate comparable to those raised in the gull (Stunkard, 1938). Those from the bursa of Fabricius showed relatively little growth and exhibited gonadal atrophy in some instances.", "PMID": 722456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9280", "title": "Robenidine resistance in Eimeria tenella.", "content": "Robenidine protected chickens against cecal coccidiosis infections initiated by a strain of the parasite that had no previous exposure to drugs. No cross resistance was found with 13 strains resistant to other anticoccidials. A strain of Eimeria tenella that was serially propagated in chickens fed mash containing robenidine became resistant to the chemical. No cross resistance was detected when this experimental strain was tested against 12 other anticoccidials.", "contents": "Robenidine resistance in Eimeria tenella. Robenidine protected chickens against cecal coccidiosis infections initiated by a strain of the parasite that had no previous exposure to drugs. No cross resistance was found with 13 strains resistant to other anticoccidials. A strain of Eimeria tenella that was serially propagated in chickens fed mash containing robenidine became resistant to the chemical. No cross resistance was detected when this experimental strain was tested against 12 other anticoccidials.", "PMID": 722457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9281", "title": "The life cycle of Eimeria dispersa Tyzzer 1929 from the turkey in gallinaceous birds.", "content": "The life cycle of a turkey strain of Eimeria dispersa was studied in chickens, Chukar partridge, Ring-necked pheasant, and Bobwhite quail. Endogenous development in partridge and quail differed from development in chickens and pheasant. In partridge and quail, mature 1st-, 2nd-, and 3rd-generation schizonts, macrogamets, and oocysts were found in tissue sections at an earlier time interval, mature 1st-generation schizonts were larger, and mature 1st-, 2nd-, and 3rd-generation schizonts contained a greater number of merozoites that were longer. The only apparent similarity among the 4 hosts was the size of mature 2nd- and 3rd-generation schizonts. The life cycle was completed in all 4 species of birds. The prepatent period was approximately 6 hr shorter in partridge and quail than in chickens and pheasant. Two partridge and 2 quail given 50,000 sporulated oocysts each shed a total of 23 million and 135 million oocysts, respectively, during 4-day interval. Two chickens and 2 pheasant given the same dosage shed a total of only 70,000 and 1 million oocysts, respectively, during the same interval. Oocysts from partridge and quail sporulated more quickly and were slightly larger than those from chickens and pheasant.", "contents": "The life cycle of Eimeria dispersa Tyzzer 1929 from the turkey in gallinaceous birds. The life cycle of a turkey strain of Eimeria dispersa was studied in chickens, Chukar partridge, Ring-necked pheasant, and Bobwhite quail. Endogenous development in partridge and quail differed from development in chickens and pheasant. In partridge and quail, mature 1st-, 2nd-, and 3rd-generation schizonts, macrogamets, and oocysts were found in tissue sections at an earlier time interval, mature 1st-generation schizonts were larger, and mature 1st-, 2nd-, and 3rd-generation schizonts contained a greater number of merozoites that were longer. The only apparent similarity among the 4 hosts was the size of mature 2nd- and 3rd-generation schizonts. The life cycle was completed in all 4 species of birds. The prepatent period was approximately 6 hr shorter in partridge and quail than in chickens and pheasant. Two partridge and 2 quail given 50,000 sporulated oocysts each shed a total of 23 million and 135 million oocysts, respectively, during 4-day interval. Two chickens and 2 pheasant given the same dosage shed a total of only 70,000 and 1 million oocysts, respectively, during the same interval. Oocysts from partridge and quail sporulated more quickly and were slightly larger than those from chickens and pheasant.", "PMID": 722458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9282", "title": "Climbing behavior and host-finding larval rabbit ticks (Haemaphysalis leporispalustris).", "content": "The rabbit tick (Haemaphysalis leporispalustris) is highly host-specific. Adults feed almost exclusively on rabbits. Immatures feed primarily on rabbits but will attack birds. When larvae leave the daytime resting form of the rabbit, they climb up to a position on vegetation where they can encounter a host. Experiments using glass rod models to represent vegetation showed that ticks selected a position which had greatest substrate curvature and was at rabbit body height. This strato-orientation restricts the tick's host spectrum to rabbits and ground-dwelling or feeding birds.", "contents": "Climbing behavior and host-finding larval rabbit ticks (Haemaphysalis leporispalustris). The rabbit tick (Haemaphysalis leporispalustris) is highly host-specific. Adults feed almost exclusively on rabbits. Immatures feed primarily on rabbits but will attack birds. When larvae leave the daytime resting form of the rabbit, they climb up to a position on vegetation where they can encounter a host. Experiments using glass rod models to represent vegetation showed that ticks selected a position which had greatest substrate curvature and was at rabbit body height. This strato-orientation restricts the tick's host spectrum to rabbits and ground-dwelling or feeding birds.", "PMID": 722459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9283", "title": "Repeated feeding of Amblyomma herbraeum (Acarina: Ixodidae) immatures on laboratory hosts. Host effects on tick yield, engorged weight and engorgement period.", "content": "Rabbits and sheep are unable to acquire a resistance to larvae and nymphs of Amblyomma hebraeum. After repeated infestation of hosts there is no progressive decline in either the tick yield or the engorged weight of fed ticks. Seasonal fluctuations in engorged weights do occur however, with the weight declining in early to midwinter and increasing in early to midsummer. Changes in hose physiology as a result of low temperature acclimatization appear to be responsible for the fluctuations. Tick yield is determined by the amount of grooming undertaken by hosts. The feedings periods of larvae and nymphs are dependent on the skin temperature of the host.", "contents": "Repeated feeding of Amblyomma herbraeum (Acarina: Ixodidae) immatures on laboratory hosts. Host effects on tick yield, engorged weight and engorgement period. Rabbits and sheep are unable to acquire a resistance to larvae and nymphs of Amblyomma hebraeum. After repeated infestation of hosts there is no progressive decline in either the tick yield or the engorged weight of fed ticks. Seasonal fluctuations in engorged weights do occur however, with the weight declining in early to midwinter and increasing in early to midsummer. Changes in hose physiology as a result of low temperature acclimatization appear to be responsible for the fluctuations. Tick yield is determined by the amount of grooming undertaken by hosts. The feedings periods of larvae and nymphs are dependent on the skin temperature of the host.", "PMID": 722460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9284", "title": "Arousal as a necessary condition for attitude change following induced compliance.", "content": "This study examined whether arousal is or is not a necessary condition for attitude change in the induced compliance paradigm. In a 2 times 3 design, experimental subjects were induced to write counterattitudinal essays under either high- or low-choice conditions. All subjects were led to believe that a pill, which they had just taken in the context of a separate experiment, was a placebo. In reality, subjects were given a pill that contained either phenobarbital (tranquilizer condition), amphetamine (amphetamine condition), or milk powder (placebo condition). In this last condition, the results yielded the usual dissonance effect: High choice produced more attitude change in the direction of the essay than low choice. When subjects were given a tranquilizer, this effect was virtually eliminated; when subjects were given amphetamine, attitude change increased under high choice and was exhibited for the first time under low choice. These results are consistent with the notion that attitude change is in the service of reducing arousal and with the idea that arousal from other sources can be misattributed to attitude-discrepant behavior.", "contents": "Arousal as a necessary condition for attitude change following induced compliance. This study examined whether arousal is or is not a necessary condition for attitude change in the induced compliance paradigm. In a 2 times 3 design, experimental subjects were induced to write counterattitudinal essays under either high- or low-choice conditions. All subjects were led to believe that a pill, which they had just taken in the context of a separate experiment, was a placebo. In reality, subjects were given a pill that contained either phenobarbital (tranquilizer condition), amphetamine (amphetamine condition), or milk powder (placebo condition). In this last condition, the results yielded the usual dissonance effect: High choice produced more attitude change in the direction of the essay than low choice. When subjects were given a tranquilizer, this effect was virtually eliminated; when subjects were given amphetamine, attitude change increased under high choice and was exhibited for the first time under low choice. These results are consistent with the notion that attitude change is in the service of reducing arousal and with the idea that arousal from other sources can be misattributed to attitude-discrepant behavior.", "PMID": 722473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9285", "title": "Phase solubility analysis and PMR study of complexing behavior of dinoprostone with beta-cyclodextrin in water.", "content": "The mechanism of inclusion compound formation by dinoprostone (prostaglandin E2) with beta-cyclodextrin was studied by phase solubility analysis and PMR spectroscopy. As indicated by the linear increase of aqueous solubility of dinoprostone with beta-cyclodextrin concentration, some types of molecular interactions definitely exist between dinoprostone and the complexing ligands. The temperature dependence of a 1:1 complex formation constant yielded the following thermodynamic data at 20 degrees : deltaG degrees = -4.11 kcal/mole, deltaH degrees = 7.20 kcal/mole, and deltaS degrees = 10.5 e.u. Since water was the solvent system, these parameters appear to be largely determined by solvent reorganization through hydrogen bonding rather than solely by the binding of desolvated free dinoprostone and beta-cyclodextrin entities. PMR data indicate that dinoprostone is included within the cavity and also interacts with protons on the exterior of the beta-cyclodextrin molecule. A model consisting of a 1:1 complex, in which a dinoprostone molecule is partially included within the cavity and the remainder of the molecule extends around the edge of the opening of the cavity to the exterior of the beta-cyclodextrin molecule, is proposed as the most probable structure of this inclusion compound.", "contents": "Phase solubility analysis and PMR study of complexing behavior of dinoprostone with beta-cyclodextrin in water. The mechanism of inclusion compound formation by dinoprostone (prostaglandin E2) with beta-cyclodextrin was studied by phase solubility analysis and PMR spectroscopy. As indicated by the linear increase of aqueous solubility of dinoprostone with beta-cyclodextrin concentration, some types of molecular interactions definitely exist between dinoprostone and the complexing ligands. The temperature dependence of a 1:1 complex formation constant yielded the following thermodynamic data at 20 degrees : deltaG degrees = -4.11 kcal/mole, deltaH degrees = 7.20 kcal/mole, and deltaS degrees = 10.5 e.u. Since water was the solvent system, these parameters appear to be largely determined by solvent reorganization through hydrogen bonding rather than solely by the binding of desolvated free dinoprostone and beta-cyclodextrin entities. PMR data indicate that dinoprostone is included within the cavity and also interacts with protons on the exterior of the beta-cyclodextrin molecule. A model consisting of a 1:1 complex, in which a dinoprostone molecule is partially included within the cavity and the remainder of the molecule extends around the edge of the opening of the cavity to the exterior of the beta-cyclodextrin molecule, is proposed as the most probable structure of this inclusion compound.", "PMID": 722476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9286", "title": "Simultaneous determination of pseudoephedrine and chlorpheniramine in pharmaceutical dosage forms.", "content": "A simple and sensitive high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) determination of pseudoephedrine and chlorpheniramine in a pharmaceutical dosage form is described. Quantities of 1.5 microgram of pseudoephedrine and 0.1 microgram of chlorpheniramine are sufficient to determine concentrations in an aqueous solution. Small volume samples, without any extraction procedures, can be treated for direct drug concentration measurement with a high-pressure liquid chromatograph. The stability-indicating property and the accuracy of this method are comparable to those of an established GLC method. The HPLC method can be applied directly and successfully for dissolution studies. The latter application eliminates the need for volume replacement or subsequent mathematical corrections.", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of pseudoephedrine and chlorpheniramine in pharmaceutical dosage forms. A simple and sensitive high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) determination of pseudoephedrine and chlorpheniramine in a pharmaceutical dosage form is described. Quantities of 1.5 microgram of pseudoephedrine and 0.1 microgram of chlorpheniramine are sufficient to determine concentrations in an aqueous solution. Small volume samples, without any extraction procedures, can be treated for direct drug concentration measurement with a high-pressure liquid chromatograph. The stability-indicating property and the accuracy of this method are comparable to those of an established GLC method. The HPLC method can be applied directly and successfully for dissolution studies. The latter application eliminates the need for volume replacement or subsequent mathematical corrections.", "PMID": 722477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9287", "title": "Dissolution of nonspherical powders.", "content": "To elucidate the effect of particle shape on the dissolution profile of a powder, an equation was derived for the dissolution of powders whose particles are rectangular parallelepipeds and log-normally distributed by introducing three-dimensional parameters instead of diameter in the Brooke equation for the spherical powder dissolution. By using some hypothetical values for constants in the equation, it is shown that the smallest side length, alphao does greatly affect the dissolution profile but that the other two side lengths, and betaalphao, do not, even with rather large values of alpha and beta. Nonisotropic dissolution also is discussed.", "contents": "Dissolution of nonspherical powders. To elucidate the effect of particle shape on the dissolution profile of a powder, an equation was derived for the dissolution of powders whose particles are rectangular parallelepipeds and log-normally distributed by introducing three-dimensional parameters instead of diameter in the Brooke equation for the spherical powder dissolution. By using some hypothetical values for constants in the equation, it is shown that the smallest side length, alphao does greatly affect the dissolution profile but that the other two side lengths, and betaalphao, do not, even with rather large values of alpha and beta. Nonisotropic dissolution also is discussed.", "PMID": 722478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9288", "title": "Anticonvulsant activity and inhibition of respiration in rat brain homogenates by substituted trimethoxybenzamides.", "content": "Ten N-[4-[4-(arylthiosemicarbazido)carbonyl]phenyl]-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzamides were synthesized and characterized by their sharp melting points, elemental analyses, and IR and NMR spectra. All substituted benzamides were evaluated for their anticonvulsant activity. The degree of protection afforded by these compounds (100 mg/kg ip) against pentylenetetrazol (90 mg/kg sc)-induced convulsions in mice ranged from 10 to 80%. The ability of substituted benzamides to inhibit respiratory activity was observed by inhibition of oxidation of pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate, NADH, and succinate by rat brain homogenates. Inhibition of pyruvic acid oxidation was concentration dependent. The anticonvulsant activity of substituted benzamides was not related to their ability to inhibit cellular respiratory activity.", "contents": "Anticonvulsant activity and inhibition of respiration in rat brain homogenates by substituted trimethoxybenzamides. Ten N-[4-[4-(arylthiosemicarbazido)carbonyl]phenyl]-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzamides were synthesized and characterized by their sharp melting points, elemental analyses, and IR and NMR spectra. All substituted benzamides were evaluated for their anticonvulsant activity. The degree of protection afforded by these compounds (100 mg/kg ip) against pentylenetetrazol (90 mg/kg sc)-induced convulsions in mice ranged from 10 to 80%. The ability of substituted benzamides to inhibit respiratory activity was observed by inhibition of oxidation of pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate, NADH, and succinate by rat brain homogenates. Inhibition of pyruvic acid oxidation was concentration dependent. The anticonvulsant activity of substituted benzamides was not related to their ability to inhibit cellular respiratory activity.", "PMID": 722479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9289", "title": "Effect of repeated skin application on percutaneous absorption of salicylic acid.", "content": "Various concentrations of salicylic acid in hydrophilic ointment were applied repeatedly at daily or weekly intervals to rats in vivo. Salicylic acid absorption through treated skin was monitored by determining the penetration fluxes of salicylic acid through skin excised at various times. A gradual decrease in the salicylic acid penetration flux was observed following weekly applications of either 5 or 10% salicylic acid in hydrophilic ointment. The penetration flux of 1% salicylic acid remained constant. In the daily applications of 5 and 10% salicylic acid, the penetration flux increased after approximately 2 days of treatment and declined thereafter. The penetration flux of salicylic acid from the 1% salicylic acid increased slightly after 3--4 days of treatment.", "contents": "Effect of repeated skin application on percutaneous absorption of salicylic acid. Various concentrations of salicylic acid in hydrophilic ointment were applied repeatedly at daily or weekly intervals to rats in vivo. Salicylic acid absorption through treated skin was monitored by determining the penetration fluxes of salicylic acid through skin excised at various times. A gradual decrease in the salicylic acid penetration flux was observed following weekly applications of either 5 or 10% salicylic acid in hydrophilic ointment. The penetration flux of 1% salicylic acid remained constant. In the daily applications of 5 and 10% salicylic acid, the penetration flux increased after approximately 2 days of treatment and declined thereafter. The penetration flux of salicylic acid from the 1% salicylic acid increased slightly after 3--4 days of treatment.", "PMID": 722480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9290", "title": "ESTRIP, a BASIC computer program for obtaining initial polyexponential parameter estimates.", "content": "A new BASIC exponential stripping program, ESTRIP, allows the relatively rapid calculation of initial polyexponential parameter estimates, as does the previously published FORTRAN IV program, CSTRIP. The potential advantages of the new program are that it can be run on microcomputers and minicomputers with BASIC capability and a relatively small core and that it can be easily modified by the user.", "contents": "ESTRIP, a BASIC computer program for obtaining initial polyexponential parameter estimates. A new BASIC exponential stripping program, ESTRIP, allows the relatively rapid calculation of initial polyexponential parameter estimates, as does the previously published FORTRAN IV program, CSTRIP. The potential advantages of the new program are that it can be run on microcomputers and minicomputers with BASIC capability and a relatively small core and that it can be easily modified by the user.", "PMID": 722481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9291", "title": "Assay of tocainide in blood by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A sensitive, specific, high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay for the determination of tocainide in whole blood is described. The residue from a methylene chloride extract of alkalinized blood was resolvated in a mobile phase of methanol--water (47:53) containing 1% acetic acid and 6.16 mM 1-octanesulfonic acid, adjusted to pH 4.0. Chromatography was performed on a reversed-phase column with detection at 254 or 225 nm. The limits of accurate measurement were 2 microgram/ml for a 1-ml blood sample monitored at 254 nm and 0.2 microgram/ml for a 2-ml sample monitored at 225 nm. The assay was tested on samples from emergency protocol patients and was also found suitable for single-dose pharmacokinetic studies.", "contents": "Assay of tocainide in blood by high-pressure liquid chromatography. A sensitive, specific, high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay for the determination of tocainide in whole blood is described. The residue from a methylene chloride extract of alkalinized blood was resolvated in a mobile phase of methanol--water (47:53) containing 1% acetic acid and 6.16 mM 1-octanesulfonic acid, adjusted to pH 4.0. Chromatography was performed on a reversed-phase column with detection at 254 or 225 nm. The limits of accurate measurement were 2 microgram/ml for a 1-ml blood sample monitored at 254 nm and 0.2 microgram/ml for a 2-ml sample monitored at 225 nm. The assay was tested on samples from emergency protocol patients and was also found suitable for single-dose pharmacokinetic studies.", "PMID": 722482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9292", "title": "New microporous cholestyramine analog for treatment of hypercholesterolemia.", "content": "A new, microporous, uniformly reticulated preparation of cholestyramine is described. The preparation, cholpor, has a higher exchange capacity for chloride than does cholestyramine and swells very little in water. It is 15--20% more potent than chloestyramine in the in vitro binding of sodium cholate; moreover, the binding velocity is considerably higher than that of cholestyramine. Colestipol hydrochloride, also used as a reference anion-exchange resin, is about half as potent as the other two resins; its binding velocity is similar to that of cholpor. Cholpor may be prepared in a suspension form of good palatability. Preliminary clinical findings in short-term trials showed a cholesterol-lowering effect similar to that of cholestyramine with lower doses and fewer side effects.", "contents": "New microporous cholestyramine analog for treatment of hypercholesterolemia. A new, microporous, uniformly reticulated preparation of cholestyramine is described. The preparation, cholpor, has a higher exchange capacity for chloride than does cholestyramine and swells very little in water. It is 15--20% more potent than chloestyramine in the in vitro binding of sodium cholate; moreover, the binding velocity is considerably higher than that of cholestyramine. Colestipol hydrochloride, also used as a reference anion-exchange resin, is about half as potent as the other two resins; its binding velocity is similar to that of cholpor. Cholpor may be prepared in a suspension form of good palatability. Preliminary clinical findings in short-term trials showed a cholesterol-lowering effect similar to that of cholestyramine with lower doses and fewer side effects.", "PMID": 722483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9293", "title": "Crystal and molecular structure of quinidine.", "content": "The structure of the free base quinidine was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Quinidine crystallizes from absolute ethanol as the ethanolate, with the molecular formula C20H24N2O2.C2H6O and molar mass 370.491 units. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P212121 with unit cell dimensions a = 1321.1(3), b = 989.3(2), and c = 1651.5(3) pm. The measured density was 1.15 g/cm3; the density calculated for Z = 4 was 1.164 g/cm3. The diffraction data were collected by using MoKalpha radiation. A final R value of 0.055 was obtained. Evidence for intermolecular hydrogen bonding was found. The crystal analysis is in agreement with the structure proposed by other methods. The absolute configuration is based on the published structure of 10-bromo-10,11-dihydroepiquinidine.", "contents": "Crystal and molecular structure of quinidine. The structure of the free base quinidine was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Quinidine crystallizes from absolute ethanol as the ethanolate, with the molecular formula C20H24N2O2.C2H6O and molar mass 370.491 units. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P212121 with unit cell dimensions a = 1321.1(3), b = 989.3(2), and c = 1651.5(3) pm. The measured density was 1.15 g/cm3; the density calculated for Z = 4 was 1.164 g/cm3. The diffraction data were collected by using MoKalpha radiation. A final R value of 0.055 was obtained. Evidence for intermolecular hydrogen bonding was found. The crystal analysis is in agreement with the structure proposed by other methods. The absolute configuration is based on the published structure of 10-bromo-10,11-dihydroepiquinidine.", "PMID": 722484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9294", "title": "Dissolution kinetics of cholesterol in simulated bile II: influence of simulated bile composition.", "content": "Normal human gallbladder bile and gallbladder bile of patients undergoing chenodeoxycholic acid therapy were simulated by using appropriate combinations of taurine and glycine conjugates of cholic, chenodeoxycholic, and deoxycholic acids. Also, the total bile acid concentration and the total bile acid to lecithin ratio were varied over physiological ranges. Dissolution rates of cholesterol monohydrate pellets (model gallstone) in these solutions were 90--99% interfacially controlled. Even under conditions favorable for dissolution, i.e., high bile acid concentration and high bile acid to lecithin ratio, the interfacial resistances were extremely large. These results are of the same order of magnitude as those found in the limited studies with actual gallbladder bile and suggest that the bile acids, lecithin, and the electrolytes are the primary determinants of the interfacial resistance for cholesterol dissolution. Furthermore, the kinetics of dissolution were always much faster with the chenodeoxycholic acid-rich compositions than with the corresponding normal compositions. This finding suggests, therefore, that in addition to desaturating bile with respect to cholesterol, the feeding of chenodeoxycholic acid further facilitates cholesterol gallstone dissolution by reducing the interfacial resistance of the process.", "contents": "Dissolution kinetics of cholesterol in simulated bile II: influence of simulated bile composition. Normal human gallbladder bile and gallbladder bile of patients undergoing chenodeoxycholic acid therapy were simulated by using appropriate combinations of taurine and glycine conjugates of cholic, chenodeoxycholic, and deoxycholic acids. Also, the total bile acid concentration and the total bile acid to lecithin ratio were varied over physiological ranges. Dissolution rates of cholesterol monohydrate pellets (model gallstone) in these solutions were 90--99% interfacially controlled. Even under conditions favorable for dissolution, i.e., high bile acid concentration and high bile acid to lecithin ratio, the interfacial resistances were extremely large. These results are of the same order of magnitude as those found in the limited studies with actual gallbladder bile and suggest that the bile acids, lecithin, and the electrolytes are the primary determinants of the interfacial resistance for cholesterol dissolution. Furthermore, the kinetics of dissolution were always much faster with the chenodeoxycholic acid-rich compositions than with the corresponding normal compositions. This finding suggests, therefore, that in addition to desaturating bile with respect to cholesterol, the feeding of chenodeoxycholic acid further facilitates cholesterol gallstone dissolution by reducing the interfacial resistance of the process.", "PMID": 722485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9295", "title": "Kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of in vitro interphase transfer of tetracyclines I: influence of hydroxyl group substitution.", "content": "The influence of hydroxyl group substitution on the kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of the interphase transfer of three tetracycline derivatives was studied in a two-phase in vitro system composed of an aqueous pH 5.5 buffer and 1-octanol. Data are reported on the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of activation, the net thermodynamic parameters for interphase transfer, and the contribution of hydroxyl group substituents to the energy changes associated with partitioning. For each derivative, deltaH, deltaS, T deltaS, and deltaF were positive with enthalpy dominating the entropic energy contribution. Introduction of a hydroxyl group at C-5 on the tetracycline nucleus promoted partitioning through an entropy-dominated decrease in the \"apparent\" free energy of partitioning, whereas shifting the hydroxyl group to C-6beta retarded partitioning due to an enthalpy-dominated gain in the apparent free energy.", "contents": "Kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of in vitro interphase transfer of tetracyclines I: influence of hydroxyl group substitution. The influence of hydroxyl group substitution on the kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of the interphase transfer of three tetracycline derivatives was studied in a two-phase in vitro system composed of an aqueous pH 5.5 buffer and 1-octanol. Data are reported on the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of activation, the net thermodynamic parameters for interphase transfer, and the contribution of hydroxyl group substituents to the energy changes associated with partitioning. For each derivative, deltaH, deltaS, T deltaS, and deltaF were positive with enthalpy dominating the entropic energy contribution. Introduction of a hydroxyl group at C-5 on the tetracycline nucleus promoted partitioning through an entropy-dominated decrease in the \"apparent\" free energy of partitioning, whereas shifting the hydroxyl group to C-6beta retarded partitioning due to an enthalpy-dominated gain in the apparent free energy.", "PMID": 722486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9296", "title": "Kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of in vitro interphase transfer of tetracyclines II: influence of divalent metal salts.", "content": "With a two-phase in vitro model composed of an aqueous pH 5.5 buffer and 1-octanol, the kinetics of the interphase transfer of tetracycline derivatives were examined in the presence and absence of calcium and magnesium salts, and the contribution of some functional group substituents to the \"apparent\" free energy changes for partitioning of tetracyclines was evaluated. Only small changes were observed in kf, kb, K0w, and apparent functional group free energy changes, deltaFG deltaF, in the presence of divalent metals as compared to values observed in the absence of these metals. Introduction of the C-6beta hydroxyl group on the tetracycline nucleus decreased the apparent K0w because of a positive apparent deltaFG deltaF contribution, whereas introduction of C-5 hydroxyl, C-6alpha methyl, or C-7 chloro groups increased the apparent K0w through negative apparent deltaFG deltaF contributions.", "contents": "Kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of in vitro interphase transfer of tetracyclines II: influence of divalent metal salts. With a two-phase in vitro model composed of an aqueous pH 5.5 buffer and 1-octanol, the kinetics of the interphase transfer of tetracycline derivatives were examined in the presence and absence of calcium and magnesium salts, and the contribution of some functional group substituents to the \"apparent\" free energy changes for partitioning of tetracyclines was evaluated. Only small changes were observed in kf, kb, K0w, and apparent functional group free energy changes, deltaFG deltaF, in the presence of divalent metals as compared to values observed in the absence of these metals. Introduction of the C-6beta hydroxyl group on the tetracycline nucleus decreased the apparent K0w because of a positive apparent deltaFG deltaF contribution, whereas introduction of C-5 hydroxyl, C-6alpha methyl, or C-7 chloro groups increased the apparent K0w through negative apparent deltaFG deltaF contributions.", "PMID": 722487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9297", "title": "GLC determination of nanogram quantities of a new analgesic, nefopam, in human plasma.", "content": "A sensitive and specific method was developed for the quantitative GLC determination of plasma nefopam levels. The method includes a multiple-step solvent extraction of the analgesic drug and the internal mass standard, orphenadrine. The accuracy, expressed as the relative error, was--4,6,6, and 4% at 20, 40, 70, and 130 ng/ml, respectively. The precision, expressed as relative standard deviation, was 17, 7, 3, and 5% at these same concentrations, respectively. Quantitation of nefopam in human plasma is possible down to 20 ng/ml with a 2-ml plasma sample; the sensitivity can be increased by using larger plasma samples. The methods was applied successfully to the determination of plasma nefopam levels in humans in pharmacokinetic studies at therapeutic doses.", "contents": "GLC determination of nanogram quantities of a new analgesic, nefopam, in human plasma. A sensitive and specific method was developed for the quantitative GLC determination of plasma nefopam levels. The method includes a multiple-step solvent extraction of the analgesic drug and the internal mass standard, orphenadrine. The accuracy, expressed as the relative error, was--4,6,6, and 4% at 20, 40, 70, and 130 ng/ml, respectively. The precision, expressed as relative standard deviation, was 17, 7, 3, and 5% at these same concentrations, respectively. Quantitation of nefopam in human plasma is possible down to 20 ng/ml with a 2-ml plasma sample; the sensitivity can be increased by using larger plasma samples. The methods was applied successfully to the determination of plasma nefopam levels in humans in pharmacokinetic studies at therapeutic doses.", "PMID": 722488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9298", "title": "Antineoplastic agents III: effects of dibromoethyl and vinyl esters of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-l-phenylalanine on Ehrlich ascites tumor cell metabolism.", "content": "Evidence is presented that N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-phenylalanine vinyl ester and 1,2-dibromoethyl ester are inhibitors of Walker 256 carcinosarcoma and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma tumor growth. The major effects of these two agents on Ehrlich ascites cell metabolism were the inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid and protein synthesis and the alteration of cellular regulatory processes controlling cytokinetics. Deoxynucleotide (purine) kinase enzymes appeared to  be the focal site for inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis with marginal inhibition of thymidylate synthetase activity. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels were elevated by drug treatment whereas chromatin protein phosphorylation, cell respiration, and lysosomal activities were inhibited. N-Benzyloxycarbonyl-L-phenylalanine 1,2-dibromoethyl ester was a latent in vitro chymotrypsin inhibitor. Some preliminary evidence suggests that these activated esters may inhibit cellular enzymatic activity by alkylating imidazole and lysine residues of proteins.", "contents": "Antineoplastic agents III: effects of dibromoethyl and vinyl esters of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-l-phenylalanine on Ehrlich ascites tumor cell metabolism. Evidence is presented that N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-phenylalanine vinyl ester and 1,2-dibromoethyl ester are inhibitors of Walker 256 carcinosarcoma and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma tumor growth. The major effects of these two agents on Ehrlich ascites cell metabolism were the inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid and protein synthesis and the alteration of cellular regulatory processes controlling cytokinetics. Deoxynucleotide (purine) kinase enzymes appeared to  be the focal site for inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis with marginal inhibition of thymidylate synthetase activity. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels were elevated by drug treatment whereas chromatin protein phosphorylation, cell respiration, and lysosomal activities were inhibited. N-Benzyloxycarbonyl-L-phenylalanine 1,2-dibromoethyl ester was a latent in vitro chymotrypsin inhibitor. Some preliminary evidence suggests that these activated esters may inhibit cellular enzymatic activity by alkylating imidazole and lysine residues of proteins.", "PMID": 722489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9299", "title": "Comparison of operational characteristics of different dissolution testing systems.", "content": "Three dissolution apparatus, the rotating basket, the rotating paddle, and the rotating filter--stationary basket, were evaluated for their suitability as production control tools and their relation to blood level studies in dogs. The rotating basket and rotating paddle assemblies were easier to use and less variable than the rotating filter--stationary basket. When relative levels of agitation and the pH of the dissolution medium were held constant, all three apparatus correlated with each other and equally well with the serum drug levels from experimental formulations of an oral hypoglycemic drug after administration to dogs. Such an observed relationship cannot, of course, be used to predict blood levels in other species; however, it does suggest that the choice of one apparatus over another cannot be made a priori.", "contents": "Comparison of operational characteristics of different dissolution testing systems. Three dissolution apparatus, the rotating basket, the rotating paddle, and the rotating filter--stationary basket, were evaluated for their suitability as production control tools and their relation to blood level studies in dogs. The rotating basket and rotating paddle assemblies were easier to use and less variable than the rotating filter--stationary basket. When relative levels of agitation and the pH of the dissolution medium were held constant, all three apparatus correlated with each other and equally well with the serum drug levels from experimental formulations of an oral hypoglycemic drug after administration to dogs. Such an observed relationship cannot, of course, be used to predict blood levels in other species; however, it does suggest that the choice of one apparatus over another cannot be made a priori.", "PMID": 722490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9300", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of estrogens in pharmaceuticals by measurement of their dansyl derivatives.", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method is described for the analysis of estrogens in pharmaceutical tablet and injectable dosage forms. In general, the estrogens are isolated, an internal standard is added, the dansyl derivatives are formed, and the dansyl estrogen solution is injected into a liquid chromatograph. Linear response is experienced between the mass of estrogen and the ratio of the estrogen peak height to the internal standard peak height, using a microparticle silica column and chloroform--n-heptane mobile phases. With fluorometric measurement, limits of detectability for ethinyl estradiol and estradiol were 0.04 and 0.05 ng, respectively. Methyltestosterone, an androgen in combination with ethinyl estradiol, was analyzed simultaneously. Commercial pharmaceutical preparations containing estrone, ethinyl estradiol, and estradiol were analyzed by the proposed method. The results indicate the method to be sensitive, reasonably precise (less than 2%), and accurate in the analysis of estrogen in dosage forms.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of estrogens in pharmaceuticals by measurement of their dansyl derivatives. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method is described for the analysis of estrogens in pharmaceutical tablet and injectable dosage forms. In general, the estrogens are isolated, an internal standard is added, the dansyl derivatives are formed, and the dansyl estrogen solution is injected into a liquid chromatograph. Linear response is experienced between the mass of estrogen and the ratio of the estrogen peak height to the internal standard peak height, using a microparticle silica column and chloroform--n-heptane mobile phases. With fluorometric measurement, limits of detectability for ethinyl estradiol and estradiol were 0.04 and 0.05 ng, respectively. Methyltestosterone, an androgen in combination with ethinyl estradiol, was analyzed simultaneously. Commercial pharmaceutical preparations containing estrone, ethinyl estradiol, and estradiol were analyzed by the proposed method. The results indicate the method to be sensitive, reasonably precise (less than 2%), and accurate in the analysis of estrogen in dosage forms.", "PMID": 722491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9301", "title": "Synthesis and evaluation of sulfur-containing steroids against methylmercuric chloride toxicity.", "content": "Sulfur-containing steroids, analogs, and derivatives were synthesized for evaluation in mice suffering acute toxicity from methylmercuric chloride. Steroids were administered by intraperitoneal injection, by stomach tube feeding, or by absorption through the tail skin. Thiocholesterol and the thiocholanoic acids were effective if given prior to poisoning. The thiosteroids were significantly more effective than penicillamine or dimercaprol under these conditions.", "contents": "Synthesis and evaluation of sulfur-containing steroids against methylmercuric chloride toxicity. Sulfur-containing steroids, analogs, and derivatives were synthesized for evaluation in mice suffering acute toxicity from methylmercuric chloride. Steroids were administered by intraperitoneal injection, by stomach tube feeding, or by absorption through the tail skin. Thiocholesterol and the thiocholanoic acids were effective if given prior to poisoning. The thiosteroids were significantly more effective than penicillamine or dimercaprol under these conditions.", "PMID": 722492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9302", "title": "Molecular connectivity and substructure analysis.", "content": "Antimicrobial and antiviral data sets were analyzed by molecular connectivity. Standard structure--activity relationship equations of high quality were produced in both cases. For phenyl propyl ether activity against Staphylococcus aureus, the three variables 1chi, 3chiP, and 4chiUPC yielded an r of 0.957, significantly better than a pi,sigma analysis. Analysis of benzimidazole antiviral data (Lee strain, B flu virus) revealed that the one variable, 6chiP, yielded an r of 0.950, also better than a reported Hansch analysis. Both data sets were further analyzed by partitioning the important regression variables into terms representing various structural features of the molecules. For the phenyl propyl ethers, the para-region of the phenyl ring is important for improved activity and the negative coefficient on 3chiP corresponds to decreased activity for vic-dihydroxy compounds. For the alkylbenzimidazoles, substitution on the five-membered ring is highly important. No discrimination of six-membered ring positions was revealed. These structure--activity relationship observations can form the basis for synthetic decisions to improve activity.", "contents": "Molecular connectivity and substructure analysis. Antimicrobial and antiviral data sets were analyzed by molecular connectivity. Standard structure--activity relationship equations of high quality were produced in both cases. For phenyl propyl ether activity against Staphylococcus aureus, the three variables 1chi, 3chiP, and 4chiUPC yielded an r of 0.957, significantly better than a pi,sigma analysis. Analysis of benzimidazole antiviral data (Lee strain, B flu virus) revealed that the one variable, 6chiP, yielded an r of 0.950, also better than a reported Hansch analysis. Both data sets were further analyzed by partitioning the important regression variables into terms representing various structural features of the molecules. For the phenyl propyl ethers, the para-region of the phenyl ring is important for improved activity and the negative coefficient on 3chiP corresponds to decreased activity for vic-dihydroxy compounds. For the alkylbenzimidazoles, substitution on the five-membered ring is highly important. No discrimination of six-membered ring positions was revealed. These structure--activity relationship observations can form the basis for synthetic decisions to improve activity.", "PMID": 722493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9303", "title": "GLC--mass spectrometry of several important anticancer drugs II: doxorubicin and daunorubicin aglycone analogs.", "content": "By using previously developed pertrimethylsilylation and methoxime formation procedures, the GLC--mass spectra of pertrimethylsilyl and pertrimethylsilyl methoxime derivatives of 12 doxorubicin and daunorubicin glycone analogs, mostly synthesized in this laboratory, were studied. The fragmentation pathways were readily interpretable, and the patterns were highly specific for corresponding structural changes, thus supporting the previous contention that this method has potential for the identification of doxorubicin and daunorubicin metabolites. Four aglycone metabolites were identified, on the basis of their GLC--mass spectra, in the hydrolysate of the 1-butanol extract of bile obtained from a doxorubicin-treated rabbit.", "contents": "GLC--mass spectrometry of several important anticancer drugs II: doxorubicin and daunorubicin aglycone analogs. By using previously developed pertrimethylsilylation and methoxime formation procedures, the GLC--mass spectra of pertrimethylsilyl and pertrimethylsilyl methoxime derivatives of 12 doxorubicin and daunorubicin glycone analogs, mostly synthesized in this laboratory, were studied. The fragmentation pathways were readily interpretable, and the patterns were highly specific for corresponding structural changes, thus supporting the previous contention that this method has potential for the identification of doxorubicin and daunorubicin metabolites. Four aglycone metabolites were identified, on the basis of their GLC--mass spectra, in the hydrolysate of the 1-butanol extract of bile obtained from a doxorubicin-treated rabbit.", "PMID": 722494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9304", "title": "Limit test for determination of free ferricyanide and ferrocyanide in sodium nitroferricyanide.", "content": "A simple and rapid procedure for the isolation and determination of free ferricyanide and ferrocyanide in sodium nitroferricyanide (nitroprusside) was developed. The method, employing aluminum oxide column chromatography, was sensitive enough to detect ferricyanide and ferrocyanide at the 0.05% level.", "contents": "Limit test for determination of free ferricyanide and ferrocyanide in sodium nitroferricyanide. A simple and rapid procedure for the isolation and determination of free ferricyanide and ferrocyanide in sodium nitroferricyanide (nitroprusside) was developed. The method, employing aluminum oxide column chromatography, was sensitive enough to detect ferricyanide and ferrocyanide at the 0.05% level.", "PMID": 722495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9305", "title": "Determination of carbocysteine from human plasma.", "content": "A fast and accurate GLC procedure for determining carbocysteine, using a sulfur photometric detector, is described. Interferences from nonsulfur constituents are eliminated. The method is linear from 2 to 15 micrograms. Results from the application of this method to a bioavailability study in humans are given.", "contents": "Determination of carbocysteine from human plasma. A fast and accurate GLC procedure for determining carbocysteine, using a sulfur photometric detector, is described. Interferences from nonsulfur constituents are eliminated. The method is linear from 2 to 15 micrograms. Results from the application of this method to a bioavailability study in humans are given.", "PMID": 722496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9306", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of plasma dobutamine concentrations.", "content": "A sensitive and specific high-pressure liquid chromatographic method was developed for measuring dobutamine in human plasma samples. Nylidrin is employed as an internal standard. Following extraction and separation on a C18 reversed-phase column, the drug is detected by a fluorescence detector with an excitation wavelength of 195 nm and a 330-nm emission cutoff filter. The retention times of dobutamine and nylidrin are 5.2 and 19.2 min, respectively. The minimum level of sensitivity is 10 ng/ml. Reproducibility was +/- 5% over a 25--300-ng/ml range. Several drugs were screened for possible interference, but none interfered with the dobutamine analysis.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of plasma dobutamine concentrations. A sensitive and specific high-pressure liquid chromatographic method was developed for measuring dobutamine in human plasma samples. Nylidrin is employed as an internal standard. Following extraction and separation on a C18 reversed-phase column, the drug is detected by a fluorescence detector with an excitation wavelength of 195 nm and a 330-nm emission cutoff filter. The retention times of dobutamine and nylidrin are 5.2 and 19.2 min, respectively. The minimum level of sensitivity is 10 ng/ml. Reproducibility was +/- 5% over a 25--300-ng/ml range. Several drugs were screened for possible interference, but none interfered with the dobutamine analysis.", "PMID": 722497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9307", "title": "Drug contamination of mortars and pestles.", "content": "Evidence is presented suggesting that potent water-insoluble antipentylenetetrazol agents triturated in porcelain mortars and pestles are not removed from this mixing device by the usual laboratory washing procedure. Moreover, amounts sufficient to contaminate the next substance triturated in this vessel can be demonstrated by the subcutaneous pentylenetetrazol seizure threshold test. The data show that a rigorous washing routine must be followed to achieve a \"clean\" mortar and pestle. Attention is also directed to the importance of using disposable hypodermic syringes, test tubes, etc., whenever possible and of designing an internal control test to determine when implements that must be reused are \"clean.\"", "contents": "Drug contamination of mortars and pestles. Evidence is presented suggesting that potent water-insoluble antipentylenetetrazol agents triturated in porcelain mortars and pestles are not removed from this mixing device by the usual laboratory washing procedure. Moreover, amounts sufficient to contaminate the next substance triturated in this vessel can be demonstrated by the subcutaneous pentylenetetrazol seizure threshold test. The data show that a rigorous washing routine must be followed to achieve a \"clean\" mortar and pestle. Attention is also directed to the importance of using disposable hypodermic syringes, test tubes, etc., whenever possible and of designing an internal control test to determine when implements that must be reused are \"clean.\"", "PMID": 722498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9308", "title": "Quaternary acetate and propionate esters of 3-hydroxyquinolizidine.", "content": "The preparation of the quaternary acetate and propionate esters of 3-hydroxyquinolizidine is described. Tentative structures are assigned on the basis of NMR data. Results of preliminary pharmacological screening of the methiodide and hydrochloride salts are given.", "contents": "Quaternary acetate and propionate esters of 3-hydroxyquinolizidine. The preparation of the quaternary acetate and propionate esters of 3-hydroxyquinolizidine is described. Tentative structures are assigned on the basis of NMR data. Results of preliminary pharmacological screening of the methiodide and hydrochloride salts are given.", "PMID": 722499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9309", "title": "GLC determination of tilidine, nortilidine, and bisnortilidine in biological fluids with a nitrogen-sensitive detector.", "content": "A sensitive and specific GLC method is described to determine therapeutic levels of tilidine and its two main metabolites, nortilidine and bisnortilidine, in plasma and urine. The method involves the extraction of the compounds and an internal standard with cyclohexane from alkalinized samples, followed by back-extraction into 1 N HCl. The hydrochloric acid solution is evaporated to dryness. After liberation of the free bases with ammonia, the residue is subjected to GLC analysis with a nitrogen-phosphorus detector and a 1.8-m (6-ft) glass column packed with 1% CRS 101 and 1.5% LAC-4-R-886 on Gas Chrom Q. Sensitivity in plasma and urine is approximately 1 ng/ml for a 5-ml sample.", "contents": "GLC determination of tilidine, nortilidine, and bisnortilidine in biological fluids with a nitrogen-sensitive detector. A sensitive and specific GLC method is described to determine therapeutic levels of tilidine and its two main metabolites, nortilidine and bisnortilidine, in plasma and urine. The method involves the extraction of the compounds and an internal standard with cyclohexane from alkalinized samples, followed by back-extraction into 1 N HCl. The hydrochloric acid solution is evaporated to dryness. After liberation of the free bases with ammonia, the residue is subjected to GLC analysis with a nitrogen-phosphorus detector and a 1.8-m (6-ft) glass column packed with 1% CRS 101 and 1.5% LAC-4-R-886 on Gas Chrom Q. Sensitivity in plasma and urine is approximately 1 ng/ml for a 5-ml sample.", "PMID": 722500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9310", "title": "Toxic substances produced by Fusarium V: occurrence of zearalenone, diacetoxyscirpenol, and T-2 toxin in moldy corn infected with Fusarium moniliforme Sheld.", "content": "Sweet corn infected with Fusarium moniliforme Sheld. (CMI-IMI 204057) while growing in the fields was shown to contain zearalenone, diacetoxyscirpenol, and T-2 toxin. Assays by spectral, chemical, and biological methods established the presence of these substances, with zearalenone being the most abundant. In vitro cultures of the fungus also produced the three toxins.", "contents": "Toxic substances produced by Fusarium V: occurrence of zearalenone, diacetoxyscirpenol, and T-2 toxin in moldy corn infected with Fusarium moniliforme Sheld. Sweet corn infected with Fusarium moniliforme Sheld. (CMI-IMI 204057) while growing in the fields was shown to contain zearalenone, diacetoxyscirpenol, and T-2 toxin. Assays by spectral, chemical, and biological methods established the presence of these substances, with zearalenone being the most abundant. In vitro cultures of the fungus also produced the three toxins.", "PMID": 722501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9311", "title": "Synthesis and evaluation of 3-substituted 1-[4-(2-indol-3-ylethyl)piperazinyl]ureas as potential antihypertensive agents.", "content": "A series of 3-substituted 1-[4-(2-indol-3-ylethyl)piperazinyl]ureas was synthesized and screened for antihypertensive activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Two compounds with aryl urea substituents were very potent and lowered blood pressure 55 mm or more at oral doses of 100 mg/kg. However, both compounds failed to produce a cardiovascular response in the normotensive dog.", "contents": "Synthesis and evaluation of 3-substituted 1-[4-(2-indol-3-ylethyl)piperazinyl]ureas as potential antihypertensive agents. A series of 3-substituted 1-[4-(2-indol-3-ylethyl)piperazinyl]ureas was synthesized and screened for antihypertensive activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Two compounds with aryl urea substituents were very potent and lowered blood pressure 55 mm or more at oral doses of 100 mg/kg. However, both compounds failed to produce a cardiovascular response in the normotensive dog.", "PMID": 722502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9312", "title": "Direct determination of acetaminophen in plasma by differential pulse voltammetry.", "content": "A rapid, simple method for the direct determination of acetaminophen in plasma at toxic levels was developed. The method is based on the oxidation of the phenolic moiety of acetaminophen at a carbon paste electrode in a differential pulse voltammetric mode. Linear calibration curves are obtained from 20 to 400 microgram/ml. No sample cleanup is required.", "contents": "Direct determination of acetaminophen in plasma by differential pulse voltammetry. A rapid, simple method for the direct determination of acetaminophen in plasma at toxic levels was developed. The method is based on the oxidation of the phenolic moiety of acetaminophen at a carbon paste electrode in a differential pulse voltammetric mode. Linear calibration curves are obtained from 20 to 400 microgram/ml. No sample cleanup is required.", "PMID": 722503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9313", "title": "Respiratory oscillations in discharge frequency of chemoreceptor afferents in sinus nerve and anaesthetized cats at normal and low arterial oxygen tensions.", "content": "1. The discharge of chemoreceptor afferents in preparations of the sinus nerve in spontaneously breathing anaesthetized cats has been subjected to an averaging procedure in records obtained when the animals breathed (a) air and (b) a hypoxic gas mixture. 2. The mean discharge frequency was higher in hypoxia than at normal oxygen tension. 3. Oscillations in chemoreceptor discharge frequency with the same period as respiration were obtained by the averaging procedure both at normal arterial oxygen tensions and in hypoxia, but there was no significant increase in oscillation amplitude with hypoxia. 4. The carotid body response to arterial PCO2 oscillations does not therefore appear to be amplified by hypoxia. This finding is discussed in relation to the reported dependence upon hypoxia of the ventilatory effects of tube breathing in man.", "contents": "Respiratory oscillations in discharge frequency of chemoreceptor afferents in sinus nerve and anaesthetized cats at normal and low arterial oxygen tensions. 1. The discharge of chemoreceptor afferents in preparations of the sinus nerve in spontaneously breathing anaesthetized cats has been subjected to an averaging procedure in records obtained when the animals breathed (a) air and (b) a hypoxic gas mixture. 2. The mean discharge frequency was higher in hypoxia than at normal oxygen tension. 3. Oscillations in chemoreceptor discharge frequency with the same period as respiration were obtained by the averaging procedure both at normal arterial oxygen tensions and in hypoxia, but there was no significant increase in oscillation amplitude with hypoxia. 4. The carotid body response to arterial PCO2 oscillations does not therefore appear to be amplified by hypoxia. This finding is discussed in relation to the reported dependence upon hypoxia of the ventilatory effects of tube breathing in man.", "PMID": 722505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9314", "title": "Studies on neurotrophic regulation of murine skeletal muscle.", "content": "1. A quantitative comparison was made of the effects of the paralysis caused by botulinum toxin (BoTx) type A with those of surgical denervation on the development of tetrodotoxin (TTX) resistant action potentials and of extrajunctional acetylcholine (ACh) receptors in rat and mouse skeletal muscle.2. After surgical denervation, TTX resistant action potentials were present in all fibres on the third day and their rate of rise and amount of overshoot reached peak values at the fifth day. BoTx poisoning failed, despite causing complete paralysis, to induce TTX resistant action potentials in all fibres and their average rate of rise was at all times (4-12 days) only about half that in denervated fibres. Similarly BoTx poisoning induced a smaller increase than surgical denervation in the number of extrajunctional ACh receptors, measured as (3)H-labelled Naja naja siamensis alpha-neurotoxin binding sites.3. Surgical denervation of BoTx poisoned muscles induced TTX resistant action potentials in all fibres and their rate of rise and amount of overshoot were 2-3 times those in BoTx poisoned muscles only. Denervation also significantly increased the binding of labelled alpha-neurotoxin. These effects of denervation were prevented by the administration of actinomycin D, a blocker of protein synthesis.4. Administration of the alpha-neurotoxin to BoTx poisoned animals resulted in the appearance of TTX resistant action potentials in all fibres and in a significant increase in their rate of rise and overshoot.5. The results show that, despite causing complete paralysis, BoTx is less effective than surgical denervation in inducing denervatory changes in skeletal muscle. This suggests that the BoTx poisoned nerve has an influence which suppresses the appearance of denervation signs. Since the alpha-neurotoxin blocked this influence remaining release of ACh, quantal or non-quantal, may be responsible for this neurotrophic action.", "contents": "Studies on neurotrophic regulation of murine skeletal muscle. 1. A quantitative comparison was made of the effects of the paralysis caused by botulinum toxin (BoTx) type A with those of surgical denervation on the development of tetrodotoxin (TTX) resistant action potentials and of extrajunctional acetylcholine (ACh) receptors in rat and mouse skeletal muscle.2. After surgical denervation, TTX resistant action potentials were present in all fibres on the third day and their rate of rise and amount of overshoot reached peak values at the fifth day. BoTx poisoning failed, despite causing complete paralysis, to induce TTX resistant action potentials in all fibres and their average rate of rise was at all times (4-12 days) only about half that in denervated fibres. Similarly BoTx poisoning induced a smaller increase than surgical denervation in the number of extrajunctional ACh receptors, measured as (3)H-labelled Naja naja siamensis alpha-neurotoxin binding sites.3. Surgical denervation of BoTx poisoned muscles induced TTX resistant action potentials in all fibres and their rate of rise and amount of overshoot were 2-3 times those in BoTx poisoned muscles only. Denervation also significantly increased the binding of labelled alpha-neurotoxin. These effects of denervation were prevented by the administration of actinomycin D, a blocker of protein synthesis.4. Administration of the alpha-neurotoxin to BoTx poisoned animals resulted in the appearance of TTX resistant action potentials in all fibres and in a significant increase in their rate of rise and overshoot.5. The results show that, despite causing complete paralysis, BoTx is less effective than surgical denervation in inducing denervatory changes in skeletal muscle. This suggests that the BoTx poisoned nerve has an influence which suppresses the appearance of denervation signs. Since the alpha-neurotoxin blocked this influence remaining release of ACh, quantal or non-quantal, may be responsible for this neurotrophic action.", "PMID": 722508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9315", "title": "Possible mediators of functional hyperaemia in skeletal muscle.", "content": "1. (a) In experiments on gastrocnemius muscles of the cat performing external work, the work was graded, either by altering the intensity of motor nerve stimulation or by changing the load. Only under the former conditions was the steady-state increase in blood flow conductance at all consistently related to the work performed. (b) In such experiments, efflux of inorganic phosphate and of potassium were closely correlated with the increase in vascular conductance, in the form of a typical dose-response curve. There was no significant relationship between changes in plasma osmolarity and conductance. 2. (a) Whereas most soleus muscles in the cat exhibit virtually no functional vasodilation, those with a relatively low resting flow tend to do so. (b) There was a relationship between the vasodilation, if any, and release of phosphate in fifteen out of seventeen experiments on soleus muscles. No relationship was found between any release of potassium or change of plasma osmolarity, and absence or extent of functional vasodilation. 3. (a) Terminal arterioles and collecting venules in the rat's spinotrapezius muscle were observed in vivo under low power magnification while the muscle was bathed in various test solutions, so that the vasodilator properties of hyperosmolar solutions, potassium and phosphate could be studied. (b) The dilator effect of hyperosmolar solutions was much the weakest: solutions of 340 m-osmole/kg elicited the largest responses, but these seldom exceeded 50% mM-K+ and 3.2--6.4 mM-Pi (as NaH2PO4) elicited 25--50% of maximum dilation, while 9--10 mM-K+ and 16--20 mM-Pi dilated arterial vessels fully. The latency to onset of dilation was shortest (5 sec) with Pi and longest (15 sec) with K+. 4. These findings, together with those already in the literature, lead to the conclusions that (a) hypersomolarity is unlikely to be in an important factor initiating or maintaining functional hyperaemia in skeletal muscle, (b) while K+ release may contribute in fast muscle it can hardly be the factor initiating the response, and (c) inorganic phosphate is the only substance tested so far whose efflux is consistently related to the vascular response in all muscles under a variety of experimental conditions, and whose efficacy as a vasodilator seems adequate.", "contents": "Possible mediators of functional hyperaemia in skeletal muscle. 1. (a) In experiments on gastrocnemius muscles of the cat performing external work, the work was graded, either by altering the intensity of motor nerve stimulation or by changing the load. Only under the former conditions was the steady-state increase in blood flow conductance at all consistently related to the work performed. (b) In such experiments, efflux of inorganic phosphate and of potassium were closely correlated with the increase in vascular conductance, in the form of a typical dose-response curve. There was no significant relationship between changes in plasma osmolarity and conductance. 2. (a) Whereas most soleus muscles in the cat exhibit virtually no functional vasodilation, those with a relatively low resting flow tend to do so. (b) There was a relationship between the vasodilation, if any, and release of phosphate in fifteen out of seventeen experiments on soleus muscles. No relationship was found between any release of potassium or change of plasma osmolarity, and absence or extent of functional vasodilation. 3. (a) Terminal arterioles and collecting venules in the rat's spinotrapezius muscle were observed in vivo under low power magnification while the muscle was bathed in various test solutions, so that the vasodilator properties of hyperosmolar solutions, potassium and phosphate could be studied. (b) The dilator effect of hyperosmolar solutions was much the weakest: solutions of 340 m-osmole/kg elicited the largest responses, but these seldom exceeded 50% mM-K+ and 3.2--6.4 mM-Pi (as NaH2PO4) elicited 25--50% of maximum dilation, while 9--10 mM-K+ and 16--20 mM-Pi dilated arterial vessels fully. The latency to onset of dilation was shortest (5 sec) with Pi and longest (15 sec) with K+. 4. These findings, together with those already in the literature, lead to the conclusions that (a) hypersomolarity is unlikely to be in an important factor initiating or maintaining functional hyperaemia in skeletal muscle, (b) while K+ release may contribute in fast muscle it can hardly be the factor initiating the response, and (c) inorganic phosphate is the only substance tested so far whose efflux is consistently related to the vascular response in all muscles under a variety of experimental conditions, and whose efficacy as a vasodilator seems adequate.", "PMID": 722512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9316", "title": "Destruction of a single cell in the central nervous system of the leech as a means of analysing its connexions and functional role.", "content": "A method has been devised for killing an individual neurone in the C.N.S. of the leech by injecting it with Pronase. The technique has been used to examine the role of individual sensory and motor cells involved in producing reflex movements.1. After a neurone was injected with Pronase, either in an intact animal or an isolated ganglion, its cell body lost its resting and action potentials. Some hours later the injected cell's axons in the periphery failed to conduct impulses. In the intact animal the cell body could no longer be discerned after a few weeks.2. To test for destruction of processes within the neuropile, cells were injected first with the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and then several hours later with Pronase. Absence of the characteristic HRP reaction product indicated that Pronase had spread throughout the arborization of the cell.3. Injection of Pronase into one cell did not produce overt electrophysiological or anatomical changes in other cells in the ganglion including neurones that were originally electrically coupled to the killed cell.4. Evidence that an individual cell was the only motoneurone supplying particular muscles was provided by destruction of that cell in otherwise intact animals, which resulted in a characteristic motor deficit in the area supplied by the killed cell. Over a period of months, functional recovery of the affected muscles occurred by way of homologous cells in adjacent ganglia.5. A further application of the technique was to trace the connexion that a particular sensory neurone makes onto two motoneurones that are electrically coupled. Normally, the sensory neurone gives rise to excitatory potentials in both post-synaptic cells. Synaptic potentials could still be recorded in one motor cell after the other had been destroyed by Pronase, indicating that synapses were made directly onto both of the motoneurones.", "contents": "Destruction of a single cell in the central nervous system of the leech as a means of analysing its connexions and functional role. A method has been devised for killing an individual neurone in the C.N.S. of the leech by injecting it with Pronase. The technique has been used to examine the role of individual sensory and motor cells involved in producing reflex movements.1. After a neurone was injected with Pronase, either in an intact animal or an isolated ganglion, its cell body lost its resting and action potentials. Some hours later the injected cell's axons in the periphery failed to conduct impulses. In the intact animal the cell body could no longer be discerned after a few weeks.2. To test for destruction of processes within the neuropile, cells were injected first with the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and then several hours later with Pronase. Absence of the characteristic HRP reaction product indicated that Pronase had spread throughout the arborization of the cell.3. Injection of Pronase into one cell did not produce overt electrophysiological or anatomical changes in other cells in the ganglion including neurones that were originally electrically coupled to the killed cell.4. Evidence that an individual cell was the only motoneurone supplying particular muscles was provided by destruction of that cell in otherwise intact animals, which resulted in a characteristic motor deficit in the area supplied by the killed cell. Over a period of months, functional recovery of the affected muscles occurred by way of homologous cells in adjacent ganglia.5. A further application of the technique was to trace the connexion that a particular sensory neurone makes onto two motoneurones that are electrically coupled. Normally, the sensory neurone gives rise to excitatory potentials in both post-synaptic cells. Synaptic potentials could still be recorded in one motor cell after the other had been destroyed by Pronase, indicating that synapses were made directly onto both of the motoneurones.", "PMID": 722515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9317", "title": "A role for extraocular afferents in post-critical period reversal of monocular deprivation.", "content": "1. In order to investigate the phenomenon of acute reversibility of cortical ocular dominance, pressure block of the retinal ganglion cells and local anaesthetic block of the extraocular afferents were applied to the normal eye of six monocularly deprived cats. 2. Neither pressure blinding nor retrobulbar anaesthesia alone produced a significant increase in the proportion of single neurones recorded from area 17 which could be driven by the deprived eye. 3. Following combined pressure blinding and retrobulbar blockade, sixty-four cells (54% of all encountered) could be stimulated through the deprived eye. 4. Of the sixty-four cells driven by the deprived eye following both treatments a number showed direction (thirty) and orientation (thirteen) selectivity, but the majority showed non-specific receptive field properties. 5. In four separate cases, out of the nine where the experiment could be carried out, it was possible to observe an individual neurone shift its ocular dominance. In the presence of a retrobulbar block, the four neurones could be driven first by the experienced eye alone, then by the deprived eye alone, and finally by the experienced eye again, all within a few minutes of the introduction and removal of pressure blinding. 6. These findings support previous studies which have revealed the presence of significant numbers of potentially functional cortical inputs from the deprived eye. Our new finding is that removal of tonic activity from the experienced eye, while it seems to be necessary to reveal these inputs, is not sufficient. An additional role in this phenomenon is played by extraocular afferents, possibly those involved in proprioception from the eye muscles.", "contents": "A role for extraocular afferents in post-critical period reversal of monocular deprivation. 1. In order to investigate the phenomenon of acute reversibility of cortical ocular dominance, pressure block of the retinal ganglion cells and local anaesthetic block of the extraocular afferents were applied to the normal eye of six monocularly deprived cats. 2. Neither pressure blinding nor retrobulbar anaesthesia alone produced a significant increase in the proportion of single neurones recorded from area 17 which could be driven by the deprived eye. 3. Following combined pressure blinding and retrobulbar blockade, sixty-four cells (54% of all encountered) could be stimulated through the deprived eye. 4. Of the sixty-four cells driven by the deprived eye following both treatments a number showed direction (thirty) and orientation (thirteen) selectivity, but the majority showed non-specific receptive field properties. 5. In four separate cases, out of the nine where the experiment could be carried out, it was possible to observe an individual neurone shift its ocular dominance. In the presence of a retrobulbar block, the four neurones could be driven first by the experienced eye alone, then by the deprived eye alone, and finally by the experienced eye again, all within a few minutes of the introduction and removal of pressure blinding. 6. These findings support previous studies which have revealed the presence of significant numbers of potentially functional cortical inputs from the deprived eye. Our new finding is that removal of tonic activity from the experienced eye, while it seems to be necessary to reveal these inputs, is not sufficient. An additional role in this phenomenon is played by extraocular afferents, possibly those involved in proprioception from the eye muscles.", "PMID": 722518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9318", "title": "Latency-relaxation in single muscle fibres.", "content": "1. Latency relaxation and twitch tension were recorded simultaneously in single isolated muscle fibres of Xenopus laevis. 2. During low frequency (0.6 or 1 pulse/sec) repetitive stimulation, three successive phases of twitch tension were observed: negative staricase (a slight drop in tension), positive staircase (about 15% increase in tension) and fatigue. At the same time the amplitude of latency relaxation decreased monotonically, and near the peak of positive staircase, the amplitude decreased almost to an undetectable level. 3. The application of caffeine (0.1--1.5 mM) increased peak twitch tension by 15--200%, but decreased the latency relaxation amplitude by 30--93%. 4. The application of Ca-release inhibitors, deuterium oxide and dantrolene sodium, caused a 43--89% decline in peak twitch tension but no change in latency relaxation amplitude. 5. The lack of correlation between changes in peak twitch tension and latency relaxation amplitude suggests that latency relaxation is associated with the mechanism which triggers Ca2+ relase rather than with Ca2+ release itself.", "contents": "Latency-relaxation in single muscle fibres. 1. Latency relaxation and twitch tension were recorded simultaneously in single isolated muscle fibres of Xenopus laevis. 2. During low frequency (0.6 or 1 pulse/sec) repetitive stimulation, three successive phases of twitch tension were observed: negative staricase (a slight drop in tension), positive staircase (about 15% increase in tension) and fatigue. At the same time the amplitude of latency relaxation decreased monotonically, and near the peak of positive staircase, the amplitude decreased almost to an undetectable level. 3. The application of caffeine (0.1--1.5 mM) increased peak twitch tension by 15--200%, but decreased the latency relaxation amplitude by 30--93%. 4. The application of Ca-release inhibitors, deuterium oxide and dantrolene sodium, caused a 43--89% decline in peak twitch tension but no change in latency relaxation amplitude. 5. The lack of correlation between changes in peak twitch tension and latency relaxation amplitude suggests that latency relaxation is associated with the mechanism which triggers Ca2+ relase rather than with Ca2+ release itself.", "PMID": 722520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9319", "title": "Stretch receptor control of renin release in perfused rat kidney: effect of high perfusate potassium.", "content": "1. These studies were conducted in the isolated perfused rat kidney to determine the effect of high perfusate K on the renin release induced by low perfusion pressure, renal vasoconstriction and isoprenaline, and to determine whether the magnitude of the K-induced inhibition equalled that observed with renal vasodilation and high perfusion pressure. 2. Raising perfusate K concentration from 4.2 to 56 mM suppressed basal renin release, and the 56 mM-K inhibited the renin release induced by low perfusion pressure (50 mmHg) or phenylephrine (0.83 micrometers). 3. Isoprenaline (0.79 micrometers) induced a marked increase in renin release; but high perfusate K, propranolol (0.28 mM), papaverine (0.39 mM), or high perfusion pressure (150 mmHg) inhibited this effect. 4. It is concluded that high perfusate K has a powerful inhibitory effect on the renin release induced by renal hypotension, vasoconstriction, and isoprenaline infusion, and that this effect may be mimicked by high perfusion pressure or renal vasodilation. A mechanism is proposed whereby these signals may inhibit renin release by depolarizing the juxtaglomerular granular cells.", "contents": "Stretch receptor control of renin release in perfused rat kidney: effect of high perfusate potassium. 1. These studies were conducted in the isolated perfused rat kidney to determine the effect of high perfusate K on the renin release induced by low perfusion pressure, renal vasoconstriction and isoprenaline, and to determine whether the magnitude of the K-induced inhibition equalled that observed with renal vasodilation and high perfusion pressure. 2. Raising perfusate K concentration from 4.2 to 56 mM suppressed basal renin release, and the 56 mM-K inhibited the renin release induced by low perfusion pressure (50 mmHg) or phenylephrine (0.83 micrometers). 3. Isoprenaline (0.79 micrometers) induced a marked increase in renin release; but high perfusate K, propranolol (0.28 mM), papaverine (0.39 mM), or high perfusion pressure (150 mmHg) inhibited this effect. 4. It is concluded that high perfusate K has a powerful inhibitory effect on the renin release induced by renal hypotension, vasoconstriction, and isoprenaline infusion, and that this effect may be mimicked by high perfusion pressure or renal vasodilation. A mechanism is proposed whereby these signals may inhibit renin release by depolarizing the juxtaglomerular granular cells.", "PMID": 722522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9320", "title": "The regulation of dopamine and noradrenaline in the rat carotid body and its modification by denervation and by hypoxia.", "content": "1. The mechanism whereby hypoxia lasting 20 min elicits a decrease in the dopamine content of rat carotid bodies was studied. 2. The concentrations of dopamine, noradrenaline, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid in carotid body were measured by a mass-fragmentographic procedure. The turnover rate of dopamine was determined by measuring the elimination rate of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid immediately after inhibition of monoamine oxidase by injection of pargyline. The turnover rate of noradrenaline was derived from measurements of the rate of decline of noradrenaline content after injection of L-methyl-p-tyrosine. 3. The results indicate that hypoxia increases the rate of dopamine release without changing its turnover rate thereby accounting for the decrease in dopamine content. The content and turnover rate of noradrenaline remained unchanged during exposure to hypoxia. 4. Neither the carotid sinus nerve nor the sympathetic innervation appeared to participate in the regulation of dopamine content or turnover rate in carotid bodies of rats either before or during hypoxia. 5. Since transection of the carotid sinus nerve or/and ganglionectomy failed to prevent the decrease of dopamine content caused by hypoxia, it is inferred that low arterial PO2 depletes dopamine stores independently of the above mentioned innervation.", "contents": "The regulation of dopamine and noradrenaline in the rat carotid body and its modification by denervation and by hypoxia. 1. The mechanism whereby hypoxia lasting 20 min elicits a decrease in the dopamine content of rat carotid bodies was studied. 2. The concentrations of dopamine, noradrenaline, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid in carotid body were measured by a mass-fragmentographic procedure. The turnover rate of dopamine was determined by measuring the elimination rate of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid immediately after inhibition of monoamine oxidase by injection of pargyline. The turnover rate of noradrenaline was derived from measurements of the rate of decline of noradrenaline content after injection of L-methyl-p-tyrosine. 3. The results indicate that hypoxia increases the rate of dopamine release without changing its turnover rate thereby accounting for the decrease in dopamine content. The content and turnover rate of noradrenaline remained unchanged during exposure to hypoxia. 4. Neither the carotid sinus nerve nor the sympathetic innervation appeared to participate in the regulation of dopamine content or turnover rate in carotid bodies of rats either before or during hypoxia. 5. Since transection of the carotid sinus nerve or/and ganglionectomy failed to prevent the decrease of dopamine content caused by hypoxia, it is inferred that low arterial PO2 depletes dopamine stores independently of the above mentioned innervation.", "PMID": 722523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9321", "title": "Measurements of muscle stiffness and the mechanism of elastic storage of energy in hopping kangaroos.", "content": "1. A kangaroo hopping above a certain speed appears to consume less oxygen than a quadrupedal mammal, of similar weight, running at the same speed (Dawson & Taylor, 1973). This is thought to be achieved by storage of elastic energy in tendons and ligaments. 2. Energy can be stored in a tendon by stretching it, but only if the muscle fibres in series with it are stiff enough to resist most of the length change. We have measured length and tension changes in the contracting gastrocnemius muscle of the wallaby Thylogale during rapid, controlled stretches, and from this determined the amount of movement in muscle fibres and tendon (method of Morgan, 1977). 3. When the muscle was developing close to its maximum isometric tension, up to eight times as much movement occurred in the tendon as in the muscle fibres. This is made possible by the wallaby having a long and compliant tendon. 4. Measurement of work absorption by the muscle with a full length of free tendon and when the tendon had been shortened, showed that with the shortened tendon a larger proportion of movement occurred in the muscle fibres, producing a steep rise in work absorption by the muscle and a consequent increase in energy loss.", "contents": "Measurements of muscle stiffness and the mechanism of elastic storage of energy in hopping kangaroos. 1. A kangaroo hopping above a certain speed appears to consume less oxygen than a quadrupedal mammal, of similar weight, running at the same speed (Dawson & Taylor, 1973). This is thought to be achieved by storage of elastic energy in tendons and ligaments. 2. Energy can be stored in a tendon by stretching it, but only if the muscle fibres in series with it are stiff enough to resist most of the length change. We have measured length and tension changes in the contracting gastrocnemius muscle of the wallaby Thylogale during rapid, controlled stretches, and from this determined the amount of movement in muscle fibres and tendon (method of Morgan, 1977). 3. When the muscle was developing close to its maximum isometric tension, up to eight times as much movement occurred in the tendon as in the muscle fibres. This is made possible by the wallaby having a long and compliant tendon. 4. Measurement of work absorption by the muscle with a full length of free tendon and when the tendon had been shortened, showed that with the shortened tendon a larger proportion of movement occurred in the muscle fibres, producing a steep rise in work absorption by the muscle and a consequent increase in energy loss.", "PMID": 722527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9322", "title": "The effect of sodium, calcium and metabolic inhibitors on calcium efflux from goldfish heart ventricles.", "content": "1. 45Ca efflux and tissue Ca content were examined in goldfish ventricles under conditions known to affect cellular Ca movements. 2. EGTA or Ca-EGTA was added to the washout solutions in sufficient concentration (10 mM) to avoid retardation of the apparent tissue 45Ca efflux by extracellular 45Ca binding or backflux. 3. After a variable initial increase, the cellular Ca content usually stabilizes within 60 min when ventricles are immersed in Li- or K-substituted saline containing 1.8 mM Ca0 (under these conditions the internal Ca2+ concentration is below 10(-5) M). 4. 45Ca efflux is maximally activated by external concentrations of Ca2+ as low as 10(-6) M, in both Na-containing and Na-free saline. 5. 45Ca efflux decreases in Na-free solutions. It is reactivated by Na-saline. The effect of different external Na concentration on 45Ca efflux is comparable at external Ca2+ concentrations between 10(-6) M and 2 x 10(-3) M. 6. Reactivation of Ca efflux after Na0 readmission is inhibited by metabolic poisoning, or in the presence of 10 mM-caffeine. Loading with 45Ca at very low external Ca2+ concentration prevents the inhibition of Ca efflux in Na-free medium. 7. Caffeine (10 mM) produces contractions of about equla size when K-depolarized preparations are immersed in either Na- or Li-saline. At the same time there is a similar increase in 45Ca efflux in absence of Na0 and in its presence. 8. In the virtual absence of Ca2+0 (10(-5) M-Ca, 10(-2) M-EGTA) and Na+0, the residual 45Ca efflux is reversibly inhibited by cyanide (2 mM). 9. The results are roughly compatible with the general concept of ATP-dependent Na-Ca exchange in internal Ca2+ homeostasis. However, this hypothesis should probably be modified to account for the fact that under physiological concentrations Na+0 and Ca2+0 do not compete for activating 45Ca efflux. Metabolic products may be involved in Na0- and Ca0-dependent Ca efflux. It is therefore not excluded that a Na-independent active mechanism co-operates with Na-Ca exchange in Ca extrusion.", "contents": "The effect of sodium, calcium and metabolic inhibitors on calcium efflux from goldfish heart ventricles. 1. 45Ca efflux and tissue Ca content were examined in goldfish ventricles under conditions known to affect cellular Ca movements. 2. EGTA or Ca-EGTA was added to the washout solutions in sufficient concentration (10 mM) to avoid retardation of the apparent tissue 45Ca efflux by extracellular 45Ca binding or backflux. 3. After a variable initial increase, the cellular Ca content usually stabilizes within 60 min when ventricles are immersed in Li- or K-substituted saline containing 1.8 mM Ca0 (under these conditions the internal Ca2+ concentration is below 10(-5) M). 4. 45Ca efflux is maximally activated by external concentrations of Ca2+ as low as 10(-6) M, in both Na-containing and Na-free saline. 5. 45Ca efflux decreases in Na-free solutions. It is reactivated by Na-saline. The effect of different external Na concentration on 45Ca efflux is comparable at external Ca2+ concentrations between 10(-6) M and 2 x 10(-3) M. 6. Reactivation of Ca efflux after Na0 readmission is inhibited by metabolic poisoning, or in the presence of 10 mM-caffeine. Loading with 45Ca at very low external Ca2+ concentration prevents the inhibition of Ca efflux in Na-free medium. 7. Caffeine (10 mM) produces contractions of about equla size when K-depolarized preparations are immersed in either Na- or Li-saline. At the same time there is a similar increase in 45Ca efflux in absence of Na0 and in its presence. 8. In the virtual absence of Ca2+0 (10(-5) M-Ca, 10(-2) M-EGTA) and Na+0, the residual 45Ca efflux is reversibly inhibited by cyanide (2 mM). 9. The results are roughly compatible with the general concept of ATP-dependent Na-Ca exchange in internal Ca2+ homeostasis. However, this hypothesis should probably be modified to account for the fact that under physiological concentrations Na+0 and Ca2+0 do not compete for activating 45Ca efflux. Metabolic products may be involved in Na0- and Ca0-dependent Ca efflux. It is therefore not excluded that a Na-independent active mechanism co-operates with Na-Ca exchange in Ca extrusion.", "PMID": 722529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9323", "title": "Control of water content of respiring kidney slices by sodium chloride and polyethylene glycol.", "content": "1. Cortical slices from kidneys of adult rats were incubated for 1 and 2 hr at 25 degrees C in oxygenated solutions containing 5 mM-K, 2.5 mM-Ca and Mg, 0.007 M-phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and 5 mM-glucose, together with 1, 2, 4 and 6% polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) and 46, 92, 123, 154 and 231 mM-NaCl.2. There were no significant differences in water content between slices incubated for 1 and for 2 hr.3. The slices contained more water when the concentration either of NaCl or of PEG 6000 was lower.4. Larger increases in the contribution of NaCl to total osmolarity were required to prevent increases in water content accompanying relatively small reductions in the contribution of PEG 6000. At a physiological salt concentration around 300 m-osmole/l., it took 10 m-osmole/l. of additional NaCl to compensate for the loss of 1 m-osmole/l. PEG 6000 and keep the volume of cell water normal.5. The much greater contribution, osmole for osmole, which PEG 6000 made to tonicity suggests that metabolic activity failed to make the cell membranes effectively semipermeable; they were still substantially permeable to NaCl.6. Comparison with earlier results suggested that ionic strength affected colloid osmolarity similarly in respiring and in non-metabolizing cells; and that respiration at 25 degrees C somehow kept the concentration of diffusible solutes in the cells sufficiently lower than outside to compensate for a swelling effect of intracellular colloid osmolarity which, in the absence of metabolism, could be balanced by 20 m-osmole/l. PEG 6000 added to the medium.", "contents": "Control of water content of respiring kidney slices by sodium chloride and polyethylene glycol. 1. Cortical slices from kidneys of adult rats were incubated for 1 and 2 hr at 25 degrees C in oxygenated solutions containing 5 mM-K, 2.5 mM-Ca and Mg, 0.007 M-phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and 5 mM-glucose, together with 1, 2, 4 and 6% polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) and 46, 92, 123, 154 and 231 mM-NaCl.2. There were no significant differences in water content between slices incubated for 1 and for 2 hr.3. The slices contained more water when the concentration either of NaCl or of PEG 6000 was lower.4. Larger increases in the contribution of NaCl to total osmolarity were required to prevent increases in water content accompanying relatively small reductions in the contribution of PEG 6000. At a physiological salt concentration around 300 m-osmole/l., it took 10 m-osmole/l. of additional NaCl to compensate for the loss of 1 m-osmole/l. PEG 6000 and keep the volume of cell water normal.5. The much greater contribution, osmole for osmole, which PEG 6000 made to tonicity suggests that metabolic activity failed to make the cell membranes effectively semipermeable; they were still substantially permeable to NaCl.6. Comparison with earlier results suggested that ionic strength affected colloid osmolarity similarly in respiring and in non-metabolizing cells; and that respiration at 25 degrees C somehow kept the concentration of diffusible solutes in the cells sufficiently lower than outside to compensate for a swelling effect of intracellular colloid osmolarity which, in the absence of metabolism, could be balanced by 20 m-osmole/l. PEG 6000 added to the medium.", "PMID": 722531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9324", "title": "Inhibition of noradrenaline release by adenosine.", "content": "1. Release of [3H]noradrenaline evoked by stimulation (5 Hz) of the pre-labelled rat vas deferens was reduced to 50% by adenosine (10(-6) g/ml.). Inhibition of release was dependent on the concentration of adenosine and was inversely related to the frequency of stimulation. Phenoxybenzamine did not interfere with the action of adenosine on release. 2. Exposure of the pre-labelled rat vas deferens to 135 mM-K+ released almost 10 times more [3H]noradrenaline than exposure to 45 mM-K+. Release induced by 45 mM-K+ was almost abolished by adenosine (10(-6) g/ml.) but that induced by 135 mM-K+ was reduced to only 45%. 3. Inhibition of [3H]noradrenaline release was observed in salivary gland, heart and portal vein of the rat, and in the guinea-pig heart and vas deferens. A very high concentration of adenosine (10(-4) g/ml.) reduced the release (about 50%) in the rabbit heart, but the cat heart was totally insensitive to the inhibitory action of adenosine. 4. Aminophylline (2 x 10(-4) g/ml.) antagonized the inhibitory action of adenosine (10(-6) g/ml.) on the release of [3H]noradrenaline in the phenoxybenzamine-treated vas deferens. 5. Tetraethylammonium (8 x 10(-4) g/ml.) enhanced stimulation-evoked release in the rat salivary gland by almost tenfold. In the presence of tetraethylammonium, even higher concentrations (2 x 10(-5) g/ml.) of adenosine failed to interfere with release. 6. Elevation of external K+ (19 mM) blocked stimulation-evoked release in the rat vas deferens by about 55%. Combination of high K+ and adenosine (10(-6) g/ml.), which blocked release by about 40%, caused still greater inhibition (80%) of the release. 7. The possible mechanism of action of the inhibitory effect of adenosine on the stimulation-evoked release of noradrenaline is discussed in relation to the calcium hypothesis.", "contents": "Inhibition of noradrenaline release by adenosine. 1. Release of [3H]noradrenaline evoked by stimulation (5 Hz) of the pre-labelled rat vas deferens was reduced to 50% by adenosine (10(-6) g/ml.). Inhibition of release was dependent on the concentration of adenosine and was inversely related to the frequency of stimulation. Phenoxybenzamine did not interfere with the action of adenosine on release. 2. Exposure of the pre-labelled rat vas deferens to 135 mM-K+ released almost 10 times more [3H]noradrenaline than exposure to 45 mM-K+. Release induced by 45 mM-K+ was almost abolished by adenosine (10(-6) g/ml.) but that induced by 135 mM-K+ was reduced to only 45%. 3. Inhibition of [3H]noradrenaline release was observed in salivary gland, heart and portal vein of the rat, and in the guinea-pig heart and vas deferens. A very high concentration of adenosine (10(-4) g/ml.) reduced the release (about 50%) in the rabbit heart, but the cat heart was totally insensitive to the inhibitory action of adenosine. 4. Aminophylline (2 x 10(-4) g/ml.) antagonized the inhibitory action of adenosine (10(-6) g/ml.) on the release of [3H]noradrenaline in the phenoxybenzamine-treated vas deferens. 5. Tetraethylammonium (8 x 10(-4) g/ml.) enhanced stimulation-evoked release in the rat salivary gland by almost tenfold. In the presence of tetraethylammonium, even higher concentrations (2 x 10(-5) g/ml.) of adenosine failed to interfere with release. 6. Elevation of external K+ (19 mM) blocked stimulation-evoked release in the rat vas deferens by about 55%. Combination of high K+ and adenosine (10(-6) g/ml.), which blocked release by about 40%, caused still greater inhibition (80%) of the release. 7. The possible mechanism of action of the inhibitory effect of adenosine on the stimulation-evoked release of noradrenaline is discussed in relation to the calcium hypothesis.", "PMID": 722535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9325", "title": "Two types of vagal preganglionic motoneurones projecting to the heart and lungs.", "content": "1. A study has been made of eighty-four cells in the cat's nucleus ambiguus whose axons projected to the cardiac (seventy-four) and pulmonary (ten) branches of the right vagus. Their axonal conduction velocities were all in the range of B fibres (2.8-15.5 m/sec).2. Pulmonary branch projecting neurones were usually spontaneously active (nine out of ten) and fired in phase with inspiration. Their activity showed no pulse modulation.3. Ten cardiac branch projecting neurones had properties indistinguishable from those of pulmonary branch projecting neurones. Inspiratory-firing cells projecting to either branch are believed to be bronchoconstrictor in function.4. The remaining sixty-four cells that projected to the cardiac branch had properties expected of cardioinhibitory neurones. Most (fifty-four) were silent until activated by ionophoresis of excitant amino acids. All showed an expiratory discharge when active, and of twenty-seven tested twenty-three showed a cardiac modulation of their discharge. When the aortic baroreceptors were denervated, the cardiac rhythm was always abolished reversibly by carotid occlusion.5. Ionophoretic activation of expiratory firing (presumed cardioinhibitory) cells slowed the heart (fifteen out of eighteen neurones tested). Excited inspiratory-firing cells never had this effect (eleven tested).6. Both types of neurones were found in the nucleus ambiguus, but presumed cardioinhibitory cells tended to be found more caudally and ventrally than presumed bronchoconstrictor neurones.", "contents": "Two types of vagal preganglionic motoneurones projecting to the heart and lungs. 1. A study has been made of eighty-four cells in the cat's nucleus ambiguus whose axons projected to the cardiac (seventy-four) and pulmonary (ten) branches of the right vagus. Their axonal conduction velocities were all in the range of B fibres (2.8-15.5 m/sec).2. Pulmonary branch projecting neurones were usually spontaneously active (nine out of ten) and fired in phase with inspiration. Their activity showed no pulse modulation.3. Ten cardiac branch projecting neurones had properties indistinguishable from those of pulmonary branch projecting neurones. Inspiratory-firing cells projecting to either branch are believed to be bronchoconstrictor in function.4. The remaining sixty-four cells that projected to the cardiac branch had properties expected of cardioinhibitory neurones. Most (fifty-four) were silent until activated by ionophoresis of excitant amino acids. All showed an expiratory discharge when active, and of twenty-seven tested twenty-three showed a cardiac modulation of their discharge. When the aortic baroreceptors were denervated, the cardiac rhythm was always abolished reversibly by carotid occlusion.5. Ionophoretic activation of expiratory firing (presumed cardioinhibitory) cells slowed the heart (fifteen out of eighteen neurones tested). Excited inspiratory-firing cells never had this effect (eleven tested).6. Both types of neurones were found in the nucleus ambiguus, but presumed cardioinhibitory cells tended to be found more caudally and ventrally than presumed bronchoconstrictor neurones.", "PMID": 722537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9326", "title": "The baroreceptor input to cardiac vagal motoneurones.", "content": "1. A study has been made of twenty-three cardiac vagal motoneurones (c.v.m.s) in the nucleus ambiguus of chloralose-anaesthetized cats.2. C.v.m.s were identified as described previously (McAllen & Spyer, 1978). They were either spontaneously active (five units) or induced to fire by the ionophoresis of DL-homocysteic acid (DLH). Evidence is presented that above threshold, the DLH dose is not critical for the ability to show a baroreceptor influence.3. The influence of the baroreceptors was determined by plotting pulse-triggered histograms of c.v.m. activity. If the aortic baroreceptors were denervated, the pulse synchronous activity disappeared reversibly on carotid occlusion (eight out of eight cases). In five out of fifteen cells studied, when aortic baroreceptor pathways were intact, a small degree of cardiac modulation survived carotid occlusion.4. Estimates of the central delay of the baroreceptor-vagal reflex were made by timing the c.v.m. response to both electrical stimulation of the sinus nerve and natural baroreceptor stimulation. When both methods were used on individual units, electrical stimulation invariably gave shorter values. Natural stimulation gave values that fell into two ranges (20-60 msec and 70-110 msec), suggesting the involvement of two pathways.5. Using higher currents, four c.v.m.s were induced to fire tonically during inspiration. Their activity in this phase showed a cardiac rhythm just as during expiration. Similarly, they responded to sinus nerve stimulation throughout the respiratory cycle.6. This result is discussed in relation to the observation of others that the baroreceptor-cardiac reflex is ineffective during inspiration. It is proposed that there is no need to invoke a ;gate' early in the pathway but that this phenomenon and the present observations are best explained by summation of influences at the c.v.m. cell membrane.", "contents": "The baroreceptor input to cardiac vagal motoneurones. 1. A study has been made of twenty-three cardiac vagal motoneurones (c.v.m.s) in the nucleus ambiguus of chloralose-anaesthetized cats.2. C.v.m.s were identified as described previously (McAllen & Spyer, 1978). They were either spontaneously active (five units) or induced to fire by the ionophoresis of DL-homocysteic acid (DLH). Evidence is presented that above threshold, the DLH dose is not critical for the ability to show a baroreceptor influence.3. The influence of the baroreceptors was determined by plotting pulse-triggered histograms of c.v.m. activity. If the aortic baroreceptors were denervated, the pulse synchronous activity disappeared reversibly on carotid occlusion (eight out of eight cases). In five out of fifteen cells studied, when aortic baroreceptor pathways were intact, a small degree of cardiac modulation survived carotid occlusion.4. Estimates of the central delay of the baroreceptor-vagal reflex were made by timing the c.v.m. response to both electrical stimulation of the sinus nerve and natural baroreceptor stimulation. When both methods were used on individual units, electrical stimulation invariably gave shorter values. Natural stimulation gave values that fell into two ranges (20-60 msec and 70-110 msec), suggesting the involvement of two pathways.5. Using higher currents, four c.v.m.s were induced to fire tonically during inspiration. Their activity in this phase showed a cardiac rhythm just as during expiration. Similarly, they responded to sinus nerve stimulation throughout the respiratory cycle.6. This result is discussed in relation to the observation of others that the baroreceptor-cardiac reflex is ineffective during inspiration. It is proposed that there is no need to invoke a ;gate' early in the pathway but that this phenomenon and the present observations are best explained by summation of influences at the c.v.m. cell membrane.", "PMID": 722539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9327", "title": "Effects of temperature on the transport of galactose in human erythrocytes.", "content": "The transport of galactose in human erythrocytes has been resolved recently into a mechanism which involves two asymmetric carriers operating in antiparallel fashion. The effects of temperature on this mediated transport system in the range of 0--25 degrees C show the following features. The Michaelis constants for zero-trans influx and efflux and for equilibrium-exchange efflux, do not vary with temperature. Arrhenius plots of the maximal velocities show breaks between 3 and 15 degrees C with activation energies two- to threefold larger below the break than above it. The relative contribution of the two types of carriers to the total transport rate is not affected by temperature. The kinetic properties of the prevalent type of carriers are analysed in terms of the simple carrier model as formulated by Lieb & Stein (1974). This analysis shows that the relative concentration of the unloaded carrier at the inner interface of the membrane increases upon cooling. The free energy of translocation of the unloaded carrier and the change in entropy involved in this step are significantly larger in the low temperature range (0--5 degrees C) than in the higher range (15--25 degrees C). The results are discussed briefly in terms of possible lipid-protein interaction and the physicochemical nature of the erythrocyte membrane.", "contents": "Effects of temperature on the transport of galactose in human erythrocytes. The transport of galactose in human erythrocytes has been resolved recently into a mechanism which involves two asymmetric carriers operating in antiparallel fashion. The effects of temperature on this mediated transport system in the range of 0--25 degrees C show the following features. The Michaelis constants for zero-trans influx and efflux and for equilibrium-exchange efflux, do not vary with temperature. Arrhenius plots of the maximal velocities show breaks between 3 and 15 degrees C with activation energies two- to threefold larger below the break than above it. The relative contribution of the two types of carriers to the total transport rate is not affected by temperature. The kinetic properties of the prevalent type of carriers are analysed in terms of the simple carrier model as formulated by Lieb & Stein (1974). This analysis shows that the relative concentration of the unloaded carrier at the inner interface of the membrane increases upon cooling. The free energy of translocation of the unloaded carrier and the change in entropy involved in this step are significantly larger in the low temperature range (0--5 degrees C) than in the higher range (15--25 degrees C). The results are discussed briefly in terms of possible lipid-protein interaction and the physicochemical nature of the erythrocyte membrane.", "PMID": 722542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9328", "title": "Metabolic rate: its circadian rhythmicity in the female domestic fowl.", "content": "1. In quasi-natural cyclic lighting, a circadian rhythm was observed in seven fowls; the range of oscillation of the rhythm was 50% of the mean metabolic level. Little variation was present between the individuals. 2. In fowls maintained for 15 days in isolation under 700 lx (ten fowls) or 0.07 lx (four fowls) constant lighting and at constant temperature free-running rhythms were evident; the range of oscillation was about 12% of the mean level. Large variation prevailed between the individuals in the range of oscillation and in the portion of variance accounted for by periodic regression. In dim light, rhythmicity declined to become non-significant by 8 days of exposure. 3. In four fowls maintained in a 6L/6D regimen for 12 days, metabolic rate was entrained to an ahemeral rhythm; there was no evidence of circadian influence on the metabolic response to light. Little variation was present between the individuals. Rhythmicity was maintained over the experimental period. 4. Metabolic levels were similar on 0.07 lx, 700 lx constant light, during the dark phase of the 6L/6D regimen and during night time in the quasi-natural cyclic lighting. They were also similar on the light phase of the 6L/6D regimen and the quasi-natural lighting.", "contents": "Metabolic rate: its circadian rhythmicity in the female domestic fowl. 1. In quasi-natural cyclic lighting, a circadian rhythm was observed in seven fowls; the range of oscillation of the rhythm was 50% of the mean metabolic level. Little variation was present between the individuals. 2. In fowls maintained for 15 days in isolation under 700 lx (ten fowls) or 0.07 lx (four fowls) constant lighting and at constant temperature free-running rhythms were evident; the range of oscillation was about 12% of the mean level. Large variation prevailed between the individuals in the range of oscillation and in the portion of variance accounted for by periodic regression. In dim light, rhythmicity declined to become non-significant by 8 days of exposure. 3. In four fowls maintained in a 6L/6D regimen for 12 days, metabolic rate was entrained to an ahemeral rhythm; there was no evidence of circadian influence on the metabolic response to light. Little variation was present between the individuals. Rhythmicity was maintained over the experimental period. 4. Metabolic levels were similar on 0.07 lx, 700 lx constant light, during the dark phase of the 6L/6D regimen and during night time in the quasi-natural cyclic lighting. They were also similar on the light phase of the 6L/6D regimen and the quasi-natural lighting.", "PMID": 722545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9329", "title": "The inhibitory effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on the mechanical and electrical activity of canine antral smooth muscle.", "content": "1. The inhibitory effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) on the electrical and mechanical activity of canine antral smooth muscle were investigated. 2. In concentrations ranging from 5 X 10(-9) to 1 X 10(-7) M, VIP decreased the force of spontaneous contractions but had no measurable effect on spontaneous action potential complexes. 3. VIP had no effect on the increase in the amplitude and duration of the plateau potential and on the amplitude of contraction caused by a maximally effective concentration of acetylcholine. 4. VIP caused a significant decrease in the force of contraction caused by ED50 and threshold concentrations of acetylcholine. However, VIP had no measurable effect on the increase in the size of the action potential plateau caused by either concentration of acetylcholine. 5. VIP antagonized the increase in the amplitude of the plateau potential and the force of contraction induced by pentagastrin. It had no consistent effect on the pentagastrin-induced increase in frequency. 6. The data indicate that VIP acts as an inhibitor in this tissue in two distinct ways. It uncouples electromechanical coupling during spontaneous and acetylcholine-induced electrical and mechanical activity, and antagonizes pentagastrin-induced increases in electrical and mechanical activities.", "contents": "The inhibitory effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on the mechanical and electrical activity of canine antral smooth muscle. 1. The inhibitory effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) on the electrical and mechanical activity of canine antral smooth muscle were investigated. 2. In concentrations ranging from 5 X 10(-9) to 1 X 10(-7) M, VIP decreased the force of spontaneous contractions but had no measurable effect on spontaneous action potential complexes. 3. VIP had no effect on the increase in the amplitude and duration of the plateau potential and on the amplitude of contraction caused by a maximally effective concentration of acetylcholine. 4. VIP caused a significant decrease in the force of contraction caused by ED50 and threshold concentrations of acetylcholine. However, VIP had no measurable effect on the increase in the size of the action potential plateau caused by either concentration of acetylcholine. 5. VIP antagonized the increase in the amplitude of the plateau potential and the force of contraction induced by pentagastrin. It had no consistent effect on the pentagastrin-induced increase in frequency. 6. The data indicate that VIP acts as an inhibitor in this tissue in two distinct ways. It uncouples electromechanical coupling during spontaneous and acetylcholine-induced electrical and mechanical activity, and antagonizes pentagastrin-induced increases in electrical and mechanical activities.", "PMID": 722548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9330", "title": "Pressure-flow relationships and effects of noradrenaline and isoprenaline on the hepatic arterial and portal venous vascular beds of the dog.", "content": "1. The innervated hepatic arterial and portal venous vascular beds of the dog were perfused simultaneously, in situ. Under control conditions, the pressures, blood flows and calculated vascular resistances in these beds were similar to those previously reported in preparations where one bed was perfused alone. 2. The pressure-flow curves in both the hepatic arterial and portal venous vascular beds were almost linear over the pressure ranges 30--200 and 2.5--12.0 mmHg respectively. There was no evidence of pressure-induced autoregulation of flow in either circuit. 3. Increases in hepatic arterial blood flow  and perfusion pressure were associated with a linearly related increase in hepatic portal vascular resistance. Occlusion of the hepatic artery caused a mean fall of 21.3% in portal vascular resistance. 4. Increases in hepatic portal blood flow and perfusion pressure were associated with a linearly related incease in hepatic arterial vascular resistance. Occlusion of the hepatic portal vein caused a mean fall of 16.0% in hepatic arterial vascular resistance. 5. Intra-arterial injections of noradrenaline (0.1--50 microgram) caused biphasic changes in hepatic arterial vascular resistance, and a rise in hepatic portal vascular resistance. Both hepatic vascular effects had a significantly shorter latency than any succeeding systemic cardiovascular effects. 6. Intraportal injections of noradrenaline (0.1--50 microgram) caused hepatic portal vasoconstriction, and a biphasic change in the hepatic arterial resistance. Both of these effects had a significantly shorter latency than any succeeding systemic effects. 7. Intra-arterial injections of isoprenaline (0.1--10 microgram) caused dose-dependent hepatic arterial vasodilatation but little change in portal vascular resistance. Intraportal isoprenaline caused little change in portal resistance but elicited dose-dependent hepatic arterial vasodilatation. 8. The time courses of the responses to intra-arterial and intraportal noradrenaline and isoprenaline indicate that the responses of the liver vascular bed which does not receive the direct injection were not due to recirculation of the vasoactive material. 9. It is postulated that vasoactive material injected into one inflow circuit of the liver elicits changes in the vascular resistance of the other inflow circuit by an intrahepatic effect.", "contents": "Pressure-flow relationships and effects of noradrenaline and isoprenaline on the hepatic arterial and portal venous vascular beds of the dog. 1. The innervated hepatic arterial and portal venous vascular beds of the dog were perfused simultaneously, in situ. Under control conditions, the pressures, blood flows and calculated vascular resistances in these beds were similar to those previously reported in preparations where one bed was perfused alone. 2. The pressure-flow curves in both the hepatic arterial and portal venous vascular beds were almost linear over the pressure ranges 30--200 and 2.5--12.0 mmHg respectively. There was no evidence of pressure-induced autoregulation of flow in either circuit. 3. Increases in hepatic arterial blood flow  and perfusion pressure were associated with a linearly related increase in hepatic portal vascular resistance. Occlusion of the hepatic artery caused a mean fall of 21.3% in portal vascular resistance. 4. Increases in hepatic portal blood flow and perfusion pressure were associated with a linearly related incease in hepatic arterial vascular resistance. Occlusion of the hepatic portal vein caused a mean fall of 16.0% in hepatic arterial vascular resistance. 5. Intra-arterial injections of noradrenaline (0.1--50 microgram) caused biphasic changes in hepatic arterial vascular resistance, and a rise in hepatic portal vascular resistance. Both hepatic vascular effects had a significantly shorter latency than any succeeding systemic cardiovascular effects. 6. Intraportal injections of noradrenaline (0.1--50 microgram) caused hepatic portal vasoconstriction, and a biphasic change in the hepatic arterial resistance. Both of these effects had a significantly shorter latency than any succeeding systemic effects. 7. Intra-arterial injections of isoprenaline (0.1--10 microgram) caused dose-dependent hepatic arterial vasodilatation but little change in portal vascular resistance. Intraportal isoprenaline caused little change in portal resistance but elicited dose-dependent hepatic arterial vasodilatation. 8. The time courses of the responses to intra-arterial and intraportal noradrenaline and isoprenaline indicate that the responses of the liver vascular bed which does not receive the direct injection were not due to recirculation of the vasoactive material. 9. It is postulated that vasoactive material injected into one inflow circuit of the liver elicits changes in the vascular resistance of the other inflow circuit by an intrahepatic effect.", "PMID": 722550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9331", "title": "Vagal glucoreceptors in the small intestine of the cat.", "content": "1. In anaesthetized cats, the unitary activity of seventy-eight sensory vagal neurones was recorded in nodose ganglia by means of extracellular glass microelectrodes. 2. These neurones were stimulated by perfusion of the small intestine (duodenum and first part of jejunum) with glucose or other different carbohydrates at concentrations of 1--20 g/l. (i.e. 55--1100 m-osmole/l.). 3. The neurones were slowly adapting to stimulation and their discharge frequency was always low (1--30 Hz). 4. The activity of these neurones depended on the particular carbohydrate used and on its concentration: the discharge frequency generally increased when the concentration rose. 5. The neurones were of the C type (conduction velocities: 0.8--1.4 m/sec; mean, 1.1 m/sec). 6. In contrast with the known neurones connected to the gastro-intestinal tension receptors, they were not obviously activated by intestinal contractions or distensions. 7. In the same way, the stimuli which produced the response of other known endings, i.e. the mucosal receptors, were not effective; these stimuli included in particular stroking of the mucosa, over-distension of the bowel, intestinal perfusion with alkaline or acid solutions. On the other hand, the use of substances other than glucose (KCl and NaCl of the same osmolarity) showed that the osmotic pressure was not directly related to the receptor activation. 8. Therefore it is proposed to call the endings corresponding to these neurones 'glucoreceptors'. 9. The effect of glycaemia and intestinal motility were also studied. These variables acted presumably by changing the intestinal absorption rate. 10. The functional characteristics of the glucoreceptors (in particular the short latency of their response) strongly suggested that they were located close to the intestinal epithelium. 11. An ultrastructural study was performed in an attempt to identify the histological site of the receptors. Many non-medullated fibres were observed in the villi, especially beneath the epithelial layer. They gave complex branchings with abundant swellings. Some of them, at least, belonged to the vagal sensory component, because they were less numerous after unilateral selective sensory vagotomy. Therefore these complex endings could serve as the vagal glucoreceptors. 12. The roles of vagal intestinal glucoreceptors are discussed. Their functional characteristics as well as the clinical and experimental data suggest that they may be involved in the regulation of different types of alimentary behaviour (hunger, thirst, alliesthesia) and energy balance.", "contents": "Vagal glucoreceptors in the small intestine of the cat. 1. In anaesthetized cats, the unitary activity of seventy-eight sensory vagal neurones was recorded in nodose ganglia by means of extracellular glass microelectrodes. 2. These neurones were stimulated by perfusion of the small intestine (duodenum and first part of jejunum) with glucose or other different carbohydrates at concentrations of 1--20 g/l. (i.e. 55--1100 m-osmole/l.). 3. The neurones were slowly adapting to stimulation and their discharge frequency was always low (1--30 Hz). 4. The activity of these neurones depended on the particular carbohydrate used and on its concentration: the discharge frequency generally increased when the concentration rose. 5. The neurones were of the C type (conduction velocities: 0.8--1.4 m/sec; mean, 1.1 m/sec). 6. In contrast with the known neurones connected to the gastro-intestinal tension receptors, they were not obviously activated by intestinal contractions or distensions. 7. In the same way, the stimuli which produced the response of other known endings, i.e. the mucosal receptors, were not effective; these stimuli included in particular stroking of the mucosa, over-distension of the bowel, intestinal perfusion with alkaline or acid solutions. On the other hand, the use of substances other than glucose (KCl and NaCl of the same osmolarity) showed that the osmotic pressure was not directly related to the receptor activation. 8. Therefore it is proposed to call the endings corresponding to these neurones 'glucoreceptors'. 9. The effect of glycaemia and intestinal motility were also studied. These variables acted presumably by changing the intestinal absorption rate. 10. The functional characteristics of the glucoreceptors (in particular the short latency of their response) strongly suggested that they were located close to the intestinal epithelium. 11. An ultrastructural study was performed in an attempt to identify the histological site of the receptors. Many non-medullated fibres were observed in the villi, especially beneath the epithelial layer. They gave complex branchings with abundant swellings. Some of them, at least, belonged to the vagal sensory component, because they were less numerous after unilateral selective sensory vagotomy. Therefore these complex endings could serve as the vagal glucoreceptors. 12. The roles of vagal intestinal glucoreceptors are discussed. Their functional characteristics as well as the clinical and experimental data suggest that they may be involved in the regulation of different types of alimentary behaviour (hunger, thirst, alliesthesia) and energy balance.", "PMID": 722554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9332", "title": "Efflux of inorganic phosphate from mammalian non-myelinated nerve fibres.", "content": "1. Uptake and release of radiophosphate were measured in desheathed rabbit vagus nerve. 2. During incubation in Locke containing 0.2 mM-[32P]phosphate a slow labelling of water soluble compounds of the nerve was found; the labelling of the non water soluble compounds was much smaller. During washing with inactive Locke, the label was almost entirely released from the water soluble compounds; the radioactivity of these compounds was therefore used as the basis for the calculation of the efflux rate constants. 3. The efflux of radiophosphate increased with increasing phosphate concentration of the washing fluid. 4. A similar effect of external phosphate on the efflux of radiophosphate was seen when the phosphate concentration was suddenly changed. The rate constants were in 0.2 mM-phosphate 1.29 X 10(-3) min-1, in 0.2 mM 1.95 X 10(-3) min-1, and in 2 mM 3.21 X 10(-3) min-1 at 37 degrees C. After changing the external solution the efflux reached a new level with a time constant of about 9 min. 5. Addition of arsenate also increased the efflux of radiophosphate; on a molar basis the effect of arsenate was slightly smaller than the effect of phosphate. 6. Addition of malate or malonate did not affect the efflux of radiophosphate. 7. When the Na of the Locke was replaced by Tris, the efflux of radiophosphate was lowered by 76%, the new level was reached with a time constant of 7.7 min. In Tris-Locke changes in external phosphate did not affect the phosphate efflux. 8. A lowering of the phosphate efflux by 52% was found in Li-Locke; the efflux was then no longer affected by the external phosphate concentration. 9. The effect of external phosphate on the efflux and in the radiophosphate was also measured at intermediate Na concentrations. At different Na concentrations the ratio between the Na dependent effluxes in 2 and 0.2 mM-phosphate was approximately equal to the ratio between the Na dependent influxes in 2 and 0.2 mM-phosphate. 10. The efflux of 22Na had a rate constant of 0.050 min-1 in Locke and 0.046 min-1 in Tris-Locke. 11. It is concluded that part of the efflux of phosphate is mediated by a Na-dependent transport system; the system appears to be able to exchange phosphate between the inside and the outside and to mediate net movements of phosphate in both directions.", "contents": "Efflux of inorganic phosphate from mammalian non-myelinated nerve fibres. 1. Uptake and release of radiophosphate were measured in desheathed rabbit vagus nerve. 2. During incubation in Locke containing 0.2 mM-[32P]phosphate a slow labelling of water soluble compounds of the nerve was found; the labelling of the non water soluble compounds was much smaller. During washing with inactive Locke, the label was almost entirely released from the water soluble compounds; the radioactivity of these compounds was therefore used as the basis for the calculation of the efflux rate constants. 3. The efflux of radiophosphate increased with increasing phosphate concentration of the washing fluid. 4. A similar effect of external phosphate on the efflux of radiophosphate was seen when the phosphate concentration was suddenly changed. The rate constants were in 0.2 mM-phosphate 1.29 X 10(-3) min-1, in 0.2 mM 1.95 X 10(-3) min-1, and in 2 mM 3.21 X 10(-3) min-1 at 37 degrees C. After changing the external solution the efflux reached a new level with a time constant of about 9 min. 5. Addition of arsenate also increased the efflux of radiophosphate; on a molar basis the effect of arsenate was slightly smaller than the effect of phosphate. 6. Addition of malate or malonate did not affect the efflux of radiophosphate. 7. When the Na of the Locke was replaced by Tris, the efflux of radiophosphate was lowered by 76%, the new level was reached with a time constant of 7.7 min. In Tris-Locke changes in external phosphate did not affect the phosphate efflux. 8. A lowering of the phosphate efflux by 52% was found in Li-Locke; the efflux was then no longer affected by the external phosphate concentration. 9. The effect of external phosphate on the efflux and in the radiophosphate was also measured at intermediate Na concentrations. At different Na concentrations the ratio between the Na dependent effluxes in 2 and 0.2 mM-phosphate was approximately equal to the ratio between the Na dependent influxes in 2 and 0.2 mM-phosphate. 10. The efflux of 22Na had a rate constant of 0.050 min-1 in Locke and 0.046 min-1 in Tris-Locke. 11. It is concluded that part of the efflux of phosphate is mediated by a Na-dependent transport system; the system appears to be able to exchange phosphate between the inside and the outside and to mediate net movements of phosphate in both directions.", "PMID": 722557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9333", "title": "The effect of duodenal infusion of milk, casein, lactose and fat on gastric emptying and acid secretion in the milk-fed calf.", "content": "1. The effect of infusion of the duodenum with milk, casein, lactose and fat on gastric acid secretion and abnormal emptying of a saline meal was studied in milk-fed calves. 2. Compared with sodium bicarbonate, infusion with casein or lactose, alone or together, caused a small but statistically significant slowing of gastric emptying but did not effect gastric acid secretion. 3. Infection of the duodenum with cows' milk replacer or bovine milk fat slowed gastric emptying markedly and reduced gastric acid secretion significantly below levels obtained with sodium bicarbonate infusion. 4. The experiments provide evidence for the existence of mechanisms which prevent the passage of substantial amounts of whole milk into the duodenum before it has been subjected to gastric digestion.", "contents": "The effect of duodenal infusion of milk, casein, lactose and fat on gastric emptying and acid secretion in the milk-fed calf. 1. The effect of infusion of the duodenum with milk, casein, lactose and fat on gastric acid secretion and abnormal emptying of a saline meal was studied in milk-fed calves. 2. Compared with sodium bicarbonate, infusion with casein or lactose, alone or together, caused a small but statistically significant slowing of gastric emptying but did not effect gastric acid secretion. 3. Infection of the duodenum with cows' milk replacer or bovine milk fat slowed gastric emptying markedly and reduced gastric acid secretion significantly below levels obtained with sodium bicarbonate infusion. 4. The experiments provide evidence for the existence of mechanisms which prevent the passage of substantial amounts of whole milk into the duodenum before it has been subjected to gastric digestion.", "PMID": 722558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9334", "title": "Responses of olfactory receptor cells to step pulses of odour at different concentrations in the salamander.", "content": "1. The response properties of single olfactory receptor cells in the salamander have been analysed in unitary recordings obtained with platinum-black metal-filled micro-electrodes. 2. Stimulation has been carried out using an apparatus which delivers odour pulses of abrupt onset, steady plateau and abrupt termination. The pulses have been monitored near the site of stimulation on the olfactory epithelium during the experiments. 3. The main type of response was a discharge of impulses that was time locked to the stimulus pulse. The pattern of the responses consisted of a relatively brief latency of onset, a rapid rise in impulse frequency, a continuation of impulse firing during the plateau of the pulse, and an abrupt termination of the discharge correlated with the termination of the pulse. 4. There was a clear relationship between the receptor responses and odour concentration. In general, impulse firing frequency increased with increasing odour concentration. The firing frequency ranged from approximately 1--3 impulses/sec at threshold, up to 20 impulses/sec at the highest concentration. 5. Two types of reduced impulse activity were observed. One occurred after the termination of the pulse and lasted 1--3 sec; this was a common occurrence. The other type was seen during a pulse as a reduction of impulse activity compared to the background level; this type was rarely observed. 6. The receptor responses resembled those of mitral cells in the olfactory bulb to odour pulses in their sensitivity to odour concentration. They differed in that mitral cells show primary response categories consisting of brief excitation followed by suppression, and pure suppression, that are rarely seen at the receptor level. These differences may be ascribed to synaptic interactions in the olfactory bulb. 7. It is concluded that the majority of receptor cells have a stereotyped discharge response pattern and a systematic relation to odour concentration. These properties appear to reflect the simple time course of the odour pulses used in these experiments. This represents an initial step toward analysing olfactory coding at the receptor level using stimuli controlled in a manner similar to that used in other sensory systems.", "contents": "Responses of olfactory receptor cells to step pulses of odour at different concentrations in the salamander. 1. The response properties of single olfactory receptor cells in the salamander have been analysed in unitary recordings obtained with platinum-black metal-filled micro-electrodes. 2. Stimulation has been carried out using an apparatus which delivers odour pulses of abrupt onset, steady plateau and abrupt termination. The pulses have been monitored near the site of stimulation on the olfactory epithelium during the experiments. 3. The main type of response was a discharge of impulses that was time locked to the stimulus pulse. The pattern of the responses consisted of a relatively brief latency of onset, a rapid rise in impulse frequency, a continuation of impulse firing during the plateau of the pulse, and an abrupt termination of the discharge correlated with the termination of the pulse. 4. There was a clear relationship between the receptor responses and odour concentration. In general, impulse firing frequency increased with increasing odour concentration. The firing frequency ranged from approximately 1--3 impulses/sec at threshold, up to 20 impulses/sec at the highest concentration. 5. Two types of reduced impulse activity were observed. One occurred after the termination of the pulse and lasted 1--3 sec; this was a common occurrence. The other type was seen during a pulse as a reduction of impulse activity compared to the background level; this type was rarely observed. 6. The receptor responses resembled those of mitral cells in the olfactory bulb to odour pulses in their sensitivity to odour concentration. They differed in that mitral cells show primary response categories consisting of brief excitation followed by suppression, and pure suppression, that are rarely seen at the receptor level. These differences may be ascribed to synaptic interactions in the olfactory bulb. 7. It is concluded that the majority of receptor cells have a stereotyped discharge response pattern and a systematic relation to odour concentration. These properties appear to reflect the simple time course of the odour pulses used in these experiments. This represents an initial step toward analysing olfactory coding at the receptor level using stimuli controlled in a manner similar to that used in other sensory systems.", "PMID": 722559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9335", "title": "Adaptive properties of olfactory receptors analysed with odour pulses of varying durations.", "content": "1. The adaptive properties of salamander of olfactory receptors have been analysed in extracellular unit recordings. Stimulation has been by step pulses of odour of varying durations for 1--10 sec. 2. The most common response was a prolonged impulse discharge that continued throughout the duration of the pulse and terminated abruptly within 1 sec of the end of the pulse. The interval for termination was relatively independent of the pulse duration. Pulses were frequently followed by a period of impulse inactivity lasting 1--3 sec, usually independent of previous pulse duration. 3. The impulse discharges were typically slowly adapting. Initially, during the first 1--2 sec, the frequency rose to 5--10 impulses/sec, at threshold concentration. In some cases, the initial level was maintained throughout the pulse, with little or no adaptation. More commonly, there was a distinct initial phasic peak, followed by decay to a lower level of 4--8 impulses/sec, which was maintained during the pulse. It was concluded that most olfactory receptors are slowly adapting, with variable phasic responsiveness dependent on odour concentration and other factors. 4. Reductions in impulse activity, compared with background, during a pulse were rarely seen. Methods for increasing the level of background activity and the use of very long duration pulses were necessary in order to bring out this type of response. Uniformly reduced activity throughout a pulse was seen clearly in only one case. A pattern consisting of a waning and then recovery of impulse frequency during a pulse was also observed in rare cases. 5. The results have shown that olfactory receptor discharges characteristically have a relatively precise relation to step pulses of odour of varying duration. The properties of the response have implications for the steps involved in the overall processes of activation and inactivation of receptor mechanisms at the olfactory mucosa.", "contents": "Adaptive properties of olfactory receptors analysed with odour pulses of varying durations. 1. The adaptive properties of salamander of olfactory receptors have been analysed in extracellular unit recordings. Stimulation has been by step pulses of odour of varying durations for 1--10 sec. 2. The most common response was a prolonged impulse discharge that continued throughout the duration of the pulse and terminated abruptly within 1 sec of the end of the pulse. The interval for termination was relatively independent of the pulse duration. Pulses were frequently followed by a period of impulse inactivity lasting 1--3 sec, usually independent of previous pulse duration. 3. The impulse discharges were typically slowly adapting. Initially, during the first 1--2 sec, the frequency rose to 5--10 impulses/sec, at threshold concentration. In some cases, the initial level was maintained throughout the pulse, with little or no adaptation. More commonly, there was a distinct initial phasic peak, followed by decay to a lower level of 4--8 impulses/sec, which was maintained during the pulse. It was concluded that most olfactory receptors are slowly adapting, with variable phasic responsiveness dependent on odour concentration and other factors. 4. Reductions in impulse activity, compared with background, during a pulse were rarely seen. Methods for increasing the level of background activity and the use of very long duration pulses were necessary in order to bring out this type of response. Uniformly reduced activity throughout a pulse was seen clearly in only one case. A pattern consisting of a waning and then recovery of impulse frequency during a pulse was also observed in rare cases. 5. The results have shown that olfactory receptor discharges characteristically have a relatively precise relation to step pulses of odour of varying duration. The properties of the response have implications for the steps involved in the overall processes of activation and inactivation of receptor mechanisms at the olfactory mucosa.", "PMID": 722560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9336", "title": "The transplacental potential difference as distinguished from the maternal-fetal potential difference of the guinea-pig.", "content": "1. We measured the differences in electrical potential between mother and fetus in the guinea-pig. The fetus was 33 +/- 2 (S.E. of mean) mV negative with respect to the mother. 2. Salts of bromine, sulphate, rubidium, and lithium were injected into pregnant sows and blood samples were obtained from the sows and their fetuses at various times after injection. The transplacental electrical potentials at which each of these ions would be in electrochemical equilibrium across the placental exchange barrier were calculated from the Nernst equation and the concentrations in maternal and fetal plasmas. 3. The differences in transplacental electrical potential calculated from the steady-state concentrations of these ions in maternal and fetal plasmas were within 1 mV of zero. 4. These observations are consistent with a very small difference in electrical potential across the placental exchange barrier itself, and the generation of a potential difference between mother and fetus at a site other than the exchange barrier.", "contents": "The transplacental potential difference as distinguished from the maternal-fetal potential difference of the guinea-pig. 1. We measured the differences in electrical potential between mother and fetus in the guinea-pig. The fetus was 33 +/- 2 (S.E. of mean) mV negative with respect to the mother. 2. Salts of bromine, sulphate, rubidium, and lithium were injected into pregnant sows and blood samples were obtained from the sows and their fetuses at various times after injection. The transplacental electrical potentials at which each of these ions would be in electrochemical equilibrium across the placental exchange barrier were calculated from the Nernst equation and the concentrations in maternal and fetal plasmas. 3. The differences in transplacental electrical potential calculated from the steady-state concentrations of these ions in maternal and fetal plasmas were within 1 mV of zero. 4. These observations are consistent with a very small difference in electrical potential across the placental exchange barrier itself, and the generation of a potential difference between mother and fetus at a site other than the exchange barrier.", "PMID": 722561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9337", "title": "Observations on the elimination of polyneuronal innervation in developing mammalian skeletal muscle.", "content": "1. The mechanism responsible for the elimination of polyneuronal innervation in developing rat soleus muscles was studied electrophysiologically and histologically. 2. Initially all the axons contacting a single end-plate have simple bulbous terminals. As elimination proceeds one axon develops terminal branches while the other terminals remain bulbous and may be seen in contact with, or a short distance away from, the end-plate. It is suggested that the branched terminal remains in contact with the muscle fibre while the other terminals withdraw. 3. At a time when polyneuronal innervation can no longer be detected electrophysiologically, the histological technique still shows the presence of end-plates contacted by more than one nerve terminal. 4. The effect of activity on the disappearance of polyneuronal innervation was examined. Activity was increased by electrical stimulation of the right sciatic nerve. This procedure also produced reflex activity in the contralateral limb. In both cases polyneuronal innervation was eliminated more rapidly in the active muscles. 5. The finding that proteolytic enzymes are released from muscles treated with acetylcholine (ACh), and the observation of the more rapid elimination of supernumerary terminals at the end-plates of active muscles, lead to the suggestion that superfluous nerve-muscle contacts are removed by the proteolytic enzymes in response to neuromuscular activity. The selective stabilization of only one of the terminals is discussed in the light of these results.", "contents": "Observations on the elimination of polyneuronal innervation in developing mammalian skeletal muscle. 1. The mechanism responsible for the elimination of polyneuronal innervation in developing rat soleus muscles was studied electrophysiologically and histologically. 2. Initially all the axons contacting a single end-plate have simple bulbous terminals. As elimination proceeds one axon develops terminal branches while the other terminals remain bulbous and may be seen in contact with, or a short distance away from, the end-plate. It is suggested that the branched terminal remains in contact with the muscle fibre while the other terminals withdraw. 3. At a time when polyneuronal innervation can no longer be detected electrophysiologically, the histological technique still shows the presence of end-plates contacted by more than one nerve terminal. 4. The effect of activity on the disappearance of polyneuronal innervation was examined. Activity was increased by electrical stimulation of the right sciatic nerve. This procedure also produced reflex activity in the contralateral limb. In both cases polyneuronal innervation was eliminated more rapidly in the active muscles. 5. The finding that proteolytic enzymes are released from muscles treated with acetylcholine (ACh), and the observation of the more rapid elimination of supernumerary terminals at the end-plates of active muscles, lead to the suggestion that superfluous nerve-muscle contacts are removed by the proteolytic enzymes in response to neuromuscular activity. The selective stabilization of only one of the terminals is discussed in the light of these results.", "PMID": 722562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9338", "title": "Some properties of spinal gamma-motoneurones in the cat, determined by micro-electrode recording.", "content": "1. Micro-electorde recordings were made from motoneurones in the lumbo-sacral region of the cat spinal cord whose axonal conduction velocities were 10--55 m/sec. Most of these may be presumed to be fusimotor in function. 2. Intracellular records from twelve gamma-motoneurones revealed six with short (2--4 msec) and six with long (30--100 msec) duration after-hyperpolarizations following an antidromically conducted action potential. 3. Using extracellular recording, the excitability of eighty-nine other gamma-motoneurones following an antidromic impulse was tested with a second antidromic action potential. In eighty-four of these neurones, the minimum antidromic response interval was short, 1.5--3.5 msec, implying that in most gamma-motoneurones, after-hyperpolarization was of limited effectiveness and of short duration. In the remaining five neurones, the minimum response interval was longer, 20--80 msec. 4. There was a lack of monosynaptic excitation from group 1 afferent axons in the dorsal roots in eleven of the twelve motoneurones from which intracellular records were obtained. Polysynaptic excitation was commonly observed. 5. In these anaesthetized preparations, there was a lack of recurrent i.p.s.p.s even though such evidence of Renshaw inhibition could be found in the neighbouring alpha-motoneurones. 6. The mean input resistance of gamma-motoneurones was shown to be 1.55 Momega and the principal time constant 8.5 msec by passing hyperpolarizing current through the recording micro-electrode in a bridge circuit. These values are open to error because of the small numbers of neurones investigated, and of the use of the single micro-electrode method. 7. Depolarizing current passed through the recording micro-electrode caused a maintained discharge of action potentials at a high rate. After-hyperpolarization had little effect on discharge rate. The threshold for injected current to cause discharge was very low, and the discharge rate increased rapidly with the magnitude of the current. 8. These properties of gamma-motoneurones arediscussed in relation to their function.", "contents": "Some properties of spinal gamma-motoneurones in the cat, determined by micro-electrode recording. 1. Micro-electorde recordings were made from motoneurones in the lumbo-sacral region of the cat spinal cord whose axonal conduction velocities were 10--55 m/sec. Most of these may be presumed to be fusimotor in function. 2. Intracellular records from twelve gamma-motoneurones revealed six with short (2--4 msec) and six with long (30--100 msec) duration after-hyperpolarizations following an antidromically conducted action potential. 3. Using extracellular recording, the excitability of eighty-nine other gamma-motoneurones following an antidromic impulse was tested with a second antidromic action potential. In eighty-four of these neurones, the minimum antidromic response interval was short, 1.5--3.5 msec, implying that in most gamma-motoneurones, after-hyperpolarization was of limited effectiveness and of short duration. In the remaining five neurones, the minimum response interval was longer, 20--80 msec. 4. There was a lack of monosynaptic excitation from group 1 afferent axons in the dorsal roots in eleven of the twelve motoneurones from which intracellular records were obtained. Polysynaptic excitation was commonly observed. 5. In these anaesthetized preparations, there was a lack of recurrent i.p.s.p.s even though such evidence of Renshaw inhibition could be found in the neighbouring alpha-motoneurones. 6. The mean input resistance of gamma-motoneurones was shown to be 1.55 Momega and the principal time constant 8.5 msec by passing hyperpolarizing current through the recording micro-electrode in a bridge circuit. These values are open to error because of the small numbers of neurones investigated, and of the use of the single micro-electrode method. 7. Depolarizing current passed through the recording micro-electrode caused a maintained discharge of action potentials at a high rate. After-hyperpolarization had little effect on discharge rate. The threshold for injected current to cause discharge was very low, and the discharge rate increased rapidly with the magnitude of the current. 8. These properties of gamma-motoneurones arediscussed in relation to their function.", "PMID": 722563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9339", "title": "Tension and heat production during isometric contractions and shortening in the anterior byssus retractor muscle of Mytilus edulis.", "content": "1. Tension and heat production were measured during phasic isometric contractions and isovelocity shortening in the anterior byssus retractor muscle (ABRM) of Mytilus edulis at 20 degrees C. 2. Isometric tension at lo was 550 +/- 40 mN/mm2 (S.D. for 173 observations in nine muscles), while the isometric maintenance heat rate was 1.0 +/- 0.2 mW/g wet wt. (S.D. for seventy-eight observations in eight muscles). 3. Isometric tension and heat production were measured as functions of muscle length over a range of 0.79--1.14 lo and were found to bear a linear relation to each other. 4. The force-velocity relation was determined in isovelocity releases imposed during tetanic stimulation and was found to fit the Hill equation with parameters alpha/Po = 0.07 +/- 0.01 and b/lo = 0.016 +/- 0.0007 sec-1 (S.E. from non-linear least-squares regression of the pooled data from seven experiments). 5. Heat production measured in the same experiments showed that shortening heat is produced with a shortening heat coefficient alpha/Po of 0.15. Shortening heat does not appear to be force-dependent, and separate experiments confirmed that it is a linear function of the amount of shortening.", "contents": "Tension and heat production during isometric contractions and shortening in the anterior byssus retractor muscle of Mytilus edulis. 1. Tension and heat production were measured during phasic isometric contractions and isovelocity shortening in the anterior byssus retractor muscle (ABRM) of Mytilus edulis at 20 degrees C. 2. Isometric tension at lo was 550 +/- 40 mN/mm2 (S.D. for 173 observations in nine muscles), while the isometric maintenance heat rate was 1.0 +/- 0.2 mW/g wet wt. (S.D. for seventy-eight observations in eight muscles). 3. Isometric tension and heat production were measured as functions of muscle length over a range of 0.79--1.14 lo and were found to bear a linear relation to each other. 4. The force-velocity relation was determined in isovelocity releases imposed during tetanic stimulation and was found to fit the Hill equation with parameters alpha/Po = 0.07 +/- 0.01 and b/lo = 0.016 +/- 0.0007 sec-1 (S.E. from non-linear least-squares regression of the pooled data from seven experiments). 5. Heat production measured in the same experiments showed that shortening heat is produced with a shortening heat coefficient alpha/Po of 0.15. Shortening heat does not appear to be force-dependent, and separate experiments confirmed that it is a linear function of the amount of shortening.", "PMID": 722564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9340", "title": "Discrimination between different entry mechanisms for neutral amino acids in rabbit ileal mucosa.", "content": "1. Influx of neutral and basic amino acids into the mucosal epithelium of the rabbit ileum was measured in the presence of high and low concentrations of Na. Uptake measured at an amino acid concentration of 1 mM varied from 10 to 16 nmole . cm-2 . min-1. Removal of Na inhibited the uptake of short-chain amino acids more than long-chain amino acids. 2. Inhibition of uptake of glycine, alanine, leucine and phenylalanine by a selection of non-radioactive amino acids was found to follow a particular pattern. Long-chain amino acids inhibited the uptake of all test amino acids; short-chain amino acids inhibited preferentially the uptake of glycine. 3. The maximum inhibition serine could cause to the uptake  of other amino acids was found to vary. Serine inhibited completely the uptake of glycine but a portion of uptake of long-chain amino acids was found to persist, even in the presence of high concentrations of serine. This is taken as evidence for the presence of an amino acid uptake mechanism having no affinity for serine. 4. The apparent affinities of neutral amino acids for the serino-inhibitable system (system 1) varied from about 0.5 mM (for long-chain amino acids) to about 3 mM (for short-chain amino acids). The total uptake of individual amino acids by system 1 was essentially similar when compared at an amino acid concentration of 1 mM. 5. The serine-resistant uptake of neutral amino acids (system 2) constituted up to two fifths of total uptake for long-chain amino acids, measured at amino acid concentrations of 1mM. The affinities of long-chain amino acids for system 2 is thought to be less than for system 1. Serine appears not to interact with system 2. 6. A second component to serine uptake was found to be related linearly to the concentration of serine in the medium. A similar component may contribute to the total uptake of phenylalanine. The possibility that such a component could arise as a space marker artifact is discussed. 7. An independent kinetic analysis of phenylalanine uptake by rabbit ileal mucosa showed that it could not be accounted for on the basis of a single entry system. However uptake could be described kinetically, assuming two systems of mediated entry to be present. The possible presence of a third non-saturable component to uptake does not affect these conclusions. 8. It is concluded that least two systems exist for the mediated entry of neutral amino acids into rabbit ileal mucosa. This fact should be taken into account in any future mechanistic interpretation of carrier-mediated amino acid transport in the small intestine.", "contents": "Discrimination between different entry mechanisms for neutral amino acids in rabbit ileal mucosa. 1. Influx of neutral and basic amino acids into the mucosal epithelium of the rabbit ileum was measured in the presence of high and low concentrations of Na. Uptake measured at an amino acid concentration of 1 mM varied from 10 to 16 nmole . cm-2 . min-1. Removal of Na inhibited the uptake of short-chain amino acids more than long-chain amino acids. 2. Inhibition of uptake of glycine, alanine, leucine and phenylalanine by a selection of non-radioactive amino acids was found to follow a particular pattern. Long-chain amino acids inhibited the uptake of all test amino acids; short-chain amino acids inhibited preferentially the uptake of glycine. 3. The maximum inhibition serine could cause to the uptake  of other amino acids was found to vary. Serine inhibited completely the uptake of glycine but a portion of uptake of long-chain amino acids was found to persist, even in the presence of high concentrations of serine. This is taken as evidence for the presence of an amino acid uptake mechanism having no affinity for serine. 4. The apparent affinities of neutral amino acids for the serino-inhibitable system (system 1) varied from about 0.5 mM (for long-chain amino acids) to about 3 mM (for short-chain amino acids). The total uptake of individual amino acids by system 1 was essentially similar when compared at an amino acid concentration of 1 mM. 5. The serine-resistant uptake of neutral amino acids (system 2) constituted up to two fifths of total uptake for long-chain amino acids, measured at amino acid concentrations of 1mM. The affinities of long-chain amino acids for system 2 is thought to be less than for system 1. Serine appears not to interact with system 2. 6. A second component to serine uptake was found to be related linearly to the concentration of serine in the medium. A similar component may contribute to the total uptake of phenylalanine. The possibility that such a component could arise as a space marker artifact is discussed. 7. An independent kinetic analysis of phenylalanine uptake by rabbit ileal mucosa showed that it could not be accounted for on the basis of a single entry system. However uptake could be described kinetically, assuming two systems of mediated entry to be present. The possible presence of a third non-saturable component to uptake does not affect these conclusions. 8. It is concluded that least two systems exist for the mediated entry of neutral amino acids into rabbit ileal mucosa. This fact should be taken into account in any future mechanistic interpretation of carrier-mediated amino acid transport in the small intestine.", "PMID": 722566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9341", "title": "Slow inactivation of the sodium conductance in squid giant axons. Pronase resistance.", "content": "1. Squid giant axons internally perfused with CsF have their Na conductance inactivated due to the low value of the resting potential. When hyperpolarized with voltage clamp to normal values of resting potential, the Na conductance recovers with an exponential time course. The time constant of recovery is of the order of 30 sec at a membrane potential of -70 mV and at 5 degrees C. The recovery from slow inactivation has a Q10 of about 3. 2. The development of inactivation during depolarization is also slow. The time constant varies between 10 and 20 sec at 5 degrees C, depending upon the value of the membrane potential. 3. Slow inactivation is also observed in NaF perfused axons and in intact axons with a low resting potential. 4. Although internal perfusion with pronase (or a purified fraction of this enzymic complex) blocks the fast (h) inactivation of the Na conductance, the slow inactivation remains. The recovery is similar before and after the proteolytic treatment. However, slow inactivation appears to develop faster after enzymic perfusion. 5. Slow inactivation develops without any apparent change in distributed or local membrane surface charge. 6. The experiments suggest that slow inactivation is a general property of the Na conductance as in many other conductance channels in excitable membranes. The experiments can be interpreted by proposing that slow inactivation is a phenomenon independent of fast inactivation, and that pronase somehow accelerates the onset of slow inactivation. 7. An alternative model, in which slow inactivation is coupled to fast inactivation, is proposed. This model is consistent with the results presented here and is very similar to one proposed to explain the frequency response of the sodium currents in Myxicola giant axons (Rudy, 1975, 1978).", "contents": "Slow inactivation of the sodium conductance in squid giant axons. Pronase resistance. 1. Squid giant axons internally perfused with CsF have their Na conductance inactivated due to the low value of the resting potential. When hyperpolarized with voltage clamp to normal values of resting potential, the Na conductance recovers with an exponential time course. The time constant of recovery is of the order of 30 sec at a membrane potential of -70 mV and at 5 degrees C. The recovery from slow inactivation has a Q10 of about 3. 2. The development of inactivation during depolarization is also slow. The time constant varies between 10 and 20 sec at 5 degrees C, depending upon the value of the membrane potential. 3. Slow inactivation is also observed in NaF perfused axons and in intact axons with a low resting potential. 4. Although internal perfusion with pronase (or a purified fraction of this enzymic complex) blocks the fast (h) inactivation of the Na conductance, the slow inactivation remains. The recovery is similar before and after the proteolytic treatment. However, slow inactivation appears to develop faster after enzymic perfusion. 5. Slow inactivation develops without any apparent change in distributed or local membrane surface charge. 6. The experiments suggest that slow inactivation is a general property of the Na conductance as in many other conductance channels in excitable membranes. The experiments can be interpreted by proposing that slow inactivation is a phenomenon independent of fast inactivation, and that pronase somehow accelerates the onset of slow inactivation. 7. An alternative model, in which slow inactivation is coupled to fast inactivation, is proposed. This model is consistent with the results presented here and is very similar to one proposed to explain the frequency response of the sodium currents in Myxicola giant axons (Rudy, 1975, 1978).", "PMID": 722569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9342", "title": "Spatial and temporal contrast sensitivity of neurones in areas 17 and 18 of the cat's visual cortex.", "content": "1. We have examined the spatial and temporal tuning properties of 238 cortical neurones, recorded using conventional techniques from acutely prepared anaesthetized cats. We determined spatial and temporal frequency tuning curves using sinusoidal grating stimuli presented to each neurone's receptive field by a digital computer on a cathode ray tube. 2. We measured tuning curves either by determining response amplitude as a function of spatial or temporal frequency, or by measuring contrast sensitivity (the inverse of the contrast of the grating that just elicited a detectable response). The two measures give very similar tuning curves in all cases. 3. We recorded from 184 neurones in area 17; of these 156 had receptive fields within 5 degrees of the area centralis. The range of preferred spatial frequency for these neurones was 0.3--3 c/deg, and their spatial frequency tuning band widths varied from 0.7 to 3.2 octaves at half-amplitude. The most common band width was roughly 1.3 octaves. Simple and complex cells in area 17 did not differ in their distributions of preferred spatial frequency, although complex cells were, on average, slightly less selective for spatial frequency than simple cells. 4. We recorded from fifty-four neurones from area 18, and performed several experiments in which we recorded from corresponding portions of both area 17 and area 18 in the same electrode penetration. Neurones in area 18 preferred spatial frequencies that were, on average, one third as high as those preferred by area 17 neurones at the same retinal eccentricity. Thus the range of preferred spatial frequency in area eighteen cells having receptive fields within 5 deg of the area centralis was between less than 0.1 and 0.5 c/deg. The distributions of optimum spatial frequency in the two areas were practically non-overlapping at eccentricities as high as 15 deg, the greatest eccentricity we examined. Neurones in area 18 were about as selective for spatial frequency as were neurones in area 17. 5. We determined temporal frequency tuning characteristics for some neurones from each area, using gratings that moved steadily across the screen. Neurones from area 17 all responded well to low temporal frequencies, and less well to higher frequencies (in excess of, usually, 2 or 4 Hz). In contrast, neurones recorded from area 18 sometimes had similar tuning properties, but more commonly showed a pronounced reduction in response as the temporal frequency was moved either above or below some optimum value (usually 2--8 Hz). 6. We conclude from these results that areas 17 and 18 act in parallel to process different aspects of the visual information relayed from the retina via the lateral geniculate complex. Some or all of the differences between the areas may be attributable to the predominance of Y cell input to area 18 and the predominance of X cell input to area 17...", "contents": "Spatial and temporal contrast sensitivity of neurones in areas 17 and 18 of the cat's visual cortex. 1. We have examined the spatial and temporal tuning properties of 238 cortical neurones, recorded using conventional techniques from acutely prepared anaesthetized cats. We determined spatial and temporal frequency tuning curves using sinusoidal grating stimuli presented to each neurone's receptive field by a digital computer on a cathode ray tube. 2. We measured tuning curves either by determining response amplitude as a function of spatial or temporal frequency, or by measuring contrast sensitivity (the inverse of the contrast of the grating that just elicited a detectable response). The two measures give very similar tuning curves in all cases. 3. We recorded from 184 neurones in area 17; of these 156 had receptive fields within 5 degrees of the area centralis. The range of preferred spatial frequency for these neurones was 0.3--3 c/deg, and their spatial frequency tuning band widths varied from 0.7 to 3.2 octaves at half-amplitude. The most common band width was roughly 1.3 octaves. Simple and complex cells in area 17 did not differ in their distributions of preferred spatial frequency, although complex cells were, on average, slightly less selective for spatial frequency than simple cells. 4. We recorded from fifty-four neurones from area 18, and performed several experiments in which we recorded from corresponding portions of both area 17 and area 18 in the same electrode penetration. Neurones in area 18 preferred spatial frequencies that were, on average, one third as high as those preferred by area 17 neurones at the same retinal eccentricity. Thus the range of preferred spatial frequency in area eighteen cells having receptive fields within 5 deg of the area centralis was between less than 0.1 and 0.5 c/deg. The distributions of optimum spatial frequency in the two areas were practically non-overlapping at eccentricities as high as 15 deg, the greatest eccentricity we examined. Neurones in area 18 were about as selective for spatial frequency as were neurones in area 17. 5. We determined temporal frequency tuning characteristics for some neurones from each area, using gratings that moved steadily across the screen. Neurones from area 17 all responded well to low temporal frequencies, and less well to higher frequencies (in excess of, usually, 2 or 4 Hz). In contrast, neurones recorded from area 18 sometimes had similar tuning properties, but more commonly showed a pronounced reduction in response as the temporal frequency was moved either above or below some optimum value (usually 2--8 Hz). 6. We conclude from these results that areas 17 and 18 act in parallel to process different aspects of the visual information relayed from the retina via the lateral geniculate complex. Some or all of the differences between the areas may be attributable to the predominance of Y cell input to area 18 and the predominance of X cell input to area 17...", "PMID": 722570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9343", "title": "The blockade of GABA mediated responses in the frog spinal cord by ammonium ions and furosemide.", "content": "1. A variety of compounds which are known to block chloride transport in a variety of systems have been examined for their effects on amino acid and synaptic responses in the frog spinal cord in vitro. 2. A number of monocarboxylic aromatic acids, copper sulphate, and acetazolamide had no effect on any of the responses. 3. Ammonium ions blocked the motoneurone hyperpolarizing responses to all the neutral amino acids. In addition it selectively blocked dorsal root potentials and the action of GABA and beta-alanine on primary afferents. 5. Intracellular recording from dorsal root ganglion cells demonstrated that furosemide had little effect on the reversal potential for the GABA response. These results suggest that furosemide acts primarily by blocking the conductance increase elicited by GABA. 6. The results with furosemide provide indirect evidence that chloride ions are involved in generating the GABA depolarizations of primary afferent terminals and dorsal root potentials.", "contents": "The blockade of GABA mediated responses in the frog spinal cord by ammonium ions and furosemide. 1. A variety of compounds which are known to block chloride transport in a variety of systems have been examined for their effects on amino acid and synaptic responses in the frog spinal cord in vitro. 2. A number of monocarboxylic aromatic acids, copper sulphate, and acetazolamide had no effect on any of the responses. 3. Ammonium ions blocked the motoneurone hyperpolarizing responses to all the neutral amino acids. In addition it selectively blocked dorsal root potentials and the action of GABA and beta-alanine on primary afferents. 5. Intracellular recording from dorsal root ganglion cells demonstrated that furosemide had little effect on the reversal potential for the GABA response. These results suggest that furosemide acts primarily by blocking the conductance increase elicited by GABA. 6. The results with furosemide provide indirect evidence that chloride ions are involved in generating the GABA depolarizations of primary afferent terminals and dorsal root potentials.", "PMID": 722571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9344", "title": "Electrophysiological characteristics of renorenal reflexes in the cat.", "content": "1. Experiments were done in anaesthetized, paralysed and artificially ventilated cats to determine the fibre composition of renal nerves and to study the functional characteristics of reflex responses recorded in efferent renal nerves during electrical stimulation of contralateral and ipsilateral afferent renal nerves. 2. Renal nerves were found to contain three afferent fibre groups (Abeta, Adelta and C); the majority of these fibres reach the sympathetic chain through the least splanchnic nerve. Efferent sympathetic nerves to the kidney were found to originate from the greater, lesser and least splanchnic nerves through a synapse in the coeliac ganglion. 3. Two contralateral renorenal reflex responses were demonstrated during selective stimulation of renal afferent A and C fibres. The first (A renorenal reflex) was elicited by stimulation with trains of pulses at low voltage and high frequency (200 Hz), had an onset latency of approximately 100 msec and was followed by post-excitatory depression. The second (C renorenal reflex) was demonstrated by trains of pulses at high voltage and low frequency (20--30 Hz), had an onset latency of approximately 350 msec and was also followed by post-excitatory depression. 4. Ipsilateral renorenal reflexes with characteristics similar to the contralateral reflexes were also demonstrated. 5. Renorenal reflexes were abolished by destruction of the spinal cord and administration of nicotine sulphate (5--20 mg/kg, i.v.), but were not affected by bicuculline (0.4 mg/kg, i.f.). 6. The significance and the physiological role of these renorenal reflexes as well as their pathways within the central nervous system remain to be determined.", "contents": "Electrophysiological characteristics of renorenal reflexes in the cat. 1. Experiments were done in anaesthetized, paralysed and artificially ventilated cats to determine the fibre composition of renal nerves and to study the functional characteristics of reflex responses recorded in efferent renal nerves during electrical stimulation of contralateral and ipsilateral afferent renal nerves. 2. Renal nerves were found to contain three afferent fibre groups (Abeta, Adelta and C); the majority of these fibres reach the sympathetic chain through the least splanchnic nerve. Efferent sympathetic nerves to the kidney were found to originate from the greater, lesser and least splanchnic nerves through a synapse in the coeliac ganglion. 3. Two contralateral renorenal reflex responses were demonstrated during selective stimulation of renal afferent A and C fibres. The first (A renorenal reflex) was elicited by stimulation with trains of pulses at low voltage and high frequency (200 Hz), had an onset latency of approximately 100 msec and was followed by post-excitatory depression. The second (C renorenal reflex) was demonstrated by trains of pulses at high voltage and low frequency (20--30 Hz), had an onset latency of approximately 350 msec and was also followed by post-excitatory depression. 4. Ipsilateral renorenal reflexes with characteristics similar to the contralateral reflexes were also demonstrated. 5. Renorenal reflexes were abolished by destruction of the spinal cord and administration of nicotine sulphate (5--20 mg/kg, i.v.), but were not affected by bicuculline (0.4 mg/kg, i.f.). 6. The significance and the physiological role of these renorenal reflexes as well as their pathways within the central nervous system remain to be determined.", "PMID": 722572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9345", "title": "The correlation between ouabain binding and potassium pump inhibition in human and sheep erythrocytes.", "content": "1. [3H]Ouabain binding to human and sheep red blood cells was shown to be specific for receptors associated with Na/K transport. Virtually all tritium binding was abolished by dilution with unlabelled drug. Saturation levels of binding were independent of glycoside concentration and were identical to those associated with 100% inhibition of K pumping. 2. [3H]Ouabain binding and 42K influx were measured simultaneously in order to correlate the degree of K pump inhibition with the amount of glycoside bound. Results by this method agreed exactly with those obtained by pre-exposing cells to drug, followed by washing and then measuring K influx. 3. Plots of [3H]oubain binding vs. K pump inhibition were rectilinear for human and low K (LK) sheep red cells, indicating one glycoside receptor per K pump site and functional homogeneity of pump sites. High K (HK) sheep red cells exhibited curved plots of binding versus inhibition, which were best explained in terms of one receptor per pump, but a heterogeneous population of pump sites. 4. External K reduced the rate of glycoside binding, but did not alter the relationship between binding and inhibition. 5. The number of K pump sites was estimated as 450--500 per human cell and 30--50 per LK sheep cell. HK sheep cells had 90--130 sites per cell, of which eighty to ninety were functionally dominant. The number of K pump sites on LK sheep cells was not changed by anti-L, although the maximum velocity of pump turnover was increased.", "contents": "The correlation between ouabain binding and potassium pump inhibition in human and sheep erythrocytes. 1. [3H]Ouabain binding to human and sheep red blood cells was shown to be specific for receptors associated with Na/K transport. Virtually all tritium binding was abolished by dilution with unlabelled drug. Saturation levels of binding were independent of glycoside concentration and were identical to those associated with 100% inhibition of K pumping. 2. [3H]Ouabain binding and 42K influx were measured simultaneously in order to correlate the degree of K pump inhibition with the amount of glycoside bound. Results by this method agreed exactly with those obtained by pre-exposing cells to drug, followed by washing and then measuring K influx. 3. Plots of [3H]oubain binding vs. K pump inhibition were rectilinear for human and low K (LK) sheep red cells, indicating one glycoside receptor per K pump site and functional homogeneity of pump sites. High K (HK) sheep red cells exhibited curved plots of binding versus inhibition, which were best explained in terms of one receptor per pump, but a heterogeneous population of pump sites. 4. External K reduced the rate of glycoside binding, but did not alter the relationship between binding and inhibition. 5. The number of K pump sites was estimated as 450--500 per human cell and 30--50 per LK sheep cell. HK sheep cells had 90--130 sites per cell, of which eighty to ninety were functionally dominant. The number of K pump sites on LK sheep cells was not changed by anti-L, although the maximum velocity of pump turnover was increased.", "PMID": 722573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9346", "title": "Modulation of ouabain binding and potassium pump fluxes by cellular sodium and potassium in human and sheep erythrocytes.", "content": "1. Erythrocytes were treated with nystatin to alter internal Na (Nai) and K (Ki) composition. Although the rates of K pumping and [3H]ouabain binding were altered dramatically, the relationship between glycoside binding and K pump inhibition was unaffected. 2. Human cells with high Nai and low Ki exhibited an increased rate of ouabain binding as compared to high Ki, low Nai cells; this paralleled the stimulated K pump activity of high Nai cells. 3. At constant Ki, increasing internal Na stimulated K pump and ouabain binding rates concomitantly. 4. At low Nai, increasing Ki inhibited both K pumping and ouabain binding. However, at high Nai, increasing Ki from 4 to 44 mM stimulated the rate of glycoside binding, parallel to its effect of increasing the rate of active K influx. 5. Anti-L, an isoantibody to low K (LK) sheep red cells, increased the rate of ouabain binding via its stimulation of K pump turnover. Since the latter effect is the result of affinity changes at the internal cation activation site(s) of the pump (Lauf, Rasmusen, Hoffman, Dunham, Cook, Parmelee & Tosteson, 1970), the antibody's effect on ouabain binding reflected the positive correlation between the rates of K pump turnover and glycoside binding. 6. These data provide the first evidence in intact cells for the occurrence of a Nai-induced conformational change in the Na/K pump during its normal operational cycle.", "contents": "Modulation of ouabain binding and potassium pump fluxes by cellular sodium and potassium in human and sheep erythrocytes. 1. Erythrocytes were treated with nystatin to alter internal Na (Nai) and K (Ki) composition. Although the rates of K pumping and [3H]ouabain binding were altered dramatically, the relationship between glycoside binding and K pump inhibition was unaffected. 2. Human cells with high Nai and low Ki exhibited an increased rate of ouabain binding as compared to high Ki, low Nai cells; this paralleled the stimulated K pump activity of high Nai cells. 3. At constant Ki, increasing internal Na stimulated K pump and ouabain binding rates concomitantly. 4. At low Nai, increasing Ki inhibited both K pumping and ouabain binding. However, at high Nai, increasing Ki from 4 to 44 mM stimulated the rate of glycoside binding, parallel to its effect of increasing the rate of active K influx. 5. Anti-L, an isoantibody to low K (LK) sheep red cells, increased the rate of ouabain binding via its stimulation of K pump turnover. Since the latter effect is the result of affinity changes at the internal cation activation site(s) of the pump (Lauf, Rasmusen, Hoffman, Dunham, Cook, Parmelee & Tosteson, 1970), the antibody's effect on ouabain binding reflected the positive correlation between the rates of K pump turnover and glycoside binding. 6. These data provide the first evidence in intact cells for the occurrence of a Nai-induced conformational change in the Na/K pump during its normal operational cycle.", "PMID": 722574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9347", "title": "Interpretation of perceived motor commands by reference to afferent signals.", "content": "1. Weights were lifted by flexing the distal joints of the anaesthetized thumbs. A weight-matching task was used to determine the perceived heaviness of a reference weight during control estimates when it was freely lifted, and during experimental estimates when the weight was not lifted, but simply 'gave way' when a reference isometric tension of the same magnitude was attained. 2. Limitation of the afferent input, by anaesthesia of the digit and by replacing lifting with a sudden unloading, did not grossly impair the judgement of heaviness. The sense of heaviness increased when the muscles became fatigued. 3. These results suggest that the central nervous system can interpret the voluntary motor command as an index of heaviness even when provided with only a crude peripheral signal that the weight has been moved.", "contents": "Interpretation of perceived motor commands by reference to afferent signals. 1. Weights were lifted by flexing the distal joints of the anaesthetized thumbs. A weight-matching task was used to determine the perceived heaviness of a reference weight during control estimates when it was freely lifted, and during experimental estimates when the weight was not lifted, but simply 'gave way' when a reference isometric tension of the same magnitude was attained. 2. Limitation of the afferent input, by anaesthesia of the digit and by replacing lifting with a sudden unloading, did not grossly impair the judgement of heaviness. The sense of heaviness increased when the muscles became fatigued. 3. These results suggest that the central nervous system can interpret the voluntary motor command as an index of heaviness even when provided with only a crude peripheral signal that the weight has been moved.", "PMID": 722575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9348", "title": "Measurement of flow and sampling of digesta in the preruminant calf.", "content": "1. Methods of measuring and sampling the flow of digesta passing through intestinal cannulas in preruminant calves were studied and compared. 2. The effect of collecting digesta from a duodenal cannula on abomasal emptying in a calf given whole milk was determined. When digesta were collected and returned to the duodenum manually in large amounts (about 200 g) the outflow of abomasal contents was intermittent. When digesta were returned to the animal either manually or automatically in amounts of less than about 50 g abomasal emptying was smooth. 3. An automatic apparatus for measuring and sampling the flow of digesta continuously was developed. The device allowed effluent to be returned smoothly to an ingoing cannula at the same rate that digesta left the outgoing cannula. After a feed of whole milk abomasal contents were observed to enter the duodenum in an orderly series of gushes. Each gush consisted of about 5--30 g of digesta. 4. The apparatus was rearranged to measure the effects of composition of duodenal digesta on abomasal emptying. Replacement of duodenal digesta with a suspension containing heated soyabean flour slowed the abomasal outflow of a feed containing casein. 5. Automatic apparatus was used to collect digesta arriving at the distal ileum. Withholding effluent from the large intestine did not affect the movement of digesta from the ileum.", "contents": "Measurement of flow and sampling of digesta in the preruminant calf. 1. Methods of measuring and sampling the flow of digesta passing through intestinal cannulas in preruminant calves were studied and compared. 2. The effect of collecting digesta from a duodenal cannula on abomasal emptying in a calf given whole milk was determined. When digesta were collected and returned to the duodenum manually in large amounts (about 200 g) the outflow of abomasal contents was intermittent. When digesta were returned to the animal either manually or automatically in amounts of less than about 50 g abomasal emptying was smooth. 3. An automatic apparatus for measuring and sampling the flow of digesta continuously was developed. The device allowed effluent to be returned smoothly to an ingoing cannula at the same rate that digesta left the outgoing cannula. After a feed of whole milk abomasal contents were observed to enter the duodenum in an orderly series of gushes. Each gush consisted of about 5--30 g of digesta. 4. The apparatus was rearranged to measure the effects of composition of duodenal digesta on abomasal emptying. Replacement of duodenal digesta with a suspension containing heated soyabean flour slowed the abomasal outflow of a feed containing casein. 5. Automatic apparatus was used to collect digesta arriving at the distal ileum. Withholding effluent from the large intestine did not affect the movement of digesta from the ileum.", "PMID": 722576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9349", "title": "Electrical activity of human colonic smooth muscle in vitro.", "content": "1. Extracellular and intracellular recordings were made of the electrical activity of isolated strips of human colonic smooth muscle, cut from sixty surgical specimens. 2. Strips of taenia were spontaneously active. The myogenic activity consisted in half the strips of intermittent periods of regular spike activity (frequency 22 +/- 5 (S.D.) c/min) accompanied by tetanic contractions; in the other half of the strips activity was continuous. In half the specimens, slow potentials were recorded between periods of spike activity. Slow potentials were not accompanied by contractions. 3. Spikes in taenia were abolished by verapamil. Spikes disappeared in low Ca and low Na solutions, but in low Na solution spikes could be stimulated by 15 mM-KCl. 4. ACh and physotigmine produced tetanic contractions in taenia. 5. Circular muscle was not spontaneously active within 1 h of incubation in the water bath, possibly due to inhibition by prostaglandins. 6. Circular muscle responded to ACh with irregular bursts of spikes associated with discrete contractions. Similar activity was seen after inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis with indomethacin. After treatment with tetrodotoxin, ACh produced regular spikes and tetanic contractions in circular muscle. 7. The possible relationships of these results to the myoelectrical activity of the human colon in vivo are discussed.", "contents": "Electrical activity of human colonic smooth muscle in vitro. 1. Extracellular and intracellular recordings were made of the electrical activity of isolated strips of human colonic smooth muscle, cut from sixty surgical specimens. 2. Strips of taenia were spontaneously active. The myogenic activity consisted in half the strips of intermittent periods of regular spike activity (frequency 22 +/- 5 (S.D.) c/min) accompanied by tetanic contractions; in the other half of the strips activity was continuous. In half the specimens, slow potentials were recorded between periods of spike activity. Slow potentials were not accompanied by contractions. 3. Spikes in taenia were abolished by verapamil. Spikes disappeared in low Ca and low Na solutions, but in low Na solution spikes could be stimulated by 15 mM-KCl. 4. ACh and physotigmine produced tetanic contractions in taenia. 5. Circular muscle was not spontaneously active within 1 h of incubation in the water bath, possibly due to inhibition by prostaglandins. 6. Circular muscle responded to ACh with irregular bursts of spikes associated with discrete contractions. Similar activity was seen after inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis with indomethacin. After treatment with tetrodotoxin, ACh produced regular spikes and tetanic contractions in circular muscle. 7. The possible relationships of these results to the myoelectrical activity of the human colon in vivo are discussed.", "PMID": 722577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9350", "title": "Glucose, glycine and diglycine in test meals at stimuli to a duodenal osmoreceptor slowing gastric emptying.", "content": "1. Five subjects took 210 test meals of 750 ml. water containing 30--300 m-molal glucose or glycine, or 15--150 m-molal diglycine, or plain water. 2. The greater the concentration of solute, the greater was the volume of original meal recovered from the stomach after a fixed time. 3. On a molal basis glucose was half as effective as diglycine in slowing gastric emptying. This was consistent with the osmoreceptor being exposed to the diglycine after it had been split by the hydrolase of the cytosol of enterocytes (the absorbing cells of the small intestine). 4. The slowing of gastric emptying (ml./mole.1.) was about 10% greater for glycine than it was for glucose. There was apparently a threshold concentration below which glycine did not slow gastric emptying. 5. It was proposed that the response of the doudenal osmoreceptor might depend upon shrinking and swelling of the lateral intercellular space around the enterocytes.", "contents": "Glucose, glycine and diglycine in test meals at stimuli to a duodenal osmoreceptor slowing gastric emptying. 1. Five subjects took 210 test meals of 750 ml. water containing 30--300 m-molal glucose or glycine, or 15--150 m-molal diglycine, or plain water. 2. The greater the concentration of solute, the greater was the volume of original meal recovered from the stomach after a fixed time. 3. On a molal basis glucose was half as effective as diglycine in slowing gastric emptying. This was consistent with the osmoreceptor being exposed to the diglycine after it had been split by the hydrolase of the cytosol of enterocytes (the absorbing cells of the small intestine). 4. The slowing of gastric emptying (ml./mole.1.) was about 10% greater for glycine than it was for glucose. There was apparently a threshold concentration below which glycine did not slow gastric emptying. 5. It was proposed that the response of the doudenal osmoreceptor might depend upon shrinking and swelling of the lateral intercellular space around the enterocytes.", "PMID": 722578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9351", "title": "Electrophysiology of the afferent innervation of the penis of the domestic ram.", "content": "1. The discharge of impulses in afferent fibres dissected from the dorsal nerve of the penis of chloralose-anaesthetized rams was recorded electrophysiologically during controlled natural stimulation of the surgically exposed penis maintained at body temperature and mechanically stabilized in a plaster of Paris mould. 2. Fifty-eight slowly adapting mechanorecptor units were examined and their pressure, velocity and displacement thresholds were determined. Units often responded best to integumental stretch. Few had resting discharges. During a sustained perpendicularly applied displacement most units adapted to silence within 1.5 min. The units were classified into types from an analysis of their adapted impulse trains in response to a sustained mechanical stimulus. 3. Twenty-five mechanoreceptive units had rapidly adapting responses. Most units had typical rapid adapting characteristics and discharged impulses only during the dynamic phase of the application of the displacement. A subgroup had intermediate adapting characteristics, and discharged intermittently during steady displacement of the integument. 4. The mechanical sensitivity of most receptors altered when the temperature of the receptive field was changed with a positive correlation in eleven units, a negative correlation in six. Six slowly adapting units were thermally insensitive. Twelve rapidly adapting units were tested. Six had a positive thermal correlation and four a negative correlation. 5. The conduction velocities of axons of mechanoreceptor units in the dorsal nerve of the penis were in the Aalpha range (12--77 msec-1). 6. Two specific warm and five specific cold units were found. The conduction velocities of the axons supplying warm receptors were 45.4 msec-1 (one unit) and those for cold receptors were 7.5, 7.8, 30, 45.5, 48.7 msec-1. 7. No correlation could be found between the receptor submodality and the profuse receptor end bulb population demonstrated histologically.", "contents": "Electrophysiology of the afferent innervation of the penis of the domestic ram. 1. The discharge of impulses in afferent fibres dissected from the dorsal nerve of the penis of chloralose-anaesthetized rams was recorded electrophysiologically during controlled natural stimulation of the surgically exposed penis maintained at body temperature and mechanically stabilized in a plaster of Paris mould. 2. Fifty-eight slowly adapting mechanorecptor units were examined and their pressure, velocity and displacement thresholds were determined. Units often responded best to integumental stretch. Few had resting discharges. During a sustained perpendicularly applied displacement most units adapted to silence within 1.5 min. The units were classified into types from an analysis of their adapted impulse trains in response to a sustained mechanical stimulus. 3. Twenty-five mechanoreceptive units had rapidly adapting responses. Most units had typical rapid adapting characteristics and discharged impulses only during the dynamic phase of the application of the displacement. A subgroup had intermediate adapting characteristics, and discharged intermittently during steady displacement of the integument. 4. The mechanical sensitivity of most receptors altered when the temperature of the receptive field was changed with a positive correlation in eleven units, a negative correlation in six. Six slowly adapting units were thermally insensitive. Twelve rapidly adapting units were tested. Six had a positive thermal correlation and four a negative correlation. 5. The conduction velocities of axons of mechanoreceptor units in the dorsal nerve of the penis were in the Aalpha range (12--77 msec-1). 6. Two specific warm and five specific cold units were found. The conduction velocities of the axons supplying warm receptors were 45.4 msec-1 (one unit) and those for cold receptors were 7.5, 7.8, 30, 45.5, 48.7 msec-1. 7. No correlation could be found between the receptor submodality and the profuse receptor end bulb population demonstrated histologically.", "PMID": 722579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9352", "title": "Projections of primary afferent fibres from muscle to neurones of the spinocervical tract of the cat.", "content": "1. Micro-electrode recordings were made from axons in the spinocervical tract of decerebrate-spinal cats. 2. The effect of electrical stimulation of afferent fibres in muscle nerves was examined. 3. Stimulation of group III fibres in muscle nerves excited hair only and hair and pressure units in the spinocervical tract. Hair and pressure units also responded to electrical stimulation of group IV fibres. 4. Units of the spinocervical tract excited by stimulation of muscle nerves had receptive fields in the skin overlying the relevant muscles. 5. Stimulation of group III fibres in muscle nerves produced long lasting inhibition of spinocervical tract units. In two such units the inhibitory action of afferent myelinated fibres was enhanced by increasing the stimulus strength so that group IV fibres were recruited.", "contents": "Projections of primary afferent fibres from muscle to neurones of the spinocervical tract of the cat. 1. Micro-electrode recordings were made from axons in the spinocervical tract of decerebrate-spinal cats. 2. The effect of electrical stimulation of afferent fibres in muscle nerves was examined. 3. Stimulation of group III fibres in muscle nerves excited hair only and hair and pressure units in the spinocervical tract. Hair and pressure units also responded to electrical stimulation of group IV fibres. 4. Units of the spinocervical tract excited by stimulation of muscle nerves had receptive fields in the skin overlying the relevant muscles. 5. Stimulation of group III fibres in muscle nerves produced long lasting inhibition of spinocervical tract units. In two such units the inhibitory action of afferent myelinated fibres was enhanced by increasing the stimulus strength so that group IV fibres were recruited.", "PMID": 722580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9353", "title": "Gastrins in cat and dog: evidence for a biosynthetic relationship between the large molecular forms of gastrin and heptadecapeptide gastrin.", "content": "1. Extracts of antral, duodenal and jejunal mucosa contained the same concentrations and molecular forms of gastrin in cat and dog. In both species component III constituted 93%, component II 4% and components I and IV each 1% of the total immunoreactivity. 2. During electrical vagal stimulation or feeding in (a) anaesthetized cats with ligated kidney vessels and resected jejunum and ileum, (b) anaesthetized normal cats or (c) conscious normal cats, release of the large molecular forms of gastrin, components I and II, was not detectable. 3. Luminal perfusates of cat antrum contained only component III and occasionally less than 2% of component IV. 4. Intravenous injections into conscious cats of components I, II and III isolated from cat antrum revealed a significantly slower elimination of the large components (t1/2 approximately 4.2 and 4.0 min respectively) than of component III (t1/2 approximately 1.1 min). Thus the absence of components I and II in cat blood cannot be due to rapid degradation. 5. During feeding, components I and II constituted 20% of the total gastrin immunoreactivity in antral venous blood of dogs. This amount is sufficient to account for the predominance of large components in peripheral venous blood in dogs considering their slow metabolic clearance rates. 6. Luminal perfusates of dog antrum contained components I, II and III in proportions corresponding to those found in antrum. 7. The results indicate that components I and II are synthesized in the same proportions in gastrin cells of cat and dog. In the cat, components I and II are, however, never released from the cells. Since these components contain heptadecapeptide gastrin within their sequeaces, they probably represent biosynthetic precursors of the principal gastrin, the heptadecapeptide (component III). The predominance of component III in gastric juice suggests that the feline gastrin cell secretes only component III, which degrades to component IV in blood.", "contents": "Gastrins in cat and dog: evidence for a biosynthetic relationship between the large molecular forms of gastrin and heptadecapeptide gastrin. 1. Extracts of antral, duodenal and jejunal mucosa contained the same concentrations and molecular forms of gastrin in cat and dog. In both species component III constituted 93%, component II 4% and components I and IV each 1% of the total immunoreactivity. 2. During electrical vagal stimulation or feeding in (a) anaesthetized cats with ligated kidney vessels and resected jejunum and ileum, (b) anaesthetized normal cats or (c) conscious normal cats, release of the large molecular forms of gastrin, components I and II, was not detectable. 3. Luminal perfusates of cat antrum contained only component III and occasionally less than 2% of component IV. 4. Intravenous injections into conscious cats of components I, II and III isolated from cat antrum revealed a significantly slower elimination of the large components (t1/2 approximately 4.2 and 4.0 min respectively) than of component III (t1/2 approximately 1.1 min). Thus the absence of components I and II in cat blood cannot be due to rapid degradation. 5. During feeding, components I and II constituted 20% of the total gastrin immunoreactivity in antral venous blood of dogs. This amount is sufficient to account for the predominance of large components in peripheral venous blood in dogs considering their slow metabolic clearance rates. 6. Luminal perfusates of dog antrum contained components I, II and III in proportions corresponding to those found in antrum. 7. The results indicate that components I and II are synthesized in the same proportions in gastrin cells of cat and dog. In the cat, components I and II are, however, never released from the cells. Since these components contain heptadecapeptide gastrin within their sequeaces, they probably represent biosynthetic precursors of the principal gastrin, the heptadecapeptide (component III). The predominance of component III in gastric juice suggests that the feline gastrin cell secretes only component III, which degrades to component IV in blood.", "PMID": 722581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9354", "title": "A quantitative analysis of the effects of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, adenosine triphosphate and inositol hexaphosphate on the oxygen dissociation curve of human haemoglobin.", "content": "1. Oxygen dissociation curves have been measured for human haemoglobin solutions with different concentrations of the allosteric effectors 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, adenosine triphosphate and inositol hexaphosphate. 2. Each effector produces a concentration dependent right shift of the oxygen dissociation curve, but a point is reached where the shift is maximal and increasing the effector concentration has no further effect. 3. Mathematical models based on the Monod, Wyman & Changeux (1965) treatment of allosteric proteins have been fitted to the data. For each compound the simple two-state model and its extension to take account of subunit inequivalence were shown to be inadequate, and a better fit was obtained by allowing the effector to lower the oxygen affinity of the deoxy conformational state as well as binding preferentially to this conformation.", "contents": "A quantitative analysis of the effects of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, adenosine triphosphate and inositol hexaphosphate on the oxygen dissociation curve of human haemoglobin. 1. Oxygen dissociation curves have been measured for human haemoglobin solutions with different concentrations of the allosteric effectors 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, adenosine triphosphate and inositol hexaphosphate. 2. Each effector produces a concentration dependent right shift of the oxygen dissociation curve, but a point is reached where the shift is maximal and increasing the effector concentration has no further effect. 3. Mathematical models based on the Monod, Wyman & Changeux (1965) treatment of allosteric proteins have been fitted to the data. For each compound the simple two-state model and its extension to take account of subunit inequivalence were shown to be inadequate, and a better fit was obtained by allowing the effector to lower the oxygen affinity of the deoxy conformational state as well as binding preferentially to this conformation.", "PMID": 722582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9355", "title": "Involvement of uptake1 and uptake2 in terminating the cardiovascular activity of noradrenaline in normotensive and genetically hypertensive rats.", "content": "1. In pithed, pancuronium-treated rats, inhibition of Uptake1 with desmethylimipramine (2.5 mg/kg i.v.) increased the time course of the pressor response to vasomotor nerve stimulation (1 and 5 Hz for 5 sec) but not the time course of the pressor response to injected noradrenaline (10 and 50 ng i.v.). 2. Subsequent inhibition of Uptake2 with metanephrine (3 mg/kg, i.v.) did not affect the time course of responses to either vasomotor nerve stimulation or injected noradrenaline. 3. It is concluded that Uptake1 but not Uptake2 is important in terminating the activity of noradrenaline released from rat vasomotor nerves and that neither process inactivates intraluminal catecholamine. 4. By contrast, chronotropic responses of rat atria to adrenergic nerve stimulation were prolonged by blockade of both Uptake1 and Uptake2, in agreement with previous evidence for involvement of both processes in terminating sino-atrial adrenergic responses. 5. Animals from the Otago strain of genetically hypertensive animals were identical to normotensives in their vascular handling of catecholamine. However, they lacked an atrial Uptake2 process. 6. This defect may be related to the high resting heart rate and abnormal cardiac catecholamine turnover observed to exist in the Otago hypertensive rats.", "contents": "Involvement of uptake1 and uptake2 in terminating the cardiovascular activity of noradrenaline in normotensive and genetically hypertensive rats. 1. In pithed, pancuronium-treated rats, inhibition of Uptake1 with desmethylimipramine (2.5 mg/kg i.v.) increased the time course of the pressor response to vasomotor nerve stimulation (1 and 5 Hz for 5 sec) but not the time course of the pressor response to injected noradrenaline (10 and 50 ng i.v.). 2. Subsequent inhibition of Uptake2 with metanephrine (3 mg/kg, i.v.) did not affect the time course of responses to either vasomotor nerve stimulation or injected noradrenaline. 3. It is concluded that Uptake1 but not Uptake2 is important in terminating the activity of noradrenaline released from rat vasomotor nerves and that neither process inactivates intraluminal catecholamine. 4. By contrast, chronotropic responses of rat atria to adrenergic nerve stimulation were prolonged by blockade of both Uptake1 and Uptake2, in agreement with previous evidence for involvement of both processes in terminating sino-atrial adrenergic responses. 5. Animals from the Otago strain of genetically hypertensive animals were identical to normotensives in their vascular handling of catecholamine. However, they lacked an atrial Uptake2 process. 6. This defect may be related to the high resting heart rate and abnormal cardiac catecholamine turnover observed to exist in the Otago hypertensive rats.", "PMID": 722583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9356", "title": "Acute compensatory adaptation of renal function following contralateral kidney exclusion in Brattleboro rats with diabetes insipidus.", "content": "1. The function of the remaining kidney following ligation of a single renal pedicle in anaesthetized rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (DI) was studied using clearance methods. Values were compared with those obtained in DI rats which had been sham operated. 2. A small increase in the glomerular filtration rate of the remaining kidney was observed, which was statistically significant after 150 min. Increases in effective renal plasma flow were also observed, but these were not statistically significant. 3. The fractional excretion rates of Na and K increased immediately after contralateral kidney ligation; as a result total Na and K excretion rates remained similar to values in sham operated animals with both kidneys intact. 4. Fractional urine flow (V/GFR) increased by approximately 40% after contralateral ligation. It is argued that, since water reabsorption in the diluting segments of the nephron was unlikely to have been reduced, the increase in V/GFR was an indication that fractional fluid reabsorption in the proximal nephron had been inhibited. 5. Clearance determinations showed that the fractional reabsorption of Na in the proximal nephron was similarly reduced after contralateral ligation. However, Na reabsorption in the distal nephron increased, though not by enough to prevent a doubling of fractional sodium excretion. 6. The osmolalities of interstitial fluids obtained from the medulla and papilla of the contralateral kidney 2 hr after unilateral renal pedicle ligation were slightly, but significantly, higher than corresponding values in sham operated rats. This raises the possibility that salt reabsorption in the ascending limb of Henle might be enhanced immediately after contralateral renal exclusion.", "contents": "Acute compensatory adaptation of renal function following contralateral kidney exclusion in Brattleboro rats with diabetes insipidus. 1. The function of the remaining kidney following ligation of a single renal pedicle in anaesthetized rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (DI) was studied using clearance methods. Values were compared with those obtained in DI rats which had been sham operated. 2. A small increase in the glomerular filtration rate of the remaining kidney was observed, which was statistically significant after 150 min. Increases in effective renal plasma flow were also observed, but these were not statistically significant. 3. The fractional excretion rates of Na and K increased immediately after contralateral kidney ligation; as a result total Na and K excretion rates remained similar to values in sham operated animals with both kidneys intact. 4. Fractional urine flow (V/GFR) increased by approximately 40% after contralateral ligation. It is argued that, since water reabsorption in the diluting segments of the nephron was unlikely to have been reduced, the increase in V/GFR was an indication that fractional fluid reabsorption in the proximal nephron had been inhibited. 5. Clearance determinations showed that the fractional reabsorption of Na in the proximal nephron was similarly reduced after contralateral ligation. However, Na reabsorption in the distal nephron increased, though not by enough to prevent a doubling of fractional sodium excretion. 6. The osmolalities of interstitial fluids obtained from the medulla and papilla of the contralateral kidney 2 hr after unilateral renal pedicle ligation were slightly, but significantly, higher than corresponding values in sham operated rats. This raises the possibility that salt reabsorption in the ascending limb of Henle might be enhanced immediately after contralateral renal exclusion.", "PMID": 722584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9357", "title": "Microvascular pressures and filtration coefficients in the cat mesentery.", "content": "1. Filtration coefficient and hydrostatic pressure have been measured in single capillaries and venules in the cat mesentery using a modification of the Landis (1927) single vessel occlusion technique. 2. Venules were found to be filtering fluid, not absorbing it as is often supposed. 3. The mean filtration coefficient in capillaries was 0.018 micrometers . s-1 . mmHg-1 (1.35 X 10(-10)m . s-1 . Pa-1) while that in venules, was 0.027 micrometers . s-1 . mmHg-1 (2.02 X 10(-10)m . s-1 . Pa-1). 4. In both capillaries and venules, filtration coefficient increased with decreasing pressure. 5. The difference between directly measured venular pressure and that calculated from the occlusion data was used to determine the contribution of the interstitium to fluid exchange. In the mesentery superfused with Krebs solution the tissue pressure so determined was found to be zero or subatmospheric initially but became increasingly positive with lengthening exposure of the mesentery.", "contents": "Microvascular pressures and filtration coefficients in the cat mesentery. 1. Filtration coefficient and hydrostatic pressure have been measured in single capillaries and venules in the cat mesentery using a modification of the Landis (1927) single vessel occlusion technique. 2. Venules were found to be filtering fluid, not absorbing it as is often supposed. 3. The mean filtration coefficient in capillaries was 0.018 micrometers . s-1 . mmHg-1 (1.35 X 10(-10)m . s-1 . Pa-1) while that in venules, was 0.027 micrometers . s-1 . mmHg-1 (2.02 X 10(-10)m . s-1 . Pa-1). 4. In both capillaries and venules, filtration coefficient increased with decreasing pressure. 5. The difference between directly measured venular pressure and that calculated from the occlusion data was used to determine the contribution of the interstitium to fluid exchange. In the mesentery superfused with Krebs solution the tissue pressure so determined was found to be zero or subatmospheric initially but became increasingly positive with lengthening exposure of the mesentery.", "PMID": 722585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9358", "title": "Simultaneous measurement of pressure in the interstitium and the terminal lymphatics of the cat mesentery.", "content": "1. Simultaneous measurements of the pressure in terminal lymphatics and interstitial tissue have been made in the exteriorized cat mesentery superfused with either physiological salt solution (Krebs solution) or a water-immiscible fluorocarbon, FC-80. 2. The pressures within individual terminal lymphatics were measured using glass micropipettes attached to a servo pressure-measuring system. Tissue pressures were recorded using saline-filled cotton-wool wicks. 3. Mean pressure recorded in the terminal lymphatics of the Krebs-superfused mesentery were slightly above atmospheric (+0.2 mmHg, n = 45), while those recorded in the FC-80-superfused mesentery were slightly below atmospheric (-0.2 mmHg, n = 46). 4. Tissue pressures were also slightly subatmospheric in the in situ mesentery, and the recently exposed tissue. Continuous superfusion with Krebs solution caused the tissue pressure to rise to atmospheric pressure or above; with FC-80-superfusion the tissue pressure also rose, but never to above atmospheric pressure. 5. Isolated strips of mesentery immersed in Krebs solutions of different concentrations gained weight, but when immersed in FC-80 no change in weight was detected. 6. It was concluded that the interstitial gel of the mesentery is normally unsaturated and that superfusion with Krebs solution leads to tissue oedema. This tendency is less marked in FC-80-superfused preparations. Possible mechanisms for lymph formation and propulsion are discussed.", "contents": "Simultaneous measurement of pressure in the interstitium and the terminal lymphatics of the cat mesentery. 1. Simultaneous measurements of the pressure in terminal lymphatics and interstitial tissue have been made in the exteriorized cat mesentery superfused with either physiological salt solution (Krebs solution) or a water-immiscible fluorocarbon, FC-80. 2. The pressures within individual terminal lymphatics were measured using glass micropipettes attached to a servo pressure-measuring system. Tissue pressures were recorded using saline-filled cotton-wool wicks. 3. Mean pressure recorded in the terminal lymphatics of the Krebs-superfused mesentery were slightly above atmospheric (+0.2 mmHg, n = 45), while those recorded in the FC-80-superfused mesentery were slightly below atmospheric (-0.2 mmHg, n = 46). 4. Tissue pressures were also slightly subatmospheric in the in situ mesentery, and the recently exposed tissue. Continuous superfusion with Krebs solution caused the tissue pressure to rise to atmospheric pressure or above; with FC-80-superfusion the tissue pressure also rose, but never to above atmospheric pressure. 5. Isolated strips of mesentery immersed in Krebs solutions of different concentrations gained weight, but when immersed in FC-80 no change in weight was detected. 6. It was concluded that the interstitial gel of the mesentery is normally unsaturated and that superfusion with Krebs solution leads to tissue oedema. This tendency is less marked in FC-80-superfused preparations. Possible mechanisms for lymph formation and propulsion are discussed.", "PMID": 722586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9359", "title": "Relaxation of ventricular cardiac muscle.", "content": "1. The load bearing capacity during relaxation of ventricular cardiac muscle from various animal species was investigated. 2. The effect of load on the time course of relaxation was analysed either by comparing afterloaded contractions against various loads or by imposing abrupt alterations in load (load clamps). 3. In heart muscle from the mammalian species studied relaxation was sensitive to loading conditions, whereas in frog heart muscle relaxation was largely independent of the loading conditions. The mechanical properties of relaxation of cardiac muscle appear, therefore, governed by the interplay of a load-controlled and an activation-controlled decay mechanism, the relative importance of which differs with species. 4. Load-dependence may be the mechanical expression of the ratio of the number of force generating sites at any time during contraction and relaxation to the load to be carried; this mechanism would predominate in mammalian animal species with a well developed calcium sequestering sarcoplasmic reticulum. Activation-dependence would seem to predominate in animal species, such as frog, in which calcium sequestration appears to be the rate limiting step during relaxation.", "contents": "Relaxation of ventricular cardiac muscle. 1. The load bearing capacity during relaxation of ventricular cardiac muscle from various animal species was investigated. 2. The effect of load on the time course of relaxation was analysed either by comparing afterloaded contractions against various loads or by imposing abrupt alterations in load (load clamps). 3. In heart muscle from the mammalian species studied relaxation was sensitive to loading conditions, whereas in frog heart muscle relaxation was largely independent of the loading conditions. The mechanical properties of relaxation of cardiac muscle appear, therefore, governed by the interplay of a load-controlled and an activation-controlled decay mechanism, the relative importance of which differs with species. 4. Load-dependence may be the mechanical expression of the ratio of the number of force generating sites at any time during contraction and relaxation to the load to be carried; this mechanism would predominate in mammalian animal species with a well developed calcium sequestering sarcoplasmic reticulum. Activation-dependence would seem to predominate in animal species, such as frog, in which calcium sequestration appears to be the rate limiting step during relaxation.", "PMID": 722587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9360", "title": "The force-velocity relation of isolated twitch and slow muscle fibres of Xenopus laevis.", "content": "1. A study has been made of the relation between force and speed of shortening, or lengthening, in isolated twitch and slow muscle fibres, dissected from the iliofibularis muscle of Xenopus laevis. Both after-loaded and quick-release contractions were studied. Twitch fibres were stimulated electrically to give tetanic contractions (5-20 degrees C); slow fibres were activated by a rapid change to solutions with high K concentration (30-75 mM; experiments at 21-24 degrees C).2. The velocity of slow fibres was constant during shortening over 10% length change in after-loaded contractions, except at forces exceeding about 0.8 of isometric tension, P(0). In quick-release experiments, shortening velocity was found to depend not only on the relative load, P/P(0), but also on the instant when the release was made. With increasing time after onset of contraction the initial rate of shortening decreased; also, a progressive fall in speed during shortening became more marked.3. The fall in initial shortening speed with time of release from the onset of a contracture was more pronounced at high [K](o) than at low.4. The relation between the relative force, P/P(0), and shortening velocity, V, in after-loaded contractions (75 mM-K) and quick-release contractions (45 mM-K, early releases) in slow fibres could be represented by a hyperbola with the constants a = 0.10P(0), b = 0.11 lengths/sec; extrapolated V(max.) was 1.10 lengths/sec.5. Isometric tension and maximum shortening velocity in slow fibres were very nearly constant between 32 and 75 mM-K. a/P(0), however, was clearly reduced at 32 mM-K, representing a more curved P-V relation.6. Force-velocity data for twitch fibres (quick-release contractions, 20 degrees C) were reasonably well fitted by a hyperbola (a = 0.38P(0), b = 1.97 lengths/sec, V(max.) = 5.20 lengths/sec), but a systematic deviation was observed for forces exceeding 0.6P(0).7. a/P(0) for twitch fibres was found to be independent of temperature in the range 5-20 degrees C. Q(10) for b was 2.24 (10-20 degrees C), and 2.86 (5-10 degrees C).8. V(max.) for twitch fibres was calculated to be 6.34 lengths/sec at 22.5 degrees C, the average temperature in the slow fibre experiments. The maximum shortening velocity in twitch fibres is thus 6 times higher than in slow fibres.9. When loads in the range 1.1-1.4P(0) were quickly applied to an actively contracting slow fibre, lengthening of the fibre occurred in two phases, an initial rapid phase, followed by a phase of extremely slow lengthening. In corresponding experiments on twitch fibres lengthening was rapid at first and then gradually became slower.10. Factors affecting the shape of the force-velocity curve are discussed. Calculations based on A. F. Huxley's (1957) model for muscle contraction indicated that cross-bridge turnover rate is about 15 times lower in slow than in twitch fibres.", "contents": "The force-velocity relation of isolated twitch and slow muscle fibres of Xenopus laevis. 1. A study has been made of the relation between force and speed of shortening, or lengthening, in isolated twitch and slow muscle fibres, dissected from the iliofibularis muscle of Xenopus laevis. Both after-loaded and quick-release contractions were studied. Twitch fibres were stimulated electrically to give tetanic contractions (5-20 degrees C); slow fibres were activated by a rapid change to solutions with high K concentration (30-75 mM; experiments at 21-24 degrees C).2. The velocity of slow fibres was constant during shortening over 10% length change in after-loaded contractions, except at forces exceeding about 0.8 of isometric tension, P(0). In quick-release experiments, shortening velocity was found to depend not only on the relative load, P/P(0), but also on the instant when the release was made. With increasing time after onset of contraction the initial rate of shortening decreased; also, a progressive fall in speed during shortening became more marked.3. The fall in initial shortening speed with time of release from the onset of a contracture was more pronounced at high [K](o) than at low.4. The relation between the relative force, P/P(0), and shortening velocity, V, in after-loaded contractions (75 mM-K) and quick-release contractions (45 mM-K, early releases) in slow fibres could be represented by a hyperbola with the constants a = 0.10P(0), b = 0.11 lengths/sec; extrapolated V(max.) was 1.10 lengths/sec.5. Isometric tension and maximum shortening velocity in slow fibres were very nearly constant between 32 and 75 mM-K. a/P(0), however, was clearly reduced at 32 mM-K, representing a more curved P-V relation.6. Force-velocity data for twitch fibres (quick-release contractions, 20 degrees C) were reasonably well fitted by a hyperbola (a = 0.38P(0), b = 1.97 lengths/sec, V(max.) = 5.20 lengths/sec), but a systematic deviation was observed for forces exceeding 0.6P(0).7. a/P(0) for twitch fibres was found to be independent of temperature in the range 5-20 degrees C. Q(10) for b was 2.24 (10-20 degrees C), and 2.86 (5-10 degrees C).8. V(max.) for twitch fibres was calculated to be 6.34 lengths/sec at 22.5 degrees C, the average temperature in the slow fibre experiments. The maximum shortening velocity in twitch fibres is thus 6 times higher than in slow fibres.9. When loads in the range 1.1-1.4P(0) were quickly applied to an actively contracting slow fibre, lengthening of the fibre occurred in two phases, an initial rapid phase, followed by a phase of extremely slow lengthening. In corresponding experiments on twitch fibres lengthening was rapid at first and then gradually became slower.10. Factors affecting the shape of the force-velocity curve are discussed. Calculations based on A. F. Huxley's (1957) model for muscle contraction indicated that cross-bridge turnover rate is about 15 times lower in slow than in twitch fibres.", "PMID": 722588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9361", "title": "Spatial summation in the receptive fields of simple cells in the cat's striate cortex.", "content": "1. We have examined the responses of simple cells in the cat's atriate cortex to visual patterns that were designed to reveal the extent to which these cells may be considered to sum light-evoked influences linearly across their receptive fields. We used one-dimensional luminance-modulated bars and grating as stimuli; their orientation was always the same as the preferred orientation of the neurone under study. The stimuli were presented on an oscilloscope screen by a digital computer, which also accumulated neuronal responses and controlled a randomized sequence of stimulus presentations. 2. The majority of simple cells respond to sinusoidal gratings that are moving or whose contrast is modulated in time in a manner consistent with the hypothesis that they have linear spatial summation. Their responses to moving gratings of all spatial frequencies are modulated in synchrony with the passage of the gratings' bars across their receptive fields, and they do not produce unmodulated responses even at the highest spatial frequencies. Many of these cells respond to temporally modulated stationary gratings simply by changing their response amplitude sinusoidally as the spatial phase of the grating the grating is varied. Nonetheless, their behavior appears to indicate linear spatial summation, since we show in an Appendix that the absence of a 'null' phase in a visual neurone need not indicate non-linear spatial summation, and further that a linear neurone lacking a 'null' phase should give responses of the form that we have observed in this type of simple cell. 3. A minority of simple cells appears to have significant non-linearities of spatial summation. These neurones respond to moving gratings of high spatial frequency with a partially or totally unmodulated elevation of firing rate. They have no 'null' phases when tested with stationary gratings, and reveal their non-linearity by giving responses to gratings of some spatial phases that are composed partly or wholly of even harmonics of the stimulus frequency ('on-off' responses). 4. We compared simple receptive fields with their sensitivity to sinusoidal gratings of different spatial frequencies. Qualitatively, the most sensitive subregions of simple cells' receptive fields are roughly the same width as the individual bars of the gratings to which they are most sensitive. Quantitatively, their receptive field profiles measured with thin stationary lines, agree well with predicted profiles derived by Fourier synthesis of their spatial frequency tuning curves.", "contents": "Spatial summation in the receptive fields of simple cells in the cat's striate cortex. 1. We have examined the responses of simple cells in the cat's atriate cortex to visual patterns that were designed to reveal the extent to which these cells may be considered to sum light-evoked influences linearly across their receptive fields. We used one-dimensional luminance-modulated bars and grating as stimuli; their orientation was always the same as the preferred orientation of the neurone under study. The stimuli were presented on an oscilloscope screen by a digital computer, which also accumulated neuronal responses and controlled a randomized sequence of stimulus presentations. 2. The majority of simple cells respond to sinusoidal gratings that are moving or whose contrast is modulated in time in a manner consistent with the hypothesis that they have linear spatial summation. Their responses to moving gratings of all spatial frequencies are modulated in synchrony with the passage of the gratings' bars across their receptive fields, and they do not produce unmodulated responses even at the highest spatial frequencies. Many of these cells respond to temporally modulated stationary gratings simply by changing their response amplitude sinusoidally as the spatial phase of the grating the grating is varied. Nonetheless, their behavior appears to indicate linear spatial summation, since we show in an Appendix that the absence of a 'null' phase in a visual neurone need not indicate non-linear spatial summation, and further that a linear neurone lacking a 'null' phase should give responses of the form that we have observed in this type of simple cell. 3. A minority of simple cells appears to have significant non-linearities of spatial summation. These neurones respond to moving gratings of high spatial frequency with a partially or totally unmodulated elevation of firing rate. They have no 'null' phases when tested with stationary gratings, and reveal their non-linearity by giving responses to gratings of some spatial phases that are composed partly or wholly of even harmonics of the stimulus frequency ('on-off' responses). 4. We compared simple receptive fields with their sensitivity to sinusoidal gratings of different spatial frequencies. Qualitatively, the most sensitive subregions of simple cells' receptive fields are roughly the same width as the individual bars of the gratings to which they are most sensitive. Quantitatively, their receptive field profiles measured with thin stationary lines, agree well with predicted profiles derived by Fourier synthesis of their spatial frequency tuning curves.", "PMID": 722589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9362", "title": "The central control of shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis in the rat.", "content": "1. To test whether the preoptic area controls only non-shivering and the spinal cord only shivering thermogenesis, ten rats were chronically implanted with a preoptic and a spinal cord thermode each. The following were then studied: (a) the effect of propranolol (8 mg/kg.hr) on the metabolic response to cooling the preoptic area, and the spinal cord, (b) the effect of exogenous noradrenaline (0.5 mg/kg) on the metabolic response to cooling the preoptic area, and the spinal cord, and (c) the effect of warming the preoptic area on the metabolic response to cooling the spinal cord, and vice versa. 2. Administration of propranolol inhibited the metabolic response to cooling each of the thermosensitive areas, but the response to cooling the preoptic area was more strongly inhibited than that to cooling the spinal cord. 3. Administration of exogenous noradrenaline did not prevent the metabolic response to cooling either the preoptic area or the spinal cord. 4. Warming the spinal cord completely inhibited the metabolic response to cooling the preoptic area, and warming the preoptic area fully inhibited the metabolic response to cooling the spinal cord. 5. It is concluded that exogenous noradrenaline underestimates the capacity for non-shivering thermogenesis, and that both thermosensitive areas can control both forms of thermogenesis, but that the preoptic area threshold of non-shivering thermogenesis is probably lower than that of shivering, while the spinal cord threshold of shivering is probably lower than that of non-shivering thermogenesis.", "contents": "The central control of shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis in the rat. 1. To test whether the preoptic area controls only non-shivering and the spinal cord only shivering thermogenesis, ten rats were chronically implanted with a preoptic and a spinal cord thermode each. The following were then studied: (a) the effect of propranolol (8 mg/kg.hr) on the metabolic response to cooling the preoptic area, and the spinal cord, (b) the effect of exogenous noradrenaline (0.5 mg/kg) on the metabolic response to cooling the preoptic area, and the spinal cord, and (c) the effect of warming the preoptic area on the metabolic response to cooling the spinal cord, and vice versa. 2. Administration of propranolol inhibited the metabolic response to cooling each of the thermosensitive areas, but the response to cooling the preoptic area was more strongly inhibited than that to cooling the spinal cord. 3. Administration of exogenous noradrenaline did not prevent the metabolic response to cooling either the preoptic area or the spinal cord. 4. Warming the spinal cord completely inhibited the metabolic response to cooling the preoptic area, and warming the preoptic area fully inhibited the metabolic response to cooling the spinal cord. 5. It is concluded that exogenous noradrenaline underestimates the capacity for non-shivering thermogenesis, and that both thermosensitive areas can control both forms of thermogenesis, but that the preoptic area threshold of non-shivering thermogenesis is probably lower than that of shivering, while the spinal cord threshold of shivering is probably lower than that of non-shivering thermogenesis.", "PMID": 722590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9363", "title": "Action potentials of embryonic dorsal root ganglion neurones in Xenopus tadpoles.", "content": "1. Several classes of action potentials can be distinguished in dorsal root ganglion cells, studied by intracellular recording techniques in Xenopus laevis tadpoles 4.5--51 days old. The ionic basis of the action potential was investigated by changing the ionic environment of the cells and applying various blocking agents. 2. The Ca2+-dependent action potential is a plateau of relatively long duration (mean 8.7 msec). It is unaffected by removal of Na+ but blocked by mM quantities of Co2+. It is present only in small cells. 3. Ca2+/Na+-dependent action potentials. Type I is a spike followed by a plateau or hump of different durations (mean 8.1 msec). The spike is selectively blocked by removal of Na+, leaving the plateau which is in turn blocked by Co2+. It is present in cells of small and intermediate size. Type II is a spike of short duration (mean 2.0 msec) with only an inflection on the falling phase. The spike is blocked by removal of Na+ and no other components can be elicited. The inflection is blocked by Co2+. It is present in cells of all sizes. Type III is similar to type I but is seen only in solutions in which the outward current is blocked. It was observed only very infrequently. 4. Na+-dependent action potentials. Type I a is a short duration spike (mean 1.1 msec). It is abolished by removal of Na+ or addition of tetrodotoxin (TTX), but largely unaffected by Co2+ or La3+. It is present in cells of all sizes. When the outward current channels are blocked and cells exposed to Na+-free solutions, all cells are capable of producing an action potential in which the inward current is carried by divalent cations. Type I b is a spike with a smooth, more slowly falling phase. It has the same pharmacological properties as type I a action potential and is present in cells of small size. 5. Na+-dependent action potentials. Type II is a spike with an inflection on the falling phase (mean duration 3.4 msec). It is prolonged by Co2+ and La3+. Removal of Na+ abolishes the spike but TTX does not block it. It is present in cells of all sizes. The mean resting potential is less than that of cells with Na+-dependent type I action potentials, while the mean input resistance is greater. 6. Tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA) prolongs the different kinds of action potentials. The amount of prolongation varies among cells with a given type of action potential, so that no distinction could be made of the different actionpotential types based on the effect of TEA. 7. The percent of cells with each kind of action potential varies with the developmental age of the animal. The number of cells with Ca2+ and Ca2+/Na+ action potentials decreases with age, while the number of cells with a Na+ type I action potentials increases. The Na+ type II action potential appears only at later stages. 8...", "contents": "Action potentials of embryonic dorsal root ganglion neurones in Xenopus tadpoles. 1. Several classes of action potentials can be distinguished in dorsal root ganglion cells, studied by intracellular recording techniques in Xenopus laevis tadpoles 4.5--51 days old. The ionic basis of the action potential was investigated by changing the ionic environment of the cells and applying various blocking agents. 2. The Ca2+-dependent action potential is a plateau of relatively long duration (mean 8.7 msec). It is unaffected by removal of Na+ but blocked by mM quantities of Co2+. It is present only in small cells. 3. Ca2+/Na+-dependent action potentials. Type I is a spike followed by a plateau or hump of different durations (mean 8.1 msec). The spike is selectively blocked by removal of Na+, leaving the plateau which is in turn blocked by Co2+. It is present in cells of small and intermediate size. Type II is a spike of short duration (mean 2.0 msec) with only an inflection on the falling phase. The spike is blocked by removal of Na+ and no other components can be elicited. The inflection is blocked by Co2+. It is present in cells of all sizes. Type III is similar to type I but is seen only in solutions in which the outward current is blocked. It was observed only very infrequently. 4. Na+-dependent action potentials. Type I a is a short duration spike (mean 1.1 msec). It is abolished by removal of Na+ or addition of tetrodotoxin (TTX), but largely unaffected by Co2+ or La3+. It is present in cells of all sizes. When the outward current channels are blocked and cells exposed to Na+-free solutions, all cells are capable of producing an action potential in which the inward current is carried by divalent cations. Type I b is a spike with a smooth, more slowly falling phase. It has the same pharmacological properties as type I a action potential and is present in cells of small size. 5. Na+-dependent action potentials. Type II is a spike with an inflection on the falling phase (mean duration 3.4 msec). It is prolonged by Co2+ and La3+. Removal of Na+ abolishes the spike but TTX does not block it. It is present in cells of all sizes. The mean resting potential is less than that of cells with Na+-dependent type I action potentials, while the mean input resistance is greater. 6. Tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA) prolongs the different kinds of action potentials. The amount of prolongation varies among cells with a given type of action potential, so that no distinction could be made of the different actionpotential types based on the effect of TEA. 7. The percent of cells with each kind of action potential varies with the developmental age of the animal. The number of cells with Ca2+ and Ca2+/Na+ action potentials decreases with age, while the number of cells with a Na+ type I action potentials increases. The Na+ type II action potential appears only at later stages. 8...", "PMID": 722591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9364", "title": "Receptive field organization of complex cells in the cat's striate cortex.", "content": "1. All complex cells in the cat's striate cortex exhibit gross non-linearities of spatial summation when tested with sinusoidal grating stimuli. Their responses to moving gratings of all but the lowest spatial frequencies are usually dominated by a component that is not modulated by the passage of the bars of the grating across the receptive field. They give responses to temporally modulated stationary gratings that consist mostly of even harmonics of the stimulus frequency and that vary little in amplitude or wave form as the spatial phase of the grating is varied. 2. We compared complex cells' receptive fields with their sensitivity to sinusoidal gratings of different spatial frequencies. Qualitatively, the receptive fields are usually two to five times wider than the bars of the gratings that stimulate them most effectively. Quantitatively, the receptive field profiles of complex cells are invariably broader than those predicted by Fourier synthesis of their spatial frequency tuning curves, and in particular lack predicted spatially antagonistic regions. 3. We further examined the receptive field organization of these cells, using pairs of stationary lines flashed synchronously on their receptive fields. If both lines are of the same polarity (bright or dark), complex cells respond to the paired stimulus much less well than they do to either of its component bars, unless the bars are separated by less than about one quarter of the width of the receptive field. If the lines are of opposite polarity, one bright and one dark, the opposite situation obtains: closely spaced bars elicit small responses, while paired bars of larger separation are much more effective. In either case, the results are independent in general character of the absolute positions of the stimuli within the receptive field; rather, they depend in a manner characteristic of each cell on the relative positions of the two bars. 4. The two-line interaction profile that plots the change in a complex cell's response to one bar as a function of the position of a second added bar corresponds closely to the receptive field profile predicted from Fourier synthesis of the cell's spatial frequency tuning curve. These profiles may thus reveal the spatial characteristics of subunits within complex cell-receptive fields. We examined the nature of the interaction between these subunits by performing several two-line interaction experiments in which the onset of the second bar was delayed some time after the onset of the first. The results suggest that neighbouring subunits interact in a facilitatory fashion: for an interval after the presentation of one bar, responses to neighbouring bars are enhanced. 5. The subunits of a complex receptive field may, by their spatial properties, determine the spatial selectivities of complex cells, while the nature of the interaction among the subunits may determine these cells' sensitivity and selectivity for moving visual stimuli...", "contents": "Receptive field organization of complex cells in the cat's striate cortex. 1. All complex cells in the cat's striate cortex exhibit gross non-linearities of spatial summation when tested with sinusoidal grating stimuli. Their responses to moving gratings of all but the lowest spatial frequencies are usually dominated by a component that is not modulated by the passage of the bars of the grating across the receptive field. They give responses to temporally modulated stationary gratings that consist mostly of even harmonics of the stimulus frequency and that vary little in amplitude or wave form as the spatial phase of the grating is varied. 2. We compared complex cells' receptive fields with their sensitivity to sinusoidal gratings of different spatial frequencies. Qualitatively, the receptive fields are usually two to five times wider than the bars of the gratings that stimulate them most effectively. Quantitatively, the receptive field profiles of complex cells are invariably broader than those predicted by Fourier synthesis of their spatial frequency tuning curves, and in particular lack predicted spatially antagonistic regions. 3. We further examined the receptive field organization of these cells, using pairs of stationary lines flashed synchronously on their receptive fields. If both lines are of the same polarity (bright or dark), complex cells respond to the paired stimulus much less well than they do to either of its component bars, unless the bars are separated by less than about one quarter of the width of the receptive field. If the lines are of opposite polarity, one bright and one dark, the opposite situation obtains: closely spaced bars elicit small responses, while paired bars of larger separation are much more effective. In either case, the results are independent in general character of the absolute positions of the stimuli within the receptive field; rather, they depend in a manner characteristic of each cell on the relative positions of the two bars. 4. The two-line interaction profile that plots the change in a complex cell's response to one bar as a function of the position of a second added bar corresponds closely to the receptive field profile predicted from Fourier synthesis of the cell's spatial frequency tuning curve. These profiles may thus reveal the spatial characteristics of subunits within complex cell-receptive fields. We examined the nature of the interaction between these subunits by performing several two-line interaction experiments in which the onset of the second bar was delayed some time after the onset of the first. The results suggest that neighbouring subunits interact in a facilitatory fashion: for an interval after the presentation of one bar, responses to neighbouring bars are enhanced. 5. The subunits of a complex receptive field may, by their spatial properties, determine the spatial selectivities of complex cells, while the nature of the interaction among the subunits may determine these cells' sensitivity and selectivity for moving visual stimuli...", "PMID": 722592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9365", "title": "Developing role of sensorimotor cortex and pyramidal tract neurons in contact placing in kittens.", "content": "Unilateral or bilateral removal of kitten sensorimotor (SM) cortex prior to the fourth postnatal week was followed by recovery of contact placing (CP) to stimulation of any of the four forepaw cutaneous fields. However, immediately after a removal under ethyl chloride, CP was depressed contralaterally, especially to lateral stimulation (lateral CP). When the operated kitten aged to 5--9 weeks, the likelihood of CP secondarily declined contralateral to the SM cortical extirpation, but was restored by administration of d-amphetamine. An initial extirpation after the fifth postnatal week was followed by a severe deficit in CP. 2. Cooling the SM cortex, internal capsule or bulbar pyramid during the 2nd and 3rd week was followed by reversible, contralateral loss of lateral CP, extension of the forelimb and, later, by reduced movements. Lateral CPs were often hypermetric prior to loss. By contrast, cooling SM cortex in the first week was usually ineffective. Thus, during the 2nd week, lateral CP developed a dependence on SM cortex, and in particular on PT neurons. 3. After a delay usually of 1 or more min, cooling the SM cortex reduced the resting discharge of individual neurons in buried motor cortex; the antidromic conduction time in PT neurons was significantly increased and the spike height was reduced.", "contents": "Developing role of sensorimotor cortex and pyramidal tract neurons in contact placing in kittens. Unilateral or bilateral removal of kitten sensorimotor (SM) cortex prior to the fourth postnatal week was followed by recovery of contact placing (CP) to stimulation of any of the four forepaw cutaneous fields. However, immediately after a removal under ethyl chloride, CP was depressed contralaterally, especially to lateral stimulation (lateral CP). When the operated kitten aged to 5--9 weeks, the likelihood of CP secondarily declined contralateral to the SM cortical extirpation, but was restored by administration of d-amphetamine. An initial extirpation after the fifth postnatal week was followed by a severe deficit in CP. 2. Cooling the SM cortex, internal capsule or bulbar pyramid during the 2nd and 3rd week was followed by reversible, contralateral loss of lateral CP, extension of the forelimb and, later, by reduced movements. Lateral CPs were often hypermetric prior to loss. By contrast, cooling SM cortex in the first week was usually ineffective. Thus, during the 2nd week, lateral CP developed a dependence on SM cortex, and in particular on PT neurons. 3. After a delay usually of 1 or more min, cooling the SM cortex reduced the resting discharge of individual neurons in buried motor cortex; the antidromic conduction time in PT neurons was significantly increased and the spike height was reduced.", "PMID": 722594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9366", "title": "Influence of the cortico-spinal system on cervical and lumbar motoneurons in the rat.", "content": "In rats the connections of cortico-spinal fibres to cervical and lumbar motoneurons were examined using epicortical stimulation techniques. In cervical motoneurons, the synaptic response started in nearly 50% of the units with a monosynaptically transmitted EPSP, was of short duration and proved to be very effective. In contrast to that, the synaptic sequence found in lumbar motoneurons consisted in a small oligosynaptic and a prominent polysynaptic part. The differences in cortico-motoneuronal linkage correspond well with the different types of motor performance in fore- and hindlimbs.", "contents": "Influence of the cortico-spinal system on cervical and lumbar motoneurons in the rat. In rats the connections of cortico-spinal fibres to cervical and lumbar motoneurons were examined using epicortical stimulation techniques. In cervical motoneurons, the synaptic response started in nearly 50% of the units with a monosynaptically transmitted EPSP, was of short duration and proved to be very effective. In contrast to that, the synaptic sequence found in lumbar motoneurons consisted in a small oligosynaptic and a prominent polysynaptic part. The differences in cortico-motoneuronal linkage correspond well with the different types of motor performance in fore- and hindlimbs.", "PMID": 722596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9367", "title": "Topical versus diffuse organization of the corticospinal tract in the cat.", "content": "1. The organization of the corticospinal system has been studies, in the cat, using electrophysiological techniques (stimulation of the lateral corticospinal tract at different spinal levels, recording in the contralateral cortex by means of transcortical bipolar electrodes) and anatomical techniques (HRP injection localized in the grey matter of a chosen spinal level). These two approaches give complementary results. Different cortical zones can be defined according to their spinal projections. 2. Some restricted cortical zones are at the origin of only contralateral corticospinal projections specific to a given spinal enlargement, cervical or lumbar. 3. Other larger cortical zones are at the origin of bilateral spinal projections specific to a given spinal enlargement, at least in the case of the cervical one. 4. Finally, a cortical zone is at the origin of bilateral cortical projections both to the cervical and lumbar enlargements. The question of multiple branching of individual cortisospinal neurons is considered, but cannot be answered using out techniques.", "contents": "Topical versus diffuse organization of the corticospinal tract in the cat. 1. The organization of the corticospinal system has been studies, in the cat, using electrophysiological techniques (stimulation of the lateral corticospinal tract at different spinal levels, recording in the contralateral cortex by means of transcortical bipolar electrodes) and anatomical techniques (HRP injection localized in the grey matter of a chosen spinal level). These two approaches give complementary results. Different cortical zones can be defined according to their spinal projections. 2. Some restricted cortical zones are at the origin of only contralateral corticospinal projections specific to a given spinal enlargement, cervical or lumbar. 3. Other larger cortical zones are at the origin of bilateral spinal projections specific to a given spinal enlargement, at least in the case of the cervical one. 4. Finally, a cortical zone is at the origin of bilateral cortical projections both to the cervical and lumbar enlargements. The question of multiple branching of individual cortisospinal neurons is considered, but cannot be answered using out techniques.", "PMID": 722597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9368", "title": "Pattern of projections of individual pyramidal tract neurons to the spinal cord of the monkey.", "content": "The results suggest : (1) that PT neurons sending axons to motor nuclei innervating distal forelimb muscles branch less than other PT neurons; (2) that a group of PT neurons located close together may influence various species of motoneurons, but that this influence is the strongest on motoneurons of one species; (3) that individual PT neurons terminate only on a small fraction of a given motoneuron group.", "contents": "Pattern of projections of individual pyramidal tract neurons to the spinal cord of the monkey. The results suggest : (1) that PT neurons sending axons to motor nuclei innervating distal forelimb muscles branch less than other PT neurons; (2) that a group of PT neurons located close together may influence various species of motoneurons, but that this influence is the strongest on motoneurons of one species; (3) that individual PT neurons terminate only on a small fraction of a given motoneuron group.", "PMID": 722598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9369", "title": "The intraspinal branching patterns of fast and slow pyramidal tract neurons in the cat.", "content": "Antidromic activation of single pyramidal tract neurons (PTNS) was obtained in cats by stimulating either the dorso-lateral funiculus with ball-electrodes, or the spinal gray matter with microelectrodes. The results indicate that the distribution area of single PTNS is much wider than the area of a single motor nucleus, suggesting that single PTNS may influence different motor nuclei.", "contents": "The intraspinal branching patterns of fast and slow pyramidal tract neurons in the cat. Antidromic activation of single pyramidal tract neurons (PTNS) was obtained in cats by stimulating either the dorso-lateral funiculus with ball-electrodes, or the spinal gray matter with microelectrodes. The results indicate that the distribution area of single PTNS is much wider than the area of a single motor nucleus, suggesting that single PTNS may influence different motor nuclei.", "PMID": 722599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9370", "title": "Red nucleus cell activity in awake cats during a placing reaction.", "content": "It is known that the discharges of the posterior red nucleus (RN) cells are modulated during locomation (Orlovsky, 1972). The aims of the present investigation were to look for a possible relationship between the unitary activity of RN cells and movements as well as postural reactions of the forelimbs. In the experimental arrangement used, the cat stood on four transducers which recorded to forces on each limb. The animal was restrained by a hammock supporting a part of the total body weight. A horizontally moving plate touched one forepaw and pushed it backwards until a placing mavement was induced. During the first part of the sequence, the mechanically stimulated limb was actively unloaded just prior to the placing movement, while the contralateral forelimb simultaneously presented a loading postural reaction. The results can be summarized and interpreted in the following way: 1. The RN cells exhibit large variations of discharge frequencies during phasic muscular activities linked to movement and to postural adjustments, but no correlations can be established between tonic cell activity and static postural forces exerted by the limb. 2. During the swing phase, the neuronal activity of some RN cells is maximal during flexion, while for others the maximum is during extension. 3. When there is a modification in frequency at the onset of the placing reaction relative to activity during the unloading reaction, the beginning of this change occurs after the onset of the movement as recorded by a potentiometer placed at the elbow joint. 4. The increases of frequency are higher during reciprocal muscle activation (during the movement) than during coactivation of antagonistic muscles (during the postural loading reaction). 5. During the loading reaction (with mostly extensor activation) the frequency of firing of those neurones discharging during the flexion phase. Thus the data may indicate that the RN is included in a feed-back loop which is linked not to muscle activities but rather to phasic spinal reflexes.", "contents": "Red nucleus cell activity in awake cats during a placing reaction. It is known that the discharges of the posterior red nucleus (RN) cells are modulated during locomation (Orlovsky, 1972). The aims of the present investigation were to look for a possible relationship between the unitary activity of RN cells and movements as well as postural reactions of the forelimbs. In the experimental arrangement used, the cat stood on four transducers which recorded to forces on each limb. The animal was restrained by a hammock supporting a part of the total body weight. A horizontally moving plate touched one forepaw and pushed it backwards until a placing mavement was induced. During the first part of the sequence, the mechanically stimulated limb was actively unloaded just prior to the placing movement, while the contralateral forelimb simultaneously presented a loading postural reaction. The results can be summarized and interpreted in the following way: 1. The RN cells exhibit large variations of discharge frequencies during phasic muscular activities linked to movement and to postural adjustments, but no correlations can be established between tonic cell activity and static postural forces exerted by the limb. 2. During the swing phase, the neuronal activity of some RN cells is maximal during flexion, while for others the maximum is during extension. 3. When there is a modification in frequency at the onset of the placing reaction relative to activity during the unloading reaction, the beginning of this change occurs after the onset of the movement as recorded by a potentiometer placed at the elbow joint. 4. The increases of frequency are higher during reciprocal muscle activation (during the movement) than during coactivation of antagonistic muscles (during the postural loading reaction). 5. During the loading reaction (with mostly extensor activation) the frequency of firing of those neurones discharging during the flexion phase. Thus the data may indicate that the RN is included in a feed-back loop which is linked not to muscle activities but rather to phasic spinal reflexes.", "PMID": 722600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9371", "title": "Discharge of red nucleus neurons during voluntary muscle contraction: activity patterns and correlations with isometric force.", "content": "Discharges of red nucleus neurons were analyzed in the cat during voluntary muscle contractions performed under isometric and anisometric conditions. The observations established: (1) that neurons of the red nucleus modulate their firing in advance of the motor output under both conditions; (2) that increased activity of these neurons is specific to the direction of the force exerted ; (3) that this increase is primarily related to the magnitude of the rate of force change generated by the animal.", "contents": "Discharge of red nucleus neurons during voluntary muscle contraction: activity patterns and correlations with isometric force. Discharges of red nucleus neurons were analyzed in the cat during voluntary muscle contractions performed under isometric and anisometric conditions. The observations established: (1) that neurons of the red nucleus modulate their firing in advance of the motor output under both conditions; (2) that increased activity of these neurons is specific to the direction of the force exerted ; (3) that this increase is primarily related to the magnitude of the rate of force change generated by the animal.", "PMID": 722601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9372", "title": "Reading and detecting color-word stimuli presented at various retinal locations.", "content": "Four experiments, using a total of 70 male and female undergraduates, examined the speed and accuracy of reading and detection responses to color-word stimuli presented at retinal locations from the center out to 6 degrees in the right and left visual fields. Reading and detection responses were found to interact with retinal location. For stimuli presented at the farther retinal location, detection responses were quicker and more accurate than reading responses, but the reverse occurred with foveally presented stimuli. The Stroop phenomenon was present in the detection data and was found to be diminished with parafoveal presentation of the stimulus materials. These findings support the peripheral search guidance process of Hochberg's model of reading and provide added evidence of processing variations across retinal location.", "contents": "Reading and detecting color-word stimuli presented at various retinal locations. Four experiments, using a total of 70 male and female undergraduates, examined the speed and accuracy of reading and detection responses to color-word stimuli presented at retinal locations from the center out to 6 degrees in the right and left visual fields. Reading and detection responses were found to interact with retinal location. For stimuli presented at the farther retinal location, detection responses were quicker and more accurate than reading responses, but the reverse occurred with foveally presented stimuli. The Stroop phenomenon was present in the detection data and was found to be diminished with parafoveal presentation of the stimulus materials. These findings support the peripheral search guidance process of Hochberg's model of reading and provide added evidence of processing variations across retinal location.", "PMID": 722643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9373", "title": "Measurement of psychopathy as a state.", "content": "It was hypothesized that psychopathic states could be measured by systematically changing items in psychopathy scales so as to suggest current feelings, thoughts, motives, and actions. The scales chosen for revision were the Psychopathic Deviate, Mania, and Antisocial scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI); Responsibility and Socialization scales of the California Psychological Inventory (CPI); and Psychopathy scale from the Addiction Research Center Inventory (ARCI). Male alcoholics (N = 53) and opiate addicts (N = 28) exemplifying psychopaths were compared with normals (N = 54) on each of the above scales. Alcoholics and opiate addicts were significantly higher on the total of the psychopathic scales and each of the above state scales except for Mania. Reliability was significant on all scales except the Antisocial scale. Also, 58% of 560 items differentiated these groups from normals.", "contents": "Measurement of psychopathy as a state. It was hypothesized that psychopathic states could be measured by systematically changing items in psychopathy scales so as to suggest current feelings, thoughts, motives, and actions. The scales chosen for revision were the Psychopathic Deviate, Mania, and Antisocial scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI); Responsibility and Socialization scales of the California Psychological Inventory (CPI); and Psychopathy scale from the Addiction Research Center Inventory (ARCI). Male alcoholics (N = 53) and opiate addicts (N = 28) exemplifying psychopaths were compared with normals (N = 54) on each of the above scales. Alcoholics and opiate addicts were significantly higher on the total of the psychopathic scales and each of the above state scales except for Mania. Reliability was significant on all scales except the Antisocial scale. Also, 58% of 560 items differentiated these groups from normals.", "PMID": 722644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9374", "title": "Problems in the Munz and Smouse procedure for operationalizing reactions to test anxiety: proposal of a new procedure.", "content": "Three problems in the Munz and Smouse procedure make it unacceptable as an operationalization of four reactions to test anxiety alluded to by Alpert and Haber. As a demonstration of two of the problems, the procedure was applied to the scores of 176 male and female college students. A new procedure for operationalizing the four reactions, which avoids the problems in the Munz and Smouse procedure, was described. Practical problems likely to be encountered in using the new procedure were discussed.", "contents": "Problems in the Munz and Smouse procedure for operationalizing reactions to test anxiety: proposal of a new procedure. Three problems in the Munz and Smouse procedure make it unacceptable as an operationalization of four reactions to test anxiety alluded to by Alpert and Haber. As a demonstration of two of the problems, the procedure was applied to the scores of 176 male and female college students. A new procedure for operationalizing the four reactions, which avoids the problems in the Munz and Smouse procedure, was described. Practical problems likely to be encountered in using the new procedure were discussed.", "PMID": 722645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9375", "title": "A study of object concept development in institutionalized and home-reared infants.", "content": "Institution- and home-reared infants were tested in five areas: language development, object concept development, play, social responsiveness, and social maturity. The sample consisted of 104 infants ranging in age from six months to two years, thus broadly encompassing object concept stages 3 to 6 described by Piaget. The relationship of each of the five functions to IQ and background was examined. This paper describes the specific nature of the object concept function as reflected by the investigation. It was found statistically that object concept scores, as measured by Piagetian tests, were relatively unaffected by the background variable but were significantly related to IQ. The other measures were sensitive to both IQ and background variables. The fact that the object concept score was relatively independent of the background variable suggested that it represents the most stable developing function and provides the most accurate reflection of the cognitive potential of the infant.", "contents": "A study of object concept development in institutionalized and home-reared infants. Institution- and home-reared infants were tested in five areas: language development, object concept development, play, social responsiveness, and social maturity. The sample consisted of 104 infants ranging in age from six months to two years, thus broadly encompassing object concept stages 3 to 6 described by Piaget. The relationship of each of the five functions to IQ and background was examined. This paper describes the specific nature of the object concept function as reflected by the investigation. It was found statistically that object concept scores, as measured by Piagetian tests, were relatively unaffected by the background variable but were significantly related to IQ. The other measures were sensitive to both IQ and background variables. The fact that the object concept score was relatively independent of the background variable suggested that it represents the most stable developing function and provides the most accurate reflection of the cognitive potential of the infant.", "PMID": 722646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9376", "title": "Normative beliefs about tobacco smoking on campus in relation to an exposititon of the viewpoint of the nonsmokers' rights movement.", "content": "A 147-item questionnaire on the effects of tobacco smoking on campus was administered to 307 University of New Hampshire undergraduates. Questions were asked in relation to an exposition of the viewpoint of the nonsmokers' rights movement. A group of 21 items, dealing with attitudes and normative beliefs related to issues of smokers' and nonsmokers' rights, were selected for analysis in this paper. Descriptive statistics and t tests contrasting the smokers and nonsmokers were presented. A majority of both groups agreed that smoking on campus should be limited to special areas and agreed that the right to breathe smoke-free air is the primary right. Nonsmokers in particular affirmed that nonsmokers who find smoke aversive often hide their true feelings and do not request that smokers abstain. Interpretation of results focused upon the normative structure of our society as the key element involved in perpetuating smoking in shared areas. At the present time it appears that smoking in these areas without permission is defined as normative (i.e., appropriate), whereas objecting is implicitly characterized as a norm violation.", "contents": "Normative beliefs about tobacco smoking on campus in relation to an exposititon of the viewpoint of the nonsmokers' rights movement. A 147-item questionnaire on the effects of tobacco smoking on campus was administered to 307 University of New Hampshire undergraduates. Questions were asked in relation to an exposition of the viewpoint of the nonsmokers' rights movement. A group of 21 items, dealing with attitudes and normative beliefs related to issues of smokers' and nonsmokers' rights, were selected for analysis in this paper. Descriptive statistics and t tests contrasting the smokers and nonsmokers were presented. A majority of both groups agreed that smoking on campus should be limited to special areas and agreed that the right to breathe smoke-free air is the primary right. Nonsmokers in particular affirmed that nonsmokers who find smoke aversive often hide their true feelings and do not request that smokers abstain. Interpretation of results focused upon the normative structure of our society as the key element involved in perpetuating smoking in shared areas. At the present time it appears that smoking in these areas without permission is defined as normative (i.e., appropriate), whereas objecting is implicitly characterized as a norm violation.", "PMID": 722647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9377", "title": "Relation of personal space to the human menstrual cycle.", "content": "A behavioral measure of personal space was obtained from 84 female undergraduates who had completed a menstrual cycle questionnaire. They ranged in age from 17 to 27 years, with a mean age of 19.2 years. A significant relationship between personal space and the female's menstrual cycle was found. The personal space zone tended to be larger during the menstruous flow than during the approximate middle of the cycle. Results were discussed in the context of sexual responsiveness.", "contents": "Relation of personal space to the human menstrual cycle. A behavioral measure of personal space was obtained from 84 female undergraduates who had completed a menstrual cycle questionnaire. They ranged in age from 17 to 27 years, with a mean age of 19.2 years. A significant relationship between personal space and the female's menstrual cycle was found. The personal space zone tended to be larger during the menstruous flow than during the approximate middle of the cycle. Results were discussed in the context of sexual responsiveness.", "PMID": 722648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9378", "title": "Effect of induced elation and depression on internal-external locus of control.", "content": "This study tested the notion that depression is associated with external locus of control and elation is related to internal locus of control. Temporary mood states (depression, elation, neutral) were produced by means of Velten's auto-suggestion technique. Fifteen female undergraduates were assigned to each mood condition, and locus of control scores were obtained both before and after the mood induction procedure. Pre-post changes were as predicted: elation caused an increased sense of internality, and depression caused an increased sense of externality. Neutral mood induction did not alter locus of control.", "contents": "Effect of induced elation and depression on internal-external locus of control. This study tested the notion that depression is associated with external locus of control and elation is related to internal locus of control. Temporary mood states (depression, elation, neutral) were produced by means of Velten's auto-suggestion technique. Fifteen female undergraduates were assigned to each mood condition, and locus of control scores were obtained both before and after the mood induction procedure. Pre-post changes were as predicted: elation caused an increased sense of internality, and depression caused an increased sense of externality. Neutral mood induction did not alter locus of control.", "PMID": 722649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9379", "title": "Mitosis in the hemoflagellate Trypanosoma cyclops.", "content": "The ultrastructure of interphase and mitotic nuclei of the epimastigote form of Trypanosoma cyclops Weinman is described. In the interphase nucleus the nucleolus is located centrally while at the periphery of the nucleus condensed chromatin is in contact with the nuclear envelope. The nucleolus fragments at the onset of mitosis, but granular material of presumptive nucleolar origin is often recognizable in the mitotic nucleus. Peripheral chromatin is in contact with the nuclear envelope throughout mitosis, and it seems reasonable to assume that the nuclear envelope is involved in its segregation to the daughter nuclei. Spindle microtubules extend between the poles of the dividing nucleus and terminate close to the nuclear envelope. The basal body and kinetoplast divide before the onset of mitosis and do not appear to have any morphologic involvement in that process. Spindle pole bodies, kinetochores, and chromosomal microtubules have not been observed.", "contents": "Mitosis in the hemoflagellate Trypanosoma cyclops. The ultrastructure of interphase and mitotic nuclei of the epimastigote form of Trypanosoma cyclops Weinman is described. In the interphase nucleus the nucleolus is located centrally while at the periphery of the nucleus condensed chromatin is in contact with the nuclear envelope. The nucleolus fragments at the onset of mitosis, but granular material of presumptive nucleolar origin is often recognizable in the mitotic nucleus. Peripheral chromatin is in contact with the nuclear envelope throughout mitosis, and it seems reasonable to assume that the nuclear envelope is involved in its segregation to the daughter nuclei. Spindle microtubules extend between the poles of the dividing nucleus and terminate close to the nuclear envelope. The basal body and kinetoplast divide before the onset of mitosis and do not appear to have any morphologic involvement in that process. Spindle pole bodies, kinetochores, and chromosomal microtubules have not been observed.", "PMID": 722651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9380", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of schizogony in Eimeria tenella.", "content": "Developing 2nd- and 3rd-generation schizonts of Eimeria tenella were found in the ceca of chicks infected orally with sporulated oocysts. Several free 2nd-generation schizonts, which varied in diameter from 11 to 21.6 micrometer, were found on the epithelial surface of the cecum. Some schizonts appeared to have lost merozoites. Other schizonts were intact, one of which was surrounded by an unbroken membrane that followed the contours of the merozoites. Third-generation schizonts, much smaller than 2nd-generation schizonts and with fewer merozoites, were found only on cut or fractured surfaces of the cecal tissue. Third generation merozoites appeared shorter and thicker than those of the 2nd-generation and were attached to the schizont residuum. A form with conical protuberances and another with 4 triangular segments were found; they were believed to be developing stages 3rd-generation schizonts.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of schizogony in Eimeria tenella. Developing 2nd- and 3rd-generation schizonts of Eimeria tenella were found in the ceca of chicks infected orally with sporulated oocysts. Several free 2nd-generation schizonts, which varied in diameter from 11 to 21.6 micrometer, were found on the epithelial surface of the cecum. Some schizonts appeared to have lost merozoites. Other schizonts were intact, one of which was surrounded by an unbroken membrane that followed the contours of the merozoites. Third-generation schizonts, much smaller than 2nd-generation schizonts and with fewer merozoites, were found only on cut or fractured surfaces of the cecal tissue. Third generation merozoites appeared shorter and thicker than those of the 2nd-generation and were attached to the schizont residuum. A form with conical protuberances and another with 4 triangular segments were found; they were believed to be developing stages 3rd-generation schizonts.", "PMID": 722652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9381", "title": "Motility events of trichocyst insertion in Paramecium tetraurelia.", "content": "Following electroshock-induced extrusion of its inserted trichocysts, Paramecium tetraurelia rapidly begins replacement of the population of lost organelles. Light microscopy of the cortical insertion of new trichocysts reveals a series of characteristic motility activities. An uninserted trichocyst in the cyclotic flow of the cell appears to be \"captured\" and removed to the noncyclotic, subcortical regions. The trichocyst then makes a series of saltatory motions which apparently serve to transport it to the cortex, with proper orientation (tip first) for insertion. Trichocyst saltations end with either cortical insertion of the organelle, or return to cyclosis. If the trichocyst is inserted, it makes a series of unique pivoting movements around the motionless tip. This form of motility, termed \"wobble,\" continues for a short period of time. After cessation of wobble, the insertion of the trichocyst is apparently complete, since no further motility is observed. With the aid of these observations it was possible to identify saltatory motility as the means for transporting trichocysts to the cortex for insertion, and also to observe a motility of unknown significance (wobble) apparently associated with the process of cortical insertion.", "contents": "Motility events of trichocyst insertion in Paramecium tetraurelia. Following electroshock-induced extrusion of its inserted trichocysts, Paramecium tetraurelia rapidly begins replacement of the population of lost organelles. Light microscopy of the cortical insertion of new trichocysts reveals a series of characteristic motility activities. An uninserted trichocyst in the cyclotic flow of the cell appears to be \"captured\" and removed to the noncyclotic, subcortical regions. The trichocyst then makes a series of saltatory motions which apparently serve to transport it to the cortex, with proper orientation (tip first) for insertion. Trichocyst saltations end with either cortical insertion of the organelle, or return to cyclosis. If the trichocyst is inserted, it makes a series of unique pivoting movements around the motionless tip. This form of motility, termed \"wobble,\" continues for a short period of time. After cessation of wobble, the insertion of the trichocyst is apparently complete, since no further motility is observed. With the aid of these observations it was possible to identify saltatory motility as the means for transporting trichocysts to the cortex for insertion, and also to observe a motility of unknown significance (wobble) apparently associated with the process of cortical insertion.", "PMID": 722653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9382", "title": "The effect of Eimeria neischulzi infection on leukocyte levels in the rat.", "content": "Rats inoculated with 10,000 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria neischulzi had significantly higher total leukocyte counts on postinoculation days (PI) 1, 5, 6 and 7 when compared to control rats. Relative and absolute neutrophil counts increased concomitantly with a decrease in the relative lymphocyte levels in E. nieschulzi-infected rats on PI day 7. Absolute and relative neutrophil counts in infected rats on PI days 7 and 8 were closely correlated with the host's total oocyst discharge. The E. nieschulzi infection had no significant effect on the relative or absolute levels of monocytes or eosinophils. The described changes in leukocyte levels were not paralleled by a significant change in the erythrocyte count.", "contents": "The effect of Eimeria neischulzi infection on leukocyte levels in the rat. Rats inoculated with 10,000 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria neischulzi had significantly higher total leukocyte counts on postinoculation days (PI) 1, 5, 6 and 7 when compared to control rats. Relative and absolute neutrophil counts increased concomitantly with a decrease in the relative lymphocyte levels in E. nieschulzi-infected rats on PI day 7. Absolute and relative neutrophil counts in infected rats on PI days 7 and 8 were closely correlated with the host's total oocyst discharge. The E. nieschulzi infection had no significant effect on the relative or absolute levels of monocytes or eosinophils. The described changes in leukocyte levels were not paralleled by a significant change in the erythrocyte count.", "PMID": 722654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9383", "title": "Continuous cultivation of Trypanosoma theileri at 37 C in bovine cell culture.", "content": "Trypanosoma theileri was cultivated at 37 C in bovine bone marrow cell culture through 50 consecutive subcultures. Medium 199, supplemented with Bacto-peptone, vitamin B12, and fetal bovine serum, was utilized both for primary and continuous cultivation. The number of trypanosomes produced in culture averaged 8 x 10(6) (1-26 x 10(6)) trypanosomes/ml. In each subculture the organisms divided as epimastigotes and transformed into trypomastigotes; a round from was observed during the stationary and declining phase of growth. Gradual changes such as increased generation time, size reduction, and decreased trypomastigote production were observed as subculturing progressed. Cultured trypanosomes were infective for the bovine through the 48th serial transfer and could be cultivated at 26 degrees C.", "contents": "Continuous cultivation of Trypanosoma theileri at 37 C in bovine cell culture. Trypanosoma theileri was cultivated at 37 C in bovine bone marrow cell culture through 50 consecutive subcultures. Medium 199, supplemented with Bacto-peptone, vitamin B12, and fetal bovine serum, was utilized both for primary and continuous cultivation. The number of trypanosomes produced in culture averaged 8 x 10(6) (1-26 x 10(6)) trypanosomes/ml. In each subculture the organisms divided as epimastigotes and transformed into trypomastigotes; a round from was observed during the stationary and declining phase of growth. Gradual changes such as increased generation time, size reduction, and decreased trypomastigote production were observed as subculturing progressed. Cultured trypanosomes were infective for the bovine through the 48th serial transfer and could be cultivated at 26 degrees C.", "PMID": 722655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9384", "title": "Effect of colchicine on cell membrane and on biopterin transport in Crithidia fasciculata.", "content": "Incorporation of 14C-labeled biopterin into Crithidia fasciculata was inhibited by 1 mM colchicine or lumicolchicine. These substance do not penetrate the cell membrane, hence they cannot interact with the subpellicular microtubules. In view of this, interference of colchicine with biopterin transport must occur on the outer surface of the cell membrane. Binding of colchicine to Crithidia was not temperature-dependent and did not exhibit saturation kinetics. These facts exclude a binding as in the case of tubulin, or similar proteins which may be present in the membrane. The results suggest an inhibition reflecting steric hindrance of the biopterin carrier system.", "contents": "Effect of colchicine on cell membrane and on biopterin transport in Crithidia fasciculata. Incorporation of 14C-labeled biopterin into Crithidia fasciculata was inhibited by 1 mM colchicine or lumicolchicine. These substance do not penetrate the cell membrane, hence they cannot interact with the subpellicular microtubules. In view of this, interference of colchicine with biopterin transport must occur on the outer surface of the cell membrane. Binding of colchicine to Crithidia was not temperature-dependent and did not exhibit saturation kinetics. These facts exclude a binding as in the case of tubulin, or similar proteins which may be present in the membrane. The results suggest an inhibition reflecting steric hindrance of the biopterin carrier system.", "PMID": 722656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9385", "title": "Differentiation-dependent decline of DNA synthetic activities in Naegleria gruberi.", "content": "DNA of Naegleria gruberi strain NEG, grown in axenic culture, forms a band at a density of 1.6912 in CsCl gradient and has a GC content  of 31.8%. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA is much reduced in differentiating Naegleria immediately after the stimulation to transform, primarily because of the reduction in thymidine uptake by differentiating cells. In addition, there is a marked decrease in the rate of incorporation of [3H]thymidine and [3H]uracil into DNA at from 45 to 60 min after the stimulation for differentiation. This decrease in the rate of precursor incorporation into DNA appears to be due to the differentiation-dependent cessation of nuclear DNA synthesis. The differentiated phenotype (the flagellate) emerges at approximately 70 min after the stimulation, and over 90% of the population differentiates within the next 30 min. Synthesis of mitochondrial DNA is detectable until 190 min after the stimulation. Since the S phase of Naegleria lasts approximately 180 min, some cells in the population must cease synthesizing nuclear DNA in the middle of the S phase.", "contents": "Differentiation-dependent decline of DNA synthetic activities in Naegleria gruberi. DNA of Naegleria gruberi strain NEG, grown in axenic culture, forms a band at a density of 1.6912 in CsCl gradient and has a GC content  of 31.8%. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA is much reduced in differentiating Naegleria immediately after the stimulation to transform, primarily because of the reduction in thymidine uptake by differentiating cells. In addition, there is a marked decrease in the rate of incorporation of [3H]thymidine and [3H]uracil into DNA at from 45 to 60 min after the stimulation for differentiation. This decrease in the rate of precursor incorporation into DNA appears to be due to the differentiation-dependent cessation of nuclear DNA synthesis. The differentiated phenotype (the flagellate) emerges at approximately 70 min after the stimulation, and over 90% of the population differentiates within the next 30 min. Synthesis of mitochondrial DNA is detectable until 190 min after the stimulation. Since the S phase of Naegleria lasts approximately 180 min, some cells in the population must cease synthesizing nuclear DNA in the middle of the S phase.", "PMID": 722657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9386", "title": "[Cryptogenetic osteolysis of the mandible (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of \"cryptogenetic osteolysis of the mandible\" is reported. This is a rare affection as only 13 cases of \"phantom mandible\" are known, but other sites exist (91 cases of phantom bone are known). The diagnosis is suspected after radiography, and confirmed by anatomopathological examination. No treatment for this affection has been described.", "contents": "[Cryptogenetic osteolysis of the mandible (author's transl)]. A case of \"cryptogenetic osteolysis of the mandible\" is reported. This is a rare affection as only 13 cases of \"phantom mandible\" are known, but other sites exist (91 cases of phantom bone are known). The diagnosis is suspected after radiography, and confirmed by anatomopathological examination. No treatment for this affection has been described.", "PMID": 722658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9387", "title": "[Technical restatement about double contrast enema (author's transl)].", "content": "The prevention of the rectum and colon carcinoma consists principally in the radioendoscopic detection of colonic polyps. The double contrast enema is the best method for this detection. The usual practice of double contrast imposes the restatement of a comfortable method for the patient, simple and reliable for the doctor. The authors mean in this study to compare two groups of patients (group I and II) which differ by the double contrast technique used. If the colonic preparation, the injection implements and the investigation preliminaries are the same in both groups, there is no evacuation time of the barium enema which is added to trimebutine and stopped to the left iliac crest are specific with this method. The results allows an accuracy diagnosis of polyps.", "contents": "[Technical restatement about double contrast enema (author's transl)]. The prevention of the rectum and colon carcinoma consists principally in the radioendoscopic detection of colonic polyps. The double contrast enema is the best method for this detection. The usual practice of double contrast imposes the restatement of a comfortable method for the patient, simple and reliable for the doctor. The authors mean in this study to compare two groups of patients (group I and II) which differ by the double contrast technique used. If the colonic preparation, the injection implements and the investigation preliminaries are the same in both groups, there is no evacuation time of the barium enema which is added to trimebutine and stopped to the left iliac crest are specific with this method. The results allows an accuracy diagnosis of polyps.", "PMID": 722659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9388", "title": "[Radiological aspects of diffuse pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on 5 cases of diffuse pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis. This disease occurs in women during the period of genital activity and usually presents with pulmonary signs (9/10) : dyspnoea, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, and hemoptysis. It is also found in association with renal angiomyolipomas and uterine fibromyolipomas. X-ray films of the lungs show : an interstitial syndrome, gas or fluid pleural effusions, and thoracic distention. None of these signs is constant, but the association of an interstitial syndrome with thoracic distention in a young woman appears to be specific for this affection.", "contents": "[Radiological aspects of diffuse pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis (author's transl)]. The authors report on 5 cases of diffuse pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis. This disease occurs in women during the period of genital activity and usually presents with pulmonary signs (9/10) : dyspnoea, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, and hemoptysis. It is also found in association with renal angiomyolipomas and uterine fibromyolipomas. X-ray films of the lungs show : an interstitial syndrome, gas or fluid pleural effusions, and thoracic distention. None of these signs is constant, but the association of an interstitial syndrome with thoracic distention in a young woman appears to be specific for this affection.", "PMID": 722660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9389", "title": "[Highly selective arteriography and embolization in the treatment of angiodysplasias with shunt, in the limbs (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors discuss the role of highly selective arteriography and embolization in the treatment of angiodysplasias with shunt, in the limbs, after analyzing the results in three cases of embolization for congenital arterio-venous fistula of the limbs. They review the arteriographic data necessary for a better understanding of the physiopathology and compare the different therapeutic methods available. The importance of highly selective arteriography in guiding therapy, where embolization is of primary value, is stressed.", "contents": "[Highly selective arteriography and embolization in the treatment of angiodysplasias with shunt, in the limbs (author's transl)]. The authors discuss the role of highly selective arteriography and embolization in the treatment of angiodysplasias with shunt, in the limbs, after analyzing the results in three cases of embolization for congenital arterio-venous fistula of the limbs. They review the arteriographic data necessary for a better understanding of the physiopathology and compare the different therapeutic methods available. The importance of highly selective arteriography in guiding therapy, where embolization is of primary value, is stressed.", "PMID": 722662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9390", "title": "Seasonal variation in the histology of the testis of the red deer, Cervus elaphus.", "content": "A histological study of the testes of stags shot in autumn (sexual season) and spring (quiescent period) indicated that the 3-fold increase in testicular size observed in the autumn was accompanied by increases in nearly all features studied (volumes of intertubular tissue, Leydig cells, blood vessels and peritubular cells; diameter and length of seminiferous tubules; the number of A1 spermatogonia and products of spermatogonial divisions, meiosis and spermiogenesis). There were, however, fewer A0 spermatogonia in the testes in autumn.", "contents": "Seasonal variation in the histology of the testis of the red deer, Cervus elaphus. A histological study of the testes of stags shot in autumn (sexual season) and spring (quiescent period) indicated that the 3-fold increase in testicular size observed in the autumn was accompanied by increases in nearly all features studied (volumes of intertubular tissue, Leydig cells, blood vessels and peritubular cells; diameter and length of seminiferous tubules; the number of A1 spermatogonia and products of spermatogonial divisions, meiosis and spermiogenesis). There were, however, fewer A0 spermatogonia in the testes in autumn.", "PMID": 722668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9391", "title": "[Radiological aspects of cancer of the breast in men (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiological signs of malignant mammary tumours in men, which are similar to those observed in women, are reviewed. Several points have to be remembered, however; the common retro-mammillary location, the frequent nodular character, the skin involvement and the usual mamillary retraction, and, finally, the absence of characteristic microcalcifications. The interest of mammography to rate T in the TNM classification is also mentioned.", "contents": "[Radiological aspects of cancer of the breast in men (author's transl)]. The radiological signs of malignant mammary tumours in men, which are similar to those observed in women, are reviewed. Several points have to be remembered, however; the common retro-mammillary location, the frequent nodular character, the skin involvement and the usual mamillary retraction, and, finally, the absence of characteristic microcalcifications. The interest of mammography to rate T in the TNM classification is also mentioned.", "PMID": 722661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9392", "title": "[Non-surgical extraction of iatrogenic intravascular foreign bodies : a report on 4 cases and review of the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "Four cases of non-surgical extraction of iatrogenic vascular foreign bodies are reported, in two of which a basket sound was used, and two others a metallic collar. The percutaneous route was used without denuding the veins. A review of the literature showed 83 cases of non-surgical extraction of vascular foreign bodies, and the methods and materials used are discussed.", "contents": "[Non-surgical extraction of iatrogenic intravascular foreign bodies : a report on 4 cases and review of the literature (author's transl)]. Four cases of non-surgical extraction of iatrogenic vascular foreign bodies are reported, in two of which a basket sound was used, and two others a metallic collar. The percutaneous route was used without denuding the veins. A review of the literature showed 83 cases of non-surgical extraction of vascular foreign bodies, and the methods and materials used are discussed.", "PMID": 722663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9393", "title": "[Lower limb lymphography in moderate lymphodynamic disturbances (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on the analysis of 87 pathologic complementary lymphangiographies of the lower limbs performed concomitantly with a lymphographic check-up of the pelvi-abdominal lymph nodes in various diseases, the authors have tried to establish the relationships of the moderate secondary disturbances of the lymph flow with the different pathologic antecedents affecting the lower extremities and their clinical symptoms. Emphasis is layed on the non-specificity of the early and delayed lymphangiographic aspects. The widest semeiology was recorded in phlebites and the less marked in arthroses. The more numerous and severe the antecedents, the more evident were the clinical and lymphographic signs. Penetrating wounds have a long lasting effect on the lymphatic walls. Lymphodynamic disturbances may occur in many pathologic states, phlebites, certain skin diseases, traumas. The therapeutic implications of these observations are discussed.", "contents": "[Lower limb lymphography in moderate lymphodynamic disturbances (author's transl)]. Based on the analysis of 87 pathologic complementary lymphangiographies of the lower limbs performed concomitantly with a lymphographic check-up of the pelvi-abdominal lymph nodes in various diseases, the authors have tried to establish the relationships of the moderate secondary disturbances of the lymph flow with the different pathologic antecedents affecting the lower extremities and their clinical symptoms. Emphasis is layed on the non-specificity of the early and delayed lymphangiographic aspects. The widest semeiology was recorded in phlebites and the less marked in arthroses. The more numerous and severe the antecedents, the more evident were the clinical and lymphographic signs. Penetrating wounds have a long lasting effect on the lymphatic walls. Lymphodynamic disturbances may occur in many pathologic states, phlebites, certain skin diseases, traumas. The therapeutic implications of these observations are discussed.", "PMID": 722664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9394", "title": "Hormone production by the intact human corpus luteum in vitro.", "content": "Human CL removed during the menstrual cycle were cultured for up to 5 days. Production of progesterone, measured by radioimmunoassay of the culture fluid, continued throughout each experiment. Addition of hCG to the culture medium stimulated progesterone production in a biphasic manner.", "contents": "Hormone production by the intact human corpus luteum in vitro. Human CL removed during the menstrual cycle were cultured for up to 5 days. Production of progesterone, measured by radioimmunoassay of the culture fluid, continued throughout each experiment. Addition of hCG to the culture medium stimulated progesterone production in a biphasic manner.", "PMID": 722669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9395", "title": "[Hyperplastic Brunner glands and chronical renal insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "Enlarged Brunner glands (EBG) are an occasional finding in upper gastro-intestinal barium studies. The clinical manifestations vague upper abdominal symptoms or bleeding are rare. Brunner gland secretion is stimulated by different stimuli but especially by secretin. In our report E.B.G. has been observed in 9/15 chronically hemodialysed patients. This uncommon frequence of E.B.G. can be related to the high blood levels of secretin found in patients with chronic renal failure. E.B.G. could explain some of the gastro-intestinal complications occuring in these patients.", "contents": "[Hyperplastic Brunner glands and chronical renal insufficiency (author's transl)]. Enlarged Brunner glands (EBG) are an occasional finding in upper gastro-intestinal barium studies. The clinical manifestations vague upper abdominal symptoms or bleeding are rare. Brunner gland secretion is stimulated by different stimuli but especially by secretin. In our report E.B.G. has been observed in 9/15 chronically hemodialysed patients. This uncommon frequence of E.B.G. can be related to the high blood levels of secretin found in patients with chronic renal failure. E.B.G. could explain some of the gastro-intestinal complications occuring in these patients.", "PMID": 722665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9396", "title": "A local signal from the gravid horn to the ovary for the onset of parturition in rats.", "content": "Rats were unilaterally ovariectomized on Day 17 of pregnancy and the times of onset of parturition were recorded. Unilateral ovariectomy did not delay the onset of parturition in bilaterally pregnant rats. In rats which were unilaterally pregnant (spontaneously or after ligation of one uterine horn), removal of the ovary on the side of the gravid horn led to delayed or partial parturitions. When fetuses and placentas were removed from one uterine horn on Day 13 and the ovary from the opposite side on Day 17, or when the uterine artery and/or vein were ligated on one side and the ovary removed from the other, about half of the parturitions were abnormal. It is suggested that a substance produced by the gravid uterine horn is transmitted to the ovary, primarily by a local circulatory system, and thus initiates the onset of parturition.", "contents": "A local signal from the gravid horn to the ovary for the onset of parturition in rats. Rats were unilaterally ovariectomized on Day 17 of pregnancy and the times of onset of parturition were recorded. Unilateral ovariectomy did not delay the onset of parturition in bilaterally pregnant rats. In rats which were unilaterally pregnant (spontaneously or after ligation of one uterine horn), removal of the ovary on the side of the gravid horn led to delayed or partial parturitions. When fetuses and placentas were removed from one uterine horn on Day 13 and the ovary from the opposite side on Day 17, or when the uterine artery and/or vein were ligated on one side and the ovary removed from the other, about half of the parturitions were abnormal. It is suggested that a substance produced by the gravid uterine horn is transmitted to the ovary, primarily by a local circulatory system, and thus initiates the onset of parturition.", "PMID": 722670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9397", "title": "[Reflections concerning the radiological assessment of static flat foot in the child (author's transl)].", "content": "After a precise review of the numerous parameters studied classically in AP and lateral films of the feet under load, the authors emphasis 5 measurements which are easy to determine and which they feel to objectively cover all the deformities which may be found in the static flat foot. These are: Talo-calcaneal divergence in AP and lateral views, the angle between the calcaneum and the floor, the lateral cavitation index and, finally, the angle of the axis of the talus and of the 2nd metatarsal in AP. A score of 20 is attributed to each. A score of 0 to 20 is attributed to each of these points, with a possible total, therefore, of 100. A study of 119 cases of flat foot in the child treated surgically over a period of 6 years made it possible to draw the distinction between the severe flat foot requiring operation and with a total of less than 45 points, and flat foot requiring medical orthopaedic treatment only (more than 45), the score for the normal foot being of the order of 90 points. This radiological study also makes it possible to distinguish, amongst flat feet in children, straight flat foot with collapse of the medial arch but no valgus of the forefoot and valgus flat foot where there is pronation of the calcaneum and abduction of the forefoot. This distinction is important since it determines the choice of operation. Thus in a case of valgus flat foot Judet's so-called \"horseman\" operation is indicated whilst in a flat foot without valgus, transposition of the tibialis anterior is preferable. In many cases, the lesion is mixed and both surgical gestures are required.", "contents": "[Reflections concerning the radiological assessment of static flat foot in the child (author's transl)]. After a precise review of the numerous parameters studied classically in AP and lateral films of the feet under load, the authors emphasis 5 measurements which are easy to determine and which they feel to objectively cover all the deformities which may be found in the static flat foot. These are: Talo-calcaneal divergence in AP and lateral views, the angle between the calcaneum and the floor, the lateral cavitation index and, finally, the angle of the axis of the talus and of the 2nd metatarsal in AP. A score of 20 is attributed to each. A score of 0 to 20 is attributed to each of these points, with a possible total, therefore, of 100. A study of 119 cases of flat foot in the child treated surgically over a period of 6 years made it possible to draw the distinction between the severe flat foot requiring operation and with a total of less than 45 points, and flat foot requiring medical orthopaedic treatment only (more than 45), the score for the normal foot being of the order of 90 points. This radiological study also makes it possible to distinguish, amongst flat feet in children, straight flat foot with collapse of the medial arch but no valgus of the forefoot and valgus flat foot where there is pronation of the calcaneum and abduction of the forefoot. This distinction is important since it determines the choice of operation. Thus in a case of valgus flat foot Judet's so-called \"horseman\" operation is indicated whilst in a flat foot without valgus, transposition of the tibialis anterior is preferable. In many cases, the lesion is mixed and both surgical gestures are required.", "PMID": 722666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9398", "title": "[Arteriography of renal metastases of bronchial origin : use of angiotensin in one case (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of renal metastases from epidermoid bronchial cancer, discovered during an attack of hematuria, is reported. The patient had been operated upon for bronchial cancer two years ago and was in good general condition. Au I.V.U. showed the presence of an ill-defined renal mass. Selective renal arteriography demonstrated that the mass was hypervascularized and that a previous injection of angiotensin produced a malignant type of hypervascularization in the mass.", "contents": "[Arteriography of renal metastases of bronchial origin : use of angiotensin in one case (author's transl)]. A case of renal metastases from epidermoid bronchial cancer, discovered during an attack of hematuria, is reported. The patient had been operated upon for bronchial cancer two years ago and was in good general condition. Au I.V.U. showed the presence of an ill-defined renal mass. Selective renal arteriography demonstrated that the mass was hypervascularized and that a previous injection of angiotensin produced a malignant type of hypervascularization in the mass.", "PMID": 722667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9399", "title": "Effect of antisera against eggs and zonae pellucidae on fertilization and development of mouse eggs in vivo and in culture.", "content": "A single intraperitoneal injection of female mice with rabbit antisera against denuded mouse eggs and isolated zonae pellucidae inhibited fertilization for at least 25--30 days. Intraperitoneal injection appeared to be more effective and lasted longer than subcutaneous or intramuscular injection but oral administration had no effect. Such a passive immunization of females given after fertilization had no effect on embryonic development or the sex ratio of fetuses. The fertilizing capacity of mouse spermatozoa was suppressed by treatment of the sperm suspension with anti-egg but not with anti-zona serum. Treatment of mouse eggs with these antisera did not affect their development to blastocysts in culture but did inhibit the shedding of the zona pellucida and attachment to the dish.", "contents": "Effect of antisera against eggs and zonae pellucidae on fertilization and development of mouse eggs in vivo and in culture. A single intraperitoneal injection of female mice with rabbit antisera against denuded mouse eggs and isolated zonae pellucidae inhibited fertilization for at least 25--30 days. Intraperitoneal injection appeared to be more effective and lasted longer than subcutaneous or intramuscular injection but oral administration had no effect. Such a passive immunization of females given after fertilization had no effect on embryonic development or the sex ratio of fetuses. The fertilizing capacity of mouse spermatozoa was suppressed by treatment of the sperm suspension with anti-egg but not with anti-zona serum. Treatment of mouse eggs with these antisera did not affect their development to blastocysts in culture but did inhibit the shedding of the zona pellucida and attachment to the dish.", "PMID": 722671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9400", "title": "Studies of pregnancy-associated murine serum proteins.", "content": "A pregnancy-associated murine protein (PAMP) with alpha1 electrophoretic mobility and an estimated molecular weight of 140,000  was present in serum from pregnant and sexually mature non-pregnant females, but could not be detected in the serum of males. During pregnancy the serum concentration of alpha1-PAMP rose to a maximum in mid-pregnancy followed by a decline to preconception levels before parturition; the protein was also present in fetal and neonatal serum and in amniotic fluid at low concentrations.", "contents": "Studies of pregnancy-associated murine serum proteins. A pregnancy-associated murine protein (PAMP) with alpha1 electrophoretic mobility and an estimated molecular weight of 140,000  was present in serum from pregnant and sexually mature non-pregnant females, but could not be detected in the serum of males. During pregnancy the serum concentration of alpha1-PAMP rose to a maximum in mid-pregnancy followed by a decline to preconception levels before parturition; the protein was also present in fetal and neonatal serum and in amniotic fluid at low concentrations.", "PMID": 722672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9401", "title": "Testicular and epididymal sperm reserves of crossbred European boars raised and maintained in the humid tropics.", "content": "The testicular and epididymal sperm reserves of 32 adult crossbred European boars (mean age 17.4 months, range 15--21 months) raised and maintained in Ibadan, Nigeria were 43.77 x 10(9) and 207.20 x 10(9) cells respectively, and were correlated (P less than 0.01) with age and organ weight. The distribution of spermatozoa in the epididymis was 16, 6 and 78% in the caput, corpus and cauda epididymidis respectively. The testicular and epididymal sperm reserves were correlated (P less than 0.05), suggesting that sperm production and storage are associated. All the values studied were comparable with those reported for boars kept in temperate climates.", "contents": "Testicular and epididymal sperm reserves of crossbred European boars raised and maintained in the humid tropics. The testicular and epididymal sperm reserves of 32 adult crossbred European boars (mean age 17.4 months, range 15--21 months) raised and maintained in Ibadan, Nigeria were 43.77 x 10(9) and 207.20 x 10(9) cells respectively, and were correlated (P less than 0.01) with age and organ weight. The distribution of spermatozoa in the epididymis was 16, 6 and 78% in the caput, corpus and cauda epididymidis respectively. The testicular and epididymal sperm reserves were correlated (P less than 0.05), suggesting that sperm production and storage are associated. All the values studied were comparable with those reported for boars kept in temperate climates.", "PMID": 722673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9402", "title": "The importance of prostaglandin synthesis for the initiation of blastocyst implantation in the hamster.", "content": "In hamsters, localized areas of increased uptake of Evans Blue dye, representing the first uterine sign of blastocyst implantation, had an increase concentration of PGE and their appearance on Day 4 was prevented by treatment with indomethacin, an inhibitor of PG synthesis. Indomethacin treatment did not terminate pregnancy: the proportion of animals pregnant on Days 5, 7, 10 and 16 was not affected, although fetal mortality was slightly greater in these animals. Indomethacin treatment caused a decrease in the weights of Evans Blue sites on Day 5 and implantation swellings on Day 10, and the duration of gestation was slightly increased, indicating that implantation had been delayed. This delay did not result from changes of circulating progesterone levels or uterine blood supply. The PG synthesis inhibitors, indomethacin and meclofenamic acid reduced uterine PG concentrations and prevented the appearance of Evans Blue sites in ovariectomized pregnant hamsters treated with progesterone. It is suggested that PGs may be mediators in the uterine Evans Blue response which precedes implantation in the hamster.", "contents": "The importance of prostaglandin synthesis for the initiation of blastocyst implantation in the hamster. In hamsters, localized areas of increased uptake of Evans Blue dye, representing the first uterine sign of blastocyst implantation, had an increase concentration of PGE and their appearance on Day 4 was prevented by treatment with indomethacin, an inhibitor of PG synthesis. Indomethacin treatment did not terminate pregnancy: the proportion of animals pregnant on Days 5, 7, 10 and 16 was not affected, although fetal mortality was slightly greater in these animals. Indomethacin treatment caused a decrease in the weights of Evans Blue sites on Day 5 and implantation swellings on Day 10, and the duration of gestation was slightly increased, indicating that implantation had been delayed. This delay did not result from changes of circulating progesterone levels or uterine blood supply. The PG synthesis inhibitors, indomethacin and meclofenamic acid reduced uterine PG concentrations and prevented the appearance of Evans Blue sites in ovariectomized pregnant hamsters treated with progesterone. It is suggested that PGs may be mediators in the uterine Evans Blue response which precedes implantation in the hamster.", "PMID": 722674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9403", "title": "Age-related differences in the response of the isolated testicular capsule of the rat to norepinephrine, acetylcholine and prostaglandins.", "content": "The contractile response of the isolated testicular capsule to acetylcholine, norepinephrine and prostaglandins (A-2, E-1 and F-2alpha) was related to the age of the rat. Norepinephrine and PGA-2 caused an increased capsular response between 45 and 60 days of age, the time at which spermiogenesis begins. It is suggested that the activity of the testicular capsule is involved in the transport of non-motile spermatozoa from the testis and into the epididymis.", "contents": "Age-related differences in the response of the isolated testicular capsule of the rat to norepinephrine, acetylcholine and prostaglandins. The contractile response of the isolated testicular capsule to acetylcholine, norepinephrine and prostaglandins (A-2, E-1 and F-2alpha) was related to the age of the rat. Norepinephrine and PGA-2 caused an increased capsular response between 45 and 60 days of age, the time at which spermiogenesis begins. It is suggested that the activity of the testicular capsule is involved in the transport of non-motile spermatozoa from the testis and into the epididymis.", "PMID": 722675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9404", "title": "Role of FSH in regulating granulosa cell division and follicular atresia in rats.", "content": "The effects of PMSG on the mitotic activity of granulosa cells and atresia of large folicles in 24-day-old rats were examined. The results showed that the labelling index (1) decreased in atretic follicles parallel with a loss of FSH binding, and (2) increased in hypophysectomized rats treated with FSH. It is concluded that FSH stimulates granulosa cell divisions and that atresia may be caused by reduced binding of FSH to the granulosa cells.", "contents": "Role of FSH in regulating granulosa cell division and follicular atresia in rats. The effects of PMSG on the mitotic activity of granulosa cells and atresia of large folicles in 24-day-old rats were examined. The results showed that the labelling index (1) decreased in atretic follicles parallel with a loss of FSH binding, and (2) increased in hypophysectomized rats treated with FSH. It is concluded that FSH stimulates granulosa cell divisions and that atresia may be caused by reduced binding of FSH to the granulosa cells.", "PMID": 722676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9405", "title": "Observations on the calving of free-ranging tame red deer (Cervus elaphus).", "content": "Calving was observed in 27 farmed red deer, most of which were calving for the first time. On average, parturition lasted 107 min and the placenta was released 98 min after calving. The postnatal development of 23 calves was watched. On average, the first sucking occurred 33 min after birth and the calves were able to stand 47 min after birth. There was wide variation in these times. Male first calves had a mean weight of 6.59 kg and females a mean weight of 6.00 kg, weighed dry after the first sucking. Out of 50 hinds put to the stag at 16 months of age, when their mean weight was 66 kg, 48 calved. None of 56 pregnant hinds, of which 50 were in their first pregnancies, died at calving time. Calf losses were 3 born dead and a further 6 which died soon after calving: these losses were 16.1% of pregnancies and 11.3% of calves born alive.", "contents": "Observations on the calving of free-ranging tame red deer (Cervus elaphus). Calving was observed in 27 farmed red deer, most of which were calving for the first time. On average, parturition lasted 107 min and the placenta was released 98 min after calving. The postnatal development of 23 calves was watched. On average, the first sucking occurred 33 min after birth and the calves were able to stand 47 min after birth. There was wide variation in these times. Male first calves had a mean weight of 6.59 kg and females a mean weight of 6.00 kg, weighed dry after the first sucking. Out of 50 hinds put to the stag at 16 months of age, when their mean weight was 66 kg, 48 calved. None of 56 pregnant hinds, of which 50 were in their first pregnancies, died at calving time. Calf losses were 3 born dead and a further 6 which died soon after calving: these losses were 16.1% of pregnancies and 11.3% of calves born alive.", "PMID": 722677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9406", "title": "Plasma FSH, LH and testosterone levels in the male rat during degeneration of the germinal epithelium caused by severe heat treatment or ligation of the vasa efferentia.", "content": "Rats were treated by exposure of the scrotum to a temperature of 43 degrees C for 30 min or bilateral ligation of the vasa efferentia and bled at 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after treatment. In heat-treated rats FSH levels rose linearly from pretreatment levels while those in efferenticectomized animals remained unchanged for 3 days before increasing. In both groups FSH concentrations reached similar maximum values after 7 days and were significantly higher than those of intact controls at 7, 14 and 21 days. LH levels, although not generally different from those in the controls, rose from pretreatment levels in parallel with FSH. No differences were found in testosterone concentrations in any of the groups. Histological examination at 3 weeks after treatment confirmed that the germinal epithelium consisted mainly of spermatogonia and Sertoli cells. The cytoolgical appearance and lipid content of the Leydig cells of the aspermatogenic testes were indistinguishable from those of the controls and the weight and histological appearance of the accessory sex organs and the fructose content of the coagulating glands were also normal. It is concluded that the sterilizing effects of heat treatment and efferentiectomy are independent of changes in Leydig cell function and that the increase in gonadotrophin levels is related to the germ cell degeneration.", "contents": "Plasma FSH, LH and testosterone levels in the male rat during degeneration of the germinal epithelium caused by severe heat treatment or ligation of the vasa efferentia. Rats were treated by exposure of the scrotum to a temperature of 43 degrees C for 30 min or bilateral ligation of the vasa efferentia and bled at 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after treatment. In heat-treated rats FSH levels rose linearly from pretreatment levels while those in efferenticectomized animals remained unchanged for 3 days before increasing. In both groups FSH concentrations reached similar maximum values after 7 days and were significantly higher than those of intact controls at 7, 14 and 21 days. LH levels, although not generally different from those in the controls, rose from pretreatment levels in parallel with FSH. No differences were found in testosterone concentrations in any of the groups. Histological examination at 3 weeks after treatment confirmed that the germinal epithelium consisted mainly of spermatogonia and Sertoli cells. The cytoolgical appearance and lipid content of the Leydig cells of the aspermatogenic testes were indistinguishable from those of the controls and the weight and histological appearance of the accessory sex organs and the fructose content of the coagulating glands were also normal. It is concluded that the sterilizing effects of heat treatment and efferentiectomy are independent of changes in Leydig cell function and that the increase in gonadotrophin levels is related to the germ cell degeneration.", "PMID": 722678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9407", "title": "Activity and subcellular distribution of mouse uterine alkaline phosphatase during pregnancy and pseudopregnancy.", "content": "The biochemical assay of alkaline phosphatase in the uterus of mice revealed a 13-fold increase in the activity of the enzyme during the peri-implantation period with a relatively short-lived maximum being reached on Day 7 of pregnancy. A similar increase in the activity of the enzyme occurred between Days 5 and 7 of pseudopregnancy in uterine horns of mice receiving a deciduoma-inducing stimulus on Day 4. The presence of factors in uterine homogenates which could possibly modify the activity of the enzyme could not be detected. Low and unaltered levels of alkaline phosphatase activity were found in the blood serum of mice between Days 1 and 10 of pregnancy, suggesting that no appreciable entry of the uterine enzyme into the circulation occurs in this species. Alkaline phosphatase activity in the uterine homogenates was associated with particulate fractions sedimented during centrifucation at at 500, 10,000 and 105,000 g, and only about 29% of the activity was associated with the cytosol fraction. The subcellular distribution of the enzyme activity was the same in decidualized and non-decidualized horns. The association of the enzyme with the particulate material in uterine cells was considered to involve lipoprotein membranes because treatment of homogenates with 0.2% (v/v) Triton X-100 solubilized the enzyme without affecting its catalytic activity.", "contents": "Activity and subcellular distribution of mouse uterine alkaline phosphatase during pregnancy and pseudopregnancy. The biochemical assay of alkaline phosphatase in the uterus of mice revealed a 13-fold increase in the activity of the enzyme during the peri-implantation period with a relatively short-lived maximum being reached on Day 7 of pregnancy. A similar increase in the activity of the enzyme occurred between Days 5 and 7 of pseudopregnancy in uterine horns of mice receiving a deciduoma-inducing stimulus on Day 4. The presence of factors in uterine homogenates which could possibly modify the activity of the enzyme could not be detected. Low and unaltered levels of alkaline phosphatase activity were found in the blood serum of mice between Days 1 and 10 of pregnancy, suggesting that no appreciable entry of the uterine enzyme into the circulation occurs in this species. Alkaline phosphatase activity in the uterine homogenates was associated with particulate fractions sedimented during centrifucation at at 500, 10,000 and 105,000 g, and only about 29% of the activity was associated with the cytosol fraction. The subcellular distribution of the enzyme activity was the same in decidualized and non-decidualized horns. The association of the enzyme with the particulate material in uterine cells was considered to involve lipoprotein membranes because treatment of homogenates with 0.2% (v/v) Triton X-100 solubilized the enzyme without affecting its catalytic activity.", "PMID": 722679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9408", "title": "Maternal and embryonic gene effects on placental weight in mice.", "content": "Placental weight was measured on Days 12 and 18 of pregnancy in a population of mice consisting of two inbred strains and their derived generations. Maternal and embryonic genotypes influenced placental weight, the maternal genotypic effects changing with the stage of pregnancy. Effects of specific maternal and embryonic genotypes are discussed in terms of possible influence on the growth of maternally and embryonically derived placental tissues throughout pregnancy. Genotype-dependent differences in placental weight could not be accounted for simply by the presence or absence of H-2 antigenic differences between mothers and embryos. On Day 18 male embryos had heavier placentae than female embryos. The correlation between embryonic weight and placental weight declined in some mating groups from 12 to 18 days, suggesting differential placental weight loss late in pregnancy.", "contents": "Maternal and embryonic gene effects on placental weight in mice. Placental weight was measured on Days 12 and 18 of pregnancy in a population of mice consisting of two inbred strains and their derived generations. Maternal and embryonic genotypes influenced placental weight, the maternal genotypic effects changing with the stage of pregnancy. Effects of specific maternal and embryonic genotypes are discussed in terms of possible influence on the growth of maternally and embryonically derived placental tissues throughout pregnancy. Genotype-dependent differences in placental weight could not be accounted for simply by the presence or absence of H-2 antigenic differences between mothers and embryos. On Day 18 male embryos had heavier placentae than female embryos. The correlation between embryonic weight and placental weight declined in some mating groups from 12 to 18 days, suggesting differential placental weight loss late in pregnancy.", "PMID": 722680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9409", "title": "Ovulatory response of hypophysectomized hamsters to deferred injection of LH.", "content": "Follicles failed to respond to the ovulating hormone stimulus (5 or 25 microgram LH) when this was given 8 h after hypophysectomy. Shorter delays resulted in full or partial (less than 6 ova) ovulation.", "contents": "Ovulatory response of hypophysectomized hamsters to deferred injection of LH. Follicles failed to respond to the ovulating hormone stimulus (5 or 25 microgram LH) when this was given 8 h after hypophysectomy. Shorter delays resulted in full or partial (less than 6 ova) ovulation.", "PMID": 722681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9410", "title": "The effects of ingested petroleum on oviposition and some aspects of reproduction in experimental colonies of mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos).", "content": "Compared to unmated mallard ducks fed an uncontaminated diet, unmated birds given food contaminated with 3 ml South Louisiana crude oil per 100 g dry weight showed an 84% decline in the daily rate of oviposition, a 33% decrease in egg-shell thickness and at autopsy more than 82% of the ovarian mass consisted of atretic follicles. Similar studies on groups of mated females showed that although the addition of 1 ml South Louisiana crude oil/100 g dry food had no effect on the daily rate of oviposition, none of the eggs had been fertilized while a concentration of 3 ml South Louisiana crude oil/100 g dry food suppressed the daily rate of oviposition significantly. Less than 25% of these eggs had been fertilized and only 40% of the fertilized eggs yielded viable ducklings. In both of these groups of mated birds, normal patterns of oviposition, fertilization and hatchability were restored after removal of petroleum from the diet. The addition of 1 ml Kuwait crude oil/100 g dry food had no effect on the rate of oviposition, the incidence of fertility or the hatchability of the fertilized eggs. The addition of 3 ml oil/100 g dry food completely abolished oviposition, but a normal rate of oviposition was restored when the concentration of the crude oil was reduced from 3 to 1 ml/100 g dry food. However, the incidence of fertilization remained low and none of the fertilized eggs gave rise to viable ducklings. Kuwait crude oil had no effect on shell thickness.", "contents": "The effects of ingested petroleum on oviposition and some aspects of reproduction in experimental colonies of mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Compared to unmated mallard ducks fed an uncontaminated diet, unmated birds given food contaminated with 3 ml South Louisiana crude oil per 100 g dry weight showed an 84% decline in the daily rate of oviposition, a 33% decrease in egg-shell thickness and at autopsy more than 82% of the ovarian mass consisted of atretic follicles. Similar studies on groups of mated females showed that although the addition of 1 ml South Louisiana crude oil/100 g dry food had no effect on the daily rate of oviposition, none of the eggs had been fertilized while a concentration of 3 ml South Louisiana crude oil/100 g dry food suppressed the daily rate of oviposition significantly. Less than 25% of these eggs had been fertilized and only 40% of the fertilized eggs yielded viable ducklings. In both of these groups of mated birds, normal patterns of oviposition, fertilization and hatchability were restored after removal of petroleum from the diet. The addition of 1 ml Kuwait crude oil/100 g dry food had no effect on the rate of oviposition, the incidence of fertility or the hatchability of the fertilized eggs. The addition of 3 ml oil/100 g dry food completely abolished oviposition, but a normal rate of oviposition was restored when the concentration of the crude oil was reduced from 3 to 1 ml/100 g dry food. However, the incidence of fertilization remained low and none of the fertilized eggs gave rise to viable ducklings. Kuwait crude oil had no effect on shell thickness.", "PMID": 722682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9411", "title": "Uterine blood flow and prostaglandin levels in ovariectomized rabbits.", "content": "Blood flow (measured by radioactive microspheres) through the uteri of ovariectomized rabbits increased significantly by 2 h, was lower at 4 and 8 h, and returned to control values by 24 h after an injection of 25 microgram oestradiol-17beta. Blood flow through the kidneys was not affected. Concentrations of PGF and PGE in uterine vein blood were elevated after oestrogen treatment. PGF values were significantly greater than control. PGE concentrations, while elevated, were not significantly different from control, although the pattern of release was similar to that of PGF. Pretreatment of animals with progesterone or L11204, or concurrent treatment with indomethacin did not modify the blood flow through the uterus. It is concluded that the increased uterine blood flow seen after oestrogen treatment is not related to prostaglandin production.", "contents": "Uterine blood flow and prostaglandin levels in ovariectomized rabbits. Blood flow (measured by radioactive microspheres) through the uteri of ovariectomized rabbits increased significantly by 2 h, was lower at 4 and 8 h, and returned to control values by 24 h after an injection of 25 microgram oestradiol-17beta. Blood flow through the kidneys was not affected. Concentrations of PGF and PGE in uterine vein blood were elevated after oestrogen treatment. PGF values were significantly greater than control. PGE concentrations, while elevated, were not significantly different from control, although the pattern of release was similar to that of PGF. Pretreatment of animals with progesterone or L11204, or concurrent treatment with indomethacin did not modify the blood flow through the uterus. It is concluded that the increased uterine blood flow seen after oestrogen treatment is not related to prostaglandin production.", "PMID": 722683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9412", "title": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in somatic and germinal cells of the mouse testis.", "content": "The activity of G6PD was examined by spectrophotometric and electrophoretic assays in cell fractions from the testes of mice at different ages (5-62 days). (1) The G6PD activity of the cells of the seminiferous tubule was as high or higher than that of the interstitial tissue. (2) The high G6PD activity of the testis of the immature mouse was mainly due to a high specific activity of the Sertoli cells which declined with age. (3) The G6PD activity was more easily lost during culture from the germinal cells than from the interstitial or Sertoli cells. (4) All the cell types of the testis contained G6PD and hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The functional significance of the high G6PD activity in the Sertoli cells of immature mice is not at present understood.", "contents": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in somatic and germinal cells of the mouse testis. The activity of G6PD was examined by spectrophotometric and electrophoretic assays in cell fractions from the testes of mice at different ages (5-62 days). (1) The G6PD activity of the cells of the seminiferous tubule was as high or higher than that of the interstitial tissue. (2) The high G6PD activity of the testis of the immature mouse was mainly due to a high specific activity of the Sertoli cells which declined with age. (3) The G6PD activity was more easily lost during culture from the germinal cells than from the interstitial or Sertoli cells. (4) All the cell types of the testis contained G6PD and hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The functional significance of the high G6PD activity in the Sertoli cells of immature mice is not at present understood.", "PMID": 722684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9413", "title": "The effect of passive immunization against oestrogens on the onset of parturition in the ewe.", "content": "Six ewes were treated twice daily with intravenous injections of antiserum to oestrogens and 3 ewes received normal sheep serum from Day 140 of gestation until parturition. All 9 ewes experienced normal parturitions and produced healthy active lambs after similar gestation lengths. Progesterone and prostaglandin F concentrations in maternal jugular venous plasma were similar in the immunized and control ewes, but total unconjugated oestrogen concentrations were significantly higher in the immunized ewes (P less than 0.005). It is concluded that immunization of the ewe against total unconjugated oestrogens did not affect the normal occurrence of parturition.", "contents": "The effect of passive immunization against oestrogens on the onset of parturition in the ewe. Six ewes were treated twice daily with intravenous injections of antiserum to oestrogens and 3 ewes received normal sheep serum from Day 140 of gestation until parturition. All 9 ewes experienced normal parturitions and produced healthy active lambs after similar gestation lengths. Progesterone and prostaglandin F concentrations in maternal jugular venous plasma were similar in the immunized and control ewes, but total unconjugated oestrogen concentrations were significantly higher in the immunized ewes (P less than 0.005). It is concluded that immunization of the ewe against total unconjugated oestrogens did not affect the normal occurrence of parturition.", "PMID": 722685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9414", "title": "Embryonic stimulation of ovine and bovine corpora lutea.", "content": "Preimplantation embryos, recovered from sheep on Days 13-15 of pregnancy, were incubated with luteal tissue from cyclic ewes. Extracts of ovine embryos were incubated with luteal tissue from cyclic Holstein cows. Embryos and embryo extracts significantly increased progesterone production by ovine and bovine luteal tissue in vitro. The embryos themselves did not produce measurable amounts of progesterone. We suggest that the ovine preimplantation embryo produces a substance with luteotrophic properties which contributes to the maintenance of early pregnancy.", "contents": "Embryonic stimulation of ovine and bovine corpora lutea. Preimplantation embryos, recovered from sheep on Days 13-15 of pregnancy, were incubated with luteal tissue from cyclic ewes. Extracts of ovine embryos were incubated with luteal tissue from cyclic Holstein cows. Embryos and embryo extracts significantly increased progesterone production by ovine and bovine luteal tissue in vitro. The embryos themselves did not produce measurable amounts of progesterone. We suggest that the ovine preimplantation embryo produces a substance with luteotrophic properties which contributes to the maintenance of early pregnancy.", "PMID": 722686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9415", "title": "Effects of medium composition and progesterone on maturation in vitro of rabbit oocytes from Graafian follicles of different sizes.", "content": "Rabbit oocytes from large (1-1.5 mm diam.), medium (0.5 mm) and small (0.15-0.25 mm) antral follicles were cultured in five chemically defined media. In all media, oocytes from large antral follicles showed the highest incidence of meiotic activity followed by those from follicles of medium size. Most oocytes from small follicles did not resume meiosis in culture. The addition of glutamine to a standard medium for ovum culture significantly improved maturation of oocytes from medium-sized follicles but did not affect those from large or small follicles. When polyvinylpyrrolidone was substituted for bovine serum albumin, maturation of oocytes from large and medium-sized follicles was reduced. Progesterone at a concentration of 10 micrometer did not affect maturation, but 100 micrometer-progesterone blocked germinal vesicle breakdown in oocytes from medium-sized follicles and reduced both germinal vesicle breakdown and polar body formation in oocytes from large follicles. This effect was reversible.", "contents": "Effects of medium composition and progesterone on maturation in vitro of rabbit oocytes from Graafian follicles of different sizes. Rabbit oocytes from large (1-1.5 mm diam.), medium (0.5 mm) and small (0.15-0.25 mm) antral follicles were cultured in five chemically defined media. In all media, oocytes from large antral follicles showed the highest incidence of meiotic activity followed by those from follicles of medium size. Most oocytes from small follicles did not resume meiosis in culture. The addition of glutamine to a standard medium for ovum culture significantly improved maturation of oocytes from medium-sized follicles but did not affect those from large or small follicles. When polyvinylpyrrolidone was substituted for bovine serum albumin, maturation of oocytes from large and medium-sized follicles was reduced. Progesterone at a concentration of 10 micrometer did not affect maturation, but 100 micrometer-progesterone blocked germinal vesicle breakdown in oocytes from medium-sized follicles and reduced both germinal vesicle breakdown and polar body formation in oocytes from large follicles. This effect was reversible.", "PMID": 722687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9416", "title": "The effect of cold shock on mouse oocyte maturation in vitro.", "content": "Maintenance of mouse ovaries in ice-cold medium for 1, 2 or 4 h before removing the oocytes did not alter the incidence of spontaneous maturation or increase the number of oocytes degenerating, fragmenting or forming 2 equal blastomeres in culture.", "contents": "The effect of cold shock on mouse oocyte maturation in vitro. Maintenance of mouse ovaries in ice-cold medium for 1, 2 or 4 h before removing the oocytes did not alter the incidence of spontaneous maturation or increase the number of oocytes degenerating, fragmenting or forming 2 equal blastomeres in culture.", "PMID": 722688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9417", "title": "The effects of glycerol on the metabolism and ultrastructure of boar spermatozoa.", "content": "Cooling diluted boar semen to 5 degrees C and the addition of glycerol at 20 degrees C and 5 degrees C all depressed the subsequent metabolism of glucose, but had no effect on total oxygen uptake or lactate production. Ultrastructural studies showed that although glycerol had no effect on middle-piece cytology, it increased the incidence of acrosomal vesiculation at 5 degrees C. It is concluded that acrosomal vesiculation does not affect the metabolism of spermatozoa and it is suggested that the reported detrimental effect of glycerol on the fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa is related to its membrane activity.", "contents": "The effects of glycerol on the metabolism and ultrastructure of boar spermatozoa. Cooling diluted boar semen to 5 degrees C and the addition of glycerol at 20 degrees C and 5 degrees C all depressed the subsequent metabolism of glucose, but had no effect on total oxygen uptake or lactate production. Ultrastructural studies showed that although glycerol had no effect on middle-piece cytology, it increased the incidence of acrosomal vesiculation at 5 degrees C. It is concluded that acrosomal vesiculation does not affect the metabolism of spermatozoa and it is suggested that the reported detrimental effect of glycerol on the fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa is related to its membrane activity.", "PMID": 722689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9418", "title": "The protective action of glycols against freezing damage of mouse and rat embryos.", "content": "Eight-cell mouse and rat embryos were frozen to -79 degrees C or -196 degrees C in the presence of ethylene, diethylene, triethylene, propylene or polyethylene glycol. Ethylene glycol was the most effective cryoprotectant for mouse and rat embryos and considerable protection against damage during freezing and thawing was also afforded by propylene glycol. The degree of protection given by the other glycols was relatively low. Mouse embryos survived freezing after only 0.1 min exposure to ethylene glycol at 0 degrees C but exposure for longer periods was necessary with the other glycols. Mouse embryos that survived freezing and thawing with a glycol as the protective agent were capable of developing to full-term fetuses.", "contents": "The protective action of glycols against freezing damage of mouse and rat embryos. Eight-cell mouse and rat embryos were frozen to -79 degrees C or -196 degrees C in the presence of ethylene, diethylene, triethylene, propylene or polyethylene glycol. Ethylene glycol was the most effective cryoprotectant for mouse and rat embryos and considerable protection against damage during freezing and thawing was also afforded by propylene glycol. The degree of protection given by the other glycols was relatively low. Mouse embryos survived freezing after only 0.1 min exposure to ethylene glycol at 0 degrees C but exposure for longer periods was necessary with the other glycols. Mouse embryos that survived freezing and thawing with a glycol as the protective agent were capable of developing to full-term fetuses.", "PMID": 722690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9419", "title": "The expression of surface antigens on three trophoblastic tissues in the mouse.", "content": "The expression of paternal and maternal antigens on three types of mouse trophoblast cultured in vitro has been examined with the mixed haemadsorption test. Primary trophoblastic giant cells outgrown from blastocysts and placental trophoblast from 16-day pregnancies expressed antigens of both sources at all stages in culture. Secondary trophoblastic giant cells outgrown from the tip of 8-day ectoplacental cones did not give a positive reaction until they had outgrown for 3-5 days. Microdensitometry after Feulgen staining showed that the cells which gave a positive mixed haemadsorption response were polyploid. Incubation of blastocysts and ectoplacental cone tissue with progesterone, oestradiol-17beta and hCG did not affect the results.", "contents": "The expression of surface antigens on three trophoblastic tissues in the mouse. The expression of paternal and maternal antigens on three types of mouse trophoblast cultured in vitro has been examined with the mixed haemadsorption test. Primary trophoblastic giant cells outgrown from blastocysts and placental trophoblast from 16-day pregnancies expressed antigens of both sources at all stages in culture. Secondary trophoblastic giant cells outgrown from the tip of 8-day ectoplacental cones did not give a positive reaction until they had outgrown for 3-5 days. Microdensitometry after Feulgen staining showed that the cells which gave a positive mixed haemadsorption response were polyploid. Incubation of blastocysts and ectoplacental cone tissue with progesterone, oestradiol-17beta and hCG did not affect the results.", "PMID": 722691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9420", "title": "Milk progesterone levels in relation to conception, repeat breeding and factors influencing acyclicity in dairy cows.", "content": "Milk samples were collected twice weekly from 535 dairy cows between parturition and the re-establishment of pregnancy to monitor ovarian activity by measurement of milk progesterone levels by radioimmunoassay. The mean progesterone levels after fertile and non-fertile first inseminations were similar from 21 days before until 13 days after insemination, those in non-pregnant animals declined while those in pregnant animals continued to rise until Day 22. Progesterone profiles of 47 repeat breeder cows (i.e. receiving greater than 3 inseminations) demonstrated that a variety of patterns was associated with the poor conception rate. A study of the post-partum interval showed that cows resumed cycles by 24 +/- 0.6 days after calving; the length of this interval varied significantly with the season of calving and non-significantly with the lactation number (i.e. age) of the cow, but was not related to yield. Of the 535 cows studied, 5.2% had not started to cycle within 50 days of calving and a further 5.2% resumed cycles which subsequently ceased. The progesterone profiles of acyclic cows indicated that after treatment with 0.5 mg LH-RH or a progesterone-releasing intravaginal device (PRID) for 14 days 75% of animals apparently ovulated but the calving to conception interval was not significantly altered compared with that of untreated control cows.", "contents": "Milk progesterone levels in relation to conception, repeat breeding and factors influencing acyclicity in dairy cows. Milk samples were collected twice weekly from 535 dairy cows between parturition and the re-establishment of pregnancy to monitor ovarian activity by measurement of milk progesterone levels by radioimmunoassay. The mean progesterone levels after fertile and non-fertile first inseminations were similar from 21 days before until 13 days after insemination, those in non-pregnant animals declined while those in pregnant animals continued to rise until Day 22. Progesterone profiles of 47 repeat breeder cows (i.e. receiving greater than 3 inseminations) demonstrated that a variety of patterns was associated with the poor conception rate. A study of the post-partum interval showed that cows resumed cycles by 24 +/- 0.6 days after calving; the length of this interval varied significantly with the season of calving and non-significantly with the lactation number (i.e. age) of the cow, but was not related to yield. Of the 535 cows studied, 5.2% had not started to cycle within 50 days of calving and a further 5.2% resumed cycles which subsequently ceased. The progesterone profiles of acyclic cows indicated that after treatment with 0.5 mg LH-RH or a progesterone-releasing intravaginal device (PRID) for 14 days 75% of animals apparently ovulated but the calving to conception interval was not significantly altered compared with that of untreated control cows.", "PMID": 722692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9421", "title": "The effect of exogenous intrauterine progesterone on the amount and prostaglandin F2alpha content of menstrual blood in dysmenorrheic women.", "content": "Women with complaints of moderate or severe dysmenorrhea received intrauterine progesterone contraceptive system (16 patients) or placebo systems releasing no hormone (8 patients). Tampons were collected during the period prior to insertion and from 11 and 6 women, respectively, in the two groups at the second and fourth postinsertion periods. Prostaglandins in menstrual blood were extracted, and the amount and concentration of PGF2alpha analyzed for each patient. The menstrual blood loss (MBL) was determined by the method of Hallberg and Nilsson. The total PGF2alpha content was significantly lower in the group using progesterone systems than in the placebo group at collections 2 and 4 and was well below the preinsertion level; in placebo users the content tended to be slightly higher than it had been before insertion. The MBL increased approximately 60% above preinsertion levels in five of the six women using placebo units and decreased approximately 40% in 10 of 11 women with progesterone systems. Of the eight women in the progesterone group who had reported severe dysmenorrhea prior to insertion, seven reported an improvement; three of six in the placebo group reported a lower degree of improvement. These findings suggest that the decreased biosynthesis of PGF2alpha is a concomitant of intrauterine progesterone administration and may be a basis for the ability of the Progestasert system to diminish menstrual pain.", "contents": "The effect of exogenous intrauterine progesterone on the amount and prostaglandin F2alpha content of menstrual blood in dysmenorrheic women. Women with complaints of moderate or severe dysmenorrhea received intrauterine progesterone contraceptive system (16 patients) or placebo systems releasing no hormone (8 patients). Tampons were collected during the period prior to insertion and from 11 and 6 women, respectively, in the two groups at the second and fourth postinsertion periods. Prostaglandins in menstrual blood were extracted, and the amount and concentration of PGF2alpha analyzed for each patient. The menstrual blood loss (MBL) was determined by the method of Hallberg and Nilsson. The total PGF2alpha content was significantly lower in the group using progesterone systems than in the placebo group at collections 2 and 4 and was well below the preinsertion level; in placebo users the content tended to be slightly higher than it had been before insertion. The MBL increased approximately 60% above preinsertion levels in five of the six women using placebo units and decreased approximately 40% in 10 of 11 women with progesterone systems. Of the eight women in the progesterone group who had reported severe dysmenorrhea prior to insertion, seven reported an improvement; three of six in the placebo group reported a lower degree of improvement. These findings suggest that the decreased biosynthesis of PGF2alpha is a concomitant of intrauterine progesterone administration and may be a basis for the ability of the Progestasert system to diminish menstrual pain.", "PMID": 722696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9422", "title": "Suction curettage of the endometrium in an ambulatory patient.", "content": "A review is presented of patients in whom suction curettage of the endometrium was performed as an office procedure. A total of 978 curettages were performed on 943 patients. In 14 patients (1.1%) the procedure was not completed primarily because of marked cervical stenosis. Fifteen cases of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium and 28 cases of adenomatous hyperplasia and atypical adenomatous hyperplasia of the endometrium were diagnosed. The suction curettage was demonstrated to be a simple, safe, efficient and cost-saving alternative to a hospital D&C.", "contents": "Suction curettage of the endometrium in an ambulatory patient. A review is presented of patients in whom suction curettage of the endometrium was performed as an office procedure. A total of 978 curettages were performed on 943 patients. In 14 patients (1.1%) the procedure was not completed primarily because of marked cervical stenosis. Fifteen cases of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium and 28 cases of adenomatous hyperplasia and atypical adenomatous hyperplasia of the endometrium were diagnosed. The suction curettage was demonstrated to be a simple, safe, efficient and cost-saving alternative to a hospital D&C.", "PMID": 722697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9423", "title": "Monitoring care in abortion clinics.", "content": "Medical directors of clinics must monitor three aspects of service to ensure high-quality care in abortion clinics: (1) physician training and selection, (2) patient selection, and (3) abortion outcome monitoring as a means of providing an ongoing audit of clinic performance standards. Methods and criteria for monitoring and evaluating these parameters are discussed, and the importance of such monitoring is emphasized.", "contents": "Monitoring care in abortion clinics. Medical directors of clinics must monitor three aspects of service to ensure high-quality care in abortion clinics: (1) physician training and selection, (2) patient selection, and (3) abortion outcome monitoring as a means of providing an ongoing audit of clinic performance standards. Methods and criteria for monitoring and evaluating these parameters are discussed, and the importance of such monitoring is emphasized.", "PMID": 722698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9424", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.", "content": "Amniocentesis provides the prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities and many biochemical disorders. Many of the biochemical assays are not routinely performed in many institutions. Those institutions utilizing autoradiographic studies routinely can make a diagnosis of biochemical disorders satisfactorily by utilizing a combination of bank cells, amniotic fluid cells and autoradiographic techniques. An example is given of this technique used in a patient with a family history of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Amniocentesis provides the prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities and many biochemical disorders. Many of the biochemical assays are not routinely performed in many institutions. Those institutions utilizing autoradiographic studies routinely can make a diagnosis of biochemical disorders satisfactorily by utilizing a combination of bank cells, amniotic fluid cells and autoradiographic techniques. An example is given of this technique used in a patient with a family history of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.", "PMID": 722699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9425", "title": "The psychiatric abortion consultation.", "content": "The role of the psychiatric consultant has changed with the recent liberal \"on demand\" abortion legislation. This paper emphasizes factors relevant to the psychiatric consultant in the evaluation of the adolescent patient, the retarded patient and the patient with psychiatric illness. In addition, a survey of the literature is made to identify the patient who is at high risk of developing postabortion psychiatric complications. The authors conclude that postabortion complications are infrequent and that there are no absolute psychiatric contraindications to elective abortion.", "contents": "The psychiatric abortion consultation. The role of the psychiatric consultant has changed with the recent liberal \"on demand\" abortion legislation. This paper emphasizes factors relevant to the psychiatric consultant in the evaluation of the adolescent patient, the retarded patient and the patient with psychiatric illness. In addition, a survey of the literature is made to identify the patient who is at high risk of developing postabortion psychiatric complications. The authors conclude that postabortion complications are infrequent and that there are no absolute psychiatric contraindications to elective abortion.", "PMID": 722700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9426", "title": "Forceps operations in perspective. II. Failed operations.", "content": "Eighteen recent cases of failed forceps operations are reviewed. Although no maternal or fetal deaths occurred, low Apgar scores were found in more than half of those patients considered at significant risk with the use of the Perinatal Morbidity Index (PMI) and Maternal Morbidity Index (MMI) developed at our institution. Among low-risk patients more favorable results were found. Whenever difficulty in a forceps delivery is encountered because of misjudgement of pelvic capacity or fetal size, further attempts at vaginal delivery should cease and a cesarean section should be performed. This procedure will most likely lead to a favorable outcome for mother and child. A patient already at significant risk should, under ordinary circumstances, not be considered a candidate for a forceps trial. If the trial is successful, the infant has a nearly 50% chance of unfavorable outcome; if it is unsuccessful, the chance of an unfavorable outcome is 64%.", "contents": "Forceps operations in perspective. II. Failed operations. Eighteen recent cases of failed forceps operations are reviewed. Although no maternal or fetal deaths occurred, low Apgar scores were found in more than half of those patients considered at significant risk with the use of the Perinatal Morbidity Index (PMI) and Maternal Morbidity Index (MMI) developed at our institution. Among low-risk patients more favorable results were found. Whenever difficulty in a forceps delivery is encountered because of misjudgement of pelvic capacity or fetal size, further attempts at vaginal delivery should cease and a cesarean section should be performed. This procedure will most likely lead to a favorable outcome for mother and child. A patient already at significant risk should, under ordinary circumstances, not be considered a candidate for a forceps trial. If the trial is successful, the infant has a nearly 50% chance of unfavorable outcome; if it is unsuccessful, the chance of an unfavorable outcome is 64%.", "PMID": 722701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9427", "title": "Treatment of benign breast disease with danazol: a follow-up report.", "content": "One hundred thirty-five women with benign breast disease (BBD) were treated with danazol, an impeded androgen. Their ages ranged from 19 to 60 years (mean age, 30). The dose varied from 100 to 800 mg per day for 90 to 180 days, depending upon the severity of the disorder. Overall relief of pain was observed in 97% and of tenderness in 90.5%. There was complete or marked improvement of nodosities in 73%. Seventy-eight patients were followed every six months for two to four years. The recurrent symptoms were pain in 6%, tenderness in 6% and nodosities in 10%. Incidentally, we found that 29.3% of infertile women with BBD conceived within 24 months after cessation of a course of therapy. The side effects, when present, were trivial.", "contents": "Treatment of benign breast disease with danazol: a follow-up report. One hundred thirty-five women with benign breast disease (BBD) were treated with danazol, an impeded androgen. Their ages ranged from 19 to 60 years (mean age, 30). The dose varied from 100 to 800 mg per day for 90 to 180 days, depending upon the severity of the disorder. Overall relief of pain was observed in 97% and of tenderness in 90.5%. There was complete or marked improvement of nodosities in 73%. Seventy-eight patients were followed every six months for two to four years. The recurrent symptoms were pain in 6%, tenderness in 6% and nodosities in 10%. Incidentally, we found that 29.3% of infertile women with BBD conceived within 24 months after cessation of a course of therapy. The side effects, when present, were trivial.", "PMID": 722702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9428", "title": "Rupture of a gravid bicornuate uterus in a primigravida associated with clostridial and bacteroides infection.", "content": "The case is presented of a primigravid patient with spontaneous rupture of a bicornuate uterus associated with significant anaerobic infection. Thinning of the myometrium at the site of the rupture was noted in the pathologic specimen. The anaerobic infection, primarily contained in the intact amniotic sac, resolved with total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, pelvic drainage and antibiotic therapy.", "contents": "Rupture of a gravid bicornuate uterus in a primigravida associated with clostridial and bacteroides infection. The case is presented of a primigravid patient with spontaneous rupture of a bicornuate uterus associated with significant anaerobic infection. Thinning of the myometrium at the site of the rupture was noted in the pathologic specimen. The anaerobic infection, primarily contained in the intact amniotic sac, resolved with total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, pelvic drainage and antibiotic therapy.", "PMID": 722703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9429", "title": "Synthesis and biochemical evaluation of inhibitors of estrogen biosynthesis.", "content": "The synthesis and biochemical evaluation of various C19-steroidal derivatives as inhibitors of estrogen biosynthesis are described. Steroids with substitutions on the A or B ring were synthesized by Michael addition of various thiol reagents to appropriate dienone intermediates. An in vitro assay employing the microsomal fraction isolated from human term placenta was used to evaluate aromatase inhibitory properties. Agents exhibiting high inhibitory activity were further evaluated in inital velocity studies (low product formation) to determine apparent Ki values. Several 7alpha-substituted androst-4-ene-3,17-diones were effective competitive inhibitors and have apparent Ki values equal to or less than the apparent Km of 0.063 microM for the substrate androstenedione.", "contents": "Synthesis and biochemical evaluation of inhibitors of estrogen biosynthesis. The synthesis and biochemical evaluation of various C19-steroidal derivatives as inhibitors of estrogen biosynthesis are described. Steroids with substitutions on the A or B ring were synthesized by Michael addition of various thiol reagents to appropriate dienone intermediates. An in vitro assay employing the microsomal fraction isolated from human term placenta was used to evaluate aromatase inhibitory properties. Agents exhibiting high inhibitory activity were further evaluated in inital velocity studies (low product formation) to determine apparent Ki values. Several 7alpha-substituted androst-4-ene-3,17-diones were effective competitive inhibitors and have apparent Ki values equal to or less than the apparent Km of 0.063 microM for the substrate androstenedione.", "PMID": 722711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9430", "title": "Cholecystokinin (pancreozymin). 4. Synthesis and properties of a biologically active analogue of the C-terminal heptapeptide with epsilon-hydroxynorleucine sulfate replacing tyrosine sulfate.", "content": "The influence of tyrosine O-sulfate, the 27th residue in the sequence of cholecystokinin (pancreozymin) (CCK-PZ), on the contraction of gall bladder of guinea pigs and on the release of amylase in isolated pancreatic cells of the same animal was studied with an analogue of the biologically active C-terminal heptapeptide, CCK-PZ-(27--33). In the new analogue, tyrosine O-sulfate was replaced by epsilon-hydroxynorleucine O-sulfate. The synthetic peptide was found a full agonist in these tests, not quite as potent as the unaltered heptapeptide, but much more active than the previously prepared and studied serine O-sulfate containing analogue. Thus, the distance of the sulfate ester group from the peptide backbone has a major influence on the biological activity of CCK-PZ.", "contents": "Cholecystokinin (pancreozymin). 4. Synthesis and properties of a biologically active analogue of the C-terminal heptapeptide with epsilon-hydroxynorleucine sulfate replacing tyrosine sulfate. The influence of tyrosine O-sulfate, the 27th residue in the sequence of cholecystokinin (pancreozymin) (CCK-PZ), on the contraction of gall bladder of guinea pigs and on the release of amylase in isolated pancreatic cells of the same animal was studied with an analogue of the biologically active C-terminal heptapeptide, CCK-PZ-(27--33). In the new analogue, tyrosine O-sulfate was replaced by epsilon-hydroxynorleucine O-sulfate. The synthetic peptide was found a full agonist in these tests, not quite as potent as the unaltered heptapeptide, but much more active than the previously prepared and studied serine O-sulfate containing analogue. Thus, the distance of the sulfate ester group from the peptide backbone has a major influence on the biological activity of CCK-PZ.", "PMID": 722712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9431", "title": "A new warfarin metabolite: structure and function.", "content": "The metabolism of the clinically utilized, anticoagulant warfarin [4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one] by rat liver microsomes has been investigated. The structure of a new warfarin metabolite [4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenyl-1-butenyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one] (dehydrowarfarin) has been determined by mass spectral comparison with the chemically synthesized compound. The formation of dehydrowarfarin is catalyzed by cytochrome P-450 and is unusual in that the final product is effectively dehydrogenated warfarin.", "contents": "A new warfarin metabolite: structure and function. The metabolism of the clinically utilized, anticoagulant warfarin [4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one] by rat liver microsomes has been investigated. The structure of a new warfarin metabolite [4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenyl-1-butenyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one] (dehydrowarfarin) has been determined by mass spectral comparison with the chemically synthesized compound. The formation of dehydrowarfarin is catalyzed by cytochrome P-450 and is unusual in that the final product is effectively dehydrogenated warfarin.", "PMID": 722713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9432", "title": "Synthetic sulfur-containing amino acids. Inhibition of transport systems in S37 ascites tumor cells.", "content": "The preparation of a series of synthetic sulfur-containing amino acids is described. These compounds included heterocyclic analogues of L-cysteine, DL-norcysteine, and DL-homocysteine. The amino acids were assessed for their ability to inhibit the neutral amino acid transport systems of the Sarcoma 37 ascites tumor cell and their inhibitions were compared with those of L-methionine and L-ethionine. Transport studies indicated that the amino acids synthesized were capable of inhibiting the uptake of [3H]-L-histidine in the S37 cell.", "contents": "Synthetic sulfur-containing amino acids. Inhibition of transport systems in S37 ascites tumor cells. The preparation of a series of synthetic sulfur-containing amino acids is described. These compounds included heterocyclic analogues of L-cysteine, DL-norcysteine, and DL-homocysteine. The amino acids were assessed for their ability to inhibit the neutral amino acid transport systems of the Sarcoma 37 ascites tumor cell and their inhibitions were compared with those of L-methionine and L-ethionine. Transport studies indicated that the amino acids synthesized were capable of inhibiting the uptake of [3H]-L-histidine in the S37 cell.", "PMID": 722714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9433", "title": "Synthesis of potential hypolipidemic agents. Reaction of substituted phenyl 2,3-epoxypropyl ethers with adenine, uracil, and thymine.", "content": "Three adenine derivatives were found to be active hypolipidemic agents at 10 mg/kg/day. The most active compound was 9-(p-chlorophenoxy-2-hydroxypropyl)adenine (5). Compound 5 significantly lowered serum triglyceride and cholesterol content in male Sprague-Dawley rats and inhibited hepatic phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity in vitro. The synthesis of these agents involved reacting adenine, uracil, and thymine with a series of substituted phenyl 2,3-epoxypropyl ethers.", "contents": "Synthesis of potential hypolipidemic agents. Reaction of substituted phenyl 2,3-epoxypropyl ethers with adenine, uracil, and thymine. Three adenine derivatives were found to be active hypolipidemic agents at 10 mg/kg/day. The most active compound was 9-(p-chlorophenoxy-2-hydroxypropyl)adenine (5). Compound 5 significantly lowered serum triglyceride and cholesterol content in male Sprague-Dawley rats and inhibited hepatic phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity in vitro. The synthesis of these agents involved reacting adenine, uracil, and thymine with a series of substituted phenyl 2,3-epoxypropyl ethers.", "PMID": 722715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9434", "title": "New synthetic routes to tilorone dihydrochloride and some of its analogues.", "content": "New synthetic routes to the orally active, interferon-inducing antiviral agent tilorone dihydrochloride, 2,7-bis-[(diethylamino)ethoxy]fluoren-9-one dihydrochloride (1a), were developed. The routes involved the preparation and solvolysis of tetrazonium fluoroborate salts of 2,7-diaminofluoren-9-one. Nonplanar (1b), 9-sulfone (1c), and fluorene (1d) analogues of tilorone dihydrochloride were also prepared. Compounds 1b and 1c were evaluated for interferon induction.", "contents": "New synthetic routes to tilorone dihydrochloride and some of its analogues. New synthetic routes to the orally active, interferon-inducing antiviral agent tilorone dihydrochloride, 2,7-bis-[(diethylamino)ethoxy]fluoren-9-one dihydrochloride (1a), were developed. The routes involved the preparation and solvolysis of tetrazonium fluoroborate salts of 2,7-diaminofluoren-9-one. Nonplanar (1b), 9-sulfone (1c), and fluorene (1d) analogues of tilorone dihydrochloride were also prepared. Compounds 1b and 1c were evaluated for interferon induction.", "PMID": 722716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9435", "title": "Synthesis and analgetic activity of some benzomorphan analogues.", "content": "The benzomorphan analogues, 8-hydroxy-3-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-methano-1H-3-benzazepine (1), 8-hydroxy-2-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-methano-1H-2-benzazepine (2), 9-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-1,5,-methano-2-benzazocine (3), and 10-hydroxy-2-methyl-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-1,6-methano-1H-2-benzazonine (4), have been synthesized in order to evaluate their analgetic activity. Only slight analgetic activity was found in any of these compounds. The importance of nitrogen to aromatic ring distance for the analgetic-receptor interaction is discussed.", "contents": "Synthesis and analgetic activity of some benzomorphan analogues. The benzomorphan analogues, 8-hydroxy-3-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-methano-1H-3-benzazepine (1), 8-hydroxy-2-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-methano-1H-2-benzazepine (2), 9-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-1,5,-methano-2-benzazocine (3), and 10-hydroxy-2-methyl-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-1,6-methano-1H-2-benzazonine (4), have been synthesized in order to evaluate their analgetic activity. Only slight analgetic activity was found in any of these compounds. The importance of nitrogen to aromatic ring distance for the analgetic-receptor interaction is discussed.", "PMID": 722717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9436", "title": "Structure-activity relationships for the inhibition of acrosin by benzamidine derivatives.", "content": "A series, consisting of 52 benzamidine derivatives, was evaluated for inhibitory activity against homogeneous boar sperm acrosin. All of the compounds in the series proved to be more potent than benzamidine (Ki = 4.0 x 10(-6) M), with one of the derivatives, alpha-(4-amidino-2,6-diiodophenoxy)-3-nitrotoluene (compound 16), showing outstanding potency with a Ki value of 4.5 X 10(-8) M. Although all of the derivatives were effective acrosin inhibitors, structural specificity was observed within homologous groups of compounds. The information gained from this preliminary study should prove extremely beneficial in the design and synthesis of future acrosin inhibitors.", "contents": "Structure-activity relationships for the inhibition of acrosin by benzamidine derivatives. A series, consisting of 52 benzamidine derivatives, was evaluated for inhibitory activity against homogeneous boar sperm acrosin. All of the compounds in the series proved to be more potent than benzamidine (Ki = 4.0 x 10(-6) M), with one of the derivatives, alpha-(4-amidino-2,6-diiodophenoxy)-3-nitrotoluene (compound 16), showing outstanding potency with a Ki value of 4.5 X 10(-8) M. Although all of the derivatives were effective acrosin inhibitors, structural specificity was observed within homologous groups of compounds. The information gained from this preliminary study should prove extremely beneficial in the design and synthesis of future acrosin inhibitors.", "PMID": 722718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9437", "title": "Phosphorus-nitrogen compounds. 22. Synthesis and antitumor activity of arylsulfonylhydrazone analogues.", "content": "A series of pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde N-oxide and pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde (thio)phosphoric hydrazones and two cupric chelates was synthesized. The hydrazones, chelates, and combinations of hydrazones and cupric chloride were tested against mice bearing P388 lymphocytic leukemia, Sarcoma 180, or Ehrlich carcinoma ascites cells. The effects of various structural modifications of the hydrazones on antineoplastic activity for this latter system were determined. In general, the pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiophosphoric monohydrazones containing P-phenyl or P-phenoxy substituents possessed the highest activity when concurrently administered with cupric ion, whereas the ligands themselves were inactive. Two of the compounds were prepared with P-hydroxyl groups to permit increased hydrophilicity. The ability of the hydrazones to chelate cupric, ferrous, and cobaltous salts was investigated, and discrepancies between determined and calculated log P values for three compounds are discussed.", "contents": "Phosphorus-nitrogen compounds. 22. Synthesis and antitumor activity of arylsulfonylhydrazone analogues. A series of pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde N-oxide and pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde (thio)phosphoric hydrazones and two cupric chelates was synthesized. The hydrazones, chelates, and combinations of hydrazones and cupric chloride were tested against mice bearing P388 lymphocytic leukemia, Sarcoma 180, or Ehrlich carcinoma ascites cells. The effects of various structural modifications of the hydrazones on antineoplastic activity for this latter system were determined. In general, the pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiophosphoric monohydrazones containing P-phenyl or P-phenoxy substituents possessed the highest activity when concurrently administered with cupric ion, whereas the ligands themselves were inactive. Two of the compounds were prepared with P-hydroxyl groups to permit increased hydrophilicity. The ability of the hydrazones to chelate cupric, ferrous, and cobaltous salts was investigated, and discrepancies between determined and calculated log P values for three compounds are discussed.", "PMID": 722720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9438", "title": "Three-dimensional mapping of the sweet taste receptor site.", "content": "The active sites of the receptors for sweet and bitter tastants are shown to be related by a simple symmetry operation. This relationship, in turn, allows the identification of the critical geometrical features of both receptor sites. The model proposed for the sweet site is shown to be consistent with a large number of (conformationally rigid) sweet molecules.", "contents": "Three-dimensional mapping of the sweet taste receptor site. The active sites of the receptors for sweet and bitter tastants are shown to be related by a simple symmetry operation. This relationship, in turn, allows the identification of the critical geometrical features of both receptor sites. The model proposed for the sweet site is shown to be consistent with a large number of (conformationally rigid) sweet molecules.", "PMID": 722721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9439", "title": "Potential anticancer agents. 16. Methotrexate analogues with a modified peptide side chain.", "content": "Nine analogues of methotrexate, in which the side chain is modified by replacement of the terminal glutamyl moiety with other amino acids, were synthesized from 2,4-diamino-6-(chloromethyl)pteridine. None of these compounds exhibited significant activity against L1210.", "contents": "Potential anticancer agents. 16. Methotrexate analogues with a modified peptide side chain. Nine analogues of methotrexate, in which the side chain is modified by replacement of the terminal glutamyl moiety with other amino acids, were synthesized from 2,4-diamino-6-(chloromethyl)pteridine. None of these compounds exhibited significant activity against L1210.", "PMID": 722722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9440", "title": "Potential anticancer agents. 17. Analogues of methotrexate with a tripeptide side chain.", "content": "Nine tripeptide analogues of methotrexate were synthesized from 2,4-diamino-6-(chloromethyl)pteridine. Only N-[N-[4-[2,4-diamino-6-pteridinyl)methyl]amino]benzoyl]glycyl-DL-aspartic acid (1a) showed moderate activity against L1210 murine leukemia (ILS = 69%) and W 256 carcinosarcoma (TGI = 55%).", "contents": "Potential anticancer agents. 17. Analogues of methotrexate with a tripeptide side chain. Nine tripeptide analogues of methotrexate were synthesized from 2,4-diamino-6-(chloromethyl)pteridine. Only N-[N-[4-[2,4-diamino-6-pteridinyl)methyl]amino]benzoyl]glycyl-DL-aspartic acid (1a) showed moderate activity against L1210 murine leukemia (ILS = 69%) and W 256 carcinosarcoma (TGI = 55%).", "PMID": 722723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9441", "title": "Synthesis of substituted 1-hydroxy-2-naphthanilides as potential cestodicidal agents.", "content": "A series of substituted 1-hydroxy-2-naphthanilides 4--14 has been synthesized by treating 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acids 2 with substituted anilines 3. The nitronaphthanilides, on reduction and subsequent treatment with thiophosgene, gave the corresponding substituted 2-naphthanilide isothiocyanates 30--33. Substitution of the chlorine of 8 by various cyclic amines gave 3'-nitro-4'-substituted 1-hydroxy-2-naphthanilides 15--21. Various 3-aryl-4-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1,3-naphthoxazine-2-thiones 34-43 and 3 aryl-2,4-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1,3-naphthoxazines 44--51 have been prepared by reacting the corresonding naphthanilides with thiophosgene and ethyl chloroformate, respectively. All the compounds were tested for their cestodicidal activity against Hymenolepis nana infection in rats; 30 was found to be the most active compound of the series, showing 100% clearance of infection at a single oral dose of 7.5 mg/kg.", "contents": "Synthesis of substituted 1-hydroxy-2-naphthanilides as potential cestodicidal agents. A series of substituted 1-hydroxy-2-naphthanilides 4--14 has been synthesized by treating 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acids 2 with substituted anilines 3. The nitronaphthanilides, on reduction and subsequent treatment with thiophosgene, gave the corresponding substituted 2-naphthanilide isothiocyanates 30--33. Substitution of the chlorine of 8 by various cyclic amines gave 3'-nitro-4'-substituted 1-hydroxy-2-naphthanilides 15--21. Various 3-aryl-4-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1,3-naphthoxazine-2-thiones 34-43 and 3 aryl-2,4-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1,3-naphthoxazines 44--51 have been prepared by reacting the corresonding naphthanilides with thiophosgene and ethyl chloroformate, respectively. All the compounds were tested for their cestodicidal activity against Hymenolepis nana infection in rats; 30 was found to be the most active compound of the series, showing 100% clearance of infection at a single oral dose of 7.5 mg/kg.", "PMID": 722724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9442", "title": "Stereoselective effects of cis- and trans-cyclopropylbis (dioxopiperazines) related to ICRF-159  on metastases of hamster lung adenocarcinoma.", "content": "The synthesis for cis-4,4' (1,2-cyclopropanediyl)bis(2,6-piperazinedione) (cis-3) is discussed. Stereoselective effects on metastases of cis-3 and the previously reported trans-2 isomer were compared to conformationally mobile ICRF-159 using a Syrian hamster lung adenocarcinoma (LG1002). Whereas ICRF-159 and cis-3 significantly inhibited lung metastases the trans-2 isomer significantly increased the number of metastatic nodules in the lung. Thus, these studies have revealed that, at least in one tumor model, antimetastatic activity can be separated from metastatic potentiating activity by controlling drug geometry.", "contents": "Stereoselective effects of cis- and trans-cyclopropylbis (dioxopiperazines) related to ICRF-159  on metastases of hamster lung adenocarcinoma. The synthesis for cis-4,4' (1,2-cyclopropanediyl)bis(2,6-piperazinedione) (cis-3) is discussed. Stereoselective effects on metastases of cis-3 and the previously reported trans-2 isomer were compared to conformationally mobile ICRF-159 using a Syrian hamster lung adenocarcinoma (LG1002). Whereas ICRF-159 and cis-3 significantly inhibited lung metastases the trans-2 isomer significantly increased the number of metastatic nodules in the lung. Thus, these studies have revealed that, at least in one tumor model, antimetastatic activity can be separated from metastatic potentiating activity by controlling drug geometry.", "PMID": 722727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9443", "title": "Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a clofibrate-related tricyclic spirolactone, 5-chloro-4',5-dihydrospiro[benzofuran-2(3H),3'(2'H)-furan]-2'-one.", "content": "The chemistry and pharmacology of the title compound, spirolactone 4, are reported. The synthesis represents a new approach to the preparation of spiro compounds. The pharmacological profiles of 4 are compared to that of clofibrate in Triton-induced hyperlipidemic, sucrose-fed, and normal Sprague-Dawley rat models. Clofibrate was effective in all animal models, but the spirolactone 4 exhibited antitriglyceridemic activity only in the Triton model. The inactivity of 4 in sucrose- and chow-fed rats could not be attributed to a resistance to hydrolysis by serum esterases. Comparative studies revealed that inhibition of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity may not be an index of hypocholesterolemic action in sucrose-fed rats. Additionally, only clofibrate exhibited significant changes in components of the hepatic microsomal monooxygenase system.", "contents": "Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a clofibrate-related tricyclic spirolactone, 5-chloro-4',5-dihydrospiro[benzofuran-2(3H),3'(2'H)-furan]-2'-one. The chemistry and pharmacology of the title compound, spirolactone 4, are reported. The synthesis represents a new approach to the preparation of spiro compounds. The pharmacological profiles of 4 are compared to that of clofibrate in Triton-induced hyperlipidemic, sucrose-fed, and normal Sprague-Dawley rat models. Clofibrate was effective in all animal models, but the spirolactone 4 exhibited antitriglyceridemic activity only in the Triton model. The inactivity of 4 in sucrose- and chow-fed rats could not be attributed to a resistance to hydrolysis by serum esterases. Comparative studies revealed that inhibition of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity may not be an index of hypocholesterolemic action in sucrose-fed rats. Additionally, only clofibrate exhibited significant changes in components of the hepatic microsomal monooxygenase system.", "PMID": 722728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9444", "title": "Molar volume relationships and the specific inhibition of a synaptosomal enzyme by psychoactive cannabinoids.", "content": "The ability of a number of lipophilic compounds to inhibit the mouse-brain synaptosomal enzyme acyl coenzyme A:lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase has been measured in vitro. Psychoactive cannabinoids inhibit the enzyme at concentrations much lower than is predicted from their capacity to act as lipid-soluble anesthetics. Nonpsychoactive cannabinoids do not show specific inhibition. Molar volume relationships are used to show that, while all lipid-soluble molecules exert some inhibitory effect in proportion to their ability to dissolve in biological membranes, psychoactive cannabinoids have an inhibitory effect greatly in excess of their anesthetic potency. The isoprenoid convulsant thujone has been suggested to have psychoactivity similar to cannabinoids but does not mimic the cannabinoids in inhibiting the synaptosomal enzyme. Molar volumes and specific interactions are used in structure-activity correlations which yield information on the relative concentrations of biophase in drug-responsive systems and the specificity of membrane-active drugs.", "contents": "Molar volume relationships and the specific inhibition of a synaptosomal enzyme by psychoactive cannabinoids. The ability of a number of lipophilic compounds to inhibit the mouse-brain synaptosomal enzyme acyl coenzyme A:lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase has been measured in vitro. Psychoactive cannabinoids inhibit the enzyme at concentrations much lower than is predicted from their capacity to act as lipid-soluble anesthetics. Nonpsychoactive cannabinoids do not show specific inhibition. Molar volume relationships are used to show that, while all lipid-soluble molecules exert some inhibitory effect in proportion to their ability to dissolve in biological membranes, psychoactive cannabinoids have an inhibitory effect greatly in excess of their anesthetic potency. The isoprenoid convulsant thujone has been suggested to have psychoactivity similar to cannabinoids but does not mimic the cannabinoids in inhibiting the synaptosomal enzyme. Molar volumes and specific interactions are used in structure-activity correlations which yield information on the relative concentrations of biophase in drug-responsive systems and the specificity of membrane-active drugs.", "PMID": 722729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9445", "title": "Prodrugs of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine. 1. Synthesis and evaluation of some 5'-(O-acyl) derivatives.", "content": "A number of 5'-(O-acyl) derivatives of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A, VIRA-A) (2a-k) were prepared by direct acylation of the parent nucleoside 1 in pyridine-N,N-dimethyliformamide. These compounds, designed as prodrugs for 1, offer a range of solubilities and lipophilicities indicating for several examples improved solubility and the potential for improved membrane transport over 1. All are resistant to deactivation by adenosine deaminase. Of special interest is the 5'-(O-valeryl) derivative 2d that shows a marked increase in antiviral activity over 1.", "contents": "Prodrugs of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine. 1. Synthesis and evaluation of some 5'-(O-acyl) derivatives. A number of 5'-(O-acyl) derivatives of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A, VIRA-A) (2a-k) were prepared by direct acylation of the parent nucleoside 1 in pyridine-N,N-dimethyliformamide. These compounds, designed as prodrugs for 1, offer a range of solubilities and lipophilicities indicating for several examples improved solubility and the potential for improved membrane transport over 1. All are resistant to deactivation by adenosine deaminase. Of special interest is the 5'-(O-valeryl) derivative 2d that shows a marked increase in antiviral activity over 1.", "PMID": 722731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9446", "title": "Synthesis and antiinflammatory activity of some 1,2,3- and 1,2,4-triazolepropionic acids.", "content": "All possible \"nonadjacent\" phenyltriazolepropionic acids were synthesized and tested for antiinflammatory activity. Two of the isomers displayed activity approximately equal to phenylbutazone: the 4-phenyl-1,2,3,-triazole-2-propionic acid (7) and its reverse counterpart, 2-phenyl-1,2,3-triazole-4-propionic acid (6). The other five isomers were inactive. Since these seven acids are geometrically congruent and possess similar lipophilic characters, antiinflammatory activity must depend on some property that is a function of how the carbon and nitrogen atoms are arranged in the triazole ring.", "contents": "Synthesis and antiinflammatory activity of some 1,2,3- and 1,2,4-triazolepropionic acids. All possible \"nonadjacent\" phenyltriazolepropionic acids were synthesized and tested for antiinflammatory activity. Two of the isomers displayed activity approximately equal to phenylbutazone: the 4-phenyl-1,2,3,-triazole-2-propionic acid (7) and its reverse counterpart, 2-phenyl-1,2,3-triazole-4-propionic acid (6). The other five isomers were inactive. Since these seven acids are geometrically congruent and possess similar lipophilic characters, antiinflammatory activity must depend on some property that is a function of how the carbon and nitrogen atoms are arranged in the triazole ring.", "PMID": 722733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9447", "title": "4-(6-Methoxy-2-naphthyl)butan-2-one and related analogues, a novel structural class of antiinflammatory compounds.", "content": "A series of compounds related to 4-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)butan-2-one has been prepared and tested for antiinflammatory activity by the cotton pellet granuloma method. Compounds possessing a small lipophilic group such as methoxyl, methyl, or chloro in the 6 position in conjunction with a butan-2-one side chain in the 2 position of the naphthalene ring were most active. The indtroduction of a methyl group along the side chain was invariably deleterious. Good activity was generally retained by forming esters of a butan-2-ol side chain.", "contents": "4-(6-Methoxy-2-naphthyl)butan-2-one and related analogues, a novel structural class of antiinflammatory compounds. A series of compounds related to 4-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)butan-2-one has been prepared and tested for antiinflammatory activity by the cotton pellet granuloma method. Compounds possessing a small lipophilic group such as methoxyl, methyl, or chloro in the 6 position in conjunction with a butan-2-one side chain in the 2 position of the naphthalene ring were most active. The indtroduction of a methyl group along the side chain was invariably deleterious. Good activity was generally retained by forming esters of a butan-2-ol side chain.", "PMID": 722734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9448", "title": "Studies on 1-substituted 4-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperazine derivatives and their analgesic activities. 2. Structure-activity relationships of 1-cycloalkyl-4-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperazines.", "content": "Forty-six 1-cycloalkyl-4-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperazines were synthesized. The influence of substituents on phenyl groups of 1-cycloalkyl-4-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperazines 4a-c on the analgesic activity was investigated in experimental animals. The most active compounds, 5a-c, in this series had a m-hydroxyl group on the 2-phenyl group of 4a-c, while morphine has a phenolic hydroxyl group para to th- aminoethyl moiety. Their activities were 23-56 and 23-38 times those of their original compounds 4a-c and morphine, respectively, tested by the D'Amour-Smith method after subcutaneous administration.", "contents": "Studies on 1-substituted 4-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperazine derivatives and their analgesic activities. 2. Structure-activity relationships of 1-cycloalkyl-4-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperazines. Forty-six 1-cycloalkyl-4-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperazines were synthesized. The influence of substituents on phenyl groups of 1-cycloalkyl-4-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperazines 4a-c on the analgesic activity was investigated in experimental animals. The most active compounds, 5a-c, in this series had a m-hydroxyl group on the 2-phenyl group of 4a-c, while morphine has a phenolic hydroxyl group para to th- aminoethyl moiety. Their activities were 23-56 and 23-38 times those of their original compounds 4a-c and morphine, respectively, tested by the D'Amour-Smith method after subcutaneous administration.", "PMID": 722735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9449", "title": "Absolute configuration of (+)-5-(o-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin, the major metabolite of 5,5-diphenylhydantoin in the dog.", "content": "5-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (m-HPPH) has been resolved by crystallization of the brucine salts. The (+) enantiomer has been converted to (-)-5-cyclohexyl-5-phenylhydantoin, a compound previously demonstrated to have the R configuration. The R configuration can accordingly be assigned to (+)-m-HPPH, the principal metabolite of 5,5-diphenylhydantoin (phenytoin) in the dog.", "contents": "Absolute configuration of (+)-5-(o-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin, the major metabolite of 5,5-diphenylhydantoin in the dog. 5-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (m-HPPH) has been resolved by crystallization of the brucine salts. The (+) enantiomer has been converted to (-)-5-cyclohexyl-5-phenylhydantoin, a compound previously demonstrated to have the R configuration. The R configuration can accordingly be assigned to (+)-m-HPPH, the principal metabolite of 5,5-diphenylhydantoin (phenytoin) in the dog.", "PMID": 722736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9450", "title": "Calculated properties of arene oxides of biological interest. 1. Molecular orbital examination of simple models.", "content": "The INDO calculational formalism is shown to account for the relative ease of carbonium ion formation and for the variation in isomerization rates of some simple arene oxides. Transition-state energy differences provide a reasonable correlation with observed isomerization rates for benzene oxide, methyl-substituted benzene oxides, naphthalene 1,2-oxide, and phenanthrene 9,10-oxide.", "contents": "Calculated properties of arene oxides of biological interest. 1. Molecular orbital examination of simple models. The INDO calculational formalism is shown to account for the relative ease of carbonium ion formation and for the variation in isomerization rates of some simple arene oxides. Transition-state energy differences provide a reasonable correlation with observed isomerization rates for benzene oxide, methyl-substituted benzene oxides, naphthalene 1,2-oxide, and phenanthrene 9,10-oxide.", "PMID": 722737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9451", "title": "Synthesis and quantitative structure--activity relationships of some antibacterial 3-formylrifamycin SV N-(4-substituted phenyl)piperazinoacethydrazones.", "content": "A series of 14 3-formylrifamycin SV N-(4-substituted phenyl)piperazinoacethydrazones has been synthesized and evaluated for their antimicrobial activity. The compounds were found active against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium phlei, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis but not as active as rifampin. The compounds also exhibited significant activity against Clostridium perfringens and in this bacterial system some were more active than rifampin. The QSAR showed that the activity against B. subtilis depended only on lipophilicity, and the regression equation was linear. A parabolic relationship between the antibacterial activity and lipophilicity of the compounds was found in Staph. aureus. Additionally, the activity was dependent upon the electronic and steric effects of the phenyl substituents. The sensitivity of M. phlei to the compounds was found to correlate well with a linear combination of hydrophobic, electronic, and steric parameters. No statistically significant correlation was possible between the physicochemical parameters studied and the activity of the compounds against C. perfringens and M. tuberculosis.", "contents": "Synthesis and quantitative structure--activity relationships of some antibacterial 3-formylrifamycin SV N-(4-substituted phenyl)piperazinoacethydrazones. A series of 14 3-formylrifamycin SV N-(4-substituted phenyl)piperazinoacethydrazones has been synthesized and evaluated for their antimicrobial activity. The compounds were found active against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium phlei, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis but not as active as rifampin. The compounds also exhibited significant activity against Clostridium perfringens and in this bacterial system some were more active than rifampin. The QSAR showed that the activity against B. subtilis depended only on lipophilicity, and the regression equation was linear. A parabolic relationship between the antibacterial activity and lipophilicity of the compounds was found in Staph. aureus. Additionally, the activity was dependent upon the electronic and steric effects of the phenyl substituents. The sensitivity of M. phlei to the compounds was found to correlate well with a linear combination of hydrophobic, electronic, and steric parameters. No statistically significant correlation was possible between the physicochemical parameters studied and the activity of the compounds against C. perfringens and M. tuberculosis.", "PMID": 722738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9452", "title": "Potential inhibitors of S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferases. 7. Role of the ribosyl moiety in enzymatic binding of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine and S-adenosyl-L-methionine.", "content": "A series of 2',3'-acyclic analogues of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferases. The 2',3'-acyclic analogues were prepared by periodate oxidation of the corresponding ribonucleosides, followed by reduction of the intermediate dialdehydes with sodium borohydride. These 2',3'-acyclic ribonucleosides were inactive as inhibitors of histamine N-methyltransferase, catechol O-methyltransferase, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, and hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase. These results suggest that the rigidity of the ribosyl ring of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine is crucial to its enzymatic bindings.", "contents": "Potential inhibitors of S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferases. 7. Role of the ribosyl moiety in enzymatic binding of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine and S-adenosyl-L-methionine. A series of 2',3'-acyclic analogues of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferases. The 2',3'-acyclic analogues were prepared by periodate oxidation of the corresponding ribonucleosides, followed by reduction of the intermediate dialdehydes with sodium borohydride. These 2',3'-acyclic ribonucleosides were inactive as inhibitors of histamine N-methyltransferase, catechol O-methyltransferase, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, and hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase. These results suggest that the rigidity of the ribosyl ring of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine is crucial to its enzymatic bindings.", "PMID": 722739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9453", "title": "Pharmacology on rat ileum of certain 2-substituted 3-(dimethylamino)-5,6-dimethoxyindenes related to 5,6-(methylenedioxy)indene calcium antagonists.", "content": "Whereas the 2-propyl- and 2-butyl-5,6-(methylenedioxy)indene calcium antagonists reversed the spasmogenic action of several agonists including PGF2alpha and acetylcholine at 5 X 10(-5) to 10(-4) M on the rat ileum, the corresponding 5,6-dimethoxy analogues exhibited spasmogenic activity at higher concentration (10(-4)-10(-3) M) and exhibited neither spasmogenic nor spasmolytic activity at lower (10(-6)-10(-5) M) concentration. The results are compared to the methyl and 2-ethyl analogues. At 10(-4) M only the butyl analogue was capable of moderate antagonism of acetylcholine and at 10(-3) M all four analogues were capable of moderately antagonizing the actions of acetylcholine.", "contents": "Pharmacology on rat ileum of certain 2-substituted 3-(dimethylamino)-5,6-dimethoxyindenes related to 5,6-(methylenedioxy)indene calcium antagonists. Whereas the 2-propyl- and 2-butyl-5,6-(methylenedioxy)indene calcium antagonists reversed the spasmogenic action of several agonists including PGF2alpha and acetylcholine at 5 X 10(-5) to 10(-4) M on the rat ileum, the corresponding 5,6-dimethoxy analogues exhibited spasmogenic activity at higher concentration (10(-4)-10(-3) M) and exhibited neither spasmogenic nor spasmolytic activity at lower (10(-6)-10(-5) M) concentration. The results are compared to the methyl and 2-ethyl analogues. At 10(-4) M only the butyl analogue was capable of moderate antagonism of acetylcholine and at 10(-3) M all four analogues were capable of moderately antagonizing the actions of acetylcholine.", "PMID": 722740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9454", "title": "Antitumor activity of 1,2-diaminocyclohexane--platinum complexes against sarcoma-180 ascites form.", "content": "Platinum complexes derived from three isomers of 1,2-diaminocyclohexane have been synthesized and their antitumor activities were evaluated against ascites Sarcoma-180. All the platinum complexes had high antitumor activity. Platinum complexes derived from cis-1,2-diaminocyclohexane were more effective than those derived from trans-l-and trans-d-1,2-diaminocyclohexane. Among the platinum complexes tested, oxalato(cis-1,2-diminocyclohexane)platinum had a remarkably high therapeutic index. Modification of the nonleaving group as well as that of the leaving group is important in order to find better antitumor platinum complexes.", "contents": "Antitumor activity of 1,2-diaminocyclohexane--platinum complexes against sarcoma-180 ascites form. Platinum complexes derived from three isomers of 1,2-diaminocyclohexane have been synthesized and their antitumor activities were evaluated against ascites Sarcoma-180. All the platinum complexes had high antitumor activity. Platinum complexes derived from cis-1,2-diaminocyclohexane were more effective than those derived from trans-l-and trans-d-1,2-diaminocyclohexane. Among the platinum complexes tested, oxalato(cis-1,2-diminocyclohexane)platinum had a remarkably high therapeutic index. Modification of the nonleaving group as well as that of the leaving group is important in order to find better antitumor platinum complexes.", "PMID": 722741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9455", "title": "Synthesis and antinociceptive activity of 7-methoxycodeine.", "content": "(-)-7-Methoxycodeine was synthesized from (-)-1-bromosinomeninone in three steps with an overall yield of 29%. The introduction of the 7-methoxy group into the C ring of codeine did not decrease its oral activity. 7-Methoxycodeine was unstable in acidic media. Its oral activity was however, not likely to be due to conversion to the acid-stable (-)-sinomeninone, since the latter was orally inactive.", "contents": "Synthesis and antinociceptive activity of 7-methoxycodeine. (-)-7-Methoxycodeine was synthesized from (-)-1-bromosinomeninone in three steps with an overall yield of 29%. The introduction of the 7-methoxy group into the C ring of codeine did not decrease its oral activity. 7-Methoxycodeine was unstable in acidic media. Its oral activity was however, not likely to be due to conversion to the acid-stable (-)-sinomeninone, since the latter was orally inactive.", "PMID": 722742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9456", "title": "2,6-Methano-3-benzazocine-11-ropanols. Lack of antagonism between optical antipodes and observation of potent narcotic antagonism by two n-methyl derivatives.", "content": "Resolution of a 2,6-methano-3-benzazocine-11-propanol analogue of buprenorphine showed that the biological activity resides in the levo antipode. An attempt to enhance agonist activity by preparation of N-methyl derivatives resulted in two compounds three and five times as potent as nalorphine as antagonists of phenazocine. These compounds are the most potent N-methyl narcotic antagonists reported to date.", "contents": "2,6-Methano-3-benzazocine-11-ropanols. Lack of antagonism between optical antipodes and observation of potent narcotic antagonism by two n-methyl derivatives. Resolution of a 2,6-methano-3-benzazocine-11-propanol analogue of buprenorphine showed that the biological activity resides in the levo antipode. An attempt to enhance agonist activity by preparation of N-methyl derivatives resulted in two compounds three and five times as potent as nalorphine as antagonists of phenazocine. These compounds are the most potent N-methyl narcotic antagonists reported to date.", "PMID": 722743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9457", "title": "Electronic aspects of the antibacterial action of sulfanilamides.", "content": "Intramolecular interactions in N1-substituted sulfanilamides (SA) can rationalize the trend of their antibacterial powers with the use of a resonance scheme, derived from d orbital symmetry and tested with an extensive spectroscopic investigation on amidic, imidic, and anionic SA. On quantitative grounds, a good relationship is presented between the antibacterial power and the proton chemical shift of the p-amino group. The electronic features for high activity are described.", "contents": "Electronic aspects of the antibacterial action of sulfanilamides. Intramolecular interactions in N1-substituted sulfanilamides (SA) can rationalize the trend of their antibacterial powers with the use of a resonance scheme, derived from d orbital symmetry and tested with an extensive spectroscopic investigation on amidic, imidic, and anionic SA. On quantitative grounds, a good relationship is presented between the antibacterial power and the proton chemical shift of the p-amino group. The electronic features for high activity are described.", "PMID": 722744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9458", "title": "Antiallergic activity of some 9H-xanthen-9-one-2-carboxylic acids.", "content": "The synthesis and antiallergic activity of a new series of 9H-xanthen-9-one-2-carboxylic acids are described. Antiallergic activity was evaluated in the rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) screen. Biological results were analyzed using regression analysis techniques, and the antiallergic activity of the compounds in the series was found to be highly correlated with substituent size.", "contents": "Antiallergic activity of some 9H-xanthen-9-one-2-carboxylic acids. The synthesis and antiallergic activity of a new series of 9H-xanthen-9-one-2-carboxylic acids are described. Antiallergic activity was evaluated in the rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) screen. Biological results were analyzed using regression analysis techniques, and the antiallergic activity of the compounds in the series was found to be highly correlated with substituent size.", "PMID": 722745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9459", "title": "Antineoplastic properties of arylsulfonylhdrazones of 3-formylpyridazine 2-oxide and 4-formylpyrimidine 3-oxide.", "content": "The antineoplastic activity of several arylsulfonylhydrazones of 4-formylpyrimidine 3-oxide and of 3-formylpyridazine 2-oxide has been investigated. Derivatives of the latter heteroaromatic N-oxide showed excellent antineoplastic potency against the murine neoplasm Sarcoma 180 but were inactive against leukemia L1210. In contrast, derivatives of 4-formylpyrimidine 3-oxide were inactive against both of these transplanted tumors.", "contents": "Antineoplastic properties of arylsulfonylhdrazones of 3-formylpyridazine 2-oxide and 4-formylpyrimidine 3-oxide. The antineoplastic activity of several arylsulfonylhydrazones of 4-formylpyrimidine 3-oxide and of 3-formylpyridazine 2-oxide has been investigated. Derivatives of the latter heteroaromatic N-oxide showed excellent antineoplastic potency against the murine neoplasm Sarcoma 180 but were inactive against leukemia L1210. In contrast, derivatives of 4-formylpyrimidine 3-oxide were inactive against both of these transplanted tumors.", "PMID": 722747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9460", "title": "Antimycotic imidazoles. 2. Synthesis and antifungal properties of esters of 1-[2-hydroxy(mercapto)-2-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazoles.", "content": "The synthesis of carboxylic and (thio)carbonate esters of 1-[2-hydroxy(mercapto)-2-phenylethyl]-1-H-imidazoles, some of which are formally related to miconazole and its analogues by replacement of an ether with an ester linkage, is described. In antifungal bioassays a number of compounds display in vitro and, in a few cases, in vivo activities comparable to that of miconazole. In this series lipophilicity within a relatively narrow range is shown to be a necessary, although not sufficient, criterion for in vitro and, in particular, in vivo antifungal activity.", "contents": "Antimycotic imidazoles. 2. Synthesis and antifungal properties of esters of 1-[2-hydroxy(mercapto)-2-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazoles. The synthesis of carboxylic and (thio)carbonate esters of 1-[2-hydroxy(mercapto)-2-phenylethyl]-1-H-imidazoles, some of which are formally related to miconazole and its analogues by replacement of an ether with an ester linkage, is described. In antifungal bioassays a number of compounds display in vitro and, in a few cases, in vivo activities comparable to that of miconazole. In this series lipophilicity within a relatively narrow range is shown to be a necessary, although not sufficient, criterion for in vitro and, in particular, in vivo antifungal activity.", "PMID": 722748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9461", "title": "alpha-(2-Pyridine)benzyl aryl ketones as potential hypocholesteremic agents.", "content": "A series of alpha-(2-pyridine)benzyl aryl ketones were prepared as potential hypocholesteremic agents. The synthesis of these compounds was by conversion of 2-benzylpyridine to its anion with n-butyllithium and condensation of the anion with selected aromatic esters. The ketones were tested for their hypocholesteremic activity in rats, and those compounds showing activity were further tested for estrogenicity. Only those aryl ketones with substituents in the ortho position showed a statistically significant reduction in serum cholesterol. Of these compounds the tert-butyl derivative had the most favorable hypocholesteremic to estrogenic ratio.", "contents": "alpha-(2-Pyridine)benzyl aryl ketones as potential hypocholesteremic agents. A series of alpha-(2-pyridine)benzyl aryl ketones were prepared as potential hypocholesteremic agents. The synthesis of these compounds was by conversion of 2-benzylpyridine to its anion with n-butyllithium and condensation of the anion with selected aromatic esters. The ketones were tested for their hypocholesteremic activity in rats, and those compounds showing activity were further tested for estrogenicity. Only those aryl ketones with substituents in the ortho position showed a statistically significant reduction in serum cholesterol. Of these compounds the tert-butyl derivative had the most favorable hypocholesteremic to estrogenic ratio.", "PMID": 722749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9462", "title": "Cerebrovasodilatation through selective inhibition of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. 1. Substituted benzenedisulfonamides.", "content": "A series of substituted benzenedisulfonamide carbonic anhydrase inhibitors is described and their anticonvulsant activities are listed. One compound, 4-(4-methoxypiperidinosulfonyl)-2-chlorobenzenesulfonamide (19, UK-12130), was found to have anticonvulsant activity in animals at a dose level that gave only a minimal diuretic effect. 19 selectively increased cerebral blood flow in animals and man without producing an unacceptable level of metabolic acidosis.", "contents": "Cerebrovasodilatation through selective inhibition of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. 1. Substituted benzenedisulfonamides. A series of substituted benzenedisulfonamide carbonic anhydrase inhibitors is described and their anticonvulsant activities are listed. One compound, 4-(4-methoxypiperidinosulfonyl)-2-chlorobenzenesulfonamide (19, UK-12130), was found to have anticonvulsant activity in animals at a dose level that gave only a minimal diuretic effect. 19 selectively increased cerebral blood flow in animals and man without producing an unacceptable level of metabolic acidosis.", "PMID": 722750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9463", "title": "Design of potent antagonists of the vasopressor response to arginine-vasopressin.", "content": "As part of a program in which we are attempting to design and synthesize antagonists of the vasopressor response to arginine-vasopressin (AVP), [1-deaminopenicillamine]arginine-vasopressin (dPAVP), [2-O-methyl)tyrosine]-arginine-vasopressin [Tyr(Me)AVP], and [1-deaminopenicillamine,2-(O-methyl)tyrosine]arginine-vasopressin [dPTyr(Me)AVP] were synthesized by the solid-phase method and assayed for vasopressor, antidiuretic, and oxytocic activities. Tyr(Me)AVP has a vasopressor potency of 9.7 +/- 0.5 units/mg and an antidiuretic potency of 386 +/- 36 units/mg. These values are 2.5 and 120%, respectively, of the corresponding potencies of AVP. The analogue is an antagonist of the in vitro response to oxytocin (pA2 = 7.44 +/- 0.12). dPAVP has an antivasopressor pA2 of 7.45 +/- 0.11. Its antidiuretic potency is 42.2 +/- 2 units/mg, 2.5% that of its parent, 1-[deamino]arginine-vasopressin (dAVP). It is an antagonist of the in vitro response to oxytocin (pA2  value = 6.93 +/- 0.10). dPTyr(Me)AVP has an antivasopressor pA2 of 7.96 +/- 0.05 and an antidiuretic potency of 3.5 +/- 0.5 units/mg. It is also an antagonist of the in vitro oxytocic response to oxytocin (pA2 value = 7.61 +/- 0.14). It is thus one of the most potent vasopressor antagonists reported to date.", "contents": "Design of potent antagonists of the vasopressor response to arginine-vasopressin. As part of a program in which we are attempting to design and synthesize antagonists of the vasopressor response to arginine-vasopressin (AVP), [1-deaminopenicillamine]arginine-vasopressin (dPAVP), [2-O-methyl)tyrosine]-arginine-vasopressin [Tyr(Me)AVP], and [1-deaminopenicillamine,2-(O-methyl)tyrosine]arginine-vasopressin [dPTyr(Me)AVP] were synthesized by the solid-phase method and assayed for vasopressor, antidiuretic, and oxytocic activities. Tyr(Me)AVP has a vasopressor potency of 9.7 +/- 0.5 units/mg and an antidiuretic potency of 386 +/- 36 units/mg. These values are 2.5 and 120%, respectively, of the corresponding potencies of AVP. The analogue is an antagonist of the in vitro response to oxytocin (pA2 = 7.44 +/- 0.12). dPAVP has an antivasopressor pA2 of 7.45 +/- 0.11. Its antidiuretic potency is 42.2 +/- 2 units/mg, 2.5% that of its parent, 1-[deamino]arginine-vasopressin (dAVP). It is an antagonist of the in vitro response to oxytocin (pA2  value = 6.93 +/- 0.10). dPTyr(Me)AVP has an antivasopressor pA2 of 7.96 +/- 0.05 and an antidiuretic potency of 3.5 +/- 0.5 units/mg. It is also an antagonist of the in vitro oxytocic response to oxytocin (pA2 value = 7.61 +/- 0.14). It is thus one of the most potent vasopressor antagonists reported to date.", "PMID": 722751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9464", "title": "Structure-activity relationships of aminoalkyl and -aryl glycosides having insulin-like activity.", "content": "A number of alkyl, aryl, and aralkyl glycosides (mono- and disaccharides) substituted in the aglycon with a primary amino group have been found to exert insulin-like activity on rat adipocytes in vitro. Systematic variations in the saccharide configuration, glycosidic linkage, aglycon moiety, and sugar substitution pattern were investigated to delineate structure-activity relationships. A high degree of structural specificity was observed. Maximal insulin mimicking activity was obtained with the 6-aminohexyl 1-thio-D-mannopyranosides; the beta anomer was more active than the alpha anomer. Modification of the sugar hydroxyl groups resulted, in most cases, in partial or complete loss of biological activity at the levels tested; however, in a few instances, sugar-modified derivatives did show enhanced insulin-like effects. Specific structural types evaluated are discussed in greater detail. 6-Aminohexyl 1-thio-beta-D-mannopyramoside also exhibited in vivo insulin-like effects on both diaphragm muscle and omental adipose tissues. The specificities for the sugar as well as the aglycon portions of these carbohydrate derivatives suggest that both parts of the molecule are involved in the expression of the full biological activity observed; their respective roles in the mechanism of the insulin-like activity are discussed.", "contents": "Structure-activity relationships of aminoalkyl and -aryl glycosides having insulin-like activity. A number of alkyl, aryl, and aralkyl glycosides (mono- and disaccharides) substituted in the aglycon with a primary amino group have been found to exert insulin-like activity on rat adipocytes in vitro. Systematic variations in the saccharide configuration, glycosidic linkage, aglycon moiety, and sugar substitution pattern were investigated to delineate structure-activity relationships. A high degree of structural specificity was observed. Maximal insulin mimicking activity was obtained with the 6-aminohexyl 1-thio-D-mannopyranosides; the beta anomer was more active than the alpha anomer. Modification of the sugar hydroxyl groups resulted, in most cases, in partial or complete loss of biological activity at the levels tested; however, in a few instances, sugar-modified derivatives did show enhanced insulin-like effects. Specific structural types evaluated are discussed in greater detail. 6-Aminohexyl 1-thio-beta-D-mannopyramoside also exhibited in vivo insulin-like effects on both diaphragm muscle and omental adipose tissues. The specificities for the sugar as well as the aglycon portions of these carbohydrate derivatives suggest that both parts of the molecule are involved in the expression of the full biological activity observed; their respective roles in the mechanism of the insulin-like activity are discussed.", "PMID": 722752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9465", "title": "Pivaloyl esters of N,N-dialkylated dopamine congeners. Central dopamine-receptor stimulating activity.", "content": "In order to test for dopamine-receptor stimulating activity a new, sensitive biochemical screening method was designed. For behavioral studies and for determination of the duration of action on the compounds, motor activity measurements were used. O,O'-Dipivaloyl-N,N-dipropyldopamine (4) was the only derivative of a series of dipivaloyl-N,N-dialkyldopamines studied that showed any significant activity. However, the monopivaloyl ester 2-(3-pivaloyloxyphenyl)-N,N-dipropylethylamine (8) seemed to be more potent. The same relationship was found for the corresponding phenols, N,N-dipropyldopamine (3) and 2-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-N,N-dipropylethylamine (7), although both were more active than their pivaloyl esters.", "contents": "Pivaloyl esters of N,N-dialkylated dopamine congeners. Central dopamine-receptor stimulating activity. In order to test for dopamine-receptor stimulating activity a new, sensitive biochemical screening method was designed. For behavioral studies and for determination of the duration of action on the compounds, motor activity measurements were used. O,O'-Dipivaloyl-N,N-dipropyldopamine (4) was the only derivative of a series of dipivaloyl-N,N-dialkyldopamines studied that showed any significant activity. However, the monopivaloyl ester 2-(3-pivaloyloxyphenyl)-N,N-dipropylethylamine (8) seemed to be more potent. The same relationship was found for the corresponding phenols, N,N-dipropyldopamine (3) and 2-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-N,N-dipropylethylamine (7), although both were more active than their pivaloyl esters.", "PMID": 722753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9466", "title": "Diacridines, bifunctional intercalators. Chemistry and antitumor activity.", "content": "The synthesis and the characterization of a number of diacridines connected through the 9-amino position of the acridine rings by alkyl chains of varying lengths and with various substituents on the acridine ring are described. An interesting chemical property has been noted; whereas the 3-amino monoacridines cannot form stable dihydrochloride salts, the corresponding diacridines can form stable trihydrochloride salts. The biological activity of the diacridines encompasses a broad spectrum of action. Their antitumor activity (% ILS) and their toxicity have been correlated with their biological actions. The % ILS, as measured by inhibition of growth of P-388 ascites cells in BDF/1 mice, shows no significant correlation with their ability to inhibit the growth of P-388 cells in culture (I50). The toxicity of the diacridines does not correlate with the inhibition of DNA or RNA synthesis, the uptake of the diacridines by P-388 cells, or with % ILS. The only significant correlation that has been found to date between the antitumor effectiveness of the diacridines and their effects on intact cells occurs between % ILS and cell agglutination. These results emphasize that caution should be used in attributing the \"antitumor activity\" of a single compound or  of a small number of congeners of a given chemical structure to a particular site of biological inhibition. Furthermore, the results suggest that effective antitumor drugs are those that affect the host-tumor interaction and that the toxicity of the drugs may not be essential to their antitumor properties.", "contents": "Diacridines, bifunctional intercalators. Chemistry and antitumor activity. The synthesis and the characterization of a number of diacridines connected through the 9-amino position of the acridine rings by alkyl chains of varying lengths and with various substituents on the acridine ring are described. An interesting chemical property has been noted; whereas the 3-amino monoacridines cannot form stable dihydrochloride salts, the corresponding diacridines can form stable trihydrochloride salts. The biological activity of the diacridines encompasses a broad spectrum of action. Their antitumor activity (% ILS) and their toxicity have been correlated with their biological actions. The % ILS, as measured by inhibition of growth of P-388 ascites cells in BDF/1 mice, shows no significant correlation with their ability to inhibit the growth of P-388 cells in culture (I50). The toxicity of the diacridines does not correlate with the inhibition of DNA or RNA synthesis, the uptake of the diacridines by P-388 cells, or with % ILS. The only significant correlation that has been found to date between the antitumor effectiveness of the diacridines and their effects on intact cells occurs between % ILS and cell agglutination. These results emphasize that caution should be used in attributing the \"antitumor activity\" of a single compound or  of a small number of congeners of a given chemical structure to a particular site of biological inhibition. Furthermore, the results suggest that effective antitumor drugs are those that affect the host-tumor interaction and that the toxicity of the drugs may not be essential to their antitumor properties.", "PMID": 722754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9467", "title": "Antiviral activity of some beta-diketones. 4. Benzyl diketones. In vitro activity against both RNA and DNA viruses.", "content": "The synthesis and in vitro antiviral evaluation of a series of substituted benzyl beta-diketones are described. The introduction of a styryl group onto the phenyl ring enhanced activity against herpesvirus type 2. The 4-methoxystyryl homologue 8 was evaluated extensively in vitro and was found to be effective against both RNA and DNA viruses. Compound 8 was evaluated in the mouse vagina against herpes simplex type 1 and produced a significant increase in survival rate as well as in survival time.", "contents": "Antiviral activity of some beta-diketones. 4. Benzyl diketones. In vitro activity against both RNA and DNA viruses. The synthesis and in vitro antiviral evaluation of a series of substituted benzyl beta-diketones are described. The introduction of a styryl group onto the phenyl ring enhanced activity against herpesvirus type 2. The 4-methoxystyryl homologue 8 was evaluated extensively in vitro and was found to be effective against both RNA and DNA viruses. Compound 8 was evaluated in the mouse vagina against herpes simplex type 1 and produced a significant increase in survival rate as well as in survival time.", "PMID": 722755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9468", "title": "Analgesic activity of novel spiro heterocycles. 2-Amino-7-oxa-3-thia-1-azaspiro[5,5]undec-1-enes and related compounds.", "content": "(+/-)-2-Amino-7-oxa-3-thia-1-azaspiro[5,5]undec-1-ene (1a) and many of its derivatives exhibit significant activity in the phenylquinone writhing and yeast inflamed foot assays. In order to develop structure-activity relationships, the related spiroheterocycles, (+/-)-2-amino-7-oxa-3-thia-1-azaspiro[5,4]dec-1-ene (2), (+/-)-2-amino-3-thia-1-azaspiro[5,5]undec-1-ene (3), and (+/-)-2-amino-7-oxa-1-azaspiro[5,5]undec-1-ene (4), were examined. Of these, only 4 failed to show activity indicating that the analgetic properties displayed by compounds 1--3 are associated, mainly, with the 2-amino-1,3-thiazine ring system. In the 2-acylimino series, evidence is presented suggesting a contribution to the observed activity on the part of the spiroannulated ether ring as well. Both 1a and its p-fluorobenzoyl derivative 33 exhibit analgesic activity in the rat tail-flick assay.", "contents": "Analgesic activity of novel spiro heterocycles. 2-Amino-7-oxa-3-thia-1-azaspiro[5,5]undec-1-enes and related compounds. (+/-)-2-Amino-7-oxa-3-thia-1-azaspiro[5,5]undec-1-ene (1a) and many of its derivatives exhibit significant activity in the phenylquinone writhing and yeast inflamed foot assays. In order to develop structure-activity relationships, the related spiroheterocycles, (+/-)-2-amino-7-oxa-3-thia-1-azaspiro[5,4]dec-1-ene (2), (+/-)-2-amino-3-thia-1-azaspiro[5,5]undec-1-ene (3), and (+/-)-2-amino-7-oxa-1-azaspiro[5,5]undec-1-ene (4), were examined. Of these, only 4 failed to show activity indicating that the analgetic properties displayed by compounds 1--3 are associated, mainly, with the 2-amino-1,3-thiazine ring system. In the 2-acylimino series, evidence is presented suggesting a contribution to the observed activity on the part of the spiroannulated ether ring as well. Both 1a and its p-fluorobenzoyl derivative 33 exhibit analgesic activity in the rat tail-flick assay.", "PMID": 722756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9469", "title": "Synthesis and antiinflammatory evaluation of substituted isophthalonitriles, trimesonitriles, benzonitriles, and terephthalonitriles.", "content": "In an effort to develop nonacidic, nonsteroidal, antiinflammatory agents without gastrointestinal complications, a series of cyanobenzenes was synthesized for antiinflammatory evaluation. Twenty-seven substituted isophthalonitriles, 19 trimesonitriles, 30 benzonitriles, and 16 terephthalonitriles were tested in the rat utilizing the carrageenan-induced pedal edema assay. Based on the performance of phenylbutazone in this assay (43.8% reduction at 100 mg/kg), six compounds, dosed at 50 mg/kg, produced reductions in inflammation comparable to this standard. However, the LD50 value of each compound dosed at this level was in the range of 40--56 mg/kg in the mouse; therefore, further the LD50 value of each compound dosed at this level was in the range of 40--56 mg/kg in the mouse; therefore, further study was not warranted. Fifteen compounds possessed activity in excess of 20% reduction at 200 mg/kg and also possessed LD50 values greater than 300 mg/kg. Of these cyanobenzenes, trimesonitrile (16), 4-chlorobenzonitrile, 2-chloroterephthalonitrile, and 2-fluoroterephthalonitrile with reductions in edema of 32, 30, 46, and 49%, respectively, represent the best candidates for subsequent study.", "contents": "Synthesis and antiinflammatory evaluation of substituted isophthalonitriles, trimesonitriles, benzonitriles, and terephthalonitriles. In an effort to develop nonacidic, nonsteroidal, antiinflammatory agents without gastrointestinal complications, a series of cyanobenzenes was synthesized for antiinflammatory evaluation. Twenty-seven substituted isophthalonitriles, 19 trimesonitriles, 30 benzonitriles, and 16 terephthalonitriles were tested in the rat utilizing the carrageenan-induced pedal edema assay. Based on the performance of phenylbutazone in this assay (43.8% reduction at 100 mg/kg), six compounds, dosed at 50 mg/kg, produced reductions in inflammation comparable to this standard. However, the LD50 value of each compound dosed at this level was in the range of 40--56 mg/kg in the mouse; therefore, further the LD50 value of each compound dosed at this level was in the range of 40--56 mg/kg in the mouse; therefore, further study was not warranted. Fifteen compounds possessed activity in excess of 20% reduction at 200 mg/kg and also possessed LD50 values greater than 300 mg/kg. Of these cyanobenzenes, trimesonitrile (16), 4-chlorobenzonitrile, 2-chloroterephthalonitrile, and 2-fluoroterephthalonitrile with reductions in edema of 32, 30, 46, and 49%, respectively, represent the best candidates for subsequent study.", "PMID": 722757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9470", "title": "Structure-activity correlations for a series of antiallergy agents. Oxanilic, quinaldic, and benzopyran-2-carboxylic acids.", "content": "Ab initio Hartree-Fock SCF calculations with the molecular fragment technique have been performed on several drugs which exhibit activity in the rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) assay. Representative molecules of the following types were included in the series: oxanilic acids, 1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinaldic acids, and 4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-2-carboxylic acids. A quantitative relationship has been established between the observed biological activity and an electronic index obtained from the calculations. The correlation is rationalized in terms of charge-transfer stabilization of the drug-receptor complex.", "contents": "Structure-activity correlations for a series of antiallergy agents. Oxanilic, quinaldic, and benzopyran-2-carboxylic acids. Ab initio Hartree-Fock SCF calculations with the molecular fragment technique have been performed on several drugs which exhibit activity in the rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) assay. Representative molecules of the following types were included in the series: oxanilic acids, 1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinaldic acids, and 4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-2-carboxylic acids. A quantitative relationship has been established between the observed biological activity and an electronic index obtained from the calculations. The correlation is rationalized in terms of charge-transfer stabilization of the drug-receptor complex.", "PMID": 722758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9471", "title": "Reactions of chloropromazine cation radical with physiologically occurring nucleophiles.", "content": "The reactions between chlorpromazine cation radical and a variety of physiologically occurring nucleophiles, which involve formation of a covalent, yet reversible bond, have been examined. As reported earlier, this reaction does not involve disproportionation of the radical but, rather, direct reaction between radical and nucleophile. The resulting adduct further reacts to form chlorpromazine sulfoxide or hydroxylated derivatives, and the original nucleophile is regenerated. The products and kinetics of the reaction depend strongly on the identity of the nucleophile, with the sulfhydryl group being the fastest and water being the slowest of the nucleophiles studied. The likely involvement of these reactions in the metabolism of chlorpromazine is discussed. In addition, it is proposed that the radical/nucleophile interaction is a reasonable model reaction for the effects of chlorpromazine radical on neuronal enzymes and receptor sites.", "contents": "Reactions of chloropromazine cation radical with physiologically occurring nucleophiles. The reactions between chlorpromazine cation radical and a variety of physiologically occurring nucleophiles, which involve formation of a covalent, yet reversible bond, have been examined. As reported earlier, this reaction does not involve disproportionation of the radical but, rather, direct reaction between radical and nucleophile. The resulting adduct further reacts to form chlorpromazine sulfoxide or hydroxylated derivatives, and the original nucleophile is regenerated. The products and kinetics of the reaction depend strongly on the identity of the nucleophile, with the sulfhydryl group being the fastest and water being the slowest of the nucleophiles studied. The likely involvement of these reactions in the metabolism of chlorpromazine is discussed. In addition, it is proposed that the radical/nucleophile interaction is a reasonable model reaction for the effects of chlorpromazine radical on neuronal enzymes and receptor sites.", "PMID": 722759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9472", "title": "N7-Substituted 7-aminoactinomycin D analogues. Synthesis and biological properties.", "content": "A series of N7-substituted 7-aminoactinomycin D analogues with alkyl, aralkyl, and heteroaralkyl substituents was synthesized and their biological properties were studied. All of these analogues proved to be 22- to 28-fold less toxic than actinomycin D when tested against human lymphoblastic leukemia cells (CCRF-CEM) in vitro. Against the P388 mouse leukemia in vivo, most of the analogues had activity comparable to actinomycin D and one was significantly more active. The results show that substitutions of this kind do not interfere with the antitumor activity of actinomycin D and may be useful for the design of modified actinomycin D analogues with greater selectivity.", "contents": "N7-Substituted 7-aminoactinomycin D analogues. Synthesis and biological properties. A series of N7-substituted 7-aminoactinomycin D analogues with alkyl, aralkyl, and heteroaralkyl substituents was synthesized and their biological properties were studied. All of these analogues proved to be 22- to 28-fold less toxic than actinomycin D when tested against human lymphoblastic leukemia cells (CCRF-CEM) in vitro. Against the P388 mouse leukemia in vivo, most of the analogues had activity comparable to actinomycin D and one was significantly more active. The results show that substitutions of this kind do not interfere with the antitumor activity of actinomycin D and may be useful for the design of modified actinomycin D analogues with greater selectivity.", "PMID": 722760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9473", "title": "Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-(1-pyrryl)- and 7-(1-indolyl)acetamidocephalosporin derivatives.", "content": "A series of 1-pyrrole- and 1-indoleacetamido derivatives of 3-heteroaryl-substituted cephalosporins was prepared. The most active compound in the series was 7-[[2-(1-pyrryl)acetyl]amino]-3-[[(1-methyltetrazol-5-yl)thio]-methyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (6), which showed comparable potency in vitro and in vivo to that of cefazolin, and, in addition, was more potent than cefazolin against Enterobacter sp. and Providencia stuartii.", "contents": "Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-(1-pyrryl)- and 7-(1-indolyl)acetamidocephalosporin derivatives. A series of 1-pyrrole- and 1-indoleacetamido derivatives of 3-heteroaryl-substituted cephalosporins was prepared. The most active compound in the series was 7-[[2-(1-pyrryl)acetyl]amino]-3-[[(1-methyltetrazol-5-yl)thio]-methyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (6), which showed comparable potency in vitro and in vivo to that of cefazolin, and, in addition, was more potent than cefazolin against Enterobacter sp. and Providencia stuartii.", "PMID": 722761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9474", "title": "Effects of thiophene analogues of chloroamphetamines on central serotonergic mechanisms.", "content": "Ring-chlorinated thienylisopropylamines, thiophene analogues of chloroamphetamines, have been synthesized and their effects on serotonergic mechanisms in the rat brain have been evaluated. With 4,5-dichlorothienylisopropylamine (3e), a pharmacological profile similar to that of p-chloroamphetamine, consisting in a marked and long-lasting serotonin depletion and a rather strong and prolonged inhibition of synaptosomal uptake of serotonin, was found. Chloro substitution in position C3 of the thiophene ring did not determine brain serotonin depletion nor serotonin uptake inhibition but enhanced brain MAO inhibitory activity present in all these compounds. 3,5-Dichlorothienylisopropylamine (3g) was the only compound of the series in which the inhibition of serotonin uptake was more marked than the serotonin depleting property.", "contents": "Effects of thiophene analogues of chloroamphetamines on central serotonergic mechanisms. Ring-chlorinated thienylisopropylamines, thiophene analogues of chloroamphetamines, have been synthesized and their effects on serotonergic mechanisms in the rat brain have been evaluated. With 4,5-dichlorothienylisopropylamine (3e), a pharmacological profile similar to that of p-chloroamphetamine, consisting in a marked and long-lasting serotonin depletion and a rather strong and prolonged inhibition of synaptosomal uptake of serotonin, was found. Chloro substitution in position C3 of the thiophene ring did not determine brain serotonin depletion nor serotonin uptake inhibition but enhanced brain MAO inhibitory activity present in all these compounds. 3,5-Dichlorothienylisopropylamine (3g) was the only compound of the series in which the inhibition of serotonin uptake was more marked than the serotonin depleting property.", "PMID": 722762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9475", "title": "Antiallergic activity of tetracyclic derivatives of quinoline-2-carboxylic acids. 1.", "content": "Substitution of 1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinoline-2-carboxylic acid by acetyl, benzoyl, and phenylsulfonyl substituents was found to enhance activity in the rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis assay. A further increase in activity, to equipotency with DSCG, was achieved by incorporation of the 8-benzoyl moiety into a tetracyclic structure to give 1,4-dihydro-4,11(1H,11H)-dioxoindeno[1,2-h]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid (20). In contrast, the reverse isomer 19 was found to have little activity.", "contents": "Antiallergic activity of tetracyclic derivatives of quinoline-2-carboxylic acids. 1. Substitution of 1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinoline-2-carboxylic acid by acetyl, benzoyl, and phenylsulfonyl substituents was found to enhance activity in the rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis assay. A further increase in activity, to equipotency with DSCG, was achieved by incorporation of the 8-benzoyl moiety into a tetracyclic structure to give 1,4-dihydro-4,11(1H,11H)-dioxoindeno[1,2-h]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid (20). In contrast, the reverse isomer 19 was found to have little activity.", "PMID": 722763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9476", "title": "Synthesis and xanthine oxidase inhibitory analysis of 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine-4,6(5H,7H)-dione (3,7-dideazaxanthine) and two of its derivatives.", "content": "The synthesis of 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine-4,6(5H,7H)-dione (3,7-dideazaxanthine) (1), 5-methyl-1H-pyrrolo-[3,2-c]pyridine-4,6(5H,7H)-dione (1-methyl-3,7-dideazaxanthine) (2), and 1,7-dihydropyrano[4,3-b]pyrrole-4,6-dione (1-oxa-1,3,7-trideazaxanthine) (3) has been accomplished from 3-alkoxycarbonylpyrrole-2-acetates (4, 11, and 12 for 1 and 2) and from 3-carboxypyrrole-2-acetic acid (6 for 3). Compounds 1 and 2 have been found to be weak inhibitors of the noncompetitive type for xanthine oxidase while 3 showed no inhibitory properties toward this enzyme.", "contents": "Synthesis and xanthine oxidase inhibitory analysis of 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine-4,6(5H,7H)-dione (3,7-dideazaxanthine) and two of its derivatives. The synthesis of 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine-4,6(5H,7H)-dione (3,7-dideazaxanthine) (1), 5-methyl-1H-pyrrolo-[3,2-c]pyridine-4,6(5H,7H)-dione (1-methyl-3,7-dideazaxanthine) (2), and 1,7-dihydropyrano[4,3-b]pyrrole-4,6-dione (1-oxa-1,3,7-trideazaxanthine) (3) has been accomplished from 3-alkoxycarbonylpyrrole-2-acetates (4, 11, and 12 for 1 and 2) and from 3-carboxypyrrole-2-acetic acid (6 for 3). Compounds 1 and 2 have been found to be weak inhibitors of the noncompetitive type for xanthine oxidase while 3 showed no inhibitory properties toward this enzyme.", "PMID": 722764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9477", "title": "Diseases of the curriculum.", "content": "During the past 20 years the author has visited almost half of all the American medical schools, usually as a consultant in matters of curriculum and instruction. Certain recurring curriculum problems have emerged and have been described as \"diseases of the curriculum.\" To be exact, this article includes nine such entities. In addition to the naming of these nine curriculum conditions, there is ample illustrative material to ensure that each curriculum disease is fully explained--although the basic sciences supporting the study of education as a discipline are not advanced enough to allow fuller understanding of the disease processes. There is speculation, however, that even being able to name and describe these disturbances of normal curriculum development might be of help in solving some of our more serious curriculum problems.", "contents": "Diseases of the curriculum. During the past 20 years the author has visited almost half of all the American medical schools, usually as a consultant in matters of curriculum and instruction. Certain recurring curriculum problems have emerged and have been described as \"diseases of the curriculum.\" To be exact, this article includes nine such entities. In addition to the naming of these nine curriculum conditions, there is ample illustrative material to ensure that each curriculum disease is fully explained--although the basic sciences supporting the study of education as a discipline are not advanced enough to allow fuller understanding of the disease processes. There is speculation, however, that even being able to name and describe these disturbances of normal curriculum development might be of help in solving some of our more serious curriculum problems.", "PMID": 722767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9478", "title": "The effect of timing on the validity of student ratings.", "content": "Student ratings of a course are usually administered during the last days of class, on the day of the final examination, or following receipt of grades. Bias may be introduced simply by choosing a \"convenient\" time. In this study equivalent random groups of medical students rated an anatomy course at one of three times: immediately before or after the final examination or by mail after receiving grades. The effects of course achievement and timing on favorableness of rating were examined using analysis of variance. Results indicated a significant achievement effect but no difference in rating means due to timing. Students responding to the mail survey represented an academic cross-section of the class. Students present on the last two days of class were higher achievers and on subsequent evaluations gave higher ratings than did absentees, indicating that ratings administered on the last days would have produced a favorably biased response. Thus, comparative analyses among courses may be invalidated by including the ratings of both biased and representative student groups.", "contents": "The effect of timing on the validity of student ratings. Student ratings of a course are usually administered during the last days of class, on the day of the final examination, or following receipt of grades. Bias may be introduced simply by choosing a \"convenient\" time. In this study equivalent random groups of medical students rated an anatomy course at one of three times: immediately before or after the final examination or by mail after receiving grades. The effects of course achievement and timing on favorableness of rating were examined using analysis of variance. Results indicated a significant achievement effect but no difference in rating means due to timing. Students responding to the mail survey represented an academic cross-section of the class. Students present on the last two days of class were higher achievers and on subsequent evaluations gave higher ratings than did absentees, indicating that ratings administered on the last days would have produced a favorably biased response. Thus, comparative analyses among courses may be invalidated by including the ratings of both biased and representative student groups.", "PMID": 722768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9479", "title": "A faculty and house-staff group practice: report of an operational model.", "content": "The internal medicine group practice at Colorado General Hospital was formed in 1974 to improve patient care and educational experience for residents. Six residents, two faculty members, a nurse practitioner, a dietitian, and a group practice coordinator provide 24 hour-a-day, seven day-a-week care for 666 patients. The program features: a balanced degree of faculty and house staff involvement in direct patient care, a high level of accountability provided by the coordinator, and small group size. The first 19 months of operation are reviewed, and the program is contrasted with other group practices reported in the literature.", "contents": "A faculty and house-staff group practice: report of an operational model. The internal medicine group practice at Colorado General Hospital was formed in 1974 to improve patient care and educational experience for residents. Six residents, two faculty members, a nurse practitioner, a dietitian, and a group practice coordinator provide 24 hour-a-day, seven day-a-week care for 666 patients. The program features: a balanced degree of faculty and house staff involvement in direct patient care, a high level of accountability provided by the coordinator, and small group size. The first 19 months of operation are reviewed, and the program is contrasted with other group practices reported in the literature.", "PMID": 722769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9480", "title": "Resident education in primary care: how residents learn.", "content": "The process of resident education in an internal medicine practice was examined through interviews with 14 residents, who discussed their educational experience while caring for 10 patients. These retrospective evaluations provided insights about how the residents learned when caring for their patients. The study results suggest that resident education in this setting depends upon feedback provided through residents' use of educational resources or through their participation in elements of patient care. These essential elements of resident education were identified: treating and following patients, having cases reviewed by consultants and supervisors, encountering and recognizing diseases, and reading about problems. The study results provide a conceptual model of resident education upon which to base future research projects that should focus on patient selection and organizational aspects of the residents' practice.", "contents": "Resident education in primary care: how residents learn. The process of resident education in an internal medicine practice was examined through interviews with 14 residents, who discussed their educational experience while caring for 10 patients. These retrospective evaluations provided insights about how the residents learned when caring for their patients. The study results suggest that resident education in this setting depends upon feedback provided through residents' use of educational resources or through their participation in elements of patient care. These essential elements of resident education were identified: treating and following patients, having cases reviewed by consultants and supervisors, encountering and recognizing diseases, and reading about problems. The study results provide a conceptual model of resident education upon which to base future research projects that should focus on patient selection and organizational aspects of the residents' practice.", "PMID": 722770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9481", "title": "Introduction to patient care: a basic science course for medical students.", "content": "Basic science education of physicians has been almost exclusively in the biological fields. Although in recent years many schools have added behavioral sciences to the preclinical curriculum, there has been no agreement as to content or method in this area. An understanding of human behavior is essential for all physicians and is the goal of the course described here. This course, entitled \"Introduction to Patient Care,\" utilizes readings, group presentations, site visits, small-group seminars, and specifically stated educational objectives to present the following topics: health problems of the United States, physicians and other healers, humanistic values--the sick role, and the doctor-patient relationship. The small-group seminars, with behavioral science and clinical faculty, help to guide the student's learning experience toward a scientific analysis of the art of medicine.", "contents": "Introduction to patient care: a basic science course for medical students. Basic science education of physicians has been almost exclusively in the biological fields. Although in recent years many schools have added behavioral sciences to the preclinical curriculum, there has been no agreement as to content or method in this area. An understanding of human behavior is essential for all physicians and is the goal of the course described here. This course, entitled \"Introduction to Patient Care,\" utilizes readings, group presentations, site visits, small-group seminars, and specifically stated educational objectives to present the following topics: health problems of the United States, physicians and other healers, humanistic values--the sick role, and the doctor-patient relationship. The small-group seminars, with behavioral science and clinical faculty, help to guide the student's learning experience toward a scientific analysis of the art of medicine.", "PMID": 722771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9482", "title": "Immunological response to a strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis in the rabbit: production of protective antibody.", "content": "A rabbit was immunised with a heat-killed vaccine prepared from strain 1142 of Staphylococcus epidermidis. The HA titres of the antisera against a surface-polysaccharide antigen extracted from the homologous strain were highest in the 2nd-4th weeks after immunisation and subsequently declined. Only a minor amount of 2-ME-resistant antibody was formed, and this at a late state of the reaction. After a booster injection of the vaccine at the 10th week, there was a significantly greater HA-antibody response and a greater amount of 2-ME-resistant antibody was formed. The relative passive-protective activity of the sera in mice corresponded to their content of 2-ME-sensitive HA antibody. The protective activity of the sera was 2-ME sensitive and was not removed by absorption with anti-rabbit IgG goat serum. Further, 280 microgram of IgM-rich serum fraction obtained by sucrose-density-gradient ultracentrifugation passively protected against homologous challenge infection in mice, but even 910 microgram of IgG-rich fraction did not. These results indicated that the protective antibody was of the IgM class.", "contents": "Immunological response to a strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis in the rabbit: production of protective antibody. A rabbit was immunised with a heat-killed vaccine prepared from strain 1142 of Staphylococcus epidermidis. The HA titres of the antisera against a surface-polysaccharide antigen extracted from the homologous strain were highest in the 2nd-4th weeks after immunisation and subsequently declined. Only a minor amount of 2-ME-resistant antibody was formed, and this at a late state of the reaction. After a booster injection of the vaccine at the 10th week, there was a significantly greater HA-antibody response and a greater amount of 2-ME-resistant antibody was formed. The relative passive-protective activity of the sera in mice corresponded to their content of 2-ME-sensitive HA antibody. The protective activity of the sera was 2-ME sensitive and was not removed by absorption with anti-rabbit IgG goat serum. Further, 280 microgram of IgM-rich serum fraction obtained by sucrose-density-gradient ultracentrifugation passively protected against homologous challenge infection in mice, but even 910 microgram of IgG-rich fraction did not. These results indicated that the protective antibody was of the IgM class.", "PMID": 722780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9483", "title": "The antibodies involved in the human immune response to leptospiral infection.", "content": "Antibody responses were studied in human patients from whom leptospiral serovars--mainly  pomona or hardjo--had been isolated and identified. The antibody to the polysaccharide F4 antigen belonged exclusively to the IgM class, even as late as 10 months after infection. Human sera cross-reacted widely with F4 antigen from heterologous serovars. The antibodies involved in leptospiral agglutination were mainly IgM, but some patients also produced IgG agglutinins. The titres of IgM agglutinins were higher than those of IgG agglutinins and persisted for many months, regardless of the presence or absence of IgG agglutinins. Both types of immunoglobulin from patients with serovar pomona infection protected hamsters against lethal infections with homologous leptospires. The hamster-protective capacity of human sera correlated well with agglutinin titres. Sera from patients infected with serovars other than pomona protected hamsters against challenge with pomona only if they contained agglutinins to that organism.", "contents": "The antibodies involved in the human immune response to leptospiral infection. Antibody responses were studied in human patients from whom leptospiral serovars--mainly  pomona or hardjo--had been isolated and identified. The antibody to the polysaccharide F4 antigen belonged exclusively to the IgM class, even as late as 10 months after infection. Human sera cross-reacted widely with F4 antigen from heterologous serovars. The antibodies involved in leptospiral agglutination were mainly IgM, but some patients also produced IgG agglutinins. The titres of IgM agglutinins were higher than those of IgG agglutinins and persisted for many months, regardless of the presence or absence of IgG agglutinins. Both types of immunoglobulin from patients with serovar pomona infection protected hamsters against lethal infections with homologous leptospires. The hamster-protective capacity of human sera correlated well with agglutinin titres. Sera from patients infected with serovars other than pomona protected hamsters against challenge with pomona only if they contained agglutinins to that organism.", "PMID": 722781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9484", "title": "Serological and protective-antibody responses of rabbits to leptospiral antigens.", "content": "The rabbit antibody response to leptospiral F4 antigen extracted from serovar pomona depended on the method of immunisation. Intravenous injection of whole leptospires stimulated F4 antibodies that were confined to the IgM class, but leptospires injected intramuscularly with adjuvant stimulated F4 antibodies in both the IgM and the IgM and the IgG classes. Both methods of immunisation stimulated agglutinins in both the IgM and IgG classes. F4 antigen in soluble form was immunogenci when injected intradermally with adjuvant, but not when given alone. The F4 antibodies were distinct from the agglutinins in that they did not protect hamsters from acute infection with homologous leptospires, nor did they kill leptospires in vitro although they reacted with leptospires. The hamster-protective capacity of rabbit sera depended on the level of agglutinin.", "contents": "Serological and protective-antibody responses of rabbits to leptospiral antigens. The rabbit antibody response to leptospiral F4 antigen extracted from serovar pomona depended on the method of immunisation. Intravenous injection of whole leptospires stimulated F4 antibodies that were confined to the IgM class, but leptospires injected intramuscularly with adjuvant stimulated F4 antibodies in both the IgM and the IgM and the IgG classes. Both methods of immunisation stimulated agglutinins in both the IgM and IgG classes. F4 antigen in soluble form was immunogenci when injected intradermally with adjuvant, but not when given alone. The F4 antibodies were distinct from the agglutinins in that they did not protect hamsters from acute infection with homologous leptospires, nor did they kill leptospires in vitro although they reacted with leptospires. The hamster-protective capacity of rabbit sera depended on the level of agglutinin.", "PMID": 722782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9485", "title": "Effects of intestinal micro-organisms on fluid and electrolyte transport in the jejunum of the rat.", "content": "Culture filtrates of micro-organisms isolated from the upper intestinal secretions of malnourished children and grown in pure culture were shown to impair the intestinal absorption of water and electrolytes in live rats. Decreased net movement out of the intestinal lumen, or actual secretion of water, sodium or potassium into the intestinal lumen, was found with culture filtrates of single isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli 055, Escherichia coli B7A, Shigella sonnei, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. These organisms have been found to contaminate upper intestinal secretions in malnourished children and it is suggested that the effects observed in these experiments might be relevant to the production of the diarrhoea that is a dominant clinical feature of childhood malnutrition.", "contents": "Effects of intestinal micro-organisms on fluid and electrolyte transport in the jejunum of the rat. Culture filtrates of micro-organisms isolated from the upper intestinal secretions of malnourished children and grown in pure culture were shown to impair the intestinal absorption of water and electrolytes in live rats. Decreased net movement out of the intestinal lumen, or actual secretion of water, sodium or potassium into the intestinal lumen, was found with culture filtrates of single isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli 055, Escherichia coli B7A, Shigella sonnei, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. These organisms have been found to contaminate upper intestinal secretions in malnourished children and it is suggested that the effects observed in these experiments might be relevant to the production of the diarrhoea that is a dominant clinical feature of childhood malnutrition.", "PMID": 722783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9486", "title": "The anatomy of the reproductive system in male Dutch rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) with special emphasis on the accessory sex glands.", "content": "The morphology and microscopic anatomy of the reproductive organs and colliculus seminalis of the male rabbit are described and illustrated. Special attention is given to the accessory sex glands, because not all have been accurately identified previously. The terminology suggested for the accessory glands (with other terms commonly used in the literature in parentheses) follows: glandula vesicularis (glandula seminalis, vesicular seminalis), proprostata (glandula vesicularis, coagulating gland, prostata), prostata, paraprostata (glandula Cowperi superior), glandula bulbourethralis (glandula Cowperi inferior). The English equivalents are vesicular, proprostate, prostate, paraprostate and bulbourethral glands. Organs were obtained from 39 adult Dutch-belted rabbits that averaged 2,023 g in bodyweight. Organ weights (means and standard deviations) were as follows: testis, 2.035 +/- 0.529 g; caput epididymidis, 0.264 +/- 0.087 g; corpus epididymidis, 0.046 +/- 0.019 g; cauda epididymidis, 0.398 +/- 0.123 g; proximal part of the ductus deferens, 0.098 +/- 0.026 g; ampulla of the ductus deferens, 0.177 +/- 0.069 g; vesicular gland, 0.529 +/- 1.169 g; proprostate gland, 0.633 +/- 0.304 g; prostate gland, 0.411 +/- 0.181 g; paraprostate gland, 0.040 +/- 0.019 g; bulbourethral gland, 0.390 +/- 0.133 g; and epididymal fat pad, 0.545 +/- 0.339 g. Correlations among organ weights were calculated and interrelationships among them and bodyweight are discussed.", "contents": "The anatomy of the reproductive system in male Dutch rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) with special emphasis on the accessory sex glands. The morphology and microscopic anatomy of the reproductive organs and colliculus seminalis of the male rabbit are described and illustrated. Special attention is given to the accessory sex glands, because not all have been accurately identified previously. The terminology suggested for the accessory glands (with other terms commonly used in the literature in parentheses) follows: glandula vesicularis (glandula seminalis, vesicular seminalis), proprostata (glandula vesicularis, coagulating gland, prostata), prostata, paraprostata (glandula Cowperi superior), glandula bulbourethralis (glandula Cowperi inferior). The English equivalents are vesicular, proprostate, prostate, paraprostate and bulbourethral glands. Organs were obtained from 39 adult Dutch-belted rabbits that averaged 2,023 g in bodyweight. Organ weights (means and standard deviations) were as follows: testis, 2.035 +/- 0.529 g; caput epididymidis, 0.264 +/- 0.087 g; corpus epididymidis, 0.046 +/- 0.019 g; cauda epididymidis, 0.398 +/- 0.123 g; proximal part of the ductus deferens, 0.098 +/- 0.026 g; ampulla of the ductus deferens, 0.177 +/- 0.069 g; vesicular gland, 0.529 +/- 1.169 g; proprostate gland, 0.633 +/- 0.304 g; prostate gland, 0.411 +/- 0.181 g; paraprostate gland, 0.040 +/- 0.019 g; bulbourethral gland, 0.390 +/- 0.133 g; and epididymal fat pad, 0.545 +/- 0.339 g. Correlations among organ weights were calculated and interrelationships among them and bodyweight are discussed.", "PMID": 722787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9487", "title": "Histological study of muscular hypoplasia in the crooked neck dwarf mutant (cn/cn) chick embryo.", "content": "Tibiotarsal segments of 12-day chick embryos homozygous for the crooked neck dwarf gene (cn/cn) were examined histologically following routine methods of preparation. The myogenic mass fails to divide into separate muscle bundles during the early stages of differentiation. Myoblasts and myotubes are observed, although the proportion favors the mononucleate cell population. Multinucleate myotubes are often wavy in appearance and many contain eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions. The entire tissue mass of mutants appears more compacted than in control limbs. Poor organization of muscle appears related to the lack of a suitable connective tissue system. Epimysia, perimysia, and subcutaneous connective tissue fail to develop properly. Tendons are poorly developed or absent. Comparisons between mutant and control embryos show no differences in peripheral innervation. Nerve fascicles penetrate deeply into the developing muscle of both species. The distribution of vascular elements is seemingly normal also. Skeletal muscle of cn/cn embryos is capable of differentiating to the myotube stage, after which it undergoes cellular degeneration without achieving a functional state. Comparisons of this mutant with alleged chemical phenocopies show important differences.", "contents": "Histological study of muscular hypoplasia in the crooked neck dwarf mutant (cn/cn) chick embryo. Tibiotarsal segments of 12-day chick embryos homozygous for the crooked neck dwarf gene (cn/cn) were examined histologically following routine methods of preparation. The myogenic mass fails to divide into separate muscle bundles during the early stages of differentiation. Myoblasts and myotubes are observed, although the proportion favors the mononucleate cell population. Multinucleate myotubes are often wavy in appearance and many contain eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions. The entire tissue mass of mutants appears more compacted than in control limbs. Poor organization of muscle appears related to the lack of a suitable connective tissue system. Epimysia, perimysia, and subcutaneous connective tissue fail to develop properly. Tendons are poorly developed or absent. Comparisons between mutant and control embryos show no differences in peripheral innervation. Nerve fascicles penetrate deeply into the developing muscle of both species. The distribution of vascular elements is seemingly normal also. Skeletal muscle of cn/cn embryos is capable of differentiating to the myotube stage, after which it undergoes cellular degeneration without achieving a functional state. Comparisons of this mutant with alleged chemical phenocopies show important differences.", "PMID": 722788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9488", "title": "Forebrain projections of the pigeon olfactory bulb.", "content": "The olfactory system of the pigeon (Columba livia) was examined. Our electrophysiological and experimental neuroanatomical (Fink-Heimer technique) data showed that axons from the olfactory bulb terminated in both sides of the forebrain. The cortex prepiriformis (olfactory cortex), the hyperstriatum ventrale and the lobus parolfactorius comprised the uncrossed terminal field. The crossed field included the paleostriatum primitivum and the caudal portion of the lobus parolfactorius, areas which were reached through the anterior commissure. In this report the relationships between areas that receive olfactory information and the possible roles that olfaction plays in the birds' behavior are discussed.", "contents": "Forebrain projections of the pigeon olfactory bulb. The olfactory system of the pigeon (Columba livia) was examined. Our electrophysiological and experimental neuroanatomical (Fink-Heimer technique) data showed that axons from the olfactory bulb terminated in both sides of the forebrain. The cortex prepiriformis (olfactory cortex), the hyperstriatum ventrale and the lobus parolfactorius comprised the uncrossed terminal field. The crossed field included the paleostriatum primitivum and the caudal portion of the lobus parolfactorius, areas which were reached through the anterior commissure. In this report the relationships between areas that receive olfactory information and the possible roles that olfaction plays in the birds' behavior are discussed.", "PMID": 722790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9489", "title": "Seasonal ultrastructural variations in pinealocytes of the woodchuck, Marmota monax.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the pinealocyte in the woodchuck, Marmota monax, was studied during the four seasons of the year. Fall cells have a fairly uniform cytoplasmic density, organelles consistent with synthetic and/or secretory activity and rather extensive pericapillary and intercellular spaces. Many winter pinealocytes are nearly devoid of ribosomes and granular endoplasmic reticulum but contain lipid droplets associated with mitochondria. Pericapillary and intercellular spaces are minimal. Spring glands have the greatest variation in cytoplasmic density with intercellular and pericapillary spaces similar to that seen in fall glands. Cells containing electron dense cytoplasm have Golgi zone associated, secretory granules, free ribosomes, short sections of granular endoplasmic reticulum and dense bodies. Cells with a more electron lucent cytoplasm are similar to the most frequently observed summer pinealocytes which have numerous Golgi zones but few associated secretory granules. Microtubules are prominent in the cytoplasm of these cells, the plasma membranes are smooth and intercellular and pericapillary spaces are minimal. A yearly rhythm or cyclic activity of the pinealocyte is suggested.", "contents": "Seasonal ultrastructural variations in pinealocytes of the woodchuck, Marmota monax. The ultrastructure of the pinealocyte in the woodchuck, Marmota monax, was studied during the four seasons of the year. Fall cells have a fairly uniform cytoplasmic density, organelles consistent with synthetic and/or secretory activity and rather extensive pericapillary and intercellular spaces. Many winter pinealocytes are nearly devoid of ribosomes and granular endoplasmic reticulum but contain lipid droplets associated with mitochondria. Pericapillary and intercellular spaces are minimal. Spring glands have the greatest variation in cytoplasmic density with intercellular and pericapillary spaces similar to that seen in fall glands. Cells containing electron dense cytoplasm have Golgi zone associated, secretory granules, free ribosomes, short sections of granular endoplasmic reticulum and dense bodies. Cells with a more electron lucent cytoplasm are similar to the most frequently observed summer pinealocytes which have numerous Golgi zones but few associated secretory granules. Microtubules are prominent in the cytoplasm of these cells, the plasma membranes are smooth and intercellular and pericapillary spaces are minimal. A yearly rhythm or cyclic activity of the pinealocyte is suggested.", "PMID": 722791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9490", "title": "Structural relatedness of kappa-casein and fibrinogen gamma-chain.", "content": "kappa-Caseins, involved in the milk clotting process, and human fibrinogen gamma-chain, involved in the blood clotting process, show structural similarities. Several long kappa-casein sections, together corresponding to 80% of the whole protein molecule, have their counterparts in the gamma-chain of fibrinogen, in that 31--42% of the amino acid residues occupy identical positions. The section of kappa-casein which contains the chymosin-sensitive bond has a counterpart not only in the gamma but also in the Bbeta-chain of fibrinogen. Furthermore, the secondary structures of the kappa-caseins and of the gamma-chain predicted according to the method of Chou and Fasman present several common features.", "contents": "Structural relatedness of kappa-casein and fibrinogen gamma-chain. kappa-Caseins, involved in the milk clotting process, and human fibrinogen gamma-chain, involved in the blood clotting process, show structural similarities. Several long kappa-casein sections, together corresponding to 80% of the whole protein molecule, have their counterparts in the gamma-chain of fibrinogen, in that 31--42% of the amino acid residues occupy identical positions. The section of kappa-casein which contains the chymosin-sensitive bond has a counterpart not only in the gamma but also in the Bbeta-chain of fibrinogen. Furthermore, the secondary structures of the kappa-caseins and of the gamma-chain predicted according to the method of Chou and Fasman present several common features.", "PMID": 722804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9491", "title": "Cyanamide mediated syntheses under plausible primitive earth conditions. V. The synthesis of phosphatidic acids.", "content": "A mixture of ammonium palmitate, 14C-sn-glycero-1(3)-phosphate, cyanimide and imidazole when heated for several hours formed significant quantities of phospholipids. These reaction products were shown by chromatographic, chemical and enzymatic procedures to be monopalmitoylglycerophosphate (MPGP), dipalmitoylglycerophosphate (DPGP) and monopalmitoyl cyclic glycerophosphate (cMPGP). A portion of the MPGP and DPGP possessed the same steric configuration as naturally occurring lysophosphatidic acid and phosphatidic acid. The yield of total phospholipid was maximal at temperatures between 60 degrees and 90 degrees after 8 h. When ratios of reactants were varied, up to 45% of radioactive glycerophosphate was converted into phospholipids. The average proportions of individual phosphatidic acids were: 60% MPGP, 27% DPGP and 13% cMPGP. Evidence was obtained for a synergistic relationship between cyanamide and imidazole in promoting the formation of phosphatidic acids. These results suggest that phosphatidic acids, which are essential precursors for the biochemical synthesis of more complex membrane phospholipids, could have been produced on the primitive Earth.", "contents": "Cyanamide mediated syntheses under plausible primitive earth conditions. V. The synthesis of phosphatidic acids. A mixture of ammonium palmitate, 14C-sn-glycero-1(3)-phosphate, cyanimide and imidazole when heated for several hours formed significant quantities of phospholipids. These reaction products were shown by chromatographic, chemical and enzymatic procedures to be monopalmitoylglycerophosphate (MPGP), dipalmitoylglycerophosphate (DPGP) and monopalmitoyl cyclic glycerophosphate (cMPGP). A portion of the MPGP and DPGP possessed the same steric configuration as naturally occurring lysophosphatidic acid and phosphatidic acid. The yield of total phospholipid was maximal at temperatures between 60 degrees and 90 degrees after 8 h. When ratios of reactants were varied, up to 45% of radioactive glycerophosphate was converted into phospholipids. The average proportions of individual phosphatidic acids were: 60% MPGP, 27% DPGP and 13% cMPGP. Evidence was obtained for a synergistic relationship between cyanamide and imidazole in promoting the formation of phosphatidic acids. These results suggest that phosphatidic acids, which are essential precursors for the biochemical synthesis of more complex membrane phospholipids, could have been produced on the primitive Earth.", "PMID": 722805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9492", "title": "The asymmetry of life.", "content": "Stereoselective physical phenomena and their possible importance for the prevalence of D-sugars and L-aminoacids in living matter are reviewed. A classification is presented according to which a selective force provides a microscopic or macroscopic selection depending on its generality when taken over a macrosystem (a 'unitary biosphere' such as the Earth). The microscopic 'selections' are not genuine selections because the final sense of asymmetry is here determined by chance, in other words the initial choice is 'random', while it is 'directed' in the macroscopic selection. Two macroscopic selections appear possible: 1. selection due to an intrinsic energy difference between enantiomorph configurations, 2. selection accomplished by elliptically polarised radiation.", "contents": "The asymmetry of life. Stereoselective physical phenomena and their possible importance for the prevalence of D-sugars and L-aminoacids in living matter are reviewed. A classification is presented according to which a selective force provides a microscopic or macroscopic selection depending on its generality when taken over a macrosystem (a 'unitary biosphere' such as the Earth). The microscopic 'selections' are not genuine selections because the final sense of asymmetry is here determined by chance, in other words the initial choice is 'random', while it is 'directed' in the macroscopic selection. Two macroscopic selections appear possible: 1. selection due to an intrinsic energy difference between enantiomorph configurations, 2. selection accomplished by elliptically polarised radiation.", "PMID": 722806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9493", "title": "Nonrandom amino acid substitution and estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in evolution.", "content": "A method of estimating the number of nucleotide substitutions from amino acid sequence data is developed by using Dayhoff's mutation probability matrix. This method takes into account the effect of nonrandom amino acid substitutions and gives an estimate which is similar to the value obtained by Fitch's counting method, but larger than the estimate obtained under the assumption of random substitutions (Jukes and Cantor's formula). Computer simulations based on Dayhoff's mutation probability matrix have suggested that Jukes and Holmquist's method of estimating the number of nucleotide substitutions gives an overestimate when amino acid substitution is not random and the variance of the estimate is generally very large. It is also shown that when the number of nucleotide substitutions is small, this method tends to give an overestimate even when amino acid substitution is purely at random.", "contents": "Nonrandom amino acid substitution and estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in evolution. A method of estimating the number of nucleotide substitutions from amino acid sequence data is developed by using Dayhoff's mutation probability matrix. This method takes into account the effect of nonrandom amino acid substitutions and gives an estimate which is similar to the value obtained by Fitch's counting method, but larger than the estimate obtained under the assumption of random substitutions (Jukes and Cantor's formula). Computer simulations based on Dayhoff's mutation probability matrix have suggested that Jukes and Holmquist's method of estimating the number of nucleotide substitutions gives an overestimate when amino acid substitution is not random and the variance of the estimate is generally very large. It is also shown that when the number of nucleotide substitutions is small, this method tends to give an overestimate even when amino acid substitution is purely at random.", "PMID": 722807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9494", "title": "Evaluation of compositional nonrandomness in proteins.", "content": "Cornish-Bowden and Marson have recently suggested that the finite sampling component of Q, a measure of nonrandomness in the amino acid composition of proteins, may have been underestimated because it was calculated on the basis of the genetic code table frequencies rather than on the basis of the average natural abundance with which the twenty amino acids actually occur in proteins. This underestimate would lead to an overestimate of Qc a measure of selective effects above and beyond those imposed by the average natural abundance of the amino acids. In this paper the finite sampling component of Q is quantitatively estimated on the basis of these natural abundances and found to reduce Qc from its previous average value of 24.3 to the lower value of 9.7, with the standard deviation of the population of Qc values being 12.5. Individual Qc values are given for 81 protein families of mean composition per 61 codons of Ala5.3Arg2.4Asn3.0Asp3.6Cys1.5Gln2.6Glu3.5Gly4.7His1.3Ile3.4Leu4.5Lys4.2Met1.0Phe2.3Pro2.3Ser4.2Thr3.6Trp0.8Tyr2.6Val4.2. The mean Qc value of 9.7 is notably small, and indicates that quantitatively minimal adjustments away from the average protein composition are necessary to maintain many different biological functions. This small value, however, is shown to differ significantly from the value of zero expected were the natural abundances of the amino acids the only selective constraint. These small deviations from the natural abundances are thus effectively selected for in the Darwinian sense.", "contents": "Evaluation of compositional nonrandomness in proteins. Cornish-Bowden and Marson have recently suggested that the finite sampling component of Q, a measure of nonrandomness in the amino acid composition of proteins, may have been underestimated because it was calculated on the basis of the genetic code table frequencies rather than on the basis of the average natural abundance with which the twenty amino acids actually occur in proteins. This underestimate would lead to an overestimate of Qc a measure of selective effects above and beyond those imposed by the average natural abundance of the amino acids. In this paper the finite sampling component of Q is quantitatively estimated on the basis of these natural abundances and found to reduce Qc from its previous average value of 24.3 to the lower value of 9.7, with the standard deviation of the population of Qc values being 12.5. Individual Qc values are given for 81 protein families of mean composition per 61 codons of Ala5.3Arg2.4Asn3.0Asp3.6Cys1.5Gln2.6Glu3.5Gly4.7His1.3Ile3.4Leu4.5Lys4.2Met1.0Phe2.3Pro2.3Ser4.2Thr3.6Trp0.8Tyr2.6Val4.2. The mean Qc value of 9.7 is notably small, and indicates that quantitatively minimal adjustments away from the average protein composition are necessary to maintain many different biological functions. This small value, however, is shown to differ significantly from the value of zero expected were the natural abundances of the amino acids the only selective constraint. These small deviations from the natural abundances are thus effectively selected for in the Darwinian sense.", "PMID": 722808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9495", "title": "Psychosexual counseling of the mastectomy patient.", "content": "A pilot research study is described, aimed at investigating the hypotheses that psychosexual factors are of central importance in the psychological recovery of the mastectomy patient and that counseling would prove beneficial. Forty-one women were interviewed. Results indicated (1) that sexual self-concept superseded mortality as the primary concern of most recovery mastectomy patients, (2) that the attitude of the partner--husband or lover--was crucial to that self-concept, (3) that most partners were eager to help, and (4) that psychosexual counseling was welcomed and found to be appropriate. Resistances to the execution of the study are also described.", "contents": "Psychosexual counseling of the mastectomy patient. A pilot research study is described, aimed at investigating the hypotheses that psychosexual factors are of central importance in the psychological recovery of the mastectomy patient and that counseling would prove beneficial. Forty-one women were interviewed. Results indicated (1) that sexual self-concept superseded mortality as the primary concern of most recovery mastectomy patients, (2) that the attitude of the partner--husband or lover--was crucial to that self-concept, (3) that most partners were eager to help, and (4) that psychosexual counseling was welcomed and found to be appropriate. Resistances to the execution of the study are also described.", "PMID": 722810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9496", "title": "A conceptual framework for the study of anomalous erotic preferences.", "content": "Operational definitions are given for the terms \"erotic\" or \"sexual\" and \"erotic arousal level.\" Measurement of erotic arousal level is discussed as well as \"scales of erotic value.\" A reference system for the analysis of the progression of sexual interaction is expounded, and the analysis of anomalies from the norm of such a progression briefly discussed.", "contents": "A conceptual framework for the study of anomalous erotic preferences. Operational definitions are given for the terms \"erotic\" or \"sexual\" and \"erotic arousal level.\" Measurement of erotic arousal level is discussed as well as \"scales of erotic value.\" A reference system for the analysis of the progression of sexual interaction is expounded, and the analysis of anomalies from the norm of such a progression briefly discussed.", "PMID": 722811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9497", "title": "Truth and consequences in sex and marital therapy: the revelation of secrets in the therapeutic setting.", "content": "This paper describes the development by the author and his colleagues of a policy of full revelation of secrets between spouses as a prerequisite to offering sex and marital therapy. This stand is controversial, for it directly contradicts the advice and practice of many sex and marital therapists. The exploration of this therapeutic position by therapists who are firmly convinced of the need for sexual and emotional commitment, but who will not themselves betray confidences, has offered crucial new opportunities to couples. For example, many couples have been able to confront the self-serving aspects of the wish to \"protect\" the other partner from knowledge that would in reality subject both partners to risk and a sense of vulnerability. Remarkably, there has not been one casually in the series of more than 30 cases. Marital and sexual case illustrations, alternate methods of handling such secrets, and a discussion of the course of subsequent treatment are considered.", "contents": "Truth and consequences in sex and marital therapy: the revelation of secrets in the therapeutic setting. This paper describes the development by the author and his colleagues of a policy of full revelation of secrets between spouses as a prerequisite to offering sex and marital therapy. This stand is controversial, for it directly contradicts the advice and practice of many sex and marital therapists. The exploration of this therapeutic position by therapists who are firmly convinced of the need for sexual and emotional commitment, but who will not themselves betray confidences, has offered crucial new opportunities to couples. For example, many couples have been able to confront the self-serving aspects of the wish to \"protect\" the other partner from knowledge that would in reality subject both partners to risk and a sense of vulnerability. Remarkably, there has not been one casually in the series of more than 30 cases. Marital and sexual case illustrations, alternate methods of handling such secrets, and a discussion of the course of subsequent treatment are considered.", "PMID": 722812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9498", "title": "Arousal, personality, and assortative mating in marriage: generalizability and cross-cultural factors.", "content": "The significant assortative mating for the sensation-seeking motive in (married) American students reported by Farley and Davis was significantly cross validated on American (N = 160) and German (N = 160) samples randomly selected from two comparable cities in the Federal German Republic and the United States. A control condition of age-matched unmarried pairs was included. Spouses were found to have 19% and 29% of sensation-seeking variance in common in the American and German samples, respectively. The later figure is exceptionally high for the literature on assortative mating (exceeding or approximating some of the relationships found for intellectual measures). No significant variance was in common for the unmarried pairs. When a simple and easily measured construct with such wide implications as the sensation-seeking motive can be shown to be so significantly involved in marital partner similarity, then its consequences for successful and unsuccessful marriage should be pursued with vigor. Such a program in research and therapy is recommended and a theoretical model suggested.", "contents": "Arousal, personality, and assortative mating in marriage: generalizability and cross-cultural factors. The significant assortative mating for the sensation-seeking motive in (married) American students reported by Farley and Davis was significantly cross validated on American (N = 160) and German (N = 160) samples randomly selected from two comparable cities in the Federal German Republic and the United States. A control condition of age-matched unmarried pairs was included. Spouses were found to have 19% and 29% of sensation-seeking variance in common in the American and German samples, respectively. The later figure is exceptionally high for the literature on assortative mating (exceeding or approximating some of the relationships found for intellectual measures). No significant variance was in common for the unmarried pairs. When a simple and easily measured construct with such wide implications as the sensation-seeking motive can be shown to be so significantly involved in marital partner similarity, then its consequences for successful and unsuccessful marriage should be pursued with vigor. Such a program in research and therapy is recommended and a theoretical model suggested.", "PMID": 722813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9499", "title": "Effects of a marriage enrichment program: an outcome study.", "content": "This study investigated the impact of a marriage enrichment program. Fourteen couples were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups or to a no-treatment control group. One experimental group received fair-fight training for 3 weeks followed by a sexual enhancement format for 3 additional weeks. The second experimental groups received the opposite treatment sequence. The same counselor team used the same exercises in both groups. The sequence of treatment did not differentially affect outcome. The immediate and longer term treatment effects that were found generally favored the treatment groups over the no-treatment control group on spouses' separate reports of marital and personal functioning. Using larger and more homogeneous samples, future studies should examine the relationship of individual partner changes to couple changes, conduct a follow-up evaluation of at least 3 months, and obtain behavioral assessments of couples' interactions before and after treatment.", "contents": "Effects of a marriage enrichment program: an outcome study. This study investigated the impact of a marriage enrichment program. Fourteen couples were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups or to a no-treatment control group. One experimental group received fair-fight training for 3 weeks followed by a sexual enhancement format for 3 additional weeks. The second experimental groups received the opposite treatment sequence. The same counselor team used the same exercises in both groups. The sequence of treatment did not differentially affect outcome. The immediate and longer term treatment effects that were found generally favored the treatment groups over the no-treatment control group on spouses' separate reports of marital and personal functioning. Using larger and more homogeneous samples, future studies should examine the relationship of individual partner changes to couple changes, conduct a follow-up evaluation of at least 3 months, and obtain behavioral assessments of couples' interactions before and after treatment.", "PMID": 722814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9500", "title": "The erotic factor as a complication in the dual-sex therapy team's effective functioning.", "content": "One of the most traditional modes of sex treatment involves the dual-sex therapy team. A team must face all the usual interpersonal hindrances to smooth therapeutic functioning; however, in sex treatment the erotic factor, due to the case content, becomes particularly significant. The tendency for cotherapists to view each other a \"supersexed,\" as well as the communication difficulties intrinsic to the subject of sex, further complicates the cotherapists' interaction. This paper discusses some of the complex problems related to these issues and suggests procedures for resolution.", "contents": "The erotic factor as a complication in the dual-sex therapy team's effective functioning. One of the most traditional modes of sex treatment involves the dual-sex therapy team. A team must face all the usual interpersonal hindrances to smooth therapeutic functioning; however, in sex treatment the erotic factor, due to the case content, becomes particularly significant. The tendency for cotherapists to view each other a \"supersexed,\" as well as the communication difficulties intrinsic to the subject of sex, further complicates the cotherapists' interaction. This paper discusses some of the complex problems related to these issues and suggests procedures for resolution.", "PMID": 722815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9501", "title": "Resistance in the behavioral treatment of sexual dysfunctions.", "content": "Although there has been a rapid burgeoning of interest in the treatment of sexual problems in recent years, particularly in treatments that include or rely heavily upon learning-based behavioral intervention strategies, little has been written about the patient \"resistances\" during this form of treatment. This report describes five categories of resistance: Type I resistance results from the patient not understanding what he is supposed to do, Type II resistance from a deficit in the patient's skills, Type III resistance from lack of motivation or expectation of success, Type IV resistance from anxiety or gulit elicited or mobilized by the treatment situation, and Type V resistance from positive reinforcement (secondary gain). Treatment strategies differ depending on the type of resistance.", "contents": "Resistance in the behavioral treatment of sexual dysfunctions. Although there has been a rapid burgeoning of interest in the treatment of sexual problems in recent years, particularly in treatments that include or rely heavily upon learning-based behavioral intervention strategies, little has been written about the patient \"resistances\" during this form of treatment. This report describes five categories of resistance: Type I resistance results from the patient not understanding what he is supposed to do, Type II resistance from a deficit in the patient's skills, Type III resistance from lack of motivation or expectation of success, Type IV resistance from anxiety or gulit elicited or mobilized by the treatment situation, and Type V resistance from positive reinforcement (secondary gain). Treatment strategies differ depending on the type of resistance.", "PMID": 722816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9502", "title": "Treatment for premature ejaculation through male-only groups.", "content": "A report on the treatment of premature ejaculation in a group format is provided. In this format only males attended group therapy sessions, but they were expected to relay all information on the group meetings to their regular sexual partners. The women then participated in structured retraining exercises with their male partners. This approach was both cost effective and successful for most couples. It is argued, though, that group treatments are not likely to be as effective as the Masters and Johnson strategy and that clinics should, therfore, remain flexible enough to provide more individualized treatment for those couples who do not succeed with group approaches. Therapists are also encouraged to ensure that treatment gains are well established before terminating therapy.", "contents": "Treatment for premature ejaculation through male-only groups. A report on the treatment of premature ejaculation in a group format is provided. In this format only males attended group therapy sessions, but they were expected to relay all information on the group meetings to their regular sexual partners. The women then participated in structured retraining exercises with their male partners. This approach was both cost effective and successful for most couples. It is argued, though, that group treatments are not likely to be as effective as the Masters and Johnson strategy and that clinics should, therfore, remain flexible enough to provide more individualized treatment for those couples who do not succeed with group approaches. Therapists are also encouraged to ensure that treatment gains are well established before terminating therapy.", "PMID": 722817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9503", "title": "Personality correlates of the marital sexual compatibility of professional men.", "content": "The relationship between personality and sexual compatibility in 60 married men in their early 30s was studied as part of a longitudinal study of maturing. Sexual compatibility was assessed by the men's ratings of their own and spouses' sexual pleasure, of the similarity of their sexual values, of their mutual faithfulness, and of the consideration by the spouse of the men's sexual needs. The measure was independently validated by the judgments of the men's wives of the men's excellence as sexual partners and lovers. Extensive psychological test, questionnaire, and judge ratings from the men's wives, closest male friends, and colleagues were secured. Sexual compatibility was significantly related to 39% of the more than 400 measures of adult personality and interpersonal relationships. Sexual compatibility was moderately related to sexual pleasure and satisfaction, but not to marital coital frequency. Increasing sexual compatibility was consistently related to increasing psychological maturity, interpersonal maturity, and the mutuality of the marital relationship, to effectiveness in fulfilling various adult roles, and to marital happiness.", "contents": "Personality correlates of the marital sexual compatibility of professional men. The relationship between personality and sexual compatibility in 60 married men in their early 30s was studied as part of a longitudinal study of maturing. Sexual compatibility was assessed by the men's ratings of their own and spouses' sexual pleasure, of the similarity of their sexual values, of their mutual faithfulness, and of the consideration by the spouse of the men's sexual needs. The measure was independently validated by the judgments of the men's wives of the men's excellence as sexual partners and lovers. Extensive psychological test, questionnaire, and judge ratings from the men's wives, closest male friends, and colleagues were secured. Sexual compatibility was significantly related to 39% of the more than 400 measures of adult personality and interpersonal relationships. Sexual compatibility was moderately related to sexual pleasure and satisfaction, but not to marital coital frequency. Increasing sexual compatibility was consistently related to increasing psychological maturity, interpersonal maturity, and the mutuality of the marital relationship, to effectiveness in fulfilling various adult roles, and to marital happiness.", "PMID": 722818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9504", "title": "A sexual intimacy survey of former nuns and priests.", "content": "Men and women who have lived in a celibate religious community experience a unique set of sexual, social, and psychological problems upon resuming a secular life style. In many instances the personality factors and circumstances which led both to a decision to enter and then to leave a celibate religious community are not easily appreciated by the nonreligious professional counselor and do not readily lend themselves to extrapolation from other population groups. This article reports the findings of a preliminary study to identify the sexual experiences and problems of persons who have left religious communities. Data is based on responses to a mailed, anonymous questionnaire by 126 former nuns and priests living in all parts of the country. Information is reported on the following areas: (1) sexual behavior and enjoyment prior to, while living in, and after leaving a religious community; (2) current sexual behavior, satisfaction and problems; (3) sexual counseling experience; and (4) general problems and concerns with integrating sexual intimacy into present life styles. Comparisons are made with similar data published in the literature and data obtained from persons attending Sexual Attitude Reassessment (SAR) Workshops. The findings of this study suggest that persons who have left celibate religious communities have had limited sexual experience in adolescence and early adulthood compared to nonreligious persons. Further, there are special sexual problems and needs in readjusting to a secular life style. Implications for specific counseling are discussed.", "contents": "A sexual intimacy survey of former nuns and priests. Men and women who have lived in a celibate religious community experience a unique set of sexual, social, and psychological problems upon resuming a secular life style. In many instances the personality factors and circumstances which led both to a decision to enter and then to leave a celibate religious community are not easily appreciated by the nonreligious professional counselor and do not readily lend themselves to extrapolation from other population groups. This article reports the findings of a preliminary study to identify the sexual experiences and problems of persons who have left religious communities. Data is based on responses to a mailed, anonymous questionnaire by 126 former nuns and priests living in all parts of the country. Information is reported on the following areas: (1) sexual behavior and enjoyment prior to, while living in, and after leaving a religious community; (2) current sexual behavior, satisfaction and problems; (3) sexual counseling experience; and (4) general problems and concerns with integrating sexual intimacy into present life styles. Comparisons are made with similar data published in the literature and data obtained from persons attending Sexual Attitude Reassessment (SAR) Workshops. The findings of this study suggest that persons who have left celibate religious communities have had limited sexual experience in adolescence and early adulthood compared to nonreligious persons. Further, there are special sexual problems and needs in readjusting to a secular life style. Implications for specific counseling are discussed.", "PMID": 722819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9505", "title": "A sexual enhancement program for elderly couples.", "content": "This study was designed to examine the effects of a group sexual enhancement program for elderly couples. Ten marital couples whose ages ranged from 51 to 71 were placed in one of three sexual enhancement groups based on their scheduling preferences. All groups followed the same format, but each was conducted by a different pair of group leaders. The sexual enhancement program was divided into three 2-week phases: (1) a pretreatment period in which there was no contact with the therapists, (2) an education phase in which subjects were provided with information on human sexual functioning in aging people in particular, and (3) a communication exercises-sexual techniques phase in which subjects were instructed on methods to improve communication and increase enjoyment of sexual contact. Following an initial interview in which the purpose of the study was explained, subjects were administered a questionnaire assessing satisfaction and frequency of sexual activities and perception of partner's sexual satisfaction. The questionnaire was readministered after the pretreatment phase, after the education phase, and 4 weeks following the end of the program. In general, significant increases in sexual satisfaction, frequency of certain sexual activities, and positive attitudes about marital and life satisfaction were found to occur over the course of the sexual enhancement program. These significant increases occurred either during the pretreatment period or during some combination of phases.", "contents": "A sexual enhancement program for elderly couples. This study was designed to examine the effects of a group sexual enhancement program for elderly couples. Ten marital couples whose ages ranged from 51 to 71 were placed in one of three sexual enhancement groups based on their scheduling preferences. All groups followed the same format, but each was conducted by a different pair of group leaders. The sexual enhancement program was divided into three 2-week phases: (1) a pretreatment period in which there was no contact with the therapists, (2) an education phase in which subjects were provided with information on human sexual functioning in aging people in particular, and (3) a communication exercises-sexual techniques phase in which subjects were instructed on methods to improve communication and increase enjoyment of sexual contact. Following an initial interview in which the purpose of the study was explained, subjects were administered a questionnaire assessing satisfaction and frequency of sexual activities and perception of partner's sexual satisfaction. The questionnaire was readministered after the pretreatment phase, after the education phase, and 4 weeks following the end of the program. In general, significant increases in sexual satisfaction, frequency of certain sexual activities, and positive attitudes about marital and life satisfaction were found to occur over the course of the sexual enhancement program. These significant increases occurred either during the pretreatment period or during some combination of phases.", "PMID": 722820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9506", "title": "Changes in marital sexual relationship following treatment for sexual dysfunctioning.", "content": "Ten couples treated for sexual dysfunctional problems were administered the Sexual Compatibility Test before and after treatment. Significant changes between before-and-after testing were found on all subscales, on the major scales, and on dysfunctional scores. Changes occurred in amount of sexual communication, amount of sexual activity, level of sexual pleasure, and the ability to perceive accurately a mate's sexual preferences and pleasures. The group means of test scores for before-and-after testing were computed and the significance of the differences presented. No significant differences were found for a control group. Group profiles of the treatment group were presented. The impact of the observed changes upon the lives of the treatment couples was discussed.", "contents": "Changes in marital sexual relationship following treatment for sexual dysfunctioning. Ten couples treated for sexual dysfunctional problems were administered the Sexual Compatibility Test before and after treatment. Significant changes between before-and-after testing were found on all subscales, on the major scales, and on dysfunctional scores. Changes occurred in amount of sexual communication, amount of sexual activity, level of sexual pleasure, and the ability to perceive accurately a mate's sexual preferences and pleasures. The group means of test scores for before-and-after testing were computed and the significance of the differences presented. No significant differences were found for a control group. Group profiles of the treatment group were presented. The impact of the observed changes upon the lives of the treatment couples was discussed.", "PMID": 722821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9507", "title": "Coping with homosexual expression within heterosexual marriages: five case studies.", "content": "The general consensus of previous studies dealing with heterosexually married homosexuals is that the outcome is a rather poor and unhappy marriage, or divorce. The subjects in previous studies, for the most part, had not disclosed their sexual orientation to their marriage partner or were divorced at the time of the study. Presented are five case studies of heterosexual marriages where disclosure to the spouse is evident. Examined are the coping mechanisms involved when such marriages do not end in divorce. A three-phase heuristic model is offered for understanding and aiding individuals in such marriages.", "contents": "Coping with homosexual expression within heterosexual marriages: five case studies. The general consensus of previous studies dealing with heterosexually married homosexuals is that the outcome is a rather poor and unhappy marriage, or divorce. The subjects in previous studies, for the most part, had not disclosed their sexual orientation to their marriage partner or were divorced at the time of the study. Presented are five case studies of heterosexual marriages where disclosure to the spouse is evident. Examined are the coping mechanisms involved when such marriages do not end in divorce. A three-phase heuristic model is offered for understanding and aiding individuals in such marriages.", "PMID": 722822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9508", "title": "Congenital duodenal web in an adult.", "content": "Congenital duodenal webs, as a cause of duodenal obstruction in adults, are rare. Demonstration of the web prior to operation is even rarer. A case is presented showing diagnostic findings on a gastrointestinal (GI) series.", "contents": "Congenital duodenal web in an adult. Congenital duodenal webs, as a cause of duodenal obstruction in adults, are rare. Demonstration of the web prior to operation is even rarer. A case is presented showing diagnostic findings on a gastrointestinal (GI) series.", "PMID": 722826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9509", "title": "Expectoration of bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "A case of expectoration of primary squamous cell bronchogenic carcinoma is reported. Only two previous cases of expectoration of grossly visible fragments of primary bronchogenic carcinoma have been reported. Interestingly enough these were also squamous cell carcinomas. Patients suspected of having pulmonary neoplasm should be instructed to save any grossly visible expectorated tissue fragments.", "contents": "Expectoration of bronchogenic carcinoma. A case of expectoration of primary squamous cell bronchogenic carcinoma is reported. Only two previous cases of expectoration of grossly visible fragments of primary bronchogenic carcinoma have been reported. Interestingly enough these were also squamous cell carcinomas. Patients suspected of having pulmonary neoplasm should be instructed to save any grossly visible expectorated tissue fragments.", "PMID": 722827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9510", "title": "Schneiderian inverted papilloma: report of a case.", "content": "A case of Schneiderian inverted papilloma is presented. Etiology, gross and microscopic pathology, and clinical course are discussed along with a plan of treatment.", "contents": "Schneiderian inverted papilloma: report of a case. A case of Schneiderian inverted papilloma is presented. Etiology, gross and microscopic pathology, and clinical course are discussed along with a plan of treatment.", "PMID": 722828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9511", "title": "Mammary malignancy in the male.", "content": "Mammary carcinoma in the male, a relatively uncommon disease, represents about 0.9 to 1.5 percent of all breast cancers. (1,2) The authors reviewed 16 cases of male breast cancer seen in a 30-year period at the State University of New York, Kings County Hospital Medical Center in Brooklyn, and the North Shore University Hospital in Manhasset. Epidemiology, etiology, demography, signs and symptoms, management, and prognosis are discussed. A review of pertinent literature is presented.", "contents": "Mammary malignancy in the male. Mammary carcinoma in the male, a relatively uncommon disease, represents about 0.9 to 1.5 percent of all breast cancers. (1,2) The authors reviewed 16 cases of male breast cancer seen in a 30-year period at the State University of New York, Kings County Hospital Medical Center in Brooklyn, and the North Shore University Hospital in Manhasset. Epidemiology, etiology, demography, signs and symptoms, management, and prognosis are discussed. A review of pertinent literature is presented.", "PMID": 722829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9512", "title": "A response to history: a review of one medical school's efforts to graduate minority physicians.", "content": "The number of minority physician graduates depends upon both the recruitment and retention of physician manpower. Numbers cannot be increased until the problems of recruiting and retaining minority students are minimized. This paper describes the process by which one medical school initiated changes to overcome barriers to recruiting, admitting, and graduating more minority students for medical practice.", "contents": "A response to history: a review of one medical school's efforts to graduate minority physicians. The number of minority physician graduates depends upon both the recruitment and retention of physician manpower. Numbers cannot be increased until the problems of recruiting and retaining minority students are minimized. This paper describes the process by which one medical school initiated changes to overcome barriers to recruiting, admitting, and graduating more minority students for medical practice.", "PMID": 722830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9513", "title": "Primary myxedema heart disease.", "content": "A case of primary myxedema heart disease in an 84-year-old man is presented. His history and physical examination were typical of myxedema. Electrocardiographic changes showing generalized low voltage, nonspecific S-T segment and T-wave changes, and nodal rhythm are characteristic of the disease. The patient showed remarkable improvement after oral liothyronine (Cytomel) therapy.", "contents": "Primary myxedema heart disease. A case of primary myxedema heart disease in an 84-year-old man is presented. His history and physical examination were typical of myxedema. Electrocardiographic changes showing generalized low voltage, nonspecific S-T segment and T-wave changes, and nodal rhythm are characteristic of the disease. The patient showed remarkable improvement after oral liothyronine (Cytomel) therapy.", "PMID": 722831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9514", "title": "Metastases to bones of the hands and feet.", "content": "Although metastases to bones from solid tumors are very common, involvement of small bones of the hands and feet is extremely rare. One half of the cases reported in literature resulted from a primary tumor in the lung. Four cases seen over the last four years with metastases to bones of the hand and one case with metastases to foot bones are discussed. None of these patients had a lung primary tumor. Three of the four patients who had metastases to hand bones had the disease on the right side.", "contents": "Metastases to bones of the hands and feet. Although metastases to bones from solid tumors are very common, involvement of small bones of the hands and feet is extremely rare. One half of the cases reported in literature resulted from a primary tumor in the lung. Four cases seen over the last four years with metastases to bones of the hand and one case with metastases to foot bones are discussed. None of these patients had a lung primary tumor. Three of the four patients who had metastases to hand bones had the disease on the right side.", "PMID": 722832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9515", "title": "Compound incomplete dislocation of the trapezium and compound fractured hamate hook.", "content": "A wringer injury with a compound \"fracture\" dislocation of the trapezium treated with single Kirschner-wire axial-fixation to the proximal second metacarpal is discussed. Full return of function was present at one year with minimal traumatic arthritis. A hamate hook fracture also healed without complications and without excision.", "contents": "Compound incomplete dislocation of the trapezium and compound fractured hamate hook. A wringer injury with a compound \"fracture\" dislocation of the trapezium treated with single Kirschner-wire axial-fixation to the proximal second metacarpal is discussed. Full return of function was present at one year with minimal traumatic arthritis. A hamate hook fracture also healed without complications and without excision.", "PMID": 722833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9516", "title": "Rudimentary horn pregnancy with neonatal and maternal survival.", "content": "Pregnancy in a rudimentary uterine horn is an unusual event that often terminates early in gestation with catastrophic hemorrhage. Under rare circumstances an intact rudimentary horn or a secondary abdominal pregnancy from a ruptured horn continues to term.These cases present with pain or anemia, an uncertain or abnormal fetal lie, and may be complicated by symptoms of preeclampsia. Physical examination, and ultrasonic and radiographic studies lead to the correct diagnosis. Rapid surgical intervention can result in fetal and maternal survival with preservation of fertility.", "contents": "Rudimentary horn pregnancy with neonatal and maternal survival. Pregnancy in a rudimentary uterine horn is an unusual event that often terminates early in gestation with catastrophic hemorrhage. Under rare circumstances an intact rudimentary horn or a secondary abdominal pregnancy from a ruptured horn continues to term.These cases present with pain or anemia, an uncertain or abnormal fetal lie, and may be complicated by symptoms of preeclampsia. Physical examination, and ultrasonic and radiographic studies lead to the correct diagnosis. Rapid surgical intervention can result in fetal and maternal survival with preservation of fertility.", "PMID": 722835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9517", "title": "[Anatomy of the anterior male perineum].", "content": "The central nucleus of the perineum. Having carefully studied the anatomy of the central nucleus of the perineum on 27 male pelvises, the authors discuss the fibromuscular nature of this structure which extends from the peritoneal cul-de-sac to the perineal fascia, between urogenital pathways in front and digestive pathways in back. The connections to all the pelvic-perineal organs are discussed. The middle perineal adoneurosis. A personal conception. The study of twenty seven male perineums has permitted the authors to formulate a personal conception of the anatomy of the middle perineal aponeurosis. It is made up of adjoining structures organized in front and in back of the urethrae; above all it includes a smooth fibromuscular part in back of this canal, whereas in front, it behaves as a vessel-carrying sheath, where the dorsal pack of the penis and the Santorini plexus pass.", "contents": "[Anatomy of the anterior male perineum]. The central nucleus of the perineum. Having carefully studied the anatomy of the central nucleus of the perineum on 27 male pelvises, the authors discuss the fibromuscular nature of this structure which extends from the peritoneal cul-de-sac to the perineal fascia, between urogenital pathways in front and digestive pathways in back. The connections to all the pelvic-perineal organs are discussed. The middle perineal adoneurosis. A personal conception. The study of twenty seven male perineums has permitted the authors to formulate a personal conception of the anatomy of the middle perineal aponeurosis. It is made up of adjoining structures organized in front and in back of the urethrae; above all it includes a smooth fibromuscular part in back of this canal, whereas in front, it behaves as a vessel-carrying sheath, where the dorsal pack of the penis and the Santorini plexus pass.", "PMID": 722842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9518", "title": "[Coralliform urolithiasis. A report of 56 case histories (author's transl)].", "content": "Analysis of 56 cases of coralliform urolithiasis has shown, among other things, the normally poor symptomology. This is in contrast to the poor prognosis which, in the absence of treatment, almost always ends in the destruction of the kidney. Besides ten immediate nephrectomies, 52 conservative operations were performed on forty patients. These conservative operations are difficult, long and meticulous. They are greatly facilitated by using an endocavitary lighting source of cold light. The use of contact X-ray is indispensable. Removal of stones must be absolutely complete. The number and extent of the nephrotomies must be reduced to a strict minimum. One must avoid the big, destructive nephrotomies--except, perhaps, in children. With the help of all these precautions, the results are encouraging; no secondary nephrectomies until present time, only two real relapses, and three small previously-undetected calculi. Yet, thanks to the systemic use of the cold light and of the contact X-rays, there were no more \"undetected\" calculi for the last 4 1/2 years.", "contents": "[Coralliform urolithiasis. A report of 56 case histories (author's transl)]. Analysis of 56 cases of coralliform urolithiasis has shown, among other things, the normally poor symptomology. This is in contrast to the poor prognosis which, in the absence of treatment, almost always ends in the destruction of the kidney. Besides ten immediate nephrectomies, 52 conservative operations were performed on forty patients. These conservative operations are difficult, long and meticulous. They are greatly facilitated by using an endocavitary lighting source of cold light. The use of contact X-ray is indispensable. Removal of stones must be absolutely complete. The number and extent of the nephrotomies must be reduced to a strict minimum. One must avoid the big, destructive nephrotomies--except, perhaps, in children. With the help of all these precautions, the results are encouraging; no secondary nephrectomies until present time, only two real relapses, and three small previously-undetected calculi. Yet, thanks to the systemic use of the cold light and of the contact X-rays, there were no more \"undetected\" calculi for the last 4 1/2 years.", "PMID": 722844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9519", "title": "[An unusual appearance of ureteric bilharzia (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of bilharzia localised to one of the ureters in a case of double renal pelvis and ureter. The parasitic infection was identified only at the time of exploratory surgery (laboratory investigations and preoperative endoscopy negative). The \"providential\" double ureter made it possible to combine excision of the pathological ureter with a termino-lateral anastomosis between the lower renal pelvis and the ureter of the upper renal pelvis. The result remains very satisfactory with a follow-up of 13 months.", "contents": "[An unusual appearance of ureteric bilharzia (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of bilharzia localised to one of the ureters in a case of double renal pelvis and ureter. The parasitic infection was identified only at the time of exploratory surgery (laboratory investigations and preoperative endoscopy negative). The \"providential\" double ureter made it possible to combine excision of the pathological ureter with a termino-lateral anastomosis between the lower renal pelvis and the ureter of the upper renal pelvis. The result remains very satisfactory with a follow-up of 13 months.", "PMID": 722845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9520", "title": "Nucleotide sequences at the 5' termini of reovirus mRNA's.", "content": "During in vitro synthesis of reovirus mRNA by viral cores, methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine are incorporated only into 5'-terminal cap structures, i.e., m7GpppGmCp.... Thus, mRNA synthesized in the presence of S-adenosyl-[methyl-3H]methionine is 3H labeled specifically at the 5' terminus. This circumstance was exploited in the determination of 5'-terminal nucleotide sequences. Seven 5'-terminal fragments derived by complete RNase T1, digestion of methyl-3Hlabeled mRNA were partially degraded with RNase T2, and the products were separated by electrophoresis-homochromatography. From the patterns formed by the methyl-3H-labeled RNase T2 products, the sequences of the seven RNase T1-generated fragments were deduced. All seven fragments started with the sequence m7GpppGmCUA, after which the sequences diverged, with a tendency to be either U-rich or A-rich. Their chain lengths ranged from 7 to 10 nucleotides (excluding the m7G residue), and none of them contained an initiator AUG triplet. The sequences obtained support the hypothesis that virion-associated oligonucleotides arise through abortive transcription of the viral genome. There is no apparent 5'-terminal sequence feature distinctive of early versus late mRNA species within the small-mRNA size class.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequences at the 5' termini of reovirus mRNA's. During in vitro synthesis of reovirus mRNA by viral cores, methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine are incorporated only into 5'-terminal cap structures, i.e., m7GpppGmCp.... Thus, mRNA synthesized in the presence of S-adenosyl-[methyl-3H]methionine is 3H labeled specifically at the 5' terminus. This circumstance was exploited in the determination of 5'-terminal nucleotide sequences. Seven 5'-terminal fragments derived by complete RNase T1, digestion of methyl-3Hlabeled mRNA were partially degraded with RNase T2, and the products were separated by electrophoresis-homochromatography. From the patterns formed by the methyl-3H-labeled RNase T2 products, the sequences of the seven RNase T1-generated fragments were deduced. All seven fragments started with the sequence m7GpppGmCUA, after which the sequences diverged, with a tendency to be either U-rich or A-rich. Their chain lengths ranged from 7 to 10 nucleotides (excluding the m7G residue), and none of them contained an initiator AUG triplet. The sequences obtained support the hypothesis that virion-associated oligonucleotides arise through abortive transcription of the viral genome. There is no apparent 5'-terminal sequence feature distinctive of early versus late mRNA species within the small-mRNA size class.", "PMID": 722859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9521", "title": "Transcriptional mapping of rabies virus in vivo.", "content": "Synthesis of the proteins of rabies virus was studied in hamster cells infected with UV-irradiated virus. The UV target size of genes L, N, M1, and M2 was measured during primary transcription. Except for N, the target size of the remaining genes was considerably larger than that of their physical sizes. The data fit the hypothesis that four genes occupy a single transcriptional unit and that transcription of rabies virus proceeds in the order N, M1, M2, and L.", "contents": "Transcriptional mapping of rabies virus in vivo. Synthesis of the proteins of rabies virus was studied in hamster cells infected with UV-irradiated virus. The UV target size of genes L, N, M1, and M2 was measured during primary transcription. Except for N, the target size of the remaining genes was considerably larger than that of their physical sizes. The data fit the hypothesis that four genes occupy a single transcriptional unit and that transcription of rabies virus proceeds in the order N, M1, M2, and L.", "PMID": 722860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9522", "title": "Electron microscopic study of measles virus infection: cell fusion and hemadsorption.", "content": "Virus-induced cell fusion has been studied after infection of Vero cells with measles virus. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were combined with immunoperoxidase labeling of measles antigens to correlate viral production and distribution of virus-induced erythrocyte binding sites with progress of fusion. Release of infectious virus started before syncytia were detected and decreased while the number and size of syncytia were increasing. Most virions were seen budding from mononucleated cells or from the periphery of syncytia where cells were being recruited. Moving inward, the surfaces of syncytia where cells were being recruited. Moving inward, the surfaces of syncytia were covered with numerous ridges containing viral antigen, but few viral buds were seen, suggesting that syncytia might be sites of defective viral formation. Hemadsorption occurred predominantly within the confines of syncytia. Erythrocytes were scattered sparsely over immature syncytia but were densely packed in the center of mature syncytia. Active binding sites for erythrocytes were located on cell villi and ridges covered with measles antigens. Hemadsorption was completely inhibited in measles virus-infected cultures pretreated with virus-specific immunoglobulin G for 1 h at 4 degrees C. However, when these cultures were shifted to 37 degrees C, hemadsorbing sites were recovered at the periphery of enlarging syncytia. Virus-induced sites for erythrocyte adsorption were found to move centripetally on syncytium membranes as fusion progressed.", "contents": "Electron microscopic study of measles virus infection: cell fusion and hemadsorption. Virus-induced cell fusion has been studied after infection of Vero cells with measles virus. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were combined with immunoperoxidase labeling of measles antigens to correlate viral production and distribution of virus-induced erythrocyte binding sites with progress of fusion. Release of infectious virus started before syncytia were detected and decreased while the number and size of syncytia were increasing. Most virions were seen budding from mononucleated cells or from the periphery of syncytia where cells were being recruited. Moving inward, the surfaces of syncytia where cells were being recruited. Moving inward, the surfaces of syncytia were covered with numerous ridges containing viral antigen, but few viral buds were seen, suggesting that syncytia might be sites of defective viral formation. Hemadsorption occurred predominantly within the confines of syncytia. Erythrocytes were scattered sparsely over immature syncytia but were densely packed in the center of mature syncytia. Active binding sites for erythrocytes were located on cell villi and ridges covered with measles antigens. Hemadsorption was completely inhibited in measles virus-infected cultures pretreated with virus-specific immunoglobulin G for 1 h at 4 degrees C. However, when these cultures were shifted to 37 degrees C, hemadsorbing sites were recovered at the periphery of enlarging syncytia. Virus-induced sites for erythrocyte adsorption were found to move centripetally on syncytium membranes as fusion progressed.", "PMID": 722861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9523", "title": "Hexagonal glycoprotein arrays from Sindbis virus membranes.", "content": "Freeze-etch electron microscopy of Sindbis virus and of glycoprotein arrays derived from Sindbis membranes by nonionic detergent treatment shows that the local geometry of glycoprotein-glycoprotein interaction does not depend on the presence of the nucleocapsid.", "contents": "Hexagonal glycoprotein arrays from Sindbis virus membranes. Freeze-etch electron microscopy of Sindbis virus and of glycoprotein arrays derived from Sindbis membranes by nonionic detergent treatment shows that the local geometry of glycoprotein-glycoprotein interaction does not depend on the presence of the nucleocapsid.", "PMID": 722862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9524", "title": "Electrical and mechanical activities in the denervated semitendinosus muscle of the frog.", "content": "Denervated frog's semitendinosus muscles were studied. No differences in resting potential were found between denervated and control fibres. Spontaneous discharges of fibrillation potentials were recorded from random points along the length of denervated fibres. The frequency of the potentials varied between 2 and 30/sec; the duration of the discharges varied between 5 and 120 sec. Each potential originated from a prepotential, reversed the sign of the membrane potential between 10--20 mV, and was followed by a transient hyperpolarization. The time course of the spontaneous potential produced by a fibre was slower than that of a spike elicited by an electrical pulse applied to the same fibre. After the cessation of a train the fibrillation potentials were replaced by small rhythmic potentials 10--15 mV in amplitude; this activity lasted for periods as long as 7 min. Some reduction of the resting potential was usually observed during the discharge of a train of fibrillation potentials, however, repolarization occurred after the end of electrical activity and a second discharge of full size fibrillation potentials could be observed in most of the fibres. Mechanical activity was not always present. When observed, it was reduced to light movements unable to eject the microelectrode. In general, no one-to-one correlation could be observed between fibrillation potentials and mechanical activity. In those fibres in which the correlation was present, the tension developed by a single fibrillation was less than 0.2/kg/cm2. Some denervated fibres developed tetanus-like contractions, the maximal tension developed by these fibres was less than 1.0 kg/cm2. The data are discussed according to the current ideas on generation of fibrillation potentials.", "contents": "Electrical and mechanical activities in the denervated semitendinosus muscle of the frog. Denervated frog's semitendinosus muscles were studied. No differences in resting potential were found between denervated and control fibres. Spontaneous discharges of fibrillation potentials were recorded from random points along the length of denervated fibres. The frequency of the potentials varied between 2 and 30/sec; the duration of the discharges varied between 5 and 120 sec. Each potential originated from a prepotential, reversed the sign of the membrane potential between 10--20 mV, and was followed by a transient hyperpolarization. The time course of the spontaneous potential produced by a fibre was slower than that of a spike elicited by an electrical pulse applied to the same fibre. After the cessation of a train the fibrillation potentials were replaced by small rhythmic potentials 10--15 mV in amplitude; this activity lasted for periods as long as 7 min. Some reduction of the resting potential was usually observed during the discharge of a train of fibrillation potentials, however, repolarization occurred after the end of electrical activity and a second discharge of full size fibrillation potentials could be observed in most of the fibres. Mechanical activity was not always present. When observed, it was reduced to light movements unable to eject the microelectrode. In general, no one-to-one correlation could be observed between fibrillation potentials and mechanical activity. In those fibres in which the correlation was present, the tension developed by a single fibrillation was less than 0.2/kg/cm2. Some denervated fibres developed tetanus-like contractions, the maximal tension developed by these fibres was less than 1.0 kg/cm2. The data are discussed according to the current ideas on generation of fibrillation potentials.", "PMID": 722989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9525", "title": "A reflexogenic area for controlling the blood pressure in toad (Bufo vulgaris formosa).", "content": "In the toad, Bufo vulgaris, the pulmocutaneous artery, which is innervated by a fine branch of the laryngeal nerve, was shown to be a reflexogenic area affecting the systemic blood pressure. Distension of the vascularly isolated pulmocutaneous artery evoked falls in systemic blood pressure. Impulses in bursts, synchronous with the systolic rise of the blood pressure, were recorded from the peripheral cut end of the laryngeal nerve when all branches, save the one innervating the pulmocutaneous artery, had been divided. Differing from mammalian baroreceptors, those in toads occurred with a marked latency in response to rises in blood pressure. A hyperbolic relation was obtained between the pressure and the latency. Existence of these baroreceptors in pulmocutaneous artery was confirmed in preparations in vitro. Punctate stimulation was used to localize the baroreceptive site.", "contents": "A reflexogenic area for controlling the blood pressure in toad (Bufo vulgaris formosa). In the toad, Bufo vulgaris, the pulmocutaneous artery, which is innervated by a fine branch of the laryngeal nerve, was shown to be a reflexogenic area affecting the systemic blood pressure. Distension of the vascularly isolated pulmocutaneous artery evoked falls in systemic blood pressure. Impulses in bursts, synchronous with the systolic rise of the blood pressure, were recorded from the peripheral cut end of the laryngeal nerve when all branches, save the one innervating the pulmocutaneous artery, had been divided. Differing from mammalian baroreceptors, those in toads occurred with a marked latency in response to rises in blood pressure. A hyperbolic relation was obtained between the pressure and the latency. Existence of these baroreceptors in pulmocutaneous artery was confirmed in preparations in vitro. Punctate stimulation was used to localize the baroreceptive site.", "PMID": 722990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9526", "title": "Neuronal mechanisms of the late N-wave induced in vitro in thin sections of the olfactory cortex of rats.", "content": "Experiments were done to elucidate properties of the late N-wave which was induced in vitro in thin sections of the olfactory cortex of the rat in response to stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract. The late N-wave decreased in size at a stimulation rate of more than once every 90 sec or at temperatures higher than 27 degrees C. The late N-wave was suppressed in the presence of GABA, picrotoxin or bicuculline or in the Cl-free medium. Penicillin or pentylenetetrazol, which blocked actions of GABA on the presynaptic potential, also suppressed the late N-wave. The late N-wave first appeared at postnatal ages of 18--25 days. The late N-wave reversed in polarity when recorded from the deep layers of the sections or from the cut surface of the sections. Single cells in the deep portions of the sections discharged during the late N-wave. Cells in the superficial layers fired just before or after the late N-wave. In order to explain these observations, a neuronal model for generation of the late N-wave was presented.", "contents": "Neuronal mechanisms of the late N-wave induced in vitro in thin sections of the olfactory cortex of rats. Experiments were done to elucidate properties of the late N-wave which was induced in vitro in thin sections of the olfactory cortex of the rat in response to stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract. The late N-wave decreased in size at a stimulation rate of more than once every 90 sec or at temperatures higher than 27 degrees C. The late N-wave was suppressed in the presence of GABA, picrotoxin or bicuculline or in the Cl-free medium. Penicillin or pentylenetetrazol, which blocked actions of GABA on the presynaptic potential, also suppressed the late N-wave. The late N-wave first appeared at postnatal ages of 18--25 days. The late N-wave reversed in polarity when recorded from the deep layers of the sections or from the cut surface of the sections. Single cells in the deep portions of the sections discharged during the late N-wave. Cells in the superficial layers fired just before or after the late N-wave. In order to explain these observations, a neuronal model for generation of the late N-wave was presented.", "PMID": 722991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9527", "title": "Selective inhibition of potassium contracture in guinea pig taenia coli by ruthenium red.", "content": "Effects of ruthenium red on isotonic KCl induced contracture (K-contracture), cellular 45Ca uptake and 45 Ca binding to surface membranes were examined in the smooth muscle cells of guinea pig taenia coli. These results were compared with those using lanthanum (La3+). The tonic component of the K-contracture was selectively inhibited by 1 mM ruthenium red. In contrast, 1 mM La3+ inhibited the phasic component of the K-contracture to a large extent. Use of 1 mM ruthenium red selectively inhibited the tonic component of K-contracture and caused a marked decrease in cellular 45Ca uptake in that component of K-contracture. In contrast, 1 mM La3+ largely inhibited the phasic component and caused a significant decrease in cellular 45Ca in that component. According to Scatchard plot analysis, there are two kinds of Ca2+ binding sites of high and low affinity, respectively, on the surface membrane of the taenia coli. One mM ruthenium red suppressed those of low affinity more strongly than those of high affinity. In contrast, 1 mM La3+ suppressed high affinity sites more markedly than low affinity sites. Based on these results, it seems possible to conclude that ruthenium red mainly blocks the initial binding sites linked with Ca2+ influx which is related to the production of the tonic component while La3+ blocks those sites related to the phasic component of the K-contracture of guinea pig taenia coli.", "contents": "Selective inhibition of potassium contracture in guinea pig taenia coli by ruthenium red. Effects of ruthenium red on isotonic KCl induced contracture (K-contracture), cellular 45Ca uptake and 45 Ca binding to surface membranes were examined in the smooth muscle cells of guinea pig taenia coli. These results were compared with those using lanthanum (La3+). The tonic component of the K-contracture was selectively inhibited by 1 mM ruthenium red. In contrast, 1 mM La3+ inhibited the phasic component of the K-contracture to a large extent. Use of 1 mM ruthenium red selectively inhibited the tonic component of K-contracture and caused a marked decrease in cellular 45Ca uptake in that component of K-contracture. In contrast, 1 mM La3+ largely inhibited the phasic component and caused a significant decrease in cellular 45Ca in that component. According to Scatchard plot analysis, there are two kinds of Ca2+ binding sites of high and low affinity, respectively, on the surface membrane of the taenia coli. One mM ruthenium red suppressed those of low affinity more strongly than those of high affinity. In contrast, 1 mM La3+ suppressed high affinity sites more markedly than low affinity sites. Based on these results, it seems possible to conclude that ruthenium red mainly blocks the initial binding sites linked with Ca2+ influx which is related to the production of the tonic component while La3+ blocks those sites related to the phasic component of the K-contracture of guinea pig taenia coli.", "PMID": 722992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9528", "title": "Effects of electro-acupuncture on rat jaw opening refelx elicited by tooth pulp stimulation.", "content": "Effect of electro-acupuncture (EA) on the jaw opening reflex induced by tooth pulp stimulation was investigated in Wistar albino rats. The amplitude of the digastric muscle EMG (dEMG) evoked by stimulation of the lower incisor tooth pulp was measured as the magnitude of the reflex and estimated as an indicator of the EA effect. Acupuncture needling was given at one meridian point of Ho-Ku and two other nonmeridian points in one forepaw. Compound action potentials of ulnar, median and radial nerves elicited by 15 min EA stimulation at 45 Hz through the needling points were recorded from the brachial plexus innervating the same acupunctured forepaw. Of the above-mentioned three nerves, the afferent volleys in the radial nerve were found to be the most effective to suppress the dEMG during EA stimulation. The EA stimulation of the Ho-Ku point showed a greater effect than that of nonmeridian points. There was a significant correlation between the amplitude of Abeta fibers in the compound action potentials elicited by EA stimulation and the dEMG suppression. To confirm the so-called morphine-like action of EA that has recently been proposed, levallorphan (LORFAN), antagonist of morphine, was administered before and after EA stimulation. In the premedicated case, no suppression of the dEMG occurred. In the postmedicated case, on the contrary, the dEMG responses which were reduced during 15 min EA stimulation recovered more rapidly than in the case without LORFAN. These results suggest that the afferent impulses conducted along Abeta fibers mainly in the radial nerve cause the release of endogeneous morphine-like substances in specific central nervous areas for suppressing the dEMG activity.", "contents": "Effects of electro-acupuncture on rat jaw opening refelx elicited by tooth pulp stimulation. Effect of electro-acupuncture (EA) on the jaw opening reflex induced by tooth pulp stimulation was investigated in Wistar albino rats. The amplitude of the digastric muscle EMG (dEMG) evoked by stimulation of the lower incisor tooth pulp was measured as the magnitude of the reflex and estimated as an indicator of the EA effect. Acupuncture needling was given at one meridian point of Ho-Ku and two other nonmeridian points in one forepaw. Compound action potentials of ulnar, median and radial nerves elicited by 15 min EA stimulation at 45 Hz through the needling points were recorded from the brachial plexus innervating the same acupunctured forepaw. Of the above-mentioned three nerves, the afferent volleys in the radial nerve were found to be the most effective to suppress the dEMG during EA stimulation. The EA stimulation of the Ho-Ku point showed a greater effect than that of nonmeridian points. There was a significant correlation between the amplitude of Abeta fibers in the compound action potentials elicited by EA stimulation and the dEMG suppression. To confirm the so-called morphine-like action of EA that has recently been proposed, levallorphan (LORFAN), antagonist of morphine, was administered before and after EA stimulation. In the premedicated case, no suppression of the dEMG occurred. In the postmedicated case, on the contrary, the dEMG responses which were reduced during 15 min EA stimulation recovered more rapidly than in the case without LORFAN. These results suggest that the afferent impulses conducted along Abeta fibers mainly in the radial nerve cause the release of endogeneous morphine-like substances in specific central nervous areas for suppressing the dEMG activity.", "PMID": 722993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9529", "title": "Reflex activation of extrinsic tongue muscles by jaw closing muscle proprioceptors.", "content": "Depression of the mandible in the decerebrate cat induced retraction of the tongue. The mechanism of this jaw-tongue reflex was analyzed by recording electromyographic activity from the temporal and styloglossal muscles as representative masticatory and extrinsic tongue muscles, respectively. Tongue muscle activity was elicited when the mouth was opened beyond 10 degrees while the threshold for the masticatory muscle activities was around 2 degrees. Neither sectioning of the masseteric nerve nor anesthetization of the temporomandibular joint capsule affected the tongue muscle activities. In contrast, exfoliation of the temporal muscle from the temporal bone greatly reduced the effects of jaw depression. When the isolated coronoid process of the mandible was stretched downwards, activities were evoked in the tongue muscle. Repetitive electrical stimulation at a frequency of 100 Hz to the temporal nerve activated the tongue muscle, and the threshold of reflex activation was between 1.3 and 1.7 times threshold of the temporal nerve. Vibratory stimuli applied to the mandible at frequencies below 130 Hz were also effective in evoking tongue muscle activity. However, when the frequency was above 135Hz, tongue muscle activity was not induced although activity was still observed in the masticatory muscles. These results indicate that the jaw-tongue reflex is elicited mainly by proprioceptors in the temporal muscle, and that they may probably be the Golgi tendon organs and the secondary endings rather than the primary endings of the muscle spindle.", "contents": "Reflex activation of extrinsic tongue muscles by jaw closing muscle proprioceptors. Depression of the mandible in the decerebrate cat induced retraction of the tongue. The mechanism of this jaw-tongue reflex was analyzed by recording electromyographic activity from the temporal and styloglossal muscles as representative masticatory and extrinsic tongue muscles, respectively. Tongue muscle activity was elicited when the mouth was opened beyond 10 degrees while the threshold for the masticatory muscle activities was around 2 degrees. Neither sectioning of the masseteric nerve nor anesthetization of the temporomandibular joint capsule affected the tongue muscle activities. In contrast, exfoliation of the temporal muscle from the temporal bone greatly reduced the effects of jaw depression. When the isolated coronoid process of the mandible was stretched downwards, activities were evoked in the tongue muscle. Repetitive electrical stimulation at a frequency of 100 Hz to the temporal nerve activated the tongue muscle, and the threshold of reflex activation was between 1.3 and 1.7 times threshold of the temporal nerve. Vibratory stimuli applied to the mandible at frequencies below 130 Hz were also effective in evoking tongue muscle activity. However, when the frequency was above 135Hz, tongue muscle activity was not induced although activity was still observed in the masticatory muscles. These results indicate that the jaw-tongue reflex is elicited mainly by proprioceptors in the temporal muscle, and that they may probably be the Golgi tendon organs and the secondary endings rather than the primary endings of the muscle spindle.", "PMID": 722994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9530", "title": "Differences in characteristics between glycine and glycylglycine transport in guinea pig small intestine.", "content": "The properties of glycylglycine and glycine transport across the mucosal border of the epithelium were studied in isolated guinea pig ileum. The initial influxes of both substances obeyed simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics, but the values of the kinetic parameters were greatly different between two substances; Jmax and Kt for glycine were 290 nmol.cm-2.min-1 and 27 mM, and those for glycylglycine were 57.4 nmol.cm-2.min-1 and 3.4 mM, respectively. Total replacement of Na+ in the incubation medium with mannitol completely suppressed the cellular uptake of glycine, while it reduced glycylglycine uptake only slightly. The omission of Na+ caused a slight increase in Kt for glycylglycine (from 3.4 mM at 100 mM Na+ t0 5.2 mM at 0 mM Na+) without changing the value of Jmax. Glycylglycine taken up by the epithelial cells had been completely hydrolysed into glycine within 2-min incubation period. The results of the present study seem to indicate that there are entirely distinct transport systems for glycine and its dimer and that the membrane digestion and subsequent transport as the monomer may not be involved in the absorption of glycylglycine.", "contents": "Differences in characteristics between glycine and glycylglycine transport in guinea pig small intestine. The properties of glycylglycine and glycine transport across the mucosal border of the epithelium were studied in isolated guinea pig ileum. The initial influxes of both substances obeyed simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics, but the values of the kinetic parameters were greatly different between two substances; Jmax and Kt for glycine were 290 nmol.cm-2.min-1 and 27 mM, and those for glycylglycine were 57.4 nmol.cm-2.min-1 and 3.4 mM, respectively. Total replacement of Na+ in the incubation medium with mannitol completely suppressed the cellular uptake of glycine, while it reduced glycylglycine uptake only slightly. The omission of Na+ caused a slight increase in Kt for glycylglycine (from 3.4 mM at 100 mM Na+ t0 5.2 mM at 0 mM Na+) without changing the value of Jmax. Glycylglycine taken up by the epithelial cells had been completely hydrolysed into glycine within 2-min incubation period. The results of the present study seem to indicate that there are entirely distinct transport systems for glycine and its dimer and that the membrane digestion and subsequent transport as the monomer may not be involved in the absorption of glycylglycine.", "PMID": 722995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9531", "title": "Contribution of an electrogenic sodium pump to the membrane potential in the intestinal epithelial cell.", "content": "The transmural potential difference of isolated rat duodenum and the membrane potential of its epithelial cell were examined during changes of the ionic medium at both warm (31--35 degrees C) and cold temperatures (2--5 degrees C). In the range of low external K+ concentrations, cooling produced an immediate and reversible depolarization of the membrane potential (around -10 mV) greater than that estimated from a simple thermodynamic temperature effect (RT/F). Such a temperature sensitive component of the membrane potential at 31 degrees C was completely abolished by anoxia and serosal ouabain. Readmission of K+ to the bathing fluid of duodenum previously deprived of K+ and loaded by Na+ caused a remarkable transient hyperpolarization of the epithelial membrane, which was abolished by serosal ouabain. Decreases in the value of transmural potential difference were also produced by cooling, anoxia and serosal ouabain, but these were so small that concurrent changes in the membrane potential could be regarded as chiefly reflecting changes in the effective emf of the cell. Thus, an electrogenic Na+-K+ exchange pump located on the serosal membrane of the duodenal epithelial cells was shown to contribute significantly to the membrane potential under normal conditions (up to around -7 mV). The coupling ratio of Na+-efflux and K+-influx associated with this pump was estimated by the Mullins-Noda equation (1963) to be approximately 4:3 under the physiological steady-state conditions.", "contents": "Contribution of an electrogenic sodium pump to the membrane potential in the intestinal epithelial cell. The transmural potential difference of isolated rat duodenum and the membrane potential of its epithelial cell were examined during changes of the ionic medium at both warm (31--35 degrees C) and cold temperatures (2--5 degrees C). In the range of low external K+ concentrations, cooling produced an immediate and reversible depolarization of the membrane potential (around -10 mV) greater than that estimated from a simple thermodynamic temperature effect (RT/F). Such a temperature sensitive component of the membrane potential at 31 degrees C was completely abolished by anoxia and serosal ouabain. Readmission of K+ to the bathing fluid of duodenum previously deprived of K+ and loaded by Na+ caused a remarkable transient hyperpolarization of the epithelial membrane, which was abolished by serosal ouabain. Decreases in the value of transmural potential difference were also produced by cooling, anoxia and serosal ouabain, but these were so small that concurrent changes in the membrane potential could be regarded as chiefly reflecting changes in the effective emf of the cell. Thus, an electrogenic Na+-K+ exchange pump located on the serosal membrane of the duodenal epithelial cells was shown to contribute significantly to the membrane potential under normal conditions (up to around -7 mV). The coupling ratio of Na+-efflux and K+-influx associated with this pump was estimated by the Mullins-Noda equation (1963) to be approximately 4:3 under the physiological steady-state conditions.", "PMID": 722996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9532", "title": "Rat liver aldehyde dehydrogenases: strain differences in the response of the enzymes to phenobarbital treatment.", "content": "The effect of phenobarbital on activities of aldehyde dehydrogenases in the subcellular fractions was studied in vivo in rats of three strains. Regarding the responses of the mitochondrial and microsomal enzymes to phenobarbital treatment no difference among the strains was observed. Regarding the responses of the supernatant enzyme remarkable strain differences were observed. In rats of the Long-Evans strain the high Km-enzyme activity increased as much as 15-fold above control levels by phenobarbital treatment. By contrast, in rats of the Wistar strain the high Km-enzyme activity was unchanged in all rats by treatment with phenobarbital. In rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain the high Km-enzyme activity remained unchanged in 52% of all rats treated with phenobarbital and was increased approximately 4-fold over control levels in 48% of treated rats.", "contents": "Rat liver aldehyde dehydrogenases: strain differences in the response of the enzymes to phenobarbital treatment. The effect of phenobarbital on activities of aldehyde dehydrogenases in the subcellular fractions was studied in vivo in rats of three strains. Regarding the responses of the mitochondrial and microsomal enzymes to phenobarbital treatment no difference among the strains was observed. Regarding the responses of the supernatant enzyme remarkable strain differences were observed. In rats of the Long-Evans strain the high Km-enzyme activity increased as much as 15-fold above control levels by phenobarbital treatment. By contrast, in rats of the Wistar strain the high Km-enzyme activity was unchanged in all rats by treatment with phenobarbital. In rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain the high Km-enzyme activity remained unchanged in 52% of all rats treated with phenobarbital and was increased approximately 4-fold over control levels in 48% of treated rats.", "PMID": 722997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9533", "title": "Relationship between excitation of vagal inhibitory neurons and nucleoside release: estimation by paper chromatography.", "content": "Experiments were carried out to determine whether ATP or its metabolites are increased in vascular perfusate from the guinea pig stomach in response to stimulation of vagal non-adrenergic innervation. Compounds in the perfusate were identified by paper chromatography and by determination of the absorption maximum in ultraviolet rays. The following compounds were detected in the perfusate from the resting preparation; hypoxanthine, inosine and uridine, a small amount of xanthine and adenosine and two other non-adenine compounds. When the nutrient medium containing ATP was recycled, hypoxanthine and inosine, and a small amount of adenosine and AMP increased. On the other hand, stimulation of the non-adrenergic inhibitory nerve did not produce any appreciable increase in these compounds in the perfusate. These findings do not support the idea that the transmitter substance responsible for relaxation of the guinea pig stomach in response to stimulation of the vagus nerve is ATP or its related compounds.", "contents": "Relationship between excitation of vagal inhibitory neurons and nucleoside release: estimation by paper chromatography. Experiments were carried out to determine whether ATP or its metabolites are increased in vascular perfusate from the guinea pig stomach in response to stimulation of vagal non-adrenergic innervation. Compounds in the perfusate were identified by paper chromatography and by determination of the absorption maximum in ultraviolet rays. The following compounds were detected in the perfusate from the resting preparation; hypoxanthine, inosine and uridine, a small amount of xanthine and adenosine and two other non-adenine compounds. When the nutrient medium containing ATP was recycled, hypoxanthine and inosine, and a small amount of adenosine and AMP increased. On the other hand, stimulation of the non-adrenergic inhibitory nerve did not produce any appreciable increase in these compounds in the perfusate. These findings do not support the idea that the transmitter substance responsible for relaxation of the guinea pig stomach in response to stimulation of the vagus nerve is ATP or its related compounds.", "PMID": 722998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9534", "title": "Glutathione depletion by aniline analogs in vitro associated with liver microsomal cytochrome P-450.", "content": "Enzymic depletion of glutathione (GSH) in vitro by aniline analogs was mostly dependent on the cytochrome P-450 level in liver microsomes. In a case of acetaminophen (AAP), active metabolite of AAP formed through liver microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes consumed GSH. The active metabolite formed binds, at least in part, covalently to liver microsomal proteins. In addition, species differences in the extent of GSH depletion by AAP in vitro was related to the amounts of the active metabolite of AAP bound covalently to liver microsomal protein(s) by experiments using 14C-AAP. Similar depletion of GSH was also seen with other aniline analogs such as aniline itself and p-chloroaniline, but not with acetanilide, in four animal species. These in vitro results obtained here strongly support the well-known findings concerning both GSH depletion and covalent binding in vivo of the active metabolite after AAP treatment.", "contents": "Glutathione depletion by aniline analogs in vitro associated with liver microsomal cytochrome P-450. Enzymic depletion of glutathione (GSH) in vitro by aniline analogs was mostly dependent on the cytochrome P-450 level in liver microsomes. In a case of acetaminophen (AAP), active metabolite of AAP formed through liver microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes consumed GSH. The active metabolite formed binds, at least in part, covalently to liver microsomal proteins. In addition, species differences in the extent of GSH depletion by AAP in vitro was related to the amounts of the active metabolite of AAP bound covalently to liver microsomal protein(s) by experiments using 14C-AAP. Similar depletion of GSH was also seen with other aniline analogs such as aniline itself and p-chloroaniline, but not with acetanilide, in four animal species. These in vitro results obtained here strongly support the well-known findings concerning both GSH depletion and covalent binding in vivo of the active metabolite after AAP treatment.", "PMID": 722999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9535", "title": "Pharmacological studies on experimental nephritic rats. (4) Improvement of hyperlipemic models in rats utilizing anti-rat kidney rabbit serum and effects of anti-hyperlipemic agents on serum lipid levels.", "content": "Three hyperlipemic models in rats were compared regarding serum lipid levels and known anti-hyperlipemic agents were tested for their effects on the hyperlipemia. In rats fed a cholesterol diet (group A), only serum cholesterol level resulted in a marked increase as compared with normal level. In animals given a large dose (0.7 ml/100 g body weight, i.v.) of anti-kidney serum (group B), extremely high elevations of serum total lipid, phospholipid, triglyceride and cholesterol levels were observed. In animals given a small dose (0.3 ml/100 g body weight, i.v.) of anti-kidney serum and fed the cholesterol diet (group C), elevations of these serum lipids except for triglyceride were not only greater than in group B, but also synergistic. On the contrary, serum triglyceride level and proteinuria were less in group C than in group B. Furazabol, clofibrate the beta-sitosterol given orally for 7 days at doses of 1,100 and 500 mg/kg/day, respectively were clearly effective on the hyperlipemia of group C, without affecting the proteinuria. Furthermore, this model was more sensitive to these anti-hyperlipemic agents than groups A and B. From the above results, group C would seem to be an adequate and effective experimental hyperlipemic model.", "contents": "Pharmacological studies on experimental nephritic rats. (4) Improvement of hyperlipemic models in rats utilizing anti-rat kidney rabbit serum and effects of anti-hyperlipemic agents on serum lipid levels. Three hyperlipemic models in rats were compared regarding serum lipid levels and known anti-hyperlipemic agents were tested for their effects on the hyperlipemia. In rats fed a cholesterol diet (group A), only serum cholesterol level resulted in a marked increase as compared with normal level. In animals given a large dose (0.7 ml/100 g body weight, i.v.) of anti-kidney serum (group B), extremely high elevations of serum total lipid, phospholipid, triglyceride and cholesterol levels were observed. In animals given a small dose (0.3 ml/100 g body weight, i.v.) of anti-kidney serum and fed the cholesterol diet (group C), elevations of these serum lipids except for triglyceride were not only greater than in group B, but also synergistic. On the contrary, serum triglyceride level and proteinuria were less in group C than in group B. Furazabol, clofibrate the beta-sitosterol given orally for 7 days at doses of 1,100 and 500 mg/kg/day, respectively were clearly effective on the hyperlipemia of group C, without affecting the proteinuria. Furthermore, this model was more sensitive to these anti-hyperlipemic agents than groups A and B. From the above results, group C would seem to be an adequate and effective experimental hyperlipemic model.", "PMID": 723001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9536", "title": "Potassium contracture of smooth muscle in the presence of dextran.", "content": "The apparent diffusion coefficient of Ca ions in the extracellular space of guinea pig taenia coli was estimated from model experiments to be 3.2 x 10(-6) cm2 sec -1, while the relationship between Ca concentration in the medium and tonic tension in 40 mM K-contracture was measured in the same muscle both in the presence and absence of dextran 10. On the basis of these experiments and certain assumptions, the time course of tension decline by Ca withdrawal during K-contracture was calculated. Under all dextran concentrations tested (0--15%) the calculated time course of tension decline was in good agreement with one actually observed except in a short period of time immediately after Ca withdrawal. The results suggested that Ca distribution in the extracellular space during the loss of Ca is in good agreement with the diffusion theory in cylinder, and that each muscle fiber shows its tension without delay in response to the change in Ca concentration in the vicinity of the fiber according to the tonic tension-Ca relationship mentioned above. The discrepancy between calculation and observation was partially explained on an experimental basis.", "contents": "Potassium contracture of smooth muscle in the presence of dextran. The apparent diffusion coefficient of Ca ions in the extracellular space of guinea pig taenia coli was estimated from model experiments to be 3.2 x 10(-6) cm2 sec -1, while the relationship between Ca concentration in the medium and tonic tension in 40 mM K-contracture was measured in the same muscle both in the presence and absence of dextran 10. On the basis of these experiments and certain assumptions, the time course of tension decline by Ca withdrawal during K-contracture was calculated. Under all dextran concentrations tested (0--15%) the calculated time course of tension decline was in good agreement with one actually observed except in a short period of time immediately after Ca withdrawal. The results suggested that Ca distribution in the extracellular space during the loss of Ca is in good agreement with the diffusion theory in cylinder, and that each muscle fiber shows its tension without delay in response to the change in Ca concentration in the vicinity of the fiber according to the tonic tension-Ca relationship mentioned above. The discrepancy between calculation and observation was partially explained on an experimental basis.", "PMID": 723003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9537", "title": "Site of emetic action of oral copper sulfate in dogs. (I) Thresholds of various portions of gastrointestinal tract to locally applied copper sulfate.", "content": "Emetic thresholds to copper sulfate administered into the Pavlov pouch, Forrest pouch, Thiry fistulas of the jejunum and ileum, and duodenal, jejunal and ileal catheters were measured in dogs to conjecture the site of emetic action of copper sulfate. The oral emetic threshold had been measured preoperatively. In the stomach, the pyloric antrum had a high sensitivity, while the corpus had a low sensitivity to the topically applied copper sulfate. In the intestine, the sensitivity was high in the duodenum, whereas a low sensitivity was noted in the jejunum. Almost no sensitivity was observed in the ileum. Thus it would appear that the site of the emetic action of copper sulfate was the pyloric antrum and/or duodenum.", "contents": "Site of emetic action of oral copper sulfate in dogs. (I) Thresholds of various portions of gastrointestinal tract to locally applied copper sulfate. Emetic thresholds to copper sulfate administered into the Pavlov pouch, Forrest pouch, Thiry fistulas of the jejunum and ileum, and duodenal, jejunal and ileal catheters were measured in dogs to conjecture the site of emetic action of copper sulfate. The oral emetic threshold had been measured preoperatively. In the stomach, the pyloric antrum had a high sensitivity, while the corpus had a low sensitivity to the topically applied copper sulfate. In the intestine, the sensitivity was high in the duodenum, whereas a low sensitivity was noted in the jejunum. Almost no sensitivity was observed in the ileum. Thus it would appear that the site of the emetic action of copper sulfate was the pyloric antrum and/or duodenum.", "PMID": 723004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9538", "title": "Echo guided percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography with puncture transducer.", "content": "Conventional percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) has some disadvantages because it is customarily performed blindly. If the bile duct is made visible, these disadvantages are eliminated. The biliary tree, if dilated, can be clearly delineated by ultrasound technique. By combining the B-mode examination of the biliary tract with the ultrasonic puncture transducer, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography was performed successfully in 16 examinations on 12 patients. PTC needle could be inserted directly into the lumen of the bile duct without appreciable difficulty. The echo guided PTC was found to be an easier, safer, and more reliable method than the conventional blind technique.", "contents": "Echo guided percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography with puncture transducer. Conventional percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) has some disadvantages because it is customarily performed blindly. If the bile duct is made visible, these disadvantages are eliminated. The biliary tree, if dilated, can be clearly delineated by ultrasound technique. By combining the B-mode examination of the biliary tract with the ultrasonic puncture transducer, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography was performed successfully in 16 examinations on 12 patients. PTC needle could be inserted directly into the lumen of the bile duct without appreciable difficulty. The echo guided PTC was found to be an easier, safer, and more reliable method than the conventional blind technique.", "PMID": 723009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9539", "title": "Ventricular fibrillation during cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "Changes in ultrastructure after induced ventricular fibrillation were studied in the normothermic and nonhypertrophic canine heart using a transmural myocardial biopsy method. Comparisons were made between subendocardial and subepicardial layers by the quantitative evaluation of ultrastructural changes in mitochondria and glycogen granules. Slight abnormalities characterized by interstitial edema, mitochondrial derangement, contraction bands, swelling of capillary endothelium were demonstrated throughout the myocardium following ventricular fibrillation. The myocardium following ventricular fibrillation did not demonstrate differences in ultrastructure between the subendocardial and subepicardial layers. These pathologic fine structural changes were at least in part reversible. Quantification of ultrastructure showed that mitochondria and glycogen granules were well preserved. It was suggested that the myocardium following ventricular fibrillation may be less affected by the no-reflow phenomenon after restoring normal coronary circulation.", "contents": "Ventricular fibrillation during cardiopulmonary bypass. Changes in ultrastructure after induced ventricular fibrillation were studied in the normothermic and nonhypertrophic canine heart using a transmural myocardial biopsy method. Comparisons were made between subendocardial and subepicardial layers by the quantitative evaluation of ultrastructural changes in mitochondria and glycogen granules. Slight abnormalities characterized by interstitial edema, mitochondrial derangement, contraction bands, swelling of capillary endothelium were demonstrated throughout the myocardium following ventricular fibrillation. The myocardium following ventricular fibrillation did not demonstrate differences in ultrastructure between the subendocardial and subepicardial layers. These pathologic fine structural changes were at least in part reversible. Quantification of ultrastructure showed that mitochondria and glycogen granules were well preserved. It was suggested that the myocardium following ventricular fibrillation may be less affected by the no-reflow phenomenon after restoring normal coronary circulation.", "PMID": 723010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9540", "title": "Left ventricular function studies in constrictive pericarditis.", "content": "Left ventricular function studies were performed on five patients with constrictive pericarditis. Functional data were obtained from intracardiac pressure measurements and cineangiocardiographic films. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV), ejection fraction (EF), stroke work index (SWI), circumferential fiber shortening, and percent circumferencial shortening were significantly below normal values in the five cases. These changes are reflected mainly in the degree of pericardial restriction. Reduction in mean Vcf was also observed. Theoretically, the velocity of ventricular internal circumferential shortening is also affected by changes in ventricular volume or resting myocardial fiber length, however, in patients with constrictive pericarditis, reduction in mean Vcf suggests left ventricular dysfunction. Our clinical studies indicate that evaluation of mean Vcf is valuable in the assessment of postoperative prognoses.", "contents": "Left ventricular function studies in constrictive pericarditis. Left ventricular function studies were performed on five patients with constrictive pericarditis. Functional data were obtained from intracardiac pressure measurements and cineangiocardiographic films. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV), ejection fraction (EF), stroke work index (SWI), circumferential fiber shortening, and percent circumferencial shortening were significantly below normal values in the five cases. These changes are reflected mainly in the degree of pericardial restriction. Reduction in mean Vcf was also observed. Theoretically, the velocity of ventricular internal circumferential shortening is also affected by changes in ventricular volume or resting myocardial fiber length, however, in patients with constrictive pericarditis, reduction in mean Vcf suggests left ventricular dysfunction. Our clinical studies indicate that evaluation of mean Vcf is valuable in the assessment of postoperative prognoses.", "PMID": 723011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9541", "title": "The effect of blood oxygen content and the no-reflow phenomenon on the subendocardial ultrastructural reversibility following anoxic arrest using hemodilution variables in the experimental model.", "content": "Hemodilution is an accepted modality for the conduct of cardiopulmonary bypass. The degree of hemodilution clinically employed has been in the range of 20 per cent of the initial hematocrit levels. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of hemoglobin levels and oxygen content on the reversibility of the damaged or altered ultrastructure of the endocardial layer of the ventricle and the possible role of the no-reflow phenomenon. Two series of mongrel dogs were subjected to cardiopulmonary bypass at normothermic levels and a standard period of ischemic arrest. One series was with hemoglobin levels between 5 and 10 grams (mean 7.25 grams) designated as moderate hemodilution (MH). The second series was of hemodilution with less than 5 grams of hemoglobin (mean 4.8 grams) designated as severe hemodilution (SH). The ultrastructural alteration gradient (UAG) between the epicardium and endocardium was studied with its relationship to reversibility of myocardial function and animal survival. The study demonstrated a definitive relationship between oxygen content and the reversibility of myocardial damage under normothermic conditions and anoxic arrest. The poor survival results in the SH group; two of 12 are attributed to the low oxygen availability possibly triggering the no-reflow phenomenon which prevents reversibility of the myocardial ultrastructural damage and ultimately the functional integrity of the ventricle.", "contents": "The effect of blood oxygen content and the no-reflow phenomenon on the subendocardial ultrastructural reversibility following anoxic arrest using hemodilution variables in the experimental model. Hemodilution is an accepted modality for the conduct of cardiopulmonary bypass. The degree of hemodilution clinically employed has been in the range of 20 per cent of the initial hematocrit levels. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of hemoglobin levels and oxygen content on the reversibility of the damaged or altered ultrastructure of the endocardial layer of the ventricle and the possible role of the no-reflow phenomenon. Two series of mongrel dogs were subjected to cardiopulmonary bypass at normothermic levels and a standard period of ischemic arrest. One series was with hemoglobin levels between 5 and 10 grams (mean 7.25 grams) designated as moderate hemodilution (MH). The second series was of hemodilution with less than 5 grams of hemoglobin (mean 4.8 grams) designated as severe hemodilution (SH). The ultrastructural alteration gradient (UAG) between the epicardium and endocardium was studied with its relationship to reversibility of myocardial function and animal survival. The study demonstrated a definitive relationship between oxygen content and the reversibility of myocardial damage under normothermic conditions and anoxic arrest. The poor survival results in the SH group; two of 12 are attributed to the low oxygen availability possibly triggering the no-reflow phenomenon which prevents reversibility of the myocardial ultrastructural damage and ultimately the functional integrity of the ventricle.", "PMID": 723012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9542", "title": "A new surgical approach to extensive arterial occlusion of lower extremity--femoro-popliteal open endarterectomy with arteriovenous shunt.", "content": "A revascularized surgery for extensive arterial occlusive lesions of the lower extremities, namely open endarterectomy of the occluded femoro-popliteal artery with arteriovenous shunt, was devised. The procedure is specially indicated to the extensive arterial occlusion of the lower extremity for which the conventional reconstructive vascular surgery is not applicable. The patency of the reconstructed femoro-popliteal arteries are ensured by virture of an arteriovenous shunt and newly developed collaterals from the reopened genicular network is expected to provide effective blood flow to peripheral parts. From 1967 to 1975, this procedure was applied to 59 extremities in 53 patients, all of whom had extensive arterial occlusion from the femoral artery to the periphery with impending ulcer and severe rest pain. Fourty-five out of 59 extremities had remarkable improvement of the ischemic symptoms and signs at the time of discharge. Long-term effectiveness was shown in 34 out of 59 extremities or 58 per cent.", "contents": "A new surgical approach to extensive arterial occlusion of lower extremity--femoro-popliteal open endarterectomy with arteriovenous shunt. A revascularized surgery for extensive arterial occlusive lesions of the lower extremities, namely open endarterectomy of the occluded femoro-popliteal artery with arteriovenous shunt, was devised. The procedure is specially indicated to the extensive arterial occlusion of the lower extremity for which the conventional reconstructive vascular surgery is not applicable. The patency of the reconstructed femoro-popliteal arteries are ensured by virture of an arteriovenous shunt and newly developed collaterals from the reopened genicular network is expected to provide effective blood flow to peripheral parts. From 1967 to 1975, this procedure was applied to 59 extremities in 53 patients, all of whom had extensive arterial occlusion from the femoral artery to the periphery with impending ulcer and severe rest pain. Fourty-five out of 59 extremities had remarkable improvement of the ischemic symptoms and signs at the time of discharge. Long-term effectiveness was shown in 34 out of 59 extremities or 58 per cent.", "PMID": 723013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9543", "title": "Bilateral popliteal artery entrapment syndrome--report of a case.", "content": "A 15-year old female presented with bilateral popliteal artery entrapment syndrome. The left popliteal artery was completely occluded and thromboendarterectomy was performed. Angiography on passive dorsiflexion revealed compression of the right popliteal artery, although it was free of symptoms and of normal caliber. End-to-end anastomosis in the normal anatomical position without division of the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle was performed on both sides.", "contents": "Bilateral popliteal artery entrapment syndrome--report of a case. A 15-year old female presented with bilateral popliteal artery entrapment syndrome. The left popliteal artery was completely occluded and thromboendarterectomy was performed. Angiography on passive dorsiflexion revealed compression of the right popliteal artery, although it was free of symptoms and of normal caliber. End-to-end anastomosis in the normal anatomical position without division of the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle was performed on both sides.", "PMID": 723014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9544", "title": "Degree of bowel distension on plain-radiographs--a surgical-radiological study of new criteria in mechanical intestinal obstruction.", "content": "Three hundred sixty clinical cases which presented with or without mechanical intestinal obstruction were evaluated in order to discover reliable quantitative and qualitative criteria for pre-surgical x-ray diagnoses. It was discovered that small bowel distension of above 1.0 (ratio) together with obvious gas fluid level is usually indicative of small bowel obstruction, while large bowel distension of above 1.5 (ratio) together with obvious gas fluid level is usually indicative of large bowel obstruction. Subsequent surgery confirmed that there exists a correlation between the degree of small bowel distension seen on radiographs prior to surgery and the actual small bowel distension secondary to small bowel obstruction measured during surgery. The present results may be diagnostically useful in the radiological differentiation of mechanical intestinal obstructions from other abdominal conditions.", "contents": "Degree of bowel distension on plain-radiographs--a surgical-radiological study of new criteria in mechanical intestinal obstruction. Three hundred sixty clinical cases which presented with or without mechanical intestinal obstruction were evaluated in order to discover reliable quantitative and qualitative criteria for pre-surgical x-ray diagnoses. It was discovered that small bowel distension of above 1.0 (ratio) together with obvious gas fluid level is usually indicative of small bowel obstruction, while large bowel distension of above 1.5 (ratio) together with obvious gas fluid level is usually indicative of large bowel obstruction. Subsequent surgery confirmed that there exists a correlation between the degree of small bowel distension seen on radiographs prior to surgery and the actual small bowel distension secondary to small bowel obstruction measured during surgery. The present results may be diagnostically useful in the radiological differentiation of mechanical intestinal obstructions from other abdominal conditions.", "PMID": 723015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9545", "title": "Primary volvulus of the small intestine in infants.", "content": "Primary small bowel volvulus which no definite cause can be detected surgically is rare. In this paper, we present five cases of primary small bowel volvulus and discuss the clinical features including etiology.", "contents": "Primary volvulus of the small intestine in infants. Primary small bowel volvulus which no definite cause can be detected surgically is rare. In this paper, we present five cases of primary small bowel volvulus and discuss the clinical features including etiology.", "PMID": 723016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9546", "title": "Cellular hypersensitivity to autologous tumor extract in patients with breast carcinoma.", "content": "The indirect macrophage migration inhibition technique was used to study cellular hypersensitivity to autologous tumor extract in relation to the progress and prognosis of breast carcinoma. Cellular immune response, evidenced by production of a macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), was noted preoperatively in 21 of 63 patients (33 per cent). This reactivity was used at the time of surgery to determine the grade of the primary tumor, lymph node involvement and the stage of the disease according to the TNM system. The five-year survival rate was 76 per cent for patients whose lymphocytes responded preoperatively and 54 per cent for patients whose lymphocytes did not respond, indicating that this assay may be valuable in detecting cellular immune response to breast carcinoma and in evaluating the immunological status of patients.", "contents": "Cellular hypersensitivity to autologous tumor extract in patients with breast carcinoma. The indirect macrophage migration inhibition technique was used to study cellular hypersensitivity to autologous tumor extract in relation to the progress and prognosis of breast carcinoma. Cellular immune response, evidenced by production of a macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), was noted preoperatively in 21 of 63 patients (33 per cent). This reactivity was used at the time of surgery to determine the grade of the primary tumor, lymph node involvement and the stage of the disease according to the TNM system. The five-year survival rate was 76 per cent for patients whose lymphocytes responded preoperatively and 54 per cent for patients whose lymphocytes did not respond, indicating that this assay may be valuable in detecting cellular immune response to breast carcinoma and in evaluating the immunological status of patients.", "PMID": 723017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9547", "title": "The preventive effect of cimetidine on producing stress ulcer in rats.", "content": "Stress ulcers were formed by a standard method after fasting and restraining each rat in a performed conduit tube and placing them in a cold room head inverted at 4 degrees C for three hours. The severity of the ulcer was graded into four groups; Grade 0: no ulcer, Grade 1: 1-10 ulcers, Grade 2: 11-20 ulcers, Grade 3: more than 21 ulcers. The animals were divided into six groups: Group I: no stress, no treatment; Group II: stressed but not treatment; Group III: pretreated with saline and stressed; Group IV: pretreated with antacid and stressed; Group V: pretreated with Cimetidine and stressed; Group VI: stressed and then post-treated with Cimetidine. In group II 47 out of 49 (96 per cent) developed ulcers compared to no ulcers in group I. In group V, 13 out of 38 (34 per cent) and in group IV, 13 out of 20 (65 per cent) developed ulcers. In group V, not only the incidence was reduced markedly but also the severity of ulcer was significantly less. However, post-treatment with cimetidine was not as effective as pre-treatment. Cimetidine, therefore, seems to be very effective in preventing stress induced ulcers in rat when instilled in the stomach before the stress.", "contents": "The preventive effect of cimetidine on producing stress ulcer in rats. Stress ulcers were formed by a standard method after fasting and restraining each rat in a performed conduit tube and placing them in a cold room head inverted at 4 degrees C for three hours. The severity of the ulcer was graded into four groups; Grade 0: no ulcer, Grade 1: 1-10 ulcers, Grade 2: 11-20 ulcers, Grade 3: more than 21 ulcers. The animals were divided into six groups: Group I: no stress, no treatment; Group II: stressed but not treatment; Group III: pretreated with saline and stressed; Group IV: pretreated with antacid and stressed; Group V: pretreated with Cimetidine and stressed; Group VI: stressed and then post-treated with Cimetidine. In group II 47 out of 49 (96 per cent) developed ulcers compared to no ulcers in group I. In group V, 13 out of 38 (34 per cent) and in group IV, 13 out of 20 (65 per cent) developed ulcers. In group V, not only the incidence was reduced markedly but also the severity of ulcer was significantly less. However, post-treatment with cimetidine was not as effective as pre-treatment. Cimetidine, therefore, seems to be very effective in preventing stress induced ulcers in rat when instilled in the stomach before the stress.", "PMID": 723018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9548", "title": "Thayer lecture. Diabetes mellitus: a brief overview.", "content": "Thus to summarize, there are a number of experimental and critical observations which all tend to support the contention that the hyperglycemia and perhaps to a lesser degree, the insulin deficiency, contribute significantly to the atherosclerosis and more directly initiate and expidite the microangiopathy and neurological abnormalities noted in diabetes. There is little evidence to suggest that the microangiopathy has any direct genetic relationship except via the beta cell and the resulting insulin deficiency.", "contents": "Thayer lecture. Diabetes mellitus: a brief overview. Thus to summarize, there are a number of experimental and critical observations which all tend to support the contention that the hyperglycemia and perhaps to a lesser degree, the insulin deficiency, contribute significantly to the atherosclerosis and more directly initiate and expidite the microangiopathy and neurological abnormalities noted in diabetes. There is little evidence to suggest that the microangiopathy has any direct genetic relationship except via the beta cell and the resulting insulin deficiency.", "PMID": 723110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9549", "title": "Misleading noninvasive signs of Bjork--Shiley mitral valve dysfunction.", "content": "Three months after receiving a Bjork--Shiley mitral valve prosthesis, a patient experienced acute gastronintestinal bleeding associated with heavy alcohol intake and poor compliance with oral anticoagulation therapy. As a result of the gastrointestinal bleeding, treatment with warfarin was discontinued. Ten months later, the patient presented with symptoms of transient cerebral ischemia. Despite demonstrated loss by phonocardiography of the previously well-recorded opening click and echocardiographic suggestion of a thrombosed prosthetic mitral valve, no thrombosis or dysfunction of the prosthetic mitral valve was revealed at reoperation.", "contents": "Misleading noninvasive signs of Bjork--Shiley mitral valve dysfunction. Three months after receiving a Bjork--Shiley mitral valve prosthesis, a patient experienced acute gastronintestinal bleeding associated with heavy alcohol intake and poor compliance with oral anticoagulation therapy. As a result of the gastrointestinal bleeding, treatment with warfarin was discontinued. Ten months later, the patient presented with symptoms of transient cerebral ischemia. Despite demonstrated loss by phonocardiography of the previously well-recorded opening click and echocardiographic suggestion of a thrombosed prosthetic mitral valve, no thrombosis or dysfunction of the prosthetic mitral valve was revealed at reoperation.", "PMID": 723111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9550", "title": "Acute mental status changes caused by propranolol.", "content": "A 74-year-old woman with mild dementia became disoriented and developed paranoid delusions when treated with low-dose propranolol. There was no evidence of cardiovascular instability, and the symptoms resolved within a week. Rechallenge with propranolol led to a recurrence of mental status changes.", "contents": "Acute mental status changes caused by propranolol. A 74-year-old woman with mild dementia became disoriented and developed paranoid delusions when treated with low-dose propranolol. There was no evidence of cardiovascular instability, and the symptoms resolved within a week. Rechallenge with propranolol led to a recurrence of mental status changes.", "PMID": 723112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9551", "title": "[Determination of dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase activity in the lymphocytes in hypertension and vasorenal hypertension].", "content": "The activity of succinate dehydrogenase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase in the lymphocytes of peripheral blood was studied in 28 patients with hypertensive disease and vasorenal hypertension (the diagnosis was made on the basis of the findings of angiographic examination) by the method of quantitative cytochemical analysis suggested by R.P. Nartsissov. It was revealed that alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity was significantly lower in vasorenal hypertension than in hypertensive disease. The calculation of the difference between the value of succinate dehydrogenase activity and that of alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity in these groups was also significant. It is concluded that a complex of cytochemical analysis may be used in differential diagnosis of vasorenal hypertension and hypertensive disease.", "contents": "[Determination of dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase activity in the lymphocytes in hypertension and vasorenal hypertension]. The activity of succinate dehydrogenase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase in the lymphocytes of peripheral blood was studied in 28 patients with hypertensive disease and vasorenal hypertension (the diagnosis was made on the basis of the findings of angiographic examination) by the method of quantitative cytochemical analysis suggested by R.P. Nartsissov. It was revealed that alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity was significantly lower in vasorenal hypertension than in hypertensive disease. The calculation of the difference between the value of succinate dehydrogenase activity and that of alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity in these groups was also significant. It is concluded that a complex of cytochemical analysis may be used in differential diagnosis of vasorenal hypertension and hypertensive disease.", "PMID": 723132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9552", "title": "[Quantitative shifts in acid phosphatase isoenzymes in the blood in myocardial infarct].", "content": "The spectrum of acid phosphatase isoenzymes was studied by means of disk electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. Seven isofractions were detected of this enzyme in blood plasma. In patients with the acute stage of myocardial infarction the amount of isofraction 3 was increased, its electrophoretic mobility was 0.479 +/- 0.059. It is suggested to use the test for acid phosphatase fraction 3 in blood plasma as an auxiliary method in the diagnosis of pathological conditions of the myocardium.", "contents": "[Quantitative shifts in acid phosphatase isoenzymes in the blood in myocardial infarct]. The spectrum of acid phosphatase isoenzymes was studied by means of disk electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. Seven isofractions were detected of this enzyme in blood plasma. In patients with the acute stage of myocardial infarction the amount of isofraction 3 was increased, its electrophoretic mobility was 0.479 +/- 0.059. It is suggested to use the test for acid phosphatase fraction 3 in blood plasma as an auxiliary method in the diagnosis of pathological conditions of the myocardium.", "PMID": 723133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9553", "title": "[Kidney reaction to an increase in the volume of extracellular fluid in rabbits with ischemic cerebral hypertension].", "content": "The excretion of water, electrolytes and osmotically active substances and the blood plasma natriuretic activity were studied following isotonic dilation of the extracellular space in experiments on rabbits with ischemic cerebral hypertension. Rabbits with hypertension were marked by the phenomenon of exaggerated natriuresis and increased excretion of water and osmotically active substances after volumetric stimulation, which was due to a greater inhibition of processes of tubular reabsorption than in intact animals. The increase in the content of the natriuretic factor in the blood plasma of rabbits with ischemic cerebral hypertension after an increase in the volume of extracellular fluid could not be identified as one of the possible causes of inhibition of sodium reabsorption.", "contents": "[Kidney reaction to an increase in the volume of extracellular fluid in rabbits with ischemic cerebral hypertension]. The excretion of water, electrolytes and osmotically active substances and the blood plasma natriuretic activity were studied following isotonic dilation of the extracellular space in experiments on rabbits with ischemic cerebral hypertension. Rabbits with hypertension were marked by the phenomenon of exaggerated natriuresis and increased excretion of water and osmotically active substances after volumetric stimulation, which was due to a greater inhibition of processes of tubular reabsorption than in intact animals. The increase in the content of the natriuretic factor in the blood plasma of rabbits with ischemic cerebral hypertension after an increase in the volume of extracellular fluid could not be identified as one of the possible causes of inhibition of sodium reabsorption.", "PMID": 723134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9554", "title": "[Importance of determining the renin activity in the blood plasma of the renal veins in symptomatic hypertension].", "content": "In patients with vasorenal hypertension blood plasma renin activity was always higher on the side of the lesion than on the contralateral side, whereas in patients with nephrogenic hypertension and coarctation of the aorta this value was within physiological norm. After reconstructive operations in vasorenal hypertension (in an unilateral lesion) a hypotensive effect was produced when the ratio of blood plasma renin activity on the side of the lesion to that on the healthy side was 1.4 and more. The ratio of renin activity in plasma of blood in the renal veins is an important diagnostic and prognostic criterion.", "contents": "[Importance of determining the renin activity in the blood plasma of the renal veins in symptomatic hypertension]. In patients with vasorenal hypertension blood plasma renin activity was always higher on the side of the lesion than on the contralateral side, whereas in patients with nephrogenic hypertension and coarctation of the aorta this value was within physiological norm. After reconstructive operations in vasorenal hypertension (in an unilateral lesion) a hypotensive effect was produced when the ratio of blood plasma renin activity on the side of the lesion to that on the healthy side was 1.4 and more. The ratio of renin activity in plasma of blood in the renal veins is an important diagnostic and prognostic criterion.", "PMID": 723139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9555", "title": "[Renin activity in the blood plasma in healthy persons and in hypertension patients of different ages and sexes].", "content": "Examination of 248 persons, among whom 64 were healthy (35 males and 29 females from 17 to 40 years old), and 184 (139 males and 54 females from 17 to 50 years old) suffering from hypertensive disease was conducted. Blood plasma renin activity in healthy males was 1 1/2 times higher than that in healthy females. Similar differences were revealed in the group of patients with a labile form of hypertensive disease. No significant difference in renin activity was revealed between males and females with a stable form of the disease. A significant decrease in renin activity was revealed in males and females over 40 years of age with labile and stable forms of hypertensive disease.", "contents": "[Renin activity in the blood plasma in healthy persons and in hypertension patients of different ages and sexes]. Examination of 248 persons, among whom 64 were healthy (35 males and 29 females from 17 to 40 years old), and 184 (139 males and 54 females from 17 to 50 years old) suffering from hypertensive disease was conducted. Blood plasma renin activity in healthy males was 1 1/2 times higher than that in healthy females. Similar differences were revealed in the group of patients with a labile form of hypertensive disease. No significant difference in renin activity was revealed between males and females with a stable form of the disease. A significant decrease in renin activity was revealed in males and females over 40 years of age with labile and stable forms of hypertensive disease.", "PMID": 723140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9556", "title": "[Vascular reactivity and catecholamine excretion in hypertension].", "content": "Increased vascular reactivity to noradrenaline was revealed in patients with Stages I and II hypertensive disease; the reaction to the sympathomimetic agent of indirect action ephedrine remained at the control level. A salt load increased the discrepancy between the level of the reactions to these two agents. It is suggested that processes of catecholamine storage and excretion in the tissues are disturbed in hypertensive disease and that sodium ions probably take part in this process. The daily excretion of noradrenaline was in negative relation with the reactivity to noradrenaline and correlated positively with the reactivity to angiotensin.", "contents": "[Vascular reactivity and catecholamine excretion in hypertension]. Increased vascular reactivity to noradrenaline was revealed in patients with Stages I and II hypertensive disease; the reaction to the sympathomimetic agent of indirect action ephedrine remained at the control level. A salt load increased the discrepancy between the level of the reactions to these two agents. It is suggested that processes of catecholamine storage and excretion in the tissues are disturbed in hypertensive disease and that sodium ions probably take part in this process. The daily excretion of noradrenaline was in negative relation with the reactivity to noradrenaline and correlated positively with the reactivity to angiotensin.", "PMID": 723141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9557", "title": "[Combination of a hormonally active adrenal tumor with hypertensive disease of the kidneys].", "content": "The author observed 230 patients with hormone-active tumor of the adrenal attended with arterial hypertension. In 90 patients there were concomitant hypertensive diseases of the kidneys. The diagnosis of the concomitant disease was verified during roentgenography, aortography included. In 66 of 90 patients (73.3%) arterial hypertension followed a malignant course. The presence of adrenal tumor was verified morphologically after the operation in 208 patients and during autopsy in 22. The concomitant renal disease was confirmed histologically on autopsy in 7 fatal cases and by kidney biopsy in 36. The clinical characteristics of the variants of combined lesions of the kidneys and adrenals and the methods of their diagnosis are discussed. The author recommends examining the adrenals in all patients suffering from malignant arterial hypertension.", "contents": "[Combination of a hormonally active adrenal tumor with hypertensive disease of the kidneys]. The author observed 230 patients with hormone-active tumor of the adrenal attended with arterial hypertension. In 90 patients there were concomitant hypertensive diseases of the kidneys. The diagnosis of the concomitant disease was verified during roentgenography, aortography included. In 66 of 90 patients (73.3%) arterial hypertension followed a malignant course. The presence of adrenal tumor was verified morphologically after the operation in 208 patients and during autopsy in 22. The concomitant renal disease was confirmed histologically on autopsy in 7 fatal cases and by kidney biopsy in 36. The clinical characteristics of the variants of combined lesions of the kidneys and adrenals and the methods of their diagnosis are discussed. The author recommends examining the adrenals in all patients suffering from malignant arterial hypertension.", "PMID": 723142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9558", "title": "[Comprehensive study of central and regional hemodynamics in hypertension using bloodless research methods].", "content": "Tetrapolar chest rheography is a convenient, noninvasive method for determining the stroke and minute blood volumes. Its application made it possible to reveal various types of hemodynamics in patients with hypertensive disease and apply differentiated treatment with due account for these peculiarities. Study of regional hemodynamics showed a significant increase in the tonus of the arteries of the brain and crura and diminished tonus of the veins. The method is most valuable in a follow-up during treatment and particularly for recording rapid shifts in hemodynamics in functional loads. Assessment of the reactions of patients with hypertensive disease during the orthostatic test revealed various degrees of disorders of the circulatory system adaptation mechanisms; with the progression of the disease these disorders become more intense.", "contents": "[Comprehensive study of central and regional hemodynamics in hypertension using bloodless research methods]. Tetrapolar chest rheography is a convenient, noninvasive method for determining the stroke and minute blood volumes. Its application made it possible to reveal various types of hemodynamics in patients with hypertensive disease and apply differentiated treatment with due account for these peculiarities. Study of regional hemodynamics showed a significant increase in the tonus of the arteries of the brain and crura and diminished tonus of the veins. The method is most valuable in a follow-up during treatment and particularly for recording rapid shifts in hemodynamics in functional loads. Assessment of the reactions of patients with hypertensive disease during the orthostatic test revealed various degrees of disorders of the circulatory system adaptation mechanisms; with the progression of the disease these disorders become more intense.", "PMID": 723143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9559", "title": "[Hemodynamic types of hypertensive disease according to echocardiographic data].", "content": "Central hemodynamics was studied by means of echocardiography in 7 patients suffering from neurocirculatory dystonia with a high cardiac index but normal arterial pressure, and in 41 patients with essential hypertension prior to, and after treatment. Two groups of patients suffering from essential hypertension were distinguished: with a hyperkinetic type of circulation and with a normal cardiac index. In the first group there was a statistically significant increase in the stroke index and the index of diastolic left ventricular diameter with a normal ejection fraction. The increase in the cardiac index in the hyperkinetic type of essential hypertension is caused by an increase in the stroke output according to the Frank--Starling law. The authors believe that the increase in peripheral resistance is the principal pathogenetic mechanism of hypertension with any level of the minute volume.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic types of hypertensive disease according to echocardiographic data]. Central hemodynamics was studied by means of echocardiography in 7 patients suffering from neurocirculatory dystonia with a high cardiac index but normal arterial pressure, and in 41 patients with essential hypertension prior to, and after treatment. Two groups of patients suffering from essential hypertension were distinguished: with a hyperkinetic type of circulation and with a normal cardiac index. In the first group there was a statistically significant increase in the stroke index and the index of diastolic left ventricular diameter with a normal ejection fraction. The increase in the cardiac index in the hyperkinetic type of essential hypertension is caused by an increase in the stroke output according to the Frank--Starling law. The authors believe that the increase in peripheral resistance is the principal pathogenetic mechanism of hypertension with any level of the minute volume.", "PMID": 723144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9560", "title": "[Central and renal hemodynamic indices under physical load in hypertension].", "content": "The article shows the results of studying the functional condition of the cardiovascular system in hypertensive disease. Under physical load healthy individuals demonstrated an increase in arterial pressure, rate of cardiac contractions, cardiac and stroke output, arteriovenous difference in oxygen, and diminution in the circulation volume, total peripheral resistance, renal blood flow and renal fraction of the minute blood volume. In patients with hypertensive disease there was a tendency to a lesser decrease in the cardiac output under load, the difference with the indices of healthy individuals increased with each stage of the disease. In hypertensive disease of stage IIB there were significantly smaller cardiac output, diminution of stroke volume under load, and a sharper rise than in the control group of arteriovenous difference in oxygen. The diminution of renal blood flow in response to the load was more marked in hypertensive disease.", "contents": "[Central and renal hemodynamic indices under physical load in hypertension]. The article shows the results of studying the functional condition of the cardiovascular system in hypertensive disease. Under physical load healthy individuals demonstrated an increase in arterial pressure, rate of cardiac contractions, cardiac and stroke output, arteriovenous difference in oxygen, and diminution in the circulation volume, total peripheral resistance, renal blood flow and renal fraction of the minute blood volume. In patients with hypertensive disease there was a tendency to a lesser decrease in the cardiac output under load, the difference with the indices of healthy individuals increased with each stage of the disease. In hypertensive disease of stage IIB there were significantly smaller cardiac output, diminution of stroke volume under load, and a sharper rise than in the control group of arteriovenous difference in oxygen. The diminution of renal blood flow in response to the load was more marked in hypertensive disease.", "PMID": 723145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9561", "title": "[Reactivity of the hemostatic system depending on the model of the behavior and personality characteristics of hypertensive patients under emotional stress].", "content": "The results of investigating the effect of emotional stress on the blood coagulation and anticoagulation systems are discussed. It was found that similar conditions of emotional stress cause three types of reactions in different people: functional hypercoagulation, functional hypocoagulation and the absence of any noticeable reaction according to the findings of thrombelastography. The degree of activation of the blood fibrinolytic system depends on the extent of involvement of the patients in interpersonality relationships. Patients with hypertensive disease are characterized by neuroticism, heightened level of anxiety and dependence, and increased emotional aggressiveness. Signs of introversion also prevailed in these patients, which was attributed to the forced formation of new behavior models due to the disease.", "contents": "[Reactivity of the hemostatic system depending on the model of the behavior and personality characteristics of hypertensive patients under emotional stress]. The results of investigating the effect of emotional stress on the blood coagulation and anticoagulation systems are discussed. It was found that similar conditions of emotional stress cause three types of reactions in different people: functional hypercoagulation, functional hypocoagulation and the absence of any noticeable reaction according to the findings of thrombelastography. The degree of activation of the blood fibrinolytic system depends on the extent of involvement of the patients in interpersonality relationships. Patients with hypertensive disease are characterized by neuroticism, heightened level of anxiety and dependence, and increased emotional aggressiveness. Signs of introversion also prevailed in these patients, which was attributed to the forced formation of new behavior models due to the disease.", "PMID": 723146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9562", "title": "[Detection and treatment of arterial hypertension at a district polyclinic].", "content": "Arterial hypertension was revealed in 65 of 210 (30.9%) males 40 to 59 years of age living on the territory of one doctors' locality of a district out-patient clinic. Among patients with increased arterial pressure 32.3% received hypotensive treatment which proved effective in 10.7%. The results of six-month treatment of 30 patients are analyzed. The most significant decrease in diastolic arterial pressure was encountered in the group of persons who were given regular treatment.", "contents": "[Detection and treatment of arterial hypertension at a district polyclinic]. Arterial hypertension was revealed in 65 of 210 (30.9%) males 40 to 59 years of age living on the territory of one doctors' locality of a district out-patient clinic. Among patients with increased arterial pressure 32.3% received hypotensive treatment which proved effective in 10.7%. The results of six-month treatment of 30 patients are analyzed. The most significant decrease in diastolic arterial pressure was encountered in the group of persons who were given regular treatment.", "PMID": 723147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9563", "title": "Resistance to parathyroid hormone in renal failure: role of vitamin D metabolites.", "content": "Resistance to the calcemic action of parathyroid extract (PTE) was shown in thyroparathyroidectomized rats after 5 hr of renal failure that was induced by either bilateral nephrectomy (NPX) or ureter ligation (UL). Studies were carried out to investigate the relationship of parathyroid resistance to the vitamin D status of the animal. Concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3) and 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (24,25(OH)2D3) were similar in pooled sera samples from rats either UL or sham-operated and treated with PTE. Pretreatment with oral 25-hydroxycholecalciferol or with a combination of i.v. 24,25(OH)2D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 prior to UL failed to alter the resistance. Resistance was also present in a group in vitamin-D-deficient rats. A similar group given 1 microgram of vitamin D2 showed more parathyroid resistance than did the group not given vitamin D2. In chronic renal failure of 28 day's duration, parathyroid resistance was again demonstrated, but, in contrast to the acute renal failure models, this was partly corrected by prior 1,25(OH)2D3 administration. These studies show that parathyroid resistance is not caused by an abnormality of vitamin D metabolism in the acute renal failure model, and we suggest that the phenomenon is due to the accumulation of one or more uremic factors.", "contents": "Resistance to parathyroid hormone in renal failure: role of vitamin D metabolites. Resistance to the calcemic action of parathyroid extract (PTE) was shown in thyroparathyroidectomized rats after 5 hr of renal failure that was induced by either bilateral nephrectomy (NPX) or ureter ligation (UL). Studies were carried out to investigate the relationship of parathyroid resistance to the vitamin D status of the animal. Concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3) and 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (24,25(OH)2D3) were similar in pooled sera samples from rats either UL or sham-operated and treated with PTE. Pretreatment with oral 25-hydroxycholecalciferol or with a combination of i.v. 24,25(OH)2D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 prior to UL failed to alter the resistance. Resistance was also present in a group in vitamin-D-deficient rats. A similar group given 1 microgram of vitamin D2 showed more parathyroid resistance than did the group not given vitamin D2. In chronic renal failure of 28 day's duration, parathyroid resistance was again demonstrated, but, in contrast to the acute renal failure models, this was partly corrected by prior 1,25(OH)2D3 administration. These studies show that parathyroid resistance is not caused by an abnormality of vitamin D metabolism in the acute renal failure model, and we suggest that the phenomenon is due to the accumulation of one or more uremic factors.", "PMID": 723151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9564", "title": "[Immunoreactive parathyroid hormone in samples from thyroid veins (author's transl)].", "content": "Blood samples were obtained from 16 patients with primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism by selectively catheterising cervical and thyroid veins. Immunoreactive parathyroid hormone was measured with two aminoterminal (anti-N)- and three carboxyl-terminal (anti-C)-specific antisera. Two anti-C sera and one anti-N serum were useful in localising the parathyroid tumors. In addition, the parathyroid hormone fragments were separated by gelfiltration and the immunoreactivity in the effluent was estimated with anti-N and anti-C sera. The results suggest that the usefulness of antisera for parathyroid tissue localisation is determined by their affinity for the intact hormone, regardless of their anti-N or anti-C qualities.", "contents": "[Immunoreactive parathyroid hormone in samples from thyroid veins (author's transl)]. Blood samples were obtained from 16 patients with primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism by selectively catheterising cervical and thyroid veins. Immunoreactive parathyroid hormone was measured with two aminoterminal (anti-N)- and three carboxyl-terminal (anti-C)-specific antisera. Two anti-C sera and one anti-N serum were useful in localising the parathyroid tumors. In addition, the parathyroid hormone fragments were separated by gelfiltration and the immunoreactivity in the effluent was estimated with anti-N and anti-C sera. The results suggest that the usefulness of antisera for parathyroid tissue localisation is determined by their affinity for the intact hormone, regardless of their anti-N or anti-C qualities.", "PMID": 723182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9565", "title": "[Erythropoietin in serum and urine in healthy persons and patients with chronic renal disease upon hypoxic stimulation and hypoxic stimulation after pretreatment with fluoxymesterone (author's transl)].", "content": "The question of a latent erythropoietin (ESF)-deficiency was studied in incipient renal anemia using a double stimulation technique for ESF. After a 4-week stimulation of ESF production with oral administration of fluoxymesterone (flu) intermittent hypoxic ESF stimulation was performed corresponding to a maximum altitude of 4000 m in 7 patients with chronic renal disease without or with incipient renal anemia (mean hematocrit 40%) and in 11 normal subjects (mean hematocrit 46%). Double stimulation in patients was compared with hypoxic stimulation alone and both were compared with controls. After flu alone only ESF excretion was increased in patients and in normal subjects. After flu plus 10 h of hypoxia serum ESF--titers were higher in healthy subjects than in the patients. The mean ESF titer after double stimulation was 81 mU/ml in patients and 115 mU/ml in normal persons. Forty-eight hour ESF excretion was 11 U and 43 U respectively. Compared to hypoxic stimulation alone double stimulation increased serum ESF titers in patients by 5% versus 80% in controls. Correspondingly, ESF excretion was enhanced by 19% and 49%, respectively. Finally, renal ESF clearance was increased by 42% versus 200%. After hypoxia alone non-anemic patients had higher serum ESF titers than healthy controls excluding a latent ESF deficiency in incipient renal anemia. It is concluded that decreased ESF production after double stimulation in patients was due to a nephrotoxic effect of flu followed by a decreased excretory and ESF-producing function of the damaged kidneys.", "contents": "[Erythropoietin in serum and urine in healthy persons and patients with chronic renal disease upon hypoxic stimulation and hypoxic stimulation after pretreatment with fluoxymesterone (author's transl)]. The question of a latent erythropoietin (ESF)-deficiency was studied in incipient renal anemia using a double stimulation technique for ESF. After a 4-week stimulation of ESF production with oral administration of fluoxymesterone (flu) intermittent hypoxic ESF stimulation was performed corresponding to a maximum altitude of 4000 m in 7 patients with chronic renal disease without or with incipient renal anemia (mean hematocrit 40%) and in 11 normal subjects (mean hematocrit 46%). Double stimulation in patients was compared with hypoxic stimulation alone and both were compared with controls. After flu alone only ESF excretion was increased in patients and in normal subjects. After flu plus 10 h of hypoxia serum ESF--titers were higher in healthy subjects than in the patients. The mean ESF titer after double stimulation was 81 mU/ml in patients and 115 mU/ml in normal persons. Forty-eight hour ESF excretion was 11 U and 43 U respectively. Compared to hypoxic stimulation alone double stimulation increased serum ESF titers in patients by 5% versus 80% in controls. Correspondingly, ESF excretion was enhanced by 19% and 49%, respectively. Finally, renal ESF clearance was increased by 42% versus 200%. After hypoxia alone non-anemic patients had higher serum ESF titers than healthy controls excluding a latent ESF deficiency in incipient renal anemia. It is concluded that decreased ESF production after double stimulation in patients was due to a nephrotoxic effect of flu followed by a decreased excretory and ESF-producing function of the damaged kidneys.", "PMID": 723183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9566", "title": "Circulating endothelial cells in acute myocardial infarction and angina pectoris.", "content": "The authors have counted circulating anuclear carcasses of endothelial cells by a new method in 105 patients with acute myocardial infarction and angina pectoris. In infarction cases as well as in severe angina a significant increase of endothelaemia was observed in duration of several days. No increase was observed in milder angina cases (type I--II).", "contents": "Circulating endothelial cells in acute myocardial infarction and angina pectoris. The authors have counted circulating anuclear carcasses of endothelial cells by a new method in 105 patients with acute myocardial infarction and angina pectoris. In infarction cases as well as in severe angina a significant increase of endothelaemia was observed in duration of several days. No increase was observed in milder angina cases (type I--II).", "PMID": 723184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9567", "title": "A new form of automatic watering system for laboratory animals.", "content": "During a 2 1/2 year trial of this new system no algal or bacterial build-up occurred, and filters were changed only at infrequent intervals. Among the labour-saving advantages of it is that cleaning of the system can be done when cage racks are changed, normally monthly.", "contents": "A new form of automatic watering system for laboratory animals. During a 2 1/2 year trial of this new system no algal or bacterial build-up occurred, and filters were changed only at infrequent intervals. Among the labour-saving advantages of it is that cleaning of the system can be done when cage racks are changed, normally monthly.", "PMID": 723208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9568", "title": "The microbiology of a new recirculatory automatic watering system compared with a conventional automatic system.", "content": "Continual recirculation and filtration of drinking water prevents the contamination that often mars automatic watering systems by removing algae and fluorescent pseudomonads. Without filtration and recirculation, the algae were clearly visible after 40 days use, and the fluorescent pseudomonad count rose from 10(1) to 10(5) per ml after 72 h use.", "contents": "The microbiology of a new recirculatory automatic watering system compared with a conventional automatic system. Continual recirculation and filtration of drinking water prevents the contamination that often mars automatic watering systems by removing algae and fluorescent pseudomonads. Without filtration and recirculation, the algae were clearly visible after 40 days use, and the fluorescent pseudomonad count rose from 10(1) to 10(5) per ml after 72 h use.", "PMID": 723209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9569", "title": "Tubular device for intraoral examination of rodents.", "content": "The device consists of a tube with a conical end, a base, and a movable stem. The rodent is anaesthetized lightly with ether and inserted quickly into the tube so that the head extends beyond the opening at the conical end, where cheeks, upper and lower incisors are secured to permit illumination and direct visual or microscopic examination of the palate, molars or gingiva.", "contents": "Tubular device for intraoral examination of rodents. The device consists of a tube with a conical end, a base, and a movable stem. The rodent is anaesthetized lightly with ether and inserted quickly into the tube so that the head extends beyond the opening at the conical end, where cheeks, upper and lower incisors are secured to permit illumination and direct visual or microscopic examination of the palate, molars or gingiva.", "PMID": 723210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9570", "title": "Water-borne Bacillus licheniformis infection in mice.", "content": "A  water-borne Bacillus licheniformis infection was associated with depressed haemoglobin content, white cell and platelet count. The epidemic was resolved by changing from tanked to mains water supply.", "contents": "Water-borne Bacillus licheniformis infection in mice. A  water-borne Bacillus licheniformis infection was associated with depressed haemoglobin content, white cell and platelet count. The epidemic was resolved by changing from tanked to mains water supply.", "PMID": 723211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9571", "title": "A new guinea-pig watering system.", "content": "Automatic drinking valves were mounted outside solid-flour cages, the guinea-pigs gaining access to them through holes in the cage walls. The animals were thus provided with a constant supply of clean water without the danger of their cages being flooded.", "contents": "A new guinea-pig watering system. Automatic drinking valves were mounted outside solid-flour cages, the guinea-pigs gaining access to them through holes in the cage walls. The animals were thus provided with a constant supply of clean water without the danger of their cages being flooded.", "PMID": 723212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9572", "title": "Segmental aplasia of the vagina in the beagle bitch.", "content": "Segmental aplasia of the vaginal mucosa was discovered in 3 beagle bitches at the end of a routine toxicological experiment. Anomalies of M\u00fcllerian duct development in the bitch are discussed.", "contents": "Segmental aplasia of the vagina in the beagle bitch. Segmental aplasia of the vaginal mucosa was discovered in 3 beagle bitches at the end of a routine toxicological experiment. Anomalies of M\u00fcllerian duct development in the bitch are discussed.", "PMID": 723213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9573", "title": "Automation in the animal house.", "content": "Whilst appearing attractive, automation must be appraoched with caution. Much time, effort and money is put into curing 'symptoms' without really defining the problem. Too often organizations launch a programme of automation when what they really need is rationalization. Unless you know precisely how much time and effort is currently involved in an operation, you are in grave danger of making costly mistakes in considering automation. A prerequisite is to make sure that your present operation is as productive as it is capable of being.", "contents": "Automation in the animal house. Whilst appearing attractive, automation must be appraoched with caution. Much time, effort and money is put into curing 'symptoms' without really defining the problem. Too often organizations launch a programme of automation when what they really need is rationalization. Unless you know precisely how much time and effort is currently involved in an operation, you are in grave danger of making costly mistakes in considering automation. A prerequisite is to make sure that your present operation is as productive as it is capable of being.", "PMID": 723214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9574", "title": "Postnatal changes in body composition of laboratory maintained brown lemmings, Lemmus sibiricus.", "content": "Postnatal changes in the body composition components, namely, body water, fat-free dry solids, and fat, were determined for laboratory-maintained brown lemmings, Lemmus sibiricus. The proportion of body water decreased while the proportion of fat-free dry solids and fat increased from birth to approximately 15 weeks of age. From 20 through 80 weeks of age, the proportions of all body composition components as well as total body weight remained relatively constant. Body composition components were more closely correlated with body weight than with chronologic age. As a function of body weight, body water decreased while fat-free dry solids and fat increased. Body fat was the most variable body composition component as related both to body weight and chronologic age. The von Bertalanffy growth equation and the differential growth equation were used to describe the body composition component data as related to chronologic age and body weight, respectively.", "contents": "Postnatal changes in body composition of laboratory maintained brown lemmings, Lemmus sibiricus. Postnatal changes in the body composition components, namely, body water, fat-free dry solids, and fat, were determined for laboratory-maintained brown lemmings, Lemmus sibiricus. The proportion of body water decreased while the proportion of fat-free dry solids and fat increased from birth to approximately 15 weeks of age. From 20 through 80 weeks of age, the proportions of all body composition components as well as total body weight remained relatively constant. Body composition components were more closely correlated with body weight than with chronologic age. As a function of body weight, body water decreased while fat-free dry solids and fat increased. Body fat was the most variable body composition component as related both to body weight and chronologic age. The von Bertalanffy growth equation and the differential growth equation were used to describe the body composition component data as related to chronologic age and body weight, respectively.", "PMID": 723215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9575", "title": "Incidence of struvite urinary calculi in two ancestral lines of beagles.", "content": "In the last 17 years, 55 of 2,125 (2.6%) purebred beagles maintained in a closed colony had urolithiasis. Males comprised 72.7% of the affected animals. All the uroliths except one set in the kidneys were in the urinary bladder, the urethra, or both. All uroliths were nearly pure magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate. Partially inbred beagles had a 10.7% incidence of urolithiasis, compared to a 2.0% incidence in an outbred line.", "contents": "Incidence of struvite urinary calculi in two ancestral lines of beagles. In the last 17 years, 55 of 2,125 (2.6%) purebred beagles maintained in a closed colony had urolithiasis. Males comprised 72.7% of the affected animals. All the uroliths except one set in the kidneys were in the urinary bladder, the urethra, or both. All uroliths were nearly pure magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate. Partially inbred beagles had a 10.7% incidence of urolithiasis, compared to a 2.0% incidence in an outbred line.", "PMID": 723216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9576", "title": "Effects of diet on feline urine.", "content": "Urine specific gravity, osmolality, and the incidence of proteinuria were assessed in 18 caged cats. The values for these parameters were increased when dry, as compared to moist, cat food was fed. Failure to recognize these characteristics of feline urine could lead to erroneous interpretations of laboratory data since elevation of these values, particularly protein, has been associated with renal disease.", "contents": "Effects of diet on feline urine. Urine specific gravity, osmolality, and the incidence of proteinuria were assessed in 18 caged cats. The values for these parameters were increased when dry, as compared to moist, cat food was fed. Failure to recognize these characteristics of feline urine could lead to erroneous interpretations of laboratory data since elevation of these values, particularly protein, has been associated with renal disease.", "PMID": 723217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9577", "title": "Spontaneous extragonadal teratocarcinoma in a mouse.", "content": "A spontaneous extragonadal teratocarcinoma was detected in a 7.5-month-old multiparous mouse. The tumor was composed of a disorganized mixture of tissues in various stages of maturation. Neural tissue and cartilage were abundant. The tumor also contained embryoid bodies and numerous foci of embryonal carcinoma cells.", "contents": "Spontaneous extragonadal teratocarcinoma in a mouse. A spontaneous extragonadal teratocarcinoma was detected in a 7.5-month-old multiparous mouse. The tumor was composed of a disorganized mixture of tissues in various stages of maturation. Neural tissue and cartilage were abundant. The tumor also contained embryoid bodies and numerous foci of embryonal carcinoma cells.", "PMID": 723218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9578", "title": "Effect of a conditioning method on general safety test in guinea pigs.", "content": "Prior to utilization for safety tests, one group of guinea pigs was selected after a 1-week conditioning period, on the basis of physical appearance and a 5% body weight gain. Those in a second group were selected shortly after being received, on the basis of their physical appearance. All guinea pigs were maintained under identical management conditions during the safety tests. The number of guinea pigs that gained weight from both groups were compared. The conditioning method used resulted in significant (p less than 0.001) increase in the number of guinea pigs that maintained or increased body weight during general safety tests.", "contents": "Effect of a conditioning method on general safety test in guinea pigs. Prior to utilization for safety tests, one group of guinea pigs was selected after a 1-week conditioning period, on the basis of physical appearance and a 5% body weight gain. Those in a second group were selected shortly after being received, on the basis of their physical appearance. All guinea pigs were maintained under identical management conditions during the safety tests. The number of guinea pigs that gained weight from both groups were compared. The conditioning method used resulted in significant (p less than 0.001) increase in the number of guinea pigs that maintained or increased body weight during general safety tests.", "PMID": 723219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9579", "title": "Low-temperature urine collection apparatus for laboratory rodents.", "content": "An apparatus for the collection of urine at -19 degrees C from unrestrained small laboratory animals was developed. The cooling unit accommodated five rodent metabolism cages for the collection of urine volumes up to 50 ml per collection period. The unit operated continuously for 5--6 weeks with no maintenance other than removal of the urine specimens, cleaning of the cages and collection dishes, and provision of feed and water.", "contents": "Low-temperature urine collection apparatus for laboratory rodents. An apparatus for the collection of urine at -19 degrees C from unrestrained small laboratory animals was developed. The cooling unit accommodated five rodent metabolism cages for the collection of urine volumes up to 50 ml per collection period. The unit operated continuously for 5--6 weeks with no maintenance other than removal of the urine specimens, cleaning of the cages and collection dishes, and provision of feed and water.", "PMID": 723220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9580", "title": "Continuous long-term intra-arterial infusion in the unrestrained rabbit.", "content": "A technique for the catheterization and intra-arterial infusion of the common carotid artery of the rabbit utilized a simple swivel apparatus, an acrylic head mount, and a silicone rubber sleeve. This method was used for continuous intra-arterial infusion in 29 unrestrained rabbits for periods up to 61 days.", "contents": "Continuous long-term intra-arterial infusion in the unrestrained rabbit. A technique for the catheterization and intra-arterial infusion of the common carotid artery of the rabbit utilized a simple swivel apparatus, an acrylic head mount, and a silicone rubber sleeve. This method was used for continuous intra-arterial infusion in 29 unrestrained rabbits for periods up to 61 days.", "PMID": 723221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9581", "title": "Pulmonary cryptococcosis in an Atlantic bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus).", "content": "Pulmonary cryptococcosis was diagnosed in a 7-year-old dolphin which had been in captivity for about 4 years. Cryptococcosis has been reported in a variety of animals, but this is the first report in a cetacean.", "contents": "Pulmonary cryptococcosis in an Atlantic bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Pulmonary cryptococcosis was diagnosed in a 7-year-old dolphin which had been in captivity for about 4 years. Cryptococcosis has been reported in a variety of animals, but this is the first report in a cetacean.", "PMID": 723222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9582", "title": "Hematologic parameters for wild and captive nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus).", "content": "Hematologic parameters were determined at capture and during captivity for nine-banded armadillos. Compared to the time of capture, the mean erythrocyte counts were significantly lower after 6 months in captivity. After 1 year in captivity, the mean hematocrit was significantly higher and the mean neutrophil count in males was significantly lower. Although the number of armadillos sampled was greater than in previous research, the variation within groups was large.", "contents": "Hematologic parameters for wild and captive nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus). Hematologic parameters were determined at capture and during captivity for nine-banded armadillos. Compared to the time of capture, the mean erythrocyte counts were significantly lower after 6 months in captivity. After 1 year in captivity, the mean hematocrit was significantly higher and the mean neutrophil count in males was significantly lower. Although the number of armadillos sampled was greater than in previous research, the variation within groups was large.", "PMID": 723223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9583", "title": "Controlled breeding of sheep for studies in fetal physiology.", "content": "A supply of fetal sheep of known gestational age was ensured after synchronizing estrus in the ewes, by means of an intravaginal pessary impregnated with a progestagen. Estrus occurred approximately 2 days after the pessary was removed. Conception rates at different times of the year and for a period of 4 years were described.", "contents": "Controlled breeding of sheep for studies in fetal physiology. A supply of fetal sheep of known gestational age was ensured after synchronizing estrus in the ewes, by means of an intravaginal pessary impregnated with a progestagen. Estrus occurred approximately 2 days after the pessary was removed. Conception rates at different times of the year and for a period of 4 years were described.", "PMID": 723224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9584", "title": "Simple technique for chronic venous catheterization of swine.", "content": "Catheters were placed into the vena cava of swine via the external jugular vein. The catheters were then passed subcutaneously through a cannula to the back and exteriorized. These catheters were impregnated with heparin and were functional for more than 46 days. Length of estrous cycle and hematology traits were not affected adversely by this technique.", "contents": "Simple technique for chronic venous catheterization of swine. Catheters were placed into the vena cava of swine via the external jugular vein. The catheters were then passed subcutaneously through a cannula to the back and exteriorized. These catheters were impregnated with heparin and were functional for more than 46 days. Length of estrous cycle and hematology traits were not affected adversely by this technique.", "PMID": 723225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9585", "title": "Retention of insulin-stimulated D-glucose transport activity by adipocyte plasma membranes following extraction of extrinsic proteins.", "content": "Plasma membrane vesicles prepared from adipocytes incubated with insulin exhibited accelerated D-glucose transport activity characteristic to insulin action on intact fat cells. Both control and insulin-stimulated D-glucose transport activities were inhibited by cytochalasin B and thiol reagents. Extraction of plasma membranes with dimethylmaleic anhydride eluted 80% of the protein from plasma membrane vesicles. The two major glycoprotein bands (94,000 and 78,000 daltons) and small amounts of a 56,000-dalton band were retained in dodecyl sulfate gels of the extracted membranes. Both control and insulin-activated D-glucose transport activities were retained by plasma membrane vesicles extracted with dimethylmaleic anhydride. Cytochalasin B binding activity was also retained by extracted membrane vesicles and D-glucose uptake into extracted vesicles derived from untreated or insulin-treated fat cells was inhibited by cytochalasin B. These results suggest that the modification of the adipocyte hexose transport system elicited by insulin action is not altered by a major purification step which involves quantitative extraction of extrinsic membrane proteins.", "contents": "Retention of insulin-stimulated D-glucose transport activity by adipocyte plasma membranes following extraction of extrinsic proteins. Plasma membrane vesicles prepared from adipocytes incubated with insulin exhibited accelerated D-glucose transport activity characteristic to insulin action on intact fat cells. Both control and insulin-stimulated D-glucose transport activities were inhibited by cytochalasin B and thiol reagents. Extraction of plasma membranes with dimethylmaleic anhydride eluted 80% of the protein from plasma membrane vesicles. The two major glycoprotein bands (94,000 and 78,000 daltons) and small amounts of a 56,000-dalton band were retained in dodecyl sulfate gels of the extracted membranes. Both control and insulin-activated D-glucose transport activities were retained by plasma membrane vesicles extracted with dimethylmaleic anhydride. Cytochalasin B binding activity was also retained by extracted membrane vesicles and D-glucose uptake into extracted vesicles derived from untreated or insulin-treated fat cells was inhibited by cytochalasin B. These results suggest that the modification of the adipocyte hexose transport system elicited by insulin action is not altered by a major purification step which involves quantitative extraction of extrinsic membrane proteins.", "PMID": 723265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9586", "title": "Characterization of the ribosomal binding site in rat liver rough microsomes: ribophorins I and II, two integral membrane proteins related to ribosome binding.", "content": "Rat liver rough endoplasmic reticulum membranes (ER) contain two characteristic transmembrane glycoproteins which have been designated ribophorins I and II and are absent from smooth ER membranes. These proteins (MW 65,000 and 63,000 respectively) are related to the binding sites for ribosomes, as suggested by the following findings: i) The ribophorin content of the rough ER membranes corresponds stoichiometrically to the number of bound ribosomes; ii) ribophorins are quantitatively recovered with the bound polysomes after most other ER membrane proteins are dissolved with the nonionic detergent Kyro EOB; iii) in intact rough microsomes ribophorins can be cross-linked chemically to the ribosomes and therefore are in close proximity to them. Treatment of rough microsomes with a low Triton-X-100 concentration leads to the lateral displacement of ribosomes on the microsomal surface and to the formation of aggregates of bound ribosomes in areas of membranes which frequently invaginate into the microsomal lumen. Subfractionation of Triton-treated microsomes containing invaginations led to the recovery of smooth and \"rough-inverted\" vesicles. Ribophorins were present only in the latter fraction, indicating that both proteins are displaced together with the ribosomes when these aggregate without detaching. Measurements of the ribosome-binding capacity of rough and smooth microsomal membranes reconstituted after solubilization with detergents suggest that ribophorins are necessary for in vitro ribosome binding. Ribophorin-like proteins were found in rough microsomes obtained from secretory tissues of several animal species. The two proteins present in rat lacrimal gland microsomes have the same mobility as hepatocyte ribophorins and cross-react with antisera against them.", "contents": "Characterization of the ribosomal binding site in rat liver rough microsomes: ribophorins I and II, two integral membrane proteins related to ribosome binding. Rat liver rough endoplasmic reticulum membranes (ER) contain two characteristic transmembrane glycoproteins which have been designated ribophorins I and II and are absent from smooth ER membranes. These proteins (MW 65,000 and 63,000 respectively) are related to the binding sites for ribosomes, as suggested by the following findings: i) The ribophorin content of the rough ER membranes corresponds stoichiometrically to the number of bound ribosomes; ii) ribophorins are quantitatively recovered with the bound polysomes after most other ER membrane proteins are dissolved with the nonionic detergent Kyro EOB; iii) in intact rough microsomes ribophorins can be cross-linked chemically to the ribosomes and therefore are in close proximity to them. Treatment of rough microsomes with a low Triton-X-100 concentration leads to the lateral displacement of ribosomes on the microsomal surface and to the formation of aggregates of bound ribosomes in areas of membranes which frequently invaginate into the microsomal lumen. Subfractionation of Triton-treated microsomes containing invaginations led to the recovery of smooth and \"rough-inverted\" vesicles. Ribophorins were present only in the latter fraction, indicating that both proteins are displaced together with the ribosomes when these aggregate without detaching. Measurements of the ribosome-binding capacity of rough and smooth microsomal membranes reconstituted after solubilization with detergents suggest that ribophorins are necessary for in vitro ribosome binding. Ribophorin-like proteins were found in rough microsomes obtained from secretory tissues of several animal species. The two proteins present in rat lacrimal gland microsomes have the same mobility as hepatocyte ribophorins and cross-react with antisera against them.", "PMID": 723266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9587", "title": "Membrane permeability of bifunctional, amino site-specific, cross-linking reagents.", "content": "The membrane permeability of a series of reversible cross-linking reagents which are diazide tartarate derivatives has been compared with that of dimethyl-3,3'-dithiobispropionimidate (DTBP). The diazide tartarate derivatives tested include tartryl-diazide (TDA), tartryl-di(glycylazide) (TDGA), tartryl-di(beta-alanylazide) (TDAA), tartryl-di-(gamma-aminobutyrylazide) (TDBA), tartryl-di(epsilon-aminocaproylazide) (TDCA). TDA, which has the shortest chain length of the diazide tartarate derivatives tested, proved to be readily permeable through the erythrocyte membrane. When added at equal concentration to unsealed ghosts, TDGA was at least as reactive as DTBP in its ability to cross link the internally displayed proteins 1, 2, 4.1, 4.2, and 6. Treatment of resealed ghosts by DTBP produced oligomeric complexes of these proteins plus apparent homooligomeric complexes of hemoglobin. TDGA at the same concentrations did not cross-link any of these components, indicating its membrane-impermeable nature. As the chain length of the homologous series increased from TDGA to TDCA, the cross-linkers became increasingly permeable through the erythrocyte membrane.", "contents": "Membrane permeability of bifunctional, amino site-specific, cross-linking reagents. The membrane permeability of a series of reversible cross-linking reagents which are diazide tartarate derivatives has been compared with that of dimethyl-3,3'-dithiobispropionimidate (DTBP). The diazide tartarate derivatives tested include tartryl-diazide (TDA), tartryl-di(glycylazide) (TDGA), tartryl-di(beta-alanylazide) (TDAA), tartryl-di-(gamma-aminobutyrylazide) (TDBA), tartryl-di(epsilon-aminocaproylazide) (TDCA). TDA, which has the shortest chain length of the diazide tartarate derivatives tested, proved to be readily permeable through the erythrocyte membrane. When added at equal concentration to unsealed ghosts, TDGA was at least as reactive as DTBP in its ability to cross link the internally displayed proteins 1, 2, 4.1, 4.2, and 6. Treatment of resealed ghosts by DTBP produced oligomeric complexes of these proteins plus apparent homooligomeric complexes of hemoglobin. TDGA at the same concentrations did not cross-link any of these components, indicating its membrane-impermeable nature. As the chain length of the homologous series increased from TDGA to TDCA, the cross-linkers became increasingly permeable through the erythrocyte membrane.", "PMID": 723267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9588", "title": "Fine structure of the band 3 protein in human red cell membranes: freeze-fracture studies.", "content": "The major red cell membrane protein, band 3, is a glycoprotein which extends across the membrane from the extracellular space into the cytoplasmic compartment. It is widely held that band 3 is a component of the intramembrane particles (IMP) which can be demonstrated by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. In this study, we find that the outer surface poles of the IMP can be seen by freeze-etching after they are unmasked by proteolysis under conditions which excise the surrounding sialopeptides from the membrane. The poles appear as distinctive projections, 30--50 A in diameter, the \"ES particles.\" The ES particles remain associated with the outer surface of the membrane following cleavage of the band 3 polypeptide by chymotrypsin or pronase. This is consistent with previous biochemical studies which have shown that the 38,000-dalton outer surface segment of band 3 is intercalated in the lipid bilayer. A granulofibrillar component at the inner surface of the membrane is provisionally identified as the 40,000-dalton inner-surface domain of band 3.", "contents": "Fine structure of the band 3 protein in human red cell membranes: freeze-fracture studies. The major red cell membrane protein, band 3, is a glycoprotein which extends across the membrane from the extracellular space into the cytoplasmic compartment. It is widely held that band 3 is a component of the intramembrane particles (IMP) which can be demonstrated by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. In this study, we find that the outer surface poles of the IMP can be seen by freeze-etching after they are unmasked by proteolysis under conditions which excise the surrounding sialopeptides from the membrane. The poles appear as distinctive projections, 30--50 A in diameter, the \"ES particles.\" The ES particles remain associated with the outer surface of the membrane following cleavage of the band 3 polypeptide by chymotrypsin or pronase. This is consistent with previous biochemical studies which have shown that the 38,000-dalton outer surface segment of band 3 is intercalated in the lipid bilayer. A granulofibrillar component at the inner surface of the membrane is provisionally identified as the 40,000-dalton inner-surface domain of band 3.", "PMID": 723268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9589", "title": "Distribution of glycophorin on the surface of human erythrocyte membranes and its association with intramembrane particles: an immunochemical and freeze-fracture study of normal and En(a-) erythrocytes.", "content": "Human erythrocyte membranes of the En(a-) blood group lack the major sialoglycoprotein (glycophorin). By absorption of a crude antiglycophorin antiserum with En(a-) membranes a specific antiglycophorin antiserum was obtained. By immune electron microscopy we showed that glycophorin is randomly distributed on the surface of normal erythrocytes. When polycationized ferritin, which mainly binds to glycophorin, was used as a marker a similar even labeling of normal erythrocyte membranes was seen. En(a-) membranes bound much less of this marker. In freeze-fracturing the intramembrane particles of both membrane types had a similar distribution and appeared in equal amounts. However, partial removal of spectrin from these membranes, followed by incubation at pH 6 resulted in more extensive aggregation of the particles in En(a-) membranes than in normal membranes. The results may be interpreted as glycophorin contributing by electrostatic repulsion to the random distribution of the intramembrane particles in normal cells. This repulsion is weakened in in En(a-) cells by the lack of glycophorin.", "contents": "Distribution of glycophorin on the surface of human erythrocyte membranes and its association with intramembrane particles: an immunochemical and freeze-fracture study of normal and En(a-) erythrocytes. Human erythrocyte membranes of the En(a-) blood group lack the major sialoglycoprotein (glycophorin). By absorption of a crude antiglycophorin antiserum with En(a-) membranes a specific antiglycophorin antiserum was obtained. By immune electron microscopy we showed that glycophorin is randomly distributed on the surface of normal erythrocytes. When polycationized ferritin, which mainly binds to glycophorin, was used as a marker a similar even labeling of normal erythrocyte membranes was seen. En(a-) membranes bound much less of this marker. In freeze-fracturing the intramembrane particles of both membrane types had a similar distribution and appeared in equal amounts. However, partial removal of spectrin from these membranes, followed by incubation at pH 6 resulted in more extensive aggregation of the particles in En(a-) membranes than in normal membranes. The results may be interpreted as glycophorin contributing by electrostatic repulsion to the random distribution of the intramembrane particles in normal cells. This repulsion is weakened in in En(a-) cells by the lack of glycophorin.", "PMID": 723269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9590", "title": "Molecular characteristics of the transferrin-receptor complex of the rabbit reticulocyte.", "content": "A macromolecular complex of transferrin and a membrane component was isolated by gel filtration chromatography from Triton X-100-solubilized ghosts of reticulocytes previously incubated with 125I-labeled transferrin. This complex is believed to be transferrin specifically associated with its primary receptors. Following the procedures of Clark [14], the complex in Triton X-100 was found to behave as an asymmetric molecule with a molecular weight of approximately 250,000 and an axial ratio of 9:1. On SDS-poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis the complex displays, in addition to transferrin, components of molecular weights 176,000 and 95,000, respectively. The larger component may be a dimer of the smaller. Each appears to crosslink, with dimethyl suberimidate, to transferrin. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that the transferrin receptor itself has a molecular weight near 175,000 and may be a dimer of two smaller components each of molecular weight near 95,000.", "contents": "Molecular characteristics of the transferrin-receptor complex of the rabbit reticulocyte. A macromolecular complex of transferrin and a membrane component was isolated by gel filtration chromatography from Triton X-100-solubilized ghosts of reticulocytes previously incubated with 125I-labeled transferrin. This complex is believed to be transferrin specifically associated with its primary receptors. Following the procedures of Clark [14], the complex in Triton X-100 was found to behave as an asymmetric molecule with a molecular weight of approximately 250,000 and an axial ratio of 9:1. On SDS-poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis the complex displays, in addition to transferrin, components of molecular weights 176,000 and 95,000, respectively. The larger component may be a dimer of the smaller. Each appears to crosslink, with dimethyl suberimidate, to transferrin. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that the transferrin receptor itself has a molecular weight near 175,000 and may be a dimer of two smaller components each of molecular weight near 95,000.", "PMID": 723270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9591", "title": "Physical-chemical studies of spectrin.", "content": "In recent years considerable progress has been made in the understanding of the structure and function of the red blood cell membrane. The protein spectrin, of high molecular weight and propensity for self-association, appears to play a major role, in concert with actin, in maintaining the shape and integrity of the membrane. A study of the physical-chemical properties of spectrin, and its size, shape, self-association pattern, and its interaction with other components, leads to a plausible model for the way this protein performs its biological role. The evidence from the structure and interactions of spectrin suggests a structure which is relatively symmetrical yet highly expanded, and which allows extensive, two-dimensional network formation with actin. In these respects,  the structure of spectrin is quite different from that of myosin, to which it has often been likened.", "contents": "Physical-chemical studies of spectrin. In recent years considerable progress has been made in the understanding of the structure and function of the red blood cell membrane. The protein spectrin, of high molecular weight and propensity for self-association, appears to play a major role, in concert with actin, in maintaining the shape and integrity of the membrane. A study of the physical-chemical properties of spectrin, and its size, shape, self-association pattern, and its interaction with other components, leads to a plausible model for the way this protein performs its biological role. The evidence from the structure and interactions of spectrin suggests a structure which is relatively symmetrical yet highly expanded, and which allows extensive, two-dimensional network formation with actin. In these respects,  the structure of spectrin is quite different from that of myosin, to which it has often been likened.", "PMID": 723271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9592", "title": "Vesicles isolated from ATP-depleted erythrocytes and out of thrombocyte-rich plasma.", "content": "When human erythrocytes are depleted of endogenous ATP they release spectrin-free vesicles as a light vesicle fraction [Lutz et al: J Cell Biol 73: 548, 1977] and chains of rounded vesicles as well as flattened myelin forms in a heavy vesicle fraction. The heavy fraction retains some spectrin, and glycophorin is partially degraded. The release of both types of fragments is not dependent upon added Ca+2, and 50 micrometer EGTA does not prevent the vesicle release. Concomitant with vesicle release, a large fraction of the major protein components of the cell is found in disulfide-bonded aggregates. A protocol is outlined to recover erythrocyte-specific fragments from thrombocyte-rich plasma. It allows detection of spectrin-free vesicles in whole blood stored under blood bank conditions for 12 days. In freshly drawn blood no such vesicles are observed, but particles are obtained that are different from thrombocyte fragments and that show a prominent glycoprotein running slightly faster than glycophorin.", "contents": "Vesicles isolated from ATP-depleted erythrocytes and out of thrombocyte-rich plasma. When human erythrocytes are depleted of endogenous ATP they release spectrin-free vesicles as a light vesicle fraction [Lutz et al: J Cell Biol 73: 548, 1977] and chains of rounded vesicles as well as flattened myelin forms in a heavy vesicle fraction. The heavy fraction retains some spectrin, and glycophorin is partially degraded. The release of both types of fragments is not dependent upon added Ca+2, and 50 micrometer EGTA does not prevent the vesicle release. Concomitant with vesicle release, a large fraction of the major protein components of the cell is found in disulfide-bonded aggregates. A protocol is outlined to recover erythrocyte-specific fragments from thrombocyte-rich plasma. It allows detection of spectrin-free vesicles in whole blood stored under blood bank conditions for 12 days. In freshly drawn blood no such vesicles are observed, but particles are obtained that are different from thrombocyte fragments and that show a prominent glycoprotein running slightly faster than glycophorin.", "PMID": 723272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9593", "title": "The exchangeability of human erythrocyte membrane cholesterol.", "content": "A new method has been used to determine what fraction of human erythrocyte cholesterol is available for exchange with plasma unesterified cholesterol. Erythrocytes labeled with 3H-cholesterol by this exchange process were incubated with sonicated phosphatidylcholine vesicles, giving rise to a net movement of cholesterol out of the cells. The specific activity of cholesterol taken up by the vesicles depended on the length of time of incubation. Initially the specific activity in the vesicles was greater than that in the cells, but after approximately 10% of cell cholesterol had been removed, the specific activity of subsequently removed cholesterol was equal to that of the remaining erythrocyte cholesterol. We conclude from these data that a) all of the cholesterol in the erythrocyte is exchangeable with plasma, and b) approximately 10% of erythrocyte cholesterol is in a more rapidly exchangeable pool than the remainder.", "contents": "The exchangeability of human erythrocyte membrane cholesterol. A new method has been used to determine what fraction of human erythrocyte cholesterol is available for exchange with plasma unesterified cholesterol. Erythrocytes labeled with 3H-cholesterol by this exchange process were incubated with sonicated phosphatidylcholine vesicles, giving rise to a net movement of cholesterol out of the cells. The specific activity of cholesterol taken up by the vesicles depended on the length of time of incubation. Initially the specific activity in the vesicles was greater than that in the cells, but after approximately 10% of cell cholesterol had been removed, the specific activity of subsequently removed cholesterol was equal to that of the remaining erythrocyte cholesterol. We conclude from these data that a) all of the cholesterol in the erythrocyte is exchangeable with plasma, and b) approximately 10% of erythrocyte cholesterol is in a more rapidly exchangeable pool than the remainder.", "PMID": 723273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9594", "title": "Triton shells of intact erythrocytes.", "content": "About 40% of human erythrocyte membrane protein is resistant to solubilization in 0.5% Triton X-114. These components comprise a structure called a Triton shell roughly similar in size and shape to the original erythrocyte and thus constitute a cytoskeleton. With increasing concentrations of Triton the lipid content of the Triton shell decreases dramatically, whereas the majority of the protein components remain constant. Exceptions to this rule include proteins contained in band 3, the presumed anion channel, and in band 4 which decrease with increasing Triton concentration. The Triton-insoluble complex includes spectrin (bands 1 and 2), actin (band 5), and bands 3' and 7. Component 3' has an apparent molecular weight of 88,000 daltons as does 3; but unlike 3, it is insensitive to protease treatment of the intact cell, has a low extinction coefficient at 280 nm, and is solubilized from the shells in alkaline water solutions. Component 7 also has a low extinction coefficient at 280 nm. Spectrin alone is solubilized from the Triton shells in isotonic media. The solubilized spectrin contains no bound Triton and coelectrophoreses with spectrin eluted in hypotonic solutions from ghosts. Electron micrographs of fixed Triton shells stained with uranyl acetate show the presence of numerous filaments which appear beaded and are 80--120 A in diameter. The filaments cannot be composed mainly af actin, but enough spectrin is present to form the filaments. Triton shells may provide an excellent source of material useful in the investigation of the erythrocyte cytoskeleton.", "contents": "Triton shells of intact erythrocytes. About 40% of human erythrocyte membrane protein is resistant to solubilization in 0.5% Triton X-114. These components comprise a structure called a Triton shell roughly similar in size and shape to the original erythrocyte and thus constitute a cytoskeleton. With increasing concentrations of Triton the lipid content of the Triton shell decreases dramatically, whereas the majority of the protein components remain constant. Exceptions to this rule include proteins contained in band 3, the presumed anion channel, and in band 4 which decrease with increasing Triton concentration. The Triton-insoluble complex includes spectrin (bands 1 and 2), actin (band 5), and bands 3' and 7. Component 3' has an apparent molecular weight of 88,000 daltons as does 3; but unlike 3, it is insensitive to protease treatment of the intact cell, has a low extinction coefficient at 280 nm, and is solubilized from the shells in alkaline water solutions. Component 7 also has a low extinction coefficient at 280 nm. Spectrin alone is solubilized from the Triton shells in isotonic media. The solubilized spectrin contains no bound Triton and coelectrophoreses with spectrin eluted in hypotonic solutions from ghosts. Electron micrographs of fixed Triton shells stained with uranyl acetate show the presence of numerous filaments which appear beaded and are 80--120 A in diameter. The filaments cannot be composed mainly af actin, but enough spectrin is present to form the filaments. Triton shells may provide an excellent source of material useful in the investigation of the erythrocyte cytoskeleton.", "PMID": 723274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9595", "title": "Influence of increased membrane cholesterol on membrane fluidity and cell function in human red blood cells.", "content": "Cholesterol and phospholipid are the two major lipids of the red cell membrane. Cholesterol is insoluble in water but is solubilized by phospholipids both in membranes and in plasma lipoproteins. Morever, cholesterol exchanges between membranes and lipoproteins. An equilibrium partition is established based on the amount of cholesterol relative to phospholipid (C/PL) in these two compartments. Increases in the C/PL of red cell membranes have been studied under three conditions: First, spontaneous increases in vivo have been observed in the spur red cells of patients with severe liver disease; second, similar red cell changes in vivo have been induced by the administration of cholesterol-enriched diets to rodents and dogs; third, increases in membrane cholesterol have been induced in vitro by enriching the C/PL of the lipoprotein environment with cholesterol-phospholipid dispersions (liposomes) having a C/PL of greater than 1.0. In each case, there is a close relationship between the C/PL of the plasma environment and the C/PL of the red cell membrane. In vivo, the C/PL mole ratio of red cell membranes ranges from a normal value of 0.09--1.0 to values which approach but do not reach 2.0. In vitro, this ratio approaches 3.0. Cholesterol enrichment of red cell membranes directly influences membrane lipid fluidity, as assessed by the rotational diffusion of hydrophobic fluorescent probes such as diphenyl hexatriene (DPH). A close correlation exists between increases in red cell membrane C/PL and decreases in membrane fluidity over the range of membrane C/PL from 1.0 to 2.0; however, little further change in fluidity occurs when membrane C/PL is increased to 2.0--3.0. Cholesterol enrichment of red cell membranes is associated with the transformation of cell contour to one which is redundant and folded, and this is associated with a decrease in red cell filterability in vitro. Circulation in vivo in the presence of the spleen further modifies cell shape to a spiny, irregular (spur) form, and the survival of cholesterol-rich red cells is decreased in the presence of the spleen. Although active Na-K transport is not influenced by cholesterol enrichment of human red cells, several carrier-mediated transport pathways are inhibited. We have demonstrated this effect for the cotransport of Na + K and similar results have been obtained by others in studies of organic acid transport and the transport of small neutral molecules such as erythritol and glycerol. Thus, red cell membrane C/PL is sensitive to the C/PL of the plasma environment. Increasing membrane C/PL causes a decrease in membrane fluidity, and these changes are associated with a reduction in membrane permeability, a distortion of cell contour and filterability and a shortening of the survival of red cells in vivo.", "contents": "Influence of increased membrane cholesterol on membrane fluidity and cell function in human red blood cells. Cholesterol and phospholipid are the two major lipids of the red cell membrane. Cholesterol is insoluble in water but is solubilized by phospholipids both in membranes and in plasma lipoproteins. Morever, cholesterol exchanges between membranes and lipoproteins. An equilibrium partition is established based on the amount of cholesterol relative to phospholipid (C/PL) in these two compartments. Increases in the C/PL of red cell membranes have been studied under three conditions: First, spontaneous increases in vivo have been observed in the spur red cells of patients with severe liver disease; second, similar red cell changes in vivo have been induced by the administration of cholesterol-enriched diets to rodents and dogs; third, increases in membrane cholesterol have been induced in vitro by enriching the C/PL of the lipoprotein environment with cholesterol-phospholipid dispersions (liposomes) having a C/PL of greater than 1.0. In each case, there is a close relationship between the C/PL of the plasma environment and the C/PL of the red cell membrane. In vivo, the C/PL mole ratio of red cell membranes ranges from a normal value of 0.09--1.0 to values which approach but do not reach 2.0. In vitro, this ratio approaches 3.0. Cholesterol enrichment of red cell membranes directly influences membrane lipid fluidity, as assessed by the rotational diffusion of hydrophobic fluorescent probes such as diphenyl hexatriene (DPH). A close correlation exists between increases in red cell membrane C/PL and decreases in membrane fluidity over the range of membrane C/PL from 1.0 to 2.0; however, little further change in fluidity occurs when membrane C/PL is increased to 2.0--3.0. Cholesterol enrichment of red cell membranes is associated with the transformation of cell contour to one which is redundant and folded, and this is associated with a decrease in red cell filterability in vitro. Circulation in vivo in the presence of the spleen further modifies cell shape to a spiny, irregular (spur) form, and the survival of cholesterol-rich red cells is decreased in the presence of the spleen. Although active Na-K transport is not influenced by cholesterol enrichment of human red cells, several carrier-mediated transport pathways are inhibited. We have demonstrated this effect for the cotransport of Na + K and similar results have been obtained by others in studies of organic acid transport and the transport of small neutral molecules such as erythritol and glycerol. Thus, red cell membrane C/PL is sensitive to the C/PL of the plasma environment. Increasing membrane C/PL causes a decrease in membrane fluidity, and these changes are associated with a reduction in membrane permeability, a distortion of cell contour and filterability and a shortening of the survival of red cells in vivo.", "PMID": 723275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9596", "title": "Characterization of the glucose transporter from human erythrocytes.", "content": "The D-glucose transporter from human erythrocytes has been purified and reconstituted by Kasahara and Hinkle (J Biol Chem 252:7394--7390). Using a similar purification scheme, we have isolated the protein with 65% of the extracted phospholipid at a lipid-protein ratio of 14:1 by weight. The KD (0.14 micrometer) and extent (11 nmoles/mg protein) for binding of 3H-cytochalasin B was determined by equilibrium dialysis. Glucose was a linear competitive inhibitor of binding of cytochalasin B, with an inhibition constant of 30 mM. To further characterize the protein, samples were filtered in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) through Sepharose 6B to remove 95% of the lipid followed by filtration of Sephadex G150 to remove the remaining lipid and a contaminating amount of a minor, lower-molecular-weight protein. This preparation contains only 24% acidic and basic amino acids. The protein also contains 5% neutral sugars (of which 3% is galactose), 7% glucosamine, and 5% sialic acid.", "contents": "Characterization of the glucose transporter from human erythrocytes. The D-glucose transporter from human erythrocytes has been purified and reconstituted by Kasahara and Hinkle (J Biol Chem 252:7394--7390). Using a similar purification scheme, we have isolated the protein with 65% of the extracted phospholipid at a lipid-protein ratio of 14:1 by weight. The KD (0.14 micrometer) and extent (11 nmoles/mg protein) for binding of 3H-cytochalasin B was determined by equilibrium dialysis. Glucose was a linear competitive inhibitor of binding of cytochalasin B, with an inhibition constant of 30 mM. To further characterize the protein, samples were filtered in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) through Sepharose 6B to remove 95% of the lipid followed by filtration of Sephadex G150 to remove the remaining lipid and a contaminating amount of a minor, lower-molecular-weight protein. This preparation contains only 24% acidic and basic amino acids. The protein also contains 5% neutral sugars (of which 3% is galactose), 7% glucosamine, and 5% sialic acid.", "PMID": 723277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9597", "title": "Spectrin binding and the control of membrane protein mobility.", "content": "Transmembrane proteins of the human erythrocyte show restricted in-plane mobility. Many of the restrictions on mobility are attributable to the molecules of spectrin which are located on the protoplasmic surface of the erythrocyte membrane. These molecules are elongate, form end-to-end heterodimer associations, and bind selectively to protein (or proteins) accessible on inside-out, but not right-side out, membrane vesicles.", "contents": "Spectrin binding and the control of membrane protein mobility. Transmembrane proteins of the human erythrocyte show restricted in-plane mobility. Many of the restrictions on mobility are attributable to the molecules of spectrin which are located on the protoplasmic surface of the erythrocyte membrane. These molecules are elongate, form end-to-end heterodimer associations, and bind selectively to protein (or proteins) accessible on inside-out, but not right-side out, membrane vesicles.", "PMID": 723278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9598", "title": "Analysis of the major polypeptides of spectrin by tryptic digestion.", "content": "The two major polypeptides of erythrocyte membrane spectrin have been isolated by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The tryptic peptide maps of the two polypeptides have been prepared by thin-layer chromatography and electrophoresis. Radioactive peptides have been prepared by 14C-carboxymethylation and chloramine T-catalysed 125I iodination. Maps of both sets of peptides demonstrate a marked similarity between the two parent polypeptides.", "contents": "Analysis of the major polypeptides of spectrin by tryptic digestion. The two major polypeptides of erythrocyte membrane spectrin have been isolated by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The tryptic peptide maps of the two polypeptides have been prepared by thin-layer chromatography and electrophoresis. Radioactive peptides have been prepared by 14C-carboxymethylation and chloramine T-catalysed 125I iodination. Maps of both sets of peptides demonstrate a marked similarity between the two parent polypeptides.", "PMID": 723279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9599", "title": "Effects of abnormal cation transport on deformability of desiccytes.", "content": "We have studied the deformability of subpopulations of red cells from a patient with \"desiccytosis,\" a disorder characterized by increased membrane permeability to potassium and associated with a probable increase in sodium-sodium exchange. Cells become increasingly dehydrated after maturation because of continued potassium loss without compensatory sodium gain, and they exhibit a progressive increase in mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). This increase in MCHC causes the cells to become underformable at shear stress values which result in extensive deformation of normal cells. Reduction of MCHC to approximately normal levels by suspending the cells in hypotonic medium restores normal deformability to all but 0.1--0.2% of the cells. These results suggest that the major factor leading to premature destruction in this disorder is whole cell rigidity conferred by increased intracellular hemoglobin concentrations, rather than any associated membrane rigidity.", "contents": "Effects of abnormal cation transport on deformability of desiccytes. We have studied the deformability of subpopulations of red cells from a patient with \"desiccytosis,\" a disorder characterized by increased membrane permeability to potassium and associated with a probable increase in sodium-sodium exchange. Cells become increasingly dehydrated after maturation because of continued potassium loss without compensatory sodium gain, and they exhibit a progressive increase in mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). This increase in MCHC causes the cells to become underformable at shear stress values which result in extensive deformation of normal cells. Reduction of MCHC to approximately normal levels by suspending the cells in hypotonic medium restores normal deformability to all but 0.1--0.2% of the cells. These results suggest that the major factor leading to premature destruction in this disorder is whole cell rigidity conferred by increased intracellular hemoglobin concentrations, rather than any associated membrane rigidity.", "PMID": 723280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9600", "title": "[The candida-endocrinopathy syndrome].", "content": "The boy who was eleven and half years old with candida-endocrinopathia syndrome has been presented. He had infection with candida, hypoparathyreoidism and hypoadrenocorticism. By immunologic tests it has been proven also the damage of cellular immunity. The patient's sister suffers from chronic mucocutaneous candidiaza. After the therapy the complete clinic remission has taken place. For this disease is characteristic that the disease course is gradual but progressive, and this remission does not mean that the destruction of endocrine glands is stopped.", "contents": "[The candida-endocrinopathy syndrome]. The boy who was eleven and half years old with candida-endocrinopathia syndrome has been presented. He had infection with candida, hypoparathyreoidism and hypoadrenocorticism. By immunologic tests it has been proven also the damage of cellular immunity. The patient's sister suffers from chronic mucocutaneous candidiaza. After the therapy the complete clinic remission has taken place. For this disease is characteristic that the disease course is gradual but progressive, and this remission does not mean that the destruction of endocrine glands is stopped.", "PMID": 723310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9601", "title": "[Diagnosis and therapy of primary hyperparathyroidism (author's transl)].", "content": "Of 51 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (2 patients with MEN, Type 1 clinical symptomatology, diagnostic procedures, differential diagnosis, operative strategy and long-term results are being reported. Aside from clinical findings and radiologic signs in our hands determination of the ionized serum calcium fraction, results of chrest bone biopsies and parathormone determinations are best parameters to substantiate the diagnosis of PHPT. Parathormone radioimmunassay determination is very helpful in localizing the adenoma, especially in cases of reoperations. Five patients were seen in acute hypercalcemic crises, in which emergency operations are absolutely indicated. Postoperative hypercalcemia and recurrencies were observed in 3.9%. Successful extirpation of parathyroid adenomas (15% multiple adenomas were found) is the therapy of choice in PHPT, only in cases with hyperplasia subtotal parathyroidectomy is indicated.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and therapy of primary hyperparathyroidism (author's transl)]. Of 51 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (2 patients with MEN, Type 1 clinical symptomatology, diagnostic procedures, differential diagnosis, operative strategy and long-term results are being reported. Aside from clinical findings and radiologic signs in our hands determination of the ionized serum calcium fraction, results of chrest bone biopsies and parathormone determinations are best parameters to substantiate the diagnosis of PHPT. Parathormone radioimmunassay determination is very helpful in localizing the adenoma, especially in cases of reoperations. Five patients were seen in acute hypercalcemic crises, in which emergency operations are absolutely indicated. Postoperative hypercalcemia and recurrencies were observed in 3.9%. Successful extirpation of parathyroid adenomas (15% multiple adenomas were found) is the therapy of choice in PHPT, only in cases with hyperplasia subtotal parathyroidectomy is indicated.", "PMID": 723376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9602", "title": "[Conservative treatment of intestinal obstruction: prospects and limits. Experiences with 27 cases treated by Miller-Abbott-tubes inserted endoscopically (author's transl)].", "content": "27 cases of intestinal obstruction primarily treated conservatively by means of Miller-Abbott-tubes are presented, technical details, clinical results, indications and risks of the procedure discussed. The controlled placement of the tube using a gastroscope rules out technical failures. Fifteen patients were cured, 2 patients removed the tube; in 8 cases the procedure turned out to be ineffective; they were cured by laparotomy. The separate monitoring of gastric and intestinal secretion permits early prognosis in respect to efficacy. Two patients died. Strict limitation of indication is of decisive importance. The method is highly effective in early postoperative intestinal obstruction--apparently of mechanical as well as of paralytic origin. In our experience, the possible mistaking of anastomotic leakage for postoperative ileus is practically negligible. For acute admissions with intestinal obstruction of unclear origin, however, the procedure should only be aimed at the resotration of general condition before surgery. In spite of the fact, that some cases of late postoperative intestinal obstruction could be cured conservatively, the risk of delaying operations of utmost necessity in cases of strangulation, incarceration and perforation is too high.", "contents": "[Conservative treatment of intestinal obstruction: prospects and limits. Experiences with 27 cases treated by Miller-Abbott-tubes inserted endoscopically (author's transl)]. 27 cases of intestinal obstruction primarily treated conservatively by means of Miller-Abbott-tubes are presented, technical details, clinical results, indications and risks of the procedure discussed. The controlled placement of the tube using a gastroscope rules out technical failures. Fifteen patients were cured, 2 patients removed the tube; in 8 cases the procedure turned out to be ineffective; they were cured by laparotomy. The separate monitoring of gastric and intestinal secretion permits early prognosis in respect to efficacy. Two patients died. Strict limitation of indication is of decisive importance. The method is highly effective in early postoperative intestinal obstruction--apparently of mechanical as well as of paralytic origin. In our experience, the possible mistaking of anastomotic leakage for postoperative ileus is practically negligible. For acute admissions with intestinal obstruction of unclear origin, however, the procedure should only be aimed at the resotration of general condition before surgery. In spite of the fact, that some cases of late postoperative intestinal obstruction could be cured conservatively, the risk of delaying operations of utmost necessity in cases of strangulation, incarceration and perforation is too high.", "PMID": 723378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9603", "title": "[Transvenous perfusion, a new simple and effective technique of regional renal hypothermia. An experimental study (author's transl)].", "content": "In an experimental study, involving ten dogs, the feasibility of transvenous perfusion cooling of the kidney is proven. The theoretical basis of this new method of regional renal hypothermia is presented. The technique is easy to perform and requires cannulation of the renal vein. The perfusate leaves the kidney either via the capsular veins which were divided during renal exposure or through the proposed nephrotomy. Renal vein thrombosis or venous disruption have not been observed. The only complication encountered in one instance was hemorrhage from the puncture site of the renal vein.", "contents": "[Transvenous perfusion, a new simple and effective technique of regional renal hypothermia. An experimental study (author's transl)]. In an experimental study, involving ten dogs, the feasibility of transvenous perfusion cooling of the kidney is proven. The theoretical basis of this new method of regional renal hypothermia is presented. The technique is easy to perform and requires cannulation of the renal vein. The perfusate leaves the kidney either via the capsular veins which were divided during renal exposure or through the proposed nephrotomy. Renal vein thrombosis or venous disruption have not been observed. The only complication encountered in one instance was hemorrhage from the puncture site of the renal vein.", "PMID": 723379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9604", "title": "[Myositis ossificans following head injury (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a report on 14 patients with myositis ossificans with simultaneous head injury. Predilected sites are the hip and elbow joints as well as thigh musculature, where particularly in the youthful and younger adults ossifications occur 5--8 weeks after the accident. Premature operative treatment is useless because of the danger of recurrence. The process of ossification usually comes to a standstill 8--12 weeks following the trauma. The diagnosis is made on the basis of clinical examination (hardening of muscles, immobility of joints) and X-ray pictures. The pathogenesis and modes of therapy are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the incidence of this complication of head injury in various age groups is evaluated statistically.", "contents": "[Myositis ossificans following head injury (author's transl)]. This is a report on 14 patients with myositis ossificans with simultaneous head injury. Predilected sites are the hip and elbow joints as well as thigh musculature, where particularly in the youthful and younger adults ossifications occur 5--8 weeks after the accident. Premature operative treatment is useless because of the danger of recurrence. The process of ossification usually comes to a standstill 8--12 weeks following the trauma. The diagnosis is made on the basis of clinical examination (hardening of muscles, immobility of joints) and X-ray pictures. The pathogenesis and modes of therapy are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the incidence of this complication of head injury in various age groups is evaluated statistically.", "PMID": 723380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9605", "title": "[Sciatic nerve: special topography and possibility of injuries in surgery of the hip joint (author's transl)].", "content": "The minimal distance between the dorsal acetabulum and the sciatic nerve can be 1.5 cm. This topographic situation is extremely important for surgery of the hip and dorsal pelvis (for e.g.: total hip prothesis, osteosynthesis of dorsal acetabulum-fractures). Various operative approaches to the hip joint lead to different intraoperative aspects including the danger of iatrogen sciatic nerve-lesions. In most cases the nerve cannot be seen but only be palpated during operation. If the stem of the sciatic nerve is injured intraoperatively, lesions can be found in the whole field of its innervation. For this reason specimen operations were performed in human cadavers using various approaches to the hip joint. We systematically investigated the topography of this region--layer by layer--cutting sections in horizontal and sagittal plains. Based on our findings the course of the sciatic nerve is described with special emphasis on the danger of lesions during surgery of the hip joint and dorsal pelvis.", "contents": "[Sciatic nerve: special topography and possibility of injuries in surgery of the hip joint (author's transl)]. The minimal distance between the dorsal acetabulum and the sciatic nerve can be 1.5 cm. This topographic situation is extremely important for surgery of the hip and dorsal pelvis (for e.g.: total hip prothesis, osteosynthesis of dorsal acetabulum-fractures). Various operative approaches to the hip joint lead to different intraoperative aspects including the danger of iatrogen sciatic nerve-lesions. In most cases the nerve cannot be seen but only be palpated during operation. If the stem of the sciatic nerve is injured intraoperatively, lesions can be found in the whole field of its innervation. For this reason specimen operations were performed in human cadavers using various approaches to the hip joint. We systematically investigated the topography of this region--layer by layer--cutting sections in horizontal and sagittal plains. Based on our findings the course of the sciatic nerve is described with special emphasis on the danger of lesions during surgery of the hip joint and dorsal pelvis.", "PMID": 723381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9606", "title": "[Residual-and recurrent cholesteatoma at preservation of the external auditory bony canal (author's transl)].", "content": "During the last four years we controlled 351 operations in order to check the indication of preservation of the posterior canal wall on patients with cholesteatoma. The aim of this study was to make a comparison between operative technique and the frequency of residual and recurrent diseases. It has shown that the consistent reconstruction of the lateral attic wall by endogenous conchal cartilage reduces the number of recurrence on a level of 3%. Since we haven't got yet a follow-up period of five years for all patients, the percentage of recurrent cholesteatomas was forecasted with 16% from the sample of patients with a follow-up period of two years, mixed with and without reconstruction of the lateral attic wall. The percentage of residual cholesteatoma was calculated with 25% from 104 revision operations. In future, a planned revision operation seems to be necessary for each patient with a posterior canal wall being preserved in cholesteatoma surgery. Osteoplastic management of the bony canal wall should lower the rate of residual cholesteatoma.", "contents": "[Residual-and recurrent cholesteatoma at preservation of the external auditory bony canal (author's transl)]. During the last four years we controlled 351 operations in order to check the indication of preservation of the posterior canal wall on patients with cholesteatoma. The aim of this study was to make a comparison between operative technique and the frequency of residual and recurrent diseases. It has shown that the consistent reconstruction of the lateral attic wall by endogenous conchal cartilage reduces the number of recurrence on a level of 3%. Since we haven't got yet a follow-up period of five years for all patients, the percentage of recurrent cholesteatomas was forecasted with 16% from the sample of patients with a follow-up period of two years, mixed with and without reconstruction of the lateral attic wall. The percentage of residual cholesteatoma was calculated with 25% from 104 revision operations. In future, a planned revision operation seems to be necessary for each patient with a posterior canal wall being preserved in cholesteatoma surgery. Osteoplastic management of the bony canal wall should lower the rate of residual cholesteatoma.", "PMID": 723382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9607", "title": "[A pilot study of sulfur hexa fluoride (sf6) injection into middle ears. An alternative to prevent atelectatic ears (author's transl)].", "content": "A new method to prevent middle ear atelectasis is presented. Sulfur Hexa Fluoride (SF6), a synthetic inert gas with a very low water solubility, has been injected into the middle ears of two patients with a long-standing conductive hearing loss due to nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The hearing gain expressed as lowered air-bone gaps lasted 6--10 weeks. No side effects were noted. In a later serie children with serous otitis media will be treated in the same way and followed with tympanograms and gas analyses of the gas mixture within their middle ears.", "contents": "[A pilot study of sulfur hexa fluoride (sf6) injection into middle ears. An alternative to prevent atelectatic ears (author's transl)]. A new method to prevent middle ear atelectasis is presented. Sulfur Hexa Fluoride (SF6), a synthetic inert gas with a very low water solubility, has been injected into the middle ears of two patients with a long-standing conductive hearing loss due to nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The hearing gain expressed as lowered air-bone gaps lasted 6--10 weeks. No side effects were noted. In a later serie children with serous otitis media will be treated in the same way and followed with tympanograms and gas analyses of the gas mixture within their middle ears.", "PMID": 723383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9608", "title": "[A \"mother-and baby scope-optic\" for middle ear endoscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "A new optic system for middle ear endoscopy is presented. It was developed in collaboration with Ltd. Wolf during the past 2 years. Via a bigger optic a smaller optic can be introduced under control. Through the new optic system it is possible to get a good survey about all \"hidden places\" in the middle ear. The optic can be used for pre- and intraoperative diagnostic.", "contents": "[A \"mother-and baby scope-optic\" for middle ear endoscopy (author's transl)]. A new optic system for middle ear endoscopy is presented. It was developed in collaboration with Ltd. Wolf during the past 2 years. Via a bigger optic a smaller optic can be introduced under control. Through the new optic system it is possible to get a good survey about all \"hidden places\" in the middle ear. The optic can be used for pre- and intraoperative diagnostic.", "PMID": 723384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9609", "title": "[Reaction pattern of the cochlea in cases of experimentally induced sudden hearing loss (author's transl)].", "content": "Acute auditory damage is produced in 127 guinea pigs. In one group (n = 68), sound damage is effected (140 dB SPL white noise for 5 min.). In a second group (n = 59), the cochlea is damaged with a cryoprobe (-196 degrees C, 1 min.). Both methods produce a middle-grade hearing impairment. With the aid of indwelling cathodes, the input-output curves are determined before and after the damage as well as up to the 16th postoperative day. Statistical comparison of the results shows that the reaction of the cochlea to the same irritation can be very different. This must be taken into consideration especially in evaluating the effect of pharmaca.", "contents": "[Reaction pattern of the cochlea in cases of experimentally induced sudden hearing loss (author's transl)]. Acute auditory damage is produced in 127 guinea pigs. In one group (n = 68), sound damage is effected (140 dB SPL white noise for 5 min.). In a second group (n = 59), the cochlea is damaged with a cryoprobe (-196 degrees C, 1 min.). Both methods produce a middle-grade hearing impairment. With the aid of indwelling cathodes, the input-output curves are determined before and after the damage as well as up to the 16th postoperative day. Statistical comparison of the results shows that the reaction of the cochlea to the same irritation can be very different. This must be taken into consideration especially in evaluating the effect of pharmaca.", "PMID": 723385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9610", "title": "[The acoustic trauma in animal experiment. II. Morphological reaction in the guinea pig cochlea after traumatisation by pure tones and octave band noise (a SEM- and TEM-study) (author's transl)].", "content": "Guinea pigs were exposed in groups to pure tones of varying frequences (1000, 3000, 5000 cps) and intensities in the range of 85--130 dB SPL. Other guinea pigs were exposed to octave band noise (180--5600 cps). By means of morphology we examined the immediate and late degenerative changes of the cochleae. The changes in sensory and supporting cells were simular after a short time overstimulation (130 db SPL--15 min) compared to a 5-days-stimulation at the 85 dB SPL level. After an OBN-Stimulation with 105 dB SPL--61 hours, lesions of sensory cells were found spread over several coils of the cochleae, with a predominance of the basal and 2nd coil. After pure tone stimulation the destruction of the organ of Corti was not tonotopically related according to the frequencies which were used in the experiments. The circumscribed destroyed areas in the organ of Corti were found mainly in the tonotopical range of the receptors of 2000--5000 cps--this means the end of the basal coil and the 2nd coil. The probable mere influence of direct mechanical stress is discussed.", "contents": "[The acoustic trauma in animal experiment. II. Morphological reaction in the guinea pig cochlea after traumatisation by pure tones and octave band noise (a SEM- and TEM-study) (author's transl)]. Guinea pigs were exposed in groups to pure tones of varying frequences (1000, 3000, 5000 cps) and intensities in the range of 85--130 dB SPL. Other guinea pigs were exposed to octave band noise (180--5600 cps). By means of morphology we examined the immediate and late degenerative changes of the cochleae. The changes in sensory and supporting cells were simular after a short time overstimulation (130 db SPL--15 min) compared to a 5-days-stimulation at the 85 dB SPL level. After an OBN-Stimulation with 105 dB SPL--61 hours, lesions of sensory cells were found spread over several coils of the cochleae, with a predominance of the basal and 2nd coil. After pure tone stimulation the destruction of the organ of Corti was not tonotopically related according to the frequencies which were used in the experiments. The circumscribed destroyed areas in the organ of Corti were found mainly in the tonotopical range of the receptors of 2000--5000 cps--this means the end of the basal coil and the 2nd coil. The probable mere influence of direct mechanical stress is discussed.", "PMID": 723386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9611", "title": "[Cogan's syndrome--report of a case (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of Cogan's syndrom--the combination of nonsyphilitic interstitial keratitis and vestibuloauditory symptoms--is presented. The differential diagnosis of the disease that corresponds little to any treatment, is discussed.", "contents": "[Cogan's syndrome--report of a case (author's transl)]. A case of Cogan's syndrom--the combination of nonsyphilitic interstitial keratitis and vestibuloauditory symptoms--is presented. The differential diagnosis of the disease that corresponds little to any treatment, is discussed.", "PMID": 723387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9612", "title": "[Tonsillar cavernosusthrombosis and sepsis after brain-commotion. A question of consequence (author's transl)].", "content": "A 12-year-old boy acquired two days after an accident with a light brain-commotion an acute tonsillitis, followed by a leftside peritonsillitis, infection of the spatium parapharyngeum, ascending to the endocranium with a thrombosis of the sinus cavernosus and septicopyaemia. Complete healing by Antibiotics, Heparin and blood-transfusions. In an judgment for an insurrance company the author states that the accident and commotion partly (30%) was the cause for the tonsillar complications.", "contents": "[Tonsillar cavernosusthrombosis and sepsis after brain-commotion. A question of consequence (author's transl)]. A 12-year-old boy acquired two days after an accident with a light brain-commotion an acute tonsillitis, followed by a leftside peritonsillitis, infection of the spatium parapharyngeum, ascending to the endocranium with a thrombosis of the sinus cavernosus and septicopyaemia. Complete healing by Antibiotics, Heparin and blood-transfusions. In an judgment for an insurrance company the author states that the accident and commotion partly (30%) was the cause for the tonsillar complications.", "PMID": 723388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9613", "title": "[How great is the risk of injury to vessels during mediastinoscopy? (author's transl)].", "content": "In performing mediastinoscopy the scope will pass the innominate artery, the innominate vein, the aortic arch, and the right pulmonary artery. The pretracheal fascia will protect these vessels if the tube is inserted exactly between the trachea and the fascia. However, bleeding could be caused by injuring a lymph node vessel or a bronchial artery. If this happens the bleeding can be stopped by packing the wound canal with a gauze wick soaked in adrenaline, by electrocoagulation, or by using an Ethislipknot. When mediastinoscopy is performed as micromediastinoscopy by means of using the Zeiss operation microscope and special instruments in most cases bleeding will be avoided.", "contents": "[How great is the risk of injury to vessels during mediastinoscopy? (author's transl)]. In performing mediastinoscopy the scope will pass the innominate artery, the innominate vein, the aortic arch, and the right pulmonary artery. The pretracheal fascia will protect these vessels if the tube is inserted exactly between the trachea and the fascia. However, bleeding could be caused by injuring a lymph node vessel or a bronchial artery. If this happens the bleeding can be stopped by packing the wound canal with a gauze wick soaked in adrenaline, by electrocoagulation, or by using an Ethislipknot. When mediastinoscopy is performed as micromediastinoscopy by means of using the Zeiss operation microscope and special instruments in most cases bleeding will be avoided.", "PMID": 723389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9614", "title": "[Experiences in the treatment of children with pseudocroup (author's transl)].", "content": "In most of the own 93 cases the paediatrician could manage the syndrome conservatively. In 14 children of them the question of an active procedure was discussed in cooperation of paediatricians, laryngologists and anaesthesiologists. In most of the cases this was necessary in the first 2 to 3 hours after admission. Recommendations for the active procedure are given in detail, generally spoken a balanced manner with confined prolonged orotracheal intubation.", "contents": "[Experiences in the treatment of children with pseudocroup (author's transl)]. In most of the own 93 cases the paediatrician could manage the syndrome conservatively. In 14 children of them the question of an active procedure was discussed in cooperation of paediatricians, laryngologists and anaesthesiologists. In most of the cases this was necessary in the first 2 to 3 hours after admission. Recommendations for the active procedure are given in detail, generally spoken a balanced manner with confined prolonged orotracheal intubation.", "PMID": 723390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9615", "title": "[Long-term results of submucous septal resection (author's transl)].", "content": "250 adults were checked-up 1 to 19 years following submucous septal resection, most of them after 4 to 6 years. In two thirds of these cases the nasal obstruction was abolished, and in 60 to 80 per cent sequelae of nasal blockage (otitis, non-specific rhinitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis) were reduced or healed. The positive influence of the resection on allergic rhinitis and headache was less (20 to 40%). 33 per cent of the patients complained of permanent nasal obstruction instead of surgery. In 45 per cent of these cases the obstruction appeared with a postoperative delay of 6 months and more! Deviation of the anterior septal remnant is the most frequent reason for obstruction. Other negative sequelae following submucous resection are atrophy of the mucosa (45%), hyperplasia of the inferior tubinates (38%), excessive mobility of the septum (13%), perforations (9%), and saddling of the cartilaginous nasal roof (7%). A comparison of the long-term results following submucous resection and following septoplasty show the better results by septoplasty.", "contents": "[Long-term results of submucous septal resection (author's transl)]. 250 adults were checked-up 1 to 19 years following submucous septal resection, most of them after 4 to 6 years. In two thirds of these cases the nasal obstruction was abolished, and in 60 to 80 per cent sequelae of nasal blockage (otitis, non-specific rhinitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis) were reduced or healed. The positive influence of the resection on allergic rhinitis and headache was less (20 to 40%). 33 per cent of the patients complained of permanent nasal obstruction instead of surgery. In 45 per cent of these cases the obstruction appeared with a postoperative delay of 6 months and more! Deviation of the anterior septal remnant is the most frequent reason for obstruction. Other negative sequelae following submucous resection are atrophy of the mucosa (45%), hyperplasia of the inferior tubinates (38%), excessive mobility of the septum (13%), perforations (9%), and saddling of the cartilaginous nasal roof (7%). A comparison of the long-term results following submucous resection and following septoplasty show the better results by septoplasty.", "PMID": 723391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9616", "title": "[On secondary operations following submucous septum resection (author's transl)].", "content": "The submucous resection of septum by Killian is not appropriate as a primary correcting treatment, especially in case of traumatical septum deformities. Due do the loss of cartilage often form and function of the nose deteriorates in a typical way. These complaints demand an operative correction under complicated circumstances. Based on the patient clietele of the Univ.-HNO-Klinik Erlangen it is demonstrated how secondary operations with the special technique of displacement of the remaining cartilage a satisfying result finally can be achieved.", "contents": "[On secondary operations following submucous septum resection (author's transl)]. The submucous resection of septum by Killian is not appropriate as a primary correcting treatment, especially in case of traumatical septum deformities. Due do the loss of cartilage often form and function of the nose deteriorates in a typical way. These complaints demand an operative correction under complicated circumstances. Based on the patient clietele of the Univ.-HNO-Klinik Erlangen it is demonstrated how secondary operations with the special technique of displacement of the remaining cartilage a satisfying result finally can be achieved.", "PMID": 723392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9617", "title": "[Diagnostic possibilities in salivary gland diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "A survey about different diagnostic parameters in salivary gland diseases is given. History, inspection, palpation, radiologic examinations by sialography and szintigraphy as well as sialometric and sialochemic findings are compared for their diagnostic value. Thereby by sialochemie and sialometrie a differentiation between sialadenitis and sialadenoses is possible in nearly all cases. Also in the differential diagnosis between benign and malignant tumors sialochemic findings are helpful.", "contents": "[Diagnostic possibilities in salivary gland diseases (author's transl)]. A survey about different diagnostic parameters in salivary gland diseases is given. History, inspection, palpation, radiologic examinations by sialography and szintigraphy as well as sialometric and sialochemic findings are compared for their diagnostic value. Thereby by sialochemie and sialometrie a differentiation between sialadenitis and sialadenoses is possible in nearly all cases. Also in the differential diagnosis between benign and malignant tumors sialochemic findings are helpful.", "PMID": 723393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9618", "title": "[The role of the glycerol test for diagnosis and treatment of Meni\u00e8re disease (author's transl)].", "content": "60 patients--25 with different hearing losses and 35 with Meni\u00e8re disease--underwent the glycerol test. It was demonstrated that only the group with endolymphatic hydrops showed in about 60% a positive test result. The meaning of the glycerol test for differential diagnosis of Meni\u00e8re disease from other diseases with attack vertigo is discussed and the role to select the patients for endolymphatic sac surgery is emphasized.", "contents": "[The role of the glycerol test for diagnosis and treatment of Meni\u00e8re disease (author's transl)]. 60 patients--25 with different hearing losses and 35 with Meni\u00e8re disease--underwent the glycerol test. It was demonstrated that only the group with endolymphatic hydrops showed in about 60% a positive test result. The meaning of the glycerol test for differential diagnosis of Meni\u00e8re disease from other diseases with attack vertigo is discussed and the role to select the patients for endolymphatic sac surgery is emphasized.", "PMID": 723394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9619", "title": "[Ionized calcium and total calcium of parotid saliva in normotension and in arterial hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "By the development of a disc-electrode and of an electrically neutral calcium carrier a precise determination of calcium ions in the parotid saliva has become available. With this new and simple method an exponential flow rate dependance of the concentration of calcium ions was found in normal persons. A steady state was observed in higher flow rates than 0.5 ml/min. The ionized/total calcium ratio was 54% in the average and was not influenced significantly by the flow rate. The values of both the ionized and total calcium concentrations were slightly lower in females than in men. The salivary ionized calcium concentration was significantly reduced in patients with arterial hypertension, and was not influenced by the flow rate. Its percentage against total calcium was 42% and was reduced to 39% by increased flow rates.", "contents": "[Ionized calcium and total calcium of parotid saliva in normotension and in arterial hypertension (author's transl)]. By the development of a disc-electrode and of an electrically neutral calcium carrier a precise determination of calcium ions in the parotid saliva has become available. With this new and simple method an exponential flow rate dependance of the concentration of calcium ions was found in normal persons. A steady state was observed in higher flow rates than 0.5 ml/min. The ionized/total calcium ratio was 54% in the average and was not influenced significantly by the flow rate. The values of both the ionized and total calcium concentrations were slightly lower in females than in men. The salivary ionized calcium concentration was significantly reduced in patients with arterial hypertension, and was not influenced by the flow rate. Its percentage against total calcium was 42% and was reduced to 39% by increased flow rates.", "PMID": 723395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9620", "title": "[Immunological investigations on human parotid saliva in comparison with submandibular fluid (author's transl)].", "content": "By immunoelectrophoresis with homologous antisera 5--7 saliva specific antigens were proved in parotid- and submandibular saliva respectively. Both secretions contain 14 respectively 15 serum proteins identified by double radical immunodiffusion.", "contents": "[Immunological investigations on human parotid saliva in comparison with submandibular fluid (author's transl)]. By immunoelectrophoresis with homologous antisera 5--7 saliva specific antigens were proved in parotid- and submandibular saliva respectively. Both secretions contain 14 respectively 15 serum proteins identified by double radical immunodiffusion.", "PMID": 723396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9621", "title": "[Repeated recurrences after operations of non-malignant parotid tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "Recurrences of 222 operated on parotid tumours (1961--1975) are analysed. Recurrences and repeated recurrences of benigh parotid tumours are based on not corresponded praeoperations (without nerve preparation). The half of cases of first-recurrences (mixed tumours) will become further recurrences. In repeated parotid-recurrences should be done total parotidectomy with careful treatment of facial nerve.", "contents": "[Repeated recurrences after operations of non-malignant parotid tumours (author's transl)]. Recurrences of 222 operated on parotid tumours (1961--1975) are analysed. Recurrences and repeated recurrences of benigh parotid tumours are based on not corresponded praeoperations (without nerve preparation). The half of cases of first-recurrences (mixed tumours) will become further recurrences. In repeated parotid-recurrences should be done total parotidectomy with careful treatment of facial nerve.", "PMID": 723397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9622", "title": "[Auditory prosthesis (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Replacement of a non-functioning cochlea by a prosthetic device appears to be quite feasible. 2. In their current form, such prostheses provide only a rudimentary auditory perception, permitting discrimination of some simple noises, but providing substantial aid in lip reading. Speech perception is limited to a few words. 3. Further improvements of the prosthesis must take the patho-physiological situation into account: (a) It will be necessary to establish connections between individual electrodes and limited groups of cochlear nerve fibers so as to achieve a correct space/time/amplitude distribution of the applied signals; (b) signal components which are to be transmitted to selected nerve-fiber groups have to be encoded in such a way that they can be correctly processed by those fibers. 4. Only the future will show if the current prosthesis can still be improved. Even if one assumes that substantial improvements can be made, it is doubtful that \"normal\" speech perception can be restored.", "contents": "[Auditory prosthesis (author's transl)]. 1. Replacement of a non-functioning cochlea by a prosthetic device appears to be quite feasible. 2. In their current form, such prostheses provide only a rudimentary auditory perception, permitting discrimination of some simple noises, but providing substantial aid in lip reading. Speech perception is limited to a few words. 3. Further improvements of the prosthesis must take the patho-physiological situation into account: (a) It will be necessary to establish connections between individual electrodes and limited groups of cochlear nerve fibers so as to achieve a correct space/time/amplitude distribution of the applied signals; (b) signal components which are to be transmitted to selected nerve-fiber groups have to be encoded in such a way that they can be correctly processed by those fibers. 4. Only the future will show if the current prosthesis can still be improved. Even if one assumes that substantial improvements can be made, it is doubtful that \"normal\" speech perception can be restored.", "PMID": 723399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9623", "title": "[New possibilities of hyposensitization with pollen-l-tyrosine complexes (author's transl)].", "content": "The so far most comprehensive individual study into the clinical findings in the hyposensitization therapy with pollen-L-tyrosine complexes in 253 pollinosis patients, who were first subjected to a hyposensitization therapy, permitted a comprehensive evaluation of the indication possibilities of these preparations (Pollagen, Tyrosin-Allergoid; in other countries available as Pollinex, Polvac, Bencard-Polen). The success of this hyposensitization, which may be reduced to three injections, can be immunologically established and is only slightly smaller than in the case of a specific desensitization over a period of 5--6 months preseasonally. The therapy is indicated first and foremost in patients who either have a moderate or medium-degree sensitization to grass pollens or who come to a medical examination only briefly before the pollen season. The addition of rye pollens obviously gives the preparation Tyrosin-Allergoid an advantage over the mixture of pure grass pollens as used in Pollagen. Rye pollens are responsible for the highest pollen concentrations and thus for the most severe complaints of pollinosis patients. A considerable increase in the therapeutic success, approximately 20%, can be achieved on the basis of a therapy modification, presented here for the first time: The patient is treated preseasonally with a specific desensitization vaccine and immediately before the pollen season he is additionally vaccinated with tyrosine-adsorbed pollen allergens as a kind of booster vaccination.", "contents": "[New possibilities of hyposensitization with pollen-l-tyrosine complexes (author's transl)]. The so far most comprehensive individual study into the clinical findings in the hyposensitization therapy with pollen-L-tyrosine complexes in 253 pollinosis patients, who were first subjected to a hyposensitization therapy, permitted a comprehensive evaluation of the indication possibilities of these preparations (Pollagen, Tyrosin-Allergoid; in other countries available as Pollinex, Polvac, Bencard-Polen). The success of this hyposensitization, which may be reduced to three injections, can be immunologically established and is only slightly smaller than in the case of a specific desensitization over a period of 5--6 months preseasonally. The therapy is indicated first and foremost in patients who either have a moderate or medium-degree sensitization to grass pollens or who come to a medical examination only briefly before the pollen season. The addition of rye pollens obviously gives the preparation Tyrosin-Allergoid an advantage over the mixture of pure grass pollens as used in Pollagen. Rye pollens are responsible for the highest pollen concentrations and thus for the most severe complaints of pollinosis patients. A considerable increase in the therapeutic success, approximately 20%, can be achieved on the basis of a therapy modification, presented here for the first time: The patient is treated preseasonally with a specific desensitization vaccine and immediately before the pollen season he is additionally vaccinated with tyrosine-adsorbed pollen allergens as a kind of booster vaccination.", "PMID": 723401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9624", "title": "[Surgical restitution of function after laryngectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "A surgical technique aiming to the reconstruction of the phonatory and respiratory function after laryngectomy is presented. This technique, which is performed in three stages, utilizes a deltopectoral flap, containing autogenic or allogenic cartilage, as a laryngeal substitute. To date, 13 patients have been submitted to this operation. Although both laryngeal functions, respiration and voice, were restored only in one patient, further refinements of the utilized surgical procedure may contribute to solve the problem of a complete functional rehabilitation after total laryngectomy.", "contents": "[Surgical restitution of function after laryngectomy (author's transl)]. A surgical technique aiming to the reconstruction of the phonatory and respiratory function after laryngectomy is presented. This technique, which is performed in three stages, utilizes a deltopectoral flap, containing autogenic or allogenic cartilage, as a laryngeal substitute. To date, 13 patients have been submitted to this operation. Although both laryngeal functions, respiration and voice, were restored only in one patient, further refinements of the utilized surgical procedure may contribute to solve the problem of a complete functional rehabilitation after total laryngectomy.", "PMID": 723402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9625", "title": "[Valve-neoglottis by placing ear cartilage and mucosa on inverted lateral tracheal wall after liquid insufficiency of a Staffieri fistula (author's transl)].", "content": "Six month after laryngectomy with a neoglottis phonatoria (Staffieri) one patient developed increasing trouble when swallowing liquids. When the patient was operated on again, the upper end of the trachea was closed up to a small anterior opening, by turning the lateral parts of the trachea into the lumen with dexon sutures. On this material cartilage from the ear was transplanted (because of the missing epiglottis) and covered with a free transplant of mucosa from the pharynx underneath the Staffieri fistula. After this second stage operation the patient had no more trouble when swallowing liquids and he developed again a good voice.", "contents": "[Valve-neoglottis by placing ear cartilage and mucosa on inverted lateral tracheal wall after liquid insufficiency of a Staffieri fistula (author's transl)]. Six month after laryngectomy with a neoglottis phonatoria (Staffieri) one patient developed increasing trouble when swallowing liquids. When the patient was operated on again, the upper end of the trachea was closed up to a small anterior opening, by turning the lateral parts of the trachea into the lumen with dexon sutures. On this material cartilage from the ear was transplanted (because of the missing epiglottis) and covered with a free transplant of mucosa from the pharynx underneath the Staffieri fistula. After this second stage operation the patient had no more trouble when swallowing liquids and he developed again a good voice.", "PMID": 723403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9626", "title": "[On morphological changes in the hypopharynx-esophageal region following laryngectomia (author's transl)].", "content": "This report deals with the morphological changes in the hypopharynx-esophageal region of two patients following laryngectomia. In these patients we found two sagittal infoldings of the lateral walls of the hypopharynx-esophageal region. Histological examination revealed a nodular circumscribed hypertrophy of the innermost fascicle of the continuous helical system which, by time, becomes replaced by a fibrous tissue. Later on, the middle and outer fascicles of the continuous helical system undergo the same changes. Both these processes result in the formation of a hypertrophic scar which finally turns out in an atrophic scar. The volume of the esophageal wall at the same time as maintained by an increase of adipose tissue in the outer third. This adipose tissue spreads towards the lumen and finally replaces all the scar tissue. In clinical experience such infoldings are not a rare finding, however it seems doubtful if they can get any meaning in the phonation. Nevertheless the formation of such infoldings seems to be intimately related to the altered function of the hypopharyngeal region following laryngectomia.", "contents": "[On morphological changes in the hypopharynx-esophageal region following laryngectomia (author's transl)]. This report deals with the morphological changes in the hypopharynx-esophageal region of two patients following laryngectomia. In these patients we found two sagittal infoldings of the lateral walls of the hypopharynx-esophageal region. Histological examination revealed a nodular circumscribed hypertrophy of the innermost fascicle of the continuous helical system which, by time, becomes replaced by a fibrous tissue. Later on, the middle and outer fascicles of the continuous helical system undergo the same changes. Both these processes result in the formation of a hypertrophic scar which finally turns out in an atrophic scar. The volume of the esophageal wall at the same time as maintained by an increase of adipose tissue in the outer third. This adipose tissue spreads towards the lumen and finally replaces all the scar tissue. In clinical experience such infoldings are not a rare finding, however it seems doubtful if they can get any meaning in the phonation. Nevertheless the formation of such infoldings seems to be intimately related to the altered function of the hypopharyngeal region following laryngectomia.", "PMID": 723404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9627", "title": "[Evaluation of the fistula test and the positional test in the diagnosis of a fistula of the labyrinth (author's transl)].", "content": "In 111 patients with a chronic otitis media and symptoms of dizziness the positional reactions were examined. Among 75 patients, who underwent operations later on, a fistula of the labyrinth was preoperatively expected in 25 patients according to a positive fistula pressure sign or a pathological fistula positional reaction. A positive fistula positional sign shows a contralateral beating transitory nystagmus in the head hanging position, while after rapid sit up the nystagmus is starting to beat into the ipsilateral direction. A labyrinthine fistula was operatively confirmed in 15 patients out of 25 suspicious cases. In these 15 cases both the fistula and the positional test were positive in 9 cases. 3 had a positive fistula pressure test and 3 a positive fistula positional sign. In 50 patients with negative fistula reactions only one fistula was observed during operation. These data underline the importance of both pressure and positional reactions in the prediction of labyrinthine fistulas.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the fistula test and the positional test in the diagnosis of a fistula of the labyrinth (author's transl)]. In 111 patients with a chronic otitis media and symptoms of dizziness the positional reactions were examined. Among 75 patients, who underwent operations later on, a fistula of the labyrinth was preoperatively expected in 25 patients according to a positive fistula pressure sign or a pathological fistula positional reaction. A positive fistula positional sign shows a contralateral beating transitory nystagmus in the head hanging position, while after rapid sit up the nystagmus is starting to beat into the ipsilateral direction. A labyrinthine fistula was operatively confirmed in 15 patients out of 25 suspicious cases. In these 15 cases both the fistula and the positional test were positive in 9 cases. 3 had a positive fistula pressure test and 3 a positive fistula positional sign. In 50 patients with negative fistula reactions only one fistula was observed during operation. These data underline the importance of both pressure and positional reactions in the prediction of labyrinthine fistulas.", "PMID": 723405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9628", "title": "[Betahistine treatment of Meni\u00e8re's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "An evaluation of Betahistine hydrochloride treatment of 92 patients suffering from Meni\u00e8re disease and Meni\u00e8re-like syndrom is presented. Observed for more than one year 54 (89%) patients showed complete relief of vertigo-attack symptoms. 7 (12%) patients showed a distinct improvement in their hearing as reflected in their audiograms, only 7 (12%) patients showed a further loss of hearing. There appeared to be a trend toward further improvement when therapy was maintained over at least a period of 3--4 month. Vertigo seemed to be the symptom most responsive to treatment and tinnitus the most resistant. Minimal side effects were observed in 17 (18%) patients.", "contents": "[Betahistine treatment of Meni\u00e8re's disease (author's transl)]. An evaluation of Betahistine hydrochloride treatment of 92 patients suffering from Meni\u00e8re disease and Meni\u00e8re-like syndrom is presented. Observed for more than one year 54 (89%) patients showed complete relief of vertigo-attack symptoms. 7 (12%) patients showed a distinct improvement in their hearing as reflected in their audiograms, only 7 (12%) patients showed a further loss of hearing. There appeared to be a trend toward further improvement when therapy was maintained over at least a period of 3--4 month. Vertigo seemed to be the symptom most responsive to treatment and tinnitus the most resistant. Minimal side effects were observed in 17 (18%) patients.", "PMID": 723406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9629", "title": "The effect of arylsulfonate esters on cholesterol--aggravated atherosclerosis in White Carneau Pigeons.", "content": "The arylsulfonate esters of linoleyl, stearyl, and decyl alcohols were found to reduce significantly the accumulation of cholesterol in the plasma and livers of White Carneau pigeons subjected to a diet of Purina pigeon pellets coated with 0.25% cholesterol and 10% lard when fed for periods ranging from 9--12 months; no effects were observed in normocholesterolemic pigeons. These compounds produced no toxic side effects and were found to significantly attenuate the development of aortic atherosclerosis. The effect on aortic atherosclerosis was most likely the result of the lowering of plasma cholesterol concentrations. Linoleyl p-toluenesulfonate appeared to be the most effective of the three arylsulfonates tested, both with respect to the reduction of plasma and liver cholesterol accumulation and attenuation of the atherosclerotic process.", "contents": "The effect of arylsulfonate esters on cholesterol--aggravated atherosclerosis in White Carneau Pigeons. The arylsulfonate esters of linoleyl, stearyl, and decyl alcohols were found to reduce significantly the accumulation of cholesterol in the plasma and livers of White Carneau pigeons subjected to a diet of Purina pigeon pellets coated with 0.25% cholesterol and 10% lard when fed for periods ranging from 9--12 months; no effects were observed in normocholesterolemic pigeons. These compounds produced no toxic side effects and were found to significantly attenuate the development of aortic atherosclerosis. The effect on aortic atherosclerosis was most likely the result of the lowering of plasma cholesterol concentrations. Linoleyl p-toluenesulfonate appeared to be the most effective of the three arylsulfonates tested, both with respect to the reduction of plasma and liver cholesterol accumulation and attenuation of the atherosclerotic process.", "PMID": 723477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9630", "title": "Fatty acid metabolism in L1210 murine leukemia cells: differences in modification of fatty acids incorporated into various lipids.", "content": "L1210 leukemia cells can utilize all of the main fatty acids that normally are present in the ascites fluid in which they grow. This finding is consistent with the view that L1210 cells derive most of their fatty acids from the ascites fluid. From 80--90% of each fatty acid was incorporated into cell lipids without structural modification, suggesting that the lipid composition of these cells can be altered by changing the type of fatty acids to which they are exposed. Most importantly, the palmitate that was subsequently incorporated into total cell phospholipids was elongated and desaturated somewhat more than that incorporated into triglycerides. This difference was due primarily to more extensive modification of the palmitate incorporated into the ethanolamine phosphoglycerides fraction. Although there was no difference between total phospholipids and triglycerides with linoleate, more of the linoleate incorporated into ethanolamine phosphoglycerides was elongated and further desaturated than that incorporated into choline phosphoglycerides and triglycerides. These findings indicate fatty acids incorporated into various cell lipid fractions are not structurally modified to the same extent. There appears to be greater modification of fatty acid used for ethanolamine phosphoglyceride synthesis as compared with triglyceride and choline phosphoglyceride synthesis.", "contents": "Fatty acid metabolism in L1210 murine leukemia cells: differences in modification of fatty acids incorporated into various lipids. L1210 leukemia cells can utilize all of the main fatty acids that normally are present in the ascites fluid in which they grow. This finding is consistent with the view that L1210 cells derive most of their fatty acids from the ascites fluid. From 80--90% of each fatty acid was incorporated into cell lipids without structural modification, suggesting that the lipid composition of these cells can be altered by changing the type of fatty acids to which they are exposed. Most importantly, the palmitate that was subsequently incorporated into total cell phospholipids was elongated and desaturated somewhat more than that incorporated into triglycerides. This difference was due primarily to more extensive modification of the palmitate incorporated into the ethanolamine phosphoglycerides fraction. Although there was no difference between total phospholipids and triglycerides with linoleate, more of the linoleate incorporated into ethanolamine phosphoglycerides was elongated and further desaturated than that incorporated into choline phosphoglycerides and triglycerides. These findings indicate fatty acids incorporated into various cell lipid fractions are not structurally modified to the same extent. There appears to be greater modification of fatty acid used for ethanolamine phosphoglyceride synthesis as compared with triglyceride and choline phosphoglyceride synthesis.", "PMID": 723478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9631", "title": "Composition of lipids of bovine optic nerve.", "content": "Lipids from bovine optic nerve were analyzed. The total content of 16.5% by weight included 27.2% nonpolar lipids, 26.1% glycolipids, and 46.7% phospholipids by weight. Free cholesterol was the major component of the nonpolar lipid fraction. The cerebrosides, 73.5% of total glycolipids, were separated by thin layer chromatography (TLC) into two bands (upper and lower) that were present in equal proportion. Cerebroside sulfates comprised about 27.5% of total glycolipids. Gangliosides were also detected in the glycolipid fraction. In order of predominance, choline glycerophospholipids, ethanolamine glycerophospholipids, ethanolamine plasmalogens, serine glycerophospholipids, sphingomyelins, and inositol glycerophospholipids were the major phospholipids. Palmitoyl (16:0), stearoyl (18:0), and oleoyl (18:1) groups were the major acyl groups in all neutral and phospholipid classes. However, ethanolamine glycerophospholipids, serine glycerophospholipids, and inositol glycerophospholipids contained a large percentage of 22:6 (docosahexaenoyl) group. The major alk-1-enyl groups of the plasmalogens were 16:0, 18:0, and 18:1. Steroyl (18:0), lignoceroyl (24:0), and nervonoyl (24:1) were the major acyl groups in all sphingolipids. Lower cerebroside band and cerebroside sulfates contained large amount of hydroxylignoceroyl (cerebronoyl) and hydroxynervonoyl groups.", "contents": "Composition of lipids of bovine optic nerve. Lipids from bovine optic nerve were analyzed. The total content of 16.5% by weight included 27.2% nonpolar lipids, 26.1% glycolipids, and 46.7% phospholipids by weight. Free cholesterol was the major component of the nonpolar lipid fraction. The cerebrosides, 73.5% of total glycolipids, were separated by thin layer chromatography (TLC) into two bands (upper and lower) that were present in equal proportion. Cerebroside sulfates comprised about 27.5% of total glycolipids. Gangliosides were also detected in the glycolipid fraction. In order of predominance, choline glycerophospholipids, ethanolamine glycerophospholipids, ethanolamine plasmalogens, serine glycerophospholipids, sphingomyelins, and inositol glycerophospholipids were the major phospholipids. Palmitoyl (16:0), stearoyl (18:0), and oleoyl (18:1) groups were the major acyl groups in all neutral and phospholipid classes. However, ethanolamine glycerophospholipids, serine glycerophospholipids, and inositol glycerophospholipids contained a large percentage of 22:6 (docosahexaenoyl) group. The major alk-1-enyl groups of the plasmalogens were 16:0, 18:0, and 18:1. Steroyl (18:0), lignoceroyl (24:0), and nervonoyl (24:1) were the major acyl groups in all sphingolipids. Lower cerebroside band and cerebroside sulfates contained large amount of hydroxylignoceroyl (cerebronoyl) and hydroxynervonoyl groups.", "PMID": 723480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9632", "title": "Sterol-polyene antibiotic complexation: probe of membrane structure.", "content": "Polyene antibiotics are useful tools for studying the role of sterols in biological membranes. The interaction of polyene antibiotics with membrane-bound sterols in artificial membrane systems, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and lipid-containing viruses is reviewed. The pentaene macrolide, filipin, is shown to serve as a probe of phosphatidylcholine-sterol interaction and of the localization of cholesterol in the membrane of mycoplasmas.", "contents": "Sterol-polyene antibiotic complexation: probe of membrane structure. Polyene antibiotics are useful tools for studying the role of sterols in biological membranes. The interaction of polyene antibiotics with membrane-bound sterols in artificial membrane systems, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and lipid-containing viruses is reviewed. The pentaene macrolide, filipin, is shown to serve as a probe of phosphatidylcholine-sterol interaction and of the localization of cholesterol in the membrane of mycoplasmas.", "PMID": 723481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9633", "title": "Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis by oxygenated sterols.", "content": "Sterols derived from cholesterol by introducing a ketone or hydroxyl function in the 6, 7, 15, 20, 22, 24, or 25 positions are known to be potent inhibitors of sterol synthesis in cell cultures. To gain more information regarding structural requirements for inhibitory activity, inhibitory potencies were determined for a series of 18 C27-steroids with various combinations of ketone and hydroxyl functions substituted in positions 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, or with a single ketone or hydroxyl function in one of these positions. The effects of nuclear double bonds upon inhibitory activity were also examined. A ketone or hydroxyl function in position 3 and a second ketone or hydroxyl function in position 6 or 7 was required for inhibitory activity with two kinds of cell culture. A 3beta5alpha6beta-triol was not more inhibitory than a comparable 3beta,6beta-diol. Cholestane-3beta 5alpha-diol inhibited sterol synthesis in L cells but not in liver cell cultures. The inhibitory activities of 7-oxygenated sterols were not markedly affected by the presence of a double bond in position 4 or 5. Current knowledge of the mechanism through which the oxygenated sterols suppress cholesterol synthesis is reviewed.", "contents": "Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis by oxygenated sterols. Sterols derived from cholesterol by introducing a ketone or hydroxyl function in the 6, 7, 15, 20, 22, 24, or 25 positions are known to be potent inhibitors of sterol synthesis in cell cultures. To gain more information regarding structural requirements for inhibitory activity, inhibitory potencies were determined for a series of 18 C27-steroids with various combinations of ketone and hydroxyl functions substituted in positions 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, or with a single ketone or hydroxyl function in one of these positions. The effects of nuclear double bonds upon inhibitory activity were also examined. A ketone or hydroxyl function in position 3 and a second ketone or hydroxyl function in position 6 or 7 was required for inhibitory activity with two kinds of cell culture. A 3beta5alpha6beta-triol was not more inhibitory than a comparable 3beta,6beta-diol. Cholestane-3beta 5alpha-diol inhibited sterol synthesis in L cells but not in liver cell cultures. The inhibitory activities of 7-oxygenated sterols were not markedly affected by the presence of a double bond in position 4 or 5. Current knowledge of the mechanism through which the oxygenated sterols suppress cholesterol synthesis is reviewed.", "PMID": 723483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9634", "title": "Cyclopamine and related steroidal alkaloid teratogens: their occurrence, structural relationship, and biologic effects.", "content": "A spontaneous congenital deformity is produced in lambs whose dams consume Veratrum californicum on the 14th day of gestation. The deformity is generally expressed as cyclopia, cebocephaly, anophthalmia, or microphthalmia. This teratogenic effect is produced by certain steroidal alkaloid teratogens from the plant - most notably the compound cyclopamine. Cyclopamine is a C-nor-D-homo steroid with fused furanopiperidine rings E and F at right angles to the plane of the steroid because of spiro attachment at C-17 of the steroid. Among veratrum alkaloids, only those with an intact furan ring E were teratogenic in sheep, whereas those in which the peperidine ring is not rigidly positioned at right angles to the steroid were not. Many ruminants and laboratory animals are susceptible to the teratogen. It has wide species and tissue specificity and appears to have a direct effect on the embryo, not as a consequence of metabolic alteration of its structure nor as an indirect effect through a maternal influence. Other plant sources, notably potatoes, tomatoes, and eggplant contain related spirosolane steroidal alkaloids. Among naturally occurring spirosolanes, solasodine is teratogenic in hamsters, but neither tomatidine not diosgenin, the non-nitrogen containing analog of solasodine, is teratogenic. Results of these and other studies suggest that a basic nitrogen positioned alpha with respect to the steroidal plane and at appropriate distance beyond the D ring confers the teratogenicity on the molecule. Potato sprouts with high alkaloid content are teratogenic in hamsters, but tubers and peels are not.", "contents": "Cyclopamine and related steroidal alkaloid teratogens: their occurrence, structural relationship, and biologic effects. A spontaneous congenital deformity is produced in lambs whose dams consume Veratrum californicum on the 14th day of gestation. The deformity is generally expressed as cyclopia, cebocephaly, anophthalmia, or microphthalmia. This teratogenic effect is produced by certain steroidal alkaloid teratogens from the plant - most notably the compound cyclopamine. Cyclopamine is a C-nor-D-homo steroid with fused furanopiperidine rings E and F at right angles to the plane of the steroid because of spiro attachment at C-17 of the steroid. Among veratrum alkaloids, only those with an intact furan ring E were teratogenic in sheep, whereas those in which the peperidine ring is not rigidly positioned at right angles to the steroid were not. Many ruminants and laboratory animals are susceptible to the teratogen. It has wide species and tissue specificity and appears to have a direct effect on the embryo, not as a consequence of metabolic alteration of its structure nor as an indirect effect through a maternal influence. Other plant sources, notably potatoes, tomatoes, and eggplant contain related spirosolane steroidal alkaloids. Among naturally occurring spirosolanes, solasodine is teratogenic in hamsters, but neither tomatidine not diosgenin, the non-nitrogen containing analog of solasodine, is teratogenic. Results of these and other studies suggest that a basic nitrogen positioned alpha with respect to the steroidal plane and at appropriate distance beyond the D ring confers the teratogenicity on the molecule. Potato sprouts with high alkaloid content are teratogenic in hamsters, but tubers and peels are not.", "PMID": 723484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9635", "title": "The interaction of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 with its intestinal mucosa receptor: kinetic parameters and structural requirements.", "content": "Vitamin D3 and its metabolites comprise an endocrine system which plays a critical role in calcium homeostasis. The active form of vitamin D3 is 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]. Chromatin localization of 1,25(OH)2D3 and sucrose density gradient centrifutation have demonstrated the presence of an intestinal mucosa cytosol receptor which specifically binds 1,25(OH)2D3. The kinetic parameters of 1,25(OH)2D3 binding to its receptor have been determined by hydroxylapatite and reconstituted chromatin cytosol assays. Utilization of these assays has also permitted a determination of the precise structural requirements of the vitamin D ligand for the intestinal receptor. Furthermore, it has been possible to propose two receptor-ligand models which are capable of accommodating the conformationaly modile A ring of the vitamin D seco-steroids.", "contents": "The interaction of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 with its intestinal mucosa receptor: kinetic parameters and structural requirements. Vitamin D3 and its metabolites comprise an endocrine system which plays a critical role in calcium homeostasis. The active form of vitamin D3 is 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]. Chromatin localization of 1,25(OH)2D3 and sucrose density gradient centrifutation have demonstrated the presence of an intestinal mucosa cytosol receptor which specifically binds 1,25(OH)2D3. The kinetic parameters of 1,25(OH)2D3 binding to its receptor have been determined by hydroxylapatite and reconstituted chromatin cytosol assays. Utilization of these assays has also permitted a determination of the precise structural requirements of the vitamin D ligand for the intestinal receptor. Furthermore, it has been possible to propose two receptor-ligand models which are capable of accommodating the conformationaly modile A ring of the vitamin D seco-steroids.", "PMID": 723485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9636", "title": "Maximal oxygen uptake and muscle fiber types in trained and untrained humans.", "content": "Maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2 max) was determined in 138 male and 41 female human subjects and muscle fiber composition (gastrocnemius and vastus lateralis) in 53 of the males. Highest values for Vo2 max were 7.38 1 x min-1 and 4.341 x min-1 in males and females, respectively. In relation to body weight the highest values were 94 and 77 ml x (kg x min)-1. Athletes participating in endurance events had very high Vo2 max and predominantly slow twitch (ST) fiber populations whereas weight lifters attained rather low values for Vo2 max and had a higher percentage of fast twitch (FT) fibers. Among subjects with the same fiber composition, Vo2 max was higher in the athletes than in the moderately trained. All groups taken together demonstrated a positive relationship between Vo2 max and the relative number of ST fibers (r = 0.67). For endurance and strength athletes r = 0.72 and for the moderately trained r = 0.34, both correlation coefficients being significant.", "contents": "Maximal oxygen uptake and muscle fiber types in trained and untrained humans. Maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2 max) was determined in 138 male and 41 female human subjects and muscle fiber composition (gastrocnemius and vastus lateralis) in 53 of the males. Highest values for Vo2 max were 7.38 1 x min-1 and 4.341 x min-1 in males and females, respectively. In relation to body weight the highest values were 94 and 77 ml x (kg x min)-1. Athletes participating in endurance events had very high Vo2 max and predominantly slow twitch (ST) fiber populations whereas weight lifters attained rather low values for Vo2 max and had a higher percentage of fast twitch (FT) fibers. Among subjects with the same fiber composition, Vo2 max was higher in the athletes than in the moderately trained. All groups taken together demonstrated a positive relationship between Vo2 max and the relative number of ST fibers (r = 0.67). For endurance and strength athletes r = 0.72 and for the moderately trained r = 0.34, both correlation coefficients being significant.", "PMID": 723502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9637", "title": "Effects of caffeine ingestion on metabolism and exercise performance.", "content": "In an effort to assess the effects of caffeine ingestion on metabolism and performance during prolonged exercise, nine competitive cyclists (two females and seven males) exercised until exhaustion on a bicycle ergometer at 80% of Vo2 max. One trial was performed an hour after ingesting decaffeinated coffee (Trial D), while a second trial (C) required that each subject consume coffee containing 330 mg of caffeine 60 min before the exercise. Following the ingestion of caffeine (Trial C), the subjects were able to perform an average of 90.2 (SE +/- 7.2) min of cycling as compared to an average of 75.5 (SE +/- 5.1) min in the D Trial. Measurements of plasma free fatty acids, glycerol and respiratory exchange ratios evidenced a greater rate of lipid metabolism during the caffeine trial as compared to the decaffeinated exercise treatment. Calculations of carbohydrate (CHO) metabolism from respiratory exchange data revealed that the subjects oxidized roughly 240 g of CHO in both trials. Fat oxidation, however, was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) during the C Trial (118 g or 1.31 g/min) than in the D Trial (57 g or 0.75 g/min). On the average the participants rated (Perceived Exertion Scale) their effort during the C Trial to be significantly (P less than 0.05) easier than the demands of the D treatment. Thus, the enhanced endurance performance observed in the C Trial was likely the combined effects of caffeine on lipolysis and its positive influence on nerve impulse transmission.", "contents": "Effects of caffeine ingestion on metabolism and exercise performance. In an effort to assess the effects of caffeine ingestion on metabolism and performance during prolonged exercise, nine competitive cyclists (two females and seven males) exercised until exhaustion on a bicycle ergometer at 80% of Vo2 max. One trial was performed an hour after ingesting decaffeinated coffee (Trial D), while a second trial (C) required that each subject consume coffee containing 330 mg of caffeine 60 min before the exercise. Following the ingestion of caffeine (Trial C), the subjects were able to perform an average of 90.2 (SE +/- 7.2) min of cycling as compared to an average of 75.5 (SE +/- 5.1) min in the D Trial. Measurements of plasma free fatty acids, glycerol and respiratory exchange ratios evidenced a greater rate of lipid metabolism during the caffeine trial as compared to the decaffeinated exercise treatment. Calculations of carbohydrate (CHO) metabolism from respiratory exchange data revealed that the subjects oxidized roughly 240 g of CHO in both trials. Fat oxidation, however, was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) during the C Trial (118 g or 1.31 g/min) than in the D Trial (57 g or 0.75 g/min). On the average the participants rated (Perceived Exertion Scale) their effort during the C Trial to be significantly (P less than 0.05) easier than the demands of the D treatment. Thus, the enhanced endurance performance observed in the C Trial was likely the combined effects of caffeine on lipolysis and its positive influence on nerve impulse transmission.", "PMID": 723503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9638", "title": "Muscle force-velocity and power-velocity relationships under isokinetic loading.", "content": "Various studies have indicated that human muscles in-vivo manifest a substantially similar, if not the identical force-velocity relationship established for isolated, maximally stimulated animal muscles. In the present study, fifteen healthy males and females, 18 to 38 years old and representing varied activity patterns from sedentary to athletic, performed maximal dynamic knee extensions on an isokinetic loading dynamometer. Maximal torque forces attained at a specific point in the range (30 degrees before full extension) and at seven loading velocities from 0 (isometric) to 288 degrees/sec were recorded. The maximum 30 degrees torques exhibited by the various subjects ranged from 29 to 245 Newton-meters. However, over the four lower test velocities (0, 48, 96 & 144 degrees/sec), all subjects exhibited less than a 15% deviation from their respective maximum 30 degrees torque values, which occurred most often at the 96 degree/sec test velocity. Maximal instantaneous power output at the 30 degree position ranged from 98 to 680 Watts. In all 15 subjects this was attained at and remained generally constant over the three highest test velocities (192 to 288 degrees/sec). A neural mechanism that restricts a muscle's maximal tension in-vivo is postulated as being responsible for the marked difference between the force-velocity relationship found for human muscles in-vivo and that exhibited by isolated animal muscles.", "contents": "Muscle force-velocity and power-velocity relationships under isokinetic loading. Various studies have indicated that human muscles in-vivo manifest a substantially similar, if not the identical force-velocity relationship established for isolated, maximally stimulated animal muscles. In the present study, fifteen healthy males and females, 18 to 38 years old and representing varied activity patterns from sedentary to athletic, performed maximal dynamic knee extensions on an isokinetic loading dynamometer. Maximal torque forces attained at a specific point in the range (30 degrees before full extension) and at seven loading velocities from 0 (isometric) to 288 degrees/sec were recorded. The maximum 30 degrees torques exhibited by the various subjects ranged from 29 to 245 Newton-meters. However, over the four lower test velocities (0, 48, 96 & 144 degrees/sec), all subjects exhibited less than a 15% deviation from their respective maximum 30 degrees torque values, which occurred most often at the 96 degree/sec test velocity. Maximal instantaneous power output at the 30 degree position ranged from 98 to 680 Watts. In all 15 subjects this was attained at and remained generally constant over the three highest test velocities (192 to 288 degrees/sec). A neural mechanism that restricts a muscle's maximal tension in-vivo is postulated as being responsible for the marked difference between the force-velocity relationship found for human muscles in-vivo and that exhibited by isolated animal muscles.", "PMID": 723504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9639", "title": "Effects of O2 breathing on RQ, blood flow, and developed tension in in situ dog muscle.", "content": "The Vo2, VCO2, RQ, blood flow and developed tension of in situ dog gastrocnemius muscle were studied during contractions at 2.5 tw/sec for both normoxic and hyperoxic breathing conditions. Vo2 and developed tension were not significantly altered by the breathing gas changes. CaO2 rose by 11% during O2-breathing, however, a significant decrease of 15% in muscle blood flow resulted in no significant change in O2-transport (CaO2 X Q) to muscle comparing hyperoxia to normoxia. Hyperoxia resulted in a significant decrease in muscle VCO2 and RQ. The cause of the RQ change with breathing gas O2 content is not certain, however, evidence is presented indicating that infused epinephrine and propranolol can effect the response.", "contents": "Effects of O2 breathing on RQ, blood flow, and developed tension in in situ dog muscle. The Vo2, VCO2, RQ, blood flow and developed tension of in situ dog gastrocnemius muscle were studied during contractions at 2.5 tw/sec for both normoxic and hyperoxic breathing conditions. Vo2 and developed tension were not significantly altered by the breathing gas changes. CaO2 rose by 11% during O2-breathing, however, a significant decrease of 15% in muscle blood flow resulted in no significant change in O2-transport (CaO2 X Q) to muscle comparing hyperoxia to normoxia. Hyperoxia resulted in a significant decrease in muscle VCO2 and RQ. The cause of the RQ change with breathing gas O2 content is not certain, however, evidence is presented indicating that infused epinephrine and propranolol can effect the response.", "PMID": 723505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9640", "title": "The effect of circuit weight training on strength, cardiorespiratory function, and body composition of adult men.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the changes elicited by circuit weight training (CWT) and running (RN) programs conducted 3 days/week for 20 weeks. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups: CWT (n = 11); RN (n = 16); and control (n = 14). CWT consisted of 10 exercises performed in 2 sets of 15 reps with 20 to 25 sec rest between exercises. CWT workout time decreased from 30 min to 23 min; exercise heart rate (HR) increased from 79% to 84% max; average weight increased from 42% to 56% of max 1 RM strength and total weight increased 81% (1506 to 2720 lbs/workout). The RN group exercised at 85% max HR for 23 to 27 min/workout. Multivariate and step-down analyses showed the CWT group to be significantly different from the control group at the end of 20 weeks in leg press strength, fat weight, and Vo2 max (1/min). The RN group was significantly different from the CWT group in Vo2 max and treadmill time. Univariate analyses revealed no differences between the CWT and control groups in Vo2 max expressed as ml/kg LBW.min but did show a significant superiority of the RN group over the other two groups in this variable. It was concluded that the CWT program was most specific in improving strength and changing body composition and produced only a small aerobic effect as measured on the treadmill running test.", "contents": "The effect of circuit weight training on strength, cardiorespiratory function, and body composition of adult men. The purpose of this study was to determine the changes elicited by circuit weight training (CWT) and running (RN) programs conducted 3 days/week for 20 weeks. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups: CWT (n = 11); RN (n = 16); and control (n = 14). CWT consisted of 10 exercises performed in 2 sets of 15 reps with 20 to 25 sec rest between exercises. CWT workout time decreased from 30 min to 23 min; exercise heart rate (HR) increased from 79% to 84% max; average weight increased from 42% to 56% of max 1 RM strength and total weight increased 81% (1506 to 2720 lbs/workout). The RN group exercised at 85% max HR for 23 to 27 min/workout. Multivariate and step-down analyses showed the CWT group to be significantly different from the control group at the end of 20 weeks in leg press strength, fat weight, and Vo2 max (1/min). The RN group was significantly different from the CWT group in Vo2 max and treadmill time. Univariate analyses revealed no differences between the CWT and control groups in Vo2 max expressed as ml/kg LBW.min but did show a significant superiority of the RN group over the other two groups in this variable. It was concluded that the CWT program was most specific in improving strength and changing body composition and produced only a small aerobic effect as measured on the treadmill running test.", "PMID": 723506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9641", "title": "Effect of antecedent muscle tension levels on motor behavior.", "content": "In Experiment 1 there was an appreciable elevation in the levels of electromyographic activity recorded from the right forearm flexor of intercollegiate wrestlers prior to an important competition. With the aid of biofeedback, subjects in the second experiment maintained these same elevated levels of electromyographic activity before performing a battery of simple motor tasks. These elevated levels of antecedent muscle tension were found to disrupt hand steadiness and grip strength. Thus, the high levels of pre-competition muscle tension occurring in athletes are capable of disrupting performance. The use of biofeedback relaxation techniques in the pre-competition period may significantly improve the performance of competitive athletes hampered by particularly high levels of pre-competition muscle tension.", "contents": "Effect of antecedent muscle tension levels on motor behavior. In Experiment 1 there was an appreciable elevation in the levels of electromyographic activity recorded from the right forearm flexor of intercollegiate wrestlers prior to an important competition. With the aid of biofeedback, subjects in the second experiment maintained these same elevated levels of electromyographic activity before performing a battery of simple motor tasks. These elevated levels of antecedent muscle tension were found to disrupt hand steadiness and grip strength. Thus, the high levels of pre-competition muscle tension occurring in athletes are capable of disrupting performance. The use of biofeedback relaxation techniques in the pre-competition period may significantly improve the performance of competitive athletes hampered by particularly high levels of pre-competition muscle tension.", "PMID": 723507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9642", "title": "Glycogen depletion patterns during continuous and intermittent ice skating.", "content": "The glycogen depletion patterns in the vastus lateralis muscle were studied during ice skating using eight hockey players. For each subject, exercise consisted of either repeated bouts (10) of high intensity work (120% Vo2 max) or continuous work (60 min) of low intensity (55% Vo2 max). During continuous skating, glycogen showed a 29% decline (p less than 0.05) over the 60 min. In the intermittent condition, there was a two fold greater depletion (p less than 0.05) with the most rapid loss occurring during the first five, one min work bouts. Histochemical analysis by fiber type indicated that the most pronounced glycogen loss was from the Type I fibers during continuous skating whereas during the intermittent condition, a preferential loss occurred in the Type II fibers, most notably the Type IIB fibers. Measurements of muscle metabolites during continuous skating indicated no change for ATP from the rest condition at 30 or 60 min, a reduction (p less than 0.05) in CP (4.1 mmoles.kg-1) at 60 min and an elevation (p less than 0.05) in lactate (0.85 mmoles.kg-1) at 60 min. In the intermittent condition, reductions (p less than 0.05) in ATP (0.47 mmoles.kg-1) and CP (8.7 mmoles.kg-1) and elevations (p less than 0.05) in lactate (21.7 mmoles.kg-1) were found following 5 work bouts. Thereafter, no significant changes were observed. It is concluded that the glycogen depletion patterns and alteration in muscle metabolites are similar to those seen during cycling at similar percentages of Vo2 max.", "contents": "Glycogen depletion patterns during continuous and intermittent ice skating. The glycogen depletion patterns in the vastus lateralis muscle were studied during ice skating using eight hockey players. For each subject, exercise consisted of either repeated bouts (10) of high intensity work (120% Vo2 max) or continuous work (60 min) of low intensity (55% Vo2 max). During continuous skating, glycogen showed a 29% decline (p less than 0.05) over the 60 min. In the intermittent condition, there was a two fold greater depletion (p less than 0.05) with the most rapid loss occurring during the first five, one min work bouts. Histochemical analysis by fiber type indicated that the most pronounced glycogen loss was from the Type I fibers during continuous skating whereas during the intermittent condition, a preferential loss occurred in the Type II fibers, most notably the Type IIB fibers. Measurements of muscle metabolites during continuous skating indicated no change for ATP from the rest condition at 30 or 60 min, a reduction (p less than 0.05) in CP (4.1 mmoles.kg-1) at 60 min and an elevation (p less than 0.05) in lactate (0.85 mmoles.kg-1) at 60 min. In the intermittent condition, reductions (p less than 0.05) in ATP (0.47 mmoles.kg-1) and CP (8.7 mmoles.kg-1) and elevations (p less than 0.05) in lactate (21.7 mmoles.kg-1) were found following 5 work bouts. Thereafter, no significant changes were observed. It is concluded that the glycogen depletion patterns and alteration in muscle metabolites are similar to those seen during cycling at similar percentages of Vo2 max.", "PMID": 723508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9643", "title": "Urinary catecholamine excretion during competition in 11 to 23 year old hockey players.", "content": "Stress experienced by young athletes (ages 11 to 23 years) during competition was studied by comparing urinary epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) excretion at rest, during bicycle exercise (55% max) and during a hockey game. Athletes were divided into four groups: 11, 12, 16, and 23 years olds with four subjects in each group. Urinary production rates were similar between experimental conditions and age groups. Both resting E and NE levels were constant across all ages. Game E levels were significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than resting and bicycle levels in both the 16 and 23 year old groups. Epinephrine excretion during hockey was also significantly higher (P less than 0.05) in the 23 year old athletes than in the 11 and 12 year olds and in the 16 year olds compared to the 11 year olds. Game NE was significantly elevated (P less than 0.05) above resting levels in the 16 and 23 year olds. Submaximal NE excretion was not significantly different from resting levels in any of the age groups (P greater than 0.05). Physical stress as reflected by NE excretion was constant across all ages within each experimental condition. Generally, sympathetic stimulation and NE excretion appeared to be related to intensity of physical activity, being greater during hockey than during submaximal exercise. Significant adrenal medullary activation and E excretion was evident only during hockey and then, only in the older athletes.", "contents": "Urinary catecholamine excretion during competition in 11 to 23 year old hockey players. Stress experienced by young athletes (ages 11 to 23 years) during competition was studied by comparing urinary epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) excretion at rest, during bicycle exercise (55% max) and during a hockey game. Athletes were divided into four groups: 11, 12, 16, and 23 years olds with four subjects in each group. Urinary production rates were similar between experimental conditions and age groups. Both resting E and NE levels were constant across all ages. Game E levels were significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than resting and bicycle levels in both the 16 and 23 year old groups. Epinephrine excretion during hockey was also significantly higher (P less than 0.05) in the 23 year old athletes than in the 11 and 12 year olds and in the 16 year olds compared to the 11 year olds. Game NE was significantly elevated (P less than 0.05) above resting levels in the 16 and 23 year olds. Submaximal NE excretion was not significantly different from resting levels in any of the age groups (P greater than 0.05). Physical stress as reflected by NE excretion was constant across all ages within each experimental condition. Generally, sympathetic stimulation and NE excretion appeared to be related to intensity of physical activity, being greater during hockey than during submaximal exercise. Significant adrenal medullary activation and E excretion was evident only during hockey and then, only in the older athletes.", "PMID": 723509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9644", "title": "Effect of experimental alterations in excess weight on aerobic capacity and distance running performance.", "content": "To experimentally investigate the effect of excess body weight or fat on maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2 max) and distance running performance, the metabolic response to maximal and submaximal treadmill running and the 12-min run performance were measured in six subjects under each of four added-weight (AW) conditions: normal body weight and 5, 10, and 15% additional external weight, added to the trunk. AW was found to systematically and significantly decrease Vo2 max expressed relative to the total weight carried (ml/min.dg TW), maximal treadmill (TM) run time and 12-min run distance, but not to systematically affect Vo2 max (1/min) or Vo2 max (ml/min.kg FFW). An increase of 5% AW was found, on the average, to decrease Vo2 max (ml/min.kg TW) 2.4 ml, the TM run time 35 sec and the 12-min run distance 89 m. These decreases were a direct consequence of the increased energy cost of running at submaximal speeds. It was concluded that changes in excess body weight can influence Vo2 max expressed relative to body weight and distance run performance independent of any change in cardiovascular capacity. Failure to distinguish the metabolic effects of body fatness from the influence of cardiorespiratory capacity may result in misleading interpretation of distance run test scores.", "contents": "Effect of experimental alterations in excess weight on aerobic capacity and distance running performance. To experimentally investigate the effect of excess body weight or fat on maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2 max) and distance running performance, the metabolic response to maximal and submaximal treadmill running and the 12-min run performance were measured in six subjects under each of four added-weight (AW) conditions: normal body weight and 5, 10, and 15% additional external weight, added to the trunk. AW was found to systematically and significantly decrease Vo2 max expressed relative to the total weight carried (ml/min.dg TW), maximal treadmill (TM) run time and 12-min run distance, but not to systematically affect Vo2 max (1/min) or Vo2 max (ml/min.kg FFW). An increase of 5% AW was found, on the average, to decrease Vo2 max (ml/min.kg TW) 2.4 ml, the TM run time 35 sec and the 12-min run distance 89 m. These decreases were a direct consequence of the increased energy cost of running at submaximal speeds. It was concluded that changes in excess body weight can influence Vo2 max expressed relative to body weight and distance run performance independent of any change in cardiovascular capacity. Failure to distinguish the metabolic effects of body fatness from the influence of cardiorespiratory capacity may result in misleading interpretation of distance run test scores.", "PMID": 723510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9645", "title": "Differences and changes in VO2 among young runners 10 to 18 years of age.", "content": "Twenty young males, all active in middle-distance running, were studied between January 1968 and May 1974 for the purpose of gathering longitudinal data regarding Vo2 during treadmil running. Vo2 submax (measured during the last 2 min of a 6-min run at 202 m/min) and Vo2 max values (measured during a 5-8 min increasing-speed run to exhaustion) were collected approximately every 6 months for 6 years. Different groups, starting at ages of 10, 12 and 13 years were followed for periods of 2 to 5 years continuously. In all longitudinal comparisons. Vo2 max (ml/min) changes peralleled changes in body weight; consequently, Vo2 max (ml/kg.min-1) did not show a significant change. In every group Vo2 submax (ml/kg.min-1) dropped significantly over time. All data were pooled by 1 yr age groups, providing cross-sectional data for active boys 10-18 yrs of age. Vo2 max ranged from 1933 ml/min for 10-yr olds to 4082 for 18-year olds. Concurrent changes in weight resulted in no significant differences in Vo2 max (ml/kg.min-1) from the overall mean of 61.5 Vo2 submax (ml/kg.min-1) was highest among 10-year olds (53.3) and lowest among 18-yr olds (42.5). Based on these longitudinal and cross sectional findings and significant improvements in times for 1- and 2-mile races, it was concluded that Vo2 max (ml/min) increases no faster than does body weight among moderately active growing boys and that both age and training contribute to a change in Vo2 submax; a factor which accounts greatly for improvements in middle-distance race performance.", "contents": "Differences and changes in VO2 among young runners 10 to 18 years of age. Twenty young males, all active in middle-distance running, were studied between January 1968 and May 1974 for the purpose of gathering longitudinal data regarding Vo2 during treadmil running. Vo2 submax (measured during the last 2 min of a 6-min run at 202 m/min) and Vo2 max values (measured during a 5-8 min increasing-speed run to exhaustion) were collected approximately every 6 months for 6 years. Different groups, starting at ages of 10, 12 and 13 years were followed for periods of 2 to 5 years continuously. In all longitudinal comparisons. Vo2 max (ml/min) changes peralleled changes in body weight; consequently, Vo2 max (ml/kg.min-1) did not show a significant change. In every group Vo2 submax (ml/kg.min-1) dropped significantly over time. All data were pooled by 1 yr age groups, providing cross-sectional data for active boys 10-18 yrs of age. Vo2 max ranged from 1933 ml/min for 10-yr olds to 4082 for 18-year olds. Concurrent changes in weight resulted in no significant differences in Vo2 max (ml/kg.min-1) from the overall mean of 61.5 Vo2 submax (ml/kg.min-1) was highest among 10-year olds (53.3) and lowest among 18-yr olds (42.5). Based on these longitudinal and cross sectional findings and significant improvements in times for 1- and 2-mile races, it was concluded that Vo2 max (ml/min) increases no faster than does body weight among moderately active growing boys and that both age and training contribute to a change in Vo2 submax; a factor which accounts greatly for improvements in middle-distance race performance.", "PMID": 723511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9646", "title": "Cardiorespiratory alterations in 9 to 11 years old children following a season of competitive swimming.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to describe cardiorespiratory alterations in a group of perviously untrained 9-to-11 year old children resulting from seven months of swimming training. Fifteen members of a competitive swim team served as subjects. A non-training group of fifteen children of similar age, height and weight were studied at the same times. All measurements were made on three separate days both before and after the training period. On Measurement Day One the subjects were measured for VC, FEV1.0, and MVV. On MEasurement Day Two they were measured for PWC170 and on MEasurement Day Three height (cm), weight (kg), VE max (1/min), Vo2 max (ml/kg.min) and HR max were determined. Results of the analyses indicated that: (1) the mean PWC170 change in the trained children (+80.00 kgm/min) was significantly greater than that in the reference group (+30.00 kgm/min) (P less than .05); (2) the mean Vo2 max change in the experimental group (+8.411 ml/kg.min) was significantly greater than in the reference group (2.21 ml/kg.min) (P less than .01); and the mean changes in VC, FEV1.0, MVV, VE max, and HR max were not greater than one would expect to see in normal children of similar age and body dimensions (P greater than .05).", "contents": "Cardiorespiratory alterations in 9 to 11 years old children following a season of competitive swimming. The purpose of this study was to describe cardiorespiratory alterations in a group of perviously untrained 9-to-11 year old children resulting from seven months of swimming training. Fifteen members of a competitive swim team served as subjects. A non-training group of fifteen children of similar age, height and weight were studied at the same times. All measurements were made on three separate days both before and after the training period. On Measurement Day One the subjects were measured for VC, FEV1.0, and MVV. On MEasurement Day Two they were measured for PWC170 and on MEasurement Day Three height (cm), weight (kg), VE max (1/min), Vo2 max (ml/kg.min) and HR max were determined. Results of the analyses indicated that: (1) the mean PWC170 change in the trained children (+80.00 kgm/min) was significantly greater than that in the reference group (+30.00 kgm/min) (P less than .05); (2) the mean Vo2 max change in the experimental group (+8.411 ml/kg.min) was significantly greater than in the reference group (2.21 ml/kg.min) (P less than .01); and the mean changes in VC, FEV1.0, MVV, VE max, and HR max were not greater than one would expect to see in normal children of similar age and body dimensions (P greater than .05).", "PMID": 723512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9647", "title": "Field testing of cardiorespiratory fitness in primary school children.", "content": "The purpose of the investigation was to explore the validity of using timed distance runs as predictors of cardiorespiratory fitness in first, second and third grade children. Maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2 max), determined via the open-circut method during treadmill running, and performance on runs of 800, 1200 and 1600 meters were compared for 83 children. Males were found to exceed females on Vo2 max and possessed significantly faster times on all the distances run. The 1600-meter run proved to be the best predictor of Vo2 max (ml/kg) in both sexes. Test-retest reliability of the 1600-meter run was checked with 120 students and found to range from +.824 for first grade females to + .918 for third grade males. Normative values for first, second, and third grade students were calculated from data collected on 1440 elementary students. All subjects studied had previously received instruction and practice on the phenomenon of paced distance running.", "contents": "Field testing of cardiorespiratory fitness in primary school children. The purpose of the investigation was to explore the validity of using timed distance runs as predictors of cardiorespiratory fitness in first, second and third grade children. Maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2 max), determined via the open-circut method during treadmill running, and performance on runs of 800, 1200 and 1600 meters were compared for 83 children. Males were found to exceed females on Vo2 max and possessed significantly faster times on all the distances run. The 1600-meter run proved to be the best predictor of Vo2 max (ml/kg) in both sexes. Test-retest reliability of the 1600-meter run was checked with 120 students and found to range from +.824 for first grade females to + .918 for third grade males. Normative values for first, second, and third grade students were calculated from data collected on 1440 elementary students. All subjects studied had previously received instruction and practice on the phenomenon of paced distance running.", "PMID": 723513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9648", "title": "Maximal and submaximal exercise in different positions.", "content": "Maximal aerobic power tests on a treadmill and on a bicycle ergometer while sitting upright and in a low-sitting position were performed by seven males and five females. Treadmill max Vo2 for men and women combined was 4.0 and 11.2% higher compared to upright and low-sitting cycling, respectively. Maximal pulmonary ventilation, related respiratory measures, and heart rate were similar in all three tests. Submaximal work performed in the two cycling positions resulted in similar levels of oxygen uptake, ventilation, and heart rate. Work loads of 360 and 720 Kpm/min were performed by males with oxygen uptakes of 14.7 and 25.2 ml/kg . min, which corresponded to 30 and 52% of their upright-sitting maximal oxygen uptakes and to 33 and 55% of their low-sitting aerobic capacities respectively. Oxygen uptakes for work loads of 360 and 540 Kpm/min by females were 15.6 and 21.6 ml/kg . min, being equivalent to 42 and 58% of the maximal oxygen uptake in the upright-sitting, and to 43 and 60% in the low-sitting ergometer position, respectively.", "contents": "Maximal and submaximal exercise in different positions. Maximal aerobic power tests on a treadmill and on a bicycle ergometer while sitting upright and in a low-sitting position were performed by seven males and five females. Treadmill max Vo2 for men and women combined was 4.0 and 11.2% higher compared to upright and low-sitting cycling, respectively. Maximal pulmonary ventilation, related respiratory measures, and heart rate were similar in all three tests. Submaximal work performed in the two cycling positions resulted in similar levels of oxygen uptake, ventilation, and heart rate. Work loads of 360 and 720 Kpm/min were performed by males with oxygen uptakes of 14.7 and 25.2 ml/kg . min, which corresponded to 30 and 52% of their upright-sitting maximal oxygen uptakes and to 33 and 55% of their low-sitting aerobic capacities respectively. Oxygen uptakes for work loads of 360 and 540 Kpm/min by females were 15.6 and 21.6 ml/kg . min, being equivalent to 42 and 58% of the maximal oxygen uptake in the upright-sitting, and to 43 and 60% in the low-sitting ergometer position, respectively.", "PMID": 723514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9649", "title": "Age at menarche and selected menstrual characteristics in athletes at different competitive levels and in different sports.", "content": "Ages at menarche in 110 non-athletes, 59 high school atjletes, 53 college athletes, and 18 olympic volleyball candidates were determined through interview. The athletes attained menarche significantly later than the non-athletes (p less than .001), and the olympic athletes attained menarche significantly later than the high school and college athletes (p less than .001). The high school and college athletes did not differ significantly in the mean age at menarche. When menarche in college athletes was analyzed by specific sports, the small samples of participants in golf (n = 4), volleyball (n = 7), swimming (n = 7), basketball (n = 16), and gymnastics and track (n = 6) did not differ significantly from each other in the mean age at menarche. The olympic volleyball aspirants attained menarche significantly later than all sport-specific groups (p less than .05 to p less than .001) except the gymnastics-track and tennis (n = 13) athletes. Smaller samples of non-athletes (n = 27) and college athletes (n = 21 from volleyball and basketball), plus the olympic athletes were also interviewed regarding selected menstrual characteristics. Although the athletes reported a greater incidence of dysmenorrhea and menstrual irregularity, none of the chi square values comparing the three groups was significant.", "contents": "Age at menarche and selected menstrual characteristics in athletes at different competitive levels and in different sports. Ages at menarche in 110 non-athletes, 59 high school atjletes, 53 college athletes, and 18 olympic volleyball candidates were determined through interview. The athletes attained menarche significantly later than the non-athletes (p less than .001), and the olympic athletes attained menarche significantly later than the high school and college athletes (p less than .001). The high school and college athletes did not differ significantly in the mean age at menarche. When menarche in college athletes was analyzed by specific sports, the small samples of participants in golf (n = 4), volleyball (n = 7), swimming (n = 7), basketball (n = 16), and gymnastics and track (n = 6) did not differ significantly from each other in the mean age at menarche. The olympic volleyball aspirants attained menarche significantly later than all sport-specific groups (p less than .05 to p less than .001) except the gymnastics-track and tennis (n = 13) athletes. Smaller samples of non-athletes (n = 27) and college athletes (n = 21 from volleyball and basketball), plus the olympic athletes were also interviewed regarding selected menstrual characteristics. Although the athletes reported a greater incidence of dysmenorrhea and menstrual irregularity, none of the chi square values comparing the three groups was significant.", "PMID": 723515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9650", "title": "The effect of physical training on the serum iron levels of college-age women.", "content": "Physical training in women has been found to be associated with a significant decrease in serum iron levels suggesting a state of deteriorating iron stores. To further study this phenomenon, seventeen women, aged 19 to 23 years, volunteered to participate in a 10-week physical training program to study the effect of training on serum iron levels. The training consisted of three 20-25 minute exercise bouts per week on a bicycle ergometer with individual workloads equivalent to approximately 70% of each subject's maximum aerobic capacity. Additionally, eight women, aged 19 to 28, volunteered to act as a control group. Assessments of hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), serum iron (SeFe), and maximum oxygen uptake (Vo2 max) were made on both groups prior to and at the conclusion of the training period. Upon completion of training, Vo2 max (ml/kg/min) increased by eleven percent (p less than .05) whereas Gb and Hct showed no significant changes for the trainign group with respect to the control group. Se Fe levels (microgram/100ml) in the training group did not differ significantly from those of the control group in both pre-training (128.8 +/- 7.6 vs 103.7 +/- 13.7, X +/- SE) and post-training (126.6 +/- 7.9 vs. 120.9 +/- 16.3, X +/- SE) conditions. Neither day of menstrual cycle nor use of oral contraceptives nor use of iron supplements was found to have any systematic effect on SeFe levels. The results suggest that short term physical training in college-age women does not significantly lower SeFe levels.", "contents": "The effect of physical training on the serum iron levels of college-age women. Physical training in women has been found to be associated with a significant decrease in serum iron levels suggesting a state of deteriorating iron stores. To further study this phenomenon, seventeen women, aged 19 to 23 years, volunteered to participate in a 10-week physical training program to study the effect of training on serum iron levels. The training consisted of three 20-25 minute exercise bouts per week on a bicycle ergometer with individual workloads equivalent to approximately 70% of each subject's maximum aerobic capacity. Additionally, eight women, aged 19 to 28, volunteered to act as a control group. Assessments of hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), serum iron (SeFe), and maximum oxygen uptake (Vo2 max) were made on both groups prior to and at the conclusion of the training period. Upon completion of training, Vo2 max (ml/kg/min) increased by eleven percent (p less than .05) whereas Gb and Hct showed no significant changes for the trainign group with respect to the control group. Se Fe levels (microgram/100ml) in the training group did not differ significantly from those of the control group in both pre-training (128.8 +/- 7.6 vs 103.7 +/- 13.7, X +/- SE) and post-training (126.6 +/- 7.9 vs. 120.9 +/- 16.3, X +/- SE) conditions. Neither day of menstrual cycle nor use of oral contraceptives nor use of iron supplements was found to have any systematic effect on SeFe levels. The results suggest that short term physical training in college-age women does not significantly lower SeFe levels.", "PMID": 723516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9651", "title": "[Theoretical aspects of the formation of a roentgenokymographic image].", "content": "A procedure for estimating optimal values of parameters for the roentgenokymographic devices, including the basic parameter--the slit width, has been devised. An interrelation between the slit width in ordinary and perspective protective roentenokymographic devices was determined. The optimal slit width in the ordinary roentgenokymographic device was found to equal 0.5+0.03 mm, and in the protected roentgenokymographic device the investigation of adults and children indicated 0.15+0.02 and 0.22+0.02 mm, respectively. The resulting theoretical values are supported by experimental findings.", "contents": "[Theoretical aspects of the formation of a roentgenokymographic image]. A procedure for estimating optimal values of parameters for the roentgenokymographic devices, including the basic parameter--the slit width, has been devised. An interrelation between the slit width in ordinary and perspective protective roentenokymographic devices was determined. The optimal slit width in the ordinary roentgenokymographic device was found to equal 0.5+0.03 mm, and in the protected roentgenokymographic device the investigation of adults and children indicated 0.15+0.02 and 0.22+0.02 mm, respectively. The resulting theoretical values are supported by experimental findings.", "PMID": 723533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9652", "title": "[Method of assessing the information content of gamma chambers in studying mobile organs].", "content": "In investigating mobile organs, such as the liver, lungs, spleen and heart their image on the scintigram is blurred which deteriorates the function of the modulation transmission (FMT). An analytical expression for calculating the FMT in investigating the mobile organs was deduced. Examples of the FMT impairement in investigating the liver and heart are cited. Concrete recommendations for increasing the informativeness of investigation with a gamma-chamber are given.", "contents": "[Method of assessing the information content of gamma chambers in studying mobile organs]. In investigating mobile organs, such as the liver, lungs, spleen and heart their image on the scintigram is blurred which deteriorates the function of the modulation transmission (FMT). An analytical expression for calculating the FMT in investigating the mobile organs was deduced. Examples of the FMT impairement in investigating the liver and heart are cited. Concrete recommendations for increasing the informativeness of investigation with a gamma-chamber are given.", "PMID": 723534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9653", "title": "[Optimal operating mode for x-ray diagnostic apparatus].", "content": "By analyzing quite a number of studies a correlation between some parameters in making X-ray diagnoses, X-ray emitters and converters is determined. From this, a new optimum duty cycle for the X-ray diagnostic generator, securing a maximum diagnostic value and examination effectiveness of a high degree automation and reliability of the system may be suggested.", "contents": "[Optimal operating mode for x-ray diagnostic apparatus]. By analyzing quite a number of studies a correlation between some parameters in making X-ray diagnoses, X-ray emitters and converters is determined. From this, a new optimum duty cycle for the X-ray diagnostic generator, securing a maximum diagnostic value and examination effectiveness of a high degree automation and reliability of the system may be suggested.", "PMID": 723535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9654", "title": "[Operating mock-up of a scintillation gamma chamber].", "content": "An operating model constructed by using devices, components and materials batch manufactured by the Soviet industry has been designed. The basic parameters of the model lie within the bounds corresponding to the most widely used types of the foreign-made gamma-chambers. The phanthom tests set up on the model and clinical investigations of the thyroid, as well as trial tests with point and linear technetium-99m sources showed the device to perform satisfactorily.", "contents": "[Operating mock-up of a scintillation gamma chamber]. An operating model constructed by using devices, components and materials batch manufactured by the Soviet industry has been designed. The basic parameters of the model lie within the bounds corresponding to the most widely used types of the foreign-made gamma-chambers. The phanthom tests set up on the model and clinical investigations of the thyroid, as well as trial tests with point and linear technetium-99m sources showed the device to perform satisfactorily.", "PMID": 723536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9655", "title": "[Use of corrosion inhibitors during the presterilization preparation of medical instruments].", "content": "Corrosion inhibitors that may be used for pre-sterilization treatment of medical instruments are described and investigated. The investigation included potentiostatic and gravimetric measurements along with the visual control. It was found that in order to reduce the corrosion activity of detergent solutions the use of bi-substituted sodium phosphate is advisable.", "contents": "[Use of corrosion inhibitors during the presterilization preparation of medical instruments]. Corrosion inhibitors that may be used for pre-sterilization treatment of medical instruments are described and investigated. The investigation included potentiostatic and gravimetric measurements along with the visual control. It was found that in order to reduce the corrosion activity of detergent solutions the use of bi-substituted sodium phosphate is advisable.", "PMID": 723537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9656", "title": "[Current methods and means of reconstructive tomography (x-ray scanning)].", "content": "As the number of detectors per a layer grows, that of the matrix elements increases and the size of the transmitted elements diminishes the devices for reconstructive transmission (x-ray) tomography approach by their informativeness that of the ordinary tomographs, but being appreciably superior to the latter by the number of transmitted contrast gradations. In both cases the X-ray load on the patients is practically the same.", "contents": "[Current methods and means of reconstructive tomography (x-ray scanning)]. As the number of detectors per a layer grows, that of the matrix elements increases and the size of the transmitted elements diminishes the devices for reconstructive transmission (x-ray) tomography approach by their informativeness that of the ordinary tomographs, but being appreciably superior to the latter by the number of transmitted contrast gradations. In both cases the X-ray load on the patients is practically the same.", "PMID": 723538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9657", "title": "[Unit for the registration of cinekymograms].", "content": "The principle underlying the action of basic subassemblies of the appliance for registration of kymographic curves from roentgenocinemafilms is described. A comparison of the cinemakymographic method with that of electrokymography is given and advantages of the proposed method are indicated.", "contents": "[Unit for the registration of cinekymograms]. The principle underlying the action of basic subassemblies of the appliance for registration of kymographic curves from roentgenocinemafilms is described. A comparison of the cinemakymographic method with that of electrokymography is given and advantages of the proposed method are indicated.", "PMID": 723540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9658", "title": "[Improving the quality of roentgenograms on the RUM-20 apparatus].", "content": "In the apparatus of the PYM-20, output 1973--1976 the factual errors in the anode voltage reach 30%, which impedes standardization of the roentgenography conditions. In order to take account of the factual error a reduced setting of voltage by one-two positions is recommended.", "contents": "[Improving the quality of roentgenograms on the RUM-20 apparatus]. In the apparatus of the PYM-20, output 1973--1976 the factual errors in the anode voltage reach 30%, which impedes standardization of the roentgenography conditions. In order to take account of the factual error a reduced setting of voltage by one-two positions is recommended.", "PMID": 723539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9659", "title": "[Operation of the optical centering guides of x-ray diagnostic apparatus].", "content": "Because of a long-term operation of roentgenodiagnostic apparatus the light field illumination intensity of optical centering devices falls. An analysis of possible causes accounting for this phenomenon justified recommending to rate the intensity of the centering device field illumination and also to search for new materials for manufacturing a base for the centering devices mirrors.", "contents": "[Operation of the optical centering guides of x-ray diagnostic apparatus]. Because of a long-term operation of roentgenodiagnostic apparatus the light field illumination intensity of optical centering devices falls. An analysis of possible causes accounting for this phenomenon justified recommending to rate the intensity of the centering device field illumination and also to search for new materials for manufacturing a base for the centering devices mirrors.", "PMID": 723541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9660", "title": "[Stomatological amalgam mixer].", "content": "For preparing silver amalgam an amalgam mixer AC-01 has been constructed with a time relay. This is a table apparatus in whose body and oscillating movement mechanism with an electric drive and a time relay are arranged. Mixing the amalgam is done in capsules. The set is made up together with proportioners for mercury, powder and capsules for the preparation of the amalgam.", "contents": "[Stomatological amalgam mixer]. For preparing silver amalgam an amalgam mixer AC-01 has been constructed with a time relay. This is a table apparatus in whose body and oscillating movement mechanism with an electric drive and a time relay are arranged. Mixing the amalgam is done in capsules. The set is made up together with proportioners for mercury, powder and capsules for the preparation of the amalgam.", "PMID": 723544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9661", "title": "[Staphylococcal septicemias in Algiers (report of 14 cases) (author's transl)].", "content": "Staphyococcal septicemia is rare (0.19 p. 100 of admittances). The origin of this kind of infection could be located in all cases out of the sanitary units, and in 12 out of the 14 cases, patients under 30 years old were concerned. The main disorders were in pulmonary tract, kidneys and heart. A fatal issue occured 6 times due in most cases to a delayed admittance. A good study of sensitivity to antibiotics and a treatment associating several antibiotics are necessary.", "contents": "[Staphylococcal septicemias in Algiers (report of 14 cases) (author's transl)]. Staphyococcal septicemia is rare (0.19 p. 100 of admittances). The origin of this kind of infection could be located in all cases out of the sanitary units, and in 12 out of the 14 cases, patients under 30 years old were concerned. The main disorders were in pulmonary tract, kidneys and heart. A fatal issue occured 6 times due in most cases to a delayed admittance. A good study of sensitivity to antibiotics and a treatment associating several antibiotics are necessary.", "PMID": 723547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9662", "title": "[Heart and schistosomiasis (author's transl)].", "content": "The review is based on three studies previously reported and involving the clinical, epidemiological and hemodynamic aspects of this problem. Schistosomasis may give frequently (21.6 p. 100) an arterial pulmonary hyperpressure related to the development of granulomas and arteriolitis. A myocarditis may be suspected but is rarely proved. Anemia and specific treatment are also responsible for myocardial deficiency. The parasitic changes of the urinary tract may give a systemic hypertension. Some very rare cases of acute pulmonary heart insufficiency have been reported and the responsibility of schistosomiasis in constrictive fibrous endomyocarditis is still questionned.", "contents": "[Heart and schistosomiasis (author's transl)]. The review is based on three studies previously reported and involving the clinical, epidemiological and hemodynamic aspects of this problem. Schistosomasis may give frequently (21.6 p. 100) an arterial pulmonary hyperpressure related to the development of granulomas and arteriolitis. A myocarditis may be suspected but is rarely proved. Anemia and specific treatment are also responsible for myocardial deficiency. The parasitic changes of the urinary tract may give a systemic hypertension. Some very rare cases of acute pulmonary heart insufficiency have been reported and the responsibility of schistosomiasis in constrictive fibrous endomyocarditis is still questionned.", "PMID": 723548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9663", "title": "[Comparative statistics of cancers in Sahara (author's transl)].", "content": "Statistics of 204 cases of cancer observed in Saharian populations from 1969 to 1976 and a comparison with studies previously made in this area and statistics from other countries. Skin cancer have a special frequence which may be related to climatic and atmospheric environment.", "contents": "[Comparative statistics of cancers in Sahara (author's transl)]. Statistics of 204 cases of cancer observed in Saharian populations from 1969 to 1976 and a comparison with studies previously made in this area and statistics from other countries. Skin cancer have a special frequence which may be related to climatic and atmospheric environment.", "PMID": 723549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9664", "title": "[An attempt to normalize the methodology of clinico parasitologic surveys of onchocerciasis in West-Africa (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to be able to compare in time and space the results of onchocerciasis surveys in West Africa, the authors suggest to standardize the methodology of these surveys. The following points are defined : criteria to choose the villages, selection of population specimen, registration of socio-demographic data, clinical examination, assessment of visual acuity, parasitological examination founded on two quantitative bloodless cutaneous biopsies, definition of epidemiologic indices, adjustement of these indices to a standard population, synthesis of results by age-group and sex on the one hand by the presentation of frequency distribution of cutaneous microfilarial densities, on the other hand by calculation of geometric means of these densities.", "contents": "[An attempt to normalize the methodology of clinico parasitologic surveys of onchocerciasis in West-Africa (author's transl)]. In order to be able to compare in time and space the results of onchocerciasis surveys in West Africa, the authors suggest to standardize the methodology of these surveys. The following points are defined : criteria to choose the villages, selection of population specimen, registration of socio-demographic data, clinical examination, assessment of visual acuity, parasitological examination founded on two quantitative bloodless cutaneous biopsies, definition of epidemiologic indices, adjustement of these indices to a standard population, synthesis of results by age-group and sex on the one hand by the presentation of frequency distribution of cutaneous microfilarial densities, on the other hand by calculation of geometric means of these densities.", "PMID": 723550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9665", "title": "[Idiopathic mega-oesophagus with an \"historic\" evolution (author's transl)].", "content": "Report of an african case of idiopathic mega-oesophagus observed after 6 years of evolution without any treatment. Surgery (Heller technic) gave a good result and brought evidence of a non-expected peritoneal tuberculosis related to cachexy. The patient having discarded all medical follow-up, death occured 2 years later.", "contents": "[Idiopathic mega-oesophagus with an \"historic\" evolution (author's transl)]. Report of an african case of idiopathic mega-oesophagus observed after 6 years of evolution without any treatment. Surgery (Heller technic) gave a good result and brought evidence of a non-expected peritoneal tuberculosis related to cachexy. The patient having discarded all medical follow-up, death occured 2 years later.", "PMID": 723551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9666", "title": "[Acute evolution as a rare complication of a chronic calcified pancreatitis. Report of a Malagasy case (author's transl)].", "content": "Report of an acute inflammatory syndrome of the right side of the belly with fever, polyleucocytosis and diabetes in a 35 years old patient with chronic calcified pancreatitis. The right colon was moved forward by an important retroperitoneal infiltration and the pathology demonstrated a cytosteatonecrosis. The post-operative period was disturbed by hyperamylasemia, hyperamylasuria and an external pancreatic fistule.", "contents": "[Acute evolution as a rare complication of a chronic calcified pancreatitis. Report of a Malagasy case (author's transl)]. Report of an acute inflammatory syndrome of the right side of the belly with fever, polyleucocytosis and diabetes in a 35 years old patient with chronic calcified pancreatitis. The right colon was moved forward by an important retroperitoneal infiltration and the pathology demonstrated a cytosteatonecrosis. The post-operative period was disturbed by hyperamylasemia, hyperamylasuria and an external pancreatic fistule.", "PMID": 723552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9667", "title": "[The new features of meningococcal meningitis (author's transl)].", "content": "According to a previous pattern epidemics of meningococcal meningitis (MM) were localized in North tropical Africa, caused by A serotype, easily treated with sulfanilamides and prevented by a polyosidic vaccine, A type. Changes have occured : epidemics in Finland and Brazil, with an African A type germ, in place of the American, sulfa-resistant, C type; outburst of epidemics in South tropical Africa; presence of C type in Tchad, Niger and Nigeria. In the same time dramatic evolutions due to endotoxinic processes and drug-resistances are more frequently observed.", "contents": "[The new features of meningococcal meningitis (author's transl)]. According to a previous pattern epidemics of meningococcal meningitis (MM) were localized in North tropical Africa, caused by A serotype, easily treated with sulfanilamides and prevented by a polyosidic vaccine, A type. Changes have occured : epidemics in Finland and Brazil, with an African A type germ, in place of the American, sulfa-resistant, C type; outburst of epidemics in South tropical Africa; presence of C type in Tchad, Niger and Nigeria. In the same time dramatic evolutions due to endotoxinic processes and drug-resistances are more frequently observed.", "PMID": 723553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9668", "title": "[For detection of parasite eggs in human stools. A comparison between 3 technics (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of the device called Fecalyzer is the best technic for detection in human stools of eggs of ascaris, Hymenolepis and other taenias. It is worth also for trichocephalus and Trichostrongylus eggs.", "contents": "[For detection of parasite eggs in human stools. A comparison between 3 technics (author's transl)]. The use of the device called Fecalyzer is the best technic for detection in human stools of eggs of ascaris, Hymenolepis and other taenias. It is worth also for trichocephalus and Trichostrongylus eggs.", "PMID": 723554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9669", "title": "[Hematological features of sickle-cell disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnosis of S hemoglobin is easy and always given by the laboratory. It must be performed in every black individual. Three tests are commonly used: Emmel test, in vitro solubility test and electrophoresis which, is necessary to differenciate homozygotic and heterozygotic individuals. The others blood data are liable to vary according to the homo or heterozygotic condition and to the evolutive periods of the disease. One must always consider the eventuality of an association of S hemoglobin with an another abnormal hemoglobin or with various hematological conditions.", "contents": "[Hematological features of sickle-cell disease (author's transl)]. The diagnosis of S hemoglobin is easy and always given by the laboratory. It must be performed in every black individual. Three tests are commonly used: Emmel test, in vitro solubility test and electrophoresis which, is necessary to differenciate homozygotic and heterozygotic individuals. The others blood data are liable to vary according to the homo or heterozygotic condition and to the evolutive periods of the disease. One must always consider the eventuality of an association of S hemoglobin with an another abnormal hemoglobin or with various hematological conditions.", "PMID": 723556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9670", "title": "[Pathogenesis of chronic hemolysis in drepanocytemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Frequently chronic hemolysis is not obvious in drepanocytemia and must be looked for with proper technics. Its origin lies chiefly in the corpuscular process of sickling but extra-corpuscular factors must be considered, and among them the role of spleen seems prevailing.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of chronic hemolysis in drepanocytemia (author's transl)]. Frequently chronic hemolysis is not obvious in drepanocytemia and must be looked for with proper technics. Its origin lies chiefly in the corpuscular process of sickling but extra-corpuscular factors must be considered, and among them the role of spleen seems prevailing.", "PMID": 723558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9671", "title": "[Pathophysiology of drepanocytemia (author's transl)].", "content": "The mutational molecular processes are reminded with recent advances in the understanding of the sickling phenomenon and the pathogenesy of the thrombotic complications. New therapeutic prospects are considered.", "contents": "[Pathophysiology of drepanocytemia (author's transl)]. The mutational molecular processes are reminded with recent advances in the understanding of the sickling phenomenon and the pathogenesy of the thrombotic complications. New therapeutic prospects are considered.", "PMID": 723557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9672", "title": "[Homozygotic dr\u00e9panocytemia (author's transl)].", "content": "A clinical description according to four age groups: before 5 with hand and foot syndrome, hemolytic chronic and sometimes acute anemia; after 5 with frequent surgical-like abdominal syndromes and development troubles; after puberty with patent dystrophia and anemia; adult age group of rare surviving patients. The drepanocytic condition is aggravated by various infections and reversly facilitate lung infections and osteitis caused by staphylococci or salmonellae. Malaria trophozo\u00efte is suspected of inducing sickling which gives way to a rapid phagocytosis of both sickle cell and Plasmodium.", "contents": "[Homozygotic dr\u00e9panocytemia (author's transl)]. A clinical description according to four age groups: before 5 with hand and foot syndrome, hemolytic chronic and sometimes acute anemia; after 5 with frequent surgical-like abdominal syndromes and development troubles; after puberty with patent dystrophia and anemia; adult age group of rare surviving patients. The drepanocytic condition is aggravated by various infections and reversly facilitate lung infections and osteitis caused by staphylococci or salmonellae. Malaria trophozo\u00efte is suspected of inducing sickling which gives way to a rapid phagocytosis of both sickle cell and Plasmodium.", "PMID": 723559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9673", "title": "[Is drepanocitic trait asymptomatic? (author's transl)].", "content": "With regard to its distribution the drepanocytic trait has a slight pathological incidence and does not appreciably alter the vital prospect. It is not, still, completely asymptomatic and may be, in special pathophysiological conditions, a morbidity and even lethality risk factor. Its connexions with various other diseases should be considered.", "contents": "[Is drepanocitic trait asymptomatic? (author's transl)]. With regard to its distribution the drepanocytic trait has a slight pathological incidence and does not appreciably alter the vital prospect. It is not, still, completely asymptomatic and may be, in special pathophysiological conditions, a morbidity and even lethality risk factor. Its connexions with various other diseases should be considered.", "PMID": 723560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9674", "title": "[Geographical survey of drepanocytemia: causes of its distribution in Africa south of Sahara (author's transl)].", "content": "In Africa South of Sahara, HbS is distributed in east-west oriented belts, its frequency decreasing from equator to tropics. This singular feature results from interaction of various and complex phenomenons: apparition and diffusion of the mutation, role of malaria, climatic conditions.", "contents": "[Geographical survey of drepanocytemia: causes of its distribution in Africa south of Sahara (author's transl)]. In Africa South of Sahara, HbS is distributed in east-west oriented belts, its frequency decreasing from equator to tropics. This singular feature results from interaction of various and complex phenomenons: apparition and diffusion of the mutation, role of malaria, climatic conditions.", "PMID": 723561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9675", "title": "[Epidemiological aspects of poliomyelitis in Mali (author's transl)].", "content": "1800 cases of poliomyelitis has been observed in Mali during 8 years from 1968 to 1975. Children, and specially infants from 6 months to 2 years are specially concerned with a sex-ratio giving a higher frequency in boys though this difference goes decreasing with age. The dry season and the hotter one are the two periods of great morbidity. The three types (I, II, III) have the same importance. Oral immunization at the age of 3 or 4 months must be extended.", "contents": "[Epidemiological aspects of poliomyelitis in Mali (author's transl)]. 1800 cases of poliomyelitis has been observed in Mali during 8 years from 1968 to 1975. Children, and specially infants from 6 months to 2 years are specially concerned with a sex-ratio giving a higher frequency in boys though this difference goes decreasing with age. The dry season and the hotter one are the two periods of great morbidity. The three types (I, II, III) have the same importance. Oral immunization at the age of 3 or 4 months must be extended.", "PMID": 723555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9676", "title": "[Pulmonary complications of drepanocytemia: recent advances (author's transl)].", "content": "Pulmonary complications are non very frequent in drepanocytemia (3 to 7 p. 100) but they are often severe and sometimes dramatic. They happen in the homozygotic forms or in the double heterozygotic ones (SC and Sbeta Tahal). Infections, most often due to pneumococcus, are specially frequent in children, though infractions are generally observed in youth and grown-ups. All these patients suffer of an impairement of their respiratory function and of their immunological capacity.", "contents": "[Pulmonary complications of drepanocytemia: recent advances (author's transl)]. Pulmonary complications are non very frequent in drepanocytemia (3 to 7 p. 100) but they are often severe and sometimes dramatic. They happen in the homozygotic forms or in the double heterozygotic ones (SC and Sbeta Tahal). Infections, most often due to pneumococcus, are specially frequent in children, though infractions are generally observed in youth and grown-ups. All these patients suffer of an impairement of their respiratory function and of their immunological capacity.", "PMID": 723562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9677", "title": "[Renal complications of drepanocytemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Changes in glomerular capillaries, mensangial structures and tubules are caused by the sickling process. In young patients tubules are caused by the sickling process. In young patients there is an increase of the renal blood-flow but the flow passing in the vasa recta is reduced. A by-pass gives a congestion of the vessels situated at the cortico-medullary junction and around the renal pelvis. All this gives 3 main clinical syndromes: hematuria, nephrotic syndrome and renal insufficiency.", "contents": "[Renal complications of drepanocytemia (author's transl)]. Changes in glomerular capillaries, mensangial structures and tubules are caused by the sickling process. In young patients tubules are caused by the sickling process. In young patients there is an increase of the renal blood-flow but the flow passing in the vasa recta is reduced. A by-pass gives a congestion of the vessels situated at the cortico-medullary junction and around the renal pelvis. All this gives 3 main clinical syndromes: hematuria, nephrotic syndrome and renal insufficiency.", "PMID": 723563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9678", "title": "[Heart in sickle-cell anemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Sickle-cell anemia may give heart troubles: heart insufficiency by chronic anemia, pseudo-rhumatic heart, chronic pulmonary heart, coronarian ischemia and cardiomyopathic syndrome. The homo or heterozygotic status and the age are important factors. A rather clear pathogenesis has been built up for these various troubles but therapy has only a limited efficiency.", "contents": "[Heart in sickle-cell anemia (author's transl)]. Sickle-cell anemia may give heart troubles: heart insufficiency by chronic anemia, pseudo-rhumatic heart, chronic pulmonary heart, coronarian ischemia and cardiomyopathic syndrome. The homo or heterozygotic status and the age are important factors. A rather clear pathogenesis has been built up for these various troubles but therapy has only a limited efficiency.", "PMID": 723564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9679", "title": "[Neurological disorders in sickle-cell disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Neurological disorders may be, specially in children, the first and dramatic troubles giving notice of the hematological disease. These disorders, listed according to their frequency are: cerebral vascular thrombosis, epilepsy, bacterial meningitis, meningism, cerebral thrombo-phlebitis, disorders of cranial nerves, hydrocephalus related to a pachy meningitis. One must be cautious with transfusions. Paraclinical neurological tests have no specificity.", "contents": "[Neurological disorders in sickle-cell disease (author's transl)]. Neurological disorders may be, specially in children, the first and dramatic troubles giving notice of the hematological disease. These disorders, listed according to their frequency are: cerebral vascular thrombosis, epilepsy, bacterial meningitis, meningism, cerebral thrombo-phlebitis, disorders of cranial nerves, hydrocephalus related to a pachy meningitis. One must be cautious with transfusions. Paraclinical neurological tests have no specificity.", "PMID": 723565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9680", "title": "[Drepanocytic retinopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "Hemoglobinopathies and specially drepanocytosis SS and its heterozygotic form SC are responsible of important pathological changes of retina. These changes caused by ischaemia due to vascular thrombosis are generally silent at their beginning, because of their first development in a peripheral area. They have a tendency to progress towards the posterior pole and to get complicated by hemorrhages and detachment of retina. Their study is still to be completed but these disorders already appear as being an important cause of blindness in the populations concerned by this hemoglobinopathy. Treatment is unsatisfactory.", "contents": "[Drepanocytic retinopathy (author's transl)]. Hemoglobinopathies and specially drepanocytosis SS and its heterozygotic form SC are responsible of important pathological changes of retina. These changes caused by ischaemia due to vascular thrombosis are generally silent at their beginning, because of their first development in a peripheral area. They have a tendency to progress towards the posterior pole and to get complicated by hemorrhages and detachment of retina. Their study is still to be completed but these disorders already appear as being an important cause of blindness in the populations concerned by this hemoglobinopathy. Treatment is unsatisfactory.", "PMID": 723566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9681", "title": "[Drepanocytic osseous complications: dystrophia and osteonecrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Osseous troubles are the most frequent and earliest signs of drepanocytemia. They are due to the bone dystrophia observed in any chronic hemolytic anemia, to aseptic infarcts and to bacterial infections. These syndromes are described according to age and localizations, and proper surgical tactics are proposed.", "contents": "[Drepanocytic osseous complications: dystrophia and osteonecrosis (author's transl)]. Osseous troubles are the most frequent and earliest signs of drepanocytemia. They are due to the bone dystrophia observed in any chronic hemolytic anemia, to aseptic infarcts and to bacterial infections. These syndromes are described according to age and localizations, and proper surgical tactics are proposed.", "PMID": 723567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9682", "title": "[Drepanocytic osseous infections (osteitis and osteomyelitis) (author's transl)].", "content": "Osseous infections have a special importance among the various polymorphic osteoarticular troubles of drepanocytemia. From 92 cases, the authors emphasize 4 points: --Osteitis and osteomyelitis are frequent, specially in the homozygotic form. --Salmonellae are the prevailing pathogenic bacterias. --Osteomyelitis caused by staphylococcus have, in drepanocytic patients, a more serious and more expanding evolution than in other patients. --Anatomic and radiologic features as well as evolution are different in the staphylococcal forms and in the salmonellal ones in which, most often, surgery may be discarded.", "contents": "[Drepanocytic osseous infections (osteitis and osteomyelitis) (author's transl)]. Osseous infections have a special importance among the various polymorphic osteoarticular troubles of drepanocytemia. From 92 cases, the authors emphasize 4 points: --Osteitis and osteomyelitis are frequent, specially in the homozygotic form. --Salmonellae are the prevailing pathogenic bacterias. --Osteomyelitis caused by staphylococcus have, in drepanocytic patients, a more serious and more expanding evolution than in other patients. --Anatomic and radiologic features as well as evolution are different in the staphylococcal forms and in the salmonellal ones in which, most often, surgery may be discarded.", "PMID": 723568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9683", "title": "[Osteonecrosis in drepanocytemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Aseptic osteonecrosis is due to local hypoxemia related to the sickling process. Its frequency in the U.S.A. is 8,5 p. 100 for heterozygotic patients and 0,2 p. 100 for homozygotic ones. It is rare in AS status but frequent in the double heterozygotism SC. Alcoholism, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, cortisonic treatments and pregnancy are facilitating factors. For vascular causes the femoral epiphysises are most often affected. Radiological features are described.", "contents": "[Osteonecrosis in drepanocytemia (author's transl)]. Aseptic osteonecrosis is due to local hypoxemia related to the sickling process. Its frequency in the U.S.A. is 8,5 p. 100 for heterozygotic patients and 0,2 p. 100 for homozygotic ones. It is rare in AS status but frequent in the double heterozygotism SC. Alcoholism, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, cortisonic treatments and pregnancy are facilitating factors. For vascular causes the femoral epiphysises are most often affected. Radiological features are described.", "PMID": 723569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9684", "title": "[Questions about the medical treatment of homozygotic drepanocytemia (author's transl)].", "content": "The medical treatment of drepanocytemia requires a three-ways action: --Symptomatic treatment of the various and more or less acute clinical troubles. --Preventive treatment of these troubles. --Chemical inhibition of the sickling process.", "contents": "[Questions about the medical treatment of homozygotic drepanocytemia (author's transl)]. The medical treatment of drepanocytemia requires a three-ways action: --Symptomatic treatment of the various and more or less acute clinical troubles. --Preventive treatment of these troubles. --Chemical inhibition of the sickling process.", "PMID": 723570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9685", "title": "[Emergencies related to visceral and genital drepanocytic thrombotic complications (author's transl)].", "content": "Thrombotic complications in drepanocytemia may induce 3 main syndromes: splenic infarctions and abscesses; severe and uncontrollable hematurias; priapism. Clinical features and surgical treatments are described with detailed procedures for priapism surgery.", "contents": "[Emergencies related to visceral and genital drepanocytic thrombotic complications (author's transl)]. Thrombotic complications in drepanocytemia may induce 3 main syndromes: splenic infarctions and abscesses; severe and uncontrollable hematurias; priapism. Clinical features and surgical treatments are described with detailed procedures for priapism surgery.", "PMID": 723571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9686", "title": "[Drepanocytemia and air transport (author's transl)].", "content": "Acute complications due to a drepanocytic condition, and happening during air transport are rare. The question is of little importance for the homozygotic form but is a frequent problem with no easy answer for the heterozygotic forms (AS, SC and Th.S). Passengers, stewards and pilots raise different problems requiring different regulations and preventive measures.", "contents": "[Drepanocytemia and air transport (author's transl)]. Acute complications due to a drepanocytic condition, and happening during air transport are rare. The question is of little importance for the homozygotic form but is a frequent problem with no easy answer for the heterozygotic forms (AS, SC and Th.S). Passengers, stewards and pilots raise different problems requiring different regulations and preventive measures.", "PMID": 723573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9687", "title": "[Anesthesia of drepanocytic patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Drepanocytic patients have special sensitivity to hypoxia, dehydratation and osmolarity troubles, acidosis, cold and infections. The required precautions are reminded, the choice of a proper type of anesthesia is discussed, suggestions for a good choice of drugs and detailed technics are given.", "contents": "[Anesthesia of drepanocytic patients (author's transl)]. Drepanocytic patients have special sensitivity to hypoxia, dehydratation and osmolarity troubles, acidosis, cold and infections. The required precautions are reminded, the choice of a proper type of anesthesia is discussed, suggestions for a good choice of drugs and detailed technics are given.", "PMID": 723572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9688", "title": "[A Dahoman case of human anthrax (author's transl)].", "content": "Report of typical case of anthrax of the lid in a dahoman shepherd, and brief survey of the endemy in west Africa.", "contents": "[A Dahoman case of human anthrax (author's transl)]. Report of typical case of anthrax of the lid in a dahoman shepherd, and brief survey of the endemy in west Africa.", "PMID": 723574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9689", "title": "[Permanence of the endemy of human anthrax in Lower Casamance (author's transl)].", "content": "Comments on 3 new cases from a well delimitated area with regard to the cases previously reported in Senegal.", "contents": "[Permanence of the endemy of human anthrax in Lower Casamance (author's transl)]. Comments on 3 new cases from a well delimitated area with regard to the cases previously reported in Senegal.", "PMID": 723575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9690", "title": "[Clinical features of constrictive endomyocardial fibrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Constrictive endomyocardial fibrosis is very frequent in tropical areas with a hot and rainy climate. Young patients and specially male ones are generaly concerned. The onset is gradual and low-giving an adiastolic condition which may prevail on the right or the left heart. Some periods of more acute evolution may be observed. Death is caused by adiastolic disorders, thrombosis or arythmia. Aetiology is still unknown. A surgical treatment may be considered in some cases.", "contents": "[Clinical features of constrictive endomyocardial fibrosis (author's transl)]. Constrictive endomyocardial fibrosis is very frequent in tropical areas with a hot and rainy climate. Young patients and specially male ones are generaly concerned. The onset is gradual and low-giving an adiastolic condition which may prevail on the right or the left heart. Some periods of more acute evolution may be observed. Death is caused by adiastolic disorders, thrombosis or arythmia. Aetiology is still unknown. A surgical treatment may be considered in some cases.", "PMID": 723577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9691", "title": "[Pulmonary paragonimiasis in Cameroun (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical and epidemiological features of pulmonary paragonimiasis are first described. Then, a brief and localized survey is reported in which 19 cases were detected. The disease has probably a higher prevalence than generally estimated. Eating raw or insufficiently cooked crab meat is the main cause of infection. Treatment is easy and so should be the prophylaxis.", "contents": "[Pulmonary paragonimiasis in Cameroun (author's transl)]. The clinical and epidemiological features of pulmonary paragonimiasis are first described. Then, a brief and localized survey is reported in which 19 cases were detected. The disease has probably a higher prevalence than generally estimated. Eating raw or insufficiently cooked crab meat is the main cause of infection. Treatment is easy and so should be the prophylaxis.", "PMID": 723576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9692", "title": "[Wide angle chronic glaucoma in Negroes (author's transl)].", "content": "A review of the question of primitive wide angle chronic glaucoma in Negroes. Its frequency, early apparition, frequent unilateral localization and poor improvement with medical treatment are emphasized. The present trends in surgical procedures are given.", "contents": "[Wide angle chronic glaucoma in Negroes (author's transl)]. A review of the question of primitive wide angle chronic glaucoma in Negroes. Its frequency, early apparition, frequent unilateral localization and poor improvement with medical treatment are emphasized. The present trends in surgical procedures are given.", "PMID": 723579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9693", "title": "[A study by gas-liquid chromatography of the urinary excretion of neutral 17 oxosteroids in healthy Senegalese adults (author's transl)].", "content": "The urinary excretion of neutral 17 oxostero\u00efds has been determined by gas-liquid chromatography on 60 healthy ambulatory senegalese adults of both sexes. Except 11 beta hydroxyandrosteron, all fractions are lower than those usually found among european people.", "contents": "[A study by gas-liquid chromatography of the urinary excretion of neutral 17 oxosteroids in healthy Senegalese adults (author's transl)]. The urinary excretion of neutral 17 oxostero\u00efds has been determined by gas-liquid chromatography on 60 healthy ambulatory senegalese adults of both sexes. Except 11 beta hydroxyandrosteron, all fractions are lower than those usually found among european people.", "PMID": 723578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9694", "title": "[Present evaluation of hansenian treatment by association of chemotherapy and immunostimulation (author's transl)].", "content": "I.--Treatment with BCG and DDS in lepromatous or borderline patients. II.--Value of BCG added to a prior and long-continued treatment with DDS or rifamipicine. III.--Value of various immunostimulants given previously to a treatment with BCG and chemotherapy. IV.--Value of lysate of Neisseria perflava as an immunostimulant associated with DDS in an initial treatment of lepromatous and borderline patients. V.--Results of a seventeen months treatment of lepromatous and borderline patients with a lysate of Neisseria perflava associated with DDS. The various therapeutic trials reported in these 5 papers demonstrate that hansenian nevritis conventionnally treated may show improvement when an immunostimulant (BCG or bacterial lysate or levamisole) is given either previously or in association with DDS or rifampicine or after such a treatment. It has still been observed that two immunostimulants given simultaneously have no good effect and that this association must be discarded.", "contents": "[Present evaluation of hansenian treatment by association of chemotherapy and immunostimulation (author's transl)]. I.--Treatment with BCG and DDS in lepromatous or borderline patients. II.--Value of BCG added to a prior and long-continued treatment with DDS or rifamipicine. III.--Value of various immunostimulants given previously to a treatment with BCG and chemotherapy. IV.--Value of lysate of Neisseria perflava as an immunostimulant associated with DDS in an initial treatment of lepromatous and borderline patients. V.--Results of a seventeen months treatment of lepromatous and borderline patients with a lysate of Neisseria perflava associated with DDS. The various therapeutic trials reported in these 5 papers demonstrate that hansenian nevritis conventionnally treated may show improvement when an immunostimulant (BCG or bacterial lysate or levamisole) is given either previously or in association with DDS or rifampicine or after such a treatment. It has still been observed that two immunostimulants given simultaneously have no good effect and that this association must be discarded.", "PMID": 723581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9695", "title": "[Report of two cases of acute or cerebral malaria with atypic on-set (author's transl)].", "content": "Report and comments on one case of cerebral malaria with myocardial infarction, icterus and renal insufficiency, and of another one with a black-water-like syndrome with complete recovery under quinine treatment.", "contents": "[Report of two cases of acute or cerebral malaria with atypic on-set (author's transl)]. Report and comments on one case of cerebral malaria with myocardial infarction, icterus and renal insufficiency, and of another one with a black-water-like syndrome with complete recovery under quinine treatment.", "PMID": 723580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9696", "title": "[Effect of sulfur on the respiratory tract of cargo-handling workers].", "content": "42 workers reloading sulphur and 25 cargo handling workers unexposed to dusts were examined. More intense changes in the respiratory tract were found in the examined, workers as compared with the control group. That was chronic inflamation, of the upper respiratory tract giving proportionally small handicap to lung ventilation efficiency.", "contents": "[Effect of sulfur on the respiratory tract of cargo-handling workers]. 42 workers reloading sulphur and 25 cargo handling workers unexposed to dusts were examined. More intense changes in the respiratory tract were found in the examined, workers as compared with the control group. That was chronic inflamation, of the upper respiratory tract giving proportionally small handicap to lung ventilation efficiency.", "PMID": 723608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9697", "title": "[Acute toxicity of l-naphthyl chlorocarbonate and o-isopropoxynitrobenzene].", "content": "The investigated compounds given orally to male rats induced pathological changes mainly in the liver. 1-naphthyl chlorocarbonate caused also necrosis of the stomach mucosa. DL50 of o-isopropoxynitrobenzene and 1-naphthyl chlorocarbonate established for male rats after per os administration amounted to 2,75 g/kg and 2,55 g/kg, respectively. Both substances have local irritant effect on the skin and the eye of rabbit--a mild reaction in case of o-isopropoxynitrobenzene and strong one in case of 1-naphthyl chlorocarbonate administration. 1-naphthyl chlorocarbonate has sensitizing properties, while the other compound has not.", "contents": "[Acute toxicity of l-naphthyl chlorocarbonate and o-isopropoxynitrobenzene]. The investigated compounds given orally to male rats induced pathological changes mainly in the liver. 1-naphthyl chlorocarbonate caused also necrosis of the stomach mucosa. DL50 of o-isopropoxynitrobenzene and 1-naphthyl chlorocarbonate established for male rats after per os administration amounted to 2,75 g/kg and 2,55 g/kg, respectively. Both substances have local irritant effect on the skin and the eye of rabbit--a mild reaction in case of o-isopropoxynitrobenzene and strong one in case of 1-naphthyl chlorocarbonate administration. 1-naphthyl chlorocarbonate has sensitizing properties, while the other compound has not.", "PMID": 723609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9698", "title": "[Porphyrin equilibrium disorders in subjects exposed to contaminants emitted by nitrogen plants].", "content": "For purpose of investigating porphyrine balance in people exposed to contaminants emitted by nitric plant, porphobilinogen and coproporphyrin excretion with urine was determined. Methemoglobin level in blood was a basis for evaluating exposure to contaminants. The results obtained were compared with the results of investigations done in an adequately selected control group. In people exposed to contaminants emitted by nitric plant increased methemoglobin level and increased excretion of coproporphyrins with urine were found. No significant differences in porphobilinogen excretion were observed.", "contents": "[Porphyrin equilibrium disorders in subjects exposed to contaminants emitted by nitrogen plants]. For purpose of investigating porphyrine balance in people exposed to contaminants emitted by nitric plant, porphobilinogen and coproporphyrin excretion with urine was determined. Methemoglobin level in blood was a basis for evaluating exposure to contaminants. The results obtained were compared with the results of investigations done in an adequately selected control group. In people exposed to contaminants emitted by nitric plant increased methemoglobin level and increased excretion of coproporphyrins with urine were found. No significant differences in porphobilinogen excretion were observed.", "PMID": 723610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9699", "title": "[Effectiveness of ear protective devices].", "content": "Efficiency of 9 types of hearing protectors was investigated. A subjective method of an absolute hearing threshold shift in free sound field in 20 well-hearing-persons was applied. The results obtained are presented in figures. It was found that the maximum efficiency of most hearing protectors usually fell toon the frequency of 4000 Hz and amounted to 20--41 dB. The minimum efficiency usually fell to the frequency of 125 Hz and amounted to 8--21 dB. Attenuation efficiency of broad-band noise was 18-40 dB and approximated the maximum efficiency of pure sounds, sometimes even surpassing it. The results of determinations differed from the values given by manufacturers, which accounts for the need of undertaking such investigations.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of ear protective devices]. Efficiency of 9 types of hearing protectors was investigated. A subjective method of an absolute hearing threshold shift in free sound field in 20 well-hearing-persons was applied. The results obtained are presented in figures. It was found that the maximum efficiency of most hearing protectors usually fell toon the frequency of 4000 Hz and amounted to 20--41 dB. The minimum efficiency usually fell to the frequency of 125 Hz and amounted to 8--21 dB. Attenuation efficiency of broad-band noise was 18-40 dB and approximated the maximum efficiency of pure sounds, sometimes even surpassing it. The results of determinations differed from the values given by manufacturers, which accounts for the need of undertaking such investigations.", "PMID": 723611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9700", "title": "[Effect of short submaximal stable-load exertion on blood serum insulin and human growth hormone concentration as well as on various biochemical and acid-base blood parameters in healthy individuals].", "content": "The studies on effect of short-term submaximal physiol exercise with stable load on blood serum concentrations of insulin, human growth hormone, free fatty acids, glucose and aminoacid nitrogen were carried out on 20 healthy men, aged 19--21 years. In addition, lactic and pyruvic acid concentrations and some parameters of capillary blood acid-base equilibrium were determined. It was found that short-term submaximal exercise with stable load caused the increase of HGH concentration and the decrease of IRI concentration. During such an exercise blood serum free fatty acid concentrations also decreased, while blood serum glucose and aminoacid nitrogen ones did not change significantly. Blood serum lactic and pyruvic acid concentrations and hydrogen ion concentration increased. Simultaneously, carbon dioxide partial pressure decreased and base excess increased. This pattern of changes indicates metabolic acidosis compensated partially by hyperventilation.", "contents": "[Effect of short submaximal stable-load exertion on blood serum insulin and human growth hormone concentration as well as on various biochemical and acid-base blood parameters in healthy individuals]. The studies on effect of short-term submaximal physiol exercise with stable load on blood serum concentrations of insulin, human growth hormone, free fatty acids, glucose and aminoacid nitrogen were carried out on 20 healthy men, aged 19--21 years. In addition, lactic and pyruvic acid concentrations and some parameters of capillary blood acid-base equilibrium were determined. It was found that short-term submaximal exercise with stable load caused the increase of HGH concentration and the decrease of IRI concentration. During such an exercise blood serum free fatty acid concentrations also decreased, while blood serum glucose and aminoacid nitrogen ones did not change significantly. Blood serum lactic and pyruvic acid concentrations and hydrogen ion concentration increased. Simultaneously, carbon dioxide partial pressure decreased and base excess increased. This pattern of changes indicates metabolic acidosis compensated partially by hyperventilation.", "PMID": 723612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9701", "title": "[Toxicology of ethyl gasoline 78 and 94].", "content": "The authors have described clinical pictures of acute and chronic intoxication, especially toxic effect of ethyl gasoline upon nervous sytem, parenchymatous organs, and irritating effect on skin and mucous membranes.", "contents": "[Toxicology of ethyl gasoline 78 and 94]. The authors have described clinical pictures of acute and chronic intoxication, especially toxic effect of ethyl gasoline upon nervous sytem, parenchymatous organs, and irritating effect on skin and mucous membranes.", "PMID": 723613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9702", "title": "[Effects of occupational factors on the natural course of chronic bronchitis in a prospective observation of the industrial population].", "content": "Frequence of occurrence and dynamics of chronic bronchitis symptoms as well as barrier syndrome in the examined men in a plant was connected primarily with tobacco smoking and less with the age. Mean values FEV1 depended on the age of examined workers and the rate of spirometric values decrease increased with the age and was connected with smoking habit. It has been ascertained that there is a direct relationship between air contamination with dusts and fluorides and frequency of occurrence of chronic bronchitis symptoms, maintenance of the symptoms for 5 years and decrease of FEV1 value at that period especially in a group of smokers.", "contents": "[Effects of occupational factors on the natural course of chronic bronchitis in a prospective observation of the industrial population]. Frequence of occurrence and dynamics of chronic bronchitis symptoms as well as barrier syndrome in the examined men in a plant was connected primarily with tobacco smoking and less with the age. Mean values FEV1 depended on the age of examined workers and the rate of spirometric values decrease increased with the age and was connected with smoking habit. It has been ascertained that there is a direct relationship between air contamination with dusts and fluorides and frequency of occurrence of chronic bronchitis symptoms, maintenance of the symptoms for 5 years and decrease of FEV1 value at that period especially in a group of smokers.", "PMID": 723614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9703", "title": "[Lower limb varicose veins in textile workers].", "content": "441 women working in various textile industry plants were examined to detect possible varicose veins, ulceration of shins, post thrombotic syndrome and active thrombotically inflammable changes. Frequency of the above mentioned changes was evaluated withthe following criteria: age, duration of employment in textile industry and work-post. Additionally, sickness absenteeism analysis was done in patients treated preventively and by operation. Investigations carried out indicate that the frequency of varicose veins in lower limbs, of trophic changes, shin ulceration, thrombotically inflamed processes increases with age and duration of employment in textile industry, resulting in considerable sickness absenteeism. The surgeon working in a given plant should detect varicose veins in lower limbs as early as possible and send his patients for an operation. Operation prevents many complications and shortens duration of disablement for work.", "contents": "[Lower limb varicose veins in textile workers]. 441 women working in various textile industry plants were examined to detect possible varicose veins, ulceration of shins, post thrombotic syndrome and active thrombotically inflammable changes. Frequency of the above mentioned changes was evaluated withthe following criteria: age, duration of employment in textile industry and work-post. Additionally, sickness absenteeism analysis was done in patients treated preventively and by operation. Investigations carried out indicate that the frequency of varicose veins in lower limbs, of trophic changes, shin ulceration, thrombotically inflamed processes increases with age and duration of employment in textile industry, resulting in considerable sickness absenteeism. The surgeon working in a given plant should detect varicose veins in lower limbs as early as possible and send his patients for an operation. Operation prevents many complications and shortens duration of disablement for work.", "PMID": 723615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9704", "title": "[Evaluation of lens transparency in persons exposed to electromagnetic radiation of 27--30 MHz frequency].", "content": "55 women occupationally exposed to lasting electromagnetic radiation at 27--30 MHz frequency and 101 persons from control group were examined with reference to the status of lens transparency. No statistically significant differences between the frequency of lens opacity in the exposed and control group were found. No dependence of opacity on duration of employment was found, either. An increase in lens opacity was proportional to age both in the exposed and control group.", "contents": "[Evaluation of lens transparency in persons exposed to electromagnetic radiation of 27--30 MHz frequency]. 55 women occupationally exposed to lasting electromagnetic radiation at 27--30 MHz frequency and 101 persons from control group were examined with reference to the status of lens transparency. No statistically significant differences between the frequency of lens opacity in the exposed and control group were found. No dependence of opacity on duration of employment was found, either. An increase in lens opacity was proportional to age both in the exposed and control group.", "PMID": 723616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9705", "title": "Caloric restriction lowers blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.", "content": "In the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), caloric restriction without sodium restriction is associated with reduced blood pressure. Four days of fasting lowered blood pressure 19% while 4 days of eating 50% of ad lib intake reduced blood pressure 10%. Similar dietary changes had less effect on blood pressure in normotensive rats of the same strain (Wistar-Kyoto--WKY). These data are consistent with the hypothesis that caloric restriction lowers sympathetic activity.", "contents": "Caloric restriction lowers blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. In the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), caloric restriction without sodium restriction is associated with reduced blood pressure. Four days of fasting lowered blood pressure 19% while 4 days of eating 50% of ad lib intake reduced blood pressure 10%. Similar dietary changes had less effect on blood pressure in normotensive rats of the same strain (Wistar-Kyoto--WKY). These data are consistent with the hypothesis that caloric restriction lowers sympathetic activity.", "PMID": 723627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9706", "title": "Galactose and glucose metabolism in the isolated perfused suckling and adult rat liver.", "content": "The development of the technique for the perfusion of the immature liver has enabled us to characterize metabolic differences in carbohydrate metabolism in the suckling versus adult rat livers. Livers of fasted suckling and adult rats were perfused with 4 mM galactose or 4 mM glucose. Galactose uptake was the same for both age groups during the first 35 min. The adult liver maintained the initial rate of uptake after this period while the immature liver began to take up galactose more rapidly. By the end of the experimental period, on a weight basis, uptake by the young liver was three times that of the adult. Analysis of the livers at the end of the 90 min perfusion showed hepatic galactose concentrations to be one-half of circulating media levels. Glucose output was observed in each group during perfusion with either galactose or glucose. In the immature liver, galactose perfusion stimulated more glucose output than did the glucose perfusion. In the adult, however, both sugars resulted in the same levels of glucose output. Galactose perfusion resulted in glucose levels in young liver being higher than the media; while in the adult, the level was lower than the media. Galactose perfused livers of the suckling and adult contained significantly more uridine-5'-diphosphogalactose than the glucose perfused livers of each age.", "contents": "Galactose and glucose metabolism in the isolated perfused suckling and adult rat liver. The development of the technique for the perfusion of the immature liver has enabled us to characterize metabolic differences in carbohydrate metabolism in the suckling versus adult rat livers. Livers of fasted suckling and adult rats were perfused with 4 mM galactose or 4 mM glucose. Galactose uptake was the same for both age groups during the first 35 min. The adult liver maintained the initial rate of uptake after this period while the immature liver began to take up galactose more rapidly. By the end of the experimental period, on a weight basis, uptake by the young liver was three times that of the adult. Analysis of the livers at the end of the 90 min perfusion showed hepatic galactose concentrations to be one-half of circulating media levels. Glucose output was observed in each group during perfusion with either galactose or glucose. In the immature liver, galactose perfusion stimulated more glucose output than did the glucose perfusion. In the adult, however, both sugars resulted in the same levels of glucose output. Galactose perfusion resulted in glucose levels in young liver being higher than the media; while in the adult, the level was lower than the media. Galactose perfused livers of the suckling and adult contained significantly more uridine-5'-diphosphogalactose than the glucose perfused livers of each age.", "PMID": 723628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9707", "title": "Pyrimidine metabolism in hereditary erythrocyte pyrimidine 5' nucleotidase deficiency.", "content": "A patient with hereditary erythrocyte pyrimidine 5' nucleotidase deficiency was studied to determine the mechanism of accumulation of erythrocyte pyrimidine nucleotides. Estimates of the rate of degradation of uridine nucleotides to diffusable products imply that the high levels found in these patients could not be sustained from the degradative pathways alone. Active synthesis of uridine nucleotides was found to occur in erythrocytes from both patient and control blood samples when either uridine or orotate was used as a substrate. The circulating levels of uridine in the blood are such that sufficient nucleotides to account for the high levels seen in these patients could accumulate in the erythrocytes from biosynthetic pathways alone, quite apart from the contribution from degradation of residual ribosomal RNA. This provides scope for new therapeutic approaches; treatment with allopurinol, however, was found to result in an increase, rather than a decrease, in erythrocyte pyrimidine nucleotides.", "contents": "Pyrimidine metabolism in hereditary erythrocyte pyrimidine 5' nucleotidase deficiency. A patient with hereditary erythrocyte pyrimidine 5' nucleotidase deficiency was studied to determine the mechanism of accumulation of erythrocyte pyrimidine nucleotides. Estimates of the rate of degradation of uridine nucleotides to diffusable products imply that the high levels found in these patients could not be sustained from the degradative pathways alone. Active synthesis of uridine nucleotides was found to occur in erythrocytes from both patient and control blood samples when either uridine or orotate was used as a substrate. The circulating levels of uridine in the blood are such that sufficient nucleotides to account for the high levels seen in these patients could accumulate in the erythrocytes from biosynthetic pathways alone, quite apart from the contribution from degradation of residual ribosomal RNA. This provides scope for new therapeutic approaches; treatment with allopurinol, however, was found to result in an increase, rather than a decrease, in erythrocyte pyrimidine nucleotides.", "PMID": 723629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9708", "title": "The metabolism of oleic acid by the perfused rat liver in experimental diabetes induced by antiinsulin serum.", "content": "The metabolism of varying quantities of oleic acid was examined in isolated perfused livers from normal fed rats and from animals made diabetic by pretreatment with guinea pig antiinsulin serum (AIS). The data presented reemphasize the fact that the quantity of free fatty acid (FFA) coming to the liver is a necessary, but not the most important, factor affecting the subsequent metabolism of the FFA. Rates of ketogenesis and output of triglyceride and the terminal concentration of hepatic triglyceride were proportional to uptake of FFA in certain concentration ranges. For equal rates of uptake of FFA, ketogenesis was greater, and the quantity of triglyceride secreted or accumulated within the liver was less, with livers from diabetic animals than with livers from normal animals. In confirmation of previous data, the liver was observed to have a maximal capacity to secrete triglyceride. Triglyceride accumulated in livers from normal-fed and diabetic animals only when uptake of FFA was more than sufficient to saturate the secretory process. Since proportionately more FFA was catabolized by livers from AIS treated animals, greater uptake of FFA was required to produce maximal rates of output of triglyceride and accumulation in livers from diabetic than from normal animals. Rates of ketogenesis by livers from normal fed animals increased minimally with increasing uptake of FFA (up to 1.0 mM free fatty acid). Even when uptake increased considerably with FFA concentrations of approximately 2.5 mM, rates of ketogenesis by livers from normal animals were less than half those of livers from diabetic rats, and maximal rates were not achieved by the normal controls. It is evident that changes in hepatic metabolism of FFA in the intact diabetic animal result from simultaneous alterations of supply of FFA and hormonally induced metabolic changes in the liver. Moreover, although hepatic secretion and accumulation of triglyceride is greater in isolated perfused livers from normal rats than from diabetic animals when the livers are exposed to equal quantities of FFA, the diabetic livers can accumulate more triglyceride, secrete more triglyceride, and oxidize more FFA to ketone bodies than can the normal under conditions in which considerably more substrate is available to the diabetic rather than to the normal livers. These differences might also be expected to occur in the acutely insulin deficient intact animal, in which changes in hormonal status and substrate (FFA) availability occur simultaneously, and might, in part, explain the ketonemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hepatic steatosis often observed in vivo.", "contents": "The metabolism of oleic acid by the perfused rat liver in experimental diabetes induced by antiinsulin serum. The metabolism of varying quantities of oleic acid was examined in isolated perfused livers from normal fed rats and from animals made diabetic by pretreatment with guinea pig antiinsulin serum (AIS). The data presented reemphasize the fact that the quantity of free fatty acid (FFA) coming to the liver is a necessary, but not the most important, factor affecting the subsequent metabolism of the FFA. Rates of ketogenesis and output of triglyceride and the terminal concentration of hepatic triglyceride were proportional to uptake of FFA in certain concentration ranges. For equal rates of uptake of FFA, ketogenesis was greater, and the quantity of triglyceride secreted or accumulated within the liver was less, with livers from diabetic animals than with livers from normal animals. In confirmation of previous data, the liver was observed to have a maximal capacity to secrete triglyceride. Triglyceride accumulated in livers from normal-fed and diabetic animals only when uptake of FFA was more than sufficient to saturate the secretory process. Since proportionately more FFA was catabolized by livers from AIS treated animals, greater uptake of FFA was required to produce maximal rates of output of triglyceride and accumulation in livers from diabetic than from normal animals. Rates of ketogenesis by livers from normal fed animals increased minimally with increasing uptake of FFA (up to 1.0 mM free fatty acid). Even when uptake increased considerably with FFA concentrations of approximately 2.5 mM, rates of ketogenesis by livers from normal animals were less than half those of livers from diabetic rats, and maximal rates were not achieved by the normal controls. It is evident that changes in hepatic metabolism of FFA in the intact diabetic animal result from simultaneous alterations of supply of FFA and hormonally induced metabolic changes in the liver. Moreover, although hepatic secretion and accumulation of triglyceride is greater in isolated perfused livers from normal rats than from diabetic animals when the livers are exposed to equal quantities of FFA, the diabetic livers can accumulate more triglyceride, secrete more triglyceride, and oxidize more FFA to ketone bodies than can the normal under conditions in which considerably more substrate is available to the diabetic rather than to the normal livers. These differences might also be expected to occur in the acutely insulin deficient intact animal, in which changes in hormonal status and substrate (FFA) availability occur simultaneously, and might, in part, explain the ketonemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hepatic steatosis often observed in vivo.", "PMID": 723630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9709", "title": "Evidence for autonomous secretion of prolactin in some alcoholic men with cirrhosis and gynecomastia.", "content": "Prolactin responses to provocative thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation were evaluated in 20 cirrhotic men with gynecomastia. Fifteen of these cirrhotic men had normal responses with a minimum doubling of the prolactin concentration above basal in response to TRH. Five had abnormal (autonomous) responses in that they failed to double their basal level or had a paradoxical decrease from basal in response to TRH. Moreover, these same five men failed to have a sleep-related increase in plasma prolactin. Three of them also failed to respond to chlorpromazine stimulation. Such abnormal responses are generally associated with the presence of a prolactin secreting pituitary tumor. Basal plasma levels of prolactin were measured in all 20 men studied. The five men who failed to respond to TRH had significantly greater basal prolactin concentrations (80.5 +/- 18.7 ng/ml) than did the 15 men who responded normally (33.7 +/- 4.3 ng/ml) (p less than 0.01), although all 20 had increased prolactin levels relative to that of controls (10.8 +/- 0.9 ng/ml) (both p less than 0.01).", "contents": "Evidence for autonomous secretion of prolactin in some alcoholic men with cirrhosis and gynecomastia. Prolactin responses to provocative thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation were evaluated in 20 cirrhotic men with gynecomastia. Fifteen of these cirrhotic men had normal responses with a minimum doubling of the prolactin concentration above basal in response to TRH. Five had abnormal (autonomous) responses in that they failed to double their basal level or had a paradoxical decrease from basal in response to TRH. Moreover, these same five men failed to have a sleep-related increase in plasma prolactin. Three of them also failed to respond to chlorpromazine stimulation. Such abnormal responses are generally associated with the presence of a prolactin secreting pituitary tumor. Basal plasma levels of prolactin were measured in all 20 men studied. The five men who failed to respond to TRH had significantly greater basal prolactin concentrations (80.5 +/- 18.7 ng/ml) than did the 15 men who responded normally (33.7 +/- 4.3 ng/ml) (p less than 0.01), although all 20 had increased prolactin levels relative to that of controls (10.8 +/- 0.9 ng/ml) (both p less than 0.01).", "PMID": 723631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9710", "title": "Plasma and tumor dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in patients with familial pheochromocytomas.", "content": "The majority of patients with sporadic pheochromocytomas (pheos) have been noted to have normal plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity. We determined the activity of DBH in the plasma of 8 patients with pheos, secondary to multiple endocrine neoplasia Type 2 (MEN II) (medullary carcinoma of the thyroid [MCT], pheochromocytoma(s), and parathyroid hyperplasia). We also determined the activity of DBH in the pheos of six of the patients. Three of the eight patients (38%) had elevated plasma DBH in the preoperative period. After surgical resection of their pheos, the plasma DBH of two of the subjects, in whom it could be measured, returned to normal. Although two of the other patients had bilateral pheos containing large amounts of DBH and norepinephrine (NE), their plasma DBH was normal in the preoperative and postoperative periods. Despite elevated urinary vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) excretion in all eight patients, their homovanillic acid (HVA) excretion was normal. VMA reflects NE plus epinephrine (E) excretion, while HVA reflects dopamine (DA) excretion. We conclude that the majority of patients with pheos, associated with MEN II, have normal plasma DBH activity.", "contents": "Plasma and tumor dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in patients with familial pheochromocytomas. The majority of patients with sporadic pheochromocytomas (pheos) have been noted to have normal plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity. We determined the activity of DBH in the plasma of 8 patients with pheos, secondary to multiple endocrine neoplasia Type 2 (MEN II) (medullary carcinoma of the thyroid [MCT], pheochromocytoma(s), and parathyroid hyperplasia). We also determined the activity of DBH in the pheos of six of the patients. Three of the eight patients (38%) had elevated plasma DBH in the preoperative period. After surgical resection of their pheos, the plasma DBH of two of the subjects, in whom it could be measured, returned to normal. Although two of the other patients had bilateral pheos containing large amounts of DBH and norepinephrine (NE), their plasma DBH was normal in the preoperative and postoperative periods. Despite elevated urinary vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) excretion in all eight patients, their homovanillic acid (HVA) excretion was normal. VMA reflects NE plus epinephrine (E) excretion, while HVA reflects dopamine (DA) excretion. We conclude that the majority of patients with pheos, associated with MEN II, have normal plasma DBH activity.", "PMID": 723634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9711", "title": "Glucose metabolism in intact man: the responsiveness of splanchnic and peripheral tissues to insulin.", "content": "Man controls his blood sugar concentration within rather narrow limits, despite wide latitude in the content and timing of meals. Man does not eat constantly; rather, he alternates between periods of \"feasting\" and \"fasting.\" It is a useful generalization that the metabolic environment is altered such that forces promoting substrate storage are dominant during the postprandial period and forces that encourage substrate mobilization are prominent during food-free intervals. In this report, we shall primarily examine the role of insulin, the hormone of carbon storage, in maintaining glucose homeostasis during a 24-hr period. In particular, we wish to highlight (A) possible important differences in the dose response curves of insulin in splanchnic and peripheral tissues and (B) the modulating influences of hyperglycemia and glucagon on insulin's effects across the splanchnic bed.", "contents": "Glucose metabolism in intact man: the responsiveness of splanchnic and peripheral tissues to insulin. Man controls his blood sugar concentration within rather narrow limits, despite wide latitude in the content and timing of meals. Man does not eat constantly; rather, he alternates between periods of \"feasting\" and \"fasting.\" It is a useful generalization that the metabolic environment is altered such that forces promoting substrate storage are dominant during the postprandial period and forces that encourage substrate mobilization are prominent during food-free intervals. In this report, we shall primarily examine the role of insulin, the hormone of carbon storage, in maintaining glucose homeostasis during a 24-hr period. In particular, we wish to highlight (A) possible important differences in the dose response curves of insulin in splanchnic and peripheral tissues and (B) the modulating influences of hyperglycemia and glucagon on insulin's effects across the splanchnic bed.", "PMID": 723635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9712", "title": "The effect of ten days of fasting on various aspects of carbohydrate metabolism in obese diabetic subjects with significant fasting hyperglycemia.", "content": "Patients with nonketotic diabetes mellitus, who were both obese and had significant fasting hyperglycemia (mean plasma glucose = 310 mg/100 ml), were fasted for 10 days. There was a prompt drop of plasma glucose levels as the result of the caloric deprivation with a mean fall of approximately 200 mg/dl at the end of the fast. The drop in plasma glucose level that occurred during the fast was associated with a drop in plasma insulin level. Fasting plasma glucose concentration rose immediately after food intake was resumed and stabilized within 3--4 days at levels halfway between the initial and the lowest value. At this time, the patients also seemed capable of disposing of an oral glucose load more efficiently. The apparent improvement in carbohydrate homeostasis observed after the fast could not be attributed to an increase in insulin response, but was associated with some amelioration of the insulin resistance that characterizes these patients. Unfortunately, the beneficial effects of the 10-day period of caloric deprivation were transitory and fasting plasma glucose values had returned to prefast levels in most patients within a few months.", "contents": "The effect of ten days of fasting on various aspects of carbohydrate metabolism in obese diabetic subjects with significant fasting hyperglycemia. Patients with nonketotic diabetes mellitus, who were both obese and had significant fasting hyperglycemia (mean plasma glucose = 310 mg/100 ml), were fasted for 10 days. There was a prompt drop of plasma glucose levels as the result of the caloric deprivation with a mean fall of approximately 200 mg/dl at the end of the fast. The drop in plasma glucose level that occurred during the fast was associated with a drop in plasma insulin level. Fasting plasma glucose concentration rose immediately after food intake was resumed and stabilized within 3--4 days at levels halfway between the initial and the lowest value. At this time, the patients also seemed capable of disposing of an oral glucose load more efficiently. The apparent improvement in carbohydrate homeostasis observed after the fast could not be attributed to an increase in insulin response, but was associated with some amelioration of the insulin resistance that characterizes these patients. Unfortunately, the beneficial effects of the 10-day period of caloric deprivation were transitory and fasting plasma glucose values had returned to prefast levels in most patients within a few months.", "PMID": 723636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9713", "title": "Carbohydrate storage in man: speculations and some quantitative considerations.", "content": "Recent information indicates that the capacity of man to store carbohydrate energy by transformation into fatty acids synthetized de novo is very limited in adipose tissue as well as in liver and intestine. This seems to be in contrast to other species such as the rat where de novo fatty acid synthesis can be induced to a high capacity of glucose removal. This leaves man with a limited capacity to store excess carbohydrate. The remaining possibilities are both the main glycogen stores in liver and in muscle. The latter is by far the largest. The capacity of muscle to assimilate glucose is dependent on its glycogen content that in turn is dependent on previous glycogen depletion to supply energy for muscle contraction. Man might, thus, be uniquely limited in the capacity to dispose of extra carbohydrate in the sedentary state. This might speculatively be thought to be an explanation for a carbohydrate excess syndrome in the sedentary state that may well increase the risk for obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and diabetes mellitus. The logical treatment for such a syndrome then is either a decreased intake of energy as carbohydrate or an increased disposal of carbohydrate energy by exercise. Exercise has, indeed, been shown to have such effects both after physical training programs and, perhaps more pertinent to the question, during a few days after a single exercise bout that has consumed a large amount of muscle glycogen.", "contents": "Carbohydrate storage in man: speculations and some quantitative considerations. Recent information indicates that the capacity of man to store carbohydrate energy by transformation into fatty acids synthetized de novo is very limited in adipose tissue as well as in liver and intestine. This seems to be in contrast to other species such as the rat where de novo fatty acid synthesis can be induced to a high capacity of glucose removal. This leaves man with a limited capacity to store excess carbohydrate. The remaining possibilities are both the main glycogen stores in liver and in muscle. The latter is by far the largest. The capacity of muscle to assimilate glucose is dependent on its glycogen content that in turn is dependent on previous glycogen depletion to supply energy for muscle contraction. Man might, thus, be uniquely limited in the capacity to dispose of extra carbohydrate in the sedentary state. This might speculatively be thought to be an explanation for a carbohydrate excess syndrome in the sedentary state that may well increase the risk for obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and diabetes mellitus. The logical treatment for such a syndrome then is either a decreased intake of energy as carbohydrate or an increased disposal of carbohydrate energy by exercise. Exercise has, indeed, been shown to have such effects both after physical training programs and, perhaps more pertinent to the question, during a few days after a single exercise bout that has consumed a large amount of muscle glycogen.", "PMID": 723637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9714", "title": "Pathogenesis of glucose intolerance in uremia.", "content": "The pathogenesis of glucose intolerance in uremia was examined with the glucose clamp technique. Hyperglycemic clamp (n = 8): The plasma glucose concentration is acutely raised and maintained at 125 mg/dl above basal levels. Under these steady state conditions the glucose infusion rate, M, equals the amount of glucose metabolized: Predialysis M averaged 4.23 +/- 0.36 mg/kg/min and increased to 7.71 +/- 0.43 postdialysis (p less than 0.001). The plasma insulin response predialysis was 90 +/- 20 microU/ml and decreased to 80 +/- 23 microU/ml following dialysis. Consequently the M/l ratio, a measure of tissue sensitivity to insulin, increased by 80% +/- 25% (p less than 0.001) but still remained less than controls (p less than 0.01). Euglycemic insulin clamp (n = 10): The plasma insulin concentration is acutely raised by 100 microU/ml and the plasma glucose concentration is held constant at the basal level. Predialysis both M (3.37 +/- 0.36 mg/kg/min) and M/l (3.56 +/- 0.33 mg/kg/min per microU/ml X 100) were significantly less than controls (p less than 0.01). Postdialysis both M and M/l increased significantly (p less than 0.01) to a mean that was not significantly different from controls. Basal hepatic glucose production (n = 6), 2.15 +/- 0.09 mg/kg/min, was similar to controls and fell (87% +/- 4%) normally during the insulin clamp. In five uremic subjects in wom insulin binding to monocytes was measured, there was no correlation with tissue sensitivity to insulin (M/l). Significant abnormalities in both growth hormone and glucagon physiology were present in uremic individuals, but no correlation with either the presence or degree of glucose intolerance was demonstrable. In conclusion, glucose intolerance is universally present in uremic subjects and results primarily from peripheral tissue insensitivity to insulin. Insulin secretion is usually enhanced in an attempt to compensate for this insulin resistance but in occasional subjects uremia also inhibits beta cell sensitivity to glucose. Hepatic glucose production is unaffected by uremia. The lack of correlation between insulin binding and tissue sensitivity to insulin suggests that the cellular mechanism accounting for the insulin resistance is probably the result of a defect in intracellular metabolism or in the glucose transport system.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of glucose intolerance in uremia. The pathogenesis of glucose intolerance in uremia was examined with the glucose clamp technique. Hyperglycemic clamp (n = 8): The plasma glucose concentration is acutely raised and maintained at 125 mg/dl above basal levels. Under these steady state conditions the glucose infusion rate, M, equals the amount of glucose metabolized: Predialysis M averaged 4.23 +/- 0.36 mg/kg/min and increased to 7.71 +/- 0.43 postdialysis (p less than 0.001). The plasma insulin response predialysis was 90 +/- 20 microU/ml and decreased to 80 +/- 23 microU/ml following dialysis. Consequently the M/l ratio, a measure of tissue sensitivity to insulin, increased by 80% +/- 25% (p less than 0.001) but still remained less than controls (p less than 0.01). Euglycemic insulin clamp (n = 10): The plasma insulin concentration is acutely raised by 100 microU/ml and the plasma glucose concentration is held constant at the basal level. Predialysis both M (3.37 +/- 0.36 mg/kg/min) and M/l (3.56 +/- 0.33 mg/kg/min per microU/ml X 100) were significantly less than controls (p less than 0.01). Postdialysis both M and M/l increased significantly (p less than 0.01) to a mean that was not significantly different from controls. Basal hepatic glucose production (n = 6), 2.15 +/- 0.09 mg/kg/min, was similar to controls and fell (87% +/- 4%) normally during the insulin clamp. In five uremic subjects in wom insulin binding to monocytes was measured, there was no correlation with tissue sensitivity to insulin (M/l). Significant abnormalities in both growth hormone and glucagon physiology were present in uremic individuals, but no correlation with either the presence or degree of glucose intolerance was demonstrable. In conclusion, glucose intolerance is universally present in uremic subjects and results primarily from peripheral tissue insensitivity to insulin. Insulin secretion is usually enhanced in an attempt to compensate for this insulin resistance but in occasional subjects uremia also inhibits beta cell sensitivity to glucose. Hepatic glucose production is unaffected by uremia. The lack of correlation between insulin binding and tissue sensitivity to insulin suggests that the cellular mechanism accounting for the insulin resistance is probably the result of a defect in intracellular metabolism or in the glucose transport system.", "PMID": 723638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9715", "title": "Hyperinsulinemia in obesity syndromes: its metabolic consequences and possible etiology.", "content": "Animal models with genetic or experimentally produced (lesions of hypothalamus) obesities are numerous and unlikely to ever be reduced to a single pathophysiologic entity. However, obese animals have many similar traits in common. They are all hyperinsulinemic, an abnormality that occurs early in the development of these syndromes and appears to be of prime importance in producing most of the metabolic changes observed both in the early and late phases of the obesity syndromes. In all instances, obesity is an evolutional syndrome in which the early phase is different from the later one. The early phase is principally characterized by increased hepatic very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) output, increased adipose tissue lipogenesis and VLDL uptake, hence, increased fat accretion and fat cell size. These abnormalities are secondary to hyperinsulinemia and can be reversed toward normal by normalizing circulating insulin levels. The late phase is characterized by the continuation of the disorders of the early one plus a superimposed abnormality, the insulin resistance state, that is detectable particularly at the level of adipose and muscle tissues, and eventually brings about hyperglycemia. Insulin resistance is a multifactorial pathological condition that includes at least: (a) a decrease (more or less marked) in insulin binding to target tissues that is responsible for the decrease in tissue sensitivity to the hormone; (b) intracellular defects that are probably responsible for the decreased insulin responsiveness of target tissues. The origin of hyperinsulinemia in animal obesities is still ill-defined. Lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) produce rapid and lasting hyperinsulinemia. Such lesions produce, in addition, increased secretion of insulin and glucagon and changes in pancreatic insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin content in subsequently perfused pancreases. The locus responsible for these effects is not defined and may actually involve a series of interrelated loci. Whatever the latter may be, one of the routes of CNS influence upon endocrine pancreas is the vagus nerve, although a humoral factor has also been claimed. The etiology of hyperinsulinemia in genetically obese animals is unknown. Genetic inheritance could bear primarily upon some hypothalamic or other CNS sites, with secondary alterations in the endocrine pancreas function, or primarily on the islets of Langerhans with possible alteration in the respective function of the A, B, and D cells with resulting excessive insulin secretion.", "contents": "Hyperinsulinemia in obesity syndromes: its metabolic consequences and possible etiology. Animal models with genetic or experimentally produced (lesions of hypothalamus) obesities are numerous and unlikely to ever be reduced to a single pathophysiologic entity. However, obese animals have many similar traits in common. They are all hyperinsulinemic, an abnormality that occurs early in the development of these syndromes and appears to be of prime importance in producing most of the metabolic changes observed both in the early and late phases of the obesity syndromes. In all instances, obesity is an evolutional syndrome in which the early phase is different from the later one. The early phase is principally characterized by increased hepatic very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) output, increased adipose tissue lipogenesis and VLDL uptake, hence, increased fat accretion and fat cell size. These abnormalities are secondary to hyperinsulinemia and can be reversed toward normal by normalizing circulating insulin levels. The late phase is characterized by the continuation of the disorders of the early one plus a superimposed abnormality, the insulin resistance state, that is detectable particularly at the level of adipose and muscle tissues, and eventually brings about hyperglycemia. Insulin resistance is a multifactorial pathological condition that includes at least: (a) a decrease (more or less marked) in insulin binding to target tissues that is responsible for the decrease in tissue sensitivity to the hormone; (b) intracellular defects that are probably responsible for the decreased insulin responsiveness of target tissues. The origin of hyperinsulinemia in animal obesities is still ill-defined. Lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) produce rapid and lasting hyperinsulinemia. Such lesions produce, in addition, increased secretion of insulin and glucagon and changes in pancreatic insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin content in subsequently perfused pancreases. The locus responsible for these effects is not defined and may actually involve a series of interrelated loci. Whatever the latter may be, one of the routes of CNS influence upon endocrine pancreas is the vagus nerve, although a humoral factor has also been claimed. The etiology of hyperinsulinemia in genetically obese animals is unknown. Genetic inheritance could bear primarily upon some hypothalamic or other CNS sites, with secondary alterations in the endocrine pancreas function, or primarily on the islets of Langerhans with possible alteration in the respective function of the A, B, and D cells with resulting excessive insulin secretion.", "PMID": 723639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9716", "title": "Insulin resistance, insulin insensitivity, and insulin unresponsiveness: a necessary distinction.", "content": "Insulin resistance may be said to exist whenever normal concentrations of insulin produce a less than normal biologic response. Hormone resistant states may be divided into those due to decreased sensitivity to a hormone (i.e., a shift in the dose-response curve to the right), those due to a decrease in the maximal response to the hormone, and those that are combinations of decreased sensitivity and decreased responsiveness. This distinction is important, since the molecular mechanisms that produce these various forms of insulin resistance may be different. Disorders associated with alterations prior to the interaction of insulin with its receptor are more likely to produce states of decreased sensitivity, where disorders associated with alterations at the intracellular steps in insulin action are more likely to produce decreased responsiveness. Alterations in the insulin receptor itself may produce either, although most frequently changes in receptor affinity as well as in receptor number will be manifest as changes in sensitivity. This is a result of the large number of \"spare\" receptors for most insulin effects. In many studies, the differential diagnosis between states of altered sensitivity and altered responsiveness is difficult due to the complicated and interrelated nature of the metabolic pathways of insulin action. This is frequently further complicated by incomplete data (usually the result of studying response to only one hormone concentration rather than a full dose-response) and change in rates of basal metabolism in different diseases. The latter is a particularly difficult problem, but it is clear that use of \"fold-\" or \"percent-\" stimulation may further obscure the nature of the change when complete data are not provided. With more precise use of these terms and a more complete understanding of insulin action, it will be possible to begin to segregate the roles of the various prereceptor, receptor and postreceptor factors that are involved in producing the differing patterns of metabolism observed in disease.", "contents": "Insulin resistance, insulin insensitivity, and insulin unresponsiveness: a necessary distinction. Insulin resistance may be said to exist whenever normal concentrations of insulin produce a less than normal biologic response. Hormone resistant states may be divided into those due to decreased sensitivity to a hormone (i.e., a shift in the dose-response curve to the right), those due to a decrease in the maximal response to the hormone, and those that are combinations of decreased sensitivity and decreased responsiveness. This distinction is important, since the molecular mechanisms that produce these various forms of insulin resistance may be different. Disorders associated with alterations prior to the interaction of insulin with its receptor are more likely to produce states of decreased sensitivity, where disorders associated with alterations at the intracellular steps in insulin action are more likely to produce decreased responsiveness. Alterations in the insulin receptor itself may produce either, although most frequently changes in receptor affinity as well as in receptor number will be manifest as changes in sensitivity. This is a result of the large number of \"spare\" receptors for most insulin effects. In many studies, the differential diagnosis between states of altered sensitivity and altered responsiveness is difficult due to the complicated and interrelated nature of the metabolic pathways of insulin action. This is frequently further complicated by incomplete data (usually the result of studying response to only one hormone concentration rather than a full dose-response) and change in rates of basal metabolism in different diseases. The latter is a particularly difficult problem, but it is clear that use of \"fold-\" or \"percent-\" stimulation may further obscure the nature of the change when complete data are not provided. With more precise use of these terms and a more complete understanding of insulin action, it will be possible to begin to segregate the roles of the various prereceptor, receptor and postreceptor factors that are involved in producing the differing patterns of metabolism observed in disease.", "PMID": 723640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9717", "title": "Ability of circulating insulin to chronically regulate the cellular glucose transport system.", "content": "We have tested the idea that the circulating plasma insulin level plays an important role in the long-term regulation, or maintenance, of the cellular glucose transport system, distinct from insulin's ability to acutely accelerate glucose transport. To study this hypothesis, groups of rats were made either hyperinsulinemic or hypoinsulinemic by daily insulin injections or Streptozotocin treatment, respectively. Different levels of hypoinsulinemia were produced by using different doses of Streptozotocin (40 and 55 mg/kg). Isolated adipocytes were prepared from each animal and glucose transport was assessed by measuring the initial rates of uptake of the nonmetabolyzable hexose 2-deoxy glucose. In cells from control animals, the Vmax of in vitro adipocyte glucose transport was 7.1 +/- 0.7 nmole/min/10(6) cells in the basal state and 22.9 +/- 0.9 nmole/min/10(6) cells in the presence of a maximally effective insulin concentration (25 ng/ml) in the buffer. In cells from the experimentally hyperinsulinemic animals, these Vmax values were increased to 11.7 +/- 0.8 and 44.2 +/- 1.1 nmole/min/10(6) cells. Using adipocytes from both groups of Streptozotocin treated (high dose, 55 mg/kg, low dose, 40 mg/kg) insulin deficient diabetic animals, Vmax values were found to be progressively decreased. Thus, in the low dose group, basal and insulin stimulated Vmax values were 1.6 +/- 0.5 and 5.7 +/- 0.7 nmole/min/10(6) cells, as compared to values of 0.9 +/- 0.2 and 1.7 +/- 0.6 in the high dose group. Furthermore, when hyperinsulinemia was induced by feeding rats high carbohydrate diets for 10 days, adipocyte glucose transport Vmax increased 50%. In contrast, when hypoinsulinemia was achieved by fasting rats for 72 hr, transport Vmax decreased by 50%. The apparent Km for 2-deoxy glucose uptake was the same under all conditions. In conclusion, assuming that the Vmax of transport is some function of the number of glucose transport carriers per cell, then these results support the hypothesis that in addition to acute acceleration of glucose transport, insulin is also an important long-term regulator of the number of available adipocyte glucose transport carriers.", "contents": "Ability of circulating insulin to chronically regulate the cellular glucose transport system. We have tested the idea that the circulating plasma insulin level plays an important role in the long-term regulation, or maintenance, of the cellular glucose transport system, distinct from insulin's ability to acutely accelerate glucose transport. To study this hypothesis, groups of rats were made either hyperinsulinemic or hypoinsulinemic by daily insulin injections or Streptozotocin treatment, respectively. Different levels of hypoinsulinemia were produced by using different doses of Streptozotocin (40 and 55 mg/kg). Isolated adipocytes were prepared from each animal and glucose transport was assessed by measuring the initial rates of uptake of the nonmetabolyzable hexose 2-deoxy glucose. In cells from control animals, the Vmax of in vitro adipocyte glucose transport was 7.1 +/- 0.7 nmole/min/10(6) cells in the basal state and 22.9 +/- 0.9 nmole/min/10(6) cells in the presence of a maximally effective insulin concentration (25 ng/ml) in the buffer. In cells from the experimentally hyperinsulinemic animals, these Vmax values were increased to 11.7 +/- 0.8 and 44.2 +/- 1.1 nmole/min/10(6) cells. Using adipocytes from both groups of Streptozotocin treated (high dose, 55 mg/kg, low dose, 40 mg/kg) insulin deficient diabetic animals, Vmax values were found to be progressively decreased. Thus, in the low dose group, basal and insulin stimulated Vmax values were 1.6 +/- 0.5 and 5.7 +/- 0.7 nmole/min/10(6) cells, as compared to values of 0.9 +/- 0.2 and 1.7 +/- 0.6 in the high dose group. Furthermore, when hyperinsulinemia was induced by feeding rats high carbohydrate diets for 10 days, adipocyte glucose transport Vmax increased 50%. In contrast, when hypoinsulinemia was achieved by fasting rats for 72 hr, transport Vmax decreased by 50%. The apparent Km for 2-deoxy glucose uptake was the same under all conditions. In conclusion, assuming that the Vmax of transport is some function of the number of glucose transport carriers per cell, then these results support the hypothesis that in addition to acute acceleration of glucose transport, insulin is also an important long-term regulator of the number of available adipocyte glucose transport carriers.", "PMID": 723641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9718", "title": "Adipose tissue hyperplasia and hyperinsulinemia on Zucker obese female rats: a developmental study.", "content": "Obese female Zucker rats show persistent increases in fat cell number compared to lean female Zucker rats from 5 to 52 wk of age. The hyperplastic obesity of the Zucker rat is also accompanied by fat cell hypertrophy and elevated plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI). Average adipocyte size reaches a peak value at 14 wk of age in the subcutaneous, retroperitoneal and parametrial depots of the female obese rat. Plasma IRI also shows a peak at 14 wk of age. In addition, at this age thymidine kinase activity, a measure of proliferative capacity in tissue, is elevated in obese compared to lean rats, and at 15 1/2 wk of age a bimodal distribution of adipocytes is present in obese rat adipose tissue. The data suggest that attainment of a critical adipocyte size accompanied by maximum levels of plasma IRI may act in concert to potentiate fat cell hyperplasia in Zucker obese rats.", "contents": "Adipose tissue hyperplasia and hyperinsulinemia on Zucker obese female rats: a developmental study. Obese female Zucker rats show persistent increases in fat cell number compared to lean female Zucker rats from 5 to 52 wk of age. The hyperplastic obesity of the Zucker rat is also accompanied by fat cell hypertrophy and elevated plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI). Average adipocyte size reaches a peak value at 14 wk of age in the subcutaneous, retroperitoneal and parametrial depots of the female obese rat. Plasma IRI also shows a peak at 14 wk of age. In addition, at this age thymidine kinase activity, a measure of proliferative capacity in tissue, is elevated in obese compared to lean rats, and at 15 1/2 wk of age a bimodal distribution of adipocytes is present in obese rat adipose tissue. The data suggest that attainment of a critical adipocyte size accompanied by maximum levels of plasma IRI may act in concert to potentiate fat cell hyperplasia in Zucker obese rats.", "PMID": 723643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9719", "title": "Increased adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity during the development of the genetically obese rat (fa/fa).", "content": "Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) enzyme activity in epididymal adipose tissue from obese and lean Zucker rats was measured. At 5, 10, 13, and 20 wk of age obese rats have heavier fat pads, larger fat cells, and more LPL per epididymal fat pad and per fat cell than do their lean littermate controls. Although LPL per fat cell increased as fat cell size increased in lean rats, the increased LPL activity in the obese could not be attributed solely to increased fat cell size. When obese and lean rats had similar cell sizes, LPL per fat cell was still significantly increased in the obese compared to lean. Furthermore LPL activity was increased in \"preobese\" (fa/fa) rats compared to either lean genotype (Fa/fa or Fa/Fa) during the second postnatal week. The data suggest that early increments in LPL activity in adipose tissue of the \"pre-obese\" rat may significantly contribute to the early fat cell hypertrophy seen during the development of this genetic obesity. Furthermore, early increased LPL activity may prove useful as a predictor of the onset of obesity.", "contents": "Increased adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity during the development of the genetically obese rat (fa/fa). Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) enzyme activity in epididymal adipose tissue from obese and lean Zucker rats was measured. At 5, 10, 13, and 20 wk of age obese rats have heavier fat pads, larger fat cells, and more LPL per epididymal fat pad and per fat cell than do their lean littermate controls. Although LPL per fat cell increased as fat cell size increased in lean rats, the increased LPL activity in the obese could not be attributed solely to increased fat cell size. When obese and lean rats had similar cell sizes, LPL per fat cell was still significantly increased in the obese compared to lean. Furthermore LPL activity was increased in \"preobese\" (fa/fa) rats compared to either lean genotype (Fa/fa or Fa/Fa) during the second postnatal week. The data suggest that early increments in LPL activity in adipose tissue of the \"pre-obese\" rat may significantly contribute to the early fat cell hypertrophy seen during the development of this genetic obesity. Furthermore, early increased LPL activity may prove useful as a predictor of the onset of obesity.", "PMID": 723644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9720", "title": "Insulin response in skeletal muscle and fat cells of the genetically obese Zucker rat.", "content": "Isolated fat cells derived from 10-wk-old Zucker obese rats utilized substantially greater amounts of glucose per cell in the presence or absence of insulin than those from lean rats. Initial rates of deoxyglucose or 3-0-methylglucose uptake in fat cells from Zucker obese rats were also 5--10 times greater than those observed in cells from lean rats. However, while 240 microU/ml insulin elicited a maximal response in fat cells from lean rats, this dose of hormone was only about 50% as effective as 24 microU/ml insulin in stimulating glucose metabolism or hexose transport in obese rat cells. This apparent rightward shift in the dose response-relationship could not be adequately explained on the basis of decreased insulin receptors since (125I-) insulin binding per fat cell was increased 2.5--3-fold in obesity, while receptor density on the cell surface in obesity was decreased only slightly. Soleus muscles from obese Zucker rats exhibited decreased basal rates of D(5-3H)glucose conversion to glycogen and H2O compared to those of lean controls. While the percent increase in glucose metabolism due to a supermaximal dose of insulin was similar in soleus muscles of lean and obese Zucker rats, a blunted response to a submaximal insulin dose was observed in muscles from the latter animals. This rightward shift in the dose-response relationship was also observed when deoxyglucose uptake was monitored in soleus muscles from obese rats. Binding of (1251-) insulin to soleus muscles at a medium concentration of 57 microU/ml was significantly decreased in obese compared to lean rats. We conclude that (1) fat cells do not contribute to the insulin resistance of 10-wk obese Zucer rats since glucose utilization is higher in these cells at all concentrations of insulin tested, (2) obese Zucker rat soleus muscle metabolism is defective in two respects--imparied basal glucose utilization and a rightward shift in the insulin dose-response relationship with respect to hexose transport, and (3) this latter defect involving decreased sensitivity of muscle to insulin appears to result from a marked decrease in cell surface receptors for the hormone.", "contents": "Insulin response in skeletal muscle and fat cells of the genetically obese Zucker rat. Isolated fat cells derived from 10-wk-old Zucker obese rats utilized substantially greater amounts of glucose per cell in the presence or absence of insulin than those from lean rats. Initial rates of deoxyglucose or 3-0-methylglucose uptake in fat cells from Zucker obese rats were also 5--10 times greater than those observed in cells from lean rats. However, while 240 microU/ml insulin elicited a maximal response in fat cells from lean rats, this dose of hormone was only about 50% as effective as 24 microU/ml insulin in stimulating glucose metabolism or hexose transport in obese rat cells. This apparent rightward shift in the dose response-relationship could not be adequately explained on the basis of decreased insulin receptors since (125I-) insulin binding per fat cell was increased 2.5--3-fold in obesity, while receptor density on the cell surface in obesity was decreased only slightly. Soleus muscles from obese Zucker rats exhibited decreased basal rates of D(5-3H)glucose conversion to glycogen and H2O compared to those of lean controls. While the percent increase in glucose metabolism due to a supermaximal dose of insulin was similar in soleus muscles of lean and obese Zucker rats, a blunted response to a submaximal insulin dose was observed in muscles from the latter animals. This rightward shift in the dose-response relationship was also observed when deoxyglucose uptake was monitored in soleus muscles from obese rats. Binding of (1251-) insulin to soleus muscles at a medium concentration of 57 microU/ml was significantly decreased in obese compared to lean rats. We conclude that (1) fat cells do not contribute to the insulin resistance of 10-wk obese Zucer rats since glucose utilization is higher in these cells at all concentrations of insulin tested, (2) obese Zucker rat soleus muscle metabolism is defective in two respects--imparied basal glucose utilization and a rightward shift in the insulin dose-response relationship with respect to hexose transport, and (3) this latter defect involving decreased sensitivity of muscle to insulin appears to result from a marked decrease in cell surface receptors for the hormone.", "PMID": 723645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9721", "title": "Studies of insulin insensitivity in soleus muscles of obese mice.", "content": "The isolated mouse soleus muscle is a suitable system to measure specific insulin binding and insulin effects. Studies in obese mice have pointed to discrete sites of insulin resistance of skeletal muscle in obesity: (1) A decrease in the number of insulin receptors, which may result in diminished insulin sensitivity (i.e., impaired responses to submaximally stimulating doses of insulin); and (2) Alterations that lay apart from, or beyond, the insulin receptor: thus, glucose transport (and/or phosphorylation) appears to be intrinsically altered and the stimulation by insulin of glycogen synthesis is markedly depressed. These alterations are responsible for the marked resistance to maximally stimulating doses of insulin. The serum from a patient with the syndrome of insulin resistance and acanthosis nigricans contains antibodies that inhibit insulin binding and exert insulin-like effects in muscle; this serum is, however, less effective than insulin in maximally stimulating glycogen synthesis, which suggests some differences in their mechanisms of action.", "contents": "Studies of insulin insensitivity in soleus muscles of obese mice. The isolated mouse soleus muscle is a suitable system to measure specific insulin binding and insulin effects. Studies in obese mice have pointed to discrete sites of insulin resistance of skeletal muscle in obesity: (1) A decrease in the number of insulin receptors, which may result in diminished insulin sensitivity (i.e., impaired responses to submaximally stimulating doses of insulin); and (2) Alterations that lay apart from, or beyond, the insulin receptor: thus, glucose transport (and/or phosphorylation) appears to be intrinsically altered and the stimulation by insulin of glycogen synthesis is markedly depressed. These alterations are responsible for the marked resistance to maximally stimulating doses of insulin. The serum from a patient with the syndrome of insulin resistance and acanthosis nigricans contains antibodies that inhibit insulin binding and exert insulin-like effects in muscle; this serum is, however, less effective than insulin in maximally stimulating glycogen synthesis, which suggests some differences in their mechanisms of action.", "PMID": 723646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9722", "title": "Primary insulin antagonism of glucose transport in muscle from the older-obese rat.", "content": "Effects of insulin (1 mU/ml) on diaphragms removed from older-obese (70--110 days, 350--520 g) male Sprague-Dawley rats were compared to responses on muscle removed from younger-lean (27--36 days, 80--150 g) animals. Insulin antagonism on glucose transport (2DG uptake), glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, glycolysis (lactate production), and glucose oxidation was demonstrated in tissue from the older-obese rats. Extracellular water spaces (measured with inulin-H3) were significantly decreased in these tissue. To determine if insulin antagonism of glucose transport could be secondary to inhibition of a rate-limiting reaction in the Embden-Meyerhof pathway with a subsequent negative feedback on transport, both tissue levels of glycolytic intermediates and oxidation of intracellular lipids were measured. No free intracellular glucose was found in diaphragms from either group of rats. Levels of G-6-P, F-6-P, F-1, 6-diP, PEP, and pyruvate were all lower in muscle from the older-obese animals. Incorporation of C14-FFA into tissue TG was slightly, but significantly, lower in this same tissue. Oxidation of intracellular TG and PL was similar in the two groups. In conclusion, diaphragms from older-obese rats manifest insulin antagonism of glucose transport that is probably responsible for the diminished hormonal effect on glucose uptake and the intracellular pathways of glycogen synthesis, glycolysis, and glucose oxidation. This inhibition of insulin action cannot be accounted for by changes in glycolytic intermediates causing a negative feedback on transport or enhanced lipid oxidation and therefore should be considered primary. The relative effects of age and obesity will need to be evaluated in future studies.", "contents": "Primary insulin antagonism of glucose transport in muscle from the older-obese rat. Effects of insulin (1 mU/ml) on diaphragms removed from older-obese (70--110 days, 350--520 g) male Sprague-Dawley rats were compared to responses on muscle removed from younger-lean (27--36 days, 80--150 g) animals. Insulin antagonism on glucose transport (2DG uptake), glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, glycolysis (lactate production), and glucose oxidation was demonstrated in tissue from the older-obese rats. Extracellular water spaces (measured with inulin-H3) were significantly decreased in these tissue. To determine if insulin antagonism of glucose transport could be secondary to inhibition of a rate-limiting reaction in the Embden-Meyerhof pathway with a subsequent negative feedback on transport, both tissue levels of glycolytic intermediates and oxidation of intracellular lipids were measured. No free intracellular glucose was found in diaphragms from either group of rats. Levels of G-6-P, F-6-P, F-1, 6-diP, PEP, and pyruvate were all lower in muscle from the older-obese animals. Incorporation of C14-FFA into tissue TG was slightly, but significantly, lower in this same tissue. Oxidation of intracellular TG and PL was similar in the two groups. In conclusion, diaphragms from older-obese rats manifest insulin antagonism of glucose transport that is probably responsible for the diminished hormonal effect on glucose uptake and the intracellular pathways of glycogen synthesis, glycolysis, and glucose oxidation. This inhibition of insulin action cannot be accounted for by changes in glycolytic intermediates causing a negative feedback on transport or enhanced lipid oxidation and therefore should be considered primary. The relative effects of age and obesity will need to be evaluated in future studies.", "PMID": 723647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9723", "title": "Early changes in gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis following destruction of the ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei.", "content": "Young male rats were injected with tritiated water 6 hr after destruction of the ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei (VMN). One hour later they were sacrificed and the incorporation of tritium into liver and carcass lipids, proteins, and glycogen and into plasma glucose and proteins was measured. It was found that lesioned rats showed increased incorporation into carcass and liver lipid, liver and plasma protein and plasma glucose. Conclusions are that the processes of lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis are accelerated within 6 hr after VMN destruction.", "contents": "Early changes in gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis following destruction of the ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei. Young male rats were injected with tritiated water 6 hr after destruction of the ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei (VMN). One hour later they were sacrificed and the incorporation of tritium into liver and carcass lipids, proteins, and glycogen and into plasma glucose and proteins was measured. It was found that lesioned rats showed increased incorporation into carcass and liver lipid, liver and plasma protein and plasma glucose. Conclusions are that the processes of lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis are accelerated within 6 hr after VMN destruction.", "PMID": 723648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9724", "title": "Process of consecutive cell divisions and separations in a regular tetrads-forming mutant of Micrococcus lysodeikticus (luteus).", "content": "A mutant MT of Micrococcus lysodeikticus (luteus) IFO 3333, whose minimum growing unit is not a single cell, but a tetrad unlike the wild-type divides by binary fission of each monococcus, and then separates first into two daughter tetrads, second into four tetrads and third into eight tetrads. The three planes of either the cell division or the cell separation are equivalent to one another and oriented at right angles in three dimensions, respectively. The process of consecutive cell divisions and separations of the mutant tetrads was schematically illustrated.", "contents": "Process of consecutive cell divisions and separations in a regular tetrads-forming mutant of Micrococcus lysodeikticus (luteus). A mutant MT of Micrococcus lysodeikticus (luteus) IFO 3333, whose minimum growing unit is not a single cell, but a tetrad unlike the wild-type divides by binary fission of each monococcus, and then separates first into two daughter tetrads, second into four tetrads and third into eight tetrads. The three planes of either the cell division or the cell separation are equivalent to one another and oriented at right angles in three dimensions, respectively. The process of consecutive cell divisions and separations of the mutant tetrads was schematically illustrated.", "PMID": 723650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9725", "title": "Effects of homologous O-antibody on host responses to lipopolysaccharide from Yersinia enterocolitica: neutralization of its pyrogenicity.", "content": "The pyrogenic activity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) obtained from Yersinia enterocolitica was neutralized by the homologous O-antiserum at the optimal antigen/antibody ratio. The level of neutralization in either antigen excess or extreme antibody excess was significantly lower than that at the optimal ratio. These facts suggested that the structure of the so-called \"lattice\" of LPS/antibody complex might influence the neutralization of pyrogenic activity. Moreover, when LPS was gradually added to the antiserum to reach the optimal antigen/antibody ratio, the pyrogenic activity of LPS was only slightly neutralized by the antibody. The similar event to Danysz phenomenon that has been known in the diphtheria toxin-antitoxin system was also observed in the LPS-anti-LPS system.", "contents": "Effects of homologous O-antibody on host responses to lipopolysaccharide from Yersinia enterocolitica: neutralization of its pyrogenicity. The pyrogenic activity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) obtained from Yersinia enterocolitica was neutralized by the homologous O-antiserum at the optimal antigen/antibody ratio. The level of neutralization in either antigen excess or extreme antibody excess was significantly lower than that at the optimal ratio. These facts suggested that the structure of the so-called \"lattice\" of LPS/antibody complex might influence the neutralization of pyrogenic activity. Moreover, when LPS was gradually added to the antiserum to reach the optimal antigen/antibody ratio, the pyrogenic activity of LPS was only slightly neutralized by the antibody. The similar event to Danysz phenomenon that has been known in the diphtheria toxin-antitoxin system was also observed in the LPS-anti-LPS system.", "PMID": 723651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9726", "title": "Research as an educational tool: experience from Balint groups.", "content": "The educational and professional value of research is real but may be deceptive and costly. The history and theory of Balint groups for GPs are reviewed. The value of research in the context of Balint groups is examined and some implications of this experience are discussed in relation to a professional ethos for doctors and their teachers.", "contents": "Research as an educational tool: experience from Balint groups. The educational and professional value of research is real but may be deceptive and costly. The history and theory of Balint groups for GPs are reviewed. The value of research in the context of Balint groups is examined and some implications of this experience are discussed in relation to a professional ethos for doctors and their teachers.", "PMID": 723684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9727", "title": "A comparison of short and multiple choice questions in the evaluation of students of biochemistry.", "content": "Premedical and other undergraduate students were given an examination consisting of a section of short questions and a section of multiple choice questions of the one in five type. After correction for random guessing, the average multiple choice mark was close to the average short question mark. Thus the theoretical 'average' student did equally well in both types of examination. Individual multiple choice marks were plotted against the corresponding short question mark. Although the two sets of marks were highly correlated  (P less than 0.001), there was still a wide scatter around the best-fit, least-square line (r = 0.63). Thus dependence on one type of examination alone could have seriously penalized some students. The least-squares line was extrapolated to determine the multiple-choice mark of a theoretical 'idiot' student, defined as one obtaining zero marks in the short question section of the examination. This student did better than predicted on the basis of random guessing. On the other hand a theoretical 'genius' student, defined as one obtaining top marks in the short question section, did less well than predicted. Thus multiple choice examinations, even when corrected for the random guessing component, may overestimate weaker students and underestimate stronger students.", "contents": "A comparison of short and multiple choice questions in the evaluation of students of biochemistry. Premedical and other undergraduate students were given an examination consisting of a section of short questions and a section of multiple choice questions of the one in five type. After correction for random guessing, the average multiple choice mark was close to the average short question mark. Thus the theoretical 'average' student did equally well in both types of examination. Individual multiple choice marks were plotted against the corresponding short question mark. Although the two sets of marks were highly correlated  (P less than 0.001), there was still a wide scatter around the best-fit, least-square line (r = 0.63). Thus dependence on one type of examination alone could have seriously penalized some students. The least-squares line was extrapolated to determine the multiple-choice mark of a theoretical 'idiot' student, defined as one obtaining zero marks in the short question section of the examination. This student did better than predicted on the basis of random guessing. On the other hand a theoretical 'genius' student, defined as one obtaining top marks in the short question section, did less well than predicted. Thus multiple choice examinations, even when corrected for the random guessing component, may overestimate weaker students and underestimate stronger students.", "PMID": 723685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9728", "title": "The interrupted interview: a method for facilitating the development of clinical observational skills.", "content": "A teaching technique using videotaped interview data is described which sensitizes students to the verbal and non-verbal data presented by patients. In addition it provides experience of the active, hypothesis-testing posture interviewers need to adopt in order to function effectively.", "contents": "The interrupted interview: a method for facilitating the development of clinical observational skills. A teaching technique using videotaped interview data is described which sensitizes students to the verbal and non-verbal data presented by patients. In addition it provides experience of the active, hypothesis-testing posture interviewers need to adopt in order to function effectively.", "PMID": 723686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9729", "title": "Videotape recording in the assessment of the history-taking skills of medical students.", "content": "The potential of videotape recording in the assessment of student history-taking skills has been explored in a third year general practice undergraduate course. By concentrating on priority areas in history-taking it has been possible to develop a profile of the strengths and weaknesses of individual students and of the group as a whole which should be of value to course organizers.", "contents": "Videotape recording in the assessment of the history-taking skills of medical students. The potential of videotape recording in the assessment of student history-taking skills has been explored in a third year general practice undergraduate course. By concentrating on priority areas in history-taking it has been possible to develop a profile of the strengths and weaknesses of individual students and of the group as a whole which should be of value to course organizers.", "PMID": 723687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9730", "title": "Measuring clinical competence of medical students.", "content": "Evidence of clinical competence for medical students entering the clinical clerkships at the University of Kansas College of Health Sciences is established by passing two different examinations: a 100 item multiple choice examination and a videotaped history and physical examination by each student of a simulated patient, being rated by that patient and two examiners. In 1976 the class of 196 medical students took an average 1.85 written examinations per student. With 70% or better constituting a passing score, 30.6% passed on the first attempt, 55.6% the second, 11.2% the third and 2.5% the fourth. Each student passed the televised practical examination and had the opportunity to review his or her videotape with a critiqued data base and the examiners' and simulated patient's evaluations in hand. Correlation coefficients for all 196 students between scores of written examinations, medicine tutors, examiners and professional patients revealed weak but significant correlations between the assessments of examiners and medical tutors and assessments of examiners and written examination scores, but not between other evaluations. This scheme of proof of competence appears to be objective and direct, and serves the convenience of both students and teaching staff.", "contents": "Measuring clinical competence of medical students. Evidence of clinical competence for medical students entering the clinical clerkships at the University of Kansas College of Health Sciences is established by passing two different examinations: a 100 item multiple choice examination and a videotaped history and physical examination by each student of a simulated patient, being rated by that patient and two examiners. In 1976 the class of 196 medical students took an average 1.85 written examinations per student. With 70% or better constituting a passing score, 30.6% passed on the first attempt, 55.6% the second, 11.2% the third and 2.5% the fourth. Each student passed the televised practical examination and had the opportunity to review his or her videotape with a critiqued data base and the examiners' and simulated patient's evaluations in hand. Correlation coefficients for all 196 students between scores of written examinations, medicine tutors, examiners and professional patients revealed weak but significant correlations between the assessments of examiners and medical tutors and assessments of examiners and written examination scores, but not between other evaluations. This scheme of proof of competence appears to be objective and direct, and serves the convenience of both students and teaching staff.", "PMID": 723688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9731", "title": "The workshop concept in training of health personnel.", "content": "A description is given of the planning, conduct and evaluation of four workshops for health personnel. Components common to all programmes are used to derive a basic model which could be used for educational training training. The results indicate that participants found their workshop experience valuable and relevant to education in the health sciences.", "contents": "The workshop concept in training of health personnel. A description is given of the planning, conduct and evaluation of four workshops for health personnel. Components common to all programmes are used to derive a basic model which could be used for educational training training. The results indicate that participants found their workshop experience valuable and relevant to education in the health sciences.", "PMID": 723689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9732", "title": "A follow-up of the career preferences of Manchester and Sheffield graduates of 1972 and 1973.", "content": "Pre-registration house officers who answered enquiries in 1973 and 1974 about career preferences were written to again in 1976. This yielded 205 comparisons, in which 134 (65.5%) doctors retained their original first choice of career, thirty-five (17%) opted for their previous second or third choice and thirty-six (17.5%) gave a completely new choice. The most common reasons for a change in career choice were reappraisal of aptitudes and abilities, altered domestic circumstances, additional knowledge of promotion and career prospects and additional experience of the new choice of career.", "contents": "A follow-up of the career preferences of Manchester and Sheffield graduates of 1972 and 1973. Pre-registration house officers who answered enquiries in 1973 and 1974 about career preferences were written to again in 1976. This yielded 205 comparisons, in which 134 (65.5%) doctors retained their original first choice of career, thirty-five (17%) opted for their previous second or third choice and thirty-six (17.5%) gave a completely new choice. The most common reasons for a change in career choice were reappraisal of aptitudes and abilities, altered domestic circumstances, additional knowledge of promotion and career prospects and additional experience of the new choice of career.", "PMID": 723690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9733", "title": "A postgraduate course in community paediatrics.", "content": "Community paediatrics is assuming increasing importance but is rarely taught as an entity. We have recently organized a course in community paediatrics for general practitioners, doctors working in the area child health services and hospital paediatricians. Features of this day release course are self-instruction at home with specially prepared material, discussion between doctors from different disciplines, discussion with non-medical professionals and the undertaking and presentation of a project. The course is flexible, and once set up can be run without extensive facilities and resources.", "contents": "A postgraduate course in community paediatrics. Community paediatrics is assuming increasing importance but is rarely taught as an entity. We have recently organized a course in community paediatrics for general practitioners, doctors working in the area child health services and hospital paediatricians. Features of this day release course are self-instruction at home with specially prepared material, discussion between doctors from different disciplines, discussion with non-medical professionals and the undertaking and presentation of a project. The course is flexible, and once set up can be run without extensive facilities and resources.", "PMID": 723692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9734", "title": "A school of community paediatrics.", "content": "Medical graduates need a new kind of instruction in the health care of children. The practice of general practitioners, clinical medical officers and paediatricians can be improved by it. The nature of a school, created for this purpose, its teaching programme, it first year of operation and its possible future are described.", "contents": "A school of community paediatrics. Medical graduates need a new kind of instruction in the health care of children. The practice of general practitioners, clinical medical officers and paediatricians can be improved by it. The nature of a school, created for this purpose, its teaching programme, it first year of operation and its possible future are described.", "PMID": 723693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9735", "title": "Hypernephroma treated by nephrectomy, excision of tumour, and autotransplantation.", "content": "A patient developed a hypernephroma in his only fuctioning kidney. This was treated by nephrectomy, bench surgery which involved excision of the tumour and repair of the kidney, and autotransplantation. The patient remains well with good renal function, and no recurrent or metastatic disease.", "contents": "Hypernephroma treated by nephrectomy, excision of tumour, and autotransplantation. A patient developed a hypernephroma in his only fuctioning kidney. This was treated by nephrectomy, bench surgery which involved excision of the tumour and repair of the kidney, and autotransplantation. The patient remains well with good renal function, and no recurrent or metastatic disease.", "PMID": 723694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9736", "title": "Preliminary report on ten patients with spinal cord injuries treated with hyperbaric oxygen.", "content": "A preliminary report is presented on 10 patients with spinal cord injuries who were treated with hyperbaric oxygen. The results suggest that by supporting injured spinal cord tissue with oxygen under pressure, improvement in nerve function may occur. No deterioration of motor power or sensation was evident during or after hyperbaric oxygen treatment in any of these patients. The possible contribution of ischaemia to the pathology of spinal cord injury should encourage further experimental research and clinical trials with hyperbaric oxygen.", "contents": "Preliminary report on ten patients with spinal cord injuries treated with hyperbaric oxygen. A preliminary report is presented on 10 patients with spinal cord injuries who were treated with hyperbaric oxygen. The results suggest that by supporting injured spinal cord tissue with oxygen under pressure, improvement in nerve function may occur. No deterioration of motor power or sensation was evident during or after hyperbaric oxygen treatment in any of these patients. The possible contribution of ischaemia to the pathology of spinal cord injury should encourage further experimental research and clinical trials with hyperbaric oxygen.", "PMID": 723708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9737", "title": "Hyperbaric oxygen and acute spinal cord injuries in humans.", "content": "Clinical assessment of a regime of hyperbaric oxygen within 12 hours of acute spinal injury in humans suggests that further study of this method of treatment is indicated. For statistical proof of the efficacy of this form of treatment study of a large number of patients is necessary and an Australia-wide study is suggested. A recommendation is made for early referral to the spinal unit.", "contents": "Hyperbaric oxygen and acute spinal cord injuries in humans. Clinical assessment of a regime of hyperbaric oxygen within 12 hours of acute spinal injury in humans suggests that further study of this method of treatment is indicated. For statistical proof of the efficacy of this form of treatment study of a large number of patients is necessary and an Australia-wide study is suggested. A recommendation is made for early referral to the spinal unit.", "PMID": 723709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9738", "title": "Funnel chest: results and description of an improved operative technique.", "content": "An improved operative technique for funnel chest is described in detail. The results of operation with this procedure on 229 cases over the past 10 years are compared with those obtained, using an earlier technique, on 319 cases over the preceding 16 years.", "contents": "Funnel chest: results and description of an improved operative technique. An improved operative technique for funnel chest is described in detail. The results of operation with this procedure on 229 cases over the past 10 years are compared with those obtained, using an earlier technique, on 319 cases over the preceding 16 years.", "PMID": 723710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9739", "title": "Cardiac arrest after cervical spine mobilization.", "content": "This case report describes cardiorespiratory arrest which occurred in a 38-year-old man immediately after a mobilization procedure of the cervical spine without anaesthesia.", "contents": "Cardiac arrest after cervical spine mobilization. This case report describes cardiorespiratory arrest which occurred in a 38-year-old man immediately after a mobilization procedure of the cervical spine without anaesthesia.", "PMID": 723723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9740", "title": "Tonsillar hypertrophy and chronic hypoxia.", "content": "Three patients with hypertrophied tonsils presented in the Mater Children's Hospital with chronic hypoxia and congestive cardiac failure. The clinical features and physiological basis of this unusual syndrome are discussed. The condition is potentially fatal, but may be completely cured by adenotonsillectomy.", "contents": "Tonsillar hypertrophy and chronic hypoxia. Three patients with hypertrophied tonsils presented in the Mater Children's Hospital with chronic hypoxia and congestive cardiac failure. The clinical features and physiological basis of this unusual syndrome are discussed. The condition is potentially fatal, but may be completely cured by adenotonsillectomy.", "PMID": 723724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9741", "title": "Sudden death in infancy in Tasmania, 1970--1976.", "content": "A series of 155 sudden infant deaths in Tasmania for the period from 1970 to 1976 gives an incidence rate of 2.94 deaths per 1000 live births. This abnormally high State figure is composed of significant internal regional variations. The seasonal, age, and sex distributions are, however, similar to those generally reported elsewhere. If \"pneumonitis\", as defined in this paper, is also included, the over-all rate of sudden infant deaths becomes 3.79 per 1000 live births.", "contents": "Sudden death in infancy in Tasmania, 1970--1976. A series of 155 sudden infant deaths in Tasmania for the period from 1970 to 1976 gives an incidence rate of 2.94 deaths per 1000 live births. This abnormally high State figure is composed of significant internal regional variations. The seasonal, age, and sex distributions are, however, similar to those generally reported elsewhere. If \"pneumonitis\", as defined in this paper, is also included, the over-all rate of sudden infant deaths becomes 3.79 per 1000 live births.", "PMID": 723725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9742", "title": "The age of the menopause of Australian women.", "content": "The mean age of the menopause by probit analysis in a group of apparently healthy Australian women was 50.4 years. No relationship was found between this value and the age of the menarche or the number of children born or the age at the time of birth of the first child. The mean duration of the menstruating life was 26.3 years with a range of from 17 to 44 years.", "contents": "The age of the menopause of Australian women. The mean age of the menopause by probit analysis in a group of apparently healthy Australian women was 50.4 years. No relationship was found between this value and the age of the menarche or the number of children born or the age at the time of birth of the first child. The mean duration of the menstruating life was 26.3 years with a range of from 17 to 44 years.", "PMID": 723726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9743", "title": "Elastofibroma dorsi.", "content": "A case of bilateral subscapular elastfibroma dorsi in a 60-year-old woman is described. The striking clinical and pathological features of this rare benign tumour-like lesion are described and illustrated.", "contents": "Elastofibroma dorsi. A case of bilateral subscapular elastfibroma dorsi in a 60-year-old woman is described. The striking clinical and pathological features of this rare benign tumour-like lesion are described and illustrated.", "PMID": 723734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9744", "title": "A needle biopsy would be quickest.", "content": "A case of a benign intrathoracic thyroid adenoma which was biopsied percutaneously is described. Except for a routine posterior-anterior (PA) and lateral chest X-ray examination, no preliminary investigations were performed. This resulted in several unnecessary procedures.", "contents": "A needle biopsy would be quickest. A case of a benign intrathoracic thyroid adenoma which was biopsied percutaneously is described. Except for a routine posterior-anterior (PA) and lateral chest X-ray examination, no preliminary investigations were performed. This resulted in several unnecessary procedures.", "PMID": 723735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9745", "title": "Sudden infant death syndrome related to position in the cot.", "content": "It is suggested that partial respiratory obstruction may be the precipitating factor responsible for the age distribution in sudden infant death syndrome.", "contents": "Sudden infant death syndrome related to position in the cot. It is suggested that partial respiratory obstruction may be the precipitating factor responsible for the age distribution in sudden infant death syndrome.", "PMID": 723736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9746", "title": "[Iron absorption after gastrectomy following oral application of tardyferon].", "content": "Iron absorption was studied in 35 volunteers following oral application of Tardyferon during 21 days. In 25 patients a total gastrectomy and in 5 patients a subtotal gastrectomy have been performed, whereas 5 persons served as controls. The following parameters have been determined: Serum iron, iron binding capacity, hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cells and reticulocytes. The following results were obtained: Serum iron is markedly reduced in the patients with total gastrectomy during the first postoperative year, increases steadily and reaches normal values after the third postoperative year. Following oral application of Tardyferon an improved absorption is observed during the postoperative course. Because of the excellent absorption of Tardyferon it can be recommended for the oral application during the first two postoperative years.", "contents": "[Iron absorption after gastrectomy following oral application of tardyferon]. Iron absorption was studied in 35 volunteers following oral application of Tardyferon during 21 days. In 25 patients a total gastrectomy and in 5 patients a subtotal gastrectomy have been performed, whereas 5 persons served as controls. The following parameters have been determined: Serum iron, iron binding capacity, hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cells and reticulocytes. The following results were obtained: Serum iron is markedly reduced in the patients with total gastrectomy during the first postoperative year, increases steadily and reaches normal values after the third postoperative year. Following oral application of Tardyferon an improved absorption is observed during the postoperative course. Because of the excellent absorption of Tardyferon it can be recommended for the oral application during the first two postoperative years.", "PMID": 723737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9747", "title": "[Combination of a hiatal hernia and a transpyloric prolapse of gastric mucosa].", "content": "During the past 5 years we operated 13 cases of combination of a hiatal hernia and a transpyloric prolapse of the gastric mucosa. These represent ca. 7% of all operated hiatal herniae. In addition we treated 9 cases conservatively, at that the combination of a loose cardia and a labile pylorus was diagnosed through endoscope. Results of these both treatments are satisfactory. 12% of operated hiatal herniae are combined with duodenal ulcer but only 4% with gastric ulcer. It may be concluded that gastric entrance (cardia) and exit (pylorus) have a close connection.", "contents": "[Combination of a hiatal hernia and a transpyloric prolapse of gastric mucosa]. During the past 5 years we operated 13 cases of combination of a hiatal hernia and a transpyloric prolapse of the gastric mucosa. These represent ca. 7% of all operated hiatal herniae. In addition we treated 9 cases conservatively, at that the combination of a loose cardia and a labile pylorus was diagnosed through endoscope. Results of these both treatments are satisfactory. 12% of operated hiatal herniae are combined with duodenal ulcer but only 4% with gastric ulcer. It may be concluded that gastric entrance (cardia) and exit (pylorus) have a close connection.", "PMID": 723738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9748", "title": "[Overlooked osteochondral fractures of the knee-joint area among juveniles].", "content": "Osteochondral fractures among juveniles are the subject being reported. Thereby it is emphasized that the fractures in the early stages could often be overlooked. The existing pains, the effusions of blood as well as the mechanism of the accident often lead to the term \"distorsion\" as a wrong diagnosis. X-ray examinations can be unsatisfactory in the early stages. In 3 up to 4 weeks it is recommendable to repeat the X-ray examinations in the case of sustained pains. After that tomographies and tangential roentgenograms of the patella are also valuable. In early cases the therapy can be carried through conservatively as a general rule. Later on a surgical treatment is advisable. Cases of illness which are not treated lead to degenerative effusions of the joint and in the long run they lead to degenerative alterations of the joint.", "contents": "[Overlooked osteochondral fractures of the knee-joint area among juveniles]. Osteochondral fractures among juveniles are the subject being reported. Thereby it is emphasized that the fractures in the early stages could often be overlooked. The existing pains, the effusions of blood as well as the mechanism of the accident often lead to the term \"distorsion\" as a wrong diagnosis. X-ray examinations can be unsatisfactory in the early stages. In 3 up to 4 weeks it is recommendable to repeat the X-ray examinations in the case of sustained pains. After that tomographies and tangential roentgenograms of the patella are also valuable. In early cases the therapy can be carried through conservatively as a general rule. Later on a surgical treatment is advisable. Cases of illness which are not treated lead to degenerative effusions of the joint and in the long run they lead to degenerative alterations of the joint.", "PMID": 723739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9749", "title": "[Cardiomyopathy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Part 2: serum enzymes, vector-cardiography, and echo-cardiography in 143 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "To diagnose a possible latent or manifested cardiomyopathy, 143 male patients between 2 and 21 years of age with confirmed Duchenne muscular dystrophy were examined for serum enzymes, by electrocardiography, vector-cardiography, and echo-cardiography. The results contain information on 1. the quantitative cellular myocardial degeneration process, 2. the disturbed cellular depolarization and nerve-conduction processes in the area of the right and left ventricular myocard, and 3. the disturbed left ventricular function which, in the initial state, is only documented by a discrete decrease of contractility caused by a manifested decreased ejection output. The pathological contraction and relaxation process of the heart muscle cell and its dependency on calcium ion transport as pathogenic background is discussed.", "contents": "[Cardiomyopathy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Part 2: serum enzymes, vector-cardiography, and echo-cardiography in 143 patients (author's transl)]. To diagnose a possible latent or manifested cardiomyopathy, 143 male patients between 2 and 21 years of age with confirmed Duchenne muscular dystrophy were examined for serum enzymes, by electrocardiography, vector-cardiography, and echo-cardiography. The results contain information on 1. the quantitative cellular myocardial degeneration process, 2. the disturbed cellular depolarization and nerve-conduction processes in the area of the right and left ventricular myocard, and 3. the disturbed left ventricular function which, in the initial state, is only documented by a discrete decrease of contractility caused by a manifested decreased ejection output. The pathological contraction and relaxation process of the heart muscle cell and its dependency on calcium ion transport as pathogenic background is discussed.", "PMID": 723742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9750", "title": "[Mesenteric venous thrombosis and oral contraceptives (author's transl)].", "content": "Primary mesenteric venous thrombosis seldom occurs in young women. As a complication of oral contraceptives it is uncommon as well. Based on an own observation (39 year old female patient) pathogenesis and problems in diagnosis of this aspect of thrombosis are discussed. Involvement of the veins being segmentary and peripheral, small bowel resection is the effective treatment.", "contents": "[Mesenteric venous thrombosis and oral contraceptives (author's transl)]. Primary mesenteric venous thrombosis seldom occurs in young women. As a complication of oral contraceptives it is uncommon as well. Based on an own observation (39 year old female patient) pathogenesis and problems in diagnosis of this aspect of thrombosis are discussed. Involvement of the veins being segmentary and peripheral, small bowel resection is the effective treatment.", "PMID": 723743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9751", "title": "[A questionnaire for early recognition of digitalis intoxication (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnostically relevant data of 1164 patients under digitalis were stored in a computer and compared statistically for toxic and nontoxic patients. Resulting from this a questionnaire was developed in which each item was weighted according to its own diagnostic value. In a prospective study 77 suspected cases of digitalis intoxication were classified according to their scoring in the questionnaire. In 92% of the patients this classification was confirmed by the final diagnosis (after withdrawal of the glycoside). Mean score and mean serum digoxin concentration (SDC) of the toxic patients were significantly higher. There was a high consensus between the final diagnosis, the classification by the questionnaire and the SDC. The questionnaire proved to be a useful aid in the bedside diagnosis of digitalis intoxication.", "contents": "[A questionnaire for early recognition of digitalis intoxication (author's transl)]. The diagnostically relevant data of 1164 patients under digitalis were stored in a computer and compared statistically for toxic and nontoxic patients. Resulting from this a questionnaire was developed in which each item was weighted according to its own diagnostic value. In a prospective study 77 suspected cases of digitalis intoxication were classified according to their scoring in the questionnaire. In 92% of the patients this classification was confirmed by the final diagnosis (after withdrawal of the glycoside). Mean score and mean serum digoxin concentration (SDC) of the toxic patients were significantly higher. There was a high consensus between the final diagnosis, the classification by the questionnaire and the SDC. The questionnaire proved to be a useful aid in the bedside diagnosis of digitalis intoxication.", "PMID": 723747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9752", "title": "[Pacemaker-Twiddler's Syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of Pacemaker-Twiddler's Syndrome is presented. Rotation of a permanent pacemaker can result in a capstan effect, and the lead is drawn out of the right ventricle. Fixing thouroughly the pacemaker and the lead should be an useful prophylactic measure.", "contents": "[Pacemaker-Twiddler's Syndrome (author's transl)]. A case of Pacemaker-Twiddler's Syndrome is presented. Rotation of a permanent pacemaker can result in a capstan effect, and the lead is drawn out of the right ventricle. Fixing thouroughly the pacemaker and the lead should be an useful prophylactic measure.", "PMID": 723748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9753", "title": "[Frequency and appearance of depressive syndromes in chronic hemodialysis patients (author's transl)].", "content": "83 chronic hemodialysis patients of a dialysis-transplantation program were investigated psychopathometrically by various self-rating scales on their emotional and subjective somatic state. It was found that at the time of the investigation 20% of the patients had depressive syndroms which were characterized by complaints about various somatic disturbances. Suicidal tendencies were seen in 8% of the patients. In the personality inventory (FPI) 3 psychopathologically different groups could be found: 1. anxious, more retarded depressive patients (16%), 2. dysphoric, more out-acting depressive patients (14%), 3. euphoric patients with lack of criticism (35%). A fourth emotionally normal group was only somatically disturbed (25%). Various pathogenetic aspects are discussed.", "contents": "[Frequency and appearance of depressive syndromes in chronic hemodialysis patients (author's transl)]. 83 chronic hemodialysis patients of a dialysis-transplantation program were investigated psychopathometrically by various self-rating scales on their emotional and subjective somatic state. It was found that at the time of the investigation 20% of the patients had depressive syndroms which were characterized by complaints about various somatic disturbances. Suicidal tendencies were seen in 8% of the patients. In the personality inventory (FPI) 3 psychopathologically different groups could be found: 1. anxious, more retarded depressive patients (16%), 2. dysphoric, more out-acting depressive patients (14%), 3. euphoric patients with lack of criticism (35%). A fourth emotionally normal group was only somatically disturbed (25%). Various pathogenetic aspects are discussed.", "PMID": 723750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9754", "title": "[Dialysis dementia: case report (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of dialysis dementia, a disorder with psychiatric-neurological symptoms and a fatal outcome is reported. Possible etiological factors are discussed.", "contents": "[Dialysis dementia: case report (author's transl)]. A case of dialysis dementia, a disorder with psychiatric-neurological symptoms and a fatal outcome is reported. Possible etiological factors are discussed.", "PMID": 723751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9755", "title": "[Intractable renal and enteral loss of potassium in a case of Turner's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of Turner's syndrome is presented; many congenital defects were detected. Predominant clinical findings were cheilognatoschisis, respiratory distress, caused by congenital bronchiektasis and chronic hypokalemia with paroxysmal attacks of paralysis and tetania. Hypokalemia was mainly due to gastrointestinal losses as a consequence of permanent vomiting in the presence of stomach atonia and hiatus insufficiency or because of \"third space losses\", while a subileus persisted chronically. Furthermore also a renal loss of serum potassium was evident in the patient's predialytic time. Basic renal diseases were pyelonephritis, renal damage from phenacetine abuse, or probably even a nephropathy due to potassium depletion. Uraemia was controlled by dialysis treatment and by a dialysate consisting of 7 and 6 mmol/l potassium respectively. The result of this intense therapy was physical rehabilitation and the patient finally could resume her professional work again.", "contents": "[Intractable renal and enteral loss of potassium in a case of Turner's syndrome (author's transl)]. A case of Turner's syndrome is presented; many congenital defects were detected. Predominant clinical findings were cheilognatoschisis, respiratory distress, caused by congenital bronchiektasis and chronic hypokalemia with paroxysmal attacks of paralysis and tetania. Hypokalemia was mainly due to gastrointestinal losses as a consequence of permanent vomiting in the presence of stomach atonia and hiatus insufficiency or because of \"third space losses\", while a subileus persisted chronically. Furthermore also a renal loss of serum potassium was evident in the patient's predialytic time. Basic renal diseases were pyelonephritis, renal damage from phenacetine abuse, or probably even a nephropathy due to potassium depletion. Uraemia was controlled by dialysis treatment and by a dialysate consisting of 7 and 6 mmol/l potassium respectively. The result of this intense therapy was physical rehabilitation and the patient finally could resume her professional work again.", "PMID": 723752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9756", "title": "[Comparison of clofibrate and bezafibrate in type IIa and type IIb hyperlipoproteinemia].", "content": "In a randomized block-trial the comparative efficacy and side-effects of clofibrate (2 X 1 g), placebo and bezafibrate (3 X 150 mg) were tested in groups of 24 patients each with hyperlipoproteinemia type IIa and IIb. Each period of treatment was 2 months. Both bezafibrate and clofibrate as compared to placebo were associated with a significant lowering of triglycerides and cholesterol: triglycerides by 30% in type IIa and a 41% reduction in type IIb, whereas clofibrate lowered triglycerides by 23% in type IIa and 28% in type IIb. Bezafibrate reduced total cholesterol by 18% in type IIa and 12% in type IIb as opposed to clofibrate reducing cholesterol by 16% in type IIa and 8% in type IIb. Bezafibrate compared to clofibrate was shown to be significantly more effective in lowering triglycerides in type IIa correlating to a significant reduction of VLDL- and LDL-triglycerides in this type. Both substances significantly lowered LDL-cholesterol in type IIa; in type IIb only bezafibrate was effective. HDL-cholesterol increased significantly with bezafibrate. The effect of clofibrate raising LDL-cholesterol in dependence on the initial concentration of the VLDL-triglycerides was seen less frequently after bezafibrate and only with higher initial VLDL-concentrations as compared to clofibrate. Patients tolerated both bezafibrate and clofibrate equally well. It should be considered that bezafibrate was not given in the optimal dose of 3 X 200 mg.", "contents": "[Comparison of clofibrate and bezafibrate in type IIa and type IIb hyperlipoproteinemia]. In a randomized block-trial the comparative efficacy and side-effects of clofibrate (2 X 1 g), placebo and bezafibrate (3 X 150 mg) were tested in groups of 24 patients each with hyperlipoproteinemia type IIa and IIb. Each period of treatment was 2 months. Both bezafibrate and clofibrate as compared to placebo were associated with a significant lowering of triglycerides and cholesterol: triglycerides by 30% in type IIa and a 41% reduction in type IIb, whereas clofibrate lowered triglycerides by 23% in type IIa and 28% in type IIb. Bezafibrate reduced total cholesterol by 18% in type IIa and 12% in type IIb as opposed to clofibrate reducing cholesterol by 16% in type IIa and 8% in type IIb. Bezafibrate compared to clofibrate was shown to be significantly more effective in lowering triglycerides in type IIa correlating to a significant reduction of VLDL- and LDL-triglycerides in this type. Both substances significantly lowered LDL-cholesterol in type IIa; in type IIb only bezafibrate was effective. HDL-cholesterol increased significantly with bezafibrate. The effect of clofibrate raising LDL-cholesterol in dependence on the initial concentration of the VLDL-triglycerides was seen less frequently after bezafibrate and only with higher initial VLDL-concentrations as compared to clofibrate. Patients tolerated both bezafibrate and clofibrate equally well. It should be considered that bezafibrate was not given in the optimal dose of 3 X 200 mg.", "PMID": 723760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9757", "title": "[Diabetic control with a portable insulin infusion pump for 7 weeks (author's transl)].", "content": "A portable insulin infusion pump was used to achieve diabetic control over a period of 7 weeks in a juvenile onset-type diabetic. Insulin was infused at a basal rate and further doses could be triggered externally by the patient. Insulin requirement had been previously determined by means of an artifical beta-cell (Glucose Controlled Insulin Infusion System). This method of insulin administration resulted in a clear improvement in diabetic control. Some problems did arise in connection with materials from which the instrument and catheter were constructed. However, it was shown that a portable insulin pump can be used with out-clinic patients for a number of weeks and is also justified for at least certain cases.", "contents": "[Diabetic control with a portable insulin infusion pump for 7 weeks (author's transl)]. A portable insulin infusion pump was used to achieve diabetic control over a period of 7 weeks in a juvenile onset-type diabetic. Insulin was infused at a basal rate and further doses could be triggered externally by the patient. Insulin requirement had been previously determined by means of an artifical beta-cell (Glucose Controlled Insulin Infusion System). This method of insulin administration resulted in a clear improvement in diabetic control. Some problems did arise in connection with materials from which the instrument and catheter were constructed. However, it was shown that a portable insulin pump can be used with out-clinic patients for a number of weeks and is also justified for at least certain cases.", "PMID": 723761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9758", "title": "[Report on the clinical manifestations of toxoplasmosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical symptoms of toxoplasmosis in man are very various and often uncharacteristical. Until now there are no statistical evaluations on the frequency of different clinical appearances of the disease. A comparison of the clinical symptoms and the results of serology was made on 14 618 patients with suspected toxoplasmosis, who were divided into groups in regard to their age and clinical symptoms. Suggestions for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis are given by this evaluation.", "contents": "[Report on the clinical manifestations of toxoplasmosis (author's transl)]. The clinical symptoms of toxoplasmosis in man are very various and often uncharacteristical. Until now there are no statistical evaluations on the frequency of different clinical appearances of the disease. A comparison of the clinical symptoms and the results of serology was made on 14 618 patients with suspected toxoplasmosis, who were divided into groups in regard to their age and clinical symptoms. Suggestions for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis are given by this evaluation.", "PMID": 723765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9759", "title": "[Bacteriemia due to acinetobacter calcoaceticus var. anitratus (author's transl)].", "content": "A serious bacteremia caused by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var. anitratus could be observed. From the clinical point of view the most important symptoms were shivering, high tempeature up to 41 degrees C and clinical signs of acute hepatitis. There were pathological changes in the EEG. Certain signs of an outlayer damage of the heart could be seem in the ECG. The pathogenic microorganism isolated from the blood culture media was classified. Specific antibodies--agglutinines and precipitines--were demonstrated in the patient's serum. A contamination could be excluded so that the bacterium was the causative agent. The diagnostic value of finding antibodies in patient's serum having this type of bacterial infection is discussed.", "contents": "[Bacteriemia due to acinetobacter calcoaceticus var. anitratus (author's transl)]. A serious bacteremia caused by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var. anitratus could be observed. From the clinical point of view the most important symptoms were shivering, high tempeature up to 41 degrees C and clinical signs of acute hepatitis. There were pathological changes in the EEG. Certain signs of an outlayer damage of the heart could be seem in the ECG. The pathogenic microorganism isolated from the blood culture media was classified. Specific antibodies--agglutinines and precipitines--were demonstrated in the patient's serum. A contamination could be excluded so that the bacterium was the causative agent. The diagnostic value of finding antibodies in patient's serum having this type of bacterial infection is discussed.", "PMID": 723766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9760", "title": "[Determination of creatine kinase and CK-MB in heart failure (author's transl)].", "content": "Serum activity of creatine kinase and creatine kinase-MB have been investigated in 129 patients of various etiology in overt heart failure. Elevations in CK-MB were found in 19 patients, most frequently in patients with inflammatory heart disease. We found no correlation between CK-MB activity in serum and the severity of heart failure. CK-MB elevation in patients with chronic heart failure may be interpreted as a sign of progressive as well as regressive processes in the myocardium.", "contents": "[Determination of creatine kinase and CK-MB in heart failure (author's transl)]. Serum activity of creatine kinase and creatine kinase-MB have been investigated in 129 patients of various etiology in overt heart failure. Elevations in CK-MB were found in 19 patients, most frequently in patients with inflammatory heart disease. We found no correlation between CK-MB activity in serum and the severity of heart failure. CK-MB elevation in patients with chronic heart failure may be interpreted as a sign of progressive as well as regressive processes in the myocardium.", "PMID": 723768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9761", "title": "[A contribution to the psychopathology of patients with open heart surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of a larger study of psychopathological disorders in relation to pre-operative and post-operative examined heart surgery patients, where the heart-lung machine was used, will be shown, to begin with, on 20 patients. Pre-operative examination showed quite clearly, among other things, that patients suppress obvious operation risks. General mental disorders were seen post-operative in 4 patients, and these were diagnosed as organic psychosis. A comparison between psychotic and other patients shows, among other things, that somatic predictors such as cerebral sclerosis and atrophy, or a cerebral trauma tend to promote post-operative psychosis. A releasing cause could be a cerebral hypoxia brought about by the extracorporeal blood circulation. In our opinion psychological factors can only be found in the contents of psychosis.", "contents": "[A contribution to the psychopathology of patients with open heart surgery (author's transl)]. The results of a larger study of psychopathological disorders in relation to pre-operative and post-operative examined heart surgery patients, where the heart-lung machine was used, will be shown, to begin with, on 20 patients. Pre-operative examination showed quite clearly, among other things, that patients suppress obvious operation risks. General mental disorders were seen post-operative in 4 patients, and these were diagnosed as organic psychosis. A comparison between psychotic and other patients shows, among other things, that somatic predictors such as cerebral sclerosis and atrophy, or a cerebral trauma tend to promote post-operative psychosis. A releasing cause could be a cerebral hypoxia brought about by the extracorporeal blood circulation. In our opinion psychological factors can only be found in the contents of psychosis.", "PMID": 723769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9762", "title": "Cervical bacterial flora in infertile and pregnant women.", "content": "The cervical bacterial flora in early pregnancy, labour, and infertility was assessed qualitatively. The cervix harboured several types of bacteria in both pregnant and infertile women. In the latter group, however, fewer species were found. The incidence of a mixed aerobic and anaerobic flora differed significantly between patient categories as did the frequency with which only aerobic isolates were obtained. There was also a significant difference between patient groups with regard to the incidence of anaerobic isolates. Among the anaerobic bacteria, peptostreptococci and bacteroides species were the dominating ones whereas coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most prevalent aerobic bacteria. Lactobacilli constituted 29--44% of the anaerobic bacteria found in the pregnant cervix and 52% of those found in the infertile cervix. The distribution of different aerobes as well as anaerobes was similar in pregnant and infertile patients.", "contents": "Cervical bacterial flora in infertile and pregnant women. The cervical bacterial flora in early pregnancy, labour, and infertility was assessed qualitatively. The cervix harboured several types of bacteria in both pregnant and infertile women. In the latter group, however, fewer species were found. The incidence of a mixed aerobic and anaerobic flora differed significantly between patient categories as did the frequency with which only aerobic isolates were obtained. There was also a significant difference between patient groups with regard to the incidence of anaerobic isolates. Among the anaerobic bacteria, peptostreptococci and bacteroides species were the dominating ones whereas coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most prevalent aerobic bacteria. Lactobacilli constituted 29--44% of the anaerobic bacteria found in the pregnant cervix and 52% of those found in the infertile cervix. The distribution of different aerobes as well as anaerobes was similar in pregnant and infertile patients.", "PMID": 723779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9763", "title": "Evaluation of microdilution trays (sensititre) for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Bacteroides fragilis.", "content": "Microdilution trays (Sensititre) for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Bacteroides fragilis has been compared for accuracy with the standard agar dilution method. The microtrays were found to be reliable for all antimicrobials tested (benzylpenicillin, clindamycin, doxycycline, chloramphenicol, fusidic acid, cefoxitin, and cephalotin) but not for metronidazole.", "contents": "Evaluation of microdilution trays (sensititre) for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Bacteroides fragilis. Microdilution trays (Sensititre) for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Bacteroides fragilis has been compared for accuracy with the standard agar dilution method. The microtrays were found to be reliable for all antimicrobials tested (benzylpenicillin, clindamycin, doxycycline, chloramphenicol, fusidic acid, cefoxitin, and cephalotin) but not for metronidazole.", "PMID": 723780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9764", "title": "[Serological confirmation of the two subspecies of Neisseria mucosa V\u00e9ron et al. 1959 (author's transl)].", "content": "The two subspecies of N. mucosa (subsp. mucosa, subsp. heidelbergensis) can be separated not only on the basis of pigment production, type of growth and enzymatic activities, but also by their antigenic composition. This could be demonstrated by the immunodiffusion with absorbed antisera.", "contents": "[Serological confirmation of the two subspecies of Neisseria mucosa V\u00e9ron et al. 1959 (author's transl)]. The two subspecies of N. mucosa (subsp. mucosa, subsp. heidelbergensis) can be separated not only on the basis of pigment production, type of growth and enzymatic activities, but also by their antigenic composition. This could be demonstrated by the immunodiffusion with absorbed antisera.", "PMID": 723781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9765", "title": "Vaccine against hepatitis B--18 months prevention in a high risk setting.", "content": "The development of a vaccine against hepatitis B prepared with purified and inactivated HBs Ag is described. This vaccine has been applied in patients and staff members of haemodialysis centres. Safety and efficiency of the vaccine are very satisfactory. The response of patients to immunisation was significantly lower compared to the response of the staff members. None of the volunteers who had a primary response to immunisation developed signs of clinical or biological hepatitis.", "contents": "Vaccine against hepatitis B--18 months prevention in a high risk setting. The development of a vaccine against hepatitis B prepared with purified and inactivated HBs Ag is described. This vaccine has been applied in patients and staff members of haemodialysis centres. Safety and efficiency of the vaccine are very satisfactory. The response of patients to immunisation was significantly lower compared to the response of the staff members. None of the volunteers who had a primary response to immunisation developed signs of clinical or biological hepatitis.", "PMID": 723783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9766", "title": "Growth of some attenuated influenza A viruses in hamsters.", "content": "The replication of three attenuated influenza viruses in SPF hamsters inoculated by aerosol was investigated. Strains A2-Eng, A2-Victoria, ts-1-[E] A2-Victoria recombinant, and the RIT 4050 strain all multiplied to high titers in hamster lungs and induced both primary and secondary serological responses. Recombinant strain, A/AA/6/60-A2-Vic (CR22) multiplied to lower titers in hamsters. Differences were observed between the infectivity of different strains for hamsters, the wild-type viruses A2-Eng and A2-Vic being the most infective.", "contents": "Growth of some attenuated influenza A viruses in hamsters. The replication of three attenuated influenza viruses in SPF hamsters inoculated by aerosol was investigated. Strains A2-Eng, A2-Victoria, ts-1-[E] A2-Victoria recombinant, and the RIT 4050 strain all multiplied to high titers in hamster lungs and induced both primary and secondary serological responses. Recombinant strain, A/AA/6/60-A2-Vic (CR22) multiplied to lower titers in hamsters. Differences were observed between the infectivity of different strains for hamsters, the wild-type viruses A2-Eng and A2-Vic being the most infective.", "PMID": 723784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9767", "title": "The use of a measles latex reagent for the determination of measles antibodies and in a specific test for multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Measles virus antigens covalently linked to latex spheres were used for measuring measles-specific antibodies in a direct agglutination test either in microtitre plates or as a rapid slide-agglutination test. The titres were compared to that obtained by conventional assays. The measles-latex spheres were also used as the antigen for a radio-immuno assay. By incorporating a 14C-radioactive marker into the measles-latex spheres their interaction with lymphocytes from multiple sclerosis and control patients was determined. Lymphocytes from multiple sclerosis patients reacted with a higher percentage of beads at low bead/lymphocyte ratios compared with controls, whereas the reverse was found when the ratio of beads was increased.", "contents": "The use of a measles latex reagent for the determination of measles antibodies and in a specific test for multiple sclerosis. Measles virus antigens covalently linked to latex spheres were used for measuring measles-specific antibodies in a direct agglutination test either in microtitre plates or as a rapid slide-agglutination test. The titres were compared to that obtained by conventional assays. The measles-latex spheres were also used as the antigen for a radio-immuno assay. By incorporating a 14C-radioactive marker into the measles-latex spheres their interaction with lymphocytes from multiple sclerosis and control patients was determined. Lymphocytes from multiple sclerosis patients reacted with a higher percentage of beads at low bead/lymphocyte ratios compared with controls, whereas the reverse was found when the ratio of beads was increased.", "PMID": 723785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9768", "title": "Surveillance of hepatitis in laboratory staff: a seven year study.", "content": "Enquiry by questionnaire showed that the attack rate of hepatitis in clinical laboratory staff in Britain had fallen to 35 per 100,000 person-years in 1975--76 from 111 in 1970--72 and 143 in 1973--74. This suggests that increased awareness and application of safety precautions have been effective.", "contents": "Surveillance of hepatitis in laboratory staff: a seven year study. Enquiry by questionnaire showed that the attack rate of hepatitis in clinical laboratory staff in Britain had fallen to 35 per 100,000 person-years in 1975--76 from 111 in 1970--72 and 143 in 1973--74. This suggests that increased awareness and application of safety precautions have been effective.", "PMID": 723786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9769", "title": "High risk groups for hepatitis B virus infection in a university hospital staff as determined by detection of HB antigens, antibodies, and Dane particles.", "content": "The prevalence of HBsAg and anti-HBs has been determined by solid-phase radioimmunoassay in 1815 university hospital employees and compared with the results obtained by investigating 131 metal workers and 86 laboratory technicians. Hospital personnel and here especially dialysis staff members and laboratory workers is at higher risk to acquire a hepatitis B virus infection than population compartments without contact to patients or blood. Electronmicroscopic studies revealed that a considerable number of the blood samples of HBsAg-positive staff members contained Dane-particles. These employees have to be considered infectious and possibly present a hazard to the patients they take care of.", "contents": "High risk groups for hepatitis B virus infection in a university hospital staff as determined by detection of HB antigens, antibodies, and Dane particles. The prevalence of HBsAg and anti-HBs has been determined by solid-phase radioimmunoassay in 1815 university hospital employees and compared with the results obtained by investigating 131 metal workers and 86 laboratory technicians. Hospital personnel and here especially dialysis staff members and laboratory workers is at higher risk to acquire a hepatitis B virus infection than population compartments without contact to patients or blood. Electronmicroscopic studies revealed that a considerable number of the blood samples of HBsAg-positive staff members contained Dane-particles. These employees have to be considered infectious and possibly present a hazard to the patients they take care of.", "PMID": 723787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9770", "title": "Influenza surveillance in Israel, 1976--77.", "content": "An influenza surveillance program developed and conducted in three districts in Israel during winter 1976--77, was based mainly on morbidity data in the general population, corroborated by sero-epidemiologic surveys on selected groups. This information was supplemented by data on mortality organized according to specific age groups. During the period under study, similar results were observed in each of the three districts surveyed. Two successive waves of influenza were recorded: an early wave due to B/Hong Kong/5/72 followed by an A/Victoria/3/75 outbreak. Both waves were of moderate extent, with the highest frequency of clinical influenza occurring in the youngest group, age 0--14 years. The age-specific mortality rates were highest and rather similar in the extreme age groups 65+ and 0. The search of A/New Jersey/8/76 antibody revealed a considerable proportion of positives with a higher titer in the older age groups. A special serologic survey among Yemenite Jews over 50 years of age, who immigrated to Israel in 1949, showed that the 1918 influenza pandemic also reached that isolated country. The surveillance program provided an early warning system as well as a rather accurate measurement of influenza impact in Israel.", "contents": "Influenza surveillance in Israel, 1976--77. An influenza surveillance program developed and conducted in three districts in Israel during winter 1976--77, was based mainly on morbidity data in the general population, corroborated by sero-epidemiologic surveys on selected groups. This information was supplemented by data on mortality organized according to specific age groups. During the period under study, similar results were observed in each of the three districts surveyed. Two successive waves of influenza were recorded: an early wave due to B/Hong Kong/5/72 followed by an A/Victoria/3/75 outbreak. Both waves were of moderate extent, with the highest frequency of clinical influenza occurring in the youngest group, age 0--14 years. The age-specific mortality rates were highest and rather similar in the extreme age groups 65+ and 0. The search of A/New Jersey/8/76 antibody revealed a considerable proportion of positives with a higher titer in the older age groups. A special serologic survey among Yemenite Jews over 50 years of age, who immigrated to Israel in 1949, showed that the 1918 influenza pandemic also reached that isolated country. The surveillance program provided an early warning system as well as a rather accurate measurement of influenza impact in Israel.", "PMID": 723788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9771", "title": "Abortive poliomyelitis or minor illness as a clue to genetic susceptibility.", "content": "The model of genetic susceptibility to poliomyelitis has been used to examine minor illness caused by poliovirus infection. It is suggested that persons who are genetically susceptible but who have not converted to phenotypic susceptibility are those who develop minor illness. The overall rates of the sum of paralytic and minor illness are close to the predicted 26%. For families with a case of illness, the prediction that 58%--71% of the children become ill has been examined. The rates of illness in children of different ages in the same families should be similar. Data from a number of epidemics is shown to be consistent with the predictions of the model.", "contents": "Abortive poliomyelitis or minor illness as a clue to genetic susceptibility. The model of genetic susceptibility to poliomyelitis has been used to examine minor illness caused by poliovirus infection. It is suggested that persons who are genetically susceptible but who have not converted to phenotypic susceptibility are those who develop minor illness. The overall rates of the sum of paralytic and minor illness are close to the predicted 26%. For families with a case of illness, the prediction that 58%--71% of the children become ill has been examined. The rates of illness in children of different ages in the same families should be similar. Data from a number of epidemics is shown to be consistent with the predictions of the model.", "PMID": 723789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9772", "title": "Modulation of the lung local immune response by systemic immunization.", "content": "The present study describes the respiratory immune response of mice to locally administered antigen, and the modulation of this response by systemic immunization. Intranasal immunization of mice with the A/PR/8/34 strain of influenza virus evoked local antibody response of the IgA type. The titer of the IgA antibodies declined to a nondetectable level in 40--50 days. If at that time a second intranasal dose was administered, a secondary IgA response was evoked. On the other hand, administration by the intramuscular route resulted in a mixed population of IgA and IgG antibodies. The relevance of this finding to problems of immunization against respiratory viral infections is discussed.", "contents": "Modulation of the lung local immune response by systemic immunization. The present study describes the respiratory immune response of mice to locally administered antigen, and the modulation of this response by systemic immunization. Intranasal immunization of mice with the A/PR/8/34 strain of influenza virus evoked local antibody response of the IgA type. The titer of the IgA antibodies declined to a nondetectable level in 40--50 days. If at that time a second intranasal dose was administered, a secondary IgA response was evoked. On the other hand, administration by the intramuscular route resulted in a mixed population of IgA and IgG antibodies. The relevance of this finding to problems of immunization against respiratory viral infections is discussed.", "PMID": 723790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9773", "title": "A contribution of cellular immunity to protection against influenza in man.", "content": "The degree of lymphocyte transformations and leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) in the presence of inactivated A/Scotland/74 (H3N2) influenza virus vaccine was measured in blood samples collected from 56 medical student volunteers. At the same time the volunteers were skin tested, using the same vaccine. Using the antigenically similar WRL 105 (H3N2), recombinant influenza virus, the level of haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibodies in serum, and neutralizing antibodies in nasal washings collected from the volunteers, were also determined. Each volunteer was then inoculated with live, attenuated WRL 105 influenza virus vaccine and infections demonstrated by virus isolations and serology. Correlations between the ability to infect the volunteers and the various parameters of humoral and cellular immunity were then determined. The results showed a good correlation between the level of serum HI antibody and infection. Thus 16 of 20 volunteers with serum HI antibody titres of 1:10, but only 6 of 20 volunteers with antibody levels of 1:30, showed evidence of infection. No direct correlation was observed between any of the other parameters measured and infection by WRL 105 virus. However, when the LMI and serum HI antibody levels were considered together, a contribution of cellular immunity, as measured by the LMI test, could be found. Of 19 volunteers with low serum HI antibody and low LMI levels, 16 were infected, whereas of 13 volunteers with low HI antibody, but with high LMI levels, only 6 showed evidence of infection with WRL 105 influenza virus.", "contents": "A contribution of cellular immunity to protection against influenza in man. The degree of lymphocyte transformations and leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) in the presence of inactivated A/Scotland/74 (H3N2) influenza virus vaccine was measured in blood samples collected from 56 medical student volunteers. At the same time the volunteers were skin tested, using the same vaccine. Using the antigenically similar WRL 105 (H3N2), recombinant influenza virus, the level of haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibodies in serum, and neutralizing antibodies in nasal washings collected from the volunteers, were also determined. Each volunteer was then inoculated with live, attenuated WRL 105 influenza virus vaccine and infections demonstrated by virus isolations and serology. Correlations between the ability to infect the volunteers and the various parameters of humoral and cellular immunity were then determined. The results showed a good correlation between the level of serum HI antibody and infection. Thus 16 of 20 volunteers with serum HI antibody titres of 1:10, but only 6 of 20 volunteers with antibody levels of 1:30, showed evidence of infection. No direct correlation was observed between any of the other parameters measured and infection by WRL 105 virus. However, when the LMI and serum HI antibody levels were considered together, a contribution of cellular immunity, as measured by the LMI test, could be found. Of 19 volunteers with low serum HI antibody and low LMI levels, 16 were infected, whereas of 13 volunteers with low HI antibody, but with high LMI levels, only 6 showed evidence of infection with WRL 105 influenza virus.", "PMID": 723791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9774", "title": "Generation of virus-specific cytolytic activity in human peripheral lymphocytes after vaccination with vaccinia virus and measles virus.", "content": "Human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) harvested after vaccination with vaccinia or measles virus showed a specific activity against virus-infected target cells. This activity peaked on day 7 and was specific for the target cells infected with the virus used for the vaccination. The cytotoxic activity was not related to HLA markers. The cells involved in the cytolytic process were lymphocytes bearing Fc receptors. In addition, the cytotoxic activity was abrogated by more than 90% by rabbit Fab'2 anti-human IgG. It is therefore likely that two subpopulations of lymphocytes are involved: an antibody-secreting cell providing specific antiviral antibody and an effector cell bearing Fc receptor (K cells). Finally, these experiments suggest that antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity may play a major role in the recovery from virus infection in man.", "contents": "Generation of virus-specific cytolytic activity in human peripheral lymphocytes after vaccination with vaccinia virus and measles virus. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) harvested after vaccination with vaccinia or measles virus showed a specific activity against virus-infected target cells. This activity peaked on day 7 and was specific for the target cells infected with the virus used for the vaccination. The cytotoxic activity was not related to HLA markers. The cells involved in the cytolytic process were lymphocytes bearing Fc receptors. In addition, the cytotoxic activity was abrogated by more than 90% by rabbit Fab'2 anti-human IgG. It is therefore likely that two subpopulations of lymphocytes are involved: an antibody-secreting cell providing specific antiviral antibody and an effector cell bearing Fc receptor (K cells). Finally, these experiments suggest that antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity may play a major role in the recovery from virus infection in man.", "PMID": 723792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9775", "title": "Trials of live influenza A recombinants in man during natural antigenic change in 1971-1976.", "content": "A long-term study is described of human trials with live recombinants derived from A/PR/8/34 (H0 N1) and successive virulent H3 N2 viruses. A/PR/8/34 was noninfectious for man and the H3 N2 strains all induced similar influenza-like illness. In each recombinant experiment, some of the progeny were adequately attenuated and potentially immunogenic. In addition, there appeared to be evidence of probable cross-protection against viruses with related but non-identical haemagglutinins. However, the degree of cross-protection depended upon the time interval between the appearance of the epidemic and vaccine viruses. Recombinants of A/PR/8/34 and a human Hsw1 strain of low virulence did not function satisfactorily, and it seemed that the suitability of A/PR/8/34 as a 'master' parent depended upon the presence of standard genetic properties in the wild parents. The replacement of A/PR/8/34 with the partially virulent virus, X-31 (H3 N2), produced a live vaccine which was infectious but poorly antigenic. A universal master strain for live influenza vaccine recombinants is probably not yet a practical possibility.", "contents": "Trials of live influenza A recombinants in man during natural antigenic change in 1971-1976. A long-term study is described of human trials with live recombinants derived from A/PR/8/34 (H0 N1) and successive virulent H3 N2 viruses. A/PR/8/34 was noninfectious for man and the H3 N2 strains all induced similar influenza-like illness. In each recombinant experiment, some of the progeny were adequately attenuated and potentially immunogenic. In addition, there appeared to be evidence of probable cross-protection against viruses with related but non-identical haemagglutinins. However, the degree of cross-protection depended upon the time interval between the appearance of the epidemic and vaccine viruses. Recombinants of A/PR/8/34 and a human Hsw1 strain of low virulence did not function satisfactorily, and it seemed that the suitability of A/PR/8/34 as a 'master' parent depended upon the presence of standard genetic properties in the wild parents. The replacement of A/PR/8/34 with the partially virulent virus, X-31 (H3 N2), produced a live vaccine which was infectious but poorly antigenic. A universal master strain for live influenza vaccine recombinants is probably not yet a practical possibility.", "PMID": 723793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9776", "title": "Central nervous system tumors of childhood treated with CCNU, vincristine, and radiation.", "content": "CCNU was used in the treatment of 18 patients with childhood tumors of the CNS. Severe bone-marrow toxicity was noted. The initial dose was 130 mg/m2 given every 6 weeks, but it was often necessary to reduce the dose and prolong the interval between doses. The toxicity appeared to be much the same whether previous radiotherapy had been given to the whole CNS or to the brain only. In assessable patients with pur medulloblastoma, three out of three showed marked responses to CCNU. In those with a mixture of medulloblastoma and other tumor components, two out of two showed responses to CCNU. In children with astrocytomata of various types, only two out of six showed responses to CCNU, and in these the degree of response was slight. The results suggest that CCNU is a useful treatment for medulloblastoma but its value in the treatment of childhood astrocytoma is uncertain. In 6 patients who received both radiotherapy and CCNU, the contribution of the CCNU was not assessable.", "contents": "Central nervous system tumors of childhood treated with CCNU, vincristine, and radiation. CCNU was used in the treatment of 18 patients with childhood tumors of the CNS. Severe bone-marrow toxicity was noted. The initial dose was 130 mg/m2 given every 6 weeks, but it was often necessary to reduce the dose and prolong the interval between doses. The toxicity appeared to be much the same whether previous radiotherapy had been given to the whole CNS or to the brain only. In assessable patients with pur medulloblastoma, three out of three showed marked responses to CCNU. In those with a mixture of medulloblastoma and other tumor components, two out of two showed responses to CCNU. In children with astrocytomata of various types, only two out of six showed responses to CCNU, and in these the degree of response was slight. The results suggest that CCNU is a useful treatment for medulloblastoma but its value in the treatment of childhood astrocytoma is uncertain. In 6 patients who received both radiotherapy and CCNU, the contribution of the CCNU was not assessable.", "PMID": 723796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9777", "title": "Sarcoma with myelophthisic anemia: report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of sarcoma complicated by pathologically confirmed myelophthisic anemia are presented. Although marrow involvement may occur in childhood rhabdomyosarcoma, complete marrow replacement in adult patients with sarcoma has not been previously described.", "contents": "Sarcoma with myelophthisic anemia: report of two cases. Two cases of sarcoma complicated by pathologically confirmed myelophthisic anemia are presented. Although marrow involvement may occur in childhood rhabdomyosarcoma, complete marrow replacement in adult patients with sarcoma has not been previously described.", "PMID": 723797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9778", "title": "Normal urinary excretion of catecholamine catabolites in children with retinoblastoma.", "content": "Urinary catecholamine catabolites, homovanillic acid, vanillylmandelic acid, total metanephrines, and total catecholamines were assayed in 12 patients with newly diagnosed retinoblastoma prior to surgery and treatment. These values were within normal limits for the ages of all 12 patients, including one with metastases to brain, liver, lymph nodes, and bone marrow. The predictive value and efficiency of these tests in the diagnosis of retinoblastoma are insufficient to warrant their continued use on a routine basis.", "contents": "Normal urinary excretion of catecholamine catabolites in children with retinoblastoma. Urinary catecholamine catabolites, homovanillic acid, vanillylmandelic acid, total metanephrines, and total catecholamines were assayed in 12 patients with newly diagnosed retinoblastoma prior to surgery and treatment. These values were within normal limits for the ages of all 12 patients, including one with metastases to brain, liver, lymph nodes, and bone marrow. The predictive value and efficiency of these tests in the diagnosis of retinoblastoma are insufficient to warrant their continued use on a routine basis.", "PMID": 723798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9779", "title": "Alpha-hemolytic streptococci: clinical significance in the cancer patient.", "content": "Alpha-hemolytic Streptococci were associated with 29 episodes of sepsis (12 polymicrobial) in 27 patients with cancer during a nine year period. Only two patients had dental manipulation prior to the onset of sepsis, but each had received chemotherapy and 75% were granulocytopenic (PMN less than 500/mm3) at the time of the infection. None of the patients developed bacterial endocarditis. Unlike the normal host in whom a transient bacteria with alpha-hemolytic Streptococci may occur following dental extraction or periodontal procedures, the cancer patient is at risk for more clinically significant sepsis. This risk is probably related to the presence of chemotherapy-induced oral mucusitis and granulocytopenia, and our results suggests that isolation of alpha-hemolytic Streptococci in febrile cancer patients should not be dismissed as a contaminent.", "contents": "Alpha-hemolytic streptococci: clinical significance in the cancer patient. Alpha-hemolytic Streptococci were associated with 29 episodes of sepsis (12 polymicrobial) in 27 patients with cancer during a nine year period. Only two patients had dental manipulation prior to the onset of sepsis, but each had received chemotherapy and 75% were granulocytopenic (PMN less than 500/mm3) at the time of the infection. None of the patients developed bacterial endocarditis. Unlike the normal host in whom a transient bacteria with alpha-hemolytic Streptococci may occur following dental extraction or periodontal procedures, the cancer patient is at risk for more clinically significant sepsis. This risk is probably related to the presence of chemotherapy-induced oral mucusitis and granulocytopenia, and our results suggests that isolation of alpha-hemolytic Streptococci in febrile cancer patients should not be dismissed as a contaminent.", "PMID": 723799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9780", "title": "Safe, rapid administration schedule for cis-platinum-mannitol.", "content": "Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) cis-plastinum, 25--75 mg/m2, with 40 gm mannitol and fluid were given over 1--2 hours to 40 patients with no evidence of elevated serum creatinine levels. Cis-plantinum was administered every 28 days at a dose of 50 mg/m2 to 22 patients, and 75mg/m2 to 6 patients. Patients received from one to eight courses of therapy with no change in their serum creatinine level. A safe, simple method of cis-platinum administration has been achieved.", "contents": "Safe, rapid administration schedule for cis-platinum-mannitol. Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) cis-plastinum, 25--75 mg/m2, with 40 gm mannitol and fluid were given over 1--2 hours to 40 patients with no evidence of elevated serum creatinine levels. Cis-plantinum was administered every 28 days at a dose of 50 mg/m2 to 22 patients, and 75mg/m2 to 6 patients. Patients received from one to eight courses of therapy with no change in their serum creatinine level. A safe, simple method of cis-platinum administration has been achieved.", "PMID": 723800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9781", "title": "Comparative studies on human and bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycan complex components.", "content": "Human and bovine nasal proteoglycan complex components were prepared in parallel. Some molecular properties of human and bovine proteoglycan subunits (PGS) were compared. Two major human \"link-like proteins\" have been characterized and purified; their compositions and molecular weights were very similar to those observed for the previously described bovine \"link proteins\".", "contents": "Comparative studies on human and bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycan complex components. Human and bovine nasal proteoglycan complex components were prepared in parallel. Some molecular properties of human and bovine proteoglycan subunits (PGS) were compared. Two major human \"link-like proteins\" have been characterized and purified; their compositions and molecular weights were very similar to those observed for the previously described bovine \"link proteins\".", "PMID": 723850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9782", "title": "Color vision testing: an alternative 'source' of Illuminant C.", "content": "The objective of this project was to evaluate an alternative procedure for administering reflective-type color vision tests. In this procedure, the tests are illuminated by a low color-temperature, 100 W, incandescent lamp (i.e. an improper illuminant) and the patient then views the illuminated test elements through an inexpensive gelatin filter placed before his eye (e.g. a Wratten 78AA costing about $4). Since the relative transmittance of this filter is quite similar to that used in the Macbeth Easel Lamp, the tests should still be valid. In fact, this alternative procedure yields test performances for normal and deficient subjects on the 100-hue, panel D-15, and AO H-R-R tests that are virtually identical to those obtained using a standard Macbeth Easel Lamp.", "contents": "Color vision testing: an alternative 'source' of Illuminant C. The objective of this project was to evaluate an alternative procedure for administering reflective-type color vision tests. In this procedure, the tests are illuminated by a low color-temperature, 100 W, incandescent lamp (i.e. an improper illuminant) and the patient then views the illuminated test elements through an inexpensive gelatin filter placed before his eye (e.g. a Wratten 78AA costing about $4). Since the relative transmittance of this filter is quite similar to that used in the Macbeth Easel Lamp, the tests should still be valid. In fact, this alternative procedure yields test performances for normal and deficient subjects on the 100-hue, panel D-15, and AO H-R-R tests that are virtually identical to those obtained using a standard Macbeth Easel Lamp.", "PMID": 723854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9783", "title": "Optimization of stimuli for trit-anomaloscopy.", "content": "Free-choice colour matches were made by 50 young normal trichromats on an anomaloscope. Six equations, of the kind 'blue' + 'green' = 'cyan' + 'yellow', were used in which the stimuli were defined by narrow-band well blocked interference filters. The stimuli were selected so that the instrument controls, which varied the quantities (blue/green), (cyan/yellow) and (cyan + yellow), were nearly independent controls for hue, saturation and brightness respectively. 'Yellow', 'green' and 'cyan' were fixed at 589, 499 and 480 nm, respectively, and the least interindividual variation in blue/green was found for 'blue' in the region 430-439 nm. This and a similar finding in the pilot study of Moreland and Young agree with expectations based on the density spectrum for macular pigment measured by Ruddock. Matches made by a few selected subjects, when the saturation control was locked at a position for the population mean, in the presence of large but typical saturation differences, were the same as when all three controls were used.", "contents": "Optimization of stimuli for trit-anomaloscopy. Free-choice colour matches were made by 50 young normal trichromats on an anomaloscope. Six equations, of the kind 'blue' + 'green' = 'cyan' + 'yellow', were used in which the stimuli were defined by narrow-band well blocked interference filters. The stimuli were selected so that the instrument controls, which varied the quantities (blue/green), (cyan/yellow) and (cyan + yellow), were nearly independent controls for hue, saturation and brightness respectively. 'Yellow', 'green' and 'cyan' were fixed at 589, 499 and 480 nm, respectively, and the least interindividual variation in blue/green was found for 'blue' in the region 430-439 nm. This and a similar finding in the pilot study of Moreland and Young agree with expectations based on the density spectrum for macular pigment measured by Ruddock. Matches made by a few selected subjects, when the saturation control was locked at a position for the population mean, in the presence of large but typical saturation differences, were the same as when all three controls were used.", "PMID": 723859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9784", "title": "Colour discrimination under C and high-pressure Na illumination in normals and patients affected by various diseases.", "content": "Under illumination produced by a high-pressure sodium lamp, colour discrimination, compared to C illumination, is found to be impaired. In particular, young diabetic patients, without signs of retinal involvement, show the expected decrease in total score as age proceeds from 10 to 25 years under C illumination. This is no longer the case under Na illumination.", "contents": "Colour discrimination under C and high-pressure Na illumination in normals and patients affected by various diseases. Under illumination produced by a high-pressure sodium lamp, colour discrimination, compared to C illumination, is found to be impaired. In particular, young diabetic patients, without signs of retinal involvement, show the expected decrease in total score as age proceeds from 10 to 25 years under C illumination. This is no longer the case under Na illumination.", "PMID": 723863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9785", "title": "Colour discrimination in the frame of illuminating engineering. Effects of C and high-pressure Na sources at different illuminances.", "content": "Nowadays, people are encouraged to utilize colour information. In turn, the sources employed for both indoor and outdoor installations show a variegated gamut of spectral distributions. The colour rendering factor refers to the average observer, representative of the normal, young, adult, healthy population. In order to have an idea of the deviations from this ideal case, we have been undertaking a population study. The results up-to-date obtained by the use of the high pressure Na source are now briefly reported.", "contents": "Colour discrimination in the frame of illuminating engineering. Effects of C and high-pressure Na sources at different illuminances. Nowadays, people are encouraged to utilize colour information. In turn, the sources employed for both indoor and outdoor installations show a variegated gamut of spectral distributions. The colour rendering factor refers to the average observer, representative of the normal, young, adult, healthy population. In order to have an idea of the deviations from this ideal case, we have been undertaking a population study. The results up-to-date obtained by the use of the high pressure Na source are now briefly reported.", "PMID": 723870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9786", "title": "[Conservative therapy of CNS-tumors in children. I. Intrduction (author's transl)].", "content": "A successful conservative therapy of brain tumors presupposes an early diagnosis as well as radical tumor removal as far as possible. The previously unisatisfactory results of treatment are still often attributable to late diagnosis. With new diagnostic methods of low risk, e.g. computerized tomography, an earlier begin of therapy should be attainable. Improved results of treatment can be expected only by the cooperation of all regional centers in prospective therapy studies and continuous cooperation of all faculties involved.", "contents": "[Conservative therapy of CNS-tumors in children. I. Intrduction (author's transl)]. A successful conservative therapy of brain tumors presupposes an early diagnosis as well as radical tumor removal as far as possible. The previously unisatisfactory results of treatment are still often attributable to late diagnosis. With new diagnostic methods of low risk, e.g. computerized tomography, an earlier begin of therapy should be attainable. Improved results of treatment can be expected only by the cooperation of all regional centers in prospective therapy studies and continuous cooperation of all faculties involved.", "PMID": 723872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9787", "title": "[Irradiation therapy of central nervous system tumors in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) in children mostly need irradiation therapy often in combination with surgery and intensive drug therapy. The tumor dose is age-dependent and maximally 6000 R. Metastasing tumors require irradiation of the whole skull and the spinal axis. The individual prognosis depends on the type of tumor involved. Altogether up to 50% of CNS-tumors can be eliminated.", "contents": "[Irradiation therapy of central nervous system tumors in children (author's transl)]. Tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) in children mostly need irradiation therapy often in combination with surgery and intensive drug therapy. The tumor dose is age-dependent and maximally 6000 R. Metastasing tumors require irradiation of the whole skull and the spinal axis. The individual prognosis depends on the type of tumor involved. Altogether up to 50% of CNS-tumors can be eliminated.", "PMID": 723873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9788", "title": "[Interim results of the SIOP study (author's transl)].", "content": "Since 1975, the International Society of Paediatric Oncology has been carrying on a cooperative therapeutic trial, the aim of which is to find out whether adjuvant chemotherapy with vincristine and CCNU, added to standarized radiotherapy of the whole central nervous system, can improve life expectancy in medulloblastoma and high-grade ependymoma. Up to 1st July, 1977, 164 patients from 14 different countries had been entered into the trial. Up to now, results do not yet permit a statistically valid conclusion as to the superiority of one method of treatment over the other.", "contents": "[Interim results of the SIOP study (author's transl)]. Since 1975, the International Society of Paediatric Oncology has been carrying on a cooperative therapeutic trial, the aim of which is to find out whether adjuvant chemotherapy with vincristine and CCNU, added to standarized radiotherapy of the whole central nervous system, can improve life expectancy in medulloblastoma and high-grade ependymoma. Up to 1st July, 1977, 164 patients from 14 different countries had been entered into the trial. Up to now, results do not yet permit a statistically valid conclusion as to the superiority of one method of treatment over the other.", "PMID": 723874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9789", "title": "[Bronchodilators in babies with wheezy bronchitis (author's transl)].", "content": "In 16 babies aged one month to 11 months, lung mechanics were studied before and after subcutaneous injection of a bronchodilator; in addition, total serum IgE and various Virus-Complement-Binding Reactions (CBR) were determined. All the babies showed the clinical signs of bronchial obstruction, but the total lung resistance and the dynamic lung compliance were not significantly altered after the injection. No relationship existed between the height of the serum IgE-value and the results of the Virus-CBR. It could not be confirmed that babies with wheezy bronchitis and a raised IgE-value reacted any better to the bronchodilator than babies with bronchial obstruction and a normal IgE-value.", "contents": "[Bronchodilators in babies with wheezy bronchitis (author's transl)]. In 16 babies aged one month to 11 months, lung mechanics were studied before and after subcutaneous injection of a bronchodilator; in addition, total serum IgE and various Virus-Complement-Binding Reactions (CBR) were determined. All the babies showed the clinical signs of bronchial obstruction, but the total lung resistance and the dynamic lung compliance were not significantly altered after the injection. No relationship existed between the height of the serum IgE-value and the results of the Virus-CBR. It could not be confirmed that babies with wheezy bronchitis and a raised IgE-value reacted any better to the bronchodilator than babies with bronchial obstruction and a normal IgE-value.", "PMID": 723876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9790", "title": "[Diffuse, telangiectatic arteriovenous anastomosis in the lung as the cause of cyanosis in an infant with persistent ductus arteriosus (author's transl)].", "content": "Compared to the discrete, solitary or multiple pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas, the type of diffuse telangiectatic arteriovenous anastomoses occurs less frequently. Pathogenetically an association with the morbus Rendu-Osler-Weber and with chronic liver diseases is discussed. Based on the literature, and an own case with an additional patent ductus arteriosus, the clinical features are described. Diagnostic results of pulmonary angiography are less helpful than the dynamic radionuclide perfusion scintigraphy which is of great value in following up the disease. There is no successful therapy.", "contents": "[Diffuse, telangiectatic arteriovenous anastomosis in the lung as the cause of cyanosis in an infant with persistent ductus arteriosus (author's transl)]. Compared to the discrete, solitary or multiple pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas, the type of diffuse telangiectatic arteriovenous anastomoses occurs less frequently. Pathogenetically an association with the morbus Rendu-Osler-Weber and with chronic liver diseases is discussed. Based on the literature, and an own case with an additional patent ductus arteriosus, the clinical features are described. Diagnostic results of pulmonary angiography are less helpful than the dynamic radionuclide perfusion scintigraphy which is of great value in following up the disease. There is no successful therapy.", "PMID": 723877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9791", "title": "[Cystomanometric investigations in children with enuresis and chronic urinary tract infection (author's transl)].", "content": "Ninety one patients with urinary tract infection, infection with enuresis or enuresis alone, but without any malformation of the lower urinary tract have been examined clinically as well as by cystomanometric und uroflow-metric studies. It could be shown that the most important parameters to evaluate blader function were the bladder compliance and the detrusor contraction during the filling of the bladder. The bladder compliance was estimated from the volume pressure relationship under resting conditions, at the first urgency to voide and at the moment when the maximal bladder capacity was reached, Concerning the detrusor contraction we distinguished partial isovolumetric detrusor contractions with an amplitude of 1--8 mm Hg and uninhibited detrusor contractions with an amplitude of more than 10 mm Hg. According to these two parameters it was possible to differentiate cystomanometrically seven different types of irritable and non irritable bladder, and to introduce a new theory of the pathogenesis of enuresis. According to this theory we suppose that enuresis in childhood is mostly caused by neurovegetative psychogenic disorders similar to anorectal sphincter achalasia in patients with overflow encopresis.", "contents": "[Cystomanometric investigations in children with enuresis and chronic urinary tract infection (author's transl)]. Ninety one patients with urinary tract infection, infection with enuresis or enuresis alone, but without any malformation of the lower urinary tract have been examined clinically as well as by cystomanometric und uroflow-metric studies. It could be shown that the most important parameters to evaluate blader function were the bladder compliance and the detrusor contraction during the filling of the bladder. The bladder compliance was estimated from the volume pressure relationship under resting conditions, at the first urgency to voide and at the moment when the maximal bladder capacity was reached, Concerning the detrusor contraction we distinguished partial isovolumetric detrusor contractions with an amplitude of 1--8 mm Hg and uninhibited detrusor contractions with an amplitude of more than 10 mm Hg. According to these two parameters it was possible to differentiate cystomanometrically seven different types of irritable and non irritable bladder, and to introduce a new theory of the pathogenesis of enuresis. According to this theory we suppose that enuresis in childhood is mostly caused by neurovegetative psychogenic disorders similar to anorectal sphincter achalasia in patients with overflow encopresis.", "PMID": 723878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9792", "title": "[Prevention of neonatal apnea with theophylline (author's transl)].", "content": "To the well known methods for prevention of neonatal apnea like stimulation, CPAP, and mechanical ventilation the treatment with theophylline has been added recently. We studied the efficiency of theophylline therapy in 10 premature infants with apnea. The initial dosage was 6 mg theophylline/kg body-weight, followed by a dosage of 2 mg/kg for the next 12 h. The frequency of apnea thereby was significantly reduced. Only in two cases the heart rate rose above 180/min as a side effect. In no case an additional therapy was necessary.", "contents": "[Prevention of neonatal apnea with theophylline (author's transl)]. To the well known methods for prevention of neonatal apnea like stimulation, CPAP, and mechanical ventilation the treatment with theophylline has been added recently. We studied the efficiency of theophylline therapy in 10 premature infants with apnea. The initial dosage was 6 mg theophylline/kg body-weight, followed by a dosage of 2 mg/kg for the next 12 h. The frequency of apnea thereby was significantly reduced. Only in two cases the heart rate rose above 180/min as a side effect. In no case an additional therapy was necessary.", "PMID": 723879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9793", "title": "[Campomelic syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "A female premature infant with dwarfism, peculiar facial features, cleft palate and bone anomalies including bowing of the lower extremities with pretibial skin dimpling, the so called \"campomelic syndrome\" is presented. Other symptoms were hypotonia and respiratory distress. The radiological and autopsy findings in this child are described. The lack of known teratogenic factors during the pregnancy and the available data about the familial occurance of this malformation syndrome suggest the possibility of an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance in this patient. This is the first case of campomelic syndrome reported from Iran.", "contents": "[Campomelic syndrome (author's transl)]. A female premature infant with dwarfism, peculiar facial features, cleft palate and bone anomalies including bowing of the lower extremities with pretibial skin dimpling, the so called \"campomelic syndrome\" is presented. Other symptoms were hypotonia and respiratory distress. The radiological and autopsy findings in this child are described. The lack of known teratogenic factors during the pregnancy and the available data about the familial occurance of this malformation syndrome suggest the possibility of an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance in this patient. This is the first case of campomelic syndrome reported from Iran.", "PMID": 723880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9794", "title": "An effect of cell-cycle position on ultraviolet-light-induced mutagenesis in Chinese hamster ovary cells.", "content": "Using synchronous populations obtained by selectively detaching mitotic cells from cultures grown in monolayer, we demonstrate here that Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells exhibit a differential sensitivity to mutation induction by UV as a function of position in the cell cycle. When mutation induction to 6-thioguanine (TG) resistance is monitored, several maxima and minima are displayed during cell-cycle traverse, with a major maximum occurring in early S phase. Although cells in S phase are more sensitive to UV-mediated cell lethality than those in G1 or G2/M phases, there is not a strict correlation with induced mutation frequency. Fluence-response curves obtained at several times during the cell cycle yield Dq values approximating 6 J/m2. The primary survival characteristic which varies with cell cycle position is D0, ranging from 2.5 J/m2 at 6 h after mitotic selection to 5.5 J/m2 at 11 h afterward. Based on studies with asynchronous, logarithmically growing populations, as well as those mitotically selected to be synchronous, the optimum phenotypic expression time for induced TG resistance is 7--9 days and is essentially independent of both UV fluence and position in the cell cycle. All isolated mutants have altered hypozanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) activity, and no difference in the residual level of activity was detected among isolated clones receiving UV radiation during G1, S, or late S/G2 phases of the cell cycle. Changes in cellular morphology during cell-cycle traverse do not contribute to the differential susceptibility to UV-induced mutagenesis.", "contents": "An effect of cell-cycle position on ultraviolet-light-induced mutagenesis in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Using synchronous populations obtained by selectively detaching mitotic cells from cultures grown in monolayer, we demonstrate here that Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells exhibit a differential sensitivity to mutation induction by UV as a function of position in the cell cycle. When mutation induction to 6-thioguanine (TG) resistance is monitored, several maxima and minima are displayed during cell-cycle traverse, with a major maximum occurring in early S phase. Although cells in S phase are more sensitive to UV-mediated cell lethality than those in G1 or G2/M phases, there is not a strict correlation with induced mutation frequency. Fluence-response curves obtained at several times during the cell cycle yield Dq values approximating 6 J/m2. The primary survival characteristic which varies with cell cycle position is D0, ranging from 2.5 J/m2 at 6 h after mitotic selection to 5.5 J/m2 at 11 h afterward. Based on studies with asynchronous, logarithmically growing populations, as well as those mitotically selected to be synchronous, the optimum phenotypic expression time for induced TG resistance is 7--9 days and is essentially independent of both UV fluence and position in the cell cycle. All isolated mutants have altered hypozanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) activity, and no difference in the residual level of activity was detected among isolated clones receiving UV radiation during G1, S, or late S/G2 phases of the cell cycle. Changes in cellular morphology during cell-cycle traverse do not contribute to the differential susceptibility to UV-induced mutagenesis.", "PMID": 723911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9795", "title": "Spontaneous chromosomal aberration levels in human peripheral lymphocytes.", "content": "Spontaneous levels of structural chromosomal aberrations in human peripheral lymphocytes were studied cytogenetically in 49 female and 56 male subjects. With a total of 16 267 metaphase spreads examined, 191 cells were found to contain chromosomal aberrations, giving a rate of 1.17%. The rates of individual aberration types were as follows: chromatid fragments, 0.39%; chromosome fragments, 0.71% dicentrics, 0.06%; symmetrical and asymmetrical chromatid exchanges, 0.01%; and rings, 0.006%. There were significant differences in aberration yields between females aged 20--29 yr. and 60--70 yr., whereas males aged 20--50 yr. showed no difference. The two sexes differed significantly in chromatid fragments, chromosome fragments and aberrants cells.", "contents": "Spontaneous chromosomal aberration levels in human peripheral lymphocytes. Spontaneous levels of structural chromosomal aberrations in human peripheral lymphocytes were studied cytogenetically in 49 female and 56 male subjects. With a total of 16 267 metaphase spreads examined, 191 cells were found to contain chromosomal aberrations, giving a rate of 1.17%. The rates of individual aberration types were as follows: chromatid fragments, 0.39%; chromosome fragments, 0.71% dicentrics, 0.06%; symmetrical and asymmetrical chromatid exchanges, 0.01%; and rings, 0.006%. There were significant differences in aberration yields between females aged 20--29 yr. and 60--70 yr., whereas males aged 20--50 yr. showed no difference. The two sexes differed significantly in chromatid fragments, chromosome fragments and aberrants cells.", "PMID": 723912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9796", "title": "Do present levels of air pollution outdoors affect respiratory health?", "content": "A sensitive lung function test does not show difference due to air pollution between lifetime residents in a rural area and those in a small industrial town in Connecticut. Also, there is no evidence that higher air pollutant concentrations elsewhere have any marked effects on the lungs. Severe pollution is dangerous and must be avoided, but at present, air pollution control outdoors does not deserve priority as a means of preventing chronic lung diseases.", "contents": "Do present levels of air pollution outdoors affect respiratory health? A sensitive lung function test does not show difference due to air pollution between lifetime residents in a rural area and those in a small industrial town in Connecticut. Also, there is no evidence that higher air pollutant concentrations elsewhere have any marked effects on the lungs. Severe pollution is dangerous and must be avoided, but at present, air pollution control outdoors does not deserve priority as a means of preventing chronic lung diseases.", "PMID": 723927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9797", "title": "Molecular structure of a double helical DNA fragment intercalator complex between deoxy CpG and a terpyridine platinum compound.", "content": "The crystal structure of a complex containing deoxy CpG and a terpyridine platinum compound (TPH) shows a DNA double helical fragment with TPH intercalated between two Watson-Crick GC base pairs. The DNA unwinding angle is 23 degrees and the pucker of the deoxyribose rings differ at the 3' and 5' ends.", "contents": "Molecular structure of a double helical DNA fragment intercalator complex between deoxy CpG and a terpyridine platinum compound. The crystal structure of a complex containing deoxy CpG and a terpyridine platinum compound (TPH) shows a DNA double helical fragment with TPH intercalated between two Watson-Crick GC base pairs. The DNA unwinding angle is 23 degrees and the pucker of the deoxyribose rings differ at the 3' and 5' ends.", "PMID": 723928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9798", "title": "Mycoplasma capping on lymphocytes.", "content": "When mycoplasmas infect lymphocytes they behave as multivalent ligands and cap on the lymphoid cell surface in the absence of added specific antibody. There is an apparent high correlation between mycoplasma capping and blast transormation of the infected lymphocytes. Mycoplasma caps are shed from the surface of cells as an aggregate containing host membrane vesicles. This novel interaction may suggest a physiological role for the phenomenon of capping and may play a part in mycoplasma pathogenesis.", "contents": "Mycoplasma capping on lymphocytes. When mycoplasmas infect lymphocytes they behave as multivalent ligands and cap on the lymphoid cell surface in the absence of added specific antibody. There is an apparent high correlation between mycoplasma capping and blast transormation of the infected lymphocytes. Mycoplasma caps are shed from the surface of cells as an aggregate containing host membrane vesicles. This novel interaction may suggest a physiological role for the phenomenon of capping and may play a part in mycoplasma pathogenesis.", "PMID": 723942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9799", "title": "Degenerate perturbations of protein structure as the mechanism of anaesthetic action.", "content": "The interaction of the n-alkanols with lipid bilayers and excitable membranes shows that there is no simple correlation between conduction block and any of the perturbations of bilayer structure currently proposed as unitary mechanisms of local anaesthetic action. We propose instead that the n-alkanols act by direct interaction with target proteins to cause perturbations which depend directly on the precise structure of the alcohol.", "contents": "Degenerate perturbations of protein structure as the mechanism of anaesthetic action. The interaction of the n-alkanols with lipid bilayers and excitable membranes shows that there is no simple correlation between conduction block and any of the perturbations of bilayer structure currently proposed as unitary mechanisms of local anaesthetic action. We propose instead that the n-alkanols act by direct interaction with target proteins to cause perturbations which depend directly on the precise structure of the alcohol.", "PMID": 723953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9800", "title": "The intestine as source of immunoreactive substance P in plasma of the cat.", "content": "1. Substance P (SP) was measured in acid acetone extracted plasma of cats using a sensitive radioimmunoassay. The immunoreactive material was submitted to ion exchange chromatography and at least 90% of immunoreactivity co-chromatographed with synthetic SP. 2. The level of immunoreactive SP (I-SP) in extracted plasma of the cat was 69.3 +/- 9.8 fmol/ml with values ranging from 2.5 to 165 fmol/ml. Evisceration of the cats caused a decrease of I-SP levels from 70.8 +/- 30.8 fmol/ml to 20.8 +/- 9.9 15 min and to 26.8 +/- 19.7 fmol/ml 60 min after the operation. 3. Ligation of intestinal blood vessels led to a fall in I-SP levels from 58.7 +/- 11.5 to 25.9 +/- 4.1 fmol/ml within 15 min. 4. No difference between I-SP values in portal (71.8 +/- 11.2 fmol/ml) and peripheral plasma (68.3 +/- 12.1 fmol/ml) was found under the conditions in which these experiments were performed. 5. It is concluded that a major part of circulating immunoreactive SP originates from the intestine.", "contents": "The intestine as source of immunoreactive substance P in plasma of the cat. 1. Substance P (SP) was measured in acid acetone extracted plasma of cats using a sensitive radioimmunoassay. The immunoreactive material was submitted to ion exchange chromatography and at least 90% of immunoreactivity co-chromatographed with synthetic SP. 2. The level of immunoreactive SP (I-SP) in extracted plasma of the cat was 69.3 +/- 9.8 fmol/ml with values ranging from 2.5 to 165 fmol/ml. Evisceration of the cats caused a decrease of I-SP levels from 70.8 +/- 30.8 fmol/ml to 20.8 +/- 9.9 15 min and to 26.8 +/- 19.7 fmol/ml 60 min after the operation. 3. Ligation of intestinal blood vessels led to a fall in I-SP levels from 58.7 +/- 11.5 to 25.9 +/- 4.1 fmol/ml within 15 min. 4. No difference between I-SP values in portal (71.8 +/- 11.2 fmol/ml) and peripheral plasma (68.3 +/- 12.1 fmol/ml) was found under the conditions in which these experiments were performed. 5. It is concluded that a major part of circulating immunoreactive SP originates from the intestine.", "PMID": 723966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9801", "title": "Benzodiazepine receptor binding: the interactions of some non-benzodiazepine drugs with specific [3H] diazepam binding to rat brain synaptosomal membranes.", "content": "The interaction of several non-benzodiazepine drugs with [3H] diazepam binding to benzodiazepine receptors in rat brain synaptosomal membranes was investigated. Baclofen, benzoctamine, hydroxyzine, chlorpromazine, haloperidol, imipramine, and amitriptyline displace specific [3H] diazepam binding, but the concentrations needed are too high to explain pharmacological effects of these drugs by an interaction with benzodiazepine receptors. The most potent non-benzodiazepine drug for inhibiting specific [3H] diazepam binding was methaqualone (IC50 value of 150 micrometer). It is suggested that interactions with benzodiazepine receptors may account for the anxiolytic and anticonvulsive side effects of this drug. The analeptic drug pentylenetetrazole interacts with benzodiazepine receptor binding with an IC50 value of about 1 mM, which is possibly too high to explain its convulsive properties by an antagonism at the benzodiazepine receptor.", "contents": "Benzodiazepine receptor binding: the interactions of some non-benzodiazepine drugs with specific [3H] diazepam binding to rat brain synaptosomal membranes. The interaction of several non-benzodiazepine drugs with [3H] diazepam binding to benzodiazepine receptors in rat brain synaptosomal membranes was investigated. Baclofen, benzoctamine, hydroxyzine, chlorpromazine, haloperidol, imipramine, and amitriptyline displace specific [3H] diazepam binding, but the concentrations needed are too high to explain pharmacological effects of these drugs by an interaction with benzodiazepine receptors. The most potent non-benzodiazepine drug for inhibiting specific [3H] diazepam binding was methaqualone (IC50 value of 150 micrometer). It is suggested that interactions with benzodiazepine receptors may account for the anxiolytic and anticonvulsive side effects of this drug. The analeptic drug pentylenetetrazole interacts with benzodiazepine receptor binding with an IC50 value of about 1 mM, which is possibly too high to explain its convulsive properties by an antagonism at the benzodiazepine receptor.", "PMID": 723967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9802", "title": "Differences in the metabolic fate of noradrenaline released by electrical stimulation or by tyramine.", "content": "Strips of canine saphenous vein were loaded with 3H-noradrenaline (1.4 micrometer) and perifused with Krebs solution and either subjected to field stimulation or exposed to tyramine 40 micrometer. 3H, noradrenaline and its metabolites were determined in the perifusion fluid. Stimulation caused an increase predominantly in noradrenaline, followed by DOPEG, whereas tyramine release DOPEG in larger amounts than noradrenaline. Tyramine had more sustained effects than stimulation. Cocaine (1.6 micrometer) drastically reduced DOPEG efflux due to stimulation, but had no effects on the pattern of release by tyramine. It is concluded that tyramine releases noradrenaline which is deaminated before it reaches the synaptic gap, whereas after stimulation deamination of the transmitter occurs after re-uptake.", "contents": "Differences in the metabolic fate of noradrenaline released by electrical stimulation or by tyramine. Strips of canine saphenous vein were loaded with 3H-noradrenaline (1.4 micrometer) and perifused with Krebs solution and either subjected to field stimulation or exposed to tyramine 40 micrometer. 3H, noradrenaline and its metabolites were determined in the perifusion fluid. Stimulation caused an increase predominantly in noradrenaline, followed by DOPEG, whereas tyramine release DOPEG in larger amounts than noradrenaline. Tyramine had more sustained effects than stimulation. Cocaine (1.6 micrometer) drastically reduced DOPEG efflux due to stimulation, but had no effects on the pattern of release by tyramine. It is concluded that tyramine releases noradrenaline which is deaminated before it reaches the synaptic gap, whereas after stimulation deamination of the transmitter occurs after re-uptake.", "PMID": 723969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9803", "title": "Genotype dependent response of morphine and methionine-enkephalin on the electrically induced contractions of the mouse vas deferens.", "content": "Analgesia and locomotor activity are genetically differentiated in C 57 and DBA mice. In fact, DBA strain, unlike C 57, is very sensitive to the analgesic effects of morphine. On the contrary, morphine elicits an increase of locomotor activity only in C 57 mice. We have used this genetic approach to study the in vitro response of vas deferens contractions to morphine and methionine-enkephalin. The results obtained are the following: 1. The percentage of morphine inhibition of the electrically evoked contractions of the longitudinal muscle of the vas deferens is greater in DBA strain, which is sensitive to the analgesic effects of morphine, than in C 57 mice in which morphine exerts a stimulating effect of the locomotor activity; 2. Met-enkephalin has been found to be more active than morphine on the same preparation; 3. The inhibitory effects of Met-enkephalin appear to be greater in C 57 than in DBA mice; 4. Different doses of Naltrexone are required to reverse the effects of morphine and Met-enkephalin; 5. Cumulative doses of Met-enkephalin and morphine induce different responses in the vas deferens of C 57 and DBA mice. The results emphasize the usefulness to study analgesic activity in these strains of mice.", "contents": "Genotype dependent response of morphine and methionine-enkephalin on the electrically induced contractions of the mouse vas deferens. Analgesia and locomotor activity are genetically differentiated in C 57 and DBA mice. In fact, DBA strain, unlike C 57, is very sensitive to the analgesic effects of morphine. On the contrary, morphine elicits an increase of locomotor activity only in C 57 mice. We have used this genetic approach to study the in vitro response of vas deferens contractions to morphine and methionine-enkephalin. The results obtained are the following: 1. The percentage of morphine inhibition of the electrically evoked contractions of the longitudinal muscle of the vas deferens is greater in DBA strain, which is sensitive to the analgesic effects of morphine, than in C 57 mice in which morphine exerts a stimulating effect of the locomotor activity; 2. Met-enkephalin has been found to be more active than morphine on the same preparation; 3. The inhibitory effects of Met-enkephalin appear to be greater in C 57 than in DBA mice; 4. Different doses of Naltrexone are required to reverse the effects of morphine and Met-enkephalin; 5. Cumulative doses of Met-enkephalin and morphine induce different responses in the vas deferens of C 57 and DBA mice. The results emphasize the usefulness to study analgesic activity in these strains of mice.", "PMID": 723970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9804", "title": "PGE-release, blood flow and transmucosal water movement after mechanical stimulation of the rat jejunal mucosa.", "content": "1. The influence of weak mechanical stimulation of the jejunal mucosa in vivo on PGE-release, on intestinal blood flow and transmucosal water movement was studied in rats. 2. Mechanical stimulation of the mucosa increased PGE-release into the venous outflow and into the gut lumen. This increase is followed by an increase in intestinal blood flow and transmucosal movement of tritiated water in both directions. 3. Pretreatment of the rat with indomethacin reduced the effect of mechanical stimulation on PGE-release. Indomethacin further reduced the increase in blood flow and in secretion of tritiated water. Absorption of tritiated water was not changed in these experiments. 4. Pretreatment of the rat with atropine (1 mg/kg, i.p.) or perfusion of the gut with methysergide (10 microgram/ml) did not influence the increase in intestinal blood flow after mechanical stimulation. 5. It is suggested that enhanced intestinal blood flow and transmucosal movement of tritiated water after mechanical stimulation are mainly provoked by a preceding release of PGE. 6. It is further supposed that such a mechanism may be physiologically involved in regulation of intestinal blood flow and transmucosal water movement during food intake.", "contents": "PGE-release, blood flow and transmucosal water movement after mechanical stimulation of the rat jejunal mucosa. 1. The influence of weak mechanical stimulation of the jejunal mucosa in vivo on PGE-release, on intestinal blood flow and transmucosal water movement was studied in rats. 2. Mechanical stimulation of the mucosa increased PGE-release into the venous outflow and into the gut lumen. This increase is followed by an increase in intestinal blood flow and transmucosal movement of tritiated water in both directions. 3. Pretreatment of the rat with indomethacin reduced the effect of mechanical stimulation on PGE-release. Indomethacin further reduced the increase in blood flow and in secretion of tritiated water. Absorption of tritiated water was not changed in these experiments. 4. Pretreatment of the rat with atropine (1 mg/kg, i.p.) or perfusion of the gut with methysergide (10 microgram/ml) did not influence the increase in intestinal blood flow after mechanical stimulation. 5. It is suggested that enhanced intestinal blood flow and transmucosal movement of tritiated water after mechanical stimulation are mainly provoked by a preceding release of PGE. 6. It is further supposed that such a mechanism may be physiologically involved in regulation of intestinal blood flow and transmucosal water movement during food intake.", "PMID": 723974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9805", "title": "[Dynamics of the spike activity of association cortex neurons in awake cats during elaboration and reinforcement of a defensive conditioned reflex].", "content": "Neuronal responses of association field 5 during elaboration of defensive conditioned reflex to sound were studied in chronic experiments on cats. Neuronal activity at the reflex elaboration was usually observed in the first 50 ms after sound stimulation, i.e. it was connected with the action of signal stimulus, but not with the display of the conditioned movement. The most essential changes in neuronal responses of the association cortex were seen at the initial stage of conditioning. In some neurons under conditioning the reaction was stabilized, in others a decrease in both the background impulse activity and intensity of the responses was observed, in some cases the response to either of the applied stimuli disappeared. The latter circumstance allows suggesting the transition from polysensory to monosensory specialized neuronal reaction during conditioned reflex elaboration.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the spike activity of association cortex neurons in awake cats during elaboration and reinforcement of a defensive conditioned reflex]. Neuronal responses of association field 5 during elaboration of defensive conditioned reflex to sound were studied in chronic experiments on cats. Neuronal activity at the reflex elaboration was usually observed in the first 50 ms after sound stimulation, i.e. it was connected with the action of signal stimulus, but not with the display of the conditioned movement. The most essential changes in neuronal responses of the association cortex were seen at the initial stage of conditioning. In some neurons under conditioning the reaction was stabilized, in others a decrease in both the background impulse activity and intensity of the responses was observed, in some cases the response to either of the applied stimuli disappeared. The latter circumstance allows suggesting the transition from polysensory to monosensory specialized neuronal reaction during conditioned reflex elaboration.", "PMID": 723998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9806", "title": "[Mechanisms of interaction between the parietal association and projection areas of the cat neocortex].", "content": "The pecularities of evoked potentials changes in the first visual, first somatic and parietal cortical areas locally cooled under nembutal anesthesia, as well as in the association thalamic nuclei (pulvinar and posterolateral) were studied in cats. Two types of interaction between these cortical structures were distinguished. Type I interaction was observed between all the studied cortical areas; type II--took place only between the parietal and each of the projection areas. Type I is suggested to be formed by cortical connections, type II--by direct and indirect subcortical ones. The peculiarities of involving the association parietal area into type I and II interactions according to its activation by different modality signals are discussed.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of interaction between the parietal association and projection areas of the cat neocortex]. The pecularities of evoked potentials changes in the first visual, first somatic and parietal cortical areas locally cooled under nembutal anesthesia, as well as in the association thalamic nuclei (pulvinar and posterolateral) were studied in cats. Two types of interaction between these cortical structures were distinguished. Type I interaction was observed between all the studied cortical areas; type II--took place only between the parietal and each of the projection areas. Type I is suggested to be formed by cortical connections, type II--by direct and indirect subcortical ones. The peculiarities of involving the association parietal area into type I and II interactions according to its activation by different modality signals are discussed.", "PMID": 723999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9807", "title": "[Neuronal activity in an epileptic focus formed as a result of the effect of tetanus toxin on the motor area of the cat cerebral cortex].", "content": "Activity of single neurons was recorded intracellularly in the cortical epileptic focus produced by tetanus toxin. The activity of all studied neurons correlated positively with ECoG during the interictal period. A group of neurons was found with continuous background activity. The membrane potential of these neurons gradually decreased and the frequency of discharges increased during the interictal intervals. The neurons with continuous background activity during the interictal intervals revealed paroxismal depolarization without the following hyperpolarization. In some neurons with random background spikes hyperpolarizing shifts after paroxismal depolarization were observed. The mechanisms of the organization of the neuronal \"epileptic aggregates\" as well as of inhibition of these functional structures are considered.", "contents": "[Neuronal activity in an epileptic focus formed as a result of the effect of tetanus toxin on the motor area of the cat cerebral cortex]. Activity of single neurons was recorded intracellularly in the cortical epileptic focus produced by tetanus toxin. The activity of all studied neurons correlated positively with ECoG during the interictal period. A group of neurons was found with continuous background activity. The membrane potential of these neurons gradually decreased and the frequency of discharges increased during the interictal intervals. The neurons with continuous background activity during the interictal intervals revealed paroxismal depolarization without the following hyperpolarization. In some neurons with random background spikes hyperpolarizing shifts after paroxismal depolarization were observed. The mechanisms of the organization of the neuronal \"epileptic aggregates\" as well as of inhibition of these functional structures are considered.", "PMID": 724000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9808", "title": "[Participation of interoceptive afferent signals in the polymodal reactions of superior colliculus neurons in cats].", "content": "Stimulation of the vagal nerve in unanesthetized immobilized cats evoked marked responses in 43% of neurons of the superior colliculus. In 60% of the responses the changes in the spike activity were of tonic character. After stimulation with single stimuli inhibitory effects prevailed; in half of cases distinct initial inhibition of discharges lasting for 180-1700 ms was observed. Phasic responses with an initial period of activity occurred only in 9-11% of neurons. On the contrary somatic stimuli provoked mainly phasic reactions of activation type. Most of the investigated neurons were bimodal and often the time pattern of the responses depended on the modality of stimulation.", "contents": "[Participation of interoceptive afferent signals in the polymodal reactions of superior colliculus neurons in cats]. Stimulation of the vagal nerve in unanesthetized immobilized cats evoked marked responses in 43% of neurons of the superior colliculus. In 60% of the responses the changes in the spike activity were of tonic character. After stimulation with single stimuli inhibitory effects prevailed; in half of cases distinct initial inhibition of discharges lasting for 180-1700 ms was observed. Phasic responses with an initial period of activity occurred only in 9-11% of neurons. On the contrary somatic stimuli provoked mainly phasic reactions of activation type. Most of the investigated neurons were bimodal and often the time pattern of the responses depended on the modality of stimulation.", "PMID": 724001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9809", "title": "[Change in the concentration of RNA in the cytoplasm of cells of the inferior colliculus in cats during monaural and binaural stimulation].", "content": "The method of cytospectrophotometry of the gallocyanin-chromatium stained sections was used to show that the 2-hour monaural and 1.5-hour binaural stimulation with rhythmical noise signals result in a pronounced increase in cytoplasmatic RNA content per cell in the principal and large multipolar neurons. The increase in cytoplasmatic RNA amount in the principal cells both from ipsi- and contralateral central nuclei of the inferior colliculus with monaural and binaural stimulations allows to suggest a uniform distribution of the binaurally converging connection from the lower auditory nuclei to the principal cells. The increase in cytoplasmatic RNA in the large multipolar cells of the contralateral central nucleus following monaural stimulation shows predominant contralateral projections to these cells. A conclusion is made on patterns of binaurally converging connections on the principal and large multipolar cells of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus.", "contents": "[Change in the concentration of RNA in the cytoplasm of cells of the inferior colliculus in cats during monaural and binaural stimulation]. The method of cytospectrophotometry of the gallocyanin-chromatium stained sections was used to show that the 2-hour monaural and 1.5-hour binaural stimulation with rhythmical noise signals result in a pronounced increase in cytoplasmatic RNA content per cell in the principal and large multipolar neurons. The increase in cytoplasmatic RNA amount in the principal cells both from ipsi- and contralateral central nuclei of the inferior colliculus with monaural and binaural stimulations allows to suggest a uniform distribution of the binaurally converging connection from the lower auditory nuclei to the principal cells. The increase in cytoplasmatic RNA in the large multipolar cells of the contralateral central nucleus following monaural stimulation shows predominant contralateral projections to these cells. A conclusion is made on patterns of binaurally converging connections on the principal and large multipolar cells of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus.", "PMID": 724002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9810", "title": "[Correlation between conduction velocities in fibers of the optic nerve and optic radiation in cats].", "content": "The responses of dorsal lateral geniculate body units to striate cortex and optic chiasm stimulation were examined in cats immobilized with d-tubocurarine. A high correlation between antidromic responses to striate cortex and orthodromic responses to optic chiasm stimulation was found (r=0.895; P=0.01). 9% of neurons responded antidromically to optic chiasm stimulation indicating the existence of centrifugal fibres in the optic nerve. The functional significance of time dispersion of the afferent volley in visual system is discussed.", "contents": "[Correlation between conduction velocities in fibers of the optic nerve and optic radiation in cats]. The responses of dorsal lateral geniculate body units to striate cortex and optic chiasm stimulation were examined in cats immobilized with d-tubocurarine. A high correlation between antidromic responses to striate cortex and orthodromic responses to optic chiasm stimulation was found (r=0.895; P=0.01). 9% of neurons responded antidromically to optic chiasm stimulation indicating the existence of centrifugal fibres in the optic nerve. The functional significance of time dispersion of the afferent volley in visual system is discussed.", "PMID": 724003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9811", "title": "[Comparative characteristics of neuronal response in the vagus and facial nerve lobes of carp medulla oblongata to chemoreceptor stimulation].", "content": "The unit activity in the vagal lobe of medulla oblongata in response to stimulation of the mouth cavity and gills chemoreceptors with solutions of hydrochloric acid and sodium chloride was studied in immobilized carps and compared with those in the facial lobe in response to skin chemoreceptors stimulation. The firing rate in the vagal lobe is lower and the latent period is longer than in the facial lobe. The level of the chemical stimuli gradations analysis is different in two parts of the chemoreception primary centre. In the vagal lobe units responding to the impulses from both receptive fields as well as those responding selectively to stimulation either of the mouth cavity or the gills were found. Activity of a firing pattern was predominant in the vagal lobe units in response to stimulation with sodium chloride solutions.", "contents": "[Comparative characteristics of neuronal response in the vagus and facial nerve lobes of carp medulla oblongata to chemoreceptor stimulation]. The unit activity in the vagal lobe of medulla oblongata in response to stimulation of the mouth cavity and gills chemoreceptors with solutions of hydrochloric acid and sodium chloride was studied in immobilized carps and compared with those in the facial lobe in response to skin chemoreceptors stimulation. The firing rate in the vagal lobe is lower and the latent period is longer than in the facial lobe. The level of the chemical stimuli gradations analysis is different in two parts of the chemoreception primary centre. In the vagal lobe units responding to the impulses from both receptive fields as well as those responding selectively to stimulation either of the mouth cavity or the gills were found. Activity of a firing pattern was predominant in the vagal lobe units in response to stimulation with sodium chloride solutions.", "PMID": 724004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9812", "title": "[Ionic mechanisms of the excitatory action of transmitter, exogenous acetylcholine and serotonin on neurons of the superior cervical ganglion in rabbits].", "content": "Ionic mechanisms of EPSP and depolarization evoked by iontophoretically applied acetylcholine (Ach) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in the neurons of the rabbit isolated superior cervical ganglion (ACh-potential and 5-HT-potential, respectively) were studied using intracellular electrodes. Reversal potentials of EPSP (EEPSP) and Ach-potential (EACh) were -14.4 +/- 1.6 mV and -16.5 +/- 1.2 mV, for 5-HT-potential they were close to these values. More negative values of EEPSP and EACh were obtained in a group of neurons (about 1/3) using the extrapolation method, probably due to an increase in their membrane resistance during hyperpolarization. A decrease in external sodium or potassium concentration made EEPSP and EACh more negative, and an increase in external potassium concentration made them more positive than in normal solution. Changes in external chloride concentration do not influence EEPSP and EACh. It is concluded that excitatory transmitter and exogenous ACh (as well as probably 5-HT) increase membrane permeabilities to sodium and potassium ions.", "contents": "[Ionic mechanisms of the excitatory action of transmitter, exogenous acetylcholine and serotonin on neurons of the superior cervical ganglion in rabbits]. Ionic mechanisms of EPSP and depolarization evoked by iontophoretically applied acetylcholine (Ach) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in the neurons of the rabbit isolated superior cervical ganglion (ACh-potential and 5-HT-potential, respectively) were studied using intracellular electrodes. Reversal potentials of EPSP (EEPSP) and Ach-potential (EACh) were -14.4 +/- 1.6 mV and -16.5 +/- 1.2 mV, for 5-HT-potential they were close to these values. More negative values of EEPSP and EACh were obtained in a group of neurons (about 1/3) using the extrapolation method, probably due to an increase in their membrane resistance during hyperpolarization. A decrease in external sodium or potassium concentration made EEPSP and EACh more negative, and an increase in external potassium concentration made them more positive than in normal solution. Changes in external chloride concentration do not influence EEPSP and EACh. It is concluded that excitatory transmitter and exogenous ACh (as well as probably 5-HT) increase membrane permeabilities to sodium and potassium ions.", "PMID": 724007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9813", "title": "The small frontolateral approach for the microsurgical treatment of intracranial aneurysms.", "content": "The authors describe a new approach (the Small Frontolateral Approach) for the elective microsurgical treatment of aneurysms of the rostral part of the circle of Willis, including those arising from the carotid siphon. This approach provides the advantage of permitting an easy, direct and \"protective\" attack to such aneurysms through a small and merely osteoplastic craniotomy.", "contents": "The small frontolateral approach for the microsurgical treatment of intracranial aneurysms. The authors describe a new approach (the Small Frontolateral Approach) for the elective microsurgical treatment of aneurysms of the rostral part of the circle of Willis, including those arising from the carotid siphon. This approach provides the advantage of permitting an easy, direct and \"protective\" attack to such aneurysms through a small and merely osteoplastic craniotomy.", "PMID": 724020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9814", "title": "[Electric response audiometry (brain stem potentials and late potential N1) in patients with acoustic neurinoma or space-occupying lesion in the region of the brain stem].", "content": "In patients with acoustic neuronoma or space-occupying lesion in the region of the brainstem we recorded preoperatively the brainstem potentials as well as the late potential N1. With one exception all patients investigated showed changes in the brainstem potential pattern. When stimulating monaurally there exists a clear side difference, that means the changes in the potential pattern are more distinct on the side of the tumour than on the opposite side and then only if an obstructive hydrocephalus exists. Moreover we could demonstrate in patients with tumours in the region of the brainstem that the brainstem potential IV is no longer suitable for measuring the hearing threshold. On the other hand in these patients an exact determination of the hearing threshold is possible with the late potential N1. Altogether the findings show, that the recording of the brainstem potentials when stimulating monaurally is an important additional diagnostic tool to recognize impairment of the acoustic pathways within the brainstem and probably affords the possibility of perceiving pathological pressure within the brain.", "contents": "[Electric response audiometry (brain stem potentials and late potential N1) in patients with acoustic neurinoma or space-occupying lesion in the region of the brain stem]. In patients with acoustic neuronoma or space-occupying lesion in the region of the brainstem we recorded preoperatively the brainstem potentials as well as the late potential N1. With one exception all patients investigated showed changes in the brainstem potential pattern. When stimulating monaurally there exists a clear side difference, that means the changes in the potential pattern are more distinct on the side of the tumour than on the opposite side and then only if an obstructive hydrocephalus exists. Moreover we could demonstrate in patients with tumours in the region of the brainstem that the brainstem potential IV is no longer suitable for measuring the hearing threshold. On the other hand in these patients an exact determination of the hearing threshold is possible with the late potential N1. Altogether the findings show, that the recording of the brainstem potentials when stimulating monaurally is an important additional diagnostic tool to recognize impairment of the acoustic pathways within the brainstem and probably affords the possibility of perceiving pathological pressure within the brain.", "PMID": 724021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9815", "title": "Cerebellar gangliocytoma dysplasticum in an infant.", "content": "A boy, 25 months old, presented a cerebellar syndrome with increased intracranial pressure. Despite a ventriculo-peritoneal bypass, death occurred at the age of 4 1/2 years. Autopsy revealed a very large cerebellum, presenting a \"glossy\" appearance, with swelling of the brain stem. Histologically, there was a very unusual lesion with a diffuse disorganization of the cortex, a neuronoglial mixed proliferation, a large number of calcospherites, small tumour-like nodules and many leptomeningeal glial bridges. The authors consider that their case is not related to L'Hermitte-Duclo's disease, nor to gangliogliomas, and they discuss the hypothesis of hamartoma.", "contents": "Cerebellar gangliocytoma dysplasticum in an infant. A boy, 25 months old, presented a cerebellar syndrome with increased intracranial pressure. Despite a ventriculo-peritoneal bypass, death occurred at the age of 4 1/2 years. Autopsy revealed a very large cerebellum, presenting a \"glossy\" appearance, with swelling of the brain stem. Histologically, there was a very unusual lesion with a diffuse disorganization of the cortex, a neuronoglial mixed proliferation, a large number of calcospherites, small tumour-like nodules and many leptomeningeal glial bridges. The authors consider that their case is not related to L'Hermitte-Duclo's disease, nor to gangliogliomas, and they discuss the hypothesis of hamartoma.", "PMID": 724022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9816", "title": "Brain abscess (analysis of ten consecutive cases).", "content": "From our small series of ten consecutive cases five points should be emphasized. 1. In chronic cases radical excision is the treatment of choice. 2. In acute cases radical excision is the treatment of choice, if the lesion is in such a site that can be removed easily without worsening the patient's neurological condition. 3. In acute or chronic deep seated abscess, as the abscess in the parietal lobe, the best way to treat it is by drainage as a first stage. 4. Our mortality is one of the lowest reported, and 5. Patients in relatively good neurological condition and conscious level give the best results but a radical excision is recommended even in comatose patients, if the lesion is in such a site that it can be radically removed.", "contents": "Brain abscess (analysis of ten consecutive cases). From our small series of ten consecutive cases five points should be emphasized. 1. In chronic cases radical excision is the treatment of choice. 2. In acute cases radical excision is the treatment of choice, if the lesion is in such a site that can be removed easily without worsening the patient's neurological condition. 3. In acute or chronic deep seated abscess, as the abscess in the parietal lobe, the best way to treat it is by drainage as a first stage. 4. Our mortality is one of the lowest reported, and 5. Patients in relatively good neurological condition and conscious level give the best results but a radical excision is recommended even in comatose patients, if the lesion is in such a site that it can be radically removed.", "PMID": 724023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9817", "title": "[Circulatory disorders in the area of supply of the vertebrobasilar arteries in clinical and morphological picture].", "content": "The material comprised 40 autopsied cases in which vasogenic lesions in the brain stem were the only area of central nervous system damage or preceded the involvement of the cerebral hemispheres. Only 3 of them had been diagnosed correctly during the life of the patients. The material was divided into three groups: I. 22 cases with very dramatic onset suggesting in neurological appearance injury to the hemispheres, leading in most cases (15 out of 22) to death within 1 week. II. 18 cases in which the survival was from 2 months to 6 years. The vasogenic damage to the brain stem preceded considerably the development of brain softening or supratentorial haemorrhage 12 cases, in 7 cases the brain stem lesion was clinically silent in neurological examination. Fresh infarctions (group I) in the brain stem were located usually in the region of vascularization of the short circumferential and paramedian arteries, mainly in the basal part of the pons and midbrain. In group II single or multiple cavities were situated unilaterally or bilaterally mainly in the pons, at the watershed of the vascularization areas of paramedial and short or long circumflex arteries. The foci in the brain stem were associated in most cases (32 out of 40) with vascular lesions in the remaining areas of the same vascularization region. In the discussion on the pathogenesis the significance of degenerative changes in the walls of the vessels in this region and presence of thrombi in them for the development of necrotic changes has been stressed.", "contents": "[Circulatory disorders in the area of supply of the vertebrobasilar arteries in clinical and morphological picture]. The material comprised 40 autopsied cases in which vasogenic lesions in the brain stem were the only area of central nervous system damage or preceded the involvement of the cerebral hemispheres. Only 3 of them had been diagnosed correctly during the life of the patients. The material was divided into three groups: I. 22 cases with very dramatic onset suggesting in neurological appearance injury to the hemispheres, leading in most cases (15 out of 22) to death within 1 week. II. 18 cases in which the survival was from 2 months to 6 years. The vasogenic damage to the brain stem preceded considerably the development of brain softening or supratentorial haemorrhage 12 cases, in 7 cases the brain stem lesion was clinically silent in neurological examination. Fresh infarctions (group I) in the brain stem were located usually in the region of vascularization of the short circumferential and paramedian arteries, mainly in the basal part of the pons and midbrain. In group II single or multiple cavities were situated unilaterally or bilaterally mainly in the pons, at the watershed of the vascularization areas of paramedial and short or long circumflex arteries. The foci in the brain stem were associated in most cases (32 out of 40) with vascular lesions in the remaining areas of the same vascularization region. In the discussion on the pathogenesis the significance of degenerative changes in the walls of the vessels in this region and presence of thrombi in them for the development of necrotic changes has been stressed.", "PMID": 724024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9818", "title": "[Risk factors in stroke].", "content": "Risk factors were compared in 300 patients with brain stroke and 120 patients with neurosis or sciatic pains. It was found that arterial hypertension (p = 0.001) and diabetes (p = 0.01) were significantly more frequent in cases of brain stroke. Disturbances of lipid metabolism, tobacco smoking and obesity showed no significant difference. Extracerebral atherosclerosis (p = 0.001) increased the risk of stroke. Coronary arterial disease was most frequent (48.8%), myocardial infarction (8.3%) and calcifications in the aorta (32%) were second and third in frequency. Presence of at least two risk factors may be an indication to prophylactic treatment.", "contents": "[Risk factors in stroke]. Risk factors were compared in 300 patients with brain stroke and 120 patients with neurosis or sciatic pains. It was found that arterial hypertension (p = 0.001) and diabetes (p = 0.01) were significantly more frequent in cases of brain stroke. Disturbances of lipid metabolism, tobacco smoking and obesity showed no significant difference. Extracerebral atherosclerosis (p = 0.001) increased the risk of stroke. Coronary arterial disease was most frequent (48.8%), myocardial infarction (8.3%) and calcifications in the aorta (32%) were second and third in frequency. Presence of at least two risk factors may be an indication to prophylactic treatment.", "PMID": 724025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9819", "title": "[Phosphocreatine kinase activity in the cerebrospinal fluid in different types of stroke].", "content": "In 45 patients with brain strokes (thrombosis, embolus, intracerebral haemorrhages) and subarachnoid haemorrhages the CPK activity was determined in the cerebrospinal fluid. In most cases a significant rise was observed in CPK activity in the cerebrospinal fluid as compared to the control group. In two cases the dynamics of CPK activity changes were studied in the cerebrospinal fluid during the stroke. It seems that a significant rise in CPK activity develops in the initial phase of the stroke when the area of nervous tissue softening develops and spreads.", "contents": "[Phosphocreatine kinase activity in the cerebrospinal fluid in different types of stroke]. In 45 patients with brain strokes (thrombosis, embolus, intracerebral haemorrhages) and subarachnoid haemorrhages the CPK activity was determined in the cerebrospinal fluid. In most cases a significant rise was observed in CPK activity in the cerebrospinal fluid as compared to the control group. In two cases the dynamics of CPK activity changes were studied in the cerebrospinal fluid during the stroke. It seems that a significant rise in CPK activity develops in the initial phase of the stroke when the area of nervous tissue softening develops and spreads.", "PMID": 724026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9820", "title": "[Importance of EEG studies in the assessment of hearing and equilibrium disorders of central origin].", "content": "In a group of 52 patients with hearing and equilibrium disturbances of central origin EEG was done. The obtained EEG findings were correlated with: a) main clinical manifestations of the type of function loss or stimulation, and b) disturbances of behavioural perception, that is specific signs of disturbed perception and non-specific extraperceptive signs. Disturbed hearing, independently of the side of lesion, was accompanied by focal disturbances of electrogenesis in left temporal leads. Vertigo was associated as a rule with focal pathological changes in parieto-occipital leads bilaterally, prevailing in the right-side leads. The pattern of labyrinthine (static) behavioural disturbances was, as a rule, more rich than that of hearing behaviour disturbances. The differences observed in clinical pattern were explained as due to differences in the neurophysiological properties of the temporal and parieto-occipital cortex. Conclusions were based on the hypothesis of minimal brain damage and dipolar organization of the pathological bioelectric function of the brain. Electroencephalography provides objective data which can be used in the diagnosis of diseases affecting the organs of hearing and equilibrium.", "contents": "[Importance of EEG studies in the assessment of hearing and equilibrium disorders of central origin]. In a group of 52 patients with hearing and equilibrium disturbances of central origin EEG was done. The obtained EEG findings were correlated with: a) main clinical manifestations of the type of function loss or stimulation, and b) disturbances of behavioural perception, that is specific signs of disturbed perception and non-specific extraperceptive signs. Disturbed hearing, independently of the side of lesion, was accompanied by focal disturbances of electrogenesis in left temporal leads. Vertigo was associated as a rule with focal pathological changes in parieto-occipital leads bilaterally, prevailing in the right-side leads. The pattern of labyrinthine (static) behavioural disturbances was, as a rule, more rich than that of hearing behaviour disturbances. The differences observed in clinical pattern were explained as due to differences in the neurophysiological properties of the temporal and parieto-occipital cortex. Conclusions were based on the hypothesis of minimal brain damage and dipolar organization of the pathological bioelectric function of the brain. Electroencephalography provides objective data which can be used in the diagnosis of diseases affecting the organs of hearing and equilibrium.", "PMID": 724027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9821", "title": "[EEG changes dependent on the position of the head in patients with vertebrobasilar circulatory failure].", "content": "In a material of 39 cases EEG investigations were carried out in patients with vertebrobasilar failure at rest and in different positions of the head. It was observed that EEG curves in cases of vertebrobasilar failure can be normal or may show different changes. Head movements caused changes in EEG curves in one-fourth of these cases but no correlation was demonstrated between the intensity of these changes and the intensity of clinical changes.", "contents": "[EEG changes dependent on the position of the head in patients with vertebrobasilar circulatory failure]. In a material of 39 cases EEG investigations were carried out in patients with vertebrobasilar failure at rest and in different positions of the head. It was observed that EEG curves in cases of vertebrobasilar failure can be normal or may show different changes. Head movements caused changes in EEG curves in one-fourth of these cases but no correlation was demonstrated between the intensity of these changes and the intensity of clinical changes.", "PMID": 724028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9822", "title": "[Blood levels of phenytoin and phenobarbital in epileptics treated with phenydantin and phenytoinum].", "content": "In 80 epileptics receiving Phenydantin or Phenytoinum the blood levels of phenytoin and phenobarbital were determined. In all, 160 determinations of phenytoin (PHT) and 120 determinations of phenobarbital (PB) were done. Drug levels were determined spectrophotometrically. In 7% of patients toxic concentrations of PHT and in 3% toxic concentrations of PB were found. The PHT level below the therapeutic one was found in 16% of cases, and PB in 23%. The results of this study point to the necessity of routine control of the levels of anticonvulsants in the blood.", "contents": "[Blood levels of phenytoin and phenobarbital in epileptics treated with phenydantin and phenytoinum]. In 80 epileptics receiving Phenydantin or Phenytoinum the blood levels of phenytoin and phenobarbital were determined. In all, 160 determinations of phenytoin (PHT) and 120 determinations of phenobarbital (PB) were done. Drug levels were determined spectrophotometrically. In 7% of patients toxic concentrations of PHT and in 3% toxic concentrations of PB were found. The PHT level below the therapeutic one was found in 16% of cases, and PB in 23%. The results of this study point to the necessity of routine control of the levels of anticonvulsants in the blood.", "PMID": 724029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9823", "title": "[Exercise therapy in the rehabilitation of epilepsy in children].", "content": "Motor exercise was appliced in rehabilitation of 34 epileptic children with mild degree of mental retardation. In 28 children motor performance improved considerably. The increase in frequency of epileptic fits was not observed in any of the cases.", "contents": "[Exercise therapy in the rehabilitation of epilepsy in children]. Motor exercise was appliced in rehabilitation of 34 epileptic children with mild degree of mental retardation. In 28 children motor performance improved considerably. The increase in frequency of epileptic fits was not observed in any of the cases.", "PMID": 724030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9824", "title": "[Haptoglobin levels in the serum and the cerebrospinal fluid patients with multiple sclerosis].", "content": "In 47 patients with multiple sclerosis and 10 with other diseases of the nervous system determinations of haptoglobin were performed in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid by the method of Owen et al. The Hp level in the serum of multiple sclerosis patients was normal. Its level in the cerebrospinal fluid was higher in multiple sclerosis patients than in cases of other nervous system diseases (statistically significant difference, p less than 0.001). Raised value of the Hp/IgG index in the cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients points to increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier. The so called normal Hp/IgG index was found in multiple sclerosis patients with high Hp and IgG level. Low Hp/IgG index suggested the possibility of IgG synthesis in the brain of patients with this disease. The comparison of the protein level and protein indexes showed that raised IgG level in the cerebrospinal fluid was present in 80% of multiple sclerosis cases, raised Kabat index in 50%, and low Hp/IgG index in 48%.", "contents": "[Haptoglobin levels in the serum and the cerebrospinal fluid patients with multiple sclerosis]. In 47 patients with multiple sclerosis and 10 with other diseases of the nervous system determinations of haptoglobin were performed in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid by the method of Owen et al. The Hp level in the serum of multiple sclerosis patients was normal. Its level in the cerebrospinal fluid was higher in multiple sclerosis patients than in cases of other nervous system diseases (statistically significant difference, p less than 0.001). Raised value of the Hp/IgG index in the cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients points to increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier. The so called normal Hp/IgG index was found in multiple sclerosis patients with high Hp and IgG level. Low Hp/IgG index suggested the possibility of IgG synthesis in the brain of patients with this disease. The comparison of the protein level and protein indexes showed that raised IgG level in the cerebrospinal fluid was present in 80% of multiple sclerosis cases, raised Kabat index in 50%, and low Hp/IgG index in 48%.", "PMID": 724031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9825", "title": "[Attempt at treating multiple sclerosis by means of ultrasound stimulation of the lymphatic system].", "content": "The authors tried to apply ultrasound stimulation of the lymphatic system in patients with multiple sclerosis. This trial was undertaken in view of reports of German authors on favourable results of this therapeutic method. The treated group included 24 patients aged 20--54 years with steady or slowly progressive course of this disease in whom spastic paraparesis predominated in the clinical picture. Before starting and after the completion of this treatment each patient was examined and graded according to a 65-point scoring system taking into account the most important clinical parameters. After 4--6 months in 15 patients the course of treatment was repeated. One course of treatment included 24 procedures performed once daily. The procedure and technical data are described. The results obtained were as follows: 80% of patients reported subjective improvement, the objective status was improved by a mean value of 19% after the first course of treatment and 5% after the second treatment in relation to the initial state. Apart from some somnolence in the initial period of the course, no other side effects were observed. This report is regarded by the authors as a preliminary communication since for a better evaluation of this method the courses of treatment should be repeated several times and in a greater number of patients.", "contents": "[Attempt at treating multiple sclerosis by means of ultrasound stimulation of the lymphatic system]. The authors tried to apply ultrasound stimulation of the lymphatic system in patients with multiple sclerosis. This trial was undertaken in view of reports of German authors on favourable results of this therapeutic method. The treated group included 24 patients aged 20--54 years with steady or slowly progressive course of this disease in whom spastic paraparesis predominated in the clinical picture. Before starting and after the completion of this treatment each patient was examined and graded according to a 65-point scoring system taking into account the most important clinical parameters. After 4--6 months in 15 patients the course of treatment was repeated. One course of treatment included 24 procedures performed once daily. The procedure and technical data are described. The results obtained were as follows: 80% of patients reported subjective improvement, the objective status was improved by a mean value of 19% after the first course of treatment and 5% after the second treatment in relation to the initial state. Apart from some somnolence in the initial period of the course, no other side effects were observed. This report is regarded by the authors as a preliminary communication since for a better evaluation of this method the courses of treatment should be repeated several times and in a greater number of patients.", "PMID": 724032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9826", "title": "[Method of objective recording of motor disorders and assessment of improvement in the treatment of dyskinesias].", "content": "A method of objective evaluation of dyskinesias before surgical treatment and improvement obtained after stereotaxic surgery, is described. The method is based on the principle of recording photographically the movements of an extremity with a light source attached to it. Four sets for recording motor activity disturbances and improvement achieved after operation are presented. The method can be applied for evaluating the effects of conservative pharmacological treatment as well as for assessing the effects of exercises during rehabilitation treatment. The method which allows objective recording of motoro disturbances to be recorded can be used generally in view of its simplicity.", "contents": "[Method of objective recording of motor disorders and assessment of improvement in the treatment of dyskinesias]. A method of objective evaluation of dyskinesias before surgical treatment and improvement obtained after stereotaxic surgery, is described. The method is based on the principle of recording photographically the movements of an extremity with a light source attached to it. Four sets for recording motor activity disturbances and improvement achieved after operation are presented. The method can be applied for evaluating the effects of conservative pharmacological treatment as well as for assessing the effects of exercises during rehabilitation treatment. The method which allows objective recording of motoro disturbances to be recorded can be used generally in view of its simplicity.", "PMID": 724033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9827", "title": "[Case of extraocular muscle paralysis with changes of the ragged-red fiber type].", "content": "The authors describe a case of progressive paresis of the extraocular muscles in a 57-year-old woman followed up since 1974. There were no abnormalities in the biochemical investigations, EEG, EMG, ECG, pneumoencephalography and tests for myasthenia. Only in fragments of the biceps brachii muscle histological and histochemical investigations showed mitochondrial changes of the type of \"ragged-red fibres\". The authors review the literature pertinent to different syndromes of paralysis of the external eye muscles. This is the first case published in the Polish literature.", "contents": "[Case of extraocular muscle paralysis with changes of the ragged-red fiber type]. The authors describe a case of progressive paresis of the extraocular muscles in a 57-year-old woman followed up since 1974. There were no abnormalities in the biochemical investigations, EEG, EMG, ECG, pneumoencephalography and tests for myasthenia. Only in fragments of the biceps brachii muscle histological and histochemical investigations showed mitochondrial changes of the type of \"ragged-red fibres\". The authors review the literature pertinent to different syndromes of paralysis of the external eye muscles. This is the first case published in the Polish literature.", "PMID": 724037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9828", "title": "[Thrombo-obliterative changes in blood vessels of oculo-cerebral location].", "content": "The authors report a 46-year-old woman with discrete signs of central nervous system lesions and thrombo-obliterative changes in retinal vessels. There were no circulatory changes in the extremities. The type of vascular retinal changes, maintained patency of ocular and cerebral arteries and slow course suggested the diagnosis of oculo-cerebral form of thrombo-obliterative changes in blood vessels with involvement of the end portions of these arteries.", "contents": "[Thrombo-obliterative changes in blood vessels of oculo-cerebral location]. The authors report a 46-year-old woman with discrete signs of central nervous system lesions and thrombo-obliterative changes in retinal vessels. There were no circulatory changes in the extremities. The type of vascular retinal changes, maintained patency of ocular and cerebral arteries and slow course suggested the diagnosis of oculo-cerebral form of thrombo-obliterative changes in blood vessels with involvement of the end portions of these arteries.", "PMID": 724038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9829", "title": "[Case of Collet-Sicard-Villaret syndrome caused by metastasis of renal carcinoma].", "content": "The authors report a case in which the last cranial nerves were damaged with development of the Collet-Sicard-Villaret syndrome. The cause was metastasis of clear cell renal carcinoma. The syndrome is extremely rare. The fairly long, intermittent course in this case deserves attention.", "contents": "[Case of Collet-Sicard-Villaret syndrome caused by metastasis of renal carcinoma]. The authors report a case in which the last cranial nerves were damaged with development of the Collet-Sicard-Villaret syndrome. The cause was metastasis of clear cell renal carcinoma. The syndrome is extremely rare. The fairly long, intermittent course in this case deserves attention.", "PMID": 724039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9830", "title": "[Change of diphenylhydantoin tolerance at the time of reaching puberty in a 16-year-old girl suffering from epilepsy].", "content": "During a 3-year period of treatment with DPH three episodes of drug intolerance developed in a 16-year-old epileptic girl. The dose tolerated previously was 200 mg daily. The authors stress the effect of hormonal disturbances on the change in DPH tolerance.", "contents": "[Change of diphenylhydantoin tolerance at the time of reaching puberty in a 16-year-old girl suffering from epilepsy]. During a 3-year period of treatment with DPH three episodes of drug intolerance developed in a 16-year-old epileptic girl. The dose tolerated previously was 200 mg daily. The authors stress the effect of hormonal disturbances on the change in DPH tolerance.", "PMID": 724040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9831", "title": "[Case of orthostatic arterial hypotension with neurologic manifestations (Shy-Drager syndrome)].", "content": "The authors report a case of idiopathic orthostatic arterial hypotension with neurological manifestations, rarely diagnosed in this country. The clinical manifestations corresponded to those of Shy-Drager syndrome, with an akinetic-hypertonic syndrome, pyramidal signs, sphincter disturbances, sexual potency loss and neurogenic muscle atrophy. Attention is called to the recent results of biochemical investigations of the blood in this syndrome, and among them to the blood level of noradrenaline which may be useful in the diagnosis.", "contents": "[Case of orthostatic arterial hypotension with neurologic manifestations (Shy-Drager syndrome)]. The authors report a case of idiopathic orthostatic arterial hypotension with neurological manifestations, rarely diagnosed in this country. The clinical manifestations corresponded to those of Shy-Drager syndrome, with an akinetic-hypertonic syndrome, pyramidal signs, sphincter disturbances, sexual potency loss and neurogenic muscle atrophy. Attention is called to the recent results of biochemical investigations of the blood in this syndrome, and among them to the blood level of noradrenaline which may be useful in the diagnosis.", "PMID": 724041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9832", "title": "[Effect of right-sided hippocampotomy on memory and learning ability].", "content": "The authors report the results of memory and learning ability investigations in a patient treated with hippocampotomy (uncotomy) for severe epileptic seizures. In the seeg investigations the changes were most pronounced in the hippocampus. In psychological investigations before the operation deep disturbances of verbal memory with unchanged (normal) level of mental efficiency were found. After stereotaxic treatment epileptic seizures disappeared completely, the patient completed a vocational school and started working. Follow up examinations during 6 years after the operation failed to demonstrate any decrease in mental efficiency. The impairment of verbal memory and learning ability was decreased significantly.", "contents": "[Effect of right-sided hippocampotomy on memory and learning ability]. The authors report the results of memory and learning ability investigations in a patient treated with hippocampotomy (uncotomy) for severe epileptic seizures. In the seeg investigations the changes were most pronounced in the hippocampus. In psychological investigations before the operation deep disturbances of verbal memory with unchanged (normal) level of mental efficiency were found. After stereotaxic treatment epileptic seizures disappeared completely, the patient completed a vocational school and started working. Follow up examinations during 6 years after the operation failed to demonstrate any decrease in mental efficiency. The impairment of verbal memory and learning ability was decreased significantly.", "PMID": 724042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9833", "title": "[Dandy-Walker syndrome in a 6-year-old child].", "content": "The authors describe a case of Dandy-Walker syndrome. In the light of morphological examination it seems that the membrane obturating the IV ventricle is derived from the posterior medullary velum. Of essential significancy for the development of Dandy-Walker syndrome may be increased pressure in the ventricular system which appears probably at the time of cerebellum development as suggested by data from the literature and the observations of the authors. The importance of cranial trauma for the manifestation of clinical features of increased intracranial pressure in the child developing normally up to the age of 6 years.", "contents": "[Dandy-Walker syndrome in a 6-year-old child]. The authors describe a case of Dandy-Walker syndrome. In the light of morphological examination it seems that the membrane obturating the IV ventricle is derived from the posterior medullary velum. Of essential significancy for the development of Dandy-Walker syndrome may be increased pressure in the ventricular system which appears probably at the time of cerebellum development as suggested by data from the literature and the observations of the authors. The importance of cranial trauma for the manifestation of clinical features of increased intracranial pressure in the child developing normally up to the age of 6 years.", "PMID": 724043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9834", "title": "[Gasometric studies and lactic acid determinations in arterial blood and cerebrospinal fluid in brain infarction].", "content": "In 54 cases of brain infarction and 17 control cases the gasometric parameters and lactic acid level were determined in arterial blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Metabolic acidosis was demonstrated in the arterial blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Respiratory acidosis compensated partly metabolic acidosis. Changes in the cerebrospinal fluid were more frequent and more pronounced, especially in cases with fatal outcome. Deep disturbances of acid-base balance complicated with hypoxia may have prosnostic significance while moderate rise in lactic acid level is without this significance.", "contents": "[Gasometric studies and lactic acid determinations in arterial blood and cerebrospinal fluid in brain infarction]. In 54 cases of brain infarction and 17 control cases the gasometric parameters and lactic acid level were determined in arterial blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Metabolic acidosis was demonstrated in the arterial blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Respiratory acidosis compensated partly metabolic acidosis. Changes in the cerebrospinal fluid were more frequent and more pronounced, especially in cases with fatal outcome. Deep disturbances of acid-base balance complicated with hypoxia may have prosnostic significance while moderate rise in lactic acid level is without this significance.", "PMID": 724044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9835", "title": "[Differential diagnosis in inflammatory and vascular brain diseases].", "content": "The course of the disease was analysed from the standpoint of the diagnostic value of various clinical manifestations in a group of 200 patients with preliminary diagnosis of encephalitis or meningoencephalitis and in a group of 200 cases with finally established diagnosis of these diseases. In the group of patients referred as encephalitis cases the diagnosis was erroneous in 31% of cases, while in the group with finally established diagnosis of encephalitis the proportion of patients with erroneous initial diagnosis was 42%. In two-thirds of cases with erroneous diagnosis in the first group cerebral circulatory failure was the cause. On the other hand, however, these circulatory disturbances were a frequent cause of diagnostic errors in cases of encephalitis. After establishing the frequency of different pathological manifestations in the group of encephalitis and in the group with cerebrovascular disturbances the most characteristic symptoms and signs in each of these groups were listed.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis in inflammatory and vascular brain diseases]. The course of the disease was analysed from the standpoint of the diagnostic value of various clinical manifestations in a group of 200 patients with preliminary diagnosis of encephalitis or meningoencephalitis and in a group of 200 cases with finally established diagnosis of these diseases. In the group of patients referred as encephalitis cases the diagnosis was erroneous in 31% of cases, while in the group with finally established diagnosis of encephalitis the proportion of patients with erroneous initial diagnosis was 42%. In two-thirds of cases with erroneous diagnosis in the first group cerebral circulatory failure was the cause. On the other hand, however, these circulatory disturbances were a frequent cause of diagnostic errors in cases of encephalitis. After establishing the frequency of different pathological manifestations in the group of encephalitis and in the group with cerebrovascular disturbances the most characteristic symptoms and signs in each of these groups were listed.", "PMID": 724045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9836", "title": "[Activity of lactic dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes in cerebrospinal fluid in infantile cerebral palsy].", "content": "The observed group included 91 children aged from 2 to 15 years divided into two groups: I control--25 children, and II--66 children with severe infantile cerebral palsy. The following biochemical investigations were done in the cerebrospinal fluid: total LDH activity and total protein level before and after fluid condensation, and determination of LDH isoenzymes after condensation of fluid. In the group of children with absence of organic lesions of the central nervous system the mean total LDH activity was 17.6 mU/ml, this value was similar to that found by most authors. The isoenzyme pattern in the control group contained 3--4 fractions, the LDH4 fraction was, however, found in 2 cases only. In the group with infantile cerebral palsy the total LDH activity in the cerebrospinal fluid showed a considerable range of variations, its mean value was 32.7 mU/ml and was highly significantly above the mean value in controls. The LDH isoenzyme pattern in this group consisted of 4--5 LDH fractions with a fairly high proportion of cases with LDH4 and LDH5 fractions and with a high absolute activity of these fractions.", "contents": "[Activity of lactic dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes in cerebrospinal fluid in infantile cerebral palsy]. The observed group included 91 children aged from 2 to 15 years divided into two groups: I control--25 children, and II--66 children with severe infantile cerebral palsy. The following biochemical investigations were done in the cerebrospinal fluid: total LDH activity and total protein level before and after fluid condensation, and determination of LDH isoenzymes after condensation of fluid. In the group of children with absence of organic lesions of the central nervous system the mean total LDH activity was 17.6 mU/ml, this value was similar to that found by most authors. The isoenzyme pattern in the control group contained 3--4 fractions, the LDH4 fraction was, however, found in 2 cases only. In the group with infantile cerebral palsy the total LDH activity in the cerebrospinal fluid showed a considerable range of variations, its mean value was 32.7 mU/ml and was highly significantly above the mean value in controls. The LDH isoenzyme pattern in this group consisted of 4--5 LDH fractions with a fairly high proportion of cases with LDH4 and LDH5 fractions and with a high absolute activity of these fractions.", "PMID": 724046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9837", "title": "[Rheoencephalographic evaluation of cerebrovascular circulation in cases of ruptured intracranial aneurysms and after carotid artery ligation].", "content": "Rheoencephalographic (REG) investigations were performed in patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms before and after common carotid artery ligation and in a group of healthy subjects. REG curves after ligation of the common carotid artery showed lowering of the amplitude of waves on the side of ligation and generalized vasospasm of varying intensity and different degree of penetration into the cerebral structures. These changes were more intensive on the side of ligation and persisted for over 2 weeks. REG is a valuable method for early diagnosis of vascular disturbances in acute postoperative period in these operations.", "contents": "[Rheoencephalographic evaluation of cerebrovascular circulation in cases of ruptured intracranial aneurysms and after carotid artery ligation]. Rheoencephalographic (REG) investigations were performed in patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms before and after common carotid artery ligation and in a group of healthy subjects. REG curves after ligation of the common carotid artery showed lowering of the amplitude of waves on the side of ligation and generalized vasospasm of varying intensity and different degree of penetration into the cerebral structures. These changes were more intensive on the side of ligation and persisted for over 2 weeks. REG is a valuable method for early diagnosis of vascular disturbances in acute postoperative period in these operations.", "PMID": 724049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9838", "title": "[Early manifestations of vascular anomalies of the central nervous system and indications for angiographic studies prior to hemorrhage].", "content": "In a group of 556 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms in 80 (14%) prodromal manifestations were present before haemorrhage. They included most frequently headaches vomiting, disturbances of eye movements and transient disturbances of consciousness. Prodromal symptoms were most frequent in cases of vertebral-basilar aneurysms.", "contents": "[Early manifestations of vascular anomalies of the central nervous system and indications for angiographic studies prior to hemorrhage]. In a group of 556 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms in 80 (14%) prodromal manifestations were present before haemorrhage. They included most frequently headaches vomiting, disturbances of eye movements and transient disturbances of consciousness. Prodromal symptoms were most frequent in cases of vertebral-basilar aneurysms.", "PMID": 724048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9839", "title": "[Atypical Opalski's syndrome].", "content": "The authors report a woman aged 53 years with the main components of the syndrome of Opalski coexisting with signs characteristic of Wallenberg's syndrome. The lacking components of the former syndrome included Horner's syndrome, while nystagmus, diplopia without evident oculomotor nerves, paresis, disturbances of speech and deglutition belonged to the latter syndrome. The clinical pattern and the course of the disease suggested a vasogenic focus in the right submedullary region and inferolateral part of the medulla.", "contents": "[Atypical Opalski's syndrome]. The authors report a woman aged 53 years with the main components of the syndrome of Opalski coexisting with signs characteristic of Wallenberg's syndrome. The lacking components of the former syndrome included Horner's syndrome, while nystagmus, diplopia without evident oculomotor nerves, paresis, disturbances of speech and deglutition belonged to the latter syndrome. The clinical pattern and the course of the disease suggested a vasogenic focus in the right submedullary region and inferolateral part of the medulla.", "PMID": 724053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9840", "title": "[Diagnostic value of the CSF uric acid level (author's transl)].", "content": "Uric acid is the end-product of purine metabolism, and purines are the nitrogenous bases derived from the breakdown of nucleic acids. The CSF uric acid level is thought to be the index of the turnover of the nucleic acid and the degree of the cellular destruction in the brain. CSF uric acid levels were investigated in normal controls (30 cases) and in patients with brain tumor (20 cases), microcephalus (8 cases) and craniostenosis (4 cases). The mean values and standard deviations of CSF uric acid levels in normal controls were as follows; Newborn--9 yrs  0.34 +/- 0.09 mg/dl; 10 yrs--19 yrs  0.50 +/- 0.18 mg/dl; 20 yrs--29 yrs  0.46 +/- 0.05 mg/dl; 30 yrs--39 yrs  0.35 +/- 0.10 mg/dl; 40 yrs--49 yrs  0.35 +/- 0.23 mg/dl. Thereafter 0.72 +/- 0.21 mg/dl. The increased CSF uric acid levels after the age of 50 is thought to be due to the cellular destruction in the brain. CSF uric acid levels increased in patients with highly malignant brain tumor such as grade 3 or 4 astrocytoma and sarcomatous meningioma, but were normal in patients with grade 2 astrocytoma and meningiomas of meingothelial or fibroblastic type. CSF uric acid levels decreased in patients with microcephalus, but were almost normal in patients with craniostenosis. There is a significant correlation between CSF uric acid levels and the degree of brain atrophy in infants.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of the CSF uric acid level (author's transl)]. Uric acid is the end-product of purine metabolism, and purines are the nitrogenous bases derived from the breakdown of nucleic acids. The CSF uric acid level is thought to be the index of the turnover of the nucleic acid and the degree of the cellular destruction in the brain. CSF uric acid levels were investigated in normal controls (30 cases) and in patients with brain tumor (20 cases), microcephalus (8 cases) and craniostenosis (4 cases). The mean values and standard deviations of CSF uric acid levels in normal controls were as follows; Newborn--9 yrs  0.34 +/- 0.09 mg/dl; 10 yrs--19 yrs  0.50 +/- 0.18 mg/dl; 20 yrs--29 yrs  0.46 +/- 0.05 mg/dl; 30 yrs--39 yrs  0.35 +/- 0.10 mg/dl; 40 yrs--49 yrs  0.35 +/- 0.23 mg/dl. Thereafter 0.72 +/- 0.21 mg/dl. The increased CSF uric acid levels after the age of 50 is thought to be due to the cellular destruction in the brain. CSF uric acid levels increased in patients with highly malignant brain tumor such as grade 3 or 4 astrocytoma and sarcomatous meningioma, but were normal in patients with grade 2 astrocytoma and meningiomas of meingothelial or fibroblastic type. CSF uric acid levels decreased in patients with microcephalus, but were almost normal in patients with craniostenosis. There is a significant correlation between CSF uric acid levels and the degree of brain atrophy in infants.", "PMID": 724059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9841", "title": "[Case of pineal body tumor].", "content": "A case of epiphyseal tumour diagnosed by means of positive-contrast ventriculography in a male patient is reported. Treatment included ventriculoatriostomy and radiotherapy. In the clinical picture of the disease signs of intracranial hypertension prevailed together with hypothalamic endocrine disturbances, and in view of absent pathognomonic signs of lamina quadrigemina lesion considerable difficulties were encountered and craniopharyngioma was suspected. In the light of the pertinent literature and the present observations the possibility of early diagnosis of epiphyseal tumours based on disturbances of vertical optokinetic nystagmus and changes in auditory tests deserves attention.", "contents": "[Case of pineal body tumor]. A case of epiphyseal tumour diagnosed by means of positive-contrast ventriculography in a male patient is reported. Treatment included ventriculoatriostomy and radiotherapy. In the clinical picture of the disease signs of intracranial hypertension prevailed together with hypothalamic endocrine disturbances, and in view of absent pathognomonic signs of lamina quadrigemina lesion considerable difficulties were encountered and craniopharyngioma was suspected. In the light of the pertinent literature and the present observations the possibility of early diagnosis of epiphyseal tumours based on disturbances of vertical optokinetic nystagmus and changes in auditory tests deserves attention.", "PMID": 724052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9842", "title": "[Various features of personality and intellect in patients with multiple sclerosis].", "content": "The author analysed comparatively the results obtained in a 16-factor personality inventory of Cattell, in the WISKAD test, and Wechsler-Bellevue intelligence scale in a group of multiple sclerosis patients and a group of patients with radicular pains. Differences were found in factors A, N, O in the test of Cattell, in the Hy, Mk scales of the Wiskad test. In the group of multiple sclerosis the intelligence quotient was decreased in the performance scale and the vocabulary subtest in the Wechsler-Bellevue intelligence test. The obtained results were interpreted and hypotheses were put forward explaining the observed differences.", "contents": "[Various features of personality and intellect in patients with multiple sclerosis]. The author analysed comparatively the results obtained in a 16-factor personality inventory of Cattell, in the WISKAD test, and Wechsler-Bellevue intelligence scale in a group of multiple sclerosis patients and a group of patients with radicular pains. Differences were found in factors A, N, O in the test of Cattell, in the Hy, Mk scales of the Wiskad test. In the group of multiple sclerosis the intelligence quotient was decreased in the performance scale and the vocabulary subtest in the Wechsler-Bellevue intelligence test. The obtained results were interpreted and hypotheses were put forward explaining the observed differences.", "PMID": 724047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9843", "title": "[Craniolacunia in newborns with myelomeningocele and encephalocele (author's transl)].", "content": "Craniolacunia is characterized by clusters of deep pits with steep edges in the cranial vault of newborn infants. And also craniolacunia is anomaly of the skull of the newborn infants usually associated with spinal meningocele, myelomeningocele and occasionally with encephalocele. The purpose of this paper is to report the results of the skull roentgenologic study of 34 newborn infants with myelomeningocele and 11 newborns with encephalocele who were treated within 7 days after birth, and, to discuss the correlations with the head circumference, level of myelomeningocele, location of encephalocele, Arnold-Chiari malformation and hydrocephalus. Roentgenograms of the skull were obtained at the time of admission and were examined regarding the presence and the degree of craniolacunia. The radiographic changes were classified according to the extension of the craniolacunia, from grade 0 to grade 3. Among 34 cases of myelomeningocele, 28 cases (82%) were observed to have craniolacunia and among 11 cases of encephalocele, 4 cases (36%) had findings of craniolacunia. In our cases, the coincidence of craniolacunia with myelomeningocele was 82% and this is higher than in previous reports. But the coincidence of craniolacunia with encephalocele was same as in previous reports. There has been no report about the incidence of craniolacunia within 7 days of life.", "contents": "[Craniolacunia in newborns with myelomeningocele and encephalocele (author's transl)]. Craniolacunia is characterized by clusters of deep pits with steep edges in the cranial vault of newborn infants. And also craniolacunia is anomaly of the skull of the newborn infants usually associated with spinal meningocele, myelomeningocele and occasionally with encephalocele. The purpose of this paper is to report the results of the skull roentgenologic study of 34 newborn infants with myelomeningocele and 11 newborns with encephalocele who were treated within 7 days after birth, and, to discuss the correlations with the head circumference, level of myelomeningocele, location of encephalocele, Arnold-Chiari malformation and hydrocephalus. Roentgenograms of the skull were obtained at the time of admission and were examined regarding the presence and the degree of craniolacunia. The radiographic changes were classified according to the extension of the craniolacunia, from grade 0 to grade 3. Among 34 cases of myelomeningocele, 28 cases (82%) were observed to have craniolacunia and among 11 cases of encephalocele, 4 cases (36%) had findings of craniolacunia. In our cases, the coincidence of craniolacunia with myelomeningocele was 82% and this is higher than in previous reports. But the coincidence of craniolacunia with encephalocele was same as in previous reports. There has been no report about the incidence of craniolacunia within 7 days of life.", "PMID": 724060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9844", "title": "[Clinical and experimental study on false lateralizing sign (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical study is based upon the results of 68 cases of infratentorial tumor which have been examined in the Dept. of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Jikeikae University Hospital during the year 1967--1977. False lateralizing signs (F.L.S.) were studied of 57 cases except 11 pontine tumors. The incidence of this peculiar signs was 19.2% in 57 cases of infratentorial tumors, including 31.5% in 19 cases of cerebellopontine angle tumors, and 23.8% in 21 cases of cerebellar hemisphere tumor. A number of hypotheses have been proposed in the literature with regard to false lateralizing sign. The author presented the idea that elevated counter pressure elicited at a distance from the tumor may play significant role in producing this peculiar signs. Then the author undertook three-dimensional experiment on counter pressure mechanism, in order to elucidate the idea in cooperation with Material section, Trial production No. 1, Nissan Motor Car. Co. Ltd. The result showed that high counter pressure was observed at the contralateral cerebellopontine angle than the ipsilateral one to the compression. This means that when a mass grows at the posterior fossa on one side, lower cranial nerves of the contralateral side are easily compressed by the counter pressure mechanism from purely physical point of view. Therefore, there is a fair chance for the manifestation of false lateralizing signs.", "contents": "[Clinical and experimental study on false lateralizing sign (author's transl)]. Clinical study is based upon the results of 68 cases of infratentorial tumor which have been examined in the Dept. of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Jikeikae University Hospital during the year 1967--1977. False lateralizing signs (F.L.S.) were studied of 57 cases except 11 pontine tumors. The incidence of this peculiar signs was 19.2% in 57 cases of infratentorial tumors, including 31.5% in 19 cases of cerebellopontine angle tumors, and 23.8% in 21 cases of cerebellar hemisphere tumor. A number of hypotheses have been proposed in the literature with regard to false lateralizing sign. The author presented the idea that elevated counter pressure elicited at a distance from the tumor may play significant role in producing this peculiar signs. Then the author undertook three-dimensional experiment on counter pressure mechanism, in order to elucidate the idea in cooperation with Material section, Trial production No. 1, Nissan Motor Car. Co. Ltd. The result showed that high counter pressure was observed at the contralateral cerebellopontine angle than the ipsilateral one to the compression. This means that when a mass grows at the posterior fossa on one side, lower cranial nerves of the contralateral side are easily compressed by the counter pressure mechanism from purely physical point of view. Therefore, there is a fair chance for the manifestation of false lateralizing signs.", "PMID": 724061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9845", "title": "[Terminal ventriculostomy in the treatment of syringomyelia].", "content": "Terminal ventriculostomy is one of the methods used in surgical treatment of syringomyelia. The procedure is well tolerated and may be used in cases in which atlanto-occipital decompression is too serious an operation. The author used the method in treatment of 10 patients with different stages of syringomyelia. In 5 cases the time of follow-up was 12--20 months, in 2 of them the result was very good with very great improvement, in 3 improvement was slight but the progression of the disease was halted. In 5 cases with shorter follow-up improvement was observed in 3 and no improvement immediately after the operation in 2 cases. Further follow-up of these patients will show whether the results of the operation will be permanent.", "contents": "[Terminal ventriculostomy in the treatment of syringomyelia]. Terminal ventriculostomy is one of the methods used in surgical treatment of syringomyelia. The procedure is well tolerated and may be used in cases in which atlanto-occipital decompression is too serious an operation. The author used the method in treatment of 10 patients with different stages of syringomyelia. In 5 cases the time of follow-up was 12--20 months, in 2 of them the result was very good with very great improvement, in 3 improvement was slight but the progression of the disease was halted. In 5 cases with shorter follow-up improvement was observed in 3 and no improvement immediately after the operation in 2 cases. Further follow-up of these patients will show whether the results of the operation will be permanent.", "PMID": 724050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9846", "title": "[Cerebro-vascular accident during pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Cerebro-vascular accident is an uncommon but formidable complication of pregnancy. Faced with these cases, the neurosurgeon and obstetrician might differ in the planning of the treatment, when the interests of mother and child appear to conflict between them. From our clinical data of 5 cases and review of the literatures, the following points should be considered for the management of a cerebro-vascular accident during pregnancy. (1) The possibility of cerebro-vascular accident should be considered in any pregnant patients with neurological symptoms, and full investigation should be done if clini-indicated. (2) Aneurysm and angioma are most often encountered in pregnant patients with a cerebro-vascular accident. (3) Unless labour begins during investigation, a cerebral lesion should be treated before delivery, irrespective of the stage of pregnancy and the method of treatment should be decided primarily on neurosurgical grounds. (4) The time of onset of cerebro-vascular accident may be related to the hemodynamic and hormonal change. It occurs more frequently after the second trimester, when the blood volume and cardiac output reach their peak. (5) Pregnancy per se does not influence the mortality from a cerebro-vascular accident in pregnant patients.", "contents": "[Cerebro-vascular accident during pregnancy (author's transl)]. Cerebro-vascular accident is an uncommon but formidable complication of pregnancy. Faced with these cases, the neurosurgeon and obstetrician might differ in the planning of the treatment, when the interests of mother and child appear to conflict between them. From our clinical data of 5 cases and review of the literatures, the following points should be considered for the management of a cerebro-vascular accident during pregnancy. (1) The possibility of cerebro-vascular accident should be considered in any pregnant patients with neurological symptoms, and full investigation should be done if clini-indicated. (2) Aneurysm and angioma are most often encountered in pregnant patients with a cerebro-vascular accident. (3) Unless labour begins during investigation, a cerebral lesion should be treated before delivery, irrespective of the stage of pregnancy and the method of treatment should be decided primarily on neurosurgical grounds. (4) The time of onset of cerebro-vascular accident may be related to the hemodynamic and hormonal change. It occurs more frequently after the second trimester, when the blood volume and cardiac output reach their peak. (5) Pregnancy per se does not influence the mortality from a cerebro-vascular accident in pregnant patients.", "PMID": 724062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9847", "title": "[Case of a particularly severe migraine in a boy].", "content": "An unusually severe and uncommon clinical syndrome of migraine with complications in a boy treated during 9 years is described. Severe attacks of migraine were associated with changing cerebral function defects, prolonged disturbances of consciousness, and significant symptoms of intracranial hypertension. Vertebral angiography demonstrated disturbances in cerebral circulation.", "contents": "[Case of a particularly severe migraine in a boy]. An unusually severe and uncommon clinical syndrome of migraine with complications in a boy treated during 9 years is described. Severe attacks of migraine were associated with changing cerebral function defects, prolonged disturbances of consciousness, and significant symptoms of intracranial hypertension. Vertebral angiography demonstrated disturbances in cerebral circulation.", "PMID": 724054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9848", "title": "[Hemodynamics in the anterior part of the circle of Willis in patients with the anterior communicating artery aneurysm--a study by cerebral angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to study the cerebral angiographic findings of the hypoplasia of the A1 of the anterior cerebral artery, and the abnormal blood circulation in the anterior part of the circle of Willis, 485 patients who had had at least bilateral carotid angiography and complete data were selected, out of 1,000 patients with cerebral aneurysms to whom intracranial direct surgery had been done from June 1961 to September 1975. Patients with multiple cerebral aneurysms were excluded in this study. Seventy six patients were selected as controls. 1. Cerebral angiography revealed that hypoplasia of the A1 of the anterior cerebral artery is much more frequent in patients with aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery than in those with aneurysms of other intracranial arteries. It was observed in 145 of the 213 patients with aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery (68.1%). As for the hypoplasia of the A1, the angiographic findings corresponded to the surgical findings in 86.9% of all the patients. The incidence of hypoplasia of the left and right A1 portions was higher in patients with aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery than in those with aneurysms of other intracranial arteries. The incidence was about 3 times higher on the right side than on the left side. 2. It was considered that the abnormal blood circulation was observed in the anterior part of the circle of Willis in 155 patients, including 145 with angiographic findings of hypoplasia of a unilateral A1 and 10 with anomalies of the anterior communicating artery or A1 of anterior cerebral artery other than hypoplasia, out of 213 patients with aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery (72.8%). 3. The above findings are considered important for a diagnosis of an aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery and for a surgical approach.", "contents": "[Hemodynamics in the anterior part of the circle of Willis in patients with the anterior communicating artery aneurysm--a study by cerebral angiography (author's transl)]. In order to study the cerebral angiographic findings of the hypoplasia of the A1 of the anterior cerebral artery, and the abnormal blood circulation in the anterior part of the circle of Willis, 485 patients who had had at least bilateral carotid angiography and complete data were selected, out of 1,000 patients with cerebral aneurysms to whom intracranial direct surgery had been done from June 1961 to September 1975. Patients with multiple cerebral aneurysms were excluded in this study. Seventy six patients were selected as controls. 1. Cerebral angiography revealed that hypoplasia of the A1 of the anterior cerebral artery is much more frequent in patients with aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery than in those with aneurysms of other intracranial arteries. It was observed in 145 of the 213 patients with aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery (68.1%). As for the hypoplasia of the A1, the angiographic findings corresponded to the surgical findings in 86.9% of all the patients. The incidence of hypoplasia of the left and right A1 portions was higher in patients with aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery than in those with aneurysms of other intracranial arteries. The incidence was about 3 times higher on the right side than on the left side. 2. It was considered that the abnormal blood circulation was observed in the anterior part of the circle of Willis in 155 patients, including 145 with angiographic findings of hypoplasia of a unilateral A1 and 10 with anomalies of the anterior communicating artery or A1 of anterior cerebral artery other than hypoplasia, out of 213 patients with aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery (72.8%). 3. The above findings are considered important for a diagnosis of an aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery and for a surgical approach.", "PMID": 724066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9849", "title": "[Acute traumatic epidural hematoma in a 5-month-old infant].", "content": "The authors describe a case of acute traumatic epidural haematoma in an infant aged 5 months after slight head injury Acute anaemia coexisted. In view of the rarity of this complication after craniocerebral trauma in this age group and clinical distinctness of epidural haematomas in children this possibility should be considered in the differential diagnosis of sequelae of head trauma in infants.", "contents": "[Acute traumatic epidural hematoma in a 5-month-old infant]. The authors describe a case of acute traumatic epidural haematoma in an infant aged 5 months after slight head injury Acute anaemia coexisted. In view of the rarity of this complication after craniocerebral trauma in this age group and clinical distinctness of epidural haematomas in children this possibility should be considered in the differential diagnosis of sequelae of head trauma in infants.", "PMID": 724055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9850", "title": "[Third ventriculostomy for the hydrocephalus after subarachnoid hemorrhage (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty-eight cases after subarachnoid hemorrhage due to ruptured intracranial aneurysms was undergone third ventriculostomies as the reason that the development of postoperative CSF disturbances was determined to be highly probable. The indication and value of third ventriculostomy was discussed considering various clinical and operative findings. Postoperatively, six of the 28 cases required ventriculoperitoneal shunt operation. Although temporary disturbances of serum electrolytes was noted in three cases, no other side effects was attributed to third ventriculostomy. During hospitalization, no fatalities occured following third ventriculostomy. The addition of third ventriculostomy to surgery for ruptured intracranial aneurysms in highly recommended, especially in cases strongly indicating the possible occurrance of postoperative CSF flow disturbances.", "contents": "[Third ventriculostomy for the hydrocephalus after subarachnoid hemorrhage (author's transl)]. Twenty-eight cases after subarachnoid hemorrhage due to ruptured intracranial aneurysms was undergone third ventriculostomies as the reason that the development of postoperative CSF disturbances was determined to be highly probable. The indication and value of third ventriculostomy was discussed considering various clinical and operative findings. Postoperatively, six of the 28 cases required ventriculoperitoneal shunt operation. Although temporary disturbances of serum electrolytes was noted in three cases, no other side effects was attributed to third ventriculostomy. During hospitalization, no fatalities occured following third ventriculostomy. The addition of third ventriculostomy to surgery for ruptured intracranial aneurysms in highly recommended, especially in cases strongly indicating the possible occurrance of postoperative CSF flow disturbances.", "PMID": 724067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9851", "title": "[Diagnosis of abnormal spine motion with cineradiography (author's transl)].", "content": "For the past one year, 13 patients were studied 20 times with cineradiography to diagnose abnormal spine motion, which was quite informative compared to usual plain spine X-ray pictures. The direct radiation dosis was only 2.35 rem/min on taking cineradiography at the speed of 60 frames/sec. The camera used was Cardoskop-U and the X-ray generator was Pandoros Optimatic, both of which were of Siemens make. It was keenly recognized that cineradiography was useful to diagnose 1) solidity of spine fusion, 2) effect of spinal traction, 3) efficacy of immobilizing apparatus for spine and 4) abnormal spine motion on dynamic way.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of abnormal spine motion with cineradiography (author's transl)]. For the past one year, 13 patients were studied 20 times with cineradiography to diagnose abnormal spine motion, which was quite informative compared to usual plain spine X-ray pictures. The direct radiation dosis was only 2.35 rem/min on taking cineradiography at the speed of 60 frames/sec. The camera used was Cardoskop-U and the X-ray generator was Pandoros Optimatic, both of which were of Siemens make. It was keenly recognized that cineradiography was useful to diagnose 1) solidity of spine fusion, 2) effect of spinal traction, 3) efficacy of immobilizing apparatus for spine and 4) abnormal spine motion on dynamic way.", "PMID": 724068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9852", "title": "[Falx images on CT scan (author's transl)].", "content": "It has been reported that falx images usually are not visualized on CT scan except in the case with brain atrophy of falx calcification. But we have often experienced the falx images on CT scan in the case of normal child, and we have an idea that falx images do not always mean a calcification of the falx. Evaluation of falx images on CT scan was done in 964 normal or abnormal cases in relation to different CT slice level, age, sex, pineal body and habenula and choroid plexus. Results are as follows; 1) Slice of higher level revealed higher incidence of falx image. 2) Incidence of falx images was lowest in the second decade, and showed gradual increase in relation to aging process. 3) Incidence of falx images revealed no sex difference. 4) Incidence of falx images showed a following tendency: a) Under 10 years; falx greater than pineal body and habenula greater than choroid plexus. b) Between 11 years to 20: pineal body and habenula greater than choroid plexus greater than or equal to falx. c) Over 21 years: pineal body and habenula greater than choroid plesus greater than falx. 5) The case with brain edema showed a higher incidence of falx images than the normal case, but the case with brain atrophy did not show a higher incidence. 6) Difference of CT number of falx region between the case of positive falx image and negative could not be recognized.", "contents": "[Falx images on CT scan (author's transl)]. It has been reported that falx images usually are not visualized on CT scan except in the case with brain atrophy of falx calcification. But we have often experienced the falx images on CT scan in the case of normal child, and we have an idea that falx images do not always mean a calcification of the falx. Evaluation of falx images on CT scan was done in 964 normal or abnormal cases in relation to different CT slice level, age, sex, pineal body and habenula and choroid plexus. Results are as follows; 1) Slice of higher level revealed higher incidence of falx image. 2) Incidence of falx images was lowest in the second decade, and showed gradual increase in relation to aging process. 3) Incidence of falx images revealed no sex difference. 4) Incidence of falx images showed a following tendency: a) Under 10 years; falx greater than pineal body and habenula greater than choroid plexus. b) Between 11 years to 20: pineal body and habenula greater than choroid plexus greater than or equal to falx. c) Over 21 years: pineal body and habenula greater than choroid plesus greater than falx. 5) The case with brain edema showed a higher incidence of falx images than the normal case, but the case with brain atrophy did not show a higher incidence. 6) Difference of CT number of falx region between the case of positive falx image and negative could not be recognized.", "PMID": 724069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9853", "title": "[A case of spontaneous pontine hematoma in patient suspected of pontine glioma and multiple sclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of spontaneous pontine hematoma in young boy, with remitting and relapsing clinical course of up to 11 years, suspected of having pontine glioma or multiple sclerosis is reported. Differential diagnosis of these are mentioned with reference to our cases of pontine glioma. This patient was a man aged 16. At 5 years of age he had his first episode of double vision. 20 days after first episode, gait disturbance, left facial palsy and consciousness disturbance developed. Neurological and neuroradiological examination revealed a pontine glioma and radiotherapy was administered. All signs and symptoms resolved except for bilateral abducens palsy. Four months later, he again complained of gait disturbance and facial palsy. Examination revealed bilateral conjugate ocular palsy, left facial palsy and cerebellar ataxia. These symptoms again resolved spontaneously, except for bilateral abducens palsy. At age 16 years, having been asymptomatic for 10 years, he suddenly noticed loss of taste. At that time sensory disturbance of the left side of himself, right hearing disturbance, dysarthria and retardation urinae. Neurological examination revealed bilateral optic atropy, bilateral abducens palsy, left facial palsy, right hyperacuisis, dysarthria, left hemiparesis, hypesthesia of the left side of the body and left cerebellar ataxia. The vertebral angiography was no evidences of mass lesion and vascular anomalies. The computed tomography demonstrated a pontine hematoma. Conservative therapy was performed and these symptoms cleared off except for bilateral abducens palsy.", "contents": "[A case of spontaneous pontine hematoma in patient suspected of pontine glioma and multiple sclerosis (author's transl)]. A case of spontaneous pontine hematoma in young boy, with remitting and relapsing clinical course of up to 11 years, suspected of having pontine glioma or multiple sclerosis is reported. Differential diagnosis of these are mentioned with reference to our cases of pontine glioma. This patient was a man aged 16. At 5 years of age he had his first episode of double vision. 20 days after first episode, gait disturbance, left facial palsy and consciousness disturbance developed. Neurological and neuroradiological examination revealed a pontine glioma and radiotherapy was administered. All signs and symptoms resolved except for bilateral abducens palsy. Four months later, he again complained of gait disturbance and facial palsy. Examination revealed bilateral conjugate ocular palsy, left facial palsy and cerebellar ataxia. These symptoms again resolved spontaneously, except for bilateral abducens palsy. At age 16 years, having been asymptomatic for 10 years, he suddenly noticed loss of taste. At that time sensory disturbance of the left side of himself, right hearing disturbance, dysarthria and retardation urinae. Neurological examination revealed bilateral optic atropy, bilateral abducens palsy, left facial palsy, right hyperacuisis, dysarthria, left hemiparesis, hypesthesia of the left side of the body and left cerebellar ataxia. The vertebral angiography was no evidences of mass lesion and vascular anomalies. The computed tomography demonstrated a pontine hematoma. Conservative therapy was performed and these symptoms cleared off except for bilateral abducens palsy.", "PMID": 724072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9854", "title": "[A surgical case with traumatic false aneurysm, arteriovenous fistula of the middle meningeal artery, ipsilateral chronic subdural hematoma and contralateral subdural hydroma and nontraumatic vertebrooccipital anastomosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A 48-year-old man with traumatic false aneurysm, arteriovenous fistula of the middle meningeal artery, ipsilateral chronic subdural hematoma, contralateral subdural hydroma, and nontraumatic vertebrooccipital anastomosis was reported with a review of the literature. Traumatic false aneurysm of the middle meningeal artery of 32 cases was already reported in the world, and traumatic arteriovenous fistula of the middle meningeal artery was found in 47 cases, but combination of the both is very rare and only 6 including ours have been found in the literature. In a case that a fracture line crosses over the middle meningeal artery, meningeal false aneurysm or arteriovenous fistula as well as epidural or subdural hematoma is supposed. Therefore common carotid angiography or selective carotid external angiography should be examined thinking of these above mentioned lesions. Comment was made from the anatomic, angiographic, and therapeutic point of view. In our case, the false aneurysms were removed while necessary ipsilateral craniotomy was performed for the chronic subdural hematoma. And operative and histological findings suggest the false aneurysms were on the way to spontaneous disappearance.", "contents": "[A surgical case with traumatic false aneurysm, arteriovenous fistula of the middle meningeal artery, ipsilateral chronic subdural hematoma and contralateral subdural hydroma and nontraumatic vertebrooccipital anastomosis (author's transl)]. A 48-year-old man with traumatic false aneurysm, arteriovenous fistula of the middle meningeal artery, ipsilateral chronic subdural hematoma, contralateral subdural hydroma, and nontraumatic vertebrooccipital anastomosis was reported with a review of the literature. Traumatic false aneurysm of the middle meningeal artery of 32 cases was already reported in the world, and traumatic arteriovenous fistula of the middle meningeal artery was found in 47 cases, but combination of the both is very rare and only 6 including ours have been found in the literature. In a case that a fracture line crosses over the middle meningeal artery, meningeal false aneurysm or arteriovenous fistula as well as epidural or subdural hematoma is supposed. Therefore common carotid angiography or selective carotid external angiography should be examined thinking of these above mentioned lesions. Comment was made from the anatomic, angiographic, and therapeutic point of view. In our case, the false aneurysms were removed while necessary ipsilateral craniotomy was performed for the chronic subdural hematoma. And operative and histological findings suggest the false aneurysms were on the way to spontaneous disappearance.", "PMID": 724073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9855", "title": "[The angiographical study on cerebral vasospasm following the rupture of intracranial aneurysm (1st report).--Time relationship between vasospasm on angiography and the onset of subarachnoid hemorrhage (aurhor's transl)].", "content": "Time relationship between the presence of vasospasm on angiography and the onset of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was investigated with 797 direct surgical cases with intracranial saccular aneurysm. It has been said that vasospasm would occur in early days after the onset of SAH. But in this paper, in the cases with only one history of SAH, vasospasm occurred within 3 days after SAH was seen in only 4.2% of the 120 cases. The peak of vasospasm on angiography was seen in the period between 10 and 17 days after SAH. During this period vasospasm was seen in 49.1% of the 116 cases. Meanwhile, in the cases with preceding SAH occurred between 1 and 17 days before the onset of the last SAH, vasopasm occurred within 3 days after the last SAH was seen in 38.7% of the 62 cases. On the contrary, during the period between 10 and 17 days after the last SAH, vasospasm was seen in only 20% of the 25 cases. Preceding SAH occurred between 1 and 17 days before the last SAH seemed to be responsible for the high rate of vasospasm within 3 days after the last SAH and the low rate of vasospasm in the period between 10 and 17 days after the last SAH.", "contents": "[The angiographical study on cerebral vasospasm following the rupture of intracranial aneurysm (1st report).--Time relationship between vasospasm on angiography and the onset of subarachnoid hemorrhage (aurhor's transl)]. Time relationship between the presence of vasospasm on angiography and the onset of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was investigated with 797 direct surgical cases with intracranial saccular aneurysm. It has been said that vasospasm would occur in early days after the onset of SAH. But in this paper, in the cases with only one history of SAH, vasospasm occurred within 3 days after SAH was seen in only 4.2% of the 120 cases. The peak of vasospasm on angiography was seen in the period between 10 and 17 days after SAH. During this period vasospasm was seen in 49.1% of the 116 cases. Meanwhile, in the cases with preceding SAH occurred between 1 and 17 days before the onset of the last SAH, vasopasm occurred within 3 days after the last SAH was seen in 38.7% of the 62 cases. On the contrary, during the period between 10 and 17 days after the last SAH, vasospasm was seen in only 20% of the 25 cases. Preceding SAH occurred between 1 and 17 days before the last SAH seemed to be responsible for the high rate of vasospasm within 3 days after the last SAH and the low rate of vasospasm in the period between 10 and 17 days after the last SAH.", "PMID": 724078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9856", "title": "[Lateral ventricle tumors (Part 1)--clinical manifestations on 30 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical investigations especially on symptomatology of 30 cases of the tumors of the lateral ventricle are carried out. For the clinical analysis, in agreement with Koos and Laubichler, the tumors of the lateral ventricle are classified into 2 groups, as follows: 1. Intraventricular tumors group (11 cases). 2. Paraventricular tumors group (18 cases). The following points are emphasized in the clinical features excluding radiological findings. 1. Because of symptomatologically no difference between the intraventricular tumors group and paraventricular tumors group, paraventricular tumors are included into the tumors of the lateral ventricle. 2. On neurological signs and symptoms, we contrast \"false\" localising signs which are common in patients with objective evidence of raised intracranial pressure and intermittent symptoms which occur more frequently with tumors in the ventricular system. 3. The results of surgical removal of the tumors are not always good. The diversity of results probably reflects the grade of malignancy and growth of the tumors, and skillfulness of operative technique is required, not to do damage to essential neurological elements and vital structures neighbouring the lateral ventricle.", "contents": "[Lateral ventricle tumors (Part 1)--clinical manifestations on 30 cases (author's transl)]. The clinical investigations especially on symptomatology of 30 cases of the tumors of the lateral ventricle are carried out. For the clinical analysis, in agreement with Koos and Laubichler, the tumors of the lateral ventricle are classified into 2 groups, as follows: 1. Intraventricular tumors group (11 cases). 2. Paraventricular tumors group (18 cases). The following points are emphasized in the clinical features excluding radiological findings. 1. Because of symptomatologically no difference between the intraventricular tumors group and paraventricular tumors group, paraventricular tumors are included into the tumors of the lateral ventricle. 2. On neurological signs and symptoms, we contrast \"false\" localising signs which are common in patients with objective evidence of raised intracranial pressure and intermittent symptoms which occur more frequently with tumors in the ventricular system. 3. The results of surgical removal of the tumors are not always good. The diversity of results probably reflects the grade of malignancy and growth of the tumors, and skillfulness of operative technique is required, not to do damage to essential neurological elements and vital structures neighbouring the lateral ventricle.", "PMID": 724079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9857", "title": "[Diabetes insipidus after surgery of intracranial arterial aneurysms--with special reference to the human ADH and aldosterone secretion (author's transl)].", "content": "The cases of diabetes insipidus (DI) after surgery of intracranial aneurysms were reported and discussed. 1. Of 112 patients operated on for intracranial arterial aneurysm (microsurgical approach), four patients (3.6%) showed DI in the postoperative period. In 3 cases of these 4, the aneurysms located on the anterior communicating artery and the remaining one was the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. 2. The exact mechanism of occurrence of DI is obscure. We suppose that not only vascular spasm of branches of the anterior cerebral and anterior communicating arteries supplying to the paraventricular and preoptic nucleus, but also surgical trauma with direct tissue injury might explain the symptoms. 3. All patients showed a monophasic type of DI which started 1 to 4 days after surgery and lasted from 6 up to 9 days. 4. Two patients with DI showed decreased plasma ADH values below 0.6 microunits/ml in the few days prior to the appearance of abnormally large amount of urinary output. Therefore, once the diagnosis of postoperative DI is made, the patients should be managed promptly with the replacement therapy of Aqueous pitressin. 5. A slow continuous infusion of Aqueous pitressin in the range of 1 to 1.5 IU/hr effectively reduce the polyuria which were not controlled by intermittent intramuscular injections.", "contents": "[Diabetes insipidus after surgery of intracranial arterial aneurysms--with special reference to the human ADH and aldosterone secretion (author's transl)]. The cases of diabetes insipidus (DI) after surgery of intracranial aneurysms were reported and discussed. 1. Of 112 patients operated on for intracranial arterial aneurysm (microsurgical approach), four patients (3.6%) showed DI in the postoperative period. In 3 cases of these 4, the aneurysms located on the anterior communicating artery and the remaining one was the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. 2. The exact mechanism of occurrence of DI is obscure. We suppose that not only vascular spasm of branches of the anterior cerebral and anterior communicating arteries supplying to the paraventricular and preoptic nucleus, but also surgical trauma with direct tissue injury might explain the symptoms. 3. All patients showed a monophasic type of DI which started 1 to 4 days after surgery and lasted from 6 up to 9 days. 4. Two patients with DI showed decreased plasma ADH values below 0.6 microunits/ml in the few days prior to the appearance of abnormally large amount of urinary output. Therefore, once the diagnosis of postoperative DI is made, the patients should be managed promptly with the replacement therapy of Aqueous pitressin. 5. A slow continuous infusion of Aqueous pitressin in the range of 1 to 1.5 IU/hr effectively reduce the polyuria which were not controlled by intermittent intramuscular injections.", "PMID": 724083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9858", "title": "[Brain abscess discovered 38 years after head injury (author's transl)].", "content": "We reported a case of delayed brain abscess following a penetrating gun-shot injury. The brain abscess surrounding retained intracranial fragments of bone and shell was found 38 years after head injury. The patient's only symptom had been minimal weakness of the right arm. This case was treated surgically with good results. The long period of silent infection was discussed.", "contents": "[Brain abscess discovered 38 years after head injury (author's transl)]. We reported a case of delayed brain abscess following a penetrating gun-shot injury. The brain abscess surrounding retained intracranial fragments of bone and shell was found 38 years after head injury. The patient's only symptom had been minimal weakness of the right arm. This case was treated surgically with good results. The long period of silent infection was discussed.", "PMID": 724085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9859", "title": "A developmental study of epiplexus cells and supraependymal cells and their possible relationship to microglia.", "content": "Intraventricular macrophages are first seen attached to the presumptive choroid plexus in the 11 days postconception mouse. By 12 day postconception supraependymal macrophages are present as well as a few macrophages lying apparently free within the ventricles. The number of epiplexus, supraependymal and free macrophages increases rapidly and reaches a peak at 17 days postconception, then fall rapidly until 4 days post natum. A second increase in epiplexus and supraependymal cells occurs at 8 days post natum followed by another decrease up to 15 days post natum. Microglia were first observed in the brain at 13 days postconception and at 17 days postconception a microglial cell was observed apparently entering the ependyma from the ventricle. It is suggested that the large decrease in intraventricular macrophages after 17 days postconception is due to many of these cells migrating into the brain to give rise to microglia. The intraventricular macrophages themselves probably arise from within the choroid plexus, either from stromal cells or from blood-borne macrophages.", "contents": "A developmental study of epiplexus cells and supraependymal cells and their possible relationship to microglia. Intraventricular macrophages are first seen attached to the presumptive choroid plexus in the 11 days postconception mouse. By 12 day postconception supraependymal macrophages are present as well as a few macrophages lying apparently free within the ventricles. The number of epiplexus, supraependymal and free macrophages increases rapidly and reaches a peak at 17 days postconception, then fall rapidly until 4 days post natum. A second increase in epiplexus and supraependymal cells occurs at 8 days post natum followed by another decrease up to 15 days post natum. Microglia were first observed in the brain at 13 days postconception and at 17 days postconception a microglial cell was observed apparently entering the ependyma from the ventricle. It is suggested that the large decrease in intraventricular macrophages after 17 days postconception is due to many of these cells migrating into the brain to give rise to microglia. The intraventricular macrophages themselves probably arise from within the choroid plexus, either from stromal cells or from blood-borne macrophages.", "PMID": 724088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9860", "title": "Fine structural changes in nerve cell bodies of the adult rabbit dorsal motor vagal nucleus during axon reaction.", "content": "Counts of neuronal nucleoli were made in the dorsal motor vagal nucleus (DMV) of the adult rabbit 10, 18, 70 and 90 days following unilateral cervical vagotomy. The structural characteristics of nerve cell bodies in the DMV were studied electron microscopically 2--90 days after cervical vagotomy. The nucleolar counts indicated that 20% of the large DMV neurones had disappeared ipsilateral to the operation 10 days postoperatively (p.o.), 65% 18 days p.o. and 70%  70 and 90 days p.o. No loss of small neurones was found. Large neurones ipsilateral to the operation showed nuclear displacement, infoldings of the nuclear membrane and disappearance of granular endoplasmic reticulum beginning 4 days p.o. and being prominent 6--18 days p.o. At the peak of the response, 10--18 days p.o., reacting neurones showed nucleolar condensation and vacuolation, the appearance of intranuclear electron-dense particles, extensive accumulation of intracytoplasmic lipid droplets, increased numbers of microtubules and neurofilaments, focal mitochondrial aggregates, and widespread mitochondrial degeneration. Ten to 21 days p.o. degenerating neurones were observed. After 30 days p.o. survival a partial recovery of surviving large DMV neurones seemed to have taken place. The findings are interpreted as indications of distubed protein metabolism, oxidative metabolism and intraneuronal transport in the axotomized DMV  neurones. The unique response of these neurones compared to previously studied peripherally projecting neurones is emphasized.", "contents": "Fine structural changes in nerve cell bodies of the adult rabbit dorsal motor vagal nucleus during axon reaction. Counts of neuronal nucleoli were made in the dorsal motor vagal nucleus (DMV) of the adult rabbit 10, 18, 70 and 90 days following unilateral cervical vagotomy. The structural characteristics of nerve cell bodies in the DMV were studied electron microscopically 2--90 days after cervical vagotomy. The nucleolar counts indicated that 20% of the large DMV neurones had disappeared ipsilateral to the operation 10 days postoperatively (p.o.), 65% 18 days p.o. and 70%  70 and 90 days p.o. No loss of small neurones was found. Large neurones ipsilateral to the operation showed nuclear displacement, infoldings of the nuclear membrane and disappearance of granular endoplasmic reticulum beginning 4 days p.o. and being prominent 6--18 days p.o. At the peak of the response, 10--18 days p.o., reacting neurones showed nucleolar condensation and vacuolation, the appearance of intranuclear electron-dense particles, extensive accumulation of intracytoplasmic lipid droplets, increased numbers of microtubules and neurofilaments, focal mitochondrial aggregates, and widespread mitochondrial degeneration. Ten to 21 days p.o. degenerating neurones were observed. After 30 days p.o. survival a partial recovery of surviving large DMV neurones seemed to have taken place. The findings are interpreted as indications of distubed protein metabolism, oxidative metabolism and intraneuronal transport in the axotomized DMV  neurones. The unique response of these neurones compared to previously studied peripherally projecting neurones is emphasized.", "PMID": 724089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9861", "title": "Partial demyelination of cat spinal cord after X-irradiation and surgical interference.", "content": "Following 4000 rad of X-irradiation and transplantation of sciatic nerve over the dorsal columns, extensive partial demyelination occurred in some animals. This dose of radiation inhibits remyelination so this phenomenon could be studied knowing that remylination was absent. Partial demyelination was characterized by translocation of myelin to form large myelin ovoids which remained associated with the remaining thinned myelin sheath: nodal widening, involvement of one paranode only, transition from thin to thick myelin along an internode, enlargement and disorientated oligodendrocyte tongues were also features of this change. It is concluded that partial demyelination results when oligodendrocytes have to function in a sub-optimal environment.", "contents": "Partial demyelination of cat spinal cord after X-irradiation and surgical interference. Following 4000 rad of X-irradiation and transplantation of sciatic nerve over the dorsal columns, extensive partial demyelination occurred in some animals. This dose of radiation inhibits remyelination so this phenomenon could be studied knowing that remylination was absent. Partial demyelination was characterized by translocation of myelin to form large myelin ovoids which remained associated with the remaining thinned myelin sheath: nodal widening, involvement of one paranode only, transition from thin to thick myelin along an internode, enlargement and disorientated oligodendrocyte tongues were also features of this change. It is concluded that partial demyelination results when oligodendrocytes have to function in a sub-optimal environment.", "PMID": 724093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9862", "title": "Ultrastructure of the muscle spindle in dystrophia myotonica. I. The intrafusal muscle fibres.", "content": "The abnormal intrafusal muscle fibres of four spindles located in extensor indicis biopsies from two patients with dystrophia myotonica have been examined by electron microscopy. In all cases, the fibres had undergone severe longitudinal fragmentation in their equatorial, proximal-polar and mid-polar zones. It was not possible to differentiate the fibres into nuclear bag and nuclear chain types. Many of the fragments were arranged in clusters, each cluster being bounded by a single basement membrane. Numerous partially divided fibres were seen in mid-polar sections, and a morphological picture of the fragmentation process has been presented. The ultrastructural appearance of individual fibre fragments ranged from normality through to severe atrophy. Intrafusal satellite cells showed an increase in numbers, presumably in response to the pathological processes affecting the muscle fibres. The nature of this response is discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the muscle spindle in dystrophia myotonica. I. The intrafusal muscle fibres. The abnormal intrafusal muscle fibres of four spindles located in extensor indicis biopsies from two patients with dystrophia myotonica have been examined by electron microscopy. In all cases, the fibres had undergone severe longitudinal fragmentation in their equatorial, proximal-polar and mid-polar zones. It was not possible to differentiate the fibres into nuclear bag and nuclear chain types. Many of the fragments were arranged in clusters, each cluster being bounded by a single basement membrane. Numerous partially divided fibres were seen in mid-polar sections, and a morphological picture of the fragmentation process has been presented. The ultrastructural appearance of individual fibre fragments ranged from normality through to severe atrophy. Intrafusal satellite cells showed an increase in numbers, presumably in response to the pathological processes affecting the muscle fibres. The nature of this response is discussed.", "PMID": 724094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9863", "title": "Ultrastructure of the muscle spindle in dystrophia myotonica. II. The sensory and motor nerve terminals.", "content": "The normal pattern of innervation was lost in the four dystrophia myotonica muscle spindles examined. There had been a proliferation of both sensory and motor nerve terminals, and many endings showed varying degrees of structural abnormality. The changes seen in the sensory nerve endings were an incomplete contact relationship between the terminal and the muscle fibre, the association of Schwann cell processes with the nerve ending, abnormal shape of the terminal, multiple sensory endings, and changes in the ultrastructural organization of the terminal axoplasm. Remnants of degenerated sensory terminals, and isolated sensory endings were also seen. Motor nerve terminals varied in size and shape. In general, they contained a normal complement of vesicles and mitochondria. Junctional folding was often absent or simplified, and sarcoplasmic specialization was, at the most, rudimentary. The relationship between these changes and intrafusal muscle fibre fragmentation is discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the muscle spindle in dystrophia myotonica. II. The sensory and motor nerve terminals. The normal pattern of innervation was lost in the four dystrophia myotonica muscle spindles examined. There had been a proliferation of both sensory and motor nerve terminals, and many endings showed varying degrees of structural abnormality. The changes seen in the sensory nerve endings were an incomplete contact relationship between the terminal and the muscle fibre, the association of Schwann cell processes with the nerve ending, abnormal shape of the terminal, multiple sensory endings, and changes in the ultrastructural organization of the terminal axoplasm. Remnants of degenerated sensory terminals, and isolated sensory endings were also seen. Motor nerve terminals varied in size and shape. In general, they contained a normal complement of vesicles and mitochondria. Junctional folding was often absent or simplified, and sarcoplasmic specialization was, at the most, rudimentary. The relationship between these changes and intrafusal muscle fibre fragmentation is discussed.", "PMID": 724095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9864", "title": "The fine structure of the CNS in multiple sclerosis. I. Interpretation of cytoplasmic papovavirus-like and paramyxovirus-like inclusions.", "content": "During an electron microscopic study of the white matter in multiple sclerosis (MS), spheroidal reticular particles were found both in MS and in control brains. These particles have previously been described in the brain in MS and in brain-derived cell cultures in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. In both cases they were interpreted as papovaviruses, but in size, morphology and distribution they are identical to the reticulosomes and related particles which occur as proteinaceous artefacts in a variety of tissues and in subcellular fractions. Inclusions in endothelial cell cytoplasm, previously reported from the CNS in MS as paramyxovirus similar to measles, have also been found in the present study. The were present both in MS and in control brains and are identified as \"rod-shaped tubular bodies\", normally occurring organelles of endothelial cells. The necessity for a cautious interpretation of virus like inclusions in emphasized.", "contents": "The fine structure of the CNS in multiple sclerosis. I. Interpretation of cytoplasmic papovavirus-like and paramyxovirus-like inclusions. During an electron microscopic study of the white matter in multiple sclerosis (MS), spheroidal reticular particles were found both in MS and in control brains. These particles have previously been described in the brain in MS and in brain-derived cell cultures in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. In both cases they were interpreted as papovaviruses, but in size, morphology and distribution they are identical to the reticulosomes and related particles which occur as proteinaceous artefacts in a variety of tissues and in subcellular fractions. Inclusions in endothelial cell cytoplasm, previously reported from the CNS in MS as paramyxovirus similar to measles, have also been found in the present study. The were present both in MS and in control brains and are identified as \"rod-shaped tubular bodies\", normally occurring organelles of endothelial cells. The necessity for a cautious interpretation of virus like inclusions in emphasized.", "PMID": 724090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9865", "title": "Primary demyelination in cat optic nerves associated with surgically induced axonal degeneration.", "content": "Localized Wallerian degeneration was induced in cat optic nerves by the gentle scratching of the exposed retinas. At intervals ranging up to 103 days after operation, the cats were killed and microscopic examination of the optic nerves showed, in addition to axonal degeneration, the presence of both demyelinating and demyelinated normal axons. The tongues of oligodendroglial cytoplasm were still associated with these demyelinated axons. This phenomenon is considered to reflect a change in the homeostasis of the oligodendroglial cell imposed by degeneration of a few axons from a state of maintaining the myelin sheath to one of resorption from adjacent normal axons. No evidence for the involvement of microglia in this process was found. It is concluded also that oligodendrocytes alone can be responsible for the removal of myelin debris during Wallerian degeneragion. This observation may be important to the understanding of certain demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system.", "contents": "Primary demyelination in cat optic nerves associated with surgically induced axonal degeneration. Localized Wallerian degeneration was induced in cat optic nerves by the gentle scratching of the exposed retinas. At intervals ranging up to 103 days after operation, the cats were killed and microscopic examination of the optic nerves showed, in addition to axonal degeneration, the presence of both demyelinating and demyelinated normal axons. The tongues of oligodendroglial cytoplasm were still associated with these demyelinated axons. This phenomenon is considered to reflect a change in the homeostasis of the oligodendroglial cell imposed by degeneration of a few axons from a state of maintaining the myelin sheath to one of resorption from adjacent normal axons. No evidence for the involvement of microglia in this process was found. It is concluded also that oligodendrocytes alone can be responsible for the removal of myelin debris during Wallerian degeneragion. This observation may be important to the understanding of certain demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system.", "PMID": 724091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9866", "title": "The morphology of spastic intracerebral arterioles.", "content": "Pial and parenchymatous vessels of cat cerebral cortex were subjected to electrical stimulation by direct current by the application of a silver gel electrode to the vessel wall. A current of small intensity (5V, 10mA, 2s) was sufficient to produce spastic constriction of the pial arteries. Arterial spasm was always segmental and lasted up to 20 min. Intracerebral vessels were stimulated by applying a DC of 20 to 100 V, 20 to 150 mA for 30 s to the brain. Intracerebral muscular vessels showed varying diameters and spastic segments in frozen sections and by electron microscopy. The lumen of spastic vessels was collapsed. The vessel wall convoluted, indicating that the factors causing spastic constriction are different from those responsible for physiological vessel wall constriction. In many cases the perivascular tissue of moderately constricted or spastic arterial vessels was destroyed while the tissue around capillaries always remained intact. It is suggested that periarterial tissue destruction is the result of the sudden and powerful constriction in muscular arteries.", "contents": "The morphology of spastic intracerebral arterioles. Pial and parenchymatous vessels of cat cerebral cortex were subjected to electrical stimulation by direct current by the application of a silver gel electrode to the vessel wall. A current of small intensity (5V, 10mA, 2s) was sufficient to produce spastic constriction of the pial arteries. Arterial spasm was always segmental and lasted up to 20 min. Intracerebral vessels were stimulated by applying a DC of 20 to 100 V, 20 to 150 mA for 30 s to the brain. Intracerebral muscular vessels showed varying diameters and spastic segments in frozen sections and by electron microscopy. The lumen of spastic vessels was collapsed. The vessel wall convoluted, indicating that the factors causing spastic constriction are different from those responsible for physiological vessel wall constriction. In many cases the perivascular tissue of moderately constricted or spastic arterial vessels was destroyed while the tissue around capillaries always remained intact. It is suggested that periarterial tissue destruction is the result of the sudden and powerful constriction in muscular arteries.", "PMID": 724092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9867", "title": "Infundibula may be clinically significant.", "content": "An infundibulum at the origin of the posterior communicating artery is observed to such an extent that it provokes little interest or comment. Although considered preaneurysmal by some, no serious consideration is given to its surgical removal. We present a patient with a subarachnoid hemorrhage, a middle cerebral artery aneurysm, and bilateral posterior communicating artery infundibula to draw attention to the importance of the infundibulum in certain circumstances.", "contents": "Infundibula may be clinically significant. An infundibulum at the origin of the posterior communicating artery is observed to such an extent that it provokes little interest or comment. Although considered preaneurysmal by some, no serious consideration is given to its surgical removal. We present a patient with a subarachnoid hemorrhage, a middle cerebral artery aneurysm, and bilateral posterior communicating artery infundibula to draw attention to the importance of the infundibulum in certain circumstances.", "PMID": 724105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9868", "title": "Computed frontal tomography (CFT) of the orbit using the EMI CT 1010 head scanner.", "content": "Frontal tomograms of the orbits can be obtained with the EMI CT 1010 head scanner, retaining the fine matrix (320 X 320) and thin slice options. Only minor modifications are required.", "contents": "Computed frontal tomography (CFT) of the orbit using the EMI CT 1010 head scanner. Frontal tomograms of the orbits can be obtained with the EMI CT 1010 head scanner, retaining the fine matrix (320 X 320) and thin slice options. Only minor modifications are required.", "PMID": 724106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9869", "title": "Techniques in transfemoral lumbar epidural phlebography.", "content": "For lumbar epidural phlebography an even distribution of the injected contrast medium over the epidural and intervertebral venous system is of the greatest importance in order to prevent the false positive diagnosis of a lumbar disk lesion due to an artificial filling defect. Various catheter placement techniques and other procedures designed to enhance epidural opacification are compared in this respect. In the author's opinion, selective injection of the contrast medium into an intervertebral vein, when possible, leads to the most reliable epidural filling.", "contents": "Techniques in transfemoral lumbar epidural phlebography. For lumbar epidural phlebography an even distribution of the injected contrast medium over the epidural and intervertebral venous system is of the greatest importance in order to prevent the false positive diagnosis of a lumbar disk lesion due to an artificial filling defect. Various catheter placement techniques and other procedures designed to enhance epidural opacification are compared in this respect. In the author's opinion, selective injection of the contrast medium into an intervertebral vein, when possible, leads to the most reliable epidural filling.", "PMID": 724107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9870", "title": "Cerebral mucormycosis--a case report.", "content": "A case of cerebral fungal granuloma with histological evidence of vasculitis is reported and the literature briefly reviewed. The value of surgery and chemotherapy for this entity which cured the patient without any sequelae of the disease process or chemotherapeutic agent is emphasized.", "contents": "Cerebral mucormycosis--a case report. A case of cerebral fungal granuloma with histological evidence of vasculitis is reported and the literature briefly reviewed. The value of surgery and chemotherapy for this entity which cured the patient without any sequelae of the disease process or chemotherapeutic agent is emphasized.", "PMID": 724108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9871", "title": "[Wounds of the heart. Diagnostic study and clinical case reports].", "content": "Two cases of cardiac wounds in association with acute anaemia and acute cardiac tamponade respectively are presented. The statistical and, more particularly, the diagnostic factors involved are discussed. Stress is laid on the measurement of CVP along with pericardiocentesis. Correct interpretation of the data furnished by these two methods will lead to exact and immediate diagnosis in all cases, and so enable the correct therapeutic strategy to be chosen.", "contents": "[Wounds of the heart. Diagnostic study and clinical case reports]. Two cases of cardiac wounds in association with acute anaemia and acute cardiac tamponade respectively are presented. The statistical and, more particularly, the diagnostic factors involved are discussed. Stress is laid on the measurement of CVP along with pericardiocentesis. Correct interpretation of the data furnished by these two methods will lead to exact and immediate diagnosis in all cases, and so enable the correct therapeutic strategy to be chosen.", "PMID": 724130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9872", "title": "[Treatment of hepatic metastases in tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Considerations on 25 cases].", "content": "Results with liver resection over a period of 3 yr in the treatment of metastases derived from tumours of the gastroenteric tube are reported. An account is given of the data and the techniques used by Italian and foreign workers for this purpose. A personal series of 25 cases is presented and its 2-yr survival figure is stated.", "contents": "[Treatment of hepatic metastases in tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Considerations on 25 cases]. Results with liver resection over a period of 3 yr in the treatment of metastases derived from tumours of the gastroenteric tube are reported. An account is given of the data and the techniques used by Italian and foreign workers for this purpose. A personal series of 25 cases is presented and its 2-yr survival figure is stated.", "PMID": 724131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9873", "title": "[Peritonitis encapsulans. Anatomo-clinical aspects. Case report].", "content": "Peritonitis encapsulans is a clinical interest on account of its rarity and the diagnostic difficulties caused by its aspecific symptomatology. A personal case is presented and its ambiguous clinical and instrumental picture is discussed. Diagnosis was finally obtained intraoperatively, after repeated episodes of mechanical ileus had made surgery mandatory.", "contents": "[Peritonitis encapsulans. Anatomo-clinical aspects. Case report]. Peritonitis encapsulans is a clinical interest on account of its rarity and the diagnostic difficulties caused by its aspecific symptomatology. A personal case is presented and its ambiguous clinical and instrumental picture is discussed. Diagnosis was finally obtained intraoperatively, after repeated episodes of mechanical ileus had made surgery mandatory.", "PMID": 724133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9874", "title": "[Use of hyaluronic acid in the therapy of varicose ulcers of the lower limbs].", "content": "Hyaluronic acid used in the management of ulcers due to chronic venous insufficiency and post-phlebitis syndromes (27 cases) proved to possess an anti-inflammatory and anti-exudative action. It also stimulated regeneration and hence epithelialisation. Comparison of healing times in this series and 35 patients who did not receive hyaluronic acid showed that this drug, in association with other remedies, serves to bring about much quicker healing.", "contents": "[Use of hyaluronic acid in the therapy of varicose ulcers of the lower limbs]. Hyaluronic acid used in the management of ulcers due to chronic venous insufficiency and post-phlebitis syndromes (27 cases) proved to possess an anti-inflammatory and anti-exudative action. It also stimulated regeneration and hence epithelialisation. Comparison of healing times in this series and 35 patients who did not receive hyaluronic acid showed that this drug, in association with other remedies, serves to bring about much quicker healing.", "PMID": 724134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9875", "title": "[Epidermoid cyst of the spleen with a picture of acute abdomen].", "content": "A case of epidermoid cyst of the spleen in an 8-yr-old boy presented as acute abdomen secondary to rupture of the cyst. The lesion is classified and the relevant literature surveyed. Particular reference is made to the pathogenetic mechanism responsible for the picture of acute abdomen.", "contents": "[Epidermoid cyst of the spleen with a picture of acute abdomen]. A case of epidermoid cyst of the spleen in an 8-yr-old boy presented as acute abdomen secondary to rupture of the cyst. The lesion is classified and the relevant literature surveyed. Particular reference is made to the pathogenetic mechanism responsible for the picture of acute abdomen.", "PMID": 724135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9876", "title": "[Unusual case of urogenital anomaly].", "content": "A case of associated malformation of the urogenital apparatus, right renal aplasia associated with uterus unicornis with the second uterine duct being independent of the first and located in the corner of the right iliac vessels, in reported in a woman of 41. Three pregnancies had all terminated regularly with live foetus born from eutocic delivery. The unusual nature of the case is insisted on and it would not seem possible to include it in any of the five classes established by Musset et al.", "contents": "[Unusual case of urogenital anomaly]. A case of associated malformation of the urogenital apparatus, right renal aplasia associated with uterus unicornis with the second uterine duct being independent of the first and located in the corner of the right iliac vessels, in reported in a woman of 41. Three pregnancies had all terminated regularly with live foetus born from eutocic delivery. The unusual nature of the case is insisted on and it would not seem possible to include it in any of the five classes established by Musset et al.", "PMID": 724136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9877", "title": "Effect of cerebral cortex gangliosides on the clinical and electromyographic evolution of \"a frigore\" facial paralysis. Apropos of 24 cases.", "content": "Results obtained with gangliosides in cases of frigor facial paralysis were assessed in the light of the clinical and EMG pictures. It was found that early and continuous administration reduced the risk of failure (16% in treated and 66% in untreated subjects).", "contents": "Effect of cerebral cortex gangliosides on the clinical and electromyographic evolution of \"a frigore\" facial paralysis. Apropos of 24 cases. Results obtained with gangliosides in cases of frigor facial paralysis were assessed in the light of the clinical and EMG pictures. It was found that early and continuous administration reduced the risk of failure (16% in treated and 66% in untreated subjects).", "PMID": 724139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9878", "title": "[Programmed rehabilitation of infarct patients. Methods and results].", "content": "Rehabilitation is now regarded as an integral part of the treatment of myocardial infarctees. The programme followed by the cardiological institutions of the Udine regional hospital and physical medicine and rehabilitation is described. Divided into four stages, it is put into effect after careful assessment of the patient's physical capability and psychological profile. The results of three years' work are presented.", "contents": "[Programmed rehabilitation of infarct patients. Methods and results]. Rehabilitation is now regarded as an integral part of the treatment of myocardial infarctees. The programme followed by the cardiological institutions of the Udine regional hospital and physical medicine and rehabilitation is described. Divided into four stages, it is put into effect after careful assessment of the patient's physical capability and psychological profile. The results of three years' work are presented.", "PMID": 724141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9879", "title": "[Acute renal insufficiency caused by rifampicin].", "content": "A case of acute renal insufficiency associated with acute hepatitis that arose in the course of intermittent rifampicine management is reported. Specific reagin-type antibodies were noted in the circulating blood. The clinical, morphological and pathogenetic aspects of the case are compared with those of kidney disease caused by penicillin. While certain clinical features appear in both situations, the histological and immunofluorescence data suggest that two separate pathological entities are involved.", "contents": "[Acute renal insufficiency caused by rifampicin]. A case of acute renal insufficiency associated with acute hepatitis that arose in the course of intermittent rifampicine management is reported. Specific reagin-type antibodies were noted in the circulating blood. The clinical, morphological and pathogenetic aspects of the case are compared with those of kidney disease caused by penicillin. While certain clinical features appear in both situations, the histological and immunofluorescence data suggest that two separate pathological entities are involved.", "PMID": 724142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9880", "title": "[Functional diagnosis of bronchospasm].", "content": "The main theories concerning the pathogenesis of bronchospasm are cited and reference on is made to the part played by the respiratory physiopathology laboratory with respect to past or present patients with this symptom. Attention is then directed to the action of bronchodilatatory substances in the resolution of a proven state of bronchospasm. Administration modalities, techniques, parameters, and percent improvements considered as significant in the light of the literature data and personal experience are illustrated. Bronchoprovocation tests are briefly reviewed. These are divided into aspecific and specific, according to the mediator employed. The first group involve the action of distilled water, physical effort, F2alpha prostaglandins, acetylcholine, and propranolol. The second, which are much more delicate, less certain in their meaning, and not entirely risk-free, offer information of a general nature and impose the need for due care in their practical application.", "contents": "[Functional diagnosis of bronchospasm]. The main theories concerning the pathogenesis of bronchospasm are cited and reference on is made to the part played by the respiratory physiopathology laboratory with respect to past or present patients with this symptom. Attention is then directed to the action of bronchodilatatory substances in the resolution of a proven state of bronchospasm. Administration modalities, techniques, parameters, and percent improvements considered as significant in the light of the literature data and personal experience are illustrated. Bronchoprovocation tests are briefly reviewed. These are divided into aspecific and specific, according to the mediator employed. The first group involve the action of distilled water, physical effort, F2alpha prostaglandins, acetylcholine, and propranolol. The second, which are much more delicate, less certain in their meaning, and not entirely risk-free, offer information of a general nature and impose the need for due care in their practical application.", "PMID": 724144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9881", "title": "[Genetic markers in insulin-dependent juvenile diabetes].", "content": "A significant association has been established between insulin-dependent diabetes and HL-A. This was appraised in a selected series of 16 patients and 64 of their first-degree relatives by HL-A typing. The relatives also underwent a glucose tolerance test. The results showed a high incidence of B8 in the patients (31%, VS 15% in controls: p less than 0.01). A previously observed prevalence of Bw 15, however, was not noted. In addition, an increased incidence of Bw 35 was detected (38%, VS 23% in the controls: p less than 0.02). In the case of the relatives, no significant differences in HL-A frequency were apparent, nor could a relationship between HL-A phenotype and altered glucose tolerance be established. The true aetiopathogenetic significance of this association is discussed in the light of recent views concerning HL-A and diseases.", "contents": "[Genetic markers in insulin-dependent juvenile diabetes]. A significant association has been established between insulin-dependent diabetes and HL-A. This was appraised in a selected series of 16 patients and 64 of their first-degree relatives by HL-A typing. The relatives also underwent a glucose tolerance test. The results showed a high incidence of B8 in the patients (31%, VS 15% in controls: p less than 0.01). A previously observed prevalence of Bw 15, however, was not noted. In addition, an increased incidence of Bw 35 was detected (38%, VS 23% in the controls: p less than 0.02). In the case of the relatives, no significant differences in HL-A frequency were apparent, nor could a relationship between HL-A phenotype and altered glucose tolerance be established. The true aetiopathogenetic significance of this association is discussed in the light of recent views concerning HL-A and diseases.", "PMID": 724145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9882", "title": "[Gastric juice proteins in neoplastic diseases with and without involvement of the digestive system].", "content": "Gastric juice proteins were studied in normal subjects and persons with gastro-intestinal, lung and pancreatic neoplasia and chronic systemic lymphopathy and haemoblastosis, using cellulose acetate and acrylamide gel electrophoresis of the freeze-dried dialyaste and chromatography of the amino acids obtained from the hydrolysate. Definite evidence was gathered of both qualitative and quantitative changes in protein fractions. Patterns varied from one group of subjects to another, though the basic picture was the same in both intestinal and extra-intestinal conditions. An effective relationship between the diseases considered is postulated and the data are interpreted with a view to evolving other points for further investigation.", "contents": "[Gastric juice proteins in neoplastic diseases with and without involvement of the digestive system]. Gastric juice proteins were studied in normal subjects and persons with gastro-intestinal, lung and pancreatic neoplasia and chronic systemic lymphopathy and haemoblastosis, using cellulose acetate and acrylamide gel electrophoresis of the freeze-dried dialyaste and chromatography of the amino acids obtained from the hydrolysate. Definite evidence was gathered of both qualitative and quantitative changes in protein fractions. Patterns varied from one group of subjects to another, though the basic picture was the same in both intestinal and extra-intestinal conditions. An effective relationship between the diseases considered is postulated and the data are interpreted with a view to evolving other points for further investigation.", "PMID": 724147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9883", "title": "[Mastalgia].", "content": "A series of 624 cases of breast pain examined over a period of 5 years is reviewed in the light of age, fecundity, side affected, and occupation. The gynaecological evidence made it clear that most cases where attributable to hormone disorders. In particular, there were no instances in which initial cancer was detected as a result of the pain symptom. The findings are discussed in the light of the literature.", "contents": "[Mastalgia]. A series of 624 cases of breast pain examined over a period of 5 years is reviewed in the light of age, fecundity, side affected, and occupation. The gynaecological evidence made it clear that most cases where attributable to hormone disorders. In particular, there were no instances in which initial cancer was detected as a result of the pain symptom. The findings are discussed in the light of the literature.", "PMID": 724148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9884", "title": "[Familial hypercholesteremia. Clinico-diagnostic and therapeutic aspects].", "content": "A case of familial hypercholesterolaemia detected in a homozygous subject following the investigation of two large families with a high incidence of the disease, is presented. The genetic background of this form is discussed. Reference is made to the difficulty of identifying heterozygotes and homozygotes and the mode of transmission followed in the two families. The results of 45 months' treatment with cholestiramine and clofibrate and a dietary regimen are described.", "contents": "[Familial hypercholesteremia. Clinico-diagnostic and therapeutic aspects]. A case of familial hypercholesterolaemia detected in a homozygous subject following the investigation of two large families with a high incidence of the disease, is presented. The genetic background of this form is discussed. Reference is made to the difficulty of identifying heterozygotes and homozygotes and the mode of transmission followed in the two families. The results of 45 months' treatment with cholestiramine and clofibrate and a dietary regimen are described.", "PMID": 724149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9885", "title": "[Transendoscopic retrograde cholangiography in the diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Study of 6 cases].", "content": "Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a rare disease of unknown etiology characterized by severe chronic inflammation, fibrosis and stenosis of variable length of the extra and/or intrahepatic biliary ducts in the absence of recent operative trauma, biliary stones, cancer or infection. Diagnosis has been made only at operation. The introduction of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) offers the possibility of preoperative diagnosis. Six cases of PSC diagnosed by ERC are presented. Characteristic roentgenologic findings include strictures of variable length of extra and intrahepatic biliary ducts, beaded appearance and decreased arborization of intrahepatic biliary tree. The roentgenological anatomy of biliary tree at ERC influence the subsequent therapy, i.e. surgical therapy is indicated if a drainage can be performed above the site of the stenosis, while medical therapy (steroids and/or immunosuppressive drugs) is the choice when intrahepatic biliary tree is involved.", "contents": "[Transendoscopic retrograde cholangiography in the diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Study of 6 cases]. Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a rare disease of unknown etiology characterized by severe chronic inflammation, fibrosis and stenosis of variable length of the extra and/or intrahepatic biliary ducts in the absence of recent operative trauma, biliary stones, cancer or infection. Diagnosis has been made only at operation. The introduction of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) offers the possibility of preoperative diagnosis. Six cases of PSC diagnosed by ERC are presented. Characteristic roentgenologic findings include strictures of variable length of extra and intrahepatic biliary ducts, beaded appearance and decreased arborization of intrahepatic biliary tree. The roentgenological anatomy of biliary tree at ERC influence the subsequent therapy, i.e. surgical therapy is indicated if a drainage can be performed above the site of the stenosis, while medical therapy (steroids and/or immunosuppressive drugs) is the choice when intrahepatic biliary tree is involved.", "PMID": 724151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9886", "title": "[Skeletal manifestations of primary and secondary hyperparathyroiditis. Differential radiological diagnostic problems].", "content": "Primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism are both marked by widespread skeletal demineralisation, subperiosteal erosion of the cortex, brown tumours, osteosclerosis, and extraosseous calcification. Differential diagnosis is guided by the different association of these findings. Brown tumours and more extensive erosion are marks of the primary form, whereas osteosclerosis and extra-osseous calcification are a prominent feature of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Radiologists, therefore, should direct their attention to features suggesting the presence of secondary forms in addition to looking for bone alterations associated with hyperparathyroidism.", "contents": "[Skeletal manifestations of primary and secondary hyperparathyroiditis. Differential radiological diagnostic problems]. Primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism are both marked by widespread skeletal demineralisation, subperiosteal erosion of the cortex, brown tumours, osteosclerosis, and extraosseous calcification. Differential diagnosis is guided by the different association of these findings. Brown tumours and more extensive erosion are marks of the primary form, whereas osteosclerosis and extra-osseous calcification are a prominent feature of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Radiologists, therefore, should direct their attention to features suggesting the presence of secondary forms in addition to looking for bone alterations associated with hyperparathyroidism.", "PMID": 724152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9887", "title": "[Clinical and hematological manifestations of infectious mononucleosis. Personal cases].", "content": "An account of the incidence and features of fever, angina, adenopathy and splenomegaly in infectious mononucleosis is followed by an explanation of the importance of palpebral oedema, nasal obstruction, and exanthema and enanthema, the characteristics of which may prove of diagnostic assistance. Attention is drawn to the presence of maculopapular and itching exanthema, particularly after semi-synthetic penicillins. An assessment is also made of liver, myocardial and renal changes, since it is felt that involvement of these organs is an integral part of the clinical picture.", "contents": "[Clinical and hematological manifestations of infectious mononucleosis. Personal cases]. An account of the incidence and features of fever, angina, adenopathy and splenomegaly in infectious mononucleosis is followed by an explanation of the importance of palpebral oedema, nasal obstruction, and exanthema and enanthema, the characteristics of which may prove of diagnostic assistance. Attention is drawn to the presence of maculopapular and itching exanthema, particularly after semi-synthetic penicillins. An assessment is also made of liver, myocardial and renal changes, since it is felt that involvement of these organs is an integral part of the clinical picture.", "PMID": 724153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9888", "title": "Sequential determination of serum human placental lactogen, estriol, and estetrol for assessment of fetal morbidity.", "content": "Serial measurements were made of the concentrations of maternal serum human placental lactogen (hPL) (300 determinations), estriol (E3) (460 determinations), and estetrol (E4) (275 determinations) in normal human pregnancy during the third trimester period. Simultaneous determinations of serum hPL, E3, and E4 were also made sequentially on blood samples from 6 diabetic and 5 toxemic pregnant women to ascertain the relative usefulness of these parameters as indicators of fetal welfare. In uncomplicated diabetic patients controlled with insulin, all parameters increased with gestational age. In three pregnancies complicated by severe toxemia in which fetal distress progressed to intrauterine fetal death, both serum E3 and E4 levels decreased progressively, but E4 concentration started to decrease at least 1 day earlier than E3 prior to fetal death. In other women, the E4 levels appeared to drop or decrease significantly whereas the E3 levels remained almost unchanged. Daily hPL levels remained low in chronic fetal distress and, therefore, appeared to be of minimal value for predicting either intrauterine death or acute fetal distress. Therefore, serum E4 measurement seems to provide a more sensitive and reliable indicator of fetal morbidity than the measurement of serum E3 during toxemic pregnancies.", "contents": "Sequential determination of serum human placental lactogen, estriol, and estetrol for assessment of fetal morbidity. Serial measurements were made of the concentrations of maternal serum human placental lactogen (hPL) (300 determinations), estriol (E3) (460 determinations), and estetrol (E4) (275 determinations) in normal human pregnancy during the third trimester period. Simultaneous determinations of serum hPL, E3, and E4 were also made sequentially on blood samples from 6 diabetic and 5 toxemic pregnant women to ascertain the relative usefulness of these parameters as indicators of fetal welfare. In uncomplicated diabetic patients controlled with insulin, all parameters increased with gestational age. In three pregnancies complicated by severe toxemia in which fetal distress progressed to intrauterine fetal death, both serum E3 and E4 levels decreased progressively, but E4 concentration started to decrease at least 1 day earlier than E3 prior to fetal death. In other women, the E4 levels appeared to drop or decrease significantly whereas the E3 levels remained almost unchanged. Daily hPL levels remained low in chronic fetal distress and, therefore, appeared to be of minimal value for predicting either intrauterine death or acute fetal distress. Therefore, serum E4 measurement seems to provide a more sensitive and reliable indicator of fetal morbidity than the measurement of serum E3 during toxemic pregnancies.", "PMID": 724167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9889", "title": "Placenta previa. Predisposing factors and effects on the fetus and surviving infants.", "content": "The pathogenesis of placenta previa was analyzed in a large prospective study that included more than 1000 medical, demographic, hereditary, and postmortem variables. It caused 73 perinatal deaths per 100,000 births. The frequency of the deaths increased with short maternal stature, increasing parity, prior preterm deliveries, and prior perinatal deaths. More male infants died than females. Placentas showed diffuse hyperplastic enlargement of terminal villi, marginal decidual necrosis, and marginal thrombi. These abnormalities were likely related to blood loss and abruption. Both the infants who died and those who survived had a pattern of fetal growth retardation characteristic of undernutrition. Long-term physical growth and psychomotor development were normal in the surviving infants except for a small excess of neurologic abnormalities.", "contents": "Placenta previa. Predisposing factors and effects on the fetus and surviving infants. The pathogenesis of placenta previa was analyzed in a large prospective study that included more than 1000 medical, demographic, hereditary, and postmortem variables. It caused 73 perinatal deaths per 100,000 births. The frequency of the deaths increased with short maternal stature, increasing parity, prior preterm deliveries, and prior perinatal deaths. More male infants died than females. Placentas showed diffuse hyperplastic enlargement of terminal villi, marginal decidual necrosis, and marginal thrombi. These abnormalities were likely related to blood loss and abruption. Both the infants who died and those who survived had a pattern of fetal growth retardation characteristic of undernutrition. Long-term physical growth and psychomotor development were normal in the surviving infants except for a small excess of neurologic abnormalities.", "PMID": 724168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9890", "title": "Shoulder dystocia. A complication of fetal macrosomia and prolonged second stage of labor with midpelvic delivery.", "content": "Shoulder dystocia is an infrequently encountered obstetric emergency varying in incidence from 0.15 to 0.60% of all deliveries. Previously identified risk factors include maternal obesity, previous infants weighing greater than 4 kg, maternal diabetes, and fetal macrosomia (greater than 4 kg). To evaluate the role of prolonged second stage of labor (PSS) as a warning sign for shoulder dystocia, 9864 deliveries at LAC-USC Women's Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Ninety percent delivered vaginally and 4.89% had PSS with midpelvic delivery. Shoulder dystocia occurred in 0.37% of all vertex vaginal deliveries. In the absence of PSS and midpelvic delivery, the incidence of shoulder dystocia was 0.16%. However, with PSS and midpelvic delivery, the incidence of shoulder dystocia was 4.57% (P less than 0.01). Infants weighing in excess of 4 kg were at increased risk of shoulder dystocia compared with infants weighing less than 4 kg. When PSS occurred and midpelvic delivery was attempted, the incidence of shoulder dystocia was 21% in infants weighing in excess of 4 kg; 8% had had failed vaginal delivery. All shoulder dystocias and failed vaginal deliveries occurred after use of the vacuum extractor. Immediate neonatal injury was apparent in 47% of infants with shoulder dystocia after PSS with midpelvic delivery. There were no maternal or fetal deaths related to shoulder dystocia during the study period.", "contents": "Shoulder dystocia. A complication of fetal macrosomia and prolonged second stage of labor with midpelvic delivery. Shoulder dystocia is an infrequently encountered obstetric emergency varying in incidence from 0.15 to 0.60% of all deliveries. Previously identified risk factors include maternal obesity, previous infants weighing greater than 4 kg, maternal diabetes, and fetal macrosomia (greater than 4 kg). To evaluate the role of prolonged second stage of labor (PSS) as a warning sign for shoulder dystocia, 9864 deliveries at LAC-USC Women's Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Ninety percent delivered vaginally and 4.89% had PSS with midpelvic delivery. Shoulder dystocia occurred in 0.37% of all vertex vaginal deliveries. In the absence of PSS and midpelvic delivery, the incidence of shoulder dystocia was 0.16%. However, with PSS and midpelvic delivery, the incidence of shoulder dystocia was 4.57% (P less than 0.01). Infants weighing in excess of 4 kg were at increased risk of shoulder dystocia compared with infants weighing less than 4 kg. When PSS occurred and midpelvic delivery was attempted, the incidence of shoulder dystocia was 21% in infants weighing in excess of 4 kg; 8% had had failed vaginal delivery. All shoulder dystocias and failed vaginal deliveries occurred after use of the vacuum extractor. Immediate neonatal injury was apparent in 47% of infants with shoulder dystocia after PSS with midpelvic delivery. There were no maternal or fetal deaths related to shoulder dystocia during the study period.", "PMID": 724169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9891", "title": "The effect of postural changes on plasma renin activity during normal and pathologic pregnancies.", "content": "A study of the effect of posture on plasma renin activity (PRA) in the third trimester in 27 gravidas revealed a significantly greater increase in PRA in the supine position, compared to the left lateral. The women were classified into 3 groups: normal pregnancy, preeclampsia, intrauterine fetal death. There was no statistical difference in PRA among the 3 groups. It is assumed that the increase of PRA in the supine position was due mainly to mechanical pressure by the gravid uterus on the great vessels (regardless of whether the fetus was dead or alive) and that effective circulatory volume was thus reduced. However, low PRA in the left lateral position in women with preeclampsia seemed to correlate with more severe disease in these women.", "contents": "The effect of postural changes on plasma renin activity during normal and pathologic pregnancies. A study of the effect of posture on plasma renin activity (PRA) in the third trimester in 27 gravidas revealed a significantly greater increase in PRA in the supine position, compared to the left lateral. The women were classified into 3 groups: normal pregnancy, preeclampsia, intrauterine fetal death. There was no statistical difference in PRA among the 3 groups. It is assumed that the increase of PRA in the supine position was due mainly to mechanical pressure by the gravid uterus on the great vessels (regardless of whether the fetus was dead or alive) and that effective circulatory volume was thus reduced. However, low PRA in the left lateral position in women with preeclampsia seemed to correlate with more severe disease in these women.", "PMID": 724170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9892", "title": "Fetal immunoglobulin production following prenatal glucocorticoid treatment.", "content": "In order to accelerate fetal lung maturation 46 pregnant women were given either dexamethasone or betamethasone intramuscularly during 3 consecutive days during 29--36 weeks of gestation. At birth, the infants appeared to have intact humoral immune function in that they could produce normal amounts of immunoglobulins in utero, and 2 fetuses responded with increased synthesis of IgA or IgM following premature rupture of the membranes. The clinical course did not show any increased incidence of puerperal or neonatal illness attributable to intrauterine infection.", "contents": "Fetal immunoglobulin production following prenatal glucocorticoid treatment. In order to accelerate fetal lung maturation 46 pregnant women were given either dexamethasone or betamethasone intramuscularly during 3 consecutive days during 29--36 weeks of gestation. At birth, the infants appeared to have intact humoral immune function in that they could produce normal amounts of immunoglobulins in utero, and 2 fetuses responded with increased synthesis of IgA or IgM following premature rupture of the membranes. The clinical course did not show any increased incidence of puerperal or neonatal illness attributable to intrauterine infection.", "PMID": 724171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9893", "title": "The site of amniocentesis and the lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio.", "content": "Simultaneous sampling of amniotic fluid from two sites within the amniotic cavity proximal and distal to the fetal mouth was performed. The lecithin-sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio of amniotic fluid obtained close to the fetal mouth was usually higher than that of amniotic fluid obtained from a site distal to the fetal mouth (20 of 26 cases). Differences of up to 0.7 in the two L/S ratios were measured. This suggested that pooling of amniotic fluid phospholipids occurred and in cases of borderline pulmonary maturity the site of amniocentesis may have influenced the predictive value of the L/S ratio.", "contents": "The site of amniocentesis and the lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio. Simultaneous sampling of amniotic fluid from two sites within the amniotic cavity proximal and distal to the fetal mouth was performed. The lecithin-sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio of amniotic fluid obtained close to the fetal mouth was usually higher than that of amniotic fluid obtained from a site distal to the fetal mouth (20 of 26 cases). Differences of up to 0.7 in the two L/S ratios were measured. This suggested that pooling of amniotic fluid phospholipids occurred and in cases of borderline pulmonary maturity the site of amniocentesis may have influenced the predictive value of the L/S ratio.", "PMID": 724172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9894", "title": "Ultrasound placental site in relation to bloody taps in midtrimester amniocentesis.", "content": "In an unselected, consecutive series of 137 midtrimester amniocenteses for prenatal genetic diagnosis, it was found that the incidence of blood contamination of amniotic fluid samples was similar regardless of placental site as determined by ultrasound localization. Three (5.8%) patients with anterior placental location versus 5 (9.1%) patients with posterior placentas had gross blood in the amniotic fluid by visual inspection. These results support the view that placental penetration during amniocentesis is not the major cause of bloody taps. Ultrasound studies done prior to midtrimester amniocentesis should, perhaps, be more specifically evaluated in relation to pregnancy information obtained rather than solely as an aid to improve technical performance of amniocentesis.", "contents": "Ultrasound placental site in relation to bloody taps in midtrimester amniocentesis. In an unselected, consecutive series of 137 midtrimester amniocenteses for prenatal genetic diagnosis, it was found that the incidence of blood contamination of amniotic fluid samples was similar regardless of placental site as determined by ultrasound localization. Three (5.8%) patients with anterior placental location versus 5 (9.1%) patients with posterior placentas had gross blood in the amniotic fluid by visual inspection. These results support the view that placental penetration during amniocentesis is not the major cause of bloody taps. Ultrasound studies done prior to midtrimester amniocentesis should, perhaps, be more specifically evaluated in relation to pregnancy information obtained rather than solely as an aid to improve technical performance of amniocentesis.", "PMID": 724173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9895", "title": "Effect of fenoterol and isoxsuprine on myometrial and intervillous blood flow during late pregnancy.", "content": "The use of beta-adrenergic agonists in high-risk pregnancies has shown evidence of favorable effects on the fetus. Intravenous injections of 133Xe were given to evaluate the effects of short-term administration of fenoterol (3 microgram/min) and isoxsuprine (150 migrogram/min) on the intervillous and myometrial blood flow in a series of 48 women during the last trimester of pregnancy. Both fenoterol and isoxsuprine treatment increased the maternal heart rate significantly. There was a significant rise in myometrial blood flow when fenoterol was given, but the intervillous blood flow did not change significantly during the administration of either isoxsuprine or fenoterol. Previous oral isoxsuprine treatment did not diminish the cardiac effect of intravenous fenoterol, but the improvement in myometrial blood flow was eliminated. This result indicates that beta-adrenergic agonists may have a specific dilatational effect on the myometrial blood vessels. From the hemodynamic point of view, the beta-adrenergic agonists have a limited value in the treatment of chronic fetal asphyxia or intrauterine fetal growth retardation.", "contents": "Effect of fenoterol and isoxsuprine on myometrial and intervillous blood flow during late pregnancy. The use of beta-adrenergic agonists in high-risk pregnancies has shown evidence of favorable effects on the fetus. Intravenous injections of 133Xe were given to evaluate the effects of short-term administration of fenoterol (3 microgram/min) and isoxsuprine (150 migrogram/min) on the intervillous and myometrial blood flow in a series of 48 women during the last trimester of pregnancy. Both fenoterol and isoxsuprine treatment increased the maternal heart rate significantly. There was a significant rise in myometrial blood flow when fenoterol was given, but the intervillous blood flow did not change significantly during the administration of either isoxsuprine or fenoterol. Previous oral isoxsuprine treatment did not diminish the cardiac effect of intravenous fenoterol, but the improvement in myometrial blood flow was eliminated. This result indicates that beta-adrenergic agonists may have a specific dilatational effect on the myometrial blood vessels. From the hemodynamic point of view, the beta-adrenergic agonists have a limited value in the treatment of chronic fetal asphyxia or intrauterine fetal growth retardation.", "PMID": 724174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9896", "title": "Distribution of relaxin in women during pregnancy.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine by RIA the concentrations of relaxin in various compartments and tissues in pregnant women. Ten pairs of maternal venous and cord blood were studied. The mean relaxin concentrations, in immunoreactive equivalents of porcine relaxin, were 0.683 ng/ml in maternal serum and 0.009 ng/ml in cord serum. Relaxin was undetectable in 8 of 9 samples of amniotic fluid. Mean concentrations of relaxin in pg immunoreactive equivalents of porcine hormone per mg protein, from maternal tissues at term pregnancy were as follows: fat 96 (N = 5), myometrium 47 (N = 4), skin 62 (N = 5), placenta 51 (N = 9), and corpus luteum 13,000 (N = 8). These data suggest that little relaxin crosses the placenta and little is produced in the fetus. Contrary to prior suggestions that relaxin may also be a placental product, relaxin appears to be solely produced in the corpus luteum, making it the only peripherally measured hormone that can be used as an index of luteal activity in pregnancy.", "contents": "Distribution of relaxin in women during pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to determine by RIA the concentrations of relaxin in various compartments and tissues in pregnant women. Ten pairs of maternal venous and cord blood were studied. The mean relaxin concentrations, in immunoreactive equivalents of porcine relaxin, were 0.683 ng/ml in maternal serum and 0.009 ng/ml in cord serum. Relaxin was undetectable in 8 of 9 samples of amniotic fluid. Mean concentrations of relaxin in pg immunoreactive equivalents of porcine hormone per mg protein, from maternal tissues at term pregnancy were as follows: fat 96 (N = 5), myometrium 47 (N = 4), skin 62 (N = 5), placenta 51 (N = 9), and corpus luteum 13,000 (N = 8). These data suggest that little relaxin crosses the placenta and little is produced in the fetus. Contrary to prior suggestions that relaxin may also be a placental product, relaxin appears to be solely produced in the corpus luteum, making it the only peripherally measured hormone that can be used as an index of luteal activity in pregnancy.", "PMID": 724175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9897", "title": "Natural family planning. I. The peak symptom and estimated time of ovulation.", "content": "The observation of the \"Peak\" mucus symptom in women using the ovulation method of natural family planning has been correlated with the estimated time of ovulation, as evaluated by indirect hormonal parameters. In 65 cycles of the 73 studied in 24 patients, there was hormonal confirmation of ovulation; in eight cycles, anovulation or luteal dysfunction was suspected. In the 65 normal cycles, 64 exhibited a Peak symptom. In those cycles, ovulation was estimated to occur from 3 days before to 3 days after the Peak symptom with a mean of 0.31 days before the Peak symptom. In 95.4% of these cycles, ovulation was estimated to occur from 2 days before to 2 days after the Peak symptom. The variation between cycles of the same patient ranged from 0 to 4 days with a mean of 1.8 days. The beginning of the mucus symptom preceded the estimated time of ovulation by an average of 5.9 days.", "contents": "Natural family planning. I. The peak symptom and estimated time of ovulation. The observation of the \"Peak\" mucus symptom in women using the ovulation method of natural family planning has been correlated with the estimated time of ovulation, as evaluated by indirect hormonal parameters. In 65 cycles of the 73 studied in 24 patients, there was hormonal confirmation of ovulation; in eight cycles, anovulation or luteal dysfunction was suspected. In the 65 normal cycles, 64 exhibited a Peak symptom. In those cycles, ovulation was estimated to occur from 3 days before to 3 days after the Peak symptom with a mean of 0.31 days before the Peak symptom. In 95.4% of these cycles, ovulation was estimated to occur from 2 days before to 2 days after the Peak symptom. The variation between cycles of the same patient ranged from 0 to 4 days with a mean of 1.8 days. The beginning of the mucus symptom preceded the estimated time of ovulation by an average of 5.9 days.", "PMID": 724176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9898", "title": "Irrigation technique for detection of Mycoplasma intrauterine infection in infertile patients.", "content": "To improve the method for identification of Mycoplasma as a cause of unexplained infertility and to test whether mycoplasmal endometritis could be responsible for reproductive failure, successful endometrial jet washing technique was performed on 59 infertile patients. Sixteen patients (27%) showed positive Mycoplasma growth. Five patients (31%) from this group became pregnant within a few months following an antibiotic treatment. These results were compared with 50 control patients and only 3 (6%) showed positive Mycoplasma growth from endometrial washings. The data reported in this paper support the concept that endometritis due to Mycoplasma of T-strain or hominis can be a cause of infertility.", "contents": "Irrigation technique for detection of Mycoplasma intrauterine infection in infertile patients. To improve the method for identification of Mycoplasma as a cause of unexplained infertility and to test whether mycoplasmal endometritis could be responsible for reproductive failure, successful endometrial jet washing technique was performed on 59 infertile patients. Sixteen patients (27%) showed positive Mycoplasma growth. Five patients (31%) from this group became pregnant within a few months following an antibiotic treatment. These results were compared with 50 control patients and only 3 (6%) showed positive Mycoplasma growth from endometrial washings. The data reported in this paper support the concept that endometritis due to Mycoplasma of T-strain or hominis can be a cause of infertility.", "PMID": 724177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9899", "title": "Factors influencing the success of salpingostomy techniques for distal fimbrial obstruction.", "content": "The present study reviews the pregnancy outcome of 99 patients treated with salpingostomy techniques for distal fimbrial obstruction. Eighty-seven patients were treated with terminal salpingostomy, 10 with medioampullary salpingostomy, and 2 with isthmic salpingostomy. The pregnancy rates were 28%, 20%, and 0%, respectively. Within the terminal salpingostomy group, 5 of 18 patients treated with a prosthesis conceived, for a pregnancy rate of 28%. Nineteen of the 69 patients treated with an eversion technique conceived, for a pregnancy rate of 28%. No advantage with the use of a terminal prosthesis could be demonstrated. Tubal disease treated with techniques of salpingostomy was categorized according to a classification incorporating the several prognostic factors thought to influence subsequent conception. The pregnancy rate was found to be in direct relationship to the extent of tubal disease and pelvic adhesion formation. The tubal patency rate decreased in direct relationship to the extent of disease. The use of postoperative hydrotubation did not appear to improve the conception rate after salpingostomy for distal fimbrial obstruction.", "contents": "Factors influencing the success of salpingostomy techniques for distal fimbrial obstruction. The present study reviews the pregnancy outcome of 99 patients treated with salpingostomy techniques for distal fimbrial obstruction. Eighty-seven patients were treated with terminal salpingostomy, 10 with medioampullary salpingostomy, and 2 with isthmic salpingostomy. The pregnancy rates were 28%, 20%, and 0%, respectively. Within the terminal salpingostomy group, 5 of 18 patients treated with a prosthesis conceived, for a pregnancy rate of 28%. Nineteen of the 69 patients treated with an eversion technique conceived, for a pregnancy rate of 28%. No advantage with the use of a terminal prosthesis could be demonstrated. Tubal disease treated with techniques of salpingostomy was categorized according to a classification incorporating the several prognostic factors thought to influence subsequent conception. The pregnancy rate was found to be in direct relationship to the extent of tubal disease and pelvic adhesion formation. The tubal patency rate decreased in direct relationship to the extent of disease. The use of postoperative hydrotubation did not appear to improve the conception rate after salpingostomy for distal fimbrial obstruction.", "PMID": 724178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9900", "title": "Ovarian pregnancy associated with copper-7 intrauterine device.", "content": "This report documents the second case of an ovarian pregnancy with a Cu-7 intrauterine contraceptive device. All of Spiegelberg's criteria were satisfied. A summary of the literature is presented, revealing 33 ovarian pregnancies in users of an IUD. The overall frequency of primary ovarian pregnancy is 1:40,000 deliveries. There is a ratio of one ovarian pregnancy to nine ectopic pregnancies among IUD users, compared to 1:150 to 1:200 in the general population.", "contents": "Ovarian pregnancy associated with copper-7 intrauterine device. This report documents the second case of an ovarian pregnancy with a Cu-7 intrauterine contraceptive device. All of Spiegelberg's criteria were satisfied. A summary of the literature is presented, revealing 33 ovarian pregnancies in users of an IUD. The overall frequency of primary ovarian pregnancy is 1:40,000 deliveries. There is a ratio of one ovarian pregnancy to nine ectopic pregnancies among IUD users, compared to 1:150 to 1:200 in the general population.", "PMID": 724179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9901", "title": "Fibrin degradation products and the diagnosis of ovarian carcinoma.", "content": "This project was designed to determine if the presence of fibrin degradation products (FDP) in the blood are of value in the preoperative evaluation of patients with pelvic masses. This study comprised 120 consecutive patients who were evaluated for a diagnosis of pelvic mass, ovarian cyst, or ovarian carcinoma. A blood sample was drawn from each patient and fibrin degradation products were determined utilizing the Thrombo-Wellcotest. Platelet counts and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) were also determined on each patient. Ovarian carcinoma was present in 17 (14.2%) of the patients. The FDP was found in the serum of 16 (94.1%) of the patients with ovarian carcinoma. One (5.9%) of 17 patients with ovarian carcinoma had a negative FDP (less than 10 mg/ml). Eleven of the 120 patients (9.2%) had a positive FDP with no demonstrable etiology. A sample of fluid was obtained from two cystic ovarian carcinomas and when analyzed for FDP both samples were strongly positive.", "contents": "Fibrin degradation products and the diagnosis of ovarian carcinoma. This project was designed to determine if the presence of fibrin degradation products (FDP) in the blood are of value in the preoperative evaluation of patients with pelvic masses. This study comprised 120 consecutive patients who were evaluated for a diagnosis of pelvic mass, ovarian cyst, or ovarian carcinoma. A blood sample was drawn from each patient and fibrin degradation products were determined utilizing the Thrombo-Wellcotest. Platelet counts and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) were also determined on each patient. Ovarian carcinoma was present in 17 (14.2%) of the patients. The FDP was found in the serum of 16 (94.1%) of the patients with ovarian carcinoma. One (5.9%) of 17 patients with ovarian carcinoma had a negative FDP (less than 10 mg/ml). Eleven of the 120 patients (9.2%) had a positive FDP with no demonstrable etiology. A sample of fluid was obtained from two cystic ovarian carcinomas and when analyzed for FDP both samples were strongly positive.", "PMID": 724180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9902", "title": "Appearance of maternal anti-JK a antibody following intrauterine transfusions and amniocentesis.", "content": "A case is presented that suggests that intrauterine transfusion carries the risk of sensitization to red cell antigens other than Rho. In this case intrauterine transfusions of JK a-positive red cells were followed by the appearance in the mother's serum of anti-JK a, an antibody known to cause hemolytic disease of the newborn. The use of the mother as a donor of red cells for her fetus will circumvent the problem of further maternal sensitization.", "contents": "Appearance of maternal anti-JK a antibody following intrauterine transfusions and amniocentesis. A case is presented that suggests that intrauterine transfusion carries the risk of sensitization to red cell antigens other than Rho. In this case intrauterine transfusions of JK a-positive red cells were followed by the appearance in the mother's serum of anti-JK a, an antibody known to cause hemolytic disease of the newborn. The use of the mother as a donor of red cells for her fetus will circumvent the problem of further maternal sensitization.", "PMID": 724181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9903", "title": "Pregnancy and the Turner syndrome.", "content": "A 21-year-old white female with short stature, cubitus valgus, multiple cutaneous nevi, and no other major features of the Turner syndrome is described. She had normal secondary sex development and menses. She recently completed a normal pregnancy with delivery of a normal male infant. Postpartum endocrine studies were normal. All cells examined from blood, skin, uterus, and both ovaries had a 45,X karyotype. She is the sixth reported monosomy X patient to achieve pregnancy. A literature review indicates increased fetal wastage (22 of 46 pregnancies) and increased chromosomal errors in the offspring (8 of 26 liveborn infants) of patients with a 45,X cell line. Three cases of trisomy 21 occurred in these infants. Amniocentesis and prenatal diagnostic studies are indicated for women with a 45,X chromosome constitution. The pathogenesis of the Turner syndrome is considered in relation to these findings.", "contents": "Pregnancy and the Turner syndrome. A 21-year-old white female with short stature, cubitus valgus, multiple cutaneous nevi, and no other major features of the Turner syndrome is described. She had normal secondary sex development and menses. She recently completed a normal pregnancy with delivery of a normal male infant. Postpartum endocrine studies were normal. All cells examined from blood, skin, uterus, and both ovaries had a 45,X karyotype. She is the sixth reported monosomy X patient to achieve pregnancy. A literature review indicates increased fetal wastage (22 of 46 pregnancies) and increased chromosomal errors in the offspring (8 of 26 liveborn infants) of patients with a 45,X cell line. Three cases of trisomy 21 occurred in these infants. Amniocentesis and prenatal diagnostic studies are indicated for women with a 45,X chromosome constitution. The pathogenesis of the Turner syndrome is considered in relation to these findings.", "PMID": 724182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9904", "title": "Abruptio placentae. An assessment of the time and method of delivery.", "content": "Abruptio placentae occurs once per 120 deliveries, but accounts for 15--25% of all perinatal mortality. Several series in the literature suggest that an abnormal fetal-maternal relationship exists in patients with abruptio placentae weeks prior to the actual placental separation and that the separation is only the terminal event. A review of the literature and an analysis of 388 cases of abruptio placentae from the US Navy Coding System were undertaken. It was found that approximately 75% of fetal deaths occurred more than 90 minutes after admission to the hospital and almost 70% of all perinatal mortality occurred in infants who were delivered more than 2 hours from the time of diagnosis. Delivery by cesarean section improved survival in those infants weighing 1500 g or greater and reduced perinatal mortality as much as fourfold in some reports. A prospective study is proposed which would compare two methods of management of this condition.", "contents": "Abruptio placentae. An assessment of the time and method of delivery. Abruptio placentae occurs once per 120 deliveries, but accounts for 15--25% of all perinatal mortality. Several series in the literature suggest that an abnormal fetal-maternal relationship exists in patients with abruptio placentae weeks prior to the actual placental separation and that the separation is only the terminal event. A review of the literature and an analysis of 388 cases of abruptio placentae from the US Navy Coding System were undertaken. It was found that approximately 75% of fetal deaths occurred more than 90 minutes after admission to the hospital and almost 70% of all perinatal mortality occurred in infants who were delivered more than 2 hours from the time of diagnosis. Delivery by cesarean section improved survival in those infants weighing 1500 g or greater and reduced perinatal mortality as much as fourfold in some reports. A prospective study is proposed which would compare two methods of management of this condition.", "PMID": 724183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9905", "title": "Use of professional patients in teaching pelvic examinations.", "content": "Learning proper techniques in physical examinations is mandatory for a physician. Although students may examine each other in early training, examination of the female pelvis does not readily conform to this reciprocity. A randomized study was conducted, comparing teaching methods utilizing professional patients or plastic models. Training on a professional patient significantly increased a student's chance of palpating one or both ovaries, reduced the student's anxiety about performing a pelvic examination, and may have improved the student's gentleness. Costs of the professional patient method were minimal. It is recommended that teaching pelvic examinations with the professional patient replace teaching on the plastic model.", "contents": "Use of professional patients in teaching pelvic examinations. Learning proper techniques in physical examinations is mandatory for a physician. Although students may examine each other in early training, examination of the female pelvis does not readily conform to this reciprocity. A randomized study was conducted, comparing teaching methods utilizing professional patients or plastic models. Training on a professional patient significantly increased a student's chance of palpating one or both ovaries, reduced the student's anxiety about performing a pelvic examination, and may have improved the student's gentleness. Costs of the professional patient method were minimal. It is recommended that teaching pelvic examinations with the professional patient replace teaching on the plastic model.", "PMID": 724184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9906", "title": "Isoenzymes of human prostate acid phosphatase.", "content": "The isoenzymes of human prostatic acid phosphatase have been studied by an isoelectric focusing technique. Purified acid phosphatase from malignant prostates contained eight isoenzymes with pI 4.4--5.3. The sera from patients with prostate cancer were shown to have similar acid phosphatase isoenzyme patterns at pI 4.0--5.5; as the serum enzyme activities increased, the pI of isoenzymes shifted to more acidic pH. These isoenzyme patterns of sera from patients with prostate cancer were different from those of patients with Gaucher's disease or from acid phosphatase of human erythrocytes, both of which exhibited only one enzyme band around pI 5.0 and 6.0, respectively. Treatment of serum sample of prostate cancer with neuraminidase did not result in a single enzyme band but alter the pI of isoenzymes, which shifted to a higher pH region. The significance of acid phosphatase activities and its isoenzyme patterns in prostate cancer merits further investigation.", "contents": "Isoenzymes of human prostate acid phosphatase. The isoenzymes of human prostatic acid phosphatase have been studied by an isoelectric focusing technique. Purified acid phosphatase from malignant prostates contained eight isoenzymes with pI 4.4--5.3. The sera from patients with prostate cancer were shown to have similar acid phosphatase isoenzyme patterns at pI 4.0--5.5; as the serum enzyme activities increased, the pI of isoenzymes shifted to more acidic pH. These isoenzyme patterns of sera from patients with prostate cancer were different from those of patients with Gaucher's disease or from acid phosphatase of human erythrocytes, both of which exhibited only one enzyme band around pI 5.0 and 6.0, respectively. Treatment of serum sample of prostate cancer with neuraminidase did not result in a single enzyme band but alter the pI of isoenzymes, which shifted to a higher pH region. The significance of acid phosphatase activities and its isoenzyme patterns in prostate cancer merits further investigation.", "PMID": 724198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9907", "title": "Investigations on general immune reactivity in untreated cervical cancer patients.", "content": "74 patients with untreated cervical cancer (FIGO II and III) were skintested with a battery of recall antigens, and also sensitised and challenged with DNCB. A significant reduction of reaction to Tuberkulin, Varidase and also to DNCB was found in patients with stage III in comparison to healthy females of the same age group. Significant changes in immunoglobulin levels, increase of IgA and decrease of IgG were observed in the cancer patients. Serum lysozyme values were the same as in the control group.", "contents": "Investigations on general immune reactivity in untreated cervical cancer patients. 74 patients with untreated cervical cancer (FIGO II and III) were skintested with a battery of recall antigens, and also sensitised and challenged with DNCB. A significant reduction of reaction to Tuberkulin, Varidase and also to DNCB was found in patients with stage III in comparison to healthy females of the same age group. Significant changes in immunoglobulin levels, increase of IgA and decrease of IgG were observed in the cancer patients. Serum lysozyme values were the same as in the control group.", "PMID": 724199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9908", "title": "[Dynamics of the sex hormone and progesterone level in the peripheral blood and their production by the gonads and adrenals in postnatal ontogeny in silver foxes].", "content": "The newborn males of silver-black foxes are characterized by the high specific production of testosterone by the testes and its relatively high level in the blood. These indices sharply decreased by the end of the first month of life and then increased, this increase being most expressed during the prepuberate period. The suprarenals do not play any important role in the production of sex hormones in males. The newborn females are characterized by the high provision of the organism with oestradiol and progesterone produced by the gonads and suprarenals. The production of hormones decreased by the end of the first month of life and then increased in the prepubertate period.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the sex hormone and progesterone level in the peripheral blood and their production by the gonads and adrenals in postnatal ontogeny in silver foxes]. The newborn males of silver-black foxes are characterized by the high specific production of testosterone by the testes and its relatively high level in the blood. These indices sharply decreased by the end of the first month of life and then increased, this increase being most expressed during the prepuberate period. The suprarenals do not play any important role in the production of sex hormones in males. The newborn females are characterized by the high provision of the organism with oestradiol and progesterone produced by the gonads and suprarenals. The production of hormones decreased by the end of the first month of life and then increased in the prepubertate period.", "PMID": 724202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9909", "title": "[Thyroid hormone metabolism and the functional activity of the thyroid gland in mother and fetus].", "content": "The functional activity of the thyroid glands of the pregnant rats and their foetuses prior to the birth and the deiodizing ability of the liver of the mother and the foetus on the 18-th day of pregnancy were studied. The reliable differences were shown between the levels of protein bound iodine in the blood serum of the pregnant rats as compared with the control ones, as well as the high content of thyroid hormones in the blood serum of the foetuses. The process of thyroxin and diiodothyrosine deiodizing in the foetal liver was more active than in the mother. The results obtained suggest the increase of functional activity of the thyroid gland in the mother by the end of pregnancy and the presence of such an activity in the foetus, as well as the high activity of the deiodizing system in the foetal liver during the last days of prenatal development.", "contents": "[Thyroid hormone metabolism and the functional activity of the thyroid gland in mother and fetus]. The functional activity of the thyroid glands of the pregnant rats and their foetuses prior to the birth and the deiodizing ability of the liver of the mother and the foetus on the 18-th day of pregnancy were studied. The reliable differences were shown between the levels of protein bound iodine in the blood serum of the pregnant rats as compared with the control ones, as well as the high content of thyroid hormones in the blood serum of the foetuses. The process of thyroxin and diiodothyrosine deiodizing in the foetal liver was more active than in the mother. The results obtained suggest the increase of functional activity of the thyroid gland in the mother by the end of pregnancy and the presence of such an activity in the foetus, as well as the high activity of the deiodizing system in the foetal liver during the last days of prenatal development.", "PMID": 724204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9910", "title": "[Mechanism of genome inactivation in avian erythrocytes. IV. New data on the mechanisms of cytodifferentiation in erythropoiesis].", "content": "In was shown earlier (Gazaryan & Kulminskaya, 1975; Kulminskaya & Gazaryan, 1976) that under the conditions of anemia a new (reserve) mechanism of the terminal differentiation of erythroid cells was induced. It was now found that in the course of cell development along this path the basophylic erythroblasts doubled the amount of DNA passed in the peripheral blood where they transformed into basophylic, polychromatophylic and orthochromic reticulocytes. Thereafter they entered the mitosis and transformed into the mature erythrocytes with diploid nuclei. It was shown for the first time that the cell delayed in the G2 phase could actively accumulate the specific product (hemoglobin) and keep its ability to enter the mitotic division.", "contents": "[Mechanism of genome inactivation in avian erythrocytes. IV. New data on the mechanisms of cytodifferentiation in erythropoiesis]. In was shown earlier (Gazaryan & Kulminskaya, 1975; Kulminskaya & Gazaryan, 1976) that under the conditions of anemia a new (reserve) mechanism of the terminal differentiation of erythroid cells was induced. It was now found that in the course of cell development along this path the basophylic erythroblasts doubled the amount of DNA passed in the peripheral blood where they transformed into basophylic, polychromatophylic and orthochromic reticulocytes. Thereafter they entered the mitosis and transformed into the mature erythrocytes with diploid nuclei. It was shown for the first time that the cell delayed in the G2 phase could actively accumulate the specific product (hemoglobin) and keep its ability to enter the mitotic division.", "PMID": 724205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9911", "title": "[Lenticular and adenohypophyseal differentiation in the oral region ectoderm of chick embryos in tissue culture].", "content": "The ectoderm of oral regions from the chick embryos at the stage of 10 to 19 somites was cultivated in vitro and on chorioallantois in the complex with underlying tissues. In all the explants which, besides ectoderm, contained head gut and mesenchyme, lentoids and lenses formed within 6 days of in vitro cultivation. All specific antigens of chicken lens (alpha, beta- and delta-crystallins) were found in them by means of immunofluorescence. In the explants which contained diencephalon, besides single lentoids or lenses, adenohypophyses were found. The possibility of direct lens-inducing effect of the head gut endoderm on the ectoderm of oral region and the participation of diencephalon in this process are discussed.", "contents": "[Lenticular and adenohypophyseal differentiation in the oral region ectoderm of chick embryos in tissue culture]. The ectoderm of oral regions from the chick embryos at the stage of 10 to 19 somites was cultivated in vitro and on chorioallantois in the complex with underlying tissues. In all the explants which, besides ectoderm, contained head gut and mesenchyme, lentoids and lenses formed within 6 days of in vitro cultivation. All specific antigens of chicken lens (alpha, beta- and delta-crystallins) were found in them by means of immunofluorescence. In the explants which contained diencephalon, besides single lentoids or lenses, adenohypophyses were found. The possibility of direct lens-inducing effect of the head gut endoderm on the ectoderm of oral region and the participation of diencephalon in this process are discussed.", "PMID": 724206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9912", "title": "[Late labelling of pigment epithelial and iridic cells in smooth newts].", "content": "The late labelling of the actively proliferating cells of iris and pigment epithelium in the regenerating eye was found in the adult smooth newts within 2 to 12 days following the intraperitoneal injection of 3H-thymidine. This late labelling is due to the long-term presence of the labelled precursors of DNA synthesis in the organism and to their reutilization. The index of labelled nuclei upon reutilization in the pigment epithelium is twice and in the iris 3 to 4 times higher than in the experiments with pulse labelling what cannot be accounted for by the label dilution only in the process of proliferation. The intensity of labelling upon reutilization is 10 to 20 times weaker than upon the pulse 3H-thymidine incorporation. This phenomenon is of general biological value and it is to be taken into consideration when determining the parameters of cell cycles and studying the cell migration. It can also be utilized as a technique for determination of the maximum number of labelled cells and the rate of their entrance into S phase of the cell cycle. Mitoses in the iris cells of the regenerating eye appeared on the 4--6th day following the removal of retina and lens, i.e. long before the formation of retinal rudiment. These data do not confirm the hypothesis by Reyer (1971) and Yamada (1977) on the role of retinal factor in the transition of the iris cells from G2-block to mitosis.", "contents": "[Late labelling of pigment epithelial and iridic cells in smooth newts]. The late labelling of the actively proliferating cells of iris and pigment epithelium in the regenerating eye was found in the adult smooth newts within 2 to 12 days following the intraperitoneal injection of 3H-thymidine. This late labelling is due to the long-term presence of the labelled precursors of DNA synthesis in the organism and to their reutilization. The index of labelled nuclei upon reutilization in the pigment epithelium is twice and in the iris 3 to 4 times higher than in the experiments with pulse labelling what cannot be accounted for by the label dilution only in the process of proliferation. The intensity of labelling upon reutilization is 10 to 20 times weaker than upon the pulse 3H-thymidine incorporation. This phenomenon is of general biological value and it is to be taken into consideration when determining the parameters of cell cycles and studying the cell migration. It can also be utilized as a technique for determination of the maximum number of labelled cells and the rate of their entrance into S phase of the cell cycle. Mitoses in the iris cells of the regenerating eye appeared on the 4--6th day following the removal of retina and lens, i.e. long before the formation of retinal rudiment. These data do not confirm the hypothesis by Reyer (1971) and Yamada (1977) on the role of retinal factor in the transition of the iris cells from G2-block to mitosis.", "PMID": 724207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9913", "title": "[Testosterone-1 alpha, 2 alpha-3H(n) absorption by target organ tissues in rabbit embryos in vitro].", "content": "The dynamics of uptake of testosterone-1alpha,2alpha-3H(n) by different tissues of the reproductive system in the rabbit embryos from the 18th till 25th days of development was studied in vitro experiments. The specific uptake of the hormone was recorded at all stages under study and in all organ rudiments. The selective uptake was observed in males in the genital tubercle from the 20th till the 25th day, in the ducts on the 19--21st and 25th days, in the urogenital sinus (the cyclic one) on the 19th, 21st, 23rd and 25th days. The character of the hormone selective uptake in the organs-targets is similar in the embryos of both sexes and corresponds to the male morphogenesis. The females were, however, characterized by the higher uptake of the hormone in the ducts on the 19--21st days and in the urogenital sinus on the 19--23rd days. The hormone uptake in the gonads is similar in embryos of both the sexes. The problem of reception of the organs-targets rudiments during the period of growth and differentiation of the embryonic genital system is discussed.", "contents": "[Testosterone-1 alpha, 2 alpha-3H(n) absorption by target organ tissues in rabbit embryos in vitro]. The dynamics of uptake of testosterone-1alpha,2alpha-3H(n) by different tissues of the reproductive system in the rabbit embryos from the 18th till 25th days of development was studied in vitro experiments. The specific uptake of the hormone was recorded at all stages under study and in all organ rudiments. The selective uptake was observed in males in the genital tubercle from the 20th till the 25th day, in the ducts on the 19--21st and 25th days, in the urogenital sinus (the cyclic one) on the 19th, 21st, 23rd and 25th days. The character of the hormone selective uptake in the organs-targets is similar in the embryos of both sexes and corresponds to the male morphogenesis. The females were, however, characterized by the higher uptake of the hormone in the ducts on the 19--21st days and in the urogenital sinus on the 19--23rd days. The hormone uptake in the gonads is similar in embryos of both the sexes. The problem of reception of the organs-targets rudiments during the period of growth and differentiation of the embryonic genital system is discussed.", "PMID": 724208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9914", "title": "[Teratoid formation after implanting early embryos].", "content": "The ability of embryos of different age to form teratoids upon their transplantation under the renal capsule was studied in the CBA mice. The teratoids were shown to form most actively upon transplantation of 10 days old embryos; 7 days old embryos, besides teratoids, may give origin to rapidly growing teratomas. The number of differentiated tissues in teratoids increases with the age of transplanted embryo.", "contents": "[Teratoid formation after implanting early embryos]. The ability of embryos of different age to form teratoids upon their transplantation under the renal capsule was studied in the CBA mice. The teratoids were shown to form most actively upon transplantation of 10 days old embryos; 7 days old embryos, besides teratoids, may give origin to rapidly growing teratomas. The number of differentiated tissues in teratoids increases with the age of transplanted embryo.", "PMID": 724209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9915", "title": "Prevalence of eye disease and number of ophthalmologists.", "content": "The incidence and prevalence of eye and vision system disorders indicate that the present growth rate of the number of ophthalmologists continues. The number of residency positions in ophthalmology in the United States should remain at about the present number. To assure that those persons having eye disease but not seeking appropriate care are given the opportunity for such care, appropriate guidelines for referral to and from other specialties and health care providers should be established. Suggestions for specific guidelines of referral optometry and ophthalmology are presented. Specific action should be taken by ophthalmology to encourage appropriate groups to implement mass screening methods and public education for eye disease.", "contents": "Prevalence of eye disease and number of ophthalmologists. The incidence and prevalence of eye and vision system disorders indicate that the present growth rate of the number of ophthalmologists continues. The number of residency positions in ophthalmology in the United States should remain at about the present number. To assure that those persons having eye disease but not seeking appropriate care are given the opportunity for such care, appropriate guidelines for referral to and from other specialties and health care providers should be established. Suggestions for specific guidelines of referral optometry and ophthalmology are presented. Specific action should be taken by ophthalmology to encourage appropriate groups to implement mass screening methods and public education for eye disease.", "PMID": 724211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9916", "title": "Matching manpower with patient care needs: whose decision?", "content": "Unlimited and unplanned proliferation of health manpower education and training programs is producing increasingly specialized personnel, without concern for the costs their services generate or for the kinds of services that will be needed as more Americans gain access to care. Only more national planning to relate preparation and expectations of graduates to affordable service needs will prevent frustration, underutilization, and unemployment of all health manpower.", "contents": "Matching manpower with patient care needs: whose decision? Unlimited and unplanned proliferation of health manpower education and training programs is producing increasingly specialized personnel, without concern for the costs their services generate or for the kinds of services that will be needed as more Americans gain access to care. Only more national planning to relate preparation and expectations of graduates to affordable service needs will prevent frustration, underutilization, and unemployment of all health manpower.", "PMID": 724212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9917", "title": "Future impact of manpower needs on ophthalmology training programs.", "content": "Current projections for ophthalmology manpower needs in the year 2000 suggest that the number of new ophthalmologists trained should be frozen at 500 a year. Factors that would cause a need to train more ophthalmologists would be a shorter workweek or workyear, an increased length of time for each patient visit, universal comprehensive health insurance, an earlier age of retirement, and an increased incidence of eye disease. The factor that would most likely reduce the need for new ophthalmologists would be the transfer of primary eye care delivery to nonophthalmologists. Modulation of resident numbers should be based on peer-judged program quality, not on geography or government edict.", "contents": "Future impact of manpower needs on ophthalmology training programs. Current projections for ophthalmology manpower needs in the year 2000 suggest that the number of new ophthalmologists trained should be frozen at 500 a year. Factors that would cause a need to train more ophthalmologists would be a shorter workweek or workyear, an increased length of time for each patient visit, universal comprehensive health insurance, an earlier age of retirement, and an increased incidence of eye disease. The factor that would most likely reduce the need for new ophthalmologists would be the transfer of primary eye care delivery to nonophthalmologists. Modulation of resident numbers should be based on peer-judged program quality, not on geography or government edict.", "PMID": 724213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9918", "title": "Evaluation of the blepharoplasty patient.", "content": "Since blepharoplasty can mean almost any surgery involving the eyelids, it is necessary that during the evaluation of the patient, his expectations be realistically correlated with the limitations and probable outcome of the operation. Specific examination points include scars, pigmentation, wrinkles, and symmetry of the brows and lids. Tone of the lower lids is checked to eliminate postoperative ectropion. Lastly, cosmetic vs functional blepharoplasty is defined.", "contents": "Evaluation of the blepharoplasty patient. Since blepharoplasty can mean almost any surgery involving the eyelids, it is necessary that during the evaluation of the patient, his expectations be realistically correlated with the limitations and probable outcome of the operation. Specific examination points include scars, pigmentation, wrinkles, and symmetry of the brows and lids. Tone of the lower lids is checked to eliminate postoperative ectropion. Lastly, cosmetic vs functional blepharoplasty is defined.", "PMID": 724215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9919", "title": "Dermatochalasis and blepharochalasis of the upper lids.", "content": "Dermatochalasis and blepharochalasis of the upper lids, in addition to producing a cosmetic defect, causes asthenopic symptoms. A blepharoplasty for dermatochalasis removes skin only. Blepharochalasis removes protruding fat, tightens the orbital septum, and, in addition, when indicated removes excess skin. The surgical techniques for these procedures are presented.", "contents": "Dermatochalasis and blepharochalasis of the upper lids. Dermatochalasis and blepharochalasis of the upper lids, in addition to producing a cosmetic defect, causes asthenopic symptoms. A blepharoplasty for dermatochalasis removes skin only. Blepharochalasis removes protruding fat, tightens the orbital septum, and, in addition, when indicated removes excess skin. The surgical techniques for these procedures are presented.", "PMID": 724217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9920", "title": "Lower lid blepharoplasty.", "content": "A well-trained surgeon is capable of improving the facial appearance of many people by revision of aging lower eyelids. A knowledge of the anatomy, pathology, and physiology of the area is essential. By a careful preoperative examination, determination of the proper procedure, and by skillfully performed surgery much can be done for patients seeking this procedure. Methods of examination and suggested techniques for surgery have been outlined.", "contents": "Lower lid blepharoplasty. A well-trained surgeon is capable of improving the facial appearance of many people by revision of aging lower eyelids. A knowledge of the anatomy, pathology, and physiology of the area is essential. By a careful preoperative examination, determination of the proper procedure, and by skillfully performed surgery much can be done for patients seeking this procedure. Methods of examination and suggested techniques for surgery have been outlined.", "PMID": 724218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9921", "title": "Correction of brow ptosis.", "content": "Brow ptosis should be corrected prior to a blepharoplasty. The superotemporal approach can be used, but the supraciliary incision is the preferred technique.", "contents": "Correction of brow ptosis. Brow ptosis should be corrected prior to a blepharoplasty. The superotemporal approach can be used, but the supraciliary incision is the preferred technique.", "PMID": 724219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9922", "title": "The levator aponeurosis in blepharoplasty.", "content": "The exposure of the levator aponeurosis during blepharoplasty allows the creation of a fixed, distinct lid crease and the opportunity for repair of any defect in the aponeurosis. The conventional blepharoplasty without deep fixation may show the scar separate from the crease and a tendency for early redundancy of skin low on the lid. Additionally, many elderly patients undergoing blepharoplasty have early separations in the levator aponeurosis. Repair of such defects may prophylactically defer the development of acquired ptosis or reverse an early unrecognized ptosis.", "contents": "The levator aponeurosis in blepharoplasty. The exposure of the levator aponeurosis during blepharoplasty allows the creation of a fixed, distinct lid crease and the opportunity for repair of any defect in the aponeurosis. The conventional blepharoplasty without deep fixation may show the scar separate from the crease and a tendency for early redundancy of skin low on the lid. Additionally, many elderly patients undergoing blepharoplasty have early separations in the levator aponeurosis. Repair of such defects may prophylactically defer the development of acquired ptosis or reverse an early unrecognized ptosis.", "PMID": 724220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9923", "title": "Is blindness a realistic complication in blepharoplasty procedures?", "content": "Blindness is a rare but realistic complication in blepharoplasty procedures. Review of 55 case reports in the literature supports this view. The cause or causes of blindness are not precisely clear, but orbital hemorrhage after removal of fat seems to be the most common event associated with visual loss. Preoperative ophthalmologic assessment is highly desirable to document preexistent eye and systemic disease. Exquisite care with removal of fat is essential. Careful postoperative observation without patching is necessary. Management of acute visual loss may be medical, surgical, or both.", "contents": "Is blindness a realistic complication in blepharoplasty procedures? Blindness is a rare but realistic complication in blepharoplasty procedures. Review of 55 case reports in the literature supports this view. The cause or causes of blindness are not precisely clear, but orbital hemorrhage after removal of fat seems to be the most common event associated with visual loss. Preoperative ophthalmologic assessment is highly desirable to document preexistent eye and systemic disease. Exquisite care with removal of fat is essential. Careful postoperative observation without patching is necessary. Management of acute visual loss may be medical, surgical, or both.", "PMID": 724222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9924", "title": "Chemonucleolysis vs laminectomy.", "content": "Three hundred and nine patients having herniated nucleus pulposus syndrome were treated by chemonucleolysis with chymopapain. We analyzed the results of that treatment in the first 100 patients who had been followed up for two years. No significant allergic reactions, deaths, spinal cord injury or paralysis occurred. One patient had pulmonary embolus and another had a disk space infection. Diskitis did not occur. Of the 100 patients receiving chymopapain, 71% of the results were rated good to excellent; of those in a comparably followed-up group of 100 patients who underwent surgery, 63% of the results were rated good to excellent. The end result was achieved more quickly after chemonucleolysis and with less physiologic stress on the patient. The beneficial result was considered to be long lasting, and in our opinion, the quality of the end result was superior after chemonucleolysis.", "contents": "Chemonucleolysis vs laminectomy. Three hundred and nine patients having herniated nucleus pulposus syndrome were treated by chemonucleolysis with chymopapain. We analyzed the results of that treatment in the first 100 patients who had been followed up for two years. No significant allergic reactions, deaths, spinal cord injury or paralysis occurred. One patient had pulmonary embolus and another had a disk space infection. Diskitis did not occur. Of the 100 patients receiving chymopapain, 71% of the results were rated good to excellent; of those in a comparably followed-up group of 100 patients who underwent surgery, 63% of the results were rated good to excellent. The end result was achieved more quickly after chemonucleolysis and with less physiologic stress on the patient. The beneficial result was considered to be long lasting, and in our opinion, the quality of the end result was superior after chemonucleolysis.", "PMID": 724223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9925", "title": "Modified Eriksson procedure for chronic anterior cruciate instability.", "content": "The results of ten knee reconstructions done for chronic anterior cruciate instability were analyzed. Reconstruction was done by utilizing the medial one third of the patellar tendon as an intraarticular substitute for the anterior cruciate ligament. In addition, dynamic back-up was provided by the pes anserinus and biceps tendons. No patient regained normal stability, but early results showed both clinical and functional improvement. It is suggested that one should consider primary reconstruction of the anterior cruciate utilizing this technique if acute primary repair cannot be accomplished.", "contents": "Modified Eriksson procedure for chronic anterior cruciate instability. The results of ten knee reconstructions done for chronic anterior cruciate instability were analyzed. Reconstruction was done by utilizing the medial one third of the patellar tendon as an intraarticular substitute for the anterior cruciate ligament. In addition, dynamic back-up was provided by the pes anserinus and biceps tendons. No patient regained normal stability, but early results showed both clinical and functional improvement. It is suggested that one should consider primary reconstruction of the anterior cruciate utilizing this technique if acute primary repair cannot be accomplished.", "PMID": 724224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9926", "title": "Congenital subluxation of the knee--an anatomic dissection.", "content": "The knee of an infant born with congenital subluxation was dissected to delineate the pathology involved. The primary findings of importance included isolated fibrosis of the vastus intermedius muscle, absence of the gastrocnemius muscle, anterior displacement of the hamstrings and contracture of the anterior joint capsule. Comparison with previously described pathology is discussed.", "contents": "Congenital subluxation of the knee--an anatomic dissection. The knee of an infant born with congenital subluxation was dissected to delineate the pathology involved. The primary findings of importance included isolated fibrosis of the vastus intermedius muscle, absence of the gastrocnemius muscle, anterior displacement of the hamstrings and contracture of the anterior joint capsule. Comparison with previously described pathology is discussed.", "PMID": 724227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9927", "title": "An epidemiological study of severe osteoarthritis.", "content": "A study was made of the relationship between weight, education, use of tobacco and alcohol, participation in athletics and family history of arthritis and severe osteoarthritis of the hip. Estimated relative risk of osteoarthritis was highest for those whose weight was at least 20% or more above ideal, having more than a high school education or with a familial history of arthritis. There was no association between severe osteoarthritis and participation in high school athletics or regular use of alcohol.", "contents": "An epidemiological study of severe osteoarthritis. A study was made of the relationship between weight, education, use of tobacco and alcohol, participation in athletics and family history of arthritis and severe osteoarthritis of the hip. Estimated relative risk of osteoarthritis was highest for those whose weight was at least 20% or more above ideal, having more than a high school education or with a familial history of arthritis. There was no association between severe osteoarthritis and participation in high school athletics or regular use of alcohol.", "PMID": 724225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9928", "title": "The Chiari osteotomy in the older child with congenital hip subluxation and acetabular dysplasia.", "content": "Six adolescent patients with acetabular dysplasia and femoral head subluxation were treated with Chiari osteotomy. The average age of the children was 14 years. The prior duration of the subluxation and dysplasia had resulted in mutual remodeling adaptations preventing concentric femoral head restoration. The Chiari osteotomy improved acetabular cover without significantly disturbing hip mobility in the existing modeling relationship. Postsurgical morbidity included delay in osteotomy healing, wound infection and sciatic nerve damage. Proper care was necessary to outline the osteotomy site so that the proximal iliac segment lay in proper juxtaposition for femoral head support after displacement. A variety of treatment choices is available for this category of hip derangement. The advantages and disadvantages of the Chiari osteotomy were listed.", "contents": "The Chiari osteotomy in the older child with congenital hip subluxation and acetabular dysplasia. Six adolescent patients with acetabular dysplasia and femoral head subluxation were treated with Chiari osteotomy. The average age of the children was 14 years. The prior duration of the subluxation and dysplasia had resulted in mutual remodeling adaptations preventing concentric femoral head restoration. The Chiari osteotomy improved acetabular cover without significantly disturbing hip mobility in the existing modeling relationship. Postsurgical morbidity included delay in osteotomy healing, wound infection and sciatic nerve damage. Proper care was necessary to outline the osteotomy site so that the proximal iliac segment lay in proper juxtaposition for femoral head support after displacement. A variety of treatment choices is available for this category of hip derangement. The advantages and disadvantages of the Chiari osteotomy were listed.", "PMID": 724230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9929", "title": "Combined wrist arthrodesis and metacarpophalangeal joint arthroplasty in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "This paper describes a surgical procedure which combines wrist arthrodesis and metacarpophalangeal joint arthroplasty into one operation. Its basic indication is the severely crippled rheumatoid patient who is faced with multiple reconstructive surgical procedures. In addition to the combined wrist fusion and metacarpophalangeal joint arthroplasty, other surgical procedures can sometimes be performed into same hand, thereby completing the entire reconstruction in one operation. Of the 19 patients who have undergone the combined procedure, only one failed to obtain a solid clinical arthrodesis. There were no infections, skin sluffs or other complications. Combining the two procedures did not jeopardize either wrist fusion or metacarpophalangeal joint arthroplasty. Specific contraindications for the procedure are fixed wrist flexion contracture or a complete dislocation requiring extensive exposure in order to align or reduce the radiocarpal joint.", "contents": "Combined wrist arthrodesis and metacarpophalangeal joint arthroplasty in rheumatoid arthritis. This paper describes a surgical procedure which combines wrist arthrodesis and metacarpophalangeal joint arthroplasty into one operation. Its basic indication is the severely crippled rheumatoid patient who is faced with multiple reconstructive surgical procedures. In addition to the combined wrist fusion and metacarpophalangeal joint arthroplasty, other surgical procedures can sometimes be performed into same hand, thereby completing the entire reconstruction in one operation. Of the 19 patients who have undergone the combined procedure, only one failed to obtain a solid clinical arthrodesis. There were no infections, skin sluffs or other complications. Combining the two procedures did not jeopardize either wrist fusion or metacarpophalangeal joint arthroplasty. Specific contraindications for the procedure are fixed wrist flexion contracture or a complete dislocation requiring extensive exposure in order to align or reduce the radiocarpal joint.", "PMID": 724226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9930", "title": "Factitial synovitis.", "content": "This unusual case of trauma depicts a 17-year-old female who had a history of chronic synovitis of her left knee for several months. The patient demonstrated persistent knee effusion despite treatment of several physicians. Failure of the left knee to respond to several surgical procedures, as well as the finding of numerous foreign bodies not present previously, evoked a high index of suspicion leading to the diagnosis of factitial synovitis. The paper further defines the entity, describes the personalities involved and the numerous methods used to inflict trauma. Lastly, the treatment regime is given.", "contents": "Factitial synovitis. This unusual case of trauma depicts a 17-year-old female who had a history of chronic synovitis of her left knee for several months. The patient demonstrated persistent knee effusion despite treatment of several physicians. Failure of the left knee to respond to several surgical procedures, as well as the finding of numerous foreign bodies not present previously, evoked a high index of suspicion leading to the diagnosis of factitial synovitis. The paper further defines the entity, describes the personalities involved and the numerous methods used to inflict trauma. Lastly, the treatment regime is given.", "PMID": 724231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9931", "title": "Orthopedic injuries in water-skiing: etiology and prevention.", "content": "The inherent danger of orthopedic injury is little recognized in the extremely popular sport of water-skiing. The water-skiing equipment, the speed at which the boat is driven and the experience of the skier play a major role in the severe injuries reported here.", "contents": "Orthopedic injuries in water-skiing: etiology and prevention. The inherent danger of orthopedic injury is little recognized in the extremely popular sport of water-skiing. The water-skiing equipment, the speed at which the boat is driven and the experience of the skier play a major role in the severe injuries reported here.", "PMID": 724233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9932", "title": "Dialysis carpal tunnel syndrome.", "content": "Twelve carpal tunnel releases were performed in eight out of ten dialysis patients who developed progressive median and ulnar nerve compartment syndromes following side (artery)-to-end (vein) fistulae required for vascular access, out of a total population of between 200 and 250 patients (4 to 5%). It is our contention that etiology is directly related to the altered vascular hemodynamics produced by the fistulae. All the patients had rapid relief of their pain and dysesthesias, and were very satisfied despite some residual numbness in a few cases.", "contents": "Dialysis carpal tunnel syndrome. Twelve carpal tunnel releases were performed in eight out of ten dialysis patients who developed progressive median and ulnar nerve compartment syndromes following side (artery)-to-end (vein) fistulae required for vascular access, out of a total population of between 200 and 250 patients (4 to 5%). It is our contention that etiology is directly related to the altered vascular hemodynamics produced by the fistulae. All the patients had rapid relief of their pain and dysesthesias, and were very satisfied despite some residual numbness in a few cases.", "PMID": 724236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9933", "title": "Superweak interactions and the biological time direction.", "content": "A hypothesis is proposed in qualitative terms, according to which left helical electrons in chiral molecules, and right helical electrons in oppositely chiral molecules have different internal timings. The basis of this hypothesis stems from two facts: (1) It has been observed that the decay processes caused by superweak interactions go slower if left helical electrons are produced compared to decay processes in which right helical positrons are produced. (2) The excited states of D and L molecules are not only parity transformed but time reversed pairs as well. Re-evaluation of many data makes the hypothesis likely. The significance of this hypothesis in the origin and evolution of life is apparent since life and evolution as a whole have a special time direction.", "contents": "Superweak interactions and the biological time direction. A hypothesis is proposed in qualitative terms, according to which left helical electrons in chiral molecules, and right helical electrons in oppositely chiral molecules have different internal timings. The basis of this hypothesis stems from two facts: (1) It has been observed that the decay processes caused by superweak interactions go slower if left helical electrons are produced compared to decay processes in which right helical positrons are produced. (2) The excited states of D and L molecules are not only parity transformed but time reversed pairs as well. Re-evaluation of many data makes the hypothesis likely. The significance of this hypothesis in the origin and evolution of life is apparent since life and evolution as a whole have a special time direction.", "PMID": 724243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9934", "title": "The orthopedic surgeon and rehabilitation engineering.", "content": "Rapid advancements in technology in the past 30 years have brought about a close relationship between medicine and engineering. Part of this has been the close association of orthopedics and the prosthetics and orthotics technologies. In recent years, advances in other aspects of rehabilitation engineering have taken place; these have been partly based on the technology established by research in prosthetics and orthotics. The rapid progress in rehabilitation engineering now demands the attention of orthopedists. The role of the rehabilitation engineer is defined, and some examples are given of the kinds of problems confronted by the rehabilitation engineering clinic team. Especially as further progress takes place, the orthopedic surgeon and the prosthetist-orthotist need to obtain more knowledge of the technical aids needed to restore independence to the disabled.", "contents": "The orthopedic surgeon and rehabilitation engineering. Rapid advancements in technology in the past 30 years have brought about a close relationship between medicine and engineering. Part of this has been the close association of orthopedics and the prosthetics and orthotics technologies. In recent years, advances in other aspects of rehabilitation engineering have taken place; these have been partly based on the technology established by research in prosthetics and orthotics. The rapid progress in rehabilitation engineering now demands the attention of orthopedists. The role of the rehabilitation engineer is defined, and some examples are given of the kinds of problems confronted by the rehabilitation engineering clinic team. Especially as further progress takes place, the orthopedic surgeon and the prosthetist-orthotist need to obtain more knowledge of the technical aids needed to restore independence to the disabled.", "PMID": 724232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9935", "title": "Temporary occlusion of the common iliac artery during hemipelvectomy.", "content": "The surgical technique for temporarily occluding the common iliac artery during hemipelvectomy has been described. Not only can this technique significantly reduce the blood loss and operative time, but it may also minimize postoperative complications and increase the chances of a complete eradication of the primary malignant disease.", "contents": "Temporary occlusion of the common iliac artery during hemipelvectomy. The surgical technique for temporarily occluding the common iliac artery during hemipelvectomy has been described. Not only can this technique significantly reduce the blood loss and operative time, but it may also minimize postoperative complications and increase the chances of a complete eradication of the primary malignant disease.", "PMID": 724238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9936", "title": "Early evolution of cellular electron transport: molecular models for the ferredoxin-rubredoxin-flavodoxin region.", "content": "Using information from conformation-predicting algorithms and X-ray data, a possible mode of structural evolution from an ancestral molecule of about 28 residues to bacterial ferredoxins and rubredoxins is suggested. The possibility of a further evolutionary pathway leading to flavodoxin-like proteins is also indicated.", "contents": "Early evolution of cellular electron transport: molecular models for the ferredoxin-rubredoxin-flavodoxin region. Using information from conformation-predicting algorithms and X-ray data, a possible mode of structural evolution from an ancestral molecule of about 28 residues to bacterial ferredoxins and rubredoxins is suggested. The possibility of a further evolutionary pathway leading to flavodoxin-like proteins is also indicated.", "PMID": 724244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9937", "title": "Traumatic fibular bowing with tibial fracture: report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of children with traumatic fibular bowing associated with mid-shaft tibial fractures are presented. Healing of the mildly angulated tibial fractures without reduction of the bones was accepted. The case, followed 38 weeks, demonstrated corrective remodeling with growth and an excellent clinical result.", "contents": "Traumatic fibular bowing with tibial fracture: report of two cases. Two cases of children with traumatic fibular bowing associated with mid-shaft tibial fractures are presented. Healing of the mildly angulated tibial fractures without reduction of the bones was accepted. The case, followed 38 weeks, demonstrated corrective remodeling with growth and an excellent clinical result.", "PMID": 724234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9938", "title": "Malignant hyperthermia: a complication of orthopedic surgery.", "content": "Although malignant hyperthermia is seen most frequently as a complication of orthopedic surgery, most orthopedists have not encountered this commonly fatal problem. A case report and discussion of the inheritable metabolic defect is given. Immediate treatment concepts are discussed.", "contents": "Malignant hyperthermia: a complication of orthopedic surgery. Although malignant hyperthermia is seen most frequently as a complication of orthopedic surgery, most orthopedists have not encountered this commonly fatal problem. A case report and discussion of the inheritable metabolic defect is given. Immediate treatment concepts are discussed.", "PMID": 724239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9939", "title": "Arthrodesis for paralytic shoulder: review of ten patients.", "content": "Ten patients who had arthrodesis of their flail shoulders secondary to poliomyelitis were reviewed. The average age at the time of surgery was 15 years, 3 months, and follow-up range from one year eight months to seven years. Union occurred in each case, and no reoperations were required. Internal fixation was used for each patient, and this maintained the position of arthrodesis. All patients were significantly improved. Optimal position of fusion seems to be in 30 degrees of abduction, 30 degrees of forward flexion, and 45 degrees of internal rotation.", "contents": "Arthrodesis for paralytic shoulder: review of ten patients. Ten patients who had arthrodesis of their flail shoulders secondary to poliomyelitis were reviewed. The average age at the time of surgery was 15 years, 3 months, and follow-up range from one year eight months to seven years. Union occurred in each case, and no reoperations were required. Internal fixation was used for each patient, and this maintained the position of arthrodesis. All patients were significantly improved. Optimal position of fusion seems to be in 30 degrees of abduction, 30 degrees of forward flexion, and 45 degrees of internal rotation.", "PMID": 724237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9940", "title": "Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase families and their significance to the origin of the genetic code.", "content": "A correlation of various aspects of the protein structures and substrate and mechanistic specificities of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases has led to the identification of at least one family of enzymes probably derived from a common ancestral synthetase. While strong correlations exist only in one part of the array of 64 codons comprising the Genetic Code, this itself may be interpreted as a meaningful pattern, most consistent with a development of the present code from earlier codes containing fewer amino acids and fewer available codons. Specifically, strong correlations in the enzymes whose cognate tRNAs respond to codons containing a central pyrimidine, including the enzyme family of Ile-, Phe-, Val-, Met-, and Leu-tRNA synthetases, suggests that these enzymes evolved last, and that, therefore, an earlier version of the Genetic Code was comprised solely of codons containing a central purine. It is suggested that further study of the historical interrelationships of these enzymes could lead to a fairly detailed picture of how the Genetic Code developed.", "contents": "Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase families and their significance to the origin of the genetic code. A correlation of various aspects of the protein structures and substrate and mechanistic specificities of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases has led to the identification of at least one family of enzymes probably derived from a common ancestral synthetase. While strong correlations exist only in one part of the array of 64 codons comprising the Genetic Code, this itself may be interpreted as a meaningful pattern, most consistent with a development of the present code from earlier codes containing fewer amino acids and fewer available codons. Specifically, strong correlations in the enzymes whose cognate tRNAs respond to codons containing a central pyrimidine, including the enzyme family of Ile-, Phe-, Val-, Met-, and Leu-tRNA synthetases, suggests that these enzymes evolved last, and that, therefore, an earlier version of the Genetic Code was comprised solely of codons containing a central purine. It is suggested that further study of the historical interrelationships of these enzymes could lead to a fairly detailed picture of how the Genetic Code developed.", "PMID": 724245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9941", "title": "Infection after knee replacement surgery.", "content": "Vigorous treatment is not always necessary to eradicate late postoperative infection after total knee implantation. Aspiration of the pus and intravenous antibiotic administration was enough to eradicate the infection in the case reported.", "contents": "Infection after knee replacement surgery. Vigorous treatment is not always necessary to eradicate late postoperative infection after total knee implantation. Aspiration of the pus and intravenous antibiotic administration was enough to eradicate the infection in the case reported.", "PMID": 724240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9942", "title": "Chirality and stereochemical recognition in DNA-phytohormone interactions: a model approach.", "content": "Space-filling molecular models of selected phytohormones and DNA, employed as described herein, illustrate possible in vivo stereochemical recognition between nucleic acids and intercalated phytohormones. In this regard, the absolute chirality of certain phytohormones, and that of DNA may be essential for the recognition process. It is speculated further that the specific interactions shown by molecular models have significance in the evolution of plant regulatory mechanisms.", "contents": "Chirality and stereochemical recognition in DNA-phytohormone interactions: a model approach. Space-filling molecular models of selected phytohormones and DNA, employed as described herein, illustrate possible in vivo stereochemical recognition between nucleic acids and intercalated phytohormones. In this regard, the absolute chirality of certain phytohormones, and that of DNA may be essential for the recognition process. It is speculated further that the specific interactions shown by molecular models have significance in the evolution of plant regulatory mechanisms.", "PMID": 724246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9943", "title": "Exercise testing in children.", "content": "Exercise testing has a definite role in pediatrics today. Different methods are presented, and the value of maximal exercise with determination of oxygen uptake and blood lactate is stressed. In children with heart disease, exercise testing with precordial electrocardiogram can be of both diagnostic and prognostic value. The cardiovascular function at different intensities of exercise is evaluated, serious dysrhythmias may be revealed, hypertension judged and the effect of drug therapy can be checked by exercise testing. It is an important way in assessing the child's functional capacity after heart surgery in the decision whether she or he should take part in physical education and sports activities and in the choice of profession. It is also of great psychological value to the parents and the patient himself. In children with other chronic diseases, e.g., diabetes, obesity, asthma, neurocirculatory dysfunctions--physical training together with exercise testing is of importance for therapy and rehabilitation.", "contents": "Exercise testing in children. Exercise testing has a definite role in pediatrics today. Different methods are presented, and the value of maximal exercise with determination of oxygen uptake and blood lactate is stressed. In children with heart disease, exercise testing with precordial electrocardiogram can be of both diagnostic and prognostic value. The cardiovascular function at different intensities of exercise is evaluated, serious dysrhythmias may be revealed, hypertension judged and the effect of drug therapy can be checked by exercise testing. It is an important way in assessing the child's functional capacity after heart surgery in the decision whether she or he should take part in physical education and sports activities and in the choice of profession. It is also of great psychological value to the parents and the patient himself. In children with other chronic diseases, e.g., diabetes, obesity, asthma, neurocirculatory dysfunctions--physical training together with exercise testing is of importance for therapy and rehabilitation.", "PMID": 724265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9944", "title": "Exercise electrocardiography in the evaluation of cardiac dysrhythmias in children.", "content": "Exercise electrocardiography is a useful means to evaluate dysrhythmias in children and young adults. Exercise may suppress a dysrhythmia present at rest and thus suggest a relatively benign problem. It may provoke a latent dysrhythmia which is absent at rest but suggested by a history of exercise intolerance or palpitation with exertion. Exercise may also modify a dysrhythmia. Maximum exercise testing has been used to evaluate each of these situations in children. The results of testing will be presented. Since no dysrhythmias were provoked in 170 healthy children, we think that any dysrhythmia initiated by exercise in the young should be considered abnormal.", "contents": "Exercise electrocardiography in the evaluation of cardiac dysrhythmias in children. Exercise electrocardiography is a useful means to evaluate dysrhythmias in children and young adults. Exercise may suppress a dysrhythmia present at rest and thus suggest a relatively benign problem. It may provoke a latent dysrhythmia which is absent at rest but suggested by a history of exercise intolerance or palpitation with exertion. Exercise may also modify a dysrhythmia. Maximum exercise testing has been used to evaluate each of these situations in children. The results of testing will be presented. Since no dysrhythmias were provoked in 170 healthy children, we think that any dysrhythmia initiated by exercise in the young should be considered abnormal.", "PMID": 724266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9945", "title": "Current status of open heart surgery in infancy.", "content": "The enthusiasm for primary intracardiac surgery in symptomatic infants with congenital cardiac disease generated by early successful reports continues. The results obtained to data indicate that when surgery is carried out in extremely ill symptomatic infants, the mortality is high but still superior to staged procedures. When surgery is performed relatively electively, to prevent complications related to the unnatural history of the disease, the results of surgery are excellent. Profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest have contributed greatly towards facilitating technical surgery and postoperative management. An increasing number of centers are utilizing conventional cardiopulmonary bypass with hypothermia to achieve the same result. One of the major objections to using hypothermia and cardiocirculatory arrest has been the fear of cerebral complications, both neurological and psychomotor. Our follow-up studies on an unselected group of patients have shown very clearly that when the technique was applied carefully with strict attention to detail, late neurological and psychomotor complications were virtually nil. The IQs of these children fall within the normal distribution curve of a comparable group of noncardiac children. In view of these late follow-up findings, we feel that hypothermia and cardiocirculatory arrest are safe modalities in handling infants undergoing open intracardiac surgery. There is probably still a place for two-stage procedures in selected lesions and these are complex transposition of the great arteries and perhaps as a clinical trial in a randomized group of infants with tetralogy of Fallot. With the exception of these lesions, early correction of all operable symptomatic heart defects in infants is recommended.", "contents": "Current status of open heart surgery in infancy. The enthusiasm for primary intracardiac surgery in symptomatic infants with congenital cardiac disease generated by early successful reports continues. The results obtained to data indicate that when surgery is carried out in extremely ill symptomatic infants, the mortality is high but still superior to staged procedures. When surgery is performed relatively electively, to prevent complications related to the unnatural history of the disease, the results of surgery are excellent. Profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest have contributed greatly towards facilitating technical surgery and postoperative management. An increasing number of centers are utilizing conventional cardiopulmonary bypass with hypothermia to achieve the same result. One of the major objections to using hypothermia and cardiocirculatory arrest has been the fear of cerebral complications, both neurological and psychomotor. Our follow-up studies on an unselected group of patients have shown very clearly that when the technique was applied carefully with strict attention to detail, late neurological and psychomotor complications were virtually nil. The IQs of these children fall within the normal distribution curve of a comparable group of noncardiac children. In view of these late follow-up findings, we feel that hypothermia and cardiocirculatory arrest are safe modalities in handling infants undergoing open intracardiac surgery. There is probably still a place for two-stage procedures in selected lesions and these are complex transposition of the great arteries and perhaps as a clinical trial in a randomized group of infants with tetralogy of Fallot. With the exception of these lesions, early correction of all operable symptomatic heart defects in infants is recommended.", "PMID": 724267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9946", "title": "Problem of patent ductus arteriosus in premature infants.", "content": "Postanatal closure of the ductus arteriosus depends on the level of O2 to which it is exposed. Certain vasoactive substances may also play a role in this constriction. The response to O2 is not as well developed in immature fetal animals and this probably explains the high incidence of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in premature human infants. The magnitude of shunting through a PDA depends on its size and the relationship between the pulmonary and systemic vascular resistances. Factors affecting the pulmonary vascular resistance (such as hypoxia) will therefore affect the shunt. The ability of the infant to handle the volume overload also depends on maturity of the infant since myocardial development may not be complete even at term. The clinical manifestations and management of PDA with and without pulmonary disease are described. Recent attempts at pharmacological closure of the PDA are presented.", "contents": "Problem of patent ductus arteriosus in premature infants. Postanatal closure of the ductus arteriosus depends on the level of O2 to which it is exposed. Certain vasoactive substances may also play a role in this constriction. The response to O2 is not as well developed in immature fetal animals and this probably explains the high incidence of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in premature human infants. The magnitude of shunting through a PDA depends on its size and the relationship between the pulmonary and systemic vascular resistances. Factors affecting the pulmonary vascular resistance (such as hypoxia) will therefore affect the shunt. The ability of the infant to handle the volume overload also depends on maturity of the infant since myocardial development may not be complete even at term. The clinical manifestations and management of PDA with and without pulmonary disease are described. Recent attempts at pharmacological closure of the PDA are presented.", "PMID": 724268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9947", "title": "Surgical treatment of complex congenital heart defects: recent developments with valved external conduits.", "content": "The use of valved external conduits has majorly expanded the place of corrective operations for children with a variety of congenital cardiac defects. Initially they were employed to correct patients with congenital pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect and subsequently placed between the venous ventricle and pulmonary artery for a number of other complex malformations. More recently they have been placed between the right atrium and pulmonary artery and between the systemic (left) ventricle and aorta. Surgical techniques, early and late results of these procedures are discussed.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of complex congenital heart defects: recent developments with valved external conduits. The use of valved external conduits has majorly expanded the place of corrective operations for children with a variety of congenital cardiac defects. Initially they were employed to correct patients with congenital pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect and subsequently placed between the venous ventricle and pulmonary artery for a number of other complex malformations. More recently they have been placed between the right atrium and pulmonary artery and between the systemic (left) ventricle and aorta. Surgical techniques, early and late results of these procedures are discussed.", "PMID": 724269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9948", "title": "Pericardial disease in children.", "content": "This article discusses the etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of pericardial disease in the pediatric age group. Purulent pericarditis is a medical and surgical emergency. Prompt surgical drainage and intravenous antibiotic therapy may be lifesaving. The pathogenesis and hemodynamic consequences of pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade, pericardial constriction and pneumopericardium are also discussed. The key to intelligent management of pericardial disease is an appreciation of the fact that the abnormal hemodynamics resulting from these disorders can frequently only be relieved by cardiac decompression.", "contents": "Pericardial disease in children. This article discusses the etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of pericardial disease in the pediatric age group. Purulent pericarditis is a medical and surgical emergency. Prompt surgical drainage and intravenous antibiotic therapy may be lifesaving. The pathogenesis and hemodynamic consequences of pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade, pericardial constriction and pneumopericardium are also discussed. The key to intelligent management of pericardial disease is an appreciation of the fact that the abnormal hemodynamics resulting from these disorders can frequently only be relieved by cardiac decompression.", "PMID": 724270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9949", "title": "Infective endocarditis: a review. I. Incidence, etiology, pathology and clinical features.", "content": "In this paper demographic characteristics, etiology, pathology and clinical features of infective endocarditis are reviewed simultaneous presentation of the data from our series of 50 cases with infective endocarditis. The peak incidence of infective endocarditis is between 11 and 15 years. Both sexes are equally affected. Patients with congenital or acquired heart disease tend to have hemodynamic trauma to the endocardium and vascular endothelium. These sites form the nidus for circulating bacteria of either spontaneous origin or the result of any oro-dental, genitourinary or other surgery or procedures and produce vegetations characteristic of infective endocarditis. The location of the vegetation is dependent upon the predisposing cardiac lesion. Embolic phenomenon is another cardinal feature of endocarditis and may occur in any organ system. Although a large variety of microbes have been known to cause endocarditis, streptococci and staphylococci remain the most frequent offenders. Clinical diagnosis of infective endocarditis is difficult because of the insidious onset and varied clinical features. A high degree of suspicion is essential for early diagnosis. Any patient with known heart disease and unexplained fever should be suspect for endocarditis. Splenomegaly, petechiae and embolic phenomena support this diagnosis. New or changing murmurs, splinter hemorrhages, Osler's nodes. Janeway's lesions and Roth's spots may be present. Elevated sedimentation rate, microscopic hematuria, leukocytosis with a shift-to-the-left and anemia may further support the diagnosis. Congenital or acquired heart disease and fever are all that will be present in many cases. Only isolation of the causative agent from the blood can confirm the diagnosis.", "contents": "Infective endocarditis: a review. I. Incidence, etiology, pathology and clinical features. In this paper demographic characteristics, etiology, pathology and clinical features of infective endocarditis are reviewed simultaneous presentation of the data from our series of 50 cases with infective endocarditis. The peak incidence of infective endocarditis is between 11 and 15 years. Both sexes are equally affected. Patients with congenital or acquired heart disease tend to have hemodynamic trauma to the endocardium and vascular endothelium. These sites form the nidus for circulating bacteria of either spontaneous origin or the result of any oro-dental, genitourinary or other surgery or procedures and produce vegetations characteristic of infective endocarditis. The location of the vegetation is dependent upon the predisposing cardiac lesion. Embolic phenomenon is another cardinal feature of endocarditis and may occur in any organ system. Although a large variety of microbes have been known to cause endocarditis, streptococci and staphylococci remain the most frequent offenders. Clinical diagnosis of infective endocarditis is difficult because of the insidious onset and varied clinical features. A high degree of suspicion is essential for early diagnosis. Any patient with known heart disease and unexplained fever should be suspect for endocarditis. Splenomegaly, petechiae and embolic phenomena support this diagnosis. New or changing murmurs, splinter hemorrhages, Osler's nodes. Janeway's lesions and Roth's spots may be present. Elevated sedimentation rate, microscopic hematuria, leukocytosis with a shift-to-the-left and anemia may further support the diagnosis. Congenital or acquired heart disease and fever are all that will be present in many cases. Only isolation of the causative agent from the blood can confirm the diagnosis.", "PMID": 724271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9950", "title": "Infective endocarditis: a review. II. Diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "Early diagnosis of infective endocarditis is difficult because of the insidious onset and varied clinical presentation. High degree of suspicion and blood culturing for the causative agent are essential to confirm the diagnosis. General principles of management include selection of antibiotics based on the antibiotic sensitivities of the causative organism, use of bactericidal rather than bacteriostatic drugs, usage of a combination of two or more antibiotics to enhance the synergic bactericidal activity, and their administration by the intravenous route for prolonged periods (6 weeks). Monitoring the serum bactericidal activity to confirm the biological effectiveness of the antibiotics used and adjusting the level of 1:8 to 1:16 is recommended. Specific drug therapy for each type of endocarditis is discussed. Supportive measures and indications for surgical intervention are also discussed. A summary of preventive aspects of infective endocarditis is also presented.", "contents": "Infective endocarditis: a review. II. Diagnosis and treatment. Early diagnosis of infective endocarditis is difficult because of the insidious onset and varied clinical presentation. High degree of suspicion and blood culturing for the causative agent are essential to confirm the diagnosis. General principles of management include selection of antibiotics based on the antibiotic sensitivities of the causative organism, use of bactericidal rather than bacteriostatic drugs, usage of a combination of two or more antibiotics to enhance the synergic bactericidal activity, and their administration by the intravenous route for prolonged periods (6 weeks). Monitoring the serum bactericidal activity to confirm the biological effectiveness of the antibiotics used and adjusting the level of 1:8 to 1:16 is recommended. Specific drug therapy for each type of endocarditis is discussed. Supportive measures and indications for surgical intervention are also discussed. A summary of preventive aspects of infective endocarditis is also presented.", "PMID": 724272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9951", "title": "The unconscious child.", "content": "Coma in children is an overwhelming process. The article discusses the probable etiological factors that may lead to coma condition, the physical examination, laboratory diagnosis and therapeutic management of the unconscious patient. Emphasis is being given to the emergency treatment of associated cardiac arrest and reference to the medicolegal problem arising from the prolonged use and discontinuance of mechanical life-supporting devices.", "contents": "The unconscious child. Coma in children is an overwhelming process. The article discusses the probable etiological factors that may lead to coma condition, the physical examination, laboratory diagnosis and therapeutic management of the unconscious patient. Emphasis is being given to the emergency treatment of associated cardiac arrest and reference to the medicolegal problem arising from the prolonged use and discontinuance of mechanical life-supporting devices.", "PMID": 724273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9952", "title": "Liver failure.", "content": "Liver failure is a complication of viral hepatitis, as well as a consequence of acute mushroom or drug poisoning. The different therapies to be employed in a \"pre emergency\" state, or in case of \"emergency\" (resistant to medical treatment or starting as \"fulminant\" hepatic failure) are summarized. The percentage of survival, even by means of sophisticated treatment, does not overcome 30%.", "contents": "Liver failure. Liver failure is a complication of viral hepatitis, as well as a consequence of acute mushroom or drug poisoning. The different therapies to be employed in a \"pre emergency\" state, or in case of \"emergency\" (resistant to medical treatment or starting as \"fulminant\" hepatic failure) are summarized. The percentage of survival, even by means of sophisticated treatment, does not overcome 30%.", "PMID": 724274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9953", "title": "Acute anaphylaxis in children.", "content": "Much progress in the knowledge of immunological and biochemical mechanisms involved in anaphylaxis has been achieved during the last years. The complexity of these mechanisms still makes many of the details enigmatic and difficult to study. The pathogenic mechanisms, symptoms and treatment of anaphylaxis are discussed in the light of our present understanding. Anaphylactic reactions should be rare in childhood as most of them are iatrogenic and thus possible to prevent by suitable precautions.", "contents": "Acute anaphylaxis in children. Much progress in the knowledge of immunological and biochemical mechanisms involved in anaphylaxis has been achieved during the last years. The complexity of these mechanisms still makes many of the details enigmatic and difficult to study. The pathogenic mechanisms, symptoms and treatment of anaphylaxis are discussed in the light of our present understanding. Anaphylactic reactions should be rare in childhood as most of them are iatrogenic and thus possible to prevent by suitable precautions.", "PMID": 724275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9954", "title": "Renal emergencies in children.", "content": "Acute renal failure, severe hypertension, and some complications of the nephrotic syndrome and chronic renal failure are the renal emergencies most frequently seen in the pediatric age group. Diagnosis of acute renal failure is based mainly upon U/P ratios of osmolality and urea as well as a negative mannitol test. Conservative medical management is useful in uncomplicated cases, whereas dialytic procedures are more effective in severe or complicated cases. The most frequent reversible complications in chronic renal failure are infections, extracellular volume changes, electrolyte imbalance and cardiovascular alterations. Intercurrent infection and vein thromboses are the most frequent complication in minimal change nephrotic syndrome and they may be a cause of death. Early diagnosis and adequate treatment are mandatory in these complications.", "contents": "Renal emergencies in children. Acute renal failure, severe hypertension, and some complications of the nephrotic syndrome and chronic renal failure are the renal emergencies most frequently seen in the pediatric age group. Diagnosis of acute renal failure is based mainly upon U/P ratios of osmolality and urea as well as a negative mannitol test. Conservative medical management is useful in uncomplicated cases, whereas dialytic procedures are more effective in severe or complicated cases. The most frequent reversible complications in chronic renal failure are infections, extracellular volume changes, electrolyte imbalance and cardiovascular alterations. Intercurrent infection and vein thromboses are the most frequent complication in minimal change nephrotic syndrome and they may be a cause of death. Early diagnosis and adequate treatment are mandatory in these complications.", "PMID": 724276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9955", "title": "Emergency surgery of the neonates.", "content": "A review of 1,666 neonatal surgical operations is given. According to the presenting symptoms the cases are divided into five major groups: skin defects and obvious malformations, tumours, acute abdominal conditions, respiratory emergencies, and cardiac conditions. The number of cases in each group are presented in tables and the surgical mortality of the most important conditions are similarly presented. Prematurity and associated malformations are pointed out as the most important factors causing death in neonatal surgery. While it is difficult to influence their existence, it is always possible to improve the diagnostic readiness and surgical skills.", "contents": "Emergency surgery of the neonates. A review of 1,666 neonatal surgical operations is given. According to the presenting symptoms the cases are divided into five major groups: skin defects and obvious malformations, tumours, acute abdominal conditions, respiratory emergencies, and cardiac conditions. The number of cases in each group are presented in tables and the surgical mortality of the most important conditions are similarly presented. Prematurity and associated malformations are pointed out as the most important factors causing death in neonatal surgery. While it is difficult to influence their existence, it is always possible to improve the diagnostic readiness and surgical skills.", "PMID": 724277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9956", "title": "Radiofrequency thermoneurolysis of peripheral nerves for control of trigeminal neuralgia.", "content": "Radiofrequency thermoneurolysis (RFTN) was performed in the peripheral infraorbital and inferior alveolar nerves of eight patients with paroxysmal trigeminal neuralgias. Pain severity as measured by tourniquet test and global estimate was significantly reduced in seven of eight patients. The sharp, paroxysmal component of neuralgia was controlled in all seven successes although significant pain was recurring in two patients one year post-operatively. Neurosensory threshold responses to tactile-discriminative stimuli were not permanently changed from pre-lesion levels but pain detection and pain tolerance threshold responses to mechanical pin-pressure and thermal stimuli were significantly raised, suggesting that RFTN is more selective for small myelinated and unmyelinated fibers. This procedure was found to be safe, effective, simple, and predictable on the basis of diagnostic blocks. Results suggest that it is a temporary control measure which nevertheless can be repeated. It may also prove useful as a test to identify those patients who may experience anesthesia dolorosa. It is suggested for patients with toxic responses to medical therapy and as an alternative to more invasive surgeries for the long-term management of trigeminal neuralgia.", "contents": "Radiofrequency thermoneurolysis of peripheral nerves for control of trigeminal neuralgia. Radiofrequency thermoneurolysis (RFTN) was performed in the peripheral infraorbital and inferior alveolar nerves of eight patients with paroxysmal trigeminal neuralgias. Pain severity as measured by tourniquet test and global estimate was significantly reduced in seven of eight patients. The sharp, paroxysmal component of neuralgia was controlled in all seven successes although significant pain was recurring in two patients one year post-operatively. Neurosensory threshold responses to tactile-discriminative stimuli were not permanently changed from pre-lesion levels but pain detection and pain tolerance threshold responses to mechanical pin-pressure and thermal stimuli were significantly raised, suggesting that RFTN is more selective for small myelinated and unmyelinated fibers. This procedure was found to be safe, effective, simple, and predictable on the basis of diagnostic blocks. Results suggest that it is a temporary control measure which nevertheless can be repeated. It may also prove useful as a test to identify those patients who may experience anesthesia dolorosa. It is suggested for patients with toxic responses to medical therapy and as an alternative to more invasive surgeries for the long-term management of trigeminal neuralgia.", "PMID": 724278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9957", "title": "Pain infirmity and psychotropic drugs in oncology.", "content": "The treatment of cancer pain by psychotropic drugs is a method which has been employed for a long time [8] and in which the results obtained have appeared very interesting from the beginning: there is a high percentage of success, rapid action, absence of addiction, and although there are sometimes unpleasant side-effects, they are reversible when the treatment is stopped. Even after several years of application, this therapy still sets some unsolved problems. Some consider that psychotropics are not real analgesics, but that they work on the emotional reaction rather than on the pain itself [3]. Still others consider that the results are obtained only at the price of a state of prostration of the patient similar to that obtained after lobectomy. Finally, this procedure is reproached as having unpredictable results and indications difficult to define. We think that what has, up to now, prevented these types of problems from being solved has been the absence of a really objective evaluation of the pain in the patients observed. We have wrestled with this problem for several years [1,2], and offer the following hypothesis: what is important in considering chronic pain is, above all, the infirmity conferred upon the patient. If \"pain\" in the broad sense of the term lends itself to objective evaluation with difficulty, it is not the same with respect to infirmity. A method of evaluation of the physical disability intended for routine practice in a cancer center has been used on a series of 100 patients. The results obtained in this series have been analyzed and give the answer to questions such as mechanism of action, indications of psychotropic drugs and prognosis of cancer pain.", "contents": "Pain infirmity and psychotropic drugs in oncology. The treatment of cancer pain by psychotropic drugs is a method which has been employed for a long time [8] and in which the results obtained have appeared very interesting from the beginning: there is a high percentage of success, rapid action, absence of addiction, and although there are sometimes unpleasant side-effects, they are reversible when the treatment is stopped. Even after several years of application, this therapy still sets some unsolved problems. Some consider that psychotropics are not real analgesics, but that they work on the emotional reaction rather than on the pain itself [3]. Still others consider that the results are obtained only at the price of a state of prostration of the patient similar to that obtained after lobectomy. Finally, this procedure is reproached as having unpredictable results and indications difficult to define. We think that what has, up to now, prevented these types of problems from being solved has been the absence of a really objective evaluation of the pain in the patients observed. We have wrestled with this problem for several years [1,2], and offer the following hypothesis: what is important in considering chronic pain is, above all, the infirmity conferred upon the patient. If \"pain\" in the broad sense of the term lends itself to objective evaluation with difficulty, it is not the same with respect to infirmity. A method of evaluation of the physical disability intended for routine practice in a cancer center has been used on a series of 100 patients. The results obtained in this series have been analyzed and give the answer to questions such as mechanism of action, indications of psychotropic drugs and prognosis of cancer pain.", "PMID": 724279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9958", "title": "Relationship of patient semantic pain descriptions to physician diagnostic judgments, activity level measures and MMPI.", "content": "A consecutive sample of chronic pain patients presenting themselves for evaluation was studied. A set of 25 bi-polar adjectives was developed from medical records of previous pain patients' descriptions of their pain. Using the Semantic Differential (S-D) method, each patient rated the extent to which his/her pain was best described by either of the adjective pairs. The S-D findings were then compared with three other data sets and those data sets were compared with each other. First, six physicians classified each patient along an \"organic\"--\"non-organic\" continuum based on ratings derived from the full set of medical diagnostic labels each patient had accrued. Secondly, each patient, prior to examination, had completed up to two weeks of diary forms at home on which were recorded amount and distribution of time among sitting, standing/walking, and reclining. Finally, each patient completed a Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Few and only marginally significant relationships between patient semantic descriptions of their pain and the other measures were found. Secondly, physician agreement ot the \"organic\"--\"non-organic\" criterion, using diagnostic labels as their data, was statistically significant but clinically modest. The most substantial findings were between walking hours per week recorded on diary forms and five MMPI scales. Patients who walked more were less depressed, had fewer diffuse somatic complaints, and described themselves as less frustrated or angry and as less hypersensitive in interpersonal situations. The major conclusion of the study is that chronic pain patients present sets of interrelated problems too complex to be discriminated reliably by a single set of measures; particularly, by simple word sets.", "contents": "Relationship of patient semantic pain descriptions to physician diagnostic judgments, activity level measures and MMPI. A consecutive sample of chronic pain patients presenting themselves for evaluation was studied. A set of 25 bi-polar adjectives was developed from medical records of previous pain patients' descriptions of their pain. Using the Semantic Differential (S-D) method, each patient rated the extent to which his/her pain was best described by either of the adjective pairs. The S-D findings were then compared with three other data sets and those data sets were compared with each other. First, six physicians classified each patient along an \"organic\"--\"non-organic\" continuum based on ratings derived from the full set of medical diagnostic labels each patient had accrued. Secondly, each patient, prior to examination, had completed up to two weeks of diary forms at home on which were recorded amount and distribution of time among sitting, standing/walking, and reclining. Finally, each patient completed a Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Few and only marginally significant relationships between patient semantic descriptions of their pain and the other measures were found. Secondly, physician agreement ot the \"organic\"--\"non-organic\" criterion, using diagnostic labels as their data, was statistically significant but clinically modest. The most substantial findings were between walking hours per week recorded on diary forms and five MMPI scales. Patients who walked more were less depressed, had fewer diffuse somatic complaints, and described themselves as less frustrated or angry and as less hypersensitive in interpersonal situations. The major conclusion of the study is that chronic pain patients present sets of interrelated problems too complex to be discriminated reliably by a single set of measures; particularly, by simple word sets.", "PMID": 724281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9959", "title": "Structural changes of experimental glomerulonephritis in rats as revealed by microdissection.", "content": "Microdissection revealed striking alterations in the nephrons of animal models AICN and anti-GBMN. The most severely damaged AICN kidney in the series presented marked heterogeneity in the size and deformity of the proximal tubules, corresponding to the diverse and variegated nephrons described by Oliver in chronic Bright's disease. The severely damaged anti-GBMN kidneys revealed widespread alterations in the proximal tubules, which, however, tended to be fairly uniform among the affected nephrons. This uniformity, perhaps, reflected the shorter duration of disease in the anti-GBMN animals. The most characteristic proximal tubular alteration in either the AICN or anti-GBMN animals was that combining atrophy of the pars convoluta and hypertrophy of the pars recta in same tubule. The largest and smallest nephrons encountered in the entire study were found in the most severly damaged kidney in the AICN. This finding reflected the simultaneous existence of regressive and progressive changes in this kidney, as certain nephrons underwent hypertrophy to compensate for the atrophy and disappearance of others. The remarkable functional glomerulotubular balance of single nephrons known to exist in both AICN and anti-GBMN was matched by the evidence presented here of structural glomerulotubular balance among the severely altered nephrons of a representative kidney from each group. Microdissection studies directed toward the characterization of the nephronic alterations in both membranous glomerulonephritis and proliferative glomerulonephritis of man should be of interest in relation to the findings in these experimental rat models of human disease.", "contents": "Structural changes of experimental glomerulonephritis in rats as revealed by microdissection. Microdissection revealed striking alterations in the nephrons of animal models AICN and anti-GBMN. The most severely damaged AICN kidney in the series presented marked heterogeneity in the size and deformity of the proximal tubules, corresponding to the diverse and variegated nephrons described by Oliver in chronic Bright's disease. The severely damaged anti-GBMN kidneys revealed widespread alterations in the proximal tubules, which, however, tended to be fairly uniform among the affected nephrons. This uniformity, perhaps, reflected the shorter duration of disease in the anti-GBMN animals. The most characteristic proximal tubular alteration in either the AICN or anti-GBMN animals was that combining atrophy of the pars convoluta and hypertrophy of the pars recta in same tubule. The largest and smallest nephrons encountered in the entire study were found in the most severly damaged kidney in the AICN. This finding reflected the simultaneous existence of regressive and progressive changes in this kidney, as certain nephrons underwent hypertrophy to compensate for the atrophy and disappearance of others. The remarkable functional glomerulotubular balance of single nephrons known to exist in both AICN and anti-GBMN was matched by the evidence presented here of structural glomerulotubular balance among the severely altered nephrons of a representative kidney from each group. Microdissection studies directed toward the characterization of the nephronic alterations in both membranous glomerulonephritis and proliferative glomerulonephritis of man should be of interest in relation to the findings in these experimental rat models of human disease.", "PMID": 724284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9960", "title": "An association between the onset of rigor and loss of vascular competence in early myocardial infarcts.", "content": "Experimental myocardial ischaemia was induced in 12 anaesthetized mongrel dogs by ligation of the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery. Twenty minutes after ligation 1% sodium fluorescein injected into the artery distal to the ligature evenly perfused the left ventricular wall in the vicinity of the posterior papillary muscle (PPM) but, when injected 90 minutes after ligation, the PPM and adjacent subendocardial myocardium was not perfused by this tracer. Measurements with a linear variable transducer and standard load demonstrated that after 20 minutes ischaemia, the PPM had a similar percentage compressibility to the corresponding unaffected anterior papillary muscle but, after 90 minutes, the compressibility of the PPM was significantly reduced. Scanning electron microscopy of the marginal zone between the perfused and unperfused parts of the myocardium revealed many collapsed vessels which contained small groups of tightly packed erythrocytes indicating that the loss of vascular competence was probably due to the plugging of small vessels by erythrocytes.", "contents": "An association between the onset of rigor and loss of vascular competence in early myocardial infarcts. Experimental myocardial ischaemia was induced in 12 anaesthetized mongrel dogs by ligation of the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery. Twenty minutes after ligation 1% sodium fluorescein injected into the artery distal to the ligature evenly perfused the left ventricular wall in the vicinity of the posterior papillary muscle (PPM) but, when injected 90 minutes after ligation, the PPM and adjacent subendocardial myocardium was not perfused by this tracer. Measurements with a linear variable transducer and standard load demonstrated that after 20 minutes ischaemia, the PPM had a similar percentage compressibility to the corresponding unaffected anterior papillary muscle but, after 90 minutes, the compressibility of the PPM was significantly reduced. Scanning electron microscopy of the marginal zone between the perfused and unperfused parts of the myocardium revealed many collapsed vessels which contained small groups of tightly packed erythrocytes indicating that the loss of vascular competence was probably due to the plugging of small vessels by erythrocytes.", "PMID": 724285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9961", "title": "The effect of rigor mortis on the passage of erythrocytes and fluid through the myocardium of isolated dog hearts.", "content": "The effect of normal and artificially induced rigor mortis on the vascular passage of erythrocytes and fluid through isolated dog hearts was studied. Increased rigidity of 6-mm thick transmural sections through the centre of the posterior papillary muscle was used as an indication of rigor. The perfusibility of the myocardium was tested by injecting 10 ml of 1% sodium fluorescein in Hanks solution into the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery. In prerigor hearts (20 minute incubation) fluorescein perfused the myocardium evenly whether or not it was preceded by an injection of 10 ml of heparinized dog blood. Rigor mortis developed in all hearts after 90 minutes incubation or within 20 minutes of perfusing the heart with 50 ml of 5 mM iodoacetate in Hanks solution. Fluorescein injected into hearts in rigor did not enter the posterior papillary muscle and adjacent subendocardium whether or not it was preceded by heparinized blood. Thus the vascular occlusion caused by rigor in the dog heart appears to be so effective that it prevents flow into the subendocardium of small soluble ions such as fluorescein.", "contents": "The effect of rigor mortis on the passage of erythrocytes and fluid through the myocardium of isolated dog hearts. The effect of normal and artificially induced rigor mortis on the vascular passage of erythrocytes and fluid through isolated dog hearts was studied. Increased rigidity of 6-mm thick transmural sections through the centre of the posterior papillary muscle was used as an indication of rigor. The perfusibility of the myocardium was tested by injecting 10 ml of 1% sodium fluorescein in Hanks solution into the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery. In prerigor hearts (20 minute incubation) fluorescein perfused the myocardium evenly whether or not it was preceded by an injection of 10 ml of heparinized dog blood. Rigor mortis developed in all hearts after 90 minutes incubation or within 20 minutes of perfusing the heart with 50 ml of 5 mM iodoacetate in Hanks solution. Fluorescein injected into hearts in rigor did not enter the posterior papillary muscle and adjacent subendocardium whether or not it was preceded by heparinized blood. Thus the vascular occlusion caused by rigor in the dog heart appears to be so effective that it prevents flow into the subendocardium of small soluble ions such as fluorescein.", "PMID": 724286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9962", "title": "Bilateral pulmonary agenesis.", "content": "Two cases of bilateral pulmonary agenesis in infants of 31 and 41 weeks gestation are reported. In addition to absence of both lungs, major abnormalities not previously reported were also found in other systems. It is concluded that these abnormalities are not due to chromosomal abnormality but no alternative can be offered.", "contents": "Bilateral pulmonary agenesis. Two cases of bilateral pulmonary agenesis in infants of 31 and 41 weeks gestation are reported. In addition to absence of both lungs, major abnormalities not previously reported were also found in other systems. It is concluded that these abnormalities are not due to chromosomal abnormality but no alternative can be offered.", "PMID": 724287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9963", "title": "Sporotrichosis: a review of 39 cases.", "content": "In a series of 39 cases of cutaneous sporotrichosis, 37 were of the localized cutaneous type and only 2 of the lymphangitic variety. Fungi were identified histologically in every case, most often as asteroid bodies which were found in all but 3 lesions. Cultures were occasionally negative even though asteroids or yeast-like forms were present in tissue sections. A histological diagnosis should be possible in all cases if a sufficient number of serial sections are examined by H & E and the PAS method.", "contents": "Sporotrichosis: a review of 39 cases. In a series of 39 cases of cutaneous sporotrichosis, 37 were of the localized cutaneous type and only 2 of the lymphangitic variety. Fungi were identified histologically in every case, most often as asteroid bodies which were found in all but 3 lesions. Cultures were occasionally negative even though asteroids or yeast-like forms were present in tissue sections. A histological diagnosis should be possible in all cases if a sufficient number of serial sections are examined by H & E and the PAS method.", "PMID": 724288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9964", "title": "Malignant haemangiopericytoma: case report and ultrastructural study.", "content": "A case of a rapidly fatal malignant haemangiopericytoma arising in the deep tissues of the face is recorded. The histology of the tumour was anaplastic but otherwise typical. Ultrastructural study confirmed the diagnosis by revealing tumour cells with delicate interdigitating cytoplasmic processes and basement membrane formation resembling pericytes. A feature of the tumour not previously recorded in haemangiopericytoma was ciliogenesis.", "contents": "Malignant haemangiopericytoma: case report and ultrastructural study. A case of a rapidly fatal malignant haemangiopericytoma arising in the deep tissues of the face is recorded. The histology of the tumour was anaplastic but otherwise typical. Ultrastructural study confirmed the diagnosis by revealing tumour cells with delicate interdigitating cytoplasmic processes and basement membrane formation resembling pericytes. A feature of the tumour not previously recorded in haemangiopericytoma was ciliogenesis.", "PMID": 724289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9965", "title": "Chromosome analysis of bone marrow samples from country patients.", "content": "Co-operation by outside centres has made it possible to offer bone marrow chromosome analysis to patients living up to 1800 kilometres from the central cytogenetics laboratory. Diagnostic karyotypes have been obtained in 9 of 10 bone marrow specimens which were partially processed before being transported to the city laboratory for final analysis.", "contents": "Chromosome analysis of bone marrow samples from country patients. Co-operation by outside centres has made it possible to offer bone marrow chromosome analysis to patients living up to 1800 kilometres from the central cytogenetics laboratory. Diagnostic karyotypes have been obtained in 9 of 10 bone marrow specimens which were partially processed before being transported to the city laboratory for final analysis.", "PMID": 724290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9966", "title": "Respiratory suppression and swallowing from introduction of fluids into the laryngeal region of the lamb.", "content": "Introduction of 0.9% NaCl or undiluted fetal tracheal fluid into the laryngeal region produced no suppression of breathing in lambs during the perinatal period. As NaCl or tracheal fluid solutions were increasingly diluted with water, progressively greater respiratory suppression associated with rapid swallowing was observed. Introduction of amniotic fluid was associated with variable suppression of respiration. The swallowing induced by the dilute solutions was as rapid as two swallows per sec. Lambs 3 months of age swallowed when water was introduced into the laryngeal region, but were able to alternate swallows between breaths without suppression of breathing.", "contents": "Respiratory suppression and swallowing from introduction of fluids into the laryngeal region of the lamb. Introduction of 0.9% NaCl or undiluted fetal tracheal fluid into the laryngeal region produced no suppression of breathing in lambs during the perinatal period. As NaCl or tracheal fluid solutions were increasingly diluted with water, progressively greater respiratory suppression associated with rapid swallowing was observed. Introduction of amniotic fluid was associated with variable suppression of respiration. The swallowing induced by the dilute solutions was as rapid as two swallows per sec. Lambs 3 months of age swallowed when water was introduced into the laryngeal region, but were able to alternate swallows between breaths without suppression of breathing.", "PMID": 724291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9967", "title": "A new variant of mannosidosis with increased residual enzymatic activity and mild clinical manifestation.", "content": "A partial deficiency of alpha-mannosidase was found in cultured skin fibroblasts, serum, and extracts of leukoytes in two siblings with mild mental retardation, delayed speech, a suggestion of coarse or full facies, and limited mobility of the large joints. All other lysosomal enzymes tested were within the normal range. Their father demonstrated intermediate alpha-mannosidase activity. The addition of 2 mM Zn++ caused a 40% increase of the alpha-mannosidase activity in cell extracts of both patients and control subjects. pH profiles and Cellogel electrophoresis of the patients' cells indicated 20% residual activity of the acidic alpha-mannosidase isoenzyme (pH optimum at 4.0), whereas the activity of the isozyme with pH optimum of 6.0 was normal. Increasing substrate concentration (1--10 mM) demonstrated a 4 to 5-fold increase in the apparent Km of the acidic alpha-mannosidase in the patients' fibroblasts. This residual activity, however, was apparently not sufficient for the normal catabolism of mannose-containing molecules, since electron microscopic examination of the cultured fibroblasts demonstrated numerous lysosomal storage bodies.", "contents": "A new variant of mannosidosis with increased residual enzymatic activity and mild clinical manifestation. A partial deficiency of alpha-mannosidase was found in cultured skin fibroblasts, serum, and extracts of leukoytes in two siblings with mild mental retardation, delayed speech, a suggestion of coarse or full facies, and limited mobility of the large joints. All other lysosomal enzymes tested were within the normal range. Their father demonstrated intermediate alpha-mannosidase activity. The addition of 2 mM Zn++ caused a 40% increase of the alpha-mannosidase activity in cell extracts of both patients and control subjects. pH profiles and Cellogel electrophoresis of the patients' cells indicated 20% residual activity of the acidic alpha-mannosidase isoenzyme (pH optimum at 4.0), whereas the activity of the isozyme with pH optimum of 6.0 was normal. Increasing substrate concentration (1--10 mM) demonstrated a 4 to 5-fold increase in the apparent Km of the acidic alpha-mannosidase in the patients' fibroblasts. This residual activity, however, was apparently not sufficient for the normal catabolism of mannose-containing molecules, since electron microscopic examination of the cultured fibroblasts demonstrated numerous lysosomal storage bodies.", "PMID": 724292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9968", "title": "Splenic sequestration and ineffective erythropoiesis in hemoglobin E-beta-thalassemia disease.", "content": "A 13-year-old Thai female with hemoglobin E-beta-thalassemia was evaluated for anemia and splenomegaly. Globin chain synthesis in a whole cell system revealed an absence of betaA chains and excessive alpha chains. The alpha/betaE + gamma ratio was 1.26 in bone marrow and 1.90 in peripheral blood. The average gamma/betaE ratio in bone marrow and peripheral blood was 0.36 compared to peripheral blood concentrations of 49% hemoglobin E and 51% hemoglobin F. Homologous red cell 51Cr half-life increased from 22.7 days to 32.8 days after splenectomy. Total circulating hemoglobin increased from 112.9 to 149.7 g. Endogenous carbon monoxide productive (Vco) as a measure of total heme catabolism decreased from 2.00 to 1.54 mumol/hr/kg. Ineffective erythropoiesis was manifested by an increased Vco/Vheme-c ratio of 7.52.", "contents": "Splenic sequestration and ineffective erythropoiesis in hemoglobin E-beta-thalassemia disease. A 13-year-old Thai female with hemoglobin E-beta-thalassemia was evaluated for anemia and splenomegaly. Globin chain synthesis in a whole cell system revealed an absence of betaA chains and excessive alpha chains. The alpha/betaE + gamma ratio was 1.26 in bone marrow and 1.90 in peripheral blood. The average gamma/betaE ratio in bone marrow and peripheral blood was 0.36 compared to peripheral blood concentrations of 49% hemoglobin E and 51% hemoglobin F. Homologous red cell 51Cr half-life increased from 22.7 days to 32.8 days after splenectomy. Total circulating hemoglobin increased from 112.9 to 149.7 g. Endogenous carbon monoxide productive (Vco) as a measure of total heme catabolism decreased from 2.00 to 1.54 mumol/hr/kg. Ineffective erythropoiesis was manifested by an increased Vco/Vheme-c ratio of 7.52.", "PMID": 724294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9969", "title": "X-linked immunodeficiency with increased IgM: clinical, ethnic, and immunologic heterogeneity.", "content": "Two cases of immunodeficiency with increased IgM are reported. Patient 1 was a black male 3.5 years old who had recurrent pyogenic infections, failure to thrive, oral thrush, and systemic cryptococcal infection. Patient 2 was a 9-year-old white female who had recurrent cervical abscesses. Serum immunoglobulin determinations by radial immunodiffusion in both patients showed marked depression of IgG and IgA and marked elevation of IgM. A low molecular weight circulating monomeric IgM was demonstrated by immunoelectrophoresis and gel filtration in the second patient; this was not present in the first case. In vitro impairment of cellular immunity was observed in both patients. Administration of dialyzable leukocyte extracts (transfer factor) led to improvement of cell-mediated immunity in patient 1. The etiology of this syndrome apparently has several different genetic bases. These patients demonstrate heterogeneity in genetic, ethnic, immunologic, and other features of the syndrome.", "contents": "X-linked immunodeficiency with increased IgM: clinical, ethnic, and immunologic heterogeneity. Two cases of immunodeficiency with increased IgM are reported. Patient 1 was a black male 3.5 years old who had recurrent pyogenic infections, failure to thrive, oral thrush, and systemic cryptococcal infection. Patient 2 was a 9-year-old white female who had recurrent cervical abscesses. Serum immunoglobulin determinations by radial immunodiffusion in both patients showed marked depression of IgG and IgA and marked elevation of IgM. A low molecular weight circulating monomeric IgM was demonstrated by immunoelectrophoresis and gel filtration in the second patient; this was not present in the first case. In vitro impairment of cellular immunity was observed in both patients. Administration of dialyzable leukocyte extracts (transfer factor) led to improvement of cell-mediated immunity in patient 1. The etiology of this syndrome apparently has several different genetic bases. These patients demonstrate heterogeneity in genetic, ethnic, immunologic, and other features of the syndrome.", "PMID": 724295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9970", "title": "Salivary amylase in cystic fibrosis: a marker of disordered autonomic function.", "content": "Total serum amylase was determined in 83 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) (14 of whom had no steatorrhea), 21 control patients, and 6 patients with Shwachman's syndrome. Patients with CF who had steatorrhea and therefore lacked pancreatic function had the same serum levels pre- and postprandially as the control subjects, whereas patients without steatorrhea and, therefore, with evidence of pancreatic function, had significantly higher levels. The patients with Shwachman's syndrome had significantly lower total serum amylase than the three other patient groups. Only the patients with Shwachman's syndrome demonstrated a significant postprandial rise in activity. Only the salivary isoenzyme was detected in patients with Shwachman's syndrome or CF and apparently absent pancreatic function, whereas CF patients without steatorrhea had both salivary and pancreatic isoenzymes. These results demonstrate that patients with CF have an increase in circulating salivary amylase isoenzyme whereas patients with Shwachman's syndrome do not. The increase probably reflects an autonomic hyperstimulation of salivary secretion which is primary to CF, and unrelated to the state of pancreatic activity.", "contents": "Salivary amylase in cystic fibrosis: a marker of disordered autonomic function. Total serum amylase was determined in 83 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) (14 of whom had no steatorrhea), 21 control patients, and 6 patients with Shwachman's syndrome. Patients with CF who had steatorrhea and therefore lacked pancreatic function had the same serum levels pre- and postprandially as the control subjects, whereas patients without steatorrhea and, therefore, with evidence of pancreatic function, had significantly higher levels. The patients with Shwachman's syndrome had significantly lower total serum amylase than the three other patient groups. Only the patients with Shwachman's syndrome demonstrated a significant postprandial rise in activity. Only the salivary isoenzyme was detected in patients with Shwachman's syndrome or CF and apparently absent pancreatic function, whereas CF patients without steatorrhea had both salivary and pancreatic isoenzymes. These results demonstrate that patients with CF have an increase in circulating salivary amylase isoenzyme whereas patients with Shwachman's syndrome do not. The increase probably reflects an autonomic hyperstimulation of salivary secretion which is primary to CF, and unrelated to the state of pancreatic activity.", "PMID": 724298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9971", "title": "Fetomaternal potassium relations in the rat on the twentieth day of gestation. II. Effects of maternal hypokalemia.", "content": "Time-corrected measurements of transplacental and transamniotic electrical potentials were made in potassium-deficient rats on the 20th day of gestation. These averaged 6.4 mV and 2.0 mV, respectively, in the deficient group as compared with 14.3 and 18.4, respectively, in the controls. The measured maternal potassium concentrations were 2.8 mEq/liter in the K+-restricted animals and 4.8 mEq/liter in the controls. These figures were substituted into the Nernst equation in order to predict fetal concentrations in plasma. Similar predictions were made for amniotic fluid assuming equilibrium with fetal plasma. Predicted concentrations in fetal plasma were 2.3 mEq/liter in the deficient animals and 2.8 mEq/liter in the controls. By contrast, observed time-corrected potassium concentrations in fetal plasma were 4.0 mEq/liter in deficient animals and 2.9 mEq/liter in controls. Amniotic fluid values were predicted to be 4.7 mEq/liter in deficient and 2.5 mEq/liter in control animals. These values were compared with the observed averages in amniotic fluid of 4.7 and 4.6 mEq/liter in the deficient and control groups, respectively.", "contents": "Fetomaternal potassium relations in the rat on the twentieth day of gestation. II. Effects of maternal hypokalemia. Time-corrected measurements of transplacental and transamniotic electrical potentials were made in potassium-deficient rats on the 20th day of gestation. These averaged 6.4 mV and 2.0 mV, respectively, in the deficient group as compared with 14.3 and 18.4, respectively, in the controls. The measured maternal potassium concentrations were 2.8 mEq/liter in the K+-restricted animals and 4.8 mEq/liter in the controls. These figures were substituted into the Nernst equation in order to predict fetal concentrations in plasma. Similar predictions were made for amniotic fluid assuming equilibrium with fetal plasma. Predicted concentrations in fetal plasma were 2.3 mEq/liter in the deficient animals and 2.8 mEq/liter in the controls. By contrast, observed time-corrected potassium concentrations in fetal plasma were 4.0 mEq/liter in deficient animals and 2.9 mEq/liter in controls. Amniotic fluid values were predicted to be 4.7 mEq/liter in deficient and 2.5 mEq/liter in control animals. These values were compared with the observed averages in amniotic fluid of 4.7 and 4.6 mEq/liter in the deficient and control groups, respectively.", "PMID": 724300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9972", "title": "Pulmonary diffusing capacity in lambs during the early neonatal period.", "content": "A rebreathing method was used to make 53 measurements of pulmonary diffusing capacity (DLco) and functional residual capacity (FRC) in 17 newborn lambs during the first 2 days of life. DLco, FRC, and DLco/FRC all increased in studies made at 24--48 hr of age compared to those at 2--4 hr of age: DLco 0.86 +/- 0.18 to 1.52 +/- 0.09 ml/min/torr; FRC 37 +/- 10 to 60 +/- 8 ml and DLco/FRC 2.52 +/- 0.75 to 2.89 +/- 0.37 ml/min/torr/ml X 10(-2). DLco measured using 0.005% CO in the test gas was not different than that measured using 0.5% CO.", "contents": "Pulmonary diffusing capacity in lambs during the early neonatal period. A rebreathing method was used to make 53 measurements of pulmonary diffusing capacity (DLco) and functional residual capacity (FRC) in 17 newborn lambs during the first 2 days of life. DLco, FRC, and DLco/FRC all increased in studies made at 24--48 hr of age compared to those at 2--4 hr of age: DLco 0.86 +/- 0.18 to 1.52 +/- 0.09 ml/min/torr; FRC 37 +/- 10 to 60 +/- 8 ml and DLco/FRC 2.52 +/- 0.75 to 2.89 +/- 0.37 ml/min/torr/ml X 10(-2). DLco measured using 0.005% CO in the test gas was not different than that measured using 0.5% CO.", "PMID": 724302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9973", "title": "Distortions in fetal growth standards.", "content": "The study analyzed several errors incorporated in widely used fetal growth standards. Such standards contain measurements from many infants who died as neonates. The present study found many of these nonsurvivors to be growth retarded so new standards were developed which contain only measurements from survivors. The study also found that weights and other body measurements of prematurely born neonates cluster at intervals consistent with maternal vaginal bleeding at monthly intervals in early pregnancy. Such bleeding is often mistaken for the last menstrual period. To avoid this error, the probability plot method was used to separate the clusters of measurements at each gestational age. The cluster with the lowest values at each gestational age was used as the data base for the new growth standards. Standard deviations from most mean values in the new growth standards are much smaller than are such deviations in the older standards.", "contents": "Distortions in fetal growth standards. The study analyzed several errors incorporated in widely used fetal growth standards. Such standards contain measurements from many infants who died as neonates. The present study found many of these nonsurvivors to be growth retarded so new standards were developed which contain only measurements from survivors. The study also found that weights and other body measurements of prematurely born neonates cluster at intervals consistent with maternal vaginal bleeding at monthly intervals in early pregnancy. Such bleeding is often mistaken for the last menstrual period. To avoid this error, the probability plot method was used to separate the clusters of measurements at each gestational age. The cluster with the lowest values at each gestational age was used as the data base for the new growth standards. Standard deviations from most mean values in the new growth standards are much smaller than are such deviations in the older standards.", "PMID": 724303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9974", "title": "Maturation of p-aminohippuric acid transport in the developing rabbit kidney: interrelationships of the individual components.", "content": "The excretion of both endogenous organic (aryl) acids, such as benzoic acid, and exogenous ones, such as p-aminohippuric acid (PAH), penicillin, and furosemide, is reduced in the human neonate and other immature animals. The unique developmental pattern of aryl acid transport in immature rabbit kidney cortex slices is produced by the interrelationships of PAH uptake, efflux, and amount of intracellular binding protein, all of which reach mature levels at different ages.", "contents": "Maturation of p-aminohippuric acid transport in the developing rabbit kidney: interrelationships of the individual components. The excretion of both endogenous organic (aryl) acids, such as benzoic acid, and exogenous ones, such as p-aminohippuric acid (PAH), penicillin, and furosemide, is reduced in the human neonate and other immature animals. The unique developmental pattern of aryl acid transport in immature rabbit kidney cortex slices is produced by the interrelationships of PAH uptake, efflux, and amount of intracellular binding protein, all of which reach mature levels at different ages.", "PMID": 724304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9975", "title": "Abnormal colonization of neonates in an intensive care unit: means of identifying neonates at risk of infection.", "content": "The current investigation was designed to select infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (ICU) at highest risk of infection. The data, derived from a prospective study of 223 neonates, indicate that neonates in an ICU develop their initial aerobic pharyngeal flora according to one of the three patterns shown in Table 1, one of which (low titer or no growth) is dependent on antibiotic therapy. Of particular importance is the finding that infants with normal flora (alpha-streptococci predominating) or cultures showing low titers (less than 10(4) colony-forming units (cfu)/ml) or no growth did not become infected. All infections occurred in the group of infants with abnormal pharyngeal colonization (18 infections in 115 abnormally colonized infants): with a single exception the infecting organism showed the cultural characteristics of the colonizing organism. Consequently one can pinpoint the relatively small number of infants at particular risk of infection and predict what the infecting organism will be if infection occurs.", "contents": "Abnormal colonization of neonates in an intensive care unit: means of identifying neonates at risk of infection. The current investigation was designed to select infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (ICU) at highest risk of infection. The data, derived from a prospective study of 223 neonates, indicate that neonates in an ICU develop their initial aerobic pharyngeal flora according to one of the three patterns shown in Table 1, one of which (low titer or no growth) is dependent on antibiotic therapy. Of particular importance is the finding that infants with normal flora (alpha-streptococci predominating) or cultures showing low titers (less than 10(4) colony-forming units (cfu)/ml) or no growth did not become infected. All infections occurred in the group of infants with abnormal pharyngeal colonization (18 infections in 115 abnormally colonized infants): with a single exception the infecting organism showed the cultural characteristics of the colonizing organism. Consequently one can pinpoint the relatively small number of infants at particular risk of infection and predict what the infecting organism will be if infection occurs.", "PMID": 724305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9976", "title": "An animal model simulating acute infective upper airway obstruction of childhood and its use in the investigation of croup therapy.", "content": "Twelve heartworm-free mongrel dogs (10 males, 2 females) mean weight 22.2 kg (range 17.7--28.2 kg) were sedated and placed in a supine position with the neck extended. A double tracheotomy was performed under sterile conditions. The first tracheotomy tube was inserted 2 cm above the sternum in the direction of the carina using a shortened Silastic American tracheotomy tube (id 10 mm); the second was inserted two cartilage rings proximal to the first and approximately 5 cm distal to the larynx. All animals were kept deeply anesthesized by repeated iv injections of 3--6 mg/kg pentobarbitone sodium so that all reflexes (in particular laryngeal and palatal) were abolished. After control translaryngeal pressure measurements were obtained, the vocal cords were visualized, and steam was introduced onto the through the cords for a mean of 10 sec from above. For 2 hr after this, repeat pressure measurements, as described above, were made. After an overnight stabilizing period, two to three of five randomly chosen air environments were passed over the larynx at 10 liters/min via the proximal tracheotomy, and four half-hourly pressure measurements taken with control periods of at least 2 hr, as described above, separating each experiment. Environments utilized were as follows: i) \"cold dry\" air, i.e., air at a mean temperature of 9 degrees, obtained by passing compressed air through a coil placed in a solution of alcohol/Dry Ice; ii) \"cold moist\" air, i.e., air as above, subsequently passed over cold water at a mean temperature of 11 degrees; iii) \"warm dry\" air, i.e., air at a mean temperature of 36.5 degrees, obtained by passing compressed air through a copper coil, immersed in hot water; iv) \"warm moist\" air at a mean temperature of 36 degrees, obtained by passing compressed air through a heated Puritan humidifier; v) \"ultrasonically produced mist\" at room temperature (24 degrees), produced by a De Vilbiss ultrasonic nebulizer 900, set at maximum output. Six 2-hr experimental periods were utilized for each regimen of treatment (i--v). The mean of the combined experimental resistance calculations for each environment were compared statistically with those of its similarly acquired control data, expressed as a positive or negative percentage change, and displayed as a histogram. In addition, the data from each experimental environment were compared with the others, and mean percentage changes from control against time were calculated. Results indicate no statistically significant change in resistance from control for ultrasonic mist or warm moist treatment regimens. Warm dry, cold dry, and cold moist treatments, however, all produced significant reductions in translaryngeal resistance (74%, 60%, and 54%, respectively), there being no difference between cold dry and cold moist and warm dry and cold dry. Significant differences between warm dry and cold moist treatments were obtained, the former decreasing translaryngeal resistance the greatest amount...", "contents": "An animal model simulating acute infective upper airway obstruction of childhood and its use in the investigation of croup therapy. Twelve heartworm-free mongrel dogs (10 males, 2 females) mean weight 22.2 kg (range 17.7--28.2 kg) were sedated and placed in a supine position with the neck extended. A double tracheotomy was performed under sterile conditions. The first tracheotomy tube was inserted 2 cm above the sternum in the direction of the carina using a shortened Silastic American tracheotomy tube (id 10 mm); the second was inserted two cartilage rings proximal to the first and approximately 5 cm distal to the larynx. All animals were kept deeply anesthesized by repeated iv injections of 3--6 mg/kg pentobarbitone sodium so that all reflexes (in particular laryngeal and palatal) were abolished. After control translaryngeal pressure measurements were obtained, the vocal cords were visualized, and steam was introduced onto the through the cords for a mean of 10 sec from above. For 2 hr after this, repeat pressure measurements, as described above, were made. After an overnight stabilizing period, two to three of five randomly chosen air environments were passed over the larynx at 10 liters/min via the proximal tracheotomy, and four half-hourly pressure measurements taken with control periods of at least 2 hr, as described above, separating each experiment. Environments utilized were as follows: i) \"cold dry\" air, i.e., air at a mean temperature of 9 degrees, obtained by passing compressed air through a coil placed in a solution of alcohol/Dry Ice; ii) \"cold moist\" air, i.e., air as above, subsequently passed over cold water at a mean temperature of 11 degrees; iii) \"warm dry\" air, i.e., air at a mean temperature of 36.5 degrees, obtained by passing compressed air through a copper coil, immersed in hot water; iv) \"warm moist\" air at a mean temperature of 36 degrees, obtained by passing compressed air through a heated Puritan humidifier; v) \"ultrasonically produced mist\" at room temperature (24 degrees), produced by a De Vilbiss ultrasonic nebulizer 900, set at maximum output. Six 2-hr experimental periods were utilized for each regimen of treatment (i--v). The mean of the combined experimental resistance calculations for each environment were compared statistically with those of its similarly acquired control data, expressed as a positive or negative percentage change, and displayed as a histogram. In addition, the data from each experimental environment were compared with the others, and mean percentage changes from control against time were calculated. Results indicate no statistically significant change in resistance from control for ultrasonic mist or warm moist treatment regimens. Warm dry, cold dry, and cold moist treatments, however, all produced significant reductions in translaryngeal resistance (74%, 60%, and 54%, respectively), there being no difference between cold dry and cold moist and warm dry and cold dry. Significant differences between warm dry and cold moist treatments were obtained, the former decreasing translaryngeal resistance the greatest amount...", "PMID": 724307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9977", "title": "Apnea, hypoxemia, and aborted sudden infant death syndrome.", "content": "To find out whether there is any relationship between the ventilatory response to hypoxia and the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), we studied the effects of mild induced hypoxia (PIO2, 120 mm Hg = 17% oxygen) in 16 infants aged 2 weeks to 6 months. Eight had recurrent apneic spells (apnea group) (five had aborted SIDS and three had recurrent apnea in the intensive care nursery) and eight were \"well\" preterm infants about to fly in a pressurized airplane (PIO2, 120 mm Hg) (control group). Mean birth weights were 2,245 and 1,400 gm and mean gestational ages were 35 and 30 weeks. Postconceptual ages (41.8 and 41.3 weeks) were almost identical. Heart rate was obtained from an ECG, and respiratory rate and pattern were obtained from a pneumogram. In addition, end-tidal PCO2 and PN2 or PO2 were obtained with a nasal catheter and gas analyzers. In the apnea group with inhalation of 17% oxygen, we observed an increase in periodic breathing and an increase in both rate and total duration of respiratory pauses. In the control group there were no significant changes. Heart rate and PCO2 did not change in either group. Our findings suggest that infants prone to apnea may have unique respiratory responses to mild induced hypoxia.", "contents": "Apnea, hypoxemia, and aborted sudden infant death syndrome. To find out whether there is any relationship between the ventilatory response to hypoxia and the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), we studied the effects of mild induced hypoxia (PIO2, 120 mm Hg = 17% oxygen) in 16 infants aged 2 weeks to 6 months. Eight had recurrent apneic spells (apnea group) (five had aborted SIDS and three had recurrent apnea in the intensive care nursery) and eight were \"well\" preterm infants about to fly in a pressurized airplane (PIO2, 120 mm Hg) (control group). Mean birth weights were 2,245 and 1,400 gm and mean gestational ages were 35 and 30 weeks. Postconceptual ages (41.8 and 41.3 weeks) were almost identical. Heart rate was obtained from an ECG, and respiratory rate and pattern were obtained from a pneumogram. In addition, end-tidal PCO2 and PN2 or PO2 were obtained with a nasal catheter and gas analyzers. In the apnea group with inhalation of 17% oxygen, we observed an increase in periodic breathing and an increase in both rate and total duration of respiratory pauses. In the control group there were no significant changes. Heart rate and PCO2 did not change in either group. Our findings suggest that infants prone to apnea may have unique respiratory responses to mild induced hypoxia.", "PMID": 724310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9978", "title": "Comparison of transcutaneous oxygen tension with arterial oxygen tension in newborn infants with severe respiratory illnesses.", "content": "Transcutaneous oxygen tension (tcPO2), measured by two skin electrodes of different design, and arterial oxygen tension (PaO2), measured by an intravascular oxygen electrode, were continuously recorded for periods of six hours in 15 newborn infants with serious respiratory illnesses. Ten of the infants needed mechanical ventilation and three needed continuous positive airway pressure. One skin electrode had three microcathodes surrounded by a heated ring-shaped anode, and the other had a large heated cathode. The temperature of both electrodes was set at 44 degrees C and they were calibrated in vitro. The tcPO2 recorded by the electrode with the microcathodes was found to estimate PaO2 reasonably accurately for the whole six-hour duration of the study. The tcPO2 recorded by the electrode with the large cathode gave a similar estimate of PaO2 for three hours, but then tcPO2 often fell relative to PaO2. This fall was probably caused by skin changes at the electrode site. For a variety of reasons, our results suggest that measurement of tcPO2 is unlikely to replace continuous intravascular measurement of PaO2 in infants with severe respiratory illnesses.", "contents": "Comparison of transcutaneous oxygen tension with arterial oxygen tension in newborn infants with severe respiratory illnesses. Transcutaneous oxygen tension (tcPO2), measured by two skin electrodes of different design, and arterial oxygen tension (PaO2), measured by an intravascular oxygen electrode, were continuously recorded for periods of six hours in 15 newborn infants with serious respiratory illnesses. Ten of the infants needed mechanical ventilation and three needed continuous positive airway pressure. One skin electrode had three microcathodes surrounded by a heated ring-shaped anode, and the other had a large heated cathode. The temperature of both electrodes was set at 44 degrees C and they were calibrated in vitro. The tcPO2 recorded by the electrode with the microcathodes was found to estimate PaO2 reasonably accurately for the whole six-hour duration of the study. The tcPO2 recorded by the electrode with the large cathode gave a similar estimate of PaO2 for three hours, but then tcPO2 often fell relative to PaO2. This fall was probably caused by skin changes at the electrode site. For a variety of reasons, our results suggest that measurement of tcPO2 is unlikely to replace continuous intravascular measurement of PaO2 in infants with severe respiratory illnesses.", "PMID": 724311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9979", "title": "Transcutaneous oxygen monitoring in aminophylline-treated apneic infants.", "content": "Transcutaneous PO2 (tcPO2) monitoring offers a new approach to the evaluation of drug effects. We investigated the effect of theophylline on ten premature infants with apnea. Theophylline was administered as aminophylline, 8 mg/kg per rectum every 12 hours for two doses and 4 mg/kg every 12 hours for a total of two or five days (short and long courses). The tcPO2, heart rate (beat-to-beat), and thoracic impedance were continuously monitored during each of three 4-hour study periods: 12 hours before theophylline administration, 12 hours after initiation of theophylline therapy, and 24 to 48 hours after discontinuing the drug's use. Plasma levels were measured by a radioimmunoassay developed in our laboratory. Polygraphic recordings were analyzed without knowledge of treatment for frequency of apneic spells, mean duration of apneas, total duration of hypoxemia (tcPO2 less than or equal to 40 torr), total duration of hyperoxemia (tcPO2 greater than or equal to 100 torr), basal tcPO2, heart rate, and respiratory rate. In each case during theophylline use, cardiorespiratory patterns were altered, respirations were more regular, apneic spells were reduced, PO2 was stabilized with less hypoxia and hyperoxia, and bradycardic episodes were decreased. There was considerable variation in the response of the ten infants and a significant difference in the frequency of return of symptoms between those receiving short-term therapy and those receiving the longer course.", "contents": "Transcutaneous oxygen monitoring in aminophylline-treated apneic infants. Transcutaneous PO2 (tcPO2) monitoring offers a new approach to the evaluation of drug effects. We investigated the effect of theophylline on ten premature infants with apnea. Theophylline was administered as aminophylline, 8 mg/kg per rectum every 12 hours for two doses and 4 mg/kg every 12 hours for a total of two or five days (short and long courses). The tcPO2, heart rate (beat-to-beat), and thoracic impedance were continuously monitored during each of three 4-hour study periods: 12 hours before theophylline administration, 12 hours after initiation of theophylline therapy, and 24 to 48 hours after discontinuing the drug's use. Plasma levels were measured by a radioimmunoassay developed in our laboratory. Polygraphic recordings were analyzed without knowledge of treatment for frequency of apneic spells, mean duration of apneas, total duration of hypoxemia (tcPO2 less than or equal to 40 torr), total duration of hyperoxemia (tcPO2 greater than or equal to 100 torr), basal tcPO2, heart rate, and respiratory rate. In each case during theophylline use, cardiorespiratory patterns were altered, respirations were more regular, apneic spells were reduced, PO2 was stabilized with less hypoxia and hyperoxia, and bradycardic episodes were decreased. There was considerable variation in the response of the ten infants and a significant difference in the frequency of return of symptoms between those receiving short-term therapy and those receiving the longer course.", "PMID": 724312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9980", "title": "Surface morphology of polyvinyl chloride and silicone elastomer umbilical artery catheters by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "The surface features of a new silicone elastomer umbilical artery catheter have been defined by scanning electron microscopy and compared with those of a standard polyvinyl chloride catheter. Little difference was noted in the surfaces of the catheter materials themselves, but the radiopaque material used to render the catheters visible by x-ray resulted in a considerable difference in the overall smoothness. The polyvinyl chloride catheter's marker was in the form of a wide, rough band extending the length of the tubing whereas the marker particles of the silicone elastomer were dispersed, more uniform in size, and resulted in less overall irregularity of the surface.", "contents": "Surface morphology of polyvinyl chloride and silicone elastomer umbilical artery catheters by scanning electron microscopy. The surface features of a new silicone elastomer umbilical artery catheter have been defined by scanning electron microscopy and compared with those of a standard polyvinyl chloride catheter. Little difference was noted in the surfaces of the catheter materials themselves, but the radiopaque material used to render the catheters visible by x-ray resulted in a considerable difference in the overall smoothness. The polyvinyl chloride catheter's marker was in the form of a wide, rough band extending the length of the tubing whereas the marker particles of the silicone elastomer were dispersed, more uniform in size, and resulted in less overall irregularity of the surface.", "PMID": 724313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9981", "title": "Age-dependent closure of the patent ductus arteriosus by indomethacin.", "content": "Indomethacin has been shown to be effective in closing a patient ductus arteriosus (PDA) in small premature infants. However, the age range over which this therapy is effective remains undetermined. Eighteen infants ranging in age from 4 to 45 days were studied. All had auscultatory and clinical findings indicative of PDA. Seventeen had roentgenographic evidence of cardiomegaly and/or increased pulmonary vascular markings, and eight had ECG evidence of ventricular hypertrophy. Indomethacin was administered to most patients in two doses of 0.1 to 0.3 mg/kg 24 hours apart. In eight of 12 patients, 3 week of age or younger, the PDA closed after indomethacin therapy. Two patients had a decrease in the intensity of murmur and improvement of congestive heart failure after treatment, but the PDA did not close completely. Only patients 33 weeks of age (actual age) or younger responded to indomethacin therapy with complete ductal closure. The condition of patients 34 to 36 weeks of age improved but there was not complete closure; in patients older than 36 weeks there was no response. The data suggest an age-related mechanism for PDA closure and that treatment with indomethacin before 33 weeks of age is probably required. A role for prostaglandin in ductal patency is postulated.", "contents": "Age-dependent closure of the patent ductus arteriosus by indomethacin. Indomethacin has been shown to be effective in closing a patient ductus arteriosus (PDA) in small premature infants. However, the age range over which this therapy is effective remains undetermined. Eighteen infants ranging in age from 4 to 45 days were studied. All had auscultatory and clinical findings indicative of PDA. Seventeen had roentgenographic evidence of cardiomegaly and/or increased pulmonary vascular markings, and eight had ECG evidence of ventricular hypertrophy. Indomethacin was administered to most patients in two doses of 0.1 to 0.3 mg/kg 24 hours apart. In eight of 12 patients, 3 week of age or younger, the PDA closed after indomethacin therapy. Two patients had a decrease in the intensity of murmur and improvement of congestive heart failure after treatment, but the PDA did not close completely. Only patients 33 weeks of age (actual age) or younger responded to indomethacin therapy with complete ductal closure. The condition of patients 34 to 36 weeks of age improved but there was not complete closure; in patients older than 36 weeks there was no response. The data suggest an age-related mechanism for PDA closure and that treatment with indomethacin before 33 weeks of age is probably required. A role for prostaglandin in ductal patency is postulated.", "PMID": 724314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9982", "title": "Chest physiotherapy in the newborn: effect on secretions removed.", "content": "The amount of upper airway secretions removed by suction alone was compared to that removed after chest physiotherapy in six neonates with a clinically suspected problem of increased respiratory tract secretions. More secretions were removed after physiotherapy.", "contents": "Chest physiotherapy in the newborn: effect on secretions removed. The amount of upper airway secretions removed by suction alone was compared to that removed after chest physiotherapy in six neonates with a clinically suspected problem of increased respiratory tract secretions. More secretions were removed after physiotherapy.", "PMID": 724315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9983", "title": "Comparison of acute-phase reactants in pediatric patients with fever.", "content": "We compared WBC count greater than or equal to 15,000/cu mm (high WBC count). Wintrobe ESR greater than or equal to 30 mm/hr (high ESR), temperature greater than or equal to 40 degrees C, and positive slide tests for C-reactive protein (CRP) at a serum dilution of 1:50 in febrile, ambulatory children. The CRP test was performed with and without heat inactivation of serum. An excellent correlation was found between noninactivated and inactivated CRP test results. Since the noninactivated CRP test can be done quickly, its results would be readily available in an outpatient setting. High ESR demonstrated the best balance of specificity and sensitivity for bacteremia, pneumonia, and other possible or proved bacterial illnesses. A positive CRP test was highly specific for these diagnoses but less sensitive than an ERS greater than or equal to 30 mm/hr. Three combinations of acute-phase reactants, high WBC count and/or high ESR, high ESR and/or positive CRP test, and high WBC count and/or high ESR and/or positive CRP test performed as well as high ESR alone. Each was less specific but more sensitive than high ESR for possible or proved bacterial illnesses. The evaluation of an ambulatory, febrile child with acute-phase reactants should include at least determination of ESR.", "contents": "Comparison of acute-phase reactants in pediatric patients with fever. We compared WBC count greater than or equal to 15,000/cu mm (high WBC count). Wintrobe ESR greater than or equal to 30 mm/hr (high ESR), temperature greater than or equal to 40 degrees C, and positive slide tests for C-reactive protein (CRP) at a serum dilution of 1:50 in febrile, ambulatory children. The CRP test was performed with and without heat inactivation of serum. An excellent correlation was found between noninactivated and inactivated CRP test results. Since the noninactivated CRP test can be done quickly, its results would be readily available in an outpatient setting. High ESR demonstrated the best balance of specificity and sensitivity for bacteremia, pneumonia, and other possible or proved bacterial illnesses. A positive CRP test was highly specific for these diagnoses but less sensitive than an ERS greater than or equal to 30 mm/hr. Three combinations of acute-phase reactants, high WBC count and/or high ESR, high ESR and/or positive CRP test, and high WBC count and/or high ESR and/or positive CRP test performed as well as high ESR alone. Each was less specific but more sensitive than high ESR for possible or proved bacterial illnesses. The evaluation of an ambulatory, febrile child with acute-phase reactants should include at least determination of ESR.", "PMID": 724316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9984", "title": "Control of nosocomial respiratory syncytial viral infections.", "content": "We evaluated methods to control the spread of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) on our infants' ward during a community outbreak of RSV infection. Methods included isolation and cohorting of infected infants, strict handwashing, use of gowns, and the cohorting of staff to the ill infants. Of 123 infants studied, 36 were admitted with RSV infections. Of the remaining 87 contact infants, eight (19%) acquired nosocomial RSV disease. Three of the eight developed pneumonia and one died. Of the 43 staff members, 24 (56%) became infected and 82% were symptomatic. Four acquired repeated infections within weeks of the initial infection. Studies a year previously had revealed that 45% of contact infants and 42% of the staff had acquired nosocomial RSV infections. Thus, the employed procedures appeared to have decreased the transmission of RSV to infants but not to the staff. Staff may continue to be infected by large droplets from close contact with ill infants or by self-inoculation of contaminated secretions.", "contents": "Control of nosocomial respiratory syncytial viral infections. We evaluated methods to control the spread of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) on our infants' ward during a community outbreak of RSV infection. Methods included isolation and cohorting of infected infants, strict handwashing, use of gowns, and the cohorting of staff to the ill infants. Of 123 infants studied, 36 were admitted with RSV infections. Of the remaining 87 contact infants, eight (19%) acquired nosocomial RSV disease. Three of the eight developed pneumonia and one died. Of the 43 staff members, 24 (56%) became infected and 82% were symptomatic. Four acquired repeated infections within weeks of the initial infection. Studies a year previously had revealed that 45% of contact infants and 42% of the staff had acquired nosocomial RSV infections. Thus, the employed procedures appeared to have decreased the transmission of RSV to infants but not to the staff. Staff may continue to be infected by large droplets from close contact with ill infants or by self-inoculation of contaminated secretions.", "PMID": 724317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9985", "title": "Dietary fluoride supplementation for the prevention of caries.", "content": "Fluoride supplements are effective in preventing dental caries if conscientiously taken on a daily basis from birth until at least 12 to 14 years of age. The optimal dose depends on the child's age and the existing fluoride concentration in the water supply. A dosage schedule is recommended that decreases the dose of fluoride in infancy and that is inversely related to the concentration of fluoride in the drinking water.", "contents": "Dietary fluoride supplementation for the prevention of caries. Fluoride supplements are effective in preventing dental caries if conscientiously taken on a daily basis from birth until at least 12 to 14 years of age. The optimal dose depends on the child's age and the existing fluoride concentration in the water supply. A dosage schedule is recommended that decreases the dose of fluoride in infancy and that is inversely related to the concentration of fluoride in the drinking water.", "PMID": 724318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9986", "title": "Use of prothrombin complex concentrates in hemophiliacs with inhibitors: clinical and laboratory studies.", "content": "Nine patients with severe classic hemophilia and inhibitors against factor VIII were treated for 156 bleeding episodes with 503 infusions of Proplex, Konyne, or Auto-Factor IX, three preparations of prothrombin complex concentrates (PCCs). Approximately two thirds of the bleeding episodes were managed successfully. Although the prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) were shortened after most PCC infusions, there was no evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation. The degree of shortening of PT or PTT was not related to the particular PCC preparation used, dose, or cessation of hemorrhage. All PCC preparations contained activated clotting factors, as manifested by their ability to shorten the PTT of normal plasma, factor-VIII-deficient plasma, and factor-IX-deficient plasma. Shortening, which was greater with Auto-Factor IX than with the other products, was inhibited partially by a factor IX antibody and blocked completely by prolonged incubation with plasma. Although the nature of the procoagulant material in PCCs is uncertain, these products are of proven benefit to hemophilic patients with high-titer inhibitors. Side effects have been minimal and inhibitor titers have not risen.", "contents": "Use of prothrombin complex concentrates in hemophiliacs with inhibitors: clinical and laboratory studies. Nine patients with severe classic hemophilia and inhibitors against factor VIII were treated for 156 bleeding episodes with 503 infusions of Proplex, Konyne, or Auto-Factor IX, three preparations of prothrombin complex concentrates (PCCs). Approximately two thirds of the bleeding episodes were managed successfully. Although the prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) were shortened after most PCC infusions, there was no evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation. The degree of shortening of PT or PTT was not related to the particular PCC preparation used, dose, or cessation of hemorrhage. All PCC preparations contained activated clotting factors, as manifested by their ability to shorten the PTT of normal plasma, factor-VIII-deficient plasma, and factor-IX-deficient plasma. Shortening, which was greater with Auto-Factor IX than with the other products, was inhibited partially by a factor IX antibody and blocked completely by prolonged incubation with plasma. Although the nature of the procoagulant material in PCCs is uncertain, these products are of proven benefit to hemophilic patients with high-titer inhibitors. Side effects have been minimal and inhibitor titers have not risen.", "PMID": 724319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9987", "title": "Improved student learning of infant growth and development.", "content": "All physicians who care for children require a knowledge of normal growth and development in order to detect and interpret abnormalities. Yet traditional instruction tends to focus on the ill child and rarely provides students the opportunity to follow up the cases of healthy children over a prolonged period of time. A new course was developed that enabled students to observe the longitudinal developmemt of a normal infant from birth to age 16 months. At the completion of the course, a multiple-choice examination covering developmental concepts from birth to age 6 years was administered to the students who participated in this course (experimental group) and to two comparison groups. The experimental group scored substantially higher than both comparison groups on items covering birth to age 18 months. The program offers an opportunity for medical students to observe the longitudinal development of a normal infant and appears complementary to other instructional methods.", "contents": "Improved student learning of infant growth and development. All physicians who care for children require a knowledge of normal growth and development in order to detect and interpret abnormalities. Yet traditional instruction tends to focus on the ill child and rarely provides students the opportunity to follow up the cases of healthy children over a prolonged period of time. A new course was developed that enabled students to observe the longitudinal developmemt of a normal infant from birth to age 16 months. At the completion of the course, a multiple-choice examination covering developmental concepts from birth to age 6 years was administered to the students who participated in this course (experimental group) and to two comparison groups. The experimental group scored substantially higher than both comparison groups on items covering birth to age 18 months. The program offers an opportunity for medical students to observe the longitudinal development of a normal infant and appears complementary to other instructional methods.", "PMID": 724320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9988", "title": "Psychosocial functioning of mothers of malnourished children.", "content": "The relationship between infant malnutrition and maternal psychosocial behavior was explored by comparing mothers of malnourished children with mother whose children were matched for age and family income but were not malnourished. The mothers were interviewed and asked to describe their relationships with their children, their children's fathers, extended families, friends, and employers. The mothers of malnourished children described more chronically disrupted lives. Their housing conditions and employment records reflected disorganization. They had fewer social contacts except with extended families who supervised excessively. The fathers of their babies were either not present or unsupportive. Relationships were more stereotyped, transient, and focused on material aspects. The mothers narcissistic concerns took precedence over the needs of their children. Nearly all the mothers, including the controls, had suffered severe deprivation in childhood. Some mothers of malnourished children were apathetic and dependent, whereas others were manipulative and evasive. These findings were consistent with those previously described for mothers of children with \"failure-to-thrive\" in affluent countries.", "contents": "Psychosocial functioning of mothers of malnourished children. The relationship between infant malnutrition and maternal psychosocial behavior was explored by comparing mothers of malnourished children with mother whose children were matched for age and family income but were not malnourished. The mothers were interviewed and asked to describe their relationships with their children, their children's fathers, extended families, friends, and employers. The mothers of malnourished children described more chronically disrupted lives. Their housing conditions and employment records reflected disorganization. They had fewer social contacts except with extended families who supervised excessively. The fathers of their babies were either not present or unsupportive. Relationships were more stereotyped, transient, and focused on material aspects. The mothers narcissistic concerns took precedence over the needs of their children. Nearly all the mothers, including the controls, had suffered severe deprivation in childhood. Some mothers of malnourished children were apathetic and dependent, whereas others were manipulative and evasive. These findings were consistent with those previously described for mothers of children with \"failure-to-thrive\" in affluent countries.", "PMID": 724321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9989", "title": "Pulmonary function abnormalities in asymptomatic children after hydrocarbon pneumonitis.", "content": "To assess the effect of hydrocarbon pneumonitis on the developing lung, we studied the pulmonary function of 17 asymptomatic children, 8 to 14 years after the initial insult. Fourteen of the 17 subjects (82%) had one or more pulmonary function abnormalities, the most frequent being a high volume of isoflow. Volume of isoflow, ratio residual volume to total lung capacity, slope of phase III, flow rates at 50% and 25% of vital capacity and 60% of the total lung capacity, one-second forced expiratory volume, and maximum midexpiratory flow rate differed significantly (P less than .05) from values in control groups. Closing volume and closing capacity were not significantly different. Residual abnormalities present in children after hydrocarbon pneumonitis can be explained on the basis of small airway obstruction and/or loss of elastic recoil. These children may be at risk for the development of chronic lung disease as adults when they are exposed to exogenous factors such as air pollution or smoking.", "contents": "Pulmonary function abnormalities in asymptomatic children after hydrocarbon pneumonitis. To assess the effect of hydrocarbon pneumonitis on the developing lung, we studied the pulmonary function of 17 asymptomatic children, 8 to 14 years after the initial insult. Fourteen of the 17 subjects (82%) had one or more pulmonary function abnormalities, the most frequent being a high volume of isoflow. Volume of isoflow, ratio residual volume to total lung capacity, slope of phase III, flow rates at 50% and 25% of vital capacity and 60% of the total lung capacity, one-second forced expiratory volume, and maximum midexpiratory flow rate differed significantly (P less than .05) from values in control groups. Closing volume and closing capacity were not significantly different. Residual abnormalities present in children after hydrocarbon pneumonitis can be explained on the basis of small airway obstruction and/or loss of elastic recoil. These children may be at risk for the development of chronic lung disease as adults when they are exposed to exogenous factors such as air pollution or smoking.", "PMID": 724322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9990", "title": "Aminophylline therapy for idiopathic apnea in premature infants: effects on lung function.", "content": "The effect of aminophylline on lung function was studied in 14 premature infants with apnea (gestational age, 30.2 weeks; birth weight, 1.052 gm). The infants showed compromised pulmonary function with a large difference in alveolar-arterial PO2 gradient (83.9 mm Hg), a low normal lung compliance of 1.1 ml/cm H2O . kg, and a normal inspiratory resistance of 45.3 cm H2O/liter/sec. Aminophylline therapy did not change these functions significantly, but it decreased the incidence of apneic episodes from 29.7 to 4.4 per day. The effectiveness of aminophylline in treating apnea in premature infants must be related to its central stimulating effect and not to an improvement in lung function and oxygenation.", "contents": "Aminophylline therapy for idiopathic apnea in premature infants: effects on lung function. The effect of aminophylline on lung function was studied in 14 premature infants with apnea (gestational age, 30.2 weeks; birth weight, 1.052 gm). The infants showed compromised pulmonary function with a large difference in alveolar-arterial PO2 gradient (83.9 mm Hg), a low normal lung compliance of 1.1 ml/cm H2O . kg, and a normal inspiratory resistance of 45.3 cm H2O/liter/sec. Aminophylline therapy did not change these functions significantly, but it decreased the incidence of apneic episodes from 29.7 to 4.4 per day. The effectiveness of aminophylline in treating apnea in premature infants must be related to its central stimulating effect and not to an improvement in lung function and oxygenation.", "PMID": 724323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9991", "title": "Manometric diagnosis of lower esophageal sphincter incompetence in infants: use of a small, single-lumen perfused catheter.", "content": "Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure is frequently measured to diagnose LES incompetence in adults. The multilumen perfused catheters with large diameters that are used for ths purpose are not suitable for small infants. We measured LES pressure in ten normal newborns with a small, single-lumen perfused catheter and compared our values with those obtained with the standard adult apparatus. Higher pressures were recorded with the single-lumen catheter. Chloral hydrate sedation had no effect on LES pressure. Two-day-old infants had LES pressures comparable to those of adults and older children. The technique was applied to the diagnosis of LES incompetence in 23 infants. Infants with LES incompetence (chalasia) were correctly separated from infants with chronic vomiting secondary to all other causes. Single-lumen manometric studies provide a simple, reliable, and safe method of assessing LES incompetence in small infants.", "contents": "Manometric diagnosis of lower esophageal sphincter incompetence in infants: use of a small, single-lumen perfused catheter. Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure is frequently measured to diagnose LES incompetence in adults. The multilumen perfused catheters with large diameters that are used for ths purpose are not suitable for small infants. We measured LES pressure in ten normal newborns with a small, single-lumen perfused catheter and compared our values with those obtained with the standard adult apparatus. Higher pressures were recorded with the single-lumen catheter. Chloral hydrate sedation had no effect on LES pressure. Two-day-old infants had LES pressures comparable to those of adults and older children. The technique was applied to the diagnosis of LES incompetence in 23 infants. Infants with LES incompetence (chalasia) were correctly separated from infants with chronic vomiting secondary to all other causes. Single-lumen manometric studies provide a simple, reliable, and safe method of assessing LES incompetence in small infants.", "PMID": 724324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9992", "title": "The use of furosemide in the treatment of edema in infants and children.", "content": "One hundred thirty-seven courses of furosemide therapy were given to 106 hospitalized pediatric patients with salt and water retention associated with cardiac or renal disease. The diuretic was effective and safe in the pediatric age group when administered acutely as a parenteral medication and over a long-term course by the oral route in the doses and at the time intervals used in this study. On the basis of each kilogram of body weight, the infants with edema as a result of cardiac failure and the children with edema secondary to renal disease responded equally well to furosemide therapy.", "contents": "The use of furosemide in the treatment of edema in infants and children. One hundred thirty-seven courses of furosemide therapy were given to 106 hospitalized pediatric patients with salt and water retention associated with cardiac or renal disease. The diuretic was effective and safe in the pediatric age group when administered acutely as a parenteral medication and over a long-term course by the oral route in the doses and at the time intervals used in this study. On the basis of each kilogram of body weight, the infants with edema as a result of cardiac failure and the children with edema secondary to renal disease responded equally well to furosemide therapy.", "PMID": 724325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9993", "title": "Clinical pharmacokinetics of aspirin.", "content": "Aspirin is very rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract when administered as a solution, and somewhat more slowly when administered in tablets. It is rapidly hydrolyzed in the body to salicylic acid; the plasma concentration of the latter must be maintained within a relatively narrow range to obtain an adequate anti-inflammatory effect and to minimize systemic adverse effects. The two major pathways of salicylate elimination, i.e., formation of salicyluric acid and salicyl phenolic glucuronide, become saturated at relatively low body levels of the drug. Consequently, steady-state (\"plateau\") salicylate levels increase more than proportionately with increasing daily dose, and the time required to reach steady state increases with increasing daily dose. The renal clearance of salicylic acid increases markedly with increasing urine pH; antacids capable of increasing urine pH can therefore cause a pronounced lowering of steady-state salicylate concentrations under clinical conditions. There are pronounced intersubject differences in salicylate elimination kinetics; dosage must be individualized on the basis of plasma concentration and clinical response. The drug is readily transferred across the placenta and is only slowly eliminated by the newborn infant. The drug is also transferred from mother to nursing infant through the breast milk.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacokinetics of aspirin. Aspirin is very rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract when administered as a solution, and somewhat more slowly when administered in tablets. It is rapidly hydrolyzed in the body to salicylic acid; the plasma concentration of the latter must be maintained within a relatively narrow range to obtain an adequate anti-inflammatory effect and to minimize systemic adverse effects. The two major pathways of salicylate elimination, i.e., formation of salicyluric acid and salicyl phenolic glucuronide, become saturated at relatively low body levels of the drug. Consequently, steady-state (\"plateau\") salicylate levels increase more than proportionately with increasing daily dose, and the time required to reach steady state increases with increasing daily dose. The renal clearance of salicylic acid increases markedly with increasing urine pH; antacids capable of increasing urine pH can therefore cause a pronounced lowering of steady-state salicylate concentrations under clinical conditions. There are pronounced intersubject differences in salicylate elimination kinetics; dosage must be individualized on the basis of plasma concentration and clinical response. The drug is readily transferred across the placenta and is only slowly eliminated by the newborn infant. The drug is also transferred from mother to nursing infant through the breast milk.", "PMID": 724339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9994", "title": "Pathophysiology of acetaminophen overdosage toxicity: implications for management.", "content": "Acute acetaminophen intoxication was studied in the dog to characterize pathogenesis and in the mouse as a model for antidotal research. In the dog, overt toxicity was manifested principally by cyanosis, facial and paw edema, gastrointestinal disturbance, and coma. Typical laboratory findings were methemoglobinemia, hemoconcentration, leukocytosis, and hepatic centrolobular necrosis. In the mouse, physical signs of acetaminophen overdose appeared to be central in origin; sequelae included anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and hepatic centrolobular necrosis. The antidotal profile of acetylcysteine in mice was characterized. When acetylcysteine therapy was instituted early (one hour after acetaminophen overdose), it conferred dose-related protection from lethality coupled with hepatoprotection, as judged from transaminase activity. When acetylcysteine therapy was instituted relatively late (4 1/2 hours after acetaminophen overdose), its beneficial effect on survival persisted but was unaccompanied by distinct hepatoprotection, indicating that SGPT activity was an unreliable prognostic indicator. Acetylcysteine was well tolerated in mice even when administered in the presence of preexisting acetaminophen-induced liver damage.", "contents": "Pathophysiology of acetaminophen overdosage toxicity: implications for management. Acute acetaminophen intoxication was studied in the dog to characterize pathogenesis and in the mouse as a model for antidotal research. In the dog, overt toxicity was manifested principally by cyanosis, facial and paw edema, gastrointestinal disturbance, and coma. Typical laboratory findings were methemoglobinemia, hemoconcentration, leukocytosis, and hepatic centrolobular necrosis. In the mouse, physical signs of acetaminophen overdose appeared to be central in origin; sequelae included anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and hepatic centrolobular necrosis. The antidotal profile of acetylcysteine in mice was characterized. When acetylcysteine therapy was instituted early (one hour after acetaminophen overdose), it conferred dose-related protection from lethality coupled with hepatoprotection, as judged from transaminase activity. When acetylcysteine therapy was instituted relatively late (4 1/2 hours after acetaminophen overdose), its beneficial effect on survival persisted but was unaccompanied by distinct hepatoprotection, indicating that SGPT activity was an unreliable prognostic indicator. Acetylcysteine was well tolerated in mice even when administered in the presence of preexisting acetaminophen-induced liver damage.", "PMID": 724340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9995", "title": "Aspirin overdosage: incidence, diagnosis, and management.", "content": "The importance of aspirin as a cause of poisoning in children has declined dramatically with safety packaging and reductions in the dose of flavored children's aspirin per package. Although flavoring entices children to ingest more tablets, the increment is less than the dose differential between the children's and adults' preparations, and so the latter pose the greater hazard in the individual case. Chronic poisoning of children during therapy with aspirin is aggravated by the peculiar kinetics of the drug, but is preventable and constitutes no essential basis for the substitution of acetaminophen, which may not be devoid of risk factors in sick children. Salicylate levels are essential in the diagnosis and management of intoxication. In treatment, emphasis should be on trapping salicylate in the plasma and eventually the urine--through ionization to prevent its entry into the brain.", "contents": "Aspirin overdosage: incidence, diagnosis, and management. The importance of aspirin as a cause of poisoning in children has declined dramatically with safety packaging and reductions in the dose of flavored children's aspirin per package. Although flavoring entices children to ingest more tablets, the increment is less than the dose differential between the children's and adults' preparations, and so the latter pose the greater hazard in the individual case. Chronic poisoning of children during therapy with aspirin is aggravated by the peculiar kinetics of the drug, but is preventable and constitutes no essential basis for the substitution of acetaminophen, which may not be devoid of risk factors in sick children. Salicylate levels are essential in the diagnosis and management of intoxication. In treatment, emphasis should be on trapping salicylate in the plasma and eventually the urine--through ionization to prevent its entry into the brain.", "PMID": 724341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9996", "title": "Acetaminophen overdose: incidence, diagnosis, and management in 416 patients.", "content": "Acetaminophen overdose was studied in 416 patients as part of a nationwide multiclinic open study. Twenty-seven percent of the patients were toxic by plasma acetaminophen level. The 12- to 21-year-old age group had the highest incidence of toxic blood levels (47%). Children under age 5 had the mildest toxicity of any age group; only two of 16 patients had toxic blood levels. No relationship to subsequent Reye's syndrome could be demonstrated. Acetylcysteine is a safe, effective treatment if administered within the first ten hours; it has some efficacy with no toxicity if used after ten hours. Acetylcysteine has advantages over both cysteamine and methionine. All patients in this study recovered with no sequelae.", "contents": "Acetaminophen overdose: incidence, diagnosis, and management in 416 patients. Acetaminophen overdose was studied in 416 patients as part of a nationwide multiclinic open study. Twenty-seven percent of the patients were toxic by plasma acetaminophen level. The 12- to 21-year-old age group had the highest incidence of toxic blood levels (47%). Children under age 5 had the mildest toxicity of any age group; only two of 16 patients had toxic blood levels. No relationship to subsequent Reye's syndrome could be demonstrated. Acetylcysteine is a safe, effective treatment if administered within the first ten hours; it has some efficacy with no toxicity if used after ten hours. Acetylcysteine has advantages over both cysteamine and methionine. All patients in this study recovered with no sequelae.", "PMID": 724342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9997", "title": "Chronic salicylate administration in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: aspirin \"hepatitis\" and its clinical significance.", "content": "Salicylates provide the backbone of therapy in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. They are effective in controlling the disease approximately 75% of the time if they are properly used. Salicylate administration is relatively safe if carefully done. Serum salicylate levels should not exceed 30 mg/dl routinely. Patients, physicians, and parents should be alert to early clinical signs of toxicity. Chief hazards of chronic salicylate administration other than salicylism (which should be uniformly preventable) include gastric irritation with questionable relationship to peptic ulcer disease, and rare serious hepatotoxicity, bleeding diatheses, or hypersensitivity reactions.", "contents": "Chronic salicylate administration in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: aspirin \"hepatitis\" and its clinical significance. Salicylates provide the backbone of therapy in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. They are effective in controlling the disease approximately 75% of the time if they are properly used. Salicylate administration is relatively safe if carefully done. Serum salicylate levels should not exceed 30 mg/dl routinely. Patients, physicians, and parents should be alert to early clinical signs of toxicity. Chief hazards of chronic salicylate administration other than salicylism (which should be uniformly preventable) include gastric irritation with questionable relationship to peptic ulcer disease, and rare serious hepatotoxicity, bleeding diatheses, or hypersensitivity reactions.", "PMID": 724343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9998", "title": "Comparative effects of aspirin and acetaminophen on hemostasis.", "content": "Aspirin, even in small doses, has a profound and relatively long-lasting effect on platelet function and hemostasis. This usually produces few clinical problems. However, if a patient has an underlying hemostatic defect, undergoes surgery or sustains an injury, or is a newborn, severe hemorrhage is a potential risk. Aspirin is contraindicated in these clinical contexts. In contrast, acetaminophen has no effect on the hemostatic mechanism unless massive overdose results in hepatic necrosis with depression of synthesis of coagulation factors. Acetaminophen can be used when indicated in clinical situations where the use of aspirin may be potentially dangerous.", "contents": "Comparative effects of aspirin and acetaminophen on hemostasis. Aspirin, even in small doses, has a profound and relatively long-lasting effect on platelet function and hemostasis. This usually produces few clinical problems. However, if a patient has an underlying hemostatic defect, undergoes surgery or sustains an injury, or is a newborn, severe hemorrhage is a potential risk. Aspirin is contraindicated in these clinical contexts. In contrast, acetaminophen has no effect on the hemostatic mechanism unless massive overdose results in hepatic necrosis with depression of synthesis of coagulation factors. Acetaminophen can be used when indicated in clinical situations where the use of aspirin may be potentially dangerous.", "PMID": 724344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_9999", "title": "Estrogen treatment of teenage girls in the United States: description of the treated population.", "content": "It is estimated that each year approximately 20% of all 15- to 19-year-old American girls receive estrogens in the form of a pharmaceutical agent. The proportion of blacks in this age group who receive some form of estrogen therapy is estimated at 36%. The great majority of estrogen use is for the purposes of contraception and, to a lesser extent, suppression of lactation following childbirth. Less than 1% of the girls in this age group receive estrogen for treatment of medical conditions.", "contents": "Estrogen treatment of teenage girls in the United States: description of the treated population. It is estimated that each year approximately 20% of all 15- to 19-year-old American girls receive estrogens in the form of a pharmaceutical agent. The proportion of blacks in this age group who receive some form of estrogen therapy is estimated at 36%. The great majority of estrogen use is for the purposes of contraception and, to a lesser extent, suppression of lactation following childbirth. Less than 1% of the girls in this age group receive estrogen for treatment of medical conditions.", "PMID": 724346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10000", "title": "Postmenopausal carcinoma as a result of estrogen treatment: survey of evidence.", "content": "Recent studies concerning the relationship of exogenous estrogens and endometrial cancer have been reviewed and the objections to their conclusions discussed. Even considering the most serious of these reservations, it is difficult to avoid the tentative conclusion that estrogens are causally linked to endometrial cancer and that the attributable risk is numerically sizable. Whether the medical costs will be ultimately shown to outweigh the benefits of estrogen replacement therapy will depend largely on whether or not a relationship to breast cancer is shown and on the magnitude of the effect of estrogens in preventing serious complications of ovarian failure. For the time being, treatment of menopausal symptoms with estrogens should be brief as possible, should use the lowest dose possible, and should probably be given in cyclic fashion, particularly to women with intact uteruses. Every attempt should be made to give patients a quantitative understanding of both potential risks and benefits before they decide in favor of or against estrogen therapy.", "contents": "Postmenopausal carcinoma as a result of estrogen treatment: survey of evidence. Recent studies concerning the relationship of exogenous estrogens and endometrial cancer have been reviewed and the objections to their conclusions discussed. Even considering the most serious of these reservations, it is difficult to avoid the tentative conclusion that estrogens are causally linked to endometrial cancer and that the attributable risk is numerically sizable. Whether the medical costs will be ultimately shown to outweigh the benefits of estrogen replacement therapy will depend largely on whether or not a relationship to breast cancer is shown and on the magnitude of the effect of estrogens in preventing serious complications of ovarian failure. For the time being, treatment of menopausal symptoms with estrogens should be brief as possible, should use the lowest dose possible, and should probably be given in cyclic fashion, particularly to women with intact uteruses. Every attempt should be made to give patients a quantitative understanding of both potential risks and benefits before they decide in favor of or against estrogen therapy.", "PMID": 724347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10001", "title": "Closure difficulty, figure-size expansion, and figure-size constriction on 240 Graham-Kendall Memory-for-Designs records.", "content": "To determine the frequency of occurrence of closure difficulty, figure-size expansion, and figure-size constriction, 240 university students were administered the Graham-Kendall Memory-For-Designs test. Subjects were volunteers enrolled in undergraduate psychology courses and were between 18 and 23 yr. of age, male or female, and U.S. citizens. The purpose was to define a sampling of drawing styles exhibited in a normal group on this test. Each drawing style, or factor, was treated as an independent variable, and the frequency of occurence of each level (dependent variable) was compared via chi square. It was noted that a significant number of subjects exhibited some degree of closure difficulty with the designs (X2 = 101.72, p less than .01). Figure-size expansion was noted as extremely rare for this sample (X2 = 444.78, p less than .01). Finally, extreme figure-size constriction occurred significantly more often than either moderate or no contriction of the designs (X2 = 62.58, p less than .01).", "contents": "Closure difficulty, figure-size expansion, and figure-size constriction on 240 Graham-Kendall Memory-for-Designs records. To determine the frequency of occurrence of closure difficulty, figure-size expansion, and figure-size constriction, 240 university students were administered the Graham-Kendall Memory-For-Designs test. Subjects were volunteers enrolled in undergraduate psychology courses and were between 18 and 23 yr. of age, male or female, and U.S. citizens. The purpose was to define a sampling of drawing styles exhibited in a normal group on this test. Each drawing style, or factor, was treated as an independent variable, and the frequency of occurence of each level (dependent variable) was compared via chi square. It was noted that a significant number of subjects exhibited some degree of closure difficulty with the designs (X2 = 101.72, p less than .01). Figure-size expansion was noted as extremely rare for this sample (X2 = 444.78, p less than .01). Finally, extreme figure-size constriction occurred significantly more often than either moderate or no contriction of the designs (X2 = 62.58, p less than .01).", "PMID": 724373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10002", "title": "Spatial problem-solving strategies as functions of sex.", "content": "Sex differences in spatial ability may be related to different problem-solving methods. Two spatial tests, Choosing A Path and Witkin's Rod and Frame Test, and related strategy questionnaires were given to 50 male and 50 female adults. Multivariate analyses of variance on the strategy questionnaires were significant. Women were more likely to use concrete and unorganized methods and to give up or skip problems. Spearman correlations between the males' and females' rank orders of strategies were high and significant, so that both similarities and differences between the sexes were demonstrated.", "contents": "Spatial problem-solving strategies as functions of sex. Sex differences in spatial ability may be related to different problem-solving methods. Two spatial tests, Choosing A Path and Witkin's Rod and Frame Test, and related strategy questionnaires were given to 50 male and 50 female adults. Multivariate analyses of variance on the strategy questionnaires were significant. Women were more likely to use concrete and unorganized methods and to give up or skip problems. Spearman correlations between the males' and females' rank orders of strategies were high and significant, so that both similarities and differences between the sexes were demonstrated.", "PMID": 724374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10003", "title": "Inter-judge agreement for identifying stuttered words.", "content": "Inter-judge (n = 5) agreement for identifying stuttered words of an 18-yr.-old college woman was studied. In contrast to earlier studies, the agreement (.91) was considerable. The high agreement seems to reflect the duration, complexity, and consistency of the subject's stutterings.", "contents": "Inter-judge agreement for identifying stuttered words. Inter-judge (n = 5) agreement for identifying stuttered words of an 18-yr.-old college woman was studied. In contrast to earlier studies, the agreement (.91) was considerable. The high agreement seems to reflect the duration, complexity, and consistency of the subject's stutterings.", "PMID": 724375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10004", "title": "A multidisciplinary approach to the expression of pain in psychic depression.", "content": "The expression of cold pressor pain was measured by recording simultaneously verbal magnitude estimates, heart rates, and facial displays of 16 recently hospitalized depressed patients, and 16 nondepressed adults. Independence of the two groups for the depression factor was verified using the Hamilton Scale for Depression and the 100-mm line self-rating scale. Verbal responses and amount of time the ice bath was tolerated, as well as heart-rate measures, indicated that depressed individuals were significantly more sensitive to the pain stimulus. However, this elevated intolerance to pain was not reflected by marked changes of facial display. Reasons for this discrepancy are discussed. Nondepressed subjects, although clearly able to verbalize intensity of pain, were much less reactive to the pain along all dimensions.", "contents": "A multidisciplinary approach to the expression of pain in psychic depression. The expression of cold pressor pain was measured by recording simultaneously verbal magnitude estimates, heart rates, and facial displays of 16 recently hospitalized depressed patients, and 16 nondepressed adults. Independence of the two groups for the depression factor was verified using the Hamilton Scale for Depression and the 100-mm line self-rating scale. Verbal responses and amount of time the ice bath was tolerated, as well as heart-rate measures, indicated that depressed individuals were significantly more sensitive to the pain stimulus. However, this elevated intolerance to pain was not reflected by marked changes of facial display. Reasons for this discrepancy are discussed. Nondepressed subjects, although clearly able to verbalize intensity of pain, were much less reactive to the pain along all dimensions.", "PMID": 724376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10005", "title": "Relationships between MMPI measures of psychopathology and WAIS subtest scores and intelligence quotients.", "content": "This study investigated relationships between MMPI scale elevations and WAIS subtest deviation scores and Full Scale intelligence quotients in 272 psychiatric patients. Analysis indicated few significant relationships between MMPI elevations and WAIS deviation scores, especially when compared with the high proportion of significant relationships found between demographic variables and WAIS measures. MMPI elevations were significantly related to Full Scale IQ. Although the results do not support the idea that specific WAIS subtest scores are related to psychopathology, they do support the idea that general intelligence is negatively related to psychopathology.", "contents": "Relationships between MMPI measures of psychopathology and WAIS subtest scores and intelligence quotients. This study investigated relationships between MMPI scale elevations and WAIS subtest deviation scores and Full Scale intelligence quotients in 272 psychiatric patients. Analysis indicated few significant relationships between MMPI elevations and WAIS deviation scores, especially when compared with the high proportion of significant relationships found between demographic variables and WAIS measures. MMPI elevations were significantly related to Full Scale IQ. Although the results do not support the idea that specific WAIS subtest scores are related to psychopathology, they do support the idea that general intelligence is negatively related to psychopathology.", "PMID": 724377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10006", "title": "Aetiological factors in dyslexia: I saccadic eye movement control.", "content": "A study was performed to examine the character of saccadic eye movement in dyslexic and normal children and normal adults. No significant differences were noted between 20 normal and 20 dyslexic children, but significant differences were noted between both groups of children and the adult population. Results were explained as reflecting no measured difference in duration/amplitude and velocity/amplitude functions in dyslexic and normal children, thereby indicating no differences in their saccadic eye-movement control functions. Observed differences between normal adult and child populations are explained.", "contents": "Aetiological factors in dyslexia: I saccadic eye movement control. A study was performed to examine the character of saccadic eye movement in dyslexic and normal children and normal adults. No significant differences were noted between 20 normal and 20 dyslexic children, but significant differences were noted between both groups of children and the adult population. Results were explained as reflecting no measured difference in duration/amplitude and velocity/amplitude functions in dyslexic and normal children, thereby indicating no differences in their saccadic eye-movement control functions. Observed differences between normal adult and child populations are explained.", "PMID": 724378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10007", "title": "The WISC-R and WRAT as indicators of arithmetic achievement in juvenile delinquents.", "content": "The relationship of the WISC-R Arithmetic and WRAT Arithmetic scales to grades was determined for a sample of 8 female and 14 male juvenile delinquents. The WISC-R correlated .538 with grades and .302 with the WRAT, while the WRAT correlated .289 with grades. The WISC-R also correlated .508 with sex (females scoring higher). While WRAT Arithmetic is questioned as an indicator of academic achievement, WISC-R accounts for 29% of grades variance and may be a useful correlate.", "contents": "The WISC-R and WRAT as indicators of arithmetic achievement in juvenile delinquents. The relationship of the WISC-R Arithmetic and WRAT Arithmetic scales to grades was determined for a sample of 8 female and 14 male juvenile delinquents. The WISC-R correlated .538 with grades and .302 with the WRAT, while the WRAT correlated .289 with grades. The WISC-R also correlated .508 with sex (females scoring higher). While WRAT Arithmetic is questioned as an indicator of academic achievement, WISC-R accounts for 29% of grades variance and may be a useful correlate.", "PMID": 724379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10008", "title": "Apparent reversals as a function of perceiver group, distance, and geometric shape.", "content": "3 groups of 3 men (high, medium, low perceivers) reported more reversals for trapezoids than rectangles. Responses were sensitive to distance, shadowing, and target, as Cahill suggested.", "contents": "Apparent reversals as a function of perceiver group, distance, and geometric shape. 3 groups of 3 men (high, medium, low perceivers) reported more reversals for trapezoids than rectangles. Responses were sensitive to distance, shadowing, and target, as Cahill suggested.", "PMID": 724380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10009", "title": "Strength of association between sex and field dependence.", "content": "An index of the strength of association between sex and each of two measures of field dependence, the Rod and Frame Test and Embedded Figures Test, was calculated based upon reported significant sex differences on these measures. Median omega2 values based upon 20 rod-and-frame results and 18 embedded-figures results are .11 for the former and .12 for the latter. It appears that gender accounts for less than 15% of the variance in field-dependence scores.", "contents": "Strength of association between sex and field dependence. An index of the strength of association between sex and each of two measures of field dependence, the Rod and Frame Test and Embedded Figures Test, was calculated based upon reported significant sex differences on these measures. Median omega2 values based upon 20 rod-and-frame results and 18 embedded-figures results are .11 for the former and .12 for the latter. It appears that gender accounts for less than 15% of the variance in field-dependence scores.", "PMID": 724381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10010", "title": "Effect of mothers' voices on auditory comprehension in children.", "content": "Normal-speaking/hearing 2-, 3-, and 4-yr.-old children (N = 15) were asked to point to pictorial representations of words in a forced-choice task. The auditory stimuli were randomized tape-recorded presentations of each subject's mother and a male stranger. An analysis of variance indicated that subjects, regardless of age, understood their mothers better.", "contents": "Effect of mothers' voices on auditory comprehension in children. Normal-speaking/hearing 2-, 3-, and 4-yr.-old children (N = 15) were asked to point to pictorial representations of words in a forced-choice task. The auditory stimuli were randomized tape-recorded presentations of each subject's mother and a male stranger. An analysis of variance indicated that subjects, regardless of age, understood their mothers better.", "PMID": 724382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10011", "title": "Self-reported consistency of normal habitual sleep durations of college students.", "content": "A relationship between hours of sleep/night and the consistency of this normal daily sleep duration was observed for 763 college students who had rated themselves as good sleepers with stable and fairly well established patterns of sleep. Congruent with a limited literature, these data suggest that shorter sleep durations are likely, for college students, to be relatively recently acquired patterns of sleep.", "contents": "Self-reported consistency of normal habitual sleep durations of college students. A relationship between hours of sleep/night and the consistency of this normal daily sleep duration was observed for 763 college students who had rated themselves as good sleepers with stable and fairly well established patterns of sleep. Congruent with a limited literature, these data suggest that shorter sleep durations are likely, for college students, to be relatively recently acquired patterns of sleep.", "PMID": 724383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10012", "title": "Influence of set on perception.", "content": "To examine the role which preparatory set plays in visual perception three groups of undergraduates were presented 10 items displayed tachistoscopically in .125-sec exposures. The two experimental groups were each given a different preparatory set relevant to the content of the items. The third group, the control group, was given no preparatory set. Six of the 10 items displayed were ambiguous items which might be seen as belonging to either set. Although the two experimental groups perceived more items correctly than did the control group, an analysis of the responses indicated that preparatory set did influence perception. Each experimental group perceived three times as many items as belonging to its set as did the other group.", "contents": "Influence of set on perception. To examine the role which preparatory set plays in visual perception three groups of undergraduates were presented 10 items displayed tachistoscopically in .125-sec exposures. The two experimental groups were each given a different preparatory set relevant to the content of the items. The third group, the control group, was given no preparatory set. Six of the 10 items displayed were ambiguous items which might be seen as belonging to either set. Although the two experimental groups perceived more items correctly than did the control group, an analysis of the responses indicated that preparatory set did influence perception. Each experimental group perceived three times as many items as belonging to its set as did the other group.", "PMID": 724384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10013", "title": "Perception of the etiology of illness: causal attributions in a heart patient population.", "content": "This study examined perceived causes of myocardial infarction in a patient population of 345 men previously free from significant medical problems. Investigation of their perceptions following the life-threatening illness crisis indicated that stress and tension factors were the causes most commonly cited. Possible social and psychological correlates are analyzed using an attribution theory framework, and their implications are discussed.", "contents": "Perception of the etiology of illness: causal attributions in a heart patient population. This study examined perceived causes of myocardial infarction in a patient population of 345 men previously free from significant medical problems. Investigation of their perceptions following the life-threatening illness crisis indicated that stress and tension factors were the causes most commonly cited. Possible social and psychological correlates are analyzed using an attribution theory framework, and their implications are discussed.", "PMID": 724385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10014", "title": "Tactile-perceptual functioning and academic performance in brain-impaired and unimpaired children.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine whether tactile perception is a useful predictor of academic performance. 50 control and 42 brain-impaired (epileptic) children were examined. Both groups showed a strong relationship between tactile perceptual integrity and academic achievement. Analyses of extreme groups indicated that academic performance is clearly ordered by tactile perceptual skill not only for children with documented brain impairment but also for a normal control group as well. The implications for additions to the traditional cognitively oriented psychological test battery were discussed.", "contents": "Tactile-perceptual functioning and academic performance in brain-impaired and unimpaired children. The purpose of this study was to determine whether tactile perception is a useful predictor of academic performance. 50 control and 42 brain-impaired (epileptic) children were examined. Both groups showed a strong relationship between tactile perceptual integrity and academic achievement. Analyses of extreme groups indicated that academic performance is clearly ordered by tactile perceptual skill not only for children with documented brain impairment but also for a normal control group as well. The implications for additions to the traditional cognitively oriented psychological test battery were discussed.", "PMID": 724386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10015", "title": "Augmentation-reduction and pain experience.", "content": "The role of augmentation-reduction in pain tolerance and threshold was examined using Petrie's (1967) criteria for classification of subjects. 14 augmenters did not differ from 14 reducers on pain tolerance and threshold. Trait anxiety correlated with both pain tolerance and threshold, but state anxiety did not.", "contents": "Augmentation-reduction and pain experience. The role of augmentation-reduction in pain tolerance and threshold was examined using Petrie's (1967) criteria for classification of subjects. 14 augmenters did not differ from 14 reducers on pain tolerance and threshold. Trait anxiety correlated with both pain tolerance and threshold, but state anxiety did not.", "PMID": 724387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10016", "title": "Human eye color and reaction time.", "content": "Response latencies to a visual stimulus were determined for 44 male and 82 female Caucasians. Those with dark eyes had significantly shorter simple (one stimulus) reaction times. Complex (one of four stimuli) reaction times showed a similar, but nonsignificant, trend. Data from an additional 206 male Caucasians  on a one-trial non-practiced reaction task followed the same nonsignificant trend. Darker iris pigmentation apparently correlates with shorter reaction times but more strongly on practiced tasks and on those which do not involve accuracy.", "contents": "Human eye color and reaction time. Response latencies to a visual stimulus were determined for 44 male and 82 female Caucasians. Those with dark eyes had significantly shorter simple (one stimulus) reaction times. Complex (one of four stimuli) reaction times showed a similar, but nonsignificant, trend. Data from an additional 206 male Caucasians  on a one-trial non-practiced reaction task followed the same nonsignificant trend. Darker iris pigmentation apparently correlates with shorter reaction times but more strongly on practiced tasks and on those which do not involve accuracy.", "PMID": 724388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10017", "title": "Different levels in processing simple geometrical figures.", "content": "An experiment has been conducted in order to extend to geometrical figures Posner's (1969) findings of various levels of processing for alphabetical material. Pairs of simple figures (triangles and trapezoids) were tachistoscopically presented to subjects asked to judge if they were \"same\" or \"different\". Subjects were instructed to respond \"same\" either if the two figures had the same shape or the same name, e.g., a scalene triangle paired with a right-angled one. The results support the theory of different levels of processing also for geometrical figures.", "contents": "Different levels in processing simple geometrical figures. An experiment has been conducted in order to extend to geometrical figures Posner's (1969) findings of various levels of processing for alphabetical material. Pairs of simple figures (triangles and trapezoids) were tachistoscopically presented to subjects asked to judge if they were \"same\" or \"different\". Subjects were instructed to respond \"same\" either if the two figures had the same shape or the same name, e.g., a scalene triangle paired with a right-angled one. The results support the theory of different levels of processing also for geometrical figures.", "PMID": 724389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10018", "title": "Role of task strategy and stimulus processing in reflective and impulsive tactual matching performance.", "content": "14 reflective and 14 impulsive boys performed tactual matching tasks in which frequency of observation of the standard was manipulated by successive or simultaneous presentation and in which stimulus features were controlled so that the amount of stimulus analysis carried out might be inferred. The results suggest that an impulsive performance was improved by simultaneous presentation of the stimuli but even in this condition the impulsive subjects did not carry out an adequate amount of stimulus analysis.", "contents": "Role of task strategy and stimulus processing in reflective and impulsive tactual matching performance. 14 reflective and 14 impulsive boys performed tactual matching tasks in which frequency of observation of the standard was manipulated by successive or simultaneous presentation and in which stimulus features were controlled so that the amount of stimulus analysis carried out might be inferred. The results suggest that an impulsive performance was improved by simultaneous presentation of the stimuli but even in this condition the impulsive subjects did not carry out an adequate amount of stimulus analysis.", "PMID": 724391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10019", "title": "Word recall as a function of bisensory and unisensory split-span task presentation and modality preferences.", "content": "This study investigated the effects of visual and auditory modality preferences on work recall in bisensory and unisensory split-span tasks. Subjects tended to perform better in the bisensory rather than unisensory condition. Modality preferences (n = 72 subjects) were generally unrelated to performance in these experimental conditions. These findings suggest that preferences for a modality are better characterized as response biases rather than as increased processing capacity for preferred modality material.", "contents": "Word recall as a function of bisensory and unisensory split-span task presentation and modality preferences. This study investigated the effects of visual and auditory modality preferences on work recall in bisensory and unisensory split-span tasks. Subjects tended to perform better in the bisensory rather than unisensory condition. Modality preferences (n = 72 subjects) were generally unrelated to performance in these experimental conditions. These findings suggest that preferences for a modality are better characterized as response biases rather than as increased processing capacity for preferred modality material.", "PMID": 724392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10020", "title": "Effect of perspective and slant on perception of apparent size and distance.", "content": "An experiement was performed to re-examine the role of linear perspective and floor slant on apparent size and distance scales. Misleading perspective cues did not alter the observers' apparent distance scales but did influence the absolute magnitude of distance judgments; floor slant exerted little influence on apparent distance scales or the absolute magnitude of distance judgments. Neither perspective nor slant manipulation reliably affected apparent size scales or exerted more than a minor influence on the absolute magnitude of size judgments.", "contents": "Effect of perspective and slant on perception of apparent size and distance. An experiement was performed to re-examine the role of linear perspective and floor slant on apparent size and distance scales. Misleading perspective cues did not alter the observers' apparent distance scales but did influence the absolute magnitude of distance judgments; floor slant exerted little influence on apparent distance scales or the absolute magnitude of distance judgments. Neither perspective nor slant manipulation reliably affected apparent size scales or exerted more than a minor influence on the absolute magnitude of size judgments.", "PMID": 724393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10021", "title": "Effects of diagnostic labels and subject dogmatism upon the perception of persons.", "content": "Slides of unfamiliar individuals were rated on six semantic differential scales by high-dogmatic and low-dogmatic subjects. Subjects were informed that the individuals depicted were either normal, neurotic, or psychotic. Results indicated that diagnostic labels significantly affected the ratings and that one factor (a general Emotional Stability factor) accounted for 77.9% of the rating variance. Level of dogmatism appeared to affect subjects' ratings, although not in the manner predicted.", "contents": "Effects of diagnostic labels and subject dogmatism upon the perception of persons. Slides of unfamiliar individuals were rated on six semantic differential scales by high-dogmatic and low-dogmatic subjects. Subjects were informed that the individuals depicted were either normal, neurotic, or psychotic. Results indicated that diagnostic labels significantly affected the ratings and that one factor (a general Emotional Stability factor) accounted for 77.9% of the rating variance. Level of dogmatism appeared to affect subjects' ratings, although not in the manner predicted.", "PMID": 724394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10022", "title": "Comment on \"augmentation-reduction and pain experience\" by Elton, et al.", "content": "Some of the troubling aspects in the work of Elton, et al. (1978) are detailed. Included are matters related to the measurement of pain tolerance, as well as that of reduction and augmentation.", "contents": "Comment on \"augmentation-reduction and pain experience\" by Elton, et al. Some of the troubling aspects in the work of Elton, et al. (1978) are detailed. Included are matters related to the measurement of pain tolerance, as well as that of reduction and augmentation.", "PMID": 724395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10023", "title": "Age, familiarity, and visual processing schemes.", "content": "In a partial-report task adults and 5-yr.-old children identified stimuli of two types (common objects and familiar common objects) in two representations (black-and-white line drawings or full color photographs). It was hypothesized that familiar items and photographic representation would enhance the children's accuracy. Although both children and adults were more accurate when the stimuli were from the familiar set, children performed more accurate when the stimuli were from the familiar set, children performed poorly in all stimulus conditions. Results suggest that the age difference in this task reflects the \"concrete\" nature of the perceptual process in children.", "contents": "Age, familiarity, and visual processing schemes. In a partial-report task adults and 5-yr.-old children identified stimuli of two types (common objects and familiar common objects) in two representations (black-and-white line drawings or full color photographs). It was hypothesized that familiar items and photographic representation would enhance the children's accuracy. Although both children and adults were more accurate when the stimuli were from the familiar set, children performed more accurate when the stimuli were from the familiar set, children performed poorly in all stimulus conditions. Results suggest that the age difference in this task reflects the \"concrete\" nature of the perceptual process in children.", "PMID": 724396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10024", "title": "Influence of active encoding on tactile recognition memory for common objects.", "content": "Active tactile recognition memory for common objects is compared with passive touch. The recognition memory test occure after a delay between inspection and test of seven days. Three groups of five each have the following conditions and results: Group I manipulated objects at both inspection and test to obtain a recognition rate of 87.9%; Group II manipulated objects at inspection but not at test, i.e., passive touch, to produce a recognition rate of 80.7%; Group III manipulated objects at test but not at inspection to perform at a 72.5% accuracy rate. Object manipulation had a significant effect and the group means were all significantly different (p less than or equal to .05), with the largest performance decrement due to passive touch at encoding. Generally, the findings implicated the importance of object identity in tactile recognition memory which, in turn, is supportive of the depth-of-processing approach to memory.", "contents": "Influence of active encoding on tactile recognition memory for common objects. Active tactile recognition memory for common objects is compared with passive touch. The recognition memory test occure after a delay between inspection and test of seven days. Three groups of five each have the following conditions and results: Group I manipulated objects at both inspection and test to obtain a recognition rate of 87.9%; Group II manipulated objects at inspection but not at test, i.e., passive touch, to produce a recognition rate of 80.7%; Group III manipulated objects at test but not at inspection to perform at a 72.5% accuracy rate. Object manipulation had a significant effect and the group means were all significantly different (p less than or equal to .05), with the largest performance decrement due to passive touch at encoding. Generally, the findings implicated the importance of object identity in tactile recognition memory which, in turn, is supportive of the depth-of-processing approach to memory.", "PMID": 724397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10025", "title": "Mental rotations, a group test of three-dimensional spatial visualization.", "content": "A new paper-and-pencil test of spatial visualization was constructed from the figures used in the chronometric study of Shepard and Metzler (1971). In large samples, the new test displayed substantial internal consistency (Kuder-Richardson 20 = .88), a test-retest reliability (.83), and consistent sex differences over the entire range of ages investigated. Correlations with other measures indicated strong association with tests of spatial visualization and virtually no association with tests of verbal ability.", "contents": "Mental rotations, a group test of three-dimensional spatial visualization. A new paper-and-pencil test of spatial visualization was constructed from the figures used in the chronometric study of Shepard and Metzler (1971). In large samples, the new test displayed substantial internal consistency (Kuder-Richardson 20 = .88), a test-retest reliability (.83), and consistent sex differences over the entire range of ages investigated. Correlations with other measures indicated strong association with tests of spatial visualization and virtually no association with tests of verbal ability.", "PMID": 724398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10026", "title": "Effects on superiority of ear of intonation of dichotically presented sentences.", "content": "A dichotic listening paradigm utilizing sentences of three monosyllabic words examined the effects of intonation on superiority of ear. Five types of intoned contours, i.e., declarative, interrogative, imperative, conditional, and monotone, were employed. Subjects consisted of 20 adults who had normal hearing bilaterally, were native English speakers, and were righthanded in 100% of their daily activities. The results indicated that, when three monosyllabic work sentences with four different intoned contours were dichotically presented, superiority of neither left nor right ear was evidenced. However, the declarative intoned contours, being linguistically less marked, were perceived with significantly less accuracy than the relatively more marked interrogative, imperative, and conditional intoned contours.", "contents": "Effects on superiority of ear of intonation of dichotically presented sentences. A dichotic listening paradigm utilizing sentences of three monosyllabic words examined the effects of intonation on superiority of ear. Five types of intoned contours, i.e., declarative, interrogative, imperative, conditional, and monotone, were employed. Subjects consisted of 20 adults who had normal hearing bilaterally, were native English speakers, and were righthanded in 100% of their daily activities. The results indicated that, when three monosyllabic work sentences with four different intoned contours were dichotically presented, superiority of neither left nor right ear was evidenced. However, the declarative intoned contours, being linguistically less marked, were perceived with significantly less accuracy than the relatively more marked interrogative, imperative, and conditional intoned contours.", "PMID": 724399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10027", "title": "Classification of random forms and distortions presented to the left or right visual field.", "content": "Twenty right-handed undergraduate men were taught in free vision to categorize distortions of prototypic random forms and were then tested in a Go/No Go task with lateralized tachistoscopic presentations of previously sorted (old) distortions, new distortions, the prototypes, and unrelated forms. Accuracy of performance on positive items increased in the order New less than Old less than Prototype. More false alarms occurred to unrelated items in the right than in the left visual field, suggesting that the trace systems generated during training had different characteristics in the two hemispheres.", "contents": "Classification of random forms and distortions presented to the left or right visual field. Twenty right-handed undergraduate men were taught in free vision to categorize distortions of prototypic random forms and were then tested in a Go/No Go task with lateralized tachistoscopic presentations of previously sorted (old) distortions, new distortions, the prototypes, and unrelated forms. Accuracy of performance on positive items increased in the order New less than Old less than Prototype. More false alarms occurred to unrelated items in the right than in the left visual field, suggesting that the trace systems generated during training had different characteristics in the two hemispheres.", "PMID": 724400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10028", "title": "Exploratory behavior in rats following bilateral lesions of the anterodorsal caudate nuclei.", "content": "9 rats received bilateral lesions to the anterodorsal caudate nuclei and 9 rats underwent sham operation procedures. After recovery the subjects were observed in an apparatus allowing access to familiar or novel stimuli. The caudotomized rats spent a significantly greater proportion of time exploring the novel stimuli. The results were not consistent with the suggestions that following damage to the caudate nucleus animals were unresponsive to novelty, however, they did support earlier findings implicating the caudate nucleus in learning and memory processes.", "contents": "Exploratory behavior in rats following bilateral lesions of the anterodorsal caudate nuclei. 9 rats received bilateral lesions to the anterodorsal caudate nuclei and 9 rats underwent sham operation procedures. After recovery the subjects were observed in an apparatus allowing access to familiar or novel stimuli. The caudotomized rats spent a significantly greater proportion of time exploring the novel stimuli. The results were not consistent with the suggestions that following damage to the caudate nucleus animals were unresponsive to novelty, however, they did support earlier findings implicating the caudate nucleus in learning and memory processes.", "PMID": 724401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10029", "title": "Field dependence and hemispheric specialization.", "content": "It has been suggested that field dependence arises out of deficit in left hemisphere function. There are numerous difficulties encountered in the interpretation of the research leading to this proposition. Problems in the establishment of such cause-effect relationships are outlined, and some future avenues for research are suggested.", "contents": "Field dependence and hemispheric specialization. It has been suggested that field dependence arises out of deficit in left hemisphere function. There are numerous difficulties encountered in the interpretation of the research leading to this proposition. Problems in the establishment of such cause-effect relationships are outlined, and some future avenues for research are suggested.", "PMID": 724402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10030", "title": "Handedness and mental rotation.", "content": "Handedness and mental rotation test scores were examined by sex and generation for 801 individuals in 200 families. An orderly relationship between bilateralization of function on the hand preference task and mental rotation test scores was found.", "contents": "Handedness and mental rotation. Handedness and mental rotation test scores were examined by sex and generation for 801 individuals in 200 families. An orderly relationship between bilateralization of function on the hand preference task and mental rotation test scores was found.", "PMID": 724404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10031", "title": "Attentional deficits and word attributes preferred by learning disabled children in grades 2, 4, and 6.", "content": "This study investigated the postulated effects of attentional deficits on the relative preferences for associative, acoustic, and orthographic attributes in word recognition by 15 learning disabled children each in Grades 2, 4, and 6. An analysis of errors in recall suggests that the children in the second grade did not encode and retrieve information as did their normal counterparts but rather used several stimulus attributes in retrieval. The children in the sixth grade, however, evidenced a significant preference for the orthographic attribute in recall as did normal second grade children. These findings are discussed as they relate to attention deficits, the capacity of short-term memory and achievement in learning disabled children.", "contents": "Attentional deficits and word attributes preferred by learning disabled children in grades 2, 4, and 6. This study investigated the postulated effects of attentional deficits on the relative preferences for associative, acoustic, and orthographic attributes in word recognition by 15 learning disabled children each in Grades 2, 4, and 6. An analysis of errors in recall suggests that the children in the second grade did not encode and retrieve information as did their normal counterparts but rather used several stimulus attributes in retrieval. The children in the sixth grade, however, evidenced a significant preference for the orthographic attribute in recall as did normal second grade children. These findings are discussed as they relate to attention deficits, the capacity of short-term memory and achievement in learning disabled children.", "PMID": 724405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10032", "title": "Perceptual aura: not spirit but afterimage and border contrast effects.", "content": "This study demonstrates that auras can be produced under laboratory conditions and explained by the principles of afterimages and border contrast phenomena.", "contents": "Perceptual aura: not spirit but afterimage and border contrast effects. This study demonstrates that auras can be produced under laboratory conditions and explained by the principles of afterimages and border contrast phenomena.", "PMID": 724406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10033", "title": "Procedural controls in group auditory perceptual listening tasks.", "content": "This article discusses experimental procedure controls that can assist in producing more reliable listening task experiments for investigators. Issues addressed relate to using appropriate equipment, tape-processing procedures, and listening sessions controls.", "contents": "Procedural controls in group auditory perceptual listening tasks. This article discusses experimental procedure controls that can assist in producing more reliable listening task experiments for investigators. Issues addressed relate to using appropriate equipment, tape-processing procedures, and listening sessions controls.", "PMID": 724407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10034", "title": "The process of habituation to treadmill walking: a kinematic analysis.", "content": "Initial work toward a more definitive kinematic analysis of perceptual-motor processes involved initially in accommodation of naive subjects to treadmill walking is described. The kinematic cyclograph technique holds promise of achieving this.", "contents": "The process of habituation to treadmill walking: a kinematic analysis. Initial work toward a more definitive kinematic analysis of perceptual-motor processes involved initially in accommodation of naive subjects to treadmill walking is described. The kinematic cyclograph technique holds promise of achieving this.", "PMID": 724408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10035", "title": "Aetiological factors in dyslexia: II. ocular-motor programming.", "content": "A study is presented in which the preprogramming of saccadic eye movements is examined in normal (16 boys, 4 girls) and dyslexic subjects (19 boys, 1 girl), as well as the patterning of occular-motor differences between subjects, which is consistent with the previous study in which no differences in saccadic control are demonstrated between groups of subjects.", "contents": "Aetiological factors in dyslexia: II. ocular-motor programming. A study is presented in which the preprogramming of saccadic eye movements is examined in normal (16 boys, 4 girls) and dyslexic subjects (19 boys, 1 girl), as well as the patterning of occular-motor differences between subjects, which is consistent with the previous study in which no differences in saccadic control are demonstrated between groups of subjects.", "PMID": 724409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10036", "title": "Aetiological factors in dyslexia: III. Ocular-motor factors in visual perceptual response efficiency.", "content": "The study concerned the effects of induced interference employing a backward masking paradigm, on the processing of sensory information and on the formation of perceptual-motor responses in 20 dyslexic and 20 normal children. Results indicate that dyslexics do not exhibit impairment in perceptual localization.", "contents": "Aetiological factors in dyslexia: III. Ocular-motor factors in visual perceptual response efficiency. The study concerned the effects of induced interference employing a backward masking paradigm, on the processing of sensory information and on the formation of perceptual-motor responses in 20 dyslexic and 20 normal children. Results indicate that dyslexics do not exhibit impairment in perceptual localization.", "PMID": 724410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10037", "title": "Prostheses, pain and sequelae of amputation, as seen by the amputee.", "content": "Results of a survey of 19 organizations belonging to World Veterans Federation indicate that major complains of amputees include; poor fitting, poor dissemination of knowledge to doctors and amputees regarding new prostheses, lack of opportunity for \"input\" from amputees at research level and inadequate measures to deal with phantom and stump pain. Suggested improvements by amputees; decrease in weight of prostheses, reduction in maintenance for swing and stance-phase control units development of recreational prostheses, more frequent checks through use of X-ray and film techniques, particularly during the \"break-in\" of a new appliance. Older veterans showed increasing concern in regard to development of consequential disabilities arising from amputation; premature arthritic changes in spine and remaining limb, circulatory problems and gastro-intestinal problems due to ingestion of drugs to control pain.", "contents": "Prostheses, pain and sequelae of amputation, as seen by the amputee. Results of a survey of 19 organizations belonging to World Veterans Federation indicate that major complains of amputees include; poor fitting, poor dissemination of knowledge to doctors and amputees regarding new prostheses, lack of opportunity for \"input\" from amputees at research level and inadequate measures to deal with phantom and stump pain. Suggested improvements by amputees; decrease in weight of prostheses, reduction in maintenance for swing and stance-phase control units development of recreational prostheses, more frequent checks through use of X-ray and film techniques, particularly during the \"break-in\" of a new appliance. Older veterans showed increasing concern in regard to development of consequential disabilities arising from amputation; premature arthritic changes in spine and remaining limb, circulatory problems and gastro-intestinal problems due to ingestion of drugs to control pain.", "PMID": 724411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10038", "title": "A statewide amputee rehabilitation programme.", "content": "Patients are referred to the amputee clinic at the Medical College of Georgia from all areas of the State of Georgia. Most referrals are made a considerable time after amputation and most patients live from 50 to 250 miles from the amputee clinic. A special programme was designed to alleviate some of the problems incurred by the distance and the delayed referral. Physical therapists, prosthetists, social workers, the vocational counsellor and the orthopaedic surgeon co-operate to provide maximum care on the day of the amputee clinic. The cooperative efforts of all members of the team and the ability to plan ahead for optimum rehabilitation maximize the use of patients' time and his rehabilitation level.", "contents": "A statewide amputee rehabilitation programme. Patients are referred to the amputee clinic at the Medical College of Georgia from all areas of the State of Georgia. Most referrals are made a considerable time after amputation and most patients live from 50 to 250 miles from the amputee clinic. A special programme was designed to alleviate some of the problems incurred by the distance and the delayed referral. Physical therapists, prosthetists, social workers, the vocational counsellor and the orthopaedic surgeon co-operate to provide maximum care on the day of the amputee clinic. The cooperative efforts of all members of the team and the ability to plan ahead for optimum rehabilitation maximize the use of patients' time and his rehabilitation level.", "PMID": 724413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10039", "title": "Ideas on the suspension of the below-knee prosthesis.", "content": "Comparative studies with the PTB-suction prosthesis and the ordinary PTB prosthesis have provided opportunities to analyze and understand some functional differences in the suspension of below-knee prostheses. In a roentgenological study of the stump-socket contact signficantly less vertical displacement in the PTB-suction prosthesis has been shown. A study of the pressure variations in the suction socket verified the theory of the necessary pressure gradient in the PTB-suction socket. Added negative pressure by muscle action was also observed. An electromyographic study suggested a muscular activity pattern in the suction prosthesis similar to that of a normal leg, as a contrast to the ordinary PTB prosthesis where simultaneous contractions of antagonistic muscles seemed to be the usual pattern. The latter is interpreted as a defence reaction. An optimal prosthesis has been deduced. It shall have a soft prosthetic socket with a perfect fit, a suction, adhesion and friction fixation and a pressure gradient between the skin and the socket wall with minimum compression distally. The plaster casting shall be done in a downward modelling manner making available space for soft tissue without compression.", "contents": "Ideas on the suspension of the below-knee prosthesis. Comparative studies with the PTB-suction prosthesis and the ordinary PTB prosthesis have provided opportunities to analyze and understand some functional differences in the suspension of below-knee prostheses. In a roentgenological study of the stump-socket contact signficantly less vertical displacement in the PTB-suction prosthesis has been shown. A study of the pressure variations in the suction socket verified the theory of the necessary pressure gradient in the PTB-suction socket. Added negative pressure by muscle action was also observed. An electromyographic study suggested a muscular activity pattern in the suction prosthesis similar to that of a normal leg, as a contrast to the ordinary PTB prosthesis where simultaneous contractions of antagonistic muscles seemed to be the usual pattern. The latter is interpreted as a defence reaction. An optimal prosthesis has been deduced. It shall have a soft prosthetic socket with a perfect fit, a suction, adhesion and friction fixation and a pressure gradient between the skin and the socket wall with minimum compression distally. The plaster casting shall be done in a downward modelling manner making available space for soft tissue without compression.", "PMID": 724414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10040", "title": "Prostheses for partial hand amputations.", "content": "Amputation of part of a hand may create significant functional limitations for the amputee which are difficult to ameliorate by either orthoses or prostheses. To help develop a logical approach to devices for partial hand amputations the patterns of losses have been studied and a division into four categories has been proposed. Transphalangeal, thumb spared; thenar, partial or complete; transmetacarpal, distal; transmetacarpal, proximal. By utilizing basic principles of orthotics and prosthetics and by exercising ingenuity, it is often possible to provide considerable improvement in function and/or cosmesis to individuals with partial hand amputations. Case illustrations and their prosthetic solutions are presented.", "contents": "Prostheses for partial hand amputations. Amputation of part of a hand may create significant functional limitations for the amputee which are difficult to ameliorate by either orthoses or prostheses. To help develop a logical approach to devices for partial hand amputations the patterns of losses have been studied and a division into four categories has been proposed. Transphalangeal, thumb spared; thenar, partial or complete; transmetacarpal, distal; transmetacarpal, proximal. By utilizing basic principles of orthotics and prosthetics and by exercising ingenuity, it is often possible to provide considerable improvement in function and/or cosmesis to individuals with partial hand amputations. Case illustrations and their prosthetic solutions are presented.", "PMID": 724417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10041", "title": "Measurement of prosthetic alignment.", "content": "An essential part of alignment description is the position and orientation of the socket relative to the rest of the limb. Repeatable measurements of these parameters is hindered by the non-geometrical shape of the socket. A unique axis system has already been defined to enable such measurements to be carried out. The method however, employs an iterative technique and is time consuming. A simple device to facilitate these measurements has been developed and is reported.", "contents": "Measurement of prosthetic alignment. An essential part of alignment description is the position and orientation of the socket relative to the rest of the limb. Repeatable measurements of these parameters is hindered by the non-geometrical shape of the socket. A unique axis system has already been defined to enable such measurements to be carried out. The method however, employs an iterative technique and is time consuming. A simple device to facilitate these measurements has been developed and is reported.", "PMID": 724418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10042", "title": "A mechanically-actuated wave mattress.", "content": "A polio victim who has been in a negative pressure ventilator (\"iron lung\") since 1950 was in need of an activated mattress to combat the hallucinatory effects of complete immobilization and to assist with body pressure distribution. A mechanical method was used to give the patient's mattress a moving wave form of vertical amplitude 50mm with a period variable from 50 seconds to infinity. His arms rested on separate supports which oscillated 180 degrees out of phase with the trunk support. The device is powered by a 12 volt electric motor operating through two mechanical reduction gear units. It differs significantly in design and purpose from pneumatic ripple mattresses.", "contents": "A mechanically-actuated wave mattress. A polio victim who has been in a negative pressure ventilator (\"iron lung\") since 1950 was in need of an activated mattress to combat the hallucinatory effects of complete immobilization and to assist with body pressure distribution. A mechanical method was used to give the patient's mattress a moving wave form of vertical amplitude 50mm with a period variable from 50 seconds to infinity. His arms rested on separate supports which oscillated 180 degrees out of phase with the trunk support. The device is powered by a 12 volt electric motor operating through two mechanical reduction gear units. It differs significantly in design and purpose from pneumatic ripple mattresses.", "PMID": 724420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10043", "title": "Rehabilitation engineering as the crow flies. Part IV--Criteria and constraints.", "content": "When engineers function in a biomechanics clinic team, collecting information for the definition and solution of problems, and developing solutions in a logical pattern, then establishment of criteria by which to judge actions and results at various stages are essential. In our procedures, we make the most general statement we can which will indicate the goal we have for the patient or the type of patient being considered. Based on this, we proceed with a breakdown of the goal into increasingly explicit statements keeping the objective in focus. Eventually, with the criteria we need in order to decide \"yes or no\" to any aspect of the solution developing, we consider the constraints. These we see as imposed by the life-requirements of the patient, the effects of the physical environment, the limitations imposed by the social environment, and the limits of available technology including the skills of the designers, the manufacturing capabilities and the distribution system with which the designers must cope. When a \"checklist\" of requirements and limits has been established, the \"critical eye\" watches over the rehabilitation engineer as he in effect watches over himself!", "contents": "Rehabilitation engineering as the crow flies. Part IV--Criteria and constraints. When engineers function in a biomechanics clinic team, collecting information for the definition and solution of problems, and developing solutions in a logical pattern, then establishment of criteria by which to judge actions and results at various stages are essential. In our procedures, we make the most general statement we can which will indicate the goal we have for the patient or the type of patient being considered. Based on this, we proceed with a breakdown of the goal into increasingly explicit statements keeping the objective in focus. Eventually, with the criteria we need in order to decide \"yes or no\" to any aspect of the solution developing, we consider the constraints. These we see as imposed by the life-requirements of the patient, the effects of the physical environment, the limitations imposed by the social environment, and the limits of available technology including the skills of the designers, the manufacturing capabilities and the distribution system with which the designers must cope. When a \"checklist\" of requirements and limits has been established, the \"critical eye\" watches over the rehabilitation engineer as he in effect watches over himself!", "PMID": 724421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10044", "title": "Hand orthosis for various finger impairments--the K U finger splint.", "content": "The K U (Kumamoto University) finger splint has been manufactured for the purpose of developing an effective hand orthosis for various finger impairments using simple parts and materials. By combining the W type orthosis for which piano wire is mostly used, and the S type for which fishing line is mainly used, it has been used to good effect on patients with several kinds of finger impairments. The fabrication and adjustment of the orthosis is simple and if the material is in kit form, a doctor or an occupational therapist can at once construct one and give it to a patient. For this reason, the patient will not lose the chance of timely treatment.", "contents": "Hand orthosis for various finger impairments--the K U finger splint. The K U (Kumamoto University) finger splint has been manufactured for the purpose of developing an effective hand orthosis for various finger impairments using simple parts and materials. By combining the W type orthosis for which piano wire is mostly used, and the S type for which fishing line is mainly used, it has been used to good effect on patients with several kinds of finger impairments. The fabrication and adjustment of the orthosis is simple and if the material is in kit form, a doctor or an occupational therapist can at once construct one and give it to a patient. For this reason, the patient will not lose the chance of timely treatment.", "PMID": 724422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10045", "title": "[Treatment of hereditary angioneurotic edema with androgens].", "content": "Hereditary angioedema (HANE) is a rare, life-threatening disease due to the deficiency of C1 inhibitor (C1 Inh). Androgen therapy has been recently shown to be effective for prophylaxis of Hane attacks. Since life-long androgen therapy may be hazardous, this study was designed to define the minimal doses required for effectiveness. Ten patients from six different families were treated during cumulative 73 months by danazol and/for methandrostenolone. One tablet/day of either drug was the minimal requirement to prevent any attack in all patients. When 3 tablets/day were given, complement abnormalities were simultaneously rapidly reversed. When 1 tablet/day was given the biological effect was barely detectable, except for C2. Serum C2 levels may, therefore, represent the best criteria of androgen therapy effectiveness. Thus, an excellent clinical result can be obtained with much lower doses of androgens than previously stated. This result seemed important with respect to the serious dose-dependent risk of androgens.", "contents": "[Treatment of hereditary angioneurotic edema with androgens]. Hereditary angioedema (HANE) is a rare, life-threatening disease due to the deficiency of C1 inhibitor (C1 Inh). Androgen therapy has been recently shown to be effective for prophylaxis of Hane attacks. Since life-long androgen therapy may be hazardous, this study was designed to define the minimal doses required for effectiveness. Ten patients from six different families were treated during cumulative 73 months by danazol and/for methandrostenolone. One tablet/day of either drug was the minimal requirement to prevent any attack in all patients. When 3 tablets/day were given, complement abnormalities were simultaneously rapidly reversed. When 1 tablet/day was given the biological effect was barely detectable, except for C2. Serum C2 levels may, therefore, represent the best criteria of androgen therapy effectiveness. Thus, an excellent clinical result can be obtained with much lower doses of androgens than previously stated. This result seemed important with respect to the serious dose-dependent risk of androgens.", "PMID": 724439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10046", "title": "[The molecular expression of C1 esterase inhibitor in hereditary angioneurotic oedema. Study of 32 families (author's transl)].", "content": "Seventy seven patients from 32 families suffereing from angioneurotic oedema were studied and a single theory of the disorder is suggested. The functional abnormality of alpha2 neuraminoglycoprotein (NGP) or of C1 esterase inhibitor is related involvement of the structure gene (s) controlling its synthesis. Particular immunochemical characteristics of the inhibitor seen in severals families and remaining constant through a number of generations would indicate the existence of a phenomenon of functional haploidism in these heterozygous patients. Treatment of the condition with androgens suggests the existence of two varieties of alpha2 NGP molecules which are differentiated on the basis of their complete or incomplete glycoconjugation in the hepatocyte.", "contents": "[The molecular expression of C1 esterase inhibitor in hereditary angioneurotic oedema. Study of 32 families (author's transl)]. Seventy seven patients from 32 families suffereing from angioneurotic oedema were studied and a single theory of the disorder is suggested. The functional abnormality of alpha2 neuraminoglycoprotein (NGP) or of C1 esterase inhibitor is related involvement of the structure gene (s) controlling its synthesis. Particular immunochemical characteristics of the inhibitor seen in severals families and remaining constant through a number of generations would indicate the existence of a phenomenon of functional haploidism in these heterozygous patients. Treatment of the condition with androgens suggests the existence of two varieties of alpha2 NGP molecules which are differentiated on the basis of their complete or incomplete glycoconjugation in the hepatocyte.", "PMID": 724440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10047", "title": "[Ulcers of the neck in hiatal hernias. Perforation into the free peritoneum (author's transl)].", "content": "Perforation into the free peritoneum of ulcers of the neck of hiatal hernias is a rare complication. On the basis of one case, which would appear to be the third reported in the literature but the only one in which the special circumstances resulted in the diagnosis being made preoperatively, the authors propose a new therapeutic attitude based upon the physiopathology of ulcers of the neck, combining suturing and reduction of the hernia with anterior repositioning of the greater curvature of the stomach, mobilised according to Thal's technique, and thereby simultaneously producing an anterior hemi-valve.", "contents": "[Ulcers of the neck in hiatal hernias. Perforation into the free peritoneum (author's transl)]. Perforation into the free peritoneum of ulcers of the neck of hiatal hernias is a rare complication. On the basis of one case, which would appear to be the third reported in the literature but the only one in which the special circumstances resulted in the diagnosis being made preoperatively, the authors propose a new therapeutic attitude based upon the physiopathology of ulcers of the neck, combining suturing and reduction of the hernia with anterior repositioning of the greater curvature of the stomach, mobilised according to Thal's technique, and thereby simultaneously producing an anterior hemi-valve.", "PMID": 724441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10048", "title": "[Clometacine hepatitis. 2 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Two women (aged 72 and 78 years) developed hepatitis due to clometacine. The main laboratory abnormalities were raised transaminases and blood eosinophil count. In one of these cases, in which the initial histological lesions had the appearance of aggressive chronic hepatitis, there was progression to cirrhosis despite the interruption of treatment. The mechanism of this hepatotoxicity is probably a hypersensitivity reaction.", "contents": "[Clometacine hepatitis. 2 cases (author's transl)]. Two women (aged 72 and 78 years) developed hepatitis due to clometacine. The main laboratory abnormalities were raised transaminases and blood eosinophil count. In one of these cases, in which the initial histological lesions had the appearance of aggressive chronic hepatitis, there was progression to cirrhosis despite the interruption of treatment. The mechanism of this hepatotoxicity is probably a hypersensitivity reaction.", "PMID": 724456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10049", "title": "[Femoro-popliteal venous thrombectomy by a new balloon catheter (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of a modified Fogarty catheter has been found to considerably facilitate disobliteration of the femoro-popliteal segment. The absence of vascular trauma is felt to be an important factor in ensuring long-term venous permeability.", "contents": "[Femoro-popliteal venous thrombectomy by a new balloon catheter (author's transl)]. The use of a modified Fogarty catheter has been found to considerably facilitate disobliteration of the femoro-popliteal segment. The absence of vascular trauma is felt to be an important factor in ensuring long-term venous permeability.", "PMID": 724457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10050", "title": "[The hormonal basis of discontinuous progestational contraception (author's transl)].", "content": "This study reports the changes in the principal biological parameters seen during the human menstrual cycle (plasma FSH and LH gonadotrophins, oestradiol and progesterone) and provoked by the discontinuous administration of a progestational agent. Fourteen women aged from 25 to 40 years, volunteers, received this treatment. In 9 women, 10 mg of lynoestrenol were administered from the 10th to the 25th day of the cycle. In 5 others, the progestational agent was given at the same dose from the 5th to the 25th day of the cycle. In all cases, there was a rapid and durable fall in gonadotrophins and ovarian steroids in the plasma. These results suggest a marked antigondadotrophic effect of the progestational agent used, which would provide effective contraception. The possibilities offered in the area of human contraception by the dicontinuous administration of progestational agents are discussed in relation with the indications of these substances, in particular during the premenopausal phase and in cases of luteal progesterone insufficiency.", "contents": "[The hormonal basis of discontinuous progestational contraception (author's transl)]. This study reports the changes in the principal biological parameters seen during the human menstrual cycle (plasma FSH and LH gonadotrophins, oestradiol and progesterone) and provoked by the discontinuous administration of a progestational agent. Fourteen women aged from 25 to 40 years, volunteers, received this treatment. In 9 women, 10 mg of lynoestrenol were administered from the 10th to the 25th day of the cycle. In 5 others, the progestational agent was given at the same dose from the 5th to the 25th day of the cycle. In all cases, there was a rapid and durable fall in gonadotrophins and ovarian steroids in the plasma. These results suggest a marked antigondadotrophic effect of the progestational agent used, which would provide effective contraception. The possibilities offered in the area of human contraception by the dicontinuous administration of progestational agents are discussed in relation with the indications of these substances, in particular during the premenopausal phase and in cases of luteal progesterone insufficiency.", "PMID": 724470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10051", "title": "[The Wirsung's duct of in surgical chronic pancreatitis. Radiologial and anatomical study (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of pancreatography findings and the study of operative specimens in 32 cases of duodenopancreatectomy, it was possible to distinguish two groups according to whether or not the duct of Wirsung was dilated. When the duct was not dilated, fibrosis was relatively marked, but disseminated and more notable in sections of the head than in sections of the isthmus. Lithiasis was essentially cephalic, but distributed more or less equally between the duct of Wirsung and the canaliculi. When the duct was dilated, there was marked fibrosis, distributed equally. Lithiasis was radiologically diffuse throughout the organ, but situated in particular in the duct of Wirsung itself.", "contents": "[The Wirsung's duct of in surgical chronic pancreatitis. Radiologial and anatomical study (author's transl)]. On the basis of pancreatography findings and the study of operative specimens in 32 cases of duodenopancreatectomy, it was possible to distinguish two groups according to whether or not the duct of Wirsung was dilated. When the duct was not dilated, fibrosis was relatively marked, but disseminated and more notable in sections of the head than in sections of the isthmus. Lithiasis was essentially cephalic, but distributed more or less equally between the duct of Wirsung and the canaliculi. When the duct was dilated, there was marked fibrosis, distributed equally. Lithiasis was radiologically diffuse throughout the organ, but situated in particular in the duct of Wirsung itself.", "PMID": 724471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10052", "title": "[Hypocomplementaemic leucocytoclasic vasculitis. (Mac Duffie's syndrome). One case with bacterial lymphadenitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Mac Duffie's syndrome includes a hypocomplementaemic allergic vasculitis with essentially cutaneous and articular manifestations. Its pathogenesis, still incompletely elucidated, involves the precipitation of immune complexes in the walls of the all vessels. The problem remains as to whether the alteration in the complement system is merely a reflection of this formation of immune complexes, or if it is primary, favourising the chronic infections which produce such complexes. The significance of the presence of low molecular weight precipitins reacting with C1g in the serum of a number of patients remains uncertain. The case reported, with its new clinical features, does not provide an answer to these questions but emphasises the possible role of chronic infections in the origin of this syndrome.", "contents": "[Hypocomplementaemic leucocytoclasic vasculitis. (Mac Duffie's syndrome). One case with bacterial lymphadenitis (author's transl)]. Mac Duffie's syndrome includes a hypocomplementaemic allergic vasculitis with essentially cutaneous and articular manifestations. Its pathogenesis, still incompletely elucidated, involves the precipitation of immune complexes in the walls of the all vessels. The problem remains as to whether the alteration in the complement system is merely a reflection of this formation of immune complexes, or if it is primary, favourising the chronic infections which produce such complexes. The significance of the presence of low molecular weight precipitins reacting with C1g in the serum of a number of patients remains uncertain. The case reported, with its new clinical features, does not provide an answer to these questions but emphasises the possible role of chronic infections in the origin of this syndrome.", "PMID": 724472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10053", "title": "[Retrograde repair of complex renal artery stenosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 60 cases of renal artery repair with venous or arterial autografts, 20 complex lesions involving the bifurcation and the branches of the artery were corrected by retrograde repair. This means that, after excision of the diseased artery, the graft is sutured to the distal branch(es) first, after which the proximal anastomosis is performed. This technique makes easier the distal sutures which are the most difficult, allowing complex repairs and often avoiding extra-corporeal surgery. The total clamping times were 65 to 110 minutes without any protection of the kidney against ischemia. No adverse effect upon renal function ensued these prolonged clamping times.", "contents": "[Retrograde repair of complex renal artery stenosis (author's transl)]. Among 60 cases of renal artery repair with venous or arterial autografts, 20 complex lesions involving the bifurcation and the branches of the artery were corrected by retrograde repair. This means that, after excision of the diseased artery, the graft is sutured to the distal branch(es) first, after which the proximal anastomosis is performed. This technique makes easier the distal sutures which are the most difficult, allowing complex repairs and often avoiding extra-corporeal surgery. The total clamping times were 65 to 110 minutes without any protection of the kidney against ischemia. No adverse effect upon renal function ensued these prolonged clamping times.", "PMID": 724473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10054", "title": "A specific endonuclease from Bacillus caldolyticus.", "content": "The purification and characterization of a new restriction endonuclease, BclI from the extreme thermophile Bacillus caldolyticus is reported. This enzyme recognizes the sequence : formula: (see text) and cleaves at the positions indicated by the arrows.", "contents": "A specific endonuclease from Bacillus caldolyticus. The purification and characterization of a new restriction endonuclease, BclI from the extreme thermophile Bacillus caldolyticus is reported. This enzyme recognizes the sequence : formula: (see text) and cleaves at the positions indicated by the arrows.", "PMID": 724493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10055", "title": "Effect of histone acetylation on structure and in vitro transcription of chromatin.", "content": "n-Butyrate treatment of growing Hela cells produces a dramatic increase in the levels of histone acetylation. We have exploited this system to study the effect of histone acetylation on chromatin structure. Chromatin containing highly acetylated histones is more rapidly digested to acid-soluble material by DNase I, but not by micrococcal nuclease. The  same pattern of nuclease sensitivity was exhibited by in vitro-assembled chromatin consisting of SV40 DNA Form I and the 2 M salt-extracted core histones from butyrate-treated cells. Using this very defined system, it was possible to demonstrate that acetylated nucleosomes do not have a greatly diminished stability. Stability was measured in terms of exhange of histone cores onto competing naked DNA or sliding of histone cores along ligated naked DNA. Finally, it was shown that acetylated nucleosomes are efficient inhibitors of in vitro RNA synthesis by the E. coli holoenzyme as well as by the mammalian polymerases A and B.", "contents": "Effect of histone acetylation on structure and in vitro transcription of chromatin. n-Butyrate treatment of growing Hela cells produces a dramatic increase in the levels of histone acetylation. We have exploited this system to study the effect of histone acetylation on chromatin structure. Chromatin containing highly acetylated histones is more rapidly digested to acid-soluble material by DNase I, but not by micrococcal nuclease. The  same pattern of nuclease sensitivity was exhibited by in vitro-assembled chromatin consisting of SV40 DNA Form I and the 2 M salt-extracted core histones from butyrate-treated cells. Using this very defined system, it was possible to demonstrate that acetylated nucleosomes do not have a greatly diminished stability. Stability was measured in terms of exhange of histone cores onto competing naked DNA or sliding of histone cores along ligated naked DNA. Finally, it was shown that acetylated nucleosomes are efficient inhibitors of in vitro RNA synthesis by the E. coli holoenzyme as well as by the mammalian polymerases A and B.", "PMID": 724494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10056", "title": "Specific termination of RNA polymerase synthesis as a method of RNA and DNA sequencing.", "content": "Termination of RNA synthesis with 3'-O-Methylnucleoside 5'-triphosphates have been studied using E. coli RNA polymerase holoenzyme and poly [d(A-T)] as well as unfractionated T7 D delta III DNA as templates. It was shown that the termination can be used for DNA sequencing. A sequence of a part of RNA synthesized from AI promoter of the DNA have been determined. Syntheses of four 3'-O-Methylnucleoside 5'-triphosphates are described.", "contents": "Specific termination of RNA polymerase synthesis as a method of RNA and DNA sequencing. Termination of RNA synthesis with 3'-O-Methylnucleoside 5'-triphosphates have been studied using E. coli RNA polymerase holoenzyme and poly [d(A-T)] as well as unfractionated T7 D delta III DNA as templates. It was shown that the termination can be used for DNA sequencing. A sequence of a part of RNA synthesized from AI promoter of the DNA have been determined. Syntheses of four 3'-O-Methylnucleoside 5'-triphosphates are described.", "PMID": 724495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10057", "title": "Photochemical production of psoralen - DNA monoadducts capable of subsequent photocrosslinking.", "content": "Irradiation of 4' -aminomethyl-4,5' ,8-trimethyl psoralen in the presence of DNA at wavelengths between 380 and 400nm leads to efficient production of monoadducts with no significant amount of crosslinking. The yield of monoadduct attainable is high (about 35 adducts per 1000 base pairs) and can be made still higher by repeated irradiation with fresh psoralen derivative. Subsequent irradiation at 350nm results in crosslinking of a almost half of the monoattached psoralen. Studies of the yield of nonoadduct and crosslink as function of irradiation wavelength show that the action spectrum for crosslink formation is blue-shifted relative to that for monoadduct formation.", "contents": "Photochemical production of psoralen - DNA monoadducts capable of subsequent photocrosslinking. Irradiation of 4' -aminomethyl-4,5' ,8-trimethyl psoralen in the presence of DNA at wavelengths between 380 and 400nm leads to efficient production of monoadducts with no significant amount of crosslinking. The yield of monoadduct attainable is high (about 35 adducts per 1000 base pairs) and can be made still higher by repeated irradiation with fresh psoralen derivative. Subsequent irradiation at 350nm results in crosslinking of a almost half of the monoattached psoralen. Studies of the yield of nonoadduct and crosslink as function of irradiation wavelength show that the action spectrum for crosslink formation is blue-shifted relative to that for monoadduct formation.", "PMID": 724496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10058", "title": "The interaction of core histones with DNA: equilibrium binding studies.", "content": "The binding of core histone proteins to DNA, measured as a function of [NaCl[ is a reversible process. Dissociation and reassociation occurs in two stages. Between 0.7 and 1.2 M NaCl H2a H2b bind non-cooperatively as an equimolar complex with deltaGo = 1.6 Kcals/mole at 4 degree C and 1.0 M NaCl. Between 1.2 and 2.0 M NaCl H3 and H4 bind cooperatively as an equimolar complex with delta Go = 7.4 Kcal/mole at 4 degree C and 1.0 M NaCl. The proper binding of H2a and H2b requires the presence of bound H3 and H4. Nuclease digestion of the H3-H4 DNA produces a tetramer of H3-H4 bound to fragments of DNA 145, 125 and 104 base pairs long. Thus an H3-H4 tetramer can protect fragments of DNA as long as those found in complete core particles and must therefore span the nucleosome core particle.", "contents": "The interaction of core histones with DNA: equilibrium binding studies. The binding of core histone proteins to DNA, measured as a function of [NaCl[ is a reversible process. Dissociation and reassociation occurs in two stages. Between 0.7 and 1.2 M NaCl H2a H2b bind non-cooperatively as an equimolar complex with deltaGo = 1.6 Kcals/mole at 4 degree C and 1.0 M NaCl. Between 1.2 and 2.0 M NaCl H3 and H4 bind cooperatively as an equimolar complex with delta Go = 7.4 Kcal/mole at 4 degree C and 1.0 M NaCl. The proper binding of H2a and H2b requires the presence of bound H3 and H4. Nuclease digestion of the H3-H4 DNA produces a tetramer of H3-H4 bound to fragments of DNA 145, 125 and 104 base pairs long. Thus an H3-H4 tetramer can protect fragments of DNA as long as those found in complete core particles and must therefore span the nucleosome core particle.", "PMID": 724497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10059", "title": "Reactions at the termini of tRNA with T4 RNA ligase.", "content": "T4 RNA ligase will catalyze the addition of nucleoside 3', 5'-bisphosphates onto the 3' terminus of tRNA resulting in tRNA molecule one nucleotide longer with a 3' terminal phosphate. Under appropriate conditions the reaction is quantitative and, if high specific radioactivity bisphosphates are used, it provides an efficient means for in vitro labeling of tRNA. Although the 3' terminal hydroxyl is a good acceptor, the 5' terminal phosphate in most tRNA's is not an effective donor in the RNA ligase reaction. This poor reactivity is due to the secondary structure of the 5' terminal nucleotide. If E. Coli tRNAf Met is used, the 5' phosphate is reactive and the major product with RNA ligase is the cyclic tRNA.", "contents": "Reactions at the termini of tRNA with T4 RNA ligase. T4 RNA ligase will catalyze the addition of nucleoside 3', 5'-bisphosphates onto the 3' terminus of tRNA resulting in tRNA molecule one nucleotide longer with a 3' terminal phosphate. Under appropriate conditions the reaction is quantitative and, if high specific radioactivity bisphosphates are used, it provides an efficient means for in vitro labeling of tRNA. Although the 3' terminal hydroxyl is a good acceptor, the 5' terminal phosphate in most tRNA's is not an effective donor in the RNA ligase reaction. This poor reactivity is due to the secondary structure of the 5' terminal nucleotide. If E. Coli tRNAf Met is used, the 5' phosphate is reactive and the major product with RNA ligase is the cyclic tRNA.", "PMID": 724498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10060", "title": "Chromatin fiber dimensions and nucleosome orientation: a neutron scattering investigation.", "content": "Chromatin fibers were studied in solutions of mM monovalent salt by small angle neutron scattering. The variation of the cross section radius of gyration with H2O/D2O contrast shows that DNA is at much larger average radial distances from the fiber axis than histone. Consequently, the coils of DNA in a core particle must be approximately parallel to the fiber direction. The radii of gyration suggest that the maximum diameter of chromatin and nucleosomes is approximately 14 nm and that the DNA id distributed in two radial layers. The concentration dependence of the scattering maxima near 14 nm spacings furnishes independent support for a 14 nm external diameter and can be interpreted by a double DNA layer configuration.", "contents": "Chromatin fiber dimensions and nucleosome orientation: a neutron scattering investigation. Chromatin fibers were studied in solutions of mM monovalent salt by small angle neutron scattering. The variation of the cross section radius of gyration with H2O/D2O contrast shows that DNA is at much larger average radial distances from the fiber axis than histone. Consequently, the coils of DNA in a core particle must be approximately parallel to the fiber direction. The radii of gyration suggest that the maximum diameter of chromatin and nucleosomes is approximately 14 nm and that the DNA id distributed in two radial layers. The concentration dependence of the scattering maxima near 14 nm spacings furnishes independent support for a 14 nm external diameter and can be interpreted by a double DNA layer configuration.", "PMID": 724499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10061", "title": "Photosnesitization of DNA by gold.", "content": "Au (III) reacts with DNA at pH 5.6 to form a complex which is sensitive to mid-UV radiation. Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers are produced at some 15 to 30 times the rate that they are in untreated DNA. The mechanism of photosensitization appears to involve energy absorption by Au-urine and Au-cytosine adducts which can then transfer energy to thymine residues. There is no evidence for a \"heavy atom\" effect which enables metals such as Ag to mix excited states of DNA and to increase the quantum yields of some photoproducts. The use of mid-UV radiation as a probe for investigating the interaction between DNA and drugs such as sodium aurothiomalate is discussed.", "contents": "Photosnesitization of DNA by gold. Au (III) reacts with DNA at pH 5.6 to form a complex which is sensitive to mid-UV radiation. Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers are produced at some 15 to 30 times the rate that they are in untreated DNA. The mechanism of photosensitization appears to involve energy absorption by Au-urine and Au-cytosine adducts which can then transfer energy to thymine residues. There is no evidence for a \"heavy atom\" effect which enables metals such as Ag to mix excited states of DNA and to increase the quantum yields of some photoproducts. The use of mid-UV radiation as a probe for investigating the interaction between DNA and drugs such as sodium aurothiomalate is discussed.", "PMID": 724500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10062", "title": "Study of DNA-spermine interactions by use of small-angle and wide-angle X-ray scattering and circular dichroism.", "content": "Circular dichroism measurements with DNA-spermine complexes at 0.075 M NaCl and at 0.15 M NaCl reveal +psi (type I) and -psi (type II) CD spectra respectively. From small-angle X-ray scattering studies it could be shown that type I has a long-range order, short-range order supramolecular structure, while type II is of long-range disorder, short-range disorder structure. The secondary structure of the DNA in both types of condensates is B-like as concluded from wide-angle X-ray scattering diagrams of the condensates and from a comparison with the wide-angle X-ray curves of DNA and RNA in solution.", "contents": "Study of DNA-spermine interactions by use of small-angle and wide-angle X-ray scattering and circular dichroism. Circular dichroism measurements with DNA-spermine complexes at 0.075 M NaCl and at 0.15 M NaCl reveal +psi (type I) and -psi (type II) CD spectra respectively. From small-angle X-ray scattering studies it could be shown that type I has a long-range order, short-range order supramolecular structure, while type II is of long-range disorder, short-range disorder structure. The secondary structure of the DNA in both types of condensates is B-like as concluded from wide-angle X-ray scattering diagrams of the condensates and from a comparison with the wide-angle X-ray curves of DNA and RNA in solution.", "PMID": 724501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10063", "title": "Semi-conservative transcription in particles of a double-stranded RNA mycovirus.", "content": "During transcription in vitro catalysed by the virion RNA polymerase of Aspergillus foetidus virus AfV-S in the presence of tritiated UTP, the virus double-stranded RNA becomes labelled in one strand, which has the same sequence as the single-stranded RNA transcripts produced. Most of the label incorporated into double-stranded RNA could be chased into single stranded RNA by further reaction with excess unlabelled nucleoside triphosphates. In reactions containing tritiated UTP the single-stranded RNA transcripts released after the first round of transcription were unlabelled. It is concluded that transcription in virions of AfV-S occurs by displacement of one of the strands of double-stranded RNA by the RNA strand being newly synthesised i.e. the reaction is semi-conservative with respect to double-stranded RNA.", "contents": "Semi-conservative transcription in particles of a double-stranded RNA mycovirus. During transcription in vitro catalysed by the virion RNA polymerase of Aspergillus foetidus virus AfV-S in the presence of tritiated UTP, the virus double-stranded RNA becomes labelled in one strand, which has the same sequence as the single-stranded RNA transcripts produced. Most of the label incorporated into double-stranded RNA could be chased into single stranded RNA by further reaction with excess unlabelled nucleoside triphosphates. In reactions containing tritiated UTP the single-stranded RNA transcripts released after the first round of transcription were unlabelled. It is concluded that transcription in virions of AfV-S occurs by displacement of one of the strands of double-stranded RNA by the RNA strand being newly synthesised i.e. the reaction is semi-conservative with respect to double-stranded RNA.", "PMID": 724502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10064", "title": "RNA synthesis in isolated nuclei: the use of mercurated nucleotides.", "content": "We have used uridine 5' triphosphate-5-mercury (Hg-UTP) in place of UTP to study RNA synthesis in a previously described isolated nuclei system (1). Employing isopycnic density gradient centrifugation to separate RNAs based upon their relative content of Hg-U, several conclusions can be drawn. In vitro RNA synthesis consists of end addition onto pre-initiated HnRNA molecules as well as apparent initiation of new HnRNA molecules de novo. Synthesis in our system continues linearly for greater than two hours. The chain elongation rate has been measured to be about 500 nucleotides per minute. The methods used to make these measurements are generally applicable to other in vitro systems.", "contents": "RNA synthesis in isolated nuclei: the use of mercurated nucleotides. We have used uridine 5' triphosphate-5-mercury (Hg-UTP) in place of UTP to study RNA synthesis in a previously described isolated nuclei system (1). Employing isopycnic density gradient centrifugation to separate RNAs based upon their relative content of Hg-U, several conclusions can be drawn. In vitro RNA synthesis consists of end addition onto pre-initiated HnRNA molecules as well as apparent initiation of new HnRNA molecules de novo. Synthesis in our system continues linearly for greater than two hours. The chain elongation rate has been measured to be about 500 nucleotides per minute. The methods used to make these measurements are generally applicable to other in vitro systems.", "PMID": 724503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10065", "title": "In vitro transcription of vitellogenin sequences on chick liver chromatin.", "content": "The in vitro transcription of chick liver chromatin before and after estrogen treatment was studied. Transcription was by endogenous as well as homologous exogenous RNA polymerase II and the products were analyzed for size and specific vitellogenin sequences. Quantitatively more RNA was synthesized from chromatin of 24 h estrogen-treated (E 24) chicks than from that of untreated chicks. In either case the size of transcribed RNA ranged from 5S to larger than 28S and most was between 5S and 18S. When a fraction enriched in estrogen receptor (E-Rec) complex was added to chromatin from untreated chicks, a dramatic shift of the RNA transcribed into heavier regions occurred. Analysis of RNA transcripts by hybridization to cDNAvit showed an equal number of sequences transcribed from E 24 chromatin and control; however, 13 times more specific sequences were transcribed in the presence of E-Rec complex. The results indicate the E-Rec complex exerts a regulatory function in the specific transcription of the vitellogenin gene.", "contents": "In vitro transcription of vitellogenin sequences on chick liver chromatin. The in vitro transcription of chick liver chromatin before and after estrogen treatment was studied. Transcription was by endogenous as well as homologous exogenous RNA polymerase II and the products were analyzed for size and specific vitellogenin sequences. Quantitatively more RNA was synthesized from chromatin of 24 h estrogen-treated (E 24) chicks than from that of untreated chicks. In either case the size of transcribed RNA ranged from 5S to larger than 28S and most was between 5S and 18S. When a fraction enriched in estrogen receptor (E-Rec) complex was added to chromatin from untreated chicks, a dramatic shift of the RNA transcribed into heavier regions occurred. Analysis of RNA transcripts by hybridization to cDNAvit showed an equal number of sequences transcribed from E 24 chromatin and control; however, 13 times more specific sequences were transcribed in the presence of E-Rec complex. The results indicate the E-Rec complex exerts a regulatory function in the specific transcription of the vitellogenin gene.", "PMID": 724504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10066", "title": "Ribonucleotidyl transferase in preparations of partially purified DNA polymerase alpha of the sea urchin.", "content": "Three ribonucleotidyl transferase types have been described in the sea urchin: riboadenylate trnasferase, the DNA dependent RNA polymerases, and a DNA polymerase associated ribonucleotidyl transferase (Biochemistry 15:3106-3113, 1976). In the present work this latter ribonucleotidyl transferase was found to purify with DNA polymerase alpha through phosphocellulose, DEAE-Sephadex and DNA cellulose and to cosediment at 6.5 S. This ribonucleotidyl transferase was active with Mn+2, but not Mg+2, on calf thymus DNA and poly(dC). Other synthetic templates elicited DNA polymerase alpha but no ribonucleotidyl transferase activity. From alkaline hydrolysates of the poly(dC) directed GTP polymerization, we found Goh and Gp in a ratio of 1:16 indicating an average chain length of 17 residues after a 20 min reaction. Co-polymerization of GTP (5 micrometer) and dGTP (10 micrometer) yielded a non-random distribution of the ribonucleotide in the deoxyribonucleotide. The properties of this urchin ribonucleotidyl transferase are unlike any previously described eukaryotic transferase and the data is discussed with reference to the known properties of E. coli DNA polymerase I  and the primase.", "contents": "Ribonucleotidyl transferase in preparations of partially purified DNA polymerase alpha of the sea urchin. Three ribonucleotidyl transferase types have been described in the sea urchin: riboadenylate trnasferase, the DNA dependent RNA polymerases, and a DNA polymerase associated ribonucleotidyl transferase (Biochemistry 15:3106-3113, 1976). In the present work this latter ribonucleotidyl transferase was found to purify with DNA polymerase alpha through phosphocellulose, DEAE-Sephadex and DNA cellulose and to cosediment at 6.5 S. This ribonucleotidyl transferase was active with Mn+2, but not Mg+2, on calf thymus DNA and poly(dC). Other synthetic templates elicited DNA polymerase alpha but no ribonucleotidyl transferase activity. From alkaline hydrolysates of the poly(dC) directed GTP polymerization, we found Goh and Gp in a ratio of 1:16 indicating an average chain length of 17 residues after a 20 min reaction. Co-polymerization of GTP (5 micrometer) and dGTP (10 micrometer) yielded a non-random distribution of the ribonucleotide in the deoxyribonucleotide. The properties of this urchin ribonucleotidyl transferase are unlike any previously described eukaryotic transferase and the data is discussed with reference to the known properties of E. coli DNA polymerase I  and the primase.", "PMID": 724505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10067", "title": "Transcriptional properties of nucleoli isolated from Tetrahymena.", "content": "Nucleoli can be isolated from Tetrahymena in a yield of 30-60%. The isolated nucleoli contain rDNA (at least 90% pure) and have a protein to DNA ratio of 30:1. The endogenous RNA-polymerase activity of the r-chromatin has the following properties: (i) The in vitro transcript has a maximal size identical to the in vivo 35S rRNA precursor, demonstrating correct termination on the gene, (ii) 79% of the in vitro transcript is complementary to cDNA of 17S and 25S rRNA which is close to the theoretical maximum for the 35S rRNA precursor, (iii) the elongation rate of the endogenous RNA-polymerase molecules is 9-12 nucleotides/sec, (iv) an average of 4-16 active RNA polymerases are associated with each rDNA molecule depending upon the preparation.", "contents": "Transcriptional properties of nucleoli isolated from Tetrahymena. Nucleoli can be isolated from Tetrahymena in a yield of 30-60%. The isolated nucleoli contain rDNA (at least 90% pure) and have a protein to DNA ratio of 30:1. The endogenous RNA-polymerase activity of the r-chromatin has the following properties: (i) The in vitro transcript has a maximal size identical to the in vivo 35S rRNA precursor, demonstrating correct termination on the gene, (ii) 79% of the in vitro transcript is complementary to cDNA of 17S and 25S rRNA which is close to the theoretical maximum for the 35S rRNA precursor, (iii) the elongation rate of the endogenous RNA-polymerase molecules is 9-12 nucleotides/sec, (iv) an average of 4-16 active RNA polymerases are associated with each rDNA molecule depending upon the preparation.", "PMID": 724506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10068", "title": "A new RNA-RNA crosslinking reagent and its application to ribosomal 5S RNA.", "content": "The synthesis of a new RNA specific bifunctional crosslinking reagent, 1.4-phenyl-diglyoxal, is described which reacts exclusively with guanosines. The properties of the crosslinked products enabled us to develop a straightforward method for identifying the reacted nucleotides. Results obtained with ribosomal 5S RNA of Escherichia coli demonstrate the formation of an intramolecular crosslink between guanosine-2 and guanosine-112 in the stem region.", "contents": "A new RNA-RNA crosslinking reagent and its application to ribosomal 5S RNA. The synthesis of a new RNA specific bifunctional crosslinking reagent, 1.4-phenyl-diglyoxal, is described which reacts exclusively with guanosines. The properties of the crosslinked products enabled us to develop a straightforward method for identifying the reacted nucleotides. Results obtained with ribosomal 5S RNA of Escherichia coli demonstrate the formation of an intramolecular crosslink between guanosine-2 and guanosine-112 in the stem region.", "PMID": 724507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10069", "title": "The 1360 bp long basic repeat unit of calf satellite I DNA contains GC rich nucleus of about 140 bp.", "content": "Fine melting profiles of calf satellite I DNA and its fragments obtained after digestion with endoR.EcoRI and endoR.AluI nucleases were investigated. It is shown that the 1360 bp basic repeat unit of calf satellite I DNA contains an about 140 bp long GC rich nucleus. It is localized on the 600 bp restriction fragment obtained after digestion of 1360 bp fragment with endoR.AluI nuclease. The main part of satellite I DNA melts as loops between such GC rich nuclei which strongly influence the melting properties of this satellite. There exist significant differences between the thermal stabilities of fragments containing many nuclei, one nucleus and those in which such nucleus is absent.", "contents": "The 1360 bp long basic repeat unit of calf satellite I DNA contains GC rich nucleus of about 140 bp. Fine melting profiles of calf satellite I DNA and its fragments obtained after digestion with endoR.EcoRI and endoR.AluI nucleases were investigated. It is shown that the 1360 bp basic repeat unit of calf satellite I DNA contains an about 140 bp long GC rich nucleus. It is localized on the 600 bp restriction fragment obtained after digestion of 1360 bp fragment with endoR.AluI nuclease. The main part of satellite I DNA melts as loops between such GC rich nuclei which strongly influence the melting properties of this satellite. There exist significant differences between the thermal stabilities of fragments containing many nuclei, one nucleus and those in which such nucleus is absent.", "PMID": 724508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10070", "title": "Search for DNA interchange corresponding to sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster ovary cells.", "content": "Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) grown for one cycle in bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) contain a small amount (0.5%) of unusually dense double stranded DNA. This dense DNA has been previously interpreted as being bifilarly substituted with BrdU and hence evidence that sister chromatid exchange (SCE) formation proceeds via the Holliday model of recombination. However, the amount of this dense DNA is 100 times greater than that expected based on the SCE frequency in similarly cultured CHO cells, and it is not increased by treating the cells with mitomycin C. Moreover, contrary to expectations for bifilary substituted DNA, the amount of this dense DNA is not reduced by growing BrdU-labeled cells for a second cycle in TdR. Finally, DNA isolated from CHO cells contains a minor band (0.5%) with a density 0.025 gm/cc greater than that of the main band, whether or not BrdU has been incorporated. These results call into question the identification of this unusually dense DNA as bifilarly substituted and hence its previously postulated relationship to SCE formation.", "contents": "Search for DNA interchange corresponding to sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) grown for one cycle in bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) contain a small amount (0.5%) of unusually dense double stranded DNA. This dense DNA has been previously interpreted as being bifilarly substituted with BrdU and hence evidence that sister chromatid exchange (SCE) formation proceeds via the Holliday model of recombination. However, the amount of this dense DNA is 100 times greater than that expected based on the SCE frequency in similarly cultured CHO cells, and it is not increased by treating the cells with mitomycin C. Moreover, contrary to expectations for bifilary substituted DNA, the amount of this dense DNA is not reduced by growing BrdU-labeled cells for a second cycle in TdR. Finally, DNA isolated from CHO cells contains a minor band (0.5%) with a density 0.025 gm/cc greater than that of the main band, whether or not BrdU has been incorporated. These results call into question the identification of this unusually dense DNA as bifilarly substituted and hence its previously postulated relationship to SCE formation.", "PMID": 724509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10071", "title": "A computer assisted method for the determination of restriction enzyme recognifion sites.", "content": "A computer program has been developed which aids in the determination of restriction enzyme recognition sequences. This is achieved by cleaving DNAs of known sequence with a restriction endonuclease and comparing the fragmentation pattern with a computer-generated set of patterns. The feasibility of this approach has been tested using fragmentation patterns of 0X174 DNA produced by enzymes of both known and unknown specificity. Recognition sequences are predicted for two restriction endonucleases (BbvI and SfaNI) using this method. In addition, recognition sequences are predicted for two other new enzymes (PvuI and MstI) using another computer-assisted method.", "contents": "A computer assisted method for the determination of restriction enzyme recognifion sites. A computer program has been developed which aids in the determination of restriction enzyme recognition sequences. This is achieved by cleaving DNAs of known sequence with a restriction endonuclease and comparing the fragmentation pattern with a computer-generated set of patterns. The feasibility of this approach has been tested using fragmentation patterns of 0X174 DNA produced by enzymes of both known and unknown specificity. Recognition sequences are predicted for two restriction endonucleases (BbvI and SfaNI) using this method. In addition, recognition sequences are predicted for two other new enzymes (PvuI and MstI) using another computer-assisted method.", "PMID": 724510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10072", "title": "RNA synthesis in myeloma cells synchronized by isoleucine starvation.", "content": "Myeloma cells have been synchronized by isoleucine starvation. Changes in RNA synthetic rates as a result of starvation have been studied. The ability of isolated nuclei to synthesize RNA declines on starvation and increases subsequently on refeeding isoleucine. There is a coordinate drop in synthetic rate for all three polymerases both in vivo and in vitro. The chain elongation rate in vitro is the same in starved and normal cells, so the difference is in the number of active polymerases in vitro. However, the nuclei do not exactly parallel the state of the cell from which they were isolated, but the in vitro RNA synthesis increases more slowly than the in vivo RNA synthesis. There is no change in relative amounts of synthesis by the different RNA polymerases. The in vitro RNA product is similar in starved and growing cells.", "contents": "RNA synthesis in myeloma cells synchronized by isoleucine starvation. Myeloma cells have been synchronized by isoleucine starvation. Changes in RNA synthetic rates as a result of starvation have been studied. The ability of isolated nuclei to synthesize RNA declines on starvation and increases subsequently on refeeding isoleucine. There is a coordinate drop in synthetic rate for all three polymerases both in vivo and in vitro. The chain elongation rate in vitro is the same in starved and normal cells, so the difference is in the number of active polymerases in vitro. However, the nuclei do not exactly parallel the state of the cell from which they were isolated, but the in vitro RNA synthesis increases more slowly than the in vivo RNA synthesis. There is no change in relative amounts of synthesis by the different RNA polymerases. The in vitro RNA product is similar in starved and growing cells.", "PMID": 724511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10073", "title": "Interaction of tobacco mosaic virus protein with synthetic polynucleotides containing a fluorescent label: optical properties of poly(A,epsilonA) and poly(C,epsilonC) copolymers and energy migration from the tryptophan to 1,N6-ethenoadenine or 3,N4-ethenocytosine residues in RNP.", "content": "A spectrophotometric method for determination of the modification degrees and molar extinction coefficients for poly(A, epsilonA) and poly(C, epsilonC) copolymers has been developed. Dependence of some absorption and fluorescence parameters of the copolymers on the modification degree has been studied. Distribution of modified residues in copolymers differs from random and depends on modification conditions. Interaction between the TMV protein and copolymers has been investigated. The protein interacts with poly(A, epsilonA) of low or medium modification degree and displays no activity with respect to poly(epsilonA). On the contrary, introduction of epsilonC to the polynucleotide promotes complex formation between poly(C, epsilonC) and TMV protein. Analysis of the fluorescence emission and excitation spectra has revealed energy transfer from tryptophan to epsilonA or epsilon C in the RNP to occur and permits one to estimate the average distance between Trp (presumably Trp 52)o and the RNA base binding region in the virus to be 17 to 20 A.", "contents": "Interaction of tobacco mosaic virus protein with synthetic polynucleotides containing a fluorescent label: optical properties of poly(A,epsilonA) and poly(C,epsilonC) copolymers and energy migration from the tryptophan to 1,N6-ethenoadenine or 3,N4-ethenocytosine residues in RNP. A spectrophotometric method for determination of the modification degrees and molar extinction coefficients for poly(A, epsilonA) and poly(C, epsilonC) copolymers has been developed. Dependence of some absorption and fluorescence parameters of the copolymers on the modification degree has been studied. Distribution of modified residues in copolymers differs from random and depends on modification conditions. Interaction between the TMV protein and copolymers has been investigated. The protein interacts with poly(A, epsilonA) of low or medium modification degree and displays no activity with respect to poly(epsilonA). On the contrary, introduction of epsilonC to the polynucleotide promotes complex formation between poly(C, epsilonC) and TMV protein. Analysis of the fluorescence emission and excitation spectra has revealed energy transfer from tryptophan to epsilonA or epsilon C in the RNP to occur and permits one to estimate the average distance between Trp (presumably Trp 52)o and the RNA base binding region in the virus to be 17 to 20 A.", "PMID": 724512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10074", "title": "Nucleosomes arrangement in chromatin.", "content": "The spatial arrangement of nucleosomes in rat liver chromatin has been examined using the electric birefringence technique. All chromatin subunits studied (up to 9 consecutive nucleosomes) contain their full complement of the five histone types associated with about 200 base pairs repeat length DNA. From the relaxation times and the orientation mechanisms, the nucleosome may be assimilated to an oblate ellipsoid of dimensions about 140 x 140 x 70 A, and the DNA superhelical axis is parallel to its shorter axis. The most important result is a sharp transition in the electro-optical properties of subunits when the number of nucleosomes in the chain is greater than 6 : the initial negative birefringence, as for DNA, becomes positive and the relaxation time is multiplied by ten. The hexanucleosome, which presents no birefringence, has an helical symmetrical structure without preferential orientation axis. This structure is approximatively spherical of about 250 A diameter and the chromatin appears as a periodic array of such a structure.", "contents": "Nucleosomes arrangement in chromatin. The spatial arrangement of nucleosomes in rat liver chromatin has been examined using the electric birefringence technique. All chromatin subunits studied (up to 9 consecutive nucleosomes) contain their full complement of the five histone types associated with about 200 base pairs repeat length DNA. From the relaxation times and the orientation mechanisms, the nucleosome may be assimilated to an oblate ellipsoid of dimensions about 140 x 140 x 70 A, and the DNA superhelical axis is parallel to its shorter axis. The most important result is a sharp transition in the electro-optical properties of subunits when the number of nucleosomes in the chain is greater than 6 : the initial negative birefringence, as for DNA, becomes positive and the relaxation time is multiplied by ten. The hexanucleosome, which presents no birefringence, has an helical symmetrical structure without preferential orientation axis. This structure is approximatively spherical of about 250 A diameter and the chromatin appears as a periodic array of such a structure.", "PMID": 724513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10075", "title": "Histone-DNA interactions within chromatin. Isolation of histones from DNA-histone adducts induced in nuclei by UV light.", "content": "We have developed a method by which to isolate histones that have been crosslinked to DNA following irradiation of calf thymus nuclei by UV light. The procedure involves separation of protein-DNA adducts from uncrosslinked protein by Sepharose 4B chromatography under dissociating conditions. Histones which are crosslinked to DNA are released by chemical hydrolysis of the DNA and identified by SDS gel electrophoresis. The results indicate that, of the histones, H1 and H3 become crosslinked to the DNA most readily under our irradiation conditions.", "contents": "Histone-DNA interactions within chromatin. Isolation of histones from DNA-histone adducts induced in nuclei by UV light. We have developed a method by which to isolate histones that have been crosslinked to DNA following irradiation of calf thymus nuclei by UV light. The procedure involves separation of protein-DNA adducts from uncrosslinked protein by Sepharose 4B chromatography under dissociating conditions. Histones which are crosslinked to DNA are released by chemical hydrolysis of the DNA and identified by SDS gel electrophoresis. The results indicate that, of the histones, H1 and H3 become crosslinked to the DNA most readily under our irradiation conditions.", "PMID": 724514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10076", "title": "Isolation of discrete repetitive sequence classes from Xenopus DNA by high temperature reassociation.", "content": "Sequences that did or did not reassociate at 75 dagrees C (stable and unstable, respectively) were isolated from total repetitive Xenopus laevis DNA. Sequence complexities or frequencies were determined by self (minicot) or DNA excess (slave minicot) reassociations at 60 degrees C. Stable sequences were five times shorter and four times more frequent than unstable sequences. Reassociations at 75 degrees C or at 50 degrees C were used to establish apparent sequence frequencies at these criteria. Interspersion curves at either 60 degrees C or 75 degrees C and low Cot reassociation of long fragments of total X. laevis DNA at either 60 degrees C or 75 degrees C, followed by S1 digestion and agarose chromatography, were used to determine genome arrangement of the stable and unstable classes of sequence. Reassociation at high temperature was found to permit the fractionation of repetitive sequences into two populations of differing characteristics.", "contents": "Isolation of discrete repetitive sequence classes from Xenopus DNA by high temperature reassociation. Sequences that did or did not reassociate at 75 dagrees C (stable and unstable, respectively) were isolated from total repetitive Xenopus laevis DNA. Sequence complexities or frequencies were determined by self (minicot) or DNA excess (slave minicot) reassociations at 60 degrees C. Stable sequences were five times shorter and four times more frequent than unstable sequences. Reassociations at 75 degrees C or at 50 degrees C were used to establish apparent sequence frequencies at these criteria. Interspersion curves at either 60 degrees C or 75 degrees C and low Cot reassociation of long fragments of total X. laevis DNA at either 60 degrees C or 75 degrees C, followed by S1 digestion and agarose chromatography, were used to determine genome arrangement of the stable and unstable classes of sequence. Reassociation at high temperature was found to permit the fractionation of repetitive sequences into two populations of differing characteristics.", "PMID": 724515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10077", "title": "DNA ligase activity in UV-irradiated monkey kidney cells.", "content": "The DNA ligase activity of monkey kidney CV-1 cells has been measured at different stages of culture growth and after different time intervals following ultraviolet irradiation. Results indicate that: - The level of enzyme activity is about twice higher in non synchronous, rapidly dividing cells than in confluent cultures. - UV-irradiation of cells induces a \"de novo\" synthesis of DNA ligase. - This induction is dose dependent in its extent and kinetics, and may lead to a DNA ligase level in UV-irradiated stationary cultures of the same order as observed in unirradiated exponentially growing cells. - This induction seems to be independent of semiconservative DNA synthesis since it is not affected by fluorodeoxyuridine.", "contents": "DNA ligase activity in UV-irradiated monkey kidney cells. The DNA ligase activity of monkey kidney CV-1 cells has been measured at different stages of culture growth and after different time intervals following ultraviolet irradiation. Results indicate that: - The level of enzyme activity is about twice higher in non synchronous, rapidly dividing cells than in confluent cultures. - UV-irradiation of cells induces a \"de novo\" synthesis of DNA ligase. - This induction is dose dependent in its extent and kinetics, and may lead to a DNA ligase level in UV-irradiated stationary cultures of the same order as observed in unirradiated exponentially growing cells. - This induction seems to be independent of semiconservative DNA synthesis since it is not affected by fluorodeoxyuridine.", "PMID": 724516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10078", "title": "Most short DNA molecules isolated from 3T3 cells are not nascent.", "content": "The population of short DNA molecules (less than 10(3) nucleotides) in 3T3 cells has been studied using in vivo and in vitro pulse labeling techniques and in vitro end-labeling. There is a large number of molecules of less than 100 nucleotides present in equal numbers in both Go and S phase cells. In S phase cells, most of these molecules are not replicating intermediates because they do not become density-labeled after a moderate period of substitution of BrdUMP, although they are detected by end-labeling in vitro. This population includes the nascent Okazaki pieces that can be labeled in a short pulse with [3H]dThd or [3H]dTTP, however, these represent less than 10% of the total population. Alkaline hydrolysis of the molecules that had been end-labeled with 32P using [gamma32P]ATP and polynucleotide kinase did not reveal significant release of [32P] 2'(3'), 5' ribonucleoside diphosphates.", "contents": "Most short DNA molecules isolated from 3T3 cells are not nascent. The population of short DNA molecules (less than 10(3) nucleotides) in 3T3 cells has been studied using in vivo and in vitro pulse labeling techniques and in vitro end-labeling. There is a large number of molecules of less than 100 nucleotides present in equal numbers in both Go and S phase cells. In S phase cells, most of these molecules are not replicating intermediates because they do not become density-labeled after a moderate period of substitution of BrdUMP, although they are detected by end-labeling in vitro. This population includes the nascent Okazaki pieces that can be labeled in a short pulse with [3H]dThd or [3H]dTTP, however, these represent less than 10% of the total population. Alkaline hydrolysis of the molecules that had been end-labeled with 32P using [gamma32P]ATP and polynucleotide kinase did not reveal significant release of [32P] 2'(3'), 5' ribonucleoside diphosphates.", "PMID": 724517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10079", "title": "Zwitterionic character of nucleotides: possible significance in the evolution of nucleic acids.", "content": "X-ray crystallography has shown that the free acids of adenosine 5'- and 3'-monophosphates and of cytidine 5'- and 3'-monophosphates exist as zwiterions in the solid state with protonation of the adenine base at the N(1) site and of the cytosine base at the corresponding site N(3) and the phosphate group negatively charged. In this paper, evidence is presented for the zwitterionic character of the free acids of the monomeric nucleotides guanosine 5'-monophosphate and inosine 5'-monophosphate with protonation of the base at the N(7) site of the imidazole moiety.", "contents": "Zwitterionic character of nucleotides: possible significance in the evolution of nucleic acids. X-ray crystallography has shown that the free acids of adenosine 5'- and 3'-monophosphates and of cytidine 5'- and 3'-monophosphates exist as zwiterions in the solid state with protonation of the adenine base at the N(1) site and of the cytosine base at the corresponding site N(3) and the phosphate group negatively charged. In this paper, evidence is presented for the zwitterionic character of the free acids of the monomeric nucleotides guanosine 5'-monophosphate and inosine 5'-monophosphate with protonation of the base at the N(7) site of the imidazole moiety.", "PMID": 724518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10080", "title": "Methylation status of 13S ribosomal RNA from hamster mitochondria: the presence of a novel riboside, N4-methylcytidine.", "content": "The ribosomal RNA (\"13S\" RNA) of the small ribosomal subunit of hamster cell mitochondria has been found to have a distinctive pattern of methylated residues. Each molecule contained, on the average, approximately one residue of m4Cp, m5Cp and m5Up, and two residues of m62Ap. The natural occurrence of m4Cp has not previously been reported; we propose that this nucleotide is homologous to its ribose-methylated congener, m4Cmp, which is characteristic of bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA. We detected neither m4Cp nor m4Cmp in the hamster cell cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA. This is the first documentation of a modified residue present in mitochondrial RNA but absent from the cytoplasmic RNA of the same cells.", "contents": "Methylation status of 13S ribosomal RNA from hamster mitochondria: the presence of a novel riboside, N4-methylcytidine. The ribosomal RNA (\"13S\" RNA) of the small ribosomal subunit of hamster cell mitochondria has been found to have a distinctive pattern of methylated residues. Each molecule contained, on the average, approximately one residue of m4Cp, m5Cp and m5Up, and two residues of m62Ap. The natural occurrence of m4Cp has not previously been reported; we propose that this nucleotide is homologous to its ribose-methylated congener, m4Cmp, which is characteristic of bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA. We detected neither m4Cp nor m4Cmp in the hamster cell cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA. This is the first documentation of a modified residue present in mitochondrial RNA but absent from the cytoplasmic RNA of the same cells.", "PMID": 724519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10081", "title": "Spatial configuration of deoxyribotrinucleoside diphosphates in aqueous solution.", "content": "The detailed conformational features and dynamics of the naturally occurring deoxyribotrinucleoside diphosphates d-TpTpT and d-TpTpC have been investigated at 20 degrees C and 80 degrees C in aqueous solution by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The observed NMR parameters indicate that the conformational properties of the trimers are very similar to those of the constituent dimers and monomers, i.e., the monomers and dimers conserve their intrinsic conformational features when they become incorporated into oligomers. Model building indicate that the distant shieldings can originate from spatial configurations in which the central nucleotidyl unit is bulged out and the w'1w1, w'2w2 occupy /g+g+, g+g+/ domains.", "contents": "Spatial configuration of deoxyribotrinucleoside diphosphates in aqueous solution. The detailed conformational features and dynamics of the naturally occurring deoxyribotrinucleoside diphosphates d-TpTpT and d-TpTpC have been investigated at 20 degrees C and 80 degrees C in aqueous solution by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The observed NMR parameters indicate that the conformational properties of the trimers are very similar to those of the constituent dimers and monomers, i.e., the monomers and dimers conserve their intrinsic conformational features when they become incorporated into oligomers. Model building indicate that the distant shieldings can originate from spatial configurations in which the central nucleotidyl unit is bulged out and the w'1w1, w'2w2 occupy /g+g+, g+g+/ domains.", "PMID": 724520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10082", "title": "Stacking of Crick Wobble pair and Watson-Crick pair: stability rules of G-U pairs at ends of helical stems in tRNAs and the relation to codon-anticodon Wobble interaction.", "content": "The occurrence of the noncomplementary G-U base pair at the end of a helix is found to be governed by stacking interactions. As a rule, a G-U pair with G on the 5'-side of a Watson-Crick base pair exhibits strikingly greater stacking overlap with the Watson-Crick base pair than a G-U pair on the 3'-side of a Watson-Crick base pair. The former arrangement is expected to be more stable and indeed is observed 29 times out of 32 in the known transfer RNA molecules. In accordance with this rule, the major wobble base pairs G-U or I-U in codon-anticodon interactions have G or I on the 5'-side of the anticodon. Similarly, in initiator tRNAs, this rule is obeyed where now the G is the first letter of the codon (5'-side). In the situation where U is in the wobble position of the anticodon, it is usually substituted at C(5) andmay also have a 2-thio group and it can read one to four codons depending on its modifications. A G at the wobble position of the anticodon can recognize the two codons ending with U or C and modification of G (unless it is I) does not change its reading properties.", "contents": "Stacking of Crick Wobble pair and Watson-Crick pair: stability rules of G-U pairs at ends of helical stems in tRNAs and the relation to codon-anticodon Wobble interaction. The occurrence of the noncomplementary G-U base pair at the end of a helix is found to be governed by stacking interactions. As a rule, a G-U pair with G on the 5'-side of a Watson-Crick base pair exhibits strikingly greater stacking overlap with the Watson-Crick base pair than a G-U pair on the 3'-side of a Watson-Crick base pair. The former arrangement is expected to be more stable and indeed is observed 29 times out of 32 in the known transfer RNA molecules. In accordance with this rule, the major wobble base pairs G-U or I-U in codon-anticodon interactions have G or I on the 5'-side of the anticodon. Similarly, in initiator tRNAs, this rule is obeyed where now the G is the first letter of the codon (5'-side). In the situation where U is in the wobble position of the anticodon, it is usually substituted at C(5) andmay also have a 2-thio group and it can read one to four codons depending on its modifications. A G at the wobble position of the anticodon can recognize the two codons ending with U or C and modification of G (unless it is I) does not change its reading properties.", "PMID": 724522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10083", "title": "A 1:2 crystalline complex of ApA:proflavine: a model for binding to single-stranded regions in RNA.", "content": "The structure of a 1\"2 complex of adenylyl-(3',5')-adenosine phosphate and proflavine hemisulfate has been determined using the methods of x-ray crystallography. Since the ApA does not form a mini double helix, it may serve as a model for the interaction of planar molecules with single stranded nucleic acids. The dinucleotide adopts an extended conformation with the adenines in adjacent molecules forming base pairs. A most unusual feature of the molecule is that it does not obey the \"rigid nucleotide\" concept although none of the torsion angles occur in energetically unfavourable regions. This is most probably due to the strong interactions between the proflavine and the oligonucleotide.", "contents": "A 1:2 crystalline complex of ApA:proflavine: a model for binding to single-stranded regions in RNA. The structure of a 1\"2 complex of adenylyl-(3',5')-adenosine phosphate and proflavine hemisulfate has been determined using the methods of x-ray crystallography. Since the ApA does not form a mini double helix, it may serve as a model for the interaction of planar molecules with single stranded nucleic acids. The dinucleotide adopts an extended conformation with the adenines in adjacent molecules forming base pairs. A most unusual feature of the molecule is that it does not obey the \"rigid nucleotide\" concept although none of the torsion angles occur in energetically unfavourable regions. This is most probably due to the strong interactions between the proflavine and the oligonucleotide.", "PMID": 724521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10084", "title": "RNA synthesis in isolated nuclei of lactating mammary cells in presence of unmodified and mercury-labeled CTP.", "content": "Isolated nuclei of lactating mouse mammary gland were capable of supporting DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in vitro in presence of unmodified and mercurated CTP (Hg-CTP) at high ionic condition at 25 degrees C. In presence of unmodified CTP, [3H]UMP incorporation into RNA increased linearly upto 180 min. The kinetic pattern of the reaction and the rate of RNA synthesis were essentially similar when CTP was replaced by Hg-CTP. Both in unmodified and Hg-CTP containing reactions, 70-80% of RNA synthesis was inhibited by alpha-amanitin. Presence of poly(A) in a small portion of the in vitro synthesized messenger-like RNA was detectable by oligo(dT) cellulose chromatography. Both poly(A)+ and poly(A)- RNAs sedimented with a clear peak around 15S region in a formamide-sucrose denaturing gradient. The Hg-RNA after separation from endogenous nuclear RNA by SH-agarose affinity column chromatography also sedimented around 15S region in a formamide-sucrose gradient. The Hg-RNA synthesized in the isolated mammary cell nuclei in vitro should now permit monitoring hormonal regulation of specific gene (casein) transcription in the mammary cells by molecular hybridization of the Hg-RNA with cDNA to casein mRNA.", "contents": "RNA synthesis in isolated nuclei of lactating mammary cells in presence of unmodified and mercury-labeled CTP. Isolated nuclei of lactating mouse mammary gland were capable of supporting DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in vitro in presence of unmodified and mercurated CTP (Hg-CTP) at high ionic condition at 25 degrees C. In presence of unmodified CTP, [3H]UMP incorporation into RNA increased linearly upto 180 min. The kinetic pattern of the reaction and the rate of RNA synthesis were essentially similar when CTP was replaced by Hg-CTP. Both in unmodified and Hg-CTP containing reactions, 70-80% of RNA synthesis was inhibited by alpha-amanitin. Presence of poly(A) in a small portion of the in vitro synthesized messenger-like RNA was detectable by oligo(dT) cellulose chromatography. Both poly(A)+ and poly(A)- RNAs sedimented with a clear peak around 15S region in a formamide-sucrose denaturing gradient. The Hg-RNA after separation from endogenous nuclear RNA by SH-agarose affinity column chromatography also sedimented around 15S region in a formamide-sucrose gradient. The Hg-RNA synthesized in the isolated mammary cell nuclei in vitro should now permit monitoring hormonal regulation of specific gene (casein) transcription in the mammary cells by molecular hybridization of the Hg-RNA with cDNA to casein mRNA.", "PMID": 724523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10085", "title": "[Morphology of myocardial perfusion (author's transl)].", "content": "Disturbances of myocardial perfusion are mostly due to obstructive coronary atherosclerosis. The shape of the narrowed lumen is polymorphic. The localization of severe stenoses is not influenced by risk factors. Atherosclerotic changes are more frequent in the coronary arteries than in their large branches. There is a good agreement between the localization and the size of the infarct and the poststenotic or postocclusive perfusion area. As a rule there are only few atherosclerotic lesions within samll intramural arteries and arterioles of the myocardium. We could not find a positive correlation between the extent of sclerotic changes in large coronary arteries and arterioles.", "contents": "[Morphology of myocardial perfusion (author's transl)]. Disturbances of myocardial perfusion are mostly due to obstructive coronary atherosclerosis. The shape of the narrowed lumen is polymorphic. The localization of severe stenoses is not influenced by risk factors. Atherosclerotic changes are more frequent in the coronary arteries than in their large branches. There is a good agreement between the localization and the size of the infarct and the poststenotic or postocclusive perfusion area. As a rule there are only few atherosclerotic lesions within samll intramural arteries and arterioles of the myocardium. We could not find a positive correlation between the extent of sclerotic changes in large coronary arteries and arterioles.", "PMID": 724524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10086", "title": "201Tl for myocardial imaging.", "content": "201Tl is an agent which allows good quality myocardial imaging with the gamma-camera. Its distribution in the myocardium is related primarily to perfusion and myocardial cellular integrity. Redistribution into regions of decreased activity identifies ischemic myocardium whereas persistent reduction of regional activity occurs in areas of infarction. 201Tl imaging appears to provide a means of differentiating between myocardial ischemia and infarction and is therefore applicable to exercise stress testing as well as to the acute coronary situation.", "contents": "201Tl for myocardial imaging. 201Tl is an agent which allows good quality myocardial imaging with the gamma-camera. Its distribution in the myocardium is related primarily to perfusion and myocardial cellular integrity. Redistribution into regions of decreased activity identifies ischemic myocardium whereas persistent reduction of regional activity occurs in areas of infarction. 201Tl imaging appears to provide a means of differentiating between myocardial ischemia and infarction and is therefore applicable to exercise stress testing as well as to the acute coronary situation.", "PMID": 724526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10087", "title": "ST-vector orientation and location of myocardial perfusion defects during exercise.", "content": "In 34 patients with chest pain the spatial orientation of the ST-vectors in the exercise electrocardiogramm 30 and 80 msec after the end of QRS were compared with the location of exercise induced local defects of myocardial uptake of 201Tl. The following results were obtained: 1. The sensitivity and specifity of myocardial perfusion imaging after exercise were the same as those of exercise electrocardiograms; 2. No relation could be observed between the location of reduced 201Tl uptake during exercise and the spatial orientation of the ST-vectors.", "contents": "ST-vector orientation and location of myocardial perfusion defects during exercise. In 34 patients with chest pain the spatial orientation of the ST-vectors in the exercise electrocardiogramm 30 and 80 msec after the end of QRS were compared with the location of exercise induced local defects of myocardial uptake of 201Tl. The following results were obtained: 1. The sensitivity and specifity of myocardial perfusion imaging after exercise were the same as those of exercise electrocardiograms; 2. No relation could be observed between the location of reduced 201Tl uptake during exercise and the spatial orientation of the ST-vectors.", "PMID": 724527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10088", "title": "[Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy - methods and fundamentals (author's transl)].", "content": "Myocardial perfusion studies with labelled particles make a detailed analysis of the distribution of myocardial perfusion possible. Methodical and physiological fundamentals are described and the reliability of the method is shown by double radionuclide imaging. LAD-stenoses (greater than 70%) show a decreased activity in the distal areas of the LAD (on the average 36,5 +/- 10,3% in contrast to 59 +/- in normals). Mean local activity is 14,9 +/- 1,8% within scars. Scars and hemodynamically effective stenoses can be imaged with high sensitivity. Total defects (smaller than 15% of the activity maximum) correspond to a scar. A moderate reduction of uptake (15--50% of the activity maximum) does not allow any differentiation between scar and reversible diminution of perfusion.", "contents": "[Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy - methods and fundamentals (author's transl)]. Myocardial perfusion studies with labelled particles make a detailed analysis of the distribution of myocardial perfusion possible. Methodical and physiological fundamentals are described and the reliability of the method is shown by double radionuclide imaging. LAD-stenoses (greater than 70%) show a decreased activity in the distal areas of the LAD (on the average 36,5 +/- 10,3% in contrast to 59 +/- in normals). Mean local activity is 14,9 +/- 1,8% within scars. Scars and hemodynamically effective stenoses can be imaged with high sensitivity. Total defects (smaller than 15% of the activity maximum) correspond to a scar. A moderate reduction of uptake (15--50% of the activity maximum) does not allow any differentiation between scar and reversible diminution of perfusion.", "PMID": 724528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10089", "title": "The diagnostic significance of nuclear DNA measurement in cytologic smears of benign and malignant gastric lesions.", "content": "Gastric mucosa was obtained from 126 patients by endoscopic biopsy and subsequent cell brushing for histological, cytological and DNA cytophotometric studies. 23 cases were carcinomatous. DNA histogram evaluation for each case was carried out with special consideration of the position of the DNA stem line and the scatter of the measured DNA values. Additionally, DNA distribution characteristics were established for clinical or cytological diagnostic groups. By ascertaining relative mean ploidy values (U values) and relative frequency of euploid and polyploid values (Z values) in the sample populations, cell nuclear DNA determination was used as a criteria for differentiating between benign and malignant alterations of the stomach. The results allow optimistic prognosis concerning the use of cell nuclear DNA content as a significant, though not as the only measuring factor in automated diagnostic procedures.", "contents": "The diagnostic significance of nuclear DNA measurement in cytologic smears of benign and malignant gastric lesions. Gastric mucosa was obtained from 126 patients by endoscopic biopsy and subsequent cell brushing for histological, cytological and DNA cytophotometric studies. 23 cases were carcinomatous. DNA histogram evaluation for each case was carried out with special consideration of the position of the DNA stem line and the scatter of the measured DNA values. Additionally, DNA distribution characteristics were established for clinical or cytological diagnostic groups. By ascertaining relative mean ploidy values (U values) and relative frequency of euploid and polyploid values (Z values) in the sample populations, cell nuclear DNA determination was used as a criteria for differentiating between benign and malignant alterations of the stomach. The results allow optimistic prognosis concerning the use of cell nuclear DNA content as a significant, though not as the only measuring factor in automated diagnostic procedures.", "PMID": 724563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10090", "title": "Hereditary neuraxial edema in Polled Hereford calves.", "content": "Two newborn Polled Hereford calves with hereditary neuraxial edema were available for clinical and pathological examination. The affected animals showed extensor spasms and were unable to rise. Pathologic lesions were microscopic and consisted of widespread vacuolation of the neuraxis, chiefly in white matter and less markedly in grey matter. The lesions were most severe in the brain stem and cerebellar white matter. Examination of the breeding record indicated sire-daughters matings and thus a probably autosomal recessive mode of inheritance.", "contents": "Hereditary neuraxial edema in Polled Hereford calves. Two newborn Polled Hereford calves with hereditary neuraxial edema were available for clinical and pathological examination. The affected animals showed extensor spasms and were unable to rise. Pathologic lesions were microscopic and consisted of widespread vacuolation of the neuraxis, chiefly in white matter and less markedly in grey matter. The lesions were most severe in the brain stem and cerebellar white matter. Examination of the breeding record indicated sire-daughters matings and thus a probably autosomal recessive mode of inheritance.", "PMID": 724564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10091", "title": "Accidental cytological findings in routine vaginal smear in primary carcinoma of the Fallopian tube.", "content": "Adenocarcinoma cells were identified in a routine gynecological smear of a 65-year-old woman found at laparotomy to have a primary carcinoma of the fallopian tube. The value of routine cytologic studies in the diagnosis of fallopian tube carcinoma is discussed.", "contents": "Accidental cytological findings in routine vaginal smear in primary carcinoma of the Fallopian tube. Adenocarcinoma cells were identified in a routine gynecological smear of a 65-year-old woman found at laparotomy to have a primary carcinoma of the fallopian tube. The value of routine cytologic studies in the diagnosis of fallopian tube carcinoma is discussed.", "PMID": 724565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10092", "title": "[Physical and biological examinations of polyester electret foil. Preliminary report].", "content": "The results of tissue reaction to polyester thermoelectret foil samples are evaluated. The electrostatic measurement of the foils was performed before implantation. The experimental animals were divided into four groups depending on the surface charge density of the foils. The autopsy of the animals was performed three days after the operation. The tissues of close contact to the foil were examined under the microscope and the electrostatic measurement of the foils.", "contents": "[Physical and biological examinations of polyester electret foil. Preliminary report]. The results of tissue reaction to polyester thermoelectret foil samples are evaluated. The electrostatic measurement of the foils was performed before implantation. The experimental animals were divided into four groups depending on the surface charge density of the foils. The autopsy of the animals was performed three days after the operation. The tissues of close contact to the foil were examined under the microscope and the electrostatic measurement of the foils.", "PMID": 724566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10093", "title": "[Comparative study of methods of estimating the hemolytic activity of aqueous plastic extracts. Preliminary report].", "content": "The examination of haemolytic activity of aqueous plastic extracts represents one of the method to evaluate plastics of medical grade. In own examinations different methods were used to estimate the haemolytic activity of aqueous extracts of some toxic materials, e.g. technical gums, epoxides, also silicone resins, which are admitted to medical use. On the basis of literature and own examinations the most sensitive method to estimate the haemolytic test was found to be the method after the Japanese Pharmacopoeia. The degree of haemolysis due to the water extracts both of technical gums and epoxides was found to be significantly different from the norms. The silicone resins fulfilled the demands for medical materials. On the basis of the results, the method described in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia was accepted as an appropriate test for evaluation of haemolytic activity of aqueous plastic extracts designed to blood contact or to implantation.", "contents": "[Comparative study of methods of estimating the hemolytic activity of aqueous plastic extracts. Preliminary report]. The examination of haemolytic activity of aqueous plastic extracts represents one of the method to evaluate plastics of medical grade. In own examinations different methods were used to estimate the haemolytic activity of aqueous extracts of some toxic materials, e.g. technical gums, epoxides, also silicone resins, which are admitted to medical use. On the basis of literature and own examinations the most sensitive method to estimate the haemolytic test was found to be the method after the Japanese Pharmacopoeia. The degree of haemolysis due to the water extracts both of technical gums and epoxides was found to be significantly different from the norms. The silicone resins fulfilled the demands for medical materials. On the basis of the results, the method described in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia was accepted as an appropriate test for evaluation of haemolytic activity of aqueous plastic extracts designed to blood contact or to implantation.", "PMID": 724567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10094", "title": "[Influence of hydrone on the dental pulp as compared to other drugs].", "content": "The possibility of application of gel-collagen-hydronic sponge was examined on calf teeth. The action was observed after the 4, 7 , 14, 21 and 28 days. The biological properties of the sponge alone were examined in the close contact to dental pulp. The reaction of dental pulp to this contact was settled. Simultaneously the application of this plastic was examined as a ground of different materials usually applied in the treatment of dental pulp diseases. The reaction of dental pulp to the close contact of gel-collagen-hydronic sponge was compared to the action of the sponge additionally suturated with a 0.5% solution of Cortisone, the sponge mixed with Framycoin powder, or saturated with a mixture of 0.5% solution of Cortisone and Framycoin the collagenic sponge, Caryosan, Calxyd, and to the reaction of uncovered and untreated dental pulp. It was ascertained that gel-collagen-hydronic sponge contacted with calf's dental pulp doesn't impede the composing of osseous-dentinal barrier and its porosity is gradually filled up with a numerous cell elements, later also with strands of tissue. The sponge may be applicated as a ground of examined materials. Within these materials the best composing of osseous-dental barrier was found after the application of Calxyd and then successively after the application of Caryosan, hydronic sponge alone, sponge with Framycoin, sponge saturated with dilution of Cortisone and Framycoin, and collagenic sponge, which gave the worst reaction of calf's dental pulp, similar to the reaction of uncovered and untreated dental pulp.", "contents": "[Influence of hydrone on the dental pulp as compared to other drugs]. The possibility of application of gel-collagen-hydronic sponge was examined on calf teeth. The action was observed after the 4, 7 , 14, 21 and 28 days. The biological properties of the sponge alone were examined in the close contact to dental pulp. The reaction of dental pulp to this contact was settled. Simultaneously the application of this plastic was examined as a ground of different materials usually applied in the treatment of dental pulp diseases. The reaction of dental pulp to the close contact of gel-collagen-hydronic sponge was compared to the action of the sponge additionally suturated with a 0.5% solution of Cortisone, the sponge mixed with Framycoin powder, or saturated with a mixture of 0.5% solution of Cortisone and Framycoin the collagenic sponge, Caryosan, Calxyd, and to the reaction of uncovered and untreated dental pulp. It was ascertained that gel-collagen-hydronic sponge contacted with calf's dental pulp doesn't impede the composing of osseous-dentinal barrier and its porosity is gradually filled up with a numerous cell elements, later also with strands of tissue. The sponge may be applicated as a ground of examined materials. Within these materials the best composing of osseous-dental barrier was found after the application of Calxyd and then successively after the application of Caryosan, hydronic sponge alone, sponge with Framycoin, sponge saturated with dilution of Cortisone and Framycoin, and collagenic sponge, which gave the worst reaction of calf's dental pulp, similar to the reaction of uncovered and untreated dental pulp.", "PMID": 724568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10095", "title": "Basic studies on autogenized and lysophilized vascular prostheses.", "content": "In an effort to improve vascular prostheses, basic studies on tissue-alloplastic prostheses according to a new conception were performed. A medical polyester yarn was used for the construction of three types of prostheses with different mesh and high porosity. The prostheses were autogenized on silicon rods and then lyophilized, resulting in their full intraoperative impermeability, but high biological permeability and antithrombogenicity. Vascular prostheses of this type fulfill many of the requirements of a so-called ideal prosthesis. Analysis of the test examinations provides a basis for elaborating principles for the preparation and production of new tissue-alloplastic prostheses for clinical purposes.", "contents": "Basic studies on autogenized and lysophilized vascular prostheses. In an effort to improve vascular prostheses, basic studies on tissue-alloplastic prostheses according to a new conception were performed. A medical polyester yarn was used for the construction of three types of prostheses with different mesh and high porosity. The prostheses were autogenized on silicon rods and then lyophilized, resulting in their full intraoperative impermeability, but high biological permeability and antithrombogenicity. Vascular prostheses of this type fulfill many of the requirements of a so-called ideal prosthesis. Analysis of the test examinations provides a basis for elaborating principles for the preparation and production of new tissue-alloplastic prostheses for clinical purposes.", "PMID": 724569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10096", "title": "[Use of biological methods in the testing of extracts of plastics (preliminary report)].", "content": "In the first part of the paper the problem of toxicological testing of medical plastics is discussed. Particularly attention was given to the biological testing of extracts of plastics. The results of own investigations on the toxicological testing of extracts in water for injection of three types of polyester vascular prostheses, two types of technical rubber and one type of silicon caouthouc are presented. The author presents a proposal of a new testing method for the toxicological evaluation of extracts in water of medical grade plastics utilizing diluted fresh bull's sperm. The results of the preliminary investigations on different materials proved the bull's spermatozoons to be sensitive to even small qualities of toxic substances composed in various medical grade plastic fabrics. In the author's estimation, there is a good reason to ascertain, that the presented method will be a new biololgical test destined to the preliminary evaluation and the current check-up of plastic medical materials.", "contents": "[Use of biological methods in the testing of extracts of plastics (preliminary report)]. In the first part of the paper the problem of toxicological testing of medical plastics is discussed. Particularly attention was given to the biological testing of extracts of plastics. The results of own investigations on the toxicological testing of extracts in water for injection of three types of polyester vascular prostheses, two types of technical rubber and one type of silicon caouthouc are presented. The author presents a proposal of a new testing method for the toxicological evaluation of extracts in water of medical grade plastics utilizing diluted fresh bull's sperm. The results of the preliminary investigations on different materials proved the bull's spermatozoons to be sensitive to even small qualities of toxic substances composed in various medical grade plastic fabrics. In the author's estimation, there is a good reason to ascertain, that the presented method will be a new biololgical test destined to the preliminary evaluation and the current check-up of plastic medical materials.", "PMID": 724570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10097", "title": "[Reconstructive surgery of extremities in temporary ischemia with the use of elastic bandages].", "content": "The authors performed basic technological, laboratory and clinical examinations of elastic bandages to choose the most proper one helpful to reconstructive operations in temporary ischaemic field, mainly in hand surgery. The physical and mechanical properties, and clinical advantages of chosen elastic bandages applied in 100 operations have been described.", "contents": "[Reconstructive surgery of extremities in temporary ischemia with the use of elastic bandages]. The authors performed basic technological, laboratory and clinical examinations of elastic bandages to choose the most proper one helpful to reconstructive operations in temporary ischaemic field, mainly in hand surgery. The physical and mechanical properties, and clinical advantages of chosen elastic bandages applied in 100 operations have been described.", "PMID": 724571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10098", "title": "Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.", "content": "Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is now considered to be caused by measles virus. There are four diagnostic criteria, namely the clinical picture, a characteristic EEG, serology of serum and CSF and brain histology. A register of cases in the U.K. has been kept since 1971, and up to September 1977, ninety-six patients have been reported. The male/female ratio is 2 : 1. The disease most commonly affects children between the ages of nine and eleven years who usually have had measles at a very early age. The average delay between the measles infection and onset of SSPE was 6.8 years and of the thirty-four patients known to have died the average survival times was 1.2 years. There are still many questions about the pathogenesis and epidemiology of SSPE that have yet to be answered.", "contents": "Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is now considered to be caused by measles virus. There are four diagnostic criteria, namely the clinical picture, a characteristic EEG, serology of serum and CSF and brain histology. A register of cases in the U.K. has been kept since 1971, and up to September 1977, ninety-six patients have been reported. The male/female ratio is 2 : 1. The disease most commonly affects children between the ages of nine and eleven years who usually have had measles at a very early age. The average delay between the measles infection and onset of SSPE was 6.8 years and of the thirty-four patients known to have died the average survival times was 1.2 years. There are still many questions about the pathogenesis and epidemiology of SSPE that have yet to be answered.", "PMID": 724581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10099", "title": "Three additional malignancies occurring within one year in a patient with chronic lymphatic leukaemia.", "content": "A patient with crhonic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL) is presented who was first seen with a basal cell carcinoma and subsequently developed two further malignant conditions within a year, without receiving any treatment for his leukaemia. It is suggested that this leukaemia was a predisposing factor in the development of his carcinomas.", "contents": "Three additional malignancies occurring within one year in a patient with chronic lymphatic leukaemia. A patient with crhonic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL) is presented who was first seen with a basal cell carcinoma and subsequently developed two further malignant conditions within a year, without receiving any treatment for his leukaemia. It is suggested that this leukaemia was a predisposing factor in the development of his carcinomas.", "PMID": 724582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10100", "title": "The treatment of lupus nephritis by methyl prednisolone pulse therapy.", "content": "Four patients with proliferative glomerulonephritis due to systemic lupus erythematosus were treated with intravenous methyl prednisolone 'pulse' therapy. In all, eight courses of therapy were given, three for acute oliguric renal failure; and on each occasion there was a good response to the treatment. Clinical, histological and immunological details of the patients are presented. The diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of disease activity in lupus nephritis are discussed in the light of this experience.", "contents": "The treatment of lupus nephritis by methyl prednisolone pulse therapy. Four patients with proliferative glomerulonephritis due to systemic lupus erythematosus were treated with intravenous methyl prednisolone 'pulse' therapy. In all, eight courses of therapy were given, three for acute oliguric renal failure; and on each occasion there was a good response to the treatment. Clinical, histological and immunological details of the patients are presented. The diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of disease activity in lupus nephritis are discussed in the light of this experience.", "PMID": 724583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10101", "title": "Hypocalcaemic cardiac failure.", "content": "A 35-year-old patient who presented with recurrent chest infection, pulmonary oedema and cardiac failure was found to be grossly hypocalcaemic owing to previously undiagnosed hypoparathyroidism. The cardiac failure was not easily relieved by digoxin and diuretics but it quickly responded when the plasma calcium was restored to normal with dihydrotachysterol. With dihydrotachysterol as sole treatment for more than 2.5 years he had normal exercise tolerance and no features of cardiac failure.", "contents": "Hypocalcaemic cardiac failure. A 35-year-old patient who presented with recurrent chest infection, pulmonary oedema and cardiac failure was found to be grossly hypocalcaemic owing to previously undiagnosed hypoparathyroidism. The cardiac failure was not easily relieved by digoxin and diuretics but it quickly responded when the plasma calcium was restored to normal with dihydrotachysterol. With dihydrotachysterol as sole treatment for more than 2.5 years he had normal exercise tolerance and no features of cardiac failure.", "PMID": 724584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10102", "title": "The genetics of human fetal growth.", "content": "Knowledge of the genetic control of human fetal growth is obtained indirectly from several different lines of evidence. Simply inherited pathological conditions indicate the number and effects of the corresponding normal alleles, and demonstrate the complexity of genetic factors in fetal growth, the interaction of quantitative and qualitative control, the large number of genes involved, and the pleiotropic effect of many. Information on genetic mechanisms shows that a cell at any one time responds to only a small proportion of its genes. Knowledge of human polymorphisms indicates that genetic control is exercised by switch mechanisms which bring into play a succession of genes producing different polypeptide chains. Implicit in this model is tissue specificity of isoenzymes, and temporal variation in their availability or activity during development, for both of which evidence is adduced. Such temporal changes do not coincide in different tissues, but vary according to physiological requirements of the tissues. Besides the sequential activation of genes, other mechanisms controlling the implementation of their instructions operate at all points from the replication of the genes, transcription, translation, to the final modification of their primary products.", "contents": "The genetics of human fetal growth. Knowledge of the genetic control of human fetal growth is obtained indirectly from several different lines of evidence. Simply inherited pathological conditions indicate the number and effects of the corresponding normal alleles, and demonstrate the complexity of genetic factors in fetal growth, the interaction of quantitative and qualitative control, the large number of genes involved, and the pleiotropic effect of many. Information on genetic mechanisms shows that a cell at any one time responds to only a small proportion of its genes. Knowledge of human polymorphisms indicates that genetic control is exercised by switch mechanisms which bring into play a succession of genes producing different polypeptide chains. Implicit in this model is tissue specificity of isoenzymes, and temporal variation in their availability or activity during development, for both of which evidence is adduced. Such temporal changes do not coincide in different tissues, but vary according to physiological requirements of the tissues. Besides the sequential activation of genes, other mechanisms controlling the implementation of their instructions operate at all points from the replication of the genes, transcription, translation, to the final modification of their primary products.", "PMID": 724585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10103", "title": "The development of the pattern of growth.", "content": "It is proposed that the varying patterns of growth in development can be viewed as an aspect of pattern formation, and that different growth programmes are specified at an early stage. This is illustrated largely with respect to the development and growth of the chick wing. The spatial pattern of cellular differentiation and programme for growth can be considered in terms of the concept of positional information. The lengths of the cartilaginous elements are determined by the initial length of the primordium and its later growth, involving cell multiplication enlagement and matrix secretion. It seems that tissues have a high degree of autonomy with respect to differentiation and growth after they have had their position specified. The cellular basis of programmed growth is discussed.", "contents": "The development of the pattern of growth. It is proposed that the varying patterns of growth in development can be viewed as an aspect of pattern formation, and that different growth programmes are specified at an early stage. This is illustrated largely with respect to the development and growth of the chick wing. The spatial pattern of cellular differentiation and programme for growth can be considered in terms of the concept of positional information. The lengths of the cartilaginous elements are determined by the initial length of the primordium and its later growth, involving cell multiplication enlagement and matrix secretion. It seems that tissues have a high degree of autonomy with respect to differentiation and growth after they have had their position specified. The cellular basis of programmed growth is discussed.", "PMID": 724587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10104", "title": "Catch-up growth.", "content": "Catch-up growth is a regular phenomenon seen in young children after a period of growth retardation when the cause of the growth deficit is removed. It consists of an immediate growth acceleration with an abnormally high velocity, followed by a progressive deceleration till the original or normal growth channel is reached. Examples of individual patients and groups of patients with endocrine disorders, metabolic disorders, malnutrition and prenatal growth retardation have been given. Clinical experience shows that complete or near complete catch-up growth is possible in infants and young children, but not in children near or in puberty. The factors responsible for catch-up growth and the regulating mechanisms are unknown. Serum growth factors, receptor changes or genetically programmed cells are more likely to be involved than the classical growth promoting hormones. Superficially catch-up growth is a growth spurt similar to the pubertal growth spurt. However, the shape of the velocity curve, the maturity stage at which it occurs and the mechanisms involved are entirely different. The opposite of catch-up growth which compensates for a previous growth deficiency is the lagging-down growth which compensates for a previous growth excess. Both forms of growth compensation are examples of the general biological phenomenon of canalization of growth and maturity.", "contents": "Catch-up growth. Catch-up growth is a regular phenomenon seen in young children after a period of growth retardation when the cause of the growth deficit is removed. It consists of an immediate growth acceleration with an abnormally high velocity, followed by a progressive deceleration till the original or normal growth channel is reached. Examples of individual patients and groups of patients with endocrine disorders, metabolic disorders, malnutrition and prenatal growth retardation have been given. Clinical experience shows that complete or near complete catch-up growth is possible in infants and young children, but not in children near or in puberty. The factors responsible for catch-up growth and the regulating mechanisms are unknown. Serum growth factors, receptor changes or genetically programmed cells are more likely to be involved than the classical growth promoting hormones. Superficially catch-up growth is a growth spurt similar to the pubertal growth spurt. However, the shape of the velocity curve, the maturity stage at which it occurs and the mechanisms involved are entirely different. The opposite of catch-up growth which compensates for a previous growth deficiency is the lagging-down growth which compensates for a previous growth excess. Both forms of growth compensation are examples of the general biological phenomenon of canalization of growth and maturity.", "PMID": 724586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10105", "title": "The multiplication of cells.", "content": "Cultured cells, particularly fibroblasts, have been useful for studies on control systems, since growth can be stimulated or suppressed experimentally. Combinations of mitogenic factors (hormones) in the extracellular fluid, provide positive signals for growth, potentially acting over a long range. Short range effects, such as cell-cell interactions and anchorage to substrates, also control growth but these are less well understood. A positive signal for growth, for example the binding of a mitogenic polypeptide factor to a surface receptor, leads rapidly to a complex change in cell physiology, which can be explained by an alteration of mobile cell surface complexes. This leads to an increase in probability, not certainty, of transition through an essential control point leading to chromosome replication and mitosis.", "contents": "The multiplication of cells. Cultured cells, particularly fibroblasts, have been useful for studies on control systems, since growth can be stimulated or suppressed experimentally. Combinations of mitogenic factors (hormones) in the extracellular fluid, provide positive signals for growth, potentially acting over a long range. Short range effects, such as cell-cell interactions and anchorage to substrates, also control growth but these are less well understood. A positive signal for growth, for example the binding of a mitogenic polypeptide factor to a surface receptor, leads rapidly to a complex change in cell physiology, which can be explained by an alteration of mobile cell surface complexes. This leads to an increase in probability, not certainty, of transition through an essential control point leading to chromosome replication and mitosis.", "PMID": 724589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10106", "title": "Analysis of the human growth curve.", "content": "Mathematical techniques are well suited to analysis of growth data. In the past there has been much emphasis on the mathematical description of shape and changes of shape as exemplified by the allometric equation. More recently these methods have been less popular and shape analysis has been handled largely by modern multivariate statistical methods. In contrast, there has been an increasing interest in fitting models to size data, related to time. Many such functions have been described; some for small parts of the growth curve and others for the whole growing period. More recently single, non-linear functions have been developed and their properties and use are now described.", "contents": "Analysis of the human growth curve. Mathematical techniques are well suited to analysis of growth data. In the past there has been much emphasis on the mathematical description of shape and changes of shape as exemplified by the allometric equation. More recently these methods have been less popular and shape analysis has been handled largely by modern multivariate statistical methods. In contrast, there has been an increasing interest in fitting models to size data, related to time. Many such functions have been described; some for small parts of the growth curve and others for the whole growing period. More recently single, non-linear functions have been developed and their properties and use are now described.", "PMID": 724590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10107", "title": "Effects of the northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), on fertility and hatchability of eggs from artificially inseminated White Leghorn hens.", "content": "Egg production of White Leghorn hens infested with the northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), was as much as 15% lower than egg production of control hens. However, when these hens were artificially inseminated with semen from mite infested roosters, fertility nor hatchability was affected by the mite infestation.", "contents": "Effects of the northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), on fertility and hatchability of eggs from artificially inseminated White Leghorn hens. Egg production of White Leghorn hens infested with the northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), was as much as 15% lower than egg production of control hens. However, when these hens were artificially inseminated with semen from mite infested roosters, fertility nor hatchability was affected by the mite infestation.", "PMID": 724591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10108", "title": "Anticoccidial activity of lonomycin (SQ 12,525) in chicks.", "content": "Lonomycin (TM-481, SQ 12,525) at various concentrations in the feed was tested in controlled battery experiments against laboratory strains of single and mixed Eimeria species infections. The experimental results indicated that lonomycin at doses of .003125, .00625, or .0125% demonstrated a high degree of anticoccidial activity by preventing or reducing mortality, reducing fecal dropping scores, and allowing for normal or near-normal weight gains against single and mixed infections of 5 major pathogenic species, E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. necatrix, and E. tenella. Lonomycin, at these same dosages, was highly effective against a recent field isolate obtained from a flock previously fed monensin. These studies involving 7 trials totaling 1,680 broiler chicks, have demonstrated that lonomycin at levels of .003125 to .0125% (dependent on species of Eimeria) in the feed is an effective aid in the control of avian coccidiosis in broiler chickens.", "contents": "Anticoccidial activity of lonomycin (SQ 12,525) in chicks. Lonomycin (TM-481, SQ 12,525) at various concentrations in the feed was tested in controlled battery experiments against laboratory strains of single and mixed Eimeria species infections. The experimental results indicated that lonomycin at doses of .003125, .00625, or .0125% demonstrated a high degree of anticoccidial activity by preventing or reducing mortality, reducing fecal dropping scores, and allowing for normal or near-normal weight gains against single and mixed infections of 5 major pathogenic species, E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. necatrix, and E. tenella. Lonomycin, at these same dosages, was highly effective against a recent field isolate obtained from a flock previously fed monensin. These studies involving 7 trials totaling 1,680 broiler chicks, have demonstrated that lonomycin at levels of .003125 to .0125% (dependent on species of Eimeria) in the feed is an effective aid in the control of avian coccidiosis in broiler chickens.", "PMID": 724593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10109", "title": "Transmission of radioactivity into eggs from laying hens (Gallus domesticus) administered tritium labeled T-2 toxin.", "content": "The transmission of radioactivity into eggs from laying hens gastric-intubated with a single or multiple dose of 3-[3H]-T-2 toxin was investigated. In single dosed birds, the maximum radioactivity in eggs occurred at 24 hr after dosing; the yolk and white contained .04 and .13% of the administered radioactivity, respectively. In multiple-dosed birds given 8 consecutive daily doses, the radioactivity in the yolk increased with each dose, whereas the radioactivity in the white increased rapidly until the 3rd dose and thereafter remained constant. In both single- and multiple-dosed birds, the specific radioactivity of the white was greater than that of the yolk. The amount of residue transmitted into an egg in birds intubated daily with 1 mg T-2/kg for 8-consecutive days equivalent to 1.6 ppm dietary T-2) was about .9 microgram (based on specific radioactivity).", "contents": "Transmission of radioactivity into eggs from laying hens (Gallus domesticus) administered tritium labeled T-2 toxin. The transmission of radioactivity into eggs from laying hens gastric-intubated with a single or multiple dose of 3-[3H]-T-2 toxin was investigated. In single dosed birds, the maximum radioactivity in eggs occurred at 24 hr after dosing; the yolk and white contained .04 and .13% of the administered radioactivity, respectively. In multiple-dosed birds given 8 consecutive daily doses, the radioactivity in the yolk increased with each dose, whereas the radioactivity in the white increased rapidly until the 3rd dose and thereafter remained constant. In both single- and multiple-dosed birds, the specific radioactivity of the white was greater than that of the yolk. The amount of residue transmitted into an egg in birds intubated daily with 1 mg T-2/kg for 8-consecutive days equivalent to 1.6 ppm dietary T-2) was about .9 microgram (based on specific radioactivity).", "PMID": 724594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10110", "title": "Battery efficacy studies with arprinocid against field strains of Coccidia.", "content": "Graded levels of 9-[2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)methyl]-9H-purin-6-amine (arprinocid) ranging from 30 ppm to 90 ppm in the diet have been tested for anticoccidial efficacy in controlled battery experiments against 20 field isolates of coccidia. These isolates, representing five major species of Eimeria, were collected from various geographic locations and all but one were found to be resistant to one or more of the currently marketed products. Arprinocid prevented mortality, increased weight gains, and reduced or eliminated intestinal lesions and oocyst production. A level of 60 ppm arprinocid provided adequate control of all isolates and no evidence of cross resistance was observed between arprinocid and the marketed products tested. On the basis of these studies, it is concluded that arprinocid at levels of 60 ppm to 70 ppm is effective in controlling coccidiosis in broilers, even that caused by isolates refractory to many of the marketed products.", "contents": "Battery efficacy studies with arprinocid against field strains of Coccidia. Graded levels of 9-[2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)methyl]-9H-purin-6-amine (arprinocid) ranging from 30 ppm to 90 ppm in the diet have been tested for anticoccidial efficacy in controlled battery experiments against 20 field isolates of coccidia. These isolates, representing five major species of Eimeria, were collected from various geographic locations and all but one were found to be resistant to one or more of the currently marketed products. Arprinocid prevented mortality, increased weight gains, and reduced or eliminated intestinal lesions and oocyst production. A level of 60 ppm arprinocid provided adequate control of all isolates and no evidence of cross resistance was observed between arprinocid and the marketed products tested. On the basis of these studies, it is concluded that arprinocid at levels of 60 ppm to 70 ppm is effective in controlling coccidiosis in broilers, even that caused by isolates refractory to many of the marketed products.", "PMID": 724595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10111", "title": "Acquired resistance in turkey poults to Pasteurella multocida (P-1059 strain) during aflatoxin consumption.", "content": "The potential for impairment by aflatoxin of the development of acquired immunity to fowl cholera in 8 week old turkey poults from a commercial flock was investigated by challenge of vaccinated poults at 10, 12, and 16 weeks of age. Sixty poults were allotted to 4 groups: A) aflatoxin fed, nonvaccinated; B) aflatoxin fed, vaccinated; C) control fed, nonvaccinated; and D) control fed, vaccinated. Aflatoxin B-1 (.5 ppm) was added to the control ration of groups A and B from 49 to 70 days of age. The avirulent CU (Clemson University) strain of Pasteurella multocida drinking water vaccine was given for one day to groups B and C. Challenge (5 poults from each group) was by administration of the virulent (P-1059) strain  of P. multocida in the drinking water for 4 consecutive days. The presence of aflatoxin B-1 (.5 ppm) in the feed during oral vaccination with the avirulent strain of P. multocida did not impair the development of acquired resistance to later challenge with the virulent strain. Results indicate that age of poults and method of vaccination may be important factors in the development of acquired resistance to fowl cholera when aflatoxin is present in the diet.", "contents": "Acquired resistance in turkey poults to Pasteurella multocida (P-1059 strain) during aflatoxin consumption. The potential for impairment by aflatoxin of the development of acquired immunity to fowl cholera in 8 week old turkey poults from a commercial flock was investigated by challenge of vaccinated poults at 10, 12, and 16 weeks of age. Sixty poults were allotted to 4 groups: A) aflatoxin fed, nonvaccinated; B) aflatoxin fed, vaccinated; C) control fed, nonvaccinated; and D) control fed, vaccinated. Aflatoxin B-1 (.5 ppm) was added to the control ration of groups A and B from 49 to 70 days of age. The avirulent CU (Clemson University) strain of Pasteurella multocida drinking water vaccine was given for one day to groups B and C. Challenge (5 poults from each group) was by administration of the virulent (P-1059) strain  of P. multocida in the drinking water for 4 consecutive days. The presence of aflatoxin B-1 (.5 ppm) in the feed during oral vaccination with the avirulent strain of P. multocida did not impair the development of acquired resistance to later challenge with the virulent strain. Results indicate that age of poults and method of vaccination may be important factors in the development of acquired resistance to fowl cholera when aflatoxin is present in the diet.", "PMID": 724596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10112", "title": "Yolk cholesterol in eggs from various avian species.", "content": "Studies were conducted to establish the differences in yolk cholesterol concentrations in eggs from various avian species. Cholesterol was determined by a modification of the colorimetric procedure of Pearson et al. (1953). Species listed in increasing concentrations of cholesterol per gram of yolk, were guinea fowl, chicken, pheasant, quail, turkey, duck, goose, and dove with an overall range of 12.77 to 21.99 mg of cholesterol per gram of yolk. Significant differences in cholesterol concentrations also were found between domestic and wild genetic groups for turkeys and ducks. In a second study, eggs from 7 inbred lines of chickens showed significant differences in yolk cholesterol. The same general result was found in an analysis of eggs from 17 commercial test strains of chickens at two different ages. Yolk cholesterol tended to decrease as age of hen increased. These results confirm the possibility of genetically selecting for decreased yolk cholesterol if economic or other conditions warrant. The increased efforts required to decrease yolk cholesterol by this approach would undoubtedly be expensive.", "contents": "Yolk cholesterol in eggs from various avian species. Studies were conducted to establish the differences in yolk cholesterol concentrations in eggs from various avian species. Cholesterol was determined by a modification of the colorimetric procedure of Pearson et al. (1953). Species listed in increasing concentrations of cholesterol per gram of yolk, were guinea fowl, chicken, pheasant, quail, turkey, duck, goose, and dove with an overall range of 12.77 to 21.99 mg of cholesterol per gram of yolk. Significant differences in cholesterol concentrations also were found between domestic and wild genetic groups for turkeys and ducks. In a second study, eggs from 7 inbred lines of chickens showed significant differences in yolk cholesterol. The same general result was found in an analysis of eggs from 17 commercial test strains of chickens at two different ages. Yolk cholesterol tended to decrease as age of hen increased. These results confirm the possibility of genetically selecting for decreased yolk cholesterol if economic or other conditions warrant. The increased efforts required to decrease yolk cholesterol by this approach would undoubtedly be expensive.", "PMID": 724597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10113", "title": "Mercury metabolism in Japanese quail. I. The effect of dietary mercury and selenium on their tissue distribution.", "content": "Immature and adult coturnix quail were fed isolated soybean protein diets to which methylmercuric chloride or mercuric chloride were added with or without supplemental selenium for seven days. Samples of brain, blood, liver, and kidney were analyzed for total mercury and selenium via atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Selenium addition had no effect on the mercury concentration in kidney, brain, or blood but did tend to increase the concentration of mercury in the livers of the methylmercuric chloride-treated birds. Selenium in the presence of methylmercury increased the selenium concentration of liver and kidney but had little effect on the selenium concentration of brain or blood. Methylmercuric chloride supplementation resulted in increased selenium concentration in the blood of the selenium supplemented group. All other tissue selenium levels were unaffected by the addition of mercury.", "contents": "Mercury metabolism in Japanese quail. I. The effect of dietary mercury and selenium on their tissue distribution. Immature and adult coturnix quail were fed isolated soybean protein diets to which methylmercuric chloride or mercuric chloride were added with or without supplemental selenium for seven days. Samples of brain, blood, liver, and kidney were analyzed for total mercury and selenium via atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Selenium addition had no effect on the mercury concentration in kidney, brain, or blood but did tend to increase the concentration of mercury in the livers of the methylmercuric chloride-treated birds. Selenium in the presence of methylmercury increased the selenium concentration of liver and kidney but had little effect on the selenium concentration of brain or blood. Methylmercuric chloride supplementation resulted in increased selenium concentration in the blood of the selenium supplemented group. All other tissue selenium levels were unaffected by the addition of mercury.", "PMID": 724598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10114", "title": "Copper salts for growth stimulation and alleviation of aortic rupture losses in turkeys.", "content": "Approximately 4000 Large White, day-old turkey poults were used in a series of eight experiments to study the effects of dietary copper supplementation. The hens were grown to 15 or 16 weeks and toms to 24 weeks of age. Either copper as the oxide or sulfate (hydrate) at 120 ppm stimulated growth up to 10% with a concurrent reduction in feed requirement. Levels of 60 ppm were not adequate, whereas 240 ppm were not toxic. There was a greater response to copper in the presence of 4-nitrophenylarsonic acid (4-nitro) or with low protein diets. In two of the eight studies copper enhanced aortic elastin content. Incidence of aortic rupture was greater in the presence of 4-nitro and was reduced by one-half through copper supplementation. Liver copper was not altered by 60 or 120 ppm Cu; 240 ppm caused a significant increase.", "contents": "Copper salts for growth stimulation and alleviation of aortic rupture losses in turkeys. Approximately 4000 Large White, day-old turkey poults were used in a series of eight experiments to study the effects of dietary copper supplementation. The hens were grown to 15 or 16 weeks and toms to 24 weeks of age. Either copper as the oxide or sulfate (hydrate) at 120 ppm stimulated growth up to 10% with a concurrent reduction in feed requirement. Levels of 60 ppm were not adequate, whereas 240 ppm were not toxic. There was a greater response to copper in the presence of 4-nitrophenylarsonic acid (4-nitro) or with low protein diets. In two of the eight studies copper enhanced aortic elastin content. Incidence of aortic rupture was greater in the presence of 4-nitro and was reduced by one-half through copper supplementation. Liver copper was not altered by 60 or 120 ppm Cu; 240 ppm caused a significant increase.", "PMID": 724600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10115", "title": "A scanning electron microscope study of the caecal tonsil: the identification of a bacterial attachment to the villi of the caecal tonsil and the possible presence of lymphatics in the caecal tonsil.", "content": "A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to compare the proximal region (PR) and distal region (DR) of the caecum. The caecal tonsil (CT) occupied the initial 4-10 mm of the PR. Villi were present in the PR and absent from the DR. Segmented structures were attached to the surface of PR. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed these structures to be bacteria. No difference in surface morphology could be discerned between the CT and the remainder of the PR. Lymphatic vessels were observed in the CT by employing TEM.", "contents": "A scanning electron microscope study of the caecal tonsil: the identification of a bacterial attachment to the villi of the caecal tonsil and the possible presence of lymphatics in the caecal tonsil. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to compare the proximal region (PR) and distal region (DR) of the caecum. The caecal tonsil (CT) occupied the initial 4-10 mm of the PR. Villi were present in the PR and absent from the DR. Segmented structures were attached to the surface of PR. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed these structures to be bacteria. No difference in surface morphology could be discerned between the CT and the remainder of the PR. Lymphatic vessels were observed in the CT by employing TEM.", "PMID": 724603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10116", "title": "The number and size of the follicular epithelium (FE) and follicles in the bursa of Fabricius.", "content": "In a four-week-old chicken .1 ml carbon solution was deposited on the vent. The carbon was sucked into the lumen of the bursa and absorbed by the follicular epithelium which appeared as black dots on the surface of the folds. The number of black dots on the surface of a fold represents the number of follicles per fold. The average number of follicles per fold was 820. Since the number of folds per bursa ranges between 10--15, we were able to calculate 8000--12000 follicles per bursa. The volumetric mathematical analysis of the follicles and folds confirmed our calculated number of follicles. On a stereomicrograph from a randomly selected area of a fold surface, a trapezoid was outlined and measured. The surface analysis of the black dots within a trapezoid area revealed that about 10% of the bursal surface was covered by follicular epithelium which is immunologically oriented.", "contents": "The number and size of the follicular epithelium (FE) and follicles in the bursa of Fabricius. In a four-week-old chicken .1 ml carbon solution was deposited on the vent. The carbon was sucked into the lumen of the bursa and absorbed by the follicular epithelium which appeared as black dots on the surface of the folds. The number of black dots on the surface of a fold represents the number of follicles per fold. The average number of follicles per fold was 820. Since the number of folds per bursa ranges between 10--15, we were able to calculate 8000--12000 follicles per bursa. The volumetric mathematical analysis of the follicles and folds confirmed our calculated number of follicles. On a stereomicrograph from a randomly selected area of a fold surface, a trapezoid was outlined and measured. The surface analysis of the black dots within a trapezoid area revealed that about 10% of the bursal surface was covered by follicular epithelium which is immunologically oriented.", "PMID": 724605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10117", "title": "Identification of the chicken serum proteins by immunoelectrophoretic methods.", "content": "Normal chicken serum examined by Laurell's crossed immunoelectrophoresis, using rabbit anti-chicken serum, gave a total from 38 to 40 precipitation arcs. All precipitates were characterized by staining intensity and morphology. The individual precipitates were identified by electrophoretic position, monospecific rabbit antisera against individual human serum proteins, goat anti-chicken immunoglobulins, binding properties, and specific staining methods. By these methods, it has been possible to identify 20 precipitates.", "contents": "Identification of the chicken serum proteins by immunoelectrophoretic methods. Normal chicken serum examined by Laurell's crossed immunoelectrophoresis, using rabbit anti-chicken serum, gave a total from 38 to 40 precipitation arcs. All precipitates were characterized by staining intensity and morphology. The individual precipitates were identified by electrophoretic position, monospecific rabbit antisera against individual human serum proteins, goat anti-chicken immunoglobulins, binding properties, and specific staining methods. By these methods, it has been possible to identify 20 precipitates.", "PMID": 724606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10118", "title": "Glycogen depletion and repletion in the chick.", "content": "Carcass glycogen was degraded by chicks at a faster rate than liver glycogen during the first 72 hr of a 120 hr fast. Degradation of both sources of glycogen proceeded at a slower rate during the final 48 hr. Carcass glycogen was repleted at a greater rate than liver glycogen.", "contents": "Glycogen depletion and repletion in the chick. Carcass glycogen was degraded by chicks at a faster rate than liver glycogen during the first 72 hr of a 120 hr fast. Degradation of both sources of glycogen proceeded at a slower rate during the final 48 hr. Carcass glycogen was repleted at a greater rate than liver glycogen.", "PMID": 724607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10119", "title": "Precisely controlled temperature variations: effect on hematocrit values of broiler and laying stock.", "content": "An investigation was carried out to study the effect of several controlled environmental temperatures (4.4, 12.7, 23.9, and 32.2 C) on hematocrit values of broiler and laying stock reared from 10 to 20 weeks of age. There were no significant differences between the hematocrit values of broiler stock reared under the various temperature variations. Values for laying stock reared at 12.7 and 23.9 C were significantly lower than values observed for birds reared at control (ambient), 4.4, or 32.2 C temperatures.", "contents": "Precisely controlled temperature variations: effect on hematocrit values of broiler and laying stock. An investigation was carried out to study the effect of several controlled environmental temperatures (4.4, 12.7, 23.9, and 32.2 C) on hematocrit values of broiler and laying stock reared from 10 to 20 weeks of age. There were no significant differences between the hematocrit values of broiler stock reared under the various temperature variations. Values for laying stock reared at 12.7 and 23.9 C were significantly lower than values observed for birds reared at control (ambient), 4.4, or 32.2 C temperatures.", "PMID": 724608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10120", "title": "[Experimental study on the abortive effects of chlorinated hydrocarbon anaesthetics (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of inhalation anaesthetics derived from chlorinated hydrocarbons (halothane, ethrane, penthrane) on foetal development were studied in pregnant rats. Administration of the anaesthetics during the main organogenetic stage did not affect foetal development; but application during the embryonic stage resulted in increased incidence of intra-uterine deaths and difficult deliveries. No malformations were observed.", "contents": "[Experimental study on the abortive effects of chlorinated hydrocarbon anaesthetics (author's transl)]. The effects of inhalation anaesthetics derived from chlorinated hydrocarbons (halothane, ethrane, penthrane) on foetal development were studied in pregnant rats. Administration of the anaesthetics during the main organogenetic stage did not affect foetal development; but application during the embryonic stage resulted in increased incidence of intra-uterine deaths and difficult deliveries. No malformations were observed.", "PMID": 724622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10121", "title": "[Plasma Mg-levels during treatment of hypopotassaemia with Potassium-magnesium aspartate (author's transl)].", "content": "The importance of magnesium in the human organism is firmly established. About 250 Mg-dependent enzymes are so far known (2). Under intensive care conditions hypomagnesaemia is a fairly frequent occurrence, but is liable, as experience has shown, to be over-corrected. Serum Mg-levels in excess of 4.0 mg/percent already affect nerve conduction and induce bradycardia (4, 6, 7,). The inhibited liberation of acetylcholine (3) induces vasodilatation with hypotension, ileus and adynamia (3, 6, 7). Magnesium-containing solutions are, therefore, also contra-indicated in myasthenia gravis. Magnesium levels of 6--12 mg/percent are liable to lead to somnolence and even comma (4, 6). Platelet function and, consequently blood coagulation, are also affected by the Mg-levels in the blood (5, 8, 9). Should potassium substitution of more than 100 mEq/litre become necessary it must be borne in mind that administration of potassium-magnesium aspartate may raise the Mg concentrations to undesirable levels, espeically if renal function is impaired.", "contents": "[Plasma Mg-levels during treatment of hypopotassaemia with Potassium-magnesium aspartate (author's transl)]. The importance of magnesium in the human organism is firmly established. About 250 Mg-dependent enzymes are so far known (2). Under intensive care conditions hypomagnesaemia is a fairly frequent occurrence, but is liable, as experience has shown, to be over-corrected. Serum Mg-levels in excess of 4.0 mg/percent already affect nerve conduction and induce bradycardia (4, 6, 7,). The inhibited liberation of acetylcholine (3) induces vasodilatation with hypotension, ileus and adynamia (3, 6, 7). Magnesium-containing solutions are, therefore, also contra-indicated in myasthenia gravis. Magnesium levels of 6--12 mg/percent are liable to lead to somnolence and even comma (4, 6). Platelet function and, consequently blood coagulation, are also affected by the Mg-levels in the blood (5, 8, 9). Should potassium substitution of more than 100 mEq/litre become necessary it must be borne in mind that administration of potassium-magnesium aspartate may raise the Mg concentrations to undesirable levels, espeically if renal function is impaired.", "PMID": 724623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10122", "title": "[Long-term measurement of arterial blood pressure via the superficial temporal artery (author's transl)].", "content": "The method used for prolonged continuous measurement of arterial blood pressure in surgical intensive care unit is describe. It was employed in 150 persons aged 1--65 year for periods of up to 30 days. It involved arteriotomy of the super-ficial temporal artery followed by the insertion of a catheter. The absence of side-effects in any of the 150 patients makes this technique very suitable for prolonged continuous blood pressure measurements.", "contents": "[Long-term measurement of arterial blood pressure via the superficial temporal artery (author's transl)]. The method used for prolonged continuous measurement of arterial blood pressure in surgical intensive care unit is describe. It was employed in 150 persons aged 1--65 year for periods of up to 30 days. It involved arteriotomy of the super-ficial temporal artery followed by the insertion of a catheter. The absence of side-effects in any of the 150 patients makes this technique very suitable for prolonged continuous blood pressure measurements.", "PMID": 724624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10123", "title": "[Haemodialysis in acute renal failure; technique and surveillance (author's transl)].", "content": "Access to the blood stream for haemodialysis is generally via an arterio-venous shunt. Experience has shown that the introduction of two Shaldon catheters (with a modified Seldinger technique) into the upper caval system does not require special surgical knowledge and shortens and simplifies the preparations for haemodialysis in acute renal failure. As the catheters can easily be changed over guide wires, correction of obstructions and bacteriological examinations of the catheter tips do not present a problem. There were no complications. With this simplified access the acute stage of renal failure can be bridged for up to 6--8 weeks. The diameter of the catheters ensures an adequate flow of  150--200 ml/min. In vitro tests with a modified catheter (not yet available commercially) established 1. that the flow rate could be increased by 45 percent without altering the pressure of the return flow, and 2. that its use did not increase the rate of haemolysis. Incorrect placing of the catheters--the venous limb should be higher, i.e. nearer the heart, than the \"arterial\" catheter--may raise the re-circulating fraction by 6--18 percent. Since heparinization is necessary for haemodialysis but carries the grave risk of haemorrhages, espeically in the patients of an intensive care unit, it is essential to provide the means for estimating partial thromboplastin time at the bed side. This allows the heparin doses to be sufficiently reduced to obviate haemorrhage during and after haemodialysis.", "contents": "[Haemodialysis in acute renal failure; technique and surveillance (author's transl)]. Access to the blood stream for haemodialysis is generally via an arterio-venous shunt. Experience has shown that the introduction of two Shaldon catheters (with a modified Seldinger technique) into the upper caval system does not require special surgical knowledge and shortens and simplifies the preparations for haemodialysis in acute renal failure. As the catheters can easily be changed over guide wires, correction of obstructions and bacteriological examinations of the catheter tips do not present a problem. There were no complications. With this simplified access the acute stage of renal failure can be bridged for up to 6--8 weeks. The diameter of the catheters ensures an adequate flow of  150--200 ml/min. In vitro tests with a modified catheter (not yet available commercially) established 1. that the flow rate could be increased by 45 percent without altering the pressure of the return flow, and 2. that its use did not increase the rate of haemolysis. Incorrect placing of the catheters--the venous limb should be higher, i.e. nearer the heart, than the \"arterial\" catheter--may raise the re-circulating fraction by 6--18 percent. Since heparinization is necessary for haemodialysis but carries the grave risk of haemorrhages, espeically in the patients of an intensive care unit, it is essential to provide the means for estimating partial thromboplastin time at the bed side. This allows the heparin doses to be sufficiently reduced to obviate haemorrhage during and after haemodialysis.", "PMID": 724626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10124", "title": "[Treatment of acute renal failure by hemofiltration (author's transl)].", "content": "Hemofiltration as an alternative to haemodialysis in the treatment of acute renal failure is described. The \"H\u00e4moprocessor\" (Sartorius Membranfilter GmbH, G\u00f6ttingen) as an computerized apparatus for haemofiltration is presented. First experiences with the clinical application of haemofiltration are reported, and the advantages and disadvantages are discussed.", "contents": "[Treatment of acute renal failure by hemofiltration (author's transl)]. Hemofiltration as an alternative to haemodialysis in the treatment of acute renal failure is described. The \"H\u00e4moprocessor\" (Sartorius Membranfilter GmbH, G\u00f6ttingen) as an computerized apparatus for haemofiltration is presented. First experiences with the clinical application of haemofiltration are reported, and the advantages and disadvantages are discussed.", "PMID": 724627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10125", "title": "[Anaesthesia and postoperative care in terminal renal insufficiency. Experiences in 132 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "A retrospective study was carried out examining the complication- and mortality-rate in 132 patients with terminal renal insufficiency who underwent major surgery: partial gastrectomy, bilateral nephrectomy and vascular surgery at the lower extremities. The anaesthetic management consisted primarily of general anesthesia and muscle relaxation except for vascular surgery at lower extremities where continuous epidural anaesthesia was used. The problems of the anaesthetic management and postoperative care including dialysis are discussed. Although this group of patients is at high risk, the complications can be kept at a minimum with appropriate anaesthetic management and postoperative care.", "contents": "[Anaesthesia and postoperative care in terminal renal insufficiency. Experiences in 132 cases (author's transl)]. A retrospective study was carried out examining the complication- and mortality-rate in 132 patients with terminal renal insufficiency who underwent major surgery: partial gastrectomy, bilateral nephrectomy and vascular surgery at the lower extremities. The anaesthetic management consisted primarily of general anesthesia and muscle relaxation except for vascular surgery at lower extremities where continuous epidural anaesthesia was used. The problems of the anaesthetic management and postoperative care including dialysis are discussed. Although this group of patients is at high risk, the complications can be kept at a minimum with appropriate anaesthetic management and postoperative care.", "PMID": 724628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10126", "title": "[Training on nursing personnel for work in recovery and intensive care units (author's transl)].", "content": "After prolonged deliberations guide lines have now been agreed upon regarding the training and examination of nursing personnel for work in recovery and intensive care units. The recommendations, as adopted by the German Hospital Association 16th November 1976, cannot be accepted unreservedly. One of the main objections is that the proposed course of training would lead to excessive specialization at too early a stage. The aim should be to provide training of an interdisciplinary character, including anaesthesia.", "contents": "[Training on nursing personnel for work in recovery and intensive care units (author's transl)]. After prolonged deliberations guide lines have now been agreed upon regarding the training and examination of nursing personnel for work in recovery and intensive care units. The recommendations, as adopted by the German Hospital Association 16th November 1976, cannot be accepted unreservedly. One of the main objections is that the proposed course of training would lead to excessive specialization at too early a stage. The aim should be to provide training of an interdisciplinary character, including anaesthesia.", "PMID": 724629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10127", "title": "[Complications arising from catheterization of the vena cava (author's transl)].", "content": "Catheterization of the vena cava has become a routine measure in clinical practice. Its main applications are for prevention and treatment of shock, infusion therapy and parenteral feeding. Its advantages, however, are partially offset by potential complications which may arise during or after introduction of the catheter. To minimize the risk of complications the following conditions should be fulfilled: strict indication, a subtile and strictly aseptic technique and careful nursing.", "contents": "[Complications arising from catheterization of the vena cava (author's transl)]. Catheterization of the vena cava has become a routine measure in clinical practice. Its main applications are for prevention and treatment of shock, infusion therapy and parenteral feeding. Its advantages, however, are partially offset by potential complications which may arise during or after introduction of the catheter. To minimize the risk of complications the following conditions should be fulfilled: strict indication, a subtile and strictly aseptic technique and careful nursing.", "PMID": 724630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10128", "title": "[Epidemiological aspects of malignant hyperthermia (author's transl)].", "content": "A statistical review is given on cases of malignant hyperthermia in Hamburg. The total number of general anesthetics from 1970--1976 was 960 000. 10 cases of malignant hyperthermia have been observed so that a crude estimate of the incidence would be about 1 : 100 000. Some epidemiological aspects of the patients in Hamburg are discussed.", "contents": "[Epidemiological aspects of malignant hyperthermia (author's transl)]. A statistical review is given on cases of malignant hyperthermia in Hamburg. The total number of general anesthetics from 1970--1976 was 960 000. 10 cases of malignant hyperthermia have been observed so that a crude estimate of the incidence would be about 1 : 100 000. Some epidemiological aspects of the patients in Hamburg are discussed.", "PMID": 724631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10129", "title": "[Anaesthesia-induced malignant hyperthermia (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of anaesthesia-induced malignant hyperthermia are reported. One patient died; the other, a 29-years-old woman, recovered without ascertainable after-effects although high temperature persisted for a relatively long time. Suggestions for the early diagnosis of malignant hyperthermia are analysed and the problem of procaine dosage is briefly discussed.", "contents": "[Anaesthesia-induced malignant hyperthermia (author's transl)]. Two cases of anaesthesia-induced malignant hyperthermia are reported. One patient died; the other, a 29-years-old woman, recovered without ascertainable after-effects although high temperature persisted for a relatively long time. Suggestions for the early diagnosis of malignant hyperthermia are analysed and the problem of procaine dosage is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 724632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10130", "title": "[Results of urological evaluation of a suprapublic catheter set (author's transl)].", "content": "Well known hazards of urethral catheterisation as well as recent clinical reports of suprapublic catheterisation were reasons for the evaluation of a disposable set for suprapublic catheterisation referring to about 100 urological patient hitherto. Its positive results recommend the further use of this set instead of urethral catheterisation observing contraindications for suprapubic puncture as well as the general need for elective indication for both ways of vesical catheterisation. Preparation for and procedure of suprapubic catheterisation as well as catheter care is described.", "contents": "[Results of urological evaluation of a suprapublic catheter set (author's transl)]. Well known hazards of urethral catheterisation as well as recent clinical reports of suprapublic catheterisation were reasons for the evaluation of a disposable set for suprapublic catheterisation referring to about 100 urological patient hitherto. Its positive results recommend the further use of this set instead of urethral catheterisation observing contraindications for suprapubic puncture as well as the general need for elective indication for both ways of vesical catheterisation. Preparation for and procedure of suprapubic catheterisation as well as catheter care is described.", "PMID": 724633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10131", "title": "[Abdominal aortogammography with YCK-11 99mTc. Preliminary report].", "content": "The Aortic Scanning with 99mTc was done initially by powell in 1966. This radioisotope is the ideal for dinamic studies. In this paper we purpose a new method in order to label erythrocytes, which allows the radiactive bolus sended for the vascular tree to be more compact (TCK-11 99mTc). Seventy abdominal aortic scanning in normal persons were done, fifty with TCK-11 and twenty with 99mTc with Powell's technique. The images were obtain from video-tape recorder. By this way it was possible to get cuantitative determinations from Aorta, Renal and Iliac arteries. These terminations can be very useful for diagnosis of several arterial abnormalities.", "contents": "[Abdominal aortogammography with YCK-11 99mTc. Preliminary report]. The Aortic Scanning with 99mTc was done initially by powell in 1966. This radioisotope is the ideal for dinamic studies. In this paper we purpose a new method in order to label erythrocytes, which allows the radiactive bolus sended for the vascular tree to be more compact (TCK-11 99mTc). Seventy abdominal aortic scanning in normal persons were done, fifty with TCK-11 and twenty with 99mTc with Powell's technique. The images were obtain from video-tape recorder. By this way it was possible to get cuantitative determinations from Aorta, Renal and Iliac arteries. These terminations can be very useful for diagnosis of several arterial abnormalities.", "PMID": 724644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10132", "title": "[Biosynthesis of L-asparaginase-2 by cultures of Bacillus polymyxa var. Ross].", "content": "Cell extracts of Bacillus polymyxa var. Ross.--producer of the polypeptide antibiotic polymyxin M. showed activity of L-asparaginase-2 (L-asparagine aminohydrolase EC 3.5.1.1). The enzyme activity in the growing culture increased with the biomass. The highest specific activity was detected in the cells at the onset of the stationary stage. The synthesis of L-asparaginase-2 was subjected to glucose catabolite repression in response to its addition to the culture at the logarithmic stage. After purification L-asparaginase-2 was obtained that was 350 times more active than the initial preparation. The enzyme properties were examined.", "contents": "[Biosynthesis of L-asparaginase-2 by cultures of Bacillus polymyxa var. Ross]. Cell extracts of Bacillus polymyxa var. Ross.--producer of the polypeptide antibiotic polymyxin M. showed activity of L-asparaginase-2 (L-asparagine aminohydrolase EC 3.5.1.1). The enzyme activity in the growing culture increased with the biomass. The highest specific activity was detected in the cells at the onset of the stationary stage. The synthesis of L-asparaginase-2 was subjected to glucose catabolite repression in response to its addition to the culture at the logarithmic stage. After purification L-asparaginase-2 was obtained that was 350 times more active than the initial preparation. The enzyme properties were examined.", "PMID": 724659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10133", "title": "[Induced methanol dehydrogenase in the yeast Hansenula polymorphia DL-1].", "content": "The yeast Hansenula polymorpha DL-I showed NAD-specific dehydrogenase activity involved in the methanol primary oxidation. This enzyme was found to be induced during periodic and continuous H. polymorpha cultivation, using methanol as the sole source of carbon and energy. The enzyme was absent during yeast cultivation on the glucose and ethanol containing medium.", "contents": "[Induced methanol dehydrogenase in the yeast Hansenula polymorphia DL-1]. The yeast Hansenula polymorpha DL-I showed NAD-specific dehydrogenase activity involved in the methanol primary oxidation. This enzyme was found to be induced during periodic and continuous H. polymorpha cultivation, using methanol as the sole source of carbon and energy. The enzyme was absent during yeast cultivation on the glucose and ethanol containing medium.", "PMID": 724660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10134", "title": "[Chitinolytic activity of Actinomyces kurssanovii under periodic and flow cultivation].", "content": "Chitinolytic activity of Actinomyces kurssanovii cultivated on the medium containing highly purified crab chitine as carbon source was studied. Under periodic cultivation the first to be accumulated were the (CHI)--enzyme that degraded ground chitine and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30). Then by the 15--16th hour of the producer growth chitinase-poly-(1,4-beta-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucoside)-glucanohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.14) and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase splitting N-N-diacetyl chitobiase were intensively accumulated. It was demonstrated that a highly active chitinolytic preparation of Act. kurssanovii can be obtained under flow cultivation at a dilution coefficient of D = 0.03--0.12 hr-1. A correlation between the respiratory activity of the culture and components of the chitinase system was established.", "contents": "[Chitinolytic activity of Actinomyces kurssanovii under periodic and flow cultivation]. Chitinolytic activity of Actinomyces kurssanovii cultivated on the medium containing highly purified crab chitine as carbon source was studied. Under periodic cultivation the first to be accumulated were the (CHI)--enzyme that degraded ground chitine and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30). Then by the 15--16th hour of the producer growth chitinase-poly-(1,4-beta-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucoside)-glucanohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.14) and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase splitting N-N-diacetyl chitobiase were intensively accumulated. It was demonstrated that a highly active chitinolytic preparation of Act. kurssanovii can be obtained under flow cultivation at a dilution coefficient of D = 0.03--0.12 hr-1. A correlation between the respiratory activity of the culture and components of the chitinase system was established.", "PMID": 724661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10135", "title": "[Urate oxidase from pig liver: biochemical and immunological properties].", "content": "A highly purified uratoxidase was isolated from the pig liver. The sedimentation coefficient of the enzyme was 6.96 S and the molecular weight was 122,000 +/- 4,000. The enzyme was a tetramer consisting of subunits with a molecular weight of 31,600 +/- 2,500. Uratoxidase showed high substrate specificity with 0.05 M borate buffer, pH 8.5. During competitive inhibition 8-azaxanthine (Ki = 3.1 X 10(-7) M) produced the strongest inhibitory effect as compared with other purine compounds. N-chloromercuric benzoate and ascorbic acid also inhibited strongly uratoxidase activity. EDTA-Na2, methyl ester of n-oxybenzoic acid, phenyl methyl sulphonyl fluoride and cystein did not influence the enzyme activity.", "contents": "[Urate oxidase from pig liver: biochemical and immunological properties]. A highly purified uratoxidase was isolated from the pig liver. The sedimentation coefficient of the enzyme was 6.96 S and the molecular weight was 122,000 +/- 4,000. The enzyme was a tetramer consisting of subunits with a molecular weight of 31,600 +/- 2,500. Uratoxidase showed high substrate specificity with 0.05 M borate buffer, pH 8.5. During competitive inhibition 8-azaxanthine (Ki = 3.1 X 10(-7) M) produced the strongest inhibitory effect as compared with other purine compounds. N-chloromercuric benzoate and ascorbic acid also inhibited strongly uratoxidase activity. EDTA-Na2, methyl ester of n-oxybenzoic acid, phenyl methyl sulphonyl fluoride and cystein did not influence the enzyme activity.", "PMID": 724662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10136", "title": "[Synthesis of retinyl phosphate, its physico-chemical properties and biological activity].", "content": "Retinyl phosphate (RP) has been synthesized from retinol (R), using phosphodimorpholine chloride (PDMC) or POCl3. A method for isolating and purifying RP from the reaction mixture has been developed. The RP yield varies from 3 to 6% depending on the quantities of R and POCl3. The RP yield can be increased by 10--15% as a result of RP separation and rerun of the reaction. The resultant RP has an absorption maximum at 325 nm, is described by the formula C20H27PO4(NH4)2 and distributed between equal volumes of diethyl ester and 20% aqueous methanol at a ratio of 1:1. RP is alkaline-resistant and rapidly transforms into anhydroretinol (AR) in the acid medium. Eighteen hours after RP administration into the caudal vein or parenterally retinyl palmitate and R are accumulated in the liver of A-avitaminous rats.", "contents": "[Synthesis of retinyl phosphate, its physico-chemical properties and biological activity]. Retinyl phosphate (RP) has been synthesized from retinol (R), using phosphodimorpholine chloride (PDMC) or POCl3. A method for isolating and purifying RP from the reaction mixture has been developed. The RP yield varies from 3 to 6% depending on the quantities of R and POCl3. The RP yield can be increased by 10--15% as a result of RP separation and rerun of the reaction. The resultant RP has an absorption maximum at 325 nm, is described by the formula C20H27PO4(NH4)2 and distributed between equal volumes of diethyl ester and 20% aqueous methanol at a ratio of 1:1. RP is alkaline-resistant and rapidly transforms into anhydroretinol (AR) in the acid medium. Eighteen hours after RP administration into the caudal vein or parenterally retinyl palmitate and R are accumulated in the liver of A-avitaminous rats.", "PMID": 724663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10137", "title": "[Effect of medium components on the metabolism of Brevibacterium ammoniagenes-producer of 5'-inosinic acid].", "content": "The effect of different carbon and nitrogen sources on the biosynthesis of 5'-inosinic acid (5'-IMP) by the culture Brevibacterium ammoniagenes 225-5 was studied. With respect to the yield of 5'-IMP, glucose was found to be the best carbon source and urea--the best nitrogen source. The proper ratio of concentrations of carbon and nitrogen sources in the nutrient medium was very important for a high 5'-IMP accumulation. The study of the effect of phosphate and magnesium concentrations on 5'-IMP biosynthesis demonstrated that their high concentrations were needed for intensive 5'-IMP salvage-synthesis from hypoxanthine and that they did not influence the de novo synthesis of hypoxanthine.", "contents": "[Effect of medium components on the metabolism of Brevibacterium ammoniagenes-producer of 5'-inosinic acid]. The effect of different carbon and nitrogen sources on the biosynthesis of 5'-inosinic acid (5'-IMP) by the culture Brevibacterium ammoniagenes 225-5 was studied. With respect to the yield of 5'-IMP, glucose was found to be the best carbon source and urea--the best nitrogen source. The proper ratio of concentrations of carbon and nitrogen sources in the nutrient medium was very important for a high 5'-IMP accumulation. The study of the effect of phosphate and magnesium concentrations on 5'-IMP biosynthesis demonstrated that their high concentrations were needed for intensive 5'-IMP salvage-synthesis from hypoxanthine and that they did not influence the de novo synthesis of hypoxanthine.", "PMID": 724664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10138", "title": "[Effect of triterpene glycosides on the biosynthesis of sterols and fatty acids by the yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis].", "content": "The effect of cauloside C from Caulophyllum robustum M., theasaponine from Thea sinensis L. and stichoposide A from Stichopus japonicus S. on the biosynthesis of sterols and fatty acids by the yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis was studied. In in vivo and in vitro experiments cauloside C and theasaponine inhibited ergosterol biosynthesis at the stage of squalene-to-lanosterol transformation. In in vivo experiments stichoposide A inhibited squalene biosynthesis. The triterpene glycosides tested showed a typical feature: in in vivo and in vitro experiments they blocked the biosynthesis of fatty acids.", "contents": "[Effect of triterpene glycosides on the biosynthesis of sterols and fatty acids by the yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis]. The effect of cauloside C from Caulophyllum robustum M., theasaponine from Thea sinensis L. and stichoposide A from Stichopus japonicus S. on the biosynthesis of sterols and fatty acids by the yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis was studied. In in vivo and in vitro experiments cauloside C and theasaponine inhibited ergosterol biosynthesis at the stage of squalene-to-lanosterol transformation. In in vivo experiments stichoposide A inhibited squalene biosynthesis. The triterpene glycosides tested showed a typical feature: in in vivo and in vitro experiments they blocked the biosynthesis of fatty acids.", "PMID": 724665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10139", "title": "[Preparation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) form salmon milt by the phenol method].", "content": "The paper presents a modification of the Kirby method for the DNA preparation from salmon milt. The modified procedure includes ethanol pretreatment and subsequent homogenization in 0.01 M. Trylon B. The paper describes the conditions for DNA purification through alkaline treatment and renaturation at 66 degrees C. The modified method can be used to obtain two preparations of DNA viscous solution in water (DNA homogenate), employed as a raw material in the preparation of 5-deoxyribonucleotides, and a dry preparation.", "contents": "[Preparation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) form salmon milt by the phenol method]. The paper presents a modification of the Kirby method for the DNA preparation from salmon milt. The modified procedure includes ethanol pretreatment and subsequent homogenization in 0.01 M. Trylon B. The paper describes the conditions for DNA purification through alkaline treatment and renaturation at 66 degrees C. The modified method can be used to obtain two preparations of DNA viscous solution in water (DNA homogenate), employed as a raw material in the preparation of 5-deoxyribonucleotides, and a dry preparation.", "PMID": 724667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10140", "title": "[Chitin of mycelial fungi of the genus Penicillium].", "content": "The effect of the nutrient medium and cultivation conditions on the chitin content in cell walls of mycelial fungi of the Penicillium genus was studied. The chitin accumulation was influenced by the composition and quantity of carbon and nitrogen sources, acidity of the medium, aeration rate and age of the culture. The highest content of chitin in the strains studied was no more than 4--5%. The paper discusses the potential use of the fungi P. digitatum 24 P, P. notatum 1 f, P. terikowskii and P. claviforme as protein producers. It describes the procedure for measuring chitin in cell walls of mycelial fungi.", "contents": "[Chitin of mycelial fungi of the genus Penicillium]. The effect of the nutrient medium and cultivation conditions on the chitin content in cell walls of mycelial fungi of the Penicillium genus was studied. The chitin accumulation was influenced by the composition and quantity of carbon and nitrogen sources, acidity of the medium, aeration rate and age of the culture. The highest content of chitin in the strains studied was no more than 4--5%. The paper discusses the potential use of the fungi P. digitatum 24 P, P. notatum 1 f, P. terikowskii and P. claviforme as protein producers. It describes the procedure for measuring chitin in cell walls of mycelial fungi.", "PMID": 724666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10141", "title": "[Plasma kinin system indices in diabetes mellitus patients before and after treatment with prodectin].", "content": "Kinin system was investigated in 82 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus of various severity. To make pathogenetically substantiated pharmacological correction of the kinin system activity prodectin--kinin antagonist--was used in these patients. A conclusion was drawn that the blood plasma kinin system was activated in the patients with moderately severe and severe diabetes. The activity of total kallikrein and kininogen became normal against the background of prodectin treatment. The blood plasma kinin system activity was normalized simultaneously with the improvement of the diabetic angiopathies course.", "contents": "[Plasma kinin system indices in diabetes mellitus patients before and after treatment with prodectin]. Kinin system was investigated in 82 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus of various severity. To make pathogenetically substantiated pharmacological correction of the kinin system activity prodectin--kinin antagonist--was used in these patients. A conclusion was drawn that the blood plasma kinin system was activated in the patients with moderately severe and severe diabetes. The activity of total kallikrein and kininogen became normal against the background of prodectin treatment. The blood plasma kinin system activity was normalized simultaneously with the improvement of the diabetic angiopathies course.", "PMID": 724671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10142", "title": "[Determination of carbohydrate tolerance disorders in mass epidemiologic studies].", "content": "The authors evaluated the informativeness of both the individual sugar curve levels and their combinations for determination of disturbed carbohydrate tolerance. It appeared that the most informative one was blood sugar level 1 hour after the glucose load, and the least--on fasting stomach. Regression equations permitting to restore the sugar curve in the presence of incomplete data with no lesser precision than the biological reproducibility were obtained. Due to the fact that statistical connection was detected between the individual levels a possibility of increasing the sensitivity of the method of disturbed carbohydrate tolerance determination (particularly in using the blood sugar level on fasting stomach and 2 hours after the glucose load) was revealed.", "contents": "[Determination of carbohydrate tolerance disorders in mass epidemiologic studies]. The authors evaluated the informativeness of both the individual sugar curve levels and their combinations for determination of disturbed carbohydrate tolerance. It appeared that the most informative one was blood sugar level 1 hour after the glucose load, and the least--on fasting stomach. Regression equations permitting to restore the sugar curve in the presence of incomplete data with no lesser precision than the biological reproducibility were obtained. Due to the fact that statistical connection was detected between the individual levels a possibility of increasing the sensitivity of the method of disturbed carbohydrate tolerance determination (particularly in using the blood sugar level on fasting stomach and 2 hours after the glucose load) was revealed.", "PMID": 724672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10143", "title": "[Fractional composition of the lipid complex of grain infected by the microscopic fungus Fusarium sporotrichiella Bilai].", "content": "Changes in the fractional composition of lipids isolated from millet, rice and semolina artificially infected with the microscopic fungus Fusarium sporotrichiella Bilai were followed. The lipid complex was found to undergo marked changes and to yield toxic sterololactones.", "contents": "[Fractional composition of the lipid complex of grain infected by the microscopic fungus Fusarium sporotrichiella Bilai]. Changes in the fractional composition of lipids isolated from millet, rice and semolina artificially infected with the microscopic fungus Fusarium sporotrichiella Bilai were followed. The lipid complex was found to undergo marked changes and to yield toxic sterololactones.", "PMID": 724668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10144", "title": "[Degree and frequency of activation of different adrenal cortex functions in diabetes mellitus patients].", "content": "The indices of three adrenal cortex functions were investigated in 517 patients with a moderately severe and severe forms of diabetes mellitus of various duration, outside of the ketoacidosis and hypoglucemia states. Both during decompensation and at the period of unstable compensation (subcompensation) of the disease 3--60% of the patients displayed increased indices of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid functions, and 20--38%--of the androgenic ones. Along with different frequency of detection, there was revealed a distinct non-uniformity of different indices elevation. A prevalence of the mineralocorticoid function activation was noted. As suggested, at the mentioned periods of diabetes mellitus functional activity of the adrenal cortex reflected various phases of the oscillatory adaptation process to the frequently repeated stress actions (metabolic disturbances). Possible causes of prevalent aldosterone excretion elevation are discussed.", "contents": "[Degree and frequency of activation of different adrenal cortex functions in diabetes mellitus patients]. The indices of three adrenal cortex functions were investigated in 517 patients with a moderately severe and severe forms of diabetes mellitus of various duration, outside of the ketoacidosis and hypoglucemia states. Both during decompensation and at the period of unstable compensation (subcompensation) of the disease 3--60% of the patients displayed increased indices of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid functions, and 20--38%--of the androgenic ones. Along with different frequency of detection, there was revealed a distinct non-uniformity of different indices elevation. A prevalence of the mineralocorticoid function activation was noted. As suggested, at the mentioned periods of diabetes mellitus functional activity of the adrenal cortex reflected various phases of the oscillatory adaptation process to the frequently repeated stress actions (metabolic disturbances). Possible causes of prevalent aldosterone excretion elevation are discussed.", "PMID": 724673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10145", "title": "[Dynamics of levels of growth hormone and free fatty acids in the blood, and catecholamines in the urine of insulin-resistant and insulin-sensitive diabetes mellitus patients during insulin hypoglycemia].", "content": "The changes in the content of STH and FFA in the blood and of catecholamines in the urine under the effect of insulin hypoglycemia were studied in 28 insulin-sensitive and 40 insulin-resistant patients suffering from diabetes mellitus. Patients with diabetes mellitus who needed 100 or more insulin units per 24 hours for compensation of the affection were referred to the insulin-resistant ones. In these cases a less pronounced elevation of the blood STH level and of urinary catecholamines was noted in response to insulin hypoglycemia. This was accompanied by a considerable reduction of lipolysis in the insulin-resistant patients. It is suggested that in the insulin-resistant patients, due to reduction of the STH and catecholamine stimuli, FFA is incapable of providing the necessary energy balance at the cellular level in insulin insufficiency. This accounts for an increased requirement in exogenous insulin in the insulin-resistant patients with diabetes mellitus. Reduction of the FFA and catecholamine reserves in the insulin-resistant patients suffering from diabetes mellitus is postulated to be one of the main factors in the resistance pathogenesis.", "contents": "[Dynamics of levels of growth hormone and free fatty acids in the blood, and catecholamines in the urine of insulin-resistant and insulin-sensitive diabetes mellitus patients during insulin hypoglycemia]. The changes in the content of STH and FFA in the blood and of catecholamines in the urine under the effect of insulin hypoglycemia were studied in 28 insulin-sensitive and 40 insulin-resistant patients suffering from diabetes mellitus. Patients with diabetes mellitus who needed 100 or more insulin units per 24 hours for compensation of the affection were referred to the insulin-resistant ones. In these cases a less pronounced elevation of the blood STH level and of urinary catecholamines was noted in response to insulin hypoglycemia. This was accompanied by a considerable reduction of lipolysis in the insulin-resistant patients. It is suggested that in the insulin-resistant patients, due to reduction of the STH and catecholamine stimuli, FFA is incapable of providing the necessary energy balance at the cellular level in insulin insufficiency. This accounts for an increased requirement in exogenous insulin in the insulin-resistant patients with diabetes mellitus. Reduction of the FFA and catecholamine reserves in the insulin-resistant patients suffering from diabetes mellitus is postulated to be one of the main factors in the resistance pathogenesis.", "PMID": 724670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10146", "title": "[Dynamics of changes in the concentration of estradiol receptors in the cytosol of rat female hypothalamus during postnatal development].", "content": "Estradiol receptors content in the hypothalamus of female rats during the postnatal development (the 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th, 35th, and 42nd days) was studied. The greatest values of the binding capacity were revealed in the hypothalamus of 7- and 14-day female rats; thses values decreased gradually till sexual maturation. The number of estradiol receptors increased after the vagina opening in rats. Estradiol receptors possessed high sterospecificity and high degree of affinity to the receptive hormone.", "contents": "[Dynamics of changes in the concentration of estradiol receptors in the cytosol of rat female hypothalamus during postnatal development]. Estradiol receptors content in the hypothalamus of female rats during the postnatal development (the 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th, 35th, and 42nd days) was studied. The greatest values of the binding capacity were revealed in the hypothalamus of 7- and 14-day female rats; thses values decreased gradually till sexual maturation. The number of estradiol receptors increased after the vagina opening in rats. Estradiol receptors possessed high sterospecificity and high degree of affinity to the receptive hormone.", "PMID": 724675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10147", "title": "[Age and reduction in the sensitivity of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal complex to the inhibiting effect of dexamethasone. Effect of stress, polypeptide epiphyseal extract and phenformin].", "content": "It was shown in experiments on rats that sensitivity of the hypothalamo-hypophysial complex to the inhibitory action of dexamethazone decreased in adult and old rats in comparison with the young sexually mature animals. Single administration of l-tryptophane and L-DOPA decreased, and 5-day administration of the both preparations potentiated the inhibitory action of dexamethazone. Resistance to dexamethazone action occurred under conditions of other stress, whereas potentiation of the inhibitory effect of dexamethazone took place under the effect of acetic acid polypeptide extract from the epiphyses and the antidiabetic biguanide--phenoformine. Arguments are presented in favour of the role of biogenic amines in the age-related increase of the sensitivity threshold of the central structures to the corticosteroid inhibition.", "contents": "[Age and reduction in the sensitivity of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal complex to the inhibiting effect of dexamethasone. Effect of stress, polypeptide epiphyseal extract and phenformin]. It was shown in experiments on rats that sensitivity of the hypothalamo-hypophysial complex to the inhibitory action of dexamethazone decreased in adult and old rats in comparison with the young sexually mature animals. Single administration of l-tryptophane and L-DOPA decreased, and 5-day administration of the both preparations potentiated the inhibitory action of dexamethazone. Resistance to dexamethazone action occurred under conditions of other stress, whereas potentiation of the inhibitory effect of dexamethazone took place under the effect of acetic acid polypeptide extract from the epiphyses and the antidiabetic biguanide--phenoformine. Arguments are presented in favour of the role of biogenic amines in the age-related increase of the sensitivity threshold of the central structures to the corticosteroid inhibition.", "PMID": 724676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10148", "title": "[Functional state of the pituitary-thyroid system of women during pregnancy].", "content": "Functional condition of the hypophysio-thyroid system was studied in physiological pregnancy by protein-bound iodine, T4, T3, thyrotropic hormone indices; the function proved to become more intense with the advance of pregnancy. A significant change of the T3 level during the early periods of pregnancy is possibly connected with the high hormone uptake at that period. A sharp elevation of the hormone-binding capacity of the blood serum proteins prevented the development of hyperthyroidism, this being confirmed by the results of the free thyroxin index determination.", "contents": "[Functional state of the pituitary-thyroid system of women during pregnancy]. Functional condition of the hypophysio-thyroid system was studied in physiological pregnancy by protein-bound iodine, T4, T3, thyrotropic hormone indices; the function proved to become more intense with the advance of pregnancy. A significant change of the T3 level during the early periods of pregnancy is possibly connected with the high hormone uptake at that period. A sharp elevation of the hormone-binding capacity of the blood serum proteins prevented the development of hyperthyroidism, this being confirmed by the results of the free thyroxin index determination.", "PMID": 724674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10149", "title": "[Relationship between the nucleolar and karyoplasmic forms of RNA-polymerase in the nuclei of normal cells from different tissues and following hydrocortisone administration].", "content": "Correlation of the nucleolar and karyoplasmic forms of RNA-polymerase was studied in the cell nuclei of the brain, liver, kidneys and the spleen of rats under normal conditions and after hydrocortisone administration. Hydrocortisone was found to stimulate both the nucleolar and karyoplasmic RNA synthesis. In the nuclei of different tissues correlation of the nuclear and karyoplasmic forms of RNA-polymerase changed under the effect of the hormone unequally. Transcription stimulated by hydrocortisone, both the nucleolar and  karyoplasmic was suppressed by actinomycin D. This indicated that, together with the activation of the enzyme forms, the hormone caused releasing the transcribed genom regions. The NAD-pyrophosphorylase activity of the nuclei, both under normal conditions and after hydrocortisone administration, was studied as well. Stimulation of the NAD-pyrophosphorylase activity occurred under the effect of the hormone in the cell nuclei of all the tissues under study; this stimulation was most pronounced in the nuclei of the spleen and of the kidneys. Nuclei characterized by a high RNA-polymerase activity also possessed an increased NAD-pyrophosphorylase activity.", "contents": "[Relationship between the nucleolar and karyoplasmic forms of RNA-polymerase in the nuclei of normal cells from different tissues and following hydrocortisone administration]. Correlation of the nucleolar and karyoplasmic forms of RNA-polymerase was studied in the cell nuclei of the brain, liver, kidneys and the spleen of rats under normal conditions and after hydrocortisone administration. Hydrocortisone was found to stimulate both the nucleolar and karyoplasmic RNA synthesis. In the nuclei of different tissues correlation of the nuclear and karyoplasmic forms of RNA-polymerase changed under the effect of the hormone unequally. Transcription stimulated by hydrocortisone, both the nucleolar and  karyoplasmic was suppressed by actinomycin D. This indicated that, together with the activation of the enzyme forms, the hormone caused releasing the transcribed genom regions. The NAD-pyrophosphorylase activity of the nuclei, both under normal conditions and after hydrocortisone administration, was studied as well. Stimulation of the NAD-pyrophosphorylase activity occurred under the effect of the hormone in the cell nuclei of all the tissues under study; this stimulation was most pronounced in the nuclei of the spleen and of the kidneys. Nuclei characterized by a high RNA-polymerase activity also possessed an increased NAD-pyrophosphorylase activity.", "PMID": 724677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10150", "title": "[Effect of choriogonadotropin on the ovaries and uterus of infantile rats following treatment of the amygdaloid nuclei].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on female rats. The authors studied the effect of choriogonadotropin on the ovaries and uterus following simulation or destruction of the cortico-medial portion of the amygdaloid nuclei. In rats with an intact hypophysis administration of choriogonadotropin after stimulation or destruction of the amygdaloid nuclei led to increase in the number of the vesicular follicles and corpora lutea. In hypophysectomized rats the action on the amygdaloid nuclei failed to influence the choriogonadotropin effect on the ovaries. Changes in the ovaries depended on the total effect of choriogonadotropin and endogenous gonadotropins released into the blood after the action on the amygdaloid nuclei.", "contents": "[Effect of choriogonadotropin on the ovaries and uterus of infantile rats following treatment of the amygdaloid nuclei]. Experiments were conducted on female rats. The authors studied the effect of choriogonadotropin on the ovaries and uterus following simulation or destruction of the cortico-medial portion of the amygdaloid nuclei. In rats with an intact hypophysis administration of choriogonadotropin after stimulation or destruction of the amygdaloid nuclei led to increase in the number of the vesicular follicles and corpora lutea. In hypophysectomized rats the action on the amygdaloid nuclei failed to influence the choriogonadotropin effect on the ovaries. Changes in the ovaries depended on the total effect of choriogonadotropin and endogenous gonadotropins released into the blood after the action on the amygdaloid nuclei.", "PMID": 724678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10151", "title": "[Effect of alloxan diabetes on the enzyme activity of the mucous membrane of the small intestine].", "content": "Experiments on male rats showed that following subcutaneous injection of alloxan in a dose of 15 mg per 100 g of body weight amylolytic, invertase, glycyl-l-tyrosine dipeptidehydrolase activity of the mucosa of the small intestine altered differently. As a result, there occurred a deviation of the enzymatic spectrum from the normal characterized by a sharp increase (with the development of diabetes) of the activity of the carbohydrate hydrolysing enzymes (amylase and invertase) with a simultaneous reduction of the activity of the enzymes participating in protein (dipeptidase) and fat (monglyceridlipase) hydrolysis.", "contents": "[Effect of alloxan diabetes on the enzyme activity of the mucous membrane of the small intestine]. Experiments on male rats showed that following subcutaneous injection of alloxan in a dose of 15 mg per 100 g of body weight amylolytic, invertase, glycyl-l-tyrosine dipeptidehydrolase activity of the mucosa of the small intestine altered differently. As a result, there occurred a deviation of the enzymatic spectrum from the normal characterized by a sharp increase (with the development of diabetes) of the activity of the carbohydrate hydrolysing enzymes (amylase and invertase) with a simultaneous reduction of the activity of the enzymes participating in protein (dipeptidase) and fat (monglyceridlipase) hydrolysis.", "PMID": 724680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10152", "title": "[Reaction between prolactin and serum proteins. II. Prolactin-binding gamma globulin of normal animal serum].", "content": "The authors identified prolactin-binding proteins in the blood of goats and rats. Proteins were isolated by affine chromatography. It was shown by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and Sepharose-6B and also by disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel and zonal electrophoresis in agarose that these proteins were referred to gamma-globulins. In zonal electrophoresis prolactin complex with the binding protein dissociated. Immunoelectrophoresis showed that prolactin-binding proteins were referred to IgA class.", "contents": "[Reaction between prolactin and serum proteins. II. Prolactin-binding gamma globulin of normal animal serum]. The authors identified prolactin-binding proteins in the blood of goats and rats. Proteins were isolated by affine chromatography. It was shown by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and Sepharose-6B and also by disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel and zonal electrophoresis in agarose that these proteins were referred to gamma-globulins. In zonal electrophoresis prolactin complex with the binding protein dissociated. Immunoelectrophoresis showed that prolactin-binding proteins were referred to IgA class.", "PMID": 724681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10153", "title": "[Sensitivity of isolated adipose tissue to insulin and questions concerning the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus in patients with chronic liver diseases].", "content": "Immunoreactive insulin level proved to be elevated in the blood serum on fasting stomach and at various periods after glucose administration in patients with cirrhosis of the liver with normal glucose tolerance. Reduced insulin sensitivity of the isolated adipose tissue was observed in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. The blood serum cortisol level in these patients failed to differ from such in healthy persons; that calls in doubt participation of this contrinsular hormone in the genesis of reduced insulin sensitivity in chronic diseases of the liver. Elevation of peripheral insulin resistance can promote development or detection of carbohydrate metabolism disturbances in patients with chronic diseases of the liver.", "contents": "[Sensitivity of isolated adipose tissue to insulin and questions concerning the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus in patients with chronic liver diseases]. Immunoreactive insulin level proved to be elevated in the blood serum on fasting stomach and at various periods after glucose administration in patients with cirrhosis of the liver with normal glucose tolerance. Reduced insulin sensitivity of the isolated adipose tissue was observed in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. The blood serum cortisol level in these patients failed to differ from such in healthy persons; that calls in doubt participation of this contrinsular hormone in the genesis of reduced insulin sensitivity in chronic diseases of the liver. Elevation of peripheral insulin resistance can promote development or detection of carbohydrate metabolism disturbances in patients with chronic diseases of the liver.", "PMID": 724682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10154", "title": "Multiple births and visible birth defects in 13,000 consecutive deliveries in one Ghanaian hospital.", "content": "The analysis of the data from this study, though not complete, has shown the following: 1) High rates of plural births may be expected in Ghanaian populations (3.21% for twins, 0.05% for triplets). 2) Hellin's law relating to the incidence of multiple births has been found to apply to a Ghanaian population. 3) Our data show that maternal age and parity have considerable effect on twinning. 4) Multiple pregnancies may not, in themselves, constitute a risk to the mother. On the other hand, the birthweight of the babies may be the cause of hazard at childbirth.", "contents": "Multiple births and visible birth defects in 13,000 consecutive deliveries in one Ghanaian hospital. The analysis of the data from this study, though not complete, has shown the following: 1) High rates of plural births may be expected in Ghanaian populations (3.21% for twins, 0.05% for triplets). 2) Hellin's law relating to the incidence of multiple births has been found to apply to a Ghanaian population. 3) Our data show that maternal age and parity have considerable effect on twinning. 4) Multiple pregnancies may not, in themselves, constitute a risk to the mother. On the other hand, the birthweight of the babies may be the cause of hazard at childbirth.", "PMID": 724702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10155", "title": "Perinatal and infant mortality in twins.", "content": "The perinatal and infant mortality in the sample of all children born in the South Moravian Region of Czechoslovakia in the years 1970--1976 was studied. The total number of births was 237,655, including 4,072 twin children. The perinatal mortality of twins was 11 times higher and the infant mortality of twins was six times higher than those of the singletons. The mortality of B twins was significantly higher, especially in the groups with birthweight of 1,000 to 2,499 gm and with a gestational age of 22--36 weeks. The most important causes of deaths in twins are prematurity and anoxia or hypoxia. The B twin is more at risk, but also for the A twin the risk is higher for the average singleton. This difference disappears when only the infants with low birthweights are compared.", "contents": "Perinatal and infant mortality in twins. The perinatal and infant mortality in the sample of all children born in the South Moravian Region of Czechoslovakia in the years 1970--1976 was studied. The total number of births was 237,655, including 4,072 twin children. The perinatal mortality of twins was 11 times higher and the infant mortality of twins was six times higher than those of the singletons. The mortality of B twins was significantly higher, especially in the groups with birthweight of 1,000 to 2,499 gm and with a gestational age of 22--36 weeks. The most important causes of deaths in twins are prematurity and anoxia or hypoxia. The B twin is more at risk, but also for the A twin the risk is higher for the average singleton. This difference disappears when only the infants with low birthweights are compared.", "PMID": 724704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10156", "title": "Twinning rate and reproduction failures.", "content": "Spontaneous abortion of one of the zygotes is shown to explain some of the main epidemiologic features of dizygotic twinning: its decrease at higher maternal ages and its spatial and secular variations. Conversely, the dizygotic twinning rate offers a precious tool for the study of the etiology of reproduction failures.", "contents": "Twinning rate and reproduction failures. Spontaneous abortion of one of the zygotes is shown to explain some of the main epidemiologic features of dizygotic twinning: its decrease at higher maternal ages and its spatial and secular variations. Conversely, the dizygotic twinning rate offers a precious tool for the study of the etiology of reproduction failures.", "PMID": 724705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10157", "title": "A hypothesis on the declining dizygotic twinning rates in developed countries.", "content": "1) There has been an unexplained drop in dizygotic twinning rates during the past 15--20 years in all the developed countries for which data are available. In this note an explanation is offered for this decline. 2) There has been a decline in birth rates in almost all developed countries over much of the same period. 3) There is good evidence that in recent years there has been a decline in sperm counts--at any rate in the United States. 4) It is suggested here that this decline in sperm counts has been responsible for a decline in the probability that coitus in the fertile period will result in fertilization of the ovum. It is hypothesized that this decline is responsible for the decline in dizygotic twinning rates and--partially--for the decline in birth rates.", "contents": "A hypothesis on the declining dizygotic twinning rates in developed countries. 1) There has been an unexplained drop in dizygotic twinning rates during the past 15--20 years in all the developed countries for which data are available. In this note an explanation is offered for this decline. 2) There has been a decline in birth rates in almost all developed countries over much of the same period. 3) There is good evidence that in recent years there has been a decline in sperm counts--at any rate in the United States. 4) It is suggested here that this decline in sperm counts has been responsible for a decline in the probability that coitus in the fertile period will result in fertilization of the ovum. It is hypothesized that this decline is responsible for the decline in dizygotic twinning rates and--partially--for the decline in birth rates.", "PMID": 724710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10158", "title": "Maternal age, parity, and twin pregnancies.", "content": "Significant effects of maternal age and parity on twinning were observed in a sample of 10,916 third trimester deliveries. Younger mothers exhibited low rates of twinning in low parities and higher rates in high parities. Older mothers exhibited high rates of twinning right from the low parities, with a declining rate after \"parity 4.\"", "contents": "Maternal age, parity, and twin pregnancies. Significant effects of maternal age and parity on twinning were observed in a sample of 10,916 third trimester deliveries. Younger mothers exhibited low rates of twinning in low parities and higher rates in high parities. Older mothers exhibited high rates of twinning right from the low parities, with a declining rate after \"parity 4.\"", "PMID": 724713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10159", "title": "New indolic hypotensive agents.", "content": "Seven substituted piperazino indoles were synthesized by the condensation of substituted piperazines with substituted indole-3-aldehyde, and evaluated for hypotensive activity. Only compound 2 exhibited promising hypotensive activity.", "contents": "New indolic hypotensive agents. Seven substituted piperazino indoles were synthesized by the condensation of substituted piperazines with substituted indole-3-aldehyde, and evaluated for hypotensive activity. Only compound 2 exhibited promising hypotensive activity.", "PMID": 724743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10160", "title": "Synthesis of some 2.5-disubstituted anilino-3.6-dichloro-1.4-benzoquinones as antimicrobial agents.", "content": "The potent antimicrobial properties of several chloroquinones prompted the synthesis of nineteen new 2.5-disubstituted anilino-3.6-dichloro-1.4-benzoquinone derivatives by reacting 2.5-dichloro-p-benzoquinone with many of the official antimicrobial sulphonamides and other related amines. Testing of six representative samples for their antimicrobial activity revealed good inhibitory results on the growth of five microorganisms.", "contents": "Synthesis of some 2.5-disubstituted anilino-3.6-dichloro-1.4-benzoquinones as antimicrobial agents. The potent antimicrobial properties of several chloroquinones prompted the synthesis of nineteen new 2.5-disubstituted anilino-3.6-dichloro-1.4-benzoquinone derivatives by reacting 2.5-dichloro-p-benzoquinone with many of the official antimicrobial sulphonamides and other related amines. Testing of six representative samples for their antimicrobial activity revealed good inhibitory results on the growth of five microorganisms.", "PMID": 724744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10161", "title": "Synthesis of some substituted pyrazole-3-carboxylic acids with possible hypoglycemic and antimicrobial activity.", "content": "Condensation of delta-unsaturated 1.3-diketoesters (1) with 4-substituted arylhydrazines (2) or benzenesulphonyl-hydrazine (8) led to 1-aryl-3-ethoxycarbonyl-5-[alpha-substituted styryl]-pyrazoles (3), and 1-benzenesulphonyl-3-ethoxycarbonyl-5-styryl pyrazole (9). Potassium permanganate oxidation of 3 gave 5-acetyl (or benzoyl)-1-aryl-3-ethoxycarbonyl pyrazoles (6) which on hydrolysis gave the corresponding carboxylic acids (7). Hydrolysis of 3 gave the corresponding acids 4 which on treatment with thionyl chloride followed by ammonia afforded the corresponding carboxamides 5.", "contents": "Synthesis of some substituted pyrazole-3-carboxylic acids with possible hypoglycemic and antimicrobial activity. Condensation of delta-unsaturated 1.3-diketoesters (1) with 4-substituted arylhydrazines (2) or benzenesulphonyl-hydrazine (8) led to 1-aryl-3-ethoxycarbonyl-5-[alpha-substituted styryl]-pyrazoles (3), and 1-benzenesulphonyl-3-ethoxycarbonyl-5-styryl pyrazole (9). Potassium permanganate oxidation of 3 gave 5-acetyl (or benzoyl)-1-aryl-3-ethoxycarbonyl pyrazoles (6) which on hydrolysis gave the corresponding carboxylic acids (7). Hydrolysis of 3 gave the corresponding acids 4 which on treatment with thionyl chloride followed by ammonia afforded the corresponding carboxamides 5.", "PMID": 724745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10162", "title": "Synthesis of benzo-benzothiopyranoquinolines (pyridobenzothioxanthones) as possible schistosomicidal and antitumor agents.", "content": "The synthesis of a new class of compounds structurally related to cyclohexenothiaxanthones and benzothiaxanthones including a pyridine ring is described in an attempt to find compounds that may have schistosomicidal and carcinostatic activity. Synthesis was achieved through the condensation of amino-cyclohexenothiaxanthones and amino-benzothiaxanthones with ethyl acetoacetate by the Knorr and Conrad-Limpach methods.", "contents": "Synthesis of benzo-benzothiopyranoquinolines (pyridobenzothioxanthones) as possible schistosomicidal and antitumor agents. The synthesis of a new class of compounds structurally related to cyclohexenothiaxanthones and benzothiaxanthones including a pyridine ring is described in an attempt to find compounds that may have schistosomicidal and carcinostatic activity. Synthesis was achieved through the condensation of amino-cyclohexenothiaxanthones and amino-benzothiaxanthones with ethyl acetoacetate by the Knorr and Conrad-Limpach methods.", "PMID": 724755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10163", "title": "Aminoalkane sulfonic acids. Synthesis of some mitodepressive heterocyclic aminoalkane sulfonic acids.", "content": "The reaction of 2-aminopyrimidine with benzaldehyde in all applied methods yielded instead of benzal-2-aminopyrimidine (1) regardless of the procedure used, N.N'-benzilidene-bis-2-aminopyrimidine (2). The expected product benzal-2-aminopyrimidine has not been formed in any case. For this reason the synthesis of aminoalkanesulfonic acids has not been carried out by the use of Schiff bases as starting material. Reaction of aldehyde bisulfite adducts and corresponding amine, was used instead. In the syntheses where 2-aminopyridine was used as the amine part, the corresponding aminoalkanesulfonic acids were formed (3--5), while 2-aminopyrimidine under the same condition gave several reaction products (6--10). All compounds obtained were tested for their growth inhibitory activity on the seeds of cress (Lepidium sativum L.).", "contents": "Aminoalkane sulfonic acids. Synthesis of some mitodepressive heterocyclic aminoalkane sulfonic acids. The reaction of 2-aminopyrimidine with benzaldehyde in all applied methods yielded instead of benzal-2-aminopyrimidine (1) regardless of the procedure used, N.N'-benzilidene-bis-2-aminopyrimidine (2). The expected product benzal-2-aminopyrimidine has not been formed in any case. For this reason the synthesis of aminoalkanesulfonic acids has not been carried out by the use of Schiff bases as starting material. Reaction of aldehyde bisulfite adducts and corresponding amine, was used instead. In the syntheses where 2-aminopyridine was used as the amine part, the corresponding aminoalkanesulfonic acids were formed (3--5), while 2-aminopyrimidine under the same condition gave several reaction products (6--10). All compounds obtained were tested for their growth inhibitory activity on the seeds of cress (Lepidium sativum L.).", "PMID": 724757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10164", "title": "Some triazole analogs as anti-inflammatory agents.", "content": "4-[4-(3-Substituted-1-acetyloxycarbamido)-benzylidene] amino-1.2.4-triazoles were synthesized and evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenin-induced foot paw edema in albino rats. All compounds, with the exception of one, afforded anti-inflammatory activity. Approximate LD50 of all the substituted triazoles was found to be higher than 750 mg/kg. Substitution at the phenyl group attached to N at the position 3 of the carbamide, in general, resulted in increase of anti-edema effect.", "contents": "Some triazole analogs as anti-inflammatory agents. 4-[4-(3-Substituted-1-acetyloxycarbamido)-benzylidene] amino-1.2.4-triazoles were synthesized and evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenin-induced foot paw edema in albino rats. All compounds, with the exception of one, afforded anti-inflammatory activity. Approximate LD50 of all the substituted triazoles was found to be higher than 750 mg/kg. Substitution at the phenyl group attached to N at the position 3 of the carbamide, in general, resulted in increase of anti-edema effect.", "PMID": 724758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10165", "title": "The determination of mixtures of some artificial sweeteners.", "content": "A scheme is suggested for the analysis of mixtures of saccharin sodium, sodium cyclamate and sorbitol. It depends upon: --Determination of saccharin sodium by precipitation of silver saccharinate. --Determination of sodium cyclamate by spectrophotometric titration with sodium nitrite. --Complexometric determination of sorbitol via its copper complex.", "contents": "The determination of mixtures of some artificial sweeteners. A scheme is suggested for the analysis of mixtures of saccharin sodium, sodium cyclamate and sorbitol. It depends upon: --Determination of saccharin sodium by precipitation of silver saccharinate. --Determination of sodium cyclamate by spectrophotometric titration with sodium nitrite. --Complexometric determination of sorbitol via its copper complex.", "PMID": 724760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10166", "title": "Physico-chemical analysis of systems with a main component acetylsalicylic acid in ethanol-water mixtures, part 2: on the existence of potassium and lithium hydrogen acetylsalicylates.", "content": "The systems acetylsalicylic acid -- potassium acetylsalicylate -- 50 wt. % ethanol -- water mixture and acetylsalicylic acid -- lithium acetylsalicylate -- 95 wt. % ethanol -- water mixture have been investigated at 15,0 degrees C. The solubility diagrams of the systems and the distribution of the components between the liquid and the crystal phases have been determined. It was established that the solutions of both systems yield hydrogen acetylsalicylates. Their crystallization fields were determined in the solubility diagrams. The hydrogen acetylsalicylates obtained were isolated as preparations under the conditions of the systems and were analyzed by chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis and IR spectroscopy. These analyses are evidence of their definite composition--C9H8O4 . C9H7O4K and C9H8O4 . C9H7O4Li.", "contents": "Physico-chemical analysis of systems with a main component acetylsalicylic acid in ethanol-water mixtures, part 2: on the existence of potassium and lithium hydrogen acetylsalicylates. The systems acetylsalicylic acid -- potassium acetylsalicylate -- 50 wt. % ethanol -- water mixture and acetylsalicylic acid -- lithium acetylsalicylate -- 95 wt. % ethanol -- water mixture have been investigated at 15,0 degrees C. The solubility diagrams of the systems and the distribution of the components between the liquid and the crystal phases have been determined. It was established that the solutions of both systems yield hydrogen acetylsalicylates. Their crystallization fields were determined in the solubility diagrams. The hydrogen acetylsalicylates obtained were isolated as preparations under the conditions of the systems and were analyzed by chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis and IR spectroscopy. These analyses are evidence of their definite composition--C9H8O4 . C9H7O4K and C9H8O4 . C9H7O4Li.", "PMID": 724761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10167", "title": "Effect of liquid additives on release of chloramphenicol from ointment bases.", "content": "1, 3 and 5% water, ethyl alcohol, glycerol and propylene glycol were incorporated into oleaginous, absorption, emulsion (O/W and W/O) and water-soluble ointment bases (resp.) containing 5% of chloramphenicol and diffusion rate via the dialysis method was measured for 2 h. The rate of release was found to be greater from water-soluble bases than from the other bases, since rates from oleaginous, absorption and W/O emulsion bases were found to be the least in this respect. The effect of liquids added to these bases on drug release was found to be less pronounced than that obtained with water-soluble and O/W emulsion bases. For O/W emulsion bases the addition of ethyl alcohol increased the release of chloramphenicol as its concentration was increased. Propylene glycol increased the release at a concentration of 3%, but higher concentration produced opposite results. Glycerol was found to have a little effect in 5% concentration, but it increased the release as the concentration dropped to 3% concentration.", "contents": "Effect of liquid additives on release of chloramphenicol from ointment bases. 1, 3 and 5% water, ethyl alcohol, glycerol and propylene glycol were incorporated into oleaginous, absorption, emulsion (O/W and W/O) and water-soluble ointment bases (resp.) containing 5% of chloramphenicol and diffusion rate via the dialysis method was measured for 2 h. The rate of release was found to be greater from water-soluble bases than from the other bases, since rates from oleaginous, absorption and W/O emulsion bases were found to be the least in this respect. The effect of liquids added to these bases on drug release was found to be less pronounced than that obtained with water-soluble and O/W emulsion bases. For O/W emulsion bases the addition of ethyl alcohol increased the release of chloramphenicol as its concentration was increased. Propylene glycol increased the release at a concentration of 3%, but higher concentration produced opposite results. Glycerol was found to have a little effect in 5% concentration, but it increased the release as the concentration dropped to 3% concentration.", "PMID": 724762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10168", "title": "Synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives with potential antispasmodic activity.", "content": "Some new esters and amides of benzimidazole-1-acetic acid which contain different cationic heads were prepared as atropine substitutes. Preliminary pharmacological testing showed that the prepared compounds possess atropine-like activity.", "contents": "Synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives with potential antispasmodic activity. Some new esters and amides of benzimidazole-1-acetic acid which contain different cationic heads were prepared as atropine substitutes. Preliminary pharmacological testing showed that the prepared compounds possess atropine-like activity.", "PMID": 724778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10169", "title": "Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of lynestrenol in contraceptive tablets.", "content": "A simple procedure for the estimation of lynestrenol in contraceptive tablets is described. The method consists of extraction of the hormone into dichloromethane followed by g.l.c. of the resulting solution. 3 alpha-Etiocholanol-17-one is demonstrated as a suitable internal reference standard.", "contents": "Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of lynestrenol in contraceptive tablets. A simple procedure for the estimation of lynestrenol in contraceptive tablets is described. The method consists of extraction of the hormone into dichloromethane followed by g.l.c. of the resulting solution. 3 alpha-Etiocholanol-17-one is demonstrated as a suitable internal reference standard.", "PMID": 724781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10170", "title": "Evaluation of correlation between selected rheological parameters of ointments and their in vitro release data.", "content": "A comparative study was done by the authors between the active substance release characteristic of lipophilic and hydrophilic oitment bases and their rheological parameters. There was stated a significant difference due to the matrix concentration the last being an essential factor in determining the effective surface area. The water solubility of matrix constituents is plaxing an important role in formation of the effective surface area.", "contents": "Evaluation of correlation between selected rheological parameters of ointments and their in vitro release data. A comparative study was done by the authors between the active substance release characteristic of lipophilic and hydrophilic oitment bases and their rheological parameters. There was stated a significant difference due to the matrix concentration the last being an essential factor in determining the effective surface area. The water solubility of matrix constituents is plaxing an important role in formation of the effective surface area.", "PMID": 724783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10171", "title": "Solubilization of indometacin.", "content": "Three methods were employed for the solubilization of indometacin as an example of antirheumatic drugs, employing:--Non-ionic surface-active agents such as Tween 80 and 40, Myrj 53 and Brij 99,--urea and sodium citrate--urea-indometacin coprecipitate. The solubility of indometacin by nonionic surface active agents was in the following order: Tween 80 and Brij 99 greater than Tween 40 greater than Myrj 53. The efficiency of solubilization by these surfactants decreased as the polyoxyethylene chain increased. Urea increases the solubility of indometacin due to enhancing the solvation of the drug by water. Up to a concentration of 0.2 M sodium citrate increases the solubility of indometacin, followed by a sharp decline in the solubility by increasing its concentration of sodium citrate. Urea-indometacin coprecipitate show slight increase in the solubility of the drug.", "contents": "Solubilization of indometacin. Three methods were employed for the solubilization of indometacin as an example of antirheumatic drugs, employing:--Non-ionic surface-active agents such as Tween 80 and 40, Myrj 53 and Brij 99,--urea and sodium citrate--urea-indometacin coprecipitate. The solubility of indometacin by nonionic surface active agents was in the following order: Tween 80 and Brij 99 greater than Tween 40 greater than Myrj 53. The efficiency of solubilization by these surfactants decreased as the polyoxyethylene chain increased. Urea increases the solubility of indometacin due to enhancing the solvation of the drug by water. Up to a concentration of 0.2 M sodium citrate increases the solubility of indometacin, followed by a sharp decline in the solubility by increasing its concentration of sodium citrate. Urea-indometacin coprecipitate show slight increase in the solubility of the drug.", "PMID": 724785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10172", "title": "Medical research and human freedom.", "content": "This discussion of the nature of human freedom supports the common-sense view of conscious self-determination. The capacity for self-determination is expanded by knowledge and should be optimal among medical scientists, but many such have been passive when faced by increased restrictions on inquiry. Restrictions should be guided by medical ethics defined in major part by physicians and medical scientists. They are urged to protect their freedoms more actively.", "contents": "Medical research and human freedom. This discussion of the nature of human freedom supports the common-sense view of conscious self-determination. The capacity for self-determination is expanded by knowledge and should be optimal among medical scientists, but many such have been passive when faced by increased restrictions on inquiry. Restrictions should be guided by medical ethics defined in major part by physicians and medical scientists. They are urged to protect their freedoms more actively.", "PMID": 724791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10173", "title": "Interaction of urea and substituted ureas with polyglycine and certain proteins.", "content": "Isopiestic equilibration measurements were made on ten protein-denaturant systems involving polyglycine, egg albumin, collagen, horse heart myoglobin, and the denaturants urea, 1,3-dimethylurea, 1,1-dimethylurea, and thiourea. The hydration of the proteins in the absence of denaturants is a function of the water activity and it is believed that this accounts, at least in part, for the varying hydration values found in the literature. The relative binding of water and denaturant to unfolded proteins was found to be a reversible process for which an equilibrium constant can be calculated. It was further found that in most cases the protein binds denaturant preferentially to water even in aqueous systems.", "contents": "Interaction of urea and substituted ureas with polyglycine and certain proteins. Isopiestic equilibration measurements were made on ten protein-denaturant systems involving polyglycine, egg albumin, collagen, horse heart myoglobin, and the denaturants urea, 1,3-dimethylurea, 1,1-dimethylurea, and thiourea. The hydration of the proteins in the absence of denaturants is a function of the water activity and it is believed that this accounts, at least in part, for the varying hydration values found in the literature. The relative binding of water and denaturant to unfolded proteins was found to be a reversible process for which an equilibrium constant can be calculated. It was further found that in most cases the protein binds denaturant preferentially to water even in aqueous systems.", "PMID": 724797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10174", "title": "Aggregation of binding protein from rat nerve.", "content": "Leucine-binding protein described in an earlier paper was examined to characterize the dynamic properties of the system. Leucine-binding protein assembles into a large protein polymer or complex (greater than 302,000 daltons). Colchicine reduces and Mg2+ increases the amount of polymer formed. Trypsin destroys the isolated polymer but RNAase and collagenase do not. Mg2+-ATPase activity is present in the polymer fraction. The formation of the large complex suggests a quickly adaptable structure capable of responding to ionic and environmental conditions.", "contents": "Aggregation of binding protein from rat nerve. Leucine-binding protein described in an earlier paper was examined to characterize the dynamic properties of the system. Leucine-binding protein assembles into a large protein polymer or complex (greater than 302,000 daltons). Colchicine reduces and Mg2+ increases the amount of polymer formed. Trypsin destroys the isolated polymer but RNAase and collagenase do not. Mg2+-ATPase activity is present in the polymer fraction. The formation of the large complex suggests a quickly adaptable structure capable of responding to ionic and environmental conditions.", "PMID": 724798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10175", "title": "Oxidative deamination of carboxyethyl-cysteine and carboxymethyl-homocysteine.", "content": "Snake venom L-aminoacid oxidase, while inactive on 4C and 5C dicarboxylic alpha-amino acids, may oxidize their 6C and 7C homologues alpha-aminoadipic and alpha-aminopimelic acid. It has been demonstrated that the enzyme also oxidizes S-carboxyethyl-L-cysteine and S-carboxymethyl-L-homocysteine, two analogues of alpha-aminopimelic acid with the gamma or delta methylene groups substituted by a sulfur atom. As oxidation products the corresponding ketoacids were obtained. Thus substrate specificity of L-aminoacid oxidase for dicarboxylic alpha-aminoacids seems highly dependent on the carbon chain length, whereas substitution of a methylene group by a sulfur atom seems to have almost no effect. On the other hand, D-aspartate oxidase from beef kidney (active on 4C to 6C dicarboxylic alpha-aminoacids) cannot oxidize the 7C alpha-aminopimelic acid but is active on the S-carboxyethyl-D-cysteine analogue. The other aminopimelic analogue, S-carboxymethyl-D-homocysteine, is a very poor substrate. Thus the substrate specificity of D-aspartate oxidase, highly dependent on chain length, is also influenced by chain conformation. Furthermore, oxidation of either compound under study, L-aminoacid oxidase and D-aspartate oxidase, leaves unaffected the thioether bond.", "contents": "Oxidative deamination of carboxyethyl-cysteine and carboxymethyl-homocysteine. Snake venom L-aminoacid oxidase, while inactive on 4C and 5C dicarboxylic alpha-amino acids, may oxidize their 6C and 7C homologues alpha-aminoadipic and alpha-aminopimelic acid. It has been demonstrated that the enzyme also oxidizes S-carboxyethyl-L-cysteine and S-carboxymethyl-L-homocysteine, two analogues of alpha-aminopimelic acid with the gamma or delta methylene groups substituted by a sulfur atom. As oxidation products the corresponding ketoacids were obtained. Thus substrate specificity of L-aminoacid oxidase for dicarboxylic alpha-aminoacids seems highly dependent on the carbon chain length, whereas substitution of a methylene group by a sulfur atom seems to have almost no effect. On the other hand, D-aspartate oxidase from beef kidney (active on 4C to 6C dicarboxylic alpha-aminoacids) cannot oxidize the 7C alpha-aminopimelic acid but is active on the S-carboxyethyl-D-cysteine analogue. The other aminopimelic analogue, S-carboxymethyl-D-homocysteine, is a very poor substrate. Thus the substrate specificity of D-aspartate oxidase, highly dependent on chain length, is also influenced by chain conformation. Furthermore, oxidation of either compound under study, L-aminoacid oxidase and D-aspartate oxidase, leaves unaffected the thioether bond.", "PMID": 724799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10176", "title": "Behavior of different nuclear probes for detection of cancer by nuclear magnetic resonance.", "content": "A physical explanation is given for the finding that the spin-lattice relaxation time T1, obtained by nuclear magnetic resonance from equivalent malignant and non-malignant samples, is greater for the phosphorus isotype 31P than for the proton 1H. The nuclear relaxation of the phosphorus proceeds by way of its interaction with associated cell water. Within limits determined by other variables, T1 is expected to vary inversely as the square of the gyromagnetic ratio.", "contents": "Behavior of different nuclear probes for detection of cancer by nuclear magnetic resonance. A physical explanation is given for the finding that the spin-lattice relaxation time T1, obtained by nuclear magnetic resonance from equivalent malignant and non-malignant samples, is greater for the phosphorus isotype 31P than for the proton 1H. The nuclear relaxation of the phosphorus proceeds by way of its interaction with associated cell water. Within limits determined by other variables, T1 is expected to vary inversely as the square of the gyromagnetic ratio.", "PMID": 724800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10177", "title": "Cellular mechanisms of fever and pasteurization: ATP depletion and RNA degradation in mouse L-cells at supra-optimal temperatures.", "content": "Supra-optimal temperatures have been found to reduce ATP concentrations within cells. This reduction depresses energy-dependent processes such as RNA synthesis, the rate of which may fall below that of its simultaneous breakdown resulting in excessive auto-digestion or cell death.", "contents": "Cellular mechanisms of fever and pasteurization: ATP depletion and RNA degradation in mouse L-cells at supra-optimal temperatures. Supra-optimal temperatures have been found to reduce ATP concentrations within cells. This reduction depresses energy-dependent processes such as RNA synthesis, the rate of which may fall below that of its simultaneous breakdown resulting in excessive auto-digestion or cell death.", "PMID": 724801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10178", "title": "Temperature dependence in the effect of ouabain on rabbit atria.", "content": "Quiescent rabbit left atria were exposed to ouabain for 200 min at various temperatures ranging from 27 degrees to 35 degrees C. Effects produced by the drug were noted when stimulation of the atria was resumed. At or below 31 degrees C, little effect on stimulation was seen and approximately 80 min were required to reach maximum effect of the drug. At and above 32 degrees C, effects could be seen immediately upon stimulation and only 45 min were required to reach maximum effect. In the range from 31 degrees to 32 degrees C, an increment of as little as 0.25 degrees altered both the time to reach maximum effect and the maximum force obtained. Experiments with tritiated ouabain showed no difference in uptake of the drug by atria, whether beating or quiescent, at 30 degrees C or 35 degrees C. Possible mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Temperature dependence in the effect of ouabain on rabbit atria. Quiescent rabbit left atria were exposed to ouabain for 200 min at various temperatures ranging from 27 degrees to 35 degrees C. Effects produced by the drug were noted when stimulation of the atria was resumed. At or below 31 degrees C, little effect on stimulation was seen and approximately 80 min were required to reach maximum effect of the drug. At and above 32 degrees C, effects could be seen immediately upon stimulation and only 45 min were required to reach maximum effect. In the range from 31 degrees to 32 degrees C, an increment of as little as 0.25 degrees altered both the time to reach maximum effect and the maximum force obtained. Experiments with tritiated ouabain showed no difference in uptake of the drug by atria, whether beating or quiescent, at 30 degrees C or 35 degrees C. Possible mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 724802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10179", "title": "A fluid mechanical hypothesis for macromolecular transport in living cells: I.", "content": "A fluid mechanical process generating controllable steady streaming is introduced as a model for explanation of specific molecular transport processes in living cells. Intracellular organelles, attached to contractile cytoplasmic fibrils and executing simultaneous oscillations and volume pulsations, are envisioned as the driving mechanisms for this transport system.", "contents": "A fluid mechanical hypothesis for macromolecular transport in living cells: I. A fluid mechanical process generating controllable steady streaming is introduced as a model for explanation of specific molecular transport processes in living cells. Intracellular organelles, attached to contractile cytoplasmic fibrils and executing simultaneous oscillations and volume pulsations, are envisioned as the driving mechanisms for this transport system.", "PMID": 724806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10180", "title": "Hepatocarcinogen-induced tRNA methylase activity in rat liver.", "content": "Dimethylaminoazobenzene, carbon tetrachloride, and ethionine, which can induce cancer cells in rat liver, were found to increase rat liver tRNA methylase activity. Other chemicals (aminoazobenzene, acetylaminofluorene, alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate, beta-naphthylisothiocyanate, dimethyl and diethylnitrosamine, and methylcholanthrene), which may be hepatotoxic or carcinogenic, produced either no increase or only slight increases in liver tRNA methylase activity of rat liver tissue. Although no increase was observed with the powerful hepatocarcinogen aflatoxin, others have recently reported an increase in tRNA methylase activity using larger doses than those reported here. Ethionine was able to increase liver tRNA methylase activity in guinea pigs as well as rats, as previously described, but not in chicks.", "contents": "Hepatocarcinogen-induced tRNA methylase activity in rat liver. Dimethylaminoazobenzene, carbon tetrachloride, and ethionine, which can induce cancer cells in rat liver, were found to increase rat liver tRNA methylase activity. Other chemicals (aminoazobenzene, acetylaminofluorene, alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate, beta-naphthylisothiocyanate, dimethyl and diethylnitrosamine, and methylcholanthrene), which may be hepatotoxic or carcinogenic, produced either no increase or only slight increases in liver tRNA methylase activity of rat liver tissue. Although no increase was observed with the powerful hepatocarcinogen aflatoxin, others have recently reported an increase in tRNA methylase activity using larger doses than those reported here. Ethionine was able to increase liver tRNA methylase activity in guinea pigs as well as rats, as previously described, but not in chicks.", "PMID": 724807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10181", "title": "Effect of weak magnetic fields on growth of cells in tissue culture.", "content": "Normal Chinese hamster V79 cells were grown in vitro for more than one year in a magnetic field of 10(-7) tesla to test recently hypothesized effects of weak magnetic fields on biological systems. No significant difference was observed between growth rate in such fields and that in the ambient geomagnetic field.", "contents": "Effect of weak magnetic fields on growth of cells in tissue culture. Normal Chinese hamster V79 cells were grown in vitro for more than one year in a magnetic field of 10(-7) tesla to test recently hypothesized effects of weak magnetic fields on biological systems. No significant difference was observed between growth rate in such fields and that in the ambient geomagnetic field.", "PMID": 724808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10182", "title": "Binding of Triton X-114 to mammalian serum albumins at critical micelle concentration.", "content": "When the nonionic detergent Triton X-114 binds to different mammalian serum albumins, remarkably little variation occurs in the number bound at the critical micelle concentration of the detergent. Average molar ratios range from 4.0 to 6.3; mean body weights range from 0.25 to 600 kg. Measured values of the extinction coefficients reported here also show remarkably little variation. These results support the view that the folding of these serum albumins is similar.", "contents": "Binding of Triton X-114 to mammalian serum albumins at critical micelle concentration. When the nonionic detergent Triton X-114 binds to different mammalian serum albumins, remarkably little variation occurs in the number bound at the critical micelle concentration of the detergent. Average molar ratios range from 4.0 to 6.3; mean body weights range from 0.25 to 600 kg. Measured values of the extinction coefficients reported here also show remarkably little variation. These results support the view that the folding of these serum albumins is similar.", "PMID": 724809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10183", "title": "Effect of tocopherol on photooxidation rate of human erythrocyte membrane in vitro.", "content": "Study indicates that tocopherol's ability to prevent erythrocyte photohemolysis is a result of selective chemical trapping of the photooxidation-generated oxidant, singlet oxygen, before it can cause peroxidation of the essential unsaturated lipids in the erythrocyte membrane. The data provide fundamental information that support the purported clinical efficacy of tocopherol in the treatment of congenital erythrocyte membrane oxyhemolysis.", "contents": "Effect of tocopherol on photooxidation rate of human erythrocyte membrane in vitro. Study indicates that tocopherol's ability to prevent erythrocyte photohemolysis is a result of selective chemical trapping of the photooxidation-generated oxidant, singlet oxygen, before it can cause peroxidation of the essential unsaturated lipids in the erythrocyte membrane. The data provide fundamental information that support the purported clinical efficacy of tocopherol in the treatment of congenital erythrocyte membrane oxyhemolysis.", "PMID": 724810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10184", "title": "Water content and spin lattice relaxation times of cultured mammalian cells subjected to various salt, sucrose, or DMSO solutions.", "content": "The proton spin lattice relaxation time (T1) of mammalian cells subjected to a wide range of salt, sucrose, or DMSO solutions has been measured and minima in the T1 curves for cells treated with all solutes except DMSO were observed. At hypotonic solute concentrations, the increases observed in T1 of the cell sample could be correlated to an increase in the amount of intracellular water. At high solute concentrations, cells shrink losing intracellular water; yet increases in T1 were observed. The increases were attributed to changes in macromolecular conformation resulting in changes in the coordination shells associated with the macromolecules. Since these effects are also observed with sucrose, the basic phenomenon is concluded to be due to osmotic factors. However, ion specific effects were also observed. When protein was dissolved in a wide range of NaCl or KCl solutions, the minimum in the T1 curve was not observed, demonstrating that the effect must be characteristic of the response of intact cells to the various solutions.", "contents": "Water content and spin lattice relaxation times of cultured mammalian cells subjected to various salt, sucrose, or DMSO solutions. The proton spin lattice relaxation time (T1) of mammalian cells subjected to a wide range of salt, sucrose, or DMSO solutions has been measured and minima in the T1 curves for cells treated with all solutes except DMSO were observed. At hypotonic solute concentrations, the increases observed in T1 of the cell sample could be correlated to an increase in the amount of intracellular water. At high solute concentrations, cells shrink losing intracellular water; yet increases in T1 were observed. The increases were attributed to changes in macromolecular conformation resulting in changes in the coordination shells associated with the macromolecules. Since these effects are also observed with sucrose, the basic phenomenon is concluded to be due to osmotic factors. However, ion specific effects were also observed. When protein was dissolved in a wide range of NaCl or KCl solutions, the minimum in the T1 curve was not observed, demonstrating that the effect must be characteristic of the response of intact cells to the various solutions.", "PMID": 724811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10185", "title": "Synergism of substrate binding with enzymes, as observed by equilibrium isotope exchange kinetics: model patterns.", "content": "The effects of synergistic binding among co-substrates on the kinetic saturation patterns for equilibrium isotope exchange rates have been derived. Models considered for a two reactant-two product system were those in which one substrate may either decrease the dissociation rate or increase the association rate for its co-substrate. These studies help define limits of this versatile kinetic probe technique. The most sensitive indicator for synergistic substrate binding appears to be the different apparent Km values for different exchange rate curves; e.g,, A in equilibrium P and B in equilibrium Q. Model patterns for mutual synergism effects are also presented; the slowest exchange reactions were found the most sensitive to preferred orders of substrate binding. Conditions that can prevent detection of preferred or even compulsory order binding are discussed.", "contents": "Synergism of substrate binding with enzymes, as observed by equilibrium isotope exchange kinetics: model patterns. The effects of synergistic binding among co-substrates on the kinetic saturation patterns for equilibrium isotope exchange rates have been derived. Models considered for a two reactant-two product system were those in which one substrate may either decrease the dissociation rate or increase the association rate for its co-substrate. These studies help define limits of this versatile kinetic probe technique. The most sensitive indicator for synergistic substrate binding appears to be the different apparent Km values for different exchange rate curves; e.g,, A in equilibrium P and B in equilibrium Q. Model patterns for mutual synergism effects are also presented; the slowest exchange reactions were found the most sensitive to preferred orders of substrate binding. Conditions that can prevent detection of preferred or even compulsory order binding are discussed.", "PMID": 724812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10186", "title": "Inhibition of caerulein and physalaemin-induced contractions of guinea-pig isolated ileum by non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs and various steroids and their reversal by prostaglandin E1.", "content": "Two non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, two antiinflammatory steroids and two sex steroids were found to potently and reversibly inhibit caerulein-induced and physalaemin-induced contractions of guinea-pig isolated ileum. The effects of these drugs were reversed by small amounts of PGE1.", "contents": "Inhibition of caerulein and physalaemin-induced contractions of guinea-pig isolated ileum by non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs and various steroids and their reversal by prostaglandin E1. Two non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, two antiinflammatory steroids and two sex steroids were found to potently and reversibly inhibit caerulein-induced and physalaemin-induced contractions of guinea-pig isolated ileum. The effects of these drugs were reversed by small amounts of PGE1.", "PMID": 724816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10187", "title": "Bradykinin and prostaglandin E1, E2 and F2alpha-induced macromolecular leakage in the hamster cheek pouch.", "content": "The hamster cheek pouch prepared for intravital observations on macromolecular permeability with fluorescein labelled dextran was used in four series of 5 hamsters each, all pretreated with indomethacin. Bradykinin, PGE1, PGE2 and PGF2alpha increased macromolecular leakage at postcapillary venules, and this leakage was reversible on removal of agent. A linear relation was found between the logarithmic value of dose of bradykinin and the mean number of leakage sites. No tachyphylaxis to bradykinin was seen. The effect of either PGE1, PGE2 or PGF2alpha applied simultaneously with bradykinin was to significantly (p less than 0.05) potentiate the bradykinin response. Bradykinin and these prostaglandins appeared to have the same site of action for their effect of increasing permeability, e.g. the postcapillary venule.", "contents": "Bradykinin and prostaglandin E1, E2 and F2alpha-induced macromolecular leakage in the hamster cheek pouch. The hamster cheek pouch prepared for intravital observations on macromolecular permeability with fluorescein labelled dextran was used in four series of 5 hamsters each, all pretreated with indomethacin. Bradykinin, PGE1, PGE2 and PGF2alpha increased macromolecular leakage at postcapillary venules, and this leakage was reversible on removal of agent. A linear relation was found between the logarithmic value of dose of bradykinin and the mean number of leakage sites. No tachyphylaxis to bradykinin was seen. The effect of either PGE1, PGE2 or PGF2alpha applied simultaneously with bradykinin was to significantly (p less than 0.05) potentiate the bradykinin response. Bradykinin and these prostaglandins appeared to have the same site of action for their effect of increasing permeability, e.g. the postcapillary venule.", "PMID": 724817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10188", "title": "Stimulation of gastric-glucagon release by prostaglandin E1.", "content": "The canine gastric fundus has recently been demonstrated to contain and release a material identical by all criteria to pancreatic glucagon (1, 2). Since exogenous prostaglandins have been reported to stimulate pancreatic glucagon release (3) and endogenous prostaglandins are suspected to play a role in the control of glucagon secretion (4), we were interested in seeing if prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) would affect gastric-glucagon release.", "contents": "Stimulation of gastric-glucagon release by prostaglandin E1. The canine gastric fundus has recently been demonstrated to contain and release a material identical by all criteria to pancreatic glucagon (1, 2). Since exogenous prostaglandins have been reported to stimulate pancreatic glucagon release (3) and endogenous prostaglandins are suspected to play a role in the control of glucagon secretion (4), we were interested in seeing if prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) would affect gastric-glucagon release.", "PMID": 724818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10189", "title": "[Personality structure and the psychopathologic picture of drug dependent youth].", "content": "Following the examination of 50 young persons addicted to narcotics, an analysis was made of high- and low-anxiety-level groups. It was found that the anxiety data in Cattell's personality questionnaire allows the psychopathological pictures of both groups to be differentiated quite clearly. The high-anxiety-level group is characterized by a larger number of psychic disorders and also showed a higher rate of psychic and physical drug addiction. The low-anxiety-level group was characterized above all by psychopathia and often showed \"social\" drug addiction only.", "contents": "[Personality structure and the psychopathologic picture of drug dependent youth]. Following the examination of 50 young persons addicted to narcotics, an analysis was made of high- and low-anxiety-level groups. It was found that the anxiety data in Cattell's personality questionnaire allows the psychopathological pictures of both groups to be differentiated quite clearly. The high-anxiety-level group is characterized by a larger number of psychic disorders and also showed a higher rate of psychic and physical drug addiction. The low-anxiety-level group was characterized above all by psychopathia and often showed \"social\" drug addiction only.", "PMID": 724830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10190", "title": "[Behavior therapy of uncontrolled imbecilic children].", "content": "This paper reports the use over a period of five months of operant conditioning methods, which consisted above all in the withdrawal of privileges, in the case of ten preschool-age problem children. In all of the patients, the program of behavioral therapy resulted in a considerable reduction of the rate of occupational malbehavior. \"Good conduct\" showed a slight decrease as the challenging character of recompense grew smaller, but was still above the initial level. Intelligence, extraversion, and emotional lability are related to the results of behavioral therapy and discussed in detail. Operant conditioning appears effective when a clear reaction is required under simple conditions of stimulation. In the case of more complex situations with a variety of behavioral alternatives, imitiative learning should be far more promising.", "contents": "[Behavior therapy of uncontrolled imbecilic children]. This paper reports the use over a period of five months of operant conditioning methods, which consisted above all in the withdrawal of privileges, in the case of ten preschool-age problem children. In all of the patients, the program of behavioral therapy resulted in a considerable reduction of the rate of occupational malbehavior. \"Good conduct\" showed a slight decrease as the challenging character of recompense grew smaller, but was still above the initial level. Intelligence, extraversion, and emotional lability are related to the results of behavioral therapy and discussed in detail. Operant conditioning appears effective when a clear reaction is required under simple conditions of stimulation. In the case of more complex situations with a variety of behavioral alternatives, imitiative learning should be far more promising.", "PMID": 724831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10191", "title": "[Art of patients with endogenous psychosis as an approach to differential diagnosis].", "content": "If it is desired to evaluate the products of artistic activity of subjects of endogenous psychosis, then new aspects arise from an attempt to find special forms of drawing and painting for special forms of endogenous psychosis instead of generally speaking of schizophrenia and manic-depressive disease. Some information has been obtained in this connection. Catatonic iterations can be seen to be reflected in pictures. Thought disorders in subjects of paraphrenia are often seen to be mirrored in products of artistic activity. The \"disorder of speech\" of subjects of cataphasia is sometimes reflected in a \"disorder of the drawing or painting\" produced. Expansive paraphrenia patients are fond of painting in order to give themselves airs. Happiness psychosis, because of the ecstatic emotions associated therewith, often involves a direct drive to do artistic work.", "contents": "[Art of patients with endogenous psychosis as an approach to differential diagnosis]. If it is desired to evaluate the products of artistic activity of subjects of endogenous psychosis, then new aspects arise from an attempt to find special forms of drawing and painting for special forms of endogenous psychosis instead of generally speaking of schizophrenia and manic-depressive disease. Some information has been obtained in this connection. Catatonic iterations can be seen to be reflected in pictures. Thought disorders in subjects of paraphrenia are often seen to be mirrored in products of artistic activity. The \"disorder of speech\" of subjects of cataphasia is sometimes reflected in a \"disorder of the drawing or painting\" produced. Expansive paraphrenia patients are fond of painting in order to give themselves airs. Happiness psychosis, because of the ecstatic emotions associated therewith, often involves a direct drive to do artistic work.", "PMID": 724832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10192", "title": "Small supportive treatment units and the problem of recidivism in indigent chronic schizophrenic patients.", "content": "This is a report of a three and a half-year follow up of uprooted chronic schizophrenics, who had become disposition problems at the time of discharge from a state psychiatric hospital. One group of 14 was discharged to themselves, another in small supporting units to share living quarters with fellow patients. The results are encouraging and may throw some light into the problem of recidivism. All patients were diagnosed chronic schizophrenic. They had multiple hospitalizations, came from the same catchment area, and were followed by the same therapist in the same hospital setting. Patients who shared living quarters with other patients did better in terms of post hospitalization adjustment, reduced readmission and subsequent time spent in hospital, employment and self-responsibility compared to patients living alone.", "contents": "Small supportive treatment units and the problem of recidivism in indigent chronic schizophrenic patients. This is a report of a three and a half-year follow up of uprooted chronic schizophrenics, who had become disposition problems at the time of discharge from a state psychiatric hospital. One group of 14 was discharged to themselves, another in small supporting units to share living quarters with fellow patients. The results are encouraging and may throw some light into the problem of recidivism. All patients were diagnosed chronic schizophrenic. They had multiple hospitalizations, came from the same catchment area, and were followed by the same therapist in the same hospital setting. Patients who shared living quarters with other patients did better in terms of post hospitalization adjustment, reduced readmission and subsequent time spent in hospital, employment and self-responsibility compared to patients living alone.", "PMID": 724863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10193", "title": "Diagnosis and chronic mental illness.", "content": "This paper describes the occurrence of chronicity in varying psychiatric illnesses. There is not an unequivocal definition of chronicity, but with the exception of the illnesses that will be described below and that lead directly or indirectly to death from CNS complications of the illness, chronicity will require a duration of a minimum of five years without a significant remission. Chronicity is further differentiated into four different kinds of chronicity: chronic--death, chronic--self-limited, chronic--remission, and chronic--recurrent. The illnesses that may be considered as possibly fulfilling the criteria for chronic will be noted and a method for deciding whether an illness qualifies will be outlined.", "contents": "Diagnosis and chronic mental illness. This paper describes the occurrence of chronicity in varying psychiatric illnesses. There is not an unequivocal definition of chronicity, but with the exception of the illnesses that will be described below and that lead directly or indirectly to death from CNS complications of the illness, chronicity will require a duration of a minimum of five years without a significant remission. Chronicity is further differentiated into four different kinds of chronicity: chronic--death, chronic--self-limited, chronic--remission, and chronic--recurrent. The illnesses that may be considered as possibly fulfilling the criteria for chronic will be noted and a method for deciding whether an illness qualifies will be outlined.", "PMID": 724862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10194", "title": "Reactions of schizophrenics to life-threatening disease.", "content": "This contribution reports a study of chronic schizophrenics hospitalized in state hospitals who suffer from serious and life-threatening medical and surgical illnesses. Four primary findings are described and discussed: lack of verbalization of pain and discomfort; bodily self-mutilation; toleration and exhibition of loathsome lesions; and inability or unwillingness to tolerate medical care. Some examples of exceptions to these four findings are also presented. Possible explanations for the findings are discussed in terms of their biological, social, and psychological components, recognizing that no single factor can explain the findings in this complex and varied population. It is concluded that treatment staffs in the hospital or community must be alert to changes in patient state, must utilize compromise methods of care and must anticipate or deduce a patient's needs while the patient is physically ill.", "contents": "Reactions of schizophrenics to life-threatening disease. This contribution reports a study of chronic schizophrenics hospitalized in state hospitals who suffer from serious and life-threatening medical and surgical illnesses. Four primary findings are described and discussed: lack of verbalization of pain and discomfort; bodily self-mutilation; toleration and exhibition of loathsome lesions; and inability or unwillingness to tolerate medical care. Some examples of exceptions to these four findings are also presented. Possible explanations for the findings are discussed in terms of their biological, social, and psychological components, recognizing that no single factor can explain the findings in this complex and varied population. It is concluded that treatment staffs in the hospital or community must be alert to changes in patient state, must utilize compromise methods of care and must anticipate or deduce a patient's needs while the patient is physically ill.", "PMID": 724864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10195", "title": "A reinforcement exchange analysis of the power aspects of program evaluation.", "content": "Power, examined within a reinforcement exchange model, is proposed as an essential dynamism through which program evaluation is mounted, executed, and utilized. The ability of the program evaluator to influence or control the policies or operations of the evaluatee depends chiefly on an exchange of behaviors which nets all participants of the evaluation interaction a fair and sufficient \"payoff\" in terms of contingent reinforcements. Other contextual features of program evaluation, particularly those that constrain on utilization of the recommendations, are briefly discussed.", "contents": "A reinforcement exchange analysis of the power aspects of program evaluation. Power, examined within a reinforcement exchange model, is proposed as an essential dynamism through which program evaluation is mounted, executed, and utilized. The ability of the program evaluator to influence or control the policies or operations of the evaluatee depends chiefly on an exchange of behaviors which nets all participants of the evaluation interaction a fair and sufficient \"payoff\" in terms of contingent reinforcements. Other contextual features of program evaluation, particularly those that constrain on utilization of the recommendations, are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 724865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10196", "title": "The social causation of depression: a critique of the work of Brown and his colleagues.", "content": "Brown and his colleagues have presented evidence for the social origins of depression from results of 2 community surveys in Camberwell. This paper examines critically their methodology, conceptualization of variables, mode of argument and statistical techniques. Log-linear analysis of their published data fails to substantiate their differentiation of risk variables into vulnerability factors and provoking agents.", "contents": "The social causation of depression: a critique of the work of Brown and his colleagues. Brown and his colleagues have presented evidence for the social origins of depression from results of 2 community surveys in Camberwell. This paper examines critically their methodology, conceptualization of variables, mode of argument and statistical techniques. Log-linear analysis of their published data fails to substantiate their differentiation of risk variables into vulnerability factors and provoking agents.", "PMID": 724870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10197", "title": "Social origins of depression: a reply.", "content": "Many of the criticisms of our work made by Tennant & Bebbington in the current edition of this journal touch on issues which have already been discussed in our recent book Social Origins of Depression. We do not think that any of their points pose significant threats to our aetiological model of depression. We welcome this opportunity to clarify their questions about our data, and to use their re-analysis of our material as a basis for a wider discussion of certain general aspects of the statistical analysis and interpretation of data and the pitfalls which await the unwary.", "contents": "Social origins of depression: a reply. Many of the criticisms of our work made by Tennant & Bebbington in the current edition of this journal touch on issues which have already been discussed in our recent book Social Origins of Depression. We do not think that any of their points pose significant threats to our aetiological model of depression. We welcome this opportunity to clarify their questions about our data, and to use their re-analysis of our material as a basis for a wider discussion of certain general aspects of the statistical analysis and interpretation of data and the pitfalls which await the unwary.", "PMID": 724871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10198", "title": "Design, development and use of a standardized interview to assess social maladjustment and dysfunction in community studies.", "content": "A standardized social interview, designed to assess social maladjustment and dysfunction is described. The interview is composed of items grouped under the 3 headings of Material conditions, Social management and Satisfaction. Ratings are made on a 4-point scale by interviewers standardized in its use. The interview, which takes approximately 45 minutes to administer, covers housing, finance, occupation, social and leisure activities, and relationships with significant individuals in the subject's life. The inter-rater reliability is assessed and principal component analyses performed, and the results of these are provided  and dicussed. Various methods of scoring are examined and the use of the schedule in a number of studies in the setting of general practice is described.", "contents": "Design, development and use of a standardized interview to assess social maladjustment and dysfunction in community studies. A standardized social interview, designed to assess social maladjustment and dysfunction is described. The interview is composed of items grouped under the 3 headings of Material conditions, Social management and Satisfaction. Ratings are made on a 4-point scale by interviewers standardized in its use. The interview, which takes approximately 45 minutes to administer, covers housing, finance, occupation, social and leisure activities, and relationships with significant individuals in the subject's life. The inter-rater reliability is assessed and principal component analyses performed, and the results of these are provided  and dicussed. Various methods of scoring are examined and the use of the schedule in a number of studies in the setting of general practice is described.", "PMID": 724872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10199", "title": "A new scale for assessing patients' psychosocial adjustment to medical illness.", "content": "The Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale (PAIS) was administered to 37 Hodgkin's disease patients and 38 parents of children with Hodgkin's disease or solid tumour, and the scores were analysed for inter-rater reliability as well as construct and criterion validity. A significant inter-rater reliability coefficient was obtained for the total scale score, and also for 6 of the 7 subscale scores. The 7 subscale scores were shown to be relatively independent of each other, with 5 contributing strongly to the total score. Subscales analysed for criterion validity were shown to correlate significantly with independent assessments of their domains of adjustment. Results indicate that the PAIS can be administered by a diverse group of interviewers with an acceptable degree of reliability and with initial confidence in its validity.", "contents": "A new scale for assessing patients' psychosocial adjustment to medical illness. The Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale (PAIS) was administered to 37 Hodgkin's disease patients and 38 parents of children with Hodgkin's disease or solid tumour, and the scores were analysed for inter-rater reliability as well as construct and criterion validity. A significant inter-rater reliability coefficient was obtained for the total scale score, and also for 6 of the 7 subscale scores. The 7 subscale scores were shown to be relatively independent of each other, with 5 contributing strongly to the total score. Subscales analysed for criterion validity were shown to correlate significantly with independent assessments of their domains of adjustment. Results indicate that the PAIS can be administered by a diverse group of interviewers with an acceptable degree of reliability and with initial confidence in its validity.", "PMID": 724873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10200", "title": "Sturdy childhood predictors of adult antisocial behaviour: replications from longitudinal studies.", "content": "Results are compared in studies of 4 male cohorts - 1 all white, 1 all black, and 2 racially representative of the population - growing up in different eras, followed past varying portions of their adult lives, living in different parts of the US. Despite sample differences and differences in sources of information and in the variables used to measure both childhood predictors and adult outcomes, some striking replications appear with respect to childhood predictors of adult antisocial behaviour. All types of antisocial behaviour in childhood predict a high level of antisocial behaviour in adulthood and each kind of adult antisocial behaviour is predicted by the number of childhood antisocial behaviours, indicating that adult and childhood antisocial behaviour both form syndromes and that these syndromes are closely interconnected. Also confirmed across studies are: (1) adult antisocial behaviour virtually requires childhood antisocial behaviour; (2) most antisocial children do not become antisocial adults; (3) the variety of antisocial behaviour in childhood is a better predictor of adult antisocial behaviour than is any particular behaviour; (4) adult antisocial behaviour is better predicted by childhood behaviour than by family background or social class of rearing; (5) social class makes little contribution to the prediction of serious adult antisocial behaviour.", "contents": "Sturdy childhood predictors of adult antisocial behaviour: replications from longitudinal studies. Results are compared in studies of 4 male cohorts - 1 all white, 1 all black, and 2 racially representative of the population - growing up in different eras, followed past varying portions of their adult lives, living in different parts of the US. Despite sample differences and differences in sources of information and in the variables used to measure both childhood predictors and adult outcomes, some striking replications appear with respect to childhood predictors of adult antisocial behaviour. All types of antisocial behaviour in childhood predict a high level of antisocial behaviour in adulthood and each kind of adult antisocial behaviour is predicted by the number of childhood antisocial behaviours, indicating that adult and childhood antisocial behaviour both form syndromes and that these syndromes are closely interconnected. Also confirmed across studies are: (1) adult antisocial behaviour virtually requires childhood antisocial behaviour; (2) most antisocial children do not become antisocial adults; (3) the variety of antisocial behaviour in childhood is a better predictor of adult antisocial behaviour than is any particular behaviour; (4) adult antisocial behaviour is better predicted by childhood behaviour than by family background or social class of rearing; (5) social class makes little contribution to the prediction of serious adult antisocial behaviour.", "PMID": 724874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10201", "title": "Conjoint marital therapy: a controlled outcome study.", "content": "Forty-two couples with marital problems were randomly allocated to conjoint therapy of (i) a directive, (ii) an interpretative or (iii) a supportive (control) type. Self and independent assessment at the end of treatment showed the directive significantly superior to the control procedure on several measures. This superiority was maintained to 18 months' follow-up, when the interpretative procedure also showed some superiority over the control.", "contents": "Conjoint marital therapy: a controlled outcome study. Forty-two couples with marital problems were randomly allocated to conjoint therapy of (i) a directive, (ii) an interpretative or (iii) a supportive (control) type. Self and independent assessment at the end of treatment showed the directive significantly superior to the control procedure on several measures. This superiority was maintained to 18 months' follow-up, when the interpretative procedure also showed some superiority over the control.", "PMID": 724875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10202", "title": "Cycloid psychosis: an investigation of the diagnostic concept.", "content": "Seventy-three patients with the features of 'cycloid psychosis', adopted from Perris and Leonhard, were identified from case records. Information concerning background, presenting illness and follow-up was compared with that from the case-records of patients with schizophrenic, affective and schizoaffective psychoses. The characteristic features of 'cycloid psychosis' were a female predominance and a remittent course. The 'cycloid' group resembled the conventional groups in some respects, but differences from schizophrenic, affective and, to a lesser extent, schizoaffective groups were also striking. The factors which might account for the apparent independence of the 'cycloid' group from other diagnostic categories are discussed.", "contents": "Cycloid psychosis: an investigation of the diagnostic concept. Seventy-three patients with the features of 'cycloid psychosis', adopted from Perris and Leonhard, were identified from case records. Information concerning background, presenting illness and follow-up was compared with that from the case-records of patients with schizophrenic, affective and schizoaffective psychoses. The characteristic features of 'cycloid psychosis' were a female predominance and a remittent course. The 'cycloid' group resembled the conventional groups in some respects, but differences from schizophrenic, affective and, to a lesser extent, schizoaffective groups were also striking. The factors which might account for the apparent independence of the 'cycloid' group from other diagnostic categories are discussed.", "PMID": 724876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10203", "title": "Crohn's disease: a review of the psychological and social outcome.", "content": "A review of the psychosocial literature relating to Crohn's disease reveals that most available studies have been aetiologically oriented and that there are important gaps in our knowledge about the psychological and social concomitants of the disease. Some future research possibilities are discussed.", "contents": "Crohn's disease: a review of the psychological and social outcome. A review of the psychosocial literature relating to Crohn's disease reveals that most available studies have been aetiologically oriented and that there are important gaps in our knowledge about the psychological and social concomitants of the disease. Some future research possibilities are discussed.", "PMID": 724877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10204", "title": "The value of feedback in teaching interviewing skills to medical students.", "content": "Forty-eight medical students took part in a study to assess the value of giving students some feedback about their interviewing skills. During the study they all received training from their clinical firms. In addition, 36 of the students received 1 of 3 types of feedback training. This was given by tutors who used television replays, audiotape replays or ratings of practice interviews conducted by the students. As in previous studies there was little improvement in the interviewing skills of those students who only received training from their clinical firms. In contrast, all 3 feedback groups improved their ability to elicit accurate and relevant information. However, only the television and audiotape groups also showed gains in techniques. While the differences between these 2 groups were not significant, they all favoured the television group.", "contents": "The value of feedback in teaching interviewing skills to medical students. Forty-eight medical students took part in a study to assess the value of giving students some feedback about their interviewing skills. During the study they all received training from their clinical firms. In addition, 36 of the students received 1 of 3 types of feedback training. This was given by tutors who used television replays, audiotape replays or ratings of practice interviews conducted by the students. As in previous studies there was little improvement in the interviewing skills of those students who only received training from their clinical firms. In contrast, all 3 feedback groups improved their ability to elicit accurate and relevant information. However, only the television and audiotape groups also showed gains in techniques. While the differences between these 2 groups were not significant, they all favoured the television group.", "PMID": 724878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10205", "title": "Individual patient--doctor contact in a mental hospital.", "content": "Patients admitted to Friern Hospital in 1972 stayed on average for about 5 weeks and spent a total of less than 2 hours individually with senior and junior doctors. Long-stay patients (1 year or more) saw their doctors for an average of less than 1 hour a year. These findings, which in the case of junior doctors were corroborated in 1974, refer only to the time doctors spent with patients alone. The admission, and long-stay discharge rates were greater in the Islington than in the Camden division, and probably reflect differences in clinical practice. It is argued that more psychiatrists are needed--precisely how many will depend on studies of the relative efficiency of different services and training programmes, and on agreement among psychiatrists about minimum professional standards.", "contents": "Individual patient--doctor contact in a mental hospital. Patients admitted to Friern Hospital in 1972 stayed on average for about 5 weeks and spent a total of less than 2 hours individually with senior and junior doctors. Long-stay patients (1 year or more) saw their doctors for an average of less than 1 hour a year. These findings, which in the case of junior doctors were corroborated in 1974, refer only to the time doctors spent with patients alone. The admission, and long-stay discharge rates were greater in the Islington than in the Camden division, and probably reflect differences in clinical practice. It is argued that more psychiatrists are needed--precisely how many will depend on studies of the relative efficiency of different services and training programmes, and on agreement among psychiatrists about minimum professional standards.", "PMID": 724879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10206", "title": "Previous induced abortion and ante-natal depression in primiparae: preliminary report of a survey of mental health in pregnancy.", "content": "One hundred and nineteen primiparae, who were routinely attending ante-natal clinics, were interviewed repeatedly between the 12th and 36th weeks of their pregnancies. The incidence of depression was highest in the first trimester and, overall, about a fifth of the sample was found to be suffering from clinically significant neurotic disturbances. In a proportion of these expectant mothers there was an association between depression and anxiety early in pregnancy and a previous history of induced abortion; this phenomenon may reflect a reactivation of mourning which was previously suppressed.", "contents": "Previous induced abortion and ante-natal depression in primiparae: preliminary report of a survey of mental health in pregnancy. One hundred and nineteen primiparae, who were routinely attending ante-natal clinics, were interviewed repeatedly between the 12th and 36th weeks of their pregnancies. The incidence of depression was highest in the first trimester and, overall, about a fifth of the sample was found to be suffering from clinically significant neurotic disturbances. In a proportion of these expectant mothers there was an association between depression and anxiety early in pregnancy and a previous history of induced abortion; this phenomenon may reflect a reactivation of mourning which was previously suppressed.", "PMID": 724880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10207", "title": "Ecosystem, open thermodynamic system. The oak forest of Virelles-Blaimont.", "content": "An attempt is made to apply thermodynamics of irreversible processes to a forest ecosystem. It is assumed to consist of two open sub-systems with chemical reactions (living organisms and abiotic environment) included in one closed system. Entropy flow and entropy production are considered taking into account entropy calculation of incoming and outgoing radiant energy. Some figures are given for the oak mixed forest of Virelles-Blaimont for one vegetation period. Estimated values are calculated for the whole biospheric-atmospheric system.", "contents": "Ecosystem, open thermodynamic system. The oak forest of Virelles-Blaimont. An attempt is made to apply thermodynamics of irreversible processes to a forest ecosystem. It is assumed to consist of two open sub-systems with chemical reactions (living organisms and abiotic environment) included in one closed system. Entropy flow and entropy production are considered taking into account entropy calculation of incoming and outgoing radiant energy. Some figures are given for the oak mixed forest of Virelles-Blaimont for one vegetation period. Estimated values are calculated for the whole biospheric-atmospheric system.", "PMID": 724978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10208", "title": "Significance of leaf orientation for leaf temperature in an Amazonian sclerophyll vegetation.", "content": "The influence of leaf orientation on leaf temperature has been studied in an sclerophyll vegetation of the Amazon basin, which grows on white sandy soils of very low water retention capacity and variable depth of the water table. Leaf size of the species studied is mainly mesophyllous (sensu Raunkiaer). The high degree of leaf inclination in all species is very characteristic; 55% of the leaves present inclination angles (relative to the vertical) smaller than 45 degrees. Water potential is generally high, not being lower than -14 bars. Leaf resistance increases toward noon during the course of sunny days, indicating either water stress at leaf level or the influence of low relative humidity on stomata opening. Leaf temperature under sunny conditions reflects the influence of leaf orientation on the amount of radiation absorbed by the leaf. Temperature differences recorded range from 1.8--5.4 degrees C. The difference depends on leaf angle, leaf color and leaf diffusion resistance during the period of measurement. Analysis of the relationship between leaf angle and leaf temperature, using Gates leaf energy balance, shows that under the conditions prevailing at noon in sunny days, leaf angles smaller than 50 degrees are effective in reducing leaf temperature within a wide range of leaf resistances to water vapor transfer.", "contents": "Significance of leaf orientation for leaf temperature in an Amazonian sclerophyll vegetation. The influence of leaf orientation on leaf temperature has been studied in an sclerophyll vegetation of the Amazon basin, which grows on white sandy soils of very low water retention capacity and variable depth of the water table. Leaf size of the species studied is mainly mesophyllous (sensu Raunkiaer). The high degree of leaf inclination in all species is very characteristic; 55% of the leaves present inclination angles (relative to the vertical) smaller than 45 degrees. Water potential is generally high, not being lower than -14 bars. Leaf resistance increases toward noon during the course of sunny days, indicating either water stress at leaf level or the influence of low relative humidity on stomata opening. Leaf temperature under sunny conditions reflects the influence of leaf orientation on the amount of radiation absorbed by the leaf. Temperature differences recorded range from 1.8--5.4 degrees C. The difference depends on leaf angle, leaf color and leaf diffusion resistance during the period of measurement. Analysis of the relationship between leaf angle and leaf temperature, using Gates leaf energy balance, shows that under the conditions prevailing at noon in sunny days, leaf angles smaller than 50 degrees are effective in reducing leaf temperature within a wide range of leaf resistances to water vapor transfer.", "PMID": 724979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10209", "title": "The theory of tree bole and branch form.", "content": "Working from the general postulate that natural selection of plant form operates so as to maximize the survival potential of a species, this paper examines the hypothesis that the mechanical support of tree foliage must approach optimality in the use of wood, i.e., that tree stems and branches will have \"optimal form\" with respect to the amount of support tissue. Mathematical models of bole and branch form are presented, based on the proposition that either wind or gravity are the primary limiting factors for tree size and shape. Predictions of trunk and branch diameter as a function of tree size were tested with dimensional measurements of Populus tremuloides. The individual stems were selected from close-grown stands of differing ages. For small and intermediate trees, trunk diameter is such that stems have only 1.6 times as much wood as the minimum required to keep the tree from buckling under its own weight due to elastic instability. Branch diameters are shown to be close to the minimum required to maintain the spatial position of growing branches, as well as withstand wind forces. This minimal branch cost not only reduces the load which the stem must support against elastic instability, but allows the crown to flex in high winds. The flexing, in turn, reduces the drag force exerted by the wind on the trunk. Thus, the hypothesis that the observed tree form is an optimal design cannot be rejected on the basis of these results. Additional studies are planned with respect to optimal foliage distribution.", "contents": "The theory of tree bole and branch form. Working from the general postulate that natural selection of plant form operates so as to maximize the survival potential of a species, this paper examines the hypothesis that the mechanical support of tree foliage must approach optimality in the use of wood, i.e., that tree stems and branches will have \"optimal form\" with respect to the amount of support tissue. Mathematical models of bole and branch form are presented, based on the proposition that either wind or gravity are the primary limiting factors for tree size and shape. Predictions of trunk and branch diameter as a function of tree size were tested with dimensional measurements of Populus tremuloides. The individual stems were selected from close-grown stands of differing ages. For small and intermediate trees, trunk diameter is such that stems have only 1.6 times as much wood as the minimum required to keep the tree from buckling under its own weight due to elastic instability. Branch diameters are shown to be close to the minimum required to maintain the spatial position of growing branches, as well as withstand wind forces. This minimal branch cost not only reduces the load which the stem must support against elastic instability, but allows the crown to flex in high winds. The flexing, in turn, reduces the drag force exerted by the wind on the trunk. Thus, the hypothesis that the observed tree form is an optimal design cannot be rejected on the basis of these results. Additional studies are planned with respect to optimal foliage distribution.", "PMID": 724980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10210", "title": "The effects of water-stress on leaf H2(18O) enrichment.", "content": "Water-stress experiments with Phaseolus vulgaris L. were undertaken to determine the transpiration rate dependency of the naturally occuring leaf H2(18O) fractionation process. Water-stress leaf H2(18O) levels were observed to be unexpectedly higher than controls. Speculations on the cause of this phenomenon are discussed. Since transpiration rate variations should theoretically affect only the rate and not the extent of leaf H2(18O) fractionation, the respective time courses for water-stressed and control leaf H2(18O) accumulations were compared. Water-stressed leaves displayed a slower rate of isotopic enrichment relative to controls, as was predicted from their reduced transpiration rate. In an absolute sense, however, both control and water-stress leaf H2(18O) fractionation rates were markedly greater than projected values from the existing model. Consequently, transpiration rates cannot be derived accurately at present from the observed rates of leaf H2(18O) discrimination. Several modifications of the theory are also considered.", "contents": "The effects of water-stress on leaf H2(18O) enrichment. Water-stress experiments with Phaseolus vulgaris L. were undertaken to determine the transpiration rate dependency of the naturally occuring leaf H2(18O) fractionation process. Water-stress leaf H2(18O) levels were observed to be unexpectedly higher than controls. Speculations on the cause of this phenomenon are discussed. Since transpiration rate variations should theoretically affect only the rate and not the extent of leaf H2(18O) fractionation, the respective time courses for water-stressed and control leaf H2(18O) accumulations were compared. Water-stressed leaves displayed a slower rate of isotopic enrichment relative to controls, as was predicted from their reduced transpiration rate. In an absolute sense, however, both control and water-stress leaf H2(18O) fractionation rates were markedly greater than projected values from the existing model. Consequently, transpiration rates cannot be derived accurately at present from the observed rates of leaf H2(18O) discrimination. Several modifications of the theory are also considered.", "PMID": 724981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10211", "title": "The H2(18O) enrichment of the leaf water of tropic trees: comparison of species from the tropical rain forest and the semi-arid region in Brazil.", "content": "The H2(18O) enrichment, delta, in the water of leaves from four Brazilian trees, was studied. In all trees the leaf water showed a periodic variation in delta, with a maximum in the early afternoon and a minimum around 6 a.m. In general delta was found to be either higher or lower than the stationary enrichment which is supposed to depend only on the relative atmospheric humidity. This effect is due to the slow response of the system to variations of the humidity. For a special case, where steady-state conditions could be anticipated, the kinetic enrichment was obtained to 20 +/- 3%, which agrees with theoretical predictions.", "contents": "The H2(18O) enrichment of the leaf water of tropic trees: comparison of species from the tropical rain forest and the semi-arid region in Brazil. The H2(18O) enrichment, delta, in the water of leaves from four Brazilian trees, was studied. In all trees the leaf water showed a periodic variation in delta, with a maximum in the early afternoon and a minimum around 6 a.m. In general delta was found to be either higher or lower than the stationary enrichment which is supposed to depend only on the relative atmospheric humidity. This effect is due to the slow response of the system to variations of the humidity. For a special case, where steady-state conditions could be anticipated, the kinetic enrichment was obtained to 20 +/- 3%, which agrees with theoretical predictions.", "PMID": 724982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10212", "title": "[Roentgen diagnosis of pulmonary embolism and infarct (author's transl)].", "content": "Systematic classification of roentgen signs according to anatomical and functional alterations is described as follows: Direct roentgen signs of embolism without hemorrhage and without infarction, indirect roentgen signs of embolism without hemorrhage and without infarction, indirect roentgen signs of embolism with hemorrhage, indirect roentgen signs of embolism with infarction, and roentgen signs of microembolism. Diagnostic security of conventional chest films, technique and \"timing\" of pulmonary angiography, direct and indirect roentgen signs of embolism in pulmonary angiography, and traumatic fat embolism are described.", "contents": "[Roentgen diagnosis of pulmonary embolism and infarct (author's transl)]. Systematic classification of roentgen signs according to anatomical and functional alterations is described as follows: Direct roentgen signs of embolism without hemorrhage and without infarction, indirect roentgen signs of embolism without hemorrhage and without infarction, indirect roentgen signs of embolism with hemorrhage, indirect roentgen signs of embolism with infarction, and roentgen signs of microembolism. Diagnostic security of conventional chest films, technique and \"timing\" of pulmonary angiography, direct and indirect roentgen signs of embolism in pulmonary angiography, and traumatic fat embolism are described.", "PMID": 725021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10213", "title": "[Nuclear medicine diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (author's transl)].", "content": "Pulmonary embolism is an emergency situation. The earlier therapy begins, the more effective it will be. This, however, asks for immediate diagnosis. At present the most effective method of diagnosing and localizing pulmonary embolism is perfusion scintiscan of the lung. It should be completed by chest radiography to exclude peripheral infiltration and/or central lung cancer. Generally, these two procedures ensure optimal diagnosis. In case of additional disease of the pleura, mediastinum and lung parenchyma, further measures may be necessary: especially in chronic obstructive lung disease ventilation perfusion ratio and outwash of xenon might be helpful. Scintiscan of the lung is suited for early diagnosis as well as for follow-up examinations. Only if thrombectomy is planned, pulmonary angiography should be preferred. Scintiscan of the lung with marked particle suspensions ensures a minimum of complications. There is only one incident in 10,000 examinations. According to Quinn (1964) and Felix (1971) pulmonary scintiscan might be harmful in patients with right heart failure. We made no such observation in 4000 cases.", "contents": "[Nuclear medicine diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (author's transl)]. Pulmonary embolism is an emergency situation. The earlier therapy begins, the more effective it will be. This, however, asks for immediate diagnosis. At present the most effective method of diagnosing and localizing pulmonary embolism is perfusion scintiscan of the lung. It should be completed by chest radiography to exclude peripheral infiltration and/or central lung cancer. Generally, these two procedures ensure optimal diagnosis. In case of additional disease of the pleura, mediastinum and lung parenchyma, further measures may be necessary: especially in chronic obstructive lung disease ventilation perfusion ratio and outwash of xenon might be helpful. Scintiscan of the lung is suited for early diagnosis as well as for follow-up examinations. Only if thrombectomy is planned, pulmonary angiography should be preferred. Scintiscan of the lung with marked particle suspensions ensures a minimum of complications. There is only one incident in 10,000 examinations. According to Quinn (1964) and Felix (1971) pulmonary scintiscan might be harmful in patients with right heart failure. We made no such observation in 4000 cases.", "PMID": 725022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10214", "title": "[Wegener's granulomatosis. Roentgenographic signs and radiotherapeutic possibilities (author's transl)].", "content": "Pulmonary alterations and the clinical course of 8 patients with Wegener's granulomatosis are described. Knowledge of the variety of the clinical presentation and lung involvement is mandatory for the radiologist to achieve early diagnosis of this disease. Prognosis is better in Wegener's granulomatosis when adequate therapy is started in the first stage. Films of the nasal sinus are also important for the diagnosis. Besides immunsuppressiva radiation therapy can be helpful in local involvement of the ENT, skin, and orbital area as is demonstrated in 2 of our patients.", "contents": "[Wegener's granulomatosis. Roentgenographic signs and radiotherapeutic possibilities (author's transl)]. Pulmonary alterations and the clinical course of 8 patients with Wegener's granulomatosis are described. Knowledge of the variety of the clinical presentation and lung involvement is mandatory for the radiologist to achieve early diagnosis of this disease. Prognosis is better in Wegener's granulomatosis when adequate therapy is started in the first stage. Films of the nasal sinus are also important for the diagnosis. Besides immunsuppressiva radiation therapy can be helpful in local involvement of the ENT, skin, and orbital area as is demonstrated in 2 of our patients.", "PMID": 725023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10215", "title": "[Pulmonary metastatic calcifications in malignant lymphoma demonstrated by imaging agents. Case report (author's transl)].", "content": "This report describes a patient with malignant lymphoma and hypercalcemic crises. A bone scan showed pronounced uptake of 99mTc-Methylene diphosphonate (MDP). This finding is thought to be due to metastatic lung calcification, which absorbs skeletal radiopharmaceuticals. The developement of metastatic calcifications in this case is most likely caused by phosphate applications to treat hypercalcemia. The mechanisms of formation and the detection of metastatic lung calcification with 99mTc-MDP are discussed.", "contents": "[Pulmonary metastatic calcifications in malignant lymphoma demonstrated by imaging agents. Case report (author's transl)]. This report describes a patient with malignant lymphoma and hypercalcemic crises. A bone scan showed pronounced uptake of 99mTc-Methylene diphosphonate (MDP). This finding is thought to be due to metastatic lung calcification, which absorbs skeletal radiopharmaceuticals. The developement of metastatic calcifications in this case is most likely caused by phosphate applications to treat hypercalcemia. The mechanisms of formation and the detection of metastatic lung calcification with 99mTc-MDP are discussed.", "PMID": 725024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10216", "title": "A useful sign in differentiation of p-a from a-p chest roentgenogram.", "content": "Differentiation of antero-posterior (a-p) from postero-anterior (p-a) projections of chest roentgenograms is practical with ease and reliability by connecting the two outermost points of the junction of the first and second ribs on the plain film and observing its relation to the superior margin of the lung apex and inferior border of the posterior part of the second rib. Greater than 92 percent accuracy was obtained when this criterion was used to evaluate 500 p-a and 500 a-p chest roentgenogram, regarding the standard technical datas.", "contents": "A useful sign in differentiation of p-a from a-p chest roentgenogram. Differentiation of antero-posterior (a-p) from postero-anterior (p-a) projections of chest roentgenograms is practical with ease and reliability by connecting the two outermost points of the junction of the first and second ribs on the plain film and observing its relation to the superior margin of the lung apex and inferior border of the posterior part of the second rib. Greater than 92 percent accuracy was obtained when this criterion was used to evaluate 500 p-a and 500 a-p chest roentgenogram, regarding the standard technical datas.", "PMID": 725025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10217", "title": "[Situs ambiguus of the bronchial tree (author's transl)].", "content": "The heterotaxy syndrome is a rare condition and very often combined with congenital abnormalities or malformations. Studying the bronchial tree on the chest x-ray it is possible to indicate the visceral situs with asplenia or with polysplenia.", "contents": "[Situs ambiguus of the bronchial tree (author's transl)]. The heterotaxy syndrome is a rare condition and very often combined with congenital abnormalities or malformations. Studying the bronchial tree on the chest x-ray it is possible to indicate the visceral situs with asplenia or with polysplenia.", "PMID": 725026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10218", "title": "[Coarctation of abdominal aorta. Congenital or inflammatory origin? (author's transl)].", "content": "Angiography in a 28-year-old woman with hypertension revealed coarctation of the abdominal aorta in combination with stenoses of the proximal portions of visceral arteries. One year after the diagnosis was confirmed she had a cerebro-vascular accident. The patient was operated and the hypertension and neurological symptoms returned to normal. The various causes of abdominal coarctation are discussed.", "contents": "[Coarctation of abdominal aorta. Congenital or inflammatory origin? (author's transl)]. Angiography in a 28-year-old woman with hypertension revealed coarctation of the abdominal aorta in combination with stenoses of the proximal portions of visceral arteries. One year after the diagnosis was confirmed she had a cerebro-vascular accident. The patient was operated and the hypertension and neurological symptoms returned to normal. The various causes of abdominal coarctation are discussed.", "PMID": 725027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10219", "title": "Retrieval of intravascular foreign bodies using a modified bronchoscopic forceps.", "content": "The author describes a specially designed, versatile forceps which allows rapid percutaneous retrieval of intravascular foreign bodies when used with a steerable catheter. The technique has been successful in 6 cases, and there have been no complications.", "contents": "Retrieval of intravascular foreign bodies using a modified bronchoscopic forceps. The author describes a specially designed, versatile forceps which allows rapid percutaneous retrieval of intravascular foreign bodies when used with a steerable catheter. The technique has been successful in 6 cases, and there have been no complications.", "PMID": 725028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10220", "title": "Posterior lymphadenopathy in sarcoidosis.", "content": "Chest radiographs were reviewed in 30 cases of biopsy proven sarcoidosis; posterior mediastinal or para-aortic lymph node enlargement was found in 6 patients (20%) who also had symmetrical hilar and/or paratracheal lymph node enlargement. The radiographic behavior of the hilar, mid- and posterior mediastinal lymph nodes was the same. Posterior mediastinal lymph node enlargement in otherwise typical sarcoidosis is not unusual.", "contents": "Posterior lymphadenopathy in sarcoidosis. Chest radiographs were reviewed in 30 cases of biopsy proven sarcoidosis; posterior mediastinal or para-aortic lymph node enlargement was found in 6 patients (20%) who also had symmetrical hilar and/or paratracheal lymph node enlargement. The radiographic behavior of the hilar, mid- and posterior mediastinal lymph nodes was the same. Posterior mediastinal lymph node enlargement in otherwise typical sarcoidosis is not unusual.", "PMID": 725029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10221", "title": "Benign clear-cell tumor (\"sugar\" tumor) of the lung: a case report and review of the literature.", "content": "Benign clear-cell tumor of the lung is a rare, distinctive, primary neoplasm with unique histologic and electron microscopic features which may resemble metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. This tumor typically presents as an asymptomatic, peripheral, sharply rounded mass in the lung. Clinical recognition can prevent an unnecessary search for a primary malignant source.", "contents": "Benign clear-cell tumor (\"sugar\" tumor) of the lung: a case report and review of the literature. Benign clear-cell tumor of the lung is a rare, distinctive, primary neoplasm with unique histologic and electron microscopic features which may resemble metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. This tumor typically presents as an asymptomatic, peripheral, sharply rounded mass in the lung. Clinical recognition can prevent an unnecessary search for a primary malignant source.", "PMID": 725030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10222", "title": "Radiographic diagnosis of shallow gastric ulcers: a comparative study of technique.", "content": "The double-contrast method, mucosal-relief study and compression technique associated with pharmacological hypotonia were retrospectively compared for accuracy in diagnosing 13 proved cases of shallow gastric ulcers. The double-contrast method was significantly more accurate than the other two.", "contents": "Radiographic diagnosis of shallow gastric ulcers: a comparative study of technique. The double-contrast method, mucosal-relief study and compression technique associated with pharmacological hypotonia were retrospectively compared for accuracy in diagnosing 13 proved cases of shallow gastric ulcers. The double-contrast method was significantly more accurate than the other two.", "PMID": 725031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10223", "title": "Double-contrast examination of the postoperative stomach.", "content": "Radiological accuracy in evaluating the postoperative stomach conventionally ranges from 20 to 70% (as reported in the literature). Alternatively, a double-contrast examination can be performed using a high-density barium-suspension effervescent agent and glucagon. No intubation is required. In 40 patients who underwent gastric surgery, comparison of radiologic and endoscopic findings indicates that a high quality double-contrast study was very accurate. There were 7 radiologic errors (18%) in the 40 examinations. However, in the examinations assigned the highest confidence level there were no errors, while in those assigned the next highest level there was 1.", "contents": "Double-contrast examination of the postoperative stomach. Radiological accuracy in evaluating the postoperative stomach conventionally ranges from 20 to 70% (as reported in the literature). Alternatively, a double-contrast examination can be performed using a high-density barium-suspension effervescent agent and glucagon. No intubation is required. In 40 patients who underwent gastric surgery, comparison of radiologic and endoscopic findings indicates that a high quality double-contrast study was very accurate. There were 7 radiologic errors (18%) in the 40 examinations. However, in the examinations assigned the highest confidence level there were no errors, while in those assigned the next highest level there was 1.", "PMID": 725032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10224", "title": "The role of caerulein in the differential diagnosis of common-bile-duct stenosis.", "content": "The role of caerulein in differentiating functional narrowing of the distal common bile duct from organic stenosis was studied in 146 patients. Caerulein caused a generalized contraction of the extrahepatic biliary tract and a contraction of the sphincter of Oddi. It therefore improved opacification of the tract, particularly of the terminal portion, which is often not demonstrated by traditional techniques. The appearance of the duodenographic effect allowed for the evaluation of functional factors, which often play a role in stenosis of the sphincter of Oddi. Also, the reduction of bile-duct caliber revealed previously undetected filling defects.", "contents": "The role of caerulein in the differential diagnosis of common-bile-duct stenosis. The role of caerulein in differentiating functional narrowing of the distal common bile duct from organic stenosis was studied in 146 patients. Caerulein caused a generalized contraction of the extrahepatic biliary tract and a contraction of the sphincter of Oddi. It therefore improved opacification of the tract, particularly of the terminal portion, which is often not demonstrated by traditional techniques. The appearance of the duodenographic effect allowed for the evaluation of functional factors, which often play a role in stenosis of the sphincter of Oddi. Also, the reduction of bile-duct caliber revealed previously undetected filling defects.", "PMID": 725033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10225", "title": "Angiographic patterns in renal oncocytomas.", "content": "Renal oncocytomas are benign tumors arising from proximal tubular epithelial cells. They appear radiographically as solid masses which are vascular on angiography. Angiograms of 13 cases of renal oncocytomas were reviewed, as well as those of 155 renal-cell carcinomas. The classic angiographic findings for the oncocytoma include a spoke-wheel pattern, a homogeneous nephrogram, and a sharp, smooth rim. The finding of a homogenous blush and/or a spoke-wheel pattern greatly increases the possibility of an oncocytoma, though a renal-cell carcinoma may have any or all of the classical findings described for an oncocytoma.", "contents": "Angiographic patterns in renal oncocytomas. Renal oncocytomas are benign tumors arising from proximal tubular epithelial cells. They appear radiographically as solid masses which are vascular on angiography. Angiograms of 13 cases of renal oncocytomas were reviewed, as well as those of 155 renal-cell carcinomas. The classic angiographic findings for the oncocytoma include a spoke-wheel pattern, a homogeneous nephrogram, and a sharp, smooth rim. The finding of a homogenous blush and/or a spoke-wheel pattern greatly increases the possibility of an oncocytoma, though a renal-cell carcinoma may have any or all of the classical findings described for an oncocytoma.", "PMID": 725034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10226", "title": "Brush biopsy of pyelocalyceal lesions via a percutaneous translumbar approach.", "content": "Percutaneous translumbar selective brush biopsy of pyelocalyceal and ureteric lesions is simple, permits ready access to all calyces as well as the ureter and renal pelvis, and facilitates multiple biopsies from different sites. The ability to retrieve tissue fragments from between the bristles allows histological diagnosis in addition to a Papanicolaou smear. Selective washings can be obtained for bacteriologic diagnosis; in many instances, cultures taken directly from the lesion proved to be different from samples taken from the bladder urine or renal pelvis. This method can be expanded to serve a means of establishing a temporary percutaneous nephropyelostomy.", "contents": "Brush biopsy of pyelocalyceal lesions via a percutaneous translumbar approach. Percutaneous translumbar selective brush biopsy of pyelocalyceal and ureteric lesions is simple, permits ready access to all calyces as well as the ureter and renal pelvis, and facilitates multiple biopsies from different sites. The ability to retrieve tissue fragments from between the bristles allows histological diagnosis in addition to a Papanicolaou smear. Selective washings can be obtained for bacteriologic diagnosis; in many instances, cultures taken directly from the lesion proved to be different from samples taken from the bladder urine or renal pelvis. This method can be expanded to serve a means of establishing a temporary percutaneous nephropyelostomy.", "PMID": 725035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10227", "title": "Peritoneal mesothelioma.", "content": "Five cases of malignant peritoneal mesothelioma are reported. Its radiographic manifestations consisted of a desmoplastic mesenteric process with or without a localized mass displacing gastrointestinal structures. Appreciation of the nature of this tumor permits pathologic-radiologic correlation and an understanding of the radiographic changes. Though numerous conditions may produce similar findings, combining a history of asbestos exposure or chest radiograph findings of asbestosis with gastrointestinal findings of desomplasia should narrow the diagnostic possibilities.", "contents": "Peritoneal mesothelioma. Five cases of malignant peritoneal mesothelioma are reported. Its radiographic manifestations consisted of a desmoplastic mesenteric process with or without a localized mass displacing gastrointestinal structures. Appreciation of the nature of this tumor permits pathologic-radiologic correlation and an understanding of the radiographic changes. Though numerous conditions may produce similar findings, combining a history of asbestos exposure or chest radiograph findings of asbestosis with gastrointestinal findings of desomplasia should narrow the diagnostic possibilities.", "PMID": 725038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10228", "title": "Post-traumatic ligamentous instabilities of the wrist.", "content": "Dorsiflexion, palmar flexion, ulnar translocation, and dorsal carpal subluxation are four, not uncommon, post-traumatic carpal ligamentous instabilities. Palmar carpal subluxation is a theoretical possibility. Dorsiflexion and palmar flexion instabilities are named for the way the distal lunate articular surface dorsally and palmarly, respectively. Ulnar translocation, and dorsal and ventral carpal subluxations are named according to movement of the entire carpus at the radiocarpal joint. Early detection of traumatic carpal instabilities is necessary to encourage optimal treatment of these significant carpal malalignments. These and other patients with disabling wrist problems may be evaluated by a \"ligamentous instability series.\"", "contents": "Post-traumatic ligamentous instabilities of the wrist. Dorsiflexion, palmar flexion, ulnar translocation, and dorsal carpal subluxation are four, not uncommon, post-traumatic carpal ligamentous instabilities. Palmar carpal subluxation is a theoretical possibility. Dorsiflexion and palmar flexion instabilities are named for the way the distal lunate articular surface dorsally and palmarly, respectively. Ulnar translocation, and dorsal and ventral carpal subluxations are named according to movement of the entire carpus at the radiocarpal joint. Early detection of traumatic carpal instabilities is necessary to encourage optimal treatment of these significant carpal malalignments. These and other patients with disabling wrist problems may be evaluated by a \"ligamentous instability series.\"", "PMID": 725039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10229", "title": "Ghost infantile vertebrae and hemipelves within adult skeleton from thorotrast administration in childhood.", "content": "In 2 adults who had received thorotrast intravenously at ages 2 and 3 years, respectively, radiopaque outlines of their infantile vertebrae were seen in the adult vertebrae. Similar \"ghosts\" of the hemipelves were present in the pelvis of 1 patient. Autopsy findings and autoradiographs in 1 patient strongly suggest that persisting thorotrast deposits in the infantile vertebrae and pelvis have produced a chronic radiation osteitis and dense thickened bone trabeculae, which are more radiopaque than the surrounding adult bone.", "contents": "Ghost infantile vertebrae and hemipelves within adult skeleton from thorotrast administration in childhood. In 2 adults who had received thorotrast intravenously at ages 2 and 3 years, respectively, radiopaque outlines of their infantile vertebrae were seen in the adult vertebrae. Similar \"ghosts\" of the hemipelves were present in the pelvis of 1 patient. Autopsy findings and autoradiographs in 1 patient strongly suggest that persisting thorotrast deposits in the infantile vertebrae and pelvis have produced a chronic radiation osteitis and dense thickened bone trabeculae, which are more radiopaque than the surrounding adult bone.", "PMID": 725040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10230", "title": "Carpal length in children--a useful measurement in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis and some concenital malformation syndromes.", "content": "The distance between the midpoint of the distal radial epiphyseal growth plate and the proximal end of the third metacarpal offers a useful measure for determining wrist size. Standards of this distance as compared to intermetacarpal width and second metacarpal length are presented. These measures (or ratios) should be useful in evaluating patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and a number of congenital malformation syndromes, particularly when the carpals are still not fully ossified. Shortening of the carpus occurs in multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, the otopalatodigital syndromes, Turner syndrome, arthrogryposis, and in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. A relatively large carpus is present in achondroplasia.", "contents": "Carpal length in children--a useful measurement in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis and some concenital malformation syndromes. The distance between the midpoint of the distal radial epiphyseal growth plate and the proximal end of the third metacarpal offers a useful measure for determining wrist size. Standards of this distance as compared to intermetacarpal width and second metacarpal length are presented. These measures (or ratios) should be useful in evaluating patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and a number of congenital malformation syndromes, particularly when the carpals are still not fully ossified. Shortening of the carpus occurs in multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, the otopalatodigital syndromes, Turner syndrome, arthrogryposis, and in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. A relatively large carpus is present in achondroplasia.", "PMID": 725041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10231", "title": "Chronic familial hyperphosphatasemia.", "content": "Two siblings displaying macrocrania and multiple skeletal deformities, as well as cardiomegaly, had high levels of serum alkaline phosphatase and markedly increased urinary hydroxyproline excretion. The radiological findings of chronic familial hyperphosphatasemia, which are typical of a rare bone-remodeling disease, are presented. Scintigraphy disclosed intense uptake of the radionuclide by the skeletons of both patients. This finding, considered to be related to abnormal collagen metabolism, can be used in the diagnosis and assessment of skeletal involvement in such patients.", "contents": "Chronic familial hyperphosphatasemia. Two siblings displaying macrocrania and multiple skeletal deformities, as well as cardiomegaly, had high levels of serum alkaline phosphatase and markedly increased urinary hydroxyproline excretion. The radiological findings of chronic familial hyperphosphatasemia, which are typical of a rare bone-remodeling disease, are presented. Scintigraphy disclosed intense uptake of the radionuclide by the skeletons of both patients. This finding, considered to be related to abnormal collagen metabolism, can be used in the diagnosis and assessment of skeletal involvement in such patients.", "PMID": 725042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10232", "title": "Renal malposition associated with omphalocele.", "content": "Nine patients with omphalocele had abnormally positioned kidneys; in 8, the kidneys were more cephalad than normal, immediately subdiaphragmatic in position. In one patient the kidneys were more caudal than normal. This renal malposition should be recognized in order to avoid unnecessary imaging procedures in patients with omphalocele.", "contents": "Renal malposition associated with omphalocele. Nine patients with omphalocele had abnormally positioned kidneys; in 8, the kidneys were more cephalad than normal, immediately subdiaphragmatic in position. In one patient the kidneys were more caudal than normal. This renal malposition should be recognized in order to avoid unnecessary imaging procedures in patients with omphalocele.", "PMID": 725043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10233", "title": "Quantitative aspects of contrast enhancement in cranial computed tomography.", "content": "The temporal relationship of blood iodine levels to tumor enhancement in cranial computed tomography was studied in a series of patients. Both the bolus and biphasic techniques were evaluated. Peak tumor intensity may not develop immediately, but may be more pronounced on a 20-minute scan. The low-density centers seen in malignant gliomas show delayed enhancement. These low-density centers represent a second compartment which equilibrates with the intravascular and interstitial contrast material at a much slower rate. Patients with malignant gliomas can be scanned up to one hour following contrast injection without significant loss of information.", "contents": "Quantitative aspects of contrast enhancement in cranial computed tomography. The temporal relationship of blood iodine levels to tumor enhancement in cranial computed tomography was studied in a series of patients. Both the bolus and biphasic techniques were evaluated. Peak tumor intensity may not develop immediately, but may be more pronounced on a 20-minute scan. The low-density centers seen in malignant gliomas show delayed enhancement. These low-density centers represent a second compartment which equilibrates with the intravascular and interstitial contrast material at a much slower rate. Patients with malignant gliomas can be scanned up to one hour following contrast injection without significant loss of information.", "PMID": 725044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10234", "title": "Interval computed tomography in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Computed tomography demonstrated areas of abnormal attenuation in the white matter in 14 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Nine were studied two or more times. Acute MS lesions exhibit decreased or normal attenuation without contrast enhancement and increased attenuation with it. On later scans these lesions show decreased attenuation with or without contrast material. Some lesions remain decreased in attenuation and some become normal both with and without contrast material.", "contents": "Interval computed tomography in multiple sclerosis. Computed tomography demonstrated areas of abnormal attenuation in the white matter in 14 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Nine were studied two or more times. Acute MS lesions exhibit decreased or normal attenuation without contrast enhancement and increased attenuation with it. On later scans these lesions show decreased attenuation with or without contrast material. Some lesions remain decreased in attenuation and some become normal both with and without contrast material.", "PMID": 725045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10235", "title": "Metrizamide myelography for cervical spinal cord injuries.", "content": "The authors describe a simple myelographic technique for cervical spinal cord injuries, involving lateral puncture at C1--C2 and injection of metrizamide with the patient supine. This technique is reliable and offers advantages over Pantopaque and/or gas myelography.", "contents": "Metrizamide myelography for cervical spinal cord injuries. The authors describe a simple myelographic technique for cervical spinal cord injuries, involving lateral puncture at C1--C2 and injection of metrizamide with the patient supine. This technique is reliable and offers advantages over Pantopaque and/or gas myelography.", "PMID": 725046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10236", "title": "A myelographic technique for cysts in the spinal canal and spinal cord.", "content": "A collapsing cord in six patients with hydromyelia and a collapsing intraspinal arachnoid cyst in one patient are demonstrated. The authors describe the technique for two-position gas myelography and demonstrate that both intra- and extra-medullary intraspinal processes may collapse during myelography.", "contents": "A myelographic technique for cysts in the spinal canal and spinal cord. A collapsing cord in six patients with hydromyelia and a collapsing intraspinal arachnoid cyst in one patient are demonstrated. The authors describe the technique for two-position gas myelography and demonstrate that both intra- and extra-medullary intraspinal processes may collapse during myelography.", "PMID": 725047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10237", "title": "Spontaneous disappearance of carotid stenosis.", "content": "Angiographic diagnosis of atheromatous plaques is usually well correlated with surgical and pathologic findings. Hemorrhage into such plaques is believed to be frequent, but is seldom diagnosed angiographically. The authors report a case of intramural hemorrhage into an atheromatous plaque with subsequent resolution. A brain scan of a woman, age 52, with right hemiparesis and dysphasia showed increased isotope uptake in the left frontotemporal region. Arteriography 10 days after onset of symptoms showed a plaque in the left carotid bifurcation. Clinical improvement followed. Repeat arteriography 12 weeks later revealed almost normal left carotid bifurcation.", "contents": "Spontaneous disappearance of carotid stenosis. Angiographic diagnosis of atheromatous plaques is usually well correlated with surgical and pathologic findings. Hemorrhage into such plaques is believed to be frequent, but is seldom diagnosed angiographically. The authors report a case of intramural hemorrhage into an atheromatous plaque with subsequent resolution. A brain scan of a woman, age 52, with right hemiparesis and dysphasia showed increased isotope uptake in the left frontotemporal region. Arteriography 10 days after onset of symptoms showed a plaque in the left carotid bifurcation. Clinical improvement followed. Repeat arteriography 12 weeks later revealed almost normal left carotid bifurcation.", "PMID": 725048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10238", "title": "Computed tomography of the adrenal gland.", "content": "Computed tomography (CT) easily and accurately demonstrates both the normal and abnormal adrenal gland. The normal adrenal gland can be seen in almost 95% of patients. With this technique, 29 of 29 proved adrenal masses were demonstrated; one case of bilateral adrenal hyperplasia could not be recognized, another showed equivocal enlargement. CT is an excellent screening and often definitive radiologic test of evaluating the adrenal gland.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the adrenal gland. Computed tomography (CT) easily and accurately demonstrates both the normal and abnormal adrenal gland. The normal adrenal gland can be seen in almost 95% of patients. With this technique, 29 of 29 proved adrenal masses were demonstrated; one case of bilateral adrenal hyperplasia could not be recognized, another showed equivocal enlargement. CT is an excellent screening and often definitive radiologic test of evaluating the adrenal gland.", "PMID": 725049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10239", "title": "Capability of CT body scanning and ultrasonography to demonstrate the status of the biliary ductal system in patients with jaundice.", "content": "The capability of ultrasonography and computed tomographic body scanning to demonstrate the status of the biliary tract was studied prospectively in 23 jaundiced patients. Ultrasonography correctly indicated the presence or absence of obstruction in 21 of the 23 patients and CT scanning in 20. Both procedures correctly demonstrated no evidence of ductal dilatation in the five patients who had nonobstructive jaundice. Retrospective study of the same material increased the accuracy of CT scanning (22 of 23 patients) because of recognition of common bile duct dilatation in the absence of intrahepatic duct dilatation. The accuracy of ultrasonography was unchanged.", "contents": "Capability of CT body scanning and ultrasonography to demonstrate the status of the biliary ductal system in patients with jaundice. The capability of ultrasonography and computed tomographic body scanning to demonstrate the status of the biliary tract was studied prospectively in 23 jaundiced patients. Ultrasonography correctly indicated the presence or absence of obstruction in 21 of the 23 patients and CT scanning in 20. Both procedures correctly demonstrated no evidence of ductal dilatation in the five patients who had nonobstructive jaundice. Retrospective study of the same material increased the accuracy of CT scanning (22 of 23 patients) because of recognition of common bile duct dilatation in the absence of intrahepatic duct dilatation. The accuracy of ultrasonography was unchanged.", "PMID": 725050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10240", "title": "CT biopsy of abdominal tumors: aids for lesion localization.", "content": "Computed tomographic guided fine needle aspiration biopsy of 25 consecutive patients with a variety of confirmed malignant abdominal and plevic neoplasms resulted in a 100% yield of positive tissue diagnosed, without significant complications. The principal advantage of CT guidance is the continuous direct observation of the needle tip position in relation to the target volume. Simultaneous insertion of 2 fine caliber biopsy needles (tandem needle maneuver) is a new technique developed for rapid, accurate needle repositioning for repeated aspiration attempts. CT guidance, multiple aspirates with the fine needle, and the tandem needle maneuver for precise localization all contribute to a high rate of tissue diagnoses. Because CT guidance permits more precise sampling of smaller, deeper tumors than other procedures, including ultrasonic biopsy transducer systems, it is preferred for percutaneous tissue sampling of abdominal neoplasms. Preliminary experience suggests that a large proportion of symptomatic abdominal malignancies which can be diagnosed by CT are amenable to successful percutaneous biopsy by this technique.", "contents": "CT biopsy of abdominal tumors: aids for lesion localization. Computed tomographic guided fine needle aspiration biopsy of 25 consecutive patients with a variety of confirmed malignant abdominal and plevic neoplasms resulted in a 100% yield of positive tissue diagnosed, without significant complications. The principal advantage of CT guidance is the continuous direct observation of the needle tip position in relation to the target volume. Simultaneous insertion of 2 fine caliber biopsy needles (tandem needle maneuver) is a new technique developed for rapid, accurate needle repositioning for repeated aspiration attempts. CT guidance, multiple aspirates with the fine needle, and the tandem needle maneuver for precise localization all contribute to a high rate of tissue diagnoses. Because CT guidance permits more precise sampling of smaller, deeper tumors than other procedures, including ultrasonic biopsy transducer systems, it is preferred for percutaneous tissue sampling of abdominal neoplasms. Preliminary experience suggests that a large proportion of symptomatic abdominal malignancies which can be diagnosed by CT are amenable to successful percutaneous biopsy by this technique.", "PMID": 725051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10241", "title": "Clinical evaluation of pulse-Doppler device linked to gray scale B-scan equipment.", "content": "A pulse Doppler device linked to a commercially available B-mode ultrasound scanner permits the origin of the Doppler signals to be located accurately on the B-scan by a bright-up cursor. Case histories illustrate the clinical application of this device in differentiating between vascular and nonvascular structures, or patent and thrombosed vessels. This is especially valuable when there is pathological distortion of the anatomy.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of pulse-Doppler device linked to gray scale B-scan equipment. A pulse Doppler device linked to a commercially available B-mode ultrasound scanner permits the origin of the Doppler signals to be located accurately on the B-scan by a bright-up cursor. Case histories illustrate the clinical application of this device in differentiating between vascular and nonvascular structures, or patent and thrombosed vessels. This is especially valuable when there is pathological distortion of the anatomy.", "PMID": 725052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10242", "title": "Metastatic calcification: the role of bone scanning.", "content": "Metastatic calcification involving the lungs and stomach was demonstrated in 3 patients by bone scans. In one patient, postmortem studied five days later confirmed the findings. Follow-up scans in 2 patients, demonstrating improvement in one and worsening in another, paralleled the clinical course.", "contents": "Metastatic calcification: the role of bone scanning. Metastatic calcification involving the lungs and stomach was demonstrated in 3 patients by bone scans. In one patient, postmortem studied five days later confirmed the findings. Follow-up scans in 2 patients, demonstrating improvement in one and worsening in another, paralleled the clinical course.", "PMID": 725053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10243", "title": "Thyroid scintigraphy: pinhole images versus rectilinear scans.", "content": "99mTc-pertechnetate thyroid scintigraphy was performed on 67 patients with a pinhole camera and a rectilinear scanner. The dual set of images was interpreted blindly by four nuclear medicine physicians. Observer performance with each of the two imaging techniques was evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) method and by multivariate information analysis (MIA). Performance was superior for the four observers when interpreting the pinhole images, identification accuracy ranging from 70 to 94% with the pinhole images and only 49 to 63% with the rectilinear scanner.", "contents": "Thyroid scintigraphy: pinhole images versus rectilinear scans. 99mTc-pertechnetate thyroid scintigraphy was performed on 67 patients with a pinhole camera and a rectilinear scanner. The dual set of images was interpreted blindly by four nuclear medicine physicians. Observer performance with each of the two imaging techniques was evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) method and by multivariate information analysis (MIA). Performance was superior for the four observers when interpreting the pinhole images, identification accuracy ranging from 70 to 94% with the pinhole images and only 49 to 63% with the rectilinear scanner.", "PMID": 725054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10244", "title": "Radionuclide scan findings in delayed splenic rupture.", "content": "An initial liver/spleen scan performed on a patient with blunt abdominal trauma was negative 3 days following the accident. A follow-up scan 7 days later showed definite evidence of splenic rupture, proved surgically. The authors conclude that, in such cases, spleen scans may be negative initially because of delayed splenic ruptures.", "contents": "Radionuclide scan findings in delayed splenic rupture. An initial liver/spleen scan performed on a patient with blunt abdominal trauma was negative 3 days following the accident. A follow-up scan 7 days later showed definite evidence of splenic rupture, proved surgically. The authors conclude that, in such cases, spleen scans may be negative initially because of delayed splenic ruptures.", "PMID": 725055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10245", "title": "Potentials of computed tomography in radiation therapy treatment planning.", "content": "CT can provide detailed 3-dimensional representation of diseased and dose-limiting structures; it detects lung metastases and may be of use in follow-up studies. The potential use of the electron density cross section may be limited by (a) the small number of planning situations where inhomogeneity corrections are truly useful, (b) the lack of sensitivity of certain correction schemes (e.g., megavoltage photons), (c) the inherent inaccuracy of certain correction schemes, (d) the inaccuracy of in vivo determinations of electron density and (e) the narrow range of electron densities observed in most soft tissues of the body.", "contents": "Potentials of computed tomography in radiation therapy treatment planning. CT can provide detailed 3-dimensional representation of diseased and dose-limiting structures; it detects lung metastases and may be of use in follow-up studies. The potential use of the electron density cross section may be limited by (a) the small number of planning situations where inhomogeneity corrections are truly useful, (b) the lack of sensitivity of certain correction schemes (e.g., megavoltage photons), (c) the inherent inaccuracy of certain correction schemes, (d) the inaccuracy of in vivo determinations of electron density and (e) the narrow range of electron densities observed in most soft tissues of the body.", "PMID": 725056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10246", "title": "Computer-controlled radiation therapy.", "content": "Radiation therapy is often hampered in important body regions by the need to transit sensitive normal tissues which act as dose-limiting barriers. Computer-controlled radiation therapy permits the simultaneous variation of multiple treatment parameters during irradiation of the patient, producing improved dose distributions with the potential for improved local control. Equipment used for this purpose includes a Mevatron XII linear accelerator, redesigned for automatic control, and a PDP 11/45 minicomputer. Dose distributions are shown and potential clinical gains discussed.", "contents": "Computer-controlled radiation therapy. Radiation therapy is often hampered in important body regions by the need to transit sensitive normal tissues which act as dose-limiting barriers. Computer-controlled radiation therapy permits the simultaneous variation of multiple treatment parameters during irradiation of the patient, producing improved dose distributions with the potential for improved local control. Equipment used for this purpose includes a Mevatron XII linear accelerator, redesigned for automatic control, and a PDP 11/45 minicomputer. Dose distributions are shown and potential clinical gains discussed.", "PMID": 725057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10247", "title": "Data management and radiotherapy.", "content": "The realization by radiation therapists that computerized patient information is a valuable resource is slowly evolving. The uses of this data include business, quality control, and research applications. Computer applications in these areas have been limited due to the small numbers of patients and the complexity of radiation therapy problems. Reductions in costs and improved programming techniques over the last decade have made information processing computer systems feasible. Measureable progress has been made in the areas of billing and scheduling systems, improved department data handling systems, and increased participation in cooperative groups with increased data handling capability. A review of costs in terms of dollars, time, and effort supports the use of information processing systems in therapy.", "contents": "Data management and radiotherapy. The realization by radiation therapists that computerized patient information is a valuable resource is slowly evolving. The uses of this data include business, quality control, and research applications. Computer applications in these areas have been limited due to the small numbers of patients and the complexity of radiation therapy problems. Reductions in costs and improved programming techniques over the last decade have made information processing computer systems feasible. Measureable progress has been made in the areas of billing and scheduling systems, improved department data handling systems, and increased participation in cooperative groups with increased data handling capability. A review of costs in terms of dollars, time, and effort supports the use of information processing systems in therapy.", "PMID": 725058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10248", "title": "The role of computers in radiation therapy: analysis of clinical radiotherapy data.", "content": "Modern computers are powerful tools for the study of tumor and normal tissue response to various radiation treatment regimens. Computers aid in the development of mathematical models which combine well known radiobiological principles in complex ways to predict treatment results. These predictions may be useful guides to the development of hypotheses for clinical testing. Computers make possible the application of sophisticated statistical techniques to the retrospective analysis of clinical data. For both the predictive models and the analytical methods the importance of the underlying assumptions rather than the computational techniques must be emphasized.", "contents": "The role of computers in radiation therapy: analysis of clinical radiotherapy data. Modern computers are powerful tools for the study of tumor and normal tissue response to various radiation treatment regimens. Computers aid in the development of mathematical models which combine well known radiobiological principles in complex ways to predict treatment results. These predictions may be useful guides to the development of hypotheses for clinical testing. Computers make possible the application of sophisticated statistical techniques to the retrospective analysis of clinical data. For both the predictive models and the analytical methods the importance of the underlying assumptions rather than the computational techniques must be emphasized.", "PMID": 725059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10249", "title": "The equivalent tissue-air ratio method for making absorbed dose calculations in a heterogeneous medium.", "content": "The CT scanner makes three-dimensional anatomical information available for treatment planning, the calculational algorithm being the limiting factor in dose calculations. A method has been developed, called the \"effective tissue-air ratio method,\" that uses all the information but reduces it to manageable proportions. The accuracy is satisfactory for a wide range of photon beam energies and clinical applications. It has been implemented in such a way that the CT scan can be used directly without the intermediate step of manually obtaining structures from either a viewing screen or a hard copy of the CT image.", "contents": "The equivalent tissue-air ratio method for making absorbed dose calculations in a heterogeneous medium. The CT scanner makes three-dimensional anatomical information available for treatment planning, the calculational algorithm being the limiting factor in dose calculations. A method has been developed, called the \"effective tissue-air ratio method,\" that uses all the information but reduces it to manageable proportions. The accuracy is satisfactory for a wide range of photon beam energies and clinical applications. It has been implemented in such a way that the CT scan can be used directly without the intermediate step of manually obtaining structures from either a viewing screen or a hard copy of the CT image.", "PMID": 725060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10250", "title": "Radiation protection of the lens for patients and users.", "content": "The problem of radiation-induced cataract development in the lenses of patients and users exposed to diagnostic-quality radiation is reviewed. A cataractogenic dose appears to be about 200 rads from a single exposure and up to 750 rads in protracted doses. Routine use of new protective glasses developed by the authors is recommended for patients. For users, any of the commercially available high lead-content glasses will reduce doses to safe levels. About 70% reduction of dose is afforded by the new photochromic sunglasses.", "contents": "Radiation protection of the lens for patients and users. The problem of radiation-induced cataract development in the lenses of patients and users exposed to diagnostic-quality radiation is reviewed. A cataractogenic dose appears to be about 200 rads from a single exposure and up to 750 rads in protracted doses. Routine use of new protective glasses developed by the authors is recommended for patients. For users, any of the commercially available high lead-content glasses will reduce doses to safe levels. About 70% reduction of dose is afforded by the new photochromic sunglasses.", "PMID": 725061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10251", "title": "A variable aperture fluoroscopic unit for reduced patient exposure.", "content": "A real time fluoroscopic imaging system which provides capability for reduced patient exposure by as much as a factor of five has been developed. Modifications to the system include the incorporation of a variable aperture iris between the image intensifier output phosphor and television camera and the use of the video signal as the feedback element in the fluoroscopic automatic exposure rate control system. Quantitative and qualitative performance of the system is described.", "contents": "A variable aperture fluoroscopic unit for reduced patient exposure. A real time fluoroscopic imaging system which provides capability for reduced patient exposure by as much as a factor of five has been developed. Modifications to the system include the incorporation of a variable aperture iris between the image intensifier output phosphor and television camera and the use of the video signal as the feedback element in the fluoroscopic automatic exposure rate control system. Quantitative and qualitative performance of the system is described.", "PMID": 725062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10252", "title": "Glucagon and diuresis in the treatment of ureteral calculi.", "content": "Intravenous glucagon and diuresis caused by diagnostic doses of sodium diatrizoate were used to treat 5 patients with ureteral colic and urographic findings consistent with partial obstruction by a ureteral calculus. Pain was relieved and the calculus passed within two hours in 4 patients and within eight hours in the fifth. No complications were noted.", "contents": "Glucagon and diuresis in the treatment of ureteral calculi. Intravenous glucagon and diuresis caused by diagnostic doses of sodium diatrizoate were used to treat 5 patients with ureteral colic and urographic findings consistent with partial obstruction by a ureteral calculus. Pain was relieved and the calculus passed within two hours in 4 patients and within eight hours in the fifth. No complications were noted.", "PMID": 725063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10253", "title": "The effectiveness of glass lenses in reducing exposure to the eyes.", "content": "A study was done to determine the degree of radiation protection afforded by various types of prescription lenses, including commercially available lead glasses. A wide variation in measured attenuation was found. Two commonly available types of prescription lenses were found to provide greater than 92% attenuation of the x-ray beam generated at 108 kVp.", "contents": "The effectiveness of glass lenses in reducing exposure to the eyes. A study was done to determine the degree of radiation protection afforded by various types of prescription lenses, including commercially available lead glasses. A wide variation in measured attenuation was found. Two commonly available types of prescription lenses were found to provide greater than 92% attenuation of the x-ray beam generated at 108 kVp.", "PMID": 725064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10254", "title": "X-ray attenuation by prescription lenses.", "content": "The degree of attenuation of diagnostic x-rays by prescription lenses is reported. Photo-gray lenses provide considerable eye protection.", "contents": "X-ray attenuation by prescription lenses. The degree of attenuation of diagnostic x-rays by prescription lenses is reported. Photo-gray lenses provide considerable eye protection.", "PMID": 725065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10255", "title": "Postero-anterior radiography: a method for reduction of eye dose.", "content": "The radiation dose to the eyes during cerebral angiography can be reduced by a factor of 50--100 by radiographing the patient in the postero-anterior projection. Test pattern and phantom tests demonstrated no loss of image quality.", "contents": "Postero-anterior radiography: a method for reduction of eye dose. The radiation dose to the eyes during cerebral angiography can be reduced by a factor of 50--100 by radiographing the patient in the postero-anterior projection. Test pattern and phantom tests demonstrated no loss of image quality.", "PMID": 725066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10256", "title": "A study of the dose to the thyroid and the eye in computed tomography of the brain.", "content": "Thermoluminescent dosimeters were used to estimate the dose to the thyroid and the eye for routine clinical computed tomography of the brain using an EMI CT5005 scanner (20-sec data acquisition mode, bolus covering the head). The data can be summarized by the linear relations Dt = (7.5 +/- 0.8)N millirads (8 less than or equal to N less than or equal to 18) and De = (39 +/- 5)N + (1400 +/- 200)n millirads (8 less than or equal to N less than or equal to 20, 0 less than or equal to n less than or equal to 6) where Dt is the dose to the tissue anterior to the thyroid, De is the dose to the anterior tissue of the eyelid, N is the total number of CT cuts, and n is the number of cuts in which the globe of the eye is imaged.", "contents": "A study of the dose to the thyroid and the eye in computed tomography of the brain. Thermoluminescent dosimeters were used to estimate the dose to the thyroid and the eye for routine clinical computed tomography of the brain using an EMI CT5005 scanner (20-sec data acquisition mode, bolus covering the head). The data can be summarized by the linear relations Dt = (7.5 +/- 0.8)N millirads (8 less than or equal to N less than or equal to 18) and De = (39 +/- 5)N + (1400 +/- 200)n millirads (8 less than or equal to N less than or equal to 20, 0 less than or equal to n less than or equal to 6) where Dt is the dose to the tissue anterior to the thyroid, De is the dose to the anterior tissue of the eyelid, N is the total number of CT cuts, and n is the number of cuts in which the globe of the eye is imaged.", "PMID": 725067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10257", "title": "Adjustable lead glass shielding device for use with an over-the-table x-ray tube.", "content": "Sources of scattered radiation exposure to personnel from a ceiling-mounted x-ray tube were examined at the side of cardiac catheterization patients. A fully adjustable mounting for a lead glass shield was designed to afford maximum radiation protection to the attending physician's head and neck area, while minimizing interference with the procedure.", "contents": "Adjustable lead glass shielding device for use with an over-the-table x-ray tube. Sources of scattered radiation exposure to personnel from a ceiling-mounted x-ray tube were examined at the side of cardiac catheterization patients. A fully adjustable mounting for a lead glass shield was designed to afford maximum radiation protection to the attending physician's head and neck area, while minimizing interference with the procedure.", "PMID": 725069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10258", "title": "Deflation of a Sengstaken tube balloon facilitating catheterization of the celiac artery.", "content": "Selective catheterization of the celiac axis may be difficult when the lumen of the artery is compromised. The presence of an inflated compression balloon in the stomach may narrow the artery, presumably by placing tension on the median arcuate ligament of the diaphragm. Deflation of the gastric balloon can facilitate catheterization by relieving the extrinsic pressure on the artery.", "contents": "Deflation of a Sengstaken tube balloon facilitating catheterization of the celiac artery. Selective catheterization of the celiac axis may be difficult when the lumen of the artery is compromised. The presence of an inflated compression balloon in the stomach may narrow the artery, presumably by placing tension on the median arcuate ligament of the diaphragm. Deflation of the gastric balloon can facilitate catheterization by relieving the extrinsic pressure on the artery.", "PMID": 725071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10259", "title": "A new device for myelography.", "content": "A new device based on the principle of the concentric system has been constructed for myelography and certain other procedures. It consists of biplane tube-image amplifier systems with 105-mm cameras in both planes. The system gives superior visualization of water-soluble media, particularly when tomography is used. The radiation dose to the patient is low.", "contents": "A new device for myelography. A new device based on the principle of the concentric system has been constructed for myelography and certain other procedures. It consists of biplane tube-image amplifier systems with 105-mm cameras in both planes. The system gives superior visualization of water-soluble media, particularly when tomography is used. The radiation dose to the patient is low.", "PMID": 725072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10260", "title": "Effects of arginine vasotocin and prostaglandin E1 on the hen uterus.", "content": "In the domestic hen, the uterine portion of the oviduct responded in vitro to arginine vasotocin (AVT) and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) at all investigated stages of the egg-laying cycle. However, the uterus was less responsive to both hormones during oviposition. The injections of these hormones provoked premature oviposition and a significant pressure increase in the uterus. In vitro and in vivo AVT was a more potent uterine stimulant than PGE1. Indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis, antagonized in vitro the contractor activity of AVT but not that of PGE1. Prostaglandin-like activity was demonstrated in the hen uterine tissue at the time of oviposition. It is concluded that AVT may cause uterine contractions via a prostaglandin activated mechanism.", "contents": "Effects of arginine vasotocin and prostaglandin E1 on the hen uterus. In the domestic hen, the uterine portion of the oviduct responded in vitro to arginine vasotocin (AVT) and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) at all investigated stages of the egg-laying cycle. However, the uterus was less responsive to both hormones during oviposition. The injections of these hormones provoked premature oviposition and a significant pressure increase in the uterus. In vitro and in vivo AVT was a more potent uterine stimulant than PGE1. Indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis, antagonized in vitro the contractor activity of AVT but not that of PGE1. Prostaglandin-like activity was demonstrated in the hen uterine tissue at the time of oviposition. It is concluded that AVT may cause uterine contractions via a prostaglandin activated mechanism.", "PMID": 725074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10261", "title": "Oxidative ozonolysis of 6-oxo-PGF1alpha, 11,15-diacetate, methyl acetal, methyl ester.", "content": "Ozonolysis of 6-oxo-PGF1alpha, 11,15-diacetate, methyl acetal, methyl ester followed by oxidative workup and treatment with diazomethane gave 3-acetoxy-5-hydroxy-2-(methoxycarbonyl) cyclopentane acetic acid, gamma-lactone and dimethyl 3-acetoxy-5[[-(methoxycarbonyl)valeryl]oxy]-1,2-cyclopentane dicarboxylate as two of the major products. The mass spectral properties of the latter compound were identical with those previously published by other investigators.", "contents": "Oxidative ozonolysis of 6-oxo-PGF1alpha, 11,15-diacetate, methyl acetal, methyl ester. Ozonolysis of 6-oxo-PGF1alpha, 11,15-diacetate, methyl acetal, methyl ester followed by oxidative workup and treatment with diazomethane gave 3-acetoxy-5-hydroxy-2-(methoxycarbonyl) cyclopentane acetic acid, gamma-lactone and dimethyl 3-acetoxy-5[[-(methoxycarbonyl)valeryl]oxy]-1,2-cyclopentane dicarboxylate as two of the major products. The mass spectral properties of the latter compound were identical with those previously published by other investigators.", "PMID": 725075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10262", "title": "The effects of prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha on synaptosomal accumulation and release of 3H-norepinephrine.", "content": "Prostaglandins (PG) of both the E and F series may serve as modulators of norepinephrine (NE) release from peripheral sympathetic neurons. We have studied the effects of PGE2 and PGF2alpha on the accumulation and release of 3H-NE in the CNS using synaptosomes isolated from rat hypothalami. The release of 3H-NE from synaptosomes superfused with Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer was multiphasic with an initial fast release phase followed by a slower release. Raising KCl concentration of the superfusion medium to 56mM during the slow release phase is known to stimulate 3H-NE release. PGE2 (1 X 10(-6)M) attenuated 3H-NE release during the fast phase and reduced the amount of 3H-NE released due to KCl stimulation. At lower concentrations of PGE2 there was no change in the release profile. PGF2alpha was without effect on 3H-NE release at all concentrations tested. The accumulation of 3H-NE was significantly diminished by PGE2 at a concentration of 1 X 10(-6)M, while a lower concentration (1 X 10(-7)M) was ineffective. PGF2alpha had no effect on 3H-NE accumulation at all concentrations investigated.", "contents": "The effects of prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha on synaptosomal accumulation and release of 3H-norepinephrine. Prostaglandins (PG) of both the E and F series may serve as modulators of norepinephrine (NE) release from peripheral sympathetic neurons. We have studied the effects of PGE2 and PGF2alpha on the accumulation and release of 3H-NE in the CNS using synaptosomes isolated from rat hypothalami. The release of 3H-NE from synaptosomes superfused with Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer was multiphasic with an initial fast release phase followed by a slower release. Raising KCl concentration of the superfusion medium to 56mM during the slow release phase is known to stimulate 3H-NE release. PGE2 (1 X 10(-6)M) attenuated 3H-NE release during the fast phase and reduced the amount of 3H-NE released due to KCl stimulation. At lower concentrations of PGE2 there was no change in the release profile. PGF2alpha was without effect on 3H-NE release at all concentrations tested. The accumulation of 3H-NE was significantly diminished by PGE2 at a concentration of 1 X 10(-6)M, while a lower concentration (1 X 10(-7)M) was ineffective. PGF2alpha had no effect on 3H-NE accumulation at all concentrations investigated.", "PMID": 725076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10263", "title": "Prostaglandins and pacemaker activity in isolated guinea pig SA node.", "content": "Prostaglandins PGE2, PGE1, PGF2alpha, and PGE1 substantially increase automaticity in SA-nodal, right atrial preparations excised from guinea pigs. This natural pacemaker tissue is sensitive to nanomolar doses of PG with, for example, 10(-8) M PGE2, increasing SA rate by about 20%. If these preparations are pretreated with 2 micrometer indomethacin, a blocker of endogenous prostaglandin synthesis, then spontaneous rate drops and subsequent rate increases due to PGE2 administration can be more easily demonstrated. Guinea pig pacemaker tissue differs from similar rabbit tissue not only in that it is directly responsive to PGE2, but also in that PGE2 does not depress the absolute response to transmural stimulation (adrenergically mediated rate increase). The positive chronotropic responses to PGE2 also occur when the guinea pig tissue is pretreated in 0.6 micrometer propranolol, which causes blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors. The pacemaker myocardium in the guinea pigs thus appears to be directly stimulated by exogenous PGE2 at very low doses. The observation that 2 micrometer indomethacin reduces SA-nodal rate suggests the presence of a very sensitive, functionally important, PGE-like system which modulates heart rate in this mammalian species.", "contents": "Prostaglandins and pacemaker activity in isolated guinea pig SA node. Prostaglandins PGE2, PGE1, PGF2alpha, and PGE1 substantially increase automaticity in SA-nodal, right atrial preparations excised from guinea pigs. This natural pacemaker tissue is sensitive to nanomolar doses of PG with, for example, 10(-8) M PGE2, increasing SA rate by about 20%. If these preparations are pretreated with 2 micrometer indomethacin, a blocker of endogenous prostaglandin synthesis, then spontaneous rate drops and subsequent rate increases due to PGE2 administration can be more easily demonstrated. Guinea pig pacemaker tissue differs from similar rabbit tissue not only in that it is directly responsive to PGE2, but also in that PGE2 does not depress the absolute response to transmural stimulation (adrenergically mediated rate increase). The positive chronotropic responses to PGE2 also occur when the guinea pig tissue is pretreated in 0.6 micrometer propranolol, which causes blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors. The pacemaker myocardium in the guinea pigs thus appears to be directly stimulated by exogenous PGE2 at very low doses. The observation that 2 micrometer indomethacin reduces SA-nodal rate suggests the presence of a very sensitive, functionally important, PGE-like system which modulates heart rate in this mammalian species.", "PMID": 725077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10264", "title": "Synthesis of (+)-11-deoxy-15-ethynyl prostaglandins.", "content": "This article describes the preparation of (+)-11-deoxy-15-ethynyl prostaglandins (1 & 16). The key step involves a conjugate addition of the substituted 1-lithio-1-oct-1-ene (2) to the cyclopentenone (3 & 12) to furnish 11-deoxy-prostaglandin skeleton in a simple fashion. Of particular interest in this synthesis is the preparation of alkyl side chain (7) which was achieved in an efficient three-step synthesis starting from the readily available beta-iodo vinyl ketone (4).", "contents": "Synthesis of (+)-11-deoxy-15-ethynyl prostaglandins. This article describes the preparation of (+)-11-deoxy-15-ethynyl prostaglandins (1 & 16). The key step involves a conjugate addition of the substituted 1-lithio-1-oct-1-ene (2) to the cyclopentenone (3 & 12) to furnish 11-deoxy-prostaglandin skeleton in a simple fashion. Of particular interest in this synthesis is the preparation of alkyl side chain (7) which was achieved in an efficient three-step synthesis starting from the readily available beta-iodo vinyl ketone (4).", "PMID": 725079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10265", "title": "Effect of sparteine sulfate on uterine prostaglandin F in the rat.", "content": "Indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthetase, added to an in vitro bath in a concentration of 1, 5, and 10 X 10(-6) g/ml reduced sparteine-induced contractions of isolated uterine segments from pregnant rats. Contractions induced by prostaglandin F2alpha and acetylcholine were not reduced. Sparteine increased the prostaglandin F content of the blood and uterine tissue in the pregnant but not in the nonpregnant rat. This increase was significantly reduced by the administration of indomethacin (10 mg/kg). The present study suggests that the mechanism of sparteine action is mediated through a prostaglandin F system.", "contents": "Effect of sparteine sulfate on uterine prostaglandin F in the rat. Indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthetase, added to an in vitro bath in a concentration of 1, 5, and 10 X 10(-6) g/ml reduced sparteine-induced contractions of isolated uterine segments from pregnant rats. Contractions induced by prostaglandin F2alpha and acetylcholine were not reduced. Sparteine increased the prostaglandin F content of the blood and uterine tissue in the pregnant but not in the nonpregnant rat. This increase was significantly reduced by the administration of indomethacin (10 mg/kg). The present study suggests that the mechanism of sparteine action is mediated through a prostaglandin F system.", "PMID": 725080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10266", "title": "Role of prostaglandin F2alpha in modulation of LH-stimulated steroidogenesis in vitro in different types of rat and ewe corpora lutea.", "content": "An inhibitory effect of PGF2alpha at a dose of 7 X 10(-7) M on LH stimulated synthesis of progesterone was observed in vitro after incubation of pseudopregnant rat ovaries for a period of 2 hours. A similar effect was seen with cyclic and gestant ewe corpora lutea at the same dose of PGF2alpha. This effect was observed both in the secretion of progesterone and on the amount of progesterone present in the tissue. This inhibitory effect of PGF2alpha on LH stimulated progesterone synthesis may explain the modification in the time course for gonadotropin action in luteal tissue at high and low doses.", "contents": "Role of prostaglandin F2alpha in modulation of LH-stimulated steroidogenesis in vitro in different types of rat and ewe corpora lutea. An inhibitory effect of PGF2alpha at a dose of 7 X 10(-7) M on LH stimulated synthesis of progesterone was observed in vitro after incubation of pseudopregnant rat ovaries for a period of 2 hours. A similar effect was seen with cyclic and gestant ewe corpora lutea at the same dose of PGF2alpha. This effect was observed both in the secretion of progesterone and on the amount of progesterone present in the tissue. This inhibitory effect of PGF2alpha on LH stimulated progesterone synthesis may explain the modification in the time course for gonadotropin action in luteal tissue at high and low doses.", "PMID": 725081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10267", "title": "Influence of polyphloretin phosphate (PPP) on rat-paw oedema induced by prostaglandin E1 (PGE1).", "content": "As a result of pretreatment with the known prostaglandin antagonist polyphloretin phosphate (50, 100 or 200 mg/kg i.v.), there is a statistically significant decrease in the magnitude of the oedema induced in Sprague-Dawley CFY rats by the subplantar administration of 1 microgram prostaglandin E1.", "contents": "Influence of polyphloretin phosphate (PPP) on rat-paw oedema induced by prostaglandin E1 (PGE1). As a result of pretreatment with the known prostaglandin antagonist polyphloretin phosphate (50, 100 or 200 mg/kg i.v.), there is a statistically significant decrease in the magnitude of the oedema induced in Sprague-Dawley CFY rats by the subplantar administration of 1 microgram prostaglandin E1.", "PMID": 725082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10268", "title": "Selective inhibition of prostaglandin endoperoxide thromboxane isomerase by 1-carboxyalkylimidazoles.", "content": "1-Carboxyalkylimidazoles inhibited the conversion of prostaglandin H2 to thromboxane B2 and 12L-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid by a partially purified enzyme (prostaglandin endoperoxide thromboxane isomerase) from bovine platelet microsomes. The degree of the inhibition was dependent on the length of carboxyalkyl chain. 1-Carboxyheptylimidazole was the most potent inhibitor, and an almost complete inhibition was obtained at a concentration on the order of 1 micron. The inhibition, as examined with 1-carboxyheptylimidazole, was of noncompetitive type. These 1-carboxyalkylimidazoles did not affect the formation of prostaglandin H2 from arachidonic acid. Such a selective inhibition was also demonstrated by the reaction of bovine platelet microsomes with arachidonic acid in the presence of 1-carboxyheptylimidazole, resulting in the accumulation of prostaglandin H2 as an intermediate. Furthermore, a series of 1-alkylimidazoles with no carboxyl group also inhibited the isomerase at higher concentrations. However, the inhibition was not specific for the isomerase; namely, the prostaglandin H2 formation from arachidonic acid was also affected.", "contents": "Selective inhibition of prostaglandin endoperoxide thromboxane isomerase by 1-carboxyalkylimidazoles. 1-Carboxyalkylimidazoles inhibited the conversion of prostaglandin H2 to thromboxane B2 and 12L-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid by a partially purified enzyme (prostaglandin endoperoxide thromboxane isomerase) from bovine platelet microsomes. The degree of the inhibition was dependent on the length of carboxyalkyl chain. 1-Carboxyheptylimidazole was the most potent inhibitor, and an almost complete inhibition was obtained at a concentration on the order of 1 micron. The inhibition, as examined with 1-carboxyheptylimidazole, was of noncompetitive type. These 1-carboxyalkylimidazoles did not affect the formation of prostaglandin H2 from arachidonic acid. Such a selective inhibition was also demonstrated by the reaction of bovine platelet microsomes with arachidonic acid in the presence of 1-carboxyheptylimidazole, resulting in the accumulation of prostaglandin H2 as an intermediate. Furthermore, a series of 1-alkylimidazoles with no carboxyl group also inhibited the isomerase at higher concentrations. However, the inhibition was not specific for the isomerase; namely, the prostaglandin H2 formation from arachidonic acid was also affected.", "PMID": 725083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10269", "title": "Synthesis and gastrointestinal pharmacology of some 15- and 16- modified (+/-)-11-deoxyprostaglandins.", "content": "The synthesis and gastrointestinal pharmacology of some 11-deoxyprostaglandin E1 analogues are described with results analysed for selectivity from side effects. 11-Deoxygenation reduced potency relative to PGE2 but, as has been reported for natural PGs, 15- or 16-methyl analogues were more potent than the unsubstituted parent compound in the order 16-methyl greater than 15-methyl greater than 16,16-dimethyl. The results suggest that a complex interaction between C-15 and C-16 in methyl analogues affects their profile of activity, but that none of the modifications studied conferred a substantial potency or selectivity advantage over PGE2.", "contents": "Synthesis and gastrointestinal pharmacology of some 15- and 16- modified (+/-)-11-deoxyprostaglandins. The synthesis and gastrointestinal pharmacology of some 11-deoxyprostaglandin E1 analogues are described with results analysed for selectivity from side effects. 11-Deoxygenation reduced potency relative to PGE2 but, as has been reported for natural PGs, 15- or 16-methyl analogues were more potent than the unsubstituted parent compound in the order 16-methyl greater than 15-methyl greater than 16,16-dimethyl. The results suggest that a complex interaction between C-15 and C-16 in methyl analogues affects their profile of activity, but that none of the modifications studied conferred a substantial potency or selectivity advantage over PGE2.", "PMID": 725084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10270", "title": "Kinetic studies on the conversion of prostaglandin endoperoxide PGH2 by thromboxane synthase.", "content": "We have investigated the time course of formation of thromboxane A2, thromboxane B2, and the C-17 hydroxy fatty acid, HHT, from arachidonic acid in a washed human platelet suspension. Our results indicate that HHT is not a breakdown product of thromboxane A2, but rather thromboxane A2 decomposes exclusively into thromboxane B2. The kinetics of formation of thromboxane B2 from the endoperoxide prostaglandin H2 in human platelet microsomes was examined. Our data suggest that a bimolecular reaction is involved in the formation of thromboxane A2 from prostaglandin H2 and that thromboxane synthase is not an isomerase, but may be acting via a dismutase-type reaction. One possibility is that thromboxane and HHT are produced simultaneously from two molecules of prostaglandin H2.", "contents": "Kinetic studies on the conversion of prostaglandin endoperoxide PGH2 by thromboxane synthase. We have investigated the time course of formation of thromboxane A2, thromboxane B2, and the C-17 hydroxy fatty acid, HHT, from arachidonic acid in a washed human platelet suspension. Our results indicate that HHT is not a breakdown product of thromboxane A2, but rather thromboxane A2 decomposes exclusively into thromboxane B2. The kinetics of formation of thromboxane B2 from the endoperoxide prostaglandin H2 in human platelet microsomes was examined. Our data suggest that a bimolecular reaction is involved in the formation of thromboxane A2 from prostaglandin H2 and that thromboxane synthase is not an isomerase, but may be acting via a dismutase-type reaction. One possibility is that thromboxane and HHT are produced simultaneously from two molecules of prostaglandin H2.", "PMID": 725086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10271", "title": "Analysis of A, B, E, and F prostaglandins as pentafluorobenzyl esters by electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "A new and sensitive method is described for the simultaneous analysis of a mixture containing PGE1, PGE2, PGF1alpha, and PGF2alpha by electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography. During derivatization of the mixture, PGE1 and PGE2 were converted to PGB1 and PGB2, respectively, yielding a mixture of PGB1, PGB2, PGF1alpha, and PGF2alpha trimethylsilyl ether pentafluorobenzyl esters. Gas chromatographic resolution of all four derivatives is sufficient for quantitation of each prostaglandin. The A prostaglandins were analyzed by similar conversion to the respective B prostaglandin derivatives. Minimum detection limits for the B and F prostaglandin derivatives were 10 pg and 1 pg, respectively. Samples of rabbit kidney medulla were incubated and analyzed for A, B, E, and F prostaglandins. The results indicate that the method is capable of high recovery and reproducibility.", "contents": "Analysis of A, B, E, and F prostaglandins as pentafluorobenzyl esters by electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography. A new and sensitive method is described for the simultaneous analysis of a mixture containing PGE1, PGE2, PGF1alpha, and PGF2alpha by electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography. During derivatization of the mixture, PGE1 and PGE2 were converted to PGB1 and PGB2, respectively, yielding a mixture of PGB1, PGB2, PGF1alpha, and PGF2alpha trimethylsilyl ether pentafluorobenzyl esters. Gas chromatographic resolution of all four derivatives is sufficient for quantitation of each prostaglandin. The A prostaglandins were analyzed by similar conversion to the respective B prostaglandin derivatives. Minimum detection limits for the B and F prostaglandin derivatives were 10 pg and 1 pg, respectively. Samples of rabbit kidney medulla were incubated and analyzed for A, B, E, and F prostaglandins. The results indicate that the method is capable of high recovery and reproducibility.", "PMID": 725087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10272", "title": "The identification of trihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids as products from the incubation of arachidonic acid with washed blood platelets.", "content": "Arachidonic acid is converted by washed platelets from man, horse and dog into a mixture of 8,9,12-trihydroxyeicosa-5,10,14-trienoic acid and 8,11,12-trihydroxyeicosa-5,9,14-trienoic acid (termed 8,9,12-THETA and 8,11,12-THETA respectively and THETA collectively). Gas chromatographic--mass spectrometric evidence of structure is discussed.", "contents": "The identification of trihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids as products from the incubation of arachidonic acid with washed blood platelets. Arachidonic acid is converted by washed platelets from man, horse and dog into a mixture of 8,9,12-trihydroxyeicosa-5,10,14-trienoic acid and 8,11,12-trihydroxyeicosa-5,9,14-trienoic acid (termed 8,9,12-THETA and 8,11,12-THETA respectively and THETA collectively). Gas chromatographic--mass spectrometric evidence of structure is discussed.", "PMID": 725088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10273", "title": "Prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha)-induced contraction and calcium movement in longitudinal muscle of guinea-pig isolated stomach.", "content": "Calcium movement and contractile responses to high K+ concentration and PGF2alpha were investigated in guinea-pig stimach longitudinal muscle. High K+ concentration (30 mM) and PGF2alpha (10(-7) M) produced similar contractions of guinea-pig stomach longitudinal muscle. The 'Ca-antagonist', verapamil (10(-5)-10(-4) M), prevented high K-induced contraction, but did not greatly reduce contractions to PGF2alpha. 45Ca uptake was increased by high K(30 mM) or PGF2alpha(10(-7) M). These increases in 45Ca uptake were greatly reduced with 10(-4) M verapamil. The results suggest that high K-induced contraction may depend on an increase in Ca influx. PGF2alpha-induced contraction may depend on both an increase in Ca influx and on an intracellular release of Ca.", "contents": "Prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha)-induced contraction and calcium movement in longitudinal muscle of guinea-pig isolated stomach. Calcium movement and contractile responses to high K+ concentration and PGF2alpha were investigated in guinea-pig stimach longitudinal muscle. High K+ concentration (30 mM) and PGF2alpha (10(-7) M) produced similar contractions of guinea-pig stomach longitudinal muscle. The 'Ca-antagonist', verapamil (10(-5)-10(-4) M), prevented high K-induced contraction, but did not greatly reduce contractions to PGF2alpha. 45Ca uptake was increased by high K(30 mM) or PGF2alpha(10(-7) M). These increases in 45Ca uptake were greatly reduced with 10(-4) M verapamil. The results suggest that high K-induced contraction may depend on an increase in Ca influx. PGF2alpha-induced contraction may depend on both an increase in Ca influx and on an intracellular release of Ca.", "PMID": 725089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10274", "title": "The concentration of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha is markedly elevated at the site of blastocyst implantation in the rat.", "content": "The initiation of blastocyst implantation in the rat is indicated by localized increases in endometrial vascular permeability at the sites where blastocysts are present. The concentrations of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha (6-keto-PGF1alpha), a stable metabolite of prostaglandin I2 (PGI2), were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the areas of increased endometrial vascular permeability (uterine dye sites), and compared with those in the remainder of the uterus (uterine non-dye sites). For rats killed either on the evening of Day 5 of pregnancy or on the morning of Day 6, measurable amounts of 6-keto-PGF1alpha were found in the dye sites of all animals, whereas 1 of 6 and 4 of 6 rats killed on Days 5 and 6, respectively, had undetectable amounts (less than 1 ng) in non-dye site tissue. It was estimated that, on average, the concentration of 6-keto-PGF1alpha in dye sites on the evening of Day 5 is at least 40-fold that in non-dye sites. The possible role of PGI2 in the initiation of blastocyst implantation is discussed.", "contents": "The concentration of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha is markedly elevated at the site of blastocyst implantation in the rat. The initiation of blastocyst implantation in the rat is indicated by localized increases in endometrial vascular permeability at the sites where blastocysts are present. The concentrations of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha (6-keto-PGF1alpha), a stable metabolite of prostaglandin I2 (PGI2), were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the areas of increased endometrial vascular permeability (uterine dye sites), and compared with those in the remainder of the uterus (uterine non-dye sites). For rats killed either on the evening of Day 5 of pregnancy or on the morning of Day 6, measurable amounts of 6-keto-PGF1alpha were found in the dye sites of all animals, whereas 1 of 6 and 4 of 6 rats killed on Days 5 and 6, respectively, had undetectable amounts (less than 1 ng) in non-dye site tissue. It was estimated that, on average, the concentration of 6-keto-PGF1alpha in dye sites on the evening of Day 5 is at least 40-fold that in non-dye sites. The possible role of PGI2 in the initiation of blastocyst implantation is discussed.", "PMID": 725090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10275", "title": "Urinary prostaglandin E excretion: effect of chronic alterations in sodium intake and inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in the rabbit.", "content": "On the basis of acute experiments in animals, a role for prostaglandin E (PGE) in the regulation of urinary sodium excretion has been suggested. Limited information is available, however, concerning the possible role of PGE in chronic adjustments to sodium intake. These studies were designed to determine whether chronic changes in sodium balance would modify renal PGE excretion and whether partial inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis would alter the ability of the kidney to adjust to an alteration in sodium intake. Thus, we measured sodium and PGE excretion in rabbits on chronic high and low salt diets before and after inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis with indomethacin or meclofenamate. Although the alterations in salt intake resulted in large changes in sodium excretion there was no significant change in urinary PGE excretion. After administration of either indomethacin or meclofenamate for several days there was a significant fall in PGE excretion, but no significant change in sodium excretion. These results suggest that in the rabbit 1) chronic changes in sodium excretion can occur without modifying PGE excretion (and presumably renal PGE synthesis) and 2) inhibition of PGE synthesis does not impair the kidney's ability to adjust to a chronic high or low sodium intake.", "contents": "Urinary prostaglandin E excretion: effect of chronic alterations in sodium intake and inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in the rabbit. On the basis of acute experiments in animals, a role for prostaglandin E (PGE) in the regulation of urinary sodium excretion has been suggested. Limited information is available, however, concerning the possible role of PGE in chronic adjustments to sodium intake. These studies were designed to determine whether chronic changes in sodium balance would modify renal PGE excretion and whether partial inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis would alter the ability of the kidney to adjust to an alteration in sodium intake. Thus, we measured sodium and PGE excretion in rabbits on chronic high and low salt diets before and after inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis with indomethacin or meclofenamate. Although the alterations in salt intake resulted in large changes in sodium excretion there was no significant change in urinary PGE excretion. After administration of either indomethacin or meclofenamate for several days there was a significant fall in PGE excretion, but no significant change in sodium excretion. These results suggest that in the rabbit 1) chronic changes in sodium excretion can occur without modifying PGE excretion (and presumably renal PGE synthesis) and 2) inhibition of PGE synthesis does not impair the kidney's ability to adjust to a chronic high or low sodium intake.", "PMID": 725091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10276", "title": "Uterine luminal prostaglandin F in cycling mares.", "content": "Prostaglandin F was measured by radioimmunoassay in uterine flushings of cycling mares on days 4, 8, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 post-ovulation. Prostaglandin F was significantly (P less than .05) affected by day of the estrous cycle and reached maximal levels on day 14. Least squares means for days 4, 8, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 were: .66, .81, 4.77, 14.31, 5.48, 3.68 and 2.97 ng/ml, respectively.", "contents": "Uterine luminal prostaglandin F in cycling mares. Prostaglandin F was measured by radioimmunoassay in uterine flushings of cycling mares on days 4, 8, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 post-ovulation. Prostaglandin F was significantly (P less than .05) affected by day of the estrous cycle and reached maximal levels on day 14. Least squares means for days 4, 8, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 were: .66, .81, 4.77, 14.31, 5.48, 3.68 and 2.97 ng/ml, respectively.", "PMID": 725092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10277", "title": "Determination of thorium series nuclides in thorotrast patients.", "content": "Application of gamma-ray spectrometry with a Ge(Li) detector and then instrumental neutron activation analysis to tissue samples from a Thorotrast patient using the same standard reference sample makes it possible to determine both 232Th concentrations and activity ratios of the descendant nuclides to 232Th in living tissues. This analytical method is nondestructive, being simpler and more reliable than the methods previously used. In the present study, the activity ratio of 228Ra/232Th in living tissue was estimated at 0.37 to 0.44, being somewhat lower than the value reported by Kato. As for the activity ratio of 228Th/228Ra, our value agreed fairly well with Kato's value. A stomach sample from a Thorotrast patient was found to contain the same level of 232Th as liver and spleen samples; trace amount of 232Th was also found in kidney and brain samples.", "contents": "Determination of thorium series nuclides in thorotrast patients. Application of gamma-ray spectrometry with a Ge(Li) detector and then instrumental neutron activation analysis to tissue samples from a Thorotrast patient using the same standard reference sample makes it possible to determine both 232Th concentrations and activity ratios of the descendant nuclides to 232Th in living tissues. This analytical method is nondestructive, being simpler and more reliable than the methods previously used. In the present study, the activity ratio of 228Ra/232Th in living tissue was estimated at 0.37 to 0.44, being somewhat lower than the value reported by Kato. As for the activity ratio of 228Th/228Ra, our value agreed fairly well with Kato's value. A stomach sample from a Thorotrast patient was found to contain the same level of 232Th as liver and spleen samples; trace amount of 232Th was also found in kidney and brain samples.", "PMID": 725122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10278", "title": "Determination of 222Rn by liquid scintillation counter combined with p-xylene extraction technique.", "content": "222Rn Determination method by liquid scintillation counter after extracting 222Rn with p-xylene was studied. It was confirmed that extraction of 222Rn with p-xylene proceeds quantitatively. Several experimental conditions for the counting such as scintillator content in p-xylene, the quencher effect, the zero level extrapolation method and 3-channel counting method were examined. The recommended procedures were successfully applied to measure 222Rn content in one of the natural water. It was noticed that we should pay attention to 220Rn (Tn) which is simultaneously extracted with 222Rn in case of p-xylene extraction.", "contents": "Determination of 222Rn by liquid scintillation counter combined with p-xylene extraction technique. 222Rn Determination method by liquid scintillation counter after extracting 222Rn with p-xylene was studied. It was confirmed that extraction of 222Rn with p-xylene proceeds quantitatively. Several experimental conditions for the counting such as scintillator content in p-xylene, the quencher effect, the zero level extrapolation method and 3-channel counting method were examined. The recommended procedures were successfully applied to measure 222Rn content in one of the natural water. It was noticed that we should pay attention to 220Rn (Tn) which is simultaneously extracted with 222Rn in case of p-xylene extraction.", "PMID": 725123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10279", "title": "Elevation of the salvage synthesis of ribonucleic acid in the rat liver during the induction of hepatoma with 3'-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene.", "content": "Incorporation of uracil and orotic acid into the ribonucleic acid (RNA) fraction of rat liver during carcinogenesis induced with 3'-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene was investigated. Uracil incorporation was found to be gradually elevated during the early stage (about 2 weeks) of the carcinogenesis, although not in the normal rat liver homogenates contacted with the carcinogen for a short hours, and the elevated uptake was maintained until tumor induction. On the other hand, orotic acid incorporation reverted to the original level after a temporary increase during the early stage. In a good agreement with the increased uracil incorporation, activities of both uridine phosphorylase and uridine kinase involved in the salvage pathway of RNA synthesis also increased during the early stage, and their activities in the liver were maintained at elevated levels after discontinuance of the carcinogen feeding. The activity of uridine monophosphate (UMP) pyrophosphorylase, converting uracil to UMP, was not detected during the early stage. Significance of the activation of the salvage pathway of RNA synthesis during the early stage of an axo dye-induced carcinogenesis were discussed.", "contents": "Elevation of the salvage synthesis of ribonucleic acid in the rat liver during the induction of hepatoma with 3'-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene. Incorporation of uracil and orotic acid into the ribonucleic acid (RNA) fraction of rat liver during carcinogenesis induced with 3'-methyl-4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene was investigated. Uracil incorporation was found to be gradually elevated during the early stage (about 2 weeks) of the carcinogenesis, although not in the normal rat liver homogenates contacted with the carcinogen for a short hours, and the elevated uptake was maintained until tumor induction. On the other hand, orotic acid incorporation reverted to the original level after a temporary increase during the early stage. In a good agreement with the increased uracil incorporation, activities of both uridine phosphorylase and uridine kinase involved in the salvage pathway of RNA synthesis also increased during the early stage, and their activities in the liver were maintained at elevated levels after discontinuance of the carcinogen feeding. The activity of uridine monophosphate (UMP) pyrophosphorylase, converting uracil to UMP, was not detected during the early stage. Significance of the activation of the salvage pathway of RNA synthesis during the early stage of an axo dye-induced carcinogenesis were discussed.", "PMID": 725124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10280", "title": "Semiquantitative 67Ga scanning of lung cancer by scintiscoring: its usefulness in diagnosis of localization, therapeutic effectiveness, radiation pneumo-mediastinitis and recurrence.", "content": "Attempts were made to attain a semiquantitative evaluation of therapeutic effectiveness of lung cancer by scintiscoring of the liver as well as the tumor lesion. A relative counting ratio of tumor to liver was computed, and this was found useful: in areas of active tumorous growth, higher ratios were obtained. The ratios returned to the control levels following irradiation with or without an anti-inflammatory regimen including prednine. The technic is simple, and yet invaluable especially when the tumor locates in the mediastinum escaping from radiological detection. Satisfactorily frequent repetition would be competent enough in early diagnosis of developing radiation pneumo-mediastinitis and regrowths in the mediastinum and fibrotic abnormal shadows as well. The principle would be best rewarded by use of a whole-body scanner equipped with a digital computer.", "contents": "Semiquantitative 67Ga scanning of lung cancer by scintiscoring: its usefulness in diagnosis of localization, therapeutic effectiveness, radiation pneumo-mediastinitis and recurrence. Attempts were made to attain a semiquantitative evaluation of therapeutic effectiveness of lung cancer by scintiscoring of the liver as well as the tumor lesion. A relative counting ratio of tumor to liver was computed, and this was found useful: in areas of active tumorous growth, higher ratios were obtained. The ratios returned to the control levels following irradiation with or without an anti-inflammatory regimen including prednine. The technic is simple, and yet invaluable especially when the tumor locates in the mediastinum escaping from radiological detection. Satisfactorily frequent repetition would be competent enough in early diagnosis of developing radiation pneumo-mediastinitis and regrowths in the mediastinum and fibrotic abnormal shadows as well. The principle would be best rewarded by use of a whole-body scanner equipped with a digital computer.", "PMID": 725125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10281", "title": "[Pathological alterations in pulmonary fat embolism caused by oleic acid. Experimental study in dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors studied the pathological aspects of the lungs in an experimental study made in dogs submitted to fat embolism. The histological aspects were of hemorrhagic edema when the lungs were fixed in the classical way as well when they were fixed inflated. The alveolar microatelectasias were only seen in lungs fixed in the classical way but not were seen in lungs fixed when inflated.", "contents": "[Pathological alterations in pulmonary fat embolism caused by oleic acid. Experimental study in dogs (author's transl)]. The authors studied the pathological aspects of the lungs in an experimental study made in dogs submitted to fat embolism. The histological aspects were of hemorrhagic edema when the lungs were fixed in the classical way as well when they were fixed inflated. The alveolar microatelectasias were only seen in lungs fixed in the classical way but not were seen in lungs fixed when inflated.", "PMID": 725132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10282", "title": "[Effect of hematocrit variation on the urinary sodium excretion in normal and uremic dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of progressive increase in hematocrit on urinary sodium excretion was studied in normal and uremic dogs submitted to expansion of the extracellular fluid volume. In normal dogs concomitant with hematocrit increases it was observed a decrease in urinary sodium excretion. On the other hand in uremic dogs submitted to the same experimental conditions it was verified an increase in urinary sodium excretion.", "contents": "[Effect of hematocrit variation on the urinary sodium excretion in normal and uremic dogs (author's transl)]. The effect of progressive increase in hematocrit on urinary sodium excretion was studied in normal and uremic dogs submitted to expansion of the extracellular fluid volume. In normal dogs concomitant with hematocrit increases it was observed a decrease in urinary sodium excretion. On the other hand in uremic dogs submitted to the same experimental conditions it was verified an increase in urinary sodium excretion.", "PMID": 725133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10283", "title": "Inhibition of tectal neurons from telencephalic visual areas in pigeons.", "content": "The author investigated the influence of efferent projections of visual telencephalic areas upon the optic tectum, in locally anesthetized, paralyzed and artificially ventilated pigeons, using extracellular unit recording and electrical stimulation by means of stereotaxically implanted bipolar electrodes. Despite the fact that some neurons located at superficial tectal layers could be driven by telencephalic shocks, the most consistent data are the inhibitory effects observed throughout the tectum, but mainly at deep layers. This effect was observed either on spontaneous activity or on electrically elicited spikes, by stimulating the optic tract. In the latter case, a critical interval (25--60 msec) was necessary to obtain maximal inhibition, when testing Wulst shocks previous to optic tract stimuli. These results show that the higher telencephalic visual area (the so-called Wulst) can modulate tectal activity, and so control the output of this region, by an example, to thalamic nucleus rotundus, second station of the tectofugal visual pathway. The Wulst-tectal relationship is discussed in its possible role in visual information processing and visually guided behaviours in pigeons, and also in comparison to mammalian corticotectal systems.", "contents": "Inhibition of tectal neurons from telencephalic visual areas in pigeons. The author investigated the influence of efferent projections of visual telencephalic areas upon the optic tectum, in locally anesthetized, paralyzed and artificially ventilated pigeons, using extracellular unit recording and electrical stimulation by means of stereotaxically implanted bipolar electrodes. Despite the fact that some neurons located at superficial tectal layers could be driven by telencephalic shocks, the most consistent data are the inhibitory effects observed throughout the tectum, but mainly at deep layers. This effect was observed either on spontaneous activity or on electrically elicited spikes, by stimulating the optic tract. In the latter case, a critical interval (25--60 msec) was necessary to obtain maximal inhibition, when testing Wulst shocks previous to optic tract stimuli. These results show that the higher telencephalic visual area (the so-called Wulst) can modulate tectal activity, and so control the output of this region, by an example, to thalamic nucleus rotundus, second station of the tectofugal visual pathway. The Wulst-tectal relationship is discussed in its possible role in visual information processing and visually guided behaviours in pigeons, and also in comparison to mammalian corticotectal systems.", "PMID": 725134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10284", "title": "[Growth control of experimental tumour. I. Host protection against tumour by previous inoculation of plasmatic membrane of tumour cell (author's transl)].", "content": "Proteins from plasmatic membrane of ascites and solid 20-methylcholantrene induced tumours cells in inbred mice and rats were obtained by isolation of vesicles of tumor cell membranes produced in glycerol solution. The tumour cells were not broken. In a syngeneic system the inoculation of the prepared protein with adjuvant resulted in protection of 50 to 100% of animals against challenge with a syngeneic tumour cells. The same results were obtained with Ehrlich ascites tumour. The lymphocyte cytotoxicity and blastic transformation of lymphocytes in immunized animals suggested a cellular cytotoxic immunity mediated by tumour specific antigen or perhaps by fetal antigen.", "contents": "[Growth control of experimental tumour. I. Host protection against tumour by previous inoculation of plasmatic membrane of tumour cell (author's transl)]. Proteins from plasmatic membrane of ascites and solid 20-methylcholantrene induced tumours cells in inbred mice and rats were obtained by isolation of vesicles of tumor cell membranes produced in glycerol solution. The tumour cells were not broken. In a syngeneic system the inoculation of the prepared protein with adjuvant resulted in protection of 50 to 100% of animals against challenge with a syngeneic tumour cells. The same results were obtained with Ehrlich ascites tumour. The lymphocyte cytotoxicity and blastic transformation of lymphocytes in immunized animals suggested a cellular cytotoxic immunity mediated by tumour specific antigen or perhaps by fetal antigen.", "PMID": 725135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10285", "title": "Effects of methyltestosterone and oophorectomy in acute experimental mediocalcinosis in the rat.", "content": "Virgin female rats treated with vitamin D (VD) overdoses developed acute aortic mediocalcinosis. Methyltestosterone (MT) treatment inhibited calcinosis and/or accelerated the resorption of aortic calcium deposits. Oophorectomy performed four weeks after the beginning of VD treatment had no effect on mediocalcinosis. Furthermore, the rats that had been spayed seven months before VD were not protected by MT treatment as those that had been spayed four weeks after VD. Cartilaginous metaplasia, in a more or less advanced stage, was a frequent histological finding in the aorta.", "contents": "Effects of methyltestosterone and oophorectomy in acute experimental mediocalcinosis in the rat. Virgin female rats treated with vitamin D (VD) overdoses developed acute aortic mediocalcinosis. Methyltestosterone (MT) treatment inhibited calcinosis and/or accelerated the resorption of aortic calcium deposits. Oophorectomy performed four weeks after the beginning of VD treatment had no effect on mediocalcinosis. Furthermore, the rats that had been spayed seven months before VD were not protected by MT treatment as those that had been spayed four weeks after VD. Cartilaginous metaplasia, in a more or less advanced stage, was a frequent histological finding in the aorta.", "PMID": 725136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10286", "title": "The denaturation of human oxyhaemoglobin A, A2 and S by isopropanol/buffer method.", "content": "Human oxyhaemoglobin A and A2 from normal individuals and oxyhaemoglobin S from patients with sickle cell anaemia and sickle cell trait were studied using Isopropanol/buffer method at 37 degrees C and 40 degrees C. Hb S was less stable than Hb A, whereas Hb A2 was considerably more stable than either. Denaturation of Hb S was dependent on temperature and its concentration. Between the patients with sickle cell trait it was not possible to verify the influence of the concentration probably due to the small range used (from 38% to 44%).", "contents": "The denaturation of human oxyhaemoglobin A, A2 and S by isopropanol/buffer method. Human oxyhaemoglobin A and A2 from normal individuals and oxyhaemoglobin S from patients with sickle cell anaemia and sickle cell trait were studied using Isopropanol/buffer method at 37 degrees C and 40 degrees C. Hb S was less stable than Hb A, whereas Hb A2 was considerably more stable than either. Denaturation of Hb S was dependent on temperature and its concentration. Between the patients with sickle cell trait it was not possible to verify the influence of the concentration probably due to the small range used (from 38% to 44%).", "PMID": 725137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10287", "title": "[A logical model for virus-cell interaction (author's transl)].", "content": "The model for the virus-cell interaction, based on von Neumann's theory of Self-Reproducing Automata, can be improved to consider the evolutionary adaptation which result from the interaction between structures subject to evolution. Theoretical considerations derived from the model are discussed.", "contents": "[A logical model for virus-cell interaction (author's transl)]. The model for the virus-cell interaction, based on von Neumann's theory of Self-Reproducing Automata, can be improved to consider the evolutionary adaptation which result from the interaction between structures subject to evolution. Theoretical considerations derived from the model are discussed.", "PMID": 725138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10288", "title": "[Biochemical study of nucleic acids of placenta and fetal liver and caryometric of trophoblastic giant cells and fetal hepatocytes of Rattus norvegicus albinus, during action of sodium 1-phenyl-2, 3-dimethyl-5-pyrazolon-methane sulfonate (Dipyrone) (author's transl)].", "content": "Female pregnant rats of 2BAW strain were divided in 2 groups: the 1st, received 50 mg/kg corporal weight of sodium 1-phenyl-2,3-dimethyl-5-pyrazolon-4-methylamino-methane sulfonate (Dipyrone), single dose daily, by i.p. injections, from 16th to 20th day of pregnancy; the 2nd, received 0,5 ml of distilled water, single dose daily, by i.p. injections, during the same period. All the animals were sacrificed 2 hours after the last injection. The biochemical results of nucleic acids in the placentas and fetal livers, and the caryometric data of trophoblastic giant cells and fetal hepatocytes, demonstrated that: 1. When compared the 2 groups, as much the nucleic acids levels (RNA and DNA) of placentas as the nuclear size of trophoblastic giant cells, do not presented statistical differences; 2. The biochemical levels of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) of fetal livers decreased, while the nuclear size of hepatocytes increased in the experimental group, with reference to control group.", "contents": "[Biochemical study of nucleic acids of placenta and fetal liver and caryometric of trophoblastic giant cells and fetal hepatocytes of Rattus norvegicus albinus, during action of sodium 1-phenyl-2, 3-dimethyl-5-pyrazolon-methane sulfonate (Dipyrone) (author's transl)]. Female pregnant rats of 2BAW strain were divided in 2 groups: the 1st, received 50 mg/kg corporal weight of sodium 1-phenyl-2,3-dimethyl-5-pyrazolon-4-methylamino-methane sulfonate (Dipyrone), single dose daily, by i.p. injections, from 16th to 20th day of pregnancy; the 2nd, received 0,5 ml of distilled water, single dose daily, by i.p. injections, during the same period. All the animals were sacrificed 2 hours after the last injection. The biochemical results of nucleic acids in the placentas and fetal livers, and the caryometric data of trophoblastic giant cells and fetal hepatocytes, demonstrated that: 1. When compared the 2 groups, as much the nucleic acids levels (RNA and DNA) of placentas as the nuclear size of trophoblastic giant cells, do not presented statistical differences; 2. The biochemical levels of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) of fetal livers decreased, while the nuclear size of hepatocytes increased in the experimental group, with reference to control group.", "PMID": 725139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10289", "title": "[Role of the atrial stretch receptors in the regulation of the fluids of the anesthetized dog (author's transl)].", "content": "The role of the atrial stretch receptors in the regulation of the body fluids was investigated in the anesthetized dog. Two groups of 15 animals each were used. In the first group the distention was performed by the inflation with saline solution of a balloon previously introduced in the left atrium. In the second group the right atrium was distended. In the experiments with the left atrium diuresis was induced in all animals. In the right atrium only in 5 dogs the distention resulted in diuresis, in the remaining 10 animals there was, on the contrary, antidiuresis. In the experiments with diuresis, this was accompanied by a urine with a lower osmolarity than in the control period and a greater sodium excretion. Being more pronounced the hemodynamic changes in the animals in which the right atrium was distended, one could not in this experimental set-up conclude that the right atrium plays a role similar to the one of the left atrium in regulating the body fluids in the anesthetized animal.", "contents": "[Role of the atrial stretch receptors in the regulation of the fluids of the anesthetized dog (author's transl)]. The role of the atrial stretch receptors in the regulation of the body fluids was investigated in the anesthetized dog. Two groups of 15 animals each were used. In the first group the distention was performed by the inflation with saline solution of a balloon previously introduced in the left atrium. In the second group the right atrium was distended. In the experiments with the left atrium diuresis was induced in all animals. In the right atrium only in 5 dogs the distention resulted in diuresis, in the remaining 10 animals there was, on the contrary, antidiuresis. In the experiments with diuresis, this was accompanied by a urine with a lower osmolarity than in the control period and a greater sodium excretion. Being more pronounced the hemodynamic changes in the animals in which the right atrium was distended, one could not in this experimental set-up conclude that the right atrium plays a role similar to the one of the left atrium in regulating the body fluids in the anesthetized animal.", "PMID": 725140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10290", "title": "Articular cartilage changes mechanically induced \"in vivo\". An experimental method approach in animals.", "content": "A machine designed upon the principles of a crank lever mechanism was built to produce excessive use of the joints of small animals by means of continuous flexion-extension movements. Articular cartilage changes could be consistently produced after 5 to 10 days of exercise. Histochemical studies of the articular cartilage demonstrated a decrease in proteoglycan and an increase in acid phosphatase. These findings suggest that this animal model may be of value for the analysis of the earliest degenerative stages of the articular cartilage.", "contents": "Articular cartilage changes mechanically induced \"in vivo\". An experimental method approach in animals. A machine designed upon the principles of a crank lever mechanism was built to produce excessive use of the joints of small animals by means of continuous flexion-extension movements. Articular cartilage changes could be consistently produced after 5 to 10 days of exercise. Histochemical studies of the articular cartilage demonstrated a decrease in proteoglycan and an increase in acid phosphatase. These findings suggest that this animal model may be of value for the analysis of the earliest degenerative stages of the articular cartilage.", "PMID": 725141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10291", "title": "[Gas-liquid chromatography determination of neutral monosaccharides from a human urine glycopeptide (author's transl)].", "content": "Optimum conditions were determined for the satisfactory separation of the carbohydrate residues found in glycoproteins or glycopeptides by using silica gel column chromatography of monosaccharides as their trimethylsilyl ethers. The method is suitable for fractionation of sugar mixtures into neutral sugars and aminosugars. Chromatography on silica and gas-liquid chromatography were used in succession for the rapid determination of the neutral monosaccharides from a human urine glycopeptide.", "contents": "[Gas-liquid chromatography determination of neutral monosaccharides from a human urine glycopeptide (author's transl)]. Optimum conditions were determined for the satisfactory separation of the carbohydrate residues found in glycoproteins or glycopeptides by using silica gel column chromatography of monosaccharides as their trimethylsilyl ethers. The method is suitable for fractionation of sugar mixtures into neutral sugars and aminosugars. Chromatography on silica and gas-liquid chromatography were used in succession for the rapid determination of the neutral monosaccharides from a human urine glycopeptide.", "PMID": 725223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10292", "title": "[Influence of temperature and salinity on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in mussel (Mytilus edulis, L.) (author's transl)].", "content": "The activity of Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in mussel hepatopancreas and gill tissues decreases with the salinity of sea water. A decrease in both activities is observed during the first few days in the hepatopancreas of mussel starved at temperatures upper and below the natural thermal habitat; later, the levels of enzymes experience a transitory rise. The influence of temperature on the Km of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase for the hepatopancreas was studied. Minimum value correspond to the nearest temperature to that of the mussel natural habitat.", "contents": "[Influence of temperature and salinity on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in mussel (Mytilus edulis, L.) (author's transl)]. The activity of Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in mussel hepatopancreas and gill tissues decreases with the salinity of sea water. A decrease in both activities is observed during the first few days in the hepatopancreas of mussel starved at temperatures upper and below the natural thermal habitat; later, the levels of enzymes experience a transitory rise. The influence of temperature on the Km of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase for the hepatopancreas was studied. Minimum value correspond to the nearest temperature to that of the mussel natural habitat.", "PMID": 725224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10293", "title": "Carotenoids from marigold (Tagetes erecta) petals and their esterified fatty acids.", "content": "The main carotenoid in Tagetes erecta petals is lutein, which is found either free or esterified to one or two fatty acids. Column and thin-layer chromatographic methods are described for the separation of the different lutein species, and compared to other, previously published, techniques. In addition, fatty acid distributions are given for whole marigold plants, crude carotenoid extracts and purified mono and diesterified luteins obtained from fresh petals as well as from commercial powdered petal preparations.", "contents": "Carotenoids from marigold (Tagetes erecta) petals and their esterified fatty acids. The main carotenoid in Tagetes erecta petals is lutein, which is found either free or esterified to one or two fatty acids. Column and thin-layer chromatographic methods are described for the separation of the different lutein species, and compared to other, previously published, techniques. In addition, fatty acid distributions are given for whole marigold plants, crude carotenoid extracts and purified mono and diesterified luteins obtained from fresh petals as well as from commercial powdered petal preparations.", "PMID": 725225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10294", "title": "Carotenoid absorption in chicken intestine.", "content": "The powdered flowers of marigold (Tagetes erecta) are used as a cheap source of carotenoids in avicultura. Lutein (3,3'-dyhydroxi-alpha-carotene) constitutes up to 85 to 90% of marigold carotenoids. In the plant, lutein is found esterified to palmitic or estearic acid. In chicken, carotenoid is hydrolized in the first portion of the small intestine, and absorbed as free lutein. After the absorption, lutein is not re-esterified in the different chicken tissues.", "contents": "Carotenoid absorption in chicken intestine. The powdered flowers of marigold (Tagetes erecta) are used as a cheap source of carotenoids in avicultura. Lutein (3,3'-dyhydroxi-alpha-carotene) constitutes up to 85 to 90% of marigold carotenoids. In the plant, lutein is found esterified to palmitic or estearic acid. In chicken, carotenoid is hydrolized in the first portion of the small intestine, and absorbed as free lutein. After the absorption, lutein is not re-esterified in the different chicken tissues.", "PMID": 725226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10295", "title": "[Influence of b and giberellic acid on the transformation of lipids in glucids during the germination of sunflower seeds (author's transl)].", "content": "The transformation of total lipids in carbohydrates and the evolution of the fatty acids, constituents of these lipids, during the germination of sunflower seeds, soaked previously in B and giberellic acid solutions, was studied. An inverse relationship between the total content in fatty acids and sugars of the blank (H20) and AG3 treatments was found. However, in the whole germinative process, the B and B + AG3 treatments changed strongly the carbohydrates metabolism and no significant differences of those constituents was observed. The content in fatty acids in the two last treatments showed a great stability and the percentage of these components remained fixed in all the treatments.", "contents": "[Influence of b and giberellic acid on the transformation of lipids in glucids during the germination of sunflower seeds (author's transl)]. The transformation of total lipids in carbohydrates and the evolution of the fatty acids, constituents of these lipids, during the germination of sunflower seeds, soaked previously in B and giberellic acid solutions, was studied. An inverse relationship between the total content in fatty acids and sugars of the blank (H20) and AG3 treatments was found. However, in the whole germinative process, the B and B + AG3 treatments changed strongly the carbohydrates metabolism and no significant differences of those constituents was observed. The content in fatty acids in the two last treatments showed a great stability and the percentage of these components remained fixed in all the treatments.", "PMID": 725227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10296", "title": "T-maze shock avoidance in the hermit crab Dardanus arrosor.", "content": "Specimens of the hermit crab Dardanus arrosor go indistinctively towards any of the arms of a T-maze if lighting is uniform. The difference between the probabilities of going towards one arm rather than the other tends to zero as the number of trials is increased. If only one of the arms is lightened, hermits go preferably towards the dark one: The difference between the two probabilities tends to 0.500. If the animals attracted by the dark zone are electroshocked (60 V, 2.5 seconds) near their oral zone, the probability of going towards the light zone increases (statistically significant). Differences between the learning abilities of both sexes are not significant.", "contents": "T-maze shock avoidance in the hermit crab Dardanus arrosor. Specimens of the hermit crab Dardanus arrosor go indistinctively towards any of the arms of a T-maze if lighting is uniform. The difference between the probabilities of going towards one arm rather than the other tends to zero as the number of trials is increased. If only one of the arms is lightened, hermits go preferably towards the dark one: The difference between the two probabilities tends to 0.500. If the animals attracted by the dark zone are electroshocked (60 V, 2.5 seconds) near their oral zone, the probability of going towards the light zone increases (statistically significant). Differences between the learning abilities of both sexes are not significant.", "PMID": 725228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10297", "title": "[Structural requirements of guanine aminohydrolase (author's transl)].", "content": "Structural requirements of substrates and inhibitors of guinea-pig brain guanine aminohydrolase (GAH; E.C. 3.5.4.3), have been established by working with guanine analogs (8-azaguanine, 1-methylguanine, thioguanine and guanosine), purine precursors (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide), purinic bases (xanthine, hypoxanthine, adenine and uric acid) and pyrimidinic bases (citosine, thymine and uracil). The need of the purine ring for the compounds to behave as substrate has been shown. The carbonyl group placed in position 6, plays an essential role in purine and pyrimidine binding to the enzymatic molecule. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide and allopurinol are enzyme inhibitors, while guanosine, thioguanine and 2,6-diaminopurine are not. Groups in positions 2, 6, 7 and 9 play a significant role in the union of the guanine molecule with guanine aminohydrolase.", "contents": "[Structural requirements of guanine aminohydrolase (author's transl)]. Structural requirements of substrates and inhibitors of guinea-pig brain guanine aminohydrolase (GAH; E.C. 3.5.4.3), have been established by working with guanine analogs (8-azaguanine, 1-methylguanine, thioguanine and guanosine), purine precursors (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide), purinic bases (xanthine, hypoxanthine, adenine and uric acid) and pyrimidinic bases (citosine, thymine and uracil). The need of the purine ring for the compounds to behave as substrate has been shown. The carbonyl group placed in position 6, plays an essential role in purine and pyrimidine binding to the enzymatic molecule. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide and allopurinol are enzyme inhibitors, while guanosine, thioguanine and 2,6-diaminopurine are not. Groups in positions 2, 6, 7 and 9 play a significant role in the union of the guanine molecule with guanine aminohydrolase.", "PMID": 725229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10298", "title": "Changes in parameters of growth hormone and thyrotrophic hormone, and of thyroid function, during the early postnatal period in the rat.", "content": "The body length, and the weight of the body, liver, kidney and brain have been measured daily in rats during the first 10 days after birth. The plasma and pituitary growth hormone and thyrotrophic hormone levels were also determined, as well as the thyroidal 127I content and the plasma PBI. This observation period comprises a critical stage during which administration of large doses of thyroid hormones result in a permanent derangement of the thyroid-pituitary interrelations, and impairment of body growth and pituitary GH economy. The rate of growth of body, liver and kidney has been found to decrease significantly from day 7th to 9th of post-natal age, later to increase again. The pattern of the changes observed in the plasma and pituitary GH levels during the same period might well account for the alterations in growth patterns. The rate of growth of the brain, however, is not decreased during this stage, and appears to be independent of the changes in GH economy. No clearcut pattern of changes was observed in plasma TSH level; the pituitary TSH and thyroidal 125I contents increased progressively during the entire observation period. Plasma from suckling rats often contained high concentrations of non identified iodinated compounds, which were not thyroid hormones. Results are discussed in terms of the possible relationships between thyroid hormone and GH economy during a critical developmental period.", "contents": "Changes in parameters of growth hormone and thyrotrophic hormone, and of thyroid function, during the early postnatal period in the rat. The body length, and the weight of the body, liver, kidney and brain have been measured daily in rats during the first 10 days after birth. The plasma and pituitary growth hormone and thyrotrophic hormone levels were also determined, as well as the thyroidal 127I content and the plasma PBI. This observation period comprises a critical stage during which administration of large doses of thyroid hormones result in a permanent derangement of the thyroid-pituitary interrelations, and impairment of body growth and pituitary GH economy. The rate of growth of body, liver and kidney has been found to decrease significantly from day 7th to 9th of post-natal age, later to increase again. The pattern of the changes observed in the plasma and pituitary GH levels during the same period might well account for the alterations in growth patterns. The rate of growth of the brain, however, is not decreased during this stage, and appears to be independent of the changes in GH economy. No clearcut pattern of changes was observed in plasma TSH level; the pituitary TSH and thyroidal 125I contents increased progressively during the entire observation period. Plasma from suckling rats often contained high concentrations of non identified iodinated compounds, which were not thyroid hormones. Results are discussed in terms of the possible relationships between thyroid hormone and GH economy during a critical developmental period.", "PMID": 725230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10299", "title": "Effect of group specific reagents on the Mg2 +/- dependent activity of purified Micrococcus lysodeikticus ATPase.", "content": "A series of group specific reagents has been examined for their ability to inactivate Micrococcus lysodeikticus adenosine triphosphatase assayed with Mg2+ as activating divalent cation. The enzyme activity was not inhibited by sulphydryl, carboxyl, histidine, arginine and methionine specific reagents at inhibitor concentrations below 2 mM. However, the ATPase was inactivated by its chemical reaction with either one molecule of trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid or tetranitromethane, or two to four molecules of N-bromosuccinimide. These results suggest that at least one amino group, one tyrosine and two to four tryptophans are involved in the Mg2+-dependent binding or hydrolysis of ATP.", "contents": "Effect of group specific reagents on the Mg2 +/- dependent activity of purified Micrococcus lysodeikticus ATPase. A series of group specific reagents has been examined for their ability to inactivate Micrococcus lysodeikticus adenosine triphosphatase assayed with Mg2+ as activating divalent cation. The enzyme activity was not inhibited by sulphydryl, carboxyl, histidine, arginine and methionine specific reagents at inhibitor concentrations below 2 mM. However, the ATPase was inactivated by its chemical reaction with either one molecule of trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid or tetranitromethane, or two to four molecules of N-bromosuccinimide. These results suggest that at least one amino group, one tyrosine and two to four tryptophans are involved in the Mg2+-dependent binding or hydrolysis of ATP.", "PMID": 725231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10300", "title": "[Excretion in basommatophora and stylommatophora pulmonata (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparative study on the kidney of Pulmonata living on land (Stylommatophora) and in fresh water (Basommatophora) was made. The sections performed in three different planes allowed us to know the 3-dimensional pattern of its components: renopericardial duct, kidney sac and ureter. Renopericardial duct runs far into the kidney sac. The duct of Basommatophora is longer and bears also longer cilia than that of Stylommatophora. Kidney sac is similar in both groups and is made up of a wall from which a complex lamellar system spreads into the cavity. Lamellae are longer and more numerous at the dorsal wall, being the lumen of the organ eccentric. The cavity is lined by columnar epithelial cells (nefrocytes) with brush border. Characteristic of the nefrocytes is the presence of a large apical vacuole containing an excretion granule. In Lymnaea there are also lamella lined by cubic epithelium without excretion granule. The union between kidney sac and ureter is different from one another in the three species studied. In Lymnaea the kidney sac narrows and forms the ureter; the connexion in Cryptomphalus is achieved through a 200 micrometer window; and in Helicella there is a duct between both parts. The ureter has a columnar epithelium with very deep infoldings of the basal cell membrane, according to its osmotic regulative function. In Stylommatophora there are primary and secondary ureters, while in Basommatophora there is only one type.", "contents": "[Excretion in basommatophora and stylommatophora pulmonata (author's transl)]. A comparative study on the kidney of Pulmonata living on land (Stylommatophora) and in fresh water (Basommatophora) was made. The sections performed in three different planes allowed us to know the 3-dimensional pattern of its components: renopericardial duct, kidney sac and ureter. Renopericardial duct runs far into the kidney sac. The duct of Basommatophora is longer and bears also longer cilia than that of Stylommatophora. Kidney sac is similar in both groups and is made up of a wall from which a complex lamellar system spreads into the cavity. Lamellae are longer and more numerous at the dorsal wall, being the lumen of the organ eccentric. The cavity is lined by columnar epithelial cells (nefrocytes) with brush border. Characteristic of the nefrocytes is the presence of a large apical vacuole containing an excretion granule. In Lymnaea there are also lamella lined by cubic epithelium without excretion granule. The union between kidney sac and ureter is different from one another in the three species studied. In Lymnaea the kidney sac narrows and forms the ureter; the connexion in Cryptomphalus is achieved through a 200 micrometer window; and in Helicella there is a duct between both parts. The ureter has a columnar epithelium with very deep infoldings of the basal cell membrane, according to its osmotic regulative function. In Stylommatophora there are primary and secondary ureters, while in Basommatophora there is only one type.", "PMID": 725232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10301", "title": "Development of lymphocyte populations in lymph nodes of the mouse.", "content": "Lymphocytic colonization of lymph nodes in mouse is studied. Lymphocytes are first seen through the walls of post-capillary venules in diapedesis and nodal parenchyma on the second day after birth. Large lymphocytes are observed in nodal parenchyma between the 4th and 6th day. The nodular pattern appears on the 24th day with development of primary nodules.", "contents": "Development of lymphocyte populations in lymph nodes of the mouse. Lymphocytic colonization of lymph nodes in mouse is studied. Lymphocytes are first seen through the walls of post-capillary venules in diapedesis and nodal parenchyma on the second day after birth. Large lymphocytes are observed in nodal parenchyma between the 4th and 6th day. The nodular pattern appears on the 24th day with development of primary nodules.", "PMID": 725233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10302", "title": "[Comparative study of six methods for lymphocyte isolation from several mammalian sources and determination of their carbohydrate composition (author's transl)].", "content": "The present paper deals with a comparative study on six methods for isolation of peripheral blood lymphocytes from various mammalian sources: Bos taurus L. (adult cow), Equus caballus L. (adult horse), Equus asinus L. (adult and young donkeys) and Sus scropha L. (adult pig). The following systems were used: a) Filtration through sand columns (a modification of Blaszczyszyn's method); b) Sodium metrizoate and \"Ficoll 400\" c) \"Lymphoprep\"; d) \"Urovison\" and dextran T150 (a modification of GILI et al.'s method); e) \"Urografin\" and dextran T150; f) \"Ficoll-Paque\". The final preparation of lymphocytes obtained by \"Urovison\" and dextran T150 (d = 1.081) procedure was free from platelets and erythrocytes; lymphocytes degree of purity was found to be 98%. The sialic acids, hexoses and hexosamines contents were determined.", "contents": "[Comparative study of six methods for lymphocyte isolation from several mammalian sources and determination of their carbohydrate composition (author's transl)]. The present paper deals with a comparative study on six methods for isolation of peripheral blood lymphocytes from various mammalian sources: Bos taurus L. (adult cow), Equus caballus L. (adult horse), Equus asinus L. (adult and young donkeys) and Sus scropha L. (adult pig). The following systems were used: a) Filtration through sand columns (a modification of Blaszczyszyn's method); b) Sodium metrizoate and \"Ficoll 400\" c) \"Lymphoprep\"; d) \"Urovison\" and dextran T150 (a modification of GILI et al.'s method); e) \"Urografin\" and dextran T150; f) \"Ficoll-Paque\". The final preparation of lymphocytes obtained by \"Urovison\" and dextran T150 (d = 1.081) procedure was free from platelets and erythrocytes; lymphocytes degree of purity was found to be 98%. The sialic acids, hexoses and hexosamines contents were determined.", "PMID": 725234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10303", "title": "Different expressions for enzyme activities in organs of rat. Application to aspartate transaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase and AMP-deaminase.", "content": "The widely used activity expressions for enzyme levels in tissues are discussed: microkatals per unit of tissue weight, protein weight, and DNA weight. The expression of microkatals present in a definite organ in reference to a standard animal weight, 100 g in the case of rat, is also used. The different expressions are applied to aspartate transaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase and AMP deaminase activities in liver, hind leg striated muscle and kidneys in rat. The conclusion is reached that measurements of enzyme activity in tissues should be expressed in more than one form, as the information drawn from one could differ substantially from that obtained from other, giving artifactual views of the metabolic role played by the enzyme in a given tissue.", "contents": "Different expressions for enzyme activities in organs of rat. Application to aspartate transaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase and AMP-deaminase. The widely used activity expressions for enzyme levels in tissues are discussed: microkatals per unit of tissue weight, protein weight, and DNA weight. The expression of microkatals present in a definite organ in reference to a standard animal weight, 100 g in the case of rat, is also used. The different expressions are applied to aspartate transaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase and AMP deaminase activities in liver, hind leg striated muscle and kidneys in rat. The conclusion is reached that measurements of enzyme activity in tissues should be expressed in more than one form, as the information drawn from one could differ substantially from that obtained from other, giving artifactual views of the metabolic role played by the enzyme in a given tissue.", "PMID": 725235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10304", "title": "[Effect of caffeine on calcium transport in mitochondria from rat liver (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of caffeine on the calcium transport through membrane has been studied in recently isolated mitochondria from rat liver. Incubated respiring mitochondria in 1.5 X 10(-4) M Ca2+ solutions, show a 2-3 minutes delay in the beginning of calcium uptake in presence of caffeine, independently of the drug concentration (5.1 X 10(-5) M or 2.5 X 10(-4) M). At a higher concentration (5.1 X 10(-4) M) Ca2+ influx is completely inhibited at least during 5 minutes. Ruthenium red stops the influx reaction acting in the same way as in absence of caffeine. A rapid Ca2+ efflux induced by caffeine is observed in mitochondria with a high calcium content (60-90 nmole/mg protein) that stops when the initial level is reached (15 nmol/mg protein). An accummulation of Ca2+ ions in the intracellular media is to be expected due to the presence of caffeine, as it has an inhibition effect on the calcium uptake mechanism of mitochondria and induces the exit of Ca2+ ions even in a high external calcium concentration (10(-4) M).", "contents": "[Effect of caffeine on calcium transport in mitochondria from rat liver (author's transl)]. The influence of caffeine on the calcium transport through membrane has been studied in recently isolated mitochondria from rat liver. Incubated respiring mitochondria in 1.5 X 10(-4) M Ca2+ solutions, show a 2-3 minutes delay in the beginning of calcium uptake in presence of caffeine, independently of the drug concentration (5.1 X 10(-5) M or 2.5 X 10(-4) M). At a higher concentration (5.1 X 10(-4) M) Ca2+ influx is completely inhibited at least during 5 minutes. Ruthenium red stops the influx reaction acting in the same way as in absence of caffeine. A rapid Ca2+ efflux induced by caffeine is observed in mitochondria with a high calcium content (60-90 nmole/mg protein) that stops when the initial level is reached (15 nmol/mg protein). An accummulation of Ca2+ ions in the intracellular media is to be expected due to the presence of caffeine, as it has an inhibition effect on the calcium uptake mechanism of mitochondria and induces the exit of Ca2+ ions even in a high external calcium concentration (10(-4) M).", "PMID": 725236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10305", "title": "Role of individual free fatty acids in migraine.", "content": "Total plasma free fatty acids, platelet serotonin content and plasma stearic, palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids were estimated in 10 migraine patients before, during and after a migraine attack. Total and individual plasma free fatty acid levels rose and platelet serotonin content fell in most patients. The highest rise was observed in linoleic acid, which is known to be a potent liberator of platelet serotonin in vitro and is the only precursor of all prostaglandins in the body. It is suggested that the rise in plasma levels of linoleic acid in migraine could be responsible for the platelet serotonin release observed during the attack. At the same time, it may also serve as a source of increased prostaglandin E1 synthesis, which has a powerful vasodilating effect. It is realized that both suggestions have to be confirmed by relevant investigations, as outlined in the body of this paper.", "contents": "Role of individual free fatty acids in migraine. Total plasma free fatty acids, platelet serotonin content and plasma stearic, palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids were estimated in 10 migraine patients before, during and after a migraine attack. Total and individual plasma free fatty acid levels rose and platelet serotonin content fell in most patients. The highest rise was observed in linoleic acid, which is known to be a potent liberator of platelet serotonin in vitro and is the only precursor of all prostaglandins in the body. It is suggested that the rise in plasma levels of linoleic acid in migraine could be responsible for the platelet serotonin release observed during the attack. At the same time, it may also serve as a source of increased prostaglandin E1 synthesis, which has a powerful vasodilating effect. It is realized that both suggestions have to be confirmed by relevant investigations, as outlined in the body of this paper.", "PMID": 725245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10306", "title": "Headache determination by meteorotropic influences.", "content": "Using the biometeorologic system proposed by Brezowsky, the chronological distribution of migraine attacks was analysed in 4 patients over a 5-year period. A correlation of complaints with physical indices (atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity and ionisation) could not be established. However, a significantly high incidence of headache symptoms was shown in the biometeorologic phase 6Z (although other investigators have reported such an increase in weather phases 3 and 4). The important common denominator of these weather phases seems to be a disturbed circadian rhythm which interferes with endogenous biorhythms and triggers attacks of headache.", "contents": "Headache determination by meteorotropic influences. Using the biometeorologic system proposed by Brezowsky, the chronological distribution of migraine attacks was analysed in 4 patients over a 5-year period. A correlation of complaints with physical indices (atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity and ionisation) could not be established. However, a significantly high incidence of headache symptoms was shown in the biometeorologic phase 6Z (although other investigators have reported such an increase in weather phases 3 and 4). The important common denominator of these weather phases seems to be a disturbed circadian rhythm which interferes with endogenous biorhythms and triggers attacks of headache.", "PMID": 725246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10307", "title": "Association of psychological measurements of anxiety and depression with headache history in a non-clinic population.", "content": "In a group of 711 non-clinic individuals, a self-administered questionnaire gave data on the life history of headache of defined severity and psychological states as defined by the Zung SDS and the Bendig-Taylor test. When the population was divided into those with and those without a history of disabling or severe headache, significantly higher scores for the former were found on both 'anxiety' and 'depression' tests--for both sexes, at all ages. Zung SDS scores fell from youth to middle age, then rose in old age. When the frequency and duration of headache were studied in association with psychological tests, the most significant association was found between headache frequency and depression scores.", "contents": "Association of psychological measurements of anxiety and depression with headache history in a non-clinic population. In a group of 711 non-clinic individuals, a self-administered questionnaire gave data on the life history of headache of defined severity and psychological states as defined by the Zung SDS and the Bendig-Taylor test. When the population was divided into those with and those without a history of disabling or severe headache, significantly higher scores for the former were found on both 'anxiety' and 'depression' tests--for both sexes, at all ages. Zung SDS scores fell from youth to middle age, then rose in old age. When the frequency and duration of headache were studied in association with psychological tests, the most significant association was found between headache frequency and depression scores.", "PMID": 725247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10308", "title": "Observations on the treatment of an acute attack of migraine.", "content": "In 1976, 310 patients attended the Princess Margaret Clinic for treatment of an acute headache. 90% were either symptom-free or had only slight residual headache after 4 h. The treatment given was metaclopramide and an effervescent analgesic. 69% of patients had some form of sedation and 10% ergotamine tartrate. Those patients who had treatment between 6 and 12 h following the onset of an attack had significantly fewer attacks in the next 7 days. Patients who slept during an attack, with a sedative where indicated, recovered more quickly than those who did not sleep. The depth of sleep did not affect the rate of recovery. A higher percentage of patients with migraine compared with those with tension headache were either symptom-free or had only slight residual headache on leaving.", "contents": "Observations on the treatment of an acute attack of migraine. In 1976, 310 patients attended the Princess Margaret Clinic for treatment of an acute headache. 90% were either symptom-free or had only slight residual headache after 4 h. The treatment given was metaclopramide and an effervescent analgesic. 69% of patients had some form of sedation and 10% ergotamine tartrate. Those patients who had treatment between 6 and 12 h following the onset of an attack had significantly fewer attacks in the next 7 days. Patients who slept during an attack, with a sedative where indicated, recovered more quickly than those who did not sleep. The depth of sleep did not affect the rate of recovery. A higher percentage of patients with migraine compared with those with tension headache were either symptom-free or had only slight residual headache on leaving.", "PMID": 725249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10309", "title": "Decentralization supersensitivity in headache and central panalgesia.", "content": "Central panalgesia is a syndrome which includes systemic pains of a central nature, usually classified as hysteria, fibrositis and masked depression. Exploration of the peripheral neuromuscular junctions (in the iris by pupillometry, and in veins by computerized venotest) indicates an increased monoamine receptor sensitivity. 5-HT vein sensitivity is particularly impressive (up to 1,000 times). In the vein there appears to be a decentralization supersensitivity, as it is extended to different monoamines (5-HT, dopamine, noradrenaline, tyramine). This type of supersensitivity is compatible with the theory of a deficiency of neurotransmitters at the level of the anti-nociceptive and integrated systems, with subsequent central and peripheral supersensitivity. A similar condition limited to the rostral section of the anti-nociceptive system is valid for the mechanism of idiopathic headache including migraine: central and peripheral supersensitivity to monoamines and opiates is also episodically observed in headache sufferers.", "contents": "Decentralization supersensitivity in headache and central panalgesia. Central panalgesia is a syndrome which includes systemic pains of a central nature, usually classified as hysteria, fibrositis and masked depression. Exploration of the peripheral neuromuscular junctions (in the iris by pupillometry, and in veins by computerized venotest) indicates an increased monoamine receptor sensitivity. 5-HT vein sensitivity is particularly impressive (up to 1,000 times). In the vein there appears to be a decentralization supersensitivity, as it is extended to different monoamines (5-HT, dopamine, noradrenaline, tyramine). This type of supersensitivity is compatible with the theory of a deficiency of neurotransmitters at the level of the anti-nociceptive and integrated systems, with subsequent central and peripheral supersensitivity. A similar condition limited to the rostral section of the anti-nociceptive system is valid for the mechanism of idiopathic headache including migraine: central and peripheral supersensitivity to monoamines and opiates is also episodically observed in headache sufferers.", "PMID": 725253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10310", "title": "Spasmogen release from an extracranial vascular bed evoked by neurohumoral stimuli and periods of vascular stasis.", "content": "The hypothesis that pro-inflammatory spasmogens may be generated locally in the vessels of the head by neurohumoral stimuli has been tested using an isolated extracranial vascular bed from the rabbit. No spasmogen release was detected after adenosine triphosphate, histamine, acetylcholine or noradrenaline and was seen rarely after tyramine and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Both sympathetic nerve stimulation and periods of vascular stasis released spasmogen, probably an E-type prostaglandin. The local generation of pro-inflammatory substances by excess sympathetic stimulation and/or vascular stasis might contribute to the development and maintenance of the acute migraine attack.", "contents": "Spasmogen release from an extracranial vascular bed evoked by neurohumoral stimuli and periods of vascular stasis. The hypothesis that pro-inflammatory spasmogens may be generated locally in the vessels of the head by neurohumoral stimuli has been tested using an isolated extracranial vascular bed from the rabbit. No spasmogen release was detected after adenosine triphosphate, histamine, acetylcholine or noradrenaline and was seen rarely after tyramine and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Both sympathetic nerve stimulation and periods of vascular stasis released spasmogen, probably an E-type prostaglandin. The local generation of pro-inflammatory substances by excess sympathetic stimulation and/or vascular stasis might contribute to the development and maintenance of the acute migraine attack.", "PMID": 725255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10311", "title": "Studies on the 5-HT receptor in vascular smooth muscle.", "content": "Changes in tension were monitored isometrically on spiral strips of freshly obtained bovine basilar arteries. Ergotamine (E), dihydroergotamine (DHE), methysergide (M) and pizotifen (BC-105) displaced the concentration-response curve for 5-HT in a noncompetitive way and in similar concentration ranges as indicated by the pD' 2(60 min) values of the three ergot alkaloids (E: 9.2, M: 9.1, DHE: 8.8) and the pD' 2(30 min) value (8.9) of BC-105. The ergot alkaloids but not BC-105 also exhibited considerable stimulating activity. The calculated pD2 values were 8.8 for E, 8.6 for DHE and 6.6 for M. Relative to 5-HT (= 1) the intrinsic activities were 0.4, 0.2 and 0.1 for E, DHE and M, respectively. BC-105 was nearly equipotent in antagonizing responses to 5-HT, E and DHE suggesting that both ergot alkaloids act as noncompetitive dualists at the 5-HT receptor. The results suggest that the strong stimulant rather than the blocking activity at the 5-HT receptor of ergotamine may be an important property for its therapeutic efficacy in migrainous attacks.", "contents": "Studies on the 5-HT receptor in vascular smooth muscle. Changes in tension were monitored isometrically on spiral strips of freshly obtained bovine basilar arteries. Ergotamine (E), dihydroergotamine (DHE), methysergide (M) and pizotifen (BC-105) displaced the concentration-response curve for 5-HT in a noncompetitive way and in similar concentration ranges as indicated by the pD' 2(60 min) values of the three ergot alkaloids (E: 9.2, M: 9.1, DHE: 8.8) and the pD' 2(30 min) value (8.9) of BC-105. The ergot alkaloids but not BC-105 also exhibited considerable stimulating activity. The calculated pD2 values were 8.8 for E, 8.6 for DHE and 6.6 for M. Relative to 5-HT (= 1) the intrinsic activities were 0.4, 0.2 and 0.1 for E, DHE and M, respectively. BC-105 was nearly equipotent in antagonizing responses to 5-HT, E and DHE suggesting that both ergot alkaloids act as noncompetitive dualists at the 5-HT receptor. The results suggest that the strong stimulant rather than the blocking activity at the 5-HT receptor of ergotamine may be an important property for its therapeutic efficacy in migrainous attacks.", "PMID": 725257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10312", "title": "Cerebral blood flow in migraine and cluster headache. Compartmental analysis and reactivity to anaesthetic depression.", "content": "CBF was studied in 15 cases of vascular headache by the 135Xe intra-arterial injection method. The mean CBF was found to be increased during the headache phase of the migraine attacks in half the cases, mainly due to an increase in the rapid component (CBFg). After the attack there could be an increase or a decrease of the slow component (CBFw). Reactivity to anaesthetic depression was studied in 8 migraine cases and on the whole it was found not to be much altered in most cases. Finally, no modifications of CBF were found in any of 3 cases of cluster headache who were studied during attacks of severe pain.", "contents": "Cerebral blood flow in migraine and cluster headache. Compartmental analysis and reactivity to anaesthetic depression. CBF was studied in 15 cases of vascular headache by the 135Xe intra-arterial injection method. The mean CBF was found to be increased during the headache phase of the migraine attacks in half the cases, mainly due to an increase in the rapid component (CBFg). After the attack there could be an increase or a decrease of the slow component (CBFw). Reactivity to anaesthetic depression was studied in 8 migraine cases and on the whole it was found not to be much altered in most cases. Finally, no modifications of CBF were found in any of 3 cases of cluster headache who were studied during attacks of severe pain.", "PMID": 725260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10313", "title": "Improved pharmacological activity via pro-drug modification: comparative pharmacokinetics of sodium gamma-hydroxybutyrate and gamma-butyrolactone.", "content": "Although gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) rapidly converts to gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in vivo, the lactone gave significantly more prolonged hypnotic effects than GHB when equimolar doses were compared both parenterally and orally in rats. Plasma drug concentrations were higher after GBL administration through both routes, consistent with the observed differences in the pharmacological activity of these two compounds. Oral GBL was absorbed much faster than oral GHB, with the dual effects of decreasing potential first-pass metabolism and elevating plasma drug concentrations to the region where capacity-limited elimination is operative. Parenteral GBL produced a slower initial drug plasma clearance than parenteral GHB. In spite of the rapid metabolism of GBL to GHB, the apparent tissue distribution of these two compounds may be different.", "contents": "Improved pharmacological activity via pro-drug modification: comparative pharmacokinetics of sodium gamma-hydroxybutyrate and gamma-butyrolactone. Although gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) rapidly converts to gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in vivo, the lactone gave significantly more prolonged hypnotic effects than GHB when equimolar doses were compared both parenterally and orally in rats. Plasma drug concentrations were higher after GBL administration through both routes, consistent with the observed differences in the pharmacological activity of these two compounds. Oral GBL was absorbed much faster than oral GHB, with the dual effects of decreasing potential first-pass metabolism and elevating plasma drug concentrations to the region where capacity-limited elimination is operative. Parenteral GBL produced a slower initial drug plasma clearance than parenteral GHB. In spite of the rapid metabolism of GBL to GHB, the apparent tissue distribution of these two compounds may be different.", "PMID": 725311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10314", "title": "The effects of phenformin in normal vs. diabetic isolated perfused rat liver.", "content": "In the isolated perfused liver system high concentrations of phenformin (0.93--1.24 mM) were required to reduce the greater than two-fold elevated rate of gluconeogenesis from L-[U-14C]lactate in acutely alloxan diabetic (48-hour) and chronically alloxan diabetic (7-day) rat livers to the slower rate of normal fed livers. At these phenformin concentrations, other hepatic functions such as substrate uptake and 14CO2 production were also inhibited. The livers were also in a very reduced state under these conditions as indicated by the elevated ratios of the redox couples lactate/pyruvate and 3-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetic acid. The results are interpreted to indicate that if phenformin functions as an antidiabetic (hypoglycemic) agent by inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis to normal levels, it is also generally toxic to the liver under such conditions. The results are discussed in relation to current hypotheses of the mechanism of action of phenformin and to phenformin-associated lactic acidosis.", "contents": "The effects of phenformin in normal vs. diabetic isolated perfused rat liver. In the isolated perfused liver system high concentrations of phenformin (0.93--1.24 mM) were required to reduce the greater than two-fold elevated rate of gluconeogenesis from L-[U-14C]lactate in acutely alloxan diabetic (48-hour) and chronically alloxan diabetic (7-day) rat livers to the slower rate of normal fed livers. At these phenformin concentrations, other hepatic functions such as substrate uptake and 14CO2 production were also inhibited. The livers were also in a very reduced state under these conditions as indicated by the elevated ratios of the redox couples lactate/pyruvate and 3-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetic acid. The results are interpreted to indicate that if phenformin functions as an antidiabetic (hypoglycemic) agent by inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis to normal levels, it is also generally toxic to the liver under such conditions. The results are discussed in relation to current hypotheses of the mechanism of action of phenformin and to phenformin-associated lactic acidosis.", "PMID": 725312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10315", "title": "[3H] 2-Amino-6,7-dihydroxy 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronapthalene (ADTN): a potential specific dopamine receptor ligand.", "content": "The characteristics of [3H] 2-amino-6,7-dihydroxy 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronapthalene (ADTN) binding to calf striatal membranes were investigated. [3H]ADTN was observed to bind with high affinity and stereospecificity to a preparation of crude synaptic membranes. A number of dopamine agonists and antagonists were studied for their ability to displace bound [3H]ADTN. Dopamine agonists were found to be more potent inhibitors of ADTN binding than were dopamine antagonists. Kinetic analysis indicates that [3H]ADTN binds to dopamine recognition sites in a manner comparable to dopamine itself. Overall, the data suggest that ADTN may be a useful ligand for the characterization of agonist requirements for recognition by dopamine binding sites.", "contents": "[3H] 2-Amino-6,7-dihydroxy 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronapthalene (ADTN): a potential specific dopamine receptor ligand. The characteristics of [3H] 2-amino-6,7-dihydroxy 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronapthalene (ADTN) binding to calf striatal membranes were investigated. [3H]ADTN was observed to bind with high affinity and stereospecificity to a preparation of crude synaptic membranes. A number of dopamine agonists and antagonists were studied for their ability to displace bound [3H]ADTN. Dopamine agonists were found to be more potent inhibitors of ADTN binding than were dopamine antagonists. Kinetic analysis indicates that [3H]ADTN binds to dopamine recognition sites in a manner comparable to dopamine itself. Overall, the data suggest that ADTN may be a useful ligand for the characterization of agonist requirements for recognition by dopamine binding sites.", "PMID": 725314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10316", "title": "A simple, sensitive method for the quantitation of kanamycin in tissue and biological fluids.", "content": "A method is described for the quantitative determination of kanamycin in blood, urine, cochlear perilymph and kidney. The method is simple, involving only protein precipitation, chromatographic separation and fluorometric determination following reaction with fluorescamine. The method is sensitive, determining as little as 80--100 ng/ml of kanamycin. The method is reliable, recovering better than 90% of the kanamycin added to the fluids and tissues mentioned. It is also less cumbersome and less expensive than other methods currently used.", "contents": "A simple, sensitive method for the quantitation of kanamycin in tissue and biological fluids. A method is described for the quantitative determination of kanamycin in blood, urine, cochlear perilymph and kidney. The method is simple, involving only protein precipitation, chromatographic separation and fluorometric determination following reaction with fluorescamine. The method is sensitive, determining as little as 80--100 ng/ml of kanamycin. The method is reliable, recovering better than 90% of the kanamycin added to the fluids and tissues mentioned. It is also less cumbersome and less expensive than other methods currently used.", "PMID": 725315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10317", "title": "Initial pharmacologic studies of amygdalin (laetrile) in man.", "content": "A simple enzymatic assay has been applied to the determination of amygdalin in urine and plasma of patients taking laetrile on their own initiative. Following parenteral administration of laetrile, amygdalin is excreted primarily as the unchanged molecule and urinary recoveries may approach 100 percent. Peak plasma levels after a 6 gm intramuscular dose were 180 microgram/ml. The ratio of amygdalin epimers was unchanged in the urine following parenteral injection.", "contents": "Initial pharmacologic studies of amygdalin (laetrile) in man. A simple enzymatic assay has been applied to the determination of amygdalin in urine and plasma of patients taking laetrile on their own initiative. Following parenteral administration of laetrile, amygdalin is excreted primarily as the unchanged molecule and urinary recoveries may approach 100 percent. Peak plasma levels after a 6 gm intramuscular dose were 180 microgram/ml. The ratio of amygdalin epimers was unchanged in the urine following parenteral injection.", "PMID": 725316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10318", "title": "Anticonvulsant activity and monoamine oxidase inhibitory and antihemolytic properties of some newer 4-phenylpiperidino carbamides.", "content": "Six 1-[N-acetyl(4-phenylpiperidino)]-3-aryl carbamides were synthesized, characterized and evaluated for their anticonvulsant, monoamine oxidase inhibitory and antihemolytic properties. These compounds (100 mg/kg, i.p.) provided 10--80% protection against pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in mice. All carbamides (1 mM) inhibited (34--82%) in vitro activity of rat brain monoamine oxidase and provided 18--51% protection against in vitro hypoosmotic hemolysis of human red blood cells at a final concentration of 1 mM. Low toxicity of these carbamides was reflected by their high approximate LD50 values.", "contents": "Anticonvulsant activity and monoamine oxidase inhibitory and antihemolytic properties of some newer 4-phenylpiperidino carbamides. Six 1-[N-acetyl(4-phenylpiperidino)]-3-aryl carbamides were synthesized, characterized and evaluated for their anticonvulsant, monoamine oxidase inhibitory and antihemolytic properties. These compounds (100 mg/kg, i.p.) provided 10--80% protection against pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in mice. All carbamides (1 mM) inhibited (34--82%) in vitro activity of rat brain monoamine oxidase and provided 18--51% protection against in vitro hypoosmotic hemolysis of human red blood cells at a final concentration of 1 mM. Low toxicity of these carbamides was reflected by their high approximate LD50 values.", "PMID": 725317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10319", "title": "Comparison of the X537A-induced ionophoric removal of serotonin and tryptamine from intact human platelets.", "content": "In the absence of appreciable dense-body release from platelets, X537A causes rapid movement of 90--95% of vesicular H3-5HT into the extracellular medium. X537A can in addition transport to the extracellular medium 20% of the total tryptamine sequestered in platelets. Investigation of the extraction of aqueous 5HT and tryptamine into a chloroform phase, and the subsequent extraction of each of the two amines from a chloroform to an aqueous phase, suggest that 5HT, but not tryptamine, is transported efficiently between aqueous phases through a non-polar solvent. The observed differences in the movement of the two amines through platelet membranes may be attributable to a similar phenomenon.", "contents": "Comparison of the X537A-induced ionophoric removal of serotonin and tryptamine from intact human platelets. In the absence of appreciable dense-body release from platelets, X537A causes rapid movement of 90--95% of vesicular H3-5HT into the extracellular medium. X537A can in addition transport to the extracellular medium 20% of the total tryptamine sequestered in platelets. Investigation of the extraction of aqueous 5HT and tryptamine into a chloroform phase, and the subsequent extraction of each of the two amines from a chloroform to an aqueous phase, suggest that 5HT, but not tryptamine, is transported efficiently between aqueous phases through a non-polar solvent. The observed differences in the movement of the two amines through platelet membranes may be attributable to a similar phenomenon.", "PMID": 725318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10320", "title": "Studies on osteoporosis I. Experimental models. Effect of age, sex, genetic background, diet, steroid and heparin treatment on calcium metabolism of mice.", "content": "C3H/St(Ha) and C57Bl/6(J) mice of both sexes and various ages were exposed to whole body neutron irradiation. The 49Ca generated (half life 8.8 minutes) was immediately determined in a whole body counter. Total body calcium content was calculated. It was assumed that 99% of this represented skeletal calcium. In females, significant decrease in calcium content occurred after 23 months of age. In C3H/St(Ha) mice, low calcium diet, heparin (500 i.u./Kg. b.i.d.) and prednisolone (50 mg/Kg) treatment accelerated calcium loss and produced significant decrease in 3 months. C57Bl/6(J) mice were less susceptible to the latter drugs.", "contents": "Studies on osteoporosis I. Experimental models. Effect of age, sex, genetic background, diet, steroid and heparin treatment on calcium metabolism of mice. C3H/St(Ha) and C57Bl/6(J) mice of both sexes and various ages were exposed to whole body neutron irradiation. The 49Ca generated (half life 8.8 minutes) was immediately determined in a whole body counter. Total body calcium content was calculated. It was assumed that 99% of this represented skeletal calcium. In females, significant decrease in calcium content occurred after 23 months of age. In C3H/St(Ha) mice, low calcium diet, heparin (500 i.u./Kg. b.i.d.) and prednisolone (50 mg/Kg) treatment accelerated calcium loss and produced significant decrease in 3 months. C57Bl/6(J) mice were less susceptible to the latter drugs.", "PMID": 725319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10321", "title": "Preliminary in vitro and in vivo investigations on methylprednisolone and its acetate.", "content": "Sodium fluoride (6--8 mg/ml) inhibits hydrolysis of methylprednisolone acetate to methylprednisolone. An HPLC method for simultaneous determination of hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone and methylprednisolone acetate in plasma is presented. Analysis of plasma samples (containing NaF) for methylprednisolone acetate shows no significant change in concentration over extended periods of storage at -20 degrees C. In vitro hydrolysis of methylprednisolone acetate at 37 degrees C in human whole blood is rapid (average t1/2 = 19 min). In one cat, the bioavailabilities of methylprednisolone acetate rectally was 13% and of methylprednisolone (alcohol) rectally was 26%, relative to intravenous administration of methylprednisolone. In the same cat, the bioavailabilities of methylprednisolone acetate orally was 93% and of methylprednisolone was 82%, relative to intravenous administration of methylprednisolone. All samples collected after oral administration of methylprednisolone acetate to a human subject were found to contain only methylprednisolone (alcohol) indicating hydrolysis of the drug during absorption through the gastrointestinal membrane and/or in the liver. If the ester had the same half-life in blood in vivo as measured in vitro, it would have been measurable in plasma.", "contents": "Preliminary in vitro and in vivo investigations on methylprednisolone and its acetate. Sodium fluoride (6--8 mg/ml) inhibits hydrolysis of methylprednisolone acetate to methylprednisolone. An HPLC method for simultaneous determination of hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone and methylprednisolone acetate in plasma is presented. Analysis of plasma samples (containing NaF) for methylprednisolone acetate shows no significant change in concentration over extended periods of storage at -20 degrees C. In vitro hydrolysis of methylprednisolone acetate at 37 degrees C in human whole blood is rapid (average t1/2 = 19 min). In one cat, the bioavailabilities of methylprednisolone acetate rectally was 13% and of methylprednisolone (alcohol) rectally was 26%, relative to intravenous administration of methylprednisolone. In the same cat, the bioavailabilities of methylprednisolone acetate orally was 93% and of methylprednisolone was 82%, relative to intravenous administration of methylprednisolone. All samples collected after oral administration of methylprednisolone acetate to a human subject were found to contain only methylprednisolone (alcohol) indicating hydrolysis of the drug during absorption through the gastrointestinal membrane and/or in the liver. If the ester had the same half-life in blood in vivo as measured in vitro, it would have been measurable in plasma.", "PMID": 725320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10322", "title": "Circadian rhythm in hexobarbital sleep time: a dose-response evaluation in the mouse.", "content": "Studies were conducted in an effort to determine if a circadian rhythm in response of mice to hexobarbital could be evaluated employing dose-response curves. Results showed a circadian change in both the position and slope of the dose-response curves when evaluated at 0800, 1400, 2000 and 0200 hours. Sleep times were longer at 0800 hours and shortest at 0200 hours, in the dark period. Greatest differences between slopes of the curves were noted when 1400 and 0200 as well as 0800 and 2000 hours were compared. Slopes were significantly flatter during the dark cycle relative to the light cycle suggesting altered rates of disposition of the drug. Measurements of in vitro hepatic metabolism of hexobarbital, p-nitro-anisole and aminopyrine at 0200 and 1400 hours demonstrated a significant rhythm in oxidative drug metabolism with maximal activity at 0200 hours. The results show that a rhythm in the duration of action of hexobarbital in mice is dose-dependent and that this rhythm is inversely related to a similar rhythm in microsomal drug metabolism. The rhythm in response to this agent may be subserved by a rhythm in drug metabolism.", "contents": "Circadian rhythm in hexobarbital sleep time: a dose-response evaluation in the mouse. Studies were conducted in an effort to determine if a circadian rhythm in response of mice to hexobarbital could be evaluated employing dose-response curves. Results showed a circadian change in both the position and slope of the dose-response curves when evaluated at 0800, 1400, 2000 and 0200 hours. Sleep times were longer at 0800 hours and shortest at 0200 hours, in the dark period. Greatest differences between slopes of the curves were noted when 1400 and 0200 as well as 0800 and 2000 hours were compared. Slopes were significantly flatter during the dark cycle relative to the light cycle suggesting altered rates of disposition of the drug. Measurements of in vitro hepatic metabolism of hexobarbital, p-nitro-anisole and aminopyrine at 0200 and 1400 hours demonstrated a significant rhythm in oxidative drug metabolism with maximal activity at 0200 hours. The results show that a rhythm in the duration of action of hexobarbital in mice is dose-dependent and that this rhythm is inversely related to a similar rhythm in microsomal drug metabolism. The rhythm in response to this agent may be subserved by a rhythm in drug metabolism.", "PMID": 725321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10323", "title": "Decreased toxicity of the N-methyl analogs of acetaminophen and phenacetin.", "content": "The N-methyl analogs of p-hydroxyacetanilide (acetaminophen) and p-ethoxyacetanilide (phenacetin) were prepared and tested for toxicity. N-Methylacetaminophen was found to cause no hepatic necrosis in mice, rats, or hamsters in doses that caused massive hepatic necrosis in the same animals when acetaminophen was administered. Neither acetaminophen nor its N-methylated analog caused methemoglobinemia at these dose levels. Fischer rats that were administered large doses of acetaminophen (900 mg/kg s.c.) sustained necrosis in the proximal renal tubules, whereas N-methylacetaminophen caused no renal injury at higher dose levels (1800 mg/kg s.c.). N-Methylphenacetin caused no observable hepatic necrosis in 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) pretreated hamsters at dose levels higher than those in which phenacetin caused hepatic necrosis. Also, in contrast to phenacetin, N-methylphenacetin did not cause extensive methemoglobinemia in mice, rats, or hamsters.", "contents": "Decreased toxicity of the N-methyl analogs of acetaminophen and phenacetin. The N-methyl analogs of p-hydroxyacetanilide (acetaminophen) and p-ethoxyacetanilide (phenacetin) were prepared and tested for toxicity. N-Methylacetaminophen was found to cause no hepatic necrosis in mice, rats, or hamsters in doses that caused massive hepatic necrosis in the same animals when acetaminophen was administered. Neither acetaminophen nor its N-methylated analog caused methemoglobinemia at these dose levels. Fischer rats that were administered large doses of acetaminophen (900 mg/kg s.c.) sustained necrosis in the proximal renal tubules, whereas N-methylacetaminophen caused no renal injury at higher dose levels (1800 mg/kg s.c.). N-Methylphenacetin caused no observable hepatic necrosis in 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) pretreated hamsters at dose levels higher than those in which phenacetin caused hepatic necrosis. Also, in contrast to phenacetin, N-methylphenacetin did not cause extensive methemoglobinemia in mice, rats, or hamsters.", "PMID": 725322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10324", "title": "Enhancement of melphalan therapy with glutaminase:asparaginase.", "content": "Depletion of glutamine with Acinetobacter glutaminase:asparaginase promotes melphalan uptake by and cytotoxicity to murine L1210 cells in vitro. Combined treatment of tumor bearing mice with these two agents increases the therapeutic response.", "contents": "Enhancement of melphalan therapy with glutaminase:asparaginase. Depletion of glutamine with Acinetobacter glutaminase:asparaginase promotes melphalan uptake by and cytotoxicity to murine L1210 cells in vitro. Combined treatment of tumor bearing mice with these two agents increases the therapeutic response.", "PMID": 725323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10325", "title": "DNA-synthesis in the rat thymus after focal thermolesions on abdominal organs.", "content": "The changes in the DNA-synthesis of lymphocytes in the different zones of the rat thymus were autoradiographically studied with 3H-thymidine after focal thermonecroses (740 degrees C/4 sec) on abdominal organs and sham operation (laparotomy). A single thermolesion was performed in separate groups of rats on the liver and spleen, whereas a third group received multiple heat lesions (liver, kidney, stomach wall). A slight decrease of the labeling index occured during the first 36 h after the sham operation and was attributed to an unspecific stress effect leading to an increased release of corticosterones. The most remarkable and contrasting result was the observation that after thermonecroses a decrease of the labeling index of thymus-lymphocytes did not happen during the first 48 h but rather a marked increased with a maximum on the fifth day. It was concluded that the stimulated DNA-synthesis in the thymus might be related to a cell mediated immune response against thermocoagulated tissue components or to an immediate T-cell dysfunction, which is known to develop after burns. In both cases the thymus might react with an increased division and maturation of lymphocytes regulated through a feed-back mechanism.", "contents": "DNA-synthesis in the rat thymus after focal thermolesions on abdominal organs. The changes in the DNA-synthesis of lymphocytes in the different zones of the rat thymus were autoradiographically studied with 3H-thymidine after focal thermonecroses (740 degrees C/4 sec) on abdominal organs and sham operation (laparotomy). A single thermolesion was performed in separate groups of rats on the liver and spleen, whereas a third group received multiple heat lesions (liver, kidney, stomach wall). A slight decrease of the labeling index occured during the first 36 h after the sham operation and was attributed to an unspecific stress effect leading to an increased release of corticosterones. The most remarkable and contrasting result was the observation that after thermonecroses a decrease of the labeling index of thymus-lymphocytes did not happen during the first 48 h but rather a marked increased with a maximum on the fifth day. It was concluded that the stimulated DNA-synthesis in the thymus might be related to a cell mediated immune response against thermocoagulated tissue components or to an immediate T-cell dysfunction, which is known to develop after burns. In both cases the thymus might react with an increased division and maturation of lymphocytes regulated through a feed-back mechanism.", "PMID": 725325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10326", "title": "[Oxygen consumption and body weight development of chronic uremic rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Impaired weight gain, a common feature in experimental chronic uremia, led to compare oxygen consumtion values of chronic uremic rats and their controls. Oxygen consumption measurement may allow an approach to the evaluation of total energy requirement. Three groups of animals were considered: uremic rats (CU) of less weight (402.66 +/- 9.9 g) than their control group (NA) (498.3 +/- 26.13) and younger normal animals (NJ), showing a similar weight (376.0 +/- 8.8) to that of the uremics. Significant differences in oxygen consumption values/body weight were found between group NJ (0.927 +/- 0.042 ml O2/mn/100 g rat) and both groups CU and NA (0.788 +/- 0.036 and 0.788 +/- 0.028 respectively). Proportional decrease of energetically active body mass in chronic uremic animals may be the reason of the findings.", "contents": "[Oxygen consumption and body weight development of chronic uremic rats (author's transl)]. Impaired weight gain, a common feature in experimental chronic uremia, led to compare oxygen consumtion values of chronic uremic rats and their controls. Oxygen consumption measurement may allow an approach to the evaluation of total energy requirement. Three groups of animals were considered: uremic rats (CU) of less weight (402.66 +/- 9.9 g) than their control group (NA) (498.3 +/- 26.13) and younger normal animals (NJ), showing a similar weight (376.0 +/- 8.8) to that of the uremics. Significant differences in oxygen consumption values/body weight were found between group NJ (0.927 +/- 0.042 ml O2/mn/100 g rat) and both groups CU and NA (0.788 +/- 0.036 and 0.788 +/- 0.028 respectively). Proportional decrease of energetically active body mass in chronic uremic animals may be the reason of the findings.", "PMID": 725326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10327", "title": "Early atherosclerotic lesions in rat aorta. Effect of cholesterol feeding and immunization.", "content": "Germ-free and conventional rats were fed cholesterol or normal pellets and part of both groups were immunized repeatedly with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Four days after the last injections all the rats were killed, aortas removed and prepared for immunocytology and chemical analysis. Free peroxidase was not detected in the arterial wall and in all immunized rats only faint staining of free anti-HRP antibodies occurred in the intima. In contrast there was a consistent deposition of HRP-anti-HRP antibody complexes in the inner two thirds of the arterial wall in all HRP-immunized animals. Immunization and cholesterol feeding increased the cholesterol content of the aorta and produced early lesions, whereas cholesterol feeding or immunization alone was less effective.", "contents": "Early atherosclerotic lesions in rat aorta. Effect of cholesterol feeding and immunization. Germ-free and conventional rats were fed cholesterol or normal pellets and part of both groups were immunized repeatedly with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Four days after the last injections all the rats were killed, aortas removed and prepared for immunocytology and chemical analysis. Free peroxidase was not detected in the arterial wall and in all immunized rats only faint staining of free anti-HRP antibodies occurred in the intima. In contrast there was a consistent deposition of HRP-anti-HRP antibody complexes in the inner two thirds of the arterial wall in all HRP-immunized animals. Immunization and cholesterol feeding increased the cholesterol content of the aorta and produced early lesions, whereas cholesterol feeding or immunization alone was less effective.", "PMID": 725328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10328", "title": "Partial purification procedure for human urinary erythropoietin by preparative isotachophoresis.", "content": "Human urinary erythropoietic-active crude protein was isotachophoretic fractionated in a LKB Uniphor apparatus equipped with a plastic column using polyacrylamide as a stabilizing medium, phosphat ions as leading and glycinat ions as terminating electrolytes and Ampholine carrier ampholytes (pH: 5--7) as spacers. The exhypoxic polycythemic mouse method to assay erythropoietic activity showed that the majority of the hormon was sharply resolved. Under these conditions preparative isotachophoresis demonstrated a higher purification factor compared to other biochemical preparation-methods.", "contents": "Partial purification procedure for human urinary erythropoietin by preparative isotachophoresis. Human urinary erythropoietic-active crude protein was isotachophoretic fractionated in a LKB Uniphor apparatus equipped with a plastic column using polyacrylamide as a stabilizing medium, phosphat ions as leading and glycinat ions as terminating electrolytes and Ampholine carrier ampholytes (pH: 5--7) as spacers. The exhypoxic polycythemic mouse method to assay erythropoietic activity showed that the majority of the hormon was sharply resolved. Under these conditions preparative isotachophoresis demonstrated a higher purification factor compared to other biochemical preparation-methods.", "PMID": 725329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10329", "title": "A simplified method for measurement of Ca++-activity in serum, using serum-monovettes and a Ca++-selective disk-electrode.", "content": "A simplified method for the anaerobic measurement of ionized calcium in serum of venous blood by use of ion-selective electrodes--the monovette-technique--is described. For estimation of Ca++ a new electrode type--the disk-electrode (11, 12, 13, 14)--charged with a synthetic, electrically neutral Ca++-carrier of the octandioic acid-type (1), is tested.", "contents": "A simplified method for measurement of Ca++-activity in serum, using serum-monovettes and a Ca++-selective disk-electrode. A simplified method for the anaerobic measurement of ionized calcium in serum of venous blood by use of ion-selective electrodes--the monovette-technique--is described. For estimation of Ca++ a new electrode type--the disk-electrode (11, 12, 13, 14)--charged with a synthetic, electrically neutral Ca++-carrier of the octandioic acid-type (1), is tested.", "PMID": 725330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10330", "title": "The effect of intestinal hormones on splanchnic circulation.", "content": "The influence of acidification of the duodenal contents, of intravenous secretin, cholecystokinin and pancreozym injections on hepatic (HAF) and left gastric artery (GAF) and on portal vein blood flow (PVF), bile and pancreatic juice output was studied in dogs. Acid introduction into the duodenum increased HAF and PVF by 20 and 25 percent, respectively. GAF did not change significantly. Secretin and cholecystokinin also increased PVF by 25 percent but HAF changes were less than after acidification. Pancreozym increased significantly only HAF. There were also differences between the effects of duodenal acidification and of the individual hormones on bile and pancreatic juice excretion. It is concluded, that splanchnic circulatory changes observed following duodenal acidification are not produced by the action of a single intestinal hormone but are due to the interplay of several factors.", "contents": "The effect of intestinal hormones on splanchnic circulation. The influence of acidification of the duodenal contents, of intravenous secretin, cholecystokinin and pancreozym injections on hepatic (HAF) and left gastric artery (GAF) and on portal vein blood flow (PVF), bile and pancreatic juice output was studied in dogs. Acid introduction into the duodenum increased HAF and PVF by 20 and 25 percent, respectively. GAF did not change significantly. Secretin and cholecystokinin also increased PVF by 25 percent but HAF changes were less than after acidification. Pancreozym increased significantly only HAF. There were also differences between the effects of duodenal acidification and of the individual hormones on bile and pancreatic juice excretion. It is concluded, that splanchnic circulatory changes observed following duodenal acidification are not produced by the action of a single intestinal hormone but are due to the interplay of several factors.", "PMID": 725331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10331", "title": "Environmental temperature as a factor in the aetiology of fatty liver-haemorrhagic syndrome in the fowl.", "content": "Unidirectional air flow isolators were used to house laying hens at 13 degrees C, 18--30 degrees C and 29 degrees C. Their diet was formulated to provide 2655 k cal metabolisable energy/kg and 142 g crude protein/kg. Groups were killed for examination at the age of 35 and 45 weeks. Sub-clinical FLHS occurred in all isolators but in the case of the younger hens appeared to be more prevalent at 29 degrees C than at 13 degrees C. Both the triglyceride and the glycogen content of the liver were higher at 29 degrees C despite a reduction in food intake. The free fatty acid level in the plasma was lower, probably as a consequence of reduced lipolysis. Liver haemorrhage was associated with an increase in plasma aspartate transaminase activity. It was concluded that an interaction between environmental temperature and the energy balance is not the only factor involved in the aetiology of FLHS and maybe of secondary importance, and that there is a pathogenic relationship between hepatic steatosis and haemorrhage.", "contents": "Environmental temperature as a factor in the aetiology of fatty liver-haemorrhagic syndrome in the fowl. Unidirectional air flow isolators were used to house laying hens at 13 degrees C, 18--30 degrees C and 29 degrees C. Their diet was formulated to provide 2655 k cal metabolisable energy/kg and 142 g crude protein/kg. Groups were killed for examination at the age of 35 and 45 weeks. Sub-clinical FLHS occurred in all isolators but in the case of the younger hens appeared to be more prevalent at 29 degrees C than at 13 degrees C. Both the triglyceride and the glycogen content of the liver were higher at 29 degrees C despite a reduction in food intake. The free fatty acid level in the plasma was lower, probably as a consequence of reduced lipolysis. Liver haemorrhage was associated with an increase in plasma aspartate transaminase activity. It was concluded that an interaction between environmental temperature and the energy balance is not the only factor involved in the aetiology of FLHS and maybe of secondary importance, and that there is a pathogenic relationship between hepatic steatosis and haemorrhage.", "PMID": 725332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10332", "title": "Functional morphology of the periodontal ligament in the incisor region of the sheep.", "content": "The morphology of the periodontal ligament round the sheep incisor tooth is described. Thick, undecalcified sections (100 mum) allow separation of the collagenous fibres into distinct fibre groups and these are compared to similar groups found in other animals. The relationship between the forces applied to the teeth and the distribution of the fibre groups is discussed and it is concluded that there is a functional relationship between the two.", "contents": "Functional morphology of the periodontal ligament in the incisor region of the sheep. The morphology of the periodontal ligament round the sheep incisor tooth is described. Thick, undecalcified sections (100 mum) allow separation of the collagenous fibres into distinct fibre groups and these are compared to similar groups found in other animals. The relationship between the forces applied to the teeth and the distribution of the fibre groups is discussed and it is concluded that there is a functional relationship between the two.", "PMID": 725333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10333", "title": "Is Mukherjeella caprae Bandaranayake and Neitz, 1961 (Rickettsiales) a microorganism?", "content": "Longitudinal structures in red cells in Giemsa-stained blood smears of goats in the Netherlands were in distinguishable from what has been described as Mukherjeella caprae Bandaranayake and Neitz, 1961 (Rickettsiales). Electron microscopic studies and animal experiments showed, however, that these structures are not parasitic in nature, but are fibres consisting of bundles of microfilaments embedded in the erythrocytic cytoplasm, apparently identical with the longitudinal fibres in goat erythrocytes which are considered to be a haemoglobin abnormality. The condition appears to be genetic. M caprae should be considered as a nomen dubium.", "contents": "Is Mukherjeella caprae Bandaranayake and Neitz, 1961 (Rickettsiales) a microorganism? Longitudinal structures in red cells in Giemsa-stained blood smears of goats in the Netherlands were in distinguishable from what has been described as Mukherjeella caprae Bandaranayake and Neitz, 1961 (Rickettsiales). Electron microscopic studies and animal experiments showed, however, that these structures are not parasitic in nature, but are fibres consisting of bundles of microfilaments embedded in the erythrocytic cytoplasm, apparently identical with the longitudinal fibres in goat erythrocytes which are considered to be a haemoglobin abnormality. The condition appears to be genetic. M caprae should be considered as a nomen dubium.", "PMID": 725334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10334", "title": "The role of chickens in the epidemiology of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in Jamaica.", "content": "Since 1962, when Jamaica experienced its first and only outbreak of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE), surveillance for the causative virus has been in progress. Wild birds, rodents, mosquitoes, sandflies and sentinels (domestic chickens, guinea pigs, mice and hamsters) have been constantly examined for EEE virus and serological conversion. In essence, only negative results have been obtained. Since June 1976, domestic chickens have been investigated as a possible reservoir and several have been found to have haemagglutinating antibodies, with titres ranging from 1:10 to 1:160. These titres fell rapidly, eg, from 1:160 to 1:10 within 60 days. These results incriminate the domestic fowl as a major reservoir for the virus, and suggest that the life of immunoglobulins against EEE is short in birds. Thus, the large number of negative serological tests found in previous investigations might be misleading since positive sera might have been missed between intervals of capture and recapture of the birds. The results indicate that investigators could usefully modify their procedure by bleeding wild birds as early as one to two weeks after initial capture. The importance and duration of the dominant avian anti-EEE virus immunoglobulins should be investigated.", "contents": "The role of chickens in the epidemiology of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in Jamaica. Since 1962, when Jamaica experienced its first and only outbreak of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE), surveillance for the causative virus has been in progress. Wild birds, rodents, mosquitoes, sandflies and sentinels (domestic chickens, guinea pigs, mice and hamsters) have been constantly examined for EEE virus and serological conversion. In essence, only negative results have been obtained. Since June 1976, domestic chickens have been investigated as a possible reservoir and several have been found to have haemagglutinating antibodies, with titres ranging from 1:10 to 1:160. These titres fell rapidly, eg, from 1:160 to 1:10 within 60 days. These results incriminate the domestic fowl as a major reservoir for the virus, and suggest that the life of immunoglobulins against EEE is short in birds. Thus, the large number of negative serological tests found in previous investigations might be misleading since positive sera might have been missed between intervals of capture and recapture of the birds. The results indicate that investigators could usefully modify their procedure by bleeding wild birds as early as one to two weeks after initial capture. The importance and duration of the dominant avian anti-EEE virus immunoglobulins should be investigated.", "PMID": 725335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10335", "title": "Newcastle disease virus surveillance in Hong Kong on local and imported poultry.", "content": "Surveillance of apparently healthy ducks, geese and fowl originating in Hong Kong and the People's Republic of China at a poultry dressing plant in Hong Kong yielded 67 isolates of Newcastle disease virus. More than twice as many viruses were isolated from the cloaca than from the trachea. Twelve representative isolates were examined in virulence tests--all six of the fowl isolates and two of five duck isolates behaved as velogenic strains, the other four were lentogenic.", "contents": "Newcastle disease virus surveillance in Hong Kong on local and imported poultry. Surveillance of apparently healthy ducks, geese and fowl originating in Hong Kong and the People's Republic of China at a poultry dressing plant in Hong Kong yielded 67 isolates of Newcastle disease virus. More than twice as many viruses were isolated from the cloaca than from the trachea. Twelve representative isolates were examined in virulence tests--all six of the fowl isolates and two of five duck isolates behaved as velogenic strains, the other four were lentogenic.", "PMID": 725336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10336", "title": "Comparison of the effect of drugs on Babesia in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "It was previously shown that Babesia-infected blood maintained in vitro incorporated high levels of 3H hypoxanthine and that the uptake could be suppressed by babesicidal drugs. In the current paper the hypoxanthine pathway was shown to be the most sensitive in testing such drugs for activity in vitro. Other pathways involving orotic acid, glutamine or thymidine were less sensitive. The highest counts were achieved when 3H hypoxanthine was added 1 h after cultures were set up. Drugs which had previously shown activity against Babesia in vitro were added to cultures of B rodhaini and after 24 h incubation parasitised cells were inoculated into groups of mice. Known babesicidal drugs suppressed or delayed infection in mice and 3H hypoxanthine analogues also showed some activity. These analogues, however, showed no therapeutic properties when injected into B rodhaini infected mice.", "contents": "Comparison of the effect of drugs on Babesia in vitro and in vivo. It was previously shown that Babesia-infected blood maintained in vitro incorporated high levels of 3H hypoxanthine and that the uptake could be suppressed by babesicidal drugs. In the current paper the hypoxanthine pathway was shown to be the most sensitive in testing such drugs for activity in vitro. Other pathways involving orotic acid, glutamine or thymidine were less sensitive. The highest counts were achieved when 3H hypoxanthine was added 1 h after cultures were set up. Drugs which had previously shown activity against Babesia in vitro were added to cultures of B rodhaini and after 24 h incubation parasitised cells were inoculated into groups of mice. Known babesicidal drugs suppressed or delayed infection in mice and 3H hypoxanthine analogues also showed some activity. These analogues, however, showed no therapeutic properties when injected into B rodhaini infected mice.", "PMID": 725337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10337", "title": "In vivo changes in the composition of cattle skin surface lipid with time.", "content": "The skin surface lipid composition was examined in cattle over a period of 13 days after cleaning the skin at 15 degrees C and 35 degrees C. Little change was observed in the concentrations and fatty acid compositions of all the major sebum fractions other than the unesterified fatty acids. Changes which occurred in the proportions of fatty acids present in the unesterified fatty acid fraction were similar at both environments. At 15 degrees C the total amounts per unit area of unesterified fatty acids on the skin did not alter significantly with time. However, at 35 degrees C there was a significant increase in the total amounts of unesterified fatty acids per unit area and concomitant increases in the amounts of individual fatty acids, in particular linoleic acid.", "contents": "In vivo changes in the composition of cattle skin surface lipid with time. The skin surface lipid composition was examined in cattle over a period of 13 days after cleaning the skin at 15 degrees C and 35 degrees C. Little change was observed in the concentrations and fatty acid compositions of all the major sebum fractions other than the unesterified fatty acids. Changes which occurred in the proportions of fatty acids present in the unesterified fatty acid fraction were similar at both environments. At 15 degrees C the total amounts per unit area of unesterified fatty acids on the skin did not alter significantly with time. However, at 35 degrees C there was a significant increase in the total amounts of unesterified fatty acids per unit area and concomitant increases in the amounts of individual fatty acids, in particular linoleic acid.", "PMID": 725338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10338", "title": "Identification of Echinococcus granulosus strains by enzyme electrophoresis.", "content": "Hydatid cysts were collected from camels, horses, oxen and sheep in various geographical locations. Extracts from them were compared for electrophoretic forms of glucose phosphate isomerase. All horse cyst extracts had identical zymogram patterns. These differed markedly in mobility from those of cattle and sheep cysts, all of which were identical to one another. Extracts from camels were compared indirectly and may show a third type of pattern.", "contents": "Identification of Echinococcus granulosus strains by enzyme electrophoresis. Hydatid cysts were collected from camels, horses, oxen and sheep in various geographical locations. Extracts from them were compared for electrophoretic forms of glucose phosphate isomerase. All horse cyst extracts had identical zymogram patterns. These differed markedly in mobility from those of cattle and sheep cysts, all of which were identical to one another. Extracts from camels were compared indirectly and may show a third type of pattern.", "PMID": 725339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10339", "title": "Efficacy of thiophanate and thiabendazole against inhibited trichostrongylid larvae in sheep.", "content": "In a trial with natural infections of trichostrongyles in sheep, thiophanate and thiabendazole at 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg bodyweight were highly effective in removing all stages of development of the helminths including the inhibited stages. At 50 mg/kg bodyweight however, both drugs were only capable of reducing helminth load.", "contents": "Efficacy of thiophanate and thiabendazole against inhibited trichostrongylid larvae in sheep. In a trial with natural infections of trichostrongyles in sheep, thiophanate and thiabendazole at 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg bodyweight were highly effective in removing all stages of development of the helminths including the inhibited stages. At 50 mg/kg bodyweight however, both drugs were only capable of reducing helminth load.", "PMID": 725340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10340", "title": "The growth of akabane virus in chicken embryos.", "content": "Akabane virus produced either death or developmental abnormalities including arthrogryposis in chicken embryos inoculated by the yolk sac route when four days old. The effects depended on the dose of virus. Yolk sac inoculation of seven-day-old embryos did not result in abnormal embryos, but some chickens were viraemic when they hatched. Inoculation of older embryos intravenously, into the allantoic cavity, or onto the chorioallantoic membrane had no effect on the embryo and akabane virus was not recovered.", "contents": "The growth of akabane virus in chicken embryos. Akabane virus produced either death or developmental abnormalities including arthrogryposis in chicken embryos inoculated by the yolk sac route when four days old. The effects depended on the dose of virus. Yolk sac inoculation of seven-day-old embryos did not result in abnormal embryos, but some chickens were viraemic when they hatched. Inoculation of older embryos intravenously, into the allantoic cavity, or onto the chorioallantoic membrane had no effect on the embryo and akabane virus was not recovered.", "PMID": 725341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10341", "title": "Changes in the concentration of copper in serum of sheep during halothane anaesthesia.", "content": "Concentrations of serum copper and caeruloplasmin were measured in jugular blood samples of sheep before, during and after halothane anaesthesia. Significant decreases were recorded in the concentration of serum copper during anaesthesia, but caeruloplasmin activity did not change significantly. The serum copper concentration increased when the sheep were allowed to recover, and returned to pre-anaesthetic values after 3 h.", "contents": "Changes in the concentration of copper in serum of sheep during halothane anaesthesia. Concentrations of serum copper and caeruloplasmin were measured in jugular blood samples of sheep before, during and after halothane anaesthesia. Significant decreases were recorded in the concentration of serum copper during anaesthesia, but caeruloplasmin activity did not change significantly. The serum copper concentration increased when the sheep were allowed to recover, and returned to pre-anaesthetic values after 3 h.", "PMID": 725342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10342", "title": "[Clinical anatomical study of a case of amnesic encephalitis of herpetic origin (author's transl)].", "content": "A report on a case of herpes encephalitis in a patient of particularly high intellectual level who was kept under observation for a period of 13 years. Anatomical examination of the brain demonstrated massive bilateral destruction of the limbic system. Having studied the higher functions of this patient for many months it was possible to establish interesting correlations relating to the role of the limbic system. It appears to be indispensable for the utilization of verbal, praxognosic, and conceptual information. Though this is still retained in the intact neocortex, mobilization of the information is possible only when stimuli arise from the exterior and for as long as they last. Spontaneous evocation of this data is, in fact, impossible, as is the stocking of new information. The limbic system, therefore, while not being the site of retention of memorised informations which is the role of the neocortex, appears to be a logic system. Which is indispensable for proper functioning of the memory machine.", "contents": "[Clinical anatomical study of a case of amnesic encephalitis of herpetic origin (author's transl)]. A report on a case of herpes encephalitis in a patient of particularly high intellectual level who was kept under observation for a period of 13 years. Anatomical examination of the brain demonstrated massive bilateral destruction of the limbic system. Having studied the higher functions of this patient for many months it was possible to establish interesting correlations relating to the role of the limbic system. It appears to be indispensable for the utilization of verbal, praxognosic, and conceptual information. Though this is still retained in the intact neocortex, mobilization of the information is possible only when stimuli arise from the exterior and for as long as they last. Spontaneous evocation of this data is, in fact, impossible, as is the stocking of new information. The limbic system, therefore, while not being the site of retention of memorised informations which is the role of the neocortex, appears to be a logic system. Which is indispensable for proper functioning of the memory machine.", "PMID": 725399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10343", "title": "[Emergency disobliteration of the carotid prepolygonal segment. Personal experience of 76 cases].", "content": "The authors report 76 cases of carotid obstruction, mainly localized at the origin of the carotid artery, that have been operated upon in emergency. Two types of lesions are considered: occlusion and very tight stenosis. The principle of early surgery in cases of acute occlusion is very controverse. According to the facts reported (38 cases) results are rewarding when operative decision is taken under precise conditions judged as favorable: short lapse of time since occlusive onset, absence of intracranial hypertension, absence of comatose state and no sign of brain oedema. Some patients under go surgery in the priviledged condition of being already in a medico-surgical unit (post operative, post angiographic, embolic occlusions). Majority present the most common hemiplegic attack. However difficulty resides in the inefficient mode of transport to hospital and lack of highly specialized units on admission. A very tight stenosis (at extreme a pseudo-occlusive stenosis) with clinical recurrent deficit, modified Loppler's recording and hemodynamic repercussion at angiography is an operative emergency. When results of early surgery on 38 cases of stenosis are compared to those of late operation in 14 similar cases early decision becomes compulsory once tight stenosis of the carotid artery is identified and operative criteria respected. In the light of this report that \"wait and see attitude\" needs be somewhat revised when confronted to the dramatic ictal hemiplegia.", "contents": "[Emergency disobliteration of the carotid prepolygonal segment. Personal experience of 76 cases]. The authors report 76 cases of carotid obstruction, mainly localized at the origin of the carotid artery, that have been operated upon in emergency. Two types of lesions are considered: occlusion and very tight stenosis. The principle of early surgery in cases of acute occlusion is very controverse. According to the facts reported (38 cases) results are rewarding when operative decision is taken under precise conditions judged as favorable: short lapse of time since occlusive onset, absence of intracranial hypertension, absence of comatose state and no sign of brain oedema. Some patients under go surgery in the priviledged condition of being already in a medico-surgical unit (post operative, post angiographic, embolic occlusions). Majority present the most common hemiplegic attack. However difficulty resides in the inefficient mode of transport to hospital and lack of highly specialized units on admission. A very tight stenosis (at extreme a pseudo-occlusive stenosis) with clinical recurrent deficit, modified Loppler's recording and hemodynamic repercussion at angiography is an operative emergency. When results of early surgery on 38 cases of stenosis are compared to those of late operation in 14 similar cases early decision becomes compulsory once tight stenosis of the carotid artery is identified and operative criteria respected. In the light of this report that \"wait and see attitude\" needs be somewhat revised when confronted to the dramatic ictal hemiplegia.", "PMID": 725400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10344", "title": "[A case of nemaline myopathy studied over a period of nine years (author's transl)].", "content": "We report a case of a boy of 13 who was born with muscular hypotony which has tended to improve over the course of the years. We was examined for the first time when he was 4 years old and a diagnosis was made of \"congenital myopathy\". Examination showed curved feet, gothie palate, severe laxity of the ligaments, and spider fingers which evoked Marfan's syndrome. The present myopathy is concentrated in the shoulder girdle and the E.M.G. showed \"myogenic\" tracings. Biopsy of the deltoid showed the presence of large numbers of rods in all muscle fibers stained with Engel's modified trichromic stain, localized mainly under the sarcolemma. Histochemical staining showed no evidence of differences in the fibers, all of which had the same enzymatic activity. A diagnosis was made of nemaline myopathy. As we were able to follow clinical progress in this case for nine consecutive years we could confirm that not only was the disease non-progressive but that it was regressing in this patient.", "contents": "[A case of nemaline myopathy studied over a period of nine years (author's transl)]. We report a case of a boy of 13 who was born with muscular hypotony which has tended to improve over the course of the years. We was examined for the first time when he was 4 years old and a diagnosis was made of \"congenital myopathy\". Examination showed curved feet, gothie palate, severe laxity of the ligaments, and spider fingers which evoked Marfan's syndrome. The present myopathy is concentrated in the shoulder girdle and the E.M.G. showed \"myogenic\" tracings. Biopsy of the deltoid showed the presence of large numbers of rods in all muscle fibers stained with Engel's modified trichromic stain, localized mainly under the sarcolemma. Histochemical staining showed no evidence of differences in the fibers, all of which had the same enzymatic activity. A diagnosis was made of nemaline myopathy. As we were able to follow clinical progress in this case for nine consecutive years we could confirm that not only was the disease non-progressive but that it was regressing in this patient.", "PMID": 725401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10345", "title": "[Acute hemorrhagic leucoencephalitis during tuberculosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a fairly typical clinico-pathological case of acute hemorragic leucoencephalitis (A.H.L.E.). Both clinical and histological features appeared particularly acute. At autopsy a visceral evolving tuberculosis was diagnosed. Such an etiological circumstance has not been, apparently, reported in cases of A.H.L.E. published as such. Three other etiological circumstances were noticed: pyuria, treatment by cephalotin and treatment by gentamycine. The physiopathogenesis of A.H.L.E. remains obscure and will not be clarified before detailed immunological studies can be performed. But the disease is rare and brisk and diagnosis usually post-mortem.", "contents": "[Acute hemorrhagic leucoencephalitis during tuberculosis (author's transl)]. The authors report a fairly typical clinico-pathological case of acute hemorragic leucoencephalitis (A.H.L.E.). Both clinical and histological features appeared particularly acute. At autopsy a visceral evolving tuberculosis was diagnosed. Such an etiological circumstance has not been, apparently, reported in cases of A.H.L.E. published as such. Three other etiological circumstances were noticed: pyuria, treatment by cephalotin and treatment by gentamycine. The physiopathogenesis of A.H.L.E. remains obscure and will not be clarified before detailed immunological studies can be performed. But the disease is rare and brisk and diagnosis usually post-mortem.", "PMID": 725402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10346", "title": "[Long-term prognostic factors in Parkinson's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Acturial methods are used to study the correlation between the initial condition and early therapeutic results, and the present condition of 164 parkinsonian patients treated with L. dopa for 4 to 8 years. There is an ineluctable deterioration in motility. There is a lower risk in patients who are autonomous and only slightly akinetic at the beginning of treatment. Intellectual deterioration is seen in some patients only. The risk factors are: males, the clinical forms of Parkinson's disease in which tremor is not predominant, onset of the disease before 60 years of age, and depression and transitory psychotic disorders during the first year of treatment. This deterioration appears 3 to 5 years after starting dopatherapy, which could be the cause. Life expectancy is still reduced by the disease at the present time. It is longer in patients in whom the disease started with isolated tremors, absence of Babinski's sign, and no loss of autonomy, and those in whom a good initial therapeutic result was obtained.", "contents": "[Long-term prognostic factors in Parkinson's disease (author's transl)]. Acturial methods are used to study the correlation between the initial condition and early therapeutic results, and the present condition of 164 parkinsonian patients treated with L. dopa for 4 to 8 years. There is an ineluctable deterioration in motility. There is a lower risk in patients who are autonomous and only slightly akinetic at the beginning of treatment. Intellectual deterioration is seen in some patients only. The risk factors are: males, the clinical forms of Parkinson's disease in which tremor is not predominant, onset of the disease before 60 years of age, and depression and transitory psychotic disorders during the first year of treatment. This deterioration appears 3 to 5 years after starting dopatherapy, which could be the cause. Life expectancy is still reduced by the disease at the present time. It is longer in patients in whom the disease started with isolated tremors, absence of Babinski's sign, and no loss of autonomy, and those in whom a good initial therapeutic result was obtained.", "PMID": 725403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10347", "title": "[Recording of human eye movements in cases of unilateral lesions of the paramedian pontine reticular formation (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical observation of two cases with a particular type of Foville's syndrome appears to confirm physiological data from many experimental studies on the paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF). The nature of the oculomotor syndrome, which was confirmed by electrooculographic recordings, together with the analysis of pathognomonic features, suggested the existence of limited unilateral pontine lesions involving the formation. Rather than relying on subtle differences in ocular reflex signs it should be noted that each PPRF produces all homolateral saccades and controls pursuit eye movements in both directions, though only in the homolateral hemifield of eye movements.", "contents": "[Recording of human eye movements in cases of unilateral lesions of the paramedian pontine reticular formation (author's transl)]. Clinical observation of two cases with a particular type of Foville's syndrome appears to confirm physiological data from many experimental studies on the paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF). The nature of the oculomotor syndrome, which was confirmed by electrooculographic recordings, together with the analysis of pathognomonic features, suggested the existence of limited unilateral pontine lesions involving the formation. Rather than relying on subtle differences in ocular reflex signs it should be noted that each PPRF produces all homolateral saccades and controls pursuit eye movements in both directions, though only in the homolateral hemifield of eye movements.", "PMID": 725404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10348", "title": "Ketoprofen experiences.", "content": "Ketoprofen is better tolerated than the other most common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Cross-reactivity in the form of allergic reactions appears almost non-existent. The G.I. symptoms are less pronounced with ketoprofen than with the other drugs tested so far.", "contents": "Ketoprofen experiences. Ketoprofen is better tolerated than the other most common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Cross-reactivity in the form of allergic reactions appears almost non-existent. The G.I. symptoms are less pronounced with ketoprofen than with the other drugs tested so far.", "PMID": 725433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10349", "title": "Some physical data about passive anterior rhinomanometry (P.A.R.).", "content": "The authors studied the physical data of the passive anterior rhinomanometry (P.A.R). The values obtained from thirty normal test subjects made it possible to make a statistical analysis (ANOVA) of the different variables involved with the P.A.R. By measuring \"delta p\" with successively changing flows, it was possible to determine that the airstream was mainly laminar.", "contents": "Some physical data about passive anterior rhinomanometry (P.A.R.). The authors studied the physical data of the passive anterior rhinomanometry (P.A.R). The values obtained from thirty normal test subjects made it possible to make a statistical analysis (ANOVA) of the different variables involved with the P.A.R. By measuring \"delta p\" with successively changing flows, it was possible to determine that the airstream was mainly laminar.", "PMID": 725434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10350", "title": "Surgical approaches to abnormalities of the nasal valve.", "content": "A systematic surgical approach to nasal valve abnormalities depends on adequate and precise exposure of the abnormality to be corrected and is facilitated by the use of magnification. Small anatomic disturbances in the region of the nasal valve can produce significant airway obstruction by narrowing the nasal valve angle. Normally, this angle between the caudal end of the upper lateral cartilage and the nasal septum is from 10 to 15 degree. In all patients with nasal airway obstruction, a meticulous clinical evaluation of the nasal valve is required. Nasal valve abnormalities can produce symptoms due to an already increased collapsibility of the nasal valve; therefore surgical intervention is directed toward reconstruction of normal anatomic relationships, usually by widening the nasal valve angle and preventing either extreme of rigidity or collapsibility. Appropriate and delicate handling of the intercartilaginous aponeurosis between the upper lateral (roof) cartilage and the lower lateral (lobular or alar) cartilage with prevention of excessive scar tissue formation usually can be achieved by dissection on the upper lateral cartilage. The surgical plane is beneath the overlying musculature and neurovascular layers. By preserving the mucocutaneous lining and by accurate suturing of incisions, primary wound healing is facilitated. Clinical experience suggest that the application of these concepts benefits patients by preventing or treating abnormalities of the nasal valve. Eventually, longterm results with preoperative and postoperative physiologic testing (rhinomanometry), coupled with critical clinical re-evaluation, should allow adoption, rejection, or, more likely, modification of the principles offered by this contribution.", "contents": "Surgical approaches to abnormalities of the nasal valve. A systematic surgical approach to nasal valve abnormalities depends on adequate and precise exposure of the abnormality to be corrected and is facilitated by the use of magnification. Small anatomic disturbances in the region of the nasal valve can produce significant airway obstruction by narrowing the nasal valve angle. Normally, this angle between the caudal end of the upper lateral cartilage and the nasal septum is from 10 to 15 degree. In all patients with nasal airway obstruction, a meticulous clinical evaluation of the nasal valve is required. Nasal valve abnormalities can produce symptoms due to an already increased collapsibility of the nasal valve; therefore surgical intervention is directed toward reconstruction of normal anatomic relationships, usually by widening the nasal valve angle and preventing either extreme of rigidity or collapsibility. Appropriate and delicate handling of the intercartilaginous aponeurosis between the upper lateral (roof) cartilage and the lower lateral (lobular or alar) cartilage with prevention of excessive scar tissue formation usually can be achieved by dissection on the upper lateral cartilage. The surgical plane is beneath the overlying musculature and neurovascular layers. By preserving the mucocutaneous lining and by accurate suturing of incisions, primary wound healing is facilitated. Clinical experience suggest that the application of these concepts benefits patients by preventing or treating abnormalities of the nasal valve. Eventually, longterm results with preoperative and postoperative physiologic testing (rhinomanometry), coupled with critical clinical re-evaluation, should allow adoption, rejection, or, more likely, modification of the principles offered by this contribution.", "PMID": 725435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10351", "title": "[Criteria in plain radiograms for the diagnostic valuation of pulmonary hemodynamics in mitral valve disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Changes in the heart and lungs in patients with organic mitral valve disease, which can be demonstrated on plain radiographs, were correlated to pulmonary pressure. The most important radiologic criteria were: the extent of dilatation of the out flow tract of the right ventricle, enlargement of the left and the right pulmonary artery, the degree of interstitial pulmonary edema, enlargement of left atrium and calcification of mitral valve. With a point valuation of the criteria a prediction of pulmonary hypertension in mitral valve disease from plain radiographs is possible.", "contents": "[Criteria in plain radiograms for the diagnostic valuation of pulmonary hemodynamics in mitral valve disease (author's transl)]. Changes in the heart and lungs in patients with organic mitral valve disease, which can be demonstrated on plain radiographs, were correlated to pulmonary pressure. The most important radiologic criteria were: the extent of dilatation of the out flow tract of the right ventricle, enlargement of the left and the right pulmonary artery, the degree of interstitial pulmonary edema, enlargement of left atrium and calcification of mitral valve. With a point valuation of the criteria a prediction of pulmonary hypertension in mitral valve disease from plain radiographs is possible.", "PMID": 725443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10352", "title": "[Transarferial xero-arteriography--an alternative method in conventional angiography of the extremities (author's transl)].", "content": "The technique of transarterial xeroarteriography and its results are presented. The range of indication of transarterial xero-arteriography is the demonstration of localised vascular sections of the arteries of the extremities. The advantages are, above all, the simple and less hazardous examination technique, the possibility of examination on an outpatient basis, examination despite anticoagulant therapy, and especially of examining bedridden patients eg in the ward. Drawbacks are: The limited format of the xerox cassettes, the relative sensitivity of the cassettes, and extinction phenomena occurring during the xeroradiography.", "contents": "[Transarferial xero-arteriography--an alternative method in conventional angiography of the extremities (author's transl)]. The technique of transarterial xeroarteriography and its results are presented. The range of indication of transarterial xero-arteriography is the demonstration of localised vascular sections of the arteries of the extremities. The advantages are, above all, the simple and less hazardous examination technique, the possibility of examination on an outpatient basis, examination despite anticoagulant therapy, and especially of examining bedridden patients eg in the ward. Drawbacks are: The limited format of the xerox cassettes, the relative sensitivity of the cassettes, and extinction phenomena occurring during the xeroradiography.", "PMID": 725444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10353", "title": "[Index of brain volume and space occupied by the CSF--A parameter for the diagnosis of hydrocephalus via computerised tomography (author's transl)].", "content": "Cranial computerised tomography allows to calculate, from the volume elements of all layers, the volume of the brain and of the outer and inner spaces occupied by the cerebrospinal fluid. The ratio between the volume of the brain and of the spaces occupied by the CSF is represented by an index figure known as brain--liquor space index. Success of therapy is objectivated by a change of the index as determined by control examinations.", "contents": "[Index of brain volume and space occupied by the CSF--A parameter for the diagnosis of hydrocephalus via computerised tomography (author's transl)]. Cranial computerised tomography allows to calculate, from the volume elements of all layers, the volume of the brain and of the outer and inner spaces occupied by the cerebrospinal fluid. The ratio between the volume of the brain and of the spaces occupied by the CSF is represented by an index figure known as brain--liquor space index. Success of therapy is objectivated by a change of the index as determined by control examinations.", "PMID": 725445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10354", "title": "[The importance of the intervertebral disk in the differential diagnosis of traumatic, inflammatory and congenital spondylopathies (author's transl)].", "content": "A review of the pathology of the intervertebral disk from the differential diagnostic angle could be neither systematic nor at all comprehensive, and had to be necessarily selective. The total relevant knowledge, without being restricted to differential diagnosis, is contained in far more than 5,000 individual publications. I hope that the few facts presented here will convey an idea of the dimensions, and that the selection will be found interesting.", "contents": "[The importance of the intervertebral disk in the differential diagnosis of traumatic, inflammatory and congenital spondylopathies (author's transl)]. A review of the pathology of the intervertebral disk from the differential diagnostic angle could be neither systematic nor at all comprehensive, and had to be necessarily selective. The total relevant knowledge, without being restricted to differential diagnosis, is contained in far more than 5,000 individual publications. I hope that the few facts presented here will convey an idea of the dimensions, and that the selection will be found interesting.", "PMID": 725446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10355", "title": "[Infusion urography with joxitalmat comparative study with different infusion solutions (author's transl)].", "content": "In a total of 157 patients, comparative infusion urography was conducted using different concentrations of the same infusion substance Joxitalmat (Telebrix). No fatal or severe side effects caused by the contrast medium were seen. Infusion of the 66% contrast medium solution C produced mild side effects in 9% of the patients, whereas 4% resp. 2% side effects occurred with the solutions A (39.7%) and B (36.6%). Hence, solutions A and B appear to be more appropriate for clinical diagnostics, the diagnostic value being approximately the same for all three solutions under investigation.", "contents": "[Infusion urography with joxitalmat comparative study with different infusion solutions (author's transl)]. In a total of 157 patients, comparative infusion urography was conducted using different concentrations of the same infusion substance Joxitalmat (Telebrix). No fatal or severe side effects caused by the contrast medium were seen. Infusion of the 66% contrast medium solution C produced mild side effects in 9% of the patients, whereas 4% resp. 2% side effects occurred with the solutions A (39.7%) and B (36.6%). Hence, solutions A and B appear to be more appropriate for clinical diagnostics, the diagnostic value being approximately the same for all three solutions under investigation.", "PMID": 725447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10356", "title": "[Pseudotumours of the stomach. X-ray and endoscopic correlations (author's transl)].", "content": "15 patients urgently suspected of gastric cancer on account of clinical and x-ray findings were subjected to preoperative gastroscopy. In all cases, a malignant gastric tumour could be excluded via gastroscopy with biopsy. However, in one remarkable case the clinical and x-ray findings had been so typical of a malignant tumour, that surgery was performed despite negative gastroscopy and biopsy. No tumour was found. The x-ray findings were correlated with those of endoscopy. Three patients had hiatal hernia (in one case combined with varices of the fundus of the stomach) and in one case each large and irregular plication was normal in seven cases. The results are discussed on the basis of the findings and relevant literature. It is concluded from this study that routine preoperative gastroscopy with biopsy is mandatory in clinical and x-ray suspicion of gastric cancer, since it may result in avoidance of surgery in some patients.", "contents": "[Pseudotumours of the stomach. X-ray and endoscopic correlations (author's transl)]. 15 patients urgently suspected of gastric cancer on account of clinical and x-ray findings were subjected to preoperative gastroscopy. In all cases, a malignant gastric tumour could be excluded via gastroscopy with biopsy. However, in one remarkable case the clinical and x-ray findings had been so typical of a malignant tumour, that surgery was performed despite negative gastroscopy and biopsy. No tumour was found. The x-ray findings were correlated with those of endoscopy. Three patients had hiatal hernia (in one case combined with varices of the fundus of the stomach) and in one case each large and irregular plication was normal in seven cases. The results are discussed on the basis of the findings and relevant literature. It is concluded from this study that routine preoperative gastroscopy with biopsy is mandatory in clinical and x-ray suspicion of gastric cancer, since it may result in avoidance of surgery in some patients.", "PMID": 725448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10357", "title": "[Enema of the small intestine, or enteroclysm according to sellink (author's transl)].", "content": "When performing the enteroclysm according to Sellink, the barium suspension and subsequently water or air is infused, respectively insufflated, directly into the intestine by means of a Bilbo-Dotter tube. This method allows good morphological diagnosis.", "contents": "[Enema of the small intestine, or enteroclysm according to sellink (author's transl)]. When performing the enteroclysm according to Sellink, the barium suspension and subsequently water or air is infused, respectively insufflated, directly into the intestine by means of a Bilbo-Dotter tube. This method allows good morphological diagnosis.", "PMID": 725449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10358", "title": "[Roentgen examination of the operated small bowel (author's transl)].", "content": "After operations on the small bowel roentgenology shall help in the diagnosis of complications (suture insufficiency, peritonitis, hemorrhage, ileus), shall analyse the modified function and shall identify reappearing tumors or Crohn's disease. Watersoluble jodated substances are preferable during the first days. Later barium suspensions permit to obtain pictures of good quality. Middle and lower segments of the small bowl are best analysed with duodenal intubation. Pneumocolon gives often the best results in controlling ileocolic anastomosis.", "contents": "[Roentgen examination of the operated small bowel (author's transl)]. After operations on the small bowel roentgenology shall help in the diagnosis of complications (suture insufficiency, peritonitis, hemorrhage, ileus), shall analyse the modified function and shall identify reappearing tumors or Crohn's disease. Watersoluble jodated substances are preferable during the first days. Later barium suspensions permit to obtain pictures of good quality. Middle and lower segments of the small bowl are best analysed with duodenal intubation. Pneumocolon gives often the best results in controlling ileocolic anastomosis.", "PMID": 725450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10359", "title": "[Allergy to patent blue: lymphangiography with dye (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on more than 3000 cases of lymphangiography with Patent Blue. There were no complications. The causes of the different rates of complications in the literature are discussed.", "contents": "[Allergy to patent blue: lymphangiography with dye (author's transl)]. Report on more than 3000 cases of lymphangiography with Patent Blue. There were no complications. The causes of the different rates of complications in the literature are discussed.", "PMID": 725452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10360", "title": "[Evolution of patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with immunosuppressive agents between 1965 and 1973].", "content": "The authors report the results of a study of 139 of their patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis, treated with chlorambucil of cyclophosphamide between 1965 and December 1973, with an observation period of 4 to 12 years. 8 patients were lost to follow-up, 38 died and 93 were reexamined. In this series 7 deaths were attributed to hemolymphoreticulopathy of various cytological types; 6 deaths were due to visceral cancer and 2 others to cancer of the tonsils. They confirm that such treatments increase the risk of hemopathy but apparently not the risk of visceral cancer. The risk was not a function of the total dose of the drug administered since no neoplasia was observed in the 25 subjects who received the highest doses. The addition of chlorambucil to cyclophosphamide seems to increase the risk of hemopathy. It was noticed that the 7 cases of hemolymphoreticulopathy occured after 60 years.", "contents": "[Evolution of patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with immunosuppressive agents between 1965 and 1973]. The authors report the results of a study of 139 of their patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis, treated with chlorambucil of cyclophosphamide between 1965 and December 1973, with an observation period of 4 to 12 years. 8 patients were lost to follow-up, 38 died and 93 were reexamined. In this series 7 deaths were attributed to hemolymphoreticulopathy of various cytological types; 6 deaths were due to visceral cancer and 2 others to cancer of the tonsils. They confirm that such treatments increase the risk of hemopathy but apparently not the risk of visceral cancer. The risk was not a function of the total dose of the drug administered since no neoplasia was observed in the 25 subjects who received the highest doses. The addition of chlorambucil to cyclophosphamide seems to increase the risk of hemopathy. It was noticed that the 7 cases of hemolymphoreticulopathy occured after 60 years.", "PMID": 725461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10361", "title": "[Multifocal tuberculous osteoarthritis and synovitis. 10 cases].", "content": "Synovial or osteo-articular tuberculosis is multifocal in about 10 percent of cases. Here, this form strikes older people and quite frequently the patients receive corticotherapy because of confusion with rheumatism. This premature treatment delays the diagnosis and at the same time favors the spreading of the germ. The 10 patients observed in this study had an average of 3 focuses simultaneously, the sites most often involved being the synovialis of the flexors of the fingers, the discovertebral articulations, the knee and the tibiotarsalis. The diagnosis is based on the presence of fistula (4 times out of 10), x-ray of the lungs (4 miliaries and 1 infiltrate), films of the spine (characteristic images of Pott, 6 times), the bacteriological study (recovery of Koch bacillus 3 times upon direct examination and 6 times after culture) and finally the biopsy of the synovialis (specific synovitis 3 times out of 4 biopsies). Antituberculosis treatment often involved tolerance problems. It helped to cure 7 patients with few sequelae on the whole. The 3 other patients died either because of old age or complications due to corticosteroids.", "contents": "[Multifocal tuberculous osteoarthritis and synovitis. 10 cases]. Synovial or osteo-articular tuberculosis is multifocal in about 10 percent of cases. Here, this form strikes older people and quite frequently the patients receive corticotherapy because of confusion with rheumatism. This premature treatment delays the diagnosis and at the same time favors the spreading of the germ. The 10 patients observed in this study had an average of 3 focuses simultaneously, the sites most often involved being the synovialis of the flexors of the fingers, the discovertebral articulations, the knee and the tibiotarsalis. The diagnosis is based on the presence of fistula (4 times out of 10), x-ray of the lungs (4 miliaries and 1 infiltrate), films of the spine (characteristic images of Pott, 6 times), the bacteriological study (recovery of Koch bacillus 3 times upon direct examination and 6 times after culture) and finally the biopsy of the synovialis (specific synovitis 3 times out of 4 biopsies). Antituberculosis treatment often involved tolerance problems. It helped to cure 7 patients with few sequelae on the whole. The 3 other patients died either because of old age or complications due to corticosteroids.", "PMID": 725462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10362", "title": "[Sesamoid pathology of the 1st metatarsal bone].", "content": "The sesamoid region constitutes an \"anatomo-clinical entity\" because the small sesamoid bones and the tendino-sero-cutaneous formations which surround them are in close association. Subjected to various microtraumatisms, (professional, sports or static), it expresses its pathology through a painful sesamoid point, a localized tumefaction that is more or less ifnlammatory (sometimes with a pseudo-gout aspect) or a painful corn that disturbs walking. The observation of radiologic alterations of the sesamoid bones results in the discussion of osteonecrosis (Renander's disease) or a fracture. This region may also be the site of a specific micro-cristalline inflammation (with deposit of various crystals) or a rheumatic (mainly rheumatoid, sometimes psioriatic or spondylarthritic) responsible for sesamoid alterations of variable intensity. I can also be involved in an infectious process that is either acute or chronic (fistulization). The sesamoid region has a rich pathology, that is often poorly understood since it is inadequately investigated.", "contents": "[Sesamoid pathology of the 1st metatarsal bone]. The sesamoid region constitutes an \"anatomo-clinical entity\" because the small sesamoid bones and the tendino-sero-cutaneous formations which surround them are in close association. Subjected to various microtraumatisms, (professional, sports or static), it expresses its pathology through a painful sesamoid point, a localized tumefaction that is more or less ifnlammatory (sometimes with a pseudo-gout aspect) or a painful corn that disturbs walking. The observation of radiologic alterations of the sesamoid bones results in the discussion of osteonecrosis (Renander's disease) or a fracture. This region may also be the site of a specific micro-cristalline inflammation (with deposit of various crystals) or a rheumatic (mainly rheumatoid, sometimes psioriatic or spondylarthritic) responsible for sesamoid alterations of variable intensity. I can also be involved in an infectious process that is either acute or chronic (fistulization). The sesamoid region has a rich pathology, that is often poorly understood since it is inadequately investigated.", "PMID": 725464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10363", "title": "[Injection of the sacrolumbar roots: a complementary method of staging sciatica. 18 cases].", "content": "The injection of the sacrolumbar roots allows, in the first place, the root to be made opaque in order to determine its morphology and, in the second place and above all, causes the disappearance of the radicular pain after injection of a local anesthetic, which helps the degree of sciatica to be identified. This method, which should be limited to exceptional cases, seems to be useful in patients who have undergone lumbar surgery and for whom the interpretation of contrast x-ray exams poses a particularly delicate problem. It can also be advisable when these exams are not conclusive or when the results do not coincide with the clinical data. Since March, 1974, 18 patients have undergone this exam. In 14 cases the disappearance of the radicular syndrome, after injection of xylocain close to the root, has allowed the root in question to be identified. In 3 cases radicular injection has practically made it possible to rule out an organic lesion. This exam had no side effect and was always tolerated even by two patients allergic to iodine.", "contents": "[Injection of the sacrolumbar roots: a complementary method of staging sciatica. 18 cases]. The injection of the sacrolumbar roots allows, in the first place, the root to be made opaque in order to determine its morphology and, in the second place and above all, causes the disappearance of the radicular pain after injection of a local anesthetic, which helps the degree of sciatica to be identified. This method, which should be limited to exceptional cases, seems to be useful in patients who have undergone lumbar surgery and for whom the interpretation of contrast x-ray exams poses a particularly delicate problem. It can also be advisable when these exams are not conclusive or when the results do not coincide with the clinical data. Since March, 1974, 18 patients have undergone this exam. In 14 cases the disappearance of the radicular syndrome, after injection of xylocain close to the root, has allowed the root in question to be identified. In 3 cases radicular injection has practically made it possible to rule out an organic lesion. This exam had no side effect and was always tolerated even by two patients allergic to iodine.", "PMID": 725463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10364", "title": "[Study of 70 cases of rheumatoid polyarthritis treated by pyrithioxin with a 1-year follow-up].", "content": "The authors present their own series of 70 rheumatoidpolyarthritis cases treated with pyrithioxine during one year or more except in the case of failure or intolerance. The following results were observed after one year: 54 percent showed positive results, 34 percent showed no results or dubious ones, and there was 13 percent of discontinuance because of intolerance. Modifications of the posology and methods of administering are proposed, and the role of pyrithioxine, as a basic treatment for rheumatoid polyarthritis, is discussed.", "contents": "[Study of 70 cases of rheumatoid polyarthritis treated by pyrithioxin with a 1-year follow-up]. The authors present their own series of 70 rheumatoidpolyarthritis cases treated with pyrithioxine during one year or more except in the case of failure or intolerance. The following results were observed after one year: 54 percent showed positive results, 34 percent showed no results or dubious ones, and there was 13 percent of discontinuance because of intolerance. Modifications of the posology and methods of administering are proposed, and the role of pyrithioxine, as a basic treatment for rheumatoid polyarthritis, is discussed.", "PMID": 725465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10365", "title": "[Etiologic diagnosis of hypercalcemia. A study of 100 cases].", "content": "On the basis of 100 cases of hypercalcemia, the authors attempt to elucidate the criteria of the etiologic diagnosis. Kidney lithiasis or nephrocalcinosis suggested a primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT I) or an intoxication due to vitamin D. X rays of the skeleton and quantitative histological exams of the bone were not useful in the diagnosis of HPT I. The level of parathormone in the plasma is the best parameter to be used in distinguishing HPT I from other diseases. In the absence of renal insufficiency or severe intestinal disorders, a phospharemia below 2.6 mg/100 ml, a chloremia above 103 m EG/l and bicarbonates below 25 m Eg/l indicate an HPT I or a paraneoplasic. A phosphoremia above 3.2 mg/100 ml runs counter to this diagnosis. The chloremia/phosphoremia ratio is not more helpful than the phosphoremia alone.", "contents": "[Etiologic diagnosis of hypercalcemia. A study of 100 cases]. On the basis of 100 cases of hypercalcemia, the authors attempt to elucidate the criteria of the etiologic diagnosis. Kidney lithiasis or nephrocalcinosis suggested a primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT I) or an intoxication due to vitamin D. X rays of the skeleton and quantitative histological exams of the bone were not useful in the diagnosis of HPT I. The level of parathormone in the plasma is the best parameter to be used in distinguishing HPT I from other diseases. In the absence of renal insufficiency or severe intestinal disorders, a phospharemia below 2.6 mg/100 ml, a chloremia above 103 m EG/l and bicarbonates below 25 m Eg/l indicate an HPT I or a paraneoplasic. A phosphoremia above 3.2 mg/100 ml runs counter to this diagnosis. The chloremia/phosphoremia ratio is not more helpful than the phosphoremia alone.", "PMID": 725466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10366", "title": "[Vasomotor polyarthralgia].", "content": "The authors report 11 observations of middle-age women seeking medical treatment for polyarthralgia most often involving the hands and often several articulations of legs and arms, with pain sometimes increasing during the night and frequently accompanied by a feeling of stiffness in the morning. The clinical, biological, and radiological studies did not disclose any organic disease except for vasomotor disorders of the Raynaud's disease type, acrocyanosis, acrorigor and clubbed fingers. Therapy with vasodilator isoxsuprine caused the disappearance or the diminution of the pain in 10 out of 11 cases. The authors suggest that these polyarthralgia are the consequence of arterioloconstriction which is a disturbance common to all the vasomotor disorders observed in their 11 patients.", "contents": "[Vasomotor polyarthralgia]. The authors report 11 observations of middle-age women seeking medical treatment for polyarthralgia most often involving the hands and often several articulations of legs and arms, with pain sometimes increasing during the night and frequently accompanied by a feeling of stiffness in the morning. The clinical, biological, and radiological studies did not disclose any organic disease except for vasomotor disorders of the Raynaud's disease type, acrocyanosis, acrorigor and clubbed fingers. Therapy with vasodilator isoxsuprine caused the disappearance or the diminution of the pain in 10 out of 11 cases. The authors suggest that these polyarthralgia are the consequence of arterioloconstriction which is a disturbance common to all the vasomotor disorders observed in their 11 patients.", "PMID": 725467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10367", "title": "Long-term observation of subjects with normal mucosa and with superficial gastritis: results of 23--27 years' follow-up examinations.", "content": "261 subjects with a normal body mucosa or with superficial gastritis used as controls for an atrophic gastritis series have been followed up for 23--27 years. Of them, 41 died during the earlier and 63 during the present follow-up period. In all, 141 subjects were reexamined in 1976--1977 and 16 answered a questionnaire. None of the subjects had gastric carcinoma or an adenomatous polyp. One patient diagnosed and reported earlier had died of gastric carcinoma during the present period of observation. Of the subjects with normal body mucosa 58% had developed superficial and 14% atrophic gastritis. Of those with superficial body gastritis 42% had developed atrophic gastritis and 18% showed an improvement of the gastritic changes. It should be noted, however, that earlier examinations were performed with blind biopsy and the present with direct vision gastroscopic biopsy. The state of the antral and body mucosa was similar in 53%, antral changes dominated in 33% and the changes in the body in 14%. Intestinal metaplasia was found in 36%, atypical epithelium in 6%, parietal cell antibodies in 0.5% and intrinsic factor antibodies in 0.5%. The fasting serum gastrin level was above 100 ng/ml in 10%. Only 2 cases fulfilled the morphological, functional and immunological criteria of type A gastritis. The present controls differed from the atrophic gastritis series in that the topography of gastritis was different and in that the incidence of metaplasia, atypia, gastric antibodies and high serum gastrin levels was markedly lower.", "contents": "Long-term observation of subjects with normal mucosa and with superficial gastritis: results of 23--27 years' follow-up examinations. 261 subjects with a normal body mucosa or with superficial gastritis used as controls for an atrophic gastritis series have been followed up for 23--27 years. Of them, 41 died during the earlier and 63 during the present follow-up period. In all, 141 subjects were reexamined in 1976--1977 and 16 answered a questionnaire. None of the subjects had gastric carcinoma or an adenomatous polyp. One patient diagnosed and reported earlier had died of gastric carcinoma during the present period of observation. Of the subjects with normal body mucosa 58% had developed superficial and 14% atrophic gastritis. Of those with superficial body gastritis 42% had developed atrophic gastritis and 18% showed an improvement of the gastritic changes. It should be noted, however, that earlier examinations were performed with blind biopsy and the present with direct vision gastroscopic biopsy. The state of the antral and body mucosa was similar in 53%, antral changes dominated in 33% and the changes in the body in 14%. Intestinal metaplasia was found in 36%, atypical epithelium in 6%, parietal cell antibodies in 0.5% and intrinsic factor antibodies in 0.5%. The fasting serum gastrin level was above 100 ng/ml in 10%. Only 2 cases fulfilled the morphological, functional and immunological criteria of type A gastritis. The present controls differed from the atrophic gastritis series in that the topography of gastritis was different and in that the incidence of metaplasia, atypia, gastric antibodies and high serum gastrin levels was markedly lower.", "PMID": 725497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10368", "title": "A comparative evaluation of endoscopic retrograde pancreatography and secretin-CCK test in the diagnosis of pancreatic disease.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic efficacy of endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) and secretin-CCK test for the diagnosis of pancreatic disease. The bicarbonate output after the secretin stimulation was low in 26 out of 30 patients (87%) with pancreatitis, whereas ERP revealed an abnormal duct in 21 (70%) of these patients. In all 7 patients with pancreatic carcinoma, ERP showed major abnormalities, whereas the bicarbonate output was reduced only in four of them. Thus, the secretin test appears to be at least as efficient as the ERP in disclosing pancreatitis. On the other hand, ERP seems to be a more reliable method for the diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma.", "contents": "A comparative evaluation of endoscopic retrograde pancreatography and secretin-CCK test in the diagnosis of pancreatic disease. The purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic efficacy of endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) and secretin-CCK test for the diagnosis of pancreatic disease. The bicarbonate output after the secretin stimulation was low in 26 out of 30 patients (87%) with pancreatitis, whereas ERP revealed an abnormal duct in 21 (70%) of these patients. In all 7 patients with pancreatic carcinoma, ERP showed major abnormalities, whereas the bicarbonate output was reduced only in four of them. Thus, the secretin test appears to be at least as efficient as the ERP in disclosing pancreatitis. On the other hand, ERP seems to be a more reliable method for the diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma.", "PMID": 725498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10369", "title": "Effect of vasopressin on blood flow distribution in the stomach of cats with gastric ulcer.", "content": "An ulcer was induced in the anterior wall of the antrum by local injection of acetic acid solution. Carbonized microspheres 15 +/- 5 micrometer in diameter, labeled with 85Sr and 141Ce, were used to measure blood flow in different regions and layers of the stomach wall, and in each sample the mucosa was separated from the muscularis. The radioactivity of a blood reference sample and the tissue sample was determined, and the blood flow was calculated for each tissue sample. Two groups of anesthetized animals were used: animals with normal stomachs given vasopressin and animals with a 1-week ulcer given vasopressin. The vasopressin was administered intravenously over a 20-min period. In animals with normal stomachs and in animals with a gastric ulcer vasopressin was found to decrease the blood flow to the stomach in all areas examined. The presence of a 1-week ulcer in the cat did not seem to influence the effect of vasopressin.", "contents": "Effect of vasopressin on blood flow distribution in the stomach of cats with gastric ulcer. An ulcer was induced in the anterior wall of the antrum by local injection of acetic acid solution. Carbonized microspheres 15 +/- 5 micrometer in diameter, labeled with 85Sr and 141Ce, were used to measure blood flow in different regions and layers of the stomach wall, and in each sample the mucosa was separated from the muscularis. The radioactivity of a blood reference sample and the tissue sample was determined, and the blood flow was calculated for each tissue sample. Two groups of anesthetized animals were used: animals with normal stomachs given vasopressin and animals with a 1-week ulcer given vasopressin. The vasopressin was administered intravenously over a 20-min period. In animals with normal stomachs and in animals with a gastric ulcer vasopressin was found to decrease the blood flow to the stomach in all areas examined. The presence of a 1-week ulcer in the cat did not seem to influence the effect of vasopressin.", "PMID": 725499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10370", "title": "Interactions of cholecystokinin (CCK-PZ) and gastrin on motor activity of isolated guinea-pig antrum and fundus.", "content": "Pressure responses to cholecystokinin (CCK-PZ, approximately 500 U/mg) and gastrin (human synthetic gastrin) were investigated in isolated guinea-pig antral and fundal pouches. Both drugs stimulated motor activity, in the antrum mainly by increasing amplitudes and rhythmic activity, in the fundus by increasing basal tension. Antral responses to gastrin were markedly smaller than to CCK-PZ, while the differences were less pronounced in the fundus. Prestimulation with gastrin, being an agonist by itself, significantly reduced the antral responses to submaximal doses of CCK-PZ, while no inhibition was found in the fundus. When pre-exposed to gastrin, the antral dose-response curve to CCK-PZ was flattened, with reduced maximal response, simulating a non-competitive interaction. It seems that gastrin behaves like a partial agonist to CCK-PZ on guinea-pig antral smooth muscle.", "contents": "Interactions of cholecystokinin (CCK-PZ) and gastrin on motor activity of isolated guinea-pig antrum and fundus. Pressure responses to cholecystokinin (CCK-PZ, approximately 500 U/mg) and gastrin (human synthetic gastrin) were investigated in isolated guinea-pig antral and fundal pouches. Both drugs stimulated motor activity, in the antrum mainly by increasing amplitudes and rhythmic activity, in the fundus by increasing basal tension. Antral responses to gastrin were markedly smaller than to CCK-PZ, while the differences were less pronounced in the fundus. Prestimulation with gastrin, being an agonist by itself, significantly reduced the antral responses to submaximal doses of CCK-PZ, while no inhibition was found in the fundus. When pre-exposed to gastrin, the antral dose-response curve to CCK-PZ was flattened, with reduced maximal response, simulating a non-competitive interaction. It seems that gastrin behaves like a partial agonist to CCK-PZ on guinea-pig antral smooth muscle.", "PMID": 725500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10371", "title": "Inhibition of meal-stimulated gastric acid secretion in man by exogenous and endogenous pancreatic glucagon.", "content": "The effect of intravenous infusion of glucagon (300 ng x kg(-1) x h(-1)), 1-arginine (0.6 g x kg(-1) x h(-1)) and of saline on meal-stimulated gastric acid secretion was studied in six healthy volunteers. Infusion of glucagon and 1-arginine enhanced plasma concentrations of pancreatic glucagon to 65--85 pmol/l, a level similar to that seen after a normal protein-rich meal. Both infusions significantly inhibited the acid response to the meal, most pronounced after 1-arginine. The difference in acid inhibition could not be ascribed either to differences in plasma glucagon concentrations or to differences in serum gastrin concentrations. The study supports the concept that pancreatic glucagon is a physiological inhibitor of gastric acid secretion.", "contents": "Inhibition of meal-stimulated gastric acid secretion in man by exogenous and endogenous pancreatic glucagon. The effect of intravenous infusion of glucagon (300 ng x kg(-1) x h(-1)), 1-arginine (0.6 g x kg(-1) x h(-1)) and of saline on meal-stimulated gastric acid secretion was studied in six healthy volunteers. Infusion of glucagon and 1-arginine enhanced plasma concentrations of pancreatic glucagon to 65--85 pmol/l, a level similar to that seen after a normal protein-rich meal. Both infusions significantly inhibited the acid response to the meal, most pronounced after 1-arginine. The difference in acid inhibition could not be ascribed either to differences in plasma glucagon concentrations or to differences in serum gastrin concentrations. The study supports the concept that pancreatic glucagon is a physiological inhibitor of gastric acid secretion.", "PMID": 725501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10372", "title": "The measurement of resting and stimulated lower esophageal sphincter pressure using the rapid pull-through technique of esophageal manometry.", "content": "The value of the rapid pull-through technique of esophageal manometry for the measurement of lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP), in the diagnosis of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux, has been investigated. The technique provides reproducible measurements of LESP in individual subjects during the period of a single recording study. It does not discriminate between normal subjects and patients with symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux in measurements of basal LESP or in measurements of the LESP response to abdominal compression and the cholinergic drugs bethanechol and metoclopramide. The findings of the study suggest that the rapid pull-through technique will not prove helpful in the diagnosis of symptomatic reflux.", "contents": "The measurement of resting and stimulated lower esophageal sphincter pressure using the rapid pull-through technique of esophageal manometry. The value of the rapid pull-through technique of esophageal manometry for the measurement of lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP), in the diagnosis of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux, has been investigated. The technique provides reproducible measurements of LESP in individual subjects during the period of a single recording study. It does not discriminate between normal subjects and patients with symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux in measurements of basal LESP or in measurements of the LESP response to abdominal compression and the cholinergic drugs bethanechol and metoclopramide. The findings of the study suggest that the rapid pull-through technique will not prove helpful in the diagnosis of symptomatic reflux.", "PMID": 725502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10373", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in plasma.", "content": "A sensitive, precise, and specific radioimmunoassay for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is described, with a detection limit of 0.8 pmol/l, within assay precision of 7.8%, and between assay precision of 13.1%. The final dilution of the antiserum to bind 50% of 0.9 fmol 125I-labeled VIP was 1:250000. The antiserum showed an effective equilibrium constant (Keff) according to Scatchard of 7.4 x 1011 l/mol, an average equilibrium constant (Ko) according to Sips of 7.3 x 1011 l/mol, an index of heterogeneity (alpha) according to Sips of 0.99, and a negligible cross-reactivity with secretin. 125I-labeled VIP was prepared by a modified Chloramine-T method, and the label purified on a Sephadex G-15 column followed by a SP Sephadex C-25 column had a specific radioactivity of 1700 muCi/nmol. The present assay allows measurements of fasting plasma VIP in the very low pmol/l range and the increase and gradual fall in plasma VIP subsequent to a brief period of duodenal acidification.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in plasma. A sensitive, precise, and specific radioimmunoassay for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is described, with a detection limit of 0.8 pmol/l, within assay precision of 7.8%, and between assay precision of 13.1%. The final dilution of the antiserum to bind 50% of 0.9 fmol 125I-labeled VIP was 1:250000. The antiserum showed an effective equilibrium constant (Keff) according to Scatchard of 7.4 x 1011 l/mol, an average equilibrium constant (Ko) according to Sips of 7.3 x 1011 l/mol, an index of heterogeneity (alpha) according to Sips of 0.99, and a negligible cross-reactivity with secretin. 125I-labeled VIP was prepared by a modified Chloramine-T method, and the label purified on a Sephadex G-15 column followed by a SP Sephadex C-25 column had a specific radioactivity of 1700 muCi/nmol. The present assay allows measurements of fasting plasma VIP in the very low pmol/l range and the increase and gradual fall in plasma VIP subsequent to a brief period of duodenal acidification.", "PMID": 725503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10374", "title": "The effect of HCl infusion in the lower part of the oesophagus on the pharyngo-oesophageal sphincter pressure in normal subjects.", "content": "A measuring unit combined with a perfused catheter has been developed for measurement of the pharyngo-oesophageal sphincter pressure. The system is able to register pressure measurements using either intermittent or continuous withdrawal of the catheter, at the same flow rate (0.5 ml/min). Repeated measurements of pharyngo-oesophageal sphincter pressure have been made on eight healthy volunteers. No differences were found in the sphincter pressures measured by the continuous and the intermittent withdrawal techniques (p greater than 0.10); the coefficient of variation was 0.18 for both techniques. The pharyngo-oesophageal sphincter pressure was measured during infusion of 0.1 N HCl (5 ml/min) 5 cm proximally to the gastro-oesophageal sphincter. There was an increase in the pharyngo-oesophageal sphincter pressure after 1 min of infusion (p less than 0.05). Measurements after 5 min and 10 min were no different from the initial value; thus a fall was observed between the first and the fifth minute (p less than 0.05). The observed rise in sphincter pressure may be explained as a response acting to prevent gastro-oesophageal reflux from entering the pharynx.", "contents": "The effect of HCl infusion in the lower part of the oesophagus on the pharyngo-oesophageal sphincter pressure in normal subjects. A measuring unit combined with a perfused catheter has been developed for measurement of the pharyngo-oesophageal sphincter pressure. The system is able to register pressure measurements using either intermittent or continuous withdrawal of the catheter, at the same flow rate (0.5 ml/min). Repeated measurements of pharyngo-oesophageal sphincter pressure have been made on eight healthy volunteers. No differences were found in the sphincter pressures measured by the continuous and the intermittent withdrawal techniques (p greater than 0.10); the coefficient of variation was 0.18 for both techniques. The pharyngo-oesophageal sphincter pressure was measured during infusion of 0.1 N HCl (5 ml/min) 5 cm proximally to the gastro-oesophageal sphincter. There was an increase in the pharyngo-oesophageal sphincter pressure after 1 min of infusion (p less than 0.05). Measurements after 5 min and 10 min were no different from the initial value; thus a fall was observed between the first and the fifth minute (p less than 0.05). The observed rise in sphincter pressure may be explained as a response acting to prevent gastro-oesophageal reflux from entering the pharynx.", "PMID": 725504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10375", "title": "Fasting and food-stimulated serum gastrin concentrations in relation to the antral G-cell population. A study in patients with peptic ulcer disease.", "content": "The fasting serum concentration and the first-hour serum gastric response to a protein-rich meal were related to the antral G-cell population in 14 patients with peptic ulcer. They were divided into a uremic (n=5) and non-uremic group (n=9). Fasting serum gastrin correlated significantly with the total antral G-cell mass only in the non-uremic patients who showed a relatively narrow transitional body-antrum zone. Conversely, the integrated serum gastric response was inversely related to the size of this zone in both groups of patients. A presumptive endocrine G-cell mass was estimated by subtracting the G cells in the transitional zone from the total antral G-cell population. Total gastrin output correlated positively with this estimated mass in the non-uremic group and in the material as a whole. Also, the integrated gastrin response was positively correlated with the presumptive endocrine G-cell mass in the whole material. It was concluded that G cells in the transitional body-antrum zone, where also parietal cells are present, do not release gastrin into the circulation during meal stimulation like G cells in the remaining part of the pyloric antrum. On the basis of these results and our previous morphological observations (19), we propose that the G cells in the transitional zone are involved in a paracrine interrelationship with the surrounding parietal cells rather than contributing to the circulating pool of gastrin.", "contents": "Fasting and food-stimulated serum gastrin concentrations in relation to the antral G-cell population. A study in patients with peptic ulcer disease. The fasting serum concentration and the first-hour serum gastric response to a protein-rich meal were related to the antral G-cell population in 14 patients with peptic ulcer. They were divided into a uremic (n=5) and non-uremic group (n=9). Fasting serum gastrin correlated significantly with the total antral G-cell mass only in the non-uremic patients who showed a relatively narrow transitional body-antrum zone. Conversely, the integrated serum gastric response was inversely related to the size of this zone in both groups of patients. A presumptive endocrine G-cell mass was estimated by subtracting the G cells in the transitional zone from the total antral G-cell population. Total gastrin output correlated positively with this estimated mass in the non-uremic group and in the material as a whole. Also, the integrated gastrin response was positively correlated with the presumptive endocrine G-cell mass in the whole material. It was concluded that G cells in the transitional body-antrum zone, where also parietal cells are present, do not release gastrin into the circulation during meal stimulation like G cells in the remaining part of the pyloric antrum. On the basis of these results and our previous morphological observations (19), we propose that the G cells in the transitional zone are involved in a paracrine interrelationship with the surrounding parietal cells rather than contributing to the circulating pool of gastrin.", "PMID": 725505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10376", "title": "Mechanisms affecting lower oesophageal sphincter opening and oesophageal retention. A combined X-ray and manometry study.", "content": "Using simultaneous manometry and cineradiography, oesophageal evacuation was studied while contrast medium was infused via a catheter. The distal half of the oesophagus could be filled with contrast medium without triggering peristalsis. The hydrostatic pressure necessary to open the lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) was of approximately the same magnitude as the pressure gradient between oesophagus and LES. No significant relaxation of the LES could be observed at the initiation of swallowing. The LES may be looked upon not only as a sphincter preventing reflux but also as a gate which must be forced open by food.", "contents": "Mechanisms affecting lower oesophageal sphincter opening and oesophageal retention. A combined X-ray and manometry study. Using simultaneous manometry and cineradiography, oesophageal evacuation was studied while contrast medium was infused via a catheter. The distal half of the oesophagus could be filled with contrast medium without triggering peristalsis. The hydrostatic pressure necessary to open the lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) was of approximately the same magnitude as the pressure gradient between oesophagus and LES. No significant relaxation of the LES could be observed at the initiation of swallowing. The LES may be looked upon not only as a sphincter preventing reflux but also as a gate which must be forced open by food.", "PMID": 725506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10377", "title": "Xylocaine treatment in experimental pancreatitis in pigs.", "content": "Experimental haemorrhagic pancreatitis was induced in 12 piglets by infusing Nataurocholate trypsin into the pancreatic duct with simultaneous intravenous secretin stimulation. Within some minutes after the infusion all animals developed severe pancreatitis accompanied by the production of bloody ascites. Unless given specific treatment the pigs died within 24 h. Of the animals treated with xylocaine infusion (50 microgram/kg/min for 24 h) one died within 24 h, one during the second day, and four lived for over a week, at which time they were killed. Although xylocaine treatment signficantly improved the survival of the animals, it did not seem to influence the local damage of the pancreatic tissue. Xylocaine has been shown to inhibit phospholipase-A in vitro. It is possible that xylocaine also acts in vivo by inhibiting phospholipase-A, thus preventing lethal tissue damages at an early stage of pancreatitis.", "contents": "Xylocaine treatment in experimental pancreatitis in pigs. Experimental haemorrhagic pancreatitis was induced in 12 piglets by infusing Nataurocholate trypsin into the pancreatic duct with simultaneous intravenous secretin stimulation. Within some minutes after the infusion all animals developed severe pancreatitis accompanied by the production of bloody ascites. Unless given specific treatment the pigs died within 24 h. Of the animals treated with xylocaine infusion (50 microgram/kg/min for 24 h) one died within 24 h, one during the second day, and four lived for over a week, at which time they were killed. Although xylocaine treatment signficantly improved the survival of the animals, it did not seem to influence the local damage of the pancreatic tissue. Xylocaine has been shown to inhibit phospholipase-A in vitro. It is possible that xylocaine also acts in vivo by inhibiting phospholipase-A, thus preventing lethal tissue damages at an early stage of pancreatitis.", "PMID": 725507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10378", "title": "Comparison of gamma camera and withdrawal methods for the measurement of gastric emptying.", "content": "In ten healthy volunteers the emptying of 300ml 15% glucose solution from the stomach was determined with two independent methods; a gamma camera method using 99mTc-DTPA as indicator and a withdrawal method, modified after Hunt, with PEG as indicator. At 40 min the gastric contents were withdrawn, and the stomach washed out. The quantity of indicator in the withdrawal and washout fluids was determined with both methods. A close correspondence was found between the methods.", "contents": "Comparison of gamma camera and withdrawal methods for the measurement of gastric emptying. In ten healthy volunteers the emptying of 300ml 15% glucose solution from the stomach was determined with two independent methods; a gamma camera method using 99mTc-DTPA as indicator and a withdrawal method, modified after Hunt, with PEG as indicator. At 40 min the gastric contents were withdrawn, and the stomach washed out. The quantity of indicator in the withdrawal and washout fluids was determined with both methods. A close correspondence was found between the methods.", "PMID": 725508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10379", "title": "The epidemiological pattern of hepatitis A, B, and non-A, non-B in Sweden.", "content": "In a clinical series of 148 patients with acute hepatitis, serological analysis of hepatitis A and hepatitis B markers revealed 16% of the cases as hepatitis type non-A, non-b. Hepatitis A was diagnosed in 27% of the patients with drug addicts as the predominating category, while serological evidence of hepatitis B infection was found in 57%, again with drug addicts in the majority. Drug addicts also predominated among the non-A, non-B cases, and possibly this category of patients is today the main reservoir not only of hepatitis B but also of hepatitis A and non-A, non-B.", "contents": "The epidemiological pattern of hepatitis A, B, and non-A, non-B in Sweden. In a clinical series of 148 patients with acute hepatitis, serological analysis of hepatitis A and hepatitis B markers revealed 16% of the cases as hepatitis type non-A, non-b. Hepatitis A was diagnosed in 27% of the patients with drug addicts as the predominating category, while serological evidence of hepatitis B infection was found in 57%, again with drug addicts in the majority. Drug addicts also predominated among the non-A, non-B cases, and possibly this category of patients is today the main reservoir not only of hepatitis B but also of hepatitis A and non-A, non-B.", "PMID": 725509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10380", "title": "Gastroesophageal sphincter pressure and serum gastrin: reaction to food stimulation in normal subjects and in patients with gastric or duodenal ulcer.", "content": "Gastroesophageal sphincter pressure and serum gastrin concentration were determined in the fasting state and after the intake of a protein food in 6 normal subjects, 6 patients with gastric ulcer, and in 6 patients with duodenal ulcer. No significant differences in the fasting state were found. After the food intake, gastroesophageal sphincter pressure increased significantly over basal values in normals and in patients with duodenal ulcer, but in patients with gastric ulcer a decrease in pressure was noted. Serum gastrin rose in all subjects studied after the food stimulation, but it was significant only in the gastric and duodenal ulcer group. In two normals and two patients with duodenal ulcer the ingestion of a potato meal of similar weight to that of the protein meal showed no change either in serum gastrin or in sphincter pressure. In one additional normal subject and one duodenal ulcer patient the constant intravenous infusion of Aminosol for 2 h produced no change in serum gastrin or sphincter pressure. These results indicate that the effect of protein food on sphincter pressure is different for gastric or duodenal ulcers, and, furthermore, that this effect is mediated by proteins in the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Gastroesophageal sphincter pressure and serum gastrin: reaction to food stimulation in normal subjects and in patients with gastric or duodenal ulcer. Gastroesophageal sphincter pressure and serum gastrin concentration were determined in the fasting state and after the intake of a protein food in 6 normal subjects, 6 patients with gastric ulcer, and in 6 patients with duodenal ulcer. No significant differences in the fasting state were found. After the food intake, gastroesophageal sphincter pressure increased significantly over basal values in normals and in patients with duodenal ulcer, but in patients with gastric ulcer a decrease in pressure was noted. Serum gastrin rose in all subjects studied after the food stimulation, but it was significant only in the gastric and duodenal ulcer group. In two normals and two patients with duodenal ulcer the ingestion of a potato meal of similar weight to that of the protein meal showed no change either in serum gastrin or in sphincter pressure. In one additional normal subject and one duodenal ulcer patient the constant intravenous infusion of Aminosol for 2 h produced no change in serum gastrin or sphincter pressure. These results indicate that the effect of protein food on sphincter pressure is different for gastric or duodenal ulcers, and, furthermore, that this effect is mediated by proteins in the gastrointestinal tract.", "PMID": 725510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10381", "title": "Gastroesophageal sphincter pressure and serum gastrin studies following food intake before and after vagotomy for duodenal ulcer.", "content": "Gastroesophageal sphincter pressure (GESP) and serum gastrin concentration (SGC) were determined in the basal state and after a protein meal in six patients with duodenal ulcer (DU), six patients after parietal cell vagotomy (PCV), six patients after selective gastric vagotomy plus drainage (SGV + D), and six patients after selective gastric vagotomy plus precise antrectomy (SGV + A). No correlation in the resting state between GESP and SGC was observed. After food ingestion, DU patients showed a sustained rise in GESP which lasted up to the end of the experiment. The vagotomized patients, however, showed no rise in sphincter pressure after food intake--rather a tendency to a decrease in pressure occurred. On the contrary, SGC rose significantly after food ingestion in patients with SGV + D or PCV, while in DU patients this rise was less significant. Patients with vagotomy and antrectomy showed no rise in SGC. These results do not suggest that SGC and extrinsic vagal innervation in the resting state play a significant role in the maintenance of the tone of GES. After food ingestion an interaction may occur between intact vagal innervation and rise in SGC in order to obtain an adequate rise in GESP.", "contents": "Gastroesophageal sphincter pressure and serum gastrin studies following food intake before and after vagotomy for duodenal ulcer. Gastroesophageal sphincter pressure (GESP) and serum gastrin concentration (SGC) were determined in the basal state and after a protein meal in six patients with duodenal ulcer (DU), six patients after parietal cell vagotomy (PCV), six patients after selective gastric vagotomy plus drainage (SGV + D), and six patients after selective gastric vagotomy plus precise antrectomy (SGV + A). No correlation in the resting state between GESP and SGC was observed. After food ingestion, DU patients showed a sustained rise in GESP which lasted up to the end of the experiment. The vagotomized patients, however, showed no rise in sphincter pressure after food intake--rather a tendency to a decrease in pressure occurred. On the contrary, SGC rose significantly after food ingestion in patients with SGV + D or PCV, while in DU patients this rise was less significant. Patients with vagotomy and antrectomy showed no rise in SGC. These results do not suggest that SGC and extrinsic vagal innervation in the resting state play a significant role in the maintenance of the tone of GES. After food ingestion an interaction may occur between intact vagal innervation and rise in SGC in order to obtain an adequate rise in GESP.", "PMID": 725511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10382", "title": "Intestinal bypass. Experimental study on the influence of the excluded intestinal segment.", "content": "Five groups of operated rats with 10% of the small intestine in continuity were studied. In one group the animals were subjected to 90% resection of the small intestine, and in the other groups a 90% jejuno-ileal bypass was performed. In two of the latter groups different lengths of the excluded intestinal segment was resected. The bypassed segment was anastomosed to the colon in three of the groups and to the skin as an ileostomy in one group. There were no differences in haemoglobin concentration, liver function parameters or fat absorption between the five groups, but measurements of body weight seem to indicate that the bypassed intestinal segment exerts a general harmful effect on the rats. This effect is more pronounced when the excluded segment is long, and the effect seems to be the same whether it is connected to the colon or to the skin. The mechanism for this effect is not fully ascertained.", "contents": "Intestinal bypass. Experimental study on the influence of the excluded intestinal segment. Five groups of operated rats with 10% of the small intestine in continuity were studied. In one group the animals were subjected to 90% resection of the small intestine, and in the other groups a 90% jejuno-ileal bypass was performed. In two of the latter groups different lengths of the excluded intestinal segment was resected. The bypassed segment was anastomosed to the colon in three of the groups and to the skin as an ileostomy in one group. There were no differences in haemoglobin concentration, liver function parameters or fat absorption between the five groups, but measurements of body weight seem to indicate that the bypassed intestinal segment exerts a general harmful effect on the rats. This effect is more pronounced when the excluded segment is long, and the effect seems to be the same whether it is connected to the colon or to the skin. The mechanism for this effect is not fully ascertained.", "PMID": 725512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10383", "title": "The vagogastrone mechanism in man.", "content": "From experiments on the dog evidence has accumulated of vagal release of a candidate hormone inhibiting gastric acid secretion--vagogastrone. The nature and origin of vagogastrone are uncertain. The inhibitory effect of vagogastrone is characteristically exerted against gastrin-stimulated acid secretion from the vagally denervated parietal cell area. In the present study vagal activation by sham feeding significantly inhibited the submaximal acid response to continuous i.v. infusion of pentagastrin in seven duodenal ulcer patients previously subjected to proximal gastric vagotomy. The inhibitory effect was slight--16% reduction--and of short duration. Sham feeding had no effect on the pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion in six subjects with an intact stomach. The results favour the existence of a vagogastrone mechanism in man, but the inhibitory effect seems to be of quantitatively minor importance, at least in the duodenal ulcer patient.", "contents": "The vagogastrone mechanism in man. From experiments on the dog evidence has accumulated of vagal release of a candidate hormone inhibiting gastric acid secretion--vagogastrone. The nature and origin of vagogastrone are uncertain. The inhibitory effect of vagogastrone is characteristically exerted against gastrin-stimulated acid secretion from the vagally denervated parietal cell area. In the present study vagal activation by sham feeding significantly inhibited the submaximal acid response to continuous i.v. infusion of pentagastrin in seven duodenal ulcer patients previously subjected to proximal gastric vagotomy. The inhibitory effect was slight--16% reduction--and of short duration. Sham feeding had no effect on the pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion in six subjects with an intact stomach. The results favour the existence of a vagogastrone mechanism in man, but the inhibitory effect seems to be of quantitatively minor importance, at least in the duodenal ulcer patient.", "PMID": 725513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10384", "title": "Small-bowel adaptation after colectomy in rats.", "content": "Colectomy with ileoproctostomy or ileostomy was performed in rats. The animals were killed at different time intervals after operation. In histological sections from the small intestine the total crypt cell number and vinblastine-arrested mitoses were counted, and the villus height was measured; these parameters were compared with the corresponding ones in unoperated controls and in rats subjected to ileal transection. After ileoproctostomy the rats remained in good condition, whereas ileostomy was followed by weight loss, debility and a great mortality. After ileoproctostomy, ileostomy and ileal transection there was an increased number of mitoses in the crypts during the 28 days' observation period, indicating an increased rate of cell proliferation. Increased villus height was observed after ileoproctostomy as well as after ileostomy. The mucosal hyperplasia may play a role for the increase in water and salt absorption capacity after colectomy. Probably, however, the hyperplasia of the small-intestinal mucosa cannot fully compensate for the loss of the colon in rats. Preservation of the absorptive function of the rectum, as in ileoproctostomy, is necessary for adequate water and salt absorption.", "contents": "Small-bowel adaptation after colectomy in rats. Colectomy with ileoproctostomy or ileostomy was performed in rats. The animals were killed at different time intervals after operation. In histological sections from the small intestine the total crypt cell number and vinblastine-arrested mitoses were counted, and the villus height was measured; these parameters were compared with the corresponding ones in unoperated controls and in rats subjected to ileal transection. After ileoproctostomy the rats remained in good condition, whereas ileostomy was followed by weight loss, debility and a great mortality. After ileoproctostomy, ileostomy and ileal transection there was an increased number of mitoses in the crypts during the 28 days' observation period, indicating an increased rate of cell proliferation. Increased villus height was observed after ileoproctostomy as well as after ileostomy. The mucosal hyperplasia may play a role for the increase in water and salt absorption capacity after colectomy. Probably, however, the hyperplasia of the small-intestinal mucosa cannot fully compensate for the loss of the colon in rats. Preservation of the absorptive function of the rectum, as in ileoproctostomy, is necessary for adequate water and salt absorption.", "PMID": 725514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10385", "title": "A comparison of glucagon, gastric inhibitory peptide, and secretin on gallbladder function, formation of bile, and pancreatic secretion in the cat.", "content": "The effects of glucagon, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), and secretin on the concentrating mechanism and the motility in the feline gallbladder have been studied in vivo. A technique by which the gallbladder in situ was perfused by an electrolyte solution made possible a simultaneous study of the motility and of the net transport of water and electrolytes across the gallbladder wall. Secretin (0.6 microgram per kg/h) was found to abolish the net absorption of water, Na+, and HCO3- and strongly reduce the net absorption of K+ and Cl-, whereas neither glucagon (1--20 microgram per kg/h) nor GIP (1--30 microgram per kg/h) was found to significantly influence the concentrating function of the gallbladder. The motility of the gallbladder was not influenced by the peptides. The formation of bile and pancreatic secretion was not changed by glucagon or GIP, whereas secretin had a potent effect.", "contents": "A comparison of glucagon, gastric inhibitory peptide, and secretin on gallbladder function, formation of bile, and pancreatic secretion in the cat. The effects of glucagon, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), and secretin on the concentrating mechanism and the motility in the feline gallbladder have been studied in vivo. A technique by which the gallbladder in situ was perfused by an electrolyte solution made possible a simultaneous study of the motility and of the net transport of water and electrolytes across the gallbladder wall. Secretin (0.6 microgram per kg/h) was found to abolish the net absorption of water, Na+, and HCO3- and strongly reduce the net absorption of K+ and Cl-, whereas neither glucagon (1--20 microgram per kg/h) nor GIP (1--30 microgram per kg/h) was found to significantly influence the concentrating function of the gallbladder. The motility of the gallbladder was not influenced by the peptides. The formation of bile and pancreatic secretion was not changed by glucagon or GIP, whereas secretin had a potent effect.", "PMID": 725515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10386", "title": "The secretin-CCK test and a modified Lundh test. A comparative study.", "content": "A comparison has been made between a modified Lundh test and the secretin-CCK test. Thirty-four patients with pancreatic disease (chronic pancreatitis, n = 25; recurrent pancreatitis, n = 5; and pancreatic carcinoma, n = 4) and 20 patients with other gastrointestinal disorders were studied. The results showed that estimation of trypsin secretion, irrespective of the mode of stimulation, had a low sensitivity in detecting pancreatic disease. Estimation of bicarbonate secretion after secretin stimulation provided a more sensitive test, especially for disclosing chronic pancreatitis.", "contents": "The secretin-CCK test and a modified Lundh test. A comparative study. A comparison has been made between a modified Lundh test and the secretin-CCK test. Thirty-four patients with pancreatic disease (chronic pancreatitis, n = 25; recurrent pancreatitis, n = 5; and pancreatic carcinoma, n = 4) and 20 patients with other gastrointestinal disorders were studied. The results showed that estimation of trypsin secretion, irrespective of the mode of stimulation, had a low sensitivity in detecting pancreatic disease. Estimation of bicarbonate secretion after secretin stimulation provided a more sensitive test, especially for disclosing chronic pancreatitis.", "PMID": 725516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10387", "title": "Infusion cholecystography--an aid in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis.", "content": "Early operation of patients with acute cholecystitis is nowadays accepted as the treatment of choice. One prerequisite for this policy is, however, the availability of diagnostic procedures that can rapidly secure or, even more important, exclude the diagnosis to avoid unnecessary operations. Infusion cholecystography was here shown to be an accurate method giving decisive information in patients with clinically suspected acute cholecystitis. The gallbladder was not visualized in 26 out of 45 patients with inconclusive clinical signs of acute cholecystitis. The diagnosis of acute cholecystitis was confirmed at operation or by a typical clinical course in these 26 patients. In the 19 patients with visualized gallbladder diagnosis other than acute cholecystitis were established by acute operation or by other means.", "contents": "Infusion cholecystography--an aid in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. Early operation of patients with acute cholecystitis is nowadays accepted as the treatment of choice. One prerequisite for this policy is, however, the availability of diagnostic procedures that can rapidly secure or, even more important, exclude the diagnosis to avoid unnecessary operations. Infusion cholecystography was here shown to be an accurate method giving decisive information in patients with clinically suspected acute cholecystitis. The gallbladder was not visualized in 26 out of 45 patients with inconclusive clinical signs of acute cholecystitis. The diagnosis of acute cholecystitis was confirmed at operation or by a typical clinical course in these 26 patients. In the 19 patients with visualized gallbladder diagnosis other than acute cholecystitis were established by acute operation or by other means.", "PMID": 725517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10388", "title": "Changes in gastric mucosal cell proliferation after antrectomy or vagotomy in man.", "content": "The rate of gastric epithelial cell proliferation was studied in peptic ulcer patients treated by partial gastrectomy or proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV). Endoscopic biopsies were incubated in vitro with 3H-thymidine and autoradiographs were prepared. The percentage of DNA-synthesizing cells (labeling index) in the progenitor cell region was estimated. Five patients were studied before and 3 months after antrectomy, whereas six other subjects were studied before and 2 weeks and 2 months after PGV. The results indicate that epithelial cell proliferation in fundic mucosa is accelerated after antrectomy in man and that PGV is followed by an increased rate of cell renewal in fundic and antral mucosa, whereas the kinetic parameters in duodenal mucosa remain unaffected by this operation. It is concluded that the proliferative changes after these operations are most likely caused by the development of gastritis. The study did not support the hypothesis that gastrin exerts a physiological trophic action on human gastric mucosa.", "contents": "Changes in gastric mucosal cell proliferation after antrectomy or vagotomy in man. The rate of gastric epithelial cell proliferation was studied in peptic ulcer patients treated by partial gastrectomy or proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV). Endoscopic biopsies were incubated in vitro with 3H-thymidine and autoradiographs were prepared. The percentage of DNA-synthesizing cells (labeling index) in the progenitor cell region was estimated. Five patients were studied before and 3 months after antrectomy, whereas six other subjects were studied before and 2 weeks and 2 months after PGV. The results indicate that epithelial cell proliferation in fundic mucosa is accelerated after antrectomy in man and that PGV is followed by an increased rate of cell renewal in fundic and antral mucosa, whereas the kinetic parameters in duodenal mucosa remain unaffected by this operation. It is concluded that the proliferative changes after these operations are most likely caused by the development of gastritis. The study did not support the hypothesis that gastrin exerts a physiological trophic action on human gastric mucosa.", "PMID": 725518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10389", "title": "The role of serum ferritin in the management of idiopathic haemochromatosis.", "content": "The value of the serum ferritin assay in the management of idiopathic haemochromatosis has been examined in groups of patients at diagnosis, during venesection therapy, and following completion of therapy. At diagnosis, serum ferritin levels were elevated in all 16 patients studied, including 10 with precirrhotic disease. Venesection resulted in a gradual fall in serum ferritin which commenced shortly after the start of treatment in 5/8 patients. In 3/8 the fall was preceded by a transient rise in ferritin levels. In three patients serum ferritin fell to normal before liver iron stores had been restored to normal. After therapy serum ferritin proved unreliable in detecting early re-accumulation of hepatic iron stores. Serum ferritin does provide valuable information in patients with idiopathic haemochromatosis, particularly at diagnosis and during therapy. A normal value does not exclude iron storage disease.", "contents": "The role of serum ferritin in the management of idiopathic haemochromatosis. The value of the serum ferritin assay in the management of idiopathic haemochromatosis has been examined in groups of patients at diagnosis, during venesection therapy, and following completion of therapy. At diagnosis, serum ferritin levels were elevated in all 16 patients studied, including 10 with precirrhotic disease. Venesection resulted in a gradual fall in serum ferritin which commenced shortly after the start of treatment in 5/8 patients. In 3/8 the fall was preceded by a transient rise in ferritin levels. In three patients serum ferritin fell to normal before liver iron stores had been restored to normal. After therapy serum ferritin proved unreliable in detecting early re-accumulation of hepatic iron stores. Serum ferritin does provide valuable information in patients with idiopathic haemochromatosis, particularly at diagnosis and during therapy. A normal value does not exclude iron storage disease.", "PMID": 725519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10390", "title": "Pancreatic dose-response curves to cholecystokinin determined by two techniques in dogs.", "content": "Dose-response (DR) curves for pancreatic flow rate, bicarbonate and protein output to cholecystokinin (CCK) were determined by two techniques in six conscious dogs with gastric and duodenal Thomas fistulas. With the continuous DR technique G.I.H. CCK was given by intravenous infusion in doses from 0.75 to 24 Ivy dog units (U) kg(-1) . h(-1), starting with the lowest dose and doubling the dose every 45 min. With the single DR technique only one dose of CCK was infused on each test day. All studies were done with a fixed background of secretin (1 CU kg(-1) . h(-1)). The protein output of the two consecutive 15-min collection periods during 15 to 45 min after starting each CCK dose was taken as the index of response. The dose-response curves for pancreatic flow rate and bicarbonate output did not differ with the two techniques. The maximal protein output was higher with the single DR than with the continuous DR technique. This study suggests that the appropriate method for studying maximal pancreatic protein output is the single DR technique.", "contents": "Pancreatic dose-response curves to cholecystokinin determined by two techniques in dogs. Dose-response (DR) curves for pancreatic flow rate, bicarbonate and protein output to cholecystokinin (CCK) were determined by two techniques in six conscious dogs with gastric and duodenal Thomas fistulas. With the continuous DR technique G.I.H. CCK was given by intravenous infusion in doses from 0.75 to 24 Ivy dog units (U) kg(-1) . h(-1), starting with the lowest dose and doubling the dose every 45 min. With the single DR technique only one dose of CCK was infused on each test day. All studies were done with a fixed background of secretin (1 CU kg(-1) . h(-1)). The protein output of the two consecutive 15-min collection periods during 15 to 45 min after starting each CCK dose was taken as the index of response. The dose-response curves for pancreatic flow rate and bicarbonate output did not differ with the two techniques. The maximal protein output was higher with the single DR than with the continuous DR technique. This study suggests that the appropriate method for studying maximal pancreatic protein output is the single DR technique.", "PMID": 725520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10391", "title": "Evaluation of methaemalbumin in acute pancreatitis.", "content": "Methaemalbumin (MHA) was measured in 62 patients with acute pancreatitis. In 26 MHA-positive patients the occurrence of renal and pulmonary complications was 65% and 58%, respectively, compared with 3% and 6% in 36 MHA-negative patients. Fatality rate was 54% in MHA-positive and 6% in MHA-negative patients. In 17 MHA-positive cases haemorrhagic pancreatitis was proven at laparotomy or postmortem examination. Thus MHA determination proved to be a valuable diagnostic and prognostic parameter in acute pancreatitis.", "contents": "Evaluation of methaemalbumin in acute pancreatitis. Methaemalbumin (MHA) was measured in 62 patients with acute pancreatitis. In 26 MHA-positive patients the occurrence of renal and pulmonary complications was 65% and 58%, respectively, compared with 3% and 6% in 36 MHA-negative patients. Fatality rate was 54% in MHA-positive and 6% in MHA-negative patients. In 17 MHA-positive cases haemorrhagic pancreatitis was proven at laparotomy or postmortem examination. Thus MHA determination proved to be a valuable diagnostic and prognostic parameter in acute pancreatitis.", "PMID": 725521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10392", "title": "The influence of an abnormal duodenal loop on basal and food-stimulated serum gastrin concentrations.", "content": "Postprandial serum gastrin secretion was studied in 26 patients with X-ray-negative dyspepsia. Seven patients had a normal duodenum while 19 had duodenal anomalies. In patients with an abnormal duodenal loop, the mean postprandial serum gastrin secretion was significantly higher after 45, 60 and 120 min than that of the control group. No significant difference was demonstrated in the basal state. A delay in gastric emptying rate might be the cause of increased postprandial serum gastrin secretion in patients with an abnormal duodenal loop.", "contents": "The influence of an abnormal duodenal loop on basal and food-stimulated serum gastrin concentrations. Postprandial serum gastrin secretion was studied in 26 patients with X-ray-negative dyspepsia. Seven patients had a normal duodenum while 19 had duodenal anomalies. In patients with an abnormal duodenal loop, the mean postprandial serum gastrin secretion was significantly higher after 45, 60 and 120 min than that of the control group. No significant difference was demonstrated in the basal state. A delay in gastric emptying rate might be the cause of increased postprandial serum gastrin secretion in patients with an abnormal duodenal loop.", "PMID": 725522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10393", "title": "Intestinal lymph chylomicron cholesteryl ester during duodenal triolein infusion at increasing rate.", "content": "Chylomicron lipid composition in mesenteric lymph fistula rats was followed during duodenal triolein infusion at three rates. Esterified cholesterol decreased progressively in all groups as triglyceride transport continued, and the rate of decrease was reciprocally related to the triolein infusion rate. Suppression of cholesterol ester synthesis may spare unesterified cholesterol for chylomicron membrane formation. Ratios of triglyceride to phospholipid and to unesterified cholesterol increased with the duration of triglyceride secretion, while the chylomicron surface lipid composition remained constant over time. The rate of increase in the core:surface lipid ratios was the same irrespective of the triolein transport rate.", "contents": "Intestinal lymph chylomicron cholesteryl ester during duodenal triolein infusion at increasing rate. Chylomicron lipid composition in mesenteric lymph fistula rats was followed during duodenal triolein infusion at three rates. Esterified cholesterol decreased progressively in all groups as triglyceride transport continued, and the rate of decrease was reciprocally related to the triolein infusion rate. Suppression of cholesterol ester synthesis may spare unesterified cholesterol for chylomicron membrane formation. Ratios of triglyceride to phospholipid and to unesterified cholesterol increased with the duration of triglyceride secretion, while the chylomicron surface lipid composition remained constant over time. The rate of increase in the core:surface lipid ratios was the same irrespective of the triolein transport rate.", "PMID": 725523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10394", "title": "Duodenal pressure activity recorded by an intraluminal electrical transducer in man.", "content": "The duodenal pressure activity was studied by means of an intraluminal electrical transducer, and the recordings were compared to those of a traditional open-tip tube. The physiological significance of different pressure waves was studied by means of combined pressure and cineradiographic recordings. The recordings obtained by the intraluminal transducer were found to be essentially similar to those obtained by the open-tip tube. Most pressure waves observed in this study were found to cause a propulsive, mixed, or retropulsive movement of the intraluminal contents, and no significant displacement of the contents could be observed without simultaneous pressure waves. A difference in physiological significance of single and complex waves could not be detected. Rhythmic activity caused a rapid propulsion of intraluminal contents. It is concluded that the pressure recordings obtained by the intraluminal transducer are reliable in the study of duodenal motility.", "contents": "Duodenal pressure activity recorded by an intraluminal electrical transducer in man. The duodenal pressure activity was studied by means of an intraluminal electrical transducer, and the recordings were compared to those of a traditional open-tip tube. The physiological significance of different pressure waves was studied by means of combined pressure and cineradiographic recordings. The recordings obtained by the intraluminal transducer were found to be essentially similar to those obtained by the open-tip tube. Most pressure waves observed in this study were found to cause a propulsive, mixed, or retropulsive movement of the intraluminal contents, and no significant displacement of the contents could be observed without simultaneous pressure waves. A difference in physiological significance of single and complex waves could not be detected. Rhythmic activity caused a rapid propulsion of intraluminal contents. It is concluded that the pressure recordings obtained by the intraluminal transducer are reliable in the study of duodenal motility.", "PMID": 725524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10395", "title": "Pre-morbid factors in Hodgkin's disease. II. BCG-vaccination status, tuberculosis, infectious diseases, tonsillectomy, and appendectomy.", "content": "In young adults with Hodgkin's disease, cell mediated immunity (CMI) was evaluated retrospectively from their health records. The register of records from the school health service of the Copenhagen Council was scrutinized in order to find the records of those with HD born between 1930 and 1950 in whom the disease had been diagnosed between 1943 and 1975. Whenever possible, three controls were selected from the register for each case; they were comparable in respect of sex, year and month of birth and socio-economic background. The material consisted of 63 cases and 182 controls. Information regarding BCG-vaccinations, tuberculin skin-tests, the frequency of tuberculosis, bacterial and viral diseases, and of tonsilectomy, adenoidectomy and appendectomy was obtained from the school health records. 2 HD patients have had tuberculosis versus none in the control group. Complications to or prolonged course of viral diseases were reported neither in HD patients nor in controls. No significant differences were found in the frequency of BCG-vaccination, tuberculin reactivity, viral and bacterial diseases, adenoidectomy, tonsilectomy and appendectomy. Therefore our findings do not support the concept of a pre-morbid CMI deficiency state in HD.", "contents": "Pre-morbid factors in Hodgkin's disease. II. BCG-vaccination status, tuberculosis, infectious diseases, tonsillectomy, and appendectomy. In young adults with Hodgkin's disease, cell mediated immunity (CMI) was evaluated retrospectively from their health records. The register of records from the school health service of the Copenhagen Council was scrutinized in order to find the records of those with HD born between 1930 and 1950 in whom the disease had been diagnosed between 1943 and 1975. Whenever possible, three controls were selected from the register for each case; they were comparable in respect of sex, year and month of birth and socio-economic background. The material consisted of 63 cases and 182 controls. Information regarding BCG-vaccinations, tuberculin skin-tests, the frequency of tuberculosis, bacterial and viral diseases, and of tonsilectomy, adenoidectomy and appendectomy was obtained from the school health records. 2 HD patients have had tuberculosis versus none in the control group. Complications to or prolonged course of viral diseases were reported neither in HD patients nor in controls. No significant differences were found in the frequency of BCG-vaccination, tuberculin reactivity, viral and bacterial diseases, adenoidectomy, tonsilectomy and appendectomy. Therefore our findings do not support the concept of a pre-morbid CMI deficiency state in HD.", "PMID": 725525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10396", "title": "A case of intrarenal artery stenosis associated with erythrocytosis.", "content": "A case of erythrocytosis with increased plasma erythropoietin level was reported. Peripheral leucocytes and thrombocytes were normal. No splenomegaly was detected. Studies to find underlying disorders causing increased plasma erythropoietin level and erythrocytosis revealed no abnormalities except for the thickened and tortuous interlobular and afferent arteries in the kidney. This change was suggested as the cause of erythrocytosis found in this case.", "contents": "A case of intrarenal artery stenosis associated with erythrocytosis. A case of erythrocytosis with increased plasma erythropoietin level was reported. Peripheral leucocytes and thrombocytes were normal. No splenomegaly was detected. Studies to find underlying disorders causing increased plasma erythropoietin level and erythrocytosis revealed no abnormalities except for the thickened and tortuous interlobular and afferent arteries in the kidney. This change was suggested as the cause of erythrocytosis found in this case.", "PMID": 725526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10397", "title": "Preleukaemia (haemopoietic dysplasia) developing in a patient with psoriasis treated with 8-methoxypsoralen and ultraviolet light (PUVA treatment).", "content": "A 73-year-old man who had suffered for many years from psoriasis was treated with systemic psoralen and longwave ultraviolet light. After 1 year he developed a preleukaemic condition characterized by a refractory anaemia, a slight thrombocytopenia and a normo- to hypercellular bone marrow with an excess of myeloblasts. Karyotyping revealed an abnormal chromosome (12p-) and agar cultures of bone marrow showed moderate growth with a high cluster/colony ratio. He died 1 year later of renal failure precipitated by an acute pancreatitis. Owing to the possible causal relationship we would like to advise increased attention to the haematopoietic system of patients treated with psoralen.", "contents": "Preleukaemia (haemopoietic dysplasia) developing in a patient with psoriasis treated with 8-methoxypsoralen and ultraviolet light (PUVA treatment). A 73-year-old man who had suffered for many years from psoriasis was treated with systemic psoralen and longwave ultraviolet light. After 1 year he developed a preleukaemic condition characterized by a refractory anaemia, a slight thrombocytopenia and a normo- to hypercellular bone marrow with an excess of myeloblasts. Karyotyping revealed an abnormal chromosome (12p-) and agar cultures of bone marrow showed moderate growth with a high cluster/colony ratio. He died 1 year later of renal failure precipitated by an acute pancreatitis. Owing to the possible causal relationship we would like to advise increased attention to the haematopoietic system of patients treated with psoralen.", "PMID": 725527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10398", "title": "Satellitism of platelets to monocytes in a patient with hypogammaglobulinaemia.", "content": "The first case of platelet satellitism to monocytes in a patient with hypogamma-globulinaemia is described. Platelet adherence was observed with heparinized blood and was dependent on the patient's plasma. The ultrastructural findings observed with the transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) are reported.", "contents": "Satellitism of platelets to monocytes in a patient with hypogammaglobulinaemia. The first case of platelet satellitism to monocytes in a patient with hypogamma-globulinaemia is described. Platelet adherence was observed with heparinized blood and was dependent on the patient's plasma. The ultrastructural findings observed with the transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) are reported.", "PMID": 725528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10399", "title": "Growth of human marrow in plasma clot diffusion chambers.", "content": "Unseparated as well as nonadherent human bone marrow cells produced colonies while suspended within plasma clots contained within diffusion chambers implanted into irradiated mice. The majority of colonies consisted of granulocytes or macrophages. Colony size was significantly increased by the administration of endotoxin prior to implantation of the chambers.", "contents": "Growth of human marrow in plasma clot diffusion chambers. Unseparated as well as nonadherent human bone marrow cells produced colonies while suspended within plasma clots contained within diffusion chambers implanted into irradiated mice. The majority of colonies consisted of granulocytes or macrophages. Colony size was significantly increased by the administration of endotoxin prior to implantation of the chambers.", "PMID": 725529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10400", "title": "Granulocyte-committed progenitor cells in the blood of patients with myelosclerosis.", "content": "Granulocyte-committed progenitor cells (colony-forming units, CFUc) in the blood of 10 patients with primary myelosclerosis and 2 patients with myelosclerosis following polycythaemia vera were assayed by the agar culture technique. The mean number of CFUc was 54.1 +/- 109 (SD) (range 1.4--394) x 10(6)/1 which corresponded to an increase of more than 1000-fold above normal levels. There was a linear relationship of CFUc with total leucocyte count in the different patients. The magnitude of this increase resembles that found in untreated patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia and is therefore in keeping with the concept that the concentration of CFUc in the circulation is due to a primary increase in their number and not to disordered release from the marrow.", "contents": "Granulocyte-committed progenitor cells in the blood of patients with myelosclerosis. Granulocyte-committed progenitor cells (colony-forming units, CFUc) in the blood of 10 patients with primary myelosclerosis and 2 patients with myelosclerosis following polycythaemia vera were assayed by the agar culture technique. The mean number of CFUc was 54.1 +/- 109 (SD) (range 1.4--394) x 10(6)/1 which corresponded to an increase of more than 1000-fold above normal levels. There was a linear relationship of CFUc with total leucocyte count in the different patients. The magnitude of this increase resembles that found in untreated patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia and is therefore in keeping with the concept that the concentration of CFUc in the circulation is due to a primary increase in their number and not to disordered release from the marrow.", "PMID": 725530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10401", "title": "Serum ferritin during infection. A longitudinal study.", "content": "Serum ferritin, transferrin, iron and haptoglobin have been investigated in a longitudinal study in 18 patients hospitalized for various acute infections. Within a couple of days after the onset of an infection, a rise in serum ferritin was seen, the magnitude of which was not dependent on the type of infection (bacterial or viral). The serum ferritin level remained elevated for several weeks in some patients, and 7 out of the 18 patients still had abnormally high values 5 weeks after the onset of illness. The mean curves for serum ferritin and the acute phase reactant haptoglobin were parallel. Possible mechanisms causing the elevation in serum ferritin are discussed.", "contents": "Serum ferritin during infection. A longitudinal study. Serum ferritin, transferrin, iron and haptoglobin have been investigated in a longitudinal study in 18 patients hospitalized for various acute infections. Within a couple of days after the onset of an infection, a rise in serum ferritin was seen, the magnitude of which was not dependent on the type of infection (bacterial or viral). The serum ferritin level remained elevated for several weeks in some patients, and 7 out of the 18 patients still had abnormally high values 5 weeks after the onset of illness. The mean curves for serum ferritin and the acute phase reactant haptoglobin were parallel. Possible mechanisms causing the elevation in serum ferritin are discussed.", "PMID": 725531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10402", "title": "The value of preoperative haemostatic screening.", "content": "The value of preoperative haemostatic screening tests in prediction of surgical bleeding was examined in 101 patients, mainly with abdominal and thyroid lesions. The study demonstrated complete lack of correlation between the preoperative evaluation of bleeding risk and the observed surgical bleeding (phi2 test P approximately 0.85).", "contents": "The value of preoperative haemostatic screening. The value of preoperative haemostatic screening tests in prediction of surgical bleeding was examined in 101 patients, mainly with abdominal and thyroid lesions. The study demonstrated complete lack of correlation between the preoperative evaluation of bleeding risk and the observed surgical bleeding (phi2 test P approximately 0.85).", "PMID": 725532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10403", "title": "Transplantation of cultured thymic fragments. I. Morphologic and technical considerations.", "content": "Thymic fragments were maintained in organ culture until egress or deterioration of the leucocyte component was near completion. These depopulated cultured thymic fragments were then implanted into immunologically competent mouse recipients. Acute immunologic rejection was not observed in mice given cultured thymic allografts. If the organ culture period was approximately 2 weeks, lymphoid repopulation and newly developed Hassall's corpuscles were observed 7-10 weeks after implantation. If the initial culture period was extended to 3 weeks, transplanted fragments developed as unusual repopulation pattern, characterized by eosinophils, macrophages and plasma cells. This finding could be interpreted as a protracted allograft rejection or, more likely, a loss of ability of the thymic epithelium to attract or differentiate the types of precursors usually attracted to the normal gland. When cultured and non-cultured tissues were simultaneously transplanted in a single recipient, the non-cultured tissue was acutely rejected and became fibrous, while the cultured thymus assumed the appearance of a normal lymphoid organ without any neighbouring inflammatory reaction.", "contents": "Transplantation of cultured thymic fragments. I. Morphologic and technical considerations. Thymic fragments were maintained in organ culture until egress or deterioration of the leucocyte component was near completion. These depopulated cultured thymic fragments were then implanted into immunologically competent mouse recipients. Acute immunologic rejection was not observed in mice given cultured thymic allografts. If the organ culture period was approximately 2 weeks, lymphoid repopulation and newly developed Hassall's corpuscles were observed 7-10 weeks after implantation. If the initial culture period was extended to 3 weeks, transplanted fragments developed as unusual repopulation pattern, characterized by eosinophils, macrophages and plasma cells. This finding could be interpreted as a protracted allograft rejection or, more likely, a loss of ability of the thymic epithelium to attract or differentiate the types of precursors usually attracted to the normal gland. When cultured and non-cultured tissues were simultaneously transplanted in a single recipient, the non-cultured tissue was acutely rejected and became fibrous, while the cultured thymus assumed the appearance of a normal lymphoid organ without any neighbouring inflammatory reaction.", "PMID": 725533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10404", "title": "Gut-associated IgA deficiency in lepromatous leprosy.", "content": "Sera, intestinal secretions and intestinal biopsies were collected from twelve biopsy-proved lepromatous leprosy patients with the help of a capsule invented by Roy Choudhury. Sera from another twenty-five proved lepromatous cases were also included. Sera and intestinal aspirates from twenty-five normal subjects and twenty patients with intestinal tuberculosis were also taken as controls. Acid-fast organisms, morphologically resembling Mycobacterium leprae, were detected in the intestinal aspirates of only two leprosy patients. Immunoglobulin levels in their sera and elevation secretions were estimated by the single radial immunodiffusion technique. Significant elevation of serum IgG, IgA and IgM, selective IgA deficiency in intestinal aspirates and flattening of intestinal villi along with mononuclear cell infiltration were conspicuous observations in the leprosy group. On the other hand, the patients with intestinal tuberculosis showed elevation of the IgG level in serum as well as in the intestinal secretions. It was postulated that persistent challenge by M. leprae or its antigens to the IgA immunocytes of the intestinal epithelium might have induced tolerance leading to IgA deficiency and subsequent subtotal atrophy of the intestinal villi in the patients with lepromatous leprosy.", "contents": "Gut-associated IgA deficiency in lepromatous leprosy. Sera, intestinal secretions and intestinal biopsies were collected from twelve biopsy-proved lepromatous leprosy patients with the help of a capsule invented by Roy Choudhury. Sera from another twenty-five proved lepromatous cases were also included. Sera and intestinal aspirates from twenty-five normal subjects and twenty patients with intestinal tuberculosis were also taken as controls. Acid-fast organisms, morphologically resembling Mycobacterium leprae, were detected in the intestinal aspirates of only two leprosy patients. Immunoglobulin levels in their sera and elevation secretions were estimated by the single radial immunodiffusion technique. Significant elevation of serum IgG, IgA and IgM, selective IgA deficiency in intestinal aspirates and flattening of intestinal villi along with mononuclear cell infiltration were conspicuous observations in the leprosy group. On the other hand, the patients with intestinal tuberculosis showed elevation of the IgG level in serum as well as in the intestinal secretions. It was postulated that persistent challenge by M. leprae or its antigens to the IgA immunocytes of the intestinal epithelium might have induced tolerance leading to IgA deficiency and subsequent subtotal atrophy of the intestinal villi in the patients with lepromatous leprosy.", "PMID": 725534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10405", "title": "Purification of human interferon by antibody affinity chromatography, using highly absorbed anti-interferon.", "content": "Antibodies against partially purified human leucocyte interferon (PIF) were bound to Sepharose 4B and crude interferons applied on this affinity column were purified, up to 8 x 10(5) interferon units (IFU) per mg protein in one step. Antibodies against PIF were absorbed with immobilized crude human leucocyte interferon bound to Sepharose, whereby antibodies against impurities were predominantly removed. Extensively absorbed antisera were coupled to Sepharose and used for antibody affinity chromatography of crude interferon preparations. Leucocyte and fibroblast interferons were purified in one step with around 100% recovery, up to 1 x 10(8) IFU per mg protein, and Namalva interferon up to 2 x 10(7) IFU/mg. SDS electrophoresis of affinity-purified leucocyte interferon revealed that the interferon activity appeared in two bands (19,000 and 23,000 D).", "contents": "Purification of human interferon by antibody affinity chromatography, using highly absorbed anti-interferon. Antibodies against partially purified human leucocyte interferon (PIF) were bound to Sepharose 4B and crude interferons applied on this affinity column were purified, up to 8 x 10(5) interferon units (IFU) per mg protein in one step. Antibodies against PIF were absorbed with immobilized crude human leucocyte interferon bound to Sepharose, whereby antibodies against impurities were predominantly removed. Extensively absorbed antisera were coupled to Sepharose and used for antibody affinity chromatography of crude interferon preparations. Leucocyte and fibroblast interferons were purified in one step with around 100% recovery, up to 1 x 10(8) IFU per mg protein, and Namalva interferon up to 2 x 10(7) IFU/mg. SDS electrophoresis of affinity-purified leucocyte interferon revealed that the interferon activity appeared in two bands (19,000 and 23,000 D).", "PMID": 725535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10406", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of the allergen in mountain cedar pollen.", "content": "A biologically active fraction from a crude extract of mountain cedar pollen has been purified and partially chemically characterized. An ammonium bicarbonate extract of commercial defatted pollen was fractionated by G-100 Sephadex chromatography and the biologically active fraction was found to be homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis. The biologically active component is a 50,000 dalton protein whose N-terminal amino acid sequence is Asp--Asn--Pro--Ile--Asp. These findings provide a further purified pollen allergen for immunologic studies and the first such purified allergen having clinical significance in a limited geographic region.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of the allergen in mountain cedar pollen. A biologically active fraction from a crude extract of mountain cedar pollen has been purified and partially chemically characterized. An ammonium bicarbonate extract of commercial defatted pollen was fractionated by G-100 Sephadex chromatography and the biologically active fraction was found to be homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis. The biologically active component is a 50,000 dalton protein whose N-terminal amino acid sequence is Asp--Asn--Pro--Ile--Asp. These findings provide a further purified pollen allergen for immunologic studies and the first such purified allergen having clinical significance in a limited geographic region.", "PMID": 725536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10407", "title": "Copper-catalysed reoxidation of human monoclonal IgM.", "content": "Human monoclonal IgM was dissociated into subunits by reduction with 0.01 M dithiothreitol and then separated from the latter with minimal loss of free sulphydryl groups by gel filtration. Incubation in pH 8.0 buffered saline at 25 degrees C for 1 or 2 h resulted in oxidation of approximately 10% of the sulphydryl groups and no significant polymer formation. Incubation for 20 h resulted in oxidation of approximately 60% of the sulphydryl groups and appearance of 15--55% polymers sedimenting at 17S. Oxidation of the sulphydryl groups during the 20 h incubation period was decreased, and reassociation of the subunits was prevented by the addition of 10(-3) M ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid to the buffered saline. In contrast, 90% of the sulphydryl groups were oxidized and 75% of the subunits were reassociated after only 30 min when incubated in 10(-5) M  cupric ion. The reassociated IgM sedimented as a major and a minor component at 15S  and 19S, respectively. Urea-SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis further demonstrated that extensive interchain bonding also occurred. Neither the yield of polymers nor the relative quantities of the reassociated components were altered by increasing the incubation time to 20 h.", "contents": "Copper-catalysed reoxidation of human monoclonal IgM. Human monoclonal IgM was dissociated into subunits by reduction with 0.01 M dithiothreitol and then separated from the latter with minimal loss of free sulphydryl groups by gel filtration. Incubation in pH 8.0 buffered saline at 25 degrees C for 1 or 2 h resulted in oxidation of approximately 10% of the sulphydryl groups and no significant polymer formation. Incubation for 20 h resulted in oxidation of approximately 60% of the sulphydryl groups and appearance of 15--55% polymers sedimenting at 17S. Oxidation of the sulphydryl groups during the 20 h incubation period was decreased, and reassociation of the subunits was prevented by the addition of 10(-3) M ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid to the buffered saline. In contrast, 90% of the sulphydryl groups were oxidized and 75% of the subunits were reassociated after only 30 min when incubated in 10(-5) M  cupric ion. The reassociated IgM sedimented as a major and a minor component at 15S  and 19S, respectively. Urea-SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis further demonstrated that extensive interchain bonding also occurred. Neither the yield of polymers nor the relative quantities of the reassociated components were altered by increasing the incubation time to 20 h.", "PMID": 725537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10408", "title": "Relevance of biliary IgA antibodies in rat intestinal immunity.", "content": "Two intraperitoneal administrations of foreign red cells in Freund's complete adjuvant, or two intragastric intubations of erythrocytes, given to rats at 15 days interval, both elicit the appearance of specific antibodies in bile and serum. When bile was compared to serum, the selective predominance of IgA antibodies in this secretion was observed for both the intraperitoneally and intragastrically immunized groups, being more pronounced for the orally immunized group when related to IgG or IgM antibodies. The IgA content of upper intestinal washings was roughly ten-fold smaller in rats with bile duct cannulation than in sham-operated controls. Altogether, the data demonstrate that bile IgA may significantly contribute to the secretory IgA system of the gut.", "contents": "Relevance of biliary IgA antibodies in rat intestinal immunity. Two intraperitoneal administrations of foreign red cells in Freund's complete adjuvant, or two intragastric intubations of erythrocytes, given to rats at 15 days interval, both elicit the appearance of specific antibodies in bile and serum. When bile was compared to serum, the selective predominance of IgA antibodies in this secretion was observed for both the intraperitoneally and intragastrically immunized groups, being more pronounced for the orally immunized group when related to IgG or IgM antibodies. The IgA content of upper intestinal washings was roughly ten-fold smaller in rats with bile duct cannulation than in sham-operated controls. Altogether, the data demonstrate that bile IgA may significantly contribute to the secretory IgA system of the gut.", "PMID": 725538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10409", "title": "Clinical and laboratory manifestations in patients with serological evidence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection.", "content": "139 cases of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection (serological diagnosis) were treated at Aurora Hospital, Helsinki, between January 1975 and August 1977. In 123 patients the main diagnosis was respiratory infection; 114 of these had pneumonia. The frequency of complications was high: 8 patients had neurologic, 6 cardiac and 5 joint symptoms. Although a significant rise in titre of complement-fixing antibodies to M. pneumoniae was required, the low titre level in some patients who had manifestations less frequently associated with M. pneumoniae infection may suggest nonspecific reactions. Nearly half of the patients in this study had plasmocytosis in the peripheral blood suggesting a strong antibody response. This might be connected with some serological reactions detected in association with M. pneumoniae infections.", "contents": "Clinical and laboratory manifestations in patients with serological evidence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. 139 cases of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection (serological diagnosis) were treated at Aurora Hospital, Helsinki, between January 1975 and August 1977. In 123 patients the main diagnosis was respiratory infection; 114 of these had pneumonia. The frequency of complications was high: 8 patients had neurologic, 6 cardiac and 5 joint symptoms. Although a significant rise in titre of complement-fixing antibodies to M. pneumoniae was required, the low titre level in some patients who had manifestations less frequently associated with M. pneumoniae infection may suggest nonspecific reactions. Nearly half of the patients in this study had plasmocytosis in the peripheral blood suggesting a strong antibody response. This might be connected with some serological reactions detected in association with M. pneumoniae infections.", "PMID": 725539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10410", "title": "Bacterial infections, sensitivity patterns, and chemotherapy among hospital patients in the tropics.", "content": "A prospective clinical and bacteriological review of the pattern of bacterial infections and chemotherapy among 1931 patients admitted to University College Hospital, Ibadan, between July and September, 1976, showed that 394 patients (20%) had bacterial infections, but 940 patients (49%) received antimicrobial chemotherapy. Thus 58% of the patients were treated either prophylactically or without bacteriological confirmation of infection. Infections of the respiratory tract were commonest (28%), followed closely by wound infections (26%). Septicaemia accounted for 20% of all infections and this was particularly common among children. There was a preponderance of infections due to gram-negative bacteria (69%), with Klebsiella spp. being the most frequently encountered. Among the gram-positive organisms, Staphylococcus aureus accounted for the majority of the infections, particularly infections of wounds, while Salmonellae were responsible for the majority of septicaemias, except among young children, where Klebsiella spp. were predominant. Approximately 90% of urinary tract infections were caused by Klebsiella, Escherichia coli and Proteus spp. Almost all the patients with meningitis were children (93%) and the commonest infecting organisms were Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The most commonly used antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin and ampicillin) did not bear a close relationship to the sensitivity patterns of bacteria causing infections in the hospital. Comparison of the bacterial sensitivity patterns for 1963, 1967, 1974 and 1976 showed that the current usage of antibiotics had led over the years to increasing proportions of resistant organisms.", "contents": "Bacterial infections, sensitivity patterns, and chemotherapy among hospital patients in the tropics. A prospective clinical and bacteriological review of the pattern of bacterial infections and chemotherapy among 1931 patients admitted to University College Hospital, Ibadan, between July and September, 1976, showed that 394 patients (20%) had bacterial infections, but 940 patients (49%) received antimicrobial chemotherapy. Thus 58% of the patients were treated either prophylactically or without bacteriological confirmation of infection. Infections of the respiratory tract were commonest (28%), followed closely by wound infections (26%). Septicaemia accounted for 20% of all infections and this was particularly common among children. There was a preponderance of infections due to gram-negative bacteria (69%), with Klebsiella spp. being the most frequently encountered. Among the gram-positive organisms, Staphylococcus aureus accounted for the majority of the infections, particularly infections of wounds, while Salmonellae were responsible for the majority of septicaemias, except among young children, where Klebsiella spp. were predominant. Approximately 90% of urinary tract infections were caused by Klebsiella, Escherichia coli and Proteus spp. Almost all the patients with meningitis were children (93%) and the commonest infecting organisms were Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The most commonly used antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin and ampicillin) did not bear a close relationship to the sensitivity patterns of bacteria causing infections in the hospital. Comparison of the bacterial sensitivity patterns for 1963, 1967, 1974 and 1976 showed that the current usage of antibiotics had led over the years to increasing proportions of resistant organisms.", "PMID": 725540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10411", "title": "Urodynamic studies in boys with disorders of the lower urinary tract. IV. Congenital bladder neck obstruction. A pre- and postoperative study.", "content": "Eighteen boys with diagnose of bladder neck obstruction, based on roentgenological criteria, underwent urodynamic investigations. In the majority of patients, urodynamics clearly deviated from the normal range, substantiating that bladder neck obstruction, although rare, really exists in male infants and children. A rather uniform radiographic appearance of the bladder neck was associated with different urodynamic patterns, suggesting that various pathophysiological mechanisms may be involved.", "contents": "Urodynamic studies in boys with disorders of the lower urinary tract. IV. Congenital bladder neck obstruction. A pre- and postoperative study. Eighteen boys with diagnose of bladder neck obstruction, based on roentgenological criteria, underwent urodynamic investigations. In the majority of patients, urodynamics clearly deviated from the normal range, substantiating that bladder neck obstruction, although rare, really exists in male infants and children. A rather uniform radiographic appearance of the bladder neck was associated with different urodynamic patterns, suggesting that various pathophysiological mechanisms may be involved.", "PMID": 725542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10412", "title": "Vesicostomy--an alternative urine diversion operation. Long term results.", "content": "Seven patients were treated by the Schlegel-Mobley version of the vesicostomy. Six had neurogenic bladder and one an inoperable carcinoma of the urethra. There were no immediate complications. Urine collection from the stoma functioned satisfactorily, but stenosis of the stoma developed in three patients. The upper urinary tract was improved except in one debilitated patient, who had renal calculi already at the time of operation. Dilatation of the bladder remnant is a problem. Urinary infection was not positively influenced. It is concluded, that the operation is not ideal, but provided the patient is left with a small capacity of the bladder remnant and meticulous stomal care is given, the method can be recommended for limited use in chronically debilitated patients.", "contents": "Vesicostomy--an alternative urine diversion operation. Long term results. Seven patients were treated by the Schlegel-Mobley version of the vesicostomy. Six had neurogenic bladder and one an inoperable carcinoma of the urethra. There were no immediate complications. Urine collection from the stoma functioned satisfactorily, but stenosis of the stoma developed in three patients. The upper urinary tract was improved except in one debilitated patient, who had renal calculi already at the time of operation. Dilatation of the bladder remnant is a problem. Urinary infection was not positively influenced. It is concluded, that the operation is not ideal, but provided the patient is left with a small capacity of the bladder remnant and meticulous stomal care is given, the method can be recommended for limited use in chronically debilitated patients.", "PMID": 725543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10413", "title": "Early and late complications of ileal condiut urinary diversion.", "content": "The early and late complications of cutaneous uretero-ileostomy in 61 patients are reported. Only complications attributable to the urinary diversion procedure are detailed. The early complications included intestinal obstruction in 4 cases, enterocutaneous fistula in 4, urinary fistula in 6 and wound disruption in 3 cases The surgical mortality was 6.6%. The predominant late complications were uretero-ileal obstruction with progressive hydronephrosis in 14 patients, 8 of whom underwent re-operation. Stomal problems arose in 6 patients and stone in the urinary tract in 5 patients. Full preoperative irradiation and isolated anastomosis between the ureters and the ileal segment increased the frequency of these late complications. Some measures are discussed which may reduce this fairly high complication rate.", "contents": "Early and late complications of ileal condiut urinary diversion. The early and late complications of cutaneous uretero-ileostomy in 61 patients are reported. Only complications attributable to the urinary diversion procedure are detailed. The early complications included intestinal obstruction in 4 cases, enterocutaneous fistula in 4, urinary fistula in 6 and wound disruption in 3 cases The surgical mortality was 6.6%. The predominant late complications were uretero-ileal obstruction with progressive hydronephrosis in 14 patients, 8 of whom underwent re-operation. Stomal problems arose in 6 patients and stone in the urinary tract in 5 patients. Full preoperative irradiation and isolated anastomosis between the ureters and the ileal segment increased the frequency of these late complications. Some measures are discussed which may reduce this fairly high complication rate.", "PMID": 725544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10414", "title": "Ureteral reflux from ileal conduit.", "content": "In 14 patients with ileal conduit urinary diversion the frequency of ureteral reflux was studied and the intraluminal conduit pressure was registered. Reflux was found in 20 (67%) of the 30 ureters (2 patients with 3 ureters each). The frequency was approximately the same in the erect and supine body positions. Low pressure reflux (less than or equal to 12 cm H2O) was observed in about 50%. No correlation between the conduit pressure and the occurrence of ureteral reflux was found.", "contents": "Ureteral reflux from ileal conduit. In 14 patients with ileal conduit urinary diversion the frequency of ureteral reflux was studied and the intraluminal conduit pressure was registered. Reflux was found in 20 (67%) of the 30 ureters (2 patients with 3 ureters each). The frequency was approximately the same in the erect and supine body positions. Low pressure reflux (less than or equal to 12 cm H2O) was observed in about 50%. No correlation between the conduit pressure and the occurrence of ureteral reflux was found.", "PMID": 725545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10415", "title": "Thrombus formation in the artificial kidney. Platelet and fibrin(ogen) content of experimental thrombi detected by radioisotope technique.", "content": "In vitro studies in a \"mini-Kiil\" dialyser showed that, in spite of presumably adequate heparinization (2.5 IU/ml plasma), 51Cr-labelled platelets and 125I-labelled fibrin(ogen) deposited on membranes and blood lines, when freshly drawn human blood was dialyzed for 30 min. Platelet retention dominated, with a Cr/I ratio 3 times that of blood. Increasing the heparin concentration led to a reduction both of 51Cr- and 125I-activity, with a slight fall in the Cr/I ratio. Heparin was unable to prevent platelet retention in the dialyser, but the platelet aggregating effect of heparin was shown to be of minor importance compared to its anticoagulant activity and effect on thrombin induced platelet aggregation. Platelet retention by the blood lines exceeded that of the dialyser, in spite of a much smaller surface area. Differences in thrombogenicity between cuprophane and silicone rubber as well as different flow characteristics in the two situations were probably contributory. When heparinized tubing was used, the radioactivity retained was negligible, but membrane radioactivity was unaltered. A considerable reduction in blood radioactivity during dialysis, not accounted for by the deposits above, suggests the additional formation of more loosely attached platelet/fibrin(ogen) masses.", "contents": "Thrombus formation in the artificial kidney. Platelet and fibrin(ogen) content of experimental thrombi detected by radioisotope technique. In vitro studies in a \"mini-Kiil\" dialyser showed that, in spite of presumably adequate heparinization (2.5 IU/ml plasma), 51Cr-labelled platelets and 125I-labelled fibrin(ogen) deposited on membranes and blood lines, when freshly drawn human blood was dialyzed for 30 min. Platelet retention dominated, with a Cr/I ratio 3 times that of blood. Increasing the heparin concentration led to a reduction both of 51Cr- and 125I-activity, with a slight fall in the Cr/I ratio. Heparin was unable to prevent platelet retention in the dialyser, but the platelet aggregating effect of heparin was shown to be of minor importance compared to its anticoagulant activity and effect on thrombin induced platelet aggregation. Platelet retention by the blood lines exceeded that of the dialyser, in spite of a much smaller surface area. Differences in thrombogenicity between cuprophane and silicone rubber as well as different flow characteristics in the two situations were probably contributory. When heparinized tubing was used, the radioactivity retained was negligible, but membrane radioactivity was unaltered. A considerable reduction in blood radioactivity during dialysis, not accounted for by the deposits above, suggests the additional formation of more loosely attached platelet/fibrin(ogen) masses.", "PMID": 725547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10416", "title": "Platelet and fibrin(ogen) deposition in the artificial kidney. The influence of haematocrit, fibrin monomer and platelet inhibitors. An in vitro study.", "content": "The effect of variations in haematocrit (hct) on the retention of 51Cr-labelled platelets and 125I-labelled fibrinogen from normal, heparinized, human blood, circulated in an experimental \"mini-Kiil\" dialyzing system, was studied. Platelet retention (PR) on dialysis membranes and blood lines was found to increase with increasing hct. When only platelet rich plasma was circulated, a significantly lower PR was noted on the blood lines. Fibrin(ogen) deposition on the same surfaces showed a similar tendency. When 125I-labelled fibrin monomer was added to normal blood, prior to dialysis, fibrin deposition on the membranes and blood lines was of a much higher degree than in the control. However, PR was not significantly influenced by the presence or deposition of the fibrin monomer. Reduced platelet function, caused by incubation with acetylsalicylic acid prior to dialysis, led to less PR on the blood lines, but not on the membranes. The observed difference was, however, not statistically significant (p = 0.06). Pretreatment of platelets with prostaglandin E1, however, was able to reduce PR significantly both on dialysis membranes and blood lines.", "contents": "Platelet and fibrin(ogen) deposition in the artificial kidney. The influence of haematocrit, fibrin monomer and platelet inhibitors. An in vitro study. The effect of variations in haematocrit (hct) on the retention of 51Cr-labelled platelets and 125I-labelled fibrinogen from normal, heparinized, human blood, circulated in an experimental \"mini-Kiil\" dialyzing system, was studied. Platelet retention (PR) on dialysis membranes and blood lines was found to increase with increasing hct. When only platelet rich plasma was circulated, a significantly lower PR was noted on the blood lines. Fibrin(ogen) deposition on the same surfaces showed a similar tendency. When 125I-labelled fibrin monomer was added to normal blood, prior to dialysis, fibrin deposition on the membranes and blood lines was of a much higher degree than in the control. However, PR was not significantly influenced by the presence or deposition of the fibrin monomer. Reduced platelet function, caused by incubation with acetylsalicylic acid prior to dialysis, led to less PR on the blood lines, but not on the membranes. The observed difference was, however, not statistically significant (p = 0.06). Pretreatment of platelets with prostaglandin E1, however, was able to reduce PR significantly both on dialysis membranes and blood lines.", "PMID": 725548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10417", "title": "Isolated FSH deficiency in a male. A case report.", "content": "This report describes the case of a 26-year-old man investigated because of infertility. The patient appeared healthy with normal sexual activity, physical appearance and karyotype. Repeated semen analyses showed a marked oligozoospermia. A testicular biopsy specimen revealed arrested spermatogenesis and normal Leydig cells. Hormone analyses were normal except for a markedly reduced serum FSH level. Only a few such cases have been previously reported.", "contents": "Isolated FSH deficiency in a male. A case report. This report describes the case of a 26-year-old man investigated because of infertility. The patient appeared healthy with normal sexual activity, physical appearance and karyotype. Repeated semen analyses showed a marked oligozoospermia. A testicular biopsy specimen revealed arrested spermatogenesis and normal Leydig cells. Hormone analyses were normal except for a markedly reduced serum FSH level. Only a few such cases have been previously reported.", "PMID": 725549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10418", "title": "Giant cell arteritis. Clinical features and involvement of different organs.", "content": "Sixty-eight patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA) are described. In 42, histological evidence of arteritis was recorded at biopsy of a temporal artery. Twenty-six patients were included according to clinical criteria. In 20 patients the onset of illness was associated with an infection. The first symptom was: in 30 patients, muscle pains; in 14, fever; in 11, headache with temporal localization, and in 13 patients, tiredness and anorexia. In all, 50 patients had muscular symptoms and 30 had symptoms of localized temporal arteritis. In 5 patients neither muscular symptoms nor localized arteritis were found. A high erythrocyte sedimentation rate was seen in all cases and elevated platelet count was found in 24 patients. Abnormal liver function was a common finding, whereas impaired renal function was not observed. In 8 cases reversible eye symptoms were noted and reduced hearing capacity was demonstrated in 5 patients.", "contents": "Giant cell arteritis. Clinical features and involvement of different organs. Sixty-eight patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA) are described. In 42, histological evidence of arteritis was recorded at biopsy of a temporal artery. Twenty-six patients were included according to clinical criteria. In 20 patients the onset of illness was associated with an infection. The first symptom was: in 30 patients, muscle pains; in 14, fever; in 11, headache with temporal localization, and in 13 patients, tiredness and anorexia. In all, 50 patients had muscular symptoms and 30 had symptoms of localized temporal arteritis. In 5 patients neither muscular symptoms nor localized arteritis were found. A high erythrocyte sedimentation rate was seen in all cases and elevated platelet count was found in 24 patients. Abnormal liver function was a common finding, whereas impaired renal function was not observed. In 8 cases reversible eye symptoms were noted and reduced hearing capacity was demonstrated in 5 patients.", "PMID": 725550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10419", "title": "HLA antigens in females with ankylosing spondylitis and other forms of seronegative rheumatic diseases.", "content": "A total of 222 female patients with seronegative rheumatic diseases were investigated by sacroiliac joint X-ray and HLA-A, B and Ctyped. The frequency of the B27 antigen was significantly increased in the following groups: definite pelvospondylitis (26 patients and relative risk (RR) = 99), possible pelvospondylitis (20 patients, RR=4.5), definite sacroiliitis (14 patients, RR-20.1) and uroarthritis (8 patients). When 24 B27 negative patients from these B27 associated diseases were analysed, significantly increased frequencies of the BW22 (RR=16.7) and CW1 (RR=14.4) antigens were found. There were no significantly deviating HLA frequencies in the following diagnostic groups: clinical sacroiliitis (20 patients), polyarthritis with clinically silent sacroiliitis (12 patients), polyarthritis without sacroiliitis (47 patients), arthralgia preceded by beta-streptococcal infection (17 patients), other arthralgia (33 patients), osteo-arthritis (13 patients) and other arthritis (12 patients).", "contents": "HLA antigens in females with ankylosing spondylitis and other forms of seronegative rheumatic diseases. A total of 222 female patients with seronegative rheumatic diseases were investigated by sacroiliac joint X-ray and HLA-A, B and Ctyped. The frequency of the B27 antigen was significantly increased in the following groups: definite pelvospondylitis (26 patients and relative risk (RR) = 99), possible pelvospondylitis (20 patients, RR=4.5), definite sacroiliitis (14 patients, RR-20.1) and uroarthritis (8 patients). When 24 B27 negative patients from these B27 associated diseases were analysed, significantly increased frequencies of the BW22 (RR=16.7) and CW1 (RR=14.4) antigens were found. There were no significantly deviating HLA frequencies in the following diagnostic groups: clinical sacroiliitis (20 patients), polyarthritis with clinically silent sacroiliitis (12 patients), polyarthritis without sacroiliitis (47 patients), arthralgia preceded by beta-streptococcal infection (17 patients), other arthralgia (33 patients), osteo-arthritis (13 patients) and other arthritis (12 patients).", "PMID": 725551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10420", "title": "Use of physician services by a middle-aged population in a rural health centre district in southwest Finland. Descriptive distributions.", "content": "The use of physician services by a middle-aged population was investigated in connection with a multiphasic screening programme in two rural municipalities in Southwest Finland. The screening programme was attended by 1223 (93.2%) females and 1045 (93.4%) males, 40 to 64 years of age. Two-thirds of the subjects (61% of the men and 69% of the women) had seen a doctor during the previous year because of illness, symptoms or accident. The mean of the face-to-face physician contacts was 2.3 times a year per person, the women having had more contacts (2.4) than the men (2.1). In all, about half (52%) of the subjects had visited the health centre physician during the previous year for the previously mentioned reasons. Ten per cent of the subjects had seen a private specialist and another 10% had seen a physician at an outpatient clinic of a central or district hospital. More than one-third of those who had seen a physician at the health centre had visited the health centre at least three times within a year, whereas only one-sixth of those who had used the services of a private practitioner had seen the private practitioner as often. Proportionately, those visiting mental health offices used the services of a physician the most often, for the majority of them (77%) had seen a psychiatrist at this office at least three times during the year.", "contents": "Use of physician services by a middle-aged population in a rural health centre district in southwest Finland. Descriptive distributions. The use of physician services by a middle-aged population was investigated in connection with a multiphasic screening programme in two rural municipalities in Southwest Finland. The screening programme was attended by 1223 (93.2%) females and 1045 (93.4%) males, 40 to 64 years of age. Two-thirds of the subjects (61% of the men and 69% of the women) had seen a doctor during the previous year because of illness, symptoms or accident. The mean of the face-to-face physician contacts was 2.3 times a year per person, the women having had more contacts (2.4) than the men (2.1). In all, about half (52%) of the subjects had visited the health centre physician during the previous year for the previously mentioned reasons. Ten per cent of the subjects had seen a private specialist and another 10% had seen a physician at an outpatient clinic of a central or district hospital. More than one-third of those who had seen a physician at the health centre had visited the health centre at least three times within a year, whereas only one-sixth of those who had used the services of a private practitioner had seen the private practitioner as often. Proportionately, those visiting mental health offices used the services of a physician the most often, for the majority of them (77%) had seen a psychiatrist at this office at least three times during the year.", "PMID": 725553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10421", "title": "Untreated psychiatric disability. A study of disabled persons with major psychiatric health impairment, having never received psychiatric treatment.", "content": "The presented investigation, from a county seemingly representative of the average for Norway, showed that at least 15% of male Disability Pensioners with a psychiatric primary diagnosis, become pensioned without having had any psychiatric treatment. The purpose of the investigation was to describe this group of untreated psychiatric disabled, both numerically and regarding social, personal and nosological factors. It was found that the absence of treatment was due to lack of opportunity, but to the pensioner's own attitude, a stubborn resistance to being defind as a psychiatric patient. This is enhanced by a general tendency in our culture to choose, when possible, the role of a somatic patient rather than that of a psychiatric patient. The untreated group of male Disability Pensioners had a normal distribution of social status and stability, and showed a strong preponderance of neurosis-like conditions, combined with pains and other symptoms from the musculo-skeletal system in 51% of the clients. Among War Pensioners there were also found many untreated psychiatric disabled, especially ex-wartime seamen, showing a surprisingly constant syndrome of mixed anxiety and asthenia. The material comprised 150 males, 101 applicants for Disability Pension and 49 for War Pension, all untreated.", "contents": "Untreated psychiatric disability. A study of disabled persons with major psychiatric health impairment, having never received psychiatric treatment. The presented investigation, from a county seemingly representative of the average for Norway, showed that at least 15% of male Disability Pensioners with a psychiatric primary diagnosis, become pensioned without having had any psychiatric treatment. The purpose of the investigation was to describe this group of untreated psychiatric disabled, both numerically and regarding social, personal and nosological factors. It was found that the absence of treatment was due to lack of opportunity, but to the pensioner's own attitude, a stubborn resistance to being defind as a psychiatric patient. This is enhanced by a general tendency in our culture to choose, when possible, the role of a somatic patient rather than that of a psychiatric patient. The untreated group of male Disability Pensioners had a normal distribution of social status and stability, and showed a strong preponderance of neurosis-like conditions, combined with pains and other symptoms from the musculo-skeletal system in 51% of the clients. Among War Pensioners there were also found many untreated psychiatric disabled, especially ex-wartime seamen, showing a surprisingly constant syndrome of mixed anxiety and asthenia. The material comprised 150 males, 101 applicants for Disability Pension and 49 for War Pension, all untreated.", "PMID": 725554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10422", "title": "A new method for investigating the relation between change and initial value in longitudinal blood pressure data. II. Comparison with other methods.", "content": "Whether initial value affects blood pressure change or not is of interest in longitudinal blood pressure studies. The change/initial value relationship is, however, biased by the regression towards the mean phenomenon, as blood pressure measurements contain random errors (short-term intra-individual variation and measurement errors). Two methods (here called C and D) of avoiding this bias have earlier been proposed and used in population studies in South Wales and Framingham, with conflicting results. In the preceding paper a new method of avoiding the bias has been presented. In the present paper a comparison of the new method with the two earlier is made by applying them to the same data set. Method C indicates, as in South Wales, a highly significant positive relationship, while method D (as in Framingham) and the new method give a regression coefficient close to zero. The structure of the three methods is analysed. Method C is shown to be valid only under very restricted conditions and is best avoided. Method D gives a fairly accurate result, but underestimates the coefficient by approximately 30% in this case. The new method proposed seems to be the best method hitherto for this kind of analysis.", "contents": "A new method for investigating the relation between change and initial value in longitudinal blood pressure data. II. Comparison with other methods. Whether initial value affects blood pressure change or not is of interest in longitudinal blood pressure studies. The change/initial value relationship is, however, biased by the regression towards the mean phenomenon, as blood pressure measurements contain random errors (short-term intra-individual variation and measurement errors). Two methods (here called C and D) of avoiding this bias have earlier been proposed and used in population studies in South Wales and Framingham, with conflicting results. In the preceding paper a new method of avoiding the bias has been presented. In the present paper a comparison of the new method with the two earlier is made by applying them to the same data set. Method C indicates, as in South Wales, a highly significant positive relationship, while method D (as in Framingham) and the new method give a regression coefficient close to zero. The structure of the three methods is analysed. Method C is shown to be valid only under very restricted conditions and is best avoided. Method D gives a fairly accurate result, but underestimates the coefficient by approximately 30% in this case. The new method proposed seems to be the best method hitherto for this kind of analysis.", "PMID": 725555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10423", "title": "Mortality by marital status and social class in Finland during 1969--1971. Mortality from natural and violent causes.", "content": "In this paper a study of the distribution of mortality rates by social class and marital status for men and women in three age groups (25--44, 45--64 and 65--84) is presented. Natural and violent causes of death are analysed separately. The death certificates of Finnish citizens for the years 1969, 1970 and 1971 (totalling 137780) were analysed and mortality rates standarized using as reference population the data from the 1970 census. It is shown that certain combinations of social class and marital status can be considered as significant risk factors for mortality in the Finnish population.", "contents": "Mortality by marital status and social class in Finland during 1969--1971. Mortality from natural and violent causes. In this paper a study of the distribution of mortality rates by social class and marital status for men and women in three age groups (25--44, 45--64 and 65--84) is presented. Natural and violent causes of death are analysed separately. The death certificates of Finnish citizens for the years 1969, 1970 and 1971 (totalling 137780) were analysed and mortality rates standarized using as reference population the data from the 1970 census. It is shown that certain combinations of social class and marital status can be considered as significant risk factors for mortality in the Finnish population.", "PMID": 725556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10424", "title": "Distributing medical care services. Coronary care units in the United States and Sweden.", "content": "Planning in the United States is based on an institution's perceived need, whereas in many other countries it is based on population need. These unique approaches to planning have led to widely differing distributions of facilities and services. Planning by the U.S. method leads to a more generous provision of services than does population-based planning. In both planning systems, the planning process appears of paramount importance, while the fundamental questions of effectiveness outcome and impact of medical care services are usually ignored. Even population-based planning either cannot or will not deal with the conflict between professional desire for highly developed technology on the one hand and treatment effectiveness on the other. Nevertheless, population-based planning has at least the virtue of providing a less expensive yet more efficient system. Physicians and the public appear able to adjust to the quite different resource provisions of the two planning systems; both the abundant U.S. supply and the restricted supply in Sweden are perceived as adequate.", "contents": "Distributing medical care services. Coronary care units in the United States and Sweden. Planning in the United States is based on an institution's perceived need, whereas in many other countries it is based on population need. These unique approaches to planning have led to widely differing distributions of facilities and services. Planning by the U.S. method leads to a more generous provision of services than does population-based planning. In both planning systems, the planning process appears of paramount importance, while the fundamental questions of effectiveness outcome and impact of medical care services are usually ignored. Even population-based planning either cannot or will not deal with the conflict between professional desire for highly developed technology on the one hand and treatment effectiveness on the other. Nevertheless, population-based planning has at least the virtue of providing a less expensive yet more efficient system. Physicians and the public appear able to adjust to the quite different resource provisions of the two planning systems; both the abundant U.S. supply and the restricted supply in Sweden are perceived as adequate.", "PMID": 725557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10425", "title": "Clinical evaluation of the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve in the tricuspid position. Early and late results in 10 isolated and 51 combined cases.", "content": "Tricuspid valve replacement with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve was performed in 61 consecutive patients with either organic disease causing valve malfunction or functional regurgitation of severe degree. The early mortality rate was 21% (13/61) for the entire series. It was 10% (1/10) for tricuspid valve replacement alone, 27% (9/33) for mitral and tricuspid valve replacement, and 18% (3/17) for triple valve replacement. Age over 60 years, functional capacity group IV (N.Y.H.A.) and heart volume over 900 ml/m2 BSA were factors associated with a high operative mortality. There were 3 late deaths, 42, 42 and 45 months, respectively, after surgery, due to arrhythmia (2) and anticoagulant complications (1). The Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis has functioned well and with satisfactory clinical improvement in the majority of the 48 long-term survivors, for an average period of 2.8 years. There were, however, 3 cases of prosthetic valve failure due to thrombotic obstruction following isolated tricuspid replacement because of Ebstein's anomaly (2) and traumatic tricuspid valvular incompetence (1). Reoperation with insertion of a new Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis involved no mortality. One patient, however, had a recurrent prosthetic thrombosis which was successfully treated with streptokinase. Only one patient in the series, who underwent triple valve replacement, suffered from systemic embolism, an incidence of 0.7 per 100 patient years. There were no episodes of pulmonary embolism or infective endocarditis.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve in the tricuspid position. Early and late results in 10 isolated and 51 combined cases. Tricuspid valve replacement with the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc valve was performed in 61 consecutive patients with either organic disease causing valve malfunction or functional regurgitation of severe degree. The early mortality rate was 21% (13/61) for the entire series. It was 10% (1/10) for tricuspid valve replacement alone, 27% (9/33) for mitral and tricuspid valve replacement, and 18% (3/17) for triple valve replacement. Age over 60 years, functional capacity group IV (N.Y.H.A.) and heart volume over 900 ml/m2 BSA were factors associated with a high operative mortality. There were 3 late deaths, 42, 42 and 45 months, respectively, after surgery, due to arrhythmia (2) and anticoagulant complications (1). The Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis has functioned well and with satisfactory clinical improvement in the majority of the 48 long-term survivors, for an average period of 2.8 years. There were, however, 3 cases of prosthetic valve failure due to thrombotic obstruction following isolated tricuspid replacement because of Ebstein's anomaly (2) and traumatic tricuspid valvular incompetence (1). Reoperation with insertion of a new Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthesis involved no mortality. One patient, however, had a recurrent prosthetic thrombosis which was successfully treated with streptokinase. Only one patient in the series, who underwent triple valve replacement, suffered from systemic embolism, an incidence of 0.7 per 100 patient years. There were no episodes of pulmonary embolism or infective endocarditis.", "PMID": 725559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10426", "title": "Aortic valve replacement. A randomized study comparing the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley and Lillehei-Kaster disc valves. Peroperative haemodynamic evaluation and early results.", "content": "Three hundred patients were selected at random in order to compare the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley and the Lillehei-Kaster valves in the aortic position. Peroperative haemodynamic evaluations were carried out in 106 cases. The effective orifice area of the valves and the effective area index were calculated. The results indicate that the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valves utilize the available space in the aortic root about 12% better than the Lillehei-Kaster valves. There were 11 hospital deaths, but none of them were valve related.", "contents": "Aortic valve replacement. A randomized study comparing the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley and Lillehei-Kaster disc valves. Peroperative haemodynamic evaluation and early results. Three hundred patients were selected at random in order to compare the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley and the Lillehei-Kaster valves in the aortic position. Peroperative haemodynamic evaluations were carried out in 106 cases. The effective orifice area of the valves and the effective area index were calculated. The results indicate that the Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valves utilize the available space in the aortic root about 12% better than the Lillehei-Kaster valves. There were 11 hospital deaths, but none of them were valve related.", "PMID": 725560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10427", "title": "Circulatory adaptation after aortic valve replacement. A clinical study peroperatively and in the early postoperative period.", "content": "The myocardial function and the central and peripheral circulation were studied after aortic valve replacement. All patients showed a similar postoperative pattern of response. During the operation, after termination of bypass, the mean arterial blood pressure (Pa,m) was low. The total peripheral vascular resistance (TPR) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) were normal. Immediately after the operation Pa,m, TPR and PVR were higher than peroperatively. The cardiac index (CI) and stroke index (SI) were low, and the heart rate (HR) was high. At this stage the oesophageal temperature was increasing, but there was no shivering. Then followed a period in which Pa,m and TPR decreased, while CI and SI remained essentially unchanged. The oesophageal temperature reached its highest value 5 hours postoperatively. Peripheral warming began in the 3rd hour postoperatively and was completed in the 6th hour, when the peripheral temperature was 35 degrees C. The progressive peripheral warming, with peripheral cutaneous vasodilatation and slight reduction of the heart rate, took place without signs of increasing CI or SI. The left and right ventricular function, expressed as the relation between LVSWI and Pla,m, and RVSWI and Pra,m, respectively, varied postoperatively and showed no signs of improvement at the time of peripheral warming. Cardiac output and myocardial function seemed to be little affected by the obvious changes appearing during the systemic and peripheral vasodilatation in connection with central and peripheral warming.", "contents": "Circulatory adaptation after aortic valve replacement. A clinical study peroperatively and in the early postoperative period. The myocardial function and the central and peripheral circulation were studied after aortic valve replacement. All patients showed a similar postoperative pattern of response. During the operation, after termination of bypass, the mean arterial blood pressure (Pa,m) was low. The total peripheral vascular resistance (TPR) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) were normal. Immediately after the operation Pa,m, TPR and PVR were higher than peroperatively. The cardiac index (CI) and stroke index (SI) were low, and the heart rate (HR) was high. At this stage the oesophageal temperature was increasing, but there was no shivering. Then followed a period in which Pa,m and TPR decreased, while CI and SI remained essentially unchanged. The oesophageal temperature reached its highest value 5 hours postoperatively. Peripheral warming began in the 3rd hour postoperatively and was completed in the 6th hour, when the peripheral temperature was 35 degrees C. The progressive peripheral warming, with peripheral cutaneous vasodilatation and slight reduction of the heart rate, took place without signs of increasing CI or SI. The left and right ventricular function, expressed as the relation between LVSWI and Pla,m, and RVSWI and Pra,m, respectively, varied postoperatively and showed no signs of improvement at the time of peripheral warming. Cardiac output and myocardial function seemed to be little affected by the obvious changes appearing during the systemic and peripheral vasodilatation in connection with central and peripheral warming.", "PMID": 725561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10428", "title": "Haemodynamic effects of ethanol immediately after aortic valve replacement. A clinical study peroperatively and in the early postoperative period.", "content": "The haemodynamic effects of intravenous (i.v.) administration of ethanol were studied in two groups of patients--groups IV and V--during the first hours after aortic valve replacement. A group of seven patients, who underwent the same operation but were not treated with ethanol, served as controls (Klingen et al., 1978 c). The ethanol was given by continuous i.v. infusion. It was started after termination of bypass and was continued for 6 hours postoperatively. Group IV (9 patients) had a blood concentration of about 20 mmol/l. Group V (8 patients) had a blood concentration constant at 35-40 mmol/l. Groups IV and V differed from group III in their reactions in the following respects, and the differences may be attributed to the ethanol. In the former groups the arterial (systemic) blood pressure and total peripheral vascular resistance were lower (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.001, respectively). Cardiac output was higher (P less than 0.05) and the arteriovenous oxygen difference lower (P less than 0.01) in group IV and V and increased at an early stage (P less than 0.01). The study shows that ethanol in blood concentrations of 20 and 35-40 mmol/l has approximately the same vasodilative effect, with no influence on the heart rate and no depressive effect on myocardial function; on the contrary this function tended to be stimulated at a blood concentration of 35-40 mmol/l.", "contents": "Haemodynamic effects of ethanol immediately after aortic valve replacement. A clinical study peroperatively and in the early postoperative period. The haemodynamic effects of intravenous (i.v.) administration of ethanol were studied in two groups of patients--groups IV and V--during the first hours after aortic valve replacement. A group of seven patients, who underwent the same operation but were not treated with ethanol, served as controls (Klingen et al., 1978 c). The ethanol was given by continuous i.v. infusion. It was started after termination of bypass and was continued for 6 hours postoperatively. Group IV (9 patients) had a blood concentration of about 20 mmol/l. Group V (8 patients) had a blood concentration constant at 35-40 mmol/l. Groups IV and V differed from group III in their reactions in the following respects, and the differences may be attributed to the ethanol. In the former groups the arterial (systemic) blood pressure and total peripheral vascular resistance were lower (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.001, respectively). Cardiac output was higher (P less than 0.05) and the arteriovenous oxygen difference lower (P less than 0.01) in group IV and V and increased at an early stage (P less than 0.01). The study shows that ethanol in blood concentrations of 20 and 35-40 mmol/l has approximately the same vasodilative effect, with no influence on the heart rate and no depressive effect on myocardial function; on the contrary this function tended to be stimulated at a blood concentration of 35-40 mmol/l.", "PMID": 725562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10429", "title": "Effect of initial myocardial anoxia on coronary flow during aortic valve replacement.", "content": "Flow to the right and left coronary arteries was recorded continuously during aortic valve replacement using continous constant-pressure coronary perfusion at 32 degrees C in 13 patients. The initially high coronary flow decreased gradually until a certain level, the so-called resting flow level, was reached and stabilized there as long as perfusion temperature remained unchanged. At 32 degrees C, resting flow was about 50% of the peak hyperaemic flow. The length of preceding anoxia had a significant effect on the duration of reactive hyperaemic response. After a short anoxic period, resting flow level was reached in about 3 min, after moderate period in 15 min and after long anoxia in 35 min, respectively.", "contents": "Effect of initial myocardial anoxia on coronary flow during aortic valve replacement. Flow to the right and left coronary arteries was recorded continuously during aortic valve replacement using continous constant-pressure coronary perfusion at 32 degrees C in 13 patients. The initially high coronary flow decreased gradually until a certain level, the so-called resting flow level, was reached and stabilized there as long as perfusion temperature remained unchanged. At 32 degrees C, resting flow was about 50% of the peak hyperaemic flow. The length of preceding anoxia had a significant effect on the duration of reactive hyperaemic response. After a short anoxic period, resting flow level was reached in about 3 min, after moderate period in 15 min and after long anoxia in 35 min, respectively.", "PMID": 725563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10430", "title": "Mediastinal tumours. A follow-up study of 208 patients.", "content": "During the twenty-year period 1954--1973, 208 patients were referred to the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery for treatment of mediastinal tumours. Forty-nine patients had malignant tumours (24%), 86 benign tumours and 73 non-neoplastic lesions. The most common histologic types were neurogenic tumours and malignant lymphomas, followed by thymomas and germinal tumours. Most non-neoplastic lesions were cysts. The mediastinal tumours were often asymptomatic, the malignant tumours in 31%, the benign tumours and tumourlike lesions in 65% of the cases. The most common symptom was pain, which occurred in one-fifth of the patients. The most useful diagnostic method was X-ray examination of the chest. However, a final diagnosis could usually be made only at operation. Thirteen malignant tumours were excised radically, 18 palliatively and 18 were only biopsied. Almost all benign tumours were radically excised. Forty-four patients received postoperative radiation therapy and 6 received chemotherapy. The hospital mortality was 8.2% for the patients with malignant tumours and 1.9% for those with benign tumours. At the end of the follow-up period, which varied from 2 to 21 years (median 10.3 years), 41% of the patients with malignant tumours were alive. Two patients with benign tumours had died of an apparently malignant change in a neurofibroma.", "contents": "Mediastinal tumours. A follow-up study of 208 patients. During the twenty-year period 1954--1973, 208 patients were referred to the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery for treatment of mediastinal tumours. Forty-nine patients had malignant tumours (24%), 86 benign tumours and 73 non-neoplastic lesions. The most common histologic types were neurogenic tumours and malignant lymphomas, followed by thymomas and germinal tumours. Most non-neoplastic lesions were cysts. The mediastinal tumours were often asymptomatic, the malignant tumours in 31%, the benign tumours and tumourlike lesions in 65% of the cases. The most common symptom was pain, which occurred in one-fifth of the patients. The most useful diagnostic method was X-ray examination of the chest. However, a final diagnosis could usually be made only at operation. Thirteen malignant tumours were excised radically, 18 palliatively and 18 were only biopsied. Almost all benign tumours were radically excised. Forty-four patients received postoperative radiation therapy and 6 received chemotherapy. The hospital mortality was 8.2% for the patients with malignant tumours and 1.9% for those with benign tumours. At the end of the follow-up period, which varied from 2 to 21 years (median 10.3 years), 41% of the patients with malignant tumours were alive. Two patients with benign tumours had died of an apparently malignant change in a neurofibroma.", "PMID": 725564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10431", "title": "Thoracic duct cyst of the mediastinum. A case report.", "content": "There are only a few reports in the literature on cysts of the thoracic duct. This case report concerns a 56-year-old female patient, who was operated on because of a mediastinal mass that later proved to be a cyst of the thoracic duct. The operation and immediate postoperative course were uneventful. Six months later, the patient was doing well and no further investigations were recommended.", "contents": "Thoracic duct cyst of the mediastinum. A case report. There are only a few reports in the literature on cysts of the thoracic duct. This case report concerns a 56-year-old female patient, who was operated on because of a mediastinal mass that later proved to be a cyst of the thoracic duct. The operation and immediate postoperative course were uneventful. Six months later, the patient was doing well and no further investigations were recommended.", "PMID": 725565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10432", "title": "Oesophageal tissue reaction to different suture materials. An experimental study in the cat.", "content": "Oesophageal tissue reaction to different suture materials (chromic catgut, silk, prolene and stainless steel wire) was analysed and compared in 45 cats with and without reflux oesophagitis. Diffuse reflux oesophagitis was produced in 12 out of 21 animals subjected to oesophagocardiomyotomy (Marwedel-Wendel) combined with production of a fixed hiatal hernia of sliding type. Steel wire sutures produced minimal tissue reaction and undisturbed fibroplasia both in the intact oesophagus and in the presence of reflux oesophagitis. The steel wire sutures were found to be superior to the chromic catgut, silk, and prolene.", "contents": "Oesophageal tissue reaction to different suture materials. An experimental study in the cat. Oesophageal tissue reaction to different suture materials (chromic catgut, silk, prolene and stainless steel wire) was analysed and compared in 45 cats with and without reflux oesophagitis. Diffuse reflux oesophagitis was produced in 12 out of 21 animals subjected to oesophagocardiomyotomy (Marwedel-Wendel) combined with production of a fixed hiatal hernia of sliding type. Steel wire sutures produced minimal tissue reaction and undisturbed fibroplasia both in the intact oesophagus and in the presence of reflux oesophagitis. The steel wire sutures were found to be superior to the chromic catgut, silk, and prolene.", "PMID": 725566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10433", "title": "Pigmenturia following direct muscle injury and delayed arterial reconstructive surgery. A case report.", "content": "A case is presented with severe muscular trauma to the lower leg and ischaemia of nine hours duration secondary to a totally disrupted popliteal artery and vein. Following successful revascularisation and fasciotomies, the patient developed an extreme local muscular oedma, pigmenturia and impaired renal function. It is concluded that the pigmenturia was a mixture of both myoglobinuria and haematuria, dependent on an acute toxic nephrosis, due in part to rhabdomyolysis and in part to the effect of delayed revascularisation. Extensive fasciotomies completed at the time of revascularisation almost certainly attenuated the metabolic-toxic process to a large degree and contributed to the fair functional outcome.", "contents": "Pigmenturia following direct muscle injury and delayed arterial reconstructive surgery. A case report. A case is presented with severe muscular trauma to the lower leg and ischaemia of nine hours duration secondary to a totally disrupted popliteal artery and vein. Following successful revascularisation and fasciotomies, the patient developed an extreme local muscular oedma, pigmenturia and impaired renal function. It is concluded that the pigmenturia was a mixture of both myoglobinuria and haematuria, dependent on an acute toxic nephrosis, due in part to rhabdomyolysis and in part to the effect of delayed revascularisation. Extensive fasciotomies completed at the time of revascularisation almost certainly attenuated the metabolic-toxic process to a large degree and contributed to the fair functional outcome.", "PMID": 725568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10434", "title": "Debrisan: an effective new wound cleanser.", "content": "Debrisan (Pharmacia GB), an insoluble hydrophilic powder of polymerised dextran, has recently become available in Britain as a wound cleansing agent. So far it has proved to be an effective, if costly, agent for the initial cleaning of moist varicose ulcers, but once the slough has been removed, it has no advantage over more traditional methods in promoting ulcer healing.", "contents": "Debrisan: an effective new wound cleanser. Debrisan (Pharmacia GB), an insoluble hydrophilic powder of polymerised dextran, has recently become available in Britain as a wound cleansing agent. So far it has proved to be an effective, if costly, agent for the initial cleaning of moist varicose ulcers, but once the slough has been removed, it has no advantage over more traditional methods in promoting ulcer healing.", "PMID": 725579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10435", "title": "Indications for the use of tranylcypromine and trifluoperazine (Parstelin).", "content": "Thirty-two patients were treated with the combination of tranylcypromine and trifluoperazine (Parstelin). The patients fell into 3 clinical groups, namely, endogenous depression (7 patients), neurotic depressive reaction (10 patients) and phobic anxiety with some depressive features (15 patients). Satisfactory response was found in 10 out of the 15 patients with phobic symptoms. The response in the other 2 groups was not significant. Side effects were troublesome in the neurotic depressive reaction group. In the phobic group the symptoms of the patients who responded were inclined to recur when the treatment was discontinued. It is considered that it is a useful preparation in the treatment of some phobic patients, but one must expect that the patients are likely to have to remain on the drug for long periods of time.", "contents": "Indications for the use of tranylcypromine and trifluoperazine (Parstelin). Thirty-two patients were treated with the combination of tranylcypromine and trifluoperazine (Parstelin). The patients fell into 3 clinical groups, namely, endogenous depression (7 patients), neurotic depressive reaction (10 patients) and phobic anxiety with some depressive features (15 patients). Satisfactory response was found in 10 out of the 15 patients with phobic symptoms. The response in the other 2 groups was not significant. Side effects were troublesome in the neurotic depressive reaction group. In the phobic group the symptoms of the patients who responded were inclined to recur when the treatment was discontinued. It is considered that it is a useful preparation in the treatment of some phobic patients, but one must expect that the patients are likely to have to remain on the drug for long periods of time.", "PMID": 725583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10436", "title": "Loss of division potential in vitro: aging or differentiation?", "content": "We have examined the hypothesis that diploid cells grown in vitro age, and propose that only proliferative potential and not life-span is telescoped. We suggest that explanted or transplanted diploid cells are driven to divide by the process of subculturing in vitro or in vivo and, in response to this pressure, also complete their differentiation and become refractory to further mitotic stimulation. We conclude that differentiation rather than \"mortality\" distinguishes diploid from transformed cells and that the former may not age in vitro, but are lost because culture methods are selective for cycling cells.", "contents": "Loss of division potential in vitro: aging or differentiation? We have examined the hypothesis that diploid cells grown in vitro age, and propose that only proliferative potential and not life-span is telescoped. We suggest that explanted or transplanted diploid cells are driven to divide by the process of subculturing in vitro or in vivo and, in response to this pressure, also complete their differentiation and become refractory to further mitotic stimulation. We conclude that differentiation rather than \"mortality\" distinguishes diploid from transformed cells and that the former may not age in vitro, but are lost because culture methods are selective for cycling cells.", "PMID": 725592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10437", "title": "Intracellular calcium: its release from granules during bursting activity in snail neurons.", "content": "Pentylenetetrazole induces a bursting activity accompanied by intracellular movement of calcium toward the cell membrane in the snail neuron. The calcium appears to originate from the dense lysosome-like granules in the cytoplasm. Pentylenetetrazole markedly depletes the granules of calcium and alters them ultrastructurally from dense granules to lamella type granules.", "contents": "Intracellular calcium: its release from granules during bursting activity in snail neurons. Pentylenetetrazole induces a bursting activity accompanied by intracellular movement of calcium toward the cell membrane in the snail neuron. The calcium appears to originate from the dense lysosome-like granules in the cytoplasm. Pentylenetetrazole markedly depletes the granules of calcium and alters them ultrastructurally from dense granules to lamella type granules.", "PMID": 725594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10438", "title": "Intraventricular alloxan eliminates feeding elicited by 2-deoxyglucose.", "content": "Evidence suggests that alloxan reacts with membrane-bound glucoreceptors and that it competes with glucose molecules for these sites. We therefore administered small quantities of alloxan into the cerebrospinal fluid of rats to determine what effect this might have on their ability to react to changes of glucose concentration. Rats treated in this manner did not eat as much as controls in response to the intraperitoneal administration of 2-deoxyglucose or to a 24-hour fast, and they became hypoglycemic significantly sooner than controls when fasted. The data suggest that the function of brain glucoreceptors is to protect the body from sudden decreases of glucose and that these glucoreceptors play little if any role in the normal regulation or maintenance of feeding, body weight, or blood glucose concentrations.", "contents": "Intraventricular alloxan eliminates feeding elicited by 2-deoxyglucose. Evidence suggests that alloxan reacts with membrane-bound glucoreceptors and that it competes with glucose molecules for these sites. We therefore administered small quantities of alloxan into the cerebrospinal fluid of rats to determine what effect this might have on their ability to react to changes of glucose concentration. Rats treated in this manner did not eat as much as controls in response to the intraperitoneal administration of 2-deoxyglucose or to a 24-hour fast, and they became hypoglycemic significantly sooner than controls when fasted. The data suggest that the function of brain glucoreceptors is to protect the body from sudden decreases of glucose and that these glucoreceptors play little if any role in the normal regulation or maintenance of feeding, body weight, or blood glucose concentrations.", "PMID": 725595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10439", "title": "Short-term memory: the \"storage\" component of human brain responses predicts recall.", "content": "An evoked potential component with a poststimulus peak at about 250 milliseconds is related to the storage of information in short-term memory. This storage component was found in an investigation of brain potentials in relation to a number and letter comparison task. In replications of this experiment at three different light intensities spaced 1.0 log unit apart, the component had essentially the same waveform and pattern of scores. The memory storage interpretation was confirmed in a behavioral experiment that probed short-term memory. Recall was predicted by the magnitude of the storage component.", "contents": "Short-term memory: the \"storage\" component of human brain responses predicts recall. An evoked potential component with a poststimulus peak at about 250 milliseconds is related to the storage of information in short-term memory. This storage component was found in an investigation of brain potentials in relation to a number and letter comparison task. In replications of this experiment at three different light intensities spaced 1.0 log unit apart, the component had essentially the same waveform and pattern of scores. The memory storage interpretation was confirmed in a behavioral experiment that probed short-term memory. Recall was predicted by the magnitude of the storage component.", "PMID": 725596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10440", "title": "Exponential decrease during aging and random lifetime of mouse spermatogonial stem cells.", "content": "Variation in the number of spermatogonial stem cells during the lifespan of the mouse was examined by assaying the number of clonogenic cells, that is, spermatogenic stem cells, surviving known doses of radiation. The results indicated that the stem cell number decreased exponentially with age.", "contents": "Exponential decrease during aging and random lifetime of mouse spermatogonial stem cells. Variation in the number of spermatogonial stem cells during the lifespan of the mouse was examined by assaying the number of clonogenic cells, that is, spermatogenic stem cells, surviving known doses of radiation. The results indicated that the stem cell number decreased exponentially with age.", "PMID": 725597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10441", "title": "Cloning human fetal gamma globin and mouse alpha-type globin DNA: preparation and screening of shotgun collections.", "content": "Shotgun collections of Charon 3A bacteriophages containing Eco RI fragments of human and mouse DNA were constructed with the use of in vitro packaging. Plaques were screened by hybridization, and globin-specific clones were isolated from both human (Charon 3AHs51.1) and mouse (Charon 3AMm30.5). The fragments cloned were detected in unfractionated genomic DNA by the Southern method of hybridization.", "contents": "Cloning human fetal gamma globin and mouse alpha-type globin DNA: preparation and screening of shotgun collections. Shotgun collections of Charon 3A bacteriophages containing Eco RI fragments of human and mouse DNA were constructed with the use of in vitro packaging. Plaques were screened by hybridization, and globin-specific clones were isolated from both human (Charon 3AHs51.1) and mouse (Charon 3AMm30.5). The fragments cloned were detected in unfractionated genomic DNA by the Southern method of hybridization.", "PMID": 725603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10442", "title": "Cloning human fetal gamma globin and mouse alpha-type globin DNA: characterization and partial sequencing.", "content": "Two globin-related clones isolated from collections of bacteriophages containing unfractionated Eco RI fragments of human and mouse DNA were characterized. Charon3AHs51.1Hbgamma includes 2.7 kilobase pairs of human DNA containing a large part of a fetal gamma globin chain structural gene; Charon 3AMm30.5 includes 4.7 kilobase pairs of mouse DNA related to alpha globin. The human fetal gamma globin gene has within its coding region two intervening sequences of noncoding DNA, IVS 1 and IVS 2, of approximately 1-0 and 900 base pairs. Sequence IVS 1 is located at the position of one of the two intervening sequences occurring in adult globin genes; IVS 2 is located at the position of the other.", "contents": "Cloning human fetal gamma globin and mouse alpha-type globin DNA: characterization and partial sequencing. Two globin-related clones isolated from collections of bacteriophages containing unfractionated Eco RI fragments of human and mouse DNA were characterized. Charon3AHs51.1Hbgamma includes 2.7 kilobase pairs of human DNA containing a large part of a fetal gamma globin chain structural gene; Charon 3AMm30.5 includes 4.7 kilobase pairs of mouse DNA related to alpha globin. The human fetal gamma globin gene has within its coding region two intervening sequences of noncoding DNA, IVS 1 and IVS 2, of approximately 1-0 and 900 base pairs. Sequence IVS 1 is located at the position of one of the two intervening sequences occurring in adult globin genes; IVS 2 is located at the position of the other.", "PMID": 725604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10443", "title": "Human leukocyte interferon purified to homogeneity.", "content": "One of the species of human interferon produced by incubation of leukocytes with Newcastle disease virus was purified to homogeneity. It exhibited one peak of activity coinciding with a single protein band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "Human leukocyte interferon purified to homogeneity. One of the species of human interferon produced by incubation of leukocytes with Newcastle disease virus was purified to homogeneity. It exhibited one peak of activity coinciding with a single protein band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "PMID": 725605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10444", "title": "Cell lineage analysis by intracellular injection of a tracer enzyme.", "content": "Cell lineages during development of leeches can be ascertained by injection of horseradish peroxidase as a tracer into identified cells at early stages of embryogenesis. The injected embryos continue their normal development, in the course of which horseradish peroxidase is passed on in catalytically active form to the descendants of the injected cell. The distribution of the tracer enzyme and hence of the progeny of the injected cell can then be observed at a later stage of development by staining the preparation for horseradish peroxidase.", "contents": "Cell lineage analysis by intracellular injection of a tracer enzyme. Cell lineages during development of leeches can be ascertained by injection of horseradish peroxidase as a tracer into identified cells at early stages of embryogenesis. The injected embryos continue their normal development, in the course of which horseradish peroxidase is passed on in catalytically active form to the descendants of the injected cell. The distribution of the tracer enzyme and hence of the progeny of the injected cell can then be observed at a later stage of development by staining the preparation for horseradish peroxidase.", "PMID": 725606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10445", "title": "Endoplasmic reticulum sequesters calcium in the squid giant axon.", "content": "Axons were loaded with calcium, rapidly frozen, and freeze-substituted. The endoplasmic reticulum, in addition to mitochondria, contained calcium deposits, as indicated by electron probe x-ray microanalysis. Oxalate injected into living axons helped to preserve calcium-containing deposits during preparation for microscopy. It is concluded that the endoplasmic reticulum is a calcium-sequestering compartment in the squid giant axon.", "contents": "Endoplasmic reticulum sequesters calcium in the squid giant axon. Axons were loaded with calcium, rapidly frozen, and freeze-substituted. The endoplasmic reticulum, in addition to mitochondria, contained calcium deposits, as indicated by electron probe x-ray microanalysis. Oxalate injected into living axons helped to preserve calcium-containing deposits during preparation for microscopy. It is concluded that the endoplasmic reticulum is a calcium-sequestering compartment in the squid giant axon.", "PMID": 725607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10446", "title": "Tricyclic antidepressants: long-term treatment increases responsivity of rat forebrain neurons to serotonin.", "content": "Long-term treatment of rats with clinically effective tricyclic antidepressant drugs induced a selective increase in the inhibitory response of forebrain neurons to serotonin applied by microiontophoresis. Long-term administration of some related drugs which lack antidepressant efficacy failed to induce such a change. The enhanced response to serotonin induced by the clinically active tricyclic drugs took 1 to 2 weeks to develop, a time course which correlates with the delayed onset of therapeutic effects in humans.", "contents": "Tricyclic antidepressants: long-term treatment increases responsivity of rat forebrain neurons to serotonin. Long-term treatment of rats with clinically effective tricyclic antidepressant drugs induced a selective increase in the inhibitory response of forebrain neurons to serotonin applied by microiontophoresis. Long-term administration of some related drugs which lack antidepressant efficacy failed to induce such a change. The enhanced response to serotonin induced by the clinically active tricyclic drugs took 1 to 2 weeks to develop, a time course which correlates with the delayed onset of therapeutic effects in humans.", "PMID": 725608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10447", "title": "Role of the psyche in recovery from myocardial infarction.", "content": "The need for psychosocial counseling in survivors of myocardial infarction is often overlooked. A few casual remarks at the bedside will not suffice. These patients progress through three definable stages: (1) stress, (2) disorganization, and (3) reconstruction. The assistance of the physician in helping the patient through these phases is imperative to complete recovery.", "contents": "Role of the psyche in recovery from myocardial infarction. The need for psychosocial counseling in survivors of myocardial infarction is often overlooked. A few casual remarks at the bedside will not suffice. These patients progress through three definable stages: (1) stress, (2) disorganization, and (3) reconstruction. The assistance of the physician in helping the patient through these phases is imperative to complete recovery.", "PMID": 725619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10448", "title": "Optimal enzyme test combination for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "One hundred consecutive patients admitted to our cardiology service with the suspected diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction were evaluated with serical enzyme and isoenzyme determinations in an attempt to develop the medically and financially optimal combination of enzyme tests. In patients with onset of chest pain less than 24 hours before admission, creatine phosphokinase MB determination on admission and after 12 hours was sufficient to diagnose of exclude myocardial infarction. One serum LDH isoenzyme determination 24 hours after admission confirmed the diagnosis in 74% of patients.", "contents": "Optimal enzyme test combination for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. One hundred consecutive patients admitted to our cardiology service with the suspected diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction were evaluated with serical enzyme and isoenzyme determinations in an attempt to develop the medically and financially optimal combination of enzyme tests. In patients with onset of chest pain less than 24 hours before admission, creatine phosphokinase MB determination on admission and after 12 hours was sufficient to diagnose of exclude myocardial infarction. One serum LDH isoenzyme determination 24 hours after admission confirmed the diagnosis in 74% of patients.", "PMID": 725620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10449", "title": "Hemodialysis in chronic schizophrenic patients.", "content": "Ten schizophrenic patients were dialyzed once a week for 16 weeks. They showed marked abnormalities in thinking, affect, and behavior. When out of the hospital, they lived vegetative, nonproductive lives. Seven patients at the end of the 16-week period showed no or minimal symptoms involving thinking, affect, and behavior. One patient showed moderate improvement, and there were two treatment failures.", "contents": "Hemodialysis in chronic schizophrenic patients. Ten schizophrenic patients were dialyzed once a week for 16 weeks. They showed marked abnormalities in thinking, affect, and behavior. When out of the hospital, they lived vegetative, nonproductive lives. Seven patients at the end of the 16-week period showed no or minimal symptoms involving thinking, affect, and behavior. One patient showed moderate improvement, and there were two treatment failures.", "PMID": 725621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10450", "title": "Two-plane fixation of acute supracondylar and intracondylar fractures of the femur.", "content": "In 37 cases of supracondylar and intracondylar fractures of the femur treated by open reduction and internal fixation, a two-plane compression device, affording firm fixation in either the sagittal or frontal plane, was used with excellent results. Certain anatomic factors and associated injuries to the musculoskeletal system deserve classification, to enable the orthopedic surgeon to accurately evaluate and treat such fractures in the distal third of the femur. A negative attitude has been perpetuated concerning the ability of the trained orthopedic surgeon to reduce these fractures and adequately maintain the reduction for early mobilization. In 97% of our cases, results were good to excellent, and complications were infrequent. The purpose of this paper is, first, to describe a practicable classification of supracondylar and intracondylar fractures of the femur and, second, to describe the results in our series of cases treated a compression device specifically designed for these types of fractures.", "contents": "Two-plane fixation of acute supracondylar and intracondylar fractures of the femur. In 37 cases of supracondylar and intracondylar fractures of the femur treated by open reduction and internal fixation, a two-plane compression device, affording firm fixation in either the sagittal or frontal plane, was used with excellent results. Certain anatomic factors and associated injuries to the musculoskeletal system deserve classification, to enable the orthopedic surgeon to accurately evaluate and treat such fractures in the distal third of the femur. A negative attitude has been perpetuated concerning the ability of the trained orthopedic surgeon to reduce these fractures and adequately maintain the reduction for early mobilization. In 97% of our cases, results were good to excellent, and complications were infrequent. The purpose of this paper is, first, to describe a practicable classification of supracondylar and intracondylar fractures of the femur and, second, to describe the results in our series of cases treated a compression device specifically designed for these types of fractures.", "PMID": 725622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10451", "title": "Sternoclavicular joint involvement in ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "Two patients with sternoclavicular joint involvement in ankylosing spondylitis are described, both of whom presented with referred pain syndromes which delayed diagnosis. The anatomy of the sternoclavicular joint and the salient features of this entity are reviewed.", "contents": "Sternoclavicular joint involvement in ankylosing spondylitis. Two patients with sternoclavicular joint involvement in ankylosing spondylitis are described, both of whom presented with referred pain syndromes which delayed diagnosis. The anatomy of the sternoclavicular joint and the salient features of this entity are reviewed.", "PMID": 725623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10452", "title": "Ferritin as an index of bone marrow iron stores.", "content": "We examined the relationship of serum ferritin to bone marrow iron stores in 73 anemic male medical inpatients with liver disease, alcoholism, chronic inflammatory disease, and malignancies. A correlation of r = 0.75 (P less than .00005) was found between serum ferritin and bone marrow iron stores (BMIS) for the entire group. Liver disease as manifested clinically or by increased levels of serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase did not appear to significantly affect this relationship. Patients with folic acid deficiency did tend to have a disproportionate increase in ferritin in relation to BMIS, but this did not seem to destroy the usefulness of ferritin levels. A useful clinical rule seems to be that serum ferritin of greater than 100 ng/ml tends to exclude iron deficiency, and a level of less than 30 ng/ml tends to confirm decreased iron stores.", "contents": "Ferritin as an index of bone marrow iron stores. We examined the relationship of serum ferritin to bone marrow iron stores in 73 anemic male medical inpatients with liver disease, alcoholism, chronic inflammatory disease, and malignancies. A correlation of r = 0.75 (P less than .00005) was found between serum ferritin and bone marrow iron stores (BMIS) for the entire group. Liver disease as manifested clinically or by increased levels of serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase did not appear to significantly affect this relationship. Patients with folic acid deficiency did tend to have a disproportionate increase in ferritin in relation to BMIS, but this did not seem to destroy the usefulness of ferritin levels. A useful clinical rule seems to be that serum ferritin of greater than 100 ng/ml tends to exclude iron deficiency, and a level of less than 30 ng/ml tends to confirm decreased iron stores.", "PMID": 725624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10453", "title": "Serum IgE levels and recurrent abdominal pain in children.", "content": "Serum IgE levels were measured in 25 consecutive children with recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) of undetermined cause and 25 consecutive controls of similar age and sex without evidence of RAP, allergy, or parasitic infection. No significant difference in serum IgE levels was demonstreated in children with and without RAP.", "contents": "Serum IgE levels and recurrent abdominal pain in children. Serum IgE levels were measured in 25 consecutive children with recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) of undetermined cause and 25 consecutive controls of similar age and sex without evidence of RAP, allergy, or parasitic infection. No significant difference in serum IgE levels was demonstreated in children with and without RAP.", "PMID": 725625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10454", "title": "Diagnosis of lymphangitic carcinomatosis by transbronchial lung biopsy.", "content": "The records of patients who had transbronchial lung biopsy at Walter Reed Army Medical Center between January 1974 and September 1977 were retrospectively reviewed. Nine patients were found whose clinical and radiographic presentations were compatible with lymphangitic carcinomatosis. In five patients in lymphangitic spread of carcinoma was diagnosed from transbronchial lung biopsy specimens. A single patient had a false-negative biopsy, proven at autopsy three weeks later. The other three patients with negative biopsies are alive and receiving chemotherapy 12 months later (two patients) or are lost to follow-up (one patient). Transbronchial lung biopsy is an accurate procedure for diagnosing lymphangitic carcinomatosis. In addition, aggressive chemotherapy should not be used in these patients without a tissue diagnosis.", "contents": "Diagnosis of lymphangitic carcinomatosis by transbronchial lung biopsy. The records of patients who had transbronchial lung biopsy at Walter Reed Army Medical Center between January 1974 and September 1977 were retrospectively reviewed. Nine patients were found whose clinical and radiographic presentations were compatible with lymphangitic carcinomatosis. In five patients in lymphangitic spread of carcinoma was diagnosed from transbronchial lung biopsy specimens. A single patient had a false-negative biopsy, proven at autopsy three weeks later. The other three patients with negative biopsies are alive and receiving chemotherapy 12 months later (two patients) or are lost to follow-up (one patient). Transbronchial lung biopsy is an accurate procedure for diagnosing lymphangitic carcinomatosis. In addition, aggressive chemotherapy should not be used in these patients without a tissue diagnosis.", "PMID": 725626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10455", "title": "Photochemotherapy: dermatologic uses.", "content": "Photochemotherapy is a new concept in treating selected skin disease. Psoralens taken orally two hours before high-intensity UVA radiation results in clinical clearing of psoriasis, mycosis fungoides, vitiligo, and atopic eczema. The results of two large cooperative studies in the treatment of psoriasis presented similar results.", "contents": "Photochemotherapy: dermatologic uses. Photochemotherapy is a new concept in treating selected skin disease. Psoralens taken orally two hours before high-intensity UVA radiation results in clinical clearing of psoriasis, mycosis fungoides, vitiligo, and atopic eczema. The results of two large cooperative studies in the treatment of psoriasis presented similar results.", "PMID": 725627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10456", "title": "Facial reanimation in M\u00f6bius syndrome.", "content": "The psychosocial deformity associated with total lack of facial animation (as seen in M\u00f6bius syndrome) is an extremely crippling situation. This inability to show happiness, sadness, or anger by facial expression frequently results in severe introversion and a reclusive personality. Restoration of even a minimal degree of controlled facial movement is beneficial. Recent experience in the treatment of two patients with this syndrome using both dynamic and static procedures has been most rewarding. Operating simultaneously on both sides of the face poses some problems that are different from those in teh patient with unilateral paralysis. The operative details are described, with preoperative and postoperative evaluation.", "contents": "Facial reanimation in M\u00f6bius syndrome. The psychosocial deformity associated with total lack of facial animation (as seen in M\u00f6bius syndrome) is an extremely crippling situation. This inability to show happiness, sadness, or anger by facial expression frequently results in severe introversion and a reclusive personality. Restoration of even a minimal degree of controlled facial movement is beneficial. Recent experience in the treatment of two patients with this syndrome using both dynamic and static procedures has been most rewarding. Operating simultaneously on both sides of the face poses some problems that are different from those in teh patient with unilateral paralysis. The operative details are described, with preoperative and postoperative evaluation.", "PMID": 725628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10457", "title": "Pancreatic pseudocyst as a cause of jaundice.", "content": "Three cases of jaundice caused by a pseudocyst in the head of the pancreas which compressed the distal common bile duct are presented. These were seen at the VA Hospital, Clarksburg, West Virginia, in a four-year period. The need for bypass drainage of the biliary tree in such cases is emphasized. Simple drainage of the pancreatic pseudocyst in our patients has not relieved the obstructive compression of the intrapancreatic portion of the common bile duct.", "contents": "Pancreatic pseudocyst as a cause of jaundice. Three cases of jaundice caused by a pseudocyst in the head of the pancreas which compressed the distal common bile duct are presented. These were seen at the VA Hospital, Clarksburg, West Virginia, in a four-year period. The need for bypass drainage of the biliary tree in such cases is emphasized. Simple drainage of the pancreatic pseudocyst in our patients has not relieved the obstructive compression of the intrapancreatic portion of the common bile duct.", "PMID": 725629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10458", "title": "Chronic diarrhea in returing travelers: intestinal parasitic infection with the fluke Metagonimus yokogawai.", "content": "An unusual intestinal infection with the parasite Metagonimus yokogawai was acquired by an American traveling in the Orient. Diarrhea began abroad, and recurred at intervals until she was seen 1 1/2 years later. Stool examinations resulted in the recovery of small operculated ova characteristic of intestinal or biliary fluke infection. Treatment with hexylresorcinol failed to eradicate the infection, but subsequent use of tetrachloroethylene was successful and facilitated recovery of adult parasites, leading to the specific diagnosis of metagonimiasis. Metagonimiasis and related intestinal fluke infections should be considered as a possible cause of persistent diarrhea in travelers returning from endemic areas abroad.", "contents": "Chronic diarrhea in returing travelers: intestinal parasitic infection with the fluke Metagonimus yokogawai. An unusual intestinal infection with the parasite Metagonimus yokogawai was acquired by an American traveling in the Orient. Diarrhea began abroad, and recurred at intervals until she was seen 1 1/2 years later. Stool examinations resulted in the recovery of small operculated ova characteristic of intestinal or biliary fluke infection. Treatment with hexylresorcinol failed to eradicate the infection, but subsequent use of tetrachloroethylene was successful and facilitated recovery of adult parasites, leading to the specific diagnosis of metagonimiasis. Metagonimiasis and related intestinal fluke infections should be considered as a possible cause of persistent diarrhea in travelers returning from endemic areas abroad.", "PMID": 725630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10459", "title": "Blood chemistry abnormalities in bacterial endocarditis of narcotic addicts.", "content": "We recently treated two narcotic addicts with bacterial endocarditis who developed the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). This prompted a retrospective review of blood chemistry studies in all narcotic addicts admitted to our hospital over a 30-month period because of a clinical suspicion of bacterial endocarditis. Patients with culture-positive endocarditis (group 1) had significantly lower plasma osmolality, sodium, calcium and albumin values (P less than .02, .001, .005, and .005 respectively) than addicts without endocarditis (group 2). More than 90% of those in group 1 had hyponatremia, and 48% had plasma hypoosmolality. These findings may be of value in the initial evaluation of ill narcotic addicts for hospitalization.", "contents": "Blood chemistry abnormalities in bacterial endocarditis of narcotic addicts. We recently treated two narcotic addicts with bacterial endocarditis who developed the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). This prompted a retrospective review of blood chemistry studies in all narcotic addicts admitted to our hospital over a 30-month period because of a clinical suspicion of bacterial endocarditis. Patients with culture-positive endocarditis (group 1) had significantly lower plasma osmolality, sodium, calcium and albumin values (P less than .02, .001, .005, and .005 respectively) than addicts without endocarditis (group 2). More than 90% of those in group 1 had hyponatremia, and 48% had plasma hypoosmolality. These findings may be of value in the initial evaluation of ill narcotic addicts for hospitalization.", "PMID": 725631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10460", "title": "Botryomycosis: first report of human brain involvement.", "content": "A 57-year-old man, previously well except for dental caries and a history of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, presented with marching right-sided motor seizures of sudden onset. Cerebral arteriography and scan demonstrated an avascular left frontal lobe mass. At operation, it was identified as an abscess and was totally excised. Histologically, granules resembling those seen in actinomycosis were demonstrated in the abscess wall, but special stains revealed gram-positive cocci in chains within and outside the granules. Fungal spores, mycelia, or branching filamentous structures were absent. Acid-fast stains were negative, and alpha-hemolytic streptococcus was recovered in pure culture from the abscess. While the patient was convalescing with penicillin therapy, a dental survey revealed the presence of periodontal abscesses which were drained by exodontia. Culture of the tooth sockets showed alpha-hemolytic streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus. The literature on this relatively rare bacterial disease which histologically resembles actinomycosis is reviewed.", "contents": "Botryomycosis: first report of human brain involvement. A 57-year-old man, previously well except for dental caries and a history of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, presented with marching right-sided motor seizures of sudden onset. Cerebral arteriography and scan demonstrated an avascular left frontal lobe mass. At operation, it was identified as an abscess and was totally excised. Histologically, granules resembling those seen in actinomycosis were demonstrated in the abscess wall, but special stains revealed gram-positive cocci in chains within and outside the granules. Fungal spores, mycelia, or branching filamentous structures were absent. Acid-fast stains were negative, and alpha-hemolytic streptococcus was recovered in pure culture from the abscess. While the patient was convalescing with penicillin therapy, a dental survey revealed the presence of periodontal abscesses which were drained by exodontia. Culture of the tooth sockets showed alpha-hemolytic streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus. The literature on this relatively rare bacterial disease which histologically resembles actinomycosis is reviewed.", "PMID": 725632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10461", "title": "Normal vaginal axis.", "content": "Vaginograms were done on 20 normal women to determine the exact axis, length, and direction of the normal vagina. The vagina was found to be a curved organ with a distinct upper portion that has an axis between the third and fourth sacral vetebrae. The importance of restoring this axis in pelvic surgery, especially for vault prolapse, is discussed.", "contents": "Normal vaginal axis. Vaginograms were done on 20 normal women to determine the exact axis, length, and direction of the normal vagina. The vagina was found to be a curved organ with a distinct upper portion that has an axis between the third and fourth sacral vetebrae. The importance of restoring this axis in pelvic surgery, especially for vault prolapse, is discussed.", "PMID": 725633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10462", "title": "New method for obtaining uncontaminated urine from women.", "content": "Midstream sampling and colony counts have greatly improved precision in diagnosing urinary tract infections. In women, however, contamination by vaginal flora and cells still poses a diagnostic problem. We have devised an instrument for helping collect uncontaminated urine from women and have tested it in three sets of observations. Approximately 96% of 200 women were able to use the device successfully after minimal instruction. Bacterial colony counts and quantitative estimation of vaginal epithelial cells were performed on urine collected by 18 female volunteers using conventional clean-catch technics and on urine collected by the same 18 women using the Clean Streamer. The average bacterial colony count in conventionally collected urine was 8,100/ml while in Clean Streamer collected urine it was 1,722/ml. The average number of vaginal epithelial cells in conventionally collected urine was 22.4/ml while in Clean Streamer collected urine it was 14.1/ml. The difference in both comparisons is statistically significant (P = .01). We believe that use of the Clean Streamer greatly facilitates the ability of a woman to collect a urine sample uncontaminated by vaginal secretions and flora.", "contents": "New method for obtaining uncontaminated urine from women. Midstream sampling and colony counts have greatly improved precision in diagnosing urinary tract infections. In women, however, contamination by vaginal flora and cells still poses a diagnostic problem. We have devised an instrument for helping collect uncontaminated urine from women and have tested it in three sets of observations. Approximately 96% of 200 women were able to use the device successfully after minimal instruction. Bacterial colony counts and quantitative estimation of vaginal epithelial cells were performed on urine collected by 18 female volunteers using conventional clean-catch technics and on urine collected by the same 18 women using the Clean Streamer. The average bacterial colony count in conventionally collected urine was 8,100/ml while in Clean Streamer collected urine it was 1,722/ml. The average number of vaginal epithelial cells in conventionally collected urine was 22.4/ml while in Clean Streamer collected urine it was 14.1/ml. The difference in both comparisons is statistically significant (P = .01). We believe that use of the Clean Streamer greatly facilitates the ability of a woman to collect a urine sample uncontaminated by vaginal secretions and flora.", "PMID": 725634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10463", "title": "Staging laparotomy in Hodgkin's disease: a critical appraisal of its value.", "content": "Although staging laparotomy changes the stage of one third of patients with Hodgkin's disease, this change in stage does not establish that routine staging laparotomy is of clinical value. The value of laparotomy depends on the results of clinical decisions which are based on the information provided by laparotomy. Increased accuracy in staging may improve clinical results by eliminating undertreatment, with an increased risk of relapse, or overtreatment with an increased risk of morbidity--including second malignancies. In some clinical settings information provided by laparotomy may be clinically irrelevant. Since clinical studies have not established the optimal therapy for every stage of Hodgkin's disease, rigid guidelines for performing staging laporotomies cannot be established. However, staging laparotomy should be done only after consideration of how the information provided by laparotomy will affect clinical decisions. Recent evidence that the extent of abdominal nodal involvement has major prognostic implications may play a role in this decision-making process.", "contents": "Staging laparotomy in Hodgkin's disease: a critical appraisal of its value. Although staging laparotomy changes the stage of one third of patients with Hodgkin's disease, this change in stage does not establish that routine staging laparotomy is of clinical value. The value of laparotomy depends on the results of clinical decisions which are based on the information provided by laparotomy. Increased accuracy in staging may improve clinical results by eliminating undertreatment, with an increased risk of relapse, or overtreatment with an increased risk of morbidity--including second malignancies. In some clinical settings information provided by laparotomy may be clinically irrelevant. Since clinical studies have not established the optimal therapy for every stage of Hodgkin's disease, rigid guidelines for performing staging laporotomies cannot be established. However, staging laparotomy should be done only after consideration of how the information provided by laparotomy will affect clinical decisions. Recent evidence that the extent of abdominal nodal involvement has major prognostic implications may play a role in this decision-making process.", "PMID": 725635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10464", "title": "Reversal of chronic diabetes insipidus during treatment with protriptyline.", "content": "We have described a 13-year-old white boy with Ondine's curse, sleep apnea and cataplexy who simultaneously developed progressive hypothalamic neuroendocrine deficiencies requiring replacement therapy. The patient was treated with protriptyline, a nonsedating tricyclic antidepressant, for control of the sleep-related symptoms. An unexpected result was the apparent reversal of his chronic diabetes insipidus by protriptyline, necessitating discontinuation of lysine-vasopressin. Some possible mechanisms of action were discussed.", "contents": "Reversal of chronic diabetes insipidus during treatment with protriptyline. We have described a 13-year-old white boy with Ondine's curse, sleep apnea and cataplexy who simultaneously developed progressive hypothalamic neuroendocrine deficiencies requiring replacement therapy. The patient was treated with protriptyline, a nonsedating tricyclic antidepressant, for control of the sleep-related symptoms. An unexpected result was the apparent reversal of his chronic diabetes insipidus by protriptyline, necessitating discontinuation of lysine-vasopressin. Some possible mechanisms of action were discussed.", "PMID": 725636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10465", "title": "Duodenal pseudotumor with ball-valve syndrome.", "content": "Prolapse of the gastric mucosa into the duodenum must be considered when a round soft tissue mass is seen in the right upper quadrant on scout abdominal film. Gastric prolapse may mimic tumor in the duodenum when the prolapse is large. Examination with barium meal is necessary to exclude prolapse of the gastric mucosa into the duodenum as a cause of epigastric pain and vomiting. Medical treatment is suggested for patients with mild symptoms, but patients with severe symptoms, repeated hemorrhage, anemia, severe intermittent epigastric pain and vomiting due to ball-valve syndrome should have operation.", "contents": "Duodenal pseudotumor with ball-valve syndrome. Prolapse of the gastric mucosa into the duodenum must be considered when a round soft tissue mass is seen in the right upper quadrant on scout abdominal film. Gastric prolapse may mimic tumor in the duodenum when the prolapse is large. Examination with barium meal is necessary to exclude prolapse of the gastric mucosa into the duodenum as a cause of epigastric pain and vomiting. Medical treatment is suggested for patients with mild symptoms, but patients with severe symptoms, repeated hemorrhage, anemia, severe intermittent epigastric pain and vomiting due to ball-valve syndrome should have operation.", "PMID": 725637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10466", "title": "Sarcoidosis of the spinal cord as the presenting manifestation of the disease.", "content": "Involvement of the spinal cord by sarcoid is quite rare, with only 11 previous histologically proved cases. One finds an almost uniform increase in the spinal fluid protein level. Even with the presence of other stigmas of sarcoidosis, the diagnosis of spinal cord sarcoidosis is difficult, and biopsy usually must be done to rule out a malignant tumor.", "contents": "Sarcoidosis of the spinal cord as the presenting manifestation of the disease. Involvement of the spinal cord by sarcoid is quite rare, with only 11 previous histologically proved cases. One finds an almost uniform increase in the spinal fluid protein level. Even with the presence of other stigmas of sarcoidosis, the diagnosis of spinal cord sarcoidosis is difficult, and biopsy usually must be done to rule out a malignant tumor.", "PMID": 725638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10467", "title": "Fracture of a temporary pacemaker electrode catheter.", "content": "We have reported an instance of fracture of a temporary bipolar electrode catheter with embolization of the distal fragment to the lung. The patient had no untoward effects for 45 days before death. Autopsy revealed no thrombosis proximal or distal to the catheter fragment. The inability of the catheter to withstand the stress of usage questions the efficacy of its design. Careful inspection of the catheter before its use might have prevented this complication.", "contents": "Fracture of a temporary pacemaker electrode catheter. We have reported an instance of fracture of a temporary bipolar electrode catheter with embolization of the distal fragment to the lung. The patient had no untoward effects for 45 days before death. Autopsy revealed no thrombosis proximal or distal to the catheter fragment. The inability of the catheter to withstand the stress of usage questions the efficacy of its design. Careful inspection of the catheter before its use might have prevented this complication.", "PMID": 725639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10468", "title": "Skeletal muscle involvement in Rocky Mountain spotted fever.", "content": "A case of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in a 10-year-old boy accompanied by an unusually high degree of myalgia and muscle weakness was presented. On admission to the hospital, his creatine phosphokinase, SGOT, SGPT, and aldolase values were all abnormally high. Rash did not appear until the fourth hospital day. On the same day results of a proteus OX-19 titer of blood were reported as positive (titer 1:320) and intravenous therapy with chloramphenicol was started. The child's condition gradually improved and five months later he had no detectable muscle weakness.", "contents": "Skeletal muscle involvement in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. A case of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in a 10-year-old boy accompanied by an unusually high degree of myalgia and muscle weakness was presented. On admission to the hospital, his creatine phosphokinase, SGOT, SGPT, and aldolase values were all abnormally high. Rash did not appear until the fourth hospital day. On the same day results of a proteus OX-19 titer of blood were reported as positive (titer 1:320) and intravenous therapy with chloramphenicol was started. The child's condition gradually improved and five months later he had no detectable muscle weakness.", "PMID": 725640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10469", "title": "Immune thrombocytopenia, red cell aplasia, lupus, and hyperthyroidism.", "content": "A patient is presented with multiple manifestations of an autoimmune diathesis: immune thrombocytopenia, red cell aplasia, hyperthyroidism, a lupus-like syndrome, and an anti-i autoantibody, with inability to be transfused. Some of these entities are known to be commonly associated, but some are not, and it is unusual to find five of these phenomena in a single patient.", "contents": "Immune thrombocytopenia, red cell aplasia, lupus, and hyperthyroidism. A patient is presented with multiple manifestations of an autoimmune diathesis: immune thrombocytopenia, red cell aplasia, hyperthyroidism, a lupus-like syndrome, and an anti-i autoantibody, with inability to be transfused. Some of these entities are known to be commonly associated, but some are not, and it is unusual to find five of these phenomena in a single patient.", "PMID": 725641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10470", "title": "T4 toxicosis.", "content": "We have described a 25-year-old man with hyperthyroidism and normal levels of serum T3 and reverse T3, but with abnormalities in serum T4I, T3U, FTI, FT4, and T3 suppression and TRH stimulation tests consistent with the diagnosis of T4 toxicosis. Serum total iodine was elevated several-fold, and the observed response to iodine depletion and loading suggested that the T4 toxicosis in this patient probably resulted from an increased iodine load, with production of T4 preferentially to T3. There appeared to be no evidence of a defect in peripheral conversion of T4 to T3.", "contents": "T4 toxicosis. We have described a 25-year-old man with hyperthyroidism and normal levels of serum T3 and reverse T3, but with abnormalities in serum T4I, T3U, FTI, FT4, and T3 suppression and TRH stimulation tests consistent with the diagnosis of T4 toxicosis. Serum total iodine was elevated several-fold, and the observed response to iodine depletion and loading suggested that the T4 toxicosis in this patient probably resulted from an increased iodine load, with production of T4 preferentially to T3. There appeared to be no evidence of a defect in peripheral conversion of T4 to T3.", "PMID": 725642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10471", "title": "Cold water syncope.", "content": "Cardiac bradyarrhythmias upon swallowing have been reported previously and most commonly have been related to esophageal abnormalities. We have reported the case of an unusual patient who experiences bradycardia and syncope only upon swallowing cold liquids.", "contents": "Cold water syncope. Cardiac bradyarrhythmias upon swallowing have been reported previously and most commonly have been related to esophageal abnormalities. We have reported the case of an unusual patient who experiences bradycardia and syncope only upon swallowing cold liquids.", "PMID": 725643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10472", "title": "Depersonalization in a 16-year-old boy.", "content": "A prolonged period of depersonalization resolved in this 16-year-old boy with only supportive therapy. Reasons for the depersonalization and withholding of other treatment are discussed. Observations are shared of the very intriguing phenomenon of derealization and allied conditions, psychiatric syndromes which are appearing with increasing frequency among so-called \"normal adolescents\" who indulge in drugs or other experiences which alter the state of consciousness, and among adolescents who survive disasters or harrowing experiences.", "contents": "Depersonalization in a 16-year-old boy. A prolonged period of depersonalization resolved in this 16-year-old boy with only supportive therapy. Reasons for the depersonalization and withholding of other treatment are discussed. Observations are shared of the very intriguing phenomenon of derealization and allied conditions, psychiatric syndromes which are appearing with increasing frequency among so-called \"normal adolescents\" who indulge in drugs or other experiences which alter the state of consciousness, and among adolescents who survive disasters or harrowing experiences.", "PMID": 725644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10473", "title": "\"Dome and dart\" P waves.", "content": "P waves with a \"dome and dart\" configuration have been observed in patients with congenital and acquired heart disease while having arrhythmias of left atrial origin. This report describes a patient who has dome and dart P waves that appear to be neither ectopic nor associated with structural heart disease.", "contents": "\"Dome and dart\" P waves. P waves with a \"dome and dart\" configuration have been observed in patients with congenital and acquired heart disease while having arrhythmias of left atrial origin. This report describes a patient who has dome and dart P waves that appear to be neither ectopic nor associated with structural heart disease.", "PMID": 725645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10474", "title": "Pathological findings in four cases of human angiostrongyliasis.", "content": "Three adults and a 3 1/2-year-old child presented with eosinophilic meningitis. A history of consumption of raw snails was elicited in 2; evidence of a constant diet of raw food, in the form of opisthorchiasis and taeniasis, as well as angiostrongyliasis, was present in the third; no history of raw food ingestion was obtained in the fourth, the child. Pathologic changes were similar in all 4 cases. There was infiltration of the meninges and around intracerebral vessels by varying proportions of lymphocytes, plasma cells and eosinophils. Numerous tracks and microcavities were found in the brains, and in the spinal cords in 2 cases, varying in size from 0.1 to 2 mm, and in age, with older tracks containing debris and gitter cells, newer tracks showing disruption of brain tissue, with and without haemorrhage. Numerous 4th and 5th stage Angiostrongylus larvae, alive and dead, were found in the meninges and brain tissue, sometimes in blood vessels or perivascular spaces, in 3 cases; in the fourth case a 5th stage larva was found on the surface of the right frontal lobe. In one case a degenerating larva was found in a pulmonary vessel. Cellular reaction was more often associated with dead larvae.", "contents": "Pathological findings in four cases of human angiostrongyliasis. Three adults and a 3 1/2-year-old child presented with eosinophilic meningitis. A history of consumption of raw snails was elicited in 2; evidence of a constant diet of raw food, in the form of opisthorchiasis and taeniasis, as well as angiostrongyliasis, was present in the third; no history of raw food ingestion was obtained in the fourth, the child. Pathologic changes were similar in all 4 cases. There was infiltration of the meninges and around intracerebral vessels by varying proportions of lymphocytes, plasma cells and eosinophils. Numerous tracks and microcavities were found in the brains, and in the spinal cords in 2 cases, varying in size from 0.1 to 2 mm, and in age, with older tracks containing debris and gitter cells, newer tracks showing disruption of brain tissue, with and without haemorrhage. Numerous 4th and 5th stage Angiostrongylus larvae, alive and dead, were found in the meninges and brain tissue, sometimes in blood vessels or perivascular spaces, in 3 cases; in the fourth case a 5th stage larva was found on the surface of the right frontal lobe. In one case a degenerating larva was found in a pulmonary vessel. Cellular reaction was more often associated with dead larvae.", "PMID": 725653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10475", "title": "Cysticercosis in Surabaya, Indonesia.", "content": "Six new cases of cysticercosis and three previously reported cases in Surabaya have been examined in order to determine the age, sex, religion, sites of location and size of cyst. The host response was also discussed. A comparative study was also conducted with other centres in Indonesia. The relative high prevalence of cysticercosis in Bali and the probable influencing factors was also presented.", "contents": "Cysticercosis in Surabaya, Indonesia. Six new cases of cysticercosis and three previously reported cases in Surabaya have been examined in order to determine the age, sex, religion, sites of location and size of cyst. The host response was also discussed. A comparative study was also conducted with other centres in Indonesia. The relative high prevalence of cysticercosis in Bali and the probable influencing factors was also presented.", "PMID": 725655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10476", "title": "Studies on the prevalence of hookworms in the dog's intestine and the pathology of the intestinal wall.", "content": "During the period January to April 1977, 34 dogs were autopsied and examined for hookworms in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, A. caninum was found in all 34 dogs (100%), A. ceylanicum in 33 dogs (97.1%) and A. braziliense in 7 dogs (20.6%). The dogs yielded 2,213 ancylostomes, of which 1,188 were A. caninum, 989 A. ceylanicum and only 36 were A. braziliense. All species of hookworms appeared to be more concentrated in the jejunum than in the duodenum or ileum. The lesion produced, proved to be a traumatic injury and was mostly superficial and never reached the submucosa.", "contents": "Studies on the prevalence of hookworms in the dog's intestine and the pathology of the intestinal wall. During the period January to April 1977, 34 dogs were autopsied and examined for hookworms in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, A. caninum was found in all 34 dogs (100%), A. ceylanicum in 33 dogs (97.1%) and A. braziliense in 7 dogs (20.6%). The dogs yielded 2,213 ancylostomes, of which 1,188 were A. caninum, 989 A. ceylanicum and only 36 were A. braziliense. All species of hookworms appeared to be more concentrated in the jejunum than in the duodenum or ileum. The lesion produced, proved to be a traumatic injury and was mostly superficial and never reached the submucosa.", "PMID": 725656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10477", "title": "Histopathological study of typhoid perforation of the small intestines.", "content": "A retrospective study was made on 184 cases of typhoid fever with perforation of the small intestines, during the period of 1972--1976. There is a constant increase noted in the morbidity and perforations of the small intestines complicating this disease. 50% of the cases were young adults between the age of 15 to 30 years and the 2 youngest cases were 3 year old children. Contrary to other reports, our studies revealed a significant predominance among male patients (77.2%). The pathological changes were typical and basically similar to that described by other investigators.", "contents": "Histopathological study of typhoid perforation of the small intestines. A retrospective study was made on 184 cases of typhoid fever with perforation of the small intestines, during the period of 1972--1976. There is a constant increase noted in the morbidity and perforations of the small intestines complicating this disease. 50% of the cases were young adults between the age of 15 to 30 years and the 2 youngest cases were 3 year old children. Contrary to other reports, our studies revealed a significant predominance among male patients (77.2%). The pathological changes were typical and basically similar to that described by other investigators.", "PMID": 725659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10478", "title": "Prevalence of parasitic infections in Malaysian oil palm estate workers.", "content": "A survey of workers and families resident in an oil palm estate in Malaysia revealed high incidence of parasitic infections. The commonest parasites are T. trichiura (56%), A. lumbricoides (52%), hookworm (28%), Entamoeba coli (11.3%) and Giardia lamblia (11.3%). Mixed infections by two or more parasites was seen in 46% of the subjects. Anaemia was present in 70% of children with hookworm infection. Eosinophilia was observed in 69% of subjects. One each of Hymenolepis nana and Hymenolepis diminuta infection was detected. This is the first report of Hymenolepis diminuta infection in man in Malaysia.", "contents": "Prevalence of parasitic infections in Malaysian oil palm estate workers. A survey of workers and families resident in an oil palm estate in Malaysia revealed high incidence of parasitic infections. The commonest parasites are T. trichiura (56%), A. lumbricoides (52%), hookworm (28%), Entamoeba coli (11.3%) and Giardia lamblia (11.3%). Mixed infections by two or more parasites was seen in 46% of the subjects. Anaemia was present in 70% of children with hookworm infection. Eosinophilia was observed in 69% of subjects. One each of Hymenolepis nana and Hymenolepis diminuta infection was detected. This is the first report of Hymenolepis diminuta infection in man in Malaysia.", "PMID": 725660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10479", "title": "Improved cognition after external carotid endarterectomy.", "content": "Recent clinical results support the conclusion that internal carotid endarterectomy not only serves as a prophylactic measure against catastrophic stroke, but may improve cognitive functioning as well. Improvement in cognitive testing after internal carotid endarterectomy has been amply substantiated in recent literature. 3, 4, 5, 8, This report illustrates that improvement in cerebral blood flow by any means is equally effective in improving cerebral function.", "contents": "Improved cognition after external carotid endarterectomy. Recent clinical results support the conclusion that internal carotid endarterectomy not only serves as a prophylactic measure against catastrophic stroke, but may improve cognitive functioning as well. Improvement in cognitive testing after internal carotid endarterectomy has been amply substantiated in recent literature. 3, 4, 5, 8, This report illustrates that improvement in cerebral blood flow by any means is equally effective in improving cerebral function.", "PMID": 725720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10480", "title": "Spontaneous cervical epidural hematoma with complete recovery.", "content": "Spontaneous spinal epidural hematomas are very rare. Only 25% of them are located in the cervical area. Patients who survive an acute spontaneous cervical epidural hematoma are usually left with severe neurological deficits. The case of an elderly patient with an acute cervical epidural hematoma who fully recovered after surgical treatment is presented.", "contents": "Spontaneous cervical epidural hematoma with complete recovery. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematomas are very rare. Only 25% of them are located in the cervical area. Patients who survive an acute spontaneous cervical epidural hematoma are usually left with severe neurological deficits. The case of an elderly patient with an acute cervical epidural hematoma who fully recovered after surgical treatment is presented.", "PMID": 725721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10481", "title": "The use of antifibrinolytic drugs in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.", "content": "Antifibrinolytic drugs have been investigated in a series of 58 patients with recent aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. It is concluded that tranexamic acid (AMCA) provides a rational method for reducing the frequency of recurrences, and that antifibrinolytic treatment is a preliminary to surgical intervention. In the present series, ischemic complications, which often follow aneurysmal hemmorrhage, seem to be of a more serious nature. There is evidence also that hydrocephalus due to adhesive arachnoiditis is a rare occurrence. The last 20 patients of the present series have been treated with very low doses of AMCA associated with parotid kallikrein inhibitor (Trasylol); this dosage has been effective in preventing recurrence and has appeared to be freer from severe side effects.", "contents": "The use of antifibrinolytic drugs in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Antifibrinolytic drugs have been investigated in a series of 58 patients with recent aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. It is concluded that tranexamic acid (AMCA) provides a rational method for reducing the frequency of recurrences, and that antifibrinolytic treatment is a preliminary to surgical intervention. In the present series, ischemic complications, which often follow aneurysmal hemmorrhage, seem to be of a more serious nature. There is evidence also that hydrocephalus due to adhesive arachnoiditis is a rare occurrence. The last 20 patients of the present series have been treated with very low doses of AMCA associated with parotid kallikrein inhibitor (Trasylol); this dosage has been effective in preventing recurrence and has appeared to be freer from severe side effects.", "PMID": 725719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10482", "title": "Traumatic internal carotid occlusion at the base of the skull.", "content": "A case of traumatic thrombosis of the internal carotid artery at the base of the skull is reported, and 23 similar cases collected from the literature. This review shows that 85% of the patients either died or were left with major neurological deficit, and only 15% recovered completely. There were two primary sites for the onset of thrombosis. One in the petrous pyramid and usually associated with basal skull fracture, and the other immediately distal to the posterior communicating artery in patients with minor head trauma.", "contents": "Traumatic internal carotid occlusion at the base of the skull. A case of traumatic thrombosis of the internal carotid artery at the base of the skull is reported, and 23 similar cases collected from the literature. This review shows that 85% of the patients either died or were left with major neurological deficit, and only 15% recovered completely. There were two primary sites for the onset of thrombosis. One in the petrous pyramid and usually associated with basal skull fracture, and the other immediately distal to the posterior communicating artery in patients with minor head trauma.", "PMID": 725723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10483", "title": "Dissecting aneurysm of the vertebral artery.", "content": "A patient presented with a subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with a vitreous hemorrhage. Angiography was first interpreted as revealed a saccular aneurysm at the junction of the vertebral and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries. At operation it was evident that the aneurysm was a dissecting one of the vertebral artery. The proximal portion of the intracranial vertebral artery was clipped. The patient survived without any attributable neurological deficit. A review of the relevant literature is presented.", "contents": "Dissecting aneurysm of the vertebral artery. A patient presented with a subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with a vitreous hemorrhage. Angiography was first interpreted as revealed a saccular aneurysm at the junction of the vertebral and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries. At operation it was evident that the aneurysm was a dissecting one of the vertebral artery. The proximal portion of the intracranial vertebral artery was clipped. The patient survived without any attributable neurological deficit. A review of the relevant literature is presented.", "PMID": 725724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10484", "title": "Preoperative diagnosis of conjoined roots anomaly with herniated lumbar disks.", "content": "Twelve cases of nerve root anomalies encountered during investigation for low back pain and sciatica are presented. Most of these patients had a herniated lumbar intervertebral disk and were operated upon with the preoperative knowledge of an associate nerve root malformation. Three patients were found to have a symptomatic nerve root malformation without disk herniation. These patients were conservatively treated. In all cases we found a constant myelographic sign that is described.", "contents": "Preoperative diagnosis of conjoined roots anomaly with herniated lumbar disks. Twelve cases of nerve root anomalies encountered during investigation for low back pain and sciatica are presented. Most of these patients had a herniated lumbar intervertebral disk and were operated upon with the preoperative knowledge of an associate nerve root malformation. Three patients were found to have a symptomatic nerve root malformation without disk herniation. These patients were conservatively treated. In all cases we found a constant myelographic sign that is described.", "PMID": 725722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10485", "title": "The relationship between suture number and quality of anastomoses in microvascular procedures.", "content": "Microvascular end-to-side arterial anastomoses of vessels 1 to 2 mm in diameter were performed in 30 Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals studied differed in only one aspect, variance of suture number to complete the anastomosis. Angiographic and gross pathological evaluation of each animal demonstrated a direct correlation between quality of patency and number of sutures used to complete the anastomoses. A significant observation was made regarding unrecognized pathology in angiographically patent anastomosis.", "contents": "The relationship between suture number and quality of anastomoses in microvascular procedures. Microvascular end-to-side arterial anastomoses of vessels 1 to 2 mm in diameter were performed in 30 Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals studied differed in only one aspect, variance of suture number to complete the anastomosis. Angiographic and gross pathological evaluation of each animal demonstrated a direct correlation between quality of patency and number of sutures used to complete the anastomoses. A significant observation was made regarding unrecognized pathology in angiographically patent anastomosis.", "PMID": 725725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10486", "title": "Interventional neuroradiology: a joint effort of the neuroradiologist and neurosurgeon in the treatment of vascular lesions of the head and neck.", "content": "Close cooperation between the neuroradiologist and neurosurgeon has made possible the treatment of certain lesions of the head and neck by embolization procedures. The experience at Emory University Hospital with embolizations of arteriovenous malformations, carotid-cavernous fistulae, dural-cavernous sinus fistulae and glomus jugulare tumors is discussed.", "contents": "Interventional neuroradiology: a joint effort of the neuroradiologist and neurosurgeon in the treatment of vascular lesions of the head and neck. Close cooperation between the neuroradiologist and neurosurgeon has made possible the treatment of certain lesions of the head and neck by embolization procedures. The experience at Emory University Hospital with embolizations of arteriovenous malformations, carotid-cavernous fistulae, dural-cavernous sinus fistulae and glomus jugulare tumors is discussed.", "PMID": 725726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10487", "title": "Cranioplasty made easier.", "content": "Subdural temperature recordings under hardening methyl-methacrylate cranioplasties of varying sizes but standard thickness were analyzed. If 29.7 degrees C saline irrigations are used during hardening, the subdural temperature rises no more than 0.55 degrees C. The conclusion is that letting methyl-methacrylate harden in situ during cranioplasty is safe provided 29.7 degrees C saline irrigation is utilized.", "contents": "Cranioplasty made easier. Subdural temperature recordings under hardening methyl-methacrylate cranioplasties of varying sizes but standard thickness were analyzed. If 29.7 degrees C saline irrigations are used during hardening, the subdural temperature rises no more than 0.55 degrees C. The conclusion is that letting methyl-methacrylate harden in situ during cranioplasty is safe provided 29.7 degrees C saline irrigation is utilized.", "PMID": 725728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10488", "title": "Reversal of seven-year old visual field defect with extracranial-intracranial arterial anastomosis.", "content": "A variety of neurologic deficits has been reversed following extracranial-intracranial arterial anastomoses. We are presenting an unusual case of complete resolution of a documented seven-year-old defect in the right homonymous visual fields following anastomosis of the superficial temporal artery and the angular branch of the middle cerebral artery.", "contents": "Reversal of seven-year old visual field defect with extracranial-intracranial arterial anastomosis. A variety of neurologic deficits has been reversed following extracranial-intracranial arterial anastomoses. We are presenting an unusual case of complete resolution of a documented seven-year-old defect in the right homonymous visual fields following anastomosis of the superficial temporal artery and the angular branch of the middle cerebral artery.", "PMID": 725732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10489", "title": "Pustules in secondary syphilis.", "content": "In an otherwise typical case of palmoplantar secondary syphilis, large intact pustules were also present. Spirochetes were demonstrated in these lesions by darkfield microscopy. The distinctive pathologic finding in the pustular lesions was migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes into the epidermis, with formation of microabscesses. This pattern is the same as that seen in \"framboesiform\" secondary syphilis and in yaws.", "contents": "Pustules in secondary syphilis. In an otherwise typical case of palmoplantar secondary syphilis, large intact pustules were also present. Spirochetes were demonstrated in these lesions by darkfield microscopy. The distinctive pathologic finding in the pustular lesions was migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes into the epidermis, with formation of microabscesses. This pattern is the same as that seen in \"framboesiform\" secondary syphilis and in yaws.", "PMID": 725703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10490", "title": "Aneurysm of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery at the internal auditory meatus.", "content": "An aneurysm of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery is reported. Symptoms were a sudden and intermittent hearing loss. Electrocochleography indicated that the patient's deafness was of retrolabyrinthine origin. Vertebral angiography disclosed the aneurysm. At operation the aneurysm was coated. The literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Aneurysm of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery at the internal auditory meatus. An aneurysm of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery is reported. Symptoms were a sudden and intermittent hearing loss. Electrocochleography indicated that the patient's deafness was of retrolabyrinthine origin. Vertebral angiography disclosed the aneurysm. At operation the aneurysm was coated. The literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 725737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10491", "title": "Obliteration of an internal carotid-internal jugular fistula using a prolo catheter.", "content": "Obilteration of a traumatic internal carotid-internal jugular fistula at the base of the skull using a Prolo catheter is reported.", "contents": "Obliteration of an internal carotid-internal jugular fistula using a prolo catheter. Obilteration of a traumatic internal carotid-internal jugular fistula at the base of the skull using a Prolo catheter is reported.", "PMID": 725734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10492", "title": "Cerebral vasospasm: a clinical observation.", "content": "Three cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage from intracranial aneurysms are presented. Two of the patients survived long enough to develop delayed cerebral vasospasm. The computerized tomograms and angiograms were correlated with the clinical course. It is suggested that delayed cerebral vasospasm may be preceded by relative vasodilation, or at least inhibition of vasocontraction, and concomitant increased vascular permeability of the parent vessels diagnosed by contrast enhanced computerized tomography. This phenomenon, if confirmed in larger series of patients, may allow prediction of that patient destined for vasospasm and may suggest some of the pathophysiology of this devastating problem.", "contents": "Cerebral vasospasm: a clinical observation. Three cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage from intracranial aneurysms are presented. Two of the patients survived long enough to develop delayed cerebral vasospasm. The computerized tomograms and angiograms were correlated with the clinical course. It is suggested that delayed cerebral vasospasm may be preceded by relative vasodilation, or at least inhibition of vasocontraction, and concomitant increased vascular permeability of the parent vessels diagnosed by contrast enhanced computerized tomography. This phenomenon, if confirmed in larger series of patients, may allow prediction of that patient destined for vasospasm and may suggest some of the pathophysiology of this devastating problem.", "PMID": 725733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10493", "title": "Thoracic sympathectomy for palmar hyperhidrosis: report of 457 cases.", "content": "A thoracic sympathetic ganglionectomy was performed on 457 patients with palmar hyperhidrosis, resulting in a complete cessation of the excessive palmar sweating but not a total abolition of the sweating of the upper extremity, forehead, face, neck, upper chest and upper back. This procedure does not produce a Horner's syndrome. The present data provide evidence that sympathetic pathways for controlling sweating of the above-mentioned skin areas come mainly through the second thoracic ganglion, and therefore from the spinal cord segment below T1 in man.", "contents": "Thoracic sympathectomy for palmar hyperhidrosis: report of 457 cases. A thoracic sympathetic ganglionectomy was performed on 457 patients with palmar hyperhidrosis, resulting in a complete cessation of the excessive palmar sweating but not a total abolition of the sweating of the upper extremity, forehead, face, neck, upper chest and upper back. This procedure does not produce a Horner's syndrome. The present data provide evidence that sympathetic pathways for controlling sweating of the above-mentioned skin areas come mainly through the second thoracic ganglion, and therefore from the spinal cord segment below T1 in man.", "PMID": 725736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10494", "title": "Nasolabial condylomata lata: report of case.", "content": "The clinical manifestations of secondary syphilis are many and varied. Thus the venereologist frequently does not see the common textbook picture of this stage of syphilis. The present history of an atypical case of secondary syphilis illustrates one of the many manifestations of syphilis.", "contents": "Nasolabial condylomata lata: report of case. The clinical manifestations of secondary syphilis are many and varied. Thus the venereologist frequently does not see the common textbook picture of this stage of syphilis. The present history of an atypical case of secondary syphilis illustrates one of the many manifestations of syphilis.", "PMID": 725702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10495", "title": "Computed tomography and mortality rate in brain abscess.", "content": "A small series of eleven consecutive cases of brain abscess, with one death, is presented. Early diagnosis and accurate localisation by computed tomography (ct) are emphasized and the clinical features discussed.", "contents": "Computed tomography and mortality rate in brain abscess. A small series of eleven consecutive cases of brain abscess, with one death, is presented. Early diagnosis and accurate localisation by computed tomography (ct) are emphasized and the clinical features discussed.", "PMID": 725738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10496", "title": "Anatomic variations of the sella turcica.", "content": "Structural variations of the sella turcica occur more often than might be supposed. Some of these may assume technical significance in surgery for intracranial aneurysm.", "contents": "Anatomic variations of the sella turcica. Structural variations of the sella turcica occur more often than might be supposed. Some of these may assume technical significance in surgery for intracranial aneurysm.", "PMID": 725729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10497", "title": "Treatment of early latent syphilis of less than a year's duration: an evaluation of 275 cases.", "content": "The author's recommended treatment for early latent syphilis of less than a year's duration is im administration of benzathine penicillin G, 2.4 million units weekly for two consecutive weeks. Patients allergic to penicillin are given tetracycline, 500 mg orally four times daily for 12 days (total dose, 24 g). Two hundred seventy-five patients who had early latent syphilis of less than a year's duration were treated with these regimens; of these, 252 were given benzathine penicillin G, and 23 received tetracycline. All but two of the patients became seronegative within four years.", "contents": "Treatment of early latent syphilis of less than a year's duration: an evaluation of 275 cases. The author's recommended treatment for early latent syphilis of less than a year's duration is im administration of benzathine penicillin G, 2.4 million units weekly for two consecutive weeks. Patients allergic to penicillin are given tetracycline, 500 mg orally four times daily for 12 days (total dose, 24 g). Two hundred seventy-five patients who had early latent syphilis of less than a year's duration were treated with these regimens; of these, 252 were given benzathine penicillin G, and 23 received tetracycline. All but two of the patients became seronegative within four years.", "PMID": 725706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10498", "title": "Secondary aneurysm due to arterial injury during surgical procedures.", "content": "Most secondary aneurysms following trauma to the cerebral artery were reported as a complication of head injury. Three cases of aneurysm due to arterial injury during operations are reported. A search of the world literature revealed ten other cases. The responsible surgical procedure and the location of these aneurysms varied. Rupture of these aneurysms was observed in four cases at 10 to 23 days following the primary operation. Only two patients died.", "contents": "Secondary aneurysm due to arterial injury during surgical procedures. Most secondary aneurysms following trauma to the cerebral artery were reported as a complication of head injury. Three cases of aneurysm due to arterial injury during operations are reported. A search of the world literature revealed ten other cases. The responsible surgical procedure and the location of these aneurysms varied. Rupture of these aneurysms was observed in four cases at 10 to 23 days following the primary operation. Only two patients died.", "PMID": 725743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10499", "title": "Hazards of computerized tomography: renal failure following contrast injection.", "content": "Acute renal failure in a diabetic patient following contrast injection for computerized tomography is discussed. Like a variety of serious complications associated  with contrast media, dye-induced renal failure is an important iatrogenic complication to which the diabetic population may be unusually susceptible.", "contents": "Hazards of computerized tomography: renal failure following contrast injection. Acute renal failure in a diabetic patient following contrast injection for computerized tomography is discussed. Like a variety of serious complications associated  with contrast media, dye-induced renal failure is an important iatrogenic complication to which the diabetic population may be unusually susceptible.", "PMID": 725744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10500", "title": "Tuberculous brain abscess.", "content": "Brain abscess is probably the least common manifestation of tuberculous infection of the central nervous system. Some authors have made a rigid distinction between tuberculous brain abscess and variants of cerebral tuberculoma. Such a distinction is not supported by our own case of tuberculous brain abscess, or by review of similar, recently reported cases.", "contents": "Tuberculous brain abscess. Brain abscess is probably the least common manifestation of tuberculous infection of the central nervous system. Some authors have made a rigid distinction between tuberculous brain abscess and variants of cerebral tuberculoma. Such a distinction is not supported by our own case of tuberculous brain abscess, or by review of similar, recently reported cases.", "PMID": 725742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10501", "title": "Computed tomography in herpes simplex encephalitis.", "content": "Nine patients with herpes simplex encephalitis examined by CT scan were reviewed. A total of 15 satisfactory scans was analyzed. The majority of our cases had CT scan abnormalities: lucency 63% (5 of 8, one case with suboptimal scan), mass effect 50% (4 of 8), abnormal contrast enhancement 57% (4 of 7). The earliest CT scan finding was lucency, presented in two out of three cases studied within 48 hours following onset of symptoms. The primary role of CT scan is to support the suspected diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis as well as to indicate the best site for brain biopsy and to permit early effective treatment with adenine arabinoside.", "contents": "Computed tomography in herpes simplex encephalitis. Nine patients with herpes simplex encephalitis examined by CT scan were reviewed. A total of 15 satisfactory scans was analyzed. The majority of our cases had CT scan abnormalities: lucency 63% (5 of 8, one case with suboptimal scan), mass effect 50% (4 of 8), abnormal contrast enhancement 57% (4 of 7). The earliest CT scan finding was lucency, presented in two out of three cases studied within 48 hours following onset of symptoms. The primary role of CT scan is to support the suspected diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis as well as to indicate the best site for brain biopsy and to permit early effective treatment with adenine arabinoside.", "PMID": 725739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10502", "title": "Traumatic intracerebellar haematoma.", "content": "A case of traumatic intracerebellar hematoma is presented. The salient feature of the patient's early clinical course was delayed, rapid deterioration in the absence of antecedent focal neurological findings. The rarity of this lesion and its high mortality due to delay in correct diagnosis have been previously emphasized. Reported cases have followed a subacute clinical course and deterioration has been preceded by focal neurological findings. Prompt ventricular drainage followed by evacuation of the hematoma can be expected to yield a satisfactory clinical result.", "contents": "Traumatic intracerebellar haematoma. A case of traumatic intracerebellar hematoma is presented. The salient feature of the patient's early clinical course was delayed, rapid deterioration in the absence of antecedent focal neurological findings. The rarity of this lesion and its high mortality due to delay in correct diagnosis have been previously emphasized. Reported cases have followed a subacute clinical course and deterioration has been preceded by focal neurological findings. Prompt ventricular drainage followed by evacuation of the hematoma can be expected to yield a satisfactory clinical result.", "PMID": 725746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10503", "title": "Surgically correctable lesions detected by CT in 143 patients with chronic epilepsy.", "content": "CT findings justified surgical intervention in four young patients who had suffered from intractable epilepsy for many years. Previous non-invasive and invasive neurodiagnostic procedures with these patients had failed to show focal cerebral lesions amenable to surgical treatment. All four patients achieved significant relief from seizures after the operations.", "contents": "Surgically correctable lesions detected by CT in 143 patients with chronic epilepsy. CT findings justified surgical intervention in four young patients who had suffered from intractable epilepsy for many years. Previous non-invasive and invasive neurodiagnostic procedures with these patients had failed to show focal cerebral lesions amenable to surgical treatment. All four patients achieved significant relief from seizures after the operations.", "PMID": 725741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10504", "title": "Anomalous anterior inferior cerebellar artery simulating intracanalicular acoustic nerve tumor.", "content": "A case is described of tinnitus and hearing loss associated with widening of the left internal meatal canal. Surgical exploration revealed a vascular loop adherent to the VIIIth nerve. Release of the adhesions was followed by cessation of the tinnitus and improvement in hearing.", "contents": "Anomalous anterior inferior cerebellar artery simulating intracanalicular acoustic nerve tumor. A case is described of tinnitus and hearing loss associated with widening of the left internal meatal canal. Surgical exploration revealed a vascular loop adherent to the VIIIth nerve. Release of the adhesions was followed by cessation of the tinnitus and improvement in hearing.", "PMID": 725745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10505", "title": "A rational basis for the epidemiologic treatment of gonorrhea in a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases.", "content": "Epidemiologic treatment of gonorrhea refers to the administration of antibiotics when the diagnosis is considered likely, but before the results of confirmatory tests are available. Unfortunately, the risk of infection is seldom known. To place epidemiologic treatment on a more rational basis, infection rates were determined for groups of clinic patients defined by easily collected indexes of risk such as reason for attending the clinic, sex, race, and sexual preference, history of contact with gonorrhea, and history of a urethral or vaginal dischange. Infection rates ranged from 0.8% for men seeking marriage licenses to 65.1% for female contacts of men with \"established\" gonorrhea. By selectively employing gram-stained smears, it is possible to reduce further the need for epidemiologic treatment within the various defined groups of patients. Epidemiologic treatment policies should be determined by each large clinic and should be based on known infection rates for clearly defined groups of patients. Such rates are necessary for obtaining informed consent from patients and for evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of epidemiologic treatment in the overall effort to control gonorrhea.", "contents": "A rational basis for the epidemiologic treatment of gonorrhea in a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. Epidemiologic treatment of gonorrhea refers to the administration of antibiotics when the diagnosis is considered likely, but before the results of confirmatory tests are available. Unfortunately, the risk of infection is seldom known. To place epidemiologic treatment on a more rational basis, infection rates were determined for groups of clinic patients defined by easily collected indexes of risk such as reason for attending the clinic, sex, race, and sexual preference, history of contact with gonorrhea, and history of a urethral or vaginal dischange. Infection rates ranged from 0.8% for men seeking marriage licenses to 65.1% for female contacts of men with \"established\" gonorrhea. By selectively employing gram-stained smears, it is possible to reduce further the need for epidemiologic treatment within the various defined groups of patients. Epidemiologic treatment policies should be determined by each large clinic and should be based on known infection rates for clearly defined groups of patients. Such rates are necessary for obtaining informed consent from patients and for evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of epidemiologic treatment in the overall effort to control gonorrhea.", "PMID": 725707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10506", "title": "Examination of men with nongonococcal urethritis and their sexual partners for Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum.", "content": "Chlamydia trachomatis was recovered from 39 (52%) of 75 men who had nongonococcal urethritis and from 28 (37%) of their sexual partners. Of the partners of men with Chlamydia-positive nongonococcal urethritis, 64% excreted Chlamydia, compared with 8% of the partners of men with Chlamydia-negative nongonococcal urethritis. In contrast, an apparently sexual mode of transmission was not observed with Ureaplasma urealyticum. Rates of recovery of U. urealyticum from men with nongonococcal urethritis whose cultures were Chlamydia-positive and those whose cultures were Chlamydia-negative were the same. Significant seroconversion was detected bythe single-antigen immunofluorescence test in about 50% of patients who had Chlamydia-postive cultures.", "contents": "Examination of men with nongonococcal urethritis and their sexual partners for Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Chlamydia trachomatis was recovered from 39 (52%) of 75 men who had nongonococcal urethritis and from 28 (37%) of their sexual partners. Of the partners of men with Chlamydia-positive nongonococcal urethritis, 64% excreted Chlamydia, compared with 8% of the partners of men with Chlamydia-negative nongonococcal urethritis. In contrast, an apparently sexual mode of transmission was not observed with Ureaplasma urealyticum. Rates of recovery of U. urealyticum from men with nongonococcal urethritis whose cultures were Chlamydia-positive and those whose cultures were Chlamydia-negative were the same. Significant seroconversion was detected bythe single-antigen immunofluorescence test in about 50% of patients who had Chlamydia-postive cultures.", "PMID": 725708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10507", "title": "Chromosome banding patterns of L1210 leukemia of the mouse.", "content": "The chromosomal characteristics of 2 L1210 mouse leukemia lines, 1 grown in vivo and 1 in vitro, were compared. The procedures used were: G-banding, C-banding and silver staining for nucleolar organizer regions. The 2 lines are not exactly the same, but share some cytogenetic characteristics.", "contents": "Chromosome banding patterns of L1210 leukemia of the mouse. The chromosomal characteristics of 2 L1210 mouse leukemia lines, 1 grown in vivo and 1 in vitro, were compared. The procedures used were: G-banding, C-banding and silver staining for nucleolar organizer regions. The 2 lines are not exactly the same, but share some cytogenetic characteristics.", "PMID": 725787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10508", "title": "Urinary glycopeptides and glycosaminoglycans in children and adults as affected by age.", "content": "The glycopeptide and glycosaminoglycan excretion was studied in the urine of normal human subjects from newborns to 68 years of age. The glycopeptide and glycosaminoglycan preparations were made by digesting the urine with peoteolytic enzymes followed by removal of enzyme and undigested protein and finally freeze-drying of the supernatant. The contents of hexose, sialic acid and uronic acid were determined on these preparations. Because of the striking differences in body weight all values were expressed in terms of milligrams per 24 hours per kilogram of body weight. When corrected for body weight, all of the carbohydrate levels were significantly higher in infants and young children under 5 years of age than in older children and adults. No other significant changes with age were found after the age of 7 years. There were no significant differences between the sexes at any age.", "contents": "Urinary glycopeptides and glycosaminoglycans in children and adults as affected by age. The glycopeptide and glycosaminoglycan excretion was studied in the urine of normal human subjects from newborns to 68 years of age. The glycopeptide and glycosaminoglycan preparations were made by digesting the urine with peoteolytic enzymes followed by removal of enzyme and undigested protein and finally freeze-drying of the supernatant. The contents of hexose, sialic acid and uronic acid were determined on these preparations. Because of the striking differences in body weight all values were expressed in terms of milligrams per 24 hours per kilogram of body weight. When corrected for body weight, all of the carbohydrate levels were significantly higher in infants and young children under 5 years of age than in older children and adults. No other significant changes with age were found after the age of 7 years. There were no significant differences between the sexes at any age.", "PMID": 725788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10509", "title": "Studies on ovarian and uterine weight responses to follicle stimulating hormone.", "content": "A uterine weight response may potentially provide a plausible qualitative method for detection of \"asialo\" follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Asialo FSH is a biologically inert species of FSH when assayed for ovarian weight response by the hCG augmentation method. Numerous experiments have been performed under a uniform set of conditions for normalization of ovarian and uterine weight responses. The influence of several hormones and 2 injection routes on the gonadal responses to FSH have been assessed. Immature female, 24--25 day old Sprague-Dawley rats were injected subcutaneously (sc) or intraperitoneally (ip) twice daily for 3 days. On the 4th day the rats were sacrificed, the ovaries and uterus were removed, cleaned and weighed. Uterine weights were obtained before and after removal of the fluid. NIH-FSH-S9 and its asialo derivative prepared by neuraminidase digestion were the species of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) used in all experiments. Addition of either 21 IU prolactin or 0.05 mg histone to FSH did not significantly alter the ovarian weight response augmented by hCG (P = 0.2). Addition of histone to 90 and 180 microgram FSH elicited neither a uterine weight response when injected sc nor an ovarian weight change when injected ip. Both routes of injection of the 2 dose levels of FSH had little effect on the uterine weight. In marked contrast, 90 and 180 microgram asialo FSH injected either sc or ip gave increased uterine weight responses in the presence of hCG. On further examination the uterine weight increase in response to asialo FSH injections proved to be statistically significant (sc. P = 0.02; ip, P = 0.05). Use of the uterine weight response might be exclusively proposed as a qualitative method for detecting asialo FSH. Such biologically inactive species, which elicit no increased ovarian weight response in the hCG augmentation assay, are frequently generated in the preparation of FSH. Determination of the uterine weights may provide meaningful use of auxiliary data from the hCG ovarian augmentation assay of putative FSH preparations which fail to elicit the desired ovarian weight responses.", "contents": "Studies on ovarian and uterine weight responses to follicle stimulating hormone. A uterine weight response may potentially provide a plausible qualitative method for detection of \"asialo\" follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Asialo FSH is a biologically inert species of FSH when assayed for ovarian weight response by the hCG augmentation method. Numerous experiments have been performed under a uniform set of conditions for normalization of ovarian and uterine weight responses. The influence of several hormones and 2 injection routes on the gonadal responses to FSH have been assessed. Immature female, 24--25 day old Sprague-Dawley rats were injected subcutaneously (sc) or intraperitoneally (ip) twice daily for 3 days. On the 4th day the rats were sacrificed, the ovaries and uterus were removed, cleaned and weighed. Uterine weights were obtained before and after removal of the fluid. NIH-FSH-S9 and its asialo derivative prepared by neuraminidase digestion were the species of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) used in all experiments. Addition of either 21 IU prolactin or 0.05 mg histone to FSH did not significantly alter the ovarian weight response augmented by hCG (P = 0.2). Addition of histone to 90 and 180 microgram FSH elicited neither a uterine weight response when injected sc nor an ovarian weight change when injected ip. Both routes of injection of the 2 dose levels of FSH had little effect on the uterine weight. In marked contrast, 90 and 180 microgram asialo FSH injected either sc or ip gave increased uterine weight responses in the presence of hCG. On further examination the uterine weight increase in response to asialo FSH injections proved to be statistically significant (sc. P = 0.02; ip, P = 0.05). Use of the uterine weight response might be exclusively proposed as a qualitative method for detecting asialo FSH. Such biologically inactive species, which elicit no increased ovarian weight response in the hCG augmentation assay, are frequently generated in the preparation of FSH. Determination of the uterine weights may provide meaningful use of auxiliary data from the hCG ovarian augmentation assay of putative FSH preparations which fail to elicit the desired ovarian weight responses.", "PMID": 725785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10510", "title": "Research training in psychiatric residency programs: a survey.", "content": "Although it seems reasonable to assume that the absence of research training may account for the fact that few psychiatrists involve themselves in research, there is at present little, if any, objective data regarding the extent of research training in psychiatric residency programs. Accordingly, an 11-item questionnaire designed to assess training opportunities and staff and resident interest in research was sent to 400 training facilities in general and child psychiatry. An 82% return rate was obtained. In general, findings suggest that while in many training centers research is viewed as unimportant and frequently given the lowest priority, most facilities appear to have ample personnel to provide adequate research training. While opportunities for research training may be \"available\" in most training programs for those students sufficiently motivated to seek them out, the low priority assigned to this aspect of training may deflect most residents from becoming involved in research. This is likely to leave the resident poorly equipped to engage in research activities after the completion of training. The implications of the findings for residency training are discussed.", "contents": "Research training in psychiatric residency programs: a survey. Although it seems reasonable to assume that the absence of research training may account for the fact that few psychiatrists involve themselves in research, there is at present little, if any, objective data regarding the extent of research training in psychiatric residency programs. Accordingly, an 11-item questionnaire designed to assess training opportunities and staff and resident interest in research was sent to 400 training facilities in general and child psychiatry. An 82% return rate was obtained. In general, findings suggest that while in many training centers research is viewed as unimportant and frequently given the lowest priority, most facilities appear to have ample personnel to provide adequate research training. While opportunities for research training may be \"available\" in most training programs for those students sufficiently motivated to seek them out, the low priority assigned to this aspect of training may deflect most residents from becoming involved in research. This is likely to leave the resident poorly equipped to engage in research activities after the completion of training. The implications of the findings for residency training are discussed.", "PMID": 725790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10511", "title": "Surface direct current bioelectric potentials in the normal and injured human thigh.", "content": "Skin bioelectric potentials were obtained from both normal and injured human thighs using surface direct current silver/silver chloride monitoring electrodes. Electrical patterns in normal subjects fell into 4 distinct groups. In subjects with injured thigh significant electrical differences were associated with bone formation. The findings are discussed.", "contents": "Surface direct current bioelectric potentials in the normal and injured human thigh. Skin bioelectric potentials were obtained from both normal and injured human thighs using surface direct current silver/silver chloride monitoring electrodes. Electrical patterns in normal subjects fell into 4 distinct groups. In subjects with injured thigh significant electrical differences were associated with bone formation. The findings are discussed.", "PMID": 725792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10512", "title": "Air quality correlates of chronic disease mortality: Harris County, Texas 1969--1971.", "content": "Air quality correlates of chronic disease mortality in 180 census tracts of Harris County, Texas, were studied using 3 years mortality for 1969--1971. This study was designed to test with a different data base the universality of several study results which have reported significant correlations between heart disease and air pollutants. Air quality data (suspended particulates, benzene solubles, sulfur dioxide, and metals associated with particulates: copper, mercury, manganese, lead, nickel, zinc, chromium, and cadmium) were related to both sex and age adjusted crude death rates, and cause-specific death rates for age cohorts for 7 categories of heart disease, and pneumonia, asthma, cancer, tuberculosis, and accident deaths. The results of the study were in agreement with the findings of the other researchers who used national data. Suspended particulates and cadmium concentrations were found to be correlated (r=.38, .36; P less than .001) with ischemic heart disease (IHD). Many other significant correlations are reported but are not cause-specific. Socio-economic indicators were also correlated with IHD, thus confounding the issue. Further work is planned using more sophisticated statistical techniques to disentangle the relative contribution of each of these highly intercorrelated factors. No causality can be assigned at this stage, although this study, with the other cited, points to possible risk factors for IHD which need further evaluation.", "contents": "Air quality correlates of chronic disease mortality: Harris County, Texas 1969--1971. Air quality correlates of chronic disease mortality in 180 census tracts of Harris County, Texas, were studied using 3 years mortality for 1969--1971. This study was designed to test with a different data base the universality of several study results which have reported significant correlations between heart disease and air pollutants. Air quality data (suspended particulates, benzene solubles, sulfur dioxide, and metals associated with particulates: copper, mercury, manganese, lead, nickel, zinc, chromium, and cadmium) were related to both sex and age adjusted crude death rates, and cause-specific death rates for age cohorts for 7 categories of heart disease, and pneumonia, asthma, cancer, tuberculosis, and accident deaths. The results of the study were in agreement with the findings of the other researchers who used national data. Suspended particulates and cadmium concentrations were found to be correlated (r=.38, .36; P less than .001) with ischemic heart disease (IHD). Many other significant correlations are reported but are not cause-specific. Socio-economic indicators were also correlated with IHD, thus confounding the issue. Further work is planned using more sophisticated statistical techniques to disentangle the relative contribution of each of these highly intercorrelated factors. No causality can be assigned at this stage, although this study, with the other cited, points to possible risk factors for IHD which need further evaluation.", "PMID": 725789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10513", "title": "Potential gains in life expectancies by partial elimination of leading causes of death in Texas.", "content": "Potential gains in life expectancies among Texas population by partial elimination of 3 major causes of death are examined on the basis of the available statistics from the population census and mortality statistics for 1970. Contrary to the popular anticipation of longer potential gains, the results are not particularly encouraging. The number of years of life that would be gained during the working ages by 50% elimination of major cardiovascular diseases is less than 1/2 of 1 year, about 1/4 of 1 year by 50% elimination of malignant neoplasms, and less than 1/4 of 1 year by 50% elimination of motor vehicle accidents. Even with a scientific breakthrough in combating those causes of death it appears that future gains in life expectancies for working ages will not be spectacular. The implications of the results in relation to the current debate on the national health policy are discussed.", "contents": "Potential gains in life expectancies by partial elimination of leading causes of death in Texas. Potential gains in life expectancies among Texas population by partial elimination of 3 major causes of death are examined on the basis of the available statistics from the population census and mortality statistics for 1970. Contrary to the popular anticipation of longer potential gains, the results are not particularly encouraging. The number of years of life that would be gained during the working ages by 50% elimination of major cardiovascular diseases is less than 1/2 of 1 year, about 1/4 of 1 year by 50% elimination of malignant neoplasms, and less than 1/4 of 1 year by 50% elimination of motor vehicle accidents. Even with a scientific breakthrough in combating those causes of death it appears that future gains in life expectancies for working ages will not be spectacular. The implications of the results in relation to the current debate on the national health policy are discussed.", "PMID": 725791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10514", "title": "A conjecture about the prevalence of essential hypertension and its high incidence in the black.", "content": "The high incidence in certain racial groups of essential hypertension is attributed to the advantage which this disease confers when the availability of sodium is deficient in the environment. This conjecture is supported by alterations in behaviour of sodium in the body economy of the hypertensive as evidenced by: the effects of sodium depletion on the blood pressure; the elevated sodium content of the tissues in the hypertensive; the reduced rate of sodium excretion in spontaneous and experimental hypertensive disease; the fact that hypertension can be induced in the offspring of rats subjected to a deficient sodium intake or to natriuretic drugs during pregnancy; the increased appetite for sodium observed in the hypertensive; and the effect of an increased sodium intake on the blood pressure. It is suggested that the substantial within-species variation in the incidence of essential hypertension reflects the availability of the sodium requirement of the individual suffering from the genetic mutation responsible for this disease.", "contents": "A conjecture about the prevalence of essential hypertension and its high incidence in the black. The high incidence in certain racial groups of essential hypertension is attributed to the advantage which this disease confers when the availability of sodium is deficient in the environment. This conjecture is supported by alterations in behaviour of sodium in the body economy of the hypertensive as evidenced by: the effects of sodium depletion on the blood pressure; the elevated sodium content of the tissues in the hypertensive; the reduced rate of sodium excretion in spontaneous and experimental hypertensive disease; the fact that hypertension can be induced in the offspring of rats subjected to a deficient sodium intake or to natriuretic drugs during pregnancy; the increased appetite for sodium observed in the hypertensive; and the effect of an increased sodium intake on the blood pressure. It is suggested that the substantial within-species variation in the incidence of essential hypertension reflects the availability of the sodium requirement of the individual suffering from the genetic mutation responsible for this disease.", "PMID": 725793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10515", "title": "\"Particle-filament complex\" in tumor cells of northern pike, Esox lucius L.", "content": "Examination of the cells of lymphoreticular neoplasms of the northern pike (Esox lucius L.) by electron microscopy has demonstrated the presence of unusual cytoplasmic crystalloid inclusions in cells of a spontaneous trunk tumor. The ultra-structural analysis revealed that the inclusions are composed of parallel arrays of filaments associated with rows of particles. This is designated as \"particle-filament complex\". The filaments of the complex measured 90--120A in diameter and 0.6--2.8 micron in length. A row of dense particles measuring 250A in diameter was arranged in regular manner between the parallel filaments. It is of interest that the complex was always accompanied by an unusual structure of nucleus of the tumor cell. The nuclei were composed entirely of filaments which were distorted and closely packed. The significance of the particle-filament complex associated with altered nucleus remains to be determined.", "contents": "\"Particle-filament complex\" in tumor cells of northern pike, Esox lucius L. Examination of the cells of lymphoreticular neoplasms of the northern pike (Esox lucius L.) by electron microscopy has demonstrated the presence of unusual cytoplasmic crystalloid inclusions in cells of a spontaneous trunk tumor. The ultra-structural analysis revealed that the inclusions are composed of parallel arrays of filaments associated with rows of particles. This is designated as \"particle-filament complex\". The filaments of the complex measured 90--120A in diameter and 0.6--2.8 micron in length. A row of dense particles measuring 250A in diameter was arranged in regular manner between the parallel filaments. It is of interest that the complex was always accompanied by an unusual structure of nucleus of the tumor cell. The nuclei were composed entirely of filaments which were distorted and closely packed. The significance of the particle-filament complex associated with altered nucleus remains to be determined.", "PMID": 725784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10516", "title": "The biochemical basis of cystic fibrosis: an hypothesis based upon the polyelectrolytes of mucus.", "content": "The evidence shows that the pathology of cystic fibrosis (CF) is related to mucoid secretions. Consequently, the question of what governs the viscosity of mucus is examined in detail. It is generally agreed that the mucin gel consists of polyanionic glycoproteins and a hitherto unidentified poly cationic cross-linking protein. It is proposed that larger amounts of polycations increase viscosity and, in excess, cause mucus to become a polycation. As these compounds are known to inhibit the ductal reabsorption of sodium, the two principal aspects of the pathology of CF can be related to the same mechanism. The mucus globule membrane (MGM) has been proposed as the cross-linking protein.", "contents": "The biochemical basis of cystic fibrosis: an hypothesis based upon the polyelectrolytes of mucus. The evidence shows that the pathology of cystic fibrosis (CF) is related to mucoid secretions. Consequently, the question of what governs the viscosity of mucus is examined in detail. It is generally agreed that the mucin gel consists of polyanionic glycoproteins and a hitherto unidentified poly cationic cross-linking protein. It is proposed that larger amounts of polycations increase viscosity and, in excess, cause mucus to become a polycation. As these compounds are known to inhibit the ductal reabsorption of sodium, the two principal aspects of the pathology of CF can be related to the same mechanism. The mucus globule membrane (MGM) has been proposed as the cross-linking protein.", "PMID": 725794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10517", "title": "Human transferrin C: the sequence and cystine bridges of the N-terminal region.", "content": "Human transferrin c (76,000 molecular weight) can be cleaved by cyanogen bromide and separated by gel filtration into 4 fractions, CNBr I, II, III, and IV. CNBr II, the smallest cystine containing fragment, can be separated further into 2 fragments of approximately 3,000 and 9,000 daltons by performic acid oxidation; the smaller fragment is the N-terminus of Tf C. The sequence of both fragments, their relationship to each other through cystine bridges, and their relationship within the whole transferrin molecule is given.", "contents": "Human transferrin C: the sequence and cystine bridges of the N-terminal region. Human transferrin c (76,000 molecular weight) can be cleaved by cyanogen bromide and separated by gel filtration into 4 fractions, CNBr I, II, III, and IV. CNBr II, the smallest cystine containing fragment, can be separated further into 2 fragments of approximately 3,000 and 9,000 daltons by performic acid oxidation; the smaller fragment is the N-terminus of Tf C. The sequence of both fragments, their relationship to each other through cystine bridges, and their relationship within the whole transferrin molecule is given.", "PMID": 725796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10518", "title": "Observations of globular membranes and apparent elementary particles in rat mitochondria, in situ.", "content": "Ultrastructural details of rat skeletal muscle, fixed in a PIPES-buffered glutaraldehyde solution, included the globular configuration of the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes as well as small transparent particles (80--100A diameter) distributed throughout the matrix of these organelles. The size of these particles and their intimate relationship with the innermost surface of the cristae suggests that they may represent an in situ visualization of the elementary particles once reported in intact cells and frequently observed in negatively stained mitochondrial preparations. The membrane configurations and particles were not discernable in these tissues when a phosphate buffer system was used in the fixation regimen.", "contents": "Observations of globular membranes and apparent elementary particles in rat mitochondria, in situ. Ultrastructural details of rat skeletal muscle, fixed in a PIPES-buffered glutaraldehyde solution, included the globular configuration of the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes as well as small transparent particles (80--100A diameter) distributed throughout the matrix of these organelles. The size of these particles and their intimate relationship with the innermost surface of the cristae suggests that they may represent an in situ visualization of the elementary particles once reported in intact cells and frequently observed in negatively stained mitochondrial preparations. The membrane configurations and particles were not discernable in these tissues when a phosphate buffer system was used in the fixation regimen.", "PMID": 725795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10519", "title": "Primary and secondary tryptic cleavages of human IgM at high temperature.", "content": "Previously it was shown that the tryptic digestion of human IgM at 65 C yield Fc'mu fragments in addition to Fabmu and (Fc)5mu fragments. This Fc'mu was found to be derived from the Cmu4 domain of the mu-chain. Additional studies were done on the effects of tryptic digestion time and temperature on the proteolytic process of IgM, IgM digestion by 2% trypsin at 65 C produced (Fc)8mu and Fc'mu in approximately a 3:2 ratio. While an appreciable amount of intact (Fc)5mu was present along with Fc'mu in the IgM digest, no residual \"(Fc)5mu fragment\" with its C-terminal segment missing was found. If the temperature of digestion is held constant at either 56 C or 60 C and the digestion time is varied from 20 to 90 min, there is also progressive cleavage of IgM with a concomitant increase in the yield of Fc'mu. It appears that the tryptic digestion of IgM is a stepwise process and that the primary cleavage of IgM occurs at Arg-325(2) of all ten mu-chains and the (Fc)5mu is subsequently degraded to Fc'mu fragments by secondary cleavage.", "contents": "Primary and secondary tryptic cleavages of human IgM at high temperature. Previously it was shown that the tryptic digestion of human IgM at 65 C yield Fc'mu fragments in addition to Fabmu and (Fc)5mu fragments. This Fc'mu was found to be derived from the Cmu4 domain of the mu-chain. Additional studies were done on the effects of tryptic digestion time and temperature on the proteolytic process of IgM, IgM digestion by 2% trypsin at 65 C produced (Fc)8mu and Fc'mu in approximately a 3:2 ratio. While an appreciable amount of intact (Fc)5mu was present along with Fc'mu in the IgM digest, no residual \"(Fc)5mu fragment\" with its C-terminal segment missing was found. If the temperature of digestion is held constant at either 56 C or 60 C and the digestion time is varied from 20 to 90 min, there is also progressive cleavage of IgM with a concomitant increase in the yield of Fc'mu. It appears that the tryptic digestion of IgM is a stepwise process and that the primary cleavage of IgM occurs at Arg-325(2) of all ten mu-chains and the (Fc)5mu is subsequently degraded to Fc'mu fragments by secondary cleavage.", "PMID": 725798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10520", "title": "Effects of addicting and nonaddicting drugs on HeLa cells.", "content": "After 70 subcultivations of HeLa cells in the presence of amphetamine, diphenhydramine hydrochloride, caffeine, codeine, or morphine, cells were obtained with increased tolerance to the respective drug. Withdrawal of amphetamine, diphenyhydramine hydrochloride or morphine from cells cultivated 645 days in the presence of the drug yielded  cells that had either a decreased growth rate in the absence of drug or superior plating efficiencies with low drug concentration when compared to untreated HeLa cells. These observations would be expected from addicted cells. Cinematographic observations showed cell membrane undulation decreased in the presence of morphine. The membrane undulations of cells tolerant to morphine were less sensitive to that drug.", "contents": "Effects of addicting and nonaddicting drugs on HeLa cells. After 70 subcultivations of HeLa cells in the presence of amphetamine, diphenhydramine hydrochloride, caffeine, codeine, or morphine, cells were obtained with increased tolerance to the respective drug. Withdrawal of amphetamine, diphenyhydramine hydrochloride or morphine from cells cultivated 645 days in the presence of the drug yielded  cells that had either a decreased growth rate in the absence of drug or superior plating efficiencies with low drug concentration when compared to untreated HeLa cells. These observations would be expected from addicted cells. Cinematographic observations showed cell membrane undulation decreased in the presence of morphine. The membrane undulations of cells tolerant to morphine were less sensitive to that drug.", "PMID": 725799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10521", "title": "Cholesterol in the lungs of heavy cigarette smokers.", "content": "Electron microscopy of \"normal\" lung tissue from four heavy cigarette smokers showed acicular crystal clefts thought to represent cholesterol in the cytoplasm of virtually every type II pneumocyte. Similar but less pronounced changes were found in two cases of obstructive pneumonia distal to bronchial tumours, a condition characterised by excess cholesterol. Cholesterol pneumonitis is particularly prevalent in smokers, and the changes in our smokers' lungs possible represent an early stage in a process that if progressive would lead to this disease. The cholesterol may represent a degenerative change in type II pneumocytes or a byproduct of increased surfactant synthesis stimulated by cigarette smoke.", "contents": "Cholesterol in the lungs of heavy cigarette smokers. Electron microscopy of \"normal\" lung tissue from four heavy cigarette smokers showed acicular crystal clefts thought to represent cholesterol in the cytoplasm of virtually every type II pneumocyte. Similar but less pronounced changes were found in two cases of obstructive pneumonia distal to bronchial tumours, a condition characterised by excess cholesterol. Cholesterol pneumonitis is particularly prevalent in smokers, and the changes in our smokers' lungs possible represent an early stage in a process that if progressive would lead to this disease. The cholesterol may represent a degenerative change in type II pneumocytes or a byproduct of increased surfactant synthesis stimulated by cigarette smoke.", "PMID": 725824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10522", "title": "Lower oesophageal sphincter tone in patients with peptic stricture.", "content": "Radiographic studies of 161 patients with a stricture within the cardiac sphincter segment showed that in appropriate circumstances all patients could herniate stomach and reflux barium freely, but that the sphincter could obliterate the lumen and sustain this contraction by its basal tone in at least 122. The sphincter could also relax and contract in response to a swallow. The capacity to remain closed depended on the position of the patient and on circumstances in which hiatal flow and reflux did not occur. Manometric studies of the cardiac sphincter were made in a further 14 patients with a stricture in the sphincter segment, and appropriate circumstances the \"basal tone\" of the sphincter was found to be within our range of normal.", "contents": "Lower oesophageal sphincter tone in patients with peptic stricture. Radiographic studies of 161 patients with a stricture within the cardiac sphincter segment showed that in appropriate circumstances all patients could herniate stomach and reflux barium freely, but that the sphincter could obliterate the lumen and sustain this contraction by its basal tone in at least 122. The sphincter could also relax and contract in response to a swallow. The capacity to remain closed depended on the position of the patient and on circumstances in which hiatal flow and reflux did not occur. Manometric studies of the cardiac sphincter were made in a further 14 patients with a stricture in the sphincter segment, and appropriate circumstances the \"basal tone\" of the sphincter was found to be within our range of normal.", "PMID": 725826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10523", "title": "Valve replacement for rheumatic aortic incompetence in adolescents.", "content": "The timing of valve replacement in patients with rheumatic aortic regurgitation is assessed by balancing the mortality and complications associated with the operation and the prosthetic valves against the natural history of the lesion. The time course without surgery is determined by the severity of the volume overload and the gradual deterioration of myocardial function. We wished to obtain information both on the haemodynamic recovery achieved after aortic valve replacement in young patients and also on the risks of operation in this group. Twenty patients, in whom the aortic valve was replaced at a mean age of 15 years, were reviewed. An improvement in symptoms and in the cardiothoracic ratio on the chest radiograph occurred in every case, and the voltage measurements suggestive of left ventricular hypertrophy on electrocardiogram diminished in all but two. The left ventricular end-diastolic pressure decreased in the 11 patients who were recatheterised after operation. The ejection fraction improved in three patients and stayed the same in three others. While there were no operative deaths in our series the incidence of serious morbidity, in terms of myocardial damage at or after operation, was disappointingly high. Early valve replacement to preserve myocardial function is especially attractive in young patients but cannot be advised if the insertion of the prosthetic valve is associated with appreciable myocardial damage.", "contents": "Valve replacement for rheumatic aortic incompetence in adolescents. The timing of valve replacement in patients with rheumatic aortic regurgitation is assessed by balancing the mortality and complications associated with the operation and the prosthetic valves against the natural history of the lesion. The time course without surgery is determined by the severity of the volume overload and the gradual deterioration of myocardial function. We wished to obtain information both on the haemodynamic recovery achieved after aortic valve replacement in young patients and also on the risks of operation in this group. Twenty patients, in whom the aortic valve was replaced at a mean age of 15 years, were reviewed. An improvement in symptoms and in the cardiothoracic ratio on the chest radiograph occurred in every case, and the voltage measurements suggestive of left ventricular hypertrophy on electrocardiogram diminished in all but two. The left ventricular end-diastolic pressure decreased in the 11 patients who were recatheterised after operation. The ejection fraction improved in three patients and stayed the same in three others. While there were no operative deaths in our series the incidence of serious morbidity, in terms of myocardial damage at or after operation, was disappointingly high. Early valve replacement to preserve myocardial function is especially attractive in young patients but cannot be advised if the insertion of the prosthetic valve is associated with appreciable myocardial damage.", "PMID": 725828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10524", "title": "The anti-reflux mechanism after cardiomyotomy.", "content": "Only 18 or 83 patients who had had a cardiomyotomy for achalasia could be induced to reflux barium. Mucosal herniation through the myotomy was shown in most by radiography. Perfusion manometry showed a higher pressure zone in the oesophagogastric junction region in 22 of 24 patients studied. This high pressure zone responded to an increment in abdominal pressure by a greater increment. The same response was seen in a patient with a small hiatal hernia and myotomy. We concluded that the persisting high pressure zone seen by perfusion manometry is likely to be caused by the hiatus, and that the hiatus rather than the sphincter is likely to be responsible for the incremental response of the high pressure zone to increased abdominal pressure. The anti-reflux mechanism after cardiomyotomy is more likely to be the hiatal mechanism than persisting sphincter fibres.", "contents": "The anti-reflux mechanism after cardiomyotomy. Only 18 or 83 patients who had had a cardiomyotomy for achalasia could be induced to reflux barium. Mucosal herniation through the myotomy was shown in most by radiography. Perfusion manometry showed a higher pressure zone in the oesophagogastric junction region in 22 of 24 patients studied. This high pressure zone responded to an increment in abdominal pressure by a greater increment. The same response was seen in a patient with a small hiatal hernia and myotomy. We concluded that the persisting high pressure zone seen by perfusion manometry is likely to be caused by the hiatus, and that the hiatus rather than the sphincter is likely to be responsible for the incremental response of the high pressure zone to increased abdominal pressure. The anti-reflux mechanism after cardiomyotomy is more likely to be the hiatal mechanism than persisting sphincter fibres.", "PMID": 725825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10525", "title": "Aortic valve replacement in rheumatoid aortic incompetence.", "content": "Rheumatoid aortic valve disease is uncommon. and there are few reports of valve replacement in this condition. Aortic valve replacement and partial pericardiectomy was performed in a patient with acute rheumatoid aortitis and aortic incompetence. Previous reports suggest that any patient with rheumatoid arthritis who develops cardiac symptoms should be carefully assessed for surgically treatable involvement of the pericardium or heart valves.", "contents": "Aortic valve replacement in rheumatoid aortic incompetence. Rheumatoid aortic valve disease is uncommon. and there are few reports of valve replacement in this condition. Aortic valve replacement and partial pericardiectomy was performed in a patient with acute rheumatoid aortitis and aortic incompetence. Previous reports suggest that any patient with rheumatoid arthritis who develops cardiac symptoms should be carefully assessed for surgically treatable involvement of the pericardium or heart valves.", "PMID": 725829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10526", "title": "Pulmonary manifestations of hypogammaglobulinaemia.", "content": "Fifty-five patients with late-onset idiopathic immunoglobulin deficiency were studied and upper or lower respiratory tract infections were encountered in about 90%. Cylindrical bronchiectasis was shown in all of the 21 patients in whom bronchograms were done. A thymoma was found in four patients. Three patients had diffuse interstitial pulmonary disease--two with proved and one with presumed lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis. Five patients had no evidence of pulmonary disease, including two patients with long-standing late-onset immunoglobulin deficiency who had essentially no serum immunoglobulins. This small subgroup of patients with immunoglobulin dificiency without severe pulmonary infections cannot be explained in the context of current understanding of immunoglobulin deficiency. Thirty-two patients were followed up for long enough for the response to treatment to be assessed.", "contents": "Pulmonary manifestations of hypogammaglobulinaemia. Fifty-five patients with late-onset idiopathic immunoglobulin deficiency were studied and upper or lower respiratory tract infections were encountered in about 90%. Cylindrical bronchiectasis was shown in all of the 21 patients in whom bronchograms were done. A thymoma was found in four patients. Three patients had diffuse interstitial pulmonary disease--two with proved and one with presumed lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis. Five patients had no evidence of pulmonary disease, including two patients with long-standing late-onset immunoglobulin deficiency who had essentially no serum immunoglobulins. This small subgroup of patients with immunoglobulin dificiency without severe pulmonary infections cannot be explained in the context of current understanding of immunoglobulin deficiency. Thirty-two patients were followed up for long enough for the response to treatment to be assessed.", "PMID": 725827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10527", "title": "Single primitive ventricle with normally related great arteries and atresia of the left A-V valve.", "content": "A child aged 2 years and 9 months was angiocardiographically diagnosed to have a single ventricle with normally related great arteries and atresia of the left A-V valve. A Blalock-Hanlon procedure and division of a large patent ductus arteriosus were followed by reduction in pulmonary artery pressure, but after operation the patient showed signs of left ventricular failure unresponsive to medical treatment, necessitating pulmonary artery banding. We have found only three similar published cases, and this is the only one with full angiographic documentation.", "contents": "Single primitive ventricle with normally related great arteries and atresia of the left A-V valve. A child aged 2 years and 9 months was angiocardiographically diagnosed to have a single ventricle with normally related great arteries and atresia of the left A-V valve. A Blalock-Hanlon procedure and division of a large patent ductus arteriosus were followed by reduction in pulmonary artery pressure, but after operation the patient showed signs of left ventricular failure unresponsive to medical treatment, necessitating pulmonary artery banding. We have found only three similar published cases, and this is the only one with full angiographic documentation.", "PMID": 725830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10528", "title": "Pulmonary haemodynamics and function immediately after canine left lower lobe preservation.", "content": "After temporary reimplantation of the left lower lobe in dogs, the effects of various preservation techniques on the canine lung were assessed. Vascular resistance, shunt fraction, weight gain, and airway pressure were found to reflect and predict the effectiveness of various preservation techniques compared with reported survival data.", "contents": "Pulmonary haemodynamics and function immediately after canine left lower lobe preservation. After temporary reimplantation of the left lower lobe in dogs, the effects of various preservation techniques on the canine lung were assessed. Vascular resistance, shunt fraction, weight gain, and airway pressure were found to reflect and predict the effectiveness of various preservation techniques compared with reported survival data.", "PMID": 725831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10529", "title": "Reversibility of airways obstruction in bronchiectasis.", "content": "Patients with airways obstruction and bronchiectasis were investigated for features of allergic disease and for reversibility of airways obstruction in respinse to inhaled and intravenous salbutamol. There was a 26% increase in PEFR and a 16% increase in FEV1 after inhaled salbutamol, and the response to the intravenous drug was not significantly better than that to the inhaled. Those patients who responded to bronchodilators could not be identified by clinical or immunological features.", "contents": "Reversibility of airways obstruction in bronchiectasis. Patients with airways obstruction and bronchiectasis were investigated for features of allergic disease and for reversibility of airways obstruction in respinse to inhaled and intravenous salbutamol. There was a 26% increase in PEFR and a 16% increase in FEV1 after inhaled salbutamol, and the response to the intravenous drug was not significantly better than that to the inhaled. Those patients who responded to bronchodilators could not be identified by clinical or immunological features.", "PMID": 725832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10530", "title": "Long-term follow-up of two cases of pulmonary varicosity.", "content": "Before diagnosis by pulmonary angiography two cases of pulmonary varicosity, one in a young girl and the other in a middle-aged man, had been misdiagnosed as pulmonary tuberculosis. Both patients were asymptomatic and received no specific treatment. Six and four years later there was no radiological change in either patient. Previously reported cases are briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Long-term follow-up of two cases of pulmonary varicosity. Before diagnosis by pulmonary angiography two cases of pulmonary varicosity, one in a young girl and the other in a middle-aged man, had been misdiagnosed as pulmonary tuberculosis. Both patients were asymptomatic and received no specific treatment. Six and four years later there was no radiological change in either patient. Previously reported cases are briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 725835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10531", "title": "Correction of tye C atrioventricular canal associated with tetralogy of Fallot.", "content": "Type C complete atrioventricular canal associated with tetralogy of Fallot in a 5-year old child was successfully corrected. Repair of the atrioventricular canal was combined with infundibular resection and the insertion of an outflow tract patch across the pulmonary valve ring. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the child is well one year after operation.", "contents": "Correction of tye C atrioventricular canal associated with tetralogy of Fallot. Type C complete atrioventricular canal associated with tetralogy of Fallot in a 5-year old child was successfully corrected. Repair of the atrioventricular canal was combined with infundibular resection and the insertion of an outflow tract patch across the pulmonary valve ring. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the child is well one year after operation.", "PMID": 725834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10532", "title": "Storage of heart valve allografts in glycerol with subsequent antibiotic sterilisation.", "content": "Fresh allograft valves stored in a nutrient medium at +4 degrees C have a limited storage time of eight weeks. Dura mater has been stored in glycerol for longer periods, and this paper presents work on the glycerol storage of allograft heart valves. The elastic properties of the valve cusps showed a fall during storage in glycerol that was associated with an altered histological appearance of the cusp tissue. The loss in nuclearity in the histological sections of stored tissue was partially responsible for the observed decrease in viability during storage. All these changes during storage in glycerol, or glycerol and subsequent antibiotic treatment, were similar to the changes seen in valves stored in a nutrient medium. Glycerol therefore offers an alternative storage system to the cold nutrient medium but has no practical advantages. Glycerol alone will not sterilise the allograft tissue, and a post-storage treatment with antibiotics is essential.", "contents": "Storage of heart valve allografts in glycerol with subsequent antibiotic sterilisation. Fresh allograft valves stored in a nutrient medium at +4 degrees C have a limited storage time of eight weeks. Dura mater has been stored in glycerol for longer periods, and this paper presents work on the glycerol storage of allograft heart valves. The elastic properties of the valve cusps showed a fall during storage in glycerol that was associated with an altered histological appearance of the cusp tissue. The loss in nuclearity in the histological sections of stored tissue was partially responsible for the observed decrease in viability during storage. All these changes during storage in glycerol, or glycerol and subsequent antibiotic treatment, were similar to the changes seen in valves stored in a nutrient medium. Glycerol therefore offers an alternative storage system to the cold nutrient medium but has no practical advantages. Glycerol alone will not sterilise the allograft tissue, and a post-storage treatment with antibiotics is essential.", "PMID": 725833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10533", "title": "The inhibiting effect of a plasma globulin on arterial thrombus formation, (as compared to dipyridamole).", "content": "The inhibiting effect on arterial white thrombus formation of a globulin prepared from beef plasma has been compared to dipyridamole in white Wistar rats. It was demonstrated that the globulin fraction had a greater effect in inhibiting thrombus formation as judged by the lag time [t(l)], the maximal thrombus value [m(T)], the maximal thickness of the thrombus [m(D)] and the maximal thrombus surface [m(O)].", "contents": "The inhibiting effect of a plasma globulin on arterial thrombus formation, (as compared to dipyridamole). The inhibiting effect on arterial white thrombus formation of a globulin prepared from beef plasma has been compared to dipyridamole in white Wistar rats. It was demonstrated that the globulin fraction had a greater effect in inhibiting thrombus formation as judged by the lag time [t(l)], the maximal thrombus value [m(T)], the maximal thickness of the thrombus [m(D)] and the maximal thrombus surface [m(O)].", "PMID": 725841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10534", "title": "Ultrastructural studies on the surface coat of human platelet aggregated by polylysine and dextran.", "content": "Positively charged macromolecule, polylysine (mol. wt. 15,000; 23,000; 180,000) could induce the platelet aggregation in low concentration but high concentration was required in the case of neutral macromolecule, dextran (mol. wt. 40,000; 250,000; 2,000,000). The larger molecules of polylysine and dextran were more effective in inducing platelet aggregation. In the dextran-induced aggregation, positively charged Thorotrast particles on the cell surface did not decrease significantly. On the other hand, the surface membranes of platelets aggregated by polylysine were essentially devoid of bound particles. Heparin inhibited the polylysine-induced platelet aggregation but not the dextran-induced aggregation. These findings suggested that polylysine induced aggregation more effectively than dextran by reducing the negative surface charge and giving stronger adsorption force on cell surface. In platelet-rich plasma, polylysine elicited the release reaction of 14C-serotonin but dextran did not. Possible mechanism by which polylysine could elicit the release reaction is the formation of more tightly packed platelet aggregate than that by dextran in the presence of the low calcium ion concentration in citrated platelet-rich plasma. Average distance between plasma membranes of aggregated platelets, however, did not vary with the degrees of polymerization of these macromolecules.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies on the surface coat of human platelet aggregated by polylysine and dextran. Positively charged macromolecule, polylysine (mol. wt. 15,000; 23,000; 180,000) could induce the platelet aggregation in low concentration but high concentration was required in the case of neutral macromolecule, dextran (mol. wt. 40,000; 250,000; 2,000,000). The larger molecules of polylysine and dextran were more effective in inducing platelet aggregation. In the dextran-induced aggregation, positively charged Thorotrast particles on the cell surface did not decrease significantly. On the other hand, the surface membranes of platelets aggregated by polylysine were essentially devoid of bound particles. Heparin inhibited the polylysine-induced platelet aggregation but not the dextran-induced aggregation. These findings suggested that polylysine induced aggregation more effectively than dextran by reducing the negative surface charge and giving stronger adsorption force on cell surface. In platelet-rich plasma, polylysine elicited the release reaction of 14C-serotonin but dextran did not. Possible mechanism by which polylysine could elicit the release reaction is the formation of more tightly packed platelet aggregate than that by dextran in the presence of the low calcium ion concentration in citrated platelet-rich plasma. Average distance between plasma membranes of aggregated platelets, however, did not vary with the degrees of polymerization of these macromolecules.", "PMID": 725840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10535", "title": "Smoking and risk factors in deep vein thrombosis.", "content": "The incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) as diagnosed by the 125I fibrinogen test (125IFT) was determined in a series of 300 newly admitted medical and 201 surgical patients. 6 medical patients died before 125IFT screening could be completed. The incidence of DVT was 14% in medical patients and 18% in surgical patients. Increasing age, a malignant condition and a past history of thromboembolism all increased the risk of DVT. Increasing levels of cigarette smoking were found to be associated with a reduced incidence of DVT. Although statistical significance was achieved at only the 10% level for this finding it is in agreement with the results from studies on patients with myocardial infarction. The protective effect of cigarrette smoking was observed at all ages, and in both medical and surgical patients.", "contents": "Smoking and risk factors in deep vein thrombosis. The incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) as diagnosed by the 125I fibrinogen test (125IFT) was determined in a series of 300 newly admitted medical and 201 surgical patients. 6 medical patients died before 125IFT screening could be completed. The incidence of DVT was 14% in medical patients and 18% in surgical patients. Increasing age, a malignant condition and a past history of thromboembolism all increased the risk of DVT. Increasing levels of cigarette smoking were found to be associated with a reduced incidence of DVT. Although statistical significance was achieved at only the 10% level for this finding it is in agreement with the results from studies on patients with myocardial infarction. The protective effect of cigarrette smoking was observed at all ages, and in both medical and surgical patients.", "PMID": 725843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10536", "title": "Subcutaneous ancrod after operation for fractured hip--a dose-ranging and feasibility study.", "content": "We have conducted a dose-ranging and feasibility study of daily subcutaneous injections of ancrod (Arvin) as a potential antithrombotic method in 28 patients following operation for fractured neck of femur. Sustained, predictable fibrinogen depletion during the first post-operative week was induced by four different regimes. A total dose of 10 units/kg weight, given in divided doses starting on the day of operation, is suggested as a possible antithrombotic regime. Ancrod treatment produced a rise in fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products, prolongation of the thrombin clotting time, and a fall in plasminogen, plasma fibrinogen and corrected blood viscosity were observed in 14 control patients. Plasma fibrinogen was correlated with plasma viscosity and corrected blood viscosity. No adverse effects of treatment occurred. Subcutaneous ancrod appears to be a simple, safe, and feasible potential antithrombotic method, and merits trials of efficacy in the prevention of post-operative thromboembolism.", "contents": "Subcutaneous ancrod after operation for fractured hip--a dose-ranging and feasibility study. We have conducted a dose-ranging and feasibility study of daily subcutaneous injections of ancrod (Arvin) as a potential antithrombotic method in 28 patients following operation for fractured neck of femur. Sustained, predictable fibrinogen depletion during the first post-operative week was induced by four different regimes. A total dose of 10 units/kg weight, given in divided doses starting on the day of operation, is suggested as a possible antithrombotic regime. Ancrod treatment produced a rise in fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products, prolongation of the thrombin clotting time, and a fall in plasminogen, plasma fibrinogen and corrected blood viscosity were observed in 14 control patients. Plasma fibrinogen was correlated with plasma viscosity and corrected blood viscosity. No adverse effects of treatment occurred. Subcutaneous ancrod appears to be a simple, safe, and feasible potential antithrombotic method, and merits trials of efficacy in the prevention of post-operative thromboembolism.", "PMID": 725844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10537", "title": "In vivo platelet kinetics in 31 diabetic patients. Correlation with the degree of vascular impairment.", "content": "In vivo platelet survival was estimated, in 31 diabetic patients, using 51Cr-labelled autologous platelets. A mathematical analysis attempted to measure the \"potential\" life span (senescence process) and the degree of a superimposed aleatory destruction (consumption process). The potential platelet life span in diabetics did not differ from normal values. However, excessive consumption was observed in one third of the studied cases, without correlation with the age of the patients, the clinical duration of diabetes, and the degree of vascular impairment. Thus, platelet kinetic studies did not provide presently useful indications, in a particular patient, regarding the prognosis of the vascular disease, and the justification of anti-aggregant therapy.", "contents": "In vivo platelet kinetics in 31 diabetic patients. Correlation with the degree of vascular impairment. In vivo platelet survival was estimated, in 31 diabetic patients, using 51Cr-labelled autologous platelets. A mathematical analysis attempted to measure the \"potential\" life span (senescence process) and the degree of a superimposed aleatory destruction (consumption process). The potential platelet life span in diabetics did not differ from normal values. However, excessive consumption was observed in one third of the studied cases, without correlation with the age of the patients, the clinical duration of diabetes, and the degree of vascular impairment. Thus, platelet kinetic studies did not provide presently useful indications, in a particular patient, regarding the prognosis of the vascular disease, and the justification of anti-aggregant therapy.", "PMID": 725853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10538", "title": "Platelet monoamine oxidase and epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation.", "content": "Platelet MAO activity and the aggregation response to epinephrine, ADP, and collagen were measured in normal subjects. There was a direct correlation between the amount of platelet MAO activity and the per cent aggregation induced by 1 and 2 micrometer epinephrine. There were lesser correlations between platelet MAO and ADP or collagen-induced aggregation. These findings suggest that platelet MAO may play a role in determining the response of human platelets to epinephrine.", "contents": "Platelet monoamine oxidase and epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation. Platelet MAO activity and the aggregation response to epinephrine, ADP, and collagen were measured in normal subjects. There was a direct correlation between the amount of platelet MAO activity and the per cent aggregation induced by 1 and 2 micrometer epinephrine. There were lesser correlations between platelet MAO and ADP or collagen-induced aggregation. These findings suggest that platelet MAO may play a role in determining the response of human platelets to epinephrine.", "PMID": 725849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10539", "title": "Effects of autoprothrombin II-A on epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation of normal- and coumadin-treated dogs.", "content": "Platelet-rich plasma from dogs and from coumadin-treated dogs aggregated at the same optimum concentration of epinephrine. Neither protein C nor its active form called autoprothrombin II-A was necessary for aggregation of dog platelets with epinephrine. For platelet aggregation, suboptimal concentrations of epinephrine were potentiated by addition of purified autoprothrombin II-A. The latter, by itself, induced platelet aggregation in high concentration.", "contents": "Effects of autoprothrombin II-A on epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation of normal- and coumadin-treated dogs. Platelet-rich plasma from dogs and from coumadin-treated dogs aggregated at the same optimum concentration of epinephrine. Neither protein C nor its active form called autoprothrombin II-A was necessary for aggregation of dog platelets with epinephrine. For platelet aggregation, suboptimal concentrations of epinephrine were potentiated by addition of purified autoprothrombin II-A. The latter, by itself, induced platelet aggregation in high concentration.", "PMID": 725851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10540", "title": "Thromboxane generation and platelet aggregation in survivals of myocardial infarction.", "content": "Arachidonic acid (AA)-induced platelet aggregation was studied in platelet-rich plasma of 30 male patients who survived myocardial infarction and in 30 healthy men of similar age. Mean platelet aggregation thresholds to AA were 746 +/- 62 micrometer, and 869 +/- 57 micrometer, respectively. Only in 2 healthy subjects, but in 12 patients, irreversible platelet aggregation was induced consistently with low concentrations of AA, under 500 micrometer. The rate of conversion of AA to thromboxane A2 (TXA2) by platelets of these patients was augmented. Furthermore, less endogenous TXA2 was required to trigger aggregation of their platelets as compared to the controls. We have also shown that in platelet-poor plasma of these patients with \"hyperreactive\" platelets there exists a transferable factor which makes platelets of healthy subjects more prone to aggregatory action of AA. It is proposed that the assessment of platelet aggregability with AA provides a tool for identifying a subgroup of patients with coronary heart disease who might substantially benefit from the secondary preventive treatment with aspirin and with other antiplatelet drugs which inhibit the generation of TXA2 in platelets.", "contents": "Thromboxane generation and platelet aggregation in survivals of myocardial infarction. Arachidonic acid (AA)-induced platelet aggregation was studied in platelet-rich plasma of 30 male patients who survived myocardial infarction and in 30 healthy men of similar age. Mean platelet aggregation thresholds to AA were 746 +/- 62 micrometer, and 869 +/- 57 micrometer, respectively. Only in 2 healthy subjects, but in 12 patients, irreversible platelet aggregation was induced consistently with low concentrations of AA, under 500 micrometer. The rate of conversion of AA to thromboxane A2 (TXA2) by platelets of these patients was augmented. Furthermore, less endogenous TXA2 was required to trigger aggregation of their platelets as compared to the controls. We have also shown that in platelet-poor plasma of these patients with \"hyperreactive\" platelets there exists a transferable factor which makes platelets of healthy subjects more prone to aggregatory action of AA. It is proposed that the assessment of platelet aggregability with AA provides a tool for identifying a subgroup of patients with coronary heart disease who might substantially benefit from the secondary preventive treatment with aspirin and with other antiplatelet drugs which inhibit the generation of TXA2 in platelets.", "PMID": 725852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10541", "title": "In vitro interaction between cultured cells and human blood platelets.", "content": "The effects of washed human cultured cells (tumour cells and Chang liver cells) on human blood platelets in heparinized plasma were studied. Platelet aggregation was induced by suspensions of the tumour cells. Ultrastructural examination showed that the platelets, especially in the central regions of the aggregates, were tightly packed and the alpha-granules were mostly present. In the periphery of the aggregates the platelets appeared swollen and devoid of organelles, and fibrin strands were seen. The platelet aggregation was not completely abolished by incubation with apyrase. The washing fluids from the tumour cells also induced platelet aggregation, but the aggregation could be abolished by incubation with apyrase. When three different lines of the Chang cells were used, suspensions of two lines of these cells induced platelet aggregation, but the third line did not. Presence of ADP could be demonstrated in the washing fluids from the cultured cells, except for the one line of Chang cells which did not induce platelet aggregation. The experiments indicated that the platelet aggregation induced by the various types of cells was mediated via ADP, but with a possible additional effect of coagulation activity.", "contents": "In vitro interaction between cultured cells and human blood platelets. The effects of washed human cultured cells (tumour cells and Chang liver cells) on human blood platelets in heparinized plasma were studied. Platelet aggregation was induced by suspensions of the tumour cells. Ultrastructural examination showed that the platelets, especially in the central regions of the aggregates, were tightly packed and the alpha-granules were mostly present. In the periphery of the aggregates the platelets appeared swollen and devoid of organelles, and fibrin strands were seen. The platelet aggregation was not completely abolished by incubation with apyrase. The washing fluids from the tumour cells also induced platelet aggregation, but the aggregation could be abolished by incubation with apyrase. When three different lines of the Chang cells were used, suspensions of two lines of these cells induced platelet aggregation, but the third line did not. Presence of ADP could be demonstrated in the washing fluids from the cultured cells, except for the one line of Chang cells which did not induce platelet aggregation. The experiments indicated that the platelet aggregation induced by the various types of cells was mediated via ADP, but with a possible additional effect of coagulation activity.", "PMID": 725854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10542", "title": "[Three lambings within two years following induction of oestrus (author's transl)].", "content": "The annual number of weaner lambs per ewe is a factor of major importance in the profitability of sheep farming. In the Netherlands, approximately 80 per cent of the incomes are derived from the returns for lambs sold. Induction of oestrus makes it possible for the ewes to lamb three times in two years. To achieve a high conception rate, tupping should take place under supervision. In the Experimental Livestock-Farming Station, Lelystad, studies on the possibilities of inducing oestrus were done in ewes in which tupping occurred for the first time at an age of approximately seven months during natural oestrus in the months of October and November. The results obtained by inducing oestrus in July and August were similar to those obtained with natural oestrus in October and November. The results obtained in February and March were slightly inferior, which probably was also due to the fact that the condition of the ewes was not very good immediately after weaning of the lambs at six weeks. The number of lambs born showed an average increase of 0.5 lamb per ewe mating with the ram per year. A further increase of the annual number of lambs per ewe is likely to be achieved.", "contents": "[Three lambings within two years following induction of oestrus (author's transl)]. The annual number of weaner lambs per ewe is a factor of major importance in the profitability of sheep farming. In the Netherlands, approximately 80 per cent of the incomes are derived from the returns for lambs sold. Induction of oestrus makes it possible for the ewes to lamb three times in two years. To achieve a high conception rate, tupping should take place under supervision. In the Experimental Livestock-Farming Station, Lelystad, studies on the possibilities of inducing oestrus were done in ewes in which tupping occurred for the first time at an age of approximately seven months during natural oestrus in the months of October and November. The results obtained by inducing oestrus in July and August were similar to those obtained with natural oestrus in October and November. The results obtained in February and March were slightly inferior, which probably was also due to the fact that the condition of the ewes was not very good immediately after weaning of the lambs at six weeks. The number of lambs born showed an average increase of 0.5 lamb per ewe mating with the ram per year. A further increase of the annual number of lambs per ewe is likely to be achieved.", "PMID": 725901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10543", "title": "Cystic fibrosis and HLA.", "content": "In 94 children suffering from cystic fibrosis, no abnormal frequencies of HLA markers of the A and B locus were observed in comparison with the distribution of these antigens in control series. Furthermore, the HLA genotypes of seven pairs of diseased sibs are incompatible with the hypothesis of a closed linkage between CF--an autosomal recessive transmitted disease--and HLA.", "contents": "Cystic fibrosis and HLA. In 94 children suffering from cystic fibrosis, no abnormal frequencies of HLA markers of the A and B locus were observed in comparison with the distribution of these antigens in control series. Furthermore, the HLA genotypes of seven pairs of diseased sibs are incompatible with the hypothesis of a closed linkage between CF--an autosomal recessive transmitted disease--and HLA.", "PMID": 725903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10544", "title": "The distribution of HLA antigens in the Motilones Indians of Venezuela.", "content": "The HLA antigen profile of the Bari and Yupa Indians who live in the Motilones Valley on the border between Venezuela and Colombia was studied. Both groups showed very limited polymorphism. HLA--A1, A3, A11, Aw23, A25, A26, A29, Aw30, Aw32, and Aw33, and HLA--B7, B8, B12, B13, B14, B17, B18, Bw22, and B27 were not observed in either population.", "contents": "The distribution of HLA antigens in the Motilones Indians of Venezuela. The HLA antigen profile of the Bari and Yupa Indians who live in the Motilones Valley on the border between Venezuela and Colombia was studied. Both groups showed very limited polymorphism. HLA--A1, A3, A11, Aw23, A25, A26, A29, Aw30, Aw32, and Aw33, and HLA--B7, B8, B12, B13, B14, B17, B18, Bw22, and B27 were not observed in either population.", "PMID": 725904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10545", "title": "Detection of thrombocyte antibodies by 125I labeled protein A.", "content": "Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus interacts in a specific manner with most subclasses of human IgG. In the present study a method is described which utilizes Protein A labeled with 125I for the detection of antibody sensitization of platelets. The clinical applicability of the test for detection of in vivo or in vitro sensitization is demonstrated in three patients with platelet antibodies.", "contents": "Detection of thrombocyte antibodies by 125I labeled protein A. Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus interacts in a specific manner with most subclasses of human IgG. In the present study a method is described which utilizes Protein A labeled with 125I for the detection of antibody sensitization of platelets. The clinical applicability of the test for detection of in vivo or in vitro sensitization is demonstrated in three patients with platelet antibodies.", "PMID": 725905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10546", "title": "The HLA antigens in women with recurrent abnormal pregnancies of unknown etiology.", "content": "Women with recurrent abnormal pregnancies of unknown etiology--as compared with those with recurrent abnormal pregnancies of known etiology and with normal controls--had a significantly increased frequency of antigen HLA--A9 (corr. P less than 0.01). Analysis of the frequencies in matings performed at different levels of HLA incompatibility between parents in 35 couples with recurrent abnormal pregnancies of unknown etiology revealed a high degree of wife husband compatibility of the antigens of the HLA--A locus, but not of the antigens of the HLA--B locus. These results indicate that the HLA chromosomal region may influence the reproductive efficiency and the fate of the fetus.", "contents": "The HLA antigens in women with recurrent abnormal pregnancies of unknown etiology. Women with recurrent abnormal pregnancies of unknown etiology--as compared with those with recurrent abnormal pregnancies of known etiology and with normal controls--had a significantly increased frequency of antigen HLA--A9 (corr. P less than 0.01). Analysis of the frequencies in matings performed at different levels of HLA incompatibility between parents in 35 couples with recurrent abnormal pregnancies of unknown etiology revealed a high degree of wife husband compatibility of the antigens of the HLA--A locus, but not of the antigens of the HLA--B locus. These results indicate that the HLA chromosomal region may influence the reproductive efficiency and the fate of the fetus.", "PMID": 725906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10547", "title": "Relations between the HLA-antigens and immune responsiveness to SK/SD in healthy Japanese subjects.", "content": "A possible association between the HLA antigens and immune responsiveness to SK/SD was studied in 90 healthy Japanese volunteers. No association was found between the HLA antigens, including B5, and SK/SD stimulated blastoid transformation. There was a week indication of an association between Bw22 and responses to SK/SD. But this was not statistically significant as far as the corrected P value was concerned.", "contents": "Relations between the HLA-antigens and immune responsiveness to SK/SD in healthy Japanese subjects. A possible association between the HLA antigens and immune responsiveness to SK/SD was studied in 90 healthy Japanese volunteers. No association was found between the HLA antigens, including B5, and SK/SD stimulated blastoid transformation. There was a week indication of an association between Bw22 and responses to SK/SD. But this was not statistically significant as far as the corrected P value was concerned.", "PMID": 725907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10548", "title": "HLA system and affective disorders: a sibship genetic study.", "content": "The authors have investigated HLA-haplotype zygotic assortment in 21 families with multiple cases of affective disorders and in 19 sibling pairs discordant for the disease. The finding of excess similarity between affected sibs stressed the possibility of the existence of genes in the HLA chromosomal region which are involved in the susceptibility to affective disorders. The mode of inheritance of such an hypothesized DS gene was also tested and some theoretical implications are discussed.", "contents": "HLA system and affective disorders: a sibship genetic study. The authors have investigated HLA-haplotype zygotic assortment in 21 families with multiple cases of affective disorders and in 19 sibling pairs discordant for the disease. The finding of excess similarity between affected sibs stressed the possibility of the existence of genes in the HLA chromosomal region which are involved in the susceptibility to affective disorders. The mode of inheritance of such an hypothesized DS gene was also tested and some theoretical implications are discussed.", "PMID": 725908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10549", "title": "Fine structure of the electrotonic synapse of the lateral giant axons in a crayfish (Procambarus clarkii).", "content": "The electrotonic synapse of lateral giant axons of the crayfish was studied by conventional thin sectioning. The most prominent membrane specialization observed in this synaptic region is the communicating junction. It is characterized by a close apposition of the two axonal membranes which are separated by a 4--5 nm wide gap. Other characteristics of the junction are an array of particles spaced about 20--22 nm apart and a row of vesicles symmetrically arranged at the cytoplasmic leaflets of each membrane. The communicating junction does not cover the entire surface of the electrotonic synapse. Indeed, we have found other specializations such as: finger-like Schwann cell processes extending between synaptic membranes, saccular invaginations of one synaptic membrane into its axon, and coated vesicles continuous with one of the membranes. In addition, large vesicular pieces of the communicating junctions, with their accompanying vesicles, appeared to extend deeply inside the axoplasm. The morphological appearance of the communicating junction is found to be different from the one reported for mammalian maculae communicans such as liver or heart muscle. This is surprising because, regardless of their morphological differences, both junctions seem to transmit electrotonically.", "contents": "Fine structure of the electrotonic synapse of the lateral giant axons in a crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). The electrotonic synapse of lateral giant axons of the crayfish was studied by conventional thin sectioning. The most prominent membrane specialization observed in this synaptic region is the communicating junction. It is characterized by a close apposition of the two axonal membranes which are separated by a 4--5 nm wide gap. Other characteristics of the junction are an array of particles spaced about 20--22 nm apart and a row of vesicles symmetrically arranged at the cytoplasmic leaflets of each membrane. The communicating junction does not cover the entire surface of the electrotonic synapse. Indeed, we have found other specializations such as: finger-like Schwann cell processes extending between synaptic membranes, saccular invaginations of one synaptic membrane into its axon, and coated vesicles continuous with one of the membranes. In addition, large vesicular pieces of the communicating junctions, with their accompanying vesicles, appeared to extend deeply inside the axoplasm. The morphological appearance of the communicating junction is found to be different from the one reported for mammalian maculae communicans such as liver or heart muscle. This is surprising because, regardless of their morphological differences, both junctions seem to transmit electrotonically.", "PMID": 725909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10550", "title": "The effects of adrenalectomy and cortisol treatment on cell types, other than corticotrophs, in the anterior pituitary of the mouse.", "content": "This investigation was designed to characterize changes due to adrenalectomy and cortisol treatment in cell types, other than corticotrophs, in the anterior pituitary of the mouse. Cortisol injections resulted in a reduced number of mammotrophs and an increased number of somatotrophs. By 5 days post-adrenalectomy an increase in the number of mammotrophs and a decrease in the number of somatotrophs was observed. No changes were noted in the number of gonadotrophs or thyrotrophs due to either adrenalectomy or cortisol treatment.", "contents": "The effects of adrenalectomy and cortisol treatment on cell types, other than corticotrophs, in the anterior pituitary of the mouse. This investigation was designed to characterize changes due to adrenalectomy and cortisol treatment in cell types, other than corticotrophs, in the anterior pituitary of the mouse. Cortisol injections resulted in a reduced number of mammotrophs and an increased number of somatotrophs. By 5 days post-adrenalectomy an increase in the number of mammotrophs and a decrease in the number of somatotrophs was observed. No changes were noted in the number of gonadotrophs or thyrotrophs due to either adrenalectomy or cortisol treatment.", "PMID": 725911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10551", "title": "The quantitative morphology of interstitial tissue channels in some tissues of the rat and rabbit.", "content": "The water-rich phase (tissue channels) of the intersititial tissue in rat ileum, knee joint capsules, kidneys, and implanted Guyton's capsules was examined electron microscopically by the SEM of plastic injection models, and by TEM and HVEM of ferrocyanide and ferritin as tracers. It was shown that the channels do in fact exist, and are not just vacuoles. Quantitative estimations of their numbers and diameters were made. These agreed well with estimates made by other methods.", "contents": "The quantitative morphology of interstitial tissue channels in some tissues of the rat and rabbit. The water-rich phase (tissue channels) of the intersititial tissue in rat ileum, knee joint capsules, kidneys, and implanted Guyton's capsules was examined electron microscopically by the SEM of plastic injection models, and by TEM and HVEM of ferrocyanide and ferritin as tracers. It was shown that the channels do in fact exist, and are not just vacuoles. Quantitative estimations of their numbers and diameters were made. These agreed well with estimates made by other methods.", "PMID": 725912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10552", "title": "Origin and fate of cytoplasmic gap junctional vesicles in rabbit granulosa cells.", "content": "Vesicles within the cytoplasm of the rabbit granulosa cell, in both thin section and freeze-fracture preparations, appear to consist of typical gap junctional membrane. In most cases these vesicles, like gap junctions at the cell surface, are composed of two membranes, but in rare cases may consist in part of single membrane, identified as gap junctional because of the presence of typical 8.5 nm P face particles and E face pits. Both thin section and freeze-fracture studies support the view that these vesicles may be produced by the endocytosis of junctional membrane from the cell surface as one cell invaginates into its neighbor at the junction. The presence of apparent acid phosphatase activity within the matrix of these gap junctional vesicles suggests that they may represent a stage in the specific degradation of gap junctional membrane.", "contents": "Origin and fate of cytoplasmic gap junctional vesicles in rabbit granulosa cells. Vesicles within the cytoplasm of the rabbit granulosa cell, in both thin section and freeze-fracture preparations, appear to consist of typical gap junctional membrane. In most cases these vesicles, like gap junctions at the cell surface, are composed of two membranes, but in rare cases may consist in part of single membrane, identified as gap junctional because of the presence of typical 8.5 nm P face particles and E face pits. Both thin section and freeze-fracture studies support the view that these vesicles may be produced by the endocytosis of junctional membrane from the cell surface as one cell invaginates into its neighbor at the junction. The presence of apparent acid phosphatase activity within the matrix of these gap junctional vesicles suggests that they may represent a stage in the specific degradation of gap junctional membrane.", "PMID": 725913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10553", "title": "A modified Giemsa C-banding technique for Hordeum species.", "content": "A Giemsa C-banding technique with a hot 1 N HCl hydrolysis step has been developed for barley chromosomes. This step makes it easy to obtain well separated C-banded chromosomes. To compare this technique with other C-banding techniques, chromosomes of H. vulgare cv. York were stained by both this technique and a modification of the technique of Kimber et al. (1976). With respect to centromeric and intercalary bands, both techniques produce a similar banding pattern, but telomeric bands observed by the modified technique of Kimber et al. (1976) were not detected by our procedure. This indicates that telomeric heterochromatin may be different chemically and/or structurally from the centromeric and intercalary heterochromatin and its appearance dependent upon the C-banding technique. The procedure described provides a relatively rapid technique for C-banding of barley chromosomes.", "contents": "A modified Giemsa C-banding technique for Hordeum species. A Giemsa C-banding technique with a hot 1 N HCl hydrolysis step has been developed for barley chromosomes. This step makes it easy to obtain well separated C-banded chromosomes. To compare this technique with other C-banding techniques, chromosomes of H. vulgare cv. York were stained by both this technique and a modification of the technique of Kimber et al. (1976). With respect to centromeric and intercalary bands, both techniques produce a similar banding pattern, but telomeric bands observed by the modified technique of Kimber et al. (1976) were not detected by our procedure. This indicates that telomeric heterochromatin may be different chemically and/or structurally from the centromeric and intercalary heterochromatin and its appearance dependent upon the C-banding technique. The procedure described provides a relatively rapid technique for C-banding of barley chromosomes.", "PMID": 725964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10554", "title": "An artifact of liquid emulsion autoradiography.", "content": "The localization of 3H-opiates in the myenteric plexus of the guinea pig ileum is subject to systematic artifact when stretch preparations of the myenteric plexus are dipped into liquid Kodak NTB-3 emulsion for autoradiography. The cause of the artifact was determined to be a discontinuous distribution, or retraction, of emulsion over plexuses. The apposition of frozen freeze-dried ileal sections to dried photographic emulsion avoids this source of error.", "contents": "An artifact of liquid emulsion autoradiography. The localization of 3H-opiates in the myenteric plexus of the guinea pig ileum is subject to systematic artifact when stretch preparations of the myenteric plexus are dipped into liquid Kodak NTB-3 emulsion for autoradiography. The cause of the artifact was determined to be a discontinuous distribution, or retraction, of emulsion over plexuses. The apposition of frozen freeze-dried ileal sections to dried photographic emulsion avoids this source of error.", "PMID": 725965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10555", "title": "[Radiation therapy for tumors of the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses. I. Communication (author's transl)].", "content": "In the period between 1966 and 1976, a total of 53 cases with neoplasms of the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses underwent radiological treatment. The 5-year-survival rate for all tumors of all stages amounted to 34.6%. Local recurrences appeared in 54%. The present cases are compared and analysed reviewing their special anatomic extension, clinical symptomatics, histology and classification. The radiotherapeutic proceeding is described.", "contents": "[Radiation therapy for tumors of the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses. I. Communication (author's transl)]. In the period between 1966 and 1976, a total of 53 cases with neoplasms of the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses underwent radiological treatment. The 5-year-survival rate for all tumors of all stages amounted to 34.6%. Local recurrences appeared in 54%. The present cases are compared and analysed reviewing their special anatomic extension, clinical symptomatics, histology and classification. The radiotherapeutic proceeding is described.", "PMID": 725966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10556", "title": "[Radiotherapy of the prostate carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "41 patients were submitted to telecobalt irradiations of the prostate and the adjoining lymph drain regions. The absence of remote metastases was verified by X-ray examinations of the skeleton and bone scintigrams, and stades were divided by means of lymphography. The overall 3,5-year survival rate was 79.9%, the 3,5-year survival rate of the patients without lymph node metastases was 100% and that of the group with lymph node metastases was 25%. 69,6% of all patients had no recurrences after 3.5 years, the corresponding rate for the patients without lymph node metastases was 84% and that for the patients with lymph node metastases was 24.6%. The difference between patients with and patients without lymph node metastases demonstrated by lymphography was statistically significant and decisive for the prognosis. The clinically judged local tumor control was 100% for those patients who were observed during a period of more than one year after the radiotherapy. Lymph nodes which were also irradiated underwent an involution in all cases. Different differentiation degrees responded in the same way to radiotherapy. A dependence of rectal complications on the dose could be demonstrated. The results were not ameliorated by additional hormonal therapy.", "contents": "[Radiotherapy of the prostate carcinoma (author's transl)]. 41 patients were submitted to telecobalt irradiations of the prostate and the adjoining lymph drain regions. The absence of remote metastases was verified by X-ray examinations of the skeleton and bone scintigrams, and stades were divided by means of lymphography. The overall 3,5-year survival rate was 79.9%, the 3,5-year survival rate of the patients without lymph node metastases was 100% and that of the group with lymph node metastases was 25%. 69,6% of all patients had no recurrences after 3.5 years, the corresponding rate for the patients without lymph node metastases was 84% and that for the patients with lymph node metastases was 24.6%. The difference between patients with and patients without lymph node metastases demonstrated by lymphography was statistically significant and decisive for the prognosis. The clinically judged local tumor control was 100% for those patients who were observed during a period of more than one year after the radiotherapy. Lymph nodes which were also irradiated underwent an involution in all cases. Different differentiation degrees responded in the same way to radiotherapy. A dependence of rectal complications on the dose could be demonstrated. The results were not ameliorated by additional hormonal therapy.", "PMID": 725967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10557", "title": "[Linear accelerators in oncoradiology. Comparison of the effciency of four clinically utilized electron linear accelerators with energies up to 20 MeV (author's transl)].", "content": "Further development of linear accelerators for medical purposes results in leaving off the principle of circular acceleration. The present investigation, comparing four clinically utilized electron linear accelerators with different constructional systems, reveals a large scale of clinical applicability, advantages and disadvantages partly compensating one another. None of the four machines examined offers a total of decisive advantages as compared to the other ones. Some essential data from the side of radiation exit are tested: depth dose data and photon contamination during operation with electrons, field sizes and homogeneity, penumbral width and penetration power for electron and X radiations. The appreciation of electron therapy by the radiologist may be a factor as well the handling of the machine, but in many cases the space available in an existing locality or the confidence in the ready service of a contracting firm, considerations concerning failure periods, estimate of repair and subsequent costs are influencing the decision for a certain type of equipment.", "contents": "[Linear accelerators in oncoradiology. Comparison of the effciency of four clinically utilized electron linear accelerators with energies up to 20 MeV (author's transl)]. Further development of linear accelerators for medical purposes results in leaving off the principle of circular acceleration. The present investigation, comparing four clinically utilized electron linear accelerators with different constructional systems, reveals a large scale of clinical applicability, advantages and disadvantages partly compensating one another. None of the four machines examined offers a total of decisive advantages as compared to the other ones. Some essential data from the side of radiation exit are tested: depth dose data and photon contamination during operation with electrons, field sizes and homogeneity, penumbral width and penetration power for electron and X radiations. The appreciation of electron therapy by the radiologist may be a factor as well the handling of the machine, but in many cases the space available in an existing locality or the confidence in the ready service of a contracting firm, considerations concerning failure periods, estimate of repair and subsequent costs are influencing the decision for a certain type of equipment.", "PMID": 725969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10558", "title": "Dependence of the postirradiation lymphopenia and hypersegmentation of neutrophil nuclei on the therapeutic irradiation exposure in patients with breast carcinoma--some ways of its use for biological detection of irradiation.", "content": "In the work, changes are presented of the numbers of lymphocytes and hypersegmented neutrophils after therapeutic irradiation of women after mastectomy. The values found were evaluated statistically by the decision method. It was found that in the course of irradiation the lymphopenia and increase in the number of neutrophils with hypersegmented cellular nuclei occurred. This contraversory course of the values showed an increasing tendency with increasing exposure. An attempt was made, whether the values found could serve for the biological detection if irradiation, when completing the response of the organism to irradiation based on changes of one parameter by a response from changes of second parameter examined. The values were used as training material for the statistical decision method. The results are represented in the from of a diagram for reading off the magnitude of the damage in practice by stimultaneous evaluation of both parameters. A further approach is shown in the biological dosimetry by simultaneous examination of several independent paramters statistically treated by a suitable method.", "contents": "Dependence of the postirradiation lymphopenia and hypersegmentation of neutrophil nuclei on the therapeutic irradiation exposure in patients with breast carcinoma--some ways of its use for biological detection of irradiation. In the work, changes are presented of the numbers of lymphocytes and hypersegmented neutrophils after therapeutic irradiation of women after mastectomy. The values found were evaluated statistically by the decision method. It was found that in the course of irradiation the lymphopenia and increase in the number of neutrophils with hypersegmented cellular nuclei occurred. This contraversory course of the values showed an increasing tendency with increasing exposure. An attempt was made, whether the values found could serve for the biological detection if irradiation, when completing the response of the organism to irradiation based on changes of one parameter by a response from changes of second parameter examined. The values were used as training material for the statistical decision method. The results are represented in the from of a diagram for reading off the magnitude of the damage in practice by stimultaneous evaluation of both parameters. A further approach is shown in the biological dosimetry by simultaneous examination of several independent paramters statistically treated by a suitable method.", "PMID": 725971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10559", "title": "[Conceptions for optimization in radiation therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The discrepancy between the exact radiation planning possible nowadays and the distinctly differing real dose to the target volume is interpreted as due to the appearance of unavoidable time-dependent disturbance variables which are not quantitatively predictable. By means of the block diagram generally used in control engineering is shown the necessity of introducing a feedback mechanism with small time-lag in order to eliminate the disturbance variables. A practicable plan of such a control system for application in therapeutic radiology is outlined.", "contents": "[Conceptions for optimization in radiation therapy (author's transl)]. The discrepancy between the exact radiation planning possible nowadays and the distinctly differing real dose to the target volume is interpreted as due to the appearance of unavoidable time-dependent disturbance variables which are not quantitatively predictable. By means of the block diagram generally used in control engineering is shown the necessity of introducing a feedback mechanism with small time-lag in order to eliminate the disturbance variables. A practicable plan of such a control system for application in therapeutic radiology is outlined.", "PMID": 725972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10560", "title": "The pharmacokinetics of tritiated ethinylestradiol in the rabbit.", "content": "The disappearance of ethinylestradiol from the blood of rabbits has been studied, following the intravenous administration of this steroid. The disappearance followed two exponentials, the first having a half life (t1/2) of 5.5 min and the second, apparently terminal exponential was also rapid (t1/2-69 min). The plasma clearance was 150 ml/min which suggests almost total clearance of this steroid during a single passage through the liver. Bile contained a significant concentration of EE conjugates and thus this steroid could undergo enterophepatic recirculations. A large oral dose of unlabelled EE, given prior to intravenous administration of tritiated EE, considerably altered the pharmacokinetics of the latter by saturating both phase one metabolism (changes of the steroid nucleus) and the secretion of conjugates into bile. It was not clear whether phase two metabolism (conjugation) was also saturated.", "contents": "The pharmacokinetics of tritiated ethinylestradiol in the rabbit. The disappearance of ethinylestradiol from the blood of rabbits has been studied, following the intravenous administration of this steroid. The disappearance followed two exponentials, the first having a half life (t1/2) of 5.5 min and the second, apparently terminal exponential was also rapid (t1/2-69 min). The plasma clearance was 150 ml/min which suggests almost total clearance of this steroid during a single passage through the liver. Bile contained a significant concentration of EE conjugates and thus this steroid could undergo enterophepatic recirculations. A large oral dose of unlabelled EE, given prior to intravenous administration of tritiated EE, considerably altered the pharmacokinetics of the latter by saturating both phase one metabolism (changes of the steroid nucleus) and the secretion of conjugates into bile. It was not clear whether phase two metabolism (conjugation) was also saturated.", "PMID": 725974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10561", "title": "The synthesis and activity in vitro of 25-masked 1alpha-hydroxylated vitamin D3 analogs.", "content": "1alphaHydroxylated-25-masked-vitamin D3 and analogs were synthesized as probes to help evaluate the role of 25-hydroxyl group in hormone-receptor interactions of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (13a). Synthetic work on model systems showed that the steroidal 25-hydroxyl group could be easily fluorinated in high yield with diethylaminosulfur trifluoride. Treatment of 25-fluoro compound with acetic acid resulted in both elimination and displacement of fluorine by acetate. The desired 1alpha-hydroxy-25-fluoro-vitamin D3 (14b) was obtained efficiently by fluorination and subsequent deacetylation of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 1,3-diacetate (13b). Also obtained was a mixture of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3-24- and 25-enes (15b). Both 14b and 15b were 300-400 times less active than 13a in the chick intestinal cytosol protein binding assay, making these analogs similar in potency to 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 in vitro. The essentially equivalent activity of 14b and 15b with 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 indicates that in the absence of a 25-hydroxyl group some alterations to the side chain carbons of 13a may be tolerated without further weakening analog-protein interactions. The fluoroanalog 14b was also about 250 times less potent than 13a in stimulating bone resorption in vitro. These compounds should prove to be valuable tools in aiding understanding of the salient structural features of the vitamin D3 metabolites.", "contents": "The synthesis and activity in vitro of 25-masked 1alpha-hydroxylated vitamin D3 analogs. 1alphaHydroxylated-25-masked-vitamin D3 and analogs were synthesized as probes to help evaluate the role of 25-hydroxyl group in hormone-receptor interactions of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (13a). Synthetic work on model systems showed that the steroidal 25-hydroxyl group could be easily fluorinated in high yield with diethylaminosulfur trifluoride. Treatment of 25-fluoro compound with acetic acid resulted in both elimination and displacement of fluorine by acetate. The desired 1alpha-hydroxy-25-fluoro-vitamin D3 (14b) was obtained efficiently by fluorination and subsequent deacetylation of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 1,3-diacetate (13b). Also obtained was a mixture of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3-24- and 25-enes (15b). Both 14b and 15b were 300-400 times less active than 13a in the chick intestinal cytosol protein binding assay, making these analogs similar in potency to 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 in vitro. The essentially equivalent activity of 14b and 15b with 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 indicates that in the absence of a 25-hydroxyl group some alterations to the side chain carbons of 13a may be tolerated without further weakening analog-protein interactions. The fluoroanalog 14b was also about 250 times less potent than 13a in stimulating bone resorption in vitro. These compounds should prove to be valuable tools in aiding understanding of the salient structural features of the vitamin D3 metabolites.", "PMID": 725975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10562", "title": "The use of homologous and heterologous 125I-radioligands in the radioimmunoassay of progesterone.", "content": "Eight homologous and heterologous 125I-radioligand systems for the radioimmunoassay of progesterone were examined. Using an antiserum raised to 11alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 11-succinyl-bovine serum albumin, standard curves were set up with the homologous radioligands, 11alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 11-succinyl-[125I]-iodotyramine, -[125I]-iodohistamine and -[125I]-iodotyrosine methyl ester. Heterologous bridge systems were represented by progesterone-11alpha-oxycarbonyl-[125I]-iodotyrosine methyl ester and 11alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 11-phthalyl-[125I]-iodotyrosine methyl ester, and heterologous site systems by progesterone-3-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime-[125I]-iodotyramine, progesterone-12-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime-[125I]-iodotyramine, and progesterone-20-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime-[125I]-iodohistamine. The preparation of the steroid derivatives and iodination by a two-phase method are described. The curves obtained from the homologous radioligands were relatively insensitive compared with a tritiated system, with the tyrosine methyl ester derivative providing a more sensitive assay than the corresponding tyramine or histamine analogues. The heterologous bridge systems gave more sensitive curves than the homologous tracers whilst the 3- and 12-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime derivatives of progesterone furnished curves as sensitive as the tritiated reference. Progesterone-20-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime-[125I]-iodohistamine was not bound by the antibody.", "contents": "The use of homologous and heterologous 125I-radioligands in the radioimmunoassay of progesterone. Eight homologous and heterologous 125I-radioligand systems for the radioimmunoassay of progesterone were examined. Using an antiserum raised to 11alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 11-succinyl-bovine serum albumin, standard curves were set up with the homologous radioligands, 11alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 11-succinyl-[125I]-iodotyramine, -[125I]-iodohistamine and -[125I]-iodotyrosine methyl ester. Heterologous bridge systems were represented by progesterone-11alpha-oxycarbonyl-[125I]-iodotyrosine methyl ester and 11alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 11-phthalyl-[125I]-iodotyrosine methyl ester, and heterologous site systems by progesterone-3-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime-[125I]-iodotyramine, progesterone-12-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime-[125I]-iodotyramine, and progesterone-20-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime-[125I]-iodohistamine. The preparation of the steroid derivatives and iodination by a two-phase method are described. The curves obtained from the homologous radioligands were relatively insensitive compared with a tritiated system, with the tyrosine methyl ester derivative providing a more sensitive assay than the corresponding tyramine or histamine analogues. The heterologous bridge systems gave more sensitive curves than the homologous tracers whilst the 3- and 12-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime derivatives of progesterone furnished curves as sensitive as the tritiated reference. Progesterone-20-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime-[125I]-iodohistamine was not bound by the antibody.", "PMID": 725976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10563", "title": "Properties of the aromatase system associated with the mitochondrial fraction of human placenta.", "content": "The aromatase system associated with the mitochondrial fraction of human term placenta, present at 35--50% the specific activity of the microsomal enzyme, is substantially the same as the microsomal enzyme as determined by the following: 1) The rate of aromatization of androstenedione, 19-nortestosterone, and 16alpha-hydroxytestosterone in mitochondria was a nearly constant proportion of the microsomal rate; 2) Sensitivity to carbon monoxide was the same; 3) The magnitude of cytochrome P-450 Type I spectral interactions with androgen substrates was a constant proportion in mitochondria and microsomes; 4) Sensitivity to an antibody raised against hepatic microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase was the same. When inner and outer mitochondrial membrane subfractions were prepared, the predominant aromatase activity was associated with the outer membrane preparation. This aromatase activity could not be accounted for by microsomal contamination as determined by inosine diphosphatase activity, a microsomal marker. After correction, the rate of aromatization in the outer membrane preparation was almost six times that in the inner membranes and three times that of the whole mitochondrial fraction.", "contents": "Properties of the aromatase system associated with the mitochondrial fraction of human placenta. The aromatase system associated with the mitochondrial fraction of human term placenta, present at 35--50% the specific activity of the microsomal enzyme, is substantially the same as the microsomal enzyme as determined by the following: 1) The rate of aromatization of androstenedione, 19-nortestosterone, and 16alpha-hydroxytestosterone in mitochondria was a nearly constant proportion of the microsomal rate; 2) Sensitivity to carbon monoxide was the same; 3) The magnitude of cytochrome P-450 Type I spectral interactions with androgen substrates was a constant proportion in mitochondria and microsomes; 4) Sensitivity to an antibody raised against hepatic microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase was the same. When inner and outer mitochondrial membrane subfractions were prepared, the predominant aromatase activity was associated with the outer membrane preparation. This aromatase activity could not be accounted for by microsomal contamination as determined by inosine diphosphatase activity, a microsomal marker. After correction, the rate of aromatization in the outer membrane preparation was almost six times that in the inner membranes and three times that of the whole mitochondrial fraction.", "PMID": 725977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10564", "title": "Cardenolide analogues. 3. A fast thin layer chromatographic separation of cardenolide diastereomers.", "content": "Cardenolide diasteromeric mixtures may be analytically separated on 2.5 x 6.5 cm x 0.25 mm pre-coated silical gel 60 F-250 (EM) tlc plates (cut from 20 x 20 cm plates). Three successive developments in mixtures of CH2Cl2-EtOAc-MeOH achieve complete separation of diastereomers in less than 15 minutes, and 2--6 micrograms of sample is sufficient. This procedure facilitated the separation of several diastereomeric mixtures, including 20(R) and 20(S)-20,22-dihydrocardenolides. A single development produces separations sufficient for separating starting materials and products of common cardenolide types of reactions.", "contents": "Cardenolide analogues. 3. A fast thin layer chromatographic separation of cardenolide diastereomers. Cardenolide diasteromeric mixtures may be analytically separated on 2.5 x 6.5 cm x 0.25 mm pre-coated silical gel 60 F-250 (EM) tlc plates (cut from 20 x 20 cm plates). Three successive developments in mixtures of CH2Cl2-EtOAc-MeOH achieve complete separation of diastereomers in less than 15 minutes, and 2--6 micrograms of sample is sufficient. This procedure facilitated the separation of several diastereomeric mixtures, including 20(R) and 20(S)-20,22-dihydrocardenolides. A single development produces separations sufficient for separating starting materials and products of common cardenolide types of reactions.", "PMID": 725978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10565", "title": "Estrogen 2-hydroxylase: activity in rat tissues.", "content": "Incubation parameters for a radioderivative assay for estrogen 2-hydroxylase have been examined. The assay was found to be specific and sensitive if a chromatographically purified preparation of COMT was used. Estradiol was found to be a better substrate for the 2-hydroxylase than estrone or estriol. The liver had significantly higher estrogen 2-hydroxylase activity than any other tissue examined. The estrogen 2-hydroxylase was highly localized in the microsomal fraction in both the liver and the brain. The male rat was found to have significantly more estrogen 2-hydroxylase activity in the liver than the female rat. In addition, in the male rat liver, the estrogen 2-hydroxylase activity was reversibly inducible by testosterone and was not affected by phenobarbital. In the male and female rat brain the estrogen 2-hydroxylase activities were similar.", "contents": "Estrogen 2-hydroxylase: activity in rat tissues. Incubation parameters for a radioderivative assay for estrogen 2-hydroxylase have been examined. The assay was found to be specific and sensitive if a chromatographically purified preparation of COMT was used. Estradiol was found to be a better substrate for the 2-hydroxylase than estrone or estriol. The liver had significantly higher estrogen 2-hydroxylase activity than any other tissue examined. The estrogen 2-hydroxylase was highly localized in the microsomal fraction in both the liver and the brain. The male rat was found to have significantly more estrogen 2-hydroxylase activity in the liver than the female rat. In addition, in the male rat liver, the estrogen 2-hydroxylase activity was reversibly inducible by testosterone and was not affected by phenobarbital. In the male and female rat brain the estrogen 2-hydroxylase activities were similar.", "PMID": 725979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10566", "title": "A case of lung myiasis caused by larvae of Megaselia spiracularis Schmitz (Diptera: Phoridae).", "content": "A 19-year-old Japanese man in good health was found on a routine chest X-ray to have considerable lung abnormalities. An open lung biopsy was performed and 30 third-instar larvae of Megaselia spiracularis Schmitz were found in the suction tube postoperatively. This appears to be the first recorded case of lung myiasis.", "contents": "A case of lung myiasis caused by larvae of Megaselia spiracularis Schmitz (Diptera: Phoridae). A 19-year-old Japanese man in good health was found on a routine chest X-ray to have considerable lung abnormalities. An open lung biopsy was performed and 30 third-instar larvae of Megaselia spiracularis Schmitz were found in the suction tube postoperatively. This appears to be the first recorded case of lung myiasis.", "PMID": 725992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10567", "title": "Prophylactic activity in rodents of trypanocides complexed with dextran.", "content": "The prophylactic activity of prepared complexes of each of several trypanocidal drugs with dextran sulphate (M.W. 5 X 10(5)) was determined in rodents at the same time as that of the corresponding uncomplexed drug, and also the suramin complex in some cases. All the dextran complexes tested showed some degree of enhanced prophylaxis over the uncomplexed drug but in most cases a significant extension of prophylaxis was demonstrated only at dose levels well in excess of those used in the field. The dextran complex of isometamidium, however, showed very considerable enhancement effects over a range of dose levels. An amount of this complex containing an equivalent of the therapeutic dose of uncomplexed drug extended the period of effective prophylaxis by several months in both rats and mice. The suramin complex of isometamidium, on the other hand, was almost invariably less effective than the uncomplexed drug.", "contents": "Prophylactic activity in rodents of trypanocides complexed with dextran. The prophylactic activity of prepared complexes of each of several trypanocidal drugs with dextran sulphate (M.W. 5 X 10(5)) was determined in rodents at the same time as that of the corresponding uncomplexed drug, and also the suramin complex in some cases. All the dextran complexes tested showed some degree of enhanced prophylaxis over the uncomplexed drug but in most cases a significant extension of prophylaxis was demonstrated only at dose levels well in excess of those used in the field. The dextran complex of isometamidium, however, showed very considerable enhancement effects over a range of dose levels. An amount of this complex containing an equivalent of the therapeutic dose of uncomplexed drug extended the period of effective prophylaxis by several months in both rats and mice. The suramin complex of isometamidium, on the other hand, was almost invariably less effective than the uncomplexed drug.", "PMID": 725993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10568", "title": "Parasitological and ecological aspects of Schistosomiasis mansoni in the valley of the Para\u00edba do Sul River (S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil) I. Natural infection of small mammals with Schistosoma mansoni.", "content": "Small mammals naturally infected with Schistosoma mansoni were studied in the valley of the Para\u00edba do Sul river (S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil). 192 animals of 12 species were examined post mortem. Cavia aperea, Holochilus brasiliensis leucogaster, Nectomys squamipes squamipes, Oryzomys nigripes eliurus and Zygodontomys brachyurus were found infected. Most schistosome eggs found in the faeces were mature but no eggs were found in the faeces of C. aperea although adults were recovered. In the other infected animals the number of eggs per gram of faeces showed a marked daily variation. Perfusion of the portal system demonstrated that in H. b. leucogaster worms usually remained in the mesenteric veins. In C. aperea 75.7% of worms were found in the portal and intra-hepatic veins. H. b. leucogaster seems to be the rodent most likely to play a role in the epidemiology of schistosomiasis mansoni in the valley of the Para\u00edba do Sul river.", "contents": "Parasitological and ecological aspects of Schistosomiasis mansoni in the valley of the Para\u00edba do Sul River (S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil) I. Natural infection of small mammals with Schistosoma mansoni. Small mammals naturally infected with Schistosoma mansoni were studied in the valley of the Para\u00edba do Sul river (S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil). 192 animals of 12 species were examined post mortem. Cavia aperea, Holochilus brasiliensis leucogaster, Nectomys squamipes squamipes, Oryzomys nigripes eliurus and Zygodontomys brachyurus were found infected. Most schistosome eggs found in the faeces were mature but no eggs were found in the faeces of C. aperea although adults were recovered. In the other infected animals the number of eggs per gram of faeces showed a marked daily variation. Perfusion of the portal system demonstrated that in H. b. leucogaster worms usually remained in the mesenteric veins. In C. aperea 75.7% of worms were found in the portal and intra-hepatic veins. H. b. leucogaster seems to be the rodent most likely to play a role in the epidemiology of schistosomiasis mansoni in the valley of the Para\u00edba do Sul river.", "PMID": 725994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10569", "title": "The advantage of a build-up anti-globulin technique for the detection of immunoglobulin on the red cells of rabbits infected with trypanosomes. A preliminary report.", "content": "A build-up anti-globulin technique has been used to detect immunoglobulin on the red cells of rabbits infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei S 42 and 427. The method, which is useful for the detection of immunoglobulin on sparsely coated red cells, involves treating the red cells of infected rabbits with antiglobulin followed by alternate globulin and antiglobulin layers until a lattice is built up which allows agglutination to occur. The red cells of five infected rabbits have been tested with anti-rabbit IgG,-IgM and broad spectrum anti-globulin reagents at intervals after infection and following the administration of Berenil, a drug which destroys trypanosomes. The positive anti-globulin reactions which developed following inoculation with trypanosomes were much reduced after giving Berenil. The tests became more strongly positive again in two rabbits after reinfection.", "contents": "The advantage of a build-up anti-globulin technique for the detection of immunoglobulin on the red cells of rabbits infected with trypanosomes. A preliminary report. A build-up anti-globulin technique has been used to detect immunoglobulin on the red cells of rabbits infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei S 42 and 427. The method, which is useful for the detection of immunoglobulin on sparsely coated red cells, involves treating the red cells of infected rabbits with antiglobulin followed by alternate globulin and antiglobulin layers until a lattice is built up which allows agglutination to occur. The red cells of five infected rabbits have been tested with anti-rabbit IgG,-IgM and broad spectrum anti-globulin reagents at intervals after infection and following the administration of Berenil, a drug which destroys trypanosomes. The positive anti-globulin reactions which developed following inoculation with trypanosomes were much reduced after giving Berenil. The tests became more strongly positive again in two rabbits after reinfection.", "PMID": 725995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10570", "title": "Nephrotic syndrome in the Africans and Indians of South Africa. A ten-year study.", "content": "The frequency of nephrotic syndrome was 0.2% of all medical admission records. A prospective study of 180 nephrotic patients was begun in 1966 and ended in 1976 and the clinical, biochemical and renal histological changes were studied. Unlike other studies of nephrotic syndrome in West and East Africa, in which malaria is believed to play an important aetiological part, this study in Durban was done in a malaria-free area. Most of the patients were between the ages of 12 and 30 years. The aetiology of the nephrotic syndrome was undetermined in 94% of the African patients and in 87% of the Indian patients. The most common histological pattern in both racial groups was proliferative glomerulonephritis, followed by membranous glomerulonephritis. Minimal change on light microscopy was rare. This has important implications from the therapeutic aspect because African patients suffering from nephrotic syndrome will not as a rule respond to steroids or cyclophosphamide therapy. An initial diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 110 mm Hg and a low serum complement were more common in proliferative glomerulonephritis. The serum gamma-globulin, though low, was raised compared with the normal serum gamma-globulin, in the white population. A difference in the serum lipoprotein patient between the two races was observed.", "contents": "Nephrotic syndrome in the Africans and Indians of South Africa. A ten-year study. The frequency of nephrotic syndrome was 0.2% of all medical admission records. A prospective study of 180 nephrotic patients was begun in 1966 and ended in 1976 and the clinical, biochemical and renal histological changes were studied. Unlike other studies of nephrotic syndrome in West and East Africa, in which malaria is believed to play an important aetiological part, this study in Durban was done in a malaria-free area. Most of the patients were between the ages of 12 and 30 years. The aetiology of the nephrotic syndrome was undetermined in 94% of the African patients and in 87% of the Indian patients. The most common histological pattern in both racial groups was proliferative glomerulonephritis, followed by membranous glomerulonephritis. Minimal change on light microscopy was rare. This has important implications from the therapeutic aspect because African patients suffering from nephrotic syndrome will not as a rule respond to steroids or cyclophosphamide therapy. An initial diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 110 mm Hg and a low serum complement were more common in proliferative glomerulonephritis. The serum gamma-globulin, though low, was raised compared with the normal serum gamma-globulin, in the white population. A difference in the serum lipoprotein patient between the two races was observed.", "PMID": 725996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10571", "title": "Studies on onchocerciasis in the United Cameroon Republic. IV. A four-year follow-up of six rain-forest and six savanna villages. The incidence of ocular lesions.", "content": "After an interval of four years the same observers re-examined six rain-forest and six savanna villages, using the same standardized techniques. The results of these surveys have previously been reported by area, i.e. rain-forest and savanna. The present paper analyses the incidence of ocular changes by village. In the rain-forest the concentrations of microfilariae in the skin were similar in the six villages and there was, in general, little difference in the incidence and/or deterioration of ocular lesions between these villages. In the savanna the corresponding quantities were much higher in the three more heavily infected villages compared with the three less heavily infected ones. The implications of these findings for the control of blindness due to onchocerciasis in the savanna are discussed.", "contents": "Studies on onchocerciasis in the United Cameroon Republic. IV. A four-year follow-up of six rain-forest and six savanna villages. The incidence of ocular lesions. After an interval of four years the same observers re-examined six rain-forest and six savanna villages, using the same standardized techniques. The results of these surveys have previously been reported by area, i.e. rain-forest and savanna. The present paper analyses the incidence of ocular changes by village. In the rain-forest the concentrations of microfilariae in the skin were similar in the six villages and there was, in general, little difference in the incidence and/or deterioration of ocular lesions between these villages. In the savanna the corresponding quantities were much higher in the three more heavily infected villages compared with the three less heavily infected ones. The implications of these findings for the control of blindness due to onchocerciasis in the savanna are discussed.", "PMID": 725997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10572", "title": "A form of muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Old World.", "content": "Four Ethiopian patients with leshmaniasis affecting the nose or the mouth are described. Leishmaniasis affecting these sites is relatively common in Ethiopia; this resembles South American leishmaniasis but probably results from direct extension from skin lesions rather than from metastatic spread of organisms.", "contents": "A form of muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Old World. Four Ethiopian patients with leshmaniasis affecting the nose or the mouth are described. Leishmaniasis affecting these sites is relatively common in Ethiopia; this resembles South American leishmaniasis but probably results from direct extension from skin lesions rather than from metastatic spread of organisms.", "PMID": 725998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10573", "title": "Melioidosis presenting as prostatitis--a case report from Sabah.", "content": "Previous reports of melioidosis in Sabah are reviewed and a detailed account of a case, presenting as prostatitis, in a 40-year-old British male is given. The history suggested that the organism, Pseudomonas pseudomallei, was transmitted by a fly which entered the eye. Diagnosis was delayed and treatment presented some difficulty, the organism being relatively insensitive to amplicillin and gentamicin. Co-trimoxazole was the most effective, followed by minocycline. Cure was eventually achieved and after four years the patient was fit and normal, except for sterility.", "contents": "Melioidosis presenting as prostatitis--a case report from Sabah. Previous reports of melioidosis in Sabah are reviewed and a detailed account of a case, presenting as prostatitis, in a 40-year-old British male is given. The history suggested that the organism, Pseudomonas pseudomallei, was transmitted by a fly which entered the eye. Diagnosis was delayed and treatment presented some difficulty, the organism being relatively insensitive to amplicillin and gentamicin. Co-trimoxazole was the most effective, followed by minocycline. Cure was eventually achieved and after four years the patient was fit and normal, except for sterility.", "PMID": 725999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10574", "title": "The activities of urinary alpha-esterases in bilharziasis and their possible role in the diagnosis of bilharzial bladder cancer in Egypt.", "content": "The activities of serum and urinary alpha-esterases were studied in 49 bilharzial bladder cancer patients, 92 bilharzial patients with other, different, urologic diseases and 22 normal healthy controls. Among the group studied, the bilharzial bladder cancer patients showed the highest level of urinary-alpha-esterases and the lowest ratio of serum/urine activity. These patients showed a significant increase in the activity of urinary alpha-esterases as compared with the normal controls or with the other different bilharzial groups. Although a small but significant increase in serum activity was observed in all the bilharzial groups studied compared with the normal healthy controls, no significant difference was found between the bilharzial bladder cancer patients and the other different bilharzial groups. Biochemical determination of urinary alpha-esterases for bilharzial patients revealed a high degree of accuracy for the diagnosis of bilharzial bladder cancer (95.9%), with low falsely positive (3.26%) and falsely negative (4.08%) results. The activity of urinary alpha-esterases in recommended as a screening test for bilharzial bladder cancer.", "contents": "The activities of urinary alpha-esterases in bilharziasis and their possible role in the diagnosis of bilharzial bladder cancer in Egypt. The activities of serum and urinary alpha-esterases were studied in 49 bilharzial bladder cancer patients, 92 bilharzial patients with other, different, urologic diseases and 22 normal healthy controls. Among the group studied, the bilharzial bladder cancer patients showed the highest level of urinary-alpha-esterases and the lowest ratio of serum/urine activity. These patients showed a significant increase in the activity of urinary alpha-esterases as compared with the normal controls or with the other different bilharzial groups. Although a small but significant increase in serum activity was observed in all the bilharzial groups studied compared with the normal healthy controls, no significant difference was found between the bilharzial bladder cancer patients and the other different bilharzial groups. Biochemical determination of urinary alpha-esterases for bilharzial patients revealed a high degree of accuracy for the diagnosis of bilharzial bladder cancer (95.9%), with low falsely positive (3.26%) and falsely negative (4.08%) results. The activity of urinary alpha-esterases in recommended as a screening test for bilharzial bladder cancer.", "PMID": 726000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10575", "title": "Coexistent Tk and VA polyagglutinability.", "content": "Serologic investigations of the red blood cells of two patients indicated polyagglutination as the cause of compatibility problems. Lectin studies to classify the variety of polyagglutination demonstrated the simultaneous exposure of two latent membrane receptors, Tk and VA. It is proposed that different bacterial enzymes were responsible.", "contents": "Coexistent Tk and VA polyagglutinability. Serologic investigations of the red blood cells of two patients indicated polyagglutination as the cause of compatibility problems. Lectin studies to classify the variety of polyagglutination demonstrated the simultaneous exposure of two latent membrane receptors, Tk and VA. It is proposed that different bacterial enzymes were responsible.", "PMID": 726014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10576", "title": "Regional blood center automation: computer surveillance of donor blood processing.", "content": "Computer assistance in blood processing is necessary in large blood donor centers if errors are to be eliminated. Sample identification, recording of data, and use of the computer data file in final labeling are most important.", "contents": "Regional blood center automation: computer surveillance of donor blood processing. Computer assistance in blood processing is necessary in large blood donor centers if errors are to be eliminated. Sample identification, recording of data, and use of the computer data file in final labeling are most important.", "PMID": 726018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10577", "title": "Filtration of cryoprecipitate: a microscopic assessment of filter depostion.", "content": "A recent survey indicated that many Canadian hemophiliacs and physicians did not consider it necessary to filter cryoprecipitate prior to infusion. Experiments were performed to demonstrate that no loss of factor activity resulted from filtration of cryoprecipitate through standard blood filters. Furthermore, examination of the material retained on standard and ultrafiltration elements using scanning and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of amorphous and fibrillar proteins that proved to be largely composed of fibrin. This was accompanied by cellular material including intact and disintegrating leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets. Nonbiologic material was also discovered, including cellulose and plastic debris. This study emphasizes the need for effective filtration of cryoprecipitate.", "contents": "Filtration of cryoprecipitate: a microscopic assessment of filter depostion. A recent survey indicated that many Canadian hemophiliacs and physicians did not consider it necessary to filter cryoprecipitate prior to infusion. Experiments were performed to demonstrate that no loss of factor activity resulted from filtration of cryoprecipitate through standard blood filters. Furthermore, examination of the material retained on standard and ultrafiltration elements using scanning and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of amorphous and fibrillar proteins that proved to be largely composed of fibrin. This was accompanied by cellular material including intact and disintegrating leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets. Nonbiologic material was also discovered, including cellulose and plastic debris. This study emphasizes the need for effective filtration of cryoprecipitate.", "PMID": 726019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10578", "title": "Crossmatch compatible blood for patients with anti-P1.", "content": "Anti-P1 is a cold-reactive antibody often found in the serum of P2 individuals. For the past two years our reference laboratory has encouraged the use of crossmatch compatible blood for patients with Anti-P1 rather than the use of reagent-typed P1 negative units. The authors recently surveyed those hospitals that referred patient samples with anti-P1 to determine the safety of blood selected in this manner. Nineteen patients received 53 units without incident using this procedure. This report is a summary of the authors' findings.", "contents": "Crossmatch compatible blood for patients with anti-P1. Anti-P1 is a cold-reactive antibody often found in the serum of P2 individuals. For the past two years our reference laboratory has encouraged the use of crossmatch compatible blood for patients with Anti-P1 rather than the use of reagent-typed P1 negative units. The authors recently surveyed those hospitals that referred patient samples with anti-P1 to determine the safety of blood selected in this manner. Nineteen patients received 53 units without incident using this procedure. This report is a summary of the authors' findings.", "PMID": 726020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10579", "title": "Stability of neutrophil-releasing activity of plasma obtained from leukapheresed rats and stored at 4 C.", "content": "When granulocyte-donor rats were treated prior to pheresis with plasma obtained from previously leukapheresed rats (PPP), granulocytosis and a significant increase in granulocyte yield were observed. Previous studies have demonstrated that such plasma stored at -150 C for up to two weeks preserved the neutrophil-releasing activity. This study demonstrates that neutrophil-releasing activity was satisfactorily preserved when plasma from previously leukapheresed rats was stored at 4 C for three weeks.", "contents": "Stability of neutrophil-releasing activity of plasma obtained from leukapheresed rats and stored at 4 C. When granulocyte-donor rats were treated prior to pheresis with plasma obtained from previously leukapheresed rats (PPP), granulocytosis and a significant increase in granulocyte yield were observed. Previous studies have demonstrated that such plasma stored at -150 C for up to two weeks preserved the neutrophil-releasing activity. This study demonstrates that neutrophil-releasing activity was satisfactorily preserved when plasma from previously leukapheresed rats was stored at 4 C for three weeks.", "PMID": 726021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10580", "title": "Supportive granulocyte transfusion in the infected severely neutropenic patient.", "content": "The patterns and types of infection in 93 infectious episodes in 76 patients who received supportive granulocyte transfusions are presented. In this population of infected patients 86 per cent had debilitating malignancies, 88 per cent of the infectious episodes were associated with severe (less than 100/microleters) neutropenia and septicemia was documented in 56 per cent. The overall four-week survival was 71 per cent. Patients with localized infection did extremely well. Pediatric patients also responded well to the transfusion dose and schedule. Older patients (greater than 60) and patients over the age of 17 with diffuse infection did not do as well. Delay in the initiation of granulocyte transfusions after a diagnosis of serious infection was a significant factor in the group which died less than four weeks after the initial WBC transfusion. Donor reactions in nylon filtration leukapheresis and problems associated with administration of nylon filter cells are presented and discussed.", "contents": "Supportive granulocyte transfusion in the infected severely neutropenic patient. The patterns and types of infection in 93 infectious episodes in 76 patients who received supportive granulocyte transfusions are presented. In this population of infected patients 86 per cent had debilitating malignancies, 88 per cent of the infectious episodes were associated with severe (less than 100/microleters) neutropenia and septicemia was documented in 56 per cent. The overall four-week survival was 71 per cent. Patients with localized infection did extremely well. Pediatric patients also responded well to the transfusion dose and schedule. Older patients (greater than 60) and patients over the age of 17 with diffuse infection did not do as well. Delay in the initiation of granulocyte transfusions after a diagnosis of serious infection was a significant factor in the group which died less than four weeks after the initial WBC transfusion. Donor reactions in nylon filtration leukapheresis and problems associated with administration of nylon filter cells are presented and discussed.", "PMID": 726015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10581", "title": "The clinical significance of anti-H in an individual with the Oh (Bombay) phenotype.", "content": "To evaluate the clinical significance of anti-H present in individuals with the Oh (Bombay) phenotype, red blood cell 51chromium survival studies and related serological tests were undertaken in an Oh (Bombay) individual. A small sample of group O donor red blood cells was labeled with 51chromium and infused into the patient. The T 1/2 of the infused cells was six minutes, with two percent of the cells surviving at 24 hours. A similar study using the patient's own labeled red blood cells demonstrated 100 per cent survival at 24 hours. Initial laboratory studies indicated that the anti-H was active in saline at 4, 22 and 37 C and by the indirect antiglobulin test. Analysis of the antibody in both preand posttransfusion specimens showed it to have both IgM and IgG components. The anti-H titer at 37 C rose from 1:4 prior to the infusion of the O cells to 1:32 one week postinfusion, and a partial hemolysin appeared. Saliva inhibition studies demonstrated that the antibody was neutralizable prior to the group O exposure but was not neutralizable one week post exposure. We conclude that the anti-H present in this individual rapidly destroyed infused group O red blood cells. Individuals with the Oh (Bombay) phenotype should be transfused only with Oh (Bombay) blood.", "contents": "The clinical significance of anti-H in an individual with the Oh (Bombay) phenotype. To evaluate the clinical significance of anti-H present in individuals with the Oh (Bombay) phenotype, red blood cell 51chromium survival studies and related serological tests were undertaken in an Oh (Bombay) individual. A small sample of group O donor red blood cells was labeled with 51chromium and infused into the patient. The T 1/2 of the infused cells was six minutes, with two percent of the cells surviving at 24 hours. A similar study using the patient's own labeled red blood cells demonstrated 100 per cent survival at 24 hours. Initial laboratory studies indicated that the anti-H was active in saline at 4, 22 and 37 C and by the indirect antiglobulin test. Analysis of the antibody in both preand posttransfusion specimens showed it to have both IgM and IgG components. The anti-H titer at 37 C rose from 1:4 prior to the infusion of the O cells to 1:32 one week postinfusion, and a partial hemolysin appeared. Saliva inhibition studies demonstrated that the antibody was neutralizable prior to the group O exposure but was not neutralizable one week post exposure. We conclude that the anti-H present in this individual rapidly destroyed infused group O red blood cells. Individuals with the Oh (Bombay) phenotype should be transfused only with Oh (Bombay) blood.", "PMID": 726022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10582", "title": "Factor VIII procoagulant and antigen content of antihemophilic factor (AHF) concentrates.", "content": "Antihemophilic factor concentrates from six manufacturers were studied for factor VIII procoagulant and antigen content. Marked lot-to-lot differences were found in the factor VIII antigen:procoagulant ratio. The average antigen content was 2.33 times that of procoagulant activity in 21 lots studied, indicating a significant loss of activity during the fractionation process.", "contents": "Factor VIII procoagulant and antigen content of antihemophilic factor (AHF) concentrates. Antihemophilic factor concentrates from six manufacturers were studied for factor VIII procoagulant and antigen content. Marked lot-to-lot differences were found in the factor VIII antigen:procoagulant ratio. The average antigen content was 2.33 times that of procoagulant activity in 21 lots studied, indicating a significant loss of activity during the fractionation process.", "PMID": 726023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10583", "title": "Plasma factor VIII, variables affecting stability under standard blood bank conditions and correlation with recovery in concentrates.", "content": "Some of the variables affecting factor VIII during storage of plasma at 4 C prior to preparing factor VIII concentrates and cryoprecipitates were investigated. No significant difference in factor VIII levels could be demonstrated between whole blood, platelet-rich plasma or plasma depleted of platelets when stored at 4 C. However, in frozen plasma platelets were shown to have a deleterious effect on factor VIII. No significant difference in factor VIII levels was found in whole blood or plasma stored at 4 C for 6 hours as compared with blood or plasma stored for 18 hours (p = greater than 0.1). There was, however, a highly significant difference (p = less than 0.001) between plasma and whole blood stored at 4 C for 4 hours as compared with storage for 18 hours. There was a significant correlation (correlation coefficient 0.714) between factor VIII levels in the starting material and the factor VIII recovered in cryoprecipitates, but in a small pilot study no correlation between factor VIII levels in the starting material and that recovered in freeze-dried concentrates, could be found. There was no significant difference in factor VIII levels between the Group O and Group A donations used in this study (p = greater than 0.1), and no correlation was found between the drop in pH during storage and the factor VIII decay pattern.", "contents": "Plasma factor VIII, variables affecting stability under standard blood bank conditions and correlation with recovery in concentrates. Some of the variables affecting factor VIII during storage of plasma at 4 C prior to preparing factor VIII concentrates and cryoprecipitates were investigated. No significant difference in factor VIII levels could be demonstrated between whole blood, platelet-rich plasma or plasma depleted of platelets when stored at 4 C. However, in frozen plasma platelets were shown to have a deleterious effect on factor VIII. No significant difference in factor VIII levels was found in whole blood or plasma stored at 4 C for 6 hours as compared with blood or plasma stored for 18 hours (p = greater than 0.1). There was, however, a highly significant difference (p = less than 0.001) between plasma and whole blood stored at 4 C for 4 hours as compared with storage for 18 hours. There was a significant correlation (correlation coefficient 0.714) between factor VIII levels in the starting material and the factor VIII recovered in cryoprecipitates, but in a small pilot study no correlation between factor VIII levels in the starting material and that recovered in freeze-dried concentrates, could be found. There was no significant difference in factor VIII levels between the Group O and Group A donations used in this study (p = greater than 0.1), and no correlation was found between the drop in pH during storage and the factor VIII decay pattern.", "PMID": 726024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10584", "title": "Notes on the Ena and U antigens of Ena(En.OP) heterozygotes, and the U antigen of En(a--) individuals.", "content": "Using two anti-Ena antibodies, from which anti-Wrb had been removed, and anti-U antibodies, the authors have failed to demonstrate any difference in the amounts of Ena and U antigens on the red blood cells of individuals with one and two functioning Ena(En.OP) genes. Two En(a--) samples, one from an individual who is En/En (En.op/En.op) and the other En/Mk (En.op/Mk), could not be distinguished from U-positive samples from individuals with two functioning U (U.OP) genes in dosage studies with anti-U.", "contents": "Notes on the Ena and U antigens of Ena(En.OP) heterozygotes, and the U antigen of En(a--) individuals. Using two anti-Ena antibodies, from which anti-Wrb had been removed, and anti-U antibodies, the authors have failed to demonstrate any difference in the amounts of Ena and U antigens on the red blood cells of individuals with one and two functioning Ena(En.OP) genes. Two En(a--) samples, one from an individual who is En/En (En.op/En.op) and the other En/Mk (En.op/Mk), could not be distinguished from U-positive samples from individuals with two functioning U (U.OP) genes in dosage studies with anti-U.", "PMID": 726025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10585", "title": "Glomerular lesions in patients with Schistosoma haematobium infection.", "content": "In order to investigate the prevalence and type of glomerular lesions in patients with overt Schistosoma haematobium (S H) infection, renal biopsies obtained from 13 patients were studied by light microscopy (in 13), ultra-structural (in 9) and immunofluorescence (in 11) techniques. Renal function was normal in all patients, only two had mild proteinuria. Glomerular deposits were absent in four patients. Electron microscopy showed in four cases an increase of the mesangial matrix with subendothelial deposits in the mesangial area. Subepithelial deposits were also present in one of these cases. Associated or isolated deposits of IgM, IgG, Clq, C3 were identified in the glomeruli of seven patients. Attempt to detect schistosomal antigen by using a high titer human anti-SH conjugate serum was unsuccessful. The relation between the glomerular lesions observed and schistosomiasis and other parasitic diseases is discussed.", "contents": "Glomerular lesions in patients with Schistosoma haematobium infection. In order to investigate the prevalence and type of glomerular lesions in patients with overt Schistosoma haematobium (S H) infection, renal biopsies obtained from 13 patients were studied by light microscopy (in 13), ultra-structural (in 9) and immunofluorescence (in 11) techniques. Renal function was normal in all patients, only two had mild proteinuria. Glomerular deposits were absent in four patients. Electron microscopy showed in four cases an increase of the mesangial matrix with subendothelial deposits in the mesangial area. Subepithelial deposits were also present in one of these cases. Associated or isolated deposits of IgM, IgG, Clq, C3 were identified in the glomeruli of seven patients. Attempt to detect schistosomal antigen by using a high titer human anti-SH conjugate serum was unsuccessful. The relation between the glomerular lesions observed and schistosomiasis and other parasitic diseases is discussed.", "PMID": 726031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10586", "title": "Prospects of schistosomiasis in the proposed Lake Mtera in Tanzania.", "content": "Pre-impoundment studies were conducted to determine the present and future schistosomiasis situation in the proposed man-made lake at Mtera, Tanzania. The population, at the time of the survey scattered in small villages, was estimated at 2000 people. The figure fluctuates with seasons and is higher during the rainy season when fishermen from the neighbouring districts go to the area to fish in the Ruahas. The bilharzia prevalence rates were low in the actual area to be under water but high in the neighbouring village of Kisima. Bulinus (Physopsis) nasutus snails were collected from several places in the area. The potential for other vectors and of the disease in the future Lake Mtera is discussed.", "contents": "Prospects of schistosomiasis in the proposed Lake Mtera in Tanzania. Pre-impoundment studies were conducted to determine the present and future schistosomiasis situation in the proposed man-made lake at Mtera, Tanzania. The population, at the time of the survey scattered in small villages, was estimated at 2000 people. The figure fluctuates with seasons and is higher during the rainy season when fishermen from the neighbouring districts go to the area to fish in the Ruahas. The bilharzia prevalence rates were low in the actual area to be under water but high in the neighbouring village of Kisima. Bulinus (Physopsis) nasutus snails were collected from several places in the area. The potential for other vectors and of the disease in the future Lake Mtera is discussed.", "PMID": 726032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10587", "title": "Kala-azar among labour migrants in Metema-Humera region of Ethiopia.", "content": "A semi-prospective study of clinical and laboratory data of kala-azar was made in 27 patients from Metema-Humera lowlands in north-west Ethiopia. Most patients were labour migrants. A high mortality rate (55.6%) was found in these labourers in spite of therapy with pentavalent antimonials. We suspect that kala-azar in this region is a zoonosis and believe that the clinical picture is similar to that of the Sudan.", "contents": "Kala-azar among labour migrants in Metema-Humera region of Ethiopia. A semi-prospective study of clinical and laboratory data of kala-azar was made in 27 patients from Metema-Humera lowlands in north-west Ethiopia. Most patients were labour migrants. A high mortality rate (55.6%) was found in these labourers in spite of therapy with pentavalent antimonials. We suspect that kala-azar in this region is a zoonosis and believe that the clinical picture is similar to that of the Sudan.", "PMID": 726033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10588", "title": "Burkitt's lymphoma of the spinal cord.", "content": "The clinical pattern of Burkitt's lymphoma of the cord seen in 20 patients over a five-year period is reported. The age incidence suggests that involvement of the spinal cord occurred in the older child when compared to the child with the jaw tumour. In contrast to the remarkable survival in children with Burkitt's lymphoma of other sites, the results of treatment of of cord involvement have been disappointing. Surgery did not alter the downhill course of the disease.", "contents": "Burkitt's lymphoma of the spinal cord. The clinical pattern of Burkitt's lymphoma of the cord seen in 20 patients over a five-year period is reported. The age incidence suggests that involvement of the spinal cord occurred in the older child when compared to the child with the jaw tumour. In contrast to the remarkable survival in children with Burkitt's lymphoma of other sites, the results of treatment of of cord involvement have been disappointing. Surgery did not alter the downhill course of the disease.", "PMID": 726034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10589", "title": "The oogram as a sensitive method of assessing the effect of dietary deficiency on the parasite in experimental Schistosomiasis mansoni.", "content": "Effects of malnutrition on Schistosoma mansoni worms harbored by groups of chronically infected malnourished mice were assessed by four different methods: oogram technique, liver egg count, measurement of worm lengths and the number of surviving worms. Compared with the other methods the oogram technique showed several advantages. It seems to be the method of choice for conducting such studies at the chronic stages of the disease. Unlike other methods each of which offers only one parameter of measurement, it provides three parameters and is the only method that is apparently capable of detecting residual effect of severe malnutrition on the parasite under the experimental conditions. Since the oogram technique has not been in common use in nutritional studies, it is suggested that its use in combination with some of the existing measures would enhance the scope of findings from such studies.", "contents": "The oogram as a sensitive method of assessing the effect of dietary deficiency on the parasite in experimental Schistosomiasis mansoni. Effects of malnutrition on Schistosoma mansoni worms harbored by groups of chronically infected malnourished mice were assessed by four different methods: oogram technique, liver egg count, measurement of worm lengths and the number of surviving worms. Compared with the other methods the oogram technique showed several advantages. It seems to be the method of choice for conducting such studies at the chronic stages of the disease. Unlike other methods each of which offers only one parameter of measurement, it provides three parameters and is the only method that is apparently capable of detecting residual effect of severe malnutrition on the parasite under the experimental conditions. Since the oogram technique has not been in common use in nutritional studies, it is suggested that its use in combination with some of the existing measures would enhance the scope of findings from such studies.", "PMID": 726035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10590", "title": "Thyroid hormone levels in Nigerians living in endemic goitrous and non-goitrous areas.", "content": "Serum thyroxine (T-4) levels, triiodothyronine (T-3) sponge uptake and free thyroxine index (FTI) were determined in Nigerians living in endemic goitrous and non-goitrous areas. T-4 and FTI values in inhabitants of the non-goitrous area were found to be significantly higher and T-3% sponge uptake values significantly lower, than those from the goitrous area. The range of T-4 levels for normal subjects falls between 4.0 and 13.5 Ug%, that of T-3% uptake between 21.0 and 35.0 and that of FTI values between 1.25 and 4.60.", "contents": "Thyroid hormone levels in Nigerians living in endemic goitrous and non-goitrous areas. Serum thyroxine (T-4) levels, triiodothyronine (T-3) sponge uptake and free thyroxine index (FTI) were determined in Nigerians living in endemic goitrous and non-goitrous areas. T-4 and FTI values in inhabitants of the non-goitrous area were found to be significantly higher and T-3% sponge uptake values significantly lower, than those from the goitrous area. The range of T-4 levels for normal subjects falls between 4.0 and 13.5 Ug%, that of T-3% uptake between 21.0 and 35.0 and that of FTI values between 1.25 and 4.60.", "PMID": 726036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10591", "title": "Freshwater snail consumption and angiostrongyliasis in Malaya.", "content": "A survey of the freshwater snails, Pila scutata and Bellamyia ingallsiana, as food consumed by the local population was carried out in Peninsular Malaysia. Of these two species the first is preferred; the sizes favoured are between 25--40 mm. Pila snails were found to be consumed by the three communities, viz. Malay, Chinese and Indian, in different ways. The various methods of preparing the snails for consumption are described. P. scutata is an intermediate host of the rat-lung worm, Angiostrongylus malaysiensis. As this worm presumably is the causative agent of human eosinophilic meningoencephalitis, the eating habits of the three races in consuming the snail in relation to the epidemiology of the disease was also discussed.", "contents": "Freshwater snail consumption and angiostrongyliasis in Malaya. A survey of the freshwater snails, Pila scutata and Bellamyia ingallsiana, as food consumed by the local population was carried out in Peninsular Malaysia. Of these two species the first is preferred; the sizes favoured are between 25--40 mm. Pila snails were found to be consumed by the three communities, viz. Malay, Chinese and Indian, in different ways. The various methods of preparing the snails for consumption are described. P. scutata is an intermediate host of the rat-lung worm, Angiostrongylus malaysiensis. As this worm presumably is the causative agent of human eosinophilic meningoencephalitis, the eating habits of the three races in consuming the snail in relation to the epidemiology of the disease was also discussed.", "PMID": 726037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10592", "title": "Bowel habits in Ugandan villagers.", "content": "Enquiry has been made into the bowel habit of 1245 rural Africans of Uganda. The range of normal bowel habit in the village African may be defined as between one and four bulky motions daily of stool that is soft or loose in consistency. This confirms the prevailing impressions; however, other aspects of the bowel habit were at variance with current opinion, and similar to findings from surveys of western populations.", "contents": "Bowel habits in Ugandan villagers. Enquiry has been made into the bowel habit of 1245 rural Africans of Uganda. The range of normal bowel habit in the village African may be defined as between one and four bulky motions daily of stool that is soft or loose in consistency. This confirms the prevailing impressions; however, other aspects of the bowel habit were at variance with current opinion, and similar to findings from surveys of western populations.", "PMID": 726038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10593", "title": "Ocular cysticercosis in India.", "content": "Ocular cysticercosis is frequent in Andhra and Tamilnadu states of India due to the unhygienic habits of local people. The conjunctiva is the commonest site of ocular involvement in India while the vitreous and the retina are the usual sites of pathology elsewhere.", "contents": "Ocular cysticercosis in India. Ocular cysticercosis is frequent in Andhra and Tamilnadu states of India due to the unhygienic habits of local people. The conjunctiva is the commonest site of ocular involvement in India while the vitreous and the retina are the usual sites of pathology elsewhere.", "PMID": 726039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10594", "title": "Machakos Project Studies. Agents affecting health of mother and child in a rural area of Kenya. VI. The social and hygienic environment.", "content": "As part of an investigation into determinants of health and disease in children below five years old, a household survey on social and hygienic conditions was carried out in the Machakos Project area. This paper deals with the field methodology of the survey, the selection of variables from the material collected and the differences between the eastern and western parts of the area in respect of the variables selected. In later issues of the Machakos Project Studies, the data obtained will be related to those from other cross-sectional surveys as well as to findings on morbidity and mortality in the child population.", "contents": "Machakos Project Studies. Agents affecting health of mother and child in a rural area of Kenya. VI. The social and hygienic environment. As part of an investigation into determinants of health and disease in children below five years old, a household survey on social and hygienic conditions was carried out in the Machakos Project area. This paper deals with the field methodology of the survey, the selection of variables from the material collected and the differences between the eastern and western parts of the area in respect of the variables selected. In later issues of the Machakos Project Studies, the data obtained will be related to those from other cross-sectional surveys as well as to findings on morbidity and mortality in the child population.", "PMID": 726040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10595", "title": "Epidemiology of poly-parasitism. IV. Combined effects on the state of health.", "content": "The assessment of morbidity caused by chronic parasitic infections in the populations of endemic areas has remained difficult and controversial. Contributing to this predicament is the frequent occurrence of multiple infections with agents that can cause a wide range of clinical manifestations, from the frequent symptomless carrier state to overt disease with more or less specific clinical manifestations. In the interpretation of the complex morbidity patterns found in rural populations of tropical countries, it is often difficult to make a clear determination of cause and effect. The situations is further complicated by the low degree of pathognomicity of the clinical manifestations of even the advanced stages of certain parasitic diseases. The paper gives examples that illustrate the interaction between endemic malaria and schistosomiasis as important causes of hepatosplenomegaly. Also shown in the paper are the inter-relationships between the nutritional status and the number of multiple infections with parasites found in African villages as well as the association between habitual coca leaf chewing, malnutrition and hookworm disease in a Peruvian community of mixed ethnic origin. The paper describes micro-epidemiological features of poly-parasitism by comparing the prevalence and intensity of infection with Onchocerca volvulus, Schistosoma mansoni and S; haematobium between sub-groups in the village population who have different sources of domestic water supply. In two African villages with endemic schistosomiasis where mass treatment will be administered, only 25% of the residents with parasitologically confirmed S. haematobium infection and 12% of those with S. mansoni had single infection; the remaining majority had at least one additional patent parasitic infection of public health importance.", "contents": "Epidemiology of poly-parasitism. IV. Combined effects on the state of health. The assessment of morbidity caused by chronic parasitic infections in the populations of endemic areas has remained difficult and controversial. Contributing to this predicament is the frequent occurrence of multiple infections with agents that can cause a wide range of clinical manifestations, from the frequent symptomless carrier state to overt disease with more or less specific clinical manifestations. In the interpretation of the complex morbidity patterns found in rural populations of tropical countries, it is often difficult to make a clear determination of cause and effect. The situations is further complicated by the low degree of pathognomicity of the clinical manifestations of even the advanced stages of certain parasitic diseases. The paper gives examples that illustrate the interaction between endemic malaria and schistosomiasis as important causes of hepatosplenomegaly. Also shown in the paper are the inter-relationships between the nutritional status and the number of multiple infections with parasites found in African villages as well as the association between habitual coca leaf chewing, malnutrition and hookworm disease in a Peruvian community of mixed ethnic origin. The paper describes micro-epidemiological features of poly-parasitism by comparing the prevalence and intensity of infection with Onchocerca volvulus, Schistosoma mansoni and S; haematobium between sub-groups in the village population who have different sources of domestic water supply. In two African villages with endemic schistosomiasis where mass treatment will be administered, only 25% of the residents with parasitologically confirmed S. haematobium infection and 12% of those with S. mansoni had single infection; the remaining majority had at least one additional patent parasitic infection of public health importance.", "PMID": 726041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10596", "title": "Serum immunoglobulin concentrations in human S. mansoni and S. haematobium infections in the Sudan, with special reference to the effect of chemotherapy.", "content": "The serum immunoglobulin concentrations of IgG, IgA and IgM were studied in 111 selected Sudanese patients with S. mansoni infections and 48 with S. haematobium infections before and 6 weeks after successful treatment with hycanthone; 52 local individuals were studied as controls. Both IgG and IgM were found to be significantly raised in S. mansoni patients compared with controls, while only IgG was significantly raised in patients with S. haematobium infection. S. mansoni patients with the hepatosplenic and splenic forms had higher IgG and IgM levels than those with the intestinal and hepatic forms. No relationship could be established between the levels of immunoglobulins and parasite loads. A rise in IgG was noted in 60% of patients with S. mansoni infection 6 weeks after successful treatment with hycanthone whereas IgM decreased.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulin concentrations in human S. mansoni and S. haematobium infections in the Sudan, with special reference to the effect of chemotherapy. The serum immunoglobulin concentrations of IgG, IgA and IgM were studied in 111 selected Sudanese patients with S. mansoni infections and 48 with S. haematobium infections before and 6 weeks after successful treatment with hycanthone; 52 local individuals were studied as controls. Both IgG and IgM were found to be significantly raised in S. mansoni patients compared with controls, while only IgG was significantly raised in patients with S. haematobium infection. S. mansoni patients with the hepatosplenic and splenic forms had higher IgG and IgM levels than those with the intestinal and hepatic forms. No relationship could be established between the levels of immunoglobulins and parasite loads. A rise in IgG was noted in 60% of patients with S. mansoni infection 6 weeks after successful treatment with hycanthone whereas IgM decreased.", "PMID": 726042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10597", "title": "[On the occurrence of human paragonimiasis in Ecuador (1972--76) (author's transl)].", "content": "During 1972 and 1976 316 cases of human paragonimiasis were stated in the following provinces of Ecuador: 19 cases in El Oro, 16 cases in Los Rios, 74 cases in Pichincha, and 206 cases in Manabi. 153 patients were males and 163 females. For localization of the probable origin of the infections the data of 192 patients could be utilized. The home villages and towns of these persons have been marked on a map. The majority of the patients were between 10 and 29 years of age. The youngest case was 4 years, the oldest 75 years old.", "contents": "[On the occurrence of human paragonimiasis in Ecuador (1972--76) (author's transl)]. During 1972 and 1976 316 cases of human paragonimiasis were stated in the following provinces of Ecuador: 19 cases in El Oro, 16 cases in Los Rios, 74 cases in Pichincha, and 206 cases in Manabi. 153 patients were males and 163 females. For localization of the probable origin of the infections the data of 192 patients could be utilized. The home villages and towns of these persons have been marked on a map. The majority of the patients were between 10 and 29 years of age. The youngest case was 4 years, the oldest 75 years old.", "PMID": 726043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10598", "title": "Babesia rodhaini: passive protection of mice with immune serum.", "content": "Immune serum delayed the onset of parasitemia in both intact and splenectomized mice, but it neither prevented the development of Babesia rodhaini infection nor protected the mice from death even with further supplementation of immune serum during the infection. The protective antibodies in the serum are more effective in their action on free B. rodhaini parasites than on infected erythrocytes; the parasites (free or inside the red cells) being direct targets for the antibodies. Passive administration of the immune serum seemed to inhibit the active development of the host's own immune response. B. rodhaini, unlike Plasmodium berghei, produces surface changes in the membranes of infected erythrocytes and therefore on incubation of infected erythrocytes and therefore on incubation of infected erythrocytes in immune serum there is either entry and subsequent interaction of antibodies with the parasites within the erythrocytes or there is action of antibody with antigen in the erythrocyte membranes. The effect of immune serum on parasitized erythrocytes is greatest when the parasitized cells incubated in immune serum were administered with additional amounts of immune serum, indicating the ability of the immune serum to extend its action in vivo.", "contents": "Babesia rodhaini: passive protection of mice with immune serum. Immune serum delayed the onset of parasitemia in both intact and splenectomized mice, but it neither prevented the development of Babesia rodhaini infection nor protected the mice from death even with further supplementation of immune serum during the infection. The protective antibodies in the serum are more effective in their action on free B. rodhaini parasites than on infected erythrocytes; the parasites (free or inside the red cells) being direct targets for the antibodies. Passive administration of the immune serum seemed to inhibit the active development of the host's own immune response. B. rodhaini, unlike Plasmodium berghei, produces surface changes in the membranes of infected erythrocytes and therefore on incubation of infected erythrocytes and therefore on incubation of infected erythrocytes in immune serum there is either entry and subsequent interaction of antibodies with the parasites within the erythrocytes or there is action of antibody with antigen in the erythrocyte membranes. The effect of immune serum on parasitized erythrocytes is greatest when the parasitized cells incubated in immune serum were administered with additional amounts of immune serum, indicating the ability of the immune serum to extend its action in vivo.", "PMID": 726044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10599", "title": "Free plasma amino acid profiles of normal and Trypanosoma vivax infected sheep.", "content": "The free amino acids in the plasma of normal and Trypanosoma vivax infected sheep and also in the trypanosome organism per se were determined. Threonine, asparagine, methionine, tyrosine, citrulline, ornithine, histidine, arginine and urea were significantly decreased in the plasma of infected sheep. Alanine was significantly elevated in plasma of infected sheep. Valine, isoleucine, leucine values were also elevated in the plasma of infected sheep, although not at significant level. Taurine was present among the amino acid profile of T. vivax organisms and also in the plasma of normal and infected sheep. The significance of the amino acid changes in terms of host and T. vivax metabolism is discussed.", "contents": "Free plasma amino acid profiles of normal and Trypanosoma vivax infected sheep. The free amino acids in the plasma of normal and Trypanosoma vivax infected sheep and also in the trypanosome organism per se were determined. Threonine, asparagine, methionine, tyrosine, citrulline, ornithine, histidine, arginine and urea were significantly decreased in the plasma of infected sheep. Alanine was significantly elevated in plasma of infected sheep. Valine, isoleucine, leucine values were also elevated in the plasma of infected sheep, although not at significant level. Taurine was present among the amino acid profile of T. vivax organisms and also in the plasma of normal and infected sheep. The significance of the amino acid changes in terms of host and T. vivax metabolism is discussed.", "PMID": 726045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10600", "title": "The identification of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in Liberian pigs and dogs by isoenzymes and by resistance to human plasma.", "content": "29 Trypanozoon stocks from Liberian pigs and dogs were screened for human plasma resistance and electrophoretic isoenzyme patterns of eleven enzymes. Two stocks from pigs were found both to be resistant to human plasma and to have an isoenzyme marker, a slow alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) pattern, previously found only in Trypanosoma brucei gambiense from man. This constitutes evidence that the pig is a reservoir of human trypanosomiasis in West Africa. The T.b.gambiense ALAT was also found in stocks from 5 other pigs and a dog, but none of these stocks was resistant to human plasma; conversely, 9 further isolations from pigs and 2 from dogs were plasma resistant but did not have the T.b.gambiense ALAT. The lack of correspondence between the two characteristics is discussed. A T.b.gambiense stock from man in Zaire had the ALAT pattern characteristic of T.b.gambiense from Senegal and Nigeria, together with the ASAT triplet found in most T.b.gambiense stocks. Peptidase polymorphism was shown in trypanosomes for the first time.", "contents": "The identification of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in Liberian pigs and dogs by isoenzymes and by resistance to human plasma. 29 Trypanozoon stocks from Liberian pigs and dogs were screened for human plasma resistance and electrophoretic isoenzyme patterns of eleven enzymes. Two stocks from pigs were found both to be resistant to human plasma and to have an isoenzyme marker, a slow alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) pattern, previously found only in Trypanosoma brucei gambiense from man. This constitutes evidence that the pig is a reservoir of human trypanosomiasis in West Africa. The T.b.gambiense ALAT was also found in stocks from 5 other pigs and a dog, but none of these stocks was resistant to human plasma; conversely, 9 further isolations from pigs and 2 from dogs were plasma resistant but did not have the T.b.gambiense ALAT. The lack of correspondence between the two characteristics is discussed. A T.b.gambiense stock from man in Zaire had the ALAT pattern characteristic of T.b.gambiense from Senegal and Nigeria, together with the ASAT triplet found in most T.b.gambiense stocks. Peptidase polymorphism was shown in trypanosomes for the first time.", "PMID": 726046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10601", "title": "A preliminary trial of nifurtimox in the treatment of onchocerciasis.", "content": "Nifurtimox tablets were given at a dose of 15-20 mg per kg bodyweight daily for 5 days to 14 patients with onchocerciasis in the savanna of Cameroon. In general the therapy was well tolerated. During the course there were no clinical signs of microfilaricidal effects. 6 patients were re-examined after an interval of 8 months. The microfilarial load had decreased in 3 patients, while it was unchanged in 2, and increased in the last. There was no improvement in ocular lesions. These preliminary results suggest a possible effect on the adult parasite, and further trials are justified.", "contents": "A preliminary trial of nifurtimox in the treatment of onchocerciasis. Nifurtimox tablets were given at a dose of 15-20 mg per kg bodyweight daily for 5 days to 14 patients with onchocerciasis in the savanna of Cameroon. In general the therapy was well tolerated. During the course there were no clinical signs of microfilaricidal effects. 6 patients were re-examined after an interval of 8 months. The microfilarial load had decreased in 3 patients, while it was unchanged in 2, and increased in the last. There was no improvement in ocular lesions. These preliminary results suggest a possible effect on the adult parasite, and further trials are justified.", "PMID": 726047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10602", "title": "Acid phosphatase activity in the larval stages of Onchocerca volvulus developing in the vector Simulium damnosum.", "content": "The staining patterns of acid phosphatase activity of the various larval stages of Onchocerca volvulus from experimentally infected Simulium damnosum s.l. have been described. The enzyme activity was localized in the anal vesicle/pore area of the first-stage larva, in the anal vesicle and intestine of the secong-stage larva and all over the body in the third-stage larva. Early third-stage larvae could be differentiated from late third-stage infective larvae by the presence of pronounced enzyme activity in the rectum area of the former. There were no detectable differences in the staining patterns between the forest and Sudan-savanna strains of O. volvulus developing in S. damnosum.", "contents": "Acid phosphatase activity in the larval stages of Onchocerca volvulus developing in the vector Simulium damnosum. The staining patterns of acid phosphatase activity of the various larval stages of Onchocerca volvulus from experimentally infected Simulium damnosum s.l. have been described. The enzyme activity was localized in the anal vesicle/pore area of the first-stage larva, in the anal vesicle and intestine of the secong-stage larva and all over the body in the third-stage larva. Early third-stage larvae could be differentiated from late third-stage infective larvae by the presence of pronounced enzyme activity in the rectum area of the former. There were no detectable differences in the staining patterns between the forest and Sudan-savanna strains of O. volvulus developing in S. damnosum.", "PMID": 726048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10603", "title": "[Ultrastructural changes in rat hepatocytes with diabetes and insulin administration].", "content": "Ultrastructural alterations in rat hepatocytes were studied at different periods following injection of alloxan. Visible increase in the size of mitochondria, decrease in development of rough endoplasmic reticulum and proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum elements have been found. These alterations increased with time after alloxan injection and were accompanied by the appearance of lysosome-like bodies and autophagic vacuoles in hepatocytes cytoplasm. Repeated administration of insulin normalized the ultrastructure of hepatocytes of diabetic animals.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural changes in rat hepatocytes with diabetes and insulin administration]. Ultrastructural alterations in rat hepatocytes were studied at different periods following injection of alloxan. Visible increase in the size of mitochondria, decrease in development of rough endoplasmic reticulum and proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum elements have been found. These alterations increased with time after alloxan injection and were accompanied by the appearance of lysosome-like bodies and autophagic vacuoles in hepatocytes cytoplasm. Repeated administration of insulin normalized the ultrastructure of hepatocytes of diabetic animals.", "PMID": 726050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10604", "title": "[Changes in the ultrastructure and functional parameters of rat adrenal cortex cells in the course of reparative regeneration].", "content": "On the tenth and twenty-first days after bilateral enucleation of adrenal  glands of Wistar rat-males their regeneration and mitochondria have been studied biochemically and with the electron microscope. The signs of transformation of glomerular zone cells into cells of lower gland zones have been found. The process of vertical zone transformation for glomerular cells remained under the gland capsule after the operation is shown to be accompanied by functional cell reconstruction. During the process of cell differentiation the adrenal gland cells are supposed to function by means of golocrinical secretion of some of the regenerated cells.", "contents": "[Changes in the ultrastructure and functional parameters of rat adrenal cortex cells in the course of reparative regeneration]. On the tenth and twenty-first days after bilateral enucleation of adrenal  glands of Wistar rat-males their regeneration and mitochondria have been studied biochemically and with the electron microscope. The signs of transformation of glomerular zone cells into cells of lower gland zones have been found. The process of vertical zone transformation for glomerular cells remained under the gland capsule after the operation is shown to be accompanied by functional cell reconstruction. During the process of cell differentiation the adrenal gland cells are supposed to function by means of golocrinical secretion of some of the regenerated cells.", "PMID": 726051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10605", "title": "[Inheritance of certain quantitative and qualitative traits in a system of diallele barley crosses].", "content": "Unequal inheritance of characters, i.e. flower glume colour, degree of lateral spikelets development, hairy rechis of the ear, were observed in diallel crosses among the varieties Nutans 244, Trumpf, DZ-02389, Hiproly and Brachitic. Recessive inheritance was marked for short rachilla hairs. The dominant effect of genes for the leaf length and overdominance for the plant height were ascertained. The partial dominance for the number of internodes and leaf width was found. The character of the upper internode length did not correspond to additive-dominant model.", "contents": "[Inheritance of certain quantitative and qualitative traits in a system of diallele barley crosses]. Unequal inheritance of characters, i.e. flower glume colour, degree of lateral spikelets development, hairy rechis of the ear, were observed in diallel crosses among the varieties Nutans 244, Trumpf, DZ-02389, Hiproly and Brachitic. Recessive inheritance was marked for short rachilla hairs. The dominant effect of genes for the leaf length and overdominance for the plant height were ascertained. The partial dominance for the number of internodes and leaf width was found. The character of the upper internode length did not correspond to additive-dominant model.", "PMID": 726054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10606", "title": "[Ineffectiveness of the back cross method in selecting hemp for heterosis].", "content": "In the back crossings the heretability caused by the additive effect of the genes predominates. The selection on the characters controlled by the additive genes leads to the homozygosis increase of the population and to the reduced vitality of the plants. The repeated crossing of the heterozygous hybrid plants with the parental form homozygous according to the recessive gene increases the quota of the genes of the latter. It results in the intermediate type of inheritance for all the elements of the back crossing hybrids productivity.", "contents": "[Ineffectiveness of the back cross method in selecting hemp for heterosis]. In the back crossings the heretability caused by the additive effect of the genes predominates. The selection on the characters controlled by the additive genes leads to the homozygosis increase of the population and to the reduced vitality of the plants. The repeated crossing of the heterozygous hybrid plants with the parental form homozygous according to the recessive gene increases the quota of the genes of the latter. It results in the intermediate type of inheritance for all the elements of the back crossing hybrids productivity.", "PMID": 726055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10607", "title": "[Capillary ultrastructure and permeability in the posterior lobe of the rat pituitary].", "content": "The ultrastructure of capillaries and their permeability to horseradish peroxidase and ferritin in rat posterior pituitary has been studied. The capillary wall is formed mainly by flat endothelium penetrated by regularly situated fenestras. The majority of organelles is concentrated in the perikaryon. Caveoles and pinocytotic vesicles are not numerous except for some perikaryons where they are concentrated along the basal surface. Intracellular clefts are interrupted in the regions of fusion of the outer osmiophilic layers of membranes of neighbouring endothelial cells. Horseradish peroxidase and ferritin penetrate partly from the capillary lumen into the pericapillary space: the majority of markers penetrate across the fenestras and the minority--within pinocytosis vesicles. The former way is more rapid than the latter. Ferritin penetrated into the cytoplasm is captured by lysosomes.", "contents": "[Capillary ultrastructure and permeability in the posterior lobe of the rat pituitary]. The ultrastructure of capillaries and their permeability to horseradish peroxidase and ferritin in rat posterior pituitary has been studied. The capillary wall is formed mainly by flat endothelium penetrated by regularly situated fenestras. The majority of organelles is concentrated in the perikaryon. Caveoles and pinocytotic vesicles are not numerous except for some perikaryons where they are concentrated along the basal surface. Intracellular clefts are interrupted in the regions of fusion of the outer osmiophilic layers of membranes of neighbouring endothelial cells. Horseradish peroxidase and ferritin penetrate partly from the capillary lumen into the pericapillary space: the majority of markers penetrate across the fenestras and the minority--within pinocytosis vesicles. The former way is more rapid than the latter. Ferritin penetrated into the cytoplasm is captured by lysosomes.", "PMID": 726059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10608", "title": "[Study of structural changes in muscle fiber contractile proteins using polarization ultraviolet fluorescent microscopy. IV. Several features of the conformational changes in F-actin during muscle fiber relaxation].", "content": "Using the polarized ultraviolet fluorescent microscopy in the presence of a fluorescence quencher (acrylamide, NO3-) it has been shown that actin tryptophanyls are oriented with their short axes perpendicular to the long axis of the thin filament. Fluorophores in hardly accessible sites of the macromolecule have a more pronounced anisotrophy of orientation in comparison with those in the protein sites easily available by a fluorescence quencher. During the muscle fiber relaxation, conformational changes of F-actin take place which embrace seemingly the sites of subunits, close to the surface of macromolecule, and make difficult the penetration of univalent ions and neutral molecules deep into the protein macromolecule. Some connection between conformational changes of the surface areas of F-actin subunits and the actin incapability of combining with HMM in the presence of ATP is assumed.", "contents": "[Study of structural changes in muscle fiber contractile proteins using polarization ultraviolet fluorescent microscopy. IV. Several features of the conformational changes in F-actin during muscle fiber relaxation]. Using the polarized ultraviolet fluorescent microscopy in the presence of a fluorescence quencher (acrylamide, NO3-) it has been shown that actin tryptophanyls are oriented with their short axes perpendicular to the long axis of the thin filament. Fluorophores in hardly accessible sites of the macromolecule have a more pronounced anisotrophy of orientation in comparison with those in the protein sites easily available by a fluorescence quencher. During the muscle fiber relaxation, conformational changes of F-actin take place which embrace seemingly the sites of subunits, close to the surface of macromolecule, and make difficult the penetration of univalent ions and neutral molecules deep into the protein macromolecule. Some connection between conformational changes of the surface areas of F-actin subunits and the actin incapability of combining with HMM in the presence of ATP is assumed.", "PMID": 726060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10609", "title": "[Proliferative activity of normal and tumorous plant tissues cultivated in vitro].", "content": "Proliferative pools of Helianthus tuberosus L. explants tissues were studied using autoradiography with 3H-thymidine in the course of normal growth in vitro and tumorous growth induced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. It is determined that on the 3d or 4th day of tumorous transformation the number of cycling cells reaches 30% whereas that of normally growing explants showed 10-11%. No changes were observed in 3H-thymidine transport during this period.", "contents": "[Proliferative activity of normal and tumorous plant tissues cultivated in vitro]. Proliferative pools of Helianthus tuberosus L. explants tissues were studied using autoradiography with 3H-thymidine in the course of normal growth in vitro and tumorous growth induced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. It is determined that on the 3d or 4th day of tumorous transformation the number of cycling cells reaches 30% whereas that of normally growing explants showed 10-11%. No changes were observed in 3H-thymidine transport during this period.", "PMID": 726052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10610", "title": "[RNA synthesis in the isolated nuclei of nerve cells treated with acetylcholine].", "content": "Acetylcholine modified the incorporation of radioactive precursors 3H-uridine-5-triphosphate, 14C-uridine and 14C-cytidine in RNA of nuclei isolated from the rat brain. This modification has two tendencies: either the activation or the suppretion. The character of the nuclear reaction depends upon the season and animal population. In the presence of actinomycin D (5.10(-5) M), acetylcholine does not influence the precursor incorporation into the nuclear RNA. In the system that involves nuclei+soluble cytoplasmic fraction acetylcholine exerts an effect that is opposite to that when the nuclei are alone. These results suggest that acetylcholine action is mediated by a cytoplasmic factor. Actinomycin D in the presence of cytoplasmic fraction did not influence effects of acetylcholine.", "contents": "[RNA synthesis in the isolated nuclei of nerve cells treated with acetylcholine]. Acetylcholine modified the incorporation of radioactive precursors 3H-uridine-5-triphosphate, 14C-uridine and 14C-cytidine in RNA of nuclei isolated from the rat brain. This modification has two tendencies: either the activation or the suppretion. The character of the nuclear reaction depends upon the season and animal population. In the presence of actinomycin D (5.10(-5) M), acetylcholine does not influence the precursor incorporation into the nuclear RNA. In the system that involves nuclei+soluble cytoplasmic fraction acetylcholine exerts an effect that is opposite to that when the nuclei are alone. These results suggest that acetylcholine action is mediated by a cytoplasmic factor. Actinomycin D in the presence of cytoplasmic fraction did not influence effects of acetylcholine.", "PMID": 726061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10611", "title": "[Genetic mechanisms of the stimulating effect of mutagenic factors on the growth and development of plants].", "content": "Small doses of mutagenic factors were studied as applied to plant growth and development. It is found out that the stimulation effect is not the same in the laboratory and field experiments and is essentially modified by the environmental conditions. An opinion is advanced that nonspecific derepression and supression of genes are responsible for mechanisms of the mutagenic factors stimulating action. It is emphasized that the method of presowing irradiation in seed growing should not be applied.", "contents": "[Genetic mechanisms of the stimulating effect of mutagenic factors on the growth and development of plants]. Small doses of mutagenic factors were studied as applied to plant growth and development. It is found out that the stimulation effect is not the same in the laboratory and field experiments and is essentially modified by the environmental conditions. An opinion is advanced that nonspecific derepression and supression of genes are responsible for mechanisms of the mutagenic factors stimulating action. It is emphasized that the method of presowing irradiation in seed growing should not be applied.", "PMID": 726056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10612", "title": "[Ability of cells in tissue culture to recover from damage caused by chemotherapeutic drugs].", "content": "The repair of potential lethal damages was investigated in the LL cell line induced by some chemicals. Three different chemical compounds were used. An inhibitor of DNA synthesis--hydroxyurea, an alkylating agent--methylnitrosourea, and an antibiotic intercalating in DNA--actinomycin D. It was shown that damages induced by hydroxyurea could be repaired. Unlike, the repair of damages induced by methylnitrosourea and actinomycin D was not observed.", "contents": "[Ability of cells in tissue culture to recover from damage caused by chemotherapeutic drugs]. The repair of potential lethal damages was investigated in the LL cell line induced by some chemicals. Three different chemical compounds were used. An inhibitor of DNA synthesis--hydroxyurea, an alkylating agent--methylnitrosourea, and an antibiotic intercalating in DNA--actinomycin D. It was shown that damages induced by hydroxyurea could be repaired. Unlike, the repair of damages induced by methylnitrosourea and actinomycin D was not observed.", "PMID": 726062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10613", "title": "[Determination of the period of sex cell sensitivity of the chick embryo to the action of estradiol benzoate].", "content": "The sensitivity period of chick embryo sex cells to estradiol-benzoate was determined using injection of the hormone into eggs on days 5, 6, 7 or 8 of embryonal development. The hormone influence on the change or reproduction rate in 9 day old embryos was determined by thymidine autoradiography. The hormone injection on days 5, 6 and 7 causes an essential gonade reformation and increase of the proliferation rate of sex cells in genetically male embryos. The hormone injection on the 8th day did not change the sex cell reproduction rate but in some degree stimulated the reproduction of germinative epithelium of the left gonades in male embryos. A conculsion is made on the existence of a period of sensitivity in the sex cells to the effect of female sex hormone limited by 7 days of embryo developmnet.", "contents": "[Determination of the period of sex cell sensitivity of the chick embryo to the action of estradiol benzoate]. The sensitivity period of chick embryo sex cells to estradiol-benzoate was determined using injection of the hormone into eggs on days 5, 6, 7 or 8 of embryonal development. The hormone influence on the change or reproduction rate in 9 day old embryos was determined by thymidine autoradiography. The hormone injection on days 5, 6 and 7 causes an essential gonade reformation and increase of the proliferation rate of sex cells in genetically male embryos. The hormone injection on the 8th day did not change the sex cell reproduction rate but in some degree stimulated the reproduction of germinative epithelium of the left gonades in male embryos. A conculsion is made on the existence of a period of sensitivity in the sex cells to the effect of female sex hormone limited by 7 days of embryo developmnet.", "PMID": 726064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10614", "title": "[DNA synthesis in the Purkinje cell nuclei of the chick embryo cerebellum in the process of their differentiation and morphofunctional specialization].", "content": "Single injections of 3H-thymidine was introduced into chick embryos on days 10, 13 and 15 of development. The label incorporation into the cell nuclei was determined on days 13--20, i. e. during differention and specialization of the Purkinje cells, with the complete absence of their proliferative activity. 3H-thymidine was incorporated in 5.2--38.5% cases. The labeling index and labeling intensity increased with ageing, which is in direct correlation with the increase of DNA content in the nuclei, and with the number of cells having increased DNA contents. It is concluded that the synthesis observed is not a premitotic or reparative one, and that it is closely related to the process of cell defferentiation and specialization. On the basis of our and literature data, the question of non-proliferative replicative DNA synthesis (DNA hyperreplication) in the nuclei of neuronal cells, and especially in the Purkinje neurons, is discussed. In the authors' opinion, this phenomenon is necessary condition for the realization of differentiation and specialization processes in the cell population of developing organisms.", "contents": "[DNA synthesis in the Purkinje cell nuclei of the chick embryo cerebellum in the process of their differentiation and morphofunctional specialization]. Single injections of 3H-thymidine was introduced into chick embryos on days 10, 13 and 15 of development. The label incorporation into the cell nuclei was determined on days 13--20, i. e. during differention and specialization of the Purkinje cells, with the complete absence of their proliferative activity. 3H-thymidine was incorporated in 5.2--38.5% cases. The labeling index and labeling intensity increased with ageing, which is in direct correlation with the increase of DNA content in the nuclei, and with the number of cells having increased DNA contents. It is concluded that the synthesis observed is not a premitotic or reparative one, and that it is closely related to the process of cell defferentiation and specialization. On the basis of our and literature data, the question of non-proliferative replicative DNA synthesis (DNA hyperreplication) in the nuclei of neuronal cells, and especially in the Purkinje neurons, is discussed. In the authors' opinion, this phenomenon is necessary condition for the realization of differentiation and specialization processes in the cell population of developing organisms.", "PMID": 726065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10615", "title": "[Effect of cyclic nucleotides and histone fractions on mitochondrial respiratory and phosphorylating activity].", "content": "CAMP in the wide range of concentrations (3.10(-7)--10(-3) M), cGMP (10(-6)--10(-5) M) and dibutyril-cAMP (3.10(-6) M) produced no effect on oxidative phosphorylation of rat liver mitochondria. Among histone fractions (H1, H3 and H4) tested, the arginine-rich fraction H3 (18 microgram/mg of mitochondrial protein) produced a strong uncoupling effect. It is supposed that the effect of cAMP on oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria may be carried out indirectly through activation of protein kinase, phosphorylation of histones, and their release into the cytoplasm.", "contents": "[Effect of cyclic nucleotides and histone fractions on mitochondrial respiratory and phosphorylating activity]. CAMP in the wide range of concentrations (3.10(-7)--10(-3) M), cGMP (10(-6)--10(-5) M) and dibutyril-cAMP (3.10(-6) M) produced no effect on oxidative phosphorylation of rat liver mitochondria. Among histone fractions (H1, H3 and H4) tested, the arginine-rich fraction H3 (18 microgram/mg of mitochondrial protein) produced a strong uncoupling effect. It is supposed that the effect of cAMP on oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria may be carried out indirectly through activation of protein kinase, phosphorylation of histones, and their release into the cytoplasm.", "PMID": 726067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10616", "title": "[Effect of sodium and calcium ions on glutamate and glutamine oxidation by rat brain synaptosomes].", "content": "5 mM oxidative substrates and 0.15 mM Ca(2+) being used, different effects of Ca(2+) on the oxidation are possible, such as an additional inhibition of glutamine oxidation and an additional activation of glutamate oxidation. A decreased Na+-ion concentration in the medium inhibited synaptosomal respiration with glutamate as a substrate. With glutamine as a substrate oxygen consumption does not change.", "contents": "[Effect of sodium and calcium ions on glutamate and glutamine oxidation by rat brain synaptosomes]. 5 mM oxidative substrates and 0.15 mM Ca(2+) being used, different effects of Ca(2+) on the oxidation are possible, such as an additional inhibition of glutamine oxidation and an additional activation of glutamate oxidation. A decreased Na+-ion concentration in the medium inhibited synaptosomal respiration with glutamate as a substrate. With glutamine as a substrate oxygen consumption does not change.", "PMID": 726068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10617", "title": "[Effect of enucleation on the structural and functional state of the cytoplasm in L cells].", "content": "The viability of cytochalasin-enucleated L-cells (cytoplasts) was investigated using autoradiography in addition to fluorescence and electron microscopy. L-cells were enucleated according to a modified Prescott's method (thermostabilized centrifugation, low centrifuge acceleration). Relatively mild conditions of enucleation permitted us to prolong the life-span of cytoplasts up to 24 hours. Soon after enucleation, the disaggregation of polyribosomes in cytoplasts takes place, reflecting, apparently, m-RNA degradation. The cytoplasts are shown to be able to live for 1--2 days with a completely stopped protein synthesis. Acridin orange staining and ultrastructural investigation showed lysosomal hypertrophy in senescent cytoplasts. The death of cytoplasts is suggested to be due to disruption of lysosomes.", "contents": "[Effect of enucleation on the structural and functional state of the cytoplasm in L cells]. The viability of cytochalasin-enucleated L-cells (cytoplasts) was investigated using autoradiography in addition to fluorescence and electron microscopy. L-cells were enucleated according to a modified Prescott's method (thermostabilized centrifugation, low centrifuge acceleration). Relatively mild conditions of enucleation permitted us to prolong the life-span of cytoplasts up to 24 hours. Soon after enucleation, the disaggregation of polyribosomes in cytoplasts takes place, reflecting, apparently, m-RNA degradation. The cytoplasts are shown to be able to live for 1--2 days with a completely stopped protein synthesis. Acridin orange staining and ultrastructural investigation showed lysosomal hypertrophy in senescent cytoplasts. The death of cytoplasts is suggested to be due to disruption of lysosomes.", "PMID": 726069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10618", "title": "[Tissue-specific inhibition of DNA synthesis by contactins, factors that possess tissue-specific adhesive activity].", "content": "Highly purified factors extracted from the liver and lungs of adult rats, tissue-specifically increasing the stability of intercellular contacts and of cell plasma membranes to mechanical disruption, were found to decrease, in the same manner, the labeling index (LI) in explants of the embryonic tissue of mice. The comparison of the action of these factors on the LI, and on mechanical properties of the tissue has shown that the latter effect is manifested earlier than the former one.", "contents": "[Tissue-specific inhibition of DNA synthesis by contactins, factors that possess tissue-specific adhesive activity]. Highly purified factors extracted from the liver and lungs of adult rats, tissue-specifically increasing the stability of intercellular contacts and of cell plasma membranes to mechanical disruption, were found to decrease, in the same manner, the labeling index (LI) in explants of the embryonic tissue of mice. The comparison of the action of these factors on the LI, and on mechanical properties of the tissue has shown that the latter effect is manifested earlier than the former one.", "PMID": 726070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10619", "title": "[DNA replication in HeLa cells after gamma irradiation. I. The period of DNA replicative synthesis after the irradiation of cells in the G1 phase with gamma rays in large doses].", "content": "HeLa G-63 cells irradiated by 5 krads of 60 Co-gamma-rays during their G1-period pass through the S-period of the same interphase just as do non-irradiated cells: the kinetics of labeled cells upon a 30 min incubation with 3H-TdR (radioautography) is the same for both irradiated and non-irradiated cell populations; the rate of 3H-thymidine incorporation during the S-period upon a 3H-TdR continuous incubation is the same for both the cell populations; the mean DNA content per nucleus of irradiated cell is doubled after the S-period (cytophotometry). With increasing the radiation dose (from 10 to 30 krads), the rate of 3H-TdR incorporation into cells falls, and the S-period is prolonged.", "contents": "[DNA replication in HeLa cells after gamma irradiation. I. The period of DNA replicative synthesis after the irradiation of cells in the G1 phase with gamma rays in large doses]. HeLa G-63 cells irradiated by 5 krads of 60 Co-gamma-rays during their G1-period pass through the S-period of the same interphase just as do non-irradiated cells: the kinetics of labeled cells upon a 30 min incubation with 3H-TdR (radioautography) is the same for both irradiated and non-irradiated cell populations; the rate of 3H-thymidine incorporation during the S-period upon a 3H-TdR continuous incubation is the same for both the cell populations; the mean DNA content per nucleus of irradiated cell is doubled after the S-period (cytophotometry). With increasing the radiation dose (from 10 to 30 krads), the rate of 3H-TdR incorporation into cells falls, and the S-period is prolonged.", "PMID": 726071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10620", "title": "[Use of the MUF-5 microspectrophotometer for enzymatic and chromatographic research on a microscale].", "content": "The use of MUV-5 as a recording microspectrophotometer for enzymatic and chromatographic analysis on miscroscale is proposed. The tuning of MUV-5 for working with a thermostated microcuvette is described. A microspectrophotometric method of the assay of lactate dehydrogenase activity in a single ovum of the mouse according to the kinetics of enzyme reaction is described.  The proposed method allows to analyse the enzyme quantity 470 times as small as that which can be measured with SPh-16. A method for chromatographic separation of RNA with poly-U-sepharose column is described. The use of MUV-5 for the procedure of chromatographic separation of poly-RNA permits to reduce the amount of RNA in the assayed sample to 50 ng.", "contents": "[Use of the MUF-5 microspectrophotometer for enzymatic and chromatographic research on a microscale]. The use of MUV-5 as a recording microspectrophotometer for enzymatic and chromatographic analysis on miscroscale is proposed. The tuning of MUV-5 for working with a thermostated microcuvette is described. A microspectrophotometric method of the assay of lactate dehydrogenase activity in a single ovum of the mouse according to the kinetics of enzyme reaction is described.  The proposed method allows to analyse the enzyme quantity 470 times as small as that which can be measured with SPh-16. A method for chromatographic separation of RNA with poly-U-sepharose column is described. The use of MUV-5 for the procedure of chromatographic separation of poly-RNA permits to reduce the amount of RNA in the assayed sample to 50 ng.", "PMID": 726072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10621", "title": "[Active transport of organic acids in the proximal tubules of a surviving rat kidney normally and under certain actions. I. The effect of temperature, aeration conditions and Na ions].", "content": "The transport of a marker organic acid (fluorescein) in the intact proximal tubules was studied with the aid of contact microfluorimetry of the surface of surviving rat kidneys. The kinetics of transport at 20 and 37 degrees obeys to the Michaelis-Menten equation. The increase of oxygen content in the gas phase, from 21 to 100%, results in raising V max by 1.7 times, with an apparent Km being unchanged. With the 100% oxygen content taken as a gas phase, the fluorescein transport rate is maximal at 37--40 degrees, the temperature raising from 20 to 37 degrees results in decreasing Km by 4.5 times and in increasing V max by 45%. Both Na-free medium and the addition of strophantin K inhibit fluorescein uptake at temperature higher than 25 degrees only. At 37 degrees the omission of Na+ from the bath medium inhibits the fluorescein transport via Km augmentation with Vmax being unchanged. Thus, active transport of fluorescein is Na+-dependent in physiological range of temperature and the motive force of the transport is an electrochemical Na+-gradient created by means of Na+, K+-ATPase operation.", "contents": "[Active transport of organic acids in the proximal tubules of a surviving rat kidney normally and under certain actions. I. The effect of temperature, aeration conditions and Na ions]. The transport of a marker organic acid (fluorescein) in the intact proximal tubules was studied with the aid of contact microfluorimetry of the surface of surviving rat kidneys. The kinetics of transport at 20 and 37 degrees obeys to the Michaelis-Menten equation. The increase of oxygen content in the gas phase, from 21 to 100%, results in raising V max by 1.7 times, with an apparent Km being unchanged. With the 100% oxygen content taken as a gas phase, the fluorescein transport rate is maximal at 37--40 degrees, the temperature raising from 20 to 37 degrees results in decreasing Km by 4.5 times and in increasing V max by 45%. Both Na-free medium and the addition of strophantin K inhibit fluorescein uptake at temperature higher than 25 degrees only. At 37 degrees the omission of Na+ from the bath medium inhibits the fluorescein transport via Km augmentation with Vmax being unchanged. Thus, active transport of fluorescein is Na+-dependent in physiological range of temperature and the motive force of the transport is an electrochemical Na+-gradient created by means of Na+, K+-ATPase operation.", "PMID": 726073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10622", "title": "[\"Extracyclic\" DNA synthesis and the accumulation of total protein and hemoglobin in erythroid series cells in anemia in pigeons].", "content": "Two types of biosynthetic processes associated with cytodifferentiation underlie the \"reserve\" erythropoiesis of pigeons during anemia: 1) cells rapidly increase their nuclear DNA amount up to the level of 4c, whereas the total protein remains at the initial level; furtheron, cells double also their protein amount, and then enter into the phase of differentiation and specialization; after having hemoglobin accumulation they divide; 2) a limited increase of DNA amount takes place up to the level not exceeding 130% of the initial level; in this case a synchronous increase of the hemoglobin amount is detected in the cell. The first type processes provide the accumulation of the specific product and the accelerated increase of the number of erythrocytes in the population. The second way is aimed only to the accumulation of the specific product in a greater amount.", "contents": "[\"Extracyclic\" DNA synthesis and the accumulation of total protein and hemoglobin in erythroid series cells in anemia in pigeons]. Two types of biosynthetic processes associated with cytodifferentiation underlie the \"reserve\" erythropoiesis of pigeons during anemia: 1) cells rapidly increase their nuclear DNA amount up to the level of 4c, whereas the total protein remains at the initial level; furtheron, cells double also their protein amount, and then enter into the phase of differentiation and specialization; after having hemoglobin accumulation they divide; 2) a limited increase of DNA amount takes place up to the level not exceeding 130% of the initial level; in this case a synchronous increase of the hemoglobin amount is detected in the cell. The first type processes provide the accumulation of the specific product and the accelerated increase of the number of erythrocytes in the population. The second way is aimed only to the accumulation of the specific product in a greater amount.", "PMID": 726074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10623", "title": "[DNA replication in HeLa cells after gamma irradiation. II. The periodicity of DNA replication in the process of giant cell formation].", "content": "HeLa G-63 cells irradiated by 5 krads of 6 degrees Co gamma-rays 1.5--2 hours after mitosis (G1-phase) were incubated in growth medium during 9 days. The number of proliferating and eliminated cells, the content of DNA per cell nucleus, and kinetics of the labeled cell fraction upon 3H-TdR continuous incubation were studied. It has been concluded that: during the giant cell growth the nuclear DNA is replicated periodically without following mitoses; 90% of cells are involved in such a cycle; the duration of the period of DNA synthesis in giant cells is the same as that in non-irradiated cells; the duration of the gap between two successive S-periods in giant cells is 2--6 times as long as the sum of G2+M+G1 periods in the normal non-irradiated cells.", "contents": "[DNA replication in HeLa cells after gamma irradiation. II. The periodicity of DNA replication in the process of giant cell formation]. HeLa G-63 cells irradiated by 5 krads of 6 degrees Co gamma-rays 1.5--2 hours after mitosis (G1-phase) were incubated in growth medium during 9 days. The number of proliferating and eliminated cells, the content of DNA per cell nucleus, and kinetics of the labeled cell fraction upon 3H-TdR continuous incubation were studied. It has been concluded that: during the giant cell growth the nuclear DNA is replicated periodically without following mitoses; 90% of cells are involved in such a cycle; the duration of the period of DNA synthesis in giant cells is the same as that in non-irradiated cells; the duration of the gap between two successive S-periods in giant cells is 2--6 times as long as the sum of G2+M+G1 periods in the normal non-irradiated cells.", "PMID": 726075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10624", "title": "[Change in the state of the lysosomes in isolated Kupffer cells and hepatocytes in the process of liver reparative regeneration].", "content": "Using hepatectomized rats, it was shown that immediately after a partial liver removal the Kupffer macrophages were accumulated. At the maximal mitotic activity (36 hours following partial hepatectomy), the relative amount of Kupffer cells keeps low, but 72 hours later turns out to be higher again. The periodic changes of the Kupffer cell amount in hepatectomized rats  are accompanied by remarkable increase (by 1.5--3 times) of free and total lysosomal enzymes (acid DNAase, DNAase, cathepsin D). The activation of the Kupffer macrophage lysosomes goes ahead of labilization of hepatocyte lysosomal membranes. The blockade of mononuclear phagocyte system by means of carbonate iron in an early prereplicative period leads to an as long as 10--12 hours retardation of hepatocyte proliferation. The role of the Kupffer macrophages in reparative liver regeneration is discussed.", "contents": "[Change in the state of the lysosomes in isolated Kupffer cells and hepatocytes in the process of liver reparative regeneration]. Using hepatectomized rats, it was shown that immediately after a partial liver removal the Kupffer macrophages were accumulated. At the maximal mitotic activity (36 hours following partial hepatectomy), the relative amount of Kupffer cells keeps low, but 72 hours later turns out to be higher again. The periodic changes of the Kupffer cell amount in hepatectomized rats  are accompanied by remarkable increase (by 1.5--3 times) of free and total lysosomal enzymes (acid DNAase, DNAase, cathepsin D). The activation of the Kupffer macrophage lysosomes goes ahead of labilization of hepatocyte lysosomal membranes. The blockade of mononuclear phagocyte system by means of carbonate iron in an early prereplicative period leads to an as long as 10--12 hours retardation of hepatocyte proliferation. The role of the Kupffer macrophages in reparative liver regeneration is discussed.", "PMID": 726076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10625", "title": "[Change in the specific functions of cells under the influence of antibodies].", "content": "Antibodies against the nucleic fraction are capable of activating specified functions of hormone-producing cells. Stimulation of hormone production may occur even when protein synthesis is blocked by puromycine. A possible mechanism of the action of antibodies against the nucleic fraction of endocrine gland cells is a derepressing of enzyme system responsible for biosynthesis of specific hormone substances.", "contents": "[Change in the specific functions of cells under the influence of antibodies]. Antibodies against the nucleic fraction are capable of activating specified functions of hormone-producing cells. Stimulation of hormone production may occur even when protein synthesis is blocked by puromycine. A possible mechanism of the action of antibodies against the nucleic fraction of endocrine gland cells is a derepressing of enzyme system responsible for biosynthesis of specific hormone substances.", "PMID": 726077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10626", "title": "[Restoration of the reproductive capacity of irradiated hematopoietic tissue in cultivation].", "content": "The reproductive power of the blood forming tissue of irradiated rats (450 rad), cultured in diffusional chambers in vivo, has been followed for 30 days. The cultivation of bone marrow of the control donors did not change the intensity of ultra-violet fluorescence, compared to the similar cells in situ. The differentiation capacity of bone marrow, taken from animals irradiated half a year before, became weaker in diffusion culture conditions. These changes coincided in time with the appearance of some abnormalities in blood forming tissue of the irradiated animals.", "contents": "[Restoration of the reproductive capacity of irradiated hematopoietic tissue in cultivation]. The reproductive power of the blood forming tissue of irradiated rats (450 rad), cultured in diffusional chambers in vivo, has been followed for 30 days. The cultivation of bone marrow of the control donors did not change the intensity of ultra-violet fluorescence, compared to the similar cells in situ. The differentiation capacity of bone marrow, taken from animals irradiated half a year before, became weaker in diffusion culture conditions. These changes coincided in time with the appearance of some abnormalities in blood forming tissue of the irradiated animals.", "PMID": 726078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10627", "title": "[Independence of tumor cell affinity for lung tissue from its interaction with unfixed macrophages].", "content": "The selection of tumor cells for their affinity to pulmonary tissue significantly enhances their ability to invade and proliferate. The intraveneous inoculation of these cells into mice increases the number of animals bearing tumour clones and the number of clones per animal. The adduction of unfixed macrophages by means of intramuscular injection of BGG, which is known to increase the implanted tumour growth, did not increase either the percentage of animals bearing tumor cell clones or the number of clones per a lung, in our experiments. The affinity of tumor cells to pulmonary tissue obviously does not depend significantly on the interaction with unfixed macrophages. We assume that the selection of tumor cells for their affinity to pulmonary tissue is not necessarily connected with changes in their antigenous properties for recipient animals.", "contents": "[Independence of tumor cell affinity for lung tissue from its interaction with unfixed macrophages]. The selection of tumor cells for their affinity to pulmonary tissue significantly enhances their ability to invade and proliferate. The intraveneous inoculation of these cells into mice increases the number of animals bearing tumour clones and the number of clones per animal. The adduction of unfixed macrophages by means of intramuscular injection of BGG, which is known to increase the implanted tumour growth, did not increase either the percentage of animals bearing tumor cell clones or the number of clones per a lung, in our experiments. The affinity of tumor cells to pulmonary tissue obviously does not depend significantly on the interaction with unfixed macrophages. We assume that the selection of tumor cells for their affinity to pulmonary tissue is not necessarily connected with changes in their antigenous properties for recipient animals.", "PMID": 726079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10628", "title": "[Variability in chlorophyll accumulation and the structure of the chloroplasts in the daughter strains of the phenotypically yellow mutant Y-4 of Chlamydomonas reinhardi].", "content": "The analysis of a group of recombinant strains of phenotypically yellow mutant Y-4 Chlamydomonas reinhardii has shown a considerable variability in displaying the degree of pigmentation. Chlorophyll \"a\" is the first to accumulate in chloroplasts. Chlorophyll \"b\" was found in strains when the content of chlorophyll \"a\" reached 1% of its concentration in cells of the wild type, The occurrence of spectral forms of chlorophyll \"a\" at 661, 667, 678, 685, 698 and 703 does not correlate with its quantitative accumulation. Variability in pigment accumulation is accompanied by changes both in the structural organization of the membrane system of chloroplasts and in the functional activity of photosystems. The degree of development of chloroplast structure in the group of recombinant strains varies from the formation of vesicules  to well developed tilakoids and their arrangement in grains.", "contents": "[Variability in chlorophyll accumulation and the structure of the chloroplasts in the daughter strains of the phenotypically yellow mutant Y-4 of Chlamydomonas reinhardi]. The analysis of a group of recombinant strains of phenotypically yellow mutant Y-4 Chlamydomonas reinhardii has shown a considerable variability in displaying the degree of pigmentation. Chlorophyll \"a\" is the first to accumulate in chloroplasts. Chlorophyll \"b\" was found in strains when the content of chlorophyll \"a\" reached 1% of its concentration in cells of the wild type, The occurrence of spectral forms of chlorophyll \"a\" at 661, 667, 678, 685, 698 and 703 does not correlate with its quantitative accumulation. Variability in pigment accumulation is accompanied by changes both in the structural organization of the membrane system of chloroplasts and in the functional activity of photosystems. The degree of development of chloroplast structure in the group of recombinant strains varies from the formation of vesicules  to well developed tilakoids and their arrangement in grains.", "PMID": 726080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10629", "title": "A second study of the use of community leaders in case-finding for pulmonary tuberculosis in Kenya.", "content": "This is the second study of case-finding activities for tuberculosis suspects undertaken in 2 locations of Machakos District. Three methods were investigated, namely (1) the requestioning of the Community Elders 1 year or more after a first questioning in the original study, (2) the examination of patients registered in the District Tuberculosis Register from 1969--1974 and (3) the examination of their close contacts. Requestioning the Elders produced a total of 421 suspects, 129 (31%) of whom had not been identified a year previously. The yield of freshly identified smear-positive, culture-positive cases was 0.7 per 100 suspects examined and of all culture-positive cases was 1.7. However, all the smear-positive and 1.0 per 100 of the culture-positive cases were old patients who had previously been registered in the District Tuberculosis Register. Of the 181 patients with tuberculosis in the Register bacteriological results were available for 97; of these 6 were smear-positive, 9 culture-positive--yields of 6.2 smear-positive, culture-positive cases per 100 registered persons examined. The corresponding yields for the 63 persons who had been registered as having pulmonary disease were 9.5 and 14.3. Of the 9 culture-positive, 7 had strains resistant to isoniazid, but all were sensitive to streptomycin. The examination of the 628 close contacts of the registered patients produced only 3 culture-positive cases, none of whom was smear-positive--a yield of 0.5 culture-positive cases per 100 contacts examined. All 3 strains were sensitive to isoniazid and streptomycin.", "contents": "A second study of the use of community leaders in case-finding for pulmonary tuberculosis in Kenya. This is the second study of case-finding activities for tuberculosis suspects undertaken in 2 locations of Machakos District. Three methods were investigated, namely (1) the requestioning of the Community Elders 1 year or more after a first questioning in the original study, (2) the examination of patients registered in the District Tuberculosis Register from 1969--1974 and (3) the examination of their close contacts. Requestioning the Elders produced a total of 421 suspects, 129 (31%) of whom had not been identified a year previously. The yield of freshly identified smear-positive, culture-positive cases was 0.7 per 100 suspects examined and of all culture-positive cases was 1.7. However, all the smear-positive and 1.0 per 100 of the culture-positive cases were old patients who had previously been registered in the District Tuberculosis Register. Of the 181 patients with tuberculosis in the Register bacteriological results were available for 97; of these 6 were smear-positive, 9 culture-positive--yields of 6.2 smear-positive, culture-positive cases per 100 registered persons examined. The corresponding yields for the 63 persons who had been registered as having pulmonary disease were 9.5 and 14.3. Of the 9 culture-positive, 7 had strains resistant to isoniazid, but all were sensitive to streptomycin. The examination of the 628 close contacts of the registered patients produced only 3 culture-positive cases, none of whom was smear-positive--a yield of 0.5 culture-positive cases per 100 contacts examined. All 3 strains were sensitive to isoniazid and streptomycin.", "PMID": 726081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10630", "title": "A study of a standardised contact procedure in tuberculosis. Report by the Contact Study Sub-Committee of The Research Committee of the British Thoracic Association.", "content": "A standardised procedure in contacts of patients with all types of newly diagnosed tuberculosis was undertaken by the British Thoracic Association Research Committee to assess the present relevance of contact examination in Britain. The results suggest that the tracing and examination of contacts remains a worthwhile procedure, resulting in the detection of significant numbers of previously unsuspected cases of tuberculosis in the contact population. The yield of new cases of tuberculosis is very similar for the Asian and non-Asian (mainly British) communities, namely 3.4% and 3.6% respectively, of the close contacts examined. The yield of new cases is about three times as great as the above percentages when the index case is positive on sputum smear, and about a third as great when the index case has non-respiratory tuberculosis. The examination of close contacts represents a larger workload in the Asian communities, where there are about five close contacts per index case, compared with about three in the other communities. Most close contacts were diagnosed at initial examination, but contacts of Asian index cases had an appreciable morbidity on re-examination at one or two years, as did the close contacts of smear-positive index cases of other ethnic groups. Prior BCG vaccination has a protective effect in both populations and chemoprophylaxis seems to be used infrequently in close contacts at high risk. All close contacts should be examined once. Close contacts of Asian index cases with respiratory disease, and close contacts of smear positive non-Asian index cases should be examined annually for at least two years; BCG vaccination or chemoprophylaxis should be considered in these groups. Casual contacts need be examined only if unusual exposure to a highly infectious case has occurred.", "contents": "A study of a standardised contact procedure in tuberculosis. Report by the Contact Study Sub-Committee of The Research Committee of the British Thoracic Association. A standardised procedure in contacts of patients with all types of newly diagnosed tuberculosis was undertaken by the British Thoracic Association Research Committee to assess the present relevance of contact examination in Britain. The results suggest that the tracing and examination of contacts remains a worthwhile procedure, resulting in the detection of significant numbers of previously unsuspected cases of tuberculosis in the contact population. The yield of new cases of tuberculosis is very similar for the Asian and non-Asian (mainly British) communities, namely 3.4% and 3.6% respectively, of the close contacts examined. The yield of new cases is about three times as great as the above percentages when the index case is positive on sputum smear, and about a third as great when the index case has non-respiratory tuberculosis. The examination of close contacts represents a larger workload in the Asian communities, where there are about five close contacts per index case, compared with about three in the other communities. Most close contacts were diagnosed at initial examination, but contacts of Asian index cases had an appreciable morbidity on re-examination at one or two years, as did the close contacts of smear-positive index cases of other ethnic groups. Prior BCG vaccination has a protective effect in both populations and chemoprophylaxis seems to be used infrequently in close contacts at high risk. All close contacts should be examined once. Close contacts of Asian index cases with respiratory disease, and close contacts of smear positive non-Asian index cases should be examined annually for at least two years; BCG vaccination or chemoprophylaxis should be considered in these groups. Casual contacts need be examined only if unusual exposure to a highly infectious case has occurred.", "PMID": 726082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10631", "title": "Sarcoidosis in Ethiopia.", "content": "Six cases of sarcoidosis seen within a period of 12 months are described. They presented variously with cutaneous, lymphatic, pulmonary, hepatic, splenic, skeletal and nervous manifestations. These 6 cases are the first to be reported from Ethiopia. A review of the archives of the Pathology Department of the Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, showed there had been 23 cases confirmed by skin or lymph node biopsy in the past 2 years. A survey of the literature concerning sarcoidosis in Africa reveals very few reported cases, but it seems likely that there are many others which are not recognised.", "contents": "Sarcoidosis in Ethiopia. Six cases of sarcoidosis seen within a period of 12 months are described. They presented variously with cutaneous, lymphatic, pulmonary, hepatic, splenic, skeletal and nervous manifestations. These 6 cases are the first to be reported from Ethiopia. A review of the archives of the Pathology Department of the Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, showed there had been 23 cases confirmed by skin or lymph node biopsy in the past 2 years. A survey of the literature concerning sarcoidosis in Africa reveals very few reported cases, but it seems likely that there are many others which are not recognised.", "PMID": 726083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10632", "title": "Tuberculous pleural effusion: clinical patterns and management in Nigerians.", "content": "A study was carried out on 167 patients with tuberculous pleural effusion. It was found that tuberculosis is the commonest cause of pleural effusion in Nigerians, forming 56% of the 300 cases which were reviewed. The clinical and radiological features are described and the characteristics of the fluid are discussed. The pleural fluid was predominantly lymphocytic in 83% of cases, the glucose concentration was less than 50 mg/100 ml in 54%, and M. tuberculosis was cultured from only 12%. Pleural biopsy was found useful in the diagnosis in 53% of cases. The management and prognosis of tuberculous effusions are briefly discussed. Six of the 167 patients died despite chemotherapy, but all of them were moribund at the time of admission to hospital.", "contents": "Tuberculous pleural effusion: clinical patterns and management in Nigerians. A study was carried out on 167 patients with tuberculous pleural effusion. It was found that tuberculosis is the commonest cause of pleural effusion in Nigerians, forming 56% of the 300 cases which were reviewed. The clinical and radiological features are described and the characteristics of the fluid are discussed. The pleural fluid was predominantly lymphocytic in 83% of cases, the glucose concentration was less than 50 mg/100 ml in 54%, and M. tuberculosis was cultured from only 12%. Pleural biopsy was found useful in the diagnosis in 53% of cases. The management and prognosis of tuberculous effusions are briefly discussed. Six of the 167 patients died despite chemotherapy, but all of them were moribund at the time of admission to hospital.", "PMID": 726084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10633", "title": "Activity of amikacin, erythromycin and doxycyline against Mycobacterium chelonei and Mycobacterium fortuitum.", "content": "The activity of amikacin, erythromycin and doxycycline was studied against 18 strains of M. fortuitum and 10 of M. chelonei. The agar dilution technique was used for the evaluation of the minimum inhibitory concentration. Between the three drugs tested, amikacin was the most active, since 66.6% of the M. fortuitum and 80% of M. chelonei strains were inhibited at 12.8 microgram/ml. It is possible that in some circumstances amikacin could be useful in the treatment of infections caused by M. fortuitum or M. chelonei.", "contents": "Activity of amikacin, erythromycin and doxycyline against Mycobacterium chelonei and Mycobacterium fortuitum. The activity of amikacin, erythromycin and doxycycline was studied against 18 strains of M. fortuitum and 10 of M. chelonei. The agar dilution technique was used for the evaluation of the minimum inhibitory concentration. Between the three drugs tested, amikacin was the most active, since 66.6% of the M. fortuitum and 80% of M. chelonei strains were inhibited at 12.8 microgram/ml. It is possible that in some circumstances amikacin could be useful in the treatment of infections caused by M. fortuitum or M. chelonei.", "PMID": 726085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10634", "title": "Tuberculosis in East Africans presenting with intra-thoracic lymphadenopathy.", "content": "Seven cases are presented of tuberculosis in East African Asian immigrants. In each case the main feature was enlargement of hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes. This type of tuberculosis is rare amongst adults in Britain. The problems of diagnosis and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Tuberculosis in East Africans presenting with intra-thoracic lymphadenopathy. Seven cases are presented of tuberculosis in East African Asian immigrants. In each case the main feature was enlargement of hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes. This type of tuberculosis is rare amongst adults in Britain. The problems of diagnosis and treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 726086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10635", "title": "[Formation of pyruvic and lactic acids in muscles diluted homogenate differing from the generally accepted glycolysis scheme].", "content": "When studying formation of pyruvic and lactic acids from fructose diphosphate the effect of dilution is found in the process of muscles homogenate incubation. Pyruvic acid accumulates only in samples with magnesium chloride added. The increase of lactic acid remains constant irrespectively of availability of conditions for pyruvate formation. Phosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate form pyruvic acid only in samples with magnesium chloride added without forming lactic acid. It is shown that in the muscles diluted homogenate (25 mg per 6 ml of mixture) lactic acid is formed under conditions unsuitable for pyruvic acid formation. Lactic acid is formed omitting the stages of 2-phosphoglycerate, phosphoenolpyruvate and pyruvate i.e. in the pathway different from a classical scheme of glycolysis.", "contents": "[Formation of pyruvic and lactic acids in muscles diluted homogenate differing from the generally accepted glycolysis scheme]. When studying formation of pyruvic and lactic acids from fructose diphosphate the effect of dilution is found in the process of muscles homogenate incubation. Pyruvic acid accumulates only in samples with magnesium chloride added. The increase of lactic acid remains constant irrespectively of availability of conditions for pyruvate formation. Phosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate form pyruvic acid only in samples with magnesium chloride added without forming lactic acid. It is shown that in the muscles diluted homogenate (25 mg per 6 ml of mixture) lactic acid is formed under conditions unsuitable for pyruvic acid formation. Lactic acid is formed omitting the stages of 2-phosphoglycerate, phosphoenolpyruvate and pyruvate i.e. in the pathway different from a classical scheme of glycolysis.", "PMID": 726087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10636", "title": "[AMP-deaminase activity of rat brain nuclear and mitochondrial fractions].", "content": "It is established that purified nuclear and mitochondrial fractions of the rat brain possess a noticeable AMP-deaminase activity. ATP is an effective activator of AMP-deaminase in the both fractions, but this enzyme is also stimulated by hexokinase in the mitochondrial fraction. The ammonia production from ADP in the mitochondrial fraction is connected with the formation on ATP and AMP under the influence of myokinase and subsequent deamination of AMP by AMP-deaminase.", "contents": "[AMP-deaminase activity of rat brain nuclear and mitochondrial fractions]. It is established that purified nuclear and mitochondrial fractions of the rat brain possess a noticeable AMP-deaminase activity. ATP is an effective activator of AMP-deaminase in the both fractions, but this enzyme is also stimulated by hexokinase in the mitochondrial fraction. The ammonia production from ADP in the mitochondrial fraction is connected with the formation on ATP and AMP under the influence of myokinase and subsequent deamination of AMP by AMP-deaminase.", "PMID": 726089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10637", "title": "[Studies of rabbit serum albumin with fatty degeneration of liver by thermal perturbation spectroscopy].", "content": "Accessibility of tyrosiles in serum albumin of healthy rabbits and those with experimental fatty degeneration of the liver was studied by the termal parturbation spectroscopy. The method determined about 50% of perturbed tyrosiles in albumin of healthy rabbits. Serum albumin of rabbits with fatty degeneration of the liver perturbed 30% of tyrosiles, that evidences for conformational transformations of the rabbit albumin in this pathology.", "contents": "[Studies of rabbit serum albumin with fatty degeneration of liver by thermal perturbation spectroscopy]. Accessibility of tyrosiles in serum albumin of healthy rabbits and those with experimental fatty degeneration of the liver was studied by the termal parturbation spectroscopy. The method determined about 50% of perturbed tyrosiles in albumin of healthy rabbits. Serum albumin of rabbits with fatty degeneration of the liver perturbed 30% of tyrosiles, that evidences for conformational transformations of the rabbit albumin in this pathology.", "PMID": 726088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10638", "title": "[Hydrolytic enzymes of rat tissues with adjuvant arthritis].", "content": "Tissues of rats with adjuvant arthritis manifested differences in activity and distribution between free, latent and membrane-bound forms of acid catepsins, alpha-D- and beta-D-galactosidases, alpha-D- and beta-D-glucosidases, beta-D-glucorunidase, hyaluronidase, acid phosphatase, arylsulphatases (A+B). Activation of certain hydrolytic enzymes is observed in tissues of the liver, kidneys, heart and spleen: a rise in total activity (of arylsulphatase in the liver and acid catepsins in the spleen; hyaluronidase in the kidneys, beta-D-glucuronidase in the heart) and a change in the ratio of different forms with a simultaneous increase in the activity of free form (of hyaluronidase in the spleen, acid phosphatase in the heart and liver). Inhibition of alpha-D-glucosidase in the liver and beta-D-glucosidase in the spleen is also detected. A decrease in the activity of beta-D-glucuronidase in the spleen is pronounced in a significant decrease in the activity of each enzyme free form with no changes in the total activity.", "contents": "[Hydrolytic enzymes of rat tissues with adjuvant arthritis]. Tissues of rats with adjuvant arthritis manifested differences in activity and distribution between free, latent and membrane-bound forms of acid catepsins, alpha-D- and beta-D-galactosidases, alpha-D- and beta-D-glucosidases, beta-D-glucorunidase, hyaluronidase, acid phosphatase, arylsulphatases (A+B). Activation of certain hydrolytic enzymes is observed in tissues of the liver, kidneys, heart and spleen: a rise in total activity (of arylsulphatase in the liver and acid catepsins in the spleen; hyaluronidase in the kidneys, beta-D-glucuronidase in the heart) and a change in the ratio of different forms with a simultaneous increase in the activity of free form (of hyaluronidase in the spleen, acid phosphatase in the heart and liver). Inhibition of alpha-D-glucosidase in the liver and beta-D-glucosidase in the spleen is also detected. A decrease in the activity of beta-D-glucuronidase in the spleen is pronounced in a significant decrease in the activity of each enzyme free form with no changes in the total activity.", "PMID": 726090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10639", "title": "[Metabolism of homocarnosine and gamma-amino butyric acid in different regions of rat brain under hyperoxia].", "content": "The content of homocarnosine, GAMA, histidine, glutaminic acid and activity of glutamate decarboxylase were studied in four regions of rats brain: cerebral hemispheres, midbrain, diencephalon and cerebellum, in norm and under hyperoxia. A considerable decrease in the content of homocarnosine, GAMA and histidine is observed in all the studied regions of the rat brain in the convulsion stage of oxygen poisoning. A decrease in the glutamate  decarboxylase activity is the reason for a drop in the GAMA content. Homocarnosine in the brain is bound functionally with the GAMA level.", "contents": "[Metabolism of homocarnosine and gamma-amino butyric acid in different regions of rat brain under hyperoxia]. The content of homocarnosine, GAMA, histidine, glutaminic acid and activity of glutamate decarboxylase were studied in four regions of rats brain: cerebral hemispheres, midbrain, diencephalon and cerebellum, in norm and under hyperoxia. A considerable decrease in the content of homocarnosine, GAMA and histidine is observed in all the studied regions of the rat brain in the convulsion stage of oxygen poisoning. A decrease in the glutamate  decarboxylase activity is the reason for a drop in the GAMA content. Homocarnosine in the brain is bound functionally with the GAMA level.", "PMID": 726092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10640", "title": "[Chemiluminescence of hemoglobin induced by hydrogen peroxide].", "content": "A new chemiluminescent hemoglobin (H2O2 + KOH) system is suggested. It is characterized by a comparatively high luminescence intensity. The chemiluminescence is shown to depend on the availability of hemoglobin and H2O2 in a cell. The influence of alkali on the luminescence intensity is established. Since the peroxidizing effect of hemoglobin and its derivatives is based on the reaction of these compounds with hydrogen peroxide, the suggestion was made to study this complex process, from kinetics of chemiluminescence that arises during the interaction.", "contents": "[Chemiluminescence of hemoglobin induced by hydrogen peroxide]. A new chemiluminescent hemoglobin (H2O2 + KOH) system is suggested. It is characterized by a comparatively high luminescence intensity. The chemiluminescence is shown to depend on the availability of hemoglobin and H2O2 in a cell. The influence of alkali on the luminescence intensity is established. Since the peroxidizing effect of hemoglobin and its derivatives is based on the reaction of these compounds with hydrogen peroxide, the suggestion was made to study this complex process, from kinetics of chemiluminescence that arises during the interaction.", "PMID": 726093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10641", "title": "[Composition and enzymic activity of cytoplasmic proteins in myometrium of female rabbits during pregnancy].", "content": "It is shown that on the 27-30th day of pregnancy in the myometrium cytoplasm of female rabbits the content of proteins, the aldolase (EC 4.1.2.7) and lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) activities are increased. Redistribution between fractions of certain lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes is observed: the fraction of LDH4--5 increases and that of LDH1--2 decreases, and the ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) activity lowers as well. A rise in the amount of proteins in the female rabbits myometrium cytoplasm in the last days of pregnancy and the growing fraction of LDH4--5 testify to the myometrium enchanced contractility during the labour.", "contents": "[Composition and enzymic activity of cytoplasmic proteins in myometrium of female rabbits during pregnancy]. It is shown that on the 27-30th day of pregnancy in the myometrium cytoplasm of female rabbits the content of proteins, the aldolase (EC 4.1.2.7) and lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) activities are increased. Redistribution between fractions of certain lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes is observed: the fraction of LDH4--5 increases and that of LDH1--2 decreases, and the ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) activity lowers as well. A rise in the amount of proteins in the female rabbits myometrium cytoplasm in the last days of pregnancy and the growing fraction of LDH4--5 testify to the myometrium enchanced contractility during the labour.", "PMID": 726091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10642", "title": "[Study of hydrolase activity of rat small intestine mucosa with vitamin A deficiency].", "content": "The activity of amylase, alkaline phosphatase and lipase in the pancreas, in the mucosa and on the surface of small intestine (turned out segments) was studied for elucidating the effect of vitamin A deficiency on the synthesis of the studied enzymes and their translocation to the surface of glycocalix cell membranes. The activity of amylase is established to increase in the homogenate of the pancreas, intestine mucosa and on the surface of cell membranes. The activity of alkaline phosphatase and lipase in the homogenate of small intestine mucosa and in the pancreas lowers. The results obtained evidence for a disturbance in the intestine digestive function with vitamin A deficiency, the may be connected with the damage of the mucosa membrane structures as well as with a disturbance in the biosynthesis of the protein playing a decisive role in formation of secretory products in cells.", "contents": "[Study of hydrolase activity of rat small intestine mucosa with vitamin A deficiency]. The activity of amylase, alkaline phosphatase and lipase in the pancreas, in the mucosa and on the surface of small intestine (turned out segments) was studied for elucidating the effect of vitamin A deficiency on the synthesis of the studied enzymes and their translocation to the surface of glycocalix cell membranes. The activity of amylase is established to increase in the homogenate of the pancreas, intestine mucosa and on the surface of cell membranes. The activity of alkaline phosphatase and lipase in the homogenate of small intestine mucosa and in the pancreas lowers. The results obtained evidence for a disturbance in the intestine digestive function with vitamin A deficiency, the may be connected with the damage of the mucosa membrane structures as well as with a disturbance in the biosynthesis of the protein playing a decisive role in formation of secretory products in cells.", "PMID": 726094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10643", "title": "[Carbohydrate metabolism and endogenous hyperlipemia].", "content": "The state of carbohydrate metabolism was studied under conditions of endogenous hyperlipemia induced by triton WR-1339. The data obtained testify to the fact that administration of triton WR-1339 to experimental animals intensifies lipogenesis from carbohydrates, that is confirmed by a decrease in the glycogen amount in the liver and by an activation of the pentose-phosphate pathway of carbohydrate oxidation which is important for cells intensely synthetizing fatty acids. Thus, there is a relation between disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism and development of hyperlipemia induced by the triton.", "contents": "[Carbohydrate metabolism and endogenous hyperlipemia]. The state of carbohydrate metabolism was studied under conditions of endogenous hyperlipemia induced by triton WR-1339. The data obtained testify to the fact that administration of triton WR-1339 to experimental animals intensifies lipogenesis from carbohydrates, that is confirmed by a decrease in the glycogen amount in the liver and by an activation of the pentose-phosphate pathway of carbohydrate oxidation which is important for cells intensely synthetizing fatty acids. Thus, there is a relation between disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism and development of hyperlipemia induced by the triton.", "PMID": 726096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10644", "title": "[On cytocidic effect of exogenous modified DNA].", "content": "The number of defects of the secondary structure and dispersions of the molecular weights of DNA preparations were studied before and after their gamma-irradiation within a 5-2500 krad range of doses. These results are compared with the ability of the irradiated preparations to induce death of thymocytes irradiated in vivo during their combined incubation in vitro. It is established that the DNA biological activity is a result of the presence in the total preparation of molecule fractions of 5.10(6) or 1.10(6) Daltons with 3 or 50-80 defects of the secondary structure.", "contents": "[On cytocidic effect of exogenous modified DNA]. The number of defects of the secondary structure and dispersions of the molecular weights of DNA preparations were studied before and after their gamma-irradiation within a 5-2500 krad range of doses. These results are compared with the ability of the irradiated preparations to induce death of thymocytes irradiated in vivo during their combined incubation in vitro. It is established that the DNA biological activity is a result of the presence in the total preparation of molecule fractions of 5.10(6) or 1.10(6) Daltons with 3 or 50-80 defects of the secondary structure.", "PMID": 726095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10645", "title": "[Studies of histone-nonhistone complex].", "content": "A chromatin protein complex was isolated from the calf thymus using hydroxyapatite without denaturants. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that this complex consisted of five histones and nonhistone proteins. The complex is stable in 2 M sodium chloride. As the evidence of its stability the results are presented or rechromatography on hydroxyapatite, of gel-filtration on Sephadex G-150 and of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after crosslinking proteins by formaldehyde under mild conditions. It is suggested, that hydrophobic interactions which take place under high ionic strength due to the counteraction of protein charged groups, are among the possible mechanisms. This is supported by partial dissociation of the complex with a decrease in the sodium chloride concentrations in the solution.", "contents": "[Studies of histone-nonhistone complex]. A chromatin protein complex was isolated from the calf thymus using hydroxyapatite without denaturants. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that this complex consisted of five histones and nonhistone proteins. The complex is stable in 2 M sodium chloride. As the evidence of its stability the results are presented or rechromatography on hydroxyapatite, of gel-filtration on Sephadex G-150 and of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after crosslinking proteins by formaldehyde under mild conditions. It is suggested, that hydrophobic interactions which take place under high ionic strength due to the counteraction of protein charged groups, are among the possible mechanisms. This is supported by partial dissociation of the complex with a decrease in the sodium chloride concentrations in the solution.", "PMID": 726097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10646", "title": "[Effect of carbonic acid of different concentrations of the glycolysis processes and tricarboxylic acid cycle in rat liver tissues].", "content": "A rise in the carbonic acid and pH level in rat blood determines an increase in oxidative properties of the liver cell cytoplasm. Simultaneously the content of alpha-ketoglutarate, isocitrate, glutamate, alpha-glycerophosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, pyruvate, lactate, malate increases and the level of glucose, glutamine and ammonia decreases. The in vitro experiments showed that the rise in the level of carbonic acid in the incubation medium from 10 up to 40 mM under all the studied values of pH (7.2, 7.4, 7.6) stimulates formation of dihydroxyacetone phosphate, malate, pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate (by 1.5-2.0 times). The same regularity is observed for lactate and glutamate at pH 7.4 and 7.6. The increase in the level of carbonic acid under the all studied values of pH produces a 1.5-fold decrease in the ammonia concentration.", "contents": "[Effect of carbonic acid of different concentrations of the glycolysis processes and tricarboxylic acid cycle in rat liver tissues]. A rise in the carbonic acid and pH level in rat blood determines an increase in oxidative properties of the liver cell cytoplasm. Simultaneously the content of alpha-ketoglutarate, isocitrate, glutamate, alpha-glycerophosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, pyruvate, lactate, malate increases and the level of glucose, glutamine and ammonia decreases. The in vitro experiments showed that the rise in the level of carbonic acid in the incubation medium from 10 up to 40 mM under all the studied values of pH (7.2, 7.4, 7.6) stimulates formation of dihydroxyacetone phosphate, malate, pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate (by 1.5-2.0 times). The same regularity is observed for lactate and glutamate at pH 7.4 and 7.6. The increase in the level of carbonic acid under the all studied values of pH produces a 1.5-fold decrease in the ammonia concentration.", "PMID": 726098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10647", "title": "[The significance of axial misalignment as a pre-osteoarthrotic deformity, and its radiological assessment].", "content": "Pathological misalignment of the axis of the leg in the frontal plane should always be considered as predisposing to osteoarthrosis of the knee joint. This is especially relevant with increasing age. Complete radiological investigation of the leg with the patient standing allows determination of the site and degree of any axial deviation and calculation of the required angle of correction. In the light of these considerations it is apparent that correction of pathological axial misalignment of the leg is not only justified but necessary.", "contents": "[The significance of axial misalignment as a pre-osteoarthrotic deformity, and its radiological assessment]. Pathological misalignment of the axis of the leg in the frontal plane should always be considered as predisposing to osteoarthrosis of the knee joint. This is especially relevant with increasing age. Complete radiological investigation of the leg with the patient standing allows determination of the site and degree of any axial deviation and calculation of the required angle of correction. In the light of these considerations it is apparent that correction of pathological axial misalignment of the leg is not only justified but necessary.", "PMID": 726143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10648", "title": "[Corrective osteotomies of the head of the tibia (indications, technique and results) (author's transl)].", "content": "The best indication for corrective osteotomy of the head of the tibia is unilateral osteoarthrosis of the knee joint in which the apical angle of the deformity lies in the head of the tibia or in the joint. Full-length radiographs of the leg are indispensable to determine the level of the osteotomy and the angle of correction required. The indications for high openwedge osteotomy of the tibial condyles and high osteotomy of the head of the tibia are discussed, and some of the technical details of the osteotomy and its fixation are described. Between 1970 and 1977, 139 corrective osteotomies of the head of the tibia were carried out in our clinic. Seventy nine adult patients with 100 operated knees were followed up approximately 3.5 years after operation. In 80% there was an improvement with regard to pain and walking distance when compared with the praeoperative state. The results depend on the kind of deformity (varus deformities generally show a better result) and the seriousness and duration of pre-existing osteoarthrosis and laxity of the ligaments.", "contents": "[Corrective osteotomies of the head of the tibia (indications, technique and results) (author's transl)]. The best indication for corrective osteotomy of the head of the tibia is unilateral osteoarthrosis of the knee joint in which the apical angle of the deformity lies in the head of the tibia or in the joint. Full-length radiographs of the leg are indispensable to determine the level of the osteotomy and the angle of correction required. The indications for high openwedge osteotomy of the tibial condyles and high osteotomy of the head of the tibia are discussed, and some of the technical details of the osteotomy and its fixation are described. Between 1970 and 1977, 139 corrective osteotomies of the head of the tibia were carried out in our clinic. Seventy nine adult patients with 100 operated knees were followed up approximately 3.5 years after operation. In 80% there was an improvement with regard to pain and walking distance when compared with the praeoperative state. The results depend on the kind of deformity (varus deformities generally show a better result) and the seriousness and duration of pre-existing osteoarthrosis and laxity of the ligaments.", "PMID": 726145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10649", "title": "[Corrective orthopedic surgery following injury to the epiphyses adjacent to the knee joint (author's transl)].", "content": "Epiphyseal lesions adjacent to the knee joint may result in disturbances of growth with subsequent changes of leg length and knee axis. Both conditions involving the weight-bearing lower extremities call for correction. Knowledge of the epiphysis' pathophysiology, the case history, and the actual situation compared to the contralateral extremity is the basis of management along with the command of physiologically reasonable as well as technically feasible operations. Final normalisation may be achieved by static correction using modern internal fixation techniques and bone grafts once growth is terminated. Serious axis deviations and leg length discrepancies exceeding 10 degrees and 3 centimeters respectively should, however, be corrected, even if growth is still in progress. It may be possible to eliminate the cause of deformation by removing an epiphysiodesis. Methods to accelerate growth have not been useful clinically. Temporary deceleration of growth by means of epiphyseal staples is justified in certain cases provided close follow-up is possible. Static correction as outlined will also produce the most dependable results if growth is still in progress.", "contents": "[Corrective orthopedic surgery following injury to the epiphyses adjacent to the knee joint (author's transl)]. Epiphyseal lesions adjacent to the knee joint may result in disturbances of growth with subsequent changes of leg length and knee axis. Both conditions involving the weight-bearing lower extremities call for correction. Knowledge of the epiphysis' pathophysiology, the case history, and the actual situation compared to the contralateral extremity is the basis of management along with the command of physiologically reasonable as well as technically feasible operations. Final normalisation may be achieved by static correction using modern internal fixation techniques and bone grafts once growth is terminated. Serious axis deviations and leg length discrepancies exceeding 10 degrees and 3 centimeters respectively should, however, be corrected, even if growth is still in progress. It may be possible to eliminate the cause of deformation by removing an epiphysiodesis. Methods to accelerate growth have not been useful clinically. Temporary deceleration of growth by means of epiphyseal staples is justified in certain cases provided close follow-up is possible. Static correction as outlined will also produce the most dependable results if growth is still in progress.", "PMID": 726146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10650", "title": "[The technique of arthroscopy with nitrous oxide insufflation (author's transl)].", "content": "Since April 1977 we have carried out more than 250 arthroscopies using a nitrous oxide insufflation device. Nitrous oxide is completely non-toxic to the tissues and is rapidly absorbed. Unlike carbon dioxide, which is the other commonly used insufflation gas, nitrous oxide does not combine with water to form an acid which can irritate the tissues. Furthermore, it is more rapidly absorbed than air. The normal insufflation pressure of 50 mm Hg is usually sufficient to expand the soft parts of the knee joint to the required degree. Interstitial nitrous oxide emphysema occurred in only 7 cases; it was of limited degree in each case and attributable to initial technical difficulties with the apparatus, selection of an excessive insufflation pressure, or additional stab incision. The nitrous oxide emphysema was always asymptomatic and, in some cases, was not even noticed by the patient. No infections of the knee joint or other serious complication followed insufflation with this device, which incorporated a bacterial filter.", "contents": "[The technique of arthroscopy with nitrous oxide insufflation (author's transl)]. Since April 1977 we have carried out more than 250 arthroscopies using a nitrous oxide insufflation device. Nitrous oxide is completely non-toxic to the tissues and is rapidly absorbed. Unlike carbon dioxide, which is the other commonly used insufflation gas, nitrous oxide does not combine with water to form an acid which can irritate the tissues. Furthermore, it is more rapidly absorbed than air. The normal insufflation pressure of 50 mm Hg is usually sufficient to expand the soft parts of the knee joint to the required degree. Interstitial nitrous oxide emphysema occurred in only 7 cases; it was of limited degree in each case and attributable to initial technical difficulties with the apparatus, selection of an excessive insufflation pressure, or additional stab incision. The nitrous oxide emphysema was always asymptomatic and, in some cases, was not even noticed by the patient. No infections of the knee joint or other serious complication followed insufflation with this device, which incorporated a bacterial filter.", "PMID": 726147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10651", "title": "[Urinary bladder carcinoma in biopsies of the last 50 years. Changes in frequency and sex distribution (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparative investigations of 440 urinary bladder biopsies from 1927 to 1957 and 1634 bladder biopsies from 1972 to 1976 showed the following: Epithelial bladder tumors are today found much more frequently among old age groups than they used to be. Bladder carcinoma have also been noticed more frequently among women in recent years. The sex ratio of men to women has dropped from 3.4:1 to 2.6:1. In the past five years there has been a steady rise in the frequency of carcinoma; the number of biopsies has risen 67% over the established rates of 1972. The percentage of pure squamous cell carcinoma of bladder cancer found from 1927 to 1957 was 5.1%, almost double the rate of 1972 to 1976, which was 2.8%; 89.5% of all tumors from the first time interval and 93% from the second were transitional cell carcinomas. Highly differentiated epithelial bladder tumors are today more frequently diagnosed than before. The ratio of high- to low-differentiated bladder tumors is presently 1.7:1 in patients under the age of 50, and 1.3:1 in patients over 50.", "contents": "[Urinary bladder carcinoma in biopsies of the last 50 years. Changes in frequency and sex distribution (author's transl)]. Comparative investigations of 440 urinary bladder biopsies from 1927 to 1957 and 1634 bladder biopsies from 1972 to 1976 showed the following: Epithelial bladder tumors are today found much more frequently among old age groups than they used to be. Bladder carcinoma have also been noticed more frequently among women in recent years. The sex ratio of men to women has dropped from 3.4:1 to 2.6:1. In the past five years there has been a steady rise in the frequency of carcinoma; the number of biopsies has risen 67% over the established rates of 1972. The percentage of pure squamous cell carcinoma of bladder cancer found from 1927 to 1957 was 5.1%, almost double the rate of 1972 to 1976, which was 2.8%; 89.5% of all tumors from the first time interval and 93% from the second were transitional cell carcinomas. Highly differentiated epithelial bladder tumors are today more frequently diagnosed than before. The ratio of high- to low-differentiated bladder tumors is presently 1.7:1 in patients under the age of 50, and 1.3:1 in patients over 50.", "PMID": 726158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10652", "title": "[Results from cytologic grading of prostatic carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The result of cytologic grading (according to Esposti) was confirmed by histology (according to Dhom 1974) in 46.1 percent of 92 cytologically and histologically proven prostatic carcinomas. The reproducibility of the results of cytologic grading was 60.9 percent. In 39.1 percent the difference was one grade. The criteria of cytologic grading were analyzed. Structural details were more reproducible than cellular details. Simplification and standardisation of cytological grading are proposed.", "contents": "[Results from cytologic grading of prostatic carcinoma (author's transl)]. The result of cytologic grading (according to Esposti) was confirmed by histology (according to Dhom 1974) in 46.1 percent of 92 cytologically and histologically proven prostatic carcinomas. The reproducibility of the results of cytologic grading was 60.9 percent. In 39.1 percent the difference was one grade. The criteria of cytologic grading were analyzed. Structural details were more reproducible than cellular details. Simplification and standardisation of cytological grading are proposed.", "PMID": 726159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10653", "title": "[The prognostic significance of cytologic differentiation grades of estrogen-treated prostata carcinoma. Progress control of 496 prostate carcinoma patients treated with estrogen for five years (author's transl)].", "content": "The morphologic differentiation grade of cytologic smear preparations proved to be a reliable gradation measurement for the prognosis of 496 patients suffering from prostate cancer and treated with estrogen. Compared with that of other cancer patients, the life expectancy of low-differentiated and anaplastic cancer patients undergoing estrogen treatment is so poor that the rationale of using antiandrogenous treatment in this carcinoma group seems extremely questionable to us. This is why, in view of the predictable prognosis, the differentiation grade of the tumor should be considered when undertaking therapeutic measures.", "contents": "[The prognostic significance of cytologic differentiation grades of estrogen-treated prostata carcinoma. Progress control of 496 prostate carcinoma patients treated with estrogen for five years (author's transl)]. The morphologic differentiation grade of cytologic smear preparations proved to be a reliable gradation measurement for the prognosis of 496 patients suffering from prostate cancer and treated with estrogen. Compared with that of other cancer patients, the life expectancy of low-differentiated and anaplastic cancer patients undergoing estrogen treatment is so poor that the rationale of using antiandrogenous treatment in this carcinoma group seems extremely questionable to us. This is why, in view of the predictable prognosis, the differentiation grade of the tumor should be considered when undertaking therapeutic measures.", "PMID": 726160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10654", "title": "[Testosterone serum concentrations after subcapsular orchiectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Twelve patients with prostatic carcinoma in stage C or D underwent subcapsular orchiectomy. Testosterone serum concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay before and up to eight months following orchiectomy. After an initial decrease, testosterone concentrations remained between 0.42 ng and 0.67 ng/ml serum throughout the observation period. Stimulation with 5000 IU hCG/day for three days did not cause an increase in testosterone concentrations.", "contents": "[Testosterone serum concentrations after subcapsular orchiectomy (author's transl)]. Twelve patients with prostatic carcinoma in stage C or D underwent subcapsular orchiectomy. Testosterone serum concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay before and up to eight months following orchiectomy. After an initial decrease, testosterone concentrations remained between 0.42 ng and 0.67 ng/ml serum throughout the observation period. Stimulation with 5000 IU hCG/day for three days did not cause an increase in testosterone concentrations.", "PMID": 726161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10655", "title": "[Suprapubic urine drainage--experiment with a disposable catheter (author's transl)].", "content": "In 100 urologic cases, disposable suprapubic catheters were used instead of transurethral catheters. We report on bacteriuria, the time of catheter drainage, possible infections of the urinary tract and spermiducts, as well as on residual urine. Drainage of the bladder being the only purpose of a catheter, we nowadays prefer suprapubic drainage.", "contents": "[Suprapubic urine drainage--experiment with a disposable catheter (author's transl)]. In 100 urologic cases, disposable suprapubic catheters were used instead of transurethral catheters. We report on bacteriuria, the time of catheter drainage, possible infections of the urinary tract and spermiducts, as well as on residual urine. Drainage of the bladder being the only purpose of a catheter, we nowadays prefer suprapubic drainage.", "PMID": 726162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10656", "title": "[An additional aid in rapid electrosection: a rubber ball in the suction tube (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple additional device in the form of a rubber ball in the drainage pipe of the resectioning shaft is described. Pieces of material that clog the drainage pipe can be quickly removed. This appliance is especially useful for large resections.", "contents": "[An additional aid in rapid electrosection: a rubber ball in the suction tube (author's transl)]. A simple additional device in the form of a rubber ball in the drainage pipe of the resectioning shaft is described. Pieces of material that clog the drainage pipe can be quickly removed. This appliance is especially useful for large resections.", "PMID": 726163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10657", "title": "[Information about an improved surgical procedure in transvesicular prostatectomy in order to reduce post operative haemorrhage (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a method of noticeably reducing postoperative hemorrhage after prostatectomy by pressure from a catheter balloon which is itself wrapped in tabotamp material.", "contents": "[Information about an improved surgical procedure in transvesicular prostatectomy in order to reduce post operative haemorrhage (author's transl)]. Report on a method of noticeably reducing postoperative hemorrhage after prostatectomy by pressure from a catheter balloon which is itself wrapped in tabotamp material.", "PMID": 726164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10658", "title": "[Comparative cytologic and flow-through cytophotometric studies in prostate cells (author's transl)].", "content": "Concerning the content of DNA, there are significant differences between nuclei of cells from the adenoma and those from the carcinoma of the prostate. As it is possible to measure these differences by using flow-through cytophotometry, this method might also be capable of automatizing the cytology of this organ. In a clinical study, the results of cytologic examinations and flow-through cytophotometric tests of the prostate are compared. They are comparable in the case of benign diseases of the prostate. In carcinomas of the prostate, cytology gives more positive results than flow-through cytophotometry. An improvement of these findings seems possible through the technical amendment of the method. The number of probes that can not be interpreted are fewer with flow-through cytophotometry than with cytology.", "contents": "[Comparative cytologic and flow-through cytophotometric studies in prostate cells (author's transl)]. Concerning the content of DNA, there are significant differences between nuclei of cells from the adenoma and those from the carcinoma of the prostate. As it is possible to measure these differences by using flow-through cytophotometry, this method might also be capable of automatizing the cytology of this organ. In a clinical study, the results of cytologic examinations and flow-through cytophotometric tests of the prostate are compared. They are comparable in the case of benign diseases of the prostate. In carcinomas of the prostate, cytology gives more positive results than flow-through cytophotometry. An improvement of these findings seems possible through the technical amendment of the method. The number of probes that can not be interpreted are fewer with flow-through cytophotometry than with cytology.", "PMID": 726165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10659", "title": "[Morphologic changes of the renal arteries following instrumental compression (author's transl)].", "content": "In the present work, light-microscopic changes in the renal arteries of the rabbit following instrumental compression for specific intervals are described: 1. Compression led to necrosis of whole layers of the vascular walls, which could already be observed under the light microscope after 3 h.--2. The degree of wall necrosis depends only on the pressure of the clamp: not on the duration.--3. Experience shows that, independent of the type of clamp, there is complete regeneration of the adventitia and media by the fourth postoperative week.--4. In all vessels, the residual effect is a 2--5 layer proliferation of the intima that extends over the entire clamped area for 4--8 weeks postoperatively.--5. In 2 out of 80 renal arteries, arterial thromboses developed.", "contents": "[Morphologic changes of the renal arteries following instrumental compression (author's transl)]. In the present work, light-microscopic changes in the renal arteries of the rabbit following instrumental compression for specific intervals are described: 1. Compression led to necrosis of whole layers of the vascular walls, which could already be observed under the light microscope after 3 h.--2. The degree of wall necrosis depends only on the pressure of the clamp: not on the duration.--3. Experience shows that, independent of the type of clamp, there is complete regeneration of the adventitia and media by the fourth postoperative week.--4. In all vessels, the residual effect is a 2--5 layer proliferation of the intima that extends over the entire clamped area for 4--8 weeks postoperatively.--5. In 2 out of 80 renal arteries, arterial thromboses developed.", "PMID": 726166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10660", "title": "Childhood embryonal carcinoma of testes.", "content": "Aggressive combined therapy for pediatric embryonal carcinoma of the testis appears to be warranted. The use of cycled chemotherapy has a place in treatment of this disease even in patients with a negative lymphadenectomy.", "contents": "Childhood embryonal carcinoma of testes. Aggressive combined therapy for pediatric embryonal carcinoma of the testis appears to be warranted. The use of cycled chemotherapy has a place in treatment of this disease even in patients with a negative lymphadenectomy.", "PMID": 726167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10661", "title": "Clinical disorders of sodium, potassium, chloride, and sulfur metabolism. Diagnostic approach in children.", "content": "Information concerning normal concentrations of serum sodium, potassium, chloride, and sulfate as well as clinically useful data concerning absorption and excretion of these physiologically important ions are reviewed. Clinical approaches to diagnosis of these electrolyte disturbances are summarized with special emphasis on interpretation and treatment of some of these disorders in children.", "contents": "Clinical disorders of sodium, potassium, chloride, and sulfur metabolism. Diagnostic approach in children. Information concerning normal concentrations of serum sodium, potassium, chloride, and sulfate as well as clinically useful data concerning absorption and excretion of these physiologically important ions are reviewed. Clinical approaches to diagnosis of these electrolyte disturbances are summarized with special emphasis on interpretation and treatment of some of these disorders in children.", "PMID": 726168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10662", "title": "Ureterovesical reimplantation in children. Surgical results in 491 children.", "content": "The experience with ureterovesical reimplantation in 491 children is presented. A success rate of 92% using the Paquin technique is reported. The ineffectiveness of ureteral reimplantation in the face of massive hydronephrosis and thick-walled contracted bladder is stressed.", "contents": "Ureterovesical reimplantation in children. Surgical results in 491 children. The experience with ureterovesical reimplantation in 491 children is presented. A success rate of 92% using the Paquin technique is reported. The ineffectiveness of ureteral reimplantation in the face of massive hydronephrosis and thick-walled contracted bladder is stressed.", "PMID": 726169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10663", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity in patients with renal cell carcinoma as measured by leukocyte migration inhibition test.", "content": "The cell-mediated immune (CMI) response to tumor-associated antigens present in 3 M KCL extracts of renal cell carcinoma tissue was measured in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) by the leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) test. Of 30 patients with histologically proved RCC, 19 (63%) gave a positive LMI test; whereas, 2 of 28 (7%) of the normal donors, 13 of 43 (30%) patients with other cancers, and 5 of 14 (36%) benign kidney disease patients gave positive tests. Thirteen per cent of RCC patients reacted to a normal kidney extract. Although 33% gave a positive response to a lung carcinoma extract, the incidence of reactivity was less than that observed with the lung cancer patients. These results suggest that a CMI response to a renal carcinoma-associated antigen was measured by the LMI test. Correlation of the LMI data with the stage of disease and clinical status indicated that 71% of patients that had a localized tumor and were clinically free of disease one year postnephrectomy lost their tumor-directed CMI response. Patients with distant metastasis (Stage D) were LMI positive provided they had not received radiation or hormone therapy at the time of testing. These results suggest that the demonstration of CMI, as measured by the leukocyte migration inhibition test, correlates with the presence of active disease.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity in patients with renal cell carcinoma as measured by leukocyte migration inhibition test. The cell-mediated immune (CMI) response to tumor-associated antigens present in 3 M KCL extracts of renal cell carcinoma tissue was measured in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) by the leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) test. Of 30 patients with histologically proved RCC, 19 (63%) gave a positive LMI test; whereas, 2 of 28 (7%) of the normal donors, 13 of 43 (30%) patients with other cancers, and 5 of 14 (36%) benign kidney disease patients gave positive tests. Thirteen per cent of RCC patients reacted to a normal kidney extract. Although 33% gave a positive response to a lung carcinoma extract, the incidence of reactivity was less than that observed with the lung cancer patients. These results suggest that a CMI response to a renal carcinoma-associated antigen was measured by the LMI test. Correlation of the LMI data with the stage of disease and clinical status indicated that 71% of patients that had a localized tumor and were clinically free of disease one year postnephrectomy lost their tumor-directed CMI response. Patients with distant metastasis (Stage D) were LMI positive provided they had not received radiation or hormone therapy at the time of testing. These results suggest that the demonstration of CMI, as measured by the leukocyte migration inhibition test, correlates with the presence of active disease.", "PMID": 726170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10664", "title": "Vaginal cystectomy.", "content": "The technique of vaginal cystectomy is described in 2 patients. These patients were particularly suited for vaginal cystectomy because severe lower abdominal scarring from previous multiple abdominal operations would have made the standard suprapubic approach difficult.", "contents": "Vaginal cystectomy. The technique of vaginal cystectomy is described in 2 patients. These patients were particularly suited for vaginal cystectomy because severe lower abdominal scarring from previous multiple abdominal operations would have made the standard suprapubic approach difficult.", "PMID": 726171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10665", "title": "Female partner perception of Small-Carrion implant.", "content": "Thirty-one female partners of penile implant recipients were interviewed postoperatively. A majority of women exhibited anxiety regarding the outcome of the surgery. Preoperative visit with the urologist by almost 50% of the women benefitted the couple's sexual satisfaction. It is suggested that the surgeon include the female partner in the preoperative consultation.", "contents": "Female partner perception of Small-Carrion implant. Thirty-one female partners of penile implant recipients were interviewed postoperatively. A majority of women exhibited anxiety regarding the outcome of the surgery. Preoperative visit with the urologist by almost 50% of the women benefitted the couple's sexual satisfaction. It is suggested that the surgeon include the female partner in the preoperative consultation.", "PMID": 726172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10666", "title": "Urologic manifestations of Wegener granulomatosis.", "content": "Wegener granulomatosis is a disease characterized by necrotizing granulomatous angiitis involving the upper and lower respiratory tracts and the kidneys. The introduction of cyclophosphamide in the treatment of Wegener granulomatosis has dramatically altered the rapidly fatal course of the disease and has altered our thinking regarding its management. Recently we have cared for 3 patients who demonstrated a dramatic spectrum of urinary tract pathology related to Wegener granulomatosis. The cases presented offer three points for consideration by the urologist: (1) the manifestations of the disease in the genitourinary tract can be varied and can present in a dramatic fashion; (2) the rapid progression of renal failure and the nearly uniform mortality associated with the disease have changed largely because of the use of cyclophosphamide; and (3) our approach toward patients with renal failure on the basis of Wegener granulomatosis can be altered, and renal transplantation is certainly feasible with the increased longevity afforded these patients by cyclophosphamide.", "contents": "Urologic manifestations of Wegener granulomatosis. Wegener granulomatosis is a disease characterized by necrotizing granulomatous angiitis involving the upper and lower respiratory tracts and the kidneys. The introduction of cyclophosphamide in the treatment of Wegener granulomatosis has dramatically altered the rapidly fatal course of the disease and has altered our thinking regarding its management. Recently we have cared for 3 patients who demonstrated a dramatic spectrum of urinary tract pathology related to Wegener granulomatosis. The cases presented offer three points for consideration by the urologist: (1) the manifestations of the disease in the genitourinary tract can be varied and can present in a dramatic fashion; (2) the rapid progression of renal failure and the nearly uniform mortality associated with the disease have changed largely because of the use of cyclophosphamide; and (3) our approach toward patients with renal failure on the basis of Wegener granulomatosis can be altered, and renal transplantation is certainly feasible with the increased longevity afforded these patients by cyclophosphamide.", "PMID": 726173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10667", "title": "Urologists and their surgical practice.", "content": "The work characteristics of urologists were studied as part of a national study of surgeon manpower. Urologists were found to work short hours relative to other surgical specialties, and their operative work load ranked sixth among the ten surgical specialties. The major conclusion was that the supply of urologists was greater than necessary to meet the need for urologic consultants.", "contents": "Urologists and their surgical practice. The work characteristics of urologists were studied as part of a national study of surgeon manpower. Urologists were found to work short hours relative to other surgical specialties, and their operative work load ranked sixth among the ten surgical specialties. The major conclusion was that the supply of urologists was greater than necessary to meet the need for urologic consultants.", "PMID": 726174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10668", "title": "Forgotten kidney: asynchronous bilateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction.", "content": "A case is presented in which ureteropelvic junction obstruction developed in a kidney that had apparently been normal at the time of contralateral nephrectomy for ureteropelvic junction obstruction nine years previously. Therapeutic implications are discussed.", "contents": "Forgotten kidney: asynchronous bilateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction. A case is presented in which ureteropelvic junction obstruction developed in a kidney that had apparently been normal at the time of contralateral nephrectomy for ureteropelvic junction obstruction nine years previously. Therapeutic implications are discussed.", "PMID": 726175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10669", "title": "Retroperitoneal fibrosis with ureteral obstruction secondary to Actinomyces israeli.", "content": "A case of Actinomycosis israeli causing retroperitoneal fibrosis and ureteral obstruction is presented. This rare occurrence followed direct extension of the infectious process from intra-abdominal abscesses to the retroperitoneum, resulting in dense fibrosis. Diagnosis is most commonly established by histologic identification of sulfur granules obtained at abdominal exploration. The pathogenesis and treatment of genitourinary as well as retroperitoneal actinomycosis is discussed.", "contents": "Retroperitoneal fibrosis with ureteral obstruction secondary to Actinomyces israeli. A case of Actinomycosis israeli causing retroperitoneal fibrosis and ureteral obstruction is presented. This rare occurrence followed direct extension of the infectious process from intra-abdominal abscesses to the retroperitoneum, resulting in dense fibrosis. Diagnosis is most commonly established by histologic identification of sulfur granules obtained at abdominal exploration. The pathogenesis and treatment of genitourinary as well as retroperitoneal actinomycosis is discussed.", "PMID": 726176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10670", "title": "Seminal vesicle cyst associated with ipsilateral renal agenesis.", "content": "Seminal vesicle cysts present at the age of high sexual activity. They manifest with symptoms of bladder irritation and pain on ejaculation. They arise because of congenital obstruction of ejaculatory duct. Diagnosis can be made by careful rectal examination supplemented by an intravenous urogram, cystogram, seminal vesiculogram, and cystourethroscopy. Surgical excision of the cyst is the definitive treatment. We present a case of right seminal vesicle cyst associated with ipsilateral renal agenesis, with a review of the pertinent literature.", "contents": "Seminal vesicle cyst associated with ipsilateral renal agenesis. Seminal vesicle cysts present at the age of high sexual activity. They manifest with symptoms of bladder irritation and pain on ejaculation. They arise because of congenital obstruction of ejaculatory duct. Diagnosis can be made by careful rectal examination supplemented by an intravenous urogram, cystogram, seminal vesiculogram, and cystourethroscopy. Surgical excision of the cyst is the definitive treatment. We present a case of right seminal vesicle cyst associated with ipsilateral renal agenesis, with a review of the pertinent literature.", "PMID": 726177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10671", "title": "New method of treatment of immune infertility.", "content": "A history is presented of a couple suffering from long-standing infertility, which on laboratory investigation was found to be immunologic infertility, as expressed in the male partner. This case of male infertility was diagnosed by findings of sperm antibody in both the serum and the seminal plasma of the man, using both the Kibrick and the F-D sperm agglutination test methods. A new effort at treatment, by means of attempted immunosuppression, was proposed and applied, using corticosteroid medication. The special feature of this treatment involved a high dosage (96 mg. per day of methylprednisolone) for a short period (seven days). Laboratory studies revealed that the antibody levels, in both his serum and seminal plasma, did fall considerably. The wife became pregnant in the subsequent cycle. It is proposed that such diagnostic and treatment efforts be tried in other cases of male immunologic infertility.", "contents": "New method of treatment of immune infertility. A history is presented of a couple suffering from long-standing infertility, which on laboratory investigation was found to be immunologic infertility, as expressed in the male partner. This case of male infertility was diagnosed by findings of sperm antibody in both the serum and the seminal plasma of the man, using both the Kibrick and the F-D sperm agglutination test methods. A new effort at treatment, by means of attempted immunosuppression, was proposed and applied, using corticosteroid medication. The special feature of this treatment involved a high dosage (96 mg. per day of methylprednisolone) for a short period (seven days). Laboratory studies revealed that the antibody levels, in both his serum and seminal plasma, did fall considerably. The wife became pregnant in the subsequent cycle. It is proposed that such diagnostic and treatment efforts be tried in other cases of male immunologic infertility.", "PMID": 726181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10672", "title": "Mucinous urethral caruncle.", "content": "A case of urethral caruncle, composed exclusively of mucin-secreting colonic-type glands and believed to be the first on record, is described. The lesion presented clinically as an ordinary caruncle and was treated by local excision. The histogenesis of the lesion is discussed, and its probable origin from an intraurethral cloacogenic colonic gland rest is proposed.", "contents": "Mucinous urethral caruncle. A case of urethral caruncle, composed exclusively of mucin-secreting colonic-type glands and believed to be the first on record, is described. The lesion presented clinically as an ordinary caruncle and was treated by local excision. The histogenesis of the lesion is discussed, and its probable origin from an intraurethral cloacogenic colonic gland rest is proposed.", "PMID": 726182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10673", "title": "Computed tomography in diagnosis of pelvic lipomatosis.", "content": "Pelvic lipomatosis is a rare condition which may be associated with obstructive uropathy. The radiologic features may be stimulated by pelvic malignancy and, in the past, surgery has often had to be performed for confirmation of the diagnosis. A case is described in which computed tomography (CT) provided definite proof that the pelvic organ displacement was due to excessive fat. It is considered that CT may obviate the need for further workup or surgery in these patients unless exploration is required for the relief of ureteric obstruction.", "contents": "Computed tomography in diagnosis of pelvic lipomatosis. Pelvic lipomatosis is a rare condition which may be associated with obstructive uropathy. The radiologic features may be stimulated by pelvic malignancy and, in the past, surgery has often had to be performed for confirmation of the diagnosis. A case is described in which computed tomography (CT) provided definite proof that the pelvic organ displacement was due to excessive fat. It is considered that CT may obviate the need for further workup or surgery in these patients unless exploration is required for the relief of ureteric obstruction.", "PMID": 726185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10674", "title": "Renal venography. New applications in pathologic conditions.", "content": "Renal venography may be an extremely useful adjunctive diagnostic procedure in selected cases of renal disease. The techniques utilized in renal phlebography are described, and the newer applications of this technique are discussed and illustrated.", "contents": "Renal venography. New applications in pathologic conditions. Renal venography may be an extremely useful adjunctive diagnostic procedure in selected cases of renal disease. The techniques utilized in renal phlebography are described, and the newer applications of this technique are discussed and illustrated.", "PMID": 726186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10675", "title": "Carcinoma of urachus with extensive abdominal calcification.", "content": "Carcinoma of the urachus, a relatively rare genitourinary neoplasm, usually presents as a supravesical mass. This tumor may occasionally calcify, which together with other radiographic and clinical features may permit a specific preoperative diagnosis. The calcifications also enable an evaluation of recurrence via plain films. A case is presented, with the clinical, radiologic, sonographic, and radionuclide imaging characteristics reviewed.", "contents": "Carcinoma of urachus with extensive abdominal calcification. Carcinoma of the urachus, a relatively rare genitourinary neoplasm, usually presents as a supravesical mass. This tumor may occasionally calcify, which together with other radiographic and clinical features may permit a specific preoperative diagnosis. The calcifications also enable an evaluation of recurrence via plain films. A case is presented, with the clinical, radiologic, sonographic, and radionuclide imaging characteristics reviewed.", "PMID": 726187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10676", "title": "Rabbit dysentery: 1. Clinical, epizootological and bacteriological studies.", "content": "Individual and epizootological observations on scouring in a large flock of three-to 10-week-old growing rabbits indicate that spread from animal to animal is not characteristic in outbreaks of rabbit dysentery. Although the disease occurs chiefly after weaning, precipitation of the symptoms seems to be unrelated to weaning stress. Intestinal flora studies on infected and control animals have shown that the bacteriological background of the condition is varied. Marked increase of coliforms over controls occurred in 70 per cent of the cases, coliforms and clostridia had both increased in 20 per cent, and clostridia only in 5 per cent. In the remaining 5 per cent the intestinal flora did not differ from normal, although death from rabbit dysentery was readily obvious. Microscopic examinations for coccidial oocysts of mucosal scrapings from different intestinal segments have shown that oocyst counts sufficient to give rise to clinical coccidiosis were only exceptionally present.", "contents": "Rabbit dysentery: 1. Clinical, epizootological and bacteriological studies. Individual and epizootological observations on scouring in a large flock of three-to 10-week-old growing rabbits indicate that spread from animal to animal is not characteristic in outbreaks of rabbit dysentery. Although the disease occurs chiefly after weaning, precipitation of the symptoms seems to be unrelated to weaning stress. Intestinal flora studies on infected and control animals have shown that the bacteriological background of the condition is varied. Marked increase of coliforms over controls occurred in 70 per cent of the cases, coliforms and clostridia had both increased in 20 per cent, and clostridia only in 5 per cent. In the remaining 5 per cent the intestinal flora did not differ from normal, although death from rabbit dysentery was readily obvious. Microscopic examinations for coccidial oocysts of mucosal scrapings from different intestinal segments have shown that oocyst counts sufficient to give rise to clinical coccidiosis were only exceptionally present.", "PMID": 726194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10677", "title": "Rabbit dysentery: 2. Therapeutic experiments.", "content": "Control of rabbit dysentery in three-to 10-week-old growing-broiler rabbits was attempted by individual therapy of diseased animals and prophylactic flock treatment. Antibiotics selected on the basis of previous resistance tests failed on both therapeutic and preventive application, but a notable reduction of losses could be achieved by prophylactic medication with coccidiostatics. Clinically ill animals did not, however, respond to coccidiostatic therapy. Analysis of intestinal bacterium flora in the diseased animals and the good results of preventive coccidiostatic treatment suggests that the basic mechanism underlying rabbit dysentery is coccidial infection.", "contents": "Rabbit dysentery: 2. Therapeutic experiments. Control of rabbit dysentery in three-to 10-week-old growing-broiler rabbits was attempted by individual therapy of diseased animals and prophylactic flock treatment. Antibiotics selected on the basis of previous resistance tests failed on both therapeutic and preventive application, but a notable reduction of losses could be achieved by prophylactic medication with coccidiostatics. Clinically ill animals did not, however, respond to coccidiostatic therapy. Analysis of intestinal bacterium flora in the diseased animals and the good results of preventive coccidiostatic treatment suggests that the basic mechanism underlying rabbit dysentery is coccidial infection.", "PMID": 726195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10678", "title": "Rabbit dysentery: 3. Diagnostic differentiation.", "content": "The diagnostic differentiation of rabbit mucoid enteritis from rabbit dysentery by age and post mortem findings is described. The condition termed as \"rabbit dysentery\" affects three- to 10-week-old growing rabbits and is essentially an acute coccidiosis, while \"mucoid enteritis\" develops in older rabbits as a sequel to constipation for six to eight days. The main differentiating feature of the two conditions, which have often been confused with one another owing to similarity of symptoms, is the characteristics dissimilarity of gross changes in the caecum.", "contents": "Rabbit dysentery: 3. Diagnostic differentiation. The diagnostic differentiation of rabbit mucoid enteritis from rabbit dysentery by age and post mortem findings is described. The condition termed as \"rabbit dysentery\" affects three- to 10-week-old growing rabbits and is essentially an acute coccidiosis, while \"mucoid enteritis\" develops in older rabbits as a sequel to constipation for six to eight days. The main differentiating feature of the two conditions, which have often been confused with one another owing to similarity of symptoms, is the characteristics dissimilarity of gross changes in the caecum.", "PMID": 726196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10679", "title": "Clinical observations on the antagonism of immobilon by naloxone in dogs.", "content": "The effectiveness of naloxone hydrochloride in reversing Immobilon anaesthesia was evaluated in 14 dogs. Although a dose rate of 0.02 mg per kg body-weight briefly reversed the respiratory and cardiovascular depression, a dose of at least 0.6 mg per kg body-weight was required before full recovery of consciousness occurred. The action of naloxone was found to be relatively short lived and relapse tended to occur after 10 to 15 minutes. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the use of naloxone in the event of accidental self-administration of Immobilon in man.", "contents": "Clinical observations on the antagonism of immobilon by naloxone in dogs. The effectiveness of naloxone hydrochloride in reversing Immobilon anaesthesia was evaluated in 14 dogs. Although a dose rate of 0.02 mg per kg body-weight briefly reversed the respiratory and cardiovascular depression, a dose of at least 0.6 mg per kg body-weight was required before full recovery of consciousness occurred. The action of naloxone was found to be relatively short lived and relapse tended to occur after 10 to 15 minutes. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the use of naloxone in the event of accidental self-administration of Immobilon in man.", "PMID": 726197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10680", "title": "Cell counts and composition of bovine milk.", "content": "Observations were made on 249 first or second calf heifers in which mastitis had been diagnosed in a mammary quarter which was opposite a normal quarter. Cell counts were made on the milk from each quarter and the cows were divided into three groups with the infected quarters classed according to the cell count. The infected quarters gave lower yields of milk with lower fat, solids-not-fat (SNF) and protein percentages than the opposite normal quarters in all three groups, but the differences between the means were only significant in yield and fat and SNF contents in the two groups with cell counts of over 500,000 per ml. In 175 animals the numbers and diameters of the fat globules were measured. The only significant reduction was in the globule numbers in the cows with from 1 to 2 million globules per ml of milk.", "contents": "Cell counts and composition of bovine milk. Observations were made on 249 first or second calf heifers in which mastitis had been diagnosed in a mammary quarter which was opposite a normal quarter. Cell counts were made on the milk from each quarter and the cows were divided into three groups with the infected quarters classed according to the cell count. The infected quarters gave lower yields of milk with lower fat, solids-not-fat (SNF) and protein percentages than the opposite normal quarters in all three groups, but the differences between the means were only significant in yield and fat and SNF contents in the two groups with cell counts of over 500,000 per ml. In 175 animals the numbers and diameters of the fat globules were measured. The only significant reduction was in the globule numbers in the cows with from 1 to 2 million globules per ml of milk.", "PMID": 726203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10681", "title": "Contagious equine metritis: the present situation reviewed and a revised code of practice for its control.", "content": "This report contains details of the code of practice for the control of contagious equine metritis (CEM) during the 1979 breeding season. It was prepared under the guidance of a scientific committee established by the Horserace Betting Levy Board under the chairmanship of Sir David Evans, FRS. The code is similar to the one introduced for the 1978 breeding season but takes into account the experience gained during the past 12 months. Following discussions with colleagues in Ireland it has been agreed that a similar code of practice will be introduced in the United Kingdom and Ireland so as to facilitate a uniform policy for the control of CEM. A summary of this report will be circulated to thoroughbred mare and stallion owners.", "contents": "Contagious equine metritis: the present situation reviewed and a revised code of practice for its control. This report contains details of the code of practice for the control of contagious equine metritis (CEM) during the 1979 breeding season. It was prepared under the guidance of a scientific committee established by the Horserace Betting Levy Board under the chairmanship of Sir David Evans, FRS. The code is similar to the one introduced for the 1978 breeding season but takes into account the experience gained during the past 12 months. Following discussions with colleagues in Ireland it has been agreed that a similar code of practice will be introduced in the United Kingdom and Ireland so as to facilitate a uniform policy for the control of CEM. A summary of this report will be circulated to thoroughbred mare and stallion owners.", "PMID": 726204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10682", "title": "[Relationship between membrane conformation changes and several metabolic processes in antigen-stimulated macrophages].", "content": "The changes are followed up in the properties of the macrophage membrane after treatment with phospholipase C and the activity of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme in order to elucidate the link between the conformation changes observed and some metabolic prosesses in antigen-stimulated macrophages. The studies were carried out on peritoneal macrophages of guinea pig-treated in vitro with phospholipase C. It was found that: 1. The action of phospholipase C essentially changes the linking parameters available for the fluorochrome 1-aniline-8-naphthalin sulfonic acid. 2. The activity of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase rises by 34.5% in the phospholipase C-treated macrophages. The fast changes observed in the conformation of the membrane that was studied under the effect of the fluorescence stain AHC, the higher activity of the dehydrogenase enzyme used after phospholipase C treatment, the fact that phospholipase C failed to pass through the macrophage membrane, and the capacity of the latter enzyme to bring about the same metabolic changes in the stimulation of the hexosomonophosphate cycle of the normal macrophages as well as the antigen stimulation produced made it reasonable to believe that the conformation changes produced a 'signal' that is transmitted through the cell membrane, and hence the metabolic changes that followed in the metabolic processes.", "contents": "[Relationship between membrane conformation changes and several metabolic processes in antigen-stimulated macrophages]. The changes are followed up in the properties of the macrophage membrane after treatment with phospholipase C and the activity of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme in order to elucidate the link between the conformation changes observed and some metabolic prosesses in antigen-stimulated macrophages. The studies were carried out on peritoneal macrophages of guinea pig-treated in vitro with phospholipase C. It was found that: 1. The action of phospholipase C essentially changes the linking parameters available for the fluorochrome 1-aniline-8-naphthalin sulfonic acid. 2. The activity of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase rises by 34.5% in the phospholipase C-treated macrophages. The fast changes observed in the conformation of the membrane that was studied under the effect of the fluorescence stain AHC, the higher activity of the dehydrogenase enzyme used after phospholipase C treatment, the fact that phospholipase C failed to pass through the macrophage membrane, and the capacity of the latter enzyme to bring about the same metabolic changes in the stimulation of the hexosomonophosphate cycle of the normal macrophages as well as the antigen stimulation produced made it reasonable to believe that the conformation changes produced a 'signal' that is transmitted through the cell membrane, and hence the metabolic changes that followed in the metabolic processes.", "PMID": 726242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10683", "title": "[Candida infections in farm animals and birds].", "content": "Studied were swab samples taken from the oral cavity, the nostrils, and the rectum, resp., the cloaca of a total of 2315 calves, pigs, chickens, poulets, and turkey-poults to demonstrate the presence of fungi of the genus Candida. The material was taken from healthy animals and birds as well as from such that had digestive troubles, bronchitis, and bronchopneumontia. Isolated were the species; C. krusei, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. albicans, C. pelliculosa, C. gulliermondii, and C. utilis. The various species were differentiated on the basis of their morphologic and cultural characteristics and their biochemical behaviour. It was established that C. albicans only manifested pathogenic properties. It was experimentally demonstrated that the appearance of a Candida infection was facilitated by the simultaneous application of a fungus culture and antibiotics of a broad spectrum. Histopathologic investigations were carried out of experimentally infected and spontaneously affected birds.", "contents": "[Candida infections in farm animals and birds]. Studied were swab samples taken from the oral cavity, the nostrils, and the rectum, resp., the cloaca of a total of 2315 calves, pigs, chickens, poulets, and turkey-poults to demonstrate the presence of fungi of the genus Candida. The material was taken from healthy animals and birds as well as from such that had digestive troubles, bronchitis, and bronchopneumontia. Isolated were the species; C. krusei, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. albicans, C. pelliculosa, C. gulliermondii, and C. utilis. The various species were differentiated on the basis of their morphologic and cultural characteristics and their biochemical behaviour. It was established that C. albicans only manifested pathogenic properties. It was experimentally demonstrated that the appearance of a Candida infection was facilitated by the simultaneous application of a fungus culture and antibiotics of a broad spectrum. Histopathologic investigations were carried out of experimentally infected and spontaneously affected birds.", "PMID": 726243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10684", "title": "[Isolation of chlamydia in keratoconjunctivitis].", "content": "Two isolates, identified as Chlamydia (neorickettsia) were obtained from the lacrimal secretion of calves with an acute infection on two of a total of four investigated farms with a record of infectious keratoconjunctivitis. In about 70% of the calves that survived there were complement-fixing antibodies against the neorickettsial antigen, the titers ranging from 1:8 to 1:64. Calves that yielded the causative agent were investigated in terms of the antibody dynamics. In the remaining herds no specific antibodies were demonstrated in animals that had survived. One of the isolated strains was used to infect (via the external camera oculi) a rabbit. Acute keratoconjunctivitis followed, and the blood serum of the rabbit was found to contain complement-fixing antibodies of a titer within the 1:8-1:16 range from the 30th day on. A neorickettsial strain was also isolated from the ocular secretion of a dog with serofibrinous keratoconjunctivitis, and this was regarded as a rarely encountered finding.", "contents": "[Isolation of chlamydia in keratoconjunctivitis]. Two isolates, identified as Chlamydia (neorickettsia) were obtained from the lacrimal secretion of calves with an acute infection on two of a total of four investigated farms with a record of infectious keratoconjunctivitis. In about 70% of the calves that survived there were complement-fixing antibodies against the neorickettsial antigen, the titers ranging from 1:8 to 1:64. Calves that yielded the causative agent were investigated in terms of the antibody dynamics. In the remaining herds no specific antibodies were demonstrated in animals that had survived. One of the isolated strains was used to infect (via the external camera oculi) a rabbit. Acute keratoconjunctivitis followed, and the blood serum of the rabbit was found to contain complement-fixing antibodies of a titer within the 1:8-1:16 range from the 30th day on. A neorickettsial strain was also isolated from the ocular secretion of a dog with serofibrinous keratoconjunctivitis, and this was regarded as a rarely encountered finding.", "PMID": 726244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10685", "title": "[Production of trivalent vaccine against avian spirochetosis].", "content": "Reshetnyak's method was employed to produce a trivalent vaccine against avian spirochetosis, using the serotypes Surnevo I, Pamoukchii, and Venets established in this country. The vaccine was tested for sterility, innocuity, and immunogenicity. Its activity was determined via biologic titration on birds. The vaccine was shown to protect birds against the disease when used at the rate of 0.5 cm3. Six (13.3%) out of all vaccinated birds contracted spirochetosis within various periods following vaccination. It was found that the duration of postvaccinal immunity after treatment with the trivalent vaccine lasted eight months (the time of observation). The vaccine protected 86.7% of the treated birds against spirochetosis.", "contents": "[Production of trivalent vaccine against avian spirochetosis]. Reshetnyak's method was employed to produce a trivalent vaccine against avian spirochetosis, using the serotypes Surnevo I, Pamoukchii, and Venets established in this country. The vaccine was tested for sterility, innocuity, and immunogenicity. Its activity was determined via biologic titration on birds. The vaccine was shown to protect birds against the disease when used at the rate of 0.5 cm3. Six (13.3%) out of all vaccinated birds contracted spirochetosis within various periods following vaccination. It was found that the duration of postvaccinal immunity after treatment with the trivalent vaccine lasted eight months (the time of observation). The vaccine protected 86.7% of the treated birds against spirochetosis.", "PMID": 726245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10686", "title": "[Effect of changes in the biochemical composition of serum from cows with normal and pathologic puerperiums].", "content": "Experiments were carried out with 72 cows of the Bulgarian Brown breed kept and fed under equal conditions, giving annually from 2600 to 2800 1 of milk. Groups were formed of animals, showing a normal and a pathologic puerperal period. Blood was sampled at one and the same hour, 7 to 10 days following calving. The levels were studied of vitamins (A, E, and C), total protein, protein fractions, blood sugar, and the bactericidal titer of the blood. It was found that except for vitamin A, which dependably dropped by 20.72% all other factors investigated showed unreliable deviations in cows with acute endometritis as against cows having a normal puerperium. Dependable was also the drop (by 13.93%) of the albumin fraction of the blood in cows with acute endometritis.", "contents": "[Effect of changes in the biochemical composition of serum from cows with normal and pathologic puerperiums]. Experiments were carried out with 72 cows of the Bulgarian Brown breed kept and fed under equal conditions, giving annually from 2600 to 2800 1 of milk. Groups were formed of animals, showing a normal and a pathologic puerperal period. Blood was sampled at one and the same hour, 7 to 10 days following calving. The levels were studied of vitamins (A, E, and C), total protein, protein fractions, blood sugar, and the bactericidal titer of the blood. It was found that except for vitamin A, which dependably dropped by 20.72% all other factors investigated showed unreliable deviations in cows with acute endometritis as against cows having a normal puerperium. Dependable was also the drop (by 13.93%) of the albumin fraction of the blood in cows with acute endometritis.", "PMID": 726246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10687", "title": "[Cases of atypical pseudoplague among birds in a vaccinated flock].", "content": "Epizootiological, clinical, morphological, and virological investigations have indisputably demonstrated the persistence of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in vaccinated flocks of layers at the age of 5-6 months for a period of three months. The influence was followed up of NDV on mortality rate and the egg performance of birds that had built immunity after ocular/nasal instillation of the Komarov vaccine, birds that had been simultaneously vaccinated and infected, and birds that had been infected and then subjected to i/m treatment with Komarov vaccine. An attempt was made to elucidate the persistence of the virus in various organs and tissues of birds manifesting variations in their immune status as well as to demonstrate it at different intervals of time through isolation in chick embryos. It has been suggested to investigate virologically tracheal swabs or the trachea itself and the nasopharinx of birds that have recently contracted the disease when respiratory troubles are established in vaccinated flocks. The hemagglutination-inhibition test is a valuable adjunct also in the case of employing it as a diagnostic reaction. The difference between the agglutination titers of log2-2 and more in newly affected birds and survivals may dependably serve in establishing the presence of a virulent virus. The atypical course of the Newcastle disease at the rhythmical course of the technologic processes contributes to the creation of a rather dangerous, 'smouldering' focus of NDV.", "contents": "[Cases of atypical pseudoplague among birds in a vaccinated flock]. Epizootiological, clinical, morphological, and virological investigations have indisputably demonstrated the persistence of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in vaccinated flocks of layers at the age of 5-6 months for a period of three months. The influence was followed up of NDV on mortality rate and the egg performance of birds that had built immunity after ocular/nasal instillation of the Komarov vaccine, birds that had been simultaneously vaccinated and infected, and birds that had been infected and then subjected to i/m treatment with Komarov vaccine. An attempt was made to elucidate the persistence of the virus in various organs and tissues of birds manifesting variations in their immune status as well as to demonstrate it at different intervals of time through isolation in chick embryos. It has been suggested to investigate virologically tracheal swabs or the trachea itself and the nasopharinx of birds that have recently contracted the disease when respiratory troubles are established in vaccinated flocks. The hemagglutination-inhibition test is a valuable adjunct also in the case of employing it as a diagnostic reaction. The difference between the agglutination titers of log2-2 and more in newly affected birds and survivals may dependably serve in establishing the presence of a virulent virus. The atypical course of the Newcastle disease at the rhythmical course of the technologic processes contributes to the creation of a rather dangerous, 'smouldering' focus of NDV.", "PMID": 726248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10688", "title": "[Effect of fluorescent lighting on the growth of broiler chickens].", "content": "The effect was followed up of green luminiscent light on the growth rate of broiler chickens. The experiments were carried out in a climatic chambers of the Zootron type with a total of 400 day-old chicks kept continuously under such light, which had permanent intensity. In one of the chambers the light was produced by means of a red hot wire, and in the other--through green illumination devices. Within the experimental period of 56 days the chicks were studied in terms of their hematologic and biochemical blood composition (hematocrit, erythrocyte count, total serum protein, liver glycogen, muscle glycogen, carotene, A and E vitamins). Investigated were also the blood sugar and lactic acid levels, and the activity of aldolase, glucose-6-phosphate, succindehydrogenase. It was found that green luminescent light influenced positively the weight gain (3.5%) at lower feed intake as against broilers raised under ordinary light of the same intensity. Certain changes were observed also with regard to the hematological and biochemical indices of the blood of birds belonging to the two groups.", "contents": "[Effect of fluorescent lighting on the growth of broiler chickens]. The effect was followed up of green luminiscent light on the growth rate of broiler chickens. The experiments were carried out in a climatic chambers of the Zootron type with a total of 400 day-old chicks kept continuously under such light, which had permanent intensity. In one of the chambers the light was produced by means of a red hot wire, and in the other--through green illumination devices. Within the experimental period of 56 days the chicks were studied in terms of their hematologic and biochemical blood composition (hematocrit, erythrocyte count, total serum protein, liver glycogen, muscle glycogen, carotene, A and E vitamins). Investigated were also the blood sugar and lactic acid levels, and the activity of aldolase, glucose-6-phosphate, succindehydrogenase. It was found that green luminescent light influenced positively the weight gain (3.5%) at lower feed intake as against broilers raised under ordinary light of the same intensity. Certain changes were observed also with regard to the hematological and biochemical indices of the blood of birds belonging to the two groups.", "PMID": 726249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10689", "title": "[Pressure transducer for radiotelemetric studies].", "content": "Designed has been a combined transformer for pressure on the principle of the photoelectric effect. It records directly the pressure produced within the system and outside through the arrow mechanism of the manometer for blood pressure, and transforms the mechanical fluctuations of the membrane into electric ones. Used has been a blood presser manometer additionally supplied with a photoelement, a tiny electric bulb, and a metal lamelle. The photoelement is connected into the electric scheme of a PC-generator of a 1600-2000 Hz frequency, and the latter produces frequency that supplies the carrying frequency of the radiotransmitter. Shown are original records made at various points of the dorsal sac of the rumen of a ewe as well as of the carotic artery of a cow.", "contents": "[Pressure transducer for radiotelemetric studies]. Designed has been a combined transformer for pressure on the principle of the photoelectric effect. It records directly the pressure produced within the system and outside through the arrow mechanism of the manometer for blood pressure, and transforms the mechanical fluctuations of the membrane into electric ones. Used has been a blood presser manometer additionally supplied with a photoelement, a tiny electric bulb, and a metal lamelle. The photoelement is connected into the electric scheme of a PC-generator of a 1600-2000 Hz frequency, and the latter produces frequency that supplies the carrying frequency of the radiotransmitter. Shown are original records made at various points of the dorsal sac of the rumen of a ewe as well as of the carotic artery of a cow.", "PMID": 726250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10690", "title": "[Minimal human requirement for energy and food substances in hypo- and alkinesia].", "content": "An investigation into the actual nutrition and rates of the proteinic, mineral and carbohydrate metabolism in normal humans in the state of hypodynamia and in neurological patients with extensive paralyses and in the state of akinesia showed a reduced level of the food consumption and a lowered level of metabolism. The new level of metabolism is obviously due to a diminished muscular mass of the body.", "contents": "[Minimal human requirement for energy and food substances in hypo- and alkinesia]. An investigation into the actual nutrition and rates of the proteinic, mineral and carbohydrate metabolism in normal humans in the state of hypodynamia and in neurological patients with extensive paralyses and in the state of akinesia showed a reduced level of the food consumption and a lowered level of metabolism. The new level of metabolism is obviously due to a diminished muscular mass of the body.", "PMID": 726366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10691", "title": "[Comparative characteristics of the effect of different dietary carbohydrates on atherogenesis].", "content": "The action of starch, saccharose, lactose and glucose in the atherogenic rations containing a physiological (5 per cent) or an elevated (21 per cent of the ration's mass) amount of fat on the lipids metabolism and complex carbohydrates, as well as on the morphological structures in the aorta and coronary vessels was studied. It is found that of all the carbohydrates studied the most marked metabolic disorders are produced by rations with saccharose and lactose. Morphological changes in the vessels were in evidence only in rats fed on rations with lactose or saccharose and with an elevated proportion of fat.", "contents": "[Comparative characteristics of the effect of different dietary carbohydrates on atherogenesis]. The action of starch, saccharose, lactose and glucose in the atherogenic rations containing a physiological (5 per cent) or an elevated (21 per cent of the ration's mass) amount of fat on the lipids metabolism and complex carbohydrates, as well as on the morphological structures in the aorta and coronary vessels was studied. It is found that of all the carbohydrates studied the most marked metabolic disorders are produced by rations with saccharose and lactose. Morphological changes in the vessels were in evidence only in rats fed on rations with lactose or saccharose and with an elevated proportion of fat.", "PMID": 726367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10692", "title": "[Effect of diet therapy on the immunological indices in rheumatism].", "content": "Rheumatic patients with torpid and latent course of the process were kept on a protein-rich diet (up to 140.0 g of protein). The effect of the diet on the organism was appraised by the peripheral blood lymphocytes blast-transformation reaction, as the one most comprehensively reflecting the immunological status of the individual. The patients were examined in dynamics, on admission to and at the time of discharge from the clinic. The data thus obtained suggest that the protein-rich diet tends to bring down the number of activated cells in in vitro cultures.", "contents": "[Effect of diet therapy on the immunological indices in rheumatism]. Rheumatic patients with torpid and latent course of the process were kept on a protein-rich diet (up to 140.0 g of protein). The effect of the diet on the organism was appraised by the peripheral blood lymphocytes blast-transformation reaction, as the one most comprehensively reflecting the immunological status of the individual. The patients were examined in dynamics, on admission to and at the time of discharge from the clinic. The data thus obtained suggest that the protein-rich diet tends to bring down the number of activated cells in in vitro cultures.", "PMID": 726369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10693", "title": "[Nature of the changes in the indices of lipid metabolism and of the fatty acid makeup of the blood plasma and erythrocyte stroma under the influence of diet therapy on obese children].", "content": "In treating 40 obese children aged 8--15 years with the I--III degree of constitutional-exogenous adiposity a hypocaloric diet with a reduced content of fats and carbohydrates was applied. The effect of the treatment was evaluated by determining the body mass, the characteristics of the lipids metabolism, e.g. by measuring the total lipids, tryglycerides, cholesterol, the blood plasma lipoproteins, as well as the fatty acids blood plasma composition and of the erythrocytes stroma before and after the treatment. The coefficient of the food fatty acids metabolization effectiveness into polyunsaturated fatty acids (CEM), e.g. the proportion of the arachidonic acid in the sum-total of other polyunsaturated fatty acids with 20 and 22 carbon atoms, was calculated. The CEM magnitude with the applied treatment was found to change variously, i.e. either rising or falling or remaining unchanged. It is presumed that the unequal orientation of the CEM changes in treating obese changes reflects a different degree of the profoundness of changes of the food fatty acids metabolism occurring in them. The value of the CEM application for prognosis of adiposity and evaluating the effect of the treatment in each individual case is stressed.", "contents": "[Nature of the changes in the indices of lipid metabolism and of the fatty acid makeup of the blood plasma and erythrocyte stroma under the influence of diet therapy on obese children]. In treating 40 obese children aged 8--15 years with the I--III degree of constitutional-exogenous adiposity a hypocaloric diet with a reduced content of fats and carbohydrates was applied. The effect of the treatment was evaluated by determining the body mass, the characteristics of the lipids metabolism, e.g. by measuring the total lipids, tryglycerides, cholesterol, the blood plasma lipoproteins, as well as the fatty acids blood plasma composition and of the erythrocytes stroma before and after the treatment. The coefficient of the food fatty acids metabolization effectiveness into polyunsaturated fatty acids (CEM), e.g. the proportion of the arachidonic acid in the sum-total of other polyunsaturated fatty acids with 20 and 22 carbon atoms, was calculated. The CEM magnitude with the applied treatment was found to change variously, i.e. either rising or falling or remaining unchanged. It is presumed that the unequal orientation of the CEM changes in treating obese changes reflects a different degree of the profoundness of changes of the food fatty acids metabolism occurring in them. The value of the CEM application for prognosis of adiposity and evaluating the effect of the treatment in each individual case is stressed.", "PMID": 726370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10694", "title": "[Effect of a food ration unbalanced in fats on the growing body].", "content": "Subject to study was the influence of fats differing in their composition on the growing organism of weaned rattlings. An elevated proportion of sunflower oil on the growth and survival of rattlings was found to produce an adverse effect. An autopsy on the 21st day from the outset of tests revealed macro- and microscopically also the affection of the kidneys. In the course of examinations evidence was obtained that at the root of the renal lesion lie changes occurring during the development of the A vitamin deficiency.", "contents": "[Effect of a food ration unbalanced in fats on the growing body]. Subject to study was the influence of fats differing in their composition on the growing organism of weaned rattlings. An elevated proportion of sunflower oil on the growth and survival of rattlings was found to produce an adverse effect. An autopsy on the 21st day from the outset of tests revealed macro- and microscopically also the affection of the kidneys. In the course of examinations evidence was obtained that at the root of the renal lesion lie changes occurring during the development of the A vitamin deficiency.", "PMID": 726371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10695", "title": "[Pyruvate metabolism in rats with dietary B1 avitaminosis].", "content": "The influence of alimentary deficiency of thiamine on the pyruvate metabolism in the liver and blood of rats was investigated. Note is taken of a fallen activity of pyruvate-dehydrogenase (PDH) and a rising level of pyruvate in the blood and liver. An inverse relationship between the PDH activity and the pyruvate content in the liver, observed during the whole course of the experiment is in evidence, although the substrate level exceeds significantly that of the control only starting from the 20th day. In the normalization of the pyruvate level in the liver all the studied enzymatic systems partake; they join stagewise in the order of alanine-aminotransferase, pyruvate-kinase, malate-enzyme, which differently change their activity in the course of the experiment, along with physiological mechanisms of the pyruvate transport into the blood. These are most pronounced starting from the 20th day (inverse relationships of the pyruvate levels in the blood and liver). During the whole of the experiment a direct relation between the lactate content in the blood and liver persists. In these tissues no relation between the pyruvate and lactate levels was revealed.", "contents": "[Pyruvate metabolism in rats with dietary B1 avitaminosis]. The influence of alimentary deficiency of thiamine on the pyruvate metabolism in the liver and blood of rats was investigated. Note is taken of a fallen activity of pyruvate-dehydrogenase (PDH) and a rising level of pyruvate in the blood and liver. An inverse relationship between the PDH activity and the pyruvate content in the liver, observed during the whole course of the experiment is in evidence, although the substrate level exceeds significantly that of the control only starting from the 20th day. In the normalization of the pyruvate level in the liver all the studied enzymatic systems partake; they join stagewise in the order of alanine-aminotransferase, pyruvate-kinase, malate-enzyme, which differently change their activity in the course of the experiment, along with physiological mechanisms of the pyruvate transport into the blood. These are most pronounced starting from the 20th day (inverse relationships of the pyruvate levels in the blood and liver). During the whole of the experiment a direct relation between the lactate content in the blood and liver persists. In these tissues no relation between the pyruvate and lactate levels was revealed.", "PMID": 726373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10696", "title": "[Effect of the supplemental administration of ascorbic acid on its content in the blood and tissues of rabbits exposed to excess amounts of ultraviolet radiation].", "content": "In the blood and tissues of rabbits receiving with the food 40-50 mg of vitamin C per day and irradiated with an excess doses of ultraviolet radiation the vitamin C content decreases. Depending upon the irradiation dose it is recommended that the quantity of vitamin C in the food of rabbits be increased up to 120-220 mg/kg.", "contents": "[Effect of the supplemental administration of ascorbic acid on its content in the blood and tissues of rabbits exposed to excess amounts of ultraviolet radiation]. In the blood and tissues of rabbits receiving with the food 40-50 mg of vitamin C per day and irradiated with an excess doses of ultraviolet radiation the vitamin C content decreases. Depending upon the irradiation dose it is recommended that the quantity of vitamin C in the food of rabbits be increased up to 120-220 mg/kg.", "PMID": 726372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10697", "title": "[Amino acid metabolic indices in newborn rats].", "content": "In simulated tests on rats of the 1st months of life set up for the purpose of educing causes accounting for a highly effective utilization of the milk proteins in the early post-natal perions subject to study were the amino acids metabolism rates. An investigation of the enzymes activity showed that a falling of the milk proteins utilization effectiveness proceeds against the background of an intensive inclusion of the catabolic route of the amino acids metabolism in the liver. The urea content in the urine correlated with a gradual inclusion of the enzymatic liver systems partaking in the urine formation. The amino acids metabolism with a ramified chain in the liver tissue of rats of the first days of life was found to stand low to a still greater degree than this was the case in adult animals. One of the causes responsible for a highly effective utilization of the milk proteins in the perinatal period may be due to an incomplete functioning of the catabolic route of the amino acids metabolism in the liver.", "contents": "[Amino acid metabolic indices in newborn rats]. In simulated tests on rats of the 1st months of life set up for the purpose of educing causes accounting for a highly effective utilization of the milk proteins in the early post-natal perions subject to study were the amino acids metabolism rates. An investigation of the enzymes activity showed that a falling of the milk proteins utilization effectiveness proceeds against the background of an intensive inclusion of the catabolic route of the amino acids metabolism in the liver. The urea content in the urine correlated with a gradual inclusion of the enzymatic liver systems partaking in the urine formation. The amino acids metabolism with a ramified chain in the liver tissue of rats of the first days of life was found to stand low to a still greater degree than this was the case in adult animals. One of the causes responsible for a highly effective utilization of the milk proteins in the perinatal period may be due to an incomplete functioning of the catabolic route of the amino acids metabolism in the liver.", "PMID": 726374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10698", "title": "[Morphofunctional study of the testes of white rats after the prolonged inclusion in the ration of thermally oxidized fats].", "content": "The object of the investigation was to study the gonadotoxic effect of thermally oxidated fats. The experiment was set up on albino male rats given for 12 months sunflower oil oxidated during its production and comprising 1.5 and 3% of the oxidation products. A protracted consumption of thermally oxidated fats leads to a change of some functional and morphological characteristics of the spermatogenesis, e.g. to distrophic changes, a fall of the spermatogenesis index and to diminution in the number of the pathological forms of the spermatozoids, along with a reduced time of the spermatozoids mobility and their resistance to a sodium chloride solution. The functional and morphological changes are observed to occur with inclusion in the oil ration containing 1.5% of the oxidation products and these become stronger on addition of a more oxidated oil.", "contents": "[Morphofunctional study of the testes of white rats after the prolonged inclusion in the ration of thermally oxidized fats]. The object of the investigation was to study the gonadotoxic effect of thermally oxidated fats. The experiment was set up on albino male rats given for 12 months sunflower oil oxidated during its production and comprising 1.5 and 3% of the oxidation products. A protracted consumption of thermally oxidated fats leads to a change of some functional and morphological characteristics of the spermatogenesis, e.g. to distrophic changes, a fall of the spermatogenesis index and to diminution in the number of the pathological forms of the spermatozoids, along with a reduced time of the spermatozoids mobility and their resistance to a sodium chloride solution. The functional and morphological changes are observed to occur with inclusion in the oil ration containing 1.5% of the oxidation products and these become stronger on addition of a more oxidated oil.", "PMID": 726375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10699", "title": "[Analysis of the N-nitrosamines in products of plant origin].", "content": "A spectrofluorometric method of analyzing the carcinogenic N-nitrosoamines in the form of 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole derivatives is proposed. The content of nitroso-amines in a number of products of the vegetative origin was determined. In some samples of beetroots, radish and apples dimethyl-nitroso-amine in concentrations of 0.7--1.5 gamma/kg was detected. A conclusion is drawn on a relatively low content of carcinogenic N-nitroso-amines in the products of the vegetable origin.", "contents": "[Analysis of the N-nitrosamines in products of plant origin]. A spectrofluorometric method of analyzing the carcinogenic N-nitrosoamines in the form of 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole derivatives is proposed. The content of nitroso-amines in a number of products of the vegetative origin was determined. In some samples of beetroots, radish and apples dimethyl-nitroso-amine in concentrations of 0.7--1.5 gamma/kg was detected. A conclusion is drawn on a relatively low content of carcinogenic N-nitroso-amines in the products of the vegetable origin.", "PMID": 726376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10700", "title": "[Assessment of the human requirement for protein].", "content": "The results of investigations involving the participation of humans and literature sources on a comparative assessment of methods for determination and quantitative characterization of minimum, reliable and safe levels of protein allowances for young practically healthy males were compared. A reliable level of allowances for the caseine protein was found to comprise 9.0-9.2 g/day with reference to nitrogen. The optimal allowance of the same protein is 13.5-14.0 g/day calculated to the value of nitrogen.", "contents": "[Assessment of the human requirement for protein]. The results of investigations involving the participation of humans and literature sources on a comparative assessment of methods for determination and quantitative characterization of minimum, reliable and safe levels of protein allowances for young practically healthy males were compared. A reliable level of allowances for the caseine protein was found to comprise 9.0-9.2 g/day with reference to nitrogen. The optimal allowance of the same protein is 13.5-14.0 g/day calculated to the value of nitrogen.", "PMID": 726379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10701", "title": "Inflammatory bowel disease among college students.", "content": "Of 52 student patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease who were observed at Stanford University over a three-year period, 16 had Crohn disease, 17 had ulcerative colitis and 19 had ulcerative proctitis. Patients with ulcerative colitis had relatively few complications. During the study period, only two students from the entire group of 52 were obliged to interrupt college attendance because of bowel disease or complications. Of the patients, 33 were first observed on remission or attained remission during the three-year observation period. Incidence and prevalence rates for Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis were comparable with age-specific rates from other published studies. At Stanford, the high reported frequency of proctitis, which exceeded that of proximal ulcerative colitis, was possibly a reflection of the diagnostic zeal with which patients with rectal bleeding were evaluated at the student health service.", "contents": "Inflammatory bowel disease among college students. Of 52 student patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease who were observed at Stanford University over a three-year period, 16 had Crohn disease, 17 had ulcerative colitis and 19 had ulcerative proctitis. Patients with ulcerative colitis had relatively few complications. During the study period, only two students from the entire group of 52 were obliged to interrupt college attendance because of bowel disease or complications. Of the patients, 33 were first observed on remission or attained remission during the three-year observation period. Incidence and prevalence rates for Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis were comparable with age-specific rates from other published studies. At Stanford, the high reported frequency of proctitis, which exceeded that of proximal ulcerative colitis, was possibly a reflection of the diagnostic zeal with which patients with rectal bleeding were evaluated at the student health service.", "PMID": 726419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10702", "title": "Cancer of the eye, a review of trends and differentials.", "content": "An analysis was made of the incidence and mortality of cancer of the eye in different countries. In general, cancer of the eye was more common in males than in females. The differences in both incidence and mortality rates between countries were great, the white populations in Scandinavia exhibiting the highest rates. The rates were rather constant over time, and only a few increasing or decreasing trends were observable. Tumours in children 0-14 years of age and those in adults were also epidemiologically distinct entities, which suggests differences in etiology. Both incidence and mortality rates in adults were positively correlated to the latitude of the country or area, and a positive correlation was also found between the incidence or mortality rate for cancer of the eye in adults and those for cutaneous melanoma.", "contents": "Cancer of the eye, a review of trends and differentials. An analysis was made of the incidence and mortality of cancer of the eye in different countries. In general, cancer of the eye was more common in males than in females. The differences in both incidence and mortality rates between countries were great, the white populations in Scandinavia exhibiting the highest rates. The rates were rather constant over time, and only a few increasing or decreasing trends were observable. Tumours in children 0-14 years of age and those in adults were also epidemiologically distinct entities, which suggests differences in etiology. Both incidence and mortality rates in adults were positively correlated to the latitude of the country or area, and a positive correlation was also found between the incidence or mortality rate for cancer of the eye in adults and those for cutaneous melanoma.", "PMID": 726506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10703", "title": "A sulphate metabolite of trimethoprim in goats and pigs.", "content": "1. Urine from goats and pigs after intravenous administration of [14C]trimethoprim contained an unidentified fraction of 'other water-soluble metabolites'. This fraction accounts for 56% of the administered dose in goat urine and 65% in pig urine. 2. A sulphate metabolite comprising the major part of the latter fraction in both goat and pig urine was isolated by gel filtration and paper chromatography and identified by spectroscopic methods as 2,4-diamino-5-(3,4-dimethoxy-5-sulphooxybenzyl)pyrimidine. 3. No hydrolysis of the sulphate metabolite occurred on treatment with aryl sulphatase from (a) Helix pomatia, (b) limpets and (c) Aerobacter aerogenes, while treatment with aryl sulphatase from abalone entrails led to very slow hydrolysis.", "contents": "A sulphate metabolite of trimethoprim in goats and pigs. 1. Urine from goats and pigs after intravenous administration of [14C]trimethoprim contained an unidentified fraction of 'other water-soluble metabolites'. This fraction accounts for 56% of the administered dose in goat urine and 65% in pig urine. 2. A sulphate metabolite comprising the major part of the latter fraction in both goat and pig urine was isolated by gel filtration and paper chromatography and identified by spectroscopic methods as 2,4-diamino-5-(3,4-dimethoxy-5-sulphooxybenzyl)pyrimidine. 3. No hydrolysis of the sulphate metabolite occurred on treatment with aryl sulphatase from (a) Helix pomatia, (b) limpets and (c) Aerobacter aerogenes, while treatment with aryl sulphatase from abalone entrails led to very slow hydrolysis.", "PMID": 726512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10704", "title": "Absorption and glucuronylation of diethylstilbestrol by the rat small intestine.", "content": "1. The absorption and glucuronylation of [14C]diethylstilbestrol (DES) were studied in situ in segments of rat small intestine. 2. DES glucuronide accounted for nearly 50% of the methanol-soluble radioactive material appearing in the intestinal venous blood. 3. There was no difference between DES glucuronide formation in intestinal segments near the pyloric sphincter and in segments located near the ileo-caecal junction. 4. The appearance of DES and its glucuronide in the venous blood of aborally-located segments was dose-dependent from 0.1 to 5 mM, but in orally-located segments, an increase in DES concn. from 2 to 5 mM produced no increase in DES or its glucuronide in the venous blood. In neither of these intestinal regions was the rate of appearance of DES or DES glucuronide dependent upon intestinal blood flow. 5. The results indicate that intestinal glucuronylation of certain compounds during absorption may be significant over a wide range of concn. in all regions of the intestine.", "contents": "Absorption and glucuronylation of diethylstilbestrol by the rat small intestine. 1. The absorption and glucuronylation of [14C]diethylstilbestrol (DES) were studied in situ in segments of rat small intestine. 2. DES glucuronide accounted for nearly 50% of the methanol-soluble radioactive material appearing in the intestinal venous blood. 3. There was no difference between DES glucuronide formation in intestinal segments near the pyloric sphincter and in segments located near the ileo-caecal junction. 4. The appearance of DES and its glucuronide in the venous blood of aborally-located segments was dose-dependent from 0.1 to 5 mM, but in orally-located segments, an increase in DES concn. from 2 to 5 mM produced no increase in DES or its glucuronide in the venous blood. In neither of these intestinal regions was the rate of appearance of DES or DES glucuronide dependent upon intestinal blood flow. 5. The results indicate that intestinal glucuronylation of certain compounds during absorption may be significant over a wide range of concn. in all regions of the intestine.", "PMID": 726513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10705", "title": "The effect of some cigarette smoke constituents and other compounds on the metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene in rabbit lung 9000 g supernatant.", "content": "1. The inhibitory effects, of a number of compounds, on the formation of two groups of benzo(a)pyrene metabolites in rabbit lung homogenates (9000 g supernatant) have been investigated. 2. The inhibitors comprised two groups: those inhibiting primarily benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase activity, and those inhibiting the activity of the epoxide-metabolizing enzymes as well as hydroxylase activity. Phenol, 1-naphthol, nicotine and acetone belong to the former group; naphthalene, anthracene and chlorpromazine to the latter group. 3. The most active inhibitors also caused a significant decrease in the amount of benzo(a)pyrene bound covalently to tissue macromolecules.", "contents": "The effect of some cigarette smoke constituents and other compounds on the metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene in rabbit lung 9000 g supernatant. 1. The inhibitory effects, of a number of compounds, on the formation of two groups of benzo(a)pyrene metabolites in rabbit lung homogenates (9000 g supernatant) have been investigated. 2. The inhibitors comprised two groups: those inhibiting primarily benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase activity, and those inhibiting the activity of the epoxide-metabolizing enzymes as well as hydroxylase activity. Phenol, 1-naphthol, nicotine and acetone belong to the former group; naphthalene, anthracene and chlorpromazine to the latter group. 3. The most active inhibitors also caused a significant decrease in the amount of benzo(a)pyrene bound covalently to tissue macromolecules.", "PMID": 726515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10706", "title": "Aromatic oxidation of some phenothiazines.", "content": "The previously reported N-oxidation products phenothiazine-N-OH, N-O. and -NOOH obtained upon chemical and metabolic oxidation of phenothiazine nuclei are now shown to be the C-oxidation products, 7-hydroxyphenothiazines, phenothiazin-3-ones and phenothiazin-7-ones which have the para-hydroquinoneimino and para-quinoneimino type systems. 2. The metabolism of various 2-substituted phenothiazines in vitro gave mainly ring-hydroxylated metabolites and sulphoxides. The phenolic metabolites were further oxidized to phenothiazones either as metabolites or as 'metabonates'. 3. After metabolism of chlorpromazine, nor1-chlorpromazine and nor2-chlorpromazine in vitro, phenothiazones ('pink compounds') were obtained as N-dealkylated products of the phenolic derivatives 7- or 3-hydroxy compounds. 4. The synthesis and physicochemical characteristics including t.l.c., u.v., g.l.c. and mass spectra of the oxidized phenothiazine nuclei and of 8-(N-methyl-anilino)-2-chlorophenothiazin-7-one are reported.", "contents": "Aromatic oxidation of some phenothiazines. The previously reported N-oxidation products phenothiazine-N-OH, N-O. and -NOOH obtained upon chemical and metabolic oxidation of phenothiazine nuclei are now shown to be the C-oxidation products, 7-hydroxyphenothiazines, phenothiazin-3-ones and phenothiazin-7-ones which have the para-hydroquinoneimino and para-quinoneimino type systems. 2. The metabolism of various 2-substituted phenothiazines in vitro gave mainly ring-hydroxylated metabolites and sulphoxides. The phenolic metabolites were further oxidized to phenothiazones either as metabolites or as 'metabonates'. 3. After metabolism of chlorpromazine, nor1-chlorpromazine and nor2-chlorpromazine in vitro, phenothiazones ('pink compounds') were obtained as N-dealkylated products of the phenolic derivatives 7- or 3-hydroxy compounds. 4. The synthesis and physicochemical characteristics including t.l.c., u.v., g.l.c. and mass spectra of the oxidized phenothiazine nuclei and of 8-(N-methyl-anilino)-2-chlorophenothiazin-7-one are reported.", "PMID": 726516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10707", "title": "Human urinary metabolites of 3-(2',4',5'-triethoxybenzoyl)propionic acid, a new biliary smooth muscle relaxant with choleretic activity.", "content": "Biotransformation of 3-(2',4',5'-triethoxybenzoyl)propionic acid (tri-, ethoxybenzoylpropionate) was studied in man using isotopic cluster technique. From the 24 h urine of a male volunteer given an equimolar mixture of non-labelled and pentadeuterium-labelled triethoxybenzoylpropionate (1 mg/kg) orally, the parent drug, 3-(2',5'-diethoxy-4'-hydroxybenzoyl)propionic acid (4'-phenol) and 3-(2',4'-diethoxy-5'-hydroxybenzoyl)propionic acid (5'-phenol) were isolated and identified by g.l.c.-mass spectrometry. 2. Urinary components were also quantified by mass chromatography: the parent drug (67.4% of dose) and 4'- and 5'-phenols in a mixture (20.3%). More than 80% of urinary triethoxybenzoylpropionate was present as its glucuronic acid ester, as evidenced by using beta-glucuronidase and saccharo-1,4-lactone, a specific inhibitor of the enzyme. Almost all of 4'- and 5'-phenols appeared as conjugates with glucuronic acid and/or sulphuric acid. These findings indicated that in man triethoxybenzoylpropionate was largely conjugated with glucuronic acid and in part underwent deethylation followed by conjugation for elimination mainly in urine.", "contents": "Human urinary metabolites of 3-(2',4',5'-triethoxybenzoyl)propionic acid, a new biliary smooth muscle relaxant with choleretic activity. Biotransformation of 3-(2',4',5'-triethoxybenzoyl)propionic acid (tri-, ethoxybenzoylpropionate) was studied in man using isotopic cluster technique. From the 24 h urine of a male volunteer given an equimolar mixture of non-labelled and pentadeuterium-labelled triethoxybenzoylpropionate (1 mg/kg) orally, the parent drug, 3-(2',5'-diethoxy-4'-hydroxybenzoyl)propionic acid (4'-phenol) and 3-(2',4'-diethoxy-5'-hydroxybenzoyl)propionic acid (5'-phenol) were isolated and identified by g.l.c.-mass spectrometry. 2. Urinary components were also quantified by mass chromatography: the parent drug (67.4% of dose) and 4'- and 5'-phenols in a mixture (20.3%). More than 80% of urinary triethoxybenzoylpropionate was present as its glucuronic acid ester, as evidenced by using beta-glucuronidase and saccharo-1,4-lactone, a specific inhibitor of the enzyme. Almost all of 4'- and 5'-phenols appeared as conjugates with glucuronic acid and/or sulphuric acid. These findings indicated that in man triethoxybenzoylpropionate was largely conjugated with glucuronic acid and in part underwent deethylation followed by conjugation for elimination mainly in urine.", "PMID": 726517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10708", "title": "Identification of some urinary metabolites of propantheline bromide in man.", "content": "The peak plasma concn. of total radioactivity occurred 6 h after a single oral dose of [carboxyl-14C; methyl-2H3] propantheline bromide was administered to a healthy man. At this time 10% of the dose was present in the total plasma volume. 2. A total of 71% dose of radioactivity was excreted in urine in 96 h after dosage, 59% dose being excreted in the first 24 h. About 5.3% of the orally administered propantheline bromide was excreted unchanged. 3. T.l.c. analysis and g.l.c.-mass spectrometry showed xanthanoic acid, hydroxyxanthanoic acid(s), and propantheline as urinary metabolites of the drug. 4. A glucuronide of xanthanoic acid, a hydroxylated propantheline and the (2-hydroxyethyl)diisopropylammonium ion were tentatively identified as urinary metabolites. Hydrolysis of propantheline and conjugation of the resulting xanthanoic acid appear to be the major routes of metabolism of this compound. 5. A mean elimination half-life of 9.2 h was obtained for the total radioactivity by pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma and urine levels of 14C.", "contents": "Identification of some urinary metabolites of propantheline bromide in man. The peak plasma concn. of total radioactivity occurred 6 h after a single oral dose of [carboxyl-14C; methyl-2H3] propantheline bromide was administered to a healthy man. At this time 10% of the dose was present in the total plasma volume. 2. A total of 71% dose of radioactivity was excreted in urine in 96 h after dosage, 59% dose being excreted in the first 24 h. About 5.3% of the orally administered propantheline bromide was excreted unchanged. 3. T.l.c. analysis and g.l.c.-mass spectrometry showed xanthanoic acid, hydroxyxanthanoic acid(s), and propantheline as urinary metabolites of the drug. 4. A glucuronide of xanthanoic acid, a hydroxylated propantheline and the (2-hydroxyethyl)diisopropylammonium ion were tentatively identified as urinary metabolites. Hydrolysis of propantheline and conjugation of the resulting xanthanoic acid appear to be the major routes of metabolism of this compound. 5. A mean elimination half-life of 9.2 h was obtained for the total radioactivity by pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma and urine levels of 14C.", "PMID": 726518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10709", "title": "The metabolism and excretion of curcumin (1,7-bis-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione) in the rat.", "content": "Curcumin labelled with deuterium and tritium was prepared. Oral and intraperitoneal doses of [3H]curcumin led to the faecal excretion of most of the radioactivity. 2. Intravenous and intraperitoneal doses of [3H]curcumin were well excreted in the bile of cannulated rats. 3. The major biliary metabolites were glucuronides of tetrahydrocurcumin and hexahydrocurcumin. A minor biliary metabolite was dihydroferulic acid together with traces of ferulic acid. Metabolites were identified using chemical ionization mass spectrometry.", "contents": "The metabolism and excretion of curcumin (1,7-bis-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione) in the rat. Curcumin labelled with deuterium and tritium was prepared. Oral and intraperitoneal doses of [3H]curcumin led to the faecal excretion of most of the radioactivity. 2. Intravenous and intraperitoneal doses of [3H]curcumin were well excreted in the bile of cannulated rats. 3. The major biliary metabolites were glucuronides of tetrahydrocurcumin and hexahydrocurcumin. A minor biliary metabolite was dihydroferulic acid together with traces of ferulic acid. Metabolites were identified using chemical ionization mass spectrometry.", "PMID": 726520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10710", "title": "A comment on the formation of an N-hydroxymethyl intermediate in the metabolism of N-methylcarbazole.", "content": "Interpretation of the mass spectrum of the N-methylcarbazole used in a previous metabolism study suggests that the substrate was grossly contaminated with carbazole. The present study refutes that suggestion.", "contents": "A comment on the formation of an N-hydroxymethyl intermediate in the metabolism of N-methylcarbazole. Interpretation of the mass spectrum of the N-methylcarbazole used in a previous metabolism study suggests that the substrate was grossly contaminated with carbazole. The present study refutes that suggestion.", "PMID": 726521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10711", "title": "[Reference values of respiratory parameters in adults 4th paper: reference values for screening parameters of lung mechanics (author's transl)].", "content": "Reference values for screening parameters, evaluating the shape of flow-volume-curves on forced expiration, were calculated from measurements in 1127 healthy subjects aged between 13 and 72 years. The following parameters were determined by means of the electronic spirometer pneumo-test: 1. the peak flow value Vmax, 2. the whole time constant tauges of the flow volume diagram and its components tau1 and tau2 from the upper and the lower part of the flow volume curve, 3. the most frequent time constant taumax in the distribution function of time constants. In relation to age Vmax-values show a maximum at 35 years and a significant decrease in younger and older subjects. Values in women are significant smaller than in men throughout the range of age. The time constants tauges and tau1 decrease significantly with increase in age. Differences between females and males are not statistically significant for these parameters. The time constants tau2 and taumax are age-independent. Their mean values are identical in all age decades and in women significantly smaller than in man.", "contents": "[Reference values of respiratory parameters in adults 4th paper: reference values for screening parameters of lung mechanics (author's transl)]. Reference values for screening parameters, evaluating the shape of flow-volume-curves on forced expiration, were calculated from measurements in 1127 healthy subjects aged between 13 and 72 years. The following parameters were determined by means of the electronic spirometer pneumo-test: 1. the peak flow value Vmax, 2. the whole time constant tauges of the flow volume diagram and its components tau1 and tau2 from the upper and the lower part of the flow volume curve, 3. the most frequent time constant taumax in the distribution function of time constants. In relation to age Vmax-values show a maximum at 35 years and a significant decrease in younger and older subjects. Values in women are significant smaller than in men throughout the range of age. The time constants tauges and tau1 decrease significantly with increase in age. Differences between females and males are not statistically significant for these parameters. The time constants tau2 and taumax are age-independent. Their mean values are identical in all age decades and in women significantly smaller than in man.", "PMID": 726534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10712", "title": "[The lipids of the lungs in experimental aspiration pneumonitis (author's transl)].", "content": "In the lungs of LEWE-Mini-Pigs with aspiration pneumonitis, which was produced by intratracheal application of 0,2 n hydrochloric acid, the following parameters were determined post-mortally: Total phospholipid-, water- and cholesterol content and sphingomyelin-, lecithin-, phosphatidylethanolamine- and phosphatidylserine concentration. Furthermore thin-layer- and gelchromatographic investigations were performed. The water- and the cholesterol content are increased (about 4 respectively 40 percent). The total phospholipid- and the lecithin content are decreased (about 10 respectively 30 percent). The lysolecithin concentration is very low in the lungs. By therapy with bromhexine metabolite VII the water- and cholesterol content are reduced, the total phospholipid- and lecithin content are increased in comparison to the lungs without therapy. In this case the total phospholipid- and lecithin content are raised in the liver simultaneously. The biochemical changes are caused probably by a disorder of the surfactant system of the lung (disturbance of phospholipid-protein-interaction) and impairment of the alveolar epithelial cells typ II (decreased lecithin biosynthesis) in consequence of the action of the hydrochloric acid.", "contents": "[The lipids of the lungs in experimental aspiration pneumonitis (author's transl)]. In the lungs of LEWE-Mini-Pigs with aspiration pneumonitis, which was produced by intratracheal application of 0,2 n hydrochloric acid, the following parameters were determined post-mortally: Total phospholipid-, water- and cholesterol content and sphingomyelin-, lecithin-, phosphatidylethanolamine- and phosphatidylserine concentration. Furthermore thin-layer- and gelchromatographic investigations were performed. The water- and the cholesterol content are increased (about 4 respectively 40 percent). The total phospholipid- and the lecithin content are decreased (about 10 respectively 30 percent). The lysolecithin concentration is very low in the lungs. By therapy with bromhexine metabolite VII the water- and cholesterol content are reduced, the total phospholipid- and lecithin content are increased in comparison to the lungs without therapy. In this case the total phospholipid- and lecithin content are raised in the liver simultaneously. The biochemical changes are caused probably by a disorder of the surfactant system of the lung (disturbance of phospholipid-protein-interaction) and impairment of the alveolar epithelial cells typ II (decreased lecithin biosynthesis) in consequence of the action of the hydrochloric acid.", "PMID": 726535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10713", "title": "[Detections of cases of bronchial carcinoma by reason of complaints and analysis of the times of delay (author's transl)].", "content": "52 persons with bronchial carcinoma found by reason of complaints by the Chest Clinic were critically evaluated. Cough, hemoptysis and thoracic pain are of the first place in the range of frequency of complaints caused by the tumour. The time elapsing between the onset of the troubles to the first medical visit and from this consultation to the hospital admission was analysed. The complaints were existing more than 4 weeks in nearly half of all patient before they went to a physician. The causes of delay are discussed. The necessity of immediate x-ray examination of persons in the age endangered by cancer is emphasized if complaints suspicious to carcinoma especially the three symptoms mentioned above persisting more than three weeks inspite of treatment. For that purpose the personal conversation with persons from risk groups and continuous cooperation with other physicians in the territory are important.", "contents": "[Detections of cases of bronchial carcinoma by reason of complaints and analysis of the times of delay (author's transl)]. 52 persons with bronchial carcinoma found by reason of complaints by the Chest Clinic were critically evaluated. Cough, hemoptysis and thoracic pain are of the first place in the range of frequency of complaints caused by the tumour. The time elapsing between the onset of the troubles to the first medical visit and from this consultation to the hospital admission was analysed. The complaints were existing more than 4 weeks in nearly half of all patient before they went to a physician. The causes of delay are discussed. The necessity of immediate x-ray examination of persons in the age endangered by cancer is emphasized if complaints suspicious to carcinoma especially the three symptoms mentioned above persisting more than three weeks inspite of treatment. For that purpose the personal conversation with persons from risk groups and continuous cooperation with other physicians in the territory are important.", "PMID": 726536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10714", "title": "[Article in addition of the differentiated diagnostics of chylous pleural effusions (author's transl)].", "content": "Today there are still difficulties by differentiating of chylous pleural effusions. It is reported about two forms of chylothorax which are different in their etiology. The chyle were examined with regard to the fats. It can be shown that the thin-layer chromatography of lipids makes possible a rapid diagnostics of chylous pleural effusions.", "contents": "[Article in addition of the differentiated diagnostics of chylous pleural effusions (author's transl)]. Today there are still difficulties by differentiating of chylous pleural effusions. It is reported about two forms of chylothorax which are different in their etiology. The chyle were examined with regard to the fats. It can be shown that the thin-layer chromatography of lipids makes possible a rapid diagnostics of chylous pleural effusions.", "PMID": 726537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10715", "title": "[Recommendation for a definition of extrinsic allergic alveolitis (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of diagnostic criteria (history of exposure, airway and general symptoms, detection of antibodies, disturbance of pulmonary function, chest X-ray, allergen inhalation test) a definition of extrinsic allergic alveolitis is proposed. The air is better comparability of case reports, therapy recommendations a. o.", "contents": "[Recommendation for a definition of extrinsic allergic alveolitis (author's transl)]. On the basis of diagnostic criteria (history of exposure, airway and general symptoms, detection of antibodies, disturbance of pulmonary function, chest X-ray, allergen inhalation test) a definition of extrinsic allergic alveolitis is proposed. The air is better comparability of case reports, therapy recommendations a. o.", "PMID": 726538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10716", "title": "[Morphea resembling pseudoxanthoma elasticum in progressive scleroderma].", "content": "Lesions of circumscribed scleroderma clinically appeared as pseudoxanthoma elasticum. The histological structure, however, revealed circumscribed scleroderma. The sclerodactyly, Raynaud's phenomenon, acrosclerosis and the laboratory results suggested systemic sclerosis.", "contents": "[Morphea resembling pseudoxanthoma elasticum in progressive scleroderma]. Lesions of circumscribed scleroderma clinically appeared as pseudoxanthoma elasticum. The histological structure, however, revealed circumscribed scleroderma. The sclerodactyly, Raynaud's phenomenon, acrosclerosis and the laboratory results suggested systemic sclerosis.", "PMID": 726540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10717", "title": "[Rhabdomyosarcoma of the skin--behavior of single tumor cells in vitro].", "content": "In vitro growth of individual tumor cells is described, deriving from a rhabdomyosarcoma. There can be suggested two different cell-types: fibroblast-like cells with no particular aspects of morphology, and epitheloid-like cells, recognized from structure and nuclear-behaviour as tumor-giant cells. This methods advantages are discussed as a supplement of histological criteria, as well as its clinical pattern in future.", "contents": "[Rhabdomyosarcoma of the skin--behavior of single tumor cells in vitro]. In vitro growth of individual tumor cells is described, deriving from a rhabdomyosarcoma. There can be suggested two different cell-types: fibroblast-like cells with no particular aspects of morphology, and epitheloid-like cells, recognized from structure and nuclear-behaviour as tumor-giant cells. This methods advantages are discussed as a supplement of histological criteria, as well as its clinical pattern in future.", "PMID": 726545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10718", "title": "Promotion of L1210 tumour growth by macrophages.", "content": "Low numbers (10(4)) of peritoneal exudate L1210 mouse lymphoma cells were injected into DBA/2 mice subcutaneously and the development of tumours was followed. Tumour takes occurred in 100% of the animals within 9 days after tumour transplantation. The latent period of tumour development was prolonged by 6-10 days when tumour cells of the peritoneal exudate, depleted of adherent/phagocytic cells, were used in the inoculum or when tumour cells derived from continuous cell cultures were used. Addition of adherent cells in high numbers to in-vitro-derived L1210 cells accelerated tumour growth. This effect was found to be not specific for adherent/phagocytic cells, as liver cells had the same influence on tumour growth. It is concluded that, under certain experimental conditions, a cell population with the functional properties of macrophages is able to promote tumour development, most likely due to their non-specific effect on the micro-environment of the growing tumour.", "contents": "Promotion of L1210 tumour growth by macrophages. Low numbers (10(4)) of peritoneal exudate L1210 mouse lymphoma cells were injected into DBA/2 mice subcutaneously and the development of tumours was followed. Tumour takes occurred in 100% of the animals within 9 days after tumour transplantation. The latent period of tumour development was prolonged by 6-10 days when tumour cells of the peritoneal exudate, depleted of adherent/phagocytic cells, were used in the inoculum or when tumour cells derived from continuous cell cultures were used. Addition of adherent cells in high numbers to in-vitro-derived L1210 cells accelerated tumour growth. This effect was found to be not specific for adherent/phagocytic cells, as liver cells had the same influence on tumour growth. It is concluded that, under certain experimental conditions, a cell population with the functional properties of macrophages is able to promote tumour development, most likely due to their non-specific effect on the micro-environment of the growing tumour.", "PMID": 726547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10719", "title": "Characterization of the serum protein inhibitor of the V.D.R.L. test.", "content": "The V.D.R.L. test for syphilis was used to evaluate the ability of various serum protein fractions to inhibit cardiolipin flocculation tests for syphilis. Serum protein fractions obtained by modifications of the method of Ecker et al. (1) were chromatographed by DEAE or gel filtration and characterized by immunodiffusion and electrophoresis. These experiments indicated that the V.D.R.L. inhibitor substance was in the IgM fraction of serum, although it has not yet been determined whether the inhibitor is an IgM antibody or another component which cofractionates with IgM.", "contents": "Characterization of the serum protein inhibitor of the V.D.R.L. test. The V.D.R.L. test for syphilis was used to evaluate the ability of various serum protein fractions to inhibit cardiolipin flocculation tests for syphilis. Serum protein fractions obtained by modifications of the method of Ecker et al. (1) were chromatographed by DEAE or gel filtration and characterized by immunodiffusion and electrophoresis. These experiments indicated that the V.D.R.L. inhibitor substance was in the IgM fraction of serum, although it has not yet been determined whether the inhibitor is an IgM antibody or another component which cofractionates with IgM.", "PMID": 726548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10720", "title": "Interaction of peanut agglutinin with human lymphocytes. Binding properties and topology of the receptor site.", "content": "The relationship between the mitogenic lectin PNA and other mitogenic and non-mitogenic lectins was investigated. PNA labelled with 125I was found to bind equally well to T and B lymphocytes, after neuraminidase treatment, with 3.88 times 10(6) and 3.73 times 10(6) binding sites respectively. Only the T cell fraction was stimulated, however, and only after neuraminidase treatment. Preincubation of neuraminidase-treated cells with non-mitogenic lectins and antiserum which appeared to bind to the same receptor as PNA, enhanced the latter's stimulatory properties. Capping and co-capping techniques were used to examine the topology of lectin receptors on the lymphocyte surface. The receptor glycoprotein for the mitogenic PNA lectin was found to be distinct from that possessing the Con A and PHA receptors, as well as that possessing the receptor for the non-mitogenic lectin from Helix pomatia.", "contents": "Interaction of peanut agglutinin with human lymphocytes. Binding properties and topology of the receptor site. The relationship between the mitogenic lectin PNA and other mitogenic and non-mitogenic lectins was investigated. PNA labelled with 125I was found to bind equally well to T and B lymphocytes, after neuraminidase treatment, with 3.88 times 10(6) and 3.73 times 10(6) binding sites respectively. Only the T cell fraction was stimulated, however, and only after neuraminidase treatment. Preincubation of neuraminidase-treated cells with non-mitogenic lectins and antiserum which appeared to bind to the same receptor as PNA, enhanced the latter's stimulatory properties. Capping and co-capping techniques were used to examine the topology of lectin receptors on the lymphocyte surface. The receptor glycoprotein for the mitogenic PNA lectin was found to be distinct from that possessing the Con A and PHA receptors, as well as that possessing the receptor for the non-mitogenic lectin from Helix pomatia.", "PMID": 726549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10721", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity in response to HBs antigen.", "content": "The response of peripheral blood leukocytes to purified HBsAg was studied in vitro by means of the leukocyte migration test in patients with acute viral hepatitis B, patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis carrying GBsAg, and in asymptomatic carriers of HBs antigen. In the acute period of the disease no leukocyte migration inhibition could be observed. Patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis also frequently failed to develop cell-mediated immunity to HBsAg. Results obtained for HBs antigen carriers did not differ from those of normal blood donors. The observations may indicate participation of cell-mediated immunity in the development of liver damage.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity in response to HBs antigen. The response of peripheral blood leukocytes to purified HBsAg was studied in vitro by means of the leukocyte migration test in patients with acute viral hepatitis B, patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis carrying GBsAg, and in asymptomatic carriers of HBs antigen. In the acute period of the disease no leukocyte migration inhibition could be observed. Patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis also frequently failed to develop cell-mediated immunity to HBsAg. Results obtained for HBs antigen carriers did not differ from those of normal blood donors. The observations may indicate participation of cell-mediated immunity in the development of liver damage.", "PMID": 726550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10722", "title": "[Longterm prognosis of 27 patients with left ventricular aneurysm and conservative treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of a follow-up study (mean 42 months after infarction) of 27 patients with conservatively treated left ventricular aneurysms showed: 1. 3/27 patients died of sudden death. Only one of these three could be predicted (ventricular fibrillation during exercise). 2. 3/24 remaining patients developed congestive heart failure. This could be predicted in one patient because of global hypocinesia of the left ventricle. 3. The exercise tolerance (Swan-Ganz) of the remaining 21 patients decreased from approximately 100 to 70 watts. Thus, all patients were able to lead an almost normal live. 4. Therefore conservative treatment of left ventricular aneurysms in most cases is the method of choice, since high surgical mortality, financial burdens of the society and man power has also to be considered. 5. The development of complications which would lead to aneurysmectomy (sudden death, life threatening arrhythmias, embolisation, congestive heart failure) cannot be foreseen from history, non-invasive and invasive data. 6. The close \"patient to physician-contact\" (risk-factors, medication) may have influenced the relatively good long-term prognosis of this group.", "contents": "[Longterm prognosis of 27 patients with left ventricular aneurysm and conservative treatment (author's transl)]. The results of a follow-up study (mean 42 months after infarction) of 27 patients with conservatively treated left ventricular aneurysms showed: 1. 3/27 patients died of sudden death. Only one of these three could be predicted (ventricular fibrillation during exercise). 2. 3/24 remaining patients developed congestive heart failure. This could be predicted in one patient because of global hypocinesia of the left ventricle. 3. The exercise tolerance (Swan-Ganz) of the remaining 21 patients decreased from approximately 100 to 70 watts. Thus, all patients were able to lead an almost normal live. 4. Therefore conservative treatment of left ventricular aneurysms in most cases is the method of choice, since high surgical mortality, financial burdens of the society and man power has also to be considered. 5. The development of complications which would lead to aneurysmectomy (sudden death, life threatening arrhythmias, embolisation, congestive heart failure) cannot be foreseen from history, non-invasive and invasive data. 6. The close \"patient to physician-contact\" (risk-factors, medication) may have influenced the relatively good long-term prognosis of this group.", "PMID": 726553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10723", "title": "[Pressure-flow relations of artificial valves in the mitral position (author's transl)].", "content": "Hemodynamic studies in pts. with Starr-Edwards disc valves (SE), Lillehei-Kaster valves (LK) and normal mitral valves (N) were performed to compare pressure gradient (deltaP) and volume flow (V). Therefore, synchronous pressure-volume measurements at a diastolic filling time of 500 ms and 250 ms were done. The results  show that deltaP in SE valves is much higher than in LK-valves, but this exists only at the beginning of volume acceleration whereas  at the end of diastolic time deltaP is similar to that of LK valves. In normal mitral valves initial pressure gradients are also present. Maximum volume flow in SE valves occurs at the end of diastole, but in normal mitral valves and in LK valves, however, it is reached already at the beginning. The studies showed a substantial obstacle to volume flow in SE-disc valves while LK-valves are similar to normal mitral valves.", "contents": "[Pressure-flow relations of artificial valves in the mitral position (author's transl)]. Hemodynamic studies in pts. with Starr-Edwards disc valves (SE), Lillehei-Kaster valves (LK) and normal mitral valves (N) were performed to compare pressure gradient (deltaP) and volume flow (V). Therefore, synchronous pressure-volume measurements at a diastolic filling time of 500 ms and 250 ms were done. The results  show that deltaP in SE valves is much higher than in LK-valves, but this exists only at the beginning of volume acceleration whereas  at the end of diastolic time deltaP is similar to that of LK valves. In normal mitral valves initial pressure gradients are also present. Maximum volume flow in SE valves occurs at the end of diastole, but in normal mitral valves and in LK valves, however, it is reached already at the beginning. The studies showed a substantial obstacle to volume flow in SE-disc valves while LK-valves are similar to normal mitral valves.", "PMID": 726554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10724", "title": "[Double and multiple atrial stimulation--a new method for calculation of sinoatrial conduction time (author's transl)].", "content": "By means of a new stimulation procedure--double and multiple atrial stimulation--the so-called sinoatrial conduction time (SACT) was calculated in 62 patients. The results were compared to the SACT calculation after premature single atrial stimulation (correlation coefficient 0.94). By means of the multiple atrial stimulation we were able to measure the \"sinoatrial conduction time\" in patients with SA-block of type II (missing reset phase) if the cases with SA entry block were excluded. The modified stimulation procedure helps to improve the assessment of functional disturbances of the sinoatrial node. This method for calculation of SACT is an advantage especially in patients with abnormally delayed SA conduction and in those with very short duration of spontaneous cycle length.", "contents": "[Double and multiple atrial stimulation--a new method for calculation of sinoatrial conduction time (author's transl)]. By means of a new stimulation procedure--double and multiple atrial stimulation--the so-called sinoatrial conduction time (SACT) was calculated in 62 patients. The results were compared to the SACT calculation after premature single atrial stimulation (correlation coefficient 0.94). By means of the multiple atrial stimulation we were able to measure the \"sinoatrial conduction time\" in patients with SA-block of type II (missing reset phase) if the cases with SA entry block were excluded. The modified stimulation procedure helps to improve the assessment of functional disturbances of the sinoatrial node. This method for calculation of SACT is an advantage especially in patients with abnormally delayed SA conduction and in those with very short duration of spontaneous cycle length.", "PMID": 726557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10725", "title": "[Effects of a latent Toxoplasma infection on the learning ability in white laboratory rats and mice (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Both white laboratory rats and white laboratory mice had a diminished learning capacity in connection with a latent Toxoplasma infection. 2. Five infected couples of rats out of 12 pairs were not able to learn their task by the double-training program in a given period of time. A second group of five rats was able to learn this program but later than the noninfected control-group of brothers and sisters did. 3. Mice seem to be more damaged by Toxoplasma infections than rats in their learning capacity. All infected mice did not reach the same ability than their control brothers and sisters. The reason for this differences could reflect the higher infection rate of the brain of mice than rats during the latent phase of infection.", "contents": "[Effects of a latent Toxoplasma infection on the learning ability in white laboratory rats and mice (author's transl)]. 1. Both white laboratory rats and white laboratory mice had a diminished learning capacity in connection with a latent Toxoplasma infection. 2. Five infected couples of rats out of 12 pairs were not able to learn their task by the double-training program in a given period of time. A second group of five rats was able to learn this program but later than the noninfected control-group of brothers and sisters did. 3. Mice seem to be more damaged by Toxoplasma infections than rats in their learning capacity. All infected mice did not reach the same ability than their control brothers and sisters. The reason for this differences could reflect the higher infection rate of the brain of mice than rats during the latent phase of infection.", "PMID": 726558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10726", "title": "Electrophoretic variation of enzymes: a further marker for genetic studies of the Eimeria.", "content": "Embryo-adapted strains of Eimeria mivati and E. mivati var. diminuta, differing in their sensitivity to sulphaquinoxaline and electrophoretic mobilities of lactate dehydrogenase, were crossed. E. mivati was sulphaquinoxaline-resistant and characterised by an electrophoretic form of the enzyme denoted lactate dehydrogenase-1 whereas E. mivati var. diminuta was sulphaquinoxaline-sensitive and characterised by lactate dehydrogenase-6. Progeny recovered from the cross were passaged in embryonating eggs given sulphaquinoxaline and the (drug-resistant) parasites recovered were characterised by both lactate dehydrogenase-1 and lactate dehydrogenase-6. Controls showed that those parasites characterised by the recombinant phenotype of drug-resistant and lactate dehydrogenase-6 had been produced by the cross-fertilisation of gametes.", "contents": "Electrophoretic variation of enzymes: a further marker for genetic studies of the Eimeria. Embryo-adapted strains of Eimeria mivati and E. mivati var. diminuta, differing in their sensitivity to sulphaquinoxaline and electrophoretic mobilities of lactate dehydrogenase, were crossed. E. mivati was sulphaquinoxaline-resistant and characterised by an electrophoretic form of the enzyme denoted lactate dehydrogenase-1 whereas E. mivati var. diminuta was sulphaquinoxaline-sensitive and characterised by lactate dehydrogenase-6. Progeny recovered from the cross were passaged in embryonating eggs given sulphaquinoxaline and the (drug-resistant) parasites recovered were characterised by both lactate dehydrogenase-1 and lactate dehydrogenase-6. Controls showed that those parasites characterised by the recombinant phenotype of drug-resistant and lactate dehydrogenase-6 had been produced by the cross-fertilisation of gametes.", "PMID": 726560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10727", "title": "[Equitensity films in x-ray diagnosis of osteoarthritis of the hip joint and necrosis of the capitular epiphysis of the femur (author's transl)].", "content": "The limited resolving power of the human eye is often an obstacle to a clear diagnosis when evaluating X-ray films. The article attempts an assessment of the possibilities offered by the evaluation of equidensity films when comparing X-ray films with tomographs of preparations of the capitular epiphysis of the femur.", "contents": "[Equitensity films in x-ray diagnosis of osteoarthritis of the hip joint and necrosis of the capitular epiphysis of the femur (author's transl)]. The limited resolving power of the human eye is often an obstacle to a clear diagnosis when evaluating X-ray films. The article attempts an assessment of the possibilities offered by the evaluation of equidensity films when comparing X-ray films with tomographs of preparations of the capitular epiphysis of the femur.", "PMID": 726561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10728", "title": "[Application of Moir\u00e9 topography to diagnosis and documentation of anomalies of the trunk (author's transl)].", "content": "Following the Moir\u00e9 method published by Takasaki an apparatus has been established which allows the three dimensional measurement of human trunk shape. The medical applications are demonstrated by the examples of pigeon breast and scoliosis. The measurement of patients suffering from scoliosis and treated with halo gravity traction shows the possible value of Moir\u00e9topography analyzing the mobility of spinal segments. An example for the relation of the topograms to radiographs is presented.", "contents": "[Application of Moir\u00e9 topography to diagnosis and documentation of anomalies of the trunk (author's transl)]. Following the Moir\u00e9 method published by Takasaki an apparatus has been established which allows the three dimensional measurement of human trunk shape. The medical applications are demonstrated by the examples of pigeon breast and scoliosis. The measurement of patients suffering from scoliosis and treated with halo gravity traction shows the possible value of Moir\u00e9topography analyzing the mobility of spinal segments. An example for the relation of the topograms to radiographs is presented.", "PMID": 726563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10729", "title": "[Larsen syndrome--symptomatics and therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "We report of three children suffering from Larsen-syndrome with the typical deformity of the face and multiple, mostly bilateral joint-luxations with severe affection of the hip-joints and knee-joints. Two patients had short terminal phalanxes with the typically spatulate terminal phalanxes of the thumb, radiographically visible. One child showed bilaterally dysplastic metacarpophalangeal bones with luxated metaphalanxes. The diagnosis could furtheron be verified by the characteristically twin-formed bone-nucleus of the calcaneus within all patients. Two children early showed a severe, progrediently developing scoliosis of the thoracal spine. The genetic aetiology of this syndrome, caused by a congenital weakness of the connective tissue, is not yet cleared completely. Especially the severe knee-joint luxations are therapeutically a critical problem. The multiple operative interventions which are necessary in the regions of the knee-joint, do not always lead to the expected success of treatment on account of the considerable weakness of the connective tissue. Therefore, additionally orthopaedic remedies are necessary. The already early progrediently developing scoliosis of the spine requires careful treatments with Milwaukee brace. A spondylodesis should be performed in the age from 6 to 8 years on account of the progredience. In any case, it is necessary to investigate carefully for accompanying malformations of the urinary passage.", "contents": "[Larsen syndrome--symptomatics and therapy (author's transl)]. We report of three children suffering from Larsen-syndrome with the typical deformity of the face and multiple, mostly bilateral joint-luxations with severe affection of the hip-joints and knee-joints. Two patients had short terminal phalanxes with the typically spatulate terminal phalanxes of the thumb, radiographically visible. One child showed bilaterally dysplastic metacarpophalangeal bones with luxated metaphalanxes. The diagnosis could furtheron be verified by the characteristically twin-formed bone-nucleus of the calcaneus within all patients. Two children early showed a severe, progrediently developing scoliosis of the thoracal spine. The genetic aetiology of this syndrome, caused by a congenital weakness of the connective tissue, is not yet cleared completely. Especially the severe knee-joint luxations are therapeutically a critical problem. The multiple operative interventions which are necessary in the regions of the knee-joint, do not always lead to the expected success of treatment on account of the considerable weakness of the connective tissue. Therefore, additionally orthopaedic remedies are necessary. The already early progrediently developing scoliosis of the spine requires careful treatments with Milwaukee brace. A spondylodesis should be performed in the age from 6 to 8 years on account of the progredience. In any case, it is necessary to investigate carefully for accompanying malformations of the urinary passage.", "PMID": 726564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10730", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of metaphyseal dysplasias and osteodysplasty (osteodysplasty of Melnick and Needles) (author's transl)].", "content": "The article reports on 4 patients with rare modeling defects of the long bones. These defects are metaphyseal dysplasia, craniometaphyseal dysplasia, frontometaphyseal dysplasia, and osteodysplasty (osteodysplasty of Melnick and Needles). The differential diagnostic criteria are shown in a table to allow diagnosis already in children. This appears important in respect of the therapy to be employed (corrective surgery) and for prognosis, as well as for giving patients proper genetic and vocational advice.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of metaphyseal dysplasias and osteodysplasty (osteodysplasty of Melnick and Needles) (author's transl)]. The article reports on 4 patients with rare modeling defects of the long bones. These defects are metaphyseal dysplasia, craniometaphyseal dysplasia, frontometaphyseal dysplasia, and osteodysplasty (osteodysplasty of Melnick and Needles). The differential diagnostic criteria are shown in a table to allow diagnosis already in children. This appears important in respect of the therapy to be employed (corrective surgery) and for prognosis, as well as for giving patients proper genetic and vocational advice.", "PMID": 726565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10731", "title": "[Electromyographic performance of the lower arm musculature in the spastic patient before and after transplantation of the m. flexor carpi ulnaris (author's transl)].", "content": "Quantitative electromyographic studies of the lower arm musculature before and after distal displacement of the flexor of the hand and digital flexor as well as transplantation of the m. flexor carpi ulnaris to the dorsal side of the wrist joint were conducted in 10 patients with a spastic hand. At the same time the absolute force during isometric flexing and stretching was also recorded. The results revealed that the reciprocal innervation in the paretic antagonist improves, and the efficiency of the muscle is enhanced, by the surgical relaxation of the contracted agonist. The flexor carpi ulnaris transplanted to the dorsal side will additionally safeguard the muscular balance between flexors and extensors modified towards approaching the standard values. However, the transplanted flexor does not undergo a \"learning\" process in cortical level in the sense of performing the tasks of an extensor.", "contents": "[Electromyographic performance of the lower arm musculature in the spastic patient before and after transplantation of the m. flexor carpi ulnaris (author's transl)]. Quantitative electromyographic studies of the lower arm musculature before and after distal displacement of the flexor of the hand and digital flexor as well as transplantation of the m. flexor carpi ulnaris to the dorsal side of the wrist joint were conducted in 10 patients with a spastic hand. At the same time the absolute force during isometric flexing and stretching was also recorded. The results revealed that the reciprocal innervation in the paretic antagonist improves, and the efficiency of the muscle is enhanced, by the surgical relaxation of the contracted agonist. The flexor carpi ulnaris transplanted to the dorsal side will additionally safeguard the muscular balance between flexors and extensors modified towards approaching the standard values. However, the transplanted flexor does not undergo a \"learning\" process in cortical level in the sense of performing the tasks of an extensor.", "PMID": 726566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10732", "title": "[Thickening of the achilles tendon through intratendinous xanthomas in familial hypercholesterol-anemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Basing on two own observations, swelling of the Achilles tendon by xanthomas in familial hypercholesterolaemia is described. This condition is rarely found in literature. Differential diagnosis and indication for surgery are discussed.", "contents": "[Thickening of the achilles tendon through intratendinous xanthomas in familial hypercholesterol-anemia (author's transl)]. Basing on two own observations, swelling of the Achilles tendon by xanthomas in familial hypercholesterolaemia is described. This condition is rarely found in literature. Differential diagnosis and indication for surgery are discussed.", "PMID": 726567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10733", "title": "[Contribution to capsular hemangioma of the knee joint (author's transl)].", "content": "Hemangioma of the knee joint capsule is rare. Although there are exact descriptions of the lesion to be found in the world literature, it is relatively unfamiliar among surgeons. Some characteristic symptoms as painful swelling, hemarthrosis, disappearance of swelling upon limb elevation, muscular atrophy, limitation of the knee motion, occasionally increased leg length or locking in circumscribed tumors and x-ray findings as osteolytic changes, periostal new bone formation and bony atrophy lead to the diagnosis. Phleboliths are pathognomonic. Another very characteristic case is added to the about 160 cases described in the world literature. Arthrography is helpful only in rare instances. Arteriography is critizised differently, but more frequently it is thought to be of diagnostic value. Arthroscopy does not lead any further in diffuse hemangioma. The treatment of choice is radical excision of the tumor whenever possible. In order to avoid secondary arthrotic changes early surgical intervention is favourable.", "contents": "[Contribution to capsular hemangioma of the knee joint (author's transl)]. Hemangioma of the knee joint capsule is rare. Although there are exact descriptions of the lesion to be found in the world literature, it is relatively unfamiliar among surgeons. Some characteristic symptoms as painful swelling, hemarthrosis, disappearance of swelling upon limb elevation, muscular atrophy, limitation of the knee motion, occasionally increased leg length or locking in circumscribed tumors and x-ray findings as osteolytic changes, periostal new bone formation and bony atrophy lead to the diagnosis. Phleboliths are pathognomonic. Another very characteristic case is added to the about 160 cases described in the world literature. Arthrography is helpful only in rare instances. Arteriography is critizised differently, but more frequently it is thought to be of diagnostic value. Arthroscopy does not lead any further in diffuse hemangioma. The treatment of choice is radical excision of the tumor whenever possible. In order to avoid secondary arthrotic changes early surgical intervention is favourable.", "PMID": 726568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10734", "title": "[The radialis compression syndroma and the epicondylopathia radialis as differential diagnosis. Electromyographic diagnostic and findings (author's transl)].", "content": "This report will show the necessarity of the correct differential diagnostic clearing between the so called Epicondylopathia radialis and radialis compression syndroma. After anatomical introductions it's reported about technics of operative treatment. The most exact diagnosis is given by electromyographic tests of the extensor muscles. A good postoperative control of the neurolysis is possible by the electromyographic test.", "contents": "[The radialis compression syndroma and the epicondylopathia radialis as differential diagnosis. Electromyographic diagnostic and findings (author's transl)]. This report will show the necessarity of the correct differential diagnostic clearing between the so called Epicondylopathia radialis and radialis compression syndroma. After anatomical introductions it's reported about technics of operative treatment. The most exact diagnosis is given by electromyographic tests of the extensor muscles. A good postoperative control of the neurolysis is possible by the electromyographic test.", "PMID": 726569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10735", "title": "[Experiences with Refobacin-Palacos with regard to deep late infections following hip-joint endoprosthesis surgery. A 4-years' study (author's transl)].", "content": "667 TEP operations were performed in our hospital from 1970 to 1973. Two groups of patients were treated either with Palacos-R without addition of antibiotics (n = 336) or with Refobacin-Palacos (n = 331). Both groups received a combined postoperative systemic antibiotic infection prophylaxis. The authors' own subsequent investigations, completion of patient questionnaires and--in case of subjective complaints--medical questionnaires, were sufficient to follow up all patients, with the exception of two, over a period of 5--4 or 4--3 years. The infection rate in the group without addition of antibiotics was 6,3 or 4,1% for early or late infections respectively, in the Palacos group, whereas in the Refobacin-Palacos group the rate of early or late infections was only 0,6%. No sensitization in respect of the incorporated gentamycin antibiotic was found.", "contents": "[Experiences with Refobacin-Palacos with regard to deep late infections following hip-joint endoprosthesis surgery. A 4-years' study (author's transl)]. 667 TEP operations were performed in our hospital from 1970 to 1973. Two groups of patients were treated either with Palacos-R without addition of antibiotics (n = 336) or with Refobacin-Palacos (n = 331). Both groups received a combined postoperative systemic antibiotic infection prophylaxis. The authors' own subsequent investigations, completion of patient questionnaires and--in case of subjective complaints--medical questionnaires, were sufficient to follow up all patients, with the exception of two, over a period of 5--4 or 4--3 years. The infection rate in the group without addition of antibiotics was 6,3 or 4,1% for early or late infections respectively, in the Palacos group, whereas in the Refobacin-Palacos group the rate of early or late infections was only 0,6%. No sensitization in respect of the incorporated gentamycin antibiotic was found.", "PMID": 726570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10736", "title": "[The vertebrotomy as additional therapy at spondylitis tuberculosa (author's transl)].", "content": "One hundred and three patients with spondylitis tuberculosa were treated with 104 vertebrotomies, without deaths. The results of 71 cases, one until 24 years after the operation, were evaluated. Most of them showed bony healing, only one had a soft tissue rezidivism. Through the modern antituberculous therapy the time of immobilization (plaster-bed and cast) could have been shortened in the last 13 years from 38,4 to 20,3 months.", "contents": "[The vertebrotomy as additional therapy at spondylitis tuberculosa (author's transl)]. One hundred and three patients with spondylitis tuberculosa were treated with 104 vertebrotomies, without deaths. The results of 71 cases, one until 24 years after the operation, were evaluated. Most of them showed bony healing, only one had a soft tissue rezidivism. Through the modern antituberculous therapy the time of immobilization (plaster-bed and cast) could have been shortened in the last 13 years from 38,4 to 20,3 months.", "PMID": 726571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10737", "title": "[Methods and results of a regional tumour registrating system with special regard to malignant bone tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "The tumor registry of the Saarland registrates all malignant tumours with the \"record-lincage-system\" in a federal state from about 1,1 million inhabitants, including as well industrial as also country like regions. We examined especially primary malignant bone tumours and the Ewing-Sarkomas with respect to age distribution, regional and chronological incidence during the observation period from 1966--1974. We observated a significantly higher tumour incidence rate in the industrial region, close by refined steel producing foundries, especially of such tumours, occuring in great age. A possible connection of this fact to tumour aetiology is shortly discussed.", "contents": "[Methods and results of a regional tumour registrating system with special regard to malignant bone tumours (author's transl)]. The tumor registry of the Saarland registrates all malignant tumours with the \"record-lincage-system\" in a federal state from about 1,1 million inhabitants, including as well industrial as also country like regions. We examined especially primary malignant bone tumours and the Ewing-Sarkomas with respect to age distribution, regional and chronological incidence during the observation period from 1966--1974. We observated a significantly higher tumour incidence rate in the industrial region, close by refined steel producing foundries, especially of such tumours, occuring in great age. A possible connection of this fact to tumour aetiology is shortly discussed.", "PMID": 726572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10738", "title": "[Frequency of necroses of the head of the femur in the treatment of the so-called congenital dislocation of the hip joint according to Hoffmann-Daimler (author's transl)].", "content": "The article reports on the results which can be obtained with the method described by Hoffmann-Daimler regarding the functional treatment of the so-called congenital dislocation of the hip joint. The report is based on a patient material of 110 children with 159 dislocated hips treated at the Orthopaedic University Clinic at Erlangen between 1971 and 1976. Observation of the course of the disease revealed a much lower rate of incidence of necrosis of the head of the femur than stated in literature, using the Hoffmann-Daimler method. The incidence of necrosis on pre-treatment of most children with other therapeutic methods, was 2.3% at the beginning of the Hoffmann-Daimler treatment, and increased to 12.7% up to the end of the treatment, dropping to 9.3% at the time of the follow-up examination.", "contents": "[Frequency of necroses of the head of the femur in the treatment of the so-called congenital dislocation of the hip joint according to Hoffmann-Daimler (author's transl)]. The article reports on the results which can be obtained with the method described by Hoffmann-Daimler regarding the functional treatment of the so-called congenital dislocation of the hip joint. The report is based on a patient material of 110 children with 159 dislocated hips treated at the Orthopaedic University Clinic at Erlangen between 1971 and 1976. Observation of the course of the disease revealed a much lower rate of incidence of necrosis of the head of the femur than stated in literature, using the Hoffmann-Daimler method. The incidence of necrosis on pre-treatment of most children with other therapeutic methods, was 2.3% at the beginning of the Hoffmann-Daimler treatment, and increased to 12.7% up to the end of the treatment, dropping to 9.3% at the time of the follow-up examination.", "PMID": 726573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10739", "title": "[Isolated dislocation fracture of the trapezium (author's transl)].", "content": "As a very rare injury, isolated fracture, dislocation or rarely dislocation fracture of the trapezium can be connected with difficult diagnostical problems. Routine X-rays of the hand are not always sufficient, because of overlying trapezoid-contours. Special X-rays are additionally necessary. Concerning the therapy, there is a balance in conservative and surgical treatment, depending on the kind and nature of fracture and dislocation.", "contents": "[Isolated dislocation fracture of the trapezium (author's transl)]. As a very rare injury, isolated fracture, dislocation or rarely dislocation fracture of the trapezium can be connected with difficult diagnostical problems. Routine X-rays of the hand are not always sufficient, because of overlying trapezoid-contours. Special X-rays are additionally necessary. Concerning the therapy, there is a balance in conservative and surgical treatment, depending on the kind and nature of fracture and dislocation.", "PMID": 726574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10740", "title": "[Comments on the biostatical analysis of the hip joint II (author's transl)].", "content": "For a complete biostatical analysis of the hip joint, it will be necessary, besides determining the load, to calculate the extent of strain. In Part I of this article, we described the fundamentals of an improved calculation method which allows its clinical application. In the present second part of the article, a more sophisticated method of calculating the maximal pressure is explained. This takes into account, in particular, the position of the centre of the head of the femur to level of access to the acetobulum, the anteversion of the acetabulum, and the width of the interarticular space. The biomechanical method of analysis is supplemented by the description of a method to calculate the distribution of pressure in the hip joint. In an appendix, the mathematical connections of this calculation are described in detail.", "contents": "[Comments on the biostatical analysis of the hip joint II (author's transl)]. For a complete biostatical analysis of the hip joint, it will be necessary, besides determining the load, to calculate the extent of strain. In Part I of this article, we described the fundamentals of an improved calculation method which allows its clinical application. In the present second part of the article, a more sophisticated method of calculating the maximal pressure is explained. This takes into account, in particular, the position of the centre of the head of the femur to level of access to the acetobulum, the anteversion of the acetabulum, and the width of the interarticular space. The biomechanical method of analysis is supplemented by the description of a method to calculate the distribution of pressure in the hip joint. In an appendix, the mathematical connections of this calculation are described in detail.", "PMID": 726575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10741", "title": "[Development of an external fixation agent made from Polymers (author's transl)].", "content": "With the type of external bone anchorage made from metal and usually employed in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, the considerable weight of such anchorages and their imperviousness to X-rays are major drawbacks. For this reason, the prototype of an external fixation agent was developed which does not posses these disadvantages. Fibre-reinforced polymeric materials appeared a suitable alternative to metal. Satisfactory strength of the components of the system could be expected provided the anchoring was suitably constructed. External bone anchorage with polymer materials is easy to manipulate, transparent to X-rays, sterilisable, and possesses dimenisonal stability to head. The weight reduction amounts to as much as 70%. A multitude of variants can be mounted from just four system components. Economic manufacture is possible through material-specific processing (injection moulding, machining).", "contents": "[Development of an external fixation agent made from Polymers (author's transl)]. With the type of external bone anchorage made from metal and usually employed in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, the considerable weight of such anchorages and their imperviousness to X-rays are major drawbacks. For this reason, the prototype of an external fixation agent was developed which does not posses these disadvantages. Fibre-reinforced polymeric materials appeared a suitable alternative to metal. Satisfactory strength of the components of the system could be expected provided the anchoring was suitably constructed. External bone anchorage with polymer materials is easy to manipulate, transparent to X-rays, sterilisable, and possesses dimenisonal stability to head. The weight reduction amounts to as much as 70%. A multitude of variants can be mounted from just four system components. Economic manufacture is possible through material-specific processing (injection moulding, machining).", "PMID": 726576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10742", "title": "[Restitution of bleeder's joint (author's transl)].", "content": "Haemophilics bleed most frequently into the joints. However, not all haemarthroses will necessarily lead to permanent joint damage. An examination of the twelve large extremity joints of sixty bleeders showed that 23% of the joints were restituted. An example of a haemophilic arthropathy of the knee joints serves to illustrate the fact that even a joint showing roentgenologic changes over a period of many years can heal in the course of the growth of the affected juvenile. The chance of a restitution is the greater, the lesser the joint had been damaged, the lesser the haemarthrosis, and the shorter the period during which the blood remained in the joint.", "contents": "[Restitution of bleeder's joint (author's transl)]. Haemophilics bleed most frequently into the joints. However, not all haemarthroses will necessarily lead to permanent joint damage. An examination of the twelve large extremity joints of sixty bleeders showed that 23% of the joints were restituted. An example of a haemophilic arthropathy of the knee joints serves to illustrate the fact that even a joint showing roentgenologic changes over a period of many years can heal in the course of the growth of the affected juvenile. The chance of a restitution is the greater, the lesser the joint had been damaged, the lesser the haemarthrosis, and the shorter the period during which the blood remained in the joint.", "PMID": 726577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10743", "title": "[Comments on the evaluation of the axial cubital joint X-ray film (author's transl)].", "content": "Evaluation of 250 axial elbow joint X-ray films included measurement of an angle between the ulnar and radial halves of the trochlea, which varies between 140 and 170 degrees. In cases where this angle was smaller, eminences of various size were found in the radial border of the olecranon. In addition, the distance between the ulnar border and the bottom of the sulcus of the ulnar nerve was increased with steep upright position of the ulnar half of the trochlea. Diffuse complaints were stadet in case of upright positioning of the ulnar half of the trochlea and formation of eminences at the radial border of the olecranon. These complaints were clearly different from the typical symptoms associated with ulnar or radial epicondylitis. The axial elbow joint X-ray film could supply objective pointers to assist in the diagnostic differentiation of these complaints.", "contents": "[Comments on the evaluation of the axial cubital joint X-ray film (author's transl)]. Evaluation of 250 axial elbow joint X-ray films included measurement of an angle between the ulnar and radial halves of the trochlea, which varies between 140 and 170 degrees. In cases where this angle was smaller, eminences of various size were found in the radial border of the olecranon. In addition, the distance between the ulnar border and the bottom of the sulcus of the ulnar nerve was increased with steep upright position of the ulnar half of the trochlea. Diffuse complaints were stadet in case of upright positioning of the ulnar half of the trochlea and formation of eminences at the radial border of the olecranon. These complaints were clearly different from the typical symptoms associated with ulnar or radial epicondylitis. The axial elbow joint X-ray film could supply objective pointers to assist in the diagnostic differentiation of these complaints.", "PMID": 726578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10744", "title": "[Genetic counseling in Sj\u00f6gren-Larsson syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Oligophrenia, ichthyosis, and spastic di- or tetraplegia are the main symptoms of Sj\u00f6gren-Larsson syndrome. Additional findings in some cases are speech defects, seizures, small stature, and changes of the eye. In 1957 the Swedish authors first described this syndrome, untill now there are some 125 cases, on which the diagnosis can be made certainly. Sj\u00f6gren-Larsson syndrom follows the autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Therefore genetic counseling seems to be of great value in families with this syndrome.", "contents": "[Genetic counseling in Sj\u00f6gren-Larsson syndrome (author's transl)]. Oligophrenia, ichthyosis, and spastic di- or tetraplegia are the main symptoms of Sj\u00f6gren-Larsson syndrome. Additional findings in some cases are speech defects, seizures, small stature, and changes of the eye. In 1957 the Swedish authors first described this syndrome, untill now there are some 125 cases, on which the diagnosis can be made certainly. Sj\u00f6gren-Larsson syndrom follows the autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Therefore genetic counseling seems to be of great value in families with this syndrome.", "PMID": 726579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10745", "title": "Kawasaki disease is diagnosed in Virginia.", "content": "First reported in Japan in 1967, Kawasaki disease appeared in Virginia this year. It is an acute febrile malady of childhood, and physicians providing medical care for children should be aware of its unique clinical features.", "contents": "Kawasaki disease is diagnosed in Virginia. First reported in Japan in 1967, Kawasaki disease appeared in Virginia this year. It is an acute febrile malady of childhood, and physicians providing medical care for children should be aware of its unique clinical features.", "PMID": 726590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10746", "title": "Alcohol: physicians now charged with society's ancient problem.", "content": "With its classification as a disease, alcoholism became the physician's responsibility. Reviewing the rise of alcohol's status, the author comments on the efficacy of treatment today and advocates decisive changes.", "contents": "Alcohol: physicians now charged with society's ancient problem. With its classification as a disease, alcoholism became the physician's responsibility. Reviewing the rise of alcohol's status, the author comments on the efficacy of treatment today and advocates decisive changes.", "PMID": 726595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10747", "title": "CT scanning in head injury: practical applications and pitfalls.", "content": "Computed tomography has replaced the invasive techniques of angiography and ventriculography as the diagnostic study of choice in head injury. It has proven not only accurate but extremely safe. Problems still exist with diagnosis, however. Respresentative examples of common lesions seen in trauma are presented along with the errors in diagnosis most frequently made and how to avoid them. The common artifacts, including movement, are also discussed.", "contents": "CT scanning in head injury: practical applications and pitfalls. Computed tomography has replaced the invasive techniques of angiography and ventriculography as the diagnostic study of choice in head injury. It has proven not only accurate but extremely safe. Problems still exist with diagnosis, however. Respresentative examples of common lesions seen in trauma are presented along with the errors in diagnosis most frequently made and how to avoid them. The common artifacts, including movement, are also discussed.", "PMID": 726596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10748", "title": "Asthma in older patients.", "content": "Asthma in older patients usually is a chronic disease requiring prolonged treatment. A study of 40 asthmatic patients at a university center yields an analysis of diagnostic techniques, drug therapy and its complications, and the incidence of associated diseases.", "contents": "Asthma in older patients. Asthma in older patients usually is a chronic disease requiring prolonged treatment. A study of 40 asthmatic patients at a university center yields an analysis of diagnostic techniques, drug therapy and its complications, and the incidence of associated diseases.", "PMID": 726597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10749", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the foot.", "content": "The need for considering squamous cell carcinoma when diagnosing foot lesions is stressed in these two cases. Early diagnosis and treatment are the hallmarks of proper patient management.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the foot. The need for considering squamous cell carcinoma when diagnosing foot lesions is stressed in these two cases. Early diagnosis and treatment are the hallmarks of proper patient management.", "PMID": 726598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10750", "title": "Guidelines for health education in maternal and child health.", "content": "Guidelines are presented for specifying objectives, identifying resources, selecting methods and evaluating the health education component for maternal and child health programmes. Examples of the application of the principles are integrated with the Guidelines. Diagnostic, planning, organizational, administrative and evaluative procedures are presented around a model of health education which emphasizes: a) the careful delineation of the health problem; b) the specification of behaviours influencing the health problem; c) setting priorities among target behaviours on the basis of their relative epidemiological importance and their changeability; and d) the identification of factors that predispose, enable and reinforce the behaviour.", "contents": "Guidelines for health education in maternal and child health. Guidelines are presented for specifying objectives, identifying resources, selecting methods and evaluating the health education component for maternal and child health programmes. Examples of the application of the principles are integrated with the Guidelines. Diagnostic, planning, organizational, administrative and evaluative procedures are presented around a model of health education which emphasizes: a) the careful delineation of the health problem; b) the specification of behaviours influencing the health problem; c) setting priorities among target behaviours on the basis of their relative epidemiological importance and their changeability; and d) the identification of factors that predispose, enable and reinforce the behaviour.", "PMID": 726647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10751", "title": "Analysis of admissions to the Arthur Davidson Children's Hospital, Ndola.", "content": "The frequency of infectious diseases in 6543 children hospitalised in the year 1974-75 in Arthur Davidson Hospital is analysed. Airborne infections including pneumonias and bronchopneumonias were found in 53.7% of the children and in 79.4% of those who died. Measles was found in 1112 children with a mortality rate of 15.6%. Measles and Malaria were among the top five killer diseases in Arthur Davidson Hospital. Of the airborne infections, measles, tuberculosis, laryngotracheobronchitis and pyogenic meningitis are the worst. Some problems concerning prevention and diagnosis are stressed. Improvement in the diagnosis of infectious diseases will depend on improvement in laboratory facilities.", "contents": "Analysis of admissions to the Arthur Davidson Children's Hospital, Ndola. The frequency of infectious diseases in 6543 children hospitalised in the year 1974-75 in Arthur Davidson Hospital is analysed. Airborne infections including pneumonias and bronchopneumonias were found in 53.7% of the children and in 79.4% of those who died. Measles was found in 1112 children with a mortality rate of 15.6%. Measles and Malaria were among the top five killer diseases in Arthur Davidson Hospital. Of the airborne infections, measles, tuberculosis, laryngotracheobronchitis and pyogenic meningitis are the worst. Some problems concerning prevention and diagnosis are stressed. Improvement in the diagnosis of infectious diseases will depend on improvement in laboratory facilities.", "PMID": 726649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10752", "title": "Obstetric deaths in Lusaka.", "content": "A detailed study of the obstetric services in Lusaka is presented. The maternal and perinatal mortality rates for 1976 were estimated at 1.7 and 55.1 per 1000 live births respectively. The persistent increase in mortality suggests a fall of accepted standards of maternity care. The causes of deaths are discussed. Avoidable factors were identified in 79.6% of the maternal deaths and 49.1% of the stillbirths. Recommendations are made for a more integrated type of maternity service, provisions of maternity centres, education programmes for the public and a more thorough perinatal care. Only a concerted effort of this nature will eventually result in a satisfactory progress in the obstetric services and a reduction of obstetric deaths and morbidity.", "contents": "Obstetric deaths in Lusaka. A detailed study of the obstetric services in Lusaka is presented. The maternal and perinatal mortality rates for 1976 were estimated at 1.7 and 55.1 per 1000 live births respectively. The persistent increase in mortality suggests a fall of accepted standards of maternity care. The causes of deaths are discussed. Avoidable factors were identified in 79.6% of the maternal deaths and 49.1% of the stillbirths. Recommendations are made for a more integrated type of maternity service, provisions of maternity centres, education programmes for the public and a more thorough perinatal care. Only a concerted effort of this nature will eventually result in a satisfactory progress in the obstetric services and a reduction of obstetric deaths and morbidity.", "PMID": 726653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10753", "title": "Normal values in adult Zambians. X. Serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in normal Zambian males and females in the reproductive period of life; estimation by the radioimmunoassay kit.", "content": "Serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) was measured in healthy Zambians in the reproductive phase of their lives, using the radioimmunoassay kit. In males the mean serum FSH level was 7.10mlu/ml. In females, the mean serum FSH level was 9.05mlu/m. These results compare favourably with results obtained by non-kit radioimmunoassay. Furthermore, they are similar to results obtained by other workers in the same phase of life in Caucasians.", "contents": "Normal values in adult Zambians. X. Serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in normal Zambian males and females in the reproductive period of life; estimation by the radioimmunoassay kit. Serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) was measured in healthy Zambians in the reproductive phase of their lives, using the radioimmunoassay kit. In males the mean serum FSH level was 7.10mlu/ml. In females, the mean serum FSH level was 9.05mlu/m. These results compare favourably with results obtained by non-kit radioimmunoassay. Furthermore, they are similar to results obtained by other workers in the same phase of life in Caucasians.", "PMID": 726655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10754", "title": "Serial electrocardiograms in endomyocardial fibrosis.", "content": "Serial electrocardiographic changes, mostly of a minor nature, occurred in two Zambians with endomyocardial fibrosis.", "contents": "Serial electrocardiograms in endomyocardial fibrosis. Serial electrocardiographic changes, mostly of a minor nature, occurred in two Zambians with endomyocardial fibrosis.", "PMID": 726650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10755", "title": "Some aspects of coagulation and fibrinolysis in non-pregnant and pregnant Zambians.", "content": "Platelet counts, fibrinogen level, prothrombin time and the level of fibrinogen degradation products (F.D.P.) were studied in a group of Zambian women before pregnancy, during pregnancy, in labour and soon after delivery. The platelet count in the non-pregnant Zambian women were found to be lower than caucasian standard and there were significant falls in the platelet count in the second trimester of pregnancy, labour and after delivery. The fibrinogen level did not rise during pregnancy. The prothrombin time remained normal. The F.D.P. levels were found to be significantly higher in third trimester of pregnancy and after delivery than in labour. It is suggested that further study should be done of the other blood clotting factors which rise during pregnancy and the F.D.P. levels in the Zambian women.", "contents": "Some aspects of coagulation and fibrinolysis in non-pregnant and pregnant Zambians. Platelet counts, fibrinogen level, prothrombin time and the level of fibrinogen degradation products (F.D.P.) were studied in a group of Zambian women before pregnancy, during pregnancy, in labour and soon after delivery. The platelet count in the non-pregnant Zambian women were found to be lower than caucasian standard and there were significant falls in the platelet count in the second trimester of pregnancy, labour and after delivery. The fibrinogen level did not rise during pregnancy. The prothrombin time remained normal. The F.D.P. levels were found to be significantly higher in third trimester of pregnancy and after delivery than in labour. It is suggested that further study should be done of the other blood clotting factors which rise during pregnancy and the F.D.P. levels in the Zambian women.", "PMID": 726651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10756", "title": "Pendred's syndrome in a rural Zambian family.", "content": "A family is reported in which, in one generation, there are more members with goitres and nerve deafness than expected. It is postulated that these abnormalities are due to Pendred's Syndrome and the reasons for this are discussed. An associated finding in three goitrous patients is tuberculoid leprosy.", "contents": "Pendred's syndrome in a rural Zambian family. A family is reported in which, in one generation, there are more members with goitres and nerve deafness than expected. It is postulated that these abnormalities are due to Pendred's Syndrome and the reasons for this are discussed. An associated finding in three goitrous patients is tuberculoid leprosy.", "PMID": 726656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10757", "title": "Wilson-Mikity syndrome--a case report.", "content": "We present a premature infant given oxygen at birth for transient respiratory distress with persistent radiological findings and no apparent subsequent clinical abnormality. These features are consistent with Wilson-Mikity syndrome which we describe as the first case report from Zambia.", "contents": "Wilson-Mikity syndrome--a case report. We present a premature infant given oxygen at birth for transient respiratory distress with persistent radiological findings and no apparent subsequent clinical abnormality. These features are consistent with Wilson-Mikity syndrome which we describe as the first case report from Zambia.", "PMID": 726657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10758", "title": "Acute appendicitis complicating pregnancy. A case report.", "content": "The first report of acute appendicitis complicating pregnancy in Zambia is presented. The diagnostic problems were differentiation between Urinary tract infection concealed accidental haemorrhage and acute appendicitis. However emergency appendicectomy was performed and the outcome was satisfactory. The patient went into premature labour but normally delivered a 2,100g baby. The literature is reviewed; an increased awareness of this condition in our environment is advocated.", "contents": "Acute appendicitis complicating pregnancy. A case report. The first report of acute appendicitis complicating pregnancy in Zambia is presented. The diagnostic problems were differentiation between Urinary tract infection concealed accidental haemorrhage and acute appendicitis. However emergency appendicectomy was performed and the outcome was satisfactory. The patient went into premature labour but normally delivered a 2,100g baby. The literature is reviewed; an increased awareness of this condition in our environment is advocated.", "PMID": 726658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10759", "title": "Bacterial pneumonias in the rural society of Solwezi District of the North-Western Province of Zambia.", "content": "Bacterial pneumonias form the major cause of admission for bronchopulmonary infections at Solwezi General Hospital. The figures obtained from this study may represent the rate of incidence and prevalence of bacterial pneumonias in the other districts of North-Western Province of Zambia. The major bacterial organisms involved in pathogenesis of these pneumonias are streptococcus pneumoniae, pneumococcus, staphylococcus aureaus. In none of the cases could tuberculosis bacilli or fungal organism be detected. The patients affected essentially belong to the young and middle age group with predominance of males over females. The involvement of both lungs in the pneumonic process is one of the most interesting findings in this study as it was encountered in 28 patients (25.68%). This could be explained on the basis of low resistance of the afflicted to bacterial infection. Inspite of the severity of pneumonias there was a relatively good response to the general antibacterial chemotherapy and hence 83 patients (76.06%) have had complete resolution of their lesions and the overall rate of mortality was only 2.77%. The main cause of mortality was, however acute respiratory insufficiency and failure. Another interesting point in this study is the involvement of the right lower lobes more than the other lobes of both lungs.", "contents": "Bacterial pneumonias in the rural society of Solwezi District of the North-Western Province of Zambia. Bacterial pneumonias form the major cause of admission for bronchopulmonary infections at Solwezi General Hospital. The figures obtained from this study may represent the rate of incidence and prevalence of bacterial pneumonias in the other districts of North-Western Province of Zambia. The major bacterial organisms involved in pathogenesis of these pneumonias are streptococcus pneumoniae, pneumococcus, staphylococcus aureaus. In none of the cases could tuberculosis bacilli or fungal organism be detected. The patients affected essentially belong to the young and middle age group with predominance of males over females. The involvement of both lungs in the pneumonic process is one of the most interesting findings in this study as it was encountered in 28 patients (25.68%). This could be explained on the basis of low resistance of the afflicted to bacterial infection. Inspite of the severity of pneumonias there was a relatively good response to the general antibacterial chemotherapy and hence 83 patients (76.06%) have had complete resolution of their lesions and the overall rate of mortality was only 2.77%. The main cause of mortality was, however acute respiratory insufficiency and failure. Another interesting point in this study is the involvement of the right lower lobes more than the other lobes of both lungs.", "PMID": 726652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10760", "title": "Normal values in adult Zambians: IX. anti-streptolysin-o-titres.", "content": "Figures on normal values of Anti-Streptolysin-O-Titres are not available for most parts of Africa. This is certainly so for Zambia. The purpose of this paper is to produce reference figures for the normal adult. The results indicate that the curve is skewed towards the lower values and that 75% of values are 1:100 or below. If the sera of all subjects showing titres of 1:200 are considered however 93% of all cases studied are included. It is therefore concluded that this is the upper limit of normal and that figures above 1:200 must be regarded as abnormal.", "contents": "Normal values in adult Zambians: IX. anti-streptolysin-o-titres. Figures on normal values of Anti-Streptolysin-O-Titres are not available for most parts of Africa. This is certainly so for Zambia. The purpose of this paper is to produce reference figures for the normal adult. The results indicate that the curve is skewed towards the lower values and that 75% of values are 1:100 or below. If the sera of all subjects showing titres of 1:200 are considered however 93% of all cases studied are included. It is therefore concluded that this is the upper limit of normal and that figures above 1:200 must be regarded as abnormal.", "PMID": 726654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10761", "title": "[Uroflowmetry and its methodology for establishment of urinary flow parameters. I].", "content": "In the present paper the author deals in a short form with the importance of the uroflowmetry as a functional examination method. Prerequisite for every documentation of the picture of the miction curve is the diagram of the urinary flow. Here only the direct curve of the flow is suited for the immediate readability of the adequate values as well as for the simultaneous recognition. For the superficial orientation about the course of the flow the control of the curve is enough, but for the differentiated evaluation the following factors must be taken into consideration: Time of flow, time of waiting, different and maximum urinary flow, increase of the curve of the urinary flow and number of the peaks of flow. Also the differentiating uroflowmetry should be taken into consideration, in order to separate neurogenic disturbances of the urinary bladder from obstructive changes of the vesical outlet in the screening method.", "contents": "[Uroflowmetry and its methodology for establishment of urinary flow parameters. I]. In the present paper the author deals in a short form with the importance of the uroflowmetry as a functional examination method. Prerequisite for every documentation of the picture of the miction curve is the diagram of the urinary flow. Here only the direct curve of the flow is suited for the immediate readability of the adequate values as well as for the simultaneous recognition. For the superficial orientation about the course of the flow the control of the curve is enough, but for the differentiated evaluation the following factors must be taken into consideration: Time of flow, time of waiting, different and maximum urinary flow, increase of the curve of the urinary flow and number of the peaks of flow. Also the differentiating uroflowmetry should be taken into consideration, in order to separate neurogenic disturbances of the urinary bladder from obstructive changes of the vesical outlet in the screening method.", "PMID": 726688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10762", "title": "[Regression: the development of the term and its meaning for therapeutic concepts].", "content": "The position of regression in the frame work of classical psychoanalysis is referred. Its term has been extended gradually since desolving out of the frame of psychopathology by Kris 1952 (Regression in the service of the Ego). Today regression can be understood as an ubiquitous phaenomenon in the individual and in social organism. Beyond the regression in the service of the ego (today in a more expended sense) regression stands in the service of adaptation and of recreation. Metapsychologically speaking regression can be considered as an at any time in latency readily kept mental reactionmatrix even in the \"healthy\" individuum. Ego-regression can manifest itself in diverse ego cernals with different grades of maturity and regressive tendencies. Partial regression is frequent and accompanied by reciprocal progression. The treatment of borderlines, basis disturbances and narcistic neuroses needs the empathetic but controlled regression of the psychoanalysist to the level of preverbal communication and to allow the patient a therapeutic regression. Psychoanalytic research on regression gives way to conceptualize advanced psychotherapeutic methods in border areas of psychoanalysis and should be promoted moreover.", "contents": "[Regression: the development of the term and its meaning for therapeutic concepts]. The position of regression in the frame work of classical psychoanalysis is referred. Its term has been extended gradually since desolving out of the frame of psychopathology by Kris 1952 (Regression in the service of the Ego). Today regression can be understood as an ubiquitous phaenomenon in the individual and in social organism. Beyond the regression in the service of the ego (today in a more expended sense) regression stands in the service of adaptation and of recreation. Metapsychologically speaking regression can be considered as an at any time in latency readily kept mental reactionmatrix even in the \"healthy\" individuum. Ego-regression can manifest itself in diverse ego cernals with different grades of maturity and regressive tendencies. Partial regression is frequent and accompanied by reciprocal progression. The treatment of borderlines, basis disturbances and narcistic neuroses needs the empathetic but controlled regression of the psychoanalysist to the level of preverbal communication and to allow the patient a therapeutic regression. Psychoanalytic research on regression gives way to conceptualize advanced psychotherapeutic methods in border areas of psychoanalysis and should be promoted moreover.", "PMID": 726682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10763", "title": "[The prospective image the psychotherapist holds of his patient and its effect on the therapeutic process].", "content": "Psychonalytic theory of the therapeutic process is predominantly determined by the concepts of transference, resistance and countertransference. Decisive through the insight into the relationship between analyst and patient thus derived may be, the range of, potential meanings of these concepts does not in the first place encompass a complete theory of the therapist-patient-relationship. It mainly indicates how to use the therapeutical techniques which in turn define the theoretical scope of these terms. What is called the real aspects in the therapeutic relation, ie, those relatively free from transference, and their influence on the therapeutical process are so far unterrepresented in the theory of psychoanalysis. Yet the prospective view the therapist holds of his patient most probably has a decisive impact on the course of a treatment. Although the notion of countertransference offers some technical possibilities for correcting this image and for adjusting it to reality it is not sufficient to account for the complexity of the process in the psychoanalytic theory. The real features of the therapeutical relationship are the secret condition, the very background which alone allows the phenomena of transference and counter-transference to be detected as such.", "contents": "[The prospective image the psychotherapist holds of his patient and its effect on the therapeutic process]. Psychonalytic theory of the therapeutic process is predominantly determined by the concepts of transference, resistance and countertransference. Decisive through the insight into the relationship between analyst and patient thus derived may be, the range of, potential meanings of these concepts does not in the first place encompass a complete theory of the therapist-patient-relationship. It mainly indicates how to use the therapeutical techniques which in turn define the theoretical scope of these terms. What is called the real aspects in the therapeutic relation, ie, those relatively free from transference, and their influence on the therapeutical process are so far unterrepresented in the theory of psychoanalysis. Yet the prospective view the therapist holds of his patient most probably has a decisive impact on the course of a treatment. Although the notion of countertransference offers some technical possibilities for correcting this image and for adjusting it to reality it is not sufficient to account for the complexity of the process in the psychoanalytic theory. The real features of the therapeutical relationship are the secret condition, the very background which alone allows the phenomena of transference and counter-transference to be detected as such.", "PMID": 726683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10764", "title": "[Radiogenic alterations following telecobalt irradiation of urinary bladder tumors].", "content": "The investigation reports on the frequency of radiogenic changes after high dosage radiotherapy of carcinomata of the urinary bladder carried out on 109 patients. Severe changes on urinary bladders and rectum were established in ca. 15% of the patients, 61.5% were clinically without any complaints. The importance of the single focus dose for the complication rate is proved and an adequate radiotherapy regime for the reduction of late sequelae is recommended. With regard to the necessity of the telecobalt irradiation one must cope with smaller lesions.", "contents": "[Radiogenic alterations following telecobalt irradiation of urinary bladder tumors]. The investigation reports on the frequency of radiogenic changes after high dosage radiotherapy of carcinomata of the urinary bladder carried out on 109 patients. Severe changes on urinary bladders and rectum were established in ca. 15% of the patients, 61.5% were clinically without any complaints. The importance of the single focus dose for the complication rate is proved and an adequate radiotherapy regime for the reduction of late sequelae is recommended. With regard to the necessity of the telecobalt irradiation one must cope with smaller lesions.", "PMID": 726690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10765", "title": "[Psychophysiologic approaches in the etiology and therapy of psychosomatic disorders].", "content": "Psychosomatic phenomena were considered within the framework of psychophysiology and general stress research. Startingpoint for an adequate understanding and interpretation of etiology and symptom-specifity of psychosomatic diseases are neurophysiologic-endocrinologic and psychodynamic findings. The familiarity with the concept of the specifity-of-attitude-hypotheses is important, too. Concerning the described etiologic hypotheses three psychotherapeutic procedures are demonstrated: 1) Relaxation trainings combined with biofeedback techniques, 2) rational-emotive therapy, 3) social-skill training. Furthermore it is referred to the clinical importance of slow cortical potentials (contingent negative variation--CNV) as central nervous correlates of information processes in the treatment of anxiety and hyperactivation of the autonomous system in stress situations. Prognostic criteria and indication for different treatment procedures of psychosomatic disorders were discussed.", "contents": "[Psychophysiologic approaches in the etiology and therapy of psychosomatic disorders]. Psychosomatic phenomena were considered within the framework of psychophysiology and general stress research. Startingpoint for an adequate understanding and interpretation of etiology and symptom-specifity of psychosomatic diseases are neurophysiologic-endocrinologic and psychodynamic findings. The familiarity with the concept of the specifity-of-attitude-hypotheses is important, too. Concerning the described etiologic hypotheses three psychotherapeutic procedures are demonstrated: 1) Relaxation trainings combined with biofeedback techniques, 2) rational-emotive therapy, 3) social-skill training. Furthermore it is referred to the clinical importance of slow cortical potentials (contingent negative variation--CNV) as central nervous correlates of information processes in the treatment of anxiety and hyperactivation of the autonomous system in stress situations. Prognostic criteria and indication for different treatment procedures of psychosomatic disorders were discussed.", "PMID": 726685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10766", "title": "[New trocar housing with an interchangeable cryotherapy sound for after-treatment of bladder outlet tumors].", "content": "The cryotherapy of tumours of the urinary bladder hitherto used by means of transurethrally introduced sounds with or without optics made necessary the development of an irrigation trocar casing with exchangeable cryotherapy sound for the entire therapeutic comprehension of all parts of the wall of the urinary bladder, particularly in the region of the outlet of the urinary bladder from 7 till 17 o'clock. The optic control is performed by means of a simultaneously suprapubically introduced trocar cystoscope. Thus also extremely localised tumorous changes in the region of the outlet of the urinary bladder (dead angle) are optically established and rendered accessible to cryotherapy.", "contents": "[New trocar housing with an interchangeable cryotherapy sound for after-treatment of bladder outlet tumors]. The cryotherapy of tumours of the urinary bladder hitherto used by means of transurethrally introduced sounds with or without optics made necessary the development of an irrigation trocar casing with exchangeable cryotherapy sound for the entire therapeutic comprehension of all parts of the wall of the urinary bladder, particularly in the region of the outlet of the urinary bladder from 7 till 17 o'clock. The optic control is performed by means of a simultaneously suprapubically introduced trocar cystoscope. Thus also extremely localised tumorous changes in the region of the outlet of the urinary bladder (dead angle) are optically established and rendered accessible to cryotherapy.", "PMID": 726692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10767", "title": "[The psychology of pacemaker patients].", "content": "Examinations of 50 patients with pacemakers showed in relation to 50 control persons that the former reacted on their specific situation with emotional and behaviour disturbances. In relation to the control group there were signs of neurotic developments marked by hysterical symptoms, hypochondriac fears, and depressive reactions. Simultaneously there existed obvious tendences to minimize the problem of the implantation. Furthermore increased grievances of multiple bodily complaints were observed. In contrast to this the intellectual capacities of the patients provided with a pacemaker generally did not seem more impaired than those of the control group.", "contents": "[The psychology of pacemaker patients]. Examinations of 50 patients with pacemakers showed in relation to 50 control persons that the former reacted on their specific situation with emotional and behaviour disturbances. In relation to the control group there were signs of neurotic developments marked by hysterical symptoms, hypochondriac fears, and depressive reactions. Simultaneously there existed obvious tendences to minimize the problem of the implantation. Furthermore increased grievances of multiple bodily complaints were observed. In contrast to this the intellectual capacities of the patients provided with a pacemaker generally did not seem more impaired than those of the control group.", "PMID": 726686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10768", "title": "[Coagulation disorders following surgical intervention for urologic tumors].", "content": "Coagulation disturbances were discussed which appeared after operative removal of a hypernephroid carcinoma and teratocarcinoma. Despite taking into consideration preoperative coagulation tests after operation secondary haemorrhages appeared which could at first not be explained and which must be seen in the connection with the tumour metabolism changing the coagulation. Diagnostic and therapeutic propositions follow.", "contents": "[Coagulation disorders following surgical intervention for urologic tumors]. Coagulation disturbances were discussed which appeared after operative removal of a hypernephroid carcinoma and teratocarcinoma. Despite taking into consideration preoperative coagulation tests after operation secondary haemorrhages appeared which could at first not be explained and which must be seen in the connection with the tumour metabolism changing the coagulation. Diagnostic and therapeutic propositions follow.", "PMID": 726693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10769", "title": "[Experienced changes of various behaviors through autogenic training].", "content": "Changes in certain physiological and psychological areas of 152 adult participants of several courses in Autogenic Training were examined. Before and after the 6-week courses the participants completed the Freiburger-Personality-Inventory (79 Form A, 73 Form B). Each of the 103 Items of the psychosomatic complex within the FPI was examined regarding the different nominal frequencies in both tests. Of the 20 of the Items changed most signified an improvement of the basic reaction.", "contents": "[Experienced changes of various behaviors through autogenic training]. Changes in certain physiological and psychological areas of 152 adult participants of several courses in Autogenic Training were examined. Before and after the 6-week courses the participants completed the Freiburger-Personality-Inventory (79 Form A, 73 Form B). Each of the 103 Items of the psychosomatic complex within the FPI was examined regarding the different nominal frequencies in both tests. Of the 20 of the Items changed most signified an improvement of the basic reaction.", "PMID": 726687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10770", "title": "On the biology of Tropidurus delanonis, Baur (Iguanidae).", "content": "A field study of Tropidurus delanonis was carried out on an uninhabited island (Hood) of the Galapagos Archipelago over 18 months. The purpose of the study is to show the interrelation between social structure, behaviour and ecological aspects of the iguanid lizard Tropidurus delanonis. Five lizard categories are distinguished and the interrelation between colouration type and behaviour is shown. Data are given on population structure, composition and flexibility, reproductive cycle, clutch size, ontogeny and changes in colouration and behaviour. Detailed maps show the distribution of female and male territories and the area occupied by those male male that attempt to acquire a territory. The biomass is calculated for all categories in resect to total area available and to favorable and unfavorable areas within the observation area. The significance of various colouration types was tested experimentally.", "contents": "On the biology of Tropidurus delanonis, Baur (Iguanidae). A field study of Tropidurus delanonis was carried out on an uninhabited island (Hood) of the Galapagos Archipelago over 18 months. The purpose of the study is to show the interrelation between social structure, behaviour and ecological aspects of the iguanid lizard Tropidurus delanonis. Five lizard categories are distinguished and the interrelation between colouration type and behaviour is shown. Data are given on population structure, composition and flexibility, reproductive cycle, clutch size, ontogeny and changes in colouration and behaviour. Detailed maps show the distribution of female and male territories and the area occupied by those male male that attempt to acquire a territory. The biomass is calculated for all categories in resect to total area available and to favorable and unfavorable areas within the observation area. The significance of various colouration types was tested experimentally.", "PMID": 726694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10771", "title": "The significance of antecedent auditory experiences on later reactions to the \"seeet\" alarm-call in great tit nestlings Parus major.", "content": "Like many other naive young birds, great tit nestlings, Parus major, respond by a persistent cessation-of-begging and immobility response to the \"seeet\" alarm-call of the species (RYDEN 1978). The experimental antecedents of this reaction were investigated through a systematic manipulation of the auditory environment preceding it. Limiting nestlings' experience with the \"seeet\"-call to either a \"positive\", a \"neutral\" or a \"negative\" setting led to their normal aversive response to the call being weakened, unaltered and strengthened, respectively. Nestlings brought up in a \"reversed\", artificial environment showed a radical decrease in their aversive response. The results lend support to the hypotheses that a) the 'seeet'-call owes its aversive effect to the fact that its acoustic character contrasts sharply with the main features of the nestlings' normal auditory environment; b) context-specific experiences may either increase or decrease this basic response tendency. Some functional implications of the results as related to the behavior of the species in nature are discussed.", "contents": "The significance of antecedent auditory experiences on later reactions to the \"seeet\" alarm-call in great tit nestlings Parus major. Like many other naive young birds, great tit nestlings, Parus major, respond by a persistent cessation-of-begging and immobility response to the \"seeet\" alarm-call of the species (RYDEN 1978). The experimental antecedents of this reaction were investigated through a systematic manipulation of the auditory environment preceding it. Limiting nestlings' experience with the \"seeet\"-call to either a \"positive\", a \"neutral\" or a \"negative\" setting led to their normal aversive response to the call being weakened, unaltered and strengthened, respectively. Nestlings brought up in a \"reversed\", artificial environment showed a radical decrease in their aversive response. The results lend support to the hypotheses that a) the 'seeet'-call owes its aversive effect to the fact that its acoustic character contrasts sharply with the main features of the nestlings' normal auditory environment; b) context-specific experiences may either increase or decrease this basic response tendency. Some functional implications of the results as related to the behavior of the species in nature are discussed.", "PMID": 726695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10772", "title": "Long term effects of social deprivation during early adulthood in the mongolian gerbil (meriones unguiculatus).", "content": "The influence of isolation on male-female relationships was investigated. Animals isolated between 90 and 200 days of age showed more agonistic behaviour in paired encounters than controls. This difference disappeared when the animals had been housed with a cagemate. A secondary isolation late in life resulted in a more rapid onset of agonistic behaviour in the early isolates than in the controls. Thus it is concluded that the early isolation had a lasting influence, which only became evident after renewed isolation treatment.", "contents": "Long term effects of social deprivation during early adulthood in the mongolian gerbil (meriones unguiculatus). The influence of isolation on male-female relationships was investigated. Animals isolated between 90 and 200 days of age showed more agonistic behaviour in paired encounters than controls. This difference disappeared when the animals had been housed with a cagemate. A secondary isolation late in life resulted in a more rapid onset of agonistic behaviour in the early isolates than in the controls. Thus it is concluded that the early isolation had a lasting influence, which only became evident after renewed isolation treatment.", "PMID": 726696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10773", "title": "[On an intercapillary cell type in the brain of old men (author's transl)].", "content": "We observed primitive cells in human brains of aged individuals. The processes of the cells are connected with capillaries. It may be that this connection is a sign of the aging process.", "contents": "[On an intercapillary cell type in the brain of old men (author's transl)]. We observed primitive cells in human brains of aged individuals. The processes of the cells are connected with capillaries. It may be that this connection is a sign of the aging process.", "PMID": 726697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10774", "title": "[Necrotizing \"sarcoid\" angiitis and granulomatosis of the lung (author's transl)].", "content": "Report of 2 cases (59 years male, 53 years male) of necrotizing \"sarcoid\" angiitis and granulomatosis of the lung. This disease has the character of a local pneumonia or of a coin-lesion and a favourable course. Emphasis is put on the morphological set of problems; the differential diagnosis concerning other pulmonary forms of granulomatosis and angiitis is discussed. The diagnosis is confirmed only by investigation of biopsy tissue; mere clinical features prove to be insufficient.", "contents": "[Necrotizing \"sarcoid\" angiitis and granulomatosis of the lung (author's transl)]. Report of 2 cases (59 years male, 53 years male) of necrotizing \"sarcoid\" angiitis and granulomatosis of the lung. This disease has the character of a local pneumonia or of a coin-lesion and a favourable course. Emphasis is put on the morphological set of problems; the differential diagnosis concerning other pulmonary forms of granulomatosis and angiitis is discussed. The diagnosis is confirmed only by investigation of biopsy tissue; mere clinical features prove to be insufficient.", "PMID": 726698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10775", "title": "[Intravascular endothelioma (author's transl)].", "content": "A 76-year-old woman developed a slowly growing lesion over the right index and the adjacent part of the metacarpus. A cell proliferation filling up the skin veins was classified as intravascular endothelioma. This rather rare oncological entity with a good prognosis should be differentiated from peculiar pattern occasionally seen in organisation of thrombi as well as malignant endothelial tumours.", "contents": "[Intravascular endothelioma (author's transl)]. A 76-year-old woman developed a slowly growing lesion over the right index and the adjacent part of the metacarpus. A cell proliferation filling up the skin veins was classified as intravascular endothelioma. This rather rare oncological entity with a good prognosis should be differentiated from peculiar pattern occasionally seen in organisation of thrombi as well as malignant endothelial tumours.", "PMID": 726699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10776", "title": "[Contribution to the Louis-Bar syndrome (ataxia telangiectasia) (author's transl)].", "content": "An autopsy case report of a Louis-Bar syndrome (Ataxia telangiectasia) is given on a 9 year-old boy who was ill for 7 years. The Louis-Bar syndrome mostly is a hereditary familial disease transmitted by an autosomal recessive gene. We are considering the syndrome as a special form of hereditary ataxias which is morphologically belonging to the systematic atrophies of the cerebellum and, above all, combined with oculo-cutaneous telangiectasia and an immunopathy. As a peculiarity the present case exhibited the existence of generalized angiectasia (cerebellum, meninges, dura mater, epiphysis, skin, eyes, lungs, spleen, kidney).", "contents": "[Contribution to the Louis-Bar syndrome (ataxia telangiectasia) (author's transl)]. An autopsy case report of a Louis-Bar syndrome (Ataxia telangiectasia) is given on a 9 year-old boy who was ill for 7 years. The Louis-Bar syndrome mostly is a hereditary familial disease transmitted by an autosomal recessive gene. We are considering the syndrome as a special form of hereditary ataxias which is morphologically belonging to the systematic atrophies of the cerebellum and, above all, combined with oculo-cutaneous telangiectasia and an immunopathy. As a peculiarity the present case exhibited the existence of generalized angiectasia (cerebellum, meninges, dura mater, epiphysis, skin, eyes, lungs, spleen, kidney).", "PMID": 726701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10777", "title": "Parasitic relationships between Pythium oligandrum Drechsler and some other species of the Oomycetes class.", "content": "Parasitic relationships between Pythium oligandrum Drechsler and some phytopathogenic species of the Oomycetes class were investigated on agar plates. A high parasitic ability of Pythium oligandrum on Pythium ultimum Trow, P. debaryanum Hesse, and Aphanomyces laevis De By species was proved in this study of relationships among these fungi, commonly populating the rhizosphere of emerging sugar beet. P. oligandrum produces numerous thin haustorial threads, searching the hyphae of host species and enwrapping them during the parasitation. In a later parasitation stage the host organs were enwrapped by thicker hyphae of P. oligandrum as well. P. oligandrum grew through the colony of parasitized species mostly within 24 hours after inoculation and was able to destroy it entirely within 5--6 days. P. oligandrum produced numerous fructification organs in contradistinction to parasitized species. P. oligandrum oospores germinated abundantly when host species were present. Hyperparasitism of P. oligandrum was found both in cultivation with a single host and in common cultivation with all three host species simultaneously.", "contents": "Parasitic relationships between Pythium oligandrum Drechsler and some other species of the Oomycetes class. Parasitic relationships between Pythium oligandrum Drechsler and some phytopathogenic species of the Oomycetes class were investigated on agar plates. A high parasitic ability of Pythium oligandrum on Pythium ultimum Trow, P. debaryanum Hesse, and Aphanomyces laevis De By species was proved in this study of relationships among these fungi, commonly populating the rhizosphere of emerging sugar beet. P. oligandrum produces numerous thin haustorial threads, searching the hyphae of host species and enwrapping them during the parasitation. In a later parasitation stage the host organs were enwrapped by thicker hyphae of P. oligandrum as well. P. oligandrum grew through the colony of parasitized species mostly within 24 hours after inoculation and was able to destroy it entirely within 5--6 days. P. oligandrum produced numerous fructification organs in contradistinction to parasitized species. P. oligandrum oospores germinated abundantly when host species were present. Hyperparasitism of P. oligandrum was found both in cultivation with a single host and in common cultivation with all three host species simultaneously.", "PMID": 726706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10778", "title": "Mode of action of gentamicin antibiotics produced by Micromonospora purpurea.", "content": "Gentamicin antibiotics were produced fermentatively by Micromonospora purpurea. They were separated into gentamicin C1, C1a and C2 by paper chromatographic technique, using chloroform, methanol, and 17.0% of NH4OH (2: 1: 1 v/v) as developing solvent. The different antibiotics showed variable antimicrobial activities. The gentamicin antibiotics inhibited the biosynthesis of DNA and RNA of the proteins, present in the cells of Staphylococcus aureus.", "contents": "Mode of action of gentamicin antibiotics produced by Micromonospora purpurea. Gentamicin antibiotics were produced fermentatively by Micromonospora purpurea. They were separated into gentamicin C1, C1a and C2 by paper chromatographic technique, using chloroform, methanol, and 17.0% of NH4OH (2: 1: 1 v/v) as developing solvent. The different antibiotics showed variable antimicrobial activities. The gentamicin antibiotics inhibited the biosynthesis of DNA and RNA of the proteins, present in the cells of Staphylococcus aureus.", "PMID": 726708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10779", "title": "Aramycin, a streptothricin-like antibiotic, produced by a local strain of Streptomyces MYS-20A.", "content": "One strain of actinomycetes, designated as MYS-20 A, was isolated from the Egyptian soil. The organism produces a substance that appears to be different from previously described antibiotics. The substance was named \"Aramycin\". A description of the strain of actinomyces MYS 20 A is given as well as conditions of growth for maximum production of the antibiotic substance. The bacterial and fungal spectra of aramycin are given. The substance appears to exhibit a very significant cytotoxic effect. The antibiotic was toxic to mice, the lethal dose being, however, about 15 times higher than the curative dose.", "contents": "Aramycin, a streptothricin-like antibiotic, produced by a local strain of Streptomyces MYS-20A. One strain of actinomycetes, designated as MYS-20 A, was isolated from the Egyptian soil. The organism produces a substance that appears to be different from previously described antibiotics. The substance was named \"Aramycin\". A description of the strain of actinomyces MYS 20 A is given as well as conditions of growth for maximum production of the antibiotic substance. The bacterial and fungal spectra of aramycin are given. The substance appears to exhibit a very significant cytotoxic effect. The antibiotic was toxic to mice, the lethal dose being, however, about 15 times higher than the curative dose.", "PMID": 726709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10780", "title": "Algal organic matter and plant growth.", "content": "Since investigations on the ecology of soil algae have shown that this microbial group constitutes an important component of the soil biota, the evaluation of the role played by micro-algae in soil economy and plant growth has caused a lively interest. Working in the well defined conditions of gnotobiotic cultures, it has been shown that micro-algae actively interact with higher plants at the level of the root apparatus. These interactions give rise to favourable effects on the growth of seedlings. The same results were obtained when the plants were grown in soil under axenic-conditions. Biosynthesis of growth-promoting substances by micro-algae must be considered a factor of primary importance in the explanation of these results. Nevertheless, the physiological and biochemical bases of plant-micro-algae interactions are more complex, and many other problems are to be taken into account before a satisfactory explanation can be put forward. The results summarized here on the favourable influences, exerted by some algal strains on the growth of higher plants, show that the study of the plant-micro-algae relationships, to which poor attention has been devoted up to this time, besides contributing to a better understanding of the role played by micro-algae in soil fertility, may be of interest in relation to agricultural applications and crop algalization.", "contents": "Algal organic matter and plant growth. Since investigations on the ecology of soil algae have shown that this microbial group constitutes an important component of the soil biota, the evaluation of the role played by micro-algae in soil economy and plant growth has caused a lively interest. Working in the well defined conditions of gnotobiotic cultures, it has been shown that micro-algae actively interact with higher plants at the level of the root apparatus. These interactions give rise to favourable effects on the growth of seedlings. The same results were obtained when the plants were grown in soil under axenic-conditions. Biosynthesis of growth-promoting substances by micro-algae must be considered a factor of primary importance in the explanation of these results. Nevertheless, the physiological and biochemical bases of plant-micro-algae interactions are more complex, and many other problems are to be taken into account before a satisfactory explanation can be put forward. The results summarized here on the favourable influences, exerted by some algal strains on the growth of higher plants, show that the study of the plant-micro-algae relationships, to which poor attention has been devoted up to this time, besides contributing to a better understanding of the role played by micro-algae in soil fertility, may be of interest in relation to agricultural applications and crop algalization.", "PMID": 726710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10781", "title": "Trifluralin effect on Pisum--Rhizobium relationship.", "content": "Trifluralin inhibited root and shoot elongation of Pisum sativum plant and caused isodiametric increase in cell volume of both tissues. The water content of the plant was not affected. The weedicide inhibited also growth and O2 uptake of Rhizobium leguminosarum, isolated from Pisum plant. Reduction in the nitrogen content of Pisum tissues was noticed, and this may be attributed to the inhibition of nodule formation. Variations in the free and protein-amino acids were observed in the plant tissues, due to the application of the weedicide.", "contents": "Trifluralin effect on Pisum--Rhizobium relationship. Trifluralin inhibited root and shoot elongation of Pisum sativum plant and caused isodiametric increase in cell volume of both tissues. The water content of the plant was not affected. The weedicide inhibited also growth and O2 uptake of Rhizobium leguminosarum, isolated from Pisum plant. Reduction in the nitrogen content of Pisum tissues was noticed, and this may be attributed to the inhibition of nodule formation. Variations in the free and protein-amino acids were observed in the plant tissues, due to the application of the weedicide.", "PMID": 726711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10782", "title": "The correlation between the efficiency of rhizobia and nitrate reductase and dehydrogenase activities of cowpea nodules.", "content": "Cowpea seeds variety Fettriat were planted in Nile silt soil and inoculated with 5 strains of cowpea rhizobia. After 50 and 80 days, the plants were uprooted, analysed for dry weight, total nitrogen, fresh weight of nodules, nitrate reductase activity in the leaves, and nitrate reductase and dehydrogenase activities in the nodule homogenate in the presence or absence of succinate, citrate, and ethyl alcohol. The data were analysed to establish the correlation coefficients between total nitrogen and other characteristics. A significant positive correlation existed between total nitrogen and fresh weight of nodules in both cuts (after 50 and 80 days). The correlation was significant between total nitrogen and dry weight of the plants in the first cut, but was non-significant in the second one. Nitrate reductase activity in leaves and nodule homogenates in the presence of different hydrogen donors were positively correlated in the first cut and negatively correlated in the second one. Nitrate reductase activity in the leaves was much less than that in the nodule homogenates. A negative correlation was noticed between phenol content of the nodules and total nitrogen. In the first cut, while the correlation between total nitrogen and dehydrogenase activity in the presence of citrate or absence of any hydrogen donors was positive, it was negative with ethanol and succinate. In the second cut, however, all the dehydrogenase activities were negatively correlated with total nitrogen.", "contents": "The correlation between the efficiency of rhizobia and nitrate reductase and dehydrogenase activities of cowpea nodules. Cowpea seeds variety Fettriat were planted in Nile silt soil and inoculated with 5 strains of cowpea rhizobia. After 50 and 80 days, the plants were uprooted, analysed for dry weight, total nitrogen, fresh weight of nodules, nitrate reductase activity in the leaves, and nitrate reductase and dehydrogenase activities in the nodule homogenate in the presence or absence of succinate, citrate, and ethyl alcohol. The data were analysed to establish the correlation coefficients between total nitrogen and other characteristics. A significant positive correlation existed between total nitrogen and fresh weight of nodules in both cuts (after 50 and 80 days). The correlation was significant between total nitrogen and dry weight of the plants in the first cut, but was non-significant in the second one. Nitrate reductase activity in leaves and nodule homogenates in the presence of different hydrogen donors were positively correlated in the first cut and negatively correlated in the second one. Nitrate reductase activity in the leaves was much less than that in the nodule homogenates. A negative correlation was noticed between phenol content of the nodules and total nitrogen. In the first cut, while the correlation between total nitrogen and dehydrogenase activity in the presence of citrate or absence of any hydrogen donors was positive, it was negative with ethanol and succinate. In the second cut, however, all the dehydrogenase activities were negatively correlated with total nitrogen.", "PMID": 726713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10783", "title": "The influence of water-logging stage upon the paddy soil mycoflora in the Ukraine.", "content": "The soil fungal flora of paddy soils from the southern districts of the Ukraine was investigated. From 287 soil samples 170 species were isolated. They belonged to the following genera: Oomycetes 1.2%, Zygomycetes 8.8%, Ascomycetes 5.8%, Deuteromycetes 84.2%. Certain fungi were found to be dominant forms, among them Mortierella alpina Peyron., Penicillium funiculosum Thom, P. rugulosum Thom, P. chrysogenum Thom, Acremonium strictum W. Gams, Acr. breve W. Gams, Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Riessler, Cladosporium brevi-compactum Pidopl. et Deniak, Gliocladium roseum (Link) Thom, Harposporium sp., Fusarium oxysporum Schlect. var. orthoceras (App. et Wr.) Bilai, Trichoderma lignorum (Tode) Harz etc. The total number of fungi decreased in the paddy fieldsoils. It was found low frequency of Penicillium, Aspergillus, and high frequency of Mucorales.", "contents": "The influence of water-logging stage upon the paddy soil mycoflora in the Ukraine. The soil fungal flora of paddy soils from the southern districts of the Ukraine was investigated. From 287 soil samples 170 species were isolated. They belonged to the following genera: Oomycetes 1.2%, Zygomycetes 8.8%, Ascomycetes 5.8%, Deuteromycetes 84.2%. Certain fungi were found to be dominant forms, among them Mortierella alpina Peyron., Penicillium funiculosum Thom, P. rugulosum Thom, P. chrysogenum Thom, Acremonium strictum W. Gams, Acr. breve W. Gams, Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Riessler, Cladosporium brevi-compactum Pidopl. et Deniak, Gliocladium roseum (Link) Thom, Harposporium sp., Fusarium oxysporum Schlect. var. orthoceras (App. et Wr.) Bilai, Trichoderma lignorum (Tode) Harz etc. The total number of fungi decreased in the paddy fieldsoils. It was found low frequency of Penicillium, Aspergillus, and high frequency of Mucorales.", "PMID": 726714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10784", "title": "Interrelationships between soil microorganisms and polystyrene.", "content": "Transmission and scanning electron microscopy along with autoradiographic procedures were used for evaluating the interrelationship between soil microorganisms and polystyrene. Two hypotheses, allowing to explain the properties of polystyrene as a soil conditioner, were investigated: the first is concerned with a possible action of soil microorganisms on the compound; the second, reciprocally, with the polystyrene interference on microorganisms. Radioactivity translocation of 14C-Ecolyte-polystyrene along fungal hyphae and asexual fructification of strains, isolated from soil, as well as cytological modification at the cell wall level of the same microfungi, cultivated in the presence of polystyrene have been ascertained.", "contents": "Interrelationships between soil microorganisms and polystyrene. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy along with autoradiographic procedures were used for evaluating the interrelationship between soil microorganisms and polystyrene. Two hypotheses, allowing to explain the properties of polystyrene as a soil conditioner, were investigated: the first is concerned with a possible action of soil microorganisms on the compound; the second, reciprocally, with the polystyrene interference on microorganisms. Radioactivity translocation of 14C-Ecolyte-polystyrene along fungal hyphae and asexual fructification of strains, isolated from soil, as well as cytological modification at the cell wall level of the same microfungi, cultivated in the presence of polystyrene have been ascertained.", "PMID": 726715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10785", "title": "The influence of Peronospora tabacina Adam upon the growth rhythm of Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun.", "content": "The cinematographic method was used for studying the changes of the growth rhythm of the leaves in Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun after the inoculation with Peronospora tabacina Adam. The leaves were screened only at the maturing phase when displaying characteristic disturbances of the growth rhythm. The leaves of a healthy plant show a regular growth rhythm, with regular amplitudes of growth spirals and growth rate. The growth spiral increments are elongated regular and even up to the mature stage of the leaf. In Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun the original regular rhythm was kept for 130 hrs. after the infection with the conidia of Peronospora tabacina Adam. When the first symptoms of the disease appeared on an inoculated leaf (approximately after 20 hrs.), fructification of the mould occurred, the growth rhythm was retarded and, after the necrotization of spots, the leaf died away.", "contents": "The influence of Peronospora tabacina Adam upon the growth rhythm of Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun. The cinematographic method was used for studying the changes of the growth rhythm of the leaves in Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun after the inoculation with Peronospora tabacina Adam. The leaves were screened only at the maturing phase when displaying characteristic disturbances of the growth rhythm. The leaves of a healthy plant show a regular growth rhythm, with regular amplitudes of growth spirals and growth rate. The growth spiral increments are elongated regular and even up to the mature stage of the leaf. In Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun the original regular rhythm was kept for 130 hrs. after the infection with the conidia of Peronospora tabacina Adam. When the first symptoms of the disease appeared on an inoculated leaf (approximately after 20 hrs.), fructification of the mould occurred, the growth rhythm was retarded and, after the necrotization of spots, the leaf died away.", "PMID": 726717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10786", "title": "Coagulase in starved Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "The resting cells of S. aureus strain Smith (diffuse) lost marked amount of free amino acids and proteins during their starvation. The starved cells contained less coagulase and that enzyme was released into the medium during starvation. After transfer into nutrient medium, those cells produced less coagulase than the non-starved ones. The restoration of amino acid pool resulted in coagulase production on initial level.", "contents": "Coagulase in starved Staphylococcus aureus. The resting cells of S. aureus strain Smith (diffuse) lost marked amount of free amino acids and proteins during their starvation. The starved cells contained less coagulase and that enzyme was released into the medium during starvation. After transfer into nutrient medium, those cells produced less coagulase than the non-starved ones. The restoration of amino acid pool resulted in coagulase production on initial level.", "PMID": 726719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10787", "title": "[Heart rate during perinatal period].", "content": "Observations on heart frequency during the perinatal period. Registrations of the fetal heart rate were carried out on 133 children before and after delivery. 3 different types of heart rate patterns were found, each of them could be subdivided in 2 groups. The several groups are different in the shape and the steepness of fetal heart rate ascent after delivery. Supplementary other fetal parameters were examined (Apgar-score, time of the first breath, moment of first newborn cry, onset of regular respiration). These parameters showed significant associations with the above-mentioned types of the fetal heart rate patterns. For the blood gas parameters however such relations to the heart rate patterns were not found.", "contents": "[Heart rate during perinatal period]. Observations on heart frequency during the perinatal period. Registrations of the fetal heart rate were carried out on 133 children before and after delivery. 3 different types of heart rate patterns were found, each of them could be subdivided in 2 groups. The several groups are different in the shape and the steepness of fetal heart rate ascent after delivery. Supplementary other fetal parameters were examined (Apgar-score, time of the first breath, moment of first newborn cry, onset of regular respiration). These parameters showed significant associations with the above-mentioned types of the fetal heart rate patterns. For the blood gas parameters however such relations to the heart rate patterns were not found.", "PMID": 726720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10788", "title": "[Utrasonic B-scan diagnosis in connection with normal prenatal care].", "content": "It is a description of a programme aimed at the inclusion of the method of Ultrasonic-B scanning diagnosis within the system of measures of cares, undertaken during pregnancy. Every fresh entry in a consultation centre, dealing with cases of pregnancy and covering a certain section of the population, undergoes echoscopy three times during the pregnancy. Investigations of the longitudinal section helps to ensure the diminishing of the deep seat of placenta with advancing stage of pregnancy. Views have been expressed about the use of echoscopy for determining the exact stage of pregnancy, for an early recognition of hypotrophy and for the calculation of the weight of the fetus. The authors recommend the integration of the method of ultrasonic diagnosis in the system of measures taken for tending the pregnant.", "contents": "[Utrasonic B-scan diagnosis in connection with normal prenatal care]. It is a description of a programme aimed at the inclusion of the method of Ultrasonic-B scanning diagnosis within the system of measures of cares, undertaken during pregnancy. Every fresh entry in a consultation centre, dealing with cases of pregnancy and covering a certain section of the population, undergoes echoscopy three times during the pregnancy. Investigations of the longitudinal section helps to ensure the diminishing of the deep seat of placenta with advancing stage of pregnancy. Views have been expressed about the use of echoscopy for determining the exact stage of pregnancy, for an early recognition of hypotrophy and for the calculation of the weight of the fetus. The authors recommend the integration of the method of ultrasonic diagnosis in the system of measures taken for tending the pregnant.", "PMID": 726721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10789", "title": "[Diagnosis of fetal abnormalities--a rare complication of amniography].", "content": "An unusual complication during amniography is reported. Indications and contraindications for amniocentesis are discussed and possible complications described.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of fetal abnormalities--a rare complication of amniography]. An unusual complication during amniography is reported. Indications and contraindications for amniocentesis are discussed and possible complications described.", "PMID": 726722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10790", "title": "[Value of ultrasonic studies in obstetrics].", "content": "We have improved our perinatal mortality and morbidity by investigations of an ultrasonics A-Scan device. Especially important were the diagnosis of twins, calculation of the fetal weight and the localisation of the placenta.", "contents": "[Value of ultrasonic studies in obstetrics]. We have improved our perinatal mortality and morbidity by investigations of an ultrasonics A-Scan device. Especially important were the diagnosis of twins, calculation of the fetal weight and the localisation of the placenta.", "PMID": 726723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10791", "title": "[Continuous monitoring of the fetus using an ultrasonic-Doppler-device during delivery].", "content": "85 pregnant women were supervised during labor continuously 4--8 hours by an ultrasonic method. The evaluation of the alterations in the CTG has demonstrated, that diseases in pregnancy reduce the ability of the fetus to compensate stress caused by labor.", "contents": "[Continuous monitoring of the fetus using an ultrasonic-Doppler-device during delivery]. 85 pregnant women were supervised during labor continuously 4--8 hours by an ultrasonic method. The evaluation of the alterations in the CTG has demonstrated, that diseases in pregnancy reduce the ability of the fetus to compensate stress caused by labor.", "PMID": 726724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10792", "title": "[Problems and hazards in resuscitation of newborn infants].", "content": "Some dangers, errors and complications during the reanimation of newborns are shown. Especially are discussed problems of the therapy of respiratory distress and of disorders in the circulation.", "contents": "[Problems and hazards in resuscitation of newborn infants]. Some dangers, errors and complications during the reanimation of newborns are shown. Especially are discussed problems of the therapy of respiratory distress and of disorders in the circulation.", "PMID": 726725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10793", "title": "[Monitoring and delivery of the premature infant in breech presentation].", "content": "We explored 183 deliveries in breech presentation. The birthweights from this offsprings were 1941 +/- 418,1 g. 101 were primiparae. The perinatal mortality of the underweigth fetuses was 5 more higher when delivered vaginally in relation to delivery by caesarean section. These differences were statistically significant (p less than 0,05). In relation to multiparae 71,8% of the offsprings survived when delivered vaginally, in comparison to 79,2% offsprings from primiparae. The APGAR-scores (1 and 5 min. p. p.) less than or equal to 7 or greater than or equal to 8 showed no significant differences by the offsprings delivered vaginally or by caesarean section. The pHNA was higher in the group of children, delivered by means of caesarean section. The conclusions are discussed.", "contents": "[Monitoring and delivery of the premature infant in breech presentation]. We explored 183 deliveries in breech presentation. The birthweights from this offsprings were 1941 +/- 418,1 g. 101 were primiparae. The perinatal mortality of the underweigth fetuses was 5 more higher when delivered vaginally in relation to delivery by caesarean section. These differences were statistically significant (p less than 0,05). In relation to multiparae 71,8% of the offsprings survived when delivered vaginally, in comparison to 79,2% offsprings from primiparae. The APGAR-scores (1 and 5 min. p. p.) less than or equal to 7 or greater than or equal to 8 showed no significant differences by the offsprings delivered vaginally or by caesarean section. The pHNA was higher in the group of children, delivered by means of caesarean section. The conclusions are discussed.", "PMID": 726726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10794", "title": "[Experimental contribution on the morphological study of normal and pathologic (diabetic) lung maturity in the Wistar rat. Comparison with the biochemical study].", "content": "This is a research on the pulmonary normal and pathological (Diabetes) of a Wistar's rat from a morphological point of view doing a comparative study with biochimic data or results. To do this we have sacrified by killing the different animals up to 15, 18 and 21 days of pregnancy and then we have removed or extripated the foetus lungs to do a study under the optic microscope by using the Hematoxilin-eosin together with the Fontana-Masson-techniques.", "contents": "[Experimental contribution on the morphological study of normal and pathologic (diabetic) lung maturity in the Wistar rat. Comparison with the biochemical study]. This is a research on the pulmonary normal and pathological (Diabetes) of a Wistar's rat from a morphological point of view doing a comparative study with biochimic data or results. To do this we have sacrified by killing the different animals up to 15, 18 and 21 days of pregnancy and then we have removed or extripated the foetus lungs to do a study under the optic microscope by using the Hematoxilin-eosin together with the Fontana-Masson-techniques.", "PMID": 726727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10795", "title": "[Delivery-related humeral shaft fractures in the newborn infant].", "content": "On the basis of a case study the authors describe origin, therapy and healing process in new-born babies of humeral shaft fractures acquired at birth.", "contents": "[Delivery-related humeral shaft fractures in the newborn infant]. On the basis of a case study the authors describe origin, therapy and healing process in new-born babies of humeral shaft fractures acquired at birth.", "PMID": 726728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10796", "title": "[Advances in the prevention and control of urologic complications of cervix cancer. 2. Bladder-function disorders].", "content": "By means of 386 comparative cystometries hypertensive reactions were recorded from the urinary bladder both following total and radical vaginal hysterectomy. Hypertension was most strongly pronounced over the first two weeks after operation and receded spontaneously during the third and fourth weeks. That increased intravesical pressure, therefore, was attributed primarily to the surgical trauma and its inevitably accompanying irritation of the bladder. Predominant parasympathetic denervation of the bladder by radical surgery was found to be relevant, first of all, during micturation. Reduced sense of emptying the bladder and sympathetically induced disturbances in the correlations between detrusor and the urethrovesical region favoured the formation of residual urine. Its early therapy, using cholinergics, is becoming increasingly problematic. Intensive control of infections and persistent continuation of catheterisation, until the autonomously functioning bladder has got adjusted to its changed conditions, so far remain to be the most dependable approaches to prophylaxis and therapy of micturation disorders following radical surgery. In severe cases more recent pharmacological and neurohistochemical findings regarding selective effectiveness of alpha-receptor blockers and beta-stimulators in neurogenic bladder may open new therapeutic ways.", "contents": "[Advances in the prevention and control of urologic complications of cervix cancer. 2. Bladder-function disorders]. By means of 386 comparative cystometries hypertensive reactions were recorded from the urinary bladder both following total and radical vaginal hysterectomy. Hypertension was most strongly pronounced over the first two weeks after operation and receded spontaneously during the third and fourth weeks. That increased intravesical pressure, therefore, was attributed primarily to the surgical trauma and its inevitably accompanying irritation of the bladder. Predominant parasympathetic denervation of the bladder by radical surgery was found to be relevant, first of all, during micturation. Reduced sense of emptying the bladder and sympathetically induced disturbances in the correlations between detrusor and the urethrovesical region favoured the formation of residual urine. Its early therapy, using cholinergics, is becoming increasingly problematic. Intensive control of infections and persistent continuation of catheterisation, until the autonomously functioning bladder has got adjusted to its changed conditions, so far remain to be the most dependable approaches to prophylaxis and therapy of micturation disorders following radical surgery. In severe cases more recent pharmacological and neurohistochemical findings regarding selective effectiveness of alpha-receptor blockers and beta-stimulators in neurogenic bladder may open new therapeutic ways.", "PMID": 726730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10797", "title": "[Significance of after care in asymptomatic pregnancy bacteriuria and pyelonephritis gravidarum].", "content": "In the period from 1974 to 1976 3465 deliveries were performed in the \"Landesfrauenklinik\". During pregnancies there were started 10,7% urological and nephrological complications with the asymptomatic bacteriuria were predominating at a rate of 6,1%. --Considering the high rate of chronic complications in all types of urinary tract infections, long-term dispensary care should be postulated.", "contents": "[Significance of after care in asymptomatic pregnancy bacteriuria and pyelonephritis gravidarum]. In the period from 1974 to 1976 3465 deliveries were performed in the \"Landesfrauenklinik\". During pregnancies there were started 10,7% urological and nephrological complications with the asymptomatic bacteriuria were predominating at a rate of 6,1%. --Considering the high rate of chronic complications in all types of urinary tract infections, long-term dispensary care should be postulated.", "PMID": 726731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10798", "title": "[Isotope nephrographic studies during hormonal contraception using Depositon].", "content": "By means of isotope nephrograms of a total of 29 renally healthy women who had been taken for more than 1 year the drug Deposiston, the renal function is investigated. Checking is done by using the semiquantitative evaluation parameters according to Zum Winkel, Pabst and H\u00f6r and to own criteria. Our results show that the highly dosed application of estrogens does not induce significant changes of renal function in the isotope nephrogram.", "contents": "[Isotope nephrographic studies during hormonal contraception using Depositon]. By means of isotope nephrograms of a total of 29 renally healthy women who had been taken for more than 1 year the drug Deposiston, the renal function is investigated. Checking is done by using the semiquantitative evaluation parameters according to Zum Winkel, Pabst and H\u00f6r and to own criteria. Our results show that the highly dosed application of estrogens does not induce significant changes of renal function in the isotope nephrogram.", "PMID": 726732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10799", "title": "[The clinical picture and pathology of benign tumors of the female urethra].", "content": "Benign neoplasia of urethra are of frequent by aged women. Epithelial tumours (polyps, papilloms) are distinguished from mesenchymal tumours (fibroms, myoms, angioms) histologically. Dislocations of the mucosa and real malignoms of the urethra are marked off from these. The authors report about the rarity of mesenchymal neoplasia and represent a case by which it comes to retention of urine because of a big leiomyoma. Diagnosis and therapy are described in detail.", "contents": "[The clinical picture and pathology of benign tumors of the female urethra]. Benign neoplasia of urethra are of frequent by aged women. Epithelial tumours (polyps, papilloms) are distinguished from mesenchymal tumours (fibroms, myoms, angioms) histologically. Dislocations of the mucosa and real malignoms of the urethra are marked off from these. The authors report about the rarity of mesenchymal neoplasia and represent a case by which it comes to retention of urine because of a big leiomyoma. Diagnosis and therapy are described in detail.", "PMID": 726733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10800", "title": "Evaluation of S. aureus serotyping method.", "content": "This study describes the reproducibility of antigen detection in staphylococci, and the discriminating capacity of the serotyping method. The reproducibility of the antigen detection in staphylococci has been studied by multiple determination of the antigenic formula of 700 wild strains. The discriminating capacity of the serotyping method has been estimated on 415 strains selected to exclude strains from the same origin. Good reproducibility (over 80%) is obtained for the detection of 12 antigens; improvement of the method for the others is under way. The method is highly discriminative; only 1.4% of strains are not typable. 90.8% of strains can be classified in one of the 6 groups identified by a major antigen; groups A, D and E are the most important under our ecological conditions.", "contents": "Evaluation of S. aureus serotyping method. This study describes the reproducibility of antigen detection in staphylococci, and the discriminating capacity of the serotyping method. The reproducibility of the antigen detection in staphylococci has been studied by multiple determination of the antigenic formula of 700 wild strains. The discriminating capacity of the serotyping method has been estimated on 415 strains selected to exclude strains from the same origin. Good reproducibility (over 80%) is obtained for the detection of 12 antigens; improvement of the method for the others is under way. The method is highly discriminative; only 1.4% of strains are not typable. 90.8% of strains can be classified in one of the 6 groups identified by a major antigen; groups A, D and E are the most important under our ecological conditions.", "PMID": 726735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10801", "title": "Propionicins, bacteriocins produced by Propionibacterium avidum.", "content": "One hundred strains of Propionibacterium acnes, granulosum and avidum were tested for susceptibility toward bacteriocins produced extracellularly by eight strains of Propionibacterium avidum. Some bacteriocin-producing strains were inhibitory for all strains tested. A name propionicins, is proposed for bacteriocins produced by P. avidum.", "contents": "Propionicins, bacteriocins produced by Propionibacterium avidum. One hundred strains of Propionibacterium acnes, granulosum and avidum were tested for susceptibility toward bacteriocins produced extracellularly by eight strains of Propionibacterium avidum. Some bacteriocin-producing strains were inhibitory for all strains tested. A name propionicins, is proposed for bacteriocins produced by P. avidum.", "PMID": 726736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10802", "title": "[Chemical and immunogenic properties of the capsular antigen of Staphylococcus aureus. III. Protective activity of capsular antigen in experiments on mice].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on 1500 albino mice; protective activity of 7 batches of S. aureus capsular antigen isolated from 5 strains was studied. The animals were immunized subcutaneously with different doses of the preparation (from 0.001 to 10000 microgram) once, twice, and thrice, and infected intraperitoneally with 6 encapsulated cultures. Capsular antigen proved to possess weak protective properties. The following regularities were revealed: 1) high antigen doses (over 5 microgram) increased mouse sensitivity to staphylococcus infection; 2) the greatest protective activity was shown by doses within 0.01-1 microgram; 3) there was no distinct \"dose-effect\" dependence; 4) single immunization was less effective than double and triple; 5) antigenic specificity of the capsular material was not connected with its protective properties.", "contents": "[Chemical and immunogenic properties of the capsular antigen of Staphylococcus aureus. III. Protective activity of capsular antigen in experiments on mice]. Experiments were conducted on 1500 albino mice; protective activity of 7 batches of S. aureus capsular antigen isolated from 5 strains was studied. The animals were immunized subcutaneously with different doses of the preparation (from 0.001 to 10000 microgram) once, twice, and thrice, and infected intraperitoneally with 6 encapsulated cultures. Capsular antigen proved to possess weak protective properties. The following regularities were revealed: 1) high antigen doses (over 5 microgram) increased mouse sensitivity to staphylococcus infection; 2) the greatest protective activity was shown by doses within 0.01-1 microgram; 3) there was no distinct \"dose-effect\" dependence; 4) single immunization was less effective than double and triple; 5) antigenic specificity of the capsular material was not connected with its protective properties.", "PMID": 726743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10803", "title": "[Identification and biological characteristics of strains of psychrophilic bacteria isolated from the diarrhea of polar research workers and from the water of Antarctic lakes].", "content": "Bacteria of Klebsiella genus and psychrophylic microbes affiliated by morphological and biochemical properties to Bac. psychrosaccharolyticus were isolated in bacteriological examination of diarrhea in 8 of 14 participants of the 12th Soviet Antarctic expedition. Psychrophylic bacteria isolated from the human intestinal contents possessed pathogenicity signs, i.e. these microbes liquefied gelatine, produced a cytotoxic action in the cells line Hep-2, and caused death of 50% chick embryos in infection with a dose of 5 X 10(8) bacteria.", "contents": "[Identification and biological characteristics of strains of psychrophilic bacteria isolated from the diarrhea of polar research workers and from the water of Antarctic lakes]. Bacteria of Klebsiella genus and psychrophylic microbes affiliated by morphological and biochemical properties to Bac. psychrosaccharolyticus were isolated in bacteriological examination of diarrhea in 8 of 14 participants of the 12th Soviet Antarctic expedition. Psychrophylic bacteria isolated from the human intestinal contents possessed pathogenicity signs, i.e. these microbes liquefied gelatine, produced a cytotoxic action in the cells line Hep-2, and caused death of 50% chick embryos in infection with a dose of 5 X 10(8) bacteria.", "PMID": 726745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10804", "title": "[Mechanism of segregation of bacterial chromosomes following division of anaerobic clostridia].", "content": "Morphological events during division in Clostridium oedematiens, strains A-277 and A-79, were studied on ultrathin sections. The bacterial cells of the species under investigation containing numerous and various intracytoplasmic membranous structures were practically devoid of the \"nuclear mesosomes\" type structures. In these anaerobic Clostridia the segregation of bacterial chromosomes after the replication was effected by means of direct connections between the DNA filaments and the cytoplasmic membrane of the bacterial cell. These connections were multiple, up to 250 nm in length, possibly ensuring a proper mechanical strength needed for translocation of the chromosomes into the daughter cells. It is suggested that multiple contact zones between the cytoplasmic membrane and the DNA filaments of the bacterial chromosome arose after the triggering of their DNA replication.", "contents": "[Mechanism of segregation of bacterial chromosomes following division of anaerobic clostridia]. Morphological events during division in Clostridium oedematiens, strains A-277 and A-79, were studied on ultrathin sections. The bacterial cells of the species under investigation containing numerous and various intracytoplasmic membranous structures were practically devoid of the \"nuclear mesosomes\" type structures. In these anaerobic Clostridia the segregation of bacterial chromosomes after the replication was effected by means of direct connections between the DNA filaments and the cytoplasmic membrane of the bacterial cell. These connections were multiple, up to 250 nm in length, possibly ensuring a proper mechanical strength needed for translocation of the chromosomes into the daughter cells. It is suggested that multiple contact zones between the cytoplasmic membrane and the DNA filaments of the bacterial chromosome arose after the triggering of their DNA replication.", "PMID": 726746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10805", "title": "[Viability and properties of cholera vibrios cultivated in mineral water].", "content": "Samples of mineral water from thermal spas of \"Matsesta\" health resorts were infected with cholera vibrio strains. In nonsterile mineral water diluted with distilled water 1 : 2, 1 : 4, and 1 : 8 and stored at 37 degrees C survival periods of cholera vibrio constituted 289 days for classic biotype, and 413 days for El Tor biotype. In boiled mineral water stored at 20-24 degrees C this period was 1429 days for both biotypes. Prolonged cultivation of cholera vibrios in mineral water had no effect on biochemical and serological properties, as well as on cholera phage and antibiotic sensitivity, but there occurred dissociation of the strains into S- and R-forms.", "contents": "[Viability and properties of cholera vibrios cultivated in mineral water]. Samples of mineral water from thermal spas of \"Matsesta\" health resorts were infected with cholera vibrio strains. In nonsterile mineral water diluted with distilled water 1 : 2, 1 : 4, and 1 : 8 and stored at 37 degrees C survival periods of cholera vibrio constituted 289 days for classic biotype, and 413 days for El Tor biotype. In boiled mineral water stored at 20-24 degrees C this period was 1429 days for both biotypes. Prolonged cultivation of cholera vibrios in mineral water had no effect on biochemical and serological properties, as well as on cholera phage and antibiotic sensitivity, but there occurred dissociation of the strains into S- and R-forms.", "PMID": 726747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10806", "title": "[1st stage of infectious allergy].", "content": "In administration of bacterial exotoxins (diphtheria, botulinic) to guinea pigs in doses of 1/100 Dlm at an interval of one hour there developed a typical sickness with the lethal outcome in the course of 2-3 days from the beginning of the exotoxin administration. Low bacterial exotoxin doses induced allergic reaction of the organism before the cell producing specific antibodies began to act in defence. Lymphatic system cells responded rapidly to the low doses of bacterial exotoxins, but the process of formation of cells producing antibodies failed to reach mature plasmocytes, and no antibodies formed. With increase of the interval between the administration of low bacterial exotoxin doses to 24 hours specific antibodies did form, but these antibodies failed to protect the animals which were in the state of infectious allergy. The first stage of infectious allergy induced by low bacterial doses was nonspecific. Animals which were in the state of infectious allergy to diphtheria exotoxin perished of low botulinic (exotoxin) doses, and vice versa.", "contents": "[1st stage of infectious allergy]. In administration of bacterial exotoxins (diphtheria, botulinic) to guinea pigs in doses of 1/100 Dlm at an interval of one hour there developed a typical sickness with the lethal outcome in the course of 2-3 days from the beginning of the exotoxin administration. Low bacterial exotoxin doses induced allergic reaction of the organism before the cell producing specific antibodies began to act in defence. Lymphatic system cells responded rapidly to the low doses of bacterial exotoxins, but the process of formation of cells producing antibodies failed to reach mature plasmocytes, and no antibodies formed. With increase of the interval between the administration of low bacterial exotoxin doses to 24 hours specific antibodies did form, but these antibodies failed to protect the animals which were in the state of infectious allergy. The first stage of infectious allergy induced by low bacterial doses was nonspecific. Animals which were in the state of infectious allergy to diphtheria exotoxin perished of low botulinic (exotoxin) doses, and vice versa.", "PMID": 726748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10807", "title": "[Antigenic properties of a preparation of total calf thymus histone].", "content": "Repeated intravenous injection of total histone of calf thymus preparation led to sensitization of experimental animals accompanied by formation of complement fixing antibodies. Sera examination by the complement fixation test demonstrated antigenicity of the total histone preparation protein components to decrease in the following order: nonhistone proteins admixture greater than histone fraction HI greater than mixture of histone fractions H3 : H2b : H2a (1 : 1 : 1). The presence in the total histone preparation of nonhistone protein admixture chiefly conditioned the immunogenic, and possibly, the allergenic activity of the preparation.", "contents": "[Antigenic properties of a preparation of total calf thymus histone]. Repeated intravenous injection of total histone of calf thymus preparation led to sensitization of experimental animals accompanied by formation of complement fixing antibodies. Sera examination by the complement fixation test demonstrated antigenicity of the total histone preparation protein components to decrease in the following order: nonhistone proteins admixture greater than histone fraction HI greater than mixture of histone fractions H3 : H2b : H2a (1 : 1 : 1). The presence in the total histone preparation of nonhistone protein admixture chiefly conditioned the immunogenic, and possibly, the allergenic activity of the preparation.", "PMID": 726750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10808", "title": "[Lymphocyte blast transformation and quantitative immunoglobulin A, G and M content in persons with different ABO system blood groups].", "content": "The authors studied the blast-cell transformation reaction in response lymphocytes to PHA and quantitative immunoglobulin A, G, and M content in 75 women and 70 men with different ABO blood groups. Four variants of the changes in the blast forms count at the period between the 3rd and the 5th cultivation days were revealed; in persons with blood group I(O) this occurred significantly more frequently by the type of moderate increase, and in persons with the blood group II(A)--by the type of insignificant increase. Immunoglobulin M content was significantly higher in persons with blood group II(A) than in those with blood group I(O).", "contents": "[Lymphocyte blast transformation and quantitative immunoglobulin A, G and M content in persons with different ABO system blood groups]. The authors studied the blast-cell transformation reaction in response lymphocytes to PHA and quantitative immunoglobulin A, G, and M content in 75 women and 70 men with different ABO blood groups. Four variants of the changes in the blast forms count at the period between the 3rd and the 5th cultivation days were revealed; in persons with blood group I(O) this occurred significantly more frequently by the type of moderate increase, and in persons with the blood group II(A)--by the type of insignificant increase. Immunoglobulin M content was significantly higher in persons with blood group II(A) than in those with blood group I(O).", "PMID": 726751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10809", "title": "[Neurologic features of cervical osteokhondrosis with pseudocardiac and cardiac pain syndromes].", "content": "The authors examined 100 patients in whom cervical osteochondrosis developed with pain in the heart, intercostal, sternum area, left hand, as well as radicle, pain, vegetative and reflectory-dystrophical disturbances. The differential diagnosis between pseudocardialgia and cardialgia, on the one hand, and stenocardia, on the other, is not always simple and is based on clinical data, x-ray and ECG examinations. The basis of the pathogenesis in pseudocardialgia is the irritation of posterior sensory radicles by osteophytes or disc protrusion. Cardialgia is an incarceration and excitation of sympathical nerves, leading to disturbances in the myocardial metabolism. A comprehensive conservative treatment may give a favourable effect in the majority of patients, while indications for surgical operations are very rare.", "contents": "[Neurologic features of cervical osteokhondrosis with pseudocardiac and cardiac pain syndromes]. The authors examined 100 patients in whom cervical osteochondrosis developed with pain in the heart, intercostal, sternum area, left hand, as well as radicle, pain, vegetative and reflectory-dystrophical disturbances. The differential diagnosis between pseudocardialgia and cardialgia, on the one hand, and stenocardia, on the other, is not always simple and is based on clinical data, x-ray and ECG examinations. The basis of the pathogenesis in pseudocardialgia is the irritation of posterior sensory radicles by osteophytes or disc protrusion. Cardialgia is an incarceration and excitation of sympathical nerves, leading to disturbances in the myocardial metabolism. A comprehensive conservative treatment may give a favourable effect in the majority of patients, while indications for surgical operations are very rare.", "PMID": 726752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10810", "title": "[Cerebellar infarct: clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment].", "content": "Cerebellar infarctions are a relatively rare disorder, the diagnosis of which even based on clinical, angiographical and ventriculographic studies is rather difficult. Of big service in such conditions are computer tomographies. In extensive isolated cerebellar infarctions with signs of developing occlusional hydrocephaly with brain stem compressions, there may be indications to surgical operations. The paper contains the literary review, where problems of diagnosis and treatment of cerebellar infarctions are considered. The paper also contains a description of one case where a surgical operation was performed with a good outcome.", "contents": "[Cerebellar infarct: clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment]. Cerebellar infarctions are a relatively rare disorder, the diagnosis of which even based on clinical, angiographical and ventriculographic studies is rather difficult. Of big service in such conditions are computer tomographies. In extensive isolated cerebellar infarctions with signs of developing occlusional hydrocephaly with brain stem compressions, there may be indications to surgical operations. The paper contains the literary review, where problems of diagnosis and treatment of cerebellar infarctions are considered. The paper also contains a description of one case where a surgical operation was performed with a good outcome.", "PMID": 726753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10811", "title": "[Cardiac changes in familial Friedreich's ataxia (clinico-morphologic study)].", "content": "In familial Friedreich's ataxia besides lesions of the nervous system there is also cardiac pathology, which frequently may be the reason of a lethal outcome. As a result of a clinico-morphological study of the heart of a deceased patient, it was demonstrated that the character of morphological changes points to severe dystrophical changes of the myocardium of the \"idiopathical\" cardiomyopathy type.", "contents": "[Cardiac changes in familial Friedreich's ataxia (clinico-morphologic study)]. In familial Friedreich's ataxia besides lesions of the nervous system there is also cardiac pathology, which frequently may be the reason of a lethal outcome. As a result of a clinico-morphological study of the heart of a deceased patient, it was demonstrated that the character of morphological changes points to severe dystrophical changes of the myocardium of the \"idiopathical\" cardiomyopathy type.", "PMID": 726754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10812", "title": "[Bite anomalies in familial Friedreich's ataxia].", "content": "Besides the spinal bone and foot deformations which are well known in Friedreich's disease, attention is drawn to deformations of the maxillodental system, the state of which was previously not studied. There was a pathology of bite in 16 of the 24 patients with Friedreich's familial ataxia. As a rule, these anomalies were combined with other bone deformations. In 2 families where several patients were examined there was a similar pathology of bite. A study of 24 patients and an examinations of a control group consisting of 151 individuals allows a conclusion that in Friedreich's disease pathology of bite is encountered almost as frequently as deformations of the spine and foot.", "contents": "[Bite anomalies in familial Friedreich's ataxia]. Besides the spinal bone and foot deformations which are well known in Friedreich's disease, attention is drawn to deformations of the maxillodental system, the state of which was previously not studied. There was a pathology of bite in 16 of the 24 patients with Friedreich's familial ataxia. As a rule, these anomalies were combined with other bone deformations. In 2 families where several patients were examined there was a similar pathology of bite. A study of 24 patients and an examinations of a control group consisting of 151 individuals allows a conclusion that in Friedreich's disease pathology of bite is encountered almost as frequently as deformations of the spine and foot.", "PMID": 726755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10813", "title": "[Rheologic properties of the blood in stroke patients].", "content": "The rheological blood properties were studied by means of a graphical registration of platelet and erythrocyte agregation, as well as the rotational viscosimetry in 163 patients in the acute period of hemorrhagical, ischemic and complicated ischemic strokes. Changes in the rheological blood properties detected a dependence on the character of the stroke, age of the patients and duration of the disease. The types of rheological blood properties, related to the character of the stroke are described. The role of rheological blood properties examinations in the study of the pathogenesis in brain strokes and differentiated therapy is stressed.", "contents": "[Rheologic properties of the blood in stroke patients]. The rheological blood properties were studied by means of a graphical registration of platelet and erythrocyte agregation, as well as the rotational viscosimetry in 163 patients in the acute period of hemorrhagical, ischemic and complicated ischemic strokes. Changes in the rheological blood properties detected a dependence on the character of the stroke, age of the patients and duration of the disease. The types of rheological blood properties, related to the character of the stroke are described. The role of rheological blood properties examinations in the study of the pathogenesis in brain strokes and differentiated therapy is stressed.", "PMID": 726756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10814", "title": "[Concentration of depressor and pressor prostaglandins in the blood of patients with cerebral hypertensive crises].", "content": "The content of depressor and pressor prostaglandins in the blood plasma was examined by radioimmunology during different stages of hypertonic disease and in cerebral hypertensive crises. The achieved results were correlated with the data concerning the content of prostaglandins in normal individuals. These studies permitted to demonstrate certain changes in the level of pressor and depressor prostaglandins depending upon the stage of the hypertensive disease and crises states. In this respect the obtained facts allow to assume that prostaglandins play a certain role in the pathogenesis of different traits of the hypertensive disease.", "contents": "[Concentration of depressor and pressor prostaglandins in the blood of patients with cerebral hypertensive crises]. The content of depressor and pressor prostaglandins in the blood plasma was examined by radioimmunology during different stages of hypertonic disease and in cerebral hypertensive crises. The achieved results were correlated with the data concerning the content of prostaglandins in normal individuals. These studies permitted to demonstrate certain changes in the level of pressor and depressor prostaglandins depending upon the stage of the hypertensive disease and crises states. In this respect the obtained facts allow to assume that prostaglandins play a certain role in the pathogenesis of different traits of the hypertensive disease.", "PMID": 726757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10815", "title": "[Paroxysmal attacks of dysarthria and ataxia in multiple sclerosis].", "content": "A description of 2 cases of disseminated sclerosis during exacerbations and paroxysms of dysarthria and ataxia in the clinical picture is given. These attacks are connected with processes of demyelinization and are differentiated with epilepsy. On the basis of neurophysiological studies the mechanisms of paroxysmal dysarthria and ataxia are discussed. The attacks were arrested under the influence of carbamazepine. The action of the drug is explained by its manifold properties.", "contents": "[Paroxysmal attacks of dysarthria and ataxia in multiple sclerosis]. A description of 2 cases of disseminated sclerosis during exacerbations and paroxysms of dysarthria and ataxia in the clinical picture is given. These attacks are connected with processes of demyelinization and are differentiated with epilepsy. On the basis of neurophysiological studies the mechanisms of paroxysmal dysarthria and ataxia are discussed. The attacks were arrested under the influence of carbamazepine. The action of the drug is explained by its manifold properties.", "PMID": 726759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10816", "title": "[State of neuromediator systems during formation of the psychoorganic syndrome caused by hypertension].", "content": "The state of the neuromediator systems in the formation of a psychosomatic development was studied in 66 patients with different stages of the hypertensive disease. It was demonstrated that the phases of the psychoorganic syndrome frequently correlated with the stages of hypertensive disease and with the qualitative and quantitative transformation of neuromediators in the peripheral blood and that the reactions of the neuromediator systems to dosaged stress may be used to evaluate the stage of the psychoorganic syndrome.", "contents": "[State of neuromediator systems during formation of the psychoorganic syndrome caused by hypertension]. The state of the neuromediator systems in the formation of a psychosomatic development was studied in 66 patients with different stages of the hypertensive disease. It was demonstrated that the phases of the psychoorganic syndrome frequently correlated with the stages of hypertensive disease and with the qualitative and quantitative transformation of neuromediators in the peripheral blood and that the reactions of the neuromediator systems to dosaged stress may be used to evaluate the stage of the psychoorganic syndrome.", "PMID": 726761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10817", "title": "[Activity of the sympatho-adrenal system in patients with hysterical psychopathy and psychasthenia].", "content": "The paper is concerned with studies of the sympathoadrenal system activity by the indices of urine excretion of catecholamine and dofa in patients with hysterical and psychasthenic psychopathy. The disorders inherent in each of the groups are demonstrated. The patients with hysterical psychopathy show an exhaustion of all links in the catecholamine metabolism, while the patients with psychasthenical psychopathy an exhaustion of the noradrenaline link. In attempting to explain the mechanisms of disturbed activity in the sympathoadrenal system in both groups the role of the functional state of nonspecific activizing brain systems was taken into consideration.", "contents": "[Activity of the sympatho-adrenal system in patients with hysterical psychopathy and psychasthenia]. The paper is concerned with studies of the sympathoadrenal system activity by the indices of urine excretion of catecholamine and dofa in patients with hysterical and psychasthenic psychopathy. The disorders inherent in each of the groups are demonstrated. The patients with hysterical psychopathy show an exhaustion of all links in the catecholamine metabolism, while the patients with psychasthenical psychopathy an exhaustion of the noradrenaline link. In attempting to explain the mechanisms of disturbed activity in the sympathoadrenal system in both groups the role of the functional state of nonspecific activizing brain systems was taken into consideration.", "PMID": 726762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10818", "title": "[Results of long-term catamnesis of neurotic and psychopathic states and assessment of the prognosis].", "content": "The results of long-term follow-up studies indicate the existence of significant differences in the outcome of neurotic and psychopathic states. The most unfavorable outcome was seen in patients with asthenic and unstable psychopathy. A classification of a \"good\" and \"poor\" outcome of the disease by means of a computer permitted to distinguish the most significant anamnestic and clinical signs indicating a possible unfavorable prognosis. In the most unfavorable variant of the disease (21% of 124 psychopathic patients) in asthenic, unstable, excitative and hysterical psychopathy there were states with prevalently neurotic and psychopathic symptomatology, nonspecific for any of the above-mentioned forms of psychopathy.", "contents": "[Results of long-term catamnesis of neurotic and psychopathic states and assessment of the prognosis]. The results of long-term follow-up studies indicate the existence of significant differences in the outcome of neurotic and psychopathic states. The most unfavorable outcome was seen in patients with asthenic and unstable psychopathy. A classification of a \"good\" and \"poor\" outcome of the disease by means of a computer permitted to distinguish the most significant anamnestic and clinical signs indicating a possible unfavorable prognosis. In the most unfavorable variant of the disease (21% of 124 psychopathic patients) in asthenic, unstable, excitative and hysterical psychopathy there were states with prevalently neurotic and psychopathic symptomatology, nonspecific for any of the above-mentioned forms of psychopathy.", "PMID": 726763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10819", "title": "[Clinico-dynamic features of obsessive-phobic neurosis with onset during involution and old age].", "content": "A study of 46 patients with obsessional neurosis with an onset in the presenium and senium demonstrated significant modifications of the clinical picture and its development. The study also showed that changes in the clinical picture were due to age changes proper, involutional-climacteric and cerebrovascular factors. It is shown that with the age manifestations of obsessive-phobic neurosis become more incomplete, alleviated, stereotypical, with an increased tendency towards a nonprogressive development (attack-like or inert).", "contents": "[Clinico-dynamic features of obsessive-phobic neurosis with onset during involution and old age]. A study of 46 patients with obsessional neurosis with an onset in the presenium and senium demonstrated significant modifications of the clinical picture and its development. The study also showed that changes in the clinical picture were due to age changes proper, involutional-climacteric and cerebrovascular factors. It is shown that with the age manifestations of obsessive-phobic neurosis become more incomplete, alleviated, stereotypical, with an increased tendency towards a nonprogressive development (attack-like or inert).", "PMID": 726765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10820", "title": "[Clinical picture and features of the course of protracted psychogenic asthenic disorders].", "content": "On the basis of a clinico-dynamical and paraclinical (mathematico-statistical, electrophysiological, experimental-psychological) study of 122 patients with the asthenical form of neurosis 2 main groups were distinguished: protracted asthenical neurosis and neurotical personality development. Different clinical varieties, common symptoms, typical for each form and the therapeutical-preventive measures are determined.", "contents": "[Clinical picture and features of the course of protracted psychogenic asthenic disorders]. On the basis of a clinico-dynamical and paraclinical (mathematico-statistical, electrophysiological, experimental-psychological) study of 122 patients with the asthenical form of neurosis 2 main groups were distinguished: protracted asthenical neurosis and neurotical personality development. Different clinical varieties, common symptoms, typical for each form and the therapeutical-preventive measures are determined.", "PMID": 726766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10821", "title": "[Syndromokinesis of alcoholic psychoses (according to the results of a clinico-epidemiologic survey)].", "content": "A clinico-epidemiological study was made of 446 patients who suffered from alcoholic psychoses during 1946--1970. An analysis of the quantitative and qualitative modification of the syndromes, the regularities in their dynamics demonstrated that the transformation of the symptomatology to a large extent depend upon the type of development of the alcoholic psychoses. Transitory psychoses are more frequently replaced by psychopathy-like personality changes. In a remittent development, repeated psychoses are characterized, as a rule, by a delirium or hallucinosis. Following a delirium there are typical acute verbal hallucinosis. During relapses there is an increasing amount of atypical symptoms. In patients with mixed and especially a continuous development of the psychoses, the pathokinesis of syndromes proceeds on the level of profound psychopathological disorders. As a result there may be either schizoform and crude organic clinical pictures and eventually there is a deep organic symptomatology (pseudoparalysis), or against the background of crude alcoholic personality changes, after lucid periods, there may be acute psychotic conditions.", "contents": "[Syndromokinesis of alcoholic psychoses (according to the results of a clinico-epidemiologic survey)]. A clinico-epidemiological study was made of 446 patients who suffered from alcoholic psychoses during 1946--1970. An analysis of the quantitative and qualitative modification of the syndromes, the regularities in their dynamics demonstrated that the transformation of the symptomatology to a large extent depend upon the type of development of the alcoholic psychoses. Transitory psychoses are more frequently replaced by psychopathy-like personality changes. In a remittent development, repeated psychoses are characterized, as a rule, by a delirium or hallucinosis. Following a delirium there are typical acute verbal hallucinosis. During relapses there is an increasing amount of atypical symptoms. In patients with mixed and especially a continuous development of the psychoses, the pathokinesis of syndromes proceeds on the level of profound psychopathological disorders. As a result there may be either schizoform and crude organic clinical pictures and eventually there is a deep organic symptomatology (pseudoparalysis), or against the background of crude alcoholic personality changes, after lucid periods, there may be acute psychotic conditions.", "PMID": 726768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10822", "title": "[Problem of sexual pathology in alcoholic delusions of jealousy].", "content": "The data on sex pathology in alcoholic delusions of jealousy with sado-masochist behaviour are reported. Such behaviour was seen when the patients tried to force their wives to \"acknowledge\" infidelity. A total amount of 196 patients were studied. Abnormal behaviour was characterized by moral and physical torture of their wives and selftorture. They were mostly expressed at late night hours and were connected with a peculiar satisfaction of the \"tormenting voluptuosness\" (Lemke-Rennert). There was also a sexual excitation with a dissociation between high necessities and a dropped possibilities in the sexual sphere against the background of lowered potency and other sexual disorders. Moreover, there was a high level of general excitation with a narrowing of consciousness, vegeto-vascular changes, which are described during ciotus and a satisfaction of sexual necessities by perversions. A visualization of images related to jealousy was observed, which lead to an increase of the affective shading in delusions.", "contents": "[Problem of sexual pathology in alcoholic delusions of jealousy]. The data on sex pathology in alcoholic delusions of jealousy with sado-masochist behaviour are reported. Such behaviour was seen when the patients tried to force their wives to \"acknowledge\" infidelity. A total amount of 196 patients were studied. Abnormal behaviour was characterized by moral and physical torture of their wives and selftorture. They were mostly expressed at late night hours and were connected with a peculiar satisfaction of the \"tormenting voluptuosness\" (Lemke-Rennert). There was also a sexual excitation with a dissociation between high necessities and a dropped possibilities in the sexual sphere against the background of lowered potency and other sexual disorders. Moreover, there was a high level of general excitation with a narrowing of consciousness, vegeto-vascular changes, which are described during ciotus and a satisfaction of sexual necessities by perversions. A visualization of images related to jealousy was observed, which lead to an increase of the affective shading in delusions.", "PMID": 726769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10823", "title": "[Physician-patient relations and their influence on the process of psychotherapy in neurotic patients].", "content": "Using specially elaborated experimental psychological methods the author studied conditions of formation of a psychotherapeutical contact between a doctor and a patient and its influence on optimum and affective psychotherapy of neuroses. A total of 100 psychotherapeutical diads (100 patients and 11 psychoptherapeutists) were studied. On the basis of the analysis of patients' aims two types of a standard of a doctor-psychotherapeutist according to emotional attitude to a patient were depicted: \"co-suffering\" and \"emotionally neutral\", and according to volitional qualities--\"directive\" and \"nondirective\". According to a role characteristic a doctor's standard was determined in two variants--an instructor and a partner. The patients' choice of an ideal doctor correlated with certain forms of neuroses. The analysis of the material allowed one to distinguish 3 main forms of a psychotherapeutical contact. The most affective in a psychotherapeutical relation were two forms of such a contact--\"co-suffering partnersnip\" and \"co-suffering instruction\".", "contents": "[Physician-patient relations and their influence on the process of psychotherapy in neurotic patients]. Using specially elaborated experimental psychological methods the author studied conditions of formation of a psychotherapeutical contact between a doctor and a patient and its influence on optimum and affective psychotherapy of neuroses. A total of 100 psychotherapeutical diads (100 patients and 11 psychoptherapeutists) were studied. On the basis of the analysis of patients' aims two types of a standard of a doctor-psychotherapeutist according to emotional attitude to a patient were depicted: \"co-suffering\" and \"emotionally neutral\", and according to volitional qualities--\"directive\" and \"nondirective\". According to a role characteristic a doctor's standard was determined in two variants--an instructor and a partner. The patients' choice of an ideal doctor correlated with certain forms of neuroses. The analysis of the material allowed one to distinguish 3 main forms of a psychotherapeutical contact. The most affective in a psychotherapeutical relation were two forms of such a contact--\"co-suffering partnersnip\" and \"co-suffering instruction\".", "PMID": 726770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10824", "title": "[Early changes in the cerebral cortex in acute ischemia (light--electron microscopic study)].", "content": "Studies on the cortex of rats during different periods following ligation of the carotid arteries demonstrated an early appearance of ischemic changes, which were characterized by different states of the nervous cells, glial elements and capillaries. The largest group consisted of neurons of the deep cortical layers, which showed reactive states of the nucleus and nucleoli, as well as signs of chromatolysis in the cytoplasma. Less distributed form of pathology involved changes of the \"dark\" type, involving small stellite and pyramidal neurons of the upper cortical layer. Changes of the glial elements may be mainly considered as signs of oedema and partial melting. These changes demonstrate not only a different sensibility of neurons of the upper and lower cortical layers, but different mechanisms of the structural regulation in the cell metabolism, providing its optimal level and organization for each functional state.", "contents": "[Early changes in the cerebral cortex in acute ischemia (light--electron microscopic study)]. Studies on the cortex of rats during different periods following ligation of the carotid arteries demonstrated an early appearance of ischemic changes, which were characterized by different states of the nervous cells, glial elements and capillaries. The largest group consisted of neurons of the deep cortical layers, which showed reactive states of the nucleus and nucleoli, as well as signs of chromatolysis in the cytoplasma. Less distributed form of pathology involved changes of the \"dark\" type, involving small stellite and pyramidal neurons of the upper cortical layer. Changes of the glial elements may be mainly considered as signs of oedema and partial melting. These changes demonstrate not only a different sensibility of neurons of the upper and lower cortical layers, but different mechanisms of the structural regulation in the cell metabolism, providing its optimal level and organization for each functional state.", "PMID": 726771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10825", "title": "[Brain histology of premature infants who have suffered hypoxia and sepsis].", "content": "Results of brain studies in 38 premature infants with severe peri- and postnatal pathology (intracranial labor trauma, asphyxia, sepsis) are presented. Clinico-morphological data detected that profound prematurity and consequently a profound immaturity of the brain, complicated by hypoxic damages during labor and early developing septic infections, lead to an expressed retardation and irreversible degenerative changes, especially in the brain structures which develop later. From the neurological point of view the most serious in relation to the prognosis are those children who are in a state of a stable inhibition of the CNS.", "contents": "[Brain histology of premature infants who have suffered hypoxia and sepsis]. Results of brain studies in 38 premature infants with severe peri- and postnatal pathology (intracranial labor trauma, asphyxia, sepsis) are presented. Clinico-morphological data detected that profound prematurity and consequently a profound immaturity of the brain, complicated by hypoxic damages during labor and early developing septic infections, lead to an expressed retardation and irreversible degenerative changes, especially in the brain structures which develop later. From the neurological point of view the most serious in relation to the prognosis are those children who are in a state of a stable inhibition of the CNS.", "PMID": 726772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10826", "title": "[Neuropsychological analysis of disorders in the constructive activity of patients with arteriovenous aneurysms of temporal localization].", "content": "Disturbances of the constructive praxis were studied in 40 patients with arteriovenous aneurysms of the parietal lobes in the right and left hemispheres. Errors made by the patients engaged in tests on turning over figures were subjected to qualitative and quantitative analyses. It was demonstrated that disturbed constructive praxis is underlain by disordered spatial synthesis and defects of image perception. The former factor determines disturbances of constructive activity in lesions of both left and right hemispheres, whereas the latter one determines disturbances of constructive activity in patients with disfunctions of the right parietal lobe. In these patients the disorders are more pronounced and availability of a visual model does not help to compensate the defect.", "contents": "[Neuropsychological analysis of disorders in the constructive activity of patients with arteriovenous aneurysms of temporal localization]. Disturbances of the constructive praxis were studied in 40 patients with arteriovenous aneurysms of the parietal lobes in the right and left hemispheres. Errors made by the patients engaged in tests on turning over figures were subjected to qualitative and quantitative analyses. It was demonstrated that disturbed constructive praxis is underlain by disordered spatial synthesis and defects of image perception. The former factor determines disturbances of constructive activity in lesions of both left and right hemispheres, whereas the latter one determines disturbances of constructive activity in patients with disfunctions of the right parietal lobe. In these patients the disorders are more pronounced and availability of a visual model does not help to compensate the defect.", "PMID": 726773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10827", "title": "[Rheologic properties of the blood and lipid metabolism in patients with hemorrhagic infarct of the brain].", "content": "The clinical development, changes of the rheological blood properties and lipid metabolism were analysed in 70 patients with acute and subacute hemorrhagical infarctions into the hemispheres. Two clinical types in the development of hemorrhagical brain infarctions are described. The rheological blood properties and lipid metabolism had certain differences in comparison to patients with hemispheric hemorrhagical and ischemic strokes. They were also changed depending upon the age and duration of the illness. The pathogenesis of the changes detected is substantiated and their significance for microhemocirculation in patients with hemorrhagical brain infarctions is discussed.", "contents": "[Rheologic properties of the blood and lipid metabolism in patients with hemorrhagic infarct of the brain]. The clinical development, changes of the rheological blood properties and lipid metabolism were analysed in 70 patients with acute and subacute hemorrhagical infarctions into the hemispheres. Two clinical types in the development of hemorrhagical brain infarctions are described. The rheological blood properties and lipid metabolism had certain differences in comparison to patients with hemispheric hemorrhagical and ischemic strokes. They were also changed depending upon the age and duration of the illness. The pathogenesis of the changes detected is substantiated and their significance for microhemocirculation in patients with hemorrhagical brain infarctions is discussed.", "PMID": 726774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10828", "title": "[Mirror reading and writing].", "content": "The case of a left handed patient, a woman 59 years old, who some days after the onset of a right hemiplegia with slight motoric and sensoric aphasic disorders, presented reverse (en miroir) reading and writing is described. Difficulties in the recognition of the right and left side could be revealed during the examination. No hemianopia was noted but an \"unwillingness\" to turn the eyes to the right side, without paresis, was noted. This could be, in relation with the disorder of the orientation in the space and the reanimation of primitive phasic functions, the basic mechanism that explains the above described symptom of reverse reading and writing.", "contents": "[Mirror reading and writing]. The case of a left handed patient, a woman 59 years old, who some days after the onset of a right hemiplegia with slight motoric and sensoric aphasic disorders, presented reverse (en miroir) reading and writing is described. Difficulties in the recognition of the right and left side could be revealed during the examination. No hemianopia was noted but an \"unwillingness\" to turn the eyes to the right side, without paresis, was noted. This could be, in relation with the disorder of the orientation in the space and the reanimation of primitive phasic functions, the basic mechanism that explains the above described symptom of reverse reading and writing.", "PMID": 726775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10829", "title": "[Generalized epileptic seizures in lesions of the mediobasal regions of the frontal lobe of the brain].", "content": "On the basis of long-term studies of epilepsy in 4972 patients who were admitted to the clinic with acute cerebral lesions, there were 23 cases, where the epileptical seizures were related to foci of an orbito-frontal localization. The verification of this localization was demonstrated in autopsies during EEG, echo- and pneumographical registrations. In a series of experimental studies it was established that there was a marked shortening of the time with a formation of the focal-cortical epileptical focus in a coagulation of the orbito-frontal cortex. These data permit to speak against the concept of epilepsy as a universal theory in the origination of generalized epileptical seizures.", "contents": "[Generalized epileptic seizures in lesions of the mediobasal regions of the frontal lobe of the brain]. On the basis of long-term studies of epilepsy in 4972 patients who were admitted to the clinic with acute cerebral lesions, there were 23 cases, where the epileptical seizures were related to foci of an orbito-frontal localization. The verification of this localization was demonstrated in autopsies during EEG, echo- and pneumographical registrations. In a series of experimental studies it was established that there was a marked shortening of the time with a formation of the focal-cortical epileptical focus in a coagulation of the orbito-frontal cortex. These data permit to speak against the concept of epilepsy as a universal theory in the origination of generalized epileptical seizures.", "PMID": 726776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10830", "title": "[Relationship between disorders in the adequacy of perception in the cutaneous analyzer and variations in interhemispheric asymmetry of the brain].", "content": "The author describes and analyses the results of studying sensitivity of 300 normal young people chosen at random with different forms of interhemispheric brain asymmetry. A certain concentration of the phenomena of disturbed adequacy of perception was detected in cases with alleviated forms of functional differentiation in the brain hemisphere. The conclusion is made of the positive significance of interhemispheric asymmetry, responding by an optimally balanced pair activity of the hemispheres.", "contents": "[Relationship between disorders in the adequacy of perception in the cutaneous analyzer and variations in interhemispheric asymmetry of the brain]. The author describes and analyses the results of studying sensitivity of 300 normal young people chosen at random with different forms of interhemispheric brain asymmetry. A certain concentration of the phenomena of disturbed adequacy of perception was detected in cases with alleviated forms of functional differentiation in the brain hemisphere. The conclusion is made of the positive significance of interhemispheric asymmetry, responding by an optimally balanced pair activity of the hemispheres.", "PMID": 726777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10831", "title": "[Neuropsychological analysis of higher mental functions in acute leuko- and panencephalitis].", "content": "A neuropsychological analysis was used as one of the supplementary methods for diagnosing subacute leuko- and panencephalititdes in 42 patients. This method permitted to detect multifocal lesions, the fluctuation in the degree of marked defects, the secondary character of disturbed higher mental functions (due to defects in the organization of activity). Consideration of these data promotes, to a significant extent, the diagnosis of leuko- and panencephalitides differentiating them from brain tumors and leuko-dystrophy.", "contents": "[Neuropsychological analysis of higher mental functions in acute leuko- and panencephalitis]. A neuropsychological analysis was used as one of the supplementary methods for diagnosing subacute leuko- and panencephalititdes in 42 patients. This method permitted to detect multifocal lesions, the fluctuation in the degree of marked defects, the secondary character of disturbed higher mental functions (due to defects in the organization of activity). Consideration of these data promotes, to a significant extent, the diagnosis of leuko- and panencephalitides differentiating them from brain tumors and leuko-dystrophy.", "PMID": 726778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10832", "title": "[Physiological and psychological basis for verbal errors].", "content": "The author believes that one of the main phenomena in the pathophysiology of the nervous system in the clinical picture of nervous and mental disorders is the desintegrative deviation in the motion of the  nervous process. This phenomenon is known in the clinical picture of aphasia as paraphasia, described by Kraepelin in schizophrenic thinking, as \"slipping off\", etc. The most general pathophysiological basis of this phenomenon may be found in the parabiosis of Vvedensky. Verbal errors of normals may be considered as a model for studying desintegrative deviation inasmuch as they appear in parobiotic conditions of norm. In this light the author analyzes some verbal errors taken from self-experience. An analysis of these errors demonstrates that in order to explain the mechanism of their occurrence, the principle of pavlov's ultraparadoxical phases, the mechanism of Jackson's \"release from control\" and the principle of Ukhtomsk\u00fds dominant can be used. Quite frequently speech errors of a mixed typed can be encountered, i. e. in an interference of these 3 principles.", "contents": "[Physiological and psychological basis for verbal errors]. The author believes that one of the main phenomena in the pathophysiology of the nervous system in the clinical picture of nervous and mental disorders is the desintegrative deviation in the motion of the  nervous process. This phenomenon is known in the clinical picture of aphasia as paraphasia, described by Kraepelin in schizophrenic thinking, as \"slipping off\", etc. The most general pathophysiological basis of this phenomenon may be found in the parabiosis of Vvedensky. Verbal errors of normals may be considered as a model for studying desintegrative deviation inasmuch as they appear in parobiotic conditions of norm. In this light the author analyzes some verbal errors taken from self-experience. An analysis of these errors demonstrates that in order to explain the mechanism of their occurrence, the principle of pavlov's ultraparadoxical phases, the mechanism of Jackson's \"release from control\" and the principle of Ukhtomsk\u00fds dominant can be used. Quite frequently speech errors of a mixed typed can be encountered, i. e. in an interference of these 3 principles.", "PMID": 726779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10833", "title": "[Psychopathologic structure of protracted endogenous depressions].", "content": "The psychopathological structure of protracted endogenous depressions was studied. An attempt was made to eliminate the main components of the depressive syndrome (variants of the depressive affect - anguish, anxiety, apathy, ideator and motor inhibition and \"supplementary\" symptoms). The results of the study demonstrated some general psychopathological regularities in the interrelationship of components of the depressive triade and some nozological differences. The assumption is made of the heterogenity in the mechanisms of \"delayed\" depressions. The most significant appeared to be such factors as the character of the main affect, the degree of intensity and concord of the triade elements and the existence of \"supplementary\" psychopathological phenomens.", "contents": "[Psychopathologic structure of protracted endogenous depressions]. The psychopathological structure of protracted endogenous depressions was studied. An attempt was made to eliminate the main components of the depressive syndrome (variants of the depressive affect - anguish, anxiety, apathy, ideator and motor inhibition and \"supplementary\" symptoms). The results of the study demonstrated some general psychopathological regularities in the interrelationship of components of the depressive triade and some nozological differences. The assumption is made of the heterogenity in the mechanisms of \"delayed\" depressions. The most significant appeared to be such factors as the character of the main affect, the degree of intensity and concord of the triade elements and the existence of \"supplementary\" psychopathological phenomens.", "PMID": 726780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10834", "title": "[Morbid psychic anesthesia in the structure of depression].", "content": "On the basis of clinico-psychopathological observations in 167 patients, the structural-dynamic traits of morbid psychic anesthesia were studied in different forms of depressive conditions. The study detected some quantificational differences in morbid psychic anesthesia according to its volume (local, diffuse-partial and total), its actiality (unsufficiently actual, actual and acutely actual), structure (thymical, \"reasoning\", delusionlike), related to the depressive affect (parallelism with affect, relative parallelism, an absence of parallelism). The nozological and syndromological regularities in the appearance and development of this phenomenon are shown and the criteria of prognostical evaluations of depressive and depressively shaded states, including morbid psychic anesthesia, are outlined.", "contents": "[Morbid psychic anesthesia in the structure of depression]. On the basis of clinico-psychopathological observations in 167 patients, the structural-dynamic traits of morbid psychic anesthesia were studied in different forms of depressive conditions. The study detected some quantificational differences in morbid psychic anesthesia according to its volume (local, diffuse-partial and total), its actiality (unsufficiently actual, actual and acutely actual), structure (thymical, \"reasoning\", delusionlike), related to the depressive affect (parallelism with affect, relative parallelism, an absence of parallelism). The nozological and syndromological regularities in the appearance and development of this phenomenon are shown and the criteria of prognostical evaluations of depressive and depressively shaded states, including morbid psychic anesthesia, are outlined.", "PMID": 726781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10835", "title": "[Psychological features of treated phenylketonuric patients of preschool age].", "content": "Psychological features of 6 children with phenylketonuria were studied. The children were of 5--7 years of age and received special dietetic management. Regular studies of the \"learning type\" were used as a method of dynamic psychological examination. Despite the fact that the children were of different age and intellectual level, showing different behavior pattern and individual personality traits, all of them had some mental features in common. These features included peculiarities of the emotional-evolutional sphere, disturbed attention and working capacity, local spatial disorders and a weakly developed internal plan of action. These mental traits should be taken into consideration during pedagogical correction of defects in treated phenulketonuric children.", "contents": "[Psychological features of treated phenylketonuric patients of preschool age]. Psychological features of 6 children with phenylketonuria were studied. The children were of 5--7 years of age and received special dietetic management. Regular studies of the \"learning type\" were used as a method of dynamic psychological examination. Despite the fact that the children were of different age and intellectual level, showing different behavior pattern and individual personality traits, all of them had some mental features in common. These features included peculiarities of the emotional-evolutional sphere, disturbed attention and working capacity, local spatial disorders and a weakly developed internal plan of action. These mental traits should be taken into consideration during pedagogical correction of defects in treated phenulketonuric children.", "PMID": 726782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10836", "title": "[Behavioral tactics of schizophrenic patients and psychopathic personalities in a probabilistic setting].", "content": "In experiments on structural disturbances of prognostication in psychopathic personalities and schizophrenic patients with psychopathlike disorders on the model of \"probable prognosis\" the study of 2 situations was attempted: the prognosis made by the examinee of changes in the environment and the prognosis in conditions of interaction with the \"opponent\". The studies demonstrated the influence of different tasks on the activity and varying degree of motivation on the tactics of behaviour in probable situations. The data obtained permit to evaluate in a new light the hypotheses of disturbed probable structures of the past experience. It is concluded that at least 3 determinants should be analyzed: tasks of activity, motivation and probable characteristics of events. New facts have been obtained, concerning the disturbed prognostication in psychopathic personalities under conditions of increased significance of signals.", "contents": "[Behavioral tactics of schizophrenic patients and psychopathic personalities in a probabilistic setting]. In experiments on structural disturbances of prognostication in psychopathic personalities and schizophrenic patients with psychopathlike disorders on the model of \"probable prognosis\" the study of 2 situations was attempted: the prognosis made by the examinee of changes in the environment and the prognosis in conditions of interaction with the \"opponent\". The studies demonstrated the influence of different tasks on the activity and varying degree of motivation on the tactics of behaviour in probable situations. The data obtained permit to evaluate in a new light the hypotheses of disturbed probable structures of the past experience. It is concluded that at least 3 determinants should be analyzed: tasks of activity, motivation and probable characteristics of events. New facts have been obtained, concerning the disturbed prognostication in psychopathic personalities under conditions of increased significance of signals.", "PMID": 726783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10837", "title": "[Role of drug poisoning in the suicidal acts of children and adolescents].", "content": "After a concise outline of the suicidal methods used in children and adolescents up to 16 years of age, the author notes the increasing significance of tablet intoxication. Among 109 young patients under treatment, 68% used tablets in excessive dozes. Having in view the drug and its nature (mainly its psychopharmacological traits), the therapy of parents with neurotic or vegetative disorders, certain practical conclusions can be made.", "contents": "[Role of drug poisoning in the suicidal acts of children and adolescents]. After a concise outline of the suicidal methods used in children and adolescents up to 16 years of age, the author notes the increasing significance of tablet intoxication. Among 109 young patients under treatment, 68% used tablets in excessive dozes. Having in view the drug and its nature (mainly its psychopharmacological traits), the therapy of parents with neurotic or vegetative disorders, certain practical conclusions can be made.", "PMID": 726784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10838", "title": "Interaction of metal ions with nucleic acids. Interaction of copper(II) with inosine and its derivatives.", "content": "1. The interaction of copper(II) with inosine, 2'-deoxyinosine, 1-methylinosine, 7-deazainosine, 6-methoxypurine riboside and IMP was examined. 2. Copper binds with the purine base of the nucleosides, and in IMP also with the phosphate group. Non interaction with ribose hydroxyl groups was observed. 3. In non-aqueous medium, the main site of copper binding is N-7 of inosine and 1-methylinosine, and additionally N-1 in 6-methoxypurine riboside. 4. In aqueous medium, coordination of copper with N-1 and N-7 of inosine and IMP is pH-dependent. 5. Formation of either a five-membered copper chelate with N-7 and oxygen at C-6, or a four-membered chelate of the type C(6)-O-Cu-N(1), is rather unlikely. 6. The crystalline copper-IMP complex [Cu(C10H11O8N4P).(H2O)] contains presumably two copper atoms coordinated in different manner. The phosphate group and N-7, but not the carbonyl oxygen, participate in the complex formation.", "contents": "Interaction of metal ions with nucleic acids. Interaction of copper(II) with inosine and its derivatives. 1. The interaction of copper(II) with inosine, 2'-deoxyinosine, 1-methylinosine, 7-deazainosine, 6-methoxypurine riboside and IMP was examined. 2. Copper binds with the purine base of the nucleosides, and in IMP also with the phosphate group. Non interaction with ribose hydroxyl groups was observed. 3. In non-aqueous medium, the main site of copper binding is N-7 of inosine and 1-methylinosine, and additionally N-1 in 6-methoxypurine riboside. 4. In aqueous medium, coordination of copper with N-1 and N-7 of inosine and IMP is pH-dependent. 5. Formation of either a five-membered copper chelate with N-7 and oxygen at C-6, or a four-membered chelate of the type C(6)-O-Cu-N(1), is rather unlikely. 6. The crystalline copper-IMP complex [Cu(C10H11O8N4P).(H2O)] contains presumably two copper atoms coordinated in different manner. The phosphate group and N-7, but not the carbonyl oxygen, participate in the complex formation.", "PMID": 726790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10839", "title": "Protein synthesizing system from wheat germ: efficient translation of synthetic and natural messages.", "content": "Optimum conditions for translation of eukaryotic, prokaryotic and synthetic templates in wheat germ cell-free extract were determined. 1. Translation of eukaryotic message (BMV RNA and TMV RNA) was at optimum at the same concentrations of K+, Mg(2+), HEPES and spermine. In optimal conditions the efficiency of translation was high, for BMV RNA being equal to 220 pmoles and for TMV RNA, to 280 pmoles of leucine incorporated per 1 microgram of template. Prokaryotic template (Qbeta RNA) was translated under different ionic conditions. 2. Translation of synthetic template [poly(U)] was at optimum at fairly higher concentrations of K+ and Mg(2+) than those optimal for natural template translation. 3. Efficient translation of natural and synthetic templates depends on complete removal of inhibitors found in the wheat germ cell-free extract. Action of these inhibitors could be mimicked by adenine nucleotides.", "contents": "Protein synthesizing system from wheat germ: efficient translation of synthetic and natural messages. Optimum conditions for translation of eukaryotic, prokaryotic and synthetic templates in wheat germ cell-free extract were determined. 1. Translation of eukaryotic message (BMV RNA and TMV RNA) was at optimum at the same concentrations of K+, Mg(2+), HEPES and spermine. In optimal conditions the efficiency of translation was high, for BMV RNA being equal to 220 pmoles and for TMV RNA, to 280 pmoles of leucine incorporated per 1 microgram of template. Prokaryotic template (Qbeta RNA) was translated under different ionic conditions. 2. Translation of synthetic template [poly(U)] was at optimum at fairly higher concentrations of K+ and Mg(2+) than those optimal for natural template translation. 3. Efficient translation of natural and synthetic templates depends on complete removal of inhibitors found in the wheat germ cell-free extract. Action of these inhibitors could be mimicked by adenine nucleotides.", "PMID": 726791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10840", "title": "Hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein in the seed coat of field bean.", "content": "1. The seed coats of field bean (Dolichos lablab var. lignosus) were found to contain bound hydroxyproline (0.26 g per 100 g dry weight) extractable in 30% with 5% trichloroacetic acid or in 90% with 10% potassium hydroxide. 2. The alkaline extract was fractionated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography into several hydroxyproline-containing fractions, composed of protein and carbohydrate in varying proportions. From the major fraction, a hydroxyproline-containing glycoprotein fraction was isolated by Sephadex G-200 chromatography. It gave a single band on agar-gel electrophoresis, and contained: protein (23.1%), arabinose (11.2%), galactose (13.4%), glucose (17.6%), mannose (22.6%) and uronic acids (11.3%). The content of hydroxyproline in the protein moiety was about 9%. Hydrolysis of the glycoprotein fraction with barium hydroxide yielded three components containing hydroxyproline and arabinose at the ratios of 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4.", "contents": "Hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein in the seed coat of field bean. 1. The seed coats of field bean (Dolichos lablab var. lignosus) were found to contain bound hydroxyproline (0.26 g per 100 g dry weight) extractable in 30% with 5% trichloroacetic acid or in 90% with 10% potassium hydroxide. 2. The alkaline extract was fractionated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography into several hydroxyproline-containing fractions, composed of protein and carbohydrate in varying proportions. From the major fraction, a hydroxyproline-containing glycoprotein fraction was isolated by Sephadex G-200 chromatography. It gave a single band on agar-gel electrophoresis, and contained: protein (23.1%), arabinose (11.2%), galactose (13.4%), glucose (17.6%), mannose (22.6%) and uronic acids (11.3%). The content of hydroxyproline in the protein moiety was about 9%. Hydrolysis of the glycoprotein fraction with barium hydroxide yielded three components containing hydroxyproline and arabinose at the ratios of 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4.", "PMID": 726792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10841", "title": "Validity of the pre-operatory trans-scrotal venography of the internal spermatic vein in the presence of idiopathic varicocele.", "content": "The Authors refer their experiences regarding the use in the preoperatory phase of the trans-scrotal venography of the left internal spermatic vein in the presence of idiopathic varicocele. The use of such a method, described in detail, and the study of radiograms obtained allow to acquire important notions of varicocele. In this way, it is possible to select the proper surgical approach to be employed in the treatment of varicocele syndrome.", "contents": "Validity of the pre-operatory trans-scrotal venography of the internal spermatic vein in the presence of idiopathic varicocele. The Authors refer their experiences regarding the use in the preoperatory phase of the trans-scrotal venography of the left internal spermatic vein in the presence of idiopathic varicocele. The use of such a method, described in detail, and the study of radiograms obtained allow to acquire important notions of varicocele. In this way, it is possible to select the proper surgical approach to be employed in the treatment of varicocele syndrome.", "PMID": 726793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10842", "title": "Effect of caffeine on sperm penetration rate into cervical mucus in-vitro.", "content": "A system for determination of sperm penetration into cervical mucus in a glass capillary tube is described. Repeated counts are made of the number of sperm at fixed horizontal distances from the semen reservoir. The yields indices for total numbers of spermatozoa entering the mucus per unit time and the rate migration of the sperm through the mucus. It was found that the rate of entry was sensitive to changes in motility such as those induced by caffeine, and differences in cervical mucus quality. The system allowed quantitation of these differences.", "contents": "Effect of caffeine on sperm penetration rate into cervical mucus in-vitro. A system for determination of sperm penetration into cervical mucus in a glass capillary tube is described. Repeated counts are made of the number of sperm at fixed horizontal distances from the semen reservoir. The yields indices for total numbers of spermatozoa entering the mucus per unit time and the rate migration of the sperm through the mucus. It was found that the rate of entry was sensitive to changes in motility such as those induced by caffeine, and differences in cervical mucus quality. The system allowed quantitation of these differences.", "PMID": 726794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10843", "title": "Polyamine levels in human semen of unfertile patients: effect of S-adenosylmethionine.", "content": "Polyamine content has been determined in the seminal plasma of unfertile men before and after S-adenosylmethionine treatment. Spermine and spermidine levels in azoospermic patients were found very low (80 and 24 microgram/ml) with respect to normospermic (1500 and 60 microgram/ml): S-adenosylmethionine treatment enhanced polyamine content (50-300%) in oligospermic patients. Furthermore, an increase of sperm count and motility has been observed in these patients.", "contents": "Polyamine levels in human semen of unfertile patients: effect of S-adenosylmethionine. Polyamine content has been determined in the seminal plasma of unfertile men before and after S-adenosylmethionine treatment. Spermine and spermidine levels in azoospermic patients were found very low (80 and 24 microgram/ml) with respect to normospermic (1500 and 60 microgram/ml): S-adenosylmethionine treatment enhanced polyamine content (50-300%) in oligospermic patients. Furthermore, an increase of sperm count and motility has been observed in these patients.", "PMID": 726797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10844", "title": "Elastin fibers formation in the liver of carbon tetrachloride-treated rats.", "content": "Elastin fibers formation was previously found to be an important feature of advanced human liver cirrhosis. Now it has been shown that chronic carbon tetrachloride administration to rats can be used to simulate this condition experimentally. Elastin fibers are found in the septa of connective tissue surrounding parenchymal nodules. Elastin content in liver measured as hydroxyproline insoluble in 0.1 N NaOH is increased about 3 times after a 4 month carbon tetrachloride treatment.", "contents": "Elastin fibers formation in the liver of carbon tetrachloride-treated rats. Elastin fibers formation was previously found to be an important feature of advanced human liver cirrhosis. Now it has been shown that chronic carbon tetrachloride administration to rats can be used to simulate this condition experimentally. Elastin fibers are found in the septa of connective tissue surrounding parenchymal nodules. Elastin content in liver measured as hydroxyproline insoluble in 0.1 N NaOH is increased about 3 times after a 4 month carbon tetrachloride treatment.", "PMID": 726800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10845", "title": "Release of VIP, secretin and motilin after duodenal acidification in man.", "content": "Plasma VIP, secretin and motilin were measured in 9 volunteers following intraduodenal instillation of 50 ml of 0.1 mol/1 HCl over 3 minutes. VIP rose from 1.7 +/- 0.7 pmol/1 to a peak at 6 minutes of 6.6 +/- 0.9 pmol/1 and was still significantly elevated at 30 minutes. By comparison the elevation of secretin was more transitory rising from a basal value of 2.5 +/- 0.4 pmol/1 to a peak of 10 +/- 1.5 pmol/1 at 3 minutes and returning to baseline by 10 minutes. The rise of motilin, from a higher baseline, was intermediate in pattern, from 23 +/- 7 pmol/1 basally to a 4 minute peak of 40 +/- 10 pmol/1. Thus the elevation of VIP was the most longlasting, and while probably not of sufficient magnitude to stimulate pancreatic bicarbonate secretion via the circulation, could reflect a significant local role in regulating the response of the intestinal mucosa to acid.", "contents": "Release of VIP, secretin and motilin after duodenal acidification in man. Plasma VIP, secretin and motilin were measured in 9 volunteers following intraduodenal instillation of 50 ml of 0.1 mol/1 HCl over 3 minutes. VIP rose from 1.7 +/- 0.7 pmol/1 to a peak at 6 minutes of 6.6 +/- 0.9 pmol/1 and was still significantly elevated at 30 minutes. By comparison the elevation of secretin was more transitory rising from a basal value of 2.5 +/- 0.4 pmol/1 to a peak of 10 +/- 1.5 pmol/1 at 3 minutes and returning to baseline by 10 minutes. The rise of motilin, from a higher baseline, was intermediate in pattern, from 23 +/- 7 pmol/1 basally to a 4 minute peak of 40 +/- 10 pmol/1. Thus the elevation of VIP was the most longlasting, and while probably not of sufficient magnitude to stimulate pancreatic bicarbonate secretion via the circulation, could reflect a significant local role in regulating the response of the intestinal mucosa to acid.", "PMID": 726803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10846", "title": "Cystic \"hamartomatous\" epithelial polyps of the stomach.", "content": "Nine cases of cystic polyps were found among 15,000 routine gastroscopies. All but one of the subjects were women. The polyps were found only in the body of the stomach. They were less than 5 mm in size and in most cases multiple. Endoscopically they were verruca-like lesions and appeared to be loosely attached to the mucosal membrane. They consisted of mucosal cysts lined with normal but irregularly arranged epithelial cells of the body mucosa. No inflammatory reaction or metaplasia was seen in the polyps or outside them. These characteristics suggested the hamartomatous nature of these polyps.", "contents": "Cystic \"hamartomatous\" epithelial polyps of the stomach. Nine cases of cystic polyps were found among 15,000 routine gastroscopies. All but one of the subjects were women. The polyps were found only in the body of the stomach. They were less than 5 mm in size and in most cases multiple. Endoscopically they were verruca-like lesions and appeared to be loosely attached to the mucosal membrane. They consisted of mucosal cysts lined with normal but irregularly arranged epithelial cells of the body mucosa. No inflammatory reaction or metaplasia was seen in the polyps or outside them. These characteristics suggested the hamartomatous nature of these polyps.", "PMID": 726804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10847", "title": "The final diagnosis in patients with normal barium enema.", "content": "This investigation, based on 139 consecutive patients subjected to barium enema, represent an attempt to supplement general clinical experience with exact data on the diagnostic value of radiographic examination of the colon. About one half of the patients suffered from diseases outside the gastrointestinal tract, and it is suggested that further research is needed to explain the complaints in this large group of patients. The age and sex of patients referred for examination were of special significance. The diagnostic value of the symptomatology is analysed, but no symptoms permit a prediction of the outcome of the x-ray examination.", "contents": "The final diagnosis in patients with normal barium enema. This investigation, based on 139 consecutive patients subjected to barium enema, represent an attempt to supplement general clinical experience with exact data on the diagnostic value of radiographic examination of the colon. About one half of the patients suffered from diseases outside the gastrointestinal tract, and it is suggested that further research is needed to explain the complaints in this large group of patients. The age and sex of patients referred for examination were of special significance. The diagnostic value of the symptomatology is analysed, but no symptoms permit a prediction of the outcome of the x-ray examination.", "PMID": 726805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10848", "title": "Effect of cimetidine on steroid experimental peptic ulcers.", "content": "Cimetidine, a H2-receptor inhibitor was able to prevent the development of gastric ulcers induced in rats by chronic administration of prednisolone and hydrocortisone associated to fasting. The results suggest that cimetidine may be used in patients under long term steroid treatment.", "contents": "Effect of cimetidine on steroid experimental peptic ulcers. Cimetidine, a H2-receptor inhibitor was able to prevent the development of gastric ulcers induced in rats by chronic administration of prednisolone and hydrocortisone associated to fasting. The results suggest that cimetidine may be used in patients under long term steroid treatment.", "PMID": 726806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10849", "title": "Case report: chenodeoxycholic acid therapy of intrahepatic radiolucent gallstones in a patient with Caroli's syndrome.", "content": "A 28-year-old man with intrahepatic cystic dilatations of the biliary tree (Caroli's syndrome) which contained multiple radiolucent gallstones was treated with 1 g of chenodeoxycholic acid per day. He had undergone cholecystectomy 4 years and surgical exploration of the common bile duct with papillotomy 2 years prior to chenodeoxycholic acid therapy. While no decrease in the number of stones could be detected by retrograde cholangiography 2 years after papillotomy, most of the stones had disappeared after 2 years of treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid.", "contents": "Case report: chenodeoxycholic acid therapy of intrahepatic radiolucent gallstones in a patient with Caroli's syndrome. A 28-year-old man with intrahepatic cystic dilatations of the biliary tree (Caroli's syndrome) which contained multiple radiolucent gallstones was treated with 1 g of chenodeoxycholic acid per day. He had undergone cholecystectomy 4 years and surgical exploration of the common bile duct with papillotomy 2 years prior to chenodeoxycholic acid therapy. While no decrease in the number of stones could be detected by retrograde cholangiography 2 years after papillotomy, most of the stones had disappeared after 2 years of treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid.", "PMID": 726807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10850", "title": "Immunoglobulin classes of smooth muscle antibody in the course of acute hepatitis B: prognostic significance.", "content": "A prospective longitudinal study was performed in 48 patients with acute hepatitis B (AHB) of whom 38 were previously healthy (PH) and 10 drug addicted (DA). Smooth muscle antibody was present in 23/38 PH and in 8/10 DA patients for a median of 4 weeks; other autoantibodies were not found. In the PH patients SMA was of IgM class in 23/23 and 8/23 of the IgG class as well. In the 8 DA patients 2 had IgM-SMA only, 3 (IgM+IgG)-SMA and 3IgG-SMA only. IgG-SMA presence could not be related to the duration or titer height of SMA nor to the type of fluorescence patterns. In SMA-negative patients IgM-anti-HBc was cleared within 6 weeks and in IgM-SMA positive patients within 32 weeks (medians 4 and 5 weeks) after maximal S-GPT. IgM-anti-HBc persisted for years in 3/3 IgG-SMA positive and in 2/11 IgG-IgM positive patients. In the remaining 9 IgG-IgM SMA positive patients it disappeared within 15 (median 9) weeks after maximal S-GPT. All 34 patients without SMA or with IgM-SMA only recovered completely. The 3 patients with IgG-SMA and 2 of the 11 patients with IgG+IgM SMA developed chronicity. Determination of SMA and of its immunoglobulin classes, at maximal SGPT may in acute hepatitis B be of help in predicting the outcome of disease.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin classes of smooth muscle antibody in the course of acute hepatitis B: prognostic significance. A prospective longitudinal study was performed in 48 patients with acute hepatitis B (AHB) of whom 38 were previously healthy (PH) and 10 drug addicted (DA). Smooth muscle antibody was present in 23/38 PH and in 8/10 DA patients for a median of 4 weeks; other autoantibodies were not found. In the PH patients SMA was of IgM class in 23/23 and 8/23 of the IgG class as well. In the 8 DA patients 2 had IgM-SMA only, 3 (IgM+IgG)-SMA and 3IgG-SMA only. IgG-SMA presence could not be related to the duration or titer height of SMA nor to the type of fluorescence patterns. In SMA-negative patients IgM-anti-HBc was cleared within 6 weeks and in IgM-SMA positive patients within 32 weeks (medians 4 and 5 weeks) after maximal S-GPT. IgM-anti-HBc persisted for years in 3/3 IgG-SMA positive and in 2/11 IgG-IgM positive patients. In the remaining 9 IgG-IgM SMA positive patients it disappeared within 15 (median 9) weeks after maximal S-GPT. All 34 patients without SMA or with IgM-SMA only recovered completely. The 3 patients with IgG-SMA and 2 of the 11 patients with IgG+IgM SMA developed chronicity. Determination of SMA and of its immunoglobulin classes, at maximal SGPT may in acute hepatitis B be of help in predicting the outcome of disease.", "PMID": 726811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10851", "title": "Ulcer punch: method and use in animal experiments for the production of standardized lesions and reproducible bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "An ulcer punch is described, which can produce standardized lesions. The sum of the sectioned vessel diameters is constant and represents a normal distribution. As a result, reproducible bleeding is obtained.", "contents": "Ulcer punch: method and use in animal experiments for the production of standardized lesions and reproducible bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract. An ulcer punch is described, which can produce standardized lesions. The sum of the sectioned vessel diameters is constant and represents a normal distribution. As a result, reproducible bleeding is obtained.", "PMID": 726812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10852", "title": "A rapid and sensitive enzymatic-isotopic method for routine assay of histamine in blood, plasma and biopsy tissue: re-evaluation.", "content": "The enzymatic-isotopic method for determination of histamine has been reevaluated. Modifications, permitting routine analysis of the amine in blood, plasma and biopsy tissues of various origin have been described; this permits convenient application of the technique in various fields of clinical pharmacology, gastroenterology and immunology.", "contents": "A rapid and sensitive enzymatic-isotopic method for routine assay of histamine in blood, plasma and biopsy tissue: re-evaluation. The enzymatic-isotopic method for determination of histamine has been reevaluated. Modifications, permitting routine analysis of the amine in blood, plasma and biopsy tissues of various origin have been described; this permits convenient application of the technique in various fields of clinical pharmacology, gastroenterology and immunology.", "PMID": 726813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10853", "title": "Haemolytic activity in gastric and duodenal juice.", "content": "Gastric juice was aspirated during upper endoscopy in 141 patients. In 48 patients duodenal juice was also aspirated. pH, bilirubin concentration, and haemolytic activity were measured in each sample. Patients with atrophic gastritis and subtotal gastrectomy (Billroth II) showed the highest concentrations of haemolytic activity and bilirubin in their gastric juice. Gastric juice of patients with gastric and duodenal ulcer, with gastric erosions, and with antral gastritis was not statistically different from the control group in which 22 of 32 persons had a positive haemolytic activity. The ratio of bilirubin and haemolytic activity concentration was significantly higher in duodenal than in gastric juice. The reason for this phenomenon remains unknown. It is concluded that for practical purposes bile staining more than haemolytic activity of gastric contents is a quite sensitive, though unspecific, sign of abnormal duodenogastric reflux.", "contents": "Haemolytic activity in gastric and duodenal juice. Gastric juice was aspirated during upper endoscopy in 141 patients. In 48 patients duodenal juice was also aspirated. pH, bilirubin concentration, and haemolytic activity were measured in each sample. Patients with atrophic gastritis and subtotal gastrectomy (Billroth II) showed the highest concentrations of haemolytic activity and bilirubin in their gastric juice. Gastric juice of patients with gastric and duodenal ulcer, with gastric erosions, and with antral gastritis was not statistically different from the control group in which 22 of 32 persons had a positive haemolytic activity. The ratio of bilirubin and haemolytic activity concentration was significantly higher in duodenal than in gastric juice. The reason for this phenomenon remains unknown. It is concluded that for practical purposes bile staining more than haemolytic activity of gastric contents is a quite sensitive, though unspecific, sign of abnormal duodenogastric reflux.", "PMID": 726814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10854", "title": "Differences in the effects of secretin and glucagon on the blood circulation of unanesthetized rats.", "content": "Carbonized microspheres, 15 mu in diameter and labelled with 85Sr or 51Cr were injected into the left ventricle of unanesthetized male rats to investigate the changes induced by secretin and glucagon in the distribution of cardiac output to various organs including splanchnic organs. Secretin (0.5 U/100 g i.v.) significantly increased the cardiac output distribution to the stomach, small intestine and pancreas, while the percentage distribution of the cardiac output to the heart, lungs and kidneys was unchanged. On the other hand, glucagon (10 microgram/100 g i.v.) significantly increased the cardiac output distribution to the heart, lungs and kidneys, while the distribution to the major splanchnic organs remained unchanged with the exception of hepatic arterial perfusion which was significantly increased by glucagon.", "contents": "Differences in the effects of secretin and glucagon on the blood circulation of unanesthetized rats. Carbonized microspheres, 15 mu in diameter and labelled with 85Sr or 51Cr were injected into the left ventricle of unanesthetized male rats to investigate the changes induced by secretin and glucagon in the distribution of cardiac output to various organs including splanchnic organs. Secretin (0.5 U/100 g i.v.) significantly increased the cardiac output distribution to the stomach, small intestine and pancreas, while the percentage distribution of the cardiac output to the heart, lungs and kidneys was unchanged. On the other hand, glucagon (10 microgram/100 g i.v.) significantly increased the cardiac output distribution to the heart, lungs and kidneys, while the distribution to the major splanchnic organs remained unchanged with the exception of hepatic arterial perfusion which was significantly increased by glucagon.", "PMID": 726816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10855", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of secretin in acidified plasma.", "content": "Antibody was readily produced in a rabbit against synthetic porcine secretin coupled to BSA. The final dilution of the antiserum to bind 50% of 1 fmol 125I-labeled secretin was 1 : 150,000. The effective equilibrium constant (Keff) according to Scatchard was 3.4 X 10(11) l/mol, the average equilibrium constant (Ko) according to Sips 3.5 X 10(11) l/mol, and the index of heterogeneity (alpha) according to Sips 1,00. No cross reactivity was found for gastrin, glucagon and insulin. 125I-labeled synthetic porcine secretin was prepared by the Chloramine-T-method, and the label purified on a Sephadex G-15 column followed by a SP Sephadex C-25 column had a specific radioactivity of 1.150 muCi/nmol. The radioimmunoassay method described has a detection limit of 1.6 pmol/l with 95% confidence limit, a within assay precision of 9,6%, and a between assay precision of 12.8%. It allows detection of fasting plasma secretin in the low pmol/l range, and the rather sharp rise and fall in plasma secretin subsequent to a brief period of duodenal acidification. The problem involved in measuring plasma secretin have been overcome by acidification of the plasma, and by subtracting the \"apparent\" secretin concentration in corresponding secretin-free plasma prepared by incubation at 37 degrees C for 96 h for each subject.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of secretin in acidified plasma. Antibody was readily produced in a rabbit against synthetic porcine secretin coupled to BSA. The final dilution of the antiserum to bind 50% of 1 fmol 125I-labeled secretin was 1 : 150,000. The effective equilibrium constant (Keff) according to Scatchard was 3.4 X 10(11) l/mol, the average equilibrium constant (Ko) according to Sips 3.5 X 10(11) l/mol, and the index of heterogeneity (alpha) according to Sips 1,00. No cross reactivity was found for gastrin, glucagon and insulin. 125I-labeled synthetic porcine secretin was prepared by the Chloramine-T-method, and the label purified on a Sephadex G-15 column followed by a SP Sephadex C-25 column had a specific radioactivity of 1.150 muCi/nmol. The radioimmunoassay method described has a detection limit of 1.6 pmol/l with 95% confidence limit, a within assay precision of 9,6%, and a between assay precision of 12.8%. It allows detection of fasting plasma secretin in the low pmol/l range, and the rather sharp rise and fall in plasma secretin subsequent to a brief period of duodenal acidification. The problem involved in measuring plasma secretin have been overcome by acidification of the plasma, and by subtracting the \"apparent\" secretin concentration in corresponding secretin-free plasma prepared by incubation at 37 degrees C for 96 h for each subject.", "PMID": 726817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10856", "title": "Serum gastrin concentrations in healthy people of the various ABO blood groups.", "content": "The concentrations of gastrin were measured by the RIA method in the sera of 121 healthy Greek volunteers of both sexes and of different ABO blood groups, aged 20--70 years. The determinations took place in a fasting state in all the individuals and 10 min and 40 min after a test meal in 42 of them. No significant differences were found in the mean concentrations of gastrin in the fasting state and after the meal between the various ABO groups. There was an increase in the mean concentrations of gastrin in all the groups after the meal. Nevertheless, this was significant 40 min after the meal in the groups A and B whilst in the group O and in the groups A, B and AB considered together this significant increase had appeared already 10 min after the meal.", "contents": "Serum gastrin concentrations in healthy people of the various ABO blood groups. The concentrations of gastrin were measured by the RIA method in the sera of 121 healthy Greek volunteers of both sexes and of different ABO blood groups, aged 20--70 years. The determinations took place in a fasting state in all the individuals and 10 min and 40 min after a test meal in 42 of them. No significant differences were found in the mean concentrations of gastrin in the fasting state and after the meal between the various ABO groups. There was an increase in the mean concentrations of gastrin in all the groups after the meal. Nevertheless, this was significant 40 min after the meal in the groups A and B whilst in the group O and in the groups A, B and AB considered together this significant increase had appeared already 10 min after the meal.", "PMID": 726818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10857", "title": "Inhibitory effect of glucagon, secretin and caerulein on gastric acid secretion stimulated by pentagastrin in patients with duodenal ulcer.", "content": "In 10 duodenal ulcer patients gastric acid secretion was stimulated by intravenous infusion of 1.5 microgram pentagastrin per kilogram hour. When acid secretion had reached a plateau, glucagon in a dose of 30 microgram per kilogram hour, secretin in a dose of 1 IU per kilogram hour or caerulein in a dose of 0.1 microgram per kilogram hour were infused into a separate vein for one hour during the intravenous infusion of pentagastrin. Using these doses, each drug produced about 30 per cent inhibition given separately. The highest degree of inhibition was obtained by the combination of glucagon and secretin. The inhibition reached the sum of the inhibitions after glucagon and secretin administered separately. Caerulein added to glucagon or secretin could slightly increase the inhibitory effect of these drugs given separately. Caerulein, however, failed to increase inhibition when glucagon and secretin were infused simultaneously.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of glucagon, secretin and caerulein on gastric acid secretion stimulated by pentagastrin in patients with duodenal ulcer. In 10 duodenal ulcer patients gastric acid secretion was stimulated by intravenous infusion of 1.5 microgram pentagastrin per kilogram hour. When acid secretion had reached a plateau, glucagon in a dose of 30 microgram per kilogram hour, secretin in a dose of 1 IU per kilogram hour or caerulein in a dose of 0.1 microgram per kilogram hour were infused into a separate vein for one hour during the intravenous infusion of pentagastrin. Using these doses, each drug produced about 30 per cent inhibition given separately. The highest degree of inhibition was obtained by the combination of glucagon and secretin. The inhibition reached the sum of the inhibitions after glucagon and secretin administered separately. Caerulein added to glucagon or secretin could slightly increase the inhibitory effect of these drugs given separately. Caerulein, however, failed to increase inhibition when glucagon and secretin were infused simultaneously.", "PMID": 726819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10858", "title": "EEG-changes during general anaesthesia with enflurane (Efrane) in comparison with ether.", "content": "The effects of enflurane (efrane) and ether on the cerebral functions were studied by EEG on two similar groups of adult patients. For basic comparison a depth of anaesthesia was chosen which permitted abdominal surgery without the need to administer muscular relaxants. At this level of anaesthesia the typical EEG-changes of paroxysmal type which have been described with enflurane were seen only occasionally. If, however, the depth of anaesthesia was further increased, such EEG-changes indicating increased cerebral excitability were seen more often under enflurane and also appeared under ether anaesthesia. No seizure activity was recorded.", "contents": "EEG-changes during general anaesthesia with enflurane (Efrane) in comparison with ether. The effects of enflurane (efrane) and ether on the cerebral functions were studied by EEG on two similar groups of adult patients. For basic comparison a depth of anaesthesia was chosen which permitted abdominal surgery without the need to administer muscular relaxants. At this level of anaesthesia the typical EEG-changes of paroxysmal type which have been described with enflurane were seen only occasionally. If, however, the depth of anaesthesia was further increased, such EEG-changes indicating increased cerebral excitability were seen more often under enflurane and also appeared under ether anaesthesia. No seizure activity was recorded.", "PMID": 726853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10859", "title": "Effect of respiratory physiotherapy on arterial oxygen tension.", "content": "The effect of deep breathing on arterial oxygen tension was investigated in 45 postoperative patients. Arterial oxygen tension was estimated by the transcutaneous oxygen tension method, which allows continuous non-invasive measurement of the arterial oxygen tension changes. Three deep breaths in 1 min, assisted by three respiratory therapy devices, were compared to a standard physiotherapy programme. A peak increase in arterial oxygen tension of 3--4.5 mmHg occurred after 1 min, and significantly increased values were seen for 2--4 min following deep breathing with the three respiratory devices. From the various physiotherapeutic procedures, verbally and manually assisted deep breathing gave a 7 mmHg PO2 peak and significantly increased values for 6 min. The sign mechanism is discussed in the light of the present knowledge of airway closure, which gives a satisfactory explanation of the short-lasting increase in oxygen tension.", "contents": "Effect of respiratory physiotherapy on arterial oxygen tension. The effect of deep breathing on arterial oxygen tension was investigated in 45 postoperative patients. Arterial oxygen tension was estimated by the transcutaneous oxygen tension method, which allows continuous non-invasive measurement of the arterial oxygen tension changes. Three deep breaths in 1 min, assisted by three respiratory therapy devices, were compared to a standard physiotherapy programme. A peak increase in arterial oxygen tension of 3--4.5 mmHg occurred after 1 min, and significantly increased values were seen for 2--4 min following deep breathing with the three respiratory devices. From the various physiotherapeutic procedures, verbally and manually assisted deep breathing gave a 7 mmHg PO2 peak and significantly increased values for 6 min. The sign mechanism is discussed in the light of the present knowledge of airway closure, which gives a satisfactory explanation of the short-lasting increase in oxygen tension.", "PMID": 726854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10860", "title": "Prolonged apnoea after suxamethonium: an analysis of the first 225 cases reported to the Danish Cholinesterase Research Unit.", "content": "During the last 4 years, 225 patients have been referred to the Danish Cholinesterase Research Unit following an episode of prolonged apnoea after suxamethonium. Fourteen patients (6.2%) were found to have a low serum cholinesterase activity due to an acquired deficiency (for instance, liver disease, chronic debilitating disease or carcinoma). One hundred and forty-eight patients (65.8%) had an inherited abnormal serum cholinesterase, and 105 of these patients (46.7%) were homozygous for the atypical enzyme (E1 Ea1). The mean period of apnoea in this latter group was 92 min (range: 25--240). Seventeen patients (7.6%) were heterozygous for the normal and the atypical enzyme (Eu1 Ea1), with a mean apnoea period of 25 min (range: 7--60 min). Twelve patients were found to be heterozygous for the atypical and the silent gene (E(a)1 E(s)1). The mean period of apnoea was 126 min (range: 45--210 min). Fourteen patients had other rare genotypes. The longest mean period of apnoea (170 min, range: 70--330) was found in patients homozygous for the silent gene (Es1 Es1). The silent gene and the fluoride-resistant gene were found in 8.9% and 2.7% of the patients, respectively. In 63 patients (28.1%) both the type and quantity of serum cholinesterase were normal. In 34 of these patients (15.2%), the prolonged apnoea was due to other causes; for example, suxamethonium overdose, hyperventilation and central as well as peripheral respiratory depression. However, in the other 29 patients (12.9%), the reason for the prolonged apnoea could not be established. The possibility therefore exists that these cases represent unknown genotypes.", "contents": "Prolonged apnoea after suxamethonium: an analysis of the first 225 cases reported to the Danish Cholinesterase Research Unit. During the last 4 years, 225 patients have been referred to the Danish Cholinesterase Research Unit following an episode of prolonged apnoea after suxamethonium. Fourteen patients (6.2%) were found to have a low serum cholinesterase activity due to an acquired deficiency (for instance, liver disease, chronic debilitating disease or carcinoma). One hundred and forty-eight patients (65.8%) had an inherited abnormal serum cholinesterase, and 105 of these patients (46.7%) were homozygous for the atypical enzyme (E1 Ea1). The mean period of apnoea in this latter group was 92 min (range: 25--240). Seventeen patients (7.6%) were heterozygous for the normal and the atypical enzyme (Eu1 Ea1), with a mean apnoea period of 25 min (range: 7--60 min). Twelve patients were found to be heterozygous for the atypical and the silent gene (E(a)1 E(s)1). The mean period of apnoea was 126 min (range: 45--210 min). Fourteen patients had other rare genotypes. The longest mean period of apnoea (170 min, range: 70--330) was found in patients homozygous for the silent gene (Es1 Es1). The silent gene and the fluoride-resistant gene were found in 8.9% and 2.7% of the patients, respectively. In 63 patients (28.1%) both the type and quantity of serum cholinesterase were normal. In 34 of these patients (15.2%), the prolonged apnoea was due to other causes; for example, suxamethonium overdose, hyperventilation and central as well as peripheral respiratory depression. However, in the other 29 patients (12.9%), the reason for the prolonged apnoea could not be established. The possibility therefore exists that these cases represent unknown genotypes.", "PMID": 726855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10861", "title": "Effects of enflurane on haemodynamics and oxygen uptake with special reference to the influence of surgical stress.", "content": "The influence on central haemodynamics of enflurane, in uniform anaesthetic concentration (1.5 MAC), was studied in 10 normocapnic patients undergoing upper abdominal surgery. The patients were studied awake, during anaesthesia prior to surgery, and during surgery. On institution of anaesthesia, cardiac output (QT) fell from 5.05 +/- 0.51 to 4.12 +/- 0.15 1/min and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) decreased from 2.36 +/- 0.22 to 1.93 +/- 0.18 kPa min. 1(-3). The arteriovenous oxygen content difference (AVD) did not change. On commencement of surgery, AVD diminished from 38.5 +/- 2.6 to 30.8 +/- 1.9 ml/min and QT rose to 5.82 +/- 0.46 1/min, while SVR remained unchanged. It is concluded that the fall in QT seen during enflurane anaesthesia is caused by a diminished tissue oxygen demand. It is also suggested that enflurane acts as an alpha-blocking agent.", "contents": "Effects of enflurane on haemodynamics and oxygen uptake with special reference to the influence of surgical stress. The influence on central haemodynamics of enflurane, in uniform anaesthetic concentration (1.5 MAC), was studied in 10 normocapnic patients undergoing upper abdominal surgery. The patients were studied awake, during anaesthesia prior to surgery, and during surgery. On institution of anaesthesia, cardiac output (QT) fell from 5.05 +/- 0.51 to 4.12 +/- 0.15 1/min and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) decreased from 2.36 +/- 0.22 to 1.93 +/- 0.18 kPa min. 1(-3). The arteriovenous oxygen content difference (AVD) did not change. On commencement of surgery, AVD diminished from 38.5 +/- 2.6 to 30.8 +/- 1.9 ml/min and QT rose to 5.82 +/- 0.46 1/min, while SVR remained unchanged. It is concluded that the fall in QT seen during enflurane anaesthesia is caused by a diminished tissue oxygen demand. It is also suggested that enflurane acts as an alpha-blocking agent.", "PMID": 726856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10862", "title": "Preoperative hemodynamic evaluation of patients submitted for major surgery.", "content": "Prior to major vascular surgery, hemodynamic studies were carried out in 63 patients by means of a flow-directed pulmonary artery balloon catheter. The results were correlated to electrocardiographic and roentgenologic findings, as well as to pertinent clinical information. Of 15 patients with either atrial fibrillation or both left ventricular hypertrophy and an increased cardiace volume, six had pulmonary pressures elevated above normal values; none of 14 patients with only one of the two signs (left ventricular hypertrophy or increased cardiac volume) had elevated pulmonary pressures. Also, the 34 patients with normal roentgenologic and electrocardiographic findings had normal hemodynamics, irrespective of a history of previous AMI, present angina or dyspnea on exertion. It is concluded that hemodynamic studies by means of a balloon-tipped catheter floating in the pulmonary artery are indicated before major surgery in patients with either atrial fibrillation or both electrocardiographic and roentgenologic signs of left ventricular hypertrophy. In such patients pulmonary pressures should be monitored during and after surgical operation.", "contents": "Preoperative hemodynamic evaluation of patients submitted for major surgery. Prior to major vascular surgery, hemodynamic studies were carried out in 63 patients by means of a flow-directed pulmonary artery balloon catheter. The results were correlated to electrocardiographic and roentgenologic findings, as well as to pertinent clinical information. Of 15 patients with either atrial fibrillation or both left ventricular hypertrophy and an increased cardiace volume, six had pulmonary pressures elevated above normal values; none of 14 patients with only one of the two signs (left ventricular hypertrophy or increased cardiac volume) had elevated pulmonary pressures. Also, the 34 patients with normal roentgenologic and electrocardiographic findings had normal hemodynamics, irrespective of a history of previous AMI, present angina or dyspnea on exertion. It is concluded that hemodynamic studies by means of a balloon-tipped catheter floating in the pulmonary artery are indicated before major surgery in patients with either atrial fibrillation or both electrocardiographic and roentgenologic signs of left ventricular hypertrophy. In such patients pulmonary pressures should be monitored during and after surgical operation.", "PMID": 726857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10863", "title": "Arrhythmias during halothane anesthesia. III. The influence of barbiturates.", "content": "The effect of barbiturates on cardiac rate and rhythm during halothane anesthesia without intubation was studied in a triple-blind, randomized trial with 28 patients. The test group was premedicated with pentobarbital and induced with thiopental, while the control group was anesthetized with halothane and nitrous oxide only. There was a significant preponderance of sinus-bradycardia and supraventricular disturbances in the control group. It is concluded that the use of barbiturates is advantageous because of their ability to suppress enhanced vagal tone.", "contents": "Arrhythmias during halothane anesthesia. III. The influence of barbiturates. The effect of barbiturates on cardiac rate and rhythm during halothane anesthesia without intubation was studied in a triple-blind, randomized trial with 28 patients. The test group was premedicated with pentobarbital and induced with thiopental, while the control group was anesthetized with halothane and nitrous oxide only. There was a significant preponderance of sinus-bradycardia and supraventricular disturbances in the control group. It is concluded that the use of barbiturates is advantageous because of their ability to suppress enhanced vagal tone.", "PMID": 726859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10864", "title": "Effects of antihypertensive medication on the cardiovascular response to ketamine in rats.", "content": "The effects of hydralazine, clonidine, propranolol and methyldopa medications on the cardiovascular response to ketamine anaesthesia were studied in spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats. Except in propranolol- and methyldopa-treated animals, blood pressure was increased by ketamine in all groups. The heart rate was increased only in the normotensive control rats, whereas it was reduced in both the unmedicated and all of the medicated SH rats. Plasma renin activity under ketamine anaesthesia was markedly higher in normotensive control rats than in any of the SH groups. The pressor responses to dopamine and metaraminol were not altered by propranolol medication, but hydralazine suppressed these responses, while they were markedly intensified by clonidine and methyldopa treatment. Similarly, small additional doses of ketamine caused a pressor response only in clonidine- and methyldopa-treated animals, whereas in the other groups the response was depressive. The tolerance to haemorrhagic shock during ketamine anaesthesia was notably improved by hydralazine and methyldopa medication, but impaired by propranolol treatment. The results suggest that, with special reference to shock tolerance, hydralazine and methyldopa, and to a lesser extent also clonidine, have a favourable effect on the circulation under ketamine anaesthesia, whereas the action of beta-blockade may be harmful.", "contents": "Effects of antihypertensive medication on the cardiovascular response to ketamine in rats. The effects of hydralazine, clonidine, propranolol and methyldopa medications on the cardiovascular response to ketamine anaesthesia were studied in spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats. Except in propranolol- and methyldopa-treated animals, blood pressure was increased by ketamine in all groups. The heart rate was increased only in the normotensive control rats, whereas it was reduced in both the unmedicated and all of the medicated SH rats. Plasma renin activity under ketamine anaesthesia was markedly higher in normotensive control rats than in any of the SH groups. The pressor responses to dopamine and metaraminol were not altered by propranolol medication, but hydralazine suppressed these responses, while they were markedly intensified by clonidine and methyldopa treatment. Similarly, small additional doses of ketamine caused a pressor response only in clonidine- and methyldopa-treated animals, whereas in the other groups the response was depressive. The tolerance to haemorrhagic shock during ketamine anaesthesia was notably improved by hydralazine and methyldopa medication, but impaired by propranolol treatment. The results suggest that, with special reference to shock tolerance, hydralazine and methyldopa, and to a lesser extent also clonidine, have a favourable effect on the circulation under ketamine anaesthesia, whereas the action of beta-blockade may be harmful.", "PMID": 726860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10865", "title": "Effects on muscarinic receptors of various agents in reversal of neuro-muscular blockade: a study evaluating atropine, glycopyrron, neostigmine and pyridostigmine.", "content": "The effects were studied of various drug combinations, recommended for use in reversal of neuromuscular blockade, on heart rate and salivary secretions in 80 healthy patients anaesthetized with nitrous oxide-oxygen-halothane and relaxed with d-tubocurarine. The drug combinations were mixtures of atropine 1 mg--neostigmine 2.5 mg, atropine 1 mg--pyridostigmine 15 mg, glycopyrron 0.5 mg--neostigmine 2.5 mg, and glycopyrron 0.5 mg--pyridostigmine 15 mg, respectively. It was found that administration of the atropine-containing mixtures induced more pronounced initial increases and delayed decreases in heart rate than the mixtures containing glycopyrron. Pyridostigmine-containing mixtures elicited a somewhat more pronounced initial increase in heart rate than neostigmine-containing mixtures, but a less pronounced and delayed decrease in heart rate. Supraventricular arrhythmias occurred less frequently in the pyridostigmine groups than in the neostigmine groups. No such difference was found between the atropine and glycopyrron groups. Glycopyrron caused a more intense dryness of the mouth than atropine. A differential attitude towards the use of drugs for reversal of neuromuscular blockade, based on the cardiovascular state of the particular patient, might be recommendable.", "contents": "Effects on muscarinic receptors of various agents in reversal of neuro-muscular blockade: a study evaluating atropine, glycopyrron, neostigmine and pyridostigmine. The effects were studied of various drug combinations, recommended for use in reversal of neuromuscular blockade, on heart rate and salivary secretions in 80 healthy patients anaesthetized with nitrous oxide-oxygen-halothane and relaxed with d-tubocurarine. The drug combinations were mixtures of atropine 1 mg--neostigmine 2.5 mg, atropine 1 mg--pyridostigmine 15 mg, glycopyrron 0.5 mg--neostigmine 2.5 mg, and glycopyrron 0.5 mg--pyridostigmine 15 mg, respectively. It was found that administration of the atropine-containing mixtures induced more pronounced initial increases and delayed decreases in heart rate than the mixtures containing glycopyrron. Pyridostigmine-containing mixtures elicited a somewhat more pronounced initial increase in heart rate than neostigmine-containing mixtures, but a less pronounced and delayed decrease in heart rate. Supraventricular arrhythmias occurred less frequently in the pyridostigmine groups than in the neostigmine groups. No such difference was found between the atropine and glycopyrron groups. Glycopyrron caused a more intense dryness of the mouth than atropine. A differential attitude towards the use of drugs for reversal of neuromuscular blockade, based on the cardiovascular state of the particular patient, might be recommendable.", "PMID": 726861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10866", "title": "Non-polluting dental analgesia.", "content": "Three anaesthetic circuits for use in nose-piece application of inhalation analgesia are described. An ejector flowmeter is used for the scavenging of overspill gas.", "contents": "Non-polluting dental analgesia. Three anaesthetic circuits for use in nose-piece application of inhalation analgesia are described. An ejector flowmeter is used for the scavenging of overspill gas.", "PMID": 726862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10867", "title": "Cerebrovascular permeability to protein in the rat during nitrous oxide anaesthesia at various blood pressure levels.", "content": "Rats anaesthetized with 70% nitrous oxide in oxygen have a high mean arterial pressure (MAP), usually in the range of 130-155 mmHg. It occasionally reaches higher levels, and when MAP exceeds 160 mmHg the cerebrovascular permeability may increase. In the present study all rats with MAP greater than 170 mmHg showed areas of protein leakage in the brain. When dealing with substances that normally do not pass the blood-brain barrier (BBB), this permeability increase may have important consequences. It is suggested that rats under nitrous oxide anaesthesia with MAP greater than 160 mmHg should not be included in studies in which an intact BBB is essential.", "contents": "Cerebrovascular permeability to protein in the rat during nitrous oxide anaesthesia at various blood pressure levels. Rats anaesthetized with 70% nitrous oxide in oxygen have a high mean arterial pressure (MAP), usually in the range of 130-155 mmHg. It occasionally reaches higher levels, and when MAP exceeds 160 mmHg the cerebrovascular permeability may increase. In the present study all rats with MAP greater than 170 mmHg showed areas of protein leakage in the brain. When dealing with substances that normally do not pass the blood-brain barrier (BBB), this permeability increase may have important consequences. It is suggested that rats under nitrous oxide anaesthesia with MAP greater than 160 mmHg should not be included in studies in which an intact BBB is essential.", "PMID": 726863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10868", "title": "Influence of lung volume history on closing volume measurement during anaesthesia.", "content": "Airway closure measurements were made with the bolus technique on eight healthy subjects, who were in a supine position prior to and during anaesthesia. Measurements were made on an expiration following vital capacity (VC) and 30% VC. Closing volume (CV) was calculated prior to anaesthesia, and closing capacity (CC)--functional residual capacity (FRC) was estimated during anaesthesia. When measured from VC, CV was 703 +/- 20 ml (s.e. mean) and from 30% VC it was 440 +/- 51 ml (s.e. mean) (P less than 0.005) prior to anaesthesia. When measured from VC, CC--FRC was 370 +/- 34 ml (s.e. mean), and from 30% VC it was 343 +/- 37 (s.e. mean) (P greater than 0.05) during anaesthesia. It is concluded that volume history has little effect on CC measurement during anaesthesia and artificial ventilation, but a major influence on CC measurement in the conscious patient. Hence, it is suggested that CC, within the tidal range, is increased during anaesthesia.", "contents": "Influence of lung volume history on closing volume measurement during anaesthesia. Airway closure measurements were made with the bolus technique on eight healthy subjects, who were in a supine position prior to and during anaesthesia. Measurements were made on an expiration following vital capacity (VC) and 30% VC. Closing volume (CV) was calculated prior to anaesthesia, and closing capacity (CC)--functional residual capacity (FRC) was estimated during anaesthesia. When measured from VC, CV was 703 +/- 20 ml (s.e. mean) and from 30% VC it was 440 +/- 51 ml (s.e. mean) (P less than 0.005) prior to anaesthesia. When measured from VC, CC--FRC was 370 +/- 34 ml (s.e. mean), and from 30% VC it was 343 +/- 37 (s.e. mean) (P greater than 0.05) during anaesthesia. It is concluded that volume history has little effect on CC measurement during anaesthesia and artificial ventilation, but a major influence on CC measurement in the conscious patient. Hence, it is suggested that CC, within the tidal range, is increased during anaesthesia.", "PMID": 726864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10869", "title": "Low consumption mass spectrometer inlet system for respiratory measurements.", "content": "The traditional mass spectrometer inlet systems adapted for measurement of gas partial pressure have a considerable gas consumption. This is a major drawback when they are used in closed respiratory systems. In the present paper, a membrane-covered inlet system with a very low gas consumption is described. We also report on the response time and relative sensitivity of the system to different gases.", "contents": "Low consumption mass spectrometer inlet system for respiratory measurements. The traditional mass spectrometer inlet systems adapted for measurement of gas partial pressure have a considerable gas consumption. This is a major drawback when they are used in closed respiratory systems. In the present paper, a membrane-covered inlet system with a very low gas consumption is described. We also report on the response time and relative sensitivity of the system to different gases.", "PMID": 726865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10870", "title": "Systemic reactions to tourniquet ischaemia.", "content": "In 15 patients, mean age 60 years, undergoing knee arthroplasty under lumbar epidural analgesia, changes in ECG, blood pressure, blood gases, serum potassium, acid-base status and serum creatine-phosphokinase were studied following release of a tourniquet applied for 70-135 min. During and after the ischaemia, the skin temperature of the leg operated on was monitored. Although dextran-70 was rapidly infused following tourniquet release, the blood pressure decreased significantly, due to a reduction in peripheral resistance. There were no signs of myocardial or pulmonary disturbances. Serum potassium in arterial blood increased significantly and reached a peak 3 min after tourniquet release. There was a tendency to metabolic acidosis, most pronounced after 3 min and caused by local lactate production. The skin temperature of the ischaemic leg fell progressively, which, combined with muscular relaxation, indicates a low metabolic rate. There was no evidence of local ischaemic muscular injury. It is concluded that the systemic changes after interruption of up to 2 h of tourniquet ischaemia are moderate and reversible, even in the elderly.", "contents": "Systemic reactions to tourniquet ischaemia. In 15 patients, mean age 60 years, undergoing knee arthroplasty under lumbar epidural analgesia, changes in ECG, blood pressure, blood gases, serum potassium, acid-base status and serum creatine-phosphokinase were studied following release of a tourniquet applied for 70-135 min. During and after the ischaemia, the skin temperature of the leg operated on was monitored. Although dextran-70 was rapidly infused following tourniquet release, the blood pressure decreased significantly, due to a reduction in peripheral resistance. There were no signs of myocardial or pulmonary disturbances. Serum potassium in arterial blood increased significantly and reached a peak 3 min after tourniquet release. There was a tendency to metabolic acidosis, most pronounced after 3 min and caused by local lactate production. The skin temperature of the ischaemic leg fell progressively, which, combined with muscular relaxation, indicates a low metabolic rate. There was no evidence of local ischaemic muscular injury. It is concluded that the systemic changes after interruption of up to 2 h of tourniquet ischaemia are moderate and reversible, even in the elderly.", "PMID": 726866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10871", "title": "Cardiac function during induction and early anesthesia with methoxyflurane. An evaluation using systolic time intervals and pressure time indices.", "content": "In addition to the standard monitoring of heart rate and blood pressure, the Systolic Time Intervals were used to evaluate cardiac performance, and the Pressure Time Indices (tension time index = TTI; diastolic pressure time index = DPTI) were used to estimate myocardial oxygen balance. Twelve patients with known heart disease were studied during induction with thiopental, intubation, and early anesthesia with methoxyflurane. Cardiac performance diminished after thiopental; and during methoxyflurane it was reflected in increases in pre-ejection period (PEP) and the ratio PEP/LVET. Intubation resulted in a hyperactive state of the heart, as shown by maximal decreases in PEP and PEP/LVET. Myocardial oxygen balance--estimated from the supply/demand ratio (DPTI/TTI)--was impaired after thiopental. After intubation, DPTI/TTI decreased to its lowest value due to an excess of myocardial oxygen demand (TTI) over myocardial oxygen supply (DPTI), signifying a transitory underperfusion of the subendocardium. During methoxyflurane the oxygen balance was gradually restored towards control value. The Systolic Time Intervals and the Pressure Time Indices provided valuable information on cardiac function not available from standard monitoring alone.", "contents": "Cardiac function during induction and early anesthesia with methoxyflurane. An evaluation using systolic time intervals and pressure time indices. In addition to the standard monitoring of heart rate and blood pressure, the Systolic Time Intervals were used to evaluate cardiac performance, and the Pressure Time Indices (tension time index = TTI; diastolic pressure time index = DPTI) were used to estimate myocardial oxygen balance. Twelve patients with known heart disease were studied during induction with thiopental, intubation, and early anesthesia with methoxyflurane. Cardiac performance diminished after thiopental; and during methoxyflurane it was reflected in increases in pre-ejection period (PEP) and the ratio PEP/LVET. Intubation resulted in a hyperactive state of the heart, as shown by maximal decreases in PEP and PEP/LVET. Myocardial oxygen balance--estimated from the supply/demand ratio (DPTI/TTI)--was impaired after thiopental. After intubation, DPTI/TTI decreased to its lowest value due to an excess of myocardial oxygen demand (TTI) over myocardial oxygen supply (DPTI), signifying a transitory underperfusion of the subendocardium. During methoxyflurane the oxygen balance was gradually restored towards control value. The Systolic Time Intervals and the Pressure Time Indices provided valuable information on cardiac function not available from standard monitoring alone.", "PMID": 726867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10872", "title": "Longitudinal spread of intraneurally injected local anesthetics. An experimental study of the initial neural distribution following intraneural injections.", "content": "Unexpected spinal anesthesia, occurring after peripheral nerve blocks close to the spine, may be caused by a centripetal spread of the local anesthetic along the injected nerve to the spinal cord. In order to analyze the pathway of such a spread, a radioactive local anesthetic mixed with a fluorescent dye was injected into difrerent compartments of the rabbit sciatic nerve, and the early distribution of these tracers was studied by scintillation counting and fluorescence microscopy. Epineurial (extrafascicular) injections were of low injection pressure (25-60 mmHg) (3.3-7.9 kPa) and limited spread, while endoneurial (intrafascicular) injections reached higher pressures (300-750 mmHg) (39.9-99.7 kPa) and caused a rapid spread over long distances within the fascicle. The sacral plexus seemed difficult to pass. However, 20% of endoneurial injections reached the spinal cord, where the injectate primarily spread in the thin subpial space. Our experimental findings suggest that intraneural injections of local anesthetics are responsible for the reported cases of unexpected spinal anesthesia due to inadvertent intrafascicular spread. Although intrafascicular injections are rarely made, we recommend that intraneural injections of local anesthetics or other solutions close to the spine should be avoided, as they may cause unexpected spinal anesthesia or lesion of the cord.", "contents": "Longitudinal spread of intraneurally injected local anesthetics. An experimental study of the initial neural distribution following intraneural injections. Unexpected spinal anesthesia, occurring after peripheral nerve blocks close to the spine, may be caused by a centripetal spread of the local anesthetic along the injected nerve to the spinal cord. In order to analyze the pathway of such a spread, a radioactive local anesthetic mixed with a fluorescent dye was injected into difrerent compartments of the rabbit sciatic nerve, and the early distribution of these tracers was studied by scintillation counting and fluorescence microscopy. Epineurial (extrafascicular) injections were of low injection pressure (25-60 mmHg) (3.3-7.9 kPa) and limited spread, while endoneurial (intrafascicular) injections reached higher pressures (300-750 mmHg) (39.9-99.7 kPa) and caused a rapid spread over long distances within the fascicle. The sacral plexus seemed difficult to pass. However, 20% of endoneurial injections reached the spinal cord, where the injectate primarily spread in the thin subpial space. Our experimental findings suggest that intraneural injections of local anesthetics are responsible for the reported cases of unexpected spinal anesthesia due to inadvertent intrafascicular spread. Although intrafascicular injections are rarely made, we recommend that intraneural injections of local anesthetics or other solutions close to the spine should be avoided, as they may cause unexpected spinal anesthesia or lesion of the cord.", "PMID": 726868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10873", "title": "Untoward effects of ketamine combined with diazepam for supplementing conduction anaesthesia in young and middle-aged adults.", "content": "Fifty-six young and 29 middle-aged adults who were scheduled for lower abdominal, anorectal or extremity surgery under epidural, sacral or brachial plexus blockades received intravenous analgesic or anaesthetic doses of ketamine, combined with diazepam, immediately before the start of the operation. Forty-one patients received no supplementary drugs for the conduction anaesthesia and were divided into two groups of controls. On the day following the operation, all the patients were asked about their postanaesthetic reactions and their acceptance of the anaesthetic technique, and the nursing staff expressed their opinion on the amount of work and supervision needed during the post-operative care of the patients. Administration of ketamine 0.5 mg/kg with diazepam 0.15 mg/kg to young or middle-aged patients was not associated with more side-effects or a greater need for post-operative care and supervision than in the control groups. Administration of anaesthetic doses of ketamine 1.5 mg/kg and 3.0 mg/kg with 0.15 mg/kg and 0.3 mg/kg of diazepam, respectively, caused significantly (P less than 0.05) more post-operative anxiety and confusion, as well as a significantly greater need for post-operative care and supervision than in the control patients. It is concluded that, in young or middle-aged patients, supplementing conduction anaesthesia with ketamine 0.5 mg/kg plus diazepam 0.15 mg/kg is not associated with the untoward effects which can be expected after anaesthetic doses of 1.5 mg/kg (or more) of ketamine.", "contents": "Untoward effects of ketamine combined with diazepam for supplementing conduction anaesthesia in young and middle-aged adults. Fifty-six young and 29 middle-aged adults who were scheduled for lower abdominal, anorectal or extremity surgery under epidural, sacral or brachial plexus blockades received intravenous analgesic or anaesthetic doses of ketamine, combined with diazepam, immediately before the start of the operation. Forty-one patients received no supplementary drugs for the conduction anaesthesia and were divided into two groups of controls. On the day following the operation, all the patients were asked about their postanaesthetic reactions and their acceptance of the anaesthetic technique, and the nursing staff expressed their opinion on the amount of work and supervision needed during the post-operative care of the patients. Administration of ketamine 0.5 mg/kg with diazepam 0.15 mg/kg to young or middle-aged patients was not associated with more side-effects or a greater need for post-operative care and supervision than in the control groups. Administration of anaesthetic doses of ketamine 1.5 mg/kg and 3.0 mg/kg with 0.15 mg/kg and 0.3 mg/kg of diazepam, respectively, caused significantly (P less than 0.05) more post-operative anxiety and confusion, as well as a significantly greater need for post-operative care and supervision than in the control patients. It is concluded that, in young or middle-aged patients, supplementing conduction anaesthesia with ketamine 0.5 mg/kg plus diazepam 0.15 mg/kg is not associated with the untoward effects which can be expected after anaesthetic doses of 1.5 mg/kg (or more) of ketamine.", "PMID": 726869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10874", "title": "The combined effects of antihypertensive drugs and anaesthetics (halothane and ketamine) on the isolated heart.", "content": "The effects of three concentrations of halothane or ketamine were investigated on isolated rabbit hearts, which were perfused with hydralazine, clonidine, propranolol or methyldopa. In hearts not subjected to the influence of an anaesthetic, clonidine was the only drug stimulating myocardial function. In those perfused with halothane or ketamine alone, both anaesthetics exerted a negative chronotropic and inotropic action in a dose-related manner. Ketamine markedly increased the coronary flow. Clonidine distinctly reduced the myocardial depression caused by halothane or ketamine. Hydralazine had no marked effects with either of these anaesthetics, except that it sensitized the hearts to the arrhythmic action of a high concentration of halothane. Propranolol, when combined with halothane, aggravated myocardial depression and decreased coronary flow. With ketamine, propranolol caused no other harmful interactions, apart from inhibiting the increase in coronary flow caused by this anaesthetic. Methyldopa intensified the myocardial depression induced by halothane, but tended to diminish that caused by ketamine. The results suggest that clonidine has a stimulatory cardiac action when combined with either of these anaesthetics. Disadvantageous interactions may exist between methyldopa or propranolol and halothane.", "contents": "The combined effects of antihypertensive drugs and anaesthetics (halothane and ketamine) on the isolated heart. The effects of three concentrations of halothane or ketamine were investigated on isolated rabbit hearts, which were perfused with hydralazine, clonidine, propranolol or methyldopa. In hearts not subjected to the influence of an anaesthetic, clonidine was the only drug stimulating myocardial function. In those perfused with halothane or ketamine alone, both anaesthetics exerted a negative chronotropic and inotropic action in a dose-related manner. Ketamine markedly increased the coronary flow. Clonidine distinctly reduced the myocardial depression caused by halothane or ketamine. Hydralazine had no marked effects with either of these anaesthetics, except that it sensitized the hearts to the arrhythmic action of a high concentration of halothane. Propranolol, when combined with halothane, aggravated myocardial depression and decreased coronary flow. With ketamine, propranolol caused no other harmful interactions, apart from inhibiting the increase in coronary flow caused by this anaesthetic. Methyldopa intensified the myocardial depression induced by halothane, but tended to diminish that caused by ketamine. The results suggest that clonidine has a stimulatory cardiac action when combined with either of these anaesthetics. Disadvantageous interactions may exist between methyldopa or propranolol and halothane.", "PMID": 726870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10875", "title": "Effect of chlorthiazide treatment on renin-aldosterone system during pregnancy.", "content": "Plasma renin activity and urinary excretions of aldosterone, sodium and potassium were studied before and during one week's chlorthiazide treatment in eight women with a slight peripheral oedema in the 31st week of pregnancy. Plasma renin activity and excretion of aldosterone increased clearly on the first day of treatment, but on the 7th day it was more than doubled in comparison with the level before the treatment. Diuresis and excretion of sodium increased promptly on the 1st day, but did not differ from the level found before the treatment on the 7th day. The high reserves of renin and aldosterone secretion found in this study may be regarded important in ensuring blood pressure, plasma volume and placental flow during pregnancy.", "contents": "Effect of chlorthiazide treatment on renin-aldosterone system during pregnancy. Plasma renin activity and urinary excretions of aldosterone, sodium and potassium were studied before and during one week's chlorthiazide treatment in eight women with a slight peripheral oedema in the 31st week of pregnancy. Plasma renin activity and excretion of aldosterone increased clearly on the first day of treatment, but on the 7th day it was more than doubled in comparison with the level before the treatment. Diuresis and excretion of sodium increased promptly on the 1st day, but did not differ from the level found before the treatment on the 7th day. The high reserves of renin and aldosterone secretion found in this study may be regarded important in ensuring blood pressure, plasma volume and placental flow during pregnancy.", "PMID": 726871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10876", "title": "Seasonal birth pattern in Sweden in relation to birth order and maternal age.", "content": "The influence of both maternal age and parity on seasonal birth patterns in Sweden was studied, using the Swedish Medical Birth Register for 1973. The register contained reports of 109 342 pregnancies. A test for seasonality, using a squared sinus function and an analysis of variance, was performed for each age and parity group. Significant differences were shown for parity irrespective of age and age groups within parity groups. There was one exception: no influence of parity could be demonstrated in women more than 35 years of age. For the lowest and the highest age groups (all parities), there was no significant seasonality in birth rate tested by the squared sinus method. This was also true for parity 3 (age group 20--24) and parity 1 (age group 30--34). The other age groups and parity classes show a significant seasonality with a maximum of births in April and May.", "contents": "Seasonal birth pattern in Sweden in relation to birth order and maternal age. The influence of both maternal age and parity on seasonal birth patterns in Sweden was studied, using the Swedish Medical Birth Register for 1973. The register contained reports of 109 342 pregnancies. A test for seasonality, using a squared sinus function and an analysis of variance, was performed for each age and parity group. Significant differences were shown for parity irrespective of age and age groups within parity groups. There was one exception: no influence of parity could be demonstrated in women more than 35 years of age. For the lowest and the highest age groups (all parities), there was no significant seasonality in birth rate tested by the squared sinus method. This was also true for parity 3 (age group 20--24) and parity 1 (age group 30--34). The other age groups and parity classes show a significant seasonality with a maximum of births in April and May.", "PMID": 726872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10877", "title": "Intrauterine supraventricular tachycardia.", "content": "Four cases of intra-uterine ectopic supraventricular tachycardia are described. In three there were none or only minor symptoms immediately after delivery and subsequently. The fourth baby having a congenital W-P-W-syndrome was born with severe hydrops fetalis and was asphyxiated. From these cases and from data reported in the literature it is concluded that intra-uterine heart failure is a significant risk when the fetal heart rate persistently exceeds 230 per minute. It is suggested that digoxin administered to the mother may be beneficial to the fetus in cases of intra-uterine ectopic tachycardia.", "contents": "Intrauterine supraventricular tachycardia. Four cases of intra-uterine ectopic supraventricular tachycardia are described. In three there were none or only minor symptoms immediately after delivery and subsequently. The fourth baby having a congenital W-P-W-syndrome was born with severe hydrops fetalis and was asphyxiated. From these cases and from data reported in the literature it is concluded that intra-uterine heart failure is a significant risk when the fetal heart rate persistently exceeds 230 per minute. It is suggested that digoxin administered to the mother may be beneficial to the fetus in cases of intra-uterine ectopic tachycardia.", "PMID": 726873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10878", "title": "Comparison of oestriol in mother and fetus during labour and in the baby at birth.", "content": "The progressive rise in pregnancy of oestriol values and their significance in assessing fetal viability is well known, although the exact function of this increase is not understood. In considering the problem it was thought that further information of oestriol levels in mother, fetus and newborn could prove of value. The mean cord plasma oestriol was lower in small-for-dates than in normal cases, but in both groups it was ten times higher than in the relative maternal peripheral veins. In pooled capillary fetal scalp samples the mean oestriol was slightly higher in normal compared with small-for-dates cases. The use of gas chromatography--mass spectrometry was investigated and shown to give an accurate measurement of plasma oestriol levels. The expense of this procedure may be offset by its ability to determine simultaneously the nature and amount of other steroids present.", "contents": "Comparison of oestriol in mother and fetus during labour and in the baby at birth. The progressive rise in pregnancy of oestriol values and their significance in assessing fetal viability is well known, although the exact function of this increase is not understood. In considering the problem it was thought that further information of oestriol levels in mother, fetus and newborn could prove of value. The mean cord plasma oestriol was lower in small-for-dates than in normal cases, but in both groups it was ten times higher than in the relative maternal peripheral veins. In pooled capillary fetal scalp samples the mean oestriol was slightly higher in normal compared with small-for-dates cases. The use of gas chromatography--mass spectrometry was investigated and shown to give an accurate measurement of plasma oestriol levels. The expense of this procedure may be offset by its ability to determine simultaneously the nature and amount of other steroids present.", "PMID": 726874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10879", "title": "Preoperative cervical microbial flora and post-abortion infection.", "content": "With the aim to find criteria for the prediction of the patients who are at risk of developing a post-abortion infection the pretreatment cervical microbial flora was compared between one series of patients who developed and another series of patients who did not develop such an infection. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria as well as mycoplasma and fungi, were studied in 104 patients. The distribution of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria was similar in the 14 patients who later developed post-abortal infection and in uncomplicated cases. It is concluded that the cultivation of the cervical microbial flora cannot serve as a basis for the prediction of which patients will develop subsequent genital infections.", "contents": "Preoperative cervical microbial flora and post-abortion infection. With the aim to find criteria for the prediction of the patients who are at risk of developing a post-abortion infection the pretreatment cervical microbial flora was compared between one series of patients who developed and another series of patients who did not develop such an infection. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria as well as mycoplasma and fungi, were studied in 104 patients. The distribution of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria was similar in the 14 patients who later developed post-abortal infection and in uncomplicated cases. It is concluded that the cultivation of the cervical microbial flora cannot serve as a basis for the prediction of which patients will develop subsequent genital infections.", "PMID": 726875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10880", "title": "Recording of myometrial activity in the non-pregnant human uterus by a micro-transducer catheter.", "content": "A micro-transducer catheter was tested in vitro and in vivo for recording of myometrial activity in the non-pregnant human uterus and was also compared with conventional fluid-filled, open end catheters previously used for recording intra-uterine pressures. The micro-transducer catheter had a frequency response far above that of fluid-filled, open end catheters. It was easily introduced through the uterine cervix and was never obstructed. Provided that the sensory surface of the micro-transducer was kept from direct contact with the uterine wall by some special arrangement it gave recordings of the intra-uterine pressure, that were practically identical with those obtained by an open end catheter.", "contents": "Recording of myometrial activity in the non-pregnant human uterus by a micro-transducer catheter. A micro-transducer catheter was tested in vitro and in vivo for recording of myometrial activity in the non-pregnant human uterus and was also compared with conventional fluid-filled, open end catheters previously used for recording intra-uterine pressures. The micro-transducer catheter had a frequency response far above that of fluid-filled, open end catheters. It was easily introduced through the uterine cervix and was never obstructed. Provided that the sensory surface of the micro-transducer was kept from direct contact with the uterine wall by some special arrangement it gave recordings of the intra-uterine pressure, that were practically identical with those obtained by an open end catheter.", "PMID": 726876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10881", "title": "Changes in bone mineral content in women with natural menopause during treatment with female sex hormones.", "content": "The bone mineral content was determined in eleven women with a natural menopause by X-ray spectrophotometry during treatment with a combinations of estrogens and a gestagen. During a three-year follow-up period the hormone treated women significantly increased (P less than 0.05) their mineral content by 3% a year on average, as compared with a control group. Even in patients who had passed the menopause several years previously, the increase occurred and was particularly great during the first year of treatment.", "contents": "Changes in bone mineral content in women with natural menopause during treatment with female sex hormones. The bone mineral content was determined in eleven women with a natural menopause by X-ray spectrophotometry during treatment with a combinations of estrogens and a gestagen. During a three-year follow-up period the hormone treated women significantly increased (P less than 0.05) their mineral content by 3% a year on average, as compared with a control group. Even in patients who had passed the menopause several years previously, the increase occurred and was particularly great during the first year of treatment.", "PMID": 726877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10882", "title": "Ultrastructural features in normal and hyperplastic postmenopausal endometrium.", "content": "Seven samples of postmenopausal endometrium were studied by electron microscopy. Four samples were diagnosed as adenomatous hyperplasia (2 of which were atypical) and 3 as normal postmenopausal endometrium. The most striking ultrastructural features of hyperplastic endometrium were: numerous nucleoli, deep nuclear membrane infoldings, increased nucleocytoplasmic ratio, prominent and enlarged RER closely associated with mitochondria and nuclear membrane, abundant free ribosomes and marked network microfilaments. In the case of atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, the protruded intraglandular proliferating epithelial cells exhibited more atypical features than the epithelial cells of the glandular lining, suggesting a more advanced degree of anaplastic change. The characteristic features of the normal postmenopausal endometrium were: paucity and random distribution of the cytoplasmic organelles, the presence of large cytoplasmic vacuoles and short, blunt microvilli. Secretory vacuoles opening into the lumen of the gland were found in one case of cystic atrophy of a normal postmenopausal endometrium. Collagenization was found in the stroma of both groups, although predominantly in the normal postmenopausal endometrium. In 2 cases of adenomatous hyperplasia stromal cells with vacular cytoplasm were found. The significance of these findings, as related to their importance as precursor stages of endometrial cancer (in the cases of adenomatous and atypical adenomatous hyperplasia); as involutional manifestations (in the cases of normal postmenopausal endometrium); and as related to the absence of cyclic activity (in both groups) is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructural features in normal and hyperplastic postmenopausal endometrium. Seven samples of postmenopausal endometrium were studied by electron microscopy. Four samples were diagnosed as adenomatous hyperplasia (2 of which were atypical) and 3 as normal postmenopausal endometrium. The most striking ultrastructural features of hyperplastic endometrium were: numerous nucleoli, deep nuclear membrane infoldings, increased nucleocytoplasmic ratio, prominent and enlarged RER closely associated with mitochondria and nuclear membrane, abundant free ribosomes and marked network microfilaments. In the case of atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, the protruded intraglandular proliferating epithelial cells exhibited more atypical features than the epithelial cells of the glandular lining, suggesting a more advanced degree of anaplastic change. The characteristic features of the normal postmenopausal endometrium were: paucity and random distribution of the cytoplasmic organelles, the presence of large cytoplasmic vacuoles and short, blunt microvilli. Secretory vacuoles opening into the lumen of the gland were found in one case of cystic atrophy of a normal postmenopausal endometrium. Collagenization was found in the stroma of both groups, although predominantly in the normal postmenopausal endometrium. In 2 cases of adenomatous hyperplasia stromal cells with vacular cytoplasm were found. The significance of these findings, as related to their importance as precursor stages of endometrial cancer (in the cases of adenomatous and atypical adenomatous hyperplasia); as involutional manifestations (in the cases of normal postmenopausal endometrium); and as related to the absence of cyclic activity (in both groups) is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 726878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10883", "title": "The ethanol gelation test in pregnancy.", "content": "Coagulation studies in 55 healthy pregnant women indicated that in spite of high coagulation activity, a positive ethanol gelation test for fibrin in plasma is not a normal feature of pregnancy. The four case reports presented stress the value of the ethanol test in monitoring treatment of thromboembolic disease in pregnancy.", "contents": "The ethanol gelation test in pregnancy. Coagulation studies in 55 healthy pregnant women indicated that in spite of high coagulation activity, a positive ethanol gelation test for fibrin in plasma is not a normal feature of pregnancy. The four case reports presented stress the value of the ethanol test in monitoring treatment of thromboembolic disease in pregnancy.", "PMID": 726880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10884", "title": "A pregnancy with a hydatidiform mole, thyreotoxicosis and live-born infant.", "content": "A 26-year-old woman, pregnant for the 3rd time, was admitted in the 2nd trimester with bleeding and slight signs of thyreotoxicosis. The free thyroxin, total thyroxin and TRH-test confirmed the diagnosis. The patient was delivered 8 weeks before term of a living boy of 1680 g. Immediately after the child, a 300 g normal placenta was born, followed by 650 g of molar tissue. Four weeks after birth and evacuation of the molar tissue, the patient was euthyreoid, with normal thyreoid parameters. It is presumed to have been a twin pregnancy, in which the part transformed to molar tissue has secreted a thyroid stimulating factor.", "contents": "A pregnancy with a hydatidiform mole, thyreotoxicosis and live-born infant. A 26-year-old woman, pregnant for the 3rd time, was admitted in the 2nd trimester with bleeding and slight signs of thyreotoxicosis. The free thyroxin, total thyroxin and TRH-test confirmed the diagnosis. The patient was delivered 8 weeks before term of a living boy of 1680 g. Immediately after the child, a 300 g normal placenta was born, followed by 650 g of molar tissue. Four weeks after birth and evacuation of the molar tissue, the patient was euthyreoid, with normal thyreoid parameters. It is presumed to have been a twin pregnancy, in which the part transformed to molar tissue has secreted a thyroid stimulating factor.", "PMID": 726881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10885", "title": "Myometrial activity and endometrial blood flow in an ectopic pregnancy.", "content": "Myometrial activity and endometrial blood flow were recorded in a patient with uterine haemorrhage and lower abdominal pain, who turned out to have a tubal pregnancy. The uterine contractions had an amplitude sometimes exceeding 400 mmHg and a duration up to 3.5 min. Thus, strong uterine contractions can appear during pregnancy without the presence of a gestational sac within the uterus. This is contrary to the assumption that processes in the foetal membranes initiate the sequence of events leading to abortion or labour.", "contents": "Myometrial activity and endometrial blood flow in an ectopic pregnancy. Myometrial activity and endometrial blood flow were recorded in a patient with uterine haemorrhage and lower abdominal pain, who turned out to have a tubal pregnancy. The uterine contractions had an amplitude sometimes exceeding 400 mmHg and a duration up to 3.5 min. Thus, strong uterine contractions can appear during pregnancy without the presence of a gestational sac within the uterus. This is contrary to the assumption that processes in the foetal membranes initiate the sequence of events leading to abortion or labour.", "PMID": 726882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10886", "title": "The ciliary body and the iris in experimental uveitis in rabbits. A scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "Acute anterior immunogenic uveitis of varying degree was induced in rabbits by the injection of human serum albumin into the vitreous body. After fixation and drying by the critical point method, the lens, the zonules, the vitreous and, in some specimens, coagulated exudate were removed by careful dissection. The surface of the ciliary body and the posterior surface of the iris were examined by scanning electron microscopy. In moderate uveitis, the ciliary body was covered by a thin layer of leucocytes enmeshed in fibrin strands. Scattered deposits of fibrin and a few leucocytes were also found in the iris. In severe uveitis, the processes of the ciliary body had nearly disappeared because of oedema and exudate, which also contained erythrocytes. The numerous leucocytes had marked excrescences formed by folds of the cell membrane. Fibrin seemed to play a role in the attachment of the leucocytes on the surface of the ciliary body.", "contents": "The ciliary body and the iris in experimental uveitis in rabbits. A scanning electron microscopic study. Acute anterior immunogenic uveitis of varying degree was induced in rabbits by the injection of human serum albumin into the vitreous body. After fixation and drying by the critical point method, the lens, the zonules, the vitreous and, in some specimens, coagulated exudate were removed by careful dissection. The surface of the ciliary body and the posterior surface of the iris were examined by scanning electron microscopy. In moderate uveitis, the ciliary body was covered by a thin layer of leucocytes enmeshed in fibrin strands. Scattered deposits of fibrin and a few leucocytes were also found in the iris. In severe uveitis, the processes of the ciliary body had nearly disappeared because of oedema and exudate, which also contained erythrocytes. The numerous leucocytes had marked excrescences formed by folds of the cell membrane. Fibrin seemed to play a role in the attachment of the leucocytes on the surface of the ciliary body.", "PMID": 726884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10887", "title": "Changes in anterior chamber depth and angle-recession, late complications to ocular contusion.", "content": "Of 46 patients consecutively admitted to hospital for ocular contusion with hyphaema in 1964 and 1965, 30 patients were followed-up somewhat more than 10 years later in order to assess late complications. Angle-recession was observed in 17 (57%), while none had developed glaucoma. An average increase in depth of the anterior chamber of 0.06 mm in the affected eye was observed; this differences is highly significant with P less than 0.005. However, as these changes are small in individual patients, measurement of the increase in anterior chamber depth can only be a supplement to gonioscopy.", "contents": "Changes in anterior chamber depth and angle-recession, late complications to ocular contusion. Of 46 patients consecutively admitted to hospital for ocular contusion with hyphaema in 1964 and 1965, 30 patients were followed-up somewhat more than 10 years later in order to assess late complications. Angle-recession was observed in 17 (57%), while none had developed glaucoma. An average increase in depth of the anterior chamber of 0.06 mm in the affected eye was observed; this differences is highly significant with P less than 0.005. However, as these changes are small in individual patients, measurement of the increase in anterior chamber depth can only be a supplement to gonioscopy.", "PMID": 726886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10888", "title": "A simple method for anterior segment photography of the eye with standard equipment.", "content": "A simple hand-held system for colour photography of the anterior eye structures using a standard camera and conventional incandescent slit lamp is presented for use by a general eye practitioner. No electronic flash is required. The anterior ocular pathology is well documented with the method.", "contents": "A simple method for anterior segment photography of the eye with standard equipment. A simple hand-held system for colour photography of the anterior eye structures using a standard camera and conventional incandescent slit lamp is presented for use by a general eye practitioner. No electronic flash is required. The anterior ocular pathology is well documented with the method.", "PMID": 726887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10889", "title": "Prognosis of glaucoma simplex and glaucoma capsulare. A comparative study.", "content": "To study the prognosis of capsular glaucoma (102 eyes) as compared to simplex glaucoma (58 eyes), a retrospective comparison of the functional status of these diseases when first diagnosed and five years afterwards was made. At the first examination the capsular glaucoma eyes were on average more seriously damaged. After five years this tendency was more marked with several amaurotic eyes, 17% as compared to 10% of the simplex glaucoma group. Severe visual field loss in the eyes with advanced glaucoma after five years was present in 48% of the capsular glaucoma group but only 19% of the simplex glaucoma group.", "contents": "Prognosis of glaucoma simplex and glaucoma capsulare. A comparative study. To study the prognosis of capsular glaucoma (102 eyes) as compared to simplex glaucoma (58 eyes), a retrospective comparison of the functional status of these diseases when first diagnosed and five years afterwards was made. At the first examination the capsular glaucoma eyes were on average more seriously damaged. After five years this tendency was more marked with several amaurotic eyes, 17% as compared to 10% of the simplex glaucoma group. Severe visual field loss in the eyes with advanced glaucoma after five years was present in 48% of the capsular glaucoma group but only 19% of the simplex glaucoma group.", "PMID": 726888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10890", "title": "Altitudinal field defects and retinal nerve fibre degeneration in optic nerve lesions.", "content": "Altitudinal visual field defects in five cases with optic nerve lesions due to optic glioma, compression, and trauma are correlated to retinal nerve fibre degeneration, recorded with ophthalmoscopy and photography in red-free light. In one case the optic nerve was damaged at operation. Repeated fundus photography was used to record the evolution of descending optic atrophy. The results suggest that the findings in funduscopic examination of the retinal nerve fibre layer should be cautiously judged and the method cannot replace careful perimetry in cooperative patients.", "contents": "Altitudinal field defects and retinal nerve fibre degeneration in optic nerve lesions. Altitudinal visual field defects in five cases with optic nerve lesions due to optic glioma, compression, and trauma are correlated to retinal nerve fibre degeneration, recorded with ophthalmoscopy and photography in red-free light. In one case the optic nerve was damaged at operation. Repeated fundus photography was used to record the evolution of descending optic atrophy. The results suggest that the findings in funduscopic examination of the retinal nerve fibre layer should be cautiously judged and the method cannot replace careful perimetry in cooperative patients.", "PMID": 726890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10891", "title": "Tumours of the orbit diagnosed by fine needle biopsy.", "content": "Fine needle aspiration biopsies were used for the diagnosis of orbital tumours. Examples of benign and malignant primary and metastatic orbital neoplasms, as well as inflammatory lesions diagnosed in this way are described. The method has proved of great value. This was specially true for processes located posteriorly in the orbit. The necessity for close cooperation between the ophthalmological and clinical cytological departments is emphasized.", "contents": "Tumours of the orbit diagnosed by fine needle biopsy. Fine needle aspiration biopsies were used for the diagnosis of orbital tumours. Examples of benign and malignant primary and metastatic orbital neoplasms, as well as inflammatory lesions diagnosed in this way are described. The method has proved of great value. This was specially true for processes located posteriorly in the orbit. The necessity for close cooperation between the ophthalmological and clinical cytological departments is emphasized.", "PMID": 726891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10892", "title": "Ampicillin penetration into the rabbit eye.", "content": "Distribution of intravenously injected ampicillin of 50 mg/kg was studied in the rabbit eye using radioactive tracer method. Antibiotic concentration regarded as therapeutic in the treatment of gram-negative organisms was obtained in all vascularized ocular structures. Intermediate values were measured from the cornea and aqueous humour. In the vitreous body and lens, ampicillin was unable to approach a concentration that would be effective against the common gram-negative organisms. The low ampicillin concentration in the vitreous body and lens was unchanged by systemically administered probenecid, which in other parts of the eye caused significantly higher ampicillin levels.", "contents": "Ampicillin penetration into the rabbit eye. Distribution of intravenously injected ampicillin of 50 mg/kg was studied in the rabbit eye using radioactive tracer method. Antibiotic concentration regarded as therapeutic in the treatment of gram-negative organisms was obtained in all vascularized ocular structures. Intermediate values were measured from the cornea and aqueous humour. In the vitreous body and lens, ampicillin was unable to approach a concentration that would be effective against the common gram-negative organisms. The low ampicillin concentration in the vitreous body and lens was unchanged by systemically administered probenecid, which in other parts of the eye caused significantly higher ampicillin levels.", "PMID": 726892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10893", "title": "Persistent infections with \"runde\" virus in cell cultures and suckling mice.", "content": "A morphologically intact, persistently infected BHK 21/c13 cell culture was established by serial trypsinization and reseeding of cells infected with approximately one baby mouse LD50/cell. The extracellular virus infectivity dropped more than 3 log10 units from the 1st to the 4th passage, and was then unaltered up to passage 20. In 2-week-old mice but not in baby mice, a chronic disease with virus persistence up to 150 days was produced after intracerebral infection with moderate virus doses. The humoral immune response of the animals seemed to be adequate by the methods employed. Development of defective interfering virus particles was indicated by the von Magnus phenomenon in BHK 21/c13 cultures infected with serially passed, undiluted virus samples. Intracerebral infection of baby mice with such samples resulted in transient paresis and motion disturbances instead of the usually fatal encephalitis. Specific virus antigens but no infectious virus could be recovered from such animals.", "contents": "Persistent infections with \"runde\" virus in cell cultures and suckling mice. A morphologically intact, persistently infected BHK 21/c13 cell culture was established by serial trypsinization and reseeding of cells infected with approximately one baby mouse LD50/cell. The extracellular virus infectivity dropped more than 3 log10 units from the 1st to the 4th passage, and was then unaltered up to passage 20. In 2-week-old mice but not in baby mice, a chronic disease with virus persistence up to 150 days was produced after intracerebral infection with moderate virus doses. The humoral immune response of the animals seemed to be adequate by the methods employed. Development of defective interfering virus particles was indicated by the von Magnus phenomenon in BHK 21/c13 cultures infected with serially passed, undiluted virus samples. Intracerebral infection of baby mice with such samples resulted in transient paresis and motion disturbances instead of the usually fatal encephalitis. Specific virus antigens but no infectious virus could be recovered from such animals.", "PMID": 726893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10894", "title": "Induction of leukochemotaxis by protein A of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "The mechanism of the leukochemotactic activity of staphylococcal protein A (pA) has been studied by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Protein A alone or mixed with heat-inactivated serum induced no migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, demonstrating that pA is not a cytotaxin, but a cytotaxigen. Protein A, activating both pathways of the C system, induced chemotaxis in a C4 deficient serum, but not in a C5 deficient serum. This shows that the chemotactic mediator elaborated is a split product of C5, i.e. C5a. The chemotactic activity of pA observed in the presence of normal sera (in vitro) and in wound chambers (in vivo) was exclusively caused by C activation via reaction with Fc.", "contents": "Induction of leukochemotaxis by protein A of Staphylococcus aureus. The mechanism of the leukochemotactic activity of staphylococcal protein A (pA) has been studied by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Protein A alone or mixed with heat-inactivated serum induced no migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, demonstrating that pA is not a cytotaxin, but a cytotaxigen. Protein A, activating both pathways of the C system, induced chemotaxis in a C4 deficient serum, but not in a C5 deficient serum. This shows that the chemotactic mediator elaborated is a split product of C5, i.e. C5a. The chemotactic activity of pA observed in the presence of normal sera (in vitro) and in wound chambers (in vivo) was exclusively caused by C activation via reaction with Fc.", "PMID": 726894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10895", "title": "Measles virus polypeptides in purified virions and in infected cells.", "content": "A wild-type measles virus was radiolabeled during growth in VERO cells and purified by two successive potassium tartrate gradient centrifugations. The virion polypeptide composition was determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis employing two different buffer systems. Six virus-specific polypeptides were consistently detected. The largest (L) had a molecular weight (MW) of greater than 150,000. The second largest polypeptide, G (MW 79,000), was the only glycoprotein found. The proteins designated polypeptide 2 (MW 66 to 70,000) and nucleocapsid protein or NP (MW 61,000) were phosphorylated. The remaining virus-coded proteins were polypeptide 5 (MW 40,000) and the matrix or M protein (MW 37,000). Measles virions also contained a polypeptide (MW 42,000) thought to be actin due to co-migration with this component of uninfected cells. Analysis of in vitro 3H-acetic anhydride radiolabeled virions confirmed the presence of these seven polypeptides. Acetic anhydride also labeled a protein designated polypeptide 4 (MW 53,000) which was not consistently radiolabeled in vivo, as well as several other minor proteins believed to be cellular in origin. Synthesis of the six virus-specific structural polypeptides was detected in lysates of infected cells by SDS-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. Virus specificity of polypeptide 4 could not be confirmed due to the similar MW of several cellular polypeptides. Two non-virion, but virus-specified polypeptides, of MW 38,000 and 18,000 were also detected. Synthesis of the virus structural proteins was in the same proportions as the polypeptides found in virions except for under production of polypeptide G and over production of polypeptide 2.", "contents": "Measles virus polypeptides in purified virions and in infected cells. A wild-type measles virus was radiolabeled during growth in VERO cells and purified by two successive potassium tartrate gradient centrifugations. The virion polypeptide composition was determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis employing two different buffer systems. Six virus-specific polypeptides were consistently detected. The largest (L) had a molecular weight (MW) of greater than 150,000. The second largest polypeptide, G (MW 79,000), was the only glycoprotein found. The proteins designated polypeptide 2 (MW 66 to 70,000) and nucleocapsid protein or NP (MW 61,000) were phosphorylated. The remaining virus-coded proteins were polypeptide 5 (MW 40,000) and the matrix or M protein (MW 37,000). Measles virions also contained a polypeptide (MW 42,000) thought to be actin due to co-migration with this component of uninfected cells. Analysis of in vitro 3H-acetic anhydride radiolabeled virions confirmed the presence of these seven polypeptides. Acetic anhydride also labeled a protein designated polypeptide 4 (MW 53,000) which was not consistently radiolabeled in vivo, as well as several other minor proteins believed to be cellular in origin. Synthesis of the six virus-specific structural polypeptides was detected in lysates of infected cells by SDS-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. Virus specificity of polypeptide 4 could not be confirmed due to the similar MW of several cellular polypeptides. Two non-virion, but virus-specified polypeptides, of MW 38,000 and 18,000 were also detected. Synthesis of the virus structural proteins was in the same proportions as the polypeptides found in virions except for under production of polypeptide G and over production of polypeptide 2.", "PMID": 726895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10896", "title": "Determination of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA): comparison of two different assays.", "content": "A comparison was made of CEA determination by the CEA-RIAKIT and our slightly modified CEA-Roche assays. The normal levels (mean + 2 SD) found in 63 blood donors were 2.3 microgram/1 and 3.3 microgram/1, respectively. The inter-assay reproducibility was similar in the range below 15 microgram/1, with variations from 0.3 microgram/1 (1 SD, less than 5 microgram/1) to 1.4 microgram/1 (1 SD, 10--15 microgram/1). Both methods measured CEA concentrations down to 1 microgram/1. The ability of the two assays to discriminate between positive and negative values in patients with urogenital and gastrointestinal cancer was similar. The response to recurrences of colorectal carcinoma was also similar, and the CEA fluctuation was parallel after surgery. The CEA-Roche assay generally showed good correlation between measured and theoretical values at both low and high levels. Under our test conditions, the disparity between indirect and direct values was 14 microgram/1 +/- 8 (n = 4) in the range 18--32 microgram/1, and this must be taken into consideration in interpreting the CEA-Roche test. The CEA-RIAKIT measured too low values as compared to both the CEA-Roche and the theoretical values. The discrepancy increased with increasing CEA values, and the ability to distinguish between high CEA concentrations (greater than 15 microgram/1) was poor. The explanation seems to be that the anti-CEA sera used in this assay show a lower affinity for plasma CEA than for tumour-extracted CEA. Immunochemical differences between sample CEA and CEA used for calibration of the standard curves must be considered in evaluation of CEA assays.", "contents": "Determination of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA): comparison of two different assays. A comparison was made of CEA determination by the CEA-RIAKIT and our slightly modified CEA-Roche assays. The normal levels (mean + 2 SD) found in 63 blood donors were 2.3 microgram/1 and 3.3 microgram/1, respectively. The inter-assay reproducibility was similar in the range below 15 microgram/1, with variations from 0.3 microgram/1 (1 SD, less than 5 microgram/1) to 1.4 microgram/1 (1 SD, 10--15 microgram/1). Both methods measured CEA concentrations down to 1 microgram/1. The ability of the two assays to discriminate between positive and negative values in patients with urogenital and gastrointestinal cancer was similar. The response to recurrences of colorectal carcinoma was also similar, and the CEA fluctuation was parallel after surgery. The CEA-Roche assay generally showed good correlation between measured and theoretical values at both low and high levels. Under our test conditions, the disparity between indirect and direct values was 14 microgram/1 +/- 8 (n = 4) in the range 18--32 microgram/1, and this must be taken into consideration in interpreting the CEA-Roche test. The CEA-RIAKIT measured too low values as compared to both the CEA-Roche and the theoretical values. The discrepancy increased with increasing CEA values, and the ability to distinguish between high CEA concentrations (greater than 15 microgram/1) was poor. The explanation seems to be that the anti-CEA sera used in this assay show a lower affinity for plasma CEA than for tumour-extracted CEA. Immunochemical differences between sample CEA and CEA used for calibration of the standard curves must be considered in evaluation of CEA assays.", "PMID": 726896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10897", "title": "Neutralizing antibodies against human leukocyte, lymphoblastoid and fibroblast interferons elicited by immunization with human leukocyte interferon.", "content": "Guinea pigs, rabbits, and sheep were immunized with partially purified human leukocyte interferon. The antisera were tested for their neutralizing activities against human leukocyte, lymphoblastoid (Namalva) and fibroblast interferons. Rabbits and sheep developed high levels of neutralizing antibodies against all three interferons. The ratios of the neutralizing activities of leukocyte/lymphoblastoid interferons varied from 1 to 25 and those of leukocyte/fibroblast interferons from 2 to 500. The ratios increased with prolonged immunization. The guinea pigs developed relatively low levels of anti-leukocyte and anti-lymphoblastoid antibodies and as a rule failed to produce detectable neutralizing activity against fibroblast interferon. One sheep was given a booster injection of fibroblast interferon after preimmunization with leukocyte interferon. The booster injection stimulated a rise in antibody levels, not only for fibroblast interferon, but also for leukocyte and lymphoblastoid interferons. The antigenic relationships between leukocyte, lymphoblastoid and fibroblast interferons are discussed.", "contents": "Neutralizing antibodies against human leukocyte, lymphoblastoid and fibroblast interferons elicited by immunization with human leukocyte interferon. Guinea pigs, rabbits, and sheep were immunized with partially purified human leukocyte interferon. The antisera were tested for their neutralizing activities against human leukocyte, lymphoblastoid (Namalva) and fibroblast interferons. Rabbits and sheep developed high levels of neutralizing antibodies against all three interferons. The ratios of the neutralizing activities of leukocyte/lymphoblastoid interferons varied from 1 to 25 and those of leukocyte/fibroblast interferons from 2 to 500. The ratios increased with prolonged immunization. The guinea pigs developed relatively low levels of anti-leukocyte and anti-lymphoblastoid antibodies and as a rule failed to produce detectable neutralizing activity against fibroblast interferon. One sheep was given a booster injection of fibroblast interferon after preimmunization with leukocyte interferon. The booster injection stimulated a rise in antibody levels, not only for fibroblast interferon, but also for leukocyte and lymphoblastoid interferons. The antigenic relationships between leukocyte, lymphoblastoid and fibroblast interferons are discussed.", "PMID": 726897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10898", "title": "Intestinal secretion of sulphanilic acid by the isolated mucosa of guinea pig jejunum.", "content": "Tissue uptake and transepithelial permeation of 35S-sulphanilic acid were studied in the isolated guinea pig jejunal mucosa. Methoxy-3H-inulin added simultaneously served as a marker for the extracellular space and permeability of paracellular shunt pathways in the preparation. The uptake of sulphanilic acid from the blood side exceeded that from the luminal side 4--7 fold. The permeation of the acid was strongly correlated to the permeation of inulin. At 5 micrometer and 2.5 mM sulphanilic acid under aerobic conditions, the regression lines for the permeation from lumen to blood pass almost through the origin, while the regression lines for the permeation from blood to lumen intersect the ordinate at a positive Y-value. In anaerobiosis, at 25 mM sulphanilic acid, or with addition of p-toluene sulphonic acid only one regression line is obtained for the permeation in both directions. It is concluded that besides a permeation of sulphanilic acid across inulinpermeable shunt pathways an active transport system exists, which transfers the acid from the blood to the luminal side. This system is saturable, depends on aerobic energy and exhibits mutual inhibition by a structurally related compound. The results are comparable to those previously obtained with cardiac glycosides and quaternary ammonium compounds, in the same preparation. Thus, the intestinal mucosa is able to secrete the same classes of compounds which are secreted by the liver and the kidney.", "contents": "Intestinal secretion of sulphanilic acid by the isolated mucosa of guinea pig jejunum. Tissue uptake and transepithelial permeation of 35S-sulphanilic acid were studied in the isolated guinea pig jejunal mucosa. Methoxy-3H-inulin added simultaneously served as a marker for the extracellular space and permeability of paracellular shunt pathways in the preparation. The uptake of sulphanilic acid from the blood side exceeded that from the luminal side 4--7 fold. The permeation of the acid was strongly correlated to the permeation of inulin. At 5 micrometer and 2.5 mM sulphanilic acid under aerobic conditions, the regression lines for the permeation from lumen to blood pass almost through the origin, while the regression lines for the permeation from blood to lumen intersect the ordinate at a positive Y-value. In anaerobiosis, at 25 mM sulphanilic acid, or with addition of p-toluene sulphonic acid only one regression line is obtained for the permeation in both directions. It is concluded that besides a permeation of sulphanilic acid across inulinpermeable shunt pathways an active transport system exists, which transfers the acid from the blood to the luminal side. This system is saturable, depends on aerobic energy and exhibits mutual inhibition by a structurally related compound. The results are comparable to those previously obtained with cardiac glycosides and quaternary ammonium compounds, in the same preparation. Thus, the intestinal mucosa is able to secrete the same classes of compounds which are secreted by the liver and the kidney.", "PMID": 726898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10899", "title": "In vivo reversibility of the jejunal glucose and cation transport alteration caused by intraluminal surfactants in the rat.", "content": "Tied jejunal loops in anaesthetized rats were under standardized conditions pre-exposed for 30 min. with Tyrode solution containing surfactants. 5, 20 or 150 min. after wash out of bulk surfactant, the loops were re-instilled with Tyrode containing glucose at 5--15 mmol/l. Net glucose, sodium and potassium transport were studied for 15 min. by changes in intraluminal amounts, and compared with results obtained in control rats. The surfactants (mmol/l) tested were the anionics dioctylsulphosuccinate (5.6) and dodecylsulphate (8.5--17), the cationics cetrimonium bromide (2.1--4.1) and benzalkonium chloride (2.1), the nonionics Triton X100 (0.25%) and Lubrol WX (0.25--0.5%) plus cholic acid (4.9) and desoxycholic acid (1.3--2.5). In most cases, the glucose transport was normal or fairly normal after 150 min., most of the restoration taking place shortly after surfactant removal. However, Lubrol in particular caused more irreversible effects. Generally, the changes in net cation transport tended to be less easily reversible than the alteration in glucose transport. In so far as a normal or near to normal glucose transport is unlikely to occur unless both functional and structural integrity of the epithelium is preserved, the results indicate that in most cases there is but insignificant epithelial damage under the experimental conditions. Since, furthermore, these surfactants can interact with glucose transport in the same technique even at lower concentration and shorter incubation time than used here, it is concluded that the interaction of surfactants with intestinal transport is not neccessarily linked to gross histo-pathological changes.", "contents": "In vivo reversibility of the jejunal glucose and cation transport alteration caused by intraluminal surfactants in the rat. Tied jejunal loops in anaesthetized rats were under standardized conditions pre-exposed for 30 min. with Tyrode solution containing surfactants. 5, 20 or 150 min. after wash out of bulk surfactant, the loops were re-instilled with Tyrode containing glucose at 5--15 mmol/l. Net glucose, sodium and potassium transport were studied for 15 min. by changes in intraluminal amounts, and compared with results obtained in control rats. The surfactants (mmol/l) tested were the anionics dioctylsulphosuccinate (5.6) and dodecylsulphate (8.5--17), the cationics cetrimonium bromide (2.1--4.1) and benzalkonium chloride (2.1), the nonionics Triton X100 (0.25%) and Lubrol WX (0.25--0.5%) plus cholic acid (4.9) and desoxycholic acid (1.3--2.5). In most cases, the glucose transport was normal or fairly normal after 150 min., most of the restoration taking place shortly after surfactant removal. However, Lubrol in particular caused more irreversible effects. Generally, the changes in net cation transport tended to be less easily reversible than the alteration in glucose transport. In so far as a normal or near to normal glucose transport is unlikely to occur unless both functional and structural integrity of the epithelium is preserved, the results indicate that in most cases there is but insignificant epithelial damage under the experimental conditions. Since, furthermore, these surfactants can interact with glucose transport in the same technique even at lower concentration and shorter incubation time than used here, it is concluded that the interaction of surfactants with intestinal transport is not neccessarily linked to gross histo-pathological changes.", "PMID": 726899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10900", "title": "Percutaneous toxicity of hexachlorobutadiene.", "content": "Rabbits have been epicutaneously exposed to pure hexachlorobutadiene (0.25; 0.50; 0.75 and 1.00 ml/kg) during 8 hrs. This solvent was completely absorbed; some animals died within 24 hrs and others a few days later. The LD50 is 0.72 ml/kg (Bliss' method). Hexachlorobutadiene induced in situ cutaneous necrosis and its absorption induced systemic damage (fatty liver degeneration and epithelial necrotizing nephritis). These lesions are reversible. The present results confirm the toxicological profile of this solvent, previously established by the intraperitoneal and oral routes: hexachlorobutadiene is the most nephrotoxic aliphatic chlorinated hydrocarbon.", "contents": "Percutaneous toxicity of hexachlorobutadiene. Rabbits have been epicutaneously exposed to pure hexachlorobutadiene (0.25; 0.50; 0.75 and 1.00 ml/kg) during 8 hrs. This solvent was completely absorbed; some animals died within 24 hrs and others a few days later. The LD50 is 0.72 ml/kg (Bliss' method). Hexachlorobutadiene induced in situ cutaneous necrosis and its absorption induced systemic damage (fatty liver degeneration and epithelial necrotizing nephritis). These lesions are reversible. The present results confirm the toxicological profile of this solvent, previously established by the intraperitoneal and oral routes: hexachlorobutadiene is the most nephrotoxic aliphatic chlorinated hydrocarbon.", "PMID": 726900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10901", "title": "Autoradiographic studies of 3H-estramustine in the rat ventral prostate.", "content": "The alkylating agent 3H-estramustine was administered to castrated male rats and found to accumulate in the epithelium of the ventral prostate 5 and 20 min. following intravenous administration, as judged from autoradiography. Four hrs. after intravenous injection of this isotope, the radioactivity was recovered in the secretion of the prostatic lobuli. A preferential accumulation of radioactivity in prostatic secretion was also observed 2 hrs. after intramuscular administration of 3H-estramustine to intact or castrated rats. In contrast, 3H-oestradiol and 3H-testosterone, which were also taken up by the ventral prostatic epithelium, were not recovered in prostatic secretion. The present results indicate that 3H-estramustine is secreted from the prostatic cells into the lumina of the prostatic lobuli. It is speculated that a recently detected estramustine-binding protein in rat ventral prostate may be involved in this process and that the present finding may be of relevance in the understanding of the mechanism of action of the chemotherapeutic agent Estracyt (estramustine phosphate) used in the treatment of advanced prostatic carcinoma.", "contents": "Autoradiographic studies of 3H-estramustine in the rat ventral prostate. The alkylating agent 3H-estramustine was administered to castrated male rats and found to accumulate in the epithelium of the ventral prostate 5 and 20 min. following intravenous administration, as judged from autoradiography. Four hrs. after intravenous injection of this isotope, the radioactivity was recovered in the secretion of the prostatic lobuli. A preferential accumulation of radioactivity in prostatic secretion was also observed 2 hrs. after intramuscular administration of 3H-estramustine to intact or castrated rats. In contrast, 3H-oestradiol and 3H-testosterone, which were also taken up by the ventral prostatic epithelium, were not recovered in prostatic secretion. The present results indicate that 3H-estramustine is secreted from the prostatic cells into the lumina of the prostatic lobuli. It is speculated that a recently detected estramustine-binding protein in rat ventral prostate may be involved in this process and that the present finding may be of relevance in the understanding of the mechanism of action of the chemotherapeutic agent Estracyt (estramustine phosphate) used in the treatment of advanced prostatic carcinoma.", "PMID": 726901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10902", "title": "The uptake of 6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline and its effect on 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake and release in blood platelets.", "content": "The uptake of 6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline (6-MeOTHBC, 5-methoxytryptoline) by rabbit blood platelets was studied by using 3H-labelled compound. A high rate active uptake (Km 6.6 micron), which was inhibited by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and cinnanserine, and a slow rate uptake, not inhibited by 5-HT were observed. The intracellular distribution of 3H-6-MeOTHBC in platelets clearly differed from that of 14C-5-HT. 6-MeOTHBC also competitively inhibited the high-rate active (but not the slow passive) uptake of 14C-5-HT, being more active than 5-HT itself. The spontaneous release of the newly taken-up 14C-5-HT from platelets was increased only with high concentrations of 6-MeOTHBC.", "contents": "The uptake of 6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline and its effect on 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake and release in blood platelets. The uptake of 6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline (6-MeOTHBC, 5-methoxytryptoline) by rabbit blood platelets was studied by using 3H-labelled compound. A high rate active uptake (Km 6.6 micron), which was inhibited by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and cinnanserine, and a slow rate uptake, not inhibited by 5-HT were observed. The intracellular distribution of 3H-6-MeOTHBC in platelets clearly differed from that of 14C-5-HT. 6-MeOTHBC also competitively inhibited the high-rate active (but not the slow passive) uptake of 14C-5-HT, being more active than 5-HT itself. The spontaneous release of the newly taken-up 14C-5-HT from platelets was increased only with high concentrations of 6-MeOTHBC.", "PMID": 726902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10903", "title": "Pharmacokinetics and locomotor activity increasing effect of ephedrine in mice.", "content": "Ephedrine has stimulating effects on the CNS which have been shown as increased locomotor activity, for example. No studies on the relationship between this pharmacological effect and blood levels of the drug have been reported. In the present study this question was investigated in mice after intravenous and oral administration of ephedrine. It was concluded that after intravenous injection of ephedrine the blood concentration data fitted best with the two-compartment open model but after oral administration of the drug with the one-compartment model. The locomotor activity stimulating effect of the drug did not have a linear relationship to the drug levels in the central or in the tissue compartment. This suggests that the mechanism of the locomotor activity increasing effect of ephedrine is indirect.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics and locomotor activity increasing effect of ephedrine in mice. Ephedrine has stimulating effects on the CNS which have been shown as increased locomotor activity, for example. No studies on the relationship between this pharmacological effect and blood levels of the drug have been reported. In the present study this question was investigated in mice after intravenous and oral administration of ephedrine. It was concluded that after intravenous injection of ephedrine the blood concentration data fitted best with the two-compartment open model but after oral administration of the drug with the one-compartment model. The locomotor activity stimulating effect of the drug did not have a linear relationship to the drug levels in the central or in the tissue compartment. This suggests that the mechanism of the locomotor activity increasing effect of ephedrine is indirect.", "PMID": 726903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10904", "title": "Contractile effects of prostaglandin F2alpha on isolated human peripheral arteries and veins.", "content": "The effects of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha 2.8 X 10(-7) --2.8 X 10(-5) M) on isolated segments of human peripheral arteries and veins were investigated. In both types of vessel, PGF2alpha had a concentration-dependent contracting effect. The contraction developed more slowly and had a longer relaxation time after washing than responses induced by noradrenaline or potassium. In the veins, the maximum response to the prostaglandin was 128 +/- 3.6% of that to potassium (P less than 0.01); in the arteries, the maximum amplitudes of PGF2alpha and potassium induced contractions were of similar magnitude. The arterial preparations were less responsive to PGF2alpha than to noradrenaline. On a molar basis, noradrenaline was approximately 10 times more potent than PGF2alpha. Veins, maximally contracted by noradrenaline or potassium, increased their tension further on addition of PGF2alpha. Similarly, preparations maximally contracted by PGF2alpha also showed a further increase in tension after addition of noradrenaline or potassium. The PGF2alpha induced contractions were not affected by alpha-adrenoceptor blockade (phentolamine, prazosin). The calcium antagonists verapamil and nifedipine relaxed preparations contracted by PGF2alpha, and reduced the responses in a concentration-dependent way when added 15 min. before the prostaglandin. Immersion for 30 min. in a calcium-free medium, reduced the PGF2alpha induced response in both arteries and veins. In the veins, but not in the arteries, the responses to potassium and noradrenaline were more reduced than that to PGF2alpha (P less than 0.01). Contractions induced by all agents were further depressed by verapamil and nifedipine after exposing the preparations to the calcium-free medium. It is suggested that PGF2alpha induces contraction both by enhancing the transmembrane flow of calcium, and by facilitating release of calcium from intracellular stores.", "contents": "Contractile effects of prostaglandin F2alpha on isolated human peripheral arteries and veins. The effects of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha 2.8 X 10(-7) --2.8 X 10(-5) M) on isolated segments of human peripheral arteries and veins were investigated. In both types of vessel, PGF2alpha had a concentration-dependent contracting effect. The contraction developed more slowly and had a longer relaxation time after washing than responses induced by noradrenaline or potassium. In the veins, the maximum response to the prostaglandin was 128 +/- 3.6% of that to potassium (P less than 0.01); in the arteries, the maximum amplitudes of PGF2alpha and potassium induced contractions were of similar magnitude. The arterial preparations were less responsive to PGF2alpha than to noradrenaline. On a molar basis, noradrenaline was approximately 10 times more potent than PGF2alpha. Veins, maximally contracted by noradrenaline or potassium, increased their tension further on addition of PGF2alpha. Similarly, preparations maximally contracted by PGF2alpha also showed a further increase in tension after addition of noradrenaline or potassium. The PGF2alpha induced contractions were not affected by alpha-adrenoceptor blockade (phentolamine, prazosin). The calcium antagonists verapamil and nifedipine relaxed preparations contracted by PGF2alpha, and reduced the responses in a concentration-dependent way when added 15 min. before the prostaglandin. Immersion for 30 min. in a calcium-free medium, reduced the PGF2alpha induced response in both arteries and veins. In the veins, but not in the arteries, the responses to potassium and noradrenaline were more reduced than that to PGF2alpha (P less than 0.01). Contractions induced by all agents were further depressed by verapamil and nifedipine after exposing the preparations to the calcium-free medium. It is suggested that PGF2alpha induces contraction both by enhancing the transmembrane flow of calcium, and by facilitating release of calcium from intracellular stores.", "PMID": 726904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10905", "title": "Effect of ritodrine on the bladder capacity in unanaesthetized pigs.", "content": "A cystometric investigation was carried out in unanaesthetized pigs. During intravenous infusion of ritodrine (10, 30 and 50 microgram/kg/min.) a dose-dependent and significant increase of the bladder capacity was obtained. A concomitant significant elevation of the heart rate followed the administration of the drug.", "contents": "Effect of ritodrine on the bladder capacity in unanaesthetized pigs. A cystometric investigation was carried out in unanaesthetized pigs. During intravenous infusion of ritodrine (10, 30 and 50 microgram/kg/min.) a dose-dependent and significant increase of the bladder capacity was obtained. A concomitant significant elevation of the heart rate followed the administration of the drug.", "PMID": 726905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10906", "title": "Neurotransmitted responses of smooth-muscle strips of complex sheep stomach after electrical field stimulation.", "content": "Contractile responses to stimulation of nerve elements in smooth-muscle strips of complex sheep stomach suggest the existence of inhibitory and excitatory nerve structures in preparations from all compartments. Pharmacological analysis of the responses shows that they are mediated by cholinergic excitatory, noncholinergic excitatory and nonadrenergic inhibitory nerve elements. Comparison of the distribution of the cholinergic nerve structures shows that there are no essential differences between the different compartments. Differences are observed between strips cut in the direction of the two muscle layers, the effect of the cholinergic nerve elements being more pronounced in the longitudinal strips compared with the transverse ones. Noncholinergic excitatory effects of nerve stimulation are observed in all compartments of the complex stomach. Nonadrenergic nerve structures with inhibitory effect on the muscle strips are found in all compartments of the stomach. It is assumed that in the rumen they have spontaneous activity which inhibits the capacity of the smooth muscles in this part of the stomach for spontaneous phasic contractions.", "contents": "Neurotransmitted responses of smooth-muscle strips of complex sheep stomach after electrical field stimulation. Contractile responses to stimulation of nerve elements in smooth-muscle strips of complex sheep stomach suggest the existence of inhibitory and excitatory nerve structures in preparations from all compartments. Pharmacological analysis of the responses shows that they are mediated by cholinergic excitatory, noncholinergic excitatory and nonadrenergic inhibitory nerve elements. Comparison of the distribution of the cholinergic nerve structures shows that there are no essential differences between the different compartments. Differences are observed between strips cut in the direction of the two muscle layers, the effect of the cholinergic nerve elements being more pronounced in the longitudinal strips compared with the transverse ones. Noncholinergic excitatory effects of nerve stimulation are observed in all compartments of the complex stomach. Nonadrenergic nerve structures with inhibitory effect on the muscle strips are found in all compartments of the stomach. It is assumed that in the rumen they have spontaneous activity which inhibits the capacity of the smooth muscles in this part of the stomach for spontaneous phasic contractions.", "PMID": 726911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10907", "title": "Comparative studies of colon reactivity of healthy and ionization-radiated guinea-pigs to some spasmogens and their antagonists.", "content": "Comparative studies were carried out of the contractile effects of acetylcholine (1 X 10(-6) M), histamine (1 X 10(-6) M), serotonin (1 X 10(-5) M), nicotine (1 X 10(-5) M), BaCl2 (1 X 10(-3) M) and of the influence on the induced contractions caused by the antagonists of these spasmogens, namely: atropin (1 X 10(-6) M), dipenhydramine (1 X 10(-6) M), benzyloxygramine (1 X 10(-5) M), hexamethonium (1 X 10(-5) M) and papaverine (1 x 10(-5) M) on isolated segment of guinea-pig colon. Experimental acute radiation sickness is found to induce considerable changes in the reactivity of the intestinal smooth-muscle preparation used to the spasmogens applied and to their antagonists. Depending on the nature of the pharmacological agents, the degree of development of the experimental acute radiation sickness, and on other factors, the changes in the reactivity to the drugs tested revealed very great qualitative and quantitative differences. The following more definite changes could be pointed out. The spastic effects of serotonin and BaCl2 were potentiated, while the spastic effects of histamine and nicotine showed a tendency toward decrease. Under conditions of acute radiation sickness tha antagonistic effect of atropine to acetylcholine was intensified, while the antagonistic effects of benzyloxygramine to serotonin, of hexamethonium to nicotine and of papaverine to BaCl2, grew weaker. Diphenhydramine showed potentiated antagonistic effect to histamine on the 72nd h after radiation. Certain possibilities are discussed concerning the mechanisms underlying the changes in the reactivity of the intestinal smooth muscle to pharmacological agents, induced by acute radiation sickness.", "contents": "Comparative studies of colon reactivity of healthy and ionization-radiated guinea-pigs to some spasmogens and their antagonists. Comparative studies were carried out of the contractile effects of acetylcholine (1 X 10(-6) M), histamine (1 X 10(-6) M), serotonin (1 X 10(-5) M), nicotine (1 X 10(-5) M), BaCl2 (1 X 10(-3) M) and of the influence on the induced contractions caused by the antagonists of these spasmogens, namely: atropin (1 X 10(-6) M), dipenhydramine (1 X 10(-6) M), benzyloxygramine (1 X 10(-5) M), hexamethonium (1 X 10(-5) M) and papaverine (1 x 10(-5) M) on isolated segment of guinea-pig colon. Experimental acute radiation sickness is found to induce considerable changes in the reactivity of the intestinal smooth-muscle preparation used to the spasmogens applied and to their antagonists. Depending on the nature of the pharmacological agents, the degree of development of the experimental acute radiation sickness, and on other factors, the changes in the reactivity to the drugs tested revealed very great qualitative and quantitative differences. The following more definite changes could be pointed out. The spastic effects of serotonin and BaCl2 were potentiated, while the spastic effects of histamine and nicotine showed a tendency toward decrease. Under conditions of acute radiation sickness tha antagonistic effect of atropine to acetylcholine was intensified, while the antagonistic effects of benzyloxygramine to serotonin, of hexamethonium to nicotine and of papaverine to BaCl2, grew weaker. Diphenhydramine showed potentiated antagonistic effect to histamine on the 72nd h after radiation. Certain possibilities are discussed concerning the mechanisms underlying the changes in the reactivity of the intestinal smooth muscle to pharmacological agents, induced by acute radiation sickness.", "PMID": 726912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10908", "title": "Effect of oxytocin on the blood glucose concentration.", "content": "Blood-glucose concentration is tested in male volunteers before and on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 15th, 20th, 30th and 60th min after intravenous administration of oxytocin in doses of 0.1 IU/kg. In the first minutes after the injection there is a hypoglycaemic tendency in the changes of the blood glucose concentration, maintained in 60 per cent of the cases, while in the remaining subjects slight hyperglycaemia after the 7th min is observed. Simultaneously, hyperemia of the skin, moderate decrease in the diastolic blood pressure and tachycardia are observed. The effect of oxytocin is associated with increased influx of blood in the adipose tissue, where the glucose is metabolized with the involvement of the specific oxytocin receptors. The late hypoglycaemia is associated with oxytocin-inhibited insulin decomposition, the hyperglycaemia--with the domination of the sympathoadrenal activation in some of the subjects examined. A conclusion is reached that the effect of oxytocin on carbohydrate metabolism is physiologically unimportant.", "contents": "Effect of oxytocin on the blood glucose concentration. Blood-glucose concentration is tested in male volunteers before and on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 15th, 20th, 30th and 60th min after intravenous administration of oxytocin in doses of 0.1 IU/kg. In the first minutes after the injection there is a hypoglycaemic tendency in the changes of the blood glucose concentration, maintained in 60 per cent of the cases, while in the remaining subjects slight hyperglycaemia after the 7th min is observed. Simultaneously, hyperemia of the skin, moderate decrease in the diastolic blood pressure and tachycardia are observed. The effect of oxytocin is associated with increased influx of blood in the adipose tissue, where the glucose is metabolized with the involvement of the specific oxytocin receptors. The late hypoglycaemia is associated with oxytocin-inhibited insulin decomposition, the hyperglycaemia--with the domination of the sympathoadrenal activation in some of the subjects examined. A conclusion is reached that the effect of oxytocin on carbohydrate metabolism is physiologically unimportant.", "PMID": 726914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10909", "title": "On the vascular action of crataemon.", "content": "The vascular action of crataemon is studied. The effect of the drug on organ blood flow is examined using isotope methods. It is established that under conditions of blood loss, 10 mg/kg crataemon sharply inceases the blood supply to the myocardium and liver. Under the same conditions the blood flow in the kidneys and intestines decreases after administration of the drug. Its effect is weaker in case of normal blood pressure. In the case of perfusion of cat hind legs the flavonoid mixture studied has a biphasic effect manifested in the form of initial brief hypertension, followed by a more prolonged and stronger depressor reaction. In larger oral doses (100 and 200 mg/kg) crataemon increases the resistance of the capillaries and decreases capillary permeability in albino rats. The experiments carried out confirm the predominantly action of crataemon on some vascular regions (heart and liver). It has biphasic effect on peripheral vessels, which may be attributed to the presence of different components. The capillary-tonic action is most probably due to the presence of rutin and rutin-like flavonoids.", "contents": "On the vascular action of crataemon. The vascular action of crataemon is studied. The effect of the drug on organ blood flow is examined using isotope methods. It is established that under conditions of blood loss, 10 mg/kg crataemon sharply inceases the blood supply to the myocardium and liver. Under the same conditions the blood flow in the kidneys and intestines decreases after administration of the drug. Its effect is weaker in case of normal blood pressure. In the case of perfusion of cat hind legs the flavonoid mixture studied has a biphasic effect manifested in the form of initial brief hypertension, followed by a more prolonged and stronger depressor reaction. In larger oral doses (100 and 200 mg/kg) crataemon increases the resistance of the capillaries and decreases capillary permeability in albino rats. The experiments carried out confirm the predominantly action of crataemon on some vascular regions (heart and liver). It has biphasic effect on peripheral vessels, which may be attributed to the presence of different components. The capillary-tonic action is most probably due to the presence of rutin and rutin-like flavonoids.", "PMID": 726915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10910", "title": "On the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory action of the newly-synthesized benzoylpyrazolone derivatives.", "content": "One of the basic mechanisms of action of the nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agents is associated with prostaglandin synthesis. The effects of 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4 (4)-chlorbenzoylpyrazolone-5 (No. 151) and 1-phenyl-2-benzoyl-3-methylpyrazolone-5 (No. 76) on the quantity of prostaglandins and on the invasion of polymorphonuclear leucocytes in inflammatory exudate have been studied. Experimental inflammation is induced after Higgs et al. (1976). The level of prostaglandins in the exudate is determined through cascade superfusion of isolated smooth-muscle organs. The level of prostaglandins is found to decrease in animals treated with No. 151 and indomethacine, and to increase under the effect of No. 76. The invasion of the focus with polymorphonuclear leucocytes is inhibited by No. 151 and indomethacine. On the basis of the results obtained, No. 151 is assumed to belong to the group of prostaglandin-synthetase inhibitors, according to its mechanism of action.", "contents": "On the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory action of the newly-synthesized benzoylpyrazolone derivatives. One of the basic mechanisms of action of the nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agents is associated with prostaglandin synthesis. The effects of 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4 (4)-chlorbenzoylpyrazolone-5 (No. 151) and 1-phenyl-2-benzoyl-3-methylpyrazolone-5 (No. 76) on the quantity of prostaglandins and on the invasion of polymorphonuclear leucocytes in inflammatory exudate have been studied. Experimental inflammation is induced after Higgs et al. (1976). The level of prostaglandins in the exudate is determined through cascade superfusion of isolated smooth-muscle organs. The level of prostaglandins is found to decrease in animals treated with No. 151 and indomethacine, and to increase under the effect of No. 76. The invasion of the focus with polymorphonuclear leucocytes is inhibited by No. 151 and indomethacine. On the basis of the results obtained, No. 151 is assumed to belong to the group of prostaglandin-synthetase inhibitors, according to its mechanism of action.", "PMID": 726916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10911", "title": "Pyronin--a fluorescent indicator of membrane potential of the mitochondria. Mechanism of action.", "content": "The effect of the functional state of isolated mitochondria on the fluorescence of pyronin added to the suspension is studied. It is shown experimentally that the intensity of fluorescence changes parallel to the degree of energization of the mitochondria. The magnitude and the sign of the fluorescent changes depend on the pyronin/mitochondria ratio and the length of the wave of excitating light. Model experiments show that the effects observed are probably due to the electrophoretic redistribution of pyronin between the medium, the mitochondrial membrane and the matrix, induced by the membrane potential of the mitochondria. It is assumed that pyronin acts as vector fluorescent indicator, similar to anilinonapthalenesulphonate.", "contents": "Pyronin--a fluorescent indicator of membrane potential of the mitochondria. Mechanism of action. The effect of the functional state of isolated mitochondria on the fluorescence of pyronin added to the suspension is studied. It is shown experimentally that the intensity of fluorescence changes parallel to the degree of energization of the mitochondria. The magnitude and the sign of the fluorescent changes depend on the pyronin/mitochondria ratio and the length of the wave of excitating light. Model experiments show that the effects observed are probably due to the electrophoretic redistribution of pyronin between the medium, the mitochondrial membrane and the matrix, induced by the membrane potential of the mitochondria. It is assumed that pyronin acts as vector fluorescent indicator, similar to anilinonapthalenesulphonate.", "PMID": 726918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10912", "title": "Estimating the orientation of a dot pattern.", "content": "Thirty three subjects were tested to estimate the orientation of a dot pattern presented on a vertical screen. The subjects were asked to describe verbally the orientation of the pattern and afterwards to determine the point of intersection between the imaginary \"line of orientation\" of the dot pattern and a scale presented on the screen at some distance from the pattern. The subjects were inclined to give an integral description of the test stimulus such as \"a constellation of dots\" or \"a cloud of dots\" and to assign an orientation to this stimulus that corresponds to an invariant geometrical characteristics of the pattern--the line for which the sum of the squared distances to each dot of the pattern is minimum.", "contents": "Estimating the orientation of a dot pattern. Thirty three subjects were tested to estimate the orientation of a dot pattern presented on a vertical screen. The subjects were asked to describe verbally the orientation of the pattern and afterwards to determine the point of intersection between the imaginary \"line of orientation\" of the dot pattern and a scale presented on the screen at some distance from the pattern. The subjects were inclined to give an integral description of the test stimulus such as \"a constellation of dots\" or \"a cloud of dots\" and to assign an orientation to this stimulus that corresponds to an invariant geometrical characteristics of the pattern--the line for which the sum of the squared distances to each dot of the pattern is minimum.", "PMID": 726919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10913", "title": "Effects of isoprenaline and cooling on histamine induced changes of capillary permeability in the rat hindquarter vascular bed.", "content": "Histamine infused intra-arterially into artificially perfused, maximally dilated rat hindquarters markedly increased fluid filtration and CFC but had essentially no effect on the diffusion capacity to small molecules. Isoprenaline largely prevented the increase in fluid filtration and CFC if infused prior to the start of the histamine infusion and, if infused after the start of the histamine infusion, promptly reduced fluid filtration and CFC to near control levels. Additionally, it was noted that severe cooling of the perfusate also largely prevented the marked increase in fluid filtration and CFC by histamine. This antagonism of histamine induced increases in macromolecular permeability represents a direct action of isoprenaline on the microvascular membrane which effectively counteracts that of histamine. The data also suggest that the large pores created by histamine are different from the large pore through which macromolecules normally transverse the microvascular membrane, and that catecholamines may exert a regulatory function in the control of microvascular permeability to macromolecules in pathophysiological states associated with massive histamine release.", "contents": "Effects of isoprenaline and cooling on histamine induced changes of capillary permeability in the rat hindquarter vascular bed. Histamine infused intra-arterially into artificially perfused, maximally dilated rat hindquarters markedly increased fluid filtration and CFC but had essentially no effect on the diffusion capacity to small molecules. Isoprenaline largely prevented the increase in fluid filtration and CFC if infused prior to the start of the histamine infusion and, if infused after the start of the histamine infusion, promptly reduced fluid filtration and CFC to near control levels. Additionally, it was noted that severe cooling of the perfusate also largely prevented the marked increase in fluid filtration and CFC by histamine. This antagonism of histamine induced increases in macromolecular permeability represents a direct action of isoprenaline on the microvascular membrane which effectively counteracts that of histamine. The data also suggest that the large pores created by histamine are different from the large pore through which macromolecules normally transverse the microvascular membrane, and that catecholamines may exert a regulatory function in the control of microvascular permeability to macromolecules in pathophysiological states associated with massive histamine release.", "PMID": 726921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10914", "title": "Aspects of temperature regulation in harp seal pups evaluated by in vivo experiments and computer simulations.", "content": "Temperature regulation in harp seal pups (Pagophilus groenlandicus) has been studied by in vivo measurements of oxygen consumption, body temperatures and in vitro determinations of the thermal values of a fur sample. The experimental animals were restrained and exposed to natural wheather conditions. Solar irradiance above 600 W/m (global radiation) caused hyperthermia. Computer simulations based on the thermal values of the fur indicated that heat dissipation from primarily the limbs is a prerequisite for avoiding hyperthermia under natural weather conditions. Further simulations showed that the lower critical temperature of a lean newborn harp seal pup with standard metabolism is only--1 degree C while it is depressed to--59 degree C as the pup grows, aquire a 10 cm thick layer of blubber and the metabolism increases to 1.5 times standard. High metabolism and tolerance to low deep body temperatures (35 degree C) seems a prerequisite for thermal balance in the harp seal pup under cold conditions.", "contents": "Aspects of temperature regulation in harp seal pups evaluated by in vivo experiments and computer simulations. Temperature regulation in harp seal pups (Pagophilus groenlandicus) has been studied by in vivo measurements of oxygen consumption, body temperatures and in vitro determinations of the thermal values of a fur sample. The experimental animals were restrained and exposed to natural wheather conditions. Solar irradiance above 600 W/m (global radiation) caused hyperthermia. Computer simulations based on the thermal values of the fur indicated that heat dissipation from primarily the limbs is a prerequisite for avoiding hyperthermia under natural weather conditions. Further simulations showed that the lower critical temperature of a lean newborn harp seal pup with standard metabolism is only--1 degree C while it is depressed to--59 degree C as the pup grows, aquire a 10 cm thick layer of blubber and the metabolism increases to 1.5 times standard. High metabolism and tolerance to low deep body temperatures (35 degree C) seems a prerequisite for thermal balance in the harp seal pup under cold conditions.", "PMID": 726922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10915", "title": "Antilipolytic effect of adenosine in isolated perifused fat cells.", "content": "Adenosine markedly inhibits cyclic AMP accumulation in isolated fat cells, whereas inhibitory effects of adenosine on lipopolysis have been difficult to demonstrate. The present study has been performed on isolated \"perifused\" fat cells where continuous monitoring of the lipolytic rate is possible and where modulating substances, such as adenosine, are not allowed to accumulate. Adenosine deaminase was ineffective as a lipolytic agent in perifused fat cells, suggesting no important background activity of adenosine in this system. Micromolar concentrations of adenosine inhibited lipolysis induced by noradrenaline (0.3--1 micrometer) and theophylline (1 mM). Theophylline was an effective lipolytic agent also in perifused fat cells suggesting that antagonism of adenosine is not the major mode of action of this drug on fat cells.", "contents": "Antilipolytic effect of adenosine in isolated perifused fat cells. Adenosine markedly inhibits cyclic AMP accumulation in isolated fat cells, whereas inhibitory effects of adenosine on lipopolysis have been difficult to demonstrate. The present study has been performed on isolated \"perifused\" fat cells where continuous monitoring of the lipolytic rate is possible and where modulating substances, such as adenosine, are not allowed to accumulate. Adenosine deaminase was ineffective as a lipolytic agent in perifused fat cells, suggesting no important background activity of adenosine in this system. Micromolar concentrations of adenosine inhibited lipolysis induced by noradrenaline (0.3--1 micrometer) and theophylline (1 mM). Theophylline was an effective lipolytic agent also in perifused fat cells suggesting that antagonism of adenosine is not the major mode of action of this drug on fat cells.", "PMID": 726923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10916", "title": "\"Fast\" and \"slow\" skeleto-fusimotor innervation in cat tenuissimus spindles; a study with the glycogen-depletion method.", "content": "The glycogen-depletion method was used to investigate the motor supply to tenuissimus with respect to the presence of fast beta axons and to assess the total proportion of both fast and slow beta-innervated spindles in this muscle. In a first series of 5 expts., groups of motor axons with conduction velocities higher than 85 m/s were repetitively stimulated so as to produce glycogen depletion in the muscle fibres they innervated. The whole muscle was then quick-frozen, serially cut, stained to demonstrate glycogen and examined for intrafusal glycogen depletion. Zones of glycogen depletion were found in 16 of the 46 examined spindles; they were most frequently located in the longest of the chain intrafusal muscle fibres. Since it is known that there are no purely fusimotor axons to tenuissimus with conduction velocities above 50 m/s, it was concluded that beta axons are present among the fastest axons to this muscle. In a second series of 5 expts. as many motor axons as possible with conduction velocities above 60 m/s were stimulated. Zones of glycogen depletion were found in 19 of the 47 examined spindles. They affected chain fibres in about half of the instances and bag1 fibers in the others. As this latter location is characteristic of slow dynamic beta axons, it was concluded that both slow and fast beta axons occur regularly in the motor supply to tenuissimus. beta-innervation is present in at least 40% of tenuissimus spindles with almost no convergence of fast and slow beta axons onto the same spindle.", "contents": "\"Fast\" and \"slow\" skeleto-fusimotor innervation in cat tenuissimus spindles; a study with the glycogen-depletion method. The glycogen-depletion method was used to investigate the motor supply to tenuissimus with respect to the presence of fast beta axons and to assess the total proportion of both fast and slow beta-innervated spindles in this muscle. In a first series of 5 expts., groups of motor axons with conduction velocities higher than 85 m/s were repetitively stimulated so as to produce glycogen depletion in the muscle fibres they innervated. The whole muscle was then quick-frozen, serially cut, stained to demonstrate glycogen and examined for intrafusal glycogen depletion. Zones of glycogen depletion were found in 16 of the 46 examined spindles; they were most frequently located in the longest of the chain intrafusal muscle fibres. Since it is known that there are no purely fusimotor axons to tenuissimus with conduction velocities above 50 m/s, it was concluded that beta axons are present among the fastest axons to this muscle. In a second series of 5 expts. as many motor axons as possible with conduction velocities above 60 m/s were stimulated. Zones of glycogen depletion were found in 19 of the 47 examined spindles. They affected chain fibres in about half of the instances and bag1 fibers in the others. As this latter location is characteristic of slow dynamic beta axons, it was concluded that both slow and fast beta axons occur regularly in the motor supply to tenuissimus. beta-innervation is present in at least 40% of tenuissimus spindles with almost no convergence of fast and slow beta axons onto the same spindle.", "PMID": 726924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10917", "title": "Bronchial and cardiovascular actions of prostaglandin endoperoxides and an endoperoxide analogue.", "content": "Effects of PGG2, PGH2 and the endoperoxide analogue, EPA, on bronchial and vascular smooth muscle were studied in vivo and in vitro. In the cat PGG2, PGH2 and particularly EPA proved potent stimulators of airway resistance, and they were all significantly more active than PGF2 alpha. They also increased pulmonary vascular resistance but EPA alone was more active than PGF2 alpha. In guinea pigs EPA was 90--190 times more active than PGF2 alpha in increasing tracheal insufflation pressure. Human bronchi contracted in response to PGG2, PGH2 and EPA. PGG2 and PGH2 were equiactive with PGF2 alpha and EPA was more than 500 times as potent. PGG2 and PGH2 lowered systemic arterial blood pressure and increased heart rate in cats. They were as active or more active than PGE2, EPA, on the other hand, resembled PGF2 alpha in producing biphasic changes of blood pressure and heart rate or decrease of blood pressure and bradycardia in guinea pig and cat. The results obtained in this study indicate that PGG2, PGH2 and EPA are potent stimulators of bronchial and pulmonary vascular smooth muscle. The data are also consistent with the view that a significant proportion of effects resulting from prostaglandin generation in the lung is due to prostaglandin endoperoxides rather than primary prostaglandins.", "contents": "Bronchial and cardiovascular actions of prostaglandin endoperoxides and an endoperoxide analogue. Effects of PGG2, PGH2 and the endoperoxide analogue, EPA, on bronchial and vascular smooth muscle were studied in vivo and in vitro. In the cat PGG2, PGH2 and particularly EPA proved potent stimulators of airway resistance, and they were all significantly more active than PGF2 alpha. They also increased pulmonary vascular resistance but EPA alone was more active than PGF2 alpha. In guinea pigs EPA was 90--190 times more active than PGF2 alpha in increasing tracheal insufflation pressure. Human bronchi contracted in response to PGG2, PGH2 and EPA. PGG2 and PGH2 were equiactive with PGF2 alpha and EPA was more than 500 times as potent. PGG2 and PGH2 lowered systemic arterial blood pressure and increased heart rate in cats. They were as active or more active than PGE2, EPA, on the other hand, resembled PGF2 alpha in producing biphasic changes of blood pressure and heart rate or decrease of blood pressure and bradycardia in guinea pig and cat. The results obtained in this study indicate that PGG2, PGH2 and EPA are potent stimulators of bronchial and pulmonary vascular smooth muscle. The data are also consistent with the view that a significant proportion of effects resulting from prostaglandin generation in the lung is due to prostaglandin endoperoxides rather than primary prostaglandins.", "PMID": 726925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10918", "title": "The influence of supraspinal impulse activity on the intra-axonal transport of acetylcholine, choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in rat motor neurons.", "content": "The effect of supraspinal impulse activity upon the intra-axonal transport of acetylcholine (ACh),  ACh esterase (AChE) and cholineacetyltransferase (CAT) in rat sciatic nerve has been studied. A decreased inpulse activity was obtained by spinal cord transsection (SCT) in the thoracic region 18 h, 6 days or 20 days before killing the rats. An increased neuronal activity was obtained by exercising the rats in a commercial rodent treadmill a couple of hours per day for 14 days. The amounts of substances which had accumulated in the sciatic nerve segments relative to a nerve crush performed 12 or 18 h. earlier were used to calculate the intra-axonal transport. The amounts of proximo-distal transported ACh decreased markedly with time after the SCT, while the proximo-distal transport of AChE-activity increased. Physical exercise appeared to increase ACh-transport. Thus, input to motor pericarya from supraspinal centers may regulate intra-axonal transport from the cell body of motor neurons into their axons.", "contents": "The influence of supraspinal impulse activity on the intra-axonal transport of acetylcholine, choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in rat motor neurons. The effect of supraspinal impulse activity upon the intra-axonal transport of acetylcholine (ACh),  ACh esterase (AChE) and cholineacetyltransferase (CAT) in rat sciatic nerve has been studied. A decreased inpulse activity was obtained by spinal cord transsection (SCT) in the thoracic region 18 h, 6 days or 20 days before killing the rats. An increased neuronal activity was obtained by exercising the rats in a commercial rodent treadmill a couple of hours per day for 14 days. The amounts of substances which had accumulated in the sciatic nerve segments relative to a nerve crush performed 12 or 18 h. earlier were used to calculate the intra-axonal transport. The amounts of proximo-distal transported ACh decreased markedly with time after the SCT, while the proximo-distal transport of AChE-activity increased. Physical exercise appeared to increase ACh-transport. Thus, input to motor pericarya from supraspinal centers may regulate intra-axonal transport from the cell body of motor neurons into their axons.", "PMID": 726926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10919", "title": "Phosphoryl group transfer from Ehrlich cells prelabeled in vivo with (32P)-orthophosphate and (14C)-glucose to unlabeled glioma cells.", "content": "A transfer of (32P)-labeled phosphoryl groups has been demonstrated to occur between prelabeled Ehrlich cells (donor cells) and glioma cells (acceptor cells). The Ehrlich cells were generally prelabeled in vivo by an intraabdominal injection of (32P)-orthophosphate 24 hours prior to scarifice of the tumor-bearing mice. In some experiments two injections of (14C)-glucose were given to the animals in addition to the injection of (32P)-orthophosphate prior to sacrifice. The prelabeled Ehrlich cells were mixed with the glioma cells, that were still attached to the culture plates, and incubation took place in vitro. Labeled (32P)-phosphoryl (14C)-serine was isolated from the glioma cells as well as from the Ehrlich cells. The 32P/14C-ratio of (32P)-phosphoryl (14C)-serine of the glioma cells (acceptor cells) was significantly higher than found for the Ehrlich cells (donor cells). This was indicative of an interactive mechanism between the cells partly due to binding of membrane fragments from the Ehrlich cells on to the surface of the glioma cells and partly due to a phosphoryl group transfer between the two types of cells. Interaction experiments with a plasma membrane fraction prepared from the prelabeled Ehrlich cells vis \u00e0 vis the glioma cells clearly showed that the phosphoryl group transfer mechanism between the cells was dominating and only a minor part of the interaction was due to adhesion. This transphosphorylation reaction represents a new type of interaction between cells. It was not influenced by either adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate or adenosine 5'-diphosphate.", "contents": "Phosphoryl group transfer from Ehrlich cells prelabeled in vivo with (32P)-orthophosphate and (14C)-glucose to unlabeled glioma cells. A transfer of (32P)-labeled phosphoryl groups has been demonstrated to occur between prelabeled Ehrlich cells (donor cells) and glioma cells (acceptor cells). The Ehrlich cells were generally prelabeled in vivo by an intraabdominal injection of (32P)-orthophosphate 24 hours prior to scarifice of the tumor-bearing mice. In some experiments two injections of (14C)-glucose were given to the animals in addition to the injection of (32P)-orthophosphate prior to sacrifice. The prelabeled Ehrlich cells were mixed with the glioma cells, that were still attached to the culture plates, and incubation took place in vitro. Labeled (32P)-phosphoryl (14C)-serine was isolated from the glioma cells as well as from the Ehrlich cells. The 32P/14C-ratio of (32P)-phosphoryl (14C)-serine of the glioma cells (acceptor cells) was significantly higher than found for the Ehrlich cells (donor cells). This was indicative of an interactive mechanism between the cells partly due to binding of membrane fragments from the Ehrlich cells on to the surface of the glioma cells and partly due to a phosphoryl group transfer between the two types of cells. Interaction experiments with a plasma membrane fraction prepared from the prelabeled Ehrlich cells vis \u00e0 vis the glioma cells clearly showed that the phosphoryl group transfer mechanism between the cells was dominating and only a minor part of the interaction was due to adhesion. This transphosphorylation reaction represents a new type of interaction between cells. It was not influenced by either adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate or adenosine 5'-diphosphate.", "PMID": 726927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10920", "title": "The distribution and secretion of kallikrein in some exocrine organs of the rat.", "content": "Extractable kallikrein was quantitated in the submandibular, sublingual, and parotid glands and in the pancreas. No kallikrein was detected in the exorbital lacrimal glands and tears. The highest kallikrein concentrations (EU/ml) were in all major salivary gland secretions seen after alpha-adrenergic stimulation, less after beta-adrenergic and least after parasympathetic stimulation. When taking into account the large variations in salivary flow rate, alpha-adrenergic stimulation was in the parotid and particularly in the submandibular gland found to result in the highest kallikrein secretory activity measured by the kallikrein secretory rate(EU/min). This shows that the kallikrein-rich granular tubular cells are selectively activated through alpha-adrenergic sympathetic receptors. The differences observed in the parotid saliva were small and not always statistically significant. However, when cervical nerve stimulation was superimposed upon parasympathetic stimulation, kallikrein secretory rate as well as kallikrein concentration increased. The large individual variations in salivary gland kallikrein content and secretion and the rather small differences observed in kallikrein secretory rate after nervous stimulation of the parotid and sublingual glands, may indicate that the kallikrein-containing striated ducts are also influenced by factors other than the secretory nerves. The kallikrein concentration and secretory rate in urine was studied. A strong positive correlation between kallikrein secretory rate and fluid volume was found in urine but not in saliva.", "contents": "The distribution and secretion of kallikrein in some exocrine organs of the rat. Extractable kallikrein was quantitated in the submandibular, sublingual, and parotid glands and in the pancreas. No kallikrein was detected in the exorbital lacrimal glands and tears. The highest kallikrein concentrations (EU/ml) were in all major salivary gland secretions seen after alpha-adrenergic stimulation, less after beta-adrenergic and least after parasympathetic stimulation. When taking into account the large variations in salivary flow rate, alpha-adrenergic stimulation was in the parotid and particularly in the submandibular gland found to result in the highest kallikrein secretory activity measured by the kallikrein secretory rate(EU/min). This shows that the kallikrein-rich granular tubular cells are selectively activated through alpha-adrenergic sympathetic receptors. The differences observed in the parotid saliva were small and not always statistically significant. However, when cervical nerve stimulation was superimposed upon parasympathetic stimulation, kallikrein secretory rate as well as kallikrein concentration increased. The large individual variations in salivary gland kallikrein content and secretion and the rather small differences observed in kallikrein secretory rate after nervous stimulation of the parotid and sublingual glands, may indicate that the kallikrein-containing striated ducts are also influenced by factors other than the secretory nerves. The kallikrein concentration and secretory rate in urine was studied. A strong positive correlation between kallikrein secretory rate and fluid volume was found in urine but not in saliva.", "PMID": 726936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10921", "title": "The effects of ureteral occlusion and renal venous constriction on kidney kallikrein-kinin and prostaglandin systems in dogs.", "content": "The intrarenal pressure was raised to 40--50 mmHg by ureteral occlusion or by renal venous constriction in anesthetized dogs loaded with 10% mannitol in saline and with a urine flow of approximately 1 ml/min/kidney. Both manoeuvres produced vasodilation and decreased urine creatinine excretion (GFR). Ureteral occlusion was associated with a marked antinatriuresis, which contrasted the variable decrements in sodium excretion during renal venous constriction. Ureteral occlusion did not affect urine excretion of kallikrein or kinins, whilst renal venous constriction decreased urinary kallikrein excretion, yet markedly increased urinary kinin excretion. Ureteral occlusion and renal venous constriction comparably increased urine prostaglandin (E-like) excretion by a presumably pressure dependent mechanism. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin abolished the vasodilation during renal venous constriction and this was accompanied by marked reductions of urinary creatinine (GFR) and kallikrein excretions, whilst the kinin excretion was enhanced as observed before the administration of indomethacin.", "contents": "The effects of ureteral occlusion and renal venous constriction on kidney kallikrein-kinin and prostaglandin systems in dogs. The intrarenal pressure was raised to 40--50 mmHg by ureteral occlusion or by renal venous constriction in anesthetized dogs loaded with 10% mannitol in saline and with a urine flow of approximately 1 ml/min/kidney. Both manoeuvres produced vasodilation and decreased urine creatinine excretion (GFR). Ureteral occlusion was associated with a marked antinatriuresis, which contrasted the variable decrements in sodium excretion during renal venous constriction. Ureteral occlusion did not affect urine excretion of kallikrein or kinins, whilst renal venous constriction decreased urinary kallikrein excretion, yet markedly increased urinary kinin excretion. Ureteral occlusion and renal venous constriction comparably increased urine prostaglandin (E-like) excretion by a presumably pressure dependent mechanism. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin abolished the vasodilation during renal venous constriction and this was accompanied by marked reductions of urinary creatinine (GFR) and kallikrein excretions, whilst the kinin excretion was enhanced as observed before the administration of indomethacin.", "PMID": 726937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10922", "title": "Release of substance P-like immunoreactivity into the antral lumen of cats.", "content": "SPLI can be detected in antral perfusates of cats. Experiments were performed in anesthetized cats provided with antral pouches. The pouches were perfused with 0.1 M HCl and 0.15 M NaCl. The concentration of SPLI in the perfusates was determined by radioimmunoassay. Basal output varied between 0--60 pg/min. Electrical vagal stimulation (2--10 Hz) caused release responses varying between 100--800 pg. Ach given i.v. or intraantrally also released SPLI into the antral lumen as well as adrenaline given i.v.", "contents": "Release of substance P-like immunoreactivity into the antral lumen of cats. SPLI can be detected in antral perfusates of cats. Experiments were performed in anesthetized cats provided with antral pouches. The pouches were perfused with 0.1 M HCl and 0.15 M NaCl. The concentration of SPLI in the perfusates was determined by radioimmunoassay. Basal output varied between 0--60 pg/min. Electrical vagal stimulation (2--10 Hz) caused release responses varying between 100--800 pg. Ach given i.v. or intraantrally also released SPLI into the antral lumen as well as adrenaline given i.v.", "PMID": 726938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10923", "title": "Sympathetic innervation of the urinary bladder and urethral muscle in the pig.", "content": "The sympathetic innervation of the lower urinary tract was studied in the female and male pig using a specific histochemical technique for visualization of noradrenaline containing nerves. In smooth muscle from the detrusor few evenly distributed adrenergic nerve terminals were found. A greater number of terminals were observed in the trigone, bladder neck and urethra. There was no sex difference. In smooth muscle specimens from pig detrusor and trigone sympathetic nerve terminals were more abundant than in corresponding tissue from humans.", "contents": "Sympathetic innervation of the urinary bladder and urethral muscle in the pig. The sympathetic innervation of the lower urinary tract was studied in the female and male pig using a specific histochemical technique for visualization of noradrenaline containing nerves. In smooth muscle from the detrusor few evenly distributed adrenergic nerve terminals were found. A greater number of terminals were observed in the trigone, bladder neck and urethra. There was no sex difference. In smooth muscle specimens from pig detrusor and trigone sympathetic nerve terminals were more abundant than in corresponding tissue from humans.", "PMID": 726940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10924", "title": "Effect of synthetic substance P on internal carotid artery blood flow in man.", "content": "Internal carotid artery blood flow was studied by peroperative electromagnetic blood flow measurement in 7 patients following 9 intravenous infusions of synthetic Substance P, 2 ng.kg-1.min-1. The blood flow responses varied interindividually. No significant blood flow changes were observed for the whole group. The arterial mean blood pressure decreased significantly.", "contents": "Effect of synthetic substance P on internal carotid artery blood flow in man. Internal carotid artery blood flow was studied by peroperative electromagnetic blood flow measurement in 7 patients following 9 intravenous infusions of synthetic Substance P, 2 ng.kg-1.min-1. The blood flow responses varied interindividually. No significant blood flow changes were observed for the whole group. The arterial mean blood pressure decreased significantly.", "PMID": 726941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10925", "title": "Abdominal radiation response modified by hypoxia after intra-aortal injection of starch microspheres. Experiments in the rat.", "content": "Degradable starch microsphers were injected in the aorta of rats above the level of the superior mesenteric artery 5 min before roentgen irradiation of the abdomen. The local hypoxia, induced by the spheres, was found to have an appreciable protective effect. The dose modification factor was estimated as 0.7.", "contents": "Abdominal radiation response modified by hypoxia after intra-aortal injection of starch microspheres. Experiments in the rat. Degradable starch microsphers were injected in the aorta of rats above the level of the superior mesenteric artery 5 min before roentgen irradiation of the abdomen. The local hypoxia, induced by the spheres, was found to have an appreciable protective effect. The dose modification factor was estimated as 0.7.", "PMID": 726944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10926", "title": "Secretion of 99Tcm in breast milk after intravenous injection of marked macroaggregated albumin.", "content": "A nursing mother received 99Tcm-macroaggregated albumin intravenously for a lung scan. Milk was pumped out at the times when feeding normally took place for three days and the activity was determined. The 99Tcm concentration diminished almost exponentially with an effective half-life of about 4 h. The radiation dose (26-0.001 muGy) was estimated to be so small that the risk to the child may be regarded as negligible.", "contents": "Secretion of 99Tcm in breast milk after intravenous injection of marked macroaggregated albumin. A nursing mother received 99Tcm-macroaggregated albumin intravenously for a lung scan. Milk was pumped out at the times when feeding normally took place for three days and the activity was determined. The 99Tcm concentration diminished almost exponentially with an effective half-life of about 4 h. The radiation dose (26-0.001 muGy) was estimated to be so small that the risk to the child may be regarded as negligible.", "PMID": 726945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10927", "title": "Thyroid carcinoma induced by irradiation for Hodgkin's disease. Report of a case.", "content": "In a 22-year-old male, who had been irradiated 16 years previously for Hodgkin's disease, a radiation-induced thyroid carcinoma developed. This was the only case with such development in a group of 207 cases with Hodgkin's disease who were treated by irradiation including the thyroid gland.", "contents": "Thyroid carcinoma induced by irradiation for Hodgkin's disease. Report of a case. In a 22-year-old male, who had been irradiated 16 years previously for Hodgkin's disease, a radiation-induced thyroid carcinoma developed. This was the only case with such development in a group of 207 cases with Hodgkin's disease who were treated by irradiation including the thyroid gland.", "PMID": 726946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10928", "title": "Radiation effects on the fine blood vessels in abdominal organs of mice.", "content": "The capillary networks of normal and irradiated abdominal organs of mouse were investigated by a resin cast technique. The structure of the capillary system had characteristic appearances. Radiation effects on the fine vascular structures were demonstrated from one appearances. Radiation effects on the fine vascular structures were demonstrated from one to 30 days after a single dose of 5 to 30 Gy whole body irradiation. Prominent morphologic abnormalities of the shape and distribution of the capillaries were identified, especially in the small intestine.", "contents": "Radiation effects on the fine blood vessels in abdominal organs of mice. The capillary networks of normal and irradiated abdominal organs of mouse were investigated by a resin cast technique. The structure of the capillary system had characteristic appearances. Radiation effects on the fine vascular structures were demonstrated from one appearances. Radiation effects on the fine vascular structures were demonstrated from one to 30 days after a single dose of 5 to 30 Gy whole body irradiation. Prominent morphologic abnormalities of the shape and distribution of the capillaries were identified, especially in the small intestine.", "PMID": 726947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10929", "title": "Catecholamines in some hypothalamic and telencephalic nuclei of food deprived rats.", "content": "The influence of 48 h food deprivation on the levels of catecholamines was investigated in different hypothalamic and telencephalic nuclei of the rat brain. There were on changes in the levels of noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) in the lateral hypothalamic area, dorsomedial nucleus, medial preoptic area and in nucleus of diagonal band (septum). On the other hand we observed a statistically significant decrease of NA and DA in the ventromedial nucleus and the decrease of NA in the arcuate nucleus.", "contents": "Catecholamines in some hypothalamic and telencephalic nuclei of food deprived rats. The influence of 48 h food deprivation on the levels of catecholamines was investigated in different hypothalamic and telencephalic nuclei of the rat brain. There were on changes in the levels of noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) in the lateral hypothalamic area, dorsomedial nucleus, medial preoptic area and in nucleus of diagonal band (septum). On the other hand we observed a statistically significant decrease of NA and DA in the ventromedial nucleus and the decrease of NA in the arcuate nucleus.", "PMID": 726949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10930", "title": "Visual discrimination in cats: physical parameters of stimuli and effects of visual cortex ablation.", "content": "Correct reaction probability and minimum exposition time in visual form discrimination task were studied under the conditions of varying pattern parameters. The minimal exposition time depended on pattern contrast and pattern background ratio and on the number of screen position variations. However, it remained unchanged when the background luminance and pattern size varied within the suprathreshold range. The deficits of discrimination in the minimal exposition time conditions in animals with damages to the striate and parastriate cortical regions suggest that the visual cortex participates in the analysis of shortterm stimuli and is responsible for prolongation of the visual trace within the time necessary for object discrimination.", "contents": "Visual discrimination in cats: physical parameters of stimuli and effects of visual cortex ablation. Correct reaction probability and minimum exposition time in visual form discrimination task were studied under the conditions of varying pattern parameters. The minimal exposition time depended on pattern contrast and pattern background ratio and on the number of screen position variations. However, it remained unchanged when the background luminance and pattern size varied within the suprathreshold range. The deficits of discrimination in the minimal exposition time conditions in animals with damages to the striate and parastriate cortical regions suggest that the visual cortex participates in the analysis of shortterm stimuli and is responsible for prolongation of the visual trace within the time necessary for object discrimination.", "PMID": 726950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10931", "title": "The interactions of central neurons in conditioning and the influence of some limbic structures upon them.", "content": "The interactions between the neurons in the cortex and the subcortical visual structures were studied with multimicroelectrode technique. Neurons revealing conditioned reactions were found at various levels of the brain. It is assumed that they are involved, by the conditioning, in a special cellular network: the microsystem, which is considered to be the definite functional level of brain processing mechanisms. The influence of some limbic structures on the formation of the microsystems of conditioning neurons was found. It was concluded that the elaboration or extinction of the temporary connection is performed through formation or destruction of a microsystem which takes part in the conditioning.", "contents": "The interactions of central neurons in conditioning and the influence of some limbic structures upon them. The interactions between the neurons in the cortex and the subcortical visual structures were studied with multimicroelectrode technique. Neurons revealing conditioned reactions were found at various levels of the brain. It is assumed that they are involved, by the conditioning, in a special cellular network: the microsystem, which is considered to be the definite functional level of brain processing mechanisms. The influence of some limbic structures on the formation of the microsystems of conditioning neurons was found. It was concluded that the elaboration or extinction of the temporary connection is performed through formation or destruction of a microsystem which takes part in the conditioning.", "PMID": 726951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10932", "title": "Lumbo-omental shunt for drainage of cerebrospinal fluid in hydrocephalus.", "content": "A new cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting procedure is presented. By transposing a pedicle graft of the greater omentum to the lumbar CSF compartment, the CSF absorption capacity of the omentum is utilized. The operation is applicable to the treatment of communicating hydrocephalus. The technical problems and physiological effects of the operation have been studied earlier in dogs. This paper presents the first case of an intended clinical series. The patient was studied for 18 months postoperatively by different examinations, including psychometric tests, cisternography, computer tomography, echo-ventriculography, and carotid angiography with measurement of the cerebral blood flow. A gradual improvement in his clinical state was registered after the operation.", "contents": "Lumbo-omental shunt for drainage of cerebrospinal fluid in hydrocephalus. A new cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting procedure is presented. By transposing a pedicle graft of the greater omentum to the lumbar CSF compartment, the CSF absorption capacity of the omentum is utilized. The operation is applicable to the treatment of communicating hydrocephalus. The technical problems and physiological effects of the operation have been studied earlier in dogs. This paper presents the first case of an intended clinical series. The patient was studied for 18 months postoperatively by different examinations, including psychometric tests, cisternography, computer tomography, echo-ventriculography, and carotid angiography with measurement of the cerebral blood flow. A gradual improvement in his clinical state was registered after the operation.", "PMID": 726956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10933", "title": "Microsurgery of tumours of the frontal white matter.", "content": "Seventy eight microsurgical extirpations of tumours located in the frontal white matter led to adjustment of the normal anatomy of the frontal brain according to microsurgical requirements, and also to relation with modern diagnostic procedures, especially computerized tomography (CT-scanning). The advantages of microsurgical treatment have been demonstrated. Thus, only exact comprehension of topographical anatomy allows a methodical, careful, and radical procedure. As vessels were commonly saved, postoperative courses were relatively benign because of less tendency to oedema. Out of 78 patients, 3 died while in hospital, and two recurrences were observed in the following 23 months. Postoperatively 51 patients improved, 18 stayed unchanged neurologically, and 9 patients deteriorated permanently. The usual microsurgical instruments were employed. Vascular problems were dealt with by the routine techniques used at our hospital.", "contents": "Microsurgery of tumours of the frontal white matter. Seventy eight microsurgical extirpations of tumours located in the frontal white matter led to adjustment of the normal anatomy of the frontal brain according to microsurgical requirements, and also to relation with modern diagnostic procedures, especially computerized tomography (CT-scanning). The advantages of microsurgical treatment have been demonstrated. Thus, only exact comprehension of topographical anatomy allows a methodical, careful, and radical procedure. As vessels were commonly saved, postoperative courses were relatively benign because of less tendency to oedema. Out of 78 patients, 3 died while in hospital, and two recurrences were observed in the following 23 months. Postoperatively 51 patients improved, 18 stayed unchanged neurologically, and 9 patients deteriorated permanently. The usual microsurgical instruments were employed. Vascular problems were dealt with by the routine techniques used at our hospital.", "PMID": 726957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10934", "title": "Cerebral revascularization.", "content": "Cerebral vascular insufficiency due to occlusive lesions regarded as inaccessible is a common problem. The degree of cerebral dysfunction associated with such lesions is dependent in part on the amount of collateral circulation present. By anastomosing the superficial temporal artery to a branch of the middle cerebral artery an increase in collateral circulation is provided to the affected hemisphere. This report describes the results of twenty such procedures. Postoperative angiography demonstrates a 90% patency rate. There is frequent neurological improvement following surgery, and the rate of new TIA's or strokes seems less than would be expected. The most damaging complication of the procedure ist intracerebral haemorrhage. The indications for, and the complications of, such procedures are discussed.", "contents": "Cerebral revascularization. Cerebral vascular insufficiency due to occlusive lesions regarded as inaccessible is a common problem. The degree of cerebral dysfunction associated with such lesions is dependent in part on the amount of collateral circulation present. By anastomosing the superficial temporal artery to a branch of the middle cerebral artery an increase in collateral circulation is provided to the affected hemisphere. This report describes the results of twenty such procedures. Postoperative angiography demonstrates a 90% patency rate. There is frequent neurological improvement following surgery, and the rate of new TIA's or strokes seems less than would be expected. The most damaging complication of the procedure ist intracerebral haemorrhage. The indications for, and the complications of, such procedures are discussed.", "PMID": 726958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10935", "title": "Bilateral internal carotid artery thrombosis after closed head injury.", "content": "A case of bilateral internal carotid artery thrombosis after blunt injury to the head in a 54 years old male is described. The literature is reviewed and comment is made on the causes. Unilateral thrombosis of the internal carotid artery after closed or blunt injury to the head and neck is well known but not common. There is only one previously recorded case of bilateral internal carotid artery thrombosis after such an injury (Yashon et al. 1964).", "contents": "Bilateral internal carotid artery thrombosis after closed head injury. A case of bilateral internal carotid artery thrombosis after blunt injury to the head in a 54 years old male is described. The literature is reviewed and comment is made on the causes. Unilateral thrombosis of the internal carotid artery after closed or blunt injury to the head and neck is well known but not common. There is only one previously recorded case of bilateral internal carotid artery thrombosis after such an injury (Yashon et al. 1964).", "PMID": 726960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10936", "title": "Intracranial pressure and pressure volume relation in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH).", "content": "The development of the intracranial pressure after a subarachnoid haemorrhage was evaluated in 21 patients. A statistically significant relation between the intracranial pressure and the neurological findings was found, whereas vasospasms did not influence the intracranial pressure. In patients in a clinically critical condition, rhythmic pressure waves of a frequency of 1/minute were repeatedly observed.", "contents": "Intracranial pressure and pressure volume relation in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). The development of the intracranial pressure after a subarachnoid haemorrhage was evaluated in 21 patients. A statistically significant relation between the intracranial pressure and the neurological findings was found, whereas vasospasms did not influence the intracranial pressure. In patients in a clinically critical condition, rhythmic pressure waves of a frequency of 1/minute were repeatedly observed.", "PMID": 726962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10937", "title": "Infantile craniosynostosis: clinical, radiological, and surgical considerations based on 100 surgically treated cases.", "content": "One hundred children affected by craniosynostosis were operated on from January 1952 to February 1977. Forty-six patients were operated on within the first year of life, and only 9 after six years of age. In 27 cases only one cranial suture was synostotic (mostly the coronal: 15 cases). In 36 cases two sutures were involved (mostly coronal plus sagittal: 25 cases). In 28 cases all the cranial sutures were involved. Also included in this series are seven cases of Crouzon's, one of Apert's, and one of Carpenter's syndromes. The clinical, radiological, and surgical features of this condition are discussed, and the long-term results are reported.", "contents": "Infantile craniosynostosis: clinical, radiological, and surgical considerations based on 100 surgically treated cases. One hundred children affected by craniosynostosis were operated on from January 1952 to February 1977. Forty-six patients were operated on within the first year of life, and only 9 after six years of age. In 27 cases only one cranial suture was synostotic (mostly the coronal: 15 cases). In 36 cases two sutures were involved (mostly coronal plus sagittal: 25 cases). In 28 cases all the cranial sutures were involved. Also included in this series are seven cases of Crouzon's, one of Apert's, and one of Carpenter's syndromes. The clinical, radiological, and surgical features of this condition are discussed, and the long-term results are reported.", "PMID": 726961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10938", "title": "Intracranial pressure in patients with diffuse cerebral arterial spasm following ruptured intracranial aneurysms.", "content": "Intracranial pressure (ICP) was recorded continuously in 12 pre-operative patients with angiographic evidence of diffuse cerebral arterial spasm due to a ruptured intracranial aneurysm. Recordings were made for 1 to 7 days, starting within 13 days after the haemorrhage. 1. An increased ICP was observed in the first week after subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) in 4 of the patients without any signs of angiographic arterial spasm. 2. This initial increase was regularly followed by a depression of ICP in between 7--12 days after SAH. In 11 out of 12 patients such a depression was concomitant with the beginning of arterial spasm. During the period of depressed ICP pattern, 6 patients showed little or no neurological deterioration, whereas 5 patients showed impaired consciousness or neurological deficits. 3. A secondary rise of ICP thereafter always followed due to ischaemic brain swelling or infarction, and was usually associated with a serious neurological deterioration. 4. Continuous ventricular drainage was performed to control the secondary increased ICP in 7 patients who survived, 4 of them with good clinical improvement and 3 with severe neurological deficits. 5. In the stage of depressed ICP, the administration of isoproterenol and steroids is recommended in order to try to alleviate the secondary rise of ICP.", "contents": "Intracranial pressure in patients with diffuse cerebral arterial spasm following ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Intracranial pressure (ICP) was recorded continuously in 12 pre-operative patients with angiographic evidence of diffuse cerebral arterial spasm due to a ruptured intracranial aneurysm. Recordings were made for 1 to 7 days, starting within 13 days after the haemorrhage. 1. An increased ICP was observed in the first week after subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) in 4 of the patients without any signs of angiographic arterial spasm. 2. This initial increase was regularly followed by a depression of ICP in between 7--12 days after SAH. In 11 out of 12 patients such a depression was concomitant with the beginning of arterial spasm. During the period of depressed ICP pattern, 6 patients showed little or no neurological deterioration, whereas 5 patients showed impaired consciousness or neurological deficits. 3. A secondary rise of ICP thereafter always followed due to ischaemic brain swelling or infarction, and was usually associated with a serious neurological deterioration. 4. Continuous ventricular drainage was performed to control the secondary increased ICP in 7 patients who survived, 4 of them with good clinical improvement and 3 with severe neurological deficits. 5. In the stage of depressed ICP, the administration of isoproterenol and steroids is recommended in order to try to alleviate the secondary rise of ICP.", "PMID": 726963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10939", "title": "Vasospasmogenic substance produced following subarachnoid haemorrhage, and its fate.", "content": "Fresh blood and supernatants of blood-CSF mixtures incubated for 1 to 15 days were applied to the basilar artery of adult cats, and the degree of constriction was measured with a surgical microscope. The constriction due to fresh blood was weak and transient. It seems possible to assume that serotonin isolated from platelets participates greatly in the transient vasoconstriction induced by fresh blood. Supernatants of blood-CSF mixtures incubated for three days had weak activity in comparison with the powerful and long-lasting activity of those incubated for seven days. Furthermore, mixtures incubated for 15 days had little or no activity. This change in the vasoconstrictive activity was similar to, and coincides chronologically with clinical late spasm following subarachnoid haemorrhage 34. We investigated the vasospasmogenic substance in the seventh day mixture. Heat coagulation, ultrafiltration, sephadex G-100 gel-chromatography, disc-electrophoresis, and Spectrophotography show that extracellular oxyHb has a strong spasmogenic activity. In the 15th day mixture, oxyHb is spontaneously converted to metHb. Experimentally, oxyHb has a strong vasoconstrictive activity, and metHb has no vasoconstrictive activity. We have had success in oxidizing oxyHb into metHb with sodium nitrite, thus preventing experimental vasospasm.", "contents": "Vasospasmogenic substance produced following subarachnoid haemorrhage, and its fate. Fresh blood and supernatants of blood-CSF mixtures incubated for 1 to 15 days were applied to the basilar artery of adult cats, and the degree of constriction was measured with a surgical microscope. The constriction due to fresh blood was weak and transient. It seems possible to assume that serotonin isolated from platelets participates greatly in the transient vasoconstriction induced by fresh blood. Supernatants of blood-CSF mixtures incubated for three days had weak activity in comparison with the powerful and long-lasting activity of those incubated for seven days. Furthermore, mixtures incubated for 15 days had little or no activity. This change in the vasoconstrictive activity was similar to, and coincides chronologically with clinical late spasm following subarachnoid haemorrhage 34. We investigated the vasospasmogenic substance in the seventh day mixture. Heat coagulation, ultrafiltration, sephadex G-100 gel-chromatography, disc-electrophoresis, and Spectrophotography show that extracellular oxyHb has a strong spasmogenic activity. In the 15th day mixture, oxyHb is spontaneously converted to metHb. Experimentally, oxyHb has a strong vasoconstrictive activity, and metHb has no vasoconstrictive activity. We have had success in oxidizing oxyHb into metHb with sodium nitrite, thus preventing experimental vasospasm.", "PMID": 726964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10940", "title": "Position paper on RDA for protein for children.", "content": "The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) by the National Academy of Sciences are revised approximately every five years. The RDA are compromise opinions of highly qualified nutritional scientists based on interpretations of available data. As with any interpretations of available data. As with any, interpretations and opinions not found on definitive information, they are subject to challenges. The RDA for protein for 7-to 9-uear-old children have been adjusted downward from 60 g in 1958 to 36 g in 1974, a 40% reduction. Data from our laboratories have shown positive apparent nitrogen balances on intakes as low as 18 g daily when no allowances were made for integumental and other nitrogen losses, however, based on accumulative data over several years we calculate the protein requirement to be 45 g daily from a typical American diet. If a safety factor of 30% is added the allowance would become 58.5 g. Currently the RDA for protein for the 7- to 10-year-old child supplies 6% of the RDA for Calories which contrasts to 8.30 and 9.20% for adult males and females, respectively. For comparison, energy from protein as a percentage of total energy for some common foods are: white bread, 12%; corn meal 10%; white rice 7%; and wheat flour 13%.", "contents": "Position paper on RDA for protein for children. The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) by the National Academy of Sciences are revised approximately every five years. The RDA are compromise opinions of highly qualified nutritional scientists based on interpretations of available data. As with any interpretations of available data. As with any, interpretations and opinions not found on definitive information, they are subject to challenges. The RDA for protein for 7-to 9-uear-old children have been adjusted downward from 60 g in 1958 to 36 g in 1974, a 40% reduction. Data from our laboratories have shown positive apparent nitrogen balances on intakes as low as 18 g daily when no allowances were made for integumental and other nitrogen losses, however, based on accumulative data over several years we calculate the protein requirement to be 45 g daily from a typical American diet. If a safety factor of 30% is added the allowance would become 58.5 g. Currently the RDA for protein for the 7- to 10-year-old child supplies 6% of the RDA for Calories which contrasts to 8.30 and 9.20% for adult males and females, respectively. For comparison, energy from protein as a percentage of total energy for some common foods are: white bread, 12%; corn meal 10%; white rice 7%; and wheat flour 13%.", "PMID": 727009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10941", "title": "Urea as a dietary supplement for humans.", "content": "Use of urea as a nonprotein supplement in the feeding of beef cattle and other ruminant animals is a technique of practical application. Urea has also been used in human feeding studies. Its early employment was that of an added source of amino nitrogen in studies designed to determine minimum requirements of the essential amino acid. Later studies suggested that it's inclusion in diet containing sub-optimal amounts of protein supplied by various food product could result in the establishment of apparent improvement in protein nutriture. Other studies indicate that urea is not unique in this ability but is only one of many possible sources of amino nitrogen and is actually one of the least effective. Known and potential hazzards definitely prohibit the use of urea supplements to food products other than in research or clinical laboratories at the present time.", "contents": "Urea as a dietary supplement for humans. Use of urea as a nonprotein supplement in the feeding of beef cattle and other ruminant animals is a technique of practical application. Urea has also been used in human feeding studies. Its early employment was that of an added source of amino nitrogen in studies designed to determine minimum requirements of the essential amino acid. Later studies suggested that it's inclusion in diet containing sub-optimal amounts of protein supplied by various food product could result in the establishment of apparent improvement in protein nutriture. Other studies indicate that urea is not unique in this ability but is only one of many possible sources of amino nitrogen and is actually one of the least effective. Known and potential hazzards definitely prohibit the use of urea supplements to food products other than in research or clinical laboratories at the present time.", "PMID": 727010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10942", "title": "Hair as an index of protein malnutrition.", "content": "Hair samples from seven sick Ghanaian children were analyzed for amino acids. Cystine was determined by a procedure of Friedman using tributylphosphine and 2-vinylpyridine to change residues of cystine (and cysteine, if present) to S-beta-(2-pyridylethyl)-L-cysteine (2-PEC). This acid-stable derivative is released by normal acid hydrolysis and is eluted as a well-resolved peak before lysine in conventional ion-exchange amino acid analysis. The average cystine content of six children suffering from kwashiorkor or marasmic kwashiorkor was found to be about 20% less than that of the one remaining child, whose protein nutrition was judged adequate. In view of conflicting evidence of the relation of hair cystine content and nutrition, we believe further definitive studies of this subject are urgent. No other substantial difference in amino acid composition was noted.", "contents": "Hair as an index of protein malnutrition. Hair samples from seven sick Ghanaian children were analyzed for amino acids. Cystine was determined by a procedure of Friedman using tributylphosphine and 2-vinylpyridine to change residues of cystine (and cysteine, if present) to S-beta-(2-pyridylethyl)-L-cysteine (2-PEC). This acid-stable derivative is released by normal acid hydrolysis and is eluted as a well-resolved peak before lysine in conventional ion-exchange amino acid analysis. The average cystine content of six children suffering from kwashiorkor or marasmic kwashiorkor was found to be about 20% less than that of the one remaining child, whose protein nutrition was judged adequate. In view of conflicting evidence of the relation of hair cystine content and nutrition, we believe further definitive studies of this subject are urgent. No other substantial difference in amino acid composition was noted.", "PMID": 727011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10943", "title": "The problem of curvature in slope assays for protein quality.", "content": "The dose-response curves in a valid slope--ratio assay must be linear and meet at the zero protein dose. However in rat bioassays at least 3 types of curvature are found when the method is applied to a wide range of samples; the types of curvature result from: 1) excessive protein 2) lysine deficiency and 3) threonine deficiency. Whole wheat flour which was limiting in lysine and threonine showed marked downward curvature after supplementation with threonine. It can be argued from these results that the slope ratio and relative protein value method underestimated the protein quality of lysine--deficient foods.", "contents": "The problem of curvature in slope assays for protein quality. The dose-response curves in a valid slope--ratio assay must be linear and meet at the zero protein dose. However in rat bioassays at least 3 types of curvature are found when the method is applied to a wide range of samples; the types of curvature result from: 1) excessive protein 2) lysine deficiency and 3) threonine deficiency. Whole wheat flour which was limiting in lysine and threonine showed marked downward curvature after supplementation with threonine. It can be argued from these results that the slope ratio and relative protein value method underestimated the protein quality of lysine--deficient foods.", "PMID": 727012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10944", "title": "Defining dietary plant fibers in human nutrition.", "content": "Research on the nutritional aspects of dietary plant fibers in human nutrition has been plagued by many problems of definition, terminology, analytical procedures, as well as insufficient consideration of the interactions of other dietary components with the dietary fiber polymers. The use of the term non-nutritive has also led to some confusion, as many polymers of dietary fiber are digested by intestinal bacteria in humans. It appears extremely important for the orderly progress of this field that comprehensive terms be used cautiously and that perhaps a new umbrella term (such as plantix) should be introduced. The physiological effects of various polymers have been shown to differ considerably; thus the effect of dietary fiber should not be generalized. Analytical procedure should include both water-insoluble and water-soluble fractions and some consideration should be given to the non-polymeric, enzyme-indigestible compounds such as certain seed and leaf waxes.", "contents": "Defining dietary plant fibers in human nutrition. Research on the nutritional aspects of dietary plant fibers in human nutrition has been plagued by many problems of definition, terminology, analytical procedures, as well as insufficient consideration of the interactions of other dietary components with the dietary fiber polymers. The use of the term non-nutritive has also led to some confusion, as many polymers of dietary fiber are digested by intestinal bacteria in humans. It appears extremely important for the orderly progress of this field that comprehensive terms be used cautiously and that perhaps a new umbrella term (such as plantix) should be introduced. The physiological effects of various polymers have been shown to differ considerably; thus the effect of dietary fiber should not be generalized. Analytical procedure should include both water-insoluble and water-soluble fractions and some consideration should be given to the non-polymeric, enzyme-indigestible compounds such as certain seed and leaf waxes.", "PMID": 727013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10945", "title": "Photosynthesis and increased production of protein.", "content": "Photosynthesis, the use of light energy in the conversion of CO2 and inorganic nutrients into plant material, is the ultimate source of the food protein necessary to man's existence. Given certain assumptions, the overall maximal theoretical photosynthetic efficiency of agricultural plants can be calculated. Actual measured maximal growth rates of plants are equivalent to efficiency levels well below that theoretical maximum. In air, C4 plants can some closer to the theoretical value than C3 plants, perhaps because C4 plants avoid the occurrence of measurable photorespiration and oxygen inhibition of photosynthesis. Alfalfa, a C3 legume, is an extremely productive protein source. Its protein yield per acre can surpass that of commonly grown C4 crops (corn, sorghum) and C3 seed crops (soybean, wheat, rice). Alfalfa leaf protein is of high nutritional quality and can apparently be used directly in the human diet, eliminating the protein loss involved in animal production. Plant protein productivity can be raised as part of an increase in overall crop yield. The growth of plants in atmospheres with elevated CO2 levels can result in increased yields. In C3 plants this is due, at least in  part, to the suppression of photorespiration and oxygen inhibition of photosynthesis. We have investigated the effect of CO2 concentration on alfalfa photosynthetic metabolism. Our results support the contention that alfalfa productivity can be increased by an environment of elevated CO2. A second approach toward increased plant protein productivity is through regulation of carbon flow during photosynthesis so as to increase portein production relative to that of other plant constituents. In particular, we have investigated whether ammonia (the form in which plants first incorporate nitrogen) can act to regulate leaf carbon metabolism. Our results indicate that NH4+, in part through stimulation of pyruvate kinase, brings about increased production of amino acids at the expense of sucrose production in alfalfa. The effect may be of considerable importance in the regulation of green leaf protein synthesis.", "contents": "Photosynthesis and increased production of protein. Photosynthesis, the use of light energy in the conversion of CO2 and inorganic nutrients into plant material, is the ultimate source of the food protein necessary to man's existence. Given certain assumptions, the overall maximal theoretical photosynthetic efficiency of agricultural plants can be calculated. Actual measured maximal growth rates of plants are equivalent to efficiency levels well below that theoretical maximum. In air, C4 plants can some closer to the theoretical value than C3 plants, perhaps because C4 plants avoid the occurrence of measurable photorespiration and oxygen inhibition of photosynthesis. Alfalfa, a C3 legume, is an extremely productive protein source. Its protein yield per acre can surpass that of commonly grown C4 crops (corn, sorghum) and C3 seed crops (soybean, wheat, rice). Alfalfa leaf protein is of high nutritional quality and can apparently be used directly in the human diet, eliminating the protein loss involved in animal production. Plant protein productivity can be raised as part of an increase in overall crop yield. The growth of plants in atmospheres with elevated CO2 levels can result in increased yields. In C3 plants this is due, at least in  part, to the suppression of photorespiration and oxygen inhibition of photosynthesis. We have investigated the effect of CO2 concentration on alfalfa photosynthetic metabolism. Our results support the contention that alfalfa productivity can be increased by an environment of elevated CO2. A second approach toward increased plant protein productivity is through regulation of carbon flow during photosynthesis so as to increase portein production relative to that of other plant constituents. In particular, we have investigated whether ammonia (the form in which plants first incorporate nitrogen) can act to regulate leaf carbon metabolism. Our results indicate that NH4+, in part through stimulation of pyruvate kinase, brings about increased production of amino acids at the expense of sucrose production in alfalfa. The effect may be of considerable importance in the regulation of green leaf protein synthesis.", "PMID": 727014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10946", "title": "Control through breeding methods of factors affecting nutritional quality of cereals and grain legumes.", "content": "The comparison of nutritional quality parameters of proteins from cultivated cereal and legume species with animal proteins indicate the poor nutritional value of these plant products. The nutritive value of different cereal and legume species is very variable and large differences have also been observed coming from cultivars belonging to the same species. Many interpreting factors, such as protein content, essential amino acid composition and availability, protein digestibility and others are involved in such a highly variability. In addition, cereals as well as legumes may contain large amounts of antinutritional factors which can have serious effects under particular circumstances (e.e. tannins in a low-protein diet or phytates in a metal-deficient diet). Some legume species also contain chemicals of a different nature (i. e. lathyrogens, cyanogenetic glycosides, and others) which may be extremely toxic when ingested in significant amounts. The plant breeder attempting to develop higher-yielding, disease-resistant and nutritionally-improved crop varieties should be aware of such a complex of factors and alert to the possible production or increase of undesirable products or deleterious changes in chemical composition. Available data, although rather limited, indicate valuable breeding approaches to the improvement of nutritive value of cereal and legume grains for humans.", "contents": "Control through breeding methods of factors affecting nutritional quality of cereals and grain legumes. The comparison of nutritional quality parameters of proteins from cultivated cereal and legume species with animal proteins indicate the poor nutritional value of these plant products. The nutritive value of different cereal and legume species is very variable and large differences have also been observed coming from cultivars belonging to the same species. Many interpreting factors, such as protein content, essential amino acid composition and availability, protein digestibility and others are involved in such a highly variability. In addition, cereals as well as legumes may contain large amounts of antinutritional factors which can have serious effects under particular circumstances (e.e. tannins in a low-protein diet or phytates in a metal-deficient diet). Some legume species also contain chemicals of a different nature (i. e. lathyrogens, cyanogenetic glycosides, and others) which may be extremely toxic when ingested in significant amounts. The plant breeder attempting to develop higher-yielding, disease-resistant and nutritionally-improved crop varieties should be aware of such a complex of factors and alert to the possible production or increase of undesirable products or deleterious changes in chemical composition. Available data, although rather limited, indicate valuable breeding approaches to the improvement of nutritive value of cereal and legume grains for humans.", "PMID": 727015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10947", "title": "Methods for improving cereal protein quality.", "content": "Three methods for improving cereal protein quality are discussed. Two older methods are supplementation with limiting essential amino acids and with protein concentrates high in those amino acids. The most recent method (since 1964) is the replacement of the normal cereal grain with its high lysine mutant counterpart. Three high lysine cereals are now available, corn, barley, and sorghum. In animal feeding, least cost formulas will determine which of the three improvement methods will be used. In human nutrition, cost, availability, palatability and acceptance are all equally important factors. In animals, pounds of gain per pound of feed will be the final measure of cereal protein quality. In humans, especially preschool children, the most important criterion will be the ability of the improved cereal protein to build a strong immune defense system. Animal studies show that protein quality is more important than calories when calories are restricted to less than ad libitum consumption. It is therefore essential that children restricted in their total energy intake have the best cereal protein quality possible to protect their immune system.", "contents": "Methods for improving cereal protein quality. Three methods for improving cereal protein quality are discussed. Two older methods are supplementation with limiting essential amino acids and with protein concentrates high in those amino acids. The most recent method (since 1964) is the replacement of the normal cereal grain with its high lysine mutant counterpart. Three high lysine cereals are now available, corn, barley, and sorghum. In animal feeding, least cost formulas will determine which of the three improvement methods will be used. In human nutrition, cost, availability, palatability and acceptance are all equally important factors. In animals, pounds of gain per pound of feed will be the final measure of cereal protein quality. In humans, especially preschool children, the most important criterion will be the ability of the improved cereal protein to build a strong immune defense system. Animal studies show that protein quality is more important than calories when calories are restricted to less than ad libitum consumption. It is therefore essential that children restricted in their total energy intake have the best cereal protein quality possible to protect their immune system.", "PMID": 727016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10948", "title": "Improvement of wheat protein quality and quantity by breeding.", "content": "Substantial genetic, variability for grain protein content in wheat has been identified. In appropriate combinations known genes can increase protein content of wheat grain by 5 percentage points. Productive high protein experimental lines with good agronomic traits and satisfactory processing attributes have been identified. A high protein hard red winter variety developed in Nebraska was released for commercial production in 1975 under the name \"Lancota\". The high protein of Lancota resides entirely in the starchy endosperm portion of the kernel and is fully transmissible to white milled flour. The high protein of Lancota results from elevated NO3 reductase activity, increased N-absorption by the roots, and more complete translocation of N to the grain. Despite strong environmental influence on wheat protein level, genes for high protein have been demonstrated to effectively increase protein content in many different production environments. Lysine % of protein decreases but lysine % of grain increases as protein is increased. Genetic variability for lysine of sufficient magnitude to overcome the normal depression of lysine % of protein as protein is increased has been uncovered. Experimental lines have been developed in the ARS-Nebraska program in which genes for high protein and high lysine were combined. The lines have been widely distributed for use in other breeding programs.", "contents": "Improvement of wheat protein quality and quantity by breeding. Substantial genetic, variability for grain protein content in wheat has been identified. In appropriate combinations known genes can increase protein content of wheat grain by 5 percentage points. Productive high protein experimental lines with good agronomic traits and satisfactory processing attributes have been identified. A high protein hard red winter variety developed in Nebraska was released for commercial production in 1975 under the name \"Lancota\". The high protein of Lancota resides entirely in the starchy endosperm portion of the kernel and is fully transmissible to white milled flour. The high protein of Lancota results from elevated NO3 reductase activity, increased N-absorption by the roots, and more complete translocation of N to the grain. Despite strong environmental influence on wheat protein level, genes for high protein have been demonstrated to effectively increase protein content in many different production environments. Lysine % of protein decreases but lysine % of grain increases as protein is increased. Genetic variability for lysine of sufficient magnitude to overcome the normal depression of lysine % of protein as protein is increased has been uncovered. Experimental lines have been developed in the ARS-Nebraska program in which genes for high protein and high lysine were combined. The lines have been widely distributed for use in other breeding programs.", "PMID": 727017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10949", "title": "Protein quality of induced high lysine mutants in barley.", "content": "Evidence of high-lysine gene sources in barley derived from spontaneous and induced mutations has been presented. In addition barley sources considered to be \"normal\" also differ in lysine content. Changes in lysine concentrations invariable results in changes in other amino acids in barley protein. Protein fractions are altered in several mutant barleys and differ also in so called \"normal barleys\". The fractions in the normal barleys are probably more dependent upon environmental conditions than in mutant barleys. It is clearly demonstrated with chemical analyses and biological experiments with rats, poultry and pigs that high-lysine cultivars are superior in nutritive quality than their low-lysine isotypes. However, it appears that most of the lysine genotypes possess reduced grain weight and lower grain yield. This is of course unfortunate as an adequate supply of food appears to be the number one nutritional priority in the world today. This does not mean, however, that protein improvement would be of no practical value under conditions of marginal energy deprivation. The literature reviewed suggests that protein improvement would likely be of value under these conditions.", "contents": "Protein quality of induced high lysine mutants in barley. Evidence of high-lysine gene sources in barley derived from spontaneous and induced mutations has been presented. In addition barley sources considered to be \"normal\" also differ in lysine content. Changes in lysine concentrations invariable results in changes in other amino acids in barley protein. Protein fractions are altered in several mutant barleys and differ also in so called \"normal barleys\". The fractions in the normal barleys are probably more dependent upon environmental conditions than in mutant barleys. It is clearly demonstrated with chemical analyses and biological experiments with rats, poultry and pigs that high-lysine cultivars are superior in nutritive quality than their low-lysine isotypes. However, it appears that most of the lysine genotypes possess reduced grain weight and lower grain yield. This is of course unfortunate as an adequate supply of food appears to be the number one nutritional priority in the world today. This does not mean, however, that protein improvement would be of no practical value under conditions of marginal energy deprivation. The literature reviewed suggests that protein improvement would likely be of value under these conditions.", "PMID": 727018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10950", "title": "The nutritive value of mixed proteins.", "content": "Mixture of protein foods given to chickens or rats frequently result in better growth than would be expected from the performance obtained with each component of the mixture given on its own. Mixing often results in the provision of a better amino acid balance in the diet and the improved growth can be attributed to the minimising of deficiencies of particular essential amino acids in the diet. This explanation is not always possible however. Some mixtures which give better growth have lower levels of some important amino acids than the better component of the mixture, and in such cases it is suggested that the improvements are due to the achievement of better overall amino acid balance. In particular it seems clear that amino acid excesses may have a deleterious effect, and diet balancing should be designed not merely to minimise deficiencies of essential amino acids, but also to cut down excesses.", "contents": "The nutritive value of mixed proteins. Mixture of protein foods given to chickens or rats frequently result in better growth than would be expected from the performance obtained with each component of the mixture given on its own. Mixing often results in the provision of a better amino acid balance in the diet and the improved growth can be attributed to the minimising of deficiencies of particular essential amino acids in the diet. This explanation is not always possible however. Some mixtures which give better growth have lower levels of some important amino acids than the better component of the mixture, and in such cases it is suggested that the improvements are due to the achievement of better overall amino acid balance. In particular it seems clear that amino acid excesses may have a deleterious effect, and diet balancing should be designed not merely to minimise deficiencies of essential amino acids, but also to cut down excesses.", "PMID": 727019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10951", "title": "Some thoughts on amino acid supplementation of proteins in relation to improvement of protein nutriture.", "content": "Supplementation of diets with free amino acids has not routinely been beneficial and poses a potential risk. Thus, mixing proteins to increase the quality of the dietary protein is attractive. The slope-ratio technique for evaluation of protein quality has serious drawbacks, because the growth response is not linear and animals appear to adapt to the diet and thus make more efficient use of diets low in protein or low in protein quality. Apparently, the relative value of proteins is not constant, but varies with the amino acid spectrum as well as intake. Thus, evaluation of proteins or protein mixtures should be determined under the conditions (e.g. maintenance or maximum gain) of their potential use. This approach could lead to the development of a protein replacement equivalents system similar to the starch equivalents system in the evaluation of the net energy of animal feeds.", "contents": "Some thoughts on amino acid supplementation of proteins in relation to improvement of protein nutriture. Supplementation of diets with free amino acids has not routinely been beneficial and poses a potential risk. Thus, mixing proteins to increase the quality of the dietary protein is attractive. The slope-ratio technique for evaluation of protein quality has serious drawbacks, because the growth response is not linear and animals appear to adapt to the diet and thus make more efficient use of diets low in protein or low in protein quality. Apparently, the relative value of proteins is not constant, but varies with the amino acid spectrum as well as intake. Thus, evaluation of proteins or protein mixtures should be determined under the conditions (e.g. maintenance or maximum gain) of their potential use. This approach could lead to the development of a protein replacement equivalents system similar to the starch equivalents system in the evaluation of the net energy of animal feeds.", "PMID": 727020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10952", "title": "Nutritional evaluation of dry-roasted navy bean flour and mixtures with cereal proteins.", "content": "A navy bean flour prepared by dry roasting in a salt bed as a medium of heat exchange was found to have a higher PER than beans which had been autoclaved in the conventional manner. This difference was attributed to a small but significant improvement in the digestibility of the protein. The PER of the roasted beans was higher than the autoclaved beans even in the presence of supplemental methionine. When various proportions of roasted beans and corn were fed at a level of 8.3% protein in the diet, a mixture in which 40% to 60% of the protein was provided by either beans or corn had a PER essentially the same as casein. Diets containing roasted beans and various cereal grains (oats, barely, buckwheat, wheat germ, and rice) were formulated in proportions calculated to give the highest chemical scores. In most cases the PER' were not significantly different from that of casein, and, in the case of rice, the PER was higher than that of casein. Supplementation of such diets with their first limiting amino acid failed to produce a further enhancement of the PER.", "contents": "Nutritional evaluation of dry-roasted navy bean flour and mixtures with cereal proteins. A navy bean flour prepared by dry roasting in a salt bed as a medium of heat exchange was found to have a higher PER than beans which had been autoclaved in the conventional manner. This difference was attributed to a small but significant improvement in the digestibility of the protein. The PER of the roasted beans was higher than the autoclaved beans even in the presence of supplemental methionine. When various proportions of roasted beans and corn were fed at a level of 8.3% protein in the diet, a mixture in which 40% to 60% of the protein was provided by either beans or corn had a PER essentially the same as casein. Diets containing roasted beans and various cereal grains (oats, barely, buckwheat, wheat germ, and rice) were formulated in proportions calculated to give the highest chemical scores. In most cases the PER' were not significantly different from that of casein, and, in the case of rice, the PER was higher than that of casein. Supplementation of such diets with their first limiting amino acid failed to produce a further enhancement of the PER.", "PMID": 727021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10953", "title": "Nutritional evaluation of oilseeds and legumes as protein supplements to cereals.", "content": "Several oilseed and legume protein products were fed to rats as the sole source of dietary protein, and in blends with cereals for the determination of protein efficiency ratio (PER) and biological availability of amino acids. In addition oilseed protein isolates were fed to mice for the determination of PER. Results of the mouse study revealed that the adjusted PER (casein = 100)for Target rapeseed isolate (108) was higher than  those of sunflower (74), safflower (77), soybean (86) or flax (92) isolates. Results of the rat trials revealed that the adjusted PER for Twoer rapeseed meal (88) was higher than those of fababean (21), field pea (59) and soybean meal (72). Supplementation with methionine (0.2%) resulted in improved PER for fababean (84), field pea (101) and soybean meal (97). Mustard flour and rapeseed flour gave PER of 109 and 106, respectively, while the value of sunflower flour was low (56). Protein isolates of Tower rapeseed and soybean gave PER of 92 and 80, respectively. Blending of legumes and oilseeds with wheat flour (PER = 28) gave high PER values (60--85), as also occurred in rice blends (71--88). Supplementation of wheat-legume blends with lysine (0.4%), methionine (0.2%) and threonine (0.1%) brought all PER values above 100. It appeared that differences in PER of the diets paralleled the levels of the first limiting amino acid for rat growth. Results of balance trials indicated that the availability of the limiting amino acid(s) was lower than other essential amino acids for each protein source.", "contents": "Nutritional evaluation of oilseeds and legumes as protein supplements to cereals. Several oilseed and legume protein products were fed to rats as the sole source of dietary protein, and in blends with cereals for the determination of protein efficiency ratio (PER) and biological availability of amino acids. In addition oilseed protein isolates were fed to mice for the determination of PER. Results of the mouse study revealed that the adjusted PER (casein = 100)for Target rapeseed isolate (108) was higher than  those of sunflower (74), safflower (77), soybean (86) or flax (92) isolates. Results of the rat trials revealed that the adjusted PER for Twoer rapeseed meal (88) was higher than those of fababean (21), field pea (59) and soybean meal (72). Supplementation with methionine (0.2%) resulted in improved PER for fababean (84), field pea (101) and soybean meal (97). Mustard flour and rapeseed flour gave PER of 109 and 106, respectively, while the value of sunflower flour was low (56). Protein isolates of Tower rapeseed and soybean gave PER of 92 and 80, respectively. Blending of legumes and oilseeds with wheat flour (PER = 28) gave high PER values (60--85), as also occurred in rice blends (71--88). Supplementation of wheat-legume blends with lysine (0.4%), methionine (0.2%) and threonine (0.1%) brought all PER values above 100. It appeared that differences in PER of the diets paralleled the levels of the first limiting amino acid for rat growth. Results of balance trials indicated that the availability of the limiting amino acid(s) was lower than other essential amino acids for each protein source.", "PMID": 727022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10954", "title": "The nutritive value of faba beans and low glucosinolate rapeseed meal for swine.", "content": "Faba beans may be effectively used as a partial replacement for other protein supplements in swine diets. Breeding swine appear to be particularly sensitive to the level of faba beans in their diets. The lack of response to autoclaving faba beans suggests that the trypsin inhibitor level and condensed tannin content of faba beans do not significantly influence the performance of growing-finishing swine. Supplementation of diets containing faba beans with lysine and/or methionine has not improved pig performance. The scientific selection and commercial production of low glucosinolate varieties of rape constitutes a major advance for swine nutrition. All swine experiments that have compared low glucosinolate rapessed meal with regular rapeseed meal have demonstrated the superiority of the low glucosinolate material as a protein source. Substantially larger proportions of the low glucosinolate material may be fed to all classes of swine without any significant depression in performance.", "contents": "The nutritive value of faba beans and low glucosinolate rapeseed meal for swine. Faba beans may be effectively used as a partial replacement for other protein supplements in swine diets. Breeding swine appear to be particularly sensitive to the level of faba beans in their diets. The lack of response to autoclaving faba beans suggests that the trypsin inhibitor level and condensed tannin content of faba beans do not significantly influence the performance of growing-finishing swine. Supplementation of diets containing faba beans with lysine and/or methionine has not improved pig performance. The scientific selection and commercial production of low glucosinolate varieties of rape constitutes a major advance for swine nutrition. All swine experiments that have compared low glucosinolate rapessed meal with regular rapeseed meal have demonstrated the superiority of the low glucosinolate material as a protein source. Substantially larger proportions of the low glucosinolate material may be fed to all classes of swine without any significant depression in performance.", "PMID": 727023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10955", "title": "Production of animal protein from nonprotein nitrogen chemicals.", "content": "Ruminants obtain amino acids (AA) from microbial protein synthesized in the rumen and from feed proteins that escape ruminal degradation. Synthesis of microbial protein provides a mechanism for obtaining AA from NPN. Effectiveness of NPN utilization depends upon production and utilization of ammonia by rumen microbes. Because ammonia is produced from protein and NPN, feeding proteins resistant to microbial degradation forces utilization of ammonia derived from NPN. The quantity of microbial cells formed in the anaerobic rumen fermentation system is primarily dependnt upon energy supply but can be modulated by types and supplies of other nutrients (i.e. amino-N, minerals growth factors) and by growth rate of rumen bacteria. Potential quantities of NPN that can be utilized with different feed ingredients can be estimated from amounts of feed protein degraded in the rumen, and requiring transformation into protein via growth of rumen microbes, and from amounts of energy provided by feed ingredients. High energy feed ingredients with low amounts of degradable protein are most favorable for NPN utilization, but NPN has also been used successfully with high-fibrous, low energy feed materials. Growth, lactation and reproduction have been obtained on diets containing more than 97% of the nitrogen from NPN, but microbial protein alone cannot provide quantities of AA needed for high levels of productivity. Regulating ruminal degradation of dietary protein and utilizing NPN for rumen protein production is a highly desirable strategy for producing human foods with ruminants.", "contents": "Production of animal protein from nonprotein nitrogen chemicals. Ruminants obtain amino acids (AA) from microbial protein synthesized in the rumen and from feed proteins that escape ruminal degradation. Synthesis of microbial protein provides a mechanism for obtaining AA from NPN. Effectiveness of NPN utilization depends upon production and utilization of ammonia by rumen microbes. Because ammonia is produced from protein and NPN, feeding proteins resistant to microbial degradation forces utilization of ammonia derived from NPN. The quantity of microbial cells formed in the anaerobic rumen fermentation system is primarily dependnt upon energy supply but can be modulated by types and supplies of other nutrients (i.e. amino-N, minerals growth factors) and by growth rate of rumen bacteria. Potential quantities of NPN that can be utilized with different feed ingredients can be estimated from amounts of feed protein degraded in the rumen, and requiring transformation into protein via growth of rumen microbes, and from amounts of energy provided by feed ingredients. High energy feed ingredients with low amounts of degradable protein are most favorable for NPN utilization, but NPN has also been used successfully with high-fibrous, low energy feed materials. Growth, lactation and reproduction have been obtained on diets containing more than 97% of the nitrogen from NPN, but microbial protein alone cannot provide quantities of AA needed for high levels of productivity. Regulating ruminal degradation of dietary protein and utilizing NPN for rumen protein production is a highly desirable strategy for producing human foods with ruminants.", "PMID": 727024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10956", "title": "Analysis for availability of amino acid supplements in foods and feeds: biochemical and nutritional implications.", "content": "In formulated diets based on cereal grains, lysine and/or methionine are usually deficient as well as often being the first amino acids limiting the nutritional value of such diets. Deficiency of these two amino acids in nutritional practice is compensated by synthetic L-lysine and DL-methionine supplementation or by the introduction of various protein sources - rich in lysine and methionine. Among all essential amino acids lysine is most liable and subject to damage during the processing of foods and feeds which can cause the \"deepening\" of the lysine deficiency not on the total but on the physiologically-available lysine basis. Hence, the simultaneous lysine deficiency and biological \"sufficiency\" problem is discussed using examples of practical diets in which a balance of biologically-active substances was achieved by the formulation and optimalisation according to the needs of animals, taking into account physiological lysine \"accessibility\" - \"availability\". Growth rate, nitrogen balance data and chemical composition of the tissue in long term trials are the most valid indication justifying the quantity of amino acid supplements to the practical diets. Prediction of the practical results of dietary amino acid balance from various short-term chemical and biological tests can give misleading results. Their application in nutritional practice is restricted to particular types of foods/feeds, and to specific processing systems and test conditions. Observations of the appearances of most limiting, dietary amino acids in the blood after the meal do not provide a complete nutritional characteristics of practical rations due to complex regulatory mechanisms in protein and amino acid metabolism much of which are not yet fully understood.", "contents": "Analysis for availability of amino acid supplements in foods and feeds: biochemical and nutritional implications. In formulated diets based on cereal grains, lysine and/or methionine are usually deficient as well as often being the first amino acids limiting the nutritional value of such diets. Deficiency of these two amino acids in nutritional practice is compensated by synthetic L-lysine and DL-methionine supplementation or by the introduction of various protein sources - rich in lysine and methionine. Among all essential amino acids lysine is most liable and subject to damage during the processing of foods and feeds which can cause the \"deepening\" of the lysine deficiency not on the total but on the physiologically-available lysine basis. Hence, the simultaneous lysine deficiency and biological \"sufficiency\" problem is discussed using examples of practical diets in which a balance of biologically-active substances was achieved by the formulation and optimalisation according to the needs of animals, taking into account physiological lysine \"accessibility\" - \"availability\". Growth rate, nitrogen balance data and chemical composition of the tissue in long term trials are the most valid indication justifying the quantity of amino acid supplements to the practical diets. Prediction of the practical results of dietary amino acid balance from various short-term chemical and biological tests can give misleading results. Their application in nutritional practice is restricted to particular types of foods/feeds, and to specific processing systems and test conditions. Observations of the appearances of most limiting, dietary amino acids in the blood after the meal do not provide a complete nutritional characteristics of practical rations due to complex regulatory mechanisms in protein and amino acid metabolism much of which are not yet fully understood.", "PMID": 727025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10957", "title": "N-Substituted lysines as sources of lysine in nutrition.", "content": "Twenty seven alpha-N- and epsilon-N-substituted derivatives of lysine belonging to eight different classes: (1) natural dipeptides, (2) alpha-N-acyl-, (3)epsilon-N-acyl-, (4)epsilon-N-(alpha-amino acyl)-, (5)epsilon-N-(omega-amino acyl)-, (6)alpha-N-epsilon-N-di-amino acyl-, (7)epsilon-N-acylglycyl- and (8)Schiff's bases were synthesized. The \"in vitro\" utilization of some of them was tested by a rat growth assay. Only the derivatives which provided biologically available lysine were hydrolysed by one or more of the intestinal mucosa, liver or kidney homogenates. It is argued that derivatives which can be split by any of the above homogenates are potential sources of lysine. The derivatives of classes (1), (4), (6) and (8) are nearly as efficient as free lysine while lysine in classes (2) and (7) is not utilized at all. From the classes (3) and (5) only some are utilized: epsilon- formyl- and epsilon-acetyl- partially and epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)-totally. The biologically available derivatives were 4 to 7 times less reactive than free lysine in the Maillard reaction and could therefore be used to fortify foods which have to be submitted to severe heat-treatments. A cheap method of synthesis of epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)-lysine is proposed and its metabolic transit described.", "contents": "N-Substituted lysines as sources of lysine in nutrition. Twenty seven alpha-N- and epsilon-N-substituted derivatives of lysine belonging to eight different classes: (1) natural dipeptides, (2) alpha-N-acyl-, (3)epsilon-N-acyl-, (4)epsilon-N-(alpha-amino acyl)-, (5)epsilon-N-(omega-amino acyl)-, (6)alpha-N-epsilon-N-di-amino acyl-, (7)epsilon-N-acylglycyl- and (8)Schiff's bases were synthesized. The \"in vitro\" utilization of some of them was tested by a rat growth assay. Only the derivatives which provided biologically available lysine were hydrolysed by one or more of the intestinal mucosa, liver or kidney homogenates. It is argued that derivatives which can be split by any of the above homogenates are potential sources of lysine. The derivatives of classes (1), (4), (6) and (8) are nearly as efficient as free lysine while lysine in classes (2) and (7) is not utilized at all. From the classes (3) and (5) only some are utilized: epsilon- formyl- and epsilon-acetyl- partially and epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)-totally. The biologically available derivatives were 4 to 7 times less reactive than free lysine in the Maillard reaction and could therefore be used to fortify foods which have to be submitted to severe heat-treatments. A cheap method of synthesis of epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)-lysine is proposed and its metabolic transit described.", "PMID": 727026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10958", "title": "A method for improving the nutritional value of food proteins: covalent attachment of amino acids.", "content": "Casein was modified by use of a series of active N-hydroxy-succinimide esters of amino acids in order to study the effects of new covalently linked hydrophobic or hydrophilic groups on its physical and nutritional properties. Tryptophan was used to determine the best conditions for the chemical reaction and to study the stability of the newly formed amide linkage (isopeptide bond). Casein was also modified with glycine, alanine, methionine, N-acetyl-methionine and aspartic acid. In vitro hydrolysis studies using bovine chymotrypsin, pancreatine and rat bile-pancreatic juice indicated that digestibility of the modified casein derivatives was lower than that of the untreated protein. Since solubility was not significantly changed (except for tryptophyl-casein), the decreased in vitro digestibility is probably due to other factors such as steric hindrance as well as decrease in lysine residues available to trypsin in pancreatin and rat pancreatic juice. Plasma amino acid patterns for rats fed a 10% protein diet of highly modified glycyl-casein or methionyl-casein suggest that the epsilon-aminolysyl derivatives are readily hydrolyzed in vivo. This was confirmed by the growth response of rats fed the following isonitrogenous diets (protein source listed only): casein, casein + free methionine, methionyl-casein, casein + free N-acetyl-methionine, N-acety-methionyl-casein. Covalently attached methionine appeared to be as readily available as the free amino acid; bound N-acetyl-methionine was also available but to a slightly lower extent. Although this study is preliminary, the covalent attachment of amino acids  to proteins appears to be a promising method for improving the biological value of food proteins.", "contents": "A method for improving the nutritional value of food proteins: covalent attachment of amino acids. Casein was modified by use of a series of active N-hydroxy-succinimide esters of amino acids in order to study the effects of new covalently linked hydrophobic or hydrophilic groups on its physical and nutritional properties. Tryptophan was used to determine the best conditions for the chemical reaction and to study the stability of the newly formed amide linkage (isopeptide bond). Casein was also modified with glycine, alanine, methionine, N-acetyl-methionine and aspartic acid. In vitro hydrolysis studies using bovine chymotrypsin, pancreatine and rat bile-pancreatic juice indicated that digestibility of the modified casein derivatives was lower than that of the untreated protein. Since solubility was not significantly changed (except for tryptophyl-casein), the decreased in vitro digestibility is probably due to other factors such as steric hindrance as well as decrease in lysine residues available to trypsin in pancreatin and rat pancreatic juice. Plasma amino acid patterns for rats fed a 10% protein diet of highly modified glycyl-casein or methionyl-casein suggest that the epsilon-aminolysyl derivatives are readily hydrolyzed in vivo. This was confirmed by the growth response of rats fed the following isonitrogenous diets (protein source listed only): casein, casein + free methionine, methionyl-casein, casein + free N-acetyl-methionine, N-acety-methionyl-casein. Covalently attached methionine appeared to be as readily available as the free amino acid; bound N-acetyl-methionine was also available but to a slightly lower extent. Although this study is preliminary, the covalent attachment of amino acids  to proteins appears to be a promising method for improving the biological value of food proteins.", "PMID": 727027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10959", "title": "Microbial production of essential amino acid with Corynebacterium glutamicum mutants.", "content": "Amino acids produced by microbial process are generally L-forms. The stereospecificity of the amino acids produced by fermentation makes the process advantageous compared with synthetic process. Microorganisms employed in microbial process for amino acid production are divided into 4 classes; wild-type strain, auxotrophic mutant, regulatory mutant and auxotrophic regulatory mutant. Using such mutants of Corynebacterium glutamicum, all the essential amino acids but L-methionine are now being produced by \"direct fermentation\" from cheap carbon sources such as carbohydrate materials or acetic acid.", "contents": "Microbial production of essential amino acid with Corynebacterium glutamicum mutants. Amino acids produced by microbial process are generally L-forms. The stereospecificity of the amino acids produced by fermentation makes the process advantageous compared with synthetic process. Microorganisms employed in microbial process for amino acid production are divided into 4 classes; wild-type strain, auxotrophic mutant, regulatory mutant and auxotrophic regulatory mutant. Using such mutants of Corynebacterium glutamicum, all the essential amino acids but L-methionine are now being produced by \"direct fermentation\" from cheap carbon sources such as carbohydrate materials or acetic acid.", "PMID": 727028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10960", "title": "Fortification of soft drinks with protein from cottage cheese whey.", "content": "Cottage cheese whey protein concentrates, prepared by preconcentration by ultrafiltration followed by gel permeation to remove low molecular weight materials, have the solubility, stability and flavor that make them suitable for fortification of soft drinks and related products. These concentrates are characterized by high levels of \"available\" lysine and by amino acid compositions indicating good nutritional value. Carbonated beverages prepared with conventional beverage ingredients and containing up to 1% by weight of the total beverage of added whey protein maintained clarity, color, and flavor during 203 days storage at room temperature. Spray dried whey protein concentrates were incorporated without adverse effects into commercial \"ade\" type powders. Clarity of 1% protein solutions at pH 2--3.5 was not impaired by heating for 6h at 80 degree, but some structural change occurred since an average of 37% of the protein precipitated on shifting pH to 4.7. Increased stability against heat denaturation under acidic conditions was conferred by some soft drink ingredients. Added sucrose reduced protein denaturation by 1/2 but sodium saccharin had no effect. The type of acid used also altered protein denaturation rate. While properly isolated whey protein concentrates have functional properties necessary for soft drink fortification, feasibility of use will depend upon cost.", "contents": "Fortification of soft drinks with protein from cottage cheese whey. Cottage cheese whey protein concentrates, prepared by preconcentration by ultrafiltration followed by gel permeation to remove low molecular weight materials, have the solubility, stability and flavor that make them suitable for fortification of soft drinks and related products. These concentrates are characterized by high levels of \"available\" lysine and by amino acid compositions indicating good nutritional value. Carbonated beverages prepared with conventional beverage ingredients and containing up to 1% by weight of the total beverage of added whey protein maintained clarity, color, and flavor during 203 days storage at room temperature. Spray dried whey protein concentrates were incorporated without adverse effects into commercial \"ade\" type powders. Clarity of 1% protein solutions at pH 2--3.5 was not impaired by heating for 6h at 80 degree, but some structural change occurred since an average of 37% of the protein precipitated on shifting pH to 4.7. Increased stability against heat denaturation under acidic conditions was conferred by some soft drink ingredients. Added sucrose reduced protein denaturation by 1/2 but sodium saccharin had no effect. The type of acid used also altered protein denaturation rate. While properly isolated whey protein concentrates have functional properties necessary for soft drink fortification, feasibility of use will depend upon cost.", "PMID": 727030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10961", "title": "Effect on nitrogen retention by adults of different proportions of indispensable amino acids in isonitrogenous cereal-based based diets.", "content": "Nitrogen retention of adults who consumed diets in which cereals furnished 6.0 g N and 0.9 g of lysine was improved by increasing lysine to 1.8 g without altering other amino acids. In a second experiment, 70% of the 6.0 g of dietary N was supplied by rice + wheat and 30% by mixtures of amino acids so designed that the total intakes of amino acids were equivalent to those in diets containing 6.0 g N from whole egg (E), egg + potato (EP), rice + wheat (RW), rice + soy (RS), wheat + milk (WM) or corn + beans (CB). Mean N balances of young men in descending order were, g/day: E 0.69 +/- 0.23, RS 0.44 +/- 0.15, EP 0.43 +/- 0.09, WM 0.24 +/- 0.16, CB 0.16 +/- 0.13 and RW -0.02 +/- 0.10. In the same order, these diet provided, g/day: lysine 2.6, 1.9, 2.3, 1.6, 1.4 and 1.0; S-acids 2.2, 1.7, 1.6, 2.2, 1.9 and 2.3; and tryptophan 0.7, 0.4, 0.6, 0.5, 0.3 and 0.4. N balances resulting from diets E, RS and EP did not differ significantly from each other but E was superior to CB and RW (P less than 0.01). Relative amounts and propertions of the essential amino acids could be varied without altering nitrogen retention until at least one amino acid became limiting. Several patterns of indispensable amino acids therefore may be equally effective in meeting needs of adults, but both amounts and relative proportions should be considered.", "contents": "Effect on nitrogen retention by adults of different proportions of indispensable amino acids in isonitrogenous cereal-based based diets. Nitrogen retention of adults who consumed diets in which cereals furnished 6.0 g N and 0.9 g of lysine was improved by increasing lysine to 1.8 g without altering other amino acids. In a second experiment, 70% of the 6.0 g of dietary N was supplied by rice + wheat and 30% by mixtures of amino acids so designed that the total intakes of amino acids were equivalent to those in diets containing 6.0 g N from whole egg (E), egg + potato (EP), rice + wheat (RW), rice + soy (RS), wheat + milk (WM) or corn + beans (CB). Mean N balances of young men in descending order were, g/day: E 0.69 +/- 0.23, RS 0.44 +/- 0.15, EP 0.43 +/- 0.09, WM 0.24 +/- 0.16, CB 0.16 +/- 0.13 and RW -0.02 +/- 0.10. In the same order, these diet provided, g/day: lysine 2.6, 1.9, 2.3, 1.6, 1.4 and 1.0; S-acids 2.2, 1.7, 1.6, 2.2, 1.9 and 2.3; and tryptophan 0.7, 0.4, 0.6, 0.5, 0.3 and 0.4. N balances resulting from diets E, RS and EP did not differ significantly from each other but E was superior to CB and RW (P less than 0.01). Relative amounts and propertions of the essential amino acids could be varied without altering nitrogen retention until at least one amino acid became limiting. Several patterns of indispensable amino acids therefore may be equally effective in meeting needs of adults, but both amounts and relative proportions should be considered.", "PMID": 727031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10962", "title": "Design assembly of an inexpensive, automated microbore amino acid analyzer: separation and quantitation of amino acids in physiological fluids.", "content": "An amino acid analyzer capable of separating and quantitating 0.5 to 20 n moles of each ninhydrin-positive compound in physiological fluids has been designed and assembled from commercially available components. The buffer sequence, column temperature change and sample application are controlled by an automatic programmer constructed from a series of timers. The liquid delivery protion of the instrument consists of a series of polystyrene and stainless steel chambers pressurized with argon and connected through valves and manifolds to conventional positive displacement pumps. The column is highly polished stainless steel tubing (0.21-cm ID) packed with 9-mu cation exchange resin. Micro colorimeters, equipped with appropriate interference filters and small-volume (2-8 mu 1) flow cells, are used as detectors. The sample loader is a dual 20-port automatic valve containing 25-mu1 sample loops. Small-bore teflon tubing (32 AWG), interconnected with tubing adapters and connectors, is used for buffer lines and reaction coil (100 degree C); ninhydrin lines are 1/16-inch stainless steel tubing. Separation of 42 ninhydrin positive compounds, including column equilibration, is accomplished in 5 hours. Procedures for the extraction of amino acids from physiological fluids and tissues as well as the preliminary clean-up of these extracts are also described.", "contents": "Design assembly of an inexpensive, automated microbore amino acid analyzer: separation and quantitation of amino acids in physiological fluids. An amino acid analyzer capable of separating and quantitating 0.5 to 20 n moles of each ninhydrin-positive compound in physiological fluids has been designed and assembled from commercially available components. The buffer sequence, column temperature change and sample application are controlled by an automatic programmer constructed from a series of timers. The liquid delivery protion of the instrument consists of a series of polystyrene and stainless steel chambers pressurized with argon and connected through valves and manifolds to conventional positive displacement pumps. The column is highly polished stainless steel tubing (0.21-cm ID) packed with 9-mu cation exchange resin. Micro colorimeters, equipped with appropriate interference filters and small-volume (2-8 mu 1) flow cells, are used as detectors. The sample loader is a dual 20-port automatic valve containing 25-mu1 sample loops. Small-bore teflon tubing (32 AWG), interconnected with tubing adapters and connectors, is used for buffer lines and reaction coil (100 degree C); ninhydrin lines are 1/16-inch stainless steel tubing. Separation of 42 ninhydrin positive compounds, including column equilibration, is accomplished in 5 hours. Procedures for the extraction of amino acids from physiological fluids and tissues as well as the preliminary clean-up of these extracts are also described.", "PMID": 727032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10963", "title": "Comparative protein quality as measured by human and small animal bioassays of three lines of winter wheat.", "content": "Incomplete information on factors contributing to apparent protein quality and to value of food products as sources of protein and how these factors interact necessitate the use of bioassay procedures. Ideally bioassay procedures should be done using the animal species for which the protein is intended. Practical considerations dictate the use of small animal bioassay rather than human bioassays for routine use in protein product evaluation. To be of real value for routine use in protein product evaluation. To be of real value for assays of food products designed for human use, animal bioassays must accurately predict human performance. Surprisingly little information is available on this topic. In the current project three Nebraska winter wheats of similar genetic backgrounds were evaluated for protein value and for value of the wheats as sources of proteins. Chemical, weanling mouse, adult human and growing human bioassay techniques were employed. Rankings of the grains were similar regardless of species used for protein quality evaluations. Similar rankings were found regardless of species used for protein quality/quantity evaluations. However, ranking varied between methods designed to evaluate protein quality and those designed to measure protein quality/quantity interrelationships. The results stress the importance of matching appropriate methodology with information desired. In a latter project, wheats of dissimilar genetic background were not as uniformily evaluated. This suggests that other factors known to affect protein quality and value were more variable in these wheats.", "contents": "Comparative protein quality as measured by human and small animal bioassays of three lines of winter wheat. Incomplete information on factors contributing to apparent protein quality and to value of food products as sources of protein and how these factors interact necessitate the use of bioassay procedures. Ideally bioassay procedures should be done using the animal species for which the protein is intended. Practical considerations dictate the use of small animal bioassay rather than human bioassays for routine use in protein product evaluation. To be of real value for routine use in protein product evaluation. To be of real value for assays of food products designed for human use, animal bioassays must accurately predict human performance. Surprisingly little information is available on this topic. In the current project three Nebraska winter wheats of similar genetic backgrounds were evaluated for protein value and for value of the wheats as sources of proteins. Chemical, weanling mouse, adult human and growing human bioassay techniques were employed. Rankings of the grains were similar regardless of species used for protein quality evaluations. Similar rankings were found regardless of species used for protein quality/quantity evaluations. However, ranking varied between methods designed to evaluate protein quality and those designed to measure protein quality/quantity interrelationships. The results stress the importance of matching appropriate methodology with information desired. In a latter project, wheats of dissimilar genetic background were not as uniformily evaluated. This suggests that other factors known to affect protein quality and value were more variable in these wheats.", "PMID": 727033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10964", "title": "Interferon assay anomaly variation of interferon response with cell type and sialic acid content.", "content": "Human interferon derived from leukocytes and cultured fibroblast sources has been compared by assay in two human cell systems. The ratio of the activities of the two interferon preparations differed markedly in two assay systems. Neuraminidase treatment had no effect on the activity of either interferon in the more sensitive system but reduced the activity of the fibroblast material in the second system so that the resulting ratio of activities approximated that seen in the first assay system.", "contents": "Interferon assay anomaly variation of interferon response with cell type and sialic acid content. Human interferon derived from leukocytes and cultured fibroblast sources has been compared by assay in two human cell systems. The ratio of the activities of the two interferon preparations differed markedly in two assay systems. Neuraminidase treatment had no effect on the activity of either interferon in the more sensitive system but reduced the activity of the fibroblast material in the second system so that the resulting ratio of activities approximated that seen in the first assay system.", "PMID": 727039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10965", "title": "Interferon therapy for neoplastic diseases in man in vitro and in vivo studies.", "content": "With the object of examining the anti-tumour effect of exogenous interferon therapy in man a research programme has been initiated at the Karolinska Hospital. Established cell lines obtained from patients with Burkitt's and other types of lymphoma, leukaemia, osteosarcoma, mammary carcinoma and fibrosarcoma and from fibroblast cultures displayed a variable sensitivity to the cell multiplication inhibitory activity of interferon. All the monolayer cultures tested were found to be sensitive to interferon at concentrations between 10 and 300 units/ml. Some lymphoma cell lines were not sensitive to interferon even at concentrations as high as 10.000 units/ml, while others were sensitive at concentrations between 2 and 300 units/ml. The interferons tested appeared to show a degree of tissue specificity. Controlled studies in vivo are being performed on osteosarcoma, juvenile papilloma of the larynx, multiple myeloma and small-cell carcinoma of the lung. The clinical results of this research obtained to date, together with the results obtained in model experiments, would appear to warrant accelerated production of human interferon.", "contents": "Interferon therapy for neoplastic diseases in man in vitro and in vivo studies. With the object of examining the anti-tumour effect of exogenous interferon therapy in man a research programme has been initiated at the Karolinska Hospital. Established cell lines obtained from patients with Burkitt's and other types of lymphoma, leukaemia, osteosarcoma, mammary carcinoma and fibrosarcoma and from fibroblast cultures displayed a variable sensitivity to the cell multiplication inhibitory activity of interferon. All the monolayer cultures tested were found to be sensitive to interferon at concentrations between 10 and 300 units/ml. Some lymphoma cell lines were not sensitive to interferon even at concentrations as high as 10.000 units/ml, while others were sensitive at concentrations between 2 and 300 units/ml. The interferons tested appeared to show a degree of tissue specificity. Controlled studies in vivo are being performed on osteosarcoma, juvenile papilloma of the larynx, multiple myeloma and small-cell carcinoma of the lung. The clinical results of this research obtained to date, together with the results obtained in model experiments, would appear to warrant accelerated production of human interferon.", "PMID": 727040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10966", "title": "Considerations in our search for interferons for clinical use.", "content": "Interferon has yet to become the drug of choice for any clinical disease entity, but several promising uses are being pursued. Clinical trials are limited probably because interferon is so expensive. Cheaper interferon would probably stimulate more clinical trials. Demonstrated efficacy in a disease of considerable magnitude would spur the search for cheaper interferon. Possible ways to look for more, cheaper interferon are suggested. The need to understand the chemical and structural composition of interferon is pointed out especially the role played by carbohydrates. There is a need for a non-biological, yet sensitive quantitative measurement of interferon; development of an immune assay is suggested. The need to restudy ways to apply interferon to target tissues and the need for a standardized product for use in clinical trials are pointed out.", "contents": "Considerations in our search for interferons for clinical use. Interferon has yet to become the drug of choice for any clinical disease entity, but several promising uses are being pursued. Clinical trials are limited probably because interferon is so expensive. Cheaper interferon would probably stimulate more clinical trials. Demonstrated efficacy in a disease of considerable magnitude would spur the search for cheaper interferon. Possible ways to look for more, cheaper interferon are suggested. The need to understand the chemical and structural composition of interferon is pointed out especially the role played by carbohydrates. There is a need for a non-biological, yet sensitive quantitative measurement of interferon; development of an immune assay is suggested. The need to restudy ways to apply interferon to target tissues and the need for a standardized product for use in clinical trials are pointed out.", "PMID": 727042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10967", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of prostaglandins and thromboxanes.", "content": "1. Decide on what organ or other biological material to study and select the proper compound for this study from the knowledge of precursor acid metabolism. Develop the RIA for this compound or a stable derivative thereof. 2. Whichever sample type is assayed (extracted or unextracted), the possibility of the presence of nonspecific interfering factors must be constantly kept in mind. Make dilution tests and assay for parallelism; however, do not accept parallelism as an absolute criterion of absence of nonspecific influence. 3. Use two or more completely different separation techniques for comparison when validating the RIA. 4. When evaluating the RIA, do not limit the investigation to the traditional reliability criteria: sensitivity, specificity, precision, and accuracy. The RIA may seem reliable at this stage and still give completely unrealistic values when applied to biological material. The method must be evaluated by other studies as well. 5. In the experimental design, aim at following the changes in prostaglandin levels in a series of samples instead of measuring absolute levels in single samples. 6. Make comparative studies employing different quantitative methods.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. 1. Decide on what organ or other biological material to study and select the proper compound for this study from the knowledge of precursor acid metabolism. Develop the RIA for this compound or a stable derivative thereof. 2. Whichever sample type is assayed (extracted or unextracted), the possibility of the presence of nonspecific interfering factors must be constantly kept in mind. Make dilution tests and assay for parallelism; however, do not accept parallelism as an absolute criterion of absence of nonspecific influence. 3. Use two or more completely different separation techniques for comparison when validating the RIA. 4. When evaluating the RIA, do not limit the investigation to the traditional reliability criteria: sensitivity, specificity, precision, and accuracy. The RIA may seem reliable at this stage and still give completely unrealistic values when applied to biological material. The method must be evaluated by other studies as well. 5. In the experimental design, aim at following the changes in prostaglandin levels in a series of samples instead of measuring absolute levels in single samples. 6. Make comparative studies employing different quantitative methods.", "PMID": 727045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10968", "title": "Gas chromatography of the prostaglandins.", "content": "Gas chromatography is the most widely used chromatographic technique. Its strength lies in the fact that three distinct operations--separation, detection, and quantitation--can be performed on all the components of mixtures within a reasonable time, and that qualitative information about the compound identity is associated with its retention time. Despite a prominent position in other areas of biochemistry, its success in the prostaglandin field has been rather limited. The technique itself is not at fault since samples with reasonable levels of prostaglandins have been analyzed without overwhelming difficulty. However, many samples demand a sensitivity exceeding the limits of either electron capture or flame ionization detectors. Shifts in research problems have contributed to its decline, but it is fair to add that these shifts were associated with the appearance of more sensitive and accurate analytical methods. Let us not despair for gas chromatography because its competitors, radioimmunoassay and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy, also have deficiencies. In this chapter we have described several traditional gas chromatographic methods for prostaglandin analysis and outlined their strengths and weaknesses. Hopefully, this will prevent the misapplication of a useful analytical tool and also serve as an incentive to provoke contributions to this somewhat neglected technology. In conclusion, it cannot be stressed enough that all instrumental methods are at the mercy of chemistry. Chemistry can be exploited to enhance the value of a technique, or it can be disregarded to discredit the technique. The rise of sophisticated instruments has falsely diminished the value of chemistry in analytical methods development. It is imperative that we remind ourselves of its place and use it properly.", "contents": "Gas chromatography of the prostaglandins. Gas chromatography is the most widely used chromatographic technique. Its strength lies in the fact that three distinct operations--separation, detection, and quantitation--can be performed on all the components of mixtures within a reasonable time, and that qualitative information about the compound identity is associated with its retention time. Despite a prominent position in other areas of biochemistry, its success in the prostaglandin field has been rather limited. The technique itself is not at fault since samples with reasonable levels of prostaglandins have been analyzed without overwhelming difficulty. However, many samples demand a sensitivity exceeding the limits of either electron capture or flame ionization detectors. Shifts in research problems have contributed to its decline, but it is fair to add that these shifts were associated with the appearance of more sensitive and accurate analytical methods. Let us not despair for gas chromatography because its competitors, radioimmunoassay and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy, also have deficiencies. In this chapter we have described several traditional gas chromatographic methods for prostaglandin analysis and outlined their strengths and weaknesses. Hopefully, this will prevent the misapplication of a useful analytical tool and also serve as an incentive to provoke contributions to this somewhat neglected technology. In conclusion, it cannot be stressed enough that all instrumental methods are at the mercy of chemistry. Chemistry can be exploited to enhance the value of a technique, or it can be disregarded to discredit the technique. The rise of sophisticated instruments has falsely diminished the value of chemistry in analytical methods development. It is imperative that we remind ourselves of its place and use it properly.", "PMID": 727047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10969", "title": "Multidisciplinary education in geriatrics: an experimental course at the Middlesex Hospital.", "content": "For two years mixed groups of medical, nursing and physiotherapy students have taken part in an experimental course in geriatric medicine. The course organization and content are described and the students' evaluation of the course is discussed.", "contents": "Multidisciplinary education in geriatrics: an experimental course at the Middlesex Hospital. For two years mixed groups of medical, nursing and physiotherapy students have taken part in an experimental course in geriatric medicine. The course organization and content are described and the students' evaluation of the course is discussed.", "PMID": 727069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10970", "title": "Suicide and parasuicide in old age: a review.", "content": "The disproportionately high suicide rate among the elderly is examined in this review. As opposed to younger age groups, a close association exists between suicide and parasuicide in old age. Factors associated with these events include a high incidence of depression, serious physical illness, as well as social factors that serve to isolate the individual and deprive him of positive support and therapeutic intervention. A high risk profile and integrative model are proposed.", "contents": "Suicide and parasuicide in old age: a review. The disproportionately high suicide rate among the elderly is examined in this review. As opposed to younger age groups, a close association exists between suicide and parasuicide in old age. Factors associated with these events include a high incidence of depression, serious physical illness, as well as social factors that serve to isolate the individual and deprive him of positive support and therapeutic intervention. A high risk profile and integrative model are proposed.", "PMID": 727070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10971", "title": "Environment, temperature and death rates.", "content": "Analysis of recorded monthly deaths in England and Wales shows a close association of death rates with external temperature in most diseases other than the cancers. Analysis of daily deaths in England and Wales and in New York shows the following relationships between temperature and deaths from myocardial infarction, strokes and pneumonia. Between -10 degrees and +20 degrees C mimimum temperature there is a nearly linear fall in deaths as the temperature rises. Above 20 degrees C deaths rise steeply as the temperature rises and below -10 degrees C rise steeply as temperature falls. These associations of deaths with temperature are much stronger in the elderly than in younger subjects. Detailed analysis of the daily deaths in England and Wales from myocardial infarction, strokes and pneumonia show that short-term (1--2 days) temperature changes have little effect on death rates but medium-term (7--10 days) and longer-term (three or more weeks) changes associated with very significant changes in death rates. The three diseases vary in the time relations between temperature change and change in death rates. In all three there is an interval between the change in temperature and death and this is shortest in the case of myocardial infarction (1--2 days before death), longest in the case of pneumonia (about a week before death) and intermediate in the case of strokes (about 3--4 days before death). At low temperatures death rates increase as the duration of temperature change increases, while at high temperatures (but below +20 degrees C) death rates decrease as the period of temperature change is longer. The implications of these findings are discussed and it is postulated that there is probably causal relationship between temperature change and deaths from a wide variety of diseases. A proximal link in the chain is probably a failure of autonomic control of body temperature in the elderly leading to a change in body temperature and some humoral change which in turn leads to death. It is not appropriate to concentrate on hypothermia as the relationship between temperature and death is seen at all temperatures.", "contents": "Environment, temperature and death rates. Analysis of recorded monthly deaths in England and Wales shows a close association of death rates with external temperature in most diseases other than the cancers. Analysis of daily deaths in England and Wales and in New York shows the following relationships between temperature and deaths from myocardial infarction, strokes and pneumonia. Between -10 degrees and +20 degrees C mimimum temperature there is a nearly linear fall in deaths as the temperature rises. Above 20 degrees C deaths rise steeply as the temperature rises and below -10 degrees C rise steeply as temperature falls. These associations of deaths with temperature are much stronger in the elderly than in younger subjects. Detailed analysis of the daily deaths in England and Wales from myocardial infarction, strokes and pneumonia show that short-term (1--2 days) temperature changes have little effect on death rates but medium-term (7--10 days) and longer-term (three or more weeks) changes associated with very significant changes in death rates. The three diseases vary in the time relations between temperature change and change in death rates. In all three there is an interval between the change in temperature and death and this is shortest in the case of myocardial infarction (1--2 days before death), longest in the case of pneumonia (about a week before death) and intermediate in the case of strokes (about 3--4 days before death). At low temperatures death rates increase as the duration of temperature change increases, while at high temperatures (but below +20 degrees C) death rates decrease as the period of temperature change is longer. The implications of these findings are discussed and it is postulated that there is probably causal relationship between temperature change and deaths from a wide variety of diseases. A proximal link in the chain is probably a failure of autonomic control of body temperature in the elderly leading to a change in body temperature and some humoral change which in turn leads to death. It is not appropriate to concentrate on hypothermia as the relationship between temperature and death is seen at all temperatures.", "PMID": 727071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10972", "title": "Ultra-violet irradiation and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D levels in sick old people.", "content": "Twelve elderly patients in a rehabilitation ward were given a four-week course of ultra-violet irradiation from a Vitalux lamp. They were compared with 12 controls selected from the same ward. Treatment produced a significant elevation in plasma 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25OHD) by the end of the second week and concentrations continued to rise over the four-week period. Subject showing the greatest response were those starting with the lowest levels of plasma 25OHD. The findings suggest that ultra-violet irradiation is an effective means of treating vitamin D deficiency in old age and that patients with the greatest degree of deficiency show the greatest response.", "contents": "Ultra-violet irradiation and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D levels in sick old people. Twelve elderly patients in a rehabilitation ward were given a four-week course of ultra-violet irradiation from a Vitalux lamp. They were compared with 12 controls selected from the same ward. Treatment produced a significant elevation in plasma 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25OHD) by the end of the second week and concentrations continued to rise over the four-week period. Subject showing the greatest response were those starting with the lowest levels of plasma 25OHD. The findings suggest that ultra-violet irradiation is an effective means of treating vitamin D deficiency in old age and that patients with the greatest degree of deficiency show the greatest response.", "PMID": 727072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10973", "title": "Changing work pattern in a geriatric unit and the effect of a day hospital.", "content": "Examination of data collected during domiciliary visits is a useful research technique. It has been used to examine the changing work pattern of a Geriatric Unit over 25 years. The importance of domiciliary visiting in the efficient use of medical facilities is emphasized.", "contents": "Changing work pattern in a geriatric unit and the effect of a day hospital. Examination of data collected during domiciliary visits is a useful research technique. It has been used to examine the changing work pattern of a Geriatric Unit over 25 years. The importance of domiciliary visiting in the efficient use of medical facilities is emphasized.", "PMID": 727073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10974", "title": "Is jejunal biopsy valuable in the elderly?", "content": "The records of the patients over 65 years undergoing jejunal biopsy in two Liverpool gastroenterology units were obtained. Biopsy failed in four of the 52 cases, diagnostic yield was 12% and only appeared to be of value in confirming the diagnosis of gluten-sensitive enteropathy (adult coeliac disease).", "contents": "Is jejunal biopsy valuable in the elderly? The records of the patients over 65 years undergoing jejunal biopsy in two Liverpool gastroenterology units were obtained. Biopsy failed in four of the 52 cases, diagnostic yield was 12% and only appeared to be of value in confirming the diagnosis of gluten-sensitive enteropathy (adult coeliac disease).", "PMID": 727074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10975", "title": "Picotamide: effects on coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet aggregation during prolonged administration in the aged.", "content": "Picotamide was administered in a daily dose of 1500 mg per os for 30 days to 30 aged, arteriosclerotic subjects and as single doses of 500 mg and 1000 mg to another group of 16 subjects. A reduction of platelet aggregation (methods of Born and Breddin) was observed within 24 hours of commencement of treatment and became more evident in the subsequent days. The reduction was both consistent and significant. A marked increase in fibrinolytic activity (fibrin plate method) was observed during the first 24 hours, particularly for euglobulins with activator. The reaction and clot formation times (r and k) were prolonged and the maximal amplitude (ma) in thrombelastogram was reduced by a definite, though small amount. After the administration of a single dose the maximal effect was observed after eight hours and was still evident after 48 and, to a lesser degree, after 72 hours. The drug was in all cases well tolerated, without any significant side-effects nor untoward reactions.", "contents": "Picotamide: effects on coagulation, fibrinolysis and platelet aggregation during prolonged administration in the aged. Picotamide was administered in a daily dose of 1500 mg per os for 30 days to 30 aged, arteriosclerotic subjects and as single doses of 500 mg and 1000 mg to another group of 16 subjects. A reduction of platelet aggregation (methods of Born and Breddin) was observed within 24 hours of commencement of treatment and became more evident in the subsequent days. The reduction was both consistent and significant. A marked increase in fibrinolytic activity (fibrin plate method) was observed during the first 24 hours, particularly for euglobulins with activator. The reaction and clot formation times (r and k) were prolonged and the maximal amplitude (ma) in thrombelastogram was reduced by a definite, though small amount. After the administration of a single dose the maximal effect was observed after eight hours and was still evident after 48 and, to a lesser degree, after 72 hours. The drug was in all cases well tolerated, without any significant side-effects nor untoward reactions.", "PMID": 727075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10976", "title": "Oxygen absorption in evaporating and condensing water droplets.", "content": "The amount of oxygen absorbed by individual drops of water suspended in a gas stream was measured. The water vapor content in the gas was regulated so that oxygen mass transfer could be observed under evaporation or condensation conditions. Other variables studied were oxygen concentration and exposure time. The rate of mass transfer of oxygen increased significantly with increasing water vapor and oxygen content in the gas. The relevance of mass transfer in growing aerosol systems to industrial hygiene is discussed.", "contents": "Oxygen absorption in evaporating and condensing water droplets. The amount of oxygen absorbed by individual drops of water suspended in a gas stream was measured. The water vapor content in the gas was regulated so that oxygen mass transfer could be observed under evaporation or condensation conditions. Other variables studied were oxygen concentration and exposure time. The rate of mass transfer of oxygen increased significantly with increasing water vapor and oxygen content in the gas. The relevance of mass transfer in growing aerosol systems to industrial hygiene is discussed.", "PMID": 727101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10977", "title": "In-plant evaluation of the muscle strength of workers.", "content": "The static muscular strength of the back extensors, arm flexors and hand grip were measured on industrial workers (463 men and 139 women) involved in physically demanding jobs. No significant differences in strength were found among workers on different jobs. However, strength differences were evident with respect to age and sex; women were about 60 percent as strong as men, and men below 31 years of age were stronger than men above this age.", "contents": "In-plant evaluation of the muscle strength of workers. The static muscular strength of the back extensors, arm flexors and hand grip were measured on industrial workers (463 men and 139 women) involved in physically demanding jobs. No significant differences in strength were found among workers on different jobs. However, strength differences were evident with respect to age and sex; women were about 60 percent as strong as men, and men below 31 years of age were stronger than men above this age.", "PMID": 727102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10978", "title": "The development of a fluorometric method for the assay of subtilisins.", "content": "An ultra-sensitive fluorometric method has been developed for quantitating subtilisins in aqueous solution. Using detergent solutions as blanks, the analytical sensitivity was estimated to be 0.002 microgram of 100% active enzyme per milliliter. The required sampling time for quantitating subtilisins in air at their TLV was estimated to be approximately two minutes.", "contents": "The development of a fluorometric method for the assay of subtilisins. An ultra-sensitive fluorometric method has been developed for quantitating subtilisins in aqueous solution. Using detergent solutions as blanks, the analytical sensitivity was estimated to be 0.002 microgram of 100% active enzyme per milliliter. The required sampling time for quantitating subtilisins in air at their TLV was estimated to be approximately two minutes.", "PMID": 727103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10979", "title": "Radiation protection philosophy: bioethical problems and priorities.", "content": "The evolution of radiation protection philosophy over the past thirty years calls attention to an urgent need to review and revise current radiation control programs with respect to the ethical problems and priorities they reflect. One problem is the environmental crisis-mentality escalating already rising expectations in our affluent society about levels of safety. A second problem is the propriety or impropriety of using cost/benefit/risk quantifications in setting priorities in public health protection. A threefold ethical justification for risk-assessment methodology challenges our government regulatory agency system as presently chartered and operationally conducted.", "contents": "Radiation protection philosophy: bioethical problems and priorities. The evolution of radiation protection philosophy over the past thirty years calls attention to an urgent need to review and revise current radiation control programs with respect to the ethical problems and priorities they reflect. One problem is the environmental crisis-mentality escalating already rising expectations in our affluent society about levels of safety. A second problem is the propriety or impropriety of using cost/benefit/risk quantifications in setting priorities in public health protection. A threefold ethical justification for risk-assessment methodology challenges our government regulatory agency system as presently chartered and operationally conducted.", "PMID": 727115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10980", "title": "A new personal sampler for organic vapors.", "content": "This paper describes the evaluation of a new personal sampler for organic vapors which is totally different from traditional sampling techniques using pumps and adsorption tubes. Sampling of organic vapors is effected by collection on an adsorption substrate contained within a small passive sampler worn by the worker. The collection element is removed from the sampler and subsequently analyzed for organic vapors. The results are equated with the time-weighted-average concentration of contaminants in air. This new sampling device circumvents inherent errors generally associated with sampling pumps and tubes; e.g., changes in pumping rates and variable pressure drops across adsorption tubes. Applications of the sampler were demonstrated on various concentrations of benzene, methyl isobutyl ketone, isooctane, butyl acetate, methyl chloroform, trichloroethylene, butanol and solvent mixtures. Variables studied included the effects of temperature, charcoal lot, and air velocities. In addition, the occurrence of \"breakthrough\" and effect of time on sample stability were investigated.", "contents": "A new personal sampler for organic vapors. This paper describes the evaluation of a new personal sampler for organic vapors which is totally different from traditional sampling techniques using pumps and adsorption tubes. Sampling of organic vapors is effected by collection on an adsorption substrate contained within a small passive sampler worn by the worker. The collection element is removed from the sampler and subsequently analyzed for organic vapors. The results are equated with the time-weighted-average concentration of contaminants in air. This new sampling device circumvents inherent errors generally associated with sampling pumps and tubes; e.g., changes in pumping rates and variable pressure drops across adsorption tubes. Applications of the sampler were demonstrated on various concentrations of benzene, methyl isobutyl ketone, isooctane, butyl acetate, methyl chloroform, trichloroethylene, butanol and solvent mixtures. Variables studied included the effects of temperature, charcoal lot, and air velocities. In addition, the occurrence of \"breakthrough\" and effect of time on sample stability were investigated.", "PMID": 727116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10981", "title": "Method for determining complex operator noise exposures.", "content": "This procedure describes a field method for determining operator noise exposures that cannot be assessed from single sound level meter readings. Noise exposures that should be evaluated by this method are those characterized by time-varying operator position sound levels--sound levels that change by three decibels or more while the meter is being read. The method is based on statistical concepts and requires multiple readings for a sample period whose length is prescribed by the desired precision of the results. This new procedure compares well with the theoretical accuracy of the best dosimeters. The actual performance of the new method has been shown to be better than the actual performance of the dosimeters.", "contents": "Method for determining complex operator noise exposures. This procedure describes a field method for determining operator noise exposures that cannot be assessed from single sound level meter readings. Noise exposures that should be evaluated by this method are those characterized by time-varying operator position sound levels--sound levels that change by three decibels or more while the meter is being read. The method is based on statistical concepts and requires multiple readings for a sample period whose length is prescribed by the desired precision of the results. This new procedure compares well with the theoretical accuracy of the best dosimeters. The actual performance of the new method has been shown to be better than the actual performance of the dosimeters.", "PMID": 727117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10982", "title": "Quantitative fit testing of personnel utilizing a mouthpiece respirator.", "content": "A respirator test facility using Refrigerant 12 as a challenge gas has been developed. More than 6000 people have received training in the effective use of mouthpiece respirators. Leakage is determined by the use of a halide detection meter analyzing the exhaled breath. The facilities have been used to provide training and quantitative fit testing for practically all types of respiratory protective equipment. An actual use investigation was made to determine the suitability of the mouthpiece respirator for use in a chlorine producing plant work situation. The mouthpiece respirator was compared with a group of half-face respirators. A clear distinction was made: the half-face respirator offered less protection than the mouthpiece respirator.", "contents": "Quantitative fit testing of personnel utilizing a mouthpiece respirator. A respirator test facility using Refrigerant 12 as a challenge gas has been developed. More than 6000 people have received training in the effective use of mouthpiece respirators. Leakage is determined by the use of a halide detection meter analyzing the exhaled breath. The facilities have been used to provide training and quantitative fit testing for practically all types of respiratory protective equipment. An actual use investigation was made to determine the suitability of the mouthpiece respirator for use in a chlorine producing plant work situation. The mouthpiece respirator was compared with a group of half-face respirators. A clear distinction was made: the half-face respirator offered less protection than the mouthpiece respirator.", "PMID": 727118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10983", "title": "The sampling and determination of azelaic acid in air.", "content": "Air samples of azelaic acid (nonanedioic acid), were collected on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) filters, extracted with ethanol, derivatized with N, O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA), containing 1% trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) and analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. The esterification product is the trimethylsilyl ester, which is different from the methyl ester usually chosen in the esterification processes. A calibration curve was used to determine the azelaic acid content in the filter samples. The detection limit was 1 microgram per sample. Results indicate that the analytical method can be applied to other monocarboxylic and dicarboxylic acids.", "contents": "The sampling and determination of azelaic acid in air. Air samples of azelaic acid (nonanedioic acid), were collected on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) filters, extracted with ethanol, derivatized with N, O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA), containing 1% trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) and analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. The esterification product is the trimethylsilyl ester, which is different from the methyl ester usually chosen in the esterification processes. A calibration curve was used to determine the azelaic acid content in the filter samples. The detection limit was 1 microgram per sample. Results indicate that the analytical method can be applied to other monocarboxylic and dicarboxylic acids.", "PMID": 727120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10984", "title": "Physical state of airborne p, p'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and its measurement.", "content": "The current exposure standard of 0.02 ppm ceiling for MDI by definition refers to a gaseous species. The standard method, recommended by NIOSH, for measuring MDI in air, is also based on the the assumption that MDI is in the gas phase. Investigations in our Unit indicate that a major portion of airborne MDI, in working environments during spraying operations, is present as an aerosol. In view of this finding, the standard method would underestimate the MDI concentration and describing the airborne MDI concentration in \"ppm\" or \"volume/volume unit\" in invalid. A new method for calibration of the continuous reading monitors to measure airborne MDI concentration in mg/m3 unit is described.", "contents": "Physical state of airborne p, p'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and its measurement. The current exposure standard of 0.02 ppm ceiling for MDI by definition refers to a gaseous species. The standard method, recommended by NIOSH, for measuring MDI in air, is also based on the the assumption that MDI is in the gas phase. Investigations in our Unit indicate that a major portion of airborne MDI, in working environments during spraying operations, is present as an aerosol. In view of this finding, the standard method would underestimate the MDI concentration and describing the airborne MDI concentration in \"ppm\" or \"volume/volume unit\" in invalid. A new method for calibration of the continuous reading monitors to measure airborne MDI concentration in mg/m3 unit is described.", "PMID": 727121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10985", "title": "Prolongation of cardiac conduction times by intravenous aprindine in man.", "content": "The acute electrophysiologic effects of intravenous aprindine were evaluated in 48 patients to assess the effect on conduction times and refractoriness in patients with severe cardiac disease and arrhythmias. The patients had not responded to conventional antiarrhythmic medications or had been unable to tolerate effective doses of conventional medications because of side effects. Eleven patients had an abnormal H-V interval, 9 had prolonged QRS duration and 22 had evidence of severe left ventricular dysfunction. Aprindine prolonged conduction transiently in the atria, the atrioventricular (A-V) node, the His-Purkinje system and the ventricles. The refractory times of the atria, the A-V node and the ventricles increased insignificantly, both functionally and statistically. Atrioventricular block did not develop in any patient, and side effects were minor. Thus, aprindine can be safely administered intravenously (10 to 15 mg/min) to severely ill patients with arrhythmias that are refractory to other medications even in the presence of underlying conduction system and myocardial disease.", "contents": "Prolongation of cardiac conduction times by intravenous aprindine in man. The acute electrophysiologic effects of intravenous aprindine were evaluated in 48 patients to assess the effect on conduction times and refractoriness in patients with severe cardiac disease and arrhythmias. The patients had not responded to conventional antiarrhythmic medications or had been unable to tolerate effective doses of conventional medications because of side effects. Eleven patients had an abnormal H-V interval, 9 had prolonged QRS duration and 22 had evidence of severe left ventricular dysfunction. Aprindine prolonged conduction transiently in the atria, the atrioventricular (A-V) node, the His-Purkinje system and the ventricles. The refractory times of the atria, the A-V node and the ventricles increased insignificantly, both functionally and statistically. Atrioventricular block did not develop in any patient, and side effects were minor. Thus, aprindine can be safely administered intravenously (10 to 15 mg/min) to severely ill patients with arrhythmias that are refractory to other medications even in the presence of underlying conduction system and myocardial disease.", "PMID": 727127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10986", "title": "Suppression of the repetitive ventricular response: an index of long-term antiarrhythmic effectiveness of aprindine for ventricular tachycardia in man.", "content": "The repetitive ventricular response, defined as the production of two or more ventricular premature complexes in response to a single ventricular pacing stimulus, is common in patients with serious ventricular arrhythmias. Twenty-seven patients with refractory ventricular tachycardia were studied to determine whether acute suppression of the repetitive ventricular response by aprindine predicts long-term effectiveness of this agent. Twenty-three of the 27 patients had the repetitive ventricular response before intravenous administration of aprindine, whereas only 6 had the response after aprindine. All patients were maintained on a regimen of oral aprindine and evaluated repeatedly for a mean of 12 months. Twenty of the 21 patients who had no repetitive ventricular response after intravenous aprindine manifested  clinical improvement compared with only 1 of the 6 in whom the repetitive response was present after aprindine (P less than 0.0005). Aprindine is a useful agent in refractory ventricular tachycardia, and the absence of the repetitive ventricular response after its intravenous administration predicts long-term clinical responsiveness to the oral form.", "contents": "Suppression of the repetitive ventricular response: an index of long-term antiarrhythmic effectiveness of aprindine for ventricular tachycardia in man. The repetitive ventricular response, defined as the production of two or more ventricular premature complexes in response to a single ventricular pacing stimulus, is common in patients with serious ventricular arrhythmias. Twenty-seven patients with refractory ventricular tachycardia were studied to determine whether acute suppression of the repetitive ventricular response by aprindine predicts long-term effectiveness of this agent. Twenty-three of the 27 patients had the repetitive ventricular response before intravenous administration of aprindine, whereas only 6 had the response after aprindine. All patients were maintained on a regimen of oral aprindine and evaluated repeatedly for a mean of 12 months. Twenty of the 21 patients who had no repetitive ventricular response after intravenous aprindine manifested  clinical improvement compared with only 1 of the 6 in whom the repetitive response was present after aprindine (P less than 0.0005). Aprindine is a useful agent in refractory ventricular tachycardia, and the absence of the repetitive ventricular response after its intravenous administration predicts long-term clinical responsiveness to the oral form.", "PMID": 727128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10987", "title": "Atypical ventricular tachycardia as a manifestation of disopyramide toxicity.", "content": "An unusual ventricular tachyarrhythmia developed in a 57 year old woman with recurrent ventricular tachycardia and toxic disopyramide plasma concentrations. The rhythm was similar to the patient's previous ventricular tachycardia, but the rate was slower and the QRS complex was markedly widened, mimicking the electrocardiographic changes associated with electrolyte abnormalities. Disopyramide, which has electrophysiologic properties similar to those of quinidine, probably caused the arrhythmia and should be added to the list of drugs associated with atypical ventricular tachycardia.", "contents": "Atypical ventricular tachycardia as a manifestation of disopyramide toxicity. An unusual ventricular tachyarrhythmia developed in a 57 year old woman with recurrent ventricular tachycardia and toxic disopyramide plasma concentrations. The rhythm was similar to the patient's previous ventricular tachycardia, but the rate was slower and the QRS complex was markedly widened, mimicking the electrocardiographic changes associated with electrolyte abnormalities. Disopyramide, which has electrophysiologic properties similar to those of quinidine, probably caused the arrhythmia and should be added to the list of drugs associated with atypical ventricular tachycardia.", "PMID": 727132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10988", "title": "Localization of pericardial effusion with wide angle phased array echocardiography.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients with proved pericardial effusions were studied in the left lateral decubitus position with an 80 degrees phased array sector scanner to determine the distribution of pericardial effusions of various sizes. Twenty-one of 28 patients were studied 2 minutes after assuming the sitting position to determine the change in the distribution of the effusions with postural change. In small volume effusions, the fluid was truly posterior at and below the atrioventricular groove. With moderate-sized effusions a more uniform distribution of the fluid was found, and with large effusions more fluid was visualized apically, posteromedially, laterally and anteriorly. Upright redistribution of the fluid was seen with moderate to large nonloculated effusions. Assumption of a uniform distribution of pericardial effusion used for M mode quantification is most valid for moderate effusions and less valid for small and large effusions. Imaging was performed in two additional patients with cardiac tamponade to assess qualitative changes in short axis ventricular volumes with respiration. The introduction of a pericardiocentesis needle was visualized. Clinical implications are discussed.", "contents": "Localization of pericardial effusion with wide angle phased array echocardiography. Twenty-eight patients with proved pericardial effusions were studied in the left lateral decubitus position with an 80 degrees phased array sector scanner to determine the distribution of pericardial effusions of various sizes. Twenty-one of 28 patients were studied 2 minutes after assuming the sitting position to determine the change in the distribution of the effusions with postural change. In small volume effusions, the fluid was truly posterior at and below the atrioventricular groove. With moderate-sized effusions a more uniform distribution of the fluid was found, and with large effusions more fluid was visualized apically, posteromedially, laterally and anteriorly. Upright redistribution of the fluid was seen with moderate to large nonloculated effusions. Assumption of a uniform distribution of pericardial effusion used for M mode quantification is most valid for moderate effusions and less valid for small and large effusions. Imaging was performed in two additional patients with cardiac tamponade to assess qualitative changes in short axis ventricular volumes with respiration. The introduction of a pericardiocentesis needle was visualized. Clinical implications are discussed.", "PMID": 727141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10989", "title": "Ventricular fibrillation during programmed ventricular stimulation: incidence and clinical implications.", "content": "Ventricular fibrillation occurred in 10 (3.3 percent) of 300 patients consecutively studied with programmed ventricular stimulation. One hundred twenty-five of these patients were studied with double ventricular extrastimuli including 68 patients with and 57 patients without documented or suspected ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation, or both. Ventricular fibrillation did not develop in response to a single ventricular extrastimulus delivered during sinus rhythm, ventricular pacing or ventricular tachycardia or in response to ventricular pacing at cycle lengths of 300 msec or greater and occurred only in response to double ventricular extrastimuli. All 10 patients who manifested ventricular fibrillation during programmed stimulation were in the group of patients with suspected or documented ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. Ventricular fibrillation was initiated in seven patients with double ventricular extrastimuli delivered during sinus rhythm or ventricular pacing and in three patients with double ventricular extrastimuli delivered during ventricular tachycardia. Four patients had spontaneous conversion to sinus rhythm and the remainder underwent defibrillation without sequelae. Recurrent ventricular fibrillation occurred clinically in 7 of the 10 patients. This study suggests that ventricular fibrillation occurs uncommonly during programmed ventricular stimulation and only in response to double ventricular extrastimuli in patients in whom spontaneous episodes are likely to occur.", "contents": "Ventricular fibrillation during programmed ventricular stimulation: incidence and clinical implications. Ventricular fibrillation occurred in 10 (3.3 percent) of 300 patients consecutively studied with programmed ventricular stimulation. One hundred twenty-five of these patients were studied with double ventricular extrastimuli including 68 patients with and 57 patients without documented or suspected ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation, or both. Ventricular fibrillation did not develop in response to a single ventricular extrastimulus delivered during sinus rhythm, ventricular pacing or ventricular tachycardia or in response to ventricular pacing at cycle lengths of 300 msec or greater and occurred only in response to double ventricular extrastimuli. All 10 patients who manifested ventricular fibrillation during programmed stimulation were in the group of patients with suspected or documented ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. Ventricular fibrillation was initiated in seven patients with double ventricular extrastimuli delivered during sinus rhythm or ventricular pacing and in three patients with double ventricular extrastimuli delivered during ventricular tachycardia. Four patients had spontaneous conversion to sinus rhythm and the remainder underwent defibrillation without sequelae. Recurrent ventricular fibrillation occurred clinically in 7 of the 10 patients. This study suggests that ventricular fibrillation occurs uncommonly during programmed ventricular stimulation and only in response to double ventricular extrastimuli in patients in whom spontaneous episodes are likely to occur.", "PMID": 727142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10990", "title": "Effectiveness of increasing hours of continuous ambulatory electrocardiography in detecting maximal ventricular ectopy. Continuous 48 hour study of patients with coronary heart disease and normal subjects.", "content": "The effectiveness of 1, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours of continuous ambulatory electrocardiographic examination in detecting maximal ventricular ectopy was studied in 67 patients with coronary heart disease (45 with myocardial infarction, 22 with angina pectoris) and 23 normal subjects. Two consecutive 24 hour Holter recording examinations provided 48 hours of continuous examination. Ventricular ectopy was detected in 87 percent of patients and 35 percent of normal subjects. Complex forms (multifocal or repetitive patterns) were found in 62 percent and high frequency ectopy (greater than 60/hour) in 30 percent of the patients with coronary heart disease. Examination of either the initial hour of study or an hour of dynamic activity frequently failed to reveal the maximal ventricular ectopy present, particularly with regard to complex types and high frequency. Continuous 6 and 12 hour examinations were less effective than the 24 hour examination, which detected the maximal grade of ventricular ectopy in 71 to 74 percent and the maximal frequency in 58 to 83 percent of patients with coronary heart disease. Detection of maximal complex types and high frequency of ventricular ectopy was one to three times greater with a continuous 24 hour examination than with studies of shorter duration. Patient-recorded diaries showed that 50 to 80 percent of patients were engaged in mild to moderate activity during ventricular ectopy and only 9 percent indicated symptoms during the hours of maximal ventricular ectopy.", "contents": "Effectiveness of increasing hours of continuous ambulatory electrocardiography in detecting maximal ventricular ectopy. Continuous 48 hour study of patients with coronary heart disease and normal subjects. The effectiveness of 1, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours of continuous ambulatory electrocardiographic examination in detecting maximal ventricular ectopy was studied in 67 patients with coronary heart disease (45 with myocardial infarction, 22 with angina pectoris) and 23 normal subjects. Two consecutive 24 hour Holter recording examinations provided 48 hours of continuous examination. Ventricular ectopy was detected in 87 percent of patients and 35 percent of normal subjects. Complex forms (multifocal or repetitive patterns) were found in 62 percent and high frequency ectopy (greater than 60/hour) in 30 percent of the patients with coronary heart disease. Examination of either the initial hour of study or an hour of dynamic activity frequently failed to reveal the maximal ventricular ectopy present, particularly with regard to complex types and high frequency. Continuous 6 and 12 hour examinations were less effective than the 24 hour examination, which detected the maximal grade of ventricular ectopy in 71 to 74 percent and the maximal frequency in 58 to 83 percent of patients with coronary heart disease. Detection of maximal complex types and high frequency of ventricular ectopy was one to three times greater with a continuous 24 hour examination than with studies of shorter duration. Patient-recorded diaries showed that 50 to 80 percent of patients were engaged in mild to moderate activity during ventricular ectopy and only 9 percent indicated symptoms during the hours of maximal ventricular ectopy.", "PMID": 727143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10991", "title": "Effects of digitalis on ventricular myocardial and His-Purkinje refractoriness and reentry in man.", "content": "The effects of digitalis on retrograde conduction and refractoriness of the His-Purkinje system, ventricular myocardium and reentry within the His-Purkinje system were studied in 17 patients using the ventricular extrastimulus (V2) technique. Studies were performed, before and 30 minutes after intravenous administration of ouabain, 0.01 mg/kg. After treatment with ouabain, there was a significant decrease in the functional refractory period (266 +/- 19 to 254 +/- 18 msec, P less than 0.001), relative refractory period (253 +/- 17 to 240 +/- 16 msec, P less than 0.001) and effective refractory period (242 +/- 23 to 231 +/- 24 msec, P less than 0.005) of the ventricular muscle. In contrast, there was no significant change in retrograde His-Purkinje conduction and refractoriness. The phenomenon of reentry within the His-Purkinje system characterized by the reentrant beat (V3) at critical retrograde conduction delays in the His-Purkinje system (V2-H2) within a narrow range of V1-V2 intervals was seen in 10 of 17 patients. Ouabain increased and shifted to the left the zone of reentry within the His-Purkinje system in 7 of 10 patients (36 +/- 23 to 55 +/- 23 msec, P less than 0.001) and decreased it by 10 to 30 msec in the remaining 3 patients. The critical V2-H2 (186 +/- 29 to 193 +/- 27 msec, difference not significant [NS]) and V1-V2 (299 +/- 30 to 294 +/- 36 msec, NS) intervals for reentry did not significantly change after ouabain. However, the minimal V1-V2 intervals (266 +/- 26 to 253 +/- 25 msec, P less than 0.025) decreased significantly, whereas the maximal V2-H2 intervals (266 +/- 40 to 239 +/- 37 msec, P less than 0.01) increased significantly. Thus, in the intact human heart, digitalis (1) significantly decreased all measures of ventricular myocardial refractoriness, (2) had no significant effect on retrograde conduction and refractoriness of the His-Purkinje system, and (3) widened the zone of reentry within the His-Purkinje system due to shortening of the functional refractory period of the ventricular muscle with attainment of longer V2-H2 delays.", "contents": "Effects of digitalis on ventricular myocardial and His-Purkinje refractoriness and reentry in man. The effects of digitalis on retrograde conduction and refractoriness of the His-Purkinje system, ventricular myocardium and reentry within the His-Purkinje system were studied in 17 patients using the ventricular extrastimulus (V2) technique. Studies were performed, before and 30 minutes after intravenous administration of ouabain, 0.01 mg/kg. After treatment with ouabain, there was a significant decrease in the functional refractory period (266 +/- 19 to 254 +/- 18 msec, P less than 0.001), relative refractory period (253 +/- 17 to 240 +/- 16 msec, P less than 0.001) and effective refractory period (242 +/- 23 to 231 +/- 24 msec, P less than 0.005) of the ventricular muscle. In contrast, there was no significant change in retrograde His-Purkinje conduction and refractoriness. The phenomenon of reentry within the His-Purkinje system characterized by the reentrant beat (V3) at critical retrograde conduction delays in the His-Purkinje system (V2-H2) within a narrow range of V1-V2 intervals was seen in 10 of 17 patients. Ouabain increased and shifted to the left the zone of reentry within the His-Purkinje system in 7 of 10 patients (36 +/- 23 to 55 +/- 23 msec, P less than 0.001) and decreased it by 10 to 30 msec in the remaining 3 patients. The critical V2-H2 (186 +/- 29 to 193 +/- 27 msec, difference not significant [NS]) and V1-V2 (299 +/- 30 to 294 +/- 36 msec, NS) intervals for reentry did not significantly change after ouabain. However, the minimal V1-V2 intervals (266 +/- 26 to 253 +/- 25 msec, P less than 0.025) decreased significantly, whereas the maximal V2-H2 intervals (266 +/- 40 to 239 +/- 37 msec, P less than 0.01) increased significantly. Thus, in the intact human heart, digitalis (1) significantly decreased all measures of ventricular myocardial refractoriness, (2) had no significant effect on retrograde conduction and refractoriness of the His-Purkinje system, and (3) widened the zone of reentry within the His-Purkinje system due to shortening of the functional refractory period of the ventricular muscle with attainment of longer V2-H2 delays.", "PMID": 727144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10992", "title": "Electrograms from the canine sinoatrial pacemaker recorded in vitro and in situ.", "content": "We have identified extracell potential changes associated with the electrical activity of the canine sinoatrial pacemaker. Small nonpolarizable electrodes and low frequency high gain amplification were used to record unipolar electrograms from both the epicardial and the endocardial surfaces of the canine sinus node. Initially in vitro studies were performed so that transmembrane action potential changes could be recorded simultaneously with the extracell potentials. The sinus nodal electrogram showed two characteristic potentials when the electrode was in immediate proximity to pacemaking cells: (1) During phase 4 there was a steady slope of about -30 to -100 muv/sec, and (2) during the transition from phase 4 to phase 0 of the transmembrane action potential the slope of the electrogram increased smoothly to approximately -400 to -1,000 muv/sec. These potentials were followed by high frequency deflections as cells in the surrounding atrium depolarized. Tetrodotoxin (5 mg/liter) rendered the atrial muscle inexcitable and delayed and then abolished the high frequency activity in the sinus electrogram, which then appeared as a continuous smooth tracing similar to the sinus pacemaker action potential but reversed in polarity. We then recorded these small localized potentials from the in situ canine heart. Sinus nodal electrograms could be obtained from beating hearts with hand held probes on the epicardial surface and with conventional recording catheters on the endocardial surface. The results demonstrate that the canine sinus node gives rise to detectable and characteristic changes in extracell potential and suggest that similar potentials can be recorded from man to evaluate sinus nodal function.", "contents": "Electrograms from the canine sinoatrial pacemaker recorded in vitro and in situ. We have identified extracell potential changes associated with the electrical activity of the canine sinoatrial pacemaker. Small nonpolarizable electrodes and low frequency high gain amplification were used to record unipolar electrograms from both the epicardial and the endocardial surfaces of the canine sinus node. Initially in vitro studies were performed so that transmembrane action potential changes could be recorded simultaneously with the extracell potentials. The sinus nodal electrogram showed two characteristic potentials when the electrode was in immediate proximity to pacemaking cells: (1) During phase 4 there was a steady slope of about -30 to -100 muv/sec, and (2) during the transition from phase 4 to phase 0 of the transmembrane action potential the slope of the electrogram increased smoothly to approximately -400 to -1,000 muv/sec. These potentials were followed by high frequency deflections as cells in the surrounding atrium depolarized. Tetrodotoxin (5 mg/liter) rendered the atrial muscle inexcitable and delayed and then abolished the high frequency activity in the sinus electrogram, which then appeared as a continuous smooth tracing similar to the sinus pacemaker action potential but reversed in polarity. We then recorded these small localized potentials from the in situ canine heart. Sinus nodal electrograms could be obtained from beating hearts with hand held probes on the epicardial surface and with conventional recording catheters on the endocardial surface. The results demonstrate that the canine sinus node gives rise to detectable and characteristic changes in extracell potential and suggest that similar potentials can be recorded from man to evaluate sinus nodal function.", "PMID": 727145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10993", "title": "Superiority of practolol versus propranolol in protection against ventricular fibrillation induced by coronary occlusion.", "content": "The ability of practolol and propranolol of prevent ventricular fibrillation in experimental anterior myocardial infarction was compared in dogs subjected to ligation of the left anterior descending and first septal coronary arteries. This procedure, which causes ventricular fibrillation in 90 percent of animals within 30 minutes, was performed in control dogs and in dogs pretreated with propranolol (0.5 mg/kg body weight) or with practolol (1.5 to 2.5 mg/kg). These doses produced nearly equivalent shifts in isoproterenol-induced chronotropic dose-response curves, indicating equivalent degrees of beta adrenergic blockade. In 21 dogs with confirmed ligation, cardiogenic shock did not develop. Six of seven control dogs died with ventricular fibrillation. Six of seven dogs pretreated with propranolol also had fibrillation, whereas only one of the seven dogs pretreated with practolol manifested ventricular fibrillation during the 45 minute postligation observation period. Practolol afforded significant protection compared with no treatment or treatment with propranolol (P less than 0.05).", "contents": "Superiority of practolol versus propranolol in protection against ventricular fibrillation induced by coronary occlusion. The ability of practolol and propranolol of prevent ventricular fibrillation in experimental anterior myocardial infarction was compared in dogs subjected to ligation of the left anterior descending and first septal coronary arteries. This procedure, which causes ventricular fibrillation in 90 percent of animals within 30 minutes, was performed in control dogs and in dogs pretreated with propranolol (0.5 mg/kg body weight) or with practolol (1.5 to 2.5 mg/kg). These doses produced nearly equivalent shifts in isoproterenol-induced chronotropic dose-response curves, indicating equivalent degrees of beta adrenergic blockade. In 21 dogs with confirmed ligation, cardiogenic shock did not develop. Six of seven control dogs died with ventricular fibrillation. Six of seven dogs pretreated with propranolol also had fibrillation, whereas only one of the seven dogs pretreated with practolol manifested ventricular fibrillation during the 45 minute postligation observation period. Practolol afforded significant protection compared with no treatment or treatment with propranolol (P less than 0.05).", "PMID": 727146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10994", "title": "Electrophysiologic studies in tricuspid atresia.", "content": "Five patients with tricuspid atresia underwent His bundle studies with the recording catheter placed close to the mitral valve ring. Right atrial pacing and measurement of the refractory periods were performed in three. The prolonged intraatrial conduction time found in all patients is thought to be caused by a hypertrophied and dilated right atrium with increased internodal distance due to stretching of internodal pathways. The A-H interval was normal in all; the H-V interval was short in three and normal in two. The pattern of left axis deviation in the group with a short H-V interval is thought to be due to early origin of the posterior branches of the left bundle branch from the bundle of His and early activation of the posteroinferior parts of the left ventricle. The pattern of left axis deviation in the group with a normal H-V interval may be related to the previously reported anomalous course of the left bundle. Atrial pacing produced a normal response. The refractory periods were within normal range, suggesting functional integrity of conduction through the atrioventricular node and bundle branches.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic studies in tricuspid atresia. Five patients with tricuspid atresia underwent His bundle studies with the recording catheter placed close to the mitral valve ring. Right atrial pacing and measurement of the refractory periods were performed in three. The prolonged intraatrial conduction time found in all patients is thought to be caused by a hypertrophied and dilated right atrium with increased internodal distance due to stretching of internodal pathways. The A-H interval was normal in all; the H-V interval was short in three and normal in two. The pattern of left axis deviation in the group with a short H-V interval is thought to be due to early origin of the posterior branches of the left bundle branch from the bundle of His and early activation of the posteroinferior parts of the left ventricle. The pattern of left axis deviation in the group with a normal H-V interval may be related to the previously reported anomalous course of the left bundle. Atrial pacing produced a normal response. The refractory periods were within normal range, suggesting functional integrity of conduction through the atrioventricular node and bundle branches.", "PMID": 727148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10995", "title": "Systemic and pulmonary hemodynamic effects of saralasin infusion in hypertension. Predictability of plasma renin status from hemodynamic changes.", "content": "Hemodynamic measurements were obtained before and after 30 minutes of saralasin infusion in 26 fasting adults with hypertension (25 men and 1 woman). Nine showed a depressor response with a decrease in mean intaarterial pressure greater than 20 mm Hg. Ten were nonresponders and seven had an agonistic response with an increase in mean arterial pressure of greater than 10 mm Hg. Heart rate, pulmonary arterial and wedge pressures and pulmonary vascular resistance were nearly identical in the three groups and remained unchanged. Cardiac index decreased from a mean of 2.76 +/- 0.14 (standard error of the mean) to 2.48 +/- 0.1 liters/min per m2 in the nonresponders (P less than 0.02) but remained unchanged in the groups with a depressor or an agonistic response. The mean systemic vascular resistance decreased from 2,406 +/- 303 to 1,839 +/- 265 dynes sec/cm5 in the group with a depressor response (P less than 0.001) and increased in nonresponders (less than 0.02) and those with an agonistic response (P less than 0.01). However, regardless of the response of mean arterial pressure, systemic vascular resistance decreased only in the 10 patients with a plasma renin activity greater than 5 ng/ml per hour (8 from the depressor response group and 1 each from the nonresponse and agonistic response groups). It is concluded that (1) classification based soley on the response of aterial pressure to saralasin ignores important hemodynamic changes; (2) the response of cardiac index--no change in the patients with a depressor response and a reduction in nonresponders--suggests that endogenous angiotension II supports cardiac output in these groups; (3) a decrease in systemic vascular resistance is better than  a decrease in mean arteiral pressure as a predictor of the status of the plasma renin activity; and (4) lack of change in pulmonary vascular resistance suggests that endogenous angiotension II plays an insignificant role in maintaining the resistance of the pulmonary vasculature.", "contents": "Systemic and pulmonary hemodynamic effects of saralasin infusion in hypertension. Predictability of plasma renin status from hemodynamic changes. Hemodynamic measurements were obtained before and after 30 minutes of saralasin infusion in 26 fasting adults with hypertension (25 men and 1 woman). Nine showed a depressor response with a decrease in mean intaarterial pressure greater than 20 mm Hg. Ten were nonresponders and seven had an agonistic response with an increase in mean arterial pressure of greater than 10 mm Hg. Heart rate, pulmonary arterial and wedge pressures and pulmonary vascular resistance were nearly identical in the three groups and remained unchanged. Cardiac index decreased from a mean of 2.76 +/- 0.14 (standard error of the mean) to 2.48 +/- 0.1 liters/min per m2 in the nonresponders (P less than 0.02) but remained unchanged in the groups with a depressor or an agonistic response. The mean systemic vascular resistance decreased from 2,406 +/- 303 to 1,839 +/- 265 dynes sec/cm5 in the group with a depressor response (P less than 0.001) and increased in nonresponders (less than 0.02) and those with an agonistic response (P less than 0.01). However, regardless of the response of mean arterial pressure, systemic vascular resistance decreased only in the 10 patients with a plasma renin activity greater than 5 ng/ml per hour (8 from the depressor response group and 1 each from the nonresponse and agonistic response groups). It is concluded that (1) classification based soley on the response of aterial pressure to saralasin ignores important hemodynamic changes; (2) the response of cardiac index--no change in the patients with a depressor response and a reduction in nonresponders--suggests that endogenous angiotension II supports cardiac output in these groups; (3) a decrease in systemic vascular resistance is better than  a decrease in mean arteiral pressure as a predictor of the status of the plasma renin activity; and (4) lack of change in pulmonary vascular resistance suggests that endogenous angiotension II plays an insignificant role in maintaining the resistance of the pulmonary vasculature.", "PMID": 727149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10996", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of microcorrosion casts; intracranial and abdominal microvasculature in domestic animals.", "content": "The use of methyl methacrylate corrosion casts prepared for portions of the vascular system has made it possible to examine numerous and extensive areas of microscopic structures on a 3-dimensional scale with the scanning electron microscope. By this means we have examined the arterial microvasculature of intracranial vessels among three domestic animal species. In addition, these vessels have been compared with the terminal branches of abdominal arteries in the dog. The results of this study suggest that the sphincteric control mechanisms of the vessels in the two regions may be structurally different from one another. In the case of the intracranial vessels, the terminal portion of the arteriole is continued by a precapillary arteriole composed of a chain-like series of muscular constrictions. This is most suitably described as a precapillary sphincter area, which terminates at the capillary. In the abdominal vessels, the precapillary arteriole is generally followed by a single precapillary sphincter at the origin of the capillary. These morphological characteristics may account, in part, for the difference in response of vessels in these two regions in hypovolemic shock.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of microcorrosion casts; intracranial and abdominal microvasculature in domestic animals. The use of methyl methacrylate corrosion casts prepared for portions of the vascular system has made it possible to examine numerous and extensive areas of microscopic structures on a 3-dimensional scale with the scanning electron microscope. By this means we have examined the arterial microvasculature of intracranial vessels among three domestic animal species. In addition, these vessels have been compared with the terminal branches of abdominal arteries in the dog. The results of this study suggest that the sphincteric control mechanisms of the vessels in the two regions may be structurally different from one another. In the case of the intracranial vessels, the terminal portion of the arteriole is continued by a precapillary arteriole composed of a chain-like series of muscular constrictions. This is most suitably described as a precapillary sphincter area, which terminates at the capillary. In the abdominal vessels, the precapillary arteriole is generally followed by a single precapillary sphincter at the origin of the capillary. These morphological characteristics may account, in part, for the difference in response of vessels in these two regions in hypovolemic shock.", "PMID": 727152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10997", "title": "Hypertrophy of astroglial processes in the dentate gyrus of the senescent rat.", "content": "Quantitative electron microscopic analysis of the supragranular zone of the dentate gyrus molecular layer has shown that the number and volume fraction of profiles of astroglial processes are significantly increased in senescent rat relative to young adults. These ultrastructural modifications, which are not associated with significant age-related changes in the number of astrocytes or in the width of the molecular layer, may result from a formation of new astroglial processes and/or elongation of existing ones. In either case, the increase in the number and volume fraction of astroglial process profiles is an indicator of age-related astroglial hypertrophy. Hypertrophy of astroglial procecesses, which seems to develop with advanced age as a response to partial deafferentation of neurons, may compensate for a decrease in the dendritic volume fraction, thereby preventing changes in the dimensions of the dentate gyrus molecular layer in senescence.", "contents": "Hypertrophy of astroglial processes in the dentate gyrus of the senescent rat. Quantitative electron microscopic analysis of the supragranular zone of the dentate gyrus molecular layer has shown that the number and volume fraction of profiles of astroglial processes are significantly increased in senescent rat relative to young adults. These ultrastructural modifications, which are not associated with significant age-related changes in the number of astrocytes or in the width of the molecular layer, may result from a formation of new astroglial processes and/or elongation of existing ones. In either case, the increase in the number and volume fraction of astroglial process profiles is an indicator of age-related astroglial hypertrophy. Hypertrophy of astroglial procecesses, which seems to develop with advanced age as a response to partial deafferentation of neurons, may compensate for a decrease in the dendritic volume fraction, thereby preventing changes in the dimensions of the dentate gyrus molecular layer in senescence.", "PMID": 727153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10998", "title": "Quantitative morphology and environmental responses of the pineal gland in the collared lemming (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus).", "content": "Collared lemmings from Churchill, Manitoba, and their descendants were studied in captivity to define neuroendocrine and related histophsiological characteristics and responses, particularly in relation to photic and temperature conditions. Relatively great pineal size (0.1755 +/- 0.0167 mm3, or 3.08 +/- 0.30 = pineal volume in mm3 X 10(3)/body weight in gm; N = 16) shown in this arctic rodent is consistent with the suggestion that pineal size and significance may tend to be greater in more northern (higher latitude) species. Total number of nucleated cells per pineal averaged 137,000 +/- 10,500. Pinealocytes (105,000 +/- 8,700/pineal) and other cell types were present in relative numbers typical of mammalian pineal glands, and were not numerically correlated with age, sex, or location or circumstances of birth and early postnatal life. Chronic exposure to warmer (21-27 degrees C) in comparison with colder (-9 to -6 degrees C) environments, whatever the illumination, led to greater pinealocyte activity, as shown especially by nucleolar diameter, throughout most of the nine regions of the organ analyzed cytologically (all regions combined: P less than 0.001). Increased pinealocyte activity in chronic darkness was suggested by similar evidence (P less than 0.01), but in comparison with the thermal effects, was less marked and more variable in different regions of the organ. These and other findings of this study indicate that the Dicrostonyx pineal organ is morphologically unique, relatively large in size, and cytologically responsive to environmental conditions.", "contents": "Quantitative morphology and environmental responses of the pineal gland in the collared lemming (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus). Collared lemmings from Churchill, Manitoba, and their descendants were studied in captivity to define neuroendocrine and related histophsiological characteristics and responses, particularly in relation to photic and temperature conditions. Relatively great pineal size (0.1755 +/- 0.0167 mm3, or 3.08 +/- 0.30 = pineal volume in mm3 X 10(3)/body weight in gm; N = 16) shown in this arctic rodent is consistent with the suggestion that pineal size and significance may tend to be greater in more northern (higher latitude) species. Total number of nucleated cells per pineal averaged 137,000 +/- 10,500. Pinealocytes (105,000 +/- 8,700/pineal) and other cell types were present in relative numbers typical of mammalian pineal glands, and were not numerically correlated with age, sex, or location or circumstances of birth and early postnatal life. Chronic exposure to warmer (21-27 degrees C) in comparison with colder (-9 to -6 degrees C) environments, whatever the illumination, led to greater pinealocyte activity, as shown especially by nucleolar diameter, throughout most of the nine regions of the organ analyzed cytologically (all regions combined: P less than 0.001). Increased pinealocyte activity in chronic darkness was suggested by similar evidence (P less than 0.01), but in comparison with the thermal effects, was less marked and more variable in different regions of the organ. These and other findings of this study indicate that the Dicrostonyx pineal organ is morphologically unique, relatively large in size, and cytologically responsive to environmental conditions.", "PMID": 727154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_10999", "title": "Morphological development of the epithelium of the embryonic chick intestine in culture: influence of thyroxine and hydrocortisone.", "content": "A culture system with defined medium has been utilized to elucidate the role of thyroxine (T4) and hydrocortisone (HC) in growth and differentiation of the epithelium of embryonic chick duodenum during the third week of development. Duodenal explants maintained a basically normal morphology for 48 to 72 hours, but during subsequent culture, muscle and mesenchyme deteriorated, previllous ridges shrank, the epithelial surface became pitted, and the tissue lost weight. These degenerative processes were retarded by addition of HC to the culture medium. Previllous ridges of cultured duodenum failed to develop into true villi and ridge growth was subnormal. Epithelial mitotic counts were increased by T4 or HC, as compared to cultured control tissue, but dropped below values in vivo, by 72 hours in culture. Epithelial differentiation proceeded more rapidly in duodenum cultured without hormones than in vivo. Increase in cell height, flattening of the epithelial surface, attainment of uniform staining of the brush border with periodic acid-Schiff, increase in microvillar density, and formation of a terminal web were accelerated by 24 to 48 hours in culture. In the presence of T4, cell height and microvillar growth were stimulated further, reaching the state found at 19 to 21 days in vivo.", "contents": "Morphological development of the epithelium of the embryonic chick intestine in culture: influence of thyroxine and hydrocortisone. A culture system with defined medium has been utilized to elucidate the role of thyroxine (T4) and hydrocortisone (HC) in growth and differentiation of the epithelium of embryonic chick duodenum during the third week of development. Duodenal explants maintained a basically normal morphology for 48 to 72 hours, but during subsequent culture, muscle and mesenchyme deteriorated, previllous ridges shrank, the epithelial surface became pitted, and the tissue lost weight. These degenerative processes were retarded by addition of HC to the culture medium. Previllous ridges of cultured duodenum failed to develop into true villi and ridge growth was subnormal. Epithelial mitotic counts were increased by T4 or HC, as compared to cultured control tissue, but dropped below values in vivo, by 72 hours in culture. Epithelial differentiation proceeded more rapidly in duodenum cultured without hormones than in vivo. Increase in cell height, flattening of the epithelial surface, attainment of uniform staining of the brush border with periodic acid-Schiff, increase in microvillar density, and formation of a terminal web were accelerated by 24 to 48 hours in culture. In the presence of T4, cell height and microvillar growth were stimulated further, reaching the state found at 19 to 21 days in vivo.", "PMID": 727155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11000", "title": "Developemnt of the human optic disc: light microscopy.", "content": "Human embryonic and fetal optic discs were studied in semi thin sections stained with silver and toned with gold, in a series ranging from 7 to 21 weeks of gestation. The observations suggest that Bergmeister's papilla forms by proliferation of glial cells in the optic disc rather than by sequestration of retinal glia by axons growing through the region. A possible stimulus for such a glial proliferation is hypothesized to be traction on the anterior face of the disc exerted through the primary vitreous. The formation of the glial sheath of the hyaloid artery also appears to be a consequence of traction from the primary vitreous.", "contents": "Developemnt of the human optic disc: light microscopy. Human embryonic and fetal optic discs were studied in semi thin sections stained with silver and toned with gold, in a series ranging from 7 to 21 weeks of gestation. The observations suggest that Bergmeister's papilla forms by proliferation of glial cells in the optic disc rather than by sequestration of retinal glia by axons growing through the region. A possible stimulus for such a glial proliferation is hypothesized to be traction on the anterior face of the disc exerted through the primary vitreous. The formation of the glial sheath of the hyaloid artery also appears to be a consequence of traction from the primary vitreous.", "PMID": 727156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11001", "title": "Shunting in intracranial microvasculature demonstrated by SEM of corrosion-casts.", "content": "The use of methyl methacrylate corrosion-casts has made it possible to examine the intracranial microvasculature on a three-dimensional scale with the scanning electron microscope. By this means we have compared regions of four cerebral and cerebellar arteries among three domestic animal species. The results of this study suggest that there are from one to three different levels of interarteriolar anastomosis between branches of the same or adjacent vessels. In the horse and ox anastomoses were demonstrated (1) at the level of the precapillary arterioles, (2) along the arterioles, and (3) between small pial arteries. In the dog only the first-named anastomoses were evident in this study. These morphological characteristics may explain in part, the shunting mechanism by which hypoxia may be reduced among intracranial capillary networks.", "contents": "Shunting in intracranial microvasculature demonstrated by SEM of corrosion-casts. The use of methyl methacrylate corrosion-casts has made it possible to examine the intracranial microvasculature on a three-dimensional scale with the scanning electron microscope. By this means we have compared regions of four cerebral and cerebellar arteries among three domestic animal species. The results of this study suggest that there are from one to three different levels of interarteriolar anastomosis between branches of the same or adjacent vessels. In the horse and ox anastomoses were demonstrated (1) at the level of the precapillary arterioles, (2) along the arterioles, and (3) between small pial arteries. In the dog only the first-named anastomoses were evident in this study. These morphological characteristics may explain in part, the shunting mechanism by which hypoxia may be reduced among intracranial capillary networks.", "PMID": 727157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11002", "title": "The effects of continuous direct current on the growth of the antler.", "content": "The long-term application of low levels of cathodal direct current to the growing deer antler produced abnormal branching patterns and antlers which grew in atypical directions. The experimental antlers were significantly reduced in length when compared to control antlers.", "contents": "The effects of continuous direct current on the growth of the antler. The long-term application of low levels of cathodal direct current to the growing deer antler produced abnormal branching patterns and antlers which grew in atypical directions. The experimental antlers were significantly reduced in length when compared to control antlers.", "PMID": 727158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11003", "title": "A relationship between crude fiber and digestibility of wheat milling fractions in rats.", "content": "Rat feeding studies were used to measure the dietary fiber content of wheat milling fractions, white and whole wheat breads, and wheat-based breakfast foods. Straight line correlations were established for the relationships between dietary fiber (y) and crude fiber (x) where y = 4.17x--0.27 (r = 0.997, P less than 0.01). Dietary fiber values ranged from 1.1% (flour) to 53.4% (bran), dry weight basis.", "contents": "A relationship between crude fiber and digestibility of wheat milling fractions in rats. Rat feeding studies were used to measure the dietary fiber content of wheat milling fractions, white and whole wheat breads, and wheat-based breakfast foods. Straight line correlations were established for the relationships between dietary fiber (y) and crude fiber (x) where y = 4.17x--0.27 (r = 0.997, P less than 0.01). Dietary fiber values ranged from 1.1% (flour) to 53.4% (bran), dry weight basis.", "PMID": 727160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11004", "title": "The nutritional and metabolic effects of a carbohydrate-rich diet in a glycogen supercompensation training regimen.", "content": "It has been suggested that glycogen depletion followed by a protein-fat diet and a carbohydrate-rich diet improves performance. This study was designed to determine the nutritional and metabolic effects of a carbohydrate-rich diet in a glycogen supercompensation training regimen. Four male subjects participated in a 5-week protocol of which the first 3 weeks were devoted to a control period and the last 2 weeks to the experimental phase of the study. The variables measured before, during, and following the experimental phase included anthropometric and basal metabolic rate measurements, urinary and serum analysis for vitamins, SMA 12/60 blood profile and aerobic performance (VO2max). Results indicated an appreciable modification of the metabolic and nutritional profile of the subjects as a result of the diets. During the protein-fat diet there was a decrease in serum glucose and resting respiratory quotient and an increase in cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, riboflavin, and N1-methylnicotinamide excretion. Subsequent to the carbohydrate-rich diet there was an increase in triglycerides and vitamin C, riboflavin, and thiamin excretion while there was a decrease in serum blood urea nitrogen, and N1-methylnicotinamide excretion. Aerobic performance was slightly decreased and the mean postexercise lactate levels were slightly higher after the carbohydrate-rich diet. It was hypothesized that the reduced niacin intake during the carohydrate-rich diet may hamper the aerobic oxidative pathways.", "contents": "The nutritional and metabolic effects of a carbohydrate-rich diet in a glycogen supercompensation training regimen. It has been suggested that glycogen depletion followed by a protein-fat diet and a carbohydrate-rich diet improves performance. This study was designed to determine the nutritional and metabolic effects of a carbohydrate-rich diet in a glycogen supercompensation training regimen. Four male subjects participated in a 5-week protocol of which the first 3 weeks were devoted to a control period and the last 2 weeks to the experimental phase of the study. The variables measured before, during, and following the experimental phase included anthropometric and basal metabolic rate measurements, urinary and serum analysis for vitamins, SMA 12/60 blood profile and aerobic performance (VO2max). Results indicated an appreciable modification of the metabolic and nutritional profile of the subjects as a result of the diets. During the protein-fat diet there was a decrease in serum glucose and resting respiratory quotient and an increase in cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, riboflavin, and N1-methylnicotinamide excretion. Subsequent to the carbohydrate-rich diet there was an increase in triglycerides and vitamin C, riboflavin, and thiamin excretion while there was a decrease in serum blood urea nitrogen, and N1-methylnicotinamide excretion. Aerobic performance was slightly decreased and the mean postexercise lactate levels were slightly higher after the carbohydrate-rich diet. It was hypothesized that the reduced niacin intake during the carohydrate-rich diet may hamper the aerobic oxidative pathways.", "PMID": 727161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11005", "title": "Effect of a high protein (meat) intake on calcium metabolism in man.", "content": "The effect of a high protein (meat) intake of 2 g/kg on the calcium excretions and retention and on the intestinal calcium absorption was studied in man. In the control study the protein intake averaged 1 g/kg. The studies were carried out during a low calcium intake of 200 mg/day and a normal calcium intake of 800 mg/day. Two additional studies were carried out during a calcium intake of 1100 mg/day and one during a 2000 mg calcium intake. During the high protein-low calcium intake and during the 800 mg calcium intake the urinary calcium did not significantly increase. It increased moderately in two studies during the higher calcium intakes, however, these excretions decreased with time to control levels. The lack of a significant increase of the urinary calcium in the majority of the studies is probably due to the higher phosphorus content of the high protein intake. The calcium absorption, determined with 47Ca, the fecal calcium and calcium balances did not differ significantly during the high protein intake. In studies carried out during a low protein (meat) intake of 0.5 g/kg the urinary calcium changed little and the fecal calcium, the 47Ca absorption, and the calcium balance remained unchanged.", "contents": "Effect of a high protein (meat) intake on calcium metabolism in man. The effect of a high protein (meat) intake of 2 g/kg on the calcium excretions and retention and on the intestinal calcium absorption was studied in man. In the control study the protein intake averaged 1 g/kg. The studies were carried out during a low calcium intake of 200 mg/day and a normal calcium intake of 800 mg/day. Two additional studies were carried out during a calcium intake of 1100 mg/day and one during a 2000 mg calcium intake. During the high protein-low calcium intake and during the 800 mg calcium intake the urinary calcium did not significantly increase. It increased moderately in two studies during the higher calcium intakes, however, these excretions decreased with time to control levels. The lack of a significant increase of the urinary calcium in the majority of the studies is probably due to the higher phosphorus content of the high protein intake. The calcium absorption, determined with 47Ca, the fecal calcium and calcium balances did not differ significantly during the high protein intake. In studies carried out during a low protein (meat) intake of 0.5 g/kg the urinary calcium changed little and the fecal calcium, the 47Ca absorption, and the calcium balance remained unchanged.", "PMID": 727162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11006", "title": "Nutritional status of elderly residents in Missouri.", "content": "Nutritional assessment of white persons over 59 who participated in the 1973 Missouri Nutrition Survey was based upon biochemical measurements, dietary intakes using food frequency histories, anthropometric measurements, and a dental examination. There were three major nutritionally related problems: poor dental health, obesity, and anemia. The mean for DMF, periodental index, and oral hygiene index for males was 20.5, 4.9, and 3.9, respectively; for females, 17.6, 3.6, and 2.5. Over one-half of both sexes were edentulous. Of the women 59% were greater than 119% of desirable weight compared to 22% of the men. Using guidelines from the Ten-State Nutrition Survey, the following percentages of men had low blood levels: 20, hemoglobin and serum iron; 2, plasma vitamin A; 6, plasma carotene; 1, serum vitamin C; and 0, serum albumin. The percent of women with low biochemical levels were: 11, hemoglobin; 10, serum iron; 7, plasma vitamin A; 1, serum vitamin C; and 2, serum albumin. None of the subjects had low or deficient levels of erythrocyte glutathione reductase. One-half of the women compared to one-fifth of the men had consumed diets with one or more nutrients below 67% of the 1974 Recommended Dietary Allowances.", "contents": "Nutritional status of elderly residents in Missouri. Nutritional assessment of white persons over 59 who participated in the 1973 Missouri Nutrition Survey was based upon biochemical measurements, dietary intakes using food frequency histories, anthropometric measurements, and a dental examination. There were three major nutritionally related problems: poor dental health, obesity, and anemia. The mean for DMF, periodental index, and oral hygiene index for males was 20.5, 4.9, and 3.9, respectively; for females, 17.6, 3.6, and 2.5. Over one-half of both sexes were edentulous. Of the women 59% were greater than 119% of desirable weight compared to 22% of the men. Using guidelines from the Ten-State Nutrition Survey, the following percentages of men had low blood levels: 20, hemoglobin and serum iron; 2, plasma vitamin A; 6, plasma carotene; 1, serum vitamin C; and 0, serum albumin. The percent of women with low biochemical levels were: 11, hemoglobin; 10, serum iron; 7, plasma vitamin A; 1, serum vitamin C; and 2, serum albumin. None of the subjects had low or deficient levels of erythrocyte glutathione reductase. One-half of the women compared to one-fifth of the men had consumed diets with one or more nutrients below 67% of the 1974 Recommended Dietary Allowances.", "PMID": 727163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11007", "title": "Comparison of the conventional lecture method and the self-instruction method for teaching clinical pathology.", "content": "Two separate courses in clinical pathology were presented to two groups of second-year medical students. The first (large) group was taught by the conventional lecture method; the other (small) group, by a self-instructional method for roughly half of the course, followed by the conventional lecture method for the second half of the course. The effectivenesses of the two methods were compared, based on performances on the final written examination. It was found that the self-instructional method was as effective as the conventional method in teaching clinical pathology, at least in teaching basic principles and interpretive clinical chemistry, as judged by the performances of the two groups. Surprisingly, the two groups differed significantly in performances on the portion of the course taught by similar methods.", "contents": "Comparison of the conventional lecture method and the self-instruction method for teaching clinical pathology. Two separate courses in clinical pathology were presented to two groups of second-year medical students. The first (large) group was taught by the conventional lecture method; the other (small) group, by a self-instructional method for roughly half of the course, followed by the conventional lecture method for the second half of the course. The effectivenesses of the two methods were compared, based on performances on the final written examination. It was found that the self-instructional method was as effective as the conventional method in teaching clinical pathology, at least in teaching basic principles and interpretive clinical chemistry, as judged by the performances of the two groups. Surprisingly, the two groups differed significantly in performances on the portion of the course taught by similar methods.", "PMID": 727170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11008", "title": "Population screening for beta-thalassemia minor. Report of cooperative trials based on two approaches.", "content": "In a cooperative intrastate program based upon experience with sickle-cell anemia screening, the authors explored the feasibility of applying hemoglobin electrophoresis for detection of beta-thalassemia gene carriers. Initially, blood samples collected in capillary tubes were analyzed by cellulose acetate electrophoresis with densitometric quantitation of hemoglobin A2 (Hb A2), followed by selective spectrophotometric quantitation. This approach proved insufficiently specific or reproducible. Follow-up hematologic and family studies of presumptive beta-thalassemia gene carriers indicated that coordinate measurement of erythrocytic indices and Hb A2 values would have discriminated a subpopulation with a high incidence of beta-thalassemia trait more specifically. This approach was tested prospectively by the use of 731 venous blood samples collected in a county with a large population of Mediterranean ancestry. Of 31 individuals (4.2%) with presumptive thalassemia trait, 13 returned for a repeat testing, and the initial results for 11 were confirmed. These findings lend support to an empirical screening sequence suggested by Pearson (erythrocytic indices followed by Hb A2 quantitation), but they also indicate that a significant subpopulation of beta-thalassemia gene carriers with limited phenotypic expression may elude detection in any single-pass approach.", "contents": "Population screening for beta-thalassemia minor. Report of cooperative trials based on two approaches. In a cooperative intrastate program based upon experience with sickle-cell anemia screening, the authors explored the feasibility of applying hemoglobin electrophoresis for detection of beta-thalassemia gene carriers. Initially, blood samples collected in capillary tubes were analyzed by cellulose acetate electrophoresis with densitometric quantitation of hemoglobin A2 (Hb A2), followed by selective spectrophotometric quantitation. This approach proved insufficiently specific or reproducible. Follow-up hematologic and family studies of presumptive beta-thalassemia gene carriers indicated that coordinate measurement of erythrocytic indices and Hb A2 values would have discriminated a subpopulation with a high incidence of beta-thalassemia trait more specifically. This approach was tested prospectively by the use of 731 venous blood samples collected in a county with a large population of Mediterranean ancestry. Of 31 individuals (4.2%) with presumptive thalassemia trait, 13 returned for a repeat testing, and the initial results for 11 were confirmed. These findings lend support to an empirical screening sequence suggested by Pearson (erythrocytic indices followed by Hb A2 quantitation), but they also indicate that a significant subpopulation of beta-thalassemia gene carriers with limited phenotypic expression may elude detection in any single-pass approach.", "PMID": 727171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11009", "title": "The value of the bone-marrow biopsy in the diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia.", "content": "Twenty-six patients with hairy cell leukemia have been evaluated clinically at Stanford University Medical Center and the M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute since 1973. Only four patients had obvious leukemia and readily identifiable hairy cells in the peripheral blood. The remaining patients were pancytopenic, and hairy cells in peripheral blood were difficult to recognize. In 20 of the latter patients the marrow aspirates were unsuccessful or nondiagnostic. Bone-marrow biopsy was the primary method of diagnosis in 18 cases and proved the most reliable and pertinent diagnostic procedure in identifying this disorder. A well-defined water-clear rim of cytoplasm surrounding and separating the hairy cell nuclei was the main histologic feature, in contrast to the lack of visible cytoplasm and close appositon of lymphocytes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia or poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma. The uniformity and blandness of the nuclei distinguished hairy cells in tissue sections from the cells of histiocytic lymphoma and acute myeloid leukemia. Awareness of the importance of the histologic appearance of the bone-marrow biopsy in hairy cell leukemia is essential in establishing an accurate diagnosis.", "contents": "The value of the bone-marrow biopsy in the diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia. Twenty-six patients with hairy cell leukemia have been evaluated clinically at Stanford University Medical Center and the M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute since 1973. Only four patients had obvious leukemia and readily identifiable hairy cells in the peripheral blood. The remaining patients were pancytopenic, and hairy cells in peripheral blood were difficult to recognize. In 20 of the latter patients the marrow aspirates were unsuccessful or nondiagnostic. Bone-marrow biopsy was the primary method of diagnosis in 18 cases and proved the most reliable and pertinent diagnostic procedure in identifying this disorder. A well-defined water-clear rim of cytoplasm surrounding and separating the hairy cell nuclei was the main histologic feature, in contrast to the lack of visible cytoplasm and close appositon of lymphocytes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia or poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma. The uniformity and blandness of the nuclei distinguished hairy cells in tissue sections from the cells of histiocytic lymphoma and acute myeloid leukemia. Awareness of the importance of the histologic appearance of the bone-marrow biopsy in hairy cell leukemia is essential in establishing an accurate diagnosis.", "PMID": 727172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11010", "title": "An evaluation of blood smears made by a new method using a spinner and diluted blood.", "content": "Blood smears were prepared with the use of a spinner, which rotated with a fixed velocity for a fixed time. All blood samples used for spun smears were diluted with a fixed ratio of buffered isotonic saline solution. Distribution of cells in these smears was found to be random. The average number of cells per unit area was substantially uniform from place to place on the same slide and on multiple slides made with the smae sample. The distribution of leukocytes by type was also iniform. For different blood samples, the average number of cells per unit area in the smears correlated well with the measured cell concentrations per unit volume in the samples for leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets. Leukocyte differential counts on replicate spun smears using the same bloods also agreed to within the sampling error. They similarly agreed with differential counts on pulled smears made from undiluted samples of the same bloods. With few exceptions, erythrocytic morphology on the spun smears was comparable to that on the good areas of pulled smears made with undiluted samples of the same bloods. Nearly all the spun smears were suitable for both viual and fully automated hematologic examination for leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets. This was true over nearly the whole area of each spun slide. In these ways this spinner method makes smears whose consistently high quality is little affected by either the properties of the blood sample or the skill of maker.", "contents": "An evaluation of blood smears made by a new method using a spinner and diluted blood. Blood smears were prepared with the use of a spinner, which rotated with a fixed velocity for a fixed time. All blood samples used for spun smears were diluted with a fixed ratio of buffered isotonic saline solution. Distribution of cells in these smears was found to be random. The average number of cells per unit area was substantially uniform from place to place on the same slide and on multiple slides made with the smae sample. The distribution of leukocytes by type was also iniform. For different blood samples, the average number of cells per unit area in the smears correlated well with the measured cell concentrations per unit volume in the samples for leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets. Leukocyte differential counts on replicate spun smears using the same bloods also agreed to within the sampling error. They similarly agreed with differential counts on pulled smears made from undiluted samples of the same bloods. With few exceptions, erythrocytic morphology on the spun smears was comparable to that on the good areas of pulled smears made with undiluted samples of the same bloods. Nearly all the spun smears were suitable for both viual and fully automated hematologic examination for leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets. This was true over nearly the whole area of each spun slide. In these ways this spinner method makes smears whose consistently high quality is little affected by either the properties of the blood sample or the skill of maker.", "PMID": 727173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11011", "title": "Reassessment of the \"class\" concept of disk susceptibility testing. Cephalothin disks versus minimal inhibitory concentrations with eleven cephalosporins.", "content": "Reassessment of the \"class\" concept of disk susceptibility testing. Cephalothin disks versus minimal inhibitory concentrations with eleven cephalosporins. Am J Clin Pathol 70: 909--913, 1978. Studies were carried out to determine whether susceptibility or resistance to 11 cephalosporins could be predicted reliably from the results of tests with a single cephalothin disk. The cephalosporins were tested with a microdilution technic and with a standardized disk test. Strains susceptible to a cephalothin disk were predictably susceptible to all other cephalosporins. However, 2--12% of the strains were resistant to cephalothin disks but were susceptible to the more active parenteral drugs cefoxitin, cephamandole, cefuroxime, and BL-S786. Because of differences in antimicrobial activities, the cephalosporins could be divided into three subgroups for purposes of susceptibility testing: one subgroup includes the majority of cephalosporins and may be represented by tests with cephalothin, the second subgroup inclues three active parenteral drugs (cephamandole, cefuroxime, and BL-S786) and may be represented by tests with cefuroxime, and the third subgroup consists of cefoxitin, a cephamycin with a unique broad spectrum of activity. Until the drugs in the second and third subgroups are released for general therapeutic use, the practice of testing only one cephalosporin disk appears to be a reasonably reliable procedure.", "contents": "Reassessment of the \"class\" concept of disk susceptibility testing. Cephalothin disks versus minimal inhibitory concentrations with eleven cephalosporins. Reassessment of the \"class\" concept of disk susceptibility testing. Cephalothin disks versus minimal inhibitory concentrations with eleven cephalosporins. Am J Clin Pathol 70: 909--913, 1978. Studies were carried out to determine whether susceptibility or resistance to 11 cephalosporins could be predicted reliably from the results of tests with a single cephalothin disk. The cephalosporins were tested with a microdilution technic and with a standardized disk test. Strains susceptible to a cephalothin disk were predictably susceptible to all other cephalosporins. However, 2--12% of the strains were resistant to cephalothin disks but were susceptible to the more active parenteral drugs cefoxitin, cephamandole, cefuroxime, and BL-S786. Because of differences in antimicrobial activities, the cephalosporins could be divided into three subgroups for purposes of susceptibility testing: one subgroup includes the majority of cephalosporins and may be represented by tests with cephalothin, the second subgroup inclues three active parenteral drugs (cephamandole, cefuroxime, and BL-S786) and may be represented by tests with cefuroxime, and the third subgroup consists of cefoxitin, a cephamycin with a unique broad spectrum of activity. Until the drugs in the second and third subgroups are released for general therapeutic use, the practice of testing only one cephalosporin disk appears to be a reasonably reliable procedure.", "PMID": 727174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11012", "title": "An improved assay method for serum vitamins A and E using fluorometry.", "content": "A micromethod for assay of serum vitamins A and E with the use of fluorometry is described. The procedure is a modification of previously described methods eliminating two potentially hazardous reagents, hexane and lithium aluminum hydride, as major components. Comparison with previous methods using n-hexane shows good agreement, as well as satisfactory precision.", "contents": "An improved assay method for serum vitamins A and E using fluorometry. A micromethod for assay of serum vitamins A and E with the use of fluorometry is described. The procedure is a modification of previously described methods eliminating two potentially hazardous reagents, hexane and lithium aluminum hydride, as major components. Comparison with previous methods using n-hexane shows good agreement, as well as satisfactory precision.", "PMID": 727176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11013", "title": "Permanent records of microchromatography of hemoglobins.", "content": "In the general hematology laboratory, quantitation of hemoglobin A2 by the microchromatographic method is superior to the method of elution from cellulose acetate membranes. A permanent record of microchromatographic patterns for the detection of hemoglobins S and C at birth can be easily obtained by using a photocopying machine and a flat mirror. These copies can be stored for comparison with definitive results when the children are retested at 6 months of age or later.", "contents": "Permanent records of microchromatography of hemoglobins. In the general hematology laboratory, quantitation of hemoglobin A2 by the microchromatographic method is superior to the method of elution from cellulose acetate membranes. A permanent record of microchromatographic patterns for the detection of hemoglobins S and C at birth can be easily obtained by using a photocopying machine and a flat mirror. These copies can be stored for comparison with definitive results when the children are retested at 6 months of age or later.", "PMID": 727177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11014", "title": "So-called extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma. Report of a case with ultrastructural analysis.", "content": "The light and the electron microscopic features of an extraskeletal round-cell tumor resembling Ewing's sarcoma are described. Ultrastructural observation revealed features similar to Ewing's sarcoma of bone. Variable agrees of nuclear complexity are described. These soft tissue tumors are probably composed of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells; there is no ultrastructural evidence to indicate the cell of origin.", "contents": "So-called extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma. Report of a case with ultrastructural analysis. The light and the electron microscopic features of an extraskeletal round-cell tumor resembling Ewing's sarcoma are described. Ultrastructural observation revealed features similar to Ewing's sarcoma of bone. Variable agrees of nuclear complexity are described. These soft tissue tumors are probably composed of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells; there is no ultrastructural evidence to indicate the cell of origin.", "PMID": 727178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11015", "title": "Microcytic normochromic anemia associated with iron storage by hypernephroma.", "content": "A renal-cell carcinoma was discovered and resected in a 38-year-old female patient who had microcytic normochromic anemia. During treatment with ferrous gluconate, the anemia regressed temporarily but reappeared with the onset of metastases to the abdominal lymph nodes. Heavy deposits of hemosiderin were observed in tumor cells in the resected kidney and lymph nodal metastases. It is postulated that the anemia resulted from metabolic diversion and storage of iron by the tumor cells.", "contents": "Microcytic normochromic anemia associated with iron storage by hypernephroma. A renal-cell carcinoma was discovered and resected in a 38-year-old female patient who had microcytic normochromic anemia. During treatment with ferrous gluconate, the anemia regressed temporarily but reappeared with the onset of metastases to the abdominal lymph nodes. Heavy deposits of hemosiderin were observed in tumor cells in the resected kidney and lymph nodal metastases. It is postulated that the anemia resulted from metabolic diversion and storage of iron by the tumor cells.", "PMID": 727179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11016", "title": "Social norms and helping in a community of limited liability.", "content": "The social norms constraining interpersonal helping (formal and informal) were studied by the analysis of interviews of 348 persons in the Chicago area. The findings showed that only half the respondents who received help from family and friends believed that they had a right to such help. Three-fourths of those persons receiving help from professional practitioners believed they had a right to such help. There was a definite relationship between the kinds of rights and the kinds of duties reported by those who believed they had such rights and duties. The relationship was significantly different in personal helping among families and friends from what it was in professional helping processes with practitioners.", "contents": "Social norms and helping in a community of limited liability. The social norms constraining interpersonal helping (formal and informal) were studied by the analysis of interviews of 348 persons in the Chicago area. The findings showed that only half the respondents who received help from family and friends believed that they had a right to such help. Three-fourths of those persons receiving help from professional practitioners believed they had a right to such help. There was a definite relationship between the kinds of rights and the kinds of duties reported by those who believed they had such rights and duties. The relationship was significantly different in personal helping among families and friends from what it was in professional helping processes with practitioners.", "PMID": 727180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11017", "title": "Help-seeking: a review of the literature.", "content": "Help-seeking encompasses a complex set of issues. The present survey appraises the empirical work covering three topics: the people who seek help, the role of the social network in the help-seeking process, and the outcome of the helping interaction. Included are reviews of where people turn for assistance, the type of problems for which they seek help, the kind of aid provided, and conditions influencing satisfaction with help received. Future research directions are presented with special emphasis on implications for effective delivery of services.", "contents": "Help-seeking: a review of the literature. Help-seeking encompasses a complex set of issues. The present survey appraises the empirical work covering three topics: the people who seek help, the role of the social network in the help-seeking process, and the outcome of the helping interaction. Included are reviews of where people turn for assistance, the type of problems for which they seek help, the kind of aid provided, and conditions influencing satisfaction with help received. Future research directions are presented with special emphasis on implications for effective delivery of services.", "PMID": 727182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11018", "title": "Social and psychological correlates of help-seeking behavior among urban adults.", "content": "Drawing from a longitudinal survey of 1,106 urban adults aged 20 to 70, the present study investigated whether persons who sought help from informal and/or formal support systems for major troublesome life changes were distinguishable from those who handled problems without assistance in terms of demographic background, personal resources, social networks, or psychological barriers to help-seeking. Generally, nonseekers who felt self-reliant and respondents who sought assistance from informal associates exclusively seemed well prepared to manage bothersome transitions, crises, or role-related strains. Nonseekers who were reluctant to ask for assistance as well as help-seekers who only contacted professionals were comparatively more at risk.", "contents": "Social and psychological correlates of help-seeking behavior among urban adults. Drawing from a longitudinal survey of 1,106 urban adults aged 20 to 70, the present study investigated whether persons who sought help from informal and/or formal support systems for major troublesome life changes were distinguishable from those who handled problems without assistance in terms of demographic background, personal resources, social networks, or psychological barriers to help-seeking. Generally, nonseekers who felt self-reliant and respondents who sought assistance from informal associates exclusively seemed well prepared to manage bothersome transitions, crises, or role-related strains. Nonseekers who were reluctant to ask for assistance as well as help-seekers who only contacted professionals were comparatively more at risk.", "PMID": 727183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11019", "title": "The relationship of life event interpretations to helping interactions: a case study.", "content": "When people seek help for a stressful event, they believe they lack the necessary resources to cope with the event; therefore, they seek those resources. Before deciding which resources are necessary, they must first assign meaning to the event. That meaning affects the helping interaction--the resources sought, helper selected, and relationship with the helper. One case was selected to illustrate the nature of the relationship between the interpretation of a stressful event and the subsequent helping interaction. The discussion of the case focuses on: (a) an illustration of substitution and modeling processes; (b) the desirability dimension as applicable to the prospect, process, and outcome of an event; (c) the function of intimacy in the resolution of a problem event, and (d) the reinterpretation of an event at critical points between the event's occurrence and its resolution.", "contents": "The relationship of life event interpretations to helping interactions: a case study. When people seek help for a stressful event, they believe they lack the necessary resources to cope with the event; therefore, they seek those resources. Before deciding which resources are necessary, they must first assign meaning to the event. That meaning affects the helping interaction--the resources sought, helper selected, and relationship with the helper. One case was selected to illustrate the nature of the relationship between the interpretation of a stressful event and the subsequent helping interaction. The discussion of the case focuses on: (a) an illustration of substitution and modeling processes; (b) the desirability dimension as applicable to the prospect, process, and outcome of an event; (c) the function of intimacy in the resolution of a problem event, and (d) the reinterpretation of an event at critical points between the event's occurrence and its resolution.", "PMID": 727184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11020", "title": "Seeking help for parental concerns in the middle years.", "content": "This study focuses on a single problem--parents' concerns about their late adolescent and adult children--and traces the decision to seek assistance from the parental concerns which prompt it to the relief which may follow it. The extent of parents' concerns about their 16- to 35-year-old children was strongest when the family was in the midst of launching and the oldest child was 21 to 25. While parents reporting more concerns were more likely to be distressed, parental distress also differed by sex and parental optimism, especially at earlier family stages. Women and more pessimistic parents were more distressed. At later stages, these had little impact. Among help seekers, greater distress was associated with lesser use of family members and greater use of formal helpers. Parents with a strong sense of personal mastery were more likely to use formal helpers, particularly where lower income would otherwise predispose against use of formal help. Kind of help received rather than choice of helper was the strongest contributor to reported relief.", "contents": "Seeking help for parental concerns in the middle years. This study focuses on a single problem--parents' concerns about their late adolescent and adult children--and traces the decision to seek assistance from the parental concerns which prompt it to the relief which may follow it. The extent of parents' concerns about their 16- to 35-year-old children was strongest when the family was in the midst of launching and the oldest child was 21 to 25. While parents reporting more concerns were more likely to be distressed, parental distress also differed by sex and parental optimism, especially at earlier family stages. Women and more pessimistic parents were more distressed. At later stages, these had little impact. Among help seekers, greater distress was associated with lesser use of family members and greater use of formal helpers. Parents with a strong sense of personal mastery were more likely to use formal helpers, particularly where lower income would otherwise predispose against use of formal help. Kind of help received rather than choice of helper was the strongest contributor to reported relief.", "PMID": 727185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11021", "title": "Does help help? The adaptive consequences of obtaining help from professionals and social networks.", "content": "This study reports on a longitudinal analysis of changes in adaptation associated with seeking help on a representative sample of Chicago area adults who had experienced one of three transitions or four crises during the interval between 1972 and follow-up 1976--77 interviews. For each event, respondents are classified into three groups according to their help-seeking behavior: those who went to professionals, those who went only to their social networks, and those who had the event but sought no help. Nine measures of adaptation are used: symptoms of anxiety and depression and strains and stresses in four role areas. Statistical controls equate the groups on demographic characteristics, perceived stress, personal resources, access to help, and elapsed time since the event. There are no consistent statistical significant differences among the groups. No evidence is found that help-seeking has positive adaptive consequences. The findings are not likely to result from an inadequate sample, outcome measures, or statistical controls, but could result from insufficient information on the kind, quality, and duration of the help provided.", "contents": "Does help help? The adaptive consequences of obtaining help from professionals and social networks. This study reports on a longitudinal analysis of changes in adaptation associated with seeking help on a representative sample of Chicago area adults who had experienced one of three transitions or four crises during the interval between 1972 and follow-up 1976--77 interviews. For each event, respondents are classified into three groups according to their help-seeking behavior: those who went to professionals, those who went only to their social networks, and those who had the event but sought no help. Nine measures of adaptation are used: symptoms of anxiety and depression and strains and stresses in four role areas. Statistical controls equate the groups on demographic characteristics, perceived stress, personal resources, access to help, and elapsed time since the event. There are no consistent statistical significant differences among the groups. No evidence is found that help-seeking has positive adaptive consequences. The findings are not likely to result from an inadequate sample, outcome measures, or statistical controls, but could result from insufficient information on the kind, quality, and duration of the help provided.", "PMID": 727186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11022", "title": "Ventilatory lung function studies in Pacific Island Micronesians.", "content": "In the first study of ventilatory lung function in people of the Micronesian race, observations in 182 normal subjects (117 males and 65 females) between the ages of 15 and 80 years were used to calculate regression equations for FVC, FEV1, and FEV1%. Mean values of FVC and FEV1 were found to be lower than those reported for Caucasians and Polynesians, but similar to Melanesians, Negroes and Chinese. Values of FEV1% were comparable among all races. The three Oceanic races showed a smaller reduction of FVC and a larger reduction of FEV1% with increasing age than did Caucasians. Although the biological significance of this variability of ventilatory function in different races is uncertain, the definition of racial norms is already proving useful in studies of pulmonary airway disease among Oceanic peoples.", "contents": "Ventilatory lung function studies in Pacific Island Micronesians. In the first study of ventilatory lung function in people of the Micronesian race, observations in 182 normal subjects (117 males and 65 females) between the ages of 15 and 80 years were used to calculate regression equations for FVC, FEV1, and FEV1%. Mean values of FVC and FEV1 were found to be lower than those reported for Caucasians and Polynesians, but similar to Melanesians, Negroes and Chinese. Values of FEV1% were comparable among all races. The three Oceanic races showed a smaller reduction of FVC and a larger reduction of FEV1% with increasing age than did Caucasians. Although the biological significance of this variability of ventilatory function in different races is uncertain, the definition of racial norms is already proving useful in studies of pulmonary airway disease among Oceanic peoples.", "PMID": 727195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11023", "title": "Relationship of oxygen uptake capacity, serum uric acid and glucose tolerance in males and females, age 10-69.", "content": "Age 10-69, 793 males and 80 females were tested on the treadmill as they walked at 4.83 km per hour (3.27 km per hour in subjects 60 years and older). Every three minutes, the grade was increased 3%. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max.) and related measurements were recorded during the third minute at each grade. Subjects age 10-39 exercised to exhaustion and VO2max. was measured. In subjects age 40-69, VO2max. was estimated from sub-maximal VO2 and heart rate. The sum of four skinfolds, serum uric acid (SUA) and one-hour glucose tolerance were also measured on these subjects. Body fatness was positively correlated with SUA and blood glucose and negatively correlated with VO2max. Age was negatively correlated with VO2max. and positively correlated with blood glucose. After removing the effects of age, weight and fatness, the correlation of VO2max. and SUA was low. Similarly, there was little or no correlation between VO2max. and blood glucose after the effects of age, weight and fatness were removed.", "contents": "Relationship of oxygen uptake capacity, serum uric acid and glucose tolerance in males and females, age 10-69. Age 10-69, 793 males and 80 females were tested on the treadmill as they walked at 4.83 km per hour (3.27 km per hour in subjects 60 years and older). Every three minutes, the grade was increased 3%. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max.) and related measurements were recorded during the third minute at each grade. Subjects age 10-39 exercised to exhaustion and VO2max. was measured. In subjects age 40-69, VO2max. was estimated from sub-maximal VO2 and heart rate. The sum of four skinfolds, serum uric acid (SUA) and one-hour glucose tolerance were also measured on these subjects. Body fatness was positively correlated with SUA and blood glucose and negatively correlated with VO2max. Age was negatively correlated with VO2max. and positively correlated with blood glucose. After removing the effects of age, weight and fatness, the correlation of VO2max. and SUA was low. Similarly, there was little or no correlation between VO2max. and blood glucose after the effects of age, weight and fatness were removed.", "PMID": 727197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11024", "title": "Chronic disease in former college students. XVII. Sociocultural mobility as a precursor of coronary heart disease and hypertension.", "content": "The relationship between sociocultural mobility and subsequent coronary heart disease (CHD) and hypertension (HT) was studied in a cohort of 13,728 male former Harvard University students examined in 1939-1950. All 13,728 were followed for CHD mortality, while 8852 returned self-administered mail questionnaires in 1962 or 1966 and in 1972 which queried for doctor-diagnosed myocardial infarction (MI), angina pectoris (AP) and HT. For each of 98 cases of fatal CHD, 78 cases of MI and 48 cases of AP, four controls were randomly selected. One control was selected for each of 319 HT cases. Significant negative associations between father's occupational status and risk of combined fatal CHD and MI and between geographic mobility and risk of HT were noted in univariate analysis. These associations persisted with stratification by individual confounding factors and by a multivariate confounder-summarizing score. Intergenerational mobility, as indicated by occupational status of the father, was associated with a 1.5 times increased risk of fatal CHD and MI. Intragenerational geographic mobility was associated with a slightly reduced risk of HT.", "contents": "Chronic disease in former college students. XVII. Sociocultural mobility as a precursor of coronary heart disease and hypertension. The relationship between sociocultural mobility and subsequent coronary heart disease (CHD) and hypertension (HT) was studied in a cohort of 13,728 male former Harvard University students examined in 1939-1950. All 13,728 were followed for CHD mortality, while 8852 returned self-administered mail questionnaires in 1962 or 1966 and in 1972 which queried for doctor-diagnosed myocardial infarction (MI), angina pectoris (AP) and HT. For each of 98 cases of fatal CHD, 78 cases of MI and 48 cases of AP, four controls were randomly selected. One control was selected for each of 319 HT cases. Significant negative associations between father's occupational status and risk of combined fatal CHD and MI and between geographic mobility and risk of HT were noted in univariate analysis. These associations persisted with stratification by individual confounding factors and by a multivariate confounder-summarizing score. Intergenerational mobility, as indicated by occupational status of the father, was associated with a 1.5 times increased risk of fatal CHD and MI. Intragenerational geographic mobility was associated with a slightly reduced risk of HT.", "PMID": 727198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11025", "title": "Estimation of multiple relative risk functions in matched case-control studies.", "content": "A linear logistic model used to estimate multiple risk functions in both cohort and case-control studies is adapted for sampling plans wherein each case is matched with R controls. The resulting methodology substantially liberalizes current practice by permitting simultaneous analysis of multiple discrete and continuous risk factors. Interactions among risk factors, and between risk factors and matching variables, may be explored. Data from two studies of oesophageal cancer, one conducted among Singapore Chinese and the other on the Caspian littoral of Iran, illustrate the methods.", "contents": "Estimation of multiple relative risk functions in matched case-control studies. A linear logistic model used to estimate multiple risk functions in both cohort and case-control studies is adapted for sampling plans wherein each case is matched with R controls. The resulting methodology substantially liberalizes current practice by permitting simultaneous analysis of multiple discrete and continuous risk factors. Interactions among risk factors, and between risk factors and matching variables, may be explored. Data from two studies of oesophageal cancer, one conducted among Singapore Chinese and the other on the Caspian littoral of Iran, illustrate the methods.", "PMID": 727199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11026", "title": "Erythema chronicum migrans and Lyme arthritis: epidemiologic evidence for a tick vector.", "content": "Forty-three residents of 12 contiguous Connecticut communities were identified who had the onset of erythema chronicum migrans, Lyme arthritis, or both during the summer and fall of 1977. Nine of them (21%) remembered having been bitten by a tick at the site of the initial skin lesion a median of 12 days (range 3-20) before onset; one patient brought in the tick for identification (Ixodes scapularis). Compared to 64 of their neighbors, significantly more patients had cats and farm animals, and had noted ticks on their pets and tick bites on themselves. The incidence of the illness during 1977 was 2.8 cases per 1000 residents in the three communities on the east side of the Connecticut River, compared to 0.1 cases per 1000 residents in the nine communities on the west side, a difference of almost 30-fold. Taken with the results of a concomitant acarological study on both sides of the river, these findings support the hypothesis that erythema chronicum migrans and Lyme arthritis are tick-transmitted, specifically by I. scapularis.", "contents": "Erythema chronicum migrans and Lyme arthritis: epidemiologic evidence for a tick vector. Forty-three residents of 12 contiguous Connecticut communities were identified who had the onset of erythema chronicum migrans, Lyme arthritis, or both during the summer and fall of 1977. Nine of them (21%) remembered having been bitten by a tick at the site of the initial skin lesion a median of 12 days (range 3-20) before onset; one patient brought in the tick for identification (Ixodes scapularis). Compared to 64 of their neighbors, significantly more patients had cats and farm animals, and had noted ticks on their pets and tick bites on themselves. The incidence of the illness during 1977 was 2.8 cases per 1000 residents in the three communities on the east side of the Connecticut River, compared to 0.1 cases per 1000 residents in the nine communities on the west side, a difference of almost 30-fold. Taken with the results of a concomitant acarological study on both sides of the river, these findings support the hypothesis that erythema chronicum migrans and Lyme arthritis are tick-transmitted, specifically by I. scapularis.", "PMID": 727200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11027", "title": "Erythema chronicum migrans and lyme arthritis: field study of ticks.", "content": "Ticks were collected during 1977 in communities east of the Connecticut River where there was a high incidence of erythema chronicum migrans and Lyme arthritis and were compared with collections from a similar area 20 km west of the river where cases of the disease were rare. Ixodes scapularis was much more abundant on the east side than on the west. Immature I. scapularis were 13 times more abundant on white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus), and adult I. scapularis 16 times more abundant on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the east than in the west communities. In addition, all active stages in the life cycle of this tick--larvae, nymphs, and adults--both males and females, were found on humans (mostly patients) in the east communities. Both nymphs and adults were abundant on dogs and cats in this area. Attempts to recover an etiologic agent from ticks were unsuccessful.", "contents": "Erythema chronicum migrans and lyme arthritis: field study of ticks. Ticks were collected during 1977 in communities east of the Connecticut River where there was a high incidence of erythema chronicum migrans and Lyme arthritis and were compared with collections from a similar area 20 km west of the river where cases of the disease were rare. Ixodes scapularis was much more abundant on the east side than on the west. Immature I. scapularis were 13 times more abundant on white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus), and adult I. scapularis 16 times more abundant on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the east than in the west communities. In addition, all active stages in the life cycle of this tick--larvae, nymphs, and adults--both males and females, were found on humans (mostly patients) in the east communities. Both nymphs and adults were abundant on dogs and cats in this area. Attempts to recover an etiologic agent from ticks were unsuccessful.", "PMID": 727201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11028", "title": "Cardiovascular mortality in Mormons and non-Mormons in Utah, 1969--1971.", "content": "Cardiovascular mortality in the State of Utah is among the lowest in the United States. The religion of 72% of the state residents (Mormon) proscribes the use of tobacco and alcohol; a large number of Mormons adhere to this proscription. This study analyzed the 6108 cardiovascular disease deaths between 1969--1971 in Utah of members in the Mormon Church. For both sexes, Mormons had 35% less mortality than expected from US rates for ischemic heart disease, while non-Mormons were not significantly different from US whites. These results support the relationship between cigarette smoking and mortality from cardiovascular disease. Mormon men also had lower mortality from hypertensive heart disease and Mormon women from rheumatic heart disease than non-Mormons in Utah.", "contents": "Cardiovascular mortality in Mormons and non-Mormons in Utah, 1969--1971. Cardiovascular mortality in the State of Utah is among the lowest in the United States. The religion of 72% of the state residents (Mormon) proscribes the use of tobacco and alcohol; a large number of Mormons adhere to this proscription. This study analyzed the 6108 cardiovascular disease deaths between 1969--1971 in Utah of members in the Mormon Church. For both sexes, Mormons had 35% less mortality than expected from US rates for ischemic heart disease, while non-Mormons were not significantly different from US whites. These results support the relationship between cigarette smoking and mortality from cardiovascular disease. Mormon men also had lower mortality from hypertensive heart disease and Mormon women from rheumatic heart disease than non-Mormons in Utah.", "PMID": 727204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11029", "title": "Differences between respondents and non-respondents in a population-based cardiovascular disease study.", "content": "The differences in cardiovascular health status between participants and non-participants were examined in a population-based cardiovascular study. Telephone interviews with non-respondents revealed generally more cardiovascular disease but less hyperlipidemia and family history of cardiovascular disease. Non-respondents did not differ regarding known hypertension, diet or drug therapy for hyperlipidemia, or egg use. Non-respondents were more likely to be cigarette smokers. Because the amount of non-respondent bias in the study was small while the response rate was high, respondents were generally representative of the target population. However, the observed differences could have produced spuriously high estimates of risk factor prevalence, low estimates of disease prevalence, and biased relative risks if the non-response rate and/or the baseline differences had been considerably larger.", "contents": "Differences between respondents and non-respondents in a population-based cardiovascular disease study. The differences in cardiovascular health status between participants and non-participants were examined in a population-based cardiovascular study. Telephone interviews with non-respondents revealed generally more cardiovascular disease but less hyperlipidemia and family history of cardiovascular disease. Non-respondents did not differ regarding known hypertension, diet or drug therapy for hyperlipidemia, or egg use. Non-respondents were more likely to be cigarette smokers. Because the amount of non-respondent bias in the study was small while the response rate was high, respondents were generally representative of the target population. However, the observed differences could have produced spuriously high estimates of risk factor prevalence, low estimates of disease prevalence, and biased relative risks if the non-response rate and/or the baseline differences had been considerably larger.", "PMID": 727205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11030", "title": "Noncancer deaths in cancer and noncancer lineages.", "content": "Starting with white probands who were potential milk donors in a program of human milk collection, a series of 2411 family health histories were obtained of the first degree relatives of the probands' parents. A lineage is defined as the parents and siblings of a parent of the proband as well as the parent. 2090 cancers were identified in the 31,939 people. Of the 21,712 persons without cancer in the parents' generation, age-specific death rates were significantly higher in those lineages with at least one cancer. This was true in infants, children and adults for both males and females (p less than 0.001). Cancer may be linked to other morbid conditions by a commonality of heredity, family environment, or perhaps both as necessary antecedents--neither sufficient by itself.", "contents": "Noncancer deaths in cancer and noncancer lineages. Starting with white probands who were potential milk donors in a program of human milk collection, a series of 2411 family health histories were obtained of the first degree relatives of the probands' parents. A lineage is defined as the parents and siblings of a parent of the proband as well as the parent. 2090 cancers were identified in the 31,939 people. Of the 21,712 persons without cancer in the parents' generation, age-specific death rates were significantly higher in those lineages with at least one cancer. This was true in infants, children and adults for both males and females (p less than 0.001). Cancer may be linked to other morbid conditions by a commonality of heredity, family environment, or perhaps both as necessary antecedents--neither sufficient by itself.", "PMID": 727206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11031", "title": "Emergence of a new arbovirus disease in Brazil. II. Epidemiologic studies on 1975 epidemic.", "content": "In April, 1975, an outbreak of human encephalitis caused by Rocio virus, a new flavivirus, occurred in the coastal region of southern S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. The epidemic started during the second half of March, 1975, and ended in June, 1975. A total of 465 cases with 61 deaths were recorded, and the overall attack rate was 15 per thousand population. The mortality rate was two per thousand inhabitants and the overall case-fatality rate was 13%. However, the case-fatality rate was markedly decreased when adequate hospital care was provided. The number of cases in the 15--30 years age group was higher than in the other age groups and the rate was higher in males than in females. Lack of evidence of person-to-person transmission, based on a study of families involved in the epidemic and on the antigenic relationship to other mosquito-borne flaviviruses, suggested that the virus was transmitted by a vector and that wild animals were involved in the virus cycle.", "contents": "Emergence of a new arbovirus disease in Brazil. II. Epidemiologic studies on 1975 epidemic. In April, 1975, an outbreak of human encephalitis caused by Rocio virus, a new flavivirus, occurred in the coastal region of southern S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. The epidemic started during the second half of March, 1975, and ended in June, 1975. A total of 465 cases with 61 deaths were recorded, and the overall attack rate was 15 per thousand population. The mortality rate was two per thousand inhabitants and the overall case-fatality rate was 13%. However, the case-fatality rate was markedly decreased when adequate hospital care was provided. The number of cases in the 15--30 years age group was higher than in the other age groups and the rate was higher in males than in females. Lack of evidence of person-to-person transmission, based on a study of families involved in the epidemic and on the antigenic relationship to other mosquito-borne flaviviruses, suggested that the virus was transmitted by a vector and that wild animals were involved in the virus cycle.", "PMID": 727209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11032", "title": "The use of logistic regression for modelling risk factors: with application to non-melanoma skin cancer.", "content": "Logistic regression was used to estimate the \"relative\" risk of basal and squamous skin cancer for such factors as cumulative lifetime solar exposure, age, complexion, and tannability. In previous reports, a subject's exposure was estimated indirectly, by latitude, or by the number of sun days in a subject's habitat. In contrast, these results are based on interview data gathered for each subject. A relatively new technique was used to estimate \"relative\" risk by controlling for confounding and testing for effect modification. A linear effect for the \"relative\" risk of cancer versus exposure was found. Tannability was shown to be a more important risk factor than complexion. This result is consistent with the work of Silverstone and Searle.", "contents": "The use of logistic regression for modelling risk factors: with application to non-melanoma skin cancer. Logistic regression was used to estimate the \"relative\" risk of basal and squamous skin cancer for such factors as cumulative lifetime solar exposure, age, complexion, and tannability. In previous reports, a subject's exposure was estimated indirectly, by latitude, or by the number of sun days in a subject's habitat. In contrast, these results are based on interview data gathered for each subject. A relatively new technique was used to estimate \"relative\" risk by controlling for confounding and testing for effect modification. A linear effect for the \"relative\" risk of cancer versus exposure was found. Tannability was shown to be a more important risk factor than complexion. This result is consistent with the work of Silverstone and Searle.", "PMID": 727210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11033", "title": "Case-control studies: a sequential approach.", "content": "A sequential approach to the design of a matched pair case-control study is proposed as an alternative to fixed sample plans when information on case-control pairs is acquired sequentially in time. The method described is that of Wald using the Sequential Probability Ratio Test (SPRT) for comparing two binomial populations. The test is an open, non-truncated procudure. Several tables are presented for the average sample numbers needed under the sequential plan and fixed sample plan for selected Type 1 and 2 errors, alternative relative risks of interest and exposure probabilities in case and controls. A hypothetical example is presented to illustrate the use of the method and discussion is given as to the possible advantages and disadvantages of the sequential approach to case-control studies.", "contents": "Case-control studies: a sequential approach. A sequential approach to the design of a matched pair case-control study is proposed as an alternative to fixed sample plans when information on case-control pairs is acquired sequentially in time. The method described is that of Wald using the Sequential Probability Ratio Test (SPRT) for comparing two binomial populations. The test is an open, non-truncated procudure. Several tables are presented for the average sample numbers needed under the sequential plan and fixed sample plan for selected Type 1 and 2 errors, alternative relative risks of interest and exposure probabilities in case and controls. A hypothetical example is presented to illustrate the use of the method and discussion is given as to the possible advantages and disadvantages of the sequential approach to case-control studies.", "PMID": 727211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11034", "title": "The number of families required for detecting the familial aggregation of a continuous attribute.", "content": "A formula is presented and graphs are displayed that provide the approximate power of a test for intraclass correlation. The results are useful for estimating the number of families required for detecting the familial aggregation of a continuous attribute.", "contents": "The number of families required for detecting the familial aggregation of a continuous attribute. A formula is presented and graphs are displayed that provide the approximate power of a test for intraclass correlation. The results are useful for estimating the number of families required for detecting the familial aggregation of a continuous attribute.", "PMID": 727212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11035", "title": "Causes of perinatal mortality excess in prolonged gestations.", "content": "The study sought to determine what proportion of the perinatal mortality excess associated with prolonged gestations was due to placental insufficiency. Using data from a large prospective study of pregnancy, the perinatal mortality rate was 20.9/1000 births for post-term and 11.7/1000 for term infants. Only a quarter of the perinatal mortality rate excess in the post-term pregnancies was due to disorders related to inadequate uteroplacental perfusion, i.e., abruptio placentae, large placental infarcts and marked placental growth retardation. Twenty-six per cent of the mortality excess was due to congenital malformations, 19% to amniotic fluid infections, 8% to Rh erythroblastosis fetalis and the remaining 22% to a variety of other disorders. The post-term mortality excess due to congenital malformations was in infants who had hypoplastic adrenal glands, a well-known cause of prolonged gestation. The 4205 placentas of the post-term infants did not show any significant increases in those microscopic lesions that are characteristic of uteroplacental under-perfusion.", "contents": "Causes of perinatal mortality excess in prolonged gestations. The study sought to determine what proportion of the perinatal mortality excess associated with prolonged gestations was due to placental insufficiency. Using data from a large prospective study of pregnancy, the perinatal mortality rate was 20.9/1000 births for post-term and 11.7/1000 for term infants. Only a quarter of the perinatal mortality rate excess in the post-term pregnancies was due to disorders related to inadequate uteroplacental perfusion, i.e., abruptio placentae, large placental infarcts and marked placental growth retardation. Twenty-six per cent of the mortality excess was due to congenital malformations, 19% to amniotic fluid infections, 8% to Rh erythroblastosis fetalis and the remaining 22% to a variety of other disorders. The post-term mortality excess due to congenital malformations was in infants who had hypoplastic adrenal glands, a well-known cause of prolonged gestation. The 4205 placentas of the post-term infants did not show any significant increases in those microscopic lesions that are characteristic of uteroplacental under-perfusion.", "PMID": 727213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11036", "title": "Case report. Brucella canis bacteremia: a case with negative B canis agglutinins.", "content": "Naturally acquired Brucella canis infection is believed to be uncommon, but is not readily diagnosed. A 55-year-old woman developed fever, abdominal pain, malaise, weakness, and anorexia eight weeks after her dog delivered stillborn pups. Blood cultures yielded B canis. Specific B canis agglutinins were negative initially and remained negative during convalescence. Therapy with tetracycline and streptomycin was successful but was associated with a probable Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction.", "contents": "Case report. Brucella canis bacteremia: a case with negative B canis agglutinins. Naturally acquired Brucella canis infection is believed to be uncommon, but is not readily diagnosed. A 55-year-old woman developed fever, abdominal pain, malaise, weakness, and anorexia eight weeks after her dog delivered stillborn pups. Blood cultures yielded B canis. Specific B canis agglutinins were negative initially and remained negative during convalescence. Therapy with tetracycline and streptomycin was successful but was associated with a probable Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction.", "PMID": 727214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11037", "title": "Case report. Cardiobacterium hominis: review of prior infections and report of endocarditis on a fascia lata prosthetic heart valve.", "content": "The clinical spectrum of disease caused by Cardiobacterium hominis, a small, gram-negative coccobacillus, is little known to physicians. From analysis of a new case of C hominis endocarditis on a fascia lata aortic valve, and from review of all previous reports of infection due to this microorganism, a remarkably consistent clinical picture emerged. C hominis only causes endocarditis, affects middle-aged individuals with structurally abnormal, left-sided cardiac valves, and follows a subacute course associated with the frequent occurrence of mycotic aneurysms and embolic phenomena. The methodology and therapeutic importance of identifying this organism and separating it from the closely related Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Eikenella corrodens, and Haemophilus aphrophilus is emphasized. Either penicillin alone or penicillin plus an aminoglycoside is recommended for therapy.", "contents": "Case report. Cardiobacterium hominis: review of prior infections and report of endocarditis on a fascia lata prosthetic heart valve. The clinical spectrum of disease caused by Cardiobacterium hominis, a small, gram-negative coccobacillus, is little known to physicians. From analysis of a new case of C hominis endocarditis on a fascia lata aortic valve, and from review of all previous reports of infection due to this microorganism, a remarkably consistent clinical picture emerged. C hominis only causes endocarditis, affects middle-aged individuals with structurally abnormal, left-sided cardiac valves, and follows a subacute course associated with the frequent occurrence of mycotic aneurysms and embolic phenomena. The methodology and therapeutic importance of identifying this organism and separating it from the closely related Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Eikenella corrodens, and Haemophilus aphrophilus is emphasized. Either penicillin alone or penicillin plus an aminoglycoside is recommended for therapy.", "PMID": 727215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11038", "title": "Temporal stability of the dark focus of accommodation.", "content": "The temporal stability of the dark focus of accommodation (the refractive power of the eye in total darkness) was examined using a laser optometer. It was found that dark focus does not vary greatly in most subjects over a period of 2--3 weeks. Intrasubject ranges varied from 0.08--2.92 over that period, with a mean range of 1.07 D. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Temporal stability of the dark focus of accommodation. The temporal stability of the dark focus of accommodation (the refractive power of the eye in total darkness) was examined using a laser optometer. It was found that dark focus does not vary greatly in most subjects over a period of 2--3 weeks. Intrasubject ranges varied from 0.08--2.92 over that period, with a mean range of 1.07 D. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 727221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11039", "title": "Renin stimulation during clonidine therapy in \"low renin\" essential hypertension.", "content": "Plasma renin activity (PRA) was measured during the administration of clonidine (0.1 mg twice daily) to 11 patients with essential hypertension. After eigth weeks a trend toward an increase in PRA was noted. This increase was significant in \"low renin\" subjects (less than 1 ng Al/ml/hr, n = 7) in whom PRA (ng/ml/hr +/- SEM) rose from a control value of 0.7 +/- 0.1 to 2.0 +/- 1.1 at one week, 5.6 +/- 2.1 at four weeks, and 4.4 +/- 1.0 at eight weeks (p less than 0.05). In contrast, in a small group of \"normal renin\" patients (n = 4), PRA did not change significantly but tended to decrease on clonidine therapy from 9.2 +/- 3.4 at control to 3.3 +/- 2.0 at one week, 3.4 +/- 0.6 at four weeks, and 4.7 +/- 1.7 ng Al/ml/hr at eight weeks. Plasma renin substrate and serum and urinary electrolytes did not change significantly in either group and blood pressure reduction was comparable in the two groups. A strong negative correlation (r = -0.84, p less than 0.001) was found between changes in creatinine clearance and changes in PRA. Previous studies have implicated alpha-adrenergic receptors as the site of clonidine actions on blood pressure and renin release. The observed renin stimulation during chronic administration of clonidine to \"low renin\" patients with essential hypertension may imply an altered intrarenal alpha-receptor function in \"low renin\" essential hypertension.", "contents": "Renin stimulation during clonidine therapy in \"low renin\" essential hypertension. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was measured during the administration of clonidine (0.1 mg twice daily) to 11 patients with essential hypertension. After eigth weeks a trend toward an increase in PRA was noted. This increase was significant in \"low renin\" subjects (less than 1 ng Al/ml/hr, n = 7) in whom PRA (ng/ml/hr +/- SEM) rose from a control value of 0.7 +/- 0.1 to 2.0 +/- 1.1 at one week, 5.6 +/- 2.1 at four weeks, and 4.4 +/- 1.0 at eight weeks (p less than 0.05). In contrast, in a small group of \"normal renin\" patients (n = 4), PRA did not change significantly but tended to decrease on clonidine therapy from 9.2 +/- 3.4 at control to 3.3 +/- 2.0 at one week, 3.4 +/- 0.6 at four weeks, and 4.7 +/- 1.7 ng Al/ml/hr at eight weeks. Plasma renin substrate and serum and urinary electrolytes did not change significantly in either group and blood pressure reduction was comparable in the two groups. A strong negative correlation (r = -0.84, p less than 0.001) was found between changes in creatinine clearance and changes in PRA. Previous studies have implicated alpha-adrenergic receptors as the site of clonidine actions on blood pressure and renin release. The observed renin stimulation during chronic administration of clonidine to \"low renin\" patients with essential hypertension may imply an altered intrarenal alpha-receptor function in \"low renin\" essential hypertension.", "PMID": 727216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11040", "title": "Changes in retinal correspondence following surgery for intermittent exotropia.", "content": "An intermittent exotrope of 54delta had harmonious anomalous correspondence when squinting and normal correspondence when bifoveally fixating. Measures of the angle of deviation (H) and angle of anomaly (A) were made at the first postoperative dressing 6 hr after surgery (H = 8--14delta esotropia, A = 0--54delta exo) and at several times over a 2.5-mo period during which a second operation was performed. The final result was 3delta of exophoria with normal correspondence when fusing and harmonious anomalous correspondence (A = 3delta exo) when fusion was disrupted. The change in angle of anomaly created by the surgery cannot be explained by changes in fusional vergence. Halld\u00e9n's \"sensory-fusion\" mechanism, which is based on diplopia resulting from stimulation of disparate retinal points, is more useful in explaining the obtained results.", "contents": "Changes in retinal correspondence following surgery for intermittent exotropia. An intermittent exotrope of 54delta had harmonious anomalous correspondence when squinting and normal correspondence when bifoveally fixating. Measures of the angle of deviation (H) and angle of anomaly (A) were made at the first postoperative dressing 6 hr after surgery (H = 8--14delta esotropia, A = 0--54delta exo) and at several times over a 2.5-mo period during which a second operation was performed. The final result was 3delta of exophoria with normal correspondence when fusing and harmonious anomalous correspondence (A = 3delta exo) when fusion was disrupted. The change in angle of anomaly created by the surgery cannot be explained by changes in fusional vergence. Halld\u00e9n's \"sensory-fusion\" mechanism, which is based on diplopia resulting from stimulation of disparate retinal points, is more useful in explaining the obtained results.", "PMID": 727222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11041", "title": "Treating infant esotropia: a case report.", "content": "A case study is presented of a child who had a constant left esotropia since birth. The patient was first seen at age 8 mo, after an ophthalmological opinion had suggested immediate surgery. The therapy and its success are discussed.", "contents": "Treating infant esotropia: a case report. A case study is presented of a child who had a constant left esotropia since birth. The patient was first seen at age 8 mo, after an ophthalmological opinion had suggested immediate surgery. The therapy and its success are discussed.", "PMID": 727223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11042", "title": "Baroreflex function in uremic and hypertensive man.", "content": "Human hypertension has been related to abnormalities of autonomic blood pressure regulation. In order to characterize a possible defect, we have studied several aspects of reflex autonomic circulatory control in normal subjects, patients with primary hypertension, and two types of subjects with uremia and elevated blood pressure. Phenylephrine infusion (a measurement of baroreceptor response to high pressure stimulus) resulted in similar hemodynamic changes in all types of subjects. However, all groups of patients exhibited significantly different hemodynamic responses to amyl nitrite inhalation (an index of baroreceptor response to low pressure stimulus). These results suggest that patients with uremia and those with primary hypertension differ from each other and normal subjects regarding baroreceptor reflex function. Furthermore, one type of uremic patient may have a neurogenic component to their hypertension similar to experimental animals following surgical section of afferent baroreceptor nerves.", "contents": "Baroreflex function in uremic and hypertensive man. Human hypertension has been related to abnormalities of autonomic blood pressure regulation. In order to characterize a possible defect, we have studied several aspects of reflex autonomic circulatory control in normal subjects, patients with primary hypertension, and two types of subjects with uremia and elevated blood pressure. Phenylephrine infusion (a measurement of baroreceptor response to high pressure stimulus) resulted in similar hemodynamic changes in all types of subjects. However, all groups of patients exhibited significantly different hemodynamic responses to amyl nitrite inhalation (an index of baroreceptor response to low pressure stimulus). These results suggest that patients with uremia and those with primary hypertension differ from each other and normal subjects regarding baroreceptor reflex function. Furthermore, one type of uremic patient may have a neurogenic component to their hypertension similar to experimental animals following surgical section of afferent baroreceptor nerves.", "PMID": 727217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11043", "title": "Staphylococcal infections in a hemodialysis unit.", "content": "Experience with Staphylococcus aureus infections in a hemodialysis unit in which arteriovenous fistulas were used routinely for dialysis is reviewed, including an epidemic involving multiple bacteriophage types. Most infections involved the fistula site and were associated with bacteremia, although bacteremia without an obvious fistula infection did occur. Despite recurrent bacteremia, endocarditis was not documented, and patients did not develop teichoic acid antibodies as measured by an immunodiffusion technique. Patients with fistula infections responded to antibiotic therapy and did not require removal of the fistula except in two patients whose fistulas ruptured. Patients with shunt infections had to have their shunts removed to control infection. The epidemic developed after the hemodialysis unit was moved into a larger area to facilitate an increasing number of patients and after diabetic patients were admitted to the dialysis program. Both autoinfection and cross-infection contributed to the epidemic, which resolved with improvements in aseptic techniques. A culture survey indicated that the nasal carriage of staphylococci was not unusually high during the epidemic. This report emphasizes that staphylococcal infections remain a problem in continually changing hospital environments.", "contents": "Staphylococcal infections in a hemodialysis unit. Experience with Staphylococcus aureus infections in a hemodialysis unit in which arteriovenous fistulas were used routinely for dialysis is reviewed, including an epidemic involving multiple bacteriophage types. Most infections involved the fistula site and were associated with bacteremia, although bacteremia without an obvious fistula infection did occur. Despite recurrent bacteremia, endocarditis was not documented, and patients did not develop teichoic acid antibodies as measured by an immunodiffusion technique. Patients with fistula infections responded to antibiotic therapy and did not require removal of the fistula except in two patients whose fistulas ruptured. Patients with shunt infections had to have their shunts removed to control infection. The epidemic developed after the hemodialysis unit was moved into a larger area to facilitate an increasing number of patients and after diabetic patients were admitted to the dialysis program. Both autoinfection and cross-infection contributed to the epidemic, which resolved with improvements in aseptic techniques. A culture survey indicated that the nasal carriage of staphylococci was not unusually high during the epidemic. This report emphasizes that staphylococcal infections remain a problem in continually changing hospital environments.", "PMID": 727218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11044", "title": "Development of amphotericin B-resistant Candida tropicalis in a patient with defective leukocyte function.", "content": "Emergence, during therapy, of fungi resistant to amphotericin B is purportedly rare, as fungi with altered cell membrane ergosterol content are considered too fragile to survive normal host defenses. Progressive amphotericin B resistance arose in a strain of Candida tropicalis isolated repeatedly from the urine of a patient with pyelonephritis. The most resistant isolate (R-2) lacked cell membrane ergosterol, the usual attachment site for amphotericin B, and was not inhibited by greater than 500 micrograms/ml of the drug. R-2 infected and killed embryonated eggs, but was unable to produce progressive renal infection in steroid-treated mice because of a reduced capacity to produce pseudomycelia. Persistent infection of the patient by this altered fungus was attributed to defective leukocyte candidacidal activity, especially marked in autologous serum, and to defective Candida-related cell-mediated immunity. A literature review suggests that amphotericin B resistance may not be as rare as many authorities have indicated. It is apparent that few laboratories routinely monitor fungi for amphotericin B susceptibility. In patients with defective antimicrobial defenses, amphotericin B-resistant fungi may survive, produce progressive infection, and require alternative chemotherapy for eradication.", "contents": "Development of amphotericin B-resistant Candida tropicalis in a patient with defective leukocyte function. Emergence, during therapy, of fungi resistant to amphotericin B is purportedly rare, as fungi with altered cell membrane ergosterol content are considered too fragile to survive normal host defenses. Progressive amphotericin B resistance arose in a strain of Candida tropicalis isolated repeatedly from the urine of a patient with pyelonephritis. The most resistant isolate (R-2) lacked cell membrane ergosterol, the usual attachment site for amphotericin B, and was not inhibited by greater than 500 micrograms/ml of the drug. R-2 infected and killed embryonated eggs, but was unable to produce progressive renal infection in steroid-treated mice because of a reduced capacity to produce pseudomycelia. Persistent infection of the patient by this altered fungus was attributed to defective leukocyte candidacidal activity, especially marked in autologous serum, and to defective Candida-related cell-mediated immunity. A literature review suggests that amphotericin B resistance may not be as rare as many authorities have indicated. It is apparent that few laboratories routinely monitor fungi for amphotericin B susceptibility. In patients with defective antimicrobial defenses, amphotericin B-resistant fungi may survive, produce progressive infection, and require alternative chemotherapy for eradication.", "PMID": 727219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11045", "title": "Clinical implications of the rare thyroid carcinoma which is indistinguishable from a follicular adenoma.", "content": "The inadequacy of the standard pathologic criteria for identifying certain well-differentiated thyroid follicular carcinomas from follicular adenomas in rare instances is illustrated by four cases. The excised thyroid nodule in these patients appeared to be adenoma, but subsequent local spread in the neck or distant metastases disclosed the actual malignant nature of the lesions. This observation is not intended as a basis for more extensive operations for adenoma, but rather as an indication for close, long-term observation. Postoperative, lifelong suppressive therapy with thyroid hormone is suggested for all patients with a diagnosis of follicular adenoma.", "contents": "Clinical implications of the rare thyroid carcinoma which is indistinguishable from a follicular adenoma. The inadequacy of the standard pathologic criteria for identifying certain well-differentiated thyroid follicular carcinomas from follicular adenomas in rare instances is illustrated by four cases. The excised thyroid nodule in these patients appeared to be adenoma, but subsequent local spread in the neck or distant metastases disclosed the actual malignant nature of the lesions. This observation is not intended as a basis for more extensive operations for adenoma, but rather as an indication for close, long-term observation. Postoperative, lifelong suppressive therapy with thyroid hormone is suggested for all patients with a diagnosis of follicular adenoma.", "PMID": 727220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11046", "title": "The immunoglobulin allotypes (Gm and Km) of twelve Indian tribes of Central and South America.", "content": "The Gm and Km immunoglobulin allotypes are presented, for the first time, for six South American Indian tribes (Baniwa, Kanamari, Kraho, Makiritare, Panoa, and Ticuna) and one Central American tribe (Guaymi). Additional allotype information is presented for five previously reported South American tribes (Cayapo, Piaroa, Trio, Xavante and Yanomama). The distributions of the Gm and Km allotypes among all the tribal populations tested to date are reviewed and evidence is presented for the presence of a north (high)-south(low) cline in Km frequency. The wave theory of the populating of the South American continent was tested by an examination of the distribution of six alleles (Gmax;g, Gma;b0,3,t,Dia,Rx,TFDChi, and 6PGDC), absent in some populations but with polymorphic proportions in others. The present, limited, data failed to confirm the theory.", "contents": "The immunoglobulin allotypes (Gm and Km) of twelve Indian tribes of Central and South America. The Gm and Km immunoglobulin allotypes are presented, for the first time, for six South American Indian tribes (Baniwa, Kanamari, Kraho, Makiritare, Panoa, and Ticuna) and one Central American tribe (Guaymi). Additional allotype information is presented for five previously reported South American tribes (Cayapo, Piaroa, Trio, Xavante and Yanomama). The distributions of the Gm and Km allotypes among all the tribal populations tested to date are reviewed and evidence is presented for the presence of a north (high)-south(low) cline in Km frequency. The wave theory of the populating of the South American continent was tested by an examination of the distribution of six alleles (Gmax;g, Gma;b0,3,t,Dia,Rx,TFDChi, and 6PGDC), absent in some populations but with polymorphic proportions in others. The present, limited, data failed to confirm the theory.", "PMID": 727233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11047", "title": "Bilateral asymmetry of human skeletal non-metric traits.", "content": "The use of non-metric skeletal traits to compute population distance statistics assumes strong genetic control of trait expression. An investigation of bilateral asymmetry frequencies of human cranial and postcranial non-metric traits shows that asymmetry is common. This suggests that environmental stress, as well as the genotype, is important in controlling trait frequencies.", "contents": "Bilateral asymmetry of human skeletal non-metric traits. The use of non-metric skeletal traits to compute population distance statistics assumes strong genetic control of trait expression. An investigation of bilateral asymmetry frequencies of human cranial and postcranial non-metric traits shows that asymmetry is common. This suggests that environmental stress, as well as the genotype, is important in controlling trait frequencies.", "PMID": 727234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11048", "title": "Discrete dental traits in four Tlaxcaltecan Mexican populations.", "content": "Seven hundred dental casts from four Tlaxcaltecan Indian populations of Mexico were analyzed for the incidence of ten discrete dental traits. The populations are of known historical origin, with Cuanalan and Saltillo transplanted from the Valley of Tlaxcala approximately 400 years ago. Given this temporal and geographical separation of these transplanted populations from the parental gene pool, statistically significant morphological divergence was observed. However, varying degrees of admixture with Spanish and possibly African colonists have complicated the interpretation of the results. Shovelling of incisors was shown to be the best discriminator of group differences. Mandibular molar patterns and mandibular incisor extension indicate that Cuanalan is closest to Saltillo while the valley communities. Tlaxcala and San Pablo, are closest to each other.", "contents": "Discrete dental traits in four Tlaxcaltecan Mexican populations. Seven hundred dental casts from four Tlaxcaltecan Indian populations of Mexico were analyzed for the incidence of ten discrete dental traits. The populations are of known historical origin, with Cuanalan and Saltillo transplanted from the Valley of Tlaxcala approximately 400 years ago. Given this temporal and geographical separation of these transplanted populations from the parental gene pool, statistically significant morphological divergence was observed. However, varying degrees of admixture with Spanish and possibly African colonists have complicated the interpretation of the results. Shovelling of incisors was shown to be the best discriminator of group differences. Mandibular molar patterns and mandibular incisor extension indicate that Cuanalan is closest to Saltillo while the valley communities. Tlaxcala and San Pablo, are closest to each other.", "PMID": 727235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11049", "title": "The dentition of New Britain West Nakanai Melanesians. VIII. Peopling of the Pacific.", "content": "The dental crown morphology and size of 48 male West Nakanai, New Britain, Melanesians is described and compared with other Pacific and Asian dental samples. The West Nakanai dentition is like those of other Melanesians, much less like those of Polynesians and Micronesians, and very dissimilar to teeth of modern and Neolithic Southeast Asians. It is suggested that the origin of the modern Melanesian dental pattern (large but simplified teeth) was probably in Melanesia, not Southeast Asia as the orthodox view of a Hoabinhian-Australmelanesian relation claims.", "contents": "The dentition of New Britain West Nakanai Melanesians. VIII. Peopling of the Pacific. The dental crown morphology and size of 48 male West Nakanai, New Britain, Melanesians is described and compared with other Pacific and Asian dental samples. The West Nakanai dentition is like those of other Melanesians, much less like those of Polynesians and Micronesians, and very dissimilar to teeth of modern and Neolithic Southeast Asians. It is suggested that the origin of the modern Melanesian dental pattern (large but simplified teeth) was probably in Melanesia, not Southeast Asia as the orthodox view of a Hoabinhian-Australmelanesian relation claims.", "PMID": 727236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11050", "title": "Differences between populations in body shape of children and adolescents.", "content": "Growth is marked by changes in body shape as well as increase in body size. It is suggested that changes in body shape in childhood and adolescence be analyzed by least squares fit lines for one dimension on a second at successive ages. These are preferred during childhood to the traditional indices of anthropologists because body proportions change with growth, and one can identify the direction of the change and observe which body dimension is changing, or if both are. Furthermore, populations may be compared by analysis of covariance for different patterns of growth related to sex and ethnic groups. Analysis of a number of populations have demonstrated clear differences between the sexes and between populations for the following body proportions: sitting height to leg length, arm length to leg length, biacromial width to biiliac width.", "contents": "Differences between populations in body shape of children and adolescents. Growth is marked by changes in body shape as well as increase in body size. It is suggested that changes in body shape in childhood and adolescence be analyzed by least squares fit lines for one dimension on a second at successive ages. These are preferred during childhood to the traditional indices of anthropologists because body proportions change with growth, and one can identify the direction of the change and observe which body dimension is changing, or if both are. Furthermore, populations may be compared by analysis of covariance for different patterns of growth related to sex and ethnic groups. Analysis of a number of populations have demonstrated clear differences between the sexes and between populations for the following body proportions: sitting height to leg length, arm length to leg length, biacromial width to biiliac width.", "PMID": 727237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11051", "title": "Sexual dimorphism in the growth of the cranium.", "content": "The major sexual dimorphisms in body size appear at puberty but, by then, 95% of the growth of the cranium is completed. As sexual dimorphism in the cranium is as great as for other parts of the body, this suggests that it must appear at an earlier age, and that cranium/body size ratios for the two sexes will vary during growth. Results from a longitudinal study of Montreal children are used to investigate this phenomenon. The effect is expressed quantitatively by proportional growth and growth velocity curves, based on the final size of boys, which show that the dimorphism indeed makes an early appearance. The data are also analyzed on an age scale relative to the ages of peak growth velocity in stature, derived from the individual growth curves. This shows that although there is a minor pubertal spurt in growth for the external cranial dimensions of boys, it contributes relatively little to the final dimorphism in cranial size. To summarize this aspect of growth, an index of cephalization is calculated: head length X head width/stature. Cross-sectional standards for the change of the mean index with age show a linear decline for boys and girls until puberty, with a constant difference between them. After puberty, the index becomes equal in the two sexes. Individual development curves for the index are however not linear.", "contents": "Sexual dimorphism in the growth of the cranium. The major sexual dimorphisms in body size appear at puberty but, by then, 95% of the growth of the cranium is completed. As sexual dimorphism in the cranium is as great as for other parts of the body, this suggests that it must appear at an earlier age, and that cranium/body size ratios for the two sexes will vary during growth. Results from a longitudinal study of Montreal children are used to investigate this phenomenon. The effect is expressed quantitatively by proportional growth and growth velocity curves, based on the final size of boys, which show that the dimorphism indeed makes an early appearance. The data are also analyzed on an age scale relative to the ages of peak growth velocity in stature, derived from the individual growth curves. This shows that although there is a minor pubertal spurt in growth for the external cranial dimensions of boys, it contributes relatively little to the final dimorphism in cranial size. To summarize this aspect of growth, an index of cephalization is calculated: head length X head width/stature. Cross-sectional standards for the change of the mean index with age show a linear decline for boys and girls until puberty, with a constant difference between them. After puberty, the index becomes equal in the two sexes. Individual development curves for the index are however not linear.", "PMID": 727238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11052", "title": "Possible role of gap junctions in activation of myometrium during parturition.", "content": "Gap junctions between smooth muscle cells of the myometrium of pregnant rats were found only immediately prior to, during and immediately after parturition by quantitative thin-section and freeze-fracture microscopy. Ovariectomy of 16- to 17-days-pregnant rats resulted in premature termination of pregnancy and the appearance of gap junctions. Methods that prolonged normal pregnancy in rats or maintained pregnancy in ovariectomized animals (progesterone treatment) prevented the appearance of gap junctions. Gap junctions formed in tissues incubated for 24--96 h in vitro without any hormonal influence. We propose that gap junctions are essential for normal labor and delivery for synchronous contraction of the muscle of the uterus. We present a model for control of parturition that may apply to other animals including humans. The model proposes: 1) the possible roles progesterone, prostaglandins, or estrogens may play in initiating gap-junction formation; 2) that the formation of gap junctions is a necessary step in activation of the myometrium leading to labor; and 3) that agents used to stimulate or inhibit labor may do so by affecting gap junctions.", "contents": "Possible role of gap junctions in activation of myometrium during parturition. Gap junctions between smooth muscle cells of the myometrium of pregnant rats were found only immediately prior to, during and immediately after parturition by quantitative thin-section and freeze-fracture microscopy. Ovariectomy of 16- to 17-days-pregnant rats resulted in premature termination of pregnancy and the appearance of gap junctions. Methods that prolonged normal pregnancy in rats or maintained pregnancy in ovariectomized animals (progesterone treatment) prevented the appearance of gap junctions. Gap junctions formed in tissues incubated for 24--96 h in vitro without any hormonal influence. We propose that gap junctions are essential for normal labor and delivery for synchronous contraction of the muscle of the uterus. We present a model for control of parturition that may apply to other animals including humans. The model proposes: 1) the possible roles progesterone, prostaglandins, or estrogens may play in initiating gap-junction formation; 2) that the formation of gap junctions is a necessary step in activation of the myometrium leading to labor; and 3) that agents used to stimulate or inhibit labor may do so by affecting gap junctions.", "PMID": 727239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11053", "title": "Ionic milieu and control of K permeability in the parotid gland.", "content": "The roles of Mg, K, Na, and Cl ions in the biphasic K-permeability response (86Rb release) to receptor activation in the parotid gland were investigated. Both the transient and sustained phases of K release (86Rb release) were unaffected by alterations in Mg concentration. Elevating extracellular K enhanced 86Rb release presumably by decreasing the negativity of the membrane potential. Elevating extracellular K had no effect on the transient or sustained phases of 86Rb release due to carbachol and 1.0 mM Ca. Measurements of responses to carbachol with various substitutes for NaCl suggested that extracellular Cl and ionic strength are important for the K-permeability response. Experiments with LiCl suggested the operation of a Na-Ca exchange similar to that seen earlier in experiments with amylase release. When tetraethylammonium Cl was substituted for NaCl, the cation appeared to block K fluxes directly. Choline Cl, in partial substitution for NaCl, potentiated the sustained phase of response to substance P and, in complete substitution, produced both Ca-dependent and Ca-independent increases in 86Rb release. It was concluded that the 86Rb-release response in relatively (but not completely) insensitive to alteration in the ionic milieu. It was also concluded that Na regulates K permeability in part directly and in part by means of a Na-Ca exchange.", "contents": "Ionic milieu and control of K permeability in the parotid gland. The roles of Mg, K, Na, and Cl ions in the biphasic K-permeability response (86Rb release) to receptor activation in the parotid gland were investigated. Both the transient and sustained phases of K release (86Rb release) were unaffected by alterations in Mg concentration. Elevating extracellular K enhanced 86Rb release presumably by decreasing the negativity of the membrane potential. Elevating extracellular K had no effect on the transient or sustained phases of 86Rb release due to carbachol and 1.0 mM Ca. Measurements of responses to carbachol with various substitutes for NaCl suggested that extracellular Cl and ionic strength are important for the K-permeability response. Experiments with LiCl suggested the operation of a Na-Ca exchange similar to that seen earlier in experiments with amylase release. When tetraethylammonium Cl was substituted for NaCl, the cation appeared to block K fluxes directly. Choline Cl, in partial substitution for NaCl, potentiated the sustained phase of response to substance P and, in complete substitution, produced both Ca-dependent and Ca-independent increases in 86Rb release. It was concluded that the 86Rb-release response in relatively (but not completely) insensitive to alteration in the ionic milieu. It was also concluded that Na regulates K permeability in part directly and in part by means of a Na-Ca exchange.", "PMID": 727240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11054", "title": "Stimulus-secretion coupling in the rat lacrimal gland.", "content": "The role of calcium in stimulus-secretion coupling in the lacrimal gland was investigated. Rat exorbital lacrimal gland slices released peroxidase into the incubation medium after muscarinic or alpha-adrenergic receptor stimulation. In both cases, secretion appeared to involve exocytosis as revealed by electron microscopy. Secretion due to the muscarinic agonist carbachol was inhibited by Ca omission and by lanthanum. Secretion due to the alpha-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine was inhibited by Ca omission at 10(-5) M concentration but not at 10(-4) M concentration. The effects of 10(-4) M phenylephrine could be blocked by lanthanum or by reduction of extracellular Na. Both agonists stimulated 45Ca efflux, but phenylephrine was less efficacious. These results suggest that the agonists may cause exocytosis by stimulating influx of Ca or release of cellular Ca. Sodium may play a role in the Ca-release mechanism.", "contents": "Stimulus-secretion coupling in the rat lacrimal gland. The role of calcium in stimulus-secretion coupling in the lacrimal gland was investigated. Rat exorbital lacrimal gland slices released peroxidase into the incubation medium after muscarinic or alpha-adrenergic receptor stimulation. In both cases, secretion appeared to involve exocytosis as revealed by electron microscopy. Secretion due to the muscarinic agonist carbachol was inhibited by Ca omission and by lanthanum. Secretion due to the alpha-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine was inhibited by Ca omission at 10(-5) M concentration but not at 10(-4) M concentration. The effects of 10(-4) M phenylephrine could be blocked by lanthanum or by reduction of extracellular Na. Both agonists stimulated 45Ca efflux, but phenylephrine was less efficacious. These results suggest that the agonists may cause exocytosis by stimulating influx of Ca or release of cellular Ca. Sodium may play a role in the Ca-release mechanism.", "PMID": 727241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11055", "title": "Relationship of intracellular creatine concentration and uptake to muscle mass in vivo.", "content": "Attempts have been made to evaluate the role of intracellular creatine in conditions leading to increased or decreased amounts of contractile protein in rat skeletal muscles. Resting concentrations of intracellular creatine ([Cr]i) and creatine phosphate ([CrP]i) were compared in gastrocnemius and soleus muscles with those immediately after a 20-s tetanic stimulation. The hydrolysis of creatine phosphate was the same after heavily and lightly loaded contractions, suggesting that hypertrophy of isometric exercise is not mediated by creatine. With atrophy after denervation or interruption of sciatic axoplasmic flow [Cr]i also remained unchanged, though [CrP]i and the rate of Cr uptake fell after denervation. The major change in adult red and white muscle bulk with unaltered [Cr]i suggests that the Cr sensitivity found by others in developing muscle in vitro has been supplemented or replaced by other control mechanisms.", "contents": "Relationship of intracellular creatine concentration and uptake to muscle mass in vivo. Attempts have been made to evaluate the role of intracellular creatine in conditions leading to increased or decreased amounts of contractile protein in rat skeletal muscles. Resting concentrations of intracellular creatine ([Cr]i) and creatine phosphate ([CrP]i) were compared in gastrocnemius and soleus muscles with those immediately after a 20-s tetanic stimulation. The hydrolysis of creatine phosphate was the same after heavily and lightly loaded contractions, suggesting that hypertrophy of isometric exercise is not mediated by creatine. With atrophy after denervation or interruption of sciatic axoplasmic flow [Cr]i also remained unchanged, though [CrP]i and the rate of Cr uptake fell after denervation. The major change in adult red and white muscle bulk with unaltered [Cr]i suggests that the Cr sensitivity found by others in developing muscle in vitro has been supplemented or replaced by other control mechanisms.", "PMID": 727242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11056", "title": "Sensitivity of excitable and inexcitable membranes to alpha-dihydrograyanotoxin II.", "content": "A variety of excitable and inexcitable preparations have been examined for their sensitivity to the depolarizing action of alpha-dihydrograyanotoxin II. alpha-Dihydrograyanotoxin II was effective in producing membrane depolarization in giant axons from the crayfish (Procambarus clarki) and sartorius muscle fibers from the frog (Rana pipiens) and the salamander (Taricha torosa). The toxin-induced depolarization was reversed by lowering the external sodium concentration. High concentrations of tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin were also effective in reversing the depolarization in the various grayanotoxin-sensitive preparations studied except in the salamander sartorius muscle, in which sodium-dependent action potentials were highly resistant to tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin. In contrast, alpha-dihydrograyanotoxin II was ineffective in changing the resting membrane potential in the muscle fibers of the crayfish (Procambarus clarki and Orconectes virilis) and in the salivary gland giant cells from Drosophila virilis. Of the preparations that were examined, only the membranes that produce a sodium-dependent action potential are sensitive to the depolarizing action of alpha-dihydrograyanotoxin II.", "contents": "Sensitivity of excitable and inexcitable membranes to alpha-dihydrograyanotoxin II. A variety of excitable and inexcitable preparations have been examined for their sensitivity to the depolarizing action of alpha-dihydrograyanotoxin II. alpha-Dihydrograyanotoxin II was effective in producing membrane depolarization in giant axons from the crayfish (Procambarus clarki) and sartorius muscle fibers from the frog (Rana pipiens) and the salamander (Taricha torosa). The toxin-induced depolarization was reversed by lowering the external sodium concentration. High concentrations of tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin were also effective in reversing the depolarization in the various grayanotoxin-sensitive preparations studied except in the salamander sartorius muscle, in which sodium-dependent action potentials were highly resistant to tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin. In contrast, alpha-dihydrograyanotoxin II was ineffective in changing the resting membrane potential in the muscle fibers of the crayfish (Procambarus clarki and Orconectes virilis) and in the salivary gland giant cells from Drosophila virilis. Of the preparations that were examined, only the membranes that produce a sodium-dependent action potential are sensitive to the depolarizing action of alpha-dihydrograyanotoxin II.", "PMID": 727243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11057", "title": "Invaginated membrane in crustacean tonic muscle fibers: estimates of membrane capacitance.", "content": "Surface and volume densities of the invaginated membrane components of tonic muscle fibers of crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) were determined by stereological methods. Surface densities of the sarcolemma, sarcolemmal invaginations, T tubules and Z tubules were 2.0, 5.9, 26.3, and 3.3 micron2/100 micron3 of fiber, respectively, and volume densities of the sarcolemmal invaginations, T tubules, and Z tubules were 0.28, 0.29, and 0.08 micron3/100 micron3. The values obtained for surface density show that 95% of the membrane exposed to the extracellular environment is composed of invaginated membrane. Specific membrane capacitance, determined from square-wave pulse analysis and referred to the apparent area of surface sarcolemma, was 30.3 muF/cm2. However, after correction for the extent of invaginated membrane, the specific membrane capacitance was 1.6 muF/cm2.", "contents": "Invaginated membrane in crustacean tonic muscle fibers: estimates of membrane capacitance. Surface and volume densities of the invaginated membrane components of tonic muscle fibers of crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) were determined by stereological methods. Surface densities of the sarcolemma, sarcolemmal invaginations, T tubules and Z tubules were 2.0, 5.9, 26.3, and 3.3 micron2/100 micron3 of fiber, respectively, and volume densities of the sarcolemmal invaginations, T tubules, and Z tubules were 0.28, 0.29, and 0.08 micron3/100 micron3. The values obtained for surface density show that 95% of the membrane exposed to the extracellular environment is composed of invaginated membrane. Specific membrane capacitance, determined from square-wave pulse analysis and referred to the apparent area of surface sarcolemma, was 30.3 muF/cm2. However, after correction for the extent of invaginated membrane, the specific membrane capacitance was 1.6 muF/cm2.", "PMID": 727244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11058", "title": "Mechanism of membrane stabilization by calcium in vascular smooth muscle.", "content": "In this study we observed relaxation in helical strips of rat tail artery in response to high concentrations of calcium after contraction induced by 10(-7) g/ml norepinephrine. This action of calcium on vascular smooth muscle contraction is referred to as the \"membrane-stabilizing effect\" of calcium. The current study demonstrates that changes caused by many of the variables that alter this relaxation induced by calcium parallel changes in relaxation in response to potassium; both are attenuated by ouabain, low sodium, reduced temperature, and low potassium. Relaxation produced by manganese is not similarly affected. Because potassium has been shown to cause relaxation of vascular smooth muscle by increasing the activity of sodium-potassium ATPase, we conclude that the relaxation produced by high concentrations of calcium is dependent on the activity of sodium-potassium ATPase; that produced by manganese is not.", "contents": "Mechanism of membrane stabilization by calcium in vascular smooth muscle. In this study we observed relaxation in helical strips of rat tail artery in response to high concentrations of calcium after contraction induced by 10(-7) g/ml norepinephrine. This action of calcium on vascular smooth muscle contraction is referred to as the \"membrane-stabilizing effect\" of calcium. The current study demonstrates that changes caused by many of the variables that alter this relaxation induced by calcium parallel changes in relaxation in response to potassium; both are attenuated by ouabain, low sodium, reduced temperature, and low potassium. Relaxation produced by manganese is not similarly affected. Because potassium has been shown to cause relaxation of vascular smooth muscle by increasing the activity of sodium-potassium ATPase, we conclude that the relaxation produced by high concentrations of calcium is dependent on the activity of sodium-potassium ATPase; that produced by manganese is not.", "PMID": 727245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11059", "title": "Modification of slow sodium inactivation in nerve after internal perfusion with trypsin.", "content": "Crayfish axons, internally perfused and held at depolarized membrane potentials, exhibit an inactivation of sodium conductance with slow kinetics. Restoration of maximum peak early currents requires prepulse hyperpolarizations of up to 1 s duration. Addition of trypsin to the internal perfusate at low concentrations (0.02 mg/ml) causes a rapid and irreversible loss of slow inactivation at the resting potential and a corresponding increase in Na currents to maximum values. After trypsin action, steady-state slow Na inactivation is shifted by 20--25 mV in the depolarizing direction, with no change in fast (h) inactivation. N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), a reagent with a high specificity for sulfhydryl groups, has been shown to induce slow inactivation, modify fast inactivation, and block a fraction of the Na conductance. After trypsin action NEM no longer increases slow Na inactivation but other effects remain. Prior exposure to NEM does not protect axons against the loss of slow inactivation caused by trypsin.", "contents": "Modification of slow sodium inactivation in nerve after internal perfusion with trypsin. Crayfish axons, internally perfused and held at depolarized membrane potentials, exhibit an inactivation of sodium conductance with slow kinetics. Restoration of maximum peak early currents requires prepulse hyperpolarizations of up to 1 s duration. Addition of trypsin to the internal perfusate at low concentrations (0.02 mg/ml) causes a rapid and irreversible loss of slow inactivation at the resting potential and a corresponding increase in Na currents to maximum values. After trypsin action, steady-state slow Na inactivation is shifted by 20--25 mV in the depolarizing direction, with no change in fast (h) inactivation. N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), a reagent with a high specificity for sulfhydryl groups, has been shown to induce slow inactivation, modify fast inactivation, and block a fraction of the Na conductance. After trypsin action NEM no longer increases slow Na inactivation but other effects remain. Prior exposure to NEM does not protect axons against the loss of slow inactivation caused by trypsin.", "PMID": 727246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11060", "title": "Electron probe microanalysis of red blood cells. I. Methods and evaluation.", "content": "The concentrations of potassium, sodium, and iron in human and sheep red blood cells were measured with an electron probe. Cells were prepared for analysis by spraying them on pyrolytic graphite supports. The results obtained with this spray technique agreed well with values measured on similar cells that were prepared for analysis by freezing, sectioning, and freeze-drying. Higher Na concentrations and lower K concentrations were found to be associated with lower cell volumes in human and high-potassium sheep cells. In low-potassium sheep cells the reverse was found, lower Na and higher K concentrations were associated with lower cell volumes. However, the amounts of iron were found to remain relatively constant in all human cells.", "contents": "Electron probe microanalysis of red blood cells. I. Methods and evaluation. The concentrations of potassium, sodium, and iron in human and sheep red blood cells were measured with an electron probe. Cells were prepared for analysis by spraying them on pyrolytic graphite supports. The results obtained with this spray technique agreed well with values measured on similar cells that were prepared for analysis by freezing, sectioning, and freeze-drying. Higher Na concentrations and lower K concentrations were found to be associated with lower cell volumes in human and high-potassium sheep cells. In low-potassium sheep cells the reverse was found, lower Na and higher K concentrations were associated with lower cell volumes. However, the amounts of iron were found to remain relatively constant in all human cells.", "PMID": 727247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11061", "title": "Electron probe microanalysis of red blood cells. II. Cation changes during maturation.", "content": "To understand the sequence of maturation of membrane transport and hemoglobin production during erythropoiesis, we have measured the K, Na, and Fe content in single mature red blood cells and bone marrow cells of dog using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Mature red blood cells of dog are low in potassium (LK) and high in sodium. These cells are derived from erythroblastic stem cells, which are high in potassium (HK) and low in sodium. This change from HK stem cells to LK red cells occurs in the marrow. The ratio of K/Na was found to be less than 0.2 independent of Fe/(K + Na) in circulating red cells. However, a significant number of marrow cells had both low K/Na and low Fe/(K + Na). We conclude that the changes in cation transport properties responsible for the conversion of HK to LK cells occur before the synthesis of hemoglobin in at least some marrow cells.", "contents": "Electron probe microanalysis of red blood cells. II. Cation changes during maturation. To understand the sequence of maturation of membrane transport and hemoglobin production during erythropoiesis, we have measured the K, Na, and Fe content in single mature red blood cells and bone marrow cells of dog using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Mature red blood cells of dog are low in potassium (LK) and high in sodium. These cells are derived from erythroblastic stem cells, which are high in potassium (HK) and low in sodium. This change from HK stem cells to LK red cells occurs in the marrow. The ratio of K/Na was found to be less than 0.2 independent of Fe/(K + Na) in circulating red cells. However, a significant number of marrow cells had both low K/Na and low Fe/(K + Na). We conclude that the changes in cation transport properties responsible for the conversion of HK to LK cells occur before the synthesis of hemoglobin in at least some marrow cells.", "PMID": 727248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11062", "title": "Amino acid stimulation of oxygen and substrate utilization by cardiac myocytes.", "content": "The inclusion of plasma levels of the natural amino acids plus 2.5 mM glutamate and 2.5 mM malate (PAAGM) raised the oxygen consumption and glucose oxidation of isolated cardiac myocytes in phosphate buffered saline. The addition of calcium (1.25 mM) and magnesium (0.66 mM) potentiated the stimulatory effect of PAAGM on glucose oxidation and oxygen consumption, PAAGM did not alter the shape of the dose-response curve for glucose oxidation by the isolated cardiac myocyte preparation. It did increase the amount of glucose oxidation at any given media glucose concentration up to 20 mM. PAAGM also increased the rate of lactate oxidation by the isolated cardiac myocyte preparation. PAAGM did not stimulate the oxidation of octanoate unless there was glucose present in the incubation media as well. Measurements of the concentrations of free amino acids indicated higher levels in myocytes incubated in PAAGM than in myocytes incubated in phosphate buffered saline. The data suggest that substrate metabolism by the isolated cardiac myocyte preparation can be influenced by the presence of plasma constituents that would be available to the myocardium in vivo.", "contents": "Amino acid stimulation of oxygen and substrate utilization by cardiac myocytes. The inclusion of plasma levels of the natural amino acids plus 2.5 mM glutamate and 2.5 mM malate (PAAGM) raised the oxygen consumption and glucose oxidation of isolated cardiac myocytes in phosphate buffered saline. The addition of calcium (1.25 mM) and magnesium (0.66 mM) potentiated the stimulatory effect of PAAGM on glucose oxidation and oxygen consumption, PAAGM did not alter the shape of the dose-response curve for glucose oxidation by the isolated cardiac myocyte preparation. It did increase the amount of glucose oxidation at any given media glucose concentration up to 20 mM. PAAGM also increased the rate of lactate oxidation by the isolated cardiac myocyte preparation. PAAGM did not stimulate the oxidation of octanoate unless there was glucose present in the incubation media as well. Measurements of the concentrations of free amino acids indicated higher levels in myocytes incubated in PAAGM than in myocytes incubated in phosphate buffered saline. The data suggest that substrate metabolism by the isolated cardiac myocyte preparation can be influenced by the presence of plasma constituents that would be available to the myocardium in vivo.", "PMID": 727249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11063", "title": "Synthesis of chromogranins and dopamine beta-hydroxylase by perfused bovine adrenal glands.", "content": "The incorporation of [3H]leucine into chromogranins and into soluble and membrane-bound dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) was studied in isolated perfused adrenal glands. [3H]chromogranins and [3H]DBH were quantitatively determined by immunoprecipitation. The amounts of soluble [3H]DBH formed were about equal to the amounts of membrane-bound [3H]DBH whereas the amounts of [3H]chromogranin were 5- to 20-fold greater than that of soluble [3H]DBH. On continuous sucrose density gradients, [3H]chromogranin was unimodally distributed after 2- to 20-h chase periods and accumulated in a vesicle having a lower buoyant density than mature chromaffin vesicles. At 2 h both membrane and soluble [3H]DBH were both bimodally distributed whereas after a 20-h chase period the distribution of soluble and membrane [3H]DBH was essentially unimodal and paralleled the distribution of [3H]chromogranin. These studies indicate that [3H]chromogranin, soluble [3H]DBH, and membrane [3H]DBH are synthesized concomitantly, but that each is transported into chromaffin vesicles at different rates.", "contents": "Synthesis of chromogranins and dopamine beta-hydroxylase by perfused bovine adrenal glands. The incorporation of [3H]leucine into chromogranins and into soluble and membrane-bound dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) was studied in isolated perfused adrenal glands. [3H]chromogranins and [3H]DBH were quantitatively determined by immunoprecipitation. The amounts of soluble [3H]DBH formed were about equal to the amounts of membrane-bound [3H]DBH whereas the amounts of [3H]chromogranin were 5- to 20-fold greater than that of soluble [3H]DBH. On continuous sucrose density gradients, [3H]chromogranin was unimodally distributed after 2- to 20-h chase periods and accumulated in a vesicle having a lower buoyant density than mature chromaffin vesicles. At 2 h both membrane and soluble [3H]DBH were both bimodally distributed whereas after a 20-h chase period the distribution of soluble and membrane [3H]DBH was essentially unimodal and paralleled the distribution of [3H]chromogranin. These studies indicate that [3H]chromogranin, soluble [3H]DBH, and membrane [3H]DBH are synthesized concomitantly, but that each is transported into chromaffin vesicles at different rates.", "PMID": 727250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11064", "title": "Adrenocortical metabolism of angiotensin in sheep with adrenal transplants.", "content": "Conscious trained sheep with adrenal gland autotransplants in cervical skin loops were used to study adrenocortical metabolism and clearance of angiotensin (AII) administered by constant systemic infusion. For comparative purposes similar experiments were undertaken in five control sheep with skin loops but no cervical adrenal tissue. During AII infusions (0.33 microgram/min for 30 min), loop venous-arterial AII ratios (0.42--0.62 were similar in both groups of sheep. Measured AII clearances across the skin loop in sheep with and without adrenal transplants were 400--600 and 100--150 pg/min, respectively, which correlated with blood flow (r = 0.79), but showed no relation to aldosterone secretion rate. Analysis of AII immunoreactive fragments showed similar proportions of octa-, hepta-, and hexapeptide fractions (64, 26, and 5%, respectively) in adrenal arterial, adrenal venous, and systemic venous plasma. These studies do not support selective heptapeptide uptake or metabolism by adrenal tissue in vivo and indicate that specific adrenal binding of AII is likely to be less than 400 pg/min at arterial AII concentrations approximating 120 pg/ml.", "contents": "Adrenocortical metabolism of angiotensin in sheep with adrenal transplants. Conscious trained sheep with adrenal gland autotransplants in cervical skin loops were used to study adrenocortical metabolism and clearance of angiotensin (AII) administered by constant systemic infusion. For comparative purposes similar experiments were undertaken in five control sheep with skin loops but no cervical adrenal tissue. During AII infusions (0.33 microgram/min for 30 min), loop venous-arterial AII ratios (0.42--0.62 were similar in both groups of sheep. Measured AII clearances across the skin loop in sheep with and without adrenal transplants were 400--600 and 100--150 pg/min, respectively, which correlated with blood flow (r = 0.79), but showed no relation to aldosterone secretion rate. Analysis of AII immunoreactive fragments showed similar proportions of octa-, hepta-, and hexapeptide fractions (64, 26, and 5%, respectively) in adrenal arterial, adrenal venous, and systemic venous plasma. These studies do not support selective heptapeptide uptake or metabolism by adrenal tissue in vivo and indicate that specific adrenal binding of AII is likely to be less than 400 pg/min at arterial AII concentrations approximating 120 pg/ml.", "PMID": 727252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11065", "title": "A miniature transducer for recording intestinal motility in unrestrained chronic rats.", "content": "An extraluminal strain gage force transducer has been developed for recording gastrointestinal motility in small animals such as rats. Two commercial strain gages are bonded and wires attached to form half a Wheatstone bridge. The device is placed between silicone sheeting and prepared for implantation. As many as six implanted transducers can record simultaneously contractions and tone variations of circular or longitudinal gastrointestinal muscles. The transducers have been implanted in more than 20 rats, with some units lasting up to 4 mo. Furthermore, good relationships exist between intraluminal pressure waves registered by a small intraluminal balloon and gut contractions registered by the transducer. The transducers are a useful and accurate tool for rodent gut motility studies.", "contents": "A miniature transducer for recording intestinal motility in unrestrained chronic rats. An extraluminal strain gage force transducer has been developed for recording gastrointestinal motility in small animals such as rats. Two commercial strain gages are bonded and wires attached to form half a Wheatstone bridge. The device is placed between silicone sheeting and prepared for implantation. As many as six implanted transducers can record simultaneously contractions and tone variations of circular or longitudinal gastrointestinal muscles. The transducers have been implanted in more than 20 rats, with some units lasting up to 4 mo. Furthermore, good relationships exist between intraluminal pressure waves registered by a small intraluminal balloon and gut contractions registered by the transducer. The transducers are a useful and accurate tool for rodent gut motility studies.", "PMID": 727253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11066", "title": "Intestinal absorption of zinc: a role for a zinc-binding ligand in milk.", "content": "This study examined the proposal that a low molecular weight, zinc-binding ligand (ZBL) in certain milks is important for zinc absorption in the neonatal period. Ten-day-old rats, in which intestinal ZBL is absent, fed (by stomach intubation) 65Zn-labeled ZBL from rat milk, absorbed significantly more 65Zn than those fed free 65ZnCl2 or bovine milk fractions. ZBL from human milk appeared to have an intermediate effect, possibly due to species specificity. 65Zn was found in the ZBL fraction in intestinal mucosa of 10-day-old rats fed rat or human milk fractions, but not in those fed bovine milk or free 65ZnCl2. In contrast, in 18-day-old rats, which have an endogenous intestinal ZBL, there were no differences in zinc absorption, and any of the labeled milk fractions or free 65Zn caused localization of 65Zn in the ZBL fraction of intestinal mucosa. These results support the hypothesis that the intestinal ZBL plays a role in zinc absorption and that in the neonatal period before its development the milk ZBL is valuable for this function. This mechanism may be important in normal human infants as well as in acrodermatitis enteropathica patients.", "contents": "Intestinal absorption of zinc: a role for a zinc-binding ligand in milk. This study examined the proposal that a low molecular weight, zinc-binding ligand (ZBL) in certain milks is important for zinc absorption in the neonatal period. Ten-day-old rats, in which intestinal ZBL is absent, fed (by stomach intubation) 65Zn-labeled ZBL from rat milk, absorbed significantly more 65Zn than those fed free 65ZnCl2 or bovine milk fractions. ZBL from human milk appeared to have an intermediate effect, possibly due to species specificity. 65Zn was found in the ZBL fraction in intestinal mucosa of 10-day-old rats fed rat or human milk fractions, but not in those fed bovine milk or free 65ZnCl2. In contrast, in 18-day-old rats, which have an endogenous intestinal ZBL, there were no differences in zinc absorption, and any of the labeled milk fractions or free 65Zn caused localization of 65Zn in the ZBL fraction of intestinal mucosa. These results support the hypothesis that the intestinal ZBL plays a role in zinc absorption and that in the neonatal period before its development the milk ZBL is valuable for this function. This mechanism may be important in normal human infants as well as in acrodermatitis enteropathica patients.", "PMID": 727255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11067", "title": "Role of gastrin in mucosal DNA synthesis after vagotomy and atropine in the rat.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to examine 1) the influence of the cholinergic innervation of the stomach on the rate of DNA synthesis in the fundic mucosa of the rat and 2) the possibility that hypergastrinemia might be involved in the response. Repeated injections of atropine in fasting rats increased by 40% the rate of DNA synthesis in the oxyntic gland mucosa. Two weeks after truncal vagotomy, the DNA synthesis rate in oxyntic gland mucosa was increased 64% compared to sham-operated control animals. In the rat colon, atropine administration produced a 56% increase in DNA synthesis compared to saline-injected controls. The injection of pentagastrin in fasting rats also increased the DNA synthesis rate in both stomach and colon, but pentagastrin combined with either atropine or vagotomy stimulated DNA synthesis no more than pentagastrin alone. Cholinergic interruption by atropine or vagotomy elevated endogenous serum gastrin concentrations, indicating that the observed DNA stimulation may be mediated by hypergastrinemia.", "contents": "Role of gastrin in mucosal DNA synthesis after vagotomy and atropine in the rat. The purpose of this study was to examine 1) the influence of the cholinergic innervation of the stomach on the rate of DNA synthesis in the fundic mucosa of the rat and 2) the possibility that hypergastrinemia might be involved in the response. Repeated injections of atropine in fasting rats increased by 40% the rate of DNA synthesis in the oxyntic gland mucosa. Two weeks after truncal vagotomy, the DNA synthesis rate in oxyntic gland mucosa was increased 64% compared to sham-operated control animals. In the rat colon, atropine administration produced a 56% increase in DNA synthesis compared to saline-injected controls. The injection of pentagastrin in fasting rats also increased the DNA synthesis rate in both stomach and colon, but pentagastrin combined with either atropine or vagotomy stimulated DNA synthesis no more than pentagastrin alone. Cholinergic interruption by atropine or vagotomy elevated endogenous serum gastrin concentrations, indicating that the observed DNA stimulation may be mediated by hypergastrinemia.", "PMID": 727256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11068", "title": "Uncoupling of proximal sodium bicarbonate from sodium phosphate transport by bumetanide.", "content": "Re-collection micropuncture of late proximal tubular segments and simultaneous clearance studies were performed in chronically thyroparathyroidectomized dogs before and after the intravenous administration of bumetanide. The drug, a new sulfonamide-derivative diuretic, inhibited proximal fractional sodium and fluid transport by 0.12 (from 0.44 +/- 0.04 to 0.32 +/- 0.04, P less than 0.05) and that of bicarbonate by 0.14 (from 0.43 +/- 0.05 to 0.29 +/- 0.07, P less than 0.02). Tubular fluid bicarbonate concentration was unchanged, indicating a reduction in the transport of this ion proportionate to that of tubular fluid. However, unlike sodium and bicarbonate reabsorption, fractional proximal phosphate transport was unaltered (from 0.65 +/- 0.04 to 0.62 +/- 0.04, P greater than 0.40). The drug induced a substantial natriuresis; the percentage of filtered sodium excreted rose from 0.4 +/- 0.1 to 13.1 +/- 2.4% (P less than 0.005). Bicarbonate and phosphate excretion rose more modestly: the percentage excretion of the former ion increased from 0.9 +/- 0.3 to 3.7 +/- 0.08% (P less than 0.005) and that for phosphate doubled (from 3.4 +/- 1.0 to 6.8 +/- 1.3%, P less than 0.025). However, urinary pH did not change. Accordingly, bumetanide uncoupled the transport of sodium bicarbonate from that of sodium phosphate in the proximal convoluted tubule. It is concluded from these data that the action of bumetanide in the proximal convoluted tubule is probably not related either to carbonic anhydrase inhibition or to the impairment of sodium-phosphate-linked transport.", "contents": "Uncoupling of proximal sodium bicarbonate from sodium phosphate transport by bumetanide. Re-collection micropuncture of late proximal tubular segments and simultaneous clearance studies were performed in chronically thyroparathyroidectomized dogs before and after the intravenous administration of bumetanide. The drug, a new sulfonamide-derivative diuretic, inhibited proximal fractional sodium and fluid transport by 0.12 (from 0.44 +/- 0.04 to 0.32 +/- 0.04, P less than 0.05) and that of bicarbonate by 0.14 (from 0.43 +/- 0.05 to 0.29 +/- 0.07, P less than 0.02). Tubular fluid bicarbonate concentration was unchanged, indicating a reduction in the transport of this ion proportionate to that of tubular fluid. However, unlike sodium and bicarbonate reabsorption, fractional proximal phosphate transport was unaltered (from 0.65 +/- 0.04 to 0.62 +/- 0.04, P greater than 0.40). The drug induced a substantial natriuresis; the percentage of filtered sodium excreted rose from 0.4 +/- 0.1 to 13.1 +/- 2.4% (P less than 0.005). Bicarbonate and phosphate excretion rose more modestly: the percentage excretion of the former ion increased from 0.9 +/- 0.3 to 3.7 +/- 0.08% (P less than 0.005) and that for phosphate doubled (from 3.4 +/- 1.0 to 6.8 +/- 1.3%, P less than 0.025). However, urinary pH did not change. Accordingly, bumetanide uncoupled the transport of sodium bicarbonate from that of sodium phosphate in the proximal convoluted tubule. It is concluded from these data that the action of bumetanide in the proximal convoluted tubule is probably not related either to carbonic anhydrase inhibition or to the impairment of sodium-phosphate-linked transport.", "PMID": 727259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11069", "title": "Glomerulotubular balance following saline loading in the developing canine kidney.", "content": "Glomerulotubular relationships for glucose were studied in the developing kidney before and after saline loading in 13 anesthetized puppies that were 2-51 days of age and in one adult. When volume expansion, plasma glucose concentrations of more than 500 mg/dl, and changes in sodium excretion (FENa) were avoided, the ratio of maximal tubular reabsorption of glucose (TmGlc)/inulin clearance (CIn) was 3.37 +/- 0.28 (means +/- SD) in the puppies and did not change with age. Following intravenous saline loading (20 ml/kg), TmGlc and sodium reabsorption decreased, CIn decreased, and TmGlc/CIn decreased to 2.97 +/- 0.67. When a volume equivalent to the saline load had been excreted, TmGlc increased, CIn and FENa did not change, and TmGlc/CIn increased to 3.60 +/- 1.00. Splay in the glucose titration curve did not change with age, but the portion of the curve at saturation decreased with saline loading and returned to the control pattern as the saline load was excreted. It is concluded that glomerulotubular balance for glucose obtains from birth in the dog kidney, and that saline loading results in functional glomerulotubular imbalance with glomerular preponderance and alters the appearance of the glucose titration curve.", "contents": "Glomerulotubular balance following saline loading in the developing canine kidney. Glomerulotubular relationships for glucose were studied in the developing kidney before and after saline loading in 13 anesthetized puppies that were 2-51 days of age and in one adult. When volume expansion, plasma glucose concentrations of more than 500 mg/dl, and changes in sodium excretion (FENa) were avoided, the ratio of maximal tubular reabsorption of glucose (TmGlc)/inulin clearance (CIn) was 3.37 +/- 0.28 (means +/- SD) in the puppies and did not change with age. Following intravenous saline loading (20 ml/kg), TmGlc and sodium reabsorption decreased, CIn decreased, and TmGlc/CIn decreased to 2.97 +/- 0.67. When a volume equivalent to the saline load had been excreted, TmGlc increased, CIn and FENa did not change, and TmGlc/CIn increased to 3.60 +/- 1.00. Splay in the glucose titration curve did not change with age, but the portion of the curve at saturation decreased with saline loading and returned to the control pattern as the saline load was excreted. It is concluded that glomerulotubular balance for glucose obtains from birth in the dog kidney, and that saline loading results in functional glomerulotubular imbalance with glomerular preponderance and alters the appearance of the glucose titration curve.", "PMID": 727260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11070", "title": "Blunted norepinephrine natriuresis in the isolated spontaneously hypertensive rat kidney.", "content": "In order to characterize the relationship between blood pressure and renal sodium handling in the Kyoto spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), we did renal clearance and isolated perfusion studies in SHR and Wistar-Kyoto controls (WKY). Clearance studies revealed no differences in renal function between SHR and WKY. Isolated perfused kidneys from SHR demonstrated a diminished glomerular filtration rate (GFR) compared to WKY kidneys when both were perfused at normotensive pressures. Increasing the perfusion pressures to hypertensive levels by adjusting the perfusate flow rate increased both the GFR and sodium excretion to equivalent values. However, the addition of norepinephrine 15 ng/ml, to the perfusate resulted in a far greater natriuretic response in WKY kidneys than in SHR, despite equivalent increases in perfusion pressures, renal resistances, GFR, and filtration fractions. These results suggest that norepinephrine exerts a direct or indirect inhibitory action on renal sodium transport, and this effect is diminished in SHR kidneys. Additionally, abnormalities in renal sodium transport may play a role in the pathogenesis of hypertension in the SHR.", "contents": "Blunted norepinephrine natriuresis in the isolated spontaneously hypertensive rat kidney. In order to characterize the relationship between blood pressure and renal sodium handling in the Kyoto spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), we did renal clearance and isolated perfusion studies in SHR and Wistar-Kyoto controls (WKY). Clearance studies revealed no differences in renal function between SHR and WKY. Isolated perfused kidneys from SHR demonstrated a diminished glomerular filtration rate (GFR) compared to WKY kidneys when both were perfused at normotensive pressures. Increasing the perfusion pressures to hypertensive levels by adjusting the perfusate flow rate increased both the GFR and sodium excretion to equivalent values. However, the addition of norepinephrine 15 ng/ml, to the perfusate resulted in a far greater natriuretic response in WKY kidneys than in SHR, despite equivalent increases in perfusion pressures, renal resistances, GFR, and filtration fractions. These results suggest that norepinephrine exerts a direct or indirect inhibitory action on renal sodium transport, and this effect is diminished in SHR kidneys. Additionally, abnormalities in renal sodium transport may play a role in the pathogenesis of hypertension in the SHR.", "PMID": 727261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11071", "title": "Glucose-mediated inhibition of phosphate reabsorption in rat kidney.", "content": "Clearance, tracer intra-arterial injection, and tracer intratubular microinjection techniques were used on two strains of Wistar rats. In Saclay rats, clearance studies during hyperphosphatemia showed that glucose significantly decreased reabsorption of phosphate; during normal phosphatemia, glucose induced a 25% inhibition both in nondiuretic and in volume-expanded animals; thyroparathyroidectomy did not modify this inhibition. When mannitol was substituted for glucose, no change in phosphate reabsorption was noted. Tracer injection into the renal arteries of [3H]inulin, [14C]glucose, and [32P]-phosphate with or without additional unlabeled glucose or mannitol showed that the presence of glucose significantly increased 14C and 32P urinary recoveries but not mannitol. Intratubular paired microinjections into early proximal tubules of the same tracers with and without glucose showed that addition of sugar also increased the 14C and 32P urinary recoveries. In Munich rats, the effects were much less marked than in Saclay rats. It is concluded that the inhibitory effect of glucose 1) partly results from intrarenal factors, 2) is linked to glucose reabsorption per se but not to a nonspecific osmotic intraluminal effect, 3) is localized on the tubular luminal side, and 4) is subject to strain differences.", "contents": "Glucose-mediated inhibition of phosphate reabsorption in rat kidney. Clearance, tracer intra-arterial injection, and tracer intratubular microinjection techniques were used on two strains of Wistar rats. In Saclay rats, clearance studies during hyperphosphatemia showed that glucose significantly decreased reabsorption of phosphate; during normal phosphatemia, glucose induced a 25% inhibition both in nondiuretic and in volume-expanded animals; thyroparathyroidectomy did not modify this inhibition. When mannitol was substituted for glucose, no change in phosphate reabsorption was noted. Tracer injection into the renal arteries of [3H]inulin, [14C]glucose, and [32P]-phosphate with or without additional unlabeled glucose or mannitol showed that the presence of glucose significantly increased 14C and 32P urinary recoveries but not mannitol. Intratubular paired microinjections into early proximal tubules of the same tracers with and without glucose showed that addition of sugar also increased the 14C and 32P urinary recoveries. In Munich rats, the effects were much less marked than in Saclay rats. It is concluded that the inhibitory effect of glucose 1) partly results from intrarenal factors, 2) is linked to glucose reabsorption per se but not to a nonspecific osmotic intraluminal effect, 3) is localized on the tubular luminal side, and 4) is subject to strain differences.", "PMID": 727262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11072", "title": "Stimulation of adenylate cyclase in isolated rat glomeruli by prostaglandins.", "content": "The effect of prostaglandins and various agents on cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate generation was studied in isolated rat glomeruli. Specific activity of adenylate cyclase in the glomeruli showed a 12-fold increase over the crude homogenate and a fivefold increase over a tubular preparation. Prostacyclin (PGI2) preferentially stimulated adenylate cyclase of isolated glomeruli at a concentration as low as 10(-9) M. Prostaglandins (PGE1, PGE2, and PGA2) and parathyroid hormone (1-34 synthetic PTH fragment) increased adenylate cyclase in glomeruli with maximal stimulation at 2 X 10(-5) M and 2-4 microgram/ml, respectively. No inhibition of PGE2 on PTH stimulation was observed. Isoproterenol (2 X 10(-4) M) caused a small stimulation, while PGF2alpha, arginine vasopressin, and angiotensin II were ineffective. The presence of guanosine triphosphate in the adenylate cyclase assay enhanced basal and PGE2- and PTH-stimulated activity, but had no effect on NaF stimulation. These findings show an effect of prostaglandins and PTH on the glomerular cAMP system and raise the possibility of a physiological action of these agents on the glomerulus.", "contents": "Stimulation of adenylate cyclase in isolated rat glomeruli by prostaglandins. The effect of prostaglandins and various agents on cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate generation was studied in isolated rat glomeruli. Specific activity of adenylate cyclase in the glomeruli showed a 12-fold increase over the crude homogenate and a fivefold increase over a tubular preparation. Prostacyclin (PGI2) preferentially stimulated adenylate cyclase of isolated glomeruli at a concentration as low as 10(-9) M. Prostaglandins (PGE1, PGE2, and PGA2) and parathyroid hormone (1-34 synthetic PTH fragment) increased adenylate cyclase in glomeruli with maximal stimulation at 2 X 10(-5) M and 2-4 microgram/ml, respectively. No inhibition of PGE2 on PTH stimulation was observed. Isoproterenol (2 X 10(-4) M) caused a small stimulation, while PGF2alpha, arginine vasopressin, and angiotensin II were ineffective. The presence of guanosine triphosphate in the adenylate cyclase assay enhanced basal and PGE2- and PTH-stimulated activity, but had no effect on NaF stimulation. These findings show an effect of prostaglandins and PTH on the glomerular cAMP system and raise the possibility of a physiological action of these agents on the glomerulus.", "PMID": 727263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11073", "title": "Cross-circulation study of natriuretic factors in rats with reduced nephron mass.", "content": "The importance of humoral factors, including urea, in the adaptations in electrolyte excretion which occur with acute or chronic reduction in nephron mass was studied using isovolemic cross-circulation in 38 pairs of anesthetized rats. After initial clearance studies, donor rats with acute (48 h) three-quarter nephrectomy or sham operation, acute urea loading, or chronic (2-3 wk) three-quarter nephrectomy or sham operation, underwent cross-circulation with normal recipient animals. Donor rats with acute three-quarter nephrectomy caused a marked natriuresis-kaliuresis in normal recipients. Natriuresis resulted from inhibition of tubular reabsorption independent of changes in GFR or renal plasma flow. Urea was a major but not the only factor involved in the cross-circulation natriuresis-kaliuresis. The severity of reduction in nephron mass, as indicated by the GFR of the donor rat, correlated with the increase in electrolyte excretion in the recipient. Donor rats with chronic three-quarter nephrectomy produced a slight but significant natriuresis in recipients which was much less than that seen with acute three-quarter nephrectomy. Since the GFR and blood urea nitrogen level of donors with acute and chronic renal insufficiency were similar, it was evident that the chronicity of reduced nephron mass, through mechanisms that are not clear, had a significant effect on the level of circulating natriuretic and kaliuretic factors in renal insufficiency.", "contents": "Cross-circulation study of natriuretic factors in rats with reduced nephron mass. The importance of humoral factors, including urea, in the adaptations in electrolyte excretion which occur with acute or chronic reduction in nephron mass was studied using isovolemic cross-circulation in 38 pairs of anesthetized rats. After initial clearance studies, donor rats with acute (48 h) three-quarter nephrectomy or sham operation, acute urea loading, or chronic (2-3 wk) three-quarter nephrectomy or sham operation, underwent cross-circulation with normal recipient animals. Donor rats with acute three-quarter nephrectomy caused a marked natriuresis-kaliuresis in normal recipients. Natriuresis resulted from inhibition of tubular reabsorption independent of changes in GFR or renal plasma flow. Urea was a major but not the only factor involved in the cross-circulation natriuresis-kaliuresis. The severity of reduction in nephron mass, as indicated by the GFR of the donor rat, correlated with the increase in electrolyte excretion in the recipient. Donor rats with chronic three-quarter nephrectomy produced a slight but significant natriuresis in recipients which was much less than that seen with acute three-quarter nephrectomy. Since the GFR and blood urea nitrogen level of donors with acute and chronic renal insufficiency were similar, it was evident that the chronicity of reduced nephron mass, through mechanisms that are not clear, had a significant effect on the level of circulating natriuretic and kaliuretic factors in renal insufficiency.", "PMID": 727264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11074", "title": "Organic acid secretory pathway and urinary excretion of prostaglandin E in the dog.", "content": "Urinary prostaglandin E (PGE) has been utilized as an index of renal PGE production. Recent studies, however, have suggested that the organic acid secretory pathway is a major determinant of endogenous UPGEV (urinary excretion of PGE). The following experiments were designed to quantitatively test this latter view. In clearance studies the administration of para-aminohippurate (PAH) or probenecid (25 mg/kg) failed to alter endogenous UPGEV although PAH clearance fell with probenecid. Comparison of the excretion patterns of exogenously administered [3H]PGE and [14C]inulin after intra-arterial injection into the dog renal artery (Chinard technique) demonstrated both glomerular filtration and secretion of [3H]PGE. Blockade of the organic acid pathway by probenecid (25 mg/kg) abolished [3H]PGE secretion. Indomethacin (1 mg/kg) did not alter the secretion pattern of [3H]PGE, but decreased endogenous UPGEV by over 80%. Because this low dose of indomethacin did not decrease [3H]PGE secretion, it probably decreased endogenous UPGEV by inhibiting synthesis. Thus, these tracer studies do indeed confirm the suggestion that PGE may be excreted by the organic acid pathway. However, the failure of total endogenous UPGEV to fall after blockade of the organic acid pathway would suggest that the component of UPGEV due to this mechanism is quantitatively insignificant.", "contents": "Organic acid secretory pathway and urinary excretion of prostaglandin E in the dog. Urinary prostaglandin E (PGE) has been utilized as an index of renal PGE production. Recent studies, however, have suggested that the organic acid secretory pathway is a major determinant of endogenous UPGEV (urinary excretion of PGE). The following experiments were designed to quantitatively test this latter view. In clearance studies the administration of para-aminohippurate (PAH) or probenecid (25 mg/kg) failed to alter endogenous UPGEV although PAH clearance fell with probenecid. Comparison of the excretion patterns of exogenously administered [3H]PGE and [14C]inulin after intra-arterial injection into the dog renal artery (Chinard technique) demonstrated both glomerular filtration and secretion of [3H]PGE. Blockade of the organic acid pathway by probenecid (25 mg/kg) abolished [3H]PGE secretion. Indomethacin (1 mg/kg) did not alter the secretion pattern of [3H]PGE, but decreased endogenous UPGEV by over 80%. Because this low dose of indomethacin did not decrease [3H]PGE secretion, it probably decreased endogenous UPGEV by inhibiting synthesis. Thus, these tracer studies do indeed confirm the suggestion that PGE may be excreted by the organic acid pathway. However, the failure of total endogenous UPGEV to fall after blockade of the organic acid pathway would suggest that the component of UPGEV due to this mechanism is quantitatively insignificant.", "PMID": 727265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11075", "title": "Calcium and sodium transport by the distal convoluted tubule of the rat.", "content": "Calcium and sodium transport were studied in the distal convoluted tubule of the rat by micropuncture and microperfusion techniques. The animals received either control infusions, 0.9% saline at 0.02 ml/min, or chlorothiazide (CTZ), 0.5 mg/min-kg. In free-flow micropuncture, distal calcium reabsorption occurred against an electrochemical gradient; it was 9% of the filtered load in the controls and 13.8% in the CTZ-treated rats. The drug dissociated calcium and sodium transport along the distal tubule. Absolute reabsorptive rates for calcium and sodium, measured in pump perfusion experiments, were proportional to the distal loads. CTZ, acting from the lumen, enhanced net calcium (P less than 0.01) and reduced net sodium (P less than 0.01) reabsorption. In stationary microperfusion experiments, sodium backflux produced rapid establishment of a steady-state concentration of 50 mM. In contrast, net backflux of calcium was negligible. With calcium in the luminal perfusion fluid, there was a concentration-dependent reabsorptive efflux which was not saturated at a luminal calcium concentration of 9.5 mM and which was enhanced by CTZ.", "contents": "Calcium and sodium transport by the distal convoluted tubule of the rat. Calcium and sodium transport were studied in the distal convoluted tubule of the rat by micropuncture and microperfusion techniques. The animals received either control infusions, 0.9% saline at 0.02 ml/min, or chlorothiazide (CTZ), 0.5 mg/min-kg. In free-flow micropuncture, distal calcium reabsorption occurred against an electrochemical gradient; it was 9% of the filtered load in the controls and 13.8% in the CTZ-treated rats. The drug dissociated calcium and sodium transport along the distal tubule. Absolute reabsorptive rates for calcium and sodium, measured in pump perfusion experiments, were proportional to the distal loads. CTZ, acting from the lumen, enhanced net calcium (P less than 0.01) and reduced net sodium (P less than 0.01) reabsorption. In stationary microperfusion experiments, sodium backflux produced rapid establishment of a steady-state concentration of 50 mM. In contrast, net backflux of calcium was negligible. With calcium in the luminal perfusion fluid, there was a concentration-dependent reabsorptive efflux which was not saturated at a luminal calcium concentration of 9.5 mM and which was enhanced by CTZ.", "PMID": 727266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11076", "title": "The structure and function of the myocardial cell surface.", "content": "External to the lipid bilayer or unit membrane at the surface of the myocardial cell is the glycocalyx. This coat is approximately 50 nm thick and is composed for two layers, the surface coat (SC) and the external lamina (EL). The SC is an integral part of the sarcolemma and many of its glycoproteins penetrate into or through the lipid bilayer. The glycocalyx invaginates with the unit membrane to fill the transverse tubules of the cell. Both layers contain abundant fixed negatively charged sites and a prominent constitutent of both is sialic acid. Removal of sialic acid produces a large specific increase in sarcolemmal calcium permeability without perturbation of potassium permeability. Sialic acid also accounts for a component of negatively charged sites which, with other acidic mucopolysaccharides, contributes to cationic binding at the surface of the cell. Calcium bound at the surface seems to be of importance in the excitation-contraction (EC) coupling sequence whether as a source of \"trigger\" calcium for the sarcotubular system or as a direct activator of the myofilaments. The bound Ca appears to be in rapid equilibrium with Ca in the vascular and interstitial spaces and is the probable immediate source of the Ca that crosses the sarcolemma. The integrity of the glycocalyx appears to be necessary in the prevention of uncontrolled entry of Ca into the cell.", "contents": "The structure and function of the myocardial cell surface. External to the lipid bilayer or unit membrane at the surface of the myocardial cell is the glycocalyx. This coat is approximately 50 nm thick and is composed for two layers, the surface coat (SC) and the external lamina (EL). The SC is an integral part of the sarcolemma and many of its glycoproteins penetrate into or through the lipid bilayer. The glycocalyx invaginates with the unit membrane to fill the transverse tubules of the cell. Both layers contain abundant fixed negatively charged sites and a prominent constitutent of both is sialic acid. Removal of sialic acid produces a large specific increase in sarcolemmal calcium permeability without perturbation of potassium permeability. Sialic acid also accounts for a component of negatively charged sites which, with other acidic mucopolysaccharides, contributes to cationic binding at the surface of the cell. Calcium bound at the surface seems to be of importance in the excitation-contraction (EC) coupling sequence whether as a source of \"trigger\" calcium for the sarcotubular system or as a direct activator of the myofilaments. The bound Ca appears to be in rapid equilibrium with Ca in the vascular and interstitial spaces and is the probable immediate source of the Ca that crosses the sarcolemma. The integrity of the glycocalyx appears to be necessary in the prevention of uncontrolled entry of Ca into the cell.", "PMID": 727267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11077", "title": "Effect of hypoxia on mechanical function in the neonatal mammalian heart.", "content": "The effect of 30 min of hypoxia followed by reoxygenation on mechanical function was studied in isolated, arterially perfused, neonatal rabbit and dog hearts. All studies were performed at a perfusion rate of 2.5 ml/g-min, at a pacing rate of 60 beats/min and at 27 degrees C. The muscles were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solutions equilibrated with 95% O2 and 5% CO2 (control) or 95% N2 and 5% CO2 (hypoxia). In the newborn rabbit and dog, both the developed tension (DT) and the maximal rate of tension development (dT/dtmax+) decreased during the first 3 min of hypoxia and then recovered to values not different from control. The effect of hypoxia on DT and dT/dtmax+ was inversely related to age in both the rabbit and dog. The equations describing the decline in DT and dT/dTmax+ during hypoxia and the recovery during reoxygenation were best expressed by two or three exponentials. Time to peak tension and half time to relaxation decreased during hypoxia and the decrease was also inversely related to age. The fact that the newborn was able to maintain normal mechanical function during hypoxia suggests that the newborn is capable of maintaining normal myocardial ATP levels due to enhanced flux through the glycolytic pathway.", "contents": "Effect of hypoxia on mechanical function in the neonatal mammalian heart. The effect of 30 min of hypoxia followed by reoxygenation on mechanical function was studied in isolated, arterially perfused, neonatal rabbit and dog hearts. All studies were performed at a perfusion rate of 2.5 ml/g-min, at a pacing rate of 60 beats/min and at 27 degrees C. The muscles were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solutions equilibrated with 95% O2 and 5% CO2 (control) or 95% N2 and 5% CO2 (hypoxia). In the newborn rabbit and dog, both the developed tension (DT) and the maximal rate of tension development (dT/dtmax+) decreased during the first 3 min of hypoxia and then recovered to values not different from control. The effect of hypoxia on DT and dT/dtmax+ was inversely related to age in both the rabbit and dog. The equations describing the decline in DT and dT/dTmax+ during hypoxia and the recovery during reoxygenation were best expressed by two or three exponentials. Time to peak tension and half time to relaxation decreased during hypoxia and the decrease was also inversely related to age. The fact that the newborn was able to maintain normal mechanical function during hypoxia suggests that the newborn is capable of maintaining normal myocardial ATP levels due to enhanced flux through the glycolytic pathway.", "PMID": 727268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11078", "title": "Effect of hypoxia on myocardial high-energy phosphates in the neonatal mammalian heart.", "content": "The effect of hypoxia on myocardial high-energy phosphate content in the newborn, 2-wk-old, and adult rabbit was determined and compared with mechanical function. Studies were done on the ventricular septum arterially perfused with Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer solution equilibrated with 95% O2 and 5% CO2 (control) or 95% N2 and 5% CO2 (hypoxia) at 60 beats/min and 27 degrees C. In the adult, ATP concentration decreased to 68%, 56%, and 39% of control after 2, 30, and 60 min of hypoxia, respectively. After 30 min of hypoxia, ATP concentration was not different from control in the newborn but decreased to 82% of control in the 2-wk-old. After 2 min of hypoxia, creatine phosphate concentration decreased to 55% and 10% of control in the newborn and adult rabbit, respectively. Lactate production increased significantly during hypoxia and was greater in the newborn than in the adult. The data indicate that the newborn rabbit is capable of maintaining glycolysis and normal levels of myocardial ATP during hypoxia, which ensures normal myocardial mechanical function for longer periods than in the adult.", "contents": "Effect of hypoxia on myocardial high-energy phosphates in the neonatal mammalian heart. The effect of hypoxia on myocardial high-energy phosphate content in the newborn, 2-wk-old, and adult rabbit was determined and compared with mechanical function. Studies were done on the ventricular septum arterially perfused with Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer solution equilibrated with 95% O2 and 5% CO2 (control) or 95% N2 and 5% CO2 (hypoxia) at 60 beats/min and 27 degrees C. In the adult, ATP concentration decreased to 68%, 56%, and 39% of control after 2, 30, and 60 min of hypoxia, respectively. After 30 min of hypoxia, ATP concentration was not different from control in the newborn but decreased to 82% of control in the 2-wk-old. After 2 min of hypoxia, creatine phosphate concentration decreased to 55% and 10% of control in the newborn and adult rabbit, respectively. Lactate production increased significantly during hypoxia and was greater in the newborn than in the adult. The data indicate that the newborn rabbit is capable of maintaining glycolysis and normal levels of myocardial ATP during hypoxia, which ensures normal myocardial mechanical function for longer periods than in the adult.", "PMID": 727269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11079", "title": "Sympathetic vasomotor outflows to hindlimb muscles of the cat.", "content": "Blood flow to the hindlimb muscles of chloralose-anesthetized, paralyzed cats was monitored with an electromagnetic flowmeter on the femoral artery. The functional pathways of the sympathetic constrictor and dilator innervations to the vasculature of these muscles were determined by measuring changes in vascular conductance during electrical stimulation of 1) ventral roots T12-L7 (exit of preganglionic fibers from the spinal cord and entrance into the sympathetic chain), 2) the distally intact sympathetic chain at successive levels between the L1 and L7 ganglia (presence of caudally running vasomotor fibers in the chain at each level), and 3) isolated sympathetic ganglia L2-L7 (exit of postganglionic vasomotor fibers from the chain at each level). Our results indicate that vasoconstrictor fibers emerge from ventral roots T12-L4 with maximum functional outflow at L1-L3; the fibers course downward through the sympathetic chain to exit from the chain mainly at L5-L7 or below. In contrast, the preganglionic origin of cholinergic vasodilator fibers, tested after blocking the constrictor fibers with bretylium, is limited to ventral roots L2-L5, with maximum outflow at L4. The vasodilator fibers leave the sympathetic chain to enter the spinal nerves at the same levels as the vasoconstrictor fibers.", "contents": "Sympathetic vasomotor outflows to hindlimb muscles of the cat. Blood flow to the hindlimb muscles of chloralose-anesthetized, paralyzed cats was monitored with an electromagnetic flowmeter on the femoral artery. The functional pathways of the sympathetic constrictor and dilator innervations to the vasculature of these muscles were determined by measuring changes in vascular conductance during electrical stimulation of 1) ventral roots T12-L7 (exit of preganglionic fibers from the spinal cord and entrance into the sympathetic chain), 2) the distally intact sympathetic chain at successive levels between the L1 and L7 ganglia (presence of caudally running vasomotor fibers in the chain at each level), and 3) isolated sympathetic ganglia L2-L7 (exit of postganglionic vasomotor fibers from the chain at each level). Our results indicate that vasoconstrictor fibers emerge from ventral roots T12-L4 with maximum functional outflow at L1-L3; the fibers course downward through the sympathetic chain to exit from the chain mainly at L5-L7 or below. In contrast, the preganglionic origin of cholinergic vasodilator fibers, tested after blocking the constrictor fibers with bretylium, is limited to ventral roots L2-L5, with maximum outflow at L4. The vasodilator fibers leave the sympathetic chain to enter the spinal nerves at the same levels as the vasoconstrictor fibers.", "PMID": 727270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11080", "title": "Reflex responses of abdominal vascular capacitance from aortic baroreceptors in dogs.", "content": "The vascularly isolated abdominal circulation of chloralose-anesthetized dogs was perfused at constant flow through the aorta and drained at constant pressure from the inferior vena cava. Changes in resistance were calculated from changes in perfusion pressure and changes in capacitance were calculated by integrating changes in venous outflow. While carotid sinus pressure was constant, a decrease in pressure in the vascularly isolated aortic arch, over the whole range of baroreceptor sensitivity, decreased abdominal vascular capacitance by 2.9 ml-kg-1 (mean, SE +/- 0.42) and increased the abdominal vascular resistance by 35 +/- 7.1%. Decreases in pressure in the vascularly isolated carotid sinuses, while aortic pressure was constant, decreased capacitance by 5.0 +/- 0.62 ml-kg-1 and increased resistance by 72 +/- 15.9%. Responses of capacitance and resistance to changes in aortic pressure were greatest when carotid pressure was held near threshold levels and least when it was held at levels that would maximally excite carotid baroreceptors. The responses to changes in aortic pressure were abolished when the venous nerves were cooled or the splanchnic nerves were cut.", "contents": "Reflex responses of abdominal vascular capacitance from aortic baroreceptors in dogs. The vascularly isolated abdominal circulation of chloralose-anesthetized dogs was perfused at constant flow through the aorta and drained at constant pressure from the inferior vena cava. Changes in resistance were calculated from changes in perfusion pressure and changes in capacitance were calculated by integrating changes in venous outflow. While carotid sinus pressure was constant, a decrease in pressure in the vascularly isolated aortic arch, over the whole range of baroreceptor sensitivity, decreased abdominal vascular capacitance by 2.9 ml-kg-1 (mean, SE +/- 0.42) and increased the abdominal vascular resistance by 35 +/- 7.1%. Decreases in pressure in the vascularly isolated carotid sinuses, while aortic pressure was constant, decreased capacitance by 5.0 +/- 0.62 ml-kg-1 and increased resistance by 72 +/- 15.9%. Responses of capacitance and resistance to changes in aortic pressure were greatest when carotid pressure was held near threshold levels and least when it was held at levels that would maximally excite carotid baroreceptors. The responses to changes in aortic pressure were abolished when the venous nerves were cooled or the splanchnic nerves were cut.", "PMID": 727271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11081", "title": "Interrelations between contracting striated muscle and precapillary microvessels.", "content": "Arterioles and capillaries in the hamster cremaster muscle were observed during electrical stimulation of striated muscle fibers in order to characterize the microcirculatory basis of functional hyperemia. When contraction was restricted to single muscle fibers, responses were variable and frequently transient. Stimulation of either small bundles of muscle fibers or the entire cremaster muscle resulted in reproducible responses typified by: 1) a latency period, 2) an early, often transient phase of dilation, and 3) a second, slower phase of dilation. The latency varied inversely with contraction frequency, and the magnitude of the dilation varied directly with contraction frequency over the range 1--8/s. With stimulation of single fibers and small groups of fibers, arteriolar vasodilation was highly localized to regions of the arterioles that were in close apposition to the stimulated fibers. The number of capillaries with red blood cell flow increased during contraction, and the increase was graded with contraction frequency. The changes observed suggest that the vascular response during functional hyperemia is a two-part process and that the control processes are influenced by contraction frequency.", "contents": "Interrelations between contracting striated muscle and precapillary microvessels. Arterioles and capillaries in the hamster cremaster muscle were observed during electrical stimulation of striated muscle fibers in order to characterize the microcirculatory basis of functional hyperemia. When contraction was restricted to single muscle fibers, responses were variable and frequently transient. Stimulation of either small bundles of muscle fibers or the entire cremaster muscle resulted in reproducible responses typified by: 1) a latency period, 2) an early, often transient phase of dilation, and 3) a second, slower phase of dilation. The latency varied inversely with contraction frequency, and the magnitude of the dilation varied directly with contraction frequency over the range 1--8/s. With stimulation of single fibers and small groups of fibers, arteriolar vasodilation was highly localized to regions of the arterioles that were in close apposition to the stimulated fibers. The number of capillaries with red blood cell flow increased during contraction, and the increase was graded with contraction frequency. The changes observed suggest that the vascular response during functional hyperemia is a two-part process and that the control processes are influenced by contraction frequency.", "PMID": 727272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11082", "title": "Role of oxygen in arteriolar functional vasodilation in hamster striated muscle.", "content": "Small isolated groups of striated muscle cells were stimulated in the hamster cremaster muscle. During and after stimulation, oxygen microelectrodes were employed to determine the relationships among arteriolar vasodilation, tissue Po2, and periarteriolar Po2. Localized contraction produced a biphasic arteriolar vasodilation without associated alteration of Po2 on the surface of the arterioles (vascular smooth muscle Po2). In contrast, muscle contraction produced a decline in muscle tissue Po2 that was proportional to the contraction frequency over the range of 1--4 contractions per second. An increase in contraction frequency also produced a graded increase in arteriolar diameter, the magnitude of which was statistically correlated with the steady-state change in tissue Po2. However, arteriolar diameter changes preceded tissue Po2 changes, both with the initiation of functional dilation and during the recovery period. Tissue Po2 was manipulated at rest and during contraction by increasing the Po2 of the superfusion solution. Increasing the tissue Po2 caused a decrease in vascular diameter under both conditions and a reduction in the magnitude of the arteriolar vasodilation during contraction. Restoration of tissue Po2 to resting levels during muscle contraction produced only partial restoration of vascular diameters. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that at least three components are involved in the vascular control process during muscular activity: an early component independent of tissue oxygen levels, a late component independent of oxygen, and a late component associated with a decrease in muscle Po2, without an effect on vascular smooth muscle Po2. The evidence indicated that Po2 of the smooth muscle of the arterioles had no role in the dilation observed.", "contents": "Role of oxygen in arteriolar functional vasodilation in hamster striated muscle. Small isolated groups of striated muscle cells were stimulated in the hamster cremaster muscle. During and after stimulation, oxygen microelectrodes were employed to determine the relationships among arteriolar vasodilation, tissue Po2, and periarteriolar Po2. Localized contraction produced a biphasic arteriolar vasodilation without associated alteration of Po2 on the surface of the arterioles (vascular smooth muscle Po2). In contrast, muscle contraction produced a decline in muscle tissue Po2 that was proportional to the contraction frequency over the range of 1--4 contractions per second. An increase in contraction frequency also produced a graded increase in arteriolar diameter, the magnitude of which was statistically correlated with the steady-state change in tissue Po2. However, arteriolar diameter changes preceded tissue Po2 changes, both with the initiation of functional dilation and during the recovery period. Tissue Po2 was manipulated at rest and during contraction by increasing the Po2 of the superfusion solution. Increasing the tissue Po2 caused a decrease in vascular diameter under both conditions and a reduction in the magnitude of the arteriolar vasodilation during contraction. Restoration of tissue Po2 to resting levels during muscle contraction produced only partial restoration of vascular diameters. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that at least three components are involved in the vascular control process during muscular activity: an early component independent of tissue oxygen levels, a late component independent of oxygen, and a late component associated with a decrease in muscle Po2, without an effect on vascular smooth muscle Po2. The evidence indicated that Po2 of the smooth muscle of the arterioles had no role in the dilation observed.", "PMID": 727273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11083", "title": "Transmural myocardial deformation in the canine left ventricular wall.", "content": "A biplane cineradiographic technique was used to measure deformation of the myocardium as indicated by small lead spheres implanted into the anterior left ventricular wall of anesthetized dogs. Deformation was resolved into nine separate components for each of the epicardial, middle, and endocardial layers. The data illustrate the mechanical effect of myocardial fiber orientation and the ability of muscle layers to deform differentially. In order to present an overview of all the results, the implications of the deformation components are discussed first separately and then in a coordinated fashion.", "contents": "Transmural myocardial deformation in the canine left ventricular wall. A biplane cineradiographic technique was used to measure deformation of the myocardium as indicated by small lead spheres implanted into the anterior left ventricular wall of anesthetized dogs. Deformation was resolved into nine separate components for each of the epicardial, middle, and endocardial layers. The data illustrate the mechanical effect of myocardial fiber orientation and the ability of muscle layers to deform differentially. In order to present an overview of all the results, the implications of the deformation components are discussed first separately and then in a coordinated fashion.", "PMID": 727274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11084", "title": "Dissociation of energetic state and potassium loss from anoxic myocardium.", "content": "Cellular high-energy phosphate levels and 42K exchange were studied in isolated, interventricular rabbit septa at 28 degrees C. Septa were perfused with a modified Tyrode solution that contained glucose as the metabolic substrate. Anoxia was induced by switching to solution equilibrated with N2-CO2 gas. Potassium lost during anoxia by increased efflux from the cells was measured by 42K. Whole tissue levels of ATP, ADP, phosphocreatine, and total creatine were determined. The effects of 20-min anoxic stresses were evaluated in each of four groups of septa: 1) control (perfused with regular solution and paced at 42 excitations/min; 2) E-C uncoupled (by perfusing with solution containing 50 micron Ca2+); 3) quiescent (spontaneous contraction rate less than 1/min); and 4) perfused with high glucose solution (20 mM). Compared to the control group, only quiescence significantly decreased the potassium loss during anoxia; the cellular energetic state was well maintained during stress by both E-C uncoupling and quiescence. The results indicate that the increase in potassium efflux during brief anoxic stress is largely excitation dependent and can be dissociated from contraction and cellular energetic state.", "contents": "Dissociation of energetic state and potassium loss from anoxic myocardium. Cellular high-energy phosphate levels and 42K exchange were studied in isolated, interventricular rabbit septa at 28 degrees C. Septa were perfused with a modified Tyrode solution that contained glucose as the metabolic substrate. Anoxia was induced by switching to solution equilibrated with N2-CO2 gas. Potassium lost during anoxia by increased efflux from the cells was measured by 42K. Whole tissue levels of ATP, ADP, phosphocreatine, and total creatine were determined. The effects of 20-min anoxic stresses were evaluated in each of four groups of septa: 1) control (perfused with regular solution and paced at 42 excitations/min; 2) E-C uncoupled (by perfusing with solution containing 50 micron Ca2+); 3) quiescent (spontaneous contraction rate less than 1/min); and 4) perfused with high glucose solution (20 mM). Compared to the control group, only quiescence significantly decreased the potassium loss during anoxia; the cellular energetic state was well maintained during stress by both E-C uncoupling and quiescence. The results indicate that the increase in potassium efflux during brief anoxic stress is largely excitation dependent and can be dissociated from contraction and cellular energetic state.", "PMID": 727275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11085", "title": "Cellular electrophysiological marker of irreversible ischemic myocardial injury.", "content": "Glass microelectrode studies on posterior papillary muscle (PPM) slice preparations from 20 pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs (15 subjected to prior circumflex coronary artery ligation, 5 to sham ligation) have resulted in the definition of an electrophysiological marker of irreversible ischemic injury, namely, findings of areas composed of cells unable to generate a significant resting potential (less than -25) mV), designated \"electrically inactive areas.\" Electrically inactive areas were essentially confined to PPM from dogs with circumflex coronary ligation; the incidence and distribution of the areas was related to duration of ischemia. Correlative phase- and light-microscopic studies demonstrated close correspondence between such areas and morphological evidence of irreversible ischemic injury. Analysis of frequency and distribution of electrically inactive areas permits quantitative assessment of the extent and spatial distribution of irreversible injury. This method has been used to quantitate injury in PPM from dogs that had been subjected to ligation for varying time periods. The potential utility of this method for evaluation of interventions designed to protect against ischemic injury and to assess electrical properties of surviving cells is considered.", "contents": "Cellular electrophysiological marker of irreversible ischemic myocardial injury. Glass microelectrode studies on posterior papillary muscle (PPM) slice preparations from 20 pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs (15 subjected to prior circumflex coronary artery ligation, 5 to sham ligation) have resulted in the definition of an electrophysiological marker of irreversible ischemic injury, namely, findings of areas composed of cells unable to generate a significant resting potential (less than -25) mV), designated \"electrically inactive areas.\" Electrically inactive areas were essentially confined to PPM from dogs with circumflex coronary ligation; the incidence and distribution of the areas was related to duration of ischemia. Correlative phase- and light-microscopic studies demonstrated close correspondence between such areas and morphological evidence of irreversible ischemic injury. Analysis of frequency and distribution of electrically inactive areas permits quantitative assessment of the extent and spatial distribution of irreversible injury. This method has been used to quantitate injury in PPM from dogs that had been subjected to ligation for varying time periods. The potential utility of this method for evaluation of interventions designed to protect against ischemic injury and to assess electrical properties of surviving cells is considered.", "PMID": 727276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11086", "title": "Reproducible and uniform cardiac ischemia: effects of antiarrhythmic drugs.", "content": "The in vivo response of cardiac tissue to ischemia is inherently nonuniform, and as a result the drug effects in the latter are subject to great variability. We therefore designed a preparation that could reproducibly respond to uniform ischemia: Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts in which ischemia was induced by stopping the perfusion. In this preparation therapeutic concentrations of antiarrhythmic drugs have no-to-moderate effects on conduction and excitability of perfused tissue, while markedly depressing these parameters in ischemic tissue. This selectivity for depression of ischemic tissue increases as the ischemia progresses. Antiarrhythmic drugs can in this way markedly attenuate the abnormal electrical activity of the ischemic tissue (responsible for arrhythmias) while minimally affecting this activity in normal tissue.", "contents": "Reproducible and uniform cardiac ischemia: effects of antiarrhythmic drugs. The in vivo response of cardiac tissue to ischemia is inherently nonuniform, and as a result the drug effects in the latter are subject to great variability. We therefore designed a preparation that could reproducibly respond to uniform ischemia: Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts in which ischemia was induced by stopping the perfusion. In this preparation therapeutic concentrations of antiarrhythmic drugs have no-to-moderate effects on conduction and excitability of perfused tissue, while markedly depressing these parameters in ischemic tissue. This selectivity for depression of ischemic tissue increases as the ischemia progresses. Antiarrhythmic drugs can in this way markedly attenuate the abnormal electrical activity of the ischemic tissue (responsible for arrhythmias) while minimally affecting this activity in normal tissue.", "PMID": 727277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11087", "title": "Increased reactivity of venous smooth muscle by small decreases in extracellular sodium.", "content": "In dog saphenous vein strips, decreases in extracellular sodium from 5% to 23% did not alter basal tension, but progressively increased tension developed during electrical stimulation (1.0 to 10 Hz). The augmentation did not occur with similar reductions in chloride ions. When osmolality was maintained with sucrose, the response to electrical stimulation also was enhanced with a 5% reduction in sodium ions, but did not increase further with larger sodium reductions. The enhancement was due to some effect on the smooth muscle cells, because the overflow of [7-3H]norepinephrine during electrical stimulation was unaffected by the sodium reduction, whereas contractions caused by norepinephrine and barium chloride were potentiated. The potentiation did not depend on increased influx of extracellular calcium, because contractions induced by acetylcholine were unaffected by sodium reduction; and after blocking calcium influx with verapamil, the norepinephrine contractions still were augmented. It was concluded that a decrease in extracellular sodium by 5% (from the normal value of 143.3--131.1 meq/1) can enhance the response of venous smooth muscle to adrenergic stimuli.", "contents": "Increased reactivity of venous smooth muscle by small decreases in extracellular sodium. In dog saphenous vein strips, decreases in extracellular sodium from 5% to 23% did not alter basal tension, but progressively increased tension developed during electrical stimulation (1.0 to 10 Hz). The augmentation did not occur with similar reductions in chloride ions. When osmolality was maintained with sucrose, the response to electrical stimulation also was enhanced with a 5% reduction in sodium ions, but did not increase further with larger sodium reductions. The enhancement was due to some effect on the smooth muscle cells, because the overflow of [7-3H]norepinephrine during electrical stimulation was unaffected by the sodium reduction, whereas contractions caused by norepinephrine and barium chloride were potentiated. The potentiation did not depend on increased influx of extracellular calcium, because contractions induced by acetylcholine were unaffected by sodium reduction; and after blocking calcium influx with verapamil, the norepinephrine contractions still were augmented. It was concluded that a decrease in extracellular sodium by 5% (from the normal value of 143.3--131.1 meq/1) can enhance the response of venous smooth muscle to adrenergic stimuli.", "PMID": 727278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11088", "title": "Dextran as a radioactive microsphere suspending agent: severe hypotensive effect in rat.", "content": "The effects of different commercially available radioactive microsphere suspending solutions were studied on the cardiovascular hemodynamics of male, Sprague-Dawley rats. Single left ventricular injections of carbonized radioactive microspheres (15 +/- 5 micron diam) totaling 850,000 spheres, suspended in 10% dextran (mol wt, 73,000) solution with Tween, caused reductions in arterial pressure (control, 101; postinjection, 74 mmHg; P less than 0.001), with no change in heart rate. Identical injections made with isotonic saline solution plus Tween had no effect on either heart rate or arterial pressure. Independent studies were conducted to examine the effects of 1-ml injections of four suspending solutions without microspheres on the cardiovascular hemodynamics of rats. Isotonic saline had no hemodynamic effect, and isotonic saline plus Tween decreased only heart rate. Ten percent dextran soluton with Tween decreased arterial pressure, heart rate, peak left ventricular systolic pressure, and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Similar changes occurred when dextran solution without Tween was administered. These data demonstrate that 10% dextran solution used as a microsphere suspending agent induces a severe hypotensive response in rats. Furthermore, injections of up to 850,000 microspheres in isotonic saline solution do not alter arterial pressure in the rat.", "contents": "Dextran as a radioactive microsphere suspending agent: severe hypotensive effect in rat. The effects of different commercially available radioactive microsphere suspending solutions were studied on the cardiovascular hemodynamics of male, Sprague-Dawley rats. Single left ventricular injections of carbonized radioactive microspheres (15 +/- 5 micron diam) totaling 850,000 spheres, suspended in 10% dextran (mol wt, 73,000) solution with Tween, caused reductions in arterial pressure (control, 101; postinjection, 74 mmHg; P less than 0.001), with no change in heart rate. Identical injections made with isotonic saline solution plus Tween had no effect on either heart rate or arterial pressure. Independent studies were conducted to examine the effects of 1-ml injections of four suspending solutions without microspheres on the cardiovascular hemodynamics of rats. Isotonic saline had no hemodynamic effect, and isotonic saline plus Tween decreased only heart rate. Ten percent dextran soluton with Tween decreased arterial pressure, heart rate, peak left ventricular systolic pressure, and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Similar changes occurred when dextran solution without Tween was administered. These data demonstrate that 10% dextran solution used as a microsphere suspending agent induces a severe hypotensive response in rats. Furthermore, injections of up to 850,000 microspheres in isotonic saline solution do not alter arterial pressure in the rat.", "PMID": 727279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11089", "title": "Evaluation of methods of measuring glomerular and nutrient blood flow in rat kidneys.", "content": "In normal rats, glomerular plasma flow rates (GPF) were estimated from the uptake of microspheres, and single-nephron filtration rates were estimated by Hanssen's technique in order to calculate single-nephron filtration fractions (SNFF) for outer (C1), middle, (C2), and deep (C3) nephrons. With large microspheres (15 micron), SNFF averaged 0.19, 0.41, and 0.63, and with small microspheres (9 micron), SNFF averaged 0.25, 0.48, and 0.42 for areas C1, C2, and C3, respectively. Kidney filtration fractions (FF) averaged 0.36. Because microsphere experiments in normal rats have generally suggested that SNFF-C1 and FF are similar, we conclude that both types of microspheres overestimated outer cortical plasma flow rates, and probably underestimated inner cortical plasma flow rates. In addition, not all of the smaller microspheres were trapped in the glomeruli. Nutrient blood flow rates were estimated from the uptake of 86Rb. Values ranged from 7.3 ml/g per min in the outer cortex to 4.7 ml/g per min in the inner cortex. Because these values are very similar to measurements made by several other techniques, we conclude that 86Rb uptake adequately estimates cortical blood flow. Medullary blood flow estimates, however, increased with time and were probably too high.", "contents": "Evaluation of methods of measuring glomerular and nutrient blood flow in rat kidneys. In normal rats, glomerular plasma flow rates (GPF) were estimated from the uptake of microspheres, and single-nephron filtration rates were estimated by Hanssen's technique in order to calculate single-nephron filtration fractions (SNFF) for outer (C1), middle, (C2), and deep (C3) nephrons. With large microspheres (15 micron), SNFF averaged 0.19, 0.41, and 0.63, and with small microspheres (9 micron), SNFF averaged 0.25, 0.48, and 0.42 for areas C1, C2, and C3, respectively. Kidney filtration fractions (FF) averaged 0.36. Because microsphere experiments in normal rats have generally suggested that SNFF-C1 and FF are similar, we conclude that both types of microspheres overestimated outer cortical plasma flow rates, and probably underestimated inner cortical plasma flow rates. In addition, not all of the smaller microspheres were trapped in the glomeruli. Nutrient blood flow rates were estimated from the uptake of 86Rb. Values ranged from 7.3 ml/g per min in the outer cortex to 4.7 ml/g per min in the inner cortex. Because these values are very similar to measurements made by several other techniques, we conclude that 86Rb uptake adequately estimates cortical blood flow. Medullary blood flow estimates, however, increased with time and were probably too high.", "PMID": 727280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11090", "title": "Characteristics of coronary blood flow and transmural distribution in miniature pigs.", "content": "The relationship between phasic systolic and diastolic coronary blood flow and its transmural distribution has been studied in 29 Yucatan miniature pigs at rest and during heavy exercise, with and without adenosine infusion (1.5 mg . kg-1 . min-1) and with and without a subtotal coronary artery occlusion. Altered factors that affected coronary flow included vascular resistance, perfusion pressure, myocardial oxygen demand, and extra-vascular pressure. The data indicate that, at rest, endomural perfusion is significantly dependent on diastolic blood flow. However, the ability of the myocardial vessels to autoregulate during systole as well as during diastole was clearly shown with the use of adenosine infusion. This ability to regulate flow intrinsically appeared to transcend the endocardial dependency on diastolic perfusion under certain stressful conditions, e.g., during heavy exercise, when the diastolic duration was significantly reduced. Systolic transmural perfusion may then become a significant factor in meeting the blood flow demands of the myocardium. However, due to gradients in vascular resistance, perfusion pressure, and oxygen demand, the coronary reserve of the epicardium appears to be greater than that of the endocardium under any condition.", "contents": "Characteristics of coronary blood flow and transmural distribution in miniature pigs. The relationship between phasic systolic and diastolic coronary blood flow and its transmural distribution has been studied in 29 Yucatan miniature pigs at rest and during heavy exercise, with and without adenosine infusion (1.5 mg . kg-1 . min-1) and with and without a subtotal coronary artery occlusion. Altered factors that affected coronary flow included vascular resistance, perfusion pressure, myocardial oxygen demand, and extra-vascular pressure. The data indicate that, at rest, endomural perfusion is significantly dependent on diastolic blood flow. However, the ability of the myocardial vessels to autoregulate during systole as well as during diastole was clearly shown with the use of adenosine infusion. This ability to regulate flow intrinsically appeared to transcend the endocardial dependency on diastolic perfusion under certain stressful conditions, e.g., during heavy exercise, when the diastolic duration was significantly reduced. Systolic transmural perfusion may then become a significant factor in meeting the blood flow demands of the myocardium. However, due to gradients in vascular resistance, perfusion pressure, and oxygen demand, the coronary reserve of the epicardium appears to be greater than that of the endocardium under any condition.", "PMID": 727281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11091", "title": "Some control conditions for self-organization--what the control theorist can learn from biology.", "content": "The general control task, as expressed formally in engineering science or mathematical systems theory, is presented briefly. Characteristics of technological control systems are then contrasted with the control processes revealed by molecular biology. It is emphasized that the control processes of living systems have certain features not represented in formal control theory. One of these features is the use of positive feedback in a novel way to achieve a \"positive control potential.\" The environmental conditions necessary for positive control potential to arise are considered. It is concluded that achievements in life sciences offer a challenge to extend formal control theory into new domains, but at the same time, existing control theory helps to highlight what it is that living systems uniquely do, even though it cannot explain how they do it.", "contents": "Some control conditions for self-organization--what the control theorist can learn from biology. The general control task, as expressed formally in engineering science or mathematical systems theory, is presented briefly. Characteristics of technological control systems are then contrasted with the control processes revealed by molecular biology. It is emphasized that the control processes of living systems have certain features not represented in formal control theory. One of these features is the use of positive feedback in a novel way to achieve a \"positive control potential.\" The environmental conditions necessary for positive control potential to arise are considered. It is concluded that achievements in life sciences offer a challenge to extend formal control theory into new domains, but at the same time, existing control theory helps to highlight what it is that living systems uniquely do, even though it cannot explain how they do it.", "PMID": 727283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11092", "title": "Induced hyperthermia in sedated humans and the concept of critical thermal maximum.", "content": "The concept of critical thermal maximum (CTM) has been defined in the literature as the minimal high deep-body temperature that is lethal to an animal. In man the CTM has been estimated at 41.6--42.0 degrees C. Data are presented for sedated, unacclimatized, well-hydrated men heated 1 h at esophageal temperatures of 41.6--42.0 degrees C, without sequelae, except for modest elevation of serum enzymes in two of five patients. These data when combined with other observations in the literature suggest that CTM be redefined as the particular combination of exposure time at elevated body temperatures that results in either subclinical (CTM)s) or clinical (CTMc) injuries. Also presented is a mathematical technique, equivalent time at 42 degrees C (Teq 42 degrees), for expressing hyperthermia in terms of body temperature and exposure time.", "contents": "Induced hyperthermia in sedated humans and the concept of critical thermal maximum. The concept of critical thermal maximum (CTM) has been defined in the literature as the minimal high deep-body temperature that is lethal to an animal. In man the CTM has been estimated at 41.6--42.0 degrees C. Data are presented for sedated, unacclimatized, well-hydrated men heated 1 h at esophageal temperatures of 41.6--42.0 degrees C, without sequelae, except for modest elevation of serum enzymes in two of five patients. These data when combined with other observations in the literature suggest that CTM be redefined as the particular combination of exposure time at elevated body temperatures that results in either subclinical (CTM)s) or clinical (CTMc) injuries. Also presented is a mathematical technique, equivalent time at 42 degrees C (Teq 42 degrees), for expressing hyperthermia in terms of body temperature and exposure time.", "PMID": 727284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11093", "title": "Body fluid distribution in wild Mus musculus acclimated to water restriction.", "content": "Total body water (TBW), extracellular volume (ECV), and plasma volume (PV) were measured in wild house mice acclimated to chronic water shortage and compared to the same measures in mice exposed acutely to water shortage. Chronic mice were either steady state (SS), i.e., completely acclimated, or nonsteady state (NSS), i.e., transitional. Water shortage was imposed sequentially--1/2, 1/4, and 1/8 ad lib., and no water. SS mice lost solids and cellular fluid at each level of restriction, but maintained plasma volume and partially defended extracellular volume. Acute restriction to 1/2, 1/4, and 1/8 ad lib. caused proportional losses of solids and fluids with the predominant fluid loss being extracellular. Acute restriction to no water caused cellular dehydration plus a loss of extracellular fluids including plasma. Comparison of acute and NSS mice at identical levels of restriction showed the NSS groups to be preacclimated toward further water restriction. Discussion centers on the comparison of acclimated and nonacclimated animals, mechanism of PV defense, and the general process of acclimation.", "contents": "Body fluid distribution in wild Mus musculus acclimated to water restriction. Total body water (TBW), extracellular volume (ECV), and plasma volume (PV) were measured in wild house mice acclimated to chronic water shortage and compared to the same measures in mice exposed acutely to water shortage. Chronic mice were either steady state (SS), i.e., completely acclimated, or nonsteady state (NSS), i.e., transitional. Water shortage was imposed sequentially--1/2, 1/4, and 1/8 ad lib., and no water. SS mice lost solids and cellular fluid at each level of restriction, but maintained plasma volume and partially defended extracellular volume. Acute restriction to 1/2, 1/4, and 1/8 ad lib. caused proportional losses of solids and fluids with the predominant fluid loss being extracellular. Acute restriction to no water caused cellular dehydration plus a loss of extracellular fluids including plasma. Comparison of acute and NSS mice at identical levels of restriction showed the NSS groups to be preacclimated toward further water restriction. Discussion centers on the comparison of acclimated and nonacclimated animals, mechanism of PV defense, and the general process of acclimation.", "PMID": 727285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11094", "title": "Internal synchronization among several circadian rhythms in rats under constant light.", "content": "Three biological rhythms (locomotor activity, body temperature, and plasma corticosterone) were measured simultaneously in individual rats under light-dark cycles and continuous light. Spontaneous locomotor activity was recorded on an Animex and body temperature was telemetrically monitored throughout the experiments. Blood samples were obtained serially at 2-h intervals on the experimental days. Phase angles of these rhythms were calculated by a least-squares spectrum analysis. Under light-dark cycles, the acrophases of locomotor activity, body temperature, and plasma corticosterone were found at 0029, 0106, and 1940 h, respectively. When rats were exposed to 200 lx continuous light, locomotor activity and body temperature showed free-running rhythms with a period of 25.2 h on the average. Plasma corticosterone levels determined at 12 days after exposure to continuous light exhibited a circadian rhythm with the acrophase shifted to 0720. The acrophases of locomotor activity and body temperature, determined simultaneously on the same day, were found to be located at 1303 and 1358 h, respectively. Phase-angle differences among the three rhythms on the 12th day of continuous light were essentially the same with those under the light-dark cycle. These results suggest that circadian rhythms of locomotor activity, body temperature, and plasma corticosterone are most probably coupled to a common internal oscillator in the rat.", "contents": "Internal synchronization among several circadian rhythms in rats under constant light. Three biological rhythms (locomotor activity, body temperature, and plasma corticosterone) were measured simultaneously in individual rats under light-dark cycles and continuous light. Spontaneous locomotor activity was recorded on an Animex and body temperature was telemetrically monitored throughout the experiments. Blood samples were obtained serially at 2-h intervals on the experimental days. Phase angles of these rhythms were calculated by a least-squares spectrum analysis. Under light-dark cycles, the acrophases of locomotor activity, body temperature, and plasma corticosterone were found at 0029, 0106, and 1940 h, respectively. When rats were exposed to 200 lx continuous light, locomotor activity and body temperature showed free-running rhythms with a period of 25.2 h on the average. Plasma corticosterone levels determined at 12 days after exposure to continuous light exhibited a circadian rhythm with the acrophase shifted to 0720. The acrophases of locomotor activity and body temperature, determined simultaneously on the same day, were found to be located at 1303 and 1358 h, respectively. Phase-angle differences among the three rhythms on the 12th day of continuous light were essentially the same with those under the light-dark cycle. These results suggest that circadian rhythms of locomotor activity, body temperature, and plasma corticosterone are most probably coupled to a common internal oscillator in the rat.", "PMID": 727286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11095", "title": "Endogenous ultradian rhythms in rats exposed to prolonged continuous light.", "content": "Circadian rhythms of locomotor activity, body temperature, and plasma corticosterone were determined simultaneously in individual rats that were exposed to 200 lx continuous light for over 3 mo. Free-running circadian rhythms of locomotor activity persisted for about 2 mo under continuous light and then the rhythms gradually decomposed. After 3 mo of exposure, circadian rhythms disappeared and activity bursts of 1- to 2-h duration manifested themselves several times during a 24-h period. Body temperature also exhibited several bursts of fluctuation and these bursts were closely correlated in their temporal sequence with those of locomotor activity. A least-squares spectrum analysis revealed that the burst had regular 4- to 6-h periods. Plasma corticosterone, determined by serial sampling at 2-h intervals from individual rats, also exhibited several secretion episodes in a day. These episodic secretions synchronized with bursts of locomotor activity. These results suggest that the ultradian component, manifested under prolonged continuous light, is a fundamental unit of the circadian rhythm and an oscillator for the ultradian rhythm is common to the three functions examined.", "contents": "Endogenous ultradian rhythms in rats exposed to prolonged continuous light. Circadian rhythms of locomotor activity, body temperature, and plasma corticosterone were determined simultaneously in individual rats that were exposed to 200 lx continuous light for over 3 mo. Free-running circadian rhythms of locomotor activity persisted for about 2 mo under continuous light and then the rhythms gradually decomposed. After 3 mo of exposure, circadian rhythms disappeared and activity bursts of 1- to 2-h duration manifested themselves several times during a 24-h period. Body temperature also exhibited several bursts of fluctuation and these bursts were closely correlated in their temporal sequence with those of locomotor activity. A least-squares spectrum analysis revealed that the burst had regular 4- to 6-h periods. Plasma corticosterone, determined by serial sampling at 2-h intervals from individual rats, also exhibited several secretion episodes in a day. These episodic secretions synchronized with bursts of locomotor activity. These results suggest that the ultradian component, manifested under prolonged continuous light, is a fundamental unit of the circadian rhythm and an oscillator for the ultradian rhythm is common to the three functions examined.", "PMID": 727287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11096", "title": "A mathematical simulation of the hyperneas of metabolic CO2 production and inhalation.", "content": "Mathematical models of the CO2 responsive controller for ventillatory responses to CO2 inhaled and to CO2 introduced in the perpheral tissues are formulated in the context of a controlled system that is a compartmented tissue system with a lung undergoing breathing movements. Equations representing the system are either ordinary difference-differential equations or algebraic equations. If the controller contains three components simulating, respectively, a proportional controller with a set point, a mechanism sensitive to trans-membrane CO2 gradients, and a mechanism responsive to the autocovariance difference in arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) about 1.2 s apart; and if the neural tissues produce CO2 as a result of their own activity (positive feedback), the entire system responds to metabolic production of CO2 by increasing ventilation in proportion to metabolism while maintaining a constant PaCO2. The same system responds to inhaled CO2 mixtures with ventilation increasing in proportion to increases in PaCO2. The behavior of the model is used to postulate a spatiotemporal hypothesis for the humoral component of respiratory regulation of CO2 exchanges.", "contents": "A mathematical simulation of the hyperneas of metabolic CO2 production and inhalation. Mathematical models of the CO2 responsive controller for ventillatory responses to CO2 inhaled and to CO2 introduced in the perpheral tissues are formulated in the context of a controlled system that is a compartmented tissue system with a lung undergoing breathing movements. Equations representing the system are either ordinary difference-differential equations or algebraic equations. If the controller contains three components simulating, respectively, a proportional controller with a set point, a mechanism sensitive to trans-membrane CO2 gradients, and a mechanism responsive to the autocovariance difference in arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) about 1.2 s apart; and if the neural tissues produce CO2 as a result of their own activity (positive feedback), the entire system responds to metabolic production of CO2 by increasing ventilation in proportion to metabolism while maintaining a constant PaCO2. The same system responds to inhaled CO2 mixtures with ventilation increasing in proportion to increases in PaCO2. The behavior of the model is used to postulate a spatiotemporal hypothesis for the humoral component of respiratory regulation of CO2 exchanges.", "PMID": 727289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11097", "title": "Unstable state of the arterial pressure control system after a mild hemorrhage.", "content": "The stability of the arterial pressure control system after a mild hemorrhage (5 ml/kg body wt) was studied in 10 anesthetized cats by analyzing the responses of arterial pressure and of heart rate and the dead time (L) of heart rate response to a minute, rapid test hemorrhage (1 ml/kg body wt). The overall open-loop gain (H) of the arterial pressure control system was estimated from the ratio of arterial pressure fall immediately after the quick hemorrhage over the steady-state fall. Increases in H and L were correlated with the tendency of the arterial pressure control system to be unstable and oscillate. Oscillation in arterial pressure was always accompanied by a marked increase in heart rate (deltaHR), which represents an enhanced activity of the sympathetic nervous system and serves to restore arterial pressure toward the prehemorrhage level. The present study indicates that the magnitude of deltaHR also serves as a good predictor of arterial pressure oscillation.", "contents": "Unstable state of the arterial pressure control system after a mild hemorrhage. The stability of the arterial pressure control system after a mild hemorrhage (5 ml/kg body wt) was studied in 10 anesthetized cats by analyzing the responses of arterial pressure and of heart rate and the dead time (L) of heart rate response to a minute, rapid test hemorrhage (1 ml/kg body wt). The overall open-loop gain (H) of the arterial pressure control system was estimated from the ratio of arterial pressure fall immediately after the quick hemorrhage over the steady-state fall. Increases in H and L were correlated with the tendency of the arterial pressure control system to be unstable and oscillate. Oscillation in arterial pressure was always accompanied by a marked increase in heart rate (deltaHR), which represents an enhanced activity of the sympathetic nervous system and serves to restore arterial pressure toward the prehemorrhage level. The present study indicates that the magnitude of deltaHR also serves as a good predictor of arterial pressure oscillation.", "PMID": 727290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11098", "title": "Vagal bradycardia elicited by stimulation of the external cuneate nucleus in the cat.", "content": "The role of the external cuneate nucleus (ECN) in the control of heart rate was systematically investigated in 26 chloralosed and 2 decerebrated, paralyzed, and artifically ventilated cats. Electrical stimulation of histologically verified sites in the ventral ECN and dorsal spinal trigeminal tract elicited a marked decrease in heart rate, with threshold currents of 5-25 muA and an optimal frequency of 20 Hz when using a 0.2 ms pulse; this response was shown to be due to vagal excitation. In seven experiments intravenous pentobarbital sodium decreased the magnitude of the bradycardia elicited by stimulation of the ECN, of the nucleus ambiguus (AMB), and of the cervical vagus significantly less than the response from the nucleus of the tractus solitarius. In eight additional experiments in cats with lesions of the AMB made 11-27 days earlier stimulation of the ECN elicited a bradycardia of the same magnitude as that observed in intact animals, although the bradycardia elicited by stimulation of the ipsilateral cervical vagus was significantly reduced by the lesion. Similarly, lesions of the ECN in four cats significantly attenuated the bradycardia elicited by stimulation of the ipsilateral cervical vagus. These results suggest that the ECN is a site of origin of cardioinhibitory axons in the cat.", "contents": "Vagal bradycardia elicited by stimulation of the external cuneate nucleus in the cat. The role of the external cuneate nucleus (ECN) in the control of heart rate was systematically investigated in 26 chloralosed and 2 decerebrated, paralyzed, and artifically ventilated cats. Electrical stimulation of histologically verified sites in the ventral ECN and dorsal spinal trigeminal tract elicited a marked decrease in heart rate, with threshold currents of 5-25 muA and an optimal frequency of 20 Hz when using a 0.2 ms pulse; this response was shown to be due to vagal excitation. In seven experiments intravenous pentobarbital sodium decreased the magnitude of the bradycardia elicited by stimulation of the ECN, of the nucleus ambiguus (AMB), and of the cervical vagus significantly less than the response from the nucleus of the tractus solitarius. In eight additional experiments in cats with lesions of the AMB made 11-27 days earlier stimulation of the ECN elicited a bradycardia of the same magnitude as that observed in intact animals, although the bradycardia elicited by stimulation of the ipsilateral cervical vagus was significantly reduced by the lesion. Similarly, lesions of the ECN in four cats significantly attenuated the bradycardia elicited by stimulation of the ipsilateral cervical vagus. These results suggest that the ECN is a site of origin of cardioinhibitory axons in the cat.", "PMID": 727291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11099", "title": "Mechanism of exaggerated diuresis in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "The mechanism of exaggerated diuresis and natriuresis was studied in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) by renal clearance and micropuncture techniques. Control normotensive rats of the same age and sex [Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY)] were also studied. During the hydropenic control and the volume-expansion experimental periods absolute and fractional water and sodium excretion were greater in SHR than in WKY. Although fractional and absolute water and sodium reabsorption were similar along the proximal convolution in SHR and WKY, fractional and absolute water reabsorption in Henle's loop was less in SHR than in WKY. Hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures in the cortical peritubular microvasculature were similar in WKY and SHR. Acute normalization of renal perfusion pressure by aortic constriction reversed the exaggerated diuresis and natriuresis in SHR by halving the filtered load of water and sodium; whole kidney and single nephron glomerular filtration rates and blood flows decreased by 50%. It is concluded that the exaggerated diuresis and natriuresis of the spontaneously hypertensive rat is caused by a decreased reabsorption in the loop of Henle. The mechanism of this decreased reabsorption in the loop of Henle cannot be explained by alterations in the measured physical forces in the renal cortical microvasculature.", "contents": "Mechanism of exaggerated diuresis in spontaneously hypertensive rats. The mechanism of exaggerated diuresis and natriuresis was studied in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) by renal clearance and micropuncture techniques. Control normotensive rats of the same age and sex [Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY)] were also studied. During the hydropenic control and the volume-expansion experimental periods absolute and fractional water and sodium excretion were greater in SHR than in WKY. Although fractional and absolute water and sodium reabsorption were similar along the proximal convolution in SHR and WKY, fractional and absolute water reabsorption in Henle's loop was less in SHR than in WKY. Hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures in the cortical peritubular microvasculature were similar in WKY and SHR. Acute normalization of renal perfusion pressure by aortic constriction reversed the exaggerated diuresis and natriuresis in SHR by halving the filtered load of water and sodium; whole kidney and single nephron glomerular filtration rates and blood flows decreased by 50%. It is concluded that the exaggerated diuresis and natriuresis of the spontaneously hypertensive rat is caused by a decreased reabsorption in the loop of Henle. The mechanism of this decreased reabsorption in the loop of Henle cannot be explained by alterations in the measured physical forces in the renal cortical microvasculature.", "PMID": 727292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11100", "title": "Antidiuretic hormone-induced intramembranous alterations in mammalian collecting ducts.", "content": "Freeze-fracture electron microscopy had previously revealed antidiuretic hormone-induced aggregates of intramembranous particles in amphibian urinary bladder. To investigate the effects of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in another ADH-sensitive epithelium, namely, mammalian renal collecting ducts, freeze-fracture studies were carried out in Brattleboro homozygous rats. Collecting duct luminal membranes of ADH-treated homozygotes showed intramembranous particle clusters (117 +/- 17/100 micron2) that were loosely packed and that occurred on both exoplasmic (E) and protoplasmic (P) faces. Untreated, control homozygous rats had significantly less (3 +/- 1/100 micron2) clusters. Changes similar to those seen in ADH-treated rats were observed in water-deprived Wistar rats. The clustered particles differed from those seen in ADH-treated amphibian urinary bladder in that the latter occurred only on the P face and were more densely packed. Nevertheless, our observations suggest a common membrane effect for ADH action that may apply in mammals and amphibia alike.", "contents": "Antidiuretic hormone-induced intramembranous alterations in mammalian collecting ducts. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy had previously revealed antidiuretic hormone-induced aggregates of intramembranous particles in amphibian urinary bladder. To investigate the effects of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in another ADH-sensitive epithelium, namely, mammalian renal collecting ducts, freeze-fracture studies were carried out in Brattleboro homozygous rats. Collecting duct luminal membranes of ADH-treated homozygotes showed intramembranous particle clusters (117 +/- 17/100 micron2) that were loosely packed and that occurred on both exoplasmic (E) and protoplasmic (P) faces. Untreated, control homozygous rats had significantly less (3 +/- 1/100 micron2) clusters. Changes similar to those seen in ADH-treated rats were observed in water-deprived Wistar rats. The clustered particles differed from those seen in ADH-treated amphibian urinary bladder in that the latter occurred only on the P face and were more densely packed. Nevertheless, our observations suggest a common membrane effect for ADH action that may apply in mammals and amphibia alike.", "PMID": 727293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11101", "title": "The sadness of the psychopath.", "content": "In this introduction to the study and treatment of antisocial disorders, pain and loss to, as well as from, the sociopath are explored in an effort to establish and update an overview of sociopathy for the therapist or social scientist who is asked to work with such patients.", "contents": "The sadness of the psychopath. In this introduction to the study and treatment of antisocial disorders, pain and loss to, as well as from, the sociopath are explored in an effort to establish and update an overview of sociopathy for the therapist or social scientist who is asked to work with such patients.", "PMID": 727306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11102", "title": "Lessons from cross-cultural psychotherapy.", "content": "The author identifies the effective technical aspects of cross-cultural psychotherapy: appropriate use of the medical model, recognition of nonverbal communication, and sensitivity to the subjective aspects of the patient's life. These approaches, when used with self-awareness and flexibility, can aid in the psychotherapeutic work with patients whose socioeconomic status, life style, ethnic origin or sexual orientation differs from that of the psychiatrist.", "contents": "Lessons from cross-cultural psychotherapy. The author identifies the effective technical aspects of cross-cultural psychotherapy: appropriate use of the medical model, recognition of nonverbal communication, and sensitivity to the subjective aspects of the patient's life. These approaches, when used with self-awareness and flexibility, can aid in the psychotherapeutic work with patients whose socioeconomic status, life style, ethnic origin or sexual orientation differs from that of the psychiatrist.", "PMID": 727307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11103", "title": "Staff countertransference to borderline patients on an inpatient unit.", "content": "Borderline patients evoke unique countertransference responses among members of the treatment team: pejorative behavior, undue optimism, and pessimistic nihilism to these patients, along with difficulties in limit-setting, and fragmentation of the treatment team are common. Frequent meetings and open communication within the treatment team are recommended in order to minimize the splitting that is central to these countertransference constellations.", "contents": "Staff countertransference to borderline patients on an inpatient unit. Borderline patients evoke unique countertransference responses among members of the treatment team: pejorative behavior, undue optimism, and pessimistic nihilism to these patients, along with difficulties in limit-setting, and fragmentation of the treatment team are common. Frequent meetings and open communication within the treatment team are recommended in order to minimize the splitting that is central to these countertransference constellations.", "PMID": 727308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11104", "title": "Modified techniques for therapy with inarticulate adolescents.", "content": "In attempting psychoanalytic psychotherapy with adolescents who lack a verbal orientation, the essential mode of interaction between patient and therapist is substantially weakened. Certain modifications of therapeutic techniques, needed because of nonorganic language impairment--one psychologic consequence of a cognitively and emotionally disadvantaged life situation--are suggested.", "contents": "Modified techniques for therapy with inarticulate adolescents. In attempting psychoanalytic psychotherapy with adolescents who lack a verbal orientation, the essential mode of interaction between patient and therapist is substantially weakened. Certain modifications of therapeutic techniques, needed because of nonorganic language impairment--one psychologic consequence of a cognitively and emotionally disadvantaged life situation--are suggested.", "PMID": 727309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11105", "title": "First reported dreams in psychoanalytic group psychotherapy.", "content": "Analysis of dreams is often used in group psychotherapy to explore common group tensions and individual internal conflicts. The author pays special attention to the first dream which a patient reports in the course of group psychotherapy. These first reported dreams clearly and accurately reveal the patient's basic conflicts and also reflect the progressive stages of group-as-a-whole tension from issues of dependency, advice-giving, and universality to explorative resolution of conflicts.", "contents": "First reported dreams in psychoanalytic group psychotherapy. Analysis of dreams is often used in group psychotherapy to explore common group tensions and individual internal conflicts. The author pays special attention to the first dream which a patient reports in the course of group psychotherapy. These first reported dreams clearly and accurately reveal the patient's basic conflicts and also reflect the progressive stages of group-as-a-whole tension from issues of dependency, advice-giving, and universality to explorative resolution of conflicts.", "PMID": 727310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11106", "title": "Fear of death in the aging.", "content": "Fear of death appears to be universal in the psychopathology of aging, although it is frequently repressed. Judicious pharmacotherapy and insightful psychotherapy are effective in treating the elderly. Two case histories are given in illustration. Despite the difficulties of the problem, it is possible to remove this fear of death-that causes one to waste one's later years-to make of old age a useful and contributory period of life.", "contents": "Fear of death in the aging. Fear of death appears to be universal in the psychopathology of aging, although it is frequently repressed. Judicious pharmacotherapy and insightful psychotherapy are effective in treating the elderly. Two case histories are given in illustration. Despite the difficulties of the problem, it is possible to remove this fear of death-that causes one to waste one's later years-to make of old age a useful and contributory period of life.", "PMID": 727311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11107", "title": "Living in limbo: psychosocial intervention in families with a cancer patient.", "content": "Modern medical practice has changed cancer from an acute to a chronic catastrophe. The family system of a cancer patient moves therefore into a state of a \"limbo\" where interactions, plans, and socioeconomic realities are continually imbalanced and ever-changing. Family coping styles are examined; therapists' strategies and pitfalls are delineated.", "contents": "Living in limbo: psychosocial intervention in families with a cancer patient. Modern medical practice has changed cancer from an acute to a chronic catastrophe. The family system of a cancer patient moves therefore into a state of a \"limbo\" where interactions, plans, and socioeconomic realities are continually imbalanced and ever-changing. Family coping styles are examined; therapists' strategies and pitfalls are delineated.", "PMID": 727312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11108", "title": "Parents as change agents: a psychodynamic model.", "content": "A treatment model is described by which psychodynamic clinicians can guide parents to become the primary change agents when their child is the identified patient. Three cases are presented where brief treatment, in which guided clinical interventions were largely carried out by the parents, led to sustained improvement in the child. Advantages of the approach and clinical issues regarding tis application are discussed.", "contents": "Parents as change agents: a psychodynamic model. A treatment model is described by which psychodynamic clinicians can guide parents to become the primary change agents when their child is the identified patient. Three cases are presented where brief treatment, in which guided clinical interventions were largely carried out by the parents, led to sustained improvement in the child. Advantages of the approach and clinical issues regarding tis application are discussed.", "PMID": 727313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11109", "title": "Malpractice in outpatient psychotherapy.", "content": "There are many potential causes for malpractice actions in outpatient psychotherapy. Pertinent cases are reviewed, their implications discussed, and means by which practitioners can avert malpractice are described.", "contents": "Malpractice in outpatient psychotherapy. There are many potential causes for malpractice actions in outpatient psychotherapy. Pertinent cases are reviewed, their implications discussed, and means by which practitioners can avert malpractice are described.", "PMID": 727314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11110", "title": "Psychogenic impotence and the black man's burden.", "content": "Clinical material is presented on a single case of impotence in a middle-aged black man. The symbolic meanings of the symptom in terms of the patient's aggression, feelings about his racial self-image, and the options that allow for male identity are discussed, along with some aspects of an interracial treatment situation in these changing times.", "contents": "Psychogenic impotence and the black man's burden. Clinical material is presented on a single case of impotence in a middle-aged black man. The symbolic meanings of the symptom in terms of the patient's aggression, feelings about his racial self-image, and the options that allow for male identity are discussed, along with some aspects of an interracial treatment situation in these changing times.", "PMID": 727315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11111", "title": "Leishmania infection of human skin fibroblasts in vitro: absence of phagolysosomal fusion after induced phagocytosis of promastigotes, and their intracellular transformation.", "content": "Cellular interactions between human skin fibroblasts and promastigotes of two leishmanial species were studied in vitro by light and electron microscopy. Fibroblasts were found to become infected by the species with a history of causing mucocutaneous infection, but not by that of the visceral type or Leishmania donovani. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed that promastigotes of the invasive species entered fibroblasts flagellum-end first through pseudopodia-like structures formed on the host cell surface, reminiscent of \"induced phagocytosis.\" Ingested promastigotes became lodged in vacuoles that did not fuse with secondary lysosomes prelabeled with an electron-dense marker for identification. Transformation of promastigotes into amastigotes occurred among those located within host cells and was influenced by the ambient temperature. Intracellular parasite populations gradually decreased during a 3-week period in vitro, although dividing forms were occasionally seen at all incubation temperatures (32--37 degrees C). There was evidence that viable amastigotes were liberated by cytolysis and/or exocytosis of some infected cells. It is postulated that invasion of non-phagocytic cells by promastigotes and their subsequent transformation therein may allow them to escape from the often fatal consequence of direct confrontation with mononuclear phagocytes, and may be a survival mechanism associated with this parasite stage during the early host-parasite interaction in natural infection.", "contents": "Leishmania infection of human skin fibroblasts in vitro: absence of phagolysosomal fusion after induced phagocytosis of promastigotes, and their intracellular transformation. Cellular interactions between human skin fibroblasts and promastigotes of two leishmanial species were studied in vitro by light and electron microscopy. Fibroblasts were found to become infected by the species with a history of causing mucocutaneous infection, but not by that of the visceral type or Leishmania donovani. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed that promastigotes of the invasive species entered fibroblasts flagellum-end first through pseudopodia-like structures formed on the host cell surface, reminiscent of \"induced phagocytosis.\" Ingested promastigotes became lodged in vacuoles that did not fuse with secondary lysosomes prelabeled with an electron-dense marker for identification. Transformation of promastigotes into amastigotes occurred among those located within host cells and was influenced by the ambient temperature. Intracellular parasite populations gradually decreased during a 3-week period in vitro, although dividing forms were occasionally seen at all incubation temperatures (32--37 degrees C). There was evidence that viable amastigotes were liberated by cytolysis and/or exocytosis of some infected cells. It is postulated that invasion of non-phagocytic cells by promastigotes and their subsequent transformation therein may allow them to escape from the often fatal consequence of direct confrontation with mononuclear phagocytes, and may be a survival mechanism associated with this parasite stage during the early host-parasite interaction in natural infection.", "PMID": 727316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11112", "title": "Giardiasis in American travelers to Madeira Island, Portugal.", "content": "A high incidence of diarrhea was reported in a group of approximately 1,400 Americans who traveled to the Portuguese island of Madeira in October 1976. A mail questionnaire survey revealed that 39% of the responding 859 travelers experienced diarrhea; in 42% of these diarrhea lasted for longer than 1 week. The most frequent accompanying symptoms were abdominal cramps (75%), abdominal distention (72%), nausea (70%), and weight loss (40%). Of all travelers surveyed, 33% developed an illness resembling giardiasis with a median incubation period of 4 days. Of 35 ill patients who had a stool culture, enteric pathogens were recovered from 4 (3 Shigella and 1 Salmonella). On the other hand, of 58 ill patients whose stools were examined for parasites, Giardia lamblia was recovered from 27 (47%). Analysis of the epidemiologic data showed that drinking tap-water on the island was significantly associated with illness; eating ice cream or raw vegetables on the island was also implicated. There was no evidence of continuing transmission of giardiasis in American tourists visiting Madeira 8--12 months after the outbreak.", "contents": "Giardiasis in American travelers to Madeira Island, Portugal. A high incidence of diarrhea was reported in a group of approximately 1,400 Americans who traveled to the Portuguese island of Madeira in October 1976. A mail questionnaire survey revealed that 39% of the responding 859 travelers experienced diarrhea; in 42% of these diarrhea lasted for longer than 1 week. The most frequent accompanying symptoms were abdominal cramps (75%), abdominal distention (72%), nausea (70%), and weight loss (40%). Of all travelers surveyed, 33% developed an illness resembling giardiasis with a median incubation period of 4 days. Of 35 ill patients who had a stool culture, enteric pathogens were recovered from 4 (3 Shigella and 1 Salmonella). On the other hand, of 58 ill patients whose stools were examined for parasites, Giardia lamblia was recovered from 27 (47%). Analysis of the epidemiologic data showed that drinking tap-water on the island was significantly associated with illness; eating ice cream or raw vegetables on the island was also implicated. There was no evidence of continuing transmission of giardiasis in American tourists visiting Madeira 8--12 months after the outbreak.", "PMID": 727317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11113", "title": "Cutaneous amebiasis of the eyelid with extension into the orbit.", "content": "A 4-month-old girl was admitted to hospital with extensive ulceration and erosion of the left eyelid where 17 days earlier the skin had been broken when hit by a ball. Despite antibiotic therapy the lesion expanded to involve the orbit. Biopsy of the eyelid on the 4th day in hospital, and examination of the eye and attached tissues removed on the 6th, failed to detect amebae until after the infant's death due to a blood transfusion 2 weeks later. Re-examination of the tissues revealed abundant amebae with characteristic morphology of Entamoeba histolytica in subcutaneous tissues of the biopsy and in the loose exudate and necrotic tissues attached to the eye at all levels from lids to base.", "contents": "Cutaneous amebiasis of the eyelid with extension into the orbit. A 4-month-old girl was admitted to hospital with extensive ulceration and erosion of the left eyelid where 17 days earlier the skin had been broken when hit by a ball. Despite antibiotic therapy the lesion expanded to involve the orbit. Biopsy of the eyelid on the 4th day in hospital, and examination of the eye and attached tissues removed on the 6th, failed to detect amebae until after the infant's death due to a blood transfusion 2 weeks later. Re-examination of the tissues revealed abundant amebae with characteristic morphology of Entamoeba histolytica in subcutaneous tissues of the biopsy and in the loose exudate and necrotic tissues attached to the eye at all levels from lids to base.", "PMID": 727318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11114", "title": "Rapid decrease of precipitating and reaginic antibodies in Dirofilaria immitis-infected dogs which develop severe adverse reactions following treatment with diethylcarbamazine.", "content": "Dirofilaria immitis-infected dogs were treated with diethylcarbamazine. Measurement of the level of IgG precipitating antibody was carried out by counterimmunoelectrophoresis and that of IgE by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in pre-treatment and post-treatment serum samples. In dogs showing severe to moderate adverse reactions to the drug there were pronounced decreases of both antibodies to a \"metabolic\" antigen prepared from the medium in which adult female worms had been incubated. These antibody levels did not decline in non-reacting dogs. Precipitating antibody levels to somatic antigens extracted from adult worms and microfilariae remained unaltered in both reactive and non-reactive animals.", "contents": "Rapid decrease of precipitating and reaginic antibodies in Dirofilaria immitis-infected dogs which develop severe adverse reactions following treatment with diethylcarbamazine. Dirofilaria immitis-infected dogs were treated with diethylcarbamazine. Measurement of the level of IgG precipitating antibody was carried out by counterimmunoelectrophoresis and that of IgE by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in pre-treatment and post-treatment serum samples. In dogs showing severe to moderate adverse reactions to the drug there were pronounced decreases of both antibodies to a \"metabolic\" antigen prepared from the medium in which adult female worms had been incubated. These antibody levels did not decline in non-reacting dogs. Precipitating antibody levels to somatic antigens extracted from adult worms and microfilariae remained unaltered in both reactive and non-reactive animals.", "PMID": 727319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11115", "title": "Population biology of hookworms in children in rural West Bengal. I. General parasitological observations.", "content": "Hookworm infection was studied over a 22-month period in 31-49% of a population of 1,803 1- to 10-year-old children in a rural area near Calcutta where both Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale were prevalent. Half of the children were infected before age 5 and 90% were infected by age 9, when the mean egg count reached 2,000 eggs/g of feces. Infection was significantly heavier and more prevalent among males than among females, and greater among Muslims than among Hindus. These differences were apparent in children less than 2 years of age. Numerical factors were devised to adjust fecal egg counts for both the smaller fecal output of children and the increased  dilution of eggs in watery feces as compared to formed feces. It is proposed that egg counts from 1- to 3-year-olds be multiplied by 0.3, those from 4- to 6-year-olds by 0.5, those from 7- to 9-year-olds by 0.6, and those from 10 to 12-year-olds by 0.7; differences in mean egg density among various fecal consistencies produced factors of 1, 1.5, 2, 3, and 3.5 by which the egg counts in formed, mushy-formed, mushy, mushy-diarrheic, and diarrheic feces should be increased.", "contents": "Population biology of hookworms in children in rural West Bengal. I. General parasitological observations. Hookworm infection was studied over a 22-month period in 31-49% of a population of 1,803 1- to 10-year-old children in a rural area near Calcutta where both Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale were prevalent. Half of the children were infected before age 5 and 90% were infected by age 9, when the mean egg count reached 2,000 eggs/g of feces. Infection was significantly heavier and more prevalent among males than among females, and greater among Muslims than among Hindus. These differences were apparent in children less than 2 years of age. Numerical factors were devised to adjust fecal egg counts for both the smaller fecal output of children and the increased  dilution of eggs in watery feces as compared to formed feces. It is proposed that egg counts from 1- to 3-year-olds be multiplied by 0.3, those from 4- to 6-year-olds by 0.5, those from 7- to 9-year-olds by 0.6, and those from 10 to 12-year-olds by 0.7; differences in mean egg density among various fecal consistencies produced factors of 1, 1.5, 2, 3, and 3.5 by which the egg counts in formed, mushy-formed, mushy, mushy-diarrheic, and diarrheic feces should be increased.", "PMID": 727320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11116", "title": "Population biology of hookworms in children in rural West Bengal. II. Acquisition and loss of hookworms.", "content": "From changes in hookworm egg counts in feces of children in Gangetic West Bengal we estimate that, on the average, each child lost about 11.1 female hookworms during the 1969 post-monsoon dry period and gained about 10.3 females during the subsequent premonsoon and monsoon seasons, resulting in a net loss of worms over the 22-month study period. However, the mean fecal egg count for each 1-year age group of children from 3-11 years suggests an average net gain of 2.7 female worms/year. From seasonal changes in the relative abundance of larvae recovered from fecal cultures, it is estimated that at least 82% of the yearly gain in Ancylostoma duodenale females is a result of the maturation of hypobiotic (latent) larvae acquired during the previous wet season. A duodenale was present about equally with Necator americanus but it was significantly more common among males than among females, and more common among Muslims than among Hindus. Using damp gauze pads, we sampled the soil surface around freshly-passed feces for infective hookworm larvae and estimated that 252 larvae were contacted by each child durint the transmission season. Efficiency of penetration and maturation of each hookworm species was calculated from estimated larval densities on the soil surface, from seasonal changes in fecal egg counts, and from variations in the number of larvae recovered from fecal cultures by season and age of the host; it is estimated that N. americanus is 17.5% efficient and A. duodenale 5.3%. Children negative for hookworm became positive at all times of the year and at a significantly higher rate in 1970 than in 1969; incidence averaged 4.2% per 2-month period and mean initial fecal egg count suggested infection with about 2.0 female worms. The average life span for N. americanus is calculated to be 3-4 years and that of A. duodenale about 1 year under the conditions of reinfection found in the study area.", "contents": "Population biology of hookworms in children in rural West Bengal. II. Acquisition and loss of hookworms. From changes in hookworm egg counts in feces of children in Gangetic West Bengal we estimate that, on the average, each child lost about 11.1 female hookworms during the 1969 post-monsoon dry period and gained about 10.3 females during the subsequent premonsoon and monsoon seasons, resulting in a net loss of worms over the 22-month study period. However, the mean fecal egg count for each 1-year age group of children from 3-11 years suggests an average net gain of 2.7 female worms/year. From seasonal changes in the relative abundance of larvae recovered from fecal cultures, it is estimated that at least 82% of the yearly gain in Ancylostoma duodenale females is a result of the maturation of hypobiotic (latent) larvae acquired during the previous wet season. A duodenale was present about equally with Necator americanus but it was significantly more common among males than among females, and more common among Muslims than among Hindus. Using damp gauze pads, we sampled the soil surface around freshly-passed feces for infective hookworm larvae and estimated that 252 larvae were contacted by each child durint the transmission season. Efficiency of penetration and maturation of each hookworm species was calculated from estimated larval densities on the soil surface, from seasonal changes in fecal egg counts, and from variations in the number of larvae recovered from fecal cultures by season and age of the host; it is estimated that N. americanus is 17.5% efficient and A. duodenale 5.3%. Children negative for hookworm became positive at all times of the year and at a significantly higher rate in 1970 than in 1969; incidence averaged 4.2% per 2-month period and mean initial fecal egg count suggested infection with about 2.0 female worms. The average life span for N. americanus is calculated to be 3-4 years and that of A. duodenale about 1 year under the conditions of reinfection found in the study area.", "PMID": 727321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11117", "title": "Humoral immune responses in human hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni.", "content": "The development of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis in humans cannot always be related to the intensity of infection. A study was designed to identify different humoral immunologic responses to Schistosoma mansoni in patients with and without hepatosplenic disease. Twenty-four patients with active hepatosplenic disease were closely matched for age, sex, and fecal egg counts with twenty-four patients with only intestinal disease. A serum sample from each of these patients was tested for antibodies to the major soluble egg antigen (MSA1) by radioimmunoassay, for total and IgM antibodies to egg and worm antigenic preparations by ELISA, and for its ability to suppress antigen stimulated lymphocyte blastogenesis. No difference was found using these assays between the hepatosplenic and the intestinal schistosomiasis patients.", "contents": "Humoral immune responses in human hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni. The development of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis in humans cannot always be related to the intensity of infection. A study was designed to identify different humoral immunologic responses to Schistosoma mansoni in patients with and without hepatosplenic disease. Twenty-four patients with active hepatosplenic disease were closely matched for age, sex, and fecal egg counts with twenty-four patients with only intestinal disease. A serum sample from each of these patients was tested for antibodies to the major soluble egg antigen (MSA1) by radioimmunoassay, for total and IgM antibodies to egg and worm antigenic preparations by ELISA, and for its ability to suppress antigen stimulated lymphocyte blastogenesis. No difference was found using these assays between the hepatosplenic and the intestinal schistosomiasis patients.", "PMID": 727322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11118", "title": "Recovery of the hepatic drug-metabolizing capacity in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni following curative chemotherapy with the schistosomicide 4-isothiocyano-4'-nitro-diphenylamine (CGP 4540).", "content": "Treatment of mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni with a single oral dose of formulated 4-isothiocyano-4'-nitro-diphenylamine (CGP 4540) restored the capacity of the liver of these animals to metabolize certain drugs. Full recovery required 35-40 weeks. Administration of CGP 4540 to non-infected animals produced no significant changes in the activities of some hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes.", "contents": "Recovery of the hepatic drug-metabolizing capacity in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni following curative chemotherapy with the schistosomicide 4-isothiocyano-4'-nitro-diphenylamine (CGP 4540). Treatment of mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni with a single oral dose of formulated 4-isothiocyano-4'-nitro-diphenylamine (CGP 4540) restored the capacity of the liver of these animals to metabolize certain drugs. Full recovery required 35-40 weeks. Administration of CGP 4540 to non-infected animals produced no significant changes in the activities of some hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes.", "PMID": 727323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11119", "title": "Discrimination of the larval stages of Echinococcus oligarthrus (Diesing, 1863) and E. vogeli Rausch and Bernstein, 1972 (Cestoda: Taeniidae).", "content": "Rostellar hooks of protoscolices from known larval stages of Echinococcus oligarthrus (Diesing, 1863) and E. vogeli Rausch and Bernstein, 1972 were compared to determine whether morphologic differences could be defined. The large and small hooks, respectively, of the two species were found to differ significantly in length (P = less than 0.0001) as well as in relative proportions. Host-related variation in lengths of hooks was not observed. Dimensions of the rostellar hooks were found to provide means for the discrimination of the larval stages of E. oligarthrus and E. vogeli, of which the latter is the cause of polycystic hydatid disease in man in South and Central America. The defined criteria were used in the identification of larvae from wild rodents and man.", "contents": "Discrimination of the larval stages of Echinococcus oligarthrus (Diesing, 1863) and E. vogeli Rausch and Bernstein, 1972 (Cestoda: Taeniidae). Rostellar hooks of protoscolices from known larval stages of Echinococcus oligarthrus (Diesing, 1863) and E. vogeli Rausch and Bernstein, 1972 were compared to determine whether morphologic differences could be defined. The large and small hooks, respectively, of the two species were found to differ significantly in length (P = less than 0.0001) as well as in relative proportions. Host-related variation in lengths of hooks was not observed. Dimensions of the rostellar hooks were found to provide means for the discrimination of the larval stages of E. oligarthrus and E. vogeli, of which the latter is the cause of polycystic hydatid disease in man in South and Central America. The defined criteria were used in the identification of larvae from wild rodents and man.", "PMID": 727324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11120", "title": "Occurrence of Blastomyces dermatitidis in Israel. First autochthonous Middle Eastern case.", "content": "A nodule from the infrapatellar region of the left knee of a patient in Israel was found by fluorescent antibody staining to contain the tissue form cells of Blastomyces dermatitidis. The diagnosis was confirmed by culture and other mycological studies when a second lesion appeared below the right knee. This represents the first autochthonous case of blastomycosis from Israel and the Middle East.", "contents": "Occurrence of Blastomyces dermatitidis in Israel. First autochthonous Middle Eastern case. A nodule from the infrapatellar region of the left knee of a patient in Israel was found by fluorescent antibody staining to contain the tissue form cells of Blastomyces dermatitidis. The diagnosis was confirmed by culture and other mycological studies when a second lesion appeared below the right knee. This represents the first autochthonous case of blastomycosis from Israel and the Middle East.", "PMID": 727325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11121", "title": "Studies on hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody in Nauru. II. Distribution amongst Gilbert and Ellice (Tuvalu) islanders.", "content": "The age-specific prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody was studied in a random sample of Gilbert and Ellice islanders over the age of 10 years living in Nauru. While approximately 82% of each group showed evidence of past infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) the carriage rate of HBsAg was significantly lower in the Polynesian Ellice islanders (7.5%) than in the Micronesian Gilbertese (26.3%) and indigenous Nauruans (14.7%). These findings suggest that Micronesian and Polynesian populations may differ in the response to infection with HBV.", "contents": "Studies on hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody in Nauru. II. Distribution amongst Gilbert and Ellice (Tuvalu) islanders. The age-specific prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody was studied in a random sample of Gilbert and Ellice islanders over the age of 10 years living in Nauru. While approximately 82% of each group showed evidence of past infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) the carriage rate of HBsAg was significantly lower in the Polynesian Ellice islanders (7.5%) than in the Micronesian Gilbertese (26.3%) and indigenous Nauruans (14.7%). These findings suggest that Micronesian and Polynesian populations may differ in the response to infection with HBV.", "PMID": 727326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11122", "title": "Dengue fever with hemorrhagic manifestations: a report of three cases from Puerto Rico.", "content": "During the 1975 dengue epidemic in Puerto Rico, we studied three patients who had serologically confirmed dengue with hemorrhagic manifestations. None of the patients went into shock and none died. Only one of the patients had disease that resembled dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) as observed in Southeast Asia. This patient was a 14-year-old boy who had epistaxis, a positive tourniquet test, moderate thrombocytopenia, and significant hemoconcentration. The other two patients had hemorrhagic disease which was of clinical importance, but was not typical of DHF. These cases of dengue with hemorrhagic manifestations are the only ones known to have been documented in Puerto Rico.", "contents": "Dengue fever with hemorrhagic manifestations: a report of three cases from Puerto Rico. During the 1975 dengue epidemic in Puerto Rico, we studied three patients who had serologically confirmed dengue with hemorrhagic manifestations. None of the patients went into shock and none died. Only one of the patients had disease that resembled dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) as observed in Southeast Asia. This patient was a 14-year-old boy who had epistaxis, a positive tourniquet test, moderate thrombocytopenia, and significant hemoconcentration. The other two patients had hemorrhagic disease which was of clinical importance, but was not typical of DHF. These cases of dengue with hemorrhagic manifestations are the only ones known to have been documented in Puerto Rico.", "PMID": 727327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11123", "title": "Aedes aegypti in Puerto Rico: environmental determinants of larval abundance and relation to dengue virus transmission.", "content": "In order to understand adquately the dynamics of vector-borne disease, one must understand how and why vector populations change over time. We describe a long-term, cooperative study of seasonal fluctuation in populations of the Aedes aegypti mosquito in Puerto Rico. During each month of the first 3 years of the project, A. aegypti was found breeding in all five communities studied. Mosquito density was positively correlated with rainfall, the relationship being more marked in the dry, south-coastal part of the island. Discarded tires and animal watering pans were the two most common larval breeding sites. In general, houses in Puerto Rico harbor more potential A. aegypti breeding sites than those in other tropical locations, probably because Puerto Rico is relatively more affluent.", "contents": "Aedes aegypti in Puerto Rico: environmental determinants of larval abundance and relation to dengue virus transmission. In order to understand adquately the dynamics of vector-borne disease, one must understand how and why vector populations change over time. We describe a long-term, cooperative study of seasonal fluctuation in populations of the Aedes aegypti mosquito in Puerto Rico. During each month of the first 3 years of the project, A. aegypti was found breeding in all five communities studied. Mosquito density was positively correlated with rainfall, the relationship being more marked in the dry, south-coastal part of the island. Discarded tires and animal watering pans were the two most common larval breeding sites. In general, houses in Puerto Rico harbor more potential A. aegypti breeding sites than those in other tropical locations, probably because Puerto Rico is relatively more affluent.", "PMID": 727328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11124", "title": "Experimental infection of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) with Rocio virus.", "content": "Rocio encephalitis is a new epidemic flaviviral infection of man, first described in S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil in 1975. The ecology of the viral transmission cycle remains largely unknown. Experimental studies were undertaken to assess the role of a wild avian species, the House Sparrow, as a maintenance or amplifying host. Approximately two-thirds of nesting and adult sparrows developed 2- to 3-day viremias of low to moderate magnitude (2.0--4.3 log/ml). Rocio-immune birds were not protected against challenge with St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus, but prior SLE viral infection prevented detectable viremia in birds challenged with Rocio virus. These studies provide some support for the hypothesis that birds are hosts for Rocio virus, but the House Sparrow probably plays a relatively minor role in viral transmission. Because sparrows are relatively inefficient viremic hosts, they would be expected to play a minor role in transmission should Rocio virus be introduced into the United States.", "contents": "Experimental infection of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) with Rocio virus. Rocio encephalitis is a new epidemic flaviviral infection of man, first described in S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil in 1975. The ecology of the viral transmission cycle remains largely unknown. Experimental studies were undertaken to assess the role of a wild avian species, the House Sparrow, as a maintenance or amplifying host. Approximately two-thirds of nesting and adult sparrows developed 2- to 3-day viremias of low to moderate magnitude (2.0--4.3 log/ml). Rocio-immune birds were not protected against challenge with St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus, but prior SLE viral infection prevented detectable viremia in birds challenged with Rocio virus. These studies provide some support for the hypothesis that birds are hosts for Rocio virus, but the House Sparrow probably plays a relatively minor role in viral transmission. Because sparrows are relatively inefficient viremic hosts, they would be expected to play a minor role in transmission should Rocio virus be introduced into the United States.", "PMID": 727329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11125", "title": "Release of Romanomermis culicivorax for the control of Anopheles albimanus in El Salvador I. Mass production of the nematode.", "content": "The mosquito parasite, Romanomermis culicivorax, was mass produced for the treatment of 144,000 m2 of Anopheles albimanus breeding area in El Salvador. The production of the necessary inoculum required the exposure of 1.6 X 10(6) first-instar Culex p. quinque-fasciatus larvae to 137 X 10(6) preparasites (1:14 ratio) each week for 6 weeks. The method employed produced an average 13.7 g (ca. 2,200/g) of postparasitic nematodes per rearing tray (20,000 mosquitoes), a total of 6,392 g (14.1 lb) for the 6-week period, and 425 cultures.", "contents": "Release of Romanomermis culicivorax for the control of Anopheles albimanus in El Salvador I. Mass production of the nematode. The mosquito parasite, Romanomermis culicivorax, was mass produced for the treatment of 144,000 m2 of Anopheles albimanus breeding area in El Salvador. The production of the necessary inoculum required the exposure of 1.6 X 10(6) first-instar Culex p. quinque-fasciatus larvae to 137 X 10(6) preparasites (1:14 ratio) each week for 6 weeks. The method employed produced an average 13.7 g (ca. 2,200/g) of postparasitic nematodes per rearing tray (20,000 mosquitoes), a total of 6,392 g (14.1 lb) for the 6-week period, and 425 cultures.", "PMID": 727330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11126", "title": "Release of Romanomermis culicivorax for the control of Anopheles albimanus in El Salvador II. Application of the nematode.", "content": "The mosquito breeding area of Lake Apastepeque, El Salvador, was treated 11 times over a 7-week period with Romanomermis culicivorax to control Anopheles albimanus and An. p. pseudopunctipennis. Parasitism averaged 58% but varied greatly from treatment to treatment and from site to site. However, three applications made during evening hours to avoid wind and wave action on the lake produced an average 86% parasitism. No significant differences in susceptibility to R. culicivorax were found between instars or between species. Also, no correlation was found between nematode dosage rates and levels of parasitism. Though the parasitism averaged about 60% of the desired level, Anopheles populations dropped from more than 10 per dip at the beginning of the release program to 0.6 per dip at the end of the release period (a 94% reduction). This is the first successful attempt to control mosquitoes on a large scale by using a parasite or pathogen.", "contents": "Release of Romanomermis culicivorax for the control of Anopheles albimanus in El Salvador II. Application of the nematode. The mosquito breeding area of Lake Apastepeque, El Salvador, was treated 11 times over a 7-week period with Romanomermis culicivorax to control Anopheles albimanus and An. p. pseudopunctipennis. Parasitism averaged 58% but varied greatly from treatment to treatment and from site to site. However, three applications made during evening hours to avoid wind and wave action on the lake produced an average 86% parasitism. No significant differences in susceptibility to R. culicivorax were found between instars or between species. Also, no correlation was found between nematode dosage rates and levels of parasitism. Though the parasitism averaged about 60% of the desired level, Anopheles populations dropped from more than 10 per dip at the beginning of the release program to 0.6 per dip at the end of the release period (a 94% reduction). This is the first successful attempt to control mosquitoes on a large scale by using a parasite or pathogen.", "PMID": 727331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11127", "title": "Infection of man by Dirofilaria repens.", "content": "Dirofilaria repens, a natural parasite of dogs and cats in Europe, Asia, and Africa, sometimes infects man. In man the worms are usually in subcutaneous tissues or in the orbit. A case is herein reported in which a non-gravid, adult Dirofilaria, probably D. repens, was in the subcutaneous tissue of a resident of Wisconsin. The patient, however, acquired the infection 8 years previously in Greece.", "contents": "Infection of man by Dirofilaria repens. Dirofilaria repens, a natural parasite of dogs and cats in Europe, Asia, and Africa, sometimes infects man. In man the worms are usually in subcutaneous tissues or in the orbit. A case is herein reported in which a non-gravid, adult Dirofilaria, probably D. repens, was in the subcutaneous tissue of a resident of Wisconsin. The patient, however, acquired the infection 8 years previously in Greece.", "PMID": 727332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11128", "title": "A case of penile gnathostomiasis in Thailand.", "content": "A living young adult female Gnathostoma spinigerum 1.9 cm in length was extracted from a perforating hole on the left laterodorsal aspect of the proximal part of the inflamed glans penis of a 3-year-old Thai boy, the first such case to be recorded in the literature.", "contents": "A case of penile gnathostomiasis in Thailand. A living young adult female Gnathostoma spinigerum 1.9 cm in length was extracted from a perforating hole on the left laterodorsal aspect of the proximal part of the inflamed glans penis of a 3-year-old Thai boy, the first such case to be recorded in the literature.", "PMID": 727333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11129", "title": "Treatment of complicated schistosomiasis mansoni with oxamniquine.", "content": "Twenty male patients (mean age 23 years) with Schistosoma mansoni infections (mean egg count 429 +/- 311/g feces) were each treated with oxamniquine orally in a single daily dose of 20 mg/kg for 3 consecutive days. Seventeen patients had hepatosplenomegaly, two of these had ascites. Three patients had diffuse colonic polyposis, one of these had ascites. Except for one who developed mild hematemesis 3 days after treatment, all patients tolerated the drug very well. However, 11 patients developed a fever 24 to 48 hours after completing treatment, which lasted for 2-3 days and coincided with increased excretion of schistosomal antigens in urine. Three months after completing therapy, all except one young patient ceased to have live egge in the stools or rectal tissue. Six months after treatment, three patients with colonic polyposis showed marked clinical improvement and sigmoidoscopic and barium enema examination demonstrated almost complete disappearance of all polyps.", "contents": "Treatment of complicated schistosomiasis mansoni with oxamniquine. Twenty male patients (mean age 23 years) with Schistosoma mansoni infections (mean egg count 429 +/- 311/g feces) were each treated with oxamniquine orally in a single daily dose of 20 mg/kg for 3 consecutive days. Seventeen patients had hepatosplenomegaly, two of these had ascites. Three patients had diffuse colonic polyposis, one of these had ascites. Except for one who developed mild hematemesis 3 days after treatment, all patients tolerated the drug very well. However, 11 patients developed a fever 24 to 48 hours after completing treatment, which lasted for 2-3 days and coincided with increased excretion of schistosomal antigens in urine. Three months after completing therapy, all except one young patient ceased to have live egge in the stools or rectal tissue. Six months after treatment, three patients with colonic polyposis showed marked clinical improvement and sigmoidoscopic and barium enema examination demonstrated almost complete disappearance of all polyps.", "PMID": 727334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11130", "title": "Subarachnoid spinal analgesia. A comparative survey of current practice in Scotland and Sweden.", "content": "A postal inquiry into the current use of subarachnoid spinal analgesia obtained replies from approximately 70% of consultants in both Scotland and Sweden. Although medico-legal anxiety was still an important feature of Scottish practice, the publication of large series with a low incidence of complications had also exerted some influence, and 40% of consultants employed the technique. In contrast, 70% of Swedish replies indicated current use of spinal analgesia and the individual frequency of administration was considerably higher. The present popularity of epidural analgesia has contributed to some decline in the use of subarachnoid spinal analgesia in Sweden, particularly in the case of longer surgical procedures. Anaesthetists in both countries expressed dissatisfaction with the limited choice of available spinal agents and considered their duration of action to be inadequate. In Scotland, conditional indications, such as diabetes mellitus and respiratory disease, were of major importance, whereas Swedish users more often specified surgical procedures for which subarachnoid spinal analgesia was considered to be the anaesthetic of choice. Few anaesthetists had experience of complications and no major neurological sequelae were reported. More than 80% of replies indicated that subarachnoid spinal anaesthesia had a useful place in anaesthetic practice.", "contents": "Subarachnoid spinal analgesia. A comparative survey of current practice in Scotland and Sweden. A postal inquiry into the current use of subarachnoid spinal analgesia obtained replies from approximately 70% of consultants in both Scotland and Sweden. Although medico-legal anxiety was still an important feature of Scottish practice, the publication of large series with a low incidence of complications had also exerted some influence, and 40% of consultants employed the technique. In contrast, 70% of Swedish replies indicated current use of spinal analgesia and the individual frequency of administration was considerably higher. The present popularity of epidural analgesia has contributed to some decline in the use of subarachnoid spinal analgesia in Sweden, particularly in the case of longer surgical procedures. Anaesthetists in both countries expressed dissatisfaction with the limited choice of available spinal agents and considered their duration of action to be inadequate. In Scotland, conditional indications, such as diabetes mellitus and respiratory disease, were of major importance, whereas Swedish users more often specified surgical procedures for which subarachnoid spinal analgesia was considered to be the anaesthetic of choice. Few anaesthetists had experience of complications and no major neurological sequelae were reported. More than 80% of replies indicated that subarachnoid spinal anaesthesia had a useful place in anaesthetic practice.", "PMID": 727413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11131", "title": "Substrate mobilisation during surgery. A comparison between halothane and fentanyl anaesthesia.", "content": "A study was undertaken in twenty-eight patients to compare the effects of the supplementation of nitrous oxide and oxygen anaesthesia with either 0.5--1.0% halothane or 50 microgram fentanyl/kg on the metabolic and hormonal response to gynaecological surgery. The results showed that the increases in blood glucose, plasma cortisol and growth hormone concentrations observed in the halothane group of patients were abolished in those who received fentanyl. It is postulated that the ability of large doses of fentanyl to inhibit the cortisol and growth hormone response to surgery may be of value in ameliorating the catabolic response to trauma.", "contents": "Substrate mobilisation during surgery. A comparison between halothane and fentanyl anaesthesia. A study was undertaken in twenty-eight patients to compare the effects of the supplementation of nitrous oxide and oxygen anaesthesia with either 0.5--1.0% halothane or 50 microgram fentanyl/kg on the metabolic and hormonal response to gynaecological surgery. The results showed that the increases in blood glucose, plasma cortisol and growth hormone concentrations observed in the halothane group of patients were abolished in those who received fentanyl. It is postulated that the ability of large doses of fentanyl to inhibit the cortisol and growth hormone response to surgery may be of value in ameliorating the catabolic response to trauma.", "PMID": 727414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11132", "title": "Atropine and glycopyrronium premedication. A comparison of the effects on cardiac rate and rhythm during induction of anaesthesia.", "content": "The effect of premedication with the cholinergic blocking drugs, atropine and glycopyrronium, was investigated in two groups, each of twenty patients, with regard to their effects on cardiac rate and rhythm during induction of anaesthesia and tracheal intubation. Another similar group of twenty patients was given no anticholinergic premedication. The incidence of dysrhythmias was 35% in the atropine group and 10% in the glycopyrronium group but there were no dysrhythmias in patients given no anticholinergic drug. The average rises in arterial pressure were similar in all three groups. Atropine administration led to a greater initial rise in heart rate before the induction of anaesthesia, although the average heart rates were similar in the three groups at the time of intubation and cuff inflation. The routine use of anticholinergic premedication seems to be unnecessary since the antisialogogue effect does not make any difference to the course of anaesthesia. However, if the antisialogogue action is important, glycopyrronium offers an advantage over atropine.", "contents": "Atropine and glycopyrronium premedication. A comparison of the effects on cardiac rate and rhythm during induction of anaesthesia. The effect of premedication with the cholinergic blocking drugs, atropine and glycopyrronium, was investigated in two groups, each of twenty patients, with regard to their effects on cardiac rate and rhythm during induction of anaesthesia and tracheal intubation. Another similar group of twenty patients was given no anticholinergic premedication. The incidence of dysrhythmias was 35% in the atropine group and 10% in the glycopyrronium group but there were no dysrhythmias in patients given no anticholinergic drug. The average rises in arterial pressure were similar in all three groups. Atropine administration led to a greater initial rise in heart rate before the induction of anaesthesia, although the average heart rates were similar in the three groups at the time of intubation and cuff inflation. The routine use of anticholinergic premedication seems to be unnecessary since the antisialogogue effect does not make any difference to the course of anaesthesia. However, if the antisialogogue action is important, glycopyrronium offers an advantage over atropine.", "PMID": 727412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11133", "title": "[Anaesthesia for neuroradiology. Results from a questionnaire sent to 208 hospital departments (author's transl)].", "content": "A questionnaire was sent to 208 hospital departments to gain information on (1) the type and number of neuroradiological investigations performed, [2] the anaesthetic techniques used for these procedures and (3) the type and size of the hospitals. Replies were received from 132 (=63.5%) departments. The most common investigation is cerebral angiography. Wide variations in the anaesthetic techniques were revealed, barbiturate induced halothane anaesthesia and neuroleptanalgesia being favoured by most anaesthetists. Pathophysiological aspects of the anaesthetic techniques are discussed.", "contents": "[Anaesthesia for neuroradiology. Results from a questionnaire sent to 208 hospital departments (author's transl)]. A questionnaire was sent to 208 hospital departments to gain information on (1) the type and number of neuroradiological investigations performed, [2] the anaesthetic techniques used for these procedures and (3) the type and size of the hospitals. Replies were received from 132 (=63.5%) departments. The most common investigation is cerebral angiography. Wide variations in the anaesthetic techniques were revealed, barbiturate induced halothane anaesthesia and neuroleptanalgesia being favoured by most anaesthetists. Pathophysiological aspects of the anaesthetic techniques are discussed.", "PMID": 727422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11134", "title": "The use of drawing.", "content": "A case is made for the use of plain drawing in communication between anaesthetists and patients, other doctors and administrators. Suggestions for the application of drawing to anaesthetic practice are made and notes on sending work for publications are provided.", "contents": "The use of drawing. A case is made for the use of plain drawing in communication between anaesthetists and patients, other doctors and administrators. Suggestions for the application of drawing to anaesthetic practice are made and notes on sending work for publications are provided.", "PMID": 727416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11135", "title": "[Effects of calcium gluconate and calcium chloride on cardiocirculatory parameters in man (author's transl)].", "content": "In 44 patients with congenital or acquired heart disease, functional class II--IV NYHAC, the effects of calcium gluconate (10 ml 10%) and calcium chloride (10 ml 5.5%) on hemodynamics, inotropy and myocardial oxygen consumption were investigated during and immediately after cardiosurgical procedures. There was a significant increase in blood pressure, left ventricular pressure, total systemic resistance, cardiac index, stroke index, peak dp/dt and myocardial oxygen consumption as well as in arterial perfusion pressure during extracorporeal circulation due to i.v.-injection of either one of the drugs. The positive inotropic effects were more pronounced after application of calcium chloride. In emergency situations during anaesthesia or resuscitation, therefore, calcium chloride seems to be of more advantage than calcium gluconate.", "contents": "[Effects of calcium gluconate and calcium chloride on cardiocirculatory parameters in man (author's transl)]. In 44 patients with congenital or acquired heart disease, functional class II--IV NYHAC, the effects of calcium gluconate (10 ml 10%) and calcium chloride (10 ml 5.5%) on hemodynamics, inotropy and myocardial oxygen consumption were investigated during and immediately after cardiosurgical procedures. There was a significant increase in blood pressure, left ventricular pressure, total systemic resistance, cardiac index, stroke index, peak dp/dt and myocardial oxygen consumption as well as in arterial perfusion pressure during extracorporeal circulation due to i.v.-injection of either one of the drugs. The positive inotropic effects were more pronounced after application of calcium chloride. In emergency situations during anaesthesia or resuscitation, therefore, calcium chloride seems to be of more advantage than calcium gluconate.", "PMID": 727423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11136", "title": "Anaesthetic aid for Africa.", "content": "The need for anaesthetic aid in Africa is discussed. The nature of an aid scheme which would be most likely to succeed is outlined, based particularly on successful schemes in the field of agriculture.", "contents": "Anaesthetic aid for Africa. The need for anaesthetic aid in Africa is discussed. The nature of an aid scheme which would be most likely to succeed is outlined, based particularly on successful schemes in the field of agriculture.", "PMID": 727417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11137", "title": "[The influence of sodiumnitroprusside on the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve in vitro (author's transl)].", "content": "Blood from 16 donors was incubated with 3 microgram sodiumnitroprusside (SNP)/ml blood and the PO2 for halfsaturation of haemoglobin at standard pH and temperature was measured. There was no significant shift of the oxygen dissociation curve. Erythrocyte 2, 3 DPG and met-Hb concentrations did not show significant differences between SNP-treated and control blood. Although the red cells and the haemoglobin are involved in the metabolism of SNP, in clinical doses SNP does not alter the oxygen affinity.", "contents": "[The influence of sodiumnitroprusside on the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve in vitro (author's transl)]. Blood from 16 donors was incubated with 3 microgram sodiumnitroprusside (SNP)/ml blood and the PO2 for halfsaturation of haemoglobin at standard pH and temperature was measured. There was no significant shift of the oxygen dissociation curve. Erythrocyte 2, 3 DPG and met-Hb concentrations did not show significant differences between SNP-treated and control blood. Although the red cells and the haemoglobin are involved in the metabolism of SNP, in clinical doses SNP does not alter the oxygen affinity.", "PMID": 727424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11138", "title": "Mobile resuscitation. A review of 200 calls attended by anaesthetists.", "content": "Evaluation of practice in a mobile resuscitation unit, staffed routinely by anaesthetists, over a 3 month period is described. Of 200 calls attended, the doctor was considered to have played a necessary role in sixty-seven, and in seven patients the doctor's attendance was considered to have contributed significantly to the patient's survival.", "contents": "Mobile resuscitation. A review of 200 calls attended by anaesthetists. Evaluation of practice in a mobile resuscitation unit, staffed routinely by anaesthetists, over a 3 month period is described. Of 200 calls attended, the doctor was considered to have played a necessary role in sixty-seven, and in seven patients the doctor's attendance was considered to have contributed significantly to the patient's survival.", "PMID": 727418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11139", "title": "Ocular interlimbic distance. A new method of monitoring muscle relaxation during anaesthesia.", "content": "Measurement of the ocular interlimbic distance (OILD) with a vernier caliper has proved a useful method of studying the reduction in muscle tone caused by general anaesthetic agents and non-depolarising muscle relaxants. The depolarising muscle relaxant, suxamethonium, has a special effect on the extraocular muscles which can be exploited to monitor the incremental use of this drug and to assist in the management of suxamethonium-apnoea in patients with atypical pseudocholinesterase.", "contents": "Ocular interlimbic distance. A new method of monitoring muscle relaxation during anaesthesia. Measurement of the ocular interlimbic distance (OILD) with a vernier caliper has proved a useful method of studying the reduction in muscle tone caused by general anaesthetic agents and non-depolarising muscle relaxants. The depolarising muscle relaxant, suxamethonium, has a special effect on the extraocular muscles which can be exploited to monitor the incremental use of this drug and to assist in the management of suxamethonium-apnoea in patients with atypical pseudocholinesterase.", "PMID": 727415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11140", "title": "[Sodiumnitroprusside in neurosurgery and intensive care of neurosurgical patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Sodium nitroprusside (Nipride) was used in 35 patients between 16 and 72 years for induced hypotension. The fast and dose-dependent effect on the smooth muscles of the vessels made it superior to other methods of lowering blood pressure. Sodium nitroprusside was used to achieve hypotension in 11 patients (group I) with an aneurysm of a cerebral vessel and in 16 patients (group II) with highly vascularized cerebral tumors. In 8 patients (group III) from the neurosurgical intensive care unit a hypertensive crisis was interrupted. 10 patients (group IV) without induced hypotension were used as controls to compare the action of our standardized method of anesthesia on the observed parameters of blood pressure lowering. The average dose of sodium nitroprusside was 2.74 mcg/kg/min. in group I, 1.77 mcg/kg/min in group II and 1.27 mcg/kg/min in group III. The initial blood pressure was lowered between 30--40% in the mean in all 3 groups. Careful monitoring of the intra-arterial blood pressure, the central venous pressure, the cerebral fluid pressure, the arterial blood gases and the function of the kidneys during and after induced hypotension with sodium nitroprusside made it possible to take advantage of the blood pressure lowering effect also in patients with increased intracranial pressure.", "contents": "[Sodiumnitroprusside in neurosurgery and intensive care of neurosurgical patients (author's transl)]. Sodium nitroprusside (Nipride) was used in 35 patients between 16 and 72 years for induced hypotension. The fast and dose-dependent effect on the smooth muscles of the vessels made it superior to other methods of lowering blood pressure. Sodium nitroprusside was used to achieve hypotension in 11 patients (group I) with an aneurysm of a cerebral vessel and in 16 patients (group II) with highly vascularized cerebral tumors. In 8 patients (group III) from the neurosurgical intensive care unit a hypertensive crisis was interrupted. 10 patients (group IV) without induced hypotension were used as controls to compare the action of our standardized method of anesthesia on the observed parameters of blood pressure lowering. The average dose of sodium nitroprusside was 2.74 mcg/kg/min. in group I, 1.77 mcg/kg/min in group II and 1.27 mcg/kg/min in group III. The initial blood pressure was lowered between 30--40% in the mean in all 3 groups. Careful monitoring of the intra-arterial blood pressure, the central venous pressure, the cerebral fluid pressure, the arterial blood gases and the function of the kidneys during and after induced hypotension with sodium nitroprusside made it possible to take advantage of the blood pressure lowering effect also in patients with increased intracranial pressure.", "PMID": 727425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11141", "title": "[Subjective complaints of out-patients after halothane or enflurane anaesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "In a prospective and randomized study, day-patients receiving halothane or enflurane-anaesthesia (n = 42 resp. 59) were  followed up by questionnaire to detect subjective complaints. There was no difference between the two anaesthetic agents. Despite the high incidence of complaints (88%), most of the patients would choose day-stay care (75%) and general anaesthesia (77%) again.", "contents": "[Subjective complaints of out-patients after halothane or enflurane anaesthesia (author's transl)]. In a prospective and randomized study, day-patients receiving halothane or enflurane-anaesthesia (n = 42 resp. 59) were  followed up by questionnaire to detect subjective complaints. There was no difference between the two anaesthetic agents. Despite the high incidence of complaints (88%), most of the patients would choose day-stay care (75%) and general anaesthesia (77%) again.", "PMID": 727426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11142", "title": "Routine pre-operative chest radiography. 1977 compared with 1955 at Peterborough District General Hospital.", "content": "Routine pre-operative chest X-rays have been taken for 22 years. There has been recent criticism of this investigation. 1000 such X-rays taken in 1977 are compared with the same number in 1955. It appears now that routine pre-operative chest X-rays are not necessary under 30 years of age but that they are essential over that age.", "contents": "Routine pre-operative chest radiography. 1977 compared with 1955 at Peterborough District General Hospital. Routine pre-operative chest X-rays have been taken for 22 years. There has been recent criticism of this investigation. 1000 such X-rays taken in 1977 are compared with the same number in 1955. It appears now that routine pre-operative chest X-rays are not necessary under 30 years of age but that they are essential over that age.", "PMID": 727420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11143", "title": "Measurement of patient dependency in the intensive care unit.", "content": "A simple method of evaluating actual patient dependency is presented and a suggestion made as to how this dependency can be correlated with nursing staff levels. It is proposed that each ICU work out the trends in its work load according to this system.", "contents": "Measurement of patient dependency in the intensive care unit. A simple method of evaluating actual patient dependency is presented and a suggestion made as to how this dependency can be correlated with nursing staff levels. It is proposed that each ICU work out the trends in its work load according to this system.", "PMID": 727419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11144", "title": "[Effects of tilidin and naloxone on pulmonary function (author's transl)].", "content": "The respiratory depressant effect of tilidine (valoron) was investigated in anaesthetized patients. One hundred mg of tilidine had a slight respiratory depressant effect which was without importance in awake subjects. The respiratory depression caused by tilidine could be antagonized by naloxone while the analgesic effect was maintained. This suggests a dissociation of the mechanisms responsible for the respiratory and the analgesic actions.", "contents": "[Effects of tilidin and naloxone on pulmonary function (author's transl)]. The respiratory depressant effect of tilidine (valoron) was investigated in anaesthetized patients. One hundred mg of tilidine had a slight respiratory depressant effect which was without importance in awake subjects. The respiratory depression caused by tilidine could be antagonized by naloxone while the analgesic effect was maintained. This suggests a dissociation of the mechanisms responsible for the respiratory and the analgesic actions.", "PMID": 727427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11145", "title": "Postoperative nausea and vomiting treated with domperidone (r 33812) an open and a double-blind study.", "content": "The effect of domperidone on postoperative nausea and vomiting was evaluated in two consecutive studies. Fifty-eight patients with postoperative nausea and vomiting were included in an open pilot study and 38 other patients in a double-blind trial. In the first study 4 mg of domperidone was found to be significantly superior to 2 mg, in controlling nausea and vomiting. In the double-blind trial, vomiting recurred significantly later in domperidone than in placebo-treated patients. Side-effects were not seen nor reported in either study.", "contents": "Postoperative nausea and vomiting treated with domperidone (r 33812) an open and a double-blind study. The effect of domperidone on postoperative nausea and vomiting was evaluated in two consecutive studies. Fifty-eight patients with postoperative nausea and vomiting were included in an open pilot study and 38 other patients in a double-blind trial. In the first study 4 mg of domperidone was found to be significantly superior to 2 mg, in controlling nausea and vomiting. In the double-blind trial, vomiting recurred significantly later in domperidone than in placebo-treated patients. Side-effects were not seen nor reported in either study.", "PMID": 727428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11146", "title": "[Vena cava superior thrombosis following placement of internal jugular vein catheter (author's transl)].", "content": "Internal jugular vein puncture is suggested to be the safest route for placement of central venous catheter. One advantage is the lack of ensuing thrombosis. However, the case described demonstrates the occurrence of this complication. A 72-year old female developed severe thrombosis of the vena cava superior 5 days after placement of an internal jugular vein catheter. Thrombectomy was successfully performed during extracorporal circulation.", "contents": "[Vena cava superior thrombosis following placement of internal jugular vein catheter (author's transl)]. Internal jugular vein puncture is suggested to be the safest route for placement of central venous catheter. One advantage is the lack of ensuing thrombosis. However, the case described demonstrates the occurrence of this complication. A 72-year old female developed severe thrombosis of the vena cava superior 5 days after placement of an internal jugular vein catheter. Thrombectomy was successfully performed during extracorporal circulation.", "PMID": 727429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11147", "title": "The anatomy of m. genioglossus in the 15-week human fetus.", "content": "The attachments, course, and interrelationships of M. genioglossus were examined in 28 fifteen-week human fetal specimens. Observations were made from histologic sections of the tongue cut in one of the three standard planes of section. The anterior-most genioglossal fibers insert near the tip of the tongue at the level of the anterior extent of the median septum. Within the central mass of the tongue, some fibers of this muscle characteristically decussate across midline, a limited number below the level of the septum and a considerably larger number above it. Posteriorly, a few of the most posterior and inferior fibers of M. genioglossus could be traced to an attachment on the thickened perichondrium on the superior edge of the hyoid anlage. In other respects, the disposition of genioglossal fibers at this stage of development resembles closely that description generally given for the adult structure.", "contents": "The anatomy of m. genioglossus in the 15-week human fetus. The attachments, course, and interrelationships of M. genioglossus were examined in 28 fifteen-week human fetal specimens. Observations were made from histologic sections of the tongue cut in one of the three standard planes of section. The anterior-most genioglossal fibers insert near the tip of the tongue at the level of the anterior extent of the median septum. Within the central mass of the tongue, some fibers of this muscle characteristically decussate across midline, a limited number below the level of the septum and a considerably larger number above it. Posteriorly, a few of the most posterior and inferior fibers of M. genioglossus could be traced to an attachment on the thickened perichondrium on the superior edge of the hyoid anlage. In other respects, the disposition of genioglossal fibers at this stage of development resembles closely that description generally given for the adult structure.", "PMID": 727518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11148", "title": "Hepatic parenchyma, biliary ducts and gall bladder forming potency in the hepatic primordium in the quail embryo.", "content": "Differentiation potency of the hepatic primordium isolated from 21- to 35-somite stage quail embryos was examined by the transplantation in the coelomic cavity of the chick embryo. The hepatic primordium differentiates into hepatic parenchyma, intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts, and gall bladder. The hepatic parenchyma and two types of biliary ducts can differentiate from any fragment of the hepatic primordium divided at craniocaudal or proximodistal levels, while the gall bladder develops mainly from the proximal area of the primordium. These results indicate that the presumptive areas of hepatic parenchyma and biliary ducts are not arranged in a mosaic way in the young primordium, whereas the presumptive area of the gall bladder is restricted. Isolated hepatic primordial endoderm was found to differentiate to the epithelia of the hepatic parenchyma, bile ducts, and gall bladder under the influence of heterologous mesenchyme.", "contents": "Hepatic parenchyma, biliary ducts and gall bladder forming potency in the hepatic primordium in the quail embryo. Differentiation potency of the hepatic primordium isolated from 21- to 35-somite stage quail embryos was examined by the transplantation in the coelomic cavity of the chick embryo. The hepatic primordium differentiates into hepatic parenchyma, intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts, and gall bladder. The hepatic parenchyma and two types of biliary ducts can differentiate from any fragment of the hepatic primordium divided at craniocaudal or proximodistal levels, while the gall bladder develops mainly from the proximal area of the primordium. These results indicate that the presumptive areas of hepatic parenchyma and biliary ducts are not arranged in a mosaic way in the young primordium, whereas the presumptive area of the gall bladder is restricted. Isolated hepatic primordial endoderm was found to differentiate to the epithelia of the hepatic parenchyma, bile ducts, and gall bladder under the influence of heterologous mesenchyme.", "PMID": 727519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11149", "title": "Topogenesis of the anterior intestinal port. Microkinematographic investigations on chick embryos.", "content": "Morphogenetic movements of the anterior intestinal port of in vitro growing chick embryos were recorded in stages 5--12 by means of microkinematography. Anterior intestinal port moves between stages 7 and 12 by 1.02 mm caudally, while the cranial end of the head migrates by 0.45 mm cranially. Rate of descensus, which is high during stages 7--9, decreases continually, approaching 0 in stage 12. The results are discussed in connection with the formation of intestinal port and of foregut.", "contents": "Topogenesis of the anterior intestinal port. Microkinematographic investigations on chick embryos. Morphogenetic movements of the anterior intestinal port of in vitro growing chick embryos were recorded in stages 5--12 by means of microkinematography. Anterior intestinal port moves between stages 7 and 12 by 1.02 mm caudally, while the cranial end of the head migrates by 0.45 mm cranially. Rate of descensus, which is high during stages 7--9, decreases continually, approaching 0 in stage 12. The results are discussed in connection with the formation of intestinal port and of foregut.", "PMID": 727521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11150", "title": "Peculiar pattern of interkinetic nuclear migration in the newt Notophtalmus viridescens.", "content": "The distribution of mitotic figures was studied in the neuroepithelium of Notophtalmus viridescens embryos of stages 14, 16 and 18. On the average, 34% of the mitotic figures were counted near the neurocoele (here in described as zone 1), 10% were recorded in the outer portion of the epithelium (zone 3) and 56% were found between these two regions (zone 2). It is concluded that this neuroepithelium is the site of interkinetic nuclear migration although its pattern is peculiar when compared to what occurs in the chick embryo. Also, the analysis of one micron-thick serial sections showed that the neuroepithelium in Notophtalmus viridescens is pseudo-stratified throughout neurulation.", "contents": "Peculiar pattern of interkinetic nuclear migration in the newt Notophtalmus viridescens. The distribution of mitotic figures was studied in the neuroepithelium of Notophtalmus viridescens embryos of stages 14, 16 and 18. On the average, 34% of the mitotic figures were counted near the neurocoele (here in described as zone 1), 10% were recorded in the outer portion of the epithelium (zone 3) and 56% were found between these two regions (zone 2). It is concluded that this neuroepithelium is the site of interkinetic nuclear migration although its pattern is peculiar when compared to what occurs in the chick embryo. Also, the analysis of one micron-thick serial sections showed that the neuroepithelium in Notophtalmus viridescens is pseudo-stratified throughout neurulation.", "PMID": 727522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11151", "title": "Anatomy of the rabbit cecum.", "content": "The anatomy of the rabbit cecum was investigated using macroscopic dissections, vascular injections, dried total specimens, light microscopy, and scanning and electron microscopy. The morphology of the three portions of the cecum (ampulla coli, corpus ceci and appendix vermiformis) is described. For comparison, the proximal colon, ileum and sacculus rotundus were also investigated. The thickness of the different layers of the intestinal wall of each area was measured. The arterial supply and mesenteries of the cecum were also studied. The rabbit cecum represents structurally a highly developed organ.", "contents": "Anatomy of the rabbit cecum. The anatomy of the rabbit cecum was investigated using macroscopic dissections, vascular injections, dried total specimens, light microscopy, and scanning and electron microscopy. The morphology of the three portions of the cecum (ampulla coli, corpus ceci and appendix vermiformis) is described. For comparison, the proximal colon, ileum and sacculus rotundus were also investigated. The thickness of the different layers of the intestinal wall of each area was measured. The arterial supply and mesenteries of the cecum were also studied. The rabbit cecum represents structurally a highly developed organ.", "PMID": 727523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11152", "title": "Observations on the development of the human atrioventricular node and bundle.", "content": "This light microscopic study of the cardiac junctional tissues was based on 27 human embryos, fetuses and postnatal hearts. Evidence was presented that superficial and deep portions of the postnatal AV node were derived from two cellular primordia in the posterior wall of the common atrium at the 6-mm stage. The small right primordia was associated with the right venous valve and give rise to the loosely organized superficial AV node that extended posteriorly to the coronary sinus ostium. A larger left primordia formed the more compact deep subdivision of the AV node located against the anulus fibrosus. In most postnatal hearts the two subdivisions are partially or completely fused to form the adult AV node. Failure of the nodal primordia to fuse during cardiogenesis may result in two separate nodal cell aggregates above the anulus. The present observations provide a rational explanation for the two AV nodal masses described in the literature and an additional specimen that is illustrated in this communication. An AV bundle was first identified in a 13-mm embryo and appeared to be derived from large clear cells of the posterior AV canal. At 25 mm the bundle formed a broad band across the top of the IV septum and continued into both ventricles. At this stage multiple cell strands penetrated the endocardial cushion to connect the AV bundle to the two nodal primordia. Failure of normal fusion between the AV node primordia and AV bundle can result in a variety of junctional anomalies including congenital heart block.", "contents": "Observations on the development of the human atrioventricular node and bundle. This light microscopic study of the cardiac junctional tissues was based on 27 human embryos, fetuses and postnatal hearts. Evidence was presented that superficial and deep portions of the postnatal AV node were derived from two cellular primordia in the posterior wall of the common atrium at the 6-mm stage. The small right primordia was associated with the right venous valve and give rise to the loosely organized superficial AV node that extended posteriorly to the coronary sinus ostium. A larger left primordia formed the more compact deep subdivision of the AV node located against the anulus fibrosus. In most postnatal hearts the two subdivisions are partially or completely fused to form the adult AV node. Failure of the nodal primordia to fuse during cardiogenesis may result in two separate nodal cell aggregates above the anulus. The present observations provide a rational explanation for the two AV nodal masses described in the literature and an additional specimen that is illustrated in this communication. An AV bundle was first identified in a 13-mm embryo and appeared to be derived from large clear cells of the posterior AV canal. At 25 mm the bundle formed a broad band across the top of the IV septum and continued into both ventricles. At this stage multiple cell strands penetrated the endocardial cushion to connect the AV bundle to the two nodal primordia. Failure of normal fusion between the AV node primordia and AV bundle can result in a variety of junctional anomalies including congenital heart block.", "PMID": 727524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11153", "title": "Ultrastructure of the parotid gland of the nine-banded armadillo.", "content": "The parotid gland of the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) was examined by electron microscopy. In general, the ultrastructural morphology of this gland appears similar to that described in other species. The most unusual feature of the gland is that the secretory granules of the acinar cells contain a wide variety of substructures. These substructures range from a single dense core within a homogeneous matrix to a more complex cord-like network extending throughout the granule. It is suggested that this diversity of substructures is indicative of a maturation process of the secretory granules. The intercalated ducts are secretory. The myoepithelial cells are numerous, extend throughout the gland, and are associated with the striated ducts.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the parotid gland of the nine-banded armadillo. The parotid gland of the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) was examined by electron microscopy. In general, the ultrastructural morphology of this gland appears similar to that described in other species. The most unusual feature of the gland is that the secretory granules of the acinar cells contain a wide variety of substructures. These substructures range from a single dense core within a homogeneous matrix to a more complex cord-like network extending throughout the granule. It is suggested that this diversity of substructures is indicative of a maturation process of the secretory granules. The intercalated ducts are secretory. The myoepithelial cells are numerous, extend throughout the gland, and are associated with the striated ducts.", "PMID": 727525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11154", "title": "The influence of thyroid and testicular hormones on globule leucocytes in the rat duodenal crypt epithelium.", "content": "The globule leucocyte is a cell with a wide distribution in the digestive, respiratory, biliary, urinary and genital tract epithelia of homeotherms. It occurs in the crypts of the rat small intestine and within the epithelium on the villous bases but not on the remainder of the villi. A characteristic feature of this cell is the presence of acidophilic cytoplasmic granules, 0.5 to a few micrometers in diameter. The nucleus resembles that of intraepithelial intestinal lymphocytes. In this investigation, a quantitative study was made of the effect of thyroidectomy and/or castration on the number of globule leucocytes in the duodenal crypts of immature and adult rats. In sham-operated rats, globule leucocytes were rare, occurring with a frequency of 1 or 2 per 1,000 epithelial cells. After thyroidectomy, they increased to 14--20 per 1,000 epithelial cells. Castration did not influence the number of globule leucocytes but resulted in an increase in the number, size and acidophilia of their cytoplasmic granules. In immature rats, but not in adults, castration combined with thyroidectomy enhanced the effect of thyroidectomy, increasing globule leucocyte number to 32 per 1,000 epithelial cells. Treatment of thyroidectomized-castrates with thyroxine, initiated 38 days after operation, reduced the crypt globule leucocyte population to normal, whereas treatment with testosterone did not. Growth hormone failed to influence the elevated number of globule leucocytes in thyroidectomized rats, suggesting that this action of thyroxine was not mediated via an influence on growth hormone release. Because of their similar nuclear morphology, intraepithelial crypt lymphocytes were also counted and there was no obvious relationship in the fluctuations of these two cell populations. It is suggested that the greater number of crypt globule leucocytes in thyroid deficiency may reflect changes in the intestinal secretory immunoglobulin system and this is being investigated, beginning with a study of the distribution of IgE.", "contents": "The influence of thyroid and testicular hormones on globule leucocytes in the rat duodenal crypt epithelium. The globule leucocyte is a cell with a wide distribution in the digestive, respiratory, biliary, urinary and genital tract epithelia of homeotherms. It occurs in the crypts of the rat small intestine and within the epithelium on the villous bases but not on the remainder of the villi. A characteristic feature of this cell is the presence of acidophilic cytoplasmic granules, 0.5 to a few micrometers in diameter. The nucleus resembles that of intraepithelial intestinal lymphocytes. In this investigation, a quantitative study was made of the effect of thyroidectomy and/or castration on the number of globule leucocytes in the duodenal crypts of immature and adult rats. In sham-operated rats, globule leucocytes were rare, occurring with a frequency of 1 or 2 per 1,000 epithelial cells. After thyroidectomy, they increased to 14--20 per 1,000 epithelial cells. Castration did not influence the number of globule leucocytes but resulted in an increase in the number, size and acidophilia of their cytoplasmic granules. In immature rats, but not in adults, castration combined with thyroidectomy enhanced the effect of thyroidectomy, increasing globule leucocyte number to 32 per 1,000 epithelial cells. Treatment of thyroidectomized-castrates with thyroxine, initiated 38 days after operation, reduced the crypt globule leucocyte population to normal, whereas treatment with testosterone did not. Growth hormone failed to influence the elevated number of globule leucocytes in thyroidectomized rats, suggesting that this action of thyroxine was not mediated via an influence on growth hormone release. Because of their similar nuclear morphology, intraepithelial crypt lymphocytes were also counted and there was no obvious relationship in the fluctuations of these two cell populations. It is suggested that the greater number of crypt globule leucocytes in thyroid deficiency may reflect changes in the intestinal secretory immunoglobulin system and this is being investigated, beginning with a study of the distribution of IgE.", "PMID": 727526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11155", "title": "Surface morphology of bone marrow lymphocytes. I. Scanning electron microscopy of small lymphocytes bone marrow and spleen.", "content": "Cell separation techniques and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the surface morphology of small lymphocytes in mouse bone marrow. Lymphocyte-rich fractions and unfractionated suspensions of bone marrow and spleen cells from 9--10-week-old C3H male mice were glutaraldehyde-fixed, syringed onto gelatin-coated silver membranes, dehydrated in ethanol, infiltrated with amyl acetate, critical point dried, coated with gold-palladium and examined by SEM. High proportions of cells were retained on the membranes. Purified spleen small lymphocytes showed unimodal distribution curves for cell diameter (mode, 3.4 micrometer) and for number of surface microvilli (mode, 55--60). Bone marrow small lymphocytes were identified initially in lymphocyte-rich marrow fractions and in erythroblast-depleted marrow from polycythemic mice as well as in normal whole marrow. The cells resembled spleen small lymphocytes in size distribution and they showed microvilli. However, the number of visible microvilli was lower on small lymphocytes in the bone marrow (mode, 35--40) than in the spleen. While in each small lymphocyte population the total number of microvilli was greater on larger cells than on smaller ones, the density of microvilli per unit area of cell surface tended to decrease with increasing cell size. The results establish that the small lymphocytes in mouse bone marrow, mainly locally-produced immature cells, have villous surfaces, but the number of microvilli per unit cell surface area is less than that on peripheral small lymphocytes, as seen in the spleen. Neither in the bone marrow nor in the spleen are subpopulations of small lymphocytes distinguishable solely by numbers of microvilli. The findings suggest that microvilli on bone marrow small lymphocytes may undergo further development during post-mitotic maturation, surface receptor expression and migration of the cells to peripheral lymphoid tissues.", "contents": "Surface morphology of bone marrow lymphocytes. I. Scanning electron microscopy of small lymphocytes bone marrow and spleen. Cell separation techniques and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the surface morphology of small lymphocytes in mouse bone marrow. Lymphocyte-rich fractions and unfractionated suspensions of bone marrow and spleen cells from 9--10-week-old C3H male mice were glutaraldehyde-fixed, syringed onto gelatin-coated silver membranes, dehydrated in ethanol, infiltrated with amyl acetate, critical point dried, coated with gold-palladium and examined by SEM. High proportions of cells were retained on the membranes. Purified spleen small lymphocytes showed unimodal distribution curves for cell diameter (mode, 3.4 micrometer) and for number of surface microvilli (mode, 55--60). Bone marrow small lymphocytes were identified initially in lymphocyte-rich marrow fractions and in erythroblast-depleted marrow from polycythemic mice as well as in normal whole marrow. The cells resembled spleen small lymphocytes in size distribution and they showed microvilli. However, the number of visible microvilli was lower on small lymphocytes in the bone marrow (mode, 35--40) than in the spleen. While in each small lymphocyte population the total number of microvilli was greater on larger cells than on smaller ones, the density of microvilli per unit area of cell surface tended to decrease with increasing cell size. The results establish that the small lymphocytes in mouse bone marrow, mainly locally-produced immature cells, have villous surfaces, but the number of microvilli per unit cell surface area is less than that on peripheral small lymphocytes, as seen in the spleen. Neither in the bone marrow nor in the spleen are subpopulations of small lymphocytes distinguishable solely by numbers of microvilli. The findings suggest that microvilli on bone marrow small lymphocytes may undergo further development during post-mitotic maturation, surface receptor expression and migration of the cells to peripheral lymphoid tissues.", "PMID": 727527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11156", "title": "Supraependymal neurons overlying the periventricular region of the third ventricle of the guinea pig: a correlative scanning--transmission electron microscopic study.", "content": "The frequency of occurrence, distribution and morphology of supraependymal neurons associated with the third ventricular wall of the guinea pig were investigated by correlative scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Each of the specimens was located on the ciliated ventricular wall between the inferior border of the thalamus and the non-ciliated ependyma associated with the median eminence. Prominent clusters of neuronal perikaria in association with massive process bundles were observed in 7 of the 31 specimens examined. In those specimens lacking prominent neuronal networks a more diffuse array of independent nerve fibers was sometimes seen on the ependymal surface. Neuronal perikaria exhibited numerous surface protrusions and were covered by a rich meshwork of crisscrossing, varicosed fibers. Many of these cells were associated with multiple processes of varying diameters and lengths which either coursed independently over the ventricular surface or formed fasciculated bundles. As process bundles traversed the ependymal surface, individual processes branched off and either terminated within the ventricular lumen or penetrated the subjacent ependymal lining. Fibers also made contact with adjacent supraependymal neuronal elements. Correlative transmission electron microscopic observations indicate that both the perikaria and processes of such supraependymal networks possess ultrastructural features characteristic of neurons. The morphological characteristics of the intraventricular neuronal networks suggest that they may be engaged in functional interactions with the cerebrospinal fluid, with adjacent supraependymal neuronal elements and with the subjacent neuropil.", "contents": "Supraependymal neurons overlying the periventricular region of the third ventricle of the guinea pig: a correlative scanning--transmission electron microscopic study. The frequency of occurrence, distribution and morphology of supraependymal neurons associated with the third ventricular wall of the guinea pig were investigated by correlative scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Each of the specimens was located on the ciliated ventricular wall between the inferior border of the thalamus and the non-ciliated ependyma associated with the median eminence. Prominent clusters of neuronal perikaria in association with massive process bundles were observed in 7 of the 31 specimens examined. In those specimens lacking prominent neuronal networks a more diffuse array of independent nerve fibers was sometimes seen on the ependymal surface. Neuronal perikaria exhibited numerous surface protrusions and were covered by a rich meshwork of crisscrossing, varicosed fibers. Many of these cells were associated with multiple processes of varying diameters and lengths which either coursed independently over the ventricular surface or formed fasciculated bundles. As process bundles traversed the ependymal surface, individual processes branched off and either terminated within the ventricular lumen or penetrated the subjacent ependymal lining. Fibers also made contact with adjacent supraependymal neuronal elements. Correlative transmission electron microscopic observations indicate that both the perikaria and processes of such supraependymal networks possess ultrastructural features characteristic of neurons. The morphological characteristics of the intraventricular neuronal networks suggest that they may be engaged in functional interactions with the cerebrospinal fluid, with adjacent supraependymal neuronal elements and with the subjacent neuropil.", "PMID": 727528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11157", "title": "Identification of neuro-epithelial bodies in rabbit fetal lungs by scanning electron microscopy: a correlative light, transmission and scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "In the present study, neuro-epithelial bodies (NEB) were identified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) within the bronchial epithelium of near-term rabbit fetuses. The surface features and topography of NEB were correlated by light and transmission electron microscopy. In SEM, the surfaces of NEB were easily visualized in smaller peripheral airways because of paucity of ciliated cells in these regions. The NEB formed crater-like pits, which were lined with microvilli and had smooth-surfaced nonciliated cells around the rim. Stereo-pair photographs revealed that the latter cells protruded above adjacent bronchiolar mucosa. The SEM also revealed that NEB were preferentially located near or at bronchiolar bifurcations. This is the first report of the three-dimensional structure of pulmonary NEB. Their direct contact with the airway lumen, as well as their strategic location in bronchiolar mucosa, support the suggestion that they are intrapulmonary receptors and help to regulate air-flow in peripheral airways.", "contents": "Identification of neuro-epithelial bodies in rabbit fetal lungs by scanning electron microscopy: a correlative light, transmission and scanning electron microscopic study. In the present study, neuro-epithelial bodies (NEB) were identified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) within the bronchial epithelium of near-term rabbit fetuses. The surface features and topography of NEB were correlated by light and transmission electron microscopy. In SEM, the surfaces of NEB were easily visualized in smaller peripheral airways because of paucity of ciliated cells in these regions. The NEB formed crater-like pits, which were lined with microvilli and had smooth-surfaced nonciliated cells around the rim. Stereo-pair photographs revealed that the latter cells protruded above adjacent bronchiolar mucosa. The SEM also revealed that NEB were preferentially located near or at bronchiolar bifurcations. This is the first report of the three-dimensional structure of pulmonary NEB. Their direct contact with the airway lumen, as well as their strategic location in bronchiolar mucosa, support the suggestion that they are intrapulmonary receptors and help to regulate air-flow in peripheral airways.", "PMID": 727529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11158", "title": "Preventable anesthesia mishaps: a study of human factors.", "content": "A modified critical-incident analysis technique was used in a retrospective examination of the characteristics of human error and equipment failure in anesthetic practice. The objective was to uncover patterns of frequently occurring incidents that are in need of careful prospective investigation. Forty-seven interviews were conducted with staff and resident anesthesiologists at one urban teaching institution, and descriptions of 359 preventable incidents were obtained. Twenty-three categories of details from these descriptions were subjected to computer-aided analysis for trends and patterns. Most of the preventable incidents involved human error (82 per cent), with breathing-circuit disconnections, inadvertent changes in gas flow, and drug-syringe errors being frequent problems. Overt equipment failures constituted only 14 per cent of the total number of preventable incidents, but equipment design was indictable in many categories of human error, as were inadequate experience and insufficient familiarity with equipment or with the specific surgical procedure. Other factors frequently associated with incidents were inadequate communication among personnel, haste or lack of precaution, and distraction. Results from multi-hospital studies based on the methodology developed could be used for more objective determination of priorities and planning of specific investments for decreasing the risk associated with anesthesia.", "contents": "Preventable anesthesia mishaps: a study of human factors. A modified critical-incident analysis technique was used in a retrospective examination of the characteristics of human error and equipment failure in anesthetic practice. The objective was to uncover patterns of frequently occurring incidents that are in need of careful prospective investigation. Forty-seven interviews were conducted with staff and resident anesthesiologists at one urban teaching institution, and descriptions of 359 preventable incidents were obtained. Twenty-three categories of details from these descriptions were subjected to computer-aided analysis for trends and patterns. Most of the preventable incidents involved human error (82 per cent), with breathing-circuit disconnections, inadvertent changes in gas flow, and drug-syringe errors being frequent problems. Overt equipment failures constituted only 14 per cent of the total number of preventable incidents, but equipment design was indictable in many categories of human error, as were inadequate experience and insufficient familiarity with equipment or with the specific surgical procedure. Other factors frequently associated with incidents were inadequate communication among personnel, haste or lack of precaution, and distraction. Results from multi-hospital studies based on the methodology developed could be used for more objective determination of priorities and planning of specific investments for decreasing the risk associated with anesthesia.", "PMID": 727541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11159", "title": "Behavioral effects of trace and subanesthetic halothane and nitrous oxide in man.", "content": "Using tests of complex reaction time and of immediate recall (digit span), the authors could not demonstrate that trace concentrations of halothane (to 0.02 per cent, or 200 parts per million) or halothane plus nitrous oxide (0.002 per cent plus 0.05 per cent, respectively) or nitrous oxide alone (0.4 per cent) affected mental function of male volunteers. However, subanesthetic concentrations of both nitrous oxide (20 to 30 per cent) and halothane (0.2 per cent) did impair mental function.", "contents": "Behavioral effects of trace and subanesthetic halothane and nitrous oxide in man. Using tests of complex reaction time and of immediate recall (digit span), the authors could not demonstrate that trace concentrations of halothane (to 0.02 per cent, or 200 parts per million) or halothane plus nitrous oxide (0.002 per cent plus 0.05 per cent, respectively) or nitrous oxide alone (0.4 per cent) affected mental function of male volunteers. However, subanesthetic concentrations of both nitrous oxide (20 to 30 per cent) and halothane (0.2 per cent) did impair mental function.", "PMID": 727544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11160", "title": "[Protozoa of small mammals in the Neusiedlersee region].", "content": "During the years 1975 and 1976, 169 mammals (26 species) were investigated for their parasites. It was possible to recognise 33 different species of protozoans, belonging to the following genera: Trypanosoma, Giardia, Hexamita, Entamoeba, Eimeria, Isospora, Toxoplasma Frenkelia, Hepatozoon, Babesia, Balantidium, Pneumocytis, Grahamella, Eperythrozoon.--Epidemiology and eventual pathogenic effects are briefly discussed.", "contents": "[Protozoa of small mammals in the Neusiedlersee region]. During the years 1975 and 1976, 169 mammals (26 species) were investigated for their parasites. It was possible to recognise 33 different species of protozoans, belonging to the following genera: Trypanosoma, Giardia, Hexamita, Entamoeba, Eimeria, Isospora, Toxoplasma Frenkelia, Hepatozoon, Babesia, Balantidium, Pneumocytis, Grahamella, Eperythrozoon.--Epidemiology and eventual pathogenic effects are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 727554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11161", "title": "Ultrastructure of some cutaneous sense organs in Dermacentor marginatus nymphs.", "content": "The fine structure of the integumentary glands and mechanoreceptory setae in Dermacentor marginatus nymphs is described. The integumentary gland is localized in the epidermal layer and secretory products pass through the duct lumen and two cuticular lips to the surface. Ultrastructure of cuticular cavity represents triangular form with lateral folds. The mechanoreceptor setae are composed of glandular cells localized in the epidermal layer and cuticular setae movably articulated to the cuticle by means of a compact fibrillar ring around the base.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of some cutaneous sense organs in Dermacentor marginatus nymphs. The fine structure of the integumentary glands and mechanoreceptory setae in Dermacentor marginatus nymphs is described. The integumentary gland is localized in the epidermal layer and secretory products pass through the duct lumen and two cuticular lips to the surface. Ultrastructure of cuticular cavity represents triangular form with lateral folds. The mechanoreceptor setae are composed of glandular cells localized in the epidermal layer and cuticular setae movably articulated to the cuticle by means of a compact fibrillar ring around the base.", "PMID": 727555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11162", "title": "Two new species of trypanosomes from Indian fresh water fishes. II.", "content": "Two new trypanosomes, viz. Trypanosoma anabasi sp. nov. from Anabas testudineus (Bl.) and T. cancili sp. nov. from Xenentodon cancila (Ham.) are described from India. Both of them are monomorphic. The former is provided with a prominent undulating membrane as well as a long and well differentiated flagellum but the latter has a less defined undulating membrane with a small and extremely weak flagellum.", "contents": "Two new species of trypanosomes from Indian fresh water fishes. II. Two new trypanosomes, viz. Trypanosoma anabasi sp. nov. from Anabas testudineus (Bl.) and T. cancili sp. nov. from Xenentodon cancila (Ham.) are described from India. Both of them are monomorphic. The former is provided with a prominent undulating membrane as well as a long and well differentiated flagellum but the latter has a less defined undulating membrane with a small and extremely weak flagellum.", "PMID": 727556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11163", "title": "[Structure of the larval integument of goat gadflies].", "content": "The structure and development of the integument of Przhevalskiana silenus during the different larval stages are described. The endocuticule of the 1st instar larvae is closely indented with the hypodermis. The indentation is not strong in 2nd-instar larvae and disappears in the third-instar completely. Thin plasmatic strings pass through the endocuticule of the 1st and 2nd-instar larvae. In the 3rd-instar larvae many canals are found in the endocuticule, which probably are pore-canals as described in investigations of other authors. These canals allow transport of substances from inside to outside and vice versa. The cuticular surface of the 2nd-instar larvae shows characteristic spines which might be an additional help for fixing in the hosts tissue during the stationary stages. These spines are missing on migrating larvae.", "contents": "[Structure of the larval integument of goat gadflies]. The structure and development of the integument of Przhevalskiana silenus during the different larval stages are described. The endocuticule of the 1st instar larvae is closely indented with the hypodermis. The indentation is not strong in 2nd-instar larvae and disappears in the third-instar completely. Thin plasmatic strings pass through the endocuticule of the 1st and 2nd-instar larvae. In the 3rd-instar larvae many canals are found in the endocuticule, which probably are pore-canals as described in investigations of other authors. These canals allow transport of substances from inside to outside and vice versa. The cuticular surface of the 2nd-instar larvae shows characteristic spines which might be an additional help for fixing in the hosts tissue during the stationary stages. These spines are missing on migrating larvae.", "PMID": 727557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11164", "title": "[List of trematodes of the GDR].", "content": "Short systematic-ecographical documentation of the trematode species hitherto found in the territory of the German Democratic Republic and the adjacent region of the Baltic Sea as a systematic list (alphabetically arranged after classes, orders, families, genera and species). Information on the synonyms important for the territory treated, on the cycle (limnical, marine, terrestrial; host categories, host groups), on the host species recorded for the territory, on the district of findings, on the literature referring to the findings, and on the wrong determinations so far recognized. There are 269 recorded species (177 with or presumably with a limnical, 59 with a marine, and 25 with a terrestrial cycle within the territory).", "contents": "[List of trematodes of the GDR]. Short systematic-ecographical documentation of the trematode species hitherto found in the territory of the German Democratic Republic and the adjacent region of the Baltic Sea as a systematic list (alphabetically arranged after classes, orders, families, genera and species). Information on the synonyms important for the territory treated, on the cycle (limnical, marine, terrestrial; host categories, host groups), on the host species recorded for the territory, on the district of findings, on the literature referring to the findings, and on the wrong determinations so far recognized. There are 269 recorded species (177 with or presumably with a limnical, 59 with a marine, and 25 with a terrestrial cycle within the territory).", "PMID": 727558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11165", "title": "A simplified method for evaluating peripheral arterial occlusive disease in a clinical vascular laboratory.", "content": "A relatively simple, inexpensive, and accurate procedure for the vascular laboratory evaluation of patients with suspected peripheral arterial occlusive disease is described. This method was evaluated in a series of 110 limbs in 58 patients seen in the Vascular Laboratory at the Worcester City Hospital. All patients were evaluated clinically and angiographically as well, to provide additional standards for evaluation. The method described was 100% accurate in predicting the presence or absence of significant occlusive disease, and over 90% accurate in defining the location of the major occlusive process. The method utilizes a combination of two well-established measurements--ankle systolic pressure and ankle pulse wave amplitude--as a screening method for determining the presence or absence of significant occlusive disease. Only patients with abnormal findings are tested further, resulting in a considerable savings in time and expense in the clinical vascular laboratory. The method may also prove valuable for following patients with known vascular disease for evidence of progression and for evaluating the effectiveness of various reconstructive procedures. Other methods and instruments may be adapted utilizing the same general principles.", "contents": "A simplified method for evaluating peripheral arterial occlusive disease in a clinical vascular laboratory. A relatively simple, inexpensive, and accurate procedure for the vascular laboratory evaluation of patients with suspected peripheral arterial occlusive disease is described. This method was evaluated in a series of 110 limbs in 58 patients seen in the Vascular Laboratory at the Worcester City Hospital. All patients were evaluated clinically and angiographically as well, to provide additional standards for evaluation. The method described was 100% accurate in predicting the presence or absence of significant occlusive disease, and over 90% accurate in defining the location of the major occlusive process. The method utilizes a combination of two well-established measurements--ankle systolic pressure and ankle pulse wave amplitude--as a screening method for determining the presence or absence of significant occlusive disease. Only patients with abnormal findings are tested further, resulting in a considerable savings in time and expense in the clinical vascular laboratory. The method may also prove valuable for following patients with known vascular disease for evidence of progression and for evaluating the effectiveness of various reconstructive procedures. Other methods and instruments may be adapted utilizing the same general principles.", "PMID": 727560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11166", "title": "Premature hair graying: a probable coronary risk factor.", "content": "Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking are known coronary risk factors. It has been our impression that premature graying of the hair also predisposes individuals to myocardial infarctions. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated all of the patients under the age of 50 who were admitted to the coronary care unit between 1974 and 1976 with a proven diagnosis of a myocardial infarction. There were 50 patients. Thirty-eight did not have premature graying. Twelve of the male patients (24%) had virtual total graying of the hair which made them appear older than their stated age. The graying in these patients started on the average at 29 years. Five of these patients state that other family members had premature hair graying. The incidence of diabetes, hypertension, and smoking was similar in those with and without premature hair graying. This preliminary study suggests that premature graying of the hair is associated with premature cardiovascular disease. It should probably be regarded as a coronary risk factor and used to identify patients at increased risk.", "contents": "Premature hair graying: a probable coronary risk factor. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking are known coronary risk factors. It has been our impression that premature graying of the hair also predisposes individuals to myocardial infarctions. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated all of the patients under the age of 50 who were admitted to the coronary care unit between 1974 and 1976 with a proven diagnosis of a myocardial infarction. There were 50 patients. Thirty-eight did not have premature graying. Twelve of the male patients (24%) had virtual total graying of the hair which made them appear older than their stated age. The graying in these patients started on the average at 29 years. Five of these patients state that other family members had premature hair graying. The incidence of diabetes, hypertension, and smoking was similar in those with and without premature hair graying. This preliminary study suggests that premature graying of the hair is associated with premature cardiovascular disease. It should probably be regarded as a coronary risk factor and used to identify patients at increased risk.", "PMID": 727561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11167", "title": "Assessing opacification and flow rates of contrast media in neonate and pediatric cardiac catheterization.", "content": "The accuracy and advantages of determining the flow rates of opaque media in catheters used in the infant and pediatric age group is essential in obtaining proper opacification with minimum toxicity to the patient. Flow rates expressed as cubic centimeters per second and grams of iodine per second were determined by using representative standard pediatric catheters in various sizes and lengths. Three representative opaque medias were used to determine these findings. Although present-day injector pumps are frequently calibrated in delivery rates, they cannot be applied directly to the cardiac catheters usually used with infants and small children.", "contents": "Assessing opacification and flow rates of contrast media in neonate and pediatric cardiac catheterization. The accuracy and advantages of determining the flow rates of opaque media in catheters used in the infant and pediatric age group is essential in obtaining proper opacification with minimum toxicity to the patient. Flow rates expressed as cubic centimeters per second and grams of iodine per second were determined by using representative standard pediatric catheters in various sizes and lengths. Three representative opaque medias were used to determine these findings. Although present-day injector pumps are frequently calibrated in delivery rates, they cannot be applied directly to the cardiac catheters usually used with infants and small children.", "PMID": 727562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11168", "title": "Treatment of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism by streptokinase.", "content": "We applied the standard treatment with streptokinase to 52 cases of deep venous thrombosis and 35 cases pulmonary embolism. Angiography demonstrated total lysis of the clot 22 times, partial lysis 42 times, and no lysis 23 times. The absence of lysis was more frequent in venous clots than in pulmonary clots. Early treatment was more effective, achieving complete lysis in 21 of 22 cases. Nevertheless, in deep venous thrombosis, late treatment can result in partial lysis and set an important venous junction free. With the standard treatment, the biologic controls showed good lysis in 75% of the cases, insufficient lysis in 15%, and no lysis in 10%. The extent of the thrombosis is an important point. The clot was totally lysed in 9 of 10 cases of localized deep venous thrombosis. In patients with pulmonary embolism, about 30% of the obstructed surface is cleared. Nevertheless, in such cases we must take into consideration not only the nonperfused pulmonary area, but also the venous starting point of the clot.", "contents": "Treatment of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism by streptokinase. We applied the standard treatment with streptokinase to 52 cases of deep venous thrombosis and 35 cases pulmonary embolism. Angiography demonstrated total lysis of the clot 22 times, partial lysis 42 times, and no lysis 23 times. The absence of lysis was more frequent in venous clots than in pulmonary clots. Early treatment was more effective, achieving complete lysis in 21 of 22 cases. Nevertheless, in deep venous thrombosis, late treatment can result in partial lysis and set an important venous junction free. With the standard treatment, the biologic controls showed good lysis in 75% of the cases, insufficient lysis in 15%, and no lysis in 10%. The extent of the thrombosis is an important point. The clot was totally lysed in 9 of 10 cases of localized deep venous thrombosis. In patients with pulmonary embolism, about 30% of the obstructed surface is cleared. Nevertheless, in such cases we must take into consideration not only the nonperfused pulmonary area, but also the venous starting point of the clot.", "PMID": 727563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11169", "title": "Conservative treatment of stasis ulcer of the lower limbs.", "content": "Our conservative method of treating stasis ulcers of the leg, which is based on counteracting causal factors, was tested in 100 patients. Ninety-one percent of the ulcers healed within 12 months of treatment, and 71% within 6 months. No recurrences have been reported, although the follow-up is still only short-term. Because of these results, we think surgical treatment of stasis ulcers should be undertaken only when the conservative method fails. If surgery is to be done, it should consist of excision and ligation of varices and incompetent perforators, in order to eliminate recurrences.", "contents": "Conservative treatment of stasis ulcer of the lower limbs. Our conservative method of treating stasis ulcers of the leg, which is based on counteracting causal factors, was tested in 100 patients. Ninety-one percent of the ulcers healed within 12 months of treatment, and 71% within 6 months. No recurrences have been reported, although the follow-up is still only short-term. Because of these results, we think surgical treatment of stasis ulcers should be undertaken only when the conservative method fails. If surgery is to be done, it should consist of excision and ligation of varices and incompetent perforators, in order to eliminate recurrences.", "PMID": 727564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11170", "title": "Right bundle branch block with periods of alternating left anterior and left posterior hemiblock. Clinical evidence of incomplete fascicular block.", "content": "The case presented had an electrocardiographic pattern of complete right bundle branch block with alternating periods of left anterior hemiblock and left posterior hemiblock. During one of the periods of alternating hemiblock, an His bundle electrogram was recorded and the His Purkinje (H-V interval) conduction time was within normal limits. In a second episode of alternating hemoblock, periods of Mobitz type II second-degree A-V block were noted. It is postulated that this case provides clinical evidence that incomplete block of a fascicle may occur in spite of an electrocardiographic pattern of complete fascicular block. It is thought that the periods of alternating hemiblock result from a changing relationship between conduction velocity and refractory period.", "contents": "Right bundle branch block with periods of alternating left anterior and left posterior hemiblock. Clinical evidence of incomplete fascicular block. The case presented had an electrocardiographic pattern of complete right bundle branch block with alternating periods of left anterior hemiblock and left posterior hemiblock. During one of the periods of alternating hemiblock, an His bundle electrogram was recorded and the His Purkinje (H-V interval) conduction time was within normal limits. In a second episode of alternating hemoblock, periods of Mobitz type II second-degree A-V block were noted. It is postulated that this case provides clinical evidence that incomplete block of a fascicle may occur in spite of an electrocardiographic pattern of complete fascicular block. It is thought that the periods of alternating hemiblock result from a changing relationship between conduction velocity and refractory period.", "PMID": 727567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11171", "title": "Serum theophylline concentrations in asthmatic children.", "content": "Serum theophylline concentrations measured in 25 asthmatic children for whom continual therapy had been prescribed were found to exceed 8 mcg/ml more often in those receiving sustained-release theophylline preparations than those receiving short-acting theophylline preparations.", "contents": "Serum theophylline concentrations in asthmatic children. Serum theophylline concentrations measured in 25 asthmatic children for whom continual therapy had been prescribed were found to exceed 8 mcg/ml more often in those receiving sustained-release theophylline preparations than those receiving short-acting theophylline preparations.", "PMID": 727568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11172", "title": "Biorhythm theory and asthma.", "content": "The hypothesis that bronchial asthma might follow a biorhythmic pattern was tested in 25 asthmatics with moderate to severe obstruction who completed daily diaries of respiratory symptoms and medication use. Biorhythm cycles (for 23-, 28- and 33-day periods) were calculated. Analysis of scores of medication use or respiratory symptomatology failed to demonstrate any relationship between asthma and biorhythm cycles or any other periodicity.", "contents": "Biorhythm theory and asthma. The hypothesis that bronchial asthma might follow a biorhythmic pattern was tested in 25 asthmatics with moderate to severe obstruction who completed daily diaries of respiratory symptoms and medication use. Biorhythm cycles (for 23-, 28- and 33-day periods) were calculated. Analysis of scores of medication use or respiratory symptomatology failed to demonstrate any relationship between asthma and biorhythm cycles or any other periodicity.", "PMID": 727569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11173", "title": "Acute theophylline intoxication. Biphasic first order elimination kinetics in a child.", "content": "An acute theophylline intoxication in a child is reported. It was characterized by two distinct first-order elimination processes with t1/2 = 12.6 hr (ke = 0.056 hr-1) and t1/2 = 5.4 hr (ke = 0.128 hr1), respectively. It is proposed that the slower process, which was seen at high plasma levels, represents renal plus saturated hepatic elimination. The later, more rapid process seen at therapeutic plasma levels is consistent with hepatic elimination by biotransformation.", "contents": "Acute theophylline intoxication. Biphasic first order elimination kinetics in a child. An acute theophylline intoxication in a child is reported. It was characterized by two distinct first-order elimination processes with t1/2 = 12.6 hr (ke = 0.056 hr-1) and t1/2 = 5.4 hr (ke = 0.128 hr1), respectively. It is proposed that the slower process, which was seen at high plasma levels, represents renal plus saturated hepatic elimination. The later, more rapid process seen at therapeutic plasma levels is consistent with hepatic elimination by biotransformation.", "PMID": 727570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11174", "title": "Corticosteroids for asthma during pregnancy.", "content": "This is a retrospective evaluation of 36 pregnant patients who required corticosteroids for control of their asthma. In view of the lack of maternal or infant abnormalities it is felt that corticosteroids should not be withheld from pregnant patients when required.", "contents": "Corticosteroids for asthma during pregnancy. This is a retrospective evaluation of 36 pregnant patients who required corticosteroids for control of their asthma. In view of the lack of maternal or infant abnormalities it is felt that corticosteroids should not be withheld from pregnant patients when required.", "PMID": 727571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11175", "title": "Pulmonary function values in healthy Holstein-Friesian calves.", "content": "Repeated pulmonary function testing was performed on six 4- to 6-week-old resting, nonanesthetized Holstein-Friesian calves (av weight 59 kg). Under study conditions, PaO2, PaCO2 and pH were 73.3 mm of Hg, 41.2 mm of Hg, and 7.42, respectively. Mean ventilatory values for the group were: minute ventilation, 13.1 L/min/m2., and respiratory rate, 27.3 breaths/minute. Measurements of pulmonary mechanics were performed while animals breathed spontaneously through a pneumotachygraph. Intrapleural pressure was estimated, using an esophageal balloon-catheter. Total pulmonary resistance was 3.1 cm of H2O/L/sec and dynamic pulmonary compliance was 0.15 L/cm of H2O. These values have not been reported previously in the calf but agreed well with predicted values derived from comparative studies in other species. Efficiency of intrapulmonary gas mixing was estimated, using a N2 washout technique, and results agreed favorably with values previously reported in the dog.", "contents": "Pulmonary function values in healthy Holstein-Friesian calves. Repeated pulmonary function testing was performed on six 4- to 6-week-old resting, nonanesthetized Holstein-Friesian calves (av weight 59 kg). Under study conditions, PaO2, PaCO2 and pH were 73.3 mm of Hg, 41.2 mm of Hg, and 7.42, respectively. Mean ventilatory values for the group were: minute ventilation, 13.1 L/min/m2., and respiratory rate, 27.3 breaths/minute. Measurements of pulmonary mechanics were performed while animals breathed spontaneously through a pneumotachygraph. Intrapleural pressure was estimated, using an esophageal balloon-catheter. Total pulmonary resistance was 3.1 cm of H2O/L/sec and dynamic pulmonary compliance was 0.15 L/cm of H2O. These values have not been reported previously in the calf but agreed well with predicted values derived from comparative studies in other species. Efficiency of intrapulmonary gas mixing was estimated, using a N2 washout technique, and results agreed favorably with values previously reported in the dog.", "PMID": 727574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11176", "title": "Pathophysiologic studies of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in the Holstein-Friesian calf.", "content": "Pulmonary function changes in 6 Holstein-Friesian calves, 4 to 8 weeks of age, were studied for 10 to 11 days following experimental inoculation with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus. Calves had no demonstrable antibody titer against IBR virus before inoculation, and all calves responded to the virus by postinoculation day 3 with high fever (greater than 40.6 C) and rapid, shallow breathing. Analysis of blood gases demonstrated a progressive rise in PaCO2 but no change in PaO2. Acid-base state remained normal. Tidal volume decreased with time; conversely, minute ventilation functional residual capacity, O2 consumption, and CO2 production increased. Alveolar ventilation failed to increase as much as predicted. Studies of respiratory mechanics showed a progressive increased in total pulmonary resistance but without change in dynamic pulmonary compliance. A steady-state N2 washout test was used with these calves, and results suggested impairment of intrapulmonary gas mixing as the disease progressed. Microbiologic, pathologic, and histopathologic analyses were consistent with the picture of acute IBR. This study demonstrated our ability to measure pulmonary function changes in nonanesthetized large animals suffering from respiratory tract disease. We characterized the pathophysiologic features of acute IBR infection in the bovine species as an obstructive lung disease resulting in increased resistance to breathing, retention of CO2, and increased resting lung volume.", "contents": "Pathophysiologic studies of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in the Holstein-Friesian calf. Pulmonary function changes in 6 Holstein-Friesian calves, 4 to 8 weeks of age, were studied for 10 to 11 days following experimental inoculation with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus. Calves had no demonstrable antibody titer against IBR virus before inoculation, and all calves responded to the virus by postinoculation day 3 with high fever (greater than 40.6 C) and rapid, shallow breathing. Analysis of blood gases demonstrated a progressive rise in PaCO2 but no change in PaO2. Acid-base state remained normal. Tidal volume decreased with time; conversely, minute ventilation functional residual capacity, O2 consumption, and CO2 production increased. Alveolar ventilation failed to increase as much as predicted. Studies of respiratory mechanics showed a progressive increased in total pulmonary resistance but without change in dynamic pulmonary compliance. A steady-state N2 washout test was used with these calves, and results suggested impairment of intrapulmonary gas mixing as the disease progressed. Microbiologic, pathologic, and histopathologic analyses were consistent with the picture of acute IBR. This study demonstrated our ability to measure pulmonary function changes in nonanesthetized large animals suffering from respiratory tract disease. We characterized the pathophysiologic features of acute IBR infection in the bovine species as an obstructive lung disease resulting in increased resistance to breathing, retention of CO2, and increased resting lung volume.", "PMID": 727575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11177", "title": "Serum levels of conglutinin, complement, and immunoconglutinin in cattle infected with Anaplasma marginale.", "content": "Sera from 10 splenectomized yearling cattle given massive doses of Anaplasma marginale (peracute cases) were assayed for conglutinin and complement. Sera from 5 nonsplenectomized yearling cattle given smaller doses (acute cases) were assayed for conglutinin, immunoconglutinin, and complement. In the peracute cases, conglutinating activity disappeared within 6 days after the cattle inoculated. In the acute cases, conglutining began to disappear at 3 weeks after inoculation and had disappeared at peak parasitemia at 4 weeks. Conglutinin returned by 7 weeks after inoculation. In the same acute cases, immunoconglutinain appeared at 6 weeks after inoculation and then slowly disappeared. The complement levels in the peracute and acute cases did not change appreciably.", "contents": "Serum levels of conglutinin, complement, and immunoconglutinin in cattle infected with Anaplasma marginale. Sera from 10 splenectomized yearling cattle given massive doses of Anaplasma marginale (peracute cases) were assayed for conglutinin and complement. Sera from 5 nonsplenectomized yearling cattle given smaller doses (acute cases) were assayed for conglutinin, immunoconglutinin, and complement. In the peracute cases, conglutinating activity disappeared within 6 days after the cattle inoculated. In the acute cases, conglutining began to disappear at 3 weeks after inoculation and had disappeared at peak parasitemia at 4 weeks. Conglutinin returned by 7 weeks after inoculation. In the same acute cases, immunoconglutinain appeared at 6 weeks after inoculation and then slowly disappeared. The complement levels in the peracute and acute cases did not change appreciably.", "PMID": 727576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11178", "title": "Acclimation of young calves to high temperatures: physiologic responses.", "content": "Four 2- to 3-month-old male Bos taurus calves kept in an ambient environment of 18.3 C and 50% relative humidity for a week were then exposed to 40.5 C and 50% relative humidity atmosphere in a climatic chamber for short-term (2 weeks) acclimation. The exposure time was 12 hours each day. Their respiratory rate, skin temperature, and rectal temperature rose sharply on the 1st day of exposure and then gradually declined with continued exposure. The heart rate, on the ohter hand, declined with successive days of exposure. A gradual increase in sweating rates of calves was observed after the 2nd day of exposure. Most of the  acclimation in these physiologic measurements was completed in the first 9 to 10 days of exposure and it was concluded that young calves have a well-developed power of acclimation to high temperature", "contents": "Acclimation of young calves to high temperatures: physiologic responses. Four 2- to 3-month-old male Bos taurus calves kept in an ambient environment of 18.3 C and 50% relative humidity for a week were then exposed to 40.5 C and 50% relative humidity atmosphere in a climatic chamber for short-term (2 weeks) acclimation. The exposure time was 12 hours each day. Their respiratory rate, skin temperature, and rectal temperature rose sharply on the 1st day of exposure and then gradually declined with continued exposure. The heart rate, on the ohter hand, declined with successive days of exposure. A gradual increase in sweating rates of calves was observed after the 2nd day of exposure. Most of the  acclimation in these physiologic measurements was completed in the first 9 to 10 days of exposure and it was concluded that young calves have a well-developed power of acclimation to high temperature", "PMID": 727577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11179", "title": "Acclimation of young calves to high temperatures: composition of blood and skin secretions.", "content": "Total nitrogen and sodium and potassium contents of blood serum and of skin secretions were measured in four 2- to 3-month-old male Bos taurus calves subjected to a 2-week acclimation process in a climatic chamber at 40.5 C, 50% relative humidity, 12 hours each day. Secretions from the skin were absorbed in filter papers that were the used for analysis of sodium, potassium, and total nitrogen. Significant change in serum sodium, potassium, or nitrogen was not observed. A significant (P less than 0.01) rise in the nitrogen content of skin secretions was observed on the 1st day of exposure and continued throughout the entire exposure period. Similarly, there was a significant (P less than 0.01) increase in the content of sodium and potassium in skin secretions. The secretions contained about 2 times more potassium than sodium.", "contents": "Acclimation of young calves to high temperatures: composition of blood and skin secretions. Total nitrogen and sodium and potassium contents of blood serum and of skin secretions were measured in four 2- to 3-month-old male Bos taurus calves subjected to a 2-week acclimation process in a climatic chamber at 40.5 C, 50% relative humidity, 12 hours each day. Secretions from the skin were absorbed in filter papers that were the used for analysis of sodium, potassium, and total nitrogen. Significant change in serum sodium, potassium, or nitrogen was not observed. A significant (P less than 0.01) rise in the nitrogen content of skin secretions was observed on the 1st day of exposure and continued throughout the entire exposure period. Similarly, there was a significant (P less than 0.01) increase in the content of sodium and potassium in skin secretions. The secretions contained about 2 times more potassium than sodium.", "PMID": 727578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11180", "title": "Anthelmintic activity of albendazole against Filaroides hirthi lungworms in dogs.", "content": "Albendazole given at a dosage rate of 25 to 50 mg/kg twice daily for 5 days killed all but a small proportion and sterilized the few surviving Filaroides hirthi worms in artificially infected Beagle pups. Extensive tissue reaction around the dead worms persisted for an undetermined length of time. However, albendazole treatment of mature stock should prove useful in preventing transmission of F hirthi infection to their offspring and thus provide an efficient means of control.", "contents": "Anthelmintic activity of albendazole against Filaroides hirthi lungworms in dogs. Albendazole given at a dosage rate of 25 to 50 mg/kg twice daily for 5 days killed all but a small proportion and sterilized the few surviving Filaroides hirthi worms in artificially infected Beagle pups. Extensive tissue reaction around the dead worms persisted for an undetermined length of time. However, albendazole treatment of mature stock should prove useful in preventing transmission of F hirthi infection to their offspring and thus provide an efficient means of control.", "PMID": 727579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11181", "title": "Dexamethasone treatment during hemorrhagic shock: blood pressure, tissue perfusion, and plasma enzymes.", "content": "In a study to determine beneficial effects of dexamethazone (5 mg/kg) during hemorrhagic shock, perfusion (as measured by radioactive microspheres) and plasma enzymes were measured. Hemorrhagic shock (mean arterial blood pressure, MABP, of 50 mm of Hg) was induced in dogs and then the dogs were isolated from the shed-blood reservoir and were allowed to compensate their MABP. Hemodynamic changes, tissue perfusion, and plasma enzymes were measured at different intervals of time in nontreated and dexamethasone-treated dogs. Beneficial effects were increased MABP, improved blood flow to the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys, and less cell damage as indicated by amounts of plasma enzymes released from damaged tissues. These effects favor the maintenance of the homeostatic state and, in turn, a greater chance for survival of the dog.", "contents": "Dexamethasone treatment during hemorrhagic shock: blood pressure, tissue perfusion, and plasma enzymes. In a study to determine beneficial effects of dexamethazone (5 mg/kg) during hemorrhagic shock, perfusion (as measured by radioactive microspheres) and plasma enzymes were measured. Hemorrhagic shock (mean arterial blood pressure, MABP, of 50 mm of Hg) was induced in dogs and then the dogs were isolated from the shed-blood reservoir and were allowed to compensate their MABP. Hemodynamic changes, tissue perfusion, and plasma enzymes were measured at different intervals of time in nontreated and dexamethasone-treated dogs. Beneficial effects were increased MABP, improved blood flow to the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys, and less cell damage as indicated by amounts of plasma enzymes released from damaged tissues. These effects favor the maintenance of the homeostatic state and, in turn, a greater chance for survival of the dog.", "PMID": 727581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11182", "title": "Humoral immune response of dogs vaccinated with leptospiral pentavalent outer envelope and whole culture vaccines.", "content": "The humoral immune response of dogs vaccinated with leptospiral pentavalent outer envelope and whole culture vaccines was monitored with the microscopic agglutination (MA) test and leptospiricidal activity (LA) test for a 2-year period. The leptospiral serovars in the vaccines was canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae, grippotyphosa, pomona, and hardjo. The LA test was markedly more sensitive than the MA test for detecting anti-Leptospira antibodies and was least noticeable with anti-pomona antibodies. Both Igm and IgG were produced in similar amounts in the vaccinated dogs, and both classes of immunoglobulins were reactive in the MA and LA tests. The IgM class of antibodies was slightly more reactive in the MA test, whereas IgG antibodies were somewhat more reactive in the LA test. A direct correlation between protective antibodies, as determined by the hamster passive-protection test, and antibodies reactive in the MA and LA tests was observed.", "contents": "Humoral immune response of dogs vaccinated with leptospiral pentavalent outer envelope and whole culture vaccines. The humoral immune response of dogs vaccinated with leptospiral pentavalent outer envelope and whole culture vaccines was monitored with the microscopic agglutination (MA) test and leptospiricidal activity (LA) test for a 2-year period. The leptospiral serovars in the vaccines was canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae, grippotyphosa, pomona, and hardjo. The LA test was markedly more sensitive than the MA test for detecting anti-Leptospira antibodies and was least noticeable with anti-pomona antibodies. Both Igm and IgG were produced in similar amounts in the vaccinated dogs, and both classes of immunoglobulins were reactive in the MA and LA tests. The IgM class of antibodies was slightly more reactive in the MA test, whereas IgG antibodies were somewhat more reactive in the LA test. A direct correlation between protective antibodies, as determined by the hamster passive-protection test, and antibodies reactive in the MA and LA tests was observed.", "PMID": 727583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11183", "title": "Dexamethasone treatment during hemorrhagic shock: effects independent of increased blood pressure.", "content": "Effects of dexamethasone (5 mg/kg of body weight) on organ blood flow, enzyme release, and hemodynamics were studied in dogs with hemorrhagic shock to determine if the consequences observed were due to increased mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) or intrinsic effects of dexamethasone. Hemorrhage was induced in anesthetized dogs until the MABP was 50 mm of Hg and then the dogs were treated with dexamethasone or an equal volume of saline solution. Dogs remained connected to the blood reservoir during the entire experiment and MABP was maintained at 50 mm of Hg in the treated and control groups of dogs. Beneficial actions of dexamethasone treatment independent of increased MABP were observed. Increased survival rate, differential blood flow to some organs, and less tissue damage occurred as a result of dexamethasone treatment and were independent of increased MABP.", "contents": "Dexamethasone treatment during hemorrhagic shock: effects independent of increased blood pressure. Effects of dexamethasone (5 mg/kg of body weight) on organ blood flow, enzyme release, and hemodynamics were studied in dogs with hemorrhagic shock to determine if the consequences observed were due to increased mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) or intrinsic effects of dexamethasone. Hemorrhage was induced in anesthetized dogs until the MABP was 50 mm of Hg and then the dogs were treated with dexamethasone or an equal volume of saline solution. Dogs remained connected to the blood reservoir during the entire experiment and MABP was maintained at 50 mm of Hg in the treated and control groups of dogs. Beneficial actions of dexamethasone treatment independent of increased MABP were observed. Increased survival rate, differential blood flow to some organs, and less tissue damage occurred as a result of dexamethasone treatment and were independent of increased MABP.", "PMID": 727582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11184", "title": "Effects of mibolerone on conception, pregnancy, parturition, and offspring in the Beagle.", "content": "Mibolerone was administered to Beagle bitches at dose levels of 20 or 60 microgram/day, starting 1,3, or 6 days after the 1st breeding and continuing until the offspring were weaned. Adverse effects on conception, pregnancy, or parturition were not observed in the treated bitches. Female offspring were masculinized. There were no gross effects on the male offspring.", "contents": "Effects of mibolerone on conception, pregnancy, parturition, and offspring in the Beagle. Mibolerone was administered to Beagle bitches at dose levels of 20 or 60 microgram/day, starting 1,3, or 6 days after the 1st breeding and continuing until the offspring were weaned. Adverse effects on conception, pregnancy, or parturition were not observed in the treated bitches. Female offspring were masculinized. There were no gross effects on the male offspring.", "PMID": 727584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11185", "title": "Metabolic and cellular profile testing in calves under feedlot conditions: minerals, electrolytes, and biochemical components--reference values.", "content": "Blood serum samples were obtained from 114 crossbred calves on a feed trial under feedlot conditions at the end of a 56-day feeding period. Average values for 19 blood components were determined. The effects of the 3 trial rations and 2 electrolyte treatments were analyzed. Except for inorganic phosphates, urea nitrogen, cholesterol, glucose, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase most mean values were similar to those in dairy cattle. Urea nitrogen values differed significantly (P less than 0.05) in animals fed different rations apparently reflecting the crude protein content of each ration. The mean values presented can be used as base-line data for comparison with other similar studies or with values from  diseased animals.", "contents": "Metabolic and cellular profile testing in calves under feedlot conditions: minerals, electrolytes, and biochemical components--reference values. Blood serum samples were obtained from 114 crossbred calves on a feed trial under feedlot conditions at the end of a 56-day feeding period. Average values for 19 blood components were determined. The effects of the 3 trial rations and 2 electrolyte treatments were analyzed. Except for inorganic phosphates, urea nitrogen, cholesterol, glucose, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase most mean values were similar to those in dairy cattle. Urea nitrogen values differed significantly (P less than 0.05) in animals fed different rations apparently reflecting the crude protein content of each ration. The mean values presented can be used as base-line data for comparison with other similar studies or with values from  diseased animals.", "PMID": 727585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11186", "title": "Metabolic and cellular profile testing in calves under feedlot conditions: minerals, electrolytes and biochemical components--changes over time in feedlot.", "content": "The concentration of 19 mineral, electrolyte, and biochemical components in blood serum of 114 calves under feedlot conditions were measured or calculated over a 58-day period (2 days before and 56 days during a feed trail). The purpose was to evaluate the variability in the concentration of these components over time. The blood was collected on 7 sampling dates and analyzed on the day following sampling. Generally, the serum concentrations of the components that were measured varied considerably over the first 3 weeks of the feeding period and then had a tendency to level off during the 2nd part of that period.", "contents": "Metabolic and cellular profile testing in calves under feedlot conditions: minerals, electrolytes and biochemical components--changes over time in feedlot. The concentration of 19 mineral, electrolyte, and biochemical components in blood serum of 114 calves under feedlot conditions were measured or calculated over a 58-day period (2 days before and 56 days during a feed trail). The purpose was to evaluate the variability in the concentration of these components over time. The blood was collected on 7 sampling dates and analyzed on the day following sampling. Generally, the serum concentrations of the components that were measured varied considerably over the first 3 weeks of the feeding period and then had a tendency to level off during the 2nd part of that period.", "PMID": 727586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11187", "title": "Metabolic and cellular profile testing in calves uncer feedlot conditions: blood cellular components--reference values and changes over time in feedlot.", "content": "The cellular components of the blood of 114 calves were measured under feedlot conditions. The results suggest that certain cellular components of the blood of a group of crossbred feedlot-type calves which are homogeneous only with regard to weight are reasonably uniform. More specifically, all red blood cell components have coefficients of variation of less than 10%. The white blood cell counts underwent drastic changes over the first 2 sampling dates, ie, before and after transport and processing of the calves. Later, in the feeding period, the cell counts readjusted to more stable levels. The results were compared with such values obtained from dairy cattle. The total erythrocyte count, total leukocyte count, and red blood cell components were found to be slightly higher in these feedlot calves than in dairy cattle. The difference might partly be due to age. The mean values reported can be used as a base for comparison with values obtained from other such studies or from studies of disease processes in cattle under feedlot conditions (or both).", "contents": "Metabolic and cellular profile testing in calves uncer feedlot conditions: blood cellular components--reference values and changes over time in feedlot. The cellular components of the blood of 114 calves were measured under feedlot conditions. The results suggest that certain cellular components of the blood of a group of crossbred feedlot-type calves which are homogeneous only with regard to weight are reasonably uniform. More specifically, all red blood cell components have coefficients of variation of less than 10%. The white blood cell counts underwent drastic changes over the first 2 sampling dates, ie, before and after transport and processing of the calves. Later, in the feeding period, the cell counts readjusted to more stable levels. The results were compared with such values obtained from dairy cattle. The total erythrocyte count, total leukocyte count, and red blood cell components were found to be slightly higher in these feedlot calves than in dairy cattle. The difference might partly be due to age. The mean values reported can be used as a base for comparison with values obtained from other such studies or from studies of disease processes in cattle under feedlot conditions (or both).", "PMID": 727587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11188", "title": "Metabolic and cellular profile testing in calves under feedlot conditions: protein fractions and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes--reference values.", "content": "Serum protein and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzyme values were determined for frozen serum samples from crossbred yearling feedlot cattle on feed for 56 days. The mean percentage values for serum protein components from 114 samples were: albumin, 46.5; alpha-globulin, 10.4; beta-globulin, 18.7; gamma-globulin, 23.8. For LDH isoenzymes, they were: LDH1, 36.5; LDH2, 24.7; LDH3, 16.9; LDH4, 12.0; LDH5, 9.1. These values are compared with values from dairy cattle.", "contents": "Metabolic and cellular profile testing in calves under feedlot conditions: protein fractions and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes--reference values. Serum protein and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzyme values were determined for frozen serum samples from crossbred yearling feedlot cattle on feed for 56 days. The mean percentage values for serum protein components from 114 samples were: albumin, 46.5; alpha-globulin, 10.4; beta-globulin, 18.7; gamma-globulin, 23.8. For LDH isoenzymes, they were: LDH1, 36.5; LDH2, 24.7; LDH3, 16.9; LDH4, 12.0; LDH5, 9.1. These values are compared with values from dairy cattle.", "PMID": 727588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11189", "title": "Efficacy of droncit against Echinococcus granulosus infection in dogs.", "content": "A study was made on 120 dogs to evaluate the effectiveness of droncit against Echinococcus granulous infection. The drug was administered orally in tablet form at dose rates of 1.25, 2.5, 5.0,and 10.0 mg/kg of body weight against immature stages of the parasite and at a dose rate of 5.0 mg/kg against gravid worms. Droncit was found to be 100% effective against both immature and gravid worms at the dose rate of 5.0 mg/kg. Adverse reactions were not observed in the treated dogs, and no risk was involved in administering the drug. The use of droncit in hydatidosis control programs in discussed.", "contents": "Efficacy of droncit against Echinococcus granulosus infection in dogs. A study was made on 120 dogs to evaluate the effectiveness of droncit against Echinococcus granulous infection. The drug was administered orally in tablet form at dose rates of 1.25, 2.5, 5.0,and 10.0 mg/kg of body weight against immature stages of the parasite and at a dose rate of 5.0 mg/kg against gravid worms. Droncit was found to be 100% effective against both immature and gravid worms at the dose rate of 5.0 mg/kg. Adverse reactions were not observed in the treated dogs, and no risk was involved in administering the drug. The use of droncit in hydatidosis control programs in discussed.", "PMID": 727589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11190", "title": "Centric fusion of autosomal chromosomes in a bitch and offspring.", "content": "A fertile Golden Retriever cross had a chromosome number of 77, with 3 large metacentric chromosomes representing the 2 X chromosomes and a centric fusion of 2 autosomes. The known reproductive history of the bitch included litters of 6, 5, 13, and 10 pups during 4 consecutive estrous cycles. A total of 16 pups and their sire were located and karyotyped. The sire and 9 of the pups were of normal karyotype. Seven of the 16 pups were found to be carriers of the translocation. The translocation was determined to be a fusion of chromosomes 13 and 17, utilizing G-banding techniques. Although centric fusion has been reported in dogs with congenital disease, the dogs in the present study were not phenotypically unique or abnormal.", "contents": "Centric fusion of autosomal chromosomes in a bitch and offspring. A fertile Golden Retriever cross had a chromosome number of 77, with 3 large metacentric chromosomes representing the 2 X chromosomes and a centric fusion of 2 autosomes. The known reproductive history of the bitch included litters of 6, 5, 13, and 10 pups during 4 consecutive estrous cycles. A total of 16 pups and their sire were located and karyotyped. The sire and 9 of the pups were of normal karyotype. Seven of the 16 pups were found to be carriers of the translocation. The translocation was determined to be a fusion of chromosomes 13 and 17, utilizing G-banding techniques. Although centric fusion has been reported in dogs with congenital disease, the dogs in the present study were not phenotypically unique or abnormal.", "PMID": 727590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11191", "title": "Haemonchus contortus infections in Targhee and Targhee-Barbados Black-Belly cross lambs.", "content": "Targhee and Targhee-Barbados Black-Belly cross lambs that were raised helminth-free were experimentally infected with 10,000 or 25,000 infective larvae of Haemonchus contortus. There were no significant (P = less than 0.05) differences in results of weight gain, packed cell volumes, numbers of eggs per gram of feces, or numbers of helminths between the 2 groups of lambs.", "contents": "Haemonchus contortus infections in Targhee and Targhee-Barbados Black-Belly cross lambs. Targhee and Targhee-Barbados Black-Belly cross lambs that were raised helminth-free were experimentally infected with 10,000 or 25,000 infective larvae of Haemonchus contortus. There were no significant (P = less than 0.05) differences in results of weight gain, packed cell volumes, numbers of eggs per gram of feces, or numbers of helminths between the 2 groups of lambs.", "PMID": 727591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11192", "title": "Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) and Toxoplasma gondii among dairy goats in California.", "content": "The prevalence of antibodies against Coxiella burnetii and Toxoplasma gondii, the causative agents of Q fever and toxoplasmosis, was examined in goats to determine the extent of the potential of goats to tansfer these infections to persons. Of 1,054 goats from 234 premises in California, 248 goats (24%) were seropositive for C burnetii and 246 (23%) were seropositive for T gondii. Of 29 dairy goats tested, 2 (7%) were found to be shedding the Q fever rickettsia in their milk; T gondii was not detected. Factors of sex, age, location, and herd size are discussed.", "contents": "Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) and Toxoplasma gondii among dairy goats in California. The prevalence of antibodies against Coxiella burnetii and Toxoplasma gondii, the causative agents of Q fever and toxoplasmosis, was examined in goats to determine the extent of the potential of goats to tansfer these infections to persons. Of 1,054 goats from 234 premises in California, 248 goats (24%) were seropositive for C burnetii and 246 (23%) were seropositive for T gondii. Of 29 dairy goats tested, 2 (7%) were found to be shedding the Q fever rickettsia in their milk; T gondii was not detected. Factors of sex, age, location, and herd size are discussed.", "PMID": 727592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11193", "title": "Plasma volume and extracellular fluid volume in horses at rest and following exercise.", "content": "Plasma volume and extracellular fluid volume were determined in horses at rest and immediately after a standardized exercise test. Exercising during training demonstrated no detectable effect on plasma or extracellular fluid volume determinations when compared with resting values. An explanation of this finding and an argument for the proper analysis of plasma and extravascular fluid volumes are presented.", "contents": "Plasma volume and extracellular fluid volume in horses at rest and following exercise. Plasma volume and extracellular fluid volume were determined in horses at rest and immediately after a standardized exercise test. Exercising during training demonstrated no detectable effect on plasma or extracellular fluid volume determinations when compared with resting values. An explanation of this finding and an argument for the proper analysis of plasma and extravascular fluid volumes are presented.", "PMID": 727593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11194", "title": "[Mortality by burns in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The mortality rate among 1,490 children, aged zero to fourteen years, hospitalized in the Burns Unit of Departament of Plastic Surgery in Ciudad Sanitaria de la Seguridad Social de Sevilla is studied. Analysis determined death probabilities for each case according to percentage of burned surface and age, and also LD50 in different age groups. The mortality analysis showed lethal factors related with primary care and evacuation, responsible for a decrease in survival probabilities of the children. Children with severe burns must be hospitalized in special units, which must have a high level of training in hydroelectrolitics disturbances and surgical management of this type of patients, who require homo or xenografts frequently.", "contents": "[Mortality by burns in children (author's transl)]. The mortality rate among 1,490 children, aged zero to fourteen years, hospitalized in the Burns Unit of Departament of Plastic Surgery in Ciudad Sanitaria de la Seguridad Social de Sevilla is studied. Analysis determined death probabilities for each case according to percentage of burned surface and age, and also LD50 in different age groups. The mortality analysis showed lethal factors related with primary care and evacuation, responsible for a decrease in survival probabilities of the children. Children with severe burns must be hospitalized in special units, which must have a high level of training in hydroelectrolitics disturbances and surgical management of this type of patients, who require homo or xenografts frequently.", "PMID": 727598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11195", "title": "[Child drawings and psychological problems in paediatrics hospitalization (author's transl)].", "content": "Consulting in child psychology in collaboration with the pediatric hospital service, gave way to a growing interest to learn and take in consideration psychological problems of children. Six drawings by children are presented about subjects of hospitalization and in which the physician takes on a familiar psychological value that goes beyond the diagnosis and somatic treatment. The affective states which children show in their drawings when they are hospitalized and the work of the physician are discussed. Some psychoprophylactic means are suggested for hospitalization, surgical operations and serious somatic illnesses that can lead to a premature death. The child's biography and what the physician can observe in his family visits, are basic elements in the psychosomatic approach. The drawing gives elements about the internal state of the child in the hospital atmosphere and preliminary indications on individual psychotherapy treatment.", "contents": "[Child drawings and psychological problems in paediatrics hospitalization (author's transl)]. Consulting in child psychology in collaboration with the pediatric hospital service, gave way to a growing interest to learn and take in consideration psychological problems of children. Six drawings by children are presented about subjects of hospitalization and in which the physician takes on a familiar psychological value that goes beyond the diagnosis and somatic treatment. The affective states which children show in their drawings when they are hospitalized and the work of the physician are discussed. Some psychoprophylactic means are suggested for hospitalization, surgical operations and serious somatic illnesses that can lead to a premature death. The child's biography and what the physician can observe in his family visits, are basic elements in the psychosomatic approach. The drawing gives elements about the internal state of the child in the hospital atmosphere and preliminary indications on individual psychotherapy treatment.", "PMID": 727599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11196", "title": "[Bartter's syndrome. Pathophysiology in three cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The primary pathologic defect in Bartter's syndrome is unknown. Three patients have been studied. In two of them, with normal intra-erythrocite sodium concentration, authors prove the existence of an impaired proximal tubular sodium reabsorption. In the last case, with a high intra-erythrocite sodium concentration, this impaired sodium reabsorption was localized in the proximal and distal tubular portions.", "contents": "[Bartter's syndrome. Pathophysiology in three cases (author's transl)]. The primary pathologic defect in Bartter's syndrome is unknown. Three patients have been studied. In two of them, with normal intra-erythrocite sodium concentration, authors prove the existence of an impaired proximal tubular sodium reabsorption. In the last case, with a high intra-erythrocite sodium concentration, this impaired sodium reabsorption was localized in the proximal and distal tubular portions.", "PMID": 727600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11197", "title": "[Modifications of insulin and growth hormone after medium chain triglycerides ingestion (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors determined the variation of glucose, ketone bodies (KB), free fatty acids (FFA), insulin and growth hormone (HGH) in blood produced by the ingestion of 1.5 g./kg. of medium chain triglycerides (MCT) in 10 healthy children between 5 and 11 years. Blood values were determined starting 30 minutes before the MCT ingestion and at 30 minutes intervals until 120 minutes post ingestion and a final determination at 180 minutes. The glucose did not change. The KB were increased (p less than 0.01) from 30 to 120 minutes and the FFA from 90 (p less than 0.01) to 120 minutes (p less than 0.001) after ingestion. Insulin secretion was elevated between 30--90 minutes with a peak value at 60 minutes (p less than 0.001). HGH began to increase at 60 minutes, remaining elevated at the last determination at 180 minutes. The HGH basal value was 0.5 +/- 0.2 ng./ml.; began to increase at 60 minutes and reached the value of 3.9 +/- 1.06 ng./ml. and 4.8 +/- 2.04 ng./ml. at 90 and 120 minutes respectively (p less than 0.001). We do not know the origin of the HGH increase. The changes may explain FFA elevation and other metabolic actions of MCT. The glucose-insulin ratio showed that the hyperinsulinemia was not caused by an increased glucose level.", "contents": "[Modifications of insulin and growth hormone after medium chain triglycerides ingestion (author's transl)]. Authors determined the variation of glucose, ketone bodies (KB), free fatty acids (FFA), insulin and growth hormone (HGH) in blood produced by the ingestion of 1.5 g./kg. of medium chain triglycerides (MCT) in 10 healthy children between 5 and 11 years. Blood values were determined starting 30 minutes before the MCT ingestion and at 30 minutes intervals until 120 minutes post ingestion and a final determination at 180 minutes. The glucose did not change. The KB were increased (p less than 0.01) from 30 to 120 minutes and the FFA from 90 (p less than 0.01) to 120 minutes (p less than 0.001) after ingestion. Insulin secretion was elevated between 30--90 minutes with a peak value at 60 minutes (p less than 0.001). HGH began to increase at 60 minutes, remaining elevated at the last determination at 180 minutes. The HGH basal value was 0.5 +/- 0.2 ng./ml.; began to increase at 60 minutes and reached the value of 3.9 +/- 1.06 ng./ml. and 4.8 +/- 2.04 ng./ml. at 90 and 120 minutes respectively (p less than 0.001). We do not know the origin of the HGH increase. The changes may explain FFA elevation and other metabolic actions of MCT. The glucose-insulin ratio showed that the hyperinsulinemia was not caused by an increased glucose level.", "PMID": 727601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11198", "title": "[Fever of unknown origin in children (author's transl)].", "content": "A study has been made of 79 children from zero to seven years of age admitted to hospital with fever of unknown origin (F.U.O.) of more than two weeks duration. Children in whom fever was not clinically observed after one week of hospitalization are not included. In 50 cases (63.2%), it was possible to establish a definitive diagnosis within the first fornight of admission. The most frequent cause of fever was that of infection, found in 51 children (64.5%), tuberculosis and urinary infections predominating with ten cases each. In another ten children neoplastic disease was diagnosed (mostly leucosis), and there was colagenosis in seven cases (8.8%). In another seven children, the etiology was not established. Mortality rate was 7.5%. Clinical history and exploration were of main importance in the orientation of the diagnoses. The findings of this study suggest that in all children presenting F.U.O., apart from hospitalization of at least one week, a very thorough anamnesis and clinical exploration are most important in establishing the diagnosis, along with a more or less aggressive approach to the problem according to the findings.", "contents": "[Fever of unknown origin in children (author's transl)]. A study has been made of 79 children from zero to seven years of age admitted to hospital with fever of unknown origin (F.U.O.) of more than two weeks duration. Children in whom fever was not clinically observed after one week of hospitalization are not included. In 50 cases (63.2%), it was possible to establish a definitive diagnosis within the first fornight of admission. The most frequent cause of fever was that of infection, found in 51 children (64.5%), tuberculosis and urinary infections predominating with ten cases each. In another ten children neoplastic disease was diagnosed (mostly leucosis), and there was colagenosis in seven cases (8.8%). In another seven children, the etiology was not established. Mortality rate was 7.5%. Clinical history and exploration were of main importance in the orientation of the diagnoses. The findings of this study suggest that in all children presenting F.U.O., apart from hospitalization of at least one week, a very thorough anamnesis and clinical exploration are most important in establishing the diagnosis, along with a more or less aggressive approach to the problem according to the findings.", "PMID": 727602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11199", "title": "[Acrocephalosyndactylia. Apert' syndrome. A review of literature (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors revise world bibliography up to 153 cases. As introduction, they study the different anomalies that are presented, making special mention to the frequency of this syndrome, quoting to the statistics of different authors. Familiar antecedents, parents age and the alterations that had been presented in children affected with this process, including considerations not only within race, related by blood and sex, but also those malformations that in an accessorial way were displayed with more frequency have been taken into consideration. Between all the conclusions, it's significative that syndactily appears with more frequency in fatherly antecedents and although this syndrome appears in young parents, it's increases in great proportion as the age of the progenitors advances.", "contents": "[Acrocephalosyndactylia. Apert' syndrome. A review of literature (author's transl)]. Authors revise world bibliography up to 153 cases. As introduction, they study the different anomalies that are presented, making special mention to the frequency of this syndrome, quoting to the statistics of different authors. Familiar antecedents, parents age and the alterations that had been presented in children affected with this process, including considerations not only within race, related by blood and sex, but also those malformations that in an accessorial way were displayed with more frequency have been taken into consideration. Between all the conclusions, it's significative that syndactily appears with more frequency in fatherly antecedents and although this syndrome appears in young parents, it's increases in great proportion as the age of the progenitors advances.", "PMID": 727603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11200", "title": "[Pancreatic lipomatous hypoplasia associated with skeleton anomalies. Shwachman's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "A five month old girl with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, skeletal deformities and a non constant neutropenia (Shwachman's syndrome) is presented. Infectious complications, mainly septic and pulmonary, which caused her death, were frequent. The pathologic findings showed a pancreatic lipomatous hypoplasia and absence of zymogen granulos, as well as anomalies of the growing cartilage where no radiological abnormalities could be seen.", "contents": "[Pancreatic lipomatous hypoplasia associated with skeleton anomalies. Shwachman's syndrome (author's transl)]. A five month old girl with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, skeletal deformities and a non constant neutropenia (Shwachman's syndrome) is presented. Infectious complications, mainly septic and pulmonary, which caused her death, were frequent. The pathologic findings showed a pancreatic lipomatous hypoplasia and absence of zymogen granulos, as well as anomalies of the growing cartilage where no radiological abnormalities could be seen.", "PMID": 727604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11201", "title": "[Long-arm deletion of chromosome 1: 46,XY, del (1) (Q42) (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of long-arm deletion of chromosome No. 1: 46,XY, del (1) (q42) is reported. From the revised bibliography only two cases are comparable cytogenetically, not so phenotypically. The usefulness of the recent banding techniques in the precise diagnosis of small structural anomalies of the chromosome is outlined and the difficulty in establishing the relationship between chromosomal alteration and phenotypical characters are commented.", "contents": "[Long-arm deletion of chromosome 1: 46,XY, del (1) (Q42) (author's transl)]. A case of long-arm deletion of chromosome No. 1: 46,XY, del (1) (q42) is reported. From the revised bibliography only two cases are comparable cytogenetically, not so phenotypically. The usefulness of the recent banding techniques in the precise diagnosis of small structural anomalies of the chromosome is outlined and the difficulty in establishing the relationship between chromosomal alteration and phenotypical characters are commented.", "PMID": 727605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11202", "title": "[Hyperglycemia in hypertonic dehydration (author's transl)].", "content": "Fourteen patients who developed hyperglycemia with hypertonic dehydration are reviewed, and compared to a control group of twenty-four dehydrated infants without hyperglycemia. The threshold of hyperglycemia was considered at 125 mg. %. The relationship between hyperglycemia and degree of formula concentration, incidence of shock and water and solute metabolism chemistry are analysed. The different theories about hyperglycemia in the course of hypertonic dehydration are discussed. Because of the negativity of other factors, authors suggest that the most important factor in hyperglycemia may be the ionic alteration of the cell.", "contents": "[Hyperglycemia in hypertonic dehydration (author's transl)]. Fourteen patients who developed hyperglycemia with hypertonic dehydration are reviewed, and compared to a control group of twenty-four dehydrated infants without hyperglycemia. The threshold of hyperglycemia was considered at 125 mg. %. The relationship between hyperglycemia and degree of formula concentration, incidence of shock and water and solute metabolism chemistry are analysed. The different theories about hyperglycemia in the course of hypertonic dehydration are discussed. Because of the negativity of other factors, authors suggest that the most important factor in hyperglycemia may be the ionic alteration of the cell.", "PMID": 727606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11203", "title": "[Choledochal cyst (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper reports six pediatric patients with congenital choledochal cyst. From the long-term follow-up results of the six patients authors conclude that primary excision of the choledochal cyst and Roux hepatic jejunostomy are the first choice treatment for this lesion. However, it may not be possible in all cases, and choledochocystoenterostomy would then be useful as a second choice.", "contents": "[Choledochal cyst (author's transl)]. This paper reports six pediatric patients with congenital choledochal cyst. From the long-term follow-up results of the six patients authors conclude that primary excision of the choledochal cyst and Roux hepatic jejunostomy are the first choice treatment for this lesion. However, it may not be possible in all cases, and choledochocystoenterostomy would then be useful as a second choice.", "PMID": 727607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11204", "title": "[Study of calcium and magnesium in cerebrospinal fluid and its' relation to different neurological diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Calcium and magnesium have been measured in cerebrospinal fluid by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in children. The normal values on 194 C.S.F., obtaining for the calcium x: 5.24 mg. % and s: +/- 0.378 mg. % [50--56 % lower than serum values] and for magnesium x: 2.64 mg. % and s: +/- 0.155 mg. % [19--33 % higher than serum values] are found. Higher values of calcium at birth and on the first year of life and no differences with magnesium are noted. Applying the t-test, between normal values obtained and the different pathological entities, authors find singificant differences on the level of calcium, finding higher values on the following diseases: dehydration by diarrhoea, poliomyelitis, anoxy, tumours, bacterial meningitis. Magnesium showed values significantly higher in dehydration by diarrhoea and epilepsy, and values significantly lower on febrile convulsions and virical and bacterial meningitis.", "contents": "[Study of calcium and magnesium in cerebrospinal fluid and its' relation to different neurological diseases (author's transl)]. Calcium and magnesium have been measured in cerebrospinal fluid by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in children. The normal values on 194 C.S.F., obtaining for the calcium x: 5.24 mg. % and s: +/- 0.378 mg. % [50--56 % lower than serum values] and for magnesium x: 2.64 mg. % and s: +/- 0.155 mg. % [19--33 % higher than serum values] are found. Higher values of calcium at birth and on the first year of life and no differences with magnesium are noted. Applying the t-test, between normal values obtained and the different pathological entities, authors find singificant differences on the level of calcium, finding higher values on the following diseases: dehydration by diarrhoea, poliomyelitis, anoxy, tumours, bacterial meningitis. Magnesium showed values significantly higher in dehydration by diarrhoea and epilepsy, and values significantly lower on febrile convulsions and virical and bacterial meningitis.", "PMID": 727608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11205", "title": "[Flat and hypoactive neonatal E.E.G. evolution in eighteen cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Eighteen new-borns were studied, four of them were pre-term with a pregnancy of 35 weeks. They had an acute neurological symptomatology and also showed a E.E.G. with flat or hypoactive aspect in the neonatal period. The evolution of these patients is analyzed clinically and electroencephalographically of flat E.E.G. and an uncertain future in those cases with hypoactive E.E.G. A review of the literature on the problem was performed in order to compare the results of other series with those obtained in the present study, attending specially etiological, clinical, electroencephalographic and evolutive aspects.", "contents": "[Flat and hypoactive neonatal E.E.G. evolution in eighteen cases (author's transl)]. Eighteen new-borns were studied, four of them were pre-term with a pregnancy of 35 weeks. They had an acute neurological symptomatology and also showed a E.E.G. with flat or hypoactive aspect in the neonatal period. The evolution of these patients is analyzed clinically and electroencephalographically of flat E.E.G. and an uncertain future in those cases with hypoactive E.E.G. A review of the literature on the problem was performed in order to compare the results of other series with those obtained in the present study, attending specially etiological, clinical, electroencephalographic and evolutive aspects.", "PMID": 727609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11206", "title": "[Thymus implant in a case of DiGeorge syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "A boy with III-IV pharingeal pouch malformative syndrome, hypocalcemia and recurrent infections is presented. The immunological work-up disclosed deficiency in the specific cellular immunity with normal serum immunoglobulin levels. An adult thymus in Millipore diffusion chambers was implanted in the rectus adominalis muscle. One week later clinical and analytical data suggesting immunological reconstitution was recorded. Two years later the patient remains in good health, T and B lymphocyte percentages are normal, being the only immunological abnormality a low serum level of IgG.", "contents": "[Thymus implant in a case of DiGeorge syndrome (author's transl)]. A boy with III-IV pharingeal pouch malformative syndrome, hypocalcemia and recurrent infections is presented. The immunological work-up disclosed deficiency in the specific cellular immunity with normal serum immunoglobulin levels. An adult thymus in Millipore diffusion chambers was implanted in the rectus adominalis muscle. One week later clinical and analytical data suggesting immunological reconstitution was recorded. Two years later the patient remains in good health, T and B lymphocyte percentages are normal, being the only immunological abnormality a low serum level of IgG.", "PMID": 727610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11207", "title": "[Internal hernia through Treves' avascular field defect (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors report two cases of internal hernia through Treves avascular field defects, at the ileal level and another case in which this mesenteric mishape was incidentally found during operation for intestinal obstruction due to adhesions. In this particular case it can be speculated that the defect could have been the cause of a former neonatal obstruction for which operation did not offer an explanation. This type of internal hernia is one of the rarest in pediatric surgical practice. The clinical picture is that of an intestinal strangulation and therefore diagnosis can hardly be made preoperatively. The ileal terminal location of the strangulated loop can, in their opinion, justify a resection extending to the caecum in order to avoid vascular risks on the anastomosis in spite of the sacrifice of the ileo-cecal valve. The three patients survived. Literature on this topic is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "[Internal hernia through Treves' avascular field defect (author's transl)]. Authors report two cases of internal hernia through Treves avascular field defects, at the ileal level and another case in which this mesenteric mishape was incidentally found during operation for intestinal obstruction due to adhesions. In this particular case it can be speculated that the defect could have been the cause of a former neonatal obstruction for which operation did not offer an explanation. This type of internal hernia is one of the rarest in pediatric surgical practice. The clinical picture is that of an intestinal strangulation and therefore diagnosis can hardly be made preoperatively. The ileal terminal location of the strangulated loop can, in their opinion, justify a resection extending to the caecum in order to avoid vascular risks on the anastomosis in spite of the sacrifice of the ileo-cecal valve. The three patients survived. Literature on this topic is briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 727611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11208", "title": "[Mitral prolapse syndrome and hypothyroidism (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors observe a case of hypothyroidism associated with advanced development in weight and height and mitral valve prolapse syndrome (MPS), with rupture of cordae tendinae. The sudden death of a sister promotes the hypothesis of hypothyroidism with a complication of MPS not diagnosed during life and in turn gives rise to comments about this rare morbid association. Hereditary implications, evolutionary risks and necessary reserves in the classification of infantile cardiac murmurs apparently not significant are commented.", "contents": "[Mitral prolapse syndrome and hypothyroidism (author's transl)]. Authors observe a case of hypothyroidism associated with advanced development in weight and height and mitral valve prolapse syndrome (MPS), with rupture of cordae tendinae. The sudden death of a sister promotes the hypothesis of hypothyroidism with a complication of MPS not diagnosed during life and in turn gives rise to comments about this rare morbid association. Hereditary implications, evolutionary risks and necessary reserves in the classification of infantile cardiac murmurs apparently not significant are commented.", "PMID": 727612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11209", "title": "[Primary acetabular protrusion (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of primary protrusion of the acetabulum in a ten year old girl, is presented. A review of the tiology, history, clinical signs and treatment is done. Authors comment the influence of genetic factor in the mother and the father, in the clinical picture of their patient.", "contents": "[Primary acetabular protrusion (author's transl)]. A case of primary protrusion of the acetabulum in a ten year old girl, is presented. A review of the tiology, history, clinical signs and treatment is done. Authors comment the influence of genetic factor in the mother and the father, in the clinical picture of their patient.", "PMID": 727613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11210", "title": "[Acute infantile traumatic pancreatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors present a case of acute infantile traumatic pancreatitis secondary to a stenosing duodenal hematoma, exceptional etiologic mechanism. Taking into consideration this case, they review some of the diagnostic aspects and their treatment, emphazysing the need of surgical approach as a correct diagnostic treatment.", "contents": "[Acute infantile traumatic pancreatitis (author's transl)]. Authors present a case of acute infantile traumatic pancreatitis secondary to a stenosing duodenal hematoma, exceptional etiologic mechanism. Taking into consideration this case, they review some of the diagnostic aspects and their treatment, emphazysing the need of surgical approach as a correct diagnostic treatment.", "PMID": 727614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11211", "title": "[Psychotics and their bodies].", "content": "We observed and other persons, too, (visitors, new patients...) the strange and particular physic aspect of lunatic people who are ill long since. The autonomy everybody seaks after, psychotic people loset it. The transformations of the psychoticbody appears as a trial to singularise and differentiate theirselves from the others. The few alluring aspect of these patients would signify the derogatory imago of a destroyed body, that does not be the mediator of the relationship to the other. Psychotic does not wish to please but want to be.", "contents": "[Psychotics and their bodies]. We observed and other persons, too, (visitors, new patients...) the strange and particular physic aspect of lunatic people who are ill long since. The autonomy everybody seaks after, psychotic people loset it. The transformations of the psychoticbody appears as a trial to singularise and differentiate theirselves from the others. The few alluring aspect of these patients would signify the derogatory imago of a destroyed body, that does not be the mediator of the relationship to the other. Psychotic does not wish to please but want to be.", "PMID": 727615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11212", "title": "[Dysperception of body image and dysmorphophobias in mental anorexia. Apropos of 115 cases involving both sexes. I. Altered mechanisms of perception in mental anorexia].", "content": "We noted frequency of body-image disturbance (BID) and dismorphophobias (DPP) in 97 girls and 8 boys among 107 girls and 8 boys with Anorexia Nervosa (AN), seen since 1973 and coming up semiologic criterions of Laboucarie and Dally & Sargant. 91,5% of the girls and 7 out of 8 boys presented a BID at one time of their evolution. The other ones did not form a characteristic group. BID prevailed in no-perception of emaciation. No-perception of overweight was exceptional. That of variations of weight was frequent, explaining to need objective elements to measure real volume. BID seems to result from an incapacity to integrate well individually perceived details into a coherent image. Its apparition signals starting of AN, and it is a fundamental criterion of evolutivity. It's not frequent it's extended to body-image disperception of the close people, but it is often associated to an increase of mental representation of ingested feed volume.", "contents": "[Dysperception of body image and dysmorphophobias in mental anorexia. Apropos of 115 cases involving both sexes. I. Altered mechanisms of perception in mental anorexia]. We noted frequency of body-image disturbance (BID) and dismorphophobias (DPP) in 97 girls and 8 boys among 107 girls and 8 boys with Anorexia Nervosa (AN), seen since 1973 and coming up semiologic criterions of Laboucarie and Dally & Sargant. 91,5% of the girls and 7 out of 8 boys presented a BID at one time of their evolution. The other ones did not form a characteristic group. BID prevailed in no-perception of emaciation. No-perception of overweight was exceptional. That of variations of weight was frequent, explaining to need objective elements to measure real volume. BID seems to result from an incapacity to integrate well individually perceived details into a coherent image. Its apparition signals starting of AN, and it is a fundamental criterion of evolutivity. It's not frequent it's extended to body-image disperception of the close people, but it is often associated to an increase of mental representation of ingested feed volume.", "PMID": 727616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11213", "title": "[Dysperception of body image and dysmorphophobias in mental anorexia. Apropos of 115 cases involving both sexes. II. Dysmorphophobias in mental anorexia].", "content": "Study of DPP extended over 2 groups selected as following: It was prospective in every patient seen between July 1976 and May 1977 (systematic study: SS: 35 girls and 2 boys). It was retrospective in another group before selected for importance of DPP (no systematic study: NSS: 34 girls and 6 boys). DPP were distributed into Dalpha (fear of any weight recovery), Dbeta (obsessing repercussion of a real defect, amplified in its perception) and Dgamma (delirious and obsessing conviction of a physical anomaly). We researched correlations with the type of AN (fixity or recession to childhood), premorbid weight-height ratio, overweight of the same-sex parent, important problems towards sexuality (ASC = Absolute sexual conflict = An entirely caused by a sexual difficulty, or PSC = Partial Sexual Conflict = difficulty towards sexuality when insuffisant to explain AN, or no sexual conflict), attitude towards pregnancy in cases of big-belly DPP. Every DPP were DPP of localized or generalized obesity. Dalpha is constant and pathognomonic. In females of SS, 37% presented Dbeta and 5% Dgamma before AN, 25% Dbeta and 11% Dgamma during AN. Among the 8 boys of the 2 studies, 3 presented Dgamma before AN, and everyone expressed their obsessing fear of \"ugly grease\". In 20% girls and 50% boys, explained aim of loss of weight was to \"wipe out\" the anomally DPP emphasized. We did not find any correlation between generalized DPP and studied elements, particularly with sexual conflicts (22% of our cases). The more frequent localized DPP was \"big-belly\"-DPP, always associated with overweight of the same sex parent, but as for other localized DPP, without any correlation with sexual conflicts, problems towards the father, neither reject of pregnancy.", "contents": "[Dysperception of body image and dysmorphophobias in mental anorexia. Apropos of 115 cases involving both sexes. II. Dysmorphophobias in mental anorexia]. Study of DPP extended over 2 groups selected as following: It was prospective in every patient seen between July 1976 and May 1977 (systematic study: SS: 35 girls and 2 boys). It was retrospective in another group before selected for importance of DPP (no systematic study: NSS: 34 girls and 6 boys). DPP were distributed into Dalpha (fear of any weight recovery), Dbeta (obsessing repercussion of a real defect, amplified in its perception) and Dgamma (delirious and obsessing conviction of a physical anomaly). We researched correlations with the type of AN (fixity or recession to childhood), premorbid weight-height ratio, overweight of the same-sex parent, important problems towards sexuality (ASC = Absolute sexual conflict = An entirely caused by a sexual difficulty, or PSC = Partial Sexual Conflict = difficulty towards sexuality when insuffisant to explain AN, or no sexual conflict), attitude towards pregnancy in cases of big-belly DPP. Every DPP were DPP of localized or generalized obesity. Dalpha is constant and pathognomonic. In females of SS, 37% presented Dbeta and 5% Dgamma before AN, 25% Dbeta and 11% Dgamma during AN. Among the 8 boys of the 2 studies, 3 presented Dgamma before AN, and everyone expressed their obsessing fear of \"ugly grease\". In 20% girls and 50% boys, explained aim of loss of weight was to \"wipe out\" the anomally DPP emphasized. We did not find any correlation between generalized DPP and studied elements, particularly with sexual conflicts (22% of our cases). The more frequent localized DPP was \"big-belly\"-DPP, always associated with overweight of the same sex parent, but as for other localized DPP, without any correlation with sexual conflicts, problems towards the father, neither reject of pregnancy.", "PMID": 727617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11214", "title": "[Dysperception of body image and dysmorphophobias in mental anorexia. Apropos of 115 cases involving both sexes. III. Physiopathogenic deductions and introduction of a novel definition of the disease].", "content": "Ignoring of emaciation (IE), fear of any weight recovery (Dalpha), and dismorphophobias (DPP) represent the central problem of AN, with different incidence. Fundamental need of being lean expresses, at lesss in girls, distress of personality insufficiently prepared to autonomous adult life, with its responsabilities. Obesity-DPP may correspond to projection upon the body of the obsessing conviction of being inferior, with regard to social and publicitary patterns, and get an active play in starting and management of weight loss. So AN is either an attempt to accomodate this critic situation, trying to incarnate actual female archetype, either, in the more severe cases, a renouncing with an obstinate physical and psychological recession to the state of a protected child. It seems to correspond to an attempt of negation of morbid character of this situation, so that it may be perpetuated and so that feeling of culpability can be decreased in front of familial recrimination. Constancy of these symptoms, and their relation with deep meaning of this illness, justify their introduction into a new definition of AN, diagnosed by association of at less 2 out of 3 major criterious (loss of weight superior to 10% premorbid weight, feed restrictions and Dalpha) and one out of 2 minor criterions (amenorrhea and IE).", "contents": "[Dysperception of body image and dysmorphophobias in mental anorexia. Apropos of 115 cases involving both sexes. III. Physiopathogenic deductions and introduction of a novel definition of the disease]. Ignoring of emaciation (IE), fear of any weight recovery (Dalpha), and dismorphophobias (DPP) represent the central problem of AN, with different incidence. Fundamental need of being lean expresses, at lesss in girls, distress of personality insufficiently prepared to autonomous adult life, with its responsabilities. Obesity-DPP may correspond to projection upon the body of the obsessing conviction of being inferior, with regard to social and publicitary patterns, and get an active play in starting and management of weight loss. So AN is either an attempt to accomodate this critic situation, trying to incarnate actual female archetype, either, in the more severe cases, a renouncing with an obstinate physical and psychological recession to the state of a protected child. It seems to correspond to an attempt of negation of morbid character of this situation, so that it may be perpetuated and so that feeling of culpability can be decreased in front of familial recrimination. Constancy of these symptoms, and their relation with deep meaning of this illness, justify their introduction into a new definition of AN, diagnosed by association of at less 2 out of 3 major criterious (loss of weight superior to 10% premorbid weight, feed restrictions and Dalpha) and one out of 2 minor criterions (amenorrhea and IE).", "PMID": 727618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11215", "title": "Aphakic soft contact lens update.", "content": "Problems with the N series were mainly due to poor or viable visual acuity that could not be rectified by correcting the residual refractive error in spectacle overrefraction. The error lay mainly in the design of the lens and the fitting rationale. The introduction of lenses (B3 and F3) with base curve and power that adequately covered a wider range of aphakic eyes has solved the fitting problems in most cases. These have been done without sacrificing the simplicity in fitting. Most eyes can be fitted using the B3 series for corneas flatter than 43.00 diopters and the F3 for steeper corneas. The clinical application of the J3 has been found in our hands to be nil. Availability and reproducibility of these lenses are reasons for our preference to fit them for noncontinuous wear in aphakia. In addition, they were found to be a very safe and efficacious correction for the aphakic eye.", "contents": "Aphakic soft contact lens update. Problems with the N series were mainly due to poor or viable visual acuity that could not be rectified by correcting the residual refractive error in spectacle overrefraction. The error lay mainly in the design of the lens and the fitting rationale. The introduction of lenses (B3 and F3) with base curve and power that adequately covered a wider range of aphakic eyes has solved the fitting problems in most cases. These have been done without sacrificing the simplicity in fitting. Most eyes can be fitted using the B3 series for corneas flatter than 43.00 diopters and the F3 for steeper corneas. The clinical application of the J3 has been found in our hands to be nil. Availability and reproducibility of these lenses are reasons for our preference to fit them for noncontinuous wear in aphakia. In addition, they were found to be a very safe and efficacious correction for the aphakic eye.", "PMID": 727623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11216", "title": "Ibuprofen in the treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy.", "content": "A search of the literature yielded only one other paper concerning the use of ibuprofen for ophthalmic purposes. Marsili and Conte 8 used ibuprofen on a total of 138 patients with a variety of problems, both surgical and nonsurgical. They found an excellent to good response in about three fourths of their patients. This series of patients did as well or better. Three of the 4 were significantly helped with ibuprofen, and were pleased with the results. The fourth patient quite obviously did better while taking ibuprofen than she did without medication, and her visual acuity remained about the same as during steroid therapy. However, the patient herself was not satisfied with the results. It is my conclusion that ibuprofen has merit in the treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy. The concerned ophthalmologist may find the use of ibuprofen preferable to steroids in view of the dangers when these drugs are used at high dosages or for prolonged periods.", "contents": "Ibuprofen in the treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy. A search of the literature yielded only one other paper concerning the use of ibuprofen for ophthalmic purposes. Marsili and Conte 8 used ibuprofen on a total of 138 patients with a variety of problems, both surgical and nonsurgical. They found an excellent to good response in about three fourths of their patients. This series of patients did as well or better. Three of the 4 were significantly helped with ibuprofen, and were pleased with the results. The fourth patient quite obviously did better while taking ibuprofen than she did without medication, and her visual acuity remained about the same as during steroid therapy. However, the patient herself was not satisfied with the results. It is my conclusion that ibuprofen has merit in the treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy. The concerned ophthalmologist may find the use of ibuprofen preferable to steroids in view of the dangers when these drugs are used at high dosages or for prolonged periods.", "PMID": 727624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11217", "title": "The supranuclear disturbances of gaze in kernicterus.", "content": "Five patients with kernicterus and ocular motility disturbances are reported. All of the patients showed some defect in vertical gaze but not always upgaze. The most severely affected patient exhibited slowness of horizontal saccades in addition to a total vertical gaze palsy. In general, the severity of the ocular motility disturbance paralleled the severity of hearing loss. It is suggested that damage to the periaqueductal area accounts for disturbances in vertical gaze and the infrequent horizontal saccadic disturbances results from interruption of the descending centrifugal fibers. It is emphasized that kernicterus must be included in the differential diagnosis of any supranuclear vertical gaze disturbance.", "contents": "The supranuclear disturbances of gaze in kernicterus. Five patients with kernicterus and ocular motility disturbances are reported. All of the patients showed some defect in vertical gaze but not always upgaze. The most severely affected patient exhibited slowness of horizontal saccades in addition to a total vertical gaze palsy. In general, the severity of the ocular motility disturbance paralleled the severity of hearing loss. It is suggested that damage to the periaqueductal area accounts for disturbances in vertical gaze and the infrequent horizontal saccadic disturbances results from interruption of the descending centrifugal fibers. It is emphasized that kernicterus must be included in the differential diagnosis of any supranuclear vertical gaze disturbance.", "PMID": 727625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11218", "title": "Bilateral acute anterior ischemic neuropathy in diabetes: case report.", "content": "A 51-year-old white man presented with an acute bilateral anterior ischemic optic neuropathy approximately 1 month following hospitalization for a hyperosmolar nonketotic diabetic coma. One eye treated by retrobulbar corticosteroids showed marked improvement. The literature reveals that diabetic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is often diagnosed in the absence of diabetic retinopathy.", "contents": "Bilateral acute anterior ischemic neuropathy in diabetes: case report. A 51-year-old white man presented with an acute bilateral anterior ischemic optic neuropathy approximately 1 month following hospitalization for a hyperosmolar nonketotic diabetic coma. One eye treated by retrobulbar corticosteroids showed marked improvement. The literature reveals that diabetic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is often diagnosed in the absence of diabetic retinopathy.", "PMID": 727626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11219", "title": "Ketamine hydrochloride: an effective general anesthetic for use in electroretinography.", "content": "Ketamine hydrochloride, a relatively safe general anesthetic agent, has been demonstrated to be effective for use in electroretinography. Pigmented rabbits were given a dose of 25 mg/kg intravenously. The oscillatory potentials in light and dark adapted states and the ERG under various light adapted states after ketamine administration were not significantly different from baseline values.", "contents": "Ketamine hydrochloride: an effective general anesthetic for use in electroretinography. Ketamine hydrochloride, a relatively safe general anesthetic agent, has been demonstrated to be effective for use in electroretinography. Pigmented rabbits were given a dose of 25 mg/kg intravenously. The oscillatory potentials in light and dark adapted states and the ERG under various light adapted states after ketamine administration were not significantly different from baseline values.", "PMID": 727627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11220", "title": "Bilateral dural arteriovenous malformations simulating dysthyroid ophthalmopathy.", "content": "The clinical recognition of dural arteriovenous malformations (AVM) is a challenge to the ophthalmologist. Unilateral dural AVMs produce monocular signs which may simulate orbit disease. A patient with bilateral dural AVMs presenting with bilateral congestive exophthalmos resembling dysthyroid ophthalmopathy is reported. Spontaneous resolution of the ocular manifestations occurred.", "contents": "Bilateral dural arteriovenous malformations simulating dysthyroid ophthalmopathy. The clinical recognition of dural arteriovenous malformations (AVM) is a challenge to the ophthalmologist. Unilateral dural AVMs produce monocular signs which may simulate orbit disease. A patient with bilateral dural AVMs presenting with bilateral congestive exophthalmos resembling dysthyroid ophthalmopathy is reported. Spontaneous resolution of the ocular manifestations occurred.", "PMID": 727628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11221", "title": "Unusual tumor of the iris: a rare initial clinical manifestation of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the tail of the pancreas.", "content": "The occurrence of an iris tumor with secondary glaucoma as the initial manifestation of an occult pancreatic carcinoma is a rare clinical entity. The subsequent appearance of a testicular mass due to metastatic pancreatic disease also is rare. The use of new advanced diagnostic techniques, such as radioisotope studies and computerized axial tomography, may reveal occult carcinoma of the tail of the pancreas before the inevitable autopsy.", "contents": "Unusual tumor of the iris: a rare initial clinical manifestation of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the tail of the pancreas. The occurrence of an iris tumor with secondary glaucoma as the initial manifestation of an occult pancreatic carcinoma is a rare clinical entity. The subsequent appearance of a testicular mass due to metastatic pancreatic disease also is rare. The use of new advanced diagnostic techniques, such as radioisotope studies and computerized axial tomography, may reveal occult carcinoma of the tail of the pancreas before the inevitable autopsy.", "PMID": 727630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11222", "title": "Cryotherapy of herpes simplex keratitis.", "content": "Twenty-one cases of epithelial herpetic keratitis were treated with cryotherapy and 14 cases were treated with Iodoxouridine (IDU). Cryotherapy was found statistically superior to IDU. The average healing time was 2.4 days for cryotherapy and 6.2 days for IDU. The advantages of cryotherapy are emphasized.", "contents": "Cryotherapy of herpes simplex keratitis. Twenty-one cases of epithelial herpetic keratitis were treated with cryotherapy and 14 cases were treated with Iodoxouridine (IDU). Cryotherapy was found statistically superior to IDU. The average healing time was 2.4 days for cryotherapy and 6.2 days for IDU. The advantages of cryotherapy are emphasized.", "PMID": 727631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11223", "title": "Retinoblastoma seen after surgery for traumatic cataract.", "content": "A case is presented of traumatic cataract which was aspirated to reveal a retrolenticular mass. Enucleation of the eye showed this was a retinoblastoma whose cells were adjacent to the gaping surgical wound. I emphasize the facts that trauma and its sequelae do not preclude existence of previous serious lesions and that invasive surgical therapy in cases of intraocular neoplasm may lead to their extraocular spread. Diagnostic ultrasound examination of eyes with opaque media may be of great value in preventing such cases.", "contents": "Retinoblastoma seen after surgery for traumatic cataract. A case is presented of traumatic cataract which was aspirated to reveal a retrolenticular mass. Enucleation of the eye showed this was a retinoblastoma whose cells were adjacent to the gaping surgical wound. I emphasize the facts that trauma and its sequelae do not preclude existence of previous serious lesions and that invasive surgical therapy in cases of intraocular neoplasm may lead to their extraocular spread. Diagnostic ultrasound examination of eyes with opaque media may be of great value in preventing such cases.", "PMID": 727632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11224", "title": "Fundus lesions in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Cotton wool exudates were found in a patient during a flare-up of seropositive rheumatoid disease with polyarthritis and pericarditis. After therapy with cortisone a concomitant improvement of the cardiac arthritic and fundal lesions was observed. It is suggested that the fundal lesions in this patient were due to the rheumatoid disease.", "contents": "Fundus lesions in rheumatoid arthritis. Cotton wool exudates were found in a patient during a flare-up of seropositive rheumatoid disease with polyarthritis and pericarditis. After therapy with cortisone a concomitant improvement of the cardiac arthritic and fundal lesions was observed. It is suggested that the fundal lesions in this patient were due to the rheumatoid disease.", "PMID": 727633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11225", "title": "Effect of oral contraceptives on tear production.", "content": "No significant differences were found in tear production, as measured by Schirmer tests, or in tear film break up time between women taking oral contraceptives and those not on the medication. Wide variations in these tear function tests were found in the test subjects who were all asymptomatic young women.", "contents": "Effect of oral contraceptives on tear production. No significant differences were found in tear production, as measured by Schirmer tests, or in tear film break up time between women taking oral contraceptives and those not on the medication. Wide variations in these tear function tests were found in the test subjects who were all asymptomatic young women.", "PMID": 727634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11226", "title": "Vitreous touch after phacoemulsification.", "content": "Three cases with touch of an intact anterior vitreous face to the cornea following phacoemulsification had moderate corneal edema. In each patient, a different method successfully removed the touch of the anterior vitreous face to the corneal endothelium with subsequent prompt clearing of the corneal edema. Although uncommon, an intact anterior vetreous face against the corneal endothelium is possible when a wide opening has been made in the posterior capsule and the underlying vitreous face remains intact. In one case the recognition of anterior vitreous face contact to the cornea was delayed by the severity of the corneal edema. Of the 3 methods of treatment used, the pars plana anterior vitrectomy approach seemed the most effective and the medical approach with 4% cocaine seemed to be the least predictable.", "contents": "Vitreous touch after phacoemulsification. Three cases with touch of an intact anterior vitreous face to the cornea following phacoemulsification had moderate corneal edema. In each patient, a different method successfully removed the touch of the anterior vitreous face to the corneal endothelium with subsequent prompt clearing of the corneal edema. Although uncommon, an intact anterior vetreous face against the corneal endothelium is possible when a wide opening has been made in the posterior capsule and the underlying vitreous face remains intact. In one case the recognition of anterior vitreous face contact to the cornea was delayed by the severity of the corneal edema. Of the 3 methods of treatment used, the pars plana anterior vitrectomy approach seemed the most effective and the medical approach with 4% cocaine seemed to be the least predictable.", "PMID": 727635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11227", "title": "Goniodiathermy: experimental studies on ab interno filtration.", "content": "Goniodiathermy was carried out in rabbit eyes by first performing a goniopuncture with a Barkan knife followed by the introduction of an intraocular diathermy probe into the goniopuncture tract and heating of the cut ends of the scleral fibers. Histologic sections revealed that goniodiathermy produced a gaped wound in the scleral wall of the angle. Goniopuncture alone, without diathermy, resulted in a thin, well healed scar. Goniodiathermy appears to be a safe and feasible technique for creating a tract in the scleral wall of the anterior chamber angle in adult rabbits. This procedure, with modifications, may serve as a model for creating filtering blebs in the treatment of glaucoma in humans.", "contents": "Goniodiathermy: experimental studies on ab interno filtration. Goniodiathermy was carried out in rabbit eyes by first performing a goniopuncture with a Barkan knife followed by the introduction of an intraocular diathermy probe into the goniopuncture tract and heating of the cut ends of the scleral fibers. Histologic sections revealed that goniodiathermy produced a gaped wound in the scleral wall of the angle. Goniopuncture alone, without diathermy, resulted in a thin, well healed scar. Goniodiathermy appears to be a safe and feasible technique for creating a tract in the scleral wall of the anterior chamber angle in adult rabbits. This procedure, with modifications, may serve as a model for creating filtering blebs in the treatment of glaucoma in humans.", "PMID": 727636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11228", "title": "[Study on the presence of \"free-living\" amoebae in the swimming-pools of Lyon (author's transl)].", "content": "About 90% among 44 water samples executed in 9 swimming-pools of Lyon contained amoebae. From these prelevements, 85 strains have been separated. In spite of the great diversity of the species isolated, the strains belonging to genus Acanthamoeba and Hartmannella prevail. In return, the genus Naegleria seems to be rare: it has been isolated only one time directly from water of swimming-pools.", "contents": "[Study on the presence of \"free-living\" amoebae in the swimming-pools of Lyon (author's transl)]. About 90% among 44 water samples executed in 9 swimming-pools of Lyon contained amoebae. From these prelevements, 85 strains have been separated. In spite of the great diversity of the species isolated, the strains belonging to genus Acanthamoeba and Hartmannella prevail. In return, the genus Naegleria seems to be rare: it has been isolated only one time directly from water of swimming-pools.", "PMID": 727637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11229", "title": "[Investigations on the oncomiracidium of Capsalidae (Monogenea) (author's transl)].", "content": "A detailed study of the ciliated cells and chetotaxy of the larva of Benedenia monticelli (Parona y Perugia, 1895) parasite of Mugil cephalus L. is carried out. Observations on the oncomiracidium of Trochopus pini (Van Beneden and Hesse, 1863) and Entobdella soleae (Van Beneden and Hesse, 1863) reveal a common plan of these structures among those Capsalidae. The pattern is different from that observed in the Dactylogyro\u00efdea on one hand and Polyopisthocotylea on the other hand. The chetotaxic type of Capsalo\u00efdea is original and it could, perhaps, be more advanced ontogenetic scheme as are the haptoral sclerites and the excretory system among these Monogenea.", "contents": "[Investigations on the oncomiracidium of Capsalidae (Monogenea) (author's transl)]. A detailed study of the ciliated cells and chetotaxy of the larva of Benedenia monticelli (Parona y Perugia, 1895) parasite of Mugil cephalus L. is carried out. Observations on the oncomiracidium of Trochopus pini (Van Beneden and Hesse, 1863) and Entobdella soleae (Van Beneden and Hesse, 1863) reveal a common plan of these structures among those Capsalidae. The pattern is different from that observed in the Dactylogyro\u00efdea on one hand and Polyopisthocotylea on the other hand. The chetotaxic type of Capsalo\u00efdea is original and it could, perhaps, be more advanced ontogenetic scheme as are the haptoral sclerites and the excretory system among these Monogenea.", "PMID": 727639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11230", "title": "[Hyperandrotrema cetorhini n.g.n.sp. (Trematoda, Sanguinicolidae) parasite of the circulatory system in Cetorhinus maximus (Selachii) (author's transl)].", "content": "Description of a new genus of Sanguinicolidae, Hyperandrotrema from one Cethorhinus maximus captured on Tunisian coasts. This new genus included in the subfamily of Chimaerohemecinae is characterized by a short gullet and long digestive caeca shaped like an inverse \"U\". Thus, the diagnosis of the subfamily of Chimaerohemecinae is modified.", "contents": "[Hyperandrotrema cetorhini n.g.n.sp. (Trematoda, Sanguinicolidae) parasite of the circulatory system in Cetorhinus maximus (Selachii) (author's transl)]. Description of a new genus of Sanguinicolidae, Hyperandrotrema from one Cethorhinus maximus captured on Tunisian coasts. This new genus included in the subfamily of Chimaerohemecinae is characterized by a short gullet and long digestive caeca shaped like an inverse \"U\". Thus, the diagnosis of the subfamily of Chimaerohemecinae is modified.", "PMID": 727640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11231", "title": "[Ovine dicrocoeliasis: incidence of climatic factors and share in the setting of a forecasting method (author's transl)].", "content": "Study of annual activity cycle of ants parasited with Dicrocoelium lanceolatum. Effect of some climatic factors (temperature, rainfall) on seasonal variations of the number of clinching parasited ants. A close analysis of the data displays a double correlation: the increase of the number of clinching ants indirectly brought about by precipitations and this with some delay; a strong decrease by high temperatures in the height of summer. Setting of a calendar including the different stages of the developing cycle of Dicrocoelium lanceolatum in Limousin and proposition of a forecasting technic established from land observations.", "contents": "[Ovine dicrocoeliasis: incidence of climatic factors and share in the setting of a forecasting method (author's transl)]. Study of annual activity cycle of ants parasited with Dicrocoelium lanceolatum. Effect of some climatic factors (temperature, rainfall) on seasonal variations of the number of clinching parasited ants. A close analysis of the data displays a double correlation: the increase of the number of clinching ants indirectly brought about by precipitations and this with some delay; a strong decrease by high temperatures in the height of summer. Setting of a calendar including the different stages of the developing cycle of Dicrocoelium lanceolatum in Limousin and proposition of a forecasting technic established from land observations.", "PMID": 727642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11232", "title": "Medical treatment of baldness.", "content": "The etiology of male-pattern alopecia is explained as an interrelationship of three factors, genetic--a single dominant sex-limited gene; endocrine--dihydrotestosterone is the specific hormone responsible; and age. Other factors previously used to explain male-pattern alopecia are debunked. Treatment today is directed in the area of endocrinology, basically using either antiandrogens that block 5-alpha-reductase, thus preventing the formation of dihydrotestosterone, or steroids that interfere with dihydrostestosterone cytosol--nuclear binding protein expression.", "contents": "Medical treatment of baldness. The etiology of male-pattern alopecia is explained as an interrelationship of three factors, genetic--a single dominant sex-limited gene; endocrine--dihydrotestosterone is the specific hormone responsible; and age. Other factors previously used to explain male-pattern alopecia are debunked. Treatment today is directed in the area of endocrinology, basically using either antiandrogens that block 5-alpha-reductase, thus preventing the formation of dihydrotestosterone, or steroids that interfere with dihydrostestosterone cytosol--nuclear binding protein expression.", "PMID": 727648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11233", "title": "[Chaetotaxic variations of the cercaria Schistosoma mansoni from a human strain during successive transmissions through mice (author's transl)].", "content": "The \"cercarian chaetotaxic index\" from the human strain of Schistosoma mansoni from West Africa is conspicuously modified during the third transmission Biomphalaria pfeifferi-white mouse only. This might be the explanation why Planorbs collected in Guadeloupe discharge slightly different cercariae whether they come from stations where the infestation is predominantly from human origin or from stations where the infestation is predominantly from murine origin. On the contrary, the \"Grand Etang\" station is significatively different from all the others and seems to be exclusively murine transmitted.", "contents": "[Chaetotaxic variations of the cercaria Schistosoma mansoni from a human strain during successive transmissions through mice (author's transl)]. The \"cercarian chaetotaxic index\" from the human strain of Schistosoma mansoni from West Africa is conspicuously modified during the third transmission Biomphalaria pfeifferi-white mouse only. This might be the explanation why Planorbs collected in Guadeloupe discharge slightly different cercariae whether they come from stations where the infestation is predominantly from human origin or from stations where the infestation is predominantly from murine origin. On the contrary, the \"Grand Etang\" station is significatively different from all the others and seems to be exclusively murine transmitted.", "PMID": 727643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11234", "title": "Rhinoplasty in the older adult.", "content": "In attempting to determine the suitability of an older person for cosmetic rhinoplasty, the surgeon must keep in mind not only anatomical considerations, but also, even more important, the emotional and psychological expectations of each patient. The surgeon should make every attempt preoperatively to arrive at a meeting of the minds with the patient, so that he has a thorough understanding of that patient's desires, needs, and hopes. If the surgeon believes he is able to achieve or even come close to his patient's goals by a conservative operative approach, there is no reason why a rhinoplasty should not be undertaken. However, it is the author's experience that rhinoplasty in the older patient often fails to produce a result wholly satisfactory to the patient and the physician, and it is necessary to keep this in mind when selecting patients.", "contents": "Rhinoplasty in the older adult. In attempting to determine the suitability of an older person for cosmetic rhinoplasty, the surgeon must keep in mind not only anatomical considerations, but also, even more important, the emotional and psychological expectations of each patient. The surgeon should make every attempt preoperatively to arrive at a meeting of the minds with the patient, so that he has a thorough understanding of that patient's desires, needs, and hopes. If the surgeon believes he is able to achieve or even come close to his patient's goals by a conservative operative approach, there is no reason why a rhinoplasty should not be undertaken. However, it is the author's experience that rhinoplasty in the older patient often fails to produce a result wholly satisfactory to the patient and the physician, and it is necessary to keep this in mind when selecting patients.", "PMID": 727651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11235", "title": "[Influence of some medium factors on the fecundity of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818) Mollusca, Pulmonata) in laboratory conditions].", "content": "In different samples of fresh waters we studied the fecundity of Biomphalaria glabrata. We tested, too, the influence of different concentrations of Na, Ca, Mg, and K-salts. The snail, B. glabrata, is not affected by very high rates of those salts but eggs laying is getting down when the amount of NaCl is between 2000 and 4000 mg/1, of MgCl2 between 410 and 763 mg/1 and KCl between 330 and 760 mg/1. The rate in Ca seems inactive in the field of fecundity but, in an other hand, high concentrations of Ca suppressed the inhibiting effect of the high rates in Mg. B. glabrata is not affected by high rates in Mg, when Mg/Ca is Low. The inhibiting effect of Mg begins when Mg/Ca is around 30. The importance of different kinds of substratum for eggs lying on fecundity was also studied.", "contents": "[Influence of some medium factors on the fecundity of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818) Mollusca, Pulmonata) in laboratory conditions]. In different samples of fresh waters we studied the fecundity of Biomphalaria glabrata. We tested, too, the influence of different concentrations of Na, Ca, Mg, and K-salts. The snail, B. glabrata, is not affected by very high rates of those salts but eggs laying is getting down when the amount of NaCl is between 2000 and 4000 mg/1, of MgCl2 between 410 and 763 mg/1 and KCl between 330 and 760 mg/1. The rate in Ca seems inactive in the field of fecundity but, in an other hand, high concentrations of Ca suppressed the inhibiting effect of the high rates in Mg. B. glabrata is not affected by high rates in Mg, when Mg/Ca is Low. The inhibiting effect of Mg begins when Mg/Ca is around 30. The importance of different kinds of substratum for eggs lying on fecundity was also studied.", "PMID": 727644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11236", "title": "[Three new species of Onchocerca from duikers in Gabon (author's transl)].", "content": "The duikers from Makokou (Gabon) are parasitized by many species of Onchocerca but the adults are very often occult and can only be discovered by a systematical search. Three new species are described: O. sonini n.sp. in the feet-tendons, and O. lerouxi n.sp. in the muscular aponevrosis of the trunk of C. nigrifrons; O. beaveri n.sp. in the ligaments of the atlas-occipital articulation of C. monticola. Although their external appearance differs, these three species belong to a single group, which, from an evolutionary point of view, is intermediate between the more primitive Onchocerca of Equiids and those more evolved from other animals.", "contents": "[Three new species of Onchocerca from duikers in Gabon (author's transl)]. The duikers from Makokou (Gabon) are parasitized by many species of Onchocerca but the adults are very often occult and can only be discovered by a systematical search. Three new species are described: O. sonini n.sp. in the feet-tendons, and O. lerouxi n.sp. in the muscular aponevrosis of the trunk of C. nigrifrons; O. beaveri n.sp. in the ligaments of the atlas-occipital articulation of C. monticola. Although their external appearance differs, these three species belong to a single group, which, from an evolutionary point of view, is intermediate between the more primitive Onchocerca of Equiids and those more evolved from other animals.", "PMID": 727645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11237", "title": "Skeletal and postural relations in augmentation mammaplasty.", "content": "This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the thoracic skeletal architecture. The relationship between the skeletal configuration and its implications in augmentation mammaplasty are studied. Specific explanation regarding assymetry of the breast is given and caution for a more scrupulous examination prior to augmentation is advocated.", "contents": "Skeletal and postural relations in augmentation mammaplasty. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the thoracic skeletal architecture. The relationship between the skeletal configuration and its implications in augmentation mammaplasty are studied. Specific explanation regarding assymetry of the breast is given and caution for a more scrupulous examination prior to augmentation is advocated.", "PMID": 727652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11238", "title": "[Validity of the two species O. lienalis and O. gutturosa from bovines (author's transl)].", "content": "A new morphological analysis of the Onchocerca from the gastrosplenic ligament reveals characteristics confirming the validity of the species O. lienalis as distinct from the cervical Onchocerca, O. gutturosa. The dermic microfilaire of the two species have completely different distributions: the microfilariae of O. gutturosa are gathered in the cephalic region of Bovines while that of O. lienalis can be found in the umbilical region. Therefore we suspect strongly that the life cycle evolving in S. ornatum in England is that of O. lienalis and not of O. gutturosa as previously postulated; and we think that O. gutturosa is more likely to evolve in Culicoides than in Simulium.", "contents": "[Validity of the two species O. lienalis and O. gutturosa from bovines (author's transl)]. A new morphological analysis of the Onchocerca from the gastrosplenic ligament reveals characteristics confirming the validity of the species O. lienalis as distinct from the cervical Onchocerca, O. gutturosa. The dermic microfilaire of the two species have completely different distributions: the microfilariae of O. gutturosa are gathered in the cephalic region of Bovines while that of O. lienalis can be found in the umbilical region. Therefore we suspect strongly that the life cycle evolving in S. ornatum in England is that of O. lienalis and not of O. gutturosa as previously postulated; and we think that O. gutturosa is more likely to evolve in Culicoides than in Simulium.", "PMID": 727646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11239", "title": "Blepharophimosis with associated cup-lop ears.", "content": "Blepharophimosis is a rare congenital triad consisting of epicanthus inversus, blepharoptosis, and a wider than normal intercanthal distance. Attention has recently been drawn to abnormalities of the eyebrow and the poorly developed nasal bridge. I record 9 cases of blepharophimosis associated with cup-lop ears seen over the last 15 years. These include a father and his 4 children.", "contents": "Blepharophimosis with associated cup-lop ears. Blepharophimosis is a rare congenital triad consisting of epicanthus inversus, blepharoptosis, and a wider than normal intercanthal distance. Attention has recently been drawn to abnormalities of the eyebrow and the poorly developed nasal bridge. I record 9 cases of blepharophimosis associated with cup-lop ears seen over the last 15 years. These include a father and his 4 children.", "PMID": 727653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11240", "title": "The utility of pericranial flaps.", "content": "Three cases are presented illustrating various uses of pericranial flaps. In a patient with Apert's syndrome, a large pericranial flap was folded over bone p\u00e2t\u00e9 harvested from the upper frontal bone to improve forehead contour. Silicone and acrylic implants had been inserted in 2 other patients, 1 of whom had previously undergone radiation therapy for the correction of cranial defects. Both were lost due to infection. Autogenous bone grafts covered by pericranial flaps healed without difficulty, emphasizing the superiority of autogenous bone grafts over foreign substances in craniofacial reconstruction. Further uses of pericranial flaps are discussed.", "contents": "The utility of pericranial flaps. Three cases are presented illustrating various uses of pericranial flaps. In a patient with Apert's syndrome, a large pericranial flap was folded over bone p\u00e2t\u00e9 harvested from the upper frontal bone to improve forehead contour. Silicone and acrylic implants had been inserted in 2 other patients, 1 of whom had previously undergone radiation therapy for the correction of cranial defects. Both were lost due to infection. Autogenous bone grafts covered by pericranial flaps healed without difficulty, emphasizing the superiority of autogenous bone grafts over foreign substances in craniofacial reconstruction. Further uses of pericranial flaps are discussed.", "PMID": 727657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11241", "title": "Nasal tip cartilage grafts.", "content": "Grafts of autogenous cartilage were utilized in 88 patients to augment the nasal spine, to add definition to the columella, or to support the feet of the crurae when the tip is raised. Complications were uncommon. This technique is an extremely useful adjunct when changing tip profile.", "contents": "Nasal tip cartilage grafts. Grafts of autogenous cartilage were utilized in 88 patients to augment the nasal spine, to add definition to the columella, or to support the feet of the crurae when the tip is raised. Complications were uncommon. This technique is an extremely useful adjunct when changing tip profile.", "PMID": 727658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11242", "title": "Benign fatty tumors of the peripheral nerves.", "content": "Fatty tumors of the peripheral nerves, although rare, occur with sufficient frequency to pose problems in diagnosis and treatment. Moreover, the nomenclature of these tumors has suffered from controversy over their morpological description. These factors have contributed to a misunderstanding about the treatment of these localized nerve abnormalities leading, in the past, to unnecessary radical nerve excisions with resultant total motor and sensory deficit. This paper reviews the various types of fatty tumors, describes the morphology and pathophysiology of one such lesion, and provides a basis for a rational surgical approach.", "contents": "Benign fatty tumors of the peripheral nerves. Fatty tumors of the peripheral nerves, although rare, occur with sufficient frequency to pose problems in diagnosis and treatment. Moreover, the nomenclature of these tumors has suffered from controversy over their morpological description. These factors have contributed to a misunderstanding about the treatment of these localized nerve abnormalities leading, in the past, to unnecessary radical nerve excisions with resultant total motor and sensory deficit. This paper reviews the various types of fatty tumors, describes the morphology and pathophysiology of one such lesion, and provides a basis for a rational surgical approach.", "PMID": 727660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11243", "title": "Treatment of an exposed breast implant by muscle flap and by fascia graft.", "content": "An exposed breast implant was salvaged on one occasion by a lateral muscle flap from the serratus anterior and a second time medially by a fascia lata graft.", "contents": "Treatment of an exposed breast implant by muscle flap and by fascia graft. An exposed breast implant was salvaged on one occasion by a lateral muscle flap from the serratus anterior and a second time medially by a fascia lata graft.", "PMID": 727661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11244", "title": "Nonsurgical treatment of impotence.", "content": "The most recent methods of distinguishing between organic and psychological impotence are reviewed. The old theory that 90% of impotence is psychological is disclaimed and the various nonpsychological causes are pointed out. The majority of impotent patients can be treated in a nonsurgical manner.", "contents": "Nonsurgical treatment of impotence. The most recent methods of distinguishing between organic and psychological impotence are reviewed. The old theory that 90% of impotence is psychological is disclaimed and the various nonpsychological causes are pointed out. The majority of impotent patients can be treated in a nonsurgical manner.", "PMID": 727663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11245", "title": "A microarchitectural model of regional variations in hypodermal mobility in porcine and human skin.", "content": "In this paper, we focus on the hypodermal component of the integument and its functional contribution to properties of skin mobility. A specially designed mechanical apparatus was used to measure hypodermal extensibility in vivo of 6-mm \"island\" punches at selected anatomical sites in anesthetized pigs. Representative regional hypodermal force displacement curves were found to differ statistically in magnitude of acceleration, slope, and extensions at breaking point. A vertically oriented \"lattice network\" of hypodermal fibrous elements arranged in geometric subunits is consistently seen in sample specimens. Microarchitectural differences in network configuration, geometric unit size, fat infiltration, and intrinsic collagen fiber length can be correlated directly to the biomechanical data. These findings are corroborated by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and quantitative hydroxyproline concentrations. A similar network is confirmed in human cadaver biopsies. Clinically, our data suggest that skin mobility is at least partially allowed by unfolding and stretching of the hypodermal vertical collagen network, and that regional variations in fibrous network architecture satisfy specific functional requisites (e.g., joint mobility, skin stabilization), as well as serving as an expansile retractile reservoir for the deposition and absorption of fat.", "contents": "A microarchitectural model of regional variations in hypodermal mobility in porcine and human skin. In this paper, we focus on the hypodermal component of the integument and its functional contribution to properties of skin mobility. A specially designed mechanical apparatus was used to measure hypodermal extensibility in vivo of 6-mm \"island\" punches at selected anatomical sites in anesthetized pigs. Representative regional hypodermal force displacement curves were found to differ statistically in magnitude of acceleration, slope, and extensions at breaking point. A vertically oriented \"lattice network\" of hypodermal fibrous elements arranged in geometric subunits is consistently seen in sample specimens. Microarchitectural differences in network configuration, geometric unit size, fat infiltration, and intrinsic collagen fiber length can be correlated directly to the biomechanical data. These findings are corroborated by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and quantitative hydroxyproline concentrations. A similar network is confirmed in human cadaver biopsies. Clinically, our data suggest that skin mobility is at least partially allowed by unfolding and stretching of the hypodermal vertical collagen network, and that regional variations in fibrous network architecture satisfy specific functional requisites (e.g., joint mobility, skin stabilization), as well as serving as an expansile retractile reservoir for the deposition and absorption of fat.", "PMID": 727665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11246", "title": "Orbital blowout fractures: an approach to management.", "content": "Cadaver studies and clinical evidence are presented to suggest that medial wall fractures are often concomitant with orbital floor fractures. The medial wall fractures are located in the ethmoid bone midway between the medial canthus and the lesser wing of the sphenoid. These fractures may be the etiology of late enophthalmus. The discrepancy between the high frequency of occurrence of medial wall fractures in this study and the rarity of clinical diagnosis derives from the limitations of standard radiography. Computed tomography (CT scan) is useful in delineating these fractures. The operative approach is through an incision above the medial canthus. Surgical treatment includes reduction of the herniated periorbital fat and coverage of the defect with autogenous, homologous, or alloplastic materials.", "contents": "Orbital blowout fractures: an approach to management. Cadaver studies and clinical evidence are presented to suggest that medial wall fractures are often concomitant with orbital floor fractures. The medial wall fractures are located in the ethmoid bone midway between the medial canthus and the lesser wing of the sphenoid. These fractures may be the etiology of late enophthalmus. The discrepancy between the high frequency of occurrence of medial wall fractures in this study and the rarity of clinical diagnosis derives from the limitations of standard radiography. Computed tomography (CT scan) is useful in delineating these fractures. The operative approach is through an incision above the medial canthus. Surgical treatment includes reduction of the herniated periorbital fat and coverage of the defect with autogenous, homologous, or alloplastic materials.", "PMID": 727666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11247", "title": "Cryosurgery of the skin: an experimental and clinical study.", "content": "Using three different instruments, cryolesions were made in the skin of experimental animals (pigs) and the extent of necrosis was determined after one week. The most efficient device was a probe using liquid nitrogen; the amount of tissue killed varied directly with contact time. With all the instruments, a freeze of three minutes consistently led to full-thickness necrosis of the skin. The freeze-thaw-refreeze technique did not produce as much necrosis as a single continuous freeze of the same duration. Cryosurgery was used on 65 benign skin tumors in patients. Pain was minimal and the cosmetic results were excellent. The only difficulty with the method was that it occasionally failed to kill the lesion. For that reason, at present cryosurgery is recommended only for benign lesions. If one suspects that a tumor might be cancerous, it should be biopsied before freezing. If it proves to be malignant, further treatment (excisional or x-ray) should be considered strongly.", "contents": "Cryosurgery of the skin: an experimental and clinical study. Using three different instruments, cryolesions were made in the skin of experimental animals (pigs) and the extent of necrosis was determined after one week. The most efficient device was a probe using liquid nitrogen; the amount of tissue killed varied directly with contact time. With all the instruments, a freeze of three minutes consistently led to full-thickness necrosis of the skin. The freeze-thaw-refreeze technique did not produce as much necrosis as a single continuous freeze of the same duration. Cryosurgery was used on 65 benign skin tumors in patients. Pain was minimal and the cosmetic results were excellent. The only difficulty with the method was that it occasionally failed to kill the lesion. For that reason, at present cryosurgery is recommended only for benign lesions. If one suspects that a tumor might be cancerous, it should be biopsied before freezing. If it proves to be malignant, further treatment (excisional or x-ray) should be considered strongly.", "PMID": 727667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11248", "title": "Ankylosis of the temporalis-coronoid complex of the mandible.", "content": "Ankylosis of the temporalis-coronoid complex is a clinical entity. The etiology is usually direct trauma to the temporalis muscle or coronoid process of the mandible. It is difficult to differentiate diagnostically from ankylosis of the adjacent temporomandibular joint, and should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of inability to open the mouth. The treatment is always surgical and the intraoral approach is favored. The cure rate with this modality of therapy has been gratifying.", "contents": "Ankylosis of the temporalis-coronoid complex of the mandible. Ankylosis of the temporalis-coronoid complex is a clinical entity. The etiology is usually direct trauma to the temporalis muscle or coronoid process of the mandible. It is difficult to differentiate diagnostically from ankylosis of the adjacent temporomandibular joint, and should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of inability to open the mouth. The treatment is always surgical and the intraoral approach is favored. The cure rate with this modality of therapy has been gratifying.", "PMID": 727668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11249", "title": "The \"disappearance\" of residual basal cell carcinoma of the skin.", "content": "Three patients with histological evidence of incompletely removed basal cell carcinoma underwent reexcision; no residual tumor was found. Other reports of this phenomenon are discussed and some speculative explanations are offered.", "contents": "The \"disappearance\" of residual basal cell carcinoma of the skin. Three patients with histological evidence of incompletely removed basal cell carcinoma underwent reexcision; no residual tumor was found. Other reports of this phenomenon are discussed and some speculative explanations are offered.", "PMID": 727669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11250", "title": "Malignant hyperthermia during repair of a cleft lip in a 6-month-old infant, with survival.", "content": "The case history is given of a 6-month-old girl who survived an attack of malignant hyperthermia that occurred during the repair of a cleft lip. We believe that this is the youngest such patient reported to date. The current concepts of the mechanisms of excessive heat production and muscular rigidity are presented. The need for constant awareness, early recognition, and prompt and proper treatment on the part of both the operating surgeon and the anesthesiologist are stressed to avoid a fatal outcome. Unfortunately, as yet there is no conclusive, consistent screening test available to identify those who will experience such an episode. Because a patient has once undergone general anesthesia uneventfully does not mean that malignant hyperthermia will not occur during a subsequent procedure or even during use of some amide local anesthetics.", "contents": "Malignant hyperthermia during repair of a cleft lip in a 6-month-old infant, with survival. The case history is given of a 6-month-old girl who survived an attack of malignant hyperthermia that occurred during the repair of a cleft lip. We believe that this is the youngest such patient reported to date. The current concepts of the mechanisms of excessive heat production and muscular rigidity are presented. The need for constant awareness, early recognition, and prompt and proper treatment on the part of both the operating surgeon and the anesthesiologist are stressed to avoid a fatal outcome. Unfortunately, as yet there is no conclusive, consistent screening test available to identify those who will experience such an episode. Because a patient has once undergone general anesthesia uneventfully does not mean that malignant hyperthermia will not occur during a subsequent procedure or even during use of some amide local anesthetics.", "PMID": 727671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11251", "title": "A filing system for transparencies.", "content": "A system has been developed to facilitate filing of 2 inches X 2 inches Kodachrome slides. This is coordinated with a diagnostic and therapeutic index that allows for easy retrieval. Compact metal filing cabinets are used, eliminating the need for subsequent rearrangement of slides. The system also provides a method for recall of patients. Preoperative photographs are maintained in plastic folders and checked periodically until the postoperative photographs have been taken.", "contents": "A filing system for transparencies. A system has been developed to facilitate filing of 2 inches X 2 inches Kodachrome slides. This is coordinated with a diagnostic and therapeutic index that allows for easy retrieval. Compact metal filing cabinets are used, eliminating the need for subsequent rearrangement of slides. The system also provides a method for recall of patients. Preoperative photographs are maintained in plastic folders and checked periodically until the postoperative photographs have been taken.", "PMID": 727672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11252", "title": "A new device to assist in sizing breasts.", "content": "There is a gray zone in specific communication about what size a woman's breasts will be after surgery. I have devised a clear plastic shell which accurately simulates a bra cup size of a breast in the upright position. This can be used for preoperative demonstration under clothes, intraoperatively with inflatable implants, preoperatively with gel implants, and in pexis. I have used these with great success for two years in my practice.", "contents": "A new device to assist in sizing breasts. There is a gray zone in specific communication about what size a woman's breasts will be after surgery. I have devised a clear plastic shell which accurately simulates a bra cup size of a breast in the upright position. This can be used for preoperative demonstration under clothes, intraoperatively with inflatable implants, preoperatively with gel implants, and in pexis. I have used these with great success for two years in my practice.", "PMID": 727673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11253", "title": "Herniated areolar complex.", "content": "A method of repair is presented for correction of both the abnormally enlarged nipple-areolar complex with herniation of breast tissue through a dilated and enlarged areola, and of enlarged areolae following pregnancy. A simultaneous augmentation mammaplasty can be performed when indicated. The deep double-layered closure reduces tension on the areolar suture line and minimizes postoperative enlargement of the reconstructed areola.", "contents": "Herniated areolar complex. A method of repair is presented for correction of both the abnormally enlarged nipple-areolar complex with herniation of breast tissue through a dilated and enlarged areola, and of enlarged areolae following pregnancy. A simultaneous augmentation mammaplasty can be performed when indicated. The deep double-layered closure reduces tension on the areolar suture line and minimizes postoperative enlargement of the reconstructed areola.", "PMID": 727676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11254", "title": "Dental rotation in cleft lip.", "content": "In patients with untreated cleft lip and permanent dentition, the central superior incisors are usually rotated. We use a technique that we call \"dental rotation\" to adjust these teeth into normal position and occlusion. This technique avoids having a hard structure (a rotated tooth) press against the mucosal sutures in a lip closure. In addition, a better aesthetic appearance of the dental arch results.", "contents": "Dental rotation in cleft lip. In patients with untreated cleft lip and permanent dentition, the central superior incisors are usually rotated. We use a technique that we call \"dental rotation\" to adjust these teeth into normal position and occlusion. This technique avoids having a hard structure (a rotated tooth) press against the mucosal sutures in a lip closure. In addition, a better aesthetic appearance of the dental arch results.", "PMID": 727677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11255", "title": "Septorhinoplasty of the traumatically deformed nose.", "content": "The author has reviewed the 69 patients upon whom he has performed septorhinoplasty in treatment of posttraumatic deformities. These have been followed over a 12-year period; however, only the 59 followed over one year have been studied. In analyzing the deformities, it was noted that three characteristics occur alone or in combination: excessive width, depression, and twisting. The wide nose was best treated by removal of medial tissue, full mobilization of the nasal bones, and postoperative compression exercises. The depressed nose was built forward by onlay grafts, the first choice being septal cartilage. Finally, the twisted nose was treated by freeing the nasal components, straightening the bone and cartilage, and replacing them in their anatomical positions. Not infrequently all three problems were treated in one operative session.", "contents": "Septorhinoplasty of the traumatically deformed nose. The author has reviewed the 69 patients upon whom he has performed septorhinoplasty in treatment of posttraumatic deformities. These have been followed over a 12-year period; however, only the 59 followed over one year have been studied. In analyzing the deformities, it was noted that three characteristics occur alone or in combination: excessive width, depression, and twisting. The wide nose was best treated by removal of medial tissue, full mobilization of the nasal bones, and postoperative compression exercises. The depressed nose was built forward by onlay grafts, the first choice being septal cartilage. Finally, the twisted nose was treated by freeing the nasal components, straightening the bone and cartilage, and replacing them in their anatomical positions. Not infrequently all three problems were treated in one operative session.", "PMID": 727679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11256", "title": "Immediate reconstruction of simple lacerations.", "content": "A subjective description of a technique of immediate reconstruction of cutaneous defects due to laceration is presented. Extension of the use and range of the Z-plasty is emphasized and its benefits and limitations are discussed. The reconstructive surgeon is challenged to consider wider and more frequent use of these methods.", "contents": "Immediate reconstruction of simple lacerations. A subjective description of a technique of immediate reconstruction of cutaneous defects due to laceration is presented. Extension of the use and range of the Z-plasty is emphasized and its benefits and limitations are discussed. The reconstructive surgeon is challenged to consider wider and more frequent use of these methods.", "PMID": 727680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11257", "title": "Penile disorders in two paraplegics.", "content": "We present two rare cases of paraplegics with remarkable sequelae of the penis due to long-term usage of a condom-catheter. One involved hypertrophy of the glans prepuce, and the other had severe constriction of the distal portion of the corpus penis with two fistulae.", "contents": "Penile disorders in two paraplegics. We present two rare cases of paraplegics with remarkable sequelae of the penis due to long-term usage of a condom-catheter. One involved hypertrophy of the glans prepuce, and the other had severe constriction of the distal portion of the corpus penis with two fistulae.", "PMID": 727681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11258", "title": "Influences of different surgical procedures on growth of dentomaxillary complex in dogs with artificially created cleft palate.", "content": "Possible detrimental effects of palate repair on dentomaxillary growth have been reported before. In our study, two principally different surgical techniques were compared. Dogs with artificially created clefts of the palate were subjected to either a periosteal flap (Langenbeck) or to a bone flap (Dieffenbach) closure. Skull roentgenograms and upper jaw impressions were used to study the possible effects on growth. Definite abnormalities were found following both procedures; there are strong indications that the bone flap is the more detrimental one.", "contents": "Influences of different surgical procedures on growth of dentomaxillary complex in dogs with artificially created cleft palate. Possible detrimental effects of palate repair on dentomaxillary growth have been reported before. In our study, two principally different surgical techniques were compared. Dogs with artificially created clefts of the palate were subjected to either a periosteal flap (Langenbeck) or to a bone flap (Dieffenbach) closure. Skull roentgenograms and upper jaw impressions were used to study the possible effects on growth. Definite abnormalities were found following both procedures; there are strong indications that the bone flap is the more detrimental one.", "PMID": 727682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11259", "title": "Quantitative optics: the control of perspective in comparative photography.", "content": "Although angle of view is only one of several factors that influence the reliability with which judgments can be made in comparing one photograph with another, application of this concept in taking photographs of patients will permit the surgeon, no matter what camera equipment is used, to achieve a high degree of standardization in preoperative and postoperative photographs.", "contents": "Quantitative optics: the control of perspective in comparative photography. Although angle of view is only one of several factors that influence the reliability with which judgments can be made in comparing one photograph with another, application of this concept in taking photographs of patients will permit the surgeon, no matter what camera equipment is used, to achieve a high degree of standardization in preoperative and postoperative photographs.", "PMID": 727683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11260", "title": "Reduction of excessive nasal tip projection with a modified Lipsett technique.", "content": "Management of the excessively projecting tip is one of the difficult problems in rhinoplasty. Several methods have been offered as solutions to this problem, but none has gained wide acceptance. The technique described by Lipsett allows reliable reduction of tip projection without sacrifice of the normal anatomical configuration of the lower lateral cartilages vital to preservation of a natural tip contour. This technique is described and several modifications that have enhanced its usefulness are discussed.", "contents": "Reduction of excessive nasal tip projection with a modified Lipsett technique. Management of the excessively projecting tip is one of the difficult problems in rhinoplasty. Several methods have been offered as solutions to this problem, but none has gained wide acceptance. The technique described by Lipsett allows reliable reduction of tip projection without sacrifice of the normal anatomical configuration of the lower lateral cartilages vital to preservation of a natural tip contour. This technique is described and several modifications that have enhanced its usefulness are discussed.", "PMID": 727684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11261", "title": "Alar hinge flap in heminasal reconstruction.", "content": "Eight patients in whom heminasal reconstruction was aided by a modified septal chondromucosal flap are presented. The technique involves support of the new ala and additional lining by the hinge flap; continuity of the septum is restored by reapproximation of the ipsilateral mucosa.", "contents": "Alar hinge flap in heminasal reconstruction. Eight patients in whom heminasal reconstruction was aided by a modified septal chondromucosal flap are presented. The technique involves support of the new ala and additional lining by the hinge flap; continuity of the septum is restored by reapproximation of the ipsilateral mucosa.", "PMID": 727685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11262", "title": "Reconstruction of a large unilateral nasal defect.", "content": "A modification of the nasal septal technique for reconstruction of a large unilateral defect of the nose is presented that provides cartilaginous support of the nasal defect and mucosal lining. This is accomplished by rotation of the cartilaginous nasal septum and its contralateral mucosal lining into the nasal defect. Coverage with a nasolabial flap allows complete reconstruction in one operation.", "contents": "Reconstruction of a large unilateral nasal defect. A modification of the nasal septal technique for reconstruction of a large unilateral defect of the nose is presented that provides cartilaginous support of the nasal defect and mucosal lining. This is accomplished by rotation of the cartilaginous nasal septum and its contralateral mucosal lining into the nasal defect. Coverage with a nasolabial flap allows complete reconstruction in one operation.", "PMID": 727686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11263", "title": "Making slides for lecture or teaching.", "content": "Technical details are provided for making slides of several types for lecture or teaching. Advantages are simplicity, versatility, speed, high quality, and low cost.", "contents": "Making slides for lecture or teaching. Technical details are provided for making slides of several types for lecture or teaching. Advantages are simplicity, versatility, speed, high quality, and low cost.", "PMID": 727689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11264", "title": "Analysis of the adolescent growth spurt using smoothing spline functions.", "content": "Height growth velocity curves between 4.5 and 17.75 years were estimated, using smoothing spline functions, for 112 boys and 110 girls from the Zurich Longitudinal Study (1955--1976). Parameters characterizing the growth process, such as peak height velocity and age at peak height velocity, were calculated directly from the estimated curves. The variability of parameters describing the adolescent growth spurt is large, both between and within sexes. Peak height, defined as increase of height velocity during the growth spurt, and age at peak height velocity both characterize the sex difference in growth in a highly significant manner. Peak height of at least 4 cm/year is found in 70% of the boys, but in only 11% of the girls. The age at peak height velocity averages 12.2 years in girls and 13.9 years in boys and has a wide range of 5.7 years and 3.8 years respectively. The sex difference in adult height of 12.6 cm is composed of the following 4 factors: +1.6 cm caused by more prepubertal growth in boys, +6.4 cm by the boys' delay in spurt, +6.0 cm by the more extensive spurt in boys and -1.4 cm by more post-spurt growth in girls. Correlations between parameters indicate that the adult height depends neither on the duration of growth, nor on the duration and height of the peak. Minimal pre-spurt height velocity and peak height velocity, but not peak height, are age- and height-dependent. Partial correlations given adult height reveal two compensating mechanisms between growth in the prepubertal and in the pubertal period. Small prepubertal height and low height velocity with respect to adult height are followed by a late adolescent spurt and vice versa. Small height at the onset of the spurt with respect to adult height is followed by a longer lasting, but not higher spurt and vice versa.", "contents": "Analysis of the adolescent growth spurt using smoothing spline functions. Height growth velocity curves between 4.5 and 17.75 years were estimated, using smoothing spline functions, for 112 boys and 110 girls from the Zurich Longitudinal Study (1955--1976). Parameters characterizing the growth process, such as peak height velocity and age at peak height velocity, were calculated directly from the estimated curves. The variability of parameters describing the adolescent growth spurt is large, both between and within sexes. Peak height, defined as increase of height velocity during the growth spurt, and age at peak height velocity both characterize the sex difference in growth in a highly significant manner. Peak height of at least 4 cm/year is found in 70% of the boys, but in only 11% of the girls. The age at peak height velocity averages 12.2 years in girls and 13.9 years in boys and has a wide range of 5.7 years and 3.8 years respectively. The sex difference in adult height of 12.6 cm is composed of the following 4 factors: +1.6 cm caused by more prepubertal growth in boys, +6.4 cm by the boys' delay in spurt, +6.0 cm by the more extensive spurt in boys and -1.4 cm by more post-spurt growth in girls. Correlations between parameters indicate that the adult height depends neither on the duration of growth, nor on the duration and height of the peak. Minimal pre-spurt height velocity and peak height velocity, but not peak height, are age- and height-dependent. Partial correlations given adult height reveal two compensating mechanisms between growth in the prepubertal and in the pubertal period. Small prepubertal height and low height velocity with respect to adult height are followed by a late adolescent spurt and vice versa. Small height at the onset of the spurt with respect to adult height is followed by a longer lasting, but not higher spurt and vice versa.", "PMID": 727700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11265", "title": "Placental enzyme polymorphism among Maharashtrians: alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase.", "content": "The distribution of placental alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase types in 635 placentas from various endogamous groups of Maharashtra have been studied by starch gel electrophoresis. In the case of alkaline phosphatase, 6 common phenotypes and 6 rare phenotypes (F2I1, S1S2, S2S3, I1S2, F1S2, F1I2) are encountered. The highest frequency of Pls1 allele (0.7394) and lowest frequency of Pli1 allele (0.0246) have been found in the Nava-Budha. 6 cases of Cal-1 and 5 cases of Cal-2 types of LDH variants have been observed in the total samples, and Muslims possess the highest frequency of Cal-1 types (3.64%). Population groups are compared with respect to Pl alleles.", "contents": "Placental enzyme polymorphism among Maharashtrians: alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase. The distribution of placental alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase types in 635 placentas from various endogamous groups of Maharashtra have been studied by starch gel electrophoresis. In the case of alkaline phosphatase, 6 common phenotypes and 6 rare phenotypes (F2I1, S1S2, S2S3, I1S2, F1S2, F1I2) are encountered. The highest frequency of Pls1 allele (0.7394) and lowest frequency of Pli1 allele (0.0246) have been found in the Nava-Budha. 6 cases of Cal-1 and 5 cases of Cal-2 types of LDH variants have been observed in the total samples, and Muslims possess the highest frequency of Cal-1 types (3.64%). Population groups are compared with respect to Pl alleles.", "PMID": 727701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11266", "title": "HLA antigens and IgG allotypes on the Island of Barra (Outer Hebrides).", "content": "The distribution of HLA antigens and IgG allotypes in a group of nearly 200 adults on the Island of Barra, shows some unusual features. The sample tested included only people age 65 and over. Marked differences in the frequency of some HLA antigens were noted, compared to those previously determined for the northern island of Lewis and Harris, with increase in the frequency of HLA-A5 and B7. The latter antigen was present in over 40% of the group, compared with a frequency of 27% in the Northern islands. The high frequencies of HLA-A2, the Aw19 group and B12 previously noted in Scottish populations were also present. The IgG allotype, Gm (f;b4) was markedly increased, being present in 67% of the group, in comparison with frequencies of 40--45% in previous Scottish studies. These results either suggest a sampling phenomenon, or may be an indicator of selective forces related to immunological mechanisms or the age distribution of the population studied.", "contents": "HLA antigens and IgG allotypes on the Island of Barra (Outer Hebrides). The distribution of HLA antigens and IgG allotypes in a group of nearly 200 adults on the Island of Barra, shows some unusual features. The sample tested included only people age 65 and over. Marked differences in the frequency of some HLA antigens were noted, compared to those previously determined for the northern island of Lewis and Harris, with increase in the frequency of HLA-A5 and B7. The latter antigen was present in over 40% of the group, compared with a frequency of 27% in the Northern islands. The high frequencies of HLA-A2, the Aw19 group and B12 previously noted in Scottish populations were also present. The IgG allotype, Gm (f;b4) was markedly increased, being present in 67% of the group, in comparison with frequencies of 40--45% in previous Scottish studies. These results either suggest a sampling phenomenon, or may be an indicator of selective forces related to immunological mechanisms or the age distribution of the population studied.", "PMID": 727702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11267", "title": "Anthropometry of Sherpa men.", "content": "On 109 male Sherpas, aged 18--85 years, 24 anthropometric measurements were performed, including weight, height, 18 bony measurements, 2 limb circumferences, and 4 skinfolds. From these data, upper and lower limb lengths, 12 indices, and total body fat were calculated. The Sherpas are of medium stature and body build, with Mongoloid cranial and facial characteristics and very little body fat. Their relatively large chests, long legs, and large calf muscles may be a racial adaptation to the high altitude at which they live and to the load-carrying, which is a feature of their life.", "contents": "Anthropometry of Sherpa men. On 109 male Sherpas, aged 18--85 years, 24 anthropometric measurements were performed, including weight, height, 18 bony measurements, 2 limb circumferences, and 4 skinfolds. From these data, upper and lower limb lengths, 12 indices, and total body fat were calculated. The Sherpas are of medium stature and body build, with Mongoloid cranial and facial characteristics and very little body fat. Their relatively large chests, long legs, and large calf muscles may be a racial adaptation to the high altitude at which they live and to the load-carrying, which is a feature of their life.", "PMID": 727703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11268", "title": "Skin colour of the Ainu of Hidaka, Hokkaido, Northern Japan.", "content": "Quantitative data on skin colour variation are presented for Ainu of the Hidaka District, Hokkaido. Measurements of upper arm reflectance were taken using 8 filters of an EEL reflectance spectrophotometer. The results are compared with those published for the Japanese by Hulse (1976). Sexual dimorphism is well marked in both populations and among the Ainu appears to be due largely to clothing habits. There is no statistical evidence for an association between skin colour and age. Ainu reflectance values at 545 nm and antilog transforms at 685 nm lie between those reported for Eskinomos of Greenland and Brazilian whites. Although the Ainu have consistently higher reflectance values than a Japanese sample assigned to the northern part of Japan, the results give little indication of the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to the differences observed. However, comparison of mean reflectance for Hokkaido Ainu and 'Central' Japanese with values predicted on the basis of world trends indicates that the differences are no greater than would be expected for two populations separated by over 7 degrees latitude and differing from one another in respect of temperature and humidity. Correspondence between observed and predicted reflectance values is excellent at the longest wavelength but poor at 470 nm.", "contents": "Skin colour of the Ainu of Hidaka, Hokkaido, Northern Japan. Quantitative data on skin colour variation are presented for Ainu of the Hidaka District, Hokkaido. Measurements of upper arm reflectance were taken using 8 filters of an EEL reflectance spectrophotometer. The results are compared with those published for the Japanese by Hulse (1976). Sexual dimorphism is well marked in both populations and among the Ainu appears to be due largely to clothing habits. There is no statistical evidence for an association between skin colour and age. Ainu reflectance values at 545 nm and antilog transforms at 685 nm lie between those reported for Eskinomos of Greenland and Brazilian whites. Although the Ainu have consistently higher reflectance values than a Japanese sample assigned to the northern part of Japan, the results give little indication of the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to the differences observed. However, comparison of mean reflectance for Hokkaido Ainu and 'Central' Japanese with values predicted on the basis of world trends indicates that the differences are no greater than would be expected for two populations separated by over 7 degrees latitude and differing from one another in respect of temperature and humidity. Correspondence between observed and predicted reflectance values is excellent at the longest wavelength but poor at 470 nm.", "PMID": 727704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11269", "title": "Relationship of anthropometric dimensions to lean body mass in children.", "content": "This study is designed to compare the predictability of lean body mass, as measured by whole-body 40K spectrometry, from skinfolds, circumferences and skeletal widths in children 7 to 12 years of age. The specific skinfold sites were back, upper arm, side, waist, abdomen, and calf; the circumference sites were forearm, upper arm (flexed), wrist, thigh, calf, and chest (deflated); skeletal widths included wrist, knee, ankle, elbow, shoulder and hip. In a group of 163 boys, three skinfolds and body weight accounted for 89.7% of the variation in LBM, two circumferences and height and weight accounted for 87.2% of the variation in LBM, and two skeletal widths and height and weight accounted for 87.4% of the variation in LBM. Combining all measurement variables into one analysis resulted in five significant variables: weight, side skinfold, abdomen skinfold, forearm circumference and chest circumference with the coefficient of determination 90.6%, only slightly higher than with weight and three skinfolds. The significant variables from the combined analysis were then used to predict LBM in five separate age groups of boys and a sample of 44 girls. In general, weight, forearm and chest circumference contributed positively to LBM and side and abdomen skinfolds contributed negatively. The regression coefficients for each site were not significantly different among age groups. LBM in children can be estimated from skinfolds, circumferences or skeletal widths with considerable success, as has been shown to be the case in college-age adults.", "contents": "Relationship of anthropometric dimensions to lean body mass in children. This study is designed to compare the predictability of lean body mass, as measured by whole-body 40K spectrometry, from skinfolds, circumferences and skeletal widths in children 7 to 12 years of age. The specific skinfold sites were back, upper arm, side, waist, abdomen, and calf; the circumference sites were forearm, upper arm (flexed), wrist, thigh, calf, and chest (deflated); skeletal widths included wrist, knee, ankle, elbow, shoulder and hip. In a group of 163 boys, three skinfolds and body weight accounted for 89.7% of the variation in LBM, two circumferences and height and weight accounted for 87.2% of the variation in LBM, and two skeletal widths and height and weight accounted for 87.4% of the variation in LBM. Combining all measurement variables into one analysis resulted in five significant variables: weight, side skinfold, abdomen skinfold, forearm circumference and chest circumference with the coefficient of determination 90.6%, only slightly higher than with weight and three skinfolds. The significant variables from the combined analysis were then used to predict LBM in five separate age groups of boys and a sample of 44 girls. In general, weight, forearm and chest circumference contributed positively to LBM and side and abdomen skinfolds contributed negatively. The regression coefficients for each site were not significantly different among age groups. LBM in children can be estimated from skinfolds, circumferences or skeletal widths with considerable success, as has been shown to be the case in college-age adults.", "PMID": 727705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11270", "title": "ABH secretion in the population of Pembrokeshire, Wales.", "content": "Saliva samples collected from 482 Pembrokeshire school-children were tested for secretor status. The Pembrokeshire gene frequencies agree closely with those available for other Welsh samples. Moreover, there are no statistical differences between the secretor-status frequencies reported in north and south Pembrokeshire.", "contents": "ABH secretion in the population of Pembrokeshire, Wales. Saliva samples collected from 482 Pembrokeshire school-children were tested for secretor status. The Pembrokeshire gene frequencies agree closely with those available for other Welsh samples. Moreover, there are no statistical differences between the secretor-status frequencies reported in north and south Pembrokeshire.", "PMID": 727706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11271", "title": "Natural selection and birthweight.", "content": "Mean birthweight, even before induced births became commonplace, is slightly lower than the birthweight at which perinatal mortality is lowest. This finding, once hard to explain by natural selection, is shown to be exactly in line with predictions from natural selection theory.", "contents": "Natural selection and birthweight. Mean birthweight, even before induced births became commonplace, is slightly lower than the birthweight at which perinatal mortality is lowest. This finding, once hard to explain by natural selection, is shown to be exactly in line with predictions from natural selection theory.", "PMID": 727707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11272", "title": "Reproductive compensation in families segregating for Cooley's anaemia in Ferrara.", "content": "The reproductive performance of 100 families segregating for Cooley's anaemia was studied and compared to the performance of 127 control families. The control families were those of the sibs of the parents in the segregating families. No differences was found in the variables which might affect fertility and fecundity in control and thalassaemic families, although a different shape of the distribution of the number of births per family was found; the distribution had a higher variance in thalassaemics than in controls. The interval between the birth of a normal and an affected child is significantly longer than the interval between the birth of an affected child and a subsequent one. It was thought that these findings are indicative of reproductive compensation in families segregating for Cooley's anaemia, and of the moderate effect of the genetic counselling given to them.", "contents": "Reproductive compensation in families segregating for Cooley's anaemia in Ferrara. The reproductive performance of 100 families segregating for Cooley's anaemia was studied and compared to the performance of 127 control families. The control families were those of the sibs of the parents in the segregating families. No differences was found in the variables which might affect fertility and fecundity in control and thalassaemic families, although a different shape of the distribution of the number of births per family was found; the distribution had a higher variance in thalassaemics than in controls. The interval between the birth of a normal and an affected child is significantly longer than the interval between the birth of an affected child and a subsequent one. It was thought that these findings are indicative of reproductive compensation in families segregating for Cooley's anaemia, and of the moderate effect of the genetic counselling given to them.", "PMID": 727708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11273", "title": "The linkage relationships of marker sites on chromosomes no. 2 and 10.", "content": "Two families in which aberrations involving chromosome no. 2 had been previously used for linkage studies have been re-examined using banding techniques to identify the breakage sites. In one family a (2; 10)(q21;q24) translocation was identified in individuals previously thought to have a pericentric inversion of chromosome no. 2. In the other, a fragile secondary constriction site was localized to 2q13, and it was shown by bromodeoxy uridine incorporation that the origin of the triradial chromosome no. 2 was by isochromatid breakage and non-disjunction rather than by selective endoreduplication. The three marker sites, 2q13, 2q21 and 10q24, have been analysed for their linkage relationships with 15 informative marker loci which have not yet been assigned to chromosomes other than no. 2 or no. 10. No significant evidence for linkage with any of the loci tested was found.", "contents": "The linkage relationships of marker sites on chromosomes no. 2 and 10. Two families in which aberrations involving chromosome no. 2 had been previously used for linkage studies have been re-examined using banding techniques to identify the breakage sites. In one family a (2; 10)(q21;q24) translocation was identified in individuals previously thought to have a pericentric inversion of chromosome no. 2. In the other, a fragile secondary constriction site was localized to 2q13, and it was shown by bromodeoxy uridine incorporation that the origin of the triradial chromosome no. 2 was by isochromatid breakage and non-disjunction rather than by selective endoreduplication. The three marker sites, 2q13, 2q21 and 10q24, have been analysed for their linkage relationships with 15 informative marker loci which have not yet been assigned to chromosomes other than no. 2 or no. 10. No significant evidence for linkage with any of the loci tested was found.", "PMID": 727709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11274", "title": "The seasonal variation of births of offspring from couples heterozygous for cystic fibrosis.", "content": "To test whether the month of birth of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) is seasonally distributed as reported in a Dutch survey, published Australian data were examined and no difference in the monthly variation was found between births of CF patients and their unaffected sibs. When the two groups were combined and analysed by periodic regression using successively higher Fourier terms, a significant fit to the observed frequencies was obtained with a bimodal curve. Possession of a single CF gene seems therefore sufficient for expression of the cyclic variation. In substantial agreement with the Dutch series, maximum frequencies were found to occur in March or April and in September. It is suggested that one or both parents may be subject to variable fertility mediated by a temperature-dependent mechanism. The relevance of a periodic fertility pattern in preserving the CF gene in the population by selective heterozygote advantage is discussed.", "contents": "The seasonal variation of births of offspring from couples heterozygous for cystic fibrosis. To test whether the month of birth of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) is seasonally distributed as reported in a Dutch survey, published Australian data were examined and no difference in the monthly variation was found between births of CF patients and their unaffected sibs. When the two groups were combined and analysed by periodic regression using successively higher Fourier terms, a significant fit to the observed frequencies was obtained with a bimodal curve. Possession of a single CF gene seems therefore sufficient for expression of the cyclic variation. In substantial agreement with the Dutch series, maximum frequencies were found to occur in March or April and in September. It is suggested that one or both parents may be subject to variable fertility mediated by a temperature-dependent mechanism. The relevance of a periodic fertility pattern in preserving the CF gene in the population by selective heterozygote advantage is discussed.", "PMID": 727711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11275", "title": "A statistical analysis of birth-order effects with application to data on pyloric stenosis.", "content": "A method is presented for correcting incomplete data for birth-order analysis and variations in the ascertained incidence of affected individuals are allowed. The statistical analysis involves application of a test developed by Wilcoxon, Mann and Whitney, and Haldane and Smith. Examples are detailed for data correction, and the analysis of data for pyloric stenosis is discussed.", "contents": "A statistical analysis of birth-order effects with application to data on pyloric stenosis. A method is presented for correcting incomplete data for birth-order analysis and variations in the ascertained incidence of affected individuals are allowed. The statistical analysis involves application of a test developed by Wilcoxon, Mann and Whitney, and Haldane and Smith. Examples are detailed for data correction, and the analysis of data for pyloric stenosis is discussed.", "PMID": 727712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11276", "title": "Choice of ascertainment model I. Discrimination between single-proband models by means of birth order data.", "content": "A statistical method for choosing between ascertainment models for human family data has been constructed. The families are assumed to have been ascertained through a single proband each and the birth number of the proband among the affected children is recorded. If the proband is the eldest affected child in each family the so-called complete ascertainment model has to be used. If each affected child has the same probability of being the proband, the so-called single ascertainment model should be used. In intermediate cases a third ascertainment model should be used.", "contents": "Choice of ascertainment model I. Discrimination between single-proband models by means of birth order data. A statistical method for choosing between ascertainment models for human family data has been constructed. The families are assumed to have been ascertained through a single proband each and the birth number of the proband among the affected children is recorded. If the proband is the eldest affected child in each family the so-called complete ascertainment model has to be used. If each affected child has the same probability of being the proband, the so-called single ascertainment model should be used. In intermediate cases a third ascertainment model should be used.", "PMID": 727713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11277", "title": "A note on the likelihood equation in the ABO blood group system.", "content": "Some sufficient conditions on the data for the likelihood equation of the ABO blood-group system to have a unique solution, the maximum-likelihood estimate, are given. The simplest of these conditions is that the frequency of the blood group O in the sample shall exceed 1/8. This condition will hold for most samples.", "contents": "A note on the likelihood equation in the ABO blood group system. Some sufficient conditions on the data for the likelihood equation of the ABO blood-group system to have a unique solution, the maximum-likelihood estimate, are given. The simplest of these conditions is that the frequency of the blood group O in the sample shall exceed 1/8. This condition will hold for most samples.", "PMID": 727714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11278", "title": "Ancestral inference. II. The founders of Tristan da Cunha.", "content": "The Tristan da Cunha data for the MN-blood types and for retinitis pigmentosa are analysed according to the methods for ancestral inference developed in the preceding paper. Joint and marginal likelihoods for the MN data show that it is possible to make inferences about the types of original founder genes, although relative values are in some cases not large. Although relative likelihoods are robust against small changes in gene frequency, they can be distorted by assuming values that differ widely from the maximum likelihood estimate. In the case of retinitis pigmentosa, under an assumed allele frequency of 0.01, we conclude, contrary to expectations, that the couple (975, 798) are substantially the most likely founders to have been responsible for the introduction of the allele. The inferences for this trait are complicated by the fact that it is recessive, and genotypes are therefore not observable. Extinction probabilities for a variety of sets of original founder genes on the Tristan da Cunha ancestral pedigree are also computed and discussed.", "contents": "Ancestral inference. II. The founders of Tristan da Cunha. The Tristan da Cunha data for the MN-blood types and for retinitis pigmentosa are analysed according to the methods for ancestral inference developed in the preceding paper. Joint and marginal likelihoods for the MN data show that it is possible to make inferences about the types of original founder genes, although relative values are in some cases not large. Although relative likelihoods are robust against small changes in gene frequency, they can be distorted by assuming values that differ widely from the maximum likelihood estimate. In the case of retinitis pigmentosa, under an assumed allele frequency of 0.01, we conclude, contrary to expectations, that the couple (975, 798) are substantially the most likely founders to have been responsible for the introduction of the allele. The inferences for this trait are complicated by the fact that it is recessive, and genotypes are therefore not observable. Extinction probabilities for a variety of sets of original founder genes on the Tristan da Cunha ancestral pedigree are also computed and discussed.", "PMID": 727715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11279", "title": "Papulosis atrophicans maligna (K\u00f6hlmeier-Degos disease): a disseminated occlusive vasculopathy.", "content": "Malignant atrophic papulosis usually presents as pathognomonic skin lesions followed by acute abdominal pain, bowel perforation, peritonitis, and death. Rare patients who may lack gastrointestinal symptoms present with central nervous system manifestations, including headache, paresthesias, weakness, and rapid deterioration to death. The patient reported here was a 47-year-old man whose neurological symptoms apparently preceded his cutaneous lesions. His course consisted of a disseminated neurological disease and exacerbated following a herpes zoster infection. His condition rapidly deteriorated despite corticotropin, glucocorticoids, and low-molecular-weight dextran. Necropsy revealed a disseminated occlusive vasculopathy and diffuse encephalomyelomalacia of the brain and spinal cord. A review of autopsied patients with central nervous system involvement is provided.", "contents": "Papulosis atrophicans maligna (K\u00f6hlmeier-Degos disease): a disseminated occlusive vasculopathy. Malignant atrophic papulosis usually presents as pathognomonic skin lesions followed by acute abdominal pain, bowel perforation, peritonitis, and death. Rare patients who may lack gastrointestinal symptoms present with central nervous system manifestations, including headache, paresthesias, weakness, and rapid deterioration to death. The patient reported here was a 47-year-old man whose neurological symptoms apparently preceded his cutaneous lesions. His course consisted of a disseminated neurological disease and exacerbated following a herpes zoster infection. His condition rapidly deteriorated despite corticotropin, glucocorticoids, and low-molecular-weight dextran. Necropsy revealed a disseminated occlusive vasculopathy and diffuse encephalomyelomalacia of the brain and spinal cord. A review of autopsied patients with central nervous system involvement is provided.", "PMID": 727717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11280", "title": "Neoplastic angioendotheliosis: ultrastructural study and review of the literature.", "content": "Neoplastic angioendotheliosis is a rare disorder characterized by progressive multifocal neurological deficit and dementia. The principal pathological findings are multiple infarcts in the brain and spinal cord and the microscopical demonstration of proliferated neoplastic cells, primarily within the lumens of arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. Vessels of the central nervous system are the most severely affected and appear to be the primary site of neoplastic proliferation. Systemic intravascular and focal extravascular proliferation can also be identified. The endothelial origin of the neoplastic cell with a gradation of changes from normal to neoplastic is demonstrated by the electron microscopical study of involved meningeal vessels. Our patient and those reported in the literature all demonstrate involvement of the central nervous system. In addition, an elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein level is present in all patients for whom that information is available, and fever and renal involvement are frequently present. Steroid therapy is generally ineffective. If the disease is suspected clinically, our studies suggest that meningeal biopsy is the diagnostic procedure of choice to help determine whether chemotherapy should be instituted.", "contents": "Neoplastic angioendotheliosis: ultrastructural study and review of the literature. Neoplastic angioendotheliosis is a rare disorder characterized by progressive multifocal neurological deficit and dementia. The principal pathological findings are multiple infarcts in the brain and spinal cord and the microscopical demonstration of proliferated neoplastic cells, primarily within the lumens of arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. Vessels of the central nervous system are the most severely affected and appear to be the primary site of neoplastic proliferation. Systemic intravascular and focal extravascular proliferation can also be identified. The endothelial origin of the neoplastic cell with a gradation of changes from normal to neoplastic is demonstrated by the electron microscopical study of involved meningeal vessels. Our patient and those reported in the literature all demonstrate involvement of the central nervous system. In addition, an elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein level is present in all patients for whom that information is available, and fever and renal involvement are frequently present. Steroid therapy is generally ineffective. If the disease is suspected clinically, our studies suggest that meningeal biopsy is the diagnostic procedure of choice to help determine whether chemotherapy should be instituted.", "PMID": 727718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11281", "title": "Appraisal of the PAM cell effect as a diagnostic test for multiple sclerosis.", "content": "The selective reduction of PAM cell yield reported by Carp and associates in the presence of tissue from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) has been attributed to replication in culture of a viral agent associated with MS (MSAA). We investigated the diagnostic potential of the PAM cell effect in MS and in optic neuritis (ON). Six serum and 7 CSF samples from 7 patients with MS, 3 serum and 3 CSF samples from 4 patients with idiopathic ON, and 4 sera from 4 patients with ON induced by ethambutal toxicity were tested. Blind counting showed no reduction in PAM cell yield in the MS group nor any significant difference between the two ON groups. Disturbing inconsistencies in PAM cell growth rates over time and between control flasks were demonstrated.", "contents": "Appraisal of the PAM cell effect as a diagnostic test for multiple sclerosis. The selective reduction of PAM cell yield reported by Carp and associates in the presence of tissue from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) has been attributed to replication in culture of a viral agent associated with MS (MSAA). We investigated the diagnostic potential of the PAM cell effect in MS and in optic neuritis (ON). Six serum and 7 CSF samples from 7 patients with MS, 3 serum and 3 CSF samples from 4 patients with idiopathic ON, and 4 sera from 4 patients with ON induced by ethambutal toxicity were tested. Blind counting showed no reduction in PAM cell yield in the MS group nor any significant difference between the two ON groups. Disturbing inconsistencies in PAM cell growth rates over time and between control flasks were demonstrated.", "PMID": 727719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11282", "title": "A technique for the elution of cell-surface antibody from human brain tissue.", "content": "An artificial system is described in which anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) antibody attaches to hapten-conjugated human brain tissue. Treatment of this material with acetic acid at pH 2.5 to 3.0 for 90 seconds followed by immediate neutralization results in dissociation of antibody from the hapten-conjugated brain. Less than 1 ng of specific antibody can be detected, as determined by the ability of eluted material to combine with DNP in an established radioimmunoassay system. Similar methods may be applied to neurological disorders in which immunoglobulins are thought to be produced in the central nervous system.", "contents": "A technique for the elution of cell-surface antibody from human brain tissue. An artificial system is described in which anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) antibody attaches to hapten-conjugated human brain tissue. Treatment of this material with acetic acid at pH 2.5 to 3.0 for 90 seconds followed by immediate neutralization results in dissociation of antibody from the hapten-conjugated brain. Less than 1 ng of specific antibody can be detected, as determined by the ability of eluted material to combine with DNP in an established radioimmunoassay system. Similar methods may be applied to neurological disorders in which immunoglobulins are thought to be produced in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 727720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11283", "title": "Prolonged neonatal myasthenia gravis: electrophysiological studies.", "content": "A female infant with neonatal myasthenia gravis remained weak for an excessively long period compared to the usual situation in this disease process. At 71 days of age, electrophysiological studies revealed evidence of a defect in neuromuscular transmission that improved with intravenous Tensilon therapy. Repeat study at 183 days of age was normal. This case represents an unusually long time for an affected infant to have neonatal myasthenia gravis. Electrophysiological studies are of value in the diagnosis and management of patients with neonatal myasthenia gravis.", "contents": "Prolonged neonatal myasthenia gravis: electrophysiological studies. A female infant with neonatal myasthenia gravis remained weak for an excessively long period compared to the usual situation in this disease process. At 71 days of age, electrophysiological studies revealed evidence of a defect in neuromuscular transmission that improved with intravenous Tensilon therapy. Repeat study at 183 days of age was normal. This case represents an unusually long time for an affected infant to have neonatal myasthenia gravis. Electrophysiological studies are of value in the diagnosis and management of patients with neonatal myasthenia gravis.", "PMID": 727721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11284", "title": "Juvenile type of distal and segmental muscular atrophy of upper extremities.", "content": "Seventy-one cases of distal and segmental muscular atrophy of the upper extremities with juvenile onset were studied. The clinical features consisted of: juvenile onset, male preponderance, unique distribution of the muscular atrophy in the hand and forearm, tendon reflexes hypoactive in most cases but hyperactive in some, no definite sensory disturbances, no involvement of the cranial nerves, and autonomic nerve disorders in the affected region. There was rapid progression during the 2 to 3 years after onset with a slowly progressive course thereafter. There were no abnormal laboratory findings except for electrophysiological and morphological findings of the affected muscles. The site of lesion was surmised to be from the C5 to T1 spinal segments with intramedullary involvement. The cause is unknown.", "contents": "Juvenile type of distal and segmental muscular atrophy of upper extremities. Seventy-one cases of distal and segmental muscular atrophy of the upper extremities with juvenile onset were studied. The clinical features consisted of: juvenile onset, male preponderance, unique distribution of the muscular atrophy in the hand and forearm, tendon reflexes hypoactive in most cases but hyperactive in some, no definite sensory disturbances, no involvement of the cranial nerves, and autonomic nerve disorders in the affected region. There was rapid progression during the 2 to 3 years after onset with a slowly progressive course thereafter. There were no abnormal laboratory findings except for electrophysiological and morphological findings of the affected muscles. The site of lesion was surmised to be from the C5 to T1 spinal segments with intramedullary involvement. The cause is unknown.", "PMID": 727722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11285", "title": "Papillophlebitis: benign retinopathy resembling papilledema or papillitis.", "content": "Three young adult patients are described to illustrate an uncommon syndrome, papillophlebitis. This entity, characterized by mild but protracted monocular visual impairment, edema of the optic disc, retinal venous engorgement, and perivenous retinal hemorrhages, resembles atherosclerotic occlusion of the central retinal vein in older patients. In younger individuals it is benign and self limited, but may be incorrectly diagnosed as optic neuritis or papilledema. These alternatives can usually be excluded if tests of visual function do not indicate an optic nerve conduction defect and if the clinical presentation and examination of the opposite ocular fundus do not disclose evidence of increased intracranial pressure. Because resolution usually occurs spontaneously, immediate neuroroentgenographic tests may be inappropriate. Effective treatment has not been established; local instillation of corticosteroids may hasten recovery.", "contents": "Papillophlebitis: benign retinopathy resembling papilledema or papillitis. Three young adult patients are described to illustrate an uncommon syndrome, papillophlebitis. This entity, characterized by mild but protracted monocular visual impairment, edema of the optic disc, retinal venous engorgement, and perivenous retinal hemorrhages, resembles atherosclerotic occlusion of the central retinal vein in older patients. In younger individuals it is benign and self limited, but may be incorrectly diagnosed as optic neuritis or papilledema. These alternatives can usually be excluded if tests of visual function do not indicate an optic nerve conduction defect and if the clinical presentation and examination of the opposite ocular fundus do not disclose evidence of increased intracranial pressure. Because resolution usually occurs spontaneously, immediate neuroroentgenographic tests may be inappropriate. Effective treatment has not been established; local instillation of corticosteroids may hasten recovery.", "PMID": 727723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11286", "title": "Hydrocephalus caused by increased intracranial venous pressure: a clinicopathological study.", "content": "A child developed progressive communicating nonobstructive hydrocephalus as a result of increased intracranial venous pressure. The child had been treated for congenital heart disease at age 3 weeks by surgical creation of an anastomosis between his superior vena cava and right pulmonary artery. Although his cardiac symptoms were alleviated, intracranial venous hypertension resulted, giving rise to progressive head enlargement and other signs of hydrocephalus. Postmortem examination at age 3 years disclosed no other lesions that could have caused the hydrocephalus. Increased intracranial venous pressure can lead to either pseudotumor cerebri or hydrocephalus, the former in children 3 years or older, the latter in infants 18 months or less. Possible mechanisms accounting for these differences are discussed.", "contents": "Hydrocephalus caused by increased intracranial venous pressure: a clinicopathological study. A child developed progressive communicating nonobstructive hydrocephalus as a result of increased intracranial venous pressure. The child had been treated for congenital heart disease at age 3 weeks by surgical creation of an anastomosis between his superior vena cava and right pulmonary artery. Although his cardiac symptoms were alleviated, intracranial venous hypertension resulted, giving rise to progressive head enlargement and other signs of hydrocephalus. Postmortem examination at age 3 years disclosed no other lesions that could have caused the hydrocephalus. Increased intracranial venous pressure can lead to either pseudotumor cerebri or hydrocephalus, the former in children 3 years or older, the latter in infants 18 months or less. Possible mechanisms accounting for these differences are discussed.", "PMID": 727724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11287", "title": "Juvenile parkinsonism: a patient with possible primary striatal dysfunction.", "content": "A 15-year-old boy who initially manifested dystonic features and later developed classic parkinsonism is described. Cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid levels were normal or slightly elevated both before and after administration of probenecid. The patient responded favorably to treatment with levodopa and carbidopa. The normal or slightly elevated cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid levels contrast with the low levels usually seen in adult parkinsonian patients. The data on this patient suggest direct neostriatal involvement rather than depletion of neurons of the substantia nigra. Juvenile parkinsonism may have at least two distinct pathological forms, but they have similar clinical features and a similar response to treatment.", "contents": "Juvenile parkinsonism: a patient with possible primary striatal dysfunction. A 15-year-old boy who initially manifested dystonic features and later developed classic parkinsonism is described. Cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid levels were normal or slightly elevated both before and after administration of probenecid. The patient responded favorably to treatment with levodopa and carbidopa. The normal or slightly elevated cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid levels contrast with the low levels usually seen in adult parkinsonian patients. The data on this patient suggest direct neostriatal involvement rather than depletion of neurons of the substantia nigra. Juvenile parkinsonism may have at least two distinct pathological forms, but they have similar clinical features and a similar response to treatment.", "PMID": 727726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11288", "title": "Hypothalamic hypothyroidism causing spastic paraplegia: recovery following thyroid medication.", "content": "A 63-year-old woman with longstanding spastic paraplegia and neurological evidence of long tract disturbance was found to have hypothyroidism, partial diabetes insipidus, hyperprolactinemia, and gonadotropin deficiency of hypothalamic origin. Replacement therapy with thyroxine and prednisone induced complete remission of the neurological abnormalities. The association of spastic paraplegia with hypothalamic insufficiency  has not been reported previously. The possibility of hypothalamic disease should be considered in cases of spastic paraplegia of unknown cause.", "contents": "Hypothalamic hypothyroidism causing spastic paraplegia: recovery following thyroid medication. A 63-year-old woman with longstanding spastic paraplegia and neurological evidence of long tract disturbance was found to have hypothyroidism, partial diabetes insipidus, hyperprolactinemia, and gonadotropin deficiency of hypothalamic origin. Replacement therapy with thyroxine and prednisone induced complete remission of the neurological abnormalities. The association of spastic paraplegia with hypothalamic insufficiency  has not been reported previously. The possibility of hypothalamic disease should be considered in cases of spastic paraplegia of unknown cause.", "PMID": 727728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11289", "title": "Late components of motor unit potentials in a patient with myoglobinuria.", "content": "A 45-year-old woman had severe weakness, myoglobinuria, and elevated muscle enzyme levels in the serum after a flulike illness. Electromyography some four weeks later showed motor unit potentials with late components; these remained present on subsequent electromyographic examinations performed at approximately monthly intervals for the following year. The persistence of motor unit potentials with late components is taken to imply that the late components were caused either by sprouts that failed to undergo myelination or, more likely, by ectopically innervated muscle fibers.", "contents": "Late components of motor unit potentials in a patient with myoglobinuria. A 45-year-old woman had severe weakness, myoglobinuria, and elevated muscle enzyme levels in the serum after a flulike illness. Electromyography some four weeks later showed motor unit potentials with late components; these remained present on subsequent electromyographic examinations performed at approximately monthly intervals for the following year. The persistence of motor unit potentials with late components is taken to imply that the late components were caused either by sprouts that failed to undergo myelination or, more likely, by ectopically innervated muscle fibers.", "PMID": 727729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11290", "title": "Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome with CNS involvement and thrombosis of a vein of galen malformation.", "content": "A patient is described with the dermatological features of blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome (BRBNS), focal seizures, and lateralized neurological signs. CAT scan demonstrated a nonenhanced density in the region of the vein of Galen. Neuropathological examination showed that this density was a clot within a vein of Galen malformation. Hemangiomas that grossly resembled the skin lesions of BRBNS were seen on the cerebral surface. Many of these hemangiomas were thrombosed and overlay patchy zones of infarction. Numerous vascular malformations of varying histological types were also found within the brain and systemic organs. Bluish, compressible, often raised hemangiomas of the skin should alert physicians to the BRBNS and the potential for vascular malformations ot occur within the brain as well as systemic organs. Diagnosis of BRBNS involving the brain may assist in interpretation of radiographic findings. The tendency of these malformations to thrombose may account for focal neurological deficits.", "contents": "Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome with CNS involvement and thrombosis of a vein of galen malformation. A patient is described with the dermatological features of blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome (BRBNS), focal seizures, and lateralized neurological signs. CAT scan demonstrated a nonenhanced density in the region of the vein of Galen. Neuropathological examination showed that this density was a clot within a vein of Galen malformation. Hemangiomas that grossly resembled the skin lesions of BRBNS were seen on the cerebral surface. Many of these hemangiomas were thrombosed and overlay patchy zones of infarction. Numerous vascular malformations of varying histological types were also found within the brain and systemic organs. Bluish, compressible, often raised hemangiomas of the skin should alert physicians to the BRBNS and the potential for vascular malformations ot occur within the brain as well as systemic organs. Diagnosis of BRBNS involving the brain may assist in interpretation of radiographic findings. The tendency of these malformations to thrombose may account for focal neurological deficits.", "PMID": 727730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11291", "title": "Deanol acetamidobenzoate inhibits the blood-brain barrier transport of choline.", "content": "Competition by deanol (dimethylaminoethanol) with choline for uptake from the bloodstream into the brain was demonstrated by simultaneous intracarotid administration of carbon 14-labeled choline with deanol (plus tritiated water and indium 113m, to calculate a brain uptake index) and by measuring the brain uptake of 14C-labeled choline mixed with sera from rats pretreated with deanol (300 or 500 mg/kg 8 or 30 minutes earlier). The inhibition constant for inhibition of choline uptake by deanol (159 micrograms) was actually lower than the Michaelis constant for choline itself (442 micrograms); hence, the affinity of the carrier mechanism for deanol is at least as great as it is for choline. Deanol administration also elevated blood choline levels; thus, the effect of the drug on brain choline (and acetylcholine) levels is the result of the increase it produces in blood choline and the suppression it causes in choline uptake. These findings may explain discrepant results from laboratories seeking increases in brain acetylcholine or clinical improvement in patients with tardive dyskinesia after deanol treatment.", "contents": "Deanol acetamidobenzoate inhibits the blood-brain barrier transport of choline. Competition by deanol (dimethylaminoethanol) with choline for uptake from the bloodstream into the brain was demonstrated by simultaneous intracarotid administration of carbon 14-labeled choline with deanol (plus tritiated water and indium 113m, to calculate a brain uptake index) and by measuring the brain uptake of 14C-labeled choline mixed with sera from rats pretreated with deanol (300 or 500 mg/kg 8 or 30 minutes earlier). The inhibition constant for inhibition of choline uptake by deanol (159 micrograms) was actually lower than the Michaelis constant for choline itself (442 micrograms); hence, the affinity of the carrier mechanism for deanol is at least as great as it is for choline. Deanol administration also elevated blood choline levels; thus, the effect of the drug on brain choline (and acetylcholine) levels is the result of the increase it produces in blood choline and the suppression it causes in choline uptake. These findings may explain discrepant results from laboratories seeking increases in brain acetylcholine or clinical improvement in patients with tardive dyskinesia after deanol treatment.", "PMID": 727735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11292", "title": "Saccadic system plasticity in humans.", "content": "A subject with a medial rectus paresis secondary to a partial third nerve palsy was forced to use the affected eye for six days while the good eye was constantly patched. Saccadic eye movements were carefully measured each day; the grain increased, with a time constant of 0.85 day. The patch was then switched to the paretic eye and the gain decreased, with a time constant of 0.85 day. The patch was then switched to the paretic eye and the gain decreased, with a time constant of 1.54 days. This demonstrated central nervous system plasticity of the pulse and step of neural activity responsible for the generation of saccades in the adult human. In addition to gain changes, postsaccadic drift velocity and saccadic velocity/amplitude relationship alterations during the patching are reported. A major conclusion that can be drawn from analysis fo these data is that the gain changing is accomplished by pulse width changes rather than pulse height (firing frequency), which was not markedly altered.", "contents": "Saccadic system plasticity in humans. A subject with a medial rectus paresis secondary to a partial third nerve palsy was forced to use the affected eye for six days while the good eye was constantly patched. Saccadic eye movements were carefully measured each day; the grain increased, with a time constant of 0.85 day. The patch was then switched to the paretic eye and the gain decreased, with a time constant of 0.85 day. The patch was then switched to the paretic eye and the gain decreased, with a time constant of 1.54 days. This demonstrated central nervous system plasticity of the pulse and step of neural activity responsible for the generation of saccades in the adult human. In addition to gain changes, postsaccadic drift velocity and saccadic velocity/amplitude relationship alterations during the patching are reported. A major conclusion that can be drawn from analysis fo these data is that the gain changing is accomplished by pulse width changes rather than pulse height (firing frequency), which was not markedly altered.", "PMID": 727736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11293", "title": "Fatal long-term sequela following radiation \"cure\" for ependymoma.", "content": "There are no previous reports of glioblastoma occurring following central nervous system irradiation. This report describes a young girl with an ependymoma at age 13 months who was treated by radiotherapy following surgical removal. At age 6 years she presented with a new lesion in the same location. Histologically there was no evidence of recurrent ependymoma. Instead, the pathological picture suggested glioblastoma or a severe radiation-induced encephalopathy. In either case, it seems likely that the changes were radiation induced.", "contents": "Fatal long-term sequela following radiation \"cure\" for ependymoma. There are no previous reports of glioblastoma occurring following central nervous system irradiation. This report describes a young girl with an ependymoma at age 13 months who was treated by radiotherapy following surgical removal. At age 6 years she presented with a new lesion in the same location. Histologically there was no evidence of recurrent ependymoma. Instead, the pathological picture suggested glioblastoma or a severe radiation-induced encephalopathy. In either case, it seems likely that the changes were radiation induced.", "PMID": 727737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11294", "title": "Measurement of regional cerebral blood volume by emission tomography.", "content": "The technique of positron emission tomography was used to measure cerebral blood volume (CBV) in 10 normal right-handed human volunteers following inhalation of trace quantities of cyclotron-produced, 11C-labeled carbon monoxide. In scans obtained 4 cm above the orbitomeatal line, CBV was 4.3 ml per 100 gm of tissue, whereas in scans obtained 8 cm above the orbitomeatal line, CBV was significantly less (3.3 ml per 100 gm; p less than 0.001). This difference reflects the greater proportion of gray matter in the lower scan. Furthermore, the CBV was significantly larger (p less than 0.001) in the left cerebral hemisphere in the tomographic scans obtained 4 cm above the orbitomeatal line. These scans include the region of the superior surface of the temporal lobe (planum temporale), which is thought to be larger in individuals with left cerebral dominance for speech. This observation is the first in vivo demonstration of a structural correlate of a known functional difference in the cerebral hemispheres of man.", "contents": "Measurement of regional cerebral blood volume by emission tomography. The technique of positron emission tomography was used to measure cerebral blood volume (CBV) in 10 normal right-handed human volunteers following inhalation of trace quantities of cyclotron-produced, 11C-labeled carbon monoxide. In scans obtained 4 cm above the orbitomeatal line, CBV was 4.3 ml per 100 gm of tissue, whereas in scans obtained 8 cm above the orbitomeatal line, CBV was significantly less (3.3 ml per 100 gm; p less than 0.001). This difference reflects the greater proportion of gray matter in the lower scan. Furthermore, the CBV was significantly larger (p less than 0.001) in the left cerebral hemisphere in the tomographic scans obtained 4 cm above the orbitomeatal line. These scans include the region of the superior surface of the temporal lobe (planum temporale), which is thought to be larger in individuals with left cerebral dominance for speech. This observation is the first in vivo demonstration of a structural correlate of a known functional difference in the cerebral hemispheres of man.", "PMID": 727738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11295", "title": "Changes in brain weights during the span of human life: relation of brain weights to body heights and body weights.", "content": "More than 20,000 autopsy reports from several general hospitals were surveyed for the purpose of selecting brains without a pathological lesion that had been weighed in the fresh condition. From this number, 2,773 males and 1,963 females were chosen for whom body weight, body height, and cause of death had been recorded. The data were segregated into 23 age groups ranging from birth to 86+ years and subjected to statistical evaluation. Overall, the brain weights in males were greater than in females by 9.8%. The largest increases  in brain weights in both sexes occurred during the first 3 years of life, when the value quadruples over that at birth, while during the subsequent 15 years the brain weight barely quintuples over that at birth. Progressive decline in brain weight begins at about 45 to 50 years of age and reaches its lowest  values after age 86 years, by which time the mean brain weight has decreased by about 11% relative to the maximum brain weight attained in young adults (about 19 years of age). Computed regression lines for brain weights versus body heights and body weights and for ratios for brain weights to body heights and weights versus age groups show clearly differential rates of change in brain weights which are less affected by sex.", "contents": "Changes in brain weights during the span of human life: relation of brain weights to body heights and body weights. More than 20,000 autopsy reports from several general hospitals were surveyed for the purpose of selecting brains without a pathological lesion that had been weighed in the fresh condition. From this number, 2,773 males and 1,963 females were chosen for whom body weight, body height, and cause of death had been recorded. The data were segregated into 23 age groups ranging from birth to 86+ years and subjected to statistical evaluation. Overall, the brain weights in males were greater than in females by 9.8%. The largest increases  in brain weights in both sexes occurred during the first 3 years of life, when the value quadruples over that at birth, while during the subsequent 15 years the brain weight barely quintuples over that at birth. Progressive decline in brain weight begins at about 45 to 50 years of age and reaches its lowest  values after age 86 years, by which time the mean brain weight has decreased by about 11% relative to the maximum brain weight attained in young adults (about 19 years of age). Computed regression lines for brain weights versus body heights and body weights and for ratios for brain weights to body heights and weights versus age groups show clearly differential rates of change in brain weights which are less affected by sex.", "PMID": 727739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11296", "title": "The pathophysiology of myotonia produced by aromatic carboxylic acids.", "content": "A series of nine related aromatic monocarboxylic acids (ACAs) previously shown to inhibit muscle membrane chloride conductance (GCl) selectively in the rat were studied for their ability to produce myotonia. All nine induced characteristic repetitive electrical activity and delayed relaxation in isolated muscle, although the concentrations required for this action varied widely. In each case, myotonia was observed at concentrations that correlated closely with previously determined half-maximal concentrations for inhibition of GCl. Intracellular recordings from muscle made myotonic with ACA revealed prolonged latencies at rheobase, multiple driven spikes, and self-sustaining repetitive activity similar to that previously reported in hereditary goat myotonia. Phase-plane diagrams of membrane action potentials recorded after exposure to the most effective of these compounds suggested little effect on the voltage-dependent sodium system. The changes seen could be duplicated by simple removal of chloride ion. The expression of repetitive electrical activity in the presence of low membrane GCl depends on ambient temperature and on the concentration of calcium ion. Increasing temperature and decreasing Ca++ predispose toward myotonic activity; converse conditions inhibit myotonia. Myotonia induced by ACA is inhibited by concentrations of diphenylhydantoin that are clinically effective in controlling hereditary myotonia in humans.", "contents": "The pathophysiology of myotonia produced by aromatic carboxylic acids. A series of nine related aromatic monocarboxylic acids (ACAs) previously shown to inhibit muscle membrane chloride conductance (GCl) selectively in the rat were studied for their ability to produce myotonia. All nine induced characteristic repetitive electrical activity and delayed relaxation in isolated muscle, although the concentrations required for this action varied widely. In each case, myotonia was observed at concentrations that correlated closely with previously determined half-maximal concentrations for inhibition of GCl. Intracellular recordings from muscle made myotonic with ACA revealed prolonged latencies at rheobase, multiple driven spikes, and self-sustaining repetitive activity similar to that previously reported in hereditary goat myotonia. Phase-plane diagrams of membrane action potentials recorded after exposure to the most effective of these compounds suggested little effect on the voltage-dependent sodium system. The changes seen could be duplicated by simple removal of chloride ion. The expression of repetitive electrical activity in the presence of low membrane GCl depends on ambient temperature and on the concentration of calcium ion. Increasing temperature and decreasing Ca++ predispose toward myotonic activity; converse conditions inhibit myotonia. Myotonia induced by ACA is inhibited by concentrations of diphenylhydantoin that are clinically effective in controlling hereditary myotonia in humans.", "PMID": 727740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11297", "title": "Systemic lupus erythematosus, myasthenia gravis, and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.", "content": "Clinical, electrophysiological, and laboratory data are reported on a 21-year-old black woman with systemic lupus erythematosus, myasthenia gravis, and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. The first two diseases are related by similar pathogenetic mechanisms. To our knowledge, this is the first patient reported with this unusual combination of rare diseases.", "contents": "Systemic lupus erythematosus, myasthenia gravis, and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Clinical, electrophysiological, and laboratory data are reported on a 21-year-old black woman with systemic lupus erythematosus, myasthenia gravis, and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. The first two diseases are related by similar pathogenetic mechanisms. To our knowledge, this is the first patient reported with this unusual combination of rare diseases.", "PMID": 727742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11298", "title": "Multiple small cavernous angiomas of the brain with increased intracranial pressure.", "content": "Small vascular malformations of the central nervous system are generally considered cryptic, or silent, because they are an incidental but frequent finding at autopsy. When they are symptomatic, these malformations have been associated with intracranial hemorrhage or seizures. The patient reported here had multiple small cavernous angiomas associated with a syndrome resembling pseudotumor cerebri. The increased intracranial pressure apparently was produced by multifocal areas of cerebral edema without associated hydrocephalus.", "contents": "Multiple small cavernous angiomas of the brain with increased intracranial pressure. Small vascular malformations of the central nervous system are generally considered cryptic, or silent, because they are an incidental but frequent finding at autopsy. When they are symptomatic, these malformations have been associated with intracranial hemorrhage or seizures. The patient reported here had multiple small cavernous angiomas associated with a syndrome resembling pseudotumor cerebri. The increased intracranial pressure apparently was produced by multifocal areas of cerebral edema without associated hydrocephalus.", "PMID": 727743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11299", "title": "[Notes on Indian skulls from Venezuela and the Dominican Republic].", "content": "Ten Indian skulls from Venezuela and the Dominican Republic, respectively, have been examined anthropologically. Three of these skulls are from adolescent individuals, the remaining seven from adult ones. Four skulls were artificially deformed (tabular obliqua type). Out of the seven adult skulls five are male, two probably female. The measurements and indices are mostly within the variation range of hitherto already known values from these regions. Considering all factors one can see a population having relatively short, median wide and in general low skulls, which are also characterized by low to median cranial capacities. The face is dominated by high orbitae. The cheek bones are median wide, compared to other South American groups. The nose is often short. Its width is differing whereas, however, narrow to median wide nasal openings are prevailing. For the present it is not possible to differentiate this skull material either regionally or chronologically.", "contents": "[Notes on Indian skulls from Venezuela and the Dominican Republic]. Ten Indian skulls from Venezuela and the Dominican Republic, respectively, have been examined anthropologically. Three of these skulls are from adolescent individuals, the remaining seven from adult ones. Four skulls were artificially deformed (tabular obliqua type). Out of the seven adult skulls five are male, two probably female. The measurements and indices are mostly within the variation range of hitherto already known values from these regions. Considering all factors one can see a population having relatively short, median wide and in general low skulls, which are also characterized by low to median cranial capacities. The face is dominated by high orbitae. The cheek bones are median wide, compared to other South American groups. The nose is often short. Its width is differing whereas, however, narrow to median wide nasal openings are prevailing. For the present it is not possible to differentiate this skull material either regionally or chronologically.", "PMID": 727751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11300", "title": "[Quantitative variations of hematological properties during growth in Spanish school children from Barcelona].", "content": "A sample of n = 836 male students between 9 and 16 years from Barcelona was analysed for quantitative variations of various hematological characters during growth. The results were compared with a sample of n = 194 adult males between 20 and 45 years. No statistically significant variations were found concerning the levels of calcium, ureic nitrogen, glutamate-oxal-acetat-transaminase (s-GOT), serum albumin and total serum protein. Against that, marked and statistically significant age variations were seen for the levels of alkaline serum phosphatase, glucose, anorganic phosphorus, cholesterol, and uric acid. These variations are without doubt associated with the metabolic processes during growth. Unexplained remain the age variations concerning the bilirubin and lactate dehydrogenase levels. Out of the serum protein fractions only the alpha1- and gamma globulins showed some age variations: The alpha1-fraction increases between 10 and 16 years, the gamma fraction decreases between 9 and 14.", "contents": "[Quantitative variations of hematological properties during growth in Spanish school children from Barcelona]. A sample of n = 836 male students between 9 and 16 years from Barcelona was analysed for quantitative variations of various hematological characters during growth. The results were compared with a sample of n = 194 adult males between 20 and 45 years. No statistically significant variations were found concerning the levels of calcium, ureic nitrogen, glutamate-oxal-acetat-transaminase (s-GOT), serum albumin and total serum protein. Against that, marked and statistically significant age variations were seen for the levels of alkaline serum phosphatase, glucose, anorganic phosphorus, cholesterol, and uric acid. These variations are without doubt associated with the metabolic processes during growth. Unexplained remain the age variations concerning the bilirubin and lactate dehydrogenase levels. Out of the serum protein fractions only the alpha1- and gamma globulins showed some age variations: The alpha1-fraction increases between 10 and 16 years, the gamma fraction decreases between 9 and 14.", "PMID": 727752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11301", "title": "[Antibiotic activity of cultures of the species of the genus Actinomadura].", "content": "Sixty five cultures of Actinomadura were isolated from samples of different soils. The study of their antibiotic activity on liquid nutrient media showed that 49 of them were active against gram-postive bacteria. The antibiotics isolated fromsome cultures of Am. carminata, Am. rubra, Am. coerulea and Am. luteofluorescens had antitumor effect in experiments on animals.", "contents": "[Antibiotic activity of cultures of the species of the genus Actinomadura]. Sixty five cultures of Actinomadura were isolated from samples of different soils. The study of their antibiotic activity on liquid nutrient media showed that 49 of them were active against gram-postive bacteria. The antibiotics isolated fromsome cultures of Am. carminata, Am. rubra, Am. coerulea and Am. luteofluorescens had antitumor effect in experiments on animals.", "PMID": 727753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11302", "title": "[Synthetic medium for the biosynthesis of tobramycin].", "content": "The effect of the sources of carbon and inorganic nitrogen on the biosynthesis of tobrmycin complex was studied. Maltose and ammonium chloride were shown tobe optimal. A synthetic medium for Streptomyces cremeus var. nov. 2242, to tobramyc in producing organism, was elaborated and its optimization was performed using the experiment mathematical modelling, i. e. the method of latin squares. Tobramycin production on the new medium was 6 to 7 times higher than that on the initial medium.", "contents": "[Synthetic medium for the biosynthesis of tobramycin]. The effect of the sources of carbon and inorganic nitrogen on the biosynthesis of tobrmycin complex was studied. Maltose and ammonium chloride were shown tobe optimal. A synthetic medium for Streptomyces cremeus var. nov. 2242, to tobramyc in producing organism, was elaborated and its optimization was performed using the experiment mathematical modelling, i. e. the method of latin squares. Tobramycin production on the new medium was 6 to 7 times higher than that on the initial medium.", "PMID": 727755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11303", "title": "[Role of sterol structure in complex formation with polyene antibiotics].", "content": "The capacity of sterols of different structure being components of artificial bilayer lipid membranes for formation of complexes with polyenic antibiotics, such as amphotericin B, nistatin and levorin was studied. It was shown that sterols delat 5,7-dienic systemin ring B, ergosterol and cholesta-5,7,22-trien 3 beta-ol had the highest affinity to all the 3 antibiotics, while sterols with one double bond in ring B, i. e. cholesterol and brassicasterol had less affinity and sterol without any double bonds in the molecule i.e. 5alpha cholestan 3beta-ol had the least affinity. It was supposed that delta 5,7-sterols had the highest affinity to polyens because of the fact that atoms C-5, C-6; C-7 and C-8 in ring B were practically situated in one plane in contrast to sterols with completely saturated ring B situated in the \"conformation chair\". Because of this interaction between delta 5,7-sterol ring B and the same flat polyenic site of the antibiotic molecule is sterically most firm since maximum contact is possible between two planes. It was noted that affinity of sterol to the polyenic antibiotics was higher if there were a double bond at 22-23 and methyl group at C-24 in the sterol side chain.", "contents": "[Role of sterol structure in complex formation with polyene antibiotics]. The capacity of sterols of different structure being components of artificial bilayer lipid membranes for formation of complexes with polyenic antibiotics, such as amphotericin B, nistatin and levorin was studied. It was shown that sterols delat 5,7-dienic systemin ring B, ergosterol and cholesta-5,7,22-trien 3 beta-ol had the highest affinity to all the 3 antibiotics, while sterols with one double bond in ring B, i. e. cholesterol and brassicasterol had less affinity and sterol without any double bonds in the molecule i.e. 5alpha cholestan 3beta-ol had the least affinity. It was supposed that delta 5,7-sterols had the highest affinity to polyens because of the fact that atoms C-5, C-6; C-7 and C-8 in ring B were practically situated in one plane in contrast to sterols with completely saturated ring B situated in the \"conformation chair\". Because of this interaction between delta 5,7-sterol ring B and the same flat polyenic site of the antibiotic molecule is sterically most firm since maximum contact is possible between two planes. It was noted that affinity of sterol to the polyenic antibiotics was higher if there were a double bond at 22-23 and methyl group at C-24 in the sterol side chain.", "PMID": 727756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11304", "title": "[Phamacokinetics of methicillin, oxacillin and cephalosporin in the body of puerperae].", "content": "Features of absorption, distribution and excretion of methicillin, oxacillin and cephaloridine in 58 puerpera were studied. No complications were observed in the postnatal period of the puerpera. The results of the study of the antibiotic pharmacokinetics provided elaboration of the optimal regimen for the use of methicillin, oxacillin and cephaloridine in puerpera, i. e. I g intramuscularly every 6 hours.", "contents": "[Phamacokinetics of methicillin, oxacillin and cephalosporin in the body of puerperae]. Features of absorption, distribution and excretion of methicillin, oxacillin and cephaloridine in 58 puerpera were studied. No complications were observed in the postnatal period of the puerpera. The results of the study of the antibiotic pharmacokinetics provided elaboration of the optimal regimen for the use of methicillin, oxacillin and cephaloridine in puerpera, i. e. I g intramuscularly every 6 hours.", "PMID": 727757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11305", "title": "Comparative in vitro activity of newer cephalosporins against anaerobic bacteria.", "content": "The in vitro susceptibilities of 408 recent clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria against cefaclor, cephalexin, cephalothin, cefazolin, cefamandole, and cefoxitin were compared by an agar dilution technique. Against gram-positive bacteria, especially peptococci, peptostreptococci, and propionibacteria, cephalexin and cefaclor were significantly less active than cephalothin (P < 0.05). Cephalexin was also less active than cephalothin against clostridia and lactobacillus (P < 0.05). Against gram-negative bacteria, major differences were observed primarily with Bacteroides fragilis, against which cephalexin, cefazolin and cefoxitin were all significantly more active than cephalothin (P < 0.001). At concentrations of 16 mug per ml, however, all cephalosporins showed high in vitro activity, except against Lactobacillus species and B. fragilis. Cephalothin, cefazolin and cefamandole were considerably more active against the former, whereas cefoxitin was distinctly more active against the latter.", "contents": "Comparative in vitro activity of newer cephalosporins against anaerobic bacteria. The in vitro susceptibilities of 408 recent clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria against cefaclor, cephalexin, cephalothin, cefazolin, cefamandole, and cefoxitin were compared by an agar dilution technique. Against gram-positive bacteria, especially peptococci, peptostreptococci, and propionibacteria, cephalexin and cefaclor were significantly less active than cephalothin (P < 0.05). Cephalexin was also less active than cephalothin against clostridia and lactobacillus (P < 0.05). Against gram-negative bacteria, major differences were observed primarily with Bacteroides fragilis, against which cephalexin, cefazolin and cefoxitin were all significantly more active than cephalothin (P < 0.001). At concentrations of 16 mug per ml, however, all cephalosporins showed high in vitro activity, except against Lactobacillus species and B. fragilis. Cephalothin, cefazolin and cefamandole were considerably more active against the former, whereas cefoxitin was distinctly more active against the latter.", "PMID": 727759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11306", "title": "Effects of binding and bactericidal action of vancomycin on Bacillus licheniformis cell wall organization as probed by 15N nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.", "content": "The effects of binding and the bactericidal action of vancomycin on the arrangement and mobilities of cell wall polymers in Bacillus licheniformis were investigated by (15)N nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The bactericidal action of vancomycin led to reduced mobilities of cell wall teichoic acid and teichuronic acid in surviving cells. The decrease in teichoic acid mobility was also observed upon binding of vancomycin to B. licheniformis cells and resulted from a specific interaction between the antibiotic and teichoic acid, rather than from electrostatic contraction of the cell wall. The reduction in teichuronic acid mobility appeared to be related either to the elastic contraction of the cell wall resulting from loss of cell turgor or to separation of the cell wall from the protoplast membrane. No spectral changes associated with cell wall autolysis or alterations in cell wall composition, amidation, and cross-linking were found in vancomycin-treated B. licheniformis cells. Binding of vancomycin to Micrococcus lysodeikticus cell walls led to a decrease in mobility of C-terminal d-alanine residues but was accompanied by an increase in the mobilities of other peptidoglycan residues. The possible contributions of changes in the arrangements of cell wall polymers to the lethal action of vancomycin is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of binding and bactericidal action of vancomycin on Bacillus licheniformis cell wall organization as probed by 15N nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The effects of binding and the bactericidal action of vancomycin on the arrangement and mobilities of cell wall polymers in Bacillus licheniformis were investigated by (15)N nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The bactericidal action of vancomycin led to reduced mobilities of cell wall teichoic acid and teichuronic acid in surviving cells. The decrease in teichoic acid mobility was also observed upon binding of vancomycin to B. licheniformis cells and resulted from a specific interaction between the antibiotic and teichoic acid, rather than from electrostatic contraction of the cell wall. The reduction in teichuronic acid mobility appeared to be related either to the elastic contraction of the cell wall resulting from loss of cell turgor or to separation of the cell wall from the protoplast membrane. No spectral changes associated with cell wall autolysis or alterations in cell wall composition, amidation, and cross-linking were found in vancomycin-treated B. licheniformis cells. Binding of vancomycin to Micrococcus lysodeikticus cell walls led to a decrease in mobility of C-terminal d-alanine residues but was accompanied by an increase in the mobilities of other peptidoglycan residues. The possible contributions of changes in the arrangements of cell wall polymers to the lethal action of vancomycin is discussed.", "PMID": 727760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11307", "title": "Susceptibility of 40 lactobacilli to six antimicrobial agents with broad gram-positive anaerobic spectra.", "content": "The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of 40 lactobacillus strains were determined against six antibiotics with broad anaerobic spectra. Penicillin, ampicillin, clindamycin, and cephalothin were the most active inhibitory agents, with 95 to 100% of the strains inhibited at clinically achievable serum levels. However, despite the inhibitory efficacy of these four agents, only 5 to 22% of the isolates were killed at achievable concentrations. MBC:MIC ratios were high, ranging from 30:1 for cephalothin to 266:1 for ampicillin. Cefoxitin and metronidazole were generally ineffective against lactobacilli, with 87.5 to 100% of strains having unachievable MICs and/or MBCs. These findings may partially explain the clinical observations noting the inability to eradicate endocarditic lactobacillemias despite readily achievable MICs.", "contents": "Susceptibility of 40 lactobacilli to six antimicrobial agents with broad gram-positive anaerobic spectra. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of 40 lactobacillus strains were determined against six antibiotics with broad anaerobic spectra. Penicillin, ampicillin, clindamycin, and cephalothin were the most active inhibitory agents, with 95 to 100% of the strains inhibited at clinically achievable serum levels. However, despite the inhibitory efficacy of these four agents, only 5 to 22% of the isolates were killed at achievable concentrations. MBC:MIC ratios were high, ranging from 30:1 for cephalothin to 266:1 for ampicillin. Cefoxitin and metronidazole were generally ineffective against lactobacilli, with 87.5 to 100% of strains having unachievable MICs and/or MBCs. These findings may partially explain the clinical observations noting the inability to eradicate endocarditic lactobacillemias despite readily achievable MICs.", "PMID": 727761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11308", "title": "Penetration of methicillin, oxacillin, and cephalothin into bone and synovial tissues.", "content": "The penetrations of methicillin, oxacillin, and cephalothin into cortical bone and synovial tissues were studied 1 h after their intravenous administration in 105 patients having arthroplasty of the hip. Although the lowest serum levels were noted with cephalothin (P < 0.01), more patients receiving cephalothin achieved osseous drug levels inhibitory to staphylococci (P < 0.01). Differences in the penetration of the three agents into synovial tissues were not statistically significant.", "contents": "Penetration of methicillin, oxacillin, and cephalothin into bone and synovial tissues. The penetrations of methicillin, oxacillin, and cephalothin into cortical bone and synovial tissues were studied 1 h after their intravenous administration in 105 patients having arthroplasty of the hip. Although the lowest serum levels were noted with cephalothin (P < 0.01), more patients receiving cephalothin achieved osseous drug levels inhibitory to staphylococci (P < 0.01). Differences in the penetration of the three agents into synovial tissues were not statistically significant.", "PMID": 727762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11309", "title": "Reversible effects on cellular metabolism and proliferation by trisodium phosphonoformate.", "content": "The antiviral compound trisodium phosphonoformate (PFA), which inhibits herpesvirus multiplication by 50% at a concentration of 10 muM, did not show any effects on macromolecular synthesis and cell proliferation in HeLa and human lung cells at this concentration. At the high concentration of 2 mM, PFA reduced DNA synthesis to 50% after 1 h of treatment, whereas no effects could be seen on RNA and protein synthesis. Treatment for 24 h with 1 mM PFA inhibited both DNA synthesis and cell proliferation to 50%. The inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation at 10 mM PFA was rapidly reversed by removing the drug from the cells.", "contents": "Reversible effects on cellular metabolism and proliferation by trisodium phosphonoformate. The antiviral compound trisodium phosphonoformate (PFA), which inhibits herpesvirus multiplication by 50% at a concentration of 10 muM, did not show any effects on macromolecular synthesis and cell proliferation in HeLa and human lung cells at this concentration. At the high concentration of 2 mM, PFA reduced DNA synthesis to 50% after 1 h of treatment, whereas no effects could be seen on RNA and protein synthesis. Treatment for 24 h with 1 mM PFA inhibited both DNA synthesis and cell proliferation to 50%. The inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation at 10 mM PFA was rapidly reversed by removing the drug from the cells.", "PMID": 727763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11310", "title": "Improved susceptibility disk assay method employing an agar overlay technique.", "content": "Susceptibility disks impregnated with 35 different antibiotics were assayed by the current Code of Federal Regulations method and by a new method employing an agar overlay. The new method, a simplified analytical procedure, exhibited improvement in zone definition and an increase in dose response. Assays performed by the new method were accurate and precise. The agar overlay technique appears to be superior to the current Code of Federal Regulations method.", "contents": "Improved susceptibility disk assay method employing an agar overlay technique. Susceptibility disks impregnated with 35 different antibiotics were assayed by the current Code of Federal Regulations method and by a new method employing an agar overlay. The new method, a simplified analytical procedure, exhibited improvement in zone definition and an increase in dose response. Assays performed by the new method were accurate and precise. The agar overlay technique appears to be superior to the current Code of Federal Regulations method.", "PMID": 727765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11311", "title": "Effect of antibiotics on the prevention of experimental Bacteroides fragilis endocarditis.", "content": "The relative efficacy of single doses of antibiotics in modifying the development of Bacteroides fragilis subsp. fragilis endocarditis was studied in an experimental model. Antibiotics were administered 0.5 h before intravenous injection of B. fragilis subsp. fragilis into rabbits prepared by insertion of a polyethylene catheter into the left side of the heart; 48 h later, intracardiac vegetations were excised and cultured anaerobically. B. fragilis was recovered from 92% of untreated animals. After a single dose of procaine penicillin G (250 mg/kg intramuscularly), 80% of the animals remained infected. Chloramphenicol (30 mg/kg), carbenicillin (50 mg/kg), and metronidazole (10 mg/kg) were also ineffective (76, 80, and 75% infected, respectively). Cefamandole (30 mg/kg), cefoxitin (30 mg/kg), and erythromycin (30 mg/kg) were significantly more active (50, 55, and 45% infected, respectively), as were higher doses of carbenicillin. Clindamycin (50 mg/kg) was the most effective regimen (11% infected). At present, the relevance of these results to the therapy of serious B. fragilis infections is not known, but this model may prove useful in the evaluation of the prevention of B. fragilis subsp. fragilis bacteremia.", "contents": "Effect of antibiotics on the prevention of experimental Bacteroides fragilis endocarditis. The relative efficacy of single doses of antibiotics in modifying the development of Bacteroides fragilis subsp. fragilis endocarditis was studied in an experimental model. Antibiotics were administered 0.5 h before intravenous injection of B. fragilis subsp. fragilis into rabbits prepared by insertion of a polyethylene catheter into the left side of the heart; 48 h later, intracardiac vegetations were excised and cultured anaerobically. B. fragilis was recovered from 92% of untreated animals. After a single dose of procaine penicillin G (250 mg/kg intramuscularly), 80% of the animals remained infected. Chloramphenicol (30 mg/kg), carbenicillin (50 mg/kg), and metronidazole (10 mg/kg) were also ineffective (76, 80, and 75% infected, respectively). Cefamandole (30 mg/kg), cefoxitin (30 mg/kg), and erythromycin (30 mg/kg) were significantly more active (50, 55, and 45% infected, respectively), as were higher doses of carbenicillin. Clindamycin (50 mg/kg) was the most effective regimen (11% infected). At present, the relevance of these results to the therapy of serious B. fragilis infections is not known, but this model may prove useful in the evaluation of the prevention of B. fragilis subsp. fragilis bacteremia.", "PMID": 727764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11312", "title": "In vitro activity of Sch 21420, derivative of gentamicin B, compared to that of amikacin.", "content": "The minimal inhibitory concentration of Sch-21420 closely paralleled amikacin for 125 strains of aerobic gram-negative bacilli and Staphylococcus aureus primarily selected for testing because of resistance to other aminoglycoside antibiotics. Fifteen of 26 strains requiring 20 mug or more of amikacin per ml for inhibition were inhibited by two- to fourfold less Sch 21420. The majority of organisms resistant to both agents owed their resistance to mechanisms other than the carriage of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes. Most strains carrying aminoglycoside 6'-acetyltransferase, capable of modifying amikacin, were susceptible to 10 mug or less of Sch 21420 per ml.", "contents": "In vitro activity of Sch 21420, derivative of gentamicin B, compared to that of amikacin. The minimal inhibitory concentration of Sch-21420 closely paralleled amikacin for 125 strains of aerobic gram-negative bacilli and Staphylococcus aureus primarily selected for testing because of resistance to other aminoglycoside antibiotics. Fifteen of 26 strains requiring 20 mug or more of amikacin per ml for inhibition were inhibited by two- to fourfold less Sch 21420. The majority of organisms resistant to both agents owed their resistance to mechanisms other than the carriage of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes. Most strains carrying aminoglycoside 6'-acetyltransferase, capable of modifying amikacin, were susceptible to 10 mug or less of Sch 21420 per ml.", "PMID": 727766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11313", "title": "Activity of derivatives and analogs of dapsone against Mycobacterium leprae.", "content": "Of 25 dapsone derivatives and analogs screened for activity against Mycobacterium leprae in the mouse footpad system, only 7 were active. All seven were metabolized to or contaminated with dapsone.", "contents": "Activity of derivatives and analogs of dapsone against Mycobacterium leprae. Of 25 dapsone derivatives and analogs screened for activity against Mycobacterium leprae in the mouse footpad system, only 7 were active. All seven were metabolized to or contaminated with dapsone.", "PMID": 727767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11314", "title": "Thalamic control of spontaneous alpha-rhythm and evoked responses.", "content": "EEG, depth recordings from the thalamus, visual-evoked potentials, and readiness motor potentials were analyzed with a computer in 40 patients with involuntary movements and intractable pain who underwent stereotactic thalamotomy. It was demonstrated that there were significant correlations in alpha-rhythms between the ventrolateral (VL) nucleus and the frontocentral cortex, and also between the centromedian nucleus and the centroparietal cortex, with the phase difference of the cortex lagging behind the thalamus. Relationships between the thalamic VL nucleus and the frontocentral cortex were significant not only in alpha-rhythms, but also in evoked responses following photic stimulations, voluntary movements, and electrical thalamic stimulation. Thalamotomy produced a bilaterally decreased synchronization of the cortical alpha-rhythms, which recovered within 6 months.", "contents": "Thalamic control of spontaneous alpha-rhythm and evoked responses. EEG, depth recordings from the thalamus, visual-evoked potentials, and readiness motor potentials were analyzed with a computer in 40 patients with involuntary movements and intractable pain who underwent stereotactic thalamotomy. It was demonstrated that there were significant correlations in alpha-rhythms between the ventrolateral (VL) nucleus and the frontocentral cortex, and also between the centromedian nucleus and the centroparietal cortex, with the phase difference of the cortex lagging behind the thalamus. Relationships between the thalamic VL nucleus and the frontocentral cortex were significant not only in alpha-rhythms, but also in evoked responses following photic stimulations, voluntary movements, and electrical thalamic stimulation. Thalamotomy produced a bilaterally decreased synchronization of the cortical alpha-rhythms, which recovered within 6 months.", "PMID": 727769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11315", "title": "Motivational slow negative potential shift (CNV) related to thalamotomy.", "content": "The alteration of cortical electrical activity induced by imperative stimulation following warning stimulation, contigent negative variation (CNV), and psychological changes following thalamotomy for relief of intractable pain (CM) and tremor (VL) are studied, since CNV has a close relationship with the degree of psychological activity. Ventrolateral thalamotomy does not have any effect on the amplitude of cortical CNV, but the ventromedioposterior part of the centre median has a generating action of CNV in itself and it has facilitatory effects upon cortical CNV. According to these results, the effective mechanism of centre median thalamotomy for relief of intractable pain is caused by suppression of attention and expectancy for exogenous stimuli following lesions of the centre median.", "contents": "Motivational slow negative potential shift (CNV) related to thalamotomy. The alteration of cortical electrical activity induced by imperative stimulation following warning stimulation, contigent negative variation (CNV), and psychological changes following thalamotomy for relief of intractable pain (CM) and tremor (VL) are studied, since CNV has a close relationship with the degree of psychological activity. Ventrolateral thalamotomy does not have any effect on the amplitude of cortical CNV, but the ventromedioposterior part of the centre median has a generating action of CNV in itself and it has facilitatory effects upon cortical CNV. According to these results, the effective mechanism of centre median thalamotomy for relief of intractable pain is caused by suppression of attention and expectancy for exogenous stimuli following lesions of the centre median.", "PMID": 727770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11316", "title": "Inversion or pronation of the foot following thalamotomy for Parkinson's disease.", "content": "The author has observed inward turning of the foot of 2 parkinsonian patients following thalamotomy on the contralateral side. In one instance, the surgery was unilateral and in the other bilateral. The anatomical position of the involved lesions was in the region of the complex of the ventrocaudal nuclei (ventralis posterolateralis). It appears that three elements are present whenever such pronation of the foot occurs, namely, paresis, hypertonicity, and impairment of sensory modalities such as localization, two-point discrimination and vibration.", "contents": "Inversion or pronation of the foot following thalamotomy for Parkinson's disease. The author has observed inward turning of the foot of 2 parkinsonian patients following thalamotomy on the contralateral side. In one instance, the surgery was unilateral and in the other bilateral. The anatomical position of the involved lesions was in the region of the complex of the ventrocaudal nuclei (ventralis posterolateralis). It appears that three elements are present whenever such pronation of the foot occurs, namely, paresis, hypertonicity, and impairment of sensory modalities such as localization, two-point discrimination and vibration.", "PMID": 727772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11317", "title": "Single neuron analysis of the human midbrain tegmentum. Rostral mecencephalic reticulotomy for pain relief.", "content": "Rostral mesencephalic reticulotomy (RMR) has been performed since 1973 for relief of intractable pain. The target area is in the midbrain reticular formation (MRF) bordering the periaqueductal gray matter at the superior collicular level. The target of RMR is 13--16 mm posterior to the midpoint of the AC-PC line and 5--8 mm below the AC-PC line. The laterality of the target is measured from the center of the aqueduct, ranging 5 to 8 mm from the midline. The rationale for this procedure is based upon the previous findings that the brain stem reticular formation plays a more important role above the spinal cord level than the lateral spinothalamic tract in the central conduction of nociceptive impulse. In the present study, intraoperative single neuron recording was made with tungsten microelectrodes from the human midbrain tegmentum in response to peripheral pinprick stimulation. These nociceptive neurons were classified into three groups in regard to the unit latency from the peripheral pinprick stimulation.", "contents": "Single neuron analysis of the human midbrain tegmentum. Rostral mecencephalic reticulotomy for pain relief. Rostral mesencephalic reticulotomy (RMR) has been performed since 1973 for relief of intractable pain. The target area is in the midbrain reticular formation (MRF) bordering the periaqueductal gray matter at the superior collicular level. The target of RMR is 13--16 mm posterior to the midpoint of the AC-PC line and 5--8 mm below the AC-PC line. The laterality of the target is measured from the center of the aqueduct, ranging 5 to 8 mm from the midline. The rationale for this procedure is based upon the previous findings that the brain stem reticular formation plays a more important role above the spinal cord level than the lateral spinothalamic tract in the central conduction of nociceptive impulse. In the present study, intraoperative single neuron recording was made with tungsten microelectrodes from the human midbrain tegmentum in response to peripheral pinprick stimulation. These nociceptive neurons were classified into three groups in regard to the unit latency from the peripheral pinprick stimulation.", "PMID": 727773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11318", "title": "Production and analysis of citrinin in corn.", "content": "A convenient method for the production and analysis of citrinin in corn is described. Up to 2.964 g of citrinin can be produced by Penicillium citrinum per kg of corn by harvesting on day 21 or later. The analysis method has a lower detection limit of 0.25 ppm. Heating citrinin-contaminated corn destroys citrinin but may produce another toxin instead.", "contents": "Production and analysis of citrinin in corn. A convenient method for the production and analysis of citrinin in corn is described. Up to 2.964 g of citrinin can be produced by Penicillium citrinum per kg of corn by harvesting on day 21 or later. The analysis method has a lower detection limit of 0.25 ppm. Heating citrinin-contaminated corn destroys citrinin but may produce another toxin instead.", "PMID": 727774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11319", "title": "Detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, C, D, and E in foods by radioimnunoassay, using staphyloccal cells containing protein A as immunoadsorbent.", "content": "A sensitive radioimmunoassay utilizing Staphylococcus aureus cells containing protein A as a coprecipitant was developed for the detection and quantitation of staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, C, D, and E in a variety of foods. The enterotoxins were extracted from the foods by a simple and rapid procedure. The sensitivity of the assay is 1.0 ng or less of enterotoxin per g of food.", "contents": "Detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, C, D, and E in foods by radioimnunoassay, using staphyloccal cells containing protein A as immunoadsorbent. A sensitive radioimmunoassay utilizing Staphylococcus aureus cells containing protein A as a coprecipitant was developed for the detection and quantitation of staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, C, D, and E in a variety of foods. The enterotoxins were extracted from the foods by a simple and rapid procedure. The sensitivity of the assay is 1.0 ng or less of enterotoxin per g of food.", "PMID": 727775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11320", "title": "Endotoxins in commercial vaccines.", "content": "Twenty samples of commercial vaccines intended for administration to humans were assayed for the presence of bacterial endotoxins by using the Limulus amebocyte lysate test. Sixteen of the vaccines contained more than 0.1 ng of endotoxin per ml (which corresponds to 103 bacterial cell wall equivalents per ml in the undiluted vaccines). These results suggest that at some stage of preparation, the vaccines have contained varying amounts of gram-negative bacteria and may indicate the presence of other bacterial products as well. It might be useful to list the level of endotoxins, phage, and other contaminants on each vaccine lot to facilitate studies on any side effects of these contaminants. Selection of vaccine lots with the least endotoxin might reduce some of the adverse effects of vaccinations.", "contents": "Endotoxins in commercial vaccines. Twenty samples of commercial vaccines intended for administration to humans were assayed for the presence of bacterial endotoxins by using the Limulus amebocyte lysate test. Sixteen of the vaccines contained more than 0.1 ng of endotoxin per ml (which corresponds to 103 bacterial cell wall equivalents per ml in the undiluted vaccines). These results suggest that at some stage of preparation, the vaccines have contained varying amounts of gram-negative bacteria and may indicate the presence of other bacterial products as well. It might be useful to list the level of endotoxins, phage, and other contaminants on each vaccine lot to facilitate studies on any side effects of these contaminants. Selection of vaccine lots with the least endotoxin might reduce some of the adverse effects of vaccinations.", "PMID": 727776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11321", "title": "Antibiotic resistance patterns of gram-negative bacteria isolated from environmental sources.", "content": "A total of 2,445 gram-negative bacteria belonging to fecal coliform, Pseudomonas, Moraxella, Acinetobacter, and Flavobacterium-Cytophaga groups were isolated from the rivers and bay of Tillamook, Oregon, and their resistances to chloramphenicol (25 microgram/ml), streptomycin (10 microgram/ml), ampicillin (10 microgram/ml), tetracycline (25 microgram/ml), chlortetracycline (25 microgram/ml), oxytetracycline (25 microgram/ml), neomycin (50 microgram/ml), nitrofurazone (12.5 microgram/ml), nalidixic acid (25 microgram/ml), kanamycin (25 microgram/ml), and penicillin G (10 IU/ml) were determined. Among fecal coliforms the bay isolates showed greater resistance to antibiotics than those from tributaries or surface runoff. No such well-defined difference was found among other bacterial groups. The antibiotic resistance patterns of gram-negative bacteria from different sources correlated well, perhaps indicating their common origin. The antibiotic resistance patterns of gram-negative bacteria of different general also correlated well, perhaps indicating that bacteria which share a common environment also share a common mode for developing antibiotic resistance.", "contents": "Antibiotic resistance patterns of gram-negative bacteria isolated from environmental sources. A total of 2,445 gram-negative bacteria belonging to fecal coliform, Pseudomonas, Moraxella, Acinetobacter, and Flavobacterium-Cytophaga groups were isolated from the rivers and bay of Tillamook, Oregon, and their resistances to chloramphenicol (25 microgram/ml), streptomycin (10 microgram/ml), ampicillin (10 microgram/ml), tetracycline (25 microgram/ml), chlortetracycline (25 microgram/ml), oxytetracycline (25 microgram/ml), neomycin (50 microgram/ml), nitrofurazone (12.5 microgram/ml), nalidixic acid (25 microgram/ml), kanamycin (25 microgram/ml), and penicillin G (10 IU/ml) were determined. Among fecal coliforms the bay isolates showed greater resistance to antibiotics than those from tributaries or surface runoff. No such well-defined difference was found among other bacterial groups. The antibiotic resistance patterns of gram-negative bacteria from different sources correlated well, perhaps indicating their common origin. The antibiotic resistance patterns of gram-negative bacteria of different general also correlated well, perhaps indicating that bacteria which share a common environment also share a common mode for developing antibiotic resistance.", "PMID": 727777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11322", "title": "Effect of phosphate buffer concentration on the heat resistance of Bacillus stearothermophilus spores suspended in parenteral solutions.", "content": "The effect of various quantities of Butterfield phosphate buffer added to four parenteral solutions on the survival of Bacillus stearothermophilus spores heated at 121 degrees C was determined. The effect of the addition of phosphate buffer on spore survival varied with the parenteral solution. Spore survival was increased or decreased, depending upon the composition of the parenteral solution and the buffer concentration. The results obtained in these experiments attest to the fact that environmental factors, including the type of ions present and ionic concentration, affect the heat destruction rate of B. stearothermophilus spores. Therefore, the sterilization requirements of a product such as a parenteral solution may be affected by small changes in formulation.", "contents": "Effect of phosphate buffer concentration on the heat resistance of Bacillus stearothermophilus spores suspended in parenteral solutions. The effect of various quantities of Butterfield phosphate buffer added to four parenteral solutions on the survival of Bacillus stearothermophilus spores heated at 121 degrees C was determined. The effect of the addition of phosphate buffer on spore survival varied with the parenteral solution. Spore survival was increased or decreased, depending upon the composition of the parenteral solution and the buffer concentration. The results obtained in these experiments attest to the fact that environmental factors, including the type of ions present and ionic concentration, affect the heat destruction rate of B. stearothermophilus spores. Therefore, the sterilization requirements of a product such as a parenteral solution may be affected by small changes in formulation.", "PMID": 727778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11323", "title": "Heavy-metal and antibiotic resistance in the bacterial flora of sediments of New York Bight.", "content": "The New York Bight extends seaward some 80 to 100 miles (ca. 129 to 161 km) from the Long Island and New Jersey shorelines to the edge of the continental shelf. Over 14 x 10(6) m(3) of sewage sludge, dredge spoils, acid wastes, and cellar dirt are discharged into this area each year. Large populations of Bacillus sp. resistant to 20 mug of mercury per ml were observed in Bight sediments contaminated by these wastes. Resistant Bacillus populations were much greater in sediments containing high concentrations of Hg and other heavy metals than in sediments from areas further offshore where dumping has never been practiced and where heavy-metal concentrations were found to be low. Ampicillin resistance due mainly to beta-lactamase production was significantly (P < 0.001) more frequent in Bacillus strains from sediments near the sewage sludge dump site than in similar Bacillus populations from control sediments. Bacillus strains with combined ampicillin and Hg resistances were almost six times as frequent at the sludge dump site as in control sediments. This observation suggests that genes for Hg resistance and beta-lactamase production are simultaneously selected for in Bacillus and that heavy-metal contamination of an ecosystem can result in a selection pressure for antibiotic resistance in bacteria in that system. Also, Hg resistance was frequently linked with other heavy-metal resistances and, in a substantial proportion of Bacillus strains, involved reduction to volatile metallic Hg (Hg degrees ).", "contents": "Heavy-metal and antibiotic resistance in the bacterial flora of sediments of New York Bight. The New York Bight extends seaward some 80 to 100 miles (ca. 129 to 161 km) from the Long Island and New Jersey shorelines to the edge of the continental shelf. Over 14 x 10(6) m(3) of sewage sludge, dredge spoils, acid wastes, and cellar dirt are discharged into this area each year. Large populations of Bacillus sp. resistant to 20 mug of mercury per ml were observed in Bight sediments contaminated by these wastes. Resistant Bacillus populations were much greater in sediments containing high concentrations of Hg and other heavy metals than in sediments from areas further offshore where dumping has never been practiced and where heavy-metal concentrations were found to be low. Ampicillin resistance due mainly to beta-lactamase production was significantly (P < 0.001) more frequent in Bacillus strains from sediments near the sewage sludge dump site than in similar Bacillus populations from control sediments. Bacillus strains with combined ampicillin and Hg resistances were almost six times as frequent at the sludge dump site as in control sediments. This observation suggests that genes for Hg resistance and beta-lactamase production are simultaneously selected for in Bacillus and that heavy-metal contamination of an ecosystem can result in a selection pressure for antibiotic resistance in bacteria in that system. Also, Hg resistance was frequently linked with other heavy-metal resistances and, in a substantial proportion of Bacillus strains, involved reduction to volatile metallic Hg (Hg degrees ).", "PMID": 727779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11324", "title": "Thermal resistance of naturally occurring airborne bacterial spores.", "content": "Simulation of a heat process used in the terminal dry-heat decontamination of the Viking spacecraft is reported. Naturally occurring airborne bacterial spores were collected on Teflon ribbons in selected spacecraft assembly areas and subsequently subjected to dry heat. Thermal inactivation experiments were conducted at 105, 111.7, 120, 125, 130, and 135 degrees C with a moisture level of 1.2 mg of water per liter. Heat survivors were recovered at temperatures of 135 degrees C when a 30-h heating cycle was employed. Survivors were recovered from all cycles studied and randomly selected for identification. The naturally occurring spore population was reduced an average of 2.2 to 4.4 log cycles from 105 to 135 degrees C. Heating cycles of 5 and 15 h at temperature were compared with the standard 30-h cycle at 111.7, 120, and 125 degrees C. No significant differences in inactivation (alpha = 0.05) were observed between 111.7 and 120 degrees C. The 30-h cycle differs from the 5-and 15-h cycles at 125 degrees C. Thus, the heating cycle can be reduced if a small fraction (about 10-3 to 10-4) of very resistant spores can be tolerated.", "contents": "Thermal resistance of naturally occurring airborne bacterial spores. Simulation of a heat process used in the terminal dry-heat decontamination of the Viking spacecraft is reported. Naturally occurring airborne bacterial spores were collected on Teflon ribbons in selected spacecraft assembly areas and subsequently subjected to dry heat. Thermal inactivation experiments were conducted at 105, 111.7, 120, 125, 130, and 135 degrees C with a moisture level of 1.2 mg of water per liter. Heat survivors were recovered at temperatures of 135 degrees C when a 30-h heating cycle was employed. Survivors were recovered from all cycles studied and randomly selected for identification. The naturally occurring spore population was reduced an average of 2.2 to 4.4 log cycles from 105 to 135 degrees C. Heating cycles of 5 and 15 h at temperature were compared with the standard 30-h cycle at 111.7, 120, and 125 degrees C. No significant differences in inactivation (alpha = 0.05) were observed between 111.7 and 120 degrees C. The 30-h cycle differs from the 5-and 15-h cycles at 125 degrees C. Thus, the heating cycle can be reduced if a small fraction (about 10-3 to 10-4) of very resistant spores can be tolerated.", "PMID": 727780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11325", "title": "Incidence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus bacteriophages and other Vibrio bacteriophages in marine samples.", "content": "Vibrio bacteriophages were isolated by enrichment from 177 of 643 samples of marine molluscan shellfish, crustaceans, seawater, and sediments. The predominant bacteriophage types isolated were specific for some strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. A high frequency of phage isolations was also observed with strains of agar-digesting vibrios (21 of 56) and psychrophilic vibrios (14 of 72) that were originally isolated from non-shellfish growing areas. No bacteriophages were isolated against V. alginolyticus and only rarely for V. anguillarum even though these were the two most abundant species found in near-shore environments. No V. cholerae phages were isolated. It was also determined from quantitative studies on the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) obtained from two environments in Washington and Oregon that the titers of V. parahaemolyticus bacteriophages increased with increasing seasonal water temperatures and that this was proportional to the increase in numbers of mesophilic vibrios and not with the incidence of V. parahaemolyticus. Titers of V. parahaemolyticus bacteriophages occasionally exceeded 10(6) per g of oyster during the summer months. Specific V. parahaemolyticus bacteriophages were also isolated from market seafoods and other marine samples that originated in cold environments where no mesophilic vibrios are expected to be found. The possibility that V. parahaemolyticus bacteriophages originate from Vibrio spp. other than V. parahaemolyticus and the role of these bacteriophages in the ecology of marine vibrios are discussed.", "contents": "Incidence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus bacteriophages and other Vibrio bacteriophages in marine samples. Vibrio bacteriophages were isolated by enrichment from 177 of 643 samples of marine molluscan shellfish, crustaceans, seawater, and sediments. The predominant bacteriophage types isolated were specific for some strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. A high frequency of phage isolations was also observed with strains of agar-digesting vibrios (21 of 56) and psychrophilic vibrios (14 of 72) that were originally isolated from non-shellfish growing areas. No bacteriophages were isolated against V. alginolyticus and only rarely for V. anguillarum even though these were the two most abundant species found in near-shore environments. No V. cholerae phages were isolated. It was also determined from quantitative studies on the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) obtained from two environments in Washington and Oregon that the titers of V. parahaemolyticus bacteriophages increased with increasing seasonal water temperatures and that this was proportional to the increase in numbers of mesophilic vibrios and not with the incidence of V. parahaemolyticus. Titers of V. parahaemolyticus bacteriophages occasionally exceeded 10(6) per g of oyster during the summer months. Specific V. parahaemolyticus bacteriophages were also isolated from market seafoods and other marine samples that originated in cold environments where no mesophilic vibrios are expected to be found. The possibility that V. parahaemolyticus bacteriophages originate from Vibrio spp. other than V. parahaemolyticus and the role of these bacteriophages in the ecology of marine vibrios are discussed.", "PMID": 727781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11326", "title": "Ecological relationship between Vibrio parahaemolyticus and agar-digesting vibrios as evidenced by bacteriophage susceptibility patterns.", "content": "Twenty bacteriophages active against Vibrio parahaemolyticus and agar-digesting vibrios, isolated from oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) and by induction of a lysogenic agar digester, were tested as to their host range. These phages were specific for V. parahaemolyticus and various agar-digesting vibrios, and interspecies lysis occurred only between these two groups. V. alginolyticus, V. anguillarum and related species, V. cholerae, and a group of marine psychrophilic and psychrotrophic vibrios were not affected. No correlation was observed between the O and K serotypes of V. parahaemolyticus strains and bacteriophage susceptibility patterns, and 7 of 28 strains of V. parahaemolyticus were not lysed by any of the phages. Only two of the phage isolates were capable of lysing all susceptible V. parahaemolyticus strains. No correlation was observed between the inter-and intraspecies genetic relatedness (DNA homologies) of V. parahaemolyticus and agar-digesting vibrios and susceptibility patterns to different bacteriophages. Some of the phages were capable of plaque formation on V. parahaemolyticus as well as on some strains of agar-digesting vibrios that were separated by 70 to 80% differences in their DNA homologies. The possible ecological significance of these vibrio bacteriophages, particularly those having a wide host range, is discussed.", "contents": "Ecological relationship between Vibrio parahaemolyticus and agar-digesting vibrios as evidenced by bacteriophage susceptibility patterns. Twenty bacteriophages active against Vibrio parahaemolyticus and agar-digesting vibrios, isolated from oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) and by induction of a lysogenic agar digester, were tested as to their host range. These phages were specific for V. parahaemolyticus and various agar-digesting vibrios, and interspecies lysis occurred only between these two groups. V. alginolyticus, V. anguillarum and related species, V. cholerae, and a group of marine psychrophilic and psychrotrophic vibrios were not affected. No correlation was observed between the O and K serotypes of V. parahaemolyticus strains and bacteriophage susceptibility patterns, and 7 of 28 strains of V. parahaemolyticus were not lysed by any of the phages. Only two of the phage isolates were capable of lysing all susceptible V. parahaemolyticus strains. No correlation was observed between the inter-and intraspecies genetic relatedness (DNA homologies) of V. parahaemolyticus and agar-digesting vibrios and susceptibility patterns to different bacteriophages. Some of the phages were capable of plaque formation on V. parahaemolyticus as well as on some strains of agar-digesting vibrios that were separated by 70 to 80% differences in their DNA homologies. The possible ecological significance of these vibrio bacteriophages, particularly those having a wide host range, is discussed.", "PMID": 727782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11327", "title": "Carotene-superproducing strains of Phycomyces.", "content": "Production of beta-carotene by wild-type Phycomyces blakesleeanus can be stimulated by light, chemicals, regulatory mutations, and sexual interaction between mycelia of opposite sex. Through genetic manipulations, we have isolated strains which have simultaneously and constitutively incorporated several of these stimulatory effects. In the dark and in a simple medium, some of the strains produce up to 25 mg of beta-carotene per g (dry weight), or about 500 times the wild-type production under the same conditions. High lycopene-producing strains have also been isolated by using carR mutants, which are blocked in the conversion of lycopene to beta-carotene. These strains should be useful in both industrial production of these pigments and basic research related to carotenogenesis.", "contents": "Carotene-superproducing strains of Phycomyces. Production of beta-carotene by wild-type Phycomyces blakesleeanus can be stimulated by light, chemicals, regulatory mutations, and sexual interaction between mycelia of opposite sex. Through genetic manipulations, we have isolated strains which have simultaneously and constitutively incorporated several of these stimulatory effects. In the dark and in a simple medium, some of the strains produce up to 25 mg of beta-carotene per g (dry weight), or about 500 times the wild-type production under the same conditions. High lycopene-producing strains have also been isolated by using carR mutants, which are blocked in the conversion of lycopene to beta-carotene. These strains should be useful in both industrial production of these pigments and basic research related to carotenogenesis.", "PMID": 727783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11328", "title": "Phosphorus-containing pesticide breakdown products: quantitative utilization as phosphorus sources by bacteria.", "content": "Bacteria were isolated that could utilize representatives of the following ionic phosphorus-containing breakdown products of organophosphorus pesticides as sole phosphorus sources: dialkyl phosphates, dialkyl phosphorothioates, dialkyl phosphorodithioates, alkyl arylphosphonates, alkyl arylphosphonothioates, and alkyl alkylphosphonates. Utilization of each organophosphorus compound, which was complete for 7 of 12 compounds studied, was confirmed by determination of protein yield from the amount of phosphorus source consumed. This is the first report of the utilization of an ionic dialkyl thiophosphate or dithiophosphate by microorganisms.", "contents": "Phosphorus-containing pesticide breakdown products: quantitative utilization as phosphorus sources by bacteria. Bacteria were isolated that could utilize representatives of the following ionic phosphorus-containing breakdown products of organophosphorus pesticides as sole phosphorus sources: dialkyl phosphates, dialkyl phosphorothioates, dialkyl phosphorodithioates, alkyl arylphosphonates, alkyl arylphosphonothioates, and alkyl alkylphosphonates. Utilization of each organophosphorus compound, which was complete for 7 of 12 compounds studied, was confirmed by determination of protein yield from the amount of phosphorus source consumed. This is the first report of the utilization of an ionic dialkyl thiophosphate or dithiophosphate by microorganisms.", "PMID": 727784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11329", "title": "Use of platinum electrodes for the electrochemical detection of bacteria.", "content": "Platinum electrodes with surface area ratios of four to one were used to detect and enumerate a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Linear relationships were established between inoculum size and detection time. End points for platinum electrodes were similar to those obtained with a platinum-reference electrode combination. Shape of the overall response curves and length of detection times for gram-positive organisms were markedly different than those for the majority of gram-negative species. Platinum electrodes are better than the platinum-reference electrode combination because of cost, ease of handling, and clearer definition of the end point.", "contents": "Use of platinum electrodes for the electrochemical detection of bacteria. Platinum electrodes with surface area ratios of four to one were used to detect and enumerate a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Linear relationships were established between inoculum size and detection time. End points for platinum electrodes were similar to those obtained with a platinum-reference electrode combination. Shape of the overall response curves and length of detection times for gram-positive organisms were markedly different than those for the majority of gram-negative species. Platinum electrodes are better than the platinum-reference electrode combination because of cost, ease of handling, and clearer definition of the end point.", "PMID": 727785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11330", "title": "Dry-heat destruction of lipopolysaccharide: design and construction of dry-heat destruction apparatus.", "content": "A dry-heat oven with automatic, multiple-sample introduction and withdrawal has been constructed to achieve instantaneous heating and cooling of samples. The oven temperature fluctuation at set points of 170 to 250 degrees C was +/- 0.1 degrees C, with temperature variation between the replicate samples of +/- 0.2 degrees C. Correction required for a sample come-up time was minimal, i.e., less than 0.25 min of the dry-heat destruction time.", "contents": "Dry-heat destruction of lipopolysaccharide: design and construction of dry-heat destruction apparatus. A dry-heat oven with automatic, multiple-sample introduction and withdrawal has been constructed to achieve instantaneous heating and cooling of samples. The oven temperature fluctuation at set points of 170 to 250 degrees C was +/- 0.1 degrees C, with temperature variation between the replicate samples of +/- 0.2 degrees C. Correction required for a sample come-up time was minimal, i.e., less than 0.25 min of the dry-heat destruction time.", "PMID": 727786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11331", "title": "Bioproduction of [14C]ochratoxin A in submerged culture.", "content": "A number of Aspergillus and Penicillium species were tested for production of ochratoxin A (OA) in several media. After 8 days of static incubations of submerged cultures at 28 degrees C, toxin yields of 25 and 30 micrograms/ml were obtained with Aspergillus alliaceus NRRL 4181 in Ferreir\u00e1s and 2% yeast extract-4% sucrose media, respectively. However, the largest production observed in the preliminary screening was 54 micrograms/ml; this highest level was produced by A. sulphureus NRRL 4077 in a modified Czapek solution. The medium contained the basal salts and sucrose of Czapek plus urea (3%) and corn steep liquor (0.5% solids). A time study of toxin production demonstrated maximum yield of 350 micrograms/ml by the A. sulphureus isolate in the modified Czapek medium after 11 days of static incubation at 28 degrees C. The optimal production conditions were employed in additional tests designed to measure the efficiency of 14C incorporation from sodium [1-14C]-acetate into OA. Samples (20 microCi) of sodium acetate were added to separate culture flasks at 24-h intervals during the initial 9 days of the fermentation. Addition of [14C]acetate on day 4 of incubation provided the maximum yield of labeled OA. The highest specific activity of labeled toxin obtained was 0.07 microCi/mg of OA and the maximum incorporation rate of labeled acetate was 5.3%.", "contents": "Bioproduction of [14C]ochratoxin A in submerged culture. A number of Aspergillus and Penicillium species were tested for production of ochratoxin A (OA) in several media. After 8 days of static incubations of submerged cultures at 28 degrees C, toxin yields of 25 and 30 micrograms/ml were obtained with Aspergillus alliaceus NRRL 4181 in Ferreir\u00e1s and 2% yeast extract-4% sucrose media, respectively. However, the largest production observed in the preliminary screening was 54 micrograms/ml; this highest level was produced by A. sulphureus NRRL 4077 in a modified Czapek solution. The medium contained the basal salts and sucrose of Czapek plus urea (3%) and corn steep liquor (0.5% solids). A time study of toxin production demonstrated maximum yield of 350 micrograms/ml by the A. sulphureus isolate in the modified Czapek medium after 11 days of static incubation at 28 degrees C. The optimal production conditions were employed in additional tests designed to measure the efficiency of 14C incorporation from sodium [1-14C]-acetate into OA. Samples (20 microCi) of sodium acetate were added to separate culture flasks at 24-h intervals during the initial 9 days of the fermentation. Addition of [14C]acetate on day 4 of incubation provided the maximum yield of labeled OA. The highest specific activity of labeled toxin obtained was 0.07 microCi/mg of OA and the maximum incorporation rate of labeled acetate was 5.3%.", "PMID": 727787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11332", "title": "Use of cetylpyridinium chloride in the decontamination of water for culture of mycobacteria.", "content": "Selective decontamination of large-volume aqueous samples for mycobacterial culture can be achieved with overnight exposure to 0.04% cetylpyridinium chloride.", "contents": "Use of cetylpyridinium chloride in the decontamination of water for culture of mycobacteria. Selective decontamination of large-volume aqueous samples for mycobacterial culture can be achieved with overnight exposure to 0.04% cetylpyridinium chloride.", "PMID": 727788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11333", "title": "Use of an internal standard in monitoring the bacterial degradation of crude oil.", "content": "Hexachloroethane is nonvolatile, insoluble in water, and apparently not toxic to or metabolized by bacteria. Its addition to cultures growing at the expense of crude oil thus provides an internal standard against which the rate of degradation of individual crude oil components can be conveniently and reproducibly measured.", "contents": "Use of an internal standard in monitoring the bacterial degradation of crude oil. Hexachloroethane is nonvolatile, insoluble in water, and apparently not toxic to or metabolized by bacteria. Its addition to cultures growing at the expense of crude oil thus provides an internal standard against which the rate of degradation of individual crude oil components can be conveniently and reproducibly measured.", "PMID": 727789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11334", "title": "Stress response and its relationship to cystic (pseudofollicular) change in the definitive cortex of the adrenal gland in stillborn infants.", "content": "The adrenal glands of 41 fresh stillbirths were studied and a 'stress response' pattern could be seen in 28. In these glands the stress response was characterised by compact cell change, lipid depletion, excess pyroninophilia, and dilatation of the very prominent granular endoplasmic reticulum. Scattered areas of cytolysis of cells, especially of the definitive cortex, gave rise to the commonly seen cystic (pseudofollicular) change and it was obvious that cells undergoing lysis were severely 'stressed'. In 2 infants there was a 'clear cell reversal' pattern. Histological and ultrastructural changes of the stress response were not identified in 11. Infants of low birthweight score were somewhat more commonly represented in the group that did not show a stress response. Cytolytic changes accompanying a stress response were commoner in immature infants. It is argued that cystic (pseudofollicular) change in the adrenal cortex of the newborn signifies a previous stress reaction.", "contents": "Stress response and its relationship to cystic (pseudofollicular) change in the definitive cortex of the adrenal gland in stillborn infants. The adrenal glands of 41 fresh stillbirths were studied and a 'stress response' pattern could be seen in 28. In these glands the stress response was characterised by compact cell change, lipid depletion, excess pyroninophilia, and dilatation of the very prominent granular endoplasmic reticulum. Scattered areas of cytolysis of cells, especially of the definitive cortex, gave rise to the commonly seen cystic (pseudofollicular) change and it was obvious that cells undergoing lysis were severely 'stressed'. In 2 infants there was a 'clear cell reversal' pattern. Histological and ultrastructural changes of the stress response were not identified in 11. Infants of low birthweight score were somewhat more commonly represented in the group that did not show a stress response. Cytolytic changes accompanying a stress response were commoner in immature infants. It is argued that cystic (pseudofollicular) change in the adrenal cortex of the newborn signifies a previous stress reaction.", "PMID": 727790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11335", "title": "Calcium intake in the first five days of life in the low birthweight infant. Effects of calcium supplements.", "content": "Sixteen low birthweight infants were allocated to two groups. Both groups 1 and 2 received a formula with Ca/PO4 ratio of 1.21. Group 2 infants received a supplement of 800 mg/kg per day of Ca and Mg lactate, and the daily Ca, Mg, and PO4 levels were measured. Calcium intakes (mg/kg per day) were, comparing groups 2 and 1: 82 v. 33 on the 1st day; 133 v 45 on 2nd; 170 v. 56 on 3rd; 224 v 72 on 4th; 263 v. 88 on 5th. Magnesium intake (mg/kg per day) was 4.9 v. 3.8 on the 1st day; 8.3 v. 5.3 on 2nd; 9.8 v. 6.5 on 3rd; 15.5 v. 8.3 on 4th; 16.0 v. 10.0 on 5th. Phosphate intake was similar in both groups. Mineral content of vomits and regurgitations showed more Ca than P, with a ratio of 1:68. Comparing the two groups, in the supplemented infants, serum Ca rose from the 3rd day by an amount which was related to Ca intake: serum Mg was lower from the 4th day and was negatively correlated with Ca intake.", "contents": "Calcium intake in the first five days of life in the low birthweight infant. Effects of calcium supplements. Sixteen low birthweight infants were allocated to two groups. Both groups 1 and 2 received a formula with Ca/PO4 ratio of 1.21. Group 2 infants received a supplement of 800 mg/kg per day of Ca and Mg lactate, and the daily Ca, Mg, and PO4 levels were measured. Calcium intakes (mg/kg per day) were, comparing groups 2 and 1: 82 v. 33 on the 1st day; 133 v 45 on 2nd; 170 v. 56 on 3rd; 224 v 72 on 4th; 263 v. 88 on 5th. Magnesium intake (mg/kg per day) was 4.9 v. 3.8 on the 1st day; 8.3 v. 5.3 on 2nd; 9.8 v. 6.5 on 3rd; 15.5 v. 8.3 on 4th; 16.0 v. 10.0 on 5th. Phosphate intake was similar in both groups. Mineral content of vomits and regurgitations showed more Ca than P, with a ratio of 1:68. Comparing the two groups, in the supplemented infants, serum Ca rose from the 3rd day by an amount which was related to Ca intake: serum Mg was lower from the 4th day and was negatively correlated with Ca intake.", "PMID": 727791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11336", "title": "Failure to thrive or failure to rear?", "content": "The study group comprised 40 unselected Caucasian children admitted to hospital whose ages were between 3 months and 3 years and whose weights were less than 3rd centile. A comparison group comprised 34 children from a similar background whose weights were between the 25th and 75th contiles. The mothers of all 74 children were interviewed and information was obtained on physical health of the child, social and family factors, bonding, feeding difficulties, and maternal childhood experience. In 23 of the 40 underweight children the organic disease was considered to be insufficient to explain the child being underweight and to be probably insufficient in a further 9 children. Three factors occurred more frequently in these 32 underweight children. The mother often perceived herself as having a disturbed mood and used the word \"depression\" to describe these feelings. She also tended to come from a lower social class than the mother in the comparison group, and her infant frequently had a low birthweight. Identification of these children is not difficult; clinical investigations need to be minimal, and therapy should be directed towards supporting the mother emotionally, improving her relationship with her child, and increasing her mothering skills.", "contents": "Failure to thrive or failure to rear? The study group comprised 40 unselected Caucasian children admitted to hospital whose ages were between 3 months and 3 years and whose weights were less than 3rd centile. A comparison group comprised 34 children from a similar background whose weights were between the 25th and 75th contiles. The mothers of all 74 children were interviewed and information was obtained on physical health of the child, social and family factors, bonding, feeding difficulties, and maternal childhood experience. In 23 of the 40 underweight children the organic disease was considered to be insufficient to explain the child being underweight and to be probably insufficient in a further 9 children. Three factors occurred more frequently in these 32 underweight children. The mother often perceived herself as having a disturbed mood and used the word \"depression\" to describe these feelings. She also tended to come from a lower social class than the mother in the comparison group, and her infant frequently had a low birthweight. Identification of these children is not difficult; clinical investigations need to be minimal, and therapy should be directed towards supporting the mother emotionally, improving her relationship with her child, and increasing her mothering skills.", "PMID": 727792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11337", "title": "Pyridoxol metabolism in vitamin B6-responsive convulsions of early infancy.", "content": "As there is uncertainty about the nature of the metabolic defect in vitamin B6-responsive convulsion, certain aspects of pyridoxol metabolism were studied in 3 patients who were believed on clinical grounds to have the condition. The findings were compared with those in healthy children and adults, and in children with mental handicap. The magnitude of the initial rise and the subsequent fall in plasma pyridoxal phosphate (PALP) concentrations after a load of pyridoxol suggested that the vitamin B6-responsive patients were able to synthesise PALP normally but were unable to maintain the prolonged high levels normally found in plasma. The urinary excretion of 4-pyridoxic acid was within normal limits, but the excretion of pyridoxol after the load was raised. It is suggested that there may be an instability of the PALP-albumin complex in this condition. Some of the biochemical features were also observed in an infant presenting with convulsions soon after birth but without evidence of clinical B6-dependency.", "contents": "Pyridoxol metabolism in vitamin B6-responsive convulsions of early infancy. As there is uncertainty about the nature of the metabolic defect in vitamin B6-responsive convulsion, certain aspects of pyridoxol metabolism were studied in 3 patients who were believed on clinical grounds to have the condition. The findings were compared with those in healthy children and adults, and in children with mental handicap. The magnitude of the initial rise and the subsequent fall in plasma pyridoxal phosphate (PALP) concentrations after a load of pyridoxol suggested that the vitamin B6-responsive patients were able to synthesise PALP normally but were unable to maintain the prolonged high levels normally found in plasma. The urinary excretion of 4-pyridoxic acid was within normal limits, but the excretion of pyridoxol after the load was raised. It is suggested that there may be an instability of the PALP-albumin complex in this condition. Some of the biochemical features were also observed in an infant presenting with convulsions soon after birth but without evidence of clinical B6-dependency.", "PMID": 727793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11338", "title": "X-linked icthyosis. A sulphatase deficiency.", "content": "In 3 pregnant women oestrogen excretion in the urine was very low. The pregnancies were otherwise uncomplicated and the 3 infants, boys, were normal at birth, but later developed ichthyosis of the X-linked inherited type. Histochemically, the placenta in each case showed deficiency in arylsulphatase-type C activity. In all three children the skin showed the same enzyme deficiency. In the skin of 9 other unrelated (adult) patients with proved X-linked inherited ichthyosis vulgaris, arylsulphatase C activity was deficient. Skin from 5 normal adults and 5 normal children showed arylsulphatase C activity to be present. It is concluded that a sulphatase deficiency is a factor in the causation of ichthyosis of the X-linked inherited type.", "contents": "X-linked icthyosis. A sulphatase deficiency. In 3 pregnant women oestrogen excretion in the urine was very low. The pregnancies were otherwise uncomplicated and the 3 infants, boys, were normal at birth, but later developed ichthyosis of the X-linked inherited type. Histochemically, the placenta in each case showed deficiency in arylsulphatase-type C activity. In all three children the skin showed the same enzyme deficiency. In the skin of 9 other unrelated (adult) patients with proved X-linked inherited ichthyosis vulgaris, arylsulphatase C activity was deficient. Skin from 5 normal adults and 5 normal children showed arylsulphatase C activity to be present. It is concluded that a sulphatase deficiency is a factor in the causation of ichthyosis of the X-linked inherited type.", "PMID": 727794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11339", "title": "Hazards to children in traffic. A paediatrician looks at road accidents.", "content": "An overall view is presented of the hazards to children in traffic. The importance of the developmental aspects of childhood accidents is stressed, and a plea is made for doctors working with children to recognise the part they could play in reducing the number of road accidents to children by their understanding of child development and behaviour. It is an aspect of preventive paediatrics that is largely neglected at present.", "contents": "Hazards to children in traffic. A paediatrician looks at road accidents. An overall view is presented of the hazards to children in traffic. The importance of the developmental aspects of childhood accidents is stressed, and a plea is made for doctors working with children to recognise the part they could play in reducing the number of road accidents to children by their understanding of child development and behaviour. It is an aspect of preventive paediatrics that is largely neglected at present.", "PMID": 727795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11340", "title": "Immunodeficiency associated with laevocardia, bronchiectasis, and paranasal sinus anomalies.", "content": "In a case of laevocardia, bronchiectasis, and paranasal sinus abnormalities, assessment on 2 occasions showed the presence of moderate immunodeficiency. Serum concentrations of IgG and IgM were low, and serum and salivary IgA was not detected. T-lymphocytes were reduced in number and cell-mediated immunity in vivo and in vitro was impaired. Opsonisation, complement system, and neutrophil functions were normal.", "contents": "Immunodeficiency associated with laevocardia, bronchiectasis, and paranasal sinus anomalies. In a case of laevocardia, bronchiectasis, and paranasal sinus abnormalities, assessment on 2 occasions showed the presence of moderate immunodeficiency. Serum concentrations of IgG and IgM were low, and serum and salivary IgA was not detected. T-lymphocytes were reduced in number and cell-mediated immunity in vivo and in vitro was impaired. Opsonisation, complement system, and neutrophil functions were normal.", "PMID": 727796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11341", "title": "Spontaneous maturation of stage IV--S neuroblastoma.", "content": "A case of stage IV--S neuroblastoma is presented in which treatment has deliberately been kept to a minimum. Gradual maturation to ganglioneuroma has been documented and the patient's generally good progress has justified this approach.", "contents": "Spontaneous maturation of stage IV--S neuroblastoma. A case of stage IV--S neuroblastoma is presented in which treatment has deliberately been kept to a minimum. Gradual maturation to ganglioneuroma has been documented and the patient's generally good progress has justified this approach.", "PMID": 727797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11342", "title": "Hypomagnesaemic hypocalcaemia with hypokalaemia caused by treatment with high dose gentamicin.", "content": "A 12-year-old boy developed renal wasting of magnesium, calcium, and potassium, with secondary hypomagnesaemia, hypocalcaemia, and hypokalaaemia (without hyperaldosteronism) after treatment with 14 400 mg gentamicin over 4 months. Gentamicin should not be given for prolonged courses if less toxic antibiotics are suitable. If it used, plasma magnesium, calcium, and potassium levels should be monitored during and after treatment.", "contents": "Hypomagnesaemic hypocalcaemia with hypokalaemia caused by treatment with high dose gentamicin. A 12-year-old boy developed renal wasting of magnesium, calcium, and potassium, with secondary hypomagnesaemia, hypocalcaemia, and hypokalaaemia (without hyperaldosteronism) after treatment with 14 400 mg gentamicin over 4 months. Gentamicin should not be given for prolonged courses if less toxic antibiotics are suitable. If it used, plasma magnesium, calcium, and potassium levels should be monitored during and after treatment.", "PMID": 727798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11343", "title": "Infrared irradiance from phototherapy units and the effect on osmolality of serum and urine in term infants.", "content": "The osmolality of urine increased in 10 term infants receiving phototherapy. Phototherapy units made locally were likely to emit more infrared radiation than a unit available commercially, but both types led to falsely increased incubator thermometer readings. Interposing a 6-mm acrylic sheet prevents these effects.", "contents": "Infrared irradiance from phototherapy units and the effect on osmolality of serum and urine in term infants. The osmolality of urine increased in 10 term infants receiving phototherapy. Phototherapy units made locally were likely to emit more infrared radiation than a unit available commercially, but both types led to falsely increased incubator thermometer readings. Interposing a 6-mm acrylic sheet prevents these effects.", "PMID": 727799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11344", "title": "Thermometers and rectal perforations in the neonate.", "content": "Three neonates with rectal perforations probably caused by the use of the rectal thermometer, are reported. The dangers of this condition and the difficulty of diagnosis even at laporatomy are emphasised. It is suggested that since the axillary temperature in the neonate is an adequate reflection of the core temperature the routine use of the rectal thermometer, except in exceptional circumstances, should cease.", "contents": "Thermometers and rectal perforations in the neonate. Three neonates with rectal perforations probably caused by the use of the rectal thermometer, are reported. The dangers of this condition and the difficulty of diagnosis even at laporatomy are emphasised. It is suggested that since the axillary temperature in the neonate is an adequate reflection of the core temperature the routine use of the rectal thermometer, except in exceptional circumstances, should cease.", "PMID": 727800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11345", "title": "Variations in the resting oxygen consumption of small babies.", "content": "Over 200 measurements of the resting rate of oxygen consumption using an open-circuit method were made on 15 small babies nursed in their usual clinical setting during the first month of life. There were striking and persistent variations between babies that could not be explained by postnatal age, relationship to feed, sleep, or time of day. It was not possible from clinical examination to predict which babies had the higher or lower metabolic rates, except that babies who were light-for-dates generally had higher values. Because of these variations the appropriate thermal temperature for small babies cannot be predicted from average values adjusted for body weight and postnatal age alone.", "contents": "Variations in the resting oxygen consumption of small babies. Over 200 measurements of the resting rate of oxygen consumption using an open-circuit method were made on 15 small babies nursed in their usual clinical setting during the first month of life. There were striking and persistent variations between babies that could not be explained by postnatal age, relationship to feed, sleep, or time of day. It was not possible from clinical examination to predict which babies had the higher or lower metabolic rates, except that babies who were light-for-dates generally had higher values. Because of these variations the appropriate thermal temperature for small babies cannot be predicted from average values adjusted for body weight and postnatal age alone.", "PMID": 727807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11346", "title": "Nonphysiological anaemia of prematurity.", "content": "Clinical and haematological findings at the nadir of the refractory, early anaemia of prematurity were compared in a study of 95 preterm infants. 53% of 30 babies less than 32 weeks' gestational age at birth had abnormal clinical features resulting from anaemia at its nadir, with a combination of tachycardia, tachypnoea, dyspnoea and feeding difficulties, diminished activity, and pallor. The expression 'available oxygen', derived from the Hb concentration and Hb-O2 affinity, correlated more closely with clinical features of anaemia that did the Hb concentration alone. A formula is presented that predicts the 'available oxygen', provided the Hb concentration and post-conceptual age are known; this avoids the need for direct measurement of Hb-O2 affinity. Clinical anaemia is common in preterm infants with Hb concentrations of up to 10.5 g/dl, consequent on the high O2 affinity of fetal Hb. This is the first description of any common clinical consequence of high Hb-O2 affinity.", "contents": "Nonphysiological anaemia of prematurity. Clinical and haematological findings at the nadir of the refractory, early anaemia of prematurity were compared in a study of 95 preterm infants. 53% of 30 babies less than 32 weeks' gestational age at birth had abnormal clinical features resulting from anaemia at its nadir, with a combination of tachycardia, tachypnoea, dyspnoea and feeding difficulties, diminished activity, and pallor. The expression 'available oxygen', derived from the Hb concentration and Hb-O2 affinity, correlated more closely with clinical features of anaemia that did the Hb concentration alone. A formula is presented that predicts the 'available oxygen', provided the Hb concentration and post-conceptual age are known; this avoids the need for direct measurement of Hb-O2 affinity. Clinical anaemia is common in preterm infants with Hb concentrations of up to 10.5 g/dl, consequent on the high O2 affinity of fetal Hb. This is the first description of any common clinical consequence of high Hb-O2 affinity.", "PMID": 727808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11347", "title": "Immunological events in acute measles influencing outcome.", "content": "77% of 30 children with measles who had severe lymphopenia (less than 2000/mm3; less than 2.0 x 10(9)/1) within 2 days of appearance of rash (group A) subsequently died or progressed to chronic chest disease. This was significantly worse than the outcome in 30 children with measles who had lymphocyte counts more than 2000/mm3 (more than 2.0 x 10(9)/1) (group B) of whom 67% recovered. In group A children the persistence of severe lymphopenia (caused by a reduction in T- and B-cells) for at least 15 days after onset of rash, remained a good predictive index of morbidity and mortality. Reversal of immunoparesis in group A was slower and incomplete 42 days from appearance of the rash in those who subsequently died or developed chronic chest disease compared with those who recovered. All patients who died failed to produce adequate measles antibodies. The therapeutic implications and immunopathological significance of these findings for chronic complications after acute measles are discussed.", "contents": "Immunological events in acute measles influencing outcome. 77% of 30 children with measles who had severe lymphopenia (less than 2000/mm3; less than 2.0 x 10(9)/1) within 2 days of appearance of rash (group A) subsequently died or progressed to chronic chest disease. This was significantly worse than the outcome in 30 children with measles who had lymphocyte counts more than 2000/mm3 (more than 2.0 x 10(9)/1) (group B) of whom 67% recovered. In group A children the persistence of severe lymphopenia (caused by a reduction in T- and B-cells) for at least 15 days after onset of rash, remained a good predictive index of morbidity and mortality. Reversal of immunoparesis in group A was slower and incomplete 42 days from appearance of the rash in those who subsequently died or developed chronic chest disease compared with those who recovered. All patients who died failed to produce adequate measles antibodies. The therapeutic implications and immunopathological significance of these findings for chronic complications after acute measles are discussed.", "PMID": 727809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11348", "title": "Hypochondroplasia.", "content": "Clinical, radiological, and genetic features are described in 3 patients with hypochondroplasia. Early recognition of this disorder is possible from the abnormal body proportions with short limbs and lumbar lordosis without facial stigmata of achondroplasia. Radiological confirmation is possible provided a full skeletal survey is made. Two of our patients had a large head.", "contents": "Hypochondroplasia. Clinical, radiological, and genetic features are described in 3 patients with hypochondroplasia. Early recognition of this disorder is possible from the abnormal body proportions with short limbs and lumbar lordosis without facial stigmata of achondroplasia. Radiological confirmation is possible provided a full skeletal survey is made. Two of our patients had a large head.", "PMID": 727810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11349", "title": "Evaluation of methods of assisted ventilation in hyaline membrane disease.", "content": "Two methods of providing assisted ventilation were compared in infants severely ill with hyaline membrane disease (HMD). 10 infants were assigned to each group. One group received ventilation with a volume-cycled respirator, and the other was ventilated using a pressure-limited ventilator and reversed I:E ratio. Both groups were well matched for severity of illness in terms of pH and blood gases. pH and PO2 were quickly corrected by both ventilators. However, the pressure-cycled ventilator group had higher survival and lower complication rates. PAO2 after one hour was substantially improved at the same FIO2 in the pressure-limited group and after 8 hours the FIO2 required to maintain a PaO2 of 50--70 mmHg (6.6--9.3 kPa) was significantly decreased compared with the volume-cycled group. No effects on blood pressure were detected in either group. The study shows that the pressure-limited method is significantly better.", "contents": "Evaluation of methods of assisted ventilation in hyaline membrane disease. Two methods of providing assisted ventilation were compared in infants severely ill with hyaline membrane disease (HMD). 10 infants were assigned to each group. One group received ventilation with a volume-cycled respirator, and the other was ventilated using a pressure-limited ventilator and reversed I:E ratio. Both groups were well matched for severity of illness in terms of pH and blood gases. pH and PO2 were quickly corrected by both ventilators. However, the pressure-cycled ventilator group had higher survival and lower complication rates. PAO2 after one hour was substantially improved at the same FIO2 in the pressure-limited group and after 8 hours the FIO2 required to maintain a PaO2 of 50--70 mmHg (6.6--9.3 kPa) was significantly decreased compared with the volume-cycled group. No effects on blood pressure were detected in either group. The study shows that the pressure-limited method is significantly better.", "PMID": 727811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11350", "title": "Chest wall sarcoma of childhood with a good prognosis.", "content": "Four cases of a locally invasive sarcoma of the chest wall are described in children aged between 8 and 14 years. Although its morphology resembles a  Ewing's sarcoma of bone there are light and electron microscopical features that are distinctive. The sarcoma is thought to represent an entity which has not previously been defined. Its clinical importance lies in the fact that the prognosis with appropriate treatment appears to be good. One child died after 2 1/2 years, but the others are alive 6, 8, and 16 years after presentation.", "contents": "Chest wall sarcoma of childhood with a good prognosis. Four cases of a locally invasive sarcoma of the chest wall are described in children aged between 8 and 14 years. Although its morphology resembles a  Ewing's sarcoma of bone there are light and electron microscopical features that are distinctive. The sarcoma is thought to represent an entity which has not previously been defined. Its clinical importance lies in the fact that the prognosis with appropriate treatment appears to be good. One child died after 2 1/2 years, but the others are alive 6, 8, and 16 years after presentation.", "PMID": 727812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11351", "title": "Significance of raised immunoglobulin M levels in cord blood of small-for-gestational-age infants.", "content": "Cord IgM values were determined in small-for-gestational-age infants born at Hammersmith Hospital during a 5 1/2-year period. 121 (12.5%) infants had levels more than 0.2 g/l; in 92 these were between 0.21 and 0.3 g/l. In only 18 (14.8%) was a level of 0.4 g/l exceeded, and 5 proved cases of intrauterine infection--rubella (2), syphilis (2), and toxoplasmosis (1)--were in this group. The factor most often associated with cord IgM more than 0.4 g/l was prolonged rupture of the membranes. There was an increased incidence of blood group B among the mothers, probably reflecting the greater number of nonCaucasian women giving birth to small-for-gestational-age infants. Determination of cord IgM did not help significantly indiagnosis.", "contents": "Significance of raised immunoglobulin M levels in cord blood of small-for-gestational-age infants. Cord IgM values were determined in small-for-gestational-age infants born at Hammersmith Hospital during a 5 1/2-year period. 121 (12.5%) infants had levels more than 0.2 g/l; in 92 these were between 0.21 and 0.3 g/l. In only 18 (14.8%) was a level of 0.4 g/l exceeded, and 5 proved cases of intrauterine infection--rubella (2), syphilis (2), and toxoplasmosis (1)--were in this group. The factor most often associated with cord IgM more than 0.4 g/l was prolonged rupture of the membranes. There was an increased incidence of blood group B among the mothers, probably reflecting the greater number of nonCaucasian women giving birth to small-for-gestational-age infants. Determination of cord IgM did not help significantly indiagnosis.", "PMID": 727813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11352", "title": "Aneurysmal bone cyst: a report of three cases.", "content": "Three children presenting with aneurysmal bone cysts are described. The first patient was 10 months old with a cyst of the scapula. The second was more typical but his cyst was treated initially as a malignant tumour. In the third child the second cervical vertebra was affected which posed considerable problems of management; it was treated by radiotherapy. Despite the problems all 3 children have made a good recovery.", "contents": "Aneurysmal bone cyst: a report of three cases. Three children presenting with aneurysmal bone cysts are described. The first patient was 10 months old with a cyst of the scapula. The second was more typical but his cyst was treated initially as a malignant tumour. In the third child the second cervical vertebra was affected which posed considerable problems of management; it was treated by radiotherapy. Despite the problems all 3 children have made a good recovery.", "PMID": 727814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11353", "title": "Relationship between clinical features of tricyclic antidepressant poisoning and plasma concentrations in children.", "content": "Clinical features and drug plasma concentrations were studied in 13 children admitted to hospital with tricyclic antidepressant poisoning. Patients with plasma concentrations below 500 microgram/l had anticholinergic signs and increased reflexes but did not have convulsions or cardiac arrhythmias. Four patients with plasma concentrations above 1000 microgram/l suffered convulsions, cardiac arrhythmias, or prolonged coma. The diagnosis of poisoning in 2 of these cases was made only by toxicological analysis. Quantitative estimation of tricyclic antidepressants is useful in atypical or severe poisoning both to reach the diagnosis and to give an idea of the likely duration of symptoms.", "contents": "Relationship between clinical features of tricyclic antidepressant poisoning and plasma concentrations in children. Clinical features and drug plasma concentrations were studied in 13 children admitted to hospital with tricyclic antidepressant poisoning. Patients with plasma concentrations below 500 microgram/l had anticholinergic signs and increased reflexes but did not have convulsions or cardiac arrhythmias. Four patients with plasma concentrations above 1000 microgram/l suffered convulsions, cardiac arrhythmias, or prolonged coma. The diagnosis of poisoning in 2 of these cases was made only by toxicological analysis. Quantitative estimation of tricyclic antidepressants is useful in atypical or severe poisoning both to reach the diagnosis and to give an idea of the likely duration of symptoms.", "PMID": 727815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11354", "title": "Adenoidectomy: an evaluation of the indications.", "content": "A group of 76 children who had been listed for adenoidectomy was investigated by scoring the symptoms and signs usually attributed to adenoidal hypertrophy, and removing the adenoids and weighing them. With the possible exception of snoring there was no correlation between the size of the adenoids and the symptoms usually attributed to hypertrophy of this organ. We wish to acknowledge our gratitude to those consultants who allowed us access to their patients, to Dr Ian McDicken, Department of Pathology, University of Liverpool who did the histological examination, and to Mrs P. O'Brien who did the typing.", "contents": "Adenoidectomy: an evaluation of the indications. A group of 76 children who had been listed for adenoidectomy was investigated by scoring the symptoms and signs usually attributed to adenoidal hypertrophy, and removing the adenoids and weighing them. With the possible exception of snoring there was no correlation between the size of the adenoids and the symptoms usually attributed to hypertrophy of this organ. We wish to acknowledge our gratitude to those consultants who allowed us access to their patients, to Dr Ian McDicken, Department of Pathology, University of Liverpool who did the histological examination, and to Mrs P. O'Brien who did the typing.", "PMID": 727816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11355", "title": "A case of paragonimiasis.", "content": "A 2 1/2-year-old girl recently arrived from eastern Nigeria presented with a soft tissue swelling of the infraclavicular region. Subsequent investigation revealed a cavity in the left lung associated with a small pleural effusion and leucocytosis with pronounced eosinophilia. Clinical and serological findings were compatible with the diagnosis of paragonimiasis. After a course of Bitin-S the chest x-ray returned to normal, the soft tissue changes disappeared, and the eosinophil count fell.", "contents": "A case of paragonimiasis. A 2 1/2-year-old girl recently arrived from eastern Nigeria presented with a soft tissue swelling of the infraclavicular region. Subsequent investigation revealed a cavity in the left lung associated with a small pleural effusion and leucocytosis with pronounced eosinophilia. Clinical and serological findings were compatible with the diagnosis of paragonimiasis. After a course of Bitin-S the chest x-ray returned to normal, the soft tissue changes disappeared, and the eosinophil count fell.", "PMID": 727817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11356", "title": "The excretory system of young chickens experiencing mercury toxicity--effects on kidney development, morphology, and function.", "content": "Four trials were conducted to determine if toxic levels of mercury affect kidney development, morphology, and renal function. Mercury, administered via the drinking water as mercuric chloride caused a reduction in gross kidney weight, an increase in relative kidney weight and a slight but significant increase in the percentage water retained by left kidney of 6-week-old cockerels. Mercury had no effect on renal function of 6-week-old birds as indicated by the clearance of phenol red from circulation. Histological discontinuity of the kidney was extensive and evidenced by foamy cell degeneration and nuclear pyknosis. Although mercury caused gross alterations in the morphology of the kidney, normal excretory function was maintained.", "contents": "The excretory system of young chickens experiencing mercury toxicity--effects on kidney development, morphology, and function. Four trials were conducted to determine if toxic levels of mercury affect kidney development, morphology, and renal function. Mercury, administered via the drinking water as mercuric chloride caused a reduction in gross kidney weight, an increase in relative kidney weight and a slight but significant increase in the percentage water retained by left kidney of 6-week-old cockerels. Mercury had no effect on renal function of 6-week-old birds as indicated by the clearance of phenol red from circulation. Histological discontinuity of the kidney was extensive and evidenced by foamy cell degeneration and nuclear pyknosis. Although mercury caused gross alterations in the morphology of the kidney, normal excretory function was maintained.", "PMID": 727824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11357", "title": "The effect of an in situ-produced oil shale processing water on metabolism.", "content": "The effects of in situ-produced oil shale retort water on the metabolism of various substrates was studied both in vivo and  in vitro. The induction observed in rats was classified as Type I due to an increase in metabolism of hexobarbital and ethylmorphine without subsequent increases in zoxazolamine metabolism. The maximal absorption of the cytochrome-P450-CO complex was observed to be 450 millimicron, also consistent with Type I inducers. Cytochrome P-450 levels were also significantly increased over controls.", "contents": "The effect of an in situ-produced oil shale processing water on metabolism. The effects of in situ-produced oil shale retort water on the metabolism of various substrates was studied both in vivo and  in vitro. The induction observed in rats was classified as Type I due to an increase in metabolism of hexobarbital and ethylmorphine without subsequent increases in zoxazolamine metabolism. The maximal absorption of the cytochrome-P450-CO complex was observed to be 450 millimicron, also consistent with Type I inducers. Cytochrome P-450 levels were also significantly increased over controls.", "PMID": 727825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11358", "title": "Cadmium-induced tissue specific changes in drug biotransformation rates in rats.", "content": "Cadmium was administered into male rats in drinking water as cadmium chloride at a concentration equivalent to 250 ppm of cadmium for 2 and 8 weeks. The cadmium concentration in the liver microsomes was 0.85 +/- 0.11 microgram/g (wet wt) and in the supernatant 29.6 +/- 1.1 microgram/g and in the renal microsomes 1.30 +/- 0.30 microgram/g (w.wt) and in the supernatant 24.4 +/- 3.2 microgram/g after 8 weeks. In the intestinal postmitochondrial supernatant fraction the cadmium concentration was 14.2 +/- 1.0 microgram/g (wet wt) after 8 weeks administration. There was a slight increase in the hepatic cytochrome P-450 level, no changes in the hepatic p-nitroanisole O-demethylase and NADPH cytochrome c reductase activities and a clearcut induction in the hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity after 8 weeks cadmium exposure. Renal activities followed mainly those of the liver. No changes were found in the hepatic UDPglucuronosyltransferase activity and a slight activation was present in the renal activity. The intestinal activities were markedly depressed after cadmium exposure. The results suggest that cadmium administration changes the drug biotransformation rates differently in various tissues.", "contents": "Cadmium-induced tissue specific changes in drug biotransformation rates in rats. Cadmium was administered into male rats in drinking water as cadmium chloride at a concentration equivalent to 250 ppm of cadmium for 2 and 8 weeks. The cadmium concentration in the liver microsomes was 0.85 +/- 0.11 microgram/g (wet wt) and in the supernatant 29.6 +/- 1.1 microgram/g and in the renal microsomes 1.30 +/- 0.30 microgram/g (w.wt) and in the supernatant 24.4 +/- 3.2 microgram/g after 8 weeks. In the intestinal postmitochondrial supernatant fraction the cadmium concentration was 14.2 +/- 1.0 microgram/g (wet wt) after 8 weeks administration. There was a slight increase in the hepatic cytochrome P-450 level, no changes in the hepatic p-nitroanisole O-demethylase and NADPH cytochrome c reductase activities and a clearcut induction in the hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity after 8 weeks cadmium exposure. Renal activities followed mainly those of the liver. No changes were found in the hepatic UDPglucuronosyltransferase activity and a slight activation was present in the renal activity. The intestinal activities were markedly depressed after cadmium exposure. The results suggest that cadmium administration changes the drug biotransformation rates differently in various tissues.", "PMID": 727826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11359", "title": "Chlorination of benzidine and other aromatic amines an aqueous environments.", "content": "The fate of aniline, N,N-dimethylaniline and benzidine in chlorinated waters was investigated. Conditions were controlled to approximate the process chlorination of raw water supplies and wastewater secondary effluents. As the molar ratio, (Cl2)/(amine), was increased, amine depletions increased and leveled off at about (Cl2)/(amine) = 1. Depletions in distilled water with \"free\" chlorine were somewhat higher than those in activated sludge/secondary effluent with combined chlorine. For each amine the number and type of products appeared to be independent of the water matrix and the ratio, (Cl2)/(amine). For the monophenyl amines ring chlorination was a significant depletion pathway. Extended chlorination of aniline yielded a precipitated product, while the N-substituted amine, N,N-dimethylaniline did not yield a solid product. In contrast to the monophenyl amines, when benzidine (p,p'-diaminobiphenyl) was exposed to chlorinated waters, a solid product resulted immediately. Infra-red analysis of this product indicated a polymeric structure with no ring chlorination. GLC analysis of the chlorination supernatant showed no ring substituted isomers of benzidine.", "contents": "Chlorination of benzidine and other aromatic amines an aqueous environments. The fate of aniline, N,N-dimethylaniline and benzidine in chlorinated waters was investigated. Conditions were controlled to approximate the process chlorination of raw water supplies and wastewater secondary effluents. As the molar ratio, (Cl2)/(amine), was increased, amine depletions increased and leveled off at about (Cl2)/(amine) = 1. Depletions in distilled water with \"free\" chlorine were somewhat higher than those in activated sludge/secondary effluent with combined chlorine. For each amine the number and type of products appeared to be independent of the water matrix and the ratio, (Cl2)/(amine). For the monophenyl amines ring chlorination was a significant depletion pathway. Extended chlorination of aniline yielded a precipitated product, while the N-substituted amine, N,N-dimethylaniline did not yield a solid product. In contrast to the monophenyl amines, when benzidine (p,p'-diaminobiphenyl) was exposed to chlorinated waters, a solid product resulted immediately. Infra-red analysis of this product indicated a polymeric structure with no ring chlorination. GLC analysis of the chlorination supernatant showed no ring substituted isomers of benzidine.", "PMID": 727827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11360", "title": "A biomonitoring procedure utilizing negative phototaxis of first instar Aedes aegypti larvae.", "content": "Negative phototaxis of newly hatched Aedes aegypti L. larvae was inhibited by exposure to three heavy metals and five organic insecticides. This response was quantified in an inexpensive multiunit apparatus consisting of four glass troughs perpendicular to a uniform light source. The criterion of toxic effect, established with cupric sulfate as a standard, was: inability of larvae to migrate 30 cm in 60 sec after 8 hr of pre-exposure, designated as 8-hr EC50. The photomigration procedure was more sensitive than our comparative 24-hr acute lethal toxicity tests on metals. The 8-hr EC 50 values for cadmium, chromium and copper were 0.6, 2.4, and 1.4 mg/L, respectively. Values for insecticides ranged from 0.003 mg/L for fenitrothion (organophosphate) to 0.39 mg/L for methomyl (carbamate).", "contents": "A biomonitoring procedure utilizing negative phototaxis of first instar Aedes aegypti larvae. Negative phototaxis of newly hatched Aedes aegypti L. larvae was inhibited by exposure to three heavy metals and five organic insecticides. This response was quantified in an inexpensive multiunit apparatus consisting of four glass troughs perpendicular to a uniform light source. The criterion of toxic effect, established with cupric sulfate as a standard, was: inability of larvae to migrate 30 cm in 60 sec after 8 hr of pre-exposure, designated as 8-hr EC50. The photomigration procedure was more sensitive than our comparative 24-hr acute lethal toxicity tests on metals. The 8-hr EC 50 values for cadmium, chromium and copper were 0.6, 2.4, and 1.4 mg/L, respectively. Values for insecticides ranged from 0.003 mg/L for fenitrothion (organophosphate) to 0.39 mg/L for methomyl (carbamate).", "PMID": 727829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11361", "title": "Fate of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in a model aquatic environment.", "content": "The fate of TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) was studied by using aquatic sediment and lake water under laboratory conditions. Most of the TCDD was found in the sediment from which it slowly disappeared. Evaporation may be a major mode of disappearance of TCDD in samples incubated 39 days or more, with metabolism playing only a minor role. Under the experimental conditions the half-life of TCDD was in the order of 600 days. The metabolic activities were enhanced under conditions which stimulated microbial growth in the presence of sediment, and the metabolites were found to be released from the sediment to the ambient water.", "contents": "Fate of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in a model aquatic environment. The fate of TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) was studied by using aquatic sediment and lake water under laboratory conditions. Most of the TCDD was found in the sediment from which it slowly disappeared. Evaporation may be a major mode of disappearance of TCDD in samples incubated 39 days or more, with metabolism playing only a minor role. Under the experimental conditions the half-life of TCDD was in the order of 600 days. The metabolic activities were enhanced under conditions which stimulated microbial growth in the presence of sediment, and the metabolites were found to be released from the sediment to the ambient water.", "PMID": 727830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11362", "title": "Calcium-45 uptake by shell gland, oviduct, plasma and eggshell of DDT-dosed ducks and chickens.", "content": "Experiments were conducted with ducks and chickens to determine the effects of acute doses of DDT and DDE on calcium-45 balance and calcium-45 distribution among plasma, femur, tibia, oviduct, shell gland, and eggshell. Species differences in distribution of calcium-45 were evident between control ducks and control chickens. Ducks contained more radiocalcium in plasma, shell glands, tibias, and femurs than chickens and eliminated less radiocalcium in their droppings than chickens. The percentage of radiocalcium deposited in eggshells by control birds of either species was about equal. Ducks and chickens treated with DDT or DDE contained more radiocalcium in their shell glands than their respective controls. Treatment with DDT or DDE caused eggshell thinning in ducks but not in chickens; however, treatment with DDT or DDE did not alter significantly the percentage of radiocalcium that appeared in eggshells of either species.", "contents": "Calcium-45 uptake by shell gland, oviduct, plasma and eggshell of DDT-dosed ducks and chickens. Experiments were conducted with ducks and chickens to determine the effects of acute doses of DDT and DDE on calcium-45 balance and calcium-45 distribution among plasma, femur, tibia, oviduct, shell gland, and eggshell. Species differences in distribution of calcium-45 were evident between control ducks and control chickens. Ducks contained more radiocalcium in plasma, shell glands, tibias, and femurs than chickens and eliminated less radiocalcium in their droppings than chickens. The percentage of radiocalcium deposited in eggshells by control birds of either species was about equal. Ducks and chickens treated with DDT or DDE contained more radiocalcium in their shell glands than their respective controls. Treatment with DDT or DDE caused eggshell thinning in ducks but not in chickens; however, treatment with DDT or DDE did not alter significantly the percentage of radiocalcium that appeared in eggshells of either species.", "PMID": 727831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11363", "title": "Dieldrin-14C elimination from chickens.", "content": "A series of experiments was conducted with chickens contaminated with dieldrin-14C to find ways of accelerating the elimination of dieldrin from their bodies. The results of these experiments indicated that charcoal, imbiber beads, and the anion exchanges resins, Dowex XFS-4022 and Dowex SBR-C1, would not be useful agents for increasing the amount of dieldrin eliminated via feces (droppings) of chickens. Further, imbiber beads coalesced in the gizzard of the chickens and reduced their appetites. The anion exchange resin, cholestyramine, might be useful as gastrointestinal absorbant for increasing dieldrin elimination in chickens because it increased carbon-14 elimination in droppings, but its effect on carbon-14 residues in carcasses was not clear. We elected not to investigate this compound further. Probucol, investigated because it might alter gastrointestinal absorption or blood physiology that would affect dieldrin elimination, did not increase dieldrin elimination. Severe starvation was the only method investigated that clearly was useful for increasing dieldrin elimination because it increased carbon-14 elimination in droppings and reduced carbon-14 residues in carcasses.", "contents": "Dieldrin-14C elimination from chickens. A series of experiments was conducted with chickens contaminated with dieldrin-14C to find ways of accelerating the elimination of dieldrin from their bodies. The results of these experiments indicated that charcoal, imbiber beads, and the anion exchanges resins, Dowex XFS-4022 and Dowex SBR-C1, would not be useful agents for increasing the amount of dieldrin eliminated via feces (droppings) of chickens. Further, imbiber beads coalesced in the gizzard of the chickens and reduced their appetites. The anion exchange resin, cholestyramine, might be useful as gastrointestinal absorbant for increasing dieldrin elimination in chickens because it increased carbon-14 elimination in droppings, but its effect on carbon-14 residues in carcasses was not clear. We elected not to investigate this compound further. Probucol, investigated because it might alter gastrointestinal absorption or blood physiology that would affect dieldrin elimination, did not increase dieldrin elimination. Severe starvation was the only method investigated that clearly was useful for increasing dieldrin elimination because it increased carbon-14 elimination in droppings and reduced carbon-14 residues in carcasses.", "PMID": 727832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11364", "title": "Temperature preference of the crayfish Orconectes obscurus.", "content": "Acclimation temperature influenced the acute preferred temperature of the crayfish Orconectes obscurus. This species preferred a higher temperature than its acclimation temperature for those acclimation temperatures ranging from 6 degrees to 26 degrees C. When acclimated to 30 degrees and 33 degrees C, the crayfish preferred a lower temperature than its acclimation temperature. The final temperature preferendum is estimated to be approximately 30 degrees C.", "contents": "Temperature preference of the crayfish Orconectes obscurus. Acclimation temperature influenced the acute preferred temperature of the crayfish Orconectes obscurus. This species preferred a higher temperature than its acclimation temperature for those acclimation temperatures ranging from 6 degrees to 26 degrees C. When acclimated to 30 degrees and 33 degrees C, the crayfish preferred a lower temperature than its acclimation temperature. The final temperature preferendum is estimated to be approximately 30 degrees C.", "PMID": 727833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11365", "title": "[Right blocks in interauricular communication].", "content": "The purpose of this study is to establish some electro-vectorcardiographic criteria useful in the differential diagnosis of right fascicular and truncular blocks in 72 cases of atrial septal defect proven by hemodynamic and surgical data. In all cases, the conduction disorder was analyzed by conventional electrocardiograms; in many cases, additional right unipolar thoracic and intracavitary leads were utilized; and in 22 cases high fidelity records were obtained with a Simultrace Recorder V6R. Right block was studied in vectorcardiographic curves recorded in three planes following the method of Grishman's cube. This block was considered as proximal or truncular in 46 cases: of minor degree in 8 and of intermediate degree in 38. In these cases the difference in time of onset of the intrinsicoid deflection between the free right ventricular wall and the low anterior right septal mass was up to 30 msec. Distal or fascicular block was diagnosed in 26 cases: RASB in 10 and RPSB in 16. The difference in time of onset of the intrinsicoid deflection between the free right ventricular wall and the right anterior-inferior septal mass exceeded 30 msec. The highest values were observed in aVR and V1, in the cases with RASB; in aVF, V3R and V1, in the cases with RPSB. The SF loop was diphasic in the presence of proximal block, appearing above the 0 point in the cases with RASB and below this point in the cases with RPSB. SH loop was anterior when truncular block existed, lateral when there was RASB and plus or less diphasic in the cases with RPSB. Sometimes, Q-Tc interval was prolonged in V2 and V3, grossly related to telediastolic pressure in the right ventricle. The facts reported here permit the formulation of the following conclusions: 1. The morphologic aspects of the electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic curves are very useful for recognizing RASB. In order to establish the differential diagnosis between RBBB of intermediate degree and RPSB, it is necessary to perform a thoracic electric mapping. 2. The clockwise rotation of the entire SH loop, observed in 27 of 38 cases of intermediate degree RBBB, is probably due to the more important manifestation of right parietal electromotive forces because of the ventricular enlargement. 3. The prolonged Q-Tc interval in some right unipolar leads reflects the diastolic overloading of the homolateral ventricle (increased telediastolic pressure).", "contents": "[Right blocks in interauricular communication]. The purpose of this study is to establish some electro-vectorcardiographic criteria useful in the differential diagnosis of right fascicular and truncular blocks in 72 cases of atrial septal defect proven by hemodynamic and surgical data. In all cases, the conduction disorder was analyzed by conventional electrocardiograms; in many cases, additional right unipolar thoracic and intracavitary leads were utilized; and in 22 cases high fidelity records were obtained with a Simultrace Recorder V6R. Right block was studied in vectorcardiographic curves recorded in three planes following the method of Grishman's cube. This block was considered as proximal or truncular in 46 cases: of minor degree in 8 and of intermediate degree in 38. In these cases the difference in time of onset of the intrinsicoid deflection between the free right ventricular wall and the low anterior right septal mass was up to 30 msec. Distal or fascicular block was diagnosed in 26 cases: RASB in 10 and RPSB in 16. The difference in time of onset of the intrinsicoid deflection between the free right ventricular wall and the right anterior-inferior septal mass exceeded 30 msec. The highest values were observed in aVR and V1, in the cases with RASB; in aVF, V3R and V1, in the cases with RPSB. The SF loop was diphasic in the presence of proximal block, appearing above the 0 point in the cases with RASB and below this point in the cases with RPSB. SH loop was anterior when truncular block existed, lateral when there was RASB and plus or less diphasic in the cases with RPSB. Sometimes, Q-Tc interval was prolonged in V2 and V3, grossly related to telediastolic pressure in the right ventricle. The facts reported here permit the formulation of the following conclusions: 1. The morphologic aspects of the electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic curves are very useful for recognizing RASB. In order to establish the differential diagnosis between RBBB of intermediate degree and RPSB, it is necessary to perform a thoracic electric mapping. 2. The clockwise rotation of the entire SH loop, observed in 27 of 38 cases of intermediate degree RBBB, is probably due to the more important manifestation of right parietal electromotive forces because of the ventricular enlargement. 3. The prolonged Q-Tc interval in some right unipolar leads reflects the diastolic overloading of the homolateral ventricle (increased telediastolic pressure).", "PMID": 727842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11366", "title": "[Changes of the P wave in ischemic cardiopathy. Electrocardiographic correlation].", "content": "1. In the presence of normal coronaries, it is possible to find--or not CAI, in patients with arteriosclerose cardiopathy. 2. When coronary obstructions are present, we also could find a clear dominance of CAI. It is necessary to emphasize the fact that every patient of these series who suffered of trivascular coronary illness presented CAI. 3. When CAI shows in at rest ECG of a patient clearly showing ischemic cardiopathy, more often than not we also find important coronary obstructions, but when this sign is not present it doesn't necessarily mean that we should discard the possibility of a vascular disease, it only points to us the presence of a trivascular coronary pathology. 4. Frequently we find a CVP between normal levels when CAI is not present. 5. We found CAI in every patient showing dysinesia and also in most of the patients with dysinergia.", "contents": "[Changes of the P wave in ischemic cardiopathy. Electrocardiographic correlation]. 1. In the presence of normal coronaries, it is possible to find--or not CAI, in patients with arteriosclerose cardiopathy. 2. When coronary obstructions are present, we also could find a clear dominance of CAI. It is necessary to emphasize the fact that every patient of these series who suffered of trivascular coronary illness presented CAI. 3. When CAI shows in at rest ECG of a patient clearly showing ischemic cardiopathy, more often than not we also find important coronary obstructions, but when this sign is not present it doesn't necessarily mean that we should discard the possibility of a vascular disease, it only points to us the presence of a trivascular coronary pathology. 4. Frequently we find a CVP between normal levels when CAI is not present. 5. We found CAI in every patient showing dysinesia and also in most of the patients with dysinergia.", "PMID": 727843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11367", "title": "[Various epidemiological aspects of hyperuricemia and gout in Mexico: incidence and the cardiovascular risk factor].", "content": "We studied the prevalence and the risk factor among the patients of gout in Mexico. Research was conducted in the National Institute of Cardiology and in our private practice. Prevalence of hiperuricemia and gout in the Institute of Cardiology was of 1% (970 out of nearly 100,000 patients). We divided those cases of two subgroups: Reumatology patients (333) and Cardiovascular patients (529). In the first group primary gout was (96.3), and (50.32% in the second. Risk factor was quite different too: nephropathy 9.9%, lithiasis 9.3%, pyelonephritis 2.7%, cardioangiosclerosis 12.9%, aortosclerosis 6.6%, coronary insufficiency 6.3%, myocardial infarction 0.9%, arterial hypertension 24.6% obesity 56.1% and diabetes 9.9% in the Reumatology group; in the Cardiovascular one, nephropathy 14.3%, lithiasis 12.2%, pyelonephritis 7.1%, cardioangiosclerosis 62.7%, aortosclerosis 31.7%, coronary insufficiency 24.9%, myocardial infarction 29%, arterial hypertension 51%, obesity 54.8% and diabetes 20.4%. Among the private practice patients prevalence was of 10.1% (961). In an early age (39 years) in men and a later one for women (53 years). Other characteristics of epidemiology and risk factor are: primary gout 89%, atherosclerosis 5%, coronary disease 4.6%, lithiasis 4.7%, nephropathy 2%, pyelonephritis 1%, obesity 43%, and diabetes 4.6%. In an small group of patients of our private practice we made an exhaustive study of risk factor and the metabolic disorder of lipids. We found the following frequency: 9.3 of nephropathy, 31.2% of lithiasis, 18.7% of pyelonephritis, 68.9% of cardioangiosclerosis, 46.8% de coronary insufficiency, 9.3% of myocardial infarction, 68.7% of arterial hypertension, 68.7% of obesity and 18.7% of diabetes. In the lipid profile we found an increase in triglicerids and prebeta lipoprotein. We have amply discussed the relation between hiperuricemia and pathology considered as a risk factor from the genetic point of view as well as the metabolic and circumstancial aspect. From all that we concluded that risk is multifactorial.", "contents": "[Various epidemiological aspects of hyperuricemia and gout in Mexico: incidence and the cardiovascular risk factor]. We studied the prevalence and the risk factor among the patients of gout in Mexico. Research was conducted in the National Institute of Cardiology and in our private practice. Prevalence of hiperuricemia and gout in the Institute of Cardiology was of 1% (970 out of nearly 100,000 patients). We divided those cases of two subgroups: Reumatology patients (333) and Cardiovascular patients (529). In the first group primary gout was (96.3), and (50.32% in the second. Risk factor was quite different too: nephropathy 9.9%, lithiasis 9.3%, pyelonephritis 2.7%, cardioangiosclerosis 12.9%, aortosclerosis 6.6%, coronary insufficiency 6.3%, myocardial infarction 0.9%, arterial hypertension 24.6% obesity 56.1% and diabetes 9.9% in the Reumatology group; in the Cardiovascular one, nephropathy 14.3%, lithiasis 12.2%, pyelonephritis 7.1%, cardioangiosclerosis 62.7%, aortosclerosis 31.7%, coronary insufficiency 24.9%, myocardial infarction 29%, arterial hypertension 51%, obesity 54.8% and diabetes 20.4%. Among the private practice patients prevalence was of 10.1% (961). In an early age (39 years) in men and a later one for women (53 years). Other characteristics of epidemiology and risk factor are: primary gout 89%, atherosclerosis 5%, coronary disease 4.6%, lithiasis 4.7%, nephropathy 2%, pyelonephritis 1%, obesity 43%, and diabetes 4.6%. In an small group of patients of our private practice we made an exhaustive study of risk factor and the metabolic disorder of lipids. We found the following frequency: 9.3 of nephropathy, 31.2% of lithiasis, 18.7% of pyelonephritis, 68.9% of cardioangiosclerosis, 46.8% de coronary insufficiency, 9.3% of myocardial infarction, 68.7% of arterial hypertension, 68.7% of obesity and 18.7% of diabetes. In the lipid profile we found an increase in triglicerids and prebeta lipoprotein. We have amply discussed the relation between hiperuricemia and pathology considered as a risk factor from the genetic point of view as well as the metabolic and circumstancial aspect. From all that we concluded that risk is multifactorial.", "PMID": 727844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11368", "title": "[Results of a prolonged program of physical training in patients with ischemic cardiopathology].", "content": "Training with resistant exercises has been proved to be beneficial for patients of ischemic cardiopathy. This kind of training increases working capacity, provided the exercise is maintained in the necessary threshold to avoid starting a chest angina. Nevertheless, there is no clear evidence of an increase in the blood flooding of the myocardio, the left ventricle function or the heart electric stability as a consequence of the said training. It's our opinion that the principal reasons for this lack of evidence are: a) insufficient research, b) the existence of technical difficulties for developing certain phases of the necessary research, and maybe that, c) some exercise programs are not sufficiently long and intense and to induce myocardial adaptation. The purpose of this study is to determine if a long program of physical exercise training could produce a better blood irrigation and ventricular function as well as restore the electric stability. This approach to the problem is justified by the recent finding of adequate methods which really and definitely answer these questions with the results obtained through properly controlled physical exercise.", "contents": "[Results of a prolonged program of physical training in patients with ischemic cardiopathology]. Training with resistant exercises has been proved to be beneficial for patients of ischemic cardiopathy. This kind of training increases working capacity, provided the exercise is maintained in the necessary threshold to avoid starting a chest angina. Nevertheless, there is no clear evidence of an increase in the blood flooding of the myocardio, the left ventricle function or the heart electric stability as a consequence of the said training. It's our opinion that the principal reasons for this lack of evidence are: a) insufficient research, b) the existence of technical difficulties for developing certain phases of the necessary research, and maybe that, c) some exercise programs are not sufficiently long and intense and to induce myocardial adaptation. The purpose of this study is to determine if a long program of physical exercise training could produce a better blood irrigation and ventricular function as well as restore the electric stability. This approach to the problem is justified by the recent finding of adequate methods which really and definitely answer these questions with the results obtained through properly controlled physical exercise.", "PMID": 727845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11369", "title": "Endolymph flow-pressure patterns in models of semicircular canals. Effects of angular accelerations in one or two spatial planes.", "content": "The effects of angular accelerations in one or two spatial planes over the pressure exerted on the cupule of the semicircular canals, was studied using hydraulic models of the canals. The models were accelerated using a torsion pendulum and the resulting flow was monitored. The relative position of the model modifies the direction and magnitude of the flow in each canal and in the equivalent of the utricle where the canals join each other. When simultaneous accelerations in two spatial planes were used, a coriolic effect was observed, which could be significant to explain some vestibular symptoms that occur under similar conditions. From the information obtained with the models, the excitation-inhibition patterns in each of the six semicircular canals can be predicted for accelerations in any given spatial plane or combination of planes.", "contents": "Endolymph flow-pressure patterns in models of semicircular canals. Effects of angular accelerations in one or two spatial planes. The effects of angular accelerations in one or two spatial planes over the pressure exerted on the cupule of the semicircular canals, was studied using hydraulic models of the canals. The models were accelerated using a torsion pendulum and the resulting flow was monitored. The relative position of the model modifies the direction and magnitude of the flow in each canal and in the equivalent of the utricle where the canals join each other. When simultaneous accelerations in two spatial planes were used, a coriolic effect was observed, which could be significant to explain some vestibular symptoms that occur under similar conditions. From the information obtained with the models, the excitation-inhibition patterns in each of the six semicircular canals can be predicted for accelerations in any given spatial plane or combination of planes.", "PMID": 727849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11370", "title": "[Silent mitral stenosis (report of 8 cases)].", "content": "We studied eight cases of mitral \"mute\" stenosis we had discovered through echocardiogram, and analysed its clinical behaviour, the various findings in exploration, and electrocardiographic, radiologic, phonomecanocardiographic and echocardiographic changes. We mention the most notable signs for the suspected diagnosis of this kind of stenosis and the importance they have in the alleviation of this illness--frequently a very severe one, through surgical treatment. When mitral stenosis is not recognized in time through a precise diagnosis, turns to be a potentially lethal illness a short time after being diagnosed as a pulmonary arterial hypertension. We highly recommend the use of echocardiography for the diagnosis of mitral \"mute\" stenosis, because it has proved to be a inocuous, easy to obtain and very sensible way of diagnosing.", "contents": "[Silent mitral stenosis (report of 8 cases)]. We studied eight cases of mitral \"mute\" stenosis we had discovered through echocardiogram, and analysed its clinical behaviour, the various findings in exploration, and electrocardiographic, radiologic, phonomecanocardiographic and echocardiographic changes. We mention the most notable signs for the suspected diagnosis of this kind of stenosis and the importance they have in the alleviation of this illness--frequently a very severe one, through surgical treatment. When mitral stenosis is not recognized in time through a precise diagnosis, turns to be a potentially lethal illness a short time after being diagnosed as a pulmonary arterial hypertension. We highly recommend the use of echocardiography for the diagnosis of mitral \"mute\" stenosis, because it has proved to be a inocuous, easy to obtain and very sensible way of diagnosing.", "PMID": 727846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11371", "title": "Isolation of a hypotensive substance from seeds of Casimiroa edulis.", "content": "The hypotensive activity of the alcoholic and aqueous extracts of C. edulis has been previously reported. The present paper describes the pharmacological studies of a substance isolated from the alcoholic extract. Preliminary chemical and pharmacological data allowed a histamine-like compound to be proposed as the hypotensive principle. Studies were performed by means of in vitro and in vivo animal experiments.", "contents": "Isolation of a hypotensive substance from seeds of Casimiroa edulis. The hypotensive activity of the alcoholic and aqueous extracts of C. edulis has been previously reported. The present paper describes the pharmacological studies of a substance isolated from the alcoholic extract. Preliminary chemical and pharmacological data allowed a histamine-like compound to be proposed as the hypotensive principle. Studies were performed by means of in vitro and in vivo animal experiments.", "PMID": 727850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11372", "title": "[Hospital mortality of acute myocardial infarct].", "content": "Hospital mortality was studied in 541 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) admitted during a three year period to the Coronary Care Unit (CCU) of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda de M\u00e9xico. Total mortality was 15.3%. Two thirds of the deaths occurred in the CCU. In the remaining fatal cases, the patients had been transferred to regular hospital wards at the time of their death. The largest number of deaths (68.7%) were due to pump failure. A smaller number of patients (14.5%) died as a result of cardiac ruptures. Deaths due to primary arrhythmias have practically disappeared at the CCU's. Hospital mortality due to AMI correlates well with the degree of left ventricular dysfunction. In the cardiogenic shock group and in the acute pulmonary edema group mortality was 93.4 and 50.0% respectively. Patients with moderate degrees of heart failure had a lower mortality rate (18.4%) while in those who did not develop clinical or radiological evidence of left ventricle failure mortality was minimal. In patients with AMI there is a direct relationship between the mass of destroyed myocardium and the degree of left ventricular dysfunction. Thus, mortality is greater in patients with previous infarction, with important enzyme elevation, intraventricular conduction defects, larger cardiac size, etc. Four fifths of the cases studied at post-mortem had a left ventricular mass destruction of at least 40% and most of the cases had significant atheromatous lesions of two or of all three coronary vessels. Further reduction in mortality due to AMI would require an early and effective treatment of the syndromes of left ventricular dysfunction.", "contents": "[Hospital mortality of acute myocardial infarct]. Hospital mortality was studied in 541 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) admitted during a three year period to the Coronary Care Unit (CCU) of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiolog\u00eda de M\u00e9xico. Total mortality was 15.3%. Two thirds of the deaths occurred in the CCU. In the remaining fatal cases, the patients had been transferred to regular hospital wards at the time of their death. The largest number of deaths (68.7%) were due to pump failure. A smaller number of patients (14.5%) died as a result of cardiac ruptures. Deaths due to primary arrhythmias have practically disappeared at the CCU's. Hospital mortality due to AMI correlates well with the degree of left ventricular dysfunction. In the cardiogenic shock group and in the acute pulmonary edema group mortality was 93.4 and 50.0% respectively. Patients with moderate degrees of heart failure had a lower mortality rate (18.4%) while in those who did not develop clinical or radiological evidence of left ventricle failure mortality was minimal. In patients with AMI there is a direct relationship between the mass of destroyed myocardium and the degree of left ventricular dysfunction. Thus, mortality is greater in patients with previous infarction, with important enzyme elevation, intraventricular conduction defects, larger cardiac size, etc. Four fifths of the cases studied at post-mortem had a left ventricular mass destruction of at least 40% and most of the cases had significant atheromatous lesions of two or of all three coronary vessels. Further reduction in mortality due to AMI would require an early and effective treatment of the syndromes of left ventricular dysfunction.", "PMID": 727847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11373", "title": "Localization of alpha-galactomannan and of wheat germ agglutinin receptors in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.", "content": "The location of galactomannan on the surface of Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells was reexamined by scanning electron microscopy by an indirect but specific method using gold markers. The polysaccharide was found on the cell surface and at the end beginning to grow but not on the wall established by division. Galactomannan was also localized on S. pombe thin sections by transmission electron microscopy using the same method. The polysaccharide was found deposited in two layers in the cell wall, i.e. at the periphery of the wall and near the plasmalemma. The septum was also marked but mainly near the plasmalemma. These results indicated that the polysaccharide is elaborated onto the outside of the wall during extension but not during septum formation. When thin sections of S. pombe were marked with gold granules labeled with wheat germ agglutinin, marking was found in vacuoles but not in the cell wall. This confirmed that S. pombe cell wall is devoid of chitin.", "contents": "Localization of alpha-galactomannan and of wheat germ agglutinin receptors in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The location of galactomannan on the surface of Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells was reexamined by scanning electron microscopy by an indirect but specific method using gold markers. The polysaccharide was found on the cell surface and at the end beginning to grow but not on the wall established by division. Galactomannan was also localized on S. pombe thin sections by transmission electron microscopy using the same method. The polysaccharide was found deposited in two layers in the cell wall, i.e. at the periphery of the wall and near the plasmalemma. The septum was also marked but mainly near the plasmalemma. These results indicated that the polysaccharide is elaborated onto the outside of the wall during extension but not during septum formation. When thin sections of S. pombe were marked with gold granules labeled with wheat germ agglutinin, marking was found in vacuoles but not in the cell wall. This confirmed that S. pombe cell wall is devoid of chitin.", "PMID": 727851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11374", "title": "[Mitral valve replacement, results in 160 patients].", "content": "The results of 163 mitral valve replacement from 160 patients since August 1972 til August 1977 are presented, this is the second communication in Mexico related to mechanical mitral prosthesis. 95 patients were females and 55 males. With ages from 8 to 57 years, average 34; the 13% were child or teenagers. In 67% there were a clear background of rheumatic fever; 50% cardiac insufficiency and 19% previous mitral surgery from 8 months to 12 years before. 94% were class III or IV (N.Y.H.A.) and only 6% in I or II. Surgery was indicated according symptoms and hemodynamic data, 98% were catheterized. 26 Starr-Edwards and 137 Bjork-Shiley prosthesis were implanted in mitral position; in 112 cases only the mitral valve was substituted, in 41 cases a tricuspid procedure was done and in another 10 cases the aortic valve was also changed. The postoperative complications were: arrhythmies 32%; low cardiac output in 21%; infections 9%. Operative mortality in the isolated mitral replacement was 12%; in those cases with mitral-aortic or mitro-tricuspic lesions have been 33% in the first three years and 25% in the last three years. The long-term follow-up in 130 survivors is 29 months; 81% of them are actually in class I, 16% in class II and 3% in class III. The literature is reviewed and the facts responsive for the improved results are analyzed; special importance is given to the temporal external cardiac pacing in the management of the postoperative arrhythmies. Mitral valve replacement is considered as a good palliative procedure to the functional and socio-economical long-term rehabilitation in the survivors.", "contents": "[Mitral valve replacement, results in 160 patients]. The results of 163 mitral valve replacement from 160 patients since August 1972 til August 1977 are presented, this is the second communication in Mexico related to mechanical mitral prosthesis. 95 patients were females and 55 males. With ages from 8 to 57 years, average 34; the 13% were child or teenagers. In 67% there were a clear background of rheumatic fever; 50% cardiac insufficiency and 19% previous mitral surgery from 8 months to 12 years before. 94% were class III or IV (N.Y.H.A.) and only 6% in I or II. Surgery was indicated according symptoms and hemodynamic data, 98% were catheterized. 26 Starr-Edwards and 137 Bjork-Shiley prosthesis were implanted in mitral position; in 112 cases only the mitral valve was substituted, in 41 cases a tricuspid procedure was done and in another 10 cases the aortic valve was also changed. The postoperative complications were: arrhythmies 32%; low cardiac output in 21%; infections 9%. Operative mortality in the isolated mitral replacement was 12%; in those cases with mitral-aortic or mitro-tricuspic lesions have been 33% in the first three years and 25% in the last three years. The long-term follow-up in 130 survivors is 29 months; 81% of them are actually in class I, 16% in class II and 3% in class III. The literature is reviewed and the facts responsive for the improved results are analyzed; special importance is given to the temporal external cardiac pacing in the management of the postoperative arrhythmies. Mitral valve replacement is considered as a good palliative procedure to the functional and socio-economical long-term rehabilitation in the survivors.", "PMID": 727848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11375", "title": "The cryopreservation of Chlorella. 4. Accumulation of lipid as a protective factor.", "content": "Following growth under sub-optimal concentrations of nutrients, cells of Chlorella emersonii accumulated lipid and became more resistant to the damage caused by freezing and thawing. These results suggest that the factor responsible for the cold hardening of some Chlorella spp is not the effect of low temperatures per se but simply that of the reduced metabolic rate. Evidence is given that the post-thaw injury observed following rapid rates of cooling is associated with the vacuole.", "contents": "The cryopreservation of Chlorella. 4. Accumulation of lipid as a protective factor. Following growth under sub-optimal concentrations of nutrients, cells of Chlorella emersonii accumulated lipid and became more resistant to the damage caused by freezing and thawing. These results suggest that the factor responsible for the cold hardening of some Chlorella spp is not the effect of low temperatures per se but simply that of the reduced metabolic rate. Evidence is given that the post-thaw injury observed following rapid rates of cooling is associated with the vacuole.", "PMID": 727854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11376", "title": "[Differentiation of structural viral proteins using pyrolysis gas chromatography].", "content": "Types 1, 2, and 5 of structural proteins of adenovirus as well as human albumin, pepsin, trypsin, and ribonuclease tend to exhibit characteristic substance patterns when exposed to pyrolysis-gas chromatography. Those patterns may be helpful in differentiating between those proteins. The presence of a distributional pattern is assumed to depend, in most cases, not only on the given amino acid composition, but also on the amino acid sequence of the protein proper. Samples of complex composition, such as complete viruses or allantois fluids, were much less suitable for differentiation by means of pyrolysis-gas chromatography.", "contents": "[Differentiation of structural viral proteins using pyrolysis gas chromatography]. Types 1, 2, and 5 of structural proteins of adenovirus as well as human albumin, pepsin, trypsin, and ribonuclease tend to exhibit characteristic substance patterns when exposed to pyrolysis-gas chromatography. Those patterns may be helpful in differentiating between those proteins. The presence of a distributional pattern is assumed to depend, in most cases, not only on the given amino acid composition, but also on the amino acid sequence of the protein proper. Samples of complex composition, such as complete viruses or allantois fluids, were much less suitable for differentiation by means of pyrolysis-gas chromatography.", "PMID": 727865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11377", "title": "[Demonstration of IgM antibodies in influenza virus infections].", "content": "Forty-Four sera of patients with confirmed influenza-A infection were titrated in parallel with and without 2-mercaptoethanic treatment against influenza-A by means of passive haemagglutination. Reduction of titre by at least two levels was detectable in 21 cases. Gradient centrifugation was additionally undertaken of 23 patient sera and three serum samples obtained from intact probands who had produced a titre against influenza-A in passive haemagglutination. Antibody against influenza-A was present in both the IgM and IgG fractions of the patients' serum samples. Yet, in the three control sera of intact probands antibody against influenza-A was recordable only from the IgG fraction. IgM antibody could not be detected by 2-mercaptoethanoic treatment alone unless the 7s-antibody portion in a given serum sample was smaller than the 19s-antibody portion.", "contents": "[Demonstration of IgM antibodies in influenza virus infections]. Forty-Four sera of patients with confirmed influenza-A infection were titrated in parallel with and without 2-mercaptoethanic treatment against influenza-A by means of passive haemagglutination. Reduction of titre by at least two levels was detectable in 21 cases. Gradient centrifugation was additionally undertaken of 23 patient sera and three serum samples obtained from intact probands who had produced a titre against influenza-A in passive haemagglutination. Antibody against influenza-A was present in both the IgM and IgG fractions of the patients' serum samples. Yet, in the three control sera of intact probands antibody against influenza-A was recordable only from the IgG fraction. IgM antibody could not be detected by 2-mercaptoethanoic treatment alone unless the 7s-antibody portion in a given serum sample was smaller than the 19s-antibody portion.", "PMID": 727866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11378", "title": "[Comparison between quantitative determinations of blood protein fractions of clinically healthy cattle using cellulose acetate film and micro-agar gel electrophoresis].", "content": "Cellulose acetate sheet and agar electrophoresis was used to test the plasma of 106 clinically intact Frisians for total protein and \"classical fractions\". The average total protein recorded from plasma samples was 6.9 g/100 ml. Plasma albumin concentrations measured by cellulose acetate sheet electrophoresis were 11.39 per cent in excess of those obtained by agar electrophoresis, all at the expense of the alpha1, alpha2, and beta globulins. The results obtained from the two variants of electrophoresis differed from one another by 99 per cent of statistical security for albumin, as well as for alpha1, alpha2, and beta globulins. No such significant difference, however, was established for gamma globulins. It is thought that the low amount of albumin in response to agar electrophoresis was attributable to the fact that part of the albumin fraction had been absorbed to the agar. In pherogram evaluation it would then be calculated as being identical with the subsequent and more slowly travelling fractions of the alpha1, alpha2, and beta globulins. Immuno-electrophoretic experiments have shown the impossibility of real separation of alpha1 globulins from albumin on agar with antiserum absent. The amount of alpha1 globulin, therefore, was relatively high in agar electrophoresis. The electrophoretic approach, consequently, must be considered in any interpretation of proteinograms to avoid error.", "contents": "[Comparison between quantitative determinations of blood protein fractions of clinically healthy cattle using cellulose acetate film and micro-agar gel electrophoresis]. Cellulose acetate sheet and agar electrophoresis was used to test the plasma of 106 clinically intact Frisians for total protein and \"classical fractions\". The average total protein recorded from plasma samples was 6.9 g/100 ml. Plasma albumin concentrations measured by cellulose acetate sheet electrophoresis were 11.39 per cent in excess of those obtained by agar electrophoresis, all at the expense of the alpha1, alpha2, and beta globulins. The results obtained from the two variants of electrophoresis differed from one another by 99 per cent of statistical security for albumin, as well as for alpha1, alpha2, and beta globulins. No such significant difference, however, was established for gamma globulins. It is thought that the low amount of albumin in response to agar electrophoresis was attributable to the fact that part of the albumin fraction had been absorbed to the agar. In pherogram evaluation it would then be calculated as being identical with the subsequent and more slowly travelling fractions of the alpha1, alpha2, and beta globulins. Immuno-electrophoretic experiments have shown the impossibility of real separation of alpha1 globulins from albumin on agar with antiserum absent. The amount of alpha1 globulin, therefore, was relatively high in agar electrophoresis. The electrophoretic approach, consequently, must be considered in any interpretation of proteinograms to avoid error.", "PMID": 727867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11379", "title": "[Pathomorphology of radiation sickness in sheep following whole body roentgen irradiation].", "content": "Whole-body X-ray treatment was experimentally applied (380 median-line dosage) to eight Merino mutton sheep aged approximately one year. Five of the test animals were lost between 16 and 25 days after irradiation. A great diversity of pathomorphological changes was recorded from organs and tissues, and the most important pathological processes which occurred concomitantly with acute to subacute radiation syndrome of sheep were defective haematopoiesis, septico-toxic processes, haemorrhagic diathesis, and partial epilation. Severe damage to the organs involved in haematopoiesis was one of the primary pathological processes and reflected mainly in lymphopenia, agranulocytosis, and thrombocytopenia, in other words, with lymphopoieses, granulopoiesis, and thrombocytopoiesis particularly involved. Insufficiency of cellular (and humoral) defence would obviously cause germ flooding of the organism, starting from the intestine, and eventually lead to septic intoxication. Haemorrhagic diathesis was found to occur only short of death and is thought to result from thrombocytopenia due to damage to thrombopoiesis as well as from septico-toxic effects upon the blood coagulation and partitioning vascular system. Loss of wool (epilation) was recordable only from neck and shoulder regions, and even there it was on the decline.", "contents": "[Pathomorphology of radiation sickness in sheep following whole body roentgen irradiation]. Whole-body X-ray treatment was experimentally applied (380 median-line dosage) to eight Merino mutton sheep aged approximately one year. Five of the test animals were lost between 16 and 25 days after irradiation. A great diversity of pathomorphological changes was recorded from organs and tissues, and the most important pathological processes which occurred concomitantly with acute to subacute radiation syndrome of sheep were defective haematopoiesis, septico-toxic processes, haemorrhagic diathesis, and partial epilation. Severe damage to the organs involved in haematopoiesis was one of the primary pathological processes and reflected mainly in lymphopenia, agranulocytosis, and thrombocytopenia, in other words, with lymphopoieses, granulopoiesis, and thrombocytopoiesis particularly involved. Insufficiency of cellular (and humoral) defence would obviously cause germ flooding of the organism, starting from the intestine, and eventually lead to septic intoxication. Haemorrhagic diathesis was found to occur only short of death and is thought to result from thrombocytopenia due to damage to thrombopoiesis as well as from septico-toxic effects upon the blood coagulation and partitioning vascular system. Loss of wool (epilation) was recordable only from neck and shoulder regions, and even there it was on the decline.", "PMID": 727869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11380", "title": "[Use of structure-activity analysis in toxicology].", "content": "An account is given of principles and methods of quantitative structure-action analysis which have promising applications in toxicology. Particular reference is made to the development of active principles with low toxicity for warm-blooded animals, early assessment of toxicity of recently synthetised or envisaged compounds of one substance class of which the toxicity of some agents has already become known, and appraisal of unspecific toxic effects.", "contents": "[Use of structure-activity analysis in toxicology]. An account is given of principles and methods of quantitative structure-action analysis which have promising applications in toxicology. Particular reference is made to the development of active principles with low toxicity for warm-blooded animals, early assessment of toxicity of recently synthetised or envisaged compounds of one substance class of which the toxicity of some agents has already become known, and appraisal of unspecific toxic effects.", "PMID": 727870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11381", "title": "[The effect of ethylenethiorea on microsomal liver enzymes in the rat].", "content": "The effect of ethylene thiourea on microsomal liver enzymes of rat has been studied by measuring hexobarbital sleeping time and determining aminopyrine-N-demethylase and aniline-hydroxilase activities. Single oral doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body mass caused significant prolongation of the sleeping time in males. The same effect was caused by 200 mg/kg in females. When ethylene thiourea was administered in the diet at a level of 200 ppm sleeping time in males increased with duration of administration. The duration of narcosis of females increased up to the third week and remained almost constand over the following feeding period. The aminopyrine-N-demethylase and aniline-hydroxylase activities in the liver of male rats were inhibited by single doses of 20 mg/kg or more. Inhibition and subsequent enzyme change depended on dosage.", "contents": "[The effect of ethylenethiorea on microsomal liver enzymes in the rat]. The effect of ethylene thiourea on microsomal liver enzymes of rat has been studied by measuring hexobarbital sleeping time and determining aminopyrine-N-demethylase and aniline-hydroxilase activities. Single oral doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body mass caused significant prolongation of the sleeping time in males. The same effect was caused by 200 mg/kg in females. When ethylene thiourea was administered in the diet at a level of 200 ppm sleeping time in males increased with duration of administration. The duration of narcosis of females increased up to the third week and remained almost constand over the following feeding period. The aminopyrine-N-demethylase and aniline-hydroxylase activities in the liver of male rats were inhibited by single doses of 20 mg/kg or more. Inhibition and subsequent enzyme change depended on dosage.", "PMID": 727871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11382", "title": "[Uptake and distribution of Camposan in rye].", "content": "Experiments for uptaking and distribution of the culm stabiliser \"camposan\" with the agens ethephon are very important to tell something about the dwarf behaviour of the treated plants of rye. The radioactive labelled ethephon is infiltrated through the roots, leaves and cuttings of culms. Uptaking through the roots is more complete than those about the foliar dissepiment. Otherwise uptaking through the foliar dissepiment is higher than about the leaves only. After radioautographic experiments, culmcutting-experiments and experiments with intact rye in the 5--6 leaf-stage we have found that the agens is transported acropetal in the xylem of the plants after uptaking by the roots up to 3 days. The labelled ethephon is translocated in a higher concentration in the phloem after foliar dissepiment application. The concentration of the agens decreases in the investigated plants up to the 5th day enormously (40--50% and after then slightly following the degradation to gaseous compounds. During 4 days ethephon is metabolized to about 5--15% ethylene and additional to about 18--20% carbondioxide.", "contents": "[Uptake and distribution of Camposan in rye]. Experiments for uptaking and distribution of the culm stabiliser \"camposan\" with the agens ethephon are very important to tell something about the dwarf behaviour of the treated plants of rye. The radioactive labelled ethephon is infiltrated through the roots, leaves and cuttings of culms. Uptaking through the roots is more complete than those about the foliar dissepiment. Otherwise uptaking through the foliar dissepiment is higher than about the leaves only. After radioautographic experiments, culmcutting-experiments and experiments with intact rye in the 5--6 leaf-stage we have found that the agens is transported acropetal in the xylem of the plants after uptaking by the roots up to 3 days. The labelled ethephon is translocated in a higher concentration in the phloem after foliar dissepiment application. The concentration of the agens decreases in the investigated plants up to the 5th day enormously (40--50% and after then slightly following the degradation to gaseous compounds. During 4 days ethephon is metabolized to about 5--15% ethylene and additional to about 18--20% carbondioxide.", "PMID": 727872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11383", "title": "[Determination of chlorocholine chloride, diquat and paraquat].", "content": "Chlorocholine chloride, diquate, and paraquate may be precipitated in aqueous solution with sodium tetraphenylborate. The precipitates are soluble in nitromethane and diethylketone. Acid fluxing agents have to be used for thin-layer chromatography with silica gel G.", "contents": "[Determination of chlorocholine chloride, diquat and paraquat]. Chlorocholine chloride, diquate, and paraquate may be precipitated in aqueous solution with sodium tetraphenylborate. The precipitates are soluble in nitromethane and diethylketone. Acid fluxing agents have to be used for thin-layer chromatography with silica gel G.", "PMID": 727873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11384", "title": "[Acute Hedolite poisoning in humans].", "content": "Severe intoxication was contracted by an agrochemist who had handled Dintro-O-kresol (DNOC) over several days. The symptoms are described in this paper. The half-life calculated from the blood level course amounte to 148 hours. The particular case of intoxication is evaluated, and reference is made to literature, before the reader's attention is drawn to certain major and crucial aspects that should be duly considered in any use of DNOC, such as limitation of exposure, blood level monitoring, and availability of adequate safety clothing.", "contents": "[Acute Hedolite poisoning in humans]. Severe intoxication was contracted by an agrochemist who had handled Dintro-O-kresol (DNOC) over several days. The symptoms are described in this paper. The half-life calculated from the blood level course amounte to 148 hours. The particular case of intoxication is evaluated, and reference is made to literature, before the reader's attention is drawn to certain major and crucial aspects that should be duly considered in any use of DNOC, such as limitation of exposure, blood level monitoring, and availability of adequate safety clothing.", "PMID": 727874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11385", "title": "[Mechanism of acute toxic effects of chlorocholine chloride and 2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid (Ethephon)].", "content": "An account is given of results obtained from animal experiments that had been conducted with the view of elucidating the mechanisms underlying acute toxic action of CCC and Etephon. CCC was found to have neuromuscular blocking actions and, consequently, to lead to respiratory arrest in a situation of acute intoxication. The neuromuscular block has by all characteristics of a block by depolarisation. Acute toxicity of CCC was found to differ by species as well, which was attributable primarily to differentiated sensitivity of various species to depolarising neuromuscular blockers. The parasympathicomimetic effects of CCC were of secondary importance to acute toxicity of the compound. The toxicity of CCC could be reduced by small doses of atropine, but higher atropine doses proved to be unfavourable by aggravating respiratory paralysis. Reduction in acute CCC toxicity with concomitant administration of choline chloride was attributable to inhibition of the absorption rate of CCC. Long-term inhibition of plasma cholinesterase was recorded from rats and mice in after to oral administration of Etephon, but cholinesterases were not inhibited the erythrocytes and brain. All the cholinesterases studied, including those obtained from plasma, erythrocytes, and brain from rat and mouse, were inhibited in vitro by approximately identical Etephon concentrations. Inhibition of plasma cholinesteras was of no importance to acute toxic effects. Acid-borne corrosion was an established cause of deaths among rats and mice with acute Etephon intoxication.", "contents": "[Mechanism of acute toxic effects of chlorocholine chloride and 2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid (Ethephon)]. An account is given of results obtained from animal experiments that had been conducted with the view of elucidating the mechanisms underlying acute toxic action of CCC and Etephon. CCC was found to have neuromuscular blocking actions and, consequently, to lead to respiratory arrest in a situation of acute intoxication. The neuromuscular block has by all characteristics of a block by depolarisation. Acute toxicity of CCC was found to differ by species as well, which was attributable primarily to differentiated sensitivity of various species to depolarising neuromuscular blockers. The parasympathicomimetic effects of CCC were of secondary importance to acute toxicity of the compound. The toxicity of CCC could be reduced by small doses of atropine, but higher atropine doses proved to be unfavourable by aggravating respiratory paralysis. Reduction in acute CCC toxicity with concomitant administration of choline chloride was attributable to inhibition of the absorption rate of CCC. Long-term inhibition of plasma cholinesterase was recorded from rats and mice in after to oral administration of Etephon, but cholinesterases were not inhibited the erythrocytes and brain. All the cholinesterases studied, including those obtained from plasma, erythrocytes, and brain from rat and mouse, were inhibited in vitro by approximately identical Etephon concentrations. Inhibition of plasma cholinesteras was of no importance to acute toxic effects. Acid-borne corrosion was an established cause of deaths among rats and mice with acute Etephon intoxication.", "PMID": 727875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11386", "title": "[Pathomorphology and pathogenesis of radiation sickness in calves and young cattle following whole body roentgen irradiation].", "content": "Here are the most important pathomorphological findings recorded from 14 calves or heads of young cattle following whole-body X-ray treatment (170 R and u50 R median-line dosage): 1. Damage was caused to the haematopoietic system, with the most severe effects on granulopoiesis, thrombocytopoiesis, and lymphopoiesis, but less conspicuous lesion of erythropoiesis. 2. Haemorrhagic diathesis developed together with pneumonia in 86 per cent of all cases, manifested in most of them as severe fibrinous pneumonia and pleuropneumonia (in 75 per cent of the cases) and progressing pericarditis. 3. Liver degeneration occurred to all animals, usually in the form of centrobular liver cell necrobiosis (86 per cent), with most of the cases accompanied by diffuse degenerative hepatoparenchymal damage (80 per cent) as well as by granular degeneration of the myocardium and acute fubulonephrosis, the latter two processes obviously developing only short time before death. 4. Catarrhal as well as fibrinous and circumscribed diphtheroid enteritis developed in 43 per cent of all animals, those which had received a median-line dosage of 170 R. 5. Deficiency in supply was recorded, too, with severe damage to the haematopoietic organs being in the focus of the pathological process. That damage actually was the cause of the haematologically established granulocytopenia or agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, and lymphopenia. That was the background against which radiation syndrome of calf could be accompanied by activation of latent or subclinical infection of respiratory organs and the development of severe pneumonia as well as by changes in the intestinal flora leading to the outbreak of enteritis. The collapse of cellular defence mechanisms obviously caused intestinal induction of resorption of bacterial toxins and decomposed tissue products, with the pneumonia-damaged lungs being involved. The results eventually were intoxication with haemodynamic disorders, increase in vascular permeability, and degenerative damage to the parenchyma. Haemorrhagic diathesis was the result of thrombocytopenia and, possibly, endotoxic or toxic damage to the coagulation and blood vessel system. Further pathogenetic aspects relating to the radiation syndrome in calf and young cattle are discussed.", "contents": "[Pathomorphology and pathogenesis of radiation sickness in calves and young cattle following whole body roentgen irradiation]. Here are the most important pathomorphological findings recorded from 14 calves or heads of young cattle following whole-body X-ray treatment (170 R and u50 R median-line dosage): 1. Damage was caused to the haematopoietic system, with the most severe effects on granulopoiesis, thrombocytopoiesis, and lymphopoiesis, but less conspicuous lesion of erythropoiesis. 2. Haemorrhagic diathesis developed together with pneumonia in 86 per cent of all cases, manifested in most of them as severe fibrinous pneumonia and pleuropneumonia (in 75 per cent of the cases) and progressing pericarditis. 3. Liver degeneration occurred to all animals, usually in the form of centrobular liver cell necrobiosis (86 per cent), with most of the cases accompanied by diffuse degenerative hepatoparenchymal damage (80 per cent) as well as by granular degeneration of the myocardium and acute fubulonephrosis, the latter two processes obviously developing only short time before death. 4. Catarrhal as well as fibrinous and circumscribed diphtheroid enteritis developed in 43 per cent of all animals, those which had received a median-line dosage of 170 R. 5. Deficiency in supply was recorded, too, with severe damage to the haematopoietic organs being in the focus of the pathological process. That damage actually was the cause of the haematologically established granulocytopenia or agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, and lymphopenia. That was the background against which radiation syndrome of calf could be accompanied by activation of latent or subclinical infection of respiratory organs and the development of severe pneumonia as well as by changes in the intestinal flora leading to the outbreak of enteritis. The collapse of cellular defence mechanisms obviously caused intestinal induction of resorption of bacterial toxins and decomposed tissue products, with the pneumonia-damaged lungs being involved. The results eventually were intoxication with haemodynamic disorders, increase in vascular permeability, and degenerative damage to the parenchyma. Haemorrhagic diathesis was the result of thrombocytopenia and, possibly, endotoxic or toxic damage to the coagulation and blood vessel system. Further pathogenetic aspects relating to the radiation syndrome in calf and young cattle are discussed.", "PMID": 727876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11387", "title": "State anxiety, physical activity, and urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethylene glycol excretion.", "content": "Measurement of urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethylene glycol (MHPG) levels has been suggested as possibly being important in elucidating the role of central noradrenergic function in affective illnesses. The influence on urinary MHPG excretion of the state variables of physical activity and stress has not been clearly defined in previous studies. During a baseline medication-free period, 24 hospitalized depressed female patients underwent a five-day protocol including an eight-hour period of either enhanced or restricted activity. Throughout the protocol, independent measurements of telemetered mobility and stale anxiety were obtained. There were no significant effects of physical activity on urinary MHPG levels. Furthermore, baseline urinary MHPG levels and baseline state anxiety did not covary significantly. However, within-individual analyses yielded a highly significant relationship between changes in urinary MHPG levels and changes in state anxiety. The data suggested that those patients with lower baseline MHPG levels were those more prone to experience increased anxiety under environmentally \"activating\" circumstances.", "contents": "State anxiety, physical activity, and urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethylene glycol excretion. Measurement of urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethylene glycol (MHPG) levels has been suggested as possibly being important in elucidating the role of central noradrenergic function in affective illnesses. The influence on urinary MHPG excretion of the state variables of physical activity and stress has not been clearly defined in previous studies. During a baseline medication-free period, 24 hospitalized depressed female patients underwent a five-day protocol including an eight-hour period of either enhanced or restricted activity. Throughout the protocol, independent measurements of telemetered mobility and stale anxiety were obtained. There were no significant effects of physical activity on urinary MHPG levels. Furthermore, baseline urinary MHPG levels and baseline state anxiety did not covary significantly. However, within-individual analyses yielded a highly significant relationship between changes in urinary MHPG levels and changes in state anxiety. The data suggested that those patients with lower baseline MHPG levels were those more prone to experience increased anxiety under environmentally \"activating\" circumstances.", "PMID": 727877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11388", "title": "Toward a biochemical classification of depressive disorders. I. Differences in urinary excretion of MHPG and other catecholamine metabolites in clinically defined subtypes of depressions.", "content": "The urinary excretion of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) and other catecholamine metabolites was measured in a series of 63 patients with various clinically defined subtypes of depressive disorders. MHPG excretion was significantly lower in patients with bipolar manic-depressive depressions and schizo-affective depressions than in patients with unipolar nonendogenous depressions. Patients with schizophrenia-related depressions also excreted reduced levels of MHPG when compared with patients with unipolar nonendogenous depressions. Moreover, levels of urinary epinephrine and metanephrine were significantly lower in patients with schizophrenia-related depressions. These data, coupled with our recent finding that patients with schizophrenia-related depressions had significantly higher levels of platelet monoamine oxidase activity than control subjects of patients with unipolar endogenous depressions, suggest that we can discriminate three biochemically discrete subgroups of depressive disorders corresponding to the following clinically defined subtypes: (1) the bipolar manic-depressive depressions plus the schizo-affective depressions; (2) the unipolar nonendogenous depressions; and (3) the schizophrenia-related depressions.", "contents": "Toward a biochemical classification of depressive disorders. I. Differences in urinary excretion of MHPG and other catecholamine metabolites in clinically defined subtypes of depressions. The urinary excretion of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) and other catecholamine metabolites was measured in a series of 63 patients with various clinically defined subtypes of depressive disorders. MHPG excretion was significantly lower in patients with bipolar manic-depressive depressions and schizo-affective depressions than in patients with unipolar nonendogenous depressions. Patients with schizophrenia-related depressions also excreted reduced levels of MHPG when compared with patients with unipolar nonendogenous depressions. Moreover, levels of urinary epinephrine and metanephrine were significantly lower in patients with schizophrenia-related depressions. These data, coupled with our recent finding that patients with schizophrenia-related depressions had significantly higher levels of platelet monoamine oxidase activity than control subjects of patients with unipolar endogenous depressions, suggest that we can discriminate three biochemically discrete subgroups of depressive disorders corresponding to the following clinically defined subtypes: (1) the bipolar manic-depressive depressions plus the schizo-affective depressions; (2) the unipolar nonendogenous depressions; and (3) the schizophrenia-related depressions.", "PMID": 727878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11389", "title": "Toward a biochemical classification of depressive disorders. II. Application of multivariate discriminant function analysis to data on urinary catecholamines and metabolites.", "content": "The previous article in this series reported on the differences in urinary excretion of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) in patients with various clinically defined subtypes of depressive disorders. We now report that further biochemical discrimination among depressive subtypes is provided by the following equation, derived empirically by applying multivariate discriminant function analysis to data on urinary catecholamine metabolits: Depression-type (D-type) score = C1(MHPG) + C2(VMA) + C3(NE) +C4(NMN + MN)/VMA + C0. In the original derivation of this equation, low scores were related to bipolar manic-depressive depressions, and high scores were related to unipolar nonendogenous (chronic characterological) depressions. Findings from a series of depressed patients whose biochemical data had not been used to derive this equation confirmed these differences in D-type scores among subtypes of depressions. The findings presented in this report further suggest that we can discriminate three biochemically discrete subgroups of depressive disorders.", "contents": "Toward a biochemical classification of depressive disorders. II. Application of multivariate discriminant function analysis to data on urinary catecholamines and metabolites. The previous article in this series reported on the differences in urinary excretion of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) in patients with various clinically defined subtypes of depressive disorders. We now report that further biochemical discrimination among depressive subtypes is provided by the following equation, derived empirically by applying multivariate discriminant function analysis to data on urinary catecholamine metabolits: Depression-type (D-type) score = C1(MHPG) + C2(VMA) + C3(NE) +C4(NMN + MN)/VMA + C0. In the original derivation of this equation, low scores were related to bipolar manic-depressive depressions, and high scores were related to unipolar nonendogenous (chronic characterological) depressions. Findings from a series of depressed patients whose biochemical data had not been used to derive this equation confirmed these differences in D-type scores among subtypes of depressions. The findings presented in this report further suggest that we can discriminate three biochemically discrete subgroups of depressive disorders.", "PMID": 727879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11390", "title": "Platelet monoamine oxidase in affective disorders.", "content": "Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was determined with tryptamine as substrate for 61 drug-free patients who had a primary major depressive disorder and for 32 normal controls. Although there were no significant differences between the mean platelet MAO activity of 19 bipolar patients (4.94 nmoles/hr/mg of protein), 42 unipolar patients (4.97 nmoles), and the controls (4.78 nmoles), an analysis of variance indicated that the variance of the bipolar group was significantly greater than that of the other groups. This suggests that there may be subgroups of bipolar patients that differ in their platelet MAO activity but that appear to be distinct from the bipolar I vs bipolar II classification.", "contents": "Platelet monoamine oxidase in affective disorders. Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was determined with tryptamine as substrate for 61 drug-free patients who had a primary major depressive disorder and for 32 normal controls. Although there were no significant differences between the mean platelet MAO activity of 19 bipolar patients (4.94 nmoles/hr/mg of protein), 42 unipolar patients (4.97 nmoles), and the controls (4.78 nmoles), an analysis of variance indicated that the variance of the bipolar group was significantly greater than that of the other groups. This suggests that there may be subgroups of bipolar patients that differ in their platelet MAO activity but that appear to be distinct from the bipolar I vs bipolar II classification.", "PMID": 727880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11391", "title": "Results of a token economy.", "content": "A token economy for chronic psychiatric patients (average hospital stay of ten years) is reported. One hundred seventy-four patients were treated. Follow-up data were obtained on 173 patients who had been discharged from the hospital for an average of three years at the time of follow-up. One hundred twenty-five patients completed the program, which featured a graduated method for shaping behavior (functional levels). Ninety-one of the 125 patients who completed the program and were living in the community were employed. The program was most effective with patients who had been in the hospital for less than ten years and had an IQ above 80.", "contents": "Results of a token economy. A token economy for chronic psychiatric patients (average hospital stay of ten years) is reported. One hundred seventy-four patients were treated. Follow-up data were obtained on 173 patients who had been discharged from the hospital for an average of three years at the time of follow-up. One hundred twenty-five patients completed the program, which featured a graduated method for shaping behavior (functional levels). Ninety-one of the 125 patients who completed the program and were living in the community were employed. The program was most effective with patients who had been in the hospital for less than ten years and had an IQ above 80.", "PMID": 727881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11392", "title": "Reliability and validity in binary ratings: areas of common misunderstanding in diagnosis and symptom ratings.", "content": "Confusion may exist between the reliability of a binary rating (for example, schizophrenia versus not-schizophrenia) and its implications for validity. High reliability does not guarantee validity, but paradoxically, low reliability does not imply poor validity in all contexts. Changes in the base rate or in experimental design may indicate high validity even when the reliability was thought to be low. Attempts to improve the psychiatric nomenclature by increasing only reliability run the risk of the \"attenuation paradox\" where further increases in reliability will make the ratings less valid. Finally, the assumption of random error in making diagnoses does not always hold, so that statistical analyses must be adjusted accordingly. New statistical methods are needed to index only false-positive or false-negative rates in order to quantify the error that will reduce some validity coefficients.", "contents": "Reliability and validity in binary ratings: areas of common misunderstanding in diagnosis and symptom ratings. Confusion may exist between the reliability of a binary rating (for example, schizophrenia versus not-schizophrenia) and its implications for validity. High reliability does not guarantee validity, but paradoxically, low reliability does not imply poor validity in all contexts. Changes in the base rate or in experimental design may indicate high validity even when the reliability was thought to be low. Attempts to improve the psychiatric nomenclature by increasing only reliability run the risk of the \"attenuation paradox\" where further increases in reliability will make the ratings less valid. Finally, the assumption of random error in making diagnoses does not always hold, so that statistical analyses must be adjusted accordingly. New statistical methods are needed to index only false-positive or false-negative rates in order to quantify the error that will reduce some validity coefficients.", "PMID": 727882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11393", "title": "Reliability of the Group for Advancement of Psychiatry Diagnostic Categories in Child Psychiatry.", "content": "A total of 403 multiple diagnoses were independently assigned to 41 patient protocols by 73 psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers to determine the levels of interrater reliability of the Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry (GAP) diagnostic categories. With the exception of the psychotic disorders category, these diagnostic categories were found to have low levels of interdiagnostician reliability. Differences in the reliabilities across disciplines and levels of training were found. It is noted, however, that neither years of experience, kind of training, nor direct contact with the patient can be regarded as a substitute for improvements in the classification system itself. The importance of a reliable classification system for child psychiatry is emphasized and suggestions for improvements in the present GAP system are made.", "contents": "Reliability of the Group for Advancement of Psychiatry Diagnostic Categories in Child Psychiatry. A total of 403 multiple diagnoses were independently assigned to 41 patient protocols by 73 psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers to determine the levels of interrater reliability of the Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry (GAP) diagnostic categories. With the exception of the psychotic disorders category, these diagnostic categories were found to have low levels of interdiagnostician reliability. Differences in the reliabilities across disciplines and levels of training were found. It is noted, however, that neither years of experience, kind of training, nor direct contact with the patient can be regarded as a substitute for improvements in the classification system itself. The importance of a reliable classification system for child psychiatry is emphasized and suggestions for improvements in the present GAP system are made.", "PMID": 727883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11394", "title": "Training psychiatrists in social research: problems and prospects.", "content": "An integrated program of psychiatric residency training and doctoral studies in social welfare has been conducted by Brandeis University and two Worcester (Mass) clinical institutions over the last five years. Its goal has been to train psychiatrists to conduct psychiatric research using social science concepts and techniques. This article reviews the advantages of such a program, as well as its problems, in the context of current trends in psychiatric education and research. This program is also compared to others with similar goals that use different models of training.", "contents": "Training psychiatrists in social research: problems and prospects. An integrated program of psychiatric residency training and doctoral studies in social welfare has been conducted by Brandeis University and two Worcester (Mass) clinical institutions over the last five years. Its goal has been to train psychiatrists to conduct psychiatric research using social science concepts and techniques. This article reviews the advantages of such a program, as well as its problems, in the context of current trends in psychiatric education and research. This program is also compared to others with similar goals that use different models of training.", "PMID": 727884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11395", "title": "Some genetic aspects of alcoholism and criminality. A population of adoptees.", "content": "The state criminal records and official registers of alcoholics were used in a study of 2,000 adoptees and their biological and adoptive parents. The frequency of registration for the adoptees were approximately the same as for the population in general, but for the biological parents it was two to three times greater. Very few adoptive parents appeared in the records. It is conceivable that to a large extent adoption neutralized the \"social heritage\" from the biological parents. There was, however, a significant correlation in the records between alcoholism in biological parents and in their adopted-out sons. On the other hand, the criminal records showed no such correlation between biological parents and their children. These results support the hypothesis that there is a genetic explanation for the development of alcoholism, but not for the manifestation of criminality.", "contents": "Some genetic aspects of alcoholism and criminality. A population of adoptees. The state criminal records and official registers of alcoholics were used in a study of 2,000 adoptees and their biological and adoptive parents. The frequency of registration for the adoptees were approximately the same as for the population in general, but for the biological parents it was two to three times greater. Very few adoptive parents appeared in the records. It is conceivable that to a large extent adoption neutralized the \"social heritage\" from the biological parents. There was, however, a significant correlation in the records between alcoholism in biological parents and in their adopted-out sons. On the other hand, the criminal records showed no such correlation between biological parents and their children. These results support the hypothesis that there is a genetic explanation for the development of alcoholism, but not for the manifestation of criminality.", "PMID": 727885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11396", "title": "Undiagnosed psychiatric illness in adolescents. A prospective study and seven-year follow-up.", "content": "Twenty-four psychiatrically ill adolescents, unclassifiable by diagnostic criteria, were followed up after seven years. Fifteen had been ill in the interval, and the conditions of 12 of these could, as adults, be diagnosed according to established syndromes because atypical adolescent psychiatric disorder became more typical in adulthood. Nine subjects remained well. Their original disorders had been characterized by depressed mood, reactivity, and conflicts with parents. Such a clinical picture in the absence of drug or alcohol abuse had good prognosis. Among many clinical and sociological features present at the time of the original study, only the presence of a \"psychotic\" symptom (hallucinations, delusions, formal thought disorder, or bizarre behavior) differentiated those who would be sick at follow-up from those who would be well. Poor outcome was predicted by such a symptom regardless of what the diagnosis later turned out to be.", "contents": "Undiagnosed psychiatric illness in adolescents. A prospective study and seven-year follow-up. Twenty-four psychiatrically ill adolescents, unclassifiable by diagnostic criteria, were followed up after seven years. Fifteen had been ill in the interval, and the conditions of 12 of these could, as adults, be diagnosed according to established syndromes because atypical adolescent psychiatric disorder became more typical in adulthood. Nine subjects remained well. Their original disorders had been characterized by depressed mood, reactivity, and conflicts with parents. Such a clinical picture in the absence of drug or alcohol abuse had good prognosis. Among many clinical and sociological features present at the time of the original study, only the presence of a \"psychotic\" symptom (hallucinations, delusions, formal thought disorder, or bizarre behavior) differentiated those who would be sick at follow-up from those who would be well. Poor outcome was predicted by such a symptom regardless of what the diagnosis later turned out to be.", "PMID": 727886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11397", "title": "A cooperative clinical study of methadyl acetate. I. Three-times-a-week regimen.", "content": "This was an open clinical trial of methadyl acetate (LAAM) compared with methadone in the maintenance of 636 heroin addicts who had previously been stabilized on a maintenance regimen of methadone. The starting sample assembled by the 13 cooperating clinics were randomly assigned to continued maintenance on methadone (= 308) or crossed over to methadyl acetate (= 328) for a period of 40 weeks. The starting dose was identical to the previously established dose of methadone, but beginning with the second visit, dosage was flexible. Safety was evaluated by clinical and laboratory observations conducted at four-week intervals throughout the study. Relative efficacy was evaluated by illicit drug use, program retention and attendance, and global staff judgments. It is concluded that methadyl acetate is as safe as methadone and, when given three times a week, is an acceptable and effective maintenance drug for many heroin addicts.", "contents": "A cooperative clinical study of methadyl acetate. I. Three-times-a-week regimen. This was an open clinical trial of methadyl acetate (LAAM) compared with methadone in the maintenance of 636 heroin addicts who had previously been stabilized on a maintenance regimen of methadone. The starting sample assembled by the 13 cooperating clinics were randomly assigned to continued maintenance on methadone (= 308) or crossed over to methadyl acetate (= 328) for a period of 40 weeks. The starting dose was identical to the previously established dose of methadone, but beginning with the second visit, dosage was flexible. Safety was evaluated by clinical and laboratory observations conducted at four-week intervals throughout the study. Relative efficacy was evaluated by illicit drug use, program retention and attendance, and global staff judgments. It is concluded that methadyl acetate is as safe as methadone and, when given three times a week, is an acceptable and effective maintenance drug for many heroin addicts.", "PMID": 727887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11398", "title": "Comparative validity of random-interval and fixed-interval urinalysis schedules.", "content": "Accurate detection of unprescribed drug use by addicts in treatment may facilitate their rehabilitation. Many clinics collect urine samples at random, using fixed-interval collection schedules, which are not free from sampling error. Random-interval schedules minimize sampling error and consequently increase detectability of drug use by eliminating safe periods during which drug use cannot be detected. We compared these two methods by observing rates of detected opiate- and quinine-positive samples preceding and following implementation of random-interval schedules. Detected drug use doubled initially. As detection and clinical sanctions became more certain, drug use declined to well below its former level. Programs that use fixed-interval schedules may underdetect drug use by more than 50%. If patients can reliably predict safe periods, the possibility of using drugs without fear of detection may impede their rehabilitation.", "contents": "Comparative validity of random-interval and fixed-interval urinalysis schedules. Accurate detection of unprescribed drug use by addicts in treatment may facilitate their rehabilitation. Many clinics collect urine samples at random, using fixed-interval collection schedules, which are not free from sampling error. Random-interval schedules minimize sampling error and consequently increase detectability of drug use by eliminating safe periods during which drug use cannot be detected. We compared these two methods by observing rates of detected opiate- and quinine-positive samples preceding and following implementation of random-interval schedules. Detected drug use doubled initially. As detection and clinical sanctions became more certain, drug use declined to well below its former level. Programs that use fixed-interval schedules may underdetect drug use by more than 50%. If patients can reliably predict safe periods, the possibility of using drugs without fear of detection may impede their rehabilitation.", "PMID": 727888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11399", "title": "Multiple predictors of dropout from alcoholism treatment.", "content": "A common problem in treating alcoholics is the high dropout rate. Many studies have identified individual factors associated with dropout, eg, poor motivation and previous dropout. We believe the present study reports the first major effort to use multivariate analyses to predict dropout in a large (792), one-year follow-up study of alcoholics, and examines the possibility that medical and nonmedical treatments lead to differential dropout rates. A multiple classification analysis technique showed that treatment variables as opposed to client characteristics were the best predictors of dropout. Patients remaining in treatment were more likely to have a variety of medical interventions, eg, medication and medical assessment, than those who dropped out. Results were similar to studies using other techniques and have interesting implications for the treatment of alcoholics, raising questions about current trends toward nonmedical treatment of alcoholism.", "contents": "Multiple predictors of dropout from alcoholism treatment. A common problem in treating alcoholics is the high dropout rate. Many studies have identified individual factors associated with dropout, eg, poor motivation and previous dropout. We believe the present study reports the first major effort to use multivariate analyses to predict dropout in a large (792), one-year follow-up study of alcoholics, and examines the possibility that medical and nonmedical treatments lead to differential dropout rates. A multiple classification analysis technique showed that treatment variables as opposed to client characteristics were the best predictors of dropout. Patients remaining in treatment were more likely to have a variety of medical interventions, eg, medication and medical assessment, than those who dropped out. Results were similar to studies using other techniques and have interesting implications for the treatment of alcoholics, raising questions about current trends toward nonmedical treatment of alcoholism.", "PMID": 727889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11400", "title": "'Loss of control' in alcoholics.", "content": "This study evaluates the ability of alcoholics to regulate their blood alcohol levels (BAL) within a designated range by relying primarily on interoceptive cues. Forty male alcoholics and 20 control subjects were exposed to an initial training session in which they received sufficient ethanol to maintain them within a designated BAL range over a 2 1/2-hour period. They were then exposed to two experimental sessions, one providing \"overfeedback\" and one \"underfeedback.\" During each session, subjects had ten drinking decisions to make with respect to regulation of their BAL. The results indicated that alcoholics displayed greater \"loss-of-control\" than control subjects. This finding supported the hypothesis that alcoholics may possess a neurophysiologic feedback dysfunction that contributes to their relative inability to regulate ethanol intake.", "contents": "'Loss of control' in alcoholics. This study evaluates the ability of alcoholics to regulate their blood alcohol levels (BAL) within a designated range by relying primarily on interoceptive cues. Forty male alcoholics and 20 control subjects were exposed to an initial training session in which they received sufficient ethanol to maintain them within a designated BAL range over a 2 1/2-hour period. They were then exposed to two experimental sessions, one providing \"overfeedback\" and one \"underfeedback.\" During each session, subjects had ten drinking decisions to make with respect to regulation of their BAL. The results indicated that alcoholics displayed greater \"loss-of-control\" than control subjects. This finding supported the hypothesis that alcoholics may possess a neurophysiologic feedback dysfunction that contributes to their relative inability to regulate ethanol intake.", "PMID": 727890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11401", "title": "Paranoid symptoms in patients on a general hospital psychiatric unit. Implications for diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "Paranoid symptoms were found in 40% of patients admitted to a university general hospital psychiatric unit during a ten-month period. Fifty-eight percent of this group had frank paranoid delusions, while the rest had ideas of reference or generalized suspiciousness. Only one half of those who had paranoid delusions had paranoid schizophrenia. A significant number had affective disorders or organic brain disorder. Ideas of reference and suspiciousness were found in many patients who were not psychotic. The therapeutic implications of these findings are reported in three patients who were inadequately treated for affective disorders because the presence of paranoid symptomatology had led to an incorrect diagnosis of schizophrenia.", "contents": "Paranoid symptoms in patients on a general hospital psychiatric unit. Implications for diagnosis and treatment. Paranoid symptoms were found in 40% of patients admitted to a university general hospital psychiatric unit during a ten-month period. Fifty-eight percent of this group had frank paranoid delusions, while the rest had ideas of reference or generalized suspiciousness. Only one half of those who had paranoid delusions had paranoid schizophrenia. A significant number had affective disorders or organic brain disorder. Ideas of reference and suspiciousness were found in many patients who were not psychotic. The therapeutic implications of these findings are reported in three patients who were inadequately treated for affective disorders because the presence of paranoid symptomatology had led to an incorrect diagnosis of schizophrenia.", "PMID": 727891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11402", "title": "Morbidity suppressive effect of lithium carbonate in cycloid psychosis.", "content": "The possible morbidity suppressive effect of lithium carbonate on cycloid psychosis has been investigated in 30 patients who had suffered from recurrent episodes. The patients were followed up from 1 to 8.5 years after starting lithium treatment. In the analysis, patients were divided into those who took lithium regularly and those who took it irregularly, the division being based on the lithium plasma levels at the periodic control examinations. The study, which is of the so-called mirror tye, supports the hypothesis that well-conducted lithium maintenance treatment has a favorable morbidity suppressive effect in patients suffering from cycloid psychosis.", "contents": "Morbidity suppressive effect of lithium carbonate in cycloid psychosis. The possible morbidity suppressive effect of lithium carbonate on cycloid psychosis has been investigated in 30 patients who had suffered from recurrent episodes. The patients were followed up from 1 to 8.5 years after starting lithium treatment. In the analysis, patients were divided into those who took lithium regularly and those who took it irregularly, the division being based on the lithium plasma levels at the periodic control examinations. The study, which is of the so-called mirror tye, supports the hypothesis that well-conducted lithium maintenance treatment has a favorable morbidity suppressive effect in patients suffering from cycloid psychosis.", "PMID": 727892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11403", "title": "Alcoholics in interactional group therapy: an outcome study.", "content": "Three interactional therapy groups of alcoholic patients (N = 20) were formed, and treatment outcome after eight months and again after 12 months of therapy was compared with the outcome of 17 neurotic patients in comparable therapy. Outcome assessment was obtained from three sources: patient, therapist, and independent judge, using both nomothetic and ideographic measures. The results indicated that although more alcoholic than neurotic patients terminated therapy within the first six sessions, a higher percentage of alcoholic patients remained in therapy for 12 months. At the end of 12 months, both samples had improved along a wide variety of variables, and there were no significant differences between the alcoholic and neurotic population in degree of improvement.", "contents": "Alcoholics in interactional group therapy: an outcome study. Three interactional therapy groups of alcoholic patients (N = 20) were formed, and treatment outcome after eight months and again after 12 months of therapy was compared with the outcome of 17 neurotic patients in comparable therapy. Outcome assessment was obtained from three sources: patient, therapist, and independent judge, using both nomothetic and ideographic measures. The results indicated that although more alcoholic than neurotic patients terminated therapy within the first six sessions, a higher percentage of alcoholic patients remained in therapy for 12 months. At the end of 12 months, both samples had improved along a wide variety of variables, and there were no significant differences between the alcoholic and neurotic population in degree of improvement.", "PMID": 727893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11404", "title": "Prenatal loss of father and psychiatric disorders.", "content": "To test the role of maternal stress during pregnancy in psychiatric and behavior disorders, a retrospective epidemiological study was conducted, using the Finnish population register for persons born between 1925 and 1957. One hundred sixty-seven persons were detected whose fathers had died before their children's births; a control group comprised 168 persons whose fathers died during the first year of their children's lives. The number of diagnosed schizophrenics treated in psychiatric hospitals and the number of persons committing crimes were significantly higher in the index than in the control group. The incidence of alcoholism and personality disorders was relatively high in both groups. The index psychiatric cases had a low frequency of birth complications, whereas those of the control group were high. The results suggest that especially during months 3 to 5 and 9 to 10 of pregnancy, maternal stress may increase the risk of the child for psychiatric disorders, perhaps mediated through the inborn temperament of the child.", "contents": "Prenatal loss of father and psychiatric disorders. To test the role of maternal stress during pregnancy in psychiatric and behavior disorders, a retrospective epidemiological study was conducted, using the Finnish population register for persons born between 1925 and 1957. One hundred sixty-seven persons were detected whose fathers had died before their children's births; a control group comprised 168 persons whose fathers died during the first year of their children's lives. The number of diagnosed schizophrenics treated in psychiatric hospitals and the number of persons committing crimes were significantly higher in the index than in the control group. The incidence of alcoholism and personality disorders was relatively high in both groups. The index psychiatric cases had a low frequency of birth complications, whereas those of the control group were high. The results suggest that especially during months 3 to 5 and 9 to 10 of pregnancy, maternal stress may increase the risk of the child for psychiatric disorders, perhaps mediated through the inborn temperament of the child.", "PMID": 727894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11405", "title": "Feminists' heterosexual relationships: more on dominance and mating.", "content": "The hypothesis that female dominance inhibits mating whereas male dominance facilitates it, and seemingly incongruous findings suggesting that dominant women take more initiative and are more interested than others in sex, are explored through comparison of feminist and control subjects, ie, women who were expected, a priori, to be located at widely separated points on a theoretical dominance continuum. Principal findings are the following: (1) sexual initiative and satisfaction appear to be greater among feminists than others, (2) there is no difference between groups in frequency of coitus in a present (or most recent) sexual relationship, but (3) there is a tendency for feminists to have had less stable first marriages than control subjects. These findings do permit more than one interpretation: the greater sexual satisfaction combined with marital instability among feminists may reflect their energy and willingness to change an unsatisfactory condition, or, in addition, the more general proposition that personal power is associated with positive sexual response in both men and women, so that there is minimal complementarity along this dimension. Both cultural and biologic factors appear to contribute to the relative instability of feminists' marriages.", "contents": "Feminists' heterosexual relationships: more on dominance and mating. The hypothesis that female dominance inhibits mating whereas male dominance facilitates it, and seemingly incongruous findings suggesting that dominant women take more initiative and are more interested than others in sex, are explored through comparison of feminist and control subjects, ie, women who were expected, a priori, to be located at widely separated points on a theoretical dominance continuum. Principal findings are the following: (1) sexual initiative and satisfaction appear to be greater among feminists than others, (2) there is no difference between groups in frequency of coitus in a present (or most recent) sexual relationship, but (3) there is a tendency for feminists to have had less stable first marriages than control subjects. These findings do permit more than one interpretation: the greater sexual satisfaction combined with marital instability among feminists may reflect their energy and willingness to change an unsatisfactory condition, or, in addition, the more general proposition that personal power is associated with positive sexual response in both men and women, so that there is minimal complementarity along this dimension. Both cultural and biologic factors appear to contribute to the relative instability of feminists' marriages.", "PMID": 727895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11406", "title": "Conjoint marital therapy: a cognitive behavioral model.", "content": "This article presents an integrated cognitive-behavioral model for conjoint therapy of chronic marital discord. The model is based on eight empirically testable hypotheses that are clinically relevant and integrate contributions from general systems theory, behavioral marital therapy, and psychoanalysis. Disproof of cognitive schemas for the perception of the opposite sex (transference reactions) is hypothesized to be a common therapeutic mechanism in the dissimilar models of marital therapy.", "contents": "Conjoint marital therapy: a cognitive behavioral model. This article presents an integrated cognitive-behavioral model for conjoint therapy of chronic marital discord. The model is based on eight empirically testable hypotheses that are clinically relevant and integrate contributions from general systems theory, behavioral marital therapy, and psychoanalysis. Disproof of cognitive schemas for the perception of the opposite sex (transference reactions) is hypothesized to be a common therapeutic mechanism in the dissimilar models of marital therapy.", "PMID": 727896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11407", "title": "Catecholamine metabolism in anorexia nervosa.", "content": "Urinary catecholamine levels were measured in 25 anorexia nervosa patients at the time when they were acutely ill with secondary depressive symptoms and again after treatment and weight gain to see whether changes in weight, activity levels, and symptoms of depression occurring during treatment might be associated with changes in urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) concentrations. The latter was significantly lower in the acutely ill anorectics than in the control group. An increase in urinary MHPG concentration after treatment was significantly correlated with a decrease in depressive symptomatology. The increase in urinary MHPG level during treatment did not correlate significantly with change in patient's activity level. There seems to be a relationship between MHPG and the symptom of depression in a group of patients who do not carry a primary diagnosis of depression.", "contents": "Catecholamine metabolism in anorexia nervosa. Urinary catecholamine levels were measured in 25 anorexia nervosa patients at the time when they were acutely ill with secondary depressive symptoms and again after treatment and weight gain to see whether changes in weight, activity levels, and symptoms of depression occurring during treatment might be associated with changes in urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) concentrations. The latter was significantly lower in the acutely ill anorectics than in the control group. An increase in urinary MHPG concentration after treatment was significantly correlated with a decrease in depressive symptomatology. The increase in urinary MHPG level during treatment did not correlate significantly with change in patient's activity level. There seems to be a relationship between MHPG and the symptom of depression in a group of patients who do not carry a primary diagnosis of depression.", "PMID": 727897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11408", "title": "Subjective response as a predictor of outcome in pharmacotherapy: the consumer has a point.", "content": "Forty-two newly admitted patients with a schizophrenic illness were given a test dose of chlorpromazine, and their subjective response was graded on a euphoric-dysphoric continuum. Subjective response at 4, 24, and 48 hours after the test dose was significantly correlated with the subsequent outcome of a therapeutic course of treatment with chlorpromazine, as measured by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, the Global Assessment Scale, and a write-in symptom scale. An early dysphoric response to chlorpromazine seemed to augur a poor prognosis for further treatment with the drug. These findings suggest that the subjective response to a test dose of chlorpromazine may be a useful predictor of short-term symptomatic outcome.", "contents": "Subjective response as a predictor of outcome in pharmacotherapy: the consumer has a point. Forty-two newly admitted patients with a schizophrenic illness were given a test dose of chlorpromazine, and their subjective response was graded on a euphoric-dysphoric continuum. Subjective response at 4, 24, and 48 hours after the test dose was significantly correlated with the subsequent outcome of a therapeutic course of treatment with chlorpromazine, as measured by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, the Global Assessment Scale, and a write-in symptom scale. An early dysphoric response to chlorpromazine seemed to augur a poor prognosis for further treatment with the drug. These findings suggest that the subjective response to a test dose of chlorpromazine may be a useful predictor of short-term symptomatic outcome.", "PMID": 727898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11409", "title": "Psychosurgery and the Porteus Maze Tests: review and reanalysis of data.", "content": "Because of current interest in assessing psychosurgery outcome, a reanalysis of Porteus maze test findings was done. The maze tests are generally considered to measure foresight and judgment. Review of the literature relating to the effects of practice on the test shows average gains of 1.25 years on the second application of the test and an additional gain of 0.70 years on the third application. Much of the early psychosurgery research did not take practice effects into account. Reanalysis of data shows that the magnitude of changes in maze performance depends on the site of surgery and length of time between surgery and testing. The more posterior the frontal lobe surgery, the shorter the postoperative interval, the greater the loss in maze test ability. Losses following relatively posterior frontal lobe surgery are probably permanent.", "contents": "Psychosurgery and the Porteus Maze Tests: review and reanalysis of data. Because of current interest in assessing psychosurgery outcome, a reanalysis of Porteus maze test findings was done. The maze tests are generally considered to measure foresight and judgment. Review of the literature relating to the effects of practice on the test shows average gains of 1.25 years on the second application of the test and an additional gain of 0.70 years on the third application. Much of the early psychosurgery research did not take practice effects into account. Reanalysis of data shows that the magnitude of changes in maze performance depends on the site of surgery and length of time between surgery and testing. The more posterior the frontal lobe surgery, the shorter the postoperative interval, the greater the loss in maze test ability. Losses following relatively posterior frontal lobe surgery are probably permanent.", "PMID": 727899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11410", "title": "The process of change in psychoanalytic psychotherapy.", "content": "The patient in psychoanalytic psychotherapy experiences a variety of psychological and emotional responses during the treatment process. These are described and conceptualized as related to the structure of the therapeutic situation, the therapeutic relationship, the mobilization of conflict, the experience of affects and drive derivatives, the phenomenon of reinforcement, and the working through of the termination phase. The distinction between \"core\" and \"derivative\" psychic functions is developed, permitting a conceptual understanding of how this form of psychotherapy can produce significant and lasting intrapsychic change. Some of the differences between psychoanalytic psychotherapy and psychoanalysis are described. The general concepts are illustrated by clinical vignettes from a case of successful psychotherapy.", "contents": "The process of change in psychoanalytic psychotherapy. The patient in psychoanalytic psychotherapy experiences a variety of psychological and emotional responses during the treatment process. These are described and conceptualized as related to the structure of the therapeutic situation, the therapeutic relationship, the mobilization of conflict, the experience of affects and drive derivatives, the phenomenon of reinforcement, and the working through of the termination phase. The distinction between \"core\" and \"derivative\" psychic functions is developed, permitting a conceptual understanding of how this form of psychotherapy can produce significant and lasting intrapsychic change. Some of the differences between psychoanalytic psychotherapy and psychoanalysis are described. The general concepts are illustrated by clinical vignettes from a case of successful psychotherapy.", "PMID": 727900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11411", "title": "The effectiveness of family therapy: a review of outcome research.", "content": "Outcome research was reviewed on the conjoint treatment of families that involved at least two generations. Results from studies without comparison groups show that conjoint family therapy has an impact that is similar, but not superior, to nonconjoint methods. Studies with comparison groups provide some evidence that conjoint treatment is superior to no treatment and to treatment with nonconjoint methods. Studies that examine the effect of factors (ie, patient, therapist, and technique) affecting the outcome of conjoint treatment show that variations in these factors do have an impact on the result. Identifying the proper criteria of change is important.", "contents": "The effectiveness of family therapy: a review of outcome research. Outcome research was reviewed on the conjoint treatment of families that involved at least two generations. Results from studies without comparison groups show that conjoint family therapy has an impact that is similar, but not superior, to nonconjoint methods. Studies with comparison groups provide some evidence that conjoint treatment is superior to no treatment and to treatment with nonconjoint methods. Studies that examine the effect of factors (ie, patient, therapist, and technique) affecting the outcome of conjoint treatment show that variations in these factors do have an impact on the result. Identifying the proper criteria of change is important.", "PMID": 727901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11412", "title": "The value of interviewing family and friends in assessing life stressors.", "content": "A reliability study of a life events questionnaire administered to 117 pairs of respondents indicated that a \"significant other\" (family member or friend) added approximately 29% new information to that gathered from the patient alone. A validity check of this information with a \"knowledgeable\" third party confirmed approximately 80% of the events reported by the subjects and significant others. The findings suggest that studies designed to collect information about the occurrence of specific life stressors would obtain more reliable and no less valid data from separate interviews of patients and significant others, and the pooling of the positive responses obtained from these two sources.", "contents": "The value of interviewing family and friends in assessing life stressors. A reliability study of a life events questionnaire administered to 117 pairs of respondents indicated that a \"significant other\" (family member or friend) added approximately 29% new information to that gathered from the patient alone. A validity check of this information with a \"knowledgeable\" third party confirmed approximately 80% of the events reported by the subjects and significant others. The findings suggest that studies designed to collect information about the occurrence of specific life stressors would obtain more reliable and no less valid data from separate interviews of patients and significant others, and the pooling of the positive responses obtained from these two sources.", "PMID": 727902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11413", "title": "A comparison of electroconvulsive therapy and combined phenelzine-amitriptyline in refractory depression.", "content": "Combined monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor-tricyclic antidepressant therapy and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) were compared in a population of refractory depressive patients. Seventeen patients were randomly assigned to either of the treatment groups, and an independent observer was used to rate overall progress. Between four and ten ECTs or a combination of phenelzine and amitriptyline were administered. Assays for MAO activity and plasma levels of amitriptyline and nortriptyline were performed. In both psychotic and neurotic depression, ECT was superior. When depression was accompanied by character disorder, the response was generally poor. Adequate levels of MAO inhibition were obtained, but tricyclic antidepressant levels were low. Electroconvulsive therapy is still considered to be the treatment of choice for severe depression, whereas the combination of low doses of phenelzine and amitriptyline are ineffective. This treatment modality needs further investigation.", "contents": "A comparison of electroconvulsive therapy and combined phenelzine-amitriptyline in refractory depression. Combined monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor-tricyclic antidepressant therapy and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) were compared in a population of refractory depressive patients. Seventeen patients were randomly assigned to either of the treatment groups, and an independent observer was used to rate overall progress. Between four and ten ECTs or a combination of phenelzine and amitriptyline were administered. Assays for MAO activity and plasma levels of amitriptyline and nortriptyline were performed. In both psychotic and neurotic depression, ECT was superior. When depression was accompanied by character disorder, the response was generally poor. Adequate levels of MAO inhibition were obtained, but tricyclic antidepressant levels were low. Electroconvulsive therapy is still considered to be the treatment of choice for severe depression, whereas the combination of low doses of phenelzine and amitriptyline are ineffective. This treatment modality needs further investigation.", "PMID": 727903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11414", "title": "Schizophrenic and medical inpatients as informed drug consumers.", "content": "Twenty-five schizophrenic inpatients receiving antipsychotic medications were evaluated as informed and/or consenting drug consumers by means of a structured interview, in comparison with a matched group of medical inpatients receiving nonpsychotropic drugs. Medical patients were better informed about positive aspects of medication, such as name, dose, and relationship of drug treatment to a specific diagnosis. Schizophrenic patients, however, were significantly better informed about both side effects and risks. Although both groups felt that their medication had helped them, 93% of the medical patients but only 56% of the schizophrenic patients said they would take the medication if they had the choice. The fact that schizophrenic inpatients readily shared their reluctance to take medication with an interviewer may offer an avenue for detection and intervention to improve prospects for outpatient compliance.", "contents": "Schizophrenic and medical inpatients as informed drug consumers. Twenty-five schizophrenic inpatients receiving antipsychotic medications were evaluated as informed and/or consenting drug consumers by means of a structured interview, in comparison with a matched group of medical inpatients receiving nonpsychotropic drugs. Medical patients were better informed about positive aspects of medication, such as name, dose, and relationship of drug treatment to a specific diagnosis. Schizophrenic patients, however, were significantly better informed about both side effects and risks. Although both groups felt that their medication had helped them, 93% of the medical patients but only 56% of the schizophrenic patients said they would take the medication if they had the choice. The fact that schizophrenic inpatients readily shared their reluctance to take medication with an interviewer may offer an avenue for detection and intervention to improve prospects for outpatient compliance.", "PMID": 727904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11415", "title": "[The determination of the oncolytic effect of clostridia with the hamster amelanotic Melanoma no.3--a quantitative study utilizing defined criteria of evaluation (author's transl)].", "content": "With a view of satisfying the practical demands on a diagnostic tumour clostridium assay the development of a biological tumour test model is of prime importance. We are interested in a safe method for differentiating between oncolytic clostridia and clostridial strains exerting no oncolytic capacity. It was therefore attempted to develop a reproducible assay system using hamster A-Mel-3 as a reference tumour. This was finally attained by quantifying oncolysis taking into account the criterium of spontaneous onconecrosis of this tumour. The proposed oncolytic assay system was submitted to a mathematical regression analysis using different strains of clostridia as well as different batches of cultivated spores of one and the same strain. The results are critically compared with the current literature.", "contents": "[The determination of the oncolytic effect of clostridia with the hamster amelanotic Melanoma no.3--a quantitative study utilizing defined criteria of evaluation (author's transl)]. With a view of satisfying the practical demands on a diagnostic tumour clostridium assay the development of a biological tumour test model is of prime importance. We are interested in a safe method for differentiating between oncolytic clostridia and clostridial strains exerting no oncolytic capacity. It was therefore attempted to develop a reproducible assay system using hamster A-Mel-3 as a reference tumour. This was finally attained by quantifying oncolysis taking into account the criterium of spontaneous onconecrosis of this tumour. The proposed oncolytic assay system was submitted to a mathematical regression analysis using different strains of clostridia as well as different batches of cultivated spores of one and the same strain. The results are critically compared with the current literature.", "PMID": 727905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11416", "title": "Some clinically relevant variables affecting the mechanical behaviour of bone cement.", "content": "The effects of 12 clinically relevant variables upon the basic mechanical properties of acrylic cement are reported. Attention is drawn to the facts that these variables may at times coexist to lead to serious reductions in the strength of the cement, and that the operating surgeon may exercise a substantial influence on the effective mechanical properties of the cement he is using.", "contents": "Some clinically relevant variables affecting the mechanical behaviour of bone cement. The effects of 12 clinically relevant variables upon the basic mechanical properties of acrylic cement are reported. Attention is drawn to the facts that these variables may at times coexist to lead to serious reductions in the strength of the cement, and that the operating surgeon may exercise a substantial influence on the effective mechanical properties of the cement he is using.", "PMID": 727906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11417", "title": "The shear strength of trabecular bone from the femur, and some factors affecting the shear strength of the cement-bone interface.", "content": "The shear strength of trabecular bone from the femur has been studied. In general, the strongest trabecular bone is found close to the cortico-cancellous junction, though its shear strength depends also on the relationship of the trabeculae to the plane of shear. Some factors affecting the shear strength of the cement-bone interface have been investigated. In vitro, maximal cement-bone interface shear strength is obtained by exposing and thoroughly cleaning strong trabecular bone, and then forcing onto it under pressure low viscosity cement.", "contents": "The shear strength of trabecular bone from the femur, and some factors affecting the shear strength of the cement-bone interface. The shear strength of trabecular bone from the femur has been studied. In general, the strongest trabecular bone is found close to the cortico-cancellous junction, though its shear strength depends also on the relationship of the trabeculae to the plane of shear. Some factors affecting the shear strength of the cement-bone interface have been investigated. In vitro, maximal cement-bone interface shear strength is obtained by exposing and thoroughly cleaning strong trabecular bone, and then forcing onto it under pressure low viscosity cement.", "PMID": 727907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11418", "title": "Loosening of the femoral component in surface replacement of the knee.", "content": "The incidence of loosening of the femoral component of the ICLH knee has been found to be lower than that of the tibial component. This is thought to be due to the fact that the compressive strength of the distal femur has been found to be greater than that of the proximal tibia. It has further been shown that the strength of even the femur can be so reduced by the osteoporosis accompanying Rheumatoid Arthritis that it becomes insufficient for adequate prosthetic fixation.", "contents": "Loosening of the femoral component in surface replacement of the knee. The incidence of loosening of the femoral component of the ICLH knee has been found to be lower than that of the tibial component. This is thought to be due to the fact that the compressive strength of the distal femur has been found to be greater than that of the proximal tibia. It has further been shown that the strength of even the femur can be so reduced by the osteoporosis accompanying Rheumatoid Arthritis that it becomes insufficient for adequate prosthetic fixation.", "PMID": 727908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11419", "title": "[Carcinoma in scar tissue after frost inquiry to the foot (author's transl)].", "content": "Carcinomas of the extremities are relatively rare neoplasms when compared to Sarcomas. After a review of the literature about carcinomas in chronic fistulae and other bone lesions, two cases are reported in which a carcinoma originated in scar-tissue, 31 years after a frost-bite lesion of the foot. The problems of etiology, pathogenesis and therapy are pointed out.", "contents": "[Carcinoma in scar tissue after frost inquiry to the foot (author's transl)]. Carcinomas of the extremities are relatively rare neoplasms when compared to Sarcomas. After a review of the literature about carcinomas in chronic fistulae and other bone lesions, two cases are reported in which a carcinoma originated in scar-tissue, 31 years after a frost-bite lesion of the foot. The problems of etiology, pathogenesis and therapy are pointed out.", "PMID": 727909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11420", "title": "[Osteosynthesis and simultaneous anchorage of a plastic hip cup in an unstable acetabulum (author' transl)].", "content": "Attempts at total hip replacement in the presence of unstable acetabula--which may be caused by a recent fracture or pseudarthrosis--are doomed to failure if conventional implantation technics are used. Such attempts lead inevitably to a rapid loosening of the cup. This article describes a newly developed implant which simultaneously re-establishes acetabular stability while solidly anchoring the cup. Use of this implant contributes to early patient mobilization and undisturbed healing of fractures and pseudarthroses.", "contents": "[Osteosynthesis and simultaneous anchorage of a plastic hip cup in an unstable acetabulum (author' transl)]. Attempts at total hip replacement in the presence of unstable acetabula--which may be caused by a recent fracture or pseudarthrosis--are doomed to failure if conventional implantation technics are used. Such attempts lead inevitably to a rapid loosening of the cup. This article describes a newly developed implant which simultaneously re-establishes acetabular stability while solidly anchoring the cup. Use of this implant contributes to early patient mobilization and undisturbed healing of fractures and pseudarthroses.", "PMID": 727910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11421", "title": "Patellar fracture after replacement of the tibio-femoral joint with the ICLH prosthesis.", "content": "Four cases are reported of spontaneous fracture of the patella after ICLH replacement of the knee for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Three of these occur-red in patellae that had not themselves been replaced; one in a resurfaced patella. The former required no specific treatment but the latter required revision surgery. It is argued that the existence of this complication may represent a contra-indication to patellar replacement in the osteoporotic rheumatoid knee.", "contents": "Patellar fracture after replacement of the tibio-femoral joint with the ICLH prosthesis. Four cases are reported of spontaneous fracture of the patella after ICLH replacement of the knee for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Three of these occur-red in patellae that had not themselves been replaced; one in a resurfaced patella. The former required no specific treatment but the latter required revision surgery. It is argued that the existence of this complication may represent a contra-indication to patellar replacement in the osteoporotic rheumatoid knee.", "PMID": 727911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11422", "title": "[Complications of arthroscopy. A review of 3714 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "This review is drawn from a total of 3,714 knee arthroscopies carried out on patients from six clinics. The diagnostic value of arthroscopy at this site is established for it can improve prognostication, prevention and treatment of derangements of the knee. The complications of the procedure, both theoretical and in practice, have been considered by subdividing them into four groups. Firstly, the infection rate following arthroscopy alone was nil. Secondly, minor articular cartilage damage attributable to the instrument occurred in just over 2% of cases. This complication is more common when the technique is first being learned and is usually avoidable when experience has been gained. Thirdly, complications of a general nature included four cases of subcutaneous emphysema produced by the insufflation of gas, and 22 instances of an allergic skin reaction to the disinfectant preparation. Finally, failures in the technique itself resulted from the instrument bending or breaking when negotiating the condyles. This occurred on 26 occasions. In a further seven instances the fat pad was entered and distended in error, thus preventing examination of the joint. Overall, the complication rate was acceptable low and confirmed that arthroscopy can be safely applied clinically.", "contents": "[Complications of arthroscopy. A review of 3714 cases (author's transl)]. This review is drawn from a total of 3,714 knee arthroscopies carried out on patients from six clinics. The diagnostic value of arthroscopy at this site is established for it can improve prognostication, prevention and treatment of derangements of the knee. The complications of the procedure, both theoretical and in practice, have been considered by subdividing them into four groups. Firstly, the infection rate following arthroscopy alone was nil. Secondly, minor articular cartilage damage attributable to the instrument occurred in just over 2% of cases. This complication is more common when the technique is first being learned and is usually avoidable when experience has been gained. Thirdly, complications of a general nature included four cases of subcutaneous emphysema produced by the insufflation of gas, and 22 instances of an allergic skin reaction to the disinfectant preparation. Finally, failures in the technique itself resulted from the instrument bending or breaking when negotiating the condyles. This occurred on 26 occasions. In a further seven instances the fat pad was entered and distended in error, thus preventing examination of the joint. Overall, the complication rate was acceptable low and confirmed that arthroscopy can be safely applied clinically.", "PMID": 727912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11423", "title": "[Diagnosis for the localization of cemented intramedullar stem prostheses and ICLH-prostheses of the hip by means of stereo X-ray prints (author's transl)].", "content": "It is known that the loosening of artificial hip joints leads to their shift relative to the carrying bone structure. For a quantitative radiological detection of even minimal dislocations fix-points both in the carrying bone structure as well as in the prostheses have to be defined. While for the stem prostheses and cups such points can be defined directly from their geometrical structure, they have to be generated artificially for the carrying bone structure by implanted metal pins, which can easily be detected in the X-ray print. Having defined in this way a complete and appropriate set of fix-points, the position of the prosthesis relative to the bone structure is uniquely defined by the distance vectors between the different fix-points. The main biometrical steps of such a concept as well as their computational formulation and realization are derived; the main advantages and the accuracy of the technique are elucidated and critically discussed.", "contents": "[Diagnosis for the localization of cemented intramedullar stem prostheses and ICLH-prostheses of the hip by means of stereo X-ray prints (author's transl)]. It is known that the loosening of artificial hip joints leads to their shift relative to the carrying bone structure. For a quantitative radiological detection of even minimal dislocations fix-points both in the carrying bone structure as well as in the prostheses have to be defined. While for the stem prostheses and cups such points can be defined directly from their geometrical structure, they have to be generated artificially for the carrying bone structure by implanted metal pins, which can easily be detected in the X-ray print. Having defined in this way a complete and appropriate set of fix-points, the position of the prosthesis relative to the bone structure is uniquely defined by the distance vectors between the different fix-points. The main biometrical steps of such a concept as well as their computational formulation and realization are derived; the main advantages and the accuracy of the technique are elucidated and critically discussed.", "PMID": 727913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11424", "title": "[Treatment of cervical spine injuries by an anterior stable spondylodesis with an H-plate (author's transl)].", "content": "A stable spondylodesis of the cervical spine was obtained by an osteosynthesis with metal plates. The H-plate of the A-O in connection with autologous bone-chips from the iliac crest or Kieler bone and bone cement was used in five cases and resulted in a solid fusion of the affected cervical segments. The development of this technique and the advantages over other methods are demonstrated. The results of our cases reflect the superiority of this procedure.", "contents": "[Treatment of cervical spine injuries by an anterior stable spondylodesis with an H-plate (author's transl)]. A stable spondylodesis of the cervical spine was obtained by an osteosynthesis with metal plates. The H-plate of the A-O in connection with autologous bone-chips from the iliac crest or Kieler bone and bone cement was used in five cases and resulted in a solid fusion of the affected cervical segments. The development of this technique and the advantages over other methods are demonstrated. The results of our cases reflect the superiority of this procedure.", "PMID": 727914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11425", "title": "[Malignant giant cell tumor of the femur with sarcomatous changes (author's transl)].", "content": "This is the report of a case with recurring giant cell tumor of the femur, which showed roentgenological evidence of pulmonary metastases. Only at the third biopsy sarcomatous changes as morphological signs of malignancy were found. Contrary to some elsewhere published giant cell tumors with sarcomatous components, there was no preceding irradiation in our case.", "contents": "[Malignant giant cell tumor of the femur with sarcomatous changes (author's transl)]. This is the report of a case with recurring giant cell tumor of the femur, which showed roentgenological evidence of pulmonary metastases. Only at the third biopsy sarcomatous changes as morphological signs of malignancy were found. Contrary to some elsewhere published giant cell tumors with sarcomatous components, there was no preceding irradiation in our case.", "PMID": 727915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11426", "title": "[Giant cell tumors of the sacrum (author's transl)].", "content": "In connection with our observations of three patients with giant-cell tumors of the sacrum a description of this disease is given reviewing the 51 cases which have been published world-wide. As other tumors of the sacrococcygeal region the giant-cell tumor has no significant symptoms which would allow a differential diagnosis. Pain in the sacral region often radiating to both legs is the predominant symptom. Surgical intervention is the treatment of choice. To obtain a complete excision of the tumor with minimal damage to nervous structures the abdominal, sacral or abdomino-sacral route is recommended by several authors. The prognosis is dubious because a total removal is usually not feasable, and there is a high risk of recurrence and malignant degeneration.", "contents": "[Giant cell tumors of the sacrum (author's transl)]. In connection with our observations of three patients with giant-cell tumors of the sacrum a description of this disease is given reviewing the 51 cases which have been published world-wide. As other tumors of the sacrococcygeal region the giant-cell tumor has no significant symptoms which would allow a differential diagnosis. Pain in the sacral region often radiating to both legs is the predominant symptom. Surgical intervention is the treatment of choice. To obtain a complete excision of the tumor with minimal damage to nervous structures the abdominal, sacral or abdomino-sacral route is recommended by several authors. The prognosis is dubious because a total removal is usually not feasable, and there is a high risk of recurrence and malignant degeneration.", "PMID": 727917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11427", "title": "[A method for the measurement of the collodiaphyseal angle in case of external rotational contracture (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors discuss the objectivity of measurements for the collodiaphyseal angle of the hip fixed in external rotation on the a.p. projection. Since the antetorsion cannot be measured because of the external rotation contracture, an alternative projection is proposed. Several pictures are demonstrated for the determination of the rotation. To find the true value of the distorted collodiaphyseal angle the authors propose a formula for the calculation on theoretical grounds. They consider this formula valuable for clinical use.", "contents": "[A method for the measurement of the collodiaphyseal angle in case of external rotational contracture (author's transl)]. The authors discuss the objectivity of measurements for the collodiaphyseal angle of the hip fixed in external rotation on the a.p. projection. Since the antetorsion cannot be measured because of the external rotation contracture, an alternative projection is proposed. Several pictures are demonstrated for the determination of the rotation. To find the true value of the distorted collodiaphyseal angle the authors propose a formula for the calculation on theoretical grounds. They consider this formula valuable for clinical use.", "PMID": 727918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11428", "title": "[Tuberous cortical irregularity at the distal femoral metaphysis--an often malignancy pretending radiological finding (author's transl)].", "content": "Four juvenile patients are described who were referred to us because of a tuberous, irregularly demarcated cortical lesion at the dorsal surface of the distal femur metaphysis suspected to be a \"malignant tumor\". The histologic evaluation in three of these patients revealed a fibroplastic reaction of the periosteum with periosteal new bone formation and focal, partly also lacunar bone resorption by osteoclasts. During six months of observation there were no signs of further growing. No therapy was necessary. This tuberous cortical defect at the dorsal surface of the distal femur metaphysis has been found almost exclusively in children and juvenile persons. As causative agent an increased muscle power of the gastrocnemius muscles has been discussed at the site of its bone insertion. If the bone formative component prevails a tuberous proliferation is evident radiographically, however, if the fibroplastic reaction is predominant there is more evidence for a cortical defect. The resemblance of the tuberous cortical defects in the four patients discussed here with those cases described in the literature under various names is pointed out.", "contents": "[Tuberous cortical irregularity at the distal femoral metaphysis--an often malignancy pretending radiological finding (author's transl)]. Four juvenile patients are described who were referred to us because of a tuberous, irregularly demarcated cortical lesion at the dorsal surface of the distal femur metaphysis suspected to be a \"malignant tumor\". The histologic evaluation in three of these patients revealed a fibroplastic reaction of the periosteum with periosteal new bone formation and focal, partly also lacunar bone resorption by osteoclasts. During six months of observation there were no signs of further growing. No therapy was necessary. This tuberous cortical defect at the dorsal surface of the distal femur metaphysis has been found almost exclusively in children and juvenile persons. As causative agent an increased muscle power of the gastrocnemius muscles has been discussed at the site of its bone insertion. If the bone formative component prevails a tuberous proliferation is evident radiographically, however, if the fibroplastic reaction is predominant there is more evidence for a cortical defect. The resemblance of the tuberous cortical defects in the four patients discussed here with those cases described in the literature under various names is pointed out.", "PMID": 727919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11429", "title": "[A report on the syndroma of narrow spinal canal at congenital chondrodystrophy (author's transl)].", "content": "It is reported on a case of congenital chondrodystrophy associated with a narrow spinal canal. The difficulties in diagnosis are pointed out and electromyography is marked to enlarge the diagnostic possibilities in such patients. In cases with clinical signs of spinal--or nerve nerve root compression, complete laminectomy is indicated.", "contents": "[A report on the syndroma of narrow spinal canal at congenital chondrodystrophy (author's transl)]. It is reported on a case of congenital chondrodystrophy associated with a narrow spinal canal. The difficulties in diagnosis are pointed out and electromyography is marked to enlarge the diagnostic possibilities in such patients. In cases with clinical signs of spinal--or nerve nerve root compression, complete laminectomy is indicated.", "PMID": 727920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11430", "title": "[Biomechanical analysis of the loosening of the femur prostheses (author's transl)].", "content": "A comparison of the stresses determined in an expoxy model of the human femur both with and without an intramedullary endoprosthetic replacement indicates how loosening of the implant could occur due to inappropriate mechanical loading of the bone. The stress pattern explains the manner in which the prosthesis stem is loaded and also indicates how hip-joint forces are transmitted from the prosthesis to the bone. The results obtained were verified by strain measurements on prostheses implanted within fresh human cadaver femora.", "contents": "[Biomechanical analysis of the loosening of the femur prostheses (author's transl)]. A comparison of the stresses determined in an expoxy model of the human femur both with and without an intramedullary endoprosthetic replacement indicates how loosening of the implant could occur due to inappropriate mechanical loading of the bone. The stress pattern explains the manner in which the prosthesis stem is loaded and also indicates how hip-joint forces are transmitted from the prosthesis to the bone. The results obtained were verified by strain measurements on prostheses implanted within fresh human cadaver femora.", "PMID": 727921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11431", "title": "[An implantable femur distractor for operative leg lengthening (author's transl)].", "content": "A new femur distractor has been developed, lengthening the leg. This instrument is electronically controllable and can be implanted totally. It is possible to regulate transcutaneously by radio control the operation \"forward motion\", \"stop\" and \"backward motion\". After testing this instrument in sheep, the lengthening of human femur by this system can be introduced.", "contents": "[An implantable femur distractor for operative leg lengthening (author's transl)]. A new femur distractor has been developed, lengthening the leg. This instrument is electronically controllable and can be implanted totally. It is possible to regulate transcutaneously by radio control the operation \"forward motion\", \"stop\" and \"backward motion\". After testing this instrument in sheep, the lengthening of human femur by this system can be introduced.", "PMID": 727923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11432", "title": "[\"Adamantinoma\" of the tibia and reactive bone changes (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of \"adamantinoma\" of the tibia is reported. 10 years ago a giant tumor with fibrous dysplasia had been diagnosed in a biopsy taken from the same site of cystic bone changes. These findings may occur as reaction in the periphery of \"adamantinomas\" of long bones. By this experience the importance was emphasized, to obtain tissue from the center portion of the tumor to include the typical epithelial islets pathognomonic for \"adamantinomas\", which in our case, were found only 10 years after the first operation. Our patient was treated by curetting and filling of the defect with bony splinters. At this time, 8 months after surgery, he is without complaints and in full use of his diseased leg.", "contents": "[\"Adamantinoma\" of the tibia and reactive bone changes (author's transl)]. A case of \"adamantinoma\" of the tibia is reported. 10 years ago a giant tumor with fibrous dysplasia had been diagnosed in a biopsy taken from the same site of cystic bone changes. These findings may occur as reaction in the periphery of \"adamantinomas\" of long bones. By this experience the importance was emphasized, to obtain tissue from the center portion of the tumor to include the typical epithelial islets pathognomonic for \"adamantinomas\", which in our case, were found only 10 years after the first operation. Our patient was treated by curetting and filling of the defect with bony splinters. At this time, 8 months after surgery, he is without complaints and in full use of his diseased leg.", "PMID": 727924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11433", "title": "[The influence of the electromagnetic field on the activity of alkaline phosphatase in immobilised children (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper reports the influence of a changing electromagnetic field on the alkaline phosphatase-activity in the sera of immobilised children. The enzyme activity which was considerably reduced in immobilised children, increased significantly after treatment with an electromagnetic field, whereas the acid phosphatase-activity was not changed. A possible influence of the magnetic field on osteoblastic activity is discussed.", "contents": "[The influence of the electromagnetic field on the activity of alkaline phosphatase in immobilised children (author's transl)]. This paper reports the influence of a changing electromagnetic field on the alkaline phosphatase-activity in the sera of immobilised children. The enzyme activity which was considerably reduced in immobilised children, increased significantly after treatment with an electromagnetic field, whereas the acid phosphatase-activity was not changed. A possible influence of the magnetic field on osteoblastic activity is discussed.", "PMID": 727926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11434", "title": "[Carpal tunnel syndrome in developing pseudarthrosis following isolated fracture of os capitatum].", "content": "A rare case of well adapted and radiologically invisible capitatum fracture is reported resulting in a pseudarthrosis with pain and median nerve irritation 2 1/2 years following trauma. The difficulty in diagnosis of such well adapted rare fractures is pointed out and electromyography is demonstrated as a good method to diagnose a carpal-tunnel syndrome in cases of pseudarthrosis.", "contents": "[Carpal tunnel syndrome in developing pseudarthrosis following isolated fracture of os capitatum]. A rare case of well adapted and radiologically invisible capitatum fracture is reported resulting in a pseudarthrosis with pain and median nerve irritation 2 1/2 years following trauma. The difficulty in diagnosis of such well adapted rare fractures is pointed out and electromyography is demonstrated as a good method to diagnose a carpal-tunnel syndrome in cases of pseudarthrosis.", "PMID": 727927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11435", "title": "[Functional stenosis: pathogenetic principle of ganglia (author's transl)].", "content": "Ganglia originate from communicating recessus of joints. Frequently knee, wrist and ganglia at foot are seen. The theory of valve-mechanism will be expand with the principle of \"functional stenosis\". In the main the cause will be seen in the high viscosity of synovia in ganglia.", "contents": "[Functional stenosis: pathogenetic principle of ganglia (author's transl)]. Ganglia originate from communicating recessus of joints. Frequently knee, wrist and ganglia at foot are seen. The theory of valve-mechanism will be expand with the principle of \"functional stenosis\". In the main the cause will be seen in the high viscosity of synovia in ganglia.", "PMID": 727929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11436", "title": "[Biomechanical problems in acromio plasty of the shoulder joint (author's transl)].", "content": "In the confines of the spatium subacromiale, the anatomic structures are subjected to increased wear by friction and convolution. In case of compression syndromes relief is obtained by a partial resection of the acromion, by an acromio plasty, or by a complete removal of the acromion, i.e., the acromionectomy. By analysing the anatomic preparation we have found that a resection of the ligamentum coraco-acromiale and the anterior third of the acromion can give a sufficient decompression without any substantial disturbance of the mechanism of the shoulder girdle, while the acromionectomy implies an unnecessarily extensive procedure which involves considerable disadvantages for the biomechanics of the shoulder girdle.", "contents": "[Biomechanical problems in acromio plasty of the shoulder joint (author's transl)]. In the confines of the spatium subacromiale, the anatomic structures are subjected to increased wear by friction and convolution. In case of compression syndromes relief is obtained by a partial resection of the acromion, by an acromio plasty, or by a complete removal of the acromion, i.e., the acromionectomy. By analysing the anatomic preparation we have found that a resection of the ligamentum coraco-acromiale and the anterior third of the acromion can give a sufficient decompression without any substantial disturbance of the mechanism of the shoulder girdle, while the acromionectomy implies an unnecessarily extensive procedure which involves considerable disadvantages for the biomechanics of the shoulder girdle.", "PMID": 727930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11437", "title": "[A new technique for socket implantation into dysplastic acetabula (author's transl)].", "content": "This report presents a new technique of socket implantation into the dysplastic acetabulum. A major part of the resected femoral head serves as the so-called intra acetabular femoral head graft and is screwed into the lateral part of the original acetabulum. By this technique it is possible to achieve a complete bony reconstruction of the dysplastic acetabulum into which a square shaped small ceramic socket can be easily implanted using few especially designed instruments. After the description of the operative technique this report presents the clinical results of this procedure based on 11 personal cases. Finally the technical, biomechanical and biological advantages of this implantation technique are discussed in view of other similar methods described recently.", "contents": "[A new technique for socket implantation into dysplastic acetabula (author's transl)]. This report presents a new technique of socket implantation into the dysplastic acetabulum. A major part of the resected femoral head serves as the so-called intra acetabular femoral head graft and is screwed into the lateral part of the original acetabulum. By this technique it is possible to achieve a complete bony reconstruction of the dysplastic acetabulum into which a square shaped small ceramic socket can be easily implanted using few especially designed instruments. After the description of the operative technique this report presents the clinical results of this procedure based on 11 personal cases. Finally the technical, biomechanical and biological advantages of this implantation technique are discussed in view of other similar methods described recently.", "PMID": 727931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11438", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of knee joint fluid. Enzymatic analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1971 and 1976 clinical and chemical examinations of 165 joint fluids in 149 patients were made. The comparison of clinical findings and results of laboratory tests lead us to distinguish between inflammatory and non-inflammatory joint fluids. The reported tests are simple and results can be given quickly. We do not know of any literature on the incidence of CHE in joint fluids. It seems to be of considerable importance that there is a correlation between the degree of CHE-activity and the degree of cartilagenous lesions. As far as we know no comparative tests on Caeruloplasmin in the serum and in the synovial fluid have been made. The quantitative measurement of uric acid in the synovial fluid is more efficient than other methods. The reported methods simplify the differential diagnosis of synovial fluid effusions.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of knee joint fluid. Enzymatic analysis (author's transl)]. Between 1971 and 1976 clinical and chemical examinations of 165 joint fluids in 149 patients were made. The comparison of clinical findings and results of laboratory tests lead us to distinguish between inflammatory and non-inflammatory joint fluids. The reported tests are simple and results can be given quickly. We do not know of any literature on the incidence of CHE in joint fluids. It seems to be of considerable importance that there is a correlation between the degree of CHE-activity and the degree of cartilagenous lesions. As far as we know no comparative tests on Caeruloplasmin in the serum and in the synovial fluid have been made. The quantitative measurement of uric acid in the synovial fluid is more efficient than other methods. The reported methods simplify the differential diagnosis of synovial fluid effusions.", "PMID": 727932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11439", "title": "Femoral neck fractures in osteoarthritis of the hip.", "content": "Femoral neck fractures seldom occur in hips with a significant degree of osteoarthritis. Experience with three hitherto undescribed fractures around hip nails suggests that the ridge of new bone which forms on the inferior part of the femoral neck in osteoarthritis increases the strength of the neck, thus decreasing the tendency to neck fractures.", "contents": "Femoral neck fractures in osteoarthritis of the hip. Femoral neck fractures seldom occur in hips with a significant degree of osteoarthritis. Experience with three hitherto undescribed fractures around hip nails suggests that the ridge of new bone which forms on the inferior part of the femoral neck in osteoarthritis increases the strength of the neck, thus decreasing the tendency to neck fractures.", "PMID": 727934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11440", "title": "Intermittent catheterization: long-term follow-up.", "content": "Intermittent catheterization for bladder retraining after spinal cord injury has been in common use in the United States for only the last 10 years. It was initiated at the Ohio State University Hospitals in 1972. In a retrospective evaluation of the effectiveness of intermittent catheterization in 100 spinal cord injured patients, 94 were found to have been discharged catheter-free, ie, without a catheter and off intermittent catheterization. After 3 to 4 years of follow-up, 63 patients were found to have remained catheter-free, 15 were no longer catheter-free and 16 had been lost to follow-up. From an analysis of the data from the study (reasons for failure, complications, etc) and comparison with those from other studies, it is suggested that a prospective study be devised to evaluate intermittent catheterization more effectively.", "contents": "Intermittent catheterization: long-term follow-up. Intermittent catheterization for bladder retraining after spinal cord injury has been in common use in the United States for only the last 10 years. It was initiated at the Ohio State University Hospitals in 1972. In a retrospective evaluation of the effectiveness of intermittent catheterization in 100 spinal cord injured patients, 94 were found to have been discharged catheter-free, ie, without a catheter and off intermittent catheterization. After 3 to 4 years of follow-up, 63 patients were found to have remained catheter-free, 15 were no longer catheter-free and 16 had been lost to follow-up. From an analysis of the data from the study (reasons for failure, complications, etc) and comparison with those from other studies, it is suggested that a prospective study be devised to evaluate intermittent catheterization more effectively.", "PMID": 727935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11441", "title": "Sexual adjustment after lower extremity amputation.", "content": "Sexual adjustment following lower extremity amputation was evaluated by interviewing 60 adults with recent amputations, 39 men and 21 women, after they had become independent in ambulation with a prosthesis. Among the men, 77% reported a substantial decrease in the frequency of sexual intercourse following amputation, while only 38% of the women reported a decrease. The decreased frequency was greater for nonmarried men than for married men, greater for men with above-knee amputations than for men with below-knee amputations, and greater for male amputee patients in whom phantom phenomena persisted compared to those in whom phantom phenomena no longer existed. The decreased frequency of intercourse for male amputee patients was unrelated to the patient's age, education, and etiology of amputation. There was no significant change in other aspects of sexual activity, including oral-genital relations, masturbation, homosexuality, and extramarital relations.", "contents": "Sexual adjustment after lower extremity amputation. Sexual adjustment following lower extremity amputation was evaluated by interviewing 60 adults with recent amputations, 39 men and 21 women, after they had become independent in ambulation with a prosthesis. Among the men, 77% reported a substantial decrease in the frequency of sexual intercourse following amputation, while only 38% of the women reported a decrease. The decreased frequency was greater for nonmarried men than for married men, greater for men with above-knee amputations than for men with below-knee amputations, and greater for male amputee patients in whom phantom phenomena persisted compared to those in whom phantom phenomena no longer existed. The decreased frequency of intercourse for male amputee patients was unrelated to the patient's age, education, and etiology of amputation. There was no significant change in other aspects of sexual activity, including oral-genital relations, masturbation, homosexuality, and extramarital relations.", "PMID": 727936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11442", "title": "Proper fitting of the cervical orthosis.", "content": "This study evaluated the effect of fitting of the sternal occipital mandibular immobilization (SOMI) orthosis in restricting sagittal cervical spine motion. Cervical orthotic devices are usually fitted according to the subjective tolerance of the patient. Pressures were recorded after fitting in the usual manner by a certified orthotis and when fitted more loosely. Eight able-bodied adults were fitted in this manner and were then immobilized in a straight-backed chair while lateral cervical spine films were taken in neutral, flexion, and extension. Previously standardized methods were used to measure flexion-extension of the cervical spine. The resting pressures, when fitted in the usual manner, were approximately 105 mmHg at the chin and occiput. When pressure sensors were used to fit the brace loosely, the average pressure was approximately 25 mmHg. The data indicate that regardless of fit, there was no significant difference in the mobility of the entire cervical spine or at any intervertebral level. Recommendations for fitting of the SOMI are discussed.", "contents": "Proper fitting of the cervical orthosis. This study evaluated the effect of fitting of the sternal occipital mandibular immobilization (SOMI) orthosis in restricting sagittal cervical spine motion. Cervical orthotic devices are usually fitted according to the subjective tolerance of the patient. Pressures were recorded after fitting in the usual manner by a certified orthotis and when fitted more loosely. Eight able-bodied adults were fitted in this manner and were then immobilized in a straight-backed chair while lateral cervical spine films were taken in neutral, flexion, and extension. Previously standardized methods were used to measure flexion-extension of the cervical spine. The resting pressures, when fitted in the usual manner, were approximately 105 mmHg at the chin and occiput. When pressure sensors were used to fit the brace loosely, the average pressure was approximately 25 mmHg. The data indicate that regardless of fit, there was no significant difference in the mobility of the entire cervical spine or at any intervertebral level. Recommendations for fitting of the SOMI are discussed.", "PMID": 727937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11443", "title": "Fatigue curves of isokinetic contractions.", "content": "Sixteen men and 16 women volunteer college students were tested for elbow flexion fatigue curve production on the Orthotron, an isokinetic testing device. Maximal voluntary contractions were obtained repeatedly, each contraction taking approximately 2 seconds to complete, with minimal (500 msec) intertrial rest, to exhaustion. To provide a basis for plotting the isokinetic fatigue curve, the degradation of torque values from initial to final contractions, was expressed as percentage of contraction time. Results obtained following statistical analysis of the data indicated that the isokinetic fatigue curve is: (1) curvilinear; (2) independent of sex differences; and (3) a function of initial strength. Moreover, it was found that the use of 50% of initial strength to denote fatigue in repetitive rhythmic isokinetic work has merit as a conservative estimate.", "contents": "Fatigue curves of isokinetic contractions. Sixteen men and 16 women volunteer college students were tested for elbow flexion fatigue curve production on the Orthotron, an isokinetic testing device. Maximal voluntary contractions were obtained repeatedly, each contraction taking approximately 2 seconds to complete, with minimal (500 msec) intertrial rest, to exhaustion. To provide a basis for plotting the isokinetic fatigue curve, the degradation of torque values from initial to final contractions, was expressed as percentage of contraction time. Results obtained following statistical analysis of the data indicated that the isokinetic fatigue curve is: (1) curvilinear; (2) independent of sex differences; and (3) a function of initial strength. Moreover, it was found that the use of 50% of initial strength to denote fatigue in repetitive rhythmic isokinetic work has merit as a conservative estimate.", "PMID": 727938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11444", "title": "Hepatic porphyria: its rehabilitative evaluation and treatment.", "content": "In the rehabilitation of patients with hepatic porphyria, participation of a multidisciplinary team, concerned with diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment, is important. An approach which includes preventive medicine, specific and supportive medical treatment, and vigorous rehabilitative treatment of the neuropathic processes can lead to control of the disease and recovery of self-care and mobility, as illustrated by a case report.", "contents": "Hepatic porphyria: its rehabilitative evaluation and treatment. In the rehabilitation of patients with hepatic porphyria, participation of a multidisciplinary team, concerned with diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment, is important. An approach which includes preventive medicine, specific and supportive medical treatment, and vigorous rehabilitative treatment of the neuropathic processes can lead to control of the disease and recovery of self-care and mobility, as illustrated by a case report.", "PMID": 727939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11445", "title": "[Behavior of trace elements copper, zinc and manganese in bovine rumen. 2. Passage rate and course of trace element concentration in rumen as influenced by copper sulfate administration].", "content": "In experiments on the distribution of copper, zinc and manganese in fractions of rumen liquor (Wetzel and Menke, 1977 (1)) changes in PEG and in trace element concentration during day-time (between 8 a.m. and 6 p.m.) were measured at 2-hour intervals. Rumen volume was 61 l and passage rate 108 and 128 l/day in the two animals used. Average daily passage was calculated to be 40 mg copper, 98 mg zinc and 371 mg manganese. These values were found to be 11% higher than copper intake and 44 and 68% lower than zinc and manganese intakes, respectively. The differences indicate a remarkable endogenous secretion of copper, and a high absorption of zinc and manganese within the rumen. Concentration (mcg/g dry matter) of copper, zinc and manganese in the bacterial fraction and in total rumen liquor decreased slowly in the first hours after feeding, reaching a minimum after 4 to 6 hours and showed a slight increase thereafter. After addition of copper sulphate the curves mostly became linear. The conclusion is drawn that 1.8 ppm copper in inorganic binding does not lead to changes in trace element concentration to an extent that might be harmful to bacterial fermentation.", "contents": "[Behavior of trace elements copper, zinc and manganese in bovine rumen. 2. Passage rate and course of trace element concentration in rumen as influenced by copper sulfate administration]. In experiments on the distribution of copper, zinc and manganese in fractions of rumen liquor (Wetzel and Menke, 1977 (1)) changes in PEG and in trace element concentration during day-time (between 8 a.m. and 6 p.m.) were measured at 2-hour intervals. Rumen volume was 61 l and passage rate 108 and 128 l/day in the two animals used. Average daily passage was calculated to be 40 mg copper, 98 mg zinc and 371 mg manganese. These values were found to be 11% higher than copper intake and 44 and 68% lower than zinc and manganese intakes, respectively. The differences indicate a remarkable endogenous secretion of copper, and a high absorption of zinc and manganese within the rumen. Concentration (mcg/g dry matter) of copper, zinc and manganese in the bacterial fraction and in total rumen liquor decreased slowly in the first hours after feeding, reaching a minimum after 4 to 6 hours and showed a slight increase thereafter. After addition of copper sulphate the curves mostly became linear. The conclusion is drawn that 1.8 ppm copper in inorganic binding does not lead to changes in trace element concentration to an extent that might be harmful to bacterial fermentation.", "PMID": 727945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11446", "title": "[Performance-related lysine requirement of fattening pigs. 4. Effect of energy and amino acid intakes on composition of gain and derivation of lysine requirement].", "content": "The results show that protein and fat syntheses proceed simultaneously in growing swine. Reducing the energy intake during the 2nd half of the fattening period in pigs of modern genetic construction (hybrid pig) is likely to cut both fat and protein deposition per day. This will result in lower daily gains, a longer fattening period and higher energy expenditure. Therfore, it is not advisable to restrict energy supply during the 2nd half of fattening of pigs derived from modern breeding lines. The optimum amino acid : energy ratio allows to make full use of the protein deposition capacity in pigs with prefixed slaughter weight. For the limiting amino acid lysine it was found to be 10.5 g/1,000 energetic feed equivalents (swine) or 3 g/Mcal NEF (swine), and, taking into account amino acid digestibility, 9.5 g dig. lysin/1,000 energetic feed equivalents (swine) and 2.7 g dig. lysin/Mcal NEF (swine), respectively.", "contents": "[Performance-related lysine requirement of fattening pigs. 4. Effect of energy and amino acid intakes on composition of gain and derivation of lysine requirement]. The results show that protein and fat syntheses proceed simultaneously in growing swine. Reducing the energy intake during the 2nd half of the fattening period in pigs of modern genetic construction (hybrid pig) is likely to cut both fat and protein deposition per day. This will result in lower daily gains, a longer fattening period and higher energy expenditure. Therfore, it is not advisable to restrict energy supply during the 2nd half of fattening of pigs derived from modern breeding lines. The optimum amino acid : energy ratio allows to make full use of the protein deposition capacity in pigs with prefixed slaughter weight. For the limiting amino acid lysine it was found to be 10.5 g/1,000 energetic feed equivalents (swine) or 3 g/Mcal NEF (swine), and, taking into account amino acid digestibility, 9.5 g dig. lysin/1,000 energetic feed equivalents (swine) and 2.7 g dig. lysin/Mcal NEF (swine), respectively.", "PMID": 727946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11447", "title": "[Dynamics of 15N-isobutylidene diurea (IBDU) in sheep. 1. IBDU conversion in the digestive tract].", "content": "Four Merino Landrace wethers averaging 47.6 kg body weight were adapted to a semi-synthetic diet containing as the only N-source 60 g of IBDU per day. After the adaptation phase, on the 1 st experimental day the IBDU of the morning feed was given in 15N-labelled form (701 mg 15N-excess). After 2 1/2, 7 1/4, 12 and 24 hours the experimental animals were killed without having been fed again. The comparison of the IBDU-concentrations in the content of the rumen bottom with the residual rumen content did not allow to draw conclusions regarding IBDU-sedimentation at the bottom of the rumen. For the 15N-decline in the rumen content, a relationship was established following y = 76.3 - 2.62 (r = 0.96) (see fig. 2). In the order of killing times the following 15N-IBDU amounts were retrieved (% of intake): I = 15.6%, II = 24.1%, III = 3.3% and IV = 3.6%. 7 1/4 hours after starting the experiment, 40% of the 15N-labelled material were found in the rumen in the form IBDU; after 12 hours it came to 10%. Except for sheep I, 15N-urea was not found but in small amounts. Only sheep I and III revealed IBDU-traces in the abomasum, but in the small intestine of all sheep 2 to 6% of the amount taken in. This fact is explained with the endogenous influx of IBDU from the blood. An additional experimental sheep provided with a ligature at the abomasum entry, revealed that IBDU is absorbed from the rumen and allowed to enter the individual segments of the intestine in small amounts.", "contents": "[Dynamics of 15N-isobutylidene diurea (IBDU) in sheep. 1. IBDU conversion in the digestive tract]. Four Merino Landrace wethers averaging 47.6 kg body weight were adapted to a semi-synthetic diet containing as the only N-source 60 g of IBDU per day. After the adaptation phase, on the 1 st experimental day the IBDU of the morning feed was given in 15N-labelled form (701 mg 15N-excess). After 2 1/2, 7 1/4, 12 and 24 hours the experimental animals were killed without having been fed again. The comparison of the IBDU-concentrations in the content of the rumen bottom with the residual rumen content did not allow to draw conclusions regarding IBDU-sedimentation at the bottom of the rumen. For the 15N-decline in the rumen content, a relationship was established following y = 76.3 - 2.62 (r = 0.96) (see fig. 2). In the order of killing times the following 15N-IBDU amounts were retrieved (% of intake): I = 15.6%, II = 24.1%, III = 3.3% and IV = 3.6%. 7 1/4 hours after starting the experiment, 40% of the 15N-labelled material were found in the rumen in the form IBDU; after 12 hours it came to 10%. Except for sheep I, 15N-urea was not found but in small amounts. Only sheep I and III revealed IBDU-traces in the abomasum, but in the small intestine of all sheep 2 to 6% of the amount taken in. This fact is explained with the endogenous influx of IBDU from the blood. An additional experimental sheep provided with a ligature at the abomasum entry, revealed that IBDU is absorbed from the rumen and allowed to enter the individual segments of the intestine in small amounts.", "PMID": 727947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11448", "title": "Expression of vaccinia virion surface tubule protein as a virus specific cell surface antigen.", "content": "The sequential expression of a vaccinia virus specific antigen on the surface of infected cells has been followed by 125I-labelled anti-vaccinia IgG. After an initial drop (during the first 30 minutes of infection) the amount of viral antigen at the cell surface increased steadily for the 12 hours tested. The expression of the antigen was found to depend on protein and RNA synthesis from the start, but dependent on DNA synthesis only after 4 hours. The senitivity of the phenomenon to ultraviolet light irradiation of the virus suggests that the genetic information needed for the expression of the antigen resides in the viral genome. The antigen has been identified as the virion surface tubule, a tubule-like structure on the surface of the intact virion. It is known that vaccinia virus infection of cells starts with the fusion of the virion envelope with the host plasma membrane. It is here proposed that initially tubule from input virus is detected as viral antigen on the cell surface. Subsequently, virus tubule protein synthesised de novo migrates and is detectable as the virus specific cell surface antigen.", "contents": "Expression of vaccinia virion surface tubule protein as a virus specific cell surface antigen. The sequential expression of a vaccinia virus specific antigen on the surface of infected cells has been followed by 125I-labelled anti-vaccinia IgG. After an initial drop (during the first 30 minutes of infection) the amount of viral antigen at the cell surface increased steadily for the 12 hours tested. The expression of the antigen was found to depend on protein and RNA synthesis from the start, but dependent on DNA synthesis only after 4 hours. The senitivity of the phenomenon to ultraviolet light irradiation of the virus suggests that the genetic information needed for the expression of the antigen resides in the viral genome. The antigen has been identified as the virion surface tubule, a tubule-like structure on the surface of the intact virion. It is known that vaccinia virus infection of cells starts with the fusion of the virion envelope with the host plasma membrane. It is here proposed that initially tubule from input virus is detected as viral antigen on the cell surface. Subsequently, virus tubule protein synthesised de novo migrates and is detectable as the virus specific cell surface antigen.", "PMID": 727948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11449", "title": "[Structure of the follicular epithelium of the gonads Neva lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis (classification of the follicular epithelia of vertebrates)].", "content": "During its fluvial life, the ovarian follicular epithelium of Lampetra fluviatilis undergoes polarity formation--in the animal hemisphere the follicular epithelium is flattened, in the vegetative--it undergoes a secretory specialization: as the secrete is accumulating, the follicular cells increase in volume and height, acquiring a cubical form. In connection with monotonous or differentiating morpho-physiological alterations of follicular epithelium within a single follicle during the period of rapid oocytic growth, it is suggested to widen the idea on kinds of its secondary transformation in the vertebrates. It is suggested to differ: 1) common secondary transformation, when secondary flattening (for example, in birds) or secondary specialization (for example, in fish demersal roe) embraces the whole epithelium of the follicle. In case of common secretory specialization, it can be a) isomorphous--at identical convertion of the epithelium in the whole follicle (for example, in sheatfish), b) dimorphous--when there is a certain difference in the character and degree of secretory specialization of the follicular epithelium in various follicular areas (for example in Myxine glutinosa); 2) unipolar secondary transformation when the follicular epithelium undergoes secondary flattening or secretory specialization only in the area adjacent to one of the oocyte poles (for example, in Lametra fluviatilis and Blennis follis). Follicular epithelium of the lamprey testis, unlike in other Anamnia, does not form spermatocysts; implantation of spermatids and spermia into cytoplasm of the follicular cells is not observed. Thus, histological structure of Cyclostomata testis is at a lower stage of development than in other Anamnia.", "contents": "[Structure of the follicular epithelium of the gonads Neva lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis (classification of the follicular epithelia of vertebrates)]. During its fluvial life, the ovarian follicular epithelium of Lampetra fluviatilis undergoes polarity formation--in the animal hemisphere the follicular epithelium is flattened, in the vegetative--it undergoes a secretory specialization: as the secrete is accumulating, the follicular cells increase in volume and height, acquiring a cubical form. In connection with monotonous or differentiating morpho-physiological alterations of follicular epithelium within a single follicle during the period of rapid oocytic growth, it is suggested to widen the idea on kinds of its secondary transformation in the vertebrates. It is suggested to differ: 1) common secondary transformation, when secondary flattening (for example, in birds) or secondary specialization (for example, in fish demersal roe) embraces the whole epithelium of the follicle. In case of common secretory specialization, it can be a) isomorphous--at identical convertion of the epithelium in the whole follicle (for example, in sheatfish), b) dimorphous--when there is a certain difference in the character and degree of secretory specialization of the follicular epithelium in various follicular areas (for example in Myxine glutinosa); 2) unipolar secondary transformation when the follicular epithelium undergoes secondary flattening or secretory specialization only in the area adjacent to one of the oocyte poles (for example, in Lametra fluviatilis and Blennis follis). Follicular epithelium of the lamprey testis, unlike in other Anamnia, does not form spermatocysts; implantation of spermatids and spermia into cytoplasm of the follicular cells is not observed. Thus, histological structure of Cyclostomata testis is at a lower stage of development than in other Anamnia.", "PMID": 727949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11450", "title": "[Experimental inflammation of placenta in sheep].", "content": "The sheep desmochorionic placenta has been studied at aseptic inflammation produced by suturing it together with the uterus. The inflammatory process is evident from a decreased intensity of leucocytic phase and trophoblast participation in macrophagal phase; cytotrophoblastic elements and diplocariocytes transform into symplastic structures which seem to accomplish dendritic lysis and resorption. The foreign body incapsulation is performed with the maternal and fetal connective tissue participation.", "contents": "[Experimental inflammation of placenta in sheep]. The sheep desmochorionic placenta has been studied at aseptic inflammation produced by suturing it together with the uterus. The inflammatory process is evident from a decreased intensity of leucocytic phase and trophoblast participation in macrophagal phase; cytotrophoblastic elements and diplocariocytes transform into symplastic structures which seem to accomplish dendritic lysis and resorption. The foreign body incapsulation is performed with the maternal and fetal connective tissue participation.", "PMID": 727950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11451", "title": "[Embryogenesis of the venous portion of the pulmonary circulation].", "content": "The wall of the cardiac venous sinus and splanchnic plexus participate in the formation of the venous part of the pulmonary circulation. At the 4th week of the intrauterine life, splanchnic and sinusal parts come into contact. At this stage, the venous part of the pulmonary circulation is represented only by the primary pulmonary vein. Further, from the splanchnic plexus, common and lobar pulmonary veins are formed. At the 6th week of the intrauterine development, assimilation of the primary and common pulmonary veins by the heart is started--the process resulting in the formation of the primary interatrial septa at the expense of the sinusal wall and the walls of the assimilated vessels. By the end of the 8th week of the intrauterine development, the common atrium is separated into the right and left halves up to the auricular canal, the primary and common pulmonary veins are completely assimilated and the venous part of the pulmonary circulation is represented by four pulmonary veins discharging into the left atrium.", "contents": "[Embryogenesis of the venous portion of the pulmonary circulation]. The wall of the cardiac venous sinus and splanchnic plexus participate in the formation of the venous part of the pulmonary circulation. At the 4th week of the intrauterine life, splanchnic and sinusal parts come into contact. At this stage, the venous part of the pulmonary circulation is represented only by the primary pulmonary vein. Further, from the splanchnic plexus, common and lobar pulmonary veins are formed. At the 6th week of the intrauterine development, assimilation of the primary and common pulmonary veins by the heart is started--the process resulting in the formation of the primary interatrial septa at the expense of the sinusal wall and the walls of the assimilated vessels. By the end of the 8th week of the intrauterine development, the common atrium is separated into the right and left halves up to the auricular canal, the primary and common pulmonary veins are completely assimilated and the venous part of the pulmonary circulation is represented by four pulmonary veins discharging into the left atrium.", "PMID": 727951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11452", "title": "[Relationship between the dynamics of urachal microvessels and its reduction].", "content": "Three stages of the urachus morphogenesis, its stabilization, functional activity and involution find their reflection in all morphological characteristics mentioned. The stage of ductal stabilization is characterized by its tubular structure with lack of any definite anatomical criteria to subdivide it into certain parts. In the urachus wall, five constituents of the microcirculatory bed are differentiated, two microvessel network develop for its nutrition, external and internal. The stage of functional activity coincides with the 5th month of the intrauterine life. At that stage, the tubular structure of the urachus is fully developed and the main elements of its wall are formed. The vessel of the microcirculatory bed are definitely differentiated and the vascular diameter reaches its maximum. The stage of the urachus involution from the view-point of its anatomy is characterized by a possibility to distinguish three dynamically changing parts: obliterated, obliterating and open. During this period, a gradual but quite definite change of its histostructure occurs and gradually the differentiated functioning duct becomes a rudimentary connective tissue cord. Under such reduction in the wall layers of the duct, the diameter and number of microvessels reduce downward. This process is proved morphometrically.", "contents": "[Relationship between the dynamics of urachal microvessels and its reduction]. Three stages of the urachus morphogenesis, its stabilization, functional activity and involution find their reflection in all morphological characteristics mentioned. The stage of ductal stabilization is characterized by its tubular structure with lack of any definite anatomical criteria to subdivide it into certain parts. In the urachus wall, five constituents of the microcirculatory bed are differentiated, two microvessel network develop for its nutrition, external and internal. The stage of functional activity coincides with the 5th month of the intrauterine life. At that stage, the tubular structure of the urachus is fully developed and the main elements of its wall are formed. The vessel of the microcirculatory bed are definitely differentiated and the vascular diameter reaches its maximum. The stage of the urachus involution from the view-point of its anatomy is characterized by a possibility to distinguish three dynamically changing parts: obliterated, obliterating and open. During this period, a gradual but quite definite change of its histostructure occurs and gradually the differentiated functioning duct becomes a rudimentary connective tissue cord. Under such reduction in the wall layers of the duct, the diameter and number of microvessels reduce downward. This process is proved morphometrically.", "PMID": 727952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11453", "title": "[Ultrastructural characteristics of renal cancer cells].", "content": "The ultrastructural study of the renal carcinoma revealed some differences in the fine structure of the two main cell types: clear and dark cells. The cytoplasm of clear cells is rich in fat and glycogen. Fat is found in lipid vacuoles and glycogen in diffuse granularity in the cell cytoplasm. Dark cells contain small amounts of fat and glycogen but have well developed mitochondria and other organelles. Comparison of these cell types shows some features of their similarity such as microvilli on the cell surface, desmosomes and interdigitations in the region of cell contacts and channels between tumour cells. These features suggest that clear and dark cells have a common origin from the epithelium of the proximal tubules.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural characteristics of renal cancer cells]. The ultrastructural study of the renal carcinoma revealed some differences in the fine structure of the two main cell types: clear and dark cells. The cytoplasm of clear cells is rich in fat and glycogen. Fat is found in lipid vacuoles and glycogen in diffuse granularity in the cell cytoplasm. Dark cells contain small amounts of fat and glycogen but have well developed mitochondria and other organelles. Comparison of these cell types shows some features of their similarity such as microvilli on the cell surface, desmosomes and interdigitations in the region of cell contacts and channels between tumour cells. These features suggest that clear and dark cells have a common origin from the epithelium of the proximal tubules.", "PMID": 727962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11454", "title": "[Histological evaluation of aimed gastrobiopsy in the diagnosis of early stomach cancer].", "content": "Among 81 patients with malignancies of the stomach, the early (cancer of the gastric mucosa) was diagnosed in 10 (12.3%) patients. Timely diagnosis of the early gastric cancer requires multiple endoscopic examinations and aimed gastric biopsies of the edges and bottom of the ulcer. The analysis of the serial histological preparations permits to detect single or small aggregations of large mucous cells looking like cricoid cells (considered by the author as a sign of malignization) and less frequently like tumour tissue, in necrotic mass or in the proper layer of the mucous membrane. It is recommended that any gastric ulcer be considered as a possible ulcerative form of cancer and that the patients be mandatorily examined in specialized institutions where the differential diagnosis between peptic ulcer and ulcerative form of cancer may be performed by the method of gastroscopy with aimed biopsy.", "contents": "[Histological evaluation of aimed gastrobiopsy in the diagnosis of early stomach cancer]. Among 81 patients with malignancies of the stomach, the early (cancer of the gastric mucosa) was diagnosed in 10 (12.3%) patients. Timely diagnosis of the early gastric cancer requires multiple endoscopic examinations and aimed gastric biopsies of the edges and bottom of the ulcer. The analysis of the serial histological preparations permits to detect single or small aggregations of large mucous cells looking like cricoid cells (considered by the author as a sign of malignization) and less frequently like tumour tissue, in necrotic mass or in the proper layer of the mucous membrane. It is recommended that any gastric ulcer be considered as a possible ulcerative form of cancer and that the patients be mandatorily examined in specialized institutions where the differential diagnosis between peptic ulcer and ulcerative form of cancer may be performed by the method of gastroscopy with aimed biopsy.", "PMID": 727963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11455", "title": "[Pathological anatomy of defects of the prosencephalic group].", "content": "Morphological changes in the brain were studied in 14 observations of defects of the prosencephalic group. These defects were shown to be of three kinds: prosencephaly, alobar prosencephaly, and holoprosencephaly, and to be due to partial or complete undivision of the cranial part of the medullary tube. The nature of these defects is heterogeneous. Most frequently prosencephalitic defects are due to autosomal aberrrations (trisomy 13 and 18, 13-q-, 18p-, triploidy), and may also be due to gene mutations. In cases of trisomy 13 these defects are regularly accompanied by structural disorders of cytoarchitectonics of the cortex of the end brain, cerebellum, and medulla, which may be important for differential diagnosis of prosencephaly of various etiologies.", "contents": "[Pathological anatomy of defects of the prosencephalic group]. Morphological changes in the brain were studied in 14 observations of defects of the prosencephalic group. These defects were shown to be of three kinds: prosencephaly, alobar prosencephaly, and holoprosencephaly, and to be due to partial or complete undivision of the cranial part of the medullary tube. The nature of these defects is heterogeneous. Most frequently prosencephalitic defects are due to autosomal aberrrations (trisomy 13 and 18, 13-q-, 18p-, triploidy), and may also be due to gene mutations. In cases of trisomy 13 these defects are regularly accompanied by structural disorders of cytoarchitectonics of the cortex of the end brain, cerebellum, and medulla, which may be important for differential diagnosis of prosencephaly of various etiologies.", "PMID": 727964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11456", "title": "[Histogenesis and pathoanatomical diagnosis of human tumors in the light of electron microscopic data].", "content": "On the basis of the analysis of the materials obtained in the Pathological Anatomy Department of the Oncological Research Center of the USSR AMS and data from literature the author demonstrates the importance of the electron microscopic examinations for the investigation of histo- and morphogenesis of tumours and for their practical diagnosis.", "contents": "[Histogenesis and pathoanatomical diagnosis of human tumors in the light of electron microscopic data]. On the basis of the analysis of the materials obtained in the Pathological Anatomy Department of the Oncological Research Center of the USSR AMS and data from literature the author demonstrates the importance of the electron microscopic examinations for the investigation of histo- and morphogenesis of tumours and for their practical diagnosis.", "PMID": 727965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11457", "title": "[Electron-autoradiographic study of hepatic cell nuclei in chronic pathological process].", "content": "The development of a chronic pathological process in the liver induces changes in the structure and function of hepatocyte nuclei. Some of these changes, particularly an increase in the number of nucleoli, rearrangement of nucleous-associated chromatin, the appearance of ring-shaped nucleoli and intranuclear vacuoles are similar to senile changes in the nuclei. A quantitative analysis of these changes established a considerable increase in the number of ring-shaped nucleoli and intranuclear vacuoles in sick animals as compared with normal animals of any age. The number of nucleoli and nucleous-associated chromocenters also increases with the progress of the pathological process, however, it reaches the maximum level in the early stages of the process which is equal or insignificantly higher than the level in old animals, and subsequently does not change. These observations reveal a problem important for pathology, that of the existence of a limit in the development of reparative and dystrophic changes which may be attained sooner or later depending on the severity of a pathological process.", "contents": "[Electron-autoradiographic study of hepatic cell nuclei in chronic pathological process]. The development of a chronic pathological process in the liver induces changes in the structure and function of hepatocyte nuclei. Some of these changes, particularly an increase in the number of nucleoli, rearrangement of nucleous-associated chromatin, the appearance of ring-shaped nucleoli and intranuclear vacuoles are similar to senile changes in the nuclei. A quantitative analysis of these changes established a considerable increase in the number of ring-shaped nucleoli and intranuclear vacuoles in sick animals as compared with normal animals of any age. The number of nucleoli and nucleous-associated chromocenters also increases with the progress of the pathological process, however, it reaches the maximum level in the early stages of the process which is equal or insignificantly higher than the level in old animals, and subsequently does not change. These observations reveal a problem important for pathology, that of the existence of a limit in the development of reparative and dystrophic changes which may be attained sooner or later depending on the severity of a pathological process.", "PMID": 727966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11458", "title": "[Malignant mesothelioma of the pericardium].", "content": "An observation of malignant mesothelioma of the pericardium is described. The tumour grew as papillomatous formations and thick plaques lining the inner surface of the pericardium with transition to the epicardium and the development of massive hemorrhagic pericarditis. The mixed nodular-plate form is histological close to adenocarcinoma. There were metastases in the pleura, paratracheal and posterior mediastinal lymph nodes. Clinically the disease ran a course with angina pectoris and simulated idiopathic myocarditis not confirmed histologically.", "contents": "[Malignant mesothelioma of the pericardium]. An observation of malignant mesothelioma of the pericardium is described. The tumour grew as papillomatous formations and thick plaques lining the inner surface of the pericardium with transition to the epicardium and the development of massive hemorrhagic pericarditis. The mixed nodular-plate form is histological close to adenocarcinoma. There were metastases in the pleura, paratracheal and posterior mediastinal lymph nodes. Clinically the disease ran a course with angina pectoris and simulated idiopathic myocarditis not confirmed histologically.", "PMID": 727968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11459", "title": "[Characteristics of bone regeneration in distraction of bone fragments].", "content": "One of the features of distraction osteosynthesis consists in the presence of a zone of permanent growth between bone breaks. Electron microscopic examinations of the permanent growth zone at 14 and 21 days of distraction showed the presence in the zone of cells of three kinds: fibroblast-like cells, osteoblastic elements and little-differentiated preosteoblasts. Fibroblast-like cells and osteoblastic elements were found to have ultrastructural changes of the endoplasmic reticulum indicating the occurrence of intensive synthesizing processes. Specific conditions of blood supply cause hypoxic metabolism with typical enhanced formation of fibrillae which leads to the preservation of the fibrillar tissue throughout the entire period of distraction. The fibrillar tissue in diastace may be considered to be a special growth plate.", "contents": "[Characteristics of bone regeneration in distraction of bone fragments]. One of the features of distraction osteosynthesis consists in the presence of a zone of permanent growth between bone breaks. Electron microscopic examinations of the permanent growth zone at 14 and 21 days of distraction showed the presence in the zone of cells of three kinds: fibroblast-like cells, osteoblastic elements and little-differentiated preosteoblasts. Fibroblast-like cells and osteoblastic elements were found to have ultrastructural changes of the endoplasmic reticulum indicating the occurrence of intensive synthesizing processes. Specific conditions of blood supply cause hypoxic metabolism with typical enhanced formation of fibrillae which leads to the preservation of the fibrillar tissue throughout the entire period of distraction. The fibrillar tissue in diastace may be considered to be a special growth plate.", "PMID": 727967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11460", "title": "[Diagnosis of alcoholic liver cirrhosis during autopsy].", "content": "Approaches for the diagnosis of alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver at the dissecting table are given on the basis of the analysis of autopsy materials and liver biopsies. The etiological verification of cirrhosis is based on the peculiar morphological lesions of the liver and other organs. The liver is enlarged, its surface micronodal; histologically, an attack of acute alcoholic hepatitis is found not infrequently: necroses of hepatocytes, predominantly neutrophilic infiltration of the stroma and necrotic zones, alcoholic hyalin. Due to autolysis, alcoholic hyalin in the autopsy material changes somehow and is hardly detectable. A combination of alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver with alcoholic cardiopathy and/or chronic calcifying pancreatitis is typical.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of alcoholic liver cirrhosis during autopsy]. Approaches for the diagnosis of alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver at the dissecting table are given on the basis of the analysis of autopsy materials and liver biopsies. The etiological verification of cirrhosis is based on the peculiar morphological lesions of the liver and other organs. The liver is enlarged, its surface micronodal; histologically, an attack of acute alcoholic hepatitis is found not infrequently: necroses of hepatocytes, predominantly neutrophilic infiltration of the stroma and necrotic zones, alcoholic hyalin. Due to autolysis, alcoholic hyalin in the autopsy material changes somehow and is hardly detectable. A combination of alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver with alcoholic cardiopathy and/or chronic calcifying pancreatitis is typical.", "PMID": 727969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11461", "title": "[Method of obtaining semi-thin sections from paraffin blocks in the ultratome].", "content": "A method for attaching paraffine blocks with tissue in ultratomes LKB for the preparation of semi-thin sections is proposed. Paraffin is placed into gelatin capsules and to it a paraffin block with tissue is attached. This permits to place into the block-holder not the block but a capsule with paraffin. The advantage of this method is that the block with tissue is not deformed and is firmly held by the blockholder.", "contents": "[Method of obtaining semi-thin sections from paraffin blocks in the ultratome]. A method for attaching paraffine blocks with tissue in ultratomes LKB for the preparation of semi-thin sections is proposed. Paraffin is placed into gelatin capsules and to it a paraffin block with tissue is attached. This permits to place into the block-holder not the block but a capsule with paraffin. The advantage of this method is that the block with tissue is not deformed and is firmly held by the blockholder.", "PMID": 727970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11462", "title": "[Fibroblasts and the development of the connective tissue: ultrastructural aspects of biosynthesis, fibrillogenesis and catabolism of collagen].", "content": "According to the ultrastructural features, 6 types of fibroblasts are distinguished of which two are immature forms (little-differentiated and young fibroblasts) and the rest (collagenoblasts, myofibroblasts, fibroclasts, fibrocytes) are mature cells with the functional specificity participating in the collagen production, contraction, remodeling, involution and stabilization of the connective tissue, respectively. In their turn, collagenoblasts differ from each other in the intensity of biosynthesis and the mode of collagen secretion from the cell. Fibroblasts also produce proteoglycans which are important in fibrillogenesis. Proteoglycans form cuffing around each collagen fibril as well as are components of microfibrils and floccular material which form the ultrastructural basis of the cementating substance. A system of collagen-lytic enzymes and ultrastructural signs of collagen resorption have been found in fibroblasts attesting to their role in the maintenance of equilibrium between biosynthesis and catabolism of collagen under normal and pathological conditions.", "contents": "[Fibroblasts and the development of the connective tissue: ultrastructural aspects of biosynthesis, fibrillogenesis and catabolism of collagen]. According to the ultrastructural features, 6 types of fibroblasts are distinguished of which two are immature forms (little-differentiated and young fibroblasts) and the rest (collagenoblasts, myofibroblasts, fibroclasts, fibrocytes) are mature cells with the functional specificity participating in the collagen production, contraction, remodeling, involution and stabilization of the connective tissue, respectively. In their turn, collagenoblasts differ from each other in the intensity of biosynthesis and the mode of collagen secretion from the cell. Fibroblasts also produce proteoglycans which are important in fibrillogenesis. Proteoglycans form cuffing around each collagen fibril as well as are components of microfibrils and floccular material which form the ultrastructural basis of the cementating substance. A system of collagen-lytic enzymes and ultrastructural signs of collagen resorption have been found in fibroblasts attesting to their role in the maintenance of equilibrium between biosynthesis and catabolism of collagen under normal and pathological conditions.", "PMID": 727971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11463", "title": "An electron microscope study of fibril: matrix arrangements in high- and low-crimp wool fibres.", "content": "The crimped structure of wool fibres is generally associated with a bilateral arrangement of ortho- and paracortical cells. The most obvious difference between these cell types is in the arrangement and relative proportions of microfibril and matrix proteins that constitute the fibre cortex. In the low-crimp fibres examined there is a poorer expression of bilateral cortical asymmetry compared with the high-crimp wools together with a higher proportion of intermediate-staining mesocortical cells. These mesocortical cells exhibit much more regular arrays of microfibrils than paracortical cells. It is suggested that the packing arrangement of microfibrils in all three cell types is basically hexagonal and the variation observed in mature cells is a function of the fibril:matrix ratio.", "contents": "An electron microscope study of fibril: matrix arrangements in high- and low-crimp wool fibres. The crimped structure of wool fibres is generally associated with a bilateral arrangement of ortho- and paracortical cells. The most obvious difference between these cell types is in the arrangement and relative proportions of microfibril and matrix proteins that constitute the fibre cortex. In the low-crimp fibres examined there is a poorer expression of bilateral cortical asymmetry compared with the high-crimp wools together with a higher proportion of intermediate-staining mesocortical cells. These mesocortical cells exhibit much more regular arrays of microfibrils than paracortical cells. It is suggested that the packing arrangement of microfibrils in all three cell types is basically hexagonal and the variation observed in mature cells is a function of the fibril:matrix ratio.", "PMID": 727992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11464", "title": "Dexamethasone concentrations in ovine plasma during its intravenous infusion, its relation to the production of some endogenous hormones, and some of the effects on wool growth.", "content": "Plasma concentrations of dexamethasone have been measured in sheep during an 8-day infusion of dexamethasone-21 phosphate. The dexamethasone concentration profiles generally revealed a reproducible pattern with three phases--a peak during the first 48 h infusion which was followed by falling concentrations during the next 5 days, and a small increase in dexamethasone concentration during the final 24 h infusion was not uncommon. The pattern of dexamethasone concentrations was retained when dosage was arranged in such a way as to infuse increasing quantities of hormonal analogue as infusion progressed. Aspects of the metabolism of the analogue are discussed. Endogenous thyroxine and cortisol were significantly depressed during infusion. In these experiments wool was completely shed in three out of four animals dosed at a rate of 8.5 mg dexamethasone/kg0.75. The recovery of wool growth to its pretreatment values occurred by about one month after infusion. The consumption of food and body weight increases were satisfactory during the post-infusion period.", "contents": "Dexamethasone concentrations in ovine plasma during its intravenous infusion, its relation to the production of some endogenous hormones, and some of the effects on wool growth. Plasma concentrations of dexamethasone have been measured in sheep during an 8-day infusion of dexamethasone-21 phosphate. The dexamethasone concentration profiles generally revealed a reproducible pattern with three phases--a peak during the first 48 h infusion which was followed by falling concentrations during the next 5 days, and a small increase in dexamethasone concentration during the final 24 h infusion was not uncommon. The pattern of dexamethasone concentrations was retained when dosage was arranged in such a way as to infuse increasing quantities of hormonal analogue as infusion progressed. Aspects of the metabolism of the analogue are discussed. Endogenous thyroxine and cortisol were significantly depressed during infusion. In these experiments wool was completely shed in three out of four animals dosed at a rate of 8.5 mg dexamethasone/kg0.75. The recovery of wool growth to its pretreatment values occurred by about one month after infusion. The consumption of food and body weight increases were satisfactory during the post-infusion period.", "PMID": 727993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11465", "title": "Testicular and epididymal sperm numbers and related parameters in the developing awassi ram.", "content": "Testicular parameters, parenchymal spermatid concentration, and epididymal sperm reserves were measured in tracts obtained from 16 Awassi rams classified into three age groups (1, 1.5 and 2.5 years old). Between 1 and 2.5 years of age the paired testis weight increased from 164.9 to 315.2 g, the testicular spermatid number (X 10(9)) increased from 15.9 to 55.8, and the total epididymal sperm reserves (X 10(9)) increased from 11.1 to 98.8. Significant correlations were found between the paired testis parenchyma weight and all testicular dimensions and size. Testicular spermatid numbers and concentration were correlated with paired testis weight (r = 0.91 and 0.63), paired testis volume (r = 0.92 and 0.64) and all testicular measurements, particularly paired length X depth (r = 0.92 and 0.66). Regression coefficients between all parameters were essentially linear and highly significant, allowing accurate predictions of testis weight, volume and spermatid numbers to be made. The total epididymal sperm reserves and the sperm content of each of the caput, corpus and cauda of the epididymis were correlated with the paired weights of the epididymis (r = 0.73, 0.75, 0.73 and 0.70), the testis (r = 0.76, 0.83, 0.91 and 0.72), the total spermatid numbers in testicular homogenates (r = 0.70, 0.85, 0.91 and 0.64), and spermatid concentration (r = 0.56, 0.75, 0.72 and 0.49). The storage capacity of the cauda epididymides appeared to develop more slowly than the rate of sperm production because at 2.5 years of age it was about 1.5 and 2.8 times that in rams aged 1.5 and 1 year respectively.", "contents": "Testicular and epididymal sperm numbers and related parameters in the developing awassi ram. Testicular parameters, parenchymal spermatid concentration, and epididymal sperm reserves were measured in tracts obtained from 16 Awassi rams classified into three age groups (1, 1.5 and 2.5 years old). Between 1 and 2.5 years of age the paired testis weight increased from 164.9 to 315.2 g, the testicular spermatid number (X 10(9)) increased from 15.9 to 55.8, and the total epididymal sperm reserves (X 10(9)) increased from 11.1 to 98.8. Significant correlations were found between the paired testis parenchyma weight and all testicular dimensions and size. Testicular spermatid numbers and concentration were correlated with paired testis weight (r = 0.91 and 0.63), paired testis volume (r = 0.92 and 0.64) and all testicular measurements, particularly paired length X depth (r = 0.92 and 0.66). Regression coefficients between all parameters were essentially linear and highly significant, allowing accurate predictions of testis weight, volume and spermatid numbers to be made. The total epididymal sperm reserves and the sperm content of each of the caput, corpus and cauda of the epididymis were correlated with the paired weights of the epididymis (r = 0.73, 0.75, 0.73 and 0.70), the testis (r = 0.76, 0.83, 0.91 and 0.72), the total spermatid numbers in testicular homogenates (r = 0.70, 0.85, 0.91 and 0.64), and spermatid concentration (r = 0.56, 0.75, 0.72 and 0.49). The storage capacity of the cauda epididymides appeared to develop more slowly than the rate of sperm production because at 2.5 years of age it was about 1.5 and 2.8 times that in rams aged 1.5 and 1 year respectively.", "PMID": 727994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11466", "title": "Gonadotrophin levels and ovarian development in the neonatal ewe lamb.", "content": "Ovarian weight has been shown to increase markedly in the newborn ewe lamb, and factors which might contribute to this growth were examined. Follicle development was studied in the ovaries of 28 lambs aged 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks. Plasma samples, pituitaries and one ovary were assayed for gonadotrophin or steroid hormone content. No significant differences between age groups were found in pituitary LH concentration or mean plasma LH. Pituitary FSH concentration increased with age, except for a small decrease at 8 weeks, but no significant changes were seen in plasma FSH. Ovarian progesterone and oestradiol concentrations did not appear to be associated with follicular development. Growing follicles were most numerous at 2 weeks whilst total vesicular follicles reached a peak at 4 weeks. Most vesicular follicles were less than 1.4 mm in diameter. Advanced atresia in vesicular follicles became apparent by 4 weeks although early signs were present in younger lambs. Fluctuations in gonadotrophin levels do not appear to be responsible for variations in number and size of vesicular and growing follicles in the lamb ovary. Other possible explanations are discussed.", "contents": "Gonadotrophin levels and ovarian development in the neonatal ewe lamb. Ovarian weight has been shown to increase markedly in the newborn ewe lamb, and factors which might contribute to this growth were examined. Follicle development was studied in the ovaries of 28 lambs aged 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks. Plasma samples, pituitaries and one ovary were assayed for gonadotrophin or steroid hormone content. No significant differences between age groups were found in pituitary LH concentration or mean plasma LH. Pituitary FSH concentration increased with age, except for a small decrease at 8 weeks, but no significant changes were seen in plasma FSH. Ovarian progesterone and oestradiol concentrations did not appear to be associated with follicular development. Growing follicles were most numerous at 2 weeks whilst total vesicular follicles reached a peak at 4 weeks. Most vesicular follicles were less than 1.4 mm in diameter. Advanced atresia in vesicular follicles became apparent by 4 weeks although early signs were present in younger lambs. Fluctuations in gonadotrophin levels do not appear to be responsible for variations in number and size of vesicular and growing follicles in the lamb ovary. Other possible explanations are discussed.", "PMID": 727995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11467", "title": "The effect of cycloheximide on cholecystokinin-evoked pancreatic juice of the anaesthetized rat.", "content": "Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a major stimulant for enzyme secretion by pancreatic acinar cells. In most animals this enzyme secretion is accompanied by a small volume of chloride-rich \"carrier\" fluid in which the enzymes are dissolved. In order to determine whether this carrier fluid is secreted independently of the pancreatic digestive enzymes, and how its composition is altered by interaction with them, we have studied CCK-evoked juice collected from anaesthetized rats before and after administration of cycloheximide, a powerful inhibitor of protein synthesis. Following treatment with cycloheximide, fluid secretion continued unchanged for 30--40 min but protein excretion declined without appreciable delay towards zero. As protein content declined, the juice bicarbonate content rose from 30 to more than 60 mmole 1(-1) so that the juice resembled that evoked in the rat by secretin. It is concluded that secretion of CCK-evoked fluid is independent of the secretion of digestive enzymes and that the carrier fluid is actually alkaline, like secretin-evoked fluid, and only becomes neutral and chloride-rich by interaction with the acidic contents of zymogen granules.", "contents": "The effect of cycloheximide on cholecystokinin-evoked pancreatic juice of the anaesthetized rat. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a major stimulant for enzyme secretion by pancreatic acinar cells. In most animals this enzyme secretion is accompanied by a small volume of chloride-rich \"carrier\" fluid in which the enzymes are dissolved. In order to determine whether this carrier fluid is secreted independently of the pancreatic digestive enzymes, and how its composition is altered by interaction with them, we have studied CCK-evoked juice collected from anaesthetized rats before and after administration of cycloheximide, a powerful inhibitor of protein synthesis. Following treatment with cycloheximide, fluid secretion continued unchanged for 30--40 min but protein excretion declined without appreciable delay towards zero. As protein content declined, the juice bicarbonate content rose from 30 to more than 60 mmole 1(-1) so that the juice resembled that evoked in the rat by secretin. It is concluded that secretion of CCK-evoked fluid is independent of the secretion of digestive enzymes and that the carrier fluid is actually alkaline, like secretin-evoked fluid, and only becomes neutral and chloride-rich by interaction with the acidic contents of zymogen granules.", "PMID": 727996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11468", "title": "The sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-system of rat extensor digitorum longus muscles exposed to hypertonic solutions.", "content": "Excised rat extensor digitorum longus muscles were soaked in a Krebs solution made hypertonic with extra NaCl and fixed using a combination of acrolein and glutaraldehyde dissolved in the same hypertonic Krebs. Electron microscopic examination showed that the sarcoplasmic reticulum (S.R.) of these muscles occupied the same fraction of fibre volume as it did in control muscles soaked and fixed in normal Krebs solution, contradicting previous studies on frog muscle. It appears unlikely that the S.R. is the rapidly exchanging Na+-compartment of rat muscle which enlarges in hypertonic solutions, or that it is an extracellular compartment. The T-system of hypertonic muscles was swollen, but its volume is insufficient to form the rapidly exchanging Na+-compartment.", "contents": "The sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-system of rat extensor digitorum longus muscles exposed to hypertonic solutions. Excised rat extensor digitorum longus muscles were soaked in a Krebs solution made hypertonic with extra NaCl and fixed using a combination of acrolein and glutaraldehyde dissolved in the same hypertonic Krebs. Electron microscopic examination showed that the sarcoplasmic reticulum (S.R.) of these muscles occupied the same fraction of fibre volume as it did in control muscles soaked and fixed in normal Krebs solution, contradicting previous studies on frog muscle. It appears unlikely that the S.R. is the rapidly exchanging Na+-compartment of rat muscle which enlarges in hypertonic solutions, or that it is an extracellular compartment. The T-system of hypertonic muscles was swollen, but its volume is insufficient to form the rapidly exchanging Na+-compartment.", "PMID": 727998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11469", "title": "Effects of a hypercaloric high carbohydrate diet on adipose tissue metabolism in man.", "content": "The effects of a hypercaloric high carbohydrate diet on lipolysis and esterification were studied in biopsy samples of adipose tissue obtained from 5 healthy subjects. Overfeeding with carbohydrate enhanced the rate of esterification of free fatty acids (FFA) without any alteration in the rate of lipolysis. The release of FFA from adipose tissue was inhibited. These observations indicate that the utilization of glucose and FFA by adipose tissue for the synthesis of triglycerides was facilitated during weight gain on a high carbohydrate diet.", "contents": "Effects of a hypercaloric high carbohydrate diet on adipose tissue metabolism in man. The effects of a hypercaloric high carbohydrate diet on lipolysis and esterification were studied in biopsy samples of adipose tissue obtained from 5 healthy subjects. Overfeeding with carbohydrate enhanced the rate of esterification of free fatty acids (FFA) without any alteration in the rate of lipolysis. The release of FFA from adipose tissue was inhibited. These observations indicate that the utilization of glucose and FFA by adipose tissue for the synthesis of triglycerides was facilitated during weight gain on a high carbohydrate diet.", "PMID": 727999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11470", "title": "Glycoproteins of the brush border membrane of mouse duodenum.", "content": "Qualitative and quantitative chemical analyses have been made of the carbohydrate and protein moieties of the glycoproteins in purified mouse duodenal brush border membranes. Solubilized membrane protein was electrophoresed on S.D.S.--polyacrylamide gels and glycoproteins were subsequently identified by periodate-Schiff staining. A parallel experiment showed that these glycoprotein bands also incorporated 14C counts from intraluminally-administered 14C-glucosamine. Positively-staining bands were collected from several identically run gels and subjected to digestion with pronase. The sugar and amino acid compositions of the digested glycoproteins were determined. Five of the membrane proteins appeared to be complexed with sugars, and further analyses showed that there were differences between the glycoproteins with respect to sialic acid, uronic acid, amino acids, amino sugar and monosaccharide contents.", "contents": "Glycoproteins of the brush border membrane of mouse duodenum. Qualitative and quantitative chemical analyses have been made of the carbohydrate and protein moieties of the glycoproteins in purified mouse duodenal brush border membranes. Solubilized membrane protein was electrophoresed on S.D.S.--polyacrylamide gels and glycoproteins were subsequently identified by periodate-Schiff staining. A parallel experiment showed that these glycoprotein bands also incorporated 14C counts from intraluminally-administered 14C-glucosamine. Positively-staining bands were collected from several identically run gels and subjected to digestion with pronase. The sugar and amino acid compositions of the digested glycoproteins were determined. Five of the membrane proteins appeared to be complexed with sugars, and further analyses showed that there were differences between the glycoproteins with respect to sialic acid, uronic acid, amino acids, amino sugar and monosaccharide contents.", "PMID": 728001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11471", "title": "The isolation and identification of lactoferrin from bovine tears.", "content": "A two-step procedure for the isolation of pure lactoferrin from bovine tears is outlined. The amino acid composition of this lactoferrin resembles closely the amino acid composition of lactoferrin isolated from bovine milk.", "contents": "The isolation and identification of lactoferrin from bovine tears. A two-step procedure for the isolation of pure lactoferrin from bovine tears is outlined. The amino acid composition of this lactoferrin resembles closely the amino acid composition of lactoferrin isolated from bovine milk.", "PMID": 728003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11472", "title": "The effects of methysergide on the constrictor response to serotonin on the isolated, perfused rabbit ear artery.", "content": "On the isolated, perfused rabbit ear artery methysergide 10(-9) mol.1(-1) only potentiated the constrictor response to serotonin while at a concentration of 2.5 x 10(-8) mol.1(-1) it only blocked the response. At an intermediate concentration (2.5 x 10(-9) mol.1(-1)) it produced initial potentiation followed by subsequent blockade. In contrast, at all three concentrations it only potentiated the constrictor response to noradrenaline. The results thus show that methysergide can exert a dual effect on the constrictor response to serotonin with the actual effect produced being dependent not only on the concentration of methysergide used but also on the period of time the artery is exposed to methysergide.", "contents": "The effects of methysergide on the constrictor response to serotonin on the isolated, perfused rabbit ear artery. On the isolated, perfused rabbit ear artery methysergide 10(-9) mol.1(-1) only potentiated the constrictor response to serotonin while at a concentration of 2.5 x 10(-8) mol.1(-1) it only blocked the response. At an intermediate concentration (2.5 x 10(-9) mol.1(-1)) it produced initial potentiation followed by subsequent blockade. In contrast, at all three concentrations it only potentiated the constrictor response to noradrenaline. The results thus show that methysergide can exert a dual effect on the constrictor response to serotonin with the actual effect produced being dependent not only on the concentration of methysergide used but also on the period of time the artery is exposed to methysergide.", "PMID": 728004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11473", "title": "Habitat selection and evolutionary strategies in Drosophila: an invited address.", "content": "There is an association among resource utilization divergence, habitat selection, and taxonomic divergence in the genus Drosophila. Given permissive conditions of temperature, humidity, and light intensity, an enormous vairety of resources is used in a diversity of habitats. These resources are considered in the cosmopolitan and endemic Australian fauna, providing evidence for habitat selection in the laboratory and field. Lek behavior in picture-winged species of subgenus Hirtodrosophila, a case of parallel evolution with lek behavior in subgenus Drosophila in Hawaii, is discussed in detail. Other examples of habitat selection discussed concern behavioral reactions of larvae to alcohol and other metabolites and the avoidance by adults of extreme physical environments. Evolutionary strategies involved in habitat selection are considered at various taxonomic levels in Drosophila. These considerations show that it is essential to relate results from laboratory studies to natural environments in order to explore the genetics of habitat selection.", "contents": "Habitat selection and evolutionary strategies in Drosophila: an invited address. There is an association among resource utilization divergence, habitat selection, and taxonomic divergence in the genus Drosophila. Given permissive conditions of temperature, humidity, and light intensity, an enormous vairety of resources is used in a diversity of habitats. These resources are considered in the cosmopolitan and endemic Australian fauna, providing evidence for habitat selection in the laboratory and field. Lek behavior in picture-winged species of subgenus Hirtodrosophila, a case of parallel evolution with lek behavior in subgenus Drosophila in Hawaii, is discussed in detail. Other examples of habitat selection discussed concern behavioral reactions of larvae to alcohol and other metabolites and the avoidance by adults of extreme physical environments. Evolutionary strategies involved in habitat selection are considered at various taxonomic levels in Drosophila. These considerations show that it is essential to relate results from laboratory studies to natural environments in order to explore the genetics of habitat selection.", "PMID": 728026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11474", "title": "Behavioral development in two genetically heterogeneous mouse stocks: Swiss-Webster and Binghamton-HET.", "content": "Two genetically heterogeneous mouse stocks, Swiss-Webster and Binghamton-HET, were tested. Several measures assessing behavioral development revealed differences in rates of development between the stocks. Thus neither stock can be exclusively used to generalize about \"typical\" mouse behavior.", "contents": "Behavioral development in two genetically heterogeneous mouse stocks: Swiss-Webster and Binghamton-HET. Two genetically heterogeneous mouse stocks, Swiss-Webster and Binghamton-HET, were tested. Several measures assessing behavioral development revealed differences in rates of development between the stocks. Thus neither stock can be exclusively used to generalize about \"typical\" mouse behavior.", "PMID": 728027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11475", "title": "The impact of daily work load during pregnancy and/or postnatal life on the heart microstructure of rat male offspring.", "content": "The microstructure of the cardiac muscle of four groups of male rats was investigated: control (EC) and exercised (EE) offspring of mothers exercised during pregnancy, and control (CC) and exercised (CE) offspring of inactive control mothers. The differences between groups were subjected to variance analysis and multiple range testing according to Duncan. Total body weight did not differ during the entire experiment. With the exception of the subgroup CE (lower values) the absolute and relative (mg/100 g total B.W.) weight of the cardiac muscle did not differ either. The number of heart fibres and capillaries per mm2 was highest in subgroup EE, and significantly lowest in subgroup CC. The capillary: fibre ratio was significantly highest in EE; diffusion distance (D/2) was shortest in EE. Other groups were intermediate. A greater impact of prenatal than postnatal work load on the microstructure of the cardiac muscle of the offspring was demonstrated.", "contents": "The impact of daily work load during pregnancy and/or postnatal life on the heart microstructure of rat male offspring. The microstructure of the cardiac muscle of four groups of male rats was investigated: control (EC) and exercised (EE) offspring of mothers exercised during pregnancy, and control (CC) and exercised (CE) offspring of inactive control mothers. The differences between groups were subjected to variance analysis and multiple range testing according to Duncan. Total body weight did not differ during the entire experiment. With the exception of the subgroup CE (lower values) the absolute and relative (mg/100 g total B.W.) weight of the cardiac muscle did not differ either. The number of heart fibres and capillaries per mm2 was highest in subgroup EE, and significantly lowest in subgroup CC. The capillary: fibre ratio was significantly highest in EE; diffusion distance (D/2) was shortest in EE. Other groups were intermediate. A greater impact of prenatal than postnatal work load on the microstructure of the cardiac muscle of the offspring was demonstrated.", "PMID": 728029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11476", "title": "Pulmonary circulation in the reindeer.", "content": "Right heart catheterizations were performed in 56 sessions on 25 reindeer with determinations of blood pressure and oxygen saturation. Cardiac output was calculated from cineangiocardiograms. When the animals were placed in prone position, heart rate was about 50/min, mixed venous blood oxygen saturation 68 to 72%, right ventricular systolic pressure 27 mmHg, pulmonary arterial pressure 25/16/11 mmHg, pulmonary arterial wedge pressure 6--8 mmHg and pulmonary transfer time 4 to 5 cardiac cycles. When the animals were placed on their side, the heart rate rose to 90 b/min, mixed venous blood oxygen saturation decreased by about 4% and the right ventricular and pulmonary arterial pressures increased by about 10 mmHg; pulmonary arterial wedge pressure did not change. Hypoxemia led to an increase in heart rate, cardiac output and pulmonary arterial pressure; the latter two measures tended to increase whenever the heart rate increased. Under the conditions stated here, an increased pulmonary vascular resistance was calculated when pulmonary arterial pressure was increased.", "contents": "Pulmonary circulation in the reindeer. Right heart catheterizations were performed in 56 sessions on 25 reindeer with determinations of blood pressure and oxygen saturation. Cardiac output was calculated from cineangiocardiograms. When the animals were placed in prone position, heart rate was about 50/min, mixed venous blood oxygen saturation 68 to 72%, right ventricular systolic pressure 27 mmHg, pulmonary arterial pressure 25/16/11 mmHg, pulmonary arterial wedge pressure 6--8 mmHg and pulmonary transfer time 4 to 5 cardiac cycles. When the animals were placed on their side, the heart rate rose to 90 b/min, mixed venous blood oxygen saturation decreased by about 4% and the right ventricular and pulmonary arterial pressures increased by about 10 mmHg; pulmonary arterial wedge pressure did not change. Hypoxemia led to an increase in heart rate, cardiac output and pulmonary arterial pressure; the latter two measures tended to increase whenever the heart rate increased. Under the conditions stated here, an increased pulmonary vascular resistance was calculated when pulmonary arterial pressure was increased.", "PMID": 728032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11477", "title": "The hypoxic, low-flow perfused rat heart: characterization as a model of global ischaemia.", "content": "In the study of the mechanism of mitochondrial damage in myocardial ischaemia, production of a small animal model of global ischaemia proved to be necessary. Thus, the effects of coronary flow rate, oxygen availability and substrate availability were studied on the functional capacity of mitochondria isolated from perfused rat hearts. The hypoxic, low-flow perfused heart eventually chosen was evaluated as a model of myocardial ischaemia by measuring tissue contents of high energy phosphate compounds and glycolytic intermediates and by assessing the effects of exogenous substrates on the above parameters.", "contents": "The hypoxic, low-flow perfused rat heart: characterization as a model of global ischaemia. In the study of the mechanism of mitochondrial damage in myocardial ischaemia, production of a small animal model of global ischaemia proved to be necessary. Thus, the effects of coronary flow rate, oxygen availability and substrate availability were studied on the functional capacity of mitochondria isolated from perfused rat hearts. The hypoxic, low-flow perfused heart eventually chosen was evaluated as a model of myocardial ischaemia by measuring tissue contents of high energy phosphate compounds and glycolytic intermediates and by assessing the effects of exogenous substrates on the above parameters.", "PMID": 728033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11478", "title": "[Evaluation of elasticity by means of length-tension relationships in a model of isolated ventricular myocardium from rat and cat papillary muscle under conditions of contracture (author's transl)].", "content": "Increase of Ca2+ concentration to 7.5 mM in the presence of 10 mM or 20 mM caffeine shifted length-tension relationships of 5 rat trabecular muscles and 5 cat papillary muscles to higher tensions. At 1max diastolic tension was enhanced from (formula: see text), for all measured points of stress-strain relationships after the increase of diastolic tension by caffeine and Ca2+ as well as under control conditions. The function E = f (sigma) = b (sigma - c) was computed by linear regression analysis (0.99 greater than r2 greater than 0.96). The average value of constant b was 13.89 +/- 2.01 in control curves of rat trabecular muscles and 13.42 +/- 1.98 in curves with 10 mM caffeine and 7.5 mM Ca2+. Likewise, in cat papillary muscles 20 mM caffeine and 7.5 mM Ca2+ did not alter the stiffness constant b in a statistically significant manner (control: 16.63 +/- 3.03, caffeine: 16.43 +/- 3.02). The results demonstrate that the stiffness constant b cannot indicate acute variations of the length-tension relationships due to caffeine and Ca2+ and may result in overestimating of myocardial distensibility. However, if the tangent modulus (E) is related to strain (epsilon), the alterations of diastolic elasticity are detectable. Mathematical considerations of these experimental results imply a new base for evaluation of diastolic elasticity of the heart by means of the tangent modulus (E). These results are of substantial importance in clinical evaluation of distensibility of myocardial tissue, as the tangent modulus related to wall stress apparently is not appropriate to realize alterations in \"passive\" myocardial properties due to contracture.", "contents": "[Evaluation of elasticity by means of length-tension relationships in a model of isolated ventricular myocardium from rat and cat papillary muscle under conditions of contracture (author's transl)]. Increase of Ca2+ concentration to 7.5 mM in the presence of 10 mM or 20 mM caffeine shifted length-tension relationships of 5 rat trabecular muscles and 5 cat papillary muscles to higher tensions. At 1max diastolic tension was enhanced from (formula: see text), for all measured points of stress-strain relationships after the increase of diastolic tension by caffeine and Ca2+ as well as under control conditions. The function E = f (sigma) = b (sigma - c) was computed by linear regression analysis (0.99 greater than r2 greater than 0.96). The average value of constant b was 13.89 +/- 2.01 in control curves of rat trabecular muscles and 13.42 +/- 1.98 in curves with 10 mM caffeine and 7.5 mM Ca2+. Likewise, in cat papillary muscles 20 mM caffeine and 7.5 mM Ca2+ did not alter the stiffness constant b in a statistically significant manner (control: 16.63 +/- 3.03, caffeine: 16.43 +/- 3.02). The results demonstrate that the stiffness constant b cannot indicate acute variations of the length-tension relationships due to caffeine and Ca2+ and may result in overestimating of myocardial distensibility. However, if the tangent modulus (E) is related to strain (epsilon), the alterations of diastolic elasticity are detectable. Mathematical considerations of these experimental results imply a new base for evaluation of diastolic elasticity of the heart by means of the tangent modulus (E). These results are of substantial importance in clinical evaluation of distensibility of myocardial tissue, as the tangent modulus related to wall stress apparently is not appropriate to realize alterations in \"passive\" myocardial properties due to contracture.", "PMID": 728030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11479", "title": "Thermal dilution measurement of cardiac output in dogs using an analog computer.", "content": "Thermal dilution cardiac output determinations in dogs were compared to simultaneously performed Fick oxygen measurements. The purpose of this study was to validate in dog experiments a method for thermal dilution measurement which employs a double-thermistor catheter combined with an automatic computer as described by Olsson et al. Dilution and injectate temperature are entered directly into the calculation. The method does not employ logarithmic extrapolation, integration of the dilution signal being terminated when a preset cut-off level is reached. Errors due to recirculation, thermal capacitance of the right heart and heat exchange with the catheter's dead space require the use of an empirically derived correction factor, which in dogs was found to be significantly different from the factor used for human thermal dilution curves. With the appropriate cut-off level and correction factor a good agreement was found between the results of the thermal dilution and the Fick method. The regression equation for 47 experiments was found to be COtd = 0.95 COFick + 0.08; the correlation coefficient was 0.94.", "contents": "Thermal dilution measurement of cardiac output in dogs using an analog computer. Thermal dilution cardiac output determinations in dogs were compared to simultaneously performed Fick oxygen measurements. The purpose of this study was to validate in dog experiments a method for thermal dilution measurement which employs a double-thermistor catheter combined with an automatic computer as described by Olsson et al. Dilution and injectate temperature are entered directly into the calculation. The method does not employ logarithmic extrapolation, integration of the dilution signal being terminated when a preset cut-off level is reached. Errors due to recirculation, thermal capacitance of the right heart and heat exchange with the catheter's dead space require the use of an empirically derived correction factor, which in dogs was found to be significantly different from the factor used for human thermal dilution curves. With the appropriate cut-off level and correction factor a good agreement was found between the results of the thermal dilution and the Fick method. The regression equation for 47 experiments was found to be COtd = 0.95 COFick + 0.08; the correlation coefficient was 0.94.", "PMID": 728031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11480", "title": "[Studies on the effects of atrazine and simazine on the N-binding bacteria Azotobacter and Beijerinckia in the ferralitic soils of Cuba].", "content": "In two Cuban locations (Santiago de las Vegas and Jovellanos) the effect was investigated of increasing atrazin and simazin applications (0, 4, 8, 16 kg/ha) to the number of Azotobacter and Beijerinckia colonies in weakly ferrallitic soils 7 and 15 days after their application during the rainy and dry seasons. The results were as follows: 1. The number of the Beijerinckia colonies is higher in all variants than that of Azotobacter. 2. Beijerinckia and Azotobacter are stimulated up to 7 days, partly also up to 15 days, after application of the triazins. Atrazin exhibits a stronger and more lasting effect than simazin, and Azotobacter are influenced more strongly than Beijerinckia. 3. This stimulation can be adduced with a high degree of probability to the inhibition of organisms which have an antagonistic effect on N-binding bacteria.", "contents": "[Studies on the effects of atrazine and simazine on the N-binding bacteria Azotobacter and Beijerinckia in the ferralitic soils of Cuba]. In two Cuban locations (Santiago de las Vegas and Jovellanos) the effect was investigated of increasing atrazin and simazin applications (0, 4, 8, 16 kg/ha) to the number of Azotobacter and Beijerinckia colonies in weakly ferrallitic soils 7 and 15 days after their application during the rainy and dry seasons. The results were as follows: 1. The number of the Beijerinckia colonies is higher in all variants than that of Azotobacter. 2. Beijerinckia and Azotobacter are stimulated up to 7 days, partly also up to 15 days, after application of the triazins. Atrazin exhibits a stronger and more lasting effect than simazin, and Azotobacter are influenced more strongly than Beijerinckia. 3. This stimulation can be adduced with a high degree of probability to the inhibition of organisms which have an antagonistic effect on N-binding bacteria.", "PMID": 728049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11481", "title": "Comparative study on the effect of some chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides on the formation of ectotrophic mycorrhizae in seedlings of Picea abies (L.) Karst.", "content": "Pot experiments were conducted to determine the effect of lindane and toxaphene on the ectotrophic mycorrhizae in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings. The concentrations investigated gave variable results. Quantitative reductions were found in mycorrhizal short roots and intensity. In general the initiated lateral roots were mainly infected by mycorrhizae, even in the presence of insecticidal injuries in the root system.", "contents": "Comparative study on the effect of some chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides on the formation of ectotrophic mycorrhizae in seedlings of Picea abies (L.) Karst. Pot experiments were conducted to determine the effect of lindane and toxaphene on the ectotrophic mycorrhizae in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings. The concentrations investigated gave variable results. Quantitative reductions were found in mycorrhizal short roots and intensity. In general the initiated lateral roots were mainly infected by mycorrhizae, even in the presence of insecticidal injuries in the root system.", "PMID": 728050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11482", "title": "Heterosis and phenotypic correlations for shank length, body weight and egg production traits in the Alexandria strains and their crosses with Fayoumi chickens.", "content": "The performance features of one paternal (PL) and one maternal line (ML) each, their reciprocal crosses and their crosses with a non-selected Fayoumi population are presented. A clear heterosis was found for hatchability only. Shank length, body weight, fertility, sexual maturity and egg weight were intermediate. Heterosis was observed for the number of eggs in the first 90 days of laying for the ML X PL cross. The performance of the PL and ML and of their reciprocal crosses was generally higher than that of the crosses with the non-selected Fayoumis.", "contents": "Heterosis and phenotypic correlations for shank length, body weight and egg production traits in the Alexandria strains and their crosses with Fayoumi chickens. The performance features of one paternal (PL) and one maternal line (ML) each, their reciprocal crosses and their crosses with a non-selected Fayoumi population are presented. A clear heterosis was found for hatchability only. Shank length, body weight, fertility, sexual maturity and egg weight were intermediate. Heterosis was observed for the number of eggs in the first 90 days of laying for the ML X PL cross. The performance of the PL and ML and of their reciprocal crosses was generally higher than that of the crosses with the non-selected Fayoumis.", "PMID": 728051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11483", "title": "Methemoglobin reductase in three species of Bovidae.", "content": "Isoelectric focusing of red cell hemolysates revealed several isozymes that stain for NADH-methemoglobin reductase. Evidence for two different genetic loci controlling the banding patterns was obtained. One locus controlled a single band present in all animals tested. The second locus controlled ten different banding patterns that could be accounted for by four codominant alleles. Band B occurred in Bison bison. Bands A and C occurred in Bos indicus and band D occurred in both Bos indicus and Bos taurus. Bands A, C, and D were not observed in Bison bison and bands A, B, and C were not observed in Bos taurus.", "contents": "Methemoglobin reductase in three species of Bovidae. Isoelectric focusing of red cell hemolysates revealed several isozymes that stain for NADH-methemoglobin reductase. Evidence for two different genetic loci controlling the banding patterns was obtained. One locus controlled a single band present in all animals tested. The second locus controlled ten different banding patterns that could be accounted for by four codominant alleles. Band B occurred in Bison bison. Bands A and C occurred in Bos indicus and band D occurred in both Bos indicus and Bos taurus. Bands A, C, and D were not observed in Bison bison and bands A, B, and C were not observed in Bos taurus.", "PMID": 728057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11484", "title": "Heterozygosity in Yellowstone Park elk, Cervus canadensis.", "content": "Protein products of 24 loci from the genomes of Yellowstone Park elk were analyzed by electrophoresis. Heterozygosity was detected in only one system, making elk much less polymorphic than eastern whitetailed deer. Data for several other large mammals are compared with those for elk and reveal similarly low levels of isozymic variation. The data are consistent with the fine-grained niche theory but difficult to reconcile with bottlenecks and genetic drift.", "contents": "Heterozygosity in Yellowstone Park elk, Cervus canadensis. Protein products of 24 loci from the genomes of Yellowstone Park elk were analyzed by electrophoresis. Heterozygosity was detected in only one system, making elk much less polymorphic than eastern whitetailed deer. Data for several other large mammals are compared with those for elk and reveal similarly low levels of isozymic variation. The data are consistent with the fine-grained niche theory but difficult to reconcile with bottlenecks and genetic drift.", "PMID": 728058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11485", "title": "Simplified typing of mouse hemoglobin (Hbb) phenotypes using cystamine.", "content": "Cellulose acetate electrophoresis of mouse hemoglobins modified with the disulfide reagent cystamine permits rapid, unequivocal discrimination of all combinations of the codominant mouse hemoglobin \"single\" (Hbbs) and \"diffuse\" (Hbbd and Hbbp) alleles. The single, diffuse major, diffuse d-minor, and diffuse p-minor adult hemoglobins are all resolved by this method, which depends on the presence of a cysteine in the beta chains of \"diffuse\" mice which is not found in the beta chain of \"single\" mice.", "contents": "Simplified typing of mouse hemoglobin (Hbb) phenotypes using cystamine. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis of mouse hemoglobins modified with the disulfide reagent cystamine permits rapid, unequivocal discrimination of all combinations of the codominant mouse hemoglobin \"single\" (Hbbs) and \"diffuse\" (Hbbd and Hbbp) alleles. The single, diffuse major, diffuse d-minor, and diffuse p-minor adult hemoglobins are all resolved by this method, which depends on the presence of a cysteine in the beta chains of \"diffuse\" mice which is not found in the beta chain of \"single\" mice.", "PMID": 728059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11486", "title": "Fluorescence spectrophotometric analysis of melanins in the house mouse.", "content": "We extracted the yellow melanin (phaeomelanin), black melanin (eumelanin), and mixed type of melanin from dorsal hair of dominant yellow (Ay/a), non-agouti (a/a), and agouti (A/A) mice, respectively. Spectrophotometric and fluorescence spectrophotometric analysis demonstrated that the yellow melanin was qualitatively distinct from the black melanin and that the agouti hair contained both types of pigment.", "contents": "Fluorescence spectrophotometric analysis of melanins in the house mouse. We extracted the yellow melanin (phaeomelanin), black melanin (eumelanin), and mixed type of melanin from dorsal hair of dominant yellow (Ay/a), non-agouti (a/a), and agouti (A/A) mice, respectively. Spectrophotometric and fluorescence spectrophotometric analysis demonstrated that the yellow melanin was qualitatively distinct from the black melanin and that the agouti hair contained both types of pigment.", "PMID": 728060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11487", "title": "A technique for detection and relative quantitative analysis of glucosephosphate isomerase isozymes from nanogram tissue samples.", "content": "An improved method for detecting and measuring the enzyme glucosephosphate isomerase after starch gel electrophoresis is described. Nitrocellulose filters are used in a gel overlay procedure which increases the sensitivity of the staining reaction and provides a simple means for accurate quantitation of the isozyme pattern. This staining technique may have wider application with other gel media and also with other enzymes.", "contents": "A technique for detection and relative quantitative analysis of glucosephosphate isomerase isozymes from nanogram tissue samples. An improved method for detecting and measuring the enzyme glucosephosphate isomerase after starch gel electrophoresis is described. Nitrocellulose filters are used in a gel overlay procedure which increases the sensitivity of the staining reaction and provides a simple means for accurate quantitation of the isozyme pattern. This staining technique may have wider application with other gel media and also with other enzymes.", "PMID": 728061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11488", "title": "Association in Long-Evans hooded rats of red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels with hemoglobin types.", "content": "Two sublines of commercially available Long-Evans hooded rats have been developed by genetic selection. These sublines have widely differing levels of erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) due to different alleles at a single genetic locus. In the present work, it is shown that rats from the commercial population are also polymorphic at a hemoglobin locus, probably involving two alleles of the IIIbeta-globin chain locus. Particular hemoglobin types have been found to be strongly associated with certain DPG types, not only in the high-DPG and low-DPG lines but also in the commercial population. Two explanations for this association are considered. One is a single-locus hypothesis, with hemoglobin allelic variation causing DPG variation, and the other is a two-locus hypothesis, with marked linkage disequilibrium.", "contents": "Association in Long-Evans hooded rats of red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels with hemoglobin types. Two sublines of commercially available Long-Evans hooded rats have been developed by genetic selection. These sublines have widely differing levels of erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) due to different alleles at a single genetic locus. In the present work, it is shown that rats from the commercial population are also polymorphic at a hemoglobin locus, probably involving two alleles of the IIIbeta-globin chain locus. Particular hemoglobin types have been found to be strongly associated with certain DPG types, not only in the high-DPG and low-DPG lines but also in the commercial population. Two explanations for this association are considered. One is a single-locus hypothesis, with hemoglobin allelic variation causing DPG variation, and the other is a two-locus hypothesis, with marked linkage disequilibrium.", "PMID": 728062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11489", "title": "An examination of the age-related patterns of decay of acid phosphatase (ACP1) in human red cells from individuals of different phenotypes.", "content": "A study has been made of the decay of acid phosphatase (ACP1) in the human red cell using red cell fractions of different mean ages prepared by density gradient centrifugation. Red cells from acid phosphatase type A and type B individuals were used in the study. Acid phosphatase activity of the red cell fractions was determined by two different assay methods. The results obtained were comparable and have been combined. Acid phosphatase type A and type B showed a biphasic decay pattern with a rapid early loss of activity, followed by a more gradual rate of decline. Type A appeared to decay more rapidly than type B in both decay phases. It is proposed that differences in stability between type A and type B in vivo may explain the observed differences in activity between the enzyme types. There was no evidence for the generation of secondary isozymes by acid phosphatase type A or type B during red cell aging.", "contents": "An examination of the age-related patterns of decay of acid phosphatase (ACP1) in human red cells from individuals of different phenotypes. A study has been made of the decay of acid phosphatase (ACP1) in the human red cell using red cell fractions of different mean ages prepared by density gradient centrifugation. Red cells from acid phosphatase type A and type B individuals were used in the study. Acid phosphatase activity of the red cell fractions was determined by two different assay methods. The results obtained were comparable and have been combined. Acid phosphatase type A and type B showed a biphasic decay pattern with a rapid early loss of activity, followed by a more gradual rate of decline. Type A appeared to decay more rapidly than type B in both decay phases. It is proposed that differences in stability between type A and type B in vivo may explain the observed differences in activity between the enzyme types. There was no evidence for the generation of secondary isozymes by acid phosphatase type A or type B during red cell aging.", "PMID": 728063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11490", "title": "On the two electrophoretic forms of the human superoxide dismutase A in the homozygote SOD A1.", "content": "Human superoxide dismutase A of the common phenotype SOD A1 is present in two electrophoretic forms in erythrocytes. These forms are charge isomers, easily permuting one into the other. Oxidation and reduction of the copper, partial or complete saturation of the dimers with copper, and presence of thiol groups on the enzyme do not seem to be involved.", "contents": "On the two electrophoretic forms of the human superoxide dismutase A in the homozygote SOD A1. Human superoxide dismutase A of the common phenotype SOD A1 is present in two electrophoretic forms in erythrocytes. These forms are charge isomers, easily permuting one into the other. Oxidation and reduction of the copper, partial or complete saturation of the dimers with copper, and presence of thiol groups on the enzyme do not seem to be involved.", "PMID": 728064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11491", "title": "Aconitase (E.C. 4.2.1.3) mitochondrial locus mapped to human chromosome 22: studies with Chinese hamster--human somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "Three separate somatic cell fusions were made between Chinese hamster lines and human lymphocytes containing (1) a 3/4 translocation, (2) an X/9 translocation, and (3) a 17/9 translocation. Eleven independently derived hybrids showed that only human chromosome 22 was consistently present when human ACONM was expressed and absent when human ACONM was not expressed. These studies assign a gene for human ACONM to chromosome 22, and are consistent with prior gene-mapping results.", "contents": "Aconitase (E.C. 4.2.1.3) mitochondrial locus mapped to human chromosome 22: studies with Chinese hamster--human somatic cell hybrids. Three separate somatic cell fusions were made between Chinese hamster lines and human lymphocytes containing (1) a 3/4 translocation, (2) an X/9 translocation, and (3) a 17/9 translocation. Eleven independently derived hybrids showed that only human chromosome 22 was consistently present when human ACONM was expressed and absent when human ACONM was not expressed. These studies assign a gene for human ACONM to chromosome 22, and are consistent with prior gene-mapping results.", "PMID": 728065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11492", "title": "Pigment synthesis in maize aleurone from precursors fed to anthocyanin mutants.", "content": "Aleurone tissue of c2 Pr, C2 pr, or c2 pr genotypes can utilize either of two flavanones (naringenin, homoeriodictyol) or a flavanonol (dihydroquercetin) to synthesize anthocyanin. The anthocyanins formed have substitution patterns corresponding to those of the precursors, but c2 Pr tissue can hydroxylate the 4'-OH precursor at the 3' position. The results presented suggest that C2 acts before the flavanone step and that the hydroxylation gene (Pr) can act after C2.", "contents": "Pigment synthesis in maize aleurone from precursors fed to anthocyanin mutants. Aleurone tissue of c2 Pr, C2 pr, or c2 pr genotypes can utilize either of two flavanones (naringenin, homoeriodictyol) or a flavanonol (dihydroquercetin) to synthesize anthocyanin. The anthocyanins formed have substitution patterns corresponding to those of the precursors, but c2 Pr tissue can hydroxylate the 4'-OH precursor at the 3' position. The results presented suggest that C2 acts before the flavanone step and that the hydroxylation gene (Pr) can act after C2.", "PMID": 728066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11493", "title": "Gene diversity of bovid hemoglobins.", "content": "Forty-five adult hemoglobin molecular forms which include 22 electrophoretically silent forms were structurally characterized from animal species of nine genera belonging to family Bovidae. Of the 12 different bovid species studied, 11 showed either alpha or beta chain heterogeneity in their hemoglobins while eight species showed heterogeneity for both polypeptide chains. Wherever possible, the genetic basis for hemoglobin phenotypes has been suggested. By construction of a phylogenetic tree for 14 ungulate alpha-globin sequences, the evolutionary origins of duplicated alpha chain genes present in some ungulate species have been located, and the phyletic relationship of Bovids based on the alpha globin data is discussed.", "contents": "Gene diversity of bovid hemoglobins. Forty-five adult hemoglobin molecular forms which include 22 electrophoretically silent forms were structurally characterized from animal species of nine genera belonging to family Bovidae. Of the 12 different bovid species studied, 11 showed either alpha or beta chain heterogeneity in their hemoglobins while eight species showed heterogeneity for both polypeptide chains. Wherever possible, the genetic basis for hemoglobin phenotypes has been suggested. By construction of a phylogenetic tree for 14 ungulate alpha-globin sequences, the evolutionary origins of duplicated alpha chain genes present in some ungulate species have been located, and the phyletic relationship of Bovids based on the alpha globin data is discussed.", "PMID": 728067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11494", "title": "Subunit size of enzymes and genetic heterozygosity in vertebrates.", "content": "There is a small but significant positive correlation between individual locus estimates of heterozygosity and subunit molecular weight in vertebrate dimeric enzymes. This correlation is smaller than that previously shown to exist for Drosophila dimers, and some possible reasons for this are explored. Data for vertebrate tetrameric enzymes are less extensive but appear to give similar trends to those shown by dimers. It is concluded that enzyme heterozygosity is influenced by both subunit size and quaternary structure.", "contents": "Subunit size of enzymes and genetic heterozygosity in vertebrates. There is a small but significant positive correlation between individual locus estimates of heterozygosity and subunit molecular weight in vertebrate dimeric enzymes. This correlation is smaller than that previously shown to exist for Drosophila dimers, and some possible reasons for this are explored. Data for vertebrate tetrameric enzymes are less extensive but appear to give similar trends to those shown by dimers. It is concluded that enzyme heterozygosity is influenced by both subunit size and quaternary structure.", "PMID": 728068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11495", "title": "Genetic and molecular analysis of nonrandom dimer assembly of the creatine kinase isozymes of fishes.", "content": "Species within many families of actinopterygian bony fishes (class Osteichthyes) have a two-banded allelic isozyme phenotype in individuals heterozygous at the creatine kinase A locus. This two-banded pattern is formed by the presence of the two homodimeric isozymes and the absence of the expected heterodimer. Sharks and amphibians have retained the ability to form all three allelic isozymes in individuals which are heterozygous. Reversible denaturation procedures were able to assemble the different allelic CK-A subunits within a species to form CK-A2 heterodimers. Furthermore, heterodimers were formed from different CK-A subunits from highly divergent species after this in vitro molecular hybridization process. It is concluded from these studies that the polypeptide-binding sites of creatine kinase are structurally conservative in most fishes and that the absence of a heterodimer in heterozygous individuals is not due to a structural incompatibility between the different A subunit types or to an instability of the heterodimer during electrophoresis. A temporal and/or spatial isolation of allelic CK-A subunit synthesis and assembly, within differentiated skeletal muscle, appears to have evolved in the actinopterygian bony fishes.", "contents": "Genetic and molecular analysis of nonrandom dimer assembly of the creatine kinase isozymes of fishes. Species within many families of actinopterygian bony fishes (class Osteichthyes) have a two-banded allelic isozyme phenotype in individuals heterozygous at the creatine kinase A locus. This two-banded pattern is formed by the presence of the two homodimeric isozymes and the absence of the expected heterodimer. Sharks and amphibians have retained the ability to form all three allelic isozymes in individuals which are heterozygous. Reversible denaturation procedures were able to assemble the different allelic CK-A subunits within a species to form CK-A2 heterodimers. Furthermore, heterodimers were formed from different CK-A subunits from highly divergent species after this in vitro molecular hybridization process. It is concluded from these studies that the polypeptide-binding sites of creatine kinase are structurally conservative in most fishes and that the absence of a heterodimer in heterozygous individuals is not due to a structural incompatibility between the different A subunit types or to an instability of the heterodimer during electrophoresis. A temporal and/or spatial isolation of allelic CK-A subunit synthesis and assembly, within differentiated skeletal muscle, appears to have evolved in the actinopterygian bony fishes.", "PMID": 728069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11496", "title": "Genetic aspects of wheat gliadin proteins.", "content": "Inheritance of gliadin components unique to three different varieties of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was studied in F1 and F2 seeds of intervarietal crosses using protein patterns obtained by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in aluminum lactate buffer (pH 3.2). The patterns of F1 seeds of the crosses Cheyenne X Justin and INIA 66R X Justin evidenced all the bands present in the patterns of the parents; band intensities reflected gene dosage levels dependent on whether the contributing parent was maternal or paternal in accordance with the triploid nature of endosperm tissue. Most of the gliadin components examined segregated in accordance with control by a single dominant gene, but in two instances single bands in the one-dimensional electrophoretic patterns segregated in the F2 as expected if controlled by two genes. A method of two-dimensional electrophoresis was developed that resolved these apparently single bands into two components each, which could segregate independently. Linkage analysis provided evidence of codominant alleles and closely linked genes coding for gliadin protein components in both coupling and repulsion situations. The gliadin protein components seem to be coded for by clusters of genes located on chromosomes of homoeologous groups 1 and 6 in hexaploid wheats.", "contents": "Genetic aspects of wheat gliadin proteins. Inheritance of gliadin components unique to three different varieties of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was studied in F1 and F2 seeds of intervarietal crosses using protein patterns obtained by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in aluminum lactate buffer (pH 3.2). The patterns of F1 seeds of the crosses Cheyenne X Justin and INIA 66R X Justin evidenced all the bands present in the patterns of the parents; band intensities reflected gene dosage levels dependent on whether the contributing parent was maternal or paternal in accordance with the triploid nature of endosperm tissue. Most of the gliadin components examined segregated in accordance with control by a single dominant gene, but in two instances single bands in the one-dimensional electrophoretic patterns segregated in the F2 as expected if controlled by two genes. A method of two-dimensional electrophoresis was developed that resolved these apparently single bands into two components each, which could segregate independently. Linkage analysis provided evidence of codominant alleles and closely linked genes coding for gliadin protein components in both coupling and repulsion situations. The gliadin protein components seem to be coded for by clusters of genes located on chromosomes of homoeologous groups 1 and 6 in hexaploid wheats.", "PMID": 728070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11497", "title": "Product inhibition of o-aminophenol glucuronidation by p-nitrophenyl glucuronide in detergent-treated microsomal fractions.", "content": "The glucuronidation of o-aminophenol is unaffected by p-nitrophenyl gluronide when native microsomal fractions are the source of UDP-glucuronyltransferase. When microsomal fractions treated with Lubrol detergent are the source of the enzyme, however, p-nitrophenyl glucuronide exhibits competitive inhibition of o-aminophenol glucuronidation. In addition, the apparent K1 for p-nitrophenyl glucuronide is the same whether o-aminophenol or p-nitrophenol is the acceptor substrate. The data suggest that UDP-glucuronyltransferase has one binding site for the two phenols and that the absence of inhibition observed in native microsomal fractions is dependent on an intact microsomal membrane.", "contents": "Product inhibition of o-aminophenol glucuronidation by p-nitrophenyl glucuronide in detergent-treated microsomal fractions. The glucuronidation of o-aminophenol is unaffected by p-nitrophenyl gluronide when native microsomal fractions are the source of UDP-glucuronyltransferase. When microsomal fractions treated with Lubrol detergent are the source of the enzyme, however, p-nitrophenyl glucuronide exhibits competitive inhibition of o-aminophenol glucuronidation. In addition, the apparent K1 for p-nitrophenyl glucuronide is the same whether o-aminophenol or p-nitrophenol is the acceptor substrate. The data suggest that UDP-glucuronyltransferase has one binding site for the two phenols and that the absence of inhibition observed in native microsomal fractions is dependent on an intact microsomal membrane.", "PMID": 728071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11498", "title": "Submitochondrial location of ruthenium red-sensitive calcium-ion transport and evidence for its enrichment in a specific population of rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "1. Seven fractions sedimenting at between 3000 and 120000g-min were prepared from a rat liver homogenate by differential centrifugation in buffered iso-osmotic sucrose. The following measurements were carried out on each of these fractions: Ruthenium Red-sensitive Ca(2+) transport in the absence and in the presence of P(i) as well as in the presence of N-ethylmaleimide to prevent P(i) cycling, succinate-supported respiration in the absence and in the presence of ADP, the DeltaE and -59 DeltapH components of the protonmotive force, cytochrome oxidase, uncoupler-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, P(i) content and the effect on the ;resting' rate of respiration of repeated additions of a fixed Ca(2+) concentration. 2. Ca(2+) transport either in the presence or in the absence of added P(i) and in the presence of N-ethylmaleimide exhibits significantly higher rates in the fraction sedimenting at 8000g-min. By contrast, respiration in the presence or in the absence of added ADP and the values for DeltaE and -59 DeltapH were similar in those fractions sedimenting between 4000 and 20000g-min, indicating that the driving force for Ca(2+) transport was similar in each of these fractions. 3. Experiments designed to determine the capacity of the individual fractions for Ca(2+), as measured by the effect of repeated additions of Ca(2+) on the resting rate of respiration, showed that fraction 2, i.e. that sedimenting at 8000g-min, also exhibited the greatest tolerance towards the uncoupling action of the ion. 4. Of the three enzyme activity profiles, only that of alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase was similar to that of Ca(2+) transport. Because previous workers have assigned this enzyme to loci in the inner peripheral membrane [Werner & Neupert (1972) Eur. J. Biochem.25, 379-396], it is concluded that the Ruthenium Red-sensitive Ca(2+)- transport system also is located in this domain of the inner membrane. The relation of these findings to the mechanisms of mitochondrial Ca(2+) transport and the biogenesis of mitochondria is discussed.", "contents": "Submitochondrial location of ruthenium red-sensitive calcium-ion transport and evidence for its enrichment in a specific population of rat liver mitochondria. 1. Seven fractions sedimenting at between 3000 and 120000g-min were prepared from a rat liver homogenate by differential centrifugation in buffered iso-osmotic sucrose. The following measurements were carried out on each of these fractions: Ruthenium Red-sensitive Ca(2+) transport in the absence and in the presence of P(i) as well as in the presence of N-ethylmaleimide to prevent P(i) cycling, succinate-supported respiration in the absence and in the presence of ADP, the DeltaE and -59 DeltapH components of the protonmotive force, cytochrome oxidase, uncoupler-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, P(i) content and the effect on the ;resting' rate of respiration of repeated additions of a fixed Ca(2+) concentration. 2. Ca(2+) transport either in the presence or in the absence of added P(i) and in the presence of N-ethylmaleimide exhibits significantly higher rates in the fraction sedimenting at 8000g-min. By contrast, respiration in the presence or in the absence of added ADP and the values for DeltaE and -59 DeltapH were similar in those fractions sedimenting between 4000 and 20000g-min, indicating that the driving force for Ca(2+) transport was similar in each of these fractions. 3. Experiments designed to determine the capacity of the individual fractions for Ca(2+), as measured by the effect of repeated additions of Ca(2+) on the resting rate of respiration, showed that fraction 2, i.e. that sedimenting at 8000g-min, also exhibited the greatest tolerance towards the uncoupling action of the ion. 4. Of the three enzyme activity profiles, only that of alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase was similar to that of Ca(2+) transport. Because previous workers have assigned this enzyme to loci in the inner peripheral membrane [Werner & Neupert (1972) Eur. J. Biochem.25, 379-396], it is concluded that the Ruthenium Red-sensitive Ca(2+)- transport system also is located in this domain of the inner membrane. The relation of these findings to the mechanisms of mitochondrial Ca(2+) transport and the biogenesis of mitochondria is discussed.", "PMID": 728072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11499", "title": "Alkylation of deoxyribonucleic acid in vivo in various organs of C57BL mice by the carcinogens N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea and ethyl methanesulphonate in relation to induction of thymic lymphoma. Some applications of high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "1. Methods were developed  for analysis of alkylpurines, O2-alkylcytosines, and representative phosphotriesters [alkyl derivatives of thymidylyl(3'-5')thymidine], in DNA alkylated in vivo, using high-pressure liquid chromatography. 2. The patterns of alkylation products in DNA in vivo at short times were closely similar to those found for reactions in vitro. Alkylation by the nitrosoureas was complete in vivo within 1 h, but with ethyl methanesulphonate was maximal at 2--4h. 3. The time course of persistence of alkylation products in vivo was determined for several tissues. In addition to the rapid loss of 3- and 7-alkyladenines reported previously for all tissues, a relatively rapid loss of O6-alkylguanines from DNA of liver was found which was more rapid at lower doses. In brain, lung and kidney, excision of O6-alkylguanine was much less marked, but was not entirely excluded by the data. In thymus, bone marrow and small bowel, all alkylated bases were lost with half-lives of 12--24h, at non-cytotoxic doses of alkylation. 4. No evidence for any marked excision of other minor products from alkylated DNA in vivo was found; thus 1-methyladenine, O2-ethylcytosine (found in appreciable amount only with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea), 3-methylguanine, and dTp(Alk)dT persisted in alkylated DNA, including DNA of liver. 5. The induction of thymic lymphoma was determined over the range of single doses by intraperitoneal injection up to about 60% of the LD50 values, and related to the extent of alkylation of target tissues thymus and bone marrow. With N-methyl-N-nitrosourea over 90% tumour yield was attained at 60 mg/kg, and with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea up to 52% at 240 mg/kg, but with ethyl methanesulphonate at up to 400 mg/kg only a few per cent of tumours were obtained. 6. The carcinogenic effectiveness of the agents was positively correlated with the extents of alkylation of guanine in DNA of target tissues at the O-6 atom. On the basis that at doses giving equal carcinogenic response these extents of alkylation would be equal, the chemical analyses showed that the ratio of equipotent doses to that for N-methyl-N-nitrosourea would be, for N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, 5.3 for ethyl methanesulphonate about 21, and for methyl methanesulphonate [Frei & Lawley (1976) Chem.-Biol. Interact. 13, 215--222] about 144. These predictions were in reasonably good agreement with the observed dose-response data for these agents.", "contents": "Alkylation of deoxyribonucleic acid in vivo in various organs of C57BL mice by the carcinogens N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea and ethyl methanesulphonate in relation to induction of thymic lymphoma. Some applications of high-pressure liquid chromatography. 1. Methods were developed  for analysis of alkylpurines, O2-alkylcytosines, and representative phosphotriesters [alkyl derivatives of thymidylyl(3'-5')thymidine], in DNA alkylated in vivo, using high-pressure liquid chromatography. 2. The patterns of alkylation products in DNA in vivo at short times were closely similar to those found for reactions in vitro. Alkylation by the nitrosoureas was complete in vivo within 1 h, but with ethyl methanesulphonate was maximal at 2--4h. 3. The time course of persistence of alkylation products in vivo was determined for several tissues. In addition to the rapid loss of 3- and 7-alkyladenines reported previously for all tissues, a relatively rapid loss of O6-alkylguanines from DNA of liver was found which was more rapid at lower doses. In brain, lung and kidney, excision of O6-alkylguanine was much less marked, but was not entirely excluded by the data. In thymus, bone marrow and small bowel, all alkylated bases were lost with half-lives of 12--24h, at non-cytotoxic doses of alkylation. 4. No evidence for any marked excision of other minor products from alkylated DNA in vivo was found; thus 1-methyladenine, O2-ethylcytosine (found in appreciable amount only with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea), 3-methylguanine, and dTp(Alk)dT persisted in alkylated DNA, including DNA of liver. 5. The induction of thymic lymphoma was determined over the range of single doses by intraperitoneal injection up to about 60% of the LD50 values, and related to the extent of alkylation of target tissues thymus and bone marrow. With N-methyl-N-nitrosourea over 90% tumour yield was attained at 60 mg/kg, and with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea up to 52% at 240 mg/kg, but with ethyl methanesulphonate at up to 400 mg/kg only a few per cent of tumours were obtained. 6. The carcinogenic effectiveness of the agents was positively correlated with the extents of alkylation of guanine in DNA of target tissues at the O-6 atom. On the basis that at doses giving equal carcinogenic response these extents of alkylation would be equal, the chemical analyses showed that the ratio of equipotent doses to that for N-methyl-N-nitrosourea would be, for N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, 5.3 for ethyl methanesulphonate about 21, and for methyl methanesulphonate [Frei & Lawley (1976) Chem.-Biol. Interact. 13, 215--222] about 144. These predictions were in reasonably good agreement with the observed dose-response data for these agents.", "PMID": 728073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11500", "title": "Control of sterol metabolism in rat adrenal mitochondria.", "content": "Steroidogenesis by adrenal mitochondria from endogenous precursors is stimulated by corticotropin (ACTH) and is sensitive to the protein-synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. In the present investigation the effect of cycloheximide treatment on the metabolism of a number of analogues of the normal steroidogenic substrate, i.e. cholesterol, by rat adrenal mitochondria was studied. It was observed that the metabolism of analogues such as desmosterol, 26-norcholest-5-en-3beta-ol and 5-cholen-3beta-ol (that is with non-polar alkyl side chains like cholesterol), was sensitive to cycloheximide treatment. By contrast, the metabolism of those analogues with polar groupings on the side chain, i.e., 20alpha-, 24-, 25- and 26-hydroxycholesterols was insensitive to pretreatment with cycloheximide. The binding of added sterol to the cytochrome P-450 component of the mitochondrial sterol desmolase was studied. Similar studies on the equilibration time on addition of exogenous sterols to achieve maximum rates of pregnenolone production were also made. Both studies show that cholesterol, a non-polar sterol, penetrated slowly through the mitochondrial milieu to reach the cytochrome P-450 reaction centre whereas 24- and 26-hydroxycholesterols rapidly attained the enzymic environment. The cycloheximide-sensitive process in sterol metabolism appeared related to the transfer of non-polar sterols such as cholesterol within the mitochondria to a region in close proximity to the enzyme. The importance, and possible mechanism of action, of the cycloheximide-sensitive factor in the control of adrenal steroidogenesis is discussed.", "contents": "Control of sterol metabolism in rat adrenal mitochondria. Steroidogenesis by adrenal mitochondria from endogenous precursors is stimulated by corticotropin (ACTH) and is sensitive to the protein-synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. In the present investigation the effect of cycloheximide treatment on the metabolism of a number of analogues of the normal steroidogenic substrate, i.e. cholesterol, by rat adrenal mitochondria was studied. It was observed that the metabolism of analogues such as desmosterol, 26-norcholest-5-en-3beta-ol and 5-cholen-3beta-ol (that is with non-polar alkyl side chains like cholesterol), was sensitive to cycloheximide treatment. By contrast, the metabolism of those analogues with polar groupings on the side chain, i.e., 20alpha-, 24-, 25- and 26-hydroxycholesterols was insensitive to pretreatment with cycloheximide. The binding of added sterol to the cytochrome P-450 component of the mitochondrial sterol desmolase was studied. Similar studies on the equilibration time on addition of exogenous sterols to achieve maximum rates of pregnenolone production were also made. Both studies show that cholesterol, a non-polar sterol, penetrated slowly through the mitochondrial milieu to reach the cytochrome P-450 reaction centre whereas 24- and 26-hydroxycholesterols rapidly attained the enzymic environment. The cycloheximide-sensitive process in sterol metabolism appeared related to the transfer of non-polar sterols such as cholesterol within the mitochondria to a region in close proximity to the enzyme. The importance, and possible mechanism of action, of the cycloheximide-sensitive factor in the control of adrenal steroidogenesis is discussed.", "PMID": 728074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11501", "title": "Effect of imposed serum deprivation on growth of the mouse 3T3 cell. Dissociation from changes in potassium ion transport as measured from [86Rb)rubidium ion uptake.", "content": "Decreased serum concentrations that substantially alter the growth of normal 3T3 cells alter neither the active and non-active components of unidirectional (86)Rb(+) influx nor the intracellular K(+) content when compared with cells in exponential growth. Thus the changes in K(+) transport (measured with (86)Rb(+) as an analogue for K(+) movements) that occur on density-dependent growth inhibition of the mouse 3T3 cell are not mimicked by serum deprivation of the cells before density inhibition.", "contents": "Effect of imposed serum deprivation on growth of the mouse 3T3 cell. Dissociation from changes in potassium ion transport as measured from [86Rb)rubidium ion uptake. Decreased serum concentrations that substantially alter the growth of normal 3T3 cells alter neither the active and non-active components of unidirectional (86)Rb(+) influx nor the intracellular K(+) content when compared with cells in exponential growth. Thus the changes in K(+) transport (measured with (86)Rb(+) as an analogue for K(+) movements) that occur on density-dependent growth inhibition of the mouse 3T3 cell are not mimicked by serum deprivation of the cells before density inhibition.", "PMID": 728075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11502", "title": "Inability of tributyltin-induced chloride/hydroxyl exchange to stimulate calcium transport in mitochondria isolated from flight muscle of the sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina.", "content": "Tributyltin in the concentration range 1-4mum failed to stimulate Ca(2+) transport by Lucilia flight-muscle mitochondria in a medium containing KCl and respiratory substrate but devoid of P(i), despite its promotion of a rapid Cl(-)/OH(-) exchange. When 2mm-P(i) was present, concentrations of tributyltin greater than 1mum inhibited the initial rate of Ca(2+) transport and induced efflux of the ion from the mitochondria in Cl(-)- or NO(3) (-)-containing media. Lower concentrations had little effect. Oligomycin added at up to 10mug/mg of mitochondrial protein had no effect on Ca(2+) transport. By contrast, approx. 0.3mum-tributyltin completely inhibited respiration supported by alpha-glycerophosphate in either the presence or absence of added ADP. The data suggest that tributyltin can inhibit Ca(2+) transport in Lucilia flight-muscle mitochondria other than by facilitating a Cl(-)/OH(-) exchange or producing an oligomycin-like effect.", "contents": "Inability of tributyltin-induced chloride/hydroxyl exchange to stimulate calcium transport in mitochondria isolated from flight muscle of the sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina. Tributyltin in the concentration range 1-4mum failed to stimulate Ca(2+) transport by Lucilia flight-muscle mitochondria in a medium containing KCl and respiratory substrate but devoid of P(i), despite its promotion of a rapid Cl(-)/OH(-) exchange. When 2mm-P(i) was present, concentrations of tributyltin greater than 1mum inhibited the initial rate of Ca(2+) transport and induced efflux of the ion from the mitochondria in Cl(-)- or NO(3) (-)-containing media. Lower concentrations had little effect. Oligomycin added at up to 10mug/mg of mitochondrial protein had no effect on Ca(2+) transport. By contrast, approx. 0.3mum-tributyltin completely inhibited respiration supported by alpha-glycerophosphate in either the presence or absence of added ADP. The data suggest that tributyltin can inhibit Ca(2+) transport in Lucilia flight-muscle mitochondria other than by facilitating a Cl(-)/OH(-) exchange or producing an oligomycin-like effect.", "PMID": 728076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11503", "title": "Interference by branched-chain amino acids in the assay of alanine with alanine dehydrogenase.", "content": "Commercial preparations of alanine dehydrogenase from Bacillus subtilis are contaminated to varying extents with activity towards branched-chain amino acids. The Km values for these amino acids are of the same order as for L-alanine (about 10(-3)M). The branched-chain amino acid dehydrogenase activity is lost on dialysis for 2--4h against water or 2mM-EDTA.", "contents": "Interference by branched-chain amino acids in the assay of alanine with alanine dehydrogenase. Commercial preparations of alanine dehydrogenase from Bacillus subtilis are contaminated to varying extents with activity towards branched-chain amino acids. The Km values for these amino acids are of the same order as for L-alanine (about 10(-3)M). The branched-chain amino acid dehydrogenase activity is lost on dialysis for 2--4h against water or 2mM-EDTA.", "PMID": 728077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11504", "title": "Sodium-dependent alanine transport in plasma-membrane vesicles from rat liver.", "content": "L-Alanine transport was studied in plasma-membrane vesicles from rat liver. A gradient of NaSCN, but not of KSCN, stimulated alanine uptake. Monensin plus carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone abolished the observed overshoot in uptake. After equilibration of alanine, NaSCN induced uphill transport.", "contents": "Sodium-dependent alanine transport in plasma-membrane vesicles from rat liver. L-Alanine transport was studied in plasma-membrane vesicles from rat liver. A gradient of NaSCN, but not of KSCN, stimulated alanine uptake. Monensin plus carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone abolished the observed overshoot in uptake. After equilibration of alanine, NaSCN induced uphill transport.", "PMID": 728078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11505", "title": "The biosynthesis of brain gangliosides. Ganglioside-glycosylating activity in rat brain neuronal perikarya fraction.", "content": "Rat brain homogenate and the synaptosmal and neuronal perikarya fractions from 17-day-old rats were compared for their activities in sialosylating endogenous gangliosides and transferring N-acetylneuraminic acid and galactose to several glycolipids in vitro. The sialosylation of endogenous gangliosides and the activities of sialosyltransferases acting either on lactosylceramide or haematoside as acceptors, as well as galactosyltransferase acting on Tay-Sachs ganglioside as acceptor, were between 3-and 12-fold higher in the neuronal perikarya fraction than in whole homgenate on a protein or ganglioside basis. The activities found in the synaptosomal fraction were negligible. No evidence was found to indicate that the low activities in this fraction were due to the presence of inhibitors of the transfer activities or to inacessibility of the substrates to their respective enzymes. These findings, and the time course of labelling of gangliosides of the neuronal perikarya and synaptosomes from rats that received an injection of N-[3H]acetylmannosamine, indicate that the main cellular site of glycosylation of neuronal gangliosides is in the neuronal perikarya.", "contents": "The biosynthesis of brain gangliosides. Ganglioside-glycosylating activity in rat brain neuronal perikarya fraction. Rat brain homogenate and the synaptosmal and neuronal perikarya fractions from 17-day-old rats were compared for their activities in sialosylating endogenous gangliosides and transferring N-acetylneuraminic acid and galactose to several glycolipids in vitro. The sialosylation of endogenous gangliosides and the activities of sialosyltransferases acting either on lactosylceramide or haematoside as acceptors, as well as galactosyltransferase acting on Tay-Sachs ganglioside as acceptor, were between 3-and 12-fold higher in the neuronal perikarya fraction than in whole homgenate on a protein or ganglioside basis. The activities found in the synaptosomal fraction were negligible. No evidence was found to indicate that the low activities in this fraction were due to the presence of inhibitors of the transfer activities or to inacessibility of the substrates to their respective enzymes. These findings, and the time course of labelling of gangliosides of the neuronal perikarya and synaptosomes from rats that received an injection of N-[3H]acetylmannosamine, indicate that the main cellular site of glycosylation of neuronal gangliosides is in the neuronal perikarya.", "PMID": 728079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11506", "title": "Oxidative degradation of haemoglobin by nitrosobenzene in the erythrocyte.", "content": "Substitutions on the benzene ring of nitrosobenzene did not have the same effect on oxidative haemolysis as substitutions on phenylhydrazine. We previously found that the haemolytic effect of arylhydrazines paralleled their oxidative conversion into ligands of ferrihaemoglobin. In contrast, although most substituted nitrosobenzenes that are ligands of ferrohaemoglobin caused haemolysis and most that are not ligands failed to cause nitrosoarenes appeared to be related more closely to the ease of their reduction to arylhydroxylamines than to their properties as ligands. We propose a mechanism of oxidative degradation whereby the cyclic formation of phenylhydroxylamine from nitrosobenzene within an erythrocyte leads to the accumulation of H2O2, which then reacts with ferrohaemoglobin to initiate the oxidative cleavage of haem. The posulated active intermediate in this reaction is the same as that previously proposed in the oxidative degradation of haemoglobin by phenylhydrzine and in the coupled oxidation of ascorbic acid and haemoglobin.", "contents": "Oxidative degradation of haemoglobin by nitrosobenzene in the erythrocyte. Substitutions on the benzene ring of nitrosobenzene did not have the same effect on oxidative haemolysis as substitutions on phenylhydrazine. We previously found that the haemolytic effect of arylhydrazines paralleled their oxidative conversion into ligands of ferrihaemoglobin. In contrast, although most substituted nitrosobenzenes that are ligands of ferrohaemoglobin caused haemolysis and most that are not ligands failed to cause nitrosoarenes appeared to be related more closely to the ease of their reduction to arylhydroxylamines than to their properties as ligands. We propose a mechanism of oxidative degradation whereby the cyclic formation of phenylhydroxylamine from nitrosobenzene within an erythrocyte leads to the accumulation of H2O2, which then reacts with ferrohaemoglobin to initiate the oxidative cleavage of haem. The posulated active intermediate in this reaction is the same as that previously proposed in the oxidative degradation of haemoglobin by phenylhydrzine and in the coupled oxidation of ascorbic acid and haemoglobin.", "PMID": 728080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11507", "title": "Polyamine metabolism in liver of young rats.", "content": "Rat liver undergoes a phase of rapid growth during weaning. We followed the changes in polyamine metabolism occurring during this period of natural growth, and compared them with changes in DNA and RNA accumulation. There was a 2.5-fold increase in the number of cells per liver between suckling (18--19 days old) and weaning (30--32 days old) rats. Ornithine decarboxylase activity increased from the low value in 18-day-old rat pups and remained significantly higher (approx. 5--10-fold) than that in adult rats from day 21 to day 34. Putrescine-dependent S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity was slightly but significantly increased during most of this period. Spermidine and RNA concentrations fluctuated in concert, whereas spermine content per cell doubled during the period from day 23 to day 30.", "contents": "Polyamine metabolism in liver of young rats. Rat liver undergoes a phase of rapid growth during weaning. We followed the changes in polyamine metabolism occurring during this period of natural growth, and compared them with changes in DNA and RNA accumulation. There was a 2.5-fold increase in the number of cells per liver between suckling (18--19 days old) and weaning (30--32 days old) rats. Ornithine decarboxylase activity increased from the low value in 18-day-old rat pups and remained significantly higher (approx. 5--10-fold) than that in adult rats from day 21 to day 34. Putrescine-dependent S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity was slightly but significantly increased during most of this period. Spermidine and RNA concentrations fluctuated in concert, whereas spermine content per cell doubled during the period from day 23 to day 30.", "PMID": 728081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11508", "title": "Asynchrony in the synthesis of secretory proteins in the venom gland of the snake Vipera palaestinae.", "content": "1. Venom of Vipera palastinae was subjected to isoelectrofocusing on polyacrylamide gel. The protein separation profiles were similar for different venom samples; more than 25 protein bands with a wide range of pI values could be demonstrated by this technique. 2. Labelled venom was obtained 8h after an intracardial injection of [3H]leucine. The relative radioactivities of four out of 12 main protein bands were significantly different in the venom synthesized during the 2nd day of the venom regeneration cycle as compared with the venom of the 4th day. The comparison was made in venom samples obtained from the two glands of the same snake at two different secretory stages. 3. It is concluded that the asynchronous synthesis of exportable proteins after the initiation of a new venom regeneration cycle is responsible for the non-parallel secretion of some venom proteins by the venom gland of Vipera palaestinae during the first few days after milking.", "contents": "Asynchrony in the synthesis of secretory proteins in the venom gland of the snake Vipera palaestinae. 1. Venom of Vipera palastinae was subjected to isoelectrofocusing on polyacrylamide gel. The protein separation profiles were similar for different venom samples; more than 25 protein bands with a wide range of pI values could be demonstrated by this technique. 2. Labelled venom was obtained 8h after an intracardial injection of [3H]leucine. The relative radioactivities of four out of 12 main protein bands were significantly different in the venom synthesized during the 2nd day of the venom regeneration cycle as compared with the venom of the 4th day. The comparison was made in venom samples obtained from the two glands of the same snake at two different secretory stages. 3. It is concluded that the asynchronous synthesis of exportable proteins after the initiation of a new venom regeneration cycle is responsible for the non-parallel secretion of some venom proteins by the venom gland of Vipera palaestinae during the first few days after milking.", "PMID": 728082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11509", "title": "Activity and androgenic control of enzymes associated with the tricarboxylic acid cycle, lipid oxidation and mitochondrial shuttles in the epididymis and epididymal spermatozoa of the rat.", "content": "1. Enzyme activities (units/g wet wt.) were determined in the caput and cauda epididymidis and in epididymal spermatozoa of the rat. 2. The activity of most enzymes in the cauda was between 50 and 100% of that in the caput, except that ATP citrate lyase was barely detectable in the cauda. 3. Spermatozoa, unlike epididymal tissue, contained sorbitol dehydrogenase but lacked ATP citrate lyase. NADP+-malate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, carnitine acetyltransferase and citrate synthase were 5 to 400 times as active in spermatozoa as in epididymal tissue. 4. 2-Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase was the least active member of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in all tissues and most closely matched the measured flux through the cycle. 5. The concentrations of hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase were equivalent to the more active enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, indicating the capacity for extensive lipid oxidation, and the presence of 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase suggests that these tissues can also oxidize ketone bodies. 6. Transfer of reducing equivalents from cytoplasm to mitochondrion is unlikely to occur by means of the glycerol phosphate cycle because mitochondrial glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase is relatively inactive in epididymal tissue, whereas the cytoplasmic enzyme has little activity in spermatozoa, but transfer may be accomplished by the malate-aspartate shuttle. 7. Transfer of acetyl units from mitochondrion to cytoplasm could be effected by the pyruvate-malate cycle in the caput of androgen-maintained rats, but not in the other tissues because of the low activity of ATP citrate lyase. Acetyl unit transfer could take place via acetylcarnitine, mediated by carnitine acetyltransferase. 8. Castration resulted in a decrease in the concentration of nearly all enzymes, although subsequent administration of testosterone restored concentrations to values similar to those in animals maintained by endogenous androgen. The extent to which enzyme concentration was changed by an alteration in androgen status was highly variable, but was most marked in the case of pyruvate carboxylase.", "contents": "Activity and androgenic control of enzymes associated with the tricarboxylic acid cycle, lipid oxidation and mitochondrial shuttles in the epididymis and epididymal spermatozoa of the rat. 1. Enzyme activities (units/g wet wt.) were determined in the caput and cauda epididymidis and in epididymal spermatozoa of the rat. 2. The activity of most enzymes in the cauda was between 50 and 100% of that in the caput, except that ATP citrate lyase was barely detectable in the cauda. 3. Spermatozoa, unlike epididymal tissue, contained sorbitol dehydrogenase but lacked ATP citrate lyase. NADP+-malate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, carnitine acetyltransferase and citrate synthase were 5 to 400 times as active in spermatozoa as in epididymal tissue. 4. 2-Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase was the least active member of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in all tissues and most closely matched the measured flux through the cycle. 5. The concentrations of hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase were equivalent to the more active enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, indicating the capacity for extensive lipid oxidation, and the presence of 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase suggests that these tissues can also oxidize ketone bodies. 6. Transfer of reducing equivalents from cytoplasm to mitochondrion is unlikely to occur by means of the glycerol phosphate cycle because mitochondrial glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase is relatively inactive in epididymal tissue, whereas the cytoplasmic enzyme has little activity in spermatozoa, but transfer may be accomplished by the malate-aspartate shuttle. 7. Transfer of acetyl units from mitochondrion to cytoplasm could be effected by the pyruvate-malate cycle in the caput of androgen-maintained rats, but not in the other tissues because of the low activity of ATP citrate lyase. Acetyl unit transfer could take place via acetylcarnitine, mediated by carnitine acetyltransferase. 8. Castration resulted in a decrease in the concentration of nearly all enzymes, although subsequent administration of testosterone restored concentrations to values similar to those in animals maintained by endogenous androgen. The extent to which enzyme concentration was changed by an alteration in androgen status was highly variable, but was most marked in the case of pyruvate carboxylase.", "PMID": 728083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11510", "title": "The time course of the effect of hypophysectomy and oestrogen treatment on the hepatic metabolism of androst-4-ene-3,17-dione in male and female rats.", "content": "Hypophysectomy of male animals has little effect on the hepatic androst-4-ene,3,17-dione (androstenedione) metabolism, except for possible changes in the kinetics of the 16alpha-and 7alpha-hydroxylases. On the other hand, hypophysectomy of female animals leads to a \"masculinization\" of hepatic androstenedione metabolism, following the changes seen in Vmax. of the enzymes involved, probably due to the removal of the source of \"feminizing factor\" thought to maintain the \"female\" type of metabolism in the liver. There seems to be a temporal dissociation of the effects on the various enzymes, indicating different cellular control mechanisms for these enzymes. Oestrogen treatment of male rats causes \"feminization\" of the hepatic androstenedione metabolism. The time study shows an initial increase in 17-hydroxy steroid oxidoreductase and 6beta- and 16alpha-hydroxylase activities, followed by a decrease to the values in females. This biphasic effect is possibly due to an initial direct effect via the hypothalamo-pituitary system.", "contents": "The time course of the effect of hypophysectomy and oestrogen treatment on the hepatic metabolism of androst-4-ene-3,17-dione in male and female rats. Hypophysectomy of male animals has little effect on the hepatic androst-4-ene,3,17-dione (androstenedione) metabolism, except for possible changes in the kinetics of the 16alpha-and 7alpha-hydroxylases. On the other hand, hypophysectomy of female animals leads to a \"masculinization\" of hepatic androstenedione metabolism, following the changes seen in Vmax. of the enzymes involved, probably due to the removal of the source of \"feminizing factor\" thought to maintain the \"female\" type of metabolism in the liver. There seems to be a temporal dissociation of the effects on the various enzymes, indicating different cellular control mechanisms for these enzymes. Oestrogen treatment of male rats causes \"feminization\" of the hepatic androstenedione metabolism. The time study shows an initial increase in 17-hydroxy steroid oxidoreductase and 6beta- and 16alpha-hydroxylase activities, followed by a decrease to the values in females. This biphasic effect is possibly due to an initial direct effect via the hypothalamo-pituitary system.", "PMID": 728084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11511", "title": "Measurement and kinetic study of the formation of adrenaline sulphate in vitro.", "content": "The sulpho-conjugation of [14C]adrenaline form inorganic sulphate and ATP or preformed adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-sulphatophosphate was demonstrated in the high-speed supernatant prepared from the liver and small intestine of various animals. Hydrolysis with sulphatase indicated the sulphate nature of the conjugate. The overall sulphation reaction has a pH optimum of 9.0. Maximal activity was obtained with a ratio of ATP/Mg2+ of 1 at 4--6mM. Above their optimal concentrations, ATP and Mg2+, separately or in combination, were inhibitory. Dithiothreitol at 3 mM stimulated the reaction by about 30%. The Km for adrenaline, determined by the sulphotransferase reaction and by the three-step (sulphate-activating and sulphotransferase) reactions was 125 micrometer. The rate of synthesis of [14C]-adrenaline sulphate, expressed in pmol/min per mg of protein for the livers of dog, monkey, rat, guinea pig and rabbit were, respectively, 144, 77, 47, 11 and 6. The corresponding values for the small intestines of dog and monkey were 60 and 62. Brain and heart tissues showed no measurable activity.", "contents": "Measurement and kinetic study of the formation of adrenaline sulphate in vitro. The sulpho-conjugation of [14C]adrenaline form inorganic sulphate and ATP or preformed adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-sulphatophosphate was demonstrated in the high-speed supernatant prepared from the liver and small intestine of various animals. Hydrolysis with sulphatase indicated the sulphate nature of the conjugate. The overall sulphation reaction has a pH optimum of 9.0. Maximal activity was obtained with a ratio of ATP/Mg2+ of 1 at 4--6mM. Above their optimal concentrations, ATP and Mg2+, separately or in combination, were inhibitory. Dithiothreitol at 3 mM stimulated the reaction by about 30%. The Km for adrenaline, determined by the sulphotransferase reaction and by the three-step (sulphate-activating and sulphotransferase) reactions was 125 micrometer. The rate of synthesis of [14C]-adrenaline sulphate, expressed in pmol/min per mg of protein for the livers of dog, monkey, rat, guinea pig and rabbit were, respectively, 144, 77, 47, 11 and 6. The corresponding values for the small intestines of dog and monkey were 60 and 62. Brain and heart tissues showed no measurable activity.", "PMID": 728085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11512", "title": "The membrane potential of mouse ascites-tumour cells studied with the fluorescent probe 3,3'-dipropyloxadicarbocyanine. Amplitude of the depolarization caused by amino acids.", "content": "1. The magnitude of the K+ gradient across the plasma membrane, which was in equilibrium with the membrane potential (E) of the tumour cells, was determined by the \"null point\" procedure of Hoffman & Laris (1974) [J. Physiol. (London) 239, 519--552] in which the fluorescence of the dye serves as an indicator of changes in the magnitude of E. 2. A mixture of oligomycin, 2,4-dinitrophenol and antimycin was used to stop the mitochondria from interfering with the fluorescence signal. Transport functions at the plasmalemma were maintained under these conditions in the presence of glucose. 3. Physiological circumstances were found in which incubation with glycine or with glucose changed the \"null point\" value of E within the range--20mV to--100mV. The fluorescence intensity at the \"null point\" was an approximately linear function of E over that range. The procedure enabled E to be inferred form the fluorescence intensity in circumstances where titration to the \"null point\" was not feasible. 4. The rapid depolarization caused by l-methionine or glycine was shown in this way to have a maximum amplitude of about 60mV. A mathematical model of this process was devised. 5. The electrogenic Na+ pump hyperpolarized the cells up to about --80mV when the cellular and extracellular concentrations of K+ were roughly equal. 6. The observations show that the factors generating the membrane potential represent a major source of energy available for the transport of amino acids in this system.", "contents": "The membrane potential of mouse ascites-tumour cells studied with the fluorescent probe 3,3'-dipropyloxadicarbocyanine. Amplitude of the depolarization caused by amino acids. 1. The magnitude of the K+ gradient across the plasma membrane, which was in equilibrium with the membrane potential (E) of the tumour cells, was determined by the \"null point\" procedure of Hoffman & Laris (1974) [J. Physiol. (London) 239, 519--552] in which the fluorescence of the dye serves as an indicator of changes in the magnitude of E. 2. A mixture of oligomycin, 2,4-dinitrophenol and antimycin was used to stop the mitochondria from interfering with the fluorescence signal. Transport functions at the plasmalemma were maintained under these conditions in the presence of glucose. 3. Physiological circumstances were found in which incubation with glycine or with glucose changed the \"null point\" value of E within the range--20mV to--100mV. The fluorescence intensity at the \"null point\" was an approximately linear function of E over that range. The procedure enabled E to be inferred form the fluorescence intensity in circumstances where titration to the \"null point\" was not feasible. 4. The rapid depolarization caused by l-methionine or glycine was shown in this way to have a maximum amplitude of about 60mV. A mathematical model of this process was devised. 5. The electrogenic Na+ pump hyperpolarized the cells up to about --80mV when the cellular and extracellular concentrations of K+ were roughly equal. 6. The observations show that the factors generating the membrane potential represent a major source of energy available for the transport of amino acids in this system.", "PMID": 728086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11513", "title": "Equilibrium and steady-state models of the coupling between the amino acid gradient and the sodium electrochemical gradient in mouse ascites- tumour cells.", "content": "1. The tumour cells were incubated at 37 degrees C in Ringer solutions containing glucose, 1 mM-methionine, various concentrations of Na+ and K+ and, in some instances, ouabain or valinomycin to lower the membrane potential generated by the Na+ pump. After about 30 min, when the system had reached a steady state, the ratio [extracellular Na+]/[cellular Na+] varied from about 0.6 to 3.2 with the ionic conditions. The membrane potential, determined by means of the fluorescent probe 3,3'-dipropyloxadicarbocyanine, also varied systemically from about zero to--55mV.2. the ratio [cellular methionine]/[extra-cellular methionine] varied from about 1 to 35 in these circumstances. The Na+ electrochemical gradient, measured in the same units, varied from about 1 to 30. Its magnitude in 46 assays was almost directly proportional to, though slightly smaller than, the methionine gradient. 3. A mathematical model was used to define the relation between these two gradients, which were not in equilibrium, owing to the presence of a leak pathway for the amino acid. On the assumption that the values of [cellular Na+] were correct, the methionine gradient was about 1.8 times larger than this version of the gradient hypothesis predicted.", "contents": "Equilibrium and steady-state models of the coupling between the amino acid gradient and the sodium electrochemical gradient in mouse ascites- tumour cells. 1. The tumour cells were incubated at 37 degrees C in Ringer solutions containing glucose, 1 mM-methionine, various concentrations of Na+ and K+ and, in some instances, ouabain or valinomycin to lower the membrane potential generated by the Na+ pump. After about 30 min, when the system had reached a steady state, the ratio [extracellular Na+]/[cellular Na+] varied from about 0.6 to 3.2 with the ionic conditions. The membrane potential, determined by means of the fluorescent probe 3,3'-dipropyloxadicarbocyanine, also varied systemically from about zero to--55mV.2. the ratio [cellular methionine]/[extra-cellular methionine] varied from about 1 to 35 in these circumstances. The Na+ electrochemical gradient, measured in the same units, varied from about 1 to 30. Its magnitude in 46 assays was almost directly proportional to, though slightly smaller than, the methionine gradient. 3. A mathematical model was used to define the relation between these two gradients, which were not in equilibrium, owing to the presence of a leak pathway for the amino acid. On the assumption that the values of [cellular Na+] were correct, the methionine gradient was about 1.8 times larger than this version of the gradient hypothesis predicted.", "PMID": 728087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11514", "title": "Influence of mouse age and erythrocyte age on glutathione metabolism.", "content": "In order to determine whether the biological age of a mouse influences erythrocyte metabolism and erythrocyte aging in vivo, blood samples were collected from male C57/BL6J mice of different biological ages ranging from mature (10 months) to \"very old\" (37 months). In the very old mouse, compared with the mature mouse, the erythrocyte survival time was decreased, erythrocyte densities were increased, the concentrations of total free thiol and reduced glutathione, and glutathione reductase activity were decreased. Erythrocytes were separated into different density (age) groups by phthalate ester two-phase centrifugation or by albumin density-gradient centrifugation. The density-age relationship of erythrocytes was established by pulse-labelling with 59Fe in vivo and by subsequent determinations of specific radioactivity of erythrocyte fractions of different densities prepared during a chase period of 60 days. The age of erythrocytes in mice of all ages was directly related to density. Also, in older erythrocytes compared with younger erythrocytes, decreased concentrations of total free thiol and reduced glutathione, and decreased glutathione reductase activity were observed. These were the lowest in the old erythrocytes of very old mice. These results in aging erythrocytes from aging mice suggest that the glutathione status the erythrocyte may be an index of aging, not only of the cell but also of the organism.", "contents": "Influence of mouse age and erythrocyte age on glutathione metabolism. In order to determine whether the biological age of a mouse influences erythrocyte metabolism and erythrocyte aging in vivo, blood samples were collected from male C57/BL6J mice of different biological ages ranging from mature (10 months) to \"very old\" (37 months). In the very old mouse, compared with the mature mouse, the erythrocyte survival time was decreased, erythrocyte densities were increased, the concentrations of total free thiol and reduced glutathione, and glutathione reductase activity were decreased. Erythrocytes were separated into different density (age) groups by phthalate ester two-phase centrifugation or by albumin density-gradient centrifugation. The density-age relationship of erythrocytes was established by pulse-labelling with 59Fe in vivo and by subsequent determinations of specific radioactivity of erythrocyte fractions of different densities prepared during a chase period of 60 days. The age of erythrocytes in mice of all ages was directly related to density. Also, in older erythrocytes compared with younger erythrocytes, decreased concentrations of total free thiol and reduced glutathione, and decreased glutathione reductase activity were observed. These were the lowest in the old erythrocytes of very old mice. These results in aging erythrocytes from aging mice suggest that the glutathione status the erythrocyte may be an index of aging, not only of the cell but also of the organism.", "PMID": 728088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11515", "title": "Uptake and degradation of iodine-labelled chylomicron remnant particles by monolayers of rat hepatocytes.", "content": "1. Rat chylomicrons were labelled with 125I with 69--72% of the iodine in the protein moiety. Less than 1 nmol of iodine was incorporated per nmol of protein. Of the peptide radioactivity 44--56% was in apolipoprotein A-1, 30--40% in the C peptides and 11--15% in apolipoprotine B. The arginine-rich peptide, which accounted for about 14% of the chylomicron protein mass as determined by scanning of sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gels, contained very little radioactivity. 2. Chylomicron remnants generated with postheparin plasma from iodine-labelled chylomicrons showed a relative increase in the percentage of the arginine-rich peptide (76--90% of the apolipoprotein mass according to gel scanning). The major portion of the peptide iodine label was present in apolipoprotein A-1 (43--57%), B (22--32%) and C peptides (17--35%). 3. When iodine-labelled chylomicron remnants were added to rat hepatocytes in primary culture, labelled peptides were taken up and degraded by the hepatocytes by a saturable process. The Vmax. for the uptake was calculated to the 300ng of protein/h per mg of cell protein and the apparent Km as 7.7 microgram of protein/mg of cell protein. A larger proportion of the 125I-labelled lipids of the remnants (mainly polar lipids) was taken up. This suggest that these may also enter the cells by a mechanism that does not involve particulate uptake, such as phospholipid exchange. 4. The degradation of labelled peptides was inhibited by colchicine, concanavalin A, chloroquine and NH4Cl, which also inhibit degradation of the cholesteryl ester portion. All these drugs exerted their inhibition mainly after the uptake of labelled peptide. No degradation occurred at 4 degrees C, and also the uptake was markedly decreased. 5. The uptake of labelled chylomicron remnant peptide was 77 times as effective as that of labelled sucrose, which is likely to be taken up randomly by pinocytosis.", "contents": "Uptake and degradation of iodine-labelled chylomicron remnant particles by monolayers of rat hepatocytes. 1. Rat chylomicrons were labelled with 125I with 69--72% of the iodine in the protein moiety. Less than 1 nmol of iodine was incorporated per nmol of protein. Of the peptide radioactivity 44--56% was in apolipoprotein A-1, 30--40% in the C peptides and 11--15% in apolipoprotine B. The arginine-rich peptide, which accounted for about 14% of the chylomicron protein mass as determined by scanning of sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gels, contained very little radioactivity. 2. Chylomicron remnants generated with postheparin plasma from iodine-labelled chylomicrons showed a relative increase in the percentage of the arginine-rich peptide (76--90% of the apolipoprotein mass according to gel scanning). The major portion of the peptide iodine label was present in apolipoprotein A-1 (43--57%), B (22--32%) and C peptides (17--35%). 3. When iodine-labelled chylomicron remnants were added to rat hepatocytes in primary culture, labelled peptides were taken up and degraded by the hepatocytes by a saturable process. The Vmax. for the uptake was calculated to the 300ng of protein/h per mg of cell protein and the apparent Km as 7.7 microgram of protein/mg of cell protein. A larger proportion of the 125I-labelled lipids of the remnants (mainly polar lipids) was taken up. This suggest that these may also enter the cells by a mechanism that does not involve particulate uptake, such as phospholipid exchange. 4. The degradation of labelled peptides was inhibited by colchicine, concanavalin A, chloroquine and NH4Cl, which also inhibit degradation of the cholesteryl ester portion. All these drugs exerted their inhibition mainly after the uptake of labelled peptide. No degradation occurred at 4 degrees C, and also the uptake was markedly decreased. 5. The uptake of labelled chylomicron remnant peptide was 77 times as effective as that of labelled sucrose, which is likely to be taken up randomly by pinocytosis.", "PMID": 728089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11516", "title": "Some high-performance liquid-chromatographic studies of the metabolism of aflatoxins by rat liver microsomal preparations.", "content": "The metabolism of aflatoxin B1 in vitro was examined in rat liver microsomal preparations. 2. H.p.l.c. (high-performance liquid-chromatographic) systems were used. A silica column was used to separate non-polar metabolites. A system utilizing a reversed-phase column which separates both poar and non-polar metabolites was also developed. 3. The principal metabolites of aflatoxin B1 found were aflatoxin M1, aflatoxin Q1 and a compound which co-chromatographed with a degradation product of aflatoxin B1 2,3-dihydrodiol. 4. The time course of metabolism of aflatoxin B1 by microsomal preparations isolated from control and phenobarbitone-pretreated rats was examined. The rate and extent of metabolism was greater with microsomal preparations from the latter. The formation of aflatoxin Q1 was enhanced 4--5-fold by phenobarbitone pretreatment, whereas the production of aflatoxin M1 was only increased 1--2-fold. The formation of the degradation product of aflatoxin B1 2,3-dihydrodiol was increased 4--5-fold by the pretreatment with phenobarbitone. 5. The microsomal metabolism of aflatoxins M1, P1 and Q1 was examined. Aflatoxin M1 apparently underwent very limited microsomal metabolism to more polar compounds. Aflatoxin P1 was not metabolized. The situation with aflatoxin Q1 was complicated in that it was metabolized in the absence of NADPH to an unidentified metabolite. Aflatoxin B1 appeared as a metabolite of aflatoxin Q1 only when NADPH was present, and the formation of more polar metabolites was also then observed.", "contents": "Some high-performance liquid-chromatographic studies of the metabolism of aflatoxins by rat liver microsomal preparations. The metabolism of aflatoxin B1 in vitro was examined in rat liver microsomal preparations. 2. H.p.l.c. (high-performance liquid-chromatographic) systems were used. A silica column was used to separate non-polar metabolites. A system utilizing a reversed-phase column which separates both poar and non-polar metabolites was also developed. 3. The principal metabolites of aflatoxin B1 found were aflatoxin M1, aflatoxin Q1 and a compound which co-chromatographed with a degradation product of aflatoxin B1 2,3-dihydrodiol. 4. The time course of metabolism of aflatoxin B1 by microsomal preparations isolated from control and phenobarbitone-pretreated rats was examined. The rate and extent of metabolism was greater with microsomal preparations from the latter. The formation of aflatoxin Q1 was enhanced 4--5-fold by phenobarbitone pretreatment, whereas the production of aflatoxin M1 was only increased 1--2-fold. The formation of the degradation product of aflatoxin B1 2,3-dihydrodiol was increased 4--5-fold by the pretreatment with phenobarbitone. 5. The microsomal metabolism of aflatoxins M1, P1 and Q1 was examined. Aflatoxin M1 apparently underwent very limited microsomal metabolism to more polar compounds. Aflatoxin P1 was not metabolized. The situation with aflatoxin Q1 was complicated in that it was metabolized in the absence of NADPH to an unidentified metabolite. Aflatoxin B1 appeared as a metabolite of aflatoxin Q1 only when NADPH was present, and the formation of more polar metabolites was also then observed.", "PMID": 728090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11517", "title": "Metabolic activation of acetylenic substituents to derivatives in the rat causing the loss of hepatic cytochrome P-450 and haem.", "content": "1. A number of acetylenic-substituted steroidal and non-steroidal compounds, including 2,2-dipropargylacetamide, pregna-2,4-dien-20-yno[2,3-d]isoxazol-17-ol (Danazol) and acetylene gas, when administered to rats in vivo brought about a decrease in the concentrations of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 and haem. Abnormal haem-breakdown products, ;green pigments', and porphyrins accumulated in the livers of these animals. 2. For loss of microsomal cytochrome P-450 to occur in vitro, metabolic activation of the acetylenic substituent was necessary. The enzyme system responsible required NADPH and air, and was induced by pretreatment of rats with phenobarbitone; these are characteristics typical of the microsomal mixed-function oxidases. 3. When rats were dosed with 17alpha-ethynyl-17beta-hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one (ethynyltestosterone, 1mmol/kg) the pattern of green pigments extracted from the liver 4h after dosing and separated by t.l.c. was quite different from that in rats given 17beta-hydroxy-17alpha-vinylandrost-4-en-3-one (vinyltestosterone), suggesting that reduction of the unsaturated triple bond to a double bond is not normally part of the metabolic activation pathway of the acetylenic substituent. 4. The green pigments extracted from the livers of rats 4h after the administration of the acetylenic-substituted compounds (1mmol/kg) when separated by silica-gel t.l.c. had variable R(F) values. The number and distribution of green pigments was characteristic for each compound examined. There was little correlation between the total loss of hepatic microsomal haem and the apparent intensity of the green pigments seen on the thin-layer chromatograms. 5. After incubation of [(14)C]acetylene in vitro with microsomal preparations from phenobarbitone-pretreated rats and a NADPH-generating system, no significant covalent binding to microsomal protein was detected over a 30min incubation period, although under similar conditions there was a significant loss of cytochrome P-450.", "contents": "Metabolic activation of acetylenic substituents to derivatives in the rat causing the loss of hepatic cytochrome P-450 and haem. 1. A number of acetylenic-substituted steroidal and non-steroidal compounds, including 2,2-dipropargylacetamide, pregna-2,4-dien-20-yno[2,3-d]isoxazol-17-ol (Danazol) and acetylene gas, when administered to rats in vivo brought about a decrease in the concentrations of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 and haem. Abnormal haem-breakdown products, ;green pigments', and porphyrins accumulated in the livers of these animals. 2. For loss of microsomal cytochrome P-450 to occur in vitro, metabolic activation of the acetylenic substituent was necessary. The enzyme system responsible required NADPH and air, and was induced by pretreatment of rats with phenobarbitone; these are characteristics typical of the microsomal mixed-function oxidases. 3. When rats were dosed with 17alpha-ethynyl-17beta-hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one (ethynyltestosterone, 1mmol/kg) the pattern of green pigments extracted from the liver 4h after dosing and separated by t.l.c. was quite different from that in rats given 17beta-hydroxy-17alpha-vinylandrost-4-en-3-one (vinyltestosterone), suggesting that reduction of the unsaturated triple bond to a double bond is not normally part of the metabolic activation pathway of the acetylenic substituent. 4. The green pigments extracted from the livers of rats 4h after the administration of the acetylenic-substituted compounds (1mmol/kg) when separated by silica-gel t.l.c. had variable R(F) values. The number and distribution of green pigments was characteristic for each compound examined. There was little correlation between the total loss of hepatic microsomal haem and the apparent intensity of the green pigments seen on the thin-layer chromatograms. 5. After incubation of [(14)C]acetylene in vitro with microsomal preparations from phenobarbitone-pretreated rats and a NADPH-generating system, no significant covalent binding to microsomal protein was detected over a 30min incubation period, although under similar conditions there was a significant loss of cytochrome P-450.", "PMID": 728091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11518", "title": "The submicrosomal localization of acyl-coenzyme A-cholesterol acyltransferase and its substrate, and of cholesteryl esters in rat liver.", "content": "To determine the submicrosomal distribution of acyl-CoA-cholesterol acyltransferase and of cholesteryl esters, the microsomal fraction and the digitonin-treated microsomal preparation of rat liver were subjected to analytical centrifugation on sucrose density gradients. With untreated microsomal fractions the distribution profile and the median density of acyl-CoA-cholesterol acyltransferase were very similar to those of RNA. This is in contrast with hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase and cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase, which are confined to endoplasmic reticulum membranes with low ribosomal coating. In digitonin-treated microsomal preparations activity of acyl-CoA-cholesterol acyltransferase was not detectable. The labelling of untreated microsomal fractions with trace amounts of [(14)C]cholesterol followed by subfractionation of the labelled microsomal fraction showed that the specific radioactivity of cholesteryl esters obtained in vitro by the various subfractions was similar with all subfractions but different from the specific radioactivity of the 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol obtained in vitro by the same subfraction. These results demonstrate the existence of two pools of cholesterol confined to membranes from the endoplasmic reticulum, one acting as substrate for cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase and the other acting as substrate for acyl-CoA-cholesterol acyltransferase. The major part of cholesteryl esters present in both untreated and digitonin-treated microsomal fractions was distributed at densities similar to those of membranes from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and at densities lower than those of smooth membranes from Golgi apparatus. The ratio of the concentrations of non-esterified to esterified cholesterol in the subfractions from both untreated and digitonin-treated microsomal fractions was highest at the maximum distribution of plasma membranes.", "contents": "The submicrosomal localization of acyl-coenzyme A-cholesterol acyltransferase and its substrate, and of cholesteryl esters in rat liver. To determine the submicrosomal distribution of acyl-CoA-cholesterol acyltransferase and of cholesteryl esters, the microsomal fraction and the digitonin-treated microsomal preparation of rat liver were subjected to analytical centrifugation on sucrose density gradients. With untreated microsomal fractions the distribution profile and the median density of acyl-CoA-cholesterol acyltransferase were very similar to those of RNA. This is in contrast with hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase and cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase, which are confined to endoplasmic reticulum membranes with low ribosomal coating. In digitonin-treated microsomal preparations activity of acyl-CoA-cholesterol acyltransferase was not detectable. The labelling of untreated microsomal fractions with trace amounts of [(14)C]cholesterol followed by subfractionation of the labelled microsomal fraction showed that the specific radioactivity of cholesteryl esters obtained in vitro by the various subfractions was similar with all subfractions but different from the specific radioactivity of the 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol obtained in vitro by the same subfraction. These results demonstrate the existence of two pools of cholesterol confined to membranes from the endoplasmic reticulum, one acting as substrate for cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase and the other acting as substrate for acyl-CoA-cholesterol acyltransferase. The major part of cholesteryl esters present in both untreated and digitonin-treated microsomal fractions was distributed at densities similar to those of membranes from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and at densities lower than those of smooth membranes from Golgi apparatus. The ratio of the concentrations of non-esterified to esterified cholesterol in the subfractions from both untreated and digitonin-treated microsomal fractions was highest at the maximum distribution of plasma membranes.", "PMID": 728092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11519", "title": "Biosynthesis of plasma-membrane proteins during myogenesis of skeletal muscle in vitro.", "content": "1. Surface labelling of plasma-membrane proteins with 125I, catalysed by lactoperoxidase, and radioactive l-fucose incorporation into glycoprotein were used as plasma-membrane markers for skeletal-muscle cells in culture. 2. Plasma membranes were prepared at various stages of myogenesis in vitro and rates of synthesis and accumulation of proteins in the membranes were compared. 3. Increased synthesis and accumulation of a protein of apparent mol.wt. 70000 occurred in the plasma-membrane fraction concomitant with the onset of myoblast fusion. 4. In cultures in which fusion of myoblasts was inhibited by 5'-bromo-2-deoxyuridine, synthesis and accumulation of the protein of apparent mol.wt. 70000 was selectively inhibited. 5. It is suggested the protein of apparent mol.wt. 70000 may be involved in the process of myoblast fusion.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of plasma-membrane proteins during myogenesis of skeletal muscle in vitro. 1. Surface labelling of plasma-membrane proteins with 125I, catalysed by lactoperoxidase, and radioactive l-fucose incorporation into glycoprotein were used as plasma-membrane markers for skeletal-muscle cells in culture. 2. Plasma membranes were prepared at various stages of myogenesis in vitro and rates of synthesis and accumulation of proteins in the membranes were compared. 3. Increased synthesis and accumulation of a protein of apparent mol.wt. 70000 occurred in the plasma-membrane fraction concomitant with the onset of myoblast fusion. 4. In cultures in which fusion of myoblasts was inhibited by 5'-bromo-2-deoxyuridine, synthesis and accumulation of the protein of apparent mol.wt. 70000 was selectively inhibited. 5. It is suggested the protein of apparent mol.wt. 70000 may be involved in the process of myoblast fusion.", "PMID": 728093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11520", "title": "Effect of zinc status of rats on the synthesis and degradation of copper-induced metallothioneins.", "content": "Injection of Zn2+-adequate and Zn2+-deficient rats with Cu2+ stimulated the incorporation of l-[35S]cysteine into a low-molecular-weight Cu2+-binding protein in both liver and kidney. No significant incorporation of l-[4,5-3H]leucine into this protein occurred, confirming the previous claim that it was metallothionein and not some other leucine-rich protein. The half-life of the protein was found to be 16.9 +/- 1.0 (S.E.)h in the liver of Zn2+-adequate rats but only 12.3 +/- 0.5h in Zn2+-deficient animals. The degradation rate of the metallothionein was similar to the rate of disappearance of Cu2+ and Zn2+ from the protein, indicating that the release of mental from the protein and its catabolism occurred simultaneously. There was no significant difference in the half-lives of the hepatic or renal copper-thioneins in Zn2+-adequate rats.", "contents": "Effect of zinc status of rats on the synthesis and degradation of copper-induced metallothioneins. Injection of Zn2+-adequate and Zn2+-deficient rats with Cu2+ stimulated the incorporation of l-[35S]cysteine into a low-molecular-weight Cu2+-binding protein in both liver and kidney. No significant incorporation of l-[4,5-3H]leucine into this protein occurred, confirming the previous claim that it was metallothionein and not some other leucine-rich protein. The half-life of the protein was found to be 16.9 +/- 1.0 (S.E.)h in the liver of Zn2+-adequate rats but only 12.3 +/- 0.5h in Zn2+-deficient animals. The degradation rate of the metallothionein was similar to the rate of disappearance of Cu2+ and Zn2+ from the protein, indicating that the release of mental from the protein and its catabolism occurred simultaneously. There was no significant difference in the half-lives of the hepatic or renal copper-thioneins in Zn2+-adequate rats.", "PMID": 728094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11521", "title": "Changes in the form of Arrhenius plots of the activity of glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase and other hamster liver plasma-membrane enzymes occurring on hibernation.", "content": "1. Arrhenius plots of the glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase, 5'-nucleotidase, (Na+ + K+)-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase and Mg2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase activities of control hamster liver plasma membranes exhibited two break points at around 25 and 13 degrees C, whereas Arrhenius plots of their activities in hibernating hamster liver plasma membranes exhibited two break points at around 25 and 4 degrees C. 2. A single break occurring between 25 and 26 degrees C was observed in Arrhenius plots of the activities of fluoride-stimulated adenylate cyclase, basal adenylate cyclase and cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase of liver plasma membranes from both control and hibernating animals. 3. Arrhenius plots of phosphodiesterase I activity showed a single break at 13 degrees C for membranes from control animals, and a single break at around 4 degrees C for liver plasma membranes from hibernating animals. 4. The temperature at which break points occurred in Arrhenius plots of glucagon- and fluoride-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity were decreased by about 7--8 degrees C by addition of 40 mm-benzyl alcohol to the assays. 5. Discontinuities in the Arrhenius plots of 4-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulphonic acid fluorescence occurred at around 24 and 13 degrees C for liver plasma membranes from control animals, and at around 25 and 4 degrees C for membranes from hibernating animals. 6. We suggest that in hamster liver plasma membranes from control animals a lipid phase separation occurs at around 25 degrees C in the inner half of the bilayer and at around 13 degrees C in the outer half of the bilayer. On hibernation a change in bilayer asymmetry occurs, which is expressed by a decrease in the temperature at which the lipid phase separation occurs in the outer half of the bilayer to around 4 degrees C. The assumption made is that enzymes expressing both lipid phase separations penetrate both halves of the bilayer, whereas those experiencing a single break penetrate one half of the bilayer only.", "contents": "Changes in the form of Arrhenius plots of the activity of glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase and other hamster liver plasma-membrane enzymes occurring on hibernation. 1. Arrhenius plots of the glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase, 5'-nucleotidase, (Na+ + K+)-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase and Mg2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase activities of control hamster liver plasma membranes exhibited two break points at around 25 and 13 degrees C, whereas Arrhenius plots of their activities in hibernating hamster liver plasma membranes exhibited two break points at around 25 and 4 degrees C. 2. A single break occurring between 25 and 26 degrees C was observed in Arrhenius plots of the activities of fluoride-stimulated adenylate cyclase, basal adenylate cyclase and cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase of liver plasma membranes from both control and hibernating animals. 3. Arrhenius plots of phosphodiesterase I activity showed a single break at 13 degrees C for membranes from control animals, and a single break at around 4 degrees C for liver plasma membranes from hibernating animals. 4. The temperature at which break points occurred in Arrhenius plots of glucagon- and fluoride-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity were decreased by about 7--8 degrees C by addition of 40 mm-benzyl alcohol to the assays. 5. Discontinuities in the Arrhenius plots of 4-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulphonic acid fluorescence occurred at around 24 and 13 degrees C for liver plasma membranes from control animals, and at around 25 and 4 degrees C for membranes from hibernating animals. 6. We suggest that in hamster liver plasma membranes from control animals a lipid phase separation occurs at around 25 degrees C in the inner half of the bilayer and at around 13 degrees C in the outer half of the bilayer. On hibernation a change in bilayer asymmetry occurs, which is expressed by a decrease in the temperature at which the lipid phase separation occurs in the outer half of the bilayer to around 4 degrees C. The assumption made is that enzymes expressing both lipid phase separations penetrate both halves of the bilayer, whereas those experiencing a single break penetrate one half of the bilayer only.", "PMID": 728095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11522", "title": "Zinc-binding protein in the livers of neonatal, normal and partially hepatectomized rats.", "content": "In the livers of rats after partial hepatectomy the zinc concentration began to increase soon after the operation, reached a maximum value at 14h, and decreased to the original value by 25h after the operation. In contrast, the plasma zinc concentration continued to decrease during the first 10h after the operation and remained depressed for at least 28h. The plasma and hepatic zinc concentrations were relatively unaffected by sham-operation. Synchronous with the increase in the hepatic zinc concentration after the partial hepatectomy, there was an appearance of zinc-binding protein (Zn-binding protein) in the liver cytosol. Studies with small doses of actinomycin D and cycloheximide suggest that both RNA and protein syntheses are necessary for the induction of Zn-binding protein after partial hepatectomy. A high content of the Zn-binding protein was found in neonatal rat liver. The Zn-binding protein, however, was undetectable 40 days after birth. The Zn-binding protein was also found in the adult rat liver when stimulated to proliferate after the administration of isoprenaline followed by glucagon. These findings indicate a close linkage between the appearance of Zn-binding protein in the liver cytosol and the regulation of DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Zinc-binding protein in the livers of neonatal, normal and partially hepatectomized rats. In the livers of rats after partial hepatectomy the zinc concentration began to increase soon after the operation, reached a maximum value at 14h, and decreased to the original value by 25h after the operation. In contrast, the plasma zinc concentration continued to decrease during the first 10h after the operation and remained depressed for at least 28h. The plasma and hepatic zinc concentrations were relatively unaffected by sham-operation. Synchronous with the increase in the hepatic zinc concentration after the partial hepatectomy, there was an appearance of zinc-binding protein (Zn-binding protein) in the liver cytosol. Studies with small doses of actinomycin D and cycloheximide suggest that both RNA and protein syntheses are necessary for the induction of Zn-binding protein after partial hepatectomy. A high content of the Zn-binding protein was found in neonatal rat liver. The Zn-binding protein, however, was undetectable 40 days after birth. The Zn-binding protein was also found in the adult rat liver when stimulated to proliferate after the administration of isoprenaline followed by glucagon. These findings indicate a close linkage between the appearance of Zn-binding protein in the liver cytosol and the regulation of DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 728096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11523", "title": "The biosynthetic pathway of new polyamines in Caldariella acidophila.", "content": "1. Spermidine and sym-nor-spermine (1,11-diamino-4,8-diazaundecane) were identified as the major components of the polyamine pool in Caldariella acidophila, an extreme thermoacidophilic bacterium. A minor component, a new polyamine, sym-nor-spermidine (1,7-diamino-4-azaheptane) was isolated and characterized. 2. To elucidate the biosynthetic pathway, labelled methionine, putrescine, spermidine and spermine were fed to Caldariella acidophila. Incubation of the bacterium in the presence of putrescine or spermidine labelled in the tetramethylene moiety gave unlabelled sym-nor-spermidine and sym-nor-spermine, whereas the radioactivity of propylamine-labelled methionine or spermidine was incorporated into these molecules. No radioactivity was recovered in the polyamines pool when spermine was fed to Caldariella acidophila. 3. S-Adenosylmethionine and S-(5'-adenosyl)-3-methylthiopropylamine were identified as intermediates of the biosynthetic pathway; the cellular contents of the two sulphonium compounds, measured with a new isotope-dilution technique, are 60 and 15nmol/g wet wt. of cells respectively. 4. The above results are indicative of a new pathway characterized by three propylamine-transfer reactions, decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine being the common donor of the propylamine moiety. The reactions yielding sym-nor-spermidine and sym-nor-spermine are reported for the first time. 5. The probable intermediates related to the catabolism of the tetramethylene moiety of spermidine, gamma-aminobutyraldehyde, gamma-aminobutyric acid or Delta(1)-pyrroline were not detectable. Experiments with [3-aminopropyl-3(n)-(3)H]spermidine trihydrochloride plus [tetramethylene-1,4-(14)C]spermidine trihydrochloride gave rise to an amount of labelled CO(2) equivalent to the spermidine catabolized.", "contents": "The biosynthetic pathway of new polyamines in Caldariella acidophila. 1. Spermidine and sym-nor-spermine (1,11-diamino-4,8-diazaundecane) were identified as the major components of the polyamine pool in Caldariella acidophila, an extreme thermoacidophilic bacterium. A minor component, a new polyamine, sym-nor-spermidine (1,7-diamino-4-azaheptane) was isolated and characterized. 2. To elucidate the biosynthetic pathway, labelled methionine, putrescine, spermidine and spermine were fed to Caldariella acidophila. Incubation of the bacterium in the presence of putrescine or spermidine labelled in the tetramethylene moiety gave unlabelled sym-nor-spermidine and sym-nor-spermine, whereas the radioactivity of propylamine-labelled methionine or spermidine was incorporated into these molecules. No radioactivity was recovered in the polyamines pool when spermine was fed to Caldariella acidophila. 3. S-Adenosylmethionine and S-(5'-adenosyl)-3-methylthiopropylamine were identified as intermediates of the biosynthetic pathway; the cellular contents of the two sulphonium compounds, measured with a new isotope-dilution technique, are 60 and 15nmol/g wet wt. of cells respectively. 4. The above results are indicative of a new pathway characterized by three propylamine-transfer reactions, decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine being the common donor of the propylamine moiety. The reactions yielding sym-nor-spermidine and sym-nor-spermine are reported for the first time. 5. The probable intermediates related to the catabolism of the tetramethylene moiety of spermidine, gamma-aminobutyraldehyde, gamma-aminobutyric acid or Delta(1)-pyrroline were not detectable. Experiments with [3-aminopropyl-3(n)-(3)H]spermidine trihydrochloride plus [tetramethylene-1,4-(14)C]spermidine trihydrochloride gave rise to an amount of labelled CO(2) equivalent to the spermidine catabolized.", "PMID": 728097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11524", "title": "Plasma clearance of glycoproteins with terminal mannose and N-acetylglucosamine by liver non-parenchymal cells. Studies with beta-glucuronidase, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, ribonuclease B and agalacto-orosomucoid.", "content": "Glycoproteins having mannose and/or N-acetylglucosamine in the terminal non-reducing position [Stockert, Morell & Scheinberg (1976) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 68, 988--993], and various lysosomal enzymes [Stahl, Schlesinger, Rodman & Doebber (1976) Nature (London) 264, 86--8] are rapidly cleared from plasma by the liver after intravenous administration. A liver cell-separation technique was used to determine the cellular localization of 125I-labelled beta-glucuronidase, ribonuclease B, agalacto-orosomucoid and asialo-orosomucoid. On a specific readioactivity basis, all ligands except 125I-labelled asialo-orosomucoid were enriched in the non-parenchymal cell fraction. Isolated cells, fixed and stained for beta-glucuronidase or N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity after intravenous injection of the enzymes, showed enrichment in the non-parenchymal cell fraction (probably Kupffer cells). After uptake by the non-parenchymal cells, liver lysosomal beta-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase showed degradation half-times of 2.2 and 0.4 days respectively.", "contents": "Plasma clearance of glycoproteins with terminal mannose and N-acetylglucosamine by liver non-parenchymal cells. Studies with beta-glucuronidase, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, ribonuclease B and agalacto-orosomucoid. Glycoproteins having mannose and/or N-acetylglucosamine in the terminal non-reducing position [Stockert, Morell & Scheinberg (1976) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 68, 988--993], and various lysosomal enzymes [Stahl, Schlesinger, Rodman & Doebber (1976) Nature (London) 264, 86--8] are rapidly cleared from plasma by the liver after intravenous administration. A liver cell-separation technique was used to determine the cellular localization of 125I-labelled beta-glucuronidase, ribonuclease B, agalacto-orosomucoid and asialo-orosomucoid. On a specific readioactivity basis, all ligands except 125I-labelled asialo-orosomucoid were enriched in the non-parenchymal cell fraction. Isolated cells, fixed and stained for beta-glucuronidase or N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity after intravenous injection of the enzymes, showed enrichment in the non-parenchymal cell fraction (probably Kupffer cells). After uptake by the non-parenchymal cells, liver lysosomal beta-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase showed degradation half-times of 2.2 and 0.4 days respectively.", "PMID": 728098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11525", "title": "Synthesis of 1 alpha-hydroxy[7-3H]cholecalciferol and its metabolism in the chick.", "content": "1. 1 alpha-Hydroxy[7-3H]cholecalciferol (specific radioactivity of 2-Ci/mmol) was synthesized, and its metabolism in chicks studied. 2. 1 alpha-Hydroxy[7-3H]cholecalciferol was metabolized very rapidly in the chick to 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy[7-3H]cholecalciferol and to a metabolite less polar than 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol. Intestine exhibited highest accumulation of 1 alpha-25-dihydroxy[7-3H]cholecalciferol, and liver exhibited highest accumulation of the non-polar metabolite. 3. Tissue uptake of 1 alpha-hydroxy[7-3H]cholecalciferol and its metabolites in chicks that were dosed continuously for 16 days with 1 alpha-hydroxy[7-3H]cholecalciferol did not exceed by very much that observed in tissues obtained from chicks that were dosed with a single injection of 1 alpha-hydroxy[7-3H]cholecalciferol 24 h before killing, except for liver and kidney. 4. Lowest accumulation of metabolites was noted in muscle and bone, and for the latter, highest uptake of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy[7-3H]cholecalciferol was noted in the epiphysial periosteum and the metaphysis. 5. Formation of 1 alpha,24,25-trihydroxy[7-3H]cholecalciferol was not observed in the chicks that were dosed continuously with 1 alpha-hydroxy[7-3H]cholecalciferol, despite the fact that plasma calcium and phosphorus were normal and despite the presence of renal 24-hydroxylase activity. 6. The vitamin D status of the chicks did not appear to affect the metabolic profile of the administered 1 alpha-hydroxy[7-3H]cholecalciferol.", "contents": "Synthesis of 1 alpha-hydroxy[7-3H]cholecalciferol and its metabolism in the chick. 1. 1 alpha-Hydroxy[7-3H]cholecalciferol (specific radioactivity of 2-Ci/mmol) was synthesized, and its metabolism in chicks studied. 2. 1 alpha-Hydroxy[7-3H]cholecalciferol was metabolized very rapidly in the chick to 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy[7-3H]cholecalciferol and to a metabolite less polar than 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol. Intestine exhibited highest accumulation of 1 alpha-25-dihydroxy[7-3H]cholecalciferol, and liver exhibited highest accumulation of the non-polar metabolite. 3. Tissue uptake of 1 alpha-hydroxy[7-3H]cholecalciferol and its metabolites in chicks that were dosed continuously for 16 days with 1 alpha-hydroxy[7-3H]cholecalciferol did not exceed by very much that observed in tissues obtained from chicks that were dosed with a single injection of 1 alpha-hydroxy[7-3H]cholecalciferol 24 h before killing, except for liver and kidney. 4. Lowest accumulation of metabolites was noted in muscle and bone, and for the latter, highest uptake of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy[7-3H]cholecalciferol was noted in the epiphysial periosteum and the metaphysis. 5. Formation of 1 alpha,24,25-trihydroxy[7-3H]cholecalciferol was not observed in the chicks that were dosed continuously with 1 alpha-hydroxy[7-3H]cholecalciferol, despite the fact that plasma calcium and phosphorus were normal and despite the presence of renal 24-hydroxylase activity. 6. The vitamin D status of the chicks did not appear to affect the metabolic profile of the administered 1 alpha-hydroxy[7-3H]cholecalciferol.", "PMID": 728099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11526", "title": "Cyanide-insensitive oxidation of ascorbate + NNN'N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine mixture by mung-bean (Phaseolus aureus) mitochondria. An energy-linked function.", "content": "Freshly prepared washed or purified mung-bean (Phaseolus aureus) mitochondria utilize oxygen with ascorbate/tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine mixture as electron donor in the presence of KCN. ATP control of the oxygen uptake can be observed with very fresh mitochondria. The electron flow, which is inhibited by antimycin A, salicylhydroxamic acid or octylguanidine, takes place by reversed electron transport through phosphorylation site II and thence to oxygen through the cyanide-insensitive pathway. Oligomycin and low concentrations of uncoupler partially inhibit the oxygen uptake in a manner similar to that observed for other energy-linked functions of plant mitochondria. An antimycin A-insensitive oxygen uptake occurs if high concentrations of uncoupler are used, indicating that the pathway of electron flow has been altered. The process of cyanide-insensitive ascorbate oxidation is self-starting, and, since it occurs in the presence of oligomycin, it is concluded that the reaction can be energized by a single energy-conservation site associated with the cyanide-insensitive oxidase pathway.", "contents": "Cyanide-insensitive oxidation of ascorbate + NNN'N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine mixture by mung-bean (Phaseolus aureus) mitochondria. An energy-linked function. Freshly prepared washed or purified mung-bean (Phaseolus aureus) mitochondria utilize oxygen with ascorbate/tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine mixture as electron donor in the presence of KCN. ATP control of the oxygen uptake can be observed with very fresh mitochondria. The electron flow, which is inhibited by antimycin A, salicylhydroxamic acid or octylguanidine, takes place by reversed electron transport through phosphorylation site II and thence to oxygen through the cyanide-insensitive pathway. Oligomycin and low concentrations of uncoupler partially inhibit the oxygen uptake in a manner similar to that observed for other energy-linked functions of plant mitochondria. An antimycin A-insensitive oxygen uptake occurs if high concentrations of uncoupler are used, indicating that the pathway of electron flow has been altered. The process of cyanide-insensitive ascorbate oxidation is self-starting, and, since it occurs in the presence of oligomycin, it is concluded that the reaction can be energized by a single energy-conservation site associated with the cyanide-insensitive oxidase pathway.", "PMID": 728100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11527", "title": "The effect of surgical trauma on muscle protein turnover in rats.", "content": "The rate of synthesis and catabolism of sarcoplasmic- and myofibrillar-muscle protein was measured in operated, sham-operated and food-restricted rats by using Na2 14CO3. The food-restricted group underwent sham operations and were limited to the food intake of the operated animals. Protein synthesis and catabolism were increased in the sarcoplasmic-muscle fraction in operated rats compared with that in sham-operated or food-restricted rats. The rate of synthesis of the myofibrillar protein decreased in operated animals, but the rate of catabolism was not altered in the myofibrillar-muscle fraction of the operated animals compared with that in food-restricted and sham-operated animals. In the operated animals, there was a net loss of protein from the muscle. Thus the rats that underwent surgery lost muscle protein, primarily as a result of a decrease in synthesis of myofibrillar protein. The changes in protein turnover in operated animals were not due to decreases in food intake, since protein turnover in sham-operated animals that were restricted to the food intake of the operated rats was not different from that in sham-operated rats fed ad libitum.", "contents": "The effect of surgical trauma on muscle protein turnover in rats. The rate of synthesis and catabolism of sarcoplasmic- and myofibrillar-muscle protein was measured in operated, sham-operated and food-restricted rats by using Na2 14CO3. The food-restricted group underwent sham operations and were limited to the food intake of the operated animals. Protein synthesis and catabolism were increased in the sarcoplasmic-muscle fraction in operated rats compared with that in sham-operated or food-restricted rats. The rate of synthesis of the myofibrillar protein decreased in operated animals, but the rate of catabolism was not altered in the myofibrillar-muscle fraction of the operated animals compared with that in food-restricted and sham-operated animals. In the operated animals, there was a net loss of protein from the muscle. Thus the rats that underwent surgery lost muscle protein, primarily as a result of a decrease in synthesis of myofibrillar protein. The changes in protein turnover in operated animals were not due to decreases in food intake, since protein turnover in sham-operated animals that were restricted to the food intake of the operated rats was not different from that in sham-operated rats fed ad libitum.", "PMID": 728101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11528", "title": "Studies on sex-organ development. Oestrogenic effect on ornithine decarboxylase activity in the differentiating M\u00fcllerian ducts and other organs of the chick embryo.", "content": "The activity of ornithine decarboxylase in the differentiating left and right M\u00fcllerian ducts was assayed and compared with that in other embryonic organs, i.e. the liver and the brain throughout the stages of development. In general the enzyme activity was high in the early stages and decreased extensively in the late stages of development. Specifically, in the left and righ M\u00fcllerian ducts, the enzyme activity was high from day 8 to day 9 of incubation. In the right duct the enzyme activity started to decline on day 9 and then continuously decreased to an almost undetectable value on day 18 of incubation. In the left duct the enzyme activity also decreased slightly from day 9 to day 12; however, it increased from day 13 to day 15 and finally decreased to a constant value from day 18 until hatching. The alteration in enzyme activity in the M\u00fcllerian duct as assayed in vitro during development is not due to the effect of the size of the endogenous ornithine pool. When the enzyme activity was subjected to oestrogen stimulation, an increase of 5--10-fold for the left duct and of 5--3-fold for the right duct was observed during the course of development. No such stimulation was observed with the treatment of progesterone. Testosterone consistently caused a 25--30% inhibition of the enzyme activity in the M\u00fcllerian duct. Oestrogen slightly stimulated the enzyme activity in the developing liver but inhibited that of the brain. The concentration of the three polyamines measured in the M\u00fcllerian duct corresponds to the activity of the enzyme determined.", "contents": "Studies on sex-organ development. Oestrogenic effect on ornithine decarboxylase activity in the differentiating M\u00fcllerian ducts and other organs of the chick embryo. The activity of ornithine decarboxylase in the differentiating left and right M\u00fcllerian ducts was assayed and compared with that in other embryonic organs, i.e. the liver and the brain throughout the stages of development. In general the enzyme activity was high in the early stages and decreased extensively in the late stages of development. Specifically, in the left and righ M\u00fcllerian ducts, the enzyme activity was high from day 8 to day 9 of incubation. In the right duct the enzyme activity started to decline on day 9 and then continuously decreased to an almost undetectable value on day 18 of incubation. In the left duct the enzyme activity also decreased slightly from day 9 to day 12; however, it increased from day 13 to day 15 and finally decreased to a constant value from day 18 until hatching. The alteration in enzyme activity in the M\u00fcllerian duct as assayed in vitro during development is not due to the effect of the size of the endogenous ornithine pool. When the enzyme activity was subjected to oestrogen stimulation, an increase of 5--10-fold for the left duct and of 5--3-fold for the right duct was observed during the course of development. No such stimulation was observed with the treatment of progesterone. Testosterone consistently caused a 25--30% inhibition of the enzyme activity in the M\u00fcllerian duct. Oestrogen slightly stimulated the enzyme activity in the developing liver but inhibited that of the brain. The concentration of the three polyamines measured in the M\u00fcllerian duct corresponds to the activity of the enzyme determined.", "PMID": 728102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11529", "title": "Phospholipid composition and metabolism in mouse muscular dystrophy.", "content": "1. The composition and metabolism of phospholipids were studied in various tissues from both normal and dystrophic mice of the 129 ReJ strain. Phospholipids extracted from forebrain, spinal cord, sciatic nerve and plasma were fractionated by t.l.c. and measured. 2. Very significant alterations were found in the choline phospholipids from these tissues, except forebrain. Plasma phosphatidylcholine in the dystrophic mouse was increased by 38%. There was a 2-fold increase in lysophosphatidylcholine in the spinal cord of dystrophic mice. The sciatic nerve showed a marked decrease in sphingomyelin content, which is approximately half of that in the controls. 3. Five enzymes involved in phosphatidylcholine metabolism [namely cholinephosphotransferase (EC 2.7.8.2); phospholipases A (EC 3.1.1.4, EC 3.1.1.32); lysophospholipase (EC 3.1.1.5); lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.23); phospholipase C (EC 3.1.4.3)] were studied in tissue preparations from forebrain, spinal cord, sciatic nerves, gastrocnemius muscles and liver. 4. Activities of phospholipases A and C were significantly increased, about 5-fold and 60% respectively, in gastrocnemius muscle of dystrophic mice compared with controls. Phospholipases A also showed 50% higher activity in the sciatic nerves of dystrophic than of normal mice. Lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase activities were significantly increased in the sciatic nerves and spinal cord, by 50-100% over that of the controls. The forebrain and spinal cord from dystrophic mice, however, had only 60% of lysophospholipase activities of that of the normal control. Cholinephosphotransferase activity was unchanged in these tissues from both normal and dystrophic mice. 5. It is suggested that are number of features of mouse muscular dystrophy related to altered membrane structure and function can be rationalized in terms of changes in lipid composition and metabolism.", "contents": "Phospholipid composition and metabolism in mouse muscular dystrophy. 1. The composition and metabolism of phospholipids were studied in various tissues from both normal and dystrophic mice of the 129 ReJ strain. Phospholipids extracted from forebrain, spinal cord, sciatic nerve and plasma were fractionated by t.l.c. and measured. 2. Very significant alterations were found in the choline phospholipids from these tissues, except forebrain. Plasma phosphatidylcholine in the dystrophic mouse was increased by 38%. There was a 2-fold increase in lysophosphatidylcholine in the spinal cord of dystrophic mice. The sciatic nerve showed a marked decrease in sphingomyelin content, which is approximately half of that in the controls. 3. Five enzymes involved in phosphatidylcholine metabolism [namely cholinephosphotransferase (EC 2.7.8.2); phospholipases A (EC 3.1.1.4, EC 3.1.1.32); lysophospholipase (EC 3.1.1.5); lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.23); phospholipase C (EC 3.1.4.3)] were studied in tissue preparations from forebrain, spinal cord, sciatic nerves, gastrocnemius muscles and liver. 4. Activities of phospholipases A and C were significantly increased, about 5-fold and 60% respectively, in gastrocnemius muscle of dystrophic mice compared with controls. Phospholipases A also showed 50% higher activity in the sciatic nerves of dystrophic than of normal mice. Lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase activities were significantly increased in the sciatic nerves and spinal cord, by 50-100% over that of the controls. The forebrain and spinal cord from dystrophic mice, however, had only 60% of lysophospholipase activities of that of the normal control. Cholinephosphotransferase activity was unchanged in these tissues from both normal and dystrophic mice. 5. It is suggested that are number of features of mouse muscular dystrophy related to altered membrane structure and function can be rationalized in terms of changes in lipid composition and metabolism.", "PMID": 728103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11530", "title": "Accelerated breakdown of reticulocyte protein formed under conditions of amino acid depletion.", "content": "1. Labile protein is formed when rat or rabbit reticulocytes are incubated in medium deficient in individual amino acids, especially histidine, valine or alanine. The fraction of unstable protein is increased to about 35% of the total protein synthesized when the histidinyl-tRNA-charging inhibitor, histidinol, is added to histidine-deficient media. 2. The molecular weights of the labile proteins measured by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of urea are less than haemoglobin and probably represent prematurely terminated haemoglobin chains. 3. Although protein synthesis is always lower under conditions that produce labile protein, inhibition of protein synthesis by fluoride or cycloheximide does not give an effect similar to amino acid depletion. 4. The synthesis of protein in deficient medium does not alter the degradation rate of pre-existing protein in reticulocytes and is thus unrelated to the stringent response in bacteria. 5. We propose that amino acid-deficient medium leads to a decreased charging of the appropriate tRNA, a concomitant decrease in protein synthesis and the degradation of nascent peptides.", "contents": "Accelerated breakdown of reticulocyte protein formed under conditions of amino acid depletion. 1. Labile protein is formed when rat or rabbit reticulocytes are incubated in medium deficient in individual amino acids, especially histidine, valine or alanine. The fraction of unstable protein is increased to about 35% of the total protein synthesized when the histidinyl-tRNA-charging inhibitor, histidinol, is added to histidine-deficient media. 2. The molecular weights of the labile proteins measured by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of urea are less than haemoglobin and probably represent prematurely terminated haemoglobin chains. 3. Although protein synthesis is always lower under conditions that produce labile protein, inhibition of protein synthesis by fluoride or cycloheximide does not give an effect similar to amino acid depletion. 4. The synthesis of protein in deficient medium does not alter the degradation rate of pre-existing protein in reticulocytes and is thus unrelated to the stringent response in bacteria. 5. We propose that amino acid-deficient medium leads to a decreased charging of the appropriate tRNA, a concomitant decrease in protein synthesis and the degradation of nascent peptides.", "PMID": 728104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11531", "title": "Membrane proteins in human erythrocytes during cell fusion induced by oleoylglycerol.", "content": "1. The fusion of human erythrocytes into multicellular bodies that is induced by microdroplets of oleoylglycerol was investigated by optical and electron microscopy, and by gel electrophoresis of membrane proteins. 2. At the highest concentrations of oleoylglycerol and Ca(2+) used, at least 80% of the cells fused after 30min at 37 degrees C and only about 5% of the cells had completely lysed; the shapes of fused multicellular bodies were usually retained in ;ghosts' prepared by hypo-osmotic lysis. 3. The rate of cell fusion was related to the concentration of Ca(2+), although some cells fused when no exogenous Ca(2+) was present. 4. Interactions of microdroplets of oleoylglycerol with the cells led to abnormalities in the structural appearance of the erythrocyte membrane; subsequent membrane fusion occurred, at least in some instances, at the sites of the microdroplets. 5. The intramembranous particles on the P-fracture face of the treated cells were more randomly distributed, but not significantly increased in number by comparison with the control cells. 6. Gel electrophoresis of the proteins of ;ghosts' prepared from fused human erythrocytes showed a production of material of very high molecular weight, the development of a new component in the band-3 region, an increased staining of bands 4.3 and 4.5, and a new component moving slightly faster than band 6. 7. Bands 2.1-2.3 were altered, band 3 was decreased and band 4.1 was lost. 8. Most, but not all, of the changes in the membrane proteins appeared to result from the entry of Ca(2+) into the cell. 9. 1-Chloro-4-phenyl-3-l-toluene-p-sulphonamidobutan-2-one partially inhibited both cell fusion and the associated decrease in band-3 protein. 10. The possibility that proteolytic degradation of membrane proteins may be involved in cell fusion induced by oleoylglycerol is considered, and some implications of this possibility are discussed.", "contents": "Membrane proteins in human erythrocytes during cell fusion induced by oleoylglycerol. 1. The fusion of human erythrocytes into multicellular bodies that is induced by microdroplets of oleoylglycerol was investigated by optical and electron microscopy, and by gel electrophoresis of membrane proteins. 2. At the highest concentrations of oleoylglycerol and Ca(2+) used, at least 80% of the cells fused after 30min at 37 degrees C and only about 5% of the cells had completely lysed; the shapes of fused multicellular bodies were usually retained in ;ghosts' prepared by hypo-osmotic lysis. 3. The rate of cell fusion was related to the concentration of Ca(2+), although some cells fused when no exogenous Ca(2+) was present. 4. Interactions of microdroplets of oleoylglycerol with the cells led to abnormalities in the structural appearance of the erythrocyte membrane; subsequent membrane fusion occurred, at least in some instances, at the sites of the microdroplets. 5. The intramembranous particles on the P-fracture face of the treated cells were more randomly distributed, but not significantly increased in number by comparison with the control cells. 6. Gel electrophoresis of the proteins of ;ghosts' prepared from fused human erythrocytes showed a production of material of very high molecular weight, the development of a new component in the band-3 region, an increased staining of bands 4.3 and 4.5, and a new component moving slightly faster than band 6. 7. Bands 2.1-2.3 were altered, band 3 was decreased and band 4.1 was lost. 8. Most, but not all, of the changes in the membrane proteins appeared to result from the entry of Ca(2+) into the cell. 9. 1-Chloro-4-phenyl-3-l-toluene-p-sulphonamidobutan-2-one partially inhibited both cell fusion and the associated decrease in band-3 protein. 10. The possibility that proteolytic degradation of membrane proteins may be involved in cell fusion induced by oleoylglycerol is considered, and some implications of this possibility are discussed.", "PMID": 728105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11532", "title": "Subcellular localization of NAD(P)H oxidase(s) in human neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leucocytes.", "content": "NADH and NADPH oxidase activities in a homogenate of human neutrophils co-sediment in a linear sucrose density gradient under either velocity or isopycnic conditions of centrifugation. The position of these activities in the gradient does not correspond to any known subcellular granule or to the cell-membrane fraction. These data suggest that the oxidase activities may reside in a unique granule that has previously not been recognized.", "contents": "Subcellular localization of NAD(P)H oxidase(s) in human neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leucocytes. NADH and NADPH oxidase activities in a homogenate of human neutrophils co-sediment in a linear sucrose density gradient under either velocity or isopycnic conditions of centrifugation. The position of these activities in the gradient does not correspond to any known subcellular granule or to the cell-membrane fraction. These data suggest that the oxidase activities may reside in a unique granule that has previously not been recognized.", "PMID": 728106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11533", "title": "Control of isocitrate lyase synthesis in Chlorella fusca var. vacuolata. Rate of enzyme synthesis in the presence and absence of acetate measured by [35S]methionine labelling and immunoprecipitation.", "content": "The rate of increase of isocitrate lyase activity was measured in darkened Chlorella fusca var. vaculoata cultures in the presence and absence of acetate and compared with the rate of incorporation of [35S]methionine into isocitrate lyase enzyme protein under the same conditions. Isocitrate lyase enzyme protein was isolated for this purpose by specific immunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. After 4h in the dark, in the presence of acetate the rate of increase of isocitrate lyase activity was 75 times that in the absence of acetate. Incorporation of [35S]methionine into isocitrate lyase was 140 times greater in the presence of acetate. Incorporation of [35S]methionine into the trichloroacetic acid-insoluble fraction overall was about five times as fast in the presence of acetate. These data are not consistent with an increased turnover of isocitrate lyase enzyme molecules, sufficient to account for the low rate of increase of isocitrate lyase activity in the absence of acetate. The greater rate of enzyme synthesis in the presence of acetate must therefore be due to some effect of this metabolite on the processing or translation of isocitrate lyase mRNA.", "contents": "Control of isocitrate lyase synthesis in Chlorella fusca var. vacuolata. Rate of enzyme synthesis in the presence and absence of acetate measured by [35S]methionine labelling and immunoprecipitation. The rate of increase of isocitrate lyase activity was measured in darkened Chlorella fusca var. vaculoata cultures in the presence and absence of acetate and compared with the rate of incorporation of [35S]methionine into isocitrate lyase enzyme protein under the same conditions. Isocitrate lyase enzyme protein was isolated for this purpose by specific immunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. After 4h in the dark, in the presence of acetate the rate of increase of isocitrate lyase activity was 75 times that in the absence of acetate. Incorporation of [35S]methionine into isocitrate lyase was 140 times greater in the presence of acetate. Incorporation of [35S]methionine into the trichloroacetic acid-insoluble fraction overall was about five times as fast in the presence of acetate. These data are not consistent with an increased turnover of isocitrate lyase enzyme molecules, sufficient to account for the low rate of increase of isocitrate lyase activity in the absence of acetate. The greater rate of enzyme synthesis in the presence of acetate must therefore be due to some effect of this metabolite on the processing or translation of isocitrate lyase mRNA.", "PMID": 728107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11534", "title": "alpha-aminoisobutyrate transport into cells from R3230AC mammary adenocarcinoma. Evidence for sodium ion-dependent and -independent carrier-mediated entry and effects of diabetes.", "content": "In the presence of Na+, alpha-aminoisobutyrate was transported by saturable and non-saturable processes into R3230AC mammary tumour cells isolated by enzymic treatment. Eadie-Hofstee analysis for the saturable process gave a curvilinear plot, suggesting that transport occurred by more than one carrier. In the absence of Na+, alpha-aminoisobutyrate was also transported by both saturable and non-saturable processes. This Na+-independent saturable process gave a linear plot according to Eadie-Hofstee analysis: V, 708 +/- 105 pmol/min per 5 X 10(6) cells; Km, 0.36 +/- 0.33 mM (mean +/- S.E.M.). Subtracting alpha-aminoisobutyrate entry in the absence of Na+ from total alpha-aminoisobutyrate uptake (in the presence of Na+) showed the presence of another saturable process (Na+-dependent), accounting for 75% of total alpha-aminoisobutyrate uptake. This component gave a linear Eadie-Hofstee plot: V, 2086 +/- 213; Km, 1.75 +/- 0.16 alpha-(Methylamino)isobutyrate, a substrate specifically taken up by the A system, inhibited 80% of alpha-aminoisobutyrate entry. The presence of both alhpa-(methylamino)isobutyrate and phenylalanine inhibited alpha-aminoisobutyrate entry completely. 2-Aminobicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylate, an analogue specifically taken up by the Na+-independent system, inhibited completely the Na+-independent entry of alpha-aminoisobutyrate. In the presence of Na+, the distribution ratio, which is defined as the amino acid concentration in the intracellular space divided by that in the incubation medium for alpha-aminoisobutyrate, at 90 min was 19, and in the absence of Na+ at 60 min was 5. These concentrative processes were sensitive to the metabolic inhibitor pentachlorophenol. The Na+-dependent, but not the Na+-independent, alpha-aminoisobutyrate uptake was increased in cells from diabetic rats. This was primarily due to an increase in the V for the Na+-dependent component (164%) with no effect on the Km. We conclude, therefore, that alpha-aminoisobutyrate entry into cells from this mammary tumour is mediated by two transport systems, one Na+-dependent and another Na+-independent. Furthermore, the Na+-dependent component of alpha-aminoisobutyrate is sensitive to alterations of insulin in vivo.", "contents": "alpha-aminoisobutyrate transport into cells from R3230AC mammary adenocarcinoma. Evidence for sodium ion-dependent and -independent carrier-mediated entry and effects of diabetes. In the presence of Na+, alpha-aminoisobutyrate was transported by saturable and non-saturable processes into R3230AC mammary tumour cells isolated by enzymic treatment. Eadie-Hofstee analysis for the saturable process gave a curvilinear plot, suggesting that transport occurred by more than one carrier. In the absence of Na+, alpha-aminoisobutyrate was also transported by both saturable and non-saturable processes. This Na+-independent saturable process gave a linear plot according to Eadie-Hofstee analysis: V, 708 +/- 105 pmol/min per 5 X 10(6) cells; Km, 0.36 +/- 0.33 mM (mean +/- S.E.M.). Subtracting alpha-aminoisobutyrate entry in the absence of Na+ from total alpha-aminoisobutyrate uptake (in the presence of Na+) showed the presence of another saturable process (Na+-dependent), accounting for 75% of total alpha-aminoisobutyrate uptake. This component gave a linear Eadie-Hofstee plot: V, 2086 +/- 213; Km, 1.75 +/- 0.16 alpha-(Methylamino)isobutyrate, a substrate specifically taken up by the A system, inhibited 80% of alpha-aminoisobutyrate entry. The presence of both alhpa-(methylamino)isobutyrate and phenylalanine inhibited alpha-aminoisobutyrate entry completely. 2-Aminobicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylate, an analogue specifically taken up by the Na+-independent system, inhibited completely the Na+-independent entry of alpha-aminoisobutyrate. In the presence of Na+, the distribution ratio, which is defined as the amino acid concentration in the intracellular space divided by that in the incubation medium for alpha-aminoisobutyrate, at 90 min was 19, and in the absence of Na+ at 60 min was 5. These concentrative processes were sensitive to the metabolic inhibitor pentachlorophenol. The Na+-dependent, but not the Na+-independent, alpha-aminoisobutyrate uptake was increased in cells from diabetic rats. This was primarily due to an increase in the V for the Na+-dependent component (164%) with no effect on the Km. We conclude, therefore, that alpha-aminoisobutyrate entry into cells from this mammary tumour is mediated by two transport systems, one Na+-dependent and another Na+-independent. Furthermore, the Na+-dependent component of alpha-aminoisobutyrate is sensitive to alterations of insulin in vivo.", "PMID": 728108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11535", "title": "The fate of 14C in glucose 6-phosphate synthesized from [1-14C]Ribose 5-phosphate by enzymes of rat liver.", "content": "1. Glucose 5-phosphate was synthesized from ribose 5-phosphate by an enzyme extract prepared from an acetone-dried powder of rat liver. Three rates of ribose 5-phosphate utilization were observed during incubation for 17 h. An analysis of intermediates and products formed throughout the incubation revealed that as much as 20% of the substrate carbon could not be accounted for. 2. With [1-14C]ribose 5-phosphate as substrate, the specific radioactivity of [14C]glucose 6-phosphate formed was determined at 1, 2, 5 and 30 min and 3, 8 and 17 h. It increased rapidly to 1.9-fold the initial specific radioactivity of [1-14C]ribose 5-phosphate at 3 h and then decreased to a value approximately equal to that of the substrate at 6 h, and finally at 17 h reached a value 0.8-fold that of the initial substrate [1-14C]ribose 5-phosphate. 3. The specific radioactivity of [14C]ribose 5-phosphate decreased to approx. 50% of its inital value during the first 3 h of the incubation and thereafter remained unchanged. 4. The distribution of 14C in the six carbon atoms of [14C]glucose 6-phosphate formed from [1-14C]ribose 5-phosphate at 1, 2, 5 and 30 min and 3, 8 and 17 h was determined. The early time intervals (1--30 min) were characterized by large amounts of 14C in C-2 and in C-6 and with C-1 and C-3 being unlabelled. In contrast, the later time intervals (3--17 h) were characterized by the appearance of 14C in C-1 and C-3 and decreasing amounts of 14C in C-2 and C-6. 5. It is concluded that neither the currently accepted reaction sequence for the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway nor the 'defined' pentose phosphate-cycle mechanism can be reconciled with the labelling patterns observed in glucose 6-phosphate formed during the inital 3 h of the incubation.", "contents": "The fate of 14C in glucose 6-phosphate synthesized from [1-14C]Ribose 5-phosphate by enzymes of rat liver. 1. Glucose 5-phosphate was synthesized from ribose 5-phosphate by an enzyme extract prepared from an acetone-dried powder of rat liver. Three rates of ribose 5-phosphate utilization were observed during incubation for 17 h. An analysis of intermediates and products formed throughout the incubation revealed that as much as 20% of the substrate carbon could not be accounted for. 2. With [1-14C]ribose 5-phosphate as substrate, the specific radioactivity of [14C]glucose 6-phosphate formed was determined at 1, 2, 5 and 30 min and 3, 8 and 17 h. It increased rapidly to 1.9-fold the initial specific radioactivity of [1-14C]ribose 5-phosphate at 3 h and then decreased to a value approximately equal to that of the substrate at 6 h, and finally at 17 h reached a value 0.8-fold that of the initial substrate [1-14C]ribose 5-phosphate. 3. The specific radioactivity of [14C]ribose 5-phosphate decreased to approx. 50% of its inital value during the first 3 h of the incubation and thereafter remained unchanged. 4. The distribution of 14C in the six carbon atoms of [14C]glucose 6-phosphate formed from [1-14C]ribose 5-phosphate at 1, 2, 5 and 30 min and 3, 8 and 17 h was determined. The early time intervals (1--30 min) were characterized by large amounts of 14C in C-2 and in C-6 and with C-1 and C-3 being unlabelled. In contrast, the later time intervals (3--17 h) were characterized by the appearance of 14C in C-1 and C-3 and decreasing amounts of 14C in C-2 and C-6. 5. It is concluded that neither the currently accepted reaction sequence for the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway nor the 'defined' pentose phosphate-cycle mechanism can be reconciled with the labelling patterns observed in glucose 6-phosphate formed during the inital 3 h of the incubation.", "PMID": 728109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11536", "title": "New reaction sequences for the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway.", "content": "1. Reactions leading to the formation of 14C-labelled volatile compounds and compounds volatile under acid conditions were investigated in a system actively synthesizing hexose 6-phosphates from [U-14C]ribose 5-phosphate by reactions catalysed by enzymes prepared from acetone-dried powder of rat liver; no reactions involving 14C-labelled volatile compounds were detected. Similarly the fixation of 14C-labelled volatile compounds into hexose 6-phosphate could not be detected. 2. A complete carbon balance was made for the reactants, intermediates and products of the reactions involved in the conversion of ribose 5-phosphate into hexose 6-phosphate by enzymes of rat liver. Five additional intermediates of pentose 5-phosphate metabolism in liver were detected, namely D-manno-heptulose 7-phosphate, D-altro-heptulose 1,7-bisphosphate, D-glycero-D-ido-octulose 1,8-bisphosphate, D-glycero-D-altro-octulose 1,8-bisphosphate and D-arabinose 5-phosphate. 3. D-Arabinose 5-phosphate was found to be utilized by a rat liver enzyme preparation to produce both hexose 6-phosphate and triose phosphate. 4. D-Arabinose 5-phosphate was reversibly converted into other pentose 5-phosphates. Paper chromatographic and enzymic evidence indicated that the conversion involved an enzyme tentatively named arabinose phosphate 2-epimerase, which catalyses the following reaction: D-arabinose 5-P in equilibrium D-ribose-5-P. 5. A variety of rat tissues also utilized D-arabinose 5-phosphate to produce both hexose 6-phosphate and triose phosphate and at a rate comparable with that obtained with D-ribose 5-phosphate. 6. A new reaction sequence for the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway in liver is proposed.", "contents": "New reaction sequences for the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway. 1. Reactions leading to the formation of 14C-labelled volatile compounds and compounds volatile under acid conditions were investigated in a system actively synthesizing hexose 6-phosphates from [U-14C]ribose 5-phosphate by reactions catalysed by enzymes prepared from acetone-dried powder of rat liver; no reactions involving 14C-labelled volatile compounds were detected. Similarly the fixation of 14C-labelled volatile compounds into hexose 6-phosphate could not be detected. 2. A complete carbon balance was made for the reactants, intermediates and products of the reactions involved in the conversion of ribose 5-phosphate into hexose 6-phosphate by enzymes of rat liver. Five additional intermediates of pentose 5-phosphate metabolism in liver were detected, namely D-manno-heptulose 7-phosphate, D-altro-heptulose 1,7-bisphosphate, D-glycero-D-ido-octulose 1,8-bisphosphate, D-glycero-D-altro-octulose 1,8-bisphosphate and D-arabinose 5-phosphate. 3. D-Arabinose 5-phosphate was found to be utilized by a rat liver enzyme preparation to produce both hexose 6-phosphate and triose phosphate. 4. D-Arabinose 5-phosphate was reversibly converted into other pentose 5-phosphates. Paper chromatographic and enzymic evidence indicated that the conversion involved an enzyme tentatively named arabinose phosphate 2-epimerase, which catalyses the following reaction: D-arabinose 5-P in equilibrium D-ribose-5-P. 5. A variety of rat tissues also utilized D-arabinose 5-phosphate to produce both hexose 6-phosphate and triose phosphate and at a rate comparable with that obtained with D-ribose 5-phosphate. 6. A new reaction sequence for the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway in liver is proposed.", "PMID": 728110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11537", "title": "Stimulation of anterior pituitary prostaglandin E content and somatotropin (growth hormone) synthesis by phospholipase A.", "content": "The prostaglandin E content of dispersed rat anterior pituitary glands was found to increase in the presence of phospholipase A or arachidonic acid. The increases were abolished by the addition of indomethacin. Similarly, the rate of somatotropin (growth hormone) synthesis was increased by these two agents, and the increases were again abolished by indomethacin. Phospholipase A also stimulated somatotropin release. The stimulation of prostaglandin E accumulation was a specific response to those fatty acids that are precursors for prostaglandin synthesis. One such precursor, [3H]arachidonic acid, was incorporated by rat anterior pituitary glands in vitro, and found to be associated mainly with phosphatidylethanolamine-like material. It is concluded that the intracellular concentration of prostaglandin E is limited by the availability of precursor fatty acids and that this can be increased by the addition of exogenous precursors or by the action of exogenous phospholipase A on the cellular phospholipid. Factors that increased prostaglandin E concentrations also increase the rate of synthesis of somatotropin, providing further evidence for the concept that prostaglandin E is involved in modulation of the rate of synthesis of this hormone.", "contents": "Stimulation of anterior pituitary prostaglandin E content and somatotropin (growth hormone) synthesis by phospholipase A. The prostaglandin E content of dispersed rat anterior pituitary glands was found to increase in the presence of phospholipase A or arachidonic acid. The increases were abolished by the addition of indomethacin. Similarly, the rate of somatotropin (growth hormone) synthesis was increased by these two agents, and the increases were again abolished by indomethacin. Phospholipase A also stimulated somatotropin release. The stimulation of prostaglandin E accumulation was a specific response to those fatty acids that are precursors for prostaglandin synthesis. One such precursor, [3H]arachidonic acid, was incorporated by rat anterior pituitary glands in vitro, and found to be associated mainly with phosphatidylethanolamine-like material. It is concluded that the intracellular concentration of prostaglandin E is limited by the availability of precursor fatty acids and that this can be increased by the addition of exogenous precursors or by the action of exogenous phospholipase A on the cellular phospholipid. Factors that increased prostaglandin E concentrations also increase the rate of synthesis of somatotropin, providing further evidence for the concept that prostaglandin E is involved in modulation of the rate of synthesis of this hormone.", "PMID": 728111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11538", "title": "The mechanism of haem degradation in vitro. Kinetic evidence for the formation of a haem-oxygen complex.", "content": "The rate of haem degradation in aqueous pyridine shows a saturation dependence on O2 concentration. CO competitively inhibits the reaction. This is evidence for formation of an iron-O2 complex and is consistent with an intramolecular pathway for haem degradation.", "contents": "The mechanism of haem degradation in vitro. Kinetic evidence for the formation of a haem-oxygen complex. The rate of haem degradation in aqueous pyridine shows a saturation dependence on O2 concentration. CO competitively inhibits the reaction. This is evidence for formation of an iron-O2 complex and is consistent with an intramolecular pathway for haem degradation.", "PMID": 728112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11539", "title": "Evidence for a reciprocal relationship between lipogenesis and ketogenesis in hepatocytes from fed virgin and lactating rats.", "content": "Lipogenesis is increased in hepatocytes from fed lactating rats compared with virgin rats. Inhibition of lipogenesis with 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid resulted in increased ketogenesis from endogenous substrate, but not from oleate. Dihydroxyacetone increased ketogenesis from endogenous substrate, but not from oleate. Dihydroxyacetone increased lipogenesis and esterification of [1--14C]oleate and decreased ketogenesis; these changes were reversed by the inhibitor. The reciprocal relationship between lipogenesis and ketogenesis in hepatocytes from fed rats may be due to alterations in [malonyl-CoA] [McGarry, Mannaerts & Foster (1977) J. Clin. Invest. 60, 265--270; Cook, King & Veech (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 2529--2531], but this mechanism is not considered to be sufficient to explain the increased ketogenesis in starvation completely.", "contents": "Evidence for a reciprocal relationship between lipogenesis and ketogenesis in hepatocytes from fed virgin and lactating rats. Lipogenesis is increased in hepatocytes from fed lactating rats compared with virgin rats. Inhibition of lipogenesis with 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid resulted in increased ketogenesis from endogenous substrate, but not from oleate. Dihydroxyacetone increased ketogenesis from endogenous substrate, but not from oleate. Dihydroxyacetone increased lipogenesis and esterification of [1--14C]oleate and decreased ketogenesis; these changes were reversed by the inhibitor. The reciprocal relationship between lipogenesis and ketogenesis in hepatocytes from fed rats may be due to alterations in [malonyl-CoA] [McGarry, Mannaerts & Foster (1977) J. Clin. Invest. 60, 265--270; Cook, King & Veech (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 2529--2531], but this mechanism is not considered to be sufficient to explain the increased ketogenesis in starvation completely.", "PMID": 728113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11540", "title": "Evidence for the participation of aspartate aminotransferase in hepatic glucose synthesis in the suckling newborn rat.", "content": "Inhibition of liver aspartate aminotransferase by L-2-amino-4-methoxy-trans-3-butenoic acid in the suckling newborn rat causes a decrease in all gluconeogenic precursors from phosphoenolpyruvate to glucose and an accumulation of lactate but not of pyruvate. This suggests that the aspartate shuttle is operative and confirms the quantitative importance of lactate as a gluconeogenic precursor at this time during development.", "contents": "Evidence for the participation of aspartate aminotransferase in hepatic glucose synthesis in the suckling newborn rat. Inhibition of liver aspartate aminotransferase by L-2-amino-4-methoxy-trans-3-butenoic acid in the suckling newborn rat causes a decrease in all gluconeogenic precursors from phosphoenolpyruvate to glucose and an accumulation of lactate but not of pyruvate. This suggests that the aspartate shuttle is operative and confirms the quantitative importance of lactate as a gluconeogenic precursor at this time during development.", "PMID": 728114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11541", "title": "Evidence for a role of insulin in the regulation of lipogenesis in lactating rat mammary gland. Measurements of lipogenesis in vivo and plasma hormone concentrations in response to starvation and refeeding.", "content": "Fatty acid synthesis in the mammary gland of lactating rats in vivo was 5-fold higher than in the liver. Starvation decreased fatty acid synthesis in the gland 50-fold, whereas refeeding for 2h completely reversed this change. The plasma insulin concentration decreased 2-fold in starvation and was restored to the fed-rat value on refeeding. Glucagon and prolactin concentrations did not always change in parallel with lipogenesis, suggesting that insulin may be a regulator of this process in the gland.", "contents": "Evidence for a role of insulin in the regulation of lipogenesis in lactating rat mammary gland. Measurements of lipogenesis in vivo and plasma hormone concentrations in response to starvation and refeeding. Fatty acid synthesis in the mammary gland of lactating rats in vivo was 5-fold higher than in the liver. Starvation decreased fatty acid synthesis in the gland 50-fold, whereas refeeding for 2h completely reversed this change. The plasma insulin concentration decreased 2-fold in starvation and was restored to the fed-rat value on refeeding. Glucagon and prolactin concentrations did not always change in parallel with lipogenesis, suggesting that insulin may be a regulator of this process in the gland.", "PMID": 728115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11542", "title": "A sub-population of rat liver membrane-bound ribosomes that are detached in vitro by carcinogens and centrifugation.", "content": "The chemical-carcinogen-induced detachment of ribosomes from rat liver endoplasmic reticulum was studied in vitro. Incubation of postmitochondrial supernatant with 0.2 mM-diethylnitrosamine or N-2-acetylaminofluorene removed approx. 16% of membrane-bound ribosomes, measured as differences in RNA/protein values of membrane separated from unbound ribosomes by flotation. These ribosomes are also detached by exposure to high centrifugal forces (160000g) and are among those removed by NADPH-catalysed lipid peroxidation. Extensive lipid peroxidation prohibits any measurement. The ribosomes (polyribosomes) removed are not those detached from the membrane by exposure to high  KC1 concentrations (loosely bound) or high KC1 concentrations in the presence of puromycin (tightly bound). It is concluded then that centrifugally labile and carcinogen-sensitive represent a previously unreported sub-population of membrane-bound ribosomes.", "contents": "A sub-population of rat liver membrane-bound ribosomes that are detached in vitro by carcinogens and centrifugation. The chemical-carcinogen-induced detachment of ribosomes from rat liver endoplasmic reticulum was studied in vitro. Incubation of postmitochondrial supernatant with 0.2 mM-diethylnitrosamine or N-2-acetylaminofluorene removed approx. 16% of membrane-bound ribosomes, measured as differences in RNA/protein values of membrane separated from unbound ribosomes by flotation. These ribosomes are also detached by exposure to high centrifugal forces (160000g) and are among those removed by NADPH-catalysed lipid peroxidation. Extensive lipid peroxidation prohibits any measurement. The ribosomes (polyribosomes) removed are not those detached from the membrane by exposure to high  KC1 concentrations (loosely bound) or high KC1 concentrations in the presence of puromycin (tightly bound). It is concluded then that centrifugally labile and carcinogen-sensitive represent a previously unreported sub-population of membrane-bound ribosomes.", "PMID": 728116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11543", "title": "Regression of naturally occurring atherosclerotic lesions in pigeon aorta by intestinal bypass surgery. Early changes in arterial cholesteryl ester metabolism.", "content": "Early changes in cholesteryl ester metabolism of the aorta during the regression of naturally occurring atherosclerotic lesions in pigeon aorta by ileal bypass surgery were examined. Three months after surgery, there was a decrease (50%) in the content of cholesteryl esters in the aorta. Increases in the activity of cholesteryl ester hypdrolase in the lysosomal (P less than 0.05) and the supernatant (P less than 0.01) fractions of the aorta also occurred at this time. There were no differences in the activity of cholesteryl ester synthetase and in the plasma levels of cholesterol and triglycerides between the ileal bypass group and the controls. These results suggest that ileal bypass surgery decreases the level of cholesteryl esters in the aorta, probably because of enhanced cholesteryl ester hydrolysis.", "contents": "Regression of naturally occurring atherosclerotic lesions in pigeon aorta by intestinal bypass surgery. Early changes in arterial cholesteryl ester metabolism. Early changes in cholesteryl ester metabolism of the aorta during the regression of naturally occurring atherosclerotic lesions in pigeon aorta by ileal bypass surgery were examined. Three months after surgery, there was a decrease (50%) in the content of cholesteryl esters in the aorta. Increases in the activity of cholesteryl ester hypdrolase in the lysosomal (P less than 0.05) and the supernatant (P less than 0.01) fractions of the aorta also occurred at this time. There were no differences in the activity of cholesteryl ester synthetase and in the plasma levels of cholesterol and triglycerides between the ileal bypass group and the controls. These results suggest that ileal bypass surgery decreases the level of cholesteryl esters in the aorta, probably because of enhanced cholesteryl ester hydrolysis.", "PMID": 728232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11544", "title": "Blood lipids in Italy. Regional differences.", "content": "Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels have been evaluated in samples from fasting males aged 20--59 in Northern (Brisighella), Central (Rome) and Southern (Pozzuoli) Italy. Regularly performed quality controls between laboratories assured comparability of data. A statisitically significant difference of mean serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels was observed for most age-groups in the 3 different areas, lower values being found in the southern population as compared to the central and northern ones. These results support previous findings and the thesis that large differences in blood lipid levels may still exist even within the same country and that they at least in part may be culturally determined in connection with different dietary habits.", "contents": "Blood lipids in Italy. Regional differences. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels have been evaluated in samples from fasting males aged 20--59 in Northern (Brisighella), Central (Rome) and Southern (Pozzuoli) Italy. Regularly performed quality controls between laboratories assured comparability of data. A statisitically significant difference of mean serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels was observed for most age-groups in the 3 different areas, lower values being found in the southern population as compared to the central and northern ones. These results support previous findings and the thesis that large differences in blood lipid levels may still exist even within the same country and that they at least in part may be culturally determined in connection with different dietary habits.", "PMID": 728233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11545", "title": "Distinctive protein profiles obtained from extracts of normal and atherosclerotic human aorta.", "content": "Specific areas of fourteen autopsied abdominal aortas were layer-dissected, histologically graded and solubilzed with SDS, dilute saline or SDS-urea and beta-mercaptoethanol. Comparisons were made between intima, media, lesions of progressive severity and an in-vivo thrombus. Apparent molecular weights were calculated from the Coomassie blue stained gels of these extracts extracts and each band's contribution estimated by integrative densitometry. Four minor high moleucular weight bands and six medium to low molecular weight bands were detected in the arterial extracts. Band intensity stain patterns of normal intima are easily distinguished from normal media. Extracts of minor lesions resemble normal media; higher grade lesions demonstrate increased amounts of characteristic initmal bands. The major medial band is also seen on gels of thrombus extracts. Both of the bands most characteristic of atherosclerotic lesions stain for carbohydrate. Isolation and characterization of these (glyco)proteins will provide material for binding studies. Quantitation of characteristic lesion proteins may provide insights into the proliferative phase of this disease.", "contents": "Distinctive protein profiles obtained from extracts of normal and atherosclerotic human aorta. Specific areas of fourteen autopsied abdominal aortas were layer-dissected, histologically graded and solubilzed with SDS, dilute saline or SDS-urea and beta-mercaptoethanol. Comparisons were made between intima, media, lesions of progressive severity and an in-vivo thrombus. Apparent molecular weights were calculated from the Coomassie blue stained gels of these extracts extracts and each band's contribution estimated by integrative densitometry. Four minor high moleucular weight bands and six medium to low molecular weight bands were detected in the arterial extracts. Band intensity stain patterns of normal intima are easily distinguished from normal media. Extracts of minor lesions resemble normal media; higher grade lesions demonstrate increased amounts of characteristic initmal bands. The major medial band is also seen on gels of thrombus extracts. Both of the bands most characteristic of atherosclerotic lesions stain for carbohydrate. Isolation and characterization of these (glyco)proteins will provide material for binding studies. Quantitation of characteristic lesion proteins may provide insights into the proliferative phase of this disease.", "PMID": 728234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11546", "title": "Platelet aggregation studies in coronary artery disease. Past 4. Effect of aspirin.", "content": "We evaluated platelet aggregation in vitro in blood samples drawn simultaneously from aorta and coronary sinus. Platelet aggregation was significantly lower in the coronary venous blood than in the aortic blood in patients with coronary artery disease. Lower platelet counts were also observed in coronary venous blood. No such differences were seen in subjects with normal coronary arteries. Oral administration of aspirin eliminated the differences in platelet aggregation and counts across the myocardial vascular bed. These observations suggest that platelet sequestration in the myocardial vasculature may be related to the presence of disease in the coronary arteries.", "contents": "Platelet aggregation studies in coronary artery disease. Past 4. Effect of aspirin. We evaluated platelet aggregation in vitro in blood samples drawn simultaneously from aorta and coronary sinus. Platelet aggregation was significantly lower in the coronary venous blood than in the aortic blood in patients with coronary artery disease. Lower platelet counts were also observed in coronary venous blood. No such differences were seen in subjects with normal coronary arteries. Oral administration of aspirin eliminated the differences in platelet aggregation and counts across the myocardial vascular bed. These observations suggest that platelet sequestration in the myocardial vasculature may be related to the presence of disease in the coronary arteries.", "PMID": 728235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11547", "title": "The relationship between serum cholesterol and fecal 7alpha-dehydroxylase activity in three ethnic groups in South Africa.", "content": "The ability of fecal bacteria to 7alpha-dehydroxylate primary bile acids was measured in vitro by incubating stool homogenates with labeled primary bile acids, and was compared to serum cholesterol levels in 4 South African groups: Rural Bantu (50 subjects), Urban White (20), Urban Bantu (17) and Urban Coloured (16). Mean serum cholesterol levels were 137 +/- 23, 213 +/- 51, 199 +/- 62 and 206 +/- 46 mg/100 ml, respectively. (Rural Bantu significantly different.) The in vitro conversion of cholic acid by stool homogenates of Rural Bantu was significantly slower than that of the Urban Whites or the Urban Bantu was significantly slower than that of the Urban Whites or the Urban Bantu in two-hour incubations. There was no difference of conversion rates in 24-hour incubations of cholic or chenodeoxycholic acids. Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of stool homogenates showed little difference in the distribution pattern of fecal bile acids or neutral sterols. These data suggest that the activity of the intestinal bacterial flora to convert primary bile acids was significantly reduced in the Rural Bantu as compared to the other groups, corresponding with lower serum cholesterol levels. However, by the time the stools were excreted the degree of conversion was comparable in each group.", "contents": "The relationship between serum cholesterol and fecal 7alpha-dehydroxylase activity in three ethnic groups in South Africa. The ability of fecal bacteria to 7alpha-dehydroxylate primary bile acids was measured in vitro by incubating stool homogenates with labeled primary bile acids, and was compared to serum cholesterol levels in 4 South African groups: Rural Bantu (50 subjects), Urban White (20), Urban Bantu (17) and Urban Coloured (16). Mean serum cholesterol levels were 137 +/- 23, 213 +/- 51, 199 +/- 62 and 206 +/- 46 mg/100 ml, respectively. (Rural Bantu significantly different.) The in vitro conversion of cholic acid by stool homogenates of Rural Bantu was significantly slower than that of the Urban Whites or the Urban Bantu was significantly slower than that of the Urban Whites or the Urban Bantu in two-hour incubations. There was no difference of conversion rates in 24-hour incubations of cholic or chenodeoxycholic acids. Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of stool homogenates showed little difference in the distribution pattern of fecal bile acids or neutral sterols. These data suggest that the activity of the intestinal bacterial flora to convert primary bile acids was significantly reduced in the Rural Bantu as compared to the other groups, corresponding with lower serum cholesterol levels. However, by the time the stools were excreted the degree of conversion was comparable in each group.", "PMID": 728236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11548", "title": "The effects of plasma exchange on cholesterol metabolism.", "content": "Four patients heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolaemia were treated by repeated plasma exchange with or without lipid-lowering drugs. Repeated plasma exchange without drug therapy in 3 patients was associated with a significant 18--28% decrement in plasma cholesterol level, comparing control with plateau values observed 3 weeks after exchange. Further decrements in plateau values followed the addition of lipid-lowering drugs used in combination, clofibrate--nicotinic acid or clofibrate--nicotinic acid--cholestyramine (range of total decrement 39--50%). Plasma exchange was associated with an increased excretion of endogenous faecal steroids, but this increase was completely abolished by the subsequent administration of clofibrate--nicotinic acid. This therapy prevented any increase in bile acid excretion with concomitant use of cholestyramine resin. Plasma exchange with drug therapy was associated with a sustained rise in plasma cholesterol specific radioactivity. In a fourth patient, clofibrate--nicotinic acid was administered prior to plasma exchange and led to a 24% fall in plasma cholesterol. Subsequent plasma exchange in this patient produced no sustained change in plasma cholesterol plateau level. In two patients, withdrawal of drugs allowed plasma cholesterol to return to pre-exchange control levels. These observations suggest that plasma exchange probably produced an increase in endogenous cholesterol synthesis and a mobilisation of tissue cholesterol. In relation to plateau cholesterol values 3 weeks after an exchange, the data suggested that the reduction in plasma cholesterol level with plasma exchange and drug therapy could have been achieved by intensive drug therapy alone.", "contents": "The effects of plasma exchange on cholesterol metabolism. Four patients heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolaemia were treated by repeated plasma exchange with or without lipid-lowering drugs. Repeated plasma exchange without drug therapy in 3 patients was associated with a significant 18--28% decrement in plasma cholesterol level, comparing control with plateau values observed 3 weeks after exchange. Further decrements in plateau values followed the addition of lipid-lowering drugs used in combination, clofibrate--nicotinic acid or clofibrate--nicotinic acid--cholestyramine (range of total decrement 39--50%). Plasma exchange was associated with an increased excretion of endogenous faecal steroids, but this increase was completely abolished by the subsequent administration of clofibrate--nicotinic acid. This therapy prevented any increase in bile acid excretion with concomitant use of cholestyramine resin. Plasma exchange with drug therapy was associated with a sustained rise in plasma cholesterol specific radioactivity. In a fourth patient, clofibrate--nicotinic acid was administered prior to plasma exchange and led to a 24% fall in plasma cholesterol. Subsequent plasma exchange in this patient produced no sustained change in plasma cholesterol plateau level. In two patients, withdrawal of drugs allowed plasma cholesterol to return to pre-exchange control levels. These observations suggest that plasma exchange probably produced an increase in endogenous cholesterol synthesis and a mobilisation of tissue cholesterol. In relation to plateau cholesterol values 3 weeks after an exchange, the data suggested that the reduction in plasma cholesterol level with plasma exchange and drug therapy could have been achieved by intensive drug therapy alone.", "PMID": 728237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11549", "title": "Pyridinolcarbamate and experimental atherosclerosis. Correlation of hypocholesterolemic and antiatherogenic effects.", "content": "Rabbits were maintained for 12 weeks on either a control or hypercholesteremic dietary regime, or on comparable diets supplemented with pyridinolcarbamate (PDC) at a level of 30 mg/kg body weight/day. Blood was obtained from all rabbits prior to study and at two-week intervals for analysis of serum cholesterol, phospholipid phosphorus and triglycerides. Animals from each group were sacrificed at 4-week intervals for quantitative assessment of the degree of atherosclerotic involvement of the aorta. All animals in the four groups consumed their entire daily allowance (100 g) of their respective diets, and weight gains throughout the feeding period were comparable in the 4 groups. PDC given with the control chow diet had no effect on serum cholesterol levels but did result in persistent decrease in serum triglycerides and a variable decrease in serum phospholipids during the 12-week feeding period. None of the rabbits on the chow diet, with or without PDC, had any evidence of aortic lesions during the experimental period. Rabbits fed 1% cholesterol administered with chow exhibited markedly elevated levels of serum cholesterol and phospholipids, while serum triglycerides were not significantly different than in the control group. In these animals there was a rapid and progressive increase in aortic atherosclerosis throughout the study, and at 12 weeks plaque involvement was 74 +/- 8% of the aortic surface. Addition of PDC to the 1% cholesterol--chow diet resulted in significantly lowered levels of serum cholesterol and phospholipids, but these remained elevated compared to the control levels. There was also a dramatic reduction in the rate and extent of aortic plaque formation. Thus, after 12 weeks on diet, only 27 +/- 6% of the aortic surface showed evidence of atheroma. The data suggest that PDC significantly decreases the hypercholesteremia resulting from feeding 1% cholesterol to rabbits, and that this may be largely responsible for the antiatherogenic effect of this drug.", "contents": "Pyridinolcarbamate and experimental atherosclerosis. Correlation of hypocholesterolemic and antiatherogenic effects. Rabbits were maintained for 12 weeks on either a control or hypercholesteremic dietary regime, or on comparable diets supplemented with pyridinolcarbamate (PDC) at a level of 30 mg/kg body weight/day. Blood was obtained from all rabbits prior to study and at two-week intervals for analysis of serum cholesterol, phospholipid phosphorus and triglycerides. Animals from each group were sacrificed at 4-week intervals for quantitative assessment of the degree of atherosclerotic involvement of the aorta. All animals in the four groups consumed their entire daily allowance (100 g) of their respective diets, and weight gains throughout the feeding period were comparable in the 4 groups. PDC given with the control chow diet had no effect on serum cholesterol levels but did result in persistent decrease in serum triglycerides and a variable decrease in serum phospholipids during the 12-week feeding period. None of the rabbits on the chow diet, with or without PDC, had any evidence of aortic lesions during the experimental period. Rabbits fed 1% cholesterol administered with chow exhibited markedly elevated levels of serum cholesterol and phospholipids, while serum triglycerides were not significantly different than in the control group. In these animals there was a rapid and progressive increase in aortic atherosclerosis throughout the study, and at 12 weeks plaque involvement was 74 +/- 8% of the aortic surface. Addition of PDC to the 1% cholesterol--chow diet resulted in significantly lowered levels of serum cholesterol and phospholipids, but these remained elevated compared to the control levels. There was also a dramatic reduction in the rate and extent of aortic plaque formation. Thus, after 12 weeks on diet, only 27 +/- 6% of the aortic surface showed evidence of atheroma. The data suggest that PDC significantly decreases the hypercholesteremia resulting from feeding 1% cholesterol to rabbits, and that this may be largely responsible for the antiatherogenic effect of this drug.", "PMID": 728238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11550", "title": "Studies of glycosaminoglycan composition and biologic activity of Vessel, a hypolipidemic agent.", "content": "Heparin-like glycosaminoglycans (GAG) were isolated from commerical Vessel and their biologic properties studied. Vessel was found to be a mixture of chondroitin sulfates, dermatan sulfate and heparin-like GAG. Chondroitin sulfates and dermatan sulfate in Vessel were hydrolyzed by chondroitinase ABC and the residual Vessel was fractionated on a Dowex-1 Cl- column eluting with a stepwise-increasing concentration of NaCl (1.2--4.0 M). The major fractions eluted at 1.6 M and 1.8 M NaCl were tentatively identified by chemical analysis as heparin-like GAG with somewhat lower sulfate content than standard heparin. Both fractions had lipoprotein lipase-releasing activity and anticoagulant activity similar to heparin, but 1.6 M NaCl fraction had a third of the anticoagulant activity of standard heparin. The 1.8 M NaCl fraction complexed with serum lipoproteins similarly to heparin. In preliminary studies cholesterol-fed rabbits treated with Vessel exhibited somewhat less atherosclerosis than controls.", "contents": "Studies of glycosaminoglycan composition and biologic activity of Vessel, a hypolipidemic agent. Heparin-like glycosaminoglycans (GAG) were isolated from commerical Vessel and their biologic properties studied. Vessel was found to be a mixture of chondroitin sulfates, dermatan sulfate and heparin-like GAG. Chondroitin sulfates and dermatan sulfate in Vessel were hydrolyzed by chondroitinase ABC and the residual Vessel was fractionated on a Dowex-1 Cl- column eluting with a stepwise-increasing concentration of NaCl (1.2--4.0 M). The major fractions eluted at 1.6 M and 1.8 M NaCl were tentatively identified by chemical analysis as heparin-like GAG with somewhat lower sulfate content than standard heparin. Both fractions had lipoprotein lipase-releasing activity and anticoagulant activity similar to heparin, but 1.6 M NaCl fraction had a third of the anticoagulant activity of standard heparin. The 1.8 M NaCl fraction complexed with serum lipoproteins similarly to heparin. In preliminary studies cholesterol-fed rabbits treated with Vessel exhibited somewhat less atherosclerosis than controls.", "PMID": 728239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11551", "title": "Platelet factors and the human vascular wall. Part 2. Such factors are not required for endothelial cell proliferation and migration.", "content": "The effects of platelet factors on human umbilical venous endothelial cell DNA-synthesis at various serum concentrations were studied. While [3H]thymidine uptake of these cells was almost linearly related to the concentration of serum in the culture medium, no significant differences were found at any serum level between cultures treated with sera derived from either platelet-rich or platelet-poor plasma. The role of platelet factors in cellular migration into standardized mechanical \"wounds\" was also investigated following inhibition of the proliferative response by irradiation of endothelial monolayers. Repopulation of such \"wounds\" was not affected by platelet factors. We conclude that endothelial cells proliferate and migrate in vitro independently of platelet factors.", "contents": "Platelet factors and the human vascular wall. Part 2. Such factors are not required for endothelial cell proliferation and migration. The effects of platelet factors on human umbilical venous endothelial cell DNA-synthesis at various serum concentrations were studied. While [3H]thymidine uptake of these cells was almost linearly related to the concentration of serum in the culture medium, no significant differences were found at any serum level between cultures treated with sera derived from either platelet-rich or platelet-poor plasma. The role of platelet factors in cellular migration into standardized mechanical \"wounds\" was also investigated following inhibition of the proliferative response by irradiation of endothelial monolayers. Repopulation of such \"wounds\" was not affected by platelet factors. We conclude that endothelial cells proliferate and migrate in vitro independently of platelet factors.", "PMID": 728240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11552", "title": "Effect of concentration of perfusing free fatty acid on arterial lipid synthesis in perfused normal and atherosclerotic rabbit aortas.", "content": "Normal and atherosclerotic rabbit aortas were perfused at physiological pressure for 1 hour with media containing various concentrations of [3H]oleic acid, between 0.5 and 2.0 mmoles/l, complexed to a fixed concentration 40 g/l of bovine serum albumin (BSA). The mass of free fatty acid (FFA), which entered the arterial wall and was subsequently utilised for lipid synthesis, was calculated from the measured specific activities of FFA in the perfusates. In normal tissue, at all concentrations of FFA in the perfusate, the highest rates of utilisation of perfusate FFA for arterial lipid synthesis were for phospholipids (PL) and triglycerides (TG), with only about 2% in cholesteryl esters (CE). In atherosclerotic tissue, at both low and high concentrations of perfusate FFA, about 25% of fatty acid entering arterial lipids was in CE. When the concentration of FFA in the perfusion medium was raised, the mass of FFA from the medium that was incorporated in the total arterial lipids, increased in both normal and atherosclerotic tissue. The increase was due in normal tissue, to significant increases in incorporation into FFA, lecithin (PC), phosphatidyl inositol (PI), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE), TG and CE, whilst in atherosclerotic tissue it was due to increased incorporation into PC, PI, TG and CE. The results suggest that raised concentrations of FFA in blood may increase the rate of synthesis of lipids in normal and atherosclerotic tissue and thus exacerbate the accumulation of certain lipids such as cholesteryl esters, in fatty streak lesions of atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Effect of concentration of perfusing free fatty acid on arterial lipid synthesis in perfused normal and atherosclerotic rabbit aortas. Normal and atherosclerotic rabbit aortas were perfused at physiological pressure for 1 hour with media containing various concentrations of [3H]oleic acid, between 0.5 and 2.0 mmoles/l, complexed to a fixed concentration 40 g/l of bovine serum albumin (BSA). The mass of free fatty acid (FFA), which entered the arterial wall and was subsequently utilised for lipid synthesis, was calculated from the measured specific activities of FFA in the perfusates. In normal tissue, at all concentrations of FFA in the perfusate, the highest rates of utilisation of perfusate FFA for arterial lipid synthesis were for phospholipids (PL) and triglycerides (TG), with only about 2% in cholesteryl esters (CE). In atherosclerotic tissue, at both low and high concentrations of perfusate FFA, about 25% of fatty acid entering arterial lipids was in CE. When the concentration of FFA in the perfusion medium was raised, the mass of FFA from the medium that was incorporated in the total arterial lipids, increased in both normal and atherosclerotic tissue. The increase was due in normal tissue, to significant increases in incorporation into FFA, lecithin (PC), phosphatidyl inositol (PI), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE), TG and CE, whilst in atherosclerotic tissue it was due to increased incorporation into PC, PI, TG and CE. The results suggest that raised concentrations of FFA in blood may increase the rate of synthesis of lipids in normal and atherosclerotic tissue and thus exacerbate the accumulation of certain lipids such as cholesteryl esters, in fatty streak lesions of atherosclerosis.", "PMID": 728241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11553", "title": "Risk factors in pigeons genetically selected for increased atherosclerosis susceptibility.", "content": "A strain of genetically selected White Carneau pigeons (WC-2) with increased atherosclerosis at similar plasma cholesterol concentrations as randomly bred (RBWC) pigeons was studied to evaluate the commonly known risk factors for atherosclerosis. Indicators for the presence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, \"stress\", hyperuricemia and hypothyroidism were determined. In pigeons fed the atherogenic diet, major differences in atherosclerosis were seen between WC-2 and RBWC. WC-2 pigeons had more aortic surface covered with plaque and greater concentrations of aortic nonesterified cholesterol, esterified cholesterol, uronic acid, and hydroxyproline, as well as a greater prevalence and severity of coronary artery atherosclerosis. For WC-2 and RBWC pigeons we found similar levels of hypercholesterolemia, mean blood pressure, plasma triglyceride and glucose concentrations. In addition, several other physiological variables such as plasma uric acid, calcium and phosphorus concentrations, adrenal and thyroid weights which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis were similar. The findings indicate that the differences in extent and severity of atherosclerosis between WC-2 and RBWC cannot be explained by differences in the risk factors studied. Possible genetic regulation of atherosclerosis by mechanisms operable in the arterial wall of WC-2 pigeons is suggested.", "contents": "Risk factors in pigeons genetically selected for increased atherosclerosis susceptibility. A strain of genetically selected White Carneau pigeons (WC-2) with increased atherosclerosis at similar plasma cholesterol concentrations as randomly bred (RBWC) pigeons was studied to evaluate the commonly known risk factors for atherosclerosis. Indicators for the presence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, \"stress\", hyperuricemia and hypothyroidism were determined. In pigeons fed the atherogenic diet, major differences in atherosclerosis were seen between WC-2 and RBWC. WC-2 pigeons had more aortic surface covered with plaque and greater concentrations of aortic nonesterified cholesterol, esterified cholesterol, uronic acid, and hydroxyproline, as well as a greater prevalence and severity of coronary artery atherosclerosis. For WC-2 and RBWC pigeons we found similar levels of hypercholesterolemia, mean blood pressure, plasma triglyceride and glucose concentrations. In addition, several other physiological variables such as plasma uric acid, calcium and phosphorus concentrations, adrenal and thyroid weights which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis were similar. The findings indicate that the differences in extent and severity of atherosclerosis between WC-2 and RBWC cannot be explained by differences in the risk factors studied. Possible genetic regulation of atherosclerosis by mechanisms operable in the arterial wall of WC-2 pigeons is suggested.", "PMID": 728242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11554", "title": "Relationship between plasma concentration of luteinising hormone and intensity of lay in the domestic hen.", "content": "The concentration of plasma luteinising hormone (LH) in samples taken at frequent intervals from 6 weeks of age until the onset of lay, and also at 9 months after the onset of lay, was significantly greater in hens with a high rate of egg production than in comparatively poor layers. 2. The difference was most marked during the period 7 to 9 weeks of age when there was a transient increase in plasma LH concentration remained stable in comparatively poor layers. 3. The concentration of LH in plasma, particularly at 7 to 9 weeks of age, before gonadal growth, or during the prepubertal peak of LH secretion, at about 2 to 4 weeks before the onset of lay, may be a useful criterion in the selection of laying strains.", "contents": "Relationship between plasma concentration of luteinising hormone and intensity of lay in the domestic hen. The concentration of plasma luteinising hormone (LH) in samples taken at frequent intervals from 6 weeks of age until the onset of lay, and also at 9 months after the onset of lay, was significantly greater in hens with a high rate of egg production than in comparatively poor layers. 2. The difference was most marked during the period 7 to 9 weeks of age when there was a transient increase in plasma LH concentration remained stable in comparatively poor layers. 3. The concentration of LH in plasma, particularly at 7 to 9 weeks of age, before gonadal growth, or during the prepubertal peak of LH secretion, at about 2 to 4 weeks before the onset of lay, may be a useful criterion in the selection of laying strains.", "PMID": 728247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11555", "title": "The metabolic effects of sodium dichloroacetate in the suckling newborn rat.", "content": "Subcutaneous injection of sodium dichloroacetate (1 microgram/ g body wt every 3 h) in suckling newborn rats caused in 6 h a fall of 2.5 mmol/l in blood glucose concentrations, and a rise of 2.4 mmol/l in total blood ketone body levels, but no change in the high levels of plasma non esterified fatty acids. Glucose utilization, measured after intraperitoneal injection of D-glucose (2 microgram/g body wt), was not increased in newborns injected with dichloroacetate. The hypoglycaemia resulted from a decrease in gluconeogenic rate, secondarily to a lowering effect of dichloroacetate on blood levels of lactate, pyruvate and alanine. The hypoglycaemia induced by dichloroacetate was completely reversed by injecting newborn rats with a mixture of gluconeogenic precursors (lactate, pyruvate and alanine). It is concluded that the high rate of gluconeogenesis observed in suckling newborn rats in sustained by an increased release of lactate and, to a much smaller extent of pyruvate and alanine, by peripheral tissues. This probably resulted from the low pyruvate dehydrogenase activity found in peripheral tissues of the newborn rat. The hyperketonaemia induced by dichloroacetate could result from an increased ketogenesis and/or a decreased ketone body utilization.", "contents": "The metabolic effects of sodium dichloroacetate in the suckling newborn rat. Subcutaneous injection of sodium dichloroacetate (1 microgram/ g body wt every 3 h) in suckling newborn rats caused in 6 h a fall of 2.5 mmol/l in blood glucose concentrations, and a rise of 2.4 mmol/l in total blood ketone body levels, but no change in the high levels of plasma non esterified fatty acids. Glucose utilization, measured after intraperitoneal injection of D-glucose (2 microgram/g body wt), was not increased in newborns injected with dichloroacetate. The hypoglycaemia resulted from a decrease in gluconeogenic rate, secondarily to a lowering effect of dichloroacetate on blood levels of lactate, pyruvate and alanine. The hypoglycaemia induced by dichloroacetate was completely reversed by injecting newborn rats with a mixture of gluconeogenic precursors (lactate, pyruvate and alanine). It is concluded that the high rate of gluconeogenesis observed in suckling newborn rats in sustained by an increased release of lactate and, to a much smaller extent of pyruvate and alanine, by peripheral tissues. This probably resulted from the low pyruvate dehydrogenase activity found in peripheral tissues of the newborn rat. The hyperketonaemia induced by dichloroacetate could result from an increased ketogenesis and/or a decreased ketone body utilization.", "PMID": 728249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11556", "title": "[Diagnosis, intensive therapy and surgery of peritonitis and enterocolic occlusions of thromboembolic origin].", "content": "The authors present a series of 14 cases of intestinal or colonic obstruction due to arterial ischema (7 cases) or mesenteric vein thrombosis (7 cases), for which they provide an analysis of pathogenesis, clinical aspects, surgical strategy, and intensive care. Mortality was 87.5% in cases of arterial origin and 42.8% in those of venous origin. The authors stress the need for diagnosing intestinal infarction right from the start, relying on clinical intuition and with the help of only a few clinical symptoms and objective signs. Surgically speaking, the best chance of survival is afforded by restoration of arterial or venous patency associated with whatever resection of the ileum or colon the anatomical situation may require.", "contents": "[Diagnosis, intensive therapy and surgery of peritonitis and enterocolic occlusions of thromboembolic origin]. The authors present a series of 14 cases of intestinal or colonic obstruction due to arterial ischema (7 cases) or mesenteric vein thrombosis (7 cases), for which they provide an analysis of pathogenesis, clinical aspects, surgical strategy, and intensive care. Mortality was 87.5% in cases of arterial origin and 42.8% in those of venous origin. The authors stress the need for diagnosing intestinal infarction right from the start, relying on clinical intuition and with the help of only a few clinical symptoms and objective signs. Surgically speaking, the best chance of survival is afforded by restoration of arterial or venous patency associated with whatever resection of the ileum or colon the anatomical situation may require.", "PMID": 728253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11557", "title": "Effects of different growth conditions on survival after irradiation in hypoxia of human cells (NHIK 3025) in vitro.", "content": "Cell cycle kinetics and radiation response under hypoxic conditions were analyzed with human cells of the line NHIK 3025. The cells were either kept in continuous exponential growth by frequent reculturing, or went through log and plateau phase for each passage (recultured weekly). The cell cycle time for weekly recultured populations in early log phase was shorter than for cells in continous exponential growth. Cells in continuous exponential growth were more sensitive to radiation than cells in log phase. The difference in sensitivity was not due to partial synchrony of weekly recultured populations.", "contents": "Effects of different growth conditions on survival after irradiation in hypoxia of human cells (NHIK 3025) in vitro. Cell cycle kinetics and radiation response under hypoxic conditions were analyzed with human cells of the line NHIK 3025. The cells were either kept in continuous exponential growth by frequent reculturing, or went through log and plateau phase for each passage (recultured weekly). The cell cycle time for weekly recultured populations in early log phase was shorter than for cells in continous exponential growth. Cells in continuous exponential growth were more sensitive to radiation than cells in log phase. The difference in sensitivity was not due to partial synchrony of weekly recultured populations.", "PMID": 728256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11558", "title": "[An approximate solution to the integral equation by using non serial cuts (author's transl)].", "content": "The problem formulated and resolved by WICKSELL is reformulated for a new technique of quantitative cytology utilizing non-serial cuts instead of serial sectioning. With a technique borrowed from  numerical analysis an approximate solution can be obtained. Theoretical results are in agreement with experimental results obtained using a mixture of red blood cells from humans and rats.", "contents": "[An approximate solution to the integral equation by using non serial cuts (author's transl)]. The problem formulated and resolved by WICKSELL is reformulated for a new technique of quantitative cytology utilizing non-serial cuts instead of serial sectioning. With a technique borrowed from  numerical analysis an approximate solution can be obtained. Theoretical results are in agreement with experimental results obtained using a mixture of red blood cells from humans and rats.", "PMID": 728257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11559", "title": "[Effect of amizil and arecoline on 45Ca uptake by rat brain nerve endings].", "content": "The effect of benactyzine (amizyl--the central cholinolytic) and arecoline (cholinomimetic) in vitro on the 45Ca uptake by the nerve endings (synaptosomes) of the rat brain was studied. Benactyzine proved to evoke a biphasic change of the isotope uptake, whereas arecoline induced an initial rapid increase of the 45Ca uptake. Benactyzine suppressed the influence of arecoline and of depolarization on the isotope uptake. A conclusion was drawn that an increase of the 45Ca uptake under the action of arecoline was connected with activization of the Na-K canals. On the contrary, benactyzine depressed the permeability of these canals for 45Ca and activated the calcium canals proper.", "contents": "[Effect of amizil and arecoline on 45Ca uptake by rat brain nerve endings]. The effect of benactyzine (amizyl--the central cholinolytic) and arecoline (cholinomimetic) in vitro on the 45Ca uptake by the nerve endings (synaptosomes) of the rat brain was studied. Benactyzine proved to evoke a biphasic change of the isotope uptake, whereas arecoline induced an initial rapid increase of the 45Ca uptake. Benactyzine suppressed the influence of arecoline and of depolarization on the isotope uptake. A conclusion was drawn that an increase of the 45Ca uptake under the action of arecoline was connected with activization of the Na-K canals. On the contrary, benactyzine depressed the permeability of these canals for 45Ca and activated the calcium canals proper.", "PMID": 728259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11560", "title": "Further studies on the variables affecting rubella haemagglutination and haemagglutination-inhibition tests.", "content": "The different factors affecting rubella HA or HI were studied and the occurrence of rubella HA, also in absence of gelatine, albumin and Ca++, was shown. The influence on HA and HI titers of different systems--diluent and indicator erythrocytes--was also discussed.", "contents": "Further studies on the variables affecting rubella haemagglutination and haemagglutination-inhibition tests. The different factors affecting rubella HA or HI were studied and the occurrence of rubella HA, also in absence of gelatine, albumin and Ca++, was shown. The influence on HA and HI titers of different systems--diluent and indicator erythrocytes--was also discussed.", "PMID": 728261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11561", "title": "HI rubella antibody determination. (A comparison of methods proposed for the removal of non-specific inhibitors).", "content": "The Authors consider the different methods so far proposed for the selective removal of non-specific inhibitors for HI rubella antibodies. They show that the best results are obtained by dextran sulphate and acetone treatments, while the kaolin and heparin-MnCl2 procedures should be avoided especially in the serological diagnosis of acute rubella infection. The presence of specific IgM was demonstrated by 2-mercaptoaethanol.", "contents": "HI rubella antibody determination. (A comparison of methods proposed for the removal of non-specific inhibitors). The Authors consider the different methods so far proposed for the selective removal of non-specific inhibitors for HI rubella antibodies. They show that the best results are obtained by dextran sulphate and acetone treatments, while the kaolin and heparin-MnCl2 procedures should be avoided especially in the serological diagnosis of acute rubella infection. The presence of specific IgM was demonstrated by 2-mercaptoaethanol.", "PMID": 728262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11562", "title": "[Further observations on human infection by Listeria monocytogenes].", "content": "Two cases of isolation of Listeria monocytogenes type 1 from vaginal mucus of two pregnant women who underwent premature deliveries with death of foetuses are described.", "contents": "[Further observations on human infection by Listeria monocytogenes]. Two cases of isolation of Listeria monocytogenes type 1 from vaginal mucus of two pregnant women who underwent premature deliveries with death of foetuses are described.", "PMID": 728263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11563", "title": "[Atypical mycobacteria isolated from the water of the Simeto River at Catania].", "content": "From 25 samples of water taken in the course of 1975 from different points of the river Simeto have been isolated 11 strains of atypical mycobacteria, classifiable in Runyon's II, III and IV group. M. fortuitum has been most frequently found (6 strains), while M. gordonae, M. smegmatis, M. chelonei, M. engbaekii have been isolated only once. An unclassifiable strain belonging to Runyon's 3rd group has also been isolated. The importance of research of atypical mycobacteria in the environment from an epidemiological and epizootological point of view has been discussed.", "contents": "[Atypical mycobacteria isolated from the water of the Simeto River at Catania]. From 25 samples of water taken in the course of 1975 from different points of the river Simeto have been isolated 11 strains of atypical mycobacteria, classifiable in Runyon's II, III and IV group. M. fortuitum has been most frequently found (6 strains), while M. gordonae, M. smegmatis, M. chelonei, M. engbaekii have been isolated only once. An unclassifiable strain belonging to Runyon's 3rd group has also been isolated. The importance of research of atypical mycobacteria in the environment from an epidemiological and epizootological point of view has been discussed.", "PMID": 728264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11564", "title": "[Immune response to toxoplasma infection].", "content": "The Authors studied the response of 49 subjects (23 affected by toxoplasmosis, 6 with systemic lymphopaties, and 20 apparently healthy controls) to the stimulation of lymphocytes both with an aspecific mitogen (PHA) and a specific one (toxoplasma antigen). No difference was found in the response to PHA, but when the specific antigen was used, patients with toxoplasmosis showed a significant increase of the lymphocytes stimulation index when compared to patients with systemic lymphopaties and to controls.", "contents": "[Immune response to toxoplasma infection]. The Authors studied the response of 49 subjects (23 affected by toxoplasmosis, 6 with systemic lymphopaties, and 20 apparently healthy controls) to the stimulation of lymphocytes both with an aspecific mitogen (PHA) and a specific one (toxoplasma antigen). No difference was found in the response to PHA, but when the specific antigen was used, patients with toxoplasmosis showed a significant increase of the lymphocytes stimulation index when compared to patients with systemic lymphopaties and to controls.", "PMID": 728265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11565", "title": "Cytotoxic assays of sera of tumor-bearing patients and inhibition of monocyte and granulocyte spreading activities.", "content": "Sera of patients with solid tumors showed cytotoxic antibodies against a selected panel of lymphocyte and granulocyte donors, typed for HLA antigens. The same sera were also studied for soluble circulating immune complexes and for the capability of inhibiting granulocyte and monocyte spreading. The percentage of rosette forming cells was also measured in the majority of patients. Some alterations of these immunologic parameters were significantly correlated with the presence of granulocytotoxic antibodies. These results suggested that some unknown factors in sera from patients with neoplasms may interfere with host-defence mechanisms, but the role played by cytotoxins needs further clarification.", "contents": "Cytotoxic assays of sera of tumor-bearing patients and inhibition of monocyte and granulocyte spreading activities. Sera of patients with solid tumors showed cytotoxic antibodies against a selected panel of lymphocyte and granulocyte donors, typed for HLA antigens. The same sera were also studied for soluble circulating immune complexes and for the capability of inhibiting granulocyte and monocyte spreading. The percentage of rosette forming cells was also measured in the majority of patients. Some alterations of these immunologic parameters were significantly correlated with the presence of granulocytotoxic antibodies. These results suggested that some unknown factors in sera from patients with neoplasms may interfere with host-defence mechanisms, but the role played by cytotoxins needs further clarification.", "PMID": 728266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11566", "title": "Screening of HBsAg and post-transfusional hepatitis type B.", "content": "The Authors consider the different opinions expressed about the HBsAg screening in blood donors and its usefulness in preventing post transfusional hepatitis B (PTHB). They report data on the incidence of such a disease, as observed in their transfusional experience during the last 5 years, with a comparison between results obtained after CEP and RIA screening systems. The Authors point out the results of their retrospective investigation: the transfusion blood with a low HBsAg titre showed to be more infectious than the blood with high titre. Consequently, it is necessary to use more sensitive methods for HBsAg screening and possibly to increase their sensitivity or to combine them with other methods fit to evidence further markers of virus B.", "contents": "Screening of HBsAg and post-transfusional hepatitis type B. The Authors consider the different opinions expressed about the HBsAg screening in blood donors and its usefulness in preventing post transfusional hepatitis B (PTHB). They report data on the incidence of such a disease, as observed in their transfusional experience during the last 5 years, with a comparison between results obtained after CEP and RIA screening systems. The Authors point out the results of their retrospective investigation: the transfusion blood with a low HBsAg titre showed to be more infectious than the blood with high titre. Consequently, it is necessary to use more sensitive methods for HBsAg screening and possibly to increase their sensitivity or to combine them with other methods fit to evidence further markers of virus B.", "PMID": 728267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11567", "title": "[Role of chronic HBsAg carriers in intrafamilial diffusion of hepatitis B virus infection].", "content": "To assess the hepatitis B virus infection risk to household contacts exposed to HBsAg-positive chronic carriers, 169 family members of 20 healthy carriers of HBsAg and of 12 with chronic hepatitis were followed up prospectively for two to five years. All family members are investigated for the presence of serum HBsAg/antiHBs system and for the presence of liver disease. Our results indicate that the family contacts of HBsAg carriers with evidence of chronic liver disease are at greater risk of exposure to HBV than the contacts of healthy carriers and that acquisition of HBsAg is more common among males than among females. Evidence of exposure to HBsAg is very frequent in young age with a striking rise between 10 and 20 years. On the contrary acquisition of anti-HBsAg is more common after 40 years of age. These data suggest that persistent circulation of HBV in a family of chronic HBsAg carrier increases the risk of infection in household contacts and that HBV is eliminated in a more infective form from the carriers with chronic liver disease.", "contents": "[Role of chronic HBsAg carriers in intrafamilial diffusion of hepatitis B virus infection]. To assess the hepatitis B virus infection risk to household contacts exposed to HBsAg-positive chronic carriers, 169 family members of 20 healthy carriers of HBsAg and of 12 with chronic hepatitis were followed up prospectively for two to five years. All family members are investigated for the presence of serum HBsAg/antiHBs system and for the presence of liver disease. Our results indicate that the family contacts of HBsAg carriers with evidence of chronic liver disease are at greater risk of exposure to HBV than the contacts of healthy carriers and that acquisition of HBsAg is more common among males than among females. Evidence of exposure to HBsAg is very frequent in young age with a striking rise between 10 and 20 years. On the contrary acquisition of anti-HBsAg is more common after 40 years of age. These data suggest that persistent circulation of HBV in a family of chronic HBsAg carrier increases the risk of infection in household contacts and that HBV is eliminated in a more infective form from the carriers with chronic liver disease.", "PMID": 728268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11568", "title": "[HBsAg and anti-HBs in thalassemia non-transfused patients (and in their relatives)].", "content": "The sera obtained from 105 non transfused adult heterozygous thalassaemic subjects and from 119 members of 25 thalassaemic families have been tested with radioimmunoassay methods for the presence of HBsAg and anti-HBs. 11 out of 105 thalassaemic patients (10.4%) showed HBsAg in their serum and 41 (40%) anti-HBs antibodies. Family studies revealed that the incidence of HBsAg was 8.9% in 89 thalassaemic members and 10% in 30 non thalassaemic relatives. The incidence of anti-HBs was 34.8% and 13.3% respectively. The frequency of HBsAg in thalassaemic subjects, independently of blood transfusion as shown by our data, suggests some difficulty in eliminating the antigen. So these subjects become rather easily carriers of the antigen and source of the infection particularly in the family.", "contents": "[HBsAg and anti-HBs in thalassemia non-transfused patients (and in their relatives)]. The sera obtained from 105 non transfused adult heterozygous thalassaemic subjects and from 119 members of 25 thalassaemic families have been tested with radioimmunoassay methods for the presence of HBsAg and anti-HBs. 11 out of 105 thalassaemic patients (10.4%) showed HBsAg in their serum and 41 (40%) anti-HBs antibodies. Family studies revealed that the incidence of HBsAg was 8.9% in 89 thalassaemic members and 10% in 30 non thalassaemic relatives. The incidence of anti-HBs was 34.8% and 13.3% respectively. The frequency of HBsAg in thalassaemic subjects, independently of blood transfusion as shown by our data, suggests some difficulty in eliminating the antigen. So these subjects become rather easily carriers of the antigen and source of the infection particularly in the family.", "PMID": 728269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11569", "title": "The problem of the identification and classification of staphylococci.", "content": "The Bergey's and ICSB schemes for the classification of staphylococci have been analyzed and in our opinion, it seems that we are still far from the final solution of the problem.", "contents": "The problem of the identification and classification of staphylococci. The Bergey's and ICSB schemes for the classification of staphylococci have been analyzed and in our opinion, it seems that we are still far from the final solution of the problem.", "PMID": 728270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11570", "title": "[Immunological examination in patients with brain tumor and the usefulness of PHA skin test (author's transl)].", "content": "The usefulness of in vivo skin test reaction to phytohemagglutinin to assess cell-mediated immunity was investigated in 109 subjects, including 37 normal controls, 35 patients without brain tumor and 37 patients with brain tumor. Intradermal injection at forearm of 10 microgram of Bacto-phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) produced an erythema within 24 hours. Upon PHA skin reaction the mean diameter of erythema was 25.3 mm with the normal in the control and 18.6 mm with other diseases than brain tumor, while it was 13.0 mm with brain tumor. Furthermore when mean diameter of those with longer than 15.0 mm are classified as positive in the PHA skin test, the normal in the control revealed 89.2% positive and the patients with brain tumor indicated only 37.8% positive. A positive reaction was observed in 10 (77.0%) of 13 benign brain tumor and 5 (26.3%) of 19 malignant brain tumor. A correlation was found between in vivo and in vitro responses to PHA, and between PHA and PPD skin reaction. In repeated PHA skin test at intervals of about one month, the skin reaction to PHA of patients with brain tumor varied depending on the clinical states. Other advantages of this test are no presensitization and it can be used repeatedly. The PHA skin test is a useful and simple screening test for cellular immune function of patients with brain tumor and as a simple method applicable clinically indicating accurate immuno-reactivity the PHA skin tests have been carried out during the course of treatment with an interval of about one month repeatedly.", "contents": "[Immunological examination in patients with brain tumor and the usefulness of PHA skin test (author's transl)]. The usefulness of in vivo skin test reaction to phytohemagglutinin to assess cell-mediated immunity was investigated in 109 subjects, including 37 normal controls, 35 patients without brain tumor and 37 patients with brain tumor. Intradermal injection at forearm of 10 microgram of Bacto-phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) produced an erythema within 24 hours. Upon PHA skin reaction the mean diameter of erythema was 25.3 mm with the normal in the control and 18.6 mm with other diseases than brain tumor, while it was 13.0 mm with brain tumor. Furthermore when mean diameter of those with longer than 15.0 mm are classified as positive in the PHA skin test, the normal in the control revealed 89.2% positive and the patients with brain tumor indicated only 37.8% positive. A positive reaction was observed in 10 (77.0%) of 13 benign brain tumor and 5 (26.3%) of 19 malignant brain tumor. A correlation was found between in vivo and in vitro responses to PHA, and between PHA and PPD skin reaction. In repeated PHA skin test at intervals of about one month, the skin reaction to PHA of patients with brain tumor varied depending on the clinical states. Other advantages of this test are no presensitization and it can be used repeatedly. The PHA skin test is a useful and simple screening test for cellular immune function of patients with brain tumor and as a simple method applicable clinically indicating accurate immuno-reactivity the PHA skin tests have been carried out during the course of treatment with an interval of about one month repeatedly.", "PMID": 728272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11571", "title": "[Moyamoya phenomenon and Moyamoya diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "An unverified disease called \"Moyamoya Disease\" or \"Spontaneous occlusion of the circle of Willis\" has been recently reported as a disease entity by some Japanese researchers. Since the first report of this disease by Shimizu and the author in 1955, many cases have been reported not only in Japan but in many countries outside Japan. It has been already clarified either clinically or pathologically, that, in the Moyamoya Disease, the most important finding is the basal arterial occlusive change of unknown etiology and the Moyamoya Phenomenon is only nonspecific neuroradiological change as the extraordinary dilated collaterals via the striate arteries, perforators etc. However, the real cause of the arterial obstruction is still obscure in the so-called \"true Moyamoya Disease\". Further studies will be necessary in order to establish a new clinical entity related to the Moyamoya Disease. However, under existing situations, the Moyamoya Disease must be strictly differentiated from the Moyamoya Phenomenon which can be frequently observed among cases with basal occlusion of known and unknown origin.", "contents": "[Moyamoya phenomenon and Moyamoya diseases (author's transl)]. An unverified disease called \"Moyamoya Disease\" or \"Spontaneous occlusion of the circle of Willis\" has been recently reported as a disease entity by some Japanese researchers. Since the first report of this disease by Shimizu and the author in 1955, many cases have been reported not only in Japan but in many countries outside Japan. It has been already clarified either clinically or pathologically, that, in the Moyamoya Disease, the most important finding is the basal arterial occlusive change of unknown etiology and the Moyamoya Phenomenon is only nonspecific neuroradiological change as the extraordinary dilated collaterals via the striate arteries, perforators etc. However, the real cause of the arterial obstruction is still obscure in the so-called \"true Moyamoya Disease\". Further studies will be necessary in order to establish a new clinical entity related to the Moyamoya Disease. However, under existing situations, the Moyamoya Disease must be strictly differentiated from the Moyamoya Phenomenon which can be frequently observed among cases with basal occlusion of known and unknown origin.", "PMID": 728273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11572", "title": "[Immunological surveillance mechanism of a rat brain tumor model--study of time-lapse changes in the concomitant immunity of peripheral blood lymphocytes by microcytotoxicity assays (author's transl)].", "content": "A rat brain tumor model was prepared by semi-stereotactically implanting 1 x 10(6) RG--C6 tumor cells (chemically induced and maintained in vitro) in the right caudate nucleus of inbred WKA rat by a new method \"Soft Agar Technique\" which we developed. The tumor grew at a nearly fixed rate. We measured the maximum tumor area and the whole brain area of the rat brain which were sectioned coronary in series. We regarded the percentage of the tumor area to the whole area of the same section as tumor growth index. Microcytotoxicity assays of peripheral blood lymphocytes were performed at various stages of the tumor growth. RG--C6 cells were used as target cells, and they mixed with lymphocytes by Takasugi and Klein's method. Cytotoxicity index was higher in 22 cases (80.00 +/- 16.67; tumor growth index, 0--10) than in 28 cases of the control group (67. 25 +/- 19.68) and then gradually decreased with tumor growth (Fig. 2). At last cytotoxicity index went down to 41.55 +/- 24.94 in 11 cases (tumor growth index, over 31). These observations have a strong resemblance to other animal tumor models and suggest that the rat having brain tumor intra-axially have concomitant immunity especially in the first stage of tumor bearing.", "contents": "[Immunological surveillance mechanism of a rat brain tumor model--study of time-lapse changes in the concomitant immunity of peripheral blood lymphocytes by microcytotoxicity assays (author's transl)]. A rat brain tumor model was prepared by semi-stereotactically implanting 1 x 10(6) RG--C6 tumor cells (chemically induced and maintained in vitro) in the right caudate nucleus of inbred WKA rat by a new method \"Soft Agar Technique\" which we developed. The tumor grew at a nearly fixed rate. We measured the maximum tumor area and the whole brain area of the rat brain which were sectioned coronary in series. We regarded the percentage of the tumor area to the whole area of the same section as tumor growth index. Microcytotoxicity assays of peripheral blood lymphocytes were performed at various stages of the tumor growth. RG--C6 cells were used as target cells, and they mixed with lymphocytes by Takasugi and Klein's method. Cytotoxicity index was higher in 22 cases (80.00 +/- 16.67; tumor growth index, 0--10) than in 28 cases of the control group (67. 25 +/- 19.68) and then gradually decreased with tumor growth (Fig. 2). At last cytotoxicity index went down to 41.55 +/- 24.94 in 11 cases (tumor growth index, over 31). These observations have a strong resemblance to other animal tumor models and suggest that the rat having brain tumor intra-axially have concomitant immunity especially in the first stage of tumor bearing.", "PMID": 728277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11573", "title": "[Anterior communicating artery aneurysms accompanied with anomalies or anterior communicating artery (author's transl) ].", "content": "The investigation was carried out on arterial anomalies complicated with 296 cases of single aneurysm of anterior communicating artery and on the etiological significance of the anomalies in the development of cerebral aneurysms. Either the fenestration in anterior communicating artery or the presence of more than 2 anterior communicating arteries was observed in 17 cases (5.7%). As the anomaly was duplicated in some of these cases, the total number of cases with anomalies of anterior communicating artery became to be 26 cases (8.8%) out of 296 cases investigated. This occurrence rate was not higher than those observed in other cerebral aneurysmal cases and the control cases, which were reported previously. There was no significant difference as to the occurrence rate of hypoplasia of the A1 portion between the cases whose aneurysms of anterior communicating artery were complicated with arterial anomalies and the cases without the arterial anomalies.", "contents": "[Anterior communicating artery aneurysms accompanied with anomalies or anterior communicating artery (author's transl) ]. The investigation was carried out on arterial anomalies complicated with 296 cases of single aneurysm of anterior communicating artery and on the etiological significance of the anomalies in the development of cerebral aneurysms. Either the fenestration in anterior communicating artery or the presence of more than 2 anterior communicating arteries was observed in 17 cases (5.7%). As the anomaly was duplicated in some of these cases, the total number of cases with anomalies of anterior communicating artery became to be 26 cases (8.8%) out of 296 cases investigated. This occurrence rate was not higher than those observed in other cerebral aneurysmal cases and the control cases, which were reported previously. There was no significant difference as to the occurrence rate of hypoplasia of the A1 portion between the cases whose aneurysms of anterior communicating artery were complicated with arterial anomalies and the cases without the arterial anomalies.", "PMID": 728278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11574", "title": "Adrenocortical suppression by synthetic corticosteroid drugs: a comparative study of prednisolone and betamethasone.", "content": "1 Single-dose studies were conducted to investigate the relative potency of prednisolone and betamethasone in suppressing adrenocortical function. 2 Betamethasone produced more profound suppression of plasma cortisol than an equivalent anti-inflammatory dose of prednisolone.", "contents": "Adrenocortical suppression by synthetic corticosteroid drugs: a comparative study of prednisolone and betamethasone. 1 Single-dose studies were conducted to investigate the relative potency of prednisolone and betamethasone in suppressing adrenocortical function. 2 Betamethasone produced more profound suppression of plasma cortisol than an equivalent anti-inflammatory dose of prednisolone.", "PMID": 728282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11575", "title": "Pharmacokinetic and concentration-effect studies with intravenous metoclopramide.", "content": "1 Pharmacokinetic and concentration-effect studies have been carried out following intravenous injection of 10 mg metoclopramide hydrochloride to seven normal male volunteers. 2 It is proposed that a two-compartment model adequately describes the disposition of the drug which is rapidly distributed (T1/2alpha = 4.9 +/- 1.1 min) and eliminated (T1/2beta = 165.7 +/- 20.2 min). Total body plasma clearance of the drug is high (10.9 +/- 1.5 ml min-1 kg-1) and approximates to liver plasma flow. 3 Metoclopramide i.v. increases gastric emptying as measured by an ethanol absorption test (P less than 0.005). The duration of this effect is at least 3 h. 4 Ethanol given after i.v. metoclopramide administration produces significant sedation during the first hour and at 3 h (P less than 0.001). 5 The effect of metoclopramide on gastric emptying, and the degree of sedation induced by ethanol would appear to be related to plasma metoclopramide concentration. 6 Metoclopramide increases serum prolactin to 59 +/- 5.8 microgram/1 at 30 min after injection. There is a linear relationship (r = 0.809) between serum prolactin increase and plasma metoclopramide concentration.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic and concentration-effect studies with intravenous metoclopramide. 1 Pharmacokinetic and concentration-effect studies have been carried out following intravenous injection of 10 mg metoclopramide hydrochloride to seven normal male volunteers. 2 It is proposed that a two-compartment model adequately describes the disposition of the drug which is rapidly distributed (T1/2alpha = 4.9 +/- 1.1 min) and eliminated (T1/2beta = 165.7 +/- 20.2 min). Total body plasma clearance of the drug is high (10.9 +/- 1.5 ml min-1 kg-1) and approximates to liver plasma flow. 3 Metoclopramide i.v. increases gastric emptying as measured by an ethanol absorption test (P less than 0.005). The duration of this effect is at least 3 h. 4 Ethanol given after i.v. metoclopramide administration produces significant sedation during the first hour and at 3 h (P less than 0.001). 5 The effect of metoclopramide on gastric emptying, and the degree of sedation induced by ethanol would appear to be related to plasma metoclopramide concentration. 6 Metoclopramide increases serum prolactin to 59 +/- 5.8 microgram/1 at 30 min after injection. There is a linear relationship (r = 0.809) between serum prolactin increase and plasma metoclopramide concentration.", "PMID": 728283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11576", "title": "Disopyramide serum and pharmacologic effect kinetics applied to the assessment of bioavailability.", "content": "1 Serum, urine and pharmacologic effect (prolongation of the QT interval) kinetics of the antiarrhythmic disopyramide have been investigated in eight volunteers after intravenous administration (2 mg/kg) and oral administration (300 mg) of the two commercially available preparations, Rythmodan (Roussel Laboratories) and Norpace (Searle Laboratories). 2 An open one compartment body model adequately described the kinetics of disopyramide in serum and urine. 3 After intravenous administration, the following average pharmacokinetic parameters were found: biological half-life, 7.8 h; total clearance, 95 ml/min; renal clearance, 54 ml/min; apparent volume of distribution, 60 litres. 4 After oral Rythmodan and Norpace, serum concentration profiles and urinary excretion data revealed significant differences in rates of absorption, times required to achieve peak serum concentrations and biological half-lives. These differences were largely due to the relatively slow absorption characteristics of Norpace. 5 The absence of hysteresis in plots of QT prolongation against disopyramide serum concentration after oral administration indicated that serum and pharmacologic effect kinetics were indistinguishable within a kinetically equivalent compartment. 6 Analysis of both serum and urine data showed that while Norpace had a significantly higher degree of bioavailability (P less than 0.005), the 5--15% difference between the two formulations should not normally be of any clinical significance.", "contents": "Disopyramide serum and pharmacologic effect kinetics applied to the assessment of bioavailability. 1 Serum, urine and pharmacologic effect (prolongation of the QT interval) kinetics of the antiarrhythmic disopyramide have been investigated in eight volunteers after intravenous administration (2 mg/kg) and oral administration (300 mg) of the two commercially available preparations, Rythmodan (Roussel Laboratories) and Norpace (Searle Laboratories). 2 An open one compartment body model adequately described the kinetics of disopyramide in serum and urine. 3 After intravenous administration, the following average pharmacokinetic parameters were found: biological half-life, 7.8 h; total clearance, 95 ml/min; renal clearance, 54 ml/min; apparent volume of distribution, 60 litres. 4 After oral Rythmodan and Norpace, serum concentration profiles and urinary excretion data revealed significant differences in rates of absorption, times required to achieve peak serum concentrations and biological half-lives. These differences were largely due to the relatively slow absorption characteristics of Norpace. 5 The absence of hysteresis in plots of QT prolongation against disopyramide serum concentration after oral administration indicated that serum and pharmacologic effect kinetics were indistinguishable within a kinetically equivalent compartment. 6 Analysis of both serum and urine data showed that while Norpace had a significantly higher degree of bioavailability (P less than 0.005), the 5--15% difference between the two formulations should not normally be of any clinical significance.", "PMID": 728284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11577", "title": "Simultaneous analysis of dapsone and monoacetyldapsone employing high performance liquid chromatography: a rapid method for determination of acetylator phenotype.", "content": "1 A rapid, accurate and convenient technique for determination of acetylator phenotype of patients or subjects has not been available for routine clinical application. 2 An improved method for rapid and convenient determination of acetylator phenotype is described. 3 The plasma concentrations of dapsone (DDS) and monoacetyldapsone (MAD) were measured 3 h after a single oral 100 mg dose of dapsone using a specific and sensitive high performance liquid chromatographic assay. 4 The plasma concentration ratio of monoacetyldapsone to dapsone can accurately assess acetylator phenotype in patients or subjects. 5 The clinical applications for this method are discussed.", "contents": "Simultaneous analysis of dapsone and monoacetyldapsone employing high performance liquid chromatography: a rapid method for determination of acetylator phenotype. 1 A rapid, accurate and convenient technique for determination of acetylator phenotype of patients or subjects has not been available for routine clinical application. 2 An improved method for rapid and convenient determination of acetylator phenotype is described. 3 The plasma concentrations of dapsone (DDS) and monoacetyldapsone (MAD) were measured 3 h after a single oral 100 mg dose of dapsone using a specific and sensitive high performance liquid chromatographic assay. 4 The plasma concentration ratio of monoacetyldapsone to dapsone can accurately assess acetylator phenotype in patients or subjects. 5 The clinical applications for this method are discussed.", "PMID": 728285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11578", "title": "Comparison of the effect of drugs upon some commonly used measures of bowel transit time.", "content": "1 To study the effect of drugs on methods of assessment of gut transit time a double-blind study of the effect of single doses of placebo, oxyphenisatin, anthracene purgatives, (+)-norpseudoephedrine and a combined preparation of (+)-norpseudophedrine and senna was carried out in ten normal volunteers. Gut transit time was assessed by dye and radio-opaque marker methods. 2 It was possible to demonstrate the effect of the anthracenes but not oxyphenisatin on gut transit time. 3 More sophisticated statistical techniques were required to demonstrate the retarding effect of the sympathomimetic amine and its reversal by senna. 4 Statistical analysis shows that assessment of intestinal transit time by dye or pellet methods gives identical information.", "contents": "Comparison of the effect of drugs upon some commonly used measures of bowel transit time. 1 To study the effect of drugs on methods of assessment of gut transit time a double-blind study of the effect of single doses of placebo, oxyphenisatin, anthracene purgatives, (+)-norpseudoephedrine and a combined preparation of (+)-norpseudophedrine and senna was carried out in ten normal volunteers. Gut transit time was assessed by dye and radio-opaque marker methods. 2 It was possible to demonstrate the effect of the anthracenes but not oxyphenisatin on gut transit time. 3 More sophisticated statistical techniques were required to demonstrate the retarding effect of the sympathomimetic amine and its reversal by senna. 4 Statistical analysis shows that assessment of intestinal transit time by dye or pellet methods gives identical information.", "PMID": 728318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11579", "title": "Effect of surgery under general anaesthesia on antipyrine clearance.", "content": "1 The effect of surgery under general anaesthesia on drug metabolism was investigated in man. The activity of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes was evaluated by measurement of antipyrine clearance, before surgery and 3 days after surgery, in eighteen patients. 2 In those patients in whom the operation lasted 2 h or less, the postoperative clearance of antipyrine was significantly (P less than 0.05) increased by 48%; in those patients in whom the operation lasted 2--4 h, it was non-significantly decreased by 36%; in those patients in whom the operation lasted more than 4 h, it was significantly decreased by 47% (P less than 0.01). 3 It is concluded (a) that short operations are followed by increased activity of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes, whereas (b) protracted operations are followed by decreased activity. It is suggested (a) that the former effect may be a consequence of enzyme induction by drugs used for premedication and anaesthesia, whereas (b) the latter effect may be the result of major surgical trauma.", "contents": "Effect of surgery under general anaesthesia on antipyrine clearance. 1 The effect of surgery under general anaesthesia on drug metabolism was investigated in man. The activity of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes was evaluated by measurement of antipyrine clearance, before surgery and 3 days after surgery, in eighteen patients. 2 In those patients in whom the operation lasted 2 h or less, the postoperative clearance of antipyrine was significantly (P less than 0.05) increased by 48%; in those patients in whom the operation lasted 2--4 h, it was non-significantly decreased by 36%; in those patients in whom the operation lasted more than 4 h, it was significantly decreased by 47% (P less than 0.01). 3 It is concluded (a) that short operations are followed by increased activity of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes, whereas (b) protracted operations are followed by decreased activity. It is suggested (a) that the former effect may be a consequence of enzyme induction by drugs used for premedication and anaesthesia, whereas (b) the latter effect may be the result of major surgical trauma.", "PMID": 728319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11580", "title": "The effect on myocardial contractility of a new beta-adrenergic receptor blocking drug, penbutolol.", "content": "1 The inotropic effect of penbutolol, a new beta-adrenergic receptor blocking drug, has been compared with that of propranolol in two similar groups of six subjects each. 2 Inotropic changes were assessed from changes in myocardial contractility index [LV dp-dt/11 T] as well as the slope of the regression line relating LV dp/dt to LVED during incremental pacing. 3 Penbutolol was found to have a significant negative inotropic effect of an order similar to that of propranolol in the respective doses studied.", "contents": "The effect on myocardial contractility of a new beta-adrenergic receptor blocking drug, penbutolol. 1 The inotropic effect of penbutolol, a new beta-adrenergic receptor blocking drug, has been compared with that of propranolol in two similar groups of six subjects each. 2 Inotropic changes were assessed from changes in myocardial contractility index [LV dp-dt/11 T] as well as the slope of the regression line relating LV dp/dt to LVED during incremental pacing. 3 Penbutolol was found to have a significant negative inotropic effect of an order similar to that of propranolol in the respective doses studied.", "PMID": 728320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11581", "title": "Evaluation of effect of acetylsalicylic acid using electrical stimulation on the forefinger of healthy volunteers.", "content": "1 In order to determine the optimal level of electrical stimulation, the degree of pain sensitivity produced by electrical stimulation on the volar side of terminal phalange of the right forefinger was studied in 22 male and female volunteers between the ages of 20 and 27 years. 2 A stimulation frequency of 400 Hz, width of 0.1 ms and electrical potential of 55 V was found to be optimal for study fo analgesics. 3 The effect of acetylsalicylic acid was studied in 40 healthy male volunteers between the ages of 20 and 25 years. Electrical stimulation was applied for 5 s under a single-blind method at a frequency of 400 Hz, width of 0.1 ms and electrical potential of 25, 35 and 55 V. Placebo, 250 mg, 500 mg and 1 000 mg of acetylsalicyclic acid were administered orally under double-blind method conditions. 4 As a result of this study, it was found that acetslsalicylic acid in a dose of 500 and 1 000 mg, was effective in relieving pain with statistically significant differences from a placebo.", "contents": "Evaluation of effect of acetylsalicylic acid using electrical stimulation on the forefinger of healthy volunteers. 1 In order to determine the optimal level of electrical stimulation, the degree of pain sensitivity produced by electrical stimulation on the volar side of terminal phalange of the right forefinger was studied in 22 male and female volunteers between the ages of 20 and 27 years. 2 A stimulation frequency of 400 Hz, width of 0.1 ms and electrical potential of 55 V was found to be optimal for study fo analgesics. 3 The effect of acetylsalicylic acid was studied in 40 healthy male volunteers between the ages of 20 and 25 years. Electrical stimulation was applied for 5 s under a single-blind method at a frequency of 400 Hz, width of 0.1 ms and electrical potential of 25, 35 and 55 V. Placebo, 250 mg, 500 mg and 1 000 mg of acetylsalicyclic acid were administered orally under double-blind method conditions. 4 As a result of this study, it was found that acetslsalicylic acid in a dose of 500 and 1 000 mg, was effective in relieving pain with statistically significant differences from a placebo.", "PMID": 728321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11582", "title": "The features of hepatic enzyme induction with glutethimide in man.", "content": "1 Sequential measurements of D-glucaric acid excretion were made in six healthy volunteers before, during and after 3 weeks' daily medication with glutethimide 500 mg. 2 There was a rapid rise in D-glucaric acid excretion within 2 days of starting medication and a rapid decline when it was stopped. 3 Antipyrine clearance and indocyanine green clearance were measured before and at the end of the 3 weeks' medication. 4 There was a 55% increase in antipyrine clearance but no change in indocyanine green clearance. 5 There was no correlation between antipyrine clearance and D-glucaric acid excretion. 6 Glutethimide causes rapid enzyme induction in man without concomitant rise in hepatic blood flow.", "contents": "The features of hepatic enzyme induction with glutethimide in man. 1 Sequential measurements of D-glucaric acid excretion were made in six healthy volunteers before, during and after 3 weeks' daily medication with glutethimide 500 mg. 2 There was a rapid rise in D-glucaric acid excretion within 2 days of starting medication and a rapid decline when it was stopped. 3 Antipyrine clearance and indocyanine green clearance were measured before and at the end of the 3 weeks' medication. 4 There was a 55% increase in antipyrine clearance but no change in indocyanine green clearance. 5 There was no correlation between antipyrine clearance and D-glucaric acid excretion. 6 Glutethimide causes rapid enzyme induction in man without concomitant rise in hepatic blood flow.", "PMID": 728322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11583", "title": "Age related differences in the disposition of acetanilide.", "content": "1 The metabolism of fifteen elderly hospital in-patients and fifteen young people was studied, using a gas chromatography mass spectrometer method. 2 The results suggest that there is no significant change in hepatic oxidation of acetanilide with age. 3 The concentrations of metabolites were however, significantly elevated in the older group. 4 These results illustrate the importance of the decline in renal function with age in the disposition of drugs.", "contents": "Age related differences in the disposition of acetanilide. 1 The metabolism of fifteen elderly hospital in-patients and fifteen young people was studied, using a gas chromatography mass spectrometer method. 2 The results suggest that there is no significant change in hepatic oxidation of acetanilide with age. 3 The concentrations of metabolites were however, significantly elevated in the older group. 4 These results illustrate the importance of the decline in renal function with age in the disposition of drugs.", "PMID": 728323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11584", "title": "Growth and transplantability of clonally related tumorigenic murine cell lines.", "content": "A malignant cell line derived from the s.c. inoculation of Adenovirus 12 into a CBA mouse has been isolated in vitro, cloned, and within 10 passages the clones have been investigated for their karyotype, morphology, growth rate, saturation density and response to plant lectin in vitro, and their tumorigenicity and growth rate in vivo. The cell lines rapidly acquired a highly heterogeneous karyotype, but remained homogeneous with respect to more complex physiological parameters. Examination of the cellular characteristics has indicated that the rate of growth of the cell lines in vivo, but not their tumorigenicity, may be related to their in vitro potentials. The clones responded differently to the cytotoxic effects of concanavalin A, but there was no correlation between the effect of the lectin and the malignant potential of the cells.", "contents": "Growth and transplantability of clonally related tumorigenic murine cell lines. A malignant cell line derived from the s.c. inoculation of Adenovirus 12 into a CBA mouse has been isolated in vitro, cloned, and within 10 passages the clones have been investigated for their karyotype, morphology, growth rate, saturation density and response to plant lectin in vitro, and their tumorigenicity and growth rate in vivo. The cell lines rapidly acquired a highly heterogeneous karyotype, but remained homogeneous with respect to more complex physiological parameters. Examination of the cellular characteristics has indicated that the rate of growth of the cell lines in vivo, but not their tumorigenicity, may be related to their in vitro potentials. The clones responded differently to the cytotoxic effects of concanavalin A, but there was no correlation between the effect of the lectin and the malignant potential of the cells.", "PMID": 728338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11585", "title": "Thiophene analogues of the carcinogens benzidine and 4-aminobiphenyl: evaluation in vitro.", "content": "A biologically active molecule with one or more aromatic rings often retains its activity when one of these rings is replaced by an isosteric and/or isoelectronic aromatic ring. Consideration has been given to whether this effect can be expected to apply to aromatic organic carcinogens. The literature relevant to this topic has been reviewed and the thiophene analogues of the carcinogens benzidine and 4-aminobiphenyl have been synthesized and evaluated for potential carcinogenicity. The compounds prepared were 5-p-acetamidophenyl-2-thiophenamine hydrochloride (XIII), 5-phenyl-2-thiophenamine hydrochloride (XIV), N-(5-p-acetamido-phenylthiophen-2-yl)acetamide (XV) and N-(5-phenylthiophen-2-yl)-acetamide (XVI) (see Chart for structures). Each compound was evaluated in the Salmonella reverse-mutation assay of Ames and the cell-transformation assay of Styles. The activity profiles observed for these compounds in vitro were consistent with their known chemistry, and indicate potential carcinogenicity. However, their overall chemical and biological behaviour casts doubt upon whether they would be capable of eliciting tumours in vivo. Because it is important to establish the degree of reliance which can be placed upon in vitro predictions of potential carcinogenicity generated for structurally new compounds, one of the thiophene derivatives, N-(5-phenylthiophen-2-yl)acetamide ((XVI), is currently being evaluated for carcinogenicity in mice.", "contents": "Thiophene analogues of the carcinogens benzidine and 4-aminobiphenyl: evaluation in vitro. A biologically active molecule with one or more aromatic rings often retains its activity when one of these rings is replaced by an isosteric and/or isoelectronic aromatic ring. Consideration has been given to whether this effect can be expected to apply to aromatic organic carcinogens. The literature relevant to this topic has been reviewed and the thiophene analogues of the carcinogens benzidine and 4-aminobiphenyl have been synthesized and evaluated for potential carcinogenicity. The compounds prepared were 5-p-acetamidophenyl-2-thiophenamine hydrochloride (XIII), 5-phenyl-2-thiophenamine hydrochloride (XIV), N-(5-p-acetamido-phenylthiophen-2-yl)acetamide (XV) and N-(5-phenylthiophen-2-yl)-acetamide (XVI) (see Chart for structures). Each compound was evaluated in the Salmonella reverse-mutation assay of Ames and the cell-transformation assay of Styles. The activity profiles observed for these compounds in vitro were consistent with their known chemistry, and indicate potential carcinogenicity. However, their overall chemical and biological behaviour casts doubt upon whether they would be capable of eliciting tumours in vivo. Because it is important to establish the degree of reliance which can be placed upon in vitro predictions of potential carcinogenicity generated for structurally new compounds, one of the thiophene derivatives, N-(5-phenylthiophen-2-yl)acetamide ((XVI), is currently being evaluated for carcinogenicity in mice.", "PMID": 728339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11586", "title": "Influence of misonidazole on the incidence of radiation-induced intestinal tumours in mice.", "content": "C57BL mice were given local irradiation to 2 cm2 of the lower abdomen in the dose range 16--24 Gy. There were some early deaths, but mice dying between 50--240 days predominantly developed invasive adenocarcinomas of the intestine. When the radiosensitizer misonidazole was given in a single dose shortly before irradiation the proportion of mice developing tumours was higher, but the difference was not statistically significant. However, there was a significant increase in the incidence of multiple tumours, largely attributable to tumours arising in the rectum.", "contents": "Influence of misonidazole on the incidence of radiation-induced intestinal tumours in mice. C57BL mice were given local irradiation to 2 cm2 of the lower abdomen in the dose range 16--24 Gy. There were some early deaths, but mice dying between 50--240 days predominantly developed invasive adenocarcinomas of the intestine. When the radiosensitizer misonidazole was given in a single dose shortly before irradiation the proportion of mice developing tumours was higher, but the difference was not statistically significant. However, there was a significant increase in the incidence of multiple tumours, largely attributable to tumours arising in the rectum.", "PMID": 728340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11587", "title": "Enhancement by Wy-14,643, a hepatic peroxisome proliferator, of diethylnitrosamine-initiated hepatic tumorigenesis in the rat.", "content": "Diethylnitrosamine (DEN), at a concentration of 100 parts/10(6) in drinking water for 14 days, caused the development, by 48 weeks, of very few liver tumours in 5 of 18 (27%) male F=344 rats fed control diet. When the DEN treatment was followed one week later by continuous feeding of the hypolipidemic hepatic peroxisome proliferator, Wy-14,643, at 0.1% dietary level, all of 28 rats (100%) developed, between 38 and 48 weeks, a significantly higher number of liver tumours. Furthermore, laparotomy at 22 weeks revealed that several rats fed Wy-14,643 after DEN initiation had developed visible liver nodules, suggesting that Wy-14,643 also accelerates the appearance of these tumours. Administration of another peroxisome proliferator, clofibrate, at 0.5% level in the diet after DEN initiation, also caused a substantial enhancement of liver tumorigenesis. The enhancement of liver-tumour development by clofibrate, however, was less than that by Wy-14,643. The marked enhancing effect of Wy-14,643 may be due to its profound hepatomegalic and peroxisome proliferative properties.", "contents": "Enhancement by Wy-14,643, a hepatic peroxisome proliferator, of diethylnitrosamine-initiated hepatic tumorigenesis in the rat. Diethylnitrosamine (DEN), at a concentration of 100 parts/10(6) in drinking water for 14 days, caused the development, by 48 weeks, of very few liver tumours in 5 of 18 (27%) male F=344 rats fed control diet. When the DEN treatment was followed one week later by continuous feeding of the hypolipidemic hepatic peroxisome proliferator, Wy-14,643, at 0.1% dietary level, all of 28 rats (100%) developed, between 38 and 48 weeks, a significantly higher number of liver tumours. Furthermore, laparotomy at 22 weeks revealed that several rats fed Wy-14,643 after DEN initiation had developed visible liver nodules, suggesting that Wy-14,643 also accelerates the appearance of these tumours. Administration of another peroxisome proliferator, clofibrate, at 0.5% level in the diet after DEN initiation, also caused a substantial enhancement of liver tumorigenesis. The enhancement of liver-tumour development by clofibrate, however, was less than that by Wy-14,643. The marked enhancing effect of Wy-14,643 may be due to its profound hepatomegalic and peroxisome proliferative properties.", "PMID": 728341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11588", "title": "Inter-site variation of oestrogen receptors in human breast cancers.", "content": "When large human breast cancers were assayed for oestrogen receptors at multiple sites, 5-fold differences were found in the numbers of oestrogen receptors, between the site within a tumour. This may result from variations in the cell:stroma ratio from site to site. Such differences could be significant when receptor levels in the tumour are low (less than 50 fmol oestradiol bound mg cytosol protein) since the classification distinction between hormone-sensitive and hormone-insensitive breast cancers is based upon numbers of oestrogen receptors detected by the assay. This problem might be remedied by assessment of the cell:stroma ratio in all assayed tumours, and by the combination of the cytoplasmic oestrogen-receptor assay with other hormone-receptor assays.", "contents": "Inter-site variation of oestrogen receptors in human breast cancers. When large human breast cancers were assayed for oestrogen receptors at multiple sites, 5-fold differences were found in the numbers of oestrogen receptors, between the site within a tumour. This may result from variations in the cell:stroma ratio from site to site. Such differences could be significant when receptor levels in the tumour are low (less than 50 fmol oestradiol bound mg cytosol protein) since the classification distinction between hormone-sensitive and hormone-insensitive breast cancers is based upon numbers of oestrogen receptors detected by the assay. This problem might be remedied by assessment of the cell:stroma ratio in all assayed tumours, and by the combination of the cytoplasmic oestrogen-receptor assay with other hormone-receptor assays.", "PMID": 728342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11589", "title": "NMR in cancer, XIII: application of the NMR malignancy index to human mammary tumours.", "content": "One hundred and nineteen specimens of human mammary tissue taken from 112 individuals, were inspected by pulsed proton magnetic-resonance techniques (at 22.5 MH2). The purpose of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic capabilities of the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique with regard to the recognition of malignancy. The combination of two NMR parameters (spin lattice (T1) and spin-spin(T2) relaxation times) into a malignancy index produced better than 95% discrimination between the 2 populations of tissue on a case-by-case basis. The mean and standard deviations obtained were 2.002 +/- 0.351 for normal tissue, and 3.137 +/- 0.667 for malignant specimens. The probability that this difference is not significant is considerably less than 0.01. In addition, specimens of fibrocystic disease and fibrous mastopathy had indices of 2.263 +/- 0.503 and 2.151 +/- 0.505 respectively. Both groups yielded P values less than 0.01 when compared to the malignant specimens.", "contents": "NMR in cancer, XIII: application of the NMR malignancy index to human mammary tumours. One hundred and nineteen specimens of human mammary tissue taken from 112 individuals, were inspected by pulsed proton magnetic-resonance techniques (at 22.5 MH2). The purpose of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic capabilities of the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique with regard to the recognition of malignancy. The combination of two NMR parameters (spin lattice (T1) and spin-spin(T2) relaxation times) into a malignancy index produced better than 95% discrimination between the 2 populations of tissue on a case-by-case basis. The mean and standard deviations obtained were 2.002 +/- 0.351 for normal tissue, and 3.137 +/- 0.667 for malignant specimens. The probability that this difference is not significant is considerably less than 0.01. In addition, specimens of fibrocystic disease and fibrous mastopathy had indices of 2.263 +/- 0.503 and 2.151 +/- 0.505 respectively. Both groups yielded P values less than 0.01 when compared to the malignant specimens.", "PMID": 728343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11590", "title": "Repopulation of gamma-irradiated Lewis lung carcinoma by malignant cells and host macrophage progenitors.", "content": "Cellular repopulation in Lewis carcinoma irradiated with 60Co gamma-rays was examined by performing sequential cell-survival estimations using an in vitro soft-agar-colony assay. Following local irradiation (15--35 Gy) two distinct types of colony were seen: compact colonies with tightly packed cells and diffuse colonies with widely dispersed cells. Maximal diffuse colony formation in vitro was only obtained in the simultaneous presence of adequate numbers of compact colonies. After whole-body irradiation only compact colonies were observed. Only-cell survival data from compact colony counts correlated with cell survival estimated by the lung colony assay and we conclude that compact colonies are produced by clonogenic tumour cells. Cytochemical and immunological evidence showed that diffuse colonies were composed of macrophages. After local irradiation the initial kill of clonogenic tumour cells was dose dependent. At each dose level, repopulation began immediately and proceeded with a doubling time of about 1 day. Macrophage colony-forming cells (macrophage progenitors) per tumour were initially reduced by about 3 decades, but recovered very rapidly to reach pretreatment levels within 2 days. We conclude that at least two populations of clonogenic cells are present in Lewis lung carcinoma, tumour cells that repopulate irradiated tumours by in situ proliferation and host-macrophage progenitors that repopulate locally irradiated tumours by infiltration. The hazards of confusing host and tumour cell colonies in in vitro assay systems are stressed.", "contents": "Repopulation of gamma-irradiated Lewis lung carcinoma by malignant cells and host macrophage progenitors. Cellular repopulation in Lewis carcinoma irradiated with 60Co gamma-rays was examined by performing sequential cell-survival estimations using an in vitro soft-agar-colony assay. Following local irradiation (15--35 Gy) two distinct types of colony were seen: compact colonies with tightly packed cells and diffuse colonies with widely dispersed cells. Maximal diffuse colony formation in vitro was only obtained in the simultaneous presence of adequate numbers of compact colonies. After whole-body irradiation only compact colonies were observed. Only-cell survival data from compact colony counts correlated with cell survival estimated by the lung colony assay and we conclude that compact colonies are produced by clonogenic tumour cells. Cytochemical and immunological evidence showed that diffuse colonies were composed of macrophages. After local irradiation the initial kill of clonogenic tumour cells was dose dependent. At each dose level, repopulation began immediately and proceeded with a doubling time of about 1 day. Macrophage colony-forming cells (macrophage progenitors) per tumour were initially reduced by about 3 decades, but recovered very rapidly to reach pretreatment levels within 2 days. We conclude that at least two populations of clonogenic cells are present in Lewis lung carcinoma, tumour cells that repopulate irradiated tumours by in situ proliferation and host-macrophage progenitors that repopulate locally irradiated tumours by infiltration. The hazards of confusing host and tumour cell colonies in in vitro assay systems are stressed.", "PMID": 728347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11591", "title": "Cell yield and cell survival following chemotherapy of the B16 melanoma.", "content": "We describe in this paper cell survival studies, using in vitro clonogenic assays, performed on the B16 melanoma treated in situ with various cytotoxic agents. In addition we have determined the effects of these agents on the yield of cells obtained by trypsinization. In untreated tumours the mean cell yield was approximately 10(8)/g, which is 20--30% of the cells actually present in the tissue. The plating efficiency was approximately 40%. Most agents rapidly affected both cell yield and cell survival. For example, within 20--30 h, gamma-radiation and several alkylating agents reduced cell yield by about 40%. The cell yield change was associated with an increase in mean cell size. Cell yield was reduced even more (approximately 70%) by Vinca alkaloids. This large reduction was associated with extensive cell lysis, observed as an increase in the necrotic fraction of tumours from approximately 35% to approximately 70%. Adriamycin, bleomycin and Ara-C also produced a moderate reduction in cell yield (approximately 40%), but actinomycin D did not reduce cell yield and FU increased it by about 30%. Only gamma-radiation, cyclophosphamide, CCNU, BCNU and melphalan produced more than a 90% reduction in cell survival, although there was a small but measurable reduction with all other agents except vinblastine, HN2 and actinomycin D.", "contents": "Cell yield and cell survival following chemotherapy of the B16 melanoma. We describe in this paper cell survival studies, using in vitro clonogenic assays, performed on the B16 melanoma treated in situ with various cytotoxic agents. In addition we have determined the effects of these agents on the yield of cells obtained by trypsinization. In untreated tumours the mean cell yield was approximately 10(8)/g, which is 20--30% of the cells actually present in the tissue. The plating efficiency was approximately 40%. Most agents rapidly affected both cell yield and cell survival. For example, within 20--30 h, gamma-radiation and several alkylating agents reduced cell yield by about 40%. The cell yield change was associated with an increase in mean cell size. Cell yield was reduced even more (approximately 70%) by Vinca alkaloids. This large reduction was associated with extensive cell lysis, observed as an increase in the necrotic fraction of tumours from approximately 35% to approximately 70%. Adriamycin, bleomycin and Ara-C also produced a moderate reduction in cell yield (approximately 40%), but actinomycin D did not reduce cell yield and FU increased it by about 30%. Only gamma-radiation, cyclophosphamide, CCNU, BCNU and melphalan produced more than a 90% reduction in cell survival, although there was a small but measurable reduction with all other agents except vinblastine, HN2 and actinomycin D.", "PMID": 728348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11592", "title": "Influence of micrococcus, BCG and related polysaccharides on the proliferation of the L1210 leukaemia.", "content": "A comparative study of the effects of BCG, Micrococcus lysodeikticus, and a series of structurally related polysaccharides (complement triggers) on the non-specific and specific immune resistance against L1210 lymphoid leukaemia was carried out and commented on. In contrast with authors of earlier reports, we were unable to generate any effective non-specific or specific immunotherapy after the graft of 10(4) leukaemic cells to 8--10-week-old CDF1 mice. However, when mice were prevaccinated with irradiated (8 krad X-rays) cultured cells combined with 1 mg of bacterium or polysaccharide one month before grafting 10(4) cells, they were given an immunoprotection that was more pronounced with the i.p. than with the i.v. route. Prevaccinated mice were afforded a stronger immunoprotection when boosted repeatedly with 1mg injections of bacterium or polysaccharide after tumour challenge.", "contents": "Influence of micrococcus, BCG and related polysaccharides on the proliferation of the L1210 leukaemia. A comparative study of the effects of BCG, Micrococcus lysodeikticus, and a series of structurally related polysaccharides (complement triggers) on the non-specific and specific immune resistance against L1210 lymphoid leukaemia was carried out and commented on. In contrast with authors of earlier reports, we were unable to generate any effective non-specific or specific immunotherapy after the graft of 10(4) leukaemic cells to 8--10-week-old CDF1 mice. However, when mice were prevaccinated with irradiated (8 krad X-rays) cultured cells combined with 1 mg of bacterium or polysaccharide one month before grafting 10(4) cells, they were given an immunoprotection that was more pronounced with the i.p. than with the i.v. route. Prevaccinated mice were afforded a stronger immunoprotection when boosted repeatedly with 1mg injections of bacterium or polysaccharide after tumour challenge.", "PMID": 728349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11593", "title": "Treatment of childhood lymphocytic leukaemia with high white-cell counts.", "content": "Combination chemotherapy with cytosine arabinoside, cyclophosphamide and L-asparaginase (Asnase) was given to 22 children with acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL) with a white-cell count greater than 30 X 10(9)/1, and other features suggestive of poor prognosis. Complete remission was induced in all patients--in 19 after 2 courses of chemotherapy and in the remainder after a third course. During induction, neutropenia occurred in 18 and severe infection in 3. Anaphylaxis to Asnase occurred in 8 patients after the second course and one other had transient Asnase-induced diabetes. All patients received central-nervous-system prophylaxis after achieving remission, during which they were also treated with weekly vincristine and a 2-week course of prednisolone. Continuation therapy consisted of short cycles of intermittent chemotherapy and BCG inoculation or long cycles of intermittent chemotherapy +/- BCG. Life-table analysis shows 46% complete remission rate at 28 months, with 6 patients all in complete remission followed up between 28 and 41 months. There were minimal complications of continuation therapy, and BCG inoculation was well tolerated.", "contents": "Treatment of childhood lymphocytic leukaemia with high white-cell counts. Combination chemotherapy with cytosine arabinoside, cyclophosphamide and L-asparaginase (Asnase) was given to 22 children with acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL) with a white-cell count greater than 30 X 10(9)/1, and other features suggestive of poor prognosis. Complete remission was induced in all patients--in 19 after 2 courses of chemotherapy and in the remainder after a third course. During induction, neutropenia occurred in 18 and severe infection in 3. Anaphylaxis to Asnase occurred in 8 patients after the second course and one other had transient Asnase-induced diabetes. All patients received central-nervous-system prophylaxis after achieving remission, during which they were also treated with weekly vincristine and a 2-week course of prednisolone. Continuation therapy consisted of short cycles of intermittent chemotherapy and BCG inoculation or long cycles of intermittent chemotherapy +/- BCG. Life-table analysis shows 46% complete remission rate at 28 months, with 6 patients all in complete remission followed up between 28 and 41 months. There were minimal complications of continuation therapy, and BCG inoculation was well tolerated.", "PMID": 728350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11594", "title": "Survival and recurrences five years after selective treatment for breast carcinoma.", "content": "110 consecutively diagnosed breast-cancer patients in all stages were included in a study to evaluate a selective surgical and radiotherapeutical treatment. The surgical treatment was total mastectomy and exploration of the axilla, with lymphnode biopsy and peroperative cytological examination. Axillary dissection was done only when this examination showed metastases. No radiotherapy was given to the axilla in patients with lateral cancers in the absence of metastases, or with limited metastasization (no periglandular growth, no growth in apical nodes). In medial and central cancers, radiotherapy was applied to the parasternal and supraclavicular nodes irrespective of axillary involvement. A staging system with a combined clinical and histopathological classification was used and formed the basis for the selective treatment. The corrected 5-year survival for the whole material was 80%, for those without axillary metastasis (Stage I) 95% and for those with axillary metastasis (Stage II) 68%. Six women were alive with known distant metastases. Of 63 patients without identified axillary metastases at the time of surgery, axillary recurrences occurred in only 3 (5%). It was concluded that patients without axillary metastases can be reliably selected by the peroperative examination used, and that in this group simple mastectomy results in a high disease-free survival. Early diagnosis and a possible beneficial effect of the actual therapeutic programme might both have contributed to the high overall survival.", "contents": "Survival and recurrences five years after selective treatment for breast carcinoma. 110 consecutively diagnosed breast-cancer patients in all stages were included in a study to evaluate a selective surgical and radiotherapeutical treatment. The surgical treatment was total mastectomy and exploration of the axilla, with lymphnode biopsy and peroperative cytological examination. Axillary dissection was done only when this examination showed metastases. No radiotherapy was given to the axilla in patients with lateral cancers in the absence of metastases, or with limited metastasization (no periglandular growth, no growth in apical nodes). In medial and central cancers, radiotherapy was applied to the parasternal and supraclavicular nodes irrespective of axillary involvement. A staging system with a combined clinical and histopathological classification was used and formed the basis for the selective treatment. The corrected 5-year survival for the whole material was 80%, for those without axillary metastasis (Stage I) 95% and for those with axillary metastasis (Stage II) 68%. Six women were alive with known distant metastases. Of 63 patients without identified axillary metastases at the time of surgery, axillary recurrences occurred in only 3 (5%). It was concluded that patients without axillary metastases can be reliably selected by the peroperative examination used, and that in this group simple mastectomy results in a high disease-free survival. Early diagnosis and a possible beneficial effect of the actual therapeutic programme might both have contributed to the high overall survival.", "PMID": 728351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11595", "title": "Pulmonary and pleural lesions in rheumatoid disease.", "content": "Lung and pleural involvement in rheumatoid disease is reviewed and discussed. Attention is drawn to the male preponderance, to the frequency with which lung infections occur in rheumatoid patients and to some problems posed in them by infection with mycobacteria. Pleural effusion, pulmonary nodules and fibrosing alveolitis are familiar in association with rheumatoid arthritis. Less familiar associations include upper lobe fibrosis, 'shrinking lung' and mixed pleural and pulmonary involvement. It is suggested that rheumatoid patients display a wider range of intrathoracic disease than seems generally appreciated.", "contents": "Pulmonary and pleural lesions in rheumatoid disease. Lung and pleural involvement in rheumatoid disease is reviewed and discussed. Attention is drawn to the male preponderance, to the frequency with which lung infections occur in rheumatoid patients and to some problems posed in them by infection with mycobacteria. Pleural effusion, pulmonary nodules and fibrosing alveolitis are familiar in association with rheumatoid arthritis. Less familiar associations include upper lobe fibrosis, 'shrinking lung' and mixed pleural and pulmonary involvement. It is suggested that rheumatoid patients display a wider range of intrathoracic disease than seems generally appreciated.", "PMID": 728355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11596", "title": "Pulmonary necrobiotic nodules without rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Pulmonary necrobiotic nodules are the least common of the pulmonary lesions associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Histologically they are identical to subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules. Systemic rheumatoid arthritis usually precedes the development of pulmonary nodules. Seven cases where the pulmonary nodule appeared before or without the development of systemic rheumatoid arthritis are described. The typical histological and radiological features of necrobiotic nodules were found in each. In five of the seven the nodules were in more than one site and in five there were cavitating nodules. Spontaneous improvement occurred in one case. Pulmonary nodules preceded systemic rheumatoid arthritis in three cases and in the remaining four cases systemic rheumatoid arthritis has not yet appeared despite prolonged follow-up. In all patients, tests for rheumatoid factor have remained negative. The absence of circulating rheumatoid factor and systemic rheumatoid arthritis cannot exclude the diagnosis in these cases if the histological diagnosis is accepted as conclusive.", "contents": "Pulmonary necrobiotic nodules without rheumatoid arthritis. Pulmonary necrobiotic nodules are the least common of the pulmonary lesions associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Histologically they are identical to subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules. Systemic rheumatoid arthritis usually precedes the development of pulmonary nodules. Seven cases where the pulmonary nodule appeared before or without the development of systemic rheumatoid arthritis are described. The typical histological and radiological features of necrobiotic nodules were found in each. In five of the seven the nodules were in more than one site and in five there were cavitating nodules. Spontaneous improvement occurred in one case. Pulmonary nodules preceded systemic rheumatoid arthritis in three cases and in the remaining four cases systemic rheumatoid arthritis has not yet appeared despite prolonged follow-up. In all patients, tests for rheumatoid factor have remained negative. The absence of circulating rheumatoid factor and systemic rheumatoid arthritis cannot exclude the diagnosis in these cases if the histological diagnosis is accepted as conclusive.", "PMID": 728356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11597", "title": "Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: analysis of pulmonary washings.", "content": "Bronchopulmonary washings from a patient with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis who underwent therapeutic pulmonary lavage were examined. There were large amounts of protein and lipids of which main classes were phospholipid, cholesterol and free fatty acid. The major component of phospholipids recovered from the washings was lecithin rich in palmitic acid. We also found a high IgG level in the washings. Both the findings of free cholesterol in high concentration in the washings and the electrophoretic pattern of protein in the washings suggested that the alveoli-filling material of our patient was not wholely derived from passive transudation of plasma constituents.", "contents": "Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: analysis of pulmonary washings. Bronchopulmonary washings from a patient with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis who underwent therapeutic pulmonary lavage were examined. There were large amounts of protein and lipids of which main classes were phospholipid, cholesterol and free fatty acid. The major component of phospholipids recovered from the washings was lecithin rich in palmitic acid. We also found a high IgG level in the washings. Both the findings of free cholesterol in high concentration in the washings and the electrophoretic pattern of protein in the washings suggested that the alveoli-filling material of our patient was not wholely derived from passive transudation of plasma constituents.", "PMID": 728357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11598", "title": "Energy reserve and cation composition of irreversibly sickled cells in vivo.", "content": "Cation composition, cellular hydration, and adenosinetriphosphate (ATP) content were measured in irreversible sickle cells (ISC's) separated from the blood of patients with sickle cell anaemia. Total monovalent cation (Na+ + K+) content was markedly reduced in ISC's and this largely was due to cell K+ depletion. Corresponding to the reduced cation content, cells were dehydrated as indicated by a reduced mean cell volume. ISC's also appeared to be grossly depleted of ATP. These biochemical characteristics allow us to expand the definition of ISC's beyond morphologic characteristics. In addition, these chemical alterations provide a means for elucidating the mechanism of ISC production in vitro.", "contents": "Energy reserve and cation composition of irreversibly sickled cells in vivo. Cation composition, cellular hydration, and adenosinetriphosphate (ATP) content were measured in irreversible sickle cells (ISC's) separated from the blood of patients with sickle cell anaemia. Total monovalent cation (Na+ + K+) content was markedly reduced in ISC's and this largely was due to cell K+ depletion. Corresponding to the reduced cation content, cells were dehydrated as indicated by a reduced mean cell volume. ISC's also appeared to be grossly depleted of ATP. These biochemical characteristics allow us to expand the definition of ISC's beyond morphologic characteristics. In addition, these chemical alterations provide a means for elucidating the mechanism of ISC production in vitro.", "PMID": 728369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11599", "title": "Erythrocyte calcium abnormalities and the clinical severity of sickling disorders.", "content": "We studied erythrocyte calcium levels and uptake in a group of patients with sickle haemoglobinopathies of different clinical severity in an attempt to relate these measurements to the production of irreversibly sickled cells and disease severity. Erythrocyte calcium levels were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy and calcium uptake by isotopic means. In sickle cell anaemia, erythrocyte calcium content was elevated and the uptake of isotopic calcium increased under both oxygenated and deoxygenated conditions. There was a direct correlation between the numbers of irreversibly sickled cells and calcium uptake and an inverse relationship between calcium uptake and red cell potassium level. The clinical course of disease was milder in patients with high fetal haemoglobin levels, but there was no relationship between clinical course and calcium levels, calcium flux or irreversibly sickled cells. Our observations suggest that calcium accumulation and irreversibly sickled cell formation are related processes. The absence of good correlation between various biochemical and clinical parameters emphasizes the complexity of factors which modify the clinical course of this disorder.", "contents": "Erythrocyte calcium abnormalities and the clinical severity of sickling disorders. We studied erythrocyte calcium levels and uptake in a group of patients with sickle haemoglobinopathies of different clinical severity in an attempt to relate these measurements to the production of irreversibly sickled cells and disease severity. Erythrocyte calcium levels were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy and calcium uptake by isotopic means. In sickle cell anaemia, erythrocyte calcium content was elevated and the uptake of isotopic calcium increased under both oxygenated and deoxygenated conditions. There was a direct correlation between the numbers of irreversibly sickled cells and calcium uptake and an inverse relationship between calcium uptake and red cell potassium level. The clinical course of disease was milder in patients with high fetal haemoglobin levels, but there was no relationship between clinical course and calcium levels, calcium flux or irreversibly sickled cells. Our observations suggest that calcium accumulation and irreversibly sickled cell formation are related processes. The absence of good correlation between various biochemical and clinical parameters emphasizes the complexity of factors which modify the clinical course of this disorder.", "PMID": 728370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11600", "title": "Localization and role of calcium in the erythrocyte coat: effects of enzymes and storage.", "content": "The effects of various treatments on erythrocyte shape, surface, cell coat and calcium binding sites have been investigated by means of high voltage electron microscopy (HVM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and conventional electron microscopy (TEM). Papain caused the formation of small blisters within the cellular surface as well as crenation and 'budding' of the erythrocytes. After neuraminidase treatment, long filaments were observed to radiate from the surface of the erythrocyte. The other enzymes investigated, RNA'se DNA'se, phospholipase, protease and trypsin, produced no demonstrable effect on the cellular structure, nor (with the possible exception of trypsin) on the cell coat as seen by subsequent staining with ruthenium red. Putative calcium binding sites on and in the erythrocyte membrane were demonstrated. Following incubation with radioactive calcium, activity was found in the erythrocyte membranes. Calcium binding could be reduced by prior treatment of the erythrocyte with EDTA, neuraminidase, and to a lesser extent, by papain and trypsin. Other enzymes had no demonstrable effect. Stored erythrocytes showed a progressive diminution in calcium binding over a period of up to 4 weeks.", "contents": "Localization and role of calcium in the erythrocyte coat: effects of enzymes and storage. The effects of various treatments on erythrocyte shape, surface, cell coat and calcium binding sites have been investigated by means of high voltage electron microscopy (HVM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and conventional electron microscopy (TEM). Papain caused the formation of small blisters within the cellular surface as well as crenation and 'budding' of the erythrocytes. After neuraminidase treatment, long filaments were observed to radiate from the surface of the erythrocyte. The other enzymes investigated, RNA'se DNA'se, phospholipase, protease and trypsin, produced no demonstrable effect on the cellular structure, nor (with the possible exception of trypsin) on the cell coat as seen by subsequent staining with ruthenium red. Putative calcium binding sites on and in the erythrocyte membrane were demonstrated. Following incubation with radioactive calcium, activity was found in the erythrocyte membranes. Calcium binding could be reduced by prior treatment of the erythrocyte with EDTA, neuraminidase, and to a lesser extent, by papain and trypsin. Other enzymes had no demonstrable effect. Stored erythrocytes showed a progressive diminution in calcium binding over a period of up to 4 weeks.", "PMID": 728371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11601", "title": "Hereditary pyruvate kinase deficiency: role of the abnormal enzyme in red cell pathophysiology.", "content": "Two new mutant Pks, electrophoretically identical but kinetically slightly different, are reported. These two clinically innocuous PK variants, encountered in two non-related subjects, have combined in their daughter to give a fully expressed haemolytic anaemia. The functional abnormalities of the daughter's PK (increased K0.5 PEP, abnormal response to FDP, increased urea and guanidine-HCl stability, abnormal isoelectrofocusing and electrophoretic patterns) were like those of the parents but more pronounced, except for thermostability that was normal in the proband although markedly decreased in both parents. The family examined demonstrates that there is no relationship between in vitro properties of the variant and the severity of haemolysis. The hypothesis is put forward that the cause of haemolysis in PK deficiency may be associated with another defect located in the red cell membrane.", "contents": "Hereditary pyruvate kinase deficiency: role of the abnormal enzyme in red cell pathophysiology. Two new mutant Pks, electrophoretically identical but kinetically slightly different, are reported. These two clinically innocuous PK variants, encountered in two non-related subjects, have combined in their daughter to give a fully expressed haemolytic anaemia. The functional abnormalities of the daughter's PK (increased K0.5 PEP, abnormal response to FDP, increased urea and guanidine-HCl stability, abnormal isoelectrofocusing and electrophoretic patterns) were like those of the parents but more pronounced, except for thermostability that was normal in the proband although markedly decreased in both parents. The family examined demonstrates that there is no relationship between in vitro properties of the variant and the severity of haemolysis. The hypothesis is put forward that the cause of haemolysis in PK deficiency may be associated with another defect located in the red cell membrane.", "PMID": 728372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11602", "title": "Haem biosynthesis in rheumatoid disease.", "content": "The activities in blood of six enzymes of the haem biosynthetic pathway have been determined in 12 patients with rheumatoid disease, six of whom were anaemic. The porphyrin and porphyrin-precursor intermediary products of haem biosynthesis were also determined in blood, urine and faeces. No significant differences were found between anaemic and non-anaemic subjects. Failure of delta-amino-laevulinate synthase activity to increase in response to anaemia may be the nature of the marrow unresponsiveness suggested as one factor in the causation of the anaemia. Normal ferrochelatase activity and normal concentrations of free protoporphyrin support the view that iron is effectively unavailable although present in normal amounts. Coproporphyrinogen oxidase activity was significantly depressed.", "contents": "Haem biosynthesis in rheumatoid disease. The activities in blood of six enzymes of the haem biosynthetic pathway have been determined in 12 patients with rheumatoid disease, six of whom were anaemic. The porphyrin and porphyrin-precursor intermediary products of haem biosynthesis were also determined in blood, urine and faeces. No significant differences were found between anaemic and non-anaemic subjects. Failure of delta-amino-laevulinate synthase activity to increase in response to anaemia may be the nature of the marrow unresponsiveness suggested as one factor in the causation of the anaemia. Normal ferrochelatase activity and normal concentrations of free protoporphyrin support the view that iron is effectively unavailable although present in normal amounts. Coproporphyrinogen oxidase activity was significantly depressed.", "PMID": 728373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11603", "title": "Quantitative abnormality of an Aalpha chain molecular weight form in the fibrinogen of cirrhotic patients.", "content": "The molecular weight heterogeneity of fibrinogen from the whole plasma of 12 normal and seven cirrhotic individuals was examined by means of a novel two-dimensional sodium dodecyl suphate (SDS) gel electrophoretic technique. Fibrinogen was first separated from other plasma proteins on a large pore gel, cut out of the gel, reduced, and separated into its component Aalpha, Bbeta and gamma chains on a second gel. Fibrinogen was resolved into two major bands, I and II, on the first gel. The ratio of fibrinogen II to fibrinogens I plus II was approximately 0.3 (range 0.2-0.35) for both normals and cirrhotic patients. Two major molecular weight (mol wt) forms of Aalpha chain were present in normal fibrinogen I: Aalpha/I and/or Aalpha/2, mol wt 7 X 10(4) and 6.7 X 10(4) respectively. Normal fibrinogen II contained either one of these Aalpha chains plus one of the smaller Aalpha chains, Aalpha/6--10, accounting for the 3--4 X 10(4) mol wt difference between bands I and II. Aalpha/2 comprised 33% of the total Aalpha chains (range 27--41%) in normal fibrinogen I and approximately 25% of the Aalpha chains in normal fibrinogen II. In contrast, fibrinogen I from six out of the seven patients contained a lower percentage of Aalpha/2 (range 10--25%). Similarly fibrinogen II from these patients was deficient in Aalpha/2, although the protein contained normal levels of lower mol wt Aalpha derivatives. No correlation was found between per cent fibrinogen II and per cent Aalpha/2 in either normal or cirrhotic subjects. These results suggest that at least two independent processes are responsible for the observed levels of Aalpha heterogeneity in normals and cirrhotics and that the process controlling Aalpha/2 production is a abnormal in cirrhotic individuals. This decrease in Aalpha/2 does not affect the coagulability of fibrinogen. Fibrin monomer aggregation studies indicate that a serum component is, in part, responsible for the abnormally transparent clot formed from the plasma of cirrhotics.", "contents": "Quantitative abnormality of an Aalpha chain molecular weight form in the fibrinogen of cirrhotic patients. The molecular weight heterogeneity of fibrinogen from the whole plasma of 12 normal and seven cirrhotic individuals was examined by means of a novel two-dimensional sodium dodecyl suphate (SDS) gel electrophoretic technique. Fibrinogen was first separated from other plasma proteins on a large pore gel, cut out of the gel, reduced, and separated into its component Aalpha, Bbeta and gamma chains on a second gel. Fibrinogen was resolved into two major bands, I and II, on the first gel. The ratio of fibrinogen II to fibrinogens I plus II was approximately 0.3 (range 0.2-0.35) for both normals and cirrhotic patients. Two major molecular weight (mol wt) forms of Aalpha chain were present in normal fibrinogen I: Aalpha/I and/or Aalpha/2, mol wt 7 X 10(4) and 6.7 X 10(4) respectively. Normal fibrinogen II contained either one of these Aalpha chains plus one of the smaller Aalpha chains, Aalpha/6--10, accounting for the 3--4 X 10(4) mol wt difference between bands I and II. Aalpha/2 comprised 33% of the total Aalpha chains (range 27--41%) in normal fibrinogen I and approximately 25% of the Aalpha chains in normal fibrinogen II. In contrast, fibrinogen I from six out of the seven patients contained a lower percentage of Aalpha/2 (range 10--25%). Similarly fibrinogen II from these patients was deficient in Aalpha/2, although the protein contained normal levels of lower mol wt Aalpha derivatives. No correlation was found between per cent fibrinogen II and per cent Aalpha/2 in either normal or cirrhotic subjects. These results suggest that at least two independent processes are responsible for the observed levels of Aalpha heterogeneity in normals and cirrhotics and that the process controlling Aalpha/2 production is a abnormal in cirrhotic individuals. This decrease in Aalpha/2 does not affect the coagulability of fibrinogen. Fibrin monomer aggregation studies indicate that a serum component is, in part, responsible for the abnormally transparent clot formed from the plasma of cirrhotics.", "PMID": 728374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11604", "title": "Proposed structure for coenzyme F420 from Methanobacterium.", "content": "The low-potential electron carrier, coenzyme F420, was purified from Methanobacterium strain M.o.H. A yield of 160 mg/kg of wet-packed cells was obtained. Results of analysis of hydrolytic fragments and periodate oxidation products of the coenzyme, by infrared, UV-visible, 1H and 13CNMR spectrometry, mass spectrometry, and quantitative elemental analyses indicate that coenzyme F420 is: N-[N-[O-[5-(8-hydroxy-5-deazaisoalloxazin-10-yl)-2,3,4-trihydroxy-4-pentoxyhydroxyphosphinyl]-L-lactyl]-gamma-L-glutamyl]-L-glutamic acid. A convenient trivial name would be the N-(N-L-lactyl-gamma-L-glutamyl)-L-glutamic acid phosphodiester of 7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin 5'-phosphate. Proof of structure by organic synthesis was not performed; the stereochemical configuration of the hydroxyl groups on the side chain as well as the position of the hydroxyl group on the aromatic ring require confirmation by organic synthesis of the molecule.", "contents": "Proposed structure for coenzyme F420 from Methanobacterium. The low-potential electron carrier, coenzyme F420, was purified from Methanobacterium strain M.o.H. A yield of 160 mg/kg of wet-packed cells was obtained. Results of analysis of hydrolytic fragments and periodate oxidation products of the coenzyme, by infrared, UV-visible, 1H and 13CNMR spectrometry, mass spectrometry, and quantitative elemental analyses indicate that coenzyme F420 is: N-[N-[O-[5-(8-hydroxy-5-deazaisoalloxazin-10-yl)-2,3,4-trihydroxy-4-pentoxyhydroxyphosphinyl]-L-lactyl]-gamma-L-glutamyl]-L-glutamic acid. A convenient trivial name would be the N-(N-L-lactyl-gamma-L-glutamyl)-L-glutamic acid phosphodiester of 7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin 5'-phosphate. Proof of structure by organic synthesis was not performed; the stereochemical configuration of the hydroxyl groups on the side chain as well as the position of the hydroxyl group on the aromatic ring require confirmation by organic synthesis of the molecule.", "PMID": 728375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11605", "title": "Mechanism of action of papain: aryldehydroalanines as spectroscopic probes of acyl enzyme formation.", "content": "The alpha,beta-unsaturated aromatic amino acids phenyldehydroalanine (PDA) and styryldehydroalanine (SDA) were synthesized and used as sensitive spectroscopic probes to study the acylation of papain by specific substrates and inhibitors. The spectral changes observed upon acylation of the enzyme with peptides containing these amino acids are large red shifts of the absorption maxima (lambda max) of the chromophores. The magnitudes of the absorption shifts were 49 nm (from 277 to 326 nm) for PDA peptide and 59 nm (from 318 to 377 nm) for SDA peptides. The following specific substrates were synthesized: Ac-Phe-Phe-PDA-OEt, Ac-Phe-PDA-NH2, Ala-Ala-Phe-SDA-OME, Ala-Ala-Phe-SDA-NH2, Lys-Ala-(o-benzyl)tyrosyl-SDA-OMe, and Lys-Ala-(o-benzyl)-tyrosyl-SDA-NH2. Similarly, the specific competitive inhibitors Ac-Phe-PDA (Ki = 5.3 X 10(-6) M), Z-Phe-SDA (Ki = 5.6 X 10(-5) M), Ala-Ala-Phe-SDA (Ki = 2.9 X 10(-5) M), and Lys-Ala-(o-benzyl)tyrosyl-SDA (Ki = 1.1 X 10(-5) M) were prepared. An additional chromophore was used to follow the noncovalent association of an inhibitor or substrate with papain, independently from the acylation or deacylation steps. This chromophore, which was introduced into the peptides at position P2, IS p-(p\"-dimethylaminophenylazo) phenylalanine (DAP). The light absorption spectrum of DAP is dependent on its environment. The substrates Ala-Ala-DAP-SDA-OMe and Ala-Ala-DAP-SDA-NH2 and the competitive inhibitor Ala-Ala-DAP-SDA (Ki = 2.5 X 10(-6) M) were prepared. The noncovalent binding of these peptides to the active site of papain was followed either by the increase in the absorption at 480 nm or the decrease at 550 nm. With these petides the acylation and deacylation reactions could be followed simultaneously at 377 nm. The extent of acyl enzyme formation was found to decrease in a sigmoidal way with increasing pH, with a transition point around pH 5.5.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of papain: aryldehydroalanines as spectroscopic probes of acyl enzyme formation. The alpha,beta-unsaturated aromatic amino acids phenyldehydroalanine (PDA) and styryldehydroalanine (SDA) were synthesized and used as sensitive spectroscopic probes to study the acylation of papain by specific substrates and inhibitors. The spectral changes observed upon acylation of the enzyme with peptides containing these amino acids are large red shifts of the absorption maxima (lambda max) of the chromophores. The magnitudes of the absorption shifts were 49 nm (from 277 to 326 nm) for PDA peptide and 59 nm (from 318 to 377 nm) for SDA peptides. The following specific substrates were synthesized: Ac-Phe-Phe-PDA-OEt, Ac-Phe-PDA-NH2, Ala-Ala-Phe-SDA-OME, Ala-Ala-Phe-SDA-NH2, Lys-Ala-(o-benzyl)tyrosyl-SDA-OMe, and Lys-Ala-(o-benzyl)-tyrosyl-SDA-NH2. Similarly, the specific competitive inhibitors Ac-Phe-PDA (Ki = 5.3 X 10(-6) M), Z-Phe-SDA (Ki = 5.6 X 10(-5) M), Ala-Ala-Phe-SDA (Ki = 2.9 X 10(-5) M), and Lys-Ala-(o-benzyl)tyrosyl-SDA (Ki = 1.1 X 10(-5) M) were prepared. An additional chromophore was used to follow the noncovalent association of an inhibitor or substrate with papain, independently from the acylation or deacylation steps. This chromophore, which was introduced into the peptides at position P2, IS p-(p\"-dimethylaminophenylazo) phenylalanine (DAP). The light absorption spectrum of DAP is dependent on its environment. The substrates Ala-Ala-DAP-SDA-OMe and Ala-Ala-DAP-SDA-NH2 and the competitive inhibitor Ala-Ala-DAP-SDA (Ki = 2.5 X 10(-6) M) were prepared. The noncovalent binding of these peptides to the active site of papain was followed either by the increase in the absorption at 480 nm or the decrease at 550 nm. With these petides the acylation and deacylation reactions could be followed simultaneously at 377 nm. The extent of acyl enzyme formation was found to decrease in a sigmoidal way with increasing pH, with a transition point around pH 5.5.", "PMID": 728377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11606", "title": "A vibrational analysis of rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin chromophore analogues: resonance Raman and infrared spectroscopy of chemically modified retinals and Schiff bases.", "content": "Resonance Raman spectroscopy has been used to study chemically modified retinal analogues involving chain substitutions, ring substitutions, or Schiff-base linkages. In addition, retinal fragments and fully deuterated retinals were investigated, and infrared spectra of the four isomers of retinal were obtained. Low-frequency resonance Raman spectra are also reported for all of the isomers of retinal, for the protonated and unprotonated Schiff bases of trans-retinal, for beta-ionone, and for trans-3-dehydroretinal. Band assignments were made to specific vibrational motions, and these assignments have led to a detailed understanding of the spectral features observed in the resonance raman spectra of the retinylidene chromophore in rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin.", "contents": "A vibrational analysis of rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin chromophore analogues: resonance Raman and infrared spectroscopy of chemically modified retinals and Schiff bases. Resonance Raman spectroscopy has been used to study chemically modified retinal analogues involving chain substitutions, ring substitutions, or Schiff-base linkages. In addition, retinal fragments and fully deuterated retinals were investigated, and infrared spectra of the four isomers of retinal were obtained. Low-frequency resonance Raman spectra are also reported for all of the isomers of retinal, for the protonated and unprotonated Schiff bases of trans-retinal, for beta-ionone, and for trans-3-dehydroretinal. Band assignments were made to specific vibrational motions, and these assignments have led to a detailed understanding of the spectral features observed in the resonance raman spectra of the retinylidene chromophore in rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin.", "PMID": 728379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11607", "title": "Resonance Raman spectroscopy of squid and bovine visual pigments: the primary photochemistry in visual transduction.", "content": "Resonance Raman spectra of squid rhodopsin have been obtained under a variety of temperature and illumination conditions. The data have been characterized in terms of spectral contributions from squid rhodopsin, isorhodopsin, bathorhodopsin, lumirhodopsin, mesorhodopsin, P-465, and acid metarhodopsin. The results are compared with the spectral features obtained from bovine rhodopsin, isorhodopsin, and bathorhodopsin. The data support a proposed structure for the chromophore in bathorhodopsin which is not all trans, 11-cis, or 9-cis. This structure can be generated from either rhodopsin or isorhodopsin by a similar motion (simultaneously rotating chromophore carbon atoms 10 and 11 out-of-plane). Furthermore, we detect the same distinct bathorhodopsin vibrational modes when rhodopsin is illuminated between 4 and 100 K. This demonstrates that under steady-state illumination the light-induced chromophore structural alterations occurring at 4 K are very similar to those occurring at higher temperatures. Finally, our data indicate that bathorhodopsin is generated not only by structural transitions in the chromophore but also alterations in the opsin conformation as has recently been proposed[Lewis, A. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 549].", "contents": "Resonance Raman spectroscopy of squid and bovine visual pigments: the primary photochemistry in visual transduction. Resonance Raman spectra of squid rhodopsin have been obtained under a variety of temperature and illumination conditions. The data have been characterized in terms of spectral contributions from squid rhodopsin, isorhodopsin, bathorhodopsin, lumirhodopsin, mesorhodopsin, P-465, and acid metarhodopsin. The results are compared with the spectral features obtained from bovine rhodopsin, isorhodopsin, and bathorhodopsin. The data support a proposed structure for the chromophore in bathorhodopsin which is not all trans, 11-cis, or 9-cis. This structure can be generated from either rhodopsin or isorhodopsin by a similar motion (simultaneously rotating chromophore carbon atoms 10 and 11 out-of-plane). Furthermore, we detect the same distinct bathorhodopsin vibrational modes when rhodopsin is illuminated between 4 and 100 K. This demonstrates that under steady-state illumination the light-induced chromophore structural alterations occurring at 4 K are very similar to those occurring at higher temperatures. Finally, our data indicate that bathorhodopsin is generated not only by structural transitions in the chromophore but also alterations in the opsin conformation as has recently been proposed[Lewis, A. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 549].", "PMID": 728380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11608", "title": "Resonance Raman spectroscopy of the retinylidene chromophore in bacteriorhodopsin (bR570), bR560, M421, and other intermediates: structural conclusions based on kinetics, analogues, models, and isotopically labeled membranes.", "content": "Resonance Raman spectra of various intermediates in the bacteriorhodopsin proton pumping cycle have been obtained at physiological and low temperatures. To interpret these data, spectra of mod\u00e9l compounds, bacteriorhodopsin analogues, and isotopically labeled membranes have been measured. These results demonstrate that a protein group interacts with the Schiff base proton and, thus, the chromophore in protonated bacteriorhodopsin species is not a simple protonated Schiff base. This accounts for the abnormally low frequency of the C=N+H vibrational mode in bacteriorhodopsin and other failures to model the chromophore in bR570 with a simple butylamine protonated Schiff base of all-trans-retinal. To obtain the resonance Raman spectrum of M412 at physiological pH and temperatures, a dual beam kinetic technique was developed. We demonstrate that in the fingerprint region of the resonance Raman spectrum M412 is modeled accurately by a simple unprotonated butylamine Schiff base of all-trans-retinal. Spectral resolution and the solution environment of the membrane suspensions play important roles in this conclusion. Kinetic resonance Raman techniques are also used to monitor the time evolution of the M412 species and the intermediates which precede it. We find spectral features in our kinetic data which can be assigned to L550, and we present evidence for a new unprotonated species (X) which occurs before M412. Single pass flow resonance Raman spectra of bR560 also have been obtained, and, although bR570 and M412 appear to have all-trans chromophores, there are 13-cis-like features in the spectra of bR560, L550, and X.", "contents": "Resonance Raman spectroscopy of the retinylidene chromophore in bacteriorhodopsin (bR570), bR560, M421, and other intermediates: structural conclusions based on kinetics, analogues, models, and isotopically labeled membranes. Resonance Raman spectra of various intermediates in the bacteriorhodopsin proton pumping cycle have been obtained at physiological and low temperatures. To interpret these data, spectra of mod\u00e9l compounds, bacteriorhodopsin analogues, and isotopically labeled membranes have been measured. These results demonstrate that a protein group interacts with the Schiff base proton and, thus, the chromophore in protonated bacteriorhodopsin species is not a simple protonated Schiff base. This accounts for the abnormally low frequency of the C=N+H vibrational mode in bacteriorhodopsin and other failures to model the chromophore in bR570 with a simple butylamine protonated Schiff base of all-trans-retinal. To obtain the resonance Raman spectrum of M412 at physiological pH and temperatures, a dual beam kinetic technique was developed. We demonstrate that in the fingerprint region of the resonance Raman spectrum M412 is modeled accurately by a simple unprotonated butylamine Schiff base of all-trans-retinal. Spectral resolution and the solution environment of the membrane suspensions play important roles in this conclusion. Kinetic resonance Raman techniques are also used to monitor the time evolution of the M412 species and the intermediates which precede it. We find spectral features in our kinetic data which can be assigned to L550, and we present evidence for a new unprotonated species (X) which occurs before M412. Single pass flow resonance Raman spectra of bR560 also have been obtained, and, although bR570 and M412 appear to have all-trans chromophores, there are 13-cis-like features in the spectra of bR560, L550, and X.", "PMID": 728381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11609", "title": "A circular dichroism study of the interaction of chlorpromazine with mouse brain tubulin.", "content": "A circular dichroism study with subsidiary ultracentrifuge measurements on the interaction of chlorpromazine with mouse brain tubulin establishes the previous inference from binding studies that the drug induces a change in the structure of the protein. Binding of the first mole of chlorpromazine causes an alteration in secondary structure, which is reversible with respect to drug concentration, without detected change in tertiary structure or significant change in the state of association of the protein. The conformationally altered tubulin binds additional chlorpromazine molecules without further change in secondary structure.", "contents": "A circular dichroism study of the interaction of chlorpromazine with mouse brain tubulin. A circular dichroism study with subsidiary ultracentrifuge measurements on the interaction of chlorpromazine with mouse brain tubulin establishes the previous inference from binding studies that the drug induces a change in the structure of the protein. Binding of the first mole of chlorpromazine causes an alteration in secondary structure, which is reversible with respect to drug concentration, without detected change in tertiary structure or significant change in the state of association of the protein. The conformationally altered tubulin binds additional chlorpromazine molecules without further change in secondary structure.", "PMID": 728382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11610", "title": "Platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine transport, an electroneutral mechanism coupled to potassium.", "content": "Transport of 5-hydroxytryptamine into plasma membrane vesicles isolated from porcine blood platelets is stimulated when a potassium gradient (in greater than out) is imposed across the vesicle membrane. This stimulation occurs in the absence of measurable electrical potential across the membrane. Addition of valinomycin induces a membrane potential of approximately 50 mV (interior negative) as estimated by uptake of the lipophilic cation triphenylmethylphosphonium, but has surprisingly little effect on 5-hydroxytryptamine transport. Addition of 2,4-dinitrophenol dissipates the valinomycin-induced membrane potential. In the absence of valinomycin, 2,4-dinitrophenol has no effect on 5-hydroxytryptamine transport but valinomycin and 2,4-dinitrophenol together inhibit transport, probably by dissipation of the K+ gradient. These results are consistent with an electroneutral mechanism in which 5-hydroxytryptamine influx is directly coupled to potassium ion efflux and argue against an electrogenic mechanism in which there is a net influx of positive charge with 5-hydroxytryptamine.", "contents": "Platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine transport, an electroneutral mechanism coupled to potassium. Transport of 5-hydroxytryptamine into plasma membrane vesicles isolated from porcine blood platelets is stimulated when a potassium gradient (in greater than out) is imposed across the vesicle membrane. This stimulation occurs in the absence of measurable electrical potential across the membrane. Addition of valinomycin induces a membrane potential of approximately 50 mV (interior negative) as estimated by uptake of the lipophilic cation triphenylmethylphosphonium, but has surprisingly little effect on 5-hydroxytryptamine transport. Addition of 2,4-dinitrophenol dissipates the valinomycin-induced membrane potential. In the absence of valinomycin, 2,4-dinitrophenol has no effect on 5-hydroxytryptamine transport but valinomycin and 2,4-dinitrophenol together inhibit transport, probably by dissipation of the K+ gradient. These results are consistent with an electroneutral mechanism in which 5-hydroxytryptamine influx is directly coupled to potassium ion efflux and argue against an electrogenic mechanism in which there is a net influx of positive charge with 5-hydroxytryptamine.", "PMID": 728383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11611", "title": "Primary structure of human erythrocyte glycophorin A. Isolation and characterization of peptides and complete amino acid sequence.", "content": "Peptides of glycophorin AMN were prepared by cyanogen bromide cleavage and by chymotryptic and tryptic digestion. Cyanogen bromide cleavage produces three fragments which account for the entire polypeptide chain. Trypsin and chymotrypsin cleave completely at several sites, but incompletely at sites within the glycosylated segment of the polypeptide chain. Some of the latter sites become accessible to proteolysis after desialation in addition to exposure of new sites for cleavage. The amino acid sequence of glycophorin AMN has been determined by manual Edman degradation, using both the direct Edman and the dansyl-Edman procedures simultaneously for determination of glycosylated amino acid residues. The automated procedure was used for sequence determination of a hydrophobic peptide. Glycophorin A is a polypeptide chain of 131 amino acid residues and contains 16 oligosaccharide units attached to the amino-terminal third of the molecule. Fifteen oligosaccharides are linked O-glycosidically to either threonine or serine residues and one complex oligosaccharide unit is attached N-glycosidically to an asparagine residue. Amino-terminal sequences are different for glycophorin AM and AN, the two forms of the glycophorin A molecule coded for by genes at the MN locus. The differences in sensitivity to proteases of various sites on glycophorin A seem to be due to heterogeneity in the carbohydrate components and not to differences in the primary structure of the polypeptide chains. This work contains a number of revisions and corrections of earlier preliminary reports [Segrest, J.P., Jackson, R. chem. Biophys. Res. Commun, 49, 964-969; Tomita, M., & Marchesi, V.T. (1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 2964-2968].", "contents": "Primary structure of human erythrocyte glycophorin A. Isolation and characterization of peptides and complete amino acid sequence. Peptides of glycophorin AMN were prepared by cyanogen bromide cleavage and by chymotryptic and tryptic digestion. Cyanogen bromide cleavage produces three fragments which account for the entire polypeptide chain. Trypsin and chymotrypsin cleave completely at several sites, but incompletely at sites within the glycosylated segment of the polypeptide chain. Some of the latter sites become accessible to proteolysis after desialation in addition to exposure of new sites for cleavage. The amino acid sequence of glycophorin AMN has been determined by manual Edman degradation, using both the direct Edman and the dansyl-Edman procedures simultaneously for determination of glycosylated amino acid residues. The automated procedure was used for sequence determination of a hydrophobic peptide. Glycophorin A is a polypeptide chain of 131 amino acid residues and contains 16 oligosaccharide units attached to the amino-terminal third of the molecule. Fifteen oligosaccharides are linked O-glycosidically to either threonine or serine residues and one complex oligosaccharide unit is attached N-glycosidically to an asparagine residue. Amino-terminal sequences are different for glycophorin AM and AN, the two forms of the glycophorin A molecule coded for by genes at the MN locus. The differences in sensitivity to proteases of various sites on glycophorin A seem to be due to heterogeneity in the carbohydrate components and not to differences in the primary structure of the polypeptide chains. This work contains a number of revisions and corrections of earlier preliminary reports [Segrest, J.P., Jackson, R. chem. Biophys. Res. Commun, 49, 964-969; Tomita, M., & Marchesi, V.T. (1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 2964-2968].", "PMID": 728384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11612", "title": "Circular dichroism and magnetic circular dichroism of iron-sulfur proteins.", "content": "Circular dichroism (CD) and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra are reported for the 2-Fe ferredoxins from Pseudomonas putida and Spirulina maxima, Chromatium HIPIP, the 4-Fe ferredoxin from Bacillus stearothermophilus, and the 8-Fe ferredoxin from Clostridium pasteurianum. The spectral range spans the near-infrared, visible, and near ultraviolet. In all cases except oxidized 2-Fe ferredoxins, electronic absorption is observed continuously from less than 5000 cm-1 to above 30,000 cm-1. The CD spectra of the two 2-Fe ferredoxins are similar. In contrast, the CD of the 4-Fe and 8-Fe proteins, for a given 4-Fe cluster oxidation level, varies considerable with protein. MCD is less sensitive to protein environment than is CD. In the 2-Fe proteins, MCD at 5 T is appreciably smaller than the CD; in the 4-Fe and 8-Fe proteins, MCD and CD are comparable in magnitude. Both CD and MCD are more highly structured than the corresponding absorption spectra. The CD and MCD spectra reported provide a broader base than heretofore available for the characterization of iron-sulfur proteins containing 2-Fe and 4-Fe clusters and for the evaluation of electronic structural models for these clusters.", "contents": "Circular dichroism and magnetic circular dichroism of iron-sulfur proteins. Circular dichroism (CD) and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra are reported for the 2-Fe ferredoxins from Pseudomonas putida and Spirulina maxima, Chromatium HIPIP, the 4-Fe ferredoxin from Bacillus stearothermophilus, and the 8-Fe ferredoxin from Clostridium pasteurianum. The spectral range spans the near-infrared, visible, and near ultraviolet. In all cases except oxidized 2-Fe ferredoxins, electronic absorption is observed continuously from less than 5000 cm-1 to above 30,000 cm-1. The CD spectra of the two 2-Fe ferredoxins are similar. In contrast, the CD of the 4-Fe and 8-Fe proteins, for a given 4-Fe cluster oxidation level, varies considerable with protein. MCD is less sensitive to protein environment than is CD. In the 2-Fe proteins, MCD at 5 T is appreciably smaller than the CD; in the 4-Fe and 8-Fe proteins, MCD and CD are comparable in magnitude. Both CD and MCD are more highly structured than the corresponding absorption spectra. The CD and MCD spectra reported provide a broader base than heretofore available for the characterization of iron-sulfur proteins containing 2-Fe and 4-Fe clusters and for the evaluation of electronic structural models for these clusters.", "PMID": 728385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11613", "title": "Synthesis of peptides of arginine chloromethyl ketone. Selective inactivation of human plasma kallikrein.", "content": "Synthetic procedures have been developed for the preparation of peptides of arginine chloromethyl ketone and applied in the preparation of affinity labels which correspond to the -Pro-Phe-Arg- C terminus of bradykinin, a physiological cleavage site of kallikrein in kininogen. Two such reagents, Ala-Phe-ArgCH2C1 and Pro-Phe-ArgCH2C1, proved to be highly effective as well as selective affinity labels for human plasma kallikrein. For example, Pro-Phe-ArgCH2C1 inactivates plasma kallikrein 50% in 24 min at a concentration of 2 x 10(-8)M, while other trypsin-like proteases are less susceptible in inactivation than kallikrein, differing by a factor of 48 for plasmin and factors of 10(2)-10(5) for factor Xa, thrombin, and urokinase. The affinity of human plasma kallikrein for Ala-Phe-ArgCH2C1 (Ki = 0.078 micron) is about 60 times that for Ala-Phe-LysCH2C1(Ki = 4.9 micron), whereas human plasmin exhibits about the same affinity for the former affinity label (Ki = 1.3 micron) as for the latter (Ki = 0.83 micron). The rate constants for the irreversible step of the affinity labeling reaction, k2, are similar for affinity labels tested with the individual proteases: 0.35 min-1 for plasma kallikrein and 0.18 min-1 for plasmin.", "contents": "Synthesis of peptides of arginine chloromethyl ketone. Selective inactivation of human plasma kallikrein. Synthetic procedures have been developed for the preparation of peptides of arginine chloromethyl ketone and applied in the preparation of affinity labels which correspond to the -Pro-Phe-Arg- C terminus of bradykinin, a physiological cleavage site of kallikrein in kininogen. Two such reagents, Ala-Phe-ArgCH2C1 and Pro-Phe-ArgCH2C1, proved to be highly effective as well as selective affinity labels for human plasma kallikrein. For example, Pro-Phe-ArgCH2C1 inactivates plasma kallikrein 50% in 24 min at a concentration of 2 x 10(-8)M, while other trypsin-like proteases are less susceptible in inactivation than kallikrein, differing by a factor of 48 for plasmin and factors of 10(2)-10(5) for factor Xa, thrombin, and urokinase. The affinity of human plasma kallikrein for Ala-Phe-ArgCH2C1 (Ki = 0.078 micron) is about 60 times that for Ala-Phe-LysCH2C1(Ki = 4.9 micron), whereas human plasmin exhibits about the same affinity for the former affinity label (Ki = 1.3 micron) as for the latter (Ki = 0.83 micron). The rate constants for the irreversible step of the affinity labeling reaction, k2, are similar for affinity labels tested with the individual proteases: 0.35 min-1 for plasma kallikrein and 0.18 min-1 for plasmin.", "PMID": 728386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11614", "title": "Importance of C4a- and N5-covalent adducts in the flavin oxidation of carbanions.", "content": "The reaction of nitroalkanes, furoin, and phenacyl alcohol with 7- and 8-cyano-3,10-dimethylisoalloxazine (7-CNFlox, 8-CNFlox), 5-ethyl-3-methyllumiflavinium ion (Flox+Et), and 2.6-dichloroindophenol (DCI) have been studied. Nitromethane anion forms an adduct on reaction with Flox +Et. The condensation reaction has been shown (nuclear magnetic resonance) to occur through addition of the methylene carbon of the nitromethane anion to the 4a position of Flox+Et. This adduct undergoes spontaneous dissociation to its components in acid. It does not undergo conversion in base to reduced flavin (1,5-F1EtH), NO2-, and CH2O. For this reason one may conclude that nitroalkane anion oxidation by flavin does not involve the intermediacy of a 4a-covalent intermediate. Oxidation of nitroalkane anion through formation of an N5-flavin adduct is discussed in terms of the peculiar requirements of the substrate when compared with carbanions derived from normal flavoenzyme substrates. It is concluded that the mechanism of nitroalkane oxidation by flavin must bear no relationship to the flavin oxidation of normal substrates. Furoin and phenacyl alcohol (compounds containing the-CH(OH)--CO-functionality) are oxidized by 8-CNFlOX, 7-CNFlOX, DCI and by the N5-blocked flavin Flox+Et. These reactions are found to be zero order in oxidant at the concentrations of oxidants (approximately 1.0 X 10(-5) M) and reductant (approximately 10(-3) to 10(-4) M) employed. This finding, and that of an 1H/2H kinetic isotope effect of 3.5, as well as certain equalities of the determined rate constants establish the rate-determining step in all these oxidations to be carbanion formation. That the N5-blocked flavin (Flox+Et) serves just as well as an oxidant as do substituted and unsubstituted isoalloxazines provides evidence that the flavin oxidation of carbanions of general structure (-C-(OH)--CO-) does not require the formation of an intermediate N5-flavin adduct. This conclusion when taken with the fact that the N5-flavin adduct formed on reaction of dihydroflavin with -C(=O)--CO-is not an intermediate in the reduction of -C(=O)--CO-to -CH(OH)--CO- by dihydroflavin shows that N5 adducts do not arise as intermediates in these oxidations. Remaining mechanisms (4a addition and radical pair formation) are discussed. 4a addition of carbanions to Flox+Et is shown to be subject to considerable steric strain by the instability of the nitroethane adduct and the inability to observe the formation of the 2-nitropropane adduct.", "contents": "Importance of C4a- and N5-covalent adducts in the flavin oxidation of carbanions. The reaction of nitroalkanes, furoin, and phenacyl alcohol with 7- and 8-cyano-3,10-dimethylisoalloxazine (7-CNFlox, 8-CNFlox), 5-ethyl-3-methyllumiflavinium ion (Flox+Et), and 2.6-dichloroindophenol (DCI) have been studied. Nitromethane anion forms an adduct on reaction with Flox +Et. The condensation reaction has been shown (nuclear magnetic resonance) to occur through addition of the methylene carbon of the nitromethane anion to the 4a position of Flox+Et. This adduct undergoes spontaneous dissociation to its components in acid. It does not undergo conversion in base to reduced flavin (1,5-F1EtH), NO2-, and CH2O. For this reason one may conclude that nitroalkane anion oxidation by flavin does not involve the intermediacy of a 4a-covalent intermediate. Oxidation of nitroalkane anion through formation of an N5-flavin adduct is discussed in terms of the peculiar requirements of the substrate when compared with carbanions derived from normal flavoenzyme substrates. It is concluded that the mechanism of nitroalkane oxidation by flavin must bear no relationship to the flavin oxidation of normal substrates. Furoin and phenacyl alcohol (compounds containing the-CH(OH)--CO-functionality) are oxidized by 8-CNFlOX, 7-CNFlOX, DCI and by the N5-blocked flavin Flox+Et. These reactions are found to be zero order in oxidant at the concentrations of oxidants (approximately 1.0 X 10(-5) M) and reductant (approximately 10(-3) to 10(-4) M) employed. This finding, and that of an 1H/2H kinetic isotope effect of 3.5, as well as certain equalities of the determined rate constants establish the rate-determining step in all these oxidations to be carbanion formation. That the N5-blocked flavin (Flox+Et) serves just as well as an oxidant as do substituted and unsubstituted isoalloxazines provides evidence that the flavin oxidation of carbanions of general structure (-C-(OH)--CO-) does not require the formation of an intermediate N5-flavin adduct. This conclusion when taken with the fact that the N5-flavin adduct formed on reaction of dihydroflavin with -C(=O)--CO-is not an intermediate in the reduction of -C(=O)--CO-to -CH(OH)--CO- by dihydroflavin shows that N5 adducts do not arise as intermediates in these oxidations. Remaining mechanisms (4a addition and radical pair formation) are discussed. 4a addition of carbanions to Flox+Et is shown to be subject to considerable steric strain by the instability of the nitroethane adduct and the inability to observe the formation of the 2-nitropropane adduct.", "PMID": 728387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11615", "title": "T4 RNA Ligase joins 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 3',5'-bisphosphates to oligodeoxyribonucleotides.", "content": "T4 RNA ligase catalyzes the ATP-dependent addition of a single 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 3',5'-bisphosphate to the 3'-hydroxyl of an oligodeoxyribonucleotide. The bisphosphate is joined to the deoxyoligomer by a 3' leads to 5' phosphodiester bond and the product, which is terminated by a 3'-phosphate, is one nucleotide longer than the substrate. Bisphosphates of dAdo, dCyd, dGuo, dThd, and dUrd are donors and oligodeoxyribonucleotides with dA, dC, dG, dT, or dU 3' termini act as acceptors. The preferred residue for both donor and acceptor is dCyd. Deoxyoligomers from 3 to 12 residues in length are active as acceptors. To obtain good yields, high concentration of enzyme, long incubation time at low temperature, and manganous rather than Mg(II) ion are required. Under optimal conditions, yields calculated with respect to deoxyoligomer converted to product vary from 40 to greater than 95%. The turnover number of the enzyme for DNA joining is extremely low but, because the preparation is nearly free of DNases, there is less than 3% degradation of substrate or product after 6 days of reaction. We anticipate that this reaction will serve as the basis for a method for the stepwise enzymatic synthesis of DNA of defined sequence.", "contents": "T4 RNA Ligase joins 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 3',5'-bisphosphates to oligodeoxyribonucleotides. T4 RNA ligase catalyzes the ATP-dependent addition of a single 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 3',5'-bisphosphate to the 3'-hydroxyl of an oligodeoxyribonucleotide. The bisphosphate is joined to the deoxyoligomer by a 3' leads to 5' phosphodiester bond and the product, which is terminated by a 3'-phosphate, is one nucleotide longer than the substrate. Bisphosphates of dAdo, dCyd, dGuo, dThd, and dUrd are donors and oligodeoxyribonucleotides with dA, dC, dG, dT, or dU 3' termini act as acceptors. The preferred residue for both donor and acceptor is dCyd. Deoxyoligomers from 3 to 12 residues in length are active as acceptors. To obtain good yields, high concentration of enzyme, long incubation time at low temperature, and manganous rather than Mg(II) ion are required. Under optimal conditions, yields calculated with respect to deoxyoligomer converted to product vary from 40 to greater than 95%. The turnover number of the enzyme for DNA joining is extremely low but, because the preparation is nearly free of DNases, there is less than 3% degradation of substrate or product after 6 days of reaction. We anticipate that this reaction will serve as the basis for a method for the stepwise enzymatic synthesis of DNA of defined sequence.", "PMID": 728390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11616", "title": "Complete amino acid sequence of the precursor region of rat prolactin.", "content": "Rat preprolactin was translated in a wheat germ in vitro synthetic system in the presence of 3H-labeled amino acids. The amino-terminal sequence of the radiolabeled precursor was quantitatively identified by high pressure liquid chromatography. The 29 residue precursor sequence is: Met-Asn-Ser-Gln-Val-Ser-Ala-Arg-Lys-Ala-Gly-Thr-Leu-Leu-Leu-Leu-Met-Met-Ser-Asn-Leu-Phe-Cys-Gln-Asn-Val-Gln-Thr-. A discussion of the structure-function relationships of the precursor region and the microsequencing methods used to determine the sequence is presented. The amino-terminal 30 residue sequence of the secreted form of rat prolactin was determined and found to differ at positions 7 and 8 (-Gly-Asp-) from a previously reported rat prolactin sequence (Parlow, A.F., & Shome, B. (1.76) Fed. Proc., Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 35, 219).", "contents": "Complete amino acid sequence of the precursor region of rat prolactin. Rat preprolactin was translated in a wheat germ in vitro synthetic system in the presence of 3H-labeled amino acids. The amino-terminal sequence of the radiolabeled precursor was quantitatively identified by high pressure liquid chromatography. The 29 residue precursor sequence is: Met-Asn-Ser-Gln-Val-Ser-Ala-Arg-Lys-Ala-Gly-Thr-Leu-Leu-Leu-Leu-Met-Met-Ser-Asn-Leu-Phe-Cys-Gln-Asn-Val-Gln-Thr-. A discussion of the structure-function relationships of the precursor region and the microsequencing methods used to determine the sequence is presented. The amino-terminal 30 residue sequence of the secreted form of rat prolactin was determined and found to differ at positions 7 and 8 (-Gly-Asp-) from a previously reported rat prolactin sequence (Parlow, A.F., & Shome, B. (1.76) Fed. Proc., Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 35, 219).", "PMID": 728396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11617", "title": "Mechanism of the membrane potential sensitivity of the fluorescent membrane probe merocyanine 540.", "content": "The fluorescence and optical absorption of the membrane-staining dye merocyanine 540 (M-540) have been widely used to measure cellular transmembrane potentials. We have studied the molecular mechanisms of these optical changes by measuring the fluorescence polarization of M-540 and its response to membrane potential changes in hemispherical lipid bilayer membranes. The fluorescence responds to a potential step in two distinct time scales: a fast response with a rise time less than the instrumental capability of 6 micromilligram and a slow response with a time constant around 10(-1) s. Both response amplitudes are proportional to the amplitude of the membrane potential change and both require an asymmetrical distribution of M-540 across the membrane. The slow response is ascribed to a net change of the dye concentration in the membrane. The fast response appears to be dominated by a change in the distribution of orientations of the dye molecules in the membrane, with a concomitant perturbation of a monomer-dimer equilibrium, due to interaction of the applied electric field with the permanent molecular dipol moment of M-540. The amplitude of the fast fluorescence response is concentration dependent and can be modeled by including membrane saturation effects and the presence of a nonfluorescent dimer species in the membrane at high dye concentrations. Absorbance changes reported by other investigators are consistent with this model mechanism.", "contents": "Mechanism of the membrane potential sensitivity of the fluorescent membrane probe merocyanine 540. The fluorescence and optical absorption of the membrane-staining dye merocyanine 540 (M-540) have been widely used to measure cellular transmembrane potentials. We have studied the molecular mechanisms of these optical changes by measuring the fluorescence polarization of M-540 and its response to membrane potential changes in hemispherical lipid bilayer membranes. The fluorescence responds to a potential step in two distinct time scales: a fast response with a rise time less than the instrumental capability of 6 micromilligram and a slow response with a time constant around 10(-1) s. Both response amplitudes are proportional to the amplitude of the membrane potential change and both require an asymmetrical distribution of M-540 across the membrane. The slow response is ascribed to a net change of the dye concentration in the membrane. The fast response appears to be dominated by a change in the distribution of orientations of the dye molecules in the membrane, with a concomitant perturbation of a monomer-dimer equilibrium, due to interaction of the applied electric field with the permanent molecular dipol moment of M-540. The amplitude of the fast fluorescence response is concentration dependent and can be modeled by including membrane saturation effects and the presence of a nonfluorescent dimer species in the membrane at high dye concentrations. Absorbance changes reported by other investigators are consistent with this model mechanism.", "PMID": 728397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11618", "title": "Possible roles of bile lipids and colipase in lipase adsorption.", "content": "The adsorption isotherms of bile salts, phospholipids, and cholesterol were determined with siliconized glass beads. It was observed that the molar fractions of cholesterol, phospholipid, and bile polypeptide fractions increased simultaneously and considerably on the surface of the beads in comparison to the corresponding fractions found in bile. The composition of the adsorbed film is approximately 1 cholesterol: 2 phospholipid: 3 bile salt molecules. The performed complex of lipase, colipase, and bile lipids behaves as an entity which determines lipase adsorption. The modification of the interface quality of a lipid substrate by a detergent is not perse the reason for the lack of lipase adsorption. A model is proposed according to which lipolysis under physiological conditions would occur in two steps requiring two cofactors. Colipase would be necessary for the formation of the lipase-bile lipoprotein complex, and bile lipids would be required to direct the adsorption of this lipolytic entity toward the emulsified substrate.", "contents": "Possible roles of bile lipids and colipase in lipase adsorption. The adsorption isotherms of bile salts, phospholipids, and cholesterol were determined with siliconized glass beads. It was observed that the molar fractions of cholesterol, phospholipid, and bile polypeptide fractions increased simultaneously and considerably on the surface of the beads in comparison to the corresponding fractions found in bile. The composition of the adsorbed film is approximately 1 cholesterol: 2 phospholipid: 3 bile salt molecules. The performed complex of lipase, colipase, and bile lipids behaves as an entity which determines lipase adsorption. The modification of the interface quality of a lipid substrate by a detergent is not perse the reason for the lack of lipase adsorption. A model is proposed according to which lipolysis under physiological conditions would occur in two steps requiring two cofactors. Colipase would be necessary for the formation of the lipase-bile lipoprotein complex, and bile lipids would be required to direct the adsorption of this lipolytic entity toward the emulsified substrate.", "PMID": 728399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11619", "title": "Reconstitution of 5-hydroxytryptamine transport from cholate-disrupted platelet plasma membrane vesicles.", "content": "The bile acid cholate disrupts platelet plasma membrane vesicles and inactivates 5-hydroxytryptamine transport activity. The transporter appears not to be solubilized by this procedure, but remains associated with a high molecular weight aggregate. Merely removing cholate does not restore the vesicular structure or transport activity, but in the presence of added soybean phospholipids, cholate removal generates proteoliposomes which accumulate 5-hydroxytryptamine. This reconstituted transport activity is similar in its ionic requirements and inhibitor sensitivity to transport in native membrane vesicles and intact platelets.", "contents": "Reconstitution of 5-hydroxytryptamine transport from cholate-disrupted platelet plasma membrane vesicles. The bile acid cholate disrupts platelet plasma membrane vesicles and inactivates 5-hydroxytryptamine transport activity. The transporter appears not to be solubilized by this procedure, but remains associated with a high molecular weight aggregate. Merely removing cholate does not restore the vesicular structure or transport activity, but in the presence of added soybean phospholipids, cholate removal generates proteoliposomes which accumulate 5-hydroxytryptamine. This reconstituted transport activity is similar in its ionic requirements and inhibitor sensitivity to transport in native membrane vesicles and intact platelets.", "PMID": 728400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11620", "title": "A vicinal dithiol containing an essential cysteine in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (guanosine triphosphate) from cytosol of rat liver.", "content": "The highly purified form of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) contained 13 thiols (all in the reduced state) per 72 000 daltons. Modification of the enzyme with equimolar 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate) (Nbs2) caused rapid formation of a cystine disulfide bridge and an even more rapid loss of enzymatic activity. Formation of the cystine bridge proceeded about 25 times faster than formation of the analogous intramolecular disulfide of dithiothreitol induced by Nbs2. o-Iodosobenzoate, Cd2+, and the 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol complex of arsenite were potent, time-dependent, irreversible inhibitors of PEPCK. The inactivation by arsenite-2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol and o-iodosobenzoate was first order with respect to both time and inhibitor concentration. The sum of these data indicates the existence in PEPCK of a critical cysteine that is in a vicinal dithiol grouping with a second cysteine. PEP protected against cystine bridge formation induced by equimolar Nbs2 but not against the extent of inactivation. In the presence of PEP, the modification by Nbs2 of one cysteine/mol of enzyme (k = 1.2 X 10(6) M-1 min-1 at pH 7.2) caused nearly complete inactivation. Replacing the bulky 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoate moiety with cyanide did not result in any reactivation. This critical, cyanylated cysteine was determined to be 44% of the distance from the amino terminus.", "contents": "A vicinal dithiol containing an essential cysteine in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (guanosine triphosphate) from cytosol of rat liver. The highly purified form of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) contained 13 thiols (all in the reduced state) per 72 000 daltons. Modification of the enzyme with equimolar 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate) (Nbs2) caused rapid formation of a cystine disulfide bridge and an even more rapid loss of enzymatic activity. Formation of the cystine bridge proceeded about 25 times faster than formation of the analogous intramolecular disulfide of dithiothreitol induced by Nbs2. o-Iodosobenzoate, Cd2+, and the 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol complex of arsenite were potent, time-dependent, irreversible inhibitors of PEPCK. The inactivation by arsenite-2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol and o-iodosobenzoate was first order with respect to both time and inhibitor concentration. The sum of these data indicates the existence in PEPCK of a critical cysteine that is in a vicinal dithiol grouping with a second cysteine. PEP protected against cystine bridge formation induced by equimolar Nbs2 but not against the extent of inactivation. In the presence of PEP, the modification by Nbs2 of one cysteine/mol of enzyme (k = 1.2 X 10(6) M-1 min-1 at pH 7.2) caused nearly complete inactivation. Replacing the bulky 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoate moiety with cyanide did not result in any reactivation. This critical, cyanylated cysteine was determined to be 44% of the distance from the amino terminus.", "PMID": 728403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11621", "title": "On the light-stimulated coupling between rhodopsin and its disk membrane environment.", "content": "Disks from bovine ROS undergo a rapid shrinkage when flash illuminated with green light (Uhl, R., et al. (1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 469. 113-122). This can be monitored as a light scattering transient, referred to as the P signal. In this paper the P signal is studied at various temperatures and pH. The temperature dependence of the kinetics reveals that \"P\" consists of two sequential reaction steps. Both appear to occur within the receptor molecule rhodopsin. The actually observed event, the shrinkage of the disk, is therefore not rate limiting under the tested conditions. Both steps of \"P\" take place while there is only one spectroscopically detectable reaction of the rhodopsin molecule, the metarhodopsin I-metarhodopsin II transition. This implies that there are intermediates of the rhodopsin photolytic cycle which are not evident as spectroscopically separate species. The amplitude of \"P\", i.e., the extent of the disk shrinkage, is independent of the state of the equilibrium between the two photoproducts absorbing at 478 and 380 nm respectively and called MI and MII. A scheme is suggested in which the irreversible decay of MI (478) triggers the disk shrinkage (and maybe transduction), and in which there is an equilibrium between MII (380) and a proposed isochromic photoproduct MI' (478).", "contents": "On the light-stimulated coupling between rhodopsin and its disk membrane environment. Disks from bovine ROS undergo a rapid shrinkage when flash illuminated with green light (Uhl, R., et al. (1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 469. 113-122). This can be monitored as a light scattering transient, referred to as the P signal. In this paper the P signal is studied at various temperatures and pH. The temperature dependence of the kinetics reveals that \"P\" consists of two sequential reaction steps. Both appear to occur within the receptor molecule rhodopsin. The actually observed event, the shrinkage of the disk, is therefore not rate limiting under the tested conditions. Both steps of \"P\" take place while there is only one spectroscopically detectable reaction of the rhodopsin molecule, the metarhodopsin I-metarhodopsin II transition. This implies that there are intermediates of the rhodopsin photolytic cycle which are not evident as spectroscopically separate species. The amplitude of \"P\", i.e., the extent of the disk shrinkage, is independent of the state of the equilibrium between the two photoproducts absorbing at 478 and 380 nm respectively and called MI and MII. A scheme is suggested in which the irreversible decay of MI (478) triggers the disk shrinkage (and maybe transduction), and in which there is an equilibrium between MII (380) and a proposed isochromic photoproduct MI' (478).", "PMID": 728404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11622", "title": "Specificity of the retinal binding site of bacteriorhodopsin: chemical and stereochemical requirements for the binding of retinol and retinal.", "content": "The complexes formed from bacteriopsin and various retinyl compounds were analyzed by fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy. The binding of retinol occurs in two steps. In the first reaction the molecule is fixed in the retinal binding site of the protein. In this state, energy transfer from aromatic amino acid residues to the retinyl moiety is observed. all-trans-Retinal and the 13-, 11-, and 9-cis-retinols are bound in the chromophoric site. In the second reaction the cyclohexene ring and the side chain of the retinyl moiety are forced into a planar conformation. This reaction is mediated by a base (B1) with a pK of 3.8 and requires the oxygen atom but not the free hydroxyl group of retinol, indicating interaction with a group AH (pK greater than or equal to 10.5). The ring-chain planarization reaction is blocked for the 9-cis isomer of retinol. Binding studies with bacterioopsin and retinal isomers reveal that, as in the case of the corresponding retinols, B1 mediates ring-chain planarization in the case of the all-trans, 13-cis, and 11-cis isomers but not with the 9-cis isomer. Reconstitution of the purple complex from the intermediate 430-460-nm chromophore requires the presence of a second base (B2) with a pK of 4.6. This reaction is exclusive for all-trans- and 13-cis-retinal", "contents": "Specificity of the retinal binding site of bacteriorhodopsin: chemical and stereochemical requirements for the binding of retinol and retinal. The complexes formed from bacteriopsin and various retinyl compounds were analyzed by fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy. The binding of retinol occurs in two steps. In the first reaction the molecule is fixed in the retinal binding site of the protein. In this state, energy transfer from aromatic amino acid residues to the retinyl moiety is observed. all-trans-Retinal and the 13-, 11-, and 9-cis-retinols are bound in the chromophoric site. In the second reaction the cyclohexene ring and the side chain of the retinyl moiety are forced into a planar conformation. This reaction is mediated by a base (B1) with a pK of 3.8 and requires the oxygen atom but not the free hydroxyl group of retinol, indicating interaction with a group AH (pK greater than or equal to 10.5). The ring-chain planarization reaction is blocked for the 9-cis isomer of retinol. Binding studies with bacterioopsin and retinal isomers reveal that, as in the case of the corresponding retinols, B1 mediates ring-chain planarization in the case of the all-trans, 13-cis, and 11-cis isomers but not with the 9-cis isomer. Reconstitution of the purple complex from the intermediate 430-460-nm chromophore requires the presence of a second base (B2) with a pK of 4.6. This reaction is exclusive for all-trans- and 13-cis-retinal", "PMID": 728405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11623", "title": "Correlations between subunit distribution, microheterogeneity, and iron content of human liver ferritin.", "content": "Subunit heterogeneity of human liver ferritin was investigated by two-dimensional electrophoretic methods. The protein which ordinarily remains assembled in 10 M urea solution was dissociated into subunits in acid-urea or sodium dodecyl sulfate solutions. In agreement with earlier studies, the subunits migrated as two bands in sodium dodecyl sulfate or acid-urea gel electrophoresis systems or in two-dimensional combinations of these systems. Isoelectric focusing methods, however, resolved four major subunit bands and three to five minor bands. Each of these components migrated as either a 22 000 or a 19 000 molecular weight component in sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis in the second dimension. The multiple subunit model, which is contrary to currently accepted representations of ferritin structure, is compatible with certain inherent properties of the protein. Thus, ferritin was fractionated on the basis of iron content to show that the relative amounts of individual subunit types were directly dependent upon the iron composition of the protein. Iron-loaded molecules were deficient in the most basic subunit types, and apoferritin was enriched in these components. Aspects of microheterogeneity of assembled ferritin molecules were correlated to subunit heterogeneity, and discrete differences in subunit populations among purified isoferritin components were demonstrated.", "contents": "Correlations between subunit distribution, microheterogeneity, and iron content of human liver ferritin. Subunit heterogeneity of human liver ferritin was investigated by two-dimensional electrophoretic methods. The protein which ordinarily remains assembled in 10 M urea solution was dissociated into subunits in acid-urea or sodium dodecyl sulfate solutions. In agreement with earlier studies, the subunits migrated as two bands in sodium dodecyl sulfate or acid-urea gel electrophoresis systems or in two-dimensional combinations of these systems. Isoelectric focusing methods, however, resolved four major subunit bands and three to five minor bands. Each of these components migrated as either a 22 000 or a 19 000 molecular weight component in sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis in the second dimension. The multiple subunit model, which is contrary to currently accepted representations of ferritin structure, is compatible with certain inherent properties of the protein. Thus, ferritin was fractionated on the basis of iron content to show that the relative amounts of individual subunit types were directly dependent upon the iron composition of the protein. Iron-loaded molecules were deficient in the most basic subunit types, and apoferritin was enriched in these components. Aspects of microheterogeneity of assembled ferritin molecules were correlated to subunit heterogeneity, and discrete differences in subunit populations among purified isoferritin components were demonstrated.", "PMID": 728407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11624", "title": "Inhibition of sickle hemoglobin gelation by amino acids and related compounds.", "content": "The effects of amino acids, several aromatic compounds, and peptides on the gelation and solubility of deoxyhemoglobin S have been studied. The aromatic amino acids (tryptophan, phenylalanine, and possibly tyrosine) significantly inhibited the rate of gel formation and increased solubility. The dipeptide L-Thr-L-Phe, the tripeptide L-Lys-L-Phe-L-Phe, and various phenylalanine analogues (hydrocinnamic acid, phenethylamine, benzamine, and amphetamine) also inhibited gelation. However, aromaticity is not a sufficient condition for inhibiting gelation as shown by the fact that several aromatic compounds (acetylsalicylic acid, salicyclic acid, aniline, and phenol) enhanced gelation. Surprisingly, several oligopeptides (betaS1--12, betaS4--8, betaS3--13, and betaS4--10) also enhanced gelation. All of these additives follow the supersaturation relationship that the delay time for gelation is proportional to the ratio of the total hemoglobin concentration to the solubility of deoxyhemoglobin S to the nth power (n approximately 35). A possible mechanism for the action of these inhibitors is considered in terms of a specific site of interaction on the hemoglobin molecule. Although none of these compounds may prove to be efficacious in treatment of sickle cell anemia, they should yield information about the structure and process of formation of the deoxyhemoglobin S gel.", "contents": "Inhibition of sickle hemoglobin gelation by amino acids and related compounds. The effects of amino acids, several aromatic compounds, and peptides on the gelation and solubility of deoxyhemoglobin S have been studied. The aromatic amino acids (tryptophan, phenylalanine, and possibly tyrosine) significantly inhibited the rate of gel formation and increased solubility. The dipeptide L-Thr-L-Phe, the tripeptide L-Lys-L-Phe-L-Phe, and various phenylalanine analogues (hydrocinnamic acid, phenethylamine, benzamine, and amphetamine) also inhibited gelation. However, aromaticity is not a sufficient condition for inhibiting gelation as shown by the fact that several aromatic compounds (acetylsalicylic acid, salicyclic acid, aniline, and phenol) enhanced gelation. Surprisingly, several oligopeptides (betaS1--12, betaS4--8, betaS3--13, and betaS4--10) also enhanced gelation. All of these additives follow the supersaturation relationship that the delay time for gelation is proportional to the ratio of the total hemoglobin concentration to the solubility of deoxyhemoglobin S to the nth power (n approximately 35). A possible mechanism for the action of these inhibitors is considered in terms of a specific site of interaction on the hemoglobin molecule. Although none of these compounds may prove to be efficacious in treatment of sickle cell anemia, they should yield information about the structure and process of formation of the deoxyhemoglobin S gel.", "PMID": 728408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11625", "title": "Expression of functionality of alpha-chymotrypsin. Effects of guanidine hydrochloride and urea in the onset of denaturation.", "content": "Crystals of alpha-chymotrypsin (CHT) at equilibrium in solutions of 2.0 M guanidine hydrochloride and 3.0 M urea at pH 3.6 were prepared, three-dimensional X-ray intensities were measured, and difference electron-density maps were calculated and examined. The guanidine hydrochloride derivative displayed changes occurring exclusively on the surface of the protein. The difference peaks represented mostly small changes in various protein surface groups and in the adjacent solvent regions, and some displayed convincing evidence of binding of the guanidinium ion to the protein. The urea difference map likewise showed that changes had occurred on the surface of the protein, but also that numerous changes in the structure occurred in the hydrophobic interior of the CHT molecule. Further, the urea difference map contained evidence for two kinds of interactions of urea with protein groups. There are examples of bound urea either causing or accompanying structural changes and examples of urea binding with no accompanying changes to the protein. Examples of both kinds of binding were observed in both the surface regions and in the hydrophobic interior of the molecule. From an examination of these two derivatives, it is clear that guanidine hydrochloride and urea unfold proteins by different mechanisms.", "contents": "Expression of functionality of alpha-chymotrypsin. Effects of guanidine hydrochloride and urea in the onset of denaturation. Crystals of alpha-chymotrypsin (CHT) at equilibrium in solutions of 2.0 M guanidine hydrochloride and 3.0 M urea at pH 3.6 were prepared, three-dimensional X-ray intensities were measured, and difference electron-density maps were calculated and examined. The guanidine hydrochloride derivative displayed changes occurring exclusively on the surface of the protein. The difference peaks represented mostly small changes in various protein surface groups and in the adjacent solvent regions, and some displayed convincing evidence of binding of the guanidinium ion to the protein. The urea difference map likewise showed that changes had occurred on the surface of the protein, but also that numerous changes in the structure occurred in the hydrophobic interior of the CHT molecule. Further, the urea difference map contained evidence for two kinds of interactions of urea with protein groups. There are examples of bound urea either causing or accompanying structural changes and examples of urea binding with no accompanying changes to the protein. Examples of both kinds of binding were observed in both the surface regions and in the hydrophobic interior of the molecule. From an examination of these two derivatives, it is clear that guanidine hydrochloride and urea unfold proteins by different mechanisms.", "PMID": 728409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11626", "title": "Acetylcholine receptor and ionic channel of Torpedo electroplax: binding of perhydrohistrionicotoxin to membrane and solubilized preparations.", "content": "The electric organ of the ray, Torpedo ocellata, can serve as a source for both the acetylcholine (ACh) receptor and its ionic channel. The two entities were identified by their specific binding of [3H]ACh and [3H]perhydrohistrionicotoxin ([3H]H12-HTX), respectively. Binding of [3H]H12-HTX was inhibited by certain drugs and toxins, e.g., histrionicotoxin (HTX), amantadine, and tetraethylammonium (TEA) ions at concentrations that did not inhibit [3H]ACh binding. However, the specific carbamoylcholine-induced 22Na efflux from microsacs from the electric organ membranes was blocked by inhibitors of either the receptor or its ionic channel. The ionic channel had the properties of a protein as judged by heat sensitivity and the inhibition of [3H]H12-HTX binding, after incubation of the electric organ membranes with protein reagents such as p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid (PCMBS) or N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ). The \"binding\" of [3H]H12-HTX at 4 X 10(-8) M to lipids in the microsacs was 12% of the total binding to intact microsacs and was nonsaturable and insensitive to heat or specific drugs. After solubilization with cholate, the [3H]H12-HTX binding subunits retained the same affinities for toxins and drugs. The Kd for [3H]H12-HTX was 3 X 10(-7) M. The majority of the ionic channel could be separated from the ACh receptors in the cholate extract by incubation with ACh-receptor affinity gel and ACh-receptor antibodies. The ACh receptor purified by this affinity gel contained only a few active ionic channel units as judged by low levels of high affinity binding of [3H]H12-HTX. On the other hand, after solubilization with Triton X-100, all the ionic channel molecules were either separated or denatured so that the purified ACh receptor did not exhibit high affinity binding for [3H]H12-HTX.", "contents": "Acetylcholine receptor and ionic channel of Torpedo electroplax: binding of perhydrohistrionicotoxin to membrane and solubilized preparations. The electric organ of the ray, Torpedo ocellata, can serve as a source for both the acetylcholine (ACh) receptor and its ionic channel. The two entities were identified by their specific binding of [3H]ACh and [3H]perhydrohistrionicotoxin ([3H]H12-HTX), respectively. Binding of [3H]H12-HTX was inhibited by certain drugs and toxins, e.g., histrionicotoxin (HTX), amantadine, and tetraethylammonium (TEA) ions at concentrations that did not inhibit [3H]ACh binding. However, the specific carbamoylcholine-induced 22Na efflux from microsacs from the electric organ membranes was blocked by inhibitors of either the receptor or its ionic channel. The ionic channel had the properties of a protein as judged by heat sensitivity and the inhibition of [3H]H12-HTX binding, after incubation of the electric organ membranes with protein reagents such as p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid (PCMBS) or N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ). The \"binding\" of [3H]H12-HTX at 4 X 10(-8) M to lipids in the microsacs was 12% of the total binding to intact microsacs and was nonsaturable and insensitive to heat or specific drugs. After solubilization with cholate, the [3H]H12-HTX binding subunits retained the same affinities for toxins and drugs. The Kd for [3H]H12-HTX was 3 X 10(-7) M. The majority of the ionic channel could be separated from the ACh receptors in the cholate extract by incubation with ACh-receptor affinity gel and ACh-receptor antibodies. The ACh receptor purified by this affinity gel contained only a few active ionic channel units as judged by low levels of high affinity binding of [3H]H12-HTX. On the other hand, after solubilization with Triton X-100, all the ionic channel molecules were either separated or denatured so that the purified ACh receptor did not exhibit high affinity binding for [3H]H12-HTX.", "PMID": 728410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11627", "title": "Lysine-rich histones and the selective digestion of the globin gene in avian red blood cells.", "content": "Deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) is known to preferentially digest the adult globin gene sequences in avian red blood cells. We have investigated the contribution of histones H1 and H5 in maintaining the nuclease-sensitive structure about the globin genes. When the lysine-rich histones H1 and H5 were selectively removed from avian red blood cell nuclei, the rate of digestion with DNase I increased several fold. However, the globin genes in H1-and H5-depleted nuclei were still selectively digested. Since histone H1 is necessary for the higher order folding of the nucleosomes, these data suggest that DNase I recognizes an aspect of structural heterogeneity within each core particle rather than some higher order packaging of the nucleosome cores.", "contents": "Lysine-rich histones and the selective digestion of the globin gene in avian red blood cells. Deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) is known to preferentially digest the adult globin gene sequences in avian red blood cells. We have investigated the contribution of histones H1 and H5 in maintaining the nuclease-sensitive structure about the globin genes. When the lysine-rich histones H1 and H5 were selectively removed from avian red blood cell nuclei, the rate of digestion with DNase I increased several fold. However, the globin genes in H1-and H5-depleted nuclei were still selectively digested. Since histone H1 is necessary for the higher order folding of the nucleosomes, these data suggest that DNase I recognizes an aspect of structural heterogeneity within each core particle rather than some higher order packaging of the nucleosome cores.", "PMID": 728413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11628", "title": "Thallium-205 and proton nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of the complexation of thallium by the ionophores monensin and nigericin.", "content": "A thallium-205 and proton nuclear magnetic resonance study of the ionophores monensin and nigericin is reported. Evidence is presented for the simultaneous existence of two forms of monensin free acid in chloroform solution, one containing a water molecule in the central cavity and one with a water molecule on the periphery, linking the ends of the monensin molecule by hydrogen bonding. There appear to be three structurally different monensin complexes of thallium, two in the salt form and one in the acid form. In free nigericin acid, both terminal hydroxyl moieties hydrogen bond to the terminal carboxylic acid oxygens; in the Na+ salt, the binding of one of the carboxylate oxygens to the metal ion allows but one of the terminal OH's to hydrogen bond strongly. Thallium-205 chemical shifts and spin-lattice relaxation times in the title complexes are discussed and compared to those in ionophores studied previously.", "contents": "Thallium-205 and proton nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of the complexation of thallium by the ionophores monensin and nigericin. A thallium-205 and proton nuclear magnetic resonance study of the ionophores monensin and nigericin is reported. Evidence is presented for the simultaneous existence of two forms of monensin free acid in chloroform solution, one containing a water molecule in the central cavity and one with a water molecule on the periphery, linking the ends of the monensin molecule by hydrogen bonding. There appear to be three structurally different monensin complexes of thallium, two in the salt form and one in the acid form. In free nigericin acid, both terminal hydroxyl moieties hydrogen bond to the terminal carboxylic acid oxygens; in the Na+ salt, the binding of one of the carboxylate oxygens to the metal ion allows but one of the terminal OH's to hydrogen bond strongly. Thallium-205 chemical shifts and spin-lattice relaxation times in the title complexes are discussed and compared to those in ionophores studied previously.", "PMID": 728417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11629", "title": "Oxidation of heme proteins by alkyl halides: a probe for axial inner sphere redox capacity in solution and in whole cells.", "content": "Iron(II) porphyrins in homogeneous solution, in heme proteins, and in intact human erythrocytes and lysed cells are oxidized by certain alkyl halides to the corresponding iron(III) complexes at room temperature. The mechanism established for the oxidation of hemes in homogeneous solution operates at all levels of biological integrity. It is an axial inner sphere process. Deoxyhemoglobin has about the same reactivity within and without cells. The speed of the reaction with the proteins is primarily governed by the steric accessibility to iron. The reactivity of an array of iron(II) proteins accords well with theoretical prediction. In contrast the reactivity of cytochrome b5 does not. An examination of the oxidation and reduction of this protein was additional mechanistically defined reagents (trinitrobenzene and hydroquinone) shows it to be in the G rather than C conformation. The unusual redox characteristics of this protein can be rationalized on this basis.", "contents": "Oxidation of heme proteins by alkyl halides: a probe for axial inner sphere redox capacity in solution and in whole cells. Iron(II) porphyrins in homogeneous solution, in heme proteins, and in intact human erythrocytes and lysed cells are oxidized by certain alkyl halides to the corresponding iron(III) complexes at room temperature. The mechanism established for the oxidation of hemes in homogeneous solution operates at all levels of biological integrity. It is an axial inner sphere process. Deoxyhemoglobin has about the same reactivity within and without cells. The speed of the reaction with the proteins is primarily governed by the steric accessibility to iron. The reactivity of an array of iron(II) proteins accords well with theoretical prediction. In contrast the reactivity of cytochrome b5 does not. An examination of the oxidation and reduction of this protein was additional mechanistically defined reagents (trinitrobenzene and hydroquinone) shows it to be in the G rather than C conformation. The unusual redox characteristics of this protein can be rationalized on this basis.", "PMID": 728418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11630", "title": "Inactivation of ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase by modification of arginyl residues with phenylglyoxal.", "content": "Phenylglyoxal rapidly and completely inactivates spinach and Rhodospirillum rubrum ribulosebisphosphate carboxylases. Inactivation exhibits pseudo-first-order kinetics and a reaction order of approximately one for both enzymes, suggesting that modification of a single residue per protomeric unit suffices for inactivation. Loss of enzymic activity is directly proportional to incorporation of [14C]phenylglyoxal until only 30% of the initial activity remains. For both enzymes, extrapolation of incorporation to 100% inactivation yields 4-5 mol of [14C]phenylglyoxal per mol protomer. Amino acid analyses confirm the expected 2:1 stoichiometry between phenylglyoxal incorporation and arginyl modification and suggest that other kinds of amino acid residues are not modified. (Thus, inactivation correlates with modification of 2-3 arginyl residues per protomer). The substrate ribulose bis-phosphate and some competitive inhibitors reduce the rates of inactivation of the carboxylases and prevent modification of about 0.5-1.0 arginyl residue per protomer. Inactivation is therefore a consequence of modification of a small number of residues out of the 35 and 29 total arginyl residues per protomer in spinach and R. rubrum carboxylases, respectively.", "contents": "Inactivation of ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase by modification of arginyl residues with phenylglyoxal. Phenylglyoxal rapidly and completely inactivates spinach and Rhodospirillum rubrum ribulosebisphosphate carboxylases. Inactivation exhibits pseudo-first-order kinetics and a reaction order of approximately one for both enzymes, suggesting that modification of a single residue per protomeric unit suffices for inactivation. Loss of enzymic activity is directly proportional to incorporation of [14C]phenylglyoxal until only 30% of the initial activity remains. For both enzymes, extrapolation of incorporation to 100% inactivation yields 4-5 mol of [14C]phenylglyoxal per mol protomer. Amino acid analyses confirm the expected 2:1 stoichiometry between phenylglyoxal incorporation and arginyl modification and suggest that other kinds of amino acid residues are not modified. (Thus, inactivation correlates with modification of 2-3 arginyl residues per protomer). The substrate ribulose bis-phosphate and some competitive inhibitors reduce the rates of inactivation of the carboxylases and prevent modification of about 0.5-1.0 arginyl residue per protomer. Inactivation is therefore a consequence of modification of a small number of residues out of the 35 and 29 total arginyl residues per protomer in spinach and R. rubrum carboxylases, respectively.", "PMID": 728421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11631", "title": "Human alpha-1-antichymotrypsin: interaction with chymotrypsin-like proteinases.", "content": "The interaction of human plasma alpha-1-antichymotrypsin with serine proteinases from different tissues has been investigated. The protein was found to form stable complexes with pancreatic chymotrypsin, leukocyte cathepsin G, and mast cell chymotrypsin. No inhibition of pancreatic trypsin or leukocyte elastase could be demonstrated. With mixtures containing both alpha-1-antichymotrypsin and alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor, it was found that the former preferentially inactivated leukocyte cathepsin G, while the latter showed a strong preference for pancreatic chymotrypsin. However, leukocyte elastase was specifically inactivated by alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor even in 1:1 mixtures with chymotrypsin. All of these results taken together suggest that one of the primary functions of alpha-1-antichymotrypsin is to inactivate leukocyte cathepsin G, while alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor controls the activity of other serine proteinases, particularly leukocyte elastase.", "contents": "Human alpha-1-antichymotrypsin: interaction with chymotrypsin-like proteinases. The interaction of human plasma alpha-1-antichymotrypsin with serine proteinases from different tissues has been investigated. The protein was found to form stable complexes with pancreatic chymotrypsin, leukocyte cathepsin G, and mast cell chymotrypsin. No inhibition of pancreatic trypsin or leukocyte elastase could be demonstrated. With mixtures containing both alpha-1-antichymotrypsin and alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor, it was found that the former preferentially inactivated leukocyte cathepsin G, while the latter showed a strong preference for pancreatic chymotrypsin. However, leukocyte elastase was specifically inactivated by alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor even in 1:1 mixtures with chymotrypsin. All of these results taken together suggest that one of the primary functions of alpha-1-antichymotrypsin is to inactivate leukocyte cathepsin G, while alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor controls the activity of other serine proteinases, particularly leukocyte elastase.", "PMID": 728423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11632", "title": "Sequence of the amino-terminal 349 residues of rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase including the sites of covalent and allosteric control.", "content": "The sequence of the amino-terminal 349 residues of rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1) has been determined. Limited proteolysis of native phosphorylase b (841 residues, subunit molecular weight 97 412) by subtilisin BPN', Streptomyces alkaline protease, or elastase yielded two large segments (light and heavy). The light segment isolated from the subtilisin digest was cleaved at methionyl bonds with cyanogen bromide to yield eight major fragments and two minor overlapping fragments. The alignment of the major fragments was obtained by analysis of the two minor fragments, of five tryptic peptides containing methionine and of one large fragment generated by cleavage of an aspartylproline bond. Analysis of two cyanogen bromide fragments (CB14 and CB17) isolated from the intact molecule identified the sites susceptible to limited proteolysis and the overlap between the light and the heavy segments. Serine-14 and tyrosine-155 were identified as the residues involved in the covalent and allosteric controls of the enzyme, respectively. Residues 108 and 142 were identified as the cysteine residues reported to be involved in the aggregation of subunits.", "contents": "Sequence of the amino-terminal 349 residues of rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase including the sites of covalent and allosteric control. The sequence of the amino-terminal 349 residues of rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1) has been determined. Limited proteolysis of native phosphorylase b (841 residues, subunit molecular weight 97 412) by subtilisin BPN', Streptomyces alkaline protease, or elastase yielded two large segments (light and heavy). The light segment isolated from the subtilisin digest was cleaved at methionyl bonds with cyanogen bromide to yield eight major fragments and two minor overlapping fragments. The alignment of the major fragments was obtained by analysis of the two minor fragments, of five tryptic peptides containing methionine and of one large fragment generated by cleavage of an aspartylproline bond. Analysis of two cyanogen bromide fragments (CB14 and CB17) isolated from the intact molecule identified the sites susceptible to limited proteolysis and the overlap between the light and the heavy segments. Serine-14 and tyrosine-155 were identified as the residues involved in the covalent and allosteric controls of the enzyme, respectively. Residues 108 and 142 were identified as the cysteine residues reported to be involved in the aggregation of subunits.", "PMID": 728424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11633", "title": "Amino acid sequence of two cyanogen bromide fragments of glycogen phosphorylase.", "content": "This communication presents the strategy and experimental details to prove the amino acid sequence of two large fragments of rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase generated by cleavage with cyanogen bromide. These fragments, CB18 and CB15, represent 241 of the 841 residues in the whole molecule. In addition to applying methods of automated liquid phase Edman degradation, techniques of selective immobilization and solid phase Edman degradation are used. One of the two cyanogen bromide fragments (CB15) contains two of the sites of cleavage with hydroxylamine which have proved to be important in the overall strategy of determining the complete sequence of this molecule. Together with the accompanying reports by Koide, A., et al., and Titani, K., et al. ((1978) Biochemistry 17 (first and third papers, respectively, in a series in this issue)), the present communication completes the proof of the amino acid sequence of phosphorylase and provides the basis for examining the relationship between its structure and function.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of two cyanogen bromide fragments of glycogen phosphorylase. This communication presents the strategy and experimental details to prove the amino acid sequence of two large fragments of rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase generated by cleavage with cyanogen bromide. These fragments, CB18 and CB15, represent 241 of the 841 residues in the whole molecule. In addition to applying methods of automated liquid phase Edman degradation, techniques of selective immobilization and solid phase Edman degradation are used. One of the two cyanogen bromide fragments (CB15) contains two of the sites of cleavage with hydroxylamine which have proved to be important in the overall strategy of determining the complete sequence of this molecule. Together with the accompanying reports by Koide, A., et al., and Titani, K., et al. ((1978) Biochemistry 17 (first and third papers, respectively, in a series in this issue)), the present communication completes the proof of the amino acid sequence of phosphorylase and provides the basis for examining the relationship between its structure and function.", "PMID": 728425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11634", "title": "Sequence of the carboxyl-terminal 492 residues of rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase including the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate binding site.", "content": "This communication presents the strategy and experimental details which establish the amino acid sequence of the carboxyl-terminal 492 residues (residues 350 through 841) of rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1). The heavy segment (Hs), derived from the native enzyme by limited proteolysis with subtilisin, was cleaved with cyanogen bromide to yield 15 fragments. The amino acid sequences of 12 of these are described herein. The sequence of 3 other fragments (CB17C, CB18, and CB15) is described in accompanying reports by Koide, A., et al., and Hermann, j., et al. ((1978) Biochemistry 17 (first and second papers, respectively, in a series in this issue)). These 15 fragments were aligned by analysis of three others generated by cleavage of the heavy segment Hs at asparaginylglycine bonds with hydroxylamine and of four more generated by acid cleavage of aspartylproline bonds. Lysine-679 was identified as the binding site of the essential cofactor pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. These data, together with those reported in the accompanying papers (vide supra), establish the complete sequence of the 841 amino acid residues in glycogen phosphorylase. They provide a chemical basis on which the relationship between structure and function of the enzyme can be examined.", "contents": "Sequence of the carboxyl-terminal 492 residues of rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase including the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate binding site. This communication presents the strategy and experimental details which establish the amino acid sequence of the carboxyl-terminal 492 residues (residues 350 through 841) of rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1). The heavy segment (Hs), derived from the native enzyme by limited proteolysis with subtilisin, was cleaved with cyanogen bromide to yield 15 fragments. The amino acid sequences of 12 of these are described herein. The sequence of 3 other fragments (CB17C, CB18, and CB15) is described in accompanying reports by Koide, A., et al., and Hermann, j., et al. ((1978) Biochemistry 17 (first and second papers, respectively, in a series in this issue)). These 15 fragments were aligned by analysis of three others generated by cleavage of the heavy segment Hs at asparaginylglycine bonds with hydroxylamine and of four more generated by acid cleavage of aspartylproline bonds. Lysine-679 was identified as the binding site of the essential cofactor pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. These data, together with those reported in the accompanying papers (vide supra), establish the complete sequence of the 841 amino acid residues in glycogen phosphorylase. They provide a chemical basis on which the relationship between structure and function of the enzyme can be examined.", "PMID": 728426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11635", "title": "Histone-histone interactions in a lower eukaryote, Tetrahymena thermophila.", "content": "The six pairwise interactions of Tetrahymena macronuclear histones H2A (formerly HX), H2B, H3, and H4 have been studied using the techniques of circular dichroism and continuous variation. Parallel experiments have been performed with calf thymus histones as controls, and the 12 possible interspecies pairs have also been examined. The behavior of three of the ciliate histones, H2A, H2B, and H3 is virtually identical with that of their vertebrate counterparts. Tetrahymena H4 exhibits a pattern of interactions identical with that of calf thymus H4, but displays significant quantitative differences in the strength of those interactions. Although we have not entirely eliminated the possibility that these differences may be artifactual, we suggest that they reflect the unique primary structure of Tetrahymena H4. These results extend the pattern of histone-histone interactions defined for plants, animals, and fungi to include the protists as well and imply the strong evolutionary conservatism of this pattern in spite of the electrophoretic and compositional differences which exist between homologous histones of different organisms. In addition, they demonstrate conclusively that histone HX should be redefined as Tetrahymena H2A.", "contents": "Histone-histone interactions in a lower eukaryote, Tetrahymena thermophila. The six pairwise interactions of Tetrahymena macronuclear histones H2A (formerly HX), H2B, H3, and H4 have been studied using the techniques of circular dichroism and continuous variation. Parallel experiments have been performed with calf thymus histones as controls, and the 12 possible interspecies pairs have also been examined. The behavior of three of the ciliate histones, H2A, H2B, and H3 is virtually identical with that of their vertebrate counterparts. Tetrahymena H4 exhibits a pattern of interactions identical with that of calf thymus H4, but displays significant quantitative differences in the strength of those interactions. Although we have not entirely eliminated the possibility that these differences may be artifactual, we suggest that they reflect the unique primary structure of Tetrahymena H4. These results extend the pattern of histone-histone interactions defined for plants, animals, and fungi to include the protists as well and imply the strong evolutionary conservatism of this pattern in spite of the electrophoretic and compositional differences which exist between homologous histones of different organisms. In addition, they demonstrate conclusively that histone HX should be redefined as Tetrahymena H2A.", "PMID": 728429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11636", "title": "Covalent structure of collagen: amino acid sequence of chick skin collagen alpha1(1)-CB6B.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of the peptide alpha1(I)-CB6B, the carboxyl-terminal peptide containing 91 residues of alpha1(I) chain of chick skin collagen, is described. The amino acid sequence was determined by automated Edman degradation of intact peptide plus its tryptic and thermolytic peptides. The comparison of this sequence with the corresponding segment of previously published alpha1(I)-CB6 of calf skin collagen showed a sequence identity of 90%.", "contents": "Covalent structure of collagen: amino acid sequence of chick skin collagen alpha1(1)-CB6B. The amino acid sequence of the peptide alpha1(I)-CB6B, the carboxyl-terminal peptide containing 91 residues of alpha1(I) chain of chick skin collagen, is described. The amino acid sequence was determined by automated Edman degradation of intact peptide plus its tryptic and thermolytic peptides. The comparison of this sequence with the corresponding segment of previously published alpha1(I)-CB6 of calf skin collagen showed a sequence identity of 90%.", "PMID": 728430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11637", "title": "Thyroxine-induced conformational changes in prealbumin.", "content": "The effects of thyroxine binding on the conformation of human prealbumin and bovine serum albumin have been examined. A blue shift in protein absorption was observed with prealbumin, whereas a red shift was observed with bovine serum albumin. In the case of prealbumin, where the two binding sites are identical, the total absorption change was confined to the binding of the first ligand and has been interpreted as resulting from a conformational change. A blue shift observed in the absorption spectrum of thyroxine, however, was the same for the first and second bound molecules. These data have been interpreted in terms of two identical and interacting sites on prealbumin and explain the origin of the difference in binding affinities between the first and second sites. Fluorescence quenching by thyroxine and thyroxine effects on tryptic hydrolysis of prealbumin are in accord with the above interpretation.", "contents": "Thyroxine-induced conformational changes in prealbumin. The effects of thyroxine binding on the conformation of human prealbumin and bovine serum albumin have been examined. A blue shift in protein absorption was observed with prealbumin, whereas a red shift was observed with bovine serum albumin. In the case of prealbumin, where the two binding sites are identical, the total absorption change was confined to the binding of the first ligand and has been interpreted as resulting from a conformational change. A blue shift observed in the absorption spectrum of thyroxine, however, was the same for the first and second bound molecules. These data have been interpreted in terms of two identical and interacting sites on prealbumin and explain the origin of the difference in binding affinities between the first and second sites. Fluorescence quenching by thyroxine and thyroxine effects on tryptic hydrolysis of prealbumin are in accord with the above interpretation.", "PMID": 728432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11638", "title": "Sphingomyelin multiple phase behavior as revealed by multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.", "content": "31P and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra are employed to study the phase behavior of bovine brain sphingomyelin as a function of temperature. The 31P NMR data suggest that, while at low temperatures sphingomyelin can form a lamellar phase, at physiological temperatures and higher the lamellar phase is unstable, and a new phase, best described as a hexagonal phase, is formed. Egg phosphatidylcholine is suggested to play an important role in stabilizing bilayers in natural membranes. Cholesterol also exhibits a sphingomyelin bilayer-stabilizing ability. The 13C NMR spectra suggest a gelling of the hydrocarbon chains of sphingomyelin at low temperature. Thus, bovine brain sphingomyelin undergoes both a gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition and a lamellar to nonlamellar transition.", "contents": "Sphingomyelin multiple phase behavior as revealed by multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. 31P and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra are employed to study the phase behavior of bovine brain sphingomyelin as a function of temperature. The 31P NMR data suggest that, while at low temperatures sphingomyelin can form a lamellar phase, at physiological temperatures and higher the lamellar phase is unstable, and a new phase, best described as a hexagonal phase, is formed. Egg phosphatidylcholine is suggested to play an important role in stabilizing bilayers in natural membranes. Cholesterol also exhibits a sphingomyelin bilayer-stabilizing ability. The 13C NMR spectra suggest a gelling of the hydrocarbon chains of sphingomyelin at low temperature. Thus, bovine brain sphingomyelin undergoes both a gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition and a lamellar to nonlamellar transition.", "PMID": 728433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11639", "title": "DNA sequence organization in the pea genome.", "content": "The reassociation kinetics of pea (Pisum sativum L.) DNA fragments (300 nucleotides) were measured with hydroxylapatite. The most slowly reassociating fragments do so with a rate constant of 2 X 10(-4) L mol-1s-1, as determined from experiments with total DNA as well as with a tracer enriched for slowly renaturing sequences. This rate is about 1000 times slower than that observed for Escherichia coli DNA included as an internal kinetic standard, indicating a kinetic complexity of 4.5 X 10(9) nucleotide pairs or 4.6 pg of DNA per haploid nucleus. This estimate is in good agreement with previous chemical and cytophotometric measurements. The majority (85%) of the 300 nucleotide fragments contain repetitive sequences. While the reassociation of repetitive DNA could be modeled with two theoretical second-order components, the data did not specify a unique solution. The reassociation kinetics of isolated high- and low-frequency fractions indicate that repetitive sequence families in pea DNA probably cover a broad range of frequencies ranging from 100 to 10 000 or more copies per haploid genome. Single-copy sequences account for about 30% of the DNA, but because of extensive interpersion of repetitive sequences only about 15% of 300 nucleotide fragments reassociate with single-copy kinetics. From studies of hydroxylapatite binding as a function of fragment length, we conclude that the major class of single-copy sequences has a modal length of about 300 nucleotides. Long tracer reassociation kinetics indicate that sequences with an apparent repetition frequency of about 10 000 copies are interspersed at intervals of less than 1300 nucleotides throughout 75% of the genome. At a detection limit of about 3%, we find no single-copy sequences longer than 1000 nucleotides.", "contents": "DNA sequence organization in the pea genome. The reassociation kinetics of pea (Pisum sativum L.) DNA fragments (300 nucleotides) were measured with hydroxylapatite. The most slowly reassociating fragments do so with a rate constant of 2 X 10(-4) L mol-1s-1, as determined from experiments with total DNA as well as with a tracer enriched for slowly renaturing sequences. This rate is about 1000 times slower than that observed for Escherichia coli DNA included as an internal kinetic standard, indicating a kinetic complexity of 4.5 X 10(9) nucleotide pairs or 4.6 pg of DNA per haploid nucleus. This estimate is in good agreement with previous chemical and cytophotometric measurements. The majority (85%) of the 300 nucleotide fragments contain repetitive sequences. While the reassociation of repetitive DNA could be modeled with two theoretical second-order components, the data did not specify a unique solution. The reassociation kinetics of isolated high- and low-frequency fractions indicate that repetitive sequence families in pea DNA probably cover a broad range of frequencies ranging from 100 to 10 000 or more copies per haploid genome. Single-copy sequences account for about 30% of the DNA, but because of extensive interpersion of repetitive sequences only about 15% of 300 nucleotide fragments reassociate with single-copy kinetics. From studies of hydroxylapatite binding as a function of fragment length, we conclude that the major class of single-copy sequences has a modal length of about 300 nucleotides. Long tracer reassociation kinetics indicate that sequences with an apparent repetition frequency of about 10 000 copies are interspersed at intervals of less than 1300 nucleotides throughout 75% of the genome. At a detection limit of about 3%, we find no single-copy sequences longer than 1000 nucleotides.", "PMID": 728436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11640", "title": "Gene enrichment using antibodies to DNA/RNA hybrids: purification and mapping of Dictyostelium discoideum rDNA.", "content": "Antibodies, shown to be specific for DNA/RNA hybrids, have been covalently attached to CNBr-activated Sepharose. The resultant affinity resin specifically binds DNA/RNA hybrids and has been used to enrich for the DNA which codes for rRNA in the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. By utilizing the technique of R-loop formation, DNA molecules containing the rRNA genes were isolated from total nuclear DNA in a double-stranded form. These rDNA molecules, which were recovered by high salt elution from the affinity resin, were typically 15-40 kbp in length, and thus contained DNA sequences adjacent to the selected sequences coding for the 17S and 26S rRNAs. In addition, evidence has been obtained concerning the structure of Dictyostelium rDNA which agrees with the finding (Taylor et al. (1977) ICN-UCLA Symp. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8, 309-313) that the rDNA molecules are not covalently attached to the chromosomes of this organism.", "contents": "Gene enrichment using antibodies to DNA/RNA hybrids: purification and mapping of Dictyostelium discoideum rDNA. Antibodies, shown to be specific for DNA/RNA hybrids, have been covalently attached to CNBr-activated Sepharose. The resultant affinity resin specifically binds DNA/RNA hybrids and has been used to enrich for the DNA which codes for rRNA in the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. By utilizing the technique of R-loop formation, DNA molecules containing the rRNA genes were isolated from total nuclear DNA in a double-stranded form. These rDNA molecules, which were recovered by high salt elution from the affinity resin, were typically 15-40 kbp in length, and thus contained DNA sequences adjacent to the selected sequences coding for the 17S and 26S rRNAs. In addition, evidence has been obtained concerning the structure of Dictyostelium rDNA which agrees with the finding (Taylor et al. (1977) ICN-UCLA Symp. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8, 309-313) that the rDNA molecules are not covalently attached to the chromosomes of this organism.", "PMID": 728437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11641", "title": "Stereodynamics of dimer segments of RNA in aqueous solution.", "content": "Arguments are presented which show that conformations II and III proposed by Lee and Tinoco [Lee, C.H., and Tinoco, I., Jr. (1977), Biochemistry 16, 5403] for ribodinucleoside monophosphates in aqueous solution are untenable. It has been shown that ribodinucleoside monophosphates exist in aqueous solution as an equilibrium blend of the classically recognized right-handed stack (g-g-), loop stack (g+g+), skewed (g+t), and extended arrays. In order to determine the effect of epsilonA base on the conformer distribution in the equilibrium blend, detailed ring-current calculations were performed and the isoshielding curves for epsilonA were derived. Use of these curves vis-a-vis dimerization shift data indicates that introduction of epsilonA perturbs the equilibrium blend which causes an increase in the population of skewed (g+t) arrays.", "contents": "Stereodynamics of dimer segments of RNA in aqueous solution. Arguments are presented which show that conformations II and III proposed by Lee and Tinoco [Lee, C.H., and Tinoco, I., Jr. (1977), Biochemistry 16, 5403] for ribodinucleoside monophosphates in aqueous solution are untenable. It has been shown that ribodinucleoside monophosphates exist in aqueous solution as an equilibrium blend of the classically recognized right-handed stack (g-g-), loop stack (g+g+), skewed (g+t), and extended arrays. In order to determine the effect of epsilonA base on the conformer distribution in the equilibrium blend, detailed ring-current calculations were performed and the isoshielding curves for epsilonA were derived. Use of these curves vis-a-vis dimerization shift data indicates that introduction of epsilonA perturbs the equilibrium blend which causes an increase in the population of skewed (g+t) arrays.", "PMID": 728438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11642", "title": "Resonance Raman studies of hepatic microsomal cytochromes P-450: evidence for strong pi basicity of the fifth ligand in the reduced and carbonyl complex forms.", "content": "Resonance Raman spectra have been measured for cytochromes P-450 purified from liver microsomes of phenobarbital-treated rabbits (PB P-450 and PB P-448) and of 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rabbits (MC P-448). In the reduced state, all three cytochromes P-450 exhibit Raman spectra of ferrous high-spin type but show the so-called \"oxidation state marker\" (band IV) at unusually low frequencies, indicating extensive delocalization of electrons from the iron dpi orbital to the porphyrin II (eg) orbital and, consequently, the strong pi basicity of the fifth ligand of the heme iron. The reduced CO complexes of the cytochromes P-450 also exhibit band IV at markedly lower frequencies than CO complexes of hemoglobin and myoglobin. These anomalies observed for the reduced form and CO complex disappear upon conversion of the cytochromes to the catalytically inactive form called cytochrome P-420. Oxidized PB P-450 shows a Raman spectrum which is characteristic of typical ferric low-spin heme compounds, whereas those of PB P-448 and MC P-448 are of the ferric high-spin type. PB P-450 is also clearly distinguishable from the two P-448 preparations in the reduced state. The reduced form of cytochrome P-420, produced by laser illumination, exhibits two sets of Raman lines and, therefore, seems to be a mixture of both high- and low-spin species.", "contents": "Resonance Raman studies of hepatic microsomal cytochromes P-450: evidence for strong pi basicity of the fifth ligand in the reduced and carbonyl complex forms. Resonance Raman spectra have been measured for cytochromes P-450 purified from liver microsomes of phenobarbital-treated rabbits (PB P-450 and PB P-448) and of 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rabbits (MC P-448). In the reduced state, all three cytochromes P-450 exhibit Raman spectra of ferrous high-spin type but show the so-called \"oxidation state marker\" (band IV) at unusually low frequencies, indicating extensive delocalization of electrons from the iron dpi orbital to the porphyrin II (eg) orbital and, consequently, the strong pi basicity of the fifth ligand of the heme iron. The reduced CO complexes of the cytochromes P-450 also exhibit band IV at markedly lower frequencies than CO complexes of hemoglobin and myoglobin. These anomalies observed for the reduced form and CO complex disappear upon conversion of the cytochromes to the catalytically inactive form called cytochrome P-420. Oxidized PB P-450 shows a Raman spectrum which is characteristic of typical ferric low-spin heme compounds, whereas those of PB P-448 and MC P-448 are of the ferric high-spin type. PB P-450 is also clearly distinguishable from the two P-448 preparations in the reduced state. The reduced form of cytochrome P-420, produced by laser illumination, exhibits two sets of Raman lines and, therefore, seems to be a mixture of both high- and low-spin species.", "PMID": 728439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11643", "title": "Implication of a tyrosyl residue at the active site of mitochondrial L-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase.", "content": "The tyrosyl residues of porcine mitochondrial L-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.1.37) have been studied spectrophotometrically and using selective chemical modification with iodine and tetranitromethane. CNBr hydrolysis and Sephadex G-25, G-50 and G-75 chromatography produced a peptide which contained two tyrosines in the native and the nitrated molecules when the nitration took place in an NAD+-oxaloacetate solution. Nitration in the absence of the substrates caused the tyrosyl residues to disappear. Spectrophotometric titrations indicate that one of the 10 tyrosyl residues in mitochondrial L-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase titrate abnormally, while iodination experiments suggest that two fast-reacting tyrosines are not involved in activity. Nitration and iodination experiments, in conjunction with CNBr-mapping, suggest that two of the four nitrated tyrosyl residues are necessary for biological action. Titration of the sulfhydryl groups with 4,4-bis-dimethylaminodiphenyl carbinol before and after nitration indicate that none of the cysteinyl residues were oxidized by the tetranitromethane, thus ruling out the loss of enzyme activity due to the thiol oxidation.", "contents": "Implication of a tyrosyl residue at the active site of mitochondrial L-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase. The tyrosyl residues of porcine mitochondrial L-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.1.37) have been studied spectrophotometrically and using selective chemical modification with iodine and tetranitromethane. CNBr hydrolysis and Sephadex G-25, G-50 and G-75 chromatography produced a peptide which contained two tyrosines in the native and the nitrated molecules when the nitration took place in an NAD+-oxaloacetate solution. Nitration in the absence of the substrates caused the tyrosyl residues to disappear. Spectrophotometric titrations indicate that one of the 10 tyrosyl residues in mitochondrial L-malate:NAD+ oxidoreductase titrate abnormally, while iodination experiments suggest that two fast-reacting tyrosines are not involved in activity. Nitration and iodination experiments, in conjunction with CNBr-mapping, suggest that two of the four nitrated tyrosyl residues are necessary for biological action. Titration of the sulfhydryl groups with 4,4-bis-dimethylaminodiphenyl carbinol before and after nitration indicate that none of the cysteinyl residues were oxidized by the tetranitromethane, thus ruling out the loss of enzyme activity due to the thiol oxidation.", "PMID": 728442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11644", "title": "Uricase of Bacillus fastidiosus. Properties and regulation of synthesis.", "content": "Uricase (urate:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.7.3.3) of Bacillus fastidiosus was purified to homogeneity in a two-step procedure and was crystallized. The native molecule had a molecular weight of 145 000--150 000 and was composed of subunits of two kinds (Mr = 36 000 and 39 000) in a 1 : 1 ratio. The quaternary structure of the enzyme was reversibly altered, with concomitant loss of activity, at temperatures between 40 and 60 degrees C. No evidence was found for the involvement of metal ions or coenzymes in the uricase reaction. The enzyme was inhibited by various metal ions and by cyanide. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was 4.3, and pH optimum 9.5 and the optimal temperature 30--35 degrees C. Only uric acid was oxidized by the enzyme and 9-methyluric acid, xanthine, 8-azaxanthine and oxonic acid were competitive inhibitors. Uricase synthesis was repressed by allantoin and allantoate, even in the presence of uric acid, which induced synthesis of the enzyme. Molecular oxygen was an important environmental factor in the control of uricase synthesis, probably due to its effect, as cosubstrate in the uricase reaction, in assessing the cytoplasmic concentration of allantoin. The highest amounts of uricase, up to half of the intracellular soluble protein content, was found in cells growing under limited oxygen supply in media containing uric acid as the main substrate.", "contents": "Uricase of Bacillus fastidiosus. Properties and regulation of synthesis. Uricase (urate:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.7.3.3) of Bacillus fastidiosus was purified to homogeneity in a two-step procedure and was crystallized. The native molecule had a molecular weight of 145 000--150 000 and was composed of subunits of two kinds (Mr = 36 000 and 39 000) in a 1 : 1 ratio. The quaternary structure of the enzyme was reversibly altered, with concomitant loss of activity, at temperatures between 40 and 60 degrees C. No evidence was found for the involvement of metal ions or coenzymes in the uricase reaction. The enzyme was inhibited by various metal ions and by cyanide. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was 4.3, and pH optimum 9.5 and the optimal temperature 30--35 degrees C. Only uric acid was oxidized by the enzyme and 9-methyluric acid, xanthine, 8-azaxanthine and oxonic acid were competitive inhibitors. Uricase synthesis was repressed by allantoin and allantoate, even in the presence of uric acid, which induced synthesis of the enzyme. Molecular oxygen was an important environmental factor in the control of uricase synthesis, probably due to its effect, as cosubstrate in the uricase reaction, in assessing the cytoplasmic concentration of allantoin. The highest amounts of uricase, up to half of the intracellular soluble protein content, was found in cells growing under limited oxygen supply in media containing uric acid as the main substrate.", "PMID": 728443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11645", "title": "Nitrogenase: properties of the catalytically inactive complex between the Azotobacter vinelandii MoFe protein and the Clostridium pasteurianum Fe protein.", "content": "The catalytically inactive complex generated by the combination of the Azotobacter vinelandii MoFe protein (Av1) and the Clostridium pasteurianum Fe protein (Cp2) inhibits N2 reduction, C2H3 reduction, H+ reduction and ATP hydrolysis catalyzed by the homologous nitrogenases. Kinetic data indicate that the inactive complex consists of two molecules of Cp2 to one molecule of Av1, with values for the inhibitor constant in the range of 1--10 nM. Inhibition of C. pasteurianum nitrogenase by Av1 produces a lag phase in acetylene reduction that increases with increasing Av1. The lag phase is found only at levels of Av1 sufficient to keep the ratio of Cp2 : Cp1 lower than 2. Gel filtration of a mixture of Av1 and Cp2 provides evidence for complex formation and indicates that each Av1 molecule binds more than one Cp2 molecule. The Av1-Cp2 complex binds two molecules of MgATP per molecule of Cp2. MgATP is not required for complex formation, but complex formation lowers the MgATP-Cp2 dissociation constant approx. 3-fold. Av1 protects the iron-sulfur center in Cp2 completely against the MgATP-induced reaction with chelators. This provides additional evidence for formation of the Av1-Cp2 complex and together with the results of the MgATP-binding studies suggests that the two binding sites for MgATP are some distance away from the iron-sulfur site on Cp2.", "contents": "Nitrogenase: properties of the catalytically inactive complex between the Azotobacter vinelandii MoFe protein and the Clostridium pasteurianum Fe protein. The catalytically inactive complex generated by the combination of the Azotobacter vinelandii MoFe protein (Av1) and the Clostridium pasteurianum Fe protein (Cp2) inhibits N2 reduction, C2H3 reduction, H+ reduction and ATP hydrolysis catalyzed by the homologous nitrogenases. Kinetic data indicate that the inactive complex consists of two molecules of Cp2 to one molecule of Av1, with values for the inhibitor constant in the range of 1--10 nM. Inhibition of C. pasteurianum nitrogenase by Av1 produces a lag phase in acetylene reduction that increases with increasing Av1. The lag phase is found only at levels of Av1 sufficient to keep the ratio of Cp2 : Cp1 lower than 2. Gel filtration of a mixture of Av1 and Cp2 provides evidence for complex formation and indicates that each Av1 molecule binds more than one Cp2 molecule. The Av1-Cp2 complex binds two molecules of MgATP per molecule of Cp2. MgATP is not required for complex formation, but complex formation lowers the MgATP-Cp2 dissociation constant approx. 3-fold. Av1 protects the iron-sulfur center in Cp2 completely against the MgATP-induced reaction with chelators. This provides additional evidence for formation of the Av1-Cp2 complex and together with the results of the MgATP-binding studies suggests that the two binding sites for MgATP are some distance away from the iron-sulfur site on Cp2.", "PMID": 728444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11646", "title": "Properties of a non-specific nucleotidase in the membrane of rabbit red cells.", "content": "A non-specific nucleotidase was found in rabbit red blood cell membrane and, using 5'-AMP as substrate, several kinetic parameters for the enzyme were determined. Rabbit red cell ghosts catalyzed the hydrolysis of a wide spectrum of nucleoside 5'-, 3'- and 2'-monophosphates and a limited number of non-nucleotide substrates. All these activities were heat inactivated at the same rate, suggesting that they are the result of catalysis by the same enzyme. The nucleotidase was not dependent on K+ or Mg2+ and was also insensitive to ouabain. Its specific activity and other kinetic parameters were identical in preparation of membranes from both reticulocytes and the mature erythrocytes.", "contents": "Properties of a non-specific nucleotidase in the membrane of rabbit red cells. A non-specific nucleotidase was found in rabbit red blood cell membrane and, using 5'-AMP as substrate, several kinetic parameters for the enzyme were determined. Rabbit red cell ghosts catalyzed the hydrolysis of a wide spectrum of nucleoside 5'-, 3'- and 2'-monophosphates and a limited number of non-nucleotide substrates. All these activities were heat inactivated at the same rate, suggesting that they are the result of catalysis by the same enzyme. The nucleotidase was not dependent on K+ or Mg2+ and was also insensitive to ouabain. Its specific activity and other kinetic parameters were identical in preparation of membranes from both reticulocytes and the mature erythrocytes.", "PMID": 728445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11647", "title": "Fibrinogen-fibrin transformations characterized during the course of reaction by their intermediate structures. A light scattering study in dilute solution under physiological conditions.", "content": "Intermediate structures of human fibrin formed under physiological conditions were investigated by means of light scattering in the course of the polymer/network formation. Very low fibrinogen concentrations (c = 0.03--0.13 mg/ml) were used to lower the polymerization rate, and thrombin at five concentrations (0.0085--0.04 N.I.H./ml) was used for initiation. The light scattering data were evaluated from (i) a Zimm plot, (ii) a Holtzer plot, i.e., hRtheta/Kc vs. h2, and (iii) a Kratky plot, i.e., h2Rtheta/KC vs. h2. In the beginning of the polymerization process rod-like structures are formed. The dimensions of the rod-like monomeric unit in the fibrin polymer are 112 X 3.9 nm and agree with the dimensions of fibrinogen, which also was found to be a thin rod of 105 +/- 10 nm length and 3.9 nm diameter. The mass per unit length, obtained from the asymptote in the Holtzer plot, initially increases only slightly but for high thrombin concentrations increases steeply when a critical length of 1000 nm is exceeded. At this point also the total scattering behaviour changes considerably. The upturn in the Zimm plot and the occurrence of a maximum in the Kratky plot are clear indications for the onset of branching. At low thrombin concentrations the kink in the curve of Mw/Lw against Mw becomes smoothed out because of nonspecific side-by-side aggregation of fibrin strands. The results are discussed and compared with earlier findings by others, and lead to the following conclusions. (i) Fibrinogen is a polymer with some flexibility and can exist in conformations of a stretched rod 105 nm in length, a folded rod of 45 nm in length, and a banana-like conformation of 94 nm circumference. (ii) Under the conditions of the present work, fibrinogen has the thin stretched rod conformation, and has the same dimensions as the repeating unit in the fibrin polymer. (iii) After approx. 10--12 units, end-to-end aggregated monomer branching occurs. (iv) The end-to-end aggregation is promoted by the cleavage of A peptides, branching is caused by the cleavage of B peptides while side-by-side aggregation of strands is caused by nonspecific van der Waals interaction.", "contents": "Fibrinogen-fibrin transformations characterized during the course of reaction by their intermediate structures. A light scattering study in dilute solution under physiological conditions. Intermediate structures of human fibrin formed under physiological conditions were investigated by means of light scattering in the course of the polymer/network formation. Very low fibrinogen concentrations (c = 0.03--0.13 mg/ml) were used to lower the polymerization rate, and thrombin at five concentrations (0.0085--0.04 N.I.H./ml) was used for initiation. The light scattering data were evaluated from (i) a Zimm plot, (ii) a Holtzer plot, i.e., hRtheta/Kc vs. h2, and (iii) a Kratky plot, i.e., h2Rtheta/KC vs. h2. In the beginning of the polymerization process rod-like structures are formed. The dimensions of the rod-like monomeric unit in the fibrin polymer are 112 X 3.9 nm and agree with the dimensions of fibrinogen, which also was found to be a thin rod of 105 +/- 10 nm length and 3.9 nm diameter. The mass per unit length, obtained from the asymptote in the Holtzer plot, initially increases only slightly but for high thrombin concentrations increases steeply when a critical length of 1000 nm is exceeded. At this point also the total scattering behaviour changes considerably. The upturn in the Zimm plot and the occurrence of a maximum in the Kratky plot are clear indications for the onset of branching. At low thrombin concentrations the kink in the curve of Mw/Lw against Mw becomes smoothed out because of nonspecific side-by-side aggregation of fibrin strands. The results are discussed and compared with earlier findings by others, and lead to the following conclusions. (i) Fibrinogen is a polymer with some flexibility and can exist in conformations of a stretched rod 105 nm in length, a folded rod of 45 nm in length, and a banana-like conformation of 94 nm circumference. (ii) Under the conditions of the present work, fibrinogen has the thin stretched rod conformation, and has the same dimensions as the repeating unit in the fibrin polymer. (iii) After approx. 10--12 units, end-to-end aggregated monomer branching occurs. (iv) The end-to-end aggregation is promoted by the cleavage of A peptides, branching is caused by the cleavage of B peptides while side-by-side aggregation of strands is caused by nonspecific van der Waals interaction.", "PMID": 728446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11648", "title": "The complete amino acid sequence of the alpha-subunit of pea lectin, Pisum sativum.", "content": "The complete primary structure of the alpha-subunit of the lectin from the pea (Pisum sativum) has been determined using a combination of tryptic and staphylococcal protease digestion, purification using Sephadex gel filtration and high-voltage electrophoresis followed by either manual or automated Edman degradation. The molecular weight of the alpha-subunit from sequence data and gel filtration in guanidine-HCl is close to 5800, which is lower than that determined by sedimentation equilibrium techniques. The sequence reveals considerable homology to concanavalin A and near identity to the alpha-subunit of the lentil lectin (Lens culenaris). As in the case of the lentil alpha-subunit, the alpha-methyl glucose binding site(s) are not present in this region, nor are the S1 and S2 metal ion binding sites as judged by homology consideration, though the residues for the S3 lanthanide binding (Glu 87 and Asp 136) are conserved from the available data on the alpha- and beta-subunits. Preliminary metal exchange experimens on the intact pea lectin indicate some differnces in the metal exchange properties of this lectin compared to concanavalin A, and therefore possible ligand variations in this region of the beta-subunit.", "contents": "The complete amino acid sequence of the alpha-subunit of pea lectin, Pisum sativum. The complete primary structure of the alpha-subunit of the lectin from the pea (Pisum sativum) has been determined using a combination of tryptic and staphylococcal protease digestion, purification using Sephadex gel filtration and high-voltage electrophoresis followed by either manual or automated Edman degradation. The molecular weight of the alpha-subunit from sequence data and gel filtration in guanidine-HCl is close to 5800, which is lower than that determined by sedimentation equilibrium techniques. The sequence reveals considerable homology to concanavalin A and near identity to the alpha-subunit of the lentil lectin (Lens culenaris). As in the case of the lentil alpha-subunit, the alpha-methyl glucose binding site(s) are not present in this region, nor are the S1 and S2 metal ion binding sites as judged by homology consideration, though the residues for the S3 lanthanide binding (Glu 87 and Asp 136) are conserved from the available data on the alpha- and beta-subunits. Preliminary metal exchange experimens on the intact pea lectin indicate some differnces in the metal exchange properties of this lectin compared to concanavalin A, and therefore possible ligand variations in this region of the beta-subunit.", "PMID": 728447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11649", "title": "The primary structure of tubulin. Sequences of the carboxyl terminus and seven other cyanogen bromide peptides from the alpha-chain.", "content": "The alpha-chain of calf brain tubulin was fragmented by treatment with cyanogen bromide and eight peptides together accounting for 108 residues were purified and sequenced. The COOH-terminal peptide contains a fractional amount (about 0.3 residues) of tyrosine at its COOH-terminus; this presumably represents tyrosine that is added post-translationally to alpha-tubulin. The beta-chain can be phosphorylated, and the probable site of this modification is identified also in the COOH-terminal peptide. Comparison of the sequences described here with the sequence of actin reveals no homology between actin and tubulin.", "contents": "The primary structure of tubulin. Sequences of the carboxyl terminus and seven other cyanogen bromide peptides from the alpha-chain. The alpha-chain of calf brain tubulin was fragmented by treatment with cyanogen bromide and eight peptides together accounting for 108 residues were purified and sequenced. The COOH-terminal peptide contains a fractional amount (about 0.3 residues) of tyrosine at its COOH-terminus; this presumably represents tyrosine that is added post-translationally to alpha-tubulin. The beta-chain can be phosphorylated, and the probable site of this modification is identified also in the COOH-terminal peptide. Comparison of the sequences described here with the sequence of actin reveals no homology between actin and tubulin.", "PMID": 728448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11650", "title": "A contribution to the debate about hydrophobic effects.", "content": "Based on available measurements of the concentration dependence of the volume and the heat capacity of aqueous solutions of low molecular weight compounds it is suggested that non-polar molecules or non-polar groups in aqueous solution fluctuate between solvated and non-solvated states. The experimental data indicate that the change in standard free energy of the hydrophobic solvation is positive and so large that the solvation is incomplete even in the most dilute solutions studied. It is tentatively suggested that the hydrophobic solvation enhances the solubility in water of non-polar substances, and that the reason why non-polar groups in protein solutions are buried in the interior of the protein conformations is a low degree of solvation of these groups in the solvent exposed state.", "contents": "A contribution to the debate about hydrophobic effects. Based on available measurements of the concentration dependence of the volume and the heat capacity of aqueous solutions of low molecular weight compounds it is suggested that non-polar molecules or non-polar groups in aqueous solution fluctuate between solvated and non-solvated states. The experimental data indicate that the change in standard free energy of the hydrophobic solvation is positive and so large that the solvation is incomplete even in the most dilute solutions studied. It is tentatively suggested that the hydrophobic solvation enhances the solubility in water of non-polar substances, and that the reason why non-polar groups in protein solutions are buried in the interior of the protein conformations is a low degree of solvation of these groups in the solvent exposed state.", "PMID": 728450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11651", "title": "Thermodynamics of the isothermal interaction of human immunoglobulin G with guanidinium chloride.", "content": "A thermodynamic study of the isothermal interaction of human immunoglobulin G with guanidinium chloride, a strong denaturant, has been performed. Free energies of interaction were calculated using preferential binding data obtained by measuring densities at constant chemical potential and constant composition, respectively. Enthalpies of interaction were determined calorimetrically. The values of both thermodynamic parameters as well as those of entropies of interaction have been found to depend crucially on the extent of denaturant binding.", "contents": "Thermodynamics of the isothermal interaction of human immunoglobulin G with guanidinium chloride. A thermodynamic study of the isothermal interaction of human immunoglobulin G with guanidinium chloride, a strong denaturant, has been performed. Free energies of interaction were calculated using preferential binding data obtained by measuring densities at constant chemical potential and constant composition, respectively. Enthalpies of interaction were determined calorimetrically. The values of both thermodynamic parameters as well as those of entropies of interaction have been found to depend crucially on the extent of denaturant binding.", "PMID": 728451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11652", "title": "Pressure effects on water-swollen elastin. A model for hydrophobic interactions in proteins.", "content": "The effect of pressure on the swelling of elastin in pure water was investigated. Because elastin is a very non-polar protein, and because the swelling of elastin can be directly related to changes in the strength of hydrophobic interactions, we have used elastin as a model to study the effect of pressure on hydrophobic interactions in proteins. The elastin swelling model is particularly useful because it is based on a macromolecular system very similar to a globular protein and not on dilute aqueous solutions of small non-polar compounds. Increased pressure causes elastin to increase its swollen volume, and the observed swelling changes were analyzed in terms of the Flory-Rehner theory (Flory, P.J. and Rehner, Jr., J (1943) J. Chem. Phys. 11, 521--526) for the swelling of kinetically free, random polymer networks. Our calculations provide a measure of the volume change for the process of transferring 1 mol of an average non-polar amino acid side chain from a region where the side chains are surrounded by other non-polar groups and have no contact with water (i.e. a hydrophobic region) into contact with water. The results indicate that there is a small, negative volume change associated with this process, and quantitative estimates indicate that the volume change is of the order of --6 ml/mol side chain. The results support the hypothesis that the free energy required to transfer a non-polar side chain from a hydrophobic region into water becomes less positive (i.e. the hydrophobic interaction becomes weaker) as hydrostatic pressure is increased.", "contents": "Pressure effects on water-swollen elastin. A model for hydrophobic interactions in proteins. The effect of pressure on the swelling of elastin in pure water was investigated. Because elastin is a very non-polar protein, and because the swelling of elastin can be directly related to changes in the strength of hydrophobic interactions, we have used elastin as a model to study the effect of pressure on hydrophobic interactions in proteins. The elastin swelling model is particularly useful because it is based on a macromolecular system very similar to a globular protein and not on dilute aqueous solutions of small non-polar compounds. Increased pressure causes elastin to increase its swollen volume, and the observed swelling changes were analyzed in terms of the Flory-Rehner theory (Flory, P.J. and Rehner, Jr., J (1943) J. Chem. Phys. 11, 521--526) for the swelling of kinetically free, random polymer networks. Our calculations provide a measure of the volume change for the process of transferring 1 mol of an average non-polar amino acid side chain from a region where the side chains are surrounded by other non-polar groups and have no contact with water (i.e. a hydrophobic region) into contact with water. The results indicate that there is a small, negative volume change associated with this process, and quantitative estimates indicate that the volume change is of the order of --6 ml/mol side chain. The results support the hypothesis that the free energy required to transfer a non-polar side chain from a hydrophobic region into water becomes less positive (i.e. the hydrophobic interaction becomes weaker) as hydrostatic pressure is increased.", "PMID": 728452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11653", "title": "Cobalt-concanavalin A. An index of inactive and active conformational states.", "content": "Studies on the circular dichroic spectrum of cobalt-substituted concanavalin A have been continued in particular with respect to calcium- and saccharide-induced spectral pertubations reported previously (Kalb, A.J. and Pecht, I. (1973) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 303, 264-268; Richardson, C.E. and Behnke, W.D. (1976) J. Mol. Biol. 102, 441-451). We find that the addition of calcium or cadmium to (CO2+)-concanavalin A induces slow time-dependent alterations in the extrinsic cotton effects. Moreover, one equivalent of calcium is sufficient to cause maximal changes in the cobalt spectrum provided sufficient time is allowed for the effect to be observed. The addition of mono, di-and trisaccharides, specific for concanavalin A, have no resolvable effect upon the cobalt spectrum of concanavalin A (Richardson, C.E. and Behnke, W.D. (1976) J. Mol. Biol. 102, 441-451). The data presented here suggest that these time-dependent processes are conformationally mediated and occur subsequent to S2 occupancy. Evidence is presented that a particular calcium-cobalt-concanavalin A conformer exists which is responsible for the generation of activity in a light-scattering assay system.", "contents": "Cobalt-concanavalin A. An index of inactive and active conformational states. Studies on the circular dichroic spectrum of cobalt-substituted concanavalin A have been continued in particular with respect to calcium- and saccharide-induced spectral pertubations reported previously (Kalb, A.J. and Pecht, I. (1973) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 303, 264-268; Richardson, C.E. and Behnke, W.D. (1976) J. Mol. Biol. 102, 441-451). We find that the addition of calcium or cadmium to (CO2+)-concanavalin A induces slow time-dependent alterations in the extrinsic cotton effects. Moreover, one equivalent of calcium is sufficient to cause maximal changes in the cobalt spectrum provided sufficient time is allowed for the effect to be observed. The addition of mono, di-and trisaccharides, specific for concanavalin A, have no resolvable effect upon the cobalt spectrum of concanavalin A (Richardson, C.E. and Behnke, W.D. (1976) J. Mol. Biol. 102, 441-451). The data presented here suggest that these time-dependent processes are conformationally mediated and occur subsequent to S2 occupancy. Evidence is presented that a particular calcium-cobalt-concanavalin A conformer exists which is responsible for the generation of activity in a light-scattering assay system.", "PMID": 728453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11654", "title": "Three classes of sulfhydryl group in bovine alpha-crystallin according to reactivity to various reagents.", "content": "alpha-Crystallin from calf eye lens is found to have 30 sulfhydryl groups per 800 000 daltons by modification with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) and 4,4'-dithiopyridine in 6 M urea. These -SH groups can be divided into three different classes in native alpha-crystallin from their reactivity with DTNB, 4,4'-dithiopyridine, iodoacetamide and ethylenimine. Results obtained with these reagents point to the presence of 7 +/- 1 thiol groups (Class I) which are likely to be surface exposed, with a concomitant 40--45% quenching of tryptophan fluorescence in DTNB-modified alpha-crystallin. Another 10 +/- 1 thiol groups (Class II) must be in a hydrophobic environment since they react only with the hydrophobic reagents, causing a further decrease in fluorescence intensity. Class III, 13 +/- 2 thiol groups, is inaccesible to any of these reagents. Introduction of up to 15 negatively charged thionitrobenzoate groups or seven positively charged aminoethyl groups in the alpha-crystallin molecule at pH 7.5--8.0 did not change the state of aggregation as judged from the sedimentation coefficients.", "contents": "Three classes of sulfhydryl group in bovine alpha-crystallin according to reactivity to various reagents. alpha-Crystallin from calf eye lens is found to have 30 sulfhydryl groups per 800 000 daltons by modification with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) and 4,4'-dithiopyridine in 6 M urea. These -SH groups can be divided into three different classes in native alpha-crystallin from their reactivity with DTNB, 4,4'-dithiopyridine, iodoacetamide and ethylenimine. Results obtained with these reagents point to the presence of 7 +/- 1 thiol groups (Class I) which are likely to be surface exposed, with a concomitant 40--45% quenching of tryptophan fluorescence in DTNB-modified alpha-crystallin. Another 10 +/- 1 thiol groups (Class II) must be in a hydrophobic environment since they react only with the hydrophobic reagents, causing a further decrease in fluorescence intensity. Class III, 13 +/- 2 thiol groups, is inaccesible to any of these reagents. Introduction of up to 15 negatively charged thionitrobenzoate groups or seven positively charged aminoethyl groups in the alpha-crystallin molecule at pH 7.5--8.0 did not change the state of aggregation as judged from the sedimentation coefficients.", "PMID": 728454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11655", "title": "Protein modifications during the keratinization of normal and psoriatic human epidermis.", "content": "Studies on the polypeptide chain compositions of human stratum corneum and callus have shown that characteristic modifications of the epidermal fibrous protein occur during normal eqidermal keratinization. The polypeptide chain composition of psoriatic scale differs from that of both normal stratum corneum and callus. A major constituent, the alpha-chain (Mr = 70 000) of the epidermal fibrous protein is either absent or greatly decreased in amount in psoriatic sacle. This chain is, however, present in normal amounts in the uninvolved epidermis of psoriatics and, during effective treatment, returns to normal levels in the previously involved areas. It is concluded that this is a major, reversible difference between involved psoriatic epidermis and uninvolved psoriatic or normal epidermis and that it most probably results from a defect in the synthesis of the alpha-chain.", "contents": "Protein modifications during the keratinization of normal and psoriatic human epidermis. Studies on the polypeptide chain compositions of human stratum corneum and callus have shown that characteristic modifications of the epidermal fibrous protein occur during normal eqidermal keratinization. The polypeptide chain composition of psoriatic scale differs from that of both normal stratum corneum and callus. A major constituent, the alpha-chain (Mr = 70 000) of the epidermal fibrous protein is either absent or greatly decreased in amount in psoriatic sacle. This chain is, however, present in normal amounts in the uninvolved epidermis of psoriatics and, during effective treatment, returns to normal levels in the previously involved areas. It is concluded that this is a major, reversible difference between involved psoriatic epidermis and uninvolved psoriatic or normal epidermis and that it most probably results from a defect in the synthesis of the alpha-chain.", "PMID": 728455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11656", "title": "The subunit composition of two high molecular weight extrinsic proteins from human erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "Purified hollow cylinder (22.5 S) and torus protein (9.0 S) from human erythrocyte membranes, together with the intact membranes, have been dissociated using 2% sodium dodecyl sulphate and electrophoresed in the presence of 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulphate. The torus protein gives rise to a single subunit migrating slightly ahead of band 8 of the polypeptide profile of the intact membranes (Mr approximately 20 000) and the hollow cylinder gives rise to two main subunits, which migrate slightly behind that of the torus protein. It is clearly shown that neither protein is related to erythrocyte membrane spectrin (bands 1 + 2) or actin (band 5).", "contents": "The subunit composition of two high molecular weight extrinsic proteins from human erythrocyte membranes. Purified hollow cylinder (22.5 S) and torus protein (9.0 S) from human erythrocyte membranes, together with the intact membranes, have been dissociated using 2% sodium dodecyl sulphate and electrophoresed in the presence of 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulphate. The torus protein gives rise to a single subunit migrating slightly ahead of band 8 of the polypeptide profile of the intact membranes (Mr approximately 20 000) and the hollow cylinder gives rise to two main subunits, which migrate slightly behind that of the torus protein. It is clearly shown that neither protein is related to erythrocyte membrane spectrin (bands 1 + 2) or actin (band 5).", "PMID": 728456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11657", "title": "A low-sulfated chondroitin sulfate in rat blood: an acidic glycosaminoglycan with a high metabolic rate.", "content": "The rate of metabolism of low-sulfated chondroitin 4-sulfate, a predominant glycosaminoglycan in blood, has been studied by administering intraperitoneally radioactive hexosamine and/or sulfate to rats. The biological half-life of the material was estimated to be 10--12 h, suggesting that the metabolic process of blood low-sulfated chondroitin sulfate is different from that of glycosaminoglycans in the tissue.", "contents": "A low-sulfated chondroitin sulfate in rat blood: an acidic glycosaminoglycan with a high metabolic rate. The rate of metabolism of low-sulfated chondroitin 4-sulfate, a predominant glycosaminoglycan in blood, has been studied by administering intraperitoneally radioactive hexosamine and/or sulfate to rats. The biological half-life of the material was estimated to be 10--12 h, suggesting that the metabolic process of blood low-sulfated chondroitin sulfate is different from that of glycosaminoglycans in the tissue.", "PMID": 728457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11658", "title": "Low-sulfated chondroitin sulfate in human blood and urine.", "content": "Blood and urinary low-sulfated chondroitin sulfate from healthy young and aged volunteers have been characterized by gel chromatography, two-dimensional electrophoresis on cellulose acetate strips and by chemical and enzymatic analysis. No difference in content of the material (24 nmol hexosamine per ml plasma) was observed regardless of age. Chemical composition (approximately 40% sulfation at 4-position of galactosamine) and molecular weight (about 8000) of blood and urinary low-sulfated chondroitin sulfates were found to be the same, though urinary excretion of the material was much higher in the aged than in the young adults (Ohkawa et al. (1972) J. Biochem. 72, 1495--1501). Low-sulfated chondroitin sulfate in serum was in a bound form with a molecular weight of more than 100000, irrespective of age. These results suggest that increase in urinary excretion of low-sulfated chondroitin sulfate in the aged is mainly due to renal dysfunction. Low-sulfated chondroitin sulfate was also the main component of acidic glycosaminoglycans in blood from patients with Hurler's syndrome who excreted excessive amounts of dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate in urine. This suggests that low sulfated chondroitin sulfate in blood is not merely a precursor of urinary glycosaminoglycans in the case of healthy young adults.", "contents": "Low-sulfated chondroitin sulfate in human blood and urine. Blood and urinary low-sulfated chondroitin sulfate from healthy young and aged volunteers have been characterized by gel chromatography, two-dimensional electrophoresis on cellulose acetate strips and by chemical and enzymatic analysis. No difference in content of the material (24 nmol hexosamine per ml plasma) was observed regardless of age. Chemical composition (approximately 40% sulfation at 4-position of galactosamine) and molecular weight (about 8000) of blood and urinary low-sulfated chondroitin sulfates were found to be the same, though urinary excretion of the material was much higher in the aged than in the young adults (Ohkawa et al. (1972) J. Biochem. 72, 1495--1501). Low-sulfated chondroitin sulfate in serum was in a bound form with a molecular weight of more than 100000, irrespective of age. These results suggest that increase in urinary excretion of low-sulfated chondroitin sulfate in the aged is mainly due to renal dysfunction. Low-sulfated chondroitin sulfate was also the main component of acidic glycosaminoglycans in blood from patients with Hurler's syndrome who excreted excessive amounts of dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate in urine. This suggests that low sulfated chondroitin sulfate in blood is not merely a precursor of urinary glycosaminoglycans in the case of healthy young adults.", "PMID": 728458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11659", "title": "Binding of thrombin to human platelet plasma membranes.", "content": "Binding of 125I-labeled thrombin to isolated human platelet plasma membranes was studied. Two classes of sites, one with high and one with low affinity for thrombin, were demonstrated. The apparent dissociation constants for the high and low affinity sites were 3.2 and 600 nM, respectively, similar to values obtained with intact platelets. Maximum binding was within 10 s, the shortest time measured, and then decreased with time to a constant level of binding within 45 s. When the equilibrium was perturbed by dilution, the  system re-equilibrated with less thrombin bound than in a control that was dilute before mixing thrombin and membranes. Neither the time-dependent decrease nor the dilution effect were observed with phenylmethylsulfonyl-125I-labelled thrombin, an irreversibly inhibited thrombin, suggesting that these phenomena may involve a thrombin-catalyzed modification of the membranes leading decreased binding.", "contents": "Binding of thrombin to human platelet plasma membranes. Binding of 125I-labeled thrombin to isolated human platelet plasma membranes was studied. Two classes of sites, one with high and one with low affinity for thrombin, were demonstrated. The apparent dissociation constants for the high and low affinity sites were 3.2 and 600 nM, respectively, similar to values obtained with intact platelets. Maximum binding was within 10 s, the shortest time measured, and then decreased with time to a constant level of binding within 45 s. When the equilibrium was perturbed by dilution, the  system re-equilibrated with less thrombin bound than in a control that was dilute before mixing thrombin and membranes. Neither the time-dependent decrease nor the dilution effect were observed with phenylmethylsulfonyl-125I-labelled thrombin, an irreversibly inhibited thrombin, suggesting that these phenomena may involve a thrombin-catalyzed modification of the membranes leading decreased binding.", "PMID": 728459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11660", "title": "Iron uptake by Chang cells from transferrin, nitriloacetate and citrate complexes: the effects of iron-loading and chelation with desferrioxamine.", "content": "Iron uptake by Chang liver cells in culture is about thirty times as great when ferric nitriloacetate is used as a donor as when iron-transferrin is used. Iron uptake from ferric citrate is no greater than from iron-transferrin. Most of the intracellular iron derived from transferrin is found in the supernatant after 20 000 x g centrifugation of the cell homogenate for 40 min: about half of this is in the form of ferritin. Iron derived from ferric nitriloacetate is found largely in the membranous pellet after centrifugation and very little of this is in the form of ferritin. Iron incorporated in cytosol ferritin is easily available for chelation by desferrioxamine and this process is facilitated by ascorbic acid. Membrane-bound iron is less available for chelation. This tissue culture model forms a convenient basis for the study of iron overlead and iron chelation.", "contents": "Iron uptake by Chang cells from transferrin, nitriloacetate and citrate complexes: the effects of iron-loading and chelation with desferrioxamine. Iron uptake by Chang liver cells in culture is about thirty times as great when ferric nitriloacetate is used as a donor as when iron-transferrin is used. Iron uptake from ferric citrate is no greater than from iron-transferrin. Most of the intracellular iron derived from transferrin is found in the supernatant after 20 000 x g centrifugation of the cell homogenate for 40 min: about half of this is in the form of ferritin. Iron derived from ferric nitriloacetate is found largely in the membranous pellet after centrifugation and very little of this is in the form of ferritin. Iron incorporated in cytosol ferritin is easily available for chelation by desferrioxamine and this process is facilitated by ascorbic acid. Membrane-bound iron is less available for chelation. This tissue culture model forms a convenient basis for the study of iron overlead and iron chelation.", "PMID": 728460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11661", "title": "Effect of cytosol fractions from lutropin-stimulated rat testes on pregnenolone production by mitochondria from normal rat testes.", "content": "The rate limiting step in the production of steroids in the testis is the mitochondrial conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone. This conversion can be stimulated by lutropin, but the precise interaction between lutropin-induced cytoplasmic factors and the mitochondrial activity in steroid production is as yet unknown. The results described in the present paper concern the steroid production of isolated mitochondrial fractions in recombination experiments with isolated supernatant fractions from total testes homogenates. Cyanoketone as well as SU-10603, an inhibitor of steroid 17 alpha-hydroxylase activity are required to block pregnenolone metabolism. The results show that the cytoplasm contains lutropin-induced factor(s) which can exert its effect in vitro on the cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity in intact mitochondria isolated from control testes.", "contents": "Effect of cytosol fractions from lutropin-stimulated rat testes on pregnenolone production by mitochondria from normal rat testes. The rate limiting step in the production of steroids in the testis is the mitochondrial conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone. This conversion can be stimulated by lutropin, but the precise interaction between lutropin-induced cytoplasmic factors and the mitochondrial activity in steroid production is as yet unknown. The results described in the present paper concern the steroid production of isolated mitochondrial fractions in recombination experiments with isolated supernatant fractions from total testes homogenates. Cyanoketone as well as SU-10603, an inhibitor of steroid 17 alpha-hydroxylase activity are required to block pregnenolone metabolism. The results show that the cytoplasm contains lutropin-induced factor(s) which can exert its effect in vitro on the cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity in intact mitochondria isolated from control testes.", "PMID": 728461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11662", "title": "Precocious induction of pepsinogen in the stomach of suckling mice by hormones.", "content": "Effects of hormones on pepsinogen activity in mouse stomach were investigated by enzyme assay and electron microscopy. Administration of hydrocortisone alone to mice on days 5--10 increased the enzyme activity in the stomach to as much as 4.5-fold that of untreated mice and the increase was dose dependent. Thyroxine also evoked precocious differentiation of the stomach. The effects of thyroxine and hydrocortisone were additive. Injections of insulin had little effect when given alone, or in combination with other hormones. Injection of hydrocortisone alone or plus thyroxine also caused morphological differentiation of the chief cells in the stomach mucosa. Administration of thyroxine to mice on days 15--20 induced as much enzyme activity as that induced by hydrocortisone, but neither of these hormones had any effect when injected after day 23. These results suggest that besides hydrocortisone, thyroxine is also involved in differentiation of the stomach in mice for the first 20 days after birth and that the normal increase of pepsinogen activity in the stomach of mice during the late suckling period is brought about by serum glucocorticoids, possibly with thyroxine.", "contents": "Precocious induction of pepsinogen in the stomach of suckling mice by hormones. Effects of hormones on pepsinogen activity in mouse stomach were investigated by enzyme assay and electron microscopy. Administration of hydrocortisone alone to mice on days 5--10 increased the enzyme activity in the stomach to as much as 4.5-fold that of untreated mice and the increase was dose dependent. Thyroxine also evoked precocious differentiation of the stomach. The effects of thyroxine and hydrocortisone were additive. Injections of insulin had little effect when given alone, or in combination with other hormones. Injection of hydrocortisone alone or plus thyroxine also caused morphological differentiation of the chief cells in the stomach mucosa. Administration of thyroxine to mice on days 15--20 induced as much enzyme activity as that induced by hydrocortisone, but neither of these hormones had any effect when injected after day 23. These results suggest that besides hydrocortisone, thyroxine is also involved in differentiation of the stomach in mice for the first 20 days after birth and that the normal increase of pepsinogen activity in the stomach of mice during the late suckling period is brought about by serum glucocorticoids, possibly with thyroxine.", "PMID": 728462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11663", "title": "Water binding by glycogen molecules.", "content": "Low temperature NMR spectra have been obtained of the water bound to glycogen. These data have allowed the evaluation of the amount of water bound and the energy and entropy associated with this bonding. High molecular weight glycogen (approx. 1 - 10(9)) exhibits water binding properties analogous to those previously found for other glycoproteins. Low molecular weight glycogen (approx. 1 - 10(7)), however, shows anomalous binding characteristics, with large amounts of associated \"non-freezing\" water. These findings are discussed in terms of previously proposed molecular architecture.", "contents": "Water binding by glycogen molecules. Low temperature NMR spectra have been obtained of the water bound to glycogen. These data have allowed the evaluation of the amount of water bound and the energy and entropy associated with this bonding. High molecular weight glycogen (approx. 1 - 10(9)) exhibits water binding properties analogous to those previously found for other glycoproteins. Low molecular weight glycogen (approx. 1 - 10(7)), however, shows anomalous binding characteristics, with large amounts of associated \"non-freezing\" water. These findings are discussed in terms of previously proposed molecular architecture.", "PMID": 728463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11664", "title": "An ultramicro method for analysis of lithium and other biologically important cations.", "content": "A new method for Li+ analysis by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy is several orders of magnitude more sensitive than previous methods. Li+ quantities as small as 1 - 10(-12) mol, or Li+ concentrattions as low as 1 - 10(-8) M, can determined with a coeffient of variation of 2--4%. The same technique can determine approx. 1 - 10(-14) mol of Ca2+ and Mg2+, and approx. 1 - 10(-13) mol of Na+ and K+.", "contents": "An ultramicro method for analysis of lithium and other biologically important cations. A new method for Li+ analysis by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy is several orders of magnitude more sensitive than previous methods. Li+ quantities as small as 1 - 10(-12) mol, or Li+ concentrattions as low as 1 - 10(-8) M, can determined with a coeffient of variation of 2--4%. The same technique can determine approx. 1 - 10(-14) mol of Ca2+ and Mg2+, and approx. 1 - 10(-13) mol of Na+ and K+.", "PMID": 728464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11665", "title": "Alterations in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex during adaptation to glucose by Neurospora.", "content": "A 20-fold induction of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, pyruvate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.4.1) plus dihydrolipoate S-acetyltransferase, (lipoyltransacetylase) (EC 2.3.1.12) plus dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, NADH : lipoamide oxidoreductase, (EC 1.6.4.3), from a specific activity of 3.5-65.0 was observed in mitochondrial extracts during adaptation of Neurospora to glucose from acetate media. The extent of ATP-dependent, time-dependent inactivation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was approximately the same in both acetate- and glucose-grown cells, thereby indicating that the low pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activities in acetate-grown cells did not represent phosphorylated pyruvate dehydrogenase complex molecules. High levels of dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (EC 2.3.1.12) were observed in mitochondrial extracts from acetate-grown cells; this lipoyltransacetylase was analyzed on sucrose density gradients and found to be associated with the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Digitonin fractionation of mitochondria revealed that both the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and lipoyltransacetylase were primarily associated with the mitochondrial outer membrane.", "contents": "Alterations in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex during adaptation to glucose by Neurospora. A 20-fold induction of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, pyruvate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.4.1) plus dihydrolipoate S-acetyltransferase, (lipoyltransacetylase) (EC 2.3.1.12) plus dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, NADH : lipoamide oxidoreductase, (EC 1.6.4.3), from a specific activity of 3.5-65.0 was observed in mitochondrial extracts during adaptation of Neurospora to glucose from acetate media. The extent of ATP-dependent, time-dependent inactivation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was approximately the same in both acetate- and glucose-grown cells, thereby indicating that the low pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activities in acetate-grown cells did not represent phosphorylated pyruvate dehydrogenase complex molecules. High levels of dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (EC 2.3.1.12) were observed in mitochondrial extracts from acetate-grown cells; this lipoyltransacetylase was analyzed on sucrose density gradients and found to be associated with the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Digitonin fractionation of mitochondria revealed that both the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and lipoyltransacetylase were primarily associated with the mitochondrial outer membrane.", "PMID": 728465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11666", "title": "Characterization of a vasoactive intestinal peptide-sensitive adenylate cyclase in rat intestinal epithelial cell membranes.", "content": "A vasoactive intestinal peptide-sensitive adenylate cyclase in intestinal epithelial cell membranes was characterized. Stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity was a function of vasoactive intestinal peptide concentration over a range of 1 . 10(-10)-1 . 10(-7) M and was increased six-times by a maximally stimulating concentration of vasoactive intestinal peptide. Half-maximal stimulation was observed with 4.1 +/- 0.7 nM vasoactive intestinal peptide. Fluoride ion stimulated adenylate cyclase activity to a higher extent than did vasoactive intestinal peptide. Under standard assay conditions, basal, vasoactive intestinal peptide- and fluoride-stimulated adenylate cyclase activities were proportional to time of incubation up to 15 min and to membrane concentration up to 60 microgram protein per assay. The vasoactive intestinal peptide-sensitive enzyme required 5-10 mM Mg2+ and was inhibited by 1 . 10(-5) M Ca2+. At sufficiently high concentrations, both ATP (3 mM) and Mg2+ (40 mM) inhibited the enzyme. Secretin also stimulated the adenylate cyclase activity from intestinal epithelial cell membranes but its effectiveness was 1/1000 that of vasoactive intestinal peptide. Prostaglandins E1 and E2 at 1 . 10(-5) M induced a two-fold increase of cyclic AMP production. Vasoactive intestinal peptide was the most potent stimulator of adenylate cyclase activity, suggesting an important physiological role of this peptide in the cyclic AMP-dependent regulation of the intestinal epithelial cell function.", "contents": "Characterization of a vasoactive intestinal peptide-sensitive adenylate cyclase in rat intestinal epithelial cell membranes. A vasoactive intestinal peptide-sensitive adenylate cyclase in intestinal epithelial cell membranes was characterized. Stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity was a function of vasoactive intestinal peptide concentration over a range of 1 . 10(-10)-1 . 10(-7) M and was increased six-times by a maximally stimulating concentration of vasoactive intestinal peptide. Half-maximal stimulation was observed with 4.1 +/- 0.7 nM vasoactive intestinal peptide. Fluoride ion stimulated adenylate cyclase activity to a higher extent than did vasoactive intestinal peptide. Under standard assay conditions, basal, vasoactive intestinal peptide- and fluoride-stimulated adenylate cyclase activities were proportional to time of incubation up to 15 min and to membrane concentration up to 60 microgram protein per assay. The vasoactive intestinal peptide-sensitive enzyme required 5-10 mM Mg2+ and was inhibited by 1 . 10(-5) M Ca2+. At sufficiently high concentrations, both ATP (3 mM) and Mg2+ (40 mM) inhibited the enzyme. Secretin also stimulated the adenylate cyclase activity from intestinal epithelial cell membranes but its effectiveness was 1/1000 that of vasoactive intestinal peptide. Prostaglandins E1 and E2 at 1 . 10(-5) M induced a two-fold increase of cyclic AMP production. Vasoactive intestinal peptide was the most potent stimulator of adenylate cyclase activity, suggesting an important physiological role of this peptide in the cyclic AMP-dependent regulation of the intestinal epithelial cell function.", "PMID": 728466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11667", "title": "Maturation dependent decline of adenylate cyclase in rabbit red blood cell membranes.", "content": "Adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1) was studied in membrane preparations of reticulocyte-rich blood obtained from phenylhydrazine-treated rabbits and compared to that of untreated animals. Basal and fluoride-stimulated activities were decreased 2- and 4-fold, respectively, during the process of maturation. Catalytic parameters such as time course, protein, ATP, Mg2+ concentration curves and Km have been determined and were found to be similar in the reticulocyte and the erythrocyte. Adenylate cyclase was sensitive to GTP, 5'-guanylyl imidodiphosphate, prostaglandin E1 and prostaglandin E2. Activation by prostaglandin E1 was higher than that produced by prostaglandin E2. Only additive effect was found when 5'-guanylyl imidodiphosphate or GTP was added to hormone-stimulated activity. The sensitivity of the enzyme to these effectors was decreased over the transition reticulocyte-erythrocyte. In either cell the enzyme was not activated by catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, isoproterenol).", "contents": "Maturation dependent decline of adenylate cyclase in rabbit red blood cell membranes. Adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1) was studied in membrane preparations of reticulocyte-rich blood obtained from phenylhydrazine-treated rabbits and compared to that of untreated animals. Basal and fluoride-stimulated activities were decreased 2- and 4-fold, respectively, during the process of maturation. Catalytic parameters such as time course, protein, ATP, Mg2+ concentration curves and Km have been determined and were found to be similar in the reticulocyte and the erythrocyte. Adenylate cyclase was sensitive to GTP, 5'-guanylyl imidodiphosphate, prostaglandin E1 and prostaglandin E2. Activation by prostaglandin E1 was higher than that produced by prostaglandin E2. Only additive effect was found when 5'-guanylyl imidodiphosphate or GTP was added to hormone-stimulated activity. The sensitivity of the enzyme to these effectors was decreased over the transition reticulocyte-erythrocyte. In either cell the enzyme was not activated by catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, isoproterenol).", "PMID": 728467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11668", "title": "Catabolism of threonine in mammals by coupling of L-threonine 3-dehydrogenase with 2-amino-3-oxobutyrate-CoA ligase.", "content": "There is doubt about the L-threonine 3-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.103) and threonine aldolase (EC 2.1.2.1) catabolic pathways of L-threonine in mammals which are believed to produce aminoacetone and glycine plus acetaldehyde, respectively. L-Threonine 3-dehydrogenase in disrupted guinea-pig liver mitochondria was investigated in a reaction mixture containing L-threonine without and with CoA and oxaloacetate; L-[U-14C]threonine was included in four similar experiments for autoradiograms. Threonine aldolase was examined in similar mitochondria from liver and kidney. CoA reduced the aminoacetone formed from L-threonine to 10-14% and CoA plus oxaloacetate produced citrate (from CoASAc) in approximately equal amounts to the decrease in aminoacetone. Autoradiograms confirmed the decrease in aminoacetone with the simultaneous appearance of citrate and glycine. No evidence was obtained that threonine aldolase catabolised L-threonine at the concentration used to assay the dehydrogenase. It is concluded that 2-amino-3-oxobutyrate (precursor of aminoacetone), which is produced from L-threonine by L-threonine 3-dehydrogenase, undergoes CoA-dependent cleavage to glycine and CoASAc by 2-amino-3-oxobutyrate-CoA ligase. The results suggest that the coupling of these enzymes provides a new pathway for the catabolism of threonine in mammals.", "contents": "Catabolism of threonine in mammals by coupling of L-threonine 3-dehydrogenase with 2-amino-3-oxobutyrate-CoA ligase. There is doubt about the L-threonine 3-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.103) and threonine aldolase (EC 2.1.2.1) catabolic pathways of L-threonine in mammals which are believed to produce aminoacetone and glycine plus acetaldehyde, respectively. L-Threonine 3-dehydrogenase in disrupted guinea-pig liver mitochondria was investigated in a reaction mixture containing L-threonine without and with CoA and oxaloacetate; L-[U-14C]threonine was included in four similar experiments for autoradiograms. Threonine aldolase was examined in similar mitochondria from liver and kidney. CoA reduced the aminoacetone formed from L-threonine to 10-14% and CoA plus oxaloacetate produced citrate (from CoASAc) in approximately equal amounts to the decrease in aminoacetone. Autoradiograms confirmed the decrease in aminoacetone with the simultaneous appearance of citrate and glycine. No evidence was obtained that threonine aldolase catabolised L-threonine at the concentration used to assay the dehydrogenase. It is concluded that 2-amino-3-oxobutyrate (precursor of aminoacetone), which is produced from L-threonine by L-threonine 3-dehydrogenase, undergoes CoA-dependent cleavage to glycine and CoASAc by 2-amino-3-oxobutyrate-CoA ligase. The results suggest that the coupling of these enzymes provides a new pathway for the catabolism of threonine in mammals.", "PMID": 728468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11669", "title": "Alphatic 3,4-epoxyalcohols. Metabolism by epoxide hydrase and mutagenic activity.", "content": "Rabbit hepatic microsomal epoxide hydrase catalyzes the rapid hydrolysis of 1,2-epoxy-4-heptanol to 1,2,4-heptanetriol. Both diastereomers of the substrate are hydrolyzed, and both product diastereomers are formed. Similarly both cis- and trans-3,4-epoxy-1-hexanol are hydrolyzed, albeit more slowly, to give 1,3,4-hexanetriol. The trans isomer gives exclusively one diastereomer (erythro) of the triol, while the cis isomer gives the other diastereomer (threo). The product expected if a primary cationic intermediate were to be formed and trapped intramolecularly during the hydrolysis of 1,2-epoxy-4-heptanol, 2-propyl-4-tetrahydrofuranol, was not observed. A comparison of the mutagenic activity in the Ames test of 1-heptane, 1-hepten-4-ol, 1,2-epoxyheptane, and 1,2-epoxy-4-heptanol revealed that only the latter is a detectable mutagen. A vicinal hydroxyl therefore does not interfere significantly with enzymatic epoxide hydrolysis, but it does enhance the bioalkylating potential of even an aliphatic epoxide.", "contents": "Alphatic 3,4-epoxyalcohols. Metabolism by epoxide hydrase and mutagenic activity. Rabbit hepatic microsomal epoxide hydrase catalyzes the rapid hydrolysis of 1,2-epoxy-4-heptanol to 1,2,4-heptanetriol. Both diastereomers of the substrate are hydrolyzed, and both product diastereomers are formed. Similarly both cis- and trans-3,4-epoxy-1-hexanol are hydrolyzed, albeit more slowly, to give 1,3,4-hexanetriol. The trans isomer gives exclusively one diastereomer (erythro) of the triol, while the cis isomer gives the other diastereomer (threo). The product expected if a primary cationic intermediate were to be formed and trapped intramolecularly during the hydrolysis of 1,2-epoxy-4-heptanol, 2-propyl-4-tetrahydrofuranol, was not observed. A comparison of the mutagenic activity in the Ames test of 1-heptane, 1-hepten-4-ol, 1,2-epoxyheptane, and 1,2-epoxy-4-heptanol revealed that only the latter is a detectable mutagen. A vicinal hydroxyl therefore does not interfere significantly with enzymatic epoxide hydrolysis, but it does enhance the bioalkylating potential of even an aliphatic epoxide.", "PMID": 728469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11670", "title": "Metabolism of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in cultured endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells from bovine aorta.", "content": "The glycosaminoglycan metabolism of cultured endothelial cells and of cells grown from the intima and from the media layer of bovine aorta thoracia was investigated in a comparative study. The following results were obtained: 1. Endothelial cells have in common with intima and media cells the distribution of newly formed sulfated glycosaminoglycans into extracellular, pericellular and intracellular compartments. Endothelial cells, however, synthesize lower amounts of glycosaminoglycans and distribute them in a different ratio into the three pools. 2. Though all the various cell lines synthesize chondroitin 4-sulfate, chondroitin 6-sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate and small amounts of keratan sulfate, endothelial cells exhibit a unique distribution pattern of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in each of the three compartments. Generally, a high proportion of heparan sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate and a very low dermatan sulfate content was detected. 3. Heparan sulfate produced by endothelial cells has a higher N-sulfonate content when compared with that from other sources. The cell membrane-associated heparan sulfate, especially, exhibits some heparin-like features as judged by nitrous acid degradation and susceptibility towards heparitinase.", "contents": "Metabolism of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in cultured endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells from bovine aorta. The glycosaminoglycan metabolism of cultured endothelial cells and of cells grown from the intima and from the media layer of bovine aorta thoracia was investigated in a comparative study. The following results were obtained: 1. Endothelial cells have in common with intima and media cells the distribution of newly formed sulfated glycosaminoglycans into extracellular, pericellular and intracellular compartments. Endothelial cells, however, synthesize lower amounts of glycosaminoglycans and distribute them in a different ratio into the three pools. 2. Though all the various cell lines synthesize chondroitin 4-sulfate, chondroitin 6-sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate and small amounts of keratan sulfate, endothelial cells exhibit a unique distribution pattern of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in each of the three compartments. Generally, a high proportion of heparan sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate and a very low dermatan sulfate content was detected. 3. Heparan sulfate produced by endothelial cells has a higher N-sulfonate content when compared with that from other sources. The cell membrane-associated heparan sulfate, especially, exhibits some heparin-like features as judged by nitrous acid degradation and susceptibility towards heparitinase.", "PMID": 728470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11671", "title": "Uterine and lung uteroglobins in the rabbit. Two similar proteins with differential hormonal regulation.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that several rabbit tissues contain proteins which cross-react in the radioimmunoassay for uteroglobin, a progestin-regulated protein in rabbit uterus (Torkkeli et al. (1977) Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 9, 101-118). In the present study, a uteroglobin-like protein was purified to an apparent homogeneity from an extra-uterine tissue, rabbit lung, by successive chromatographies on hydroxyapatite, Sephadex G-75, SP-Sephadex, DEAE-cellulose and CM-cellulose. The final preparation behaved homogeneously in various polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic systems and in isoelectric focusing. The uteroglobin-like protein isolated from the lung had very similar physicochemical and immunological properties to those of uteroglobin present in the rabbit uterine fluid. The two proteins had: (i) the same molecular weight, of approx. 13 000, with a two subunit structure (each approx. Mr 7000); (ii) identical behavior in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under non-denaturing and denaturing conditions; (iii) the same isoelectric point at pH 5.4; (iv) absence of carbohydrate in the molecule; (v) very similar amino acid compositions; (vi) lack of tryptophan among the amino acids; (vii) the same N-terminal amino acid (glycine), and (viii) indistinguishable immunological characteristics. Collectively, these data strongly suggest that uterine and lung uteroglobins are identical proteins. In contrast to the induction of the uterine uteroglobin by steroids with progestational activity, the synthesis of extra-uterine uteroglobins was no affected by these steroid hormones to any major extent. In keeping with the concept that lung is a target tissue for glucocorticoid action, cortisol and dexamethasone were capable of increasing the concentration of lung uteroglobin 3-fold (from 3 to 9 microgram/mg soluble protein). These compounds did not, however, alter the secretion of the uterine protein. Administration of high doses of testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone elevated significantly the content of both uterine and lung uteroglobin. Only approx. one-fifth of the adult pulmonary uteroglobin levels were present in lungs of newborn rabbits indicating that developmental changes occur in the lung uteroglobin content.", "contents": "Uterine and lung uteroglobins in the rabbit. Two similar proteins with differential hormonal regulation. Previous studies have shown that several rabbit tissues contain proteins which cross-react in the radioimmunoassay for uteroglobin, a progestin-regulated protein in rabbit uterus (Torkkeli et al. (1977) Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 9, 101-118). In the present study, a uteroglobin-like protein was purified to an apparent homogeneity from an extra-uterine tissue, rabbit lung, by successive chromatographies on hydroxyapatite, Sephadex G-75, SP-Sephadex, DEAE-cellulose and CM-cellulose. The final preparation behaved homogeneously in various polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic systems and in isoelectric focusing. The uteroglobin-like protein isolated from the lung had very similar physicochemical and immunological properties to those of uteroglobin present in the rabbit uterine fluid. The two proteins had: (i) the same molecular weight, of approx. 13 000, with a two subunit structure (each approx. Mr 7000); (ii) identical behavior in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under non-denaturing and denaturing conditions; (iii) the same isoelectric point at pH 5.4; (iv) absence of carbohydrate in the molecule; (v) very similar amino acid compositions; (vi) lack of tryptophan among the amino acids; (vii) the same N-terminal amino acid (glycine), and (viii) indistinguishable immunological characteristics. Collectively, these data strongly suggest that uterine and lung uteroglobins are identical proteins. In contrast to the induction of the uterine uteroglobin by steroids with progestational activity, the synthesis of extra-uterine uteroglobins was no affected by these steroid hormones to any major extent. In keeping with the concept that lung is a target tissue for glucocorticoid action, cortisol and dexamethasone were capable of increasing the concentration of lung uteroglobin 3-fold (from 3 to 9 microgram/mg soluble protein). These compounds did not, however, alter the secretion of the uterine protein. Administration of high doses of testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone elevated significantly the content of both uterine and lung uteroglobin. Only approx. one-fifth of the adult pulmonary uteroglobin levels were present in lungs of newborn rabbits indicating that developmental changes occur in the lung uteroglobin content.", "PMID": 728471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11672", "title": "Interaction of anthelmintic benzimidazoles and benzimidazole derivatives with bovine brain tubulin.", "content": "The binding and inhibitory properties of 11 benzimidazoles for bovine brain tubulin were investigated. The effects of the benzimidazoles on the initial rates of microtubule polymerization were determined by a turbidimetric assay. The median inhibitory concentrations (I50) for nocodazole, oxibendazole, parbendazole, mebendazole and fenbendazole ranged from 1.97 . 10(-6) to 6.32 . 10(-6) M. Benomyl, cambendazole and carbendazim had I50 values from 5.83 . 10(-5) to 9.01 .10(-5) M. Thiabendazole had an I50 value of 5.49 . 10(-4) M. Inhibitor constants (Ki) were determined by the colchicine binding assay. Oxibendazole, fenbendazole, and cambendazole had Ki values of 3.20 . 10(-5), 1.73 . 10(-5) and 1.10 . 10(-4) M, respectively. Oxibendazole and fenbendazole were competitive inhibitors of colchicine. In contrast, cambendazole was a noncompetitive inhibitor of colchicine. The ability of these benzimidazoles to inhibit microtubule polymerization and the mode of action for the anthelmintic benzimidazoles is discussed.", "contents": "Interaction of anthelmintic benzimidazoles and benzimidazole derivatives with bovine brain tubulin. The binding and inhibitory properties of 11 benzimidazoles for bovine brain tubulin were investigated. The effects of the benzimidazoles on the initial rates of microtubule polymerization were determined by a turbidimetric assay. The median inhibitory concentrations (I50) for nocodazole, oxibendazole, parbendazole, mebendazole and fenbendazole ranged from 1.97 . 10(-6) to 6.32 . 10(-6) M. Benomyl, cambendazole and carbendazim had I50 values from 5.83 . 10(-5) to 9.01 .10(-5) M. Thiabendazole had an I50 value of 5.49 . 10(-4) M. Inhibitor constants (Ki) were determined by the colchicine binding assay. Oxibendazole, fenbendazole, and cambendazole had Ki values of 3.20 . 10(-5), 1.73 . 10(-5) and 1.10 . 10(-4) M, respectively. Oxibendazole and fenbendazole were competitive inhibitors of colchicine. In contrast, cambendazole was a noncompetitive inhibitor of colchicine. The ability of these benzimidazoles to inhibit microtubule polymerization and the mode of action for the anthelmintic benzimidazoles is discussed.", "PMID": 728472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11673", "title": "Photodynamic inactivation and its repair in mycoplasmas.", "content": "Photodynamic inactivation is the loss in viability observed when organic dye-treated cells are exposed to visible light and molecular oxygen. The photodynamic inactivation of mycoplasmas, the smallest free living cells, has been studied. Depending on the extent of inactivation in Acholeplasma laidlawii, photodynamic induced damage can be repaired if the irradiated cells are incubated in the dark in buffer. Analysis of the DNA of these cells shows that photodynamic inactivation induces single strand breaks which can be repaired during liquid holding. To examine possible damage to the cell membrane, glucose uptake was studied as a permeability measure. Neither acriflavine nor photodynamic inactivation had any measurable effect on membrane permeability.", "contents": "Photodynamic inactivation and its repair in mycoplasmas. Photodynamic inactivation is the loss in viability observed when organic dye-treated cells are exposed to visible light and molecular oxygen. The photodynamic inactivation of mycoplasmas, the smallest free living cells, has been studied. Depending on the extent of inactivation in Acholeplasma laidlawii, photodynamic induced damage can be repaired if the irradiated cells are incubated in the dark in buffer. Analysis of the DNA of these cells shows that photodynamic inactivation induces single strand breaks which can be repaired during liquid holding. To examine possible damage to the cell membrane, glucose uptake was studied as a permeability measure. Neither acriflavine nor photodynamic inactivation had any measurable effect on membrane permeability.", "PMID": 728473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11674", "title": "The effect of warfarin and vitamin K-1 on the carboxylation and glycosylation of prothrombin in vivo.", "content": "The effect of warfarin and vitamin K-1 on the carboxylation and glycosylation of prothrombin in the rat in vivo was investigated. Neither warfarin nor vitamin K-1 had an effect on carboxylation. However, warfarin inhibited glycosylation 80-90% and this inhibition was readily reversed by the administration of vitamin K-1.", "contents": "The effect of warfarin and vitamin K-1 on the carboxylation and glycosylation of prothrombin in vivo. The effect of warfarin and vitamin K-1 on the carboxylation and glycosylation of prothrombin in the rat in vivo was investigated. Neither warfarin nor vitamin K-1 had an effect on carboxylation. However, warfarin inhibited glycosylation 80-90% and this inhibition was readily reversed by the administration of vitamin K-1.", "PMID": 728474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11675", "title": "Degradation of rat liver metallothioneins in vitro.", "content": "The degradation of zinc and cadmium-induced hepatic metallothionineins was investigated in vitro. Both zinc-thionein and cadmium-thionein were labeled in vivo with [35S]cystine. The labeled proteins were isolated and purified by gel filtration and DEAE-ion exchange chromatography. Purified zinc[35S]thionein and cadmium-[35S]thionein were incubated with trypsin, chymotrypsin and pronase for varying times up to 24 h. The rate of degradation of zinc-thionein was twice that of cadmium-thionein when the proteins were incubated with trypsin. Virtually no digestion occurred when the proteins were incubated with chymotrypsin, whereas the rates of degradation were about equal when they were incubated with pronase. In contrast, degradation of zinc-thionein was twice that observed with cadmium-thionein when the proteins were incubated at pH 5.0 with a purified lysosomal extract. Degradation of these proteins by the lysosomal proteases was 77 and 46% within 3 h for zinc-thionein and cadmium-thionein, respectively. Thionein, the metal-free form of metallothionein, was degraded extremely rapidly by both neutral and lysosomal proteases. Chromatography of the digestion products on Sephadex G-25 demonstrated that all three forms of metallothionein were degraded to species of approximately 100-300 daltons. These data indicate that metals stabilize thionein polypeptides and suggest that the degradation of metallothionein in vivo is regulated in part by the species of metal bound.", "contents": "Degradation of rat liver metallothioneins in vitro. The degradation of zinc and cadmium-induced hepatic metallothionineins was investigated in vitro. Both zinc-thionein and cadmium-thionein were labeled in vivo with [35S]cystine. The labeled proteins were isolated and purified by gel filtration and DEAE-ion exchange chromatography. Purified zinc[35S]thionein and cadmium-[35S]thionein were incubated with trypsin, chymotrypsin and pronase for varying times up to 24 h. The rate of degradation of zinc-thionein was twice that of cadmium-thionein when the proteins were incubated with trypsin. Virtually no digestion occurred when the proteins were incubated with chymotrypsin, whereas the rates of degradation were about equal when they were incubated with pronase. In contrast, degradation of zinc-thionein was twice that observed with cadmium-thionein when the proteins were incubated at pH 5.0 with a purified lysosomal extract. Degradation of these proteins by the lysosomal proteases was 77 and 46% within 3 h for zinc-thionein and cadmium-thionein, respectively. Thionein, the metal-free form of metallothionein, was degraded extremely rapidly by both neutral and lysosomal proteases. Chromatography of the digestion products on Sephadex G-25 demonstrated that all three forms of metallothionein were degraded to species of approximately 100-300 daltons. These data indicate that metals stabilize thionein polypeptides and suggest that the degradation of metallothionein in vivo is regulated in part by the species of metal bound.", "PMID": 728475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11676", "title": "Isolation and identification of beta-citryl-L-glutamic acid from newborn rat brain.", "content": "An unknown compound containing glutamic acid residue was found in newborn rat brain. The compound occurred predominantly in brain. Its concentration was approx. 1 mumol/g tissue at birth and decreased to one-tenth 24 days after birth. The compound was isolated from newborn rat brains, and subjected to elementary analysis and to infrared and mass spectrometric analysis. Glutamic acid and citric acid were formed from the compound on acid hydrolysis. The compound was presumed to be a citrylglutamic acid. Two isomers, alpha- and beta-citrylglutamic acid, were synthesized. The unknown compound was identified as beta-citryl-L-glutamic acid. The occurence of this compound has not been reported in nature.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of beta-citryl-L-glutamic acid from newborn rat brain. An unknown compound containing glutamic acid residue was found in newborn rat brain. The compound occurred predominantly in brain. Its concentration was approx. 1 mumol/g tissue at birth and decreased to one-tenth 24 days after birth. The compound was isolated from newborn rat brains, and subjected to elementary analysis and to infrared and mass spectrometric analysis. Glutamic acid and citric acid were formed from the compound on acid hydrolysis. The compound was presumed to be a citrylglutamic acid. Two isomers, alpha- and beta-citrylglutamic acid, were synthesized. The unknown compound was identified as beta-citryl-L-glutamic acid. The occurence of this compound has not been reported in nature.", "PMID": 728476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11677", "title": "Isolation and characterization of surface glycopeptides from adult rat hepatocytes in an established line.", "content": "The fractionation of glycopeptides isolated from the surface of an established line of adult rat hepatocytes, after 48 h metabolic labeling with [14C] glucose leads to the demonstration of the presence of two types of glycopeptides: i) O-glycopeptides containing N-acetylneuraminic acid, galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine, ii) N-glycopeptides with mannose, galactose, N-acetylgluosamine, fucose and N-acetylneuraminic acid. The former yield, by alkaline reductive degradation, a trisaccharide: sialyl-galactosyl-N-acetyl-galactosaminitol, a tetrasaccharide : di-sialyl-galactosyl-N-acetyl-galactosaminitol and a small amount of the disaccharide: galactosyl-N-acetyl-galactosaminitol. The latter are alkali-stable and can be divided by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose into i) acidic glycopeptides, not retained on a Concanavalin A-Sepharose column and belonging to the N-acetyllactosaminic type glycopedtides and ii) neutral glycopeptides which can be further fractionated on the Con-A-Sepharose column into non-retained glycopeptides belonging to the N-acetyllactosaminic type, and glycopeptides retained on the Sepharose-Con A column, containing only N-acetylglucosamine and mannose residues and related to the oligomannosidic type glycopeptides.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of surface glycopeptides from adult rat hepatocytes in an established line. The fractionation of glycopeptides isolated from the surface of an established line of adult rat hepatocytes, after 48 h metabolic labeling with [14C] glucose leads to the demonstration of the presence of two types of glycopeptides: i) O-glycopeptides containing N-acetylneuraminic acid, galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine, ii) N-glycopeptides with mannose, galactose, N-acetylgluosamine, fucose and N-acetylneuraminic acid. The former yield, by alkaline reductive degradation, a trisaccharide: sialyl-galactosyl-N-acetyl-galactosaminitol, a tetrasaccharide : di-sialyl-galactosyl-N-acetyl-galactosaminitol and a small amount of the disaccharide: galactosyl-N-acetyl-galactosaminitol. The latter are alkali-stable and can be divided by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose into i) acidic glycopeptides, not retained on a Concanavalin A-Sepharose column and belonging to the N-acetyllactosaminic type glycopedtides and ii) neutral glycopeptides which can be further fractionated on the Con-A-Sepharose column into non-retained glycopeptides belonging to the N-acetyllactosaminic type, and glycopeptides retained on the Sepharose-Con A column, containing only N-acetylglucosamine and mannose residues and related to the oligomannosidic type glycopeptides.", "PMID": 728477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11678", "title": "Structure of the three major fucosyl-glycoasparagines accumulating in the urine of a patient with fucosidosis.", "content": "Fifteen fucosyl-oligosaccharides and fucosyl-glycoasparagines have been isolated from the urine of a patient with fucosidosis. The structure of the three most abundant glycoasparagines are as follows: alpha-Fuc-(1 lead to 6)-beta-GlcNAc-Asn; alpha-Man-(1 leads to 6)-beta-Man-(1 leads to 4)-beta-GlcNAc-(1 lead to 4) [alpha-Fuc-(1 leads to 6)]-belta-GlcNAc-Asn; beta-Gal-(1 leads to 4) [alpha-Fuc-(1 lead to 3)] beta-GlcNAc-(1 leads to 2)-alpha-Man-(1 lead to 6)-beta-Man-(1 leads to 4)-beta-GlcNAc-(1 leads to 4) [alpha-Fuc-(1 leads to 6)] beta-GlcNAc-Asn. The structures are related to the class of fucosyl-glycoproteins (e.g.: IgG immunoglobulin, lactotransferrin and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein). The terminal sequence: beta-Gal-(1 leads to 4) [alph-Fuc-(1 leads to 3)] beta-GlcNAc-(1 leads to 2)-a-Man leads to R is novel for carbohydrate moieties in glycoproteins.", "contents": "Structure of the three major fucosyl-glycoasparagines accumulating in the urine of a patient with fucosidosis. Fifteen fucosyl-oligosaccharides and fucosyl-glycoasparagines have been isolated from the urine of a patient with fucosidosis. The structure of the three most abundant glycoasparagines are as follows: alpha-Fuc-(1 lead to 6)-beta-GlcNAc-Asn; alpha-Man-(1 leads to 6)-beta-Man-(1 leads to 4)-beta-GlcNAc-(1 lead to 4) [alpha-Fuc-(1 leads to 6)]-belta-GlcNAc-Asn; beta-Gal-(1 leads to 4) [alpha-Fuc-(1 lead to 3)] beta-GlcNAc-(1 leads to 2)-alpha-Man-(1 lead to 6)-beta-Man-(1 leads to 4)-beta-GlcNAc-(1 leads to 4) [alpha-Fuc-(1 leads to 6)] beta-GlcNAc-Asn. The structures are related to the class of fucosyl-glycoproteins (e.g.: IgG immunoglobulin, lactotransferrin and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein). The terminal sequence: beta-Gal-(1 leads to 4) [alph-Fuc-(1 leads to 3)] beta-GlcNAc-(1 leads to 2)-a-Man leads to R is novel for carbohydrate moieties in glycoproteins.", "PMID": 728478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11679", "title": "Role of spermidine in casein gene expression in the rabbit.", "content": "Spermidine concentration in rabbit mammary gland was estimated during pregnancy, lactation and after the induction of milk synthesis by prolactin and glucocorticoids in vivo and in vitro. It was observed that mammogenesis and lactogenesis during preganancy and the initiation of milk secretion at parturition are accompanied by an enhancement of spermidine concentration in the mammary gland. By contrast, the initiation of these phenomena by hormone injections does not require such variations of spermidine concentration. In organ culture, a slight increase in spermidine concentration was obtained under the influence of an hormonal combination including insulin, prolactin and cortisol. Spermidine added to the culture medium was unable to mimic cortisol action. An amplification of casein synthesis and a parallel increase of casein mRNA concentration was provoked by cortisol even when spermidine synthesis was blocked. Thus, one of the major actions of glucocorticoids during lactogenesis in the rabbit is not mediated through an increase in spermidine concentration in the mammary gland.", "contents": "Role of spermidine in casein gene expression in the rabbit. Spermidine concentration in rabbit mammary gland was estimated during pregnancy, lactation and after the induction of milk synthesis by prolactin and glucocorticoids in vivo and in vitro. It was observed that mammogenesis and lactogenesis during preganancy and the initiation of milk secretion at parturition are accompanied by an enhancement of spermidine concentration in the mammary gland. By contrast, the initiation of these phenomena by hormone injections does not require such variations of spermidine concentration. In organ culture, a slight increase in spermidine concentration was obtained under the influence of an hormonal combination including insulin, prolactin and cortisol. Spermidine added to the culture medium was unable to mimic cortisol action. An amplification of casein synthesis and a parallel increase of casein mRNA concentration was provoked by cortisol even when spermidine synthesis was blocked. Thus, one of the major actions of glucocorticoids during lactogenesis in the rabbit is not mediated through an increase in spermidine concentration in the mammary gland.", "PMID": 728479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11680", "title": "[Role of lipids in the function of microsomal electron transport chains of potato].", "content": "Microsomal membranes from potato tubers were extracted by acetone solutions of increasing concentrations (5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 70 and 90 p. cent). Microsomal lipids were progressively extracted: acetone concentrations exceeding 30 p. cent extracted large amounts of membraneous phospholipids (figure). Lipid extraction reduced NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity but did not affect NADH-ferricyanide reductase and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activities. This was confirmed by experiments using increasing concentrations of sodium deoxycholate. After lipid extraction with acetone (or solubilization by triton X100), NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity of microsomal membranes could not be recovered by adding back lipids under various experimental conditions. These results strongly suggest that, in potato microsomes, lipids are undispensable components of the electron transport chain starting from NADH especially in the portion involving cytochrome b5. On the contrary, the second microsomal electron transport chain, starting from NADPH, is not regulated by lipids. However, plant microsomal membranes would be much more disturbed by liped extraction than animal microsomes and suitable relipidation conditions remain to be found to prove definitely the lipid dependence of plant microsomal electron transport.", "contents": "[Role of lipids in the function of microsomal electron transport chains of potato]. Microsomal membranes from potato tubers were extracted by acetone solutions of increasing concentrations (5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 70 and 90 p. cent). Microsomal lipids were progressively extracted: acetone concentrations exceeding 30 p. cent extracted large amounts of membraneous phospholipids (figure). Lipid extraction reduced NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity but did not affect NADH-ferricyanide reductase and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activities. This was confirmed by experiments using increasing concentrations of sodium deoxycholate. After lipid extraction with acetone (or solubilization by triton X100), NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity of microsomal membranes could not be recovered by adding back lipids under various experimental conditions. These results strongly suggest that, in potato microsomes, lipids are undispensable components of the electron transport chain starting from NADH especially in the portion involving cytochrome b5. On the contrary, the second microsomal electron transport chain, starting from NADPH, is not regulated by lipids. However, plant microsomal membranes would be much more disturbed by liped extraction than animal microsomes and suitable relipidation conditions remain to be found to prove definitely the lipid dependence of plant microsomal electron transport.", "PMID": 728480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11681", "title": "Phenylalanine analogues as inhibitors of phenylalanine-hydroxylase from rat liver. New conclusions concerning kinetic behaviors of the enzyme.", "content": "The conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine is catalysed by phenylalanine-hydroxylase. The substrate phenylalanine shows two effects: (1) allosteric transition at low phenylalanine concentrations, (2) excess substration inhibition. The molecular structure of phenylalanine-hydroxylase has not yet been elucidated. However, a tetrameric structure has been proposed. The Kinetic analysis with respect to substrate analogues suggest the existence of three types of sites on each protomer: (1) a catalytic site, (2) a non-competitive inhibitory site, (3) a positive cooperative site. Use of the enzyme's natural cofactor, tetrahydrobiopterin, has been emphasized to ensure good interpretation of the kinetic results of the phenylalanine-hydroxylase effectors.", "contents": "Phenylalanine analogues as inhibitors of phenylalanine-hydroxylase from rat liver. New conclusions concerning kinetic behaviors of the enzyme. The conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine is catalysed by phenylalanine-hydroxylase. The substrate phenylalanine shows two effects: (1) allosteric transition at low phenylalanine concentrations, (2) excess substration inhibition. The molecular structure of phenylalanine-hydroxylase has not yet been elucidated. However, a tetrameric structure has been proposed. The Kinetic analysis with respect to substrate analogues suggest the existence of three types of sites on each protomer: (1) a catalytic site, (2) a non-competitive inhibitory site, (3) a positive cooperative site. Use of the enzyme's natural cofactor, tetrahydrobiopterin, has been emphasized to ensure good interpretation of the kinetic results of the phenylalanine-hydroxylase effectors.", "PMID": 728481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11682", "title": "Self-observation and self-reinforcement as sources of self-control in children.", "content": "Eight fifth- and sixth-grade black males engaged in a set of single-subject, multiple-baseline studies to determine the relative effects of self-observation and self-reinforcement. A black male college student employed the children as research assistants who would study their own behavior. The employer negotiated a series of individualized contracts with each boy. The contracts specified what self-regulation procedures the subject would perform. Overall, the children were more consistent in carrying out their contracts when they were on self-reinforcement than when they were on self-observation. Second, the children were more effective in increasing behavioral deficits than they were in decreasing excesses. Third, self-reinforcement was clearly a superior means of improving their own behavior than was self-observation.", "contents": "Self-observation and self-reinforcement as sources of self-control in children. Eight fifth- and sixth-grade black males engaged in a set of single-subject, multiple-baseline studies to determine the relative effects of self-observation and self-reinforcement. A black male college student employed the children as research assistants who would study their own behavior. The employer negotiated a series of individualized contracts with each boy. The contracts specified what self-regulation procedures the subject would perform. Overall, the children were more consistent in carrying out their contracts when they were on self-reinforcement than when they were on self-observation. Second, the children were more effective in increasing behavioral deficits than they were in decreasing excesses. Third, self-reinforcement was clearly a superior means of improving their own behavior than was self-observation.", "PMID": 728484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11683", "title": "Learning processes in multilayer threshold nets.", "content": "An algorithm of learning in multilayer threshold nets without feedbacks is proposed. The net is built of threshold elements with binary inputs. During a learning process each input vector chi is accompanied by a teacher's decision omega (omega epsilon(1,...,M)). The pairs (chi[n], omega[n]) appear in successive steps independently according to some unknown stationary distribution p(chi, omega). The problem of learning of a threshold net has been decomposed to a series of problems of learning of the threshold elements. The proposed learning algorithm of the threshold elements has a perceptron-like form. It was proven that a decision rule of the threshold net stabilizes after a finite number of steps. For definite classes (p(chi,omega))K of distributions p(chi, omega), an optimal decision rule stabilizes after a finite number of steps. These classes (p(chi, omega))K also contain distributions describing learning processes with perturbations.", "contents": "Learning processes in multilayer threshold nets. An algorithm of learning in multilayer threshold nets without feedbacks is proposed. The net is built of threshold elements with binary inputs. During a learning process each input vector chi is accompanied by a teacher's decision omega (omega epsilon(1,...,M)). The pairs (chi[n], omega[n]) appear in successive steps independently according to some unknown stationary distribution p(chi, omega). The problem of learning of a threshold net has been decomposed to a series of problems of learning of the threshold elements. The proposed learning algorithm of the threshold elements has a perceptron-like form. It was proven that a decision rule of the threshold net stabilizes after a finite number of steps. For definite classes (p(chi,omega))K of distributions p(chi, omega), an optimal decision rule stabilizes after a finite number of steps. These classes (p(chi, omega))K also contain distributions describing learning processes with perturbations.", "PMID": 728487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11684", "title": "Performance of a model for a local neuron population.", "content": "A model of a local neuron population is considered that contains three subsets of neurons, one main excitatory subset, an auxiliary excitatory subset and an inhibitory subset. They are connected in one positive and one negative feedback loop, each containing linear dynamic and nonlinear static elements. The network also allows for a positive linear feedback loop. The behaviour of this network is studied for sinusoidal and white noise inputs. First steady state conditions are investigated and with this as starting point the linearized network is defined and conditions for stability is discovered. With white noise as input the stable network produces rhythmic activity whose spectral properties are investigated for various input levels. With a mean input of a certain level the network becomes unstable and the characteristics of these limit cycles are investigated in terms of occurence and amplitude. An electronic model has been built to study more closely the waveforms under both stable and unstable conditions. It is shown to produce signals that resemble EEG background activity and certain types of paroxysmal activity, in particular spikes.", "contents": "Performance of a model for a local neuron population. A model of a local neuron population is considered that contains three subsets of neurons, one main excitatory subset, an auxiliary excitatory subset and an inhibitory subset. They are connected in one positive and one negative feedback loop, each containing linear dynamic and nonlinear static elements. The network also allows for a positive linear feedback loop. The behaviour of this network is studied for sinusoidal and white noise inputs. First steady state conditions are investigated and with this as starting point the linearized network is defined and conditions for stability is discovered. With white noise as input the stable network produces rhythmic activity whose spectral properties are investigated for various input levels. With a mean input of a certain level the network becomes unstable and the characteristics of these limit cycles are investigated in terms of occurence and amplitude. An electronic model has been built to study more closely the waveforms under both stable and unstable conditions. It is shown to produce signals that resemble EEG background activity and certain types of paroxysmal activity, in particular spikes.", "PMID": 728488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11685", "title": "Pattern separability and the effect of the number of connections in a random neural net with inhibitory connections.", "content": "It has been claimed that pattern separation in cerebellar cortex plays an important role in controlling movements and balance for vertebrates. A number of the neural models for cerebellar cortex have been proposed and their pattern separability has been analyzed. These results, however, only explain a part of pattern separability in random neural nets. The present paper is intended to study an extended theory of pattern separability in a new model with inhibitory connections. In addition to this, the effect of the number of connections on pattern separability is cleared up. It is also shown that the signal from the inhibitory connections has crucial importance for pattern separability.", "contents": "Pattern separability and the effect of the number of connections in a random neural net with inhibitory connections. It has been claimed that pattern separation in cerebellar cortex plays an important role in controlling movements and balance for vertebrates. A number of the neural models for cerebellar cortex have been proposed and their pattern separability has been analyzed. These results, however, only explain a part of pattern separability in random neural nets. The present paper is intended to study an extended theory of pattern separability in a new model with inhibitory connections. In addition to this, the effect of the number of connections on pattern separability is cleared up. It is also shown that the signal from the inhibitory connections has crucial importance for pattern separability.", "PMID": 728489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11686", "title": "Properties of length-selective and non-length-selective adaptation mechanisms in human vision.", "content": "The contrast threshold elevation effect has been measured for one dimensional (grating) and for two dimensional (spot) stimulus patterns. It has been shown previously (Burton and Ruddock, 1978) that such stimuli elicit, respectively, non-length-selective and length-selective adaptation effects. It is established that, unlike the frequency shift effect, the contrast threshold elevation effect is sensitive to the width of the light but not to that of the dark elements of the stimulus patterns. Adaptation to spot patterns elicits a significant threshold elevation for detection of both spot and grating test stimuli, but only under monoptic viewing conditions. The experimental findings are summarized in a block-diagram and it is shown that adaptation to grating patterns is successfully described by the spatial frequency response data given by Maudarbocus and Ruddock (1973).", "contents": "Properties of length-selective and non-length-selective adaptation mechanisms in human vision. The contrast threshold elevation effect has been measured for one dimensional (grating) and for two dimensional (spot) stimulus patterns. It has been shown previously (Burton and Ruddock, 1978) that such stimuli elicit, respectively, non-length-selective and length-selective adaptation effects. It is established that, unlike the frequency shift effect, the contrast threshold elevation effect is sensitive to the width of the light but not to that of the dark elements of the stimulus patterns. Adaptation to spot patterns elicits a significant threshold elevation for detection of both spot and grating test stimuli, but only under monoptic viewing conditions. The experimental findings are summarized in a block-diagram and it is shown that adaptation to grating patterns is successfully described by the spatial frequency response data given by Maudarbocus and Ruddock (1973).", "PMID": 728490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11687", "title": "Silent endocrine tumors. A steady-state analysis of the effects of changes in cell number for biological feedback systems.", "content": "Some tumors of hormonal organs are clinically active, while others are not. The \"silent\" tumors may be discovered by accident or because of effects due to their increase in size. From a simple steady state analysis of hormonal feedback systems follows that hormonal cell multiplication does not significantly influence the systems steady state behaviour (hence the clinical silence).--Exceptions to this rule occur in three situations: when the gain of the system is low; when the growth concerns cells with isolated sensor or reference functions; or because of the growth of autonomous cells. In many biological systems the dangerous situation of clamping to low levels upon sensor cell multiplication has been prevented by lumping, such as the combination of sensor and comparator functions into sensor-comparator cells.", "contents": "Silent endocrine tumors. A steady-state analysis of the effects of changes in cell number for biological feedback systems. Some tumors of hormonal organs are clinically active, while others are not. The \"silent\" tumors may be discovered by accident or because of effects due to their increase in size. From a simple steady state analysis of hormonal feedback systems follows that hormonal cell multiplication does not significantly influence the systems steady state behaviour (hence the clinical silence).--Exceptions to this rule occur in three situations: when the gain of the system is low; when the growth concerns cells with isolated sensor or reference functions; or because of the growth of autonomous cells. In many biological systems the dangerous situation of clamping to low levels upon sensor cell multiplication has been prevented by lumping, such as the combination of sensor and comparator functions into sensor-comparator cells.", "PMID": 728491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11688", "title": "Computer simulated discharges of thalamic ventrobasal neurones during sleep and wakefulness.", "content": "A theoretical model is described which in response to combinations of poissonian pulse trains with different mean frequencies on three independent incoming lines, generated output signals simulating spontaneous discharges of thalamic ventrobasal (VB) neurones during sleep and wakefulness. Some dynamic neuronal properties as refractoriness, facilitation, short term memory were simulated and characteristics of response to single pulses on different lines properly selected to reproduce those exhibited by VB neurones upon artificial stimulation of thalamic afferent systems. The data obtained from the model are briefly discussed in relation to possible contributions of specific and nonspecific afferent systems in producing spontaneous VB discharges characteristic of different levels of vigilance.", "contents": "Computer simulated discharges of thalamic ventrobasal neurones during sleep and wakefulness. A theoretical model is described which in response to combinations of poissonian pulse trains with different mean frequencies on three independent incoming lines, generated output signals simulating spontaneous discharges of thalamic ventrobasal (VB) neurones during sleep and wakefulness. Some dynamic neuronal properties as refractoriness, facilitation, short term memory were simulated and characteristics of response to single pulses on different lines properly selected to reproduce those exhibited by VB neurones upon artificial stimulation of thalamic afferent systems. The data obtained from the model are briefly discussed in relation to possible contributions of specific and nonspecific afferent systems in producing spontaneous VB discharges characteristic of different levels of vigilance.", "PMID": 728492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11689", "title": "Visual discrimination of textures with identical third-order statistics.", "content": "We found a new class of two-dimensional random textures with identical third-order statistics that can be effortlessly discriminated. Discrimination is based on local \"granularity\" differences between these iso-trigon texture pairs. This is the more surprising since it is commonly assumed that texture granularity (grain) is determined by the power spectrum which, in turn, can be obtained from the second-order statistics. Because textures with identical third-order statistics must have identical second-order statistics (i.e., identical power spectra), visible texture granularity is not controlled by power spectra, and not even by third-order statistics.", "contents": "Visual discrimination of textures with identical third-order statistics. We found a new class of two-dimensional random textures with identical third-order statistics that can be effortlessly discriminated. Discrimination is based on local \"granularity\" differences between these iso-trigon texture pairs. This is the more surprising since it is commonly assumed that texture granularity (grain) is determined by the power spectrum which, in turn, can be obtained from the second-order statistics. Because textures with identical third-order statistics must have identical second-order statistics (i.e., identical power spectra), visible texture granularity is not controlled by power spectra, and not even by third-order statistics.", "PMID": 728493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11690", "title": "A note on the estimation of evoked response.", "content": "The traditional average evoked response is compared and contrasted with several alternate estimates, derived from frequency domain considerations, for a model of evoked responses superimposed upon a stationary noise series. Further, a means of constructing approximate confidence intervals for the values of an evoked response is indicated. The case of several simultaneously recorded series is also considered.", "contents": "A note on the estimation of evoked response. The traditional average evoked response is compared and contrasted with several alternate estimates, derived from frequency domain considerations, for a model of evoked responses superimposed upon a stationary noise series. Further, a means of constructing approximate confidence intervals for the values of an evoked response is indicated. The case of several simultaneously recorded series is also considered.", "PMID": 728494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11691", "title": "Fixation-sensitive areas in the eyes of the walking fly, Calliphora erythrocephala.", "content": "In Calliphora erythrocephala the visual fixation behaviour in one-eyed flies and partial blinded flies has been investigated. One-eyed flies show approximately the same stripe and edge fixation response as intact flies. Elimination of the frontal eye parts including the binocular field of vision does not effect the visual stripe fixation. On the other hand, if only the frontal areas of both eyes including the binocular field of vision are left open, no preferential direction can be observed (Fig. 1--3). The results imply the existence of a fixation-sensitive area of the eye located outside the binocular field of vision.", "contents": "Fixation-sensitive areas in the eyes of the walking fly, Calliphora erythrocephala. In Calliphora erythrocephala the visual fixation behaviour in one-eyed flies and partial blinded flies has been investigated. One-eyed flies show approximately the same stripe and edge fixation response as intact flies. Elimination of the frontal eye parts including the binocular field of vision does not effect the visual stripe fixation. On the other hand, if only the frontal areas of both eyes including the binocular field of vision are left open, no preferential direction can be observed (Fig. 1--3). The results imply the existence of a fixation-sensitive area of the eye located outside the binocular field of vision.", "PMID": 728495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11692", "title": "On the correlation model: performance of a movement detecting neural element in the fly visual system.", "content": "The applicability of the basic principles of the correlation model to the description of the activity of a movement detecting neuron in the third optic ganglion of the fly's visual system has been investigated. This wide field neuron is supposed to sum the outputs of a large number of correlators (i.e. multiplying units followed by time averagers) that are distributed over almost the entire eye. The model describes and predicts the experimental results in a satisfactory way if a uniformly distributed system or correlators is assumed. The sampling base of the correlators in this system equals the interommatidial angles deltaphi. The half width of the spatial sensitivity distribution of the visual inputs of the correlators, deltarho, is equal to the half width of the retinula cells of the 1--6 system.", "contents": "On the correlation model: performance of a movement detecting neural element in the fly visual system. The applicability of the basic principles of the correlation model to the description of the activity of a movement detecting neuron in the third optic ganglion of the fly's visual system has been investigated. This wide field neuron is supposed to sum the outputs of a large number of correlators (i.e. multiplying units followed by time averagers) that are distributed over almost the entire eye. The model describes and predicts the experimental results in a satisfactory way if a uniformly distributed system or correlators is assumed. The sampling base of the correlators in this system equals the interommatidial angles deltaphi. The half width of the spatial sensitivity distribution of the visual inputs of the correlators, deltarho, is equal to the half width of the retinula cells of the 1--6 system.", "PMID": 728496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11693", "title": "The angular orientation of the movement detectors acting on the flight lift response in flies.", "content": "The lift response of houseflies Musca domestica in fixed flight to periodic gratings movins in 12 different orientations has been measured. Two projectors were arranged symmetrically to the flies stimulating successively 18 circular patches of 50 degrees (25 degrees) diameter (9 for each eye) in their visual field. The shapes of the lift responses measured as a function of the orientation of the moving grating varied when different patches in the visual field were stimulated. A qualitative comparison of these response curves leads to the conclusion that the orientation of the movement detecting substrate acting on the flight lift response varies as a function of the stimulated area in the visual field. A straightforward correlation between the geometry of the ommatidial pattern and the orientation of the movement detecting substrate valid for all stimulated areas of the compound eyes does not seem very likely.", "contents": "The angular orientation of the movement detectors acting on the flight lift response in flies. The lift response of houseflies Musca domestica in fixed flight to periodic gratings movins in 12 different orientations has been measured. Two projectors were arranged symmetrically to the flies stimulating successively 18 circular patches of 50 degrees (25 degrees) diameter (9 for each eye) in their visual field. The shapes of the lift responses measured as a function of the orientation of the moving grating varied when different patches in the visual field were stimulated. A qualitative comparison of these response curves leads to the conclusion that the orientation of the movement detecting substrate acting on the flight lift response varies as a function of the stimulated area in the visual field. A straightforward correlation between the geometry of the ommatidial pattern and the orientation of the movement detecting substrate valid for all stimulated areas of the compound eyes does not seem very likely.", "PMID": 728497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11694", "title": "Analysis of neuronal networks in the visual system of the cat using statistical signals--simple and complex cells. Part II.", "content": "Superimposing additively a two-dimensional noise process to deterministic input signals (bars) the neurons of area 17 show a class-specific reaction for the task of signal extraction. Moving both parts of the signals simultaneously and varying the signal to noise ratio (S/N) the simple cells achieve the same performance as resulted from the psychophysical experiment. Type I complex cells extract moving deterministic signals (i.e. bars) from the stationary noise, whereas in the answers of Type II complex cells the statistical parts of the signals predominate. Considering the different cell types each as a series of a linear and a nonlinear system one obtains the cell specific space-time frequency and the amplitude characteristics.", "contents": "Analysis of neuronal networks in the visual system of the cat using statistical signals--simple and complex cells. Part II. Superimposing additively a two-dimensional noise process to deterministic input signals (bars) the neurons of area 17 show a class-specific reaction for the task of signal extraction. Moving both parts of the signals simultaneously and varying the signal to noise ratio (S/N) the simple cells achieve the same performance as resulted from the psychophysical experiment. Type I complex cells extract moving deterministic signals (i.e. bars) from the stationary noise, whereas in the answers of Type II complex cells the statistical parts of the signals predominate. Considering the different cell types each as a series of a linear and a nonlinear system one obtains the cell specific space-time frequency and the amplitude characteristics.", "PMID": 728498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11695", "title": "Cerebellar stimulation: effects on septal region, hippocampus, and amygdala of cats and rats.", "content": "The influence of the cerebellum on activity of the septal region, hippocampus, and amygdala of cats and rats was determined by obtaining unit recordings from those supratentorial sites with cerebellar stimulation. With stimulation of the postral vermis, fastigial nucleus, and intervening midline folia of the cerebellum, units in the septal region were facilitated, whereas those in the hippocampus were inhibited. Mixed results were obtained in the amygdala, some units being facilitated and others inhibited. Stimulation over the lateral cerebellar hemispheres and dentate nucleus, on the other hand, yielded no changes in activity, and stimulation of the posterior vermis produced inconsistent septal facilitation and no hippocampal response. With stimulation of the rostral cerebellar vermis and fastigial nucleus, evoked potentials at the supratentorial sites were of very short delay times, indicating direct pathways from the cerebellum to the septal region, hippocampus, and amygdala. When the dentate and fastigial nuclei were lesioned in cats, the firing rate of cells at supratentorial sites was not affected and cerebellar vermis stimulation did not significantly alter delay times of evoked responses, providing further evidence of a direct influence of the cerebellar vermis on the supratentorial sites. Relating these findings to previous patient and animal data provides a rationale for use of specific types of cerebellar simulation in the treatment of intractable behavioral disorders and epilepsy.", "contents": "Cerebellar stimulation: effects on septal region, hippocampus, and amygdala of cats and rats. The influence of the cerebellum on activity of the septal region, hippocampus, and amygdala of cats and rats was determined by obtaining unit recordings from those supratentorial sites with cerebellar stimulation. With stimulation of the postral vermis, fastigial nucleus, and intervening midline folia of the cerebellum, units in the septal region were facilitated, whereas those in the hippocampus were inhibited. Mixed results were obtained in the amygdala, some units being facilitated and others inhibited. Stimulation over the lateral cerebellar hemispheres and dentate nucleus, on the other hand, yielded no changes in activity, and stimulation of the posterior vermis produced inconsistent septal facilitation and no hippocampal response. With stimulation of the rostral cerebellar vermis and fastigial nucleus, evoked potentials at the supratentorial sites were of very short delay times, indicating direct pathways from the cerebellum to the septal region, hippocampus, and amygdala. When the dentate and fastigial nuclei were lesioned in cats, the firing rate of cells at supratentorial sites was not affected and cerebellar vermis stimulation did not significantly alter delay times of evoked responses, providing further evidence of a direct influence of the cerebellar vermis on the supratentorial sites. Relating these findings to previous patient and animal data provides a rationale for use of specific types of cerebellar simulation in the treatment of intractable behavioral disorders and epilepsy.", "PMID": 728506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11696", "title": "Relationship between neuropsychological performance and alcohol consumption in alcoholics.", "content": "Cognitive performance in drug-free alcoholic patients (n = 95) within 7 days of their last drink was significantly predicted by chronic and recent drinking practices. Conceptually distinct cognitive functions were differentially influenced by various combinations of drinking variables. Consideration of curvilinear relationships enhanced the amount of variance explained, and it is suggested that certain patterns of consumption may accelerate the alcohol-induced decline of brain function.", "contents": "Relationship between neuropsychological performance and alcohol consumption in alcoholics. Cognitive performance in drug-free alcoholic patients (n = 95) within 7 days of their last drink was significantly predicted by chronic and recent drinking practices. Conceptually distinct cognitive functions were differentially influenced by various combinations of drinking variables. Consideration of curvilinear relationships enhanced the amount of variance explained, and it is suggested that certain patterns of consumption may accelerate the alcohol-induced decline of brain function.", "PMID": 728507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11697", "title": "Circadian variation in the time of \"switch\" of a patient with 48-hour manic-depressive cycles.", "content": "A 43-year-old patient with regularly occurring 48-hr manic depressive cycles was studied intensively for about 2 years. While she was hospitalized, she was rated for manic behavior on a 15-point scale every 2 hr. Using predefined criteria, we have systematically analyzed 173 switches into mania and 171 switches out of mania with respect to their time of occurrence during the 24-hr day and the influence of time of switch on the intensity and duration of mania. A significantly higher number of switches into mania occurred at night (12 midnight to 8 AM) with peak incidence between 4 AM and 6 AM. Switches out of mania peaked between 10 PM and 12 midnight and also between 6 AM and 8 AM. Night switches into mania were also associated with a significantly higher peak mania rating than morning (8 AM to 4 PM) switches and higher rate of mania increment than morning and evening (4 PM to 12 midnight) switches. This indicates that time of day or circadian factors may determine the frequency and intensity of the manic process in this patient.", "contents": "Circadian variation in the time of \"switch\" of a patient with 48-hour manic-depressive cycles. A 43-year-old patient with regularly occurring 48-hr manic depressive cycles was studied intensively for about 2 years. While she was hospitalized, she was rated for manic behavior on a 15-point scale every 2 hr. Using predefined criteria, we have systematically analyzed 173 switches into mania and 171 switches out of mania with respect to their time of occurrence during the 24-hr day and the influence of time of switch on the intensity and duration of mania. A significantly higher number of switches into mania occurred at night (12 midnight to 8 AM) with peak incidence between 4 AM and 6 AM. Switches out of mania peaked between 10 PM and 12 midnight and also between 6 AM and 8 AM. Night switches into mania were also associated with a significantly higher peak mania rating than morning (8 AM to 4 PM) switches and higher rate of mania increment than morning and evening (4 PM to 12 midnight) switches. This indicates that time of day or circadian factors may determine the frequency and intensity of the manic process in this patient.", "PMID": 728508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11698", "title": "Amino compounds and organic acids in CSF, plasma, and urine of autistic children.", "content": "Amino compounds were measured with an amino acid analyzer in the fasting plasma of 34 patients with childhood psychoses (28 having infantile autism) and 40 control children, and in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 19 of the psychotic children and 23 control children. Organic acids were determined by gas chromatography in urine, plasma, and CSF of the psychotic patients. The mean concentration of ethanolamine in CSF was significantly higher in psychotic children than in control subjects. A subgroup of autistic children may possibly have a brain disorder involving ethanolamine metabolism. None of the known inherited diseases of organic acid metabolism was found in any of the psychotic children, but future studies utilizing sophisticated gas chromatography--mass spectrometry--computer techniques might disclose abnormal organic acid content in the CSF of such patients.", "contents": "Amino compounds and organic acids in CSF, plasma, and urine of autistic children. Amino compounds were measured with an amino acid analyzer in the fasting plasma of 34 patients with childhood psychoses (28 having infantile autism) and 40 control children, and in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 19 of the psychotic children and 23 control children. Organic acids were determined by gas chromatography in urine, plasma, and CSF of the psychotic patients. The mean concentration of ethanolamine in CSF was significantly higher in psychotic children than in control subjects. A subgroup of autistic children may possibly have a brain disorder involving ethanolamine metabolism. None of the known inherited diseases of organic acid metabolism was found in any of the psychotic children, but future studies utilizing sophisticated gas chromatography--mass spectrometry--computer techniques might disclose abnormal organic acid content in the CSF of such patients.", "PMID": 728509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11699", "title": "The effect of distraction on acute schizophrenics' visual tracking.", "content": "To examine the nature of impaired smooth pursuit eye movement (SPEM) in schizophrenia, 16 hospitalized schizophrenics in the acute phase and 16 hospitalized nonpsychotic patients were studied. The experiment consisted of five 30-sec visual tracking phases: (i) base line (no distraction); (ii) auditory-visual distraction; (iii) middle base line; (iv) dichotic listening; and (v) final base line. Schizophrenics were characterized by significantly more velocity arrests throughout all phases of the experiment. Auditory-visual distraction did not impair either group's SPEM relative to base line performance. In contrast, dichotic listening significantly increased both groups' velocity arrests. This form of distraction also tended to produce greater impairment among schizophrenics. The failure of apparently intense auditory-visual distraction to significantly disrupt schizophrenics' SPEM suggests that inattentiveness alone does not account for schizophrenics' tracking impairment. This notion is supported by the finding that only the more intense distraction by dichotic listening produced a (trend toward) greater impairment in schizophrenics.", "contents": "The effect of distraction on acute schizophrenics' visual tracking. To examine the nature of impaired smooth pursuit eye movement (SPEM) in schizophrenia, 16 hospitalized schizophrenics in the acute phase and 16 hospitalized nonpsychotic patients were studied. The experiment consisted of five 30-sec visual tracking phases: (i) base line (no distraction); (ii) auditory-visual distraction; (iii) middle base line; (iv) dichotic listening; and (v) final base line. Schizophrenics were characterized by significantly more velocity arrests throughout all phases of the experiment. Auditory-visual distraction did not impair either group's SPEM relative to base line performance. In contrast, dichotic listening significantly increased both groups' velocity arrests. This form of distraction also tended to produce greater impairment among schizophrenics. The failure of apparently intense auditory-visual distraction to significantly disrupt schizophrenics' SPEM suggests that inattentiveness alone does not account for schizophrenics' tracking impairment. This notion is supported by the finding that only the more intense distraction by dichotic listening produced a (trend toward) greater impairment in schizophrenics.", "PMID": 728510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11700", "title": "Body fluid lithium measurements: severity of illness and prediction of outcome.", "content": "The authors measured lithium ion in saliva and serum 24 hr after a loading dose of lithium, and recorded the amount of lithium excreted in the urine during the 24-hr test period. Their results support previous work indicating a correlation between serum and mixed saliva lithium levels. On a subsample of manic patients, no correlation could be found between lithium retention and clinical outcome, age of onset, or pretreatment severity of illness. In addition, they were unable to confirm a prior report that the 24-hr postloading dose serum lithium level was a predictor of eventual therapeutic dosage.", "contents": "Body fluid lithium measurements: severity of illness and prediction of outcome. The authors measured lithium ion in saliva and serum 24 hr after a loading dose of lithium, and recorded the amount of lithium excreted in the urine during the 24-hr test period. Their results support previous work indicating a correlation between serum and mixed saliva lithium levels. On a subsample of manic patients, no correlation could be found between lithium retention and clinical outcome, age of onset, or pretreatment severity of illness. In addition, they were unable to confirm a prior report that the 24-hr postloading dose serum lithium level was a predictor of eventual therapeutic dosage.", "PMID": 728511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11701", "title": "Endothelial lesions associated with vascular clamping--surface micropathology by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "The endothelial cell pavement in normal blood vessels is very fragile. In cardiovascular surgery, the need for secure clamping of the aorta results in trauma which may be followed by thrombosis or occlusion. Various types of vascular clamps and other related devices offered commercially were clinically investigated in canine models and their effects on the vascular endothelium were ascertained with the aid of scanning electron microscopy. On the basis of these studies, the Fogarty silicone filled clamp appeared to be the least traumatic. However, further technical developments in this area are needed in order to obtain a completely atraumatic method of temporarily closing major blood vessels.", "contents": "Endothelial lesions associated with vascular clamping--surface micropathology by scanning electron microscopy. The endothelial cell pavement in normal blood vessels is very fragile. In cardiovascular surgery, the need for secure clamping of the aorta results in trauma which may be followed by thrombosis or occlusion. Various types of vascular clamps and other related devices offered commercially were clinically investigated in canine models and their effects on the vascular endothelium were ascertained with the aid of scanning electron microscopy. On the basis of these studies, the Fogarty silicone filled clamp appeared to be the least traumatic. However, further technical developments in this area are needed in order to obtain a completely atraumatic method of temporarily closing major blood vessels.", "PMID": 728513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11702", "title": "Comparative studies of hemoperfusion devices. I. In vitro clearance characteristics.", "content": "Drug adsorption studies were carried out using three charcoal-based and one resin-based hemoperfusion devices. They were the Sandev Hemocol unit, the Gambro Adsorba 300C unit unit, the Becton-Dickinson Hemodetoxifier, and the Extracorporeal Medical Specialties XR-010 Hemoperfusion column, respectively. Clearance versus time tests of up to six hours duration were performed using solutions of sodium salicylate, sodium barbital, and creatinine in a pH 7.4 buffer which were pumped through the columns at flow rates of either 100 or 200 ml/minute. Short term clearance tests were performed at various other flow rates to determine overall mass transfer resistances for the devices. Further analysis yielded values for the individual fluid-phase and solid-phase resistances. Studies were also done using sodium salicylate in bovine blood. The results provide information on typical adsorption capacities and drug removal rates for the four devices, and indicate the relative extents to which the solid and fluid phases control the drug uptake rates.", "contents": "Comparative studies of hemoperfusion devices. I. In vitro clearance characteristics. Drug adsorption studies were carried out using three charcoal-based and one resin-based hemoperfusion devices. They were the Sandev Hemocol unit, the Gambro Adsorba 300C unit unit, the Becton-Dickinson Hemodetoxifier, and the Extracorporeal Medical Specialties XR-010 Hemoperfusion column, respectively. Clearance versus time tests of up to six hours duration were performed using solutions of sodium salicylate, sodium barbital, and creatinine in a pH 7.4 buffer which were pumped through the columns at flow rates of either 100 or 200 ml/minute. Short term clearance tests were performed at various other flow rates to determine overall mass transfer resistances for the devices. Further analysis yielded values for the individual fluid-phase and solid-phase resistances. Studies were also done using sodium salicylate in bovine blood. The results provide information on typical adsorption capacities and drug removal rates for the four devices, and indicate the relative extents to which the solid and fluid phases control the drug uptake rates.", "PMID": 728514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11703", "title": "Correlation of infrared spectroscopy with platelet morphology in blood compatibility studies of polydimethylsiloxane membranes.", "content": "Oxygenator membranes, polydimethylsiloxane elastomer, exposed to flowing heparinized canine blood in a perfusion system have been studied with respect to the platelet activation and the morphology of the membranes. Utilizing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy couple with attenuated total reflection technique (ATR) and laser Raman spectroscopy, no obvious differences in morphology and composition of the membranes have been detected while electron microscopic study shows difference in platelet aggregation.", "contents": "Correlation of infrared spectroscopy with platelet morphology in blood compatibility studies of polydimethylsiloxane membranes. Oxygenator membranes, polydimethylsiloxane elastomer, exposed to flowing heparinized canine blood in a perfusion system have been studied with respect to the platelet activation and the morphology of the membranes. Utilizing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy couple with attenuated total reflection technique (ATR) and laser Raman spectroscopy, no obvious differences in morphology and composition of the membranes have been detected while electron microscopic study shows difference in platelet aggregation.", "PMID": 728515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11704", "title": "Aortic valve mechanics. Part II: a stress analysis of the porcine aortic valve leaflets in diastole.", "content": "The stress analysis of the porcine aortic valve leaflets in diastole at 80 mm Hg pressure in-vitro is presented. Incorporation of local geometrical asymmetry, material inhomogeneity, anistropy and non-linearity are applied. The stress theory used is a modified form of the thin membrane stress theory for a homogeneous linearly elastic and orthotropic lamina. Modifications are made so that the Hooke's law constitutive equations of stress may be applied to the inhomogeneous, non-lineary elastic and orthotropic thin (membrane) aortic valve leaflets. Stress calculations are made on the premise that the valve is in pre-transition (i.e. low elastic modulus) in the circumferential direction and post-transition (i.e. high elastic modulus) in the radial direction. It is shown that sigmaCIR less than 1 gm/mm2, and for most of the noncoronary leaflet, 0 less than sigmaRAD less than 30 gm/mm2. The areas of highest stress concentrations are in the areas of mutual leaflet coaptation near the Node of Arantii. A progressive increase of radial stresses from the sinus-annulus edge toward the node is observed.", "contents": "Aortic valve mechanics. Part II: a stress analysis of the porcine aortic valve leaflets in diastole. The stress analysis of the porcine aortic valve leaflets in diastole at 80 mm Hg pressure in-vitro is presented. Incorporation of local geometrical asymmetry, material inhomogeneity, anistropy and non-linearity are applied. The stress theory used is a modified form of the thin membrane stress theory for a homogeneous linearly elastic and orthotropic lamina. Modifications are made so that the Hooke's law constitutive equations of stress may be applied to the inhomogeneous, non-lineary elastic and orthotropic thin (membrane) aortic valve leaflets. Stress calculations are made on the premise that the valve is in pre-transition (i.e. low elastic modulus) in the circumferential direction and post-transition (i.e. high elastic modulus) in the radial direction. It is shown that sigmaCIR less than 1 gm/mm2, and for most of the noncoronary leaflet, 0 less than sigmaRAD less than 30 gm/mm2. The areas of highest stress concentrations are in the areas of mutual leaflet coaptation near the Node of Arantii. A progressive increase of radial stresses from the sinus-annulus edge toward the node is observed.", "PMID": 728516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11705", "title": "Forty-one variables following thoracotomy in calves.", "content": "Seven calves underwent thoracotomy to study the response of 41 physiologic variables over a 14 day post-operative period for comparison to a recent series of left ventricular bypass pump implants. The experimental protocols were identical to the pump implant protocols except that the sham operated animals did not receive antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs and the pumps were not implanted. Of the 41 variables studied, 13 changed significantly during the post-operative period. Heart rate, hematocrit, whole blood hemoglobin, and fibrinogen concentration decreased, while fibrinogen survival, stroke volume, cardiac output, arterial blood pH, pCO2 and pO2, plasma sodium concentration, and urinary excretion rates of sodium and potassium increased from the first or second to the fourteenth post-operative day. Heart rate and hematocrit also decreased in the recent series of 18 animals in which left ventricular bypass pumps were implanted. The decrease in heart rate is toward the unoperated control value as the calves recover from the operative stress. The decrease in hematocrit is probably the result of daily removal of blood for the physiologic studies because there was no evidence of hemorrhage or red blood cell destruction.", "contents": "Forty-one variables following thoracotomy in calves. Seven calves underwent thoracotomy to study the response of 41 physiologic variables over a 14 day post-operative period for comparison to a recent series of left ventricular bypass pump implants. The experimental protocols were identical to the pump implant protocols except that the sham operated animals did not receive antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs and the pumps were not implanted. Of the 41 variables studied, 13 changed significantly during the post-operative period. Heart rate, hematocrit, whole blood hemoglobin, and fibrinogen concentration decreased, while fibrinogen survival, stroke volume, cardiac output, arterial blood pH, pCO2 and pO2, plasma sodium concentration, and urinary excretion rates of sodium and potassium increased from the first or second to the fourteenth post-operative day. Heart rate and hematocrit also decreased in the recent series of 18 animals in which left ventricular bypass pumps were implanted. The decrease in heart rate is toward the unoperated control value as the calves recover from the operative stress. The decrease in hematocrit is probably the result of daily removal of blood for the physiologic studies because there was no evidence of hemorrhage or red blood cell destruction.", "PMID": 728517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11706", "title": "Effects of yohimbine on squid axons.", "content": "Yohimbine, an indolealkylamine alkaloid, reduces the amplitude of the sodium current in the squid giant axon. For doses that reduce sodium current amplitude by up to 50%, there is no significant change in the kinetics or in any of the voltage-dependent parameters associated with sodium channels. The effective equilibrium constant for yohimbine binding to the sodium channel is  3 x 10(-4) M. Repetitive depolarizing pulses increase the inhibition of squid axon sodium current by yohimbine. This use-dependent inhibition is enhanced by increasing the concentration of yohimbine, by increasing the frequency of pulsing, and by increasing the magnitude or the duration of depolarization. It is reduced by hyperpolarizing prepulses. This behavior can be explained by a model wherein yohimbine binds more readily to open sodium channels than to closed sodium channels and wherein the Hodgkin-Huxley kinetic parameters are modified by the binding of the drug. This type of model may also explain the tonic and use-dependent inhibition previously described by others for local anesthetics.", "contents": "Effects of yohimbine on squid axons. Yohimbine, an indolealkylamine alkaloid, reduces the amplitude of the sodium current in the squid giant axon. For doses that reduce sodium current amplitude by up to 50%, there is no significant change in the kinetics or in any of the voltage-dependent parameters associated with sodium channels. The effective equilibrium constant for yohimbine binding to the sodium channel is  3 x 10(-4) M. Repetitive depolarizing pulses increase the inhibition of squid axon sodium current by yohimbine. This use-dependent inhibition is enhanced by increasing the concentration of yohimbine, by increasing the frequency of pulsing, and by increasing the magnitude or the duration of depolarization. It is reduced by hyperpolarizing prepulses. This behavior can be explained by a model wherein yohimbine binds more readily to open sodium channels than to closed sodium channels and wherein the Hodgkin-Huxley kinetic parameters are modified by the binding of the drug. This type of model may also explain the tonic and use-dependent inhibition previously described by others for local anesthetics.", "PMID": 728522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11707", "title": "Investigation by focused laser beam scanning of the photoelectric activity of bacteriorhodopsin-containing lipid bilayers.", "content": "The photoelectric activity of different parts of lipid bilayer containing bacteriorhodopsin was investigated by moving a small actinic light spot across the Plateau-Gibbs border and the bimolecular part of this reconstituted model membrane. The results give direct evidence that bacteriorhodopsin incorporated into the bimolecular region of the lipid membrane is responsible for the photoelectric activity of this system. A technique for scanning the photoelectric activity of a modified bimolecular lipid membrane is described in detail.", "contents": "Investigation by focused laser beam scanning of the photoelectric activity of bacteriorhodopsin-containing lipid bilayers. The photoelectric activity of different parts of lipid bilayer containing bacteriorhodopsin was investigated by moving a small actinic light spot across the Plateau-Gibbs border and the bimolecular part of this reconstituted model membrane. The results give direct evidence that bacteriorhodopsin incorporated into the bimolecular region of the lipid membrane is responsible for the photoelectric activity of this system. A technique for scanning the photoelectric activity of a modified bimolecular lipid membrane is described in detail.", "PMID": 728523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11708", "title": "Theoretical and experimental studies on viscoelastic properties of erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "The deformation of a portion of erythrocyte during aspirational entry into a micropipette has been analyzed on the basis of a constant area deformation of an infinite plane membrane into a cylindrical tube. Consideration of the equilibrium of the membrane at the tip of the pipette has generated the relation between the aspirated length and the dimensionless time during deformational entry as well as during relaxation after the removal of aspiration pressure. Experimental studies on deformation and relaxation of normal human erythrocytes were performed with the use of micropipettes and a video dimension analyzer which allowed the continuous recording of the time-courses. The deformation consisted of an initial rapid phase with a membrane viscosity (range 0.6 x 10(-4) to 4 x 10(-4) dyn.s/cm) varying inversely with the degree of deformation and a later slow phase with a high membrane viscosity (mean 2.06 x 10(-2) dyn.s/cm) which was not correlated with the degree of deformation. The membrane viscosity of the recovery phase after 20 s of deformation (mean 5.44 x 10(-4) dyn.s/cm) was also independent of the degree of deformation. When determined after a short period of deformation (e.g., 2 s), however, membrane viscosity of the recovery phase became lower and agreed with that of the deformation phase. These results suggest that the rheological properties of the membrane can undergo dynamic changes depending on the extent and duration of deformation, reflecting molecular rearrangement in response to membrane strain.", "contents": "Theoretical and experimental studies on viscoelastic properties of erythrocyte membrane. The deformation of a portion of erythrocyte during aspirational entry into a micropipette has been analyzed on the basis of a constant area deformation of an infinite plane membrane into a cylindrical tube. Consideration of the equilibrium of the membrane at the tip of the pipette has generated the relation between the aspirated length and the dimensionless time during deformational entry as well as during relaxation after the removal of aspiration pressure. Experimental studies on deformation and relaxation of normal human erythrocytes were performed with the use of micropipettes and a video dimension analyzer which allowed the continuous recording of the time-courses. The deformation consisted of an initial rapid phase with a membrane viscosity (range 0.6 x 10(-4) to 4 x 10(-4) dyn.s/cm) varying inversely with the degree of deformation and a later slow phase with a high membrane viscosity (mean 2.06 x 10(-2) dyn.s/cm) which was not correlated with the degree of deformation. The membrane viscosity of the recovery phase after 20 s of deformation (mean 5.44 x 10(-4) dyn.s/cm) was also independent of the degree of deformation. When determined after a short period of deformation (e.g., 2 s), however, membrane viscosity of the recovery phase became lower and agreed with that of the deformation phase. These results suggest that the rheological properties of the membrane can undergo dynamic changes depending on the extent and duration of deformation, reflecting molecular rearrangement in response to membrane strain.", "PMID": 728524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11709", "title": "Shear breakage of DNA.", "content": "Determinations were made of the mean length of fragments produced after shearing long (greater than 100 kb) native Hela DNA in a VirTis homogenizer. (VirTis Co., Inc., Gardiner, N.Y.). The mean length (L) is a function of the speed of rotation of the homogenizer blades (omega), time of shearing (t), water concentration ([H2O]), solvent viscosity (eta), temperature (T), and energy of activation (E*), but not a function of the initial length so long as the starting molecules sustain an average of three or more breaks. The relationship of the parameters is expressed by the equation L = (b/omegat1/2eta1/2[H2O])eE*/2kBT, where kB is the Boltzmann constant and b is a constant of proportionality. The breakage rate constant k was determined to have the relationship k = (omega2L2eta[H2O]2/2b2)e-E*/kBT. These equations are valid throughout large ranges of the parameters, and a simple method is described which chooses a final mean length between at least 0.15 and 36 kb by choosing the appropriate shearing conditions and initial fragment length. The heterogeneity of shearing conditions within the shearing vessel permits use of the equations at all breakage rates tested. Based on the work of others using more homogeneous shearing conditions and initial fragment lengths, more complicated forms of the equations are necessary at low breakage rates but not at high ones. A proposed model of the breakage mechanism suggests that molecules with stress-induced localized denaturations break at a rate different from that for native DNA.", "contents": "Shear breakage of DNA. Determinations were made of the mean length of fragments produced after shearing long (greater than 100 kb) native Hela DNA in a VirTis homogenizer. (VirTis Co., Inc., Gardiner, N.Y.). The mean length (L) is a function of the speed of rotation of the homogenizer blades (omega), time of shearing (t), water concentration ([H2O]), solvent viscosity (eta), temperature (T), and energy of activation (E*), but not a function of the initial length so long as the starting molecules sustain an average of three or more breaks. The relationship of the parameters is expressed by the equation L = (b/omegat1/2eta1/2[H2O])eE*/2kBT, where kB is the Boltzmann constant and b is a constant of proportionality. The breakage rate constant k was determined to have the relationship k = (omega2L2eta[H2O]2/2b2)e-E*/kBT. These equations are valid throughout large ranges of the parameters, and a simple method is described which chooses a final mean length between at least 0.15 and 36 kb by choosing the appropriate shearing conditions and initial fragment length. The heterogeneity of shearing conditions within the shearing vessel permits use of the equations at all breakage rates tested. Based on the work of others using more homogeneous shearing conditions and initial fragment lengths, more complicated forms of the equations are necessary at low breakage rates but not at high ones. A proposed model of the breakage mechanism suggests that molecules with stress-induced localized denaturations break at a rate different from that for native DNA.", "PMID": 728525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11710", "title": "Dynamic light scattering from solutions of microtubules.", "content": "Calf brain microtubule protein was assembled in vitro to form dilute solutions of microtubules (240 A diameter) having lengths greater than 1 micrometer. The microtubule solutions were examined by dynamic laser light scattering techniques. The angular dependence of the correlation function leads to the conclusion that the correlation function is measuring the translational diffusion constant of the particles. The length dependence of the correlation function, however, shows that the translational diffusion constant is not being measured and that the diffusion constant for the microtubules cannot be straightforwardly determined. These results suggest that a collective property of the rods is being measured by the laser light scattering. Although specific microtubule-microtubule interactions are a possible explanation for the observed results, we present arguments that suggest that the solution can be adequately modeled as a network of entangled polymers.", "contents": "Dynamic light scattering from solutions of microtubules. Calf brain microtubule protein was assembled in vitro to form dilute solutions of microtubules (240 A diameter) having lengths greater than 1 micrometer. The microtubule solutions were examined by dynamic laser light scattering techniques. The angular dependence of the correlation function leads to the conclusion that the correlation function is measuring the translational diffusion constant of the particles. The length dependence of the correlation function, however, shows that the translational diffusion constant is not being measured and that the diffusion constant for the microtubules cannot be straightforwardly determined. These results suggest that a collective property of the rods is being measured by the laser light scattering. Although specific microtubule-microtubule interactions are a possible explanation for the observed results, we present arguments that suggest that the solution can be adequately modeled as a network of entangled polymers.", "PMID": 728526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11711", "title": "Estimates of cellular mechanics in an arterial smooth muscle.", "content": "Estimates of force generation or shortening obtained from smooth muscle tissues are valid for individual cells only if each cell is contracting homogeneously and if cells anatomically arranged in series are mechanically coupled. These two assumptions were tested and shown to be valid for the pig carotid media under certain conditions. Homogeneity of cellular responses in carotid strips was estimated from the motion of markers on the tissue during K+ -induced isometric contractions. When tissues were stretched to L0 (the optimum length for force generation), there was little marker movement on stimulation. However, considerable marker movement was observed on stimulation at shorter muscle lengths, reflecting localized shortening or stretching. The mechanical coupling of the very small cells in the media was determined by measuring the dependence of cell length on tissue length. Tissues were fixed with glutaraldehyde during isometric contractions at various tissue lengths (0.4--1.1 x L0). The fixed tissues were macerated with acid and the lengths of the dispersed cells were measured. Cell lengths were broadly distributed at all muscle lengths. However, the direct proportionality between mean cell length and muscle length (as a fraction of L0) indicated that cells which are anatomically in series are coupled force-transmitting structures. We conclude that valid estimates of cellular mechanical function in this preparation can be obtained from tissue measurements at lengths greater than about 0.9L0.", "contents": "Estimates of cellular mechanics in an arterial smooth muscle. Estimates of force generation or shortening obtained from smooth muscle tissues are valid for individual cells only if each cell is contracting homogeneously and if cells anatomically arranged in series are mechanically coupled. These two assumptions were tested and shown to be valid for the pig carotid media under certain conditions. Homogeneity of cellular responses in carotid strips was estimated from the motion of markers on the tissue during K+ -induced isometric contractions. When tissues were stretched to L0 (the optimum length for force generation), there was little marker movement on stimulation. However, considerable marker movement was observed on stimulation at shorter muscle lengths, reflecting localized shortening or stretching. The mechanical coupling of the very small cells in the media was determined by measuring the dependence of cell length on tissue length. Tissues were fixed with glutaraldehyde during isometric contractions at various tissue lengths (0.4--1.1 x L0). The fixed tissues were macerated with acid and the lengths of the dispersed cells were measured. Cell lengths were broadly distributed at all muscle lengths. However, the direct proportionality between mean cell length and muscle length (as a fraction of L0) indicated that cells which are anatomically in series are coupled force-transmitting structures. We conclude that valid estimates of cellular mechanical function in this preparation can be obtained from tissue measurements at lengths greater than about 0.9L0.", "PMID": 728527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11712", "title": "Structure-strength relations in mammalian tendon.", "content": "The stress-strain relations in mammalian tendon are analyzed in terms of the structure and mechanics of its constituents. The model considers the tensile and bending strength of the collagen fibers, the tensile strength of the elastin fibers, and the interaction between the matrix and the collagen fibers. The stress-strain relations are solved through variational considerations by assuming that the fibermaxtrix interactions can be modeled as beam on elastic foundation. The tissue thus modeled is a hyperelastic material. It is further shown that on the basis of the model, the dominant parameters to the tendon's behavior can be evaluated from simple tensile tests.", "contents": "Structure-strength relations in mammalian tendon. The stress-strain relations in mammalian tendon are analyzed in terms of the structure and mechanics of its constituents. The model considers the tensile and bending strength of the collagen fibers, the tensile strength of the elastin fibers, and the interaction between the matrix and the collagen fibers. The stress-strain relations are solved through variational considerations by assuming that the fibermaxtrix interactions can be modeled as beam on elastic foundation. The tissue thus modeled is a hyperelastic material. It is further shown that on the basis of the model, the dominant parameters to the tendon's behavior can be evaluated from simple tensile tests.", "PMID": 728528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11713", "title": "The compensation of potential changes produced by trivalent erbium ion in squid giant axon with applied potentials.", "content": "The transmembrane potential of voltage-clamped squid giant axon is increased to compensate for a reduction in the rate of potassium channel kinetics when artificial seawater with trivalent erbium ion is substituted for artificial seawater. The additional potential required to produce an equivalent rise time is a measure of the potential shift produced by the erbium ions. When the kinetics of K+ channels are matched in this manner, the maximal K+ currents are larger for the larger transmembrane potential. This observation requires a functional separation of the open K+ channel and the voltage sensor for the gating mechanism of this channel.", "contents": "The compensation of potential changes produced by trivalent erbium ion in squid giant axon with applied potentials. The transmembrane potential of voltage-clamped squid giant axon is increased to compensate for a reduction in the rate of potassium channel kinetics when artificial seawater with trivalent erbium ion is substituted for artificial seawater. The additional potential required to produce an equivalent rise time is a measure of the potential shift produced by the erbium ions. When the kinetics of K+ channels are matched in this manner, the maximal K+ currents are larger for the larger transmembrane potential. This observation requires a functional separation of the open K+ channel and the voltage sensor for the gating mechanism of this channel.", "PMID": 728529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11714", "title": "A virial expansion for discrete charges buried in a membrane.", "content": "Recent experiments (1,2) have shown that hydrophobic ions adsorbed to lipid membranes repel each other significantly at densities as low as one charge every few tens of square nanometers. This paper shows how to calculate the mutual repulsion of a population of such ions, assumed to be discrete but free to diffuse laterally in the plane of the membrane. The results fall between those for uniformly smeared charges (the \"three-capacitor\" model) and those for discrete charges immobilized on a periodic lattice.", "contents": "A virial expansion for discrete charges buried in a membrane. Recent experiments (1,2) have shown that hydrophobic ions adsorbed to lipid membranes repel each other significantly at densities as low as one charge every few tens of square nanometers. This paper shows how to calculate the mutual repulsion of a population of such ions, assumed to be discrete but free to diffuse laterally in the plane of the membrane. The results fall between those for uniformly smeared charges (the \"three-capacitor\" model) and those for discrete charges immobilized on a periodic lattice.", "PMID": 728530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11715", "title": "Sodium inactivation mechanism modulates QX-314 block of sodium channels in squid axons.", "content": "Blocking action of Na channels by QX-314, a quaternary derivative of lidocaine, was studied in internally perfused and voltage-clamped axons of squid. In axons with intact Na inactivation, QX-314 exhibited both a frequency- and a voltage-dependent block of Na channels. Repetitive pulsing to more positive potentials enhanced the degree of block. Both frequency- and voltage-dependent blocks disappeared in axons in which Na inactivation had been destroyed by either pronase or N-bromoacetamide treatment. These results support the notion that Na inactivation not only modulates the frequency-dependent block but also involves the voltage-dependent binding reaction between QX-314 and Na channels.", "contents": "Sodium inactivation mechanism modulates QX-314 block of sodium channels in squid axons. Blocking action of Na channels by QX-314, a quaternary derivative of lidocaine, was studied in internally perfused and voltage-clamped axons of squid. In axons with intact Na inactivation, QX-314 exhibited both a frequency- and a voltage-dependent block of Na channels. Repetitive pulsing to more positive potentials enhanced the degree of block. Both frequency- and voltage-dependent blocks disappeared in axons in which Na inactivation had been destroyed by either pronase or N-bromoacetamide treatment. These results support the notion that Na inactivation not only modulates the frequency-dependent block but also involves the voltage-dependent binding reaction between QX-314 and Na channels.", "PMID": 728531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11716", "title": "Association kinetics with coupled diffusion III. Ionic-strength dependence of the lac repressor-operator association.", "content": "The repressor-operator association is treated in a model where the repressor molecule can find its specific binding site, the operator, on a large DNA chain by performing a one-dimensional diffusion along the chain. The ionic-strength dependence is calculated by introducing a screened electrostatic potential around the DNA chain and coupling the free diffusion of the repressor in this potential to the proposed one-dimensional diffusion along the chain. The main influence on the association rate comes from the competitive binding of ions to the unspecific DNA sites. It is also demonstrated that during the time that the repressor is bound in a global sense, the diffusion along the chain will be made up of a strictly one-dimensional motion over fairly short distances, interspersed with many local dissociations during which the repressor in essence is free in solution.", "contents": "Association kinetics with coupled diffusion III. Ionic-strength dependence of the lac repressor-operator association. The repressor-operator association is treated in a model where the repressor molecule can find its specific binding site, the operator, on a large DNA chain by performing a one-dimensional diffusion along the chain. The ionic-strength dependence is calculated by introducing a screened electrostatic potential around the DNA chain and coupling the free diffusion of the repressor in this potential to the proposed one-dimensional diffusion along the chain. The main influence on the association rate comes from the competitive binding of ions to the unspecific DNA sites. It is also demonstrated that during the time that the repressor is bound in a global sense, the diffusion along the chain will be made up of a strictly one-dimensional motion over fairly short distances, interspersed with many local dissociations during which the repressor in essence is free in solution.", "PMID": 728534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11717", "title": "Analysis of ion concentration effects of the kinetics of protein-nucleic acid interactions. Application to lac repressor-operator interactions.", "content": "The effects of monovalent and divalent cations on the bimolecular rate constant of the reaction of a positively charged ligand with a nucleic acid polyanion are analyzed for two possible reaction mechanisms. One mechanism postulates that the association reaction occurs without intermediates, and that ion effects on the rate constant result entirely from the screening of the charged reactants by ionic atmospheres of low molecular weight ions (a screening-controlled mechanism). This mechanism is analyzed by analogy with the Bronsted-Bjerrum theory for the kinetics of interaction of low molecular weight ions. The second mechanism to be considered here postulates the existence of a ligand-DNA intermediate which is in rapid equilibrium with the reactants (pre-equilibrium mechanism). Ion concentration effects on the association rate constants for the pre-equilibrium mechanism result mainly from the release of counterions from the DNA upon formation of the intermediate. Both of the above mechanisms predict that the logarithm of the association rate constant, ka, will be a linear function of the logarithm of the monovalent cation concentration, [M+] (in the absence of competition by divalent cations or anions). Knowledge of the salt dependences of ka and of the observed equilibrium constance Kobs of the ligand-nucleic acid interaction should usually be sufficient to determine whether a screening controlled mechanism or a pre-equilibrium mechanism is suitable to describe the process. If the association reaction can be described by a pre-equilibrium mechanism, the number of ionic interactions involved in the ligand-nucleic acid intermediate can be estimated. This analysis, extended to include the effects of divalent cations on screening or on the pre-equilibrium step, is applied to literature data on the salt dependence of the kinetics of the interaction of lac repressor with lac operator DNA. When the operator is present on bacteriophage lambda DNA, the observed reaction kinetics are consistent with the formation of an intermediate repressor-DNA complex in a pre-equilibrium step. On the other hand, the kinetics of association of lac repressor with synthetic lac operator fragments may be an example of a screening-controlled reaction.", "contents": "Analysis of ion concentration effects of the kinetics of protein-nucleic acid interactions. Application to lac repressor-operator interactions. The effects of monovalent and divalent cations on the bimolecular rate constant of the reaction of a positively charged ligand with a nucleic acid polyanion are analyzed for two possible reaction mechanisms. One mechanism postulates that the association reaction occurs without intermediates, and that ion effects on the rate constant result entirely from the screening of the charged reactants by ionic atmospheres of low molecular weight ions (a screening-controlled mechanism). This mechanism is analyzed by analogy with the Bronsted-Bjerrum theory for the kinetics of interaction of low molecular weight ions. The second mechanism to be considered here postulates the existence of a ligand-DNA intermediate which is in rapid equilibrium with the reactants (pre-equilibrium mechanism). Ion concentration effects on the association rate constants for the pre-equilibrium mechanism result mainly from the release of counterions from the DNA upon formation of the intermediate. Both of the above mechanisms predict that the logarithm of the association rate constant, ka, will be a linear function of the logarithm of the monovalent cation concentration, [M+] (in the absence of competition by divalent cations or anions). Knowledge of the salt dependences of ka and of the observed equilibrium constance Kobs of the ligand-nucleic acid interaction should usually be sufficient to determine whether a screening controlled mechanism or a pre-equilibrium mechanism is suitable to describe the process. If the association reaction can be described by a pre-equilibrium mechanism, the number of ionic interactions involved in the ligand-nucleic acid intermediate can be estimated. This analysis, extended to include the effects of divalent cations on screening or on the pre-equilibrium step, is applied to literature data on the salt dependence of the kinetics of the interaction of lac repressor with lac operator DNA. When the operator is present on bacteriophage lambda DNA, the observed reaction kinetics are consistent with the formation of an intermediate repressor-DNA complex in a pre-equilibrium step. On the other hand, the kinetics of association of lac repressor with synthetic lac operator fragments may be an example of a screening-controlled reaction.", "PMID": 728535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11718", "title": "Cooperative and non-cooperative binding of large ligands to a finite one-dimensional lattice. A model for ligand-oligonucleotide interactions.", "content": "A combinatorial approach is employed to calculate exact expressions for the extent of binding to a finite one dimensional lattice of ligands which cover more than one lattice site. The binding may be either cooperative or non-cooperative. It is found that the assumption of an effectively infinite lattice is generally a good one, except with relatively low concentrations of strongly cooperative ligands. An approach to analyzing experimental data is suggested which makes explicit use of the lattice length dependence of binding to extract more information about the binding parameters than can be obtained using the infinite lattice approximation. It is shown that irreversible binding cannot be viewed as a limiting case of reversible binding. The reasons for this difference are discussed, and expressions for the extent of irreversible binding are derived.", "contents": "Cooperative and non-cooperative binding of large ligands to a finite one-dimensional lattice. A model for ligand-oligonucleotide interactions. A combinatorial approach is employed to calculate exact expressions for the extent of binding to a finite one dimensional lattice of ligands which cover more than one lattice site. The binding may be either cooperative or non-cooperative. It is found that the assumption of an effectively infinite lattice is generally a good one, except with relatively low concentrations of strongly cooperative ligands. An approach to analyzing experimental data is suggested which makes explicit use of the lattice length dependence of binding to extract more information about the binding parameters than can be obtained using the infinite lattice approximation. It is shown that irreversible binding cannot be viewed as a limiting case of reversible binding. The reasons for this difference are discussed, and expressions for the extent of irreversible binding are derived.", "PMID": 728537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11719", "title": "The interactions between nucleic acids and polyamines. I. High resolution carbon-13 and hydrogen-1 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of spermidine and 5'-AMP.", "content": "In 0.5 M solution at pH 7.6, interaction of spermidine and 5'-AMP is demonstrated by downfield proton NMR shifts. Shifts of ribose and adenine protons support a model in which triprotonated spermidine engages the phosphate anion with the C-3 diamine segment in a conformation to maximize interaction and the C-4 amino segment extended to interact with adenine N-7 (base anti, 2' endo, g'g' and gg nucleoside conformation). Changes in carbon-13 chemical shifts fro ribose C-5' (downfield), C-2' C-3', and C-4' (upfield) and for adenine C-6 and C-8 (upfield) support this model. In 0.006 M solution no significant changes in proton shifts and therefore no evidence for interaction was found. Spermidine and 5' -UMP (0.006 M) showed interaction at pH 10.5 (small upfield shifts in the proton nmr) interpreted as changing conformation by solvent interaction. In 0.00l M 3'-UMP at pH 10.5 small downfield proton shifts induced by spermidine are attributed to interactions with phosphate anion.", "contents": "The interactions between nucleic acids and polyamines. I. High resolution carbon-13 and hydrogen-1 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of spermidine and 5'-AMP. In 0.5 M solution at pH 7.6, interaction of spermidine and 5'-AMP is demonstrated by downfield proton NMR shifts. Shifts of ribose and adenine protons support a model in which triprotonated spermidine engages the phosphate anion with the C-3 diamine segment in a conformation to maximize interaction and the C-4 amino segment extended to interact with adenine N-7 (base anti, 2' endo, g'g' and gg nucleoside conformation). Changes in carbon-13 chemical shifts fro ribose C-5' (downfield), C-2' C-3', and C-4' (upfield) and for adenine C-6 and C-8 (upfield) support this model. In 0.006 M solution no significant changes in proton shifts and therefore no evidence for interaction was found. Spermidine and 5' -UMP (0.006 M) showed interaction at pH 10.5 (small upfield shifts in the proton nmr) interpreted as changing conformation by solvent interaction. In 0.00l M 3'-UMP at pH 10.5 small downfield proton shifts induced by spermidine are attributed to interactions with phosphate anion.", "PMID": 728538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11720", "title": "Effect of tetramethylammonium ions on conformational changes of DNA in the premelting temperature range.", "content": "The reversible conformational change of DNAs and polydeoxyribonucleotides occurring before melting was followed by circular dichroism. deltatheta/deltaT, the rate of change of ellipticity theta with temperature, was used mainly as a measure of this premelting phenomenon. If sodium ions were replaced by tetramethylammonium ions deltatheta/deltaT decreased for poly (dA) poly (dT) and poly (dA.dT) poly (dT.dA), but increased for poly (dG.dC) poly (dC.dG). DNAs of different base composition showed no more premelting (deltatheta/deltaT approximately 0) even at low molarities of TMACl provided the Na/TMA ratio was very small. For all cases studied the theta values at 0 degrees C and at a given ionic strength were smaller in NaCl than in TMACl. When studying the series of ammonium ions from NH4+ to (C2H5)4N+, the deltatheta/deltaT values first decreased, going through zero with TMA+ ions, and then increased again. A tentative and qualitative explanation of our results can be given: (a) Hydration of the polymers increases in presence of TMA ions and their average stability decreases; locally, however, (AT) pairs are preferentially stabilized by TMA ions owing to a specific interaction at the level of O2 of thymine. (b) In order to explain the different behaviour of (AT) polymers and DNA, it is assumed that only the B structure is able to accommodate TMA ions in the small groove of the double stranded helix.", "contents": "Effect of tetramethylammonium ions on conformational changes of DNA in the premelting temperature range. The reversible conformational change of DNAs and polydeoxyribonucleotides occurring before melting was followed by circular dichroism. deltatheta/deltaT, the rate of change of ellipticity theta with temperature, was used mainly as a measure of this premelting phenomenon. If sodium ions were replaced by tetramethylammonium ions deltatheta/deltaT decreased for poly (dA) poly (dT) and poly (dA.dT) poly (dT.dA), but increased for poly (dG.dC) poly (dC.dG). DNAs of different base composition showed no more premelting (deltatheta/deltaT approximately 0) even at low molarities of TMACl provided the Na/TMA ratio was very small. For all cases studied the theta values at 0 degrees C and at a given ionic strength were smaller in NaCl than in TMACl. When studying the series of ammonium ions from NH4+ to (C2H5)4N+, the deltatheta/deltaT values first decreased, going through zero with TMA+ ions, and then increased again. A tentative and qualitative explanation of our results can be given: (a) Hydration of the polymers increases in presence of TMA ions and their average stability decreases; locally, however, (AT) pairs are preferentially stabilized by TMA ions owing to a specific interaction at the level of O2 of thymine. (b) In order to explain the different behaviour of (AT) polymers and DNA, it is assumed that only the B structure is able to accommodate TMA ions in the small groove of the double stranded helix.", "PMID": 728539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11721", "title": "Structural evidence on DNA carcinogen interactions. N-acetoxy-N-2acetylaminofluorene binding to DNA.", "content": "Linear dichroism (LD) gives useful information on the interaction between DNA and the directly acting carcinogen N-acetoxy-N-2acetylaminofluorene (AAAF). In 50% methanol solvent with low ionic strength only a weak complex (van der Waals) appears. However, above 40 degrees C strand separation takes place and a covalent aminofluorene complex forms. After renaturation a characteristic positive LD band is observed at 306 nm. The average angular orientation of the long-axis of the fluorene moiety (47 degrees to the local helix axis) is inconsistent with intercalation. It can be explained for instance by a free rotation around a C(DNA)-N(aminofluorene) bond or by a major groove site. The occupation density was 1--2 aminofluorene residues per 100 bases. With native DNA, AAAF slowly forms a covalent complex which has a negative LD at 307 nm. The orientation (70--90 degrees) is consistent with steric direction by the strand.", "contents": "Structural evidence on DNA carcinogen interactions. N-acetoxy-N-2acetylaminofluorene binding to DNA. Linear dichroism (LD) gives useful information on the interaction between DNA and the directly acting carcinogen N-acetoxy-N-2acetylaminofluorene (AAAF). In 50% methanol solvent with low ionic strength only a weak complex (van der Waals) appears. However, above 40 degrees C strand separation takes place and a covalent aminofluorene complex forms. After renaturation a characteristic positive LD band is observed at 306 nm. The average angular orientation of the long-axis of the fluorene moiety (47 degrees to the local helix axis) is inconsistent with intercalation. It can be explained for instance by a free rotation around a C(DNA)-N(aminofluorene) bond or by a major groove site. The occupation density was 1--2 aminofluorene residues per 100 bases. With native DNA, AAAF slowly forms a covalent complex which has a negative LD at 307 nm. The orientation (70--90 degrees) is consistent with steric direction by the strand.", "PMID": 728540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11722", "title": "Two components of extracellularly-recorded photoreceptor potentials in the cephalopod retina: differential effects of Na+, K+ and Ca2+.", "content": "The ERG of the isolated, superfused half-eye of the cephalopod Sepiola atlantica, evoked by a brief (10 micro second) light flash, has been studied by recording intraretinal potentials with glass microelectrodes. The intensity-response characteristics of the potentials recorded at an electrode fixed at the surface (Vs) can be fitted by a simple equation derived from an equivalent circuit model based on a sodium conductance increase mechanism. Raising the external potassium level reduces the maximal response (deltaVm), but does not alter the half-saturation intensity value (I0). Reducing external sodium does not affect deltaVm, but increase I0. Reducing external calcium also does not affect  delta Vm, but decrease I0. These effects are adequately described by the model if it is also assumed (a) that changing the external sodium does not significantly alter the transmembrane sodium gradient, and (b) that sodium and calcium ions compete for the sensitivity control mechanism. Differential-depth recording between the fixed electrode at the surface and another electrode that could be moved into the retina revealed that the two component appearance of the transretinal ERG arose from the superposition of two vitreal-negative waveforms. An initial \"fast\" component was mainly recorded in the photoreceptive distal segments while a \"slow\" component was prominent in the more proximal regions of the retina. Perfusion with high K+ salines resulted in a decrease in the amplitudes of both fast and slow components of the response whereas reducing external Na+ reduced the amplitude of the fast component at all light intensities but reduced the amplitude of the slow component only at low intensities. The amplitudes of both the fast and slow components increased on reducing external calcium, but the rate of rise and fall of the fast component was independent of external calcium. The rate of rise of the slow component was also independent of the external Ca2+ level but a minimum in the recovery time (tF) was shifted to a lower intensity value at lower calcium concentrations. The shift of the minimum was to a higher intensity value with lowered sodium perfusing solutions. On the basis of the differential sensitivity of the two components to ion changes, as well as stimulus intensity and intraretinal distribution of the components, it is suggested that they reflect two distinct processes in the light-evoked potential of the photoreceptor cells.", "contents": "Two components of extracellularly-recorded photoreceptor potentials in the cephalopod retina: differential effects of Na+, K+ and Ca2+. The ERG of the isolated, superfused half-eye of the cephalopod Sepiola atlantica, evoked by a brief (10 micro second) light flash, has been studied by recording intraretinal potentials with glass microelectrodes. The intensity-response characteristics of the potentials recorded at an electrode fixed at the surface (Vs) can be fitted by a simple equation derived from an equivalent circuit model based on a sodium conductance increase mechanism. Raising the external potassium level reduces the maximal response (deltaVm), but does not alter the half-saturation intensity value (I0). Reducing external sodium does not affect deltaVm, but increase I0. Reducing external calcium also does not affect  delta Vm, but decrease I0. These effects are adequately described by the model if it is also assumed (a) that changing the external sodium does not significantly alter the transmembrane sodium gradient, and (b) that sodium and calcium ions compete for the sensitivity control mechanism. Differential-depth recording between the fixed electrode at the surface and another electrode that could be moved into the retina revealed that the two component appearance of the transretinal ERG arose from the superposition of two vitreal-negative waveforms. An initial \"fast\" component was mainly recorded in the photoreceptive distal segments while a \"slow\" component was prominent in the more proximal regions of the retina. Perfusion with high K+ salines resulted in a decrease in the amplitudes of both fast and slow components of the response whereas reducing external Na+ reduced the amplitude of the fast component at all light intensities but reduced the amplitude of the slow component only at low intensities. The amplitudes of both the fast and slow components increased on reducing external calcium, but the rate of rise and fall of the fast component was independent of external calcium. The rate of rise of the slow component was also independent of the external Ca2+ level but a minimum in the recovery time (tF) was shifted to a lower intensity value at lower calcium concentrations. The shift of the minimum was to a higher intensity value with lowered sodium perfusing solutions. On the basis of the differential sensitivity of the two components to ion changes, as well as stimulus intensity and intraretinal distribution of the components, it is suggested that they reflect two distinct processes in the light-evoked potential of the photoreceptor cells.", "PMID": 728541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11723", "title": "Proteolysis and flash photolysis of bacteriorhodopsin in purple membrane fragments.", "content": "Pronase treatment of aqueous suspensions of purple membrane fragments from H.halobium leads to the cleavage of bacteriorhodopsin. The protein fragments remaining in the membrane after treatment with relatively small concentrations of enzyme (2% w/w) in normal daylight range in molecular weight from 20,000--21,000 daltons, indicating that cleavage occurs mainly near the extremities of the protein chain. At higher enzyme concentrations the relative amounts of protein fragments having smaller molecular weight increase. Generally, the relative loss of retinal chromophore is larger than that of protein and thus the retinal binding site seems to be located near one of the chain ends that is cleaved off by enzyme. Irradiation with white light during the time of proteolysis (at both low and high enzyme concentrations) results in extensive cleavage, so that under certain conditions no high molecular weight components can be detected in SDS-polyacrylamide gels. It, therefore, appears that parts of the bacteriorhodopsin chain become more exposed to enzyme digestion when the purple membrane is illuminated. Enzyme treated aqueous purple membrane fragment suspensions still show photocycle activity. The main consequence of proteolysis is a pronounced appearance of biphasicity in the decay of M412 and the regeneration of bR570. Simultaneously the yield of O660 is reduced. As with untreated purple membrane, the correlation between the rates of decay of M412 and regeneration of bR570 is greatest when the yield of O660 is lowest.", "contents": "Proteolysis and flash photolysis of bacteriorhodopsin in purple membrane fragments. Pronase treatment of aqueous suspensions of purple membrane fragments from H.halobium leads to the cleavage of bacteriorhodopsin. The protein fragments remaining in the membrane after treatment with relatively small concentrations of enzyme (2% w/w) in normal daylight range in molecular weight from 20,000--21,000 daltons, indicating that cleavage occurs mainly near the extremities of the protein chain. At higher enzyme concentrations the relative amounts of protein fragments having smaller molecular weight increase. Generally, the relative loss of retinal chromophore is larger than that of protein and thus the retinal binding site seems to be located near one of the chain ends that is cleaved off by enzyme. Irradiation with white light during the time of proteolysis (at both low and high enzyme concentrations) results in extensive cleavage, so that under certain conditions no high molecular weight components can be detected in SDS-polyacrylamide gels. It, therefore, appears that parts of the bacteriorhodopsin chain become more exposed to enzyme digestion when the purple membrane is illuminated. Enzyme treated aqueous purple membrane fragment suspensions still show photocycle activity. The main consequence of proteolysis is a pronounced appearance of biphasicity in the decay of M412 and the regeneration of bR570. Simultaneously the yield of O660 is reduced. As with untreated purple membrane, the correlation between the rates of decay of M412 and regeneration of bR570 is greatest when the yield of O660 is lowest.", "PMID": 728542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11724", "title": "Transport of lipids through water as exchange mechanism between two liposome populations.", "content": "A theoretical description of lipid exchange between two liposome populations as a linear transport phenomenon is presented. As a special case of the general theory in which two different lipids are simultaneously exchanged we also obtain formulae for \"one-way\" lipid transfer. The case in which the lipids differ only by a radioactive label is also included in a natural way. The predictions of the model are shown to be in excellent agreement with two recent experiments. This provides additional strong support for the hypothesis that lipid transfer takes place mainly through the aqueous phase.", "contents": "Transport of lipids through water as exchange mechanism between two liposome populations. A theoretical description of lipid exchange between two liposome populations as a linear transport phenomenon is presented. As a special case of the general theory in which two different lipids are simultaneously exchanged we also obtain formulae for \"one-way\" lipid transfer. The case in which the lipids differ only by a radioactive label is also included in a natural way. The predictions of the model are shown to be in excellent agreement with two recent experiments. This provides additional strong support for the hypothesis that lipid transfer takes place mainly through the aqueous phase.", "PMID": 728543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11725", "title": "Stacking interaction of nucleobases: NMR investigations. III. Molecular aspects of the solvent dependence.", "content": "The stacking interaction between nucleic acid bases has been investigated by the determination of the self-association of 6-methylpurine in various mixtures of water and nonaqueous solvents in order to elucidate the solvent effect. The parameters of stacking association as well as of local solvent-solute interactions have been measured by means of NMR technique. The influences of local hydration and of solvent-solvent interactions on the stacking ability are discussed.", "contents": "Stacking interaction of nucleobases: NMR investigations. III. Molecular aspects of the solvent dependence. The stacking interaction between nucleic acid bases has been investigated by the determination of the self-association of 6-methylpurine in various mixtures of water and nonaqueous solvents in order to elucidate the solvent effect. The parameters of stacking association as well as of local solvent-solute interactions have been measured by means of NMR technique. The influences of local hydration and of solvent-solvent interactions on the stacking ability are discussed.", "PMID": 728544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11726", "title": "Laboratory-scale production of acetoin plus diacetyl by Enterobacter cloacae ATCC 27613.", "content": "Conditions for the laboratory-scale production of acetoin plus diacetyl by Enterobacter cloacae ATCC 27613 were studied. Thirty-five g acetoin plus diacetyl/50 g sucrose were obtained when fermentation was carried out in 2.5 liter medium containing 12.5 g peptone and 12.5 g yeast extract, at pH 7.0, in a 5 liter conical flask on a shaker (240 rpm) at 28-30 degrees C for 48 hr. Recovery of pure diacetyl was 85% of the total acetoin plus diacetyl.", "contents": "Laboratory-scale production of acetoin plus diacetyl by Enterobacter cloacae ATCC 27613. Conditions for the laboratory-scale production of acetoin plus diacetyl by Enterobacter cloacae ATCC 27613 were studied. Thirty-five g acetoin plus diacetyl/50 g sucrose were obtained when fermentation was carried out in 2.5 liter medium containing 12.5 g peptone and 12.5 g yeast extract, at pH 7.0, in a 5 liter conical flask on a shaker (240 rpm) at 28-30 degrees C for 48 hr. Recovery of pure diacetyl was 85% of the total acetoin plus diacetyl.", "PMID": 728550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11727", "title": "Recognition in adult patients of malformations induced by folic-acid antagonists.", "content": "Three patients are reported, two of whom had mothers who revealed ingestion of abortifacient drugs during pregnancy. All patients resemble one another and those described earlier with malformations that were probably either aminopterin- or methotrexate-induced. It is likely that Patients I and II have abnormalities associated with the teratogenic action of these folic-acid antagonists. The etiology of Patient III's defects remains uncertain.", "contents": "Recognition in adult patients of malformations induced by folic-acid antagonists. Three patients are reported, two of whom had mothers who revealed ingestion of abortifacient drugs during pregnancy. All patients resemble one another and those described earlier with malformations that were probably either aminopterin- or methotrexate-induced. It is likely that Patients I and II have abnormalities associated with the teratogenic action of these folic-acid antagonists. The etiology of Patient III's defects remains uncertain.", "PMID": 728558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11728", "title": "The facio-genito-popliteal syndrome.", "content": "In summary, we have presented data supporting the variable expression of an autosomal dominant gene that produces a spectrum of facial, genital, and musculo-skeletal abnormalities. We are not in the position to completely rule out genetic heterogeneity but on the basis of the data presented we feel confident in stating that the popliteal pterygium syndrome, in most cases, is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance.", "contents": "The facio-genito-popliteal syndrome. In summary, we have presented data supporting the variable expression of an autosomal dominant gene that produces a spectrum of facial, genital, and musculo-skeletal abnormalities. We are not in the position to completely rule out genetic heterogeneity but on the basis of the data presented we feel confident in stating that the popliteal pterygium syndrome, in most cases, is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance.", "PMID": 728559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11729", "title": "Aplasia of the M\u00fcllerian system: evidence for probable sex-limited autosomal dominant inheritance.", "content": "Thirteen unrelated females ranging in age from 15 to 28 years old have recently been recognized to have aplasia of the m\u00fcllerian duct derivatives. They presented one or both of two major complaints: amenorrhea and difficulty or pain on attempted sexual intercourse. Clinically all cases were characterized by absence of vagina and failure to palpate the uterus rectally; normal mature external genitalia; normal stature, intellect, hearing and vision; normal secondary sex characteristics including breast development, pubic and axillary hair. Libido was normally preserved and sexual self-identification was unambiguously feminine. Apart from the pelvic findings, the affected individuals were phenotypically unremarkable women. Laparoscopic examination revealed absent uteri, absent or rudimentary tubes, but normally developed ovaries. Cytogenetic evaluation disclosed normal female karyotypes with normal banding patterns on all patients. Endocrine investigations revealed female cyclic pattern consistent with normal ovarian endocrine function. Biopsy specimens on the ovaries of 5 patients were histologically unremarkable with evidence of normal follicular activity. Investigation of the families of these patients revealed similarly affected individuals in 10 families. In 8 of these the pattern of transmission was consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance with sex limitation to XX individuals; in 2 the distribution of affected individuals was compatible with either sex-limited autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive inheritance. Though unlikely, polygenic inheritance remains a formal possibility. In 3 families, apart from the propositae, no other affected females were ascertained. In these, the etiology is either teratogenic or genetic with autosomal dominant or recessive inheritance, and sex limitation to females. Three further cases with partial aplasia or the Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome (RKHS) were ascertained. No other similarly affected individuals were encountered in their families.", "contents": "Aplasia of the M\u00fcllerian system: evidence for probable sex-limited autosomal dominant inheritance. Thirteen unrelated females ranging in age from 15 to 28 years old have recently been recognized to have aplasia of the m\u00fcllerian duct derivatives. They presented one or both of two major complaints: amenorrhea and difficulty or pain on attempted sexual intercourse. Clinically all cases were characterized by absence of vagina and failure to palpate the uterus rectally; normal mature external genitalia; normal stature, intellect, hearing and vision; normal secondary sex characteristics including breast development, pubic and axillary hair. Libido was normally preserved and sexual self-identification was unambiguously feminine. Apart from the pelvic findings, the affected individuals were phenotypically unremarkable women. Laparoscopic examination revealed absent uteri, absent or rudimentary tubes, but normally developed ovaries. Cytogenetic evaluation disclosed normal female karyotypes with normal banding patterns on all patients. Endocrine investigations revealed female cyclic pattern consistent with normal ovarian endocrine function. Biopsy specimens on the ovaries of 5 patients were histologically unremarkable with evidence of normal follicular activity. Investigation of the families of these patients revealed similarly affected individuals in 10 families. In 8 of these the pattern of transmission was consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance with sex limitation to XX individuals; in 2 the distribution of affected individuals was compatible with either sex-limited autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive inheritance. Though unlikely, polygenic inheritance remains a formal possibility. In 3 families, apart from the propositae, no other affected females were ascertained. In these, the etiology is either teratogenic or genetic with autosomal dominant or recessive inheritance, and sex limitation to females. Three further cases with partial aplasia or the Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome (RKHS) were ascertained. No other similarly affected individuals were encountered in their families.", "PMID": 728579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11730", "title": "[Electrical potentials of the cat parotid gland monitored from the body surface].", "content": "Correlation of the changes of the electrical potential on the parotid gland surface and on the corresponding body surface in the stimulation of the secretory nerves and under other effects was shown in cat. The absence of the potential gradient with the electrode on the body surface confirmed the macrostructure of the total field of the salivary gland. The experimental results point to the glandular origin of the electrical responses on the body surface.", "contents": "[Electrical potentials of the cat parotid gland monitored from the body surface]. Correlation of the changes of the electrical potential on the parotid gland surface and on the corresponding body surface in the stimulation of the secretory nerves and under other effects was shown in cat. The absence of the potential gradient with the electrode on the body surface confirmed the macrostructure of the total field of the salivary gland. The experimental results point to the glandular origin of the electrical responses on the body surface.", "PMID": 728597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11731", "title": "[Representation of the phrenic nerve in the cerebral cortex].", "content": "Electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerve gives rise to early (with latency of 8--12 msec) and late (with latency of 30--40 msec) surface-positive potentials in the contralateral sensory-motor cortex of cats. The early potentials occur only in two discrete areas of the rostral part of the posterior sigmoid gyrus: just rostromedial to the post-cruciate dimple and at the lateral tip of the cruciate sulcus. In contrast to the early potentials, the late ones can be recorded not only from the whole surface of the posterior sigmoid gyrus but also from the anterior sigmoid gyrus. The early potentials presumably appear on stimulation of group I muscle afferents. It is possible that impulses reaching the cerebral cortex from the phrenic nerve participate in provocation of the sensation of breathlessness.", "contents": "[Representation of the phrenic nerve in the cerebral cortex]. Electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerve gives rise to early (with latency of 8--12 msec) and late (with latency of 30--40 msec) surface-positive potentials in the contralateral sensory-motor cortex of cats. The early potentials occur only in two discrete areas of the rostral part of the posterior sigmoid gyrus: just rostromedial to the post-cruciate dimple and at the lateral tip of the cruciate sulcus. In contrast to the early potentials, the late ones can be recorded not only from the whole surface of the posterior sigmoid gyrus but also from the anterior sigmoid gyrus. The early potentials presumably appear on stimulation of group I muscle afferents. It is possible that impulses reaching the cerebral cortex from the phrenic nerve participate in provocation of the sensation of breathlessness.", "PMID": 728598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11732", "title": "[Age and the relationship between temperature and the cell membrane repolarization process in the adrenal cortex].", "content": "In experiments on the isolated adrenal glands of rats aged 5 and 28--29 months no age-related differences in the membrane potential were found in the cells of zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. The temperature dependence of the membrane repolarization of the adrenal cortex zona fasciculata was was investigated within the range of 7--17 degrees C following preliminary cooling of the adrenal glands. The calculated value of the temperature coefficient of the repolarization process was much higher in old than in young rats. With ageing the reactions with high energy activation made a greater contribution to the total balance of processes determining membrane repolarization in the adrenal cortex cells.", "contents": "[Age and the relationship between temperature and the cell membrane repolarization process in the adrenal cortex]. In experiments on the isolated adrenal glands of rats aged 5 and 28--29 months no age-related differences in the membrane potential were found in the cells of zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. The temperature dependence of the membrane repolarization of the adrenal cortex zona fasciculata was was investigated within the range of 7--17 degrees C following preliminary cooling of the adrenal glands. The calculated value of the temperature coefficient of the repolarization process was much higher in old than in young rats. With ageing the reactions with high energy activation made a greater contribution to the total balance of processes determining membrane repolarization in the adrenal cortex cells.", "PMID": 728599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11733", "title": "[Reflex reactions of the spinal cord in hypoparathyroidism].", "content": "Experiments were carried out on parathyroprival cats with varying degree of motor disorders. Disturbed reflex activity of the spinal cord was characterized by activation of motoneurons and the system of intercalary neurons, abatement of the phenomenon of posttetanic potentiation as well as by conductivity facilitation in the reflex arch. Marked tetany was accompanied by diminution and, in some cases, by complete absence of monosynaptic responses with enhancement of polysynaptic reflex discharges. After intravenous injection of calcium chloride the test animals showed a tendency to recovery of the reflexes recorded. It is concluded that the disordered functional state of the spinal cord segmental apparatus is mainly due to hypocalciemia and may be one of the causes of parathyroprival tetany.", "contents": "[Reflex reactions of the spinal cord in hypoparathyroidism]. Experiments were carried out on parathyroprival cats with varying degree of motor disorders. Disturbed reflex activity of the spinal cord was characterized by activation of motoneurons and the system of intercalary neurons, abatement of the phenomenon of posttetanic potentiation as well as by conductivity facilitation in the reflex arch. Marked tetany was accompanied by diminution and, in some cases, by complete absence of monosynaptic responses with enhancement of polysynaptic reflex discharges. After intravenous injection of calcium chloride the test animals showed a tendency to recovery of the reflexes recorded. It is concluded that the disordered functional state of the spinal cord segmental apparatus is mainly due to hypocalciemia and may be one of the causes of parathyroprival tetany.", "PMID": 728600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11734", "title": "[Changes in the content of eosinophils, corticosterone and catecholamines during liver regeneration following resection].", "content": "Experiments on albino rats demonstrated changes in the-blood eosinophil level, as well as in the content of catecholamines and corticosterone in the plasma, the adrenal glands, and the heart following partial hepatectomy. Phasic character of the hypophysis-adrenal system responses to resection and the processes of the liver regeneration was revealed, and this is reflected in the eosinophil level.", "contents": "[Changes in the content of eosinophils, corticosterone and catecholamines during liver regeneration following resection]. Experiments on albino rats demonstrated changes in the-blood eosinophil level, as well as in the content of catecholamines and corticosterone in the plasma, the adrenal glands, and the heart following partial hepatectomy. Phasic character of the hypophysis-adrenal system responses to resection and the processes of the liver regeneration was revealed, and this is reflected in the eosinophil level.", "PMID": 728601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11735", "title": "[Thyroid gland reaction to experimental resection and complete removal of the pancreas].", "content": "The end or the central part of the pancreas was resected or pancreatomy was performed in dogs. The morphological and functional state of the thyroid gland was investigated by the histological, histochemical, and morphometrical methods at different postoperative periods. The changes revealed showed structural and functional alterations of the thyroid gland to be dependent primarily on the type of surgical interventions on the pancreas. Resection of the terminal sections caused temporary and insignificant changes in the thyroid gland, but complete removal of the pancreas was followed by acute dystrophy and atrophic changes in the thyroid gland, this leading to the functional exhaustion.", "contents": "[Thyroid gland reaction to experimental resection and complete removal of the pancreas]. The end or the central part of the pancreas was resected or pancreatomy was performed in dogs. The morphological and functional state of the thyroid gland was investigated by the histological, histochemical, and morphometrical methods at different postoperative periods. The changes revealed showed structural and functional alterations of the thyroid gland to be dependent primarily on the type of surgical interventions on the pancreas. Resection of the terminal sections caused temporary and insignificant changes in the thyroid gland, but complete removal of the pancreas was followed by acute dystrophy and atrophic changes in the thyroid gland, this leading to the functional exhaustion.", "PMID": 728602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11736", "title": "[Effect of protracted infusions of polyglucin during the resuscitation period on metabolic and morphologic characteristics of the brain].", "content": "Polyglucine infusions (10 ml/kg) during the first 10 days of postresuscitation period after 4-hour hypovolemic hypotension promotes normalization of general RNA content, quick mobile protein fractions, corresponding prealbumins, albumins, postalbumins, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, and alpha-globulins. Macromolecular protein fractions beta- and gamma-globulins--remained considerably changed: beta-globulins doubled, and gamma-globulins decreased 1.7-fold. Acid phosphatase specific activity increased in the postmitochondrial supernatant by 53%; an increase in the acid phosphatase activity was revealed in the neurons, glia, and vascular endothelium. The amount of Purkinje's cells in the cerebral cortex in the experimental group did not differ essentially from the control values. Thus, the results obtained emphasize the importance of prolonged polyglucine infusions together with other resuscitation measures in the treatment of hypovolemic states.", "contents": "[Effect of protracted infusions of polyglucin during the resuscitation period on metabolic and morphologic characteristics of the brain]. Polyglucine infusions (10 ml/kg) during the first 10 days of postresuscitation period after 4-hour hypovolemic hypotension promotes normalization of general RNA content, quick mobile protein fractions, corresponding prealbumins, albumins, postalbumins, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, and alpha-globulins. Macromolecular protein fractions beta- and gamma-globulins--remained considerably changed: beta-globulins doubled, and gamma-globulins decreased 1.7-fold. Acid phosphatase specific activity increased in the postmitochondrial supernatant by 53%; an increase in the acid phosphatase activity was revealed in the neurons, glia, and vascular endothelium. The amount of Purkinje's cells in the cerebral cortex in the experimental group did not differ essentially from the control values. Thus, the results obtained emphasize the importance of prolonged polyglucine infusions together with other resuscitation measures in the treatment of hypovolemic states.", "PMID": 728603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11737", "title": "[Adrenaline lipolysis in the adipose tissue of rats with spontaneous and renal hypertension].", "content": "The lipolysis in the adipose tissue obtained from adrenalectomized and intact rats with spontaneous and renal hypertension and from rats of corresponding control groups was studied. Lypolysis under the effect of epinephrine and without it was evaluated by the concentration of nonesterified fatty acids in the tissue and by glycerine release into the incubation medium (in vitro). Reaction of the adipose tissue in response to epinephrine was the same in hypertensive and control rats when the adrenal glands were intact. Preliminary adrenalectomy which eliminated the corticosteroid action reduced the epinephrine lypolysis in the adipose tissue in control normotensive rats, but not in hypertensive rats (\"facilitation\" of catecholamine action on the lypolysis mechanism). This phenomenon is regarded by the authors as the alteration of plasmatic membranes adipocytes function in hypertensive animals. The adrenal cortex hypertrophy and the enhanced corticosteroid secretion in the types of hypertension studied are therefore considered as the measure for compensation of disturbances of the cell plasmatic membranes function in the internal environment tissues.", "contents": "[Adrenaline lipolysis in the adipose tissue of rats with spontaneous and renal hypertension]. The lipolysis in the adipose tissue obtained from adrenalectomized and intact rats with spontaneous and renal hypertension and from rats of corresponding control groups was studied. Lypolysis under the effect of epinephrine and without it was evaluated by the concentration of nonesterified fatty acids in the tissue and by glycerine release into the incubation medium (in vitro). Reaction of the adipose tissue in response to epinephrine was the same in hypertensive and control rats when the adrenal glands were intact. Preliminary adrenalectomy which eliminated the corticosteroid action reduced the epinephrine lypolysis in the adipose tissue in control normotensive rats, but not in hypertensive rats (\"facilitation\" of catecholamine action on the lypolysis mechanism). This phenomenon is regarded by the authors as the alteration of plasmatic membranes adipocytes function in hypertensive animals. The adrenal cortex hypertrophy and the enhanced corticosteroid secretion in the types of hypertension studied are therefore considered as the measure for compensation of disturbances of the cell plasmatic membranes function in the internal environment tissues.", "PMID": 728604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11738", "title": "[Mechanism of methylation of DNA bases by symmetrical dimethylhydrazine].", "content": "The effect of disulfiram on the alkylation of purine bases of the liver and colon DNA in rats exposed to 1,2-dimethyl-hydrazine-3H has been studied. The pretreatment of rats with disulfiram which inhibits the DMH N-oxydation was found to prevent the methylation of guanine with DMH. However, the radioactivity was readily incorporated into normal (non-methylated) purine bases during synthesis. The lack of DNA methylation in animals pretreated with disulfiram indicated carbonium ion rather than methyl radical to alkylate DNA.", "contents": "[Mechanism of methylation of DNA bases by symmetrical dimethylhydrazine]. The effect of disulfiram on the alkylation of purine bases of the liver and colon DNA in rats exposed to 1,2-dimethyl-hydrazine-3H has been studied. The pretreatment of rats with disulfiram which inhibits the DMH N-oxydation was found to prevent the methylation of guanine with DMH. However, the radioactivity was readily incorporated into normal (non-methylated) purine bases during synthesis. The lack of DNA methylation in animals pretreated with disulfiram indicated carbonium ion rather than methyl radical to alkylate DNA.", "PMID": 728607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11739", "title": "[Changes in the composition of heart proteins during early ontogenesis in normal subjects and in the presence of reduced uteroplacental blood flow].", "content": "The heart was studied on the 11th, 12th, 14th, 16th and 18th days of the rabbit embryo development under normal conditions and in decreased uteroplacental circulation. Under normal conditions the heart weight/embryo weight ratio was particularly high during the intensive development of hemodynamic functional \"embryo -- placenta -- uterus\" system (on the 12th and the 14th day), and then this ratio decreased. An increase of the total heart nitrogen and alterations in fractional composition on account of increase of contractile proteins and stroma proteins was particularly high by the 18th day. In pathology a decrease of the embryo and heart weights was noted in the course of all the days of the experiment. By the 18th day the heart/embryo weight ratio suggested the beginning of spontaneous rehabilitation due to gradual increase of the uteroplacental circulation. However, the total nitrogen in the heart in all the test groups remained the same as in control or increased, this pointing to the heart dehydration. Changes in the fractional composition of the heart proteins indicated deep biochemical disorders in it, and this could serve as one of the causes of the heart functional derangement.", "contents": "[Changes in the composition of heart proteins during early ontogenesis in normal subjects and in the presence of reduced uteroplacental blood flow]. The heart was studied on the 11th, 12th, 14th, 16th and 18th days of the rabbit embryo development under normal conditions and in decreased uteroplacental circulation. Under normal conditions the heart weight/embryo weight ratio was particularly high during the intensive development of hemodynamic functional \"embryo -- placenta -- uterus\" system (on the 12th and the 14th day), and then this ratio decreased. An increase of the total heart nitrogen and alterations in fractional composition on account of increase of contractile proteins and stroma proteins was particularly high by the 18th day. In pathology a decrease of the embryo and heart weights was noted in the course of all the days of the experiment. By the 18th day the heart/embryo weight ratio suggested the beginning of spontaneous rehabilitation due to gradual increase of the uteroplacental circulation. However, the total nitrogen in the heart in all the test groups remained the same as in control or increased, this pointing to the heart dehydration. Changes in the fractional composition of the heart proteins indicated deep biochemical disorders in it, and this could serve as one of the causes of the heart functional derangement.", "PMID": 728608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11740", "title": "[Porphobilinogen biosynthesis from delta-aminolevulinic acid by the internal organs of white rats].", "content": "The capacity for porphobilinogen (PBG) biosynthesis from aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in the homogenates of the lung, heart, liver, kidney, pancreatic and small intestinal tissues of 77 albino rats was determined, and all the mentioned organs were found to be capable of PBG biosynthesis. The greatest ALA dehydratase activity was found in the tissue of the liver, then -- in the order of decreasing activity -- in the tissues of the kidneys, lungs, pancreas, small intestine, heart and spleen. On addition of lead solution to the synthesizing system a significant reduction in the activity of the enzyme was revealed in the tissue of the liver; the activity was unchanged in the kidney tissue. No changes in the toxic effect of lead were found on simultaneous addition of lead and D-penicillamine.", "contents": "[Porphobilinogen biosynthesis from delta-aminolevulinic acid by the internal organs of white rats]. The capacity for porphobilinogen (PBG) biosynthesis from aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in the homogenates of the lung, heart, liver, kidney, pancreatic and small intestinal tissues of 77 albino rats was determined, and all the mentioned organs were found to be capable of PBG biosynthesis. The greatest ALA dehydratase activity was found in the tissue of the liver, then -- in the order of decreasing activity -- in the tissues of the kidneys, lungs, pancreas, small intestine, heart and spleen. On addition of lead solution to the synthesizing system a significant reduction in the activity of the enzyme was revealed in the tissue of the liver; the activity was unchanged in the kidney tissue. No changes in the toxic effect of lead were found on simultaneous addition of lead and D-penicillamine.", "PMID": 728609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11741", "title": "[Cholesterol biosynthesis in the blood of rabbits with experimental atherosclerosis].", "content": "Blood of normal rabbits and those on atherogenic cholesterol diet was incubated with 2--14C-acetate of sodium. After incubation cholesterol and its precursors -- squalene and lanosterin -- were found and identified in the non-saponified fractions of leukocytes and platelets. The maximum specific activity was revealed in cholesterol, next in turn were lanosterin and squalene of leukocytes both in the normal rabbits and in those with atherosclerosis. In platelets the label was mainly accumulated in lanosterin.", "contents": "[Cholesterol biosynthesis in the blood of rabbits with experimental atherosclerosis]. Blood of normal rabbits and those on atherogenic cholesterol diet was incubated with 2--14C-acetate of sodium. After incubation cholesterol and its precursors -- squalene and lanosterin -- were found and identified in the non-saponified fractions of leukocytes and platelets. The maximum specific activity was revealed in cholesterol, next in turn were lanosterin and squalene of leukocytes both in the normal rabbits and in those with atherosclerosis. In platelets the label was mainly accumulated in lanosterin.", "PMID": 728610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11742", "title": "[Effect of nonachlazine and oxyphedrin on a focus of myocardial ischemia].", "content": "In experimental angina pectoris of dogs developed by Sze-keres et al, 1976, and modified by the authors it was shown that nonachlazine in doses of 3 and 5 mg/kg decreased or even completely prevented the ST segment elevation on the epicardial electrogram from the focus of myocardial ischemia. Oxyphedrine in doses of 0.05, 0.1, and 0,3 mg/kg had no such effect. In doses of 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg the drug aggravated the epicardial electrogram.", "contents": "[Effect of nonachlazine and oxyphedrin on a focus of myocardial ischemia]. In experimental angina pectoris of dogs developed by Sze-keres et al, 1976, and modified by the authors it was shown that nonachlazine in doses of 3 and 5 mg/kg decreased or even completely prevented the ST segment elevation on the epicardial electrogram from the focus of myocardial ischemia. Oxyphedrine in doses of 0.05, 0.1, and 0,3 mg/kg had no such effect. In doses of 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg the drug aggravated the epicardial electrogram.", "PMID": 728611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11743", "title": "[Effect of insulin and prednisolone on the transport of organic substances in the kidneys of dogs].", "content": "Single injection of insulin (1 AU/kg) enhanced maximal glucose absorption, cardiotrast secretion and decreased sodium excretion without any changes of glomerular filtration in dogs. These effects depended on the direct action of insulin so far as the effect is expressed in the kidney only at the side of infusion when the preparation is administered into one of the renal arteries. Prednisolone had no significant effect on the glucose and cardiotrast transport in single injection (3--4 mg/kg) and 10-day (1.5--2 mg/kg daily) injections.", "contents": "[Effect of insulin and prednisolone on the transport of organic substances in the kidneys of dogs]. Single injection of insulin (1 AU/kg) enhanced maximal glucose absorption, cardiotrast secretion and decreased sodium excretion without any changes of glomerular filtration in dogs. These effects depended on the direct action of insulin so far as the effect is expressed in the kidney only at the side of infusion when the preparation is administered into one of the renal arteries. Prednisolone had no significant effect on the glucose and cardiotrast transport in single injection (3--4 mg/kg) and 10-day (1.5--2 mg/kg daily) injections.", "PMID": 728612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11744", "title": "[Effect of intravenous administration of calcium chloride on the effectiveness of infusion therapy of acute massive blood loss].", "content": "In acute experiments on 70 dogs at the late stage of the organism response to acute massive blood loss hemotransfusions, infusion of decalcinated gelatinol, or of a 0.9% solution of sodium chloride were incapable of preventing death of the animals. Intravenous infusions of a 10% calcium chloride solution following such therapy promoted survival of most of the animals.", "contents": "[Effect of intravenous administration of calcium chloride on the effectiveness of infusion therapy of acute massive blood loss]. In acute experiments on 70 dogs at the late stage of the organism response to acute massive blood loss hemotransfusions, infusion of decalcinated gelatinol, or of a 0.9% solution of sodium chloride were incapable of preventing death of the animals. Intravenous infusions of a 10% calcium chloride solution following such therapy promoted survival of most of the animals.", "PMID": 728613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11745", "title": "[Bone marrow microenvironment transfer by clones of stromal mechanocytes].", "content": "Clones of bone marrow stromal fibroblasts harvesed from monolayer cultures of mice and guinea pig bone marrow cells are transferring the hemopoietic microenvironment when transplanted in vivo. Individual fibroblast clones form bone tissue and create the microenvironment for erytroid, myeloid and megakariocyte differentiation of hematopoietic cells simultaneously.", "contents": "[Bone marrow microenvironment transfer by clones of stromal mechanocytes]. Clones of bone marrow stromal fibroblasts harvesed from monolayer cultures of mice and guinea pig bone marrow cells are transferring the hemopoietic microenvironment when transplanted in vivo. Individual fibroblast clones form bone tissue and create the microenvironment for erytroid, myeloid and megakariocyte differentiation of hematopoietic cells simultaneously.", "PMID": 728614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11746", "title": "[Role of the liver in the development of dyshormonal diseases of the mammary glands in rats].", "content": "Intermittent administration of CCl4 combined with permanent illumination resulted in a decrease of the frequency of mastopathy and of the mammary gland tumours in immature female rats and prolonged the period of their appearance. It is suggested that during regression of cirrhotic lesions the liver can lose its capacity to activate estrogens.", "contents": "[Role of the liver in the development of dyshormonal diseases of the mammary glands in rats]. Intermittent administration of CCl4 combined with permanent illumination resulted in a decrease of the frequency of mastopathy and of the mammary gland tumours in immature female rats and prolonged the period of their appearance. It is suggested that during regression of cirrhotic lesions the liver can lose its capacity to activate estrogens.", "PMID": 728615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11747", "title": "[Role of the spleen in regulating thrombocytopoiesis].", "content": "It was shown in experiments on dogs that splenectomy resulted in thrombocytosis, as well as in a decrease of the adhesive-aggregation capacity of platelets and their average life span. Daily thrombocytopoiesis was increased, and a sharp shift in megakariocytogram toward mature forms was noted. Megakaryocytes count in the bone marrow decreased. It is suggested that a factor controlling megakaryocytes cells precursors differentiation was produced in the spleen.", "contents": "[Role of the spleen in regulating thrombocytopoiesis]. It was shown in experiments on dogs that splenectomy resulted in thrombocytosis, as well as in a decrease of the adhesive-aggregation capacity of platelets and their average life span. Daily thrombocytopoiesis was increased, and a sharp shift in megakariocytogram toward mature forms was noted. Megakaryocytes count in the bone marrow decreased. It is suggested that a factor controlling megakaryocytes cells precursors differentiation was produced in the spleen.", "PMID": 728616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11748", "title": "[Development of the response of rabbit fetal tissues to thyroxine].", "content": "Development of rabbit fetal tissues sensitivity to thyroxin was studied on the basis of changes in alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase activity in the liver mitochondria of pregnant rabbits and their fetuses to which thyroxin was administered at different stages of pregnancy. T4 administration up to the 23rd day of gestation caused an increase in the enzyme activity in the maternal liver mitochondria only, whereas in the fetus it was at the control level. From the 24th day of pregnancy an increase of the alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase activity was seen in the fetal liver mitochondria. This can be explained by the appearance of rabbit fetal tissues sensitivity to maternal thyroxin at this period of gestation, increasing by the end of pregnancy.", "contents": "[Development of the response of rabbit fetal tissues to thyroxine]. Development of rabbit fetal tissues sensitivity to thyroxin was studied on the basis of changes in alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase activity in the liver mitochondria of pregnant rabbits and their fetuses to which thyroxin was administered at different stages of pregnancy. T4 administration up to the 23rd day of gestation caused an increase in the enzyme activity in the maternal liver mitochondria only, whereas in the fetus it was at the control level. From the 24th day of pregnancy an increase of the alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase activity was seen in the fetal liver mitochondria. This can be explained by the appearance of rabbit fetal tissues sensitivity to maternal thyroxin at this period of gestation, increasing by the end of pregnancy.", "PMID": 728617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11749", "title": "[Kinetics of cell proliferation in regenerating rat liver following subtotal resection].", "content": "Partial (78--80%) hepatectomy was conducted in male rats. The maximal mitotic activity of hepatocytes was seen 38--48 hours after the operation. It was found with thymidine-3H (pulse label) that the G2 period lasted 6 hours and the minimal duration of the S-period was 6 hours. During the liver regeneration after its subtotal resection there was asynchronization of the hepatocyte entrance into the S-period and mitosis, and cell retardation in the G1-and G2-periods. The mentioned changes in the hepatocyte proliferation are the results of intracellular metabolism disturbance under conditions of an excessive functional requirement.", "contents": "[Kinetics of cell proliferation in regenerating rat liver following subtotal resection]. Partial (78--80%) hepatectomy was conducted in male rats. The maximal mitotic activity of hepatocytes was seen 38--48 hours after the operation. It was found with thymidine-3H (pulse label) that the G2 period lasted 6 hours and the minimal duration of the S-period was 6 hours. During the liver regeneration after its subtotal resection there was asynchronization of the hepatocyte entrance into the S-period and mitosis, and cell retardation in the G1-and G2-periods. The mentioned changes in the hepatocyte proliferation are the results of intracellular metabolism disturbance under conditions of an excessive functional requirement.", "PMID": 728618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11750", "title": "[Rhythm of ornithine decarboxylase activity in slices of rat parotid gland].", "content": "Ornithine decarboxylase activity and the rate of protein synthesis were measured in the rat parotid gland slices incubated in vitro. A circahoralian rhythm of the enzyme activity preceding by phase that of the protein synthesis was found. These data are consistent with the assumption that ornithine decarboxylase may participate in the maintenance of the protein synthesis circahoralian rhythm in the parotid gland cells.", "contents": "[Rhythm of ornithine decarboxylase activity in slices of rat parotid gland]. Ornithine decarboxylase activity and the rate of protein synthesis were measured in the rat parotid gland slices incubated in vitro. A circahoralian rhythm of the enzyme activity preceding by phase that of the protein synthesis was found. These data are consistent with the assumption that ornithine decarboxylase may participate in the maintenance of the protein synthesis circahoralian rhythm in the parotid gland cells.", "PMID": 728619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11751", "title": "[Topography of the auxiliary structures of chemo- and mechanoreceptor formations in the tongues of adult rats according to scanning microscope findings].", "content": "The surface of an adult rat tongue was investigated by scanning microscopy. Structural organization of the chemo- and mechanoreceptor formations of the tongue was described and their topographic chart was drawn on the basis of the experimental material. An attempt was made to explain the functional significance of these formations.", "contents": "[Topography of the auxiliary structures of chemo- and mechanoreceptor formations in the tongues of adult rats according to scanning microscope findings]. The surface of an adult rat tongue was investigated by scanning microscopy. Structural organization of the chemo- and mechanoreceptor formations of the tongue was described and their topographic chart was drawn on the basis of the experimental material. An attempt was made to explain the functional significance of these formations.", "PMID": 728620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11752", "title": "[Role of carbohydrate-protein complexes in the organization of the microstructure of fibrous connective tissue].", "content": "Samples of the tendons and fascia subjected to the action of amylolytic and proteolytic enzymes (protorysin, trypsin) were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Degradation of the carbohydrate-protein complexes proved to bring about disappearance of the characteristic morphological signs of the collagen fibers. It was shown that a network of thin anastomosing filaments forming a framework connected with the carbohydrate-protein matrix underlay construction of the collagen fibers. As assumed, the net-like structure was a common principle in the structural organization of fibrous connective tissue.", "contents": "[Role of carbohydrate-protein complexes in the organization of the microstructure of fibrous connective tissue]. Samples of the tendons and fascia subjected to the action of amylolytic and proteolytic enzymes (protorysin, trypsin) were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Degradation of the carbohydrate-protein complexes proved to bring about disappearance of the characteristic morphological signs of the collagen fibers. It was shown that a network of thin anastomosing filaments forming a framework connected with the carbohydrate-protein matrix underlay construction of the collagen fibers. As assumed, the net-like structure was a common principle in the structural organization of fibrous connective tissue.", "PMID": 728621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11753", "title": "[Effect of hydration and dehydration of the bodies of animals on bioenergetic and mediator processes in the neurosecretory cells of the anterior hypothalamus].", "content": "Activity of redox enzymes, and of mediator-inactivated enzymes in the neurosecretory cells of the anterior hypothalamus under hydration and dehydration conditions of the rabbit organism was investigated by the histochemical methods. The activity of the Krebs' cycle enzymes and of the electron transport system responded by an increased activity to dehydration and by decreased one to hydration. The activity of alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase increased as compared to the control in both cases. Changes in the monoamine oxidase activity diminished in dehydration and rose in hydration. As to acetylcholinesterase -- the changes in its activity had a reciprocal character.", "contents": "[Effect of hydration and dehydration of the bodies of animals on bioenergetic and mediator processes in the neurosecretory cells of the anterior hypothalamus]. Activity of redox enzymes, and of mediator-inactivated enzymes in the neurosecretory cells of the anterior hypothalamus under hydration and dehydration conditions of the rabbit organism was investigated by the histochemical methods. The activity of the Krebs' cycle enzymes and of the electron transport system responded by an increased activity to dehydration and by decreased one to hydration. The activity of alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase increased as compared to the control in both cases. Changes in the monoamine oxidase activity diminished in dehydration and rose in hydration. As to acetylcholinesterase -- the changes in its activity had a reciprocal character.", "PMID": 728622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11754", "title": "[Specific secretory inclusions in the pyloric portion of the mouse stomach].", "content": "Aldehyde-fuchsin stainable secretory granules were found in the epithelium of the pyloric part of the mouse stomach. The granules are PAS-negative and nonstainable with lead hematoxylin. In intact mice only a small zone of the pylorus is engaged in production of such granules. Alpha-adrenergic stimulation causes expansion of the zone containing the granules. In mice exposed to general chilling after the propanolol injections there is a sharp extension of the zone in which the specific granules are distributed.", "contents": "[Specific secretory inclusions in the pyloric portion of the mouse stomach]. Aldehyde-fuchsin stainable secretory granules were found in the epithelium of the pyloric part of the mouse stomach. The granules are PAS-negative and nonstainable with lead hematoxylin. In intact mice only a small zone of the pylorus is engaged in production of such granules. Alpha-adrenergic stimulation causes expansion of the zone containing the granules. In mice exposed to general chilling after the propanolol injections there is a sharp extension of the zone in which the specific granules are distributed.", "PMID": 728623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11755", "title": "Evaluation of non-stimulated nitroblue-tetrazolium test in patients with malignant lymphomas.", "content": "The NBT-test was performed in 54 patients with Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma showing no bacterial infection exept for one case. 18 patients presented, at onset of the disease, a number of neutrophilic NBT-reducing granulocytes at pathological levels (greater than 12%). In order to evaluate the influence of cytostatic drugs on NBT-test serial blood samples were taken during polychemotherapy in 17 patients with lymphoma. In our experience, cytostatics (COPP) do not necessarily lessen NBT-reducing activity of granulocytes. The results suggest that the NBT in malignant lymphomas could not be used as an indication of bacterial infection.", "contents": "Evaluation of non-stimulated nitroblue-tetrazolium test in patients with malignant lymphomas. The NBT-test was performed in 54 patients with Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma showing no bacterial infection exept for one case. 18 patients presented, at onset of the disease, a number of neutrophilic NBT-reducing granulocytes at pathological levels (greater than 12%). In order to evaluate the influence of cytostatic drugs on NBT-test serial blood samples were taken during polychemotherapy in 17 patients with lymphoma. In our experience, cytostatics (COPP) do not necessarily lessen NBT-reducing activity of granulocytes. The results suggest that the NBT in malignant lymphomas could not be used as an indication of bacterial infection.", "PMID": 728624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11756", "title": "[Primary shape change of platelets in vitro (author's transl)].", "content": "Studies with interference contrast microscopy reveal that platelets undergo a typical shape change within 30--60' after venepuncture, i.e. swelling, formation of large tentacles, tiny protrusions and vesicles at the platelet surface. This \"shape change\" can be observed in citrated blood and PRP, heparinized blood and EDTA-blood as well. It is enhanced by low incubation temperatures (4 degrees C, 10 degrees C) and delayed at 37 degrees C as compared with room temperature. An increased number of primarily shape changed platelets is found if platelets are strongly mechanically irritated at blood sampling. The shape change is partly reversible in vitro, it is completely or almost completely reversible in vivo. Some antiaggregating agents inhibit the in vitro shape change at varying degrees (Bencyclan, SH 869  greater than ASA greater than D-Propranolol). The shape change is partly inhibited after oral or i.v. administration of ASA. A typical transformation of platelets into \"spheric\" forms can be observed following the addition of Bencyclan, SH 869 and D-Propranolol to PRP in vitro. The spontaneous \"primary shape change\" which occurs in PRP or blood after blood sampling is probably different from the secondary ADP-induced shape change. The primary shape change may influence the results of different platelet function and aggregating tests. The shape change kinetics of \"healthy\" subjects and patients with Hodgkin's disease differ significantly. The described method may gain more clinical interest in the future.", "contents": "[Primary shape change of platelets in vitro (author's transl)]. Studies with interference contrast microscopy reveal that platelets undergo a typical shape change within 30--60' after venepuncture, i.e. swelling, formation of large tentacles, tiny protrusions and vesicles at the platelet surface. This \"shape change\" can be observed in citrated blood and PRP, heparinized blood and EDTA-blood as well. It is enhanced by low incubation temperatures (4 degrees C, 10 degrees C) and delayed at 37 degrees C as compared with room temperature. An increased number of primarily shape changed platelets is found if platelets are strongly mechanically irritated at blood sampling. The shape change is partly reversible in vitro, it is completely or almost completely reversible in vivo. Some antiaggregating agents inhibit the in vitro shape change at varying degrees (Bencyclan, SH 869  greater than ASA greater than D-Propranolol). The shape change is partly inhibited after oral or i.v. administration of ASA. A typical transformation of platelets into \"spheric\" forms can be observed following the addition of Bencyclan, SH 869 and D-Propranolol to PRP in vitro. The spontaneous \"primary shape change\" which occurs in PRP or blood after blood sampling is probably different from the secondary ADP-induced shape change. The primary shape change may influence the results of different platelet function and aggregating tests. The shape change kinetics of \"healthy\" subjects and patients with Hodgkin's disease differ significantly. The described method may gain more clinical interest in the future.", "PMID": 728625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11757", "title": "[Secretory aspects and differentiation of B cells of the synovial membrane in mice].", "content": "The intimal layer of the synovial membrane (SM) includes essentially 2 cell types: A-cells with macrophagic functions and B-cells generally assimilated to fibroblasts. A comparative study of the B-cells in some mammals revealed that these cells possess specific polypeptidergic secretory features which are particularly clear in the mouse. The B-cells, which are more numerous than A-cells and often entirely line the synovial cavity, probably play an essential role in the metabolism of the SM. A study of the development of the SM in the mouse shows that the primitive cleft is formed before any differenciation of the synovial mesenchyme through degradation of the fine mesenchymal layer in direct contact with the chondrogenic layers. The differenciation of the SM coincides with the clarification and dilatation of the synovial cavity. As soon as the SM organizes into intimal and sub-intimal layers (6 days of life), the 2 intimal cell types can be identified by their macrophagic (A-cells) and secretory (B-cells) features. The B-cells, however, only show an appreciable content of typical secretory vesciles at 13 days. Our ultrastructural observations suggest that the B-cells are the source of some specific proteins of the synovial fluid and that they participate in the maintenance of the peculiar structure of the intimal interstitial tissue.", "contents": "[Secretory aspects and differentiation of B cells of the synovial membrane in mice]. The intimal layer of the synovial membrane (SM) includes essentially 2 cell types: A-cells with macrophagic functions and B-cells generally assimilated to fibroblasts. A comparative study of the B-cells in some mammals revealed that these cells possess specific polypeptidergic secretory features which are particularly clear in the mouse. The B-cells, which are more numerous than A-cells and often entirely line the synovial cavity, probably play an essential role in the metabolism of the SM. A study of the development of the SM in the mouse shows that the primitive cleft is formed before any differenciation of the synovial mesenchyme through degradation of the fine mesenchymal layer in direct contact with the chondrogenic layers. The differenciation of the SM coincides with the clarification and dilatation of the synovial cavity. As soon as the SM organizes into intimal and sub-intimal layers (6 days of life), the 2 intimal cell types can be identified by their macrophagic (A-cells) and secretory (B-cells) features. The B-cells, however, only show an appreciable content of typical secretory vesciles at 13 days. Our ultrastructural observations suggest that the B-cells are the source of some specific proteins of the synovial fluid and that they participate in the maintenance of the peculiar structure of the intimal interstitial tissue.", "PMID": 728628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11758", "title": "[Comparative study of afferent connections in the habenula in rats and cats after injection of horseradish peroxidase].", "content": "The habenular complex of 11 cats and 13 rats was injected with horse Radish peroxydase (HRP) (30% solution, 0,05--0,4 microliter). Retrograde labelling of cells was visualized after a survival period of 24 to 48 hours by means of the method of Lavail et al. (1973). The resultats obtained with this method suggest significant species differences regarding the habenular afferents in cats and rats. One of the most striking differences is that the entopeduncular nucleus of the cat contains very few HRP labelled cells after lateral habenular nucleus injection in comparison to the entopeduncular nucleus of the rat which can be shown to be the major source of afferents to the lateral habenular nucleus by the same method.", "contents": "[Comparative study of afferent connections in the habenula in rats and cats after injection of horseradish peroxidase]. The habenular complex of 11 cats and 13 rats was injected with horse Radish peroxydase (HRP) (30% solution, 0,05--0,4 microliter). Retrograde labelling of cells was visualized after a survival period of 24 to 48 hours by means of the method of Lavail et al. (1973). The resultats obtained with this method suggest significant species differences regarding the habenular afferents in cats and rats. One of the most striking differences is that the entopeduncular nucleus of the cat contains very few HRP labelled cells after lateral habenular nucleus injection in comparison to the entopeduncular nucleus of the rat which can be shown to be the major source of afferents to the lateral habenular nucleus by the same method.", "PMID": 728629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11759", "title": "[Study of polysaccharides present in palatal shelves of rats shortly before their fusion].", "content": "When slices of rat palatal shelves removed by dissection from 16 days 8 hours old fetuses, just before fusion, are treated by the periodic acid Schiff reaction (PAS), colored substances may be detected especially in the epithelium of the potential fusion zone; these substances are normally observed at the free surface of the epithelium. Our histochemical research, realized with the aid of the photonic microscope and of the transmission electron microscope, shows that most of the PAS positive material consists in glycogen; at the surface, this polysaccharide remains in the cytoplasm of flat degenerating cells and cannot be confused with the \"cell coat\" which presents no particularity, at this level, after demonstration by ruthenium red and by lanthanum nitrate.", "contents": "[Study of polysaccharides present in palatal shelves of rats shortly before their fusion]. When slices of rat palatal shelves removed by dissection from 16 days 8 hours old fetuses, just before fusion, are treated by the periodic acid Schiff reaction (PAS), colored substances may be detected especially in the epithelium of the potential fusion zone; these substances are normally observed at the free surface of the epithelium. Our histochemical research, realized with the aid of the photonic microscope and of the transmission electron microscope, shows that most of the PAS positive material consists in glycogen; at the surface, this polysaccharide remains in the cytoplasm of flat degenerating cells and cannot be confused with the \"cell coat\" which presents no particularity, at this level, after demonstration by ruthenium red and by lanthanum nitrate.", "PMID": 728631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11760", "title": "[Tridimensional vestibular study of important aspects of the human frontal region during growth].", "content": "The frontal bone, during its growth, has been analysed in the three dimensions of space, oriented by the vestibular axes of reference by the means of the coordinates of its noteworthy points, its notable linear measures and the distance of its elements relatively to the center of the axes. Its variability has also been explained by the construction of equiprobable ellipses of tolerance. These ellipses show the part due to growth and the part due to variation, the latter being more pronounced on the level of the dome of the skull than on the level of the basis.", "contents": "[Tridimensional vestibular study of important aspects of the human frontal region during growth]. The frontal bone, during its growth, has been analysed in the three dimensions of space, oriented by the vestibular axes of reference by the means of the coordinates of its noteworthy points, its notable linear measures and the distance of its elements relatively to the center of the axes. Its variability has also been explained by the construction of equiprobable ellipses of tolerance. These ellipses show the part due to growth and the part due to variation, the latter being more pronounced on the level of the dome of the skull than on the level of the basis.", "PMID": 728632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11761", "title": "[Ontogenic development of the surface of craniofacial sagittal angular sectors in man and chimpanzee].", "content": "By means of a technique for measuring surfaces by direct reading, six angular sectors have been studied (3 for the face and 3 for the skull) at various ontogenic periods of Man, common chimpanzee and dwarf chimpanzee. The growth curves have been drawn for absolute values and for relative values. They show a certain evolutive parallelism between the frontal bone and the parietal bone, and between the face and the mandible, with a special fate for the occipital bone.", "contents": "[Ontogenic development of the surface of craniofacial sagittal angular sectors in man and chimpanzee]. By means of a technique for measuring surfaces by direct reading, six angular sectors have been studied (3 for the face and 3 for the skull) at various ontogenic periods of Man, common chimpanzee and dwarf chimpanzee. The growth curves have been drawn for absolute values and for relative values. They show a certain evolutive parallelism between the frontal bone and the parietal bone, and between the face and the mandible, with a special fate for the occipital bone.", "PMID": 728633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11762", "title": "[Presence of cell fusions in human malignant glioma].", "content": "The observation in malignant glioma of multinucleated cells possessing nuclei at different stages of the cell cycle, micrographs never encountered in benign glioma, led us to propose the hypothesis that, at least in this series of tumors, cell fusion was a criterion of malignancy. We tried to confirm this hypothesis by grafting malignant human gliomas into the brains of new-born mice for the purpose of making hybrid cells possessing human and murine characteristics conspicuous, we found these same multinucleated cells in these grafts. We demonstrated the hybrid nature of these cells by means of a fluorochrome, 33,258 Hoechst, which has the property of fixing itself selectively in the chromocentres of mice. We found quenched human cells, very fluorescent mice cells, and hybrid cells with syncaryons presenting a mixture of fluorescent and quenched chromocentres. These malignant cells are therefore capable of fusing with normal cells at a frequency which remains to be determined.", "contents": "[Presence of cell fusions in human malignant glioma]. The observation in malignant glioma of multinucleated cells possessing nuclei at different stages of the cell cycle, micrographs never encountered in benign glioma, led us to propose the hypothesis that, at least in this series of tumors, cell fusion was a criterion of malignancy. We tried to confirm this hypothesis by grafting malignant human gliomas into the brains of new-born mice for the purpose of making hybrid cells possessing human and murine characteristics conspicuous, we found these same multinucleated cells in these grafts. We demonstrated the hybrid nature of these cells by means of a fluorochrome, 33,258 Hoechst, which has the property of fixing itself selectively in the chromocentres of mice. We found quenched human cells, very fluorescent mice cells, and hybrid cells with syncaryons presenting a mixture of fluorescent and quenched chromocentres. These malignant cells are therefore capable of fusing with normal cells at a frequency which remains to be determined.", "PMID": 728634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11763", "title": "Cerebral malakoplakia.", "content": "A newborn male developed diffuse myoclonus. Right frontal craniotomy revealed a thin hemispheric mantle and a cyst communicating with the right lateral ventricle. In the biopsy of the cyst wall there were the characteristic findings of malakoplakia, granulomatous inflammation with von Hansemann histiocytes and Michaelis-Gutmann bodies. The child died at 1 1/2 years of age.", "contents": "Cerebral malakoplakia. A newborn male developed diffuse myoclonus. Right frontal craniotomy revealed a thin hemispheric mantle and a cyst communicating with the right lateral ventricle. In the biopsy of the cyst wall there were the characteristic findings of malakoplakia, granulomatous inflammation with von Hansemann histiocytes and Michaelis-Gutmann bodies. The child died at 1 1/2 years of age.", "PMID": 728654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11764", "title": "Changes in auditory perception in the menstrual cycle.", "content": "In a attempt to specify the critical functional components involved in the menstrual fluctuation of the upper frequency limit of the binaural beat we have obtained evidence of better performance in a variety of tasks at period and mid-cycle than at other times. These tasks include detection of physical beating, low-frequency octave matching, and lateralisation of clicks having interaural time delays in the 100 musec region. Continuous pure-tone frequency discrimination did not show a significant cyclical pattern overall but there was a tendency for low-frequency discrimination to show the described pattern. An attempt is made to reconcile some of these results with those of Wynn (1973) on absolute pitch, in terms of possible physiological and biochemical correlates. Three conclusions can be drawn: (1) The representations both of low-frequency tones and of the interaural time differences involved in some localisation tasks are particularly susceptible to alteration by the biochemical changes of the menstrual cycle: (2) The changes underlying perceptual variations are multiple, and inevitably confounded in any single task. (3) The distinction between the sensitivity and bias parameters of performance appears to be valuable in specifying menstrual effects. Several further lines of enquiry are suggested, but methodological difficulties in cycle research make it likely that more progress will come from better understanding of the physiological bases of psychoacoustic tasks using other methods, rather than from investigating natural menstrual effects.", "contents": "Changes in auditory perception in the menstrual cycle. In a attempt to specify the critical functional components involved in the menstrual fluctuation of the upper frequency limit of the binaural beat we have obtained evidence of better performance in a variety of tasks at period and mid-cycle than at other times. These tasks include detection of physical beating, low-frequency octave matching, and lateralisation of clicks having interaural time delays in the 100 musec region. Continuous pure-tone frequency discrimination did not show a significant cyclical pattern overall but there was a tendency for low-frequency discrimination to show the described pattern. An attempt is made to reconcile some of these results with those of Wynn (1973) on absolute pitch, in terms of possible physiological and biochemical correlates. Three conclusions can be drawn: (1) The representations both of low-frequency tones and of the interaural time differences involved in some localisation tasks are particularly susceptible to alteration by the biochemical changes of the menstrual cycle: (2) The changes underlying perceptual variations are multiple, and inevitably confounded in any single task. (3) The distinction between the sensitivity and bias parameters of performance appears to be valuable in specifying menstrual effects. Several further lines of enquiry are suggested, but methodological difficulties in cycle research make it likely that more progress will come from better understanding of the physiological bases of psychoacoustic tasks using other methods, rather than from investigating natural menstrual effects.", "PMID": 728655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11765", "title": "A new theory of cochlear function based on quasi quantum considerations.", "content": "A new theory of cochlear function is proposed. It locates the 2nd filter in the IHC which are regarded as biological resonators. The OHC play no part in frequency discrimination. Confirmation of the theory is derived from the fact that it offers plausible explanations for many otherwise unexplained paradoxes in the distribution of cochlear microphonics. It also explains why combination tones only occur in very restricted frequency regions, and it predicts their relative audibility. Finally a test is proposed whereby the theory must stand or fall.", "contents": "A new theory of cochlear function based on quasi quantum considerations. A new theory of cochlear function is proposed. It locates the 2nd filter in the IHC which are regarded as biological resonators. The OHC play no part in frequency discrimination. Confirmation of the theory is derived from the fact that it offers plausible explanations for many otherwise unexplained paradoxes in the distribution of cochlear microphonics. It also explains why combination tones only occur in very restricted frequency regions, and it predicts their relative audibility. Finally a test is proposed whereby the theory must stand or fall.", "PMID": 728656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11766", "title": "A theoretical approach to the loop induction system.", "content": "In a study of the properties of hearing aids with loop induction coils, it was observed that a group of high-powered aids used primarily for their extended low frequency responses had poor low frequency responses when used on loop input. The consequences of these characteristics are discussed. To asisst in the problem of loop design, equations are presented expressing the magnetic field strength at any point in terms of the electric current and loop location. These were found to predict the field strength with good accuracy, and may be used to calculate the field strength and its variation, produced by almost any loop configuration.", "contents": "A theoretical approach to the loop induction system. In a study of the properties of hearing aids with loop induction coils, it was observed that a group of high-powered aids used primarily for their extended low frequency responses had poor low frequency responses when used on loop input. The consequences of these characteristics are discussed. To asisst in the problem of loop design, equations are presented expressing the magnetic field strength at any point in terms of the electric current and loop location. These were found to predict the field strength with good accuracy, and may be used to calculate the field strength and its variation, produced by almost any loop configuration.", "PMID": 728657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11767", "title": "[Genetics and society].", "content": "With the use of mathematical models it was attempted to calculate the probability of eugenic or dysgenic effects as a consequence of medical treatment and of procedures used in human genetics. 1. Modern medicine will cause mainly an increase in multifactorial malformations and diseases. But the resulting burden for the general public most probably will be considerably smaller compared to to-day expenses for the care of those affected with chronic inherited diseases. 2. For many families concerned prenatal diagnosis is the only reasonable approach to obtain healthy children of their own. In order to reduce substantially the number of affected individuals prenatal diagnosis would have to be applied as a prospective mass screening which in many cases would be too demanding.", "contents": "[Genetics and society]. With the use of mathematical models it was attempted to calculate the probability of eugenic or dysgenic effects as a consequence of medical treatment and of procedures used in human genetics. 1. Modern medicine will cause mainly an increase in multifactorial malformations and diseases. But the resulting burden for the general public most probably will be considerably smaller compared to to-day expenses for the care of those affected with chronic inherited diseases. 2. For many families concerned prenatal diagnosis is the only reasonable approach to obtain healthy children of their own. In order to reduce substantially the number of affected individuals prenatal diagnosis would have to be applied as a prospective mass screening which in many cases would be too demanding.", "PMID": 728671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11768", "title": "[Structure of interphase chromosomes].", "content": "The chromosomes are based on a structural unit, the nucleosome. It consists of a protein care and about 200 base pairs of DNA arranged on its outside in a regular way, probably as a spiral. The protein care is a histone octamer containing two copies each of the four main types of histones, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. The shape of the nucleosome ressembles a short wedge shaped cylinder of 110 A x 110 A x 60 A. The nucleosomes are closely spaced and linked by the continuous DNA. Since the fifth histone, H1, stabilizes the interaction of adjacent nucleosomes, it is considered to be involved in the formation of higher structural orders in the chromosomes.", "contents": "[Structure of interphase chromosomes]. The chromosomes are based on a structural unit, the nucleosome. It consists of a protein care and about 200 base pairs of DNA arranged on its outside in a regular way, probably as a spiral. The protein care is a histone octamer containing two copies each of the four main types of histones, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. The shape of the nucleosome ressembles a short wedge shaped cylinder of 110 A x 110 A x 60 A. The nucleosomes are closely spaced and linked by the continuous DNA. Since the fifth histone, H1, stabilizes the interaction of adjacent nucleosomes, it is considered to be involved in the formation of higher structural orders in the chromosomes.", "PMID": 728672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11769", "title": "[Ultrastructure of human chromosomes].", "content": "The structural elements of chromosomes are chromatin fibrils of about 100 A diameter (see the preceeding paper by NOLL). The chromosomes of most eukaryontic species are single stranded. Each chromatid consists of only one chromatin fibril and thus only of one DNA-double helix. In interphase the chromatin fibril is loosely and irregularly folded. With the onset of mitosis it becomes more densely but still irregularly packed to form the long and thin prophase chromosome. Metaphase chromosomes are formed by a coiling of the thin prophase chromatids (major coils). Chromosome banding can be produced with the aid of specific fluorescent dyes or by special pretreatments before staining. The banding is due to many factors but an important one is the different AT- ad GC-content of bandlike regions. In very thin chromosomes such as premature condensed chromosomes the bands are very fine and can be correlated in size to the chromomeres of polytene giant chromosomes.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of human chromosomes]. The structural elements of chromosomes are chromatin fibrils of about 100 A diameter (see the preceeding paper by NOLL). The chromosomes of most eukaryontic species are single stranded. Each chromatid consists of only one chromatin fibril and thus only of one DNA-double helix. In interphase the chromatin fibril is loosely and irregularly folded. With the onset of mitosis it becomes more densely but still irregularly packed to form the long and thin prophase chromosome. Metaphase chromosomes are formed by a coiling of the thin prophase chromatids (major coils). Chromosome banding can be produced with the aid of specific fluorescent dyes or by special pretreatments before staining. The banding is due to many factors but an important one is the different AT- ad GC-content of bandlike regions. In very thin chromosomes such as premature condensed chromosomes the bands are very fine and can be correlated in size to the chromomeres of polytene giant chromosomes.", "PMID": 728673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11770", "title": "Congenital chromosome anomalies.", "content": "The introduction of chromosome banding techniques has led to the detection of a greatly increased number of congenital chromosome anomalies, especially those involving duplication and/or deficiency of short segments of chromosomes. Of most widespread use are the general banding techniques: Q-, G- and R-banding. Special staining methods provide help in certain cases. These include C-banding, G11 staining of some C-bands, Ag-staining of active ribosomal RNA gene clusters, differential staining of sister chromatids and differential staining of early or late replicating bands. Every banding method that can be produced by a fluorescent or nonfluorescent dye can be duplicated by the use of antinucleoside antibodies, providing strong support for the idea that the organization of DNA of particular nucleotide base composition and sequence is responsible for chromosome banding. As a result of the application of banding methods, a wealth of structural chromosmoe changes have been detected. In the balanced form, as translocations or inversions, these may have no effect on their carrier. However, such carriers have a markedly increased risk of having children with congenital chromosome anomalies. Most of these can be diagnosed prenatally using the generally available banding techniques.", "contents": "Congenital chromosome anomalies. The introduction of chromosome banding techniques has led to the detection of a greatly increased number of congenital chromosome anomalies, especially those involving duplication and/or deficiency of short segments of chromosomes. Of most widespread use are the general banding techniques: Q-, G- and R-banding. Special staining methods provide help in certain cases. These include C-banding, G11 staining of some C-bands, Ag-staining of active ribosomal RNA gene clusters, differential staining of sister chromatids and differential staining of early or late replicating bands. Every banding method that can be produced by a fluorescent or nonfluorescent dye can be duplicated by the use of antinucleoside antibodies, providing strong support for the idea that the organization of DNA of particular nucleotide base composition and sequence is responsible for chromosome banding. As a result of the application of banding methods, a wealth of structural chromosmoe changes have been detected. In the balanced form, as translocations or inversions, these may have no effect on their carrier. However, such carriers have a markedly increased risk of having children with congenital chromosome anomalies. Most of these can be diagnosed prenatally using the generally available banding techniques.", "PMID": 728674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11771", "title": "Genetic analysis of cell malignancy--evidence from somatic cell genetics.", "content": "When normal nontumorigenic cells are fused with tumorigenic cells some of the resulting hybrids are nontumorigenic in respect to their ability to grow in immune-deficient nude mice. Comparison of the chromosome content of nontumorigenic with tumorigenic hybrids, as well as with the cells of tumors which develop from the latter, reveals that in normal human x tumorigenic Chinese hamster hybrid crosses, two specific human chromosomes of the nontumorigenic parental line are very likely responsible for the suppressive effect. In some other hybrid crosses these and additional human chromosomes also seem to cause suppression. These findings suggest that a tumorigenic cell has lost at least two and possibly more gene functions which determine normal growth responses. The chromosomes from a normal cell can apparently correct these defects, although it is not yet clear if this is true genetic complementation or due to introduction of other genes which control cell growth or a cell's response to environmental growth regulatory stimuli. These findings led support to the view that genetic alterations are important in the process of malignant transformation and allow the development of a working hypothesis for the possible mechanisms involved. Some findings of other workers in this area also suggest that malignant cells may be producing some cell membrane proteins which are different from those of nontumorigenic cells. If this turns out to be true then it may ultimately be possible to develop immunotherapeutic procedures, i.e., to produce tumor cell specific antisera.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of cell malignancy--evidence from somatic cell genetics. When normal nontumorigenic cells are fused with tumorigenic cells some of the resulting hybrids are nontumorigenic in respect to their ability to grow in immune-deficient nude mice. Comparison of the chromosome content of nontumorigenic with tumorigenic hybrids, as well as with the cells of tumors which develop from the latter, reveals that in normal human x tumorigenic Chinese hamster hybrid crosses, two specific human chromosomes of the nontumorigenic parental line are very likely responsible for the suppressive effect. In some other hybrid crosses these and additional human chromosomes also seem to cause suppression. These findings suggest that a tumorigenic cell has lost at least two and possibly more gene functions which determine normal growth responses. The chromosomes from a normal cell can apparently correct these defects, although it is not yet clear if this is true genetic complementation or due to introduction of other genes which control cell growth or a cell's response to environmental growth regulatory stimuli. These findings led support to the view that genetic alterations are important in the process of malignant transformation and allow the development of a working hypothesis for the possible mechanisms involved. Some findings of other workers in this area also suggest that malignant cells may be producing some cell membrane proteins which are different from those of nontumorigenic cells. If this turns out to be true then it may ultimately be possible to develop immunotherapeutic procedures, i.e., to produce tumor cell specific antisera.", "PMID": 728675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11772", "title": "[Early diagnosis of neoplasms].", "content": "Cancer is a generic term for a variant manifestation of life caused by genetic mutations of somatic cells. It is not only carcinogenesis which is basically a genetic phenomenon, but also tumor progression which can be influenced by various genetic factors. A group of tumors is known to be inherited in a Mendelian fashion. In addition a great number of single gene disorders is associated with the development of maligne tumors. The further study of these diseases will allow new insights into the fundamental mechanisms leading to clinical cancer. In this respect a series of immunodeficiency diseases is of particular interest. Several organ tumors which seem to occur more frequently in relatives of tumor patients are of practical importance. A more sophisticated classification of these tumors may illuminate their genetic behavior. The geneticist cannot only define groups of individuals with a high cancer risk, but he can identify genetic, e.g. chromosomal, aberrations of cancerous cells which enables him the early detection of neoplasia.", "contents": "[Early diagnosis of neoplasms]. Cancer is a generic term for a variant manifestation of life caused by genetic mutations of somatic cells. It is not only carcinogenesis which is basically a genetic phenomenon, but also tumor progression which can be influenced by various genetic factors. A group of tumors is known to be inherited in a Mendelian fashion. In addition a great number of single gene disorders is associated with the development of maligne tumors. The further study of these diseases will allow new insights into the fundamental mechanisms leading to clinical cancer. In this respect a series of immunodeficiency diseases is of particular interest. Several organ tumors which seem to occur more frequently in relatives of tumor patients are of practical importance. A more sophisticated classification of these tumors may illuminate their genetic behavior. The geneticist cannot only define groups of individuals with a high cancer risk, but he can identify genetic, e.g. chromosomal, aberrations of cancerous cells which enables him the early detection of neoplasia.", "PMID": 728676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11773", "title": "[Future problems of medical genetics].", "content": "The following future problems of medical genetics can be identified: 1. Description and analysis of new genetic diseases, especially in developing countries 2. Biochemical analysis, especially of dominant diseases 3. Elucidation of genetic causes for common diseases and their interaction with specific environmental factors (drugs and other chemicals). In the near future it will be possible to provide every newborn with a list of specific advises for prevention of health hazards; this list will be based on the genetic polymorphisms and their impact on health and disease.", "contents": "[Future problems of medical genetics]. The following future problems of medical genetics can be identified: 1. Description and analysis of new genetic diseases, especially in developing countries 2. Biochemical analysis, especially of dominant diseases 3. Elucidation of genetic causes for common diseases and their interaction with specific environmental factors (drugs and other chemicals). In the near future it will be possible to provide every newborn with a list of specific advises for prevention of health hazards; this list will be based on the genetic polymorphisms and their impact on health and disease.", "PMID": 728677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11774", "title": "The effects of acetylcholine on the membrane and contractile properties of smooth muscle cells of the rabbit superior mesenteric artery.", "content": "1 Effects of acetylcholine (ACh) on the membrane potential and mechanical properties of rabbit superior mesenteric artery were investigated by the use of microelectrode and isometric tension recording methods. The membrane potential was -62.5 +/- 3.0 mV (s.d.). The maximum slope of the membrane depolarization produced by tenfold increase in [K](0) plotted on a log scale was 48 mV. Excess [K](0) and low [K](0) depolarized the membrane and produced contraction (contracture). The minimum depolarization to produce contraction was 10 mV.2 Low concentrations (10 and 100 ng/ml) of ACh hyperpolarized the membrane. Increased concentrations of ACh (1 and 10 mug/ml) hyperpolarized the membrane further in adult rabbit, while increased concentrations of ACh produced a smaller hyperpolarization in young rabbit. These potential changes produced by ACh in immature and adult rabbits were suppressed by treatment with atropine (0.1 mug/ml).3 ACh (10 ng to 1 mug/ml) consistently generated contraction in Krebs solution. However, ACh relaxed the contraction induced by either K(+) or noradrenaline in the adult rabbit, and it enhanced contraction produced by this treatment in the immature rabbit. In Ca-free EGTA solution, the action of ACh on the mechanical response was markedly suppressed, although high concentrations of ACh still evoked contraction. However, treatment with atropine (1 mug/ml) completely prevented these actions of ACh.4 ACh-induced relaxation during either K(+)-induced or noradrenaline-induced contraction was not caused by the hyperpolarization of the membrane.5 It is concluded that ACh possesses dual actions on smooth muscle cells of the rabbit superior mesenteric artery in Krebs solution, i.e. ACh hyperpolarizes the membrane, while it consistently generates contraction. These ACh actions on the muscle cells were modified by aging.", "contents": "The effects of acetylcholine on the membrane and contractile properties of smooth muscle cells of the rabbit superior mesenteric artery. 1 Effects of acetylcholine (ACh) on the membrane potential and mechanical properties of rabbit superior mesenteric artery were investigated by the use of microelectrode and isometric tension recording methods. The membrane potential was -62.5 +/- 3.0 mV (s.d.). The maximum slope of the membrane depolarization produced by tenfold increase in [K](0) plotted on a log scale was 48 mV. Excess [K](0) and low [K](0) depolarized the membrane and produced contraction (contracture). The minimum depolarization to produce contraction was 10 mV.2 Low concentrations (10 and 100 ng/ml) of ACh hyperpolarized the membrane. Increased concentrations of ACh (1 and 10 mug/ml) hyperpolarized the membrane further in adult rabbit, while increased concentrations of ACh produced a smaller hyperpolarization in young rabbit. These potential changes produced by ACh in immature and adult rabbits were suppressed by treatment with atropine (0.1 mug/ml).3 ACh (10 ng to 1 mug/ml) consistently generated contraction in Krebs solution. However, ACh relaxed the contraction induced by either K(+) or noradrenaline in the adult rabbit, and it enhanced contraction produced by this treatment in the immature rabbit. In Ca-free EGTA solution, the action of ACh on the mechanical response was markedly suppressed, although high concentrations of ACh still evoked contraction. However, treatment with atropine (1 mug/ml) completely prevented these actions of ACh.4 ACh-induced relaxation during either K(+)-induced or noradrenaline-induced contraction was not caused by the hyperpolarization of the membrane.5 It is concluded that ACh possesses dual actions on smooth muscle cells of the rabbit superior mesenteric artery in Krebs solution, i.e. ACh hyperpolarizes the membrane, while it consistently generates contraction. These ACh actions on the muscle cells were modified by aging.", "PMID": 728678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11775", "title": "The effects of diltiazem (CRD-401) on the membrane and mechanical properties of vascular smooth muscles of the rabbit.", "content": "1 The effects of diltiazem on electrical and mechanical properties of vascular smooth muscles of the rabbit were examined by various experimental procedures. 2 In the pulmonary artery, diltiazem (0.1 to 10 microgram/ml) did not modify the membrane potential (-56 mV), length constant of the tissue (1.47 mm) or rectifying properties of the membrane. Diltiazem (0.1 to 10 microgram/ml) did not modify the membrane potential of the mesenteric artery (-62.5 mV). 3 Diltiazem (1 to 10 microgram/ml) suppressed mechanical responses of pulmonary and mesenteric arteries induced either by direct stimulation of the muscle (1.0 s pulse) or by neural activation (0.5 ms pulse, 30 Hz and 10 s total duration). Diltiazem suppressed the contraction induced by nerve stimulation to a greater extent than that induced by direct muscle stimulation. 4 When the depolarization-contraction relationship of the smooth muscle of the pulmonary artery was observed by voltage clamp technique, diltiazem (1 to 10 microgram/ml) raised the critical membrane potential to evoke contraction from 5 mV to 12 mV, and reduced the amplitude of contraction obtained at any given depolarization level. 5 In the pulmonary artery, diltiazem (10 microgram/ml) suppressed K-induced contraction and raised the mechanical threshold, while K-induced depolarization was not suppressed. Diltiazem (1 to 10 microgram/ml) also suppressed noradrenaline-induced contraction, raised the mechanical threshold and suppressed noradrenaline-induced depolarization. 6 The vasodilator actions of diltiazem on the vascular smooth muscle were compared to vasodilator actions observed with other Ca-antagonists.", "contents": "The effects of diltiazem (CRD-401) on the membrane and mechanical properties of vascular smooth muscles of the rabbit. 1 The effects of diltiazem on electrical and mechanical properties of vascular smooth muscles of the rabbit were examined by various experimental procedures. 2 In the pulmonary artery, diltiazem (0.1 to 10 microgram/ml) did not modify the membrane potential (-56 mV), length constant of the tissue (1.47 mm) or rectifying properties of the membrane. Diltiazem (0.1 to 10 microgram/ml) did not modify the membrane potential of the mesenteric artery (-62.5 mV). 3 Diltiazem (1 to 10 microgram/ml) suppressed mechanical responses of pulmonary and mesenteric arteries induced either by direct stimulation of the muscle (1.0 s pulse) or by neural activation (0.5 ms pulse, 30 Hz and 10 s total duration). Diltiazem suppressed the contraction induced by nerve stimulation to a greater extent than that induced by direct muscle stimulation. 4 When the depolarization-contraction relationship of the smooth muscle of the pulmonary artery was observed by voltage clamp technique, diltiazem (1 to 10 microgram/ml) raised the critical membrane potential to evoke contraction from 5 mV to 12 mV, and reduced the amplitude of contraction obtained at any given depolarization level. 5 In the pulmonary artery, diltiazem (10 microgram/ml) suppressed K-induced contraction and raised the mechanical threshold, while K-induced depolarization was not suppressed. Diltiazem (1 to 10 microgram/ml) also suppressed noradrenaline-induced contraction, raised the mechanical threshold and suppressed noradrenaline-induced depolarization. 6 The vasodilator actions of diltiazem on the vascular smooth muscle were compared to vasodilator actions observed with other Ca-antagonists.", "PMID": 728679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11776", "title": "Antagonistic effect of compound 48/80 on the inhibitory actions of morphine and methionine-enkephalin on electrically-induced contractions of the guinea-pig ileum.", "content": "1 The effect of compound 48/80 was studied on the twitch-like contractions of the longitudinal muscle of guinea-pig ileum induced by electrical stimulation of intramural cholinergic nerves. 2 Compound 48/80 alone, at concentrations up to 30 microgram/ml, had no effect on the twitch contractions. The contraction to exogenously applied acetylcholine was slightly depressed by the compound. 3 At 100 microgram/ml, compound 48/80 caused a weak but long-lasting increase in tone and irregular contractile activity in the ileum, part of which was reduced but not completely abolished by pretreatment with chlorpheniramine (1 muM) or by repeated applications of compound 48/80. 4 The inhibitory effects of morphine and methionine-enkephalin on the twitches were antagonized by the presence of compound 48/80 (3 to 30 microgram/ml), possibly in a competitive manner. The antagonism was not affected by pretreatment with the antihistaminics, chlorpheniramine and/or metiamide. 5 The inhibitory effects of noradrenaline and adrenaline on the twitches were slightly but significantly increased by the presence of compound 48/80 (10 or 30 microgram/ml), whereas that of ATP was not modified. 6 Thesese results indicate that compound 48/80 acts as a selective and competitive antagonist at opiate receptors located in the intramural cholinergic nerves of guinea-pig ileum.", "contents": "Antagonistic effect of compound 48/80 on the inhibitory actions of morphine and methionine-enkephalin on electrically-induced contractions of the guinea-pig ileum. 1 The effect of compound 48/80 was studied on the twitch-like contractions of the longitudinal muscle of guinea-pig ileum induced by electrical stimulation of intramural cholinergic nerves. 2 Compound 48/80 alone, at concentrations up to 30 microgram/ml, had no effect on the twitch contractions. The contraction to exogenously applied acetylcholine was slightly depressed by the compound. 3 At 100 microgram/ml, compound 48/80 caused a weak but long-lasting increase in tone and irregular contractile activity in the ileum, part of which was reduced but not completely abolished by pretreatment with chlorpheniramine (1 muM) or by repeated applications of compound 48/80. 4 The inhibitory effects of morphine and methionine-enkephalin on the twitches were antagonized by the presence of compound 48/80 (3 to 30 microgram/ml), possibly in a competitive manner. The antagonism was not affected by pretreatment with the antihistaminics, chlorpheniramine and/or metiamide. 5 The inhibitory effects of noradrenaline and adrenaline on the twitches were slightly but significantly increased by the presence of compound 48/80 (10 or 30 microgram/ml), whereas that of ATP was not modified. 6 Thesese results indicate that compound 48/80 acts as a selective and competitive antagonist at opiate receptors located in the intramural cholinergic nerves of guinea-pig ileum.", "PMID": 728680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11777", "title": "The effects of pentobarbitone and urethane on pulmonary airway resistance in guinea-pigs and their interactions with drugs.", "content": "1 Propranolol increased pulmonary airway resistance (PAR) in the conscious guinea-pig, whereas atropine had no effect, suggesting the existence of a continual sympathetic bronchodilator tone. 2 The direct bronchoconstrictor effects of histamine, acetylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine were modified by autonomic reflexes: a bronchodilator one, abolished by propranolol, and a cholinergic bronchoconstrictor one, seen with histamine. 3 Pentobarbitone increased PAR, an effect which was reduced by propranolol but which was unaffected by atropine. The bronchoconstrictor effects of histamine, acetylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine were potentiated by pentobarbitone. 4 Pentobarbitone therefore appears to inhibit the adrenergic bronchodilator tone and to depress adrenergic reflexes, these being the preponderant autonomic influences in these experiments. 5 Like pentobarbitone, urethane increased PAR in the conscious guinea-pig and potentiated the bronchoconstrictor effects of the three amines. These actions are similarly attributed to a reduction in adrenergic influences.", "contents": "The effects of pentobarbitone and urethane on pulmonary airway resistance in guinea-pigs and their interactions with drugs. 1 Propranolol increased pulmonary airway resistance (PAR) in the conscious guinea-pig, whereas atropine had no effect, suggesting the existence of a continual sympathetic bronchodilator tone. 2 The direct bronchoconstrictor effects of histamine, acetylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine were modified by autonomic reflexes: a bronchodilator one, abolished by propranolol, and a cholinergic bronchoconstrictor one, seen with histamine. 3 Pentobarbitone increased PAR, an effect which was reduced by propranolol but which was unaffected by atropine. The bronchoconstrictor effects of histamine, acetylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine were potentiated by pentobarbitone. 4 Pentobarbitone therefore appears to inhibit the adrenergic bronchodilator tone and to depress adrenergic reflexes, these being the preponderant autonomic influences in these experiments. 5 Like pentobarbitone, urethane increased PAR in the conscious guinea-pig and potentiated the bronchoconstrictor effects of the three amines. These actions are similarly attributed to a reduction in adrenergic influences.", "PMID": 728681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11778", "title": "A pharmacological investigation of the electrically evoked convulsive activity induced by administration of catechol in the anaesthetized rat.", "content": "1 The response evoked by electrical stimulation at the wrist has been recorded from muscles of the forelimb of anaesthetized rats induced to convulse by administration of catechol.2 This response can be divided into three temporally distinct components, the characteristics of which have been described.3 The probability of occurrence of the two early components of the response has been measured before and after administration of various drugs. The results show that the first component is not affected by cholinoceptor or adrenoceptor blocking drugs or anticholinesterase agents. The probability of occurrence of the second component is significantly reduced by cholinoceptor blocking drugs and increased by physostigmine.4 The implications of these results in explaining the convulsant actions of catechol are discussed.", "contents": "A pharmacological investigation of the electrically evoked convulsive activity induced by administration of catechol in the anaesthetized rat. 1 The response evoked by electrical stimulation at the wrist has been recorded from muscles of the forelimb of anaesthetized rats induced to convulse by administration of catechol.2 This response can be divided into three temporally distinct components, the characteristics of which have been described.3 The probability of occurrence of the two early components of the response has been measured before and after administration of various drugs. The results show that the first component is not affected by cholinoceptor or adrenoceptor blocking drugs or anticholinesterase agents. The probability of occurrence of the second component is significantly reduced by cholinoceptor blocking drugs and increased by physostigmine.4 The implications of these results in explaining the convulsant actions of catechol are discussed.", "PMID": 728682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11779", "title": "Pharmacological analysis of histamine receptors in musculature and vasculature of the dog trachea in situ.", "content": "1 The role of histamine H1- and H2-receptors in the musculature and vasculature of the dog trachea was investigated in the blood-perfused trachea in situ. 2 Histamine and acetylcholine caused increases in blood flow (tracheal, vasodilatation) and in intraluminal pressure (tracheal constriction) in a dose-dependent manner. Histamine was almost equipotent to acetylcholine in causing tracheal vasodilatation but was about 30 times less potent in causing tracheal constriction. 3 The histamine H2-receptor agonist, dimaprit, caused a dose-dependent increase in tracheal blood flow but failed to cause tracheal constriction. 4 The tracheal constriction produced by histamine was inhibited strongly by diphenhydramine but not modifed by metiamide. The tracheal vasodilatation produced by histamine was antagonized by both diphenhydramine and metiamide; diphenhydramine was more effective than metiamide. 5 It is concluded that in the tracheal musculature, histamine receptors are exclusively of the H1-type and mediate constriction, whereas in the tracheal vasculature, both histamine H1- and H2-receptors mediate vasodilatation but histamine H1-receptors are predominant.", "contents": "Pharmacological analysis of histamine receptors in musculature and vasculature of the dog trachea in situ. 1 The role of histamine H1- and H2-receptors in the musculature and vasculature of the dog trachea was investigated in the blood-perfused trachea in situ. 2 Histamine and acetylcholine caused increases in blood flow (tracheal, vasodilatation) and in intraluminal pressure (tracheal constriction) in a dose-dependent manner. Histamine was almost equipotent to acetylcholine in causing tracheal vasodilatation but was about 30 times less potent in causing tracheal constriction. 3 The histamine H2-receptor agonist, dimaprit, caused a dose-dependent increase in tracheal blood flow but failed to cause tracheal constriction. 4 The tracheal constriction produced by histamine was inhibited strongly by diphenhydramine but not modifed by metiamide. The tracheal vasodilatation produced by histamine was antagonized by both diphenhydramine and metiamide; diphenhydramine was more effective than metiamide. 5 It is concluded that in the tracheal musculature, histamine receptors are exclusively of the H1-type and mediate constriction, whereas in the tracheal vasculature, both histamine H1- and H2-receptors mediate vasodilatation but histamine H1-receptors are predominant.", "PMID": 728683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11780", "title": "Effects of nicotine on cardiac prostaglandin and platelet thromboxane synthesis.", "content": "1 Rabbit hearts were perfused with a solution containing [14C]-arachidonic acid (AA) and various concentrations of nicotine (3 x 10(-8) to 3 x 10(-5) M). The venous effluent was collected and extracted for lipid acid material, which was subsequently subjected to thin layer radiochromatography. 2 Human platelets were incubated with nicotine (10(-8) to 10(-4) M), in the absence or presence of unlabelled AA. The amount of smooth muscle stimulating activity resulting from 30s of incubation was tested on a rabbit aortic strip. 3 In hearts perfused with [14C]-AA; nicotine induced a dose-related depression of the release of [14C]-6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha, and a parallel increase of [14C]-prostaglandin E2. 4 Nicotine neither induced synthesis of thromboxane in human platelets, nor affected the platelet synthesis of thromboxane induced by AA. 5 It is suggested that nicotine affects the metabolism of prostaglandin endoperoxides in the heart by inhibiting their conversion to prostacyclin and facilitating, directly or indirectly, the formation of prostaglandin E2.", "contents": "Effects of nicotine on cardiac prostaglandin and platelet thromboxane synthesis. 1 Rabbit hearts were perfused with a solution containing [14C]-arachidonic acid (AA) and various concentrations of nicotine (3 x 10(-8) to 3 x 10(-5) M). The venous effluent was collected and extracted for lipid acid material, which was subsequently subjected to thin layer radiochromatography. 2 Human platelets were incubated with nicotine (10(-8) to 10(-4) M), in the absence or presence of unlabelled AA. The amount of smooth muscle stimulating activity resulting from 30s of incubation was tested on a rabbit aortic strip. 3 In hearts perfused with [14C]-AA; nicotine induced a dose-related depression of the release of [14C]-6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha, and a parallel increase of [14C]-prostaglandin E2. 4 Nicotine neither induced synthesis of thromboxane in human platelets, nor affected the platelet synthesis of thromboxane induced by AA. 5 It is suggested that nicotine affects the metabolism of prostaglandin endoperoxides in the heart by inhibiting their conversion to prostacyclin and facilitating, directly or indirectly, the formation of prostaglandin E2.", "PMID": 728684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11781", "title": "Responses of the simultaneously-perfused hepatic arterial and portal venous vascular beds of the dog to histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine.", "content": "1 The sympathetically-innervated hepatic arterial and portal venous vascular beds of the dog were perfused simultaneously in situ. 2 Histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were injected intra-arterially and intraportally in graded, increasing doses. 3 Intra-arterial histamine evoked decreases in hepatic arterial vascular resistance (HAVR) and increases in hepatic portal vascular resistance (HPVR). 4 Intraportal injections of histamine caused increases in HPVR and decreases in HAVR. 5 The time courses of the arterial responses to intraportal histamine and of the portal responses to intra-arterial histamine, compared with any systemic effects, showed that these effects on the liver vasculature could not be the result of recirculation of histamine. 6 Intra-arterial 5-HT evoked biphasic changes in HAVR and small falls in HPVR. Intraportal 5-HT caused falls in HPVR at low doses and rises at high doses, together, typically, with biphasic effects on HAVR. 7 It is unlikely that the arterial effects of intraportal 5-HT and the portal effects of intra-arterial 5-HT were due to recirculation of the vasoactive material. 8 Pathophysiologically, both histamine and 5-HT are released from the gastrointestinal tract into the portal vein. These experiments show that such release may affect the hepatic arterial vascular resistance (and therefore blood flow) even though vasoactive levels of the autacoids are not attained in the systemic circulation.", "contents": "Responses of the simultaneously-perfused hepatic arterial and portal venous vascular beds of the dog to histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine. 1 The sympathetically-innervated hepatic arterial and portal venous vascular beds of the dog were perfused simultaneously in situ. 2 Histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were injected intra-arterially and intraportally in graded, increasing doses. 3 Intra-arterial histamine evoked decreases in hepatic arterial vascular resistance (HAVR) and increases in hepatic portal vascular resistance (HPVR). 4 Intraportal injections of histamine caused increases in HPVR and decreases in HAVR. 5 The time courses of the arterial responses to intraportal histamine and of the portal responses to intra-arterial histamine, compared with any systemic effects, showed that these effects on the liver vasculature could not be the result of recirculation of histamine. 6 Intra-arterial 5-HT evoked biphasic changes in HAVR and small falls in HPVR. Intraportal 5-HT caused falls in HPVR at low doses and rises at high doses, together, typically, with biphasic effects on HAVR. 7 It is unlikely that the arterial effects of intraportal 5-HT and the portal effects of intra-arterial 5-HT were due to recirculation of the vasoactive material. 8 Pathophysiologically, both histamine and 5-HT are released from the gastrointestinal tract into the portal vein. These experiments show that such release may affect the hepatic arterial vascular resistance (and therefore blood flow) even though vasoactive levels of the autacoids are not attained in the systemic circulation.", "PMID": 728685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11782", "title": "Sympathomimetic effects of pancuronium bromide on the cardiovascular system of the pithed rat: a comparison with the effects of drugs blocking the neuronal uptake of noradrenaline.", "content": "1. The effects of pancuronium bromide on the cardiovascular system of the pithed rat were examined. Pancuronium had two effects, a short-lasting cardiovascular stimulation following injection and a longer-lasting potentiation of responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation. 2 The initial effect of pancuronium was compared with that of tyramine. The cardioaccelerator but not the pressor responses to both pancuronium and tyramine were significantly reduced following sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). 3 The action of pancuronium in potentiating sympathetic nerve responses was compared with that of known blockers of the neuronal uptake of noradrenaline (NA). Pancuronium (1 mg/kg) and cocaine (0.5 mg/kg) potentiated cardioaccelerator and pressor responses to sympathetic stimulation. These effects of pancuronium could be obtained following adrenalectomy and during neuromuscular blockade with gallamine. Pancuronium and uptake blockers potentiated the cardioaccelerator response to NA, reduced the response to tyramine, but did not affect the response to isoprenaline. Pancuronium and uptake blockers potentiated the pressor response to NA, but did not affect the response to tyramine or clonidine. 4 Following sympathectomy with 6-OHDA, pancuronium failed to potentiate cardioaccelerator and pressor responses to NA. 5 These results are discussed in relation to two main cardiovascular effects of pancuronium; an indirect sympathomimetic action and blockade of the neuronal uptake of NA.", "contents": "Sympathomimetic effects of pancuronium bromide on the cardiovascular system of the pithed rat: a comparison with the effects of drugs blocking the neuronal uptake of noradrenaline. 1. The effects of pancuronium bromide on the cardiovascular system of the pithed rat were examined. Pancuronium had two effects, a short-lasting cardiovascular stimulation following injection and a longer-lasting potentiation of responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation. 2 The initial effect of pancuronium was compared with that of tyramine. The cardioaccelerator but not the pressor responses to both pancuronium and tyramine were significantly reduced following sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). 3 The action of pancuronium in potentiating sympathetic nerve responses was compared with that of known blockers of the neuronal uptake of noradrenaline (NA). Pancuronium (1 mg/kg) and cocaine (0.5 mg/kg) potentiated cardioaccelerator and pressor responses to sympathetic stimulation. These effects of pancuronium could be obtained following adrenalectomy and during neuromuscular blockade with gallamine. Pancuronium and uptake blockers potentiated the cardioaccelerator response to NA, reduced the response to tyramine, but did not affect the response to isoprenaline. Pancuronium and uptake blockers potentiated the pressor response to NA, but did not affect the response to tyramine or clonidine. 4 Following sympathectomy with 6-OHDA, pancuronium failed to potentiate cardioaccelerator and pressor responses to NA. 5 These results are discussed in relation to two main cardiovascular effects of pancuronium; an indirect sympathomimetic action and blockade of the neuronal uptake of NA.", "PMID": 728686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11783", "title": "The effects of dorsal bundle injections of 6-hydroxydopamine on avoidance responding in rats.", "content": "1 The effect of injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the fibres of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle on acquisition, retention and extinction of active avoidance in rats were examined. 2 6-OHDA injections severely depleted noradrenaline in all forebrain areas assayed, with the interesting exception of the septum. No significant effect on dopamine concentrations in various forebrain regions was found. 3 Acquisition and retention of active avoidance was not altered by the lesion. Marked resistance to extinction was seen when the unconditioned stimulus (shock) was removed. 4 A comparison with work by other authors in which both forebrain noradrenaline and dopamine were depleted suggest that the alteration in extinction seen in both studies is a noradrenergic effect, whereas the deficits in acquisition and retention found previously are dopaminergic in origin.", "contents": "The effects of dorsal bundle injections of 6-hydroxydopamine on avoidance responding in rats. 1 The effect of injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the fibres of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle on acquisition, retention and extinction of active avoidance in rats were examined. 2 6-OHDA injections severely depleted noradrenaline in all forebrain areas assayed, with the interesting exception of the septum. No significant effect on dopamine concentrations in various forebrain regions was found. 3 Acquisition and retention of active avoidance was not altered by the lesion. Marked resistance to extinction was seen when the unconditioned stimulus (shock) was removed. 4 A comparison with work by other authors in which both forebrain noradrenaline and dopamine were depleted suggest that the alteration in extinction seen in both studies is a noradrenergic effect, whereas the deficits in acquisition and retention found previously are dopaminergic in origin.", "PMID": 728687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11784", "title": "Release of [3H-noradrenaline from the motor adrenergic nerves of the anococcygeus muscle by lysergic acid diethylamide, tyramine or nerve stimulation.", "content": "1 A method is described for labelling the neuronal noradrenaline (NA) stores of rat anococcygeus with [3H]-NA and detecting subsequent release of 3H from the superfused tissue by nerve stimulation or drugs. 2 Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) or tyramine but not barium chloride or carbachol increased the efflux of 3H although each drug produced an equivalent contractile response. This confirms that LDS has an indirect sympathomimetic action. 3 LSD was found to produce a proportionately smaller reduction of the nerve-induced efflux of 3H than of the accompanying contractile response. 4 The inhibition of nerve-induced contractile responses by LSD was shown to be independent of the neuronal uptake of noradrenaline and any post-junctional inhibition demonstrated to be non-specific.", "contents": "Release of [3H-noradrenaline from the motor adrenergic nerves of the anococcygeus muscle by lysergic acid diethylamide, tyramine or nerve stimulation. 1 A method is described for labelling the neuronal noradrenaline (NA) stores of rat anococcygeus with [3H]-NA and detecting subsequent release of 3H from the superfused tissue by nerve stimulation or drugs. 2 Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) or tyramine but not barium chloride or carbachol increased the efflux of 3H although each drug produced an equivalent contractile response. This confirms that LDS has an indirect sympathomimetic action. 3 LSD was found to produce a proportionately smaller reduction of the nerve-induced efflux of 3H than of the accompanying contractile response. 4 The inhibition of nerve-induced contractile responses by LSD was shown to be independent of the neuronal uptake of noradrenaline and any post-junctional inhibition demonstrated to be non-specific.", "PMID": 728688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11785", "title": "Written treatment contracts: their use in planning treatment programmes for in-patients.", "content": "The formation of a therapeutic relationship involves the negotiation of a treatment contract which conforms to the general principles of any contractual agreement. Attempts have been made to formalize the therapeutic alliance, and this paper reports the development of a written contract for psychiatric in-patients.", "contents": "Written treatment contracts: their use in planning treatment programmes for in-patients. The formation of a therapeutic relationship involves the negotiation of a treatment contract which conforms to the general principles of any contractual agreement. Attempts have been made to formalize the therapeutic alliance, and this paper reports the development of a written contract for psychiatric in-patients.", "PMID": 728689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11786", "title": "A new distinction between the euphoric and the anti-depressant effects of methylamphetamine.", "content": "The psychological effects of an injection of methylamphetamine have been measured in 22 drug-free patients with endogenous depressive illness and in 9 patients with other psychiatric illness. A new distinction between the time course of the euphoric and anti-depressant effects is described. The euphoric effects were seen in the first hour after the injection, but the anti-depressant effects were delayed for 1--3 hours and then lasted for as long as 36 hours. These findings are at variance with the noradrenaline depletion hypothesis of depressive illness which (in its simplest form) predicts an immediate alleviation of depression as a result of an immediate rise in the concentration of noradrenaline at central receptor sites.", "contents": "A new distinction between the euphoric and the anti-depressant effects of methylamphetamine. The psychological effects of an injection of methylamphetamine have been measured in 22 drug-free patients with endogenous depressive illness and in 9 patients with other psychiatric illness. A new distinction between the time course of the euphoric and anti-depressant effects is described. The euphoric effects were seen in the first hour after the injection, but the anti-depressant effects were delayed for 1--3 hours and then lasted for as long as 36 hours. These findings are at variance with the noradrenaline depletion hypothesis of depressive illness which (in its simplest form) predicts an immediate alleviation of depression as a result of an immediate rise in the concentration of noradrenaline at central receptor sites.", "PMID": 728690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11787", "title": "Cognitive functions in manic-depressives: effects of lithium and physostigmine.", "content": "Cognitive functions were investigated in seven manic depressive patients while on lithium, after two weeks off lithium, and after a subcutaneous injection of physostigmine while on lithium. Test performance was unaffected by lithium, but after physostigmine the I.Q. score of a shortened version of the WAIS was significantly increased.", "contents": "Cognitive functions in manic-depressives: effects of lithium and physostigmine. Cognitive functions were investigated in seven manic depressive patients while on lithium, after two weeks off lithium, and after a subcutaneous injection of physostigmine while on lithium. Test performance was unaffected by lithium, but after physostigmine the I.Q. score of a shortened version of the WAIS was significantly increased.", "PMID": 728691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11788", "title": "A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity.", "content": "An eleven item clinician-administered Mania Rating Scale (MRS) is introduced, and its reliability, validity and sensitivity are examined. There was a high correlation between the scores of two independent clinicians on both the total score (0.93) and the individual item scores (0.66 to 0.92). The MRS score correlated highly with an independent global rating, and with scores of two other mania rating scales administered concurrently. The score also correlated with the number of days of subsequent stay in hospital. It was able to differentiate statistically patients before and after two weeks of treatment and to distinguish levels of severity based on the global rating.", "contents": "A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity. An eleven item clinician-administered Mania Rating Scale (MRS) is introduced, and its reliability, validity and sensitivity are examined. There was a high correlation between the scores of two independent clinicians on both the total score (0.93) and the individual item scores (0.66 to 0.92). The MRS score correlated highly with an independent global rating, and with scores of two other mania rating scales administered concurrently. The score also correlated with the number of days of subsequent stay in hospital. It was able to differentiate statistically patients before and after two weeks of treatment and to distinguish levels of severity based on the global rating.", "PMID": 728692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11789", "title": "A psychiatric clinic in a probation office.", "content": "A weekly clinic was held for one year in a London probation office with 41 probation officers. Only 23 cases were referred but the clinic was found to be a valuable forum for discussion of problems with the officers, 10 per cent of whose clients were estimated to be receiving psychiatric treatment elsewhere. Suggestions are made to improve collaboration between psychiatrists and probation officers.", "contents": "A psychiatric clinic in a probation office. A weekly clinic was held for one year in a London probation office with 41 probation officers. Only 23 cases were referred but the clinic was found to be a valuable forum for discussion of problems with the officers, 10 per cent of whose clients were estimated to be receiving psychiatric treatment elsewhere. Suggestions are made to improve collaboration between psychiatrists and probation officers.", "PMID": 728694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11790", "title": "Eysenck's theory of criminality applied to women awaiting trial.", "content": "American women awaiting trial were administered the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Compared to a heterogeneous control group, these women scored significantly higher on the neuroticism and psychoticism scales and on Burgess's 'hedonism' variable, though they did not differ with respect to extraversion or lie scale scores. Women awaiting trial were more likely to fall in the neurotic-extravert quadrant (a trend more marked for non-white women). In general, the results support Eysenck's theory of criminality and the usefulness of Burgess's 'hedonism' variable.", "contents": "Eysenck's theory of criminality applied to women awaiting trial. American women awaiting trial were administered the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Compared to a heterogeneous control group, these women scored significantly higher on the neuroticism and psychoticism scales and on Burgess's 'hedonism' variable, though they did not differ with respect to extraversion or lie scale scores. Women awaiting trial were more likely to fall in the neurotic-extravert quadrant (a trend more marked for non-white women). In general, the results support Eysenck's theory of criminality and the usefulness of Burgess's 'hedonism' variable.", "PMID": 728695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11791", "title": "The two-year predictive validity of the Clifton Assessment Schedule and the Shortened Stockton Geriatric Rating Scale.", "content": "Assessment of cognitive and behavioural disability on 100 elderly psychiatric admissions was carried out by means of the Clifton Assessment Schedule and the Shortened Stockton Geriatric Rating Scale. The results provided useful predictive indices, confirming the relationship between cognitive impairment and unfavourable outcome at two-year follow up.", "contents": "The two-year predictive validity of the Clifton Assessment Schedule and the Shortened Stockton Geriatric Rating Scale. Assessment of cognitive and behavioural disability on 100 elderly psychiatric admissions was carried out by means of the Clifton Assessment Schedule and the Shortened Stockton Geriatric Rating Scale. The results provided useful predictive indices, confirming the relationship between cognitive impairment and unfavourable outcome at two-year follow up.", "PMID": 728696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11792", "title": "Chlorpropamide-alcohol flushing: a dominantly inherited trait associated with diabetes.", "content": "A simple test was devised to identify people susceptible to chlorpropamide-alcohol flushing (CPAF). Subjects were given a placebo tablet, followed by sherry 12 and 36 hours later. They then received a chlorpropamide tablet and sherry again after 12 and 36 hours. This single-dose challenge test was given to non-insulin-dependent diabetics, insulin-dependent diabetics, and normal subjects. CPAF was common in the non-insulin-dependent diabetics but rare in the other groups. When the test was used in identical twins and families of affected subjects CPAF appeared to be a dominantly inherited trait. We conclude that facial flushing after alcohol in people taking chlorpropamide is related to non-insulin-dependent diabetes, especially when there is a strong family history of diabetes, but not to insulin-dependent diabetes. It is a dominantly inherited trait.", "contents": "Chlorpropamide-alcohol flushing: a dominantly inherited trait associated with diabetes. A simple test was devised to identify people susceptible to chlorpropamide-alcohol flushing (CPAF). Subjects were given a placebo tablet, followed by sherry 12 and 36 hours later. They then received a chlorpropamide tablet and sherry again after 12 and 36 hours. This single-dose challenge test was given to non-insulin-dependent diabetics, insulin-dependent diabetics, and normal subjects. CPAF was common in the non-insulin-dependent diabetics but rare in the other groups. When the test was used in identical twins and families of affected subjects CPAF appeared to be a dominantly inherited trait. We conclude that facial flushing after alcohol in people taking chlorpropamide is related to non-insulin-dependent diabetes, especially when there is a strong family history of diabetes, but not to insulin-dependent diabetes. It is a dominantly inherited trait.", "PMID": 728707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11793", "title": "Chlorpropamide-alcohol flushing: a definition of its relation to non-insulin-dependent diabetes.", "content": "The single-challenge test for chlorpropamide-alcohol flushing (CPAF) was used to study two groups of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes and a family history of the disease who were distinguished only by their age at diagnosis (under and over 30). Their relatives were also studied. The proportions of patients showing CPAF in both groups were similar, and the family histories suggested dominant inheritance. When offspring of diabetics in whom the disease was diagnosed early were studied CPAF seemed to precede the appearance of diabetes. We conclude that the patients in both groups had the same, distinct syndrome, which is characterised by diabetes diagnosed at any age that is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and associated with CPAF. This syndrome, which constitutes about one-fifth of all cases of non-insulin-dependent diabetes, may be detected with a single-challenge CPAF test before the onset of glucose intolerance. CPAF therefore acts as a genetic marker for the syndrome.", "contents": "Chlorpropamide-alcohol flushing: a definition of its relation to non-insulin-dependent diabetes. The single-challenge test for chlorpropamide-alcohol flushing (CPAF) was used to study two groups of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes and a family history of the disease who were distinguished only by their age at diagnosis (under and over 30). Their relatives were also studied. The proportions of patients showing CPAF in both groups were similar, and the family histories suggested dominant inheritance. When offspring of diabetics in whom the disease was diagnosed early were studied CPAF seemed to precede the appearance of diabetes. We conclude that the patients in both groups had the same, distinct syndrome, which is characterised by diabetes diagnosed at any age that is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and associated with CPAF. This syndrome, which constitutes about one-fifth of all cases of non-insulin-dependent diabetes, may be detected with a single-challenge CPAF test before the onset of glucose intolerance. CPAF therefore acts as a genetic marker for the syndrome.", "PMID": 728708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11794", "title": "Myocardial ischaemia in patients with frequent angina pectoris.", "content": "One hundred patients with angina pectoris underwent 16-point electrocardiographic (ECG) mapping of the left hemithorax during a standardised exercise test. Forty-five patients had maximum ST-segment depression at position V5, while 35 had no ECG signs of ischaemia at this position. In 20 V5 was on the edge of the precordial area, which showed less severe ST-depression than the central positions. An Oxford ECG recorder and highspeed analyser were modified and used in 50 of the patients with daily angina for recording ST-segment changes over 24 hours. Serial 24-hour ambulatory recordings from the edge of the precordial area of ischaemia identified during exercise detected a mean of only 14 +/- SD 3% of the episodes of ST-segment changes recorded from the centre of the same area. Only 16 +/- 2% of the episodes detected by ECG were accompanied by chest pain. More episodes occurred between 4 am and 6 am than at any other time during the night. This study shows the importance of recording ECG evidence of ischaemia from the precordial position showing maximum changes during exercise. ECG evidence of ischaemia occurs more frequently than anginal pain. These objective measurements add important information to the frequency of chest pain reported by patients with ischaemic heart disease.", "contents": "Myocardial ischaemia in patients with frequent angina pectoris. One hundred patients with angina pectoris underwent 16-point electrocardiographic (ECG) mapping of the left hemithorax during a standardised exercise test. Forty-five patients had maximum ST-segment depression at position V5, while 35 had no ECG signs of ischaemia at this position. In 20 V5 was on the edge of the precordial area, which showed less severe ST-depression than the central positions. An Oxford ECG recorder and highspeed analyser were modified and used in 50 of the patients with daily angina for recording ST-segment changes over 24 hours. Serial 24-hour ambulatory recordings from the edge of the precordial area of ischaemia identified during exercise detected a mean of only 14 +/- SD 3% of the episodes of ST-segment changes recorded from the centre of the same area. Only 16 +/- 2% of the episodes detected by ECG were accompanied by chest pain. More episodes occurred between 4 am and 6 am than at any other time during the night. This study shows the importance of recording ECG evidence of ischaemia from the precordial position showing maximum changes during exercise. ECG evidence of ischaemia occurs more frequently than anginal pain. These objective measurements add important information to the frequency of chest pain reported by patients with ischaemic heart disease.", "PMID": 728737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11795", "title": "Precordial exercise mapping: improved diagnosis of coronary artery disease.", "content": "Surface mapping of the exercise electrocardiogram (ECG) provides a measure of the precordial area, severity, and time course of ST-segment changes occurring after exercise. Sixteen-lead isopotential surface maps were recorded before and after exercise in 109 patients with probable angina who subsequently underwent coronary arteriography. In addition, exercise ECGs with three orthogonal leads were obtained in 53 of these patients, and with a single unipolar chest lead in all 109. Of the 109 patients, 85 had significant (greater than or equal to 70%) narrowing of at least one major coronary artery. The sensitivities of the precordial surface mapping, orthogonal leads, and single chest lead (V5) when compared with the findings at coronary arteriography were 95%, 68%, and 64% respectively, while the specificities of the three lead systems did not differ significantly. The technique of precordial surface mapping after exercise may easily be applied in clinical practice and requires only conventional equipment available in most hospitals. It effectively aids diagnosis of coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Precordial exercise mapping: improved diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Surface mapping of the exercise electrocardiogram (ECG) provides a measure of the precordial area, severity, and time course of ST-segment changes occurring after exercise. Sixteen-lead isopotential surface maps were recorded before and after exercise in 109 patients with probable angina who subsequently underwent coronary arteriography. In addition, exercise ECGs with three orthogonal leads were obtained in 53 of these patients, and with a single unipolar chest lead in all 109. Of the 109 patients, 85 had significant (greater than or equal to 70%) narrowing of at least one major coronary artery. The sensitivities of the precordial surface mapping, orthogonal leads, and single chest lead (V5) when compared with the findings at coronary arteriography were 95%, 68%, and 64% respectively, while the specificities of the three lead systems did not differ significantly. The technique of precordial surface mapping after exercise may easily be applied in clinical practice and requires only conventional equipment available in most hospitals. It effectively aids diagnosis of coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 728738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11796", "title": "Effects of propranolol and metoprolol on the peripheral circulation.", "content": "The effects of single doses of propranolol and metoprolol on skin temperature and skin and muscle blood flow were compared in 10 normal subjects and four patients with essential hypertension. In normal subjects the mean skin temperature fell by 1.30 +/- 0.62 degrees C 90 minutes after 80 mg propranolol and 0.15 +/- 0.05 degrees C after 100 mg metoprolol. Skin blood flow and resting muscle blood flow were not affected by metoprolol but fell significantly after propranolol. Both drugs reduced post-exercise muscle hyperaemia, propranolol by more than metoprolol. Similar changes were seen in the hypertensive patients. Propranolol should be used with care in patients with known vascular disease.", "contents": "Effects of propranolol and metoprolol on the peripheral circulation. The effects of single doses of propranolol and metoprolol on skin temperature and skin and muscle blood flow were compared in 10 normal subjects and four patients with essential hypertension. In normal subjects the mean skin temperature fell by 1.30 +/- 0.62 degrees C 90 minutes after 80 mg propranolol and 0.15 +/- 0.05 degrees C after 100 mg metoprolol. Skin blood flow and resting muscle blood flow were not affected by metoprolol but fell significantly after propranolol. Both drugs reduced post-exercise muscle hyperaemia, propranolol by more than metoprolol. Similar changes were seen in the hypertensive patients. Propranolol should be used with care in patients with known vascular disease.", "PMID": 728739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11797", "title": "Liver enzyme concentrations as measure of possible infectivity in chronic asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B.", "content": "Fifty-two British-born blood donors who were chronic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were tested for the presence of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and antibody to HBeAg by an immunoradiometric assay. The presence of HBeAg was closely associated with a slight rise in serum liver enzyme concentrations, a high HBsAg titre, and male sex. We suggest that the finding of persistently raised serum liver enzyme concentrations in an asymptomatic HBsAg carrier might be useful as a likely indicator of HBeAg and high infectivity.", "contents": "Liver enzyme concentrations as measure of possible infectivity in chronic asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B. Fifty-two British-born blood donors who were chronic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were tested for the presence of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and antibody to HBeAg by an immunoradiometric assay. The presence of HBeAg was closely associated with a slight rise in serum liver enzyme concentrations, a high HBsAg titre, and male sex. We suggest that the finding of persistently raised serum liver enzyme concentrations in an asymptomatic HBsAg carrier might be useful as a likely indicator of HBeAg and high infectivity.", "PMID": 728740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11798", "title": "Haemodynamic effects of buprenorphine after heart surgery.", "content": "The effect of buprenorphine on the cardiovascular system was examined in 11 patients during the period of reduced cardiac reserve after open-heart surgery. Within 10 minutes of giving the full analgesic dose (5 microgram/kg) intravenously the mean heart rate had fallen significantly by six beats/min. Although in two patients the mean arterial pressure fell by 24 mm Hg, there was no overall change in mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, or peripheral resistance. In a further six patients buprenorphine was used successfully as the sole analgesic after open-heart surgery. Buprenorphine appears to be safer than morphine for use in patients with reduced cardiac reserve and is of similar analgesic efficacy.", "contents": "Haemodynamic effects of buprenorphine after heart surgery. The effect of buprenorphine on the cardiovascular system was examined in 11 patients during the period of reduced cardiac reserve after open-heart surgery. Within 10 minutes of giving the full analgesic dose (5 microgram/kg) intravenously the mean heart rate had fallen significantly by six beats/min. Although in two patients the mean arterial pressure fell by 24 mm Hg, there was no overall change in mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, or peripheral resistance. In a further six patients buprenorphine was used successfully as the sole analgesic after open-heart surgery. Buprenorphine appears to be safer than morphine for use in patients with reduced cardiac reserve and is of similar analgesic efficacy.", "PMID": 728741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11799", "title": "A miniature Wright peak-flow meter.", "content": "A new miniature Wright peak-flow meter has been designed and produced. The meter is tubular with a spring-loaded piston and a longitudinal slot through which air escapes. Its dynamic characteristics have been carefully designed to make it respond only to peak flow and not to rate of rise. Performance tests on early instruments showed fairly close correlation with the Wright peak-flow meter but with a constant error of + 38 1/min. On later models the correlation was increased to 0.990 and the error reduced to + 3%. The mini-meter correlates as well with the standard instrument as two standard instruments correlate with each other and should prove useful clinically.", "contents": "A miniature Wright peak-flow meter. A new miniature Wright peak-flow meter has been designed and produced. The meter is tubular with a spring-loaded piston and a longitudinal slot through which air escapes. Its dynamic characteristics have been carefully designed to make it respond only to peak flow and not to rate of rise. Performance tests on early instruments showed fairly close correlation with the Wright peak-flow meter but with a constant error of + 38 1/min. On later models the correlation was increased to 0.990 and the error reduced to + 3%. The mini-meter correlates as well with the standard instrument as two standard instruments correlate with each other and should prove useful clinically.", "PMID": 728756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11800", "title": "Neurogenesis in spinal cord of mouse: an autoradiographic analysis.", "content": "An autoradiographic analysis of the time and sites of origin, and the migration and settling patterns of neurons was made in the spinal cord of the mouse. The neurons originated on days 10--14 of gestation with temporal gradients along the ventrodorsal and rostrocaudal axes. The motor neurons originated on days 10 and 11 of gestation; the neurons in the intermediate gray region originated on days 11--14 of gestation; the neurons of the head of the dorsal horn originated on days 12--14 of gestation. The neurons that originated on days 10 and 11 originated and migrated primarily from the basal plate, and they settled in the adjacent regions of the intermediate zone; those neurons formed on days 12--14 originated and migrated primarily from the alar plate, and it was concluded that these neuroblasts similarly settled in the adjacent regions of the intermediate zone. Extraventricular proliferation, which presumably signaled the initial stages of gliogenesis, was first observed on day 12 of gestation. This study supports the classical idea of the mosaic pattern of neurogenesis in the embryonic spinal cord.", "contents": "Neurogenesis in spinal cord of mouse: an autoradiographic analysis. An autoradiographic analysis of the time and sites of origin, and the migration and settling patterns of neurons was made in the spinal cord of the mouse. The neurons originated on days 10--14 of gestation with temporal gradients along the ventrodorsal and rostrocaudal axes. The motor neurons originated on days 10 and 11 of gestation; the neurons in the intermediate gray region originated on days 11--14 of gestation; the neurons of the head of the dorsal horn originated on days 12--14 of gestation. The neurons that originated on days 10 and 11 originated and migrated primarily from the basal plate, and they settled in the adjacent regions of the intermediate zone; those neurons formed on days 12--14 originated and migrated primarily from the alar plate, and it was concluded that these neuroblasts similarly settled in the adjacent regions of the intermediate zone. Extraventricular proliferation, which presumably signaled the initial stages of gliogenesis, was first observed on day 12 of gestation. This study supports the classical idea of the mosaic pattern of neurogenesis in the embryonic spinal cord.", "PMID": 728790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11801", "title": "Messages conveyed by descending tracts during scratching in the cat. II. Activity of rubrospinal neurons.", "content": "(1) The activity of rubrospinal (RS) neurons giving axons to the lumbosacral spinal cord was recorded during actual and fictitious8 scratching in thalamic cats. (2) During both actual and fictitious scratching, the discharge frequency of many RS neurons was rhythmically modulated. Different neurons were active in different parts of the scratch cycle, but most neurons were active in the flexor phase. (3) The discharge frequency within the bursts during fictitious scratching was, on the average, equal to that during actual scratching. Immobilization usually resulted only in a small displacement of the burst position in the scratch cycle. Therefore, rhythmical modulation of RS neurons is determined mainly by central mechanisms and not by a rhythmical sensory input. (4) In decerebellate cats, the overwhelming majority of RS neurons had no rhythmical modulation. Very weak modulation was found only in a few neurons. (5) Transection of the ventral spinocerebellar tract (VSCT) resulted in considerable reduction or complete cessation of rhythmical modulation in RS neurons during fictitious scratching. On the contrary, transection of the spino-reticulocerebellar pathway (SRCP) resulted in just a small decrease of modulation. Therefore, of the two pathways (the VSCT and SRCP) transmitting messages about intraspinal processes to the cerebellum during scratching2,3, the VSCT is of major importance for modulating RS neurons.", "contents": "Messages conveyed by descending tracts during scratching in the cat. II. Activity of rubrospinal neurons. (1) The activity of rubrospinal (RS) neurons giving axons to the lumbosacral spinal cord was recorded during actual and fictitious8 scratching in thalamic cats. (2) During both actual and fictitious scratching, the discharge frequency of many RS neurons was rhythmically modulated. Different neurons were active in different parts of the scratch cycle, but most neurons were active in the flexor phase. (3) The discharge frequency within the bursts during fictitious scratching was, on the average, equal to that during actual scratching. Immobilization usually resulted only in a small displacement of the burst position in the scratch cycle. Therefore, rhythmical modulation of RS neurons is determined mainly by central mechanisms and not by a rhythmical sensory input. (4) In decerebellate cats, the overwhelming majority of RS neurons had no rhythmical modulation. Very weak modulation was found only in a few neurons. (5) Transection of the ventral spinocerebellar tract (VSCT) resulted in considerable reduction or complete cessation of rhythmical modulation in RS neurons during fictitious scratching. On the contrary, transection of the spino-reticulocerebellar pathway (SRCP) resulted in just a small decrease of modulation. Therefore, of the two pathways (the VSCT and SRCP) transmitting messages about intraspinal processes to the cerebellum during scratching2,3, the VSCT is of major importance for modulating RS neurons.", "PMID": 728791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11802", "title": "Interrelated changes of amino acids in the retina and optic tectum of a marine fish with alterations of illuminating conditions.", "content": "Examination of interrelated changes in the concentrations of 'clusters' of amino acids provides evidence that individual amino acid levels in the tissues cannot be considered to vary independently. Such variations are observed when the CNS at 'rest' is stimulated. Alterations in taurine cause changes in glutamic acid and also modify its anatomically related compartmentalized metabolism. Similar interdependent modifications may be indicated for the concentrations of 3 biochemically related neutral amino acids: threonine, serine and glycine. With specific reference to the fish optic tectum and retina, certain differences and coincidences in the regulation of GABA and glycine have also been uncovered. Finally, many of the findings presented here are closely analogous to results obtained when comparing normal and epileptic mammalian tissues. Possibly, this analogy can be attributed to the fact that the physiological states so far investigated, from the most simplistic point of view, represent extreme variations of nervous tissue excitation.", "contents": "Interrelated changes of amino acids in the retina and optic tectum of a marine fish with alterations of illuminating conditions. Examination of interrelated changes in the concentrations of 'clusters' of amino acids provides evidence that individual amino acid levels in the tissues cannot be considered to vary independently. Such variations are observed when the CNS at 'rest' is stimulated. Alterations in taurine cause changes in glutamic acid and also modify its anatomically related compartmentalized metabolism. Similar interdependent modifications may be indicated for the concentrations of 3 biochemically related neutral amino acids: threonine, serine and glycine. With specific reference to the fish optic tectum and retina, certain differences and coincidences in the regulation of GABA and glycine have also been uncovered. Finally, many of the findings presented here are closely analogous to results obtained when comparing normal and epileptic mammalian tissues. Possibly, this analogy can be attributed to the fact that the physiological states so far investigated, from the most simplistic point of view, represent extreme variations of nervous tissue excitation.", "PMID": 728792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11803", "title": "The reciprocal synapse in the external plexiform layer of the mammalian olfactory bulb.", "content": "It has recently been claimed by Ramon-Moliner29, that reciprocal synapses between mitral (and tufted) cell dendrites and granule cell gemmules, which for more than 10 years have been thought to represent a major feature of the structural and functional organization of the olfactory bulb28, are non-existent or, at best, extremely rare. The challenge is based on the contention that there is little, if any, morphological evidence to substantiate the existence of the gemmulofugal component of the reciprocal synapse. We have re-examined by electron microscopy the external plexiform layer (EPL) of the olfactory bulb of adult rabbits and rats. The study was carried out in conventionally prepared material, using individual and serial sections, goniometry, and quantitative analysis of montages, and also in material stained by the E-PTA and BIUL methods. According to currently accepted morphological criteria, gemmulofugal synapses can be identified consistently and with confidence at all levels in the EPL: they are particularly clearly and unambiguously resolved in E-PTA and BIUL preparations. At least the majority of gemmulofugal and mitrofugal synapses are closely associated in reciprocal pairs, as many previous authors have reported. Furthermore, there are approximately as many gemmulofugal as mitrofugal synapses in the EPL, which supports the long-standing proposal that the overall synaptic relationship between granule cells and mitral cells is a reciprocal one. We conclude that the  challenge of Ramon-Moliner to the reality and significance of the reciprocal synapse is not well-founded.", "contents": "The reciprocal synapse in the external plexiform layer of the mammalian olfactory bulb. It has recently been claimed by Ramon-Moliner29, that reciprocal synapses between mitral (and tufted) cell dendrites and granule cell gemmules, which for more than 10 years have been thought to represent a major feature of the structural and functional organization of the olfactory bulb28, are non-existent or, at best, extremely rare. The challenge is based on the contention that there is little, if any, morphological evidence to substantiate the existence of the gemmulofugal component of the reciprocal synapse. We have re-examined by electron microscopy the external plexiform layer (EPL) of the olfactory bulb of adult rabbits and rats. The study was carried out in conventionally prepared material, using individual and serial sections, goniometry, and quantitative analysis of montages, and also in material stained by the E-PTA and BIUL methods. According to currently accepted morphological criteria, gemmulofugal synapses can be identified consistently and with confidence at all levels in the EPL: they are particularly clearly and unambiguously resolved in E-PTA and BIUL preparations. At least the majority of gemmulofugal and mitrofugal synapses are closely associated in reciprocal pairs, as many previous authors have reported. Furthermore, there are approximately as many gemmulofugal as mitrofugal synapses in the EPL, which supports the long-standing proposal that the overall synaptic relationship between granule cells and mitral cells is a reciprocal one. We conclude that the  challenge of Ramon-Moliner to the reality and significance of the reciprocal synapse is not well-founded.", "PMID": 728793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11804", "title": "High-affinity GABA and glutamate transport in developing nerve ending particles.", "content": "The high-affinity transport of [3H]GABA and [14C]glutamate was measured in discrete nerve ending fractions isolated from the developing rat cortex, beginning on day 7 postpartum and prepared using discontinuous Ficoll-isotonic sucrose gradients. On day 7 the material sedimenting in the lightest gradient fractions contained the highest density of particles capable of high-affinity transport. With increasing age, the transport sites became progressively associated with more dense particles in the gradient. On day 14, the Vmax values for both [3H]GABA and [14C-A1glutamate transport in the most dense nerve ending fraction were significantly increased over the adult value. This transient increase in the Vmax values disappeared by day 21. While the Km values for both transport systems were constant in all fractions for the adult animal, this was not the case in the developing pup. The Km values in the lightest fractions were significantly greater than those in the more dense fractions, suggesting that different transport systems may be present during development. Electron micrographs of the various fractions were prepared from 7-day and adult animals. These data illustrate that the lightest fractions of the '7-day' gradient are enriched in profiles similar to developing nerve endings. With development, these light fractions become infiltrated with myelin, the immature nerve ending profiles disappear, and the bulk of the nerve endings are found in more dense fractions.", "contents": "High-affinity GABA and glutamate transport in developing nerve ending particles. The high-affinity transport of [3H]GABA and [14C]glutamate was measured in discrete nerve ending fractions isolated from the developing rat cortex, beginning on day 7 postpartum and prepared using discontinuous Ficoll-isotonic sucrose gradients. On day 7 the material sedimenting in the lightest gradient fractions contained the highest density of particles capable of high-affinity transport. With increasing age, the transport sites became progressively associated with more dense particles in the gradient. On day 14, the Vmax values for both [3H]GABA and [14C-A1glutamate transport in the most dense nerve ending fraction were significantly increased over the adult value. This transient increase in the Vmax values disappeared by day 21. While the Km values for both transport systems were constant in all fractions for the adult animal, this was not the case in the developing pup. The Km values in the lightest fractions were significantly greater than those in the more dense fractions, suggesting that different transport systems may be present during development. Electron micrographs of the various fractions were prepared from 7-day and adult animals. These data illustrate that the lightest fractions of the '7-day' gradient are enriched in profiles similar to developing nerve endings. With development, these light fractions become infiltrated with myelin, the immature nerve ending profiles disappear, and the bulk of the nerve endings are found in more dense fractions.", "PMID": 728799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11805", "title": "The plasma membrane of bulk-isolated mature spinal neurons.", "content": "Large neuronal perikarya isolated in bulk fractions from adult bovine ventral spinal cord and examined by electron microscopy have discontinuities in their plasma membrane. A systematic investigation of the possible causes of the membrane defects indicates that the act of mechanical dissociation of the neurons from the spinal tissue is chiefly responsible for the changes. One likely cause of membrane loss is the avulsion of postsynaptic membrane along with the presynaptic elements, leaving bouton-free cell bodies with many gaps in their plasma membrane. Membrane defects were also demonstrated by the entry of procion yellow into the isolated perikarya. Other studies29 on these neuronal cell bodies have also shown that many soluble proteins can leave the neurons under some, but not all, conditions of isolation. These findings are discussed in relation to the possibilities of tissue culture of mature neurons and future research on bulk-isolated mature neurons.", "contents": "The plasma membrane of bulk-isolated mature spinal neurons. Large neuronal perikarya isolated in bulk fractions from adult bovine ventral spinal cord and examined by electron microscopy have discontinuities in their plasma membrane. A systematic investigation of the possible causes of the membrane defects indicates that the act of mechanical dissociation of the neurons from the spinal tissue is chiefly responsible for the changes. One likely cause of membrane loss is the avulsion of postsynaptic membrane along with the presynaptic elements, leaving bouton-free cell bodies with many gaps in their plasma membrane. Membrane defects were also demonstrated by the entry of procion yellow into the isolated perikarya. Other studies29 on these neuronal cell bodies have also shown that many soluble proteins can leave the neurons under some, but not all, conditions of isolation. These findings are discussed in relation to the possibilities of tissue culture of mature neurons and future research on bulk-isolated mature neurons.", "PMID": 728800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11806", "title": "In vivo voltammetry: monitoring of dopamine metabolites in CSF following release by electrical stimulation.", "content": "An in vivo electrochemical system which continuously records the concentration of metabolites of biogenic amines in small animal CSF is described. A small electrode, immersed in lateral ventricle CSF through a guide cannula, measures the amine metabolites by voltammetric oxidation. The detailed results of HVA release following electrical stimulation of the nigrostriatal pathway in rats are presented and compared with previous perfusion data. All the electrochemical results are verified by independent liquid chromatographic (chemical) analysis.", "contents": "In vivo voltammetry: monitoring of dopamine metabolites in CSF following release by electrical stimulation. An in vivo electrochemical system which continuously records the concentration of metabolites of biogenic amines in small animal CSF is described. A small electrode, immersed in lateral ventricle CSF through a guide cannula, measures the amine metabolites by voltammetric oxidation. The detailed results of HVA release following electrical stimulation of the nigrostriatal pathway in rats are presented and compared with previous perfusion data. All the electrochemical results are verified by independent liquid chromatographic (chemical) analysis.", "PMID": 728801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11807", "title": "Receptive field development in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in rabbits subjected to monocular eyelid suture.", "content": "Receptive field properties of cells in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) were examined in 3 groups of rabbits, each subjected to monocular visual deprivation by lid suture at differing age periods. Monocular deprivation occurring from 6--8 to 20--25 days of age affected the normal development of LGNd receptive fields. A significant proportion of the cells in the deprived LGNd were either unresponsive to visual stimulation or had vague, indefinite receptive fields. Significantly fewer cells with uniform fields were found in the deprived LGNd than in the control. Percentages of concentric, motion and directional cells did not differ between the deprived and control LGNd. The diameters of receptive fields for concentric cells with sustained response properties, however, were smaller in the deprived than in the control LGNd. When deprivation was continued to 87--121 days of age, the percentage of uniform, indefinite and non-responsive cells found in the deprived LGNd approached more normal levels. Percentages of concentric, motion and directional cells were also normal. Monocular deprivation commencing at 21--22 days of age also had disruptive effects on LGNd receptive field organization, as reflected in the lower percentage of uniform and increased percentages of indefinite and non-responsive cells. These deficits, however, were not as severe as those seen in the animals deprived at an early age. A fourth group of adult rabbits subjected to monocular lid suture showed no such detrimental deficits in receptive field organization. These results demonstrated that visual deprivation affects the predominantly monocular LGNd of the rabbit, and that a critical period exists for such effects.", "contents": "Receptive field development in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in rabbits subjected to monocular eyelid suture. Receptive field properties of cells in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) were examined in 3 groups of rabbits, each subjected to monocular visual deprivation by lid suture at differing age periods. Monocular deprivation occurring from 6--8 to 20--25 days of age affected the normal development of LGNd receptive fields. A significant proportion of the cells in the deprived LGNd were either unresponsive to visual stimulation or had vague, indefinite receptive fields. Significantly fewer cells with uniform fields were found in the deprived LGNd than in the control. Percentages of concentric, motion and directional cells did not differ between the deprived and control LGNd. The diameters of receptive fields for concentric cells with sustained response properties, however, were smaller in the deprived than in the control LGNd. When deprivation was continued to 87--121 days of age, the percentage of uniform, indefinite and non-responsive cells found in the deprived LGNd approached more normal levels. Percentages of concentric, motion and directional cells were also normal. Monocular deprivation commencing at 21--22 days of age also had disruptive effects on LGNd receptive field organization, as reflected in the lower percentage of uniform and increased percentages of indefinite and non-responsive cells. These deficits, however, were not as severe as those seen in the animals deprived at an early age. A fourth group of adult rabbits subjected to monocular lid suture showed no such detrimental deficits in receptive field organization. These results demonstrated that visual deprivation affects the predominantly monocular LGNd of the rabbit, and that a critical period exists for such effects.", "PMID": 728802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11808", "title": "Messages conveyed by descending tracts during scratching in the cat. I. Activity of vestibulospinal neurons.", "content": "(1) The activity of vestibulospinal (VS) neurons giving axons to the lumbosacral spinal cord was recorded during scratching in thalamic and decerebrate cats. The most part of the experiments was carried out on curarized cats, in which fictitious scratching13, i.e. rhythmical activity of motoneurons typical of actual scratching, was evoked. (2) During both actual and fictitious scratching, the discharge frequency of many VS neurons was rhythmically modulated in relation to the scratch cycle. Most modulated neurons were maximally active in the extensor phase of the cycle. (3) The firing pattern of VS neurons during fictitious scratching was similar to that during actual scratching. Therefore, rhythmical modulation of VS neurons is determined mainly by central mechanisms and not be a rhythmical sensory input. (4) In decerebellate cats, rhythmical modulation was not found during either actual or fictitious scratching. (5) Transection of the ventral spinocerebellar tract (VSCT) resulted in considerable reduction of rhythmical modulation of VS neurons during fictitious scratching, while transection of the spino-reticulocerebellar pathway (SRCP) resulted in just a small decrease of modulation. Therefore, of the two pathways (VSCT and SRCP) transmitting messages about intraspinal processes to the cerebellum during scratching6,7, the VSCT is of major importance for modulating VS neurons.", "contents": "Messages conveyed by descending tracts during scratching in the cat. I. Activity of vestibulospinal neurons. (1) The activity of vestibulospinal (VS) neurons giving axons to the lumbosacral spinal cord was recorded during scratching in thalamic and decerebrate cats. The most part of the experiments was carried out on curarized cats, in which fictitious scratching13, i.e. rhythmical activity of motoneurons typical of actual scratching, was evoked. (2) During both actual and fictitious scratching, the discharge frequency of many VS neurons was rhythmically modulated in relation to the scratch cycle. Most modulated neurons were maximally active in the extensor phase of the cycle. (3) The firing pattern of VS neurons during fictitious scratching was similar to that during actual scratching. Therefore, rhythmical modulation of VS neurons is determined mainly by central mechanisms and not be a rhythmical sensory input. (4) In decerebellate cats, rhythmical modulation was not found during either actual or fictitious scratching. (5) Transection of the ventral spinocerebellar tract (VSCT) resulted in considerable reduction of rhythmical modulation of VS neurons during fictitious scratching, while transection of the spino-reticulocerebellar pathway (SRCP) resulted in just a small decrease of modulation. Therefore, of the two pathways (VSCT and SRCP) transmitting messages about intraspinal processes to the cerebellum during scratching6,7, the VSCT is of major importance for modulating VS neurons.", "PMID": 728803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11809", "title": "A chemical study on the development of the human forebrain and cerebellum during the brain 'growth spurt' period. I. Gangliosides and plasmalogens.", "content": "Following upon previous studies on the lipid composition of the developing human brain, a further study is presented with the main object of tracing the chemical changes underlying the period of brain 'growth spurt'. Gangliosides and plasmalogens were selected as approximate markers of synaptogenesis and myelination, respectively, and these lipids were compared in cerebrum and cerebellum to establish the time, if any, at which their rate of accretion increases in a significant way. In the forebrain the rate of increase in concentration of these lipids accelerated at about the 32nd week of gestational age. Although there were too few postnatal cases to draw very firm conclusions, it seemed that the ganglioside concentration levelled off at about two months postnatal age and that the plasmalogen concentration reached a plateau between the 4th and the 6th postnatal months. In the cerebellum the concentration of gangliosides was clearly lower than that in the forebrain until about one year of age, the maximum rate of increase occurring between the last weeks of gestation and the second postnatal month. The plasmalogen concentration was somewhat higher in the cerebellum than in the forebrain but the concentration profile was similar to that followed by the gangliosides. In clear contrast with the concentration profiles in the cerebrum, in the cerebellum both lipids apparently continued to increase up to the second postnatal year. A mainly perinatal period of vulnerability is suggested for the forebrain, and a more prolonged one (probably until the second year of life) for the cerebellum.", "contents": "A chemical study on the development of the human forebrain and cerebellum during the brain 'growth spurt' period. I. Gangliosides and plasmalogens. Following upon previous studies on the lipid composition of the developing human brain, a further study is presented with the main object of tracing the chemical changes underlying the period of brain 'growth spurt'. Gangliosides and plasmalogens were selected as approximate markers of synaptogenesis and myelination, respectively, and these lipids were compared in cerebrum and cerebellum to establish the time, if any, at which their rate of accretion increases in a significant way. In the forebrain the rate of increase in concentration of these lipids accelerated at about the 32nd week of gestational age. Although there were too few postnatal cases to draw very firm conclusions, it seemed that the ganglioside concentration levelled off at about two months postnatal age and that the plasmalogen concentration reached a plateau between the 4th and the 6th postnatal months. In the cerebellum the concentration of gangliosides was clearly lower than that in the forebrain until about one year of age, the maximum rate of increase occurring between the last weeks of gestation and the second postnatal month. The plasmalogen concentration was somewhat higher in the cerebellum than in the forebrain but the concentration profile was similar to that followed by the gangliosides. In clear contrast with the concentration profiles in the cerebrum, in the cerebellum both lipids apparently continued to increase up to the second postnatal year. A mainly perinatal period of vulnerability is suggested for the forebrain, and a more prolonged one (probably until the second year of life) for the cerebellum.", "PMID": 728805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11810", "title": "A chemical study on the development of the human forebrain and cerebellum during the brain 'growth spurt' period. II. Phosphoglyceride fatty acids.", "content": "The changes of the fatty acid composition of ethanolamine phosphoglycerides (EPG) and choline phosphoglycerides (CPG) that are associated with the maturation of the human forebrain and cerebellum have been studied. The increase in the n-3 fatty acids and the 22:4(n-6)/22:5(n-6) index in the forebrain during the second half of gestation was confirmed in the present series. In the cerebellum, on the other hand, these two parameters were higher than in the cerebrum and did not show any significant change throughout the period studied. The percentage of 18:1(n-9) changed in an opposite sense in the cerebrum and in the cerebellum, i.e. it decreased with gestational age in the cerebrum, whereas it increased markedly in the cerebellum. Consequently, the 18:0/18:1(n-9) index, which increased with maturation in the cerebrum, decreased in the cerebellum.", "contents": "A chemical study on the development of the human forebrain and cerebellum during the brain 'growth spurt' period. II. Phosphoglyceride fatty acids. The changes of the fatty acid composition of ethanolamine phosphoglycerides (EPG) and choline phosphoglycerides (CPG) that are associated with the maturation of the human forebrain and cerebellum have been studied. The increase in the n-3 fatty acids and the 22:4(n-6)/22:5(n-6) index in the forebrain during the second half of gestation was confirmed in the present series. In the cerebellum, on the other hand, these two parameters were higher than in the cerebrum and did not show any significant change throughout the period studied. The percentage of 18:1(n-9) changed in an opposite sense in the cerebrum and in the cerebellum, i.e. it decreased with gestational age in the cerebrum, whereas it increased markedly in the cerebellum. Consequently, the 18:0/18:1(n-9) index, which increased with maturation in the cerebrum, decreased in the cerebellum.", "PMID": 728806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11811", "title": "Preoperative evaluation of the patient with myocardial disease: clinical review.", "content": "The patient with chronic disease of the myocardium must be evaluated perceptively as to the extent of abnormal function. The degree of reduction of cardiac reserve must be estimated and all efforts must be made to improve cardiac performance before operation; then a carefully managed anaesthetic is needed to assure a smooth operative and post-operative course.", "contents": "Preoperative evaluation of the patient with myocardial disease: clinical review. The patient with chronic disease of the myocardium must be evaluated perceptively as to the extent of abnormal function. The degree of reduction of cardiac reserve must be estimated and all efforts must be made to improve cardiac performance before operation; then a carefully managed anaesthetic is needed to assure a smooth operative and post-operative course.", "PMID": 728821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11812", "title": "The linear relation of cerebral blood flow to arterial oxygen saturation in hypoxic hypoxia induced with nitrous oxide or nitrogen.", "content": "This study has demonstrated a linear relationship between cerebral blood flow and arterial oxygen saturation (Sao2) in the cerebral blood flow response in the hypoxic range of Pao2 values, which we believe is documented for the first time. The cerebral blood flow increased 1.02 per cent for each percentage decrease in Sao2 in hypoxia induced with nitrogen. Hypoxia induced with nitrous oxide increased cerebral blood flow at the rate of 2.09 per cent for each one per cent decrease in Sao2 which was dramatically more than the increase associated with hypoxia induced with nitrogen. Increased survival rates at lower Sao2 levels suggested that nitrous oxide also exerts a protective effect on dog myocardium. The mechanism by which hypoxia increases cerebral blood flow is unclear but the prevalent theory is one of neurogenic control which causes cerebral blood flow to increase as the intracellular hydrogen ion ([H+]I) increases in the progressive lactacidosis of hypoxia. The demonstration of a linear relationship between cerebral blood flow and Sao2 will provide the statistician, the researcher and the clinician with a useful tool for the neurophysiological assessment of cerebral blood flow.", "contents": "The linear relation of cerebral blood flow to arterial oxygen saturation in hypoxic hypoxia induced with nitrous oxide or nitrogen. This study has demonstrated a linear relationship between cerebral blood flow and arterial oxygen saturation (Sao2) in the cerebral blood flow response in the hypoxic range of Pao2 values, which we believe is documented for the first time. The cerebral blood flow increased 1.02 per cent for each percentage decrease in Sao2 in hypoxia induced with nitrogen. Hypoxia induced with nitrous oxide increased cerebral blood flow at the rate of 2.09 per cent for each one per cent decrease in Sao2 which was dramatically more than the increase associated with hypoxia induced with nitrogen. Increased survival rates at lower Sao2 levels suggested that nitrous oxide also exerts a protective effect on dog myocardium. The mechanism by which hypoxia increases cerebral blood flow is unclear but the prevalent theory is one of neurogenic control which causes cerebral blood flow to increase as the intracellular hydrogen ion ([H+]I) increases in the progressive lactacidosis of hypoxia. The demonstration of a linear relationship between cerebral blood flow and Sao2 will provide the statistician, the researcher and the clinician with a useful tool for the neurophysiological assessment of cerebral blood flow.", "PMID": 728822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11813", "title": "Variability of the pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia and relation to gas exchange in dogs.", "content": "Anaesthetized and mechanically ventilated dogs were subjected to five minutes of alveolar hypoxia with Fio2 ranging from 0.08 to 0.20 while pulmonary artery pressure (Ppa), pulmonary wedge pressure (Pwp) and cardiac output (Q) were measured. Hypoxia increased Ppa in all dogs whereas Pwp and Q did not change significantly. Thus pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) increased by a mean for all dogs of 56 per cent. There was great variation in the absolute increase in Ppa and PVR between animals and these were not statistically correlated with arterial Po2, but highly significant and reproduceable inverse relationships were found for Ppa and PVR against arterial oxygen per cent saturation. The slopes of these responses varied between dogs from -0.013 to -0.144 for PVR and from -0.038 to -0.561 for Ppa. The alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient and the pulmonary shunt fraction were reduced in a similar way with decreasing arterial oxygen per cent saturation, but dead space/tidal volume ratio remained unchanged. Thus the slope of PVR response to hypoxia against arterial oxygen per cent saturation is unique for individual animals. This may reflect functional and likely structural adaptations of the pulmonary vascular smooth muscle.", "contents": "Variability of the pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia and relation to gas exchange in dogs. Anaesthetized and mechanically ventilated dogs were subjected to five minutes of alveolar hypoxia with Fio2 ranging from 0.08 to 0.20 while pulmonary artery pressure (Ppa), pulmonary wedge pressure (Pwp) and cardiac output (Q) were measured. Hypoxia increased Ppa in all dogs whereas Pwp and Q did not change significantly. Thus pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) increased by a mean for all dogs of 56 per cent. There was great variation in the absolute increase in Ppa and PVR between animals and these were not statistically correlated with arterial Po2, but highly significant and reproduceable inverse relationships were found for Ppa and PVR against arterial oxygen per cent saturation. The slopes of these responses varied between dogs from -0.013 to -0.144 for PVR and from -0.038 to -0.561 for Ppa. The alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient and the pulmonary shunt fraction were reduced in a similar way with decreasing arterial oxygen per cent saturation, but dead space/tidal volume ratio remained unchanged. Thus the slope of PVR response to hypoxia against arterial oxygen per cent saturation is unique for individual animals. This may reflect functional and likely structural adaptations of the pulmonary vascular smooth muscle.", "PMID": 728823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11814", "title": "Subanaesthetic halothane: its effect on regulation of ventilation and relevance to the recovery room.", "content": "Ventilation and the ventilatory response to a steady-state of isocapnic hypoxaemia were measured in six healthy volunteers, both awake and while sedated with low doses of halothane (0.05 and 0.1 MAC). Halothane sedation markedly reduced ventilatory responses to sustained hypoxaemia, in a dose-related fashion. We estimated the length of time after anaesthesia that halothane 0.1 MAC would be present in patients in the recovery room. In five healthy patients who had halothane anaesthesia with a mean duration of one hour, halothane 0.1 MAC or more persisted for approximately one hour. We conclude that, during emergence from halothane anaesthesia, patients may have a significant impairment of the ventilatory response to hypoxaemia, which persists for some time even after regaining consciousness.", "contents": "Subanaesthetic halothane: its effect on regulation of ventilation and relevance to the recovery room. Ventilation and the ventilatory response to a steady-state of isocapnic hypoxaemia were measured in six healthy volunteers, both awake and while sedated with low doses of halothane (0.05 and 0.1 MAC). Halothane sedation markedly reduced ventilatory responses to sustained hypoxaemia, in a dose-related fashion. We estimated the length of time after anaesthesia that halothane 0.1 MAC would be present in patients in the recovery room. In five healthy patients who had halothane anaesthesia with a mean duration of one hour, halothane 0.1 MAC or more persisted for approximately one hour. We conclude that, during emergence from halothane anaesthesia, patients may have a significant impairment of the ventilatory response to hypoxaemia, which persists for some time even after regaining consciousness.", "PMID": 728824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11815", "title": "An assessment of operating room environment air contamination with nitrous oxide and halothane and some scavenging methods.", "content": "This study was designed to assess operating room contamination with nitrous oxide and halothane when nitrous oxide 3 1/min and oxygen 2 1/min containing halothane one per cent were passed into a semiclosed circle absorber system from which the patients' lungs were ventilated with an Ohio ventimeter through a cuffed tracheal tube, with the exhaled gas vented to the floor. The normal room ventilation did not consistently maintain levels below the suggested amounts, which are nitrous oxide 25 ppm and halothane 2 ppm. Careful daily check for and correction of high and low pressure leaks combined with the use of a Foregger scavenging device (7--351--005) and continuous wall vacuum accepting approximately 22 1/min enabled geometric mean values below the suggested levels to be achieved. The Protection Filter Foregger 7--365--001 was only effective in removing halothane and only if the plastic holder provided was radically modified. Attention is drawn to the numerous factors influencing the magnitude of contamination, aspects of controlling it, and the necessity to cope with the problem of dealing with scavenged gases and vapours.", "contents": "An assessment of operating room environment air contamination with nitrous oxide and halothane and some scavenging methods. This study was designed to assess operating room contamination with nitrous oxide and halothane when nitrous oxide 3 1/min and oxygen 2 1/min containing halothane one per cent were passed into a semiclosed circle absorber system from which the patients' lungs were ventilated with an Ohio ventimeter through a cuffed tracheal tube, with the exhaled gas vented to the floor. The normal room ventilation did not consistently maintain levels below the suggested amounts, which are nitrous oxide 25 ppm and halothane 2 ppm. Careful daily check for and correction of high and low pressure leaks combined with the use of a Foregger scavenging device (7--351--005) and continuous wall vacuum accepting approximately 22 1/min enabled geometric mean values below the suggested levels to be achieved. The Protection Filter Foregger 7--365--001 was only effective in removing halothane and only if the plastic holder provided was radically modified. Attention is drawn to the numerous factors influencing the magnitude of contamination, aspects of controlling it, and the necessity to cope with the problem of dealing with scavenged gases and vapours.", "PMID": 728825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11816", "title": "Serum cholinesterase activity following enflurane anaesthesia.", "content": "Serum cholinesterase activity was determined in 30 female patients anaesthetized with enflurane for excision of lump in the breast. In all 30 patients biopsy of the tumor was negative for carcinoma. Blood samples were taken before induction of anaesthesia, at the end of the operation and 24 hours after the operation. Enzymatic determinations were performed by the Boerhinger cholinesterase kit. Enzyme levels were found sufficiently high at the end of the operation and returned to the preoperative levels 24 hours post-operatively.", "contents": "Serum cholinesterase activity following enflurane anaesthesia. Serum cholinesterase activity was determined in 30 female patients anaesthetized with enflurane for excision of lump in the breast. In all 30 patients biopsy of the tumor was negative for carcinoma. Blood samples were taken before induction of anaesthesia, at the end of the operation and 24 hours after the operation. Enzymatic determinations were performed by the Boerhinger cholinesterase kit. Enzyme levels were found sufficiently high at the end of the operation and returned to the preoperative levels 24 hours post-operatively.", "PMID": 728826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11817", "title": "Uneventful extradural analgesia after unrecognized dural perforation.", "content": "A case is reported of an uneventful continuous extradural block in spite of unrecognized dural perforation. Although the perforation was recognized later during the block, the dura was probably pierced during the insertion of the catheter and only later the terminal hole came to lie in the subarachnoid space. Consequently both extradural and subarachnoid spread of the injected local anaesthetic occurred, preventing an extensive subarachnoid block.", "contents": "Uneventful extradural analgesia after unrecognized dural perforation. A case is reported of an uneventful continuous extradural block in spite of unrecognized dural perforation. Although the perforation was recognized later during the block, the dura was probably pierced during the insertion of the catheter and only later the terminal hole came to lie in the subarachnoid space. Consequently both extradural and subarachnoid spread of the injected local anaesthetic occurred, preventing an extensive subarachnoid block.", "PMID": 728827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11818", "title": "Anaesthesia for ambulatory surgery.", "content": "Most surgeons and hospital administrators now recognize that many surgical procedures can be done on an out-patient basis and anesthetists have been instrumental in developing and implementing the practice of short-stay surgery. It is our opinion that general anaesthesia using enflurane and Alfathesin will increase the safety of ambulatory surgery.", "contents": "Anaesthesia for ambulatory surgery. Most surgeons and hospital administrators now recognize that many surgical procedures can be done on an out-patient basis and anesthetists have been instrumental in developing and implementing the practice of short-stay surgery. It is our opinion that general anaesthesia using enflurane and Alfathesin will increase the safety of ambulatory surgery.", "PMID": 728828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11819", "title": "Major issues facing academic departments of anaesthesia in Canada.", "content": "Two conditions must be present for a successful and strong department: (1) the utilization of operating rooms must be efficient, patient volume must be adequate and turnover rate be rapid, if the clinical income of academic staff is to be equal to that of nonacademic anaesthetists. This is really difficult with the surgical teaching that takes place in teaching hospital operating rooms. But if university hospital operating rooms are not comparably efficient, clinical incomes for academic anaesthetists are not competitive to private practice. (2) the university (i.e. the provincial government) must pay staff adequately for their academic time so that high-grade people will accept and stay in academic posts. Part-time staff deserve to be remunerated for their contributions, whatever the magnitude, or motivation to do it is minimal. If these basic criteria of financing a department are fulfilled, development of the academic functions will follow. Strong academic departments will be producing the capable anaesthetists to fulfill the manpower needs of our specialty in Canada. If not, more departments will atrophy and the manpower situation for anaesthetists in Canada will be in an acute crisis.", "contents": "Major issues facing academic departments of anaesthesia in Canada. Two conditions must be present for a successful and strong department: (1) the utilization of operating rooms must be efficient, patient volume must be adequate and turnover rate be rapid, if the clinical income of academic staff is to be equal to that of nonacademic anaesthetists. This is really difficult with the surgical teaching that takes place in teaching hospital operating rooms. But if university hospital operating rooms are not comparably efficient, clinical incomes for academic anaesthetists are not competitive to private practice. (2) the university (i.e. the provincial government) must pay staff adequately for their academic time so that high-grade people will accept and stay in academic posts. Part-time staff deserve to be remunerated for their contributions, whatever the magnitude, or motivation to do it is minimal. If these basic criteria of financing a department are fulfilled, development of the academic functions will follow. Strong academic departments will be producing the capable anaesthetists to fulfill the manpower needs of our specialty in Canada. If not, more departments will atrophy and the manpower situation for anaesthetists in Canada will be in an acute crisis.", "PMID": 728830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11820", "title": "The current status of anaesthesia research in Canada.", "content": "The Association of Canadian University Departments of Anaesthesia (A.C.U.D.A.) surveyed all 16 university departments during 1975/76/77, to obtain detailed and accurate information on manpower and research activities. The results of this survey have been summarized and show that only 0.68 per cent of federal MRC funds support anaesthesia research compared with 3.29 per cent of the U.S. federal N.I.G.M.S. funds. Notably 90 per cent of Canadian research funds are held in three departments. Canadian academic anaesthetists spend twice as much time in clinical service as their U.S. counterparts and there are 46 per cent fewer full-time faculty and 64 per cent fewer researchers in Canadian departments of Anaesthesia as compared to the U.S. A number of recommendations are made which will be acted upon as a basis for future planning.", "contents": "The current status of anaesthesia research in Canada. The Association of Canadian University Departments of Anaesthesia (A.C.U.D.A.) surveyed all 16 university departments during 1975/76/77, to obtain detailed and accurate information on manpower and research activities. The results of this survey have been summarized and show that only 0.68 per cent of federal MRC funds support anaesthesia research compared with 3.29 per cent of the U.S. federal N.I.G.M.S. funds. Notably 90 per cent of Canadian research funds are held in three departments. Canadian academic anaesthetists spend twice as much time in clinical service as their U.S. counterparts and there are 46 per cent fewer full-time faculty and 64 per cent fewer researchers in Canadian departments of Anaesthesia as compared to the U.S. A number of recommendations are made which will be acted upon as a basis for future planning.", "PMID": 728831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11821", "title": "Potato spindle tuber viroid: circular dichroism spectrum and physical chemical studies of its interaction with ethidium bromide.", "content": "The presence and extent of base-paired secondary structure in the protein-free potato spindle tuber viroid RNA has been investigated by spectroscopic techniques. Dye-binding studies with the intercalating dye, ethidium bromide, indicate the presence of base-paired regions in the molecule. Variation of the induced chirality in the dye with the dye to RNA phosphate ratio indicate the presence of two base-paired regions in the molecule.", "contents": "Potato spindle tuber viroid: circular dichroism spectrum and physical chemical studies of its interaction with ethidium bromide. The presence and extent of base-paired secondary structure in the protein-free potato spindle tuber viroid RNA has been investigated by spectroscopic techniques. Dye-binding studies with the intercalating dye, ethidium bromide, indicate the presence of base-paired regions in the molecule. Variation of the induced chirality in the dye with the dye to RNA phosphate ratio indicate the presence of two base-paired regions in the molecule.", "PMID": 728834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11822", "title": "A rapid chromatographic method for the determination of omega-N-methylarginines in protein and muscle tissues.", "content": "A rapid and sensitive chromatographic method is described for the complete separation and determination of NG-methylarginine, NG,NG-dimethlarginine, NG,N'G-dimethylarginine, and related compounds in protein and muscle tissue hydrolysates. This method is designed to be used both with conventional amino acid analyzers using a single column (10 X 0.9 cm) of Durrum type DC-6A resin at 51 degrees C, one buffer system (0.21 M sodium citrate pH 5.40), and one buffer flow rate (70 ml/h) and with the accelerated and fully automatic Beckman Spinco model 121M amino acid analyzer using a 10 X 0.28 cm microcolumn packed with the Beckman type AA-10 resin and operated with the same buffer at 7.9 ml/h. This procedure was successfully applied to the determination of omega-N-methylarginines in various animal tissues, and the presence of four as yet unidentified ninhydrin-positive compounds is reported.", "contents": "A rapid chromatographic method for the determination of omega-N-methylarginines in protein and muscle tissues. A rapid and sensitive chromatographic method is described for the complete separation and determination of NG-methylarginine, NG,NG-dimethlarginine, NG,N'G-dimethylarginine, and related compounds in protein and muscle tissue hydrolysates. This method is designed to be used both with conventional amino acid analyzers using a single column (10 X 0.9 cm) of Durrum type DC-6A resin at 51 degrees C, one buffer system (0.21 M sodium citrate pH 5.40), and one buffer flow rate (70 ml/h) and with the accelerated and fully automatic Beckman Spinco model 121M amino acid analyzer using a 10 X 0.28 cm microcolumn packed with the Beckman type AA-10 resin and operated with the same buffer at 7.9 ml/h. This procedure was successfully applied to the determination of omega-N-methylarginines in various animal tissues, and the presence of four as yet unidentified ninhydrin-positive compounds is reported.", "PMID": 728835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11823", "title": "Blood replacement in dogs by dextran-hemoglobin.", "content": "Exchange transfusions in dogs were performed with a solution of either dextran or a covalent complex between dextran and human hemoglobin. Dogs transfused with dextran alone died when their hematocrit was lowered to 6-10%. Dogs transfused with dextran-hemoglobin complex, however, survived a reduction of their hematocrit to 2% or below. In the latter animals, the dextran-hemoglobin complex disappeared from the circulation with an average half-life of 2.4 days. Correcting for oxidation of the hemoglobin moiety to methemoglobin, the half-life of functional unoxidized dextran-hemoglobin in the circulation was 1.9 days. In compensation for the loss of dextran-hemoglobin, vigorous erythropoiesis was observed at a rate of close to 5% hematocrit per day over the first 2 days following the exchange transfusion. As a result, the total hemoglobin concentration in blood was maintained at 5-6% during this period, and the animals went on to complete recovery in room air without the need for further transfusion with dextran-hemoglobin.", "contents": "Blood replacement in dogs by dextran-hemoglobin. Exchange transfusions in dogs were performed with a solution of either dextran or a covalent complex between dextran and human hemoglobin. Dogs transfused with dextran alone died when their hematocrit was lowered to 6-10%. Dogs transfused with dextran-hemoglobin complex, however, survived a reduction of their hematocrit to 2% or below. In the latter animals, the dextran-hemoglobin complex disappeared from the circulation with an average half-life of 2.4 days. Correcting for oxidation of the hemoglobin moiety to methemoglobin, the half-life of functional unoxidized dextran-hemoglobin in the circulation was 1.9 days. In compensation for the loss of dextran-hemoglobin, vigorous erythropoiesis was observed at a rate of close to 5% hematocrit per day over the first 2 days following the exchange transfusion. As a result, the total hemoglobin concentration in blood was maintained at 5-6% during this period, and the animals went on to complete recovery in room air without the need for further transfusion with dextran-hemoglobin.", "PMID": 728836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11824", "title": "A comparison of the in vitro metabolism of biphenyl and 4-chlorobiphenyl by rat liver microsomes.", "content": "The comparative metabolism of the hydrocarbons, biphenyl and 4-chlorobiphenyl, was investigated using two different preparations of rat hepatic microsomes. The assay was designed to account for all the metabolic products which included the ether soluble lipophilic metabolites, low molecular weight conjugates, and macromolecular adducts, and to determine the effects of induction with Aroclor 1254 and 1248, two commercial polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) preparations. 4-chlorobiphenyl was the more metabolically active substrate with the induced and control enzymes. In most metabolic fractions biphenyl was less inducible by the PCB's, with the exception of the 2-biphenylol metabolite which was induced ca. 18-fold. Preincubation of the microsomes with carcinogens did not enhance biphenyl 2-hydroxylation. Instead, a general inhibition of metabolic activity was observed for both biphenyl and 4-chlorobiphenyl substrates. Preincubation with phenobarbitone, a noncarcinogen, did not change the microsome-mediated metabolism of biphenyl or 4-chlorobiphenyl. The substitution of a single halogen atom on the biphenyl nucleus altered both the reactivity and pattern of metabolites for these substrates.", "contents": "A comparison of the in vitro metabolism of biphenyl and 4-chlorobiphenyl by rat liver microsomes. The comparative metabolism of the hydrocarbons, biphenyl and 4-chlorobiphenyl, was investigated using two different preparations of rat hepatic microsomes. The assay was designed to account for all the metabolic products which included the ether soluble lipophilic metabolites, low molecular weight conjugates, and macromolecular adducts, and to determine the effects of induction with Aroclor 1254 and 1248, two commercial polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) preparations. 4-chlorobiphenyl was the more metabolically active substrate with the induced and control enzymes. In most metabolic fractions biphenyl was less inducible by the PCB's, with the exception of the 2-biphenylol metabolite which was induced ca. 18-fold. Preincubation of the microsomes with carcinogens did not enhance biphenyl 2-hydroxylation. Instead, a general inhibition of metabolic activity was observed for both biphenyl and 4-chlorobiphenyl substrates. Preincubation with phenobarbitone, a noncarcinogen, did not change the microsome-mediated metabolism of biphenyl or 4-chlorobiphenyl. The substitution of a single halogen atom on the biphenyl nucleus altered both the reactivity and pattern of metabolites for these substrates.", "PMID": 728838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11825", "title": "Chromium (III) thiamin diphosphate: a new probe of enzyme coenzyme--metal ion binding. Interaction with wheat germ pyruvate decarboxylase.", "content": "Chromium (III) thiamin diphosphate (CrTDP) is a substitutionally inert complex which is a physical and kinetic probe of the binding mode of metal ion and coenzyme in thiamin diphosphate (TDP) dependent enzymes. CrTDP is prepared by reaction of aquated Cr (III) and TDP and purifed by ion-exchange chromatography. CrTDP binds to the apoenzyme of wheat germ pyruvate decarboxylase, giving an inactive holoenzyme. Chromium (III) ion binds to the apoenzyme in a manner that suggests, in light of the results with CrTDP, that there are two metal ion binding sites. Extension of the use of CrTDP to other enzymes can give specific information about binding and can introduce an active site reporter group", "contents": "Chromium (III) thiamin diphosphate: a new probe of enzyme coenzyme--metal ion binding. Interaction with wheat germ pyruvate decarboxylase. Chromium (III) thiamin diphosphate (CrTDP) is a substitutionally inert complex which is a physical and kinetic probe of the binding mode of metal ion and coenzyme in thiamin diphosphate (TDP) dependent enzymes. CrTDP is prepared by reaction of aquated Cr (III) and TDP and purifed by ion-exchange chromatography. CrTDP binds to the apoenzyme of wheat germ pyruvate decarboxylase, giving an inactive holoenzyme. Chromium (III) ion binds to the apoenzyme in a manner that suggests, in light of the results with CrTDP, that there are two metal ion binding sites. Extension of the use of CrTDP to other enzymes can give specific information about binding and can introduce an active site reporter group", "PMID": 728839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11826", "title": "Effect of calcium on [125I]insulin binding to rat adipocytes.", "content": "The specific binding of [125I]insulin to rat adipocytes was reduced in the absence of extracellular calcium. The addition of calcium to the calcium-free medium during incubation restored [125I]insulin binding towards normal. The specific binding of insulin was significantly increased with calcium concentrations as low as 0.5 mM and maximal binding occurred with 5 mM calcium. Scatchard analysis of the data suggests two major binding sites, one a high-affinity low-capacity site (Kd, 1.5 X 10(10) M-1) and the other a lower-affinity high-capacity site (Kd, 4.7 X 10(9) M-1). There was a 50% decrease in the number of high-affinity sites in absence of extracellular calcium. The dissociation curve of receptor-bound insulin was nonlinear both in the absence and presence of extracellular calcium suggesting receptor heterogeneity. The dissociation rate of receptor-bound insulin was greater when insulin was bound in the absence of extracellular calcium than in its presence. These results indicate that extracellular calcium, by increasing the number of high-affinity receptor sites, can alter the the ratio of high-affinity to low-affinity receptors for insulin in adipocytes.", "contents": "Effect of calcium on [125I]insulin binding to rat adipocytes. The specific binding of [125I]insulin to rat adipocytes was reduced in the absence of extracellular calcium. The addition of calcium to the calcium-free medium during incubation restored [125I]insulin binding towards normal. The specific binding of insulin was significantly increased with calcium concentrations as low as 0.5 mM and maximal binding occurred with 5 mM calcium. Scatchard analysis of the data suggests two major binding sites, one a high-affinity low-capacity site (Kd, 1.5 X 10(10) M-1) and the other a lower-affinity high-capacity site (Kd, 4.7 X 10(9) M-1). There was a 50% decrease in the number of high-affinity sites in absence of extracellular calcium. The dissociation curve of receptor-bound insulin was nonlinear both in the absence and presence of extracellular calcium suggesting receptor heterogeneity. The dissociation rate of receptor-bound insulin was greater when insulin was bound in the absence of extracellular calcium than in its presence. These results indicate that extracellular calcium, by increasing the number of high-affinity receptor sites, can alter the the ratio of high-affinity to low-affinity receptors for insulin in adipocytes.", "PMID": 728840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11827", "title": "Localization of fumarylacetoacetate fumarylhydrolase in rat liver.", "content": "The intracellular location of fumarylacetoacetate fumarylhydrolase (EC 3.7.1.2) has been demonstrated in rat liver tissue. Two fractionation procedures involving homogenization and differential centrifugation were adopted. The first fractionation procedure isolated the nuclear fraction while the second gave the mitochondrial, microsomal, and soluble phase fractions. The hydrolase is localized in the soluble phase of the rat liver tissue. The enzyme also showed a high relative specific activity in the soluble phase fraction. Fractionation efficiency was checked by microscopic studies and by determining the distribution of a number of marker enzymes.", "contents": "Localization of fumarylacetoacetate fumarylhydrolase in rat liver. The intracellular location of fumarylacetoacetate fumarylhydrolase (EC 3.7.1.2) has been demonstrated in rat liver tissue. Two fractionation procedures involving homogenization and differential centrifugation were adopted. The first fractionation procedure isolated the nuclear fraction while the second gave the mitochondrial, microsomal, and soluble phase fractions. The hydrolase is localized in the soluble phase of the rat liver tissue. The enzyme also showed a high relative specific activity in the soluble phase fraction. Fractionation efficiency was checked by microscopic studies and by determining the distribution of a number of marker enzymes.", "PMID": 728842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11828", "title": "Microheterogeneity and sialic acid in human plasma angiotensinogens in various physiological states.", "content": "Pooled or individual plasmas from normal men, women, pregnant women (third trimester), anephric women, and rat liver perfusates were used as sources of angiotensinogen. The plasmas were fractionated and desalted by Sephadex gel filtration, then subjected to isoelectric focusing in a pH 4 to 6 gradient on 40 X 4 cm slabs of polyacrylamide gel. The gels were cut transversely into 0.5-cm-wide strips, the pH measured, and their angiotensinogen concentrations determined by incubation with excess human renin and radioimmunoassay of the product, angiotensin I. This revealed several peaks of angiotensinogen concentration indicative of microheterogeneity in all cases. Contrary to other claims, the isoelectric pH profiles of angiotensinogens in the various physiological states were substantially alike. Major peaks were found at pH 4.75 to 4.85 and 4.9 to 5.0 and minor peaks at pH 4.5 to 4.7 and 5.0 to 5.2; this resolution was greater than that achieved with rat liver angiotensinogens. Incubation of human angiotensinogens with neuraminidase for 3 or 16 h raised their isoelectric pH by about 0.5 U, probably due to removal of sialic acid. Since microheterogeneity persisted after desialylation, it is probably determined by structural characteristics other than sialic acid composition.", "contents": "Microheterogeneity and sialic acid in human plasma angiotensinogens in various physiological states. Pooled or individual plasmas from normal men, women, pregnant women (third trimester), anephric women, and rat liver perfusates were used as sources of angiotensinogen. The plasmas were fractionated and desalted by Sephadex gel filtration, then subjected to isoelectric focusing in a pH 4 to 6 gradient on 40 X 4 cm slabs of polyacrylamide gel. The gels were cut transversely into 0.5-cm-wide strips, the pH measured, and their angiotensinogen concentrations determined by incubation with excess human renin and radioimmunoassay of the product, angiotensin I. This revealed several peaks of angiotensinogen concentration indicative of microheterogeneity in all cases. Contrary to other claims, the isoelectric pH profiles of angiotensinogens in the various physiological states were substantially alike. Major peaks were found at pH 4.75 to 4.85 and 4.9 to 5.0 and minor peaks at pH 4.5 to 4.7 and 5.0 to 5.2; this resolution was greater than that achieved with rat liver angiotensinogens. Incubation of human angiotensinogens with neuraminidase for 3 or 16 h raised their isoelectric pH by about 0.5 U, probably due to removal of sialic acid. Since microheterogeneity persisted after desialylation, it is probably determined by structural characteristics other than sialic acid composition.", "PMID": 728843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11829", "title": "Properties of a unique catalase isolated from Aspergillus niger.", "content": "The properties of an unusual catalase isolated from Aspergillus niger are reported. The enzyme, which has a molecular weight of 323,000, consists of four subunits and is highly resistant to sodium azide.", "contents": "Properties of a unique catalase isolated from Aspergillus niger. The properties of an unusual catalase isolated from Aspergillus niger are reported. The enzyme, which has a molecular weight of 323,000, consists of four subunits and is highly resistant to sodium azide.", "PMID": 728844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11830", "title": "Evaluation of staphylococcal thermonuclease (TNase) assay as a means of screening foods for growth of staphylococci and possible enterotoxin production.", "content": "Samples of food, naturally and artificially contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, were analyzed for enterotoxin and thermonuclease (TNase). With the exception of egg, all naturally contaminated foods with detectable amounts of staphylococcal enterotoxin were positive for TNase. The enzyme was also present in the majority of foods with over 1 million S. aureus cells per gram. In artificially contaminated foods. TNase was detected in all samples except egg, acidic foods in which growth of S. aureus was suppressed, and some samples of raw ground beef. Recovery of TNase was influenced by the type of food.", "contents": "Evaluation of staphylococcal thermonuclease (TNase) assay as a means of screening foods for growth of staphylococci and possible enterotoxin production. Samples of food, naturally and artificially contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, were analyzed for enterotoxin and thermonuclease (TNase). With the exception of egg, all naturally contaminated foods with detectable amounts of staphylococcal enterotoxin were positive for TNase. The enzyme was also present in the majority of foods with over 1 million S. aureus cells per gram. In artificially contaminated foods. TNase was detected in all samples except egg, acidic foods in which growth of S. aureus was suppressed, and some samples of raw ground beef. Recovery of TNase was influenced by the type of food.", "PMID": 728847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11831", "title": "Interaction of atrazine with soil microorganisms: population changes and accumulation.", "content": "A loam soil treated with atrazine at rates of 10, 30, and 100 microgram/g soil resulted in increased populations of actinomycetes, bacteria, and fungi over those in non-treated soil. The increases were in proportion to the amount of atrazine and persisted for at least 2 months. Living actinomycete amd fungal mycelia were incubated for 48 h in distilled water, nutrient broth, or soil containing 5 microgram/ml (g) of the herbicide. Actinomycete and fungal mycelia accumulated atrazine from water to concentrations up to 87-fold and 132-fold, respectively, over that in the ambient medium.  The maximum accumulation from soil by actinomycete mycelia was 26-fold and by fungal mycelia 13-fold. Fungi accumulated little or no atrazine from a nutrient medium whereas actinomycetes accumulated up to 13-fold. Dead mycelia usually did not accumulate atrazine in excess of the ambient concentration. Mycelium of Sclerotium rolfsii growing in a nutrient medium containing 20 microgram atrazine/ml accumulated 157 microgram/g wet weight after 8 days. Sclerotia subsequently produced after transfer of similar mats to soil contained 550 microgram/g wet weight.", "contents": "Interaction of atrazine with soil microorganisms: population changes and accumulation. A loam soil treated with atrazine at rates of 10, 30, and 100 microgram/g soil resulted in increased populations of actinomycetes, bacteria, and fungi over those in non-treated soil. The increases were in proportion to the amount of atrazine and persisted for at least 2 months. Living actinomycete amd fungal mycelia were incubated for 48 h in distilled water, nutrient broth, or soil containing 5 microgram/ml (g) of the herbicide. Actinomycete and fungal mycelia accumulated atrazine from water to concentrations up to 87-fold and 132-fold, respectively, over that in the ambient medium.  The maximum accumulation from soil by actinomycete mycelia was 26-fold and by fungal mycelia 13-fold. Fungi accumulated little or no atrazine from a nutrient medium whereas actinomycetes accumulated up to 13-fold. Dead mycelia usually did not accumulate atrazine in excess of the ambient concentration. Mycelium of Sclerotium rolfsii growing in a nutrient medium containing 20 microgram atrazine/ml accumulated 157 microgram/g wet weight after 8 days. Sclerotia subsequently produced after transfer of similar mats to soil contained 550 microgram/g wet weight.", "PMID": 728848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11832", "title": "Fungal exudates.", "content": "The exudates or liquid droplets on various structures of a number of fungi were examined. The droplets were enveloped in membranous material and were associated with actively growing mycelia, including fruiting structures. Osmium tetroxide vapour-fixed droplets of Claviceps purpurea, Myrothecium roridum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Sclerotium rolfsii, and Thanathephorus cucumeris did not dry to a powder but remained intact as spheres when freeze-dried. Fractured spheres, examined with the scanning electron microscope, showed the presence of a membranous structure similar to that of rapidly frozen colloidal solutions with the ice crystals removed by sublimation. Locules or cavities within the freeze-dried droplets are thought to be due to the entrapment of air when droplets coalesce. Biochemical analyses of the exudates showed that acid phosphatase, beta-glucosidase, acid and alkaline protease. RNase polygalacturonase and cellulase enzymes as well as oxalic acid and ammonia were present.", "contents": "Fungal exudates. The exudates or liquid droplets on various structures of a number of fungi were examined. The droplets were enveloped in membranous material and were associated with actively growing mycelia, including fruiting structures. Osmium tetroxide vapour-fixed droplets of Claviceps purpurea, Myrothecium roridum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Sclerotium rolfsii, and Thanathephorus cucumeris did not dry to a powder but remained intact as spheres when freeze-dried. Fractured spheres, examined with the scanning electron microscope, showed the presence of a membranous structure similar to that of rapidly frozen colloidal solutions with the ice crystals removed by sublimation. Locules or cavities within the freeze-dried droplets are thought to be due to the entrapment of air when droplets coalesce. Biochemical analyses of the exudates showed that acid phosphatase, beta-glucosidase, acid and alkaline protease. RNase polygalacturonase and cellulase enzymes as well as oxalic acid and ammonia were present.", "PMID": 728849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11833", "title": "The growth of Mycobacterium convolutum on solid n-alkane substrates: effect on cellular lipid composition.", "content": "Growth rates and cell yields of Mycobacterium convolutum strain R22 grown on a wide range of both odd- and even-numbered carbon solid n-alkanes decreased as the substrate carbon number increased. Cellular lipid was 2.5 times higher following growth on the hydrocarbon substrates. The amount of polar lipid was found to be about half of the cellular lipid in docosane through octacosane-grown cells. Phosphatidylethanolamine represented about 50% of the polar phospholipid in hydrocarbon- and nonhydrocarbon-grown cells. Phosphatidylserine, diphosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidic acid were also found. The amount of phosphatidylserine was higher (10-14%) in docosane through octacosane-grown cells. There was a correspondingly smaller amount of diphosphatidylglycerol. These lipid changes may be associated with the assimilation of the hydrophobic substrates. The failure to detect label in lipids of solid n-alkane-grown cells incubated in the presence of [14C]acetate suggested that de novo synthesis of fatty acids did not occur to an appreciable extent. Transport of [14C]acetate and incorporation into cellular protein was not inhibited. Polar lipid fatty acid analyses indicated there was no direct incorporation of the oxidized substrate. The results suggest that beta-oxidation and a subterminal oxidative cleavage appear to be the major catabolic routes providing fatty acids, which are then incorporated into lipid.", "contents": "The growth of Mycobacterium convolutum on solid n-alkane substrates: effect on cellular lipid composition. Growth rates and cell yields of Mycobacterium convolutum strain R22 grown on a wide range of both odd- and even-numbered carbon solid n-alkanes decreased as the substrate carbon number increased. Cellular lipid was 2.5 times higher following growth on the hydrocarbon substrates. The amount of polar lipid was found to be about half of the cellular lipid in docosane through octacosane-grown cells. Phosphatidylethanolamine represented about 50% of the polar phospholipid in hydrocarbon- and nonhydrocarbon-grown cells. Phosphatidylserine, diphosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidic acid were also found. The amount of phosphatidylserine was higher (10-14%) in docosane through octacosane-grown cells. There was a correspondingly smaller amount of diphosphatidylglycerol. These lipid changes may be associated with the assimilation of the hydrophobic substrates. The failure to detect label in lipids of solid n-alkane-grown cells incubated in the presence of [14C]acetate suggested that de novo synthesis of fatty acids did not occur to an appreciable extent. Transport of [14C]acetate and incorporation into cellular protein was not inhibited. Polar lipid fatty acid analyses indicated there was no direct incorporation of the oxidized substrate. The results suggest that beta-oxidation and a subterminal oxidative cleavage appear to be the major catabolic routes providing fatty acids, which are then incorporated into lipid.", "PMID": 728850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11834", "title": "Relative microbial activity and bacterial concentrations in water and sediment samples taken in the Beaufort Sea.", "content": "A total of 91 water, 8 ice, and 50 sediment samples taken from the southwestern Beaufort Sea were analyzed for relative microbial activity, bacterial cell concentrations, and percentage of respiration (mineralization). These samples were taken during three field-study periods (August to September 1975; April 1976; and August 1976). Both the relative microbial activity and the cell concentrations in water and sediment samples were lower during the April (winter) sampling period than in the August-September (summer) studies. The percentage of respiration of labeled glutamic acid was higher in the winter water samples than in the summer samples. The water samples showed higher percentage of respiration values than did sediment samples. The average maximimum potential rate of glutamic acid uptake was as high or higher than those observed in studies made in more temperate waters. Samples of melted sea ice showed levels of relative microbial activity that were about the same as that found in the associated seawater. When 1:1 mixtures of melted ice and seawater were analyzed for altered microbial activity, little effect could be detected.", "contents": "Relative microbial activity and bacterial concentrations in water and sediment samples taken in the Beaufort Sea. A total of 91 water, 8 ice, and 50 sediment samples taken from the southwestern Beaufort Sea were analyzed for relative microbial activity, bacterial cell concentrations, and percentage of respiration (mineralization). These samples were taken during three field-study periods (August to September 1975; April 1976; and August 1976). Both the relative microbial activity and the cell concentrations in water and sediment samples were lower during the April (winter) sampling period than in the August-September (summer) studies. The percentage of respiration of labeled glutamic acid was higher in the winter water samples than in the summer samples. The water samples showed higher percentage of respiration values than did sediment samples. The average maximimum potential rate of glutamic acid uptake was as high or higher than those observed in studies made in more temperate waters. Samples of melted sea ice showed levels of relative microbial activity that were about the same as that found in the associated seawater. When 1:1 mixtures of melted ice and seawater were analyzed for altered microbial activity, little effect could be detected.", "PMID": 728851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11835", "title": "The production of extracellular amino acids by rumen bacteria.", "content": "One hundred and sixteen freshly isolated rumen bacteria and 10 laboratory strains were studied for the production and excretion of free amino acids during growth in a basal medium containing glucose, cellobiose, and soluble starch as the energy sources, (NH4)2SO4 as the prime nitrogen source, volatile fatty acids, hemin, vitamins, Na2CO3, and cysteine as the reducing agent. Amino acid analyses of 48-h culture fluids of the isolates indicated the presence of alanine, glutamic acid, valine, aspartic acid, glycine, serine, lysine, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, threonine, histidine, arginine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine. Most isolates excreted some free amino acids. Alanine, glutamic acid, valine, aspartic acid, and glycine were found in the greatest concentrations with some isolates accumulating between 50 and 295 microgram/ml of one or more of these compounds. Concentrations of the remaining amino acids rarely exceeded 20 microgram/ml of culture fluid. Growth studies demonstrated that the amino acids were excreted during active growth of the bacteria and ceased shortly after growth became limited.", "contents": "The production of extracellular amino acids by rumen bacteria. One hundred and sixteen freshly isolated rumen bacteria and 10 laboratory strains were studied for the production and excretion of free amino acids during growth in a basal medium containing glucose, cellobiose, and soluble starch as the energy sources, (NH4)2SO4 as the prime nitrogen source, volatile fatty acids, hemin, vitamins, Na2CO3, and cysteine as the reducing agent. Amino acid analyses of 48-h culture fluids of the isolates indicated the presence of alanine, glutamic acid, valine, aspartic acid, glycine, serine, lysine, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, threonine, histidine, arginine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine. Most isolates excreted some free amino acids. Alanine, glutamic acid, valine, aspartic acid, and glycine were found in the greatest concentrations with some isolates accumulating between 50 and 295 microgram/ml of one or more of these compounds. Concentrations of the remaining amino acids rarely exceeded 20 microgram/ml of culture fluid. Growth studies demonstrated that the amino acids were excreted during active growth of the bacteria and ceased shortly after growth became limited.", "PMID": 728852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11836", "title": "Endotoxic activity of cell-free rumen fluid from cattle fed hay or grain.", "content": "The cell-free rumen fluid from cattle fed hay or grain exhibited the following biological characteristics which strongly suggest the presence of endotoxin or a toxic principle similar to endotoxin of gram-negative bacteria: proved lethal to mice when injected with actinomycin D; proved extremely lethal to chick embryo; induced biphasic pyogenic response in rabbits; enhanced susceptibility to bacterial infection in mice; evoked positive epinephrine skin reaction in rabbits and phenol-water or aqueous ether proved lethal to mice and chick embryos. A quantitative difference in concentrations of endotoxin was observed on LD50 in mice and chick embryos and response to the epinephrine skin test in rabbits. Cell-free rumen fluid of grain-fed cattle contained at least twice as much endotoxin as that of hay-fed cattle. Endotoxin in cell-free rumen fluid and in higher concentration in cattle fed grain than in those fed hay support the hypothesis that rumen bacterial endotoxins may participate in the pathogenesis of diseases associated with high grain feeding such as lactic acidosis and the sudden-death syndrome.", "contents": "Endotoxic activity of cell-free rumen fluid from cattle fed hay or grain. The cell-free rumen fluid from cattle fed hay or grain exhibited the following biological characteristics which strongly suggest the presence of endotoxin or a toxic principle similar to endotoxin of gram-negative bacteria: proved lethal to mice when injected with actinomycin D; proved extremely lethal to chick embryo; induced biphasic pyogenic response in rabbits; enhanced susceptibility to bacterial infection in mice; evoked positive epinephrine skin reaction in rabbits and phenol-water or aqueous ether proved lethal to mice and chick embryos. A quantitative difference in concentrations of endotoxin was observed on LD50 in mice and chick embryos and response to the epinephrine skin test in rabbits. Cell-free rumen fluid of grain-fed cattle contained at least twice as much endotoxin as that of hay-fed cattle. Endotoxin in cell-free rumen fluid and in higher concentration in cattle fed grain than in those fed hay support the hypothesis that rumen bacterial endotoxins may participate in the pathogenesis of diseases associated with high grain feeding such as lactic acidosis and the sudden-death syndrome.", "PMID": 728853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11837", "title": "Studies on bacteroid size and nucleic acid content of alfalfa bacteroids fractionated by velocity sedimentation.", "content": "A velocity sedimentation procedure was described to fractionate bacteroids of alfalfa nodules into four subpopulations. Bacteroids in these subpopulations were different in size and nucleic acid content as determined by microscopy and flow-microfluorometry (FMF). The slowest-sedimenting bacteroids (fraction I) were small and resembled free-living Rhizobium meliloti both in size and nucleic acid content. The fastest-sedimenting bacteroids (fraction IV) were 2 to 3 times longer and contained 3 to 4 times more nucleic acid than the small bacteroids in fraction I and free-living R. meliloti. A positive correlation was established between bacteroid size and relative nucleic acid content of bacteroids in alfalfa nodules.", "contents": "Studies on bacteroid size and nucleic acid content of alfalfa bacteroids fractionated by velocity sedimentation. A velocity sedimentation procedure was described to fractionate bacteroids of alfalfa nodules into four subpopulations. Bacteroids in these subpopulations were different in size and nucleic acid content as determined by microscopy and flow-microfluorometry (FMF). The slowest-sedimenting bacteroids (fraction I) were small and resembled free-living Rhizobium meliloti both in size and nucleic acid content. The fastest-sedimenting bacteroids (fraction IV) were 2 to 3 times longer and contained 3 to 4 times more nucleic acid than the small bacteroids in fraction I and free-living R. meliloti. A positive correlation was established between bacteroid size and relative nucleic acid content of bacteroids in alfalfa nodules.", "PMID": 728854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11838", "title": "\"The 'impossible' child,\" the difficult child, and other assorted delinquents: etiology, characteristics and incidence.", "content": "The evidence is very strong and persuasive that if serious juvenile delinquents are identified as having reached Level 4, a differential treatment program can be identified for them which will increase their chances of avoiding further law violation behaviour. Looking at both I-level growth and further delinquent behaviour, less is known about how to bring about change in the Power-oriented youths than in other I-level groups. This group is perhaps the most deserving of the label \"Impossible Child.\" Continuing attempts to treat the Power-oriented offender in experimental programs is extremely important because this group includes the most serious offenders (the most felony-type crimes and the most assaultive crimes). More research is also needed on the treatment of the Passive Conformist group. We need to know more about the reasons for the short-term success and the long-term failure. Although this subtype does not commit as serious crimes as the other I3 subtypes, there is some evidence that there is a persistence to the offence behaviour which continues into adulthood, producing highly recidivistic individuals.", "contents": "\"The 'impossible' child,\" the difficult child, and other assorted delinquents: etiology, characteristics and incidence. The evidence is very strong and persuasive that if serious juvenile delinquents are identified as having reached Level 4, a differential treatment program can be identified for them which will increase their chances of avoiding further law violation behaviour. Looking at both I-level growth and further delinquent behaviour, less is known about how to bring about change in the Power-oriented youths than in other I-level groups. This group is perhaps the most deserving of the label \"Impossible Child.\" Continuing attempts to treat the Power-oriented offender in experimental programs is extremely important because this group includes the most serious offenders (the most felony-type crimes and the most assaultive crimes). More research is also needed on the treatment of the Passive Conformist group. We need to know more about the reasons for the short-term success and the long-term failure. Although this subtype does not commit as serious crimes as the other I3 subtypes, there is some evidence that there is a persistence to the offence behaviour which continues into adulthood, producing highly recidivistic individuals.", "PMID": 728857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11839", "title": "Gray scale ultrasonography in the evaluation of metastatic melanoma.", "content": "One hundred and eight ultrasonographic examinations of the abdomen and pelvis in 89 patients with malignant melanoma were reviewed. Forty of these patients were found to have metastatic disease demonstrated by this new diagnostic modality. The varied ultrasonographic manifestations of melanoma are illustrated. Its use in staging and evaluating therapy is stressed.", "contents": "Gray scale ultrasonography in the evaluation of metastatic melanoma. One hundred and eight ultrasonographic examinations of the abdomen and pelvis in 89 patients with malignant melanoma were reviewed. Forty of these patients were found to have metastatic disease demonstrated by this new diagnostic modality. The varied ultrasonographic manifestations of melanoma are illustrated. Its use in staging and evaluating therapy is stressed.", "PMID": 728859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11840", "title": "Thyroid abnormalities following neck irradiation for Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Thyroid function and scans were evaluated in fifty disease-free patients 2 to 16 years after receiving neck irradiation for the treatment of Hodgkin's disease. Twenty-five of 50 patients had abnormal thyroid studies: eight were hypothyroid, two were hypothyroid and had abnormal scans, and fifteen had abnormal scans. Of the 15 patients with abnormal scans, one had an isolated elevation of TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) and one developed exophthalmos. These data, obtained within a relatively short follow-up period, indicate that morphologic and functional abnormalities of the thyroid gland are not uncommon in patients who have received irradiation to the thyroid gland in the course of treatment for Hodgkin's disease. There is need for continuous reevaluation of the thyroid status in such patients.", "contents": "Thyroid abnormalities following neck irradiation for Hodgkin's disease. Thyroid function and scans were evaluated in fifty disease-free patients 2 to 16 years after receiving neck irradiation for the treatment of Hodgkin's disease. Twenty-five of 50 patients had abnormal thyroid studies: eight were hypothyroid, two were hypothyroid and had abnormal scans, and fifteen had abnormal scans. Of the 15 patients with abnormal scans, one had an isolated elevation of TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) and one developed exophthalmos. These data, obtained within a relatively short follow-up period, indicate that morphologic and functional abnormalities of the thyroid gland are not uncommon in patients who have received irradiation to the thyroid gland in the course of treatment for Hodgkin's disease. There is need for continuous reevaluation of the thyroid status in such patients.", "PMID": 728860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11841", "title": "Single dose X-irradiation and concomitant hyperthermia on a murine fibrosarcoma.", "content": "The objectives of this study were to quantitate the effects of local tumor hyperthermia (LTH) and concomitant x-irradiation (RAD) on a moderately radioresistant murine fibrosarcoma in situ. Comparisons were made to the combined treatment response on the Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma, a radio sensitive tumor previously used in this laboratory and to establish the Meth-A fibrosarcoma as a model system for combined modality studies. 1.0 cm3 tumors were exposed to single doses of RAD ranging from 0.5-3.5 krad alone or 0.5-2.3 krad in combination with LTH (water bath at 43.1 +/- .05 C for 20 minutes) applied immediately postirradiation. LTH significantly enhanced the action of radiation as measured by tumor volume analysis, mean survival time and cures. The ratio of radiation doses vs. RAD + LTH required to produce an equivalent response ranged from 1.4 to 2.5 depending upon the endpoints evaluated. These findings are consistent with single dose studies on the radiosensitive Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma and suggest that the tumoricidal effectiveness of combination radiation and hyperthermia cannot be predicted on the basis of the radiation alone responsiveness of tumor.", "contents": "Single dose X-irradiation and concomitant hyperthermia on a murine fibrosarcoma. The objectives of this study were to quantitate the effects of local tumor hyperthermia (LTH) and concomitant x-irradiation (RAD) on a moderately radioresistant murine fibrosarcoma in situ. Comparisons were made to the combined treatment response on the Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma, a radio sensitive tumor previously used in this laboratory and to establish the Meth-A fibrosarcoma as a model system for combined modality studies. 1.0 cm3 tumors were exposed to single doses of RAD ranging from 0.5-3.5 krad alone or 0.5-2.3 krad in combination with LTH (water bath at 43.1 +/- .05 C for 20 minutes) applied immediately postirradiation. LTH significantly enhanced the action of radiation as measured by tumor volume analysis, mean survival time and cures. The ratio of radiation doses vs. RAD + LTH required to produce an equivalent response ranged from 1.4 to 2.5 depending upon the endpoints evaluated. These findings are consistent with single dose studies on the radiosensitive Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma and suggest that the tumoricidal effectiveness of combination radiation and hyperthermia cannot be predicted on the basis of the radiation alone responsiveness of tumor.", "PMID": 728861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11842", "title": "The significance of fractionation regimens in radiation and combined hyperthermia using a murine fibrosarcoma.", "content": "The significance of time-dose relationships in the use of local tumor hyperthermia (LTH) when combined with radiation (RAD) was studied in a murine fibrosarcoma. RAD, either alone or combined with LTH, was delivered in four equal fractions (total doses, 1.8 to 4.2 krad) separated by 1 to 4 days. LTH (43.1 C +/- .05 C for 15 minutes, water bath) was applied immediately after RAD. In this tumor system, RAD was most effective when delivered every 2nd or 3rd day, by a factor of 1.25 over the response achieved when the four fractions were delivered every 1 or 4 days. At all levels studied, RAD + LTH produced a superior tumor response compared to RAD alone. The ratio of the RAD + LTH/RAD doses to achieve an isobiological response ranged from 1.7 to 2.5. Most significant was the finding that the RAD + LTH treatment response was independent of the fractionation scheme used and more dependent on the total RAD dose delivered.", "contents": "The significance of fractionation regimens in radiation and combined hyperthermia using a murine fibrosarcoma. The significance of time-dose relationships in the use of local tumor hyperthermia (LTH) when combined with radiation (RAD) was studied in a murine fibrosarcoma. RAD, either alone or combined with LTH, was delivered in four equal fractions (total doses, 1.8 to 4.2 krad) separated by 1 to 4 days. LTH (43.1 C +/- .05 C for 15 minutes, water bath) was applied immediately after RAD. In this tumor system, RAD was most effective when delivered every 2nd or 3rd day, by a factor of 1.25 over the response achieved when the four fractions were delivered every 1 or 4 days. At all levels studied, RAD + LTH produced a superior tumor response compared to RAD alone. The ratio of the RAD + LTH/RAD doses to achieve an isobiological response ranged from 1.7 to 2.5. Most significant was the finding that the RAD + LTH treatment response was independent of the fractionation scheme used and more dependent on the total RAD dose delivered.", "PMID": 728862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11843", "title": "Radiation therapy in the treatment of superior vena caval obstruction.", "content": "The obstruction of the superior vena cava by tumor is recognized as an acute or subacute oncologic emergency. Rapid high-dose irradiation to the mediastinum is shown to be effective therapy for a superior vena caval obstruction. In our series 35 patients have been treated with rapid high-dose irradiation between January 1971 and July 1977. The present treatment consists of 400 rad given in a daily midplane dose for 3 days, and then slowing to 150 rad midplane per day to a total dose of 3000 rad over 15 fractions. There have been no instances of exacerbations of symptoms or severe complications from this treatment. There have been 2 failures of the 35 patients treated with this regimen. Both were shown at autopsy to have massive thrombi obstructing the superior vena cava. Six years of experience using this regimen has proven to be a safe and effective means of treatment for superior vena caval obstruction.", "contents": "Radiation therapy in the treatment of superior vena caval obstruction. The obstruction of the superior vena cava by tumor is recognized as an acute or subacute oncologic emergency. Rapid high-dose irradiation to the mediastinum is shown to be effective therapy for a superior vena caval obstruction. In our series 35 patients have been treated with rapid high-dose irradiation between January 1971 and July 1977. The present treatment consists of 400 rad given in a daily midplane dose for 3 days, and then slowing to 150 rad midplane per day to a total dose of 3000 rad over 15 fractions. There have been no instances of exacerbations of symptoms or severe complications from this treatment. There have been 2 failures of the 35 patients treated with this regimen. Both were shown at autopsy to have massive thrombi obstructing the superior vena cava. Six years of experience using this regimen has proven to be a safe and effective means of treatment for superior vena caval obstruction.", "PMID": 728863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11844", "title": "Specific immunotherapy of established visceral micrometastases by BCG-tumor cell vaccine alone or as an adjunct to surgery.", "content": "A vaccine of Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) admixed with tumor cells induced systemic immunity and had a therapeutic effect on subclinical, disseminated micrometastases. Inbred strain 2 guinea pigs given intravenous injections of either 10(4), 10(5) or 10(6) syngeneic L10 hepatocarcinoma cells were vaccinated after metastatic foci were established in the lung parenchyma. The studies demonstrate that under defined conditions of vaccine preparation and regimen, nontumorigenic preparations of BCG and tumor cells can cure the majority of animals of otherwise lethal visceral metastases. Histopathologically it was determined that immunization with these vaccines prevented the progressive growth of pulmonary micrometastatic foci approximately 0.1 mm in diameter. However, in this micrometastasis therapy model, the number of metastatic tumor foci is a major limitation in the efficacy of vaccine therapy. No protection against L10 tumor was achieved when antigenically distinct but syngeneic L1 hepatocarcinoma was used in the vaccine, suggesting that this is a tumor-specific immunotherapeutic procedure. This BCG-L10 tumor vaccine was also effective in curing guinea pigs of minimal disseminated tumor burden when administered after surgery of an established skin tumor and draining lymph node.", "contents": "Specific immunotherapy of established visceral micrometastases by BCG-tumor cell vaccine alone or as an adjunct to surgery. A vaccine of Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) admixed with tumor cells induced systemic immunity and had a therapeutic effect on subclinical, disseminated micrometastases. Inbred strain 2 guinea pigs given intravenous injections of either 10(4), 10(5) or 10(6) syngeneic L10 hepatocarcinoma cells were vaccinated after metastatic foci were established in the lung parenchyma. The studies demonstrate that under defined conditions of vaccine preparation and regimen, nontumorigenic preparations of BCG and tumor cells can cure the majority of animals of otherwise lethal visceral metastases. Histopathologically it was determined that immunization with these vaccines prevented the progressive growth of pulmonary micrometastatic foci approximately 0.1 mm in diameter. However, in this micrometastasis therapy model, the number of metastatic tumor foci is a major limitation in the efficacy of vaccine therapy. No protection against L10 tumor was achieved when antigenically distinct but syngeneic L1 hepatocarcinoma was used in the vaccine, suggesting that this is a tumor-specific immunotherapeutic procedure. This BCG-L10 tumor vaccine was also effective in curing guinea pigs of minimal disseminated tumor burden when administered after surgery of an established skin tumor and draining lymph node.", "PMID": 728864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11845", "title": "Association of Kaposi's sarcoma and prior immunosuppressive therapy: a 5-year material of Kaposi's sarcoma in Norway.", "content": "A retrospective study of 53 cases with a histological diagnosis of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) reported to The Cancer Registry of Norway during a five year period is presented. Four cases were excluded from the material because further information contradicted the diagnosis of KS. Of the remaining 49 cases, information of treatment received before the development of KS was obtained in 41 (83.7%). Six (14.6%) of the 41 patients developed KS during systemic treatment with corticosteroids, two of the 6 cases also used azathioprine. None of the patients had undergone renal transplantation. One additional patient had received radiotherapy for a malignant lymphoma prior to the development of KS. In a control group of 242 consecutive patients hospitalized because of basal cell carcinoma of the skin, none had used systemic corticosteroid or cytotoxic drugs. Case reports of the 7 patients with KS developing after immunopressive therapy are presented.", "contents": "Association of Kaposi's sarcoma and prior immunosuppressive therapy: a 5-year material of Kaposi's sarcoma in Norway. A retrospective study of 53 cases with a histological diagnosis of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) reported to The Cancer Registry of Norway during a five year period is presented. Four cases were excluded from the material because further information contradicted the diagnosis of KS. Of the remaining 49 cases, information of treatment received before the development of KS was obtained in 41 (83.7%). Six (14.6%) of the 41 patients developed KS during systemic treatment with corticosteroids, two of the 6 cases also used azathioprine. None of the patients had undergone renal transplantation. One additional patient had received radiotherapy for a malignant lymphoma prior to the development of KS. In a control group of 242 consecutive patients hospitalized because of basal cell carcinoma of the skin, none had used systemic corticosteroid or cytotoxic drugs. Case reports of the 7 patients with KS developing after immunopressive therapy are presented.", "PMID": 728865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11846", "title": "Intralesional injection of the methanol extraction residue of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (MER) into cutaneous metastases of malignant melanoma.", "content": "Twenty-two patients with cutaneous metastases of malignant melanoma were treated with intralesional injections of the methanol extraction residue of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (MER). The local reaction consisted of erythema and pustule formation followed by ulceration and tumor necrosis. Side effects included fever, chills, headache and malaise in the majority of patients; nausea, vomiting, cyanosis and hypotension occurred infrequently. Hypersensitivity reactions were not observed. Temporary abnormalities in liver function were seen in 11 of 19 patients tested. Reversible lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia developed in 7 of 17 and 7 of 18 patients, respectively. Immune function, as measured by skin tests for delayed hypersensitivity and the in vitro response of isolated lymphocytes to mitogens and microbial antigens, was not influenced by treatment with MER. Transient increases were observed in total hemolytic complement, complement components and the reduction of nitroblue-tetrazolium by neutrophils. Eight of eighteen evaluable patients showed a complete disappearance of all injected lesions. We conclude that intratumoral injection of MER is effective treatment for cutaneous metastases of malignant melanoma, with a complete response rate comparable to that observed after intralesional injection of BCG.", "contents": "Intralesional injection of the methanol extraction residue of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (MER) into cutaneous metastases of malignant melanoma. Twenty-two patients with cutaneous metastases of malignant melanoma were treated with intralesional injections of the methanol extraction residue of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (MER). The local reaction consisted of erythema and pustule formation followed by ulceration and tumor necrosis. Side effects included fever, chills, headache and malaise in the majority of patients; nausea, vomiting, cyanosis and hypotension occurred infrequently. Hypersensitivity reactions were not observed. Temporary abnormalities in liver function were seen in 11 of 19 patients tested. Reversible lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia developed in 7 of 17 and 7 of 18 patients, respectively. Immune function, as measured by skin tests for delayed hypersensitivity and the in vitro response of isolated lymphocytes to mitogens and microbial antigens, was not influenced by treatment with MER. Transient increases were observed in total hemolytic complement, complement components and the reduction of nitroblue-tetrazolium by neutrophils. Eight of eighteen evaluable patients showed a complete disappearance of all injected lesions. We conclude that intratumoral injection of MER is effective treatment for cutaneous metastases of malignant melanoma, with a complete response rate comparable to that observed after intralesional injection of BCG.", "PMID": 728866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11847", "title": "Endolymphatic stromal myosis: unique presentation and ultrastructural study.", "content": "We describe a case of endolymphatic stromal myosis (ESM) in which the lesion presented uniquely as recurrent frond-like cervical polyps. The lesion behaved aggressively, spreading to the peritoneum. Ultrastructurally, this tumor closely resembled proliferative phase endometrial stroma, in accord with the theory that ESM is a low-grade stromal sarcoma. The ultrastructural correlations may aid in developing future therapy, including progestagen administration for these unusual tumors.", "contents": "Endolymphatic stromal myosis: unique presentation and ultrastructural study. We describe a case of endolymphatic stromal myosis (ESM) in which the lesion presented uniquely as recurrent frond-like cervical polyps. The lesion behaved aggressively, spreading to the peritoneum. Ultrastructurally, this tumor closely resembled proliferative phase endometrial stroma, in accord with the theory that ESM is a low-grade stromal sarcoma. The ultrastructural correlations may aid in developing future therapy, including progestagen administration for these unusual tumors.", "PMID": 728867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11848", "title": "Ultrastructure of the goblet cell type of adenocarcinoid of the appendix.", "content": "Two examples of the goblet cell form of adenocarcinoid were studied with electron microscopy. Mucin was present in the form of large and small vacuoles or small patches of denser mucin granules. A small population of cells had a complement of organelles similar to the more obvious goblet cells but contained little or no identifiable product. Enterochromaffin cells were similar to those seen in normal midgut and in conventional carcinoids of midgut derivation. Enterochromaffin granules and mucin were not mixed with one another. Cell types transitional between mucinous and enterochromaffin were not found. Although study of plasmalemmae was hindered to a degree by artifacts due to tengential sectioning and, possibly, insufficiently rapid fixation, we favor the interpretation that the goblet cell type of adenocarcinoid is composed of two separate classes of cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the goblet cell type of adenocarcinoid of the appendix. Two examples of the goblet cell form of adenocarcinoid were studied with electron microscopy. Mucin was present in the form of large and small vacuoles or small patches of denser mucin granules. A small population of cells had a complement of organelles similar to the more obvious goblet cells but contained little or no identifiable product. Enterochromaffin cells were similar to those seen in normal midgut and in conventional carcinoids of midgut derivation. Enterochromaffin granules and mucin were not mixed with one another. Cell types transitional between mucinous and enterochromaffin were not found. Although study of plasmalemmae was hindered to a degree by artifacts due to tengential sectioning and, possibly, insufficiently rapid fixation, we favor the interpretation that the goblet cell type of adenocarcinoid is composed of two separate classes of cells.", "PMID": 728868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11849", "title": "Axillary lymph-node and breast carcinoma interrelations in organ culture.", "content": "When Stage I and II cancers of the breast and their axillary lymph nodes were grown in the same tissue culture, a phenomenon of lymphocytic migration from the nodal explants to the tumor explants was observed. The lymphocytes infiltrated in and around the tumor nodules with cytotoxic effects; concomitantly, there was lymphocytic depletion in the nodal explants. The lymphocyte migration was particularly apparent when the axillary lymph nodes showed hyperplasia of the paracortical area and/or sinus histiocytosis. No correlation was found between the migration and the histologic type of disease or the degree of malignancy, but a strong correlation was observed between 1) the migration and the presence or absence of metastases in the explanted lymph nodes, and 2) the extent of the metastatic involvement in vivo. The lymphocyte migration was present only in the patient either uninvolved lymph nodes or only a small number (1-3) of metastatic nodes.", "contents": "Axillary lymph-node and breast carcinoma interrelations in organ culture. When Stage I and II cancers of the breast and their axillary lymph nodes were grown in the same tissue culture, a phenomenon of lymphocytic migration from the nodal explants to the tumor explants was observed. The lymphocytes infiltrated in and around the tumor nodules with cytotoxic effects; concomitantly, there was lymphocytic depletion in the nodal explants. The lymphocyte migration was particularly apparent when the axillary lymph nodes showed hyperplasia of the paracortical area and/or sinus histiocytosis. No correlation was found between the migration and the histologic type of disease or the degree of malignancy, but a strong correlation was observed between 1) the migration and the presence or absence of metastases in the explanted lymph nodes, and 2) the extent of the metastatic involvement in vivo. The lymphocyte migration was present only in the patient either uninvolved lymph nodes or only a small number (1-3) of metastatic nodes.", "PMID": 728869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11850", "title": "True hermaphrodite with multiple gonadal neoplasms: report of a case with cytogenetic study.", "content": "On account of the functioning bigonads, true hermaphrodites show a wide range of morphological anomalies. The patient under discussion had an ovary on one side and an ovotestis on the other side; both of them functioned to some extent to produce a rudimentary uterus, fallopian tubes and a few Woolfian remnants. The additional point of interest in this report was the presence of three gonadal neoplasms-namely Yolk Sac Carcinoma gonadoblastoma and seminoma. While the ovary on one side was replaced by yolk sac carcinoma, the ovotestis was partly destroyed by the other two. The cytogenetic study revealed a hypodiploid number and a mosaic sex chromosomal pattern. The karyotypic abnormalities noticed in the patient are also reviewed.", "contents": "True hermaphrodite with multiple gonadal neoplasms: report of a case with cytogenetic study. On account of the functioning bigonads, true hermaphrodites show a wide range of morphological anomalies. The patient under discussion had an ovary on one side and an ovotestis on the other side; both of them functioned to some extent to produce a rudimentary uterus, fallopian tubes and a few Woolfian remnants. The additional point of interest in this report was the presence of three gonadal neoplasms-namely Yolk Sac Carcinoma gonadoblastoma and seminoma. While the ovary on one side was replaced by yolk sac carcinoma, the ovotestis was partly destroyed by the other two. The cytogenetic study revealed a hypodiploid number and a mosaic sex chromosomal pattern. The karyotypic abnormalities noticed in the patient are also reviewed.", "PMID": 728870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11851", "title": "A human plasma component that binds benzo(a)pyrene.", "content": "A component capable of binding benzo(a)pyrene was measured in plasma from cigarette smokers and nonsmokers. This plasma fraction was found to have a high specificity of binding to benzo(a)pyrene, bound benzanthracene competitively with benzo(a)pyrene, and was positively correlated (r = 0.861, p less than 0.001) with the capacity of the individual subject's lymphocytes to be induced for AHH activity in culture. An inverse correlation (r = -0.957, p less than 0.001) between the presence of the plasma component in lung cancer patients and the capacity of lung cancer patients' lymphocytes to be induced in culture is unexplained at this time. A benzo(a)pyrene-binding fraction was not found in induced or uninduced cultured lymphocytes from smokers or nonsmokers, or in homogenates of lung excisional tissue from smokers with or without primary lung cancer.", "contents": "A human plasma component that binds benzo(a)pyrene. A component capable of binding benzo(a)pyrene was measured in plasma from cigarette smokers and nonsmokers. This plasma fraction was found to have a high specificity of binding to benzo(a)pyrene, bound benzanthracene competitively with benzo(a)pyrene, and was positively correlated (r = 0.861, p less than 0.001) with the capacity of the individual subject's lymphocytes to be induced for AHH activity in culture. An inverse correlation (r = -0.957, p less than 0.001) between the presence of the plasma component in lung cancer patients and the capacity of lung cancer patients' lymphocytes to be induced in culture is unexplained at this time. A benzo(a)pyrene-binding fraction was not found in induced or uninduced cultured lymphocytes from smokers or nonsmokers, or in homogenates of lung excisional tissue from smokers with or without primary lung cancer.", "PMID": 728871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11852", "title": "Sarcoma arising in oligodendroglioma of the brain: a case with intramedullary and subarachnoid spinal metastases.", "content": "A case of sarcoma arising in a left temporal oligodendroglioma is described in a 39-year-old male. The postoperative evolution was marked by a paraplegia linked to medullary and subarachnoid metastases. Then a relapse of the cerebral tumor occurred, and the patient died 6 months after the onset of the symptoms. Histologically, the mesenchymal component appeared fibrosarcomatous and angiosarcomatous. Those facts argue in favor of the histogenic hypotheses put forward in exceptional cases previously described, according to which the sarcoma develops from vascular elements of the glioma.", "contents": "Sarcoma arising in oligodendroglioma of the brain: a case with intramedullary and subarachnoid spinal metastases. A case of sarcoma arising in a left temporal oligodendroglioma is described in a 39-year-old male. The postoperative evolution was marked by a paraplegia linked to medullary and subarachnoid metastases. Then a relapse of the cerebral tumor occurred, and the patient died 6 months after the onset of the symptoms. Histologically, the mesenchymal component appeared fibrosarcomatous and angiosarcomatous. Those facts argue in favor of the histogenic hypotheses put forward in exceptional cases previously described, according to which the sarcoma develops from vascular elements of the glioma.", "PMID": 728872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11853", "title": "Bladder carcinoma associated with ectopic production of gonadotropin.", "content": "A rare incidence of a primary gonadotropin-producing bladder carcinoma in which gynecomastia appeared in the terminal stage was encountered in a 76-year-old Japanese male. There was a good probability that the symptoms of hormonal activity were due to chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), since its whole molecule, beta- and alpha-subunits were detected by radioimmunoassay in the blood, urine, and the tissue from the malignant neoplasm, and the plasma and urine estrogens were elevated. Recent papers concerning the synthesis of hCG-like material by neoplastic cells are reviewed and the implication of the measurement of beta- and alpha-subunits of hCG in various neoplastic diseases are discussed. Other characteristic profiles of plasma hormonal levels are also discussed in this case.", "contents": "Bladder carcinoma associated with ectopic production of gonadotropin. A rare incidence of a primary gonadotropin-producing bladder carcinoma in which gynecomastia appeared in the terminal stage was encountered in a 76-year-old Japanese male. There was a good probability that the symptoms of hormonal activity were due to chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), since its whole molecule, beta- and alpha-subunits were detected by radioimmunoassay in the blood, urine, and the tissue from the malignant neoplasm, and the plasma and urine estrogens were elevated. Recent papers concerning the synthesis of hCG-like material by neoplastic cells are reviewed and the implication of the measurement of beta- and alpha-subunits of hCG in various neoplastic diseases are discussed. Other characteristic profiles of plasma hormonal levels are also discussed in this case.", "PMID": 728873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11854", "title": "Adenocarcinoid, a mucin-producing carcinoid tumor of the appendix: a study of 39 cases.", "content": "Adenocarcinoid is a form of appendiceal carcinoid possessing features of both carcinoid and adenocarcinoma. There are two histologic types. Thirty patients had the goblet cell type, characterized by nests of large mucin-distended cells. Nine patients had the tubular type, characterized by small glandular structures lined by uniform cells. Despite abundant mucin and a goblet cell or acinar-like arrangement, a closer relationship to carcinoid than to adenocarcinoma is suggested by a concentration of tumor elements below the crypts of Lieberkuhn, a lack of evidence of neoplastic transformation of the appendiceal mucosa, and the demonstration of argentaffin or argyrophil granules in 88% of the lesions. Six tumors, all of the goblet cell type, metastasized and resulted in the death of the patients. One of the tumours that metastasized had a prominent tubular component. Most adenocarcinoids can be adequately treated by appendectomy, but hemicolectomy is recommended for those tumors showing atypical foci, a high mitotic count, or spread beyond the appendix.", "contents": "Adenocarcinoid, a mucin-producing carcinoid tumor of the appendix: a study of 39 cases. Adenocarcinoid is a form of appendiceal carcinoid possessing features of both carcinoid and adenocarcinoma. There are two histologic types. Thirty patients had the goblet cell type, characterized by nests of large mucin-distended cells. Nine patients had the tubular type, characterized by small glandular structures lined by uniform cells. Despite abundant mucin and a goblet cell or acinar-like arrangement, a closer relationship to carcinoid than to adenocarcinoma is suggested by a concentration of tumor elements below the crypts of Lieberkuhn, a lack of evidence of neoplastic transformation of the appendiceal mucosa, and the demonstration of argentaffin or argyrophil granules in 88% of the lesions. Six tumors, all of the goblet cell type, metastasized and resulted in the death of the patients. One of the tumours that metastasized had a prominent tubular component. Most adenocarcinoids can be adequately treated by appendectomy, but hemicolectomy is recommended for those tumors showing atypical foci, a high mitotic count, or spread beyond the appendix.", "PMID": 728874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11855", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen and ferritin in patients with lung cancer before and during therapy.", "content": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were determined in 114 patients with confirmed lung cancer at the time of diagnosis using the CEA Ire-Sorin radioimmunoassay. Elevated CEA values were found in 47%. Most of the patients with high CEA levels had clinically detectable metastases. Ferritin was detectable by the Laurell-electrophoresis in the serum of 58 out of 81 (72%) of the patients with confirmed lung cancer at the time of diagnosis. Ferritin levels were significantly higher in patients with metastases. Serial measurements of CEA and ferritin during radio- and chemotherapy showed that the assay may be useful to evaluate the effects of therapy. Because of some false negative results both CEA and ferritin determinations should be used only in context with other clinical and laboratory findings.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen and ferritin in patients with lung cancer before and during therapy. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were determined in 114 patients with confirmed lung cancer at the time of diagnosis using the CEA Ire-Sorin radioimmunoassay. Elevated CEA values were found in 47%. Most of the patients with high CEA levels had clinically detectable metastases. Ferritin was detectable by the Laurell-electrophoresis in the serum of 58 out of 81 (72%) of the patients with confirmed lung cancer at the time of diagnosis. Ferritin levels were significantly higher in patients with metastases. Serial measurements of CEA and ferritin during radio- and chemotherapy showed that the assay may be useful to evaluate the effects of therapy. Because of some false negative results both CEA and ferritin determinations should be used only in context with other clinical and laboratory findings.", "PMID": 728875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11856", "title": "Identification of breast cancer patients with high risk of early recurrence after radical mastectomy. II. Clinical and pathological correlations. A report of the Primary Therapy of Breast Cancer Study Group.", "content": "A prospective study of factors that might be helpful in predicting recurrence of breast cancer during the 2 years after radical mastectomy has been completed in 381 women by the Cooperative Breast Cancer Group (National Cancer Institute). Identification of clinical factors which might be associated with such recurrence has been achieved. A multivariate analysis of the data was oriented toward the identification of clinical factors other than lymph node status that might be simultaneously used to predict recurrence because of the current trend of cancer therapy toward more limited surgery. Degree of differentiation of the tumor, blood vessel invasion, patient age and tumor size were identified as important predictors of recurrence for premenopausal patients and tumor size was identified as important for postmenopausal patients. The addition of axillary lymph node status to these factors, however, made a significant improvement in the prediction equation for both pre- and postmenopausal patients. Studies of this type are of particular value to understand further the biology of breast cancer which is necessary to develop rational primary and adjuvant treatment strategies.", "contents": "Identification of breast cancer patients with high risk of early recurrence after radical mastectomy. II. Clinical and pathological correlations. A report of the Primary Therapy of Breast Cancer Study Group. A prospective study of factors that might be helpful in predicting recurrence of breast cancer during the 2 years after radical mastectomy has been completed in 381 women by the Cooperative Breast Cancer Group (National Cancer Institute). Identification of clinical factors which might be associated with such recurrence has been achieved. A multivariate analysis of the data was oriented toward the identification of clinical factors other than lymph node status that might be simultaneously used to predict recurrence because of the current trend of cancer therapy toward more limited surgery. Degree of differentiation of the tumor, blood vessel invasion, patient age and tumor size were identified as important predictors of recurrence for premenopausal patients and tumor size was identified as important for postmenopausal patients. The addition of axillary lymph node status to these factors, however, made a significant improvement in the prediction equation for both pre- and postmenopausal patients. Studies of this type are of particular value to understand further the biology of breast cancer which is necessary to develop rational primary and adjuvant treatment strategies.", "PMID": 728876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11857", "title": "Metabolic epidemiology of large bowel cancer: fecal bulk and constituents of high-risk North American and low-risk Finnish population.", "content": "The dietary pattern and fecal constituents of two populations with distinct risk for the development of colon cancer, a high-risk population in New York Metropolitan area and a low-risk population in rural Kuopio, were studied. The average daily intake of dietary fat and protein was the same in the two groups, but the sources of fat were different, a greater portion coming from dairy products in rural Kuopio and from meat in the New York Metropolitan area. Not only the frequency of bowel movements was higher, but also the daily total stool output as well as the fecal fiber excretion were greater in Kuopio compared with New York due to high dietary intake in rural Kuopio of cereal products rich in fiber. The concentration of fecal secondary bile acids and bacterial beta-glucuronidase activity was lower in rural Kuopio, but the total daily excretion of these constituents was the same in two populations. The daily fecal excretion of bacterial nuclear dehydrogenase activity and of neutral sterols was higher in rural Kuopio, and the concentration of these constituents was the same in the two groups. The high daily excretion of cholesterol metabolites in Kuopio might be due to high dietary intake of dairy products. The data suggest that one of the factors contributing to the low-risk of large bowel cancer in Finland, in spite of high dietary intake of fat, appears to be the fact that a high dietary fiber leads to an increase in stool bulk, thus diluting bile acids, which have promoting activity.", "contents": "Metabolic epidemiology of large bowel cancer: fecal bulk and constituents of high-risk North American and low-risk Finnish population. The dietary pattern and fecal constituents of two populations with distinct risk for the development of colon cancer, a high-risk population in New York Metropolitan area and a low-risk population in rural Kuopio, were studied. The average daily intake of dietary fat and protein was the same in the two groups, but the sources of fat were different, a greater portion coming from dairy products in rural Kuopio and from meat in the New York Metropolitan area. Not only the frequency of bowel movements was higher, but also the daily total stool output as well as the fecal fiber excretion were greater in Kuopio compared with New York due to high dietary intake in rural Kuopio of cereal products rich in fiber. The concentration of fecal secondary bile acids and bacterial beta-glucuronidase activity was lower in rural Kuopio, but the total daily excretion of these constituents was the same in two populations. The daily fecal excretion of bacterial nuclear dehydrogenase activity and of neutral sterols was higher in rural Kuopio, and the concentration of these constituents was the same in the two groups. The high daily excretion of cholesterol metabolites in Kuopio might be due to high dietary intake of dairy products. The data suggest that one of the factors contributing to the low-risk of large bowel cancer in Finland, in spite of high dietary intake of fat, appears to be the fact that a high dietary fiber leads to an increase in stool bulk, thus diluting bile acids, which have promoting activity.", "PMID": 728877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11858", "title": "Polyps of the large intestine in Northern Norway.", "content": "In unselected autopsies on 171 males and 109 females over 20 years of age in Troms\u00f8, Northern Norway, adenomas of the colon and rectum were present in 40% of the males and 33% of the females. The frequency of adenomas increased with age in both sexes. Hyperplastic polyps were found in 20% of all cases with no variation in frequency with sex or age. Before the age of 65 most adenomas were located in the distal half of the large intestine in both sexes. After 65 years in males and 75 years in females the predilection site was shifted to the proximal half of the large intestine. The average size and grade of atypia of adenomas increased with age, but no significant difference in grade of atypia was found between the proximal and distal halves of the large intestine. The occurrence of adenomas was not associated with any of the common chronic diseases thought to be related to a western-style diet or to malignant or benign neoplasms elsewhere in the body. A significant association was found between the occurrence of adenoma and high body weight. The findings support the role of adenomas as precursors of colorectal carcinoma.", "contents": "Polyps of the large intestine in Northern Norway. In unselected autopsies on 171 males and 109 females over 20 years of age in Troms\u00f8, Northern Norway, adenomas of the colon and rectum were present in 40% of the males and 33% of the females. The frequency of adenomas increased with age in both sexes. Hyperplastic polyps were found in 20% of all cases with no variation in frequency with sex or age. Before the age of 65 most adenomas were located in the distal half of the large intestine in both sexes. After 65 years in males and 75 years in females the predilection site was shifted to the proximal half of the large intestine. The average size and grade of atypia of adenomas increased with age, but no significant difference in grade of atypia was found between the proximal and distal halves of the large intestine. The occurrence of adenomas was not associated with any of the common chronic diseases thought to be related to a western-style diet or to malignant or benign neoplasms elsewhere in the body. A significant association was found between the occurrence of adenoma and high body weight. The findings support the role of adenomas as precursors of colorectal carcinoma.", "PMID": 728878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11859", "title": "Colonoscopic biopsy and cytology in the diagnosis of colon cancer.", "content": "Colonoscopy has revolutionalized the approach to the diagnosis and management of patients with colorectal neoplasia. When malignant-appearing lesions are visualized by colonoscopy, a variety of diagnostic techniques are currently available for the assessment of the nature of the lesion including biopsy, brush cytology, and lavage cytology. Comparison of results for biopsy alone with biopsy plus either or both cytologic techniques showed a positive yield of 60% for biopsy alone; 76% for biopsy and lavage; 89% for biopsy, brush, and lavage. When the cancers were divided into infiltrative and exophytic lesions the positive yield for biopsy alone was 33% for infiltrative, cancer, and 71% for exophytic cancer; for biopsy and lavage cytology, 44% for infiltrative cancer, and 94% for exophytic cancer; for biopsy and brush cytology, 78% for infiltrative, and 94% for exophytic cancer; and for biopsy, brush, and lavage cytology, 83% for infiltrative cancer, and 92% for exophytic cancer. The use of brush cytology improved the yield of tissue diagnosis considerably when added to the biopsy technique. Lavage cytology did not seem to increase significantly the diagnostic yield. The diagnostic yield of the various techniques was related not only to the specific combination of techniques used, but also to the gross tumor pattern.", "contents": "Colonoscopic biopsy and cytology in the diagnosis of colon cancer. Colonoscopy has revolutionalized the approach to the diagnosis and management of patients with colorectal neoplasia. When malignant-appearing lesions are visualized by colonoscopy, a variety of diagnostic techniques are currently available for the assessment of the nature of the lesion including biopsy, brush cytology, and lavage cytology. Comparison of results for biopsy alone with biopsy plus either or both cytologic techniques showed a positive yield of 60% for biopsy alone; 76% for biopsy and lavage; 89% for biopsy, brush, and lavage. When the cancers were divided into infiltrative and exophytic lesions the positive yield for biopsy alone was 33% for infiltrative, cancer, and 71% for exophytic cancer; for biopsy and lavage cytology, 44% for infiltrative cancer, and 94% for exophytic cancer; for biopsy and brush cytology, 78% for infiltrative, and 94% for exophytic cancer; and for biopsy, brush, and lavage cytology, 83% for infiltrative cancer, and 92% for exophytic cancer. The use of brush cytology improved the yield of tissue diagnosis considerably when added to the biopsy technique. Lavage cytology did not seem to increase significantly the diagnostic yield. The diagnostic yield of the various techniques was related not only to the specific combination of techniques used, but also to the gross tumor pattern.", "PMID": 728879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11860", "title": "Carcinoma of the floor of the mouth.", "content": "Records of all patients with carcinoma of the floor of mouth seen at the Indiana School of Medicine University Hospital between March 1965 and March 1975 were reviewed. 126 patients with these tumors were seen during this ten-year period. This study included patient's age, sex, race, family history for cancer, type of treatment received, treatment results and complications. The complications and duration of hospital stay were also studied. 18 of the 126 patients received surgery alone and 108 patients received either preoperative, postoperative or curative radiation therapy. Long-term disease control rates in the early stages of carcinoma of the floor of mouth treated by radiation therapy alone were equivalent or superior to results obtained by surgery alone and patients experienced considerably less complications. In more advanced cases, radiation therapy played an important adjunctive and palliative role.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the floor of the mouth. Records of all patients with carcinoma of the floor of mouth seen at the Indiana School of Medicine University Hospital between March 1965 and March 1975 were reviewed. 126 patients with these tumors were seen during this ten-year period. This study included patient's age, sex, race, family history for cancer, type of treatment received, treatment results and complications. The complications and duration of hospital stay were also studied. 18 of the 126 patients received surgery alone and 108 patients received either preoperative, postoperative or curative radiation therapy. Long-term disease control rates in the early stages of carcinoma of the floor of mouth treated by radiation therapy alone were equivalent or superior to results obtained by surgery alone and patients experienced considerably less complications. In more advanced cases, radiation therapy played an important adjunctive and palliative role.", "PMID": 728881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11861", "title": "Malignant transformation of cryopreserved early passage syrian golden hamster cells by 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-acrylamide.", "content": "2-(2-Furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-acrylamide (AF-2) induced the malignant transformation of secondary cultures of Syrian golden hamster embryo cells prepared from cryopreserved primary cells. Transformed cells grew in semi-solid agar medium and formed sarcomas when inoculated subcutaneously into non-immunosuppressed suckling hamsters.", "contents": "Malignant transformation of cryopreserved early passage syrian golden hamster cells by 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-acrylamide. 2-(2-Furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-acrylamide (AF-2) induced the malignant transformation of secondary cultures of Syrian golden hamster embryo cells prepared from cryopreserved primary cells. Transformed cells grew in semi-solid agar medium and formed sarcomas when inoculated subcutaneously into non-immunosuppressed suckling hamsters.", "PMID": 728882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11862", "title": "Comparison of benzo[a]pyrene metabolism by human peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes.", "content": "Here we report a more sensitive high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) metabolites elaborated by human monocytes and lymphocytes using only 10 X 10(6) cells for HPLC analysis. The major metabolites formed by both lymphocytes and monocytes were 3-hydroxy-BP, 9-hydroxy-BP and quinones. BP-dihydrodiols were also found by HPLC analysis, the major one being BP-7,8-dihydrodiol for both cell types. In addition, a peak slightly more polar than 9,10-dihydrodiol was formed by lymphocytes. The 7,8-diol peak was eliminated by the addition of 1,1,1-trichloropropene oxide to the incubation mixture. The presence of alpha-napthoflavone resulted in an overall decrease in metabolite production.", "contents": "Comparison of benzo[a]pyrene metabolism by human peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes. Here we report a more sensitive high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) metabolites elaborated by human monocytes and lymphocytes using only 10 X 10(6) cells for HPLC analysis. The major metabolites formed by both lymphocytes and monocytes were 3-hydroxy-BP, 9-hydroxy-BP and quinones. BP-dihydrodiols were also found by HPLC analysis, the major one being BP-7,8-dihydrodiol for both cell types. In addition, a peak slightly more polar than 9,10-dihydrodiol was formed by lymphocytes. The 7,8-diol peak was eliminated by the addition of 1,1,1-trichloropropene oxide to the incubation mixture. The presence of alpha-napthoflavone resulted in an overall decrease in metabolite production.", "PMID": 728883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11863", "title": "The binding of 14C-labelled acetylaminofluorene to nuclear proteins and DNA.", "content": "The covalent binding of acetylaminofluorene (AAF) to rat liver nuclear protein fractions and DNA has been examined after 2 doses of 14C-labelled carcinogen (100 micronCi intraperitoneally) given at 24-h intervals. Most of the AAF (approx. 80%) was bound to the NHP which had the highest specific activity, relatively small amounts were bound to histones, residual proteins and DNA. After 2 weeks the label was more evenly distributed but little remained bound to the DNA. Pre-feeding rats with phenobarbitone (1 mg/ml in drinking water) reduced binding in all fractions. Pre-feeding rats with sodium sulphate (1 mg/ml in drinking water) also slightly lowered the binding to all fractions. Isoelectric focusing analysis (in polyacrylamide gels) of the NHP showed a complex binding pattern with no one component predominantly labelled, variations in the pattern were found after feeding sulphate and phenobarbitone. Normal histone components in the histone fraction (acid extract) contained only 25% of the labelled carcinogen present.", "contents": "The binding of 14C-labelled acetylaminofluorene to nuclear proteins and DNA. The covalent binding of acetylaminofluorene (AAF) to rat liver nuclear protein fractions and DNA has been examined after 2 doses of 14C-labelled carcinogen (100 micronCi intraperitoneally) given at 24-h intervals. Most of the AAF (approx. 80%) was bound to the NHP which had the highest specific activity, relatively small amounts were bound to histones, residual proteins and DNA. After 2 weeks the label was more evenly distributed but little remained bound to the DNA. Pre-feeding rats with phenobarbitone (1 mg/ml in drinking water) reduced binding in all fractions. Pre-feeding rats with sodium sulphate (1 mg/ml in drinking water) also slightly lowered the binding to all fractions. Isoelectric focusing analysis (in polyacrylamide gels) of the NHP showed a complex binding pattern with no one component predominantly labelled, variations in the pattern were found after feeding sulphate and phenobarbitone. Normal histone components in the histone fraction (acid extract) contained only 25% of the labelled carcinogen present.", "PMID": 728884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11864", "title": "Stimulation of the synthesis of the H1 and H3 histone fractions of mouse epidermis by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.", "content": "Histones from mouse epidermis were fractionated chemically by the method of Johns, and the 5 resulting fractions were subjected to acrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 3.2 using 15% gels. Their migration sequence was observed to be the same as that reported for calf thymus histones. Total epidermal histone from mice treated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and a pulse of [3H]lysine was also subjected to acrylamide gel electrophoresis and 5 separate bands were detected. Large increases in the incorporation of [3H]lysine into the H1 and H3 histones were observed when compared to histone bands from control mice, with smaller but significant increases of incorporation occurring into the H2B, H2A, and H4 fractions.", "contents": "Stimulation of the synthesis of the H1 and H3 histone fractions of mouse epidermis by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Histones from mouse epidermis were fractionated chemically by the method of Johns, and the 5 resulting fractions were subjected to acrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 3.2 using 15% gels. Their migration sequence was observed to be the same as that reported for calf thymus histones. Total epidermal histone from mice treated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and a pulse of [3H]lysine was also subjected to acrylamide gel electrophoresis and 5 separate bands were detected. Large increases in the incorporation of [3H]lysine into the H1 and H3 histones were observed when compared to histone bands from control mice, with smaller but significant increases of incorporation occurring into the H2B, H2A, and H4 fractions.", "PMID": 728885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11865", "title": "Concanavalin A agglutination of bladder cells of rats treated with bladder carcinogens; a rapid new test to detect bladder carcinogens.", "content": "N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN), which is a potent, specific bladder carcinogen in rats, and its related compounds were orally administered to rats for 1 week. The bladder cells were isolated by the treatment with EDTA and sonication and they were subjected to agglutination assay by concanavalin A (Con A). Bladder cells obtained from rats treated with BBN, N-butyl-N-(3-carboxypropyl)nitrosamine (BCPN), N-ethyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (EHBN) and N-butyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)nitrosamine (BHEN) were agglutination-positive, while those cells treated with N-tert-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine (t-BBH) and N-butyl-N-(3-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine (BHPN) were negative. Results obtained by this method were highly correlated with the known carcinogenicity of BBN and its analogues. Therefore, this method could be used for rapid screening of bladder carcinogens.", "contents": "Concanavalin A agglutination of bladder cells of rats treated with bladder carcinogens; a rapid new test to detect bladder carcinogens. N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN), which is a potent, specific bladder carcinogen in rats, and its related compounds were orally administered to rats for 1 week. The bladder cells were isolated by the treatment with EDTA and sonication and they were subjected to agglutination assay by concanavalin A (Con A). Bladder cells obtained from rats treated with BBN, N-butyl-N-(3-carboxypropyl)nitrosamine (BCPN), N-ethyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (EHBN) and N-butyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)nitrosamine (BHEN) were agglutination-positive, while those cells treated with N-tert-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine (t-BBH) and N-butyl-N-(3-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine (BHPN) were negative. Results obtained by this method were highly correlated with the known carcinogenicity of BBN and its analogues. Therefore, this method could be used for rapid screening of bladder carcinogens.", "PMID": 728886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11866", "title": "Therapeutic consequences of antitumour drug interactions: methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil in the chemotherapy of C3H mice with transplanted mammary adenocarcinoma.", "content": "Methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil at fixed dosages of 1.5 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg, respectively, were employed in combination chemotherapy for transplanted mammary adenocarcinoma in C3H mice. Tumour regression analyses demonstrated the importance of drug sequence and scheduling. Significantly, a drug synergism and antagonism was exhibited under certain conditions. Results indicated a superior therapeutic efficacy when methotrexate was administered 6-12 h before 5-fluorouracil; the reverse proved antagonistic. However, at longer intervals a commutative additivity was apparent. Judicious scheduling of methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil would seem appropriate, as both drugs are widely employed in the current management of neoplasms, such as breast carcinoma.", "contents": "Therapeutic consequences of antitumour drug interactions: methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil in the chemotherapy of C3H mice with transplanted mammary adenocarcinoma. Methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil at fixed dosages of 1.5 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg, respectively, were employed in combination chemotherapy for transplanted mammary adenocarcinoma in C3H mice. Tumour regression analyses demonstrated the importance of drug sequence and scheduling. Significantly, a drug synergism and antagonism was exhibited under certain conditions. Results indicated a superior therapeutic efficacy when methotrexate was administered 6-12 h before 5-fluorouracil; the reverse proved antagonistic. However, at longer intervals a commutative additivity was apparent. Judicious scheduling of methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil would seem appropriate, as both drugs are widely employed in the current management of neoplasms, such as breast carcinoma.", "PMID": 728887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11867", "title": "Lifespan carcinogenicity studies with hexachlorophene in mice and rats.", "content": "Hexachlorophene (HCP) was tested for carcinogenicity in lifetime feeding studies in male Sprague--Dawley rats that were fed on a protein- and vitamin-deficient diet and in C57B1 and XVII/G mice that received the chemical incorporated into a complete diet. After 2 years, no significant carcinogenic effects were observed in these animals. In XVII/G mice injected subcutaneously at birth or receiving HCP via the mother's milk, the incidence of tumors was not statistically increased. No carcinogenic effect was observed in (C57B1 X C3H) F1 hybrid mice that received HCP transplacentally.", "contents": "Lifespan carcinogenicity studies with hexachlorophene in mice and rats. Hexachlorophene (HCP) was tested for carcinogenicity in lifetime feeding studies in male Sprague--Dawley rats that were fed on a protein- and vitamin-deficient diet and in C57B1 and XVII/G mice that received the chemical incorporated into a complete diet. After 2 years, no significant carcinogenic effects were observed in these animals. In XVII/G mice injected subcutaneously at birth or receiving HCP via the mother's milk, the incidence of tumors was not statistically increased. No carcinogenic effect was observed in (C57B1 X C3H) F1 hybrid mice that received HCP transplacentally.", "PMID": 728888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11868", "title": "Carcinogenic effect of N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)-amine in rabbits.", "content": "The carcinogenic effect of N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine (BHP) was studied in rabbits. The animals received the compound in drinking water in concentrations of 1000 ppm for 25 weeks and the survivors were sacrificed 60 weeks after the treatment was begun. Whereas no tumors were found in controls, 3 out of 6 treated rabbits developed hapatic lesions (hepatocellular adenoma, hemangioma, and angiosarcoma), and 3 animals developed lung tumors (adenoma and hemangioma); no pancreatic neoplasms were observed.", "contents": "Carcinogenic effect of N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)-amine in rabbits. The carcinogenic effect of N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine (BHP) was studied in rabbits. The animals received the compound in drinking water in concentrations of 1000 ppm for 25 weeks and the survivors were sacrificed 60 weeks after the treatment was begun. Whereas no tumors were found in controls, 3 out of 6 treated rabbits developed hapatic lesions (hepatocellular adenoma, hemangioma, and angiosarcoma), and 3 animals developed lung tumors (adenoma and hemangioma); no pancreatic neoplasms were observed.", "PMID": 728889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11869", "title": "Ritalin, Benzedrine and Dexedrine do not transform F 1706 rat cells.", "content": "Ritalin (methylphenidate hydrochloride), Benzedrine (amphetamine sulfate), and Dexedrine (dextroamphetamine sulfate) were examined for oncogenicity using a serial line of Fischer rat embryo cells, which was previously shown to be a sensitive and accurate indicator of chemicals carcinogenic for rodents. At the concentrations tested, none of the 3 drugs induced transformation in Fischer rat embryo cells.", "contents": "Ritalin, Benzedrine and Dexedrine do not transform F 1706 rat cells. Ritalin (methylphenidate hydrochloride), Benzedrine (amphetamine sulfate), and Dexedrine (dextroamphetamine sulfate) were examined for oncogenicity using a serial line of Fischer rat embryo cells, which was previously shown to be a sensitive and accurate indicator of chemicals carcinogenic for rodents. At the concentrations tested, none of the 3 drugs induced transformation in Fischer rat embryo cells.", "PMID": 728890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11870", "title": "Low-molecular weight nucleic acids in the blood of rats with Zajdela's hepatoma.", "content": "The phenolic method was employed to isolate 2--3 microgram/ml of nucleic acid from rat blood serum. Electrophoresis in an 8% polyacrylamide gel revealed 3 fractions corresponding to 7--9S RNA, and a highly polymer material retained at the beginning of the gel. The blood of the rats with transplanted Zajdela's hepatoma, pre-treated with CCl4, contained an immunodepressive nucleic factor (5S DNA) undetected in healthy animals. This factor may contribute to the suppression of antitumor immunity. The nucleic factor was not detected following treatment with CCl4 alone. It is suggested that the liver hinders nucleic factor transfer from the tumor environs into the blood.", "contents": "Low-molecular weight nucleic acids in the blood of rats with Zajdela's hepatoma. The phenolic method was employed to isolate 2--3 microgram/ml of nucleic acid from rat blood serum. Electrophoresis in an 8% polyacrylamide gel revealed 3 fractions corresponding to 7--9S RNA, and a highly polymer material retained at the beginning of the gel. The blood of the rats with transplanted Zajdela's hepatoma, pre-treated with CCl4, contained an immunodepressive nucleic factor (5S DNA) undetected in healthy animals. This factor may contribute to the suppression of antitumor immunity. The nucleic factor was not detected following treatment with CCl4 alone. It is suggested that the liver hinders nucleic factor transfer from the tumor environs into the blood.", "PMID": 728891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11871", "title": "Immunopotentiation and tumor inhibition with levamisole.", "content": "The immunopotentiating drug, levamisole, was found to augment human lymphocyte responses to vegetable mitogens in vitro. However, the effect was dose-dependent and at high concentrations suppression rather than augmentation of the immune response was observed. In view of the potential widespread use of the drug in the treatment of human cancer, a study was undertaken in rats bearing breast cancer to determine whether a similar dose-response effect would be observed in terms of tumor growth. Tumor inhibition was found to be dose-dependent, and at high doses tumor inhibition did not occur while at lower doses the growth of the cancer was inhibited. The rate of tumor growth correlated well with the responses of splenic lymphocytes to vegetable mitogens. In a later study, it was not possible to show that levamisole had any effect in boosting immune responses of patients undergoing surgery. It is concluded that levamisole is capable of increasing immune responses in man in vitro, and that the drug is able to inhibit the growth of breast cancer in the rat. However, these effects are dose-dependent, and clinical trials of the use of levamisole in patients with cancer should include careful immune monitoring to be sure that augmentation rather than suppression of the immune response is being achieved.", "contents": "Immunopotentiation and tumor inhibition with levamisole. The immunopotentiating drug, levamisole, was found to augment human lymphocyte responses to vegetable mitogens in vitro. However, the effect was dose-dependent and at high concentrations suppression rather than augmentation of the immune response was observed. In view of the potential widespread use of the drug in the treatment of human cancer, a study was undertaken in rats bearing breast cancer to determine whether a similar dose-response effect would be observed in terms of tumor growth. Tumor inhibition was found to be dose-dependent, and at high doses tumor inhibition did not occur while at lower doses the growth of the cancer was inhibited. The rate of tumor growth correlated well with the responses of splenic lymphocytes to vegetable mitogens. In a later study, it was not possible to show that levamisole had any effect in boosting immune responses of patients undergoing surgery. It is concluded that levamisole is capable of increasing immune responses in man in vitro, and that the drug is able to inhibit the growth of breast cancer in the rat. However, these effects are dose-dependent, and clinical trials of the use of levamisole in patients with cancer should include careful immune monitoring to be sure that augmentation rather than suppression of the immune response is being achieved.", "PMID": 728892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11872", "title": "Effects of Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin and levamisole on immune responses in young adult and age-immunodepressed mice.", "content": "The immunomodulating effects of bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) and levamisole were tested in young adult mice after a single administration and in 12-month-old mice after continuous administration. In young mice, BCG was shown to activate macrophages, to potentiate antibody responses and delayed hypersensitivity reaction, to increase antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and to induce nonspecific suppressor cells. Levamisole was not able to modify any of these immune responses in young mice. The action of these adjuvants differed markedly when tested in age-immunodepressed mice. BCG was found to be strongly immunosuppressive on antibody formation and induced suppressor cell activity in the spleen. Moreover, the survival of immunodepressed mice continuously treated with BCG was shortened in comparison to untreated aged mice. In contrast, levamisole acted as an immunorestoring agent because it strongly stimulated the antibody response compared to aged controls and did not induce suppressor cell population. The survival of levamisole-treated mice was prolonged when compared to untreated aged mice. When the surviving mice were killed and autopsied at the age of 24 months, the incidence of spontaneous tumors was significantly lower in the group of mice treated by levamisole.", "contents": "Effects of Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin and levamisole on immune responses in young adult and age-immunodepressed mice. The immunomodulating effects of bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) and levamisole were tested in young adult mice after a single administration and in 12-month-old mice after continuous administration. In young mice, BCG was shown to activate macrophages, to potentiate antibody responses and delayed hypersensitivity reaction, to increase antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and to induce nonspecific suppressor cells. Levamisole was not able to modify any of these immune responses in young mice. The action of these adjuvants differed markedly when tested in age-immunodepressed mice. BCG was found to be strongly immunosuppressive on antibody formation and induced suppressor cell activity in the spleen. Moreover, the survival of immunodepressed mice continuously treated with BCG was shortened in comparison to untreated aged mice. In contrast, levamisole acted as an immunorestoring agent because it strongly stimulated the antibody response compared to aged controls and did not induce suppressor cell population. The survival of levamisole-treated mice was prolonged when compared to untreated aged mice. When the surviving mice were killed and autopsied at the age of 24 months, the incidence of spontaneous tumors was significantly lower in the group of mice treated by levamisole.", "PMID": 728893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11873", "title": "Response of disseminated breast cancer to combined modality treatment with chemotherapy and levamisole with or without Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin.", "content": "One hundred and fourteen evaluable patients with measurable metastatic breast cancer were treated with a combination chemoimmunotherapy program (5-fluorouracil, adriamycin, and cyclophosphamide [FAC-levamisole [LSM]). An additional 117 patients with similar characteristics were treated with the same program with the addition of bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) by scarification (FAC-BCG-LMS). The results were compared to those observed in 44 evaluable patients treated with FAC chemotherapy alone. Overall remission rates were identical in the three studies (72%, 73%, and 72%). The median duration of remission was 9 months for FAC, 13 months for FAC-LMS (P = 0.07), and 14 months for FAC-BCG-LMS (P = 0.05). The median duration of survival was 17 months for FAC and 28.6 months for FAC-LMS (P = 0.01). Although the median survival for the FAC-BCG-LMS group has not been reached, it is significantly superior to FAC alone (P = 0.009). These three sequential studies suggest that the addition of nonspecific immunotherapy with LMS or the combination of BCG and LMS prolongs the duration of remission and survival of responding patients treated with chemotherapy. Combination immunotherapy with BCG and LMS did not seem superior to LMS alone in this study.", "contents": "Response of disseminated breast cancer to combined modality treatment with chemotherapy and levamisole with or without Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin. One hundred and fourteen evaluable patients with measurable metastatic breast cancer were treated with a combination chemoimmunotherapy program (5-fluorouracil, adriamycin, and cyclophosphamide [FAC-levamisole [LSM]). An additional 117 patients with similar characteristics were treated with the same program with the addition of bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) by scarification (FAC-BCG-LMS). The results were compared to those observed in 44 evaluable patients treated with FAC chemotherapy alone. Overall remission rates were identical in the three studies (72%, 73%, and 72%). The median duration of remission was 9 months for FAC, 13 months for FAC-LMS (P = 0.07), and 14 months for FAC-BCG-LMS (P = 0.05). The median duration of survival was 17 months for FAC and 28.6 months for FAC-LMS (P = 0.01). Although the median survival for the FAC-BCG-LMS group has not been reached, it is significantly superior to FAC alone (P = 0.009). These three sequential studies suggest that the addition of nonspecific immunotherapy with LMS or the combination of BCG and LMS prolongs the duration of remission and survival of responding patients treated with chemotherapy. Combination immunotherapy with BCG and LMS did not seem superior to LMS alone in this study.", "PMID": 728894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11874", "title": "Levamisole as an immunoadjuvant: phase I study and application in breast cancer.", "content": "A phase I study of levamisole in patients with cancer was undertaken to determine its therapeutic dose range, side effects, limiting toxicity, and influence on immune function. Simultaneously, a group of patients receiving adjuvant combination chemotherapy for carcinoma of the breast were entered in a randomized study to observe whether levamisole was capable of overcoming the immunodepressive effects of cytotoxic drugs. In the phase I trial the doses used ranged from 65 to 410 mg/m2. The maximum tolerated dose was 358 mg/m2. Side effects were generally low in intensity and related to the gastrointestinal and central nervous systems; the limiting toxic effect was intractable nausea. Significant changes in immune test values were noted in both acute and chronic trials. Alterations in immunoglobulin levels, complemented values, and numbers and types of lymphocytes and mitogenic responses to concanavalin A as well as specific mitogens were observed. In the randomized trial there was no difference between the chemoimmunotherapy and chemotherapy-alone groups.", "contents": "Levamisole as an immunoadjuvant: phase I study and application in breast cancer. A phase I study of levamisole in patients with cancer was undertaken to determine its therapeutic dose range, side effects, limiting toxicity, and influence on immune function. Simultaneously, a group of patients receiving adjuvant combination chemotherapy for carcinoma of the breast were entered in a randomized study to observe whether levamisole was capable of overcoming the immunodepressive effects of cytotoxic drugs. In the phase I trial the doses used ranged from 65 to 410 mg/m2. The maximum tolerated dose was 358 mg/m2. Side effects were generally low in intensity and related to the gastrointestinal and central nervous systems; the limiting toxic effect was intractable nausea. Significant changes in immune test values were noted in both acute and chronic trials. Alterations in immunoglobulin levels, complemented values, and numbers and types of lymphocytes and mitogenic responses to concanavalin A as well as specific mitogens were observed. In the randomized trial there was no difference between the chemoimmunotherapy and chemotherapy-alone groups.", "PMID": 728895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11875", "title": "Effect of thymosin and irradiation on immune modulation in head and neck and esophageal cancer patients.", "content": "Fifty-five patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck and esophagus were evaluated prior to irradiation and thymosin fraction 5 therapy. Immunity prior to treatment, as measured by total lymphocyte count, E and EAC rosettes, lymphocyte stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and in mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) with allogeneic cells, delayed hypersensitivity skin tests, and quantitative serum immunoglobulins, was comparable and normal in the 40 control patients and in the 15 thymosin-treated patients. After irradiation, significant depression (P less than 0.01) was demonstrated in cellular immunity in both groups of patients with decreased T- and B-cell numbers and depressed phytohemagglutinin and MLC stimulation. Six months after irradiation, our preliminary results suggest that the thymosin-treated patients may be reversing their immunosuppression by a return of MLC function and positivity of delayed hypersensitivity skin tests. The ultimate effect of thymosin on disease control and survival remains uncertain.", "contents": "Effect of thymosin and irradiation on immune modulation in head and neck and esophageal cancer patients. Fifty-five patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck and esophagus were evaluated prior to irradiation and thymosin fraction 5 therapy. Immunity prior to treatment, as measured by total lymphocyte count, E and EAC rosettes, lymphocyte stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and in mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) with allogeneic cells, delayed hypersensitivity skin tests, and quantitative serum immunoglobulins, was comparable and normal in the 40 control patients and in the 15 thymosin-treated patients. After irradiation, significant depression (P less than 0.01) was demonstrated in cellular immunity in both groups of patients with decreased T- and B-cell numbers and depressed phytohemagglutinin and MLC stimulation. Six months after irradiation, our preliminary results suggest that the thymosin-treated patients may be reversing their immunosuppression by a return of MLC function and positivity of delayed hypersensitivity skin tests. The ultimate effect of thymosin on disease control and survival remains uncertain.", "PMID": 728896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11876", "title": "Therapeutic activity of maleic anhydride-vinyl ether copolymers against spontaneous, autochthonous murine mammary tumors.", "content": "We have tested a series of five maleic anhydride-vinyl ether copolymers of varying molecular weight for antitumor activity against spontaneous, autochthonous murine breast tumors (average initial tumor weight, approximately 200 mg). Four of the five compounds demonstrated statistically significant inhibition of tumor growth at nontoxic doses. (The fifth compound demonstrated antitumor activity only at toxic doses). To our knowledge, this is the first report of significant activity in a spontaneous solid tumor system in a truly therapeutic setting (ie, with systemic administration only after the autochthonous tumors are clinically evident) with immunologic treatment alone.", "contents": "Therapeutic activity of maleic anhydride-vinyl ether copolymers against spontaneous, autochthonous murine mammary tumors. We have tested a series of five maleic anhydride-vinyl ether copolymers of varying molecular weight for antitumor activity against spontaneous, autochthonous murine breast tumors (average initial tumor weight, approximately 200 mg). Four of the five compounds demonstrated statistically significant inhibition of tumor growth at nontoxic doses. (The fifth compound demonstrated antitumor activity only at toxic doses). To our knowledge, this is the first report of significant activity in a spontaneous solid tumor system in a truly therapeutic setting (ie, with systemic administration only after the autochthonous tumors are clinically evident) with immunologic treatment alone.", "PMID": 728897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11877", "title": "Effect of maleic anhydride-divinyl ether copolymers on experimental M109 metastases and macrophage tumoricidal function.", "content": "Pyran copolymer (NSC-46015) was compared with five maleic anhydride-divinyl ether copolymers (MVEs) of narrow molecular weight range both for the ability to render macrophages nonspecifically tumoricidal and to retard the development of artificially induced metastases. All MVEs were found effective at activating macrophages in vivo, although the optimal dose for each varied. No correlation was obtained between intrinsic viscosity and degree of activation. Pyran was found to strikingly inhibit M109 pulmonary metastases formation when given over a period of 5 days prior to, or 1 day after, iv tumor inoculation. Histologically, tumor inhibition appeared to result from macrophage accumulations and histiocytic granulomas in the lung. Generally, when MVEs were compared in the artificial metastasis model, polymers with the lower molecular weights were the most active.", "contents": "Effect of maleic anhydride-divinyl ether copolymers on experimental M109 metastases and macrophage tumoricidal function. Pyran copolymer (NSC-46015) was compared with five maleic anhydride-divinyl ether copolymers (MVEs) of narrow molecular weight range both for the ability to render macrophages nonspecifically tumoricidal and to retard the development of artificially induced metastases. All MVEs were found effective at activating macrophages in vivo, although the optimal dose for each varied. No correlation was obtained between intrinsic viscosity and degree of activation. Pyran was found to strikingly inhibit M109 pulmonary metastases formation when given over a period of 5 days prior to, or 1 day after, iv tumor inoculation. Histologically, tumor inhibition appeared to result from macrophage accumulations and histiocytic granulomas in the lung. Generally, when MVEs were compared in the artificial metastasis model, polymers with the lower molecular weights were the most active.", "PMID": 728899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11878", "title": "Potential mechanism of macrophage-mediated tumor cell cytotoxicity.", "content": "Activated macrophages have been shown to inhibit the incorporation of 125IUDR into the DNA of Lewis lung (LL) tumor cells and to lead to the cytotoxicity of these target cells. Despite this apparent inhibition of DNA synthesis, the increase in the number of LL cells cultured with activated macrophages paralleled that of LL cells alone for the first 18 hours of culture (approximately one doubling of cells). To resolve this paradox, the DNA content of LL cells, which were cultured with activated macrophages for 16 hours, was analyzed by flow microfluorometry. These experiments indicated that subsequent to co-culture with activated macrophages, LL cells with a 50% reduction in their normal DNA content could be detected. Furthermore, after a 2-hour incubation with colcemid, a greater than 95% reduction in metaphase cells occurred in LL cells cultured with activated macrophages. However, dividing nuclei without chromosome condensation appeared to be a prominent feature of these cultures. This would suggest that the genotypic or phenotypic program for cell division in the tumor cells is such that under these unique circumstances of tumor cell-activated macrophage interaction, cell division can proceed in the absence of DNA synthesis. We suggest that this aberrant division may be related to the lethal event which leads to activated macrophage-mediated tumor cell cytotoxicity.", "contents": "Potential mechanism of macrophage-mediated tumor cell cytotoxicity. Activated macrophages have been shown to inhibit the incorporation of 125IUDR into the DNA of Lewis lung (LL) tumor cells and to lead to the cytotoxicity of these target cells. Despite this apparent inhibition of DNA synthesis, the increase in the number of LL cells cultured with activated macrophages paralleled that of LL cells alone for the first 18 hours of culture (approximately one doubling of cells). To resolve this paradox, the DNA content of LL cells, which were cultured with activated macrophages for 16 hours, was analyzed by flow microfluorometry. These experiments indicated that subsequent to co-culture with activated macrophages, LL cells with a 50% reduction in their normal DNA content could be detected. Furthermore, after a 2-hour incubation with colcemid, a greater than 95% reduction in metaphase cells occurred in LL cells cultured with activated macrophages. However, dividing nuclei without chromosome condensation appeared to be a prominent feature of these cultures. This would suggest that the genotypic or phenotypic program for cell division in the tumor cells is such that under these unique circumstances of tumor cell-activated macrophage interaction, cell division can proceed in the absence of DNA synthesis. We suggest that this aberrant division may be related to the lethal event which leads to activated macrophage-mediated tumor cell cytotoxicity.", "PMID": 728900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11879", "title": "Cell and tissue distribution of 14C-labeled pyran copolymer.", "content": "The tissue distribution of pyran (maleic anhydride-divinyl ether) copolymer was studied after a single ip injection of 14C-labeled pyran (25 mg/kg) to mice. The pyran showed a reticuloendothelial distribution with the liver and spleen containing the highest concentrations which persisted for at least 21 days after drug treatment. Blood levels of 14C-pyran reached a peak 2 hours after injection and were cleared within 6 hours. Attempts to measure uptake of 14C-pyran by peritoneal macrophages were unsuccessful due to an inability to recover macrophages between 3 and 24 hours after ip pyran administration. Since activated macrophages appear to be the primary mechanism by which pyran enhances host resistance to microbial infection and neoplasia, the uptake of 14C-pyran by isolated peritoneal macrophages in vitro was studied. Purified macrophages showed a gradually increasing uptake of 14C-pyran, and a large amount of cell-associated radioactivity was bound to trichloroacetic acid-precipitable material. Several polyanions, including unlabeled pyran, dextran sulfate, and poly(I)-poly(C), competed for acid-precipitable receptor molecules. The superior antitumor effects of pyran as compared to other polyanions may result from the continuous presence of the synthetic polymer in the host. Possible mechanisms of immunopotentiation by pyran are discussed.", "contents": "Cell and tissue distribution of 14C-labeled pyran copolymer. The tissue distribution of pyran (maleic anhydride-divinyl ether) copolymer was studied after a single ip injection of 14C-labeled pyran (25 mg/kg) to mice. The pyran showed a reticuloendothelial distribution with the liver and spleen containing the highest concentrations which persisted for at least 21 days after drug treatment. Blood levels of 14C-pyran reached a peak 2 hours after injection and were cleared within 6 hours. Attempts to measure uptake of 14C-pyran by peritoneal macrophages were unsuccessful due to an inability to recover macrophages between 3 and 24 hours after ip pyran administration. Since activated macrophages appear to be the primary mechanism by which pyran enhances host resistance to microbial infection and neoplasia, the uptake of 14C-pyran by isolated peritoneal macrophages in vitro was studied. Purified macrophages showed a gradually increasing uptake of 14C-pyran, and a large amount of cell-associated radioactivity was bound to trichloroacetic acid-precipitable material. Several polyanions, including unlabeled pyran, dextran sulfate, and poly(I)-poly(C), competed for acid-precipitable receptor molecules. The superior antitumor effects of pyran as compared to other polyanions may result from the continuous presence of the synthetic polymer in the host. Possible mechanisms of immunopotentiation by pyran are discussed.", "PMID": 728902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11880", "title": "Preliminary observations on the effect of glucan in combination with radiation and chemotherapy in four murine tumors.", "content": "The efficacy of glucan in combination with local radiation therapy was measured using three solid murine tumors of differing abilities to induce a host defense. Using the KHT fibrosarcoma which induces no measurable host defense, glucan did not improve tumor-free survival over radiation alone; the combination produced a marginal improvement in tumor-free survival in animals bearing the highly immunogenic EMT-6 tumor. The most marked improvement in tumor-free survival was found with the mildly immunogenic 6C3HED lymphosarcoma. The efficacy of glucan in combination with BCNU chemotherapy was measured using the disseminated AKR transplantable leukemia; the combination yielded a high level of cures compared to no survival for either agent alone. Using the AKR transplantable leukemia in an F1 model, the effect of amphotericin B (AmB) alone or in combination with BCNU was tested. AmB or BCNU alone had little or no curative effect when tested in (AKR X DBA)F1 mice, but 56% of mice were cured when combined therapy was employed. When tested in (AKR X C57BL)F1 or (AKR X A)F1 mice, a small fraction was cured with AmB alone while about 90% were cured with either BCNU alone or the combination.", "contents": "Preliminary observations on the effect of glucan in combination with radiation and chemotherapy in four murine tumors. The efficacy of glucan in combination with local radiation therapy was measured using three solid murine tumors of differing abilities to induce a host defense. Using the KHT fibrosarcoma which induces no measurable host defense, glucan did not improve tumor-free survival over radiation alone; the combination produced a marginal improvement in tumor-free survival in animals bearing the highly immunogenic EMT-6 tumor. The most marked improvement in tumor-free survival was found with the mildly immunogenic 6C3HED lymphosarcoma. The efficacy of glucan in combination with BCNU chemotherapy was measured using the disseminated AKR transplantable leukemia; the combination yielded a high level of cures compared to no survival for either agent alone. Using the AKR transplantable leukemia in an F1 model, the effect of amphotericin B (AmB) alone or in combination with BCNU was tested. AmB or BCNU alone had little or no curative effect when tested in (AKR X DBA)F1 mice, but 56% of mice were cured when combined therapy was employed. When tested in (AKR X C57BL)F1 or (AKR X A)F1 mice, a small fraction was cured with AmB alone while about 90% were cured with either BCNU alone or the combination.", "PMID": 728904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11881", "title": "Effect of glucan and other adjuvants on the clearance of radiolabeled tumor cells from mouse lungs.", "content": "The iv injection of two forms of glucan (DiLuzio and Yamamura), Corynebacterium parvum, or bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) caused a significant increase in the rate and extent of clearance of subsequently injected radiolabeled T1699 carcinoma cells from the lungs of syngeneic DBA2 mice. Dose-response curves were obtained for each agent, the relative rates of clearance of radiolabeled cells were established, and preliminary sequential comparative studies were undertaken. The optimum dose for C. parvum appeared to be lower than for DiLuzio glucan which appeared to be lower than for Yamamura glucan or BCG. The results indicated that at optimum doses one form of glucan (DiLuzio) was as effective as C. parvum and more effective than BCG or a second form of glucan (Yamamura), with respect to the time for the genesis, the magnitude, and the length of time of the response. Very preliminary experiments with a highly malignant and poorly immunogenic cell line of B16 melanoma in syngeneic C57BL/6J mice demonstrated a correlation between an increased level of clearance of radiolabeled cells and a reduced number of subsequent macroscopic lung tumor nodules.", "contents": "Effect of glucan and other adjuvants on the clearance of radiolabeled tumor cells from mouse lungs. The iv injection of two forms of glucan (DiLuzio and Yamamura), Corynebacterium parvum, or bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) caused a significant increase in the rate and extent of clearance of subsequently injected radiolabeled T1699 carcinoma cells from the lungs of syngeneic DBA2 mice. Dose-response curves were obtained for each agent, the relative rates of clearance of radiolabeled cells were established, and preliminary sequential comparative studies were undertaken. The optimum dose for C. parvum appeared to be lower than for DiLuzio glucan which appeared to be lower than for Yamamura glucan or BCG. The results indicated that at optimum doses one form of glucan (DiLuzio) was as effective as C. parvum and more effective than BCG or a second form of glucan (Yamamura), with respect to the time for the genesis, the magnitude, and the length of time of the response. Very preliminary experiments with a highly malignant and poorly immunogenic cell line of B16 melanoma in syngeneic C57BL/6J mice demonstrated a correlation between an increased level of clearance of radiolabeled cells and a reduced number of subsequent macroscopic lung tumor nodules.", "PMID": 728905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11882", "title": "Cytotoxic activity of interferon-treated macrophages studied by various inhibitors.", "content": "The ability of interferon-treated macrophages to kill or inhibit the growth of tumor cells is markedly influenced by the local environment. The macrophage cytotoxic effector system is regulated by serum and other environmental factors that suppress tumor killing. Prostaglandins E1 and E2, but not F2alpha reversibly inhibited the tumoricidal state of interferon-treated macrophages. Hydrocortisone was similarly active at suppressing macrophage function. Such nonimmunologically derived factors could prevent the final triggering step for macrophage-mediated tumor killing in the local environment of the tumor and may be important in the pathogenesis of progressive tumor growth.", "contents": "Cytotoxic activity of interferon-treated macrophages studied by various inhibitors. The ability of interferon-treated macrophages to kill or inhibit the growth of tumor cells is markedly influenced by the local environment. The macrophage cytotoxic effector system is regulated by serum and other environmental factors that suppress tumor killing. Prostaglandins E1 and E2, but not F2alpha reversibly inhibited the tumoricidal state of interferon-treated macrophages. Hydrocortisone was similarly active at suppressing macrophage function. Such nonimmunologically derived factors could prevent the final triggering step for macrophage-mediated tumor killing in the local environment of the tumor and may be important in the pathogenesis of progressive tumor growth.", "PMID": 728906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11883", "title": "Role of interferon in augmentation of natural and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.", "content": "Natural killer (NK) activity in rats and NK and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in mice have been shown to be rapidly augmented by in vivo treatment with a variety of viruses and immune adjuvants. Poly I:C and other interferon inducers also caused boosting in NK-cell activity, with peak levels occurring at about the time of peak interferon levels. Crude and purified virus-induced interferon itself had strong boosting effects in mice, both when inoculated in vivo and when incubated briefly with normal spleen cells. The in vitro activation by interferon or by poly I:C was completely abrogated by anti-interferon. Interferon also appears to play a central role in augmentation of human NK-cell activity. Inoculation of normal volunteers with influenza virus or of a patient with poly I:C produced rapid boosting. In vitro incubation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with various interferon preparations for 1 hour or overnight usually produced an appreciable increase in lytic activity.", "contents": "Role of interferon in augmentation of natural and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Natural killer (NK) activity in rats and NK and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in mice have been shown to be rapidly augmented by in vivo treatment with a variety of viruses and immune adjuvants. Poly I:C and other interferon inducers also caused boosting in NK-cell activity, with peak levels occurring at about the time of peak interferon levels. Crude and purified virus-induced interferon itself had strong boosting effects in mice, both when inoculated in vivo and when incubated briefly with normal spleen cells. The in vitro activation by interferon or by poly I:C was completely abrogated by anti-interferon. Interferon also appears to play a central role in augmentation of human NK-cell activity. Inoculation of normal volunteers with influenza virus or of a patient with poly I:C produced rapid boosting. In vitro incubation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with various interferon preparations for 1 hour or overnight usually produced an appreciable increase in lytic activity.", "PMID": 728907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11884", "title": "Human interferon and its inducers: clinical program overview at Roswell Park Memorial Institute.", "content": "An overview of the clinical interferon program at Roswell Park Memorial Institute is presented. Purified fibroblast interferon and a novel inducer of human interferon [rIn-r(C12,U)n] are being evaluated for possible antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory activities in patients with cancer.", "contents": "Human interferon and its inducers: clinical program overview at Roswell Park Memorial Institute. An overview of the clinical interferon program at Roswell Park Memorial Institute is presented. Purified fibroblast interferon and a novel inducer of human interferon [rIn-r(C12,U)n] are being evaluated for possible antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory activities in patients with cancer.", "PMID": 728908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11885", "title": "Human fibroblast interferon in human neoplasia: clinical and laboratory study.", "content": "Human fibroblast interferon (HFIF) produced on a large scale from normal diploid cell strains was highly purified and then evaluated as to its safety clinical investigation. The selective antiproliferative activity of HFIF was observed in vitro against certain human malignant cell lines and in vivo against human bladder tumors grown in nude mice. Direct injections of HFIF into metastatic melanoma lesions of two patients resulted in either the disappearance of malignant cells or the significant reduction in tumor volume.", "contents": "Human fibroblast interferon in human neoplasia: clinical and laboratory study. Human fibroblast interferon (HFIF) produced on a large scale from normal diploid cell strains was highly purified and then evaluated as to its safety clinical investigation. The selective antiproliferative activity of HFIF was observed in vitro against certain human malignant cell lines and in vivo against human bladder tumors grown in nude mice. Direct injections of HFIF into metastatic melanoma lesions of two patients resulted in either the disappearance of malignant cells or the significant reduction in tumor volume.", "PMID": 728909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11886", "title": "Phase I-II trials of poly IC stabilized with poly-L-lysine.", "content": "Poly IC, stabilized with poly-L-lysine and carboxymethyl cellulose (poly ICLC), resists hydrolysis by primate serum (unlike the parent compound), induces high levels of serum interferon, and is effective in acute viral infections of subhuman primates. In a phase I-II clinical trial, poly ICLC was given iv in 15 daily doses of 0.5-27.0 mg/m2 to 19 patients with various solid tumors and to six patients with acute leukemia (1-65 years of age). At least three complete trials were conducted at each of six dose levels. Toxic reactions included fever (in 100% of trials), nausea (44%) hypotension (28%), thrombocytopenia and leukopenia (68%), erythema (12%), and polyarthralgia plus myalgia (16%). Hypotension and arthralgia-myalgia were related to dose level and/or magnitude of interferon induction, but other toxic manifestations were not. Poly ICLC induced significant serum interferon levels in 76% of trials, and the correlation between dose and peak interferon titer was linear. The maximum tolerated dose for all patients at a given drug dose was 12 mg/m2; at this dose, the mean peak interferon titer was 1940 reference units/ml. At a dose of 18 mg/m2, the mean peak interferon titer was 4473 reference units/ml, but severe myalgia and arthralgia were intolerable in at least half of the patients, and most had significant hypotension. At a dose of 27 mg/m2, one patient had acute renal failure. At high doses, iv poly ICLC also induced interferon in the cerebrospinal fluid.", "contents": "Phase I-II trials of poly IC stabilized with poly-L-lysine. Poly IC, stabilized with poly-L-lysine and carboxymethyl cellulose (poly ICLC), resists hydrolysis by primate serum (unlike the parent compound), induces high levels of serum interferon, and is effective in acute viral infections of subhuman primates. In a phase I-II clinical trial, poly ICLC was given iv in 15 daily doses of 0.5-27.0 mg/m2 to 19 patients with various solid tumors and to six patients with acute leukemia (1-65 years of age). At least three complete trials were conducted at each of six dose levels. Toxic reactions included fever (in 100% of trials), nausea (44%) hypotension (28%), thrombocytopenia and leukopenia (68%), erythema (12%), and polyarthralgia plus myalgia (16%). Hypotension and arthralgia-myalgia were related to dose level and/or magnitude of interferon induction, but other toxic manifestations were not. Poly ICLC induced significant serum interferon levels in 76% of trials, and the correlation between dose and peak interferon titer was linear. The maximum tolerated dose for all patients at a given drug dose was 12 mg/m2; at this dose, the mean peak interferon titer was 1940 reference units/ml. At a dose of 18 mg/m2, the mean peak interferon titer was 4473 reference units/ml, but severe myalgia and arthralgia were intolerable in at least half of the patients, and most had significant hypotension. At a dose of 27 mg/m2, one patient had acute renal failure. At high doses, iv poly ICLC also induced interferon in the cerebrospinal fluid.", "PMID": 728910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11887", "title": "Overview of the activity of a Brucella abortus preparation, Bru-Pel.", "content": "The properties of a nonviable, aqueous ether-extracted Brucela abortus preparation, Bru-Pel, are described. In addition to inducing a \"virus-type\" interferon response and protecting mice against challenge with otherwise lethal doses of Semliki Forest virus, Bru-Pel is demonstrated to have potent antitumor properties in mice. These antitumor effects appear to be mediated by an increase in nonspecific resistance similar to that seen with other experimental antitumor agents.", "contents": "Overview of the activity of a Brucella abortus preparation, Bru-Pel. The properties of a nonviable, aqueous ether-extracted Brucela abortus preparation, Bru-Pel, are described. In addition to inducing a \"virus-type\" interferon response and protecting mice against challenge with otherwise lethal doses of Semliki Forest virus, Bru-Pel is demonstrated to have potent antitumor properties in mice. These antitumor effects appear to be mediated by an increase in nonspecific resistance similar to that seen with other experimental antitumor agents.", "PMID": 728911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11888", "title": "Comparative effects of Corynebacterium parvum, Brucella abortus extract, Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin, glucan, levamisole, and tilorone with or without cyclophosphamide on tumor growth, macrophage production, and macrophage cytotoxicity in a murine mammary tumor model.", "content": "In this laboratory, it has been repeatedly demonstrated (using a murine mammary tumor model) that the combination of cyclophosphamide (CY) and Corynebacterium parvum (CP) is more effective than either agent alone in the control of tumor growth. This paper presents information obtained in our model comparing findings on the effects of CP with a Brucella abortus extract (Bru-Pel; BP) and glucan (GL) on tumor growth. In addition, the influence of those agents as well as bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin, tilorone, and levamisole on bone marrow macrophage colony production and cytotoxicity is presented. None of the nonspecific stimulating agents (NSSAs) inhibited tumor growth when administered systemically without CY, confirming our previous contention that such immunotherapy alone is likely to be an ineffectual form of treatment. Whereas tumor regression was observed following intratumor CP, neither GL nor BP had such an effect. When used with CY, neither BP nor GL administered ip or intratumorally inhibited tumor growth as effectively as did CP and CY. Inhibition of the growth of a distant tumor as well as the treated tumor occurred following intratumor CP and CY but not following intratumor BP and CY. All of the microbial NSSAs increased macrophage colony production to varying degrees in both normal and tumor-bearing mice. In the latter mice, CP had the most prolonged effect. Levamisole and tilorone failed to increase colony production in normal mice while in tumor-bearing mice the effect was inversely proportional to the amount of agent administered. To some extent, the stimulation of colony production by the NSSAs paralled the degree of tumor inhibition observed when those agents were combined with CY. The cytotoxicity of cultured macrophages could not be related to tumor growth inhibition.", "contents": "Comparative effects of Corynebacterium parvum, Brucella abortus extract, Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin, glucan, levamisole, and tilorone with or without cyclophosphamide on tumor growth, macrophage production, and macrophage cytotoxicity in a murine mammary tumor model. In this laboratory, it has been repeatedly demonstrated (using a murine mammary tumor model) that the combination of cyclophosphamide (CY) and Corynebacterium parvum (CP) is more effective than either agent alone in the control of tumor growth. This paper presents information obtained in our model comparing findings on the effects of CP with a Brucella abortus extract (Bru-Pel; BP) and glucan (GL) on tumor growth. In addition, the influence of those agents as well as bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin, tilorone, and levamisole on bone marrow macrophage colony production and cytotoxicity is presented. None of the nonspecific stimulating agents (NSSAs) inhibited tumor growth when administered systemically without CY, confirming our previous contention that such immunotherapy alone is likely to be an ineffectual form of treatment. Whereas tumor regression was observed following intratumor CP, neither GL nor BP had such an effect. When used with CY, neither BP nor GL administered ip or intratumorally inhibited tumor growth as effectively as did CP and CY. Inhibition of the growth of a distant tumor as well as the treated tumor occurred following intratumor CP and CY but not following intratumor BP and CY. All of the microbial NSSAs increased macrophage colony production to varying degrees in both normal and tumor-bearing mice. In the latter mice, CP had the most prolonged effect. Levamisole and tilorone failed to increase colony production in normal mice while in tumor-bearing mice the effect was inversely proportional to the amount of agent administered. To some extent, the stimulation of colony production by the NSSAs paralled the degree of tumor inhibition observed when those agents were combined with CY. The cytotoxicity of cultured macrophages could not be related to tumor growth inhibition.", "PMID": 728912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11889", "title": "Immunomodulating effects of BM 12.531 in animals and tolerance in man.", "content": "BM 12.531, a 2-cyansubstituted aziridine, has interesting therapeutic and immunomodulating effects. Antitumor effects in Meth A sarcoma in mice and an increase in resistance to Candida albicans infection in mice have been found. It was demonstrated that BM 12.531 can modulate the immune system in animals (DTH lymphocyte transformation, etc). It was also shown that BM 12.531 can restore the immune response in animals, where this has been suppressed by cyclophosphamide. In a phase I study in cancer patients it was demonstrated that BM 12.531 is very well-tolerated. A dose-dependent increase was found in the percentage of spontaneous T lymphocytes in cancer patients after the administration of BM 12.531.", "contents": "Immunomodulating effects of BM 12.531 in animals and tolerance in man. BM 12.531, a 2-cyansubstituted aziridine, has interesting therapeutic and immunomodulating effects. Antitumor effects in Meth A sarcoma in mice and an increase in resistance to Candida albicans infection in mice have been found. It was demonstrated that BM 12.531 can modulate the immune system in animals (DTH lymphocyte transformation, etc). It was also shown that BM 12.531 can restore the immune response in animals, where this has been suppressed by cyclophosphamide. In a phase I study in cancer patients it was demonstrated that BM 12.531 is very well-tolerated. A dose-dependent increase was found in the percentage of spontaneous T lymphocytes in cancer patients after the administration of BM 12.531.", "PMID": 728913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11890", "title": "Cross-circulation studies on the influence of hypoxia and hypoxaemia on neuro-epithelial bodies in young rabbits.", "content": "The reactions of the previously described neuro-epithelial bodies (NEB)(Lauweryns et al., 1969, 1970, 1972a, b, 1973a, b, c 1974, 1975) in young rabbits to: (1) hypoxia with normoxaemia in the arteria pulmonalis on the one hand, and (2) hypoxaemia in the arteria pulmonalis with normoxic aeration on the other hand, has been investigated by means of cross-circulation experiments and light microscopical, electron microscopical and morphometrical techniques. Hypoxically aerated young rabbits, which received normoxaemic blood in their arteria pulmonalis from a donor rabbit by means of an arterio-arterial cross-circulation with mutal exchange transfusion, revealed an increased exocytosis of the dense-core vesicles of their NEB. Normoxically aerated young rabbits which received hypoxaemic blood in an identical manner, did not exhibit an increased exocytosis. It is concluded that the NEB apparently react directly to the hypoxia of the inhaled air and not to the hypoxaemia of the pulmonary blood. By the release of serotonin and a polypeptide substance, they may produce a local vasoconstriction in hypoxically aerated lung areas, enabling an intrapulmonary regulation of the V/Q ratio. This is regarded as additional proof that the NEB--while being modulated by the CNS--probably are intrapulmonary chemoreceptors with local secretory activities, reacting to the composition of the inhaled air.", "contents": "Cross-circulation studies on the influence of hypoxia and hypoxaemia on neuro-epithelial bodies in young rabbits. The reactions of the previously described neuro-epithelial bodies (NEB)(Lauweryns et al., 1969, 1970, 1972a, b, 1973a, b, c 1974, 1975) in young rabbits to: (1) hypoxia with normoxaemia in the arteria pulmonalis on the one hand, and (2) hypoxaemia in the arteria pulmonalis with normoxic aeration on the other hand, has been investigated by means of cross-circulation experiments and light microscopical, electron microscopical and morphometrical techniques. Hypoxically aerated young rabbits, which received normoxaemic blood in their arteria pulmonalis from a donor rabbit by means of an arterio-arterial cross-circulation with mutal exchange transfusion, revealed an increased exocytosis of the dense-core vesicles of their NEB. Normoxically aerated young rabbits which received hypoxaemic blood in an identical manner, did not exhibit an increased exocytosis. It is concluded that the NEB apparently react directly to the hypoxia of the inhaled air and not to the hypoxaemia of the pulmonary blood. By the release of serotonin and a polypeptide substance, they may produce a local vasoconstriction in hypoxically aerated lung areas, enabling an intrapulmonary regulation of the V/Q ratio. This is regarded as additional proof that the NEB--while being modulated by the CNS--probably are intrapulmonary chemoreceptors with local secretory activities, reacting to the composition of the inhaled air.", "PMID": 728949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11891", "title": "Regeneration of the vallate papilla in the rat with special reference to the origin of the taste bud-bearing epithelium.", "content": "The regeneration of the vallate papilla in the rat was studied by both light and electron microscopy. The papillae were excised and regeneration was studied at time intervals of 3 to 45 days. It was found that the vallate papilla is capable of regeneration after both partial and total papillectomies. The regenerated papillae were asymmetrical in shape. Several invaginations, independent of one another, were the equivalent of the original sulcus. Regeneration of the gustatory system occurred at circumscribed portions of the associated Von Ebner glands. The amounts of newly formed taste buds were proportional to the amount of nerve fibers in the subepithelial plexus. The regenerated taste buds showed normal histochemical and fine-structural characteristics. The results support the contention of some degree of specificity concerning the epithelium where taste bud regeneration occurs.", "contents": "Regeneration of the vallate papilla in the rat with special reference to the origin of the taste bud-bearing epithelium. The regeneration of the vallate papilla in the rat was studied by both light and electron microscopy. The papillae were excised and regeneration was studied at time intervals of 3 to 45 days. It was found that the vallate papilla is capable of regeneration after both partial and total papillectomies. The regenerated papillae were asymmetrical in shape. Several invaginations, independent of one another, were the equivalent of the original sulcus. Regeneration of the gustatory system occurred at circumscribed portions of the associated Von Ebner glands. The amounts of newly formed taste buds were proportional to the amount of nerve fibers in the subepithelial plexus. The regenerated taste buds showed normal histochemical and fine-structural characteristics. The results support the contention of some degree of specificity concerning the epithelium where taste bud regeneration occurs.", "PMID": 728950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11892", "title": "Annulate lamellae, lamellar bodies and subsurface cisternae in neurons of the avian hyperstriatum accessorium.", "content": "Structures identified as annulate lamellae, lamellar bodies and subsurface cisternae were found in neurons of the hyperstriatum accessorium of the avian forebrain. Annulate lamellar arrays with up to six lamellae were present in the larger somata. The lamellae were made up of fused smooth-surfaced cisternae forming pores or annuli and were surrounded by a dense filamentous to granular material. Stacks of nonfenestrated, parallel, regularly spaced cisternae, designated as lamellar bodies, also appeared in the cytoplasm. When flattened they were reminiscent of the electron dense subsurface cisternae. Continuity could be demonstrated between peripherally located subsurface cisternae and lamellar bodies. The dense filamentous to finely granular substance was also located between these structures. Annulate lamellae, lamellar bodies and subsurface cisternae were always observed in conjunction with the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The functional significance of these structural associations is considered.", "contents": "Annulate lamellae, lamellar bodies and subsurface cisternae in neurons of the avian hyperstriatum accessorium. Structures identified as annulate lamellae, lamellar bodies and subsurface cisternae were found in neurons of the hyperstriatum accessorium of the avian forebrain. Annulate lamellar arrays with up to six lamellae were present in the larger somata. The lamellae were made up of fused smooth-surfaced cisternae forming pores or annuli and were surrounded by a dense filamentous to granular material. Stacks of nonfenestrated, parallel, regularly spaced cisternae, designated as lamellar bodies, also appeared in the cytoplasm. When flattened they were reminiscent of the electron dense subsurface cisternae. Continuity could be demonstrated between peripherally located subsurface cisternae and lamellar bodies. The dense filamentous to finely granular substance was also located between these structures. Annulate lamellae, lamellar bodies and subsurface cisternae were always observed in conjunction with the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The functional significance of these structural associations is considered.", "PMID": 728951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11893", "title": "Locations and central projections of neurons associated with the retrocerebral neuroendocrine complex of the cockroach Periplaneta americana (L.).", "content": "Retrograde diffusion and precipitation of Co2+ reveals in the ipsilateral pars lateralis (PL) and contralateral pars intercerebralis (PI) of the brain neurons that enter the corpus cardiacum (CC), and, possibly, the corpus allatum (CA) on each side. The PL group consists of 29.6 +/- 8.4 somata that fill. Of these, 5.6 +/- 0.6 exceed 25 micrometer in diameter, 14.3 +/- 2.7 range from 15--25 micrometer, and 9.6 +/- 7.6 are smaller than 15 micrometer. After CoCl2 was applied to the right CC-CA of two males, 239 and 265 somata in the left PI stained. Except for 16 ranging from 30--45 micrometers and chiefly located anteriorly, a majority of these somata measured 10--25 micrometer. The only somata revealed by staining whole brains with the performic acid-resorcin fuchsin method are neurosecretory cells 10--20 micrometer in diameter located within the PI. In starved adult males there are 92.4 +/- 8.1 on the right, and 93.2 +/- 6.9 on the left. The largest somata in the PL group contain numerous granules that stain with paraldehyde fuchsin. These somata also fill with Co2+, and belong to neurosecretory cells that extend into the CC-CA. The cerebral distribution of branches from the PL group, and the relationship of these to the corpora pedunculata, central body, and arborizations from the PI decussation are described.", "contents": "Locations and central projections of neurons associated with the retrocerebral neuroendocrine complex of the cockroach Periplaneta americana (L.). Retrograde diffusion and precipitation of Co2+ reveals in the ipsilateral pars lateralis (PL) and contralateral pars intercerebralis (PI) of the brain neurons that enter the corpus cardiacum (CC), and, possibly, the corpus allatum (CA) on each side. The PL group consists of 29.6 +/- 8.4 somata that fill. Of these, 5.6 +/- 0.6 exceed 25 micrometer in diameter, 14.3 +/- 2.7 range from 15--25 micrometer, and 9.6 +/- 7.6 are smaller than 15 micrometer. After CoCl2 was applied to the right CC-CA of two males, 239 and 265 somata in the left PI stained. Except for 16 ranging from 30--45 micrometers and chiefly located anteriorly, a majority of these somata measured 10--25 micrometer. The only somata revealed by staining whole brains with the performic acid-resorcin fuchsin method are neurosecretory cells 10--20 micrometer in diameter located within the PI. In starved adult males there are 92.4 +/- 8.1 on the right, and 93.2 +/- 6.9 on the left. The largest somata in the PL group contain numerous granules that stain with paraldehyde fuchsin. These somata also fill with Co2+, and belong to neurosecretory cells that extend into the CC-CA. The cerebral distribution of branches from the PL group, and the relationship of these to the corpora pedunculata, central body, and arborizations from the PI decussation are described.", "PMID": 728953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11894", "title": "Estrogen target sites in the cloacal region of female and male chick embryos.", "content": "After intravenous injection of 3H-estradiol in the 12-day old chick embryo, radioactivity is concentrated in nuclei of certain cells in the cloacal area. The nuclear labeling is observed in mesenchymal cells along the different portions of the cloaca, and in an unidentified tissue located laterally to the cloaca. The labeled mesenchymal cells display a definite pattern of distribution along the epithelial wall of the cloaca, identical both in male and in female embryos. In the adjacent bursa of Fabricius, cells do not concentrate labeled hormone in their nuclei. The presence of estrogen receptors in the cloacal area of embryos of either sex adds evidence, at the cellular level, to support the concept of a \"neutral\", or undifferentiated, sex with estradiol inhibiting this \"neutral\" male differentiation.", "contents": "Estrogen target sites in the cloacal region of female and male chick embryos. After intravenous injection of 3H-estradiol in the 12-day old chick embryo, radioactivity is concentrated in nuclei of certain cells in the cloacal area. The nuclear labeling is observed in mesenchymal cells along the different portions of the cloaca, and in an unidentified tissue located laterally to the cloaca. The labeled mesenchymal cells display a definite pattern of distribution along the epithelial wall of the cloaca, identical both in male and in female embryos. In the adjacent bursa of Fabricius, cells do not concentrate labeled hormone in their nuclei. The presence of estrogen receptors in the cloacal area of embryos of either sex adds evidence, at the cellular level, to support the concept of a \"neutral\", or undifferentiated, sex with estradiol inhibiting this \"neutral\" male differentiation.", "PMID": 728954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11895", "title": "Macrophages, a normal component in seasonally involuting testes of the swan, Cygnus olor.", "content": "In the swan, Cygnus olor, spermatogenesis shows a pronounced seasonal cycle. During the long involution phase a transient invasion of macrophages into the seminiferous tubules regularly takes place at the height of regression prior to total rest. These macrophages are involved in the additional disposal of supernumerary and degenerating premature germ cells, at a time when the Sertoli cells are already filled with phagolysosomes.", "contents": "Macrophages, a normal component in seasonally involuting testes of the swan, Cygnus olor. In the swan, Cygnus olor, spermatogenesis shows a pronounced seasonal cycle. During the long involution phase a transient invasion of macrophages into the seminiferous tubules regularly takes place at the height of regression prior to total rest. These macrophages are involved in the additional disposal of supernumerary and degenerating premature germ cells, at a time when the Sertoli cells are already filled with phagolysosomes.", "PMID": 728955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11896", "title": "The morphology of the cement gland apparatus of larval Pterophyllum scalare Cuv. & Val. (Cichlidae, Teleostei). Histological, transmission- and scanning electron microscopic studies.", "content": "The cement gland apparatus of newly hatched Pterophyllum scalare Cuv. & Val. was examined by histology, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The whole organ is composed of three pairs of endoepithelial, ductless glands, which cause prominent elevations on the larval head and are found in a specific arrangement. Each single gland is represented by an aggregation of elongated, tubular secretory cells surrounding a pyriform acinus. It overlies a basal lamina and is covered by the outer layer of the bilaminar embryonic epidermis. Two different types of secretory cells can be distinguished. One type is restricted to the bottom of the cavity. It is characterized by multiform cytoplasmic protrusions, which project into the gland's cavity. The secretory granules contain a network of light filamentous material. The second type constitutes the side wall of the acinus. It does not develop any protrusions. The contents of the secretory granules is of very high and homogeneous electron density. The mechanism of extrusion is discussed for both cell types. All secretory cells show a strong PAS-reaction. In SEM a circular microridge pattern with attached mucus globules can be recognized on the larval epithelial surface.", "contents": "The morphology of the cement gland apparatus of larval Pterophyllum scalare Cuv. & Val. (Cichlidae, Teleostei). Histological, transmission- and scanning electron microscopic studies. The cement gland apparatus of newly hatched Pterophyllum scalare Cuv. & Val. was examined by histology, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The whole organ is composed of three pairs of endoepithelial, ductless glands, which cause prominent elevations on the larval head and are found in a specific arrangement. Each single gland is represented by an aggregation of elongated, tubular secretory cells surrounding a pyriform acinus. It overlies a basal lamina and is covered by the outer layer of the bilaminar embryonic epidermis. Two different types of secretory cells can be distinguished. One type is restricted to the bottom of the cavity. It is characterized by multiform cytoplasmic protrusions, which project into the gland's cavity. The secretory granules contain a network of light filamentous material. The second type constitutes the side wall of the acinus. It does not develop any protrusions. The contents of the secretory granules is of very high and homogeneous electron density. The mechanism of extrusion is discussed for both cell types. All secretory cells show a strong PAS-reaction. In SEM a circular microridge pattern with attached mucus globules can be recognized on the larval epithelial surface.", "PMID": 728956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11897", "title": "Bovine olfactory and nasal respiratory epithelium surfaces. High-voltage and scanning electron microscopy, and cryo-ultramicrotomy.", "content": "High-voltage transmission electron microscopy and cryo-ultramicrotomy together with scanning electron microscopy and some conventional transmission electron microscopy of ultrathin sections have been applied to the mucous surfaces of bovine olfactory and respiratory epithelia. Distal segments of olfactory cilia tend to run in parallel and could be followed over distances up to about 30 micrometer using high-voltage electron microscopy. This technique and scanning electron microscopy showed that on average 12--13 of such cilia could be observed per nerve ending. After correction for obscured cilia this number becomes about 17. High-voltage micrographs and micrographs made from sections prepared with a cryo-ultramicrotome showed the presence of electron-lucent pockets inside the olfactory mucus. The latter technique also showed that the mucus itself is not fibrous, but rather a continuum varying in electron density. The mucus layer contains various granular structures. Ciliary and microvillar membranes appear thicker with cryo-ultramicrotomy than when the sections are prepared with conventional techniques. The cores of the axonemal microtubules in olfactory as well as in respiratory cilia are darkly stained with this technique. Vesicles present inside the nerve endings are also darkly stained. Dimensions and some other numerical values of interest in olfaction are presented.", "contents": "Bovine olfactory and nasal respiratory epithelium surfaces. High-voltage and scanning electron microscopy, and cryo-ultramicrotomy. High-voltage transmission electron microscopy and cryo-ultramicrotomy together with scanning electron microscopy and some conventional transmission electron microscopy of ultrathin sections have been applied to the mucous surfaces of bovine olfactory and respiratory epithelia. Distal segments of olfactory cilia tend to run in parallel and could be followed over distances up to about 30 micrometer using high-voltage electron microscopy. This technique and scanning electron microscopy showed that on average 12--13 of such cilia could be observed per nerve ending. After correction for obscured cilia this number becomes about 17. High-voltage micrographs and micrographs made from sections prepared with a cryo-ultramicrotome showed the presence of electron-lucent pockets inside the olfactory mucus. The latter technique also showed that the mucus itself is not fibrous, but rather a continuum varying in electron density. The mucus layer contains various granular structures. Ciliary and microvillar membranes appear thicker with cryo-ultramicrotomy than when the sections are prepared with conventional techniques. The cores of the axonemal microtubules in olfactory as well as in respiratory cilia are darkly stained with this technique. Vesicles present inside the nerve endings are also darkly stained. Dimensions and some other numerical values of interest in olfaction are presented.", "PMID": 728957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11898", "title": "Morphological changes in the rabbit ovary after active immunization to testosterone.", "content": "The role of testosterone in follicular development was investigated by immunizing female rabbits (mean wt 1.4 kg) to testosterone-3-bovine serum albumin (T-3-BSA). Controls received BSA. Follicular diameters and histology, and ovarian and uterine weights were recorded at intervals up to 11 weeks. At 5 weeks T-3-BSA ovaries did not differ from controls in either histology or follicular diameter (number of follicles greater than or equal to 1.0 mm were 12.5 +/- 3.4 and 17.0 +/- 1.0 for BSA and T-3-BSA treated animals respectively). By 8 weeks T-3-BSA animals had multiple cystic and hemorrhagic follicles. T-3-BSA ovaries contained more follicles greater than or equal to 1.0 less than 1.5 mm (27.3 +/- 3.1 vs. 15.3 +/- 2.9, p less than 0.01) and greater than or equal 1.5 mm diameter (5.8 +/- 1.7 vs. 0.4 +/- 0.3, p less than 0.005). At 11 weeks T-3-BSA ovaries contained more follicles less than 1.5 mm in diameter (5.0 +/- 0.9 vs. 0.9 +/- 0.3, p less than 0.001). Increased vascularization, some thecal hypertrophy and marked interstitial cell hypertrophy were characteristic of the T-3-BSA ovaries at 8 and 11 weeks. These results suggest that testosterone has a role in the regulation of follicular development.", "contents": "Morphological changes in the rabbit ovary after active immunization to testosterone. The role of testosterone in follicular development was investigated by immunizing female rabbits (mean wt 1.4 kg) to testosterone-3-bovine serum albumin (T-3-BSA). Controls received BSA. Follicular diameters and histology, and ovarian and uterine weights were recorded at intervals up to 11 weeks. At 5 weeks T-3-BSA ovaries did not differ from controls in either histology or follicular diameter (number of follicles greater than or equal to 1.0 mm were 12.5 +/- 3.4 and 17.0 +/- 1.0 for BSA and T-3-BSA treated animals respectively). By 8 weeks T-3-BSA animals had multiple cystic and hemorrhagic follicles. T-3-BSA ovaries contained more follicles greater than or equal to 1.0 less than 1.5 mm (27.3 +/- 3.1 vs. 15.3 +/- 2.9, p less than 0.01) and greater than or equal 1.5 mm diameter (5.8 +/- 1.7 vs. 0.4 +/- 0.3, p less than 0.005). At 11 weeks T-3-BSA ovaries contained more follicles less than 1.5 mm in diameter (5.0 +/- 0.9 vs. 0.9 +/- 0.3, p less than 0.001). Increased vascularization, some thecal hypertrophy and marked interstitial cell hypertrophy were characteristic of the T-3-BSA ovaries at 8 and 11 weeks. These results suggest that testosterone has a role in the regulation of follicular development.", "PMID": 728958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11899", "title": "Recent observations on the ultrastructure of human urothelium. 1. Normal bladder of elderly subjects.", "content": "An electron microscopic study of normal bladder urothelium of elderly patients ranging in age from 61 to 82 years has shown the occurrence of unusually thin regions consisting of either one or two layers of undifferentiated cells interspersed between 3--4 cell layers thick regions. A morphometric study has confirmed the existence of a pattern of cytodifferentiation in cells of the thick region. The generally microvillous nature of the luminal surface is attributed to incompletely differentiated cells that have come to occupy the superficial layer. The lack of thickened and/or asymmetric membrane plaques in luminal plasma as well as the dearth of characteristic precursor vesicles in the cytoplasm are also explicable in terms of a failure of normal cell differentiation. It is suggested that the unusual features noted are consequences of tissue ageing rather than prognostic of cancer. There are indications that the aged urothelium may be prone to increased leakiness and the bladder tissues may therefore be at greater risk from urine-borne chemicals and carcinogens.", "contents": "Recent observations on the ultrastructure of human urothelium. 1. Normal bladder of elderly subjects. An electron microscopic study of normal bladder urothelium of elderly patients ranging in age from 61 to 82 years has shown the occurrence of unusually thin regions consisting of either one or two layers of undifferentiated cells interspersed between 3--4 cell layers thick regions. A morphometric study has confirmed the existence of a pattern of cytodifferentiation in cells of the thick region. The generally microvillous nature of the luminal surface is attributed to incompletely differentiated cells that have come to occupy the superficial layer. The lack of thickened and/or asymmetric membrane plaques in luminal plasma as well as the dearth of characteristic precursor vesicles in the cytoplasm are also explicable in terms of a failure of normal cell differentiation. It is suggested that the unusual features noted are consequences of tissue ageing rather than prognostic of cancer. There are indications that the aged urothelium may be prone to increased leakiness and the bladder tissues may therefore be at greater risk from urine-borne chemicals and carcinogens.", "PMID": 728959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11900", "title": "The ultrastructure of guinea pig heterophil granulocytes and the heterogeneity of the granules.", "content": "The development of the heterophil granulocytes in the bone marrow of the guinea pig is described. During the maturation of these cells, three types of granule are formed, not only the azurophil and specific granules already described in other mammals but also a third type of granule referred to here as the nucleated granule. During the process of maturation of the cells, these three types of granule are formed successively. On this basis, two steps can be distinguished in the promyelocyte phase in which primary (nucleated and azurophil) granules are formed, i.e. an early and late stage, nucleated granules being formed in early and azurophil granules in late promyelocytes. Secondary (specific) granules occur first in myelocytes. In mature heterophils of the guinea pig the granule population is composed of about 85% secondary granules, about 10% azurophil granules, and about 5% nucleated granules. The changes in the granule population during the maturation process were quantified. The observations and calculations point to the occurrence of three mitoses: one in the early and one in the late promyelocyte and the third in the myelocyte.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of guinea pig heterophil granulocytes and the heterogeneity of the granules. The development of the heterophil granulocytes in the bone marrow of the guinea pig is described. During the maturation of these cells, three types of granule are formed, not only the azurophil and specific granules already described in other mammals but also a third type of granule referred to here as the nucleated granule. During the process of maturation of the cells, these three types of granule are formed successively. On this basis, two steps can be distinguished in the promyelocyte phase in which primary (nucleated and azurophil) granules are formed, i.e. an early and late stage, nucleated granules being formed in early and azurophil granules in late promyelocytes. Secondary (specific) granules occur first in myelocytes. In mature heterophils of the guinea pig the granule population is composed of about 85% secondary granules, about 10% azurophil granules, and about 5% nucleated granules. The changes in the granule population during the maturation process were quantified. The observations and calculations point to the occurrence of three mitoses: one in the early and one in the late promyelocyte and the third in the myelocyte.", "PMID": 728960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11901", "title": "Reversible peritubular binding of a cationic protein (lysozyme) to flounder kidney tubules.", "content": "Proteins filtered in the renal glomeruli are reabsorbed by the proximal tubule and catabolized in the lysosomes. On the basis of studies on isolated flounder tubules it has been suggested that, in addition to this catabolism, a transtubular transport of intact protein (lysozyme) also occurs. The present study demonstrates that significant amounts of lysozyme are reversibly bound to the peritubular side of isolated tubules. Electron microscopic autoradiography demonstrates that the protein is located in the basement membrane and intercellular spaces. After in vivo injection, 125I-lysozyme is mainly located in endocytic vacuoles of the first proximal segment, but also over the basal part of the cells. Since a significant peritubular binding of lysozyme is demonstrated in vitro, it is suggested that a similar binding of tracer protein originating from the peritubular capillaries might occur in vivo and that subsequent release of this protein in vitro might simulate transtubular transport. It is therefore concluded that release of tracer protein from isolated kidney tubules does not conclusively demonstrate transtubular transport of intact protein in experimental systems in which peritubular binding of protein can be demonstrated.", "contents": "Reversible peritubular binding of a cationic protein (lysozyme) to flounder kidney tubules. Proteins filtered in the renal glomeruli are reabsorbed by the proximal tubule and catabolized in the lysosomes. On the basis of studies on isolated flounder tubules it has been suggested that, in addition to this catabolism, a transtubular transport of intact protein (lysozyme) also occurs. The present study demonstrates that significant amounts of lysozyme are reversibly bound to the peritubular side of isolated tubules. Electron microscopic autoradiography demonstrates that the protein is located in the basement membrane and intercellular spaces. After in vivo injection, 125I-lysozyme is mainly located in endocytic vacuoles of the first proximal segment, but also over the basal part of the cells. Since a significant peritubular binding of lysozyme is demonstrated in vitro, it is suggested that a similar binding of tracer protein originating from the peritubular capillaries might occur in vivo and that subsequent release of this protein in vitro might simulate transtubular transport. It is therefore concluded that release of tracer protein from isolated kidney tubules does not conclusively demonstrate transtubular transport of intact protein in experimental systems in which peritubular binding of protein can be demonstrated.", "PMID": 728961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11902", "title": "Development of innervation to the atrial myocardium of the rabbit.", "content": "The development of innervation to the atrial myocardium of rabbits from 20th day of gestation to 35 days postnatal was studied ultrastructurally by electron microscopy and by demonstration of catecholamines by histofluorescence. Special attention was directed to the first morphologic appearance of nerve fibers and terminals and the closeness of juxtaposition of terminals with myocardial cells. Adrenergic and cholinergic terminals were identified on the basis of their differential ability to take-up and store the \"false adrenergic neurotransmitter\" 5-hydroxydopamine. Adrenergic terminals were first encountered at 20 days of gestation whereas cholinergic terminals could not be positively identified until the 24th day of gestation. Throughout development adrenergic terminals were more numerous than cholinergic, about 71% of the terminals encountered being adrenergic. Many terminals approach closely (20-30 nm) to the sarcolemma of the muscle cells of the atrium. In many instances adrenergic and cholinergic fibers travel together in the same nerve bundle and are closely apposed without intervening Schwann-cell cytoplasm. Such a relationship could allow peripheral interaction between these fibers in the myocardium.", "contents": "Development of innervation to the atrial myocardium of the rabbit. The development of innervation to the atrial myocardium of rabbits from 20th day of gestation to 35 days postnatal was studied ultrastructurally by electron microscopy and by demonstration of catecholamines by histofluorescence. Special attention was directed to the first morphologic appearance of nerve fibers and terminals and the closeness of juxtaposition of terminals with myocardial cells. Adrenergic and cholinergic terminals were identified on the basis of their differential ability to take-up and store the \"false adrenergic neurotransmitter\" 5-hydroxydopamine. Adrenergic terminals were first encountered at 20 days of gestation whereas cholinergic terminals could not be positively identified until the 24th day of gestation. Throughout development adrenergic terminals were more numerous than cholinergic, about 71% of the terminals encountered being adrenergic. Many terminals approach closely (20-30 nm) to the sarcolemma of the muscle cells of the atrium. In many instances adrenergic and cholinergic fibers travel together in the same nerve bundle and are closely apposed without intervening Schwann-cell cytoplasm. Such a relationship could allow peripheral interaction between these fibers in the myocardium.", "PMID": 728962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11903", "title": "Electron microscopic study of the response of the adrenocortical X-zone in mice treated with sex steroids.", "content": "In the adrenal cortex of 23- to 27-day-old C3H/Tw female mice, the eosinophilic X-zone became increasingly increasingly undetectable after 3 injections of 100 microgram testosterone propionate (TP). Whorls of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER) and peculiar complexes of mitochondria and sER, characteristics of X-zone cell, were no longer present in mice given 7 daily injections of TP. The ordinary mitochondria, although reduced in number, became swollen and actually increased in percent area occupied. They had well-developed tubulovesicular cristae. The lipid droplets increased in size and number after 3 daily TP injections, but decreased after 7 daily injections. Rough endoplasmic reticulum and sER were reduced in area in mice receiving 7 daily injections. The X-zone also became indistinguishable from the zona fasciculata after 7 daily injections of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone propionate. Injections of progesterone or estradiol-17 beta had no effect on the X-zone.", "contents": "Electron microscopic study of the response of the adrenocortical X-zone in mice treated with sex steroids. In the adrenal cortex of 23- to 27-day-old C3H/Tw female mice, the eosinophilic X-zone became increasingly increasingly undetectable after 3 injections of 100 microgram testosterone propionate (TP). Whorls of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER) and peculiar complexes of mitochondria and sER, characteristics of X-zone cell, were no longer present in mice given 7 daily injections of TP. The ordinary mitochondria, although reduced in number, became swollen and actually increased in percent area occupied. They had well-developed tubulovesicular cristae. The lipid droplets increased in size and number after 3 daily TP injections, but decreased after 7 daily injections. Rough endoplasmic reticulum and sER were reduced in area in mice receiving 7 daily injections. The X-zone also became indistinguishable from the zona fasciculata after 7 daily injections of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone propionate. Injections of progesterone or estradiol-17 beta had no effect on the X-zone.", "PMID": 728964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11904", "title": "Cytochalasin B-induced changes in concanavalin A-activated lymphocytes.", "content": "Cytochalasin B (CB) administered simultaneously with a mitogenic dose of concanavalin A (Con A) interferes with the activation process. This interference involves structural alterations of cellular membrane which do not include a reduced Con-A-binding capacity. This conclusion is supported by the observation of deformities in both nuclear and cytoplasmic membranes in Con A-activated lymphocytes subsequently treated with CB. The high incidence of membrane blebs and pseudomyelin bodies in the cytoplasm points to a general effect of CB on the structural organization of membrane which may secondarily interfere with some specific event such as generation or transfer of signals for activation or cytokinesis.", "contents": "Cytochalasin B-induced changes in concanavalin A-activated lymphocytes. Cytochalasin B (CB) administered simultaneously with a mitogenic dose of concanavalin A (Con A) interferes with the activation process. This interference involves structural alterations of cellular membrane which do not include a reduced Con-A-binding capacity. This conclusion is supported by the observation of deformities in both nuclear and cytoplasmic membranes in Con A-activated lymphocytes subsequently treated with CB. The high incidence of membrane blebs and pseudomyelin bodies in the cytoplasm points to a general effect of CB on the structural organization of membrane which may secondarily interfere with some specific event such as generation or transfer of signals for activation or cytokinesis.", "PMID": 728965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11905", "title": "Morphological studies of the stromal changes after artificial induction of the decidual reaction in rats.", "content": "Stromal changes during early oil-induced decidualization were studied. Rats previously sensitized with estradiol after an experimental delay were used. Among the initial stromal characteristics that developed after induction, the following sequence was found: ultrastructural alterations of stromal cell nucleoli, extracellular edema, and Pontamine Blue Reaction (PBR). The results suggest that stromal cell differentiation into decidual cells is initiated before the PBR becomes visible. This is in accordance with biochemical and morphological findings at blastocyst implantation. The appearance of an edema before the PBR furthermore suggests that also the increase in vascular permeability is initiated early and takes place slowly. The functional relationships between the vascular and stromal cell changes are, however, not determinable with the method used.", "contents": "Morphological studies of the stromal changes after artificial induction of the decidual reaction in rats. Stromal changes during early oil-induced decidualization were studied. Rats previously sensitized with estradiol after an experimental delay were used. Among the initial stromal characteristics that developed after induction, the following sequence was found: ultrastructural alterations of stromal cell nucleoli, extracellular edema, and Pontamine Blue Reaction (PBR). The results suggest that stromal cell differentiation into decidual cells is initiated before the PBR becomes visible. This is in accordance with biochemical and morphological findings at blastocyst implantation. The appearance of an edema before the PBR furthermore suggests that also the increase in vascular permeability is initiated early and takes place slowly. The functional relationships between the vascular and stromal cell changes are, however, not determinable with the method used.", "PMID": 728966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11906", "title": "Tracing of neurosecretory neurons in crayfish optic ganglia by cobalt iontophoresis.", "content": "The axonal connections between the medulla terminalis ganglionic X-organ (MTGXO) and the sinus gland are traced by iontophoretic application of cobalt dye to the neurosecretory system in the eyestalks of the crayfish, Orconectes limosus. The MTGXO consists of about 15 large perikarya, forming a distinct subgroup of neurosecretory cells in the medulla terminalis and giving rise to a prominent fibre bundle. Additional axons reaching the sinus gland from the medulla interna, the medulla externa and the optic nerve are less conspicuous.", "contents": "Tracing of neurosecretory neurons in crayfish optic ganglia by cobalt iontophoresis. The axonal connections between the medulla terminalis ganglionic X-organ (MTGXO) and the sinus gland are traced by iontophoretic application of cobalt dye to the neurosecretory system in the eyestalks of the crayfish, Orconectes limosus. The MTGXO consists of about 15 large perikarya, forming a distinct subgroup of neurosecretory cells in the medulla terminalis and giving rise to a prominent fibre bundle. Additional axons reaching the sinus gland from the medulla interna, the medulla externa and the optic nerve are less conspicuous.", "PMID": 728967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11907", "title": "Ultrastructural, fluorescence microscopic and microfluorimetric study of the innervation of the axial complex in the sea urchin, Sphaerechinus granularis (lam.).", "content": "In juxtaposition with the contractile epithelia of the axial complex of the sea urchin, Sphaerechinus granularis, several types of nerve fibers with different vesicle populations were determined. Nerve terminals, filled with clear vesicles and dense core vesicles, form synaptoid neuromuscular junctions. Close to the somatocoelic epithelia of the axial and terminal sinus septa, numerous axon profiles form a nerve plexus. Among the epithelial cells covering the plexus, two types of nerve cells can be distinguished which presumably produce neurosecretory and aminergic granules, respectively. Monoamine fluorescence (formaldehyde-induced fluorescence, Falck-Hillarp technique) was analyzed microspectrofluorimetrically. The emission spectrum of the fluorophores occurring in the present material shows a maximum at 475 nm and is characteristic of catecholamines; the excitation maximum at 380 nm after formaldehyde treatment is typical of catecholamines at low pH only. Since the peak ratio (370:320 nm) does not change after HCl-vapor treatment, the fluorophores are likely to be indicative of dopamine.", "contents": "Ultrastructural, fluorescence microscopic and microfluorimetric study of the innervation of the axial complex in the sea urchin, Sphaerechinus granularis (lam.). In juxtaposition with the contractile epithelia of the axial complex of the sea urchin, Sphaerechinus granularis, several types of nerve fibers with different vesicle populations were determined. Nerve terminals, filled with clear vesicles and dense core vesicles, form synaptoid neuromuscular junctions. Close to the somatocoelic epithelia of the axial and terminal sinus septa, numerous axon profiles form a nerve plexus. Among the epithelial cells covering the plexus, two types of nerve cells can be distinguished which presumably produce neurosecretory and aminergic granules, respectively. Monoamine fluorescence (formaldehyde-induced fluorescence, Falck-Hillarp technique) was analyzed microspectrofluorimetrically. The emission spectrum of the fluorophores occurring in the present material shows a maximum at 475 nm and is characteristic of catecholamines; the excitation maximum at 380 nm after formaldehyde treatment is typical of catecholamines at low pH only. Since the peak ratio (370:320 nm) does not change after HCl-vapor treatment, the fluorophores are likely to be indicative of dopamine.", "PMID": 728968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11908", "title": "Segmental and interganglionic projections from primary fibres of insect mechanoreceptors.", "content": "Projections of primary insect mechanoreceptor fibres in Locusta migratoria and Acheta domesticus are visualised with the cobalt intensification technique after axonal or dendritic filling with cobaltous chloride. Chordotonal proprioceptors of the locust mesothoracic thoracocoxal joint have typical segmental projections and more or less widespread interganglionic processes into the metathoracic, prothoracic and even suboesophageal ganglia. Similar observations can be made on locust abdominal chordotonal organs, from some of which all primary axons project into five preceding neuromeres or ganglia. From locust abdominal stretch receptors and cricket mechanosensitive sternal hairs single afferent axons extend through several ganglia. Locust campaniform sensilla and clavate hair projections of crickets terminate locally. It is concluded that many interganglionic primary afferents contribute to intersegmental control of motor coordination in insects.", "contents": "Segmental and interganglionic projections from primary fibres of insect mechanoreceptors. Projections of primary insect mechanoreceptor fibres in Locusta migratoria and Acheta domesticus are visualised with the cobalt intensification technique after axonal or dendritic filling with cobaltous chloride. Chordotonal proprioceptors of the locust mesothoracic thoracocoxal joint have typical segmental projections and more or less widespread interganglionic processes into the metathoracic, prothoracic and even suboesophageal ganglia. Similar observations can be made on locust abdominal chordotonal organs, from some of which all primary axons project into five preceding neuromeres or ganglia. From locust abdominal stretch receptors and cricket mechanosensitive sternal hairs single afferent axons extend through several ganglia. Locust campaniform sensilla and clavate hair projections of crickets terminate locally. It is concluded that many interganglionic primary afferents contribute to intersegmental control of motor coordination in insects.", "PMID": 728969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11909", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in the dermal chromatophore unit of Hyla arborea during color change.", "content": "The structural changes in the chromatophores of Hyla arborea related to changes in skin color were studied by electron microscopy and reflectance microspectrophotometry. During a change form a light to a darker green color, the melanosomes of the melanophores disperse and finally surround the iridophores and partly the xanthophores. The iridophores change from cup-shape to a cylindrical or conical shape with a simultaneous change in the orientation of the platelets from being parallel to the upper surface of the iridophores to being more irregular. The xanthophores change from lens-shape to plate-shape. The color change from green to grey seems always to go through a transitional black-green or dark olive green to dark grey. During this change the xanthophores migrate down between the iridophores, and in grey skins they are sometimes found beneath them. The pterinosomes gather in the periphery of the cell, while the carotenoid vesicles aggregate around the nucleus. The iridophores in grey skin are almost ball-shaped with concentric layers of platelets. A lighter grey color arises from a darker grey by an aggregation of melanosomes. The chromatophore values previously defined for Hyla cinerea are applicable in Hyla arborea, and the ultrastructural studies support the assumptions previously made to explain these values.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in the dermal chromatophore unit of Hyla arborea during color change. The structural changes in the chromatophores of Hyla arborea related to changes in skin color were studied by electron microscopy and reflectance microspectrophotometry. During a change form a light to a darker green color, the melanosomes of the melanophores disperse and finally surround the iridophores and partly the xanthophores. The iridophores change from cup-shape to a cylindrical or conical shape with a simultaneous change in the orientation of the platelets from being parallel to the upper surface of the iridophores to being more irregular. The xanthophores change from lens-shape to plate-shape. The color change from green to grey seems always to go through a transitional black-green or dark olive green to dark grey. During this change the xanthophores migrate down between the iridophores, and in grey skins they are sometimes found beneath them. The pterinosomes gather in the periphery of the cell, while the carotenoid vesicles aggregate around the nucleus. The iridophores in grey skin are almost ball-shaped with concentric layers of platelets. A lighter grey color arises from a darker grey by an aggregation of melanosomes. The chromatophore values previously defined for Hyla cinerea are applicable in Hyla arborea, and the ultrastructural studies support the assumptions previously made to explain these values.", "PMID": 728971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11910", "title": "Amino acid transport in the rat exocrine pancreas. III. Effect of maximal and supramaximal hormonal stimulation in vivo.", "content": "Amino acid transport and incorporation have been studied in vitro in rat pancreatic lobules after maximal and supramaximal hormonal stimulation with caerulein. Incorporation into proteins was increased already after 30 and 120 min of maximal stimulation, but was decreased after the infusion of a supramaximal dose. Uptake of neutral amino acids was monitored using labeled leucine and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB). In the case of leucine the free pool was consistently reduced after maximal stimulation, while supramaximal doses led to an increase which could be potentiated by the addition of 2mM tetracaine. Using AIB, a significant increase in the intracellular pool was observed after maximal stimulation, conversely a decrease after supramaximal stimulation. Release of labeled leucine and AIB from preloaded lobules during incubation in the cold was significantly reduced after maximal secretory stimulation, but was found enhanced by 200 to 300 percent after supramaximal stimulation. No fine structural alterations at junctional complexes or at both the lateral and luminal plasma membranes were observed after maximal stimulation except an increased number of exocytotic figures at the luminal face. However, supramaximal stimulation led to progressive rarefaction of the tight junctional network and disintegration of the gap junctions. Concomitantly, an equal distribution of membrane particles on both faces of the plasma membrane together with a random occurrence of exocytotic figures were observed.", "contents": "Amino acid transport in the rat exocrine pancreas. III. Effect of maximal and supramaximal hormonal stimulation in vivo. Amino acid transport and incorporation have been studied in vitro in rat pancreatic lobules after maximal and supramaximal hormonal stimulation with caerulein. Incorporation into proteins was increased already after 30 and 120 min of maximal stimulation, but was decreased after the infusion of a supramaximal dose. Uptake of neutral amino acids was monitored using labeled leucine and alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB). In the case of leucine the free pool was consistently reduced after maximal stimulation, while supramaximal doses led to an increase which could be potentiated by the addition of 2mM tetracaine. Using AIB, a significant increase in the intracellular pool was observed after maximal stimulation, conversely a decrease after supramaximal stimulation. Release of labeled leucine and AIB from preloaded lobules during incubation in the cold was significantly reduced after maximal secretory stimulation, but was found enhanced by 200 to 300 percent after supramaximal stimulation. No fine structural alterations at junctional complexes or at both the lateral and luminal plasma membranes were observed after maximal stimulation except an increased number of exocytotic figures at the luminal face. However, supramaximal stimulation led to progressive rarefaction of the tight junctional network and disintegration of the gap junctions. Concomitantly, an equal distribution of membrane particles on both faces of the plasma membrane together with a random occurrence of exocytotic figures were observed.", "PMID": 728972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11911", "title": "Ultrastructure of pheromone-producing eversible vesicles in males of Chrysopa perla L. (Insecta, Neuroptera).", "content": "During courtship, males of Chrysopa perla extrude from the genital aperture two eversible vesicles that bear approximately 50 sclerotized tubercles with a long, apical hair. Ultrastructural study reveals within each tubercle two juxtaposed subunits: a sensory subunit formed by a mechanoreceptor neuron, a glial cell, two enveloping cells, and a glandular subunit consisting of a glandular cell provided with an extracellular reservoir, a duct cell and an enveloping cell. The glandular-cell cytoplasm is characterized by extensive RER, a large amount of SER, probably involved in lipid elaboration, and voluminous myeloid bodies encircling the reservoir. The secretion is released to the outside by a cuticular duct that opens into the side of the tubercle. The function of the mechanoreceptor associated with the glandular subunit is discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of pheromone-producing eversible vesicles in males of Chrysopa perla L. (Insecta, Neuroptera). During courtship, males of Chrysopa perla extrude from the genital aperture two eversible vesicles that bear approximately 50 sclerotized tubercles with a long, apical hair. Ultrastructural study reveals within each tubercle two juxtaposed subunits: a sensory subunit formed by a mechanoreceptor neuron, a glial cell, two enveloping cells, and a glandular subunit consisting of a glandular cell provided with an extracellular reservoir, a duct cell and an enveloping cell. The glandular-cell cytoplasm is characterized by extensive RER, a large amount of SER, probably involved in lipid elaboration, and voluminous myeloid bodies encircling the reservoir. The secretion is released to the outside by a cuticular duct that opens into the side of the tubercle. The function of the mechanoreceptor associated with the glandular subunit is discussed.", "PMID": 728973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11912", "title": "Presynaptic and postsynaptic organelles of synapses formed in cultures of previously dissociated mouse spinal cord.", "content": "This study describes some of the ultrastructural features of presynaptic and postsynaptic organelles at synapses developed in cultures of previously dissociated mouse spinal cord cells. Particular attention was paid to the agranular reticulum which is well developed at many presynaptic and postsynaptic sites, either in the form of simple tubules or cisternae, or more complex networks and often closely associated with mitochondria. In addition, the disposition of microtubules at and close to synaptic specializations is described. These and other features of synaptic zones, such as granular vesicles in presynaptic sites, are discussed in relation to cultures developed on feeder layers and synapses in vivo, and in relations to possible degenerative and regenerative events in the cell cultures.", "contents": "Presynaptic and postsynaptic organelles of synapses formed in cultures of previously dissociated mouse spinal cord. This study describes some of the ultrastructural features of presynaptic and postsynaptic organelles at synapses developed in cultures of previously dissociated mouse spinal cord cells. Particular attention was paid to the agranular reticulum which is well developed at many presynaptic and postsynaptic sites, either in the form of simple tubules or cisternae, or more complex networks and often closely associated with mitochondria. In addition, the disposition of microtubules at and close to synaptic specializations is described. These and other features of synaptic zones, such as granular vesicles in presynaptic sites, are discussed in relation to cultures developed on feeder layers and synapses in vivo, and in relations to possible degenerative and regenerative events in the cell cultures.", "PMID": 728974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11913", "title": "Histophysiological studies on the corpus allatum of Leucophaea maderae. VI. Ultrastructural characteristics in gonadectomized females.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the corpora allata of 29 Leucophaea ovariectomized in the nymphal stage and maintained up to an adult age of 28 months was examined. In general, the subcellular morphology of these glands has much in common with that of normal female controls examined at the height of their activity. In addition, the most \"typical\" of the gonadectomy cases show certain distinctive features that are either absent or much less prominent in unoperated controls. Of primary interest is the striking abundance of smooth surfaced endoplasmic reticulum observed in many but not all of the castrates. Since this organelle is implicated in the biosynthesis of juvenile hormone, the factor normally responsible for yolk deposition, its increase, together with certain additional ultrastructural features, is indicative of an exceptionally high rate of hormone production. An explanation for the putative hyperactivity displayed to various degrees by the experimental animals may well be the constancy of the demand on their corpora allata, since removal of the ovaries abolishes the afferent signals in response to which, in the intact female, the brain turns off these glands during the long periods of gestation. That the synthetic effort may eventually level off, even in the absence of regular inhibitory stimuli, is suggested by the corpora allata of those castrates, the ultrastructure of which reflects moderate activity or possibly further regression.", "contents": "Histophysiological studies on the corpus allatum of Leucophaea maderae. VI. Ultrastructural characteristics in gonadectomized females. The ultrastructure of the corpora allata of 29 Leucophaea ovariectomized in the nymphal stage and maintained up to an adult age of 28 months was examined. In general, the subcellular morphology of these glands has much in common with that of normal female controls examined at the height of their activity. In addition, the most \"typical\" of the gonadectomy cases show certain distinctive features that are either absent or much less prominent in unoperated controls. Of primary interest is the striking abundance of smooth surfaced endoplasmic reticulum observed in many but not all of the castrates. Since this organelle is implicated in the biosynthesis of juvenile hormone, the factor normally responsible for yolk deposition, its increase, together with certain additional ultrastructural features, is indicative of an exceptionally high rate of hormone production. An explanation for the putative hyperactivity displayed to various degrees by the experimental animals may well be the constancy of the demand on their corpora allata, since removal of the ovaries abolishes the afferent signals in response to which, in the intact female, the brain turns off these glands during the long periods of gestation. That the synthetic effort may eventually level off, even in the absence of regular inhibitory stimuli, is suggested by the corpora allata of those castrates, the ultrastructure of which reflects moderate activity or possibly further regression.", "PMID": 728975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11914", "title": "Effects of acute cold exposure on the ultrastructure of the mouse pinealocyte.", "content": "Ultrastructural changes in pinealocytes were investigated qualitatively and quantitatively in mice exposed to low temperatures at 0 degree C or 5 degree C for 30 or 60 min. A quantitative estimation of the granulated vesicles of about 100 nm diameter in pinealocytes demonstrated that the number of these vesicles per pinealocyte in mice exposed to cold at 0 degree C or 5 degree C increased remarkably as compared with that of the controls. This finding indicates that cold stimuli may activate the formation of the granulated vesicles in pinealocytes. In mice exposed to cold at 0 degree C for 60 min, granulated vesicles were often found in gourps close to the plasma membrane of the pinealocyte cell bodies or processes, indicating the release of the vesicle content into the extracellular spaces. Additionally, the pinealocytes of the mice exposed to cold at 0 degree C for 60 min were characterized by the frequent occurrence of lysosome-like bodies and filaments. The development of these structures in response to severe cold may represent a depressed functional state of pienalocytes.", "contents": "Effects of acute cold exposure on the ultrastructure of the mouse pinealocyte. Ultrastructural changes in pinealocytes were investigated qualitatively and quantitatively in mice exposed to low temperatures at 0 degree C or 5 degree C for 30 or 60 min. A quantitative estimation of the granulated vesicles of about 100 nm diameter in pinealocytes demonstrated that the number of these vesicles per pinealocyte in mice exposed to cold at 0 degree C or 5 degree C increased remarkably as compared with that of the controls. This finding indicates that cold stimuli may activate the formation of the granulated vesicles in pinealocytes. In mice exposed to cold at 0 degree C for 60 min, granulated vesicles were often found in gourps close to the plasma membrane of the pinealocyte cell bodies or processes, indicating the release of the vesicle content into the extracellular spaces. Additionally, the pinealocytes of the mice exposed to cold at 0 degree C for 60 min were characterized by the frequent occurrence of lysosome-like bodies and filaments. The development of these structures in response to severe cold may represent a depressed functional state of pienalocytes.", "PMID": 728977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11915", "title": "Colour receptors in the eye of the digger wasp, Sphex cognatus Smith: evaluation by selective adaptation.", "content": "Pigment granule migration in pigment cells and retinula cells of the digger wasp Sphex cognatus Smith was analysed morphologically after light adaptation to natural light, dark adaptation and after four selective chromatic adaptations in the range between 358 nm and 580 nm and used as the index of receptor cell sensitivity. The receptor region of each ommatidium consists of nine retinula cells which form a centrally located rhabdom. Two morphologically and physiologically different visual units can be described, defined by the arrangement of the rhabdomeric microvilli, the topographical relationship of the receptor cells with respect to the eye axes and the unique retinula cell screening pigmentation. These two different sets of ommatidia (type A and B) are randomly distributed in a ratio of 1:3 throughout the eye (Ribi, 1978b). Chromatic adaptation experiments with wavelengths of 358nm, 443nm, 523nm and 580nm and subsequent histological examination reveal two UV receptors, two blue receptors and four yellow-green receptors in type A ommatidia and two UV receptors and six green to yellow-green receptors in type B ommatidia. The pigments in cells surrounding each ommatidium (two primary pigment cells, 20 secondary pigment cells and four pigmented cone extensions) were not affected significantly by the adaptation experiments.", "contents": "Colour receptors in the eye of the digger wasp, Sphex cognatus Smith: evaluation by selective adaptation. Pigment granule migration in pigment cells and retinula cells of the digger wasp Sphex cognatus Smith was analysed morphologically after light adaptation to natural light, dark adaptation and after four selective chromatic adaptations in the range between 358 nm and 580 nm and used as the index of receptor cell sensitivity. The receptor region of each ommatidium consists of nine retinula cells which form a centrally located rhabdom. Two morphologically and physiologically different visual units can be described, defined by the arrangement of the rhabdomeric microvilli, the topographical relationship of the receptor cells with respect to the eye axes and the unique retinula cell screening pigmentation. These two different sets of ommatidia (type A and B) are randomly distributed in a ratio of 1:3 throughout the eye (Ribi, 1978b). Chromatic adaptation experiments with wavelengths of 358nm, 443nm, 523nm and 580nm and subsequent histological examination reveal two UV receptors, two blue receptors and four yellow-green receptors in type A ommatidia and two UV receptors and six green to yellow-green receptors in type B ommatidia. The pigments in cells surrounding each ommatidium (two primary pigment cells, 20 secondary pigment cells and four pigmented cone extensions) were not affected significantly by the adaptation experiments.", "PMID": 728978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11916", "title": "Fine structure of the pineal organ in the troglobytic fish, Typhlichthyes subterraneous (Pisces: Amblyopsidae).", "content": "The pineal organ of the blind, cave-dwelling fish, Typhlichythyes subterraneous, was examined with both light and electron microscopes. Like the eyes, the pineal in this troglobytic species was found to be regressed. Two cell types, photoreceptor and supportive cells, were described in the pineal epithelium. Although ganglion cells were not identified, small, unmyelinated nerve fibers were present. The photoreceptor cells had degenerated outer segments. Accordingly, it was suggested that the pineal in this species is not likely to function in photoreception. However, the presence of well developed Golgi bodies, clear and dense-cored vesicles, variable amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum and glycogen particles indicated that both cell types are metabolically active and may play a role in secretion.", "contents": "Fine structure of the pineal organ in the troglobytic fish, Typhlichthyes subterraneous (Pisces: Amblyopsidae). The pineal organ of the blind, cave-dwelling fish, Typhlichythyes subterraneous, was examined with both light and electron microscopes. Like the eyes, the pineal in this troglobytic species was found to be regressed. Two cell types, photoreceptor and supportive cells, were described in the pineal epithelium. Although ganglion cells were not identified, small, unmyelinated nerve fibers were present. The photoreceptor cells had degenerated outer segments. Accordingly, it was suggested that the pineal in this species is not likely to function in photoreception. However, the presence of well developed Golgi bodies, clear and dense-cored vesicles, variable amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum and glycogen particles indicated that both cell types are metabolically active and may play a role in secretion.", "PMID": 728980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11917", "title": "Phagocytosis of osteocytes by osteoclasts in femora of two week-old rabbits.", "content": "The osteoclast-osteocyte relationship at the endosteal surface of femora of two-week old rabbits was studied. Light microscopic observations suggest that during physiological resorption phagocytosis by osteoclasts of osteocytes takes place. Serial sections confirm that the cells are totally engulfed within the cytoplasm of the osteoclasts. Ultrastructural studies support these findings and indicate that the initial stage of phagocytosis of the osteocytes consists of the insinuation of an extnesion of the ruffled border into the osteocyte lacuna. These extensions are seen to make close contact with the osteocytes prior to their engulfment by the osteoclasts and their final digestion within phagosomes.", "contents": "Phagocytosis of osteocytes by osteoclasts in femora of two week-old rabbits. The osteoclast-osteocyte relationship at the endosteal surface of femora of two-week old rabbits was studied. Light microscopic observations suggest that during physiological resorption phagocytosis by osteoclasts of osteocytes takes place. Serial sections confirm that the cells are totally engulfed within the cytoplasm of the osteoclasts. Ultrastructural studies support these findings and indicate that the initial stage of phagocytosis of the osteocytes consists of the insinuation of an extnesion of the ruffled border into the osteocyte lacuna. These extensions are seen to make close contact with the osteocytes prior to their engulfment by the osteoclasts and their final digestion within phagosomes.", "PMID": 728981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11918", "title": "The integrated genome of murine leukemia virus.", "content": "The Southern gel filter transfer technique has been used to characterize the integrated genome of Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) and the genomes of the endogenous viruses of the mouse. Study of 10 clones of rat cell independently infected by M-MuLV indicates a minimum of 15 integration sites into which the M-MuLV provirus can be inserted. No common integration site is observed among these clones. Clones productively infected by M-MuLV acquire multiple proviruses, whereas infected cells unable to produce virus contain only one M-MuLV provirus. Once established, the integrated genomes are stable for at least two years after initial infection. The use of M-MuLV probe allows detection of a spectrum of Eco RI-cleaved mouse DNA fragments containing endogenous MuLV genomes. DNAs of different inbred laboratory mouse strains yield similar patterns of provirus with each strain showing minor characteristic differences. In some instances, mouse cells infected by M-MuLV reveal additional proviruses beyond those seen in the uninfected cell. DNAs from three different M-MuLV-induced thymomas indicate, as in rat cells, multiple possible integration sites.", "contents": "The integrated genome of murine leukemia virus. The Southern gel filter transfer technique has been used to characterize the integrated genome of Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) and the genomes of the endogenous viruses of the mouse. Study of 10 clones of rat cell independently infected by M-MuLV indicates a minimum of 15 integration sites into which the M-MuLV provirus can be inserted. No common integration site is observed among these clones. Clones productively infected by M-MuLV acquire multiple proviruses, whereas infected cells unable to produce virus contain only one M-MuLV provirus. Once established, the integrated genomes are stable for at least two years after initial infection. The use of M-MuLV probe allows detection of a spectrum of Eco RI-cleaved mouse DNA fragments containing endogenous MuLV genomes. DNAs of different inbred laboratory mouse strains yield similar patterns of provirus with each strain showing minor characteristic differences. In some instances, mouse cells infected by M-MuLV reveal additional proviruses beyond those seen in the uninfected cell. DNAs from three different M-MuLV-induced thymomas indicate, as in rat cells, multiple possible integration sites.", "PMID": 728982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11919", "title": "Isolation of separate mRNAs for alpha- and beta-tubulin and characterization of the corresponding in vitro translation products.", "content": "The messenger RNAs coding for alpha- and beta-tubulin have been isolated from embryonic chick brain. Although the mRNAs for the two tubulin subunits have been resolved on native gels, they are very similar in molecular weight (650,000 daltons) as judged by mobility on denaturing gels containing methy mercury. The mRNAs for beta- and gamma-actin have also been resolved on native gels, but migrate as an unresolved peak (molecular weight 6500,000-700,000 daltons) under denaturing conditions. Since the nonmuscle actins are substantially smaller proteins than alpha- and beta-tubulin, the large size of chick nonmuscle actin mRNAs suggests an unusually long untranslated region. Since tubulin and actin polypeptides are internal structural proteins, one would expect them to be synthesized only on free polysomes. Translation of mRNA derived directly from a purified membrane fraction or by puromycin release from that fraction, however, showed the synthesis of a small proportion of these proteins on polysomes that are membrane-associated. Peptide mapping has in all cases confirmed the identity of the products of cell-free synthesis with authentic alpha-tubulin, beta-tubulin and actin. Approximately 67% of the alpha- and 13% of the beta-tubulin chains produced by in vitro translation are competent for co-assembly into microtubules with added carrier microtubule protein.", "contents": "Isolation of separate mRNAs for alpha- and beta-tubulin and characterization of the corresponding in vitro translation products. The messenger RNAs coding for alpha- and beta-tubulin have been isolated from embryonic chick brain. Although the mRNAs for the two tubulin subunits have been resolved on native gels, they are very similar in molecular weight (650,000 daltons) as judged by mobility on denaturing gels containing methy mercury. The mRNAs for beta- and gamma-actin have also been resolved on native gels, but migrate as an unresolved peak (molecular weight 6500,000-700,000 daltons) under denaturing conditions. Since the nonmuscle actins are substantially smaller proteins than alpha- and beta-tubulin, the large size of chick nonmuscle actin mRNAs suggests an unusually long untranslated region. Since tubulin and actin polypeptides are internal structural proteins, one would expect them to be synthesized only on free polysomes. Translation of mRNA derived directly from a purified membrane fraction or by puromycin release from that fraction, however, showed the synthesis of a small proportion of these proteins on polysomes that are membrane-associated. Peptide mapping has in all cases confirmed the identity of the products of cell-free synthesis with authentic alpha-tubulin, beta-tubulin and actin. Approximately 67% of the alpha- and 13% of the beta-tubulin chains produced by in vitro translation are competent for co-assembly into microtubules with added carrier microtubule protein.", "PMID": 728983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11920", "title": "The DNA sequence of sea urchin (S. purpuratus) H2A, H2B and H3 histone coding and spacer regions.", "content": "The DNA sequence of two cloned segments of the histone gene repeat unit of the sea urchin S. purpuratus has been determined. One sequence contains the contiguous H2B and H3 genes and their interdigitated spacer regions; the other comprises the H2A gene and flanking spacer sequences. Analysis of the coding regions reveals a methionine residue within the H2A protein. H2A, which generally lacks this amino acid, contains methionine only in a protein variant which is synthesized in early sea urchin embryogenesis. We thus conclude that the cloned DNA represents a set of genes which is active early in development. Codon selection is markedly skewed and similar for each of the three genes. The DNA sequences are co-linear with known histone protein sequences and-unlike several other eucaryotic genes-do not show any insertions in the coding regions. The spacer regions are relatively AT-rich although GC cluster are scattered throughout. Several short stretches of homology are found in regions both upstream and downstream from the protein coding segments. The conservation of these sequences and their location at analogous sites suggest that they are involved in gene transcription or in mRNA translation. No tandem or dispersed repeats were found, with the exception of the remarkable sequence having the structure located in the spacer between the H2A and H1 genes.", "contents": "The DNA sequence of sea urchin (S. purpuratus) H2A, H2B and H3 histone coding and spacer regions. The DNA sequence of two cloned segments of the histone gene repeat unit of the sea urchin S. purpuratus has been determined. One sequence contains the contiguous H2B and H3 genes and their interdigitated spacer regions; the other comprises the H2A gene and flanking spacer sequences. Analysis of the coding regions reveals a methionine residue within the H2A protein. H2A, which generally lacks this amino acid, contains methionine only in a protein variant which is synthesized in early sea urchin embryogenesis. We thus conclude that the cloned DNA represents a set of genes which is active early in development. Codon selection is markedly skewed and similar for each of the three genes. The DNA sequences are co-linear with known histone protein sequences and-unlike several other eucaryotic genes-do not show any insertions in the coding regions. The spacer regions are relatively AT-rich although GC cluster are scattered throughout. Several short stretches of homology are found in regions both upstream and downstream from the protein coding segments. The conservation of these sequences and their location at analogous sites suggest that they are involved in gene transcription or in mRNA translation. No tandem or dispersed repeats were found, with the exception of the remarkable sequence having the structure located in the spacer between the H2A and H1 genes.", "PMID": 728984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11921", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of the J gene and surrounding untranslated regions of phage G4 DNA: comparison with phage phiX174.", "content": "A 290 nucleotide long region of the bacteriophage G4 genome including the end of the overlapping genes D and E, the entire gene J and the untranslated region between genes J and F has been sequenced and compared with the same region in bacteriophage phiX174. Deletions, insertions, duplications and single base changes in G4 relative to phiX174 have resulted in the following changes: the loss of the phiX174 overlapping gene Dtermination and gene J initiation codons, resulting in their separation by 32 untranslated nucleotides; the deletion of one third of the gene J coding region, so that the G4 protein is only 24 amino acids long compared with 37 amino acids in phiX174; and the establishment of a long untranslated region between G4 genes J and F, which despite many nucleotide changes retains the ability to form a stable hairpin loop in the same place and with the same geometry as in phiX174. The G4 overlapping gene E is longer than in phiX174 and extends beyond gene D. Sixteen nucleotides at the end of genes D and E in phiX174 are duplicated in G4 before gene J.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of the J gene and surrounding untranslated regions of phage G4 DNA: comparison with phage phiX174. A 290 nucleotide long region of the bacteriophage G4 genome including the end of the overlapping genes D and E, the entire gene J and the untranslated region between genes J and F has been sequenced and compared with the same region in bacteriophage phiX174. Deletions, insertions, duplications and single base changes in G4 relative to phiX174 have resulted in the following changes: the loss of the phiX174 overlapping gene Dtermination and gene J initiation codons, resulting in their separation by 32 untranslated nucleotides; the deletion of one third of the gene J coding region, so that the G4 protein is only 24 amino acids long compared with 37 amino acids in phiX174; and the establishment of a long untranslated region between G4 genes J and F, which despite many nucleotide changes retains the ability to form a stable hairpin loop in the same place and with the same geometry as in phiX174. The G4 overlapping gene E is longer than in phiX174 and extends beyond gene D. Sixteen nucleotides at the end of genes D and E in phiX174 are duplicated in G4 before gene J.", "PMID": 728985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11922", "title": "Electron microscopic analysis of replicating DNA of sea urchin embryos.", "content": "DNA was extracted from Paracentrotus lividus embryos at the third S phase afer fertilization and analyzed with the electron microscope. The most relevant structures observed in this actively replicating DNA are clusters of short, closely spaced microbubbles (about 0.1 micron long on the average), partially or entirely single-stranded molecules and few linear forks. Unexpectedly, no long eye forms were observed. The analysis of DNA purified from gastrulae and from adult somatic tissues has revealed the same structures, although at a low frequency. A quantitative analysis has been carried out to determine the size distribution and spacing of microbubbles. A number of control experiments have been performed to characterize these structures better. Various possiblities are discussed to account for the presence of the observed forms and the absence of larger eyes.", "contents": "Electron microscopic analysis of replicating DNA of sea urchin embryos. DNA was extracted from Paracentrotus lividus embryos at the third S phase afer fertilization and analyzed with the electron microscope. The most relevant structures observed in this actively replicating DNA are clusters of short, closely spaced microbubbles (about 0.1 micron long on the average), partially or entirely single-stranded molecules and few linear forks. Unexpectedly, no long eye forms were observed. The analysis of DNA purified from gastrulae and from adult somatic tissues has revealed the same structures, although at a low frequency. A quantitative analysis has been carried out to determine the size distribution and spacing of microbubbles. A number of control experiments have been performed to characterize these structures better. Various possiblities are discussed to account for the presence of the observed forms and the absence of larger eyes.", "PMID": 728986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11923", "title": "Differential expression of the gene for the large subunit of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase in maize leaf cell types.", "content": "Mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells, the dimorphic photosynthetic cell types in the C4 plant Zea mays, differ in protein composition. In particular, the large subunit of the chloroplast enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carbocylase (EC 4.1.1.39) is found entirely or almost exclusively in bundle sheath cells. The DNA sequence coding for this polypeptide is contained in the chloroplast DNA of both mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells. RNA complementary to this coding sequence has been detected in RNA from bundle sheath cells, but is almost or entirely absent from mesophyll cells. Similarly, translatable mRNA for this polypeptide has been detected in RNA from bundle sheath cells, but not from mesophyll cells. Portions of the 4200 base pair maize plastid DNA sequence Bam 9 outside the large subunit gene region appear to be transcribed in mesophyll cells. Thus differential gene expression at the mRNA level has been directly demonstrated to occur in these two cell types.", "contents": "Differential expression of the gene for the large subunit of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase in maize leaf cell types. Mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells, the dimorphic photosynthetic cell types in the C4 plant Zea mays, differ in protein composition. In particular, the large subunit of the chloroplast enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carbocylase (EC 4.1.1.39) is found entirely or almost exclusively in bundle sheath cells. The DNA sequence coding for this polypeptide is contained in the chloroplast DNA of both mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells. RNA complementary to this coding sequence has been detected in RNA from bundle sheath cells, but is almost or entirely absent from mesophyll cells. Similarly, translatable mRNA for this polypeptide has been detected in RNA from bundle sheath cells, but not from mesophyll cells. Portions of the 4200 base pair maize plastid DNA sequence Bam 9 outside the large subunit gene region appear to be transcribed in mesophyll cells. Thus differential gene expression at the mRNA level has been directly demonstrated to occur in these two cell types.", "PMID": 728987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11924", "title": "Muscle development in Caenorhabditis elegans: mutants exhibiting retarded sarcomere construction.", "content": "We have studied the structural changes within the body-wall muscle cells of Caenorhabditis elegans during postmitotic development. In wildtype, the number of sarcomeres progressively increases, and each sarcomere appears to grow in length and depth continuously during this period. In mature wild-type cells, the anterior-most body-wall muscle cells have 6--7 sarcomeres; the rest have 9--10 sarcomeres per cell. Twelve mutants in the unc-52 II gene exhibit markedly retarded sarcomere construction and progressive paralysis. Several unc-52 mutants, such as the severely paralyzed SU200, produced only 2--3 sarcomeres per body-wall muscle cell, while the other mildly paralyzed unc-52 mutants, such as SU250, build 3--4 sarcomeres per muscle cell. Other structures such as the pharynx and even the noncontractile organelles of the body-wall muscle cells do not appear to be structurally or functionally altered. The unc-52 body-wall sarcomeres become moderately disorganized as they are outstripped by cell growth; sufficient order is preserved, however, so that the majority of thick and thin filaments still interdigitate. The myosin heavy chains of SU200 body-wall muscle fail to accumulate normally, while the pharyngeal myosin heavy chains do not appear to be specifically affected. This biochemical result correlates well with the specificity of morphological changes in the mutant. A model is discussed in which the biochemical and morphological deficits are explained by a simple regulatory mechanism.", "contents": "Muscle development in Caenorhabditis elegans: mutants exhibiting retarded sarcomere construction. We have studied the structural changes within the body-wall muscle cells of Caenorhabditis elegans during postmitotic development. In wildtype, the number of sarcomeres progressively increases, and each sarcomere appears to grow in length and depth continuously during this period. In mature wild-type cells, the anterior-most body-wall muscle cells have 6--7 sarcomeres; the rest have 9--10 sarcomeres per cell. Twelve mutants in the unc-52 II gene exhibit markedly retarded sarcomere construction and progressive paralysis. Several unc-52 mutants, such as the severely paralyzed SU200, produced only 2--3 sarcomeres per body-wall muscle cell, while the other mildly paralyzed unc-52 mutants, such as SU250, build 3--4 sarcomeres per muscle cell. Other structures such as the pharynx and even the noncontractile organelles of the body-wall muscle cells do not appear to be structurally or functionally altered. The unc-52 body-wall sarcomeres become moderately disorganized as they are outstripped by cell growth; sufficient order is preserved, however, so that the majority of thick and thin filaments still interdigitate. The myosin heavy chains of SU200 body-wall muscle fail to accumulate normally, while the pharyngeal myosin heavy chains do not appear to be specifically affected. This biochemical result correlates well with the specificity of morphological changes in the mutant. A model is discussed in which the biochemical and morphological deficits are explained by a simple regulatory mechanism.", "PMID": 728988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11925", "title": "Identification and analysis of Dictyostelium actin genes, a family of moderately repeated genes.", "content": "Plasmid M6 has been shown to contain sequences complementary to two related abundant mRNA species which differ in length by 100 nucleotides and code for Dictyostelium actin. M6 complementary RNA was isolated by hybridization to immobilized M6 DNA and translated in vitro. The product is identical to major forms of in vivo labeled actin in both mobility on two-dimensional gels and two-dimensional fingerprints of tryptic peptides. Both plasmid M6 and a second plasmid complementary to the actin mRNA complementary region in M6, pDd actin 2 (McKeown et al., 1978), direct the synthesis in minicells of a number of similar polypeptides that are not seen in minicells containing other recombinant plasmids. Three of these polypeptides are similar in two-dimensional gel mobility to Dictyostelium actin and bind to DNAse I agarose. The repetition frequency of isolated restriction fragments from actin mRNA complementary plasmid M6 has been examined. The data from two different experimental approaches (DNA excess hybridizations using plasmid DNA as probe, and hybridization of plasmid probe to DNA blot filters of restriction enzyme-digested Dictyostelium DNA) indicate that the mRNA complementary region is reiterated 15--20 times. When an actin cDNA probe is used in the same experiments, the results suggest that the entire coding region is reiterated. When the two major actin mRNA species are separated and independently translated, each appears to code for one of the two major actin species. The results suggest that there are at least two different functional genes, and possibly more, for Dictyostelium actin.", "contents": "Identification and analysis of Dictyostelium actin genes, a family of moderately repeated genes. Plasmid M6 has been shown to contain sequences complementary to two related abundant mRNA species which differ in length by 100 nucleotides and code for Dictyostelium actin. M6 complementary RNA was isolated by hybridization to immobilized M6 DNA and translated in vitro. The product is identical to major forms of in vivo labeled actin in both mobility on two-dimensional gels and two-dimensional fingerprints of tryptic peptides. Both plasmid M6 and a second plasmid complementary to the actin mRNA complementary region in M6, pDd actin 2 (McKeown et al., 1978), direct the synthesis in minicells of a number of similar polypeptides that are not seen in minicells containing other recombinant plasmids. Three of these polypeptides are similar in two-dimensional gel mobility to Dictyostelium actin and bind to DNAse I agarose. The repetition frequency of isolated restriction fragments from actin mRNA complementary plasmid M6 has been examined. The data from two different experimental approaches (DNA excess hybridizations using plasmid DNA as probe, and hybridization of plasmid probe to DNA blot filters of restriction enzyme-digested Dictyostelium DNA) indicate that the mRNA complementary region is reiterated 15--20 times. When an actin cDNA probe is used in the same experiments, the results suggest that the entire coding region is reiterated. When the two major actin mRNA species are separated and independently translated, each appears to code for one of the two major actin species. The results suggest that there are at least two different functional genes, and possibly more, for Dictyostelium actin.", "PMID": 728989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11926", "title": "Multiple, heterogeneous actin genes in Dictyostelium.", "content": "We have used an actin gene-containing restriction fragment of plasmid M6 (Kindle and Firtel, 1978) to select a second actin gene-containing plasmid which we have named pDd actin 2. This plasmid has been shown to contain two actin genes separated by 350 bp of nonactin DNA. When heteroduplexes are formed between any two of the three actin genes present in chimeric plasmids, the region of homology is 1100 +/- 100 bp. This is close to the minimum length required to code for actin protein. The 1100 bp region of intergene homology corresponds to the 1100 bp homology observed between M6 and the two actin cDNA plasmids pcDd actin B1 and pcDd actin A1 (Bender et al., 1978). We have no evidence for additional sequences common to either the 3' or 5' ends of the 1100 +/- 100 bp region of intergene homology. Thermal denaturation experiments show that different pairs of actin genes are diverged from each other by as much as 6--8%. There are two size classes of mRNA complementary to the three actin genes. These have lenghts of 1.25 and 1.35 kb as determined on methyl mercuric hydroxide-containing agarose gels. The possible linkage of these three actin genes to other actin genes is discussed.", "contents": "Multiple, heterogeneous actin genes in Dictyostelium. We have used an actin gene-containing restriction fragment of plasmid M6 (Kindle and Firtel, 1978) to select a second actin gene-containing plasmid which we have named pDd actin 2. This plasmid has been shown to contain two actin genes separated by 350 bp of nonactin DNA. When heteroduplexes are formed between any two of the three actin genes present in chimeric plasmids, the region of homology is 1100 +/- 100 bp. This is close to the minimum length required to code for actin protein. The 1100 bp region of intergene homology corresponds to the 1100 bp homology observed between M6 and the two actin cDNA plasmids pcDd actin B1 and pcDd actin A1 (Bender et al., 1978). We have no evidence for additional sequences common to either the 3' or 5' ends of the 1100 +/- 100 bp region of intergene homology. Thermal denaturation experiments show that different pairs of actin genes are diverged from each other by as much as 6--8%. There are two size classes of mRNA complementary to the three actin genes. These have lenghts of 1.25 and 1.35 kb as determined on methyl mercuric hydroxide-containing agarose gels. The possible linkage of these three actin genes to other actin genes is discussed.", "PMID": 728991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11927", "title": "The expression of keratin genes in epidermis and cultured epidermal cells.", "content": "Cultured human epidermal cells and human stratum corneum (callus) contain a number of keratins of different molecular size, but the size distribution is not the same in the two cases. To characterize these keratins in more detail, we compared them by amino acid analysis, immunological reactivity and one-dimensional peptide mapping (Cleveland et al., 1977). No differences in amino acid compositon could be detected among keratins of stratum corneum differing in molecular size by as much as 50%, suggesting that some repeating structure may be present in these molecules. Examination of polypeptide fragments produced by partial enzymatic hydrolysis showed strong similarities among all the keratins of stratum corneum and of cultured epidermal cells, even extending to the keratins of rodents; but the keratins of similar size, whether of stratum corneum or cultured cells, were more closely related than keratins of different size. This conclusion was supported by studies of the immunological reactivity of the keratins. How the epidermal cell generates a family of keratins is a problem of considerable interest. The differences in size and structure between the keratins of stratum corneum and cultured epidermal cells suggest that the epidermal cell can modify the expression its keratin genes.", "contents": "The expression of keratin genes in epidermis and cultured epidermal cells. Cultured human epidermal cells and human stratum corneum (callus) contain a number of keratins of different molecular size, but the size distribution is not the same in the two cases. To characterize these keratins in more detail, we compared them by amino acid analysis, immunological reactivity and one-dimensional peptide mapping (Cleveland et al., 1977). No differences in amino acid compositon could be detected among keratins of stratum corneum differing in molecular size by as much as 50%, suggesting that some repeating structure may be present in these molecules. Examination of polypeptide fragments produced by partial enzymatic hydrolysis showed strong similarities among all the keratins of stratum corneum and of cultured epidermal cells, even extending to the keratins of rodents; but the keratins of similar size, whether of stratum corneum or cultured cells, were more closely related than keratins of different size. This conclusion was supported by studies of the immunological reactivity of the keratins. How the epidermal cell generates a family of keratins is a problem of considerable interest. The differences in size and structure between the keratins of stratum corneum and cultured epidermal cells suggest that the epidermal cell can modify the expression its keratin genes.", "PMID": 728993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11928", "title": "Selective assay of monomeric and filamentous actin in cell extracts, using inhibition of deoxyribonuclease I.", "content": "A simple and selective assay for monomeric and filamentous actin is presented, based on the inhibition of DNAase I by actin. In mixtures of monomeric and filamentous actin, only the monomeric form is measured as DNAase inhibitor. The total amount of actin in a sample can be determined after depolymerization of F actin with guanidine hydrochloride. The assay is rapid enough to detect changes in the polymerization state of actin in vitro over time intervals as short as 3 min. Data characterizing unpolymerized and filamentous actin pools in extracts of human platelets, lymphocytes and HeLa cells are presented.", "contents": "Selective assay of monomeric and filamentous actin in cell extracts, using inhibition of deoxyribonuclease I. A simple and selective assay for monomeric and filamentous actin is presented, based on the inhibition of DNAase I by actin. In mixtures of monomeric and filamentous actin, only the monomeric form is measured as DNAase inhibitor. The total amount of actin in a sample can be determined after depolymerization of F actin with guanidine hydrochloride. The assay is rapid enough to detect changes in the polymerization state of actin in vitro over time intervals as short as 3 min. Data characterizing unpolymerized and filamentous actin pools in extracts of human platelets, lymphocytes and HeLa cells are presented.", "PMID": 728995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11929", "title": "The isolation and characterization of linked delta- and beta-globin genes from a cloned library of human DNA.", "content": "A cloned library of large, random embryonic human DNA fragments was constructed and screened for beta-globin sequences using the cloned human beta-globin cDNA plasmid pJW102 (Wilson et al., 1978) as a hybridization probe. Two independent clones were obtained and then characterized by restriction endonuclease cleavage analysis, hybridization experiments and partial DNA sequencing. Each of the clones carries both the adult delta- and beta-globin genes. The two genes are separated by approximately 5.4 kilobases (kb) of DNA and their orientation with respect to the direction of transcription is 5'-delta--beta-3'. Both the delta- and beta-globin genes contain a large noncoding intervening sequence (950 and 900 bp, respectively) located between the codons for amino acids 104 (arginine) and 105 (leucine). Although the location of the large intervening sequence within the coding regions of the two genes is identical, the two noncoding sequences bear little sequence homology. A second, smaller intervening sequence similar to that found in other mammalian beta-globin genes was detected near the 5' end of the human beta-globin gene. The two independently isolated beta-globin clones differ from each other by the presence of a Pst I restriction enzyme cleavage site within the large intervening sequence of the delta-globin gene of one of the clones. This suggests that the human DNA carried in the two clones was derived from two homologous chromosomes which were heterozygous for the Pst I restriction enzyme recognition sequence.", "contents": "The isolation and characterization of linked delta- and beta-globin genes from a cloned library of human DNA. A cloned library of large, random embryonic human DNA fragments was constructed and screened for beta-globin sequences using the cloned human beta-globin cDNA plasmid pJW102 (Wilson et al., 1978) as a hybridization probe. Two independent clones were obtained and then characterized by restriction endonuclease cleavage analysis, hybridization experiments and partial DNA sequencing. Each of the clones carries both the adult delta- and beta-globin genes. The two genes are separated by approximately 5.4 kilobases (kb) of DNA and their orientation with respect to the direction of transcription is 5'-delta--beta-3'. Both the delta- and beta-globin genes contain a large noncoding intervening sequence (950 and 900 bp, respectively) located between the codons for amino acids 104 (arginine) and 105 (leucine). Although the location of the large intervening sequence within the coding regions of the two genes is identical, the two noncoding sequences bear little sequence homology. A second, smaller intervening sequence similar to that found in other mammalian beta-globin genes was detected near the 5' end of the human beta-globin gene. The two independently isolated beta-globin clones differ from each other by the presence of a Pst I restriction enzyme cleavage site within the large intervening sequence of the delta-globin gene of one of the clones. This suggests that the human DNA carried in the two clones was derived from two homologous chromosomes which were heterozygous for the Pst I restriction enzyme recognition sequence.", "PMID": 728996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11930", "title": "The single-copy DNA sequence polymorphism of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.", "content": "The single-copy DNA sequence difference between individual sea urchins of the species Strongylocentrotus purpuratus has been estimated by comparing the thermal stability of reassociated DNA duplexes from two individuals with that for DNA from an individual. Thermal stability was measured by hydroxyapatite thermal chromatography, S1 nuclease resistance after heating in a solvent which neutralizes the effect of DNA base composition, and spectrophotometric melting. One pair of individuals appear to differ from each other in about 4% of the nucleotide pairs of their single-copy DNA sequence. The differences in DNA sequence among individuals in local populations are not distinguishably smaller than those among populations as far apart as 2000 kilometers along the Pacific coast of North America.", "contents": "The single-copy DNA sequence polymorphism of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. The single-copy DNA sequence difference between individual sea urchins of the species Strongylocentrotus purpuratus has been estimated by comparing the thermal stability of reassociated DNA duplexes from two individuals with that for DNA from an individual. Thermal stability was measured by hydroxyapatite thermal chromatography, S1 nuclease resistance after heating in a solvent which neutralizes the effect of DNA base composition, and spectrophotometric melting. One pair of individuals appear to differ from each other in about 4% of the nucleotide pairs of their single-copy DNA sequence. The differences in DNA sequence among individuals in local populations are not distinguishably smaller than those among populations as far apart as 2000 kilometers along the Pacific coast of North America.", "PMID": 728997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11931", "title": "Trans-complementation-dependent replication of a low molecular weight origin fragment from plasmid R6K.", "content": "A non-self-replicating segment (1370 base pairs) of plasmid R6K was cloned in E. coli and shown to trans-complement temperature-sensitive replication mutants of this plasmid. This segment contains the gene which codes for a protein required for initiation of replication of the plasmid, and was used as a helper in a functional assay for an origin of replication in R6K derivatives. A 420 bp fragment, derived from R6K DNA, was shown to carry a functional origin since it was capable of replicating as a plasmid in E. coli cells carrying the helper segment either on the host chromosome or on a plasmid Col E1 derivative. The copy number of the origin fragment in cells carrying the helper segment on the chromosome is essentially the same as the copy number of R6K. A model for the positive regulation of plasmid R6K replication is presented.", "contents": "Trans-complementation-dependent replication of a low molecular weight origin fragment from plasmid R6K. A non-self-replicating segment (1370 base pairs) of plasmid R6K was cloned in E. coli and shown to trans-complement temperature-sensitive replication mutants of this plasmid. This segment contains the gene which codes for a protein required for initiation of replication of the plasmid, and was used as a helper in a functional assay for an origin of replication in R6K derivatives. A 420 bp fragment, derived from R6K DNA, was shown to carry a functional origin since it was capable of replicating as a plasmid in E. coli cells carrying the helper segment either on the host chromosome or on a plasmid Col E1 derivative. The copy number of the origin fragment in cells carrying the helper segment on the chromosome is essentially the same as the copy number of R6K. A model for the positive regulation of plasmid R6K replication is presented.", "PMID": 728998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11932", "title": "Lack of correlation between the decreased expression of cell surface LETS protein and tumorigenicity in human cell hybrids.", "content": "An analysis of the correlation between tumorigenicity and the loss of expression of the large external transformation-sensitive glycoprotein (LETS) was performed on human cell hybrids and their respective normal and tumorigenic parental cell lines. The distribution of cell surface LETS protein in a series of cell lines was examined by both specific immunofluorescent staining and by gel electrophoresis of lactoperoxidase-catalyzed, iodinated cell surface proteins. The tumorigenicity of these cell lines was assayed in nude mice. Although the series of cell lines studied provided a broad spectrum of LETS protein expression, both quantitatively and qualitatively, there does not appear to be a correlation between tumorigenicity and decreased expression of the LETS protein. In a series of transformed, nontumorigenic hybrids, the LETS protein expression was found to be altered with respect to both decreased organizational complexity and decreased content. These hybrids continue to express a number of other transformed phenotypes. Conversely, a number of tumorigenic hybrids continue to express relatively high levels of LETS protein when compared with nontumorigenic hybrids. Thus an alteration in LETS protein expression by itself, or in concert with a spectrum of other transformation properties, does not appear to be a sufficient requirement for tumorigenicity and lends further support to an apparent separate control of the transformed versus tumorigenic phenotype.", "contents": "Lack of correlation between the decreased expression of cell surface LETS protein and tumorigenicity in human cell hybrids. An analysis of the correlation between tumorigenicity and the loss of expression of the large external transformation-sensitive glycoprotein (LETS) was performed on human cell hybrids and their respective normal and tumorigenic parental cell lines. The distribution of cell surface LETS protein in a series of cell lines was examined by both specific immunofluorescent staining and by gel electrophoresis of lactoperoxidase-catalyzed, iodinated cell surface proteins. The tumorigenicity of these cell lines was assayed in nude mice. Although the series of cell lines studied provided a broad spectrum of LETS protein expression, both quantitatively and qualitatively, there does not appear to be a correlation between tumorigenicity and decreased expression of the LETS protein. In a series of transformed, nontumorigenic hybrids, the LETS protein expression was found to be altered with respect to both decreased organizational complexity and decreased content. These hybrids continue to express a number of other transformed phenotypes. Conversely, a number of tumorigenic hybrids continue to express relatively high levels of LETS protein when compared with nontumorigenic hybrids. Thus an alteration in LETS protein expression by itself, or in concert with a spectrum of other transformation properties, does not appear to be a sufficient requirement for tumorigenicity and lends further support to an apparent separate control of the transformed versus tumorigenic phenotype.", "PMID": 728999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11933", "title": "The existence of an insoluble Z disc scaffold in chicken skeletal muscle.", "content": "Extraction of glycerinated chicken skeletal muscle with 0.6 M potassium iodide leaves a framework of insoluble components within each muscle fiber. This framework is composed primarily of planes of in-register Z discs that have been thickened by the accumulation of material on both sides of each disc during extraction. Membrane vesicles, presumably remnants of the T system, remain surrounding the Z discs. When the framework is sheared in a blender, it is preferentially cleaved between Z planes, resulting in the formation of large sheets of interconnected, closely packed Z discs in a honeycomb-like array. Cleavage occurs in regions formerly occupied by the A bands, which have been weakened by the removal of myosin. The existence and stability of these planar Z disc arrays demonstrate the presence and strength of connections between adjacent myofibrils. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reveals that this framework consists primarily of actin and desmin, with lesser amounts of a few proteins including alpha-actinin, myosin and tropomyosin. Z disc sheets and KI-extracted myofibrils provide a distinct face-on view and side view, respectively, of the Z disc. In indirect immunofluorescence, these two views have revealed that desmin is present at the periphery of each Z disc, forming a network of proteinaceous collars within the Z plane. alpha-Actinin is localized within each disc, giving a face-on fluorescence pattern that is complementary to that of desmin. Actin is present throughout the thickened Z plane, while myosin and tropomyosin exist only in the insoluble residue that coalesces on both faces of each disc. We conclude that desmin, perhaps in conjunction with actin, is responsible for interlinking Z discs of adjacent myofibrils, and may thus serve as a mechanical and structural integrator of muscle fibers. Its hydrophobic nature and coincident distribution with the T system suggest that it may also be responsible for mediating filament-membrane interactions and anchoring the triad to the Z disc. Its collar-like distribution suggests that it may aid in maintaining the structural integrity of the Z disc and the actin filaments inserted into it.", "contents": "The existence of an insoluble Z disc scaffold in chicken skeletal muscle. Extraction of glycerinated chicken skeletal muscle with 0.6 M potassium iodide leaves a framework of insoluble components within each muscle fiber. This framework is composed primarily of planes of in-register Z discs that have been thickened by the accumulation of material on both sides of each disc during extraction. Membrane vesicles, presumably remnants of the T system, remain surrounding the Z discs. When the framework is sheared in a blender, it is preferentially cleaved between Z planes, resulting in the formation of large sheets of interconnected, closely packed Z discs in a honeycomb-like array. Cleavage occurs in regions formerly occupied by the A bands, which have been weakened by the removal of myosin. The existence and stability of these planar Z disc arrays demonstrate the presence and strength of connections between adjacent myofibrils. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reveals that this framework consists primarily of actin and desmin, with lesser amounts of a few proteins including alpha-actinin, myosin and tropomyosin. Z disc sheets and KI-extracted myofibrils provide a distinct face-on view and side view, respectively, of the Z disc. In indirect immunofluorescence, these two views have revealed that desmin is present at the periphery of each Z disc, forming a network of proteinaceous collars within the Z plane. alpha-Actinin is localized within each disc, giving a face-on fluorescence pattern that is complementary to that of desmin. Actin is present throughout the thickened Z plane, while myosin and tropomyosin exist only in the insoluble residue that coalesces on both faces of each disc. We conclude that desmin, perhaps in conjunction with actin, is responsible for interlinking Z discs of adjacent myofibrils, and may thus serve as a mechanical and structural integrator of muscle fibers. Its hydrophobic nature and coincident distribution with the T system suggest that it may also be responsible for mediating filament-membrane interactions and anchoring the triad to the Z disc. Its collar-like distribution suggests that it may aid in maintaining the structural integrity of the Z disc and the actin filaments inserted into it.", "PMID": 729000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11934", "title": "Coincidence of the promoter and capped 5' terminus of RNA from the adenovirus 2 major late transcription unit.", "content": "During the late stage of adenovirus 2 infection, RNA chains are initiated at a site near coordinate 16 (Evans et al., 1977) and transcribed approximately 30,000 nucleotides to the far end of the genome at coordinate 100. Late mRNAs processed from these transcripts contain a common spliced tripartite leader (Berget, Moore and Sharp, 1977; Chow et al., 1977a) encoded at approximately 16, 20 and 27, and protein coding sequences which map downstream. This report maps the late promoter and the capped 5' end of nuclear and cytoplasmic RNAs from this transciption unit, and analyzes their structures. We show that nascent RNA chains pulse-labeled in vivo are initiated at coordinate 16.5 +/- 0.5 and contain the sequences intervening between the leader segments. We map the capped 5' terminus of late nuclear transcripts at a site between 16.4 and 16.6 by aligning T1 RNAase oligonucleotides from nuclear RNA with the DNA sequence of the promoter region. The structure of the first eleven residues of the capped 5' terminus of late mRNA was determined by direct RNA sequencing. This structure corresponds exactly to a DNA sequence at coordinate 16.4 and precisely positions the mRNA cap template within the promoter region. These results suggest that the promoter and the cap template sites are coincident, and that the initiating residues of the primary transcript are precursors of the capped 5' end of mRNA. Residues removed from transcripts by splicing were identified. These plus caps were detected in large polyadenylated nuclear RNA, indicating that capping and polyadenylation can occur on unspliced molecules. Residues retained in the mRNA first leader contain a nine residue sequence adjacent to the cap which is complementary to the 3' end of 18S rRNA, suggesting that the first leader functions in ribosome binding. Nucleotide sequences from the promoter region are compared with cellular counterparts. Strong homologies at cap sites and splice points suggest that for the noted cases, the virus and cell share closely related mechanisms for mRNA 5' end synthesis and splicing.", "contents": "Coincidence of the promoter and capped 5' terminus of RNA from the adenovirus 2 major late transcription unit. During the late stage of adenovirus 2 infection, RNA chains are initiated at a site near coordinate 16 (Evans et al., 1977) and transcribed approximately 30,000 nucleotides to the far end of the genome at coordinate 100. Late mRNAs processed from these transcripts contain a common spliced tripartite leader (Berget, Moore and Sharp, 1977; Chow et al., 1977a) encoded at approximately 16, 20 and 27, and protein coding sequences which map downstream. This report maps the late promoter and the capped 5' end of nuclear and cytoplasmic RNAs from this transciption unit, and analyzes their structures. We show that nascent RNA chains pulse-labeled in vivo are initiated at coordinate 16.5 +/- 0.5 and contain the sequences intervening between the leader segments. We map the capped 5' terminus of late nuclear transcripts at a site between 16.4 and 16.6 by aligning T1 RNAase oligonucleotides from nuclear RNA with the DNA sequence of the promoter region. The structure of the first eleven residues of the capped 5' terminus of late mRNA was determined by direct RNA sequencing. This structure corresponds exactly to a DNA sequence at coordinate 16.4 and precisely positions the mRNA cap template within the promoter region. These results suggest that the promoter and the cap template sites are coincident, and that the initiating residues of the primary transcript are precursors of the capped 5' end of mRNA. Residues removed from transcripts by splicing were identified. These plus caps were detected in large polyadenylated nuclear RNA, indicating that capping and polyadenylation can occur on unspliced molecules. Residues retained in the mRNA first leader contain a nine residue sequence adjacent to the cap which is complementary to the 3' end of 18S rRNA, suggesting that the first leader functions in ribosome binding. Nucleotide sequences from the promoter region are compared with cellular counterparts. Strong homologies at cap sites and splice points suggest that for the noted cases, the virus and cell share closely related mechanisms for mRNA 5' end synthesis and splicing.", "PMID": 729003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11935", "title": "Steps in the processing of Ad2 mRNA: poly(A)+ nuclear sequences are conserved and poly(A) addition precedes splicing.", "content": "The conservation of nuclear Ad2 sequences during nucleocytoplasmic transport has been estimated from the accumulation of 3H-uridine in nuclear and cytoplasmic Ad2-specific RNA from the major late transcription unit. From 10-28% is conserved of the total Ad2 nuclear RNA synthesized from each of five regions of the genome that specify groups of 3' co-terminal mRNAs. The sum of the conservation of all the regions was equivalent to 100%, signifying the conservation of at least a part of each transcript or all of about one fifth to one sixth of the transcripts. The conservation of poly(A)+ Ad2 nuclear RNA is about 4 times greater than of total Ad2 nuclear RNA, approaching 100% conservation of poly(A)+ nuclear sequences. Since each mRNA contains three \"spliced\" sequences that are probably encoded only once per transcript, these data on conservation of the Ad2 sequences suggest that each transcriptional event from the 16-99 transcription unit gives rise to one of a possible 13-14  mRNA molecules with destruction of the remainder of the transcribed RNA. The portion which is conserved resides next to the region to which which poly(A) is added. Three models for the choice of poly(A) sites were considered: termination at the poly(A) site, cleavage shortly after synthesis of one of the sites before transcription was complete, and cleavage after completion of transcription. The first model was ruled out by the demonstration of equimolar synthesis over the 16-99 region. The second model is strongly supported because 3H-uridine label appears equally rapidly in the time range 2-10 min in each of the five 3' poly(A) addition sites, whereas chain completion before cleavage would lead to a faster appearance of label in the most promoter-distal site. Furthermore, briefly labeled RNA molecules extending from 16 to each of several poly(A) addition sites were the first poly(A)- terminated 3H-uridine-labeled molecules detected, demonstrating that poly(A) addition precedes splicing. The choice of which mRNA emerges from each transcriptional event would appear to depend upon first choosing one of five 3' mRNA ends followed by a 5' splicing event.", "contents": "Steps in the processing of Ad2 mRNA: poly(A)+ nuclear sequences are conserved and poly(A) addition precedes splicing. The conservation of nuclear Ad2 sequences during nucleocytoplasmic transport has been estimated from the accumulation of 3H-uridine in nuclear and cytoplasmic Ad2-specific RNA from the major late transcription unit. From 10-28% is conserved of the total Ad2 nuclear RNA synthesized from each of five regions of the genome that specify groups of 3' co-terminal mRNAs. The sum of the conservation of all the regions was equivalent to 100%, signifying the conservation of at least a part of each transcript or all of about one fifth to one sixth of the transcripts. The conservation of poly(A)+ Ad2 nuclear RNA is about 4 times greater than of total Ad2 nuclear RNA, approaching 100% conservation of poly(A)+ nuclear sequences. Since each mRNA contains three \"spliced\" sequences that are probably encoded only once per transcript, these data on conservation of the Ad2 sequences suggest that each transcriptional event from the 16-99 transcription unit gives rise to one of a possible 13-14  mRNA molecules with destruction of the remainder of the transcribed RNA. The portion which is conserved resides next to the region to which which poly(A) is added. Three models for the choice of poly(A) sites were considered: termination at the poly(A) site, cleavage shortly after synthesis of one of the sites before transcription was complete, and cleavage after completion of transcription. The first model was ruled out by the demonstration of equimolar synthesis over the 16-99 region. The second model is strongly supported because 3H-uridine label appears equally rapidly in the time range 2-10 min in each of the five 3' poly(A) addition sites, whereas chain completion before cleavage would lead to a faster appearance of label in the most promoter-distal site. Furthermore, briefly labeled RNA molecules extending from 16 to each of several poly(A) addition sites were the first poly(A)- terminated 3H-uridine-labeled molecules detected, demonstrating that poly(A) addition precedes splicing. The choice of which mRNA emerges from each transcriptional event would appear to depend upon first choosing one of five 3' mRNA ends followed by a 5' splicing event.", "PMID": 729004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11936", "title": "Size distribution and maturation of newly replicated DNA through the S and G2 phases of Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "The size distribution of newly made DNA and the dynamics of size maturation of progeny DNA molecules were studied in the synchronous S and G2 phases of Physarum polycephalum. Pulse labeling of DNA and analysis of the products on alkaline sucrose gradients showed that synthesis of primary replication units (which will also be referred to as \"Okazaki\" fragments) occurred throughout the S period. Pulse and pulse-chase experiments revealed a distinct pattern of size maturation. An apparently linear increase in molecular weight of progeny DNA molecules during the first hour of the S phase occurred at a rate of approximately 4-5 X 10(5) daltons per min at 26 degrees C, corresponding to the joining of 6-8 Okazaki fragments. The resulting 35-45S (1.1-2.2 X 10(7) daltons) DNA molecules may correspond to the Physarum \"replicon.\" The further size increases of the newly made DNA appear to occur in steps, possibly reflecting a clustering of isochronous replicons along the chromatide. These observations are discussed with regard to mechanisms of DNA replication and size maturation.", "contents": "Size distribution and maturation of newly replicated DNA through the S and G2 phases of Physarum polycephalum. The size distribution of newly made DNA and the dynamics of size maturation of progeny DNA molecules were studied in the synchronous S and G2 phases of Physarum polycephalum. Pulse labeling of DNA and analysis of the products on alkaline sucrose gradients showed that synthesis of primary replication units (which will also be referred to as \"Okazaki\" fragments) occurred throughout the S period. Pulse and pulse-chase experiments revealed a distinct pattern of size maturation. An apparently linear increase in molecular weight of progeny DNA molecules during the first hour of the S phase occurred at a rate of approximately 4-5 X 10(5) daltons per min at 26 degrees C, corresponding to the joining of 6-8 Okazaki fragments. The resulting 35-45S (1.1-2.2 X 10(7) daltons) DNA molecules may correspond to the Physarum \"replicon.\" The further size increases of the newly made DNA appear to occur in steps, possibly reflecting a clustering of isochronous replicons along the chromatide. These observations are discussed with regard to mechanisms of DNA replication and size maturation.", "PMID": 729005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11937", "title": "[Bladder neck urethral obstructions of neurogenic bladder in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The study of 62 bladder neck and urethral obstructions among 210 neurogenic bladder in children, allow to give an urologic definition, corroborated by urodynamic exploration.--28 boys show lesions of external sphincer as described in traumatic paraplegia in adult. The treatment in external sphincterotomy: by perineal approach (5 cases : 1 success--4 failures), or retropubic (3 cases : 2 successes--1 failure) and mainly endoscopic (12 successes over 21 primary resections, and 8 successes over 10 repeated interventions). The results are given according to the obstruction, the continence and urinary upper tract. Ureteroneocystostomy il allowed by obstruction release. The pathogeny of obstruction is discussed according to the paralysis of the sphincter, as well as the therapy with the comparison between sphincterotomy and self-catheterism.--34 girls present 3 kinds of obstruction;--bladder neck dysectasia (5 cases) with obvious radiologic findings: YV plasty was done with in 2 cases ureteroneocystostomy;--posterior downfall of the bladder where intermittent catheterization provides excellent results;--pure urethral obstruction is also observed, like in boy's external sphincter lesion. Various types of therapy are discussed, specialy TV plasty extented to the urethral meatus, but in girls the intermittent catheterization which respects continence and which can be associated to an ureteroneocystostomy or a pharmacologic therapy is at present the most appropriate method.", "contents": "[Bladder neck urethral obstructions of neurogenic bladder in children (author's transl)]. The study of 62 bladder neck and urethral obstructions among 210 neurogenic bladder in children, allow to give an urologic definition, corroborated by urodynamic exploration.--28 boys show lesions of external sphincer as described in traumatic paraplegia in adult. The treatment in external sphincterotomy: by perineal approach (5 cases : 1 success--4 failures), or retropubic (3 cases : 2 successes--1 failure) and mainly endoscopic (12 successes over 21 primary resections, and 8 successes over 10 repeated interventions). The results are given according to the obstruction, the continence and urinary upper tract. Ureteroneocystostomy il allowed by obstruction release. The pathogeny of obstruction is discussed according to the paralysis of the sphincter, as well as the therapy with the comparison between sphincterotomy and self-catheterism.--34 girls present 3 kinds of obstruction;--bladder neck dysectasia (5 cases) with obvious radiologic findings: YV plasty was done with in 2 cases ureteroneocystostomy;--posterior downfall of the bladder where intermittent catheterization provides excellent results;--pure urethral obstruction is also observed, like in boy's external sphincter lesion. Various types of therapy are discussed, specialy TV plasty extented to the urethral meatus, but in girls the intermittent catheterization which respects continence and which can be associated to an ureteroneocystostomy or a pharmacologic therapy is at present the most appropriate method.", "PMID": 729132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11938", "title": "[Hirschsprung disease. (Except total forms) (author's transl)].", "content": "This panel discussion was considered for paediatricians attending a specialisation conference. The study eliminates total colonictypes. The first part is devoted to clinical study of symptoms in neonates and enterocolitis. Two different types are advocated, due to different aetiologies : The first to obstruction. The second one to Schwartzman reaction similar as Necrotizing enterocolitis of the premature baby. The second part analyzes the methods of diagnosis. No discussion about pathology and X. Ray. Pellerin trust mainly pressure studies, while Carcassonne never operates on a cases without a biopsy, even if the manometry, is positive. About biopsy he used for 4 years now, the Helen Noblett device with great confidence. Polonovski discusses the differential diagnosis with so called pseudo and false Hirschprung. The third part gives the different trends of the authors in matter of treatment: --Pellerin studies the indications for nursing, while Jaubert analyses his series of Colostomies. -- The curative procedures are shortly discussed : Pellerin using the Swenson-Pellerin procedure, Jauber spliting himself between Senson and Soave, Carcassone using Swenson. Two series of immediate and late results are assessed that prove an improvement of the results with the experience of the surgeons.", "contents": "[Hirschsprung disease. (Except total forms) (author's transl)]. This panel discussion was considered for paediatricians attending a specialisation conference. The study eliminates total colonictypes. The first part is devoted to clinical study of symptoms in neonates and enterocolitis. Two different types are advocated, due to different aetiologies : The first to obstruction. The second one to Schwartzman reaction similar as Necrotizing enterocolitis of the premature baby. The second part analyzes the methods of diagnosis. No discussion about pathology and X. Ray. Pellerin trust mainly pressure studies, while Carcassonne never operates on a cases without a biopsy, even if the manometry, is positive. About biopsy he used for 4 years now, the Helen Noblett device with great confidence. Polonovski discusses the differential diagnosis with so called pseudo and false Hirschprung. The third part gives the different trends of the authors in matter of treatment: --Pellerin studies the indications for nursing, while Jaubert analyses his series of Colostomies. -- The curative procedures are shortly discussed : Pellerin using the Swenson-Pellerin procedure, Jauber spliting himself between Senson and Soave, Carcassone using Swenson. Two series of immediate and late results are assessed that prove an improvement of the results with the experience of the surgeons.", "PMID": 729134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11939", "title": "Plasma ADP levels: direct determination with luciferase luminescence using a biometer.", "content": "A method is described for the determination of low plasma levels of adenosine-5'-diphosphate (ADP) using a Dupont Biometer to measure luminescence produced by the luciferin-luciferase reaction. Endogenous ATP is removed by incubation with luciferase. The remaining ADP is then quantitated, following its conversion to ATP, after incubation with creatine phosphate and creatine kinase. The mean coefficient of variation for 0.02 and 2.2 micromol/liter ADP standards were 2.1 and 1.8% respectively. The method has been applied to human and rabbit plasma. Human plasma ADP concentrations were found to be 0.13 +/- 0.025 (10) micromol/liter and rabbit plasma concentration were 0.07 +/- 0.05 (5) micromol/liter. Several other possible applications of the method are discussed.", "contents": "Plasma ADP levels: direct determination with luciferase luminescence using a biometer. A method is described for the determination of low plasma levels of adenosine-5'-diphosphate (ADP) using a Dupont Biometer to measure luminescence produced by the luciferin-luciferase reaction. Endogenous ATP is removed by incubation with luciferase. The remaining ADP is then quantitated, following its conversion to ATP, after incubation with creatine phosphate and creatine kinase. The mean coefficient of variation for 0.02 and 2.2 micromol/liter ADP standards were 2.1 and 1.8% respectively. The method has been applied to human and rabbit plasma. Human plasma ADP concentrations were found to be 0.13 +/- 0.025 (10) micromol/liter and rabbit plasma concentration were 0.07 +/- 0.05 (5) micromol/liter. Several other possible applications of the method are discussed.", "PMID": 729160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11940", "title": "Regression analysis in interlaboratory surveys: a case study with cholesterol and triglycerides.", "content": "1. A new interlaboratory survey design, that uses regression analysis to compare results from each laboratory with target values, was tested using cholesterol and triglyceride analyses. The fifty New Zealand laboratories involved showed considerable interlaboratory variation (CV = 8% to 27% for cholesterol, 13% to 113% for triglycerides), 30% and 40% of which was associated with systematic differences between laboratories. 2. End-of-period summaries using regression analysis confirmed the presence of systematic errors. These were either simple types caused apparently by incorrect standardisation (regression slope, B not equal to 1.0) or inappropriate blank correction (intercept, A not equal to zero) or complex types presumably due to nonlinearity or nonspecificity. Graphical display of results from each laboratory aided fault diagnosis and allowed the detection of between-run standardisation differences. 3. Method comparison studies were made: the only highly significant result being lower precision achieved by enzymatic cholesterol methods compared with other colorimetric methods.", "contents": "Regression analysis in interlaboratory surveys: a case study with cholesterol and triglycerides. 1. A new interlaboratory survey design, that uses regression analysis to compare results from each laboratory with target values, was tested using cholesterol and triglyceride analyses. The fifty New Zealand laboratories involved showed considerable interlaboratory variation (CV = 8% to 27% for cholesterol, 13% to 113% for triglycerides), 30% and 40% of which was associated with systematic differences between laboratories. 2. End-of-period summaries using regression analysis confirmed the presence of systematic errors. These were either simple types caused apparently by incorrect standardisation (regression slope, B not equal to 1.0) or inappropriate blank correction (intercept, A not equal to zero) or complex types presumably due to nonlinearity or nonspecificity. Graphical display of results from each laboratory aided fault diagnosis and allowed the detection of between-run standardisation differences. 3. Method comparison studies were made: the only highly significant result being lower precision achieved by enzymatic cholesterol methods compared with other colorimetric methods.", "PMID": 729161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11941", "title": "The significance of the MB isoenzyme in patients with acute cardiovascular disease with a normal or borderline total CPK activity.", "content": "CPK MB isoenzymes were qualitatively identified using an electrophoresis method in 166 patients with acute cardiovascular disease during a six month period. Forty-three had total CPK activity in the normal or borderline range (0--75 U/Liter at the time the MB isoenzyme was first identified. Fifteen of these patients were diagnosed as having had a new acute myocardinal infarction (Group I) and another 15 as having had an old myocardial infarction (Group II). Diagnosis was based on electrocardiographic changes or autopsy findings. The remaining 13 patients were classified as \"ischemic heart disease\" (Group III) in the absence of strict electrocardiographic criteria or autopsy evidence of myocardial infarction. Nine of the 15 patients in Group I subsequently had elevations of their total CPK activity above 75 U/L. In contrast the total CPK activity of only one patient from Group II and Group III subsequently exceeded 75 U/liter. All 43 patients had evidence of cardiovascular disease. Our findings suggest that the detection of MB isoenzyme in the presence of a normal total CPK activity is a significant laboratory finding and is indicative of cardiac myofiber injury.", "contents": "The significance of the MB isoenzyme in patients with acute cardiovascular disease with a normal or borderline total CPK activity. CPK MB isoenzymes were qualitatively identified using an electrophoresis method in 166 patients with acute cardiovascular disease during a six month period. Forty-three had total CPK activity in the normal or borderline range (0--75 U/Liter at the time the MB isoenzyme was first identified. Fifteen of these patients were diagnosed as having had a new acute myocardinal infarction (Group I) and another 15 as having had an old myocardial infarction (Group II). Diagnosis was based on electrocardiographic changes or autopsy findings. The remaining 13 patients were classified as \"ischemic heart disease\" (Group III) in the absence of strict electrocardiographic criteria or autopsy evidence of myocardial infarction. Nine of the 15 patients in Group I subsequently had elevations of their total CPK activity above 75 U/L. In contrast the total CPK activity of only one patient from Group II and Group III subsequently exceeded 75 U/liter. All 43 patients had evidence of cardiovascular disease. Our findings suggest that the detection of MB isoenzyme in the presence of a normal total CPK activity is a significant laboratory finding and is indicative of cardiac myofiber injury.", "PMID": 729162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11942", "title": "A high pressure liquid chromatographic determination of p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid and its comparison to a GLC and an ultra violet spectrophotometric method.", "content": "A rapid and reliable method for the determination of clofibric acid in serum using high pressure liquid chromatography has been elaborated and compared to a GLC and UV spectophotometric procedure. The limit of detection of the method is 0.3 micrograms/ml.", "contents": "A high pressure liquid chromatographic determination of p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid and its comparison to a GLC and an ultra violet spectrophotometric method. A rapid and reliable method for the determination of clofibric acid in serum using high pressure liquid chromatography has been elaborated and compared to a GLC and UV spectophotometric procedure. The limit of detection of the method is 0.3 micrograms/ml.", "PMID": 729163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11943", "title": "Quantitative determination of thiazides in urine by a sensitive colorimetric method.", "content": "Chloriothiazide and hydrochlorothiazide may be determined in urine by the Bratton-Marshall reaction after extracting with ethyl acetate and treating the extract with Florisil. Such treatment reduces the background color of the urine sample and eliminates interferences. The modified procedure is thus sensitive enough to determine both drugs in 24 hour urine specimens from patients receiving therapeutic doses orally.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of thiazides in urine by a sensitive colorimetric method. Chloriothiazide and hydrochlorothiazide may be determined in urine by the Bratton-Marshall reaction after extracting with ethyl acetate and treating the extract with Florisil. Such treatment reduces the background color of the urine sample and eliminates interferences. The modified procedure is thus sensitive enough to determine both drugs in 24 hour urine specimens from patients receiving therapeutic doses orally.", "PMID": 729164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11944", "title": "[Amylase isoenzyme analysis in an amylase-producing tumour (author's transl)].", "content": "The plasma and pulmonary tumour are studied in a patient with lung metastasis. An abnormal and neuraminidase-sensible isoenzyme is noted both in plasma and tumour. Homogenates obtained from the tumour by two different mechanic disruption procedures denote an easier liberation for the salivary type isoenzymes than for pancreatic types. It is suggested that the salivary enzymes are synthesized in the cytoplasm during many inflammatory processes and secreted without cellular necrosis.", "contents": "[Amylase isoenzyme analysis in an amylase-producing tumour (author's transl)]. The plasma and pulmonary tumour are studied in a patient with lung metastasis. An abnormal and neuraminidase-sensible isoenzyme is noted both in plasma and tumour. Homogenates obtained from the tumour by two different mechanic disruption procedures denote an easier liberation for the salivary type isoenzymes than for pancreatic types. It is suggested that the salivary enzymes are synthesized in the cytoplasm during many inflammatory processes and secreted without cellular necrosis.", "PMID": 729168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11945", "title": "Automated measurement of urinary proteins.", "content": "We have investigated the automation of the trichloroacetic acid turbidometric method for the estimation of urinary proteins using a standard centrifugal analyser. Conditions of temperature, trichloroacetic acid concentration, sample and reagent volumes have been examined. The method requires 10 microliter of urine sample and results have been shown to be linear to 2.0 g per litre with undiluted specimens; higher levels of protein require dilution of the urine samples to obtain greater accuracy. The coefficient of variation at a level of 0.5 g per litre is 3.5% and at 1.0 g per litre is 1.3%; recoveries ranged from 98.9 to 108%. The estimation of urinary protein in 29 samples may be carried out in 5 min.", "contents": "Automated measurement of urinary proteins. We have investigated the automation of the trichloroacetic acid turbidometric method for the estimation of urinary proteins using a standard centrifugal analyser. Conditions of temperature, trichloroacetic acid concentration, sample and reagent volumes have been examined. The method requires 10 microliter of urine sample and results have been shown to be linear to 2.0 g per litre with undiluted specimens; higher levels of protein require dilution of the urine samples to obtain greater accuracy. The coefficient of variation at a level of 0.5 g per litre is 3.5% and at 1.0 g per litre is 1.3%; recoveries ranged from 98.9 to 108%. The estimation of urinary protein in 29 samples may be carried out in 5 min.", "PMID": 729169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11946", "title": "Serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Serial serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activities were determined in 32 patients admitted to the Coronary Care Unit with chest pain, 9 with acute myocardial infarction and 23 with other diagnoses. The values of DBH were elevated in both groups on day one. The acute myocardial infarction group showed a slower decline and reached a baseline plateau at day five when compared to the control group whose values fell significantly by day two. The reason for the quantitative difference between the two groups is speculative and may be related to changes in plasma volume. Increases in DBH are not specific for myocardial infarction but a nonspecific responses to stress.", "contents": "Serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity in acute myocardial infarction. Serial serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activities were determined in 32 patients admitted to the Coronary Care Unit with chest pain, 9 with acute myocardial infarction and 23 with other diagnoses. The values of DBH were elevated in both groups on day one. The acute myocardial infarction group showed a slower decline and reached a baseline plateau at day five when compared to the control group whose values fell significantly by day two. The reason for the quantitative difference between the two groups is speculative and may be related to changes in plasma volume. Increases in DBH are not specific for myocardial infarction but a nonspecific responses to stress.", "PMID": 729170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11947", "title": "Focal cerebral dysrhythmia--presenting as headache: report of a case.", "content": "A 14 year old girl developed persistent headache of 6 weeks duration, which she described as a feeling of pressure, accompanied by dizziness, nausea and vomiting. Her EEG showed focal slow waves arising from the right temporo-occipital region. All other investigations were negative. Other medication was ineffective but she responded well to standard anticonvulsant therapy, and her EEG abnormality became minimal. In a case with focal slowing and pain and other handicapping symptoms, which do not respond to other remedies, a trial of antiepileptic medication is indicated even in the absence of clinical seizures and/or EEG evidence of seizure activity.", "contents": "Focal cerebral dysrhythmia--presenting as headache: report of a case. A 14 year old girl developed persistent headache of 6 weeks duration, which she described as a feeling of pressure, accompanied by dizziness, nausea and vomiting. Her EEG showed focal slow waves arising from the right temporo-occipital region. All other investigations were negative. Other medication was ineffective but she responded well to standard anticonvulsant therapy, and her EEG abnormality became minimal. In a case with focal slowing and pain and other handicapping symptoms, which do not respond to other remedies, a trial of antiepileptic medication is indicated even in the absence of clinical seizures and/or EEG evidence of seizure activity.", "PMID": 729171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11948", "title": "EEG changes and serum cortisol levels in cushing's syndrome.", "content": "Thirty-three patients with Cushing's syndrome had baseline serum cortisol levels and EEG's prior to medical treatment. The EEG's were often normal or showed minor abnormalities consisting of mild slowing and disorganization of background activity, excessive fast activity, and minor paroxysmal changes with sharp waves and some small spike-waves. Of 30 not having intracranial tumors there was a general trend toward worsening of the EEG with increased serum cortisol levels.", "contents": "EEG changes and serum cortisol levels in cushing's syndrome. Thirty-three patients with Cushing's syndrome had baseline serum cortisol levels and EEG's prior to medical treatment. The EEG's were often normal or showed minor abnormalities consisting of mild slowing and disorganization of background activity, excessive fast activity, and minor paroxysmal changes with sharp waves and some small spike-waves. Of 30 not having intracranial tumors there was a general trend toward worsening of the EEG with increased serum cortisol levels.", "PMID": 729172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11949", "title": "Combined activation of the EEG with brietal and pentetrazol.", "content": "A group of 101 activations with Brietal and Pentetrazol are reported. Although Brietal proved to be of value in the investigation of all forms of epilepsy, with 55% positive results, there remained groups of patients in whom there was still a call for greater diagnostic precision. Pentetrazol was tried in 21 of these patients with 66% positive activation. It was found that the two agents together were successful in 72% of the patients. Both also add valuable negative evidence in suspected functional fits.", "contents": "Combined activation of the EEG with brietal and pentetrazol. A group of 101 activations with Brietal and Pentetrazol are reported. Although Brietal proved to be of value in the investigation of all forms of epilepsy, with 55% positive results, there remained groups of patients in whom there was still a call for greater diagnostic precision. Pentetrazol was tried in 21 of these patients with 66% positive activation. It was found that the two agents together were successful in 72% of the patients. Both also add valuable negative evidence in suspected functional fits.", "PMID": 729175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11950", "title": "The usefulness of routine electrocardiographic monitoring in the EEG laboratory.", "content": "In two groups of 500 unselected general hospital patients, EKG abnormalities were found in the EEG lab in 7% and 18.6%. While the most common abnormality was premature ventricular contractions, a wide variety of serious and minor abnormalities were seen, in some instances of emergent nature. Cardiac disease was unsuspected in around 40% of these patients and confirmed in a majority of these when looked for. Depending on the EKG abnormality, hyperventilation was shown to have an adverse effect 9--50% of the time in patients with normal EKG's, it tended to produce an increase of heart rate, but this was not invariant and the change in heart rate was not related to air exchange or EEG change. It is easy for any EEG laboratory to record EKG with existing equipment, and the results of this study suggest that it should be incorporated as a routine procedure. Moreover, the data indicated that hyperventilation is not necessarily a benign procedure. It should be undertaken only after control EKG recordings and assessment of the patient's cardiac status, and performed with EKG monitoring.", "contents": "The usefulness of routine electrocardiographic monitoring in the EEG laboratory. In two groups of 500 unselected general hospital patients, EKG abnormalities were found in the EEG lab in 7% and 18.6%. While the most common abnormality was premature ventricular contractions, a wide variety of serious and minor abnormalities were seen, in some instances of emergent nature. Cardiac disease was unsuspected in around 40% of these patients and confirmed in a majority of these when looked for. Depending on the EKG abnormality, hyperventilation was shown to have an adverse effect 9--50% of the time in patients with normal EKG's, it tended to produce an increase of heart rate, but this was not invariant and the change in heart rate was not related to air exchange or EEG change. It is easy for any EEG laboratory to record EKG with existing equipment, and the results of this study suggest that it should be incorporated as a routine procedure. Moreover, the data indicated that hyperventilation is not necessarily a benign procedure. It should be undertaken only after control EKG recordings and assessment of the patient's cardiac status, and performed with EKG monitoring.", "PMID": 729176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11951", "title": "The K-complex in thalamic depth recordings.", "content": "K-complexes were recorded from the thalamus in a patient having stereotaxic surgery for intractable stump pain. Two insertions were performed, one in the lateral and the other in the medial thalamus. It was found that, (1) very prominent K-complex activity was present at the depth electrode with relatively meager representation of these forms at the scalp; (2) the trailing spindle component of the K-complex was well displayed on the scalp, but the sharp and slow components were not readily visible in the scalp recordings, suggesting a multiple system response; (3) insertion into the lateral thalamus revealed much K-complex activity in contrast to the relatively little amount found with the insertion into the medial thalamus. These findings support earlier hypotheses of a subcortical origin, and specifically thalamic participation, in the K-complex formations.", "contents": "The K-complex in thalamic depth recordings. K-complexes were recorded from the thalamus in a patient having stereotaxic surgery for intractable stump pain. Two insertions were performed, one in the lateral and the other in the medial thalamus. It was found that, (1) very prominent K-complex activity was present at the depth electrode with relatively meager representation of these forms at the scalp; (2) the trailing spindle component of the K-complex was well displayed on the scalp, but the sharp and slow components were not readily visible in the scalp recordings, suggesting a multiple system response; (3) insertion into the lateral thalamus revealed much K-complex activity in contrast to the relatively little amount found with the insertion into the medial thalamus. These findings support earlier hypotheses of a subcortical origin, and specifically thalamic participation, in the K-complex formations.", "PMID": 729177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11952", "title": "Carbamazepine as a substitute treatment of single and compound seizures.", "content": "Carbamazepine is a suitable substitute for phenobarbital, primidone, and phenytoin, alone or in combination, when used in the treatment of generalized tonic-clonic or partial epilepsy. Seventy-five percent of 19 patients successfully transferred to carbamazepine and clinically their seizures were at least as well controlled during 18 months of observation. Carbamazepine, alone, is not a satisfactory substitute for drug combinations used in the treatment of compound epilepsy. Fifty percent of 18 patients were successfully transferred to carbamazepine but few of them were significantly improved during the 24 month follow-up. The gradual replacement of standard anticonvulsants with carbamazepine can be accomplished without seizure exacerbation, often with improved control and patient satisfaction. Unfavorable reactions usually are brief, provided serum levels are established between 5 and 12 micrograms/ml.", "contents": "Carbamazepine as a substitute treatment of single and compound seizures. Carbamazepine is a suitable substitute for phenobarbital, primidone, and phenytoin, alone or in combination, when used in the treatment of generalized tonic-clonic or partial epilepsy. Seventy-five percent of 19 patients successfully transferred to carbamazepine and clinically their seizures were at least as well controlled during 18 months of observation. Carbamazepine, alone, is not a satisfactory substitute for drug combinations used in the treatment of compound epilepsy. Fifty percent of 18 patients were successfully transferred to carbamazepine but few of them were significantly improved during the 24 month follow-up. The gradual replacement of standard anticonvulsants with carbamazepine can be accomplished without seizure exacerbation, often with improved control and patient satisfaction. Unfavorable reactions usually are brief, provided serum levels are established between 5 and 12 micrograms/ml.", "PMID": 729178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11953", "title": "Hormonal correlates of normal and abnormal follicle growth after puberty in humans and other primates.", "content": "After the menarche, changing levels of gonadotrophins, prolactin and sex steroid hormones in peripheral blood are accompanied by ovulation and corpus luteum formation in one follicle, and atresia in the remaining follicles maturing during each menstrual cycle. Available evidence suggests that blood levels of steroid hormones reflect in large part the secretory activity of the ovary containing a pre-ovulatory follicle and most probably of that follicle itself (see Chapter 6). These steroid secretions and those of the corpus luteum coordinate hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian function. Within the ovary, sex steroid hormones mediate effects of gonadotrophins and prolactin on follicle maturation and participate in determining the fate of individual follicles.", "contents": "Hormonal correlates of normal and abnormal follicle growth after puberty in humans and other primates. After the menarche, changing levels of gonadotrophins, prolactin and sex steroid hormones in peripheral blood are accompanied by ovulation and corpus luteum formation in one follicle, and atresia in the remaining follicles maturing during each menstrual cycle. Available evidence suggests that blood levels of steroid hormones reflect in large part the secretory activity of the ovary containing a pre-ovulatory follicle and most probably of that follicle itself (see Chapter 6). These steroid secretions and those of the corpus luteum coordinate hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian function. Within the ovary, sex steroid hormones mediate effects of gonadotrophins and prolactin on follicle maturation and participate in determining the fate of individual follicles.", "PMID": 729195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11954", "title": "A dominantly inherited form of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita with unusual dermatoglyphics.", "content": "A father and daughter with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita and similar dermatoglyphic patterns are described. No evidence was found of chromosomal abnormality, neuropathy or myopathy, and there were no other affected family members. The findings are compatible with autosomal dominant inheritance.", "contents": "A dominantly inherited form of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita with unusual dermatoglyphics. A father and daughter with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita and similar dermatoglyphic patterns are described. No evidence was found of chromosomal abnormality, neuropathy or myopathy, and there were no other affected family members. The findings are compatible with autosomal dominant inheritance.", "PMID": 729196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11955", "title": "The dermatoglyphic pattern of the trisomy 10p syndrome.", "content": "Dermatoglyphic findings are reported for six members of a family in which two patients have partial trisomy for the short arm of chromosome 10(p13 leads to pter) and there are two unaffected carriers of the balanced translocation t(5;10)(p15;p13). The patterns are compared with those of nine other published cases of trisomy 10p. The following dermatoglyphic features appear to be characteristic for the trisomy 10p syndrome: frequent whorls and a high total ridge count on the finger prints and on the palms, C-lines terminating in space 11 (2nd interdigitum), B-lines terminating in space 9(3rd interdigitum), axial triradii t'', high atd angles, abnormal creases on the palms and soles, and general dysplasia of the papillary ridges.", "contents": "The dermatoglyphic pattern of the trisomy 10p syndrome. Dermatoglyphic findings are reported for six members of a family in which two patients have partial trisomy for the short arm of chromosome 10(p13 leads to pter) and there are two unaffected carriers of the balanced translocation t(5;10)(p15;p13). The patterns are compared with those of nine other published cases of trisomy 10p. The following dermatoglyphic features appear to be characteristic for the trisomy 10p syndrome: frequent whorls and a high total ridge count on the finger prints and on the palms, C-lines terminating in space 11 (2nd interdigitum), B-lines terminating in space 9(3rd interdigitum), axial triradii t'', high atd angles, abnormal creases on the palms and soles, and general dysplasia of the papillary ridges.", "PMID": 729197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11956", "title": "Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs.", "content": "A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver. This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.", "contents": "Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs. A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver. This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.", "PMID": 729198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11957", "title": "Urinary tract malformation in the XYY male.", "content": "Phenotypic expression of the 47,XYY chromosome complement in man has been investigated mostly in terms of the central nervous system. Evidence is presented here to suggest that urinary tract malformation may  be a component of the XYY syndrome; this should be taken into account when counselling parents of children with this chromosome anomaly, and in making decisions when an affected foetus is diagnosed antenatally.", "contents": "Urinary tract malformation in the XYY male. Phenotypic expression of the 47,XYY chromosome complement in man has been investigated mostly in terms of the central nervous system. Evidence is presented here to suggest that urinary tract malformation may  be a component of the XYY syndrome; this should be taken into account when counselling parents of children with this chromosome anomaly, and in making decisions when an affected foetus is diagnosed antenatally.", "PMID": 729200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11958", "title": "The effects of sympatholytic drugs on the cardiovascular response to tilting in anaesthetized cats.", "content": "1. Using cats anaesthetized with chloralose and urethane, comparison was made of the abilities of several antihypertensive and sympatholytic drugs to lower systemic blood pressure, and to depress the compensatory cardiovascular responses to bilateral carotid occlusion and to 45 degrees head-up tilting. Similar comparisons were also made of the effects of these drugs on the perfusion pressure of the vascularly isolated autoperfused hindquarters, and the response of this to carotid occlusion and tilting. The effects of bilateral vagotomy and haemorrhage on these responses were also studied. 2. It was found that hypotensive doses of both bretylium and guanethidine (3.0 mg/kg, i.v.) markedly depressed the ability of cats to restore their systemic blood pressure and to constrict their hindquarters vasculature during tilting. Both drugs depressed the carotid occlusion reflex in the systemic, but not in the hindquarters, circulation. Neither propranolol, 2.0 mg/kg, i.v., nor bilaterial vagotomy had any effect on these parameters and haemorrhage sufficient to cause marked hypotension was without effect on the systemic responses to carotid occlusion or tilting. 3. Clonidine (1.0, 5.0 and 25 microgram/kg, i.v.), xylazine (62.5, 125 and 250 microgram/kg, i.v.) and reserpine (0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg, i.v.) all caused considerable hypotension but had no effect on the response to tilting of the systemic circulation, apart from somewhat prolonging recovering time. The highest dose of clonidine moderately depressed the hindquarters perfusion pressure, and the response of this to tilting. 4. Clonidine (5.0 and 25 microgram/kg, i.v.) and xylazine (125 and 250 microgram/kg, i.v.) depressed the systemic pressor responses elicited by the ganglion stimulants DMPP and McN-A-343. This may indicate that the ability of clonidine to prolong the pressure recovery during tilt may be due to impaired peripheral sympathetic transmission. 5. It is concluded that drugs which significantly reduce the compensatory pressure reponses to tilting in anaesthetized cats may also cause postural disturbances in man, whilst drugs which merely prolong the period required for pressure compensation seem much less likely to cause serious clinical impairment of orthostatic reflexes. It appears that the cardiovascular response to bilateral carotid occlusion may not provide a good index of the integrity of orthostatic reflexes.", "contents": "The effects of sympatholytic drugs on the cardiovascular response to tilting in anaesthetized cats. 1. Using cats anaesthetized with chloralose and urethane, comparison was made of the abilities of several antihypertensive and sympatholytic drugs to lower systemic blood pressure, and to depress the compensatory cardiovascular responses to bilateral carotid occlusion and to 45 degrees head-up tilting. Similar comparisons were also made of the effects of these drugs on the perfusion pressure of the vascularly isolated autoperfused hindquarters, and the response of this to carotid occlusion and tilting. The effects of bilateral vagotomy and haemorrhage on these responses were also studied. 2. It was found that hypotensive doses of both bretylium and guanethidine (3.0 mg/kg, i.v.) markedly depressed the ability of cats to restore their systemic blood pressure and to constrict their hindquarters vasculature during tilting. Both drugs depressed the carotid occlusion reflex in the systemic, but not in the hindquarters, circulation. Neither propranolol, 2.0 mg/kg, i.v., nor bilaterial vagotomy had any effect on these parameters and haemorrhage sufficient to cause marked hypotension was without effect on the systemic responses to carotid occlusion or tilting. 3. Clonidine (1.0, 5.0 and 25 microgram/kg, i.v.), xylazine (62.5, 125 and 250 microgram/kg, i.v.) and reserpine (0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg, i.v.) all caused considerable hypotension but had no effect on the response to tilting of the systemic circulation, apart from somewhat prolonging recovering time. The highest dose of clonidine moderately depressed the hindquarters perfusion pressure, and the response of this to tilting. 4. Clonidine (5.0 and 25 microgram/kg, i.v.) and xylazine (125 and 250 microgram/kg, i.v.) depressed the systemic pressor responses elicited by the ganglion stimulants DMPP and McN-A-343. This may indicate that the ability of clonidine to prolong the pressure recovery during tilt may be due to impaired peripheral sympathetic transmission. 5. It is concluded that drugs which significantly reduce the compensatory pressure reponses to tilting in anaesthetized cats may also cause postural disturbances in man, whilst drugs which merely prolong the period required for pressure compensation seem much less likely to cause serious clinical impairment of orthostatic reflexes. It appears that the cardiovascular response to bilateral carotid occlusion may not provide a good index of the integrity of orthostatic reflexes.", "PMID": 729202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11959", "title": "Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in sheep.", "content": "1. The methodology for measurement of angiotensin I in whole blood is described. 2. Angiotensin I was measured in arterial and venous blood samples from sodium-loaded, sodium-replete and sodium-depleted sheep. Venous blood concentrations were higher than arterial angiotensin I concentrations. Arterial angiotensin I concentrations increased with increasing sodium deficiency. 3. Angiotensin II was infused into six sodium-replete sheep, the blood concentrations of angiotensin II measured and the metabolic clearance rates calculated. The average value was 121 +/- 21 1/h. 4. Angiotensin I was then infused into these sheep and arterial and venous blood concentrations of angiotensins I and II determined. From this data and the metabolic clearance rate of angiotensin II, the degree of conversion of angiotensin I to II was calculated. The values varied in different sheep from 54 +/- 2% to 105 +/- 6% (n = 6).", "contents": "Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in sheep. 1. The methodology for measurement of angiotensin I in whole blood is described. 2. Angiotensin I was measured in arterial and venous blood samples from sodium-loaded, sodium-replete and sodium-depleted sheep. Venous blood concentrations were higher than arterial angiotensin I concentrations. Arterial angiotensin I concentrations increased with increasing sodium deficiency. 3. Angiotensin II was infused into six sodium-replete sheep, the blood concentrations of angiotensin II measured and the metabolic clearance rates calculated. The average value was 121 +/- 21 1/h. 4. Angiotensin I was then infused into these sheep and arterial and venous blood concentrations of angiotensins I and II determined. From this data and the metabolic clearance rate of angiotensin II, the degree of conversion of angiotensin I to II was calculated. The values varied in different sheep from 54 +/- 2% to 105 +/- 6% (n = 6).", "PMID": 729203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11960", "title": "Selective stimulation of intracardiac pre-ganglionic vagal fibres of the dog atrium.", "content": "1. Direct electrical stimulation (0.05 ms, 5.0 V and 30 Hz) caused negative chronotropic and inotropic effects on the blood-perfused, isolated dog atrium. 2. These negative effects of electrical stimulation were significantly blocked not only by treatment with atropine or tetrodotoxin, but also by hexamethonium, although hexamethonium did not modify the effects of injected acetylcholine. 3. These results suggest that direct electrical stimulation on the isolated, blood-perfused dog atrium readily causes a release of acetylcholine by excitation of parasympathetic pre-ganglionic fibers.", "contents": "Selective stimulation of intracardiac pre-ganglionic vagal fibres of the dog atrium. 1. Direct electrical stimulation (0.05 ms, 5.0 V and 30 Hz) caused negative chronotropic and inotropic effects on the blood-perfused, isolated dog atrium. 2. These negative effects of electrical stimulation were significantly blocked not only by treatment with atropine or tetrodotoxin, but also by hexamethonium, although hexamethonium did not modify the effects of injected acetylcholine. 3. These results suggest that direct electrical stimulation on the isolated, blood-perfused dog atrium readily causes a release of acetylcholine by excitation of parasympathetic pre-ganglionic fibers.", "PMID": 729205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11961", "title": "Focal sclerosing glomerulonephritis: a kinetic evaluation of hemostasis and the effect of anticoagulant therapy: a controlled study.", "content": "Seventeen children, 12 boys and 5 girls with histopathologic confirmation of focal sclerosing glomerulonephritis (FSG) presented with nephrosis (100%), hypertension (64.7%), intermittent hematuria (58.8%) and associated infection (82.3%). The coagulation-profile study in these patients revealed a hypercoagulable state characterized by significant elevation of fibrinogen and factor V concentrations and platelet count (P less than .002--.02). Increased blood viscosity (13.64 +/- 3.3 cp) was also noted in the patients (controls 10.8 +/- 0.9 cp). Determination of platelet half-life and fibrinogen half-life demonstrated that these were both shortened (P less than .001). Predominant shortening of platelet half-life was observed in 3 of the 4 patients during heparin therapy but this reverted to normal during therapy with the antiplatelet agent (Persantin). These findings signify the presence of a low-grade intravascular coagulation which perhaps occurs in the glomerular capillaries. Significant increments in creatinine clearance (CCr) and renal blood flow (RBF) were observed with treatment in the 9 anticoagulant-treated patients but not in the 8 control patients treated with prednisone and cyclophosphamide.", "contents": "Focal sclerosing glomerulonephritis: a kinetic evaluation of hemostasis and the effect of anticoagulant therapy: a controlled study. Seventeen children, 12 boys and 5 girls with histopathologic confirmation of focal sclerosing glomerulonephritis (FSG) presented with nephrosis (100%), hypertension (64.7%), intermittent hematuria (58.8%) and associated infection (82.3%). The coagulation-profile study in these patients revealed a hypercoagulable state characterized by significant elevation of fibrinogen and factor V concentrations and platelet count (P less than .002--.02). Increased blood viscosity (13.64 +/- 3.3 cp) was also noted in the patients (controls 10.8 +/- 0.9 cp). Determination of platelet half-life and fibrinogen half-life demonstrated that these were both shortened (P less than .001). Predominant shortening of platelet half-life was observed in 3 of the 4 patients during heparin therapy but this reverted to normal during therapy with the antiplatelet agent (Persantin). These findings signify the presence of a low-grade intravascular coagulation which perhaps occurs in the glomerular capillaries. Significant increments in creatinine clearance (CCr) and renal blood flow (RBF) were observed with treatment in the 9 anticoagulant-treated patients but not in the 8 control patients treated with prednisone and cyclophosphamide.", "PMID": 729213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11962", "title": "The nature of the pressor response to carotid artery occlusion in the hexamethonium-treated rat.", "content": "1. The blood pressure monitored from the cannulated right carotid artery and heart rate responses to occlusion of the intact left carotid artery were investigated in rats. 2. Hexamethonium abolished the response to ganglion stimulants but not that to carotid occlusion, although the time course and nature of the response were altered. 3. The pressor response to carotid occlusion in the presence of hexamethonium was not abolished by carotid sinus denervation, vagal section, tubocurarine, atropine, ethyl alcohol or an angiotensin II antagonist, but it was abolished by high doses of phenoxybenzamine. In six out of eight experiments the response was not abolished by cervical cord section. 4. It was concluded that the  pressor response to carotid occlusion in the presence of hexamethonium in the rat involves an adrenergic mechanism which is at least in part independent of the autonomic ganglia, and which is mediated by an agent liberated from the brain, possibly under conditions of cerebral ischaemia.", "contents": "The nature of the pressor response to carotid artery occlusion in the hexamethonium-treated rat. 1. The blood pressure monitored from the cannulated right carotid artery and heart rate responses to occlusion of the intact left carotid artery were investigated in rats. 2. Hexamethonium abolished the response to ganglion stimulants but not that to carotid occlusion, although the time course and nature of the response were altered. 3. The pressor response to carotid occlusion in the presence of hexamethonium was not abolished by carotid sinus denervation, vagal section, tubocurarine, atropine, ethyl alcohol or an angiotensin II antagonist, but it was abolished by high doses of phenoxybenzamine. In six out of eight experiments the response was not abolished by cervical cord section. 4. It was concluded that the  pressor response to carotid occlusion in the presence of hexamethonium in the rat involves an adrenergic mechanism which is at least in part independent of the autonomic ganglia, and which is mediated by an agent liberated from the brain, possibly under conditions of cerebral ischaemia.", "PMID": 729207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11963", "title": "Left atrial receptor inhibition of cardiac efferent vagal activity in the dog.", "content": "1. The tachycardia produced by atrial receptor stimulation has been reported to be 'solely' due to an increased sympathetic activity, but not inhibitable by propranolol. We examined the effect of left atrial balloon inflation in chloralose-anaesthetized dogs on heart rate with and without propranolol (1.0 mg/kg) and on the activity in single cardiac efferent fibres of the vagus nerve. 2. Propranolol reduced the cardiac response to balloon inflation by one-third, but did not abolish the tachycardia. Efferent cardiac vagal activity was 3.8 +/- 0.4 spikes/s and 2.3 +/- 0.7 spikes/s prior to and during balloon inflation respectively. 3. It was concluded that the left atrial receptors produce a tachycardia by decreasing cardiac parasympathetic and increasing sympathetic efferent activities.", "contents": "Left atrial receptor inhibition of cardiac efferent vagal activity in the dog. 1. The tachycardia produced by atrial receptor stimulation has been reported to be 'solely' due to an increased sympathetic activity, but not inhibitable by propranolol. We examined the effect of left atrial balloon inflation in chloralose-anaesthetized dogs on heart rate with and without propranolol (1.0 mg/kg) and on the activity in single cardiac efferent fibres of the vagus nerve. 2. Propranolol reduced the cardiac response to balloon inflation by one-third, but did not abolish the tachycardia. Efferent cardiac vagal activity was 3.8 +/- 0.4 spikes/s and 2.3 +/- 0.7 spikes/s prior to and during balloon inflation respectively. 3. It was concluded that the left atrial receptors produce a tachycardia by decreasing cardiac parasympathetic and increasing sympathetic efferent activities.", "PMID": 729206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11964", "title": "Toxic psychosis induced by phenothiazine administration in patients with chronic renal failure.", "content": "Adverse reactions to phenothiazines have not been commonly recognized in patients with chronic renal failure. We wish to report a characteristic acute psychosis as a complication of phenothiazine use in such individuals. Four patients with chronic renal failure requiring hemodialysis were given doses of chlorpromazine ranging from 100--1000 mg over time intervals varying from 2--7 days. All developed extreme restlessness, auditory and visual hallucinations, and episodes of belligerent behavior. A fifth patient treated with promethazine developed a similar psychosis. Each became ill shortly after the initiation of phenothiazine therapy. All improved slowly after cessation of the drug. Hemodialysis in four patients did not appear to affect the course of the illness. The use of phenothiazines in patients with chronic renal failure is cautioned.", "contents": "Toxic psychosis induced by phenothiazine administration in patients with chronic renal failure. Adverse reactions to phenothiazines have not been commonly recognized in patients with chronic renal failure. We wish to report a characteristic acute psychosis as a complication of phenothiazine use in such individuals. Four patients with chronic renal failure requiring hemodialysis were given doses of chlorpromazine ranging from 100--1000 mg over time intervals varying from 2--7 days. All developed extreme restlessness, auditory and visual hallucinations, and episodes of belligerent behavior. A fifth patient treated with promethazine developed a similar psychosis. Each became ill shortly after the initiation of phenothiazine therapy. All improved slowly after cessation of the drug. Hemodialysis in four patients did not appear to affect the course of the illness. The use of phenothiazines in patients with chronic renal failure is cautioned.", "PMID": 729214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11965", "title": "Effect of some prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors on the antinociceptive action of morphine in albino rats.", "content": "1. Five prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors, indomethacin, diclofenac, mefenamic acid, ibufen and paracetamol, were found to inhibit the antinociceptive action of morphine without affecting the antinociceptive response of an equi-analgesic dose of prostaglandin E1. 2. Diclofenac was found to be the most potent and longest acting, whereas paracetamol was the least potent and shortest acting. Indomethacin, mefenamic acid and ibufen occupied an intermediate position, both in potency and duration of action. 3. The results suggest that prostaglandins may be involved in the antinociceptive action of morphine in albino rats.", "contents": "Effect of some prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors on the antinociceptive action of morphine in albino rats. 1. Five prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors, indomethacin, diclofenac, mefenamic acid, ibufen and paracetamol, were found to inhibit the antinociceptive action of morphine without affecting the antinociceptive response of an equi-analgesic dose of prostaglandin E1. 2. Diclofenac was found to be the most potent and longest acting, whereas paracetamol was the least potent and shortest acting. Indomethacin, mefenamic acid and ibufen occupied an intermediate position, both in potency and duration of action. 3. The results suggest that prostaglandins may be involved in the antinociceptive action of morphine in albino rats.", "PMID": 729208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11966", "title": "Comparative studies on the effect of hemoperfusion and hemodialysis on the elimination of some uremic toxins.", "content": "This study, performed on patients with terminal renal failure, compares the changes in plasma concentrations of middle molecules, myoinositol, low molecular weight metabolites, and blood components during 4 hour periods of hemodialysis and hemoperfusion over a charcoal cartridge. After hemoperfusion there is a more marked decrease of adsorbable substances such as middle molecules, creatinine, and uric acid, whereas after hemodialysis there is a greater change in serum concentrations of myoinositol, urea, and electrolytes. The findings show that although hemoperfusion over a charcoal cartridge cannot replace hemodialysis in the treatment of chronic renal failure, it is effective as a complementary method, because of the better removal of some uremic toxins.", "contents": "Comparative studies on the effect of hemoperfusion and hemodialysis on the elimination of some uremic toxins. This study, performed on patients with terminal renal failure, compares the changes in plasma concentrations of middle molecules, myoinositol, low molecular weight metabolites, and blood components during 4 hour periods of hemodialysis and hemoperfusion over a charcoal cartridge. After hemoperfusion there is a more marked decrease of adsorbable substances such as middle molecules, creatinine, and uric acid, whereas after hemodialysis there is a greater change in serum concentrations of myoinositol, urea, and electrolytes. The findings show that although hemoperfusion over a charcoal cartridge cannot replace hemodialysis in the treatment of chronic renal failure, it is effective as a complementary method, because of the better removal of some uremic toxins.", "PMID": 729215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11967", "title": "Intrarenal action of angiotensin II in restoring renal artery pressure after acute renal artery stenosis.", "content": "1. The renal artery of conscious dogs was acutely narrowed over 30 s to reduce renal artery pressure distal to the stenosis to 40 mmHg and the stenosis was maintained for 1 h. The distal renal artery pressure was rapidly restored to a plateau slightly below pre-stenosis values within 10--15 min. Rises in systemic blood pressure and plasma renin activity were small and transient. 2. This restoration was an active process, mediated by the intrarenal effects of angiotensin II (AII), since it was greatly diminished or abolished when the renal artery was narrowed in the presence of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor antagonist (1-Sar-8-Ile AII). However, it was not diminished by 'total' autonomic effector blockade. 3. This angiotensin II-mediated restoration of renal artery pressure may be of homeostatic significance for the maintenance of glomerular filtration rate.", "contents": "Intrarenal action of angiotensin II in restoring renal artery pressure after acute renal artery stenosis. 1. The renal artery of conscious dogs was acutely narrowed over 30 s to reduce renal artery pressure distal to the stenosis to 40 mmHg and the stenosis was maintained for 1 h. The distal renal artery pressure was rapidly restored to a plateau slightly below pre-stenosis values within 10--15 min. Rises in systemic blood pressure and plasma renin activity were small and transient. 2. This restoration was an active process, mediated by the intrarenal effects of angiotensin II (AII), since it was greatly diminished or abolished when the renal artery was narrowed in the presence of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor antagonist (1-Sar-8-Ile AII). However, it was not diminished by 'total' autonomic effector blockade. 3. This angiotensin II-mediated restoration of renal artery pressure may be of homeostatic significance for the maintenance of glomerular filtration rate.", "PMID": 729209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11968", "title": "Lack of effect of bromocriptine on serum levels of calcium in the rat.", "content": "1. The effect of bromocriptine (a prolactin suppressant drug) on the serum levels of calcium was studied in the male rat. The drug was administered subcutaneously at a dosage of 100 microgram per 100 g body weight three times per day. 2. Chronic treatment with bromocriptine had no significant effect on the serum calcium levels. It appears that neither bromocroptine per se nor normal circulating prolactin levels exert any significant influence on blood calcium homeostasis.", "contents": "Lack of effect of bromocriptine on serum levels of calcium in the rat. 1. The effect of bromocriptine (a prolactin suppressant drug) on the serum levels of calcium was studied in the male rat. The drug was administered subcutaneously at a dosage of 100 microgram per 100 g body weight three times per day. 2. Chronic treatment with bromocriptine had no significant effect on the serum calcium levels. It appears that neither bromocroptine per se nor normal circulating prolactin levels exert any significant influence on blood calcium homeostasis.", "PMID": 729210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11969", "title": "Alport's syndrome representing as crescentic glomerulonephritis: a report of two siblings.", "content": "Hereditary nephritis is a disease presenting with hematuria, proteinuria, and systemic findings including ocular lesions and deafness. Renal failure frequently occurs in males who have the disease at a young age. We report the case of a female with hereditary nephritis who presented with the classic clinical and pathologic features of crescentic glomerulonephritis post-pregnancy. A sibling also had a comparable course. It is proposed that crescentic glomerulonephritis may be a heretofore unreported presentation of hereditary nephritis with terminal renal failure.", "contents": "Alport's syndrome representing as crescentic glomerulonephritis: a report of two siblings. Hereditary nephritis is a disease presenting with hematuria, proteinuria, and systemic findings including ocular lesions and deafness. Renal failure frequently occurs in males who have the disease at a young age. We report the case of a female with hereditary nephritis who presented with the classic clinical and pathologic features of crescentic glomerulonephritis post-pregnancy. A sibling also had a comparable course. It is proposed that crescentic glomerulonephritis may be a heretofore unreported presentation of hereditary nephritis with terminal renal failure.", "PMID": 729217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11970", "title": "The \"dialysis encephalopathy syndrome\" without dialysis.", "content": "A patient with end stage renal failure is presented who developed a constellation of neurologic symptoms and signs indistinguishable from those described in the dialysis encephalopathy syndrome. In this patient the syndrome appeared before dialysis therapy had been instituted. This case suggests that \"dialysis encephalopathy syndrome\" may not be a complication of hemodialysis, but rather a rare complication of the uremic state.", "contents": "The \"dialysis encephalopathy syndrome\" without dialysis. A patient with end stage renal failure is presented who developed a constellation of neurologic symptoms and signs indistinguishable from those described in the dialysis encephalopathy syndrome. In this patient the syndrome appeared before dialysis therapy had been instituted. This case suggests that \"dialysis encephalopathy syndrome\" may not be a complication of hemodialysis, but rather a rare complication of the uremic state.", "PMID": 729218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11971", "title": "Engineering considerations in the design of double-cup hip replacement prostheses.", "content": "The diameter of the femoral neck ought not to be reduced, and to provide sufficient ranges of motion without impingement requires the largest practicable articular surface radius and perhaps a less than hemispherical acetabular articular surface. Wear is less with plastic cups and metallic balls than vice versa, and wearing life requires some minimum acetabular wall thickness, which depends on the diameter of the articular surface. Fixation grooves etc. should not reduce the effective wall thickness in highly-stressed regions. In practice, a nearly hemispherical acetabular component will often protrude medially or (preferably) laterally; such a protrusion is unlikely to weaken the fixation but could cause impingement, and could be removed with no loss. The available volume is best used by having the thickest acetabular wall where the wear should be greatest. For the femoral component, the simplest internal surface, a flat-ended cylinder, is also the best. A part-spherical inner surface cannot easily be filled with cement, and a skirt surrounding part or all of the femoral neck offers no advantages and some disadvantages.", "contents": "Engineering considerations in the design of double-cup hip replacement prostheses. The diameter of the femoral neck ought not to be reduced, and to provide sufficient ranges of motion without impingement requires the largest practicable articular surface radius and perhaps a less than hemispherical acetabular articular surface. Wear is less with plastic cups and metallic balls than vice versa, and wearing life requires some minimum acetabular wall thickness, which depends on the diameter of the articular surface. Fixation grooves etc. should not reduce the effective wall thickness in highly-stressed regions. In practice, a nearly hemispherical acetabular component will often protrude medially or (preferably) laterally; such a protrusion is unlikely to weaken the fixation but could cause impingement, and could be removed with no loss. The available volume is best used by having the thickest acetabular wall where the wear should be greatest. For the femoral component, the simplest internal surface, a flat-ended cylinder, is also the best. A part-spherical inner surface cannot easily be filled with cement, and a skirt surrounding part or all of the femoral neck offers no advantages and some disadvantages.", "PMID": 729228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11972", "title": "Slipped capital femoral epiphysis in a 35-year-old man (a case report).", "content": "This is a case report of a 35-year-old man with multiple open epiphyses and a slipping of the right capital femoral epiphysis. An endocrine evaluation revealed primary hypothyroidism. The patient was placed on hormonal therapy and an in situ hip pinning was performed to prevent further slip. The operation was successful. The symptoms disappeared and all of the epiphyses were closed within one year. In an adult patient presenting with slipped capital femoral epiphysis, endocrine dysfunction such as hypothyroidism should be suspected.", "contents": "Slipped capital femoral epiphysis in a 35-year-old man (a case report). This is a case report of a 35-year-old man with multiple open epiphyses and a slipping of the right capital femoral epiphysis. An endocrine evaluation revealed primary hypothyroidism. The patient was placed on hormonal therapy and an in situ hip pinning was performed to prevent further slip. The operation was successful. The symptoms disappeared and all of the epiphyses were closed within one year. In an adult patient presenting with slipped capital femoral epiphysis, endocrine dysfunction such as hypothyroidism should be suspected.", "PMID": 729229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11973", "title": "Limb length discrepancy and related problems following total hip joint replacement.", "content": "Limb lengthening is not uncommon after total hip replacement and may cause subjective problems for patients. We have studied 150 total hip replacements to investigate the operative change in limb length. A radiologic evaluation is used and is shown to be accurate. One hundred forty-four limbs were lengthened an average of 15.9 mm. Slightly less lengthening was observed if the greater trochanter was removed as part of the operative procedure. For subjective complaints 40 (27%) patients required heel lifts on the unoperated side to gain a satisfactory gait pattern. Partial sciatic nerve palsies also occurred in this series (3.3%) subsequent to total hip replacements. These palsies did not correlate with sex, lengthening of the extremity, or operative procedure, but did correlate with repeat surgeries and in all instances the condition resolved or improved.", "contents": "Limb length discrepancy and related problems following total hip joint replacement. Limb lengthening is not uncommon after total hip replacement and may cause subjective problems for patients. We have studied 150 total hip replacements to investigate the operative change in limb length. A radiologic evaluation is used and is shown to be accurate. One hundred forty-four limbs were lengthened an average of 15.9 mm. Slightly less lengthening was observed if the greater trochanter was removed as part of the operative procedure. For subjective complaints 40 (27%) patients required heel lifts on the unoperated side to gain a satisfactory gait pattern. Partial sciatic nerve palsies also occurred in this series (3.3%) subsequent to total hip replacements. These palsies did not correlate with sex, lengthening of the extremity, or operative procedure, but did correlate with repeat surgeries and in all instances the condition resolved or improved.", "PMID": 729230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11974", "title": "Unicompartment total knee replacement: a 2--4 year review.", "content": "Unicompartment total knee replacement is a controversial operation. Conflicting reports indicate that there is unacceptable wear associated with loosening. To investigate the problem, 21 patients were examined 2--4 years after the operation. Eighty-one per cent of the patients were free of pain. None of the remaining patients had disabling pain. All patients demonstrated 90 degrees or greater range of motion with 91% of the patients' preoperative deformity completely corrected. There was a 19% evidence of X-ray loosening of the component which was consistently associated with the clinical symptoms of mild pain. Unicompartment total knee replacement is an acceptable alternative to high tibial osteotomy and relieves pain as well as corrects deformity.", "contents": "Unicompartment total knee replacement: a 2--4 year review. Unicompartment total knee replacement is a controversial operation. Conflicting reports indicate that there is unacceptable wear associated with loosening. To investigate the problem, 21 patients were examined 2--4 years after the operation. Eighty-one per cent of the patients were free of pain. None of the remaining patients had disabling pain. All patients demonstrated 90 degrees or greater range of motion with 91% of the patients' preoperative deformity completely corrected. There was a 19% evidence of X-ray loosening of the component which was consistently associated with the clinical symptoms of mild pain. Unicompartment total knee replacement is an acceptable alternative to high tibial osteotomy and relieves pain as well as corrects deformity.", "PMID": 729231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11975", "title": "Anterolateral rotary instability associated with chronic anterior cruciate insufficiency.", "content": "Patients with anterior cruciate tears identified by previous surgery were examined for anterolateral rotary instability of the knee. Twenty-four of 30 patients returning for examination had positive tests for anterolateral rotary instability using the techniques described by both Slocum and MacIntosh. The presence of anterolateral rotary instability was directly related to the attainment of full extension of the operative knee. Inherent ligamentous laxity and the degree of combined instabilities were thought to amplify the anterolateral rotary instability tests. Quadriceps rehabilitation, pes anserines transfers and semimembranosus transfers were thought not to influence anterolateral rotary instability.", "contents": "Anterolateral rotary instability associated with chronic anterior cruciate insufficiency. Patients with anterior cruciate tears identified by previous surgery were examined for anterolateral rotary instability of the knee. Twenty-four of 30 patients returning for examination had positive tests for anterolateral rotary instability using the techniques described by both Slocum and MacIntosh. The presence of anterolateral rotary instability was directly related to the attainment of full extension of the operative knee. Inherent ligamentous laxity and the degree of combined instabilities were thought to amplify the anterolateral rotary instability tests. Quadriceps rehabilitation, pes anserines transfers and semimembranosus transfers were thought not to influence anterolateral rotary instability.", "PMID": 729232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11976", "title": "A clinical follow-up of the pes anserinus transplantation for chronic anteromedial rotatory instability of the knee.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients with chronic anteromedial rotatory instability were treated by pes anserinus transplant with an 85% satisfactory result. Muscle rehabilitation is absolutely essential for a good result. Delay of surgery by prolonged conservative management may contribute to the development of degenerative changes in the medial compartment.", "contents": "A clinical follow-up of the pes anserinus transplantation for chronic anteromedial rotatory instability of the knee. Twenty-seven patients with chronic anteromedial rotatory instability were treated by pes anserinus transplant with an 85% satisfactory result. Muscle rehabilitation is absolutely essential for a good result. Delay of surgery by prolonged conservative management may contribute to the development of degenerative changes in the medial compartment.", "PMID": 729233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11977", "title": "The patellar compression syndrome: surgical treatment by lateral retinacular release.", "content": "Patellar compression syndrome may be a manifestation of contraction of the lateral retinacular structures which consists largely of the lateral patellofemoral ligament producing a tethering action on the patella. This may produce parapatellar pain, particularly in activities requiring repetitive knee flexion. Minor patellofemoral incongruencies with pain, grating, and functional limitation may be found on examination but the patient does not demonstrate the problems of instability of marked congenital abnormalities often seen with other patellar problems. Forty patients underwent a simple release of the lateral retinaculum to decompress the patella in the patellofemoral groove. Follow-up was obtained in 31 patients at an average of 18.3 months after surgery. Twenty-four knees which had severe preoperative pain were converted to 6 with no pain, 4 with mild pain, 11 with moderate pain and 3 whose pain remained unchanged after surgery. Twenty knees with moderate preoperative pain were changed to 4 with no pain, 11 with mild pain and 4 whose pain remained unchanged. Thirty-seven of the 45 knees had lessening of the pain after the operation and 10 patients returned to unrestricted atheletic activities.", "contents": "The patellar compression syndrome: surgical treatment by lateral retinacular release. Patellar compression syndrome may be a manifestation of contraction of the lateral retinacular structures which consists largely of the lateral patellofemoral ligament producing a tethering action on the patella. This may produce parapatellar pain, particularly in activities requiring repetitive knee flexion. Minor patellofemoral incongruencies with pain, grating, and functional limitation may be found on examination but the patient does not demonstrate the problems of instability of marked congenital abnormalities often seen with other patellar problems. Forty patients underwent a simple release of the lateral retinaculum to decompress the patella in the patellofemoral groove. Follow-up was obtained in 31 patients at an average of 18.3 months after surgery. Twenty-four knees which had severe preoperative pain were converted to 6 with no pain, 4 with mild pain, 11 with moderate pain and 3 whose pain remained unchanged after surgery. Twenty knees with moderate preoperative pain were changed to 4 with no pain, 11 with mild pain and 4 whose pain remained unchanged. Thirty-seven of the 45 knees had lessening of the pain after the operation and 10 patients returned to unrestricted atheletic activities.", "PMID": 729235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11978", "title": "Knee synovectomy for rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Twenty-one patients with rheumatoid arthritis had 33 knees treated with synovectomy. They were followed for an average of 5 2/3 years postoperatively. At follow-up, patients with 58% of the knees had less pain, 15% more pain, 54% were satisfied, 39% had palpable synovitis, but all had lesser synovitis postoperatively, and 53% showed radiographic progression of disease. Motion was not lost. There were no significant complications. Better results can be anticipated in those patients whose knees show little or no destruction radiographically and no significant deformity at the time of operation. However, beneficial results can occur even in those with more advanced changes. Even though quality of results tends to diminish with time, the procedure offers sufficient benefits to continue its use.", "contents": "Knee synovectomy for rheumatoid arthritis. Twenty-one patients with rheumatoid arthritis had 33 knees treated with synovectomy. They were followed for an average of 5 2/3 years postoperatively. At follow-up, patients with 58% of the knees had less pain, 15% more pain, 54% were satisfied, 39% had palpable synovitis, but all had lesser synovitis postoperatively, and 53% showed radiographic progression of disease. Motion was not lost. There were no significant complications. Better results can be anticipated in those patients whose knees show little or no destruction radiographically and no significant deformity at the time of operation. However, beneficial results can occur even in those with more advanced changes. Even though quality of results tends to diminish with time, the procedure offers sufficient benefits to continue its use.", "PMID": 729236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11979", "title": "Fractures of the tibial condyles: a preliminiary report on supplementary fixation with methylmethacrylate.", "content": "In severely displaced fractures of the tibial condyles, failure of the method of fixation may lead to disappointing results of open reduction operations. This problem may be successfully and safely treated by using methylmethacrylate (MMC) for internal fixation. In this series 6 of 7 cases achieved an acceptable result of fixation with MMC. This compares favorably to published series of fractures of this type treated by open reduction.", "contents": "Fractures of the tibial condyles: a preliminiary report on supplementary fixation with methylmethacrylate. In severely displaced fractures of the tibial condyles, failure of the method of fixation may lead to disappointing results of open reduction operations. This problem may be successfully and safely treated by using methylmethacrylate (MMC) for internal fixation. In this series 6 of 7 cases achieved an acceptable result of fixation with MMC. This compares favorably to published series of fractures of this type treated by open reduction.", "PMID": 729234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11980", "title": "Arthroscopy of the knee under local anesthesia and controlled pressure-irrigation.", "content": "One hundred and forty-two arthroscopies under local anesthesia, using \"high pressure\" irrigation-suction technique were carried out in 137 patients. With this technique the duration of the examination was shortened, the endoscopic field of vision was enlarged (posterior horn of the menisci could be visualized in most patients), the manipulation of the scope inside the joint cavity was easier and safer. More patients could have been examined during one session. The arthroscopic accuracy verified at 51 operations, was 90.5%, which is an improvement on our previous experience with arthroscopy under general anesthesia, with tourniquet and the routine \" drip\" technique.", "contents": "Arthroscopy of the knee under local anesthesia and controlled pressure-irrigation. One hundred and forty-two arthroscopies under local anesthesia, using \"high pressure\" irrigation-suction technique were carried out in 137 patients. With this technique the duration of the examination was shortened, the endoscopic field of vision was enlarged (posterior horn of the menisci could be visualized in most patients), the manipulation of the scope inside the joint cavity was easier and safer. More patients could have been examined during one session. The arthroscopic accuracy verified at 51 operations, was 90.5%, which is an improvement on our previous experience with arthroscopy under general anesthesia, with tourniquet and the routine \" drip\" technique.", "PMID": 729239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11981", "title": "Painful medial bipartite patellae: a case report.", "content": "Bipartite patellae, though not unusual as an incidental roentgenographic finding, are rarely painful. This is a report of bilateral medial bipartite patella in a 20-year-old woman, which seems not to have been previously described in the literature. The symptoms were significantly relieved by an excision of the accessory ossification center.", "contents": "Painful medial bipartite patellae: a case report. Bipartite patellae, though not unusual as an incidental roentgenographic finding, are rarely painful. This is a report of bilateral medial bipartite patella in a 20-year-old woman, which seems not to have been previously described in the literature. The symptoms were significantly relieved by an excision of the accessory ossification center.", "PMID": 729240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11982", "title": "An unusual cause of knee locking: a case report.", "content": "Intra-articular tumors of the knee joint causing intermittent locking are extremely rare. A 39-year-old woman with the complaint of joint locking had a pedunculated intra-articular mass and nodular synovitis.", "contents": "An unusual cause of knee locking: a case report. Intra-articular tumors of the knee joint causing intermittent locking are extremely rare. A 39-year-old woman with the complaint of joint locking had a pedunculated intra-articular mass and nodular synovitis.", "PMID": 729238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11983", "title": "Recurrent painful calf swelling associated with gout.", "content": "A 30-year-old man had a recurrent painful calf swelling associated with gout that mimicked thrombophlebitis and possibly muscle tear. This painful calf swelling occurred in the absence of a subjective history of arthritis of the knee. A constellation of clinical signs was highly suggestive that gout was the cause of the painful calf swellings. Patients with similar conditions, after careful exclusion of thrombophlebitis, might be spared unnecessary and potentially dangerous anticoagulation or surgical intervention by early diagnosis of gout.", "contents": "Recurrent painful calf swelling associated with gout. A 30-year-old man had a recurrent painful calf swelling associated with gout that mimicked thrombophlebitis and possibly muscle tear. This painful calf swelling occurred in the absence of a subjective history of arthritis of the knee. A constellation of clinical signs was highly suggestive that gout was the cause of the painful calf swellings. Patients with similar conditions, after careful exclusion of thrombophlebitis, might be spared unnecessary and potentially dangerous anticoagulation or surgical intervention by early diagnosis of gout.", "PMID": 729241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11984", "title": "Ischemic contracture in the lower limb.", "content": "Twenty cases of ischemic contracture in the lower limb demonstrate that the age distribution may be higher than that of patients with similar lesions in the upper limbs. Non-traumatic and traumatic causes are encountered equally frequently. Pain is one of the most important symptoms associated with long standing lesions. The ischemic lesion develops most frequently and severely in the anterior compartment of the leg. The functional prognosis is poor when both nerves are affected and when the deformity is severe.", "contents": "Ischemic contracture in the lower limb. Twenty cases of ischemic contracture in the lower limb demonstrate that the age distribution may be higher than that of patients with similar lesions in the upper limbs. Non-traumatic and traumatic causes are encountered equally frequently. Pain is one of the most important symptoms associated with long standing lesions. The ischemic lesion develops most frequently and severely in the anterior compartment of the leg. The functional prognosis is poor when both nerves are affected and when the deformity is severe.", "PMID": 729242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11985", "title": "Some anatomical and mechanical considerations relevant to the surface replacement of the femoral head.", "content": "The internal structure of the arthrosic and normal femoral heads are grossly different although both are roughly circular. In particular bone is destroyed or defective superolaterally in the former. The compressive strength of the femoral head depends upon the medial trabecular system which runs through the head at approximately 20 degrees to the vertical i.e. the plane of the resultant of the major loads borne by the hip. Ideally a femoral resurfacing prosthesis should be placed in this axis. The bone of the arthrosic femoral head can be sustained by blood reaching it within the neck. Thus vessels on the intracapsular surface of the neck need not be preserved.", "contents": "Some anatomical and mechanical considerations relevant to the surface replacement of the femoral head. The internal structure of the arthrosic and normal femoral heads are grossly different although both are roughly circular. In particular bone is destroyed or defective superolaterally in the former. The compressive strength of the femoral head depends upon the medial trabecular system which runs through the head at approximately 20 degrees to the vertical i.e. the plane of the resultant of the major loads borne by the hip. Ideally a femoral resurfacing prosthesis should be placed in this axis. The bone of the arthrosic femoral head can be sustained by blood reaching it within the neck. Thus vessels on the intracapsular surface of the neck need not be preserved.", "PMID": 729243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11986", "title": "Medial plantar neurapraxia (jogger's foot): report of 3 cases.", "content": "Entrapment of the medial plantar nerve in the longitudinal arch causes burning heel pain, aching in the arch, and deficient sensation in the sole of the foot behind the great toe. Long distance valgus running may cause such a disorder in a jogger and the condition usually responds to conservative measures which include a change in running posture of the foot, anti-inflammatory medications, and proper footwear. The name \"jogger's foot\" is selected for this clinical syndrome.", "contents": "Medial plantar neurapraxia (jogger's foot): report of 3 cases. Entrapment of the medial plantar nerve in the longitudinal arch causes burning heel pain, aching in the arch, and deficient sensation in the sole of the foot behind the great toe. Long distance valgus running may cause such a disorder in a jogger and the condition usually responds to conservative measures which include a change in running posture of the foot, anti-inflammatory medications, and proper footwear. The name \"jogger's foot\" is selected for this clinical syndrome.", "PMID": 729244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11987", "title": "Untreated scoliosis in the adult.", "content": "Untreated scoliosis affects the quality of life and is a disabling disease in the adult. Most patients can expect back pain, particularly after the age of 30, and one in 4 may be disabled by it. The majority of adults are embarassed by their deformity. Women, in particular, are less likely to marry. Surgical treatment of the adult is difficult and hazardous, and is associated with socioeconomic problems not encountered in the adolescent. Scoliosis should be treated definitively before the end of the period of growth.", "contents": "Untreated scoliosis in the adult. Untreated scoliosis affects the quality of life and is a disabling disease in the adult. Most patients can expect back pain, particularly after the age of 30, and one in 4 may be disabled by it. The majority of adults are embarassed by their deformity. Women, in particular, are less likely to marry. Surgical treatment of the adult is difficult and hazardous, and is associated with socioeconomic problems not encountered in the adolescent. Scoliosis should be treated definitively before the end of the period of growth.", "PMID": 729247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11988", "title": "Osteotomy of lumbar spinous process to increase surgical exposure.", "content": "A unilateral laminotomy does not always give adequate exposure to disk, nerve or lateral recess. Bilateral laminotomy with removal of a spinous process may result in segmental instability. These problems can be overcome by osteotomy of one or more spinous processes. After doing this a unilateral or bilateral exposure can be obtained by retraction of the process. At the end of the operation the spinous process is replaced in normal alignment and appears to unite spontaneously to its base by bone.", "contents": "Osteotomy of lumbar spinous process to increase surgical exposure. A unilateral laminotomy does not always give adequate exposure to disk, nerve or lateral recess. Bilateral laminotomy with removal of a spinous process may result in segmental instability. These problems can be overcome by osteotomy of one or more spinous processes. After doing this a unilateral or bilateral exposure can be obtained by retraction of the process. At the end of the operation the spinous process is replaced in normal alignment and appears to unite spontaneously to its base by bone.", "PMID": 729248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11989", "title": "Knee flexion test and sciatica.", "content": "Knee flexion of the leg when a patient with sciatica bends to reach the floor is objective evidence of lumbar spinal nerve root compression. Contralateral sciatic scoliotic list usually accompanies the finding, which should be known as a positive knee flexion test for sciatic spinal nerve root compression.", "contents": "Knee flexion test and sciatica. Knee flexion of the leg when a patient with sciatica bends to reach the floor is objective evidence of lumbar spinal nerve root compression. Contralateral sciatic scoliotic list usually accompanies the finding, which should be known as a positive knee flexion test for sciatic spinal nerve root compression.", "PMID": 729249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11990", "title": "Undiagnosed bleeding states and medical treatment.", "content": "Relatively little attention has been placed in mild hemophilia in the orthopedic literature even though there are probably an equal number of patients with mild as compared to classic manifestations. Mild hemophilia and similar related conditions frequently are undiagnosed and may represent major problems and if associated with surgery, catastrophic results. Patients with milder bleeding diatheses may not have a diagnosis made until late in life. Mild hemophilia and hemophiloid conditions are defined and typical findings are given. Other causes of intra or postoperative hemorrhagic states are mentioned. Three case reports of mild Factor VIII and Factor XI deficiency, undiagnosed prior to the author's medical treatment, are presented. Knowledge of the typical historical findings, diagnostic methods, and proper treatment of patients seeking medical treatment with mild hemophilia, hemophiloid and similar conditions explaining hemorrhage following trauma and intra and postoperatively will help to prevent undesirable results as well as severe complications.", "contents": "Undiagnosed bleeding states and medical treatment. Relatively little attention has been placed in mild hemophilia in the orthopedic literature even though there are probably an equal number of patients with mild as compared to classic manifestations. Mild hemophilia and similar related conditions frequently are undiagnosed and may represent major problems and if associated with surgery, catastrophic results. Patients with milder bleeding diatheses may not have a diagnosis made until late in life. Mild hemophilia and hemophiloid conditions are defined and typical findings are given. Other causes of intra or postoperative hemorrhagic states are mentioned. Three case reports of mild Factor VIII and Factor XI deficiency, undiagnosed prior to the author's medical treatment, are presented. Knowledge of the typical historical findings, diagnostic methods, and proper treatment of patients seeking medical treatment with mild hemophilia, hemophiloid and similar conditions explaining hemorrhage following trauma and intra and postoperatively will help to prevent undesirable results as well as severe complications.", "PMID": 729252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11991", "title": "Hip arthroplasty by matching cups.", "content": "A total hip surface arthroplasty consisting of matching cups and uncemented prosthetic components is a noteworthy operation. The femoral cup obtains cylindrical support from the femoral head which is reamed in the shape of a cylinder. The acetabular cup is metallic with a polyethylene liner. It is mobile over the bone but its position is constrained by contact with the femoral cup and therefore \"self-centering.\" On the femoral side, the cup must be placed strictly in the axis of the femoral neck. The main consideration in femoral head surface replacement is the vitality of the underlying bone. Necrosis was observed in the earliest clinical trials but there have been no cases of necrosis in the past 3 1/2 years. This is attributed to a more limited surgical approach in which only the anterior part of the gluteus medius is divided and all the posterior elements of the hip are preserved. The acetabulum is sufficiently reamed to receive the cup, which protrudes beyond the external margins of the acetabulum in all positions. Errors have been committed while perfecting the prosthetic material, but the results as determined by a 6 1/2 year follow-up on purely metallic cups are encouraging. Metal-polyethylene cups presently under investigation have almost a 2 year follow-up. The reaction of the acetabulum to an uncemented cup is not yet known. However, the existence of 2 sliding surfaces and the fact that the acetabular cup moves only during the extremes of hip movement, is reason to assume that if the acetabulum is not reamed to expose cancellous bone, the risks of protrusion are minimal or delayed. Total surface arthroplasty by concentric cups has been performed in 335 hips to date. The operation is especially recommended when osteotomy is no longer possible and disabling coxarthrosis is present in relatively young patients.", "contents": "Hip arthroplasty by matching cups. A total hip surface arthroplasty consisting of matching cups and uncemented prosthetic components is a noteworthy operation. The femoral cup obtains cylindrical support from the femoral head which is reamed in the shape of a cylinder. The acetabular cup is metallic with a polyethylene liner. It is mobile over the bone but its position is constrained by contact with the femoral cup and therefore \"self-centering.\" On the femoral side, the cup must be placed strictly in the axis of the femoral neck. The main consideration in femoral head surface replacement is the vitality of the underlying bone. Necrosis was observed in the earliest clinical trials but there have been no cases of necrosis in the past 3 1/2 years. This is attributed to a more limited surgical approach in which only the anterior part of the gluteus medius is divided and all the posterior elements of the hip are preserved. The acetabulum is sufficiently reamed to receive the cup, which protrudes beyond the external margins of the acetabulum in all positions. Errors have been committed while perfecting the prosthetic material, but the results as determined by a 6 1/2 year follow-up on purely metallic cups are encouraging. Metal-polyethylene cups presently under investigation have almost a 2 year follow-up. The reaction of the acetabulum to an uncemented cup is not yet known. However, the existence of 2 sliding surfaces and the fact that the acetabular cup moves only during the extremes of hip movement, is reason to assume that if the acetabulum is not reamed to expose cancellous bone, the risks of protrusion are minimal or delayed. Total surface arthroplasty by concentric cups has been performed in 335 hips to date. The operation is especially recommended when osteotomy is no longer possible and disabling coxarthrosis is present in relatively young patients.", "PMID": 729253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11992", "title": "Current concepts in synovial fluid analysis.", "content": "The systematic examination of synovial fluid confirms the noninflammatory nature of degenerative joint disease, is diagnostic of gout, pseudogout, and septic arthritis, and will usually allow the identification of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and Reiter's syndrome.", "contents": "Current concepts in synovial fluid analysis. The systematic examination of synovial fluid confirms the noninflammatory nature of degenerative joint disease, is diagnostic of gout, pseudogout, and septic arthritis, and will usually allow the identification of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and Reiter's syndrome.", "PMID": 729254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11993", "title": "Decompression of forearm compartment syndromes.", "content": "The diagnosis of forearm compartment syndrome by clinical findings alone has been difficult and inconsistent. This study was designed to assist in the diagnosis and treatment of forearm compartment syndromes. We evaluated several forearm incisions and determined their effectiveness by measuring compartment pressures using the wick catheter. The wick catheter is a simple, safe, and effective means of determining forearm compartment pressures. Preoperative and intraoperative measurements of the dorsal as well as the volar compartment pressures should be performed. Volar fasciotomy is effective in decompressing the volar compartment and may be effective in lowering the dorsal compartment pressure as well. Dorsal fasciotomy should be performed when that pressure remains elevated following volar decompression. The curvilinear volar and volar-ulnar incisions were equally effective in lowering compartment pressures experimentally, but the curved incision allowed beteer exposure to nerves and vessels and is preferred.", "contents": "Decompression of forearm compartment syndromes. The diagnosis of forearm compartment syndrome by clinical findings alone has been difficult and inconsistent. This study was designed to assist in the diagnosis and treatment of forearm compartment syndromes. We evaluated several forearm incisions and determined their effectiveness by measuring compartment pressures using the wick catheter. The wick catheter is a simple, safe, and effective means of determining forearm compartment pressures. Preoperative and intraoperative measurements of the dorsal as well as the volar compartment pressures should be performed. Volar fasciotomy is effective in decompressing the volar compartment and may be effective in lowering the dorsal compartment pressure as well. Dorsal fasciotomy should be performed when that pressure remains elevated following volar decompression. The curvilinear volar and volar-ulnar incisions were equally effective in lowering compartment pressures experimentally, but the curved incision allowed beteer exposure to nerves and vessels and is preferred.", "PMID": 729250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11994", "title": "Cryosurgery in the treatment of giant cell tumors of bone: a report of 52 consecutive cases.", "content": "Fifty-two cases of giant cell tumor of bone have been treated by cryosurgery--an extensive freezing of residual tumor after curettage. Cryosurgery is performed by direct pouring of liquid nitrogen into the tumor cavity through a funnel. The cavity is filled with methylmethacrylate and corticocancellous onlay grafts until peripheral bone regeneration occurs to provide bone stability and prevent postoperative pathologic fracture. Patients with lesions in a weight bearing bone are placed in a long leg ischial weight bearing brace until sufficient healing has taken place. Rebiopsy (a second stage diagnostic procedure) is performed 3-6 months after the original cryosurgery. By comparison of pathology, results and complications between our first series of 25 cases and the additional 27, we have observed only one frank malignant giant cell tumor (1.9% incidence). This is much lower than the previously reported 16% fully malignant complication rate, and may be the result of the rapid elimination of the giant cell tumor by cryosurgery.", "contents": "Cryosurgery in the treatment of giant cell tumors of bone: a report of 52 consecutive cases. Fifty-two cases of giant cell tumor of bone have been treated by cryosurgery--an extensive freezing of residual tumor after curettage. Cryosurgery is performed by direct pouring of liquid nitrogen into the tumor cavity through a funnel. The cavity is filled with methylmethacrylate and corticocancellous onlay grafts until peripheral bone regeneration occurs to provide bone stability and prevent postoperative pathologic fracture. Patients with lesions in a weight bearing bone are placed in a long leg ischial weight bearing brace until sufficient healing has taken place. Rebiopsy (a second stage diagnostic procedure) is performed 3-6 months after the original cryosurgery. By comparison of pathology, results and complications between our first series of 25 cases and the additional 27, we have observed only one frank malignant giant cell tumor (1.9% incidence). This is much lower than the previously reported 16% fully malignant complication rate, and may be the result of the rapid elimination of the giant cell tumor by cryosurgery.", "PMID": 729255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11995", "title": "Rupture of the musculotendinous cuff of the shoulder.", "content": "Codman established the diagnostic criteria and treatment for musculotendinous cuff rupture over 40 years ago. Chronic shoulder pain after a history of trauma which is unresponsive to usual conservative treatment may indicate rotator cuff tear. Point tenderness, weakness of abduction and external rotation, atrophy, and palpable crepitus or a gap are confirming signs. X-rays may be negative in the acute injury but show definite changes with chronicity. An arthrogram confirms the presence of a tear. An electromyograph should be performed to rule out suprascapular nerve lesions. Surgical repair will result in good or excellent results in at least two-thirds of cases properly selected. Complications which can adversely influence the results include deltoid avulsion, residual impingement and ectopic bone formation. A successful repair is generally permanent.", "contents": "Rupture of the musculotendinous cuff of the shoulder. Codman established the diagnostic criteria and treatment for musculotendinous cuff rupture over 40 years ago. Chronic shoulder pain after a history of trauma which is unresponsive to usual conservative treatment may indicate rotator cuff tear. Point tenderness, weakness of abduction and external rotation, atrophy, and palpable crepitus or a gap are confirming signs. X-rays may be negative in the acute injury but show definite changes with chronicity. An arthrogram confirms the presence of a tear. An electromyograph should be performed to rule out suprascapular nerve lesions. Surgical repair will result in good or excellent results in at least two-thirds of cases properly selected. Complications which can adversely influence the results include deltoid avulsion, residual impingement and ectopic bone formation. A successful repair is generally permanent.", "PMID": 729251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11996", "title": "A systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndrome induced by procainamide.", "content": "A syndrome that resembles Systemic Lupus Erythematosus both clinically and on laboratory studies may be induced by procainamide. It is associated with multisystemic involvement, positive Antinuclear Antibody titers (ANA), and positive LE cell preparations. In patients on procainamide therapy the syndrome must be differentiated from osteoarthritis, myocardial infarction, and pulmonary embolism. When procainamide  is discontinued, this Lupus-like syndrome is usually reversible. Other drugs, including hydralazine and isoniazid have also been implicated in provoking this Lupus-like syndrome.", "contents": "A systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndrome induced by procainamide. A syndrome that resembles Systemic Lupus Erythematosus both clinically and on laboratory studies may be induced by procainamide. It is associated with multisystemic involvement, positive Antinuclear Antibody titers (ANA), and positive LE cell preparations. In patients on procainamide therapy the syndrome must be differentiated from osteoarthritis, myocardial infarction, and pulmonary embolism. When procainamide  is discontinued, this Lupus-like syndrome is usually reversible. Other drugs, including hydralazine and isoniazid have also been implicated in provoking this Lupus-like syndrome.", "PMID": 729256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11997", "title": "Clear-cell carcinoma of the lung metastatic to the hamate: a case report.", "content": "Metastatic lesions of the hand are uncommon. A report of a solitary metastasis to the hamate seems not to have appeared previously in the literature. A 46-year-old factory worker presented a rare tumor, clear-cell carcinom of the lung, metastasizing to an unusual location, the hamate. The symptoms simulated sympathetic dystrophy and diagnosis was delayed because of the late appearance of radiographic changes over 6 months after symptoms first appeared. Early bone scanning in patients with chronic pain may provide useful information prior to the appearance of X-ray changes.", "contents": "Clear-cell carcinoma of the lung metastatic to the hamate: a case report. Metastatic lesions of the hand are uncommon. A report of a solitary metastasis to the hamate seems not to have appeared previously in the literature. A 46-year-old factory worker presented a rare tumor, clear-cell carcinom of the lung, metastasizing to an unusual location, the hamate. The symptoms simulated sympathetic dystrophy and diagnosis was delayed because of the late appearance of radiographic changes over 6 months after symptoms first appeared. Early bone scanning in patients with chronic pain may provide useful information prior to the appearance of X-ray changes.", "PMID": 729257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11998", "title": "Chondrosarcoma of the hand.", "content": "A case of chondrosarcoma of the hand recurred 4 times over a period of 32 years. Forty-seven cases of hand chondrosarcomas have been found in the literature. Histological diagnosis is difficult in differentiating chondrosarcomas from benign chondromas. Pain and swelling are the main symptoms of recurrence. The diagnosis is established by arteriography and excisional biopsy. Extraskeletal hand chondrosarcomas do not metastasize and other hand chondrosarcomas do so only rarely. Block excision of localized amputation is the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Chondrosarcoma of the hand. A case of chondrosarcoma of the hand recurred 4 times over a period of 32 years. Forty-seven cases of hand chondrosarcomas have been found in the literature. Histological diagnosis is difficult in differentiating chondrosarcomas from benign chondromas. Pain and swelling are the main symptoms of recurrence. The diagnosis is established by arteriography and excisional biopsy. Extraskeletal hand chondrosarcomas do not metastasize and other hand chondrosarcomas do so only rarely. Block excision of localized amputation is the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 729258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_11999", "title": "The presence of lining cells on surfaces of human trabecular bone.", "content": "Sixteen human trabecular bone biopsies were obtained from sites located in the ilium and in the area of the greater trochanter of the femur. Patients ranged from 19 to 85 years old and included men and women. All bone surfaces observed contained osteoid. Flat, branched fibroblastic-like cells were observed lining bone surfaces in all biopsy specimens. The presence of these cells was not dependent on age, sex, race, or disease state of the patient. Based on this study, we believe that the majority of human trabecular bone surfaces are covered with these thin lining cells.", "contents": "The presence of lining cells on surfaces of human trabecular bone. Sixteen human trabecular bone biopsies were obtained from sites located in the ilium and in the area of the greater trochanter of the femur. Patients ranged from 19 to 85 years old and included men and women. All bone surfaces observed contained osteoid. Flat, branched fibroblastic-like cells were observed lining bone surfaces in all biopsy specimens. The presence of these cells was not dependent on age, sex, race, or disease state of the patient. Based on this study, we believe that the majority of human trabecular bone surfaces are covered with these thin lining cells.", "PMID": 729260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12000", "title": "Inhibition of human lymphocyte responses by methylmethacrylate.", "content": "The in vitro response of normal stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes to methylmethacrylate (MMA) was a dose related inhibition. Fifty per cent inhibition occurred at concentrations of 0.078-0.125%. MMA affected not only responses to soluble phytomitogens but also responses to specific antigens and allogeneic lymphocytes. Numbers of viable cells in cultures with and without mitogens and MMA were comparable at the beginning and end of experiments, excluding methacrylate-related cytotoxicity as the primary mechanism of inhibition of lymphocyte responses. Inhibition did not result from alteration of kinetics of lymphocyte responses. Inhibition was greatest when MMA was added during early phases of cellular activation. It also reduced the ability of T-lymphocytes to rosette with sheep erythrocytes. These data indicate that MMA causes noncytotoxic, incompletely reversible inhibition of nonspecific, specific, soluble, and insoluble stimulated lymphocyte responses and rosette formation in vitro.", "contents": "Inhibition of human lymphocyte responses by methylmethacrylate. The in vitro response of normal stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes to methylmethacrylate (MMA) was a dose related inhibition. Fifty per cent inhibition occurred at concentrations of 0.078-0.125%. MMA affected not only responses to soluble phytomitogens but also responses to specific antigens and allogeneic lymphocytes. Numbers of viable cells in cultures with and without mitogens and MMA were comparable at the beginning and end of experiments, excluding methacrylate-related cytotoxicity as the primary mechanism of inhibition of lymphocyte responses. Inhibition did not result from alteration of kinetics of lymphocyte responses. Inhibition was greatest when MMA was added during early phases of cellular activation. It also reduced the ability of T-lymphocytes to rosette with sheep erythrocytes. These data indicate that MMA causes noncytotoxic, incompletely reversible inhibition of nonspecific, specific, soluble, and insoluble stimulated lymphocyte responses and rosette formation in vitro.", "PMID": 729261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12001", "title": "The Paltrinieri-Trentani hip joint resurface arthroplasty.", "content": "The Paltrinieri-Trentani type of resurfacing the hip has been under clinical investigation for over 6 years. The prostheses consist of a metal cap, which is fitted to the head of the femur (no amputation of the neck and the head being required) and an acetabular cup made of high density polyethylene. Matched cups and caps are available in different sizes. The biomechanical preconditions upon which this hip resurfacing is based must be understood to successfully perform the operation. The series of patients reported here were aged between 32 and 70 years. The results after 6 years are 76% successful, and typical cases rate between 5 and 6 on the Charnley Scale; 12% rated between 3 and 4; 12% were failures owing either the fracture of the neck of the femur or to loosening of the femoral prosthesis. Further analysis of the cases demonstrated that: prostheses applied with the correct surgical technique gave satisfactory results; failures were attributable to errors of technique and indication.", "contents": "The Paltrinieri-Trentani hip joint resurface arthroplasty. The Paltrinieri-Trentani type of resurfacing the hip has been under clinical investigation for over 6 years. The prostheses consist of a metal cap, which is fitted to the head of the femur (no amputation of the neck and the head being required) and an acetabular cup made of high density polyethylene. Matched cups and caps are available in different sizes. The biomechanical preconditions upon which this hip resurfacing is based must be understood to successfully perform the operation. The series of patients reported here were aged between 32 and 70 years. The results after 6 years are 76% successful, and typical cases rate between 5 and 6 on the Charnley Scale; 12% rated between 3 and 4; 12% were failures owing either the fracture of the neck of the femur or to loosening of the femoral prosthesis. Further analysis of the cases demonstrated that: prostheses applied with the correct surgical technique gave satisfactory results; failures were attributable to errors of technique and indication.", "PMID": 729262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12002", "title": "Fluid space in bone.", "content": "This paper reviews the extraction of solutes through capillaries in bone, by means of outflow dilution techniques in the canine tibia. Solutes leave capillaries in bone by passive diffusion dependent on molecular size. The fluid space in bone is also examined by means of analyzing washout curves of radioactive substances. It is proposed that there are 4 definable compartments in bone; a vascular space, a perivascular fluid space a bone fluid space and a bone space. The relevance of these spaces is in bone mineral short and long term ion exchange activity.", "contents": "Fluid space in bone. This paper reviews the extraction of solutes through capillaries in bone, by means of outflow dilution techniques in the canine tibia. Solutes leave capillaries in bone by passive diffusion dependent on molecular size. The fluid space in bone is also examined by means of analyzing washout curves of radioactive substances. It is proposed that there are 4 definable compartments in bone; a vascular space, a perivascular fluid space a bone fluid space and a bone space. The relevance of these spaces is in bone mineral short and long term ion exchange activity.", "PMID": 729259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12003", "title": "Methylprednisolone in posttraumatic pulmonary insufficiency.", "content": "The effect of methylprednisolone, 30 mg/kg on the musculoskeletal trauma model in dogs were compared with the previously reported untreated models. The atelectasis, inflammation, and alveolar membrane thickening were ameliorated. There was a decrease in the coagulopathy of trauma as well as increased cardiac output, pulmonary vasodilitation and a decrease in the pulmonary shunt. Although these changes are salutory, the majority of patients with posttraumatic pulmonary insufficiency can be adequately treated by prompt adequate volume replacement, blood replacement, and appropriate use of cardiotonic drugs. Only in the resistant patient are steroids necessary.", "contents": "Methylprednisolone in posttraumatic pulmonary insufficiency. The effect of methylprednisolone, 30 mg/kg on the musculoskeletal trauma model in dogs were compared with the previously reported untreated models. The atelectasis, inflammation, and alveolar membrane thickening were ameliorated. There was a decrease in the coagulopathy of trauma as well as increased cardiac output, pulmonary vasodilitation and a decrease in the pulmonary shunt. Although these changes are salutory, the majority of patients with posttraumatic pulmonary insufficiency can be adequately treated by prompt adequate volume replacement, blood replacement, and appropriate use of cardiotonic drugs. Only in the resistant patient are steroids necessary.", "PMID": 729264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12004", "title": "Socket-cup arthroplasty.", "content": "Socket-cup arthroplasty gives a painless hip and allows a sufficient range of motion for the daily activities of the average patient. Arthrodesis and total hip replacement are clearly possible in the cases in which the operation is a failure. The procedure therefore is relatively conservative. There are 2 major causes of failure. One is atrophy and necrosis of the femoral head and neck covered by the cup. The other is loosening between the acetabular bone and cement in dysplastic hips. The results of clinical trials with socket-cup arthroplasty were disappointing. Reoperation by total hip replacement between 1--5 years after implantation (mean 3 years) was required for 7 of 12 cases. Failure was associated with fracture of the femoral neck secondary to osteonecrosis in one hip and with the loosening of the acetabular socket in 6 hips. To overcome these difficulties, improvements in materials, design and surgical procedure are necessary. The indication for the present designs and materials for socket-cup arthroplasty should be strictly limited.", "contents": "Socket-cup arthroplasty. Socket-cup arthroplasty gives a painless hip and allows a sufficient range of motion for the daily activities of the average patient. Arthrodesis and total hip replacement are clearly possible in the cases in which the operation is a failure. The procedure therefore is relatively conservative. There are 2 major causes of failure. One is atrophy and necrosis of the femoral head and neck covered by the cup. The other is loosening between the acetabular bone and cement in dysplastic hips. The results of clinical trials with socket-cup arthroplasty were disappointing. Reoperation by total hip replacement between 1--5 years after implantation (mean 3 years) was required for 7 of 12 cases. Failure was associated with fracture of the femoral neck secondary to osteonecrosis in one hip and with the loosening of the acetabular socket in 6 hips. To overcome these difficulties, improvements in materials, design and surgical procedure are necessary. The indication for the present designs and materials for socket-cup arthroplasty should be strictly limited.", "PMID": 729265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12005", "title": "Cemented double cup arthroplasty of the hip: a 5 year experience with the ICLH prosthesis.", "content": "The ICLH (Imperial College-London Hospital) total hip arthroplasty is a procedure in which a metal femoral component caps the proximal femur and a polyethylene acetabular component resurfaces the acetabulum with both components cemented in place. Between June, 1972, and November, 1974, changes were made in prosthetic design and in operative technique in response to 2 specific problems encountered. The loosening rate was high until the original polyethylene femoral component was redesigned so that it was metal. The incidence of femoral neck fractures was unacceptable until trochanteric osteotomy was discontinued. Since November, 1974, 116 hips have been replaced and neither the prosthesis nor the operative technique has changed. Pain relief has been comparable to that obtained with conventional Charnley-type hip replacement. All patients walk out of doors and no patient's walking capacity is limited by pain in the operated hip. No hip has lost motion and 36% have an effectively full range. No deterioration in the quality of these results is suggested when the first postoperative assessment is compared to those at 2 years and longer postoperative. Technical errors to be recognized and avoided are varus placement of the femoral component and excessive vertical placement of the acetabular component.", "contents": "Cemented double cup arthroplasty of the hip: a 5 year experience with the ICLH prosthesis. The ICLH (Imperial College-London Hospital) total hip arthroplasty is a procedure in which a metal femoral component caps the proximal femur and a polyethylene acetabular component resurfaces the acetabulum with both components cemented in place. Between June, 1972, and November, 1974, changes were made in prosthetic design and in operative technique in response to 2 specific problems encountered. The loosening rate was high until the original polyethylene femoral component was redesigned so that it was metal. The incidence of femoral neck fractures was unacceptable until trochanteric osteotomy was discontinued. Since November, 1974, 116 hips have been replaced and neither the prosthesis nor the operative technique has changed. Pain relief has been comparable to that obtained with conventional Charnley-type hip replacement. All patients walk out of doors and no patient's walking capacity is limited by pain in the operated hip. No hip has lost motion and 36% have an effectively full range. No deterioration in the quality of these results is suggested when the first postoperative assessment is compared to those at 2 years and longer postoperative. Technical errors to be recognized and avoided are varus placement of the femoral component and excessive vertical placement of the acetabular component.", "PMID": 729266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12006", "title": "The glycosaminoglycans of human articular cartilage: molecular weight distribution of chondroitin sulphate in different layers in the adult individual.", "content": "Articular cartilage from 3 human femoral heads was sectioned serially, at 200 micron thickness, parallel to the articular surface. The morphologically normal cartilage was compared with superficially fibrillated cartilage. Sections from 5 or 6 defined layers representing the cartilage bulk were pooled and the sodium salt of chondroitin sulphate was isolated from each layer. The molecular weight distribution of the chondroitin sulphate was determined by either Sephadex G-200 or Sephacryl S-200 gel chromatography. For the normal articular cartilage from the 3 individuals a reduction of the average molecular weight of the chondroitin sulphate from the articular surface to the cartilage-bone junction was observed. In the superfically fibrillated cartilage superficial layer chondroitin sulphate had a smaller average molecular weight than the corresponding normal cartilage of the same femoral head.", "contents": "The glycosaminoglycans of human articular cartilage: molecular weight distribution of chondroitin sulphate in different layers in the adult individual. Articular cartilage from 3 human femoral heads was sectioned serially, at 200 micron thickness, parallel to the articular surface. The morphologically normal cartilage was compared with superficially fibrillated cartilage. Sections from 5 or 6 defined layers representing the cartilage bulk were pooled and the sodium salt of chondroitin sulphate was isolated from each layer. The molecular weight distribution of the chondroitin sulphate was determined by either Sephadex G-200 or Sephacryl S-200 gel chromatography. For the normal articular cartilage from the 3 individuals a reduction of the average molecular weight of the chondroitin sulphate from the articular surface to the cartilage-bone junction was observed. In the superfically fibrillated cartilage superficial layer chondroitin sulphate had a smaller average molecular weight than the corresponding normal cartilage of the same femoral head.", "PMID": 729263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12007", "title": "Leg lengthening.", "content": "Two hundred eleven leg lengthening operations have been carried out at the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, London, in 192 patients between 1966 and 1977. The results were analyzed in the 143 patients who had reached skeletal maturity. A 5 cm gain in length using Anderson's modification of Abbott's lengthening machine was achieved in 21 femora and 122 tibiae. There was no significant difference in the sexes, 98 boys and 94 girls. Average difference in leg length before operation was 5.75 cm (11.7--3.0 cm). Average reduction in difference 3.06 cm (7.5--4.5 cm). Average difference at maturity 2.48 cm (9.5--0.5 cm). Fractures occurred in 30 patients all of which united, but some lost part of the length gained. Most serious was a decision to amputate in 2 patients due to severe discrepancy in one patient and foot deformity in another. There were no failures of union, no long-term sepsis and no deaths.", "contents": "Leg lengthening. Two hundred eleven leg lengthening operations have been carried out at the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, London, in 192 patients between 1966 and 1977. The results were analyzed in the 143 patients who had reached skeletal maturity. A 5 cm gain in length using Anderson's modification of Abbott's lengthening machine was achieved in 21 femora and 122 tibiae. There was no significant difference in the sexes, 98 boys and 94 girls. Average difference in leg length before operation was 5.75 cm (11.7--3.0 cm). Average reduction in difference 3.06 cm (7.5--4.5 cm). Average difference at maturity 2.48 cm (9.5--0.5 cm). Fractures occurred in 30 patients all of which united, but some lost part of the length gained. Most serious was a decision to amputate in 2 patients due to severe discrepancy in one patient and foot deformity in another. There were no failures of union, no long-term sepsis and no deaths.", "PMID": 729273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12008", "title": "Socket and cup surface replacement of the hip.", "content": "To improve the surgical results of severe osteoarthritis of the hip, surface replacement of the hip using a double cup without cement was employed on 75 hips during the period from 1972 to 1977. The results of the procedures have been analyzed on 67 hips followed for more than 6 months. The most dramatic improvement following the procedure has been pain relief, observed in 58 of 67 hips (86%). Three reoperations were necessary. Failures were treated satisfactorily either by total hip replacement, or by arthrodesis and/or by placing a new cup on the head respectively. There was no operative death, pulmonary embolism, thrombophlebitis, nor deep infection. We do not think this procedure replaces more definitive surgery such as the Charnley-type total hip replacement, but it is a good adjunctive procedure particularly in patients younger than 60 years of age.", "contents": "Socket and cup surface replacement of the hip. To improve the surgical results of severe osteoarthritis of the hip, surface replacement of the hip using a double cup without cement was employed on 75 hips during the period from 1972 to 1977. The results of the procedures have been analyzed on 67 hips followed for more than 6 months. The most dramatic improvement following the procedure has been pain relief, observed in 58 of 67 hips (86%). Three reoperations were necessary. Failures were treated satisfactorily either by total hip replacement, or by arthrodesis and/or by placing a new cup on the head respectively. There was no operative death, pulmonary embolism, thrombophlebitis, nor deep infection. We do not think this procedure replaces more definitive surgery such as the Charnley-type total hip replacement, but it is a good adjunctive procedure particularly in patients younger than 60 years of age.", "PMID": 729267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12009", "title": "Experimental limb lengthening by epiphyseal distraction.", "content": "Kirshner wires were placed either side of the right distal femoral epiphysis and a constant tension device applied a distracting force across the plate in rabbits. Growth increase was measured between the wires and found to be about 150% greater than the concurrent normal growth between 2 control (undistracted) wires on the left; such growth increase can occur in the absence of fracturing. The forces required to do this were between 1/5 and 1/10 of those shown to cause fracturing in vitro. The growth increase was shown to be associated with hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the plate, as well as an increased rate of cell division and sulfated polysaccharide synthesis. This was in turn shown to be associated with an increase in new bone formation.", "contents": "Experimental limb lengthening by epiphyseal distraction. Kirshner wires were placed either side of the right distal femoral epiphysis and a constant tension device applied a distracting force across the plate in rabbits. Growth increase was measured between the wires and found to be about 150% greater than the concurrent normal growth between 2 control (undistracted) wires on the left; such growth increase can occur in the absence of fracturing. The forces required to do this were between 1/5 and 1/10 of those shown to cause fracturing in vitro. The growth increase was shown to be associated with hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the plate, as well as an increased rate of cell division and sulfated polysaccharide synthesis. This was in turn shown to be associated with an increase in new bone formation.", "PMID": 729274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12010", "title": "Conservative total hip arthroplasty: a procedure to conserve bone stock. Part I: analysis of sixty-six patients. Part II: analysis of failures.", "content": "Pain relief, function, and range of motion in surface replacement hip arthroplasty is comparable to the Charnley-type conventional arthroplasty. Patients with primary and secondary degenerative hip disease are the most suitable candidates for surface replacement. Previous operations, especially mold arthroplasty, increases incidence of failure. Osteopenia, obesity, or congenital deficiency of the acetabulum also increases the incidence of failure. Intraoperative preservation of abductor continuity and rigorous postoperative abductor strengthening are necessary to insure the success of the procedure. A minimum of 18 months is necessary to adequately evaluate the procedure. Acetabular loosening is avoidable. Hemispherical reaming of the femoral head did not contribute to femoral component loosening. Traumatic femoral neck fracture is a concern, but atraumatic femoral neck fracture can be avoided through improved operative technique, and by a program of rehabilitation of hip musculature. The procedure is indicated in the relatively young, well-motivated, non-obese patient with degenerative joint disease who has normal hip musculature.", "contents": "Conservative total hip arthroplasty: a procedure to conserve bone stock. Part I: analysis of sixty-six patients. Part II: analysis of failures. Pain relief, function, and range of motion in surface replacement hip arthroplasty is comparable to the Charnley-type conventional arthroplasty. Patients with primary and secondary degenerative hip disease are the most suitable candidates for surface replacement. Previous operations, especially mold arthroplasty, increases incidence of failure. Osteopenia, obesity, or congenital deficiency of the acetabulum also increases the incidence of failure. Intraoperative preservation of abductor continuity and rigorous postoperative abductor strengthening are necessary to insure the success of the procedure. A minimum of 18 months is necessary to adequately evaluate the procedure. Acetabular loosening is avoidable. Hemispherical reaming of the femoral head did not contribute to femoral component loosening. Traumatic femoral neck fracture is a concern, but atraumatic femoral neck fracture can be avoided through improved operative technique, and by a program of rehabilitation of hip musculature. The procedure is indicated in the relatively young, well-motivated, non-obese patient with degenerative joint disease who has normal hip musculature.", "PMID": 729268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12011", "title": "Continuous transphyseal traction: experimental observations.", "content": "Observations of canine tibias lengthened by continuous transphyseal distraction (without osteotomy) reveals an acute fracture through the metaphyseal zone of primary trabeculae and rapid osseous healing. Long-term follow-up demonstrates normal subsequent growth.", "contents": "Continuous transphyseal traction: experimental observations. Observations of canine tibias lengthened by continuous transphyseal distraction (without osteotomy) reveals an acute fracture through the metaphyseal zone of primary trabeculae and rapid osseous healing. Long-term follow-up demonstrates normal subsequent growth.", "PMID": 729275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12012", "title": "Surface replacement of the hip joint.", "content": "A total hip resurfacing prosthesis consisting of a high density polyethylene socket and a stainless steel cup was devised in 1974. Bone cement fixes the socket in the acetabulum but is not applied between the cup and the femoral head. Four types of sockets and 3 types of femoral cups with different diameters are available. Between April 1974, and October, 1977, 57 total hip replacements using socket-cup prosthesis were performed in 54 patients with various hip disorders. In this series, 36 patients with 37 of these replacements ranging in age from 40 to 68 years (mean 50 years) were examined. The length of follow-up ranged from 6 months to 3 1/2 years and the overall subjective and objective results were excellent. Pain was relieved in 97.3%. Walking ability was improved in 86.1%. With 6 months in almost all patients, mobility and  the activities of daily living were significantly improved.", "contents": "Surface replacement of the hip joint. A total hip resurfacing prosthesis consisting of a high density polyethylene socket and a stainless steel cup was devised in 1974. Bone cement fixes the socket in the acetabulum but is not applied between the cup and the femoral head. Four types of sockets and 3 types of femoral cups with different diameters are available. Between April 1974, and October, 1977, 57 total hip replacements using socket-cup prosthesis were performed in 54 patients with various hip disorders. In this series, 36 patients with 37 of these replacements ranging in age from 40 to 68 years (mean 50 years) were examined. The length of follow-up ranged from 6 months to 3 1/2 years and the overall subjective and objective results were excellent. Pain was relieved in 97.3%. Walking ability was improved in 86.1%. With 6 months in almost all patients, mobility and  the activities of daily living were significantly improved.", "PMID": 729269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12013", "title": "Cement-free bioceramic double-cup endoprosthesis of the hip-joint.", "content": "A cement-free bioceramic aluminum oxide double cup endoprosthesis is under investigation as an alternative to the cemented stem endoprosthesis. Nine patients with 11 operated hips are without complaints after an average of 20.8 months (range 8--28 months). Early loosening of 2 femoral components occurred because of technical mistakes during operation. In 3 patients loosening of the femoral component was seen 5--7 months after surgery. Mobilization of the hip joint and walking capacity are similar to the usually implanted stem endoprosthesis. Stable long-lasting anchorage is possible if the femoral component is implanted in valgus position and in contact with living bone. Failures are treated by a traditional type of endoprosthesis.", "contents": "Cement-free bioceramic double-cup endoprosthesis of the hip-joint. A cement-free bioceramic aluminum oxide double cup endoprosthesis is under investigation as an alternative to the cemented stem endoprosthesis. Nine patients with 11 operated hips are without complaints after an average of 20.8 months (range 8--28 months). Early loosening of 2 femoral components occurred because of technical mistakes during operation. In 3 patients loosening of the femoral component was seen 5--7 months after surgery. Mobilization of the hip joint and walking capacity are similar to the usually implanted stem endoprosthesis. Stable long-lasting anchorage is possible if the femoral component is implanted in valgus position and in contact with living bone. Failures are treated by a traditional type of endoprosthesis.", "PMID": 729270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12014", "title": "Operative lengthening of the femur.", "content": "Femoral lengthening with the aid of the apparatus described in this article can be accomplished safely and predictably. However, it is not without considerations and problems which must be fully understood and appreciated. The healing process requires months to years; with a cooperative patient and a diligent attentive orthopedist, the equalization of leg lengths is more than justified.", "contents": "Operative lengthening of the femur. Femoral lengthening with the aid of the apparatus described in this article can be accomplished safely and predictably. However, it is not without considerations and problems which must be fully understood and appreciated. The healing process requires months to years; with a cooperative patient and a diligent attentive orthopedist, the equalization of leg lengths is more than justified.", "PMID": 729276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12015", "title": "The significance of intraosseous pressure in normal and diseased states with special reference to the intraosseous engorgement-pain syndrome.", "content": "When investigating a patient whose main symptom is pain aggravated by activity, or rest pain in the area of the knee (and perhaps other joints as well) the intraosseous engorgement-pain syndrome should be kept in mind. This type of pain can also be present in patients with osteoarthritis. In such patients intraosseous angiography and intraosseous pressure measurement can be useful guides when deciding the type and site of treatment. As regards the knee joint, these investigations must always be made in both tibia and femur. A drainage time of 10 and more minutes after injection of 2 ml radiopaque dye in a prone patient, and retrograde filling of intramedullary veins from a metaphyseal injection is abnormal. Concomitant intraosseous pressure measurement may be useful when made under well controlled conditions. Pressure values of more than 30--40 mm of mercury above the venous pressure are probably pathological. Rest pain can successfully be treated by a simple fenestration operation.", "contents": "The significance of intraosseous pressure in normal and diseased states with special reference to the intraosseous engorgement-pain syndrome. When investigating a patient whose main symptom is pain aggravated by activity, or rest pain in the area of the knee (and perhaps other joints as well) the intraosseous engorgement-pain syndrome should be kept in mind. This type of pain can also be present in patients with osteoarthritis. In such patients intraosseous angiography and intraosseous pressure measurement can be useful guides when deciding the type and site of treatment. As regards the knee joint, these investigations must always be made in both tibia and femur. A drainage time of 10 and more minutes after injection of 2 ml radiopaque dye in a prone patient, and retrograde filling of intramedullary veins from a metaphyseal injection is abnormal. Concomitant intraosseous pressure measurement may be useful when made under well controlled conditions. Pressure values of more than 30--40 mm of mercury above the venous pressure are probably pathological. Rest pain can successfully be treated by a simple fenestration operation.", "PMID": 729277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12016", "title": "An axillary approach for a Putti-Platt repair.", "content": "Eighty-seven Putti-Platt repairs for traumatic recurrent anterior dislocations of the shoulder have been performed, utilizing the anterior axillary approach. This approach facilitated the surgical repair so well that its use has been continued. The anterior axillary approach provides an excellent exposure of key anatomical structures. This is obtained by undermining the skin. The blood loss has been minimal. Infection is rare and wound healing is rapid. The surgical scar is minimal and inconspicuous. This exposure requires one assistant, which can significantly shorten the operative time.", "contents": "An axillary approach for a Putti-Platt repair. Eighty-seven Putti-Platt repairs for traumatic recurrent anterior dislocations of the shoulder have been performed, utilizing the anterior axillary approach. This approach facilitated the surgical repair so well that its use has been continued. The anterior axillary approach provides an excellent exposure of key anatomical structures. This is obtained by undermining the skin. The blood loss has been minimal. Infection is rare and wound healing is rapid. The surgical scar is minimal and inconspicuous. This exposure requires one assistant, which can significantly shorten the operative time.", "PMID": 729278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12017", "title": "Osteochondroma of the atlas: a case report.", "content": "An extremely rare case of osteochondroma arising from the right lateral mass of an atlas was successfully treated by a complete removal through an oblique high cervical incision coupled with a transection of the underlying sternocleidomastoid muscle and careful freeing and retraction of the adjacent vital neurovascular structures.", "contents": "Osteochondroma of the atlas: a case report. An extremely rare case of osteochondroma arising from the right lateral mass of an atlas was successfully treated by a complete removal through an oblique high cervical incision coupled with a transection of the underlying sternocleidomastoid muscle and careful freeing and retraction of the adjacent vital neurovascular structures.", "PMID": 729279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12018", "title": "A calcified fibrocartilagenous nodule in the ligamentum nuchae. Presenting as a tumor.", "content": "Nodules of fibrocartilage, calcified fibrocartilage, or bone may be found in the adult ligamentum nuchae. These are generally asymptomatic but may mimic fractures or, as in the case presented here, tumors.", "contents": "A calcified fibrocartilagenous nodule in the ligamentum nuchae. Presenting as a tumor. Nodules of fibrocartilage, calcified fibrocartilage, or bone may be found in the adult ligamentum nuchae. These are generally asymptomatic but may mimic fractures or, as in the case presented here, tumors.", "PMID": 729280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12019", "title": "Metastatic cancer of the spinal column.", "content": "In an effort to determine the potential of radiotherapy or surgery in alleviating the symptoms and signs of metastic cancer to the spinal neuraxis, 77 cases with documented malignant disease in this area were studied retrospectively over a 2 year period. Emphasis must be placed on early diagnosis, and recognition of intractable day and night pain as a hallmark of cancer of the spine. This symptom was found to be present for many months before the diagnosis could be made on plain X-rays. Bone-scanning, tomography, and myelography were consistently found to be useful adjuncts to early diagnosis. This study points out that operative intervention is ineffective in relieving the signs and symptoms of cord compromise, and adds significantly to the general morbidity of the patient. This was a consistent finding in cases with metastases to the thoracic spine who had developed neurological dysfunction secondary to their tumors. Radiation therapy should be considered a useful form of palliation for the pain associated with metastatic cancer.", "contents": "Metastatic cancer of the spinal column. In an effort to determine the potential of radiotherapy or surgery in alleviating the symptoms and signs of metastic cancer to the spinal neuraxis, 77 cases with documented malignant disease in this area were studied retrospectively over a 2 year period. Emphasis must be placed on early diagnosis, and recognition of intractable day and night pain as a hallmark of cancer of the spine. This symptom was found to be present for many months before the diagnosis could be made on plain X-rays. Bone-scanning, tomography, and myelography were consistently found to be useful adjuncts to early diagnosis. This study points out that operative intervention is ineffective in relieving the signs and symptoms of cord compromise, and adds significantly to the general morbidity of the patient. This was a consistent finding in cases with metastases to the thoracic spine who had developed neurological dysfunction secondary to their tumors. Radiation therapy should be considered a useful form of palliation for the pain associated with metastatic cancer.", "PMID": 729281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12020", "title": "An ivory vertebra: monostotic Paget's disease of bone.", "content": "The roentgenographic scintographic and histologic features of an \"ivory vertebra\" are characteristic of monostotic Paget's disease. This case and condition are of special interest because Paget's disease is quite unusual in persons aged 30 or younger.", "contents": "An ivory vertebra: monostotic Paget's disease of bone. The roentgenographic scintographic and histologic features of an \"ivory vertebra\" are characteristic of monostotic Paget's disease. This case and condition are of special interest because Paget's disease is quite unusual in persons aged 30 or younger.", "PMID": 729282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12021", "title": "Acute patellar dislocation: results of immediate surgical repair.", "content": "Seventeen cases of acute, first time, lateral patellar dislocations without fracture treated by immediate surgical repair were reviewed and evaluated. Nine patellar tendon realignments and 8 medial side reefing procedures were performed. There were no recurrences of patellar dislocation. Twelve knees were painful, of which 8 were rarely painful. All but one patient were satisfied with their results and participated in any desired sport. Surgical repair of acute patellar dislocation is advocated in the young patient who anticipates future participation in athletics.", "contents": "Acute patellar dislocation: results of immediate surgical repair. Seventeen cases of acute, first time, lateral patellar dislocations without fracture treated by immediate surgical repair were reviewed and evaluated. Nine patellar tendon realignments and 8 medial side reefing procedures were performed. There were no recurrences of patellar dislocation. Twelve knees were painful, of which 8 were rarely painful. All but one patient were satisfied with their results and participated in any desired sport. Surgical repair of acute patellar dislocation is advocated in the young patient who anticipates future participation in athletics.", "PMID": 729283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12022", "title": "Bilateral spontaneous concurrent rupture of the patellar tendon without apparent associated systemic disease: a case report.", "content": "Patella tendon ruptures are an uncommon injury. Only 5 previous cases of bilateral patellar tendon rupture have been reported. Only 3 of these cases occurred simultaneously. All 5 previously described patients had systemic disease. This paper presents the only reported case of an individual with no known systemic disease who has suffered bilateral spontaneous concurrent patella tendon rupture.", "contents": "Bilateral spontaneous concurrent rupture of the patellar tendon without apparent associated systemic disease: a case report. Patella tendon ruptures are an uncommon injury. Only 5 previous cases of bilateral patellar tendon rupture have been reported. Only 3 of these cases occurred simultaneously. All 5 previously described patients had systemic disease. This paper presents the only reported case of an individual with no known systemic disease who has suffered bilateral spontaneous concurrent patella tendon rupture.", "PMID": 729284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12023", "title": "Injuries of the anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligaments of the knee. A retrospective analysis of clinical records--part I.", "content": "The difficulty in diagnosing and subsequently treating lesions of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is demonstrated in a review of 136 cases. Twenty-one patients noted a \"pop\" at the time of injury and each had a lesion of the ACL. The mechanism of injury may be helpful. The commonly seen valgus external rotation injury was noted in 60% of the cases but internal rotation with hyperextension and/or hyperflexion were also reported. The anterior drawer sign, if present, increases the accuracy to 92.1%. Failure of early cast treatment occurred if the ACL was torn but not in lesions confined to the MCL. Early meniscectomy in the cruciate deficient patient did not alleviate the need for further surgery in this group. At surgery the medial meniscus was torn in 93/124 ligament injuries but in addition 14 tears of the lateral meniscus were found. Wound complications were frequent with infection (4.8%) always being associated with hematoma formation (9.5%).", "contents": "Injuries of the anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligaments of the knee. A retrospective analysis of clinical records--part I. The difficulty in diagnosing and subsequently treating lesions of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is demonstrated in a review of 136 cases. Twenty-one patients noted a \"pop\" at the time of injury and each had a lesion of the ACL. The mechanism of injury may be helpful. The commonly seen valgus external rotation injury was noted in 60% of the cases but internal rotation with hyperextension and/or hyperflexion were also reported. The anterior drawer sign, if present, increases the accuracy to 92.1%. Failure of early cast treatment occurred if the ACL was torn but not in lesions confined to the MCL. Early meniscectomy in the cruciate deficient patient did not alleviate the need for further surgery in this group. At surgery the medial meniscus was torn in 93/124 ligament injuries but in addition 14 tears of the lateral meniscus were found. Wound complications were frequent with infection (4.8%) always being associated with hematoma formation (9.5%).", "PMID": 729285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12024", "title": "External rotation tibial osteotomy in clubfoot: adverse late effects.", "content": "In a review of 16 feet in clubfoot patients who had external rotation osteotomies to correct internal tibial torsion, 13 had the undesired effect of aggravating and increasing the varus deformity of the foot. External rotation osteotomy to correct internal tibial torsion seems contraindicated in the presence of clubfoot. If an indication does exist, the chances of late adverse effects can be decreased by deferring surgery until the child is over the age of 8, or by combining the procedure with lengthening of the long flexor tendons.", "contents": "External rotation tibial osteotomy in clubfoot: adverse late effects. In a review of 16 feet in clubfoot patients who had external rotation osteotomies to correct internal tibial torsion, 13 had the undesired effect of aggravating and increasing the varus deformity of the foot. External rotation osteotomy to correct internal tibial torsion seems contraindicated in the presence of clubfoot. If an indication does exist, the chances of late adverse effects can be decreased by deferring surgery until the child is over the age of 8, or by combining the procedure with lengthening of the long flexor tendons.", "PMID": 729288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12025", "title": "Chondrosarcoma of the talus: a case report.", "content": "Although malignant cartilage tumors of the foot and especially of the talus are uncommon, the treating physician must become suspicious when a \"simple ankle sprain\" is resistant to standard treatment. In such a case, the comparison of serial radiographs may reveal subtle changes and the use of a radioactive bone scan may be of diagnostic value.", "contents": "Chondrosarcoma of the talus: a case report. Although malignant cartilage tumors of the foot and especially of the talus are uncommon, the treating physician must become suspicious when a \"simple ankle sprain\" is resistant to standard treatment. In such a case, the comparison of serial radiographs may reveal subtle changes and the use of a radioactive bone scan may be of diagnostic value.", "PMID": 729289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12026", "title": "The unreducible Lisfranc fracture. Case report and literature review.", "content": "In a lateral dislocation that is unreducible by closed methods, one should suspect that the tendon of the tibialis anterior muscle may be preventing reduction because of its interposition. In such a situation an open reduction is mandatory.", "contents": "The unreducible Lisfranc fracture. Case report and literature review. In a lateral dislocation that is unreducible by closed methods, one should suspect that the tendon of the tibialis anterior muscle may be preventing reduction because of its interposition. In such a situation an open reduction is mandatory.", "PMID": 729290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12027", "title": "Chondrosarcoma developed in the distal phalangeal bone of the third toe. A case report.", "content": "A unique chondrosarcoma developed in the distal right middle phalangeal bone of the foot in a 38-year-old woman. In a review of statistics on the localization of 264 chondrosarcomas in the Bone Tumor Registry of Japan since 1964, 4 were in the foot and 11 were in the hand.", "contents": "Chondrosarcoma developed in the distal phalangeal bone of the third toe. A case report. A unique chondrosarcoma developed in the distal right middle phalangeal bone of the foot in a 38-year-old woman. In a review of statistics on the localization of 264 chondrosarcomas in the Bone Tumor Registry of Japan since 1964, 4 were in the foot and 11 were in the hand.", "PMID": 729291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12028", "title": "Musculoskeletal infections due to Mycobacterium kansasii.", "content": "Mycobacterium kansasii musculoskeletal infections are unusual. The infection presents as either a tenosynovitis, monoarticular arthritis or generalized systemic spread. In 2 patients, vigorous surgical and antimycobacterial medical regimens controlled the infection and produced full return of function.", "contents": "Musculoskeletal infections due to Mycobacterium kansasii. Mycobacterium kansasii musculoskeletal infections are unusual. The infection presents as either a tenosynovitis, monoarticular arthritis or generalized systemic spread. In 2 patients, vigorous surgical and antimycobacterial medical regimens controlled the infection and produced full return of function.", "PMID": 729292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12029", "title": "Mycobacterium fortuitum infections: a review with two illustrative cases.", "content": "Two outbreaks of postoperative wound infections by organisms of the Mycobacterium fortuitum complex have focused attention on this notoriously drug resistant organism. In this report 2 cases are presented which developed infections with this organism, one of which responded to systemic antimicrobials despite discouraging in vitro sensitivities. Surgical debridement must remain the choice of treatment; however, systemic antibiotics may prove effective in some cases.", "contents": "Mycobacterium fortuitum infections: a review with two illustrative cases. Two outbreaks of postoperative wound infections by organisms of the Mycobacterium fortuitum complex have focused attention on this notoriously drug resistant organism. In this report 2 cases are presented which developed infections with this organism, one of which responded to systemic antimicrobials despite discouraging in vitro sensitivities. Surgical debridement must remain the choice of treatment; however, systemic antibiotics may prove effective in some cases.", "PMID": 729293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12030", "title": "Tuberculosis joint infection.", "content": "A retrospective study of tuberculosis infection of joints over a 10 year period has identified 21 documented cases. The patients were, for the most part, of rural, middle-class background and usually in the fifth to seventh decade. Diagnosis was commonly missed with the exception of spinal lesions. Presentation was usually monoarticular with roentgenograms showing progressive joint destruction. Sedimentation rate elevation and positive skin testing were helpful, but the diagnosis depended on culture and histologic examination of tissue. Chemotherapy was very effective and urgent surgery was performed on spinal lesions for neurologic deficit.", "contents": "Tuberculosis joint infection. A retrospective study of tuberculosis infection of joints over a 10 year period has identified 21 documented cases. The patients were, for the most part, of rural, middle-class background and usually in the fifth to seventh decade. Diagnosis was commonly missed with the exception of spinal lesions. Presentation was usually monoarticular with roentgenograms showing progressive joint destruction. Sedimentation rate elevation and positive skin testing were helpful, but the diagnosis depended on culture and histologic examination of tissue. Chemotherapy was very effective and urgent surgery was performed on spinal lesions for neurologic deficit.", "PMID": 729294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12031", "title": "Fat embolism in children.", "content": "Clinical fat embolism in children is rare. An 11-year-old myelodysplastic child with an apparently insignificant tibial fracture illustrates the risk of this potentially fatal complication in children with osteoporotic bone.", "contents": "Fat embolism in children. Clinical fat embolism in children is rare. An 11-year-old myelodysplastic child with an apparently insignificant tibial fracture illustrates the risk of this potentially fatal complication in children with osteoporotic bone.", "PMID": 729295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12032", "title": "Effect of rigid plate fixation on structure and mineral content of cortical bone.", "content": "The effect of rigid plate fixation on the structure and mineral content of cortical bone were studied by light and fluorescence microscopy and by chemical analysis of calcium and hydroxyproline content in 27 rabbits from one day to 17 weeks after the attachment of a 5 hole ASIF-plate onto intact femur. Between the second and seventeenth postoperative weeks the plated cortical bone became progressively thinner and porotically transformed. Subendosteal resorption was partly offset by the formation of new subperiosteal bone that resulted in a slightly wider than normal, thin-walled tubular bone. At 17 weeks the mean calcium content of the tubular bone under the plate was 15% less than the initial postoperative content (p less than 0.05). The corresponding decrease in calcium content in the metaphyseal and epiphyseal areas of both the operated and the control bone was highly significant. The mean values for hydroxyproline in plated and control bones remained largely unchanged.", "contents": "Effect of rigid plate fixation on structure and mineral content of cortical bone. The effect of rigid plate fixation on the structure and mineral content of cortical bone were studied by light and fluorescence microscopy and by chemical analysis of calcium and hydroxyproline content in 27 rabbits from one day to 17 weeks after the attachment of a 5 hole ASIF-plate onto intact femur. Between the second and seventeenth postoperative weeks the plated cortical bone became progressively thinner and porotically transformed. Subendosteal resorption was partly offset by the formation of new subperiosteal bone that resulted in a slightly wider than normal, thin-walled tubular bone. At 17 weeks the mean calcium content of the tubular bone under the plate was 15% less than the initial postoperative content (p less than 0.05). The corresponding decrease in calcium content in the metaphyseal and epiphyseal areas of both the operated and the control bone was highly significant. The mean values for hydroxyproline in plated and control bones remained largely unchanged.", "PMID": 729297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12033", "title": "Radiation effects produced by the intra-articular injection of 32P.", "content": "Colloidal forms of radioactive isotopes are being used for the treatment of some articular diseases. The radiation effects of intra-articular injection of 0.25 mCi of 32P in the form of colloidal chromic phosphate were investigated in one of the knee joints of adult Wistar rats. The contralateral knee was used as a control. The animals were sacrificed one, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days later. Destructive changes were found after 56 days. The articular cartilage was atrophied and covered by a fibrous pannus. The growth cartilage was severely disorganized and there were deleterious effects on both cells and matrix.", "contents": "Radiation effects produced by the intra-articular injection of 32P. Colloidal forms of radioactive isotopes are being used for the treatment of some articular diseases. The radiation effects of intra-articular injection of 0.25 mCi of 32P in the form of colloidal chromic phosphate were investigated in one of the knee joints of adult Wistar rats. The contralateral knee was used as a control. The animals were sacrificed one, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days later. Destructive changes were found after 56 days. The articular cartilage was atrophied and covered by a fibrous pannus. The growth cartilage was severely disorganized and there were deleterious effects on both cells and matrix.", "PMID": 729298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12034", "title": "Epiphysiodesis for limb length inequality: results and indications.", "content": "In view of the minimum morbidity, low incidence of complciations, and averall success rate, epiphysiodesis is an excellent method for correction of moderate limb length discrepancies. Skeletally immature patients with discrepancies between 2.5-8 cm with adult height predicted to be in the normal range (5 feet or greater) are good candidates for epiphysiodesis. Preoperative evaluation over several years prior to operation, utilizing the principles of Green-Anderson or the straight line graph, provide an accurate means of predicting future growth and determination of time of operation. Technique of epiphysiodesis is reliable and technical complications resulting from its use are few. Patient with a paralytic basis for shortening do best functionally with an end result undercorrection of 1.5 cm; equalization or overcorrection is to be avoided in these patients. Nonparalytic patients do best if limb lengths are equalized, with 1.5 cm of overcorrection or under-correction equally well tolerated.", "contents": "Epiphysiodesis for limb length inequality: results and indications. In view of the minimum morbidity, low incidence of complciations, and averall success rate, epiphysiodesis is an excellent method for correction of moderate limb length discrepancies. Skeletally immature patients with discrepancies between 2.5-8 cm with adult height predicted to be in the normal range (5 feet or greater) are good candidates for epiphysiodesis. Preoperative evaluation over several years prior to operation, utilizing the principles of Green-Anderson or the straight line graph, provide an accurate means of predicting future growth and determination of time of operation. Technique of epiphysiodesis is reliable and technical complications resulting from its use are few. Patient with a paralytic basis for shortening do best functionally with an end result undercorrection of 1.5 cm; equalization or overcorrection is to be avoided in these patients. Nonparalytic patients do best if limb lengths are equalized, with 1.5 cm of overcorrection or under-correction equally well tolerated.", "PMID": 729301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12035", "title": "Femoral shortening.", "content": "Femoral shortening is a well proven method of correcting a leg length discrepancy once growth has ceased. The discrepancy should be significant enough to justify the procedure, and should be ideally confined to the femurs. The musculature of the femur to be shortened should be normal. A segment of femur equal to the discrepancy is excised at either the midshaft, subtrochanteric, or supracondylar levels. Secure internal fixation of the osteotomy is essential. Equalization of the femurs (femoral shortening combined with femoral lengthening of the opposite leg) can be performed for femoral discrepancies of over 8 cm.", "contents": "Femoral shortening. Femoral shortening is a well proven method of correcting a leg length discrepancy once growth has ceased. The discrepancy should be significant enough to justify the procedure, and should be ideally confined to the femurs. The musculature of the femur to be shortened should be normal. A segment of femur equal to the discrepancy is excised at either the midshaft, subtrochanteric, or supracondylar levels. Secure internal fixation of the osteotomy is essential. Equalization of the femurs (femoral shortening combined with femoral lengthening of the opposite leg) can be performed for femoral discrepancies of over 8 cm.", "PMID": 729302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12036", "title": "Closed intramedullary shortening of the femur.", "content": "Closed intramedullary shortening of the femur in the adult provides a method for leg length equalization that poses minimal operative risks, maximizes healing, and produces an excellent functional and cosmetic result. The etiology of anisomelia and any associated abnormalities must be carefully analyzed preoperatively. A series of 40 closed intramedullary shortenings of the femur were performed; shortening averaged 3.3 cm (range 2.0 to 5.0 cm). Three patients had significant complications: delayed union in one patient required renailing; two cases of symptomatic external rotation deformity required correction. The technique for the procedure is demanding in terms of experience and equipment. Otherwise, intramedullary femoral shortening is an excellent method for managing adult anisomelia.", "contents": "Closed intramedullary shortening of the femur. Closed intramedullary shortening of the femur in the adult provides a method for leg length equalization that poses minimal operative risks, maximizes healing, and produces an excellent functional and cosmetic result. The etiology of anisomelia and any associated abnormalities must be carefully analyzed preoperatively. A series of 40 closed intramedullary shortenings of the femur were performed; shortening averaged 3.3 cm (range 2.0 to 5.0 cm). Three patients had significant complications: delayed union in one patient required renailing; two cases of symptomatic external rotation deformity required correction. The technique for the procedure is demanding in terms of experience and equipment. Otherwise, intramedullary femoral shortening is an excellent method for managing adult anisomelia.", "PMID": 729303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12037", "title": "Technical aspects of midshaft femoral shortening with K\u00fcntscher nailing.", "content": "Surgical shortening of the lower limb in adults with unequal leg length is a rare procedure making up about 0.05% of all orthopedic operations. Most often a subtrochanteric level and nail-plate fixation is used. Early weight-bearing with this technique can, however, result in metallic failure. As is illustrated in 11 cases, midshaft femoral shortening operations with intramedullary nailing are hazardous because of rotational or longitudinal instability. As a precautionary measure, extra reaming and locking osteotomy can be performed. This makes intramedullary nailing a relatively safe procedure, and allows immediate full weight-bearing.", "contents": "Technical aspects of midshaft femoral shortening with K\u00fcntscher nailing. Surgical shortening of the lower limb in adults with unequal leg length is a rare procedure making up about 0.05% of all orthopedic operations. Most often a subtrochanteric level and nail-plate fixation is used. Early weight-bearing with this technique can, however, result in metallic failure. As is illustrated in 11 cases, midshaft femoral shortening operations with intramedullary nailing are hazardous because of rotational or longitudinal instability. As a precautionary measure, extra reaming and locking osteotomy can be performed. This makes intramedullary nailing a relatively safe procedure, and allows immediate full weight-bearing.", "PMID": 729304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12038", "title": "One stage femoral lengthening in the adult.", "content": "One stage femoral lengthening procedures were performed in 9 adult patients. Eight patients had femoral shortening secondary to femoral fractures. The remaining patient had diffuse left hemiatrophy. The method of one stage lengthening has been modified from that described by Cauchoix. There were 7 males and 2 females with an average age of 23 years. The preoperative femoral shortening averaged 4.5 cm. The average lengthening at surgery measured 4.0 cm and 3.8 cm of this was maintained at follow-up. Complications included one case of serious sciatic and femoral nerve palsy, implant failure in 3 patients, a case of late femoral refracture following plate removal, and a case of acute femoral artery occlusion. There were no postoperative infections. Two cases required additional bone grafting of the osteotomy sites. There was no loss of preoperative hip or knee motion with this technique. One stage femoral lengthening by the method described is a major operative undertaking with several potential complications. The surgical technique is demanding and monitoring of the neurovascular status of the extremity during lengthening is mandatory. When properly executed, results are gratifying.", "contents": "One stage femoral lengthening in the adult. One stage femoral lengthening procedures were performed in 9 adult patients. Eight patients had femoral shortening secondary to femoral fractures. The remaining patient had diffuse left hemiatrophy. The method of one stage lengthening has been modified from that described by Cauchoix. There were 7 males and 2 females with an average age of 23 years. The preoperative femoral shortening averaged 4.5 cm. The average lengthening at surgery measured 4.0 cm and 3.8 cm of this was maintained at follow-up. Complications included one case of serious sciatic and femoral nerve palsy, implant failure in 3 patients, a case of late femoral refracture following plate removal, and a case of acute femoral artery occlusion. There were no postoperative infections. Two cases required additional bone grafting of the osteotomy sites. There was no loss of preoperative hip or knee motion with this technique. One stage femoral lengthening by the method described is a major operative undertaking with several potential complications. The surgical technique is demanding and monitoring of the neurovascular status of the extremity during lengthening is mandatory. When properly executed, results are gratifying.", "PMID": 729305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12039", "title": "Staged femoral lengthening.", "content": "Lengthening of short femurs, including those with actual or anticipated shortening of several inches, has been carried out using serial lengthenings. Up to 5 individual lengthenings, each of approximately one inch, have been performed on involved femurs. In cases where shortening was due to epiphyseal injury, e.g. osteomyelitis of the distal femur, good results have been achieved. Congenital shortening has not been completely corrected because of subluxation of the hip during lengthening. The principle complication has been fracture through the plate and graft. Usually this fracture could be used as the indication for additional lengthening, thus minimizing the problem. It is believed that this approach offers advantages in terms of decreased total cost in time and money, making it suitable for private patients. An additional advantage is the lack of disastrous complications. Technical problems have been numerous, however. The procedure should not be undertaken casually or for minor leg length inequality.", "contents": "Staged femoral lengthening. Lengthening of short femurs, including those with actual or anticipated shortening of several inches, has been carried out using serial lengthenings. Up to 5 individual lengthenings, each of approximately one inch, have been performed on involved femurs. In cases where shortening was due to epiphyseal injury, e.g. osteomyelitis of the distal femur, good results have been achieved. Congenital shortening has not been completely corrected because of subluxation of the hip during lengthening. The principle complication has been fracture through the plate and graft. Usually this fracture could be used as the indication for additional lengthening, thus minimizing the problem. It is believed that this approach offers advantages in terms of decreased total cost in time and money, making it suitable for private patients. An additional advantage is the lack of disastrous complications. Technical problems have been numerous, however. The procedure should not be undertaken casually or for minor leg length inequality.", "PMID": 729306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12040", "title": "Tibial lengthening.", "content": "Tibial lengthening as a means of correcting certain discrepancies in lower limb length has become a well-accepted, though rarely indicated, procedure. Success depends upon knowledgable evaluation of all factors involved in the problem, upon adherence to the indications and prerequisites, and upon strict attention to all details of the operation. Nearly all cases of tibial lengthening are accompanied or followed by problems and/or complications. Problems such as delayed union, inadequate union and failure of union must be anticipated and appropriately coped with. Complications such as fracture through the lengthened area, compartment syndromes, infection, and foot and ankle deformities must be prevented if at all possible, and aggressively treated when they occur. Utilizing the appropriate indications and meticulous technique, one can expect to achieve lengthening of 4--5 cm in nearly all cases. Bone grafting and internal fixation will be required in a significant number of tibial lengthenings in order to achieve strong, solid union. The technique currently employed by the authors utilizes the Anderson percutaneous osteotomy, accompanied by the Wagner apparatus. In critically analyzing the results of 73 personal cases of tibial lengthening, the authors conclude that the procedure is justified in carefully selected patients.", "contents": "Tibial lengthening. Tibial lengthening as a means of correcting certain discrepancies in lower limb length has become a well-accepted, though rarely indicated, procedure. Success depends upon knowledgable evaluation of all factors involved in the problem, upon adherence to the indications and prerequisites, and upon strict attention to all details of the operation. Nearly all cases of tibial lengthening are accompanied or followed by problems and/or complications. Problems such as delayed union, inadequate union and failure of union must be anticipated and appropriately coped with. Complications such as fracture through the lengthened area, compartment syndromes, infection, and foot and ankle deformities must be prevented if at all possible, and aggressively treated when they occur. Utilizing the appropriate indications and meticulous technique, one can expect to achieve lengthening of 4--5 cm in nearly all cases. Bone grafting and internal fixation will be required in a significant number of tibial lengthenings in order to achieve strong, solid union. The technique currently employed by the authors utilizes the Anderson percutaneous osteotomy, accompanied by the Wagner apparatus. In critically analyzing the results of 73 personal cases of tibial lengthening, the authors conclude that the procedure is justified in carefully selected patients.", "PMID": 729307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12041", "title": "Usefulness of the posterior cerebral flow study in subdural hematoma.", "content": "Anterior and posterior radionuclide cerebral flow studies and brain images were performed on two patients with surgically proven subdural hematoma. In both patients, the posterior flow study showed perfusion defects corresponding in location to the static image abnormalities. The anterior radionuclide flow study was negative in both patients, even though the abnormality in one of the patients was more anterior than posterior in location. On the basis of these cases, it is suggested that the performance of a posterior radionuclide flow study in suspected subdural hematoma might provide useful information not obtained on the routine anterior study.", "contents": "Usefulness of the posterior cerebral flow study in subdural hematoma. Anterior and posterior radionuclide cerebral flow studies and brain images were performed on two patients with surgically proven subdural hematoma. In both patients, the posterior flow study showed perfusion defects corresponding in location to the static image abnormalities. The anterior radionuclide flow study was negative in both patients, even though the abnormality in one of the patients was more anterior than posterior in location. On the basis of these cases, it is suggested that the performance of a posterior radionuclide flow study in suspected subdural hematoma might provide useful information not obtained on the routine anterior study.", "PMID": 729308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12042", "title": "Cimetidine administration resulting in improved pertechnetate imaging of Meckel's diverticulum.", "content": "Administration of cimetidine prior to pertechnetate imaging in two patients with Meckel's diverticulum resulted in demonstrating the abnormality with unusual clarity. This is presumed due to the cimetidine-mediated retention of pertechnetate in the gastric mucosa. Pertechnetate imaging in two normal subjects with and without cimetidine administration disclosed a marked difference in retention of the radionuclide in the gastric mucosa and its subsequent transit into the intestinal tract. Pertechnetate imaging in conjunction with cimetidine administration appears to result in markedly improved identification of Meckel's diverticulum.", "contents": "Cimetidine administration resulting in improved pertechnetate imaging of Meckel's diverticulum. Administration of cimetidine prior to pertechnetate imaging in two patients with Meckel's diverticulum resulted in demonstrating the abnormality with unusual clarity. This is presumed due to the cimetidine-mediated retention of pertechnetate in the gastric mucosa. Pertechnetate imaging in two normal subjects with and without cimetidine administration disclosed a marked difference in retention of the radionuclide in the gastric mucosa and its subsequent transit into the intestinal tract. Pertechnetate imaging in conjunction with cimetidine administration appears to result in markedly improved identification of Meckel's diverticulum.", "PMID": 729309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12043", "title": "The use of nuclear medicine procedures in the diagnosis of Budd-Chiari syndrome.", "content": "The case history of a patient with Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is described. The underlaying disease proved to be essential thrombocytosis. Congential elliptocytosis was also present. The value of the conventional liver scan, percutaneous splenoportoscintigraphy and isotopic phlebography of the inferior vena cava in the diagnosis of BCS is described. It is suggested that a combination of these three noninvasive techniques be used when BCS is suspected.", "contents": "The use of nuclear medicine procedures in the diagnosis of Budd-Chiari syndrome. The case history of a patient with Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is described. The underlaying disease proved to be essential thrombocytosis. Congential elliptocytosis was also present. The value of the conventional liver scan, percutaneous splenoportoscintigraphy and isotopic phlebography of the inferior vena cava in the diagnosis of BCS is described. It is suggested that a combination of these three noninvasive techniques be used when BCS is suspected.", "PMID": 729310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12044", "title": "Granulomatous hepatitis: spectrum of scintigraphic manifestations.", "content": "Four cases of granulomatous hepatitis are presented. Hepatocellular disease in general and the clinical, histological and scintigraphic manifestations of granulomatous hepatitis are discussed.", "contents": "Granulomatous hepatitis: spectrum of scintigraphic manifestations. Four cases of granulomatous hepatitis are presented. Hepatocellular disease in general and the clinical, histological and scintigraphic manifestations of granulomatous hepatitis are discussed.", "PMID": 729311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12045", "title": "Characteristics of red blood cell survival from subjects with hereditary elliptocytosis.", "content": "Hereditary elliptocytosis is an intrinsic red cell abnormality and 12% of elliptocytic individuals demonstrate hemolysis. Using tracer kinetic methodology (51Cr labeled RBC's) the destructive phase of erythropoesis was assessed in two healthy subjects receiving labeled donor red blood cells from individuals with hereditary elliptocytosis. The red blood cell survival time of transfused elliptocytes was significantly decreased in both recipients, with a survival half-time (T 1/2) of 19 days in one recipient and 20 days in the other (N 27 days). Abnormal splenic sequestration was also demonstrated. The decreased survival of transfused cells suggests that caution should be exercised in utilizing patients with hereditary elliptocyosis as donors in blood banking operations even in the absence of evidence of hemolysis.", "contents": "Characteristics of red blood cell survival from subjects with hereditary elliptocytosis. Hereditary elliptocytosis is an intrinsic red cell abnormality and 12% of elliptocytic individuals demonstrate hemolysis. Using tracer kinetic methodology (51Cr labeled RBC's) the destructive phase of erythropoesis was assessed in two healthy subjects receiving labeled donor red blood cells from individuals with hereditary elliptocytosis. The red blood cell survival time of transfused elliptocytes was significantly decreased in both recipients, with a survival half-time (T 1/2) of 19 days in one recipient and 20 days in the other (N 27 days). Abnormal splenic sequestration was also demonstrated. The decreased survival of transfused cells suggests that caution should be exercised in utilizing patients with hereditary elliptocyosis as donors in blood banking operations even in the absence of evidence of hemolysis.", "PMID": 729313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12046", "title": "Endogenous serum TSH levels and metastatic survey scans in thyroid cancer patients using triiodothyronine withdrawal.", "content": "Using a triiodothyronine withdrawal method to produce a hypothyroid state in 38 patients with prior thyroidectomies for differentiated thyroid cancer, 56 H-TSH and T4 levels were measured prior to metastatic survey scans performed with 131I. All the T4 levels were below normal and 55 of the 56 H-TSH levels were elevated. No qualitative differences could be observed in the eight patients who had scans performed after bovine TSH injections and later after triiodothyronine withdrawal. Triiodothyronine withdrawal does induce high endogenous TSH levels and under normal circumstances bovine TSH injections are not required for metastatic scans in patients with thyroid cancer.", "contents": "Endogenous serum TSH levels and metastatic survey scans in thyroid cancer patients using triiodothyronine withdrawal. Using a triiodothyronine withdrawal method to produce a hypothyroid state in 38 patients with prior thyroidectomies for differentiated thyroid cancer, 56 H-TSH and T4 levels were measured prior to metastatic survey scans performed with 131I. All the T4 levels were below normal and 55 of the 56 H-TSH levels were elevated. No qualitative differences could be observed in the eight patients who had scans performed after bovine TSH injections and later after triiodothyronine withdrawal. Triiodothyronine withdrawal does induce high endogenous TSH levels and under normal circumstances bovine TSH injections are not required for metastatic scans in patients with thyroid cancer.", "PMID": 729314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12047", "title": "Trauma in the Pagetoid: beware the non-specific scintigram.", "content": "Radionuclide brain scans and cerebral blood flow studies have become highly sensitive but they remain quite nonspecific diagnostic modalities. Previous reports have discussed similarities between Paget's disease of bone and subdural hematoma on radionuclide studies. We encountered a case in which Paget's disease produced all the described manifestations of subdural hematoma. The differential features of the two conditions and their pathophysiological bases are discussed.", "contents": "Trauma in the Pagetoid: beware the non-specific scintigram. Radionuclide brain scans and cerebral blood flow studies have become highly sensitive but they remain quite nonspecific diagnostic modalities. Previous reports have discussed similarities between Paget's disease of bone and subdural hematoma on radionuclide studies. We encountered a case in which Paget's disease produced all the described manifestations of subdural hematoma. The differential features of the two conditions and their pathophysiological bases are discussed.", "PMID": 729315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12048", "title": "Myelofibrosis presenting as hypermetabolic bone disease by radionuclide imaging in a patient with asplenia.", "content": "In a patient with myelocytic anemia, hepatomegaly, and metastases suggested by radiographic evidence of sclerosis throughout the pelvis and spine, a liver-spleen scan revealed mild hepatomegaly and an absent splenic image. A bone scan demonstrated diffusely increased activity in all bones, especially in the joint regions. A bone marrow scan showed only hepatic activity but no significant uptake in the bone marrow. Ultrasonography and contrast angiography failed to identify a spleen. The findings from a bone marrow biopsy and a peripheral blood examination indicated myelofibrosis. The implications of an increased concentration of radiopharmaceuticals in bone are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Myelofibrosis presenting as hypermetabolic bone disease by radionuclide imaging in a patient with asplenia. In a patient with myelocytic anemia, hepatomegaly, and metastases suggested by radiographic evidence of sclerosis throughout the pelvis and spine, a liver-spleen scan revealed mild hepatomegaly and an absent splenic image. A bone scan demonstrated diffusely increased activity in all bones, especially in the joint regions. A bone marrow scan showed only hepatic activity but no significant uptake in the bone marrow. Ultrasonography and contrast angiography failed to identify a spleen. The findings from a bone marrow biopsy and a peripheral blood examination indicated myelofibrosis. The implications of an increased concentration of radiopharmaceuticals in bone are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 729316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12049", "title": "Scintigraphy in pediatric urinary tract lymphoma.", "content": "Excretory urography is the standard examination used to evaluate structural abnormalities of the urinary tract in children. However, renal imaging offers advantages over excretory urography in the functional evaluation and in certain morphologic patterns of lymphoma.", "contents": "Scintigraphy in pediatric urinary tract lymphoma. Excretory urography is the standard examination used to evaluate structural abnormalities of the urinary tract in children. However, renal imaging offers advantages over excretory urography in the functional evaluation and in certain morphologic patterns of lymphoma.", "PMID": 729323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12050", "title": "Fenestrated sagittal sinus mimicking posterior cerebral infarction.", "content": "Two patients who presented with abnormal neurological findings and focal abnormalities on static brain imaging, were felt to have infarction in the distribution of the posterior cerebral artery. However, the posterior flow study delineated the cause of the abnormality as being a fenestrated anomaly of the sagittal sinus. The incidence of occlusive disease of the posterior cerebral artery, its clinical and scintigraphic presentation and the potential pitfalls for misinterpretation are reviewed.", "contents": "Fenestrated sagittal sinus mimicking posterior cerebral infarction. Two patients who presented with abnormal neurological findings and focal abnormalities on static brain imaging, were felt to have infarction in the distribution of the posterior cerebral artery. However, the posterior flow study delineated the cause of the abnormality as being a fenestrated anomaly of the sagittal sinus. The incidence of occlusive disease of the posterior cerebral artery, its clinical and scintigraphic presentation and the potential pitfalls for misinterpretation are reviewed.", "PMID": 729324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12051", "title": "Ventricular visualization on brain scan with intracranial hemorrhage in disseminated phycomycosis.", "content": "Infections with fungi of the class Phycomycetes result in distinctive tissue changes characterized by growth of hyphae in and around blood vessels, causing necrosis and hemorrhagic infarction of tissue. A brain scan on a patient with a phycomycotic intracranial aneurysm demonstrated ventricular visualization at a time when there was clinical and autopsy evidence of rupture of the aneurysm.", "contents": "Ventricular visualization on brain scan with intracranial hemorrhage in disseminated phycomycosis. Infections with fungi of the class Phycomycetes result in distinctive tissue changes characterized by growth of hyphae in and around blood vessels, causing necrosis and hemorrhagic infarction of tissue. A brain scan on a patient with a phycomycotic intracranial aneurysm demonstrated ventricular visualization at a time when there was clinical and autopsy evidence of rupture of the aneurysm.", "PMID": 729325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12052", "title": "Demonstration of traumatic hepato-pleural-cutaneous defect by 131I-rose bengal.", "content": "A 19-year-old man was shot in the right chest about 2 cm below the nipple; bloody fluid was drained through a chest tube. Two days later sero-sanguineous fluid tinged with bile was seen to drain from the wound site. 131I-rose bengal, injected intravenously, collected in the dome of the liver and drained into a collection bag placed over the wound site, thus identifying a hepato-pleural-cutaneous fistula, which was confirmed at surgery.", "contents": "Demonstration of traumatic hepato-pleural-cutaneous defect by 131I-rose bengal. A 19-year-old man was shot in the right chest about 2 cm below the nipple; bloody fluid was drained through a chest tube. Two days later sero-sanguineous fluid tinged with bile was seen to drain from the wound site. 131I-rose bengal, injected intravenously, collected in the dome of the liver and drained into a collection bag placed over the wound site, thus identifying a hepato-pleural-cutaneous fistula, which was confirmed at surgery.", "PMID": 729326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12053", "title": "67Ga-citrate identification of inflammation in the perirenal space.", "content": "Two patients are presented who had radiogallium (67Ga-citrate) studies which revealed focal abdominal accumulations identified as the perirenal space. These localizations, to a specific anatomical site, were confirmed surgically. The distinguishing features of the perirenal space on radiogallium scans include the relatively vertical axis, downward conical extension, and sharp cut-off (\"sparing\") medially to the midline.", "contents": "67Ga-citrate identification of inflammation in the perirenal space. Two patients are presented who had radiogallium (67Ga-citrate) studies which revealed focal abdominal accumulations identified as the perirenal space. These localizations, to a specific anatomical site, were confirmed surgically. The distinguishing features of the perirenal space on radiogallium scans include the relatively vertical axis, downward conical extension, and sharp cut-off (\"sparing\") medially to the midline.", "PMID": 729327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12054", "title": "Assessment of the utility of gallbladder imaging with 99mTc-IDA.", "content": "Cholescintigraphy was performed in 113 patients of whom 38 had normal gallbladders, 37 had acute cholecystitis and 38 had chronic cholecystitis. The radiopharmaceuticals used in the study were either 99mTc-dimethyl acetanilide iminodiacetic acid or 99mTc-paraisopropyl acetanilide iminodiacetic acid, both of which performed equally well. All patients with non-visualized gallbladders had cholecystitis, but visualization did not exclude disease. The rapidity of obtaining the results (within one hour), the complete absence of untoward reactions to the radiopharmaceuticals, the much lower frequency of subtle or indeterminate results, the ability to render useful information in the presence of moderate jaundice and the lack of interference from overlying intestinal contents establishes these radionuclide agents as superior to both radiographic oral and intravenous cholangiography in the investigation of the acute abdomen.", "contents": "Assessment of the utility of gallbladder imaging with 99mTc-IDA. Cholescintigraphy was performed in 113 patients of whom 38 had normal gallbladders, 37 had acute cholecystitis and 38 had chronic cholecystitis. The radiopharmaceuticals used in the study were either 99mTc-dimethyl acetanilide iminodiacetic acid or 99mTc-paraisopropyl acetanilide iminodiacetic acid, both of which performed equally well. All patients with non-visualized gallbladders had cholecystitis, but visualization did not exclude disease. The rapidity of obtaining the results (within one hour), the complete absence of untoward reactions to the radiopharmaceuticals, the much lower frequency of subtle or indeterminate results, the ability to render useful information in the presence of moderate jaundice and the lack of interference from overlying intestinal contents establishes these radionuclide agents as superior to both radiographic oral and intravenous cholangiography in the investigation of the acute abdomen.", "PMID": 729328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12055", "title": "Orbital fractures and medial canthal reconstruction.", "content": "An attempt has been made to acquaint the surgeon with the basic principles in the evaluation and treatment of the patient with trauma involving the orbital area. Evaluation must include neurologic, ophthalmic, as well as radiologic examination of the traumatized area. The decision to operate must be based upon the findings in the individual case using sound clinical judgment. Treatment consists of the restoration of the integrity of the traumatized area and the repair of whatever defects may have been caused.", "contents": "Orbital fractures and medial canthal reconstruction. An attempt has been made to acquaint the surgeon with the basic principles in the evaluation and treatment of the patient with trauma involving the orbital area. Evaluation must include neurologic, ophthalmic, as well as radiologic examination of the traumatized area. The decision to operate must be based upon the findings in the individual case using sound clinical judgment. Treatment consists of the restoration of the integrity of the traumatized area and the repair of whatever defects may have been caused.", "PMID": 729334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12056", "title": "Surgical treatment of complications of cosmetic blepharoplasty.", "content": "The principles of repair of complications of cosmetic blepharoplasty are aimed at correction of the deformity present. Shortage of skin is usually corrected by skin grafting, lax lower lids by lid shortening procedures, and poor upper lid closure by releasing restricting tissues. Some unusual complications and their treatment are also described.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of complications of cosmetic blepharoplasty. The principles of repair of complications of cosmetic blepharoplasty are aimed at correction of the deformity present. Shortage of skin is usually corrected by skin grafting, lax lower lids by lid shortening procedures, and poor upper lid closure by releasing restricting tissues. Some unusual complications and their treatment are also described.", "PMID": 729336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12057", "title": "Advancements in ptosis surgery.", "content": "Ptosis has been treated in the past by vertical lid shortening, true levator resection or tucking, brow suspension, and superior rectus suspension. The last mentioned type of repair has all but been abandoned. Advances in vertical shortening procedures have been many. I have included those that seem to me to be significant. True levator surgery has not changed substantially, but the few changes have been good ones. Brow suspension material has been varied. Popularity is returning to autogenous fascia lata, as it should. Postoperative control of lid level when fascia lata is being used is discussed. Future advancements will probably center on the preservation of the effect of M\u00fcller's sympathetic muscle. This valuable asset to ptosis surgery has been largely neglected in the past.", "contents": "Advancements in ptosis surgery. Ptosis has been treated in the past by vertical lid shortening, true levator resection or tucking, brow suspension, and superior rectus suspension. The last mentioned type of repair has all but been abandoned. Advances in vertical shortening procedures have been many. I have included those that seem to me to be significant. True levator surgery has not changed substantially, but the few changes have been good ones. Brow suspension material has been varied. Popularity is returning to autogenous fascia lata, as it should. Postoperative control of lid level when fascia lata is being used is discussed. Future advancements will probably center on the preservation of the effect of M\u00fcller's sympathetic muscle. This valuable asset to ptosis surgery has been largely neglected in the past.", "PMID": 729339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12058", "title": "Burn injuries of the eyelids.", "content": "Burns of the eyelid and surrounding structures are relatively uncommon in spite of a high incidence of thermal injuries involving the face. The etiologic factors, circumstances that precipitated the injury, and the anatomical features unique to the eyelid and adnexal area may conceivably account for the low incidence. The basic aims in reconstructing deformities must include primarily measures of protecting corneal exposure and relieving epiphora. Early reconstruction of other deformities such as epicanthal folds, palpebral stenosis, and missing eyebrows and eyelashes should be discouraged because of frequent recurrence of deformities due to contracting scars and scar hypertrophy.", "contents": "Burn injuries of the eyelids. Burns of the eyelid and surrounding structures are relatively uncommon in spite of a high incidence of thermal injuries involving the face. The etiologic factors, circumstances that precipitated the injury, and the anatomical features unique to the eyelid and adnexal area may conceivably account for the low incidence. The basic aims in reconstructing deformities must include primarily measures of protecting corneal exposure and relieving epiphora. Early reconstruction of other deformities such as epicanthal folds, palpebral stenosis, and missing eyebrows and eyelashes should be discouraged because of frequent recurrence of deformities due to contracting scars and scar hypertrophy.", "PMID": 729342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12059", "title": "Counseling juvenile offenders: an experimental evaluation of Project Crest.", "content": "Thirty randomly selected juvenile delinquents receiving a dual treatment approach of community outreach counseling services (Project CREST) and probationary supervision were compared over a 6-month period with a control group of 34 delinquents receiving only probationary supervision. The CREST group demonstrated significant improvements over the control group on total acts of misconduct (p less than .05)  and monthly misconduct rates (p less than .025). These findings are discussed in light of previous evaluations of the CREST model.", "contents": "Counseling juvenile offenders: an experimental evaluation of Project Crest. Thirty randomly selected juvenile delinquents receiving a dual treatment approach of community outreach counseling services (Project CREST) and probationary supervision were compared over a 6-month period with a control group of 34 delinquents receiving only probationary supervision. The CREST group demonstrated significant improvements over the control group on total acts of misconduct (p less than .05)  and monthly misconduct rates (p less than .025). These findings are discussed in light of previous evaluations of the CREST model.", "PMID": 729346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12060", "title": "Preventive intervention programs for disadvantaged children.", "content": "This paper describes a 6-year effort aimed at developing educational interventions for a group of economically disadvantaged children. The program provided an opportunity for psychologists and student paraprofessionals to join with personnel at urban health care facilities in responding to a serious identified community problem--disadvantaged youngsters, ages 1 and 2, who are vulnerable to later school and life difficulties. The intervention succeeded in enhancing academic skills among six groups of disadvantaged toddlers. As ongoing research results indicated the need for new program elements, the university personnel piloted innovations and the health centers gradually incorporated effective components into the existing program.", "contents": "Preventive intervention programs for disadvantaged children. This paper describes a 6-year effort aimed at developing educational interventions for a group of economically disadvantaged children. The program provided an opportunity for psychologists and student paraprofessionals to join with personnel at urban health care facilities in responding to a serious identified community problem--disadvantaged youngsters, ages 1 and 2, who are vulnerable to later school and life difficulties. The intervention succeeded in enhancing academic skills among six groups of disadvantaged toddlers. As ongoing research results indicated the need for new program elements, the university personnel piloted innovations and the health centers gradually incorporated effective components into the existing program.", "PMID": 729347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12061", "title": "Improving the evaluation of human services by separating the delivery of service from service.", "content": "The delivery of services has been receiving increased attention in recent years. Judicial action combined with budgetary constraints have focused on the need for greater scrutiny and accountability in service delivery. Although much is being written in this regard, there are at present few attempts to provide a conceptual base from which service delivery can be approached. Through this paper a framework will be provided from which various human services can be examined, with particular attention being directed to the need for separating the substance of service from the process of its delivery.", "contents": "Improving the evaluation of human services by separating the delivery of service from service. The delivery of services has been receiving increased attention in recent years. Judicial action combined with budgetary constraints have focused on the need for greater scrutiny and accountability in service delivery. Although much is being written in this regard, there are at present few attempts to provide a conceptual base from which service delivery can be approached. Through this paper a framework will be provided from which various human services can be examined, with particular attention being directed to the need for separating the substance of service from the process of its delivery.", "PMID": 729348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12062", "title": "Applied anthropology and the concept of the underdog: implications for community mental health planning and evaluation.", "content": "Medical anthropologists have long been involved in health-program evaluation and have studied factors related to program acceptance in target communities. However, assessing the reasons for the success or failure of a program should not be an end in itself, but should be a process that generates guidelines for the development of similar programs elsewhere and more general suggestions about the appropriate roles that applied anthropologists can fulfill. This paper briefly summarizes the research of an anthropological team who investigated the apparent failure of a respite home facility for retarded children in a suburban neighborhood to generate requisite community support. The team was able to develop a series of recommendations in aid of a plan to establish such centers elsewhere in the county, and in the state of Florida as a whole. However, the paper is more broadly concerned with applied anthropological attempts to define the nature of target or client communities and at delineating the appropriate anthropological perspective on health care delivery transactions. New roles for the anthropologist as evaluator will be considered.", "contents": "Applied anthropology and the concept of the underdog: implications for community mental health planning and evaluation. Medical anthropologists have long been involved in health-program evaluation and have studied factors related to program acceptance in target communities. However, assessing the reasons for the success or failure of a program should not be an end in itself, but should be a process that generates guidelines for the development of similar programs elsewhere and more general suggestions about the appropriate roles that applied anthropologists can fulfill. This paper briefly summarizes the research of an anthropological team who investigated the apparent failure of a respite home facility for retarded children in a suburban neighborhood to generate requisite community support. The team was able to develop a series of recommendations in aid of a plan to establish such centers elsewhere in the county, and in the state of Florida as a whole. However, the paper is more broadly concerned with applied anthropological attempts to define the nature of target or client communities and at delineating the appropriate anthropological perspective on health care delivery transactions. New roles for the anthropologist as evaluator will be considered.", "PMID": 729349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12063", "title": "Do we really want a program evaluation strategy based solely on individualized goals? A critique of goal attainment scaling.", "content": "Goal attainment scaling is a program evaluation technique that measures program success using individualized client goals rather than the same measuring instrument for all clients. Although the reliability of the goal attainment scales is generally acceptable, such scales have not exhibited satisfactory validity. Also when clients have not been assigned to programs randomly, evaluations comparing two or more programs using goal attainment scales are potentially more biased than evaluations that use the same outcome measure for all clients. Thus since goal attainment scaling does have therapeutic value, program evaluators should adopt a multivariate assessment strategy combining goal attainment scaling with uniform measuring instruments.", "contents": "Do we really want a program evaluation strategy based solely on individualized goals? A critique of goal attainment scaling. Goal attainment scaling is a program evaluation technique that measures program success using individualized client goals rather than the same measuring instrument for all clients. Although the reliability of the goal attainment scales is generally acceptable, such scales have not exhibited satisfactory validity. Also when clients have not been assigned to programs randomly, evaluations comparing two or more programs using goal attainment scales are potentially more biased than evaluations that use the same outcome measure for all clients. Thus since goal attainment scaling does have therapeutic value, program evaluators should adopt a multivariate assessment strategy combining goal attainment scaling with uniform measuring instruments.", "PMID": 729350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12064", "title": "Is there job satisfaction in community mental health?", "content": "After discussing the importance of job satisfaction, this paper presents data concerning current levels and sources of job satisfaction in community mental health centers. Data came from a survey completed by 164 staff members working in 22 different programs located in Michigan. The return rate was 94%. Results indicated that compared to workers in other occupations, the staff were about average in satisfaction with co-workers and supervision, but low in satisfaction with the work itself. The two major sources of job satisfaction reported by staff were the level of accomplishment experienced in the work and the degree of clarity in organizational goals and policies. The paper concludes by suggesting ways in which job satisfaction in community mental health could be increased.", "contents": "Is there job satisfaction in community mental health? After discussing the importance of job satisfaction, this paper presents data concerning current levels and sources of job satisfaction in community mental health centers. Data came from a survey completed by 164 staff members working in 22 different programs located in Michigan. The return rate was 94%. Results indicated that compared to workers in other occupations, the staff were about average in satisfaction with co-workers and supervision, but low in satisfaction with the work itself. The two major sources of job satisfaction reported by staff were the level of accomplishment experienced in the work and the degree of clarity in organizational goals and policies. The paper concludes by suggesting ways in which job satisfaction in community mental health could be increased.", "PMID": 729351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12065", "title": "Day treatment as an aid to mainstreaming troubled children.", "content": "Problem children who are diverted from public school programming into a private psychoeducational day facility in a community mental health center are followed up in a 10-year study to determine the rate of return to regular classes. The evidence points to a successful reintegration into public schools for the great majority of students. A philosophy for mainstreaming which supports the need for proper preparation of children for public school reentry is basic to effective management.", "contents": "Day treatment as an aid to mainstreaming troubled children. Problem children who are diverted from public school programming into a private psychoeducational day facility in a community mental health center are followed up in a 10-year study to determine the rate of return to regular classes. The evidence points to a successful reintegration into public schools for the great majority of students. A philosophy for mainstreaming which supports the need for proper preparation of children for public school reentry is basic to effective management.", "PMID": 729352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12066", "title": "Evaluation of a remediation program using senior citizens as psychoeducational agents.", "content": "A remediation program for learning and psychosocially disabled pupils utilizing senior citizens as paraprofessional aides was evaluated. The senior citizens were effective in developing tutorial relationships conducive for the students' academic and psychosocial development, as indicated by pre- and posttesting. The disabled pupils improved their academic skills, as measured by standardized achievement and intelligence tests and by school grades. Statistical comparison with a control group further demonstrated the significance of the gains. The pupils' psychosocial adjustment also showed significant improvement on various personality assessment measures and behavior ratings by teachers and parents. Finally, self-reports by the senior citizen aides suggest that they also profited by their involvement in STEP.", "contents": "Evaluation of a remediation program using senior citizens as psychoeducational agents. A remediation program for learning and psychosocially disabled pupils utilizing senior citizens as paraprofessional aides was evaluated. The senior citizens were effective in developing tutorial relationships conducive for the students' academic and psychosocial development, as indicated by pre- and posttesting. The disabled pupils improved their academic skills, as measured by standardized achievement and intelligence tests and by school grades. Statistical comparison with a control group further demonstrated the significance of the gains. The pupils' psychosocial adjustment also showed significant improvement on various personality assessment measures and behavior ratings by teachers and parents. Finally, self-reports by the senior citizen aides suggest that they also profited by their involvement in STEP.", "PMID": 729353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12067", "title": "Computerized cranial tomography of free intracranial fat in congenital tumors.", "content": "Three additional cases of free intracranial fat associated with congenital tumors are reported. The migration of fat with positional change is detailed. Free intraventricular fat may present without transcerebral rupture of the tumor. Our experience with these three patients, plus the two previously reported, suggest that two conditions must be present for oily material to enter the ventricular system through the outlets of the fourth ventricle: first, there must be a reversal of bulk flow of cerebrospinal fluid; second, the oily material must have a specific gravity less than that of cerebrospinal fluid. Also noted from our series is the absence of serious clinical sequelae associated with rupture or leakage of fatty tumors.", "contents": "Computerized cranial tomography of free intracranial fat in congenital tumors. Three additional cases of free intracranial fat associated with congenital tumors are reported. The migration of fat with positional change is detailed. Free intraventricular fat may present without transcerebral rupture of the tumor. Our experience with these three patients, plus the two previously reported, suggest that two conditions must be present for oily material to enter the ventricular system through the outlets of the fourth ventricle: first, there must be a reversal of bulk flow of cerebrospinal fluid; second, the oily material must have a specific gravity less than that of cerebrospinal fluid. Also noted from our series is the absence of serious clinical sequelae associated with rupture or leakage of fatty tumors.", "PMID": 729364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12068", "title": "Computerized tomography of frontal sinus pneumatocele.", "content": "The radiographic feature and computerized tomography (CT) findings in a case of frontal sinus osteoma associated with pneumatocele are described along with the clinical history and surgical findings. CT gives useful information regarding the extent of air dissection and its relation with the ventricular system.", "contents": "Computerized tomography of frontal sinus pneumatocele. The radiographic feature and computerized tomography (CT) findings in a case of frontal sinus osteoma associated with pneumatocele are described along with the clinical history and surgical findings. CT gives useful information regarding the extent of air dissection and its relation with the ventricular system.", "PMID": 729365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12069", "title": "Computed tomography of the cervical spine and spinal cord.", "content": "A number of cases are presented to illustrate the diagnostic effectiveness of computed tomography in the cervical spine and spinal cord, specifically in syringomyelia, spinal stenosis, and fractures. Certain limitations in the examination are also presented, and problems related to interpretation, particularly in regard to spinal stenosis, are discussed.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the cervical spine and spinal cord. A number of cases are presented to illustrate the diagnostic effectiveness of computed tomography in the cervical spine and spinal cord, specifically in syringomyelia, spinal stenosis, and fractures. Certain limitations in the examination are also presented, and problems related to interpretation, particularly in regard to spinal stenosis, are discussed.", "PMID": 729366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12070", "title": "The use of CT scanning in resolving \"pseudo\" lesions of the liver.", "content": "The authors have presented three cases in which bowel, fat, or fluid interposed between the liver and abdominal wall resulted in an equivocal or abnormal radionuclide scan of the liver. Ultrasound was useful in suggesting the etiology in only one instance. In all three cases, however, computerized tomography clearly demonstrated the etiology of the defect or \"pseudo\" lesion seen on the radionuclide scan.", "contents": "The use of CT scanning in resolving \"pseudo\" lesions of the liver. The authors have presented three cases in which bowel, fat, or fluid interposed between the liver and abdominal wall resulted in an equivocal or abnormal radionuclide scan of the liver. Ultrasound was useful in suggesting the etiology in only one instance. In all three cases, however, computerized tomography clearly demonstrated the etiology of the defect or \"pseudo\" lesion seen on the radionuclide scan.", "PMID": 729367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12071", "title": "Computed tomography of the pancreas: the use of intravenous contast to define the dorsal surface of the pancreas.", "content": "After a non-selective review of 80 abdominal CT examinations, it was found that the use of intravenous contrast markedly improves the recognition of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein. These veins lie adjacent to the posterior surface of the pancreas. When the pancreas is poorly seen due to inadequate retroperitoneal fat, when pancreatic size is borderline, or when pancreatic ductal obstruction is suspected on scans prior to intravenous contrast administration, the use of contrast may resolve the uncertainty.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the pancreas: the use of intravenous contast to define the dorsal surface of the pancreas. After a non-selective review of 80 abdominal CT examinations, it was found that the use of intravenous contrast markedly improves the recognition of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein. These veins lie adjacent to the posterior surface of the pancreas. When the pancreas is poorly seen due to inadequate retroperitoneal fat, when pancreatic size is borderline, or when pancreatic ductal obstruction is suspected on scans prior to intravenous contrast administration, the use of contrast may resolve the uncertainty.", "PMID": 729368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12072", "title": "The influence of computed tomography on clinical decision making in the evaluation of a nonvisualizing kidney.", "content": "Nonvisualization of a kidney in an elderly man was investigated by computed tomography (CT). Simple low lying ureteral obstruction was excluded, multiple pathologic abnormalities were identified and causes for the nonvisualization are postulated. This case report demonstrates the important effect CT scanning produced on the clinical management of the patient in question.", "contents": "The influence of computed tomography on clinical decision making in the evaluation of a nonvisualizing kidney. Nonvisualization of a kidney in an elderly man was investigated by computed tomography (CT). Simple low lying ureteral obstruction was excluded, multiple pathologic abnormalities were identified and causes for the nonvisualization are postulated. This case report demonstrates the important effect CT scanning produced on the clinical management of the patient in question.", "PMID": 729369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12073", "title": "Ethinyl estradiol in peripheral plasma after oral administration of 30 microgram and 50 microgram to women.", "content": "Plasma levels of ethinyl estradiol were measured by radioimmunoassay in five women after oral administration of 30 microgram and of 50 microgram of ethinyl estradiol. Peak levels of ethinyl estradiol were mostly observed within two hours after the tablet intake. The peak concentrations found were 50--90 pg and 95--135 pg for the two doses administered. Twenty-four hours after the administration of the tablets, the plasma concentration of ethinyl estradiol did not exceed the plasma blank values (25 pg/ml) in most women.", "contents": "Ethinyl estradiol in peripheral plasma after oral administration of 30 microgram and 50 microgram to women. Plasma levels of ethinyl estradiol were measured by radioimmunoassay in five women after oral administration of 30 microgram and of 50 microgram of ethinyl estradiol. Peak levels of ethinyl estradiol were mostly observed within two hours after the tablet intake. The peak concentrations found were 50--90 pg and 95--135 pg for the two doses administered. Twenty-four hours after the administration of the tablets, the plasma concentration of ethinyl estradiol did not exceed the plasma blank values (25 pg/ml) in most women.", "PMID": 729373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12074", "title": "Effect of racemic and S(+) alpha-chlorohydrin-1-phosphate on glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in relation to its contraceptive action.", "content": "The phosphate esters of racemic (+/-) alpha-chlorohydrin and its S(+)-optical isomer have been prepared as cyclohexylamine salts. In vitro both inhibited glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase by a competitive mechanism, whereas (+/-) alpha-chlorohydrin did not. The S(+)-isomer was approximately four times as potent as the racemate. These results correlate with data concerning the relative contraceptive activity in rats of racemic and S(+) alpha-chlorohydrin. They support the view that the antifertility mechanism involves in vivo formation of S(+) alpha-chlorohydrin-1-phosphate, with resulting inhibition of glycolysis in sperm.", "contents": "Effect of racemic and S(+) alpha-chlorohydrin-1-phosphate on glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in relation to its contraceptive action. The phosphate esters of racemic (+/-) alpha-chlorohydrin and its S(+)-optical isomer have been prepared as cyclohexylamine salts. In vitro both inhibited glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase by a competitive mechanism, whereas (+/-) alpha-chlorohydrin did not. The S(+)-isomer was approximately four times as potent as the racemate. These results correlate with data concerning the relative contraceptive activity in rats of racemic and S(+) alpha-chlorohydrin. They support the view that the antifertility mechanism involves in vivo formation of S(+) alpha-chlorohydrin-1-phosphate, with resulting inhibition of glycolysis in sperm.", "PMID": 729374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12075", "title": "Analysis of 100 cases of missing IUD strings.", "content": "In a study of 100 patients with missing IUD strings 69 women had their IUD in utero (4 were pregnant) and 17 had unnoticed expulsions (4 pregnancies); 9 devices were in the peritoneal cavity and one had perforated the cervix. Since the IUD was in the uterine cavity in the majority of these cases, most contraceptors whose IUD strings disappear can be managed in the office or clinic with relatively simple techniques to locate and remove the device.", "contents": "Analysis of 100 cases of missing IUD strings. In a study of 100 patients with missing IUD strings 69 women had their IUD in utero (4 were pregnant) and 17 had unnoticed expulsions (4 pregnancies); 9 devices were in the peritoneal cavity and one had perforated the cervix. Since the IUD was in the uterine cavity in the majority of these cases, most contraceptors whose IUD strings disappear can be managed in the office or clinic with relatively simple techniques to locate and remove the device.", "PMID": 729375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12076", "title": "Failure of withdrawal bleeding during combined oral contraceptive therapy: \"amenorrhoea on the pill\".", "content": "Serum follicle stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone and oestradiol-17beta concentrations have been measured in 21 patients with failure of withdrawal bleeding during combined oral contraceptive therapy and 21 matched controls with a normal bleeding pattern. Gonadotrophin and oestradiol-17beta concentrations were effectively suppressed in all patients during the phase of contraceptive ingestion. During the week between courses of treatment, there was a significant rise in the gonadotrophin (p less than 0.02) and oestradiol (p less than 0.05) concentrations in the patients but not in the controls. It is suggested that patients with failure of withdrawal bleeding during combined oral contraceptive therapy may have higher total oestrogen levels during the treatment-free week because of a less persistent suppression of hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian function.", "contents": "Failure of withdrawal bleeding during combined oral contraceptive therapy: \"amenorrhoea on the pill\". Serum follicle stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone and oestradiol-17beta concentrations have been measured in 21 patients with failure of withdrawal bleeding during combined oral contraceptive therapy and 21 matched controls with a normal bleeding pattern. Gonadotrophin and oestradiol-17beta concentrations were effectively suppressed in all patients during the phase of contraceptive ingestion. During the week between courses of treatment, there was a significant rise in the gonadotrophin (p less than 0.02) and oestradiol (p less than 0.05) concentrations in the patients but not in the controls. It is suggested that patients with failure of withdrawal bleeding during combined oral contraceptive therapy may have higher total oestrogen levels during the treatment-free week because of a less persistent suppression of hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian function.", "PMID": 729376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12077", "title": "Norethisterone oenanthate as an injectable contraceptive: a study of patients discontinuing treatment.", "content": "Two hundred and ninety-five women were enrolled in a study of norethisterone oenanthate (NET-OEN) as an injectable contraceptive. One hundred and twenty-four patients who discontinued this contraceptive have been studied in detail. The main reasons for use-related closures of method were menstrual abnormality (22 patients), minor side-effects (23 patients), personal reasons (22 patients) with 18-month life-table net discontinuation rates of 14.7/100 women, 13.5/100 women, 14.2/100 women. There were no accidental pregnancies. The probability of discontinuing treatment was not affected by age, parity, time of starting treatment or previous contraception. Sixty-nine per cent of all discontinuations occurred in the first four months of treatment. There were no serious complications.", "contents": "Norethisterone oenanthate as an injectable contraceptive: a study of patients discontinuing treatment. Two hundred and ninety-five women were enrolled in a study of norethisterone oenanthate (NET-OEN) as an injectable contraceptive. One hundred and twenty-four patients who discontinued this contraceptive have been studied in detail. The main reasons for use-related closures of method were menstrual abnormality (22 patients), minor side-effects (23 patients), personal reasons (22 patients) with 18-month life-table net discontinuation rates of 14.7/100 women, 13.5/100 women, 14.2/100 women. There were no accidental pregnancies. The probability of discontinuing treatment was not affected by age, parity, time of starting treatment or previous contraception. Sixty-nine per cent of all discontinuations occurred in the first four months of treatment. There were no serious complications.", "PMID": 729377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12078", "title": "Comparative studies on two combination oral contraceptives, one containing synthetic estrogen, the other \"natural\" estrogens.", "content": "Two combined oral contraceptives, one containing ethinyl estradiol and the other micronized estradiol and estriol, were compared by measuring a variety of endocrine and renal parameters over nine months. Significant changes were observed in plasma renin activity (P.R.A.) on the synthetic estrogen. Much larger changes were observed in the total urinary estrogens on patients taking the \"natural\" estrogens reflecting the amount of estrogens required to be excreted in the urine.", "contents": "Comparative studies on two combination oral contraceptives, one containing synthetic estrogen, the other \"natural\" estrogens. Two combined oral contraceptives, one containing ethinyl estradiol and the other micronized estradiol and estriol, were compared by measuring a variety of endocrine and renal parameters over nine months. Significant changes were observed in plasma renin activity (P.R.A.) on the synthetic estrogen. Much larger changes were observed in the total urinary estrogens on patients taking the \"natural\" estrogens reflecting the amount of estrogens required to be excreted in the urine.", "PMID": 729378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12079", "title": "Occurrence of ovulation in women receiving the injectable contraceptive norethisterone oenanthate.", "content": "Ovarian function was studied in ten women receiving a single intramuscular injection of 200 mg norethisterone oenanthate. Two of the ten women appeared to ovulate within 60 days of injection and a further four within 90 days. Follicular activity probably not followed by ovulation occurred in five subjects within 60 days of the injection and in a further subject within 90 days. Only one subject showed no evidence of follicular or luteal activity during the course of this study. There was wide variation in the rate at which the administered gestagen was metabolised and no correlation between the rate of metabolism of norethisterone and the return of ovarian function or the ponderal index, height or weight of the subjects.", "contents": "Occurrence of ovulation in women receiving the injectable contraceptive norethisterone oenanthate. Ovarian function was studied in ten women receiving a single intramuscular injection of 200 mg norethisterone oenanthate. Two of the ten women appeared to ovulate within 60 days of injection and a further four within 90 days. Follicular activity probably not followed by ovulation occurred in five subjects within 60 days of the injection and in a further subject within 90 days. Only one subject showed no evidence of follicular or luteal activity during the course of this study. There was wide variation in the rate at which the administered gestagen was metabolised and no correlation between the rate of metabolism of norethisterone and the return of ovarian function or the ponderal index, height or weight of the subjects.", "PMID": 729379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12080", "title": "Use of a radioreceptor test for HCG in women practicing contraception.", "content": "The importance of a simple, rapid and highly sensitive test for the diagnosis of early pregnancy cannot be overemphasized. In the present times when newer delivery systems of contraceptive agents and menstrual regulation procedures are increasingly used for fertility regulation, it is inevitable that confirmation of early pregnancy poses a severe problem. This radioreceptor test has been found to be very reliable even in early cases. A positive test was 100% accurate for pregnancy whereas the accuracy of a negative test was found to be 94.4%. Confirmation of these results was done by various other parameters like clinical, histological, radioimmunoassay for HCG and biological test for pregnancy.", "contents": "Use of a radioreceptor test for HCG in women practicing contraception. The importance of a simple, rapid and highly sensitive test for the diagnosis of early pregnancy cannot be overemphasized. In the present times when newer delivery systems of contraceptive agents and menstrual regulation procedures are increasingly used for fertility regulation, it is inevitable that confirmation of early pregnancy poses a severe problem. This radioreceptor test has been found to be very reliable even in early cases. A positive test was 100% accurate for pregnancy whereas the accuracy of a negative test was found to be 94.4%. Confirmation of these results was done by various other parameters like clinical, histological, radioimmunoassay for HCG and biological test for pregnancy.", "PMID": 729380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12081", "title": "The frequency of coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction in rheumatoid arthritis patients.", "content": "The authors studied the frequency of coronary heart disease (CHD) and myocardial infarction (MI) in 500 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients (116 men and 384 women). Almost 75% RA patients received 15.0-50.0 g of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) monthly for above 4 years. The authors did not find significant differences in the frequency of CHD risk factors in the group of RA patients and in the Polish population of similar age. The authors noted only 2 cases of MI and 2 cases of CHD in 500 RA patients. All these patients received ASA irregularly and in small doses. The morbidity coefficient analysis showed that MI is 3-times less frequent in RA patients than in the Polish population. The authors suppose that long-term ASA treatment is one of the factors reducing the risk of CHD and MI probably by inhibition of the platelet function.", "contents": "The frequency of coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction in rheumatoid arthritis patients. The authors studied the frequency of coronary heart disease (CHD) and myocardial infarction (MI) in 500 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients (116 men and 384 women). Almost 75% RA patients received 15.0-50.0 g of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) monthly for above 4 years. The authors did not find significant differences in the frequency of CHD risk factors in the group of RA patients and in the Polish population of similar age. The authors noted only 2 cases of MI and 2 cases of CHD in 500 RA patients. All these patients received ASA irregularly and in small doses. The morbidity coefficient analysis showed that MI is 3-times less frequent in RA patients than in the Polish population. The authors suppose that long-term ASA treatment is one of the factors reducing the risk of CHD and MI probably by inhibition of the platelet function.", "PMID": 729381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12082", "title": "Effect of the stellate ganglion blockade upon the electrical systole (Q-T interval) of the heart.", "content": "The effect of the Novocain blockade of the stellate ganglion upon the duration of the electrical systole (Q-T) of the heart was studied in 38 patients. Basic Q-T was normal in 17 patients; in these cases stellate ganglion blockade did not influence the Q-T interval. Of the 21 cases with Q-T prolongation, in 10 the Q-T interval became considerably shorter upon the effect of blockade. In the 11 cases that did not respond to the blockade, ECG repolarization was regular, and there was no arrhythmia. Of the 10 responsive cases with Q-T prolongation, in 9 the repolarization was pathological, and in 6 there was no chronic arrhythmia. The authors discuss the role of the sympathetic nervous system in certain forms of Q-T prolongation.", "contents": "Effect of the stellate ganglion blockade upon the electrical systole (Q-T interval) of the heart. The effect of the Novocain blockade of the stellate ganglion upon the duration of the electrical systole (Q-T) of the heart was studied in 38 patients. Basic Q-T was normal in 17 patients; in these cases stellate ganglion blockade did not influence the Q-T interval. Of the 21 cases with Q-T prolongation, in 10 the Q-T interval became considerably shorter upon the effect of blockade. In the 11 cases that did not respond to the blockade, ECG repolarization was regular, and there was no arrhythmia. Of the 10 responsive cases with Q-T prolongation, in 9 the repolarization was pathological, and in 6 there was no chronic arrhythmia. The authors discuss the role of the sympathetic nervous system in certain forms of Q-T prolongation.", "PMID": 729382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12083", "title": "Risk factors and survival prognosis in men younger than 40 years and men older than 60 years with myocardial infarction. (Retrospective clinico-epidemiological study).", "content": "In a clinico-epidemiological retrospective study there were examined 300 men younger than 40 years and 300 men older than 60 years with clinically or histologically diagnosed myocardial infarction (by WHO criteria). The study has confirmed that clinically unequivocal myocardial infarction in men younger than 40 years is significantly frequently connected with the presence of the following main risk factors: 1. Myocardial infarction or sudden death in next-of-kin aged less than 60 years.--2. Excessive cigarette smoking (greater than 20 cigarettes daily).--3. Hypercholesterolaemia (greater than 260 mg/100 ml, hypertriglyceridaemia (greater than 200 mg/100 ml), and hyperuricaemia (greater than 7 mg/100 ml). The time elapsed between the manifestation of the coronary accident and calling for medical aid was longer in the group of men older than 60 years. After 5 years the proportion of surviving patients was significantly higher in the younger group.", "contents": "Risk factors and survival prognosis in men younger than 40 years and men older than 60 years with myocardial infarction. (Retrospective clinico-epidemiological study). In a clinico-epidemiological retrospective study there were examined 300 men younger than 40 years and 300 men older than 60 years with clinically or histologically diagnosed myocardial infarction (by WHO criteria). The study has confirmed that clinically unequivocal myocardial infarction in men younger than 40 years is significantly frequently connected with the presence of the following main risk factors: 1. Myocardial infarction or sudden death in next-of-kin aged less than 60 years.--2. Excessive cigarette smoking (greater than 20 cigarettes daily).--3. Hypercholesterolaemia (greater than 260 mg/100 ml, hypertriglyceridaemia (greater than 200 mg/100 ml), and hyperuricaemia (greater than 7 mg/100 ml). The time elapsed between the manifestation of the coronary accident and calling for medical aid was longer in the group of men older than 60 years. After 5 years the proportion of surviving patients was significantly higher in the younger group.", "PMID": 729383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12084", "title": "Reorganization of cardiac venous system in patients with atherosclerotic heart disease.", "content": "By angioroentgenography, macro- and microscopic examinations the authors investigated the plasticity of intramural blood drainage vessels and the histological structural lesions of venous walls in 50 heart preparations of patients suffering from atherosclerotic heart disease (AHD) that had developed on the basis of coronary sclerosis varying in degree and localization, and in 15 preparations from hearts of practically healthy persons. It was found that in AHD the myocardial capillary network gradually rarefied; the capillaries, postcapillaries, venules, and sinusoids distended, became varicose, and deformed. In the walls of individual segments of the cardiac draining system the authors observed collagenization, and in myocardial small veins, reduction of venous valvules. The degree of the described alterations in the venous system was proportionate to the degree of myocardial sclerotic changes.", "contents": "Reorganization of cardiac venous system in patients with atherosclerotic heart disease. By angioroentgenography, macro- and microscopic examinations the authors investigated the plasticity of intramural blood drainage vessels and the histological structural lesions of venous walls in 50 heart preparations of patients suffering from atherosclerotic heart disease (AHD) that had developed on the basis of coronary sclerosis varying in degree and localization, and in 15 preparations from hearts of practically healthy persons. It was found that in AHD the myocardial capillary network gradually rarefied; the capillaries, postcapillaries, venules, and sinusoids distended, became varicose, and deformed. In the walls of individual segments of the cardiac draining system the authors observed collagenization, and in myocardial small veins, reduction of venous valvules. The degree of the described alterations in the venous system was proportionate to the degree of myocardial sclerotic changes.", "PMID": 729384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12085", "title": "Positive family history as a risk factor of obliterative atherosclerosis.", "content": "Clinical, angiological, and biochemical examinations were performed in 981 men and 30 women with organic afflictions of peripheral arteries, and in 411 men and 50 women without any signs of peripheral arterial lesions. Their family histories were thoroughly recorded with particular reference to the occurrence of myocardial infarction, cerebral accidents before and after the age of 60 years, and death of these causes; further, of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obliterations and gangraenes, in each patient's siblings, parents, and all four grandparents. Furthermore, the significance of positive family history in combination with other risk factors was investigated. Family history can be considered positive with respect to obliterative atherosclerosis when in anyone of the patient's grandparents, parents, or siblings an obliteration of peripheral arteries is present or when anyone of them died of myocardial infarction or apoplexy, especially when aged under 60 years. Presence of several factors in the specified next of kin accelerates the obliterative process in the patient. A positive family history, however, plays no decisive role either alone or in combination with any other single risk factor, but only in combination with two or more other factors, one of which is always tobacco smoking; it is not significant in any combination with obesity.", "contents": "Positive family history as a risk factor of obliterative atherosclerosis. Clinical, angiological, and biochemical examinations were performed in 981 men and 30 women with organic afflictions of peripheral arteries, and in 411 men and 50 women without any signs of peripheral arterial lesions. Their family histories were thoroughly recorded with particular reference to the occurrence of myocardial infarction, cerebral accidents before and after the age of 60 years, and death of these causes; further, of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obliterations and gangraenes, in each patient's siblings, parents, and all four grandparents. Furthermore, the significance of positive family history in combination with other risk factors was investigated. Family history can be considered positive with respect to obliterative atherosclerosis when in anyone of the patient's grandparents, parents, or siblings an obliteration of peripheral arteries is present or when anyone of them died of myocardial infarction or apoplexy, especially when aged under 60 years. Presence of several factors in the specified next of kin accelerates the obliterative process in the patient. A positive family history, however, plays no decisive role either alone or in combination with any other single risk factor, but only in combination with two or more other factors, one of which is always tobacco smoking; it is not significant in any combination with obesity.", "PMID": 729385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12086", "title": "Peripheral arterial reactivity in patients with peptic ulcers and in healthy subjects.", "content": "With an oscillograph according to Gesenius and Keller, the authors investigated the oscillographic waves in lower limbs and their reductions after exposition to cold and exercise in 27 men and 22 women with gastric or duodenal ulcer as well as in 18 healthy men and 12 healthy women. Both groups were subdivided into age categories from 19 to 30 and from 45 to 54 years. It was found that 1) peripheral arteries in men in the lower age category with duodenal ulcer reacted to cold stimulus by a more marked vasoconstriction than the arteries in healthy men in the same age category; 2) in women with duodenal ulcer the same observation was made in not only the younger, but also in the higher age category; 3) peripheral vasoconstriction after application of cold in women with duodenal ulcer, aged up to 30 years and 45-54 years was higher than in women with gastric ulcer in the corresponding age categories; 4) peripheral arteries of the younger men as well as of the younger and older women with duodenal ulcer reacted often more strongly to exercise and to exercise following application of cold in comparison with corresponding controls, and in the case of the women, in addition, with those with gastric ulcer.", "contents": "Peripheral arterial reactivity in patients with peptic ulcers and in healthy subjects. With an oscillograph according to Gesenius and Keller, the authors investigated the oscillographic waves in lower limbs and their reductions after exposition to cold and exercise in 27 men and 22 women with gastric or duodenal ulcer as well as in 18 healthy men and 12 healthy women. Both groups were subdivided into age categories from 19 to 30 and from 45 to 54 years. It was found that 1) peripheral arteries in men in the lower age category with duodenal ulcer reacted to cold stimulus by a more marked vasoconstriction than the arteries in healthy men in the same age category; 2) in women with duodenal ulcer the same observation was made in not only the younger, but also in the higher age category; 3) peripheral vasoconstriction after application of cold in women with duodenal ulcer, aged up to 30 years and 45-54 years was higher than in women with gastric ulcer in the corresponding age categories; 4) peripheral arteries of the younger men as well as of the younger and older women with duodenal ulcer reacted often more strongly to exercise and to exercise following application of cold in comparison with corresponding controls, and in the case of the women, in addition, with those with gastric ulcer.", "PMID": 729386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12087", "title": "Protein and polynucleotide metabolism in skeletal muscles in dogs with experimental myocardial infarction.", "content": "In experiments on 105 dogs it was found that at the onset and in the course of extensive myocardial infarction there regularly occur a specific set of shifts in the protein and nuclein metabolism in skeletal muscles. Besides changes reflecting a certain decrease in the functional capacity of muscles there also appear metabolic reactions of compensatory nature. Changes in nitrogen metabolism in striated muscles are most pronounced in the formation period of myocardial infarct but partially persist during the organization stages, some of them up to a period of a whole month. The intensities of changes are mostly expressed by values 20-35% higher than the initial ones, but in some indicators the alterations are still more intense.", "contents": "Protein and polynucleotide metabolism in skeletal muscles in dogs with experimental myocardial infarction. In experiments on 105 dogs it was found that at the onset and in the course of extensive myocardial infarction there regularly occur a specific set of shifts in the protein and nuclein metabolism in skeletal muscles. Besides changes reflecting a certain decrease in the functional capacity of muscles there also appear metabolic reactions of compensatory nature. Changes in nitrogen metabolism in striated muscles are most pronounced in the formation period of myocardial infarct but partially persist during the organization stages, some of them up to a period of a whole month. The intensities of changes are mostly expressed by values 20-35% higher than the initial ones, but in some indicators the alterations are still more intense.", "PMID": 729387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12088", "title": "Production of experimental occlusive myocardial infarction in mice.", "content": "A method is described for production of occlusive myocardial infarction in mice. The dynamics of development as well as the morphological changes in ischaemized myocardium of mice, large laboratory animals, and humans were identical. Polarization microscopy helped reveal myocardiocytic changes in the ischaemic zone already within the first minutes after coronary artery ligation. The method reported upon has the following advantages: feasibility of all stages of the operation by a single operator, low postoperative mortality of the animals and their modest requirements for postoperative care, and low consumption of isotopes and costly therapeutic remedies.", "contents": "Production of experimental occlusive myocardial infarction in mice. A method is described for production of occlusive myocardial infarction in mice. The dynamics of development as well as the morphological changes in ischaemized myocardium of mice, large laboratory animals, and humans were identical. Polarization microscopy helped reveal myocardiocytic changes in the ischaemic zone already within the first minutes after coronary artery ligation. The method reported upon has the following advantages: feasibility of all stages of the operation by a single operator, low postoperative mortality of the animals and their modest requirements for postoperative care, and low consumption of isotopes and costly therapeutic remedies.", "PMID": 729388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12089", "title": "Functional reserve of the heart and catecholamines in experimental mitral valve incompetence.", "content": "In dogs with experimental mitral valve incompetence, by the end of the adaptation stage (2nd week) the cardiac functional reserve decreases; the decrement is correlated with the exhaustion of the reserve of catecholamine synthesis evident from the decrement of their precursors in the myocardium and adrenals as well as from the destruction of plentiful cells of the adrenal medulla, accompanied by development of necrosis, dystrophy, and disturbances of vascular permeability in the adrenal glands. In the initial period of the compensatory stage (1st month) a considerable activation of the catecholamine synthesis takes place, together with their increase in the right ventricular myocardium and in the adrenals.", "contents": "Functional reserve of the heart and catecholamines in experimental mitral valve incompetence. In dogs with experimental mitral valve incompetence, by the end of the adaptation stage (2nd week) the cardiac functional reserve decreases; the decrement is correlated with the exhaustion of the reserve of catecholamine synthesis evident from the decrement of their precursors in the myocardium and adrenals as well as from the destruction of plentiful cells of the adrenal medulla, accompanied by development of necrosis, dystrophy, and disturbances of vascular permeability in the adrenal glands. In the initial period of the compensatory stage (1st month) a considerable activation of the catecholamine synthesis takes place, together with their increase in the right ventricular myocardium and in the adrenals.", "PMID": 729389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12090", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in dog myocardium in the early phase of endotoxin shock.", "content": "Initial ultrastructural changes were studied in dog myocardium in endotoxin shock. Lesions of fine structure of myocardial cells, intravascular coagulation, and increased permeability of the histo-haematic barrier were found.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in dog myocardium in the early phase of endotoxin shock. Initial ultrastructural changes were studied in dog myocardium in endotoxin shock. Lesions of fine structure of myocardial cells, intravascular coagulation, and increased permeability of the histo-haematic barrier were found.", "PMID": 729390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12091", "title": "Toward the engineering of photosynthetic productivity.", "content": "This article is a review of progress towards a general quantitative theory of photosynthetic productivity or autotrophy in plants. It is not intended to be an exhaustive review, but rather a perspective of the autotrophic puzzle and current approaches to its solution. The review describes attempts to quantitatively describe a generalized plant based on theoretical expressions for its component parts. Particular emphasis has been placed on the source-transport-sink continuum. This continuum can be broken into five subsections: 1. Stomal mechanics and physiology 2. Photosynthesis (within chlorophyllous cells) 3. Mass and energy exchange between the leaf and environment 4. Phloem translocation 5. Sink metabolism models Progress towards the development of physiologically based models in each of the above areas is assessed, relying heavily on the approach and findings of the authors and their colleagues. The problems and possibilities inherent in attempting to couple these components into a generic model of productivity are discussed. Finally, the potential benefits and hazards of genetic engineering of plants are discussed, and weaknesses in the current approach are highlighted.", "contents": "Toward the engineering of photosynthetic productivity. This article is a review of progress towards a general quantitative theory of photosynthetic productivity or autotrophy in plants. It is not intended to be an exhaustive review, but rather a perspective of the autotrophic puzzle and current approaches to its solution. The review describes attempts to quantitatively describe a generalized plant based on theoretical expressions for its component parts. Particular emphasis has been placed on the source-transport-sink continuum. This continuum can be broken into five subsections: 1. Stomal mechanics and physiology 2. Photosynthesis (within chlorophyllous cells) 3. Mass and energy exchange between the leaf and environment 4. Phloem translocation 5. Sink metabolism models Progress towards the development of physiologically based models in each of the above areas is assessed, relying heavily on the approach and findings of the authors and their colleagues. The problems and possibilities inherent in attempting to couple these components into a generic model of productivity are discussed. Finally, the potential benefits and hazards of genetic engineering of plants are discussed, and weaknesses in the current approach are highlighted.", "PMID": 729391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12092", "title": "Thoughts on cross-cultural studies on the epidemiology of depression.", "content": "A considerable number of studies have been conducted on the epidemiology of depression across cultures. These studies have relied on two basic research methods: treated cases and untreated cases. However, limitations in these two methods make it impossible to arrive at any substantive conclusions about ethno-cultural variations in the rates of depression. The treated cases approach fails to control for the fact that individuals in a culture do not have equal access to psychiatric facilities nor equal motivation to psychiatric care. The untreated cases approach, which is based on community surveys, is limited by differences in the definition of depression, the diagnostic signs used to identify depression, and variations in the degree of professional contact with the potential \"cases.' In addition, current cross-cultural depression studies are faced with the problems of poor diagnostic reliability for depressive disorders and profound differences in the manifestation and experience of depression among different ethno-cultural groups. Many ethno-cultural groups do not demonstrate any of the psychological components of depression associated with its presence among Western groups. An entirely new approach to the cross-cultural study of depression appears warranted. Four steps are suggested to facilitate future studies: (1) An emic determination of disorder categories in different cultures; (2) The establishment of symptom frequency, intensity, and duration baselines, (3) Objective symptom pattern determination through multivariate data processing techniques: (4) Comparative studies using similar methodologies with culturally relevant definitions of disorder.", "contents": "Thoughts on cross-cultural studies on the epidemiology of depression. A considerable number of studies have been conducted on the epidemiology of depression across cultures. These studies have relied on two basic research methods: treated cases and untreated cases. However, limitations in these two methods make it impossible to arrive at any substantive conclusions about ethno-cultural variations in the rates of depression. The treated cases approach fails to control for the fact that individuals in a culture do not have equal access to psychiatric facilities nor equal motivation to psychiatric care. The untreated cases approach, which is based on community surveys, is limited by differences in the definition of depression, the diagnostic signs used to identify depression, and variations in the degree of professional contact with the potential \"cases.' In addition, current cross-cultural depression studies are faced with the problems of poor diagnostic reliability for depressive disorders and profound differences in the manifestation and experience of depression among different ethno-cultural groups. Many ethno-cultural groups do not demonstrate any of the psychological components of depression associated with its presence among Western groups. An entirely new approach to the cross-cultural study of depression appears warranted. Four steps are suggested to facilitate future studies: (1) An emic determination of disorder categories in different cultures; (2) The establishment of symptom frequency, intensity, and duration baselines, (3) Objective symptom pattern determination through multivariate data processing techniques: (4) Comparative studies using similar methodologies with culturally relevant definitions of disorder.", "PMID": 729393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12093", "title": "Witchcraft illness in the Evuzok nosological system.", "content": "The Evuzok nosological system is structured with respect to two frames of reference, one designating illness as an empirical reality (descriptive subsystem), the other designating it according to its religious, magical and social significance (etiological subsystem). The articulation of these two subsystems is brought about in the process of diagnosis. Having examined this system as a whole, the author devotes his attention to a particular set of etiological categories, those which associate illness with witchcraft (nocturnal illnesses). He attempts to define their distinctive traits and, from this, to determine their common elemental structure. This study, based on a number of years of fieldwork, is part of an ongoing research program on African folk-medicine pursued by the Laboratoire d'Ethnologie et de Sociologie Comparative of the Universit\u00e9 de Paris X.", "contents": "Witchcraft illness in the Evuzok nosological system. The Evuzok nosological system is structured with respect to two frames of reference, one designating illness as an empirical reality (descriptive subsystem), the other designating it according to its religious, magical and social significance (etiological subsystem). The articulation of these two subsystems is brought about in the process of diagnosis. Having examined this system as a whole, the author devotes his attention to a particular set of etiological categories, those which associate illness with witchcraft (nocturnal illnesses). He attempts to define their distinctive traits and, from this, to determine their common elemental structure. This study, based on a number of years of fieldwork, is part of an ongoing research program on African folk-medicine pursued by the Laboratoire d'Ethnologie et de Sociologie Comparative of the Universit\u00e9 de Paris X.", "PMID": 729394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12094", "title": "Prosthetic treatment and rehabilitation: use in patients with cancer of the head and neck.", "content": "Dental management of the patient with cancer, especially when the disease process involves the head and neck region, should be an integral part of the patient's overall treatment plan. By utilizing the team approach and detailed advance planning, stressing both immediate treatment to control the patient's disease and short- and long-term rehabilitation, the best possible treatment for each patient can be formulated with a minimum of posttreatment complications. If an institution is to make the commitment to treat patients with cancer, a comprehensive dental support program with a maxillofacial prosthodontist is a necessity. As the benefits of a dental department are recognized, the utilization of this service increases and the overall treatment and rehabilitation of the patient with cancer is improved.", "contents": "Prosthetic treatment and rehabilitation: use in patients with cancer of the head and neck. Dental management of the patient with cancer, especially when the disease process involves the head and neck region, should be an integral part of the patient's overall treatment plan. By utilizing the team approach and detailed advance planning, stressing both immediate treatment to control the patient's disease and short- and long-term rehabilitation, the best possible treatment for each patient can be formulated with a minimum of posttreatment complications. If an institution is to make the commitment to treat patients with cancer, a comprehensive dental support program with a maxillofacial prosthodontist is a necessity. As the benefits of a dental department are recognized, the utilization of this service increases and the overall treatment and rehabilitation of the patient with cancer is improved.", "PMID": 729395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12095", "title": "Behavior therapy for autistic children: a study of acceptability and outcome.", "content": "An inpatient program for autistic children which used behavior modification methods is described, and a follow-up study of the first 15 children discharged from the program is reported. In general, the outcome results appear to be comparable to those of other treatment methods. A second main purpose of the study was to assess the acceptability of this program to parents and to document their impressions regarding their child's period of inpatient care. Overall, a high level of acceptability was found.", "contents": "Behavior therapy for autistic children: a study of acceptability and outcome. An inpatient program for autistic children which used behavior modification methods is described, and a follow-up study of the first 15 children discharged from the program is reported. In general, the outcome results appear to be comparable to those of other treatment methods. A second main purpose of the study was to assess the acceptability of this program to parents and to document their impressions regarding their child's period of inpatient care. Overall, a high level of acceptability was found.", "PMID": 729410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12096", "title": "Mainstreaming psychiatry: some personal commentary.", "content": "The psychiatric education establishment is depicted as zealously searching for a set of educational principles that will allow maximum bandwagonry, maximum fundability. \"Medical mainstream\" is the current catch phrase selected for discussion. The contention of the author is that--instead-sound bio-social principles, easily available from child psychiatry as a field, would provide a dynamic substructure that would not be voguish and evanescent. Far from pursuing the medical mainstream, psychiatry might be more secure as an academic discipline were it to adopt an evangelical, illuminating attitude toward other medical specialties. In short, the proposal is made that general psychiatry and its fellow medical specialities ought to be brought into the child psychiatry mainstream. What child psychiatry could give to medicine and to general psychiatry is considered under these headings: a developmental perspective, a behavioral science sophistication, a medical foundation and lifestyle (\"Aesculapian authority\"), a humanistic attitude, and a stance of patient advocacy.", "contents": "Mainstreaming psychiatry: some personal commentary. The psychiatric education establishment is depicted as zealously searching for a set of educational principles that will allow maximum bandwagonry, maximum fundability. \"Medical mainstream\" is the current catch phrase selected for discussion. The contention of the author is that--instead-sound bio-social principles, easily available from child psychiatry as a field, would provide a dynamic substructure that would not be voguish and evanescent. Far from pursuing the medical mainstream, psychiatry might be more secure as an academic discipline were it to adopt an evangelical, illuminating attitude toward other medical specialties. In short, the proposal is made that general psychiatry and its fellow medical specialities ought to be brought into the child psychiatry mainstream. What child psychiatry could give to medicine and to general psychiatry is considered under these headings: a developmental perspective, a behavioral science sophistication, a medical foundation and lifestyle (\"Aesculapian authority\"), a humanistic attitude, and a stance of patient advocacy.", "PMID": 729411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12097", "title": "Parental reactions to children with congenital heart disease.", "content": "Informal discussions with 260 families of children with congenital heart disease are reported. Parents raised questions concerning etiology, timing of the diagnosis, pathophysiology and symptomatology, and need for restriction. Depending upon the stage and seriousness of the disease, common parental behavior was observed. A psychological process similar to mourning is required at the time of diagnosis and at the time of corrective surgery in order to promote the family's adaptation to the child with congenital heart disease. Management suggestions are included.", "contents": "Parental reactions to children with congenital heart disease. Informal discussions with 260 families of children with congenital heart disease are reported. Parents raised questions concerning etiology, timing of the diagnosis, pathophysiology and symptomatology, and need for restriction. Depending upon the stage and seriousness of the disease, common parental behavior was observed. A psychological process similar to mourning is required at the time of diagnosis and at the time of corrective surgery in order to promote the family's adaptation to the child with congenital heart disease. Management suggestions are included.", "PMID": 729412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12098", "title": "On the inter-relationship of cognition and affect: fantasies of deaf children.", "content": "A few projective studies focusing on the impact of cognition on affect in the deaf have reported strikingly disparate results with little systematic inquiry. A new and previously unreported play situation (with the deaf) was devised to elicit a detailed story. Fantasies were obtained in a uniform fashion from four groups of five-year-old boys comprising middle-class deaf and hearing children and lower socio-economic-class deaf and hearing children. Results suggest that: (1) The impact of deafness on cognitive functioning in these children is akin to--but apparently no worse than--the cultural deprivation phenomenon experienced by low socio-economic-status children. (2) There is no paucity of fantasy life in the deaf or deprived child, despite the absence or relative lack of verbal skills. (3) A problem common to both disadvantaged children and the deaf children tested in the intrusion of anxiety into autonomous ego functions, so that practice necessary for the firm development of cognitive schemata is interfered with. (4) The clinical impulsivity secondary to these emotional pressures may perpetuate itself by interfering with cognitive decentration in time and space in relation to others.", "contents": "On the inter-relationship of cognition and affect: fantasies of deaf children. A few projective studies focusing on the impact of cognition on affect in the deaf have reported strikingly disparate results with little systematic inquiry. A new and previously unreported play situation (with the deaf) was devised to elicit a detailed story. Fantasies were obtained in a uniform fashion from four groups of five-year-old boys comprising middle-class deaf and hearing children and lower socio-economic-class deaf and hearing children. Results suggest that: (1) The impact of deafness on cognitive functioning in these children is akin to--but apparently no worse than--the cultural deprivation phenomenon experienced by low socio-economic-status children. (2) There is no paucity of fantasy life in the deaf or deprived child, despite the absence or relative lack of verbal skills. (3) A problem common to both disadvantaged children and the deaf children tested in the intrusion of anxiety into autonomous ego functions, so that practice necessary for the firm development of cognitive schemata is interfered with. (4) The clinical impulsivity secondary to these emotional pressures may perpetuate itself by interfering with cognitive decentration in time and space in relation to others.", "PMID": 729413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12099", "title": "Long-term effects of high-carbohydrate, high-fiber diets on glucose and lipid metabolism: a preliminary report on patients with diabetes.", "content": "High-carbohydrate, high-fiber (HCF) diets have beneficial therapeutic effects for selected patients with diabetes mellitus. We have treated 10 patients with HCF diets on a metabolic ward and followed them for an average of 15 months while they were on maintenance diets at home. The HCF diets containing 70 per cent of calories as carbohydrate were accompanied by significant reductions in requirements for insulin or sulfonylureas. Fasting plasma glucose, serum cholesterol, and triglyceride values were significantly lower on the HCF diet than on a 43 per cent carbohydrate diet. On the HCF diet, insulin therapy was discontinued for five patients and sulfonylurea therapy for three. After an average of 15 months on the maintenance diet containing 55 per cent to 60 per cent carbohydrate, seven patients were still managed without insulin or sulfonylureas. Average fasting plasma glucose values during maintenance diets at home were identical to values on the HCF diets in the hospital. On the maintenance diet, serum cholesterol values were similar to initial values but serum triglyceride values were significantly lower than values on the 43 per cent carbohydrate diet. These studies indicate that moderately high-carbohydrate, high-fiber diets can be successfully followed at home and that improvements in glucose metabolism achieved in the hospital can be sustained outside the hospital.", "contents": "Long-term effects of high-carbohydrate, high-fiber diets on glucose and lipid metabolism: a preliminary report on patients with diabetes. High-carbohydrate, high-fiber (HCF) diets have beneficial therapeutic effects for selected patients with diabetes mellitus. We have treated 10 patients with HCF diets on a metabolic ward and followed them for an average of 15 months while they were on maintenance diets at home. The HCF diets containing 70 per cent of calories as carbohydrate were accompanied by significant reductions in requirements for insulin or sulfonylureas. Fasting plasma glucose, serum cholesterol, and triglyceride values were significantly lower on the HCF diet than on a 43 per cent carbohydrate diet. On the HCF diet, insulin therapy was discontinued for five patients and sulfonylurea therapy for three. After an average of 15 months on the maintenance diet containing 55 per cent to 60 per cent carbohydrate, seven patients were still managed without insulin or sulfonylureas. Average fasting plasma glucose values during maintenance diets at home were identical to values on the HCF diets in the hospital. On the maintenance diet, serum cholesterol values were similar to initial values but serum triglyceride values were significantly lower than values on the 43 per cent carbohydrate diet. These studies indicate that moderately high-carbohydrate, high-fiber diets can be successfully followed at home and that improvements in glucose metabolism achieved in the hospital can be sustained outside the hospital.", "PMID": 729433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12100", "title": "Influence of indigestible fibers on glucose tolerance.", "content": "In eight patients exhibiting chemical diabetes mellitus with a poststimulative hypoglycemia, we observed that the pattern of the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was improved when indigestible fiber was added to the oral glucose load. As compared with a standard OGTT, the peak blood glucose, expressed as per cent change from baseline, was particularly blunted by pectin or by cellulose phosphate but remained unchanged with cellulose supplementation. The time interval required to reach the blood glucose peak was significantly prolonged with pectin. The rate of blood glucose rise was reduced to a greater extent by pectin than by cellulose phosphate, which in turn was more efficient than cellulose. The blood glucose nadir expressed as per cent change from baseline was blunted by pectin, while the results were not significantly different after addition of either cellulose phosphate or cellulose. On the other hand, the plasma immunoreactive insulin did not show any significant change whether the glucose was given with or without one of the aforementioned types of fiber. From these results, it is concluded that an additional fiber intake may be of interest in the management of chemical diabetes. The use of pectin may diminish the poststimulative hypoglycemia.", "contents": "Influence of indigestible fibers on glucose tolerance. In eight patients exhibiting chemical diabetes mellitus with a poststimulative hypoglycemia, we observed that the pattern of the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was improved when indigestible fiber was added to the oral glucose load. As compared with a standard OGTT, the peak blood glucose, expressed as per cent change from baseline, was particularly blunted by pectin or by cellulose phosphate but remained unchanged with cellulose supplementation. The time interval required to reach the blood glucose peak was significantly prolonged with pectin. The rate of blood glucose rise was reduced to a greater extent by pectin than by cellulose phosphate, which in turn was more efficient than cellulose. The blood glucose nadir expressed as per cent change from baseline was blunted by pectin, while the results were not significantly different after addition of either cellulose phosphate or cellulose. On the other hand, the plasma immunoreactive insulin did not show any significant change whether the glucose was given with or without one of the aforementioned types of fiber. From these results, it is concluded that an additional fiber intake may be of interest in the management of chemical diabetes. The use of pectin may diminish the poststimulative hypoglycemia.", "PMID": 729434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12101", "title": "Growth and maturation of children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to define criteria used for classifying patients into varying degrees of diabetic control and to verify that children with diabetes maintained in higher degrees of metabolic control do not have delayed growth and maturation. Growth records of 252 children with insulin-dependent diabetes who have been under continuous observation in our clinic at three- to five-month intervals for at least three years and up to 16 years have been individually reviewed and analyzed. All children received two daily injections of a mixture of two parts of an intermediate to one part of regular insulin and were instructed to eat structured meals of high-quality selected foods. An over-all rating for diabetic control based primarily on the frequency and degree of glycosuria was made for the time period between clinic visits. The over-all diabetic control rating and the size of the subgroups were \"good\"--20 per cent, \"fair to good\"--64 per cent, and \"fair\"--16 per cent. All children maintained in \"good\" and \"fair to good\" control (84 per cent), grew and matured at a normal rate regardless of the age at onset or duration of diabetes. All children in lower degrees of control coming under care for greater than 24 months after diagnosis had accelerated growth during the early months after attaining a higher degree of control.", "contents": "Growth and maturation of children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this paper is to define criteria used for classifying patients into varying degrees of diabetic control and to verify that children with diabetes maintained in higher degrees of metabolic control do not have delayed growth and maturation. Growth records of 252 children with insulin-dependent diabetes who have been under continuous observation in our clinic at three- to five-month intervals for at least three years and up to 16 years have been individually reviewed and analyzed. All children received two daily injections of a mixture of two parts of an intermediate to one part of regular insulin and were instructed to eat structured meals of high-quality selected foods. An over-all rating for diabetic control based primarily on the frequency and degree of glycosuria was made for the time period between clinic visits. The over-all diabetic control rating and the size of the subgroups were \"good\"--20 per cent, \"fair to good\"--64 per cent, and \"fair\"--16 per cent. All children maintained in \"good\" and \"fair to good\" control (84 per cent), grew and matured at a normal rate regardless of the age at onset or duration of diabetes. All children in lower degrees of control coming under care for greater than 24 months after diagnosis had accelerated growth during the early months after attaining a higher degree of control.", "PMID": 729436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12102", "title": "Computerized surveillance of diabetic patient/health care delivery system interfaces.", "content": "DIASURV is a computerized surveillance program developed to monitor the interaction of a large cohort of diabetic patients with a tertiary care institution. The input of this simple program consists of a file of diabetic patients, the daily census of hospital inpatients, and the daily census of hospital outpatients. Written in COBOL, the program consists of edit and file-maintenance components and inpatient and outpatient search components. The output is a daily listing of all inpatient (x- = 60) and outpatient transactions (x- = 20) for the cohort of 1,800 patients. The output also summarizes previous exposures of patients to specific bedside and classroom activities in diabetes education. DIASURV has a variety of applications in terms of organization of teaching efforts and facilitated access to a limited amount of patient management information.", "contents": "Computerized surveillance of diabetic patient/health care delivery system interfaces. DIASURV is a computerized surveillance program developed to monitor the interaction of a large cohort of diabetic patients with a tertiary care institution. The input of this simple program consists of a file of diabetic patients, the daily census of hospital inpatients, and the daily census of hospital outpatients. Written in COBOL, the program consists of edit and file-maintenance components and inpatient and outpatient search components. The output is a daily listing of all inpatient (x- = 60) and outpatient transactions (x- = 20) for the cohort of 1,800 patients. The output also summarizes previous exposures of patients to specific bedside and classroom activities in diabetes education. DIASURV has a variety of applications in terms of organization of teaching efforts and facilitated access to a limited amount of patient management information.", "PMID": 729437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12103", "title": "Cigarette smoking and prevalence of microangiopathy in juvenile-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.", "content": "In order to evaluate a possible relation between cigarette smoking and prevalence of diabetic microangiopathy, a series of 180 consecutive patients suffering from insulin-dependent juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus with different durations of disease (60 patients each with diabetes for 10 to 19 years, 20 to 29 years, and 30 to 39 years, respectively) were examined for clinical signs of retinopathy, nephropathy, and peripheral neuropathy. The results were compared with the patients' previous and actual smoking habits. Cigarette smoking was defined as daily smoking of at least ten cigarettes for one year or more. Smoking habits of the total diabetic sample were not significantly different from those of a nondiabetic control sample. However, a decline in the number of cigarette smokers and a rising number of ex-smokers were noted with increasing duration of diabetes. In comparing smokers and nonsmokers, no difference was found in the prevalence of peripheral neuropathy, background retinopathy, and proliferative retinopathy. However, the prevalence of nephropathy (persistent proteinuria) was significantly higher (p less than 0.05) among these patients who were or had been cigarette smokers. Thus, cigarette smoking might be considered a risk factor for the development of diabetic nephropathy.", "contents": "Cigarette smoking and prevalence of microangiopathy in juvenile-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. In order to evaluate a possible relation between cigarette smoking and prevalence of diabetic microangiopathy, a series of 180 consecutive patients suffering from insulin-dependent juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus with different durations of disease (60 patients each with diabetes for 10 to 19 years, 20 to 29 years, and 30 to 39 years, respectively) were examined for clinical signs of retinopathy, nephropathy, and peripheral neuropathy. The results were compared with the patients' previous and actual smoking habits. Cigarette smoking was defined as daily smoking of at least ten cigarettes for one year or more. Smoking habits of the total diabetic sample were not significantly different from those of a nondiabetic control sample. However, a decline in the number of cigarette smokers and a rising number of ex-smokers were noted with increasing duration of diabetes. In comparing smokers and nonsmokers, no difference was found in the prevalence of peripheral neuropathy, background retinopathy, and proliferative retinopathy. However, the prevalence of nephropathy (persistent proteinuria) was significantly higher (p less than 0.05) among these patients who were or had been cigarette smokers. Thus, cigarette smoking might be considered a risk factor for the development of diabetic nephropathy.", "PMID": 729438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12104", "title": "Home blood glucose monitoring as an aid in diabetes management.", "content": "Home blood glucose monitoring, using Dextrostix and an Eyetone meter, has been utilized in several subcategories of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. These include pregnant patients, anephric patients, patients undergoing weight reduction, patients with altered renal threshold for glucose reabsorption, and patients in whom diabetic regulation is difficult. Patients monitored home blood glucose continually (on a daily basis), intermittently, or only for particular problems or symptoms. Such monitoring can be practically accomplished in a manner acceptable to patients. Motivation, compliance with protocol, and an understanding of the objectives of the program are essential on the part of the patient. Home blood glucose monitoring, however, can provide an insight diabetes regulation that cannot be attained in any other way and can greatly facilitate regulation of diabetes. Such home blood glucose monitoring may increase the likelihood of achievement of a degree of control approximating euglycemia.", "contents": "Home blood glucose monitoring as an aid in diabetes management. Home blood glucose monitoring, using Dextrostix and an Eyetone meter, has been utilized in several subcategories of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. These include pregnant patients, anephric patients, patients undergoing weight reduction, patients with altered renal threshold for glucose reabsorption, and patients in whom diabetic regulation is difficult. Patients monitored home blood glucose continually (on a daily basis), intermittently, or only for particular problems or symptoms. Such monitoring can be practically accomplished in a manner acceptable to patients. Motivation, compliance with protocol, and an understanding of the objectives of the program are essential on the part of the patient. Home blood glucose monitoring, however, can provide an insight diabetes regulation that cannot be attained in any other way and can greatly facilitate regulation of diabetes. Such home blood glucose monitoring may increase the likelihood of achievement of a degree of control approximating euglycemia.", "PMID": 729439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12105", "title": "Remissions of diabetes mellitus after weight reduction by jejunoileal bypass.", "content": "Limited weight loss following jejunoileal bypass in 24 diabetic persons who were still distinctly overweight five to ten months after a mean weight decrease of 78 lbs. was accompanied by a return of normal fasting glucose and insulin levels, normal insulin responses, and a decrease in glucose intolerance. The glucose disappearance rate had improved in the majority of the subjects, but only three had attained values in the normal range. Concomitants of the undue hyperglycemia and/or obesity included labile and, rarely, sustained hypertension and/or cardiomegaly. The blood pressure returned to normal but heart size did not change. Electrocardiographic abnormalities noted in about one-half of the patients persisted after the operation. Triglyceride and cholesterol levels decreased. No patients had diabetic retinopathy visible on funduscopy. Proteinuria did not change in three patients. Neuropathy consisting of absent ankle reflexes and/or decreased vibration perception noted in one-half of the subjects persisted despite the improvement in carbohydrate metabolism.", "contents": "Remissions of diabetes mellitus after weight reduction by jejunoileal bypass. Limited weight loss following jejunoileal bypass in 24 diabetic persons who were still distinctly overweight five to ten months after a mean weight decrease of 78 lbs. was accompanied by a return of normal fasting glucose and insulin levels, normal insulin responses, and a decrease in glucose intolerance. The glucose disappearance rate had improved in the majority of the subjects, but only three had attained values in the normal range. Concomitants of the undue hyperglycemia and/or obesity included labile and, rarely, sustained hypertension and/or cardiomegaly. The blood pressure returned to normal but heart size did not change. Electrocardiographic abnormalities noted in about one-half of the patients persisted after the operation. Triglyceride and cholesterol levels decreased. No patients had diabetic retinopathy visible on funduscopy. Proteinuria did not change in three patients. Neuropathy consisting of absent ankle reflexes and/or decreased vibration perception noted in one-half of the subjects persisted despite the improvement in carbohydrate metabolism.", "PMID": 729440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12106", "title": "Assessment of diabetic control: a comparison between home and clinic blood glucose levels.", "content": "A comparison between blood glucose levels in patients attending a diabetes clinic and in the same patients leading their normal lives showed that for maturity-onset diabetic patients on oral hypoglycemic therapy, the clinic levels were a poor guide to the patients' usual blood glucose. For insulin-treated patients and for those treated with diet alone, the clinic levels were not significantly different from those taken at home or work.", "contents": "Assessment of diabetic control: a comparison between home and clinic blood glucose levels. A comparison between blood glucose levels in patients attending a diabetes clinic and in the same patients leading their normal lives showed that for maturity-onset diabetic patients on oral hypoglycemic therapy, the clinic levels were a poor guide to the patients' usual blood glucose. For insulin-treated patients and for those treated with diet alone, the clinic levels were not significantly different from those taken at home or work.", "PMID": 729441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12107", "title": "Effect of added fiber on the glucose and metabolic response to a mixed meal in normal and diabetic subjects.", "content": "10 g of guar was added to a test meal given to 11 subjects, six of whom had insulin-dependent diabetes, after an overnight fast. The addition of guar to the meal produced an overall decrease in the blood glucose concentrations after the meal in both normal and diabetic subjects. The insulin secretory response in the normal subjects was less when guar was included in the meal than when it was not. In normal subjects, but not in diabetic subjects, the addition of guar also resulted in a diminished response of lactate, pyruvate, and alanine to the test meal and a blunting of the fall in serum ketones. This is likely related to the fact that the same dose of insulin was given in the diabetic subjects with both test meals. Thus, in the normal circumstances, the diminished glycemic response to the guar-containing meal resulted in diminished insulin secretion, which was not the case with the diabetic subjects.", "contents": "Effect of added fiber on the glucose and metabolic response to a mixed meal in normal and diabetic subjects. 10 g of guar was added to a test meal given to 11 subjects, six of whom had insulin-dependent diabetes, after an overnight fast. The addition of guar to the meal produced an overall decrease in the blood glucose concentrations after the meal in both normal and diabetic subjects. The insulin secretory response in the normal subjects was less when guar was included in the meal than when it was not. In normal subjects, but not in diabetic subjects, the addition of guar also resulted in a diminished response of lactate, pyruvate, and alanine to the test meal and a blunting of the fall in serum ketones. This is likely related to the fact that the same dose of insulin was given in the diabetic subjects with both test meals. Thus, in the normal circumstances, the diminished glycemic response to the guar-containing meal resulted in diminished insulin secretion, which was not the case with the diabetic subjects.", "PMID": 729448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12108", "title": "New evidence for the intermediate position of relaxed accommodation.", "content": "Experimental evidence is presented that the focus of the eye tends to return passively to an individually characteristic intermediate resting position or dark-focus whenever (1) the stimulus to accommodation is degraded or (2) when the quality of the image is independent of focus. Based on measurements of the dark-focus with a laser optometer, it is possible to predict the magnitude of night, empty field, and instrument myopia on an individual basis. The role of the intermediate dark-focus as a factor in accommodation also provides an explanation for the paradoxical variation of visual acuity with observation distance. Applications to night myopia and night driving are described, and implications for clinical practice are discussed.", "contents": "New evidence for the intermediate position of relaxed accommodation. Experimental evidence is presented that the focus of the eye tends to return passively to an individually characteristic intermediate resting position or dark-focus whenever (1) the stimulus to accommodation is degraded or (2) when the quality of the image is independent of focus. Based on measurements of the dark-focus with a laser optometer, it is possible to predict the magnitude of night, empty field, and instrument myopia on an individual basis. The role of the intermediate dark-focus as a factor in accommodation also provides an explanation for the paradoxical variation of visual acuity with observation distance. Applications to night myopia and night driving are described, and implications for clinical practice are discussed.", "PMID": 729454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12109", "title": "Current patterns of neonatal morbidity and mortality in infants of diabetic mothers.", "content": "Recent advances in antepartum fetal evaluation have contributed to a marked reduction in fetal deaths in pregnancies complicated by overt diabetes mellitus. To determine the effect of these changes on neonatal morbidity and mortality, a retrospective analysis of complications in 322 infants of diabetic mothers (IDM) in White classes B--R was undertaken. The majority (89 per cent) of the IDM were delivered at term with a mean gestational age of 38 weeks. Neonatal morbidity correlated significantly with gestational age, occurring in 80 per cent of the preterm and 40 per cent of the term infants. The overall incidence of complications was: hyperbilirubinemia 37 per cent, hypoglycemia 31 per cent, hypocalcemia 13 per cent, polycythemia 8 per cent, and necrotizing enterocolitis 2 per cent. Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) occurred in 9 per cent and congenital malformations in 6 per cent of the infants. Nine infants died, and four of these deaths were due to anomalies. These data indicate that (1) a reduction in fetal mortality has been accompanied by a reduction in neonatal mortality; (2) neonatal morbidity has been decreased but remains significant in the IDM; and (3) congenital anomalies have replaced RDS as a major cause of neonatal death for the IDM.", "contents": "Current patterns of neonatal morbidity and mortality in infants of diabetic mothers. Recent advances in antepartum fetal evaluation have contributed to a marked reduction in fetal deaths in pregnancies complicated by overt diabetes mellitus. To determine the effect of these changes on neonatal morbidity and mortality, a retrospective analysis of complications in 322 infants of diabetic mothers (IDM) in White classes B--R was undertaken. The majority (89 per cent) of the IDM were delivered at term with a mean gestational age of 38 weeks. Neonatal morbidity correlated significantly with gestational age, occurring in 80 per cent of the preterm and 40 per cent of the term infants. The overall incidence of complications was: hyperbilirubinemia 37 per cent, hypoglycemia 31 per cent, hypocalcemia 13 per cent, polycythemia 8 per cent, and necrotizing enterocolitis 2 per cent. Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) occurred in 9 per cent and congenital malformations in 6 per cent of the infants. Nine infants died, and four of these deaths were due to anomalies. These data indicate that (1) a reduction in fetal mortality has been accompanied by a reduction in neonatal mortality; (2) neonatal morbidity has been decreased but remains significant in the IDM; and (3) congenital anomalies have replaced RDS as a major cause of neonatal death for the IDM.", "PMID": 729446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12110", "title": "Metoclopramide for gastroparesis diabeticorum.", "content": "Three patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and with symptoms due to gastric retention proved to have gastroparesis diabeticorum. The diagnosis was established by the beefsteak-barium meal. After the administration of metoclopramide, gastric emptying improved and the diabetes was easily controlled. Gastroparesis diabeticorum is one cause of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and may be helped by the administration of metoclopramide.", "contents": "Metoclopramide for gastroparesis diabeticorum. Three patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and with symptoms due to gastric retention proved to have gastroparesis diabeticorum. The diagnosis was established by the beefsteak-barium meal. After the administration of metoclopramide, gastric emptying improved and the diabetes was easily controlled. Gastroparesis diabeticorum is one cause of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and may be helped by the administration of metoclopramide.", "PMID": 729449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12111", "title": "Zero retinal image disparity: a stimulus for suppression in small angle strabismus.", "content": "Suppression was examined with binocular perimetry in patients with small angle strabismus. Suppression stimuli were presented to the fovea of the fixating eye or 5 degrees nasal or temporal from the fovea. Suppression was found in the deviating eye of patients with normal or anomalous correspondence at retinal points corresponding to the retinal locus of the suppression stimulus. Suppression was demonstrated on both the nasal and temporal hemiretina of the deviating eye. Results indicate that zero retinal disparity is a strong stimulus for suppression in the central and peripheral visual field of patients with small angle strabismus.", "contents": "Zero retinal image disparity: a stimulus for suppression in small angle strabismus. Suppression was examined with binocular perimetry in patients with small angle strabismus. Suppression stimuli were presented to the fovea of the fixating eye or 5 degrees nasal or temporal from the fovea. Suppression was found in the deviating eye of patients with normal or anomalous correspondence at retinal points corresponding to the retinal locus of the suppression stimulus. Suppression was demonstrated on both the nasal and temporal hemiretina of the deviating eye. Results indicate that zero retinal disparity is a strong stimulus for suppression in the central and peripheral visual field of patients with small angle strabismus.", "PMID": 729455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12112", "title": "Neonatal morbidity among infants of diabetic mothers.", "content": "While the modern approach to management of diabetic pregnancy has reduced the perinatal mortality significantly, the neonatal morbidity remains high. This study has investigated factors which may account for the persisting high neonatal morbidity when birth trauma has been virtually eliminated and the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) considerably reduced. Major congenital malformations emerge not only as the leading cause of perinatal losses but also as an important cause of morbidity. Delivery before 37 weeks increased the incidence of RDS and hypocalcemia, and it is suggested that, when strict metabolic control is used and with the help of facilities to monitor the fetus closely in the last weeks of pregnancy, the number of infants delivered at this early date can be further reduced. The present study also indicates that normoglycemia should also be encouraged on the day of delivery as maternal hyperglycemia at this stage increases the incidence of neonatal hypoglycemia. Jaundice, which very commonly affects newborn infants of diabetic mothers, is influenced by the use of oxytocin for vaginal delivery and by infant overweight (greater than 90th percentile) at birth, factors which are not beyond control. Finally, route of delivery per se may not be important in relation to neonatal morbidity.", "contents": "Neonatal morbidity among infants of diabetic mothers. While the modern approach to management of diabetic pregnancy has reduced the perinatal mortality significantly, the neonatal morbidity remains high. This study has investigated factors which may account for the persisting high neonatal morbidity when birth trauma has been virtually eliminated and the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) considerably reduced. Major congenital malformations emerge not only as the leading cause of perinatal losses but also as an important cause of morbidity. Delivery before 37 weeks increased the incidence of RDS and hypocalcemia, and it is suggested that, when strict metabolic control is used and with the help of facilities to monitor the fetus closely in the last weeks of pregnancy, the number of infants delivered at this early date can be further reduced. The present study also indicates that normoglycemia should also be encouraged on the day of delivery as maternal hyperglycemia at this stage increases the incidence of neonatal hypoglycemia. Jaundice, which very commonly affects newborn infants of diabetic mothers, is influenced by the use of oxytocin for vaginal delivery and by infant overweight (greater than 90th percentile) at birth, factors which are not beyond control. Finally, route of delivery per se may not be important in relation to neonatal morbidity.", "PMID": 729447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12113", "title": "[Indications for the location of trabeculotomy in simple glaucoma. I. The blood contents of Schlemm's canal].", "content": "Following trabeculotomy, about 30% of glaucomatous eyes are not normalized in pressure without additional therapy. In these cases, it was not possible to remove the resistance of outflow completely. Before deciding to perform trabeculotomy it is, therefore, necessary to localize the resistance of outflow. The inspection of the blood pattern in Schlemm's canal gives no indication where to localize the resistance of outflow. The same holds true for the haemorrhage deriving from Schlemm's canal, in the operating field (trabeculotomy window), which appears in 19.2% of cases. After trabeculotomy the blood outflow into the anterior chamber is significantly higher (63.6%) using the suction cup, then following pressure of the gonioscopy lens (28.1%). The differences between these findings are discussed. Our results indicate the necessity to search for other methods in localizing the resistance of outflow pre-operatively.", "contents": "[Indications for the location of trabeculotomy in simple glaucoma. I. The blood contents of Schlemm's canal]. Following trabeculotomy, about 30% of glaucomatous eyes are not normalized in pressure without additional therapy. In these cases, it was not possible to remove the resistance of outflow completely. Before deciding to perform trabeculotomy it is, therefore, necessary to localize the resistance of outflow. The inspection of the blood pattern in Schlemm's canal gives no indication where to localize the resistance of outflow. The same holds true for the haemorrhage deriving from Schlemm's canal, in the operating field (trabeculotomy window), which appears in 19.2% of cases. After trabeculotomy the blood outflow into the anterior chamber is significantly higher (63.6%) using the suction cup, then following pressure of the gonioscopy lens (28.1%). The differences between these findings are discussed. Our results indicate the necessity to search for other methods in localizing the resistance of outflow pre-operatively.", "PMID": 729456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12114", "title": "Cheiralgia paresthetica in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Cheiralgia paresthetica is a sensory mononeuropathy of the superficial ramus of the radial nerve. A case is presented here in a patient with diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "Cheiralgia paresthetica in diabetes mellitus. Cheiralgia paresthetica is a sensory mononeuropathy of the superficial ramus of the radial nerve. A case is presented here in a patient with diabetes mellitus.", "PMID": 729451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12115", "title": "Joint contractures in patients with juvenile diabetes and their siblings.", "content": "Six hundred fifteen children (310 with diabetes, 106 nondiabetic siblings, and 199 nonsibling controls) were examined for the presence of joint contractures. Forty children had contractures: 8.4 per cent of those with diabetes and 4.6 per cent of those without diabetes. Contractures were present, however, in 9.4 per cent of nondiabetic siblings, and only 2 per cent of nonsibling controls, suggesting a familial tendency to joint contractures. The older the patient, the more likely he was to have contractures. There was no correlation with sex, race, or age at onset of the disease.", "contents": "Joint contractures in patients with juvenile diabetes and their siblings. Six hundred fifteen children (310 with diabetes, 106 nondiabetic siblings, and 199 nonsibling controls) were examined for the presence of joint contractures. Forty children had contractures: 8.4 per cent of those with diabetes and 4.6 per cent of those without diabetes. Contractures were present, however, in 9.4 per cent of nondiabetic siblings, and only 2 per cent of nonsibling controls, suggesting a familial tendency to joint contractures. The older the patient, the more likely he was to have contractures. There was no correlation with sex, race, or age at onset of the disease.", "PMID": 729450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12116", "title": "[Indications for the location of trabeculotomy in simple glaucoma. II. The demonstration of aqueous outflow with fluorescein].", "content": "Iontophoresis is less apt to prove the existence of outflow channels of aqueous humour, but it is appropriate in demonstrating filtering blebs. After injecting fluorescein directly into the anterior chamber, the outflow channels are clearly marked in enucleated non-glaucomatous eyes, as well as in eyes containing a tumor, prior to enucleation. Regularly, one is able to observe sectors in which the aqueous veins are filled slowly or not filled at all. Injecting fluorescein directly in Schlemm's canal proves that in cadaver eyes without glaucoma the lumen is open all around. Sectorial filling defects of vessels leading out of Schlemm's canal are often seen. In three patients with simple glaucoma blocking of dye was noticed during passage through Schlemm's canal without reappearance. Our experiments give the impression that segmental division of Schlemm's canal is more marked in eyes with glaucoma than in normal eyes. If local occlusions within Schlemm's canal are of importance for the range of lowering of intraocular pressure, one must differentiate between the trabecular and the intrascleral part of the resistance of outflow in the operation field, in order to choose the best operating procedure. Such a differentiation seems, in principle, possible using fluorescein--primarily injected into the anterior chamber directly, and secondarily into a given part of Schlemm's canal.", "contents": "[Indications for the location of trabeculotomy in simple glaucoma. II. The demonstration of aqueous outflow with fluorescein]. Iontophoresis is less apt to prove the existence of outflow channels of aqueous humour, but it is appropriate in demonstrating filtering blebs. After injecting fluorescein directly into the anterior chamber, the outflow channels are clearly marked in enucleated non-glaucomatous eyes, as well as in eyes containing a tumor, prior to enucleation. Regularly, one is able to observe sectors in which the aqueous veins are filled slowly or not filled at all. Injecting fluorescein directly in Schlemm's canal proves that in cadaver eyes without glaucoma the lumen is open all around. Sectorial filling defects of vessels leading out of Schlemm's canal are often seen. In three patients with simple glaucoma blocking of dye was noticed during passage through Schlemm's canal without reappearance. Our experiments give the impression that segmental division of Schlemm's canal is more marked in eyes with glaucoma than in normal eyes. If local occlusions within Schlemm's canal are of importance for the range of lowering of intraocular pressure, one must differentiate between the trabecular and the intrascleral part of the resistance of outflow in the operation field, in order to choose the best operating procedure. Such a differentiation seems, in principle, possible using fluorescein--primarily injected into the anterior chamber directly, and secondarily into a given part of Schlemm's canal.", "PMID": 729457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12117", "title": "Recent developments in the treatment of obesity with particular reference to semistarvation ketogenic regimens.", "content": "Three new techniques have been developed for the treatment of obesity--behavior modification, semistarvation ketogenic regimens, and surgical therapy. Behavior modification appears to be effective for weight maintenance after weight loss through balanced deficit dieting for patients at less than 130 per cent of desirable body weight and semistarvation ketogenic regimens for patients from 130 to 200 per cent of desirable body weight. When indicated, surgical therapy is more efficacious for patients who are in excess of 200 per cent desirable body weight. All three approaches should be considered experimental until a larger experience is acquired and preliminary results are confirmed.", "contents": "Recent developments in the treatment of obesity with particular reference to semistarvation ketogenic regimens. Three new techniques have been developed for the treatment of obesity--behavior modification, semistarvation ketogenic regimens, and surgical therapy. Behavior modification appears to be effective for weight maintenance after weight loss through balanced deficit dieting for patients at less than 130 per cent of desirable body weight and semistarvation ketogenic regimens for patients from 130 to 200 per cent of desirable body weight. When indicated, surgical therapy is more efficacious for patients who are in excess of 200 per cent desirable body weight. All three approaches should be considered experimental until a larger experience is acquired and preliminary results are confirmed.", "PMID": 729452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12118", "title": "[Rebound regression after additional hormonal treatment with ethinyl oestradiol of metastasising carcinoma of the breast in females: frequency and clinical significance (author's transl)].", "content": "Rebound regression occurred in 13 of 42 females (30.9% with metastasising carcinoma of the breast in the postmenopausal period in whom additional hormonal treatment with ethinyl oestradiol had brought about a remission. Duration of the rebound response ranged from 3 to 44 months (average 11.2 months; mean 8 months). There was a significantly longer duration of remission (18.7 months compared with 12.0 months; P = 0.01) in patients with than those without a rebound response. There was also a significant correlation between the duration of the preceding remission under additional hormonal treatment and the duration of the subsequent rebound response (P less than 0.01). On the other hand, there was a negative but not significant correlation between the free interval duration which preceded the metastasisation and the duration of the rebound regression.", "contents": "[Rebound regression after additional hormonal treatment with ethinyl oestradiol of metastasising carcinoma of the breast in females: frequency and clinical significance (author's transl)]. Rebound regression occurred in 13 of 42 females (30.9% with metastasising carcinoma of the breast in the postmenopausal period in whom additional hormonal treatment with ethinyl oestradiol had brought about a remission. Duration of the rebound response ranged from 3 to 44 months (average 11.2 months; mean 8 months). There was a significantly longer duration of remission (18.7 months compared with 12.0 months; P = 0.01) in patients with than those without a rebound response. There was also a significant correlation between the duration of the preceding remission under additional hormonal treatment and the duration of the subsequent rebound response (P less than 0.01). On the other hand, there was a negative but not significant correlation between the free interval duration which preceded the metastasisation and the duration of the rebound regression.", "PMID": 729476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12119", "title": "[Human diploid cell (HDC) rabies vaccine immunoprophylaxis in persons at risk (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty persons working in the institute testing rabies vaccines and sera were vaccinated three times at monthly intervals with HDC rabies vaccine. In 9 persons in whom the basic immunisation was completed more than two years previously a booster dose was given. The antibodies formed after vaccination were measured in international units (IU). Serum antibody levels rose constantly during the basic immunisation period. Four weeks after the second vaccination definite sero-conversion could be demonstrated in all persons, the mean antibody level was 6.05 IU/ml. The antibody level rose after the third vaccination to a mean of 10.7 IU/ml and sank over the following six months to 1.5 IU/ml. Two years later the mean level was 0.5 IU/ml. After boostering the antibody level rose to 29.6 IU/ml within a week and after two weeks reached one hundred fold the original level. In view of these results which agree with other studies reexamination of the present vaccination scheme for prophylactic rabies vaccination is recommended.", "contents": "[Human diploid cell (HDC) rabies vaccine immunoprophylaxis in persons at risk (author's transl)]. Twenty persons working in the institute testing rabies vaccines and sera were vaccinated three times at monthly intervals with HDC rabies vaccine. In 9 persons in whom the basic immunisation was completed more than two years previously a booster dose was given. The antibodies formed after vaccination were measured in international units (IU). Serum antibody levels rose constantly during the basic immunisation period. Four weeks after the second vaccination definite sero-conversion could be demonstrated in all persons, the mean antibody level was 6.05 IU/ml. The antibody level rose after the third vaccination to a mean of 10.7 IU/ml and sank over the following six months to 1.5 IU/ml. Two years later the mean level was 0.5 IU/ml. After boostering the antibody level rose to 29.6 IU/ml within a week and after two weeks reached one hundred fold the original level. In view of these results which agree with other studies reexamination of the present vaccination scheme for prophylactic rabies vaccination is recommended.", "PMID": 729477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12120", "title": "[Results of using the reflomat for determining glucose concentration, and the influence of glycolysis inhibitors on Reflotest-glucose (author's transl)].", "content": "There was a close correlation between the hexokinase-glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase method and reflomat/Reflotest-glucose on capillary blood samples without addition of glycolysis-inhibitors. The relative deviations were less than 10% over the entire range. In systematic studies set up to determine the influence of sodium fluoride and sodium monoiodo-acetate on the reflomat/Reflotest glucose system it was demonstrated that sodium monoiodo-acetate can be used when determining glucose with reflomat/Reflotest glucose, while sodium fluoride produced false values with this system.", "contents": "[Results of using the reflomat for determining glucose concentration, and the influence of glycolysis inhibitors on Reflotest-glucose (author's transl)]. There was a close correlation between the hexokinase-glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase method and reflomat/Reflotest-glucose on capillary blood samples without addition of glycolysis-inhibitors. The relative deviations were less than 10% over the entire range. In systematic studies set up to determine the influence of sodium fluoride and sodium monoiodo-acetate on the reflomat/Reflotest glucose system it was demonstrated that sodium monoiodo-acetate can be used when determining glucose with reflomat/Reflotest glucose, while sodium fluoride produced false values with this system.", "PMID": 729478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12121", "title": "[Familial bilateral renal-cell carcinoma and cerebellar haemangioma (author's transl)].", "content": "In three brothers of a family with a high incidence of cancer a bilateral renal-cell carcinoma was demonstrated. In the index case there was also a cerebellar haemangioblastoma. At necropsy primary bilateral renal-cell carcinoma was demonstrated while intrarenal metastases were excluded. The cases are considered to be predominantly renal manifestations of the von Hippel-Lindau syndrome with facultative oculocerebellar involvement. Urological and cytogenetic study of other family members provided no evidence of further manifestations of the syndrome. Clinical supervision of members of such families is indicated.", "contents": "[Familial bilateral renal-cell carcinoma and cerebellar haemangioma (author's transl)]. In three brothers of a family with a high incidence of cancer a bilateral renal-cell carcinoma was demonstrated. In the index case there was also a cerebellar haemangioblastoma. At necropsy primary bilateral renal-cell carcinoma was demonstrated while intrarenal metastases were excluded. The cases are considered to be predominantly renal manifestations of the von Hippel-Lindau syndrome with facultative oculocerebellar involvement. Urological and cytogenetic study of other family members provided no evidence of further manifestations of the syndrome. Clinical supervision of members of such families is indicated.", "PMID": 729479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12122", "title": "[Duration of protection after BCG vaccination with the 1331 Copenhagen strain (author's transl)].", "content": "Children vaccinated in 1975 with different doses of BCG were tested when they were 2 1/2 years old by means of the tine test or, if negative, the tuberculin test at 1 : 100. Of those children who, according to present-day view, had been satisfactorily immunised, 34 of 42 still showed a tuberculin allergy after 2 1/2 years, of those unsatisfactorily vaccinated only 23 of 38. In addition it was found that, contrary to general teaching, positive tuberculin allergy is possible even without scar after a BCG vaccination with the Copenhagen strain (6 of 13). The need of revaccination of tuberculin-negative persons is stressed.", "contents": "[Duration of protection after BCG vaccination with the 1331 Copenhagen strain (author's transl)]. Children vaccinated in 1975 with different doses of BCG were tested when they were 2 1/2 years old by means of the tine test or, if negative, the tuberculin test at 1 : 100. Of those children who, according to present-day view, had been satisfactorily immunised, 34 of 42 still showed a tuberculin allergy after 2 1/2 years, of those unsatisfactorily vaccinated only 23 of 38. In addition it was found that, contrary to general teaching, positive tuberculin allergy is possible even without scar after a BCG vaccination with the Copenhagen strain (6 of 13). The need of revaccination of tuberculin-negative persons is stressed.", "PMID": 729489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12123", "title": "[Recognition of female carriers of haemophilia A (author's transl)].", "content": "The detection rate for female carriers of haemophilia A was investigated by comparing the one-step method of Hardisty and Macpherson for biological activity of factor VIII with quantitative immunoelectrophoresis (after Laurell) for factor VIII-associated antigen. Certain or probable positive results were obtained in 25 of 27 female carriers by the quantitative immunoelectrophoresis, but only in 18 when measuring factor VIII activity.", "contents": "[Recognition of female carriers of haemophilia A (author's transl)]. The detection rate for female carriers of haemophilia A was investigated by comparing the one-step method of Hardisty and Macpherson for biological activity of factor VIII with quantitative immunoelectrophoresis (after Laurell) for factor VIII-associated antigen. Certain or probable positive results were obtained in 25 of 27 female carriers by the quantitative immunoelectrophoresis, but only in 18 when measuring factor VIII activity.", "PMID": 729490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12124", "title": "Elastase-inhibitory activity of aortic glycosaminoglycans during cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis.", "content": "Elastase-inhibitory activity of aortic glycosaminoglycans, measured in vitro, was found to be significantly reduced in rabbits fed a 2% cholesterol diet for 60, 90, and 120 days. The reduction, suggested to be due to alteration in the composition of aortic glycosaminoglycans, may be relevant to the process of atherogenesis.", "contents": "Elastase-inhibitory activity of aortic glycosaminoglycans during cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis. Elastase-inhibitory activity of aortic glycosaminoglycans, measured in vitro, was found to be significantly reduced in rabbits fed a 2% cholesterol diet for 60, 90, and 120 days. The reduction, suggested to be due to alteration in the composition of aortic glycosaminoglycans, may be relevant to the process of atherogenesis.", "PMID": 729515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12125", "title": "Variation in the response of plasma enzyme activities in avian species dosed with carbophenothion.", "content": "The response of various species of Anser and Branta geese and other avian species to the ingestion of carbophenothion (S-[[(4-chlorophenyl)thio]methyl] O,O-diethyl phosphorodithioate) has been investigated. Optimum assay conditions for measurement of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, and cholinesterase in avian plasma were developed for the study. The administration of acutely toxic doses of carbophenothion to Japanese quail, pigeons, and chickens, and to Greylag, Pink-footed, Greenland White-fronted, and Canada geese led to species-dependent responses for both plasma glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and cholinesterase levels. Carbophenothion administered to Japanese quail at several dose levels produced changes in plasma enzyme levels which were dependent on dose and time. The level of plasma glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase after dosing in the Anser family of geese rose more rapidly than in the Branta species but no change was found in this enzyme in either chickens or pigeons. In contrast to geese and pigeons, chickens exhibited no plasma cholinesterase inhibition for 3 hr after dosing. These enzyme changes demonstrate a species variation in the toxicological response of birds to a pesticide and indicate the desirability of using more than one avian species for pesticide toxicity testing.", "contents": "Variation in the response of plasma enzyme activities in avian species dosed with carbophenothion. The response of various species of Anser and Branta geese and other avian species to the ingestion of carbophenothion (S-[[(4-chlorophenyl)thio]methyl] O,O-diethyl phosphorodithioate) has been investigated. Optimum assay conditions for measurement of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, and cholinesterase in avian plasma were developed for the study. The administration of acutely toxic doses of carbophenothion to Japanese quail, pigeons, and chickens, and to Greylag, Pink-footed, Greenland White-fronted, and Canada geese led to species-dependent responses for both plasma glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and cholinesterase levels. Carbophenothion administered to Japanese quail at several dose levels produced changes in plasma enzyme levels which were dependent on dose and time. The level of plasma glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase after dosing in the Anser family of geese rose more rapidly than in the Branta species but no change was found in this enzyme in either chickens or pigeons. In contrast to geese and pigeons, chickens exhibited no plasma cholinesterase inhibition for 3 hr after dosing. These enzyme changes demonstrate a species variation in the toxicological response of birds to a pesticide and indicate the desirability of using more than one avian species for pesticide toxicity testing.", "PMID": 729517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12126", "title": "[Early effect of adrenalectomy and castration on the demethylating activity of the liver microsomal fraction in male rats].", "content": "The author examines three indices in liver microsomal fraction during the first five days after castration and adrenalectomy of male rats: demethylation in vitro of amidophen, amount of cytochrome P450 and cytochrome b5. Demethylating activity is lowered significantly to the respective control on the second day after adrenalectomy--73%, on the fifth day--61%; after castration on the third day--71%, on the fifth day--75%; after simultaneous castration and adrenalectomy after two days--53%, but on the fifth day--22%. The amount of cytochrome P450 diminishes parallely to the demethylating activity is due to the reduced amount of cytochrome P450, but the reduction of the latter is explained by the lowered activity of aminolevulanatsynthetase--the limiting enzyme in the synthesis of heme of cytochrome P450. Androgens and corticoids are inductors of microsomal oxidative enzymes and probably on the basis of this action the activity of aminoevulinatsynthetase is affected.", "contents": "[Early effect of adrenalectomy and castration on the demethylating activity of the liver microsomal fraction in male rats]. The author examines three indices in liver microsomal fraction during the first five days after castration and adrenalectomy of male rats: demethylation in vitro of amidophen, amount of cytochrome P450 and cytochrome b5. Demethylating activity is lowered significantly to the respective control on the second day after adrenalectomy--73%, on the fifth day--61%; after castration on the third day--71%, on the fifth day--75%; after simultaneous castration and adrenalectomy after two days--53%, but on the fifth day--22%. The amount of cytochrome P450 diminishes parallely to the demethylating activity is due to the reduced amount of cytochrome P450, but the reduction of the latter is explained by the lowered activity of aminolevulanatsynthetase--the limiting enzyme in the synthesis of heme of cytochrome P450. Androgens and corticoids are inductors of microsomal oxidative enzymes and probably on the basis of this action the activity of aminoevulinatsynthetase is affected.", "PMID": 729525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12127", "title": "[Enzymatic activity in the uterine musculature of rats after castration and testosterone treatment].", "content": "The authors examined the activity of GOT, GPT, LDH and ALD in the myometrium of ovariectomized female rats, treated with testosterone. There was a eduction in the activity of the examined enzymes in both experimental groups of animals in comparison with the group of healthy rats. The reduction of the enzymic myometrial activity was considerably more manifested in the group of ovariectomized rats than in those treated with testosterone. The results were interpreted as a consequence of the reduced synthesis of proteins enzymes due to insufficient estrogen stimulation in the myometrial tissue, sensitive to estrogen. There was a possibility also that the reduction of the enzymic synthesis was caused by energetic deficit on account of insufficient transhydrogenase activity as a result of the reduced estrogen concentrations.", "contents": "[Enzymatic activity in the uterine musculature of rats after castration and testosterone treatment]. The authors examined the activity of GOT, GPT, LDH and ALD in the myometrium of ovariectomized female rats, treated with testosterone. There was a eduction in the activity of the examined enzymes in both experimental groups of animals in comparison with the group of healthy rats. The reduction of the enzymic myometrial activity was considerably more manifested in the group of ovariectomized rats than in those treated with testosterone. The results were interpreted as a consequence of the reduced synthesis of proteins enzymes due to insufficient estrogen stimulation in the myometrial tissue, sensitive to estrogen. There was a possibility also that the reduction of the enzymic synthesis was caused by energetic deficit on account of insufficient transhydrogenase activity as a result of the reduced estrogen concentrations.", "PMID": 729526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12128", "title": "[Effect of triquinol on the central nervous system].", "content": "The authors examined the influence of the preparation triquinol on the function of the central nervous system, using neuropharmacological and electrophysiological methods. Traquinol in small doses revealed slight stimulating central effect, causing uneasiness, increased reaction to touch and pain, slight exophthalmia, These manifestations were accepted as a sign of the sympathycomimetic action of the preparation. The large doses caused myorelaxing phenomena-reduced spontaneous motor activity, muscular tonus, inhibition of the polysynaptic reflexes. Electroencephalographic examinations showed lowering of the threshold for obtaining the reaction of waking during acute experiments and of the threshold for obtaining desynchronization after exteroceptive stimuli. These data could be explained by the sympathycomimetic effect of the preparation.", "contents": "[Effect of triquinol on the central nervous system]. The authors examined the influence of the preparation triquinol on the function of the central nervous system, using neuropharmacological and electrophysiological methods. Traquinol in small doses revealed slight stimulating central effect, causing uneasiness, increased reaction to touch and pain, slight exophthalmia, These manifestations were accepted as a sign of the sympathycomimetic action of the preparation. The large doses caused myorelaxing phenomena-reduced spontaneous motor activity, muscular tonus, inhibition of the polysynaptic reflexes. Electroencephalographic examinations showed lowering of the threshold for obtaining the reaction of waking during acute experiments and of the threshold for obtaining desynchronization after exteroceptive stimuli. These data could be explained by the sympathycomimetic effect of the preparation.", "PMID": 729527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12129", "title": "[Effect of echinopsin and adepren on motor activity in rats].", "content": "We have studied the influence of synthesized in NIHFI psychotropic drugs echinopsin and adepren for their locomotor activity on white rats in open field and staircase. Comparative parallel experiments were carried out with psychostimulants and antidepressive drugs utilized in therapeutic practice. We found that echinopsin in low doses increases the locomotor activity and in large doses decreases. Its action in open-field and staircase is different from the effect of amphetamine and coffeine which is confirmed by clinical evidence. Adepren decreases the locomotor activity in single application as a result of decreasing of brain noradrenaline which is similar to the effect of MAOI drugs.", "contents": "[Effect of echinopsin and adepren on motor activity in rats]. We have studied the influence of synthesized in NIHFI psychotropic drugs echinopsin and adepren for their locomotor activity on white rats in open field and staircase. Comparative parallel experiments were carried out with psychostimulants and antidepressive drugs utilized in therapeutic practice. We found that echinopsin in low doses increases the locomotor activity and in large doses decreases. Its action in open-field and staircase is different from the effect of amphetamine and coffeine which is confirmed by clinical evidence. Adepren decreases the locomotor activity in single application as a result of decreasing of brain noradrenaline which is similar to the effect of MAOI drugs.", "PMID": 729528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12130", "title": "[Experimental study of the changes in a previously damaged and normal myocardium under the influence of hemorrhagic shock].", "content": "The authors examined morphologic changes in preliminarily damaged and normal myocardium under the influence of hemorrhagic shock. It was established that the preceding damages of the myocardium (microcicatrixes and organizing microinfarctions) made it more sensitive to acute hypoxia under the conditions of hemorrhagic shock. The electrone microscopic and histologic findings in both groups revealed acute and ischemic damages of the myocardium, manifested in vacuolization and distruction of mitochondria, dilatation of sarcoplasmic reticulum, contracted changes and fuxinophilic necrosis. The morfometric determination of the degree of distribution of fuxinophilic necrosis revealed that they were considerably more manifested under the conditions of hemorrhagic shock on the background of myocardiopathy (p less than 0.001).", "contents": "[Experimental study of the changes in a previously damaged and normal myocardium under the influence of hemorrhagic shock]. The authors examined morphologic changes in preliminarily damaged and normal myocardium under the influence of hemorrhagic shock. It was established that the preceding damages of the myocardium (microcicatrixes and organizing microinfarctions) made it more sensitive to acute hypoxia under the conditions of hemorrhagic shock. The electrone microscopic and histologic findings in both groups revealed acute and ischemic damages of the myocardium, manifested in vacuolization and distruction of mitochondria, dilatation of sarcoplasmic reticulum, contracted changes and fuxinophilic necrosis. The morfometric determination of the degree of distribution of fuxinophilic necrosis revealed that they were considerably more manifested under the conditions of hemorrhagic shock on the background of myocardiopathy (p less than 0.001).", "PMID": 729529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12131", "title": "[Experimental droperidol protection and treatment of pulmonary edema].", "content": "The authors carried out an experimental study of the protective and therapeutic effect of droperydol on 48 rabbits, with adrenaline lung edema. The results from the conducted studies showed that droperydol, administered both prophylacticaly and therapeuticaly, diminished significantly the gravity of lung edema and increased the percentage of survival up to 67.7% (in rats, treated therapeuticaly) and up to 100% (in the rats, treated prophylacticaly), while the survival did not surpass 20% in the control group. These results were better in comparison with the data, found earlier, indicating the effect of chlorasine, which manifested only protective action in rabbits with lung edema and worsened its course, when it was applied therapeuticaly.", "contents": "[Experimental droperidol protection and treatment of pulmonary edema]. The authors carried out an experimental study of the protective and therapeutic effect of droperydol on 48 rabbits, with adrenaline lung edema. The results from the conducted studies showed that droperydol, administered both prophylacticaly and therapeuticaly, diminished significantly the gravity of lung edema and increased the percentage of survival up to 67.7% (in rats, treated therapeuticaly) and up to 100% (in the rats, treated prophylacticaly), while the survival did not surpass 20% in the control group. These results were better in comparison with the data, found earlier, indicating the effect of chlorasine, which manifested only protective action in rabbits with lung edema and worsened its course, when it was applied therapeuticaly.", "PMID": 729531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12132", "title": "[Light microscopic and ultrastructural changes in the myocardium in experimental myocardiopathy in rats].", "content": "The authors examined the morphological changes in the myocardium of rats with myocardiopathy, caused by electrolytes, steroids and catecholamines. There were fresh and organized microinfarctions, occupying around 17--18% of the volume of the left heart ventricle. Scattered fuxinophilic necrosis were present in the zones outside the infarctions. The electrone microscopic examination of these areas showed vacuolization and crystolisis of mitochondria, dilatation of cysterns of the sarcoplasmic reticulum after dilatation of Z discs of miofibrils and increased folds with herniation of the intercanicular discs. The obtained model belongs to the group of the infarction-like myocardiopathies and resembles the changes in the human myocardium during involvment of the small intramural myocardial arteries and microcirculatory bed.", "contents": "[Light microscopic and ultrastructural changes in the myocardium in experimental myocardiopathy in rats]. The authors examined the morphological changes in the myocardium of rats with myocardiopathy, caused by electrolytes, steroids and catecholamines. There were fresh and organized microinfarctions, occupying around 17--18% of the volume of the left heart ventricle. Scattered fuxinophilic necrosis were present in the zones outside the infarctions. The electrone microscopic examination of these areas showed vacuolization and crystolisis of mitochondria, dilatation of cysterns of the sarcoplasmic reticulum after dilatation of Z discs of miofibrils and increased folds with herniation of the intercanicular discs. The obtained model belongs to the group of the infarction-like myocardiopathies and resembles the changes in the human myocardium during involvment of the small intramural myocardial arteries and microcirculatory bed.", "PMID": 729532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12133", "title": "Active noncompliance as a cause of uncontrolled seizures.", "content": "A 26-year-old woman with intractable seizures and fluctuating plasma phenytoin concentrations is described. Noncompliance with prescribed drug regimens was suspected. Phenytoin was first given as a capsule and then as an elixir. Ingestion of the capsule was monitored, and active non-compliance was proved and admitted by the patient. The causes of inadequate plasma phenytoin concentrations are few and can be determined either by specific laboratory methods or by changing the form of the drug.", "contents": "Active noncompliance as a cause of uncontrolled seizures. A 26-year-old woman with intractable seizures and fluctuating plasma phenytoin concentrations is described. Noncompliance with prescribed drug regimens was suspected. Phenytoin was first given as a capsule and then as an elixir. Ingestion of the capsule was monitored, and active non-compliance was proved and admitted by the patient. The causes of inadequate plasma phenytoin concentrations are few and can be determined either by specific laboratory methods or by changing the form of the drug.", "PMID": 729533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12134", "title": "Neuropsychological correlates of the electroencephalogram in epileptics: III. Generalized nonepileptiform abnormalities.", "content": "A broad battery of neuropsychological tests was given to 111 adult epileptics treated primarily with phenytoin. The patients were grouped according to degree of generalized nonepileptiform EEG abnormalities in waking EEGs. In patients classified as None/Mild, Moderate, or Marked in terms of these EEG abnormalities performances on 15 neuropsychological measures were contrasted. Statistically significant differences across the groups were found on 13 of the 15 neuropsychological variables. An orderly decrease in performance occurred as a correlate of an increase in EEG abnormalities. These results were compared to a similar analysis of the correlates of topographic distribution of epileptiform discharges (Absent, Focal, Generalized). It was discovered that degrees of generalized slow wave EEG abnormalities were more potent in differentiating levels of neuropsychological performance than epileptiform discharges. Nevertheless, when discharges and degree of nonepileptiform abnormalities were simultaneously considered, a maximal level of correlation was reached.", "contents": "Neuropsychological correlates of the electroencephalogram in epileptics: III. Generalized nonepileptiform abnormalities. A broad battery of neuropsychological tests was given to 111 adult epileptics treated primarily with phenytoin. The patients were grouped according to degree of generalized nonepileptiform EEG abnormalities in waking EEGs. In patients classified as None/Mild, Moderate, or Marked in terms of these EEG abnormalities performances on 15 neuropsychological measures were contrasted. Statistically significant differences across the groups were found on 13 of the 15 neuropsychological variables. An orderly decrease in performance occurred as a correlate of an increase in EEG abnormalities. These results were compared to a similar analysis of the correlates of topographic distribution of epileptiform discharges (Absent, Focal, Generalized). It was discovered that degrees of generalized slow wave EEG abnormalities were more potent in differentiating levels of neuropsychological performance than epileptiform discharges. Nevertheless, when discharges and degree of nonepileptiform abnormalities were simultaneously considered, a maximal level of correlation was reached.", "PMID": 729534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12135", "title": "Characterization of pinealectomy induced convulsions in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus).", "content": "The Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) exhibits convulsions after pinealectomy (PX). Included in the convulsions are wild running, tonic-clonic activity, and occasionally death. This paper reports various parameters that influence the convulsions. Animals 60 and 90 days old have a shorter latency to onset of convulsions than do 30-day-old gerbils. Animals pinealectomized at the onset of light (0600) in an LD 14:10 photoperiod have a shorter latency to onset and greater number of convulsions than animals pinealectomized at other times. Modulation of the photoperiod to LD 20:4 and 4:20 does not affect the convulsions. Superior cervical ganglionectomy (SCGX) does not result in convulsions; subsequent PX of the SCGX animals does. Replacement of pineal extract does not prevent the convulsions. The PX induced convulsion in gerbils resembles the parathyroidectomy-pinealectomy induced convulsion in the rat in all aspects, but with a shorter latency to onset.", "contents": "Characterization of pinealectomy induced convulsions in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). The Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) exhibits convulsions after pinealectomy (PX). Included in the convulsions are wild running, tonic-clonic activity, and occasionally death. This paper reports various parameters that influence the convulsions. Animals 60 and 90 days old have a shorter latency to onset of convulsions than do 30-day-old gerbils. Animals pinealectomized at the onset of light (0600) in an LD 14:10 photoperiod have a shorter latency to onset and greater number of convulsions than animals pinealectomized at other times. Modulation of the photoperiod to LD 20:4 and 4:20 does not affect the convulsions. Superior cervical ganglionectomy (SCGX) does not result in convulsions; subsequent PX of the SCGX animals does. Replacement of pineal extract does not prevent the convulsions. The PX induced convulsion in gerbils resembles the parathyroidectomy-pinealectomy induced convulsion in the rat in all aspects, but with a shorter latency to onset.", "PMID": 729535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12136", "title": "Elevation of seizure thresholds: a comparison of cerebellar stimulation, phenobarbital, and diphenylhydantoin.", "content": "Generalized EEG seizures were induced in acute, conscious New Zealand albino rabbits with intravenous pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) (10 or 15 mg/kg) or electrical stimulation of the frontal cerebral cortex (ELEC) (50 Hz, 1 msec pulse duration, 2 sec train duration, 4.0-7.6 V). Three anticonvulsant treatments were compared: (1) electrical transhemispheral stimulation of the ansiform or simplex cerebellar lobes (10 Hz, 1.5 msec, 3-4 V), (2) phenobarbital (PB) (25 mg/kg, i.v.), and (3) diphenylhydantoin (DPH) (30 mg/kg, i.v.). After treatment, increments in PTZ dose or stimulation voltage were applied until a seizure was evoked that approximated the original in severity and duration. PTZ seizure thresholds were not elevated by DPH, and electrically induced seizure thresholds were not elevated by cerebellar stimulation (CBL). The four remaining seizure threshold elevations (increase in PTZ dose or stimulation voltage) were significant at a level of 0.025 or greater. Comparison of the elevations of seizure thresholds showed no differences at the 0.01 level of significance. Thus, no differences were seen between elevation of PTZ seizure thresholds by CBL or PB, or elevation of electrically induced seizure thresholds by PB or DPH, when examined on an acute basis.", "contents": "Elevation of seizure thresholds: a comparison of cerebellar stimulation, phenobarbital, and diphenylhydantoin. Generalized EEG seizures were induced in acute, conscious New Zealand albino rabbits with intravenous pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) (10 or 15 mg/kg) or electrical stimulation of the frontal cerebral cortex (ELEC) (50 Hz, 1 msec pulse duration, 2 sec train duration, 4.0-7.6 V). Three anticonvulsant treatments were compared: (1) electrical transhemispheral stimulation of the ansiform or simplex cerebellar lobes (10 Hz, 1.5 msec, 3-4 V), (2) phenobarbital (PB) (25 mg/kg, i.v.), and (3) diphenylhydantoin (DPH) (30 mg/kg, i.v.). After treatment, increments in PTZ dose or stimulation voltage were applied until a seizure was evoked that approximated the original in severity and duration. PTZ seizure thresholds were not elevated by DPH, and electrically induced seizure thresholds were not elevated by cerebellar stimulation (CBL). The four remaining seizure threshold elevations (increase in PTZ dose or stimulation voltage) were significant at a level of 0.025 or greater. Comparison of the elevations of seizure thresholds showed no differences at the 0.01 level of significance. Thus, no differences were seen between elevation of PTZ seizure thresholds by CBL or PB, or elevation of electrically induced seizure thresholds by PB or DPH, when examined on an acute basis.", "PMID": 729536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12137", "title": "Effect of streptozotocin diabetes and insulin administration on some liver enzyme activities in the post-weaning rat.", "content": "Streptozotocin-induced diabetes suppressed the normal development of the nine glycolytic and lipogenic enzyme activities measured. With the exception of NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase, insulin replacement therapy induced increased activities of the enzymes in streptozotocin-treated rats. Insulin appeared to have a specific effect on the activities of glucokinase, ATP-citrate lyase, malic enzyme, and glucose-6-P-dehydrogenase.", "contents": "Effect of streptozotocin diabetes and insulin administration on some liver enzyme activities in the post-weaning rat. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes suppressed the normal development of the nine glycolytic and lipogenic enzyme activities measured. With the exception of NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase, insulin replacement therapy induced increased activities of the enzymes in streptozotocin-treated rats. Insulin appeared to have a specific effect on the activities of glucokinase, ATP-citrate lyase, malic enzyme, and glucose-6-P-dehydrogenase.", "PMID": 729537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12138", "title": "Guanase in reticulocytes and other rat tissues.", "content": "A sensitive and precise assay of guanase was based on the conversion of 14C-guanine to uric acid in the presence of excess xanthine oxidase. The enzyme was entirely soluble in rat tissues and no inhibitors of it were detected. The most active tissues were red blood cells, lung and lactating mammary gland, with more than twice the activity of liver. The contained blood could account for the low activity in adult skeletal muscle and some other tissues. All fetal tissues examined were without activity. Activity in mammary gland rose fourfold during lactation and dropped precipitously during involution, with a secondary rise associated in time with the loss of cells from the gland. Reticulocytes present normally and after hemorrhagic anemia appeared to account for substantially all of the high guanase activity in red blood cells. The guanase level could be used to predict the degree of reticulocytosis in rats within confidence limits of +/- 0.2%. The virtual absence of guanase in human red cells was confirmed, even in bloods containing elevated reticulocyte numbers.", "contents": "Guanase in reticulocytes and other rat tissues. A sensitive and precise assay of guanase was based on the conversion of 14C-guanine to uric acid in the presence of excess xanthine oxidase. The enzyme was entirely soluble in rat tissues and no inhibitors of it were detected. The most active tissues were red blood cells, lung and lactating mammary gland, with more than twice the activity of liver. The contained blood could account for the low activity in adult skeletal muscle and some other tissues. All fetal tissues examined were without activity. Activity in mammary gland rose fourfold during lactation and dropped precipitously during involution, with a secondary rise associated in time with the loss of cells from the gland. Reticulocytes present normally and after hemorrhagic anemia appeared to account for substantially all of the high guanase activity in red blood cells. The guanase level could be used to predict the degree of reticulocytosis in rats within confidence limits of +/- 0.2%. The virtual absence of guanase in human red cells was confirmed, even in bloods containing elevated reticulocyte numbers.", "PMID": 729538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12139", "title": "Inactivation of rat pancreas amylase during electrophoresis in the presence or absence of urea.", "content": "Rat pancreas amylase activity was irreversibly destroyed when subjected to electrophoresis. The measure of enzyme inactivation was dependent on the duration of electrophoresis. In the presence of urea the amylase denaturating effect was enhanced.", "contents": "Inactivation of rat pancreas amylase during electrophoresis in the presence or absence of urea. Rat pancreas amylase activity was irreversibly destroyed when subjected to electrophoresis. The measure of enzyme inactivation was dependent on the duration of electrophoresis. In the presence of urea the amylase denaturating effect was enhanced.", "PMID": 729539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12140", "title": "The presence of serum creatine kinase 2 (MB) in acromegalic myopathy.", "content": "Increase in size of bone is characteristic of acromegaly. In addition, hypertrophy of other tissues including skeletal muscle and associated myopathy may occur. We recently found 10 U/1 of isoenzyme creatine kinase 2 (MB) or 10.9% of total creatine kinase in a patient with acromegaly who did not show clinical or laboratory evidence of acute myocardial necrosis. The myopathy associated with acromegaly is thus another cause for the presence of serum CK 2 (MB), and CK 2 (MB) is not a specific isoenzyme for myocardial damage since it may be identified in the serum of patients with skeletal muscle conditions.", "contents": "The presence of serum creatine kinase 2 (MB) in acromegalic myopathy. Increase in size of bone is characteristic of acromegaly. In addition, hypertrophy of other tissues including skeletal muscle and associated myopathy may occur. We recently found 10 U/1 of isoenzyme creatine kinase 2 (MB) or 10.9% of total creatine kinase in a patient with acromegaly who did not show clinical or laboratory evidence of acute myocardial necrosis. The myopathy associated with acromegaly is thus another cause for the presence of serum CK 2 (MB), and CK 2 (MB) is not a specific isoenzyme for myocardial damage since it may be identified in the serum of patients with skeletal muscle conditions.", "PMID": 729540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12141", "title": "Release of cryptic monoamine oxidase activity by growth of BHK-21 cells in D-chloramphenicol.", "content": "The activity of monoamine oxidase, a marker enzyme of the outer mitochondrial membrane, is stimulated in BHK cells grown in the presence of 100 microgram ml-1 D-chloramphenicol. The observed stimulation can be reversed by removal of the antibiotic. Addition of the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100, to cell homogenates results in an elevation of the enzyme activity similar to that produced by D-chloramphenicol treatment. The activation by chloramphenicol is apparently related to a release of cryptic monoamine oxidase activity.", "contents": "Release of cryptic monoamine oxidase activity by growth of BHK-21 cells in D-chloramphenicol. The activity of monoamine oxidase, a marker enzyme of the outer mitochondrial membrane, is stimulated in BHK cells grown in the presence of 100 microgram ml-1 D-chloramphenicol. The observed stimulation can be reversed by removal of the antibiotic. Addition of the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100, to cell homogenates results in an elevation of the enzyme activity similar to that produced by D-chloramphenicol treatment. The activation by chloramphenicol is apparently related to a release of cryptic monoamine oxidase activity.", "PMID": 729541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12142", "title": "Metabolic responses of untrained individuals to warm-up.", "content": "Seven untrained male subjects were studied for the effects of mild warm-up on oxygen uptake and lactic acid production. Each subject completed two standardized workloads on a bicycle ergometer requiring 75% of their physical work capacity. Protocols of the two tests consisted of either no warm-up or a 4-min warm-up preceding a 5-min exercise at approximately 80% of their maximal oxygen uptake. The contrasting protocols did not reveal any significant differences between heart rate, lactic acid, and oxygen uptake. The dominant influence on the metabolic processes was the absolute workload of the tasks and not the presence or absence of preliminary related activity. It was concluded that an untrained individual lacks the cardiovascular and cellular adaptations necessary to demonstrate metabolic benefits from warm-up.", "contents": "Metabolic responses of untrained individuals to warm-up. Seven untrained male subjects were studied for the effects of mild warm-up on oxygen uptake and lactic acid production. Each subject completed two standardized workloads on a bicycle ergometer requiring 75% of their physical work capacity. Protocols of the two tests consisted of either no warm-up or a 4-min warm-up preceding a 5-min exercise at approximately 80% of their maximal oxygen uptake. The contrasting protocols did not reveal any significant differences between heart rate, lactic acid, and oxygen uptake. The dominant influence on the metabolic processes was the absolute workload of the tasks and not the presence or absence of preliminary related activity. It was concluded that an untrained individual lacks the cardiovascular and cellular adaptations necessary to demonstrate metabolic benefits from warm-up.", "PMID": 729566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12143", "title": "The effect of age and activity level on simple and choice fractionated response time.", "content": "Simple and choice knee extension response time was measured on four groups of subjects: Old Active, Old Inactive, Young Active, and Young Inactive. Each response measure consisted of total reaction time plus movement time. Total reaction time was further fractionated into premotor time, which represents the central processing component, and motor time, which represents the peripheral muscular component. All simple and choice fractionated response components demonstrated an age-related lengthening with motor time showing the least amount of lengthening. Although activity level enhanced the speed of all components in aged subjects, movement time was affected to the greatest extent and motor time was affected the least. It is particularly noteworthy that (1) motor time is so little influenced by age and level of activity and (2) the deterioration in speed of movement with age is almost completely negated in Old Active subjects. The results suggest that a life style of regular physical activity has a beneficial effect on several aspects of performance, especially in regard to speed of movement.", "contents": "The effect of age and activity level on simple and choice fractionated response time. Simple and choice knee extension response time was measured on four groups of subjects: Old Active, Old Inactive, Young Active, and Young Inactive. Each response measure consisted of total reaction time plus movement time. Total reaction time was further fractionated into premotor time, which represents the central processing component, and motor time, which represents the peripheral muscular component. All simple and choice fractionated response components demonstrated an age-related lengthening with motor time showing the least amount of lengthening. Although activity level enhanced the speed of all components in aged subjects, movement time was affected to the greatest extent and motor time was affected the least. It is particularly noteworthy that (1) motor time is so little influenced by age and level of activity and (2) the deterioration in speed of movement with age is almost completely negated in Old Active subjects. The results suggest that a life style of regular physical activity has a beneficial effect on several aspects of performance, especially in regard to speed of movement.", "PMID": 729567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12144", "title": "Effect of decreased availability of substrates on intramuscular triglyceride utilization during exercise.", "content": "Intramuscular triglycerides mobilization during prolonged physical exercise was examined in rats fed ad libitum, in rats fasted for 24 h and in rats treated with nicotinic acid. It has been found that during exercise the intramuscular triglyceride level was markedly reduced only in the red muscle but not in the white and intermediate muscles. Fasting significantly augmented the utilization of triglycerides in the red muscle during exericse. The post-exercise triglyceride level in the red muscle of the rats treated with nicotinic acid was similar to that in the control group whereas blood FFA level, in the nicotinic acid-treated group was much lower than in the control group. Nicotinic acid increased glycogen utilization in the liver and in the skeletal muscles during exercise. It may be concluded that the major cause of the reduction of the triglyceride level in the red muscle during exercise is a developing shortage of available carbohydrates. The greatly elevated blood FFA level during exercise does not seem to have a sparing effect on the intramuscular triglyceride level during exercise. However, it does spare glycogen content in the liver and the skeletal muscles.", "contents": "Effect of decreased availability of substrates on intramuscular triglyceride utilization during exercise. Intramuscular triglycerides mobilization during prolonged physical exercise was examined in rats fed ad libitum, in rats fasted for 24 h and in rats treated with nicotinic acid. It has been found that during exercise the intramuscular triglyceride level was markedly reduced only in the red muscle but not in the white and intermediate muscles. Fasting significantly augmented the utilization of triglycerides in the red muscle during exericse. The post-exercise triglyceride level in the red muscle of the rats treated with nicotinic acid was similar to that in the control group whereas blood FFA level, in the nicotinic acid-treated group was much lower than in the control group. Nicotinic acid increased glycogen utilization in the liver and in the skeletal muscles during exercise. It may be concluded that the major cause of the reduction of the triglyceride level in the red muscle during exercise is a developing shortage of available carbohydrates. The greatly elevated blood FFA level during exercise does not seem to have a sparing effect on the intramuscular triglyceride level during exercise. However, it does spare glycogen content in the liver and the skeletal muscles.", "PMID": 729568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12145", "title": "Changes in aerobic fitness and body fat during army recruit training.", "content": "Aerobic fitness and related indices were evaluated in 254 soldiers at the beginning and near the end of initial army recruit training. Aerobic fitness in terms of maximal aerobic power was  preidcted from the Astrand-Ryhming submaximal heart rate bicycle test. Estimated VO2 max increased by 8%, 42.0--45.3 ml/kg . min. Accompanying this increase in aerobic capacity was a decline in body fat content without a change in body weight. It is concluded that army recruit training at the time of this study was effective in terms of increasing aerobic work capacity and reducing excess body fat.", "contents": "Changes in aerobic fitness and body fat during army recruit training. Aerobic fitness and related indices were evaluated in 254 soldiers at the beginning and near the end of initial army recruit training. Aerobic fitness in terms of maximal aerobic power was  preidcted from the Astrand-Ryhming submaximal heart rate bicycle test. Estimated VO2 max increased by 8%, 42.0--45.3 ml/kg . min. Accompanying this increase in aerobic capacity was a decline in body fat content without a change in body weight. It is concluded that army recruit training at the time of this study was effective in terms of increasing aerobic work capacity and reducing excess body fat.", "PMID": 729569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12146", "title": "Oxygen uptake and blood flow of the lower limb in maximal treadmill and bicycle exercise.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to compare the effects of maximal treadmill and bicycle exercise on maximum oxygen uptake and blood flow in the lower extremity. Mean maximum oxygen uptake in maximal treadmill exercise was higher than that in bicycle exercise (p less than 0.001). Mean values and standard errors of blood flow measured immediately after maximal treadmill and bicycle exercise in the thigh were 39.1 +/- 4.0 and 44.2 +/- 2.8 ml/100 ml . min, the difference not being significant. However, a significant difference in blood flow in the calf measured immediately after both types of exercise was observed (p less than 0.001). Blood flow in the thigh immediately after bicycle exercise was significantly higher than that in the calf (p less than 0.001), whereas the difference between thigh and calf in treadmill exercise was small and statistically not significant. Leg blood flow, the average value of blood flow of the thigh and calf added together, was used as an index of blood flow in the lower extremity. It was found that the leg blood flow was significantly higher on the treadmill than with bicycle exercise (p less than 0.05). From these results, it is suggested that the lower maximum oxygen uptake observed during bicycle exercise as compared with treadmill exercise seems to be due to a lower blood flow in the lower limb.", "contents": "Oxygen uptake and blood flow of the lower limb in maximal treadmill and bicycle exercise. The present study was undertaken to compare the effects of maximal treadmill and bicycle exercise on maximum oxygen uptake and blood flow in the lower extremity. Mean maximum oxygen uptake in maximal treadmill exercise was higher than that in bicycle exercise (p less than 0.001). Mean values and standard errors of blood flow measured immediately after maximal treadmill and bicycle exercise in the thigh were 39.1 +/- 4.0 and 44.2 +/- 2.8 ml/100 ml . min, the difference not being significant. However, a significant difference in blood flow in the calf measured immediately after both types of exercise was observed (p less than 0.001). Blood flow in the thigh immediately after bicycle exercise was significantly higher than that in the calf (p less than 0.001), whereas the difference between thigh and calf in treadmill exercise was small and statistically not significant. Leg blood flow, the average value of blood flow of the thigh and calf added together, was used as an index of blood flow in the lower extremity. It was found that the leg blood flow was significantly higher on the treadmill than with bicycle exercise (p less than 0.05). From these results, it is suggested that the lower maximum oxygen uptake observed during bicycle exercise as compared with treadmill exercise seems to be due to a lower blood flow in the lower limb.", "PMID": 729570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12147", "title": "A special thermal stress problem in ceramic industry.", "content": "While surveying the hygienic conditions in small to medium ceramic industries, it was noted that an acute thermal stress problem existed in kiln unloading operations being performed manually. A more detailed investigation of this problem in four typical ceramic factories confirmed that the thermal conditions imposed severe stress on the workers with WBGT values ranging between 43 and 54 degree C inside the kiln. However, the physiological strain experienced by even the workers who remain inside the kiln for unloading the saggers for 10 min or more at a tiem before coming out for a spell of rest was not excessive, except in a few cases. This suggests that the workers had fortuitously chosen, perhaps by experience, a work-rest schedule which did not prove too strenuous. It is considered that it would be desirable to regulate this operation in each factory on a systematic manner after necessary studies to rationalize the work-rest procedure.", "contents": "A special thermal stress problem in ceramic industry. While surveying the hygienic conditions in small to medium ceramic industries, it was noted that an acute thermal stress problem existed in kiln unloading operations being performed manually. A more detailed investigation of this problem in four typical ceramic factories confirmed that the thermal conditions imposed severe stress on the workers with WBGT values ranging between 43 and 54 degree C inside the kiln. However, the physiological strain experienced by even the workers who remain inside the kiln for unloading the saggers for 10 min or more at a tiem before coming out for a spell of rest was not excessive, except in a few cases. This suggests that the workers had fortuitously chosen, perhaps by experience, a work-rest schedule which did not prove too strenuous. It is considered that it would be desirable to regulate this operation in each factory on a systematic manner after necessary studies to rationalize the work-rest procedure.", "PMID": 729571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12148", "title": "ADP-ribosylated histone H1 from HeLa cultures. Fundamental differences to (ADP-ribose)n-histone H1 conjugates formed into vitro.", "content": "ADP-ribosylated histone H1 was isolated from intact HeLa cells grown for 24 h with[3H]-adenosine and compared with ADP-ribosylated histone H1 synthesized from [3H]NAD by isolated HeLa nuclei. Most (ADP-ribose)n-histone H1 conjugates formed in vivo carried single ADP-ribose units, less than one fourth of the total ADP-ribose residues being in the form of oligomeric or polymeric chains. (ADP-ribose)n linked to H1 in vivo was not released by neutral NH2OH to a significant extent. Alkali treatment (pH 10.5) liberated most but not all of the ADP-ribose residues which may indicate the existence of a new type of linkage so far found only in conjugates isolated from intact tissue. No ADP-ribosylated histone H1 complex of higher molecular weight ('H1 dimer') could be detected in intact cells. By contrast, isolated HeLa nuclei formed ADP-ribosylated histone H1 which contained predominantly polymeric ADP-ribose residues. The (ADP-ribose)n residues were linked by NH2OH-sensitive and by NH2OH-resistant, alkali (pH 10.5) labile bonds, the majority of the conjugates appearing in the form of the higher-molecular-weight complex. A comparison with the ADP-ribosylated non-histone proteins indicated that histone H1 formed in vivo carried less than 2.5% of the total protein-bound ADP-ribose residues and less than 1% of the protein-bound ADP-ribose synthesized in vitro.", "contents": "ADP-ribosylated histone H1 from HeLa cultures. Fundamental differences to (ADP-ribose)n-histone H1 conjugates formed into vitro. ADP-ribosylated histone H1 was isolated from intact HeLa cells grown for 24 h with[3H]-adenosine and compared with ADP-ribosylated histone H1 synthesized from [3H]NAD by isolated HeLa nuclei. Most (ADP-ribose)n-histone H1 conjugates formed in vivo carried single ADP-ribose units, less than one fourth of the total ADP-ribose residues being in the form of oligomeric or polymeric chains. (ADP-ribose)n linked to H1 in vivo was not released by neutral NH2OH to a significant extent. Alkali treatment (pH 10.5) liberated most but not all of the ADP-ribose residues which may indicate the existence of a new type of linkage so far found only in conjugates isolated from intact tissue. No ADP-ribosylated histone H1 complex of higher molecular weight ('H1 dimer') could be detected in intact cells. By contrast, isolated HeLa nuclei formed ADP-ribosylated histone H1 which contained predominantly polymeric ADP-ribose residues. The (ADP-ribose)n residues were linked by NH2OH-sensitive and by NH2OH-resistant, alkali (pH 10.5) labile bonds, the majority of the conjugates appearing in the form of the higher-molecular-weight complex. A comparison with the ADP-ribosylated non-histone proteins indicated that histone H1 formed in vivo carried less than 2.5% of the total protein-bound ADP-ribose residues and less than 1% of the protein-bound ADP-ribose synthesized in vitro.", "PMID": 729572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12149", "title": "Subcellular localisation and identification of superoxide dismutase in the leaves of higher plants.", "content": "1. The subcellular location of superoxide dismutase in the leaves of spinach and other C3 plants has been investigated. 2. Most activity appeared to be located within chloroplasts. These organelles contain a cyanide-sensitive (copper-zinc) superoxide dismutase, most of which is located in the stroma although some is bound to the thylakoids. 3. Intact chloroplast fractions also contain a cyanide-insensitive (manganese) superoxide dismutase, but this activity is located on the outside of the chloroplasts and may be adsorbed onto them during isolation. 4. Leaf mitochondrial fractions contain only a small percentage of total leaf superoxide dismutase activity, but there is more than can be accounted for by contamination with chloroplasts. 5. Mitochondria contain both a cyanide-sensitive dismutase, apparently located in the intermembrane space, and a cyanide-insensitive activity, apparently located in the matrix. 6. The microsomal fraction contains no superoxide dismutase activity.", "contents": "Subcellular localisation and identification of superoxide dismutase in the leaves of higher plants. 1. The subcellular location of superoxide dismutase in the leaves of spinach and other C3 plants has been investigated. 2. Most activity appeared to be located within chloroplasts. These organelles contain a cyanide-sensitive (copper-zinc) superoxide dismutase, most of which is located in the stroma although some is bound to the thylakoids. 3. Intact chloroplast fractions also contain a cyanide-insensitive (manganese) superoxide dismutase, but this activity is located on the outside of the chloroplasts and may be adsorbed onto them during isolation. 4. Leaf mitochondrial fractions contain only a small percentage of total leaf superoxide dismutase activity, but there is more than can be accounted for by contamination with chloroplasts. 5. Mitochondria contain both a cyanide-sensitive dismutase, apparently located in the intermembrane space, and a cyanide-insensitive activity, apparently located in the matrix. 6. The microsomal fraction contains no superoxide dismutase activity.", "PMID": 729573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12150", "title": "Isolation of thiomolybdate compounds from the molybdenum-iron protein of clostridial nitrogenase.", "content": "Acid/base treatment of the molybdenum-iron protein of the nitrogenase from Clostridium pasteurianum 25 yields low-molecular-weight compounds of molybdenum, which can be separated from the protein by gel chromatography. Elementary analysis and spectral properties relate these compounds to thiomolybdate anions. It is proposed that in its native state nitrogenase contains a thio complex of molybdenum coupled to iron-sulfur clusters.", "contents": "Isolation of thiomolybdate compounds from the molybdenum-iron protein of clostridial nitrogenase. Acid/base treatment of the molybdenum-iron protein of the nitrogenase from Clostridium pasteurianum 25 yields low-molecular-weight compounds of molybdenum, which can be separated from the protein by gel chromatography. Elementary analysis and spectral properties relate these compounds to thiomolybdate anions. It is proposed that in its native state nitrogenase contains a thio complex of molybdenum coupled to iron-sulfur clusters.", "PMID": 729574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12151", "title": "Fluorescence of aromatic amino acids in a pyridoxal phosphate enzyme: aspartate aminotransferase.", "content": "At pH 8.3, the fluorescence spectrum of apoaspartate aminotransferase is characteristic of buried tryptophans (maximum at 330 nm and width at half-height equal to 51 nm). Its quantum yield is 1.69 times larger than for tryptophan in H2O and the mean decay time is 2.5 ns for the fluorescence emitted at wavelengths higher than 335 nm. Polarization of excitation spectrum (minimum at 305 nm for an emission at 360 nm), suggests an inter-tryptophan energy transfer. Accessibility to a quencher of fluorescence indicates that 34% of the fluorescence can be extinguished by iodide with a quenching constant of 4 M-1; as shown by solvent perturbation spectroscopy, this partial accessibility is related to two tryptophan residues accessible to solvent. At pH 5, the relative quantum yield is slightly lower than at pH 8.3 (1.65). Binding of the pyridoxal-P coenzyme diminishes the fluorescence quantum yield relative to tryptophan to 0.51 at pH 8.3 and 0.595 at pH 5; the decrease is smaller in the presence of pyridoxamine-P. Since the fluorescence of the coenzyme is very weak it is difficult to observe its emission sensitized by tryptophan, nevertheless, since the quenching is larger for pyridoxal-P that absorbs at 360 nm than for reduced pyridoxal-P that absorbs at 330 nm, it is deduced that the energy is transferred preferentially from exposed tryptophans. It is proposed that conformational changes in the vicinity of buried tryptophans are responsible for the remaining quenching. This hypothesis of conformational changes induced by the binding of the coenzyme is in agreement with the observed fluorescence emission of tyrosine. In the apoenzyme the tyrosine quantum yield is zero and the energy is entirely transferred to tryptophan. In the holoenzyme the quantum yield is low and the efficiency of transfer to tryptophan is 0.13 in pyridoxal-P form and 0.7 in pyridoxamine-P form. According to the F\u00f6rster theory of long-range energy transfer, a change of transfer efficiency can be attributed to a modification either of the mutual orientation of tyrosine and tryptophan residues or of the distance between these residues: both interpretations correspond to a conformational change.", "contents": "Fluorescence of aromatic amino acids in a pyridoxal phosphate enzyme: aspartate aminotransferase. At pH 8.3, the fluorescence spectrum of apoaspartate aminotransferase is characteristic of buried tryptophans (maximum at 330 nm and width at half-height equal to 51 nm). Its quantum yield is 1.69 times larger than for tryptophan in H2O and the mean decay time is 2.5 ns for the fluorescence emitted at wavelengths higher than 335 nm. Polarization of excitation spectrum (minimum at 305 nm for an emission at 360 nm), suggests an inter-tryptophan energy transfer. Accessibility to a quencher of fluorescence indicates that 34% of the fluorescence can be extinguished by iodide with a quenching constant of 4 M-1; as shown by solvent perturbation spectroscopy, this partial accessibility is related to two tryptophan residues accessible to solvent. At pH 5, the relative quantum yield is slightly lower than at pH 8.3 (1.65). Binding of the pyridoxal-P coenzyme diminishes the fluorescence quantum yield relative to tryptophan to 0.51 at pH 8.3 and 0.595 at pH 5; the decrease is smaller in the presence of pyridoxamine-P. Since the fluorescence of the coenzyme is very weak it is difficult to observe its emission sensitized by tryptophan, nevertheless, since the quenching is larger for pyridoxal-P that absorbs at 360 nm than for reduced pyridoxal-P that absorbs at 330 nm, it is deduced that the energy is transferred preferentially from exposed tryptophans. It is proposed that conformational changes in the vicinity of buried tryptophans are responsible for the remaining quenching. This hypothesis of conformational changes induced by the binding of the coenzyme is in agreement with the observed fluorescence emission of tyrosine. In the apoenzyme the tyrosine quantum yield is zero and the energy is entirely transferred to tryptophan. In the holoenzyme the quantum yield is low and the efficiency of transfer to tryptophan is 0.13 in pyridoxal-P form and 0.7 in pyridoxamine-P form. According to the F\u00f6rster theory of long-range energy transfer, a change of transfer efficiency can be attributed to a modification either of the mutual orientation of tyrosine and tryptophan residues or of the distance between these residues: both interpretations correspond to a conformational change.", "PMID": 729576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12152", "title": "The quaternary structure of bovine alpha-crystallin. Size and charge microheterogeneity: more than 1000 different hybrids?", "content": "Cortial alpha-crystallin was size-fractionated by gel filtration on Ultrogel AcA22 and charge-fractionated by anion-exchange chromatography on DE-52 DEAE-cellulose using gradient elution. Electron microscopy demonstrates that both native and reassociated alpha-crystallin are heterogeneous populations of spherical or slightly ellipsoidal molecules with diameters of 13.5--16.0 nm (maximum at 14.0--15.0 nm) for native alpha-crystallin and 8.5--12.5 nm (maximum at 10.0--10.5 nm) for reassociated alpha-crystallin. An enormous charge heterogeneity of native alpha-crystallin was detected, which is shown to arise from variations in the stoichiometry of the 5 main types of subunits. The molar ratio of acidic chains (A2, A1 and A1/2-151) to basic chains (B2 and B1) varies from 70/30--80/20 (averaging about 3/1) and the amount of deamidated chains (A1 and B1) varies from 7--37%. Recombination of the subunits, after dissociation in 6 M urea, leads to a charge heterogeneity of reassociated alpha-crystallin very similar to that of native alpha-crystallin. Therefore, specific formation of pure A or B chain aggregates is not preferred. Instead, random combination of subunits is theoretically shown to be sufficient to describe the observed charge microheterogeneity of both reassociated and native alpha-crystallin. No obvious relationship exists between size and charge heterogeneity. Within these ranges of molecular weight and subunit composition there are more than 1000 different combinations of A2, A1, A1/2-151, B2 and B1 conceivable.", "contents": "The quaternary structure of bovine alpha-crystallin. Size and charge microheterogeneity: more than 1000 different hybrids? Cortial alpha-crystallin was size-fractionated by gel filtration on Ultrogel AcA22 and charge-fractionated by anion-exchange chromatography on DE-52 DEAE-cellulose using gradient elution. Electron microscopy demonstrates that both native and reassociated alpha-crystallin are heterogeneous populations of spherical or slightly ellipsoidal molecules with diameters of 13.5--16.0 nm (maximum at 14.0--15.0 nm) for native alpha-crystallin and 8.5--12.5 nm (maximum at 10.0--10.5 nm) for reassociated alpha-crystallin. An enormous charge heterogeneity of native alpha-crystallin was detected, which is shown to arise from variations in the stoichiometry of the 5 main types of subunits. The molar ratio of acidic chains (A2, A1 and A1/2-151) to basic chains (B2 and B1) varies from 70/30--80/20 (averaging about 3/1) and the amount of deamidated chains (A1 and B1) varies from 7--37%. Recombination of the subunits, after dissociation in 6 M urea, leads to a charge heterogeneity of reassociated alpha-crystallin very similar to that of native alpha-crystallin. Therefore, specific formation of pure A or B chain aggregates is not preferred. Instead, random combination of subunits is theoretically shown to be sufficient to describe the observed charge microheterogeneity of both reassociated and native alpha-crystallin. No obvious relationship exists between size and charge heterogeneity. Within these ranges of molecular weight and subunit composition there are more than 1000 different combinations of A2, A1, A1/2-151, B2 and B1 conceivable.", "PMID": 729577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12153", "title": "Evidence in rat and mouse liver for temporal control of two forms of cytochrome P-450 inducible by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.", "content": "In the liver of perinatal rats or mice, the ratio of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase to total cytochrome P-450 content decreases, whereas the ratio of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced acetanilide 4-hydroxylase to total cytochrome P-450 content increases, between 18 or 19 days and 22 days following conception. The ontogenesis of inducible aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase corresponds well with increases in a 56000-Mr electrophoretic band; we suggest this band represents the cytochrome P1-450 subunit. The later temporal expression of inducible acetanilide 4-hydroxylase closely parallels 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced increases in size of a 54000-Mr electrophoretic band and a 2--3-nm hypsochromic shift in the Soret peak of the total microsomal reduced cytochrome P-450 . CO complex. We suggest this band represents the cytochrome P-448 subunit. Previous work from this laboratory has shown that this developmental difference is separated by several weeks in rabbit liver, as compared with several day's separation shown in this report with rat or mouse liver. The data here therefore provide evidence in the rodent for temporal control of the expression of different structural gene products regulated by the Ah locus.", "contents": "Evidence in rat and mouse liver for temporal control of two forms of cytochrome P-450 inducible by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. In the liver of perinatal rats or mice, the ratio of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase to total cytochrome P-450 content decreases, whereas the ratio of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced acetanilide 4-hydroxylase to total cytochrome P-450 content increases, between 18 or 19 days and 22 days following conception. The ontogenesis of inducible aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase corresponds well with increases in a 56000-Mr electrophoretic band; we suggest this band represents the cytochrome P1-450 subunit. The later temporal expression of inducible acetanilide 4-hydroxylase closely parallels 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced increases in size of a 54000-Mr electrophoretic band and a 2--3-nm hypsochromic shift in the Soret peak of the total microsomal reduced cytochrome P-450 . CO complex. We suggest this band represents the cytochrome P-448 subunit. Previous work from this laboratory has shown that this developmental difference is separated by several weeks in rabbit liver, as compared with several day's separation shown in this report with rat or mouse liver. The data here therefore provide evidence in the rodent for temporal control of the expression of different structural gene products regulated by the Ah locus.", "PMID": 729578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12154", "title": "The LD-carboxypeptidase activity in Gaffkya homari. The target of the action of D-amino acids or glycine on the formation of wall-bound peptidoglycan.", "content": "The effects in vitro of D-amino acids or glycine on the formation of wall-bound peptidoglycan were studied with wall membrane enzyme preparations from Gaffkya homari. These amino acids inhibited the incorporation of nascent peptidoglycan into the preformed polymer (e.g. ID50 values for D-alanine, D-leucine, and glycine = 5.6 mmol/l, 1.3 mmol/l, and 11 mmol/l, respectively). The inhibition was accompanied by an incorporation of the inhibitor into position 4 of the peptide subunit Ala1-DGlu2(Lys3-DAla4), where the indices refer to the position of an amino acid residue within the peptide subunit. It is suggested that the reaction is catalyzed by an LD-carboxypeptidase. Therefore, this enzyme has also D-amino acid exchange activity. At inhibitory concentration fewer tripeptide subunits were formed in the nascent peptidoglycan in favour of the formation of tetrapeptide subunits bearing the inhibitor at the C termini. The tripeptide subunits are assumed to be necessary in order that nascent peptidoglycan is utilized as substrate in the transpeptidation reaction. Thus an essential role of the LD-carboxypeptidase is indicated.", "contents": "The LD-carboxypeptidase activity in Gaffkya homari. The target of the action of D-amino acids or glycine on the formation of wall-bound peptidoglycan. The effects in vitro of D-amino acids or glycine on the formation of wall-bound peptidoglycan were studied with wall membrane enzyme preparations from Gaffkya homari. These amino acids inhibited the incorporation of nascent peptidoglycan into the preformed polymer (e.g. ID50 values for D-alanine, D-leucine, and glycine = 5.6 mmol/l, 1.3 mmol/l, and 11 mmol/l, respectively). The inhibition was accompanied by an incorporation of the inhibitor into position 4 of the peptide subunit Ala1-DGlu2(Lys3-DAla4), where the indices refer to the position of an amino acid residue within the peptide subunit. It is suggested that the reaction is catalyzed by an LD-carboxypeptidase. Therefore, this enzyme has also D-amino acid exchange activity. At inhibitory concentration fewer tripeptide subunits were formed in the nascent peptidoglycan in favour of the formation of tetrapeptide subunits bearing the inhibitor at the C termini. The tripeptide subunits are assumed to be necessary in order that nascent peptidoglycan is utilized as substrate in the transpeptidation reaction. Thus an essential role of the LD-carboxypeptidase is indicated.", "PMID": 729579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12155", "title": "Degradation of unsaturated fatty acids. Identification of intermediates in the degradation of cis-4-decenoly-CoA by extracts of beef-liver mitochondria.", "content": "1. cis-4-Decenoyl-CoA, an intermediate of linoleic acid catabolism, is degraded by a soluble enzyme fraction of beef liver mitochondria to octanoyl-CoA. cis-2-Octanoly-CoA is not observed among the intermediates of this degradation sequence. 2. The existence of a mitochondrial 4-enoyl-CoA reductase which is distinct from the 2-enoyl-CoA reductase is demonstrated in beef liver. 3. Substrates for the 4-enoyl-CoA reductase are acyl-CoA esters, which possess a 2,4-diene structure rather than those containing an isolated double bond in position 4. 4. The 4-enoyl-CoA reductase is involved in the catabolism of cis-4-decenoyl-CoA. 5. A reaction sequence for the degradation of cis-4-decenoyl-CoA to octanoyl-CoA is proposed which combines the 4-enoyl-CoA reductase with the 'classical' beta-oxidation enzymes.", "contents": "Degradation of unsaturated fatty acids. Identification of intermediates in the degradation of cis-4-decenoly-CoA by extracts of beef-liver mitochondria. 1. cis-4-Decenoyl-CoA, an intermediate of linoleic acid catabolism, is degraded by a soluble enzyme fraction of beef liver mitochondria to octanoyl-CoA. cis-2-Octanoly-CoA is not observed among the intermediates of this degradation sequence. 2. The existence of a mitochondrial 4-enoyl-CoA reductase which is distinct from the 2-enoyl-CoA reductase is demonstrated in beef liver. 3. Substrates for the 4-enoyl-CoA reductase are acyl-CoA esters, which possess a 2,4-diene structure rather than those containing an isolated double bond in position 4. 4. The 4-enoyl-CoA reductase is involved in the catabolism of cis-4-decenoyl-CoA. 5. A reaction sequence for the degradation of cis-4-decenoyl-CoA to octanoyl-CoA is proposed which combines the 4-enoyl-CoA reductase with the 'classical' beta-oxidation enzymes.", "PMID": 729581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12156", "title": "N-Acetylneuraminic acid: a constituent of the lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella toucra.", "content": "The composition of lipopolysaccharide and polysaccharides isolated after acidic or alkaline degradation of lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella toucra has been investigated. The following analytical methods were used in this study: gel-filtration and ion-exchange techniques, paper and gas-liquid chromatography as well as spectrophotometric analysis. The products of the lipopolysaccharide degradation were fractionated on the Sephadex G-25 and Sephadex G-50 columns. Lipopolysaccharide and products of its degradation besides glucosamine, galactose, glucose, heptose(s) and 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate described as 'basal' sugars, also contained N-acetylneuraminic acid and an unidentified amino sugar.", "contents": "N-Acetylneuraminic acid: a constituent of the lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella toucra. The composition of lipopolysaccharide and polysaccharides isolated after acidic or alkaline degradation of lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella toucra has been investigated. The following analytical methods were used in this study: gel-filtration and ion-exchange techniques, paper and gas-liquid chromatography as well as spectrophotometric analysis. The products of the lipopolysaccharide degradation were fractionated on the Sephadex G-25 and Sephadex G-50 columns. Lipopolysaccharide and products of its degradation besides glucosamine, galactose, glucose, heptose(s) and 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate described as 'basal' sugars, also contained N-acetylneuraminic acid and an unidentified amino sugar.", "PMID": 729582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12157", "title": "Globin messenger precursor RNA in duck immature red blood cells.", "content": "A procedure is described for the chromatographic analysis of RNA under fully denaturing conditions on cross-linked Sepharose. Chromatography of DNA . RNA hybrids, poly(C) . poly(G) hybrids and complexes of poly(C) . hnRNA on Sepharose CL in pure formamide at 46 degrees C leads to denaturation and strand separation of the hybrid structures. Using this procedure, nuclear RNA from duck immature red blood cells was resolved according to molecular size and assayed for the presence of globin mRNA sequences by hybridization with complementary DNA. Two size classes of putative globin mRNA precursor molecules were detected at an elution position corresponding to 14--18 S and 23--28 S. As judged from chromatographic analysis on poly(U)-Sepharose, about 70% of the 14--18-S globin precursor RNA is polyadenylated while only 11% of the putative 23--28-S precursor RNA has a poly(A) tract. Inhibition of transcription by actinomycin D and pulse-chase experiments indicate a half-life of less than 7.5 min for these precursor RNA species.", "contents": "Globin messenger precursor RNA in duck immature red blood cells. A procedure is described for the chromatographic analysis of RNA under fully denaturing conditions on cross-linked Sepharose. Chromatography of DNA . RNA hybrids, poly(C) . poly(G) hybrids and complexes of poly(C) . hnRNA on Sepharose CL in pure formamide at 46 degrees C leads to denaturation and strand separation of the hybrid structures. Using this procedure, nuclear RNA from duck immature red blood cells was resolved according to molecular size and assayed for the presence of globin mRNA sequences by hybridization with complementary DNA. Two size classes of putative globin mRNA precursor molecules were detected at an elution position corresponding to 14--18 S and 23--28 S. As judged from chromatographic analysis on poly(U)-Sepharose, about 70% of the 14--18-S globin precursor RNA is polyadenylated while only 11% of the putative 23--28-S precursor RNA has a poly(A) tract. Inhibition of transcription by actinomycin D and pulse-chase experiments indicate a half-life of less than 7.5 min for these precursor RNA species.", "PMID": 729583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12158", "title": "Fractionation of brain microtubule-associated proteins. Isolation of two different proteins which stimulate tubulin polymerization in vitro.", "content": "Two different tubulin-assembly-promoting proteins were isolated from porcine brain microtubule protein. Following a heat step performed on microtubule protein, the thermal-stable proteins were fractionated by chromatography on phosphocellulose and Sepharose 4B. Two highly purified associated proteins were obtained. One resembles the previously described MAP2 protein (polypeptide molecular weight approximately 300,000), the other a mixture of four or five polypeptides previously described as tau protein (molecular weights between 55,000 and 70,000). Both proteins stimulate the polymerization of pure brain tubulin into microtubules with comparable activity. The resulting microtubules were characterized by electron microscopical analysis. Microtubules polymerized in the presence of MAP2 protein show typical side projections, which are conspicuously absent in microtubules assembled in the presence of tau protein. The latter microtubules show smooth surfaces. Some biochemical similarities and differences between the two different microtubule-associated proteins are discussed.", "contents": "Fractionation of brain microtubule-associated proteins. Isolation of two different proteins which stimulate tubulin polymerization in vitro. Two different tubulin-assembly-promoting proteins were isolated from porcine brain microtubule protein. Following a heat step performed on microtubule protein, the thermal-stable proteins were fractionated by chromatography on phosphocellulose and Sepharose 4B. Two highly purified associated proteins were obtained. One resembles the previously described MAP2 protein (polypeptide molecular weight approximately 300,000), the other a mixture of four or five polypeptides previously described as tau protein (molecular weights between 55,000 and 70,000). Both proteins stimulate the polymerization of pure brain tubulin into microtubules with comparable activity. The resulting microtubules were characterized by electron microscopical analysis. Microtubules polymerized in the presence of MAP2 protein show typical side projections, which are conspicuously absent in microtubules assembled in the presence of tau protein. The latter microtubules show smooth surfaces. Some biochemical similarities and differences between the two different microtubule-associated proteins are discussed.", "PMID": 729584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12159", "title": "Effect of phospholipid depletion by phospholipases on the properties and formation of the multiple monoamine oxidase forms in the rat liver.", "content": "The effect of phospholipid depletion by phospholipases on the properties and formation of monoamine oxidase A and B been investigated. The enzyme was solubilized, partially purified, treated with phospholipases and subjected to get filtration to reduce the amount of enzyme-associated phospholipids. Phospholipase A treatment of the purified monoamine oxidase fraction had no effect on the deprenil inhibition pattern or the observed transition temperatures in the Arrhenius plots. However, the rate of enzyme inactivation by heat and trypsin were greatly increased but differences in rates of inactivation of monoamine oxidase A and B were still observed. Phospholipase C treatment of the enzyme fraction had no effect on the deprenil inhibition pattern, Arrhenius plots, heat stability or trypsin digestibility. The inhibition pattern of membrane-bound monoamine oxidase and the phospholipase-treated fractions by propargylamine showed a reduced substrate specificity compared to deprenil suggesting a hydrophobic region in the enzyme is a factor involved in the structural differences of monoamine oxidase A and B.", "contents": "Effect of phospholipid depletion by phospholipases on the properties and formation of the multiple monoamine oxidase forms in the rat liver. The effect of phospholipid depletion by phospholipases on the properties and formation of monoamine oxidase A and B been investigated. The enzyme was solubilized, partially purified, treated with phospholipases and subjected to get filtration to reduce the amount of enzyme-associated phospholipids. Phospholipase A treatment of the purified monoamine oxidase fraction had no effect on the deprenil inhibition pattern or the observed transition temperatures in the Arrhenius plots. However, the rate of enzyme inactivation by heat and trypsin were greatly increased but differences in rates of inactivation of monoamine oxidase A and B were still observed. Phospholipase C treatment of the enzyme fraction had no effect on the deprenil inhibition pattern, Arrhenius plots, heat stability or trypsin digestibility. The inhibition pattern of membrane-bound monoamine oxidase and the phospholipase-treated fractions by propargylamine showed a reduced substrate specificity compared to deprenil suggesting a hydrophobic region in the enzyme is a factor involved in the structural differences of monoamine oxidase A and B.", "PMID": 729588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12160", "title": "Type-I trimer and type-I collagen in neutral-salt-soluble lathyritic-rat dentine.", "content": "Triple-helical collagen molecules have been obtained from EDTA-demineralized lathyritic rat incisors by neutral buffer extraction. Component alpha chains, isolated by sequential ion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography, were shown to be alpha1 I and alpha2 chains by cyanogen bromide peptide analysis. The alpha1 I:alpha2 chain ratio was approximately 3:1, which is greater than expected for type I collagen. The excess of alpha1 I chains over that required for type I collagen was due to the presence of type I trimer molecules. Fractional salt precipitation separated type I collagen from type I trimer. It is not known at present if type I trimer synthesis also occurs in normal rat tissues.", "contents": "Type-I trimer and type-I collagen in neutral-salt-soluble lathyritic-rat dentine. Triple-helical collagen molecules have been obtained from EDTA-demineralized lathyritic rat incisors by neutral buffer extraction. Component alpha chains, isolated by sequential ion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography, were shown to be alpha1 I and alpha2 chains by cyanogen bromide peptide analysis. The alpha1 I:alpha2 chain ratio was approximately 3:1, which is greater than expected for type I collagen. The excess of alpha1 I chains over that required for type I collagen was due to the presence of type I trimer molecules. Fractional salt precipitation separated type I collagen from type I trimer. It is not known at present if type I trimer synthesis also occurs in normal rat tissues.", "PMID": 729589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12161", "title": "Chemical and spectral properties of putidamonooxin, the iron-containing and acid-labile-sulfur-containing monooxygenase of a 4-methoxybenzoate O-demethylase from Pseudomonas putida.", "content": "Gel chromatography indicates that putidamonooxin has a molecular weight of about 126,000. On the other hand, the amino acid composition and the iron-to-protein ratio point to a minimal molecular weight of 33,000 and 31,000 respectively. On sodium dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the enzyme migrated as a homogeneous band corresponding to a molecular weight of about 40,000. The number of spots found in the tryptic peptide map of the carboxymethylated and digested enzyme indicates that putidamonooxin is composed of three or four identical subunits. After covalent cross-linking of the subunits with dimethyl suberimidate and subsequent dodecylsulfate electrophoresis the main bands were in the molecular weight range of 40,000, 87,000 and 124,000. These findings lead us to propose that putidamonooxin is either a trimer or tetramer. The amino acid composition of putidamonooxin and related data calculated from this are given. The isoelectric point was shown by isoelectric focusing to be a pH 4.7. Low-temperature optical spectra of the reduced and oxidized enzyme as well as of three different putidamonooxin.substrate complexes are given together with those recorded at 10 degrees C. Enzyme.substrate binding spectra are observed with the oxidized putidamonooxin but not with the reduced enzyme. For the oxidized putidamonooxin a molar absorption coefficient at 455nm of 14.7mM-1  cm-1 was determined. Ks values of putidamonooxin towards different substrates and substrate analogues (i.e. tight couplers, partial uncouplers and uncouplers) are presented and possible reasons for the difference between the Ks values here  obtained and the previously reported Km values are discussed.", "contents": "Chemical and spectral properties of putidamonooxin, the iron-containing and acid-labile-sulfur-containing monooxygenase of a 4-methoxybenzoate O-demethylase from Pseudomonas putida. Gel chromatography indicates that putidamonooxin has a molecular weight of about 126,000. On the other hand, the amino acid composition and the iron-to-protein ratio point to a minimal molecular weight of 33,000 and 31,000 respectively. On sodium dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the enzyme migrated as a homogeneous band corresponding to a molecular weight of about 40,000. The number of spots found in the tryptic peptide map of the carboxymethylated and digested enzyme indicates that putidamonooxin is composed of three or four identical subunits. After covalent cross-linking of the subunits with dimethyl suberimidate and subsequent dodecylsulfate electrophoresis the main bands were in the molecular weight range of 40,000, 87,000 and 124,000. These findings lead us to propose that putidamonooxin is either a trimer or tetramer. The amino acid composition of putidamonooxin and related data calculated from this are given. The isoelectric point was shown by isoelectric focusing to be a pH 4.7. Low-temperature optical spectra of the reduced and oxidized enzyme as well as of three different putidamonooxin.substrate complexes are given together with those recorded at 10 degrees C. Enzyme.substrate binding spectra are observed with the oxidized putidamonooxin but not with the reduced enzyme. For the oxidized putidamonooxin a molar absorption coefficient at 455nm of 14.7mM-1  cm-1 was determined. Ks values of putidamonooxin towards different substrates and substrate analogues (i.e. tight couplers, partial uncouplers and uncouplers) are presented and possible reasons for the difference between the Ks values here  obtained and the previously reported Km values are discussed.", "PMID": 729590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12162", "title": "Accessibility of ribosomal proteins to lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination following phosphorylation and during subunit interaction.", "content": "Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination was employed as a probe to monitor conformational change in 40-S ribosomal subunits from rat liver. Using this probe, it was observed that phosphorylation of protein S6 resulted in no detectable change in the iodination pattern of 40-S subunit proteins. These results suggest that the conformation of the small subunit remains unaltered following phosphorylation. On the other hand, the differences noted in the iodination pattern between 40-S ribosomal proteins derived from isolated subunits and those from 80-S monosomes, suggest that the 40-S subunit undergoes a conformational change during association with the 60-S subunit. Following 40-S and 60-S subunit association, proteins S2, S3, S5, S6, S8, S10 and S14 became less accessible to iodination. It is suggested that these proteins may be located at the interface between the 40-S and 60-S subunits.", "contents": "Accessibility of ribosomal proteins to lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination following phosphorylation and during subunit interaction. Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination was employed as a probe to monitor conformational change in 40-S ribosomal subunits from rat liver. Using this probe, it was observed that phosphorylation of protein S6 resulted in no detectable change in the iodination pattern of 40-S subunit proteins. These results suggest that the conformation of the small subunit remains unaltered following phosphorylation. On the other hand, the differences noted in the iodination pattern between 40-S ribosomal proteins derived from isolated subunits and those from 80-S monosomes, suggest that the 40-S subunit undergoes a conformational change during association with the 60-S subunit. Following 40-S and 60-S subunit association, proteins S2, S3, S5, S6, S8, S10 and S14 became less accessible to iodination. It is suggested that these proteins may be located at the interface between the 40-S and 60-S subunits.", "PMID": 729591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12163", "title": "The poly(glycosyl) chains of glycoproteins. Characterisation of a novel type of glycoprotein saccharides from human erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "Glycopeptides with complex carbohydrate structure were isolated from delipidated human erythrocyte membranes after digestion with pronase. The poly(glycosyl)peptides isolated (apparent molecular weight 4000--13000) are suggested to contain 20--70 sugar residues in an alkali-stable saccharide chain linked through N-acetylglucosamine to asparagine. The main sugar components are galactose and N-acetylglucosamine, which together account for 80% of total sugars. That the compounds isolated are glycopeptides and not glycolipids is concluded from the following findings: only trace amounts of glucose and fatty acids were present, and no long-chain (sphingosine) bases could be detected; on the other hand, the amounts of mannose and amino acids found are compatible with an N-glycosidic poly(glycosyl)peptide structure. The structure of the poly(glycosyl)peptides was studied using methylation analysis, exoglycosidase treatments, acid hydrolysis of the native as well as the N-deacetylated glycopeptides, and chromium trioxide oxidation. The studies indicate that the poly(glycosyl)peptides contain a repeating-3)galactosyl(beta1-4)N-acetylglucosaminyl(beta1-structure with branch points at the C-6 of the galactose residues. The saccharide chains are terminated in N-acetylglucosaminyl, galactosyl, N-acetylneuraminyl(alpha2-3 and 6)galactosyl and fucosyl(alpha1-2)galactosyl residues, and they also contain blood group A and B determinants.", "contents": "The poly(glycosyl) chains of glycoproteins. Characterisation of a novel type of glycoprotein saccharides from human erythrocyte membrane. Glycopeptides with complex carbohydrate structure were isolated from delipidated human erythrocyte membranes after digestion with pronase. The poly(glycosyl)peptides isolated (apparent molecular weight 4000--13000) are suggested to contain 20--70 sugar residues in an alkali-stable saccharide chain linked through N-acetylglucosamine to asparagine. The main sugar components are galactose and N-acetylglucosamine, which together account for 80% of total sugars. That the compounds isolated are glycopeptides and not glycolipids is concluded from the following findings: only trace amounts of glucose and fatty acids were present, and no long-chain (sphingosine) bases could be detected; on the other hand, the amounts of mannose and amino acids found are compatible with an N-glycosidic poly(glycosyl)peptide structure. The structure of the poly(glycosyl)peptides was studied using methylation analysis, exoglycosidase treatments, acid hydrolysis of the native as well as the N-deacetylated glycopeptides, and chromium trioxide oxidation. The studies indicate that the poly(glycosyl)peptides contain a repeating-3)galactosyl(beta1-4)N-acetylglucosaminyl(beta1-structure with branch points at the C-6 of the galactose residues. The saccharide chains are terminated in N-acetylglucosaminyl, galactosyl, N-acetylneuraminyl(alpha2-3 and 6)galactosyl and fucosyl(alpha1-2)galactosyl residues, and they also contain blood group A and B determinants.", "PMID": 729592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12164", "title": "Structure and replication of echovirus type 12. 1. Analysis of the polypeptides and RNA of echovirus 12 particles.", "content": "The propagation of echovirus 12 in green monkey kidney (GMK) cells, a continuous cell line, is described. Virions and empty capsids are purified to homogeneity by CsCl density and by velocity centrifugation. The protein composition of the particles as compared to poliovirus 2 particles is analyzed by dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Infectious virions were found to be composed of four different polypeptide chains of molecular weights 33,000, 31,000, 24,000 and 7,000. Some additional polypeptide bands at low concentrations are also visible. The empty capsids lack the 31,000-Mr and 7,000-Mr components and contain instead a polypeptide of the molecular weight 46,000. The molecular weights of the structural polypeptides are the same regardless of whether the virus has been synthesized in primary African green monkey kidney cells or in the continuous GMK cell line. The sedimentation behavior of echovirus 12 RNA is shown to be similar to that of poliovirus 2 RNA.", "contents": "Structure and replication of echovirus type 12. 1. Analysis of the polypeptides and RNA of echovirus 12 particles. The propagation of echovirus 12 in green monkey kidney (GMK) cells, a continuous cell line, is described. Virions and empty capsids are purified to homogeneity by CsCl density and by velocity centrifugation. The protein composition of the particles as compared to poliovirus 2 particles is analyzed by dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Infectious virions were found to be composed of four different polypeptide chains of molecular weights 33,000, 31,000, 24,000 and 7,000. Some additional polypeptide bands at low concentrations are also visible. The empty capsids lack the 31,000-Mr and 7,000-Mr components and contain instead a polypeptide of the molecular weight 46,000. The molecular weights of the structural polypeptides are the same regardless of whether the virus has been synthesized in primary African green monkey kidney cells or in the continuous GMK cell line. The sedimentation behavior of echovirus 12 RNA is shown to be similar to that of poliovirus 2 RNA.", "PMID": 729593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12165", "title": "Structure and replication of echovirus type 12. 2. Viral polypeptides synthesized in the infected cell.", "content": "A technique has been devised which allows us to label predominantly echovirus-12-specific proteins: upon infection in the presence of D-(--)-2-(alpha-hydroxybenzyl)benzimidazole plus actinomycin D the shut-off of host-cell protein synthesis takes place as in infected, untreated cells, but the bulk of viral protein synthesis is inhibited. Upon removal of 2-(alpha-hydroxybenzyl)benzimidazole a peak of viral protein synthesis is visible 3 h later. The time course of appearance of viral proteins is followed by dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the proteins which had been pulse-labeled at different times post-infection. The protein patterns induced in the infected cells by echovirus 12 and poliovirus 2 are compared; though they are different, some analogies are observed. The molecular weights of the polypeptides are determined. In the presence of amino acid analogs cleavage of viral proteins is impaired. A group of large proteins up to Mr 220,000 is detectable in the infected cell which ordinarily is not observed. The 220,000-Mr protein may represent the translation product of the total viral RNA. The hierarchy of the virus-specific proteins originating from post-translational cleavage is discussed.", "contents": "Structure and replication of echovirus type 12. 2. Viral polypeptides synthesized in the infected cell. A technique has been devised which allows us to label predominantly echovirus-12-specific proteins: upon infection in the presence of D-(--)-2-(alpha-hydroxybenzyl)benzimidazole plus actinomycin D the shut-off of host-cell protein synthesis takes place as in infected, untreated cells, but the bulk of viral protein synthesis is inhibited. Upon removal of 2-(alpha-hydroxybenzyl)benzimidazole a peak of viral protein synthesis is visible 3 h later. The time course of appearance of viral proteins is followed by dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the proteins which had been pulse-labeled at different times post-infection. The protein patterns induced in the infected cells by echovirus 12 and poliovirus 2 are compared; though they are different, some analogies are observed. The molecular weights of the polypeptides are determined. In the presence of amino acid analogs cleavage of viral proteins is impaired. A group of large proteins up to Mr 220,000 is detectable in the infected cell which ordinarily is not observed. The 220,000-Mr protein may represent the translation product of the total viral RNA. The hierarchy of the virus-specific proteins originating from post-translational cleavage is discussed.", "PMID": 729594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12166", "title": "5'-Terminal 7-methylguanosine and mRNA function. The effect of enzymatic decapping and of cap analogs on translation of tobacco-mosaic-virus RNA and globin mRNA in vitro.", "content": "1. Decapped tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) RNA and rabbit globin mRNA were prepared by enzymic treatment of RNAs with nucleotide pyrophosphatase purified from potato. The extent of removal of 5'-terminal 7-methylguanosine 5'-monophosphate (m7GMP) from TMV RNA was at least 97% as estimated by labeling of the 5' termini in vitro with S-adenosyl[methyl-3H]methionine catalysed by vaccinia virus methyltransferases. 2. The effect of enzymic decapping was compared with the effect of cap analogs on mRNAs translation in a nuclease-treated rabbit reticulocyte lysate and in a wheat germ extract. When translation was studied at low K+ concentration, little or no dependence on 5'-terminal 7-methylguanosine was found with either cell-free system. The importance of the 5'-terminal cap for the efficient translation of TMV RNA and globin mRNA increased as the concentration of K+ in a protein-synthesis system was raised. In a reticulocyte lysate analogs and enzymic decapping had a similar effect on translation. In a wheat germ extract, mRNA decapping resulted in a more pronounced decrease of mRNA activity, presumably due to the increased susceptibility of decapped mRNAs to the nucleases present in this protein synthesis system. 3. The requirement for a 5'-terminal cap was similar for the synthesis of 130,000-Mr and 165,000-Mr polypeptides coded by TMV RNA. This indicates that both proteins may be initiated at the common site close to the 5' terminus.", "contents": "5'-Terminal 7-methylguanosine and mRNA function. The effect of enzymatic decapping and of cap analogs on translation of tobacco-mosaic-virus RNA and globin mRNA in vitro. 1. Decapped tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) RNA and rabbit globin mRNA were prepared by enzymic treatment of RNAs with nucleotide pyrophosphatase purified from potato. The extent of removal of 5'-terminal 7-methylguanosine 5'-monophosphate (m7GMP) from TMV RNA was at least 97% as estimated by labeling of the 5' termini in vitro with S-adenosyl[methyl-3H]methionine catalysed by vaccinia virus methyltransferases. 2. The effect of enzymic decapping was compared with the effect of cap analogs on mRNAs translation in a nuclease-treated rabbit reticulocyte lysate and in a wheat germ extract. When translation was studied at low K+ concentration, little or no dependence on 5'-terminal 7-methylguanosine was found with either cell-free system. The importance of the 5'-terminal cap for the efficient translation of TMV RNA and globin mRNA increased as the concentration of K+ in a protein-synthesis system was raised. In a reticulocyte lysate analogs and enzymic decapping had a similar effect on translation. In a wheat germ extract, mRNA decapping resulted in a more pronounced decrease of mRNA activity, presumably due to the increased susceptibility of decapped mRNAs to the nucleases present in this protein synthesis system. 3. The requirement for a 5'-terminal cap was similar for the synthesis of 130,000-Mr and 165,000-Mr polypeptides coded by TMV RNA. This indicates that both proteins may be initiated at the common site close to the 5' terminus.", "PMID": 729595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12167", "title": "Spontaneous and provoked coronary artery spasm: are they the same?", "content": "A 44-yr-old man suffering fro exertional, emotional and spontaneous angina underwent coronary arteriography. During the examination he had a spontaneous attack of angina with ST elevation in the anterior leads. Injection of a contrast medium in the left coronary artery during pain showed marked spasm with anterior descending artery occlusion. The spasm was quickly relieved by nitroglycerin. Intravenous administration of 0.4 mg of ergonovine maleate reproduced the anginal episode with pain, ST elevation in the anterior leads and coronarographic patterns of a spasm occluding the anterior descending artery at the same level. After nitroglycerin, the pain disappeared and the electrocardiographic and coronarographic findings returned to basal conditions.", "contents": "Spontaneous and provoked coronary artery spasm: are they the same? A 44-yr-old man suffering fro exertional, emotional and spontaneous angina underwent coronary arteriography. During the examination he had a spontaneous attack of angina with ST elevation in the anterior leads. Injection of a contrast medium in the left coronary artery during pain showed marked spasm with anterior descending artery occlusion. The spasm was quickly relieved by nitroglycerin. Intravenous administration of 0.4 mg of ergonovine maleate reproduced the anginal episode with pain, ST elevation in the anterior leads and coronarographic patterns of a spasm occluding the anterior descending artery at the same level. After nitroglycerin, the pain disappeared and the electrocardiographic and coronarographic findings returned to basal conditions.", "PMID": 729596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12168", "title": "Chronic juvenile AV nodal dysfunction associated with mitral valve prolapse.", "content": "The prevalence of atrioventricular (AV) conduction disturbances amongst patients with mitral valve prolapse is higher than may be expected by chance, thus implying the existence of a true association. The main clinical and electrophysiologic findings in 4 patients with mitral valve prolapse showing chronic AV conduction disturbances are presented. Supra-His localization, mild and variable degree of impairment, regression upon Atropine administration, apparent absence of progression, are common features of these disturbances. The most likely mechanisms considered are an AV node developmental abnormality or an AV nodal artery running in contact with the border of the mitral annulus and thus impaired by the abnormal dynamics of the mitral valve.", "contents": "Chronic juvenile AV nodal dysfunction associated with mitral valve prolapse. The prevalence of atrioventricular (AV) conduction disturbances amongst patients with mitral valve prolapse is higher than may be expected by chance, thus implying the existence of a true association. The main clinical and electrophysiologic findings in 4 patients with mitral valve prolapse showing chronic AV conduction disturbances are presented. Supra-His localization, mild and variable degree of impairment, regression upon Atropine administration, apparent absence of progression, are common features of these disturbances. The most likely mechanisms considered are an AV node developmental abnormality or an AV nodal artery running in contact with the border of the mitral annulus and thus impaired by the abnormal dynamics of the mitral valve.", "PMID": 729597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12169", "title": "Myoglobinemia after myocardial infarction; influence of renal function.", "content": "Using a solid-phase radioimmunoassay for detection of serum myoglobin, the pattern of myoglobinemia was investigated in patients with acute myocardial infarction. All patients with acute infarcts had a marked rise in serum myoglobin concentration. Peak serum myoglobin concentration was found on an average 9 h after the initial onset of chest pain. Late onset of myoglobin peaks without signs of reinfarction as well as sustained abnormal myoglobinemia, in the majority of patients, could be explained by impaired renal function. The peak serum level of myoglobin correlated (r = 0.92) to the peak level of ASAT supporting the idea that the detection of myoglobin in serum may be a useful diagnostic aid in the qualitative diagnosis of myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Myoglobinemia after myocardial infarction; influence of renal function. Using a solid-phase radioimmunoassay for detection of serum myoglobin, the pattern of myoglobinemia was investigated in patients with acute myocardial infarction. All patients with acute infarcts had a marked rise in serum myoglobin concentration. Peak serum myoglobin concentration was found on an average 9 h after the initial onset of chest pain. Late onset of myoglobin peaks without signs of reinfarction as well as sustained abnormal myoglobinemia, in the majority of patients, could be explained by impaired renal function. The peak serum level of myoglobin correlated (r = 0.92) to the peak level of ASAT supporting the idea that the detection of myoglobin in serum may be a useful diagnostic aid in the qualitative diagnosis of myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 729598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12170", "title": "Partial atrial standstill in sick sinus syndrome; intraatrial and AV nodal block with short PR interval.", "content": "Standstill and inexcitability (quiescence) of the high right atrium could be demonstrated in a patient with sinus node dysfunction and bradycardia--tachycardia syndrome. The onset of P wave in surface electrocardiogram did not represent the beginning of atrial excitation but followed 130 msec the high right atrial and 50 msec the low right atrial deflection, leading thereby to a short PR interval which gave misinformation on the atrioventricular conduction. A pacemaker implant with right ventricular stimulation freed the patient of his previous complaints. 4 wk after the implantation the demand unit was inhibited for 5 h by external stimulation. Continuous ECG monitoring, esophageal ECG recording and fluoroscopic study could not reveal any atrial activity. The conditions for atrial pacemaker implantation are discussed.", "contents": "Partial atrial standstill in sick sinus syndrome; intraatrial and AV nodal block with short PR interval. Standstill and inexcitability (quiescence) of the high right atrium could be demonstrated in a patient with sinus node dysfunction and bradycardia--tachycardia syndrome. The onset of P wave in surface electrocardiogram did not represent the beginning of atrial excitation but followed 130 msec the high right atrial and 50 msec the low right atrial deflection, leading thereby to a short PR interval which gave misinformation on the atrioventricular conduction. A pacemaker implant with right ventricular stimulation freed the patient of his previous complaints. 4 wk after the implantation the demand unit was inhibited for 5 h by external stimulation. Continuous ECG monitoring, esophageal ECG recording and fluoroscopic study could not reveal any atrial activity. The conditions for atrial pacemaker implantation are discussed.", "PMID": 729599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12171", "title": "Quantitative assessment of myocardial infarction prognosis to 1 and 6 mth--from clinical data.", "content": "Survival of 312 patients with acute myocardial infarction was studied from data collected during the first 48 h in the coronary care unit. Only patients with recent onset of symptoms (48 h), with a 48-h survival, and with evidence of myocardial infarction, were selected. Mortality rate at 1 mth was 15.3% and 24.6% at 6. The following factors were significant for poor survival: increasing age, female sex, diabetes, previous angina, low blood pressure on admission and at the 48th h low average value and the lowest observed value of blood pressure, clinical and radiological left ventricular failure, high level of LDH, increased urea and leukocytosis. Among ECG data, the presence of signs related to extent of infarction, anterior as compared to inferior location, antero-lateral as compared to anterior, QRS frontal axis deviation, absence of sinus rhythm, sinus tachycardia, tachyarrhythmias with wide QRS complex, right bundle branch block, 3rd-degree AV block with wide QRS complex, was associated with significantly worse survival than the absence of these signs. A multivariate analysis of the 42 most significant data, assuming linear regression, was used to establish a discriminant prognostic index. Using this index, survival was predicted correctly in 90.2% of patients at 1 mth and 85.7% at 6 mth. Thus prognosis can be established in nonclear-cut groups of patients with myocardial infarction (severe and benign forms being excluded by criteria) from simple clinical data.", "contents": "Quantitative assessment of myocardial infarction prognosis to 1 and 6 mth--from clinical data. Survival of 312 patients with acute myocardial infarction was studied from data collected during the first 48 h in the coronary care unit. Only patients with recent onset of symptoms (48 h), with a 48-h survival, and with evidence of myocardial infarction, were selected. Mortality rate at 1 mth was 15.3% and 24.6% at 6. The following factors were significant for poor survival: increasing age, female sex, diabetes, previous angina, low blood pressure on admission and at the 48th h low average value and the lowest observed value of blood pressure, clinical and radiological left ventricular failure, high level of LDH, increased urea and leukocytosis. Among ECG data, the presence of signs related to extent of infarction, anterior as compared to inferior location, antero-lateral as compared to anterior, QRS frontal axis deviation, absence of sinus rhythm, sinus tachycardia, tachyarrhythmias with wide QRS complex, right bundle branch block, 3rd-degree AV block with wide QRS complex, was associated with significantly worse survival than the absence of these signs. A multivariate analysis of the 42 most significant data, assuming linear regression, was used to establish a discriminant prognostic index. Using this index, survival was predicted correctly in 90.2% of patients at 1 mth and 85.7% at 6 mth. Thus prognosis can be established in nonclear-cut groups of patients with myocardial infarction (severe and benign forms being excluded by criteria) from simple clinical data.", "PMID": 729600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12172", "title": "Electrocardiographic and hemodynamic effects of tocainide (W-36095) in man.", "content": "Tocainide is a new antiarrhythmic drug with a chemical structure related to that of lidocaine. In the present study, healthy volunteers were investigated after infusion of tocainide 450 mg over 45 min. In nine subjects His bundle electrograms, sinus recovery time and ventricular effective refractory periods were recorded. No major changes were seen. In eight cases the hemodynamic effects at rest and during exercise were studied. No significant circulatory effects were observed. No clinically important side-effects were noted.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic and hemodynamic effects of tocainide (W-36095) in man. Tocainide is a new antiarrhythmic drug with a chemical structure related to that of lidocaine. In the present study, healthy volunteers were investigated after infusion of tocainide 450 mg over 45 min. In nine subjects His bundle electrograms, sinus recovery time and ventricular effective refractory periods were recorded. No major changes were seen. In eight cases the hemodynamic effects at rest and during exercise were studied. No significant circulatory effects were observed. No clinically important side-effects were noted.", "PMID": 729602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12173", "title": "Metabolism of procainamide in patients with chronic heart failure, chronic respiratory failure and chronic renal failure.", "content": "Fractional hydrolysis and acetylation of procainamide, acetylation of procainamide-derived p-aminobenzoic acid and plasma hydrolysis of procaine were studied in 20 patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), 20 patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency (CRI) and 20 patients with chronic renal failure (RF). The results were compared with those obtained in a group of 20 normal volunteers. Hydrolysis of procainamide and procaine were reduced in patients with CHF and CRI, but not in patients with RF. Moreover, more marked decreases in procainamide and procaine hydrolysis were seen in subgroups with secondary hepatic dysfunction. The diminution of hydrolysis of procainamide was not paralleled by changes in acetylation of procainamide or p-aminobenzoic acid. It is concluded that in patients with hepatic involvement secondary to advanced CHF or CRI, hepatic and plasmatic hydrolysis activity is decreased to a degree equivalent to primary liver failure.", "contents": "Metabolism of procainamide in patients with chronic heart failure, chronic respiratory failure and chronic renal failure. Fractional hydrolysis and acetylation of procainamide, acetylation of procainamide-derived p-aminobenzoic acid and plasma hydrolysis of procaine were studied in 20 patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), 20 patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency (CRI) and 20 patients with chronic renal failure (RF). The results were compared with those obtained in a group of 20 normal volunteers. Hydrolysis of procainamide and procaine were reduced in patients with CHF and CRI, but not in patients with RF. Moreover, more marked decreases in procainamide and procaine hydrolysis were seen in subgroups with secondary hepatic dysfunction. The diminution of hydrolysis of procainamide was not paralleled by changes in acetylation of procainamide or p-aminobenzoic acid. It is concluded that in patients with hepatic involvement secondary to advanced CHF or CRI, hepatic and plasmatic hydrolysis activity is decreased to a degree equivalent to primary liver failure.", "PMID": 729603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12174", "title": "Patterns of drug prescribing for children in hospital.", "content": "The drugs prescribed for children in Tayside hospitals in 1974 and 1975 were surveyed using the computer files of over 4000 children in each year. The results were compared with similar data on adult patients. Although similar proportions of both age groups received drugs, less than 3 drugs were prescribed for the great majority of the children (mean 2.5) compared with twice that number for adults. Seven classes of drugs accounted for almost four-fifths of the drugs prescribed for children but the same classes formed two-fifths only of the total drug use in adults. There was significantly greater use of antihistamine/sedative, anticonvulsant and decongestant/mucolytic drugs in children than in adults while the reverse was true for diuretics, KCL, cardio active agents, sedatives/hypnotics, and tranquillisers. Antimicrobial drugs accounted for approximately one-third of the total drugs used in children and one half of all patients received at least one drug from this class. Penicillin preparations alone accounted for 65.1 per cent of all antimicrobial drug use. The percentage of children given ampicillin fell by almost half from 1974 to 1975 with a corresponding increase in the proportion receiving amoxycillin.", "contents": "Patterns of drug prescribing for children in hospital. The drugs prescribed for children in Tayside hospitals in 1974 and 1975 were surveyed using the computer files of over 4000 children in each year. The results were compared with similar data on adult patients. Although similar proportions of both age groups received drugs, less than 3 drugs were prescribed for the great majority of the children (mean 2.5) compared with twice that number for adults. Seven classes of drugs accounted for almost four-fifths of the drugs prescribed for children but the same classes formed two-fifths only of the total drug use in adults. There was significantly greater use of antihistamine/sedative, anticonvulsant and decongestant/mucolytic drugs in children than in adults while the reverse was true for diuretics, KCL, cardio active agents, sedatives/hypnotics, and tranquillisers. Antimicrobial drugs accounted for approximately one-third of the total drugs used in children and one half of all patients received at least one drug from this class. Penicillin preparations alone accounted for 65.1 per cent of all antimicrobial drug use. The percentage of children given ampicillin fell by almost half from 1974 to 1975 with a corresponding increase in the proportion receiving amoxycillin.", "PMID": 729605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12175", "title": "Brain concentrations of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide in epileptic patients.", "content": "Carbamazepine (CBZ) and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide (CBZ-Epoxide) in the temporal lobe were measured in five epileptic patients undergoing unilateral temporal lobectomy. The patients had been under CBZ treatment from 6 months to 6 years and all were in steady state at the time of operation. The brain tissue concentration of CBZ in all patients was higher than the plasma concentration; the brain/plasma ratio ranged from 1.4--1.6. Brain/plasma ratios of CBZ-Epoxide ranged from 0.6--1.5. The ratio for CBZ was similar in patients treated with CBZ alone or in combination with other anticonvulsants, but for the CBZ-Epoxide a higher ratio was found in patients on combined treatment. The results may mean that other antiepileptic drugs, too, can influence the brain concentration of an active metabolite, which could have a bearing on the enhanced therapeutic effect often seen on combining CBZ treatment with other antiepileptic drugs.", "contents": "Brain concentrations of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide in epileptic patients. Carbamazepine (CBZ) and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide (CBZ-Epoxide) in the temporal lobe were measured in five epileptic patients undergoing unilateral temporal lobectomy. The patients had been under CBZ treatment from 6 months to 6 years and all were in steady state at the time of operation. The brain tissue concentration of CBZ in all patients was higher than the plasma concentration; the brain/plasma ratio ranged from 1.4--1.6. Brain/plasma ratios of CBZ-Epoxide ranged from 0.6--1.5. The ratio for CBZ was similar in patients treated with CBZ alone or in combination with other anticonvulsants, but for the CBZ-Epoxide a higher ratio was found in patients on combined treatment. The results may mean that other antiepileptic drugs, too, can influence the brain concentration of an active metabolite, which could have a bearing on the enhanced therapeutic effect often seen on combining CBZ treatment with other antiepileptic drugs.", "PMID": 729606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12176", "title": "Effect of topical application of dexamethasone on Propionibacteria in the pilosebaceous duct.", "content": "A preparation of dexamethasone 0.02% in Eutanol G (n octyldodecanol) was applied once daily for three weeks, to the right side of the forehead of 25 male healthy test subjects. Eutanol G without dexamethasone was applied in the same way to the left side of the forehead. Before and at the end of the treatment period bacteria were removed from the pilo-sebaceous ducts by the method of Holland et al. [8]. Bacteria that grew under anaerobic conditions were evaluated quantitatively. Dexamethasone induced a significant increase in P. acnes, in all Propionibacteria and in the total bacterial count. The importance of these findings is discussed in relation to the development of steroid acne.", "contents": "Effect of topical application of dexamethasone on Propionibacteria in the pilosebaceous duct. A preparation of dexamethasone 0.02% in Eutanol G (n octyldodecanol) was applied once daily for three weeks, to the right side of the forehead of 25 male healthy test subjects. Eutanol G without dexamethasone was applied in the same way to the left side of the forehead. Before and at the end of the treatment period bacteria were removed from the pilo-sebaceous ducts by the method of Holland et al. [8]. Bacteria that grew under anaerobic conditions were evaluated quantitatively. Dexamethasone induced a significant increase in P. acnes, in all Propionibacteria and in the total bacterial count. The importance of these findings is discussed in relation to the development of steroid acne.", "PMID": 729607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12177", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of sulfadiazine and trimethoprim in man.", "content": "Sulfadiazine (SDZ) 800 mg and trimethoprim (TMP) 160 mg were given orally to 10 normal subjects and the concentration of SDZ and TMP in serum and urine was followed for 24 h. Both drugs showed a significant negative correlation between individual \"peak\" concentrations in serum and the body weight of the subject. Twelve hours after dosing the serum concentration was 12 to 25 microgram/ml for SDZ and 0.3 to 1.1 microgram/ml for TMP. Individual concentration ratios between SDZ  and TMP in serum were 4.8 (1 h)--145 (24 h), and in the urine the ratio was close to 6 throughout the 24 h collection period. The range of urinary concentrations was from 65 to 400 microgram/ml for SDZ and from 13.8 to 93.4 microgram/ml for TMP. The fraction (formula: see text) was 21% during the 0--8 h period, 33% during the 8--15 h period and 41% during the 15--24 period. The average \"t1/2\" was 15.2 +/- 7.4 h for SDZ and 7.4 +/- 1.9 h for TMP. Individual subjects showed a significant correlation between the serum clearance of TMP and SDZ (p less than 0.01) and also between the renal clearance of the two drugs (p less than 0.05). The serum clearance was significantly correlated with the renal clearance for TMP but not for SDZ. For SDZ Vd was significantly negatively correlated with the elimination constant; for TMP no such correlation was found. The serum clearance of SDZ was significantly correlated with the percentage of SDZ which was excreted as the (presumably) acetylated compound. The renal clearance of SDZ was independent of the serum concentration of SDZ. There was a highly significant negative correlation between the renal clearance and serum concentration of TMP, as well as for \"acetylated SDZ\". The renal clearance of \"acetylated SDZ\" averaged more than six times that of unconjugated SDZ. With increased urine flow the renal clearances of TMP and SDZ were significantly increased.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of sulfadiazine and trimethoprim in man. Sulfadiazine (SDZ) 800 mg and trimethoprim (TMP) 160 mg were given orally to 10 normal subjects and the concentration of SDZ and TMP in serum and urine was followed for 24 h. Both drugs showed a significant negative correlation between individual \"peak\" concentrations in serum and the body weight of the subject. Twelve hours after dosing the serum concentration was 12 to 25 microgram/ml for SDZ and 0.3 to 1.1 microgram/ml for TMP. Individual concentration ratios between SDZ  and TMP in serum were 4.8 (1 h)--145 (24 h), and in the urine the ratio was close to 6 throughout the 24 h collection period. The range of urinary concentrations was from 65 to 400 microgram/ml for SDZ and from 13.8 to 93.4 microgram/ml for TMP. The fraction (formula: see text) was 21% during the 0--8 h period, 33% during the 8--15 h period and 41% during the 15--24 period. The average \"t1/2\" was 15.2 +/- 7.4 h for SDZ and 7.4 +/- 1.9 h for TMP. Individual subjects showed a significant correlation between the serum clearance of TMP and SDZ (p less than 0.01) and also between the renal clearance of the two drugs (p less than 0.05). The serum clearance was significantly correlated with the renal clearance for TMP but not for SDZ. For SDZ Vd was significantly negatively correlated with the elimination constant; for TMP no such correlation was found. The serum clearance of SDZ was significantly correlated with the percentage of SDZ which was excreted as the (presumably) acetylated compound. The renal clearance of SDZ was independent of the serum concentration of SDZ. There was a highly significant negative correlation between the renal clearance and serum concentration of TMP, as well as for \"acetylated SDZ\". The renal clearance of \"acetylated SDZ\" averaged more than six times that of unconjugated SDZ. With increased urine flow the renal clearances of TMP and SDZ were significantly increased.", "PMID": 729608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12178", "title": "Preliminary studies of the kinetics of citalopram in man.", "content": "The plasma concentrations of citalopram, a potent serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and its demethylated metabolite have been determined by a specific fluorescence coupling technique during single dose experiments in volunteers and in clinical tests. Citalopram was found to have linear kinetics within the dose range investigated, which were characterized by fairly rapid absorption and slow elimination (biological half-life 1--21/2 days). Steady state levels in the range 120--340 nM (i.e. slightly above those associated with pharmacodynamic activity in animals) were attained within a week. A drug/metabolite ratio of 2--3 was recorded.", "contents": "Preliminary studies of the kinetics of citalopram in man. The plasma concentrations of citalopram, a potent serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and its demethylated metabolite have been determined by a specific fluorescence coupling technique during single dose experiments in volunteers and in clinical tests. Citalopram was found to have linear kinetics within the dose range investigated, which were characterized by fairly rapid absorption and slow elimination (biological half-life 1--21/2 days). Steady state levels in the range 120--340 nM (i.e. slightly above those associated with pharmacodynamic activity in animals) were attained within a week. A drug/metabolite ratio of 2--3 was recorded.", "PMID": 729609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12179", "title": "Clinical and pharmacological investigations of the new saluretic azosemid.", "content": "Ple 1053 (Azosemid) is a diuretic which resembles furosemide chemically and in its mode of action. When administered intravenously, Ple 1053 was approximately 5 times more potent on a weight basis than furosemide, its dose-response relationship was closer and the slope was steeper. After oral administration Ple 1053 and furosemide were approximately equal in potency. However, the effect of Azosemid in healthy subjects was relatively prolonged and abrupt peaks did not occur.", "contents": "Clinical and pharmacological investigations of the new saluretic azosemid. Ple 1053 (Azosemid) is a diuretic which resembles furosemide chemically and in its mode of action. When administered intravenously, Ple 1053 was approximately 5 times more potent on a weight basis than furosemide, its dose-response relationship was closer and the slope was steeper. After oral administration Ple 1053 and furosemide were approximately equal in potency. However, the effect of Azosemid in healthy subjects was relatively prolonged and abrupt peaks did not occur.", "PMID": 729610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12180", "title": "Comparison of the duration of action of pindolol and slow release oxprenolol in healthy volunteers.", "content": "The duration and extent of the reduction of exercise-induced tachycardia, as a measure of cardiac beta-adrenoceptor blockade were studied in 12 healthy volunteers after administration of single oral doses of pindolol 15 mg (Visken) or 160 mg slow release oxprenolol (Slow-Trasicor). The mean maximum effect was reached after 1.6 +/- 0.3 h with pindolol and after 2.5 +/- 0.2 h with slow release oxprenolol. The reduction in heart rate during exercise was virtually identical after both drugs, amounting to -36.1 +/- 1.7 beats/min after pindolol and -36.3 +/- 1.6 beats/min after slow release oxprenolol. The duration of action of pindolol, however, was clearly longer than that of slow release oxprenolol: after 24 h pindolol still exerted 39.6 +/- 5.6% of its maximum activity, as against 22.1 +/- 3.6% for slow release oxprenolol.", "contents": "Comparison of the duration of action of pindolol and slow release oxprenolol in healthy volunteers. The duration and extent of the reduction of exercise-induced tachycardia, as a measure of cardiac beta-adrenoceptor blockade were studied in 12 healthy volunteers after administration of single oral doses of pindolol 15 mg (Visken) or 160 mg slow release oxprenolol (Slow-Trasicor). The mean maximum effect was reached after 1.6 +/- 0.3 h with pindolol and after 2.5 +/- 0.2 h with slow release oxprenolol. The reduction in heart rate during exercise was virtually identical after both drugs, amounting to -36.1 +/- 1.7 beats/min after pindolol and -36.3 +/- 1.6 beats/min after slow release oxprenolol. The duration of action of pindolol, however, was clearly longer than that of slow release oxprenolol: after 24 h pindolol still exerted 39.6 +/- 5.6% of its maximum activity, as against 22.1 +/- 3.6% for slow release oxprenolol.", "PMID": 729611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12181", "title": "Comparison of serum phenytoin levels in epileptic patients who swallowed their phenytoin tablets with or without previous chewing.", "content": "This cross-over study was conducted to compare serum phenytoin levels after chronic ingestion of phenytoin tablets with or without previous chewing. The phenytoin therapy was administered as 50 mg chewable Infatabs tablets in a single morning dose of 200 mg. There was no significant difference between the two modes of ingestion as regards serum phenytoin levels measured at various times after ingestion of the phenytoin tablets. Moreover, the area under the curve did not differ significantly during the 24 h interval. Minor changes between two Dilantin formulations, however, could influence drug availability.", "contents": "Comparison of serum phenytoin levels in epileptic patients who swallowed their phenytoin tablets with or without previous chewing. This cross-over study was conducted to compare serum phenytoin levels after chronic ingestion of phenytoin tablets with or without previous chewing. The phenytoin therapy was administered as 50 mg chewable Infatabs tablets in a single morning dose of 200 mg. There was no significant difference between the two modes of ingestion as regards serum phenytoin levels measured at various times after ingestion of the phenytoin tablets. Moreover, the area under the curve did not differ significantly during the 24 h interval. Minor changes between two Dilantin formulations, however, could influence drug availability.", "PMID": 729613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12182", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of perhexiline maleate in anginal patients with and without peripheral neuropathy.", "content": "Perhexiline maleate (Pexid) which has been in general use in France with good results for the treatment of angina pectoris since 1973, may be associated with severe side effects including peripheral neuropathy. The present study is a comparison of the pharmacokinetics of perhexiline maleate in anginal patients with and without signs of peripheral neuropathy. Compared to the latter, those with neuropathy had higher plasma levels of perhexiline, slower hepatic metabolism and a longer plasma half-life. Thus, peripheral neuropathy associated with perhexiline maleate treatment appears to be a direct toxic effect due to accumulation of the drug. The accumulation might result either from a decreased volume of distribution secondary to a loss of body weight, possibly drug-induced, or to slow hepatic metabolism of perhexiline of genetic origin or due to hepatic disease, possibly drug-induced. The neuropathy is rarely an isolated event, as it is often associated with one or more adverse effects of perhexiline.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of perhexiline maleate in anginal patients with and without peripheral neuropathy. Perhexiline maleate (Pexid) which has been in general use in France with good results for the treatment of angina pectoris since 1973, may be associated with severe side effects including peripheral neuropathy. The present study is a comparison of the pharmacokinetics of perhexiline maleate in anginal patients with and without signs of peripheral neuropathy. Compared to the latter, those with neuropathy had higher plasma levels of perhexiline, slower hepatic metabolism and a longer plasma half-life. Thus, peripheral neuropathy associated with perhexiline maleate treatment appears to be a direct toxic effect due to accumulation of the drug. The accumulation might result either from a decreased volume of distribution secondary to a loss of body weight, possibly drug-induced, or to slow hepatic metabolism of perhexiline of genetic origin or due to hepatic disease, possibly drug-induced. The neuropathy is rarely an isolated event, as it is often associated with one or more adverse effects of perhexiline.", "PMID": 729614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12183", "title": "An alternative method of assessing changes in salivary flow: comparison of the effects of clonidine and tiamenidine (HOE 440).", "content": "An established method for collecting uncontaminated parotid saliva has been applied to assessment of salivary flow rate. Following single doses of 0.3 mg clonidine and 1.0 mg tiamenidine (HOE 440) changes in blood pressure, heart rate, sedation (assessed by a self-rating scale) and salivary flow were followed in nine normal subjects. Both drugs produced a fall in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, sedation, depression of salivary flow and a lowering of heart rate. These changes were maximal between 2 and 6 h and were more marked after clonidine than after tiamenidine. As tiamenidine 1.0 mg did not produce a hypotensive effect equivalent to clonidine 0.3 mg direct comparison of side-effects attributable to these agents proved difficult. The evidence suggests, however, that tiamenidine would cause sedation and reduction in salivary flow comparable to clonidine if given in an equivalent hypotensive dose.", "contents": "An alternative method of assessing changes in salivary flow: comparison of the effects of clonidine and tiamenidine (HOE 440). An established method for collecting uncontaminated parotid saliva has been applied to assessment of salivary flow rate. Following single doses of 0.3 mg clonidine and 1.0 mg tiamenidine (HOE 440) changes in blood pressure, heart rate, sedation (assessed by a self-rating scale) and salivary flow were followed in nine normal subjects. Both drugs produced a fall in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, sedation, depression of salivary flow and a lowering of heart rate. These changes were maximal between 2 and 6 h and were more marked after clonidine than after tiamenidine. As tiamenidine 1.0 mg did not produce a hypotensive effect equivalent to clonidine 0.3 mg direct comparison of side-effects attributable to these agents proved difficult. The evidence suggests, however, that tiamenidine would cause sedation and reduction in salivary flow comparable to clonidine if given in an equivalent hypotensive dose.", "PMID": 729618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12184", "title": "Dose tolerance and pharmacokinetic studies of L (+) pseudoephedrine capsules in man.", "content": "Dose tolerance and pharmacokinetic studies of pseudoephedrine sustained action capsules were performed in thirty-three adult male subjects who received either 120 mg or 150 mg capsules every twelve hours for seven consecutive days in a double-blind parallel design study. Although only one subject in the 150 mg group was discontinued prematurely from this study, a large number of side effects typical of CNS stimulation were seen. A placebo effect might account for a portion of these complaints, however symptoms evaluated as being due to drug were significantly more severe and persistent in the 150 mg group. Pulse rates showed a persistent and significant increase while systolic and diastolic blood pressure fell from the baseline values in both groups. A pharmacokinetic analysis of the pseudoephedrine plasma concentration-time data provided estimates of half-life and the volume of distribution/availability ratio. The values obtained were in good agreement with values reported by others. Half-life was not influenced by urine pH probably as a result of the narrow range of urine pHs observed in the subjects. Calculations of relative bioavailability suggest that the 120 mg capsule formulation has a 30% greater bioavailability compared to the 150 mg capsule.", "contents": "Dose tolerance and pharmacokinetic studies of L (+) pseudoephedrine capsules in man. Dose tolerance and pharmacokinetic studies of pseudoephedrine sustained action capsules were performed in thirty-three adult male subjects who received either 120 mg or 150 mg capsules every twelve hours for seven consecutive days in a double-blind parallel design study. Although only one subject in the 150 mg group was discontinued prematurely from this study, a large number of side effects typical of CNS stimulation were seen. A placebo effect might account for a portion of these complaints, however symptoms evaluated as being due to drug were significantly more severe and persistent in the 150 mg group. Pulse rates showed a persistent and significant increase while systolic and diastolic blood pressure fell from the baseline values in both groups. A pharmacokinetic analysis of the pseudoephedrine plasma concentration-time data provided estimates of half-life and the volume of distribution/availability ratio. The values obtained were in good agreement with values reported by others. Half-life was not influenced by urine pH probably as a result of the narrow range of urine pHs observed in the subjects. Calculations of relative bioavailability suggest that the 120 mg capsule formulation has a 30% greater bioavailability compared to the 150 mg capsule.", "PMID": 729619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12185", "title": "The pharmacokinetics of slow-release procainamide.", "content": "Procainamide was given to 20 patients with normal renal function as an i.v. bolus of 500 mg followed by 1.0 or 1.5 g eight-hourly by mouth in the form of a slow release preparation (Durules). 97.6 +/- 27.1 (SD)% of the oral procainamide was absorbed, the absorption half life being 1.54 h. The elimination half life following the oral formulation was 6.0 +/- 0.8 h, compared to a mean of 3.4 +/- 0.4 h following i.v. administration. Elimination half life following i.v. administration was slightly related to acetylator status, being 2.75 +/- 0.9 h in fast acetylators, and 4.4 +/- 2.4 h in slow acetylators. This dependence on acetylator status was not seen in half life following oral administration. Total body clearance, steady state plasma procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide were not significantly dependent on acetylator status, although a few patients who are slow acetylators had unexpectedly low clearance and high steady state procainamide concentrations when given the higher dose.", "contents": "The pharmacokinetics of slow-release procainamide. Procainamide was given to 20 patients with normal renal function as an i.v. bolus of 500 mg followed by 1.0 or 1.5 g eight-hourly by mouth in the form of a slow release preparation (Durules). 97.6 +/- 27.1 (SD)% of the oral procainamide was absorbed, the absorption half life being 1.54 h. The elimination half life following the oral formulation was 6.0 +/- 0.8 h, compared to a mean of 3.4 +/- 0.4 h following i.v. administration. Elimination half life following i.v. administration was slightly related to acetylator status, being 2.75 +/- 0.9 h in fast acetylators, and 4.4 +/- 2.4 h in slow acetylators. This dependence on acetylator status was not seen in half life following oral administration. Total body clearance, steady state plasma procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide were not significantly dependent on acetylator status, although a few patients who are slow acetylators had unexpectedly low clearance and high steady state procainamide concentrations when given the higher dose.", "PMID": 729620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12186", "title": "Clinical pharmacology in normal volunteers of praziquantel, a new drug against schistosomes and cestodes. An example of a complex study covering both tolerance and pharmacokinetics.", "content": "The tolerance of Praziquantel (2-cyclohexylcarbonyl-1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrazino-[2, 1-a]isoquinoline-4-one) in oral doses of 1 X 20 mg/kg, 1 X 50 mg/kg, 3 X 10 mg/kg and 3 X 25 mg/kg body weight (tau = 4 h) was tested in a complex study involving 36 healthy volunteers. In addition to the usual assessment of clinical chemistry, haematology, coagulation physiology, urinalysis, clinico-physiological examination including EEG, and medical examination, clinico-psychological parameters were also recorded and special neurological investigations were performed. No clinically relevant changes were found in any of the laboratory parameters, nor in the medical-neurological or clinico-physiological examinations. Based on a few clinico-psychological parameters and subjective comments, the largest daily dose tested (3 X 25 mg/kg = 75 mg/kg) produced a slight, transient disturbance in general well-being, which was barely detectable on objective clinical examination. The pharmacokinetic behaviour was dominated by rapid metabolism and pronounced first-pass metabolism of praziquantel, which greatly limits the value of results obtained by GC analysis of unchanged drug in serum. The peak concentration in serum was reached after 1--2 h, and the elimination half-life for the period 2--8 h was 1--1.5 h.", "contents": "Clinical pharmacology in normal volunteers of praziquantel, a new drug against schistosomes and cestodes. An example of a complex study covering both tolerance and pharmacokinetics. The tolerance of Praziquantel (2-cyclohexylcarbonyl-1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrazino-[2, 1-a]isoquinoline-4-one) in oral doses of 1 X 20 mg/kg, 1 X 50 mg/kg, 3 X 10 mg/kg and 3 X 25 mg/kg body weight (tau = 4 h) was tested in a complex study involving 36 healthy volunteers. In addition to the usual assessment of clinical chemistry, haematology, coagulation physiology, urinalysis, clinico-physiological examination including EEG, and medical examination, clinico-psychological parameters were also recorded and special neurological investigations were performed. No clinically relevant changes were found in any of the laboratory parameters, nor in the medical-neurological or clinico-physiological examinations. Based on a few clinico-psychological parameters and subjective comments, the largest daily dose tested (3 X 25 mg/kg = 75 mg/kg) produced a slight, transient disturbance in general well-being, which was barely detectable on objective clinical examination. The pharmacokinetic behaviour was dominated by rapid metabolism and pronounced first-pass metabolism of praziquantel, which greatly limits the value of results obtained by GC analysis of unchanged drug in serum. The peak concentration in serum was reached after 1--2 h, and the elimination half-life for the period 2--8 h was 1--1.5 h.", "PMID": 729622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12187", "title": "Activity and duration of action of pindolol and alprenolol compared in healthy volunteers.", "content": "An improvement in the prognosis of myocardial infarction has been reported after long term treatment with alprenolol 200 mg twice daily. Therefore, an experiment was carried out to find the dose of pindolol given once daily which would show cardiac beta-adrenoceptor blockade at least equipotent to that obtained during treatment with alprenolol 200 mg twice daily. Cardiac beta-adrenoceptor blocking activity and its time course during treatment with pindolol (15 mg and 20 mg given once daily) and alprenolol (200 mg given 12-hourly) for three days were compared in 6 healthy volunteers. The reduction in exercise-induced tachycardia as a measure of cariac beta-adrenoceptor blockade was significantly greater after pindolol 15 mg and 20 mg than after alprenolol 200 mg. On the morning of the fourth day, i.e. 24 h after the last dose of pindolol and only 12 h after the last dose of alprenolol, the effects of pindolol at both dose levels were slightly greater than those of alprenolol. This difference was not statistically significant. It can be concluded that pindolol 15 mg once daily produces a cardiac beta-adrenoceptor blockade at least equipotent to that of alprenolol 200 mg given 12-hourly.", "contents": "Activity and duration of action of pindolol and alprenolol compared in healthy volunteers. An improvement in the prognosis of myocardial infarction has been reported after long term treatment with alprenolol 200 mg twice daily. Therefore, an experiment was carried out to find the dose of pindolol given once daily which would show cardiac beta-adrenoceptor blockade at least equipotent to that obtained during treatment with alprenolol 200 mg twice daily. Cardiac beta-adrenoceptor blocking activity and its time course during treatment with pindolol (15 mg and 20 mg given once daily) and alprenolol (200 mg given 12-hourly) for three days were compared in 6 healthy volunteers. The reduction in exercise-induced tachycardia as a measure of cariac beta-adrenoceptor blockade was significantly greater after pindolol 15 mg and 20 mg than after alprenolol 200 mg. On the morning of the fourth day, i.e. 24 h after the last dose of pindolol and only 12 h after the last dose of alprenolol, the effects of pindolol at both dose levels were slightly greater than those of alprenolol. This difference was not statistically significant. It can be concluded that pindolol 15 mg once daily produces a cardiac beta-adrenoceptor blockade at least equipotent to that of alprenolol 200 mg given 12-hourly.", "PMID": 729623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12188", "title": "Comparative study of the vasoconstrictor activity of halopredone acetate in a modified McKenzie test.", "content": "The vasoconstrictor activity of four steroids, administered in solution and in the commercially available form, were compared in healthy volunteer subjects. Evaluation was based on conventional visual observations and photometric measurement of reflectance. Statistical analysis showed that halopredone acetate had less vasoconstrictor action on healthy skin than fluocinolone acetonide, beta-methasone valerate and hydrocortisone acetate. The halopredone acetate results were identical to those of th excipient, although it was found that halopredone acetate cream (Topicon) had a marked anti-inflammatory effect in animals and on human dermatoses. The validity of the McKenzie test, as an unequivocal screening procedure for the potency of topical steroids is discussed, and the accuracy and precision of photometric evaluation is emphasized.", "contents": "Comparative study of the vasoconstrictor activity of halopredone acetate in a modified McKenzie test. The vasoconstrictor activity of four steroids, administered in solution and in the commercially available form, were compared in healthy volunteer subjects. Evaluation was based on conventional visual observations and photometric measurement of reflectance. Statistical analysis showed that halopredone acetate had less vasoconstrictor action on healthy skin than fluocinolone acetonide, beta-methasone valerate and hydrocortisone acetate. The halopredone acetate results were identical to those of th excipient, although it was found that halopredone acetate cream (Topicon) had a marked anti-inflammatory effect in animals and on human dermatoses. The validity of the McKenzie test, as an unequivocal screening procedure for the potency of topical steroids is discussed, and the accuracy and precision of photometric evaluation is emphasized.", "PMID": 729625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12189", "title": "Effect of indoramin on finger blood flow in vasospastic patients.", "content": "The effect of indoramin on blood pressure, heart rate and finger blood flow was investigated in eleven patients with essential acrocyanosis. Indoramin 50 mg t.i.d. and placebo were administered for 6 weeks, in random order in a double blind, cross-over trial. In 8 of the 11 patients, finger blood flow, measured by venous occlusion plethysmography was higher and resistance was lower with indoramin. There was no significant change in blood pressure or heart rate. Thus, indoramin may be useful when a decrease in alpha-adrenoreceptor tone in the fingers is desirable.", "contents": "Effect of indoramin on finger blood flow in vasospastic patients. The effect of indoramin on blood pressure, heart rate and finger blood flow was investigated in eleven patients with essential acrocyanosis. Indoramin 50 mg t.i.d. and placebo were administered for 6 weeks, in random order in a double blind, cross-over trial. In 8 of the 11 patients, finger blood flow, measured by venous occlusion plethysmography was higher and resistance was lower with indoramin. There was no significant change in blood pressure or heart rate. Thus, indoramin may be useful when a decrease in alpha-adrenoreceptor tone in the fingers is desirable.", "PMID": 729626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12190", "title": "Binding of drugs to human muscle.", "content": "Binding of 22 drugs to human muscle tissue has been determined by ultrafiltration. All drugs tested were bound, the bound fraction ranging from 13% (aminophenazone) to greater than 98% (desipramine). Both linear and nonlinear binding was observed. For chemically related substances, binding to muscle tissue correlated with plasma binding and lipid solubility. There were significant differences in binding to muscle from different individuals. With respect to pharmacokinetics of drugs, it is suggested that binding to muscle tissue may be at least as important as plasma binding.", "contents": "Binding of drugs to human muscle. Binding of 22 drugs to human muscle tissue has been determined by ultrafiltration. All drugs tested were bound, the bound fraction ranging from 13% (aminophenazone) to greater than 98% (desipramine). Both linear and nonlinear binding was observed. For chemically related substances, binding to muscle tissue correlated with plasma binding and lipid solubility. There were significant differences in binding to muscle from different individuals. With respect to pharmacokinetics of drugs, it is suggested that binding to muscle tissue may be at least as important as plasma binding.", "PMID": 729627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12191", "title": "The comparative bioavailability of Lanoxin tablets and Lanoxicaps with and without sorbitol.", "content": "(1) The mean cumulative urinary digoxin excretion over 8 days was compared in 8 healthy volunteers after single doses of digoxin administered as 3 Lanoxin tablets of 0.25 mg, 3 digoxin tablets of 0.2 mg, 12 Lanoxicaps without sorbitol of 0.05 mg, 6 Lanoxicaps without sorbitol of 0.1 mg digoxin, 3 Lanoxicaps without sorbitol of 0.2 mg and 3 Lanoxicaps with sorbitol of 0.2 mg. (2) There was no significant difference between the 8 day cumulative urinary excretion for any of the Lanoxicaps treatments. (3) Cumulative urinary excretion after 3 digoxin tablets of 0.2 mg was significantly (P less than 0.05) lower than after all other treatments. (4) Cumulative urinary excretion after 3 Lanoxin tablets of 0.25 mg was not significantly different from that after any of the Lanoxicaps treatments except 0.1 mg Lanoxicaps without sorbitol, it was significantly (P less than 0.05) lower after the latter. (5) Mean urinary excretion of digoxin was 60% of ingested dose for all Lanoxicaps treatments and was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher than the mean value of 50% for both tablet treatments. (6) Enhanced absorption of digoxin from Lanoxicaps was confirmed and shown to be unrelated to the sorbitol content of the capsule shell.", "contents": "The comparative bioavailability of Lanoxin tablets and Lanoxicaps with and without sorbitol. (1) The mean cumulative urinary digoxin excretion over 8 days was compared in 8 healthy volunteers after single doses of digoxin administered as 3 Lanoxin tablets of 0.25 mg, 3 digoxin tablets of 0.2 mg, 12 Lanoxicaps without sorbitol of 0.05 mg, 6 Lanoxicaps without sorbitol of 0.1 mg digoxin, 3 Lanoxicaps without sorbitol of 0.2 mg and 3 Lanoxicaps with sorbitol of 0.2 mg. (2) There was no significant difference between the 8 day cumulative urinary excretion for any of the Lanoxicaps treatments. (3) Cumulative urinary excretion after 3 digoxin tablets of 0.2 mg was significantly (P less than 0.05) lower than after all other treatments. (4) Cumulative urinary excretion after 3 Lanoxin tablets of 0.25 mg was not significantly different from that after any of the Lanoxicaps treatments except 0.1 mg Lanoxicaps without sorbitol, it was significantly (P less than 0.05) lower after the latter. (5) Mean urinary excretion of digoxin was 60% of ingested dose for all Lanoxicaps treatments and was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher than the mean value of 50% for both tablet treatments. (6) Enhanced absorption of digoxin from Lanoxicaps was confirmed and shown to be unrelated to the sorbitol content of the capsule shell.", "PMID": 729628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12192", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of furosemide in gestosis of pregnancy.", "content": "Furosemid 50 mg was administered orally and intravenously to twelve gestotic women for brief periods as a part of a randomized, multicentre clinical trial comparing the efficacy of bed rest and pharmacological treatment. The pharmacokinetic profile was investigated using a gas-liquid chromatographic technique. The plasma half-life after oral and intravenous administration was 115 +/- 37.1 and 71.8 +/- 26.3 min and plasma clearance was 153 +/- 48 and 152 +/- 23 ml/min, respectively (mean +/- SD). Comparative data from healthy pregnant women cannot be obtained for ethical reasons. The results show that gestosis has only a marginal if any effect on the kinetics of furosemide in comparison with published kinetic parameters in healthy volunteers, and patients with renal failure. The new-born babies where checked for side effects according to a protocol in use in a larger regional surveillance programme. No clinical side-effects were attributable to furosemide, but the small size of the group does not permit any definitive conclusions about this aspect.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of furosemide in gestosis of pregnancy. Furosemid 50 mg was administered orally and intravenously to twelve gestotic women for brief periods as a part of a randomized, multicentre clinical trial comparing the efficacy of bed rest and pharmacological treatment. The pharmacokinetic profile was investigated using a gas-liquid chromatographic technique. The plasma half-life after oral and intravenous administration was 115 +/- 37.1 and 71.8 +/- 26.3 min and plasma clearance was 153 +/- 48 and 152 +/- 23 ml/min, respectively (mean +/- SD). Comparative data from healthy pregnant women cannot be obtained for ethical reasons. The results show that gestosis has only a marginal if any effect on the kinetics of furosemide in comparison with published kinetic parameters in healthy volunteers, and patients with renal failure. The new-born babies where checked for side effects according to a protocol in use in a larger regional surveillance programme. No clinical side-effects were attributable to furosemide, but the small size of the group does not permit any definitive conclusions about this aspect.", "PMID": 729629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12193", "title": "Effects of hypothyroidism on the response of the rat colon to morphine.", "content": "Isolated terminal colon strips obtained from rats, made hypothyroid by methimazole treatment, were almost completely insensitive to the contractile effects of morphine as compared to strips from control animals. This low morphine sensitivity was accompanied by a significant (40%) reduction in the tissue sulfatide content. Although colon strips from hypothyroid rats showed a reduction of the contractile effects of acetylcholine, the decrease was considerably less than that noted for morphine. The addition of 6.6 X 10(-5) M tri-iodothyronine to colons from hypothyroid rats largely restored the tissue sensitivity to morphine. These results suggest that sulfatides could be linked to the in vitro effects of morphine in the colon.", "contents": "Effects of hypothyroidism on the response of the rat colon to morphine. Isolated terminal colon strips obtained from rats, made hypothyroid by methimazole treatment, were almost completely insensitive to the contractile effects of morphine as compared to strips from control animals. This low morphine sensitivity was accompanied by a significant (40%) reduction in the tissue sulfatide content. Although colon strips from hypothyroid rats showed a reduction of the contractile effects of acetylcholine, the decrease was considerably less than that noted for morphine. The addition of 6.6 X 10(-5) M tri-iodothyronine to colons from hypothyroid rats largely restored the tissue sensitivity to morphine. These results suggest that sulfatides could be linked to the in vitro effects of morphine in the colon.", "PMID": 729631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12194", "title": "Carbachol-induced sensitivity changes in skeletal muscle and their mechanism of action.", "content": "Pretreatment of carbachol (in vitro), in various doses (5.5 pM to 550 nM), produced a significant decrease in the sensitivity of the frog rectus abdominis muscle to acetylcholine (ACh), in a dose-dependent manner. This action was observed with a 60 min incubation period. Contractions induced by potassium chloride (KCl) were unaffected by carbachol. Physostigmine (10 micrometer) potentiated the decrease in sensitivity induced by carbachol, whereas human plasma antagonised it. Low calcium (0.27 mM) in the medium and hexamethonium (300 micrometer) antagonised the sensitivity decrease induced by carbachol. These results suggest that carbachol decreases the sensitivity to ACh by releasing ACh from the presynaptic nerve terminals. The results further suggest that carbachol may release ACh by depolarising the presynaptic nicotinic receptors.", "contents": "Carbachol-induced sensitivity changes in skeletal muscle and their mechanism of action. Pretreatment of carbachol (in vitro), in various doses (5.5 pM to 550 nM), produced a significant decrease in the sensitivity of the frog rectus abdominis muscle to acetylcholine (ACh), in a dose-dependent manner. This action was observed with a 60 min incubation period. Contractions induced by potassium chloride (KCl) were unaffected by carbachol. Physostigmine (10 micrometer) potentiated the decrease in sensitivity induced by carbachol, whereas human plasma antagonised it. Low calcium (0.27 mM) in the medium and hexamethonium (300 micrometer) antagonised the sensitivity decrease induced by carbachol. These results suggest that carbachol decreases the sensitivity to ACh by releasing ACh from the presynaptic nerve terminals. The results further suggest that carbachol may release ACh by depolarising the presynaptic nicotinic receptors.", "PMID": 729632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12195", "title": "Significance of dopamine metabolites in the evaluation of drugs acting on dopaminergic neurons.", "content": "The effect of various drugs was studied on 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT) concentrations in rat striatum. The drugs were chosen for their ability to interfere with the dopaminergic system at different levels. Dopamine (DA) acidic metabolites, i.e. homovanillic acid (HVA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), were also measured. Changes of 3-MT, unlike those of DOPAC and HVA, seem to reflect the functional activity of dopaminergic neurons. In fact drugs believed to increase or decrease DA content in the synaptic cleft produce predictable changes of striatal 3-MT. Thus cocaine, nomifensine and d-amphetamine increase 3-MT concentrations while gamma-butyrolactone, alpha-methyltyrosine and apomorphine decrease it.", "contents": "Significance of dopamine metabolites in the evaluation of drugs acting on dopaminergic neurons. The effect of various drugs was studied on 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT) concentrations in rat striatum. The drugs were chosen for their ability to interfere with the dopaminergic system at different levels. Dopamine (DA) acidic metabolites, i.e. homovanillic acid (HVA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), were also measured. Changes of 3-MT, unlike those of DOPAC and HVA, seem to reflect the functional activity of dopaminergic neurons. In fact drugs believed to increase or decrease DA content in the synaptic cleft produce predictable changes of striatal 3-MT. Thus cocaine, nomifensine and d-amphetamine increase 3-MT concentrations while gamma-butyrolactone, alpha-methyltyrosine and apomorphine decrease it.", "PMID": 729633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12196", "title": "Inhibition of dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity by phenoxybenzamine.", "content": "Phenoxybenzamine at a concentration of 2 X 10(-6 M) produced half-maximal inhibition of dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in homogenates of rat striatum. Inhibition was sharply dependent on time and temperature of preincubation with the inhibitor. When included in the preincubation medium, dopamine was nearly 8 times more effective than norepinephrine at protecting against this inhibition, whereas neither isoproterenol nor methoxamine appeared to protect at all. These results suggest a direct, and possibly irreversible, interaction of phenoxybenzamine with the dopamine-binding component of the adenylate cyclase.", "contents": "Inhibition of dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity by phenoxybenzamine. Phenoxybenzamine at a concentration of 2 X 10(-6 M) produced half-maximal inhibition of dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in homogenates of rat striatum. Inhibition was sharply dependent on time and temperature of preincubation with the inhibitor. When included in the preincubation medium, dopamine was nearly 8 times more effective than norepinephrine at protecting against this inhibition, whereas neither isoproterenol nor methoxamine appeared to protect at all. These results suggest a direct, and possibly irreversible, interaction of phenoxybenzamine with the dopamine-binding component of the adenylate cyclase.", "PMID": 729635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12197", "title": "Regional and subcellular distribution of myocardial muscarinic cholinergic receptors.", "content": "Regional and subcellular distributions of muscarinic cholinergic receptors were investigated in the myocardium of commonly used laboratory animals. The density of receptor sites (expressed in terms of either pmol/g protein or pmol/g tissue), amongst the regions examined, was found much higher in right and left atrium in the case of rat and rabbit whereas for the guinea pig and dog, the distribution was diffuse. However, irrespective of the species and/or region studies, the microsomal fraction, amongst the subcellular fractions, showed the highest enrichment or receptors.", "contents": "Regional and subcellular distribution of myocardial muscarinic cholinergic receptors. Regional and subcellular distributions of muscarinic cholinergic receptors were investigated in the myocardium of commonly used laboratory animals. The density of receptor sites (expressed in terms of either pmol/g protein or pmol/g tissue), amongst the regions examined, was found much higher in right and left atrium in the case of rat and rabbit whereas for the guinea pig and dog, the distribution was diffuse. However, irrespective of the species and/or region studies, the microsomal fraction, amongst the subcellular fractions, showed the highest enrichment or receptors.", "PMID": 729636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12198", "title": "Influence of a cholinergic agent, oxotremorine, on sympathetic reflexes.", "content": "Administration of cholinergic substances by various routes has been reported to produce marked cardiovascular effects. The present study examined the influence of a muscarinic agonist, oxotremorine, on aspects of sympathetic function. The compound reduced blood pressure and spontaneous sympathetic outflow in anesthetized cats after blockade of peripheral muscarinic receptors with methylatropine. Effects on potentials evoked in the splanchnic nerve by stimulation of an intercostal nerve, i.e., the somatosympathetic reflex, were also evaluated. Oxotremorine did not modify the initial or \"spinal\" component of the reflex but markedly reduced the amplitude and increased the latency of the secondary or \"supraspinal\" phase. Atropine antagonized the inhibitory response. Effects of oxotremorine differed importantly from those produced by baroreceptor and coronary chemoreceptor activation and administration of clonidine and methyldopa which also attenuated the amplitude of the supraspinal component but did not alter its latency. Consequently, oxotremorine depresses sympathetic function at loci within the brainstem and cord by mechanisms not identical with those mediating responses to these reflexes and drugs.", "contents": "Influence of a cholinergic agent, oxotremorine, on sympathetic reflexes. Administration of cholinergic substances by various routes has been reported to produce marked cardiovascular effects. The present study examined the influence of a muscarinic agonist, oxotremorine, on aspects of sympathetic function. The compound reduced blood pressure and spontaneous sympathetic outflow in anesthetized cats after blockade of peripheral muscarinic receptors with methylatropine. Effects on potentials evoked in the splanchnic nerve by stimulation of an intercostal nerve, i.e., the somatosympathetic reflex, were also evaluated. Oxotremorine did not modify the initial or \"spinal\" component of the reflex but markedly reduced the amplitude and increased the latency of the secondary or \"supraspinal\" phase. Atropine antagonized the inhibitory response. Effects of oxotremorine differed importantly from those produced by baroreceptor and coronary chemoreceptor activation and administration of clonidine and methyldopa which also attenuated the amplitude of the supraspinal component but did not alter its latency. Consequently, oxotremorine depresses sympathetic function at loci within the brainstem and cord by mechanisms not identical with those mediating responses to these reflexes and drugs.", "PMID": 729637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12199", "title": "Studies on the cardiovascular depressor actions of ST 91--an analogue of clonidine.", "content": "St 91 is an analogue of the alpha-adrenoceptor agonist and antihypertensive agent clonidine. I.v. infusion of St 91 (8 microgram/kg/min, 2 min) produces an immediate but transient pressor response and a prolonged bradycardia but, unlike clonidine, it produces no hypotension, allegedly because this drug does not penetrate the C.N.S. It was found that, after pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine (1.5 mg/kg, i.v.) an infusion of St 91 (8 microgram/kg/min, 2 min) produced a much diminished pressor response and a later small hypotension, while still causing the same degree of bradycardia. Infusion of St 91 (4--16 microgram/kg over 2 min) into the vertebral artery (i.a. vert.) produced dose-dependent hypotension and bradycardia only, which were reversed by piperoxan (300 microgram/kg, intracisternal). There was no significant difference in the potency of St 91 when given i.a. vert. or i.c.m. (5--20 microgram/kg) and the dose-response curves for hypotension and bradycardia were parallel, although the onset of effects was more rapid via the vertebral route. It is suggested that St 91 can cross the blood-brain barrier although why no hypotension is observed after i.v. administration still remains obscure.", "contents": "Studies on the cardiovascular depressor actions of ST 91--an analogue of clonidine. St 91 is an analogue of the alpha-adrenoceptor agonist and antihypertensive agent clonidine. I.v. infusion of St 91 (8 microgram/kg/min, 2 min) produces an immediate but transient pressor response and a prolonged bradycardia but, unlike clonidine, it produces no hypotension, allegedly because this drug does not penetrate the C.N.S. It was found that, after pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine (1.5 mg/kg, i.v.) an infusion of St 91 (8 microgram/kg/min, 2 min) produced a much diminished pressor response and a later small hypotension, while still causing the same degree of bradycardia. Infusion of St 91 (4--16 microgram/kg over 2 min) into the vertebral artery (i.a. vert.) produced dose-dependent hypotension and bradycardia only, which were reversed by piperoxan (300 microgram/kg, intracisternal). There was no significant difference in the potency of St 91 when given i.a. vert. or i.c.m. (5--20 microgram/kg) and the dose-response curves for hypotension and bradycardia were parallel, although the onset of effects was more rapid via the vertebral route. It is suggested that St 91 can cross the blood-brain barrier although why no hypotension is observed after i.v. administration still remains obscure.", "PMID": 729638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12200", "title": "Acute and chronic administration of alpha-methyldopa: regional levels of endogenous and alpha-methylated catecholamines in rat brain.", "content": "Acute administration of alpha-methyldopa (200 mg kg-1 s.c.) produced a short-lived decrease in dopamine levels in 5 regions of the rat brain. Maximal dopamine depletion was 55% in the corpus striatum and over 75% in other regions and occurred 4--6 h after alpha-methyldopa injection; dopamine levels recovered within 12 h. Maximal noradrenaline depletion of over 80% occurred in all regions 4--24 h after alpha-methyldopa and after 24 h noradrenaline levels were still significantly reduced from control values. In these acute studies alpha-methyldopamine accumulated rapidly in amounts equal to or greater than the depleted dopamine in all regions, reaching a peak at 4 h. By contrast, alpha-methylnoradrenaline accumulated more slowly reaching a peak at 6--24 h and was never present in amounts greater than the depleted noradrenaline. Following chronic administration of alpha-methyldopa (40 mg kg-1 s.c., twice daily 5 days) there was a similar depletion of noradrenaline and dopamine to that seen in the acute studies. The depletion was associated with a much smaller accumulation of alpha-methyldopamine. The striking feature of these results, however, was the large accumulation of alpha-methylnoradrenaline in all brain regions. This probably reflects the slow turnover and resistance to degradation by monoamine oxidase of alpha-methylnoradrenaline.", "contents": "Acute and chronic administration of alpha-methyldopa: regional levels of endogenous and alpha-methylated catecholamines in rat brain. Acute administration of alpha-methyldopa (200 mg kg-1 s.c.) produced a short-lived decrease in dopamine levels in 5 regions of the rat brain. Maximal dopamine depletion was 55% in the corpus striatum and over 75% in other regions and occurred 4--6 h after alpha-methyldopa injection; dopamine levels recovered within 12 h. Maximal noradrenaline depletion of over 80% occurred in all regions 4--24 h after alpha-methyldopa and after 24 h noradrenaline levels were still significantly reduced from control values. In these acute studies alpha-methyldopamine accumulated rapidly in amounts equal to or greater than the depleted dopamine in all regions, reaching a peak at 4 h. By contrast, alpha-methylnoradrenaline accumulated more slowly reaching a peak at 6--24 h and was never present in amounts greater than the depleted noradrenaline. Following chronic administration of alpha-methyldopa (40 mg kg-1 s.c., twice daily 5 days) there was a similar depletion of noradrenaline and dopamine to that seen in the acute studies. The depletion was associated with a much smaller accumulation of alpha-methyldopamine. The striking feature of these results, however, was the large accumulation of alpha-methylnoradrenaline in all brain regions. This probably reflects the slow turnover and resistance to degradation by monoamine oxidase of alpha-methylnoradrenaline.", "PMID": 729639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12201", "title": "The anticonvulsant action of L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid.", "content": "The GABA uptake inhibitor, L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid (L-DABA) was examined for potential anticonvulsant activity in mice. Given intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v., 2 mumoles) L-DABA almost doubled the CD50 of picrotoxin and 3-mercaptopropionate (3-MP), a glutamate decarboxylase inhibitor--the convulsants being administered 15 min after the L-DABA. The anticonvulsant effect was not observed after 40 min. L-DABA given i.p (5 mmoles/kg) was also anticonvulsant against 3-MP but given i.p. or i.c.v. had no anticonvulsant action against strychnine. The D-isomer of DABA, less active as an inhibitor of GABA uptake, had no anticonvulsant activity against 3-MP and nor did three other inhibitors of GABA uptake, namely nipecotic acid, cis-1,3-aminocyclohexane carboxylic acid (ACHA) and beta-alanine. Possible mechanisms of the anticonvulsant action of L-DABA are discussed.", "contents": "The anticonvulsant action of L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid. The GABA uptake inhibitor, L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid (L-DABA) was examined for potential anticonvulsant activity in mice. Given intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v., 2 mumoles) L-DABA almost doubled the CD50 of picrotoxin and 3-mercaptopropionate (3-MP), a glutamate decarboxylase inhibitor--the convulsants being administered 15 min after the L-DABA. The anticonvulsant effect was not observed after 40 min. L-DABA given i.p (5 mmoles/kg) was also anticonvulsant against 3-MP but given i.p. or i.c.v. had no anticonvulsant action against strychnine. The D-isomer of DABA, less active as an inhibitor of GABA uptake, had no anticonvulsant activity against 3-MP and nor did three other inhibitors of GABA uptake, namely nipecotic acid, cis-1,3-aminocyclohexane carboxylic acid (ACHA) and beta-alanine. Possible mechanisms of the anticonvulsant action of L-DABA are discussed.", "PMID": 729640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12202", "title": "Antagonism of cholinomimetics by troxypyrrolidinium in guinea-pig atria and longitudinal ileal muscle: comparison with hemicholinium-3.", "content": "The inhibitory effect of troxypyrrolidinium (trox) (10(-6) to 2 x 10(-3) M) on responses to carbachol (CCh) and acetylcholine (ACh) was investigated in the electrically stimulated left atrium and longitudinal ileal muscle of the guinea pig. In both tissues, trox exhibited antimuscarinic activity causing parallel shifts of the concentration--response curves to both agonists with no depression of maximum responses. Responses to CCh were inhibited by trox (5 x 10(-4) M) to a greater extent than responses to ACh and this difference was maintained following inhibition of cholinesterases with dyflos. In the guinea-pig atrium using CCh as agonist dose ratios produced by the higher concentrations of trox (greater than 5 x 10(-5) M) were less than expected resulting in a non-linear Arunlakshana--Schild (A-S) plot and this effect of trox was maintained in the presence of mecamylamine (2 x 10(-5) M). In longitudinal ileal muscle flattening of the A-S plot with high concentrations of trox did not occur. Although hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) produces a non-linear A-S plot for antimuscarinic activity in atria the A-S plot obtained with the longitudinal ileal strip using HC-3 (2 x 10(-5) to 2 x 10(-3) M) did not exhibit flattening at high concentrations. The dose ratios obtained with HC-3 (5 x 10(-4) M) using CCh as agonist were significantly greater than those obtained with ACh. It is suggested that trox, like HC-3, acts as a metaffinoid antagonist at the muscarinic receptor.", "contents": "Antagonism of cholinomimetics by troxypyrrolidinium in guinea-pig atria and longitudinal ileal muscle: comparison with hemicholinium-3. The inhibitory effect of troxypyrrolidinium (trox) (10(-6) to 2 x 10(-3) M) on responses to carbachol (CCh) and acetylcholine (ACh) was investigated in the electrically stimulated left atrium and longitudinal ileal muscle of the guinea pig. In both tissues, trox exhibited antimuscarinic activity causing parallel shifts of the concentration--response curves to both agonists with no depression of maximum responses. Responses to CCh were inhibited by trox (5 x 10(-4) M) to a greater extent than responses to ACh and this difference was maintained following inhibition of cholinesterases with dyflos. In the guinea-pig atrium using CCh as agonist dose ratios produced by the higher concentrations of trox (greater than 5 x 10(-5) M) were less than expected resulting in a non-linear Arunlakshana--Schild (A-S) plot and this effect of trox was maintained in the presence of mecamylamine (2 x 10(-5) M). In longitudinal ileal muscle flattening of the A-S plot with high concentrations of trox did not occur. Although hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) produces a non-linear A-S plot for antimuscarinic activity in atria the A-S plot obtained with the longitudinal ileal strip using HC-3 (2 x 10(-5) to 2 x 10(-3) M) did not exhibit flattening at high concentrations. The dose ratios obtained with HC-3 (5 x 10(-4) M) using CCh as agonist were significantly greater than those obtained with ACh. It is suggested that trox, like HC-3, acts as a metaffinoid antagonist at the muscarinic receptor.", "PMID": 729641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12203", "title": "Effects of anaesthetics and anticonvulsants on the action of kainic acid in the rat hippocampus.", "content": "The effects of anaesthetics and anticonvulsants on the acute behavioral response and neurochemical alterations following intrahippocampal injection of kainic acid were examined. When compared to the effects in animals anaesthetized with a combination of chloral hydrate and pentobarbital (Equithesin), brief anaesthesia with ether or with hexobarbital potentiated whereas prolonged anaesthetia attenuated the action of 0.5 microgram of kainic acid. Of the constituents of Equithesin, chloral hydrate offered less protection than pentobarbital. The anticonvulsants, phenobarbital, diazepam, diphenylhydantoin, and carbamazepine offered partial protection when administered in conjunction with ether anaesthetia.", "contents": "Effects of anaesthetics and anticonvulsants on the action of kainic acid in the rat hippocampus. The effects of anaesthetics and anticonvulsants on the acute behavioral response and neurochemical alterations following intrahippocampal injection of kainic acid were examined. When compared to the effects in animals anaesthetized with a combination of chloral hydrate and pentobarbital (Equithesin), brief anaesthesia with ether or with hexobarbital potentiated whereas prolonged anaesthetia attenuated the action of 0.5 microgram of kainic acid. Of the constituents of Equithesin, chloral hydrate offered less protection than pentobarbital. The anticonvulsants, phenobarbital, diazepam, diphenylhydantoin, and carbamazepine offered partial protection when administered in conjunction with ether anaesthetia.", "PMID": 729642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12204", "title": "Morphine analgesia and the bulbospinal serotonergic system: increase in concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the rat spinal cord with analgesics.", "content": "Administration of an analgesic dose of morphine increased the concentration of the metabolite of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA), in the spinal cord of rats. The time course of the change in 5HIAA concentration in the dorsal half of the spinal cord corresponded to that of the morphine analgesia, while such was not the case in the ventral half. When the spinal cord was transected at C1, the effect of morphine on 5HIAA concentration disappeared. After transection at the inter-collicular level, this effect remained. The possible relationship between morphine analgesia and descending serotonergic neurons in the spinal cord is discussed.", "contents": "Morphine analgesia and the bulbospinal serotonergic system: increase in concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the rat spinal cord with analgesics. Administration of an analgesic dose of morphine increased the concentration of the metabolite of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA), in the spinal cord of rats. The time course of the change in 5HIAA concentration in the dorsal half of the spinal cord corresponded to that of the morphine analgesia, while such was not the case in the ventral half. When the spinal cord was transected at C1, the effect of morphine on 5HIAA concentration disappeared. After transection at the inter-collicular level, this effect remained. The possible relationship between morphine analgesia and descending serotonergic neurons in the spinal cord is discussed.", "PMID": 729643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12205", "title": "Effects of an anabolic steroid and vitamin B complex upon myopathy induced by corticosteroids.", "content": "In rats repeatedly treated with dexamethasone, body weight decreased severely, creatine content in urine increased, tetanic contraction of the gastrocnemius muscle decayed easily and twitch tension of the muscle had a slow rise time. In a group of rats given large doses of vitamin B complex along with the anabolic steroid, nandrolone phenylproprionate, all syndromes described above for the dexamethasone-treated rats were prevented, dose dependently by vitamin B complex. The individual components of the vitamin B preparation combined with the nandrolone phenylpropionate partially suppressed the changes induced by dexamethasone. Diphenylhydantoin depressed the slow rise time of twitch tension as effectively as did vitamin B complex with nandrolone phenylpropionate. From the results presented here and facts previously reported it was concluded that the condition of the animals could be well controlled by repeated administration of vitamin B complex with nandrolone phenylpropionate, even though dexamethasone was repeatedly injected.", "contents": "Effects of an anabolic steroid and vitamin B complex upon myopathy induced by corticosteroids. In rats repeatedly treated with dexamethasone, body weight decreased severely, creatine content in urine increased, tetanic contraction of the gastrocnemius muscle decayed easily and twitch tension of the muscle had a slow rise time. In a group of rats given large doses of vitamin B complex along with the anabolic steroid, nandrolone phenylproprionate, all syndromes described above for the dexamethasone-treated rats were prevented, dose dependently by vitamin B complex. The individual components of the vitamin B preparation combined with the nandrolone phenylpropionate partially suppressed the changes induced by dexamethasone. Diphenylhydantoin depressed the slow rise time of twitch tension as effectively as did vitamin B complex with nandrolone phenylpropionate. From the results presented here and facts previously reported it was concluded that the condition of the animals could be well controlled by repeated administration of vitamin B complex with nandrolone phenylpropionate, even though dexamethasone was repeatedly injected.", "PMID": 729644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12206", "title": "Distribution and localization of p-hydroxy-d-amphetamine in rat brain.", "content": "p-Hydroxy-d-amphetamine (p-OHdA) penetrates the blood--brain barrier poorly, when given acutely or by repeated systemic treatments, or when formed by biotransformation from administered d-amphetamine. However its distribution is relatively selective as it accumulates in the striatum more than in the brainstem. The rate of disappearance also differs in the two areas, being slower in the striatum than in the brainstem. These findings suggest that p-OHdA might be stored in different compartments. To check whether p-OHdA specificially accumulated in nerve terminals, catecholaminergic nerve endings were destroyed with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). It has been shown that p-HOdA accumulates much less in the striatum of 6-OHDA-treated rats than of controls. This effect was not present in the brainstem. Accumulation of p-OHdA was similar after repeated d-amphetamine administration. The results are interpreted as showing that p-OHdA tends to accumulate in dopaminergic structures.", "contents": "Distribution and localization of p-hydroxy-d-amphetamine in rat brain. p-Hydroxy-d-amphetamine (p-OHdA) penetrates the blood--brain barrier poorly, when given acutely or by repeated systemic treatments, or when formed by biotransformation from administered d-amphetamine. However its distribution is relatively selective as it accumulates in the striatum more than in the brainstem. The rate of disappearance also differs in the two areas, being slower in the striatum than in the brainstem. These findings suggest that p-OHdA might be stored in different compartments. To check whether p-OHdA specificially accumulated in nerve terminals, catecholaminergic nerve endings were destroyed with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). It has been shown that p-HOdA accumulates much less in the striatum of 6-OHDA-treated rats than of controls. This effect was not present in the brainstem. Accumulation of p-OHdA was similar after repeated d-amphetamine administration. The results are interpreted as showing that p-OHdA tends to accumulate in dopaminergic structures.", "PMID": 729645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12207", "title": "Effects of viloxazine, its optical isomers and its major metabolites on biogenic amine uptake mechanisms in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "Viloxazine hydrochloride (ICI 58,834, VIVALAN) a chemically novel antidepressant, shows selective inhibition of noradrenaline uptake into mouse heart in vivo and into rat brain in vitro. The noradrenaline uptake inhibitory activity resides primarily in one of the two optically active isomers, and it is suggested that in the conformation adopted for uptake by noradrenaline, the aryl and the amino groups are trans. In a comparison of in vivo and in vitro potency, tri- and tetracyclic antidepressants exhibit a good correlation. However, viloxazine possesses higher in vivo activity than would be expected from in vitro studies. The latter finding cannot be readily explained on the basis of known pharmacokinetic or metabolic factors.", "contents": "Effects of viloxazine, its optical isomers and its major metabolites on biogenic amine uptake mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. Viloxazine hydrochloride (ICI 58,834, VIVALAN) a chemically novel antidepressant, shows selective inhibition of noradrenaline uptake into mouse heart in vivo and into rat brain in vitro. The noradrenaline uptake inhibitory activity resides primarily in one of the two optically active isomers, and it is suggested that in the conformation adopted for uptake by noradrenaline, the aryl and the amino groups are trans. In a comparison of in vivo and in vitro potency, tri- and tetracyclic antidepressants exhibit a good correlation. However, viloxazine possesses higher in vivo activity than would be expected from in vitro studies. The latter finding cannot be readily explained on the basis of known pharmacokinetic or metabolic factors.", "PMID": 729646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12208", "title": "Angiotensin II mediation of adrenal catecholamine secretion induced by intrarenal isoprenaline infusion.", "content": "Isoprenaline infusion into the renal artery of the cat induced an increase in the catecholamine (CA) secretion rate from the adrenal gland. CA release by isoprenaline was preferentially noradrenaline. Intravenous infusion of an angiotensin II (A II) antagonist abolished adrenal CA response to intrarenal isoprenaline injection. It is suggested that intrarenal isoprenaline infusion stimulates renal renin release and A II production which, in turn, stimulates adrenal CA secretion.", "contents": "Angiotensin II mediation of adrenal catecholamine secretion induced by intrarenal isoprenaline infusion. Isoprenaline infusion into the renal artery of the cat induced an increase in the catecholamine (CA) secretion rate from the adrenal gland. CA release by isoprenaline was preferentially noradrenaline. Intravenous infusion of an angiotensin II (A II) antagonist abolished adrenal CA response to intrarenal isoprenaline injection. It is suggested that intrarenal isoprenaline infusion stimulates renal renin release and A II production which, in turn, stimulates adrenal CA secretion.", "PMID": 729647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0024_12209", "title": "Chronic effects of 6-hydroxydopamine and reserpine on myocardial adenylate cyclase.", "content": "The effects of chronic administration of 6-hydroxydopamine or reserpine on catecholamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase from rat hearts were studied. Not only basal adenylate cyclase activity, but stimulation of the enzyme by norepinephrine, isoproterenol, NaF, guanylyl-imidodiphosphate, or combination of isoproterenol and guanylyl-imidodiphosphate, was significantly increased in the treated than in the control hearts. It is inferred that supersensitivity of myocardial adenylate cyclase following chronic treatment with reserpine or 6-hydroxydopamine may result from an increase in the catalytic activity of the enzyme.", "contents": "Chronic effects of 6-hydroxydopamine and reserpine on myocardial adenylate cyclase. The effects of chronic administration of 6-hydroxydopamine or reserpine on catecholamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase from rat hearts were studied. Not only basal adenylate cyclase activity, but stimulation of the enzyme by norepinephrine, isoproterenol, NaF, guanylyl-imidodiphosphate, or combination of isoproterenol and guanylyl-imidodiphosphate, was significantly increased in the treated than in the control hearts. It is inferred that supersensitivity of myocardial adenylate cyclase following chronic treatment with reserpine or 6-hydroxydopamine may result from an increase in the catalytic activity of the enzyme.", "PMID": 729648}